PMID- 2874066
TI  - Periodic acid-Schiff stain as a prognostic indicator in serous and mucinous
      ovarian tumors.
AB  - The prognostic significance of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain in 112 serous: 43
      benign, 25 borderline and 44 malignant cystadenomas: and in 106 mucinous: 60
      benign, 32 borderline and 14 malignant cystadenomas of the ovary were
      investigated. The amount of positively stained mucin was estimated
      morphometrically. The outcome of most patients with benign or borderline lesion
      was good. One patient with benign mucinous cystadenoma died, however, of
      pseudomyxoma peritonei and another patient with borderline mucinous cystadenoma
      died of peritoneal carcinosis. Other patients were alive and free of the disease
      after a follow-up of 1-14 years, or had died of causes unrelated to the ovarian
      disease. Abundant PAS positive mucin predicted a longer survival both in serous
      and in mucinous malignant tumors. The 5-year survivals for the serous
      cystadenocarcinomas with and without PAS positive mucin were 21% and 13%,
      respectively (not statistically significant). For mucinous cystadenocarcinomas
      with mucin value over and below the median, the 5-year survival rates were 57%
      and 14%, respectively (P less than 0.10). High PAS positivity in both serous and
      mucinous cystadenocarcinomas clearly indicated better prognosis, although
      statistical significance was not achieved. Thus, further studies are needed for
      final evaluation of the prognostic significance of the PAS stain in these ovarian
      tumors.

PMID- 2874067
TI  - Management of pregnancy-induced hypertension with pindolol--comparative study
      with methyldopa.
AB  - Thirty-two consecutive women with pregnancy-induced hypertension of early onset
      were randomly allocated to treatment with pindolol or methyldopa. There was no
      difference between the groups in regard to the average time of delivery (36.33
      vs. 36.6 weeks) and weight of the newborn (2850 vs. 2870 g). A significant drop
      in systolic (P less than 0.005) and diastolic (P less than 0.05) blood pressure
      was observed in the group of patients treated with pindolol as compared with the
      methyldopa group. In the pindolol group an improvement in renal function was
      observed as determined by CCT and serum creatinine. There were no side effects
      from the drugs in the mother or in the newborn.

PMID- 2874068
TI  - Normal growth of the fetal biparietal diameter in an African population.
AB  - The fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) was measured by ultrasound during normal
      pregnancy in 558 Nigerian women. The range of BPD values for each week of
      pregnancy from 12 weeks until term (713 measurements) was computed from cross
      sectional data. The data were used to illustrate the variation in weekly growth
      rate according to fetal maturity and head size. The results revealed a curve
      similar to those reported from Caucasian populations but with much less flexion
      in the later weeks of pregnancy. The BPD values per week were also less in this
      study group. The reasons for these differences are discussed.

PMID- 2874069
TI  - Craniofacial defects associated with amniotic band syndrome: a case report.
AB  - A pathological study was made of a female infant with amniotic band syndrome. At
      birth, the 1450-g female infant was noted to have craniofacial defects such as
      anencephaly, cleft lip, severe nasal deformity and asymmetric microphthalmia. The
      fetal membrane was focally adhered to the scalp, and histological examinations
      revealed that the connecting area of the fetal head to the membrane resembled a
      serial architecture from keratinized squamous cells to amniotic layer without any
      inflammatory findings. These observations suggested that the etiology in the
      present case may be consistent with Torpin's mesodermic band theory.

PMID- 2874070
TI  - Induction of labor in postterm pregnant women.
AB  - We have studied the outcome of labor induction in 145 postterm pregnant women in
      whom gestational age was properly assessed by ultrasound scanning. The induction
      techniques were adapted to the cervical states of the patients. Seventy-five
      patients (32 nulliparous and 43 multiparous) with favorable cervical states were
      successfully induced with intravenous oxytocin. In this group the frequency of
      Caesarean section was 2%. Seventy patients (45 nulliparous and 25 multiparous)
      with unripe cervices received 0.5 mg PGE2 in viscous gel intracervically to prime
      the cervix and to induce labor; 38 (52%) were induced into labor after a single
      PGE2-gel application whereas 26 (48%) needed labor augmentation with intravenous
      oxytocin after PGE2-gel obtained cervical ripening. In 6 of the 20 patients the
      cervix did not ripen and the PGE2-gel application had then to be repeated. The
      frequency of cesarean sections was 11%. In 5 out of the 145 patients (4%) the
      fetuses had signs of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) as assessed by
      ultrasound scanning, and postmaturity as verified by pediatric examination at
      delivery. All these fetuses belonged to nulliparous women with unripe cervices
      and all had to be delivered instrumentally (3 by cesarean section and 2 by
      ventouse) indicating the fragility of these children. If postterm pregnancy is
      complicated by an unfavorable cervical state intracervical application of PGE2
      gel seems to be an efficient method to prime the cervix and to induce labor. In
      most patients an uncomplicated vaginal delivery can be achieved by this
      procedure. However, nulliparous women with unfavorable cervices and signs of IUGR
      constitute a high risk group of patients at labor induction.

PMID- 2874071
TI  - A review of ten years' experience with surgical equipment in international health
      programs.
AB  - The Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and
      Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) began in June of 1973 with financial assistance from the
      Agency for International Development (AID). The purpose of the organization was
      to provide training and medical equipment to physicians in developing countries
      to update their education in reproductive health. JHPIEGO began by offering
      courses in the United States and shortly thereafter began training at centers in
      the developing countries themselves. Because of its important contributions to
      gynecological diagnosis in addition to its use in fertility management,
      laparoscopic equipment has been a major item in JHPIEGO reproductive health
      training. This paper details the development and role of laparoscopic training in
      JHPIEGO's program. Laparoscopic training begins with selection of trainees from
      appropriate institutions. Training itself begins with a didactic session at
      Baltimore or an in-country center. Trainees then receive clinical training and
      perform a minimum number of procedures, after which the practitioner, if he or
      she has successfully completed the clinical practice, can be named eligible to
      receive medical equipment to be donated to his or her institution. When equipment
      is installed, a field visit is made by a JHPIEGO consultant to insure the proper
      use and upkeep of equipment, and the understanding and implementation of
      standards and procedures. JHPIEGO has trained almost 3000 physicians in
      laparoscopy techniques between 1973 and 1984.

PMID- 2874072
TI  - Acute polyhydramnios and cord presentation--complication of chorioangioma of the
      placenta--a case report.
AB  - Chorioangioma of the placenta is an uncommon benign tumor of the placenta. Large
      tumors are rare and they often cause increased maternal morbidity and fetal
      morbidity and mortality. A patient with continuous abdominal pain at 29 weeks
      gestation was clinically diagnosed to have acute polyhydramnios. Multiple
      pregnancy was suspected because of a tense uterus much larger than the dates and
      three palpable "fetal poles". An ultrasound examination revealed the third pole
      to be a large chorioangioma. She went into premature labor and a cesarean section
      was performed because of a cord presentation. Both mother and infant had an
      uneventful recovery. The complications of chorioangioma is discussed.

PMID- 2874073
TI  - beta-1-Glycoprotein determination in normal and disturbed pregnancy.
AB  - beta-1-Glycoprotein (SP1) concentration of 170 women with undisturbed pregnancy
      under 18th week were taken as reference. SP1 levels of 72 patients with
      threatening abortion but favorable outcome were compared with those of 70
      patients with threatening abortion and subsequent miscarriage. Decreased SP1
      levels were determined in most (88%) patients who aborted, whereas 88.8% of
      patients with favorable outcome had SP1 levels within normal range. The
      predictive value of SP1 determination in early pregnancies is emphasized.

PMID- 2874074
TI  - Effect of hormone replacement therapy on anti-thrombin III activity in post
      menopausal women.
AB  - Anti-thrombin III is the major inhibitor of activated blood clotting factors. We
      studied 320 patients with climacteric symptoms who received estrogen replacement
      therapy to assess the effect of hormone therapy on Anti-thrombin III (AT-III)
      activity). Of the 320 patients 80 patients received Prempak C (0.625 mg) for 2
      years, 82 patients received Prempak C (1.25 mg) for 2 years, 78 patients received
      Cycloprogynova (1 mg) for 2 years and the remaining 80 patients received
      Cycloprogynova (2 mg) for 2 years. The mean AT-III activity before, during and 3
      months after treatment showed no significant difference in all the four groups of
      patients. There was no incidence of myocardial infarction or stroke or thrombo
      embolic disease in this group of 320 patients receiving estrogen replacement
      therapy.

PMID- 2874075
TI  - A case of single umbilical artery with various fetal anomalies: correlations
      between prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis and autopsy.
AB  - We report a case of a single umbilical artery with various fetal anomalies, and a
      comparative study between prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis and autopsy was
      done. The prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis included, atrial septal defect
      (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), mitral atresia or stenosis and a single
      great vessel. At autopsy, ASD, VSD, mitral atresia, overriding aorta and
      pulmonary atresia were evident. In case of other anomalies, the findings in the
      prenatal diagnosis and at autopsy were encephalocele, adrenal hypoplasia and a
      single umbilical artery. The ultrasonic detection of these anomalies is discussed
      and the limitations of this diagnostic method are given attention.

PMID- 2874076
TI  - The accuracy of hysterosalpingography versus laparoscopy in evaluation of
      infertile women.
AB  - Two hundred fifteen infertile women underwent hysterosalpingography (HSG) and
      laparoscopy. One hundred twenty-eight patients had bilaterally patent tubes on
      hysterosalpingography. Thirty-one percent of these women had pelvic adhesions
      diagnosed by laparoscopy. Eighty-seven women had either occluded tubes or
      suspected pelvic adhesions on hysterosalpingography. Thirty-nine percent of these
      women had patent tubes without any pelvic pathology on laparoscopy. Inaccurate
      diagnoses limit the value of hysterosalpingography in evaluation of tubal and
      peritubal pathology.

PMID- 2874077
TI  - Childbearing among the Igbos of Nigeria.
AB  - Traditional Obstetric care among women of the Igbo tribe in Nigeria is described.
      The role of traditional birth attendants, antenatal care, management of delivery
      complications, postnatal care and traditional community practices surrounding
      birth are discussed.

PMID- 2874079
TI  - Endometriosis in diagnostic laparoscopy in Isfahan, Iran.
AB  - In 200 consecutive routine diagnostic laparoscopies, 31 cases (15.5%) of
      endometriosis were found. Of these 200 cases, 131 patients (65.5%) were referred
      for laparoscopy because of infertility. In 22 (71.0%) out of 31 patients with
      endometriosis infertility was the indication for laparoscopy. In the remainder of
      the patients laparoscopy was performed because of other indications. Half of the
      patients with endometriosis showed moderate or severe degrees of the disease.
      Seventy-one percent of the patients were below the age of 29. According to our
      findings, the presumption that endometriosis is a rare disease in Iran is
      considered to be erroneous.

PMID- 2874078
TI  - Luteal phase defects in repeated abortion.
AB  - Fifty women with 2 or more previous first-trimester abortions and 300 infertile
      patients underwent a luteal phase evaluation by basal body temperature, plasma
      progesterone, estradiol and prolactin determination, and endometrial biopsy
      (repeated in a later cycle when the first was defective). An endometrial luteal
      phase deficiency was detected in 15 (30%) of aborting patients. In 13 (26%) of
      these women the endometrial defect was associated to normal hormonal levels. This
      condition was only present in 36 (12%) of the infertility cases (P less than
      0.01). We conclude that the possible etiologic role of luteal phase defects in
      repeated abortion, is by a secretory insufficiency in the endometrial pattern
      despite normal plasma hormonal levels.

PMID- 2874080
TI  - In-hospital maternal mortality risk by cesarean and vaginal deliveries in two
      less developed countries--a descriptive study.
AB  - Cesarean deliveries are increasing in both developed countries and less developed
      countries (LDCs). Recent studies in the U.S. have revealed a significantly higher
      mortality risk for women who delivered abdominally than for those who delivered
      vaginally, even when the effect of the conditions which necessitated cesarean
      delivery was taken into account. We chose for study from an international
      maternity monitoring network, five centers from two LDCs that reported an in
      hospital maternal mortality rate (MMR) of around 10 per 1000 parturient women.
      The pooled data revealed an MMR of 5.1 per 1000 women with vaginal deliveries.
      For women with cesarean delivery, the total MMR was 36.2 and the MMR attributable
      to cesarean section was estimated to be 12.8; both rates were per 1000
      procedures. The leading cause of death was eclampsia for the vaginal deliveries
      and sepsis for the cesarean deliveries. The risk of maternal mortality inherent
      with the cesarean section procedure per se (not counting the risk associated with
      the labor and delivery complications that necessitated cesarean section) as well
      as the practical avoidability of maternal deaths for either mode of delivery in
      these LDC hospitals are discussed.

PMID- 2874081
TI  - Serum ferritin values in Nigerian pregnant women.
AB  - Serum ferritin values have been studied in 28 indigenous Nigerian pregnant women
      during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The mean serum ferritin
      value in the second trimester is higher than that in the third trimester,
      however, the difference is not statistically significant. When our results are
      related to those of Fenton and co-workers in 1977 (Fenton V, Cavill I, Fisher J:
      Iron stores in pregnancy. Br J Haem 37: 145, 1977) it appears that serum ferritin
      decreases in early pregnancy and that this decrease is maintained through the
      second and third trimesters and towards term, irrespective of adequate iron
      supplementation. It also seems that the pre-pregnancy serum ferritin level is
      achieved 5-8 weeks post-delivery. Our results also underline the sensitivity of
      serum ferritin evaluation in pregnancy, and reinforce the concept that fetal
      requirement for iron occurs significantly during the later half of pregnancy.

PMID- 2874082
TI  - Indications and results of metroplasty in uterine malformations.
AB  - During 14 years, 430 women with some type of congenital uterine malformation were
      discovered by different methods, with a rate of 1 in 137 deliveries. In only 17
      was metroplasty indicated, because of very poor reproductive performance; out of
      42 desired pregnancies, only 14.3% live births resulted. The abortion rate was
      65.2%, and there were 13% premature deliveries. The operations performed included
      the Strassmann type in 13, the Tompkins technique in three and the Jones
      operation in one. After the metroplasty, out of 27 completed pregnancies the rate
      of abortions fell in 14.8% (P less than 0.00003) and the rate of live births rose
      to 85.2% (P less than 0.00003). There is no doubt that when the indication for
      metroplasty is strictly imposed, the staff is well versed in the different types
      of operations and the treatment is done in a center which has acquired
      competence, the improvement in reproductive performance can be quite impressive.

PMID- 2874083
TI  - Acceptance of contraceptive practice by grandmultiparae in Benin City, Nigeria.
AB  - Five hundred sixty grandmultiparous women were interviewed as to their
      contraceptive awareness, desirability and use in the three major hospitals in
      Benin City, Nigeria, between October 1, 1980 and September, 1981. Their parity
      ranged from 5 to 14 with a mean of 6.7. There was high level of awareness of
      contraceptive availability and usefulness (65%), but low level of practice
      (27.1%). The main causes of the low practice level included opposition from
      husband and other relatives, complications of previous methods used and the
      desire to have a large family. Oral contraceptives were the preferred method,
      followed by intrauterine devices. Educational attainment had a positive
      relationship to acceptance of contraceptive practice. We believe that with more
      concerted effort at family planning counseling, the community will be rid of the
      hazards and menace of grandmultiparity.

PMID- 2874084
TI  - Prognostic value of a malignancy grading system in treatment of recurrent
      cervical carcinoma.
AB  - A malignancy grading system (MGS) comprising 8 histopathological parameters has
      been used to evaluate the response rate and prognosis for patients receiving
      chemotherapy for recurrent cervical carcinoma. Seventy-two women were treated
      with an adriamycin-cyclophosamide-vincristine (ACO) regimen or bleomycin
      adriamycin-cisplatin (BAD) regimen. The mean value in the MGS was 16.7 for the
      primary tumors and 17.4 for the recurrences. Correlations between the individual
      parameters of the MGS when used on the primary tumors and on the recurrences were
      low. Only parameters 7 (vascular invasion) and 8 (lymphocytic response) were
      significantly higher in the recurrences. Responders had significantly longer
      survival than non-responders (P less than 0.001), but the two groups did not
      differ regarding the malignancy scores for the 8 individual parameters nor for
      the MGS sums.

PMID- 2874085
TI  - Broad spectrum antibiotics as short term prophylaxis for elective abdominal
      hysterectomy: comparison of mezlocillin, cefazolin and placebo.
AB  - A prospective randomized placebo controlled double-blind study was conducted in
      order to evaluate the effect of short term perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis
      on patients undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy. Fifty-two patients
      received 3 doses of 0.5 g cefazolin, 54 patients received 3 doses of 1 g
      mezlocillin and 53 patients received placebo. Postoperative infectious morbidity
      and the rate of pelvic cellulitis were significantly lower in either antibiotic
      group in comparison to the placebo group, but neither drug proved to be superior
      in this respect. The fever index was significantly lower in the mezlocillin group
      in comparison to both cefazolin and placebo groups. It was thus concluded that
      antibiotic prophylaxis has a beneficial effect on patients undergoing abdominal
      hysterectomy and both drugs--cefazolin and mezlocillin--seem to be equally
      effective.

PMID- 2874086
TI  - The role of obstetric factors in perinatal mortality trends.
AB  - In the Perinatal Unit of the New Jersey Medical School, Newark the combined
      neonatal mortality and stillbirth rates declined from more than 51 per 1000 to
      less than 17 per 1000 between 1971 and 1983. This change is comparable to the
      reduction of perinatal mortality rates nationwide since the Second World War.
      Because the improvement in the fetal and neonatal survival rates occurred in a
      static population and against well identifiable changes in the structure,
      equipment, policies and management patterns of the obstetric unit, it was
      possible to assess the impact of various factors upon perinatal outcome. In the
      environment of this institution adherence to conservative concepts of obstetric
      management, avoidance of manipulative and extraction procedures, an increase of
      the rate of cesarean sections from about 7 to 15% and emphasis upon infection
      control appeared to be the crucially important factors. Antepartum sonography and
      fetal stress and non-stress testing significantly impacted upon the results. The
      role of intrapartum electronic monitoring was less clearly definable and seemed
      to be effective only in the hands of experienced physicians. The results did not
      seem to be adversely affected by the fact that the program de-emphasized invasive
      procedures, including fetal scalp pH sampling.

PMID- 2874087
TI  - Antimicrobial properties of amniotic fluid from some Nigerian women.
AB  - Fifty-one amniotic fluids were aspirated via the vaginal route from 51 pregnant
      Nigerian mothers. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus
      aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Inhibition rates were 39.2% for
      Staph. aureus 19.6% for E. coli and 41.2% for C. albicans. The overall inhibitory
      capacity was 64.7%. Sixteen fluids (31.4%) were active against one organism,
      three fluids (5.9%) were active against two organisms and one fluid (2%) was
      active against the three organisms. Age, parity and meconium-staining of liquor
      had no correlation with antimicrobial properties. The possible explanations for
      these are given.

PMID- 2874088
TI  - The role of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the
      regulation of mammalian fatty acid biosynthesis.

PMID- 2874089
TI  - Mechanisms involved in the short-term regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by
      insulin.

PMID- 2874090
TI  - Plant acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2874091
TI  - Modulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic ganglionic nicotinic receptors.
AB  - Autonomic ganglia may be regulated, in part, by nicotinic receptors. To test
      whether basal insulin secretion may be modulated by an endogenous pancreatic
      ganglionic mechanism, the effects of ganglionic pre- and postsynaptic nicotinic
      receptor antagonism were studied in the in vitro canine pancreas. Combined
      infusion of atropine, phentolamine, and propranolol had no affect on insulin
      secretion (P less than .30). Presynaptic nicotinic receptor blockade by beta
      bungarotoxin (beta-BuTX) in combination with atropine and phentolamine reduced
      mean insulin secretion (78 +/- 18 U/ml, P less than .0025) from preinfusion
      concentrations (287 +/- 43 U/ml). The decrease in insulin secretion resulting
      from BuTX, atropine, and phentolamine was prevented by the addition of either
      specific postsynaptic nicotinic receptor blockade by alpha-bungarotoxin (P less
      than .05) or propranolol (P less than .005). Because it is known that
      postsynaptic nicotinic receptor agonism may stimulate the intraganglionic release
      of norepinephrine, these results suggest that nicotinic receptors are present at
      the ganglionic level in the pancreas and modulate insulin secretion by a complex
      intraganglionic mechanism. The postulated ganglionic nicotinic receptor-mediated
      mechanism may operate by the interaction of a beta-adrenergic inhibitory
      component, which may be activated by intraganglionic norepinephrine, and a
      stimulatory nonmuscarinic nonadrenergic (possibly peptidergic) component, which
      may be activated in the absence of intraganglionic norepinephrine.

PMID- 2874092
TI  - Structural investigations of the diffusion-zone of soldered dental gold and base
      metal alloys.

PMID- 2874093
TI  - [Myocardial mechanical injury in acute ischemia: a pathophysiologic and
      histopathologic review].
AB  - The recognition of histopathologic substrates of myocardial contractile damage in
      human acute ischemia is still very poor, notwithstanding the impressive advances
      in the inherent clinical diagnostic technology and concepts. The first and
      foremost inotropic abnormality ensuing ischemia, easily taken for atonic in
      origin, actually consists of a pathologic contracture of the injured myocardium,
      depending upon abrupt fall of ATP, and defective extrusion calcium pump with
      persistence of actomyosin rigor-complexes. In sustained ischemia, further
      membrane damage exposes the myocell to massive calcium intrusion, with eventual
      precipitation of it and cell death (reperfusion stone-heart). In case of
      transient, "hit and run" ischemia, the "stunned" myocardium undergoes prolonged
      contractile abnormalities. In keeping with fundamentals in pathophysiology of
      contraction, ischemic myofibrils in human hyperacute infarct, showed spare I
      bands, accounting for contracture and followed by loss of the regular cross
      striation register; then, groups of adjacent sarcomeres were seen to join into
      true "contraction" bands, with Z lines impinging upon A bands and obliterating
      the I bands. Coagulative denaturation of contractile proteins follows, presenting
      as irregular, amorphous degeneration stripes astride irreversibly damaged
      myocells. As such, these cells can be passively overstretched by the nearby
      functioning muscle. In turn, the fixed waviness of viable, acutely ischemic
      myocardium was thought to configure, histologically, the loss of ATP-dependent
      "plasticity" of myofilaments, in a state of contracture. The "relaxant effect" of
      inotropic-chronotropic-positive catecholamines, favoring diastole, has been also
      pointed out. The present microscopic findings are cogent to clinicopathologic
      problems of coronary ischemia-reperfusion, and sudden death from cardiogenic
      shock.

PMID- 2874094
TI  - Mucus, gastrin and somatostatin cells in cultured rat antral mucosa:
      immunofluorescence, ultrastructural and radioimmunological studies.
AB  - Cells were isolated from the gastric antrum of newborn rats (7 and 10 days old)
      with the intent of studying mucus, gastrin (G), and somatostatin (D) cells. These
      cells were maintained in culture for 20 days. Their secretory properties were
      studied in vitro by cytochemical, immunocytochemical and radioimmunological
      methods. In vitro, mucus cells as well as G and D cells synthesized their
      secretory products intensely for the first 48 h, but beyond this point, their
      activity decreased. Mucus cells had a high rate of multiplication and formed
      sheets of epithelial cells in vitro. Their PAS-positive secretions were
      synthesized up until the 7th day of culture. During the first 3 days of culture,
      gastrin cells secreted detectable amounts of the hormone in the culture medium,
      but afterwards their secretion decreased. Somatostatin cells remained active
      until at least the 7th day of culture. They displayed long cytoplasmic processes
      which may serve as a means of communication with neighboring cells. Using
      ultrastructural techniques, mucus and endocrine cells were found to persist in
      culture. From a morphological point of view, they appeared similar to the cells
      found in the original antral tissue and this is an argument for the persistence
      of the secretory properties in cultivated cells. This experimental model appears
      to be reproducible and may be useful in the study of secretions of somatostatin,
      gastrin and mucus in the gastric antrum of the rat.

PMID- 2874095
TI  - [Digestive manifestations of vasculitis].

PMID- 2874096
TI  - Cholinergic effects of histamine-H2 receptor antagonists partly through
      inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - The effects of histamine H2-receptor antagonists on acetylcholinesterase and
      pseudocholinesterase activity were studied. All H2-antagonists tested inhibited
      both enzyme activities dose-dependently. The potency of inhibitory activity of H2
      antagonists on acetylcholinesterase estimated from median inhibitory dose were in
      the following order of decreasing activity: ranitidine greater than TZU-0460
      greater than cimetidine greater than YM-11170, whereas that on
      pseudocholinesterase were TZU-0460 greater than ranitidine greater than
      cimetidine greater than YM-11170. As the effects derived from the inhibition of
      acetylcholinesterase by H2-antagonists may affect intestinal motility, we studied
      ileal muscle contractions. Ranitidine had the most potent stimulating effect on
      contraction, the pattern of which was similar to physostigmine and was blocked by
      atropine and morphine. YM-11170 had a weak action on muscle contraction and
      cholinesterase activities.

PMID- 2874097
TI  - DA1 receptor mediates dopamine-induced relaxation of opossum lower esophageal
      sphincter in vitro.
AB  - The objective of the present experiments was to determine the specific receptor
      subtype through which dopamine (DA) receptor agonists relax the lower esophageal
      sphincter in vitro. Opossum lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle strips were
      placed in oxygenated Krebs' solution containing propranolol and cocaine. The
      tissues were placed at a tension that gave maximum relaxation to electrical field
      stimulation and were then pretreated with phenoxybenzamine. The effects of DA,
      and the DA receptor agonists epinine and apomorphine were determined. In
      addition, agonist responses were studied in the presence of the selective DA2
      receptor antagonist domperidone, a mixed DA1/DA2 receptor antagonist
      metoclopramide, and the selective DA1 receptor antagonists bulbocapnine and SK&F
      83566. The DA agonists relaxed the smooth muscle strips in the following order of
      potency: DA greater than epinine greater than apomorphine. Domperidone did not
      antagonize DA- or apomorphine-induced relaxation. Metoclopramide failed to alter
      DA-induced relaxation. Bulbocapnine and SK&F 83566 significantly inhibited the
      relaxation induced by DA. These data indicate that DA-induced lower esophageal
      sphincter relaxation in vitro is mediated by DA1 receptors.

PMID- 2874098
TI  - Experimental diabetic diarrhea in rats. Intestinal mucosal denervation
      hypersensitivity and treatment with clonidine.
AB  - Diarrhea in streptozocin-induced chronically diabetic rats is caused by an
      impaired adrenergic regulation of intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport.
      Stimulation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on enterocytes normally promotes NaCl
      absorption and inhibits HCO3 secretion. The purpose of this study was to
      determine if adrenergic denervation of intestinal mucosa in chronically diabetic
      rats alters postsynaptic receptor response, and if the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist
      clonidine could correct observed fluid malabsorption. Mucosal norepinephrine
      stores, a measure of adrenergic tone, were markedly reduced in diabetic rats
      compared with nondiabetic littermates. In vitro, short-circuit current changes to
      exogenously added l-epinephrine were significantly greater in diabetics,
      suggesting that denervation hypersensitivity was due to increased numbers of
      postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. In vivo loop studies demonstrated net
      fluid secretion in the ileum and colon of diabetics. In diabetics, clonidine
      reversed the secretion to absorption, but it had no effect on fluid absorption in
      controls. We conclude that diabetic diarrhea in streptozocin-induced chronically
      diabetic rats is due to impaired adrenergic regulation of mucosal ion transport,
      accompanied by a postsynaptic denervation hypersensitivity that can be reversed
      by clonidine, and accompanied by net intestinal fluid secretion that can be
      effectively reversed with clonidine.

PMID- 2874099
TI  - Diffuse somatostatin-immunoreactive D-cell hyperplasia in the stomach and
      duodenum.
AB  - This paper presents the first case of extensive, diffuse, somatostatin
      immunoreactive D-cell hyperplasia in the human stomach and duodenum. It occurred
      in a 37-yr-old woman, who showed clinical signs of dwarfism, obesity, dryness of
      the mouth, and goiter. The density of the distribution of D cells was increased
      39-fold in the stomach fundus, 23-fold in the proximal antrum, 25-fold in the
      distal antrum, and 31-fold in the upper duodenum in comparison with normal
      values. At the same time, the gastrin-immunoreactive cells were increased 2.3
      fold in the antrum. Although the range in size of the D cells was within normal
      limits in all regions examined, the G cells showed pronounced hypertrophy of up
      to 127%. A possible relationship between the immuno-histochemical findings and
      the clinical picture is discussed.

PMID- 2874100
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists: a newer class of antidiarrheal drug.

PMID- 2874101
TI  - Experimental studies of ageing: behavioural and physiological correlates.
AB  - Many brain modifications have been described in ageing: cognitive functions,
      learning ability and memory retention decline very frequently. It is not clear
      whether the observed deficits are related to alterations in memory processes
      (short- or long-term memory), in memory modulation or in nonassociative factors.
      We tried to correlate the morphological neurophysiological and neurochemical
      changes in aged brain with the decline in learning behaviour. Psychopharmacology
      of ageing is developing quickly, but presently no data are completely convincing,
      even though prospects are interesting.

PMID- 2874102
TI  - Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia are considered primary degenerative
      disorders of the brain. The delimitation of the two disorders is their onset:
      whether it is before or after the age of 65 years. As the neuropathological
      findings in the two disorders are similar they sometimes are sampled together.
      Biochemical investigations have shown extensive and severe disturbances of
      neurotransmitters in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease and senile
      dementia. Although the acetylcholinergic system is severely damaged and has been
      given special etiological importance, it seems that also the monoaminergic, the
      GABA-ergic and the neuropeptidergic systems are deranged. The extensive damage to
      the neurotransmitter systems indicates an etiology beyond the transmitter level.
      It is natural to assume that the disturbed neurotransmitters have pathogenic
      importance for the disorder. Pharmacological treatment trials have been performed
      in which the failing systems are substituted. Hitherto, however, these trials
      have not been as successful as expected.

PMID- 2874103
TI  - Sulphasalazine associated pancytopenia may be caused by acute folate deficiency.
AB  - Agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia associated with sulphasalazine are well
      recognised, but pancytopenia caused by acute megaloblastic arrest of haemopoiesis
      while taking sulphasalazine has not previously been described. We report three
      patients who, after taking sulphasalazine for over two years, suddenly developed
      severe pancytopenia with gross megaloblastic changes in the marrow. In two
      patients there was a good response to high dose oral folic acid but the third
      required folinic acid. The mechanism appears to be acute folate deficiency, and
      the requirement for folinic acid in one case suggests that the known inhibition
      of folate metabolism by sulphasalazine also contributes. The syndrome appears to
      be associated with high dosage and slow acetylator status. The drug has been
      successfully restarted at reduced dosage with folate supplements in two patients
      both of whom were slow acetylators. In the third case, whose acetylator status is
      not known, progression of her disease led to colectomy.

PMID- 2874104
TI  - [Effects of somatostatin and its analogue, des (Ala1, Gly2) [D-Trp8, D-Asu3,14]
      somatostatin (SS-1), on gastric mucosal blood flow and gastric secretion].
AB  - The inhibitory effects of somatostatin and its analogue (SS-1) on gastric mucosal
      blood flow (MBF) and gastric secretion were studied using bethanechol and
      pentagastrin as stimulants in anesthetized rats. In the present study, the
      inhibitory action of SS-1 was particularly investigated, regarding somatostatin
      as the control compound. Pretreatment with SS-1 at 1, 10, 30, or 100
      micrograms/kg, i.v. (single dosing), inhibited the increase of MBF and gastric
      secretion stimulated by bethanechol in a dose-dependent manner. SS-1 showed no
      marked difference from somatostatin in terms of the degree and manner of the
      inhibition until 30 min after treatment. At 90 min, however, SS-1 still showed an
      inhibitory action, which was more prominent in gastric secretion than in MBF.
      Thus, SS-1 had a longer duration of action than somatostatin. Generally, SS-1 and
      somatostatin inhibited MBF to the same degree, whereas SS-1 inhibited gastric
      secretion more strongly than somatostatin. When pentagastrin was used to
      stimulate MBF and gastric secretion, SS-1 inhibited MBF and gastric secretion to
      the same degree as did somatostatin, but again, SS-1 had a longer duration of
      action than somatostatin.

PMID- 2874105
TI  - [Effect of anxiolytic drugs on the development and healing process of stress
      ulcer: application of endoscopic observation].
AB  - The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of anxiolytic drugs on
      the development and healing process of gastric mucosal lesions (GML). In order to
      produce the GML in mice and rats, we employed a communication box paradigm which
      can differentially induce a physical and psychological stress. The following
      drugs (2.5, 50.0, 7.5 mg/kg for mice and 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg for rats) were
      administered orally: diazepam, clotiazepam, ethyl loflazepate and vehicle (0.5%
      CMC solution). To define the drug effects on the healing process of GML in rats,
      we applied an endoscopic technique using the ultra-thin fiberscope. The
      endoscopic observation was performed under ether anesthesia at 1, 24, 36 and 60
      hr after the termination of stress. Both diazepam and ethyl loflazepate
      significantly suppressed the development of GML in mice, while the preventive
      effect of clotiazepam was less potent than those of the other anxiolytics. In
      rats, only ethyl loflazepate showed a significant preventive effect. The curative
      effect of clotiazepam on the healing process of GML in rats was clearly
      demonstrated, whereas diazepam was ineffective on the healing process. Ethyl
      loflazepate also showed a tendency to facilitate the healing process of GML. The
      present study suggests that the application of the endoscopic technique to rats
      may provide a potential tool for evaluating the curative effect of drugs on the
      GML.

PMID- 2874106
TI  - [Drug treatment of pain. 2: Properties of centrally acting analgesics and rules
      for prescribing them].

PMID- 2874107
TI  - Effect of beta h-endorphin on release of insulin by rabbit pancreas in response
      to four secretagogues: comparison with somatostatin and epinephrine.
AB  - Previous work showed beta h-endorphin inhibits glucose-stimulated secretion of
      insulin by rabbit pancreas slices. This study, also conducted with rabbit
      pancreas slices, compared the antisecretagogue actions of beta h-endorphin,
      somatostatin 1-14, and epinephrine versus four secretagogues, glucose, mannose,
      leucine and potassium chloride. All three antisecretagogues inhibited all four
      secretagogues. The order of potency of the antisecretagogues varied according to
      secretagogue. Naloxone antagonized only beta h-endorphin among the three
      antisecretagogues, and phentolamine antagonized only epinephrine.

PMID- 2874108
TI  - Blockade of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor prevents the growth hormone releasing effect
      of FK 33-824 in the dog.

PMID- 2874109
TI  - New diagnostic markers of alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2874110
TI  - Managing an acutely manic 17-year-old girl with neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2874111
TI  - Loss of susceptibility to complement lysis in Entamoeba histolytica HM1 by
      treatment with human serum.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica HM1, exposed to a series of treatment with normal human
      serum (NHS), progressively lost susceptibility to complement lysis. Trophozoites
      were incubated daily with unheated or heat-inactivated NHS for 2 hr at 36
      degrees, starting with 10% v/v serum and increasing by 5% every 3 days up to 40%
      NHS. Resistance to complement lysis was also obtained with two different HM1
      clones but not with the low virulent strain HK9. Induction of resistance
      dependent on the number of NHS treatments, with a maximal 50% reduction occurring
      after 11 treatments. Susceptibility to complement-dependent lysis was regained 6
      weeks after serum treatments were terminated, suggesting that resistance to lysis
      was an acquired rather than a genetic property.

PMID- 2874112
TI  - Analysis of H-2-linked immune responses involved in resistance to AKR tumor
      growth.
AB  - H-2-associated immune response gene(s) govern resistance to growth of a
      spontaneous AKR lymphoma, BW5147. The antigenic specificities recognized by the
      anti-BW5147 humoral response have been characterized and include: Thy-1, a T-cell
      differentiation antigen; gp70, a retroviral envelope protein; and several
      previously uncharacterized proteins, including a 78 000 molecular mass protein,
      p78, which is restricted to expression on BW5147 cells and five phosphoproteins
      with molecular masses of 33 000, 29 000, 23 000, 17 000, and 16 000. Only mice
      which are able to respond to Thy-1, p78, and the phosphoproteins can survive an
      inoculation of BW5147. Thus, resistance to BW5147 is complex and involves
      multiple antigens with possible roles in tumor rejection.

PMID- 2874113
TI  - Efficacy of arosurf--a monomolecular surface film, in controlling Culex
      quinquefasciatus Say, Anopheles stephensi Liston & Aedes aegypti (L).

PMID- 2874114
TI  - Virulence properties of Escherichia coli strains in patients with chronic
      pyelonephritis.
AB  - In 50 Escherichia coli strains obtained from the bladder puncture urine of
      patients with chronic pyelonephritis, determinations of virulence properties were
      performed. All of the E. coli strains isolated from 26 acute episodes of
      pyelonephritis were found in the smooth form. 30% possessed K 1 antigen, 77%
      showed the ability to form hemolysin and 30% produced colicin V (aerobactin).
      Fimbriae (detected by mannose-resistant hemagglutination) were registered in 81%,
      and plasmids ranging between 50 and 70 Md were demonstrated in 70% of the
      bacteria. In contrast to this, only 70% of the E. coli strains isolated from 24
      patients at an inactive stage of pyelonephritis were found in the smooth form;
      10% of these encoded K 1 antigen, 20% hemolysin and 10% colicin V. Plasmids in
      the range 50 to 70 Md could be found in 30%. On the basis of multivariate
      analysis of variance and discriminant analysis, it was confirmed that
      uropathogenic strains possess several virulence properties, mannose-resistant
      hemagglutination being of particular importance.

PMID- 2874115
TI  - IL-2- and IL-2-R- independent proliferation of T-cell lines from adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma patients.
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus I (HTLV-I) is known to be associated with
      adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) as an etiological agent. The mechanism of
      leukemogenesis by HTLV, however, is still obscure. Two hypotheses have been
      proposed concerning abnormalities in IL-2 production and its receptor (Tac
      antigen) expression based on the experimental observations of IL-2-dependent ATL
      cell lines. In this study, we examine these hypotheses by using 3 leukemic T-cell
      lines from 3 Japanese patients with ATL. These cell lines were cultivated and
      established without addition of IL-2 to the culture medium. Cell-surface
      phenotype analysis by immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and IL
      2 binding assays revealed that one of the ATL cell lines, HPB-ATL-2, expresses
      only a minimal amount of IL-2 receptor (IL-2-R) on the cell surface and binds
      less radiolabelled human recombinant IL-2 than the other highly Tac-positive cell
      lines. Expression of Tac antigen in all ATL cell lines was not affected by IL-2,
      anti-Tac MAb or the tumor-promoter phorbol ester in the culture medium. The
      culture supernatant from these cell lines showed no IL-2 activity toward Con-A
      stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and their growth was not affected
      by additional IL-2 in cultures. IL-2-independent growth and constitutive
      expression of its receptors on the cell surface were evident in our ATL cell
      lines. However, dense expression of IL-2 receptors was not essential for
      stimulation of leukemic proliferation of T cells by HTLV-I. Trans-activation of
      the PX40 gene product of HTLV-I for activation of IL-2-R gene might not be
      coincidentally associated with stimulation for cell proliferation.

PMID- 2874116
TI  - Plasma concentrations of astemizole in patients with terminal renal
      insufficiency, before, during and after hemodialysis.
AB  - Four patients undergoing hemodialysis because of terminal renal insufficiency
      have taken 10 mg of astemizole on two consecutive days. The elimination was
      followed for 7 days and was found not to be delayed. During dialysis no decrease
      of the plasma levels of astemizole and its hydroxylated metabolites were
      observed. On the contrary, a small nonsignificant increase was found which can be
      explained by the thickening of the blood after ultrafiltration. It can be
      concluded that astemizole cannot be eliminated by dialysis because of its high
      protein binding capacity.

PMID- 2874117
TI  - The effect of six beta-adrenolytics and labetalol on hepatic biotransformation
      studied by antipyrine test, in man.
AB  - The study was aimed at a comparison of the effects of various beta-blockers
      (propranolol, pindolol, nadolol, atenolol, metoprolol, acebutolol, labetalol) on
      hepatic biotransformation within the short- and long-term treatment. The study
      was undertaken in 125 patients with arterial hypertension and/or coronary heart
      disease. The rate of hepatic metabolism was estimated by antipyrine test. After
      several months' administration of "pure" beta-adrenolytics the antipyrine half
      time increased (means + SD) from 16.6 +/- 4.4 to 22.1 +/- 8.0 h (p less than
      0.01), whereas antipyrine clearance decreased from 27.4 +/- 11.5 to 21.9 +/- 8.7
      ml X min-1 (p less than 0.01). Deterioration of antipyrine elimination following
      beta-adrenolytics administration occurred independently of such properties as
      cardioselectiveness, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, membrane stabilizing
      activity and the liver first-pass effect. After three months' labetalol (alpha +
      beta-blocker) administration, the antipyrine half-time decreased from the average
      18.5 +/- 5.1 to 15.0 +/- 4.4 h (p less than 0.05), whereas its clearance
      increased from 30.3 +/- 2.7 to 36.3 +/- 10.8 min-1 (p less than 0.05). The
      results indicate that labetalol accelerates the rate of hepatic biotransformation
      as opposed to "pure" beta-adrenolytics, deteriorating the hepatic metabolism
      efficiency.

PMID- 2874118
TI  - Synthesis of sequences 1-16 and 63-95 of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin AIII.
      Hemolytic activity in a toxin fragment.
AB  - Sequences 1-16 and 63-95 of C. lacteus toxin AIII were synthesized on
      benzhydrylamine and PAM resins respectively; the crude peptide products released
      by HF contained 90 and 33% of the target peptides. Fragment 63-95 was nearly a
      full agonist, producing greater than 90% of the hemolytic activity of the intact
      toxin molecule at 10(3)-fold higher concentrations. Fragment 1-16 had no
      activity.

PMID- 2874120
TI  - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of pleura.

PMID- 2874119
TI  - Heterogeneous expression of two oncodevelopmental antigens, CEA and SSEA-1, in
      colorectal cancer.
AB  - Colorectal carcinomas are composed of heterogeneous cell subpopulations which may
      be instrumental in conferring metastatic potential and therapeutic refractoriness
      to these tumours. To assess cellular heterogeneity, the expression has been
      examined of two oncodevelopmental antigens, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and
      stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1), by double immunofluorescence
      microscopy on 11 human colorectal carcinomas. Although both antigens were
      expressed in each tumour, their regional and cellular locations differed
      considerably. SSEA-1 expression was rarely expressed in poorly differentiated
      cancers but was enhanced with increasing degrees of differentiation. CEA
      expression was independent of histological differentiation. SSEA-1 was expressed
      with similar frequency in cell membranes, cytoplasm, and glandular contents
      regardless of degree of differentiation. Cytoplasmic staining with CEA however,
      was limited to more poorly differentiated tumours. In normal mucosa remote from
      the tumours and transitional mucosa adjacent to them, SSEA-1 stained only a few
      lower crypts whereas CEA stained a majority of both upper and lower crypts.
      Although biochemical studies have indicated that the SSEA-1 epitope may reside on
      CEA molecules, the fact that colon cancer tissues express these two antigens
      quite heterogeneously suggests differences in antigenic processing which may be
      dependent upon the degree of cellular differentiation.

PMID- 2874121
TI  - Clinical assessment score and peak expiratory flow rate. Correlation in acute
      childhood asthma.

PMID- 2874122
TI  - Sudden infant death in five consecutive siblings.

PMID- 2874123
TI  - Hepatic enzyme changes in bovine hepatogenous photosensitivity caused by water
      damaged alfalfa hay.
AB  - In the winter of 1983, practitioners reported extensive photosensitization in 7
      herds of cattle. All herds had a history of having been fed water-damaged alfalfa
      hay. A cow from one herd was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital at
      Oklahoma State University. In this herd of approximately 40 adult Polled
      Herefords, all cattle had had some degree of clinical involvement over the past 4
      to 6 weeks. Clinical signs included scaling and erythema of sparsely haired skin,
      muzzle, and teats, as well as icterus, anorexia, and weight loss. One cow died,
      and the remaining cattle recovered over an 8- to 10-week period after removal of
      the hay from the ration. In the referred cow, values for total and conjugated
      bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, sorbitol dehydrogenase, serum alkaline phosphatase,
      serum aspartate transaminase, and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase were higher
      than normal. In the herd of origin, extremely high serum gamma-glutamyl
      transferase values (180 to 1,400 IU/L) persisted (normal, 2 to 35 IU/L). Feeding
      the same alfalfa hay to 2 clinically normal cows reproduced the syndrome. The
      characteristic hepatic lesion was bile duct necrosis, with secondary bile duct
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 2874124
TI  - No significant changes in adult T-cell leukemia virus infection in Okinawa after
      intervals of 13 and 15 years.
AB  - Two separate studies were carried out between 1968 and 1984; a total of 2,021
      serum samples from healthy subjects were collected in two districts of Okinawa-on
      Iriomote Island and in Ishigaki City. The first samples were collected in 1970 on
      Iriomote Island and in 1968 in Ishigaki City. The second samples were collected
      after an interval of 13 years in Ishigaki City and after an interval of 15 years
      on Iriomote Island. These serum samples were tested for the presence of antibody
      to adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen (anti-ATLA). The overall prevalence
      of anti-ATLA in both areas combined was 9.9% from 1968 to 1970 and that from 1981
      to 1984 was 8.9%. At both times, anti-ATLA prevalence increased with age and was
      higher in females than in males. No significant changes in anti-ATLA prevalence
      was observed: after intervals of 13 and 15 years, the prevalence decreased from
      10.2 to 9.9% in Ishigaki City and from 9.4 to 8.2% on Iriomote Island. These data
      suggest that there has been no significant change in the rate of infection with
      adult T-cell leukemia virus in recent years in the areas studied.

PMID- 2874125
TI  - Neurotransmitter-related immunocytochemistry of the organ of Corti.
AB  - The principles of immunocytochemistry were outlined in 1942 by Coons et al. and
      in the 1970's immunocytochemistry emerged as a powerful method for identifying
      structures and tracing pathways in the nervous system. It now plays a fundamental
      role in the neuroanatomical and histochemical analysis of the central nervous
      system. The first immunocytochemical studies of the mammalian cochlea were
      reported in 1980, from three different laboratories. Since then many studies on
      cochlear immunocytochemistry have been carried out, concerned with questions
      about neurotransmitter candidates or about structural proteins. This review
      describes immunoreactivity of enkephalin, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT),
      glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate
      aminotransferase (AATase) and glutaminase (GLNase) in the organ of Corti. ChAT is
      the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). GAD is the
      terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
      AATase and GLNase are two enzymes involved in the metabolism of the excitatory
      neurotransmitter candidates aspartate and glutamate. We have much relied on
      surface preparations of the organ of Corti. We have also used cryostat sectioning
      of the cochlea, particularly when there was a need to apply a number of different
      antisera to comparable preparations from one and the same cochlea. We have used
      immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase procedures. Immunoperoxidase procedures
      have given us better signal noise ratio for specific immunoreactivity (in surface
      preparations) than has immunofluorescence. Occasionally, to achieve maximal
      resolution of surface preparations in light microscopy studies, we have used
      enhanced contrast video display. We have found immunoreactivity in efferent
      fibers in the organ of Corti following the application of antisera to enkephalin,
      ChAT, GAD, GABA, AATase and GLNase. Most of these different antisera give
      different distributions of immunoreactivity and other antisera have evoked no
      immunoreactivity in the organ of Corti. To the best of our knowledge, the cells
      of origin of efferent axons and terminals in the organ of Corti are located in
      the brainstem. Originally described as crossed and uncrossed olivocochlear
      neurons, these efferents have recently been classified into a medial and a
      lateral system predominantly innervating, respectively, the outer hair cell
      region and the inner hair cell region. However, our findings on the distribution
      of GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity indicate that there may be more than two
      different systems of efferents in the organ of Corti, as previously suggested by
      Schwartz and Ryan (1983).

PMID- 2874126
TI  - Adverse reactions to sudden stoppage of drugs.

PMID- 2874127
TI  - Psychotropic medication in adolescents: a review.
AB  - All published articles of double-blind, controlled studies of drug treatment of
      mental disorders in adolescents are reviewed. The evidence for efficacy ranges
      from suggestive to nonexistent, without any match of drug and disorder showing
      definitive evidence, either because of the limited number of studies available or
      because these studies have less than clear findings. Special considerations in
      the study of adolescent psychopharmacology are addressed, and a practical
      approach to drug treatment making the best use of the limited information
      available is offered.

PMID- 2874128
TI  - Low-sedation potential of buspirone compared with alprazolam and lorazepam in the
      treatment of anxious patients: a double-blind study.
AB  - Buspirone was compared to alprazolam and lorazepam in the treatment of
      generalized anxiety disorder in a 4-week, double-blind study of 60 patients. All
      three medications were effective and similar in producing significant reductions
      in anxiety as assessed by standardized anxiety rating scales and by global
      evaluations of patients by physicians. There were significant differences in
      drowsiness, lethargy, and/or fatigue: fewer patients in the buspirone group than
      in the alprazolam group (16% vs. 60%, respectively; p less than .01) or the
      lorazepam group (16% vs. 65%, respectively; p less than .0003) experienced these
      undesirable side effects. This demonstration of similar effectiveness and
      superior safety would favor buspirone in the treatment of generalized anxiety
      disorder.

PMID- 2874129
TI  - Premenstrual tension syndrome in rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder.
AB  - Premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS) and rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder
      have similarities of symptoms, cyclical mood swings, and putative
      neurotransmitter dysfunction. The possible relationship between these disorders
      was assessed by evaluating 25 patients with rapid-cycling disorders and 25 normal
      controls for PMS symptoms. Patients with rapid-cycling affective disorder had an
      increased tendency to have more severe forms of PMS. In addition, patients with
      rapid-cycling disorders and more severe forms of PMS tended to cycle more
      frequently. The significance of this finding and its clinical implications are
      discussed.

PMID- 2874130
TI  - Relationship between dystonia and serum calcium levels.
AB  - The relationship between acute dystonic reactions and serum calcium levels in 17
      acutely psychotic patients was studied. Previous studies have implicated an
      association between a lowered serum calcium value and acute dystonia. This study
      failed to note a significant incidence of hypocalcemia in a group of psychotic
      patients. It is not known whether other factors related to calcium-magnesium
      balance may be related to dystonia.

PMID- 2874131
TI  - Clathrin-coated vesicles contain two protein kinase activities. Phosphorylation
      of clathrin beta-light chain by casein kinase II.
AB  - Incubation of clathrin-coated vesicles with Mg2+-[gamma-32P]ATP results in the
      autophosphorylation of a 50-kDa polypeptide (pp50) (Pauloin, A., Bernier, I., and
      Jolles, P. (1982) Nature 298, 574-576). We describe here a second protein kinase
      that is associated with calf brain and liver coated vesicles. This kinase, which
      phosphorylates casein and phosvitin but not histone and protamine using either
      ATP or GTP, co-fractionates with coated vesicles as assayed by gel filtration,
      electrophoresis, and sedimentation. The enzyme can be extracted with 0.5 M Tris
      HCl or 1 M NaCl, and can be separated from the pp50 kinase as well as the other
      major coat proteins. We identified this enzyme as casein kinase II based on
      physical and catalytic properties and by comparative studies with casein kinase
      II isolated from brain cytosol. It has a Stokes radius of 4.5 nm, a catalytic
      moiety of approximately 45 kDa, and labels a polypeptide of 26 kDa when the pure
      enzyme is assayed for autophosphorylation. Its activity is inhibited by heparin
      and not affected by cAMP, phospholipids, or calmodulin. This protein kinase
      preferentially phosphorylates clathrin beta-light chain. The phosphorylation is
      markedly stimulated by polylysine and inhibited by heparin. Isolated beta-light
      chain as well as beta-light chain in triskelions or in intact coated vesicles is
      phosphorylated. All of the phosphate (0.86 mol of Pi/mol of clathrin beta-light
      chain) is incorporated into phosphoserine.

PMID- 2874132
TI  - Factor V is a substrate for the transamidase factor XIIIa.
AB  - Coagulation Factor V (Mr = 330,000), upon cleavage by thrombin, produces Factor
      Va, which is composed of two subunits with Mr values of 94,000 and 74,000, along
      with two activation fragments possessing no known function. Studies were
      undertaken to assess the ability of the transamidase Factor XIIIa to covalently
      incorporate the lysine analogs [3H]putrescine and dansylcadaverine into the
      thrombin-cleaved (activated) and unactivated forms of human and bovine Factor V.
      The incorporation of either probe into thrombin-activated Factor V proceeded at
      an initial rate approximately twice that for unactivated Factor V. The extent of
      the incorporation of [3H]putrescine or dansylcadaverine into activated or
      unactivated human Factor V was identical; 4 mol of either probe per mol of Factor
      V. In the case of bovine Factor V, however, while 4 mol of probe were bound per
      mol of the unactivated pro-cofactor, 5 mol of either lysine analog were
      covalently linked to 1 mol of thrombin-cleaved Factor V. Polyacrylamide gel
      fluorography, immunoaffinity chromatography, and immunoprecipitation identified
      the largest activation fragment of human Factor V (Mr = 150,000) and bovine
      Factor V (Mr = 120,000) to contain the sites of incorporation of the covalently
      bound probes. High molecular weight, apparently covalent polymers of Factor V
      were produced by the action of Factor XIIIa on activated and unactivated human or
      bovine Factor V. The absence of either probe in the reaction mixtures did not
      appear to allow an enhancement of protein polymerization.

PMID- 2874133
TI  - Participation of three distinct active states of chloroplast ATPase complex CF0 X
      CF1 in the activation by light and dithiothreitol.
AB  - Chloroplast ATPase complex (CF0 X CF1) in thylakoids is activated by illumination
      in the presence or absence of dithiothreitol or by incubation with both
      dithiothreitol and Pi in the post-illumination dark. The activation by
      dithiothreitol and Pi is inhibited by ADP and decreases with increasing time
      interval between the end of illumination and the addition of dithiothreitol and
      Pi. The dithiothreitol/Pi-activated ATP hydrolysis is highly sensitive to pH. The
      ATP hydrolysis activated by illumination in the presence of dithiothreitol
      decreases its sensitivity to stimulation by NH4Cl and increases its sensitivity
      to pH, with increasing time interval between the end of illumination and the
      addition of ATP. Its pH dependence approaches that of the dithiothreitol/Pi
      activated ATP hydrolysis. These results suggest that in the post-illumination
      dark, the light/dithiothreitol-activated CFo X CF1 converts its state from the
      one (E2) which is sensitive to an uncoupler and relatively insensitive to pH to
      the one (E2i) which is insensitive to an uncoupler and highly sensitive to pH. In
      the post-illumination dark, the presence of both dithiothreitol and Pi brings
      about the activation of CFo X CF1 to E2i.

PMID- 2874134
TI  - Direct measurement of the electrogenicity of the H+-ATPase from thermophilic
      bacterium PS3 reconstituted in planar phospholipid bilayers.
AB  - The proton-translocating ATPase of the thermophilic bacterium PS3 was
      incorporated into a planar phospholipid bilayer, and its electrogenicity was
      directly demonstrated. The enzyme (TF0F1) consists of a catalytic portion, F1,
      and a membrane-integrated portion, Fo. A short-circuit current of up to 1 nA/cm2
      was generated upon the addition of ATP, and the direction of the current
      indicated the flow of positive charges from the TF1 side to the TF0 side. The
      generation of the electric current was progressively suppressed by the presence
      of an inhibitor of TF1 such as NaN3 or adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate. An open
      circuit membrane potential of 40-120 mV was also demonstrated (more negative on
      the TF1 side), which was inhibited by NaN3. Furthermore, an applied voltage of 
      180 mV (TF1 side negative) was sufficient to prevent the generation of electric
      current dependent on ATP hydrolysis, which indicated that the electrogenicity of
      TF0F1 is some 180 mV under the conditions studied. From these results it was
      tentatively concluded that the number of protons transported across the
      bilayer/mol of ATP is more than 3.

PMID- 2874135
TI  - Cellular distribution of type I and type II receptors for transforming growth
      factor-beta.
AB  - Affinity labeling of target cells for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta)
      by cross-linking with 125I-TGF beta via disuccinimidyl suberate or by the
      photoreactive analogue 4-azidobenzoyl-125I-TGF beta has revealed the presence of
      multiple TGF beta receptor forms. Two distinct types of TGF beta receptors can be
      distinguished based on structural analysis of the 125I-TGF beta-labeled species
      by peptide mapping. Type I TGF beta receptors include the 280-kilodalton labeled
      receptor form previously found to be the subunit of a disulfide-linked TGF beta
      receptor complex. (Massague, J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7059-7066), as well as
      a 65-kDa labeled receptor form present in all cell lines examined, and a 130-140
      kDa labeled receptor form detected only in 3T3-L1 cells. The 280-kDa form is the
      major TGF beta receptor species in most cell lines examined, but is apparently
      absent in rat skeletal muscle myoblasts. Type I TGF beta receptors bind TGF beta
      with an apparent Kd of 50-500 pM. Type II TGF beta receptors include an 85-kDa
      labeled receptor form present in all mammalian cells examined and a 110-kDa
      labeled receptor form present in chick embryo fibroblasts. Type II TGF beta
      receptors bind TGF beta with an apparent Kd of about 50 pM. Except for the 280
      kDa type I TGF beta receptor form, none of the TGF beta receptor forms described
      here is found as part of a disulfide-linked receptor complex. All the TGF beta
      receptor forms described here behave as intrinsic membrane proteins exposed on
      the surface of intact cells.

PMID- 2874136
TI  - Genetic evidence for interaction between the a and b subunits of the F0 portion
      of the Escherichia coli proton translocating ATPase.
AB  - A mutation of the b subunit of the Escherichia coli proton translocating ATPase
      was previously described (Porter, A. C. G., Kumamoto, C., Aldape, K., and Simoni,
      R. D. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 8182-8187). This mutation, which causes
      substitution of aspartic acid for glycine at position 9 (basp9), results in loss
      of function of the ATPase complex. In this paper we describe the isolation and
      characterization of two mutations that partially suppress the effects of the
      basp9 alteration. The suppressor mutations cause amino acid substitutions at
      position 240 of the a subunit. Membranes derived from strains carrying a
      suppressor mutation and the basp9 mutation exhibited ATP-dependent proton
      translocating activity.

PMID- 2874137
TI  - Impaired proton conductivity resulting from mutations in the a subunit of F1F0
      ATPase in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Mutations in the uncB gene which encodes the a subunit of F1F0-ATPase in
      Escherichia coli were isolated and characterized. Eight mutations caused
      premature polypeptide chain termination. Two mutations were single amino acid
      substitutions resulting in the replacements of serine 206 with leucine (ser-206--
      -leu) and histidine 245 with tyrosine (his-245----tyr). The ser-206----leu
      mutation does not alter F1 binding and allows ATP driven membrane energization at
      a low level. Stripping of F1 from membranes containing the ser-206----leu
      mutation does not render the membranes permeable to protons indicating impaired
      proton conductivity. The his-245----tyr mutation also blocks Fo-mediated proton
      conduction but has normal F1 binding properties. F1 bound to membranes with both
      ser-206----leu and his-245----tyr mutant a subunits is sensitive to
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Apparently, both missense mutations impair proton
      conduction without altering assembly of the F1F0-ATPase complex. The direct
      involvement of the a subunit in proton translocation is discussed.

PMID- 2874138
TI  - The purine nucleotide cycle and ammoniagenesis in rat kidney tubules.
AB  - The contribution of the purine nucleotide cycle to renal ammoniagenesis was
      examined in cortical tubule suspensions prepared from acidotic rats and incubated
      with [alpha-15N]glutamine, [15N]glutamate, or [15N]aspartate. Labeling of ammonia
      and adenine nucleotides was determined after enzymatic transformations designed
      to circumvent the technical problem that 15NH3 and H2O have the same nominal
      mass. Labeling of the adenine nucleotide was undetectable (less than 10%) even
      after 1 h of incubation. From the measured concentrations of adenine nucleotides
      and ammonia and the labeling of the ammonia, the flux through the purine
      nucleotide cycle was calculated to account for less than 1% of the deamination of
      alpha-amino groups from all three substrates. The glutamate dehydrogenase
      reaction is therefore the likely pathway for deamination. The rate of 15NH3
      production from [alpha-15N]glutamine was two or three times greater than from
      added [15N]glutamate, indicating a preference for intracellularly generated
      glutamate. 15NH3 production from added [15N]aspartate was similar to and perhaps
      slightly greater than that from added [15N]glutamate.

PMID- 2874139
TI  - A single amino acid substitution in an ectopic alpha subunit of a human carcinoma
      choriogonadotropin.
AB  - Human choriogonadotropin [hCG] has two dissimilar noncovalently associated
      subunits, designated alpha and beta. An ectopically secreted hCG alpha subunit
      that fails to associate with the beta subunit and displays an anomalously high
      molecular weight on molecular sieve chromatography but not on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been sequenced. A single
      substitution of Glu56 by Ala56 has been found in the altered subunit. No evidence
      for conformational differences between normal and ectopic alpha could be found
      using circular dichroism or intrinsic fluorescence as measures of secondary and
      tertiary structure, respectively. Hydrophobicity profiles as determined by the
      method of Kyte and Doolittle (Kyte, J., and Doolittle, R. F. (1982) J. Mol. Biol.
      157, 105-132) predicted, however, that the hydrophilic segment, Thr54-Ser55-Glu56
      Ser57-Thr58, becomes an extension of the preceding hydrophobic segment when Glu56
      is substituted with Ala. This solitary hemoglobin S-like mutation may lead to an
      altered tertiary structure, self dimerization, or an alteration in glycosylation
      that could be responsible for the ectopic alpha subunit's failure to associate
      with the beta subunit.

PMID- 2874140
TI  - Identification of four phosphorylation sites in the N-terminal region of tyrosine
      hydroxylase.
AB  - As reported previously [Vulliet et al. (1985) FEBS Lett. 182 335-339], tyrosine
      hydroxylase purified from rat pheochromocytoma is phosphorylated at an identical
      site (site A) by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, the calmodulin-dependent
      multiprotein kinase and protein kinase C, while the calmodulin-dependent
      multiprotein kinase also phosphorylates another unique site (site C).
      Preparations of tyrosine hydroxylase purified from this source are also
      contaminated with traces of a fourth protein kinase which phosphorylates another
      unique site (site E). We have isolated tryptic peptides containing each of these
      sites and determined their amino acid sequences. By comparison of these data with
      the known cDNA sequence for rat tyrosine hydroxylase, we have been able to
      identify these sites as Ser-8 (site E), Ser-19 (site C), and Ser-40 (site A). In
      some preparations of tyrosine hydroxlyase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
      also phosphorylated a secondary site which was identified as ser-153. All of
      these phosphorylation sites are in the amino-terminal region, where there is no
      significant homology with the closely related enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase.
      Our data also establish that the initiator methionine is removed by post
      translational processing to leave pro-2 as the amino-terminus of the mature
      protein. The significance of these results for the mechanism of action of
      extracellular signals on catecholamine biosynthesis is discussed.

PMID- 2874141
TI  - Amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase deduced from the DNA
      nucleotide sequence.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase is encoded by the glnA gene of Escherichia coli and
      catalyzes the formation of glutamine from ATP, glutamate, and ammonia. A 1922
      base pair fragment from a cDNA containing the glnA structural gene for E. coli
      glutamine synthetase has been sequenced. An open reading frame of 1404 base pairs
      encodes a protein of 468 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight
      of 51,814. With few exceptions, the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA
      sequence agreed very well with the amino acid sequences of several peptides
      reported previously. The secondary structure predicted for the E. coli enzyme has
      approximately 36% of the residues in alpha-helices which is in agreement with
      calculations of approximately 39% based on optical rotatory dispersion data.
      Comparison of the amino acid sequences of glutamine synthetase from E. coli (468
      amino acids) and Anabaena (473 amino acids) (Turner, N. E., Robinson, S. T., and
      Haselkorn, R. (1983) Nature 306, 337-342) indicates that 260 amino acids are
      identical and 80 are of the same type (polar or nonpolar) when aligned for
      maximum homology. Several homologous regions of these two enzymes exist,
      including the sites of adenylylation and oxidative modification, but the
      regulation of each enzyme is different.

PMID- 2874142
TI  - Topology and function of "stalk" proteins in the bovine mitochondrial H+-ATPase.
AB  - Proton translocating ATPases comprise a hydrophilic sector F1, a membrane sector
      F0, and, in the case of bovine mitochondria, a connecting "stalk" which is
      believed to contain the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein (OSCP) and
      coupling factor 6 (F6). The present study was undertaken to verify the
      accessibility of F6 and OSCP to trypsin and to examine the functional
      consequences of such treatment. Our data show that F1 binds equally to trypsin
      treated F0 and untreated F0, but the former complexes exhibit cold lability and
      only partial sensitivity to oligomycin. Furthermore, these complexes fail to
      exhibit ATP-driven proton translocation or ATP-32Pi exchange activity.
      Trypsinization of F0 does not, however, inhibit passive proton conductance
      through the membrane sector but actually enhances it. Immunological data indicate
      extensive degradation of OSCP under conditions where F6 proteolysis is
      insignificant. Intact H+-ATPase complexes are relatively resistant to both the
      structural and functional effects of trypsin. We conclude that OSCP is
      predominantly an extrinsic protein which is shielded by F1 in the native
      membrane. F6 may also be an extrinsic protein but is shielded from trypsinization
      by OSCP and/or other F0 polypeptides. The exposed, trypsin-sensitive segments of
      OSCP are not required for passive proton conductance through F0 but may be
      required for ATP-driven reactions. We propose that bovine mitochondrial OSCP is a
      functional analogue of subunit b in the Escherichia coli H+-ATPase.

PMID- 2874143
TI  - Characterization of an essential arginine residue in the plasma membrane H+
      ATPase of Neurospora crassa.
AB  - Treatment of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase of Neurospora crassa with the arginine
      specific reagents phenylglyoxal or 2,3-butanedione at 30 degrees C, pH 7.0, leads
      to a marked inhibition of ATPase activity. MgATP, the physiological substrate of
      the enzyme, protects against inactivation. MgADP, a competitive inhibitor of
      ATPase activity with a measured Ki of 0.11 mM, also protects, yielding calculated
      KD values of 0.125 and 0.115 mM in the presence of phenylglyoxal and 2,3
      butanedione, respectively. The excellent agreement between Ki and KD values makes
      it likely that MgADP exerts its protective effect by binding to the catalytic
      site of the enzyme. Loss of activity follows pseudo-first order kinetics with
      respect to phenylglyoxal and 2,3-butanedione concentration, and double log plots
      of pseudo-first order rate constants versus reagent concentration yield slopes of
      0.999 (phenylglyoxal) and 0.885 (2,3-butanedione), suggesting that the
      modification of one reactive site/mol of H+-ATPase is sufficient for
      inactivation. This stoichiometry has been confirmed by direct measurements of the
      incorporation of [14C]phenylglyoxal. Taken together, the results support the
      notion that one arginine residue, either located at the catalytic site or
      shielded by a conformational change upon nucleotide binding, plays an essential
      role in Neurospora H+-ATPase activity.

PMID- 2874144
TI  - Isolation and identification of a cDNA clone of rat placental lactogen II.
AB  - The developing rat placenta expresses two placental lactogens at different stages
      of pregnancy: rat placental lactogen I from Days 11 to 13 of pregnancy and rat
      placental lactogen II (rPLII) from Day 12 to term. In this paper, we describe
      cDNA clones for rPLII, which have been isolated from a Day 18 rat placental cDNA
      library. The rPLII clones hybrid-select a mRNA which translates in vitro to a
      protein of 25,000 daltons. This protein is processed by dog pancreatic microsomes
      to a 22,000-dalton form, identical in size to rPLII isolated from pregnant rat
      serum. Both forms are precipitated by an anti-rPLII antiserum and an anti-ovine
      prolactin antiserum. The mRNA for rPLII is first expressed in Day 12 placenta and
      reaches a maximum at about Day 18 of pregnancy, in parallel with the appearance
      of the hormone in serum. Sequencing of the cDNA shows that, unlike human
      placental lactogen which is 85% homologous to human growth hormone at the amino
      acid level, rPLII is much more closely related to the prolactins. Thus, rPLII is
      52% homologous to rat prolactin at the amino acid level, but only 34% related to
      rat growth hormone. This is the second placental lactogen to be fully
      characterized, and in the rat this hormone appears to have evolved by a route
      quite different from that which produced placental lactogen in humans.

PMID- 2874145
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of arachidonic acid release and metabolism in a
      rat thyroid cell line. Mediation of cell replication by prostaglandin E2.
AB  - The rat thyroid cell line, FRTL-5, expresses an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor when
      exposed to thyrotropin. We have found that occupation of this alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptor by norepinephrine stimulated the release of [3H]arachidonic acid from
      prelabeled cells. Arachidonic acid was metabolized primarily to prostaglandin E2
      and to much smaller amounts of 11-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, 15
      hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin D2, and thromboxane B2.
      Synthesis of all these metabolites was inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor
      indomethacin. When FRTL-5 cells were starved of thyrotropin for 24 h,
      norepinephrine nearly doubled [3H]thymidine uptake into DNA. Cyclooxygenase
      inhibitors inhibited norepinephrine-stimulated thymidine uptake by 60-70%. Of
      several arachidonic acid metabolites tested, none was able to stimulate thymidine
      uptake directly in the presence of indomethacin. Prostaglandin E2, however, was
      able to restore [3H]thymidine uptake when added together with norepinephrine in
      the presence of indomethacin. Thus, occupation of an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor
      in a functional rat thyroid cell line leads to arachidonic acid release.
      Subsequent metabolism of the arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase pathway leads
      to synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which mediates a norepinephrine-stimulated
      activity related to cell replication.

PMID- 2874146
TI  - Carcinogenicity studies of some analogs of the carcinogen methapyrilene in F344
      rats.
AB  - Four antihistaminic drugs similar in structure to the rat liver carcinogen
      methapyrilene were administered to comparable groups of male and female F344 rats
      in their drinking water for most of their lifetime (80-108 weeks). The
      concentrations were 0.1% or 0.05% and the total doses received by the animals
      were comparable with that of methapyrilene which induced 100% incidence of liver
      neoplasms. No increase in incidence of liver neoplasms was observed after
      treatment with any of the four compounds, thenyldiamine, chlorothen,
      methafurylene, or methaphenilene, although each differed structurally from
      methapyrilene only in one atom or one position of substitution. There were a few
      animals with neoplasms not usually found in untreated F344 rats, but none of
      these was found in statistically significant numbers. These results suggest that
      none of the four analogs of methapyrilene was carcinogenic under the conditions
      of this study, and that the property of inducing liver neoplasms in rats was
      confined to the intact methapyrilene molecule.

PMID- 2874147
TI  - Internalization of transforming growth factor-beta and its receptor in BALB/c 3T3
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The fate of 125I-labeled transforming growth factor-beta (125I-TGF beta) after
      binding to its cells surface receptor has been investigated in BALB/c 3T3 mouse
      fibroblasts. Binding of 125I-TGF beta to cellular receptors at 4 degrees C is pH
      sensitive, being markedly decreased at pH less than 6. Most (approximately 90%)
      of the 125I-TGF beta bound to cells at 4 degrees C can be removed by a brief
      treatment with acidic medium but is converted into an acid-resistant state
      rapidly after shifting the cells to 37 degrees C. Cell-bound 125I-TGF beta is
      degraded at 37 degrees C and the degradation products are released into the
      medium. The lysosomotropic bases chloroquine, methylamine, and ammonium and the
      carboxylic ionophore monensin inhibit the degradation and release of 125I-TGF
      beta from the cells. Cells allowed to accumulate 125I-TGF beta intracellularly by
      the action of chloroquine or monensin were treated with the bifunctional agent
      disuccinimidyl suberate in the presence of detergent Triton X-100; this treatment
      caused the cross-linking of internalized 125I-TGF beta with the 280-kilodalton
      TGF beta receptor component. Under conditions in which sustained binding and
      degradation of saturating 125I-TGF beta concentrations occurs, there is no marked
      decrease in the binding capacity of the cells even when protein synthesis is
      blocked with cycloheximide. These results indicate that after TGF beta binding
      the TGF beta:receptor complex becomes rapidly internalized and that TGF beta is
      directed towards lysosomes where it is degraded and released. However, the cell
      surface is replenished with TGF beta receptors recycled after internalization or
      supplied by a large intracellular pool.

PMID- 2874148
TI  - In vivo biosynthesis of clathrin and other coated vesicle proteins from rat
      liver.
AB  - A biosynthetic study of rat liver coated vesicle (CV) proteins was undertaken by
      using in vivo labeling with L-[35S]methionine. CVs were isolated and purified by
      using standard procedures and characterized by electron microscopy,
      sedimentation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      followed by fluorography, or by gel slicing and liquid scintillation counting.
      After 5 1/2 min of labeling (the earliest time examined), incorporation of
      radioactive clathrin heavy-chain (180-kD (kilodalton] subunits as well as a 90-kD
      CV-associated protein into purified CVs was demonstrated. The level of labeled
      180-kD clathrin in coated vesicles increased rapidly during the first 2 hr of
      labeling and then continued to rise at a slower rate between 4 and 16 hr. This
      slow accumulation of labeled clathrin heavy chains in the CV pool may reflect
      early compartmental sequestration of a fraction of newly synthesized clathrin
      with delayed assembly into free CVs. By 16 hr of labeling, clathrin 180-kD chains
      and the 90-kD CV-associated protein accounted for approximately 48 and 26%,
      respectively, of the radioactivity in all CV proteins. Two proteins of MWa 68 kD
      and 53 kD showed marked declines in cpm/unit protein between 30 min and 4 hr,
      raising the possibility that these species may be transferred out of CVs during
      or after transport without loss of the other CV proteins. The possibility is also
      raised that clathrin heavy chains may be recycled during CV formation. Possible
      heterogeneity within individual CV preparations with respect to protein
      composition and derivation from both plasma membrane and Golgi regions are
      proposed.

PMID- 2874149
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography and diode-array detection for the
      identification of peptides containing aromatic amino acids in studies of
      endorphin-degrading activity in human cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Diode-array UV detection has been adapted for analysis of opioid peptides and
      their metabolic fragments differing in aromatic amino acid content. In
      combination with high-performance liquid chromatography, the technique allowed a
      direct and rapid discrimination between peptides containing phenylalanine,
      tryptophan and tyrosine, or a combination of these residues. Enkephalin fragments
      with either tyrosine or phenylalanine, or both, were identified after digestion
      of the pentapeptide with proteolytic activity recovered from human cerebrospinal
      fluid. The N-terminal tyrosine-containing fragment of dynorphin A was identified
      after hydrolysis of the peptide by a cerebrospinal fluid endopeptidase. The study
      was extended to the analysis of some non-opioid peptides. The Tyr1 analogue of
      delta-sleep-inducing peptide was easily distinguished from the authentic compound
      with a tryptophan at the N-terminus. Results indicated that the technique was
      useful for discriminating between dipeptides differing in aromatic residues that
      were unresolved by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2874150
TI  - Simultaneous determination of 2-(p-chlorophenyl)pyrazolo[4,3-c] quinoline-3(5H)
      one and its 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxy metabolites in plasma, urine and bile by high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2874151
TI  - Underivatized measurement of bromazepam by gas chromatography-electron-capture
      detection with application to single-dose pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2874152
TI  - Simple and sensitive method for the determination of clobazam, clonazepam and
      nitrazepam in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2874153
TI  - The influence of graded hyperglycemia with and without physiological
      hyperinsulinemia on forearm glucose uptake and other metabolic responses in man.
AB  - We studied the influence of hyperglycemia on glucose homeostasis in man by
      determining the effect of graded hyperglycemia on peripheral glucose uptake and
      systemic metabolism in the presence of basal and increased serum insulin
      concentrations in 10 normal men. This was achieved by the simultaneous
      application of forearm and clamp techniques (euglycemic and hyperglycemic) during
      the combined iv infusion of somatostatin, glucagon, and insulin. While mean (+/-
      SE) basal serum insulin levels (14 +/- 2 microU/ml) were maintained, the
      elevation of fasting arterial glucose concentrations (90 +/- 1 mg/dl) to 146 +/-
      1 and 202 +/- 1 mg/dl (each for 120 min) increased forearm glucose uptake (FGU)
      only modestly from 0.06 +/- 0.01 to 0.15 +/- 0.02 and then to 0.24 +/- 0.03
      mg/100 ml forearm X min, respectively. During physiological hyperinsulinemia (47
      +/- 3 microU/ml), the influence of similar graded hyperglycemia on FGU was
      considerably enhanced. At plasma glucose concentrations of 90 +/- 1, 139 +/- 1,
      and 206 +/- 1 mg/dl, FGU rose to 0.33 +/- 0.05, 0.59 +/- 0.07, and 0.83 +/- 0.12
      mg/100 ml forearm X min, respectively. The glucose infusion rate required to
      maintain the glucose clamp with basal insulin levels was 1.08 +/- 0.20 and 2.67
      +/- 0.39 mg/kg X min at glucose concentrations of 146 +/- 1 and 202 +/- 1 mg/dl,
      respectively. During physiological hyperinsulinemia, however, the glucose
      infusion rate required was 4.15 +/- 0.39, 9.45 +/- 1.05, and 12.70 +/- 0.81 mg/kg
      X min at glucose levels of 90 +/- 1, 139 +/- 1, and 206 +/- 1 mg/dl,
      respectively. Lactate concentrations rose significantly during hyperglycemia, but
      the rise in the presence of increased insulin concentrations (from 0.72 +/- 0.06
      to 1.31 +/- 0.11 mmol/liter; P less than 0.001) considerably exceeded the
      increment (from 0.74 +/- 0.05 to 0.92 +/- 0.03 mmol/liter) with basal insulin
      levels. While both FFA and glycerol concentrations were immediately reduced by
      euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, the fall in FFA during hyperglycemia in the presence
      of basal insulin levels preceded the decrease in glycerol concentrations by 45
      min. Forearm oxygen consumption did not change throughout the study.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2874154
TI  - Thyroid growth immunoglobulins in large multinodular endemic goiters: effect of
      iodized oil.
AB  - Iodized oil (IO) was administered to 10 goitrous patients recently emigrated to
      Sao Paulo (SP) from iodine deficiency areas and to 42 goitrous patients from 2
      Brazilian chronic iodine deficiency regions, Loreto and Luziania (L). Thyroid
      growth-promoting immunoglobulin G (IgG) thyroid-stimulating antibody, serum
      thyroglobulin (Tg), TSH, and thyroid hormones were measured before and 1 yr after
      IO administration. In all patients there was a remarkable reduction of gland mass
      associated with a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in both basal serum Tg
      and peak Tg levels after bovine TSH administration. The mean percent Tg increase
      after bovine TSH treatment was reduced to 82% above basal levels compared with
      224% before IO. Mean serum TSH levels, elevated only in the L group [7.3 +/- 11
      (+/- SD) microU/ml] decreased to the normal range after IO (2.5 +/- 2.1
      microU/ml). Serum T3 and T4 concentrations did not change greatly. Tests for
      microsomal antibodies were negative before and after IO. IgG concentrates of
      serum obtained before and after IO were tested for their ability to stimulate
      incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA or to increase intracellular generation
      of cAMP in FRTL-5 cells. Thymidine incorporation activity was found in 8 of 10
      patients from SP [316 +/- 37% (+/- SEM); range, 140-480%] and 25 of 42 patients
      in the L group (mean, 206 +/- 14; range, 120-500%) before IO. Stimulation of
      thymidine incorporation reflected true growth-promoting activity, as confirmed by
      experiments measuring cell number, was not accounted for by TSH in the
      preparation, and reflected IgG action because it was abolished by absorption with
      antihuman IgG. IgG from only 1 patient in group SP and 4 patients in group L
      stimulated intracellular production of cAMP in FRTL-5 cells. All patients except
      1 in both groups had no IgG stimulation (less than 120%) of growth-promoting
      activity 1 yr after IO treatment. There was a significant positive correlation
      between thyroid growth-promoting activity and serum Tg concentrations (r = 0.58;
      P less than 0.001), but no significant correlation was found with other
      parameters (TSH, T4, and T3). We conclude that growth-promoting IgGs lacking
      ability to stimulate cAMP production may play a role in the large multinodular
      goiters due to chronic iodine deficiency.

PMID- 2874155
TI  - Physician extender services in family planning agencies: issues in Medicaid
      reimbursement.

PMID- 2874157
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of psychiatric emergencies.
AB  - The psychiatric emergency service has become a major provider of psychiatric care
      over the past decade. Concomitant with this growth has been an emphasis on
      pharmacological treatment. While rapid tranquilization is the best known and most
      frequently used intervention, a growing diagnostic awareness has led to a variety
      of other chemotherapeutic approaches. The current reviews of pharmacologic
      intervention in the psychiatric emergency service do not detail the variability
      of treatment approaches or examine alternative treatment approaches. The goal of
      this article is to critically review current pharmacologic treatments and address
      areas in which there is no consensus in treatment approach. From this review the
      authors suggest guidelines for pharmacotherapy of psychiatric emergencies. The
      authors discuss rapid tranquilization, the treatment of alcohol and drug
      intoxication and withdrawal, and anxiety disorders.

PMID- 2874156
TI  - Binding and covalent cross-linking of purified von Willebrand factor to native
      monomeric collagen.
AB  - We have analyzed the interaction of the adhesive glycoprotein, von Willebrand
      factor (vWF), with native monomeric collagen monolayers by adsorbing acid soluble
      Types I and III collagen derived from calf skin to polystyrene microtiter wells
      and incubating the wells with purified human 125I-vWF. The binding of 125I-vWF
      was saturable, reversible, specific, and was abolished by heat denaturation of
      the collagen monomers. Binding was half-maximal at 5 micrograms/ml, and, at
      saturation, 7.5 ng 125I-vWF were bound to each microgram of immobilized collagen.
      125I-vWF did not bind to wells coated with other extracellular matrix or plasma
      proteins such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, gelatin, or the q subunit of the first
      component of complement (C1q). In addition, bound 125I-vWF could not be displaced
      from collagen by the addition of either fibronectin or fibrinogen. After
      incubation with Factor XIIIa, plasma transglutaminase, 125I-vWF bound to collagen
      could no longer be displaced by vWF, which suggests covalent cross-linking of vWF
      to collagen monomers. Factor XIIIa-dependent covalent cross-linking of vWF to
      collagen, but not to fibronectin or laminin, was also demonstrated by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

PMID- 2874158
TI  - Carbamazepine in dementia.
AB  - Dementia is an ailment that is becoming a major management problem. The
      presentations of dementias vary depending upon the site of lesions and their
      severity. Different medications have been tried to relieve some of the more
      common symptoms associated with the dementias. This report shows the use of
      carbamazepine as one medication that could be utilized for the resolution of
      mania-like symptoms that sometimes occur in this condition.

PMID- 2874159
TI  - Distribution of dynorphin and enkephalin peptides in the rat brain.
AB  - The neuroanatomical distribution of dynorphin B-like immunoreactivity (DYN-B) was
      studied in the adult male and female albino rat. The distribution of DYN B in
      colchicine- and noncolchicine-treated animals was also compared to that of
      another opioid peptide derived from the prodynorphin precursor dynorphin A (1-8)
      (DYN 1-8), and an opioid peptide derived from the proenkephalin precursor met
      enkephalin-arg-gly-leu (MERGL). DYN B cell bodies were present in nonpyramidal
      cells of neo- and allocortices, medium-sized cells of the caudate-putamen,
      nucleus accumbens, lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, bed
      nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, and in sectors of nearly every
      hypothalamic nucleus and area, medial pretectal area, and nucleus of the optic
      tract, periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei, cuneiform nucleus, sagulum, retrorubral
      nucleus, peripeduncular nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine
      nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, dorsal nucleus
      of the lateral lemniscus, lateral superior olivary nucleus, superior paraolivary
      nucleus, medial superior olivary nucleus, ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body,
      lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus, accessory trigeminal nucleus, solitary nucleus,
      nucleus ambiguus, paratrigeminal nucleus, area postrema, lateral reticular
      nucleus, and ventrolateral region of the reticular formation. Fiber systems are
      present that conform to many of the known output systems of these nuclei,
      including major descending pathways (e.g., striatonigral, striatopallidal,
      reticulospinal, hypothalamospinal pathways), short projection systems (e.g.,
      mossy fibers in hippocampus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal pathways), and local circuit
      pathways (e.g., in cortex, hypothalamus). The distribution of MERGL was, with a
      few notable exceptions, in the same nuclei as DYN B. From these neuroanatomical
      data, it appears that the dynorphin and enkephalin peptides are strategically
      located in brain regions that regulate extrapyramidal motor function,
      cardiovascular and water balance systems, eating, sensory processing, and pain
      perception.

PMID- 2874160
TI  - Immunohistochemical morphometry of pancreatic endocrine cells in diabetic,
      normoglycaemic glucose-intolerant and normal cats.
AB  - The anatomical distribution and volume fractions of pancreatic A cells
      (glucagon), B cells (insulin) and D cells (somatostatin) were evaluated by an
      immunoperoxidase technique in 6 diabetic cats, 6 normoglycaemic glucose
      intolerant cats and 6 normal control cats. Islets lacking A cells were observed
      in some sections from the right lobe of the pancreas which correlated with a
      significantly lower A cell volume fraction in the right pancreatic lobe.
      Endocrine cell volume fractions in normoglycaemic glucose-intolerant cats were
      not significantly different from controls. Thus, a reduction in B cell volume
      fraction was not necessary for the occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance in
      these cats. However, the reduction of B cell volume fraction in the 2
      normoglycaemic glucose-intolerant cats with insular amyloidosis may in part
      explain the more severely impaired glucose tolerance previously observed in these
      cats. Insular amyloidosis in our feline diabetics, as in human type II diabetics,
      was associated with a significant decrease in A and B cell volume fractions. In
      both human type II and feline diabetes mellitus, however, the reduction in B cell
      mass does not appear sufficient alone to lead to diabetes mellitus. Therefore,
      amyloid replacement of functional endocrine cells does not appear to be the
      primary diabetogenic event in feline diabetes mellitus, but may contribute to
      progression of the condition due to loss of functional B cell reserves. We thus
      postulate that a B cell defect precedes deposition of islet amyloid and that
      these amyloid deposits may thus provide an important biochemical clue to specific
      B cell derangements occurring in adult-onset diabetics.

PMID- 2874161
TI  - Mycotic right coronary artery aneurysm: CT and MR diagnosis.
AB  - A clostridial mycotic aneurysm of the right coronary artery was diagnosed by the
      use of multiple imaging modalities including gated magnetic resonance imaging.
      Percutaneous drainage was performed as a palliative measure in hope of avoiding
      repeat sternotomy.

PMID- 2874162
TI  - Aortic pseudoaneurysm complicating Takayasu disease: CT appearance.
AB  - The CT findings of a patient with Takayasu arteritis and an ascending aortic
      pseudoaneurysm are presented. Computed tomography demonstrated the nature,
      location, and extent of the aortic lesion and revealed the ominous finding of a
      related large hematoma indicating prior aortic rupture.

PMID- 2874163
TI  - A simple method for the assay of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase employing
      31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - A simple method for the simultaneous assay of both substrate utilization and
      product formation by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase has been developed.
      This method involves measurement of ATP remaining in the reaction mixture and
      cyclic 3',5'-AMP (cAMP) formation by 31p-NMR spectroscopy. No separation of the
      nucleotides is required. The measurement of the rate of cAMP formation compared
      very well with other methods that require separation of product from the
      substrate. With this method it has been possible to show calmodulin activation of
      B. pertussis adenylate cyclase and to demonstrate an inhibition of calmodulin
      activation by melittin. The inhibition of calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase
      by melittin is not permanent and can be overcome by long-term incubation.

PMID- 2874164
TI  - Actinomyces adsorption mediated by type-1 fimbriae.
AB  - Monospecific antibody against the type-1 fimbriae of Actinomyces viscosus T14V
      reacted with 12 strains of A. viscosus (serotype 2), 12 strains of A. naeslundii
      (serotype 2 or serotype 3), but not with 11 serotype 1 strains of A. naeslundii.
      All strains positive for the type-1 fimbrial antigen adsorbed strongly to saliva
      treated hydroxyapatite, and in many instances (18 of 24 strains) this interaction
      was inhibited by the monospecific antibody. These findings strongly suggest that
      only those strains of actinomyces which possess type-1 fimbriae adhere to the
      tooth surfaces, and that these fimbriae constitute the principal adhesin involved
      in this interaction.

PMID- 2874165
TI  - The Nursing Minimum Data Set Conference: executive summary.

PMID- 2874166
TI  - Fixation of osseous fragments in the foot.

PMID- 2874167
TI  - The effect of acid and bethanechol stimulation in patients with symptomatic
      hypertensive peristaltic (nutcracker) esophagus. Evidence that this disorder may
      be a precursor of diffuse esophageal spasm.
AB  - The hypertensive peristaltic (nutcracker) esophagus represents a motility
      disorder characterized clinically by squeezing retrosternal chest pain and
      manometrically by high amplitude esophageal peristaltic contractions. This study
      was designed to examine whether the nutcracker esophagus is: (a) a distinct
      entity, (b) a member of the spectrum of primary esophageal dysmotilities (e.g.,
      diffuse esophageal spasm and achalasia), or (c) is secondary to reflux-induced
      acid sensitivity. Thirteen patients with a nutcracker esophagus by baseline
      manometry were subsequently studied after acid perfusion and bethanechol
      stimulation (0.08 mg/kg). Records were analyzed for symptomatic response and
      motility changes. Eight of 13 (62%) experienced chest pain during acid perfusion,
      but none had significant motility changes documented during this period. After
      bethanechol injection, chest pain occurred in six of 12 (50%) patients; two had
      burning pain and in the other four (33%) their squeezing chest pain was
      reproduced. Changes in the motility tracing with evidence of disordered motility
      suggestive of diffuse esophageal spasm were seen after bethanechol in seven of
      the 12 tracings analyzed (58%), including all six patients who developed chest
      pain. We conclude that patients with nutcracker esophagus on baseline manometry
      may develop motility patterns consistent with diffuse esophageal spasm after
      provocation with bethanechol. We take this to suggest that the nutcracker
      esophagus is part of the continuum of primary motility disorders and may actually
      be a precursor of diffuse esophageal spasm.

PMID- 2874168
TI  - A critical review of current medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease is a common, multifactorial medical
      condition that may be difficult to treat. Simple lifestyle modifications decrease
      reflux episodes and should serve as the cornerstone for medical therapy. Antacids
      or alginic acid may be helpful in mild disease but recent studies suggest they
      may be no better than placebo. Metoclopramide improves symptomatic GER disease
      but side effects are a major limiting factor. Only bethanechol and the histamine
      H2 antagonists have been conclusively shown to improve esophagitis significantly.
      Therefore, more severe disease is currently best treated with a histamine H2
      antagonist alone or in combination with bethanechol. The treatment of GER
      complications and maintenance therapy have only been recently addressed in
      clinical trials, but again the histamine H2 antagonists may have a useful role.
      Five to 10% of patients may require antireflux surgery, but the competency of the
      repair appears to deteriorate with time. Future clinical trials need to address
      specific areas of difficulty including entry criteria, test of efficacy, study
      duration, and usefulness of combination drug therapy.

PMID- 2874169
TI  - Future medical therapy of reflux esophagitis.
AB  - In recent years, many new systemic medications have been developed as potential
      therapies for the patient with chronic GER and esophagitis. Despite these
      therapeutic advances, large numbers of GER patients continue to have chronic
      symptoms or unresolved complications. To some degree, this may relate to
      uncertainties regarding the pathogenesis of GER and its complications; i.e., is
      it primarily due to acid/pepsin injury or to primary motility disorders in the
      esophagus. Many new therapies are currently being developed, particularly those
      with the potential ability to enhance esophageal contractions--the prokinetic
      drugs. The main potential therapies of GER are discussed, including possible new
      acid suppression therapies, new anticholinergic drugs, new prokinetic drugs, and
      medications that might enhance the mucosal barrier. In addition, the more complex
      questions of effectiveness of chronic medical versus surgical therapy, and the
      use of combined medical therapies, are discussed.

PMID- 2874170
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia: barriers to the professional recognition of an iatrogenic
      disease.

PMID- 2874171
TI  - Concerning materials for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase histochemistry.

PMID- 2874172
TI  - Yellow fever in Swansea, 1865.
AB  - A cargo of copper ore from Cuba was discharged at Swansea in mid-September 1865,
      during a spell of exceptionally hot weather. A small number of mosquitoes
      infected with the yellow fever virus, disembarking at the same time, established
      an epidemic of yellow fever in the town. In the next 25 days, at least 27
      inhabitants were infected and 15 of them died. The quality of contemporary
      observation and recording has encouraged a re-examination of the events in the
      light of knowledge unavailable at the time. It cannot be assumed that the episode
      will not be repeated.

PMID- 2874173
TI  - Large outbreaks of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning associated with the
      consumption of boiled salmon.
AB  - Five large outbreaks of food poisoning are described in which clinical,
      epidemiological or laboratory data indicated Clostridium perfringens as the
      causative organism. The foodstuff common to all incidents was boiled salmon
      served cold as an hors d 'oeuvre. In all cases the fish had been subject to a
      long period of cooling or storage between boiling and consumption. It is thought
      that multiplication of the organism occurred during this time. Recommendations
      are made for the avoidance of further similar incidents.

PMID- 2874174
TI  - The effect of prolonged administration of CGS 10078B on systemic and regional
      haemodynamics in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of 3 weeks treatment with CGS 10078B (30 mg/kg orally) on systemic
      and regional haemodynamics and cardiac mass were studied in normotensive Wistar
      Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. The significant decrease
      in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (174 +/- 3 versus 156 +/- 4 mmHg, P less than
      0.002) in SHR was associated with a significantly slower heart rate. No
      significant alteration in systemic haemodynamics was observed in WKY rats. The
      reduced MAP in SHR was related to the preserved blood flow to the vital organs,
      and therefore reduced renal and cerebrovascular resistances. Left ventricular
      mass index was reduced in both rat strains of treated animals. Therefore, the
      reduced MAP and heart rate in the SHR without haemodynamic changes in the WKY
      indicates that CGS 10078B was an effective antihypertensive agent that decreased
      cardiac mass in rats through mechanisms that may be dissociated from their
      haemodynamic effects.

PMID- 2874176
TI  - 1986 guidelines for the treatment of mild hypertension: memorandum from a WHO/ISH
      meeting.
AB  - The present guidelines were endorsed by the participants at the Fourth Mild
      Hypertension Conference, held at Konigstein, Federal Republic of Germany on 4-7
      December 1985. They include the definition of mild hypertension, and describe
      blood pressure measurement, factors influencing the decision to begin treatment,
      methods of treatment, and follow-up. These guidelines are a revision of those
      produced in 1982; they are based on the best available scientific evidence, and
      will be updated in the future to keep abreast of further developments in this
      field.

PMID- 2874175
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and antihypertensive treatment with enalapril.
AB  - The intravenous 133Xenon method was used to measure regional cerebral blood flow
      (rCBF) in 20 patients with moderate hypertension. Regional cerebral blood flow
      under pretreatment, in the placebo period and after 8 weeks of enalapril
      treatment were compared. The rCBF values [(F1), and initial slope, (IS)] showed
      no statistical difference during the three periods in spite of significantly
      higher blood pressure values in the placebo period. It is concluded, that with
      enalapril good blood pressure control is achieved without any adverse effect on
      rCBF.

PMID- 2874177
TI  - Immunoregulatory activity of human bone marrow. Identification of suppressor
      cells possessing OKM1, SSEA-1, and HNK-1 antigens.
AB  - Human bone marrow contains natural regulatory cells capable of suppressing the in
      vitro primary IgM response of normal tonsillar cells. The suppression is mediated
      by non-T cells possessing Fc receptors, OKM1, SSEA-1, and HNK-1 antigens on their
      surface. The suppression was abrogated by treatment of bone marrow cells (BMC)
      with anti-HNK-1 or anti-SSEA-1 antisera and complement. Furthermore, BMC depleted
      of HNK-1+ cells could respond in a primary in vitro antibody response when
      provided with accessory T cells and macrophages from tonsillar cells. Our
      findings support the idea that HNK-1+ and HNK-1- BMC populations act
      antagonistically in the regulation of antibody synthesis. Further, the finding of
      HNK-1+, SSEA-1+, and OKM1+ suppressor cells in human bone marrow may represent a
      precursor phenotype of mature natural killer cells with potent immunoregulatory
      activity.

PMID- 2874178
TI  - Epidemiological studies on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China.
AB  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has been reported from greater than
      20 provinces in China. The number of reported cases has increased markedly in
      recent years and surpassed 80,000 human cases in 1983. All of the cases reported
      before 1981 were from rural areas and were attributed to Apodemus rats. In 1981,
      outbreaks of cases associated with house rats were first reported. Cases
      associated with Apodemus agrarius were more severe than those associated with the
      house rat Rattus norvegicus. The rate of inapparent infection in the rural
      population of areas endemic for Apodemus-associated disease was lower than that
      of Rattus-associated urban disease. After the onset of the disease, IgG antibody
      levels increase rapidly, peak after one week, and persist for as long as 25
      years. Lung tissues from 16 species of rodent, from two species of sorex, and
      from cats and weasels in the epidemic areas have been found to carry antigen. A.
      agrarius, Apodemus peninsulae, and R. norvegicus serve as the main reservoirs of
      HFRS in rural areas, forest areas, and urban areas, respectively.

PMID- 2874179
TI  - Influence of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole on the synthesis, expression, and
      function of type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli.
AB  - We investigated the effects of low levels of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim on
      biosynthesis, expression at the cell surface, and hemagglutinating activity of
      type 1 fimbriae from a urinary tract isolate of Escherichia coli. The mannose
      sensitive hemagglutination of E. coli was reduced after growth in either of the
      antimicrobial agents. Moreover, trimethoprim affected antigenic fimbrial
      expression at the bacterial cell surface. Fimbrial subunit synthesis, as detected
      in lysates of solubilized whole bacteria, was inhibited in bacteria grown with
      one-half the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or trimethoprim. Organisms
      grown in low doses of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (one-thirty-second the
      MIC each) together exhibited marked reduction of fimbrial synthesis, expression,
      and hemagglutinating activity. Neither agent induced any detectable effect when
      used alone at the same concentrations. These results demonstrate that the
      synergistic activity of these drugs at concentrations below the MIC influence the
      synthesis, expression, and adhesive properties of type 1 fimbriae.

PMID- 2874180
TI  - [Echocardiographic manifestations of nonrheumatic aortic regurgitation].
AB  - Recently, the frequency of nonrheumatic aortic regurgitation (AR) has apparently
      increased, accompanied by a decrease in frequency of rheumatic fever. The purpose
      of the present study was to ascertain the echocardiographic features of
      nonrheumatic AR. We had 24 surgically- or autopsy-proven cases of nonrheumatic AR
      admitted during a two year period. These were 10 cases of infective endocarditis
      (IE), five with ventricular septal defect of type I, three with syphilis, and two
      with prosthetic valve malfunctions, and the remainder five were difficult to
      diagnose clinically. These five were three men and two women, whose ages ranged
      from 40 to 67 years and averaged 50 years, and their final diagnoses were annulo
      aortic ectasia (AAE), Behcet's disease, and the aortitis syndrome (Takayasu's
      arteritis), and two other cases were of unknown etiology. The echocardiographic
      manifestations were compared with the operative, autopsy, and pathological
      findings. Echocardiographically, there were few or no increased intensities of
      aortic valvular echoes, and aortic roots had a tendency to dilate, leading to the
      failure of coaptation of valve leaflets, for a relative lack of valvular surface
      area to cross-sectional area of the aortic ring. Three of the five had flail
      aortic valves and three had associated MVP. Three were diagnosed as floppy aortic
      valves at the time of surgery. Excised valves revealed little hyperplasia or
      sclerosis grossly. Fibrinoid necrosis or mucoid degeneration were noted by light
      microscopy. Some specimens of aortic walls also revealed cystic medial necrosis
      or disruption of elastic fibers. All these findings were based on degenerative
      processes of connective tissue, and not on inflammatory processes. These
      pathological findings and the coexistence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), which
      were not regarded as coincidental, suggest that connective tissue fragility-
      congenital or acquired--may play an important role in the genesis of nonrheumatic
      AR.

PMID- 2874181
TI  - [Bradykinin receptor and the mechanism of the onset of labor].
AB  - Bradykinin (BK) receptor of uterus and chorionic membrane were studied by
      radioreceptor assay to clarify the role of BK as theta an agent contracting
      uterine muscle. Basic examination revealed that incubation at 0 degrees C for 45
      minutes with [3H] BK in buffer containing 5mM Mg++ was the most suitable
      condition for receptor-BK binding. BK receptor assay of several kinds of tissue
      such as pregnant rat uterus, human chorionic membrane, and placenta was done and
      the following results were obtained. Specific BK receptor existed in human
      chorionic membrane and in rat uterus. Ultracentrifugation revealed that it was on
      the plasma membrane (145 f mole./mg protein: The highest binding in the pellet at
      10,000 g centrifugation followed by 600 g centrifugation). Association constant
      (Ka) and maximal binding capacity (MBC) showed the lowest level at 15 days
      gestation in rat uterus. These seemed to effectively maintain pregnancy by
      inhibiting uterine contraction. Both Ka and MBC were increased in the uterus of
      intrapartum rat compared with that of prepartum, but the former was about 45%,
      and the latter was almost the same as, that of non pregnant rat.

PMID- 2874182
TI  - [A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with growth hormone and prolactin
      secreting pituitary adenoma, functioning large parathyroid cyst, and Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome].

PMID- 2874183
TI  - Seminiferous tubule androgen receptors in experimental cryptorchidism.
AB  - As an initial approach to the study of seminiferous tubule androgen receptors in
      disordered spermatogenesis, cytosol androgen receptors were studied in rats with
      experimental cryptorchidism. Two weeks after the testis had been repositioned in
      the abdomen of 6-week-old rats, the animals were hypophysectomized to deplete the
      testis of androgen, and 1 week later they were killed. Androgen receptor binding
      was studied in seminiferous tubule cytosol using [3H]methyltrienolone as the
      radiolabelled probe. The androgen-binding capacity of cryptorchid testis, when
      expressed as fmol bound/testis, was reduced to 50% of control, in parallel with
      the decline in testis weight. No change in binding affinity was found. Sucrose
      density gradient centrifugation using a vertical tube rotor revealed a 9S
      molybdate-stabilized receptor under low-salt conditions in both cryptorchid and
      scrotal seminiferous tubule cytosol. Receptor-complex stability studies, analysis
      by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography produced similar results in
      cryptorchid and scrotal tubules. The mechanism for the reduction in testicular
      receptor content of an abdominal testis remains to be clarified. The
      demonstration that testicular androgen receptors can be reduced by cryptorchidism
      suggests that further studies may indicate the role of receptor binding in
      testicular function.

PMID- 2874184
TI  - Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl.
AB  - The influence of somatostatin on thyroid function has been examined in immature
      domestic fowl passively immunized with somatostatin antiserum. Plasma thyroxine
      (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations were markedly increased within 10
      min of antisomatostatin administration and remained raised for at least 5 h. The
      increases in the T3 and T4 concentrations following somatostatin
      immunoneutralization were directly related to the volume of antisera
      administered. The increase in the T3 concentration exceeded the increase in the
      T4 concentration, resulting in a T3 : T4 ratio greater than unity. While the
      raised T4 concentration began to decline 30 min after antisomatostatin
      administration, raised T3 concentrations were sustained for at least 2 h, and
      further increased the plasma T3 : T4 ratio. These results demonstrate that
      somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl. The
      magnitude and rapidity of the thyroidal responses to somatostatin
      immunoneutralization suggests that they occur independently of the hypothalamic
      pituitary-thyroid axis. Somatostatin appears to exert a tonic inhibitory control
      on avian thyroid function, possibly by effects mediated at the thyroid gland to
      inhibit T4 release and by peripheral effects to suppress the conversion of T4 and
      T3.

PMID- 2874185
TI  - Carboxyhemoglobin and serum hepatic enzymes in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 2874186
TI  - Chance discovery of multiple personality disorder in a depressed patient by
      amobarbital interview.
AB  - Although the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (MPD) has been receiving
      renewed interest in the literature, it presents a number of clinical problems and
      challenges. A case study is reported in which this diagnosis was uncovered by
      chance during an amobarbital interview on a psychotically depressed young male
      patient. The patient had previously been only minimally responsive to
      pharmacotherapy for a major depressive episode with mood-congruent psychotic
      features. When the multiple personality disorder was diagnosed, treatment
      emphasis shifted toward psychotherapeutic modalities with marked clinical
      improvement. Several unique aspects of the case, including diagnostic
      methodology, results of serial dexamethasone suppression tests, and psychosomatic
      symptomatology, are discussed as well as the implications of this case within a
      larger clinical context.

PMID- 2874187
TI  - A bioluminescence method for the measurement of L-glutamate: applications to the
      study of changes in the release of L-glutamate from lateral geniculate nucleus
      and superior colliculus after visual cortex ablation in rats.
AB  - We have developed a rapid, simple, specific, and very sensitive bioluminescence
      method for the measurement of L-glutamate (L-Glu). Oxidation of L-Glu by
      glutamate dehydrogenase has been coupled with bacterial FMN reductase and
      luciferase. Light production (i.e., peak height or integral) was linear from less
      than 0.5 to 500 pmol of L-Glu. Potential interfering substances that may be
      encountered in brain tissue have been identified. The most potent inhibitors were
      ascorbate and the biogenic amines. Procedures that conferred long-term stability
      of the reagent mixture (greater than 8 h) were established. Bioluminescence
      analysis of L-Glu content in brain tissue extracts, fractions from release
      experiments, and human CSF corroborated respective results obtained by HPLC
      analysis. In this study, we have applied the method to monitor changes in the KCl
      evoked release of endogenous L-Glu from milligram amounts of brain tissue, i.e.,
      from lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus after visual cortex
      ablation.

PMID- 2874188
TI  - Amino acid levels in the guinea pig spinal gray matter after axotomy of primary
      sensory and descending tracts.
AB  - This study attempts to determine if the axonal endings of dorsal root sensory
      fibers and of descending axons to the spinal gray matter in the guinea pig store
      glutamate and/or aspartate. Bilateral dorsal rhizotomy (spinal segments C5-T1)
      and partial cordotomy (segment C5, right side) were used to interrupt primary
      sensory and descending tracts, respectively. At 1 and 2 days after surgery, amino
      acid levels were determined in regions microdissected from areas of the gray
      matter of spinal segment C7 that receive heavy projections from the primary
      sensory and the descending tracts. These regions were identified by visualizing
      the degeneration of axons and their terminal fields in silver-impregnated light
      microscopic preparations of the spinal cord. After dorsal rhizotomy, the heaviest
      degeneration in the spinal gray appeared centrally in laminae II-IV and medially
      in laminae IV-VI. The levels of aspartate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyrate
      were reduced by 34, 21, and 26% in laminae II-IV and 28, 33, and 23% in medial
      laminae IV-VI. The levels of glycine, alanine, and threonine-serine-glutamine
      (unseparated) were increased. After partial cordotomy, the heaviest degeneration
      in the spinal gray appeared laterally in laminae IV-VI, dorsolaterally in lamina
      VII, and in lamina IX. The levels of aspartate and glutamate were reduced by 22
      and 28% in lateral laminae IV-VI and by 26 and 28% in dorsolateral laminae VII
      and IX. Glycine levels were reduced by 9% in dorsolateral laminae VII and IX. The
      levels of gamma-aminobutyrate, alanine, and threonine-serine-glutamine were
      either unchanged or raised. These findings suggest that the axonal endings of the
      primary sensory and of one or more of the descending tracts probably contain
      relatively high levels of glutamate and aspartate, and that they may use these
      amino acids as transmitters. The partial deafferentation of spinal interneurons
      and the destruction of some propriospinal fibers probably caused the losses of
      gamma-aminobutyrate and glycine, and contributed modestly to those of aspartate.

PMID- 2874190
TI  - Changes in nine enzyme markers for neurons, glia, and endothelial cells in agonal
      state and Huntington's disease caudate nucleus.
AB  - Enzymes considered to be markers for neurons (angiotensin converting enzyme,
      thermolysin-like metalloendopeptidase, alanine aminopeptidase, and glutamate
      oxaloacetate transaminase), glia (glutamine synthetase, pyruvate carboxylase, and
      beta-glucuronidase), and endothelial cells (alkaline phosphatase and plasminogen
      activator) were measured in caudate nucleus from 10 sudden death controls, eight
      agonal state controls, and 16 Huntington's disease patients. Glutamate
      oxaloacetate transaminase was slightly reduced by agonal state. The four enzymes
      with a neuronal distribution were all correlatively reduced in Huntington's
      disease caudate nucleus. Glutamine synthetase activity was reduced and beta
      glucuronidase mean activity increased over twofold in Huntington's disease
      caudate nucleus, with the two enzyme activities being inversely related. Pyruvate
      carboxylase was markedly affected by agonal state and was very variable in
      Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. The two endothelial enzymes were unaltered
      in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. The findings are indicative of neuronal
      loss, an increased proportion of altered glia, and also of maintained vasculature
      in Huntington's disease caudate nucleus. Measurement of enzyme activities can
      help to delineate the types of cell altered in Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2874189
TI  - Activation of glutamate apodecarboxylase by succinic semialdehyde and
      pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate.
AB  - Glutamate apodecarboxylase was activated by incubation with succinic semialdehyde
      and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate. Activation required both compounds and was highly
      selective for succinic semialdehyde. Of 18 analogs tested, only glyoxylate,
      pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and 2-oxoglutarate activated the apoenzyme significantly,
      but much higher concentrations of these compounds than of succinic semialdehyde
      were required. In the presence of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, the concentration of
      succinic semialdehyde giving half-maximal activation of apoenzyme was 7 microM.
      In contrast, the Ki for succinic semialdehyde as a competitive inhibitor of
      glutamate decarboxylation was 1.2 mM, indicating that apoenzyme with bound
      pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate has a much higher affinity for succinic semialdehyde
      than does holoenzyme. The concentration of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate giving half
      maximal activation was 17 microM, which is more than an order of magnitude
      greater than the corresponding value for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

PMID- 2874191
TI  - Caffeine ingestion by rats increases noradrenaline turnover and results in self
      biting.
AB  - The effects of caffeine on the activity of central and peripheral
      catecholaminergic structures have been studied in rats ingesting high doses of
      caffeine. The activities of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase were measured as well as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine),
      adrenaline, and noradrenaline concentrations, in brain (striatum and
      hypothalamus), heart, and adrenal gland. At the peripheral level, we observed a
      significant increase in the dopamine and adrenaline plus noradrenaline content in
      the heart, but an increase in dopamine content only was found in the adrenal
      gland. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in serum was increased, but the only
      significant enzymic change in brain was an increase in the dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase activity of the hypothalamus. However, an increase in catecholamine
      content was observed in both structures of the brain. These data suggest that the
      mechanisms involved in caffeine-induced self-biting in rats are not limited to
      the dopaminergic system, because we have also observed an increase in
      noradrenaline turnover.

PMID- 2874192
TI  - An examination of the involvement of phospholipases A2 and C in the alpha
      adrenergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor modulation of cyclic AMP
      accumulation in rat brain slices.
AB  - Experiments were undertaken to define the role of two calcium-associated enzyme
      systems in modulating transmitter-stimulated production of cyclic nucleotides in
      rat brain. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation was examined in cerebral cortical
      slices using a prelabeling technique. The enhancement of isoproterenol-stimulated
      cAMP production by alpha-adrenergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB)
      agonists was reduced by exposing the tissue to EGTA, a chelator of divalent
      cations, or quinacrine, a nonselective inhibitor of phospholipase A2. Likewise,
      chronic (2 weeks) administration of corticosterone decreased the alpha-adrenergic
      and GABAB receptor modulation of second messenger production. Neither
      cyclooxygenase nor lipoxygenase inhibitors selectively influenced the
      facilitating response of alpha-adrenergic and GABAB agonists. Other experiments
      revealed that although norepinephrine and 6-fluoronorepinephrine stimulated
      inositol phosphate (IP) production in cerebral cortical slices with potencies
      equal to those displayed in the cyclic nucleotide assay, selective alpha 1
      adrenergic agonists were less efficacious on IP formation and were without effect
      in the cAMP assay. Conversely, a selective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist
      facilitated the cAMP response to a beta-adrenergic agonist without affecting IP
      formation. The rank orders of potency of a series of alpha-adrenergic antagonists
      suggest that IP accumulation is mediated solely by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors,
      whereas the augmentation of cAMP accumulation is regulated by a mixed population
      of alpha-adrenergic sites. The results suggest that the alpha-adrenergic and
      GABAB receptor-mediated enhancement of isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP formation
      appears to be more closely associated with phospholipase A2 than phospholipase C
      and may be mediated by arachidonate or some other fatty acid.

PMID- 2874193
TI  - Na+-dependent "binding" of D-aspartate in brain membranes is largely due to
      uptake into membrane-bounded saccules.
AB  - Na+-dependent "binding" of acidic amino acids in brain plasma membranes was
      examined by procedures similar to those employed in earlier studies, using the
      metabolically inert D-[3H]aspartate as a probe. The "binding" showed
      characteristics similar to those described before in terms of affinity (KD, 400
      nM), density of sites (Bmax, 300 pmol/mg protein), sensitivity to D,L-threo-3
      hydroxyaspartate, and requirement for Na+. It turned out that the "binding"
      represents uptake into membrane-bounded saccules (which according to the inulin
      and H2O spaces constituted 3.4 microliters/mg protein and comprised about 50% of
      the volume of the sedimented membranes), rather than binding to the transport
      carrier. This conclusion is based on the observations that the "binding" of D
      aspartate was released by osmotic shock; was abolished by thorough washing of
      membranes in H2O prior to assay, which removed endogenous contents of amino
      acids, and could be recovered by loading the washed membranes with glutamate; was
      reduced by prior freezing and thawing; was low on incubation at 0 degree C; had a
      bell-shaped time course similar to that reported for uptake; and had a slow rate
      of reversal compared to the apparent KD. True binding would have considerably
      lower apparent Bmax than the carrier-mediated uptake. This and its likely rapid
      rate of dissociation would make binding to the carrier difficult to detect by the
      methods used up to now.

PMID- 2874194
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase activation in mesocortical 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine
      neurons following footshock.
AB  - Mild electric footshock resulted in activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in
      prefrontal cortex of mice and rats. In mice, the activation was also observed
      following restraint. Shock-evoked activation of prefrontal cortex TH was
      characterized by a decrease of apparent Km for the pterin cofactor 6-methyl
      5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin and an increase of Vmax. Activation of prefrontal
      cortical TH was also demonstrated in vitro following preincubation under
      conditions that activate cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Treatment of mice
      with the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP
      4) caused a 70% decrease in prefrontal cortex norepinephrine levels but had no
      significant effect on the activity of TH in that brain region. Footshock resulted
      in the activation of prefrontal cortex TH of DSP-4-treated mice, suggesting that
      shock-evoked activation of the enzyme occurs in terminals of mesocortical 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylethylamine neurons.

PMID- 2874195
TI  - Management of subdural intracranial empyemas should not always require surgery.
AB  - Seven patients with subdural empyema were initially treated by antibiotics
      without surgery. Six have recovered without sequelae. One required delayed
      surgery and has recovered with epilepsy. The authors emphasise the use of CT for
      the diagnosis and follow-up of subdural empyema, the principles and modalities of
      non-surgical treatment, and the good results, especially for late morbidity.

PMID- 2874196
TI  - A phase I study of intravenous azimexon therapy in human cancer.
AB  - Azimexon, a synthetic derivative of the 2-cyanaziridines, was given intravenously
      daily for 5 days to 19 cancer patients in a Phase I trial designed to determine
      the drug's tolerable dose, toxicity, and effects on immune and nonimmune host
      defense parameters. No myelosuppression, neurologic, renal, hepatic, or
      gastrointestinal toxicities could be detected. The only toxic side effect
      observed after 5 days of intravenous azimexon was a self-limiting dose-dependent
      hemolysis. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) increased from a pretreatment value of
      0.96 X 10(3)/microliter to 1.56 X 10(3)/microliter on day 21 (p less than 0.05).
      This increase was induced primarily by the less hemolytic 200-250 mg/m2 doses of
      azimexon. Among 12 patients given this lower dosage. ALC increased from an
      average initial value of 0.90 X 10(3)/microliter to 1.86 X 10(3)/microliter on
      day 21 (p less than 0.01). Absolute number of OKT3+ cells increased from 0.524 to
      0.914 X 10(3)/microliter (p less than 0.05) with lower drug doses. The mean
      absolute number of OKT4+ cells increased from 0.294 on day 0 to 0.574 X
      10(3)/microliter on day 21 (p less than 0.05), and the number of OKT8+ cells
      increased from 0.202 to 0.388 X 10(3)/microliter, with no significant changes in
      helper/suppressor ratio. Significant increases in mitogenic responses to
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA) [from 13.4 to 35.7 X 10(3) net cpm (p less than 0.05)]
      and to concanavalin A (con A) [from 6.4 to 25.6 X 10(3) net cpm (p less than
      0.05)] were also observed with higher drug doses. Azimexon may have a role in
      managing cancer-associated dysregulation of the immune response.

PMID- 2874197
TI  - Receptors for excitatory amino acids on neurons in rat pyriform cortex.
AB  - The actions of a variety of agonists and antagonists of the excitatory amino
      acids on rat pyriform cortex pyramidal neurons were studied in a submerged,
      perfused brain slice. The order of potency for the agonists, applied by
      ionophoresis, was kainate greater than quisqualate greater than N-methyl-D
      aspartate greater than aspartate = glutamate. The endogenous monosynaptic
      excitation of pyramidal neurons upon stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract
      was blocked post-synaptically by DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, although
      this drug did not consistently block any of the exogenous responses. The synaptic
      excitation was not blocked, however, by antagonists presumed specific for the
      quisqualate (glutamate diethyl ester), kainate, (gamma-D-glutamylglycine), or N
      methyl-D-aspartate (DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, DL-2-amino-7
      phosphonohetaonic acid) receptors. Several antagonists blocked N-methyl-D
      aspartate responses at lower concentrations than those to aspartate, and other
      antagonists distinguished between kainate and quisqualate responses. These
      results suggest that 1) pyriform neurons have a variety of receptors that have
      properties somewhat different from those found in other preparations and 2) the
      endogenous transmitter activates a receptor distinct from those activated by
      kainate, quisqualate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate.

PMID- 2874198
TI  - Factors affecting release of 3H-dopamine from perfused carp retina.
AB  - The effects of putative retinal neurotransmitters and several neuropeptides on 3H
      dopamine release from isolated perfused carp (Cyprinus carpio) retinas were
      studied. Of the transmitter candidates tested, only serotonin (5-HT) and the 5-HT
      agonist tryptamine released 3H-dopamine. However, the release evoked by these
      agents was calcium (Ca2+) independent and not blockable by the 5-HT antagonist
      methysergide. We also investigated the antagonism of inhibitory inputs as a
      potential regulatory mechanism for dopamine release and found that the GABA
      antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, stimulated a dose-dependent release of
      3H-dopamine. The effects of the GABA antagonists were dependent on extracellular
      Ca2+ and could be inhibited by perfusion of the retina with GABA. Bicuculline and
      picrotoxin also stimulated an increase in cAMP accumulation, which was inhibited
      by the dopamine antagonist haloperidol. Our results support the hypothesis that
      the dopaminergic interplexiform cells of the teleost retina are under GABAergic
      inhibitory control.

PMID- 2874199
TI  - Branching of sensory and sympathetic neurites in vitro is inhibited by treatment
      with taxol.
AB  - Branching of elongating neurites in vitro occurs by the division of a growth cone
      into 2 or more daughter neurites. An important initial step is a broadening of
      the growth cone with establishment of a quiescent central growth cone margin.
      Within the spreading growth cone, microtubules and associated neuritic components
      diverge and become oriented toward the lateral protrusive margins of the leading
      edge (Letourneau, 1983). We have found that a low concentration of the
      microtubule-stabilizing agent taxol severely reduces the incidence of growth cone
      branching by cultured sensory and sympathetic neurons from chick embryos. In the
      presence of taxol, neurites are broader and have more microtubules than normally.
      Divergence of microtubules entering the growth cone from the proximal neurite is
      reduced in the presence of taxol, and quiescence of the central growth cone
      margin is less frequent. We propose that a critical step in branching is the
      separation and spreading of the neurite cytoskeleton by tensions generated at the
      lateral margins of the edge of the growth cone. Because taxol increases neurite
      size and microtubule content without increasing protrusive activity to the same
      extent, tensions produced in the motile leading edge are insufficient to spread
      the microtubules and associated neuritic materials into separate arrays for
      nascent branches.

PMID- 2874200
TI  - Neurotransmitter delivery.

PMID- 2874201
TI  - Identification of histiocytic reticulum cells by the immunohistochemical
      demonstration of factor XIII (F-XIIIa) in human lymph nodes.
AB  - Morphologically and enzyme histochemically distinguishable tissue macrophages and
      stromal cells of human reactive lymph nodes were characterized by the cytoplasmic
      presence of the subunit A of factor XIII and by the expression of surface
      antigenic determinants reacting with monoclonal antibodies directed against
      monocyte/macrophage populations (Mo 1, Leu M3) and HLA-DR antigens. The
      distribution of F-XIIIa positive cells was studied on formaldehyde-fixed paraffin
      embedded sections with immunoperoxidase techniques. established on cryostat
      section with double immunofluorescence. Alpha-Naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)
      reaction was The immunophenotype was established on cryostat sections with double
      immunofluorescence. Alpha-Naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) reaction was carried
      out on these cryostat sections to identify tissue macrophages. The antibody
      against F-XIIIa detected histiocytes in both intra- and extra-sinusoidal
      locations which were ANAE+, Mo 1+, Leu M3+ and HLA-DR-. F-XIIIa was also present
      in fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells with the following phenotypic
      characteristics: ANAE-, Mo 1+, Leu M3+ and HLA-DR+. The anti F-XIIIa antibody did
      not stain lymphoid cells, granulocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and
      mast cells. The immunohistochemical detection of F-XIIIa works on formaldehyde
      fixed paraffin-embedded sections. The most promising application seems to be the
      identification of histiocytes in lymphoid and histiocytic proliferations.

PMID- 2874202
TI  - The international scheduling of OTC inhaler ingredients: an abuse perspective.

PMID- 2874203
TI  - Effects of anticonvulsive drugs on the activity of gammaglutamyltransferase and
      aminotransferases in serum.
AB  - A cross-sectional study was performed to define patients at risk of developing
      liver disease due to long-term treatment with anticonvulsive drugs. The
      activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine
      aminotransferase and the concentrations of primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin,
      and valproic acid in serum were estimated. Epileptic children before therapy were
      used as controls. The results indicated enzyme induction due to phenobarbital and
      both enzyme induction and liver cell damage or plasma membrane leakage due to
      phenytoin. Gamma-glutamyltransferase may be an early indicator of liver disease
      due to valproic acid.

PMID- 2874204
TI  - Course and prognosis of idiopathic ulcerative proctosigmoiditis in young
      patients.
AB  - The course and prognosis of idiopathic ulcerative proctosigmoiditis were studied
      in 85 young patients whose symptoms had begun before the age of 21 (mean age at
      onset, 16 years), and the results were compared with those in adults with
      proctosigmoiditis. Data regarding extension of disease, available in 66 patients,
      allowed us to identify two groups of patients. Presenting symptoms were the same
      in both groups. In Group I (41 patients, 62%), the disease remained stable or did
      not extend beyond the descending colon. In Group II (25 patients, 38%), there was
      evidence of extension to the hepatic flexure or beyond. Extension was
      unpredictable in individual patients, but generally occurred within 5 years from
      the onset of symptoms (73%). The clinical course and prognosis were different in
      each group. In Group I, there were more females, the disease ran a milder course,
      and there were few complications. In Group II, there were relatively more males,
      the disease was more active and severe, and a high incidence of intestinal and
      extraintestinal complications was observed. Fifteen patients, all from Group II,
      required colectomy. The natural history of proctosigmoiditis in young patients is
      somewhat different from that in adults, being characterized by a greater tendency
      to proximal extension (38% vs. 10%). However, when the disease remains confined
      to the rectosigmoid region (or does not spread beyond the splenic flexure), the
      course and prognosis are no different than in adults.

PMID- 2874205
TI  - Affinity of tocolytic agents on human placental and myometrial beta-adrenergic
      receptors.
AB  - The beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist [3H]-dihydroalprenolol (DHA) has been used to
      label adrenoreceptors in membranes from human pregnant myometrium and placenta.
      Six tocolytic drugs were tested for their ability to bind to the beta-adrenergic
      receptor of placental and myometrial membranes. Tocolytic agents competed with
      [3H]-DHA binding in the following order of potency: clenbuterol greater than
      fenoterol greater than ritodrine greater than isoxsuprine greater than
      orciprenaline greater than terbutaline. All drugs competed for [3H]-DHA binding
      sites with HILL coefficients greater than unity indicating heterogeneity of
      binding. In general, binding of beta-adrenoreceptor agonists was weaker in
      myometrium than in placenta homogenates. According to our results it is very
      likely that the placenta may play an important role in the pharmacological
      mechanism of tocolytic agents in inhibitory of premature labor.

PMID- 2874206
TI  - Pharmacological studies of imidazoline derivatives. II. Agonistic and
      antagonistic actions on alpha-adrenoceptors in various smooth muscle
      preparations.
AB  - The effects of 8 imidazoline derivatives on alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated
      contraction or relaxation of various kinds of smooth muscle preparations were
      investigated. In rabbit aortic strips, K-6341, K-6343 and K-4011 produced alpha
      agonistic action which was antagonized by prazosin. In the study of alpha
      antagonistic action of imidazoline derivatives, i.e. antagonism against
      norepinephrine- or phenylephyrine-induced contraction of the rabbit aortic strip,
      the order of potency series, prazosin greater than phentolamine greater than
      yohimbine greater than K-4011, K-3827, K-4300 greater than tolazoline was found.
      Reserpine pretreatment did not affect the results. In the study of alpha
      antagonistic effect on the relaxing response to norepinephrine of methacholine
      contracted rat ileum, the potency series was revealed as follows: prazosin
      greater than phentolamine greater than yohimbine greater than K-4011, K-3827, K
      4300, tolazoline. A similar experiment was performed on histamine-contracted
      guinea-pig taenia coli, and the results were nearly identical to the case of the
      rat ileum, except that K-6341 and K-6343 also exhibited alpha-antagonistic action
      which was not detected in the rat ileum. This suggests that alpha 2-receptor may
      exist in the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor in the guinea-pig taenia coli. The
      results of the present study indicate that the potency of imidazoline derivatives
      to inhibit norepinephrine-induced contraction of some smooth muscle is almost
      identical to that which inhibited norepinephrine-induced relaxation of other
      smooth muscles. Furthermore, K-4300 was found to possess anti-acetylcholine and
      anti-histamine actions in the guinea-pig taenia coli and anti-serotonin action in
      the rat fundus strips.

PMID- 2874207
TI  - Reversal of antinociceptive effect of caerulein by benzodiazepine.
AB  - Benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam reversed the antinociceptive
      action of caerulein in mice. Benzodiazepines (1-5 mg/kg) were administered
      intraperitoneally and 100 ng of caerulein was injected intracisternally to mice.
      Benzodiazepines did not change the basal pain threshold of mice but significantly
      antagonized the antinociceptive effect of caerulein. Proglumide (200 mg/kg,
      i.p.), which has been claimed to be a specific cholecystokinin receptor
      antagonist, could also antagonize the antinociceptive effects of caerulein.
      Naloxone (5 mg/kg) partially but significantly antagonized the antinociceptive
      effect of caerulein, suggesting that one of the mechanisms of antinociceptive
      action of caerulein is related to endogenous opioid peptides since
      benzodiazepines do not act on opioid receptors. Benzodiazepines may decrease the
      antinociceptive effect of caerulein through acting on cholecystokinin receptors
      in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2874208
TI  - Biochemical studies on Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - Very little information is available on the basic biology of Mycobacterium
      leprae. It is not known why the organism fails to grow in bacteriological media
      or in cell cultures and why it has an unusual predilection for certain tissues in
      the human host where cells derived from the neural crest occur (e.g. skin,
      peripheral nerves, adrenal medulla). Biochemical studies have revealed that M.
      leprae contains an unusual form of the enzyme diphenoloxidase which has not been
      detected in other mycobacteria. The presence of a specific glutamic acid
      decarboxylase in the organism has been demonstrated. Although a few enzymes of
      glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle have been investigated, nothing
      characteristic of the bacterium has been discovered, and how M. leprae derives
      energy for its survival and proliferation still remains obscure.

PMID- 2874209
TI  - High performance liquid chromatographic determination of the enantiomers of beta
      adrenoceptor blocking agents in biological fluids. I: Studies with pindolol.
AB  - This paper describes a high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the
      analysis of (+)- and (-)-pindolol in biological fluids. Racemic pindolol is
      extracted from alkalinized plasma or urine into ether, then purified by two steps
      of back extraction. The final extract is reacted with (S)-(-)-alpha-methylbenzyl
      isocyanate at room temperature, forming urea diastereoisomers as suggested by
      mass spectral analysis. Separation of the two diastereoisomers is accomplished by
      high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The assay is
      reproducible and precise for both (+)- and (-)-pindolol in human plasma and
      urine, as judged by a coefficient of variation of less than 10% at most
      concentrations. The standard curves for (+)- and (-)-pindolol in plasma are
      linear between 10-100 ng/mL, and between 100-2500 ng/mL in urine. The lower limit
      of detection is approximately 2 ng/mL for each enantiomer in plasma. This
      procedure can be readily adapted for the stereospecific assay of other beta
      adrenoceptor blocking agents as demonstrated by the base-line separation of
      atenolol and acebutolol.

PMID- 2874210
TI  - CI-926 (3-[4-[4-(3-methylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2,4-imidazolinedione):
      antihypertensive profile and pharmacology.
AB  - CI-926 (10(-7)-10(-6) M) selectively antagonized the contraction of isolated
      rabbit aortae to phenylephrine and displaced the alpha-1 adrenoceptor ligand
      WB4101 (IC50: 82 nM) in rat brain. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat, single
      oral doses of either CI-926 (0.3-10 mg/kg) or prazosin (0.3-100 mg/kg) caused
      dose-related reductions in blood pressure; however, CI-926 was more efficacious.
      The maximal antihypertensive response to CI-926 was unchanged with three
      consecutive days of oral dosing in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, whereas a
      first dose effect was noted with prazosin. In two-kidney, one-clip, renal
      hypertensive rats, CI-926 and prazosin (1-10 mg/kg) lowered blood pressure;
      however, prazosin was more efficacious. In perinephritic hypertensive dogs, CI
      926 (10 mg/kg) lowered blood pressure 20%. In anesthetized dogs, CI-926 in the
      presence of supermaximal blood pressure-lowering doses of prazosin caused an
      additional reduction in pressure. With equivalent alpha-1 blockade in
      anesthetized rats, CI-926 tended to have greater hypotensive activity than
      prazosin. These results demonstrate that CI-926 is a potent, orally active
      antihypertensive agent in renin-dependent and -independent hypertension. The
      profile of CI-926 suggests that it lowers blood pressure in part by interacting
      with peripheral alpha-1 adrenoceptors and in part via an additional mechanism(s).
      Although weak relative to its affinity for alpha-1 adrenoceptors, CI-926 was
      found in preliminary experiments to interact with alpha-2 adrenoceptors,
      serotonergic receptors and dopaminergic receptors. The importance of these
      interactions to the blood pressure response of CI-926 remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2874211
TI  - Development of high sodium renal hypertension during chronic blockade of the
      vascular effects of vasopressin.
AB  - Studies in sodium-dependent models of hypertension have shown that arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) plays an important role in the maintenance of blood pressure,
      predominantly through its vasoconstrictor action. In addition to AVP, the
      sympathetic nervous system (SNS) also acts to maintain blood pressure in high
      sodium one-kidney, figure-8 renal wrap hypertension. The purpose of this study
      was to determine if chronic blockade of vascular AVP (V1) receptors affected the
      induction of high sodium renal hypertension and the contribution of the SNS to
      the maintenance of blood pressure. Rats receiving chronic s.c. administration of
      a V1 antagonist, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP, or vehicle were subjected to renal wrapping
      or sham surgery, V1 receptor blockade was confirmed periodically by an 80 +/- 3%
      reduction of the pressor response to a bolus injection of 10 mU/kg of AVP.
      d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP did not affect the development of hypertension or the
      associated changes in plasma sodium, potassium, osmolality and hematocrit. In
      renal-wrapped rats, ganglionic blockade caused a greater fall in blood pressure
      in animals treated with d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP than in vehicle-treated animals.
      However, this apparent increase in SNS function was not responsible for the
      hypertension in d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP-treated, renal-wrapped rats, inasmuch as
      ganglionic blockade lowered blood pressure a similar amount in normotensive
      d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP-treated, sham-operated rats and blood pressure remained
      elevated after combined blockade of the SNS, AVP and the renin-angiotensin
      systems. These results indicated that chronic blockade of V1 receptors did not
      alter the induction of high sodium renal hypertension and the mechanism of the
      elevated blood pressure was not through an activation of the SNS or other
      neurohumoral mechanisms.

PMID- 2874212
TI  - Behavioral effects of zopiclone, CL 218,872 and diazepam in squirrel monkeys:
      antagonism by Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216.
AB  - The effects of zopiclone, CL 218,872 and diazepam were compared in squirrel
      monkeys trained to respond under a fixed-interval (FI) schedule of food
      presentation. Dose-response curves were determined for each drug by administering
      cumulative doses i.v. during timeout periods that preceded sequential components
      of the FI schedule. Low and intermediate doses of zopiclone (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), CL
      218,872 (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) or diazepam (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) produced dose-related
      increases in the rate of FI responding. The highest doses of diazepam (10.0
      mg/kg) and CL 218,872 (30.0 mg/kg), but not of zopiclone (30.0 mg/kg), decreased
      FI responding markedly. Doses of zopiclone, CL 218,872 and diazepam that were
      effective in increasing FI responding were similar to the doses reported
      previously to increase suppressed (punished) responding in squirrel monkeys.
      Pretreatment with the benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15-1788 or CGS 8216 (1.0 or
      3.0 mg/kg) reduced or eliminated the increases in FI responding produced normally
      by intermediate doses of zopiclone, CL 218,872 or diazepam, suggesting that the
      rate-increasing effects of the three agonists reflect similar actions at
      benzodiazepine recognition sites. In contrast, Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 were less
      effective or ineffective in attenuating the marked decreases in FI responding
      produced by the highest doses of CL 218,872 or diazepam, suggesting that the rate
      decreasing effects of these agonists are mediated differently from their rate
      increasing effects.

PMID- 2874213
TI  - Activation of DA1 receptors by dopamine or fenoldopam increases cyclic AMP levels
      in the renal artery but not in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat.
AB  - In the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat, activation of either DA1
      or DA2 receptors leads to inhibition of ganglionic transmission. Using dopamine
      as well as relatively selective dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists we
      have performed electrophysiological as well as biochemical experiments to study
      the nature of dopamine receptors in this sympathetic ganglion. Fenoldopam, a
      selective DA1 receptor agonist caused marked inhibition of the compound
      postganglionic action potential evoked by stimulation of preganglionic nerve. The
      inhibitory effect of fenoldopam was antagonized by the DA1 receptor antagonist R
      sulpiride but not by the DA2 receptor antagonist S-sulpiride. However, the more
      potent and selective DA1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 failed to antagonize
      ganglion blocking effect of fenoldopam indicating that DA1 receptor in
      sympathetic ganglia is different from that in blood vessels. The superior
      cervical ganglion also contains DA2 receptors inasmuch as quinpirole, a DA2
      receptor agonist, caused inhibition of ganglionic transmission which was
      antagonized by S-sulpiride but not by R-sulpiride. The existence of both subtypes
      of dopamine receptor in the superior cervical ganglion was ascertained further as
      dopamine itself caused inhibition of ganglionic transmission which was
      antagonized by either S- or R-sulpiride. Again, however, the DA1 receptor
      antagonist SCH-23390 failed to antagonize the ganglion blocking effect of
      dopamine. To characterize further the ganglionic DA1 receptor we sought to
      demonstrate whether or not ganglionic DA1 receptor is linked to the enzyme
      adenylate cyclase as is known to be the case for peripheral DA1 or central D1
      dopamine receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874214
TI  - Pharmacological comparison of ORF 17910, a potent, long-acting histamine H2
      receptor antagonist, to cimetidine and ranitidine.
AB  - This paper describes the pharmacology of ORF 17910, a specific, long-acting
      histamine H2-receptor antagonist. ORF 17910 (ED50 = 0.26 mg/kg) is 26 and 2.7
      times more potent p.o. than cimetidine and ranitidine, respectively, at
      inhibiting acid output in betazole-stimulated total gastric fistula dogs. When
      given i.v., ORF 17910 (ED50 = 0.06 mg/kg) is 3.6 times more potent than
      ranitidine. Qualitatively similar antisecretory potency differences are seen in
      rats (ED50 = 3.7 mg/kg intraduodenal). ORF 17910 retains 43 and 37% of its
      antisecretory potency 16 hr after dosing in dogs and rats, respectively,
      suggesting a long duration of action, whereas ranitidine is either inactive
      (rats) or loses 97% of its potency (dogs) at this time. When the parenteral and
      enteral (p.o. or intraduodenal) potencies of ORF 17910 and ranitidine are
      compared, ORF 17910 appears less bioavailable than ranitidine, although this
      difference is greater in the rat than in the dog and diminishes with time. In
      rabbit isolated parietal cell (pA2 = 7.96) and guinea pig isolated atria
      preparations (pA2 = 7.51), ORF 17910 is more potent than both cimetidine and
      ranitidine at inhibiting the effects of histamine. At high concentrations, the
      inhibitory effect of ORF 17910 in atria can not be overcome completely, a
      property which may contribute to its long duration of action in vivo. In several
      additional test systems, ORF 17910 does not exhibit any biologically significant
      pharmacology and appears to be specific for the histamine H2-receptor.

PMID- 2874215
TI  - Further characterization of the presynaptic alpha-1 receptor modulating [3H]ACh
      release from rat atria.
AB  - We have reported previously that norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine reduce
      acetylcholine (ACh) overflow from superfused rat atria apparently through
      interaction with a presynaptic alpha-1 receptor. To characterize further this
      novel alpha-1-mediated effect, we tested the ability of a series of alpha
      antagonists and agonists to modulate ACh release in this preparation. The alpha-1
      selective antagonists YM 12617 and WB 4101 blocked the inhibitory action of NE
      with IC50 values of about 0.1 and 1 nM, respectively, whereas the alpha-2
      selective antagonists Wy 26703 and rauwolscine were much less potent. These data
      are consistent with the involvement of an alpha-1 receptor in the response to NE.
      ACh release was diminished by (-)-alpha-methyl-NE but similar concentrations of
      the alpha-2 selective agonists B-HT 920 and UK 14304 had no effect on ACh
      release. A number of alpha-1 selective agonists including amidephrine,
      cirazoline, St 587 and SK&F 89748 failed to inhibit [3H]ACh release or had only a
      small effect (phenylephrine). When tested as antagonists, however, phenylephrine,
      cirazoline and SK&F 89748 could block the inhibitory effect of NE at
      concentrations consistent with their affinities at alpha-1 receptors in other
      systems. These compounds thus bind to but do not activate the alpha receptor
      regulating ACh release, apparently due to their low efficacies compared to NE.
      Experiments carried out after alpha receptor inactivation with phenoxybenzamine
      demonstrate that there is little receptor reserve for the inhibition of ACh
      release by NE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874216
TI  - Pharmacological studies on stress-induced increase in frontal cortical dopamine
      metabolism in the rat.
AB  - The effects of a variety of minor tranquilizers and of benzodiazepine inverse
      agonists on the stress-induced increase in frontal cortical dopamine metabolism
      have been studied in the rat. Electric footshock stress increased 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the frontal (but not parietal)
      cortex and in the nucleus accumbens but not in the striatum or ventral tegmental
      area. Similar stress-induced alterations of frontal cortical DOPAC levels were
      observed after DSP4-induced noradrenergic denervation or after adrenalectomy.
      Other types of stress, e.g. conditioned fear (exposure to an environment paired
      previously with footshock) or swim stress also provoked an elevation of DOPAC
      levels in the prefrontal cortex. When administered systemically, the anxiolytic
      agents meprobamate, CL 218,872, CGS 9896, suriclone and the hypnotic/anxiolytic
      drugs zolpidem and zopiclone all prevented the electric footshock stress-induced
      augmentation of cortical DOPAC levels whereas the gamma-aminobutyric acid
      receptor agonists progabide, muscimol and depamide or the sedative alpha-1
      adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin were ineffective. The preventive effect of
      diazepam and zolpidem on the stress-induced biochemical response was antagonized
      by the benzodiazepine antagonist CGS 8216 but not by the gamma-aminobutyric acid
      receptor antagonist bicuculline. In nonstressed rats, systemic administration of
      the anxiogenic benzodiazepine inverse agonists beta-CCM (methyl-beta-carboline-3
      carboxylate) and beta-CCE (ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate), but not of the
      benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15-1788 or CGS 8216, caused an increase in frontal
      cortical DOPAC similar to that provoked by stress and which was antagonized by
      zolpidem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874217
TI  - CH-38083, a selective, potent antagonist of alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
AB  - The selectivity and specificity of CH-38083 [7,8-(methylenedioxi)-14-alpha
      hydroxyalloberbane HCl], a berbane derivative for alpha adrenoceptors has been
      studied and compared with yohimbine and idazoxan in peripheral tissues and in the
      central nervous system. In isolated tissue experiments CH-38083 was a competitive
      antagonist at presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors on the axon terminals of the rat
      vas deferens (pA2 against xylazine = 8.17 +/- 0.06) and of the longitudinal
      muscle strip of guinea pig ileum (pA2 against xylazine = 8.07 +/- 0.20). As far
      as its postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonistic activity is concerned its
      affinity in rat vas deferens (pA2 = 4.95 +/- 0.11) against l-phenylephrine and in
      rabbit pulmonary artery (pA2 = 5.38 +/- 0.33 against l-norepinephrine) was
      markedly less than that displayed for presynaptic sites. From pA2 values obtained
      in rat vas deferens the calculated alpha-1/alpha-2 adrenoceptor selectivity
      ratios for yohimbine, idazoxan and CH-38083 were 4.7, 117.5 and 1659,
      respectively. CH-38083 failed to show any affinity for histamine and muscarinic
      receptors and it even potentiated the effect of serotonin on atropinized
      longitudinal muscle strip of guinea pig ileum. It enhanced the release of
      [3H]norepinephrine from electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens loaded
      previously with labeled [3H]norepinephrine. In binding studies carried out in rat
      brain membrane preparations using [3H]prazosin and [3H]idazoxan, the selectivity
      ratios (Ki alpha-1/Ki alpha-2) proved to be 32.5, 289.5 and 1368 for yohimbine,
      idazoxan and CH-38083, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874218
TI  - Carbamazepine and 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine produce use- and voltage-dependent
      limitation of rapidly firing action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell
      culture.
AB  - Effects of the anticonvulsant, carbamazepine (CBZ), on mouse central neurons in
      cell culture were examined using intracellular recording techniques. Spinal cord
      and cortical neurons demonstrated sustained repetitive firing (SRF) of action
      potentials (APs) at high frequency in response to depolarizing current pulses.
      Hippocampal neurons fired rapidly only in the pressure of the calcium channel
      blocker verapamil (1 microM). Concentrations of CBZ equivalent to therapeutic
      anticonvulsant levels in cerebrospinal fluid (greater than 4.2 microM) limited
      firing to a few action potentials in all three cell types in parallel with use
      dependent reduction of AP maximal rate of rise (Vmax). Resting membrane
      properties and postsynaptic responses to ionophoretically applied gamma
      aminobutyric acid and glutamate were unaffected. The CBZ metabolite, 10,11
      epoxycarbamazepine, limited SRF at a concentration (4 microM) encountered at
      therapeutic CBZ levels. Another major CBZ metabolite, the 10,11-diol, limited SRF
      only at concentrations greater than those encountered with therapeutic serum CBZ
      levels. In control medium, APs could be evoked at a maximal rate of 450 Hz while
      in CBZ (10.6 microM) AP frequency was limited to 100 to 200 Hz. Limitation of SRF
      was voltage-dependent and could be partially reversed, or prevented, by membrane
      hyperpolarization. In addition, recovery of Vmax of sodium-dependent action
      potentials from inactivation was slowed, suggesting an effect on voltage
      dependent sodium channels. CBZ and phenytoin effects of SRF were similar. We
      suggest that limitation of sustained high frequency repetitive firing may be a
      significant anticonvulsant action of carbamazepine. The 10,11-epoxy derivative of
      CBZ, but not the 10,11-diol, may contribute to anticonvulsant efficacy by the
      same mechanism.

PMID- 2874219
TI  - Stereotyped responding by schizophrenic outpatients: cross-cultural confirmation
      of perseverative switching on a two-choice task.
AB  - Some theoretical implications from amphetamine-based models of psychosis were
      tested during a study of stereotyped responding by schizophrenic patients. Non
      institutionalized Danish schizophrenic outpatients (N = 17) and their matched
      normal controls were asked to guess on which side (R or L) a cross (+) would
      appear on a computer screen. The sequence of cross positions was random. Multiple
      analyses of the patients' responses revealed a significantly greater number of
      single alterations (RLRL), while the matched controls displayed no such tendency.
      Controls showed instead, significantly more right side repetitions (RRRR) and
      more frequent double alterations (RRLL and LLRR). The patient response sequences
      were similar to those seen in an earlier study by Frith and Done (Psychol Med,
      13, 779-786, 1983), but some control group differences emerged. Parallels are
      drawn between the development of perseverative response switching in
      schizophrenics and predictions derived from the Lyon-Robbins theory of
      amphetamine-induced stereotypy.

PMID- 2874220
TI  - Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis replication by the microtubule stabilizer
      taxol.
AB  - Taxol, a plant alkaloid stabilizer of microtubules, inhibits in vitro the
      replication of the human pathogenic flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis in a dose
      dependent fashion. Micromolar concentrations of the drug induce massive assembly
      of microtubules, resistant to antimicrotubule agents, and block the mitosis of
      the protozoa at an early stage preceding the formation of the spindle fibers and
      the depolymerization of the axostylar microtubules. Some hypotheses involving the
      inactivation of the microtubule-organizing centers and the stabilization of
      axostylar microtubules are formulated to explain the mechanism of action of
      taxol.

PMID- 2874221
TI  - Family therapy in the treatment of severe childhood asthma.
AB  - Eighteen children with severe, chronic bronchial asthma were randomly divided
      into two groups. The families in one group received family therapy while the
      others served as a control group in a controlled family therapy study. Later the
      control families were also offered therapy in a before-after therapy design. All
      children were followed for 3 1/2 yr. Asthma symptoms, functional impairment and
      the use of drug (from diaries) were rated in ten different ways during eight
      months before and eight months after the family therapy. Improvement in the
      clinically most important variable, i.e. general pediatric assessment, was
      greater in the children in the family therapy group compared to the control group
      (p less than 0.05) Twelve children who received family therapy showed significant
      improvement after treatment concerning general pediatric assessment (p less than
      0.01), clinical grading (p less than 0.05), peak expiratory flow (p less than
      0.05), days with functional impairment/yr (p less than 0.05), no. of doses of
      inhaled Beta-2-agonists/month (p less than 0.01) and nights when Beta-2-agonists
      were inhaled (p less than 0.05). The children who only received conventional
      medical treatment showed no significant change in asthma symptoms. We draw the
      conclusion that family therapy may represent a valuable therapeutic tool in the
      management of severe asthma.

PMID- 2874222
TI  - The treatment of emotional disorders in general practice: psychological methods
      versus medication.
AB  - This paper describes three recent trials in which psychological methods were
      evaluated in the treatment of emotional disorders in general practice. In the
      first trial, brief counselling by the general practitioner was found to be as
      effective as anxiolytic medication, was welcomed by patients and did not increase
      demands on doctors' time. In the second trial (still in progress), in which
      treatment is aimed at emotional disorders of poor prognosis, problem solving
      treatment by a psychiatrist is being compared with control treatment by the G.P.
      The third trial evaluated an anxiety management programme provided by clinical
      psychologists in health centres; substantial reductions in anxiety occurred
      rapidly and were maintained at follow-up.

PMID- 2874223
TI  - Metabolic basis of adverse drug reactions.

PMID- 2874224
TI  - A practical guide to local cold injuries.

PMID- 2874225
TI  - Changes in germ cell adenylate cyclase and protein carboxyl methylase activities
      in rat testicular tissue during bilateral cryptorchidism and after orchidopexy.
AB  - Soluble Mn2+-dependent adenylate cyclase and protein carboxyl methylase are two
      enzymes that are primarily localized in haploid germ cels of rat testicular
      tissue, and both enzymes exhibit an increase in activity in association with
      sexual maturation. Experimental cryptorchidism (surgery at 17 days of age) in
      immature rats prevented the age-dependent increase in the activity of these two
      testicular enzymes. After orchidopexy at 34 days of age the activities of these
      two enzymes increased to normal control values in association with testicular
      growth. These observations show that biochemical markers such as soluble Mn2+
      dependent adenylate cyclase and protein carboxyl methylase can be used to follow
      germ cell differentiation.

PMID- 2874226
TI  - Buspirone analogues. 2. Structure-activity relationships of aromatic imide
      derivatives.
AB  - Several analogues of the novel anxiolytic buspirone were synthesized and
      evaluated in vivo for tranquilizing activity and their ability to reverse
      neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. The in vitro binding affinities of these compounds
      were also examined for both the alpha 1 and dopamine D2 receptor systems. The
      general structure-activity relationships of this series highlight compounds 17,
      21, and 32 as having anticonflict activity. Each of these structures contains the
      1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine moiety linked by a tetramethylene chain to a variable
      cyclic imide moiety. Compound 32 (4,4-dimethyl-1-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1
      piperazinyl]butyl]-2,6- piperidinedione) was found to be equipotent with
      buspirone in its anxiolytic activity and was therefore selected for extensive
      preclinical characterization. The pharmacology of buspirone and 32 is contrasted,
      and the potent serotonin agonist properties of 32 are discussed with reference to
      its potential contribution to the anxioselective mechanism of this compound.

PMID- 2874227
TI  - Synthesis and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking potency of 1-(substituted amino)
      3-(4-indolyloxy)propan-2-ols.
AB  - Although (-)-[125I]iodopindolol (IPIN) can be used to label beta-adrenergic
      receptors in the central nervous system in vivo, use of this ligand for receptor
      imaging studies in humans may be limited due to its relatively poor penetration
      into the brain. As a first step toward the development of radioligands for
      imaging studies, we report the synthesis and measurement of in vitro binding
      affinity to beta-receptors of a series of 1-(substituted amino)-3-(4-indolyloxy)
      propan-2-ol derivatives. The synthesized compounds vary widely in their
      lipophilicity as measured by their distribution coefficients between phosphate
      buffer and octanol at pH 7.4. The affinity of these compounds for beta-receptors,
      as measured by their inhibition of binding of IPIN to rat cortical and cerebellar
      membranes in vitro, ranges from 2- to 100-fold less potent than pindolol; the
      most potent compounds have Ki values of 2-5 nM. The radiolabeled analogues of
      some of these compounds may prove useful for receptor imaging studies.

PMID- 2874228
TI  - Antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity against Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Interactions between trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica and peritoneal exudate
      macrophages from unsensitised and antigen-sensitised animals were studied in
      vitro. Normal macrophages killed trophozoites to some extent. This killing
      capacity was enhanced by prior sensitisation of the animals with specific
      antigen. Incorporation of anti-amoebic antiserum in the amoeba-macrophage mixture
      greatly enhanced the killing capacity of macrophages. Fraction one (F-I) of a
      crude amoebic extract was most effective in enhancing the cytotoxicity of
      macrophages by prior sensitisation and anti-F-I serum was the most effective
      antiserum. The cytotoxicity-inducing capacity of the immune serum resided in the
      IgG but not in the IgM fraction.

PMID- 2874229
TI  - Ethanol drinking by vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerethrus): individual
      responses of juvenile and adult males.
AB  - Unrestricted access of vervet monkeys to a palatable solution of ethanol resulted
      in chronic intake or abstinence. Self-selected dose averaged 4.42 g/kg body
      mass/day. Growth of juveniles was not grossly affected. In plasma, chronic
      ethanol intake was associated with lower average K and Cl values, increased gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase in some adults, and higher average total cholesterol.
      Neither hepatic histology nor haematology were affected by chronic ethanol
      intake.

PMID- 2874230
TI  - Neuroleptics and epilepsy in mentally handicapped patients.
AB  - A retrospective investigation of mentally handicapped inpatients showed that
      neuroleptic treatment did not precipitate fits in patients without a past history
      of convulsions when low to moderate dosages were used. However, neuroleptic
      treatment did increase the number of fits in certain patients with a history of
      epilepsy who were receiving inadequate anticonvulsant medication or whose fits
      were poorly controlled despite adequate anticonvulsant levels. Guidelines for
      clinical practice drawn from these findings are presented.

PMID- 2874231
TI  - The successful treatment of the apprehensive dental patient using an
      interdisciplinary approach.

PMID- 2874232
TI  - Extinguishing conditioned responses during opiate dependence treatment turning
      laboratory findings into clinical procedures.
AB  - Former opiate addicts (even those who have remained drug-free for several months)
      often report symptoms of opiate withdrawal (eg. nausea, gooseflesh, etc.) and/or
      intense drug craving when exposed to stimuli previously associated with the act
      of drug injection. This phenomenon of learned or "conditioned" withdrawal/craving
      is widely reported and is potentially important in explaining relapse to drug
      use. However, no effective, clinically applicable intervention had been available
      to "extinguish" these conditioned phenomena. An ongoing project to develop such
      an intervention has revealed: Conditioned withdrawal and craving are pervasive
      among both methadone maintained patients (even though actual physical withdrawal
      is blocked) and drug-free patients even after 30 days of inpatient Therapeutic
      Community rehabilitation. Conditioned withdrawal and craving can be effectively
      extinguished in an intensive, three-week, inpatient procedure. Emotional states
      such as anger, depression and anxiety can elicit and exacerbate conditioned
      withdrawal and craving. They may also act as an integral part of a conditioned
      stimulus complex. The authors discuss the problems associated with turning a
      laboratory-based procedure into a clinical intervention. Encouraging preliminary
      results from an integrated treatment "package" are presented.

PMID- 2874233
TI  - Transformation of T-lymphoid cells by Abelson murine leukemia virus.
AB  - Abelson leukemia virus (A-MuLV) is an oncogenic murine retrovirus whose genome
      contains sequences homologous to those of a normal cellular gene, c-abl. It has
      been demonstrated to cause rapid transformation of several cell types, including
      pre-B lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. More recently, A-MuLV has been
      reported to induce thymic tumors in a mouse strain (C57BL/Ka) previously thought
      to be resistant to disease induction. We showed that the masses occurring after
      intrathymic injection of the virus were composed of lymphocytes of a previously
      described immature T-cell phenotype. This phenotype has been defined here by flow
      cytometry of 10 primary tumor samples stained with antibodies to several
      thymocyte differentiation antigens. Hybridization of DNAs from these tumors with
      v-abl, immunoglobulin mu, and T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain probes confirmed
      the T-lymphoid, polyclonal nature of the primary tumor cells. The primary tumors
      were malignant, as clearly shown by reinjection into Thy-congenic host animals.
      Further, four Thy- in vitro cell lines derived from three tumors differed from
      the majority of primary tumor cells and were similar to previously described A
      MuLV-transformed pre-B cells. The consistent T-lymphoid phenotype exhibited by
      primary A-MuLV thymomas may represent one stage of normal thymocyte
      differentiation.

PMID- 2874234
TI  - Staghorn calculi: percutaneous extraction versus anatrophic nephrolithotomy.
AB  - We compared the procedure time, success rates, complications and recovery times
      for percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy (75 cases) and anatrophic nephrolithotomy
      (25) in patients with staghorn stones. Although the frequency of retained stone
      fragments was higher in the former group (13.3 versus 0 per cent), the shorter
      total procedure time (average 155.1 versus 266.5 minutes), lesser need for blood
      transfusions (average 2 units packed red cells in 53 per cent of the patients
      versus 3.5 units in 70 per cent) and narcotics (average 16 versus 33 doses), and
      far more rapid return to work (average 14.3 versus 54.5 days after the patients
      were discharged from the hospital) strongly favor percutaneous over open stone
      removal.

PMID- 2874236
TI  - Re: Orchiopexy: planned 2-stage technique.

PMID- 2874235
TI  - A case of simultaneous bilateral germ cell tumors arising from cryptorchid
      testes.
AB  - We report a rare case of simultaneous bilateral testicular germ cell tumors
      arising from uncorrected cryptorchid testes. Each side had a different
      histological type, which consisted of pure high grade seminoma on the left side,
      and teratocarcinoma with choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor elements in addition
      to seminoma on the right side. Patients with cryptorchidism are known to have a
      higher risk of germ cell tumors. Genetic factors also may have a role in the
      oncogenesis in our patient, since his older brother had had a seminoma in the
      left cryptorchid testis previously. Both patients had the HLA-Aw24 antigen. The
      characteristics of familial testicular tumors are discussed.

PMID- 2874237
TI  - Effect of age on cholinergic muscarinic responsiveness and receptors in the rat
      urinary bladder.
AB  - The effects of age on urinary bladder responsiveness to muscarinic agonists and
      on the Bmax and Kd of the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) to
      muscarinic receptors of the bladder were studied. Bladder bodies and bases were
      isolated from Fischer 344 rats, ages seven, 16 and 27 months. No age-dependent
      change in maximum KCl-elicited isotonic contractions was observed in either
      bladder region. The bladder base showed an age-dependent increase in the maximum
      contractions (Emax) elicited by muscarinic agonists. The Emax values for bladder
      bases from rats 27 months of age were 44 per cent, 58 per cent and 76 per cent
      greater than those from rats seven months of age for acetylcholine, bethanechol
      and oxotremorine, respectively. No such alteration in responsiveness was observed
      in the bladder body with age. There were no age-related changes in ED50 values
      for the three agonists in either bladder region. Analysis of [3H]QNB binding in
      the bladder base demonstrated a modest 18 per cent increase in the Bmax
      (fmol./mg. tissue) from seven to 16 months and a significant 39 per cent decrease
      from 16 to 27 months. In the bladder body, the Bmax progressively increased by 25
      per cent from seven to 27 months. The Kd values of [3H]QNB did not change with
      age in either region. The data demonstrate that the age-related increase in the
      responsiveness of the bladder is regionally specific and cannot be explained by a
      change in the number or affinity of muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2874238
TI  - Relevance of spontaneous activity to urinary bladder function: an in vitro and in
      vivo study.
AB  - The presence and functional significance (if any) of spontaneous activity in the
      normal urinary bladder during filling is a controversial subject. One model used
      by many investigators to study spontaneous activity has been isolated urinary
      bladder smooth muscle strips. Although spontaneous activity is a property
      commonly observed in isolated urinary bladder strip preparations, the in vitro
      whole bladder preparation (rabbit) is devoid of spontaneous activity.
      Additionally, under normal conditions the in vivo rabbit bladder does not display
      spontaneous activity during the filling phases of micturition. The present study
      compares the spontaneous activity of isolated smooth muscle strips, the whole
      bladder preparation, and the catheterized in vivo bladder (rabbit). The results
      are as follows: The spontaneous activity (frequency and amplitude) of isolated
      strips is extremely variable among strips of the same bladder. Spontaneous
      activity is not affected by the following specific inhibitory compounds:
      tetrodotoxin, atropine, phentolamine, propranolol and hexamethonium. This
      indicates that spontaneous activity observed in isolated strips is myogenic in
      nature and not dependent on the activation of specific autonomic receptors. The
      in vitro whole bladder preparation shows no spontaneous activity at any volume or
      pressure unless longitudinal tension is applied. The spontaneous activity of the
      whole bladder subjected to longitudinal tension is not affected by the same
      compounds mentioned above. Spontaneous activity of the in vivo bladder is absent
      at low intravesical volumes and pressures. Spontaneous activity develops upon
      reaching a critical pressure. However, this activity is completely inhibited by
      intravenous ganglionic blockade (hexamethonium). In the presence of
      hexamethonium, the in vivo bladder is devoid of spontaneous activity at any
      volume or pressure, thus the in vivo "spontaneous activity" is mediated through
      neuronal reflexes. It is concluded that under normal circumstances the rabbit
      bladder is devoid of myogenic spontaneous activity and that the spontaneous
      activity observed in isolated strips is directly related to longitudinal stretch.
      Since under normal conditions the bladder is not subjected to longitudinal
      stretch, the spontaneous activity observed in the isolated strip studies has
      little physiological significance under normal conditions, but could help explain
      the pathophysiology of certain dysfunctions during the filling stage of
      micturition.

PMID- 2874239
TI  - Association between abdominal wall defects and cryptorchidism.
AB  - To determine whether intra-abdominal pressure may have a role in the process of
      testicular descent in man, we reviewed retrospectively the records of all male
      infants who presented during a 10-year period with severe abdominal wall defects,
      such as gastroschisis (28), omphalocele (29) and umbilical hernia (53), and
      calculated the incidence of cryptorchidism in these patients. The incidence of
      cryptorchidism at birth and at 1 year after birth was 18 and 15 per cent,
      respectively, in patients with gastroschisis, 52 and 33 per cent, respectively,
      in those with omphalocele, and 6 and 6 per cent, respectively, in those with
      umbilical hernia. For all 3 disorders the incidence of cryptorchidism was higher
      than in documented historical controls. From these data we conclude that in male
      infants there is an association between these 3 abdominal wall defects and
      cryptorchidism. The demonstration that intra-abdominal pressure is lowered
      significantly by these abdominal wall defects would suggest a possible role for
      intra-abdominal pressure in the process of testicular descent in man.

PMID- 2874240
TI  - Amoebic abscess of spleen.

PMID- 2874241
TI  - Classification of beta-blocking agents by their inhibitory effects on
      phospholipase activity.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of beta-blocking agents against the action of
      phospholipase (PLase) were investigated. Using micelles of dimyristoyl (-)-alpha
      phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) as a substrate, myristic acid (MA) released from DMPC
      by PLase A2 was determined by gas chromatography. Beta-Blocking agents were
      divided into 4 groups depending on their inhibitory effects on PLase. Their
      inhibitory effects on PLase could be due to their displacing ability with Ca++ on
      membrane phospholipids, since Ca++ is an essential factor for the activation of
      PLase.

PMID- 2874242
TI  - [Carcinoid of the papilla of Vater-somatostatinoma--a case report].
AB  - A 46-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of liver dysfunction.
      She had been suffering from right hypochondralgia for two months. On admission,
      Laboratory data indicated extrahepatic cholestasis. Both X-ray and endoscopic
      examinations confirm a submucosal tumor of the papilla of Vater, and surgical
      diagnosis was performed. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as carcinoid,
      and a further immunohistochemical study by the PAP method using antisomatostatin
      serum indicated somatostatinoma. Electron microscopically, the tumor cells were
      found to contain numerous intracellular granules, which looked like D cells in
      the pancreatic islet. Somatostatinoma in the intestinal tract has been reported
      in only 13 cases, in only one of which was it located in the papilla of Vater.
      That means that, this is the second case so far.

PMID- 2874243
TI  - [Anti-ATLA antibody positive T cell lymphoma arising from the nasopharynx--a case
      report].

PMID- 2874244
TI  - [The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system].

PMID- 2874245
TI  - [Biological activity and function of growth hormone releasing factor].

PMID- 2874246
TI  - [Secretory control of pituitary hormones--growth hormone and prolactin].

PMID- 2874247
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia].

PMID- 2874248
TI  - [Pituitary hormone releasing hormone analogs and their clinical application].

PMID- 2874249
TI  - Characteristic regional prevalence of HTLV-I in Shimane Prefecture.
AB  - Serological survey for human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was performed
      in Shimane Prefecture, Japan, located on the coast of Japan sea. The rates of
      anti-adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen-positive sera were 4.2% and 6.9%
      respectively for males and females. The rate increased with age, particularly in
      females. From the geographical point of view, the Oki Islands and a very small
      focus in Shimane-cho had high rates of anti-adult T-cell leukemia-associated
      antigen positives. Even within the Oki Islands, there was a big difference in the
      rate of seropositives between Dozen and Dogo which are only 10 km apart. The
      focus, Shimane-cho, has a population of 299. Even within a small area, there is a
      tendency of HTLV-I carriers to form a very narrow focus.

PMID- 2874250
TI  - Sporadic cases of carriers of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in Southeast
      Asia.
AB  - Sera obtained from 3,472 persons in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia
      were tested for the presence of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-associated
      antigen by the gelatin particle agglutination test and indirect
      immunofluorescence. Among these, only two seropositives were identified. One was
      a 30-year-old male Malaysian of Indian origin. The other was a 42-year-old female
      Thai who resided in Bangkok. These results suggested that the infection of human
      T-lymphotropic virus type 1 might not be endemic in these countries.

PMID- 2874251
TI  - Quantitative analysis of the local effect of skin temperature on sweating.
AB  - Effects of local skin temperature on sweat gland activity were analyzed
      quantitatively by measuring changes in the rates of thermal sweating and of drug
      induced sweating by local heating. The data indicates that a rise in local
      temperature causes an accelerated increase in the rate of sweat production, the
      Q10 being around 2.5 regardless of the basal sweat rate with some individual
      variations. Local heating apparently facilitates transmitter release at the
      neuroglandular junction and augments glandular responsiveness, their
      significances being comparable.

PMID- 2874252
TI  - DJ-7141, a new alpha-2 agonist with only a mild hypotensive action.
AB  - The pharmacological profile of a newly synthesized imidazole derivative, DJ-7141,
      was examined with special reference to alpha-2 adrenoceptors. In the rat vas
      deferens and dog mesenteric artery, DJ-7141 at concentrations over 10(-9) M
      selectively acted on the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors on the sympathetic
      nerve terminals and inhibited the contractions induced by electrical transmural
      stimulation. The potency of DJ-7141 was almost the same as those of clonidine and
      guanabenz. DJ-7141 also acted on the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors to
      contract the dog saphenous vein. However, no alpha-1 agonist and antagonist
      actions were found at concentrations showing presynaptic alpha-2 agonist
      activity. In contrast to DJ-7141, clonidine produced an apparent contraction in
      the dog mesenteric artery, and the response was inhibited by prazosin. In
      urethane-anesthetized rats, clonidine at doses ranging from 0.003 mg/kg to 0.03
      mg/kg produced a marked and prolonged hypotension, while DJ-7141 at such doses
      failed to produce a reduction of blood pressure. From these results, it is
      suggested that, in contrast to clonidine and other alpha-2 agonists, DJ-7141 is a
      unique alpha-2 agonist which shows high affinity to peripheral alpha-2
      adrenoceptors but only a mild hypotensive activity.

PMID- 2874253
TI  - [Effect of beta-adrenoceptor agonists of the spontaneous contractility of
      isolated rabbit urinary bladder muscle strips].

PMID- 2874254
TI  - [gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activity in human semen and its
      source].

PMID- 2874255
TI  - Pathogenicity of a non-hemagglutinating mutant strain of Fusobacterium
      necrophorum biovar A in mice.

PMID- 2874256
TI  - [Results of the conservative treatment of patients with unstable stenocardia].
AB  - The results of conservative treatment were reviewed in 100 patients with unstable
      angina. In hospital, the condition was stabilized in 73% of patients, acute
      myocardial infarction developed in 24%, and fatal outcomes resulted in 7%. In the
      first year since the diagnosis of unstable angina was made, the incidence of
      acute myocardial infarction was 32%, with 14% mortality. Further prognosis for
      unstable angina was basically similar to that for chronic coronary heart disease.
      A clear-cut correlation was demonstrated between the frequency of anginal
      attacks, total ST displacement, the severity of coronary-bed and myocardial
      lesions and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction and death.

PMID- 2874257
TI  - [Human pathogenic gram-negative microorganisms as stimulators of the body's
      antitumor resistance].

PMID- 2874258
TI  - [50th anniversary of the Ukrainian Republic Society of Surgeons].

PMID- 2874259
TI  - [Prevention of complications in the surgical correction of cryptorchism in
      children].

PMID- 2874260
TI  - [Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the ejaculate of men following the surgical
      treatment of cryptorchism--orchidopexy].

PMID- 2874261
TI  - Elevation of somatostatin content, and reduction of somatostatin release by GABA
      in rat pancreatic islets.

PMID- 2874262
TI  - Theoretical approaches to D-amino acid oxidase.
AB  - Several substrates and roles have been proposed for D-amino acid oxidase (E.C.
      1.4.3.3.); however, there is no proof that they possess the required
      characteristics to account for the ubiquity, large amounts and great activity of
      the enzyme as found in diverse cells and tissues. Based on the similar
      stereoposition of identically charged atoms and lateral side chain (R) with
      respect to the alpha-hydrogen atoms in beta-sheet conformation and in D-amino
      acids, it is proposed that its substrates may include several membrane-related
      proteins, partially in beta-sheet conformation, whose alpha-hydrogen atoms would
      be the real object of D-amino acid oxidase catalysis. A monooxygenase-like
      enzymatic activity of D-amino acid oxidase with these novel substrates is
      considered, for which the final products are hypothesized to be protein alpha
      carbon hydroxyls resulting from the incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the
      substrate, the other being reduced to water. Alternatively, it is also proposed
      that D-amino acid oxidase (and possibly other monooxygenase enzymes) would have a
      hydroperoxide-synthetase activity. In this case, protein alpha-carbon
      hydroperoxide and not water, but another reduced molecule, would be the final
      products. The new enzymatic performances of D-amino acid oxidase and the possible
      role of its potential final products in redox and other biochemical processes are
      discussed.

PMID- 2874263
TI  - [The hereditary nature of Scheuermann's disease].

PMID- 2874264
TI  - [Surgical management of metastatic fractures].

PMID- 2874265
TI  - [Possibilities of the prevention of cartilage damage by chemical synovectomy
      using osmium tetroxide].

PMID- 2874266
TI  - [The role of subcapital metatarsal osteotomy in the correction of hallux valgus].

PMID- 2874267
TI  - [Current surgical methods for the management of spinal injuries. Experience of
      the 1st International Postgraduate Course of Spinal Surgery of the Orthopedic
      Association (Davos, 6-11 January 1985)].

PMID- 2874268
TI  - [Follow-up study of the antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of Staphylococcal
      strains cultured from osteomyelitis patients 1966-75 and 1976-80].

PMID- 2874269
TI  - [Development and organization of accident care in our area].

PMID- 2874270
TI  - [Osteomyelitis of the metatarsal sesamoid bone].

PMID- 2874271
TI  - [A peroneal bone of atypical shape, simulating traumatic change].

PMID- 2874272
TI  - [Hepatitis caused by salicylazosulfapyridine].

PMID- 2874273
TI  - Portal-systemic encephalopathy and hepatic coma.
AB  - Decompensation in the cirrhotic patient is typically manifested as hepatic
      encephalopathy or coma. This may be precipitated by azotemia, gastrointestinal
      bleeding, infection, hypokalemic alkalosis, excess dietary protein, or the use of
      sedative, tranquilizer, or analgesic medications. The pathogenesis of hepatic
      encephalopathy associated with portal-systemic shunting is unknown, but theories
      purporting major roles for ammonia, AAAs, false neurotransmitters, and GABA have
      been advanced. Treatment is aimed at removing precipitating factors and
      eliminating nitrogenous substances from the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2874274
TI  - Acute neurologic infections.
AB  - This article discusses acute bacterial, viral, toxin-mediated, and parasitic
      neurologic infections, emphasizing those infections that are potentially
      treatable, are rapidly fatal if untreated, or pose a significant risk of person
      to-person transmission.

PMID- 2874275
TI  - Progressive potential of mild cervical atypia: prospective cytological,
      colposcopic, and virological study.
AB  - A prospective study of 100 women with cytological and colposcopic evidence of
      mild cervical atypia consistent with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
      grade I was started in October, 1983. 26% of early preinvasive cervical lesions
      progressed to histologically proven CIN III. Spontaneous regression of mild
      cervical atypia occurred in only 11 cases, and in 4 of these CIN recurred. The
      overall prevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) in the study group,
      detected by filter DNA-DNA hybridisation of a cervical cytological specimen, was
      39%. However, 22 of the 26 (85%) cases of progressive disease were positive for
      HPV 16. Detection of HPV 16 may be a non-invasive way of identifying women at
      high risk of rapid progression of mild cervical atypia to CIN III.

PMID- 2874276
TI  - Serum relaxin in pregnancy.
AB  - Serum relaxin immunoactivity was measured by means of a porcine radioimmunoassay
      in a cross-sectional study of 302 normal singleton pregnancies. Concentrations in
      the third trimester were lower than in early and mid pregnancy. At term, relaxin
      levels in patients who went into spontaneous labour within a week of sampling
      were significantly lower than in those who did not. However, relaxin levels were
      highest during labour and fell almost to non-pregnant levels by the third
      postnatal day. Levels in twin pregnancies in the third trimester were higher than
      those in singleton pregnancies. Serial samples from 4 patients with a history of
      premature labour showed declining, very low levels in the only patient who
      subsequently had a preterm delivery. These results are compatible with the
      proposed roles of relaxin during pregnancy: namely, to maintain myometrial
      quiescence, facilitate uterine stromal remodelling during uterine growth, and
      promote cervical ripening at the onset of parturition.

PMID- 2874277
TI  - Serum relaxin and pelvic pain of pregnancy.
AB  - Serum relaxin immunoreactivity was measured by means of a porcine relaxin
      radioimmunoassay in 35 patients with severe pelvic pain and pelvic joint
      instability during late pregnancy. Results were compared with a control group of
      368 samples obtained throughout pregnancy from normal singleton pregnancies. Most
      of the relaxin concentrations in the study group were above the 95% confidence
      limits of the median for the corresponding gestational age in the control group.
      The difference in relaxin levels between the study and control groups in the
      third trimester was highly significant. Relaxin levels in patients with pelvic
      pain were close to normal non-pregnant levels by the third postnatal day. The
      highest relaxin levels during pregnancy were found in the patients who were the
      most incapacitated clinically. The results suggest that there may be an
      association between high serum relaxin levels and pelvic pain and joint laxity
      during late pregnancy.

PMID- 2874278
TI  - Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis.
AB  - In a double-blind trial in 21 patients with spasmodic torticollis botulinum-A
      toxin produced both subjective and objective improvement, including significant
      pain relief in 14 of the 16 patients presenting with pain. Side-effects were more
      frequently reported during placebo administration and no significant systemic
      adverse reactions were noted.

PMID- 2874279
TI  - Evaluation of serological cross-reactivity between antibodies to Plasmodium and
      HTLV-III/LAV.
AB  - Serum samples from 460 patients with existing or previous Plasmodium infections,
      high antimalarial antibody titres, and no apparent risk of exposure to human T
      lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) were
      assayed for HTLV-III/LAV antibody; only 1 sample, from a 21-year-old African
      woman, was strongly reactive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
      positive by western blot. Conversely, no sample from 100 HTLV-III/LAV-positive
      American homosexual men was strongly reactive for antibodies to the four
      Plasmodium species that infect human beings by an indirect fluorescent antibody
      technique, or for antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum by an ELISA technique.
      Thus, exposure to Plasmodium does not result in HTLV-III/LAV seropositivity, and
      HTLV-III/LAV antibodies are not strongly cross-reactive with malarial antigens.

PMID- 2874281
TI  - Safer factor VIII and IX.

PMID- 2874280
TI  - Unexpected mobilisation of lead during cisplatin chemotherapy.
AB  - During an investigation by X-ray fluorescence of platinum uptake in the kidney
      after chemotherapy with cisplatin, lead was found to have accumulated in the
      kidney in four subjects. The average kidney lead burden in one case exceeded 800
      micrograms/g. Although two of the subjects had been occupationally exposed to
      lead, the other two had not. The tibia lead burden was also high in the two
      subjects in whom it was measured. The origins of this mobilised lead and the
      implications for cisplatin nephrotoxicity are discussed.

PMID- 2874282
TI  - Alcohol and haemorrhagic stroke.

PMID- 2874283
TI  - Attitudes to obstetric care.

PMID- 2874284
TI  - bcr-abl in chronic myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2874285
TI  - Sunlight and the Granstein cell.

PMID- 2874286
TI  - Arthritis of the hip in children.

PMID- 2874287
TI  - How important is rectal bleeding in the diagnosis of bowel cancer and polyps?
AB  - Overt bleeding from the anus is a common symptom of colorectal cancer but most
      frequently arises from a benign anal source. The aim of this study was to
      determine how successfully general practitioners and gastroenterologists could
      differentiate anal from colorectal sources of bleeding before full colonic
      investigation. 145 consecutive patients aged 40 years and over who had presented
      to a GP with rectal bleeding of less than 6 months' duration were referred to a
      specialist for total colonic investigation. The source of bleeding was diagnosed
      as colorectal cancer in 15 patients (7 stage A, 3 stage B) and polyps in 11. Of
      63 patients in whom GPs predicted an anal source of bleeding only, 11 were
      ultimately found to be bleeding from a colonic or rectal source. The
      gastroenterologists (after rigid sigmoidoscopy) predicted an anal source of
      bleeding in 97, in 5 of whom the source was ultimately found to be colorectal.
      All patients aged over 40 who present with recent rectal bleeding should be
      referred for full colonic investigation.

PMID- 2874288
TI  - Prospective study of alcohol-related admissions in an inner-city hospital.
AB  - Of 2598 acute admissions to the intensive therapy unit and medical, surgical,
      orthopaedic, and casualty wards of a general hospital in London, 313 (12%) were
      definitely alcohol related. Over half (163) the patients concerned were aged
      between 14 and 40 and 70% (219) were male. The proportion of alcohol-related
      admissions varied from 7.2% for a general surgical ward up to 26.3% for the
      casualty overnight observation ward. Substantially higher than average rates of
      alcohol-related admission were seen in Irish, Scottish, and Polish patients. Of
      the 23 deaths in the beds under scrutiny in patients aged 17-60 years, 9 were
      directly attributable to acute or chronic alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2874289
TI  - Epithelial metaplasia and the second anatomy.

PMID- 2874290
TI  - From Nazi holocaust to nuclear holocaust: a lesson to learn?

PMID- 2874291
TI  - Mortality decline and widening social inequalities.
AB  - Mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) is higher in manual than in non
      manual occupational classes and is higher in Scotland, Wales, and the North of
      England than in the South. Trends in these inequalities were examined in the
      light of the decline in CHD mortality in Great Britain. With the use of 1979/83
      death rates as standard, mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes, lung cancer,
      CHD, and cerebrovascular disease in 1979/83 were compared with SMRs in 1970-72.
      Despite the general fall in mortality the relative disadvantage of manual
      compared with non-manual classes has increased for each of these 4 cause groups.
      The regional differences in CHD mortality persist. Among men, in every region of
      Great Britain, CHD mortality has declined in non-manual classes. Only in Wales
      has there been an appreciable decline in CHD mortality in manual classes. Among
      women, lung cancer and CHD mortality have fallen in non-manual classes but have
      increased in manual classes. Differences in smoking between social classes are
      likely to be important. Other differences in behaviour may be important, but the
      effect of unemployment and increased income differentials should also be
      explored.

PMID- 2874292
TI  - Branhamella catarrhalis chest infections.

PMID- 2874293
TI  - HLA-DR in Lyme borreliosis.

PMID- 2874294
TI  - Deferred treatment in prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2874295
TI  - Recombination between factor VIII:C gene and St14 locus.

PMID- 2874296
TI  - Haemophilia A: two recombinations detected with probe St14.

PMID- 2874297
TI  - Chronic dysentery, stunting, and whipworm infestation.

PMID- 2874298
TI  - Coconut water.

PMID- 2874299
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis and infertility.

PMID- 2874300
TI  - Maternal haemoglobin and pregnancy outcome.

PMID- 2874301
TI  - Salbutamol and pertussis.

PMID- 2874302
TI  - Aspirin-like analgesics and cataract.

PMID- 2874303
TI  - Measles exposure and the immunosuppressed child.

PMID- 2874304
TI  - Topical surfactant therapy for recurrent herpes simplex infection.

PMID- 2874305
TI  - Persistence of Coxsackie B virus-specific IgM.

PMID- 2874306
TI  - Thyroid protection after a nuclear reactor accident.

PMID- 2874307
TI  - Non-secretion of ABO antigens predisposing to infection by Neisseria meningitidis
      and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID- 2874308
TI  - Epicardial monophasic action potentials.

PMID- 2874309
TI  - Does pertussis vaccine cause brain damage?

PMID- 2874310
TI  - Prediction by APACHE score.

PMID- 2874311
TI  - Oral manifestations in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex.

PMID- 2874312
TI  - Vertical transmission of HIV in 15-week fetus.

PMID- 2874313
TI  - Blood donor sera with false-positive Western blot reactions to human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2874314
TI  - Transabdominal versus transcervical routes for chorionic villus sampling.

PMID- 2874315
TI  - Pretransplant lymphocyte sensitivity to methylprednisolone.

PMID- 2874316
TI  - Adverse reactions and the elderly.

PMID- 2874317
TI  - Parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, and depression induced by
      flunarizine.

PMID- 2874318
TI  - Dihydropyridines and parkinsonism.

PMID- 2874319
TI  - Intravascular release of platelet-activating factor during atrial pacing.

PMID- 2874320
TI  - Totally implantable vascular access in treatment of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2874321
TI  - Ciprofloxacin and antacids.

PMID- 2874322
TI  - Myoglobin release, myocardial ischaemia, and heart surgery.

PMID- 2874323
TI  - Urinary tract infection after bladder irrigation with povidone-iodine in vaginal
      surgery.

PMID- 2874324
TI  - Leptospiras versus liberty.

PMID- 2874325
TI  - Lowered skin blood flow at exhaustion.

PMID- 2874326
TI  - Sleep apnoea in the British Isles.

PMID- 2874327
TI  - Immunogenicity in infants of Haemophilus influenzae type B polysaccharide in a
      conjugate vaccine with Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein.
AB  - 63 children, aged 2-17 months, were given a new conjugate vaccine composed of the
      capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b linked to a Neisseria
      meningitidis outer-membrane protein. Subjects under 7 months received two
      injections separated by 1 month, and older subjects received either one or two
      injections. There were no systemic reactions to this vaccine when it was given
      with aluminium hydroxide. A single injection of vaccine was highly immunogenic;
      the geometric mean serum anticapsular antibody concentrations before immunisation
      and 1 month later were 0.35 microgram/ml and 0.98 microgram/ml for babies of 2-3
      months, 0.12 microgram/ml and 1.85 micrograms/ml for those of 4-6 months, and
      0.15 microgram/ml and 4.1 micrograms/ml for those of 8-17 months (p less than or
      equal to 0.003 for each age group). After a second injection of vaccine, 80% and
      76% of infants of 2-3 and 4-6 months, respectively, had antibody concentrations
      greater than 1.0 micrograms/ml. Most subjects showed evidence of IgG responses as
      measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 6-12 months after immunisation,
      serum antibody levels had fallen (p less than 0.05) but they remained higher than
      those of unimmunized controls (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2874328
TI  - Subclavian steal: a harmless haemodynamic phenomenon?
AB  - 500 patients with asymptomatic neck bruits were followed prospectively for up to
      4 years with periodical standardised clinical assessments and continuous-wave
      carotid doppler ultrasonography, a reliable method for detecting subclavian
      steal. 9% of patients (45/500) had severe subclavian stenosis, and 64% of these
      (32/45) had a positive subclavian-steal test, with a preponderance of left-sided
      lesions (27/32). No patients had symptoms as a result of arm exercise during the
      steal test, and no patients had stroke during follow-up. Although reversed flow
      down one vertebral artery is relatively common in patients with generalised
      extracranial atherosclerosis, it is usually asymptomatic or causes, at most,
      vertebrobasilar transient ischaemic attacks.

PMID- 2874329
TI  - T lymphocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients show augmented reactivity to a
      fraction of mycobacteria cross-reactive with cartilage.
AB  - An acetone-precipitable fraction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cross-reacts with
      human cartilage. Immune responses to this antigen were assessed in 34 patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis, 16 patients with degenerative joint disease, and 15
      healthy controls. The RA patients differed from the other two groups in having
      more pronounced T lymphocyte responses to the antigen; their serum antibody
      levels were not higher. The responses of RA patients varied with duration of
      disease. In the first year (7 patients) T lymphocyte reactivity was increased in
      the synovial exudates of affected joints but not in peripheral blood, whereas the
      19 with disease of 1-10 years' duration showed high reactivity in peripheral
      blood; in the 8 with disease for more than 10 years, lymphocyte reactivity did
      not differ from that in the patients with degenerative joint disease or the
      healthy controls. The observation that the three groups did not differ in their
      responses to streptococci and a T-cell mitogen indicates that reactivity of the
      RA patients to the mycobacterial fraction was specific. These results raise the
      possibility that bacterial antigens cross-reactive with cartilage proteoglycans
      may be relevant to the pathogenesis of RA.

PMID- 2874330
TI  - Chronic hypoxaemia and decompensated erythrocytosis in cyanotic congenital heart
      disease.
AB  - Among forty adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease there was a subset of
      eleven patients with especially pronounced erythrocytosis, repeatedly rising
      haematocrit, recurring symptoms of hyperviscosity, and little or no shift of the
      haemoglobin/oxygen-dissociation curve. These patients were iron deficient as a
      result of many therapeutic phlebotomies; nevertheless their red-cell mass was
      comparable to that in iron-replete patients with similar, but stable,
      haematocrits. Iron repletion in the deficient patients resulted in rapidly
      increasing haematocrit and hyperviscosity. In one extreme case, erythropoiesis
      remained persistently iron deficient despite normal serum iron and ferritin
      levels. "Decompensated erythrocytosis" is an apt term for the excessive
      erythrocytic response and the associated phenomena.

PMID- 2874331
TI  - Growth factors and malignancy.

PMID- 2874332
TI  - Improving use of clinical resources.

PMID- 2874333
TI  - Pain-relief in sickle cell crisis.

PMID- 2874334
TI  - Dupuytren's contracture.

PMID- 2874335
TI  - Asthma mortality in England and Wales: evidence for a further increase, 1974-84.
AB  - The trend in asthma mortality has been estimated from published statistics for
      the years 1974-84, with account being taken of changes due to the revision of the
      International Classification of Diseases in 1979. Mortality rose annually by an
      average of 4.7% in the 5-34 year age-group (p less than 0.05), and the increased
      mortality since 1974 probably accounted for 408 excess deaths in the 5-64 year
      age-group between 1975 and 1984. No satisfactory explanation for this rise in
      mortality is likely until there is adequate monitoring of the prevalence and
      severity of asthma.

PMID- 2874336
TI  - Death as an option in neonatal intensive care.
AB  - Many paediatricians believe that there are circumstances in which infants should
      be allowed to die without having their lives prolonged by intensive care or
      surgery. During a four-year period, in a regional neonatal intensive-care unit,
      75 infants were so seriously ill that withdrawal of treatment was discussed. 26
      infants had severe acquired neurological damage, 26 had been born after extremely
      short gestation (25 weeks or less), and 23 had severe congenital abnormalities.
      The decision to withdraw treatment from a particular infant had to be unanimous
      among all the medical and nursing staff caring for that child and was based on a
      virtual certainty, not just of handicap, but of total incapacity--eg,
      microcephaly, spastic quadriplegia, and blindness. Of the 75 infants, the
      decision of the medical team was to withdraw treatment from 51. The parents of 47
      infants accepted the decision and all these infants died. The parents of 4
      infants chose continued intensive care, and 2 infants survived with disabilities.
      In the other 24 cases, the medical decision was to continue treatment. Of these,
      17 survived and 7 died. When a thorough medical assessment had led to unanimous
      agreement among staff and parents that treatment should be withdrawn, its
      continuation on purely legal grounds is not justifiable.

PMID- 2874337
TI  - Scrum kidney: epidemic pyoderma caused by a nephritogenic Streptococcus pyogenes
      in a rugby team.
AB  - In December, 1984, an outbreak of pyoderma affected five scrum players in the St
      Thomas' Hospital rugby team. The causative organism, Streptococcus pyogenes, was
      acquired during a match against a team experiencing an outbreak of impetigo, and
      was transmitted to two front row players of another team a week later, and to two
      girlfriends of affected St Thomas' players a month later. The strain was M-type
      49, tetracycline-resistant, and virulent. It caused salpingitis in a girlfriend
      and acute glomerulonephritis in one rugby player. No case of subclinical
      glomerulonephritis was detected in eight patients with pyoderma. Screening of the
      St Thomas' Hospital team revealed four further cases of non-streptococcal skin
      infection, with evidence for contemporaneous spread of Staphylococcus aureus.
      Teams should not field players with sepsis, and it may be advisable to apply a
      skin antiseptic to traumatised skin after the match.

PMID- 2874338
TI  - Cyclosporin in frequently relapsing minimal change nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2874340
TI  - Anti-STLV-IIImac reactivity in HIV seropositive individuals in Sweden.

PMID- 2874339
TI  - Night-time rioprostil versus ranitidine in duodenal ulcer healing.

PMID- 2874341
TI  - Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2874343
TI  - Depression in the elderly.

PMID- 2874342
TI  - Malnutrition and HIV infection in children in the Central African Republic.

PMID- 2874344
TI  - Origin of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging signal in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2874345
TI  - Respiratory mucus.

PMID- 2874346
TI  - Radioactive iodine for thyrotoxicosis.

PMID- 2874347
TI  - Primary hyperoxaluria type I: oxalate and glycolate unsuitable for prenatal
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2874348
TI  - Cross-resistance and imipenem.

PMID- 2874349
TI  - Dilutional hyponatraemia masquerading as subarachnoid haemorrhage in patient on
      hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride/timolol combined drug.

PMID- 2874350
TI  - Molecular biology of osteogenesis imperfecta.

PMID- 2874351
TI  - Bile acids and gastric acid.

PMID- 2874352
TI  - Hypomelanosis of Ito and chromosomal mosaicism in fibroblasts.

PMID- 2874353
TI  - Polyunsaturated fat and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2874354
TI  - Reduced platelet mitogenic activity in myeloproliferative disorders.

PMID- 2874355
TI  - Life expectancy, truth, and the ABPI.

PMID- 2874356
TI  - Alternative medicine.

PMID- 2874357
TI  - Secure accommodation in psychiatric hospitals.

PMID- 2874358
TI  - Grand multiple pregnancies and demand for neonatal intensive care.

PMID- 2874359
TI  - Replication of clinical trials.

PMID- 2874360
TI  - Lisuride infusion pump for Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2874361
TI  - Psychosis and the lisuride pump.

PMID- 2874362
TI  - Prevention of Clostridium difficile outbreaks in hospitals.

PMID- 2874363
TI  - First-trimester prediction in fetus at risk for myotonic dystrophy.

PMID- 2874364
TI  - Chance that individual in Duchenne family is recombinant.

PMID- 2874365
TI  - Measurement of central motor conduction in multiple sclerosis by magnetic brain
      stimulation.
AB  - Central motor conduction time (CMCT) to abductor digiti minimi was measured in 18
      healthy subjects and in 15 patients with multiple sclerosis. A novel percutaneous
      magnetic stimulator was used to stimulate the motor cortex painlessly and CMCT
      was calculated by subtracting the onset latency of muscle responses obtained by
      electrical stimulation over the C7/T1 interspace from that obtained from
      stimulation over the scalp. In healthy subjects CMCT was 6.0 +/- 0.76 ms. In
      multiple sclerosis patients with pyramidal signs in the arms, CMCT was almost
      always prolonged, the longest conduction time being 39 ms. In 10 patients CMCT
      was prolonged despite normal strength in the muscle.

PMID- 2874367
TI  - Beta-cell dysfunction, rather than insulin insensitivity, is the primary defect
      in familial type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Continuous infusion of glucose with model assessment was used to measure glucose
      tolerance, beta-cell function, and insulin sensitivity in 154 first-degree
      relatives of 55 patients with type-2 diabetes. The plasma glucose achieved at 1 h
      was normally distributed in normal control subjects, but 31 (20%) of relatives of
      type-2 diabetics had values above the normal distribution mean +2 SD. Insulin
      secretion, assessed from the first or second phase plasma-C-peptide responses,
      was significantly lower in the glucose-intolerant relatives than in
      normoglycaemic relatives of similar sex, age, and obesity. beta-cell function,
      estimated by means of model analysis, was severely impaired in the glucose
      intolerant relatives but was not impaired in the normoglycaemic relatives
      (geometric mean 41% and 109% of normal beta-cell response, respectively). Reduced
      beta-cell function was found with all degrees of glucose intolerance, whereas
      only the more severely hyperglycaemic relatives had impaired insulin sensitivity.
      This suggests that the primary defect in familial type-2 diabetes is beta-cell
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2874366
TI  - Relative importance of antibiotic and improved clearance in topical treatment of
      chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis. A controlled study.
AB  - 50 patients with chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis were randomly allocated to
      treatment with nasal sprays of dexamethasone, tramazoline, and neomycin,
      dexamethasone and tramazoline with no antibiotic, or matched placebo (propellant
      alone) four times daily to both nostrils for 2 weeks. The patients were assessed
      in a double-blind manner for symptomatic response and improvement in nasal
      mucociliary clearance, nasal airway resistance, sinus radiographs, and intranasal
      bacteriology and appearance. Both active preparations (with antibiotic 14 of 20
      patients responded; without antibiotic 12 of 20 patients responded) were more
      effective than the placebo (2 of 10 patients responded). There was no significant
      difference in response between the active preparations with and without
      antibiotic. Thus, in treatment of chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis, reduction
      of the inflammatory response and decongestion make topical antibiotic
      unnecessary, probably by allowing host clearance mechanisms to recover.

PMID- 2874368
TI  - Bloated irritable bowel syndrome defined by dynamic 99mTc bran scan.
AB  - The motility of the ileocaecal region of the gut was studied in 10 women with
      irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and bloating and in 8 normal women. Bran labelled
      with 37 MBq 99mTc was administered after fasting, and a dynamic scan was done
      after a standard meal 3 h later. Time-activity curves were plotted for the ileum
      and caecum. In controls, ileal emptying was faster, peak % counts in the caecum
      were higher, and ileocaecal clearance was greater than in those with IBS. The
      profound motor dysfunction seen in those with IBS may account for their symptoms,
      and the "bran scan" could become an important diagnostic aid.

PMID- 2874369
TI  - Effect of activated charcoal on hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - Seven patients with hypercholesterolaemia were treated for 4 weeks with activated
      charcoal at a dose of 8 g three times a day. Plasma total cholesterol and LDL
      cholesterol decreased by 25% and 41%, respectively, whereas HDL-cholesterol
      increased by 8%. Side-effects were negligible.

PMID- 2874370
TI  - Intake of marine fat, rich in (n-3)-polyunsaturated fatty acids, may increase
      birthweight by prolonging gestation.
AB  - Birthweights in the Faroe Islands are among the highest in the world. Compared
      with Denmark, the average birthweight of liveborn singleton infants of
      primiparous mothers is 194 g higher, and a substantial part of this difference
      seems to be attributable to longer gestation. Prostaglandins play an important
      part in the timing of parturition in human beings. Dietary (n-3)-polyunsaturated
      fatty acids (PUFA) in high amounts influence endogenous prostaglandin metabolism.
      Owing to the large consumption of marine fat, the average intake of (n-3)-PUFA in
      the Faroes by far exceeds that in Denmark. The hypothesis proposed is that
      dietary (n-3)-PUFA in high amounts prolong gestation in human beings by
      interfering with uterine production of prostaglandins, possibly by inhibiting the
      production of dienoic prostaglandins, primarily PGF2 alpha and PGE2, which are
      mediators of uterine contractions and cervical ripening.

PMID- 2874371
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide.

PMID- 2874372
TI  - Reinfection with influenza.

PMID- 2874374
TI  - Advice to the aspiring physician.

PMID- 2874373
TI  - Third-nerve headache.

PMID- 2874375
TI  - Cyclophosphamide for paraquat poisoning?

PMID- 2874376
TI  - Transhiatal oesophagectomy without thoracotomy.

PMID- 2874377
TI  - Ranking of laboratory tests by consensus analysis.
AB  - A new analytical technique (consensus analysis) was devised to assess the
      performance of laboratory tests that are commonly used to monitor the acute and
      chronic phases of inflammatory disease. On thirty-one tests carried out monthly
      for 7 months in seventeen patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the consensus
      analysis procedure ranked plasma viscosity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in
      a tie for first place. Measurement of the acute-phase serum protein orosomucoid
      ranked third. Consensus analysis has the potential to reduce laboratory costs by
      identifying the most useful tests; it also promises to be helpful in the design
      of new laboratory tests that are more sensitive and specific.

PMID- 2874378
TI  - Outbreak of legionellosis in a community. Report of an ad-hoc committee.
AB  - Of 33 patients infected in an outbreak of legionellosis in Glasgow in 1984, 26
      lived in the Dennistoun district and the remainder either worked in or visited
      there. There were three main clusters of cases, the onset of illness being in
      early and mid June in two clusters and early September in the third. Most
      patients were not severely ill, but 1 patient died. The likely source of
      infection was a cooling tower from which Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was
      isolated. Strains indistinguishable from the cooling-tower strain were isolated
      from 2 of the patients. Cases occurred downwind of this cooling tower up to a
      distance of 1700 m. It is suggested that airborne infection with L pneumophila
      may extend further from the source than has hitherto been recognised.

PMID- 2874379
TI  - Home parenteral nutrition in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
AB  - Between January, 1977, and March, 1986, 200 patients were registered as receiving
      home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Although
      28 centres contributed case-reports, 75% of the cases were registered by 7
      centres. Most patients started treatment between the ages of 10 and 40 years, a
      reflection of the high incidence of Crohn's disease during these decades. The
      three main indications for HPN were Crohn's disease (90 patients), mesenteric
      vascular disease (27), and extensive small-bowel resection for volvulus or other
      benign enteric disease (14). 85 patients required treatment for less than 1 year
      and 17 have been on treatment for more than 2 years. Patients whose indication
      for HPN was a primary intestinal disease had a better quality of life than did
      those in whom the intestinal failure was secondary to a systemic disorder. Of the
      108 patients who have completed treatment 56 have been able to resume enteral
      nutrition through adaptation of the remaining bowel, or closure of a fistula. 34
      have died, 19 as a consequence of the underlying disease and 10 of complications
      of treatment. The incidence of catheter-related sepsis varied between 0.2 and 0.9
      episodes per year of treatment (overall 0.35) depending on the length of
      experience of the supervising centre.

PMID- 2874380
TI  - Do climbs to extreme altitude cause brain damage?

PMID- 2874381
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis in the upper female genital tract with negative cervical
      culture.

PMID- 2874383
TI  - Relation between breast tumour growth rate and metastatic potential.

PMID- 2874382
TI  - Synvinolin in hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2874384
TI  - False-negative finding on chorionic villus sampling.

PMID- 2874385
TI  - How many families will be informative for prenatal prediction of cystic fibrosis
      with multiple linked DNA probes?

PMID- 2874386
TI  - DNA typing to avoid need for prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2874387
TI  - Pre-conception counselling for parents who have a child with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2874388
TI  - Bone marrow toxicity of cyclosporin in a kidney transplant patient.

PMID- 2874389
TI  - Hydergine and reversibility of cyclosporin nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2874390
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2874391
TI  - Renin and the heart.

PMID- 2874392
TI  - Beta-blockade and prevention of ventricular fibrillation after myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2874393
TI  - Isolation of HTLV-I from cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with myelopathy.

PMID- 2874394
TI  - HIV infection in renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2874395
TI  - Should lesbians give blood?

PMID- 2874396
TI  - Cot deaths and the Sheffield Score.

PMID- 2874397
TI  - Effects of medical research on life expectancy.

PMID- 2874398
TI  - Urea/creatinine ratio and gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

PMID- 2874399
TI  - Campylobacter pyloridis, urease, and gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2874400
TI  - Causes of acute cardiotoxic effects of beta-adrenergic antagonist overdose.

PMID- 2874401
TI  - Prevention of cervical cancer.

PMID- 2874402
TI  - Membrane stabilising activity and inhibition of human sperm motility.

PMID- 2874403
TI  - Nature of atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma from patients with congestive
      heart failure.

PMID- 2874404
TI  - Screening for congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2874405
TI  - Screening for risk of delivery of a hypothyroid baby.

PMID- 2874406
TI  - Cell-dose effect in circulating stem-cell autografting.

PMID- 2874407
TI  - Viruses in acute childhood encephalopathy.

PMID- 2874408
TI  - Avoiding ifosfamide/mesna encephalopathy.

PMID- 2874409
TI  - Patient-triggered ventilation in the newborn.

PMID- 2874410
TI  - Court not bound to accept test of competent medical practice in deciding whether
      contraceptive counselling is negligent.

PMID- 2874411
TI  - Mechanism of action of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer.
AB  - The relation between tumour oestrogen and progesterone receptor status, menstrual
      status, relapse-free survival, and overall survival was analysed in 411 patients
      with early breast cancer randomised to receive either postoperative adjuvant
      chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF) or no
      additional treatment (control). Prolongation of time to recurrence and survival
      was seen predominantly in premenopausal patients; these effects were seen only
      with tumours positive for steroid receptors, particularly progesterone.
      Chemotherapy led to permanent amenorrhoea in 61% of premenopausal patients. The
      therapeutic effects of chemotherapy were seen only when CMF induced permanent
      amenorrhoea in premenopausal patients. These findings support the hypothesis that
      the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer may be mediated by
      ovarian suppression.

PMID- 2874412
TI  - Effect of passive smoking on birth-weight.
AB  - 500 consecutive Danish women who had full-term babies were interviewed on the
      third or fourth day post partum and asked about smoking in all household members.
      Exposure to smoking by the mother was found to reduce birth-weight, and indirect
      or passive exposure to smoking by the father had nearly as large (66%) an effect.
      On average, birth-weight was reduced by 120 g per pack of cigarettes (or
      cigar/pipe equivalent) smoked per day by the father. This relation remained
      statistically significant after controlling for mother's age, parity, alcohol and
      tobacco consumption during pregnancy, illness during pregnancy, and social class
      and sex of the baby. The effect of passive smoking was greatest in the lower
      social classes.

PMID- 2874413
TI  - Protective effect of naturally acquired homotypic and heterotypic rotavirus
      antibodies.
AB  - To assess serotype specificity of immune resistance to rotavirus gastroenteritis,
      the relation between pre-existing neutralising antibodies to homotypic and
      heterotypic rotaviruses and protection against infection or clinical illness was
      investigated. The subjects were 44 orphans exposed once or twice to consecutive
      outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to type 3 rotavirus in an orphanage in Sapporo.
      Sera were collected throughout these outbreaks and the serum levels of
      neutralising antibodies against four different serotypes of group A human
      rotavirus were measured before and after the outbreaks. Protection against
      rotavirus gastroenteritis seemed to be serotype specific and to be related to
      levels of antibody against homotypic virus. A neutralising antibody level of
      1/128 or greater seemed to be protective. The protective effect was of short
      duration, which was probably the explanation for recurrent attacks of
      gastroenteritis due to a rotavirus of the same serotype. Seroconversions or
      concomitant antibody responses to type 1 or 4 rotavirus in most children with
      type 3 rotavirus infection suggested that immunity to heterotypic virus can be
      induced by a rotavirus vaccine.

PMID- 2874414
TI  - Defective brain microtubule assembly in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Brains obtained within 2-4 hours post mortem and histopathologically confirmed
      for Alzheimer's disease and non-Alzheimer brains from age-matched controls were
      examined for in-vitro assembly of microtubules and neurofilaments. Microtubule
      assembly was observed only in control but not in Alzheimer brains, and
      neurofilaments were obtained from both types of brain. The microtubule-associated
      protein tau, which stimulates assembly of microtubules from tubulin, was
      abnormally phosphorylated in Alzheimer but not in control brain microtubule
      preparations. Alzheimer brains did not show the presence of any inhibitor of
      microtubule assembly or any abnormality of tubulin. DEAE-dextran, a polycation
      which mimics tau in stimulating microtubule assembly, induced the assembly of
      microtubules in Alzheimer brain. Tubulin from both normal and Alzheimer brains
      was labelled on western blots by a monoclonal antibody to the tyrosinylated
      carboxy-terminal epitope of alpha tubulin. These studies suggest that in
      Alzheimer's disease tubulin can be assembled into brain microtubules, but the
      process is defective, probably because of abnormal phosphorylation of tau. This
      post-translational alteration of tau might be the cause of the neurofibrillary
      abnormality in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2874415
TI  - Levodopa in restless legs.
AB  - The effectiveness of levodopa in the treatment of restless legs was assessed in a
      double-blind trial. 20 patients were given levodopa and lactose on alternate
      days. Treatment was continued until patients stated a preference for one of the
      treatments or were unable to discriminate between the two. 17 patients preferred
      levodopa, none lactose, and 3 were unable to discriminate. The 17 patients who
      responded to levodopa reported complete relief.

PMID- 2874416
TI  - Does angiotensin-II protect against strokes?
AB  - In the Medical Research Council trial for the treatment of mild hypertension,
      bendrofluazide showed an unexpected and sizeable benefit compared with
      propranolol in the reduction of stroke. It is suggested that this difference
      reflects the opposing actions of these drugs on the renin-angiotensin system. The
      hypothesis that angiotensin-II protects the distal smaller cerebral vessels,
      which are the usual site of vessel rupture in intracerebral haemorrhage,
      indicates that long-term benefit of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in
      the treatment of hypertension cannot be assumed.

PMID- 2874417
TI  - Prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.

PMID- 2874418
TI  - Britain needs a food and health policy: the Government must face its duty.

PMID- 2874419
TI  - Prognosis in myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2874420
TI  - Chronic atrophic candidosis.

PMID- 2874421
TI  - Mammillary fistula.

PMID- 2874422
TI  - ARDS: a clinical view.

PMID- 2874423
TI  - The spectrum of hepatotoxicity due to drugs.
AB  - Drugs in common use can cause toxic effects on the liver which can mimic almost
      every naturally occurring liver disease in man. Drugs can have direct (metabolite
      related) toxic effects; they can also cause deposition of microvesicular fat in
      hepatocytes; or they can provoke reactions resembling acute alcoholic hepatitis
      (phospholipidosis) or acute viral hepatitis. Hepatotoxicity can also be part of a
      general hypersensitivity reaction, or hepatic fibrosis or cholestasis can
      predominate. Drugs can lead to almost any type of vascular disease in the liver
      and to benign and malignant tumours.

PMID- 2874424
TI  - Brain lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in mild and severe head
      injuries.
AB  - 50 patients were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within one week of a
      head injury. Abnormalities indicating primary brain damage were found in 46
      patients, almost twice as many as with computed tomography. Cortical contusions
      were the most common finding, irrespective of the effect of injury on the level
      of consciousness. Intracerebral lesions were seen only in patients who had lost
      consciousness and were present in 29 of 42 patients whose consciousness was still
      impaired on arrival at hospital. Lesions in the deep white-matter of the cerebral
      hemispheres were seen in 15 patients; they were significantly more frequent in
      patients in coma but were also seen in patients who had lost consciousness for no
      more than 5 min. The findings indicate that lesions in the cerebral hemispheres
      may be the primary factor in traumatic unconsciousness. MRI studies may also
      clarify the sequelae of head injuries.

PMID- 2874425
TI  - Continuing education: what techniques are effective?

PMID- 2874426
TI  - Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality.

PMID- 2874427
TI  - Is maintenance therapy necessary for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

PMID- 2874428
TI  - Placental drainage and fetomaternal transfusion.

PMID- 2874429
TI  - Total lymphoid irradiation in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2874430
TI  - Shoulder-tip pain in chemical peritonitis.

PMID- 2874431
TI  - Ultrasound biparietal diameter in spina bifida.

PMID- 2874432
TI  - AIDS and Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2874433
TI  - Antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus in African green monkeys in Africa in
      1957-62.

PMID- 2874434
TI  - Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in severe thermal injury.

PMID- 2874435
TI  - Prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2874436
TI  - Relation between 131I therapy for thyrotoxicosis and development of thyroid
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2874437
TI  - Cerebral perfusion during cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2874438
TI  - Effect of interferon on psoriasis.

PMID- 2874440
TI  - Management of non-respiratory tuberculosis.

PMID- 2874439
TI  - Lithium prophylaxis inhibits choline transport in post-mortem brain.

PMID- 2874441
TI  - Protein browning and diabetic complications.

PMID- 2874442
TI  - May hypocarbia cause ischaemic brain damage in the preterm infant?

PMID- 2874443
TI  - Placentas and transmissible dementias.

PMID- 2874444
TI  - Salt-sensitive hypertension in West Africans: an uncoupling of the renal sodium
      dopamine relation.

PMID- 2874445
TI  - Captopril and blood glucose.

PMID- 2874446
TI  - Double-blind trial of herbal slimming pill.

PMID- 2874447
TI  - High-voltage shock treatment for snake bite.

PMID- 2874448
TI  - Acid-base effects of "non-systemic" antacids.

PMID- 2874449
TI  - Multiple sclerosis and wool.

PMID- 2874450
TI  - Side-effects of flunarizine.

PMID- 2874451
TI  - Baking soda baths for aquagenic pruritus.

PMID- 2874452
TI  - Food incentives and clinic attendance.

PMID- 2874453
TI  - Treatment of hydroxocobalamin-resistant methylmalonic acidaemia with
      adenosylcobalamin.

PMID- 2874454
TI  - Latex agglutination test for Legionella antibody.

PMID- 2874455
TI  - Retroperitoneal fibrosis and bromocriptine.

PMID- 2874456
TI  - A simple screening test for medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2874457
TI  - Nifedipine-induced parotitis.

PMID- 2874458
TI  - Trace metal contamination of albumin solutions used for plasma exchange.

PMID- 2874459
TI  - Surfactants and enzymes in respiratory mucus.

PMID- 2874460
TI  - Thrombotic events after intravenous immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2874461
TI  - The effects of reserpine and haloperidol on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the
      brains of aged rats.
AB  - Many neurotransmitter systems appear to be altered with aging. The effects of
      aging on the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the
      synthesis of catecholamines in the brain has been examined. The endogenous basal
      activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was lower in the hypothalamus of 24 month old
      Fisher 344 rats than in the hypothalamus of 3 month old or 6 month old animals.
      There was no difference in the basal activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the
      locus ceruleus, frontal cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, or the striatum of
      rats of ages 3 months, 6 months and 24 months. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was
      increased in the striatum of 3 month old (60%) and 6 month old (28%) rats after
      treatment with haloperidol or reserpine, whereas no change in enzyme activity
      followed administration of these drugs to 24 month old animals. In conclusion,
      increases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the brain that normally occur in
      the striatum of 3 month old rats after haloperidol or reserpine treatment are
      significantly decreased in 6 month old rats and not apparent in 24 month old
      rats.

PMID- 2874462
TI  - Co-cultivation of astroglial enriched cultures from striatum and neuronal
      containing cultures from substantia nigra.
AB  - A co-cultivation system was developed with neuron-containing (neuron-specific
      enolase (NSE) positive) primary cultures from the substantia nigra of 15 to 17
      day old embryonic rats which were grown 1 mm apart from astroglial-enriched
      (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp) positive) primary cultures from the
      striatum of neonatal rats. The astroglial cells went through a morphological
      differentiation with extension of processes after co-cultivation with the
      immunohistochemically-identified neuronal cells. The astroglial-enriched striatum
      cultures showed a higher active uptake of 3H-L-glutamate after co-cultivation for
      one week, compared to control cultures from striatum. Vmax (nmol X mg protein-1 X
      min-1 X was 58.4 +/- 8.3 after co-cultivation and 37.2 +/- 6.3 for control
      cultures. The glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was slightly increased after co
      cultivation. The validity and specificity of the results were ensured. The data
      suggest that astroglial cells in a primary culture are influenced by co
      cultivation with fetal neuron containing cultures resulting in morphological
      differentiation, and increases in 3H-L-glutamate uptake and GS activity.

PMID- 2874463
TI  - Neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress ulceration: focus on thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone (TRH).
AB  - It is generally accepted that stress ulceration, a multifactorial or pluricausal
      gastrointestinal disorder, may be the result of mechanistic interrelationships
      between mucosal, vascular, hormonal and neurogenic factors. The relative
      importance of each of these independent mechanisms remains unclear. This
      minireview represents an attempt to interpret many recent studies on certain
      neurogenic mechanisms and to integrate these observations into the existing body
      of knowledge. A variety of in vitro techniques and animal models to manipulate
      actual structures, organ systems, and certain well-defined hormonal influences
      have been utilized. The peripheral studies have followed, for the most part, the
      established observation that the stomach is under reciprocal control by
      sympathetic inhibitory and parasympathetic excitatory autonomic fibers. As a
      result, several autonomic adrenergic neurotransmitter substances have been found
      to promote mucosal resistance. Some of these include dopamine, epinephrine, and
      norepinephrine. Others in contrast, appear to promote vulnerability of the
      mucosa, and of these, the most well-studied include acetylcholine and histamine.

PMID- 2874464
TI  - Actions of cimetidine and ranitidine at some cholinergic sites: implications in
      toxicology and anesthesia.
AB  - Cimetidine and ranitidine are specific and potent H2-receptor antagonists widely
      used in the effective therapy of peptic ulcer disease. The drugs also possess
      other pharmacological properties unrelated to H2-receptor antagonism. More
      recently large experimental doses of cimetidine or ranitidine were found to have
      anticholinesterase, ganglion blocking and neuromuscular blocking activities.
      Actions of the drugs at such cholinergic sites may account for some of their
      clinically documented adverse effects. The toxicological implications of these
      findings including the potential for drug interactions to occur, especially
      during some anesthetic procedures, are discussed.

PMID- 2874465
TI  - Iontophoretic studies on rat hippocampus with some novel GABA antagonists.
AB  - Twelve substances which appear to be GABA antagonists, judging by their ability
      to reverse the inhibitory effect of GABA on 35S-TBPS binding to rat brain
      membranes, were tested iontophoretically on population spikes in the rat
      hippocampus. Eight of them, including seven which completely reversed the
      inhibitory action of GABA on 35S-TBPS binding, caused a marked enhancement of
      population spikes, with slow onset and long duration and they antagonized the
      inhibition of population spikes by GABA. These effects were similar to those
      produced by bicuculline. Electrophysiologically, the most potent of the "complete
      reversers" were bathophenanthroline disulfonate and brucine. In vitro, amoxapine
      and brucine most effectively reversed the inhibitory action of GABA on 35S-TBPS
      binding. Of the five substances which only partly reversed the inhibitory effect
      of GABA on 35S-TBPS binding, four depressed the population spikes and potentiated
      the inhibitory action of GABA. The fifth "partial reverser", pipazethate,
      potently increased the population spikes, like the "complete reversers". Although
      other interpretations are possible the results are consistent with the existence
      of several GABA-A receptor types in brain, only some of which are blocked by
      certain partial reversers.

PMID- 2874466
TI  - Lack of effect of dynorphin on consummatory behaviors in obese and normal rats.
AB  - The possible role of dynorphin, an endogenous opioid peptide, in the regulation
      of appetite was studied in male genetically-obese (Zucker) rats and their litter
      mates of normal weight. Eighteen pairs were divided into 3 treatment groups:
      control, acutely dynorphin-treated (5 mg/rat), and implanted with Alzet mini
      osmotic pumps containing 2 mg dynorphin to be delivered at a rate of 10
      micrograms/hr. Body weights and food and water consumption were determined daily
      for 7 days. Body weights were not significantly changed from initial values for
      any treatment group. Food and water consumption per 24 hours were generally the
      same for obese rats and their normal littermates, but in terms of consumption per
      100 g body weight, the obese rats generally consumed less food and water. Neither
      acute nor continuous dynorphin administration affected consummatory levels.

PMID- 2874467
TI  - Patients with Alzheimer's disease show an increased content of 15 Kdalton
      somatostatin precursor and a lowered level of tetradecapeptide in their
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - The relative proportions of both somatostatin-14 and its precursors somatostatin
      28 and the 15 Kdalton prosomatostatin were evaluated by radioimmunoassay in the
      cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. It was observed that
      the patients have a lowered content in the tetradecapeptide somatostatin while
      they exhibit a significant increase in unprocessed 15 Kda precursor. These
      results indicate that these patients possess impaired processing mechanisms which
      may be responsible for the lowered content in mature somatostatin-14. These
      observations may provide a valuable test for the ante-mortem diagnosis of the
      disease. They are discussed in connection with others suggesting that Alzheimer's
      patients may be selectively altered in their somatostatinergic neurones of their
      cerebral cortex (Morrison et al. (1985) Nature 314, 90-92. Roberts et al. (1985)
      Nature 314, 92-94).

PMID- 2874468
TI  - Acute and subchronic effects of Rimcazole (BW 234U), a potential antipsychotic
      drug, on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons in the rat.
AB  - The effects of acute and subchronic Rimcazole administration on A9 and A10
      dopamine (DA) neurons were examined using extracellular single cell recording
      techniques. Intravenous injections of Rimcazole did not prevent or reverse the
      inhibition of firing rates of DA cells produced by DA agonist apomorphine (APO).
      Single intraperitoneal injection of Rimcazole decreased the number of
      spontaneously active DA cells in A10, but not in A9; it had no effect on the
      firing rate of DA neurons in either A9 or A10. Following prolonged administration
      of Rimcazole, 25 mg/kg/day for 28 days, there was a significant increase in the
      number of spontaneously active A10 DA neurons, but not A9 DA cells. The firing
      rate of both A9 and A10 DA cells decreased significantly following prolonged
      Rimcazole administration; however, the firing pattern of these cells did not
      change. In addition, chronic Rimcazole did not affect the ID50 of APO for DA
      neurons. These results suggest that Rimcazole has an indirect effect on DA
      neurons with a relative selectivity for A10 DA cells; it does not exhibit
      pharmacological profiles of previously reported antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2874469
TI  - A study of the effects of buspirone, BMY 13805, and 1-PP on dopaminergic
      metabolism in the nucleus accumbens using in vivo voltammetry in freely moving
      rats.
AB  - The effects of buspirone, a buspirone analogue (BMY 13805) and a buspirone
      metabolite (1-PP) on dopaminergic metabolism in the nucleus accumbens were
      investigated using in vivo voltammetry. Differential pulse voltammetry coupled
      with electrochemically pretreated carbon fiber electrodes was used to provide a
      continuous and selective measure of the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC).
      An implanted micromanipulator enabled the use of freely moving animals. Buspirone
      injections induced a marked and rapid increase of the DOPAC peak in the nucleus
      accumbens. Buspirone was 10 times more potent when injected subcutaneously than
      intraperitoneally. BMY 13805 and 1-PP were without effect on dopaminergic
      metabolism in the nucleus accumbens. In conclusion, the anxiolytic properties of
      these drugs and their effects on dopaminergic metabolism do not appear related.

PMID- 2874470
TI  - CGS 10746B: an atypical antipsychotic candidate that selectively decreases
      dopamine release at behaviorally effective doses.
AB  - CGS 10746B, a benzothiadiazepine, has a behavioral profile in mice and monkeys
      similar to the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Unlike clozapine, CGS 10746B
      suppresses dopamine neuron firing rates and, when administered at behaviorally
      effective doses by the oral or intraperitoneal route, decreases neostriatal
      dopamine release without changing dopamine metabolism or occupying D2 receptors.
      CGS 10746B is the first atypical antipsychotic candidate that selectively
      decreases dopamine release.

PMID- 2874471
TI  - Presynaptic dopaminergic modulation of cortical input to the striatum.

PMID- 2874472
TI  - Identification of the tridecapeptide dynorphin B (rimorphin) within perikarya of
      rat duodenum.
AB  - Using an immunofluorescence microscopic staining technique, the opioid peptide
      dynorphin B (rimorphin) was revealed within neuronal cell bodies of the rat
      duodenum. Dynorphin B immunoreactive perikarya were revealed in the myenteric and
      submucousal plexus as well as in the longitudinal muscle layer. They were large
      in diameter and round in shape and they contained a large round nucleus. Because
      no dynorphin B immunofluorescent nerve fibre and terminal could be noted it might
      be that dynorphin B is further cleaved by proteases into the bioactive opioid
      pentapeptide Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin B(6-13). These findings might also
      indicate that dynorphin B is processed within duodenal perikarya and that it has
      important physiological roles in the rat duodenum.

PMID- 2874473
TI  - Glafenine-associated hepatic injury. Analysis of 38 cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Glafenine was associated with hepatic injury in 38 cases. The causal relationship
      was assessed on the basis of the temporal relationship with drug use, course and
      exclusion of other causes. In 27 cases a causal relationship was considered
      likely, i.e. 'probable' (12 cases) or 'possible' (15 cases), whereas in 11 cases
      it was either unlikely or unclassifiable. In both the 'probable' and 'possible'
      groups 60-70% of individuals were women. Jaundice was present in three-quarters
      of cases in both groups. Eosinophilia was more frequent in the group of
      'probable' cases, and this group had the highest case-fatality rate (42%). Onset
      varied from 2 days (after a rechallenge) to 8 months, but most cases appeared
      between 2 weeks and 4 months after starting therapy. Histology in 22 cases showed
      a predominantly hepatocellular pattern, varying from spotty panlobular necrosis,
      centrilobular and (sub)massive necrosis (acute pattern) to fibrosis and cirrhosis
      (chronic pattern). The chemical structure of glafenine and the
      clinicopathological pattern it induces resemble that of cinchophen. The incidence
      is unknown. Either metabolic idiosyncrasy or an immunoallergic mechanism seems to
      be responsible.

PMID- 2874474
TI  - Fourier transform infrared studies of an active proton transport pump.

PMID- 2874475
TI  - Reconstitution of an H+ translocator, the "uncoupling protein" from brown adipose
      tissue mitochondria, in phospholipid vesicles.

PMID- 2874476
TI  - Experiments with the nematocysts of Cyanea capillata.

PMID- 2874477
TI  - Uracil nucleotide synthesis in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and in two
      drug-resistant sublines that contain increased levels of enzymes of the de novo
      pyrimidine pathway.
AB  - Cultured wild-type MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and two MCF-7 sublines that
      overproduce enzymes of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway were compared
      with regard to: rate of de novo biosynthesis of uracil nucleotides, sensitivity
      of the de novo and salvage pathways to the concentration of intracellular uracil
      nucleotides, and potential of exogenous uridine at concentrations equivalent to
      plasma levels to affect de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The PALAR MCF-7 subline,
      which is resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate and has 5.2 times the
      activity of the first de novo enzyme as the wild-type MCF-7 cells, synthesizes
      uracil nucleotides via the de novo pathway at a rate that is 5.8 times that of
      the wild type MCF-7 cells. The PYRR MCF-7 subline, which is resistant to
      pyrazofurin and has 15.1 times the activity of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase
      as the wild-type MCF-7 cells, synthesizes uracil nucleotides via the de novo
      pathway at a rate that is 1.4 times that of wild-type MCF-7 cells. These results
      are consistent with carbamyl phosphate synthetase being the rate-controlling step
      of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. In the presence of exogenous uridine at
      concentrations equivalent to that found in plasma (4.4-8.6 microM), the uracil
      nucleotide pool of wild-type MCF-7 cells was expanded by 20% and de novo
      synthesis was inhibited by 55%. Incubation of PALAR MCF-7 cells with uridine at
      concentrations between 7.3 and 16.8 microM caused a 40% increase in the uracil
      nucleotide pool and a 30% inhibition of de novo synthesis. De novo synthesis of
      uracil nucleotides in PYRR MCF-7 cells was not affected by a greater than 10-fold
      increase in the uracil nucleotide pool. Salvage of [14C] uridine was inhibited by
      an expanded uracil nucleotide pool in the wild-type and PYRR MCF-7 cells but was
      not inhibited in the PALAR MCF-7 cell line. These results demonstrate that,
      although the overproduced enzymes exhibit substrate affinities and specificities
      in cell-free preparations similar to those of the wild-type enzymes, in intact
      cells the resistant cell lines exhibit marked differences in the control of de
      novo and salvage pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways by intracellular uracil
      nucleotides.

PMID- 2874478
TI  - Differential polyadenylation pattern of ovalbumin precursor RNAs during
      development.
AB  - The expression of the ovalbumin gene encoding for the major hen oviduct protein
      slows down with age. Analysis of Northern blots of electrophoretically separated
      total and poly(A) + RNA from oviducts of hens of different age with an ovalbumin
      specific probe (nick-translated 9.5 kb ovalbumin gene DNA cloned into pBR322)
      revealed that the largest high molecular weight ovalbumin RNA precursor (7.9 kb
      band, representing the putative primary transcript of the ovalbumin gene) was
      most intense if total RNA from non-egg-laying old hen oviduct was checked as
      compared to that from egg-laying mature animals. On the other side, the 7.9 kb
      RNA precursor band was readily detected in the poly(A) + RNA from mature hen
      oviduct whereas it was invisible in the old hen oviduct poly(A) + RNA fraction.
      The lack of detection of the 7.9 kb RNA species within the poly(A) + RNA fraction
      and its increased concentration within the total oviduct RNA, both from old
      animals, suggest that age-dependent impairment of ovalbumin mRNA processing may
      be caused by altered polyadenylation of distinct RNA precursors.

PMID- 2874479
TI  - In vitro synthesis and processing of a maize chloroplast transcript encoded by
      the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene.
AB  - The large subunit gene (rbcL) of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was
      transcribed in vitro by using maize and pea chloroplast extracts and a cloned
      plastid DNA template containing 172 base pairs (bp) of the maize rbcL protein
      coding region and 791 bp of upstream sequences. Three major in vitro RNA species
      were synthesized which correspond to in vivo maize rbcL RNAs with 5' termini
      positioned 300, 100 to 105, and 63 nucleotides upstream of the protein-coding
      region. A deletion of 109 bp, including the "-300" 5' end (the 5' end at position
      -300), depressed all rbcL transcription in vitro. A plasmid DNA containing this
      109-bp fragment was sufficient to direct correct transcription initiation in
      vitro. A cloned template, containing 191 bp of plastid DNA which includes the 
      105 and -63 rbcL termini, did not support transcription in vitro. Exogenously
      added -300 RNA could be converted to the -63 transcript by maize chloroplast
      extract. These results established that the -300 RNA is the primary maize rbcL
      transcript, the -63 RNA is a processed form of the -300 transcript, and synthesis
      of the -105 RNA is dependent on the -300 region. The promoter for the maize rbcL
      gene is located within the 109 bp flanking the -300 site. Mutagenesis of the 109
      bp chloroplast sequence 11 bp upstream of the -300 transcription initiation site
      reduced rbcL promoter activity in vitro.

PMID- 2874480
TI  - Neuroblastoma cells express c-sis and produce a transforming growth factor
      antigenically related to the platelet-derived growth factor.
AB  - Mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells produce transforming growth factors during
      exponential growth in a defined hormone-free medium, which, on Bio-Gel columns in
      1 M HAc, elute at a molecular size of 15 to 20 kilodaltons (kDa). These
      neuroblastoma-derived transforming growth factors have strong mitogenic activity,
      but they do not compete with epidermal growth factor for receptor binding (E. J.
      J. van Zoelen, D. R. Twardzik, T. M. J. van Oostwaard, P. T. van der Saag, S. W.
      de Laat, and G. J. Todaro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:4085-4089, 1984). In
      this study approximately 80% of the mitogenic activity was immunoprecipitated by
      antibodies raised against platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Immunoblotting
      indicated a true molecular size of 32 kDa for this PDGF-like growth factor.
      Analysis of poly(A)+ RNA from Neuro-2A cells demonstrated the expression of the c
      sis oncogene in this cell line, whereas in vitro translation of the RNA yielded a
      20-kDa protein recognized by anti-PDGF antibodies. Separation by reverse-phase
      high-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of two distinct
      mitogenic activities in neuroblastoma-derived transforming growth factor
      preparations, one of which is antigenically related to PDGF. Both activities had
      the ability to induce anchorage-independent growth in normal rat kidney cells,
      both in the presence and in the absence of epidermal growth factor. It is
      concluded that Neuro-2A cells express c-sis with concomitant production and
      secretion of a PDGF-like growth factor, which plays a role in the induction of
      phenotypic transformation on normal rat kidney cells.

PMID- 2874481
TI  - Regulated expression of a chimeric histone gene introduced into mouse
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The regulated expression of a mouse histone gene was studied by DNA-mediated gene
      transfer. A chimeric H3 histone gene was constructed by fusing the 5' and 3'
      portions of two different mouse H3 histone genes. Transfection of the chimeric
      gene into mouse fibroblasts resulted in the production of chimeric mRNA at levels
      nearly equal to that of the total endogenous H3 histone mRNAs. Most chimeric RNA
      transcripts had correct 5' and 3' termini, and the chimeric mRNA was translated
      into an H3.1 protein that accumulated in the nucleus of the transfected cells.
      Expression of the chimeric gene was studied under several conditions in which the
      rate of transcription and the stability of endogenous H3 transcripts change.
      Chimeric mRNA levels were regulated in parallel with endogenous H3 mRNAs,
      suggesting that cis-acting regulatory sequences lie within or near individual
      histone genes. In addition to correctly initiated and terminated chimeric mRNA,
      we also detected a novel H3 transcript containing an additional 250 bases at the
      3' end. Surprisingly, the longer transcript is polyadenylated and accumulates in
      the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2874482
TI  - Amplification of the gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase in histidinol-resistant
      Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - Histidinol-resistant (HisOHR) mutants with up to a 30-fold increase in histidyl
      tRNA synthetase activity have been isolated by stepwise adaptation of wild-type
      Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to increasing amounts of histidinol in the
      medium. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled cell lysates with
      antibodies to histidyl-tRNA synthetase showed increased synthesis of the enzyme
      in histidinol-resistant cells. The histidinol-resistant cell lines had an
      increase in translatable polyadenylated mRNA for histidyl-tRNA synthetase. A cDNA
      for CHO histidyl-tRNA synthetase has been cloned, using these histidyl-tRNA
      synthetase-overproducing mutants as the source of mRNA. Southern blot analysis of
      wild-type and histidinol-resistant cells with this cDNA showed that the histidyl
      tRNA synthetase DNA bands were amplified in the resistant cells. These HisOHR
      cells owed their resistance to histidinol to amplification of the gene for
      histidyl-tRNA synthetase.

PMID- 2874483
TI  - Chromosomal assignment and trans regulation of the tyrosine aminotransferase
      structural gene in hepatoma hybrid cells.
AB  - The structural gene encoding liver-specific tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT; EC
      2.6.1.5) was assigned to mouse chromosome 8 by screening a series of hybrid cell
      lines for retention of murine Tat-1 gene sequences by genomic Southern blotting.
      This assignment demonstrated that the Tat-1 structural gene was not syntenic with
      Tse-1, a chromosome 11-linked locus that negatively regulates TAT expression in
      trans (A. M. Killary and R. E. K. Fournier, Cell 38:523-534, 1984). We also
      showed that the fibroblast Tat-1 gene was systematically activated in hepatoma X
      fibroblast hybrids retaining fibroblast chromosomes 8 in the absence of
      chromosome 11 but was extinguished in cells retaining both fibroblast
      chromosomes. Thus, the TAT structural genes of both parental cell types were
      coordinately regulated in the intertypic hybrids, and the TAT phenotype of the
      cells was determined by the presence or absence of fibroblast Tse-1.

PMID- 2874484
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica as a commensal intestinal parasite in homosexual men.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica is considered to be an uncommon, imported organism in the
      United Kingdom and in many parts of North America, but recent attention has been
      drawn to the possibility of sexual transmission of this parasite among homosexual
      men. To determine the prevalence and clinical importance of enteric parasitic
      infections in men attending a clinic in London for the treatment of sexually
      transmitted diseases, we studied 354 randomly selected patients who provided a
      single stool sample that was examined for E. histolytica and other intestinal
      parasites. Forty-five of the 225 homosexual patients (20 percent) were infected
      with E. histolytica, but no such infections were found among the 129 heterosexual
      subjects (P less than 0.0001). With the use of isoenzyme electrophoresis, 34 of
      the 45 E. histolytica isolates were classified according to zymodeme. All were
      Zymodeme I or III, which are considered to be nonpathogenic. There was no
      correlation between the presence of E. histolytica and gastrointestinal symptoms.
      These findings suggest that E. histolytica is a common commensal in the
      homosexual population and that, in the absence of evidence of invasive disease,
      treatment of persons passing cysts of the organism may have little practical
      benefit.

PMID- 2874485
TI  - Barrett's esophagus.

PMID- 2874486
TI  - Isoenzyme patterns and pathogenicity in amebic infection.

PMID- 2874487
TI  - Treatment of homosexual men infected with Entamoeba histolytica.

PMID- 2874488
TI  - Undescended testes--is surgery necessary?

PMID- 2874489
TI  - An overview of the clinical rationale for advancing gender-related
      psychopharmacology and drug abuse research.

PMID- 2874490
TI  - Gender as a factor in treating the elderly.

PMID- 2874491
TI  - Biochemistry. New role for transfer RNA.

PMID- 2874492
TI  - Mediation of thalamic sensory input by both NMDA receptors and non-NMDA
      receptors.
AB  - Excitatory amino acids such as L-glutamate and L-aspartate are well established
      as neurotransmitter candidates in the mammalian central nervous system, and three
      types of receptor for these substances have been proposed, characterized by the
      agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate and quisqualate. All these
      receptors have been suggested to have synaptic roles in excitatory transmission
      in the brain. Here I demonstrate that NMDA receptors play a crucial role in the
      observed response of ventrobasal thalamus (VB) neurones to natural stimulation of
      somatosensory afferents, but do not appear to be responsible for the short
      latency excitation seen on electrical stimulation of the afferents which is
      apparently mediated by excitatory amino-acid receptors of the non-NMDA type. This
      result indicates an involvement of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in the responses
      of VB neurones to stimulation of somatosensory somatosensory afferents, depending
      on the mode of stimulation of the pathway.

PMID- 2874493
TI  - Frequency-dependent involvement of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus: a novel
      synaptic mechanism.
AB  - Acidic amino acids, such as l-glutamate, are believed to be excitatory
      neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain and exert effects on several different
      receptors named after the selective agonists kainate, quisqualate and N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA). The first two receptors collectively termed non-NMDA receptors,
      have been implicated in the mediation of synaptic transmission in many excitatory
      pathways in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas NMDA receptors, with few
      exceptions do not appear to be involved; this is typified in the hippocampus
      where there is a high density of NMDA receptors yet selective NMDA receptor
      antagonists, such as D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), do not affect synaptic
      potentials. NMDA receptors have, however, been shown to be involved in long-term
      potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, a form of synaptic plasticity which may be
      involved in learning and memory. NMDA receptors have also been found to
      contribute to epileptiform activity in this region. We now describe how NMDA
      receptors can participate during high-frequency synaptic transmission in the
      hippocampus, their involvement during low-frequency transmission being greatly
      suppressed by Mg2+. A frequency dependent alleviation of this blockade provides a
      novel synaptic mechanism whereby a single neurotransmitter can transmit very
      different information depending on the temporal nature of the input. This
      mechanism could account for the involvement of NMDA receptors in the initiation
      of LPT and their contribution, in part, to epileptic activity.

PMID- 2874494
TI  - A mouse locus at which transcription from both DNA strands produces mRNAs
      complementary at their 3' ends.
AB  - The organization and large size of the mammalian cell genome allows spatial
      separation of different transcription units. In those cases where more than one
      species of messenger are synthesized from the same cellular DNA sequence, they
      have been found to be generated from transcription proceeding in the same
      direction. These mRNAs always share regions of homology and can differ from one
      another as a result of differential processing (splicing and/or polyadenylation)
      or alternative initiation. In contrast, complementary mRNAs transcribed from
      opposite strands of the same cellular DNA sequence have not previously been
      observed. Here we have identified a region of mouse DNA at which processed mRNAs
      from two adjacent convergent transcription units overlap by 133 base pairs (bp)
      at their 3'-untranslated ends. One of the transcription units appears to encode a
      second mRNA which does not contain this overlapping region. This represents the
      first description of the natural occurrence of processed mammalian cell mRNAs
      transcribed from opposite strands of the same DNA sequence. The implications of
      these complementary regions in normal gene regulation are discussed in the
      context of the finding that the artificial introduction into cells of DNA
      constructs synthesizing anti-sense RNAs complementary to regions of mRNA
      transcribed from a chromosomal gene, can inhibit the gene's activity, presumably
      by the formation of double-stranded RNA.

PMID- 2874495
TI  - Overlapping transcription units in the dopa decarboxylase region of Drosophila.
AB  - The many examples of overlap in the genes of various viruses and bacteria
      illustrate that the parsimonious utilization of the coding capacity of DNA is
      relatively common amongst prokaryotes. The recent discovery of a pupal cuticle
      gene within an intron of the completely unrelated Gart locus in Drosophila shows
      that overlapping transcription units also exist in higher organisms. However, the
      prevalence of such phenomena in unknown. We report here a quite different
      situation of overlap between the 3' termini of a pair of convergent transcription
      units in another region of the Drosophila genome. This 88-base-pair (bp) genomic
      region encodes the 3' terminus of the messenger RNA for the enzyme dopa
      decarboxylase (Ddc) and, in opposite orientation, the 3' terminus of the adjacent
      gene whose function is unknown. An analysis of the temporal and spatial
      distribution of the two transcripts within the organism shows that high levels of
      both transcripts are never concordant. However, within the testes, where the 3'
      transcript is maximally expressed, low levels of Ddc transcript were detected.
      This result raises the possibility that a hybrid molecule involving the two
      transcripts forms in vivo or that transcription interference occurs, with
      concomitant regulatory implications.

PMID- 2874496
TI  - Diversity of haematopoietic stem cell growth from a uniform population of cells.

PMID- 2874497
TI  - The long and the short of long-term memory--a molecular framework.
AB  - A single learning event initiates several memory processes with different time
      courses of retention. While short term memory involves covalent modification of
      pre-existing proteins, the finding that long-term memory requires the expression,
      during learning, of additional genes, makes it possible to analyse in molecular
      terms the induction and retention of long-term memory.

PMID- 2874498
TI  - Retinal ganglion cells lose response to laminin with maturation.
AB  - The decisive role played by adhesive interactions between neuronal processes and
      the culture substrate in determining the form and extent of neurite outgrowth in
      vitro has greatly influenced ideas about the mechanisms of axonal growth and
      guidance in the vertebrate nervous system. These studies have also helped to
      identify adhesive molecules that might be involved in guiding axonal growth in
      vivo. One candidate molecule is laminin, a major glycoprotein of basal laminae
      which has been shown to induce a wide variety of embryonic neurones to extend
      neurites in culture. Moreover, laminin is found in large amounts in injured
      nerves that can successfully regenerate but is absent from nerves where
      regeneration fails. However, it is unclear to what extent the mechanisms that
      regulate axonal regeneration also operate in the embryo when axon outgrowth is
      initiated. Here we have examined the substrate requirements for neurite outgrowth
      in vitro by chick embryo retinal ganglion cells, the only cells in the retina to
      send axons to the brain. We show that while retinal ganglion cells from embryonic
      day 6 (E6) chicks extend profuse neurites on laminin, those from E11 do not,
      although they retain the ability to extend neurites on astrocytes via a laminin
      independent mechanism. This represents the first evidence that central nervous
      system neurones may undergo a change in their substrate requirements for neurite
      outgrowth as they mature.

PMID- 2874499
TI  - Autoreceptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors at the serotonergic axons of rabbit brain
      cortex.
AB  - Slices of the rabbit occipito-parietal cortex were preincubated with 3H-serotonin
      and then superfused and stimulated electrically (2 min at 3 Hz). In the absence
      of drugs, the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium was approximately 3% of the
      tritium content of the tissue. Unlabelled serotonin and 5-carboxamido-tryptamine,
      when administered in the presence of 6-nitroquipazine, reduced the evoked
      overflow of tritium. Their effects were antagonized by metitepin (apparent pA2
      value 8.1) and (+/-)-cyanopindolol (apparent pA2 value 6.4). Metitepin, but not
      cyanopindolol, increased evoked tritium overflow; the effect of metitepin was
      greater in the presence than in the absence of nitroquipazine. The evoked
      overflow of tritium was also depressed by clonidine, an effect antagonized by
      idazoxan (apparent pA2 value 7.0) but not by prazosin. Phenylephrine caused a
      decrease only at high concentrations that simultaneously accelerated basal
      tritium efflux. Prazosin and idazoxan did not change evoked tritium overflow, and
      phentolamine increased it significantly only when administered in the presence of
      (+)-oxaprotiline. Rauwolscine produced an inhibition that was prevented by
      metitepin. It is concluded that the serotonergic axons of the rabbit
      occipitoparietal cortex possess presynaptic, release-inhibiting serotonin
      autoreceptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The receptors appear to receive an input
      of endogenous serotonin and, to a lesser extent, noradrenaline, under the
      conditions of these in vitro experiments.

PMID- 2874500
TI  - Modulation by fenoldopam (SKF 82526) and bromocriptine of the electrically evoked
      release of vasopressin from the rat neurohypophysis. Effects of dopamine
      depletion.
AB  - Single neurointermediate lobes were fixed by their stalks to a platinum wire
      electrode and incubated in Krebs-bicarbonate solution. Vasopressin release into
      the medium was determined by a radioimmunoassay. Vasopressin secretion was
      increased by electrical stimulation (15 Hz, 10 s trains with 10 s intervals for
      10 min). Fenoldopam (SKF 82526) had a dual effect on vasopressin release, 30 nM
      decreasing (by 30%) and 3 microM increasing (by 32%) the evoked vasopressin
      secretion. The facilitatory effect of fenoldopam was antagonized in a
      concentration-dependent manner by flupenthixol but not by sulpiride. Sulpiride (1
      microM) prevented the inhibitory effect of fenoldopam (30 microM). After
      pretreatment of the rats with the dopamine depleting agent, Ro4-1284 (2 mg/kg
      i.p. 1 h before the experiments), the evoked vasopressin release was decreased by
      21% and the inhibitory effect of fenoldopam disappeared, but the facilitatory
      effect of fenoldopam was already seen at 30 nM. Similarly, bromocriptine (1-10
      microM) decreased the evoked vasopressin release from untreated neurointermediate
      lobes by 30-40% but increased the vasopressin release by 30% after pretreatment
      with Ro4-1284. The present findings further support the concept that vasopressin
      from the neurohypophysis is modulated by dopaminergic mechanisms. Facilitatory
      effects are mediated via D 1 and inhibition via D 2 receptors. The presence of
      endogenous dopamine seems to be necessary for the inhibitory effects to occur.

PMID- 2874501
TI  - Direct inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase from PC-12 cells by catechol
      derivatives.
AB  - Several drugs with a catechol moiety were studied for their potency to inhibit
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) from PC-12 cells in vitro. When the natural compounds
      tested were compared, dopamine, norepinephrine and 2(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethanol
      (DOPET) were most effective (IC50 between 1.4 and 3.6 microM with 0.5 microM
      6(R,S)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactor). 3,4
      Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA; IC50: 35 microM) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      (DOPAC; IC50: 180 microM were less potent inhibitors. Among the synthetic drugs
      possessing catechol moiety, isoproterenol, (+/-)-2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydronaphthalene (6,7-ADTN) and (+/-)-2-dimethylamino-6,7-dihydroxy
      tetrahydronaphthalene (TL-99) had the same inhibitory effects as the natural
      catecholamines (IC50 between 1.6 and 3.9 microM), whereas the apomorphine
      derivatives and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-phenyl-1 H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol (SKF
      38393) were even more potent (IC50: 0.5-0.8 microM). These results demonstrate
      that natural catechols and certain drugs (e.g. 6,7-ADTN, TL-99, SKF 38393) are
      more effective direct blockers of tyrosine hydroxylase than generally assumed
      provided appropriate assay conditions are used. In the case of dopamine and
      norepinephrine, these findings suggest a reevaluation of their role for feedback
      control of tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo.

PMID- 2874502
TI  - Biochemical and pharmacological effects of fluperlapine on noradrenaline and
      acetylcholine systems in some rodent, bovine and crustacean preparations.
AB  - Fluperlapine was compared with clozapine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and
      imipramine regarding its effects on some cholinergic and noradrenergic animal
      systems. Fluperlapine and clozapine showed the most pronounced anticholinergic
      effects. Fluperlapine was equipotent with clozapine in displacing [3H]-QNB from
      muscarinic receptors of the calf cerebral cortex (IC50 about 15 nM). In the
      mydriasis test in the mouse and in the crayfish hindgut bioassay the differences
      between fluperlapine and clozapine were small. Like the other antischizophrenic
      drugs tested, fluperlapine displayed a marked affinity for alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      (calf cerebral cortex: IC50 about 10 nM) but a negligible affinity for alpha 2
      adrenoceptors in the same tissue. Only clozapine showed a weak affinity for the
      latter receptor type. Fluperlapine was as effective as imipramine in antagonizing
      tetrabenazine-induced ptosis in the rat, the anti-ptotic effect remaining
      constant after up to ten daily drug administrations. Still, imipramine was
      stronger than fluperlapine as an inhibitor of the accumulation of [3H]
      noradrenaline ([3H]-NA) in rat cerebral cortex slices. Fluperlapine's effects on
      the spontaneous and the electrically-induced release of [3H]-NA from rat cerebral
      cortex slices, with and without protriptyline, showed it to be an inhibitor of
      the reuptake of NA. The results indicate that the pharmacological profile of
      fluperlapine is similar to that of clozapine, with additional antidepressant
      properties.

PMID- 2874503
TI  - The beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist CGP 20712 A unmasks beta 2-adrenoceptors
      activated by (-)-adrenaline in rat sinoatrial node.
AB  - The role of sinoatrial beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors mediating positive
      chronotropic effects of (-)-adrenaline and (-)-noradrenaline was investigated in
      rat right atria. Concentration effect curves for (-)-adrenaline, but not for (-)
      noradrenaline, became biphasic in the presence of the beta 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist CGP 20712 A. The curves for (-)-adrenaline in the presence of 300
      nmol/l CGP 20712 A (equivalent to 1,000 times its KB, KB = 0.3 nmol/l for beta 1
      adrenoceptors) comprise a high-sensitivity component that saturates at 1/4 of
      maximum effect, and a low sensitivity component. The high-sensitivity component
      is blocked by the beta 2-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist ICI 118,551. These
      results are consistent with an involvement in the rat of both beta 1
      adrenoceptors (to a major extent) and beta 2-adrenoceptors [only at high (-)
      adrenaline concentrations] in the positive chronotropic effects of (-)
      adrenaline. (-)-Noradrenaline appears to activate mostly rat sinoatrial beta 1
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2874505
TI  - Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2874504
TI  - The significance of beta-adrenoceptor down regulation in the desipramine action
      in the forced swimming test.
AB  - The present studies were undertaken to clarify whether central beta-adrenoceptor
      down regulation is responsible for the greater effect of chronic treatment with
      desipramine (DMI) compared with acute treatment in the forced swimming test in
      rats. Repetitive administration of DMI activated the rat behaviour pattern and
      consequently reduced the duration of immobility. The degree of activation
      depended on the length of treatment, i.e. no effect when given in a single dose,
      moderate effect when given subchronically (3 doses) and marked activation after
      chronic (31 doses) treatment. Chronic treatment with DMI also produced a decrease
      in 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) binding site in the cerebral cortex. Acute
      stimulation of brain beta-adrenoceptors by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)
      isoprenaline significantly, though partially, attenuated the behavioural effect
      of chronic DMI by beta 1-adrenoceptor-related mechanisms. Similarly, chronic
      i.c.v. co-administration of atenolol or practolol, beta 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists, together with DMI attenuated both beta-adrenoceptor down regulation
      and the behavioural activation by chronic DMI. On the other hand, chronic i.c.v.
      administration of isoprenaline, supposedly leading to down regulation of beta
      adrenoceptors, facilitated the activating behavioural effect of DMI, as a single
      dose became effective. Changes, however, in 3H-DHA binding parameters in the
      cerebral cortex were not observed after chronic isoprenaline. These results
      suggest that down regulation of beta-adrenoceptors in brain is responsible, at
      least in part, for the marked activatory effect of chronic DMI in the forced
      swimming test, possibly by reducing an inhibitory function of beta 1-adrenoceptor
      mediated mechanisms.

PMID- 2874506
TI  - [Dependence and abstinence symptoms in the use of benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2874507
TI  - [Treatment and course of schizophrenic psychoses over a decade. Disease course
      and predictors].

PMID- 2874508
TI  - Chronic active hepatitis and periarteritis nodosa in a patient with co-occurrence
      of circulatory hepatitis Bs antigen and anti-HBs.

PMID- 2874509
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of Thy-1 antigen on the surfaces of
      mesangial cells in the rat glomerulus.
AB  - Mesangial cells of F344 rats degenerated and then disappeared within 2 days after
      the intravenous administration of rabbit antirat thymocyte serum (ATS). Rabbit
      IgG and rat C3 were identified in the mesangium in the rat glomeruli. To
      establish the glomerular binding site of ATS administered intravenously into
      rats, one kidney of each rat given ATS intravenously 12 h earlier was perfused ex
      vivo through the renal artery with peroxidase-labeled antirabbit IgG followed by
      sequential glutaraldehyde and diaminobenzidine perfusions to minimize the
      ultrastructural damage. The other kidney was removed before the perfusion for
      histologic study to examine the glomerular injury. The rabbit IgG identified by
      peroxidase-reaction product was present diffusely in the glomerular mesangium
      when viewed by light microscopy and exclusively on the surfaces of most mesangial
      cells by electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed rabbit IgG
      essentially in the mesangium, and electron microscopy revealed the degeneration
      of mesangial cells in the kidneys that had been removed before the surgical
      perfusion. However, no histological abnormalities were found in the kidneys from
      control rats given ATS absorbed with rat thymocytes. The present study showed
      that the intravenous administration of ATS into rats induced the extensive
      mesangial cell damage by the binding of ATS to Thy-1 antigens on the mesangial
      cells.

PMID- 2874510
TI  - Effects of neonatal administration of diazepam and lorazepam on performance of
      adolescent rats in tests of anxiety, aggression, learning and convulsions.
AB  - Male offspring of hooded Lister rats were fostered at birth and allocated to
      experimental litters of eight, in which at least one rat was allocated to every
      treatment group. Vehicle control, diazepam (1 or 10 mg/kg) or lorazepam (0.25 or
      2.5 mg/kg) were administered daily from postnatal day 1-21. Rats were tested
      undrugged at adolescence (days 35-41). Neonatal treatment with diazepam (10
      mg/kg) or lorazepam (2.5 mg/kg) tended to increase active social interaction,
      perhaps indicative of an anxiolytic effect. These treatments also increased
      unpunished licking, but were without effect on punished drinking. When the
      experimental rats were resident in their home-cages the effect of neonatal
      treatment with diazepam (1 mg/kg) was to increase the number of offensive
      behaviors directed at an untreated intruder. In contrast, neonatal treatment with
      lorazepam (2.5 mg/kg) increased the frequency and duration of submissions to the
      intruder. When the rats that had been treated neonatally were intruding into the
      territory of an untreated resident rat, diazepam treatment (10 mg/kg) increased
      wrestling, whereas lorazepam (0.25 mg/kg) decreased sniffing and kicking the
      resident. The neonatal treatments did not affect acquisition or short-term
      retention of a passive avoidance response, but the re-entry latencies indicated
      poorer long-term retention by diazepam-treated rats. The neonatal treatments did
      not change the threshold for convulsions to pentylenetetrazole.

PMID- 2874511
TI  - [Acute renal failure associated with drugs or iodinated contrast media. Results
      of a cooperative multicentric study by the Nephrology Society].
AB  - During a one-year period, drug-associated acute renal failure (ARF) was
      prospectively recorded in 398 patients, registered in 58 french nephrology Units.
      Drugs involved were primarily antibiotics, mainly aminoglycosides, glafenine, non
      steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and contrast media. Hypersensitivity reactions
      were reported in 69 patients. Renal biopsy, performed in 81 instances, showed
      acute tubular necrosis in 42 and acute interstitial nephritis in 20 patients.
      Hypotension, sodium depletion and/or cardiac failure were predisposing factors in
      198 cases. Fifty patients died, 251 recovered fully or regained previous renal
      function, and in 93 permanent renal damage remained. Advanced age, oliguria,
      severe ARF, and preexisting cardiac, hepatic or renal insufficiency were poor
      prognostic factors. Prevention of drug-associated ARF should be directed to high
      risk patients, particularly those receiving aminoglycosides and contrast media.

PMID- 2874512
TI  - Primary astroglial cultures. A biochemical and functional evaluation.

PMID- 2874513
TI  - Neuroendocrine heart and hypothalamus.
AB  - Data on the endocrine heart--neurosecretory cells of heart, producing coronary
      dilatory, metabolically active glycopeptides with physico-chemical and biological
      properties similar to those of previously discovered cardioactive hypothalamic
      neurohormones--are summarized. Heart hormones participate in both local and
      distant regulation of heart metabolism and function. Formation and action of
      these heart hormones is closely related to hypothalamic cardioactive
      neurohormones K, C, and G and their protein precursors. Neurohormones from heart
      and hypothalamus comprise a system of neurohumoral connections between these two
      organs. A possible role of APUD cells in the generation of a number of heart
      peptides and glycopeptides exerting hormonal activity is discussed.

PMID- 2874514
TI  - Immunocytochemical characterization of the A15 A5 transplantable brain tumour
      model in vivo.
AB  - A comparative immunocytochemical study was carried out on intracerebral and
      extracranial gliomas of the rat produced by intracerebral injection of low (10th)
      and high (40th) in vitro passages of neoplastic glial cells. The cells injected
      were a neoplastic astrocytic clone-A15 A5-derived from a mixed glioma induced
      transplacentally by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in a BD-IX rat. An inverse
      relationship was seen between the expression of the astrocytic markers glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) at low and high
      passage: GFAP decreased with increasing passage while GS increased. The
      distribution of vimentin, the major cytoskeletal component of immature glia, was
      constant, irrespective of passage--a feature consistent with previous in vitro
      findings. The expression of laminin by both reactive and neoplastic astrocytes
      increased with increasing passage, while high magnification examination revealed
      the presence of the glycoprotein fibronectin on the cell-surfaces of A15 A5
      derived tumour cells. Both neoplastic and reactive astrocytes expressed S-100
      protein with a higher proportion of positive cells in extracranial tumours.
      Occasional cells, probably actively phagocytizing populations of reactive
      astrocytes and macrophages, were positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin. None of the
      neoplastic cells expressed the oligodendrocyte marker carbonic anhydrase II. This
      immunocytochemical study supports previous morphological findings in differences
      in differentiation between the cells of tumours produced by high and low passage
      cells.

PMID- 2874515
TI  - Effect of somatostatin and dopaminergic agents on bovine pituitary
      phosphodiesterase activity.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin and dopaminergic agents on pituitary cyclic
      nucleotide phosphodiesterases that had been partially purified through DEAE
      cellulose column chromatography were studied. Somatostatin, L-dopa, dopamine and
      CB-154(2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine) competitively inhibited the pituitary cyclic
      AMP phosphodiesterase activity, especially that of the low Km enzyme. This
      inhibition was most potent in the case of somatostatin and CB-154.

PMID- 2874516
TI  - Involvement of endogenous somatostatin in the regulation of thyrotroph secretion
      during acute and chronic changes in diet.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of somatostatin (SRIF)
      in the thyrotroph adaptation to nutritional changes. For this purpose, we studied
      the effects of passive immunization with SRIF antiserum (A-SRIF) on the reduced
      basal TSH secretion in rats starved for 72 h and on the plasma TSH surge
      following carbohydrate (CHO) refeeding. This latter experiment was performed at
      two different times of the day in order to elucidate whether SRIF may participate
      in the regulation of the plasma TSH circadian rhythm. In chronically catheterized
      rats, we observed that A-SRIF injection induced a similar pattern of plasma TSH
      rise over a sampling period of 5 1/2 h in both fed and rats starved for 72 h (3
      way analysis of variance). In morning experiments, CHO refeeding or A-SRIF
      injection elicited a significant rise in plasma TSH. The amplitude and duration
      of the response was proportional to the injected dose. In evening experiments,
      although basal TSH values were significantly lower than those observed in the
      morning ones, maximal plasma TSH values after A-SRIF injection were not
      significantly different. At both times of the day, association of refeeding and A
      SRIF injection did not stimulate TSH further than either refeeding alone or A
      SRIF alone. In conclusion, our data suggest that SRIF cannot account for the
      differences in serum TSH levels between fed and starved rats; is not responsible
      for the diurnal difference in basal serum TSH in starved rats, and seems to be
      involved in the TSH response to refeeding.

PMID- 2874517
TI  - Effect of morphine and morphine-like analgesics on susceptibility to seizures in
      mice.
AB  - In mice, the influence of small (analgesic range) doses of morphine, fentanyl,
      meperidine and pentazocine on the thresholds for seizures induced by electroshock
      and pentetrazole was studied. The antinociceptive ED50 was determined against
      writhing induced by acetic acid or morphine (0.43 mg/kg, s.c.), fentanyl (0.018
      mg/kg, s.c.), meperidine (2.6 mg/kg, s.c.), and pentazocine (2.0 mg/kg, s.c.).
      The electroconvulsive threshold was significantly elevated at doses slightly
      greater than (fentanyl and meperidine) or about twice the antinociceptive ED50
      (morphine and pentazocine). Naloxone antagonized this effect in the case of
      morphine and fentanyl, but not in the case of meperidine and pentazocine. The
      threshold for clonic convulsions induced by intravenous infusion of pentetrazole
      was not influenced by morphine, fentanyl and meperidine, in the dose range
      studied, but was slightly increased by the smaller doses (2 and 4 mg/kg) of
      pentazocine. The tonic phase of pentetrazole-induced convulsions was suppressed
      by the larger doses of fentanyl, meperidine and pentazocine, though smaller doses
      of pentazocine significantly reduced the threshold for the extensor phase.

PMID- 2874518
TI  - Serotonergic regulation of the release of renin is not mediated by the autonomic
      nervous system but involves beta adrenoceptors.
AB  - p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA) which releases serotonin is known to increase the
      activity of plasma renin in conscious rats by stimulating serotonergic
      neurotransmission in the brain. The present studies were designed to investigate
      whether this effect is mediated from the serotonin receptors in the brain to the
      kidneys via the sympathetic nervous system. The effect of PCA on the activity of
      plasma renin was completely blocked by the beta receptor blockers sotalol and
      atenolol, but was not prevented by the sympathetic inhibitor, bretylium tosylate.
      In additional studies, chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine, combined
      with adrenal medullectomy did not prevent the effect of PCA on the activity of
      plasma renin even though the renal content of norepinephrine was reduced to
      undetectable levels. Furthermore, complete transection of the spinal cord between
      the first and second thoracic vertebrae did not prevent the effect of PCA on the
      activity of plasma renin, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system and
      adrenal catecholamines do not mediate the effect of PCA. Studies by others have
      suggested that extrarenal beta receptors play an important role in the regulation
      of secretion of renin. The results of the present study support this possibility.
      The role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the rise in the activity of
      plasma renin induced by PCA was investigated by pretreatment of the rats with the
      peripheral muscarinic receptor blocker, methyl atropine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874519
TI  - Noradrenaline modulates the release of [14C]glutamate from dentate but not from
      CA1/CA3 slices of rat hippocampus.
AB  - The modulation of the release of [14C]glutamate by noradrenaline (NA) was
      investigated in slices prepared from the dentate gyrus and from the CA1/CA3 area
      of the hippocampus. In dentate, but not in CA1/CA3 slices, NA significantly
      enhanced K+-induced Ca2+-dependent release, and this effect was mimicked by
      clonidine and isoprenaline, but not by phenylephrine. The enhancement of release
      by NA was antagonised by propranolol, but not by yohimbine or phentolamine. These
      results suggest that NA does not modulate the release of glutamate in CA1/CA3,
      but does so in the dentate gyrus, probably by acting on presynaptically-located
      beta receptors.

PMID- 2874520
TI  - An in vivo pharmacological method for the quantitative evaluation of the central
      effects of alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.
AB  - A new in vivo pharmacological method for the quantitative evaluation of alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists has been developed. It consists of
      recording the myoclonic twitch activity (MTA) of the suprahyoideal muscle of rats
      anesthetized with urethane. In these animals, the isomers of amphetamine elicited
      myoclonic twitch activity; their effects were dose-related and the d-isomer was
      approximately 3.5 times more effective than the l-isomer. While pimozide did not
      block this response, the postsynaptic alpha 1-antagonist prazosin fully blocked
      the myoclonic twitch activity induced by d-amphetamine. Other postsynaptic alpha
      1-antagonists, such as haloperidol, phenoxybenzamine and clozapine, were also
      effective in blocking this response to d-amphetamine. Since d-amphetamine
      elicited myoclonic twitch activity in rats pretreated with reserpine and alpha
      methyl-p-tyrosine, it was concluded that d-amphetamine exerted a direct alpha 1
      adrenoceptor stimulation. In rats pretreated with nialamide and pimozide, l-DOPA
      elicited myoclonic twitch activity which was dose-related. This effect of l-DOPA
      was promptly and fully blocked by prazosin. It was concluded that this response
      to l-DOPA resulted from stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The relative
      potencies of four alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulants, namely, cirazoline, St-587, (
      )SKF 89748A and Sgd 101/75 were determined using this method. The results
      correlated very well with their relative potencies to increase the diastolic
      blood pressure of pithed rats. Evidence that myoclonic twitch activity is a
      centrally-mediated response has also been presented. It appears that the method
      is a simple, sensitive, versatile and easily quantifiable procedure for the
      evaluation of the central effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists and
      antagonists.

PMID- 2874521
TI  - Neuropharmacologic analysis of dopaminergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic brain
      systems in organizing the reflex to time.

PMID- 2874522
TI  - Location of neurones with cardiovascular and respiratory function, at the ventral
      surface of the cat's medulla.
AB  - A study has been made of the ventral surface of the medulla, to identify neurones
      with cardiovascular and respiratory functions. Experiments were performed on
      chloralose-anaesthetized, artificially ventilated cats. Ventral medullary
      neurones were stimulated by microinjections of excitant amino acid (which
      selectively activates cell bodies), and responses measured in blood pressure,
      heart rate, renal sympathetic and phrenic nerve activity. A small region of
      ventral medulla was found, corresponding to the "glycine-sensitive area", from
      which large increases in blood pressure and renal nerve activity were evoked by
      amino acid injections. More caudally, another cell group was localized lateral to
      the hypoglossal nerve roots, and these neurones depressed blood pressure and
      renal nerve activity. Two distinct regions were found to increase phrenic nerve
      activity: rostral to the pressor neurones, encroaching on the trapezoid body
      (roughly corresponding to area "M"), and a caudal group, close to the depressor
      neurones (i.e. lateral to the hypoglossal roots). No respiratory response could
      be evoked from medial to the hypoglossal roots (area "L") and stimulation of
      neurones in area "S" generally depressed phrenic activity. Neurones with
      cardiovascular and respiratory actions could be distinguished anatomically. Their
      locations have been mapped and compared with previous studies.

PMID- 2874523
TI  - Action and specificity of ventral medullary vasopressor neurones in the cat.
AB  - An investigation has been made into the mode and specificity of action of ventral
      medullary pressor neurones. These were activated by microinjections of excitant
      amino acid into the ventral brain surface of chloralose-anaesthetized,
      artificially ventilated cats, and a number of autonomic responses were measured.
      Indirect assessment of cardiac output (by CO2 delivery to the lungs) suggested
      that it was either unchanged or fell during pressor responses. The inference that
      activating the pressor neurones caused vasoconstriction was confirmed directly
      for hindlimb and mesenteric vascular beds, by a rise in inflow pressure when they
      were perfused at constant flow. Sympathetic activity also increased in cervical,
      splanchnic and inferior cardiac nerves. Bradycardia often (but not always)
      accompanied pressor responses, but this was abolished by vagotomy, although not
      by cutting the sinus and aortic nerves. In vagotomized cats, tachycardia could be
      produced during pressor responses even after either bilateral adrenalectomy or
      removal of the stellate ganglia, indicating both direct sympathetic drive to the
      heart and release of adrenal catecholamines. Plasma adrenaline levels were
      measured and found to increase by up to 20.2 times control values, plasma
      noradrenaline up to 12.6 times, and dopamine by a smaller amount. Activating
      ventral medullary pressor neurones appeared to have no significant action on
      pupils, nictitating membranes or piloerection. In three adrenalectomized,
      vagotomized cats, only small, inconsistent effects were measured on intestinal
      motility following pressor neurone excitation. However, large electrodermal
      responses could be evoked from the ventral medulla, but from a distinct area
      medial to the pressor neurones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874524
TI  - Chemoresponsiveness of intracellular nuclei neurones to L-aspartate, L-glutamate
      and related derivatives in rat cerebellar slices maintained in vitro.
AB  - The sensitivity of intracerebellar nuclei neurones to pulse applications of L
      aspartate, L-glutamate, N-methyl-D,L-aspartate and quisqualate was tested in rat
      cerebellar slices maintained in vitro. The responses of the nuclear neurones to
      the four agonists consisted of a transient and dose-dependent increase in their
      firing of simple spikes. When suprathreshold currents were used, quisqualate
      induced the highest increase in the spike discharge frequency of the cells.
      Quisqualate mediated responses were unaffected by steady applications of 2-amino
      5-phosphonovalerate, whereas the sensitivity of the responses induced by the
      three other agonists was in the order N-methyl-D,L-aspartate, L-aspartate, L
      glutamate. When the superfusing solution was devoid of Mg2+ ions, N-methyl-D,L
      aspartate and L-aspartate mediated responses were much potentiated, while
      quisqualate induced responses were not enhanced. In such a medium, L-glutamate
      elicited responses were more or less potentiated depending on cells. These
      results suggest that rat intracerebellar nuclei neurones bear both N-methyl-D
      aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate, probably quisqualate, receptors, and that
      L-aspartate and L-glutamate have a mixed action upon both types. L-Aspartate
      preferentially activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, whereas L-glutamate
      predominantly acts via non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Furthermore, the
      potency of L-glutamate in activating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors appears to
      vary as a function of the cells.

PMID- 2874525
TI  - Distribution of somatostatin receptors in the human brain: an autoradiographic
      study.
AB  - High affinity somatostatin receptors have been measured in postmortem brains from
      18 neurologically asymptomatic patients (mean age: 67 years) using the stable
      somatostatin analog 125I-204-090, DPhe-Cys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr(ol), as
      radioligand. In homogenates from human frontal cortex, high affinity (Kd = 0.52
      nM; Bmax = 557 fmol/mg protein) receptors with pharmacological specificity for
      somatostatin, [D-Trp8]somatostatin and somatostatin-28 were found. The CNS
      distribution of these receptors was studied by autoradiography. Somatostatin
      receptors were distributed in varying densities throughout the whole brain. High
      concentrations are found in all cortical layers, the deeper layers (V-VI) being
      usually more dense than the superficial layers (I-III). The limbic system is
      heavily labeled, in particular hippocampus (CA1, dentate gyrus), most of the
      nuclei of the amygdala, and the habenula. Also parts of the basal ganglia are
      very rich in somatostatin receptors: the nucleus caudatus as well as the nucleus
      accumbens are very dense, whereas the globus pallidus is virtually unlabeled.
      Interestingly, significant amounts of somatostatin receptors are found in the
      human cerebellum, which is devoid of endogenous somatostatin. Other discrete
      areas of the CNS are enriched with somatostatin receptors: locus coeruleus,
      tuberal nuclei of the hypothalamus, claustum, tuberculum olfactorium as well as
      spinal trigeminal nucleus and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. The
      substantia innominata is poor in somatostatin receptors. In general there is a
      good correlation in the distribution of somatostatin receptors in the human and
      rat brain and there is a reasonable correlation with endogenous somatostatin
      levels in human brain tissue, particularly in the larger structures. The very
      high density and the specific localization of somatostatin receptors in strategic
      key points in the CNS such as cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system and substantia
      gelatinosa suggests an important role of somatostatin in cognitive, sensory and
      extrapyramidal motor functions. The significance of somatostatin receptors in the
      human cerebellum remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2874526
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive neurons with access to fenestrated
      capillaries in mouse brain.
AB  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) producing neurons which have access to
      fenestrated capillaries were identified through a combination of indirect
      immunofluorescence for GnRH with a fluorescein-taged second antibody and
      histochemical demonstration of the localization of blood borne and retrogradely
      transported horseradish peroxidase. In the mouse, GnRH positive neurons were
      present in the septum, which includes neurons originating from the nervus
      terminalis, the nucleus medialis and triangularis septi, and the nucleus of the
      diagonal band. Also, GnRH immunoreactive neurons could be seen in the lateral
      anterior hypothalamus, the nucleus preopticus medianus, the rostral nucleus
      periventricularis hypothalami and, to a lesser extent, the nucleus preopticus
      medialis. Single GnRH positive neurons were found in the nucleus supraopticus,
      the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the cingulate cortex. GnRH neurons
      which showed uptake of horseradish peroxidase were located in all of these
      regions and intermingled with unlabeled GnRH neurons. No preferential
      topographical concentration of GnRH neurons with access to the fenestrated
      vasculature was apparent. In animals in which GnRH secretion was stimulated by
      castration for 2 weeks, 65% of all GnRH neuronal perikarya contained horseradish
      peroxidase. This was reduced to 35% after a 2-week treatment of ovariectomized
      animals with 10 micrograms/day estradiol while the total number of immunoreactive
      GnRH cells remained unchanged. No differences in the number of GnRH-horseradish
      peroxidase positive cells was seen when the dose of horseradish peroxidase of the
      survival time were increased. While the presence of certain GnRH neurons with
      dual actions via collaterals cannot be excluded, the results suggest that there
      are two populations of GnRH neurons, one with access to fenestrated capillaries
      which is probably related to neurosecretory endocrine regulation of anterior
      pituitary gonadotropin secretion, and one without access to fenestrated
      capillaries which is probably related to intracerebral neurotransmission only.

PMID- 2874527
TI  - Huntington's disease: effect of cysteamine, a somatostatin-depleting agent.
AB  - Somatostatin levels in the basal ganglia are elevated in Huntington's disease. A
      controlled therapeutic trial of the somatostatin-depleting agent, cysteamine, was
      therefore conducted in five patients, including one with the rigid-akinetic form.
      Maximum tolerated dosage for 2 weeks produced no consistent change in
      extrapyramidal or dementia scores. Somatostatin concentrations were not
      significantly altered in plasma or CSF. Growth hormone levels, on the other hand,
      more than doubled, suggesting a functionally significant decrease in central
      somatostatin levels.

PMID- 2874528
TI  - [Description of 3 cases of acute necrotico-hemorrhagic pancreatitis with
      different etiologies: treatment with somatostatin].

PMID- 2874529
TI  - [Beta-blockers in gastroenterology].

PMID- 2874530
TI  - [Up-date on urticaria].

PMID- 2874531
TI  - [Changes in portal hemodynamics during pharmacologic stimulation: somatostatin vs
      glypressin].
AB  - Sixteen patients with cirrhosis of the liver and a history of haemorrhaging
      oesophageal varices all given Warren-type splenorenal bypasses were subjected to
      intraoperative measurement of portal flow and pressure after the administration
      of Somatostatin and Glypressin. Glypressin was distinctly more effective in
      producing a significant and long term reduction in portal flow and pressure.
      Somatostatin made no significant difference to these parameters.

PMID- 2874532
TI  - In vitro effects of endogenous opiate peptides on thyrotropin function:
      inhibition of thyrotropin-releasing hormone release and absence of effect on
      thyrotropin release.
AB  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was
      measured by radioimmunoassay in the incubation medium of rat hypothalami or
      anterior pituitary halves, respectively. We studied the effect of opioid peptide
      addition (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) on TRH or TSH release. alpha- or beta-Endorphin
      decreased TRH release in a dose-dependent manner while only 10(-6) M Leu- or Met
      enkephalin decreased TRH release. These inhibitory effects were prevented by
      addition of naloxone (10(-5) M). In the dose range used none of the opioid
      peptides modified TSH release. These results indicate that opioid peptides may
      play a role in the regulation of thyrotropin secretion via a hypothalamic action
      on TRH release.

PMID- 2874533
TI  - Testosterone inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the hypothalamic
      arcuate nucleus.
AB  - Immunohistochemistry was used to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing
      neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in male rats. Two weeks following
      castration, the number of TH-positive cells was significantly greater than in
      intact controls. The castration-responsive TH-positive cells were uniformly
      distributed throughout the mediolateral extent of the arcuate nucleus. Treatment
      with testosterone significantly suppressed the castration response, whereas
      neither estradiol nor 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone were effective. The number of
      TH-positive arcuate neurons in the female was similar to that in the male.
      Ovariectomy did not affect the number of TH-positive neurons. These findings
      indicate that TH expression is tonically inhibited in the tuberoinfundibular
      dopaminergic system of the male rat by testosterone.

PMID- 2874534
TI  - Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide synergistically modulate spinal
      sensory and reflex mechanisms in the rat: behavioral and electrophysiological
      studies.
AB  - Using behavioral and electrophysiological techniques evidence was obtained that
      somatostatin (SOM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) synergistically
      increase spinal cord excitability. In the behavioral experiments 1 microgram SOM
      or 1 microgram SOM + 20 ng CGRP injected intrathecally (i.t.) elicited a
      biting/scratching response lasting about 20 min. One microgram SOM combined with
      200 ng, 2 micrograms or 20 micrograms CGRP caused an increase in the duration of
      this response. CGRP by itself (20 micrograms i.t.) had no effect. In the
      physiological experiments 10 ng SOM or 100 ng CGRP i.t. caused a brief
      facilitation of the hamstring flexion reflex (1-5 min) whereas 10 ng SOM + 100 ng
      CGRP synergistically facilitated the reflex for 40-75 min. The results are
      qualitatively similar to those obtained with substance P + CGRP and further
      strengthen the role of SOM in sensory transmission involving C-afferents.

PMID- 2874535
TI  - Is tofisopam an atypical anxiolytic?
AB  - This review describes the behavioural and biochemical profile of tofisopam, a 3,4
      benzodiazepine that differs considerably in its effects and mechanisms of action
      from classical 1,4-benzodiazepines. In man tofisopam appears to possess
      anxiolytic activity without appreciable sedative and muscle relaxant side
      effects; in animals, however, tofisopam totally lacks anxiolytic and
      anticonvulsant properties in tests sensitive to the effects of 1,4
      benzodiazepines. Tofisopam also has mixed dopamine agonist and antagonist-like
      properties in several in vivo and in vitro tests in animals. The possible
      relevance of the latter effects to the unusual behavioural profile of tofisopam
      are discussed, and its effects compared with those of buspirone, a novel
      anxiolytic that has similar activity at benzodiazepine and dopamine systems. It
      is proposed that these two drugs may represent a novel class of compounds that
      reduce anxiety by increasing the ability of patients to cope with daily tasks,
      rather than classical anxiolytics, that reduce anxiety by tranquilization.

PMID- 2874536
TI  - Neurochemical coupled actions of transmitters in the microvasculature of the
      brain.
AB  - The discovery that monoamine nerves end on the central microvessels of the
      choroid plexus, pia-arachnoid and parenchyma has prompted an intense
      investigation as to their physiological and neuropathological roles. The source
      of the monoamine fibers to the pial vessels and choroid plexus was shown to be
      the superior cervical ganglion. Ganglionic stimulation causes vasoconstriction or
      vasodilation of pial vessels, an event depending upon the functional ratio of
      alpha to beta adrenergic receptors. Moreover, stimulation of the superior
      cervical ganglion evokes an inhibition of cerebrospinal fluid formation in
      choroid plexus. The locus coeruleus is the site of adrenergic nerve supply to the
      parenchymal capillaries and stimulation of this nucleus increases capillary
      permeability to small molecules and water. Neurotransmitter receptors
      (adrenergic, histamine, adenosine, dopamine, prostacyclin, prostaglandins and
      specific amino acids or neuropeptides) have been identified on microvessels and
      in many instances these transmitter actions are coupled to cyclic AMP synthesis.
      Moreover, cyclic AMP has been shown to increase the rate of capillary endothelial
      pinocytosis and produce brain edema. In small vessels containing smooth muscle
      cells cyclic AMP production improves cerebral blood flow via an initiation of
      vasodilatory processes. The presence of receptors for serotonin and acetylcholine
      have likewise been demonstrated to occur on cerebral microvessels. Limited
      information is available as to the receptor coupled actions of these two
      transmitters, but cholinergic mechanisms may act to restrict catecholamine
      induced formation of cyclic AMP. Altered sensitivity of microvessels to
      neurotransmitters has been demonstrated following conditions of stroke,
      hypertension, aging, diabetes and X-irradiation.

PMID- 2874537
TI  - Alprazolam-induced manic reaction.

PMID- 2874538
TI  - Metastatic pheochromocytoma in pregnancy and fetal biophysical assessment after
      maternal administration of alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, and dopamine
      antagonists.
AB  - Metastatic pheochromocytoma, a rare complication of pregnancy, was managed from
      30 weeks' gestation until delivery three weeks later with a combination of alpha
      adrenergic blockade (Minipres) beta-adrenergic blockade (Timolol), and dopamine
      synthesis inhibition (Demser). The biophysical parameters of fetal heart rate
      (FHR) baseline, variability, and reactivity, as well as fetal breathing
      movements, body movements, tone, and amniotic fluid volume were followed
      sequentially during this period. A 1450-g growth-retarded infant, who
      subsequently did well, was delivered by cesarean section; the mother received
      combined surgical and medical therapy for her metastatic disease in the
      postpartum period. The initial fetal biophysical alteration observed was a
      reduction in mean FHR baseline rate; further biophysical test abnormalities
      appeared only after overt fetal compromise was evident. Sequential multiple
      parameter biophysical testing in such circumstances appears to be a valid and
      valuable approach to antepartum management.

PMID- 2874539
TI  - [Fractures of the child's foot].
AB  - The incidence of fractures of the foot in childhood depends considerably upon
      whether the site of fracture is the hindfoot, midfoot or forefoot. Fractures of
      the talus or calcaneus are rare. However, in the literature there are a
      significant number of publications on these fractures from the point of view of
      arthrosis problems or aseptic necrosis. In contrast, only few reports have been
      published about mid- or forefoot fractures in children. Generally, treatment
      problems and long-term prognosis are believed to be unproblematic. However,
      follow-up studies of these fractures have shown that some of them can be followed
      by significant disabilities concerning the plantar arch or the gait pattern. More
      extensive follow-up studies seem to be necessary to point out specific
      recommendations for treatment of foot fractures in childhood. Some of the
      problems are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2874540
TI  - [Foot dislocation in the child].
AB  - Fibulotalar distortions of the ankle are differentiated from distortions with and
      without instability, as well as instabilities with and without decompensation.
      Physiological lateral tilting of the talus is shown to be dependent on age and
      sex as well as on the kind of ligament lesion--avulsion or rupture--likewise
      dependent on age. The factors involved in the early or late prognosis are
      discussed. A prospective study is introduced, which differentiated is between
      primary and secondary distortions or more. Primary distortions (without an osseal
      lesion) are treated conservatively. Secondary additional distortions with no case
      history of compensation for the instability are treated operatively, as are
      avulsions with displaced osseal fragments.

PMID- 2874541
TI  - [The sports shoe].
AB  - Today children wear sport shoes more and more on a daily basis, although the
      sport shoe was originally designed to serve just for sports purposes. Good sport
      shoes for children must therefore fulfill the criteria for everyday shoes as well
      as the requirements for good running shoes, namely, adequate cushioning in the
      heel area, support during pronation and directing the rolling movement for push
      off using the forefoot. For these purposes, the shoe should not represent a
      miniaturized version of an adult sport shoe, but must be designed for the form of
      the child's foot and also take the fragility of the connective tissue into
      consideration, in addition to user comfort, fit, and foot ventilation. In
      comparison with today's models, therefore, good sports shoes could be improved in
      many areas.

PMID- 2874542
TI  - Transient neonatal 'athyreosis' resulting from thyrotropin-binding inhibitory
      immunoglobulins.
AB  - Recognition of transient forms of neonatal hypothyroidism is difficult because of
      the urgency of thyroxine treatment. In the present report the first child born to
      a mother with Graves' disease developed transient hyperthyroidism during the
      newborn period. The mother underwent radioactive iodine treatment and was
      maintained euthyroid on l-thyroxine. Two subsequent children were detected by
      newborn thyroid screen to have low thyroxine and markedly elevated serum
      thyrotropin (TSH) levels. Technetium 99 metastable and iodine 123 scans at 22
      days of age showed the second child to be athyreotic. The third child was not
      scanned. All three children were nongoitrous at birth. Patients 2 and 3 had
      continuous TSH suppression with thyroxine therapy for 3 and 4 years. Thyroid
      function measurements after discontinuation of therapy for 8 weeks were normal,
      and both children had normal 123I thyroid scans. The mother was found to have
      potent TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) levels in her serum (85.5%).
      A fourth child with low thyroxine and elevated TSH was born to a mother on a
      regimen of l-thyroxine for hypothyroidism. 99mTc scan at 26 days of age showed no
      thyroid tissue and was normal at 3 months. TBII activity was 35% in the maternal
      serum and absent in the infant's serum. The above laboratory and clinical data
      are compatible with the blocking nature of TBII, resulting in transient newborn
      hypothyroidism and an athyreotic appearance on scan. The TBII measurement can be
      a useful predictor of neonatal hypothyroidism as well as confirm the transient
      nature of the disease in newborns.

PMID- 2874543
TI  - [Nocturnal asthma and its treatment].

PMID- 2874544
TI  - [Bronchial hyperreactivity. II. Diagnostic methods].
AB  - Bronchial hyperreactivity is studied for the evaluation of airways' response to
      stimuli that provoke bronchoconstriction in hyperreactive subjects. Exercise is
      often used, especially in children. This method in simple, sufficiently tolerated
      and reproducible. The inhalation of ultrasonically-nebulized distilled water is a
      simple, reproducible and rapid to perform in the majority of adult patients test;
      in childhood it is poorly inquired. Pharmacological tests (with histamine or
      methacholine) have a greater sensitivity and reproducibility. Aspecific
      bronchoprovocation with methacholine is a diagnostic method that allows the
      diagnosis of bronchial hyperreactivity in asymptomatic subjects with asthma,
      recurrent cough and recurrent bronchopneumonia.

PMID- 2874545
TI  - [Current possibilities of the surgical correction of intersexual states].
AB  - The diagnosis of genital anomalies must be approached with the utmost care, for
      the results will decide the future sexual life of the patient. Before corrective
      surgery is performed, it is absolutely necessary to complete all endocrinologic
      and genetic studies. It is possible to predict with a high degree of confidence
      the hormonal and sexual development of intersexual children during puberty and
      thus to choose the "right" operation for a given patient. So occasionally
      situations will arise in which the sex that is selected for a child differs from
      its gonadal or chromosomal sex. In author's experience almost all genital
      anomalies can be surgically corrected with a very good cosmetic result. It is
      recognised that in a great number of cases surgery alone cannot be sufficient
      treatment, endocrinological and psychological management are equally important.
      It is current opinion that early corrective surgery must be advised.

PMID- 2874546
TI  - [Aarskog syndrome. Description of a case with significant anomalies of the
      gonads].
AB  - The Aarskog syndrome is characterized by short stature, hypertelorism,
      cryptorchidism, typical scrotal fold, clinodactyly and brachydactyly. From the
      available data the prognosis about definitive stature and fertility is good. In
      our case the anomalies of the testis are severe and we think that infertility is
      probable.

PMID- 2874547
TI  - Corticosteroidogenesis modulation by beta-endorphin and dynorphin1-17 in isolated
      rat adrenocortical cells.
AB  - Two opioid peptides, beta-endorphin and dynorphin1-17 were bioassayed with
      isolated rat adrenocortical cells. beta-Endorphin increases basal production of
      corticosterone as well as the adrenal responsiveness to low doses of ACTH, these
      effects being partially reversed by naloxone. Dynorphin1-17, without affecting
      basal corticosterone synthesis, increases adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH;
      naloxone does not influence this effect. It is suggested that peripheral opioid
      peptides may participate in the maintenance of the homeostatic balance by
      modulating adrenal corticosteroidogenesis.

PMID- 2874548
TI  - Reversed-phase HPLC study on the in vitro enzymic degradation of dermorphin.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the separation of the
      opioid heptapeptide dermorphin and related fragments has been developed. The
      chromatographic system was applied in the study of the kinetics of degradation of
      dermorphin (Der) in various tissues. Der was found to be extremely resistant to
      human and rat plasma (T 1/2 greater than 180 min). Upon incubation with
      homogenates of rat brains and kidneys, Der was cleaved with a half-life of 20.8
      +/- 2.2 min and 2.4 +/- 0.3 min respectively. The catabolite formed was
      identified, in both tissues, as the N-terminal tetrapeptide H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly
      OH. The stability to rat kidney and brain of the N-terminal hexa- and
      pentapeptides and of the [4 psi 5, NHCO] Der analogue was also investigated. The
      nature of the enzyme systems involved in the in vitro degradations is discussed.

PMID- 2874550
TI  - [Risks of beta-blockers and calcium inhibitors in amyloid cardiopathy].

PMID- 2874549
TI  - Co-expression of vasopressin with beta-endorphin and dynorphin in individual
      cells from the ovaries of Brattleboro and Long-Evans rats: immunocytochemical
      studies.
AB  - The distribution of arginine-vasopressin (AVP)-, oxytocin-, beta-endorphin (beta
      EP)- and dynorphin-immunoreactive cells was examined by peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      (PAP) immunocytochemistry in the ovaries of Brattleboro and Long-Evans (LE) rats.
      The ovarian distribution of the peptide-immunoreactivity is indistinguishable
      between the two strains. AVP- and beta-EP-immunoreactivity is co-localized in the
      majority of luteal cells, and in some cells scattered in the interstitial tissue.
      Of the AVP/beta-EP-positive cells, 1-2% also contained immunoreactive (ir)
      dynorphin. Some cells in the interstitium contained only ir-AVP (approximately
      50%) or only ir-dynorphin (approximately 5%); in the corpora lutea, however, no
      luteal cells appeared to contain only one peptide. AVP-immunoreactivity is also
      present in theca cells surrounding secondary and large, antral follicles; ir
      oxytocin was not observed in any ovarian cell type in the rat. These data suggest
      that most luteal, and some interstitial, cells in the ovary have the capacity to
      produce and store up to three different neuropeptides.

PMID- 2874551
TI  - [Takayasu's disease. Value of digital intravenous angiography. 44 cases].
AB  - Forty-four patients with Takayasu's arteritis were explored by digital
      intravenous angiography either for diagnostic purposes and pre-therapeutic
      assessment (n = 29) or immediately after surgery (n = 15). There were 36 women, 6
      men and 2 children; mean age was 31 years. The contrast medium (mean volume 140
      ml) was injected into central (74%) or peripheral (26%) veins. No other
      angiographic exploration was contemplated in 24 patients selected for medical
      treatment. Among 15 patients destined to surgery or percutaneous angioplasty, 13
      were operated upon without further angiography and 2 underwent arteriography
      since the distal vascular bed beyond the major lesions could not be evaluated
      adequately. Data obtained from post-operative evaluation (n = 15) were
      satisfactory, with 1 failure in this group. Digital intravenous angiography seems
      to be reliable enough to be used as first examination in patients with suspected
      Takayasu's arteritis. The procedure is well tolerated and can be repeated for
      optimum determination of the operation date. Arteriography can now be reserved to
      those rare cases where digital angiography has failed; it can then be limited to
      the study of a specific territory, the site of puncture being located by digital
      angiography.

PMID- 2874552
TI  - [Dynamics of various indicators of cellular immunity in patients with diffuse
      toxic goiter after drug therapy].
AB  - The purpose of the investigation was to study some indices of the immune system
      of patients with diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) before multimodality thyrostatic
      therapy and after achieving clinical remission. A total of 30 DTG patients with
      an average severity of disease were examined. The immune status was evaluated
      according to the content of T-lymphocytes, T-suppressors, Fc gamma-lymphocytes
      and antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL) responsive to thyroglobulin. Conservative
      therapy included mercazolyl, beta-adrenergic blockers, sedative and cardiac
      drugs. A drop of T1T gamma and Fc gamma-lymphocytes was revealed in the period of
      the manifestation of the clinical signs of disease. The indices of ABL responsive
      to thyroglobulin significantly exceeded the relative and absolute indices of the
      control group. Multimodality drug therapy resulted in the deepening of T
      lymphocyte deficiency, a significant rise of T gamma 1 and T gamma 2 as compared
      to the initial levels. A tendency to a decrease in the level of Fc gamma
      lumphocytes was noted after the therapy. The relative and absolute values of the
      ABL indices significantly decreased, however a significant increase in these
      indices compared to the control ones maintained.

PMID- 2874553
TI  - Complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of bovine phenylethanolamine
      N-methyltransferase: partial amino acid homology with rat tyrosine hydroxylase.
AB  - We report here the isolation of a cDNA clone containing the full coding region of
      bovine phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMTase, EC 2.1.1.28, S-adenosyl-L
      methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase). The complete nucleotide
      sequence of the cDNA has been determined, and the amino acid sequence of PNMTase
      deduced. Cultured cells transfected with an expression vector containing this
      cDNA produced high levels of PNMTase enzymatic activity. Antibodies specific for
      tyrosine hydroxylase [EC 1.14.16.2, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine,
      tetrahydrobiopterine: oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)], the first enzyme
      in the catecholamine pathway, possess a striking affinity for the PNMTase protein
      synthesized in vitro. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of bovine
      PNMTase to rat tyrosine hydroxylase reveals that PNMTase shares significant
      homology with tyrosine hydroxylase and supports previous protein and
      immunological data suggesting that the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes are
      structurally related.

PMID- 2874554
TI  - GH3 pituitary adenoma cells can reverse thymic aging in rats.
AB  - Thymic size and T-cell function decrease with age, and it has not yet been
      possible to totally reverse this thymic atrophy and completely restore T-cell
      dependent immune functions. In this study, GH3 pituitary adenoma cells, which
      secrete growth hormone and prolactin, were implanted subcutaneously into 16- and
      22-month-old female Wistar-Furth rats and the rats were sacrificed approximately
      2 months later. Only thymic remnants were detected in aged, non-implanted rats,
      but thymus glands were found in both the 18- and the 24-month-old rats that had
      been implanted with GH3 cells. Thymus glands from the GH3-implanted 18-month-old
      rats contained distinct cortical thymocytes and medullary epithelial cells.
      Depending on the concentration of phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A, T-cell
      proliferative responses of splenocytes from these implanted rats were 2- to 5
      fold greater than those of 18-month-old controls. At the optimal concentration of
      mitogen, proliferative responses to either lectin could be restored to those
      levels observed in splenocytes from 3-month-old Wistar-Furth females. Thymus
      glands from 24-month-old GH3-implanted rats contained more cortical thymocytes
      and fewer fat vacuoles than controls, but they were not totally reconstituted. No
      significant lectin-induced T-cell proliferative responses or IL-2 secretion were
      detected in 24-month-old control rats, but splenocytes from GH3-implanted rats
      showed augmented T-cell proliferative responses and increased synthesis of IL-2.
      Fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis of thymocytes revealed that 24-month
      old rats implanted with GH3 cells had a higher proportion of lymphocytes with the
      Thy-1.1 and helper-T-cell phenotypes. These data show that it is possible to
      regenerate normal thymic tissue in situ and reverse the natural loss in cell
      mediated immunity that occurs with aging.

PMID- 2874555
TI  - Lithium dampens neurotransmitter response in smooth muscle: relevance to action
      in affective illness.
AB  - Lithium, by inhibiting inositol phosphate metabolism, interferes with the
      phosphatidylinositol ("phosphoinositide") cycle, which is stimulated by numerous
      hormones and neurotransmitters. To examine the relevance of this action to
      neurotransmission, we evaluated effects of lithium treatment on smooth muscle
      responses to transmitters. In lithium-pretreated tracheal muscle, the relaxation
      following carbachol or histamine contractions is retarded. Lithium does not
      affect relaxation following contractions elicited by treatment with KCl and
      phorbol 12,13-diacetate in combination, which bypasses receptor stimulation of
      the phosphatidylinositol cycle. Half-maximal effects of lithium occur at 1 mM,
      corresponding to therapeutic concentrations. Dampening of neurotransmitter
      responses by lithium treatment may explain the unique ability of lithium to
      relieve and prevent both mania and depression.

PMID- 2874556
TI  - Membrane lipid phase as catalyst for peptide-receptor interactions.
AB  - Catalysis of ligand-receptor interactions is proposed as an important function of
      the lipid phase of the cell membrane. The catalytic mechanism is deduced from
      observed specific interactions of amphiphilic peptides with artificial lipid
      bilayers. In our model a direct ligand-receptor reaction is replaced by multiple
      sequential steps including surface accumulation of charged ligands, ligand
      membrane interactions, and ultimately binding to the receptor itself. By dividing
      the total free energy of binding among several steps, the energy per step,
      including the intrinsic receptor interaction energy, is kept to moderate values.
      The model thereby yields simple explanations for the large apparent association
      constants, the high association and dissociation rates, and the heterogeneity of
      binding sites so frequently found with pharmacological and biochemical ligand
      receptor interactions. Furthermore, the measured apparent association constant is
      a function of the whole system rather than just the receptor. The same, fully
      functional receptor may show different binding characteristics in different
      surroundings, such as in another tissue or in a reconstituted system.

PMID- 2874557
TI  - Covalent modification of the glnG product, NRI, by the glnL product, NRII,
      regulates the transcription of the glnALG operon in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Transcription from nitrogen-regulated promoters, such as glnAp2, requires the
      glnG gene product, NRI, as well as the rpoN(glnF) gene product, sigma60, and is
      regulated by the glnL gene product, NRII. We find that in a reaction mixture
      containing NRI, NRII, and ATP, NRII catalyzes the transfer of the gamma phosphate
      of ATP to NRI. This covalent modification of NRI occurs concurrently with the
      acquisition of the ability by the reaction mixture to activate transcription from
      glnAp2. In the presence of PII, the product of glnB, NRII catalyzes the removal
      of the phosphate from NRI-phosphate. This reaction occurs concurrently with the
      loss by the reaction mixture of the ability to activate transcription from
      glnAp2. On the basis of this evidence, we propose that NRI-phosphate activates
      transcription from nitrogen-regulated promoters and that the role of NRII is
      control of the formation and breakdown of NRI-phosphate in response to cellular
      signals of nitrogen availability.

PMID- 2874558
TI  - In situ hybridization to localize mRNA encoding the neurotransmitter synthetic
      enzyme glutamate decarboxylase in mouse cerebellum.
AB  - Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is responsible for the synthesis of
      the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We have used a cDNA sequence
      encoding GAD to produce a single-stranded RNA hybridization probe for GAD mRNA.
      This probe detects GAD mRNA in individual cells in sections of mouse cerebellum.
      The specificity of in situ hybridization with this probe rests on four criteria:
      the distribution of labeled cells matched the results we and others obtain with
      GAD immunohistochemistry (Purkinje, Golgi II, stellate, and basket neurons were
      labeled, whereas granule cells and glia were not); a negative control probe
      having a sequence identical to GAD mRNA did not specifically label any cerebellar
      cells; prior treatment of the sections with RNase abolished specific labeling;
      the labeling showed the melting behavior typical of nucleic acid hybrids.
      Translation of GAD mRNA is apparently restricted to neuronal cell bodies since
      GAD mRNA was detectable in neuronal perikarya but not in terminals. Also, the
      choice of GABA as a neurotransmitter appears to be made at the level of
      transcription since granule neurons did not contain detectable GAD mRNA. The
      level of GAD mRNA varied among the classes of neurons as well as from cell to
      cell within each neuron type.

PMID- 2874559
TI  - Hyperpolarization of the membrane potential caused by somatostatin in dissociated
      human pituitary adenoma cells that secrete growth hormone.
AB  - Membrane electrical properties and the response to somatostatin were examined in
      dissociated human pituitary adenoma cells that secrete growth hormone (GH). Under
      current clamp condition with a patch electrode, the resting potential was -52.4
      +/- 8.0 mV, and spontaneous action potentials were observed in 58% of the cells.
      Under voltage clamp condition an outward K+ current, a tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+
      current, and a Ca2+ current were observed. Cobalt ions suppressed the Ca2+
      current. The threshold of Ca2+ current activation was about -60 mV. Somatostatin
      elicited a membrane hyperpolarization associated with increased membrane
      permeability in these cells. The reversal potential of somatostatin-induced
      hyperpolarization was -78.4 +/- 4.3 mV in 6 mM K+ medium and -97.2 +/- 6.4 mV in
      3 mM K+ medium. These reversal potential values and a shift with the external K+
      concentration indicated that membrane hyperpolarization was caused by increased
      permeability to K+. The hyperpolarized membrane potential induced by somatostatin
      was -63.6 +/- 5.9 mV in the standard medium. This level was subthreshold for Ca2+
      and Na+ currents and was sufficient to inhibit spontaneous action potentials.
      Hormone secretion was significantly suppressed by somatostatin and cobalt ions.
      Therefore, we suggest that Ca2+ entering the cell through voltage-dependent
      channels are playing an important role for GH secretion and that somatostatin
      suppresses GH secretion by blocking Ca2+ currents. Finally, we discuss other
      possibilities for the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on GH secretion.

PMID- 2874560
TI  - Tyrosine 3-hydroxylase in rat brain and adrenal medulla: hybridization
      histochemistry and immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde tracing.
AB  - Rat brain and adrenal gland were analyzed by hybridization histochemistry using
      an RNA probe complementary to mRNA for tyrosine 3-hydroxylase (TyrOHase; tyrosine
      3-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.16.2), by immunohistochemistry using TyrOHase antiserum,
      and by retrograde tracing using the fluorescent compound Fast blue. Cell bodies
      in the ventral mesencephalon contained mRNA for TyrOHase, and these cells were
      also TyrOHase immunoreactive. After injection of Fast blue into the striatum,
      such double-labeled cells in addition contained the retrograde tracer, showing
      that these cells send axonal projections to the injection site. These results
      show that hybridization histochemistry can be used to identify transmitter
      specific neuron populations and that their projections can be established.

PMID- 2874561
TI  - Chronic stimulation modifies the isotonic shortening velocity of denervated rat
      slow-twitch muscle.
AB  - Rat soleus muscles were denervated and stimulated in vivo for periods of up to
      104 days. Stimuli used were trains of 1 ms pulses at 100 Hz delivered for periods
      of 1 s; trains were repeated every 10-100 s. In a majority of animals the tension
      of the muscles was maintained at about 10% of normal, equivalent to muscles
      denervated but unstimulated for 20 days. At the longest periods the stimulated
      muscles developed ten times more tension than ones that were denervated but not
      stimulated. In denervated and denervated-stimulated muscles twitch contraction
      and relaxation times were prolonged, compared with controls, for up to 3 weeks.
      Thereafter both sets showed a speeding of the isometric twitch that was greater
      in the stimulated muscles. At the longest periods the twitch was as short as that
      of a denervated fast muscle. Stimulation did not affect contralateral denervated
      muscles. Twitch: tetanus ratios remained high despite stimulation, and muscles
      showed little post-tetanic potentiation. Tension developed more rapidly in the
      tetani of the stimulated muscles, even allowing for larger final values. Maximum
      velocity of shortening was increased in many of the stimulated muscles, and there
      was a proportional flattening of the force-velocity curve, i.e. a/P0 increased.
      Maximum velocity and a/P0 increased reciprocally with twitch time to peak, so
      that those muscles that had twitches most changed by stimulation also had their
      isotonic properties modified to the greatest extent. Even at the longest period
      of stimulation, twitch time course and tetanic tension were not converted to
      those of normal fast muscle.

PMID- 2874562
TI  - Coupling between transmembrane calcium transport and membrane potential in
      retinal rod discs.
AB  - Changes in the transmembrane potential of bovine rod discs were studied by use of
      the potential-sensitive fluorescence probes diS-C3-(5) and diBA-C4-(5). The disc
      membrane was shown to be impermeable to potassium ions. Their concentration in
      the disc is as high as 2.1 +/- 0.3 mM. The permeability of the disc membrane to
      Ca2+ was shown to be selective. The accumulation and release of Ca2+ were found
      to be accompanied by the generation of inside positive and inside negative
      transmembrane potentials, respectively. The uptake of Ca2+ in the discs may
      operate against the concentration gradient of the ion. The value of the potential
      developed is directly proportional to the logarithm of free Ca2+ concentration in
      the medium (delta phi m = 11.2 +/- 1.6 mV at 4.85 microM Ca2+fr). The
      accumulation of Ca2+ is decreased by sodium ions and totally inhibited by
      monensin. This indicates that a Na-Ca exchange process participates in Ca2+
      uptake of photoreceptor discs.

PMID- 2874563
TI  - Effects of H2-blocking agents on hepatocytes in vitro: correlation with potential
      for causing hepatic disease in patients.
AB  - The adverse effects on an in vitro model of oxmetidine, an H2-blocking agent
      which has been shown to produce hepatic injury in 1 to 4% of patients, were
      compared with those of cimetidine and ranitidine which have led to only rare
      instances of hepatic injury. Suspensions of hepatocytes, freshly isolated from
      Sprague-Dawley rats, were exposed to the three drugs. Oxmetidine, in
      concentrations of 3 X 10(-3) M or greater, led to leakage of AST into the medium
      after 4 hr of incubation. Ranitidine and cimetidine, in concentrations up to 5 X
      10(-3) M, produced no identifiable leakage. Pretreatment of rats with
      phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, or SKF 525A resulted in no significant
      enhancement or inhibition of the oxmetidine effects. These results suggest that
      the adverse effects of oxmetidine on the hepatocytes are produced by the native
      compound, not a metabolite. The positive correlation between in vivo and in vitro
      toxicity supports the view that in vitro testing may prove to be of use in
      predicting the hepatotoxic potential of a drug.

PMID- 2874564
TI  - Anxiolytic-like action of melatonin on acquisition but not performance of DRL.
AB  - The behavioural effects of melatonin have been attributed to a general reduction
      in motor activity; interference with memory fixation; a decrease in emotionality;
      or an anxiolytic action. The present experiments compared the effects of
      melatonin with an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), on a
      schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) increasing
      'burst' responding and premature responding. No doses of melatonin tested (0.03
      8.1 mg/kg, IP) affected performance of well-learned DRL. Both low (0.03 mg/kg)
      and high (1.0 mg/kg) doses of melatonin impaired acquisition of DRL in a similar
      manner to chlordiazepoxide (5.0 mg/kg) and to much the same extent.
      Chlordiazepoxide had its usual effects on both acquisition and performance of
      DRL. These results show that melatonin shares a subset of the effects of
      chlordiazepoxide. The nature of the effects favours an 'anxiolytic' hypothesis of
      melatonin action rather than the other hypotheses so far proposed.

PMID- 2874565
TI  - Nicotine-induced convulsions in cats and central nicotinic receptors.
AB  - The effects were investigated of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections in the
      cat of ganglionic blocking agents, antimuscarinic drugs, alpha and beta
      adrenergic blocking substances, dopamine antagonists, an antihistamine, reserpine
      and a 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist as well as the inhibitors of catecholamines,
      5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine synthesis upon convulsions produced by
      nicotine, which was similarly injected. Mecamylamine and hexamethonium but not
      atropine, scopolamine, yohimbine, phenoxybenzamine, tolazoline, propranolol,
      practolol, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, antazoline and methysergide abolished the
      convulsions evoked by nicotine. Furthermore, reserpine, but not 6
      hydroxydopamine, as well as 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and hemicholinium blocked the
      convulsions caused by nicotine. It appears, therefore, that the convulsions
      produced by nicotine are mediated through central nicotinic receptors. However,
      the depressed catecholaminergic, 5-hydroxytryptaminergic and histaminergic
      mechanisms induced by reserpine can also suppress the convulsions evoked by
      nicotine.

PMID- 2874566
TI  - Discriminative profile of MDMA.
AB  - Groups of rats were trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of
      dopaminergically and/or serotonergically active drugs, viz., apomorphine,
      fenfluramine, tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC) and l-cathinone. Once trained,
      these animals were given several doses of drugs used in training and dose
      response relationships and ED50 values were generated. Subsequently, each group
      of trained rats was administered various doses of 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to test generalization of the interoceptive
      cue of the drug used for training to MDMA. Rats trained to fenfluramine, THBC,
      and l-cathinone were observed to discriminate MDMA in a manner similar to the
      drug state to which they had been trained. Analysis of dose-response curves
      suggested that MDMA may be acting both as an indirect dopaminergic agonist and as
      a serotonergic receptor agonist. This duality of effect of MDMA has been
      evidenced by other studies and may account for its present abuse potential.

PMID- 2874567
TI  - The effects of some atypical neuroleptics on apomorphine-induced behaviors as a
      measure of their relative potencies in blocking presynaptic versus postsynaptic
      dopamine receptors.
AB  - The effects of the atypical neuroleptics clozapine, thioridazine and sulpiride on
      behaviors induced by apomorphine were recorded, using a time-sampling
      observational paradigm. A low dose of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg, SC) produced
      hypomotility. Of the neuroleptics tested, only sulpiride antagonized this
      hypomotility. Apomorphine in higher doses (0.2-1.0 mg/kg, SC) produced
      stereotyped behaviors (sniffing down and licking or gnawing). All three atypical
      neuroleptics antagonized stereotypy. The effects of sulpiride on apomorphine
      induced hypomotility and stereotypy are consistent with the notion that this drug
      has strong presynaptic and weak postsynaptic blocking effects at dopamine
      receptors. The mechanisms of action of clozapine and thioridazine may be
      different from that of sulpiride. Perhaps the anticholinergic activities of these
      drugs mediate some of their behavioral effects. The effects of these atypical
      neuroleptics on apomorphine-induced stereotypy are opposite in direction to their
      effects on amphetamine-induced stereotypy, suggesting that these two behavioral
      patterns are not measures of the same neural process.

PMID- 2874568
TI  - The effects of cysteamine on dopamine-mediated behaviors: evidence for dopamine
      somatostatin interactions in the striatum.
AB  - The effects of prior treatment with cysteamine, a drug which appears to deplete
      selectively the neuropeptide somatostatin, on apomorphine-induced stereotypy and
      amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and conditioned place preferences were
      investigated. Twelve hours following systemic cysteamine injections apomorphine
      induced stereotypy was attenuated and striatal somatostatin levels were reduced
      by half. Systemic cysteamine also decreased the motor stimulant effects of
      amphetamine, without influencing the rewarding properties as determined by the
      conditioned place preference procedure. Direct injections of cysteamine into the
      nucleus accumbens also decreased the locomotor response to amphetamine, and
      produced a local reduction in somatostatin levels in the accumbens. Cysteamine
      did not appear to alter monoamine turnover in the striatum after either systemic
      or intra-accumbens injections. These results suggest that somatostatin in the
      nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen modulates the motor, but not the
      reinforcing properties of dopaminergic drugs, possibly via an action postsynaptic
      to dopamine-releasing terminals. Furthermore, it is evident from these results
      that cysteamine is an important tool with which to study the central actions of
      somatostatin.

PMID- 2874569
TI  - Acute administration of MIF-1 or Tyr-MIF-1 inhibits haloperidol-induced catalepsy
      in rats.
AB  - The effects of MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) and Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) on
      haloperidol-induced catalepsy were studied in order to examine the influences of
      both peptides on central dopaminergic function. In the first experiment, several
      variables were tested. It was found that the optimal effect was achieved with a
      dose of 1.0 mg/kg haloperidol injected SC an hour before testing for catalepsy
      and 1.0 mg/kg MIF-1 injected SC 30 min before testing. In the second experiment,
      Tyr-MIF-1 as well as MIF-1 were injected as single injections at four doses.
      Catalepsy was inhibited in an inverted U-shape dose-response relationship with
      the maximal effect of each peptide occurring at 1.0 mg/kg. The results indicate
      that when careful attention is given to dose, both MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 can
      activate dopaminergic neuronal activity after acute administration.

PMID- 2874570
TI  - 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced aggression in cats: effects of various drugs.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular injections (ICV) in the unanesthetized cat
      of antimuscarinic drugs, ganglionic blocking agents, alpha and beta adrenergic
      blocking substances, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists, and an
      antihistamine on aggressive behavior produced by 6-hydroxydopamine injected
      similarly was investigated. It was found that atropine, hyoscine, hexamethonium,
      mecamylamine, yohimbine, phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, practolol,
      chlorpromazine, haloperidol, antazoline and methysergide exerted virtually no
      effect on the pattern of aggressive responses evoked by ICV 6-hydroxydopamine. It
      is thus concluded that the aggressive behavior induced by 6-hydroxydopamine is
      not related to the release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine
      or 5-hydroxytryptamine from endogenous storage sites in the brain.

PMID- 2874571
TI  - Increase in atrial contractility induced by PGE2 in diabetic rats.
AB  - Contractile response to exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was studied in auricles
      from normal and acutely-diabetic (streptozotocin-treated) rats. In normal atria,
      PGE2 induced a biphasic inotropic effect negative at low concentrations and
      positive at higher ones. In diabetic, PGE2 only elicited a positive inotropic
      action which was greater in efficacy and potency than in normal controls.
      Incubation of diabetic atrial preparations with alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
      (phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine or Prazosin) diminished the prostaglandin effect.
      However, blockade of beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol did not modify the
      response. Blockers of arachidonic acid metabolism via cyclo-oxygenase
      (indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid) or via lipoxygenase(s)
      (nordihydroguaiaretic acid and dithizone) were able to reduce the positive
      inotropism of PGE2. A significant blockade of the stimulant action of PGE2 was
      seen in the presence of inhibitors of thromboxane synthesis (L-8027 and
      imidazole). These results suggest that in diabetic atria PGE2 effect could be
      associated to an involvement of cardiac alpha-adrenergic stimulation which
      promotes endogenous arachidonic acid release with diversification of its
      metabolism towards cyclo- and lipoxygenase(s)- pathway and direct to an increased
      thromboxane formation which could account for the positive inotropic effect
      induced by PGE2.

PMID- 2874572
TI  - 1-(2-Pyrimidinyl)-piperazine as active metabolite of buspirone in man and rat.
AB  - Buspirone (BP), a newly developed antianxiety agent, forms 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)
      piperazine (PmP) during its biotransformation in rats and man. After oral
      administration of pharmacologically effective doses of BP-hydrochloride to rats
      (1 and 10 mg/kg), the metabolite appears in significant amounts in body fluids
      and tissues; it is highly concentrated in the central nervous system, the brain
      to-plasma concentration ratios being approximately 5 at the time of the maximum
      concentrations (Cmax). In man given the anxiolytic dose (20 mg) of BP the
      metabolite reaches higher plasma Cmax values than its parent drug. Its plasma
      elimination t1/2 is more than double that for BP. These results, together with
      the fact that PmP is biochemically and pharmacologically active, suggest that the
      metabolite may contribute significantly to the central effects of the parent
      drug.

PMID- 2874573
TI  - Seasonal variation in opioid modulation of feeding in the 13-lined ground
      squirrel.
AB  - Opioids are well recognized to modulate ingestive behaviors in a variety of
      species. To study the potential role of opioids in the alteration of ingestive
      behaviors that occur prior to hibernation, we have administered opiate agonists
      and the antagonist, naloxone, to the 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus
      tridecemlineatus) during periods when they were hyperphagic and hypophagic.
      Naloxone consistently reduced feeding during both phases of the feeding cycle.
      Hypophagic animals, however, were 10 times more sensitive to the effects of
      naloxone. The effect of the opiate agonists (morphine and butorphanol, 1 and 10
      mg/kg) on feeding also varied between seasons. The low dose of morphine produced
      a slight, but significant increase in feeding at one hour in hyperphagic animals,
      while the high doses tended to decrease feeding. When administered to hypophagic
      animals, feeding was decreased by both doses of each agonist. Immunoreactive (IR)
      dynorphin levels in the cortex, hypothalamus and striatum were higher during the
      hypophagic phase compared with the hyperphagic phase. These data indicate that
      the 13-lined ground squirrel possesses an opiate sensitive feeding system which
      is affected by season.

PMID- 2874574
TI  - The unique conjugation system of IncHI3 plasmid MIP233.
AB  - The conjugation system of the IncHI3 plasmid MIP233 was studied using a transfer
      derepressed Tn5-insertion mutant. The conjugative pili of this plasmid were short
      pointed rods resembling rigid pili, with a well-defined modal length. Unlike
      plasmids with rigid pili, the MIP233 mutant mediated a surface + liquid
      conjugation system. The pili were serologically different from all known pilus
      types including H pili, and did not act as receptors for any known pilus-specific
      bacteriophage. They converted the surface conjugation system of RP4 to a surface
      + liquid one. Antiserum to pili of the mutant plasmid inhibited transfer of the
      wild-type plasmid MIP233, demonstrating that it contained only one transfer
      system.

PMID- 2874575
TI  - Reconstruction of heel and sole defects by free flaps.
AB  - One latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and five radial forearm flaps were
      used in reconstruction of weight-bearing parts of the heel and sole, the follow
      up period being 7 to 38 months. Additional injuries such as forefoot amputations
      or amputations of the other leg were present in four patients. There was no flap
      loss. The latissimus dorsi flap proved to be too bulky and showed recurrent
      ulcerations, several reoperations were necessary, and definite healing has not
      occurred. The five forearm flaps gave good results, with a walking range from 2
      hours to unimpeded walking. Complications included fissuring at the edges of one
      large flap and a local infection which was successfully treated. Cutaneous
      sensation returned in all but one flap, where it was reduced preoperatively due
      to a meningomyelocele. The results indicate that the fasciocutaneous radial
      forearm flap should be taken into consideration for reconstruction of weight
      bearing areas of the heel and sole. Shortcomings of this flap include an
      unsightly donor defect and possible hair growth on the flap.

PMID- 2874576
TI  - [Prolactin and the function of the central nervous system].

PMID- 2874578
TI  - Serial dexamethasone suppression tests in psychiatric illness: Part I. A study in
      schizophrenia and mania.
AB  - Weekly dexamethasone suppression tests (DSTs) were performed in 15 patients with
      schizophrenia (n = 12) and mania (n = 3) until clinical response. At initial
      evaluation, 53.4% of the patients were nonsuppressors, and 93.3% showed
      nonsuppression at least once during the treatment period. There was a tendency
      for DST results to normalize coincident with clinical improvement, although
      single peaks of DST nonsuppression occurred in several patients irrespective of
      clinical course. The tests did not prove useful as predictors of recovery or
      relapse. DST nonsuppression occurred significantly more often in severely ill
      patients than in moderately ill patients or in patients after recovery,
      emphasizing the effects of nonspecific stress factors and/or severity of illness
      on the DST. The cutoff point, established on the basis of DST results in 67
      healthy controls, was lower than in other studies, and nonsuppression among
      healthy controls was associated with low dexamethasone serum levels.

PMID- 2874577
TI  - Treatment patterns of young chronic schizophrenic patients in the era of
      deinstitutionalization.
AB  - A retrospective longitudinal treatment utilization study of 56 young chronic
      schizophrenic patients who began their treatment careers during the
      deinstitutionalization era was carried out covering all psychiatric services
      provided to each patient since first treatment. The group was primarily male and
      was characterized by histories of drug abuse and violence. Treatment utilization
      was heavy, discontinuous, and episodic with these patterns intensified for
      patients with histories of drug abuse. The majority of the group became "long
      stay" hospital residents. The clinical and mental health policy implications of
      these findings are discussed and further research is suggested.

PMID- 2874579
TI  - Cognitive event-related potential correlates of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2874580
TI  - An overview of cocaine use and abuse.

PMID- 2874581
TI  - Disinhibitory effects of buspirone and low doses of sulpiride and haloperidol in
      two experimental anxiety models in rats: possible role of dopamine.
AB  - Low doses of buspirone, haloperidol and sulpiride were compared with diazepam in
      two experimental models of anxiety in rats. In a conflict test, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg
      buspirone, 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg haloperidol and 0.5 mg/kg sulpiride significantly
      increased punished responding. Buspirone 1.2 and 2.5 mg/kg significantly reduced
      the number of unpunished responses while haloperidol and sulpiride at the doses
      tested had no effect. Effects on punished responding were seen in a narrow dose
      range and were less pronounced with these drugs than with diazepam. Similar
      results were obtained with rats', activity in the two-compartment exploratory
      test. At doses causing no change in the locomotion of rats in photocell activity
      cages, buspirone (0.1 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.025-0.100 mg/kg) and sulpiride (0.5
      1.0 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of crossings between the two
      compartments. Again, the peak effects were small when compared with the effect of
      diazepam and the active dose range was very narrow. Apomorphine 0.2 mg/kg SC
      significantly counteracted the effect of 0.1 mg buspirone and 1.0 mg/kg sulpiride
      in the two-compartment exploratory test with no effect on 2.5 mg/kg diazepam. The
      data show that buspirone, in a narrow dose range, shows disinhibitory effects in
      experimental models of anxiety. Similar effects are shown by low doses of
      haloperidol and sulpiride. It is suggested that buspirone and sulpiride produce
      these disinhibitory effects by blocking particular dopamine receptors in the
      brain, possibly those located in the nerve terminals, but it is likely that other
      mechanisms, particularly serotonin, are involved in the effects of buspirone in
      anxious states.

PMID- 2874582
TI  - The staircase test: some evidence of nonspecificity for anxiolytics.
AB  - In the staircase test, a naive mouse is placed in a Plexiglas chamber containing
      a five-step staircase, and the number of rearings and steps climbed are recorded
      for 3 min. A claim for drug-class specificity has been made because conventional
      anxiolytics reduced rearings at doses that did not reduce steps climbed, while
      non-anxiolytics affected both measures in parallel. In the present study
      chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, and ethanol registered the expected true positive
      effect by reducing rearings at doses that did not reduce steps climbed. Nicotine,
      which has some clinical anxiolytic action, registered a small true positive. The
      benzodiazepine anxiolytic alprazolam reduced both measures, a false negative,
      although it reduced rearings more than steps climbed. The putative novel
      anxiolytics CGS 9896, ketanserine, and tracazolate registered negatives, as did
      the known clinical anxiolytic buspirone. The non-anxiolytics phencyclidine and
      phenacetin registered true negatives, but morphine registered a clear false
      positive. The anxiogenics FG 7142 and pentylenetetrazol produced no significant
      effects. Because of the equivocal false negative for alprazolam, the clear false
      negative for buspirone, and the clear false positive for morphine, we concluded
      that the test lacks the degree of therapeutic-class specificity previously
      proposed but may still be useful in basic research.

PMID- 2874583
TI  - Stretched attend posture, a non-social form of ambivalence, is sensitive to a
      conflict-reducing drug action.
AB  - Based upon the ethological element "stretched attend" to a conspecific, which
      reflects ambivalence between approach and avoidance in a social context, a
      simple, non-social behavioral method for studying conflict behavior in mice was
      investigated. Thus, stretched attend posture (SAP) and other behavioral acts were
      measured in untreated or drug-treated mice which were individually placed on a
      perforated platform previously rubbed with foreign male urine and boluses. In
      naive, untreated mice, the occurrence of SAP was partly housing- and lighting
      dependent. After repeated exposure to the test situation, untreated mice showed
      less SAP, whereas static behavior (immobility and activity at rest) was
      increased. After single oral treatment with diazepam, clobazam or phenobarbital,
      SAP was reduced, whereas static behavior or "going forwards in SAP" was
      increased. Chlorpromazine and imipramine did not influence SAP. In naive mice,
      single IP injection of pentylenetetrazol did not significantly increase SAP. The
      similarity in the behavioral response between experienced, untreated mice and
      naive animals treated with diazepam, clobazam, or phenobarbital suggests that
      drug-treated mice behaved as if they were already familiar with the test
      situation. The latter drug-induced changes are consistent with data obtained in
      animal models which are based upon the measurement of behavioral inhibition.
      Under the present test conditions, pentylenetetrazol did not show "anxiogenic"
      properties. Nevertheless, the SAP test, based primarily on the measurement of the
      ambivalence element, offers a simple procedure for examining the conflict
      reducing properties of drugs, dispensing with the need of noxious stimuli or
      prior training.

PMID- 2874585
TI  - Periarteritis nodosa mimicking an affective disorder.

PMID- 2874584
TI  - Response decrement patterns after neuroleptic and non-neuroleptic drugs.
AB  - Previous work has shown that administration of pimozide and other neuroleptic
      drugs can produce within-session response decrement patterns of appetitively
      reinforced behaviour. This phenomenon has been described as an extinction-like
      pattern of responding and used as evidence for the hypothesis that these drugs
      attenuate the rewarding properties of food, water and electrical stimulation of
      the brain. The present study was carried out to investigate within-session
      patterns of responding maintained by food presentation or shock avoidance after
      administration of a variety of neuroleptic and non-neuroleptic drugs.
      Haloperidol, metoclopramide, pimozide and butaclamol produced within-session
      response decrements of both food-reinforced lever pressing and one-way shock
      avoidance. The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine did not consistently produce
      similar effects nor did the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, the opiate
      agonist morphine, the benzodiazepine anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide and the muscle
      relaxant methocarbamol, although all these drugs were tested up to doses which
      markedly disrupted responding. Thus, within-session response decrement patterns
      are a characteristic effect of dopamine-blocking neuroleptic drugs. However,
      because of the generally similar effects of these drugs on appetitively- and
      aversively-motivated behaviour, these effects are probably best interpreted as
      actions on motor, rather than motivational, mechanisms.

PMID- 2874586
TI  - Q-T prolongation in psychiatric outpatients.

PMID- 2874587
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV in human T-lymphocytes: cytochemical and histochemical
      investigations in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - The occurrence of DP IV-reactive T-lymphocytes in patients with aleukemic non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) was studied using mononuclear cells (MNC) obtained from
      peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirates and lymph nodes, as well as cryostat
      sections of lymph nodes. These patients were found to have a reduced percentage
      of DP IV-reactive T-cells in MNC from peripheral blood (32%) in comparison to a
      healthy control group (44%). Patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      (B-type CLL) also had significant reduced level of DP IV-reactive cells (5% DP IV
      reactive cells in the MNC fraction corresponding to about 40% of the T-cell
      fraction) in peripheral blood, whereas in lymph nodes of these patients 72% of
      the T-cells expressed DP IV. Among the MNC from lymph nodes of patients with
      aleukemic NHL about 24% were DP IV positive corresponding to 57% of the T-cell
      fraction. MNC from bone marrow of these patients were shown to contain about 21%
      T-lymphocytes and 18% DP IV-reactive cells. In addition to that, cryostat
      sections of lymph nodes were analysed for the occurrence and distribution of DP
      IV. In normal lymph nodes and tonsils DP IV-positive cells have the same
      distribution pattern like T-cells in general. In lymph node sections from
      patients with NHL of B-cell origin, such as B-CLL, the DP IV-reactive cells are
      sparsely and irregularly distributed and displaced by the proliferating B-cells.
      It is concluded that DP IV is a useful marker not only for T-lymphocytes in
      proliferating lymphatic tissue but also an indicator of imbalances between
      regulatory T-cell subsets in peripheral blood.

PMID- 2874588
TI  - [Somatostatin in lamprey brains (Lampetra planeri Bloch)].
AB  - In the brain of larval and adult lampreys (Lampetra planeri Bloch) a distinct
      somatostatin system using somatostatin antiserum with the unlabeled peroxidase
      antiperoxidase technique was demonstrated. The immune reactive perikarya are
      localized in the nucleus ventralis hypothalami and they are restricted to this
      nucleus without exception. A small number of immune positive efferences invades
      the commissura praeinfundibularis. In the neurohypophysis localized caudally from
      this commissure and in the adenohypophysis no somatostatin fibres could be
      visualized. Most of the efferences leave the hypothalamus as exohypothalamic
      fibres and form a system of somatostatin fibres which extends from the
      telencephalon to the medulla oblongata. Regionally, this system is organized in a
      net-like manner.

PMID- 2874589
TI  - [Aspartate aminotransferase activity high affinity (3H) glutamate/(3H) aspartate
      uptake in rat nervous tissue in postnatal development].
AB  - The regional distribution and cellular localization of aspartate aminotransferase
      (AspAT) as a glutamate and aspartate metabolizing enzyme was studied in the
      hippocampal formation, in dorsal root ganglia, and in superior cervical ganglia
      during the postnatal development of the rat. At birth, in all neuronal tissues
      studied the enzyme activity was rather low. Whereas in the dendritic layers of
      the hippocampal formation enzyme levels rose strikingly during the first weeks of
      postnatal life, those of peripheral ganglia remained remarkably stable. The high
      affinity uptake of [3H]labelled L-glutamate and D-aspartate were studied in
      surface autoradiograms of incubated slices of hippocampal formation during
      postnatal development of the rat. Our data indicate that the postnatal
      development of high affinity uptake capacity is parallel to the increase of
      histochemically demonstrable AspAT activity in the hippocampal formation
      suggesting that the enzyme may be involved in glutamate/aspartate
      neurotransmitter metabolism.

PMID- 2874590
TI  - Treating alcohol, barbiturate, and benzodiazepine withdrawal.

PMID- 2874591
TI  - Somatostatin in the central nervous system: physiology and pathological
      modifications.
AB  - Since its discovery, at the beginning of 1973, somatostatin's multiple actions,
      in relation to its wide anatomical distribution have been widely documented. Its
      biochemical pathways have been elucidated with the discovery of other molecular
      forms as well as the mechanisms of its neuronal release. However, no definite
      proof is available concerning a neurotransmitter role for any peptide of the
      somatostatin family other than somatostatin-14. The precise determination of the
      roles of somatostatin in brain are still hampered by the poor pharmacology of the
      peptide. New tools are badly needed and in particular a true antagonist at the
      receptor site. The mechanisms of action of somatostatin are now well under way at
      least in the pituitary model. More information should come from this model and be
      applied to brain cells in vitro. The greatest challenge of somatostatin brain
      function lies in its role in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases such as
      Alzheimer's dementia and Huntington's disease. Nature has been using somatostatin
      related molecules since inhibitory control was first needed in cell functions.
      Time will tell us if somatostatin is really an old peptide involved in senile
      dementia.

PMID- 2874592
TI  - [Portal hypertension and esophageal varices. A problem for today and always].

PMID- 2874593
TI  - [Diagnosis of alcoholism. A challenge for physicians].

PMID- 2874594
TI  - [Comparative clinical study between vecuronium bromide and pancuronium bromide].

PMID- 2874595
TI  - [Comparative study of the behavior of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in
      hepatobiliary pathology].

PMID- 2874596
TI  - [Role of hyperlipoproteinemia in the increase of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in
      hepatopathies: results of treatment].

PMID- 2874597
TI  - [The psychology of health and dentistry. Evaluation of psychological technics for
      anxiety, attitude, patient cooperation and timing of dental treatment].

PMID- 2874598
TI  - In vivo and in vitro studies on fetal toxicity of benzodiazepines in rats.
AB  - In this study, we investigated whether the intensity in the embryotoxicity of
      benzodiazepines was related to maternal and fetal blood levels and also to their
      high binding to the fetoplacental structures in rats. Maternal and fetal levels
      of nitrazepam (NTZ) and nimetazepam were higher than the diazepam level after
      oral administration of these drugs (100 mg/kg). In vitro, the affinity of the
      drugs for the fetus corresponded to the drug levels in the maternal serum and
      fetus. In the embryo culture, NTZ had no direct teratogenicity but had
      embryocidal activity. On the contrary, the in vivo maternal serum treated with
      NTZ possessed both activities. From the above facts, and since there was no
      change in the in vivo embryotoxicity as a result of phenobarbital, it was
      suggested that the embryocidal activity of NTZ may be due to changes of maternal
      function depended upon the maternal serum.

PMID- 2874600
TI  - [A 24-year-old woman with seronegative arthritis and neurologic changes].

PMID- 2874599
TI  - Medullary effects of nicotine and GABA on tracheal smooth muscle tone.
AB  - Airway tone can be modulated centrally by the brain as well as by peripheral
      receptors. In part these changes in airway caliber seem to be secondary to
      changes in respiratory activity. Since structures near the ventrolateral
      medullary surface (VMS) can produce profound effects on respiration, it seems
      reasonable to believe that they might also be capable of modifying tracheal tone.
      In this study we examined the effects of two agents with respect to their action
      on tracheal tone: nicotine, a respiratory stimulant when applied to the VMS, and
      gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a respiratory depressant when similarly
      administered. In chloralose anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated
      cats, tracheal tone was assessed by measuring pressure changes in a rostral
      bypassed segment of the trachea, while phrenic nerve activity was examined
      simultaneously. Nicotine administered on the intermediate area of the VMS both
      before and after carotid sinus denervation increased phrenic activity and induced
      constriction of the rostral tracheal segment. The response to nicotine could be
      blocked by application of a nicotine antagonist, hexamethonium, or prior local
      administration of lidocaine to the VMS. Activation of GABAergic receptors by
      application of GABA on the intermediate area of the VMS markedly reduced
      respiratory activity and nearly abolished the increased tracheal tone produced by
      inhalation of 7% CO2 in O2. The effects of GABA were eliminated by the prior
      administration to the VMS of bicuculline, a GABA receptor antagonist. These
      results indicate that structures located on the ventral surface of the medulla
      which affect breathing may also play a significant role in the regulation of
      airway smooth muscle tone.

PMID- 2874601
TI  - [The biology of schizophrenia: current status and perspectives of its knowledge].

PMID- 2874602
TI  - [A 26-year-old male with mental retardation, habitus marfanoid, cold thyroid
      nodule and digestive tract hemorrhage].

PMID- 2874603
TI  - [Cryptorchism: a multidisciplinary approach].

PMID- 2874604
TI  - [Experimental and clinical bases for the respiratory action of almitrine].

PMID- 2874605
TI  - Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with immune and activated lymphocytes:
      experimental and clinical studies.
AB  - Recent studies of passive adoptive immunotherapy of experimental tumors indicate
      that histologically different neoplasms can be cured by this procedure in mice,
      rats and guinea pigs. In this paper two main approaches of adoptive immunotherapy
      with lymphocytes are considered. One which makes use of specific tumor-immune
      cells and is applicable to immunogenic tumors, and the other which uses activated
      (allostimulated and/or IL-2-activated) lymphocytes and is applicable to
      immunogenic and non-immunogenic neoplasms. Experimental models of both approaches
      and results provided by them are reviewed. These studies indicate that transfer
      of tumor-reactive lymphocytes with or without the combined administration of IL-2
      into syngeneic tumor-bearing animals can lead to the eradication of a
      disseminated neoplasia when certain conditions are met. In particular, it was
      found that high tumor burdens, delay of treatment and low number of transferred
      lymphocytes can adversely affect the results. It has also been shown that the
      therapeutic effect of treatment with anti-cancer drugs or irradiation may be
      significantly improved by the addition of adoptive immunotherapy. The successful
      treatment of immunogenic tumors often requires the inhibition of suppressor
      lymphocytes by Cy or irradiation. Non-immunogenic tumors can be successfully
      treated only by providing activated lymphocytes and high doses of IL-2. Recent
      findings of few available human studies of adoptive immunotherapy are also
      reviewed, and the problems of toxicity and possible therapeutic effects of
      infusion of autologous, activated lymphocytes and IL-2 are discussed.

PMID- 2874606
TI  - Heterogeneity of B cell growth factor (BCGF)-producing T cells in humans. Clonal
      analysis of BCGF-producing cells within T4+ and T8+ subsets and evidence for the
      involvement of different growth factors in different BCGF assays.
AB  - Human peripheral blood T cells were cloned under conditions allowing the clonal
      expansion of virtually all T cells. Clones derived from T4+ or T4- (T8+) subsets
      were screened for their ability to induce B cell proliferation either in the
      Staphylococcus aureus Cowan-I (SAC)-driven assay or in the costimulation assay
      based on the use of anti-mu antibodies. BCGF activity in the SAC- and in the anti
      mu-driven system was displayed by 13% and 15% T8+ clones, respectively, while 74%
      and 79% T4+ clones had BCGF activity in the same assay. SN of clones with BCGF
      activity were further screened for their susceptibility to the inhibition by CM
      269 (anti-IL-2 receptor) monoclonal antibody. All clones were inhibited in the
      SAC assay, whereas several clones were partially or totally resistant to
      inhibition in the anti-mu assay. Nine of such non-inhibited clones were further
      analyzed for their ability to produce gamma-IFN (known to act as a BCGF) and IL
      2: six of them were found to produce gamma-IFN, while none produced any
      detectable IL-2 activity.

PMID- 2874607
TI  - The nucleus of the solitary tract: a review of its anatomy and functions, with
      emphasis on its role in a putative central-control of brain-capillaries
      permeability.

PMID- 2874608
TI  - [Neurotensin].

PMID- 2874609
TI  - [Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation].

PMID- 2874610
TI  - Molecular structure and absolute configuration of the diterpene lactone,
      praelolide.
AB  - Praelolide is a new compound which was isolated out from the gorgonian, Menella
      praelonga (Ridley), collected from the South Sea of China at Zhanjiang,
      Guangdong. The molecular formula is C28H35O12Cl. The research result by X-ray
      diffraction method on the crystal structure is presented. The compound is
      orthorhombic with space group P2(1)2(1)2, cell dimensions a = 16.936, b = 16.709,
      c = 10.333 A, and Z = 4. The structure has been solved by direct method and
      refined to R = 0.055 for 2257 unique observable reflexions by least-squares. The
      molecule is composed of the major conformational isomer in which the three main
      rings (a six-membered ring, an eight-membered ring, a six-membered ring) take
      separately the form of chair-chairboat-chair, a five-membered actone ring, a C1
      substitution, 4 acetate groups, and a three-membered epoxide ring. The absolute
      configuration of the molecule has also been determined by statistics (R factor
      ratio R = 1.012) and Bijvoet pairs observation. For 30 pairs of the greatest
      anomalous contributions the residuals are R'(+) = 0.057 for the first
      enantiomorph and R'(-) = 0.005 for the second one, so the latter should
      unambiguously correspond to the absolute configuration of the molecule.

PMID- 2874611
TI  - Transplantation of fetal hematopoietic stem cells in utero: the creation of
      hematopoietic chimeras.
AB  - Transplantation of normal, immature, fetal hematopoietic cells into a preimmune
      fetal recipient with a congenital hemoglobinopathy may allow partial
      reconstitution of normal hemoglobin production without the complications
      associated with postnatal bone marrow transplantation (immunosuppression and the
      occurrence of graft versus host disease). In order to test this hypothesis the
      naturally occurring polymorphism at the beta-hemoglobin locus of the sheep was
      used as a marker for engraftment and hematopoietic chimerism. Intraperitoneal
      injection of allogeneic fetal stem cells into normal fetal lambs resulted in
      hematopoietic chimerism in three of four surviving recipients. This chimerism has
      been sustained for 6 months after birth and 9 months after engraftment, without
      evidence of graft versus host disease, and without the use of immunosuppressive
      therapy.

PMID- 2874612
TI  - Blood value changes in flavivirus-inoculated Macaca fascicularis monkeys.
AB  - Blood values were analysed in eighteen cynomolgus monkeys on pre-and post
      neurovirulence testing of dengue-2 and yellow fever vaccine viruses, dengue-2
      parental and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Certain changes between blood
      chemistry, hematology and serology were observed and briefly discussed.

PMID- 2874613
TI  - Susceptibility of Mansonia mosquitoes to subperiodic Brugia malayi and Brugia
      pahangi.

PMID- 2874614
TI  - A survey for natural vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in Chiang Mai Province,
      northern Thailand.

PMID- 2874615
TI  - Medication as a potential cause of depression.
AB  - Many different drugs have been reported to cause depression. The substantive
      literature is reviewed, with particular attention to antihypertensive and cardiac
      drugs, oral contraceptives, levodopa and major tranquilizers. The nature of the
      relationship between physical illness, therapeutic drug use and the potentiation
      or precipitation of depression is explored.

PMID- 2874616
TI  - [A study of the relationship between the occurrence of P-fimbriae and hemolysin
      production in Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections and the
      infectious site].

PMID- 2874617
TI  - [Quantitative determination of spot size of dendrobine in thin-layer
      chromatography for Dendrobium nobile Lindl cultivated on trees].

PMID- 2874618
TI  - The use of somatostatin and its analogs in the treatment of surgical disorders.
AB  - Somatostatin is a naturally occurring peptide with a wide spectrum of biologic
      actions, most of which are inhibitory in nature. It has wide distribution, and
      within the gastrointestinal tract is is found in the pancreas, the stomach,
      intestinal mucosa, and myenteric neurons. It appears to function as a classic
      circulating hormone, as well as both a paracrine or locally acting agent and a
      neurocrine agent. Because of its inhibitory actions on gut endocrine, secretory,
      and motor functions, it has potential applicability in the treatment of a variety
      of disorders of interest to the surgeon. Indeed, it has been used successfully in
      the management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, secretory diarrhea, short
      bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, gastrointestinal fistulas, and peptide-secreting
      tumors of the gut (apudomas). This review discusses physiology, pathophysiology,
      and therapeutic applications of somatostatin that may be important in surgical
      practice.

PMID- 2874619
TI  - [Changes in plasma lipid levels after the administration of beta
      adrenoblockaders: possible advantages of natural sympathomimetic activity].

PMID- 2874620
TI  - [Current drug therapy of chronic ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2874621
TI  - [Effect of the complex treatment of stable stenocardia on the status of the
      prostacyclin-thromboxane system].
AB  - Raised function of platelets with an increase in their aggregation activity in
      vitro and an increase in spontaneous intravascular activation as well as
      imbalance of the prostacyclin-thromboxane system with a shift to the predominance
      of proaggregation agents were detected in CHD patients after myocardial
      infarction suffering from stable angina. An inhibiting effect of beta-adrenergic
      receptor blocking agents and acetylsalicylic acid on the synthesis of thromboxane
      A2 was observed. No marked effect of dipyridamole on the prostacyclin-thromboxane
      system was noted.

PMID- 2874622
TI  - [Remote results of the surgical and conservative treatment of ischemic heart
      disease patients with a lesion of the left coronary artery trunk].
AB  - A study was made of the results of surgery of 37 patients and conservative
      therapy of 90 patients (including 53 inoperable cases) with coronary heart
      disease with the involvement of the left main coronary artery. Lethality in a
      long-term period was 16.2% in the operated patients and 45.6% in the inoperable
      patients. A considerable improvement of the status with the lessening or
      disappearance of angina attacks was noted in 27 operated patients (87%), a stable
      improvement of ECG at rest and a considerable increase in exercise tolerance were
      noted in 11 patients. There was no considerable improvement of the status in the
      inoperable patients, a slight decrease in the number of attacks was noted in 22%
      of the patients only, impairment of ECG at rest was noted in 52%, exercise
      tolerance decreased in most of the patients. In the operated patients the 7-year
      survival rates according to actuarial curves were 81%, in the operable but
      receiving conservative therapy 47% and in the inoperable patients 34%.

PMID- 2874623
TI  - Leydig cell hyperplasia in fetal mice treated transplacentally with ethinyl
      estradiol.
AB  - Pregnant female mice were given ethinyl estradiol on days 11 through 17 of
      gestation. On day 18 the dams were killed and the male fetuses were examined for
      testicular differentiation. Three of 12 males from dams treated with the highest
      dose of ethinyl estradiol showed cryptorchid testes with uterine tubes. Light and
      electron microscopic evaluation of the testes, both cryptorchid and normal,
      demonstrated foci of hyperplasia of Leydig cells showing cytoplasmic and nuclear
      pleomorphism, increase in lipid droplets, and decrease in smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum and ribosomes when compared to testes from control fetal mice.
      Morphometric determinations of the testes indicated that the number of Leydig
      cells in a unit area (mm2) in the interstitial tissue showed a dose-response
      relationship to ethinyl estradiol in the normal testes. The number of Leydig
      cells in the testes exposed to the highest dose of estrogen showed a significant
      difference between cryptorchid and normal testes: the former had fewer Leydig
      cells than the latter. These morphological observations indicate that hyperplasia
      of Leydig cells of fetal mouse testis at term can be induced by transplacental
      treatment with ethinyl estradiol and suggest that a malignant transformation into
      a Leydig cell tumor is possible.

PMID- 2874624
TI  - Inhibition of metabolic cooperation by the anticonvulsants, diphenylhydantoin and
      phenobarbital.
AB  - High densities of 6-thioguanine-sensitive Chinese hamster V79 cells reduce the
      recovery of co-cultured 6-thioguanine-resistant cells through a form of
      intercellular communication (metabolic cooperation). Diphenylhydantoin and
      phenobarbital, suspected human and animal teratogens and tumor promoters, were
      able to inhibit intercellular communication at noncytotoxic doses. A potentiation
      was observed when a mixture of the two chemicals was used.

PMID- 2874625
TI  - Carcinogenicity bioassays of bromoacetaldehyde and bromoethanol--potential
      metabolites of dibromoethane.
AB  - 1,2-Dibromoethane (DBE) and two of its potential metabolites, bromoethanol (BE)
      and bromoacetaldehyde (BA), were tested for carcinogenicity in male and female
      B6C3F1 mice using 30 animals of each sex per group. The carcinogen DBE was
      included in this assay as a positive control. The compounds were administered in
      distilled drinking water using equimolar concentrations, 4 mmol, of the
      chemicals. The dose chosen was based on subchronic bioassays of three months'
      duration. The chronic tests were continued for approximately 450 days in the case
      of DBE and approximately 560 days for both BE and BA. DBE induced squamous
      carcinomas of the forestomach in 22 females and 26 males and squamous papillomas
      of the esophagus in 3 females. BE induced squamous papillomas of the forestomach
      only in 10 females and 9 males. BA did not induce a significant incidence of
      tumors of the forestomach. Significant tumor incidences at other sites were not
      observed in any groups including the distilled water control group. Based on
      these findings, it is unlikely that BE or BA are activated carcinogenic
      intermediates of DBE.

PMID- 2874626
TI  - Increased carcinogen metabolism and survival of retrovirus-infected Fischer rat
      embryo cells following repetitive carcinogen treatment.
AB  - The carcinogens N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) often
      give negative results when tested in the Fischer rat embryo cell survival assay
      with the standard single 72-hour regimen, whereas another carcinogen,
      benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], may yield varied results between different laboratories
      and may require relatively high concentrations (compared with other polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons) for a positive result to occur. Enhanced survivals
      (compared with controls) were 56% or less with these carcinogens. In place of the
      standard single 72-hour treatment with test chemical, the cells were exposed to
      three consecutive 24-hour treatments. The amount of B(a)P metabolized during the
      last of the three 24-hour treatment periods was 3.2 times greater than that
      during the first 24-hour period, indicating that an induction effect occurred.
      Furthermore, the total amount of metabolites of B(a)P formed with repetitive
      treatments was 2.1 times greater than with a single 72-hour treatment. The total
      amount of AAF metabolites formed with repeated treatments was 1.6 times greater
      than with the single treatment regimen, although no induction effect was observed
      between treatment periods. Survival enhancement with the repetitive regimen
      increased to 181% with B(a)P, 172% with AAF, and 188% with DEN. With
      benzo(e)pyrene, anthracene, and pyrene, enhanced survival was 14% or less
      following the single treatment regimen and did not increase following repetitive
      treatments. When the carcinogen cinnamyl anthranilate was tested using repetitive
      treatments, survival enhancement was more than 100% at three of six doses, versus
      less than 0% when the standard single treatment regimen was used.

PMID- 2874627
TI  - Teratogenicity of arotinoid ethyl ester (RO 13-6298) in mice.
AB  - Arotinoid ethyl ester (RO 13-6298) is a new and very potent retinoid that exerts
      a profound influence on epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation in doses 500
      times lower than those of compounds of the first and second retinoid generation.
      In the present study the teratogenicity of arotinoid ethyl ester was investigated
      in NMRI mice employing different treatment schedules. Recording of abnormalities
      was performed on day 18 (day 0 = day of conception) according to Wilson and with
      cleared skeletal preparations. Intraperitoneal application of the drug at a
      dosage of 10 micrograms/kg/day for three consecutive days (days 9-11 or 12-14)
      caused severe malformations, particularly in the skeletal system and the
      cavernous organs. Skeletal elements were reduced in number, shortened, or
      abnormally shaped. Ossification was diminished. Atresia of anus and urethra were
      frequent. Single application of 200 micrograms/kg between days 8 and 14 also
      caused multiple and severe malformations. However, no stage-specific pattern of
      abnormalities was detectable. Some skeletal malformations indicated more or less
      vulnerable stages that were in concordance with special developmental steps.
      Others, however, seemed to be equally susceptible over a longer period, eg, rays
      1 and 5 of the hand or foot and the development of the mandibular joints. The
      pattern of abnormalities caused by these very low doses of RO 13-6298 is
      comparable to that obtained with other retinoids and is achieved within the same
      relative dose-response range. Preconceptional treatment of the animals did not
      induce any malformations.

PMID- 2874629
TI  - The International Association of Environmental Mutagen Societies (IAEMS).

PMID- 2874628
TI  - Potentiation of chemically induced cleft palate by ethanol ingestion during
      gestation in the mouse.
AB  - The influence of ethanol consumption on cleft palate induction by methylmercury,
      cortisone, and retinyl acetate was investigated in Swiss white mice. Consumption
      of 20% ethanol throughout gestation significantly increased the incidence of
      cleft palate compared to water-fed mice, when methylmercury was given on four
      consecutive days (days 9-12, 5 mg/kg of body weight). Ethanol also increased the
      incidence of cleft palate in mice given retinyl acetate (3,400 or 5,100 IU) on
      day 12, compared to retinol acetate-treated mice given water, but did not affect
      cleft palate induction by cortisone (2.5 mg/d, days 8-11). Ethanol significantly
      reduced fetal weight in the presence or absence of the three teratogens, but the
      results do not support a hypothesis that growth retardation is directly
      responsible for the potentiating action of ethanol. It may be that ethanol acts
      to increase cleft palate induction by some teratogens by retarding fetal
      developmental processes.

PMID- 2874630
TI  - Comparative enzymatic acetylation of carnitine and choline by human placenta
      syncytiotrophoblast membrane vesicles.
AB  - Microvillous membrane vesicle preparations from the maternal surface of human
      placental syncytiotrophoblast were examined for the presence of carnitine and
      choline acetyltransferase activity. Radiometric assay for acetylcholine employed
      butyronitrile-tetraphenylboron extraction of the quaternary ions. Acetylcarnitine
      was assayed by anion exchange chromatography. The data reveal that carnitine is
      the primary substrate for the vesicle acetyltransferase enzyme(s), whereas
      choline appears to be a minor substrate. For acetylcarnitine synthesis, the Km is
      0.749 mM carnitine and Vmax is 641 pmol X mg protein-1 X minute-1, respectively;
      for acetylcholine synthesis, the Km is 0.5 mM choline and Vmax is 53 pmol X mg
      protein-1 X minute-1, respectively. Approximately ten times more acetylated
      product was formed with carnitine than with choline. The carnitine-mediated
      reaction obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, whereas the choline reaction exhibited
      anomalous behavior. Vesicle preparations were stable for 21 days at -80 degrees
      C. Preliminary studies on hypotonically lysed vesicles demonstrate that the
      acetyltransferase is particulate and is bound to the membrane of the vesicle.
      These findings demonstrate that carnitine acetyltransferase activity is in the
      plasmalemma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast and suggest a role for this
      enzyme, analogous to the mitochondrial fatty acid shuttle system, in the
      maternofetal translocation of fatty acyl residues.

PMID- 2874631
TI  - Murine oocyte destruction following intraovarian treatment with 3
      methylcholanthrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene: protection by alpha
      naphthoflavone.
AB  - Bilateral or unilateral intraovarian injection with the polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
      (DMBA) destroys oocytes in C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice. The threshold for small
      oocyte destruction following bilateral intraovarian treatment with 3-MC was
      between 0.1 and 1 microgram/ovary in both DBA/2N amd C57BL/6N mice. After
      intraovarian treatment with DMBA, a more potent ovotoxin, the thresholds for
      small oocyte destruction were between 0.01 and 0.1 microgram/ovary. Calculated
      ED50's for small oocyte destruction following bilateral intraovarian treatment
      with 3-MC were C57BL/6N, 0.33 micrograms/ovary; DBA/2N, 1.02 micrograms/ovary-
      for DMBA the ED50's were C57BL/6N, 0.11 micrograms/ovary; DBA/2N, 0.03
      micrograms/ovary. Unilateral intraovarian treatment also destroyed oocytes in the
      treated ovary. Treatment with intraperitoneal alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), a
      competitive inhibitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism by microsomal
      monooxygenases, inhibited oocyte destruction. Intraovarian treatment with ANF
      decreased oocyte destruction produced by intraovarian DMBA. These data suggest
      that both 3-MC and DMBA are indirect acting ovotoxins requiring metabolic
      activation before oocyte destruction occurs. In addition, these data also suggest
      that the ovary contains the enzymes necessary to biotransform xenobiotics like 3
      MC and DMBA to ovotoxic metabolites. Metabolic activation of xenobiotics to
      reactive products within the ovary may represent a special threat to the
      integrity of oocyte DNA.

PMID- 2874632
TI  - Progressive proliferative changes in the oviduct of mice following developmental
      exposure to diethylstilbestrol.
AB  - Structural malformation of the oviduct has been reported in experimental animal
      models and women following prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). To
      study histological changes in the oviduct in the absence of gross structural
      malformation, neonatal CD-1 mice were treated with DES (2 micrograms/pup/day) on
      days 1-5 of age. Focal epithelial hyperplasia was present at 1 month of age in 16
      out of 18 (89%) of the DES-treated mice. At 4 months of age, general epithelial
      hyperplasia with multiple gland-like structures into and through the muscle wall
      of the oviduct was observed in 90% of the treated mice; by 12 months of age,
      epithelial hyperplasia and pseudogland formation were seen in 100% of the DES
      exposed animals. Epithelial hyperplasia and gland formation were not observed in
      control mice. The alteration induced by DES in the differentiation and
      proliferation of mouse oviductal epithelium suggests that the oviduct is a target
      for DES toxic effects. In addition, there was a progression of the epithelial
      changes with age. The histological changes described in this study may be
      partially responsible for the decreased fertility previously reported in this
      mouse model. Similar changes in the oviduct of DES-exposed women remain to be
      determined.

PMID- 2874633
TI  - Species differences in mutagenicity testing: I. Micronucleus and SCE tests in
      rats, mice, and Chinese hamsters with aflatoxin B1.
AB  - Three animal species used in in vivo mutagenicity testing--rats, mice and Chinese
      hamsters--were compared with respect to their mutagenic response to the mycotoxin
      aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The micronucleus test and the SCE test with bone marrow
      cells were chosen as test methods, employing similar protocols for all species.
      The mutagenic potential of AFB1 was detected with rats and mice but not with
      Chinese hamsters. Rats were more susceptible to the mutagenic action of AFB1 than
      mice with regard to the effective dose. A difference in sensitivity between males
      and females was evident in rats and mice: male animals exhibited higher induced
      micronucleus frequencies than females, and a clear SCE-inducing effect was only
      detectable in male animals. These results are in agreement with those of in vitro
      and carcinogenicity studies. They may be due to metabolic differences between the
      species and sexes, predominantly differences in glutathione conjugation of the
      reactive AFB1 epoxide and in the formation of the metabolite aflatoxicol.
      Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that AFB1 seems to be a more potent inducer
      of micronuclei than of SCE. Since our results obtained with rats and mice were
      clearly positive, but with the Chinese hamster the mutagenic potential of AFB1
      was not detectable with the test systems used, it can be concluded that the
      choice of an "inappropriate" test species may lead to a false negative judgment
      on the genotoxic potential of a test compound.

PMID- 2874634
TI  - An assessment of the effects of cyclophosphamide and sodium valproate on the
      viability of preimplantation mouse embryos using the fluorescein diacetate test.
AB  - The fluorescein diacetate test is a measure of both esterase enzyme activity and
      membrane integrity and it has been shown to be useful in assessing the viability
      of a variety of cells cultured in vitro, mouse embryos after freezing and
      thawing, and mouse embryos grown under inadequate culture conditions. In this
      study, the effects were examined of cyclophosphamide and sodium valproate
      administered respectively to pregnant inbred CBA mice 60 h after fertilization,
      on the viability of 84-h blastocysts. Cyclophosphamide 20 and 40 mg/kg bodyweight
      and sodium valproate 90 mg/kg significantly increased the number of nonviable
      blastocysts. Cyclophosphamide 4 mg/kg and sodium valproate 23 and 45 mg/kg did
      not adversely affect blastocyst viability. The intensity of embryo fluorescence
      correlated well with the subsequent development of the embryos in culture (r =
      0.863; p less than 0.001). The test had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of
      100%. Exposure of embryos to fluorescein diacetate under the conditions of this
      experiment did not adversely influence the subsequent postimplantation
      development of 84-h blastocysts cultured in vitro for a further 120 h. These
      findings suggest that the fluorescein diacetate test is a simple, rapid, and
      nontoxic procedure that may be useful in assessing the viability of
      preimplantation embryos after exposure to embryotoxic drugs and chemicals.

PMID- 2874635
TI  - Prenatal exposure to the fungicide dinocap causes behavioral torticollis,
      ballooning and cleft palate in mice, but not rats or hamsters.
AB  - The present study is an evaluation of the developmental toxicity of dinocap in
      three rodent species using an in vivo teratology screen. Our protocol uses
      postnatal viability, weight gain, and morphological and behavioral development
      through weaning to assess the developmental toxicity of compounds. Dinocap
      administered orally on days 7 to 16 of gestation to the CD-1 mouse resulted in
      increased postnatal mortality at 25 mg/kg/d (80% in block 1 and 40% in block 2).
      Many of the treated pups that died during the neonatal period were "ballooned"
      and had cleft palates. Although there was no treatment related mortality in the
      12 mg/kg/d dosage group, 6% (14/226) of these mice and 24% (23/96) of the
      survivors from the 25 mg/kg/d dosage group displayed torticollis (a twisting of
      the neck resulting in an abnormal tilting of the head). These tilted-head mice
      held the head and forepart of the body tilted constantly to one side, both when
      resting and walking. The tilt was in either direction but was always constant for
      a given animal; in different mice, the angle varied considerably from almost 0 to
      30 degrees. Some mice circled repeatedly in one direction in the home cage,
      others bobbed their heads and did back-flips, while others rolled over, always
      rolling in the same direction. In the hamster, developmental toxicity was seen at
      (100 and 200 mg/kg/d) or near (50 mg/kg/d) maternally toxic doses but no
      behavioral alterations were noted and none of the pups were ballooned.

PMID- 2874636
TI  - Effects on the fetal rat intestine of maternal malnutrition and exposure to
      nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether).
AB  - The effects of maternal protein-energy malnutrition and exposure to nitrofen on
      selected aspects of intestinal morphology and function were studied in the fetal
      rat. Pregnant rats were fed, throughout gestation, diets containing 24% or 6%
      casein as the sole source of protein. Reduced total food intake produced protein
      energy malnutrition (PEM). Each diet group was divided in half and gavaged with
      either 12.5 mg nitrofen in corn oil/kg/day or corn oil carrier only from days 7
      to 21 of gestation. Body weight, intestinal weight, length, and diameter were
      measured as were villus length (VL), villus width (VW), and number of villi per
      length of intestine (VMM). Protein (horseradish peroxidase) and lipid absorption
      were studied histochemically. Lactase and dipeptidase activities were determined
      in proximal, medial, and distal thirds of the intestine. Results showed that the
      restricted maternal diet resulted in reduced fetal body weight (BW), intestinal
      weight (IW) and length (IL), reduced IW/BW and IW/IL ratios, VH, and VMM. The VW
      was reduced only in the distal third. Protein and lipid absorption were
      unaffected. Lactase and dipeptidase activities were reduced. Maternal nitrofen
      exposure resulted in reduced body weight, intestinal size, and lipid absorption,
      with some evidence of interaction with the diet effects on enzyme activities. It
      is concluded that effects of maternal malnutrition were extensive, but that
      nitrofen exposure, at this dosage level, is not likely to contribute to the
      postnatal fetal mortality rate in either adequately nourished or malnourished
      rats.

PMID- 2874637
TI  - An improved procedure for the efficient injection of radioactive steroids into
      mouse embryos.
AB  - Retention of 3H-moxestrol in mouse fetuses after transmaternal, intrafetal, and
      intraplacental injection were compared. Direct injection into the allantoic
      placenta resulted in greater retention of radioactivity by the fetus than the
      other modes of administration between 12 and 16 days of gestation. By this same
      criterion, intrafetal injection was best for older fetuses. Maternal injection
      was the least efficient way to transfer 3H-moxestrol to the fetus.

PMID- 2874638
TI  - Transplacental genetic and cytogenetic effects of alkylating agents in the mouse.
      II. Induction of chromosomal aberrations.
AB  - Six monofunctional alkylating agents, trenimon, cyclophosphamide, and isoniazid
      were proven for transplacental cytogenetic activity in mouse embryos at day 10 of
      gestational age under the same conditions as used in the mammalian spot test.
      With the exception of isoniazid, all compounds led to an increase in the
      aberration frequencies in embryonal cells. The results were statistically not
      significant in the case of EMS, while all other chemicals showed a dose-dependent
      clastogenic activity. After treatment with monofunctional alkylants, chromatid
      breaks were dominating, while polyfunctional compounds also produced chromatid
      exchanges, especially in the case of trenimon. ENU and DMS showed a very early
      aberration maximum 6 hr after injection. For both compounds, very similar dose
      response curves were found for induction of chromatid breaks in the dose range 10
      75 mg/kg. There is no correlation between the Swain-Scott factors of
      monofunctional alkylants and their ability to induce chromosomal damage when
      compared in terms of pharmacological doses. A quantitative comparison of data
      found in the cytogenetic test in embryonal cells with those obtained in the
      mammalian spot test led to the conclusion that chromosomal mutations are of minor
      relevancy for the expression of recessive alleles in heterozygous mouse embryos.
      With this respect, the mammalian spot test must be considered as an in vivo test
      for the detection of gene mutations in somatic cells of the mouse.

PMID- 2874639
TI  - Induction of sister chromatid exchange in preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro
      by 3H-thymidine or ultraviolet light in combination with caffeine.
AB  - Preimplantation mouse embryos were exposed in vitro to 3H-thymidine (25, 100, or
      250 Bq/ml) or ultraviolet (UV) light (1.35 or 4.05 J/m2), either alone or in
      combination with caffeine (1 mM with 3H-thymidine and 0.5 mM with UV light).
      Exposure to 3H-thymidine lasted for 2 days, from the two-cell stage to the late
      morula/early blastocyst stage, and UV radiation was applied acutely at the late
      morula/early blastocyst stage. The effects were quantified by the sister
      chromatid exchange (SCE) assay. All three agents induced SCEs when used singly.
      3H-thymidine was effective in inducing SCEs only at 250 Bq/ml, whereas UV light
      was effective at both fluences. Although caffeine did not induce SCEs when it was
      added before exposure to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), which is used to visualize
      SCEs, it did induce SCEs when present during the entire culture period (3H
      thymidine experiments) or during incubation in BrdUrd (UV experiments). Caffeine
      markedly enhanced the SCE-inducing effect of UV light but did not influence the
      effect of 3H-thymidine.

PMID- 2874640
TI  - Maternal administration of cyclophosphamide induces chromosomal aberrations and
      inhibits cell number, histone synthesis, and DNA synthesis in preimplantation
      mouse embryos.
AB  - The effects of cyclophosphamide (CPA), administered to pregnant inbred CBA/Ca
      mice 60 h after copulation, on cell number, mitotic index, chromosome structure,
      histone synthesis, and DNA synthesis of 84-h blastocysts, and the subsequent
      development of these blastocysts cultured for a further 120 h in vitro are
      described. Cyclophosphamide 4, 20, and 40 mg/kg significantly increased the
      number of chromosomally aberrant cells, chromosomal aberrations, and chromosome
      breaks in the blastocysts. Chromosomal rearrangements were significantly
      increased in the CPA 20 and 40-mg/kg treated groups, and in the 40-mg/kg group
      the number of cells with ring chromosomes was significantly increased. Histone
      synthesis and DNA synthesis were significantly inhibited in the CPA 20 and 40
      mg/kg treated groups. Blastocyst cell number in each of the treated groups was
      less than the controls. On subsequent culture in vitro, significantly fewer
      embryos in the CPA 20 and 40-mg/kg groups hatched, attached, developed
      trophoblast outgrowths, and expanded their inner cell masses. However, the
      differentiation of inner cell mass into ectoderm and endoderm was impaired by all
      three doses of the drug. These results demonstrate that CPA administered to
      pregnant mice 60 h after copulation has a clastogenic effect and interferes with
      synthesis of DNA and histones in the preimplantation embryo, and that the drug
      inhibits the subsequent development and differentiation of these embryos.
      Cytogenetic analysis of preimplantation embryos might be a useful adjunct to the
      existing methods in the evaluation of the embryotoxicity of drugs and chemicals.

PMID- 2874641
TI  - Co-culture of rat embryos and hepatocytes: in vitro detection of a proteratogen.
AB  - The technique of whole embryo culture developed by New [Environ Health Perspect
      18:105-110, 1976] provides a sensitive assay to evaluate the effects of a test
      chemical on embryo development independent of maternal influences. To detect
      proteratogens, this assay must be coupled with an exogenous metabolic activation
      system. We have developed methods for the co-cultivation of rat embryos with
      primary hepatocytes, which offers several advantages over subcellular fractions
      when providing metabolic activation for in vitro assays. In the present study,
      rat embryos removed from the dam on day 10 of pregnancy were co-cultivated in
      vitro with primary cultures of rat, rabbit, or hamster hepatocytes. Embryos co
      cultivated with hepatocytes developed normally, as did embryos exposed to a test
      chemical, cyclophosphamide (CP) in the absence of hepatocytes. When embryos were
      co-cultivated with hepatocytes and exposed to CP, a dose-related embryotoxicity
      was observed, indicating metabolic activation of the proteratogen. Using
      hepatocytes isolated from rats pretreated in vivo with phenobarbital, we observed
      an increase in CP-induced malformations and embryotoxicity compared to those of
      embryos exposed to CP in the presence of uninduced hepatocytes. The teratogenic
      bioactivation of CP was inhibited in vitro by the addition of metyrapone. When
      similar numbers of hepatocytes were used for metabolic activation of CP the
      induced embryotoxicity was greater in the presence of rabbit and hamster
      hepatocytes than with rat hepatocytes. Development of procedures for the culture
      of rat embryos with hepatocytes from other species suggests the utility of this
      in vitro system for the investigation of species differences in sensitivity to
      chemical teratogens.

PMID- 2874642
TI  - Effect of prenatal propranolol exposure on development of the postnatal rat
      heart.
AB  - Maternal propranolol (PRO) treatment has previously been associated with adverse
      effects on the fetus and neonate. In the present study, pregnant rats were
      treated with PRO (25 or 50 mg/kg/day s.c.) on gestation days 8-20 to assess its
      possible effects on the developing heart. Maternal weight gain and pup weight on
      postnatal day (PND) 1 were reduced in a dose-dependent manner; litter size was
      unaffected. Pup body weight and heart weight both showed a dose-related decrease
      at all ages tested (PNDs 5/6, 8/9, 15/16, and 22/23). Since heart protein, but
      not DNA, was similarly reduced, the decrease seen in heart weight most likely
      reflects a decrease in cell size instead of cell number. Basal ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC), an enzyme associated with growth and development, was
      unaffected by maternal PRO treatment. Insulin and isoproterenol stimulation of
      ODC, suggested markers for testing the function of the sympathetic pathway to the
      heart and of the heart's ODC response system, respectively, also showed no PRO
      related response. In conclusion, prenatal PRO exposure resulted in reduced body
      weight, heart weight, and heart protein, but had little effect on heart DNA or
      ODC activity. Since PRO treatment also reduced maternal weight gain, the adverse
      effects seen in the pups may be due to generalized PRO toxicity. The results
      suggest that when high PRO doses were used clinically, the careful monitoring of
      maternal weight gain during pregnancy might be useful in predicting adverse fetal
      effects.

PMID- 2874643
TI  - Cardiovascular defects in rat embryos cultured on serum from rats chronically
      exposed to phenytoin.
AB  - Headfold-stage rat embryos were cultured for 48 hours on serum from rats
      chronically exposed to phenytoin for periods as long as from conception until 11
      months of age. Serum from phenytoin-exposed rats caused approximately 50% of the
      cultured rat embryos to develop cardiovascular defects as compared to 12% for
      controls. These morphological abnormalities included hemorrhaging of blood
      vessels within the embryo, pericardial edema, and absence of yolk sac
      circulation. Neither serum glucose nor phosphate levels nor serum osmolality were
      appreciably affected by phenytoin treatment. However, serum protein concentration
      was reduced in rats exposed to phenytoin as compared to controls. An absence of
      the serum protein hemopexin was associated with the reduction in serum protein
      levels but did not appear to be responsible for the observed cardiovascular
      defects.

PMID- 2874644
TI  - Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome damage by gossypol in bone
      marrow cells of mice.
AB  - The chromosome-damaging potential of gossypol was evaluated by scoring sister
      chromatid exchanges (SCEs), determining the percentage of pulverized metaphases
      and the mitotic index in bone marrow cells of mice. Bone marrow cells were
      collected approximately 21 hours after the intraperitoneal (0,20,40,80, or 160
      micrograms/g) and oral (0,40,80, or 160 micrograms/g) administration of gossypol
      acetic acid. Irrespective of the dosing schedule (single or multiple doses), the
      vehicle used (physiological saline, corn oil, or 10% aqueous ethanol), and the
      route of administration, the mean SCE count per cell was significantly higher (P
      less than 0.05) in gossypol-treated groups than their control counterparts. At 80
      and 160 micrograms/g dose levels, the occurrence of metaphase chromosome
      pulverization was significantly greater, while mitotic index values were markedly
      lower than those of the corresponding control values. The results suggest that
      gossypol is a potentially mutagenic and clastogenic agent in murine bone marrow
      cells.

PMID- 2874645
TI  - Suppression by cyclohexanetriones of retinoic acid-induced cartilage degradation
      in vitro and teratogenicity in vivo.
AB  - In cultured fetal rat bones, cyclohexanetriones that stimulate prostaglandin
      synthesis inhibited retinoic acid-induced cartilage degradation in a dose
      dependent manner. The inhibition by the cyclohexanetrione Ro 31-0521 was
      reversible, indicating that the effect was not due to cytotoxicity. Excess
      retinoic acid is teratogenic in rats and adversely affects the normal
      differentiation of various morphogenetic systems, depending on the time of
      administration. The following retinoic acid-induced malformations were suppressed
      by Ro 31-0521: malformations of long bones and of apical phalanges induced on
      days 13 and 15 of gestation, respectively; spina bifida and tail malformations
      induced on day 11 of gestation and cleft palate induced on day 15 of gestation.
      However, cleft palate and other head malformations including exencephaly induced
      by retinoic acid on day 11 of gestation were not suppressed but even increased by
      Ro 31-0521. At a high dose, Ro 31-0521 given alone on day 11 of gestation was
      embryolethal and teratogenic but was not on the tested other days, indicating
      that the cyclohexanetrione at specific stages and doses also interfered with
      normal morphogenesis like retinoic acid. Assuming that stimulation of
      prostaglandin synthesis is the main biological effect of the cyclohexanetriones,
      our findings suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in mediating retinoid
      action.

PMID- 2874646
TI  - The predictive value of enzymuria in cyclosporin A-induced renal toxicity in the
      rat.
AB  - The acute nephrotoxic properties of cyclosporin A (CsA) were investigated in
      normotensive, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received either 50 or 100
      mg CsA/kg by gastric intubation for 7 days. Within 24 h, significant increases in
      urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (gamma GT) activity were observed at both doses of CsA. Renal function
      abnormalities, however, were not apparent until 2 days (100 mg/kg) or 7 days (50
      mg/kg). Progressive increases in enzymuria were evident in both groups between 1
      and 4 days, at which later time proximal straight tubular cell damage was first
      observed. The data obtained using this model clearly demonstrate that enzymuria
      provides a sensitive index of acute CsA-induced renal cell damage and that
      enzymuria precedes detectable renal functional and structural abnormalities.

PMID- 2874647
TI  - Evaluation of toxic effects following administration of monoclonal antibody MBr1
      in patients with breast cancer.
AB  - Twelve patients with disseminated breast cancer were injected with monoclonal
      antibody MBr1 at the National Cancer Institute of Milan, Italy, from January 1983
      to March 1985. The first seven patients had advanced disease and the remaining
      five operable breast cancer. In the first seven patients the initial dosage of
      MBr1 was 0.5 mg and was doubled in the next patient up to 16 mg. The last five
      women received 10 mg of MBr1. No general side effects such as bronchospasm,
      hypotension, immediate or delayed allergic reactions were observed. Four patients
      who were injected with 10 mg or more experienced fever, shudder and vague
      abdominal and articular pain. The following tests were monitored: R.B.C., W.B.C.,
      percentage of lymphocytes, blood glucose, urea nitrogen and creatinine, serum
      levels of Na+, K+, Cl-, total proteins levels, albumins and globulins, bilirubin,
      GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, LDH, amylase, gamma GT and CPK. No major
      modifications were observed: a limited increase of the transaminases, LDH and
      gamma GT was evident at the last check. An early temporary alteration of CPK was
      observed in the four patients who had symptoms. Serum levels of MBr1 are
      detectable immediately after injection starting from 4 mg, and all sera were
      negative 48 hours later. It is concluded that the scanty toxicity allows to
      continue clinical investigations to verify the linkage between MBr1 and Ca-MBr1
      "in vivo" after a single injection of no more than 16 mg of the MoAb. The
      increase of this dosage as well as multiple injections do not seem safe at
      present.

PMID- 2874648
TI  - [Animal experiment studies on improving ischemia tolerance of the testis].
AB  - The reactions of the germinative testicular epithelium after definite ischemia
      periods were studied in rats. Using heparin the testicular ischemia tolerance has
      already been prolonged; this can be distinctly improved by adding alphareceptor
      blockers. The consequences of a 30 min and 2 h period of testicular ischemia are
      nearly eliminated by the described medicamentous combination. The experimental
      results show that at present the use of heparin and alpha-receptor blockers seems
      to be the best way, to extend the ischemia tolerance during autotransplantation
      of testicles.

PMID- 2874649
TI  - [Trials of immunostimulation of an antitoxic response with levamisole in the
      immunization of sheep with a combined clostridial vaccine].
AB  - Comparative investigations were carried out on the antibody level in test animals
      -sheep, vaccinated with a polyvaccine against C and D enterotoxemia and necrotic
      hepatitis as well as in combined application with Levamisol. It was found that
      with the use of the preparation the stimulation of immunogenesis with type D and
      necrotic hepatitis--type B antigens (included in the composition of the
      polyvaccine) was enhanced. No stimulation of immunogenesis with the type C
      specific antigen was found within the period of investigation. Immunity was
      better built up when the animals were treated with the combined product as
      compared with the controls, given the polyvaccine without Levamisol.

PMID- 2874650
TI  - Calcitonin immunoreactive cells in prostate gland and cloacal derived tissues.
AB  - Calcitonin- and serotonin-storing cells have been immunocharacterized in prostate
      gland, urethra, urinary bladder and anal canal. In addition, a few hCG and
      somatostatin immunoreactive cells have been detected in prostate gland. All these
      cells were dispersed throughout the epithelial lining. In the anal canal,
      calcitonin cells were exclusively confined to the anal ducts and anal
      transitional zone epithelium. Calcitonin and serotonin cells were seen in some
      examples of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Combined techniques most often showed
      coexistence of calcitonin and serotonin immunoreactivities in the same endocrine
      cell. hCG immunoreactive cells corresponded to a subpopulation of serotonin-,
      calcitonin-storing cells. Calcitonin and serotonin cells were present in most
      organs which originated from the cloaca. In this territory, this distinctive
      endocrine pattern could be regarded as an excellent marker of cloacal derived
      tissues. These tissues constitute an additional site for extrathyroid C-cells. It
      is likely that calcitonin cells are a component of some prostatic
      adenocarcinomas.

PMID- 2874651
TI  - The induction of accelerated murine amyloid with human splenic extract. Probable
      role of amyloid enhancing factor.
AB  - Amyloid enhancing factor (AEF) is derived from the tissues of pre-amyloidotic and
      amyloidotic animals and, when transferred, greatly accelerates amyloid induction
      in the recipient murine models. It has also been reported that similarly
      accelerated amyloid induction can be achieved in mice by injection of human
      splenic homogenates from patients with amyloidosis. The present study has
      attempted to characterize further the mechanism of this "heterologous transfer of
      amyloid". Treatment of mice with the "tissue homogenate" or the "AEF extract" of
      AA-, AL- and A prealbumin-laden human spleens followed by daily subcutaneous
      casein injections induced amyloidosis in an accelerated fashion. The resultant
      amyloid deposits in mice had strongly positive immunohistochemical reactions with
      anti-mouse AA, and negative reaction with anti-human AA or anti-human prealbumin.
      The results lend support to the idea that accelerated amyloid induction in the
      recipient mice is unlikely to be due to transfer of human amyloid substance, but
      rather to formation of "native" murine amyloid under the influence of a human AEF
      factor similar to or identical with AEF described in mouse-to mouse transfer
      models.

PMID- 2874652
TI  - Superficial intimal injury of the rabbit carotid artery induced by distilled
      water.
AB  - The study of mechanical injury to the aortic endothelium in experimental animals
      is important in understanding the pathologic processes in atherogenesis. In this
      investigation distilled water was used to produced superficial injury to the
      rabbit carotid artery. Sterilized distilled water was injected into a temporarily
      isolated segment of rabbit carotid artery measuring 0.5 cm in length. After 4 min
      blood flow was reestablished by removal of the isolating ligatures. The carotid
      arteries were examined at time intervals of 5 min, 24 h, 48 h, 1 month, 3 months
      and 6 months after injury. Five min after injury, the carotid endothelial cells
      were almost completely removed but no medical injury was present. After 24 and 48
      h, a few platelets were adherent to the denuded intimal surface. After 1 month, 3
      months and 6 months the injured surface showed a slight intimal thickening
      consisting of modified smooth muscle cells. Our experimental findings suggested
      that the extent of the injured area is more important in the repair process than
      its depth.

PMID- 2874653
TI  - Fine structural aspects on the fate of rat black thyroids induced by minocycline.
AB  - The fate of the black thyroid induced by minocycline treatment (100 mg/kg daily
      for 21 days) in the rat was studied by light and electron microscopy after 6
      months. The black discoloration of the thyroid gland remained and numerous dense
      bodies containing highly electron-dense deposits were seen in most of the
      follicular epithelial cells. It appears that the turnover rate of follicular
      epithelial cells is very low and the electron-dense deposits are largely
      retained, though debris derived from degenerate follicular epithelial cells
      containing the dense deposits may be phagocytosed by macrophage-like cells in the
      interfollicular connective tissue. Brown-black granules are also found in the
      extremely attenuated follicular epithelial cells of cold follicles.

PMID- 2874654
TI  - Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical aspects of lymphocytic submandibulitis in
      the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse.
AB  - The submandibular glands of female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice (22-26 weeks of
      age) were studied by light and electron microscopy. Mononuclear cells consisting
      mostly of lymphocytes were recognized in and among the acini and secretory ducts.
      Some parts of the secretory ducts and mucous acini surrounded by lymphocytes
      showed destructive changes. In the secretory ducts lymphocytes invaded the duct
      epithelial lining and the duct lumen was occluded by these cells. The duct
      epithelial cells in such lesions were extremely distorted and tonofilament
      bundles running in various directions were present in the cytoplasm. Lymphocytes
      were in close contact with the duct epithelial cells. In the mucous acini some
      acinar cells, which appeared to be compressed by the infiltrating lymphocytes,
      showed degenerative changes. Immunocytochemical study revealed that both T- and B
      lymphocytes were involved, T-lymphocytes tending to occupy the center of the
      infiltrate, while B-lymphocytes occupied the periphery. Although autoantibody
      against duct epithelial cells was identified, damage to duct epithelial cells was
      not correlated with the presence of this antibody. The morphological changes in
      the submandibular gland of the NOD mouse are very similar to those reported in
      the salivary gland of patients with Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 2874655
TI  - Association of human hepatocellular membrane fusions with non-A, non-B hepatitis.
AB  - Liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic hepatitis, chemical hepatitis, or
      viral hepatitis types A, B, or non-A, non-B were examined by electron microscopy.
      Circular, fused, cytoplasmic membranes were observed in hepatocytes of 17% of
      patients with hepatitis type B and 92% of patients with hepatitis type non-A, non
      B. The membrane alterations were not observed in hepatocytes of patients with the
      other types of hepatitis. The greater frequency of altered cytoplasmic membranes
      in hepatocytes of patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis was shown to be
      statistically significant (p less than 0.05) when compared to that in patients
      with viral hepatitis type B.

PMID- 2874656
TI  - The suramin-treated rat as a model of mucopolysaccharidosis: reversibility of
      biochemical and morphological changes in the liver.
AB  - Rats treated with the trypanocidal drug suramin, a potent inhibitor of several
      lysosomal enzymes, develop a storage disorder which mimics the features of
      mucopolysaccharidosis (Constantopoulos et al. 1983). In this paper we have
      examined the reversibility of the biochemical and pathological changes induced in
      the liver of the suramin-treated rat. Rats were injected with a single
      intravenous dose of suramin (250 mg/kg) and allowed to survive for periods of up
      to 6 months. The liver was examined for suramin content, pathological changes,
      biochemical storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and for the blockade of the
      relevant hydrolytic enzymes. GAG storage in the liver peaked at approximately 14
      days after administration of suramin when there was a five-fold increase in the
      GAG content. Thereafter GAGs decreased in parallel with the fall of suramin
      concentrations so that within 6 months the content had returned to control
      levels. The activity of most of the enzymes tested had also returned to control
      levels within 6 months. The pathological changes which are evident in the liver 1
      2 weeks after administration of the drug had diminished considerably within 6
      months. These results indicate that significant reversibility of both the
      biochemical and pathological changes induced by suramin occurs and they support
      the suitability of the suramin treated rat as a model to assess the value of
      therapeutic treatments of mucopolysaccharidosis.

PMID- 2874658
TI  - Flow cytometric DNA measurements in human thyroid tumors.
AB  - By means of flow cytometry (FCM), DNA distribution pattern and the fraction of
      cells in the various phases of the cell cycle were studied in 52 samples of
      normal thyroid tissues, follicular adenomas, follicular carcinomas, medullary
      carcinoma and fibrosarcomas. In the normal thyroid tissues and follicular
      adenomas DNA diploid cell populations only were found. Among 20 follicular
      carcinomas in 13 cases (65%) together with the DNA diploid cells, DNA aneuploid
      cell lines were also observed. S-phase fraction in follicular adenomas is higher
      than in the normal thyroid tissues and lower than those in thyroid carcinomas.
      The percentage of S-phase cells in DNA aneuploid populations is significantly
      higher (S = 19 +/- 9.3%) than in the diploid cell lines (S = 3.7 +/- 2.6%). DNA
      aneuploid cell populations were predominantly observed in carcinomas with a high
      degree of morphological anaplasia.

PMID- 2874657
TI  - Role of microglia in plaque formation in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
      An immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical methods, we have investigated
      the presence of mononuclear phagocytic cells around senile plaques in six brains
      from patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). It is generally
      supposed that reactive microglial cells are involved in amyloid formation "as
      representatives of the reticuloendothelial system in the brain." We used
      different monoclonal antibodies directed against cells of the mononuclear
      phagocyte lineage, antibodies against the macrophage markers alpha 1
      antichymotrypsin and lysozyme, and the lectin WGA, in addition to enzyme
      histochemical staining for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase. It was
      concluded that no macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage are involved
      in plaque formation. The role of glial cells in amyloid formation is discussed.

PMID- 2874659
TI  - Keratin polypeptide distribution in benign and malignant breast tumors:
      subdivision of ductal carcinomas using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies which recognize one or only a few keratin polypeptides have
      been used to study the distribution of different keratins in benign and malignant
      breast lesions by immunocytochemical methods. Seven monoclonal antibodies which
      recognized either different keratin polypeptides by immunoblotting techniques, or
      identified different epithelial cell types in complex tissues were used. In two
      mastopathies and three fibroadenomas the antibody lu5 stained luminal cells as
      well as myoepithelial cells. In contrast the antibodies CK7, Troma 1, CK2 and KA4
      labeled only luminal cells, whereas antibody CKB1 decorated only myoepithelial
      cells. All 15 ductal carcinomas showed a uniform staining of tumor cells with the
      antibodies Troma 1, CK2, KA4 and lu5. The antibody CK7 also stained all ductal
      carcinomas, but in two specimens the staining was heterogeneous. The antibody
      CKB1 decorated only the pre-existing myoepithelial cells in 11 of 12 ductal
      carcinomas but in the remaining specimen the tumor cells were also strongly
      positive. Tumor cells in lobular carcinomas were labeled by antibodies CK7, Troma
      1, CK2, KA4, bu not by CKB1. The antibody CKS1 showed no staining of any of the
      benign and malignant breast lesions.

PMID- 2874660
TI  - [Organization of nutrition for persons subjected to long-term hyperbaria (review
      of the literature)].

PMID- 2874661
TI  - Correlation of immune defects in hemophilia with HTLV-III antibody titers.
AB  - Of 170 hemophilia patients, 22% had high-titer, 29% had low-titer, and 49% had no
      antibodies against HTLV-III. The strength of HTLV-III antibodies was correlated
      significantly with a decreased OKT4/T8 ratio (p less than 0.0005), decreased in
      vitro response to pokeweed mitogen (p less than 0.025), and elevated serum
      neopterin (p less than 0.05) and serum IgG (p less than 0.0005). The fraction of
      patients with abnormal immunological findings was consistently greater among
      patients with high-titer than among patients with low-titer HTLV-III antibodies.
      Testing these immunological parameters may be useful for monitoring the breakdown
      of immune functions leading to AIDS.

PMID- 2874662
TI  - Red cell antigens P (globoside) and Luke: identification by monoclonal antibodies
      defining the murine stage-specific embryonic antigens -3 and -4 (SSEA-3 and SSEA
      4).
AB  - Two globoseries antigens (antigens borne on carbohydrate chains containing
      globoside), SSEA-3 and SSEA-4, were found on the red cells of the majority of
      people, but were absent from cells of rare p and Pk individuals which lack
      globoside. In addition, SSEA-4 was absent from red cells of Luke(-) individuals
      which nevertheless express the P antigen (globoside) and SSEA-3. The name LKE is
      proposed for the red cell antigen detected by the Luke serum and by MC813-70, the
      monoclonal antibody defining SSEA-4. Among the LKE+ individuals, a few showed
      relatively weak expression of the antigen and were grouped separately as a LKE
      weak (LKEw) phenotype. Using MC813-70, the frequencies of the 3 phenotypes LKE+,
      LKEw and LKE- in an English donor population are 0.914, 0.072 and 0.014,
      respectively.

PMID- 2874663
TI  - [Beta blockade with celiprolol in tardive dyskinesia patients treated with
      neuroleptics].
AB  - The influence of celiprolol on the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia was compared
      with placebo in a randomized double blind study. 17 female patients were treated
      with a single daily dose of 200 mg celiprolol and 18 female patients received
      placebo for a period of 3 months. All patients got additional neuroleptic
      treatment. Celiprolol produced a small decrease in heart rate and systolic blood
      pressure, but had no influence on the diastolic blood pressure. The effects of
      celiprolol on the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia were similar to those of the
      placebo; in both groups improvements and deteriorations were observed. One
      patient of the celiprolol group became symptom free. Two cases of collapse
      occurred after 10 weeks of treatment with celiprolol. In one case collapse was
      associated with diarrhoea, in the other case the patient had preexisting
      hypotensive circulatory dysregulation. Sporadic reports about the effect of
      propranolol in patients with tardive dyskinesia might reflect the normal progress
      of the disease or the effect might depend on the different pharmacological
      profile of propranolol.

PMID- 2874664
TI  - Long day's journey into night: women and prescription drug abuse.
AB  - Standard explanatory models of addiction are reviewed, including personality
      theory, locus of control, behaviorist theory, social learning, biochemical and
      socioeconomic theories, in the context of understanding the female preponderance
      in prescription drug addiction. Alexander and Hadaway's "adaptive" model of
      addiction is presented as a more comprehensive model of female prescription drug
      addiction, encompassing relevant and therapeutically useful aspects of earlier
      models. It also permits both the individualization of the model to each woman's
      particular situation, and also the incorporation of common themes stemming from
      sex-role stereotyping, low status in the society, and the power dynamic of the
      male physician-female patient interaction.

PMID- 2874665
TI  - Debrisoquine polymorphism and the metabolism and action of metoprolol, timolol,
      propranolol and atenolol.
AB  - The contribution of debrisoquine polymorphism to the metabolism and action of
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) varies widely between drugs.
      Oxidation phenotype is a major determinant of the metabolism, pharmacokinetics
      and some of the pharmacological actions of metoprolol, bufuralol and timolol. The
      poor metabolizer phenotype is associated with an increased area under the plasma
      drug concentration vs. time curve, a prolongation of elimination half-life and a
      more intense and sustained beta-blockade. The stereoselective metabolism of
      metoprolol also displays phenotypic differences, which should be taken into
      account when interpreting plasma concentration vs. response relationships.
      Studies in vivo and in vitro have identified some of the metabolic pathways which
      are subject to this defect, namely the alpha-hydroxylation and the O
      demethylation of metoprolol and the 1'-hydroxylation of bufuralol. In contrast,
      the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol, which is also
      extensively oxidized, are not related to debrisoquine polymorphism, although 4'
      hydroxypropranolol formation is deficient in the poor metabolizer phenotype. The
      disposition of atenolol, which is almost completely eliminated unchanged by renal
      and faecal excretion, is independent of oxidation phenotype. If standard doses of
      some beta-blockers are used in poor metabolizers, these patients may be
      susceptible to concentration-related adverse reactions and they may also require
      lower and less frequent dosing for control of angina pectoris.

PMID- 2874667
TI  - [Therapy with beta-blockers in acute myocardial infarction in the aged].
AB  - Starting from the fact that during the first days the mortality is essentially
      determined by the degree of severity of the infarction and its complications, a
      particularly critical evaluation of the results is required. Patients with a bad
      prognosis usually have contra-indications for the application of beta-blockers
      during that phase. After the early complications have been overcome, the obtained
      findings are much easier to interpret in the sense of a therapeutical conception,
      and they have caused us to make the generalization--observing the contra
      indications--to use beta-blockers in the framework of a complex therapy of
      myocardial infarction wherever it is possible. The results obtained require
      further verification, but justify, however, optimism on their part.

PMID- 2874666
TI  - The molecular mechanisms of two common polymorphisms of drug oxidation--evidence
      for functional changes in cytochrome P-450 isozymes catalysing bufuralol and
      mephenytoin oxidation.
AB  - Using the stereospecific metabolism of (+)- and (-)-bufuralol and (+)- and (-)
      metoprolol as model reactions, we have characterized the enzymic deficiency of
      the debrisoquine/sparteine-type polymorphism by comparing kinetic data of
      subjects in vivo with their microsomal activities in vitro and with reconstituted
      activities of cytochrome P-450 isozymes purified from human liver. The metabolism
      of bufuralol in liver microsomes of in vivo phenotyped 'poor metabolizers' of
      debrisoquine and/or sparteine is characterized by a marked increase in Km, a
      decrease in Vmax and a virtual loss of the stereoselectivity of the reaction.
      These parameters apparently allow the 'phenotyping' of microsomes in vitro. A
      structural model of the active site of a cytochrome P-450 for stereospecific
      metabolism of bufuralol and other polymorphically metabolized substrates was
      constructed. Two cytochrome P-450 isozymes, P-450 buf I and P-450 buf II, both
      with MW 50,000 Da, were purified from human liver on the basis of their ability
      to metabolize bufuralol to 1'-hydroxy-bufuralol. However, P-450 buf I metabolized
      bufuralol in a highly stereoselective fashion ((-)/(+) ratio 0.16) as compared to
      P-450 buf II (ratio 0.99) and had a markedly lower Km for bufuralol. Moreover,
      bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation by P-450 buf I was uniquely characterized by its
      extreme sensitivity to inhibition by quinidine. Antibodies against P-450 buf I
      and P-450 buf II inhibited bufuralol metabolism in microsomes and with the
      reconstituted enzymes. Immunochemical studies with these antibodies with
      microsomes and translations in vitro of RNA from livers of extensive and poor
      metabolizers showed no evidence for a decrease in the recognized protein or its
      mRNA. Because the antibodies do not discriminate between P-450 buf I and P-450
      buf II, both a decreased content of P-450 buf I or its functional alteration
      could explain the polymorphic metabolism in microsomes. The genetically defective
      stereospecific metabolism of mephenytoin was determined in liver microsomes of
      extensive and poor metabolizers of mephenytoin phenotyped in vivo. Microsomes of
      poor metabolizers were characterized by an increased Km and a decreased Vmax for
      S-mephenytoin hydroxylation as compared to extensive metabolizers and a loss of
      stereospecificity for the hydroxylation of S-versus R-mephenytoin. A cytochrome P
      450 with high activity for mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation was purified from human
      liver. Immunochemical studies with inhibitory antibodies against this isozyme
      suggest the presence in poor-metabolizer microsomes of a functionally altered
      enzyme.

PMID- 2874669
TI  - [Experiments with Benham's disk].

PMID- 2874668
TI  - [Acute effect of the cardioselective beta-1-partial agonist, Corwin, on
      ventricular function and myocardial oxygen consumption in patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The effects on left ventricular function and myocardial metabolism of Corwin (ICI
      118,587), a selective beta-1 partial agonist, were evaluated in 12 patients with
      dilated cardiomyopathy. All patients were in sinus rhythm at the time of cardiac
      catheterization. Immediately before and 20 minutes after intravenous
      administration of 0.2 mg/kg Corwin over 2 minutes, high-fidelity left ventricular
      pressures and thermodilution coronary sinus blood flow were recorded along with
      ventriculograms in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. In 11
      patients, Corwin resulted in no change in heart rate, a fall in left ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure, a rise in left ventricular systolic pressure and an
      increase in cardiac index. There was a rise in both peak positive and peak
      negative dP/dt. End-diastolic and end-systolic volume indices fell, and ejection
      fraction rose. There was an increase in coronary sinus blood flow and a small
      rise in myocardial oxygen consumption. In contrast to these results in the group
      as a whole, in one patient Corwin produced depression of both systolic and
      diastolic left ventricular function. We conclude that, in many patients with
      dilated cardiomyopathy, Corwin produces an improvement in systolic and diastolic
      left ventricular function while at the same time only slightly increasing
      myocardial oxygen demand. In some patients, however, Corwin may result in a
      significant worsening of left ventricular performance due to its antagonistic
      effects.

PMID- 2874670
TI  - Effects of graduated processing difficulty on P 300 component of the event
      related brain potential.

PMID- 2874671
TI  - [Multivariate analyses of relations between psychological parameters and changes
      in cerebral electric arousal activity within the scope of visual search
      processes].

PMID- 2874673
TI  - Some enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli produce haemagglutinins
      associated with HEp2 epithelial cell adhesion.
AB  - Sixteen of 17 strains of Escherichia coli of traditional infantile
      enteropathogenic (EPEC) serotypes produced mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (and
      type-1 fimbriae) after serial growth in nutrient broth. Two strains also produced
      mannose-resistant haemagglutinins (MRHAs) after serial growth in phosphate
      buffered broth but not in nutrient broth or after growth on phosphate-buffered
      agar. Some of the type-1 fimbriate EPEC strains adhered modestly in a mannose
      sensitive manner to HEp2 epithelial cells in a 30-min in vitro assay; two MRHA+
      EPEC strains adhered well in a mannose-resistant manner.

PMID- 2874672
TI  - Characterization of Escherichia coli wild-type strains by means of agglutination
      with antisera raised against cloned P-, S-, and MS-fimbriae antigens,
      hemagglutination, serotyping and hemolysin production.
AB  - E. coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) very
      often possess mannose-sensitive (MS) and mannose-resistant (MR) adherence factors
      (fimbriae). According to their receptor specificity the mannose-resistant
      adhesins can be divided into several types, P, S, M and X. We have cloned the
      determinants of three groups of UTI E. coli adhesins, MS, P and S, and prepared
      specific antisera against the fimbriae antigens. 189 hemagglutination (HA+)
      positive strains, 96 fecal isolates and 93 strains isolated from UTI have been
      tested with these specific antisera and further characterized by receptor
      specific HA, HA patterns and further of the "common O serogroups" 01, 02, 04, 06,
      07, 08, 018, 025, 075, most prevalent in UTI, and hemolysin production. 68 (73%)
      of the UTI strains and 50 (52%) of the fecal isolates showed P-receptor
      specificity; 16 (17%) of the uropathogenic bacteria and 33 (34%) of the fecal
      strains exhibited S, M or X-fimbriae antigens. 24% of the P-hemagglutinating (P+)
      strains reacted with P (F8)-specific antiserum. In contrast, more than three
      quarter of the S+-strains were agglutinated by S-specific antiserum. HA-pattern
      VI and 018 antigen were found to be associated with P-fimbriae strains, whereas
      HA-pattern V and VII and the O antigens 02 (M-type), 06 and 018 (S-type) occurred
      most frequently in P--strains. A high percentage of P-fimbriated strains showed
      mannose-sensitive hemagglutination and hemolysin production.

PMID- 2874674
TI  - Blood levels of somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin in normal cows
      and in cows suffering from abomasal dilatation.

PMID- 2874675
TI  - [gamma-GT activity in cow's milk during an udder function cycle in relation to
      processes in the mammary gland tissue].

PMID- 2874676
TI  - [Activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase in the cerebrospinal fluid in various
      forms of cerebral arachnoiditis].
AB  - Measurement of activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTF) in the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) revealed a sharp elevation in the cytosis and activity of GGTF in the
      ventricular portion of the CSF, which points to dystrophic changes in nerve cells
      and damage of their membranes and, consequently, to an increase in the
      permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Determination of GGTF activity in the
      CSF may be recommended as a supplemental method of the differential diagnosis of
      cerebral meningites.

PMID- 2874677
TI  - [Efficacy of treating patients with vegetative and vascular crises of a neurotic
      nature (comparative electrophysiologic study)].
AB  - On the basis of clinical, electrophysiological, psychologic and vegetative
      parameters, the authors treated 66 patients with vegetovascular crises of
      neurotic nature using acupuncture, beta-adrenoblockers, psychotropic means and a
      combination of beta-adrenoblockers with psychotropic drugs. Acupuncture led to
      changes in all the aforegoing parameters. Psychotropic therapy reduced activating
      influences, predominantly in the "ascending" direction, anaprilin led to the
      maximum inhibition of the vegetative component of the crisis. With all methods of
      treatment emotional-personality alterations showed the greatest degree of
      normalization. This confirms the correctness of the term "psycho-vegetative"
      syndrome which emphasizes the leading role of mental disorders in the genesis of
      vegetovascular dystonia in neurotic patients.

PMID- 2874678
TI  - [The place of atropine coma therapy in the complex treatment of hypochondriacal
      schizophrenia (non-delusional hypochondriasis)].
AB  - In order to expand the possibilities of the treatment of resistant hypochondriac
      schizophrenia, the author developed a new method of multiple modality therapy
      which is based on the use of the rebound effectiveness of atropine comas. It
      consists of a course of atropine comatose therapy and a subsequent intensive
      medicamentous therapy in the form of intravenous instillation of psychotropic
      agents. This treatment was given to 36 patients with slowly progressive
      hypochondriac schizophrenia, whose clinical manifestations were restricted to a
      picture of non-delirious hypochondria. In most cases (82%) the treatment yielded
      a positive effect. The method was the most effective in patients with syndromes
      of obsessive and hysterical hypochondria as well as in those with cenesthopathic
      conditions. The use of therapy in rigid hypochondria proved poorly effective.

PMID- 2874679
TI  - [The effects of taxol on the microtubule assembly in cultured human fibroblast
      cells].

PMID- 2874680
TI  - Interference with thyrotropin receptor antibody determination by a spuriously
      occurring anti-bovine TSH antibody.
AB  - Abnormally negative values of thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII)
      were found in the sera from a patient with Graves' disease. This was due to the
      presence of potent bovine TSH (bTSH) binding activity in the sera. This activity
      was demonstrated to be in immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a lambda light chain
      isotype, which was shown to have an affinity for bTSH with a Ka value of 3.5 X
      10(10) M-1 and a maximum binding capacity of 1.1 X 10(-14) M/mg IgG. F(ab')2
      fragments obtained through pepsin digestion from the patient's IgG retained bTSH
      binding activity. [125I] bTSH binding to this IgG was inhibited by the TSH
      receptor. The inhibition was not completely competitive, suggesting the presence
      of different binding sites for this IgG and the TSH receptor on the TSH molecule.
      This IgG, however, could not bind labelled human TSH (hTSH). Since neither TSH
      nor other pituitary derivatives had ever been given to the patient, this bTSH
      binding activity was considered to be due to a spuriously occurring anti-bTSH
      antibody.

PMID- 2874681
TI  - [From the target to the origin. Apropos of the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome].

PMID- 2874682
TI  - Enzyme patterns in human endocytotic multinucleate giant cells--a histochemical
      study.
AB  - A series of human multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) of the endocytotic type were
      studied using enzyme histochemical methods for dehydrogenases, glycosidases,
      phosphatases, and peptidases. Several enzyme patterns were found. The subgroup of
      MGCs associated with inflammatory granulomatous processes (sarcoidosis,
      granulomatous myositis, familial granulomatosis, lymphogranuloma, granulomatous
      cholangitis) was characterized by high activities of nonspecific esterase (NE)
      and tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase (AcPase-Ts). There was no detectable
      activity of peptidases or tartrate-resistant isoenzyme of acid phosphatase
      (AcPase-Tr). This enzyme equipment was indistinguishable from that in mononuclear
      precursors in the granulomas. The other MGCs of the series displayed enzyme
      patterns substantially different from their monocytic precursors (blood monocytes
      and Langerhans cells). The subgroup of foreign body associated MGCs (resorption
      of fat, keratin, and suture material) was characterized by high activities of NE,
      AcPase-Tr, and greatly variable activities of both peptidases studied. The latter
      lacked predilection for certain subcellular regions. The subgroup of osteoclasts
      and so-called giant cell tumours (osteoclastoma, giant cell tumour of soft parts,
      giant cell epulis of peripheral, and central types) displayed very low activity
      of NE, high activity of AcPase-Tr, and strong activities of peptidases. The
      latter were localized near the surface membrane of the polykarya. MGCs in
      histiocytosis X (HX) differed from the previous group by higher values of NE in
      average. All MGC types had common denominator in the absence of alkaline
      phosphatase activity, on average intense dehydrogenase activities, mostly low
      beta-glucuronidase and highly variable alpha-mannosidase activities. The enzyme
      pattern heterogeneity is discussed with regard to the phenomenon of enzyme
      induction and depression occurring in course of polykaryon production. The
      variability of phenomenon may reflect reactive adaptation to varying functional
      demands imposed on MGCs under different conditions.

PMID- 2874683
TI  - [Enzyme histochemical demonstration of sodium-dependent glutamate uptake in
      glutamatergic brain structures in the rat].
AB  - Using a special tetrazolium salt technique, a striking correlation was observed
      between Na+ concentration of the incubation medium and the activity of glutamate
      dehydrogenase (GDH) in glutamatergic neuropil areas of the hippocampal formation,
      cerebellum, and other brain regions. Na+ concentration of 130 to 150 mmol/l
      caused maximal formazan production. The histochemical enzyme reaction in neuronal
      perikarya as well as biochemically estimated GDH activity were found to be rather
      inhibited by such Na+ concentrations. The GDH catalyzed sodium dependent increase
      in formazan production is discussed to be a consequence of the sodium dependence
      of glutamate uptake in glutamatergic brain structures supplying the enzyme with
      substrate.

PMID- 2874684
TI  - Argyrophil and argentaffin APUD cells in the human female prostate homologue and
      urethra.
AB  - In the female prostate homologue and urethra, numerous argyrophil and rare
      argentaffin cells were found. Grimelius method displayed the closed and open
      types of argyrophil cells in all cases this study. The findings indicate the
      possibility of endo/para/crine activity of the female prostate homologue and
      urethra and support the opinion on the non-vestigial role of the prostate
      homologue in woman.

PMID- 2874685
TI  - Topographical distribution of inflammatory leukocyte subsets in acute cellular
      rejection of a kidney allograft.
AB  - The topographical distribution of different mononuclear inflammatory cell subsets
      in acute cellular rejection of human renal allograft was analyzed. Marker
      antibodies to T cells (OKT11), T helper cells (T4), T suppressor/killer cells
      (OKT8), B cells (B-1), monocytes (OKM1) and mononuclear phagocytes at different
      stages (FMC17, FMC33) and the indirect immunoperoxidase method were employed. At
      early stages of rejection, T lymphocytes were mostly confined to the perivascular
      areas and there was a T helper (Th) cell predominance over T suppressor/killer
      (Tsk) cells in the inflammatory infiltrate. Very few T cells and monocytes were
      found to infiltrate the arterial wall. Mononuclear phagocytes dominated over T
      lymphoid cells in the intertubular areas. Later during rejection, the Th/Tsk
      ratio became inverted, inflammatory T cells invaded also the intertubular areas,
      and infiltration of the arterial wall by T cells and mononuclear phagocytes
      became evident. Granulocytes were associated with the late events in the graft,
      and their appearance coincided with beginning necrosis. These non-random features
      in the distribution of the inflammatory cells were most pronounced during early
      stages of acute cellular rejection; later on, the differences seemed to
      disappear.

PMID- 2874686
TI  - [Relationship between the central stimulation of atropine and cholinergic
      system].

PMID- 2874687
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmic action of puerarin].

PMID- 2874688
TI  - Effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane on the cGMP metabolism in mouse brain.
AB  - Administration of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) to mice by inhalation or
      intraperitoneally reduced the cGMP contents of the brain stem, cerebral cortex,
      and vermis anterior, including the hemispheres. Following intraperitoneal
      administration the cGMP contents of the vermis posterior and hippocampus were
      also reduced. To investigate the mechanism underlying these changes, the effects
      of TCE on brain guanylate cyclase (GC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities
      were examined after intraperitoneal administration in mice. The basal GC
      activities in the particulate and soluble fractions of the homogenates of the
      cerebellum, brain stem and cerebral cortex were not altered by TCE. In the
      cerebellum TCE treatment inhibited sodium azide-stimulated GC activity in the
      particulate and soluble fractions, while in the brain stem it enhanced the
      particulate GC activity induced by Ca2+. TCE treatment increased the rate of cGMP
      hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex and this was further accelerated by addition of
      Ca2+. Ca2+ also increased the rate of cGMP hydrolysis in the brain stem. However,
      in the cerebellum TCE enhanced the Ca2+-independent PDE activity as well as the
      enzyme activity in the presence of Ca2+ and exogenous calmodulin. These results
      indicate that the reduction of the cGMP content in the brain stem and cerebral
      cortex in vivo on exposure to TCE is due to changes in the rate of cGMP
      hydrolysis. In the cerebellum the TCE reduced cGMP content may be regulated by
      increased rate of cGMP hydrolysis as well as effects on the guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2874689
TI  - Diagnostic potential of urinary enzymes and beta 2-microglobulin in acute urinary
      tract infection.
AB  - Urinary excretions of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M), N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase, acid and
      neutral alpha-glucosidase as indicators of proximal tubular dysfunction were
      measured in patients with acute upper and lower urinary tract infection (UTI) and
      fever of non-renal origin. The sensitivity of beta 2M was 67% and of NAG 49% as
      assessed in more than 100 episodes of acute pyelonephritis. Combined use of beta
      2M and NAG increased the sensitivity to 75%. The degree of beta 2
      microglobulinuria and enzymuria was comparable in patients with acute
      pyelonephritis and fever due to non-renal infections. The excretion of beta 2M
      and the various enzymes was too variable and unpredictable in individual cases to
      be useful as diagnostic indicator. In localizing an acute UTI, tests for proximal
      tubular dysfunction seem to be of no more clinical value than properly measured
      body temperature.

PMID- 2874690
TI  - Nervous system control mechanisms in heart failure.
AB  - Alterations in the peripheral circulation by influencing aortic impedance and
      venous capacitance have a remarkable effect on cardiac performance in patients
      with left ventricular dysfunction. Systemic vasoconstriction in heart failure is
      influenced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system (increased plasma
      norepinephrine), the renin-angiotensin system (increased PRA) and the
      antidiuretic hormone system (increased arginine vasopressin). The level of plasma
      norepinephrine is related weakly to the severity of resting left ventricular
      dysfunction and strongly to the subsequent risk of mortality. Attenuation of
      reflex responsiveness to low pressure mechanoreceptors (orthostatic tilt) and to
      carotid and aortic baroreceptors (nitroprusside infusion) occurs in heart failure
      and the degree of abnormality also may be related to mortality. Vasodilation with
      consequent improvement in left ventricular function may be accomplished by non
      specific dilators (nitroprusside, nitrates, hydralazine, nitrendipine) or by
      specific interference with neurohumoral mechanisms (sympathetic blockade,
      converting enzyme blockade, AVP blockade). Plasma norepinephrine may be reduced
      by central or presynaptic mechanisms (guanabenz, bromocriptine, captopril). The
      hemodynamic effect of this anti-sympathetic effect appears to be related to the
      relative influence on cardiac vs. peripheral sympathetic tone and/or concomitant
      effects of the drugs. Long-term trials are needed to determine whether chronic
      inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system will have a salutary effect on the
      hemodynamics, symptomatology and prognosis of cardiac failure.

PMID- 2874691
TI  - Adrenergic mechanisms in congestive heart failure.
AB  - The normal control of cardiovascular function exerted by the sympathetic nervous
      system is disturbed in congestive heart failure. The failing pump function of the
      heart evokes an increase in sympathetic activity which may be reflected in
      increased levels of plasma noradrenaline. However, these levels are generally
      below the concentrations needed to activate the adrenergic effector systems,
      indicating that the cardiovascular consequences of the increased sympathetic
      activity is not mediated by circulating noradrenaline. In the failing human heart
      there is a decrease in beta-adrenoceptor density which is related to decreasing
      ventricular function. This finding suggests that the myocardium is exposed to
      high concentrations of noradrenaline, inducing downregulation of the receptor
      number, despite the fact that in the failing heart the noradrenaline stores are
      reduced. In heart failure the plasma noradrenaline concentration was found to be
      directly related to mortality and was suggested to provide a better guide to
      prognosis than other commonly measured indexes of cardiac performance.

PMID- 2874693
TI  - Studies on endogenous ligands (endacoids) for the benzodiazepine/beta carboline
      binding sites.

PMID- 2874692
TI  - Some new positive inotropic agents.
AB  - In the search for new effective positive inotropic agents for the treatment of
      congestive heart failure (CHF), interest has focused mainly on two groups of
      agents namely adrenoceptor agonists and drugs inhibiting phosphodiesterase.
      Common for drugs belonging to both groups is that their positive inotropic
      effects seem to involve an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic
      AMP. Drugs acting by stimulation of beta 1- and/or beta 2-adrenoceptors (e.g.
      dopamine, dobutamine, prenalterol, pirbuterol, salbutamol, terbutaline,
      fenoterol) have initial beneficial effects, but seem to be ineffective for long
      term treatment. This has been suggested to be due to desensitization of the beta
      adrenoceptors, and means, if this effect can be definitely established, that beta
      adrenoceptor stimulation should be restricted to the acute treatment of CHF.
      Among drugs inhibiting phosphodiesterase, sulmazole, amrinone, milrinone, and
      fenoximone all have been shown to improve cardiac performance in patients with
      CHF during short-term treatment. However, results of long-term treatment with
      most of these drugs seem less encouraging. It has been suggested that these drugs
      may not be an effective approach to treatment of patients with CHF, since even if
      it is possible to achieve short-term gains, the long-term effects on the
      myocardium may be detrimental. Their ultimate place in the treatment of CHF
      remains to be established.

PMID- 2874694
TI  - Anxiety: its generation by drugs and by their withdrawal.

PMID- 2874695
TI  - Benzodiazepine, beta-carboline, and barbiturate actions on GABA responses.

PMID- 2874696
TI  - Bidirectional modulation of GABA function by beta-carbolines.

PMID- 2874697
TI  - Anxiolytic and anxiogenic beta-carbolines: tools for the study of anxiety
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2874698
TI  - [Intramedullary nailing as an alternate method in the management of slow-healing
      or pseudarthrotic upper and lower leg fractures].
AB  - Intramedullary nailing of delayed healing fractures and non-unions in the lower
      extremity is the method of choice in biological and biomechanical aspects. With
      the technic of interlocking screws the indication is extended to the metaphyseal
      areas of tibia and femur. By nailing as alternative method an ossification of
      fractures and non-unions can be reached at a rate of about 90 per cent. This
      result is rather unique in the literature. In the treatment of shaft non-unions
      after cast fixation or rigid stabilisation by plates or external fixation nailing
      must succeed throughout its weight-bearing system and only fails in the case of
      infection and wrong indication.

PMID- 2874699
TI  - [Long-term results after conservative and surgical treatment of fractures of the
      distal end of the tibia].
AB  - This is a clinical and radiological follow-up on 78 patients with 84 Pilon tibial
      fractures which were treated in our hospital between 1970-82. The fractures were
      arranged in three types after the classification of Ruedi, Matter, Allgower. 49
      conservatively treated fractures were compared with 35 cases operated upon. The
      radiological follow-up focussed on posttraumatic development of arthrosis, the
      mobility of the ankle as well as on the posttraumatic result of reduction. The
      patient's own assessment concerning the result was found out by means of a
      questionnaire. The comparison of the fracture type I and II showed almost the
      same development of arthrosis after conservative and operative treatment, but the
      operated fractures of type III resulted in 33% in heavy arthrosis, whereas the
      cases treated conservatively showed heavy arthrosis in 50%. A close correlation
      exists between the quality of operative reduction and the development of
      arthrosis. A postoperative incongruity of the articular surface is followed by
      heavier arthrosis than a comparable incongruity after conservative treatment. An
      indication of an open reduction is given only if anatomical reconstruction can be
      predicted.

PMID- 2874700
TI  - [Functional treatment of fractures with the Neofract brace].
AB  - Conservative treatment of a fracture is governed by generally accepted
      principles, in the first place absolute rest in the fractured region by
      inactivating the injured limb and adjacent joints. Hence, delayed healing of a
      fracture and formation of pseudarthroses are attributed to shear forces,
      insufficient retention and generally to lack of rest in the fractured area. On
      the other hand, the nonsurgical functional fracture treatment developed by
      Sarmiento in Los Angeles, U.S.A., considers unrest in the fractured area as an
      essential stimulant to osteogenesis of the fractured limb. This led to a new type
      of fracture treatment which largely does away with placing the limb at rest; on
      the contrary, the injured extremity may be subjected to stress quite early in
      fact, permitting minor movements in the fractured area and even aiming at such
      movements. The authors treated 32 fractures of the lower leg in this manner.
      Compared with fracture treatment of the conventional kind, such as via Kuntscher
      nailing, osseous consolidation - as measured by the time the patient was able to
      resume his work - occurred more rapidly. There was an absence of other features
      such as muscular atrophy and limitation of movement; if at all present, they were
      only slight.

PMID- 2874701
TI  - [Operative repositioning and retention of persistent scaphoid-lunate
      dissociation].

PMID- 2874702
TI  - [Significance of early meniscectomy in the etiology of severe arthritis of the
      knee].
AB  - With reference to 3579 meniscectomies performed in our clinic during 18 years as
      well as to cases with severe knee damage treated by arthroplasty, arthrodesis or
      correction osteotomy and their aetiopathological analysis with regard to
      previously performed meniscectomies, the following conclusions are drawn: Earlier
      meniscectomies seem to occur relatively often (up to 20%) in clinical cases of
      severe destructive processes in the knee e.g. knee arthritis. With reference to
      3579 meniscectomies performed in this period this number is very low (1.34%) and 
      under statistical aspects - therefore not essentially important. The analysis of
      the cases of our clinic operated on by means of plastics, arthrodesis or
      correction osteotomies showed, that an earlier meniscectomy was performed because
      of static axis faults. These axis deviations were the main reason not only for
      the meniscopathy but also for the further development of knee arthritis. Cases of
      severe knee arthritis, who could be referred to an earlier meniscectomy
      (traumatic lesion) without any deviation of the leg axis were very rare. The
      rarity of the development of a knee arthritis after meniscectomy seems to prove
      that evidently there is no disadvantage of the mainly performed total
      meniscectomy compared to the subtotal procedure.

PMID- 2874703
TI  - [Late results after meniscectomy].
AB  - Lesion of the meniscus is the most frequently occurring lesion in the region of
      the knee joint. Opinions are still divided as to the effects of partial, subtotal
      or total meniscectomy in provoking and/or promoting arthrosis. In this study, 70
      patients with isolated injury of the meniscus were followed up on an average 11
      years after meniscectomy. The subjective and clinical findings are juxtaposed
      with the x-ray findings. It was found that no arthrosis or no increase of the
      already preoperatively existing degree of arthrosis was seen in only 21.4% of the
      patients. Correlations are set up between instability resulting from meniscectomy
      on the one hand, and degree of arthrosis on the other.

PMID- 2874704
TI  - [Importance of traction-wiring osteosynthesis as dynamic stabilization after
      acromioclavicular joint dislocation. A critical view].
AB  - Various operating procedures have been recommended for the treatment of complete
      acromioclavicular separation. Uncertainty regarding the way of surgical treatment
      leads to a distinct reduction in the number of case reports by individual
      authors. In consequence we established a uniform concept of surgical treatment,
      namely dynamic stabilisation. All patients who were operated on since 1975 were
      treated accordingly. Our results were in accordance with the high rates of metal
      breakage and loosening reported by other authors. Never the less, the functional
      results after surgical treatment still justify this concept of management.

PMID- 2874705
TI  - [Causes, therapy and results of operative treatment of recent and old
      acromioclavicular joint dislocations].
AB  - Osteosynthesis with wires and cerclages is the operative technique of choice in
      case of recent or old breaking of acromio-clavicular joint. In case of an old
      lesion of the acromio-clavicular joint syndesmoplasty should be performed only if
      direct suture of the ligaments is no longer possible. The so-called "allo
      ligament" proved to be a failure because of the high rate of infections. The
      "Kirschner wires" should have a thickness of at least 1.5 mm. To avoid stiffness
      of the operated shoulder there should be an early active functional treatment.
      The removal of the osteosynthesis material should be performed only after
      complete healing of the ligaments (3-4 months postoperatively).

PMID- 2874706
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia in the elderly.
AB  - Four hundred and twenty-six elderly subjects were assessed for the presence of
      dyskinetic movements. Dyskinetic movements were present in 49 subjects (11.5%).
      Ninety-two per cent had orofacial movements, by far the commonest being chewing.
      Dyskinetic movements were present in 12.5% of women and 7.6% of men. Abnormal
      movements were present in 8% of the subjects who had never received neuroleptic
      drugs and in 20.8% of those who had. There was a statistically significant
      association between developing dyskinetic movements and receiving chlorpromazine
      and flupenthixol. There was no association between either advancing age or
      dementia and dyskinetic movements.

PMID- 2874707
TI  - [Granulomatous gingivitis and vasculitis].

PMID- 2874708
TI  - Genetics of esterases and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the Anopheles
      maculatus complex.
AB  - Electromorphic variation for some esterases and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
      enzymes in the Anopheles maculatus complex is controlled by four loci which are
      unlinked to sex. Esterase loci are linked to each other: Est-1-36%-Est-4-16.5%
      Est-3; but unlinked to Pgd-2. Linkage data were obtained by selfing the F1
      generation from selected parents and analysing genotypes in the F2; the classical
      dihybrid-cross. The analysis consists of testing observed data for goodness of
      fit to a) ratios expected from Mendelian ratios without linkage and b) if they do
      not fit then computing a likely degree of linkage and computing expected ratios
      with such linkage for further tests. Confidence limits are given for the most
      likely levels of linkage. This method can provide useful information for
      population-genetic studies on anopheline mosquitoes, whose laboratory rearing is
      generally difficult. Through indirect evidence, the enzyme loci are correlated to
      polytene chromosomes. The esterases probably lie on chromosome three (polytene
      arms 3 and 4) and Pgd-2 on the second chromosome (arms 2 and 5).

PMID- 2874709
TI  - Quantitative determination of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in biological
      fluids by high performance thin layer chromatography.
AB  - A high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for chloroquine (CQ)
      and desethylchloroquine (DCQ) determinations in plasma, erythrocytes and urine is
      described. Samples extracted by heptane from an alkaline water phase are
      separated on HPTLC silica gel plates, using toluene/diethylamine (9:1). The
      compounds are quantified by scanning fluorescent signals. The detection limit is
      0.01 mumol/1 for CQ and DCQ, with an extraction efficiency of 76 +/- 7%. Further
      simplification could make the method suitable for use in field surveys.

PMID- 2874710
TI  - Detection of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in peripheral blood. A
      quantitative comparison of the efficiency and sensitivity of four techniques.
AB  - Four techniques for the detection and quantification of Dirofilaria immitis
      microfilariae in peripheral blood were compared, namely the conventional thick
      smear, thick films prepared by cytocentrifugation, filtration of blood through
      polycarbonate membranes, and density gradient centrifugation followed by membrane
      filtration. The efficiency of the methods and their sensitivity was assessed by
      determining quantitatively the recovery of known numbers of microfilariae from
      defined volumes of blood. Polycarbonate membrane filtration either alone or in
      combination with density gradient centrifugation showed an efficiency of 0.9 and
      0.8, respectively, and reached 100% sensitivity with microfilariae densities of
      greater than or equal to 10 microfilariae per ml of blood. Conventional thick
      smears and cytocentrifugation were of considerably lower efficiency (0.02 and
      0.03, respectively) and reached 100% sensitivity with more than 200 microfilariae
      per ml.

PMID- 2874711
TI  - Comparison of ultrasonography, intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy in
      detection of urinary tract lesions due to Schistosoma haematobium.
AB  - The use of ultrasound in detecting urinary tract alterations by Schistosoma
      haematobium such as hydronephrosis and bladder calcifications was studied in 125
      patients of the out-patients department of a district hospital in SE Tanzania, in
      an area highly endemic for this disease. Ultrasound was compared with plain
      abdominal X-ray (in 33 patients), intravenous pyelography (29), cystoscopy (31)
      and simple urine examination (125). Except for bladder calcifications which could
      not be demonstrated other than by X-ray, sonography compared favorably with IVP
      and cystoscopy and proved therefore to be a valuable tool in assessing S.h.
      related morbidity. In children moderate and advanced hydronephrosis were always
      associated with an irregular bladder wall and correlated strongly with the
      prevalence and intensity of S.h. infections as well as with haematuria and
      proteinuria. Important congestive pathology was observed in 1 out of 10 infected
      children and in 1 out of 20 examined adults.

PMID- 2874712
TI  - Epidemiological studies on Schistosoma bovis in Iringa Region, Tanzania.
AB  - Various aspects of the epidemiology of Schistosoma bovis were studied over a one
      year period in Iringa Region, Tanzania. An abattoir survey revealed an overall
      prevalence rate of 30.8% in cattle and 3.8% in goats in the area, and field
      studies on two dairy farms both providing good opportunities for schistosome
      transmission provided information concerning the transmission ecology of S. bovis
      in relation to different types of grazing and water supply. The traditional
      management system on one farm with a large number of cattle utilizing a limited
      water resource highly suitable for sustaining populations of the snail host
      Bulinus africanus resulted in intensive transmission as evidenced by uptake of
      massive infections in calves and development of resistance to S. bovis challenge
      in dairy cows. On another farm, appropriate management comprising watering of
      cattle at a B. africanus-free pond provided the background for less intensive
      transmission in that transmission risk was confined to occasional contact with
      water contact sites of secondary importance. Besides, the transmission pattern as
      regards intensity and seasonality was affected markedly by the geographical and
      seasonal distribution of the host snail B. africanus. Thus, transmission in
      canals and temporary ponds was limited mainly to the dry season and the end of
      the rainy season, respectively, while transmission in permanent ponds occurred
      intermittently throughout at least most of the year. It is concluded that
      prevention of severe loss of productivity in domestic ruminants due to
      schistosome infections should be possible using strategic management procedures
      provided that essential information is available concerning the pattern of
      transmission in the particular area.

PMID- 2874713
TI  - Chemotherapy of East Coast fever. Treatment of infections induced by isolates of
      Theileria parva with halofuginone.
AB  - Cattle were infected with three isolates of Theileria parva and treated with
      halofuginone lactate during acute clinical disease. The health, weight gain and
      carrier state of the cattle were monitored for 15 months. Limited treatment
      rapidly reduced fever and parasitosis but parasite recrudescences occurred and 12
      out of 21 treated cattle died. Persistent carrier states were identified with two
      T. p. parva isolate infections and a transient carrier state with T. p.
      lawrencei. Three cattle which died from a chronic wasting syndrome during the
      follow-up period showed exhaustion of lymph nodes but no Theileria macroschizonts
      were detected in any tissue.

PMID- 2874714
TI  - Frequent occurrence of hepatic lesions in boutonneuse fever.
AB  - Seven consecutive Sicilian patients with boutonneuse fever but without clinical
      symptoms of hepatic disease underwent hepatic biopsy and had similar hepatic
      lesions. Foci of hepatocellular necrosis were infiltrated with predominantly
      mononuclear leukocytes. No intact Rickettsia conorii were identified in the
      tissues by immunofluorescence. The apparent high frequency of viscerotropism in
      boutonneuse fever conforms to the recent observations of severe illness in what
      had often been described previously as a benign rickettsiosis.

PMID- 2874715
TI  - Trypanosoma brucei infection in domestic pigs in a sleeping sickness epidemic
      area of Uganda. Short communication.

PMID- 2874716
TI  - Nitrate content of ground water is not a valid indicator of faecal pollution in
      rural Sahel regions. Short communication.

PMID- 2874717
TI  - Plants in traditional medicine. Medical concepts of the Abelam people in Papua
      New Guinea. Short communication.

PMID- 2874718
TI  - [Studies on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) in seminal plasma].
AB  - The significance of gamma-GTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) in seminal plasma
      was examined by measuring the gamma-GTP activity in ejaculate, seminal plasma,
      prostatic secretion, testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate and sperm. The
      gamma-GTP activity was measured spectrophotometrically (405 nm) using L-gamma
      glutamyl-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. One unit of enzyme activity was defined
      as the amount liberating 1 mumol of p-nitroaniline per min. The mean gamma-GTP
      activity was 9,094 +/- 4,351 mU/ml in ejaculate and 7,487 +/- 4,286 mU/ml in
      seminal plasma of 76 men visiting the infertility clinic. There is a positive
      correlation between gamma-GTP activity in ejaculate and in seminal plasma. The
      gamma-GTP activity was 15,044 +/- 6,422 mU/ml in prostatic secretion and twice as
      high as the activity in seminal plasma. There was no significant correlation
      between gamma-GTP activity in seminal plasma and volume of ejaculate, sperm
      density or sperm motility. The gamma-GTP activity in testicular tissues was 72 +/
      25 mU/mg protein except for two cases in which its activity was not detected (3
      years old; retentio testis, 71 years old; prostatic carcinoma, was administered
      with hormonal medicine). The gamma-GTP activity in prostatic tissues was 133 +/-
      68 mU/mg protein. The relationship between the gamma-GTP activity in testicular
      tissues and Johnsen's mean score count. Judging from the present results together
      with the previous reports of Rosalki et al (1977) and Simon et al (1978) the
      prostate seemed to be the major source of gamma-GTP in human semen.

PMID- 2874719
TI  - [Arteritis and fatty degeneration of the spermatic cord resembling periarteritis
      nodosa: a case report].
AB  - A 23-year old male was admitted to our hospital because of swelling of the left
      scrotum for one month without any particular past history. Blood count,
      chemistry, urinalysis, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram revealed normal
      findings. Scrotal exploration was performed. A soft, dumbbell-like tumor
      enveloped in a thin membrane was found above the left testis. Pathology revealed
      fibrinous exudation and fibrinoid necrosis in the whole vessel wall indicating
      resemblance to the panarteritis in periarteritis nodosa. Some granulomatous
      lesions with many histiocytes were also noted around these arteries. The findings
      suggested that a inflammation like periarteritis nodosa had occurred at the
      spermatic cord and subsequently developed into fatty degeneration in the
      surroundings. Since local periarteritis nodosa-like lesion may progress to
      systematic disease, further observation is mandatory for this case.

PMID- 2874720
TI  - Variation of influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated in the G.D.R. during 1969-1980
      epidemics.
AB  - A collection of 39 influenza A virus strains of the subtype H3N2 isolated in
      G.D.R. and of six reference strains were analysed with regard to the antigenic
      structure of their surface proteins haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) as
      well as regarding their polypeptide variations. For the field strains during the
      drift period from spring 1969 to spring 1980 seven main variations resulted from
      eight polyclonal sera with the haemagglutination inhibition test, and five main
      variations from six polyclonal sera with the neuraminidase inhibition test. Using
      the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis polypeptide variations in HA,
      nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2 and nucleoprotein (NP) were detected. It could be
      shown that, even during one epidemic, strains circulated with different
      polypeptide composition. With the help of peptide mapping further variations of
      NP and NS1 were registered. The mechanisms leading to the emergence of new
      epidemic strains are discussed.

PMID- 2874721
TI  - Inhibition of subtilisin by influenza virus infected allantoic fluids.
AB  - Allantoic fluids harvested from embryonated chicken eggs infected with reference
      strains of influenza A viruses were analysed for subtilisin inhibitor activity.
      While all acid heat-treated and nontreated virus-infected fluids could reduce
      subtilisin activity, fluids of FM and Bangkok strains had the greatest inhibitory
      ability. The degree of subtilisin inhibition closely paralleled the appearance of
      infectious Bangkok and FM virus in allantoic fluid. Maximum levels were achieved
      at 48 hr post-infection (p.i.) Ultracentrifugation analyses indicated that the
      bulk of thermostable inhibitor(s) of 48 hr Bangkok and FM infectious fluids
      remained in the supernatant rather than sedimenting with the viral pellet.

PMID- 2874722
TI  - Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication in RK-13 cells by N,N'-bis(methylisatin
      beta-thiosemicarbazone)-2-methylpiperazine.
AB  - N,N'-bis(methylisatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone)-2-methylpiperazine in a 100 mumol/l
      concentration inhibited the reproduction of vaccinia virus in RK-13 cells by
      about 90%. This compound (bis-IBTMP) had no influence on virus adsorption and on
      early stages of virus multiplication, but affected virus reproduction from 12 to
      24 hr post-infection (p.i.). The incorporation of 3H-thymidine into infected
      cells increased during first 10 hr p.i., decreasing gradually afterwards. In the
      infected cells treated with bis-IBTMP the same tendency was observed up to 10 hr
      p.i., but later on the incorporation level remained unchanged. The uptake of 14C
      amino acids in the presence of bis-IBTMP was reduced both in vaccinia virus
      infected and non-infected RK-13 cells.

PMID- 2874723
TI  - Preparation and characterization of hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to
      tick-borne encephalitis virus.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MA) were prepared to two strains of tick-borne
      encephalitis (TBE) virus: strain 4072 isolated from a patient in the U.S.S.R. and
      low-pathogenic for mice strain Skalica, isolated from a bank vole (Clethrionomys
      glareolus) in Slovakia. MA specific to the 4072 and Skalica strains were produced
      by hybridomas of the KEN (60 clones) and NEK (65 clones) series, respectively.
      Chromosomal analysis of MA producing 114 hybridoma clones of both series revealed
      a great variability in the number of chromosomes either in the range of given
      clones or between individual clones. The hybridoma cells under study possessed a
      high degree of transformation manifested by good growth in the mouse peritoneal
      cavity and marked accumulation in ascitic fluid (AF).

PMID- 2874724
TI  - Two kinds of monoclonal antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus.
AB  - Two types of monoclonal antibodies (MA) of the KEN and NEK series prepared to
      tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus differed in the spectrum of their reactivity
      in serological tests and in their ability to react with individual
      representatives of the TBE virus complex. The KEN series MA were induced to the
      4072 strain isolated from the blood of a patient in the U.S.S.R. The NEK series
      MA were prepared to the Skalica strain isolated from a bank vole in
      Czechoslovakia. Both groups of MA belonged to IgG class, reacted in
      immunofluorescence (IF) test, but possessed no haemagglutination inhibiting (HI)
      activity. MA of the NEK series reacted in the IF and complement fixation (CF)
      tests with all members of the TBE virus complex, except of the Powassan virus. MA
      of the KEN series had no CF activity and in the IF test, they did not react with
      Powassan and Langat TP-21 viruses and with the Skalica strain of TBE virus.

PMID- 2874725
TI  - Comparative detection of herpesviruses in tissue specimens by in situ
      hybridization and immunofluorescence.
AB  - The conditions of in situ hybridization for demonstration of herpesvirus genomes
      in animal and human tissues were tested using the ORWO(R) K6 emulsion. It was
      possible to localize herpes simplex virus (HSV) genomes in infected mice organs
      (brain and liver) as well as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes in tonsils of
      patients with infectious mononucleosis and in tumour specimens of patients with
      nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Immunofluorescence (IF) revealed mostly corresponding
      results. The in situ hybridization is more favourable due to its higher
      specifity, but it is more time consuming and expensive. IF seems advantageous for
      screening of a great number of tissues.

PMID- 2874726
TI  - Characterization of influenza A-1983 epidemic strains by polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies and detection of two co-circulating antigenic variants.
AB  - Influenza virus strains isolated during 1985 epidemic in Czechoslovakia proved to
      be antigenically closely related to A/Bangkok/79, A/Philippines/2/83 and
      A/Texas/77 (all H3N2) viruses, if examined in haemagglutination inhibition (HI)
      tests with standard polyclonal antisera. If examined in HI tests with monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) IIB4, the virus isolates could be separated into two groups: those
      reacting to high titres (about two thirds of the isolates) and those negative
      with IIB4 (titre of less than 20; rest of the strains). A relationship to MAb
      IIB4 similar to that of freshly isolated A-H3 influenza virus strains was found
      with prototype strains A/Belgium/2/81 (highly positive with IIB4, HI titre up to
      20 000 per 0.025 ml) and A/Philippines/2/82 (titre less than 20). Examination of
      the isolate labelled A/Prague/2/83, obtained from a single individual, suggested
      the existence of two stable and passage-independent lines of a single virus
      strain, namely one HI+ and the second HI- (highly positive and negative in HI
      tests with MAb IIB4, respectively). Solid-phase radio-immunoassay with 125I
      labelled MAb IIB4 of the viruses under consideration showed that binding of virus
      with antibody had occurred in all cases and that, therefore, the negative results
      of HI tests with HI- strains were not due to the absence of binding of MAb IIB4
      to the respective viral antigen.

PMID- 2874727
TI  - Preparation and characterization of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies
      against human alpha interferon.
AB  - Hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against human alpha interferon (hu-IFN
      alpha) were constructed by fusion of NSO myeloma cells with spleen cells of
      BALB/c mice immunized with purified hu-IFN alpha. Altogether, 527 hybridomas were
      prepared in two separate experiments. From this cohort of hybridomas, 51 produced
      monoclonal antibodies against hu-IFN alpha. Seventeen out of fifty one hybridomas
      produced antibodies with neutralizing capacity for IFN while 34 hybridomas
      produced monoclonal antibodies with binding ability not accompanied with the
      neutralization of biological activity of IFN. The specificity of antibodies was
      determined with 3 types of tests: ELISA, ELISAN (modified ELISA) and
      neutralization test. Using isotype analysis, it has been found that 23 monoclonal
      antibodies were of IgM class, 20 were of IgG1 subclass, 4 were of IgG2b and 4 of
      IgG3 subclass. The average number of chromosomes in hybridomas was between 61.35
      and 78.55. Their average doubling time was between 13.95 and 25.76 hrs.

PMID- 2874728
TI  - Contribution to rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
AB  - By indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique humoral antibodies to Epstein-Barr
      virus capsid antigen (EB-VCA) and to cytomegalovirus (CMV) were detected in 47%
      and 9% of persons with infectious mononucleosis (IM), respectively. In 23% of the
      patients examined, IgM antibodies to both viruses were detected, while in 8% of
      them high titres of IgG only were found in the absence of IgM class antibodies to
      EB-VCA or to CMV. The finding of IgM antibody to EB-VCA was in good correlation
      with the persisting symptoms of the disease. Discrepancy between the presence of
      specific IgM and the absence of heterophilic antibodies was observed in some
      children and in all persons with persistent or recurrent signs of IM. In the
      latter, specific IgM was found only during exacerbation of the disease, but
      during remissions IgG antibodies persisted in high levels. Antibodies to Epstein
      Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) were detected in all chronically ill persons
      and antibodies to the R-component of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EA) were
      present in the majority of them.

PMID- 2874729
TI  - Studies on preparation of a tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine from the
      Skalica strain.
AB  - Diethylether-treated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a
      new type vaccine consisting of lipid-free and antigenically efficient components
      instead of whole virus particles. The TBE virus strain designated Skalica was
      used for vaccine preparation. This strain is thermosensitive, produces small
      plaques under agar overlay, is nonpathogenic for adult white mice following
      subcutaneous (s.c.) application and causes threshold viraemia in host animals.
      The vaccine was harmless and immunogenic as evidenced by experiments on white
      mice. Antibodies to TBE virus strain Ir 13 present in human healthy population of
      a natural TBE focus showed similar levels when tested with the Skalica strain.
      The Skalica virus strain can be recommended for preparation of the vaccine
      against TBE.

PMID- 2874730
TI  - Effect of maternal varicella-zoster virus infection on the outcome of pregnancy
      and the analysis of transplacental virus transmission.
AB  - In result of 20 pregnancies complicated by varicella 11 healthy and 6 defective
      offspring were born, 2 pregnancies were aborted by the physician and one
      pregnancy terminated by stillbirth of 3 siblings. Laboratory investigation of 16
      pregnancies has shown that transplacental transfer of varicella-zoster (VZ) virus
      did not occur in 13 cases (81.2%). In 3 cases transplacental transmission of VZ
      virus was not inconsistent with the laboratory results, clinical course, and
      epidemiological analysis. Intrauterine VZ virus infection was suggested in one
      typical case of congenital varicella syndrome and in one healthy newborn
      according to the presence of high serum antibody levels at the time of maternal
      antibody decline. In the third case, VZ virus antigen was detected by indirect
      immunofluorescence in the foetal skin tissue after medical abortion.

PMID- 2874731
TI  - Thymus-independent antibody production to the antigen of Rickettsia prowazekii.
AB  - Antibody production has been studied in cotton B-rats and in CBA B-mice during
      immunization with chemical typhus vaccine (CTV) and during infection with
      Rickettsia prowazekii. Studies of the immune response to rickettsial antigen in T
      deficient animals have shown a high immunogenicity of CTV and independence of
      antibody production on T-lymphocytes. Active antibody synthesis was also observed
      in B-rats and B-mice during Rickettsia prowazekii infection. The absence of T
      lymphocyte dependence in experimental animals was tested by administration of
      sheep red blood cells (SRBC).

PMID- 2874732
TI  - Induction of chromosomal aberrations in human cells by a temperature-sensitive
      mutant of herpes simplex virus type 2 and its revertants.
AB  - The induction of chromosomal aberrations by a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant
      of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) strain Hg52 (ts 13), its revertants 4-8
      and 5-8 and by etalon strains HSV-1 17 syn+ and HSV-2 Hg52 was studied in human
      fibroblast and lymphocyte cultures. The effect on chromosomes of the revertants
      was tested at permissive (31 degrees C) and non-permissive (38 degrees C)
      temperatures. At 38 degrees C the revertants could not induce DNase activity. The
      present results contribute to the possible role of a herpes-coded nuclease in
      induction of chromosomal aberrations.

PMID- 2874733
TI  - A simple and rapid characterization of influenza virus isolates by monoclonal
      antibodies in radioimmunoassay.
AB  - Radioimmunoassay (RIA) with infectious allantoic fluid directly bound to solid
      phase, suitable for detection and further characterization of influenza virus
      isolates, is described. This simple and rapid method was applied for description
      of isolates obtained from different regions of Czechoslovakia during influenza
      epidemic in 1983. The results confirmed that all 13 examined isolates represent
      influenza A viruses possessing H3 subtype haemagglutinin very similar to
      haemagglutinin of influenza viruses A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2), A/Belgium/2/81 (H3N2)
      and A/Philippines/2/82 (H3N2), respectively.

PMID- 2874734
TI  - Effect of oxatomide on calcium ions in smooth muscle.
AB  - In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of inhibitory action of oxatomide on
      smooth muscle against various spasmogens, we studied the effect of this drug on
      cumulative dose response curves (CDRC) to CaCl2 in guinea pig ileum. We found
      that oxatomide induces a shift to right and a non-surmountable depression of the
      maximal response of these CDRC which suggests non-competitive antagonism.
      Furthermore, oxatomide inhibits 45Ca2+ uptake by guinea pig ileum after
      acetylcholine stimulation which constitutes strong evidence that inhibition of
      calcium ion utilization by smooth muscle cells plays a major role in the mode of
      action of oxatomide.

PMID- 2874736
TI  - Altered adaptive responses to training by nonselective beta-adrenergic blockade
      in coronary artery disease.
AB  - To examine the alterations in adaptive responses to training by nonselective beta
      adrenergic blockade in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), 26 patients
      were studied. Thirteen patients, aged 48 +/- 2 years (mean +/- standard error)
      were treated with beta-adrenergic blocking agents and another 13, aged 55 +/- 2
      years, were control subjects. The 2 groups were similar in terms of initial
      maximal attainable O2 consumption (VO2max): 24 +/- 1 vs 25 +/- 2 ml/kg/min,
      patients and control subjects, respectively), and intensity (87 +/- 3.0 vs 88 +/-
      2% of attainable VO2max), frequency (4 +/- 0.2 vs 4.0 +/- 0.3 days/week), and
      duration (12 months) of training. Maximal attainable VO2 increased to the same
      extent (36% vs 35%) in both groups. Heart rate (HR) at rest decreased to a
      similar extent in both groups (p less than 0.001). During submaximal exercise at
      the same exercise intensities, HR decreased in both groups, but to a larger
      extent in the control group than in the beta-blocker group after training. In the
      later, the reduced HR during submaximal exercise was solely due to training
      induced bradycardia at rest. In contrast, the slower HR during submaximal
      exercise in control subjects after training was attributable to both bradycardia
      at rest and a smaller increase in HR during submaximal exercise. In both groups,
      the half-time of HR deceleration after cessation of exercise decreased (p less
      than 0.005) after training. However, the training-induced decrease in the half
      time was significantly larger (p less than 0.025) in control subjects than in
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874735
TI  - Systemic and renal vasodilation after beta-adrenoceptor blockade with pindolol: a
      hemodynamic study on the onset and maintenance of its antihypertensive effect.
AB  - Pindolol, a beta blocker with considerable partial agonist activity (PAA), was
      studied in 10 hypertensive subjects. The maximal fall in mean arterial pressure
      (MAP) was seen 3 to 4 hours after oral dosing with 10 mg of pindolol (-15 +/- 3%,
      mean +/- SEM). This was caused by a reduction in total peripheral resistance
      (TPR), which amounted to 25 +/- 4% after 24 hours. Cardiac output increased by 16
      +/- 5%. Cardiac filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressure did not change.
      Increasing the dose of pindolol, from 5 mg twice a day to 15 mg twice a day over
      a 3-week period, caused no further change in MAP. After 3 weeks, the fall in MAP
      (-11 +/- 2%) was maintained by reduced TPR (-26 +/- 6%), whereas cardiac output
      and stroke volume were increased by 16 +/- 6% and 26 +/- 6%. Renal blood flow and
      glomerular filtration rate did not change. Beta blockers devoid of PAA lower
      cardiac output, whereas the elevated TPR in hypertension is unchanged. The
      hemodynamic profile of pindolol essentially differs from that of beta blockers
      devoid of PAA.

PMID- 2874737
TI  - The effects of chlorcyclizine-induced glycosaminoglycan alterations on palatal
      mesenchyme-basal lamina relationships in the mouse.
AB  - The relationships of mesenchymal cells to the basal lamina underlying regions of
      the palatal-shelf epithelium that are known to increase in cell density during
      shelf reorientation are quantitatively different from those of cells underlying
      neighboring regions that do not increase in cell density. Chlorcyclizine-induced
      alterations of the extracellular matrix were used to investigate the possible
      contribution of extracellular matrix to these differences. Chlorcyclizine causes
      hyaluronate and the chondroitin sulfates to be degraded into pieces with smaller
      molecular weights and lower charge densities, with little or no effect on their
      synthesis, and also results in cleft palate. Pregnant CD-1 mice were gavaged with
      chlorcyclizine on days 10.5, 11.5, and 12.5 of gestation, and the fetuses were
      harvested on day 13.5. Some palatal shelves were excised immediately and fixed
      for electron microscopy; other heads were partially dissected and incubated for 4
      hr prior to fixation. In normal heads differences in mesenchymal cell
      configurations are detectable after 4 hr in vitro. Electron micrographs were
      taken of the epithelial-mesenchymal interface in nasal and oral regions that
      increased in epithelial cell density and in nasal and oral regions which did not.
      Several variables of mesenchymal cell configuration were measured in a 500-nm
      wide zone delimited on photographic prints. Chlorcyclizine-induced
      glycosaminoglycan alterations resulted in quantifiable, region-specific
      differences in mesenchymal cell relationships to the basal lamina and in the
      ultrastructural appearance of the zone immediately subjacent to the basal lamina.
      These results suggest that the epithelial-mesenchymal interface and sublaminar
      zone of the nasal and oral regions as well as their active and inactive segments
      may be constitutively different.

PMID- 2874738
TI  - A double-blind study comparing an acellular pertussis-component DTP vaccine with
      a whole-cell pertussis-component DTP vaccine in 18-month-old children.
AB  - An acellular pertussis-component diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (AC-DTP) vaccine
      was compared with a currently licensed, whole-cell pertussis-component DTP (WC
      DTP) vaccine for reactogenicity and immunogenicity when given as the fourth DTP
      immunization in sixty 18- to 24-month-old children. Reactions over the first 48
      hours were significantly less common in the AC-DTP vaccine recipients, as follows
      (WC-DTP/AC-DTP): fever, 85%/5%; redness, 70%/12.5%; tenderness, 100%/22.5%;
      swelling, 35%/10%; fretfulness, 70%/12.5%; anorexia, 35%/2.5%; and vomiting,
      10%/0%. Antibody responses to pertussis antigens (agglutinogens, lymphocytosis
      promoting factor, and filamentous hemagglutinin), diphtheria toxoid, and tetanus
      toxoid in AC-DTP vaccine recipients were comparable with those in WC-DTP vaccine
      recipients. The AC-DTP vaccine evaluated in this trial seems to be as immunogenic
      as WC-DTP vaccine while being markedly less reactogenic.

PMID- 2874739
TI  - Sudden death in a patient taking neuroleptics.

PMID- 2874740
TI  - Interaction of epinephrine with isolated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells.
AB  - l-Epinephrine-mediated effects on intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cAMP) levels in rabbit surface tracheal epithelial cells
      (tracheocytes) were investigated to understand the difference in potency of
      epinephrine and isoproterenol compared with that observed in intact tracheal
      mucosa-submucosa. Epinephrine-mediated increases in cAMP levels reached a maximum
      in approximately 10 min then decreased; however, cAMP levels remained elevated
      even after 30 min of incubation with catecholamine. The beta-adrenergic
      antagonist propranolol partially blocked the dose-dependent increase in cAMP
      caused by epinephrine. Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, and
      inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (ibuprofen, indomethacin, and acetylsalicylic acid)
      caused a shift to the right of the epinephrine dose-response curve, indicating
      antagonism of the response to epinephrine. Epinephrine, but not isoproterenol,
      stimulated the generation and release of prostaglandin (PG) E2, with 1.1 microM
      producing a half-maximal effect. This effect was antagonized by ibuprofen,
      phentolamine, and yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, but not by
      propranolol. The alpha 2-adrenergic effect of epinephrine was mimicked by
      clonidine, which stimulated PGE2 generation and release and caused an increase in
      cAMP levels in a dose-dependent manner; its effects on PGE2 release were blocked
      by ibuprofen and yohimbine. Methoxamine, an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, did not
      stimulate PGE2 release. PGE2 alone caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in
      cAMP levels. In the presence of clonidine and isoproterenol, PGE2 was released,
      and the dose-dependent increase in cAMP levels mediated by isoproterenol was
      shifted to the left, indicating increased potency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2874741
TI  - Decreased alpha 1-adrenergic receptor-mediated inositide hydrolysis in neurons
      from hypertensive rat brain.
AB  - The expression of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors and norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated
      hydrolysis of inositol phospholipid has been studied in neuronal cultures from
      the brains of normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive
      (SH) rats. Binding of 125I-2-[beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-aminomethyl] tetralone
      (HEAT) to neuronal membranes was 68-85% specific and was rapid. Competition
      inhibition experiments with various agonists and antagonists suggested that 125I
      HEAT bound selectively to alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. Specific binding of 125I
      HEAT to neuronal membranes from SH rat brain cultures was 30-45% higher compared
      with binding in WKY normotensive controls. This increase was attributed to an
      increase in the number of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on SH rat brain neurons.
      Incubation of neuronal cultures of rat brain from both strains with NE resulted
      in a concentration-dependent stimulation of release of inositol phosphates,
      although neurons from SH rat brains were 40% less responsive compared with WKY
      controls. The decrease in responsiveness of SH rat brain neurons to NE, even
      though the alpha 1-adrenergic receptors are increased, does not appear to be due
      to a general defect in membrane receptors and postreceptor signal transduction
      mechanisms. This is because neither the number of muscarinic-cholinergic
      receptors nor the carbachol-stimulated release of inositol phosphates is
      different in neuronal cultures from the brains of SH rats compared with neuronal
      cultures from the brains of WKY rats. These observations suggest that the
      increased expression of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors does not parallel the
      receptor-mediated inositol phosphate hydrolysis in neuronal cultures from SH rat
      brain.

PMID- 2874742
TI  - Central cholinergic control of vasopressin release in conscious rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of carbachol into conscious rats
      evoked a substantial increase in vasopressin secretion and blood pressure in a
      dose-dependent manner. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with the
      muscarinic blocker, atropine (10 micrograms icv), but not by the nicotinic
      blocker, hexamethonium (10 micrograms icv). Hexamethonium did, however, block the
      increase in blood pressure, the decrease in heart rate, and the very small
      elevation in the plasma vasopressin concentration induced by nicotine (10
      micrograms icv). These results indicate that stimulation of either central
      nicotinic or muscarinic receptors can affect the cardiovascular system and
      suggest that the cholinergic stimulation of vasopressin secretion may involve
      primarily muscarinic receptors in the conscious rat.

PMID- 2874743
TI  - In vivo pulsatility of pancreatic islet peptides.
AB  - In vivo oscillations of pancreatic peptides are recognized in primates. To
      determine whether such oscillations also occur in other mammalian species and to
      examine their underlying mechanisms, portal vein levels of insulin, C-peptide,
      glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and glucose were measured
      simultaneously at 1- or 2-min intervals in nine conscious dogs. For comparison
      with primates, additional experiments were conducted in baboons and humans.
      Computer-assisted pulse identification for both raw and smoothed data was
      performed and spectral estimations calculated after detrending. Concomitance and
      comovement between the fluctuations of the various peptides and glucose were
      tested. Prominent pulses at 10- to 14-min intervals were detected most regularly
      for insulin and glucagon and were frequently reflected in PP and somatostatin
      levels. Corresponding relative increments in plasma concentration averaged 54%
      for insulin, 16% for glucagon, 25% for PP, and 24% for somatostatin. Insulin
      pulses were concomitant with glucagon pulses in 80% of the cases. Pulses of PP
      were less frequent, although consistently associated with insulin pulses.
      Somatostatin pulses were less consistently associated with those of other
      peptides. Peptide oscillations were unrelated to glucose changes. Spectral
      analysis confirmed these results with peaks in the 10- to 14-min range for all
      peptides but no significant periodicity for glucose. No consistent delays or
      advances between the oscillations of the various peptides could be demonstrated.
      It is speculated that oscillatory behavior in the pancreas may be related to a
      central pacemaker mechanism, which involves insulin tightly coupled to glucagon,
      entraining the fluctuations of PP, and, inconsistently, of somatostatin.

PMID- 2874744
TI  - ATP-dependent proton transport in human renal medulla.
AB  - An electrogenic proton-translocating ATPase (H+-ATPase) has been described in
      turtle urinary bladder and bovine and rat renal medulla. In the present study, a
      membrane fraction with ATP-dependent H+ transport activity was isolated from
      human renal medulla. Intravesicular acidification was assessed by acridine orange
      absorbance changes. Proton transport was abolished by N-ethylmaleimide but not
      oligomycin or vanadate, differentiating this H+-ATPase from mitochondrial F0-F1
      H+-ATPase and gastric H+-K+-ATPase. In addition, vesicular proton uptake was
      demonstrated to be independent of sodium and potassium cotransport. Proton
      translocation rate increased when transmembrane potential was clamped with
      valinomycin supporting an electrogenic mechanism. Hydrogen ion transport was
      dependent on the presence of chloride or bromide, since substitution by fluoride
      or nitrate markedly decreased intravesicular acidification. The transport
      characteristics of this proton-translocating ATPase are similar to those
      described for turtle urinary bladder and bovine and rat renal medulla, which have
      been assumed to play a role in urinary acidification by the medullary collecting
      duct.

PMID- 2874745
TI  - Effect of focal cooling of central chemosensitive areas on cerebral ischemic
      response.
AB  - The ventrolateral medullary surface (VMS) has been shown to have chemosensitive
      areas that can alter blood pressure and respiration. It has also been shown that
      lesions near the VMS can affect the intensity of the cerebral ischemic response
      (CIR). To determine which regions of the central chemosensitive areas of the
      ventral medullary surface contribute to the pressor response caused by cerebral
      ischemia, we used focal cooling of the caudal Loescheke's (CL), intermediate
      Schlaefke's (IS), and rostral Mitchell's (RM) areas of VMS during ischemia of the
      brain. Experiments were performed on 17 pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized,
      paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats after denervation of the vagi and
      sinoaortic nerves. Bilateral occlusion of the external carotid and vertebral
      arteries resulted in a significant increase of arterial pressure (from 129 +/- 4
      to 174 +/- 8 mmHg, P less than 0.01) and an increase in splanchnic sympathetic
      activity. However, heart rate and cervical sympathetic activities were not
      appreciably affected by cerebral ischemia. Bilateral cooling of the IS area to as
      low as 10 degrees C led to a decrease or disappearance of phrenic activity but
      failed to affect the magnitude of the pressor response. Also cooling of the CL
      and RM areas and application of Gelfoam pledgets soaked in lidocaine (4%) to
      these areas did not affect the CIR. However, covering the whole VMS with 0.2 ml
      of 4% lidocaine or cold cerebrospinal fluid (10 degrees C) abolished the ischemic
      reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874746
TI  - Fetal vascular pressure and heart rate responses to nonlabor uterine
      contractions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are changes in fetal
      arterial pressure, venous pressure, or heart rate during nonlabor uterine
      contractions (i.e., contractures) in late gestation pregnant sheep. To do this,
      amniotic fluid pressure was continuously recorded using on-line computer
      techniques and subtracted from fetal arterial and venous pressures. With randomly
      selected data, there were no statistically significant changes with time in the
      fetal variables. However, when averaged with respect to time of the contractures,
      fetal arterial and venous pressures increased significantly during the
      contractures, and heart rate decreased. In addition, there were small but
      statistically significant decreases in each of the three fetal variables just
      before the contractures. Blocking the fetal autonomic nervous system eliminated
      the decreases in the variables before the contractures as well as the decrease in
      heart rate during the contractures, but arterial and venous pressure increased
      normally. Infusion of 1 liter of warmed saline into the amniotic space did not
      alter the fetal cardiovascular or amniotic fluid pressure changes during
      contractures. In summary, there are significant fetal cardiovascular changes
      during nonlabor uterine contractions, and these are consistent with a
      translocation of fetal blood from the placenta into the fetal body. Although the
      cause of fetal cardiovascular changes just before the contractures is unknown,
      they suggest but do not prove that the fetus may provide the signal for the
      nonlabor uterine contractions to occur.

PMID- 2874748
TI  - [Problems posed by Alzheimer's disease].

PMID- 2874747
TI  - Amebic infections in asymptomatic homosexual men, lack of evidence of invasive
      disease.
AB  - A survey for enteric infections in 140 asymptomatic homosexual men who attended a
      community clinic revealed a high prevalence of infection with Entamoeba
      histolytica (27.1 per cent) and Giardia lamblia (15.7 per cent). In contrast, the
      prevalence of elevated indirect hemagglutination (IHA) titers (greater than or
      equal to 1:128), which indicate invasive amebiasis, was low (5.7 per cent). Our
      findings suggest that only a limited amount of invasive amebic disease is
      occurring in this group of homosexual men.

PMID- 2874749
TI  - The lactam of alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid (1-amidino-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic
      acid).
AB  - alpha-Guanidinoglutaric acid (alpha-GGA) has been reported to occur in the
      cerebral cortex after epileptic seizures. No physical characteristics of alpha
      GGA have been given. A practical procedure for the preparation of alpha-GGA is
      reported here. alpha-GGA forms a lactam in aqueous solution at 80 degrees C. It
      is proposed to substitute this lactam, 1-amidino-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid
      (pAGlu), for pyroglutamic acid (pGlu) at the N-terminal position in neuropeptides
      to modify their biological characteristics. L(+)-Glutamic acid was reacted with S
      methylisothiourea (I) at pH 10 in aqueous solution to form L(-)-alpha
      guanidinoglutaric acid: mp 165-168 degrees C, [alpha]22D = -22.7 (C = 4, 2 M
      HCl). alpha-GGA reacted promptly with excess reagent to form a salt, S
      methylisothiourea-alpha-guanidinoglutarate: mp 209-210 degrees C, [alpha]22D = 
      13.0 (C = 4, 2 M HCl). I was removed from the salt with aqueous picric acid,
      since I readily formed an insoluble picrate, S-methylisothiourea picrate (mp 225
      228 degrees C). Alternatively, the salt was added to a cation exchange column,
      and the alpha-GGA was eluted with molar ammonium acetate buffer, pH 9.5. Its
      lactam, 1-amidino-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, mp 248-249 degrees C,
      [alpha]22D = +2.1 (C = 4, 2 M HCl), formed a picrate (mp 196-199 degrees C).

PMID- 2874750
TI  - An iodine-125 radioimmunoassay for the direct detection of benzodiazepines in
      blood and urine.

PMID- 2874751
TI  - Pharmacologic and clinical aspects of preoperative medication.

PMID- 2874752
TI  - Increases in intracranial pressure from succinylcholine: prevention by prior
      nondepolarizing blockade.
AB  - Whether succinylcholine causes an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) in
      patients with brain lesions is uncertain and, if increased ICP does occur, its
      pathophysiology remains unknown. The authors investigated both the effect of
      succinylcholine on ICP and its modification with prior neuromuscular blockade by
      measuring ICP (subarachnoid bolt) in 13 consecutive patients with brain tumors
      who received succinylcholine both before and after complete neuromuscular
      blockade with vecuronium. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental, 6 mg X kg-1 iv,
      and nitrous oxide, 70% in oxygen, while ventilation was controlled (PaCO2 = 37.2
      mmHg +/- 1.7 SE). Succinylcholine, 1 mg X kg-1 iv, was administered and ICP,
      heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) were recorded until normal twitch
      tension was restored. Complete neuromuscular blockade was then established with
      vecuronium, 0.14 mg X kg-1 iv; 3 min later, succinylcholine, 1 mg X kg-1 iv, was
      repeated. The resulting changes in ICP, HR, and BP were recorded for 3 min.
      Following the first dose of succinylcholine, mean ICP increased from 15.2 mmHg +/
      1.3 SE to 20.1 mmHg +/- 2.0 SE (P less than 0.05), with five of the patients
      sustaining increases in ICP of 9 mmHg or greater. In contrast, when
      succinylcholine was given after vecuronium-induced paralysis, no patient
      developed an increase in ICP greater than 3 mmHg (P less than 0.05 compared with
      the incidence of ICP greater than or equal to 9 mmHg observed after the first
      dose of succinylcholine). A second group of six patients received two doses of
      succinylcholine according to the same protocol but without an intervening dose of
      vecuronium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874754
TI  - [Information on mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Leipzig, East Germany].
AB  - With 482 catches between 1949 and 1984, 26 species of the family Culicidae were
      proved in the district of Leipzig. Anopheles was found in 9 subdistricts. The
      species were registered according to the subdistrict or region where caught. The
      species caught in the GDR and in Berlin (West) after 1948/49 were arranged in a
      table which also includes the authors of catching-publications. Further
      information on some species has been provided. The findings are documented by
      cryptograms and adequate symbolic parts.

PMID- 2874755
TI  - Prevention and treatment of supraventricular tachycardia shortly after coronary
      artery bypass grafting: a randomized open trial.
AB  - Supraventricular arrhythmias continue to complicate the postoperative course of
      patients following coronary artery bypass grafting. In a randomized, open,
      controlled trial we assessed the value of two different beta-blocking agents in
      the prevention and treatment of these arrhythmias. Of 151 consecutive patients
      undergoing coronary artery surgery, 39 were treated with metoprolol and 41 were
      treated with sotalol (a beta blocker with class III antiarrhythmic properties).
      Fifty patients served as a control group and received no prophylactic therapy.
      Twenty-one patients were eliminated from the study for various reasons, making a
      final total of 130 in the study group. In the metoprolol group 15.3% of patients
      developed supraventricular tachycardia SVT after coronary artery surgery, which
      was significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the incidence observed in the
      control group. However, in the group of patients receiving sotalol, 2.4%
      developed SVT (p less than 0.01 compared with the control group). Of 18 patients
      in the control group who developed SVT after randomization, 10 received sotalol
      and 4 metoprolol to terminate the arrhythmia. The mean time of termination of SVT
      after drug administration was 2.4 +/- 1.8 hours for treatment with sotalol and
      13.6 +/- 9.8 hours for treatment with metoprolol. We conclude that sotalol
      significantly reduces the incidence of supraventricular tachycardia in the early
      period after coronary artery bypass surgery.

PMID- 2874753
TI  - The scientific basis for analgesic use in dentistry.

PMID- 2874756
TI  - Emergency psychopharmacology: a review and update.
AB  - The emergency area is a difficult site for the practice of careful
      psychopharmacology. The detailed history taking and collaborative treatment
      relationship often found in the consultant's office is rarely present. Instead,
      rapid decisions are made under a variety of pressures, with patients who may be
      uncooperative and unwilling to be treated. Many emergency patients are
      concurrently in treatment with a psychotherapist or psychopharmacologist who is
      available for consultation to the emergency service. When this is possible it is
      of great potential value, both in arriving more quickly at an appropriate
      treatment and in preventing a harmful opposition of the patient's treatment
      resources. For patients who are not currently in another treatment, additional
      helpful information often may be obtained from friends or family members. This is
      especially useful in treating patients who are acutely psychotic, unable to
      communicate, or uncooperative with the emergency interview. Although
      psychopharmacological approaches properly chosen often yield rapid results,
      medications are only a part of most emergency treatment plans. Medications are
      ineffective in a variety of crises and cannot replace careful interviewing of
      patients and others aimed at understanding the exogenous stress, change in
      interpersonal relationships, intrapsychic conflict, or biological disorder that
      precipitated an emergency visit. Furthermore, the decision to treat with
      medications must include a consideration of the adverse effects that may occur.
      With these limitations in mind, the area of emergency psychopharmacology can
      provide powerful assistance to emergency clinicians.

PMID- 2874757
TI  - Beta blocker overdoses.

PMID- 2874758
TI  - Glucagon and beta-blocker poisoning.

PMID- 2874759
TI  - Independent influence of reversibility of air-flow obstruction and nonspecific
      hyperreactivity on the long-term course of lung function in chronic air-flow
      obstruction.
AB  - We evaluated factors that might influence the course of lung function after 2 to
      21 yr of follow-up in 81 nonallergic patients with chronic air-flow obstruction
      (CAO) and considerable lung function impairment (initial forced expiratory volume
      in one second as a percentage of inspiratory slow vital capacity (FEV1 % VC)
      ranging from 40 to 55% and increasing less than 15% after the administration of
      the anticholinergic bronchodilator thiazinamium). A more favorable rate of change
      in FEV1 was associated with less pack-years of smoking, less nonspecific
      hyperreactivity, and a higher degree of reversibility of air-flow obstruction,
      when expressed as the increase in FEV1 as a percentage of the predicted minus
      prebronchodilator FEV1 value. Nonspecific hyperreactivity and reversibility of
      air-flow obstruction appeared to influence the decline in FEV1 independently of
      baseline value of FEV1, both in smokers and ex-smokers. The hypothesis is put
      forward that regular bronchodilating therapy may be able to prevent deterioration
      of lung function. However, the possibility that interval therapy may ultimately
      produce the same results cannot be excluded. It seems to be important to stop
      smoking, both for the sake of its negative influence on the course of FEV1 and
      for the fact that a beneficial influence of bronchodilating therapy may become
      even more apparent.

PMID- 2874760
TI  - [Cyclophosphamide in panarteritis nodosa in a child].

PMID- 2874761
TI  - Diagnosis of left-sided regurgitant murmurs by transient arterial occlusion: a
      new maneuver using blood pressure cuffs.
AB  - Transient arterial occlusion of both arms with blood pressure cuffs inflated to
      20 to 40 mm Hg above systolic pressure for 20 seconds augmented the intensity of
      left-sided regurgitant murmurs caused by aortic regurgitation, mitral
      regurgitation, and ventricular septal defect. We compared this new maneuver with
      handgrip exercise, squatting, and amyl nitrite inhalation in 30 patients with
      left-sided regurgitant murmurs and in 30 patients with murmurs not caused by left
      sided regurgitation. Transient arterial occlusion increased the intensity of left
      sided regurgitant murmurs more than squatting (p = 0.02) and did not
      statistically differ from isometric handgrip exercise and amyl nitrite inhalation
      in ability to identify the presence of these murmurs. A false-positive diagnosis
      of left-sided regurgitant murmur was less likely when using transient arterial
      occlusion than when using handgrip exercise (p = 0.05) and squatting (p less than
      0.001). Thus, transient arterial occlusion works as well as or better than other
      standard bedside maneuvers for diagnosing or excluding left-sided regurgitant
      murmurs and can be applied to all patients.

PMID- 2874762
TI  - [Benzonitrile and structural analogs: action of para-nitrobenzonitrile (PNB) on
      the central nervous system].

PMID- 2874763
TI  - Testicular venography in the localization of undescended testes. An analysis of
      seventeen patients.

PMID- 2874764
TI  - [Hybridization in situ: methodology and applications to the analysis of phenomena
      of gene expression in endocrine glands and the nervous system].
AB  - Techniques of in situ hybridization for the detection of mRNA on histological
      sections are described and commented upon. The main applications of the procedure
      are discussed and the potential uses of this new method for the analysis of gene
      expression in endocrine and nervous systems are presented.

PMID- 2874765
TI  - Elevated gamma-aminobutyric acid level in striatal but not extrastriatal brain
      regions in Parkinson's disease: correlation with striatal dopamine loss.
AB  - We measured the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid,
      and o-phosphoethanolamine in autopsied brain of 9 patients who died with
      idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 10 control subjects. In the control striatum
      GABA showed an uneven rostrocaudal distribution pattern with rostral subdivisions
      containing about 40 to 50% higher levels. When compared with controls, GABA
      concentrations in Parkinson's disease striatum were generally elevated. The GABA
      elevation was most pronounced in the caudal subdivision of the putamen; this
      striatal subdivision also showed the most severe dopamine loss. We observed in
      the caudal putamen a significant negative correlation between the (elevated) GABA
      and (reduced) dopamine levels (the latter expressed as the sum of dopamine plus 3
      methoxytyramine). Milder nonsignificant elevations of GABA levels were observed
      in intermediate and rostral putamen followed by the caudate head subdivisions.
      GABA levels were normal in all extrastriatal brain areas examined. Striatal
      glutamic acid levels were markedly elevated in 3 of the 9 patients with
      Parkinson's disease. We suggest that the altered GABA metabolism in the striatum,
      especially the putamen, is consequent to the nigrostriatal deficiency in this
      disorder. This secondary change in striatal GABA function is likely to contribute
      to the basal ganglia dysfunction produced by the striatal dopamine loss and thus
      may be related to certain aspects of parkinsonian symptomatology.

PMID- 2874766
TI  - Acidification of the endocytic and exocytic pathways.

PMID- 2874767
TI  - Discontinuous transcription and antigenic variation in trypanosomes.
AB  - The main theme of this review is the discontinuous synthesis of mRNAs in
      trypanosomes. This novel process was discovered in the unicellular eukaryote
      Trypanosoma brucei, but it is probably a general feature of the order of
      Kinetoplastida, to which several other major human pathogens belong.
      Discontinuous RNA synthesis involves a sequence of 35 nucleotides (nt) found at
      the 5' end of all trypanosome mRNAs analyzed. The 35-nt sequence is encoded in
      arrays of 1.35-kb repeats that are clustered in the genome. The primary
      transcript of the 1.35-kb repeat is an RNA of 140 nt that carries the 35-nt
      sequence at its 5' end. The 35-nt sequence is transferred from the 140-nt
      precursor to pre-mRNAs made elsewhere in the genome. The process has not yet been
      reconstructed in vitro, and whether transfer involves priming of pre-mRNA
      synthesis, RNA-RNA ligation followed by splicing, trans-splicing, or more than
      one of these mechanisms, is still unknown. Circumstantial evidence makes priming
      the least likely of these alternatives. Why it is advantageous to trypanosomes to
      make their mRNAs in such an unusual fashion is unclear. As yet, there is no
      evidence for discontinuous synthesis of mRNAs in organisms other than
      kinetoplastid flagellates. The mini-exon sequence was first found in mRNAs for
      Variant-specific Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs), and the control of the synthesis
      of these proteins is a second theme of this review. Silent VSG genes may be
      activated by their duplicative transposition to a telomeric expression site. The
      transposition process looks like a gene conversion, mediated by short blocks of
      sequence homology. Activation of the transposed gene is due to its insertion into
      an active transcription unit, i.e. to promoter addition. Telomeric VSG genes can
      also be activated without duplication. This can occur by a reciprocal
      translocation in which a silent telomeric gene exchanges position with a gene
      residing in an active expression site. A VSG gene may also be activated without
      detectable translocation, however, by the transcriptional activation of the
      silent expression site in which it is located. How this occurs is still unknown,
      because the transcription units are so long that the promoter for pre-mRNA
      synthesis has not yet been reached by chromosome walking. A simple mechanism in
      which a mobile promoter moves between telomeres has been rendered unlikely by the
      demonstration that two telomeric transcription units can be simultaneously active
      when one of them is interrupted by a large DNA insertion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2874768
TI  - Brain serotonin and eating behavior.
AB  - Studies indicate that hypothalamic monoamine systems involved in the control of
      food intake have specific effects on temporal feeding patterns and on appetite
      for specific macronutrients. Based on the evidence obtained in rats, it is
      proposed that serotonin acts, in part, through a satiety mechanism of the medial
      hypothalamus, to reduce ingestion of carbohydrate while sparing protein intake.
      In controlling the ratio of carbohydrate to protein intake, this serotonergic
      system, which is responsive to the anorectic agent fenfluramine, is believed to
      function in direct opposition to the alpha 2-noradrenergic system of the
      paraventricular nucleus, which inhibits satiety for carbohydrate and thereby
      potentiates the size of carbohydrate meals. This serotonergic system may also
      indirectly oppose the catecholaminergic systems of the lateral hypothalamus,
      which mediate amphetamine anorexia and which inhibit a hunger-stimulating system
      for protein intake, thereby delaying the initiation of protein meals. Examination
      of the rats' normal eating patterns, in conjunction with particular biochemical
      analyses, has indicated specific points in the circadian eating cycle where these
      hypothalamic monoamine systems, in association with changes in circulating
      hormones and nutrients, may be physiologically activated.

PMID- 2874769
TI  - Serotoninergic mechanisms in human feeding: the pharmacological evidence.
AB  - This paper reviews the evidence of serotoninergic mechanisms in human feeding by
      considering the effects of 5-HT agonists, precursors and receptor antagonists on
      hunger, food intake and weight change in normal volunteers, obese people and
      psychiatric patients. Although there is compelling evidence for a serotonin (5
      HT) mechanism being involved, the paper highlights the considerable individual
      variation in response to pharmacological manipulation of 5-HT. Such variation may
      reflect differences in the bio-availability of the drugs used. Subtle
      psychological factors may also play a role in blurring the pharmacological
      evidence for 5-HT involvement in the highly complex activity of human feeding.

PMID- 2874770
TI  - Binding and internalization of atrial natriuretic factor by high-affinity
      receptors in A10 smooth muscle cells.
AB  - A10 smooth muscle cells, derived from embryonic rat thoracic aorta, responded to
      the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) with increased levels of cyclic GMP. These
      cells possess high-affinity (apparent Kd = 50 pM) plasma membrane receptors for
      ANF. Internalization of ANF at 37 degrees C was indicated by the following:
      approximately 25% of the 125I-ANF associated with the cells at elevated
      temperatures could not be dissociated from the surface of the cells, but could be
      released by permeabilization with saponin, and the amount of nondissociable ANF
      increased in the presence of chloroquine. In whole cells and in membranes, a
      single polypeptide of 60,000 Da was specifically labeled by a photoaffinity
      analog of 125I-ANF, as well as by crosslinking, and an IC50 of 80 pM for
      inhibition of the labeling by ANF was observed. The ANF receptor in A10 cells was
      distinguished from that in rabbit aorta by its high affinity for shorter and
      linear analogs of ANF, as well as by a different photolabeling pattern.

PMID- 2874771
TI  - Biosynthesis of 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine, a naturally occurring
      nucleoside in Escherichia coli tRNA.
AB  - A selenium-containing nucleoside, 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine (mnm5se2U),
      is present in lysine- and glutamate-isoaccepting tRNA species of Escherichia
      coli. The synthesis of mnm5se2U is optimum (4 mol/100 mol tRNA) when selenium is
      present at about 1 microM concentration and is neither decreased by a high (8 mM)
      level of sulfur in the medium nor increased by excessive (10 or 100 microM)
      levels of selenium. Lysine- and glutamate-isoaccepting tRNA species that contain
      5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm5s2U) coexist with the seleno-tRNAs in E.
      coli cells and a reciprocal relationship between the mnm5se2U- and the mnm5s2U
      containing species is maintained under a variety of growth conditions. The
      complete 5-methylaminomethyl side chain is not a prerequisite for introduction of
      selenium at the 2-position. In E. coli mutants deficient in the ability to
      synthesize the 5-methylaminomethyl substituent, both the 2-thiouridine and the
      corresponding 2-selenouridine derivatives of intermediate forms are accumulated.
      Broken cell preparations of E. coli synthesize mnm5se2U in tRNAs by an ATP
      dependent process that appears to involve the replacement of sulfur in mnm5s2U
      with selenium.

PMID- 2874772
TI  - Psoriasiform cutaneous eruptions induced by cetamolol hydrochloride.

PMID- 2874773
TI  - Glucocorticoid-induced vasoconstriction in human skin. An inhibitory role on
      phospholipase A2 activity.
AB  - The ability of topically applied betamethasone valerate to reduce erythema
      produced by a variety of vasodilators was assessed. The steroid significantly
      reduced the erythema induced by topical arachidonic acid, intradermal histamine,
      and compound 48/80. We postulated that the steroid reduced endogenous
      phospholipase activity either before or after application of the vasodilators, or
      both. This action may explain the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced
      vasoconstriction in the skin and part of the steroids' action in acute
      inflammatory skin disease.

PMID- 2874774
TI  - Allergy and antihistamines. A new riddle.

PMID- 2874775
TI  - Stabilization of alanine aminopeptidase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, and N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in normal urines.

PMID- 2874776
TI  - [Beta-1 and beta-2 blocking activities of a new series of (arylalkoxy)
      propanolamines].

PMID- 2874777
TI  - [Our experience in the treatment of cryptorchism with HCG].

PMID- 2874779
TI  - [Introduction to the problems of stress].

PMID- 2874778
TI  - Gastrointestinal peptides in serum and synovial fluid from patients with
      inflammatory joint disease.
AB  - The concentrations of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (ir-VIP),
      immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (ir-PP), ir-somatostatin, and ir-secretin
      were measured in serum and synovial fluid from patients suffering from various
      inflammatory joint diseases. One group of patients were not taking any
      medication, while another group received anti-inflammatory treatment at the time
      of sampling. High levels of ir-VIP in the synovial fluid were observed in the
      untreated group of patients, and the concentration of ir-VIP in the synovial
      fluid was significantly higher than in parallel serum samples. On the other hand,
      no significant differences in the concentrations of the other peptides were
      observed either between serum and synovial fluid or between the two groups of
      patients. It is suggested that VIP is released locally at the inflammatory site
      and that VIP may be of significance in inflammatory disorders.

PMID- 2874781
TI  - Behavior management of aggressive sequela after Reye's syndrome.
AB  - This study describes the use of behavior management procedures to reduce the
      occurrence of severe behavioral sequela in a 14-year-old, post-Reye's syndrome
      male. Prior to intervention the client exhibited severe self-injurious,
      hyperaggressive, and food refusal behaviors that precluded any opportunities for
      rehabilitation, placed him at severe medical risk, and made him a candidate for
      institutional placement. With contingent restraint, in vivo desensitization, and
      reinforcement contingencies it was possible to control these behaviors and begin
      intensive rehabilitation. Subsequently, the client returned to his family and
      community day school for the severely handicapped where he remains five years
      later.

PMID- 2874780
TI  - Ketazolam once daily for spasticity: double-blind cross-over study.
AB  - This double-blind cross-over study of 14 severely spastic inpatients with chronic
      multiple sclerosis reveals that once-daily doses of ketazolam, a new drug, are
      effective in reducing spasticity in a significant proportion of patients without
      significant side-effects. Added to the similar findings of an earlier double
      blind controlled study of divided doses, the results suggest that this special
      feature of ketazolam provides a unique flexibility that may be exploited in
      individual cases.

PMID- 2874782
TI  - Long-term corneal endothelial cell loss after cataract surgery. Results of a
      randomized controlled trial. Oxford Cataract Treatment and Evaluation Team
      (OCTET).
AB  - Three hundred thirty-three eyes were randomly assigned to three treatments for
      cataract: group A, intracapsular extraction plus contact lens; group B,
      intracapsular extraction plus Federov implant (Federov I lenses were made by
      Rayners Ltd, United Kingdom, based on a design by Professor Fyodorov); and group
      C, extracapsular extraction plus iridocapsular implant. Endothelial cell loss
      estimated at one and six months and yearly up to four years showed significantly
      greater loss in the two implant groups from one year onward. Continuing loss
      slowed down after the third year, except for the intracapsular extraction plus
      implant group, in which cell loss appeared complication related. Of operative
      factors, use of alpha-chymotrypsin significantly reduced cell loss, and
      pseudophakos contact increased cell loss. Postoperative complications associated
      with significantly greater cell loss were hypopyon, uveitis, subluxation, shallow
      anterior chamber, and cystoid macular edema. To date, five and four cases of
      bullous keratopathy were derived from implant groups B and C, respectively.

PMID- 2874783
TI  - Additive effect of betaxolol and epinephrine in primary open angle glaucoma.
AB  - Betaxolol hydrochloride is a topical beta 1-blocking agent that has been found to
      be safe and effective in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with
      glaucoma. We administered open-label epinephrine for four weeks to 19 patients
      who were already being treated with masked 0.5% timolol maleate or 0.5%
      betaxolol. In patients receiving betaxolol, epinephrine produced a significant
      additional lowering of mean IOP from 24.5 +/- 0.7 to 19.4 +/- 0.6 mm Hg at one
      week (P less than .0001) and to 20.7 +/- 0.5 mm Hg at four weeks (P less than
      .0001). This was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in mean
      outflow facility from 0.12 +/- 0.1 to 0.17 +/- 0.03 microL/min/mm Hg at one week
      (P less than or equal to .05) and to 0.18 +/- 0.02 microliter/min/mm Hg at four
      weeks (P less than or equal to .004). Consistent with previous reports, patients
      receiving timolol exhibited no significant changes in IOP or outflow facility
      after the addition of epinephrine to their treatment regimen. These results
      suggest that epinephrine's agonist effect on the outflow channels is mediated
      through beta 2-adrenergic receptors and that combined therapy with betaxolol and
      epinephrine may be clinically useful.

PMID- 2874784
TI  - Cellular migration, proliferation, and contraction. An in vitro approach to a
      clinical problem--proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - Presently used animal models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy reflect only cell
      proliferation and contraction. We used an in vitro model that measured cell
      migration, proliferation, and contraction. The following four drugs were assayed
      on this system: daunomycin, taxol, colchicine, and cytochalasin B. Daunomycin was
      the most effective drug against cell proliferation and cell migration but had no
      effect on cell contraction; taxol and colchicine affected all three parameters.
      Cytochalasin B was the least effective drug tested.

PMID- 2874785
TI  - Cutaneous reactions to drugs.

PMID- 2874787
TI  - Trauma to the permanent teeth.

PMID- 2874786
TI  - Cross-protection from Bacteroides nodosus vaccines and the interaction of pili
      and adjuvants.
AB  - The effects of vaccination of Merino sheep with the purified pili or the whole
      cells of Bacteroides nodosus strain 198, either in oil or alum-oil adjuvant, on
      the severity of foot-rot induced with the homologous strain (198) and a
      heterologous strain (217) were determined in a field experiment, on flood
      irrigated pasture. The efficacy of the whole cell vaccines was comparable to that
      of purified pili vaccines, against homologous challenge, when both had a similar
      content of pilus antigen although the purified pili vaccines induced
      significantly greater homologous pilus agglutinating antibody titres than the
      whole cell vaccines. However, against heterologous challenge, the whole cell
      vaccines in oil (CO) or alum-oil (CAO) provided significantly greater protection
      than a purified pili-in-oil (PPO) vaccine, the number of severely affected feet
      in sheep vaccinated with PPO being similar to that of the unvaccinated group. The
      group vaccinated with purified pili in alum-oil (PPAO) was intermediate between
      these two extremes. The superior performance of the PPAO in comparison to the PPO
      vaccine, against heterologous challenge, was associated with significantly higher
      mean ELISA titres to the outer membrane complex. Western blot analyses implicated
      a role in cross-protection for outer membrane proteins, in particular a protein
      Mr 78,000. The PPO vaccine produced fewer, smaller and less persistent
      vaccination reactions at the inoculation sites than did the other vaccines.
      Bodyweight gains in the period prior to challenge were much lower for the groups
      vaccinated with CO and CAO than for the controls and those vaccinated with
      purified pili, due presumably to the larger vaccination reactions.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874788
TI  - Exposure in vivo of obsessive-compulsives under distracting and attention
      focusing conditions: replication and extension.

PMID- 2874789
TI  - Streptomyces K15 DD-peptidase-catalysed reactions with ester and amide carbonyl
      donors.
AB  - In water, the purified 26 000-Mr membrane-bound DD-peptidase of Streptomyces K15
      hydrolyses the ester carbonyl donor Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-lactate (release of D
      lactate) and the amide carbonyl donor Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (release of D
      alanine) with accumulation of acyl- (Ac2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-)enzyme. Whereas
      hydrolysis of the ester substrate proceeds to completion, hydrolysis of the amide
      substrate is negligible because of the capacity of the K15 DD-peptidase for
      utilizing the released D-alanine in a transfer reaction (Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala +
      D-Ala----Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala + D-Ala) that maintains the concentration of the
      amide substrate at a constant level. In the presence of an amino acceptor X-NH2
      (Gly-Gly or Gly-L-Ala) related to the Streptomyces peptidoglycan, both amide and
      ester carbonyl donors are processed without detectable accumulation of acyl
      enzyme. Under proper conditions, the acceptor activity of water and, in the case
      of the amide substrate, the acceptor activity of the released D-alanine can be
      totally overcome so that the two substrates are quantitatively converted into
      transpeptidated product Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-NH-X (and hydrolysis is prevented).
      Experimental evidence suggests that the amino acceptor modifies both the binding
      of the carbonyl donor to the enzyme and the ensuing rate of enzyme acylation.

PMID- 2874790
TI  - The dynamics of phase partition. A study of parameters affecting rat liver
      organelle partitioning in aqueous two-polymer phase systems.
AB  - Separation of subcellular organelles by two-phase partition is thought to reflect
      differential partition of the organelles between the two phases or between one of
      the phases and the interface. Studies by Fisher and colleagues [Fisher & Walter
      (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 801, 106-110] suggest that cell separation by phase
      partition is a dynamic process in which the partition changes with time. This is
      mainly due to association of the cells with sedimenting droplets of one phase in
      the bulk of the other. Rat liver organelle partition was studied to determine
      whether the same dynamic behaviour is observed. Partition was clearly time
      dependent during 24 h at unit gravity, and was also affected by altering the
      volume ratio of the two phases and the duration of phase mixing. These results
      indicate that, as with cells, the partition of organelles between phases is a
      dynamic process, and is consistent with the demonstration that organelles adhere
      to the phase droplet surfaces. Optimization of the volume ratio between phases
      may lead to significant processing economies. Organelle sedimentation in the
      upper phase was significantly faster than in the isoosmotic sucrose. Theoretical
      modelling of apparent organelle sizes indicates that aggregation occurs in the
      poly(ethylene glycol)-rich upper phase. This phenomenon is likely to limit the
      use of this technique in organelle separations unless means can be found to
      decrease aggregation.

PMID- 2874791
TI  - Alterations by peroxisome proliferators of acyl composition of hepatic
      phosphatidylcholine in rats, mice and guinea-pigs. Role of stearoyl-CoA
      desaturase.
AB  - Rats, mice and guinea-pigs were administered p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid
      (clofibric acid) or 2,2'-(decamethylenedithio)diethanol (tiadenol). The
      treatments of rats and mice with either clofibric acid or tiadenol increased
      markedly the activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, palmitoyl-CoA chain
      elongation, 1-acylglycerophosphate (1-acyl-GP) acyltransferase and 1
      acylglycerophosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC) acyltransferase, but not 2
      acylglycerophosphocholine (2-acyl-GPC) acyltransferase in liver microsomes. The
      treatment of guinea-pigs with clofibric acid did not cause any change in the
      activities of these enzymes. The treatment of guinea-pigs with tiadenol caused a
      slight, but significant, increase in the activities of 1-acyl-GP acyltransferase
      and 1-acyl-GPC acyltransferase. The treatment of rats and mice with either
      clofibric acid or tiadenol increased markedly the proportion of 18:1 and
      decreased greatly the proportion of 18:0 in liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine.
      However, there is a considerable difference in the effects of the two peroxisome
      proliferators on the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in
      phosphatidylcholine between rats and mice. The treatment of guinea-pigs with
      either of the two peroxisome proliferators caused no change in acyl composition
      of phosphatidylcholine. The possible role of stearoyl-CoA desaturation in the
      regulation of acyl composition of phosphatidylcholine was discussed.

PMID- 2874792
TI  - A role for transglutaminase in glucose-stimulated insulin release from the
      pancreatic beta-cell.
AB  - Preincubation of rat islets of Langerhans with the potent inhibitors of islet
      transglutaminase activity, monodansylcadaverine (30-100 microM) and N-(5
      aminopentyl)-2-naphthalenesulphonamide (100-200 microM), led to significant
      inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release from islets. In contrast, the
      respective N'-dimethylated derivatives of these two compounds, which did not
      inhibit islet transglutaminase activity, were much less effective as inhibitors
      of glucose-stimulated insulin release. None of the compounds inhibited rat spleen
      protein kinase C activity at concentrations which gave rise to inhibition of
      glucose-stimulated insulin release. When tested for their effects on calmodulin
      stimulated bovine heart phosphodiesterase activity, of the compounds that
      inhibited insulin release, only monodansylcadaverine did not act as an effective
      antagonist of calmodulin at concentrations (up to 50 microM) that gave rise to
      significant inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release. Furthermore, at 50
      microM, monodansylcadaverine did not inhibit methylation of islet lipids. The
      inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release by monodansylcadaverine is
      therefore likely to be attributable to its interference with islet
      transglutaminase activity. The sensitivity of islet transglutaminase to
      activation by Ca2+ was investigated by using a modified assay incorporating
      dephosphorylated NN'-dimethylcasein as a substrate protein. The Km for Ca2+
      obtained (approx. 3 microM) was an order of magnitude lower than previously
      reported for the islet enzyme [Bungay, Potter & Griffin (1984) Biochem. J. 219,
      819-827]. Mg2+ (2 mM) was found to have little effect on the sensitivity of the
      enzyme to Ca2+. Investigation of the endogenous substrate proteins of islet
      transglutaminase by using the Ca2+-dependent incorporation of [14C]methylamine
      into proteins of islet homogenates demonstrated that most of the incorporated
      radiolabel was present in cross-linked polymeric aggregates which did not
      traverse 3% (w/v) acrylamide gels. The radiolabelled polymeric aggregates were
      present in 71 000 g-sedimented material of homogenates, and their formation was
      transglutaminase-mediated. These findings provide new evidence for the
      involvement of islet transglutaminase in the membrane-mediated events necessary
      for glucose-stimulated insulin release.

PMID- 2874793
TI  - Effect of prior nutritional status on the activity of lipogenic enzymes in
      primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Effect of prior nutritional status of the animal on the activity of lipogenic
      enzymes and the fatty acid content of cultured hepatocytes was investigated.
      Hepatocytes were isolated from rats that were starved for 24 h ('starved') or
      continuously fed ('fed'), or starved for 48 h and then re-fed for 48 h ('re-fed')
      with a carbohydrate-rich fat-free diet, and maintained as monolayer cultures for
      96 h in a serum-free glucose-rich medium (Waymouth's MB752/1) supplemented with
      insulin, dexamethasone and tri-iodothyronine. The fatty acid content and the
      activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were determined initially at 3
      h after plating and then every 24 h. Initially the activities of all the four
      enzymes were highest in hepatocytes isolated from the re-fed rats and lowest in
      those from the starved rats. With time in culture, the activity of all these
      enzymes increased severalfold (2-5, depending on the enzyme under consideration)
      in hepatocytes isolated from fed and starved rats, whereas there was a
      severalfold (2-5) decrease in the activity of these enzymes in hepatocytes
      isolated from re-fed rats. The initial fatty acid content of the hepatocytes from
      re-fed rats was 2-3 times that in the other two groups of hepatocytes. The fatty
      acid content seemed to increase in all three groups of hepatocytes during the 96
      h in culture, but these apparent increases were not statistically significant.

PMID- 2874794
TI  - Translational control of an intestinal microvillar enzyme.
AB  - The rates of biosynthesis of adult and foetal pig small-intestinal aminopeptidase
      N (EC 3.4.11.2) were compared to determine at which level the expression of the
      microvillar enzyme is developmentally controlled. In organ-cultured explants, the
      rate of biosynthesis of foetal aminopeptidase N is only about 3% of the adult
      rate. The small amount synthesized occurs in a high-mannose-glycosylated,
      membrane-bound, form that is processed to the mature, complex-glycosylated, form
      at a markedly slower rate than that of the adult enzyme. Extracts of total RNA
      from adult and foetal intestine contained comparable amounts of aminopeptidase N
      mRNA, encoding gel-electrophoretically identical primary translation products.
      Together, these data indicate that the expression of aminopeptidase N is
      controlled at a translational level.

PMID- 2874795
TI  - The frayed N-terminal of the inhibitor protein of bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - The N-terminal region of the bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase inhibitor protein is
      frayed. In three independently isolated samples about 62% of chains start at
      glycine-1. A further 22% of chains start at residue 2, serine, and the remainder
      at residue 3, glutamic acid. No evidence can be found for alpha-N-formylglycine
      reported previously. The fraying may be a consequence of proteolytic processing
      of the precursor of the inhibitor protein during entry into the mitochondrion.

PMID- 2874796
TI  - Sites of protein-protein interaction on the mitochondrial F1-ATPase inhibitor
      protein.
AB  - We have investigated the structure of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase inhibitor
      protein from ox heart by using a differential trace-labelling method. This method
      has also been used to determine sites on the inhibitor protein involved in
      binding to both the isolated mitochondrial ATPase (F1) and to a specific anti
      inhibitor antibody. Native, free inhibitor was trace-labelled on its lysine and
      serine residues with [14C]acetic anhydride, and inhibitor protein unfolded in
      guanidinium chloride or specifically bound to another protein, with [3H]acetic
      anhydride. Exposure/concealment of residues was deduced from the 14C/3H ratios of
      the peptides in a proteolytic digest of the inhibitor, after separation by
      h.p.l.c. None of the lysine or serine residues in the native inhibitor are as
      exposed as in the unfolded form. There is a gradient of reactivity, with residues
      54-58 being most concealed and exposure increasing towards either end of the
      protein. A slight decrease in reactivity is noted in residues 1-3, suggesting
      that the N-terminus may be in a fairly restricted environment. These findings are
      discussed in the light of the predicted structure of the inhibitor protein. All
      but one of the labelled residues increases in reactivity when inhibitor protein
      binds to F1. The exception, Lys-24, is only slightly concealed. Hence, F1 binding
      appears not to involve the lysine or serine residues directly. This finding is
      consistent with the view that the F1-inhibitor interaction is hydrophobic in
      nature. Complementary information was provided using an anti-inhibitor antibody
      that binds to a site on the inhibitor different from that at which F1 binds.
      Binding of this antibody conceals residues 54, 58, and 65 considerably. This
      confirms that F1 does not interact with these hydrophilic residues on the
      inhibitor protein.

PMID- 2874798
TI  - Induction of desensitization by phorbol ester to beta-adrenergic agonist
      stimulation in adenylate cyclase system of rat reticulocytes.
AB  - Treatment of rat reticulocytes with a phorbol ester, tetradecanoyl phorbol
      acetate (TPA), resulted in the desensitization of adenylate cyclase to the beta
      adrenergic agonist stimulation depending on the dose and period of the TPA
      treatment. Treatment of the reticulocytes with TPA caused approximately 40%
      reduction in the stimulation by beta-adrenergic agonists of adenylate cyclase
      activity, whereas the treatment had little effect on the basal activity and the
      activation by fluoride and guanine nucleotide of the enzyme system. No change in
      the number of beta-adrenergic receptors was observed after the TPA treatment.
      Treatment with 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG), an activator of protein kinase
      C, also caused the desensitization of reticulocyte adenylate cyclase to
      isoproterenol. On the other hand, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
      (H-7), a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C, prevented the desensitization
      induced by TPA. These results suggest the involvement of protein kinase C in a
      process of desensitization of adenylate cyclase system to beta-adrenergic
      agonists in rat reticulocytes.

PMID- 2874797
TI  - Reactivity of a functional carbonyl moiety in bovine aortic lysyl oxidase.
      Evidence against pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
AB  - Previous studies have pointed towards a cofactor role for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
      (PLP) in lysyl oxidase, the enzyme that generates the peptidyl aldehyde precursor
      to the lysine-derived cross-linkages in elastin and collagen. The nature of a
      carbonyl moiety in purified bovine aortic lysyl oxidase was explored in the
      present study. A PLP dinitrophenylhydrazone could not be isolated from lysyl
      oxidase, although corresponding preparations of aspartate aminotransferase, a PLP
      dependent enzyme, yielded this derivative, as revealed by h.p.l.c. Analysis of
      lysyl oxidase for PLP after reduction of the enzyme by NaBH4, a procedure that
      converts PLP-protein aldimines into stable 5'-phosphopyridoxyl functions, also
      proved negative in tests using monoclonal antibody specific for this epitope.
      Lysyl oxidase was competitively inhibited by phenylhydrazine, and inhibition
      became irreversible with time at 37 degrees C, displaying a first-order
      inactivation rate constant of 0.4 min-1 and KI of 1 microM. [14C]Phenylhydrazine
      was covalently incorporated into the enzyme in a manner that was prevented by
      prior modification of the enzyme with beta-aminopropionitrile, a specific active
      site inhibitor, and which correlated with functional active-site content. The
      chemical stability of the enzyme-bound phenylhydrazine exceeded that expected of
      linkages between PLP and proteins. The absorption spectrum of the phenylhydrazine
      derivative of lysyl oxidase was clearly distinct from that of the phenylhydrazone
      of PLP. It is concluded that lysyl oxidase contains a carbonyl cofactor that is
      not identical with PLP and that is bound to the enzyme by a stable chemical bond.

PMID- 2874799
TI  - Covalent binding to apoprotein is a major fate of heme in a variety of reactions
      in which cytochrome P-450 is destroyed.
AB  - The heme in rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 was labeled with 14C or 3H and
      the microsomes were fractionated after in vitro incubations with a variety of
      agents known to destroy cytochrome P-450 heme. A major fraction of the heme label
      was irreversibly bound to apoprotein in all cases, including incubations with
      fluroxene, 1-octene, vinyl bromide, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, parathion,
      cumene hydroperoxide, NaN3, or iron-ADP complex. Label was also extensively bound
      to apoprotein when purified and reconstituted cytochrome P-450 was incubated with
      NADPH and vinyl chloride. This process appears to be widespread and involved to a
      significant extent in the cytochrome P-450 heme destruction observed with many
      compounds.

PMID- 2874800
TI  - Diacylglycerol amplifies the induction in vivo of tyrosine aminotransferase and
      ornithine decarboxylase by glucocorticoid.
AB  - In adrenalectomized rats, diacylglycerol, a potent activator of protein kinase C,
      specifically enhanced the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase and ornithine
      decarboxylase by even maximally effective doses of dexamethasone phosphate, but
      itself had no effect on these enzyme inductions in the absence of glucocorticoid.
      The amplifications of enzyme induction by diacylglycerol was dose-dependent and
      the time courses of the amplified inductions were similar to those of the
      inductions by dexamethasone phosphate alone. Since diacylglycerol did not affect
      the induction of these enzymes by glucagon and insulin, its amplifying effect
      seemed to be specific for induction by glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2874801
TI  - Polyethylene glycol-modified hemin having peroxidase activity in organic
      solvents.
AB  - Hemin, having two carboxyl groups, was coupled with monomethoxypolyethylene
      glycol, PEG, through the ester bond formed with carbodiimide. The PEG-modified
      hemin was readily soluble not only in neutral aqueous solution but also in
      organic solvents. Its absorption spectrum in 1,1,1-trichloroethane showed a sharp
      Soret band at 398 nm. The modified hemin catalyzed the peroxidase-reaction in
      organic solvent and in aqueous solution using hydrogen peroxide or peroxidized
      linolenic acid as hydrogen acceptor and o-phenylene diamine as hydrogen donor.
      The activity of PEG-hemin in 1,1,1-trichloroethane was greater than that in an
      aqueous solution; k1 values in 1,1,1-trichloroethane were 2.3 X 10(3) M-1 sec-1
      with hydrogen peroxide and 7.0 X 10(2) M-1 sec-1 with peroxidized linolenic acid,
      and the value in an aqueous solution was 3.0 X 10 M-1 sec-1 with hydrogen
      peroxide.

PMID- 2874803
TI  - Localisation of the hydrophilic C terminal part of the ATP synthase subunit 8 of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The hydrophobic subunit 8 of the yeast ATP synthase was modified using the non
      penetrating amino reactive specific reagent: isethionylacetimidate. The
      polypeptide was modified when using the isolated ATP synthase and sodium bromide
      treated submitochondrial particles. It is shown that the only lysine of the
      protein was modified by the reagent. It is concluded that the hydrophilic C
      terminal part of the protein containing lysine 47 is located on the inner side of
      the inner mitochondrial membrane.

PMID- 2874802
TI  - Thyroxine-induced changes in rat liver mitochondrial ubiquinone.
AB  - Ubiquinone was extracted from liver mitochondria isolated from euthyroid and
      hyperthyroid rats. The redox state of ubiquinone was determined during States III
      and IV respiration with succinate or glutamate-malate substrates. Ubiquinone was
      more reduced during State III or IV in the hyperthyroid mitochondria with either
      substrate. Furthermore, the concentration of ubiquinone increased in the
      hyperthyroid rats.

PMID- 2874804
TI  - Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions in pigeon
      erythrocyte ghosts.
AB  - We report the occurrence in pigeon erythrocytes of a soluble Ca2+-dependent
      transglutaminase (TGase) activity. The effect of the erythrocyte ghost protein
      modifications, determined by TGase-catalyzed reactions, on adenylate cyclase,
      phospholipid methyltransferase I and II activities and on the lipidic matrix
      fluidity of the membrane was investigated by using a purified guinea pig liver
      TGase preparation. The results showed a significant inhibitory effect of such
      modifications both on the basal and on the variously stimulated (by NaF, Gpp(NH)p
      alone or in the presence of 1-isoproterenol) adenylate cyclase activity. By
      contrast, both the phospholipid methylation and the fluidity of the lipidic
      matrix of the membrane were unaffected by TGase-mediated reactions. These data
      suggest a new possible inhibitory mechanism of the cyclic AMP synthesis which
      might be triggered by the enhancement of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.

PMID- 2874805
TI  - Preparation and binding of radioactively labeled porcine transforming growth
      factor type beta.
AB  - This report describes the labeling of porcine transforming growth factor type
      beta (TGF-beta) with 125-iodine. Its binding to NRK cells and three other cell
      lines has been examined. The data indicate that NRK cells exhibit approximately
      10,000 receptors for porcine TGF-beta per cell, with an apparent dissociation
      constant of 45 pM. The binding of porcine 125I-TGF-beta can be blocked by
      porcine, murine and human TGF-beta but not by several well characterized growth
      factors. In all respects examined, the binding observed with porcine 125I-TGF
      beta appears to be the same as that observed with human TGF-beta. The findings
      reported here argue that porcine 125I-TGF-beta can be used to quantitate TGF-beta
      receptors on a wide range of mammalian cells.

PMID- 2874807
TI  - The effect of mevinolin on cytosolic acetoacetyl coenzyme a thiolase activity in
      Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts.
AB  - The effects of mevinolin on cytosolic acetoacetyl CoA thiolase activity were
      studied in wild type Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts and in CHO cells adapted
      to growth in high levels of mevinolin. Acetoacetyl CoA thiolase, HMG CoA synthase
      and HMG CoA reductase activities were elevated in the mevinolin resistant line,
      KH 2.0. Thiolase activity was also increased when wild type cells were incubated
      for 5 days with 1 micron mevinolin. These results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the regulation of the first three enzymes in the cholesterol
      biosynthetic pathway is mediated at least in part via a common mechanism.

PMID- 2874806
TI  - Modification of Glu 58, an amino acid of the active center of ribonuclease T1, to
      Gln and Asp.
AB  - Glu 58 is one of the amino acids which participates in its catalytic action of
      ribonuclease T1. We mutated this residue to Gln 58 or Asp 58 by genetic
      engineering using chemically synthesized genes. The mutant enzymes were expressed
      in E. coli as fused proteins and purified to homogeniety on SDS-PAGE after
      cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Their activities in hydrolyzing pGpC were reduced
      to 10% in the Asp 58 mutant and about 1% in the Gln 58 mutant compared to that of
      the wild-type enzyme. These results suggest that Glu 58 is important but not
      essential for catalysis of ribonuclease T1.

PMID- 2874808
TI  - Morphine inhibition of calcium fluxes, neurotransmitter release and protein and
      lipid phosphorylation in brain slices and synaptosomes.
AB  - Morphine (1-100 microM) was found to inhibit several concomitant events in brain
      slices and synaptosomes which are augmented by depolarizing agents. Thus, 45Ca2+
      uptake, amino acid neurotransmitter release, increases in 3',5' cyclic AMP levels
      and 32Pi incorporation to proteins and lipids induced by veratrine (25 microM)
      and by potassium (56 mM), were each inhibited in a dose related manner. These
      inhibitory actions of morphine were all prevented by naloxone (1 microM).
      Evidence is presented that morphine binding to a receptor on the synaptic
      membrane affects intracellular mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter release
      possibly via a second messenger system. An enhancing action of GTP on the
      inhibitory influences of morphine suggests that its actions are mediated at least
      in part, via a coupling of the receptor to adenyl cyclase in the outer membrane.
      This is supported by its inhibitory action on the capacity of depolarizing agents
      to increase cyclic AMP levels.

PMID- 2874809
TI  - Biliary excretion of gamma-glutamyltransferase. Selective enhancement by acute
      ethanol administration.
AB  - To study the acute effect of ethanol on various constituents of the bile, female
      Wistar rats received by intravenous administration 0.9% NaCl solution either
      alone or containing in addition ethanol (0.1 ml ethanol 96% hr-1 100 g body
      weight-1). Compared to saline-treated controls there was a significant
      enhancement of biliary gamma-glutamyltransferase excretion after ethanol infusion
      for 5 hr by 166% (22.1 +/- 2.8 microU/min/100 g body weight vs. 58.2 +/- 13.7; P
      less than 0.0125), whereas no changes or only marginal alterations have been
      observed for bile flow and the biliary excretion of total bile acids and alkaline
      phosphatase. The selective enhancement of biliary gamma-glutamyltransferase
      excretion by ethanol can be ascribed to an increased solubilization of the
      membrane-bound enzyme originating from the bile canaliculi of the hepatocytes
      and/or the epithelial cells of the bile ducts. Since the biliary excretion of
      total bile acids remained unchanged by ethanol, the observed selective
      solubilization of gamma-glutamyltransferase may occur by a mechanism primarily
      not involving total bile acids and could be linked to a direct effect of ethanol
      on physico-chemical properties such as an increased fluidity of liver plasma
      membranes.

PMID- 2874810
TI  - Characterization of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors directly associated with
      basolateral membranes from rat kidney proximal tubules.
AB  - We have used 2-(beta-(3-125iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylaminoethyl)-tetr alo ne
      ([125I]HEAT or BE2254), an alpha 1-selective antagonist, and [3H]yohimbine, an
      alpha 2-selective antagonist, to demonstrate and characterize binding sites in
      basolateral membranes from rat kidney cortex. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity of the basolateral membranes, whereas
      thyrocalcitonin, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and isoproterenol did not. Therefore,
      the basolateral membranes were probably derived from the proximal tubules. The
      specific binding of [125I]HEAT and [3H]yohimbine to basolateral membranes was
      rapid, reversible, saturable and of high affinity. The maximum densities of alpha
      1- and alpha 2-receptors were 364 and 1130 fmoles/mg protein, indicating that the
      ratio of alpha 1- to alpha 2-adrenoceptors was about 1:3. The specific binding of
      [125I]HEAT and [3H]yohimbine to the basolateral membranes was displaced by
      various adrenergic agents in a manner that suggests that the labeled sites
      probably represent alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors respectively. These results
      suggest that the binding sites of [125I]HEAT and [3H]yohimbine, which appear to
      be alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, exist in the basolateral membranes of the
      proximal tubules.

PMID- 2874811
TI  - Effect of the antitumor drug caracemide on the neurochemistry of murine
      neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115).
AB  - Because the antitumor drug caracemide causes neuropsychiatric effects in
      patients, we investigated its effects on the neurochemistry of cultured
      neuroblastoma cells (murine clone N1E-115). The drug caused a transient elevation
      in the level of [3H]cyclic GMP that was not blocked by receptor antagonists or by
      desensitization of histamine or muscarinic receptors. The EC50 for the response
      to caracemide was 635 microM. Preincubation of cells with caracemide led to the
      inhibition of muscarinic receptor-mediated [3H]cyclic GMP formation with an IC50
      of 450 microM. Caracemide inhibited basal guanylate cyclase activity in
      homogenates noncompetitively with a Ki value of 162 microM. The drug also
      inhibited sodium nitroprusside-stimulated guanylate cyclase in homogenates.
      Caracemide did not inhibit basal adenylate cyclase activity in either intact
      cells or homogenates, but inhibited adenylate cyclase activated by prostaglandin
      E1 (PGE1) or forskolin. The muscarinic receptor-mediated reduction of PGE1
      stimulated [3H]cyclic AMP formation was not affected. The Ki for the inhibition
      of PGE1-activated adenylate cyclase in homogenates was 110 microM. Caracemide was
      a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase with a Ki value of 8 microM. The
      drug did not inhibit, but slightly stimulated, monoamine oxidase activity in N1E
      115 cells. The results indicate that caracemide can affect several neurochemical
      systems in neural cells in culture in a way that correlates with its
      neuropsychiatric effects. The N1E-115 clone thus appears to be useful for
      evaluating some of the molecular pharmacological effects of drugs interacting
      with the nervous system.

PMID- 2874812
TI  - Effects of an antitumoural rhodium complex on thioacetamide-induced liver tumor
      in rats. Changes in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase, tyrosine
      aminotransferase and of enzymes involved in fatty acid and glycerolipid
      synthesis.
AB  - Rats were injected daily for 8 weeks with 50 mg of thioacetamide per kg to
      produce liver tumours. Some of these rats were given three doses of 50 mg of an
      antitumoural Rh(III) complex/kg at 14, 9 and 5 days before the end of the
      thioacetamide treatment. Thioacetamide decreased the rate of weight gain of the
      rats and the Rh(III) complex partly restored it. The activities of ATP citrate
      lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase in the livers were
      decreased by thioacetamide treatment and the Rh(III) complex partly reversed this
      effect. By contrast the activity of malic enzyme was increased by both
      thioacetamide and the Rh(III) complex and this effect probably relates to NADPH
      production for detoxification rather than for lipogenesis. Treatment with
      thioacetamide increased the rate of synthesis of di- and triacylglycerols from
      glycerol phosphate by liver homogenates, the activity of phosphatidate
      phosphohydrolase and the incorporation of [3H]glycerol into liver triacylglycerol
      in vivo. The Rh(III) complex did not produce a significant reversal of these
      effects of thioacetamide on glycerolipid synthesis. The total uptake of
      intraportally injected [3H]glycerol by the livers of thioacetamide treated rats
      was decreased and this was associated with a lowered activity of glycerol kinase.
      Thioacetamide increased the activity of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase by about
      40-fold, but the Rh(III) complex did not reverse this effect. However, the
      decrease in tyrosine aminotransferase activity that was produced by thioacetamide
      was partly reversed by the Rh(III) complex. These results are discussed in
      relation to the tumour-promoting effects of thioacetamide and the antitumoural
      action of the Rh(III) complex.

PMID- 2874814
TI  - Different induction of microsomal carboxylesterases, palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase and
      acyl-L-carnitine hydrolase in rat liver after treatment with clofibrate.
AB  - The levels of hepatic carboxylesterases, including palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase and
      decanoyl-D,L-carnitine hydrolase, were studied in total homogenates and
      subcellular fractions prepared from the livers of male rats fed diets containing
      0.3% clofibrate. The microsomal carboxylesterase as well as the fatty acyl
      thioesterase are differently induced by clofibrate feeding. The specific
      activities of acetanilide carboxylesterase and decanoyl-D,L-carnitine hydrolase
      increased more than 3-fold in the microsomal fraction, compared to pellet-fed
      control animals. The microsomal activities of palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase and
      propanidid hydrolase were decreased by about 20 to 40% in clofibrate-treated
      rats. The specific clofibrate hydrolase activity remained unchanged after
      clofibrate administration, indicating that this microsomal carboxylesterase is
      not induced by its own substrate. The data suggest a different distribution of
      the differing carboxylesterase along the endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2874813
TI  - Transport of beta-adrenergic antagonists in the absence of beta-adrenergic
      receptors in rat pituitary tumor cells.
AB  - We have demonstrated that the rat pituitary tumor cell line GH3 has a carrier
      mediated active transport system for the beta-adrenergic antagonist
      dihydroalprenolol (DHA). Transport of DHA in GH3 was saturable, with an apparent
      Km of 1.4 microM, was temperature and pH dependent, and was inhibited by the
      ionophore monensin and the amine transport inhibitor reserpine. Propranolol
      competed for DHA transport, but not in a stereoselective fashion. The tricyclic
      antidepressant imipramine also competed for DHA transport, but catecholamines or
      serotonin did not. This amine transport system in GH3 cells appeared to be
      identical to the one we recently described in several other cell types; however,
      analysis in those cells was complicated by the fact that they contain beta
      adrenergic receptors which bind beta-adrenergic ligands. In this report we show
      that GH3 cells do not possess detectable beta-adrenergic receptors, based on
      their inability to bind the partial agonist CGP-12177, their inability to bind
      nanomolar concentrations of DHA in a saturable, stereospecific manner, and their
      failure to produce cAMP in response to stimulation by beta-adrenergic agonists.
      Characterization of the amine transport system in GH3 cells clearly distinguishes
      it from receptor-mediated phenomena and should facilitate our efforts to fully
      understand its mechanism and significance.

PMID- 2874815
TI  - [Racemation of the benzodiazepines camazepam and ketazolam and receptor binding
      of enantiomers].
AB  - The chiral benzodiazepines camazepam (1) and ketazolam (2) were resolved into the
      enantiomers by chromatography on the optically active adsorbent poly[(S)-N-(1
      cyclohexylethyl)-methacrylamide] and fractional crystallisation or repeated
      chromatography, respectively. The IC50 values of the isomers and of the racemates
      of both compounds were determined by displacement of radioactively labelled 3H
      flunitrazepam and 3H-propyl-beta-carboline-carboxylate from their specific
      binding sites. (+)-Camazepam exhibits 14fold higher affinity compared to the (-)
      enantiomer. In contrast only slight differences in the receptor affinity are
      observed with the ketazolam enantiomers.

PMID- 2874816
TI  - Crystallographic and conformational studies on histamine H1-receptor antagonists.
      IV. On the stereochemical vector of antihistaminic activity.
AB  - The geometries of 14 histamine H1-receptor antagonists have been compared with
      the aim of finding out a common stereochemical vector of antihistaminic activity.
      The results obtained from X-ray crystallographic data have been compared with
      those obtained by minimizing the conformational energy of the molecules according
      to a simplified model of force field. Both approaches agree in indicating unique
      stereochemical requirements for optimum H1-antihistaminic activity.

PMID- 2874817
TI  - Enzymes of catecholamine metabolism in the brains of rat strains differing in
      their preference for or tolerance of ethanol.
AB  - The activities of the catecholamine-synthesizing and inactivating enzymes were
      determined in whole brains of two pairs of rat strains differing in their
      genetically-determined behavioural responses to ethanol. The alcohol-tolerant
      (AT) rats did not show any significant differences in enzyme activities when
      compared with the non-tolerant (ANT) strain. The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase
      was found to be significantly higher in brains of the alcohol-preferring (AA)
      rats, than in those of the alcohol-non-preferring (ANA) strain.

PMID- 2874818
TI  - An immobilized bienzyme system for assay of sialic acid.
AB  - Sialic acid has been assayed enzymatically by an immobilized two-enzyme system.
      The method includes cleavage of sialic acid to pyruvic acid by N-acetylneuraminic
      acid (NANA) aldolase and reduction of pyruvic acid by lactate dehydrogenase in
      the presence of NADH, which is followed photometrically at 349 nm. For the
      membrane preparation 5 units of lactate dehydrogenase and 1 unit of NANA-aldolase
      were used. The pH optimum of the reaction using potassium phosphate buffer was
      7.0. This two-enzyme membrane remains 100% active for several weeks at 4 degrees
      C in the assay buffer and remains stable after performing experiments at 45
      degrees C.

PMID- 2874820
TI  - Monoamines and alcohol.

PMID- 2874819
TI  - Somatostatin (somatostatinlike) immunoreactive cells in the human inner ear.
AB  - Certain epithelia of the human inner ear and human endolymphatic sac display
      somatostatin and/or somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Histologic sections from
      13 human temporal bones and from 15 endolymphatic sacs were studied using the
      unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The somatostatin and/or
      somatostatin-like immunoreactive cells were located exclusively in the covering
      epithelium of the spiral prominence and in the epithelium of the intermediate and
      rugosal part of the endolymphatic sac. In the epithelium of the spiral prominence
      and endolymphatic sac, secretory granules of the same size and appearance as
      those of intestinal or pancreatic somatostatin-producing cells were demonstrated
      ultrastructurally. The findings are consistent with a local exocrine, paracrine,
      and/or endocrine system of the inner ear.

PMID- 2874821
TI  - Felodipine vs hydralazine: a controlled trial as third line therapy in
      hypertension. Cooperative Study Group.
AB  - In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, parallel group study one
      hundred and one patients with supine diastolic blood pressure greater than or
      equal to 100 mm Hg phase V, despite treatment with atenolol 100 mg plus
      chlorthalidone 25 mg once daily also received either felodipine 5-20 mg twice
      daily or hydralazine 25-100 mg twice daily for 6 weeks. Felodipine achieved a
      lower supine blood pressure (mean +/- s.d. 177/108 +/- 29/8-138/82 +/- 19/8 mm
      Hg) than hydralazine (174/109 +/- 25/8-149/92 +/- 26/11 mm Hg), (P less than
      0.05/P less than 0.001). Felodipine also lowered supine diastolic blood pressure
      to less than 90 mm Hg more often than hydralazine (42 vs 22 patients, P less than
      0.001). The incidence of unwanted effects was similar in both groups. The
      felodipine treated patients experienced more ankle swelling and flushing than
      those in the hydralazine group who experienced more headache and minor gastro
      intestinal upset.

PMID- 2874822
TI  - Zopiclone produces effects on human performance similar to flurazepam,
      lormetazepam and triazolam.
AB  - The cognitive function and psychomotor performance of 10 healthy male volunteers
      were measured following single oral doses of: zopiclone (7.5 mg), flurazepam (15
      mg), lormetazepam (1 mg), triazolam (0.25 mg) and placebo. The performance tests
      selected (stroop task, five choice serial reaction time, memory span, logical
      reasoning, mood and saccadic eye movement analysis) were thought to reflect
      aspects of normal daily activity. The tests demonstrated a clear reduction of
      performance for all active treatments. No drug emerged as the most potent
      sedative overall, as each of the tests was affected to a different degree by each
      drug. Drug effects were not qualitatively different between active treatments so
      that zopiclone was indistinguishable from the three benzodiazepines with which it
      was compared.

PMID- 2874823
TI  - Inhibition of human gastric secretion by ICI 162,846--a new histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of ICI 162,846, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on
      gastric secretion of acid and pepsin was studied in 10 healthy male volunteers,
      aged 21-30 years. Single doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg were given orally at
      18:00 h. Overnight 12 h gastric secretion of acid was reduced by 69, 81, 91 and
      95%, respectively. The inhibition of nocturnal output of pepsin was less than
      acid, with median decreases of 21, 42, 73 and 87%, respectively, of the output
      after administration of placebo. Intragastric concentration of acid, and values
      of intragastric pH, during the following 12 h of the day were not significantly
      affected by any of the doses of the drug. We conclude that ICI 162,846 is a
      powerful inhibitor of gastric secretion, with potential for use in the treatment
      of peptic diseases.

PMID- 2874824
TI  - Exercise-induced hand tremor: a possible test for beta 2-adrenoceptor selectivity
      in man?
AB  - The effects of intravenous doses of propranolol, sotalol, timolol, atenolol and
      placebo on exercise-induced tachycardia and exercise-induced increases in hand
      tremor were assessed in four healthy volunteers. All active drugs produced
      significant reductions in exercise-induced tachycardia. Exercise caused
      consistent significant increases in hand tremor which were blocked by the three
      non-cardioselective drugs but not by atenolol or placebo. The blockade of
      exercise-induced hand tremor is suggested as a possible test for the assessment
      of the selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor blockade in man.

PMID- 2874825
TI  - Comparison of single doses of ketanserin and placebo in chronic stable angina.
AB  - Single doses of ketanserin (20 or 40 mg) and placebo were compared in a double
      blind cross-over study in 10 patients with chronic stable angina treated with a
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Ketanserin had no significant effect on the
      exercise time to angina, the rate of ST segment depression, or the circulatory
      response to exercise. The 95% confidence limits indicate that ketanserin is
      unlikely to increase exercise time to angina by more than 20%.

PMID- 2874826
TI  - Inhibitory effects of neuroleptics on debrisoquine oxidation in man.
AB  - Liver oxidative metabolism, assessed by debrisoquine hydroxylation test, was
      studied in 107 healthy volunteers and in 71 patients with or without neuroleptic
      drug treatment. The mean metabolic ratio (MR = debrisoquine/4-hydroxydebrisoquine
      excretion in the urine) was 2.8 +/- 0.1 (s.e. mean) in the control group, six
      persons being poor metabolizers of debrisoquine (MR greater than or equal to
      12.6). The mean MR (12.1 +/- 1.5) was significantly higher in those 42 patients
      taking neuroleptics than in patients without neuroleptics (0.8 +/- 0.1). In the
      former group, seventeen patients had a MR exceeding 12.6. Oral contraceptives,
      antiepileptics, benzodiazepines and progestin derivates did not increase MR
      values, the highest individual ratio being 2.72 in those subjects not receiving
      neuroleptics. These results suggest a probable competitive inhibition of
      oxidative metabolism by neuroleptics. This is a phenomenon of potential clinical
      importance both in patients with an inherited poor metabolic capacity and in
      patients receiving other drugs like beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents and
      tricyclic antidepressants oxidized by the same enzyme system.

PMID- 2874827
TI  - cGMP levels in chronic cadmium disease and osteoarthritis.
AB  - To investigate the effect of cadmium on guanyl cyclase activity, urine levels of
      the nucleotide cGMP were measured in patients with bone and renal lesions
      resulting from chronic cadmium exposure, in patients with osteoarthritis and in a
      normal age-matched control population. The effects of cadmium, zinc and mercury
      salts on blood mononuclear cell cGMP production were also studied in vitro. The
      two patient groups exhibited clear differences in cGMP excretion. Lower urine
      cGMP (59%, P less than 0.01) and creatinine values (43%, P less than 0.01) were
      found in cadmium-exposed patients and higher cGMP values (56%, P less than 0.05)
      in patients with osteoarthritis, compared to the control group. Creatinine
      adjusted cGMP values were also lower in cadmium-exposed patients (28%, P less
      than 0.05) and higher in patients with osteoarthritis (130%, P less than 0.01).
      In vitro, a 10 h exposure of mononuclear cells to cadmium or mercury salts
      depressed guanyl cyclase activity in most experiments. At 10(-4) M, mercury was
      consistently more inhibitory in all cultures (95%, P less than 0.01). As cadmium
      has a potential for inhibiting guanyl cyclase activity in human tissue, the low
      urine cGMP values found in patients with cadmium disease may be attributable to
      chronic cadmium exposure. High guanyl cyclase activity in patients with
      osteoarthritis may be associated with inflammation.

PMID- 2874828
TI  - Chloroplast coupling factor 1: dependence of rotational correlation time on
      polypeptide composition.
AB  - Time-resolved fluorescence depolarization measurements were made on chloroplast
      coupling factor 1 (CF1) labeled with pyrenylmaleimide. Rotational correlation
      times were determined for native CF1, for CF1 lacking epsilon and/or delta
      polypeptides, and for activated enzyme. The rotational correlation time measured
      is characteristic of the rotation of the entire enzyme. Removal of the delta
      polypeptide resulted in a 25% smaller rotational correlation time, although the
      delta polypeptide contributes less than 5% of the mass of CF1. Removal of the
      epsilon polypeptide was without effect. Simultaneous removal of delta and epsilon
      polypeptides produced a 30% smaller rotational correlation time. Activation of
      CF1 ATPase by incubation with dithiothreitol reduced the rotational correlation
      time by 15% relative to that of the latent enzyme. The rotational correlation
      time of CF1 with delta and epsilon polypeptides removed is essentially that
      expected for a spherical molecule, whereas the other forms of the enzyme can be
      approximated as ellipsoids of revolution; the axial ratio of the latent enzyme is
      estimated from the rotational correlation time and the intrinsic viscosity. These
      data indicate that the delta polypeptide significantly alters the shape of the
      enzyme and that a conformational change accompanies dithiothreitol activation of
      the enzyme.

PMID- 2874829
TI  - Interactions of Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase with N
      (ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline.
AB  - The carboxyl group activating reagent N-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1,2
      dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) interacts with the Neurospora plasma membrane H+-ATPase
      in at least three different ways. This reagent irreversibly inhibits ATP
      hydrolysis with kinetics that are pseudo-first-order at several concentrations of
      EEDQ, and an appropriate transform of these data suggests that 1 mol of EEDQ
      inactivates 1 mol of the H+-ATPase. Inhibition probably involves activation of an
      ATPase carboxyl group followed by a nucleophilic attack by a vicinal nucleophilic
      functional group in the ATPase polypeptide chain, resulting in an intramolecular
      cross-link. The enzyme is protected against EEDQ inhibition by MgATP in the
      presence of vanadate, a combination of ligands that has previously been shown to
      "lock" the H+-ATPase in a conformation that presumably resembles the transition
      states of the enzyme phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions, but is not
      protected by the substrate analogue MgADP, which is consistent with the notion
      that one or both of the residues involved in the EEDQ-dependent inhibitory
      intramolecular cross-linking reaction normally participate in the transfer of the
      gamma-phosphoryl group of ATP, or are near those that do. The ATPase is also
      labeled by the exogenous nucleophile [14C]glycine ethyl ester in an EEDQ
      dependent reaction, and the labeling is diminished in the presence of MgATP plus
      vanadate. However, peptide maps of [14C]glycine ethyl ester labeled ATPase
      demonstrate that the labeling is not related to the EEDQ inhibition reaction in
      any simple way.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874830
TI  - Role of phosphate on the ADP-induced hysteretic inhibition of mitochondrial
      adenosine 5'-triphosphatase. Effects of the natural protein inhibitor.
AB  - Preincubation of F1-ATPase with ADP and Mg2+ leads to ADP binding at regulatory
      site inducing a hysteretic inhibition of ATP hydrolysis, i.e., an inhibition that
      slowly develops after Mg-ATP addition (Di Pietro, A., Penin, F., Godinot, C. and
      Gautheron, D.C. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 5671-5678). It is shown here that
      inorganic phosphate (Pi) together with ADP during preincubation abolishes the
      time-dependence of the inhibition after the addition of the substrate Mg-ATP.
      This preincubation in the presence of both Pi and ADP slowly leads to a
      conformation of the enzyme immediately inhibited after the addition of the
      substrate Mg-ATP. The Pi effect is half-maximal at 35 microM and pH 6.6, whereas
      a limited effect is induced at pH 8.0. The preincubation of F1-ATPase with Pi and
      ADP must last long enough (t1/2 = 5 min). The effects can be correlated to the
      amount of Pi bound to the enzyme, 1 mol Pi per mol (apparent KD of 33 microM) at
      saturation. Pi neither modifies the ADP binding nor the final level of the
      concomitant inhibition. When Pi is not present in the preincubation, the final
      stable rate of ADP-induced hysteretic inhibition is always reached when a near
      constant amount of Pi has been generated during Mg-ATP hydrolysis. Kinetic
      experiments indicate that preincubation with ADP and Pi decreases both Vmax and
      Km which would favor a conformational change of the enzyme. Taking into account
      the Pi effects, a more precise model of hysteretic inhibition is proposed. The
      natural protein inhibitor IF1 efficiently prevents the binding of Pi produced by
      ATP hydrolysis indicating that the hysteretic inhibition and the IF1-dependent
      inhibition obey different mechanisms.

PMID- 2874831
TI  - Relationship between anemia and cholesterol metabolism in 'sex-linked anemic'
      (gene symbol, sla) mouse.
AB  - The relationship between hypocholesterolemia and anemia has been recognized in
      humans. However, no metabolic studies in humans have been reported, nor has an
      animal model been developed to investigate the effects of anemia on cholesterol
      metabolism. We have identified an animal model, the 'sex-linked anemic' (gene
      symbol, sla) mouse, characterized by iron deficiency anemia, to study the
      relationship between anemia and cholesterol metabolism. Results from our studies
      showed that the serum cholesterol was significantly lower in anemic male SLA mice
      compared to non-anemic littermates. The lower serum cholesterol observed in
      anemic SLA mice was related to a decreased in vivo hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
      However, the decreased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in anemic SLA mice was not
      due to a block at the primary regulatory site, the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA
      reductase, nor at one of the secondary regulatory sites: the acetoacetyl-CoA
      thiolase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase.

PMID- 2874832
TI  - Inhibition of platelet factor XIIIa-catalyzed reactions by calmodulin.
AB  - Calmodulin was found to exhibit an inhibitory effect on platelet factor XIIIa
      catalyzed incorporation of pseudodonor amines into dimethylcasein, platelet actin
      and myosin. The inhibitory action of calmodulin on the calcium-dependent enzyme
      reactions was analogous to the effects of EGTA and parvalbumin on these
      reactions. The extent of inhibition of factor XIIIa activity was a function of
      calmodulin concentration when factor XIII and Ca2+ concentrations were held
      constant. These results indicate that calmodulin inhibits platelet factor XIIIa
      catalyzed reactions by sequestering calcium.

PMID- 2874833
TI  - Secretion of lysyl oxidase by cultured human skin fibroblasts and effects of
      monensin, nigericin, tunicamycin and colchicine.
AB  - Lysyl oxidase is an extracellular enzyme that initiates crosslink formation in
      the major connective tissue proteins, the collagens and elastin. This enzyme
      activity accumulated in a fresh medium of cultured human skin fibroblasts for at
      least 24 h, but the accumulation was distinctly non-linear after the first 12 h.
      Most of the total enzyme activity was present in the medium, the activity found
      in the cell layer representing about 30% of the total activity at 4 h, and about
      10-15% at 24 h. The bulk of the cell-layer-associated activity appeared to be
      extracellular, as more than half was lost upon trypsinization. Culturing of the
      cells for 8 h in the presence of either monensin or nigericin, ionophores known
      to inhibit the secretion of many proteins at the level of the Golgi complex,
      markedly reduced the accumulation of lysyl oxidase activity in the medium.
      Monensin was particularly effective, as it produced a distinct inhibition even at
      a 10 nM concentration, reaching 50% at 30 nM. Both ionophores also reduced enzyme
      activity in the cell layer, whereas no definite decrease was seen in the activity
      of the trypsinized cells. The effect of monensin was evidently not due to any
      general toxicity on the part of the drug, since even a 500 nM concentration gave
      no inhibition of the incorporation of [3H]leucine into total protein. Tunicamycin
      also reduced lysyl oxidase activity in the medium and to a lesser extent in the
      cell layer, but the effective dose, 1-10 micrograms/ml, also inhibited the
      incorporation of [3H]leucine into total protein. The reduced enzyme activity may
      therefore not be due to a direct effect of tunicamycin on the glycosylation of
      the lysyl oxidase protein itself but may be mediated through other actions of the
      drug. Colchicine caused no inhibition in lysyl oxidase activity secretion even at
      a 10 microM concentration, although it has been reported to inhibit collagen
      secretion at doses more than one order of magnitude lower.

PMID- 2874834
TI  - Calcium transport systems in the LLC-PK1 renal epithelial established cell line.
AB  - ATP-dependent calcium uptake was measured in membrane vesicles prepared from the
      renal epithelial LLC-PK1 established cell line. The relative contribution of the
      nonmitochondrial versus the mitochondrial calcium uptake is larger in LLC-PK1
      cell homogenates than in homogenates from renal cortex. Two types of calcium
      pump, characterized by the formation of calcium-dependent phosphointermediates of
      135 kDa and 115 kDa, were found in membrane fractions from LLC-PK1 cells. The 135
      kDa calcium pump was also detected by 125I-labelled calmodulin overlay. Although
      the subcellular localization in LLC-PK1 cell membranes could not be unambiguously
      determined, it is conceivable that the 135 kDa and the 115 kDa molecules
      represent the plasma membrane calcium pump and the endoplasmic reticulum calcium
      pump respectively, in agreement with what was found for renal cortex
      preparations. Extravesicular sodium partially inhibits ATP-driven calcium uptake
      in a plasma-membrane-enriched fraction of the LLC-PK1 cells. The effect is
      potentiated by a vesicle inside-negative membrane potential. Although the effect
      is less pronounced than in renal cortex basal-lateral membranes, this observation
      suggests that an Na+-Ca2+ exchange mechanism is also present in LLC-PK1 cells.
      ATP-dependent calcium uptake in nonmitochondrial intracellular stores was
      investigated, using saponin-permeabilized cells. Permeabilized LLC-PK1 cells
      lowered the free calcium concentration in the medium to less than 0.4 microM.
      More than 60% of the accumulated calcium can be released by addition of inositol
      1,4,5-trisphosphate. Our data indicate that the LLC-PK1 cell line can be
      successfully used as model system for the study of renal calcium handling.

PMID- 2874835
TI  - Cyclic AMP-independent stimulation of steroidogenesis in Y-1 adrenal tumor cells
      by antimitotic agents.
AB  - The stimulation of steroidogenesis by antimitotic drugs has been studied in wild
      type (Y-1) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase-deficient (kin-8) mouse adrenal
      tumor cell lines. Unlike some other cells, Y-1 cells do not increase their cAMP
      output upon exposure to antimitotic drugs such as colchicine, vinblastine or
      podophyllotoxin, which readily increase steroidogenesis. Moreover, no increase in
      cAMP can be detected over an extended time span. Stabilization of tubulin
      polymers by taxol or high concentrations of vinblastine blocks ACTH-, cholera
      toxin- or colchicine-stimulated steroidogenesis without major effects on cAMP
      levels. Colchicine and podophyllotoxin stimulate steroidogenesis in the cAMP
      dependent protein kinase-deficient mutant to the same degree as in the wild-type
      Y-1 cells, although absolute steroid yields are lower in the mutant cells. We
      suggest that the antimitotic agents stimulate adrenal steroidogenesis by a cAMP
      independent pathway that may involve facilitation of cholesterol access to the
      mitochondrion.

PMID- 2874836
TI  - The significance of mu- and delta-receptors in rat pancreatic islets for the
      opioid-mediated insulin release.
AB  - The binding and the insulinotropic effects of enkephalin analogs and of morphine
      were investigated in rat pancreatic islets. Binding of [3H]Met-enkephalin was
      saturable, specific and reversible; the rank order for inhibition competition of
      [3H]Met-enkephalin binding by various compounds was Met-enkephalin = D-Ala2
      MePhe4, Met(0)ol enkephalin) greater than Leu-enkephalin greater than morphine
      with half-maximal inhibitory constants (IC50) of approx. 0.3, 0.3, 100 and
      greater than 100 nM, respectively. Both the natural enkephalins exerted their
      insulinotropic effect only at stimulatory glucose concentrations. They had a dual
      action; whereas insulin secretion was increased at low enkephalin concentration,
      this effect was reversed at higher concentrations. However, the various
      enkephalins exerted this effect at different concentrations; only the EC50 values
      (half-maximal effective concentrations) of their insulinotropic effect were in
      the same range as the IC50 values of inhibition of [3H]met-enkephalin binding.
      Cysteamine pretreatment of rats (depletion of somatostatin containing D-cells and
      decrease in somatostatin secretion) did not change the Met-enkephalin effect on
      insulin secretion. In contrast to Met-enkephalin, binding of [3H]morphine to
      islets was not saturable, and morphine had no effect on insulin secretion unless
      at unphysiologically high concentrations. The data, therefore, indicate that: mu
      receptors (affinity for morphine) do not play a role in rat pancreatic islets;
      delta-receptors (binding site for Met-enkephalin when mu-receptors are not
      present) mediate the insulinotropic effect of low Met-enkephalin concentrations;
      and the insulinotropic action of Met-enkephalin is not mediated indirectly via
      the paracrine effect of an inhibition of somatostatin secretion.

PMID- 2874837
TI  - [Use of chemical probes in the study of F1-ATPases].
AB  - The purpose of the present review is to discuss in brief the use of chemical
      probes for the study of the structure and the function of F1-ATPases. Special
      focus is brought on probes that bind covalently to the proteins.

PMID- 2874838
TI  - Structure and function of the ATPase-ATP synthase complex of mitochondria as
      compared to chloroplasts and bacteria.
AB  - An overview of the structure and function of the mitochondrial ATPase-ATP
      synthase complex is presented. Attempts are made to identify the analogies and
      differences between mitochondrial, chloroplastic and bacterial complexes. The
      relatively more precise information available on the structure of the E. coli
      enzyme is used to try and understand the apparently more complex structure of the
      mitochondrial enzyme. Recent ideas on the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis and ATP
      synthesis will be summarized.

PMID- 2874839
TI  - Receptor-mediated endocytosis: the intracellular journey of transferrin and its
      receptor.
AB  - A variety of ligands and macromolecules enter cells by receptor-mediated
      endocytosis. Ligands bind to their receptors on the cell surface and ligand
      receptor complexes are localized in specialized regions of the plasma membrane
      called coated pits. Coated pits invaginate and give rise to intracellular coated
      vesicles containing ligand-receptor complexes which are thus internalized.
      Transferrin, a major serum glycoprotein which transports iron into cells, enters
      cells by this pathway. It binds to its receptor on the cell surface, transferrin
      receptor complexes cluster in coated pits and are internalized in coated
      vesicles. Coated vesicles then lose their clathrin coat and fuse with endosomes,
      an organelle with an internal pH of about 5-5.5. Most ligands dissociate from
      their receptors in endosomes and they finally end up in lysosomes where they are
      degraded, while their receptors remain bound to membrane structures and recycle
      to the cell surface. Transferrin has a different fate: in endosomes iron
      dissociates from transferrin but apotransferrin remains bound to its receptor
      because of its high affinity for the receptor at acid pH. Apotransferrin thus
      recycles back to the plasma membrane still bound to its receptor. When the ligand
      receptor complex reaches the plasma membrane or a compartment at neutral pH,
      apotransferrin dissociates from its receptor with a half-life of 18 s because of
      its low affinity for its receptor at neutral pH. The receptor is then ready for a
      new cycle of internalization, while apotransferrin enters the circulation,
      reloads iron in the appropriate organs and is ready for a new cycle of iron
      transport.

PMID- 2874841
TI  - Integrated functioning of the chloroplast coupling factor.
AB  - This review is focused on some functional characteristics of the chloroplast
      coupling factor. The structure of the enzyme and the putative role of its
      subunits are recalled. An attempt is made to discriminate the driving force and
      the activator effects of the electrochemical proton gradient. Respective roles of
      delta pH, delta phi, external and internal pH are discussed with regard to
      mechanistic implications. The hypothesis of a functional switch of the enzyme
      between two states with better efficiency either in ATP synthesis or in ATP
      hydrolysis is also examined. A brief survey is made on some problems complicating
      quantitative studies of energy coupling, such as localized chemiosmosis, delta pH
      and delta phi computations, and scalar ATPases. The main data on the enzyme
      activation and the energy-dependent release of tightly bound nucleotides are
      summarized. The arguments for and against the catalytic competence of theses
      nucleotides are reviewed. Lastly, some prevailing models of the catalytic
      mechanism are presented. The relevance of nucleotides binding change events in
      this process is discussed.

PMID- 2874840
TI  - Topological studies suggest that the pathway of the protons through F0 is
      provided by amino acid residues accessible from the lipid phase.
AB  - The structure of the F0 part of ATP synthases from E. coli and Neurospora crassa
      was analyzed by hydrophobic surface labeling with [125I]TID. In the E. coli F0
      all three subunits were freely accessible to the reagent, suggesting that these
      subunits are independently integrated in the membrane. Labeled amino acid
      residues were identified by Edman degradation of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
      binding (DCCD) proteins from E. coli and Neurospora crassa. The very similar
      patterns obtained with the two homologous proteins suggested the existence of
      tightly packed alpha-helices. The oligomeric structure of the DCCD binding
      protein appeared to be very rigid since little, if any, change in the labeling
      pattern was observed upon addition of oligomycin or DCCD to membranes from
      Neurospora crassa. When membranes were pretreated with DCCD prior to the reaction
      with [125I]TID an additionally labeled amino acid appeared at the position of Glu
      65 which binds DCCD covalently, indicating the location of this inhibitor on the
      outside of the oligomer. It is suggested that proton conduction occurs at the
      surface of the oligomer of the DCCD binding protein. Possibly this oligomer
      rotates against the subunit alpha or beta and thus enables proton translocation.
      Conserved residues in subunit alpha, probably located in the lipid bilayer, might
      participate in the proton translocation mechanism.

PMID- 2874842
TI  - Lack of correlation between plasma DOPEG and urinary MOPEG levels in depressed
      patients.
AB  - Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of 3-methoxy,4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol
      (MOPEG) and levels of free and conjugated plasma 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DOPEG) were measured in 56 depressed patients to
      find a possible correlation between these two peripheral indices of cerebral
      noradrenergic activity. Plasma DOPEG was measured at 9:00 AM on the same day that
      urine was collected for the measurement of MOPEG. All depressed patients were
      diagnosed as having affective disorders according to DSM-III. No correlation was
      found between plasma free or conjugated DOPEG levels and urinary MOPEG output.
      This lack of correlation was found in the total sample of depressed patients
      (56), in 45 patients diagnosed as having major depressive episodes, and in 24
      depressed patients diagnosed as major depressive with melancholia. The authors
      discuss the significance of this lack of correlation between two peripheral
      indices of central noradrenergic metabolism.

PMID- 2874843
TI  - Somatostatin regulation of the CRF-ACTH-cortisol axis.

PMID- 2874844
TI  - Beta-endorphin and somatostatin concentrations in the ventricular cerebrospinal
      fluid of patients with affective disorder.

PMID- 2874845
TI  - Effect of transglutaminase substrates and polyamines on the cellular
      sequestration and processing of follicle-stimulating hormone by rat Sertoli
      cells.
AB  - Transglutaminase (TGase) substrates monodansyl cadaverine (MDC, monodansyl-1,5
      diaminopentane) and methylamine (MA) and polyamines (PA) were tested for their
      effects on the cellular processing of radioiodinated human follicle-stimulating
      hormone (125I-hFSH). Specifically bound 125I-hFSH that could be released from
      cells during 10-min incubation period with acidified (pH 3.9) Hanks balanced-salt
      solution was considered membrane-bound unsequestered hormone. The rate at which
      cells sequestered 125I-hFSH into cellular compartments resistant to acid
      dissociation depended on the length of time in which cells were incubated with
      hormone. Cells incubated with 125I-hFSH for 15, 60, and 120 min had half-lives of
      sequestration of 26, 55 and 67 min respectively. One hundred-micromolar MDC
      inhibited degradation of 125I-hFSH as measured by the presence of radioactivity
      in the medium that was soluble in trichloroacetic acid. The rate of sequestration
      was never slower than that of controls, indicating that MDC did not decrease the
      ability of Sertoli cells to sequester 125I-hFSH. Despite these two observations,
      radioactivity associated with cells (acid-resistant radioactivity) was lower in
      cells treated with MDC than in controls. No effect of MDC on specific binding of
      125I-hFSH was observed. Similar results were observed with MA, albeit at higher
      levels (0.0025-0.0425 M), consistent with their relative potency to inhibit TGase
      activity. Polyamines, spermine, and putrescine also decreased cell-associated
      radioactivity despite decreasing degradation of hFSH. TGase substrates (MDC, MA,
      PA) prevented entry of sequestered 125I-hFSH into the degradative pathways of
      Sertoli cells. These data suggest that transglutamination may influence the fate
      of sequestered FSH in Sertoli cells but not the rate at which sequestration
      occurs.

PMID- 2874846
TI  - Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) purification method yields amyloid proteins from
      systemic and cerebral amyloidosis.
AB  - We identified fibrils from non-transmissible systemic and cerebral amyloidosis
      using the purification method of scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF). The fibrils
      possessed the same nature of congophilia, filamentous structures and molecular
      weights as amyloid fibrils, and were resistant to Proteinase K digestion. This
      SAF method makes for a rapid extraction from amyloid-laden tissues. The method,
      therefore, may purify nontransmissible amyloids alone or together with SAF
      proteins.

PMID- 2874847
TI  - [Modulating effect of angiotensin II and bradykinin on the mediator sensitivity
      of central neurons].
AB  - Using the methods of extracellular recording of bioelectrical activity and
      microiontophoresis, the effect of endogenous neuropeptides (angiotensin-II and
      bradykinin) on the cortical neuronal sensitivity to neurotransmitters was
      investigated in conscious rabbits. It was found that angiotensin-II and
      bradykinin modified neuronal responses to neurotransmitters, increasing,
      decreasing and reversing their mediator sensitivity. The most prominent effect of
      these neuropeptides was the increase of neuronal responses to acetylcholine and
      noradrenaline. At the central neuronal level, endogenous neuropeptides
      (angiotensin-II and bradykinin) are suggested to play the role of synaptic
      polytransmitter neuromodulators.

PMID- 2874848
TI  - [Suppressor hyperactivity in relation to allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation as a
      manifestation of T- T-cell interaction defects in systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation by con A-induced
      immunoregulatory cells has been estimated in patients with active systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) treated with prednisolone. Using the combination of normal
      immunoregulatory cells and proliferating target cells from normal donors with
      immunoregulatory cells and target cells from SLE patients, it was shown that the
      response to immunoregulatory cells in target cells of SLE patients was impaired.
      This is confirmed by a slight inhibition of SLE target cell proliferation and the
      activating effect of immunoregulatory cells on the proliferation of "sick"
      targets. The data give evidence of impaired T-T-cell interaction that may be a
      possible mechanism of immunoregulatory defects in SLE. These disturbances can,
      probably, cause hyperreactivity of suppressor cells affecting normal lymphocyte
      proliferation. It was shown that theophylline was useful for the correction of
      these disorders.

PMID- 2874850
TI  - Red cell morphology in alcoholics: a new test for alcohol abuse.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy has shown that the blood of alcoholics contains a
      large number of morphologically abnormal red cells. In two groups of alcoholics,
      the number of morphologically abnormal red cells ranged from 23.1% to 89.3% and
      27.4% to 57.3% of total red cells compared to values in healthy controls of 4.5%
      12.6% and 27.7%-79.5% in nonalcoholic liver disease patients. A characteristic
      finding was the presence of triangulocytes: these ranged from 1.2% to 18.0% of
      total red cells in the alcoholics as compared to 0-0.5% in healthy controls, and
      0-1.3% in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease. The presence of elevated
      numbers of triangulocytes in blood appears to be specific to alcohol abuse. It is
      not, for example, elevated in nonalcoholic liver disease. No correlation was
      found between the number of triangulocytes or the number of morphologically
      abnormal red cells in blood and either the duration of alcohol abuse or the
      amount of alcohol consumed. Both parameters tended, however, to return to normal
      values during withdrawal. The mechanism by which alcohol abuse causes the
      morphologic abnormalities is not known. Preliminary in vitro experiments indicate
      that it is unlikely to arise as an effect of alcohol on circulating red cells.
      Based on the data presented, the measurement of the number of triangulocytes in a
      blood sample, although slow and laborious, may provide a highly specific test for
      alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2874849
TI  - Autocrine growth of interleukin 2-producing leukemic cells in a patient with
      adult T cell leukemia.
AB  - Leukemic cells in the peripheral blood of a patient with adult T cell leukemia
      (ATL), which expressed the Tac antigen/interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor, were
      investigated in vitro for autocrine growth by IL 2. The cells showed spontaneous
      proliferation in mitogen-free medium. The spontaneous proliferation of the cells
      was inhibited by monoclonal anti-IL 2 or anti-Tac antibody. These cells were
      found to produce messenger RNA for IL 2 and secrete IL 2 during short-term
      culture in the same medium. Recombinant IL 2 and IL 2 secreted by the cells
      enhanced the proliferation of the cells in a dose-dependent manner when added to
      the initial culture. These findings demonstrate that an autocrine mechanism by IL
      2 is involved in the proliferation of ATL cells during short-term culture.

PMID- 2874851
TI  - Effect of acrylamide on energy-linked functions in rat brain.

PMID- 2874852
TI  - Quantitative estimation of quaternary ammonium neuromuscular blocking agents in
      serum by direct insertion probe chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - A new method based on selected ion monitoring chemical ionization mass
      spectrometry was developed to measure the quaternary ammonium neuromuscular
      blocking agents, pancuronium and vecuronium, in serum. An ion-pair extraction
      procedure is utilized to separate the compounds of interest from biological
      fluids. The intensities of the ion currents produced by the bisamines formed from
      the drugs and the corresponding deuterated internal standards through thermolytic
      dequaternization are monitored. The assay shows good linearity over the range of
      1-500 ng/ml. This assay has been utilized in a variety of clinical
      pharmacokinetic studies involving surgical pediatric, geriatric and obstetric
      patients requiring anesthesia.

PMID- 2874853
TI  - Evidence for selective transport of two brush-border glycoproteins from
      endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complex in rabbit enterocytes.
AB  - In vivo pulse-chase labeling of rabbit jejunum loops was used in conjunction with
      subcellular fractionation and quantitative immunoprecipitation to compare the
      intracellular transport kinetics of aminopeptidase with that of a 140 kDa brush
      border antigen not belonging to the hydrolase class. As judged by the maturation
      kinetics of Asn-linked glycans, these glycoproteins were found to be transported
      from the endoplasmic reticulum into the Golgi apparatus at different rates (t1/2
      = 25-50 min). The transport from the Golgi complex to the brush-border was rapid
      and seemed to occur at the same rate for both glycoproteins. In keeping with
      these kinetic data, the steady-state levels of aminopeptidase and the 140 kDa
      antigen in the Golgi complex were low, although that of aminopeptidase was
      significantly higher.

PMID- 2874854
TI  - Psychoses that mask each other: a case report.

PMID- 2874855
TI  - The antinociceptive action of some beta-adrenoceptor agonists in mice.
AB  - The antinociceptive actions of several beta-adrenoceptor agonist drugs have been
      studied in mice by use of a modified abdominal constriction test. All the drugs
      studied had high antinociceptive activity, with ID50 values in the nmol kg-1
      range. (-)-Isoprenaline and (+/-)-isoxsuprine were the most potent, being about
      ten times more active than salbutamol, the least potent drug studied. All these
      drugs produced their action very rapidly and appear to act within the peritoneum.
      (-)-Isoprenaline had about six times the potency of the (+)-isomer. (+/-)
      Propranolol caused rightward shifts, usually parallel, of the dose-response
      curves for (-)-isoprenaline. (+)-Propranolol was more than ten times less potent
      than the racemic drug. Practolol also caused parallel, rightward shifts of the
      dose-response curves for (-)-isoprenaline, and was about twice as potent as (+/-)
      propranolol, whether given by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. Atenolol
      and ICI 118551 had intermediate potencies. Propranolol, practolol and ICI 118551
      were all considerably less potent in antagonizing the antinociceptive actions of
      fenoterol and RO363, than (-)-isoprenaline. None of these antagonist drugs showed
      more than a slight ability to discriminate between the beta 1- and beta 2
      selective agonist drugs. No evidence was found for the involvement of opioid,
      dopamine, or alpha-adrenoceptors in the antinociceptive action of the beta
      adrenoceptor agonist drugs. Evidence for and against the involvement of beta
      adrenoceptors is discussed, and it is concluded that if these receptors do
      mediate the antinociceptive action they appear to be atypical.

PMID- 2874856
TI  - Calcium-dependent contractile response of arterial smooth muscle to a jellyfish
      toxin (pCrTX: Carybdea rastonii).
AB  - The purpose of the present experiments was to investigate the pharmacological
      mechanisms of the vasoconstriction caused by the toxin (pCrTX) which had been
      partially purified from the tentacles of the jellyfish Carybdea rastonii
      ('Andonkurage'). pCrTX (0.1 to 10 micrograms ml-1) produced a tonic contraction
      of rabbit aortic strips, which was nearly abolished in Ca2+-free medium and was
      significantly reduced by verapamil or diltiazem. pCrTX stimulated 45Ca2+-influx
      and this effect was markedly attenuated by verapamil. pCrTX-induced
      vasoconstriction was significantly attenuated by phentolamine, 6-hydroxydopamine
      (6-OHDA) and in low Na+-medium, but not by bretylium, guanethidine,
      reserpinization or tetrodotoxin (TTX). pCrTX continuously and significantly
      increased the 3H-efflux from [3H]-noradrenaline preloaded aortic strips and this
      effect was completely inhibited by pretreatment with 6-OHDA and in Ca2+-free
      medium, but not by phentolamine, bretylium, guanethidine or TTX. A single
      exposure to pCrTX for 30 min greatly reduced the contractile responses to
      tyramine, nicotine and transmural electrical stimulation, but not those to
      noradrenaline or KC1. In addition, incorporation of [3H]-noradrenaline was
      reduced. Pretreatments with chlorphenylamine or indomethacin failed to modify the
      contractile response to pCrTX. These results suggest that the pCrTX-induced
      vasoconstriction is caused by a presynaptic action, releasing noradrenaline from
      the intramural adrenergic nerve terminals, and by a postsynaptic action, which
      consists at least in part of stimulation of the transmembrane calcium influx.
      Both pre- and postsynaptic actions depend on the external calcium concentration.
      The data further suggest that pCrTX damages the noradrenaline uptake and/or
      storage mechanisms without damaging postsynaptic contractile systems.

PMID- 2874857
TI  - Comparison of potency of alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists in vitro: evidence for
      heterogeneity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - A comparison has been made of affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists for
      alpha 2 binding sites in radioligand binding assays, and functional antagonist
      activity at pre- and postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in various in vitro
      preparations. The antagonists displaced [3H]-rauwolscine from rat brain and
      rabbit spleen membranes but there were substantial differences in rank order and
      absolute potency in the two tissues. pA2 values for yohimbine, phentolamine and
      Wy26703 against the selective alpha 2 agonist UK-14,304 were determined in the
      rat left atrium, rat and rabbit vas deferens and rabbit saphenous vein
      preparations. The pA2 values varied substantially between the tissues, differing
      by two orders of magnitude in the case of Wy26703. Yohimbine was more potent in
      rabbit preparations while Wy26703 was markedly more potent in all the rat
      preparations. Yohimbine and Wy26703 were compared in the dog saphenous vein
      preparation where pre- and postjunctional alpha 2 antagonist activity can be
      compared in the same tissue. As in the rabbit preparations, yohimbine was more
      potent than Wy26703 at both sites but the absolute potencies were different. It
      is concluded that alpha 2-adrenoceptors are a heterogeneous population, different
      subgroups being more apparent between species rather than between tissue types or
      location.

PMID- 2874858
TI  - Functional studies on human veins after storage at--190 degrees C.
AB  - Human saphenous veins were immersed in foetal calf serum containing 1.8 M
      dimethylsulphoxide, slowly frozen to -70 degrees C and stored in liquid nitrogen
      (-190 degrees C). Comparative in vitro studies on helical strips from unfrozen
      and frozen and thawed veins revealed that after thawing of frozen stored veins
      the contractile force development was unchanged, and the evidence suggested that
      the monoamine oxidase activity was unimpaired. There was a good correlation
      between the pD2 values of various 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists and the
      blocking activities of various antagonists tested against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) and noradrenaline on unfrozen and frozen and thawed veins. It is suggested
      that cryopreservation is a useful technique for storing human veins for
      pharmacological studies.

PMID- 2874859
TI  - Binding to serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and effect of beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists in rats with inflammation.
AB  - The beta-blocking effect of 4 beta-adrenoceptor antagonists with different
      pharmacokinetic properties was studied after intravenous and intraportal
      administration to control rats and to rats with experimental inflammation. In
      rats with inflammation the effects of propranolol and oxprenolol, which are
      mainly bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP), were significantly less
      after intravenous administration, but not after intraportal administration. In
      contrast, for metoprolol and atenolol, which are only negligibly serum bound, no
      difference was observed between control rats and rats with inflammation for
      either route of administration. Total and unbound serum concentrations of
      propranolol were measured 20 min after intravenous and intraportal
      administration. After intravenous administration, in the rats with inflammation
      total concentrations of propranolol were more than twice, and unbound
      concentrations less than half those of control rats. After intraportal
      administration the total concentrations were 8 times, and the unbound
      concentrations 3 times higher in the rats with inflammation. There was a
      significant correlation between the beta-blocking effect and the unbound
      concentrations of propranolol after intravenous administration, but not after
      intraportal administration. The latter finding is probably because the unbound
      concentrations were supramaximal.

PMID- 2874860
TI  - Receptors for neurotransmitters in opossum oesophagus muscularis mucosa.
AB  - Muscularis mucosa of the distal oesophagus of the opossum contains nerves which
      release acetylcholine and substance P(SP)-like material on field stimulation. The
      release of SP-like material appeared to be inhibited by the presence of exogenous
      muscarinic agonists and potentiated by muscarinic antagonists. Analysis of the
      postjunctional receptors involved using carbachol, McNeil A-343 (McN A-343),
      atropine and pirenzepine suggested that the receptors were not typical M2
      muscarinic receptors. The potency of agonists and antagonists were consistent
      with some receptor properties resembling M1-muscarinic receptors. Prejunctional
      receptors to opiates, adenosine, agonists at alpha 2-adrenoceptors and
      prostaglandins were not detected. Receptors for tachykinins were present on the
      muscle in this tissue, but did not resemble clearly either SP-E or SP-P type
      receptors. They appear to be undifferentiated since most tachykinins were of
      similar potency. These results suggest that not all postjunctional muscarinic
      receptors in intestinal smooth muscle are M2 in type. There may be a gradation of
      types between M1 and M2.

PMID- 2874861
TI  - Non-cholinergic synaptic excitation in neostriatum: pharmacological evidence for
      mediation by a glutamate-like transmitter.
AB  - We studied the synaptic pharmacology of an excitatory pathway in the neostriatum
      using electrophysiological techniques in tissue slices from rats. In response to
      single electrical stimuli, two negative, extracellular potentials (N-1 and N-2)
      were recorded through micropipette electrodes within 150-450 micron of the
      stimulating cathode. N-2 was reversibly reduced or abolished by reducing the
      concentration of calcium in the bathing medium, while N-1 was unaffected. Both N
      1 and N-2 were reversibly abolished by the local anaesthetic procaine. Single
      unit, extracellular action potentials were, at times, associated with either N-1
      or N-2. Intracellular recordings showed action potentials at N-2 latency arising
      from graded, monophasic, depolarizing potentials. Bath-applied cholinoceptor and
      dopamine receptor antagonists failed to reduce N-2. By contrast, antagonists of
      excitatory amino acid transmitters reversibly reduced or abolished N-2. gamma-D
      Glutamylglycine (GG), (+/-)-cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) and DL-2
      amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) blocked N-2 with ED50S of 0.79 mM, 1.0 mM and
      1.1 mM, respectively. (-)-Baclofen reversibly blocked N-2 with an ED50 of 0.79
      microM; (+)-baclofen was 330 times less potent. The results suggest that N-1
      results from direct activation of fibre tracts or cell bodies, while N-2 is a
      population spike mediated by excitatory synapses whose natural transmitter
      pharmacologically resembles glutamate.

PMID- 2874863
TI  - Sulphasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis: toxicity in 774 patients monitored for
      one to 11 years.
AB  - Sulphasalazine is being used increasingly to treat rheumatoid arthritis, though
      its long term safety profile has not been established in this condition. The
      incidence and nature of adverse effects occurring in 774 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis treated with sulphasalazine for periods ranging from one to 11 years
      were therefore noted. Altogether 205 of the patients stopped treatment
      permanently due to an adverse effect. One hundred and fifty six (76%) of these
      events occurred within three months and few beyond the first year. Most events
      were trivial and were self limiting after withdrawal of the drug; of the
      potentially more serious adverse effects, 33 (66%) occurred within three months
      of treatment. None of the patients died or suffered lasting ill effects. It is
      concluded that adverse effects of treatment with sulphasalazine are generally
      seen within three months; though regular monitoring is desirable during that
      period, thereafter few worrying problems occur.

PMID- 2874862
TI  - Characterization of opioid receptors in the cat carotid body involved in
      chemosensory depression in vivo.
AB  - The effects of selective opioid receptor agonists and antagonists on neural
      discharge recorded from carotid body arterial chemoreceptors in vivo were studied
      in anaesthetized cats. Mean ID50 values were determined for each agonist and used
      to assess chemodepressant potency on intracarotid (i.c.) injection in animals
      artificially ventilated with air. [Met]enkephalin, [Leu]enkephalin, [D-Ala2, D
      Leu5]enkephalin and [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin were more potent chemodepressants
      than [D-Ala2, Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin, dynorphin (1-8) or
      ethylketocyclazocine; morphiceptin (mu-agonist) was inactive. The rank order of
      potency was compatible with the involvement of delta-opioid receptors in opioid
      induced depression of chemosensory discharge. ICI 154129, a delta-opioid receptor
      antagonist, was used in fairly high doses and caused reversible dose-related
      antagonism of chemodepression induced by [Met]enkephalin. It also antagonized
      depression caused by single doses of [Leu]enkephalin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin,
      [D-Ala2, Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin or dynorphin (1-8). ICI 174864, a more
      potent and selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist, also antagonized
      chemodepression induced by [Met]enkephalin or by the selective delta-receptor
      agonist [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin. Comparison of background or 'spontaneous'
      chemosensory discharge during the 30 min periods immediately before and after
      injecting ICI 174864 (0.1-0.2 mg kg-1 i.c.) showed a significant increase in
      discharge in one experiment, but in four others discharge was either unaffected
      or decreased after the antagonist, which argues against a toxic depression of
      chemosensors by endogenous opioids under resting conditions in our preparation.
      Sensitivity of the carotid chemoreceptors to hypoxia (ventilating with 10% O2)
      was increased significantly after ICI 174864, which could be taken as evidence
      that endogenous opioids depress chemosensitivity during hypoxia. In contrast,
      responsiveness to hypercapnia was reduced after the antagonist, implying that
      endogenous opioids may potentiate chemoreceptor sensitivity during hypercapnia.
      The results obtained using 'selective' agonists and antagonists provide evidence
      that depression of chemosensory discharge caused by injected opioids involves a
      delta type of opioid receptor within the cat carotid body. Endogenous opioids may
      modulate arterial chemoreceptor sensitivity to physiological stimuli such as
      hypoxia and hypercapnia.

PMID- 2874864
TI  - Lack of antibody to HTLV-I and HIV in patients with multiple sclerosis from
      France and French West Indies.

PMID- 2874865
TI  - Release of endogenous aspartate and glutamate induced by electrical stimulation
      in guinea pig cerebellar slices.
AB  - Whether endogenous aspartate and glutamate, candidates for the excitatory
      neurotransmitter of cerebellar climbing and parallel fibers, are actually
      released from guinea pig cerebellar slices by electrical stimulation of the
      cerebellar white matter, was examined by means of mass fragmentography using gas
      chromatograph-mass spectrometer and thin layer chromatography. Both endogenous
      aspartate and glutamate were found to be significantly released in a Ca- and
      stimulus-frequency-dependent manner. Although the origin of each amino acid could
      not be specified in spite of pharmacological attempt to selectively block the
      mossy fiber-granule cell (parallel fiber) system, these results were at least in
      favor of the electrophysiologically and pharmacologically suggested candidacy of
      these amino acids for the transmitters of cerebellar climbing and parallel
      fibers.

PMID- 2874866
TI  - Effects of dynorphin1-13 on opiate binding and dopamine and GABA uptake in
      stroked cat brain.
AB  - We previously reported that the opioid peptide dynorphin1-13 improves survival
      chances in stroked cats. Some evidence also suggests that changes in dopamine and
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake may be associated with stroke. In the
      present study, therefore, we determined binding of the opiate
      [3H]ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), as well as dopamine and GABA uptake in various
      brain regions of control, stroked and dynorphin1-13-treated stroked cats. Cats
      were stroked by middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the EKC binding study, the
      Kd of the high-affinity site of the occluded cortex was significantly increased,
      relative to that of both the unoccluded side and control cortex. Dynorphin1-13
      treatment reversed this effect, lowering the Kd to control level. In the dopamine
      uptake study, the Km was decreased and Vmax was increased significantly in
      unoccluded cortex, compared with that in the occluded cortex or in control
      cortex. Again, dynorphin1-13 reversed these effects, raising the Km and lowering
      the Vmax. However, the Km of occluded cortex was also increased so that it became
      significantly higher than that of control cortex. The Km of unoccluded subcortex
      in stroked cats treated with dynorphin1-13 was significantly reduced compared
      with control. In the GABA uptake study, there was no significant change in any
      parameter. The change in opioid binding observed here and its reversal by
      dynorphin1-13 are consistent with the notion that the peptide's beneficial effect
      on stroke is mediated through opiate receptors. Since opioid systems in the brain
      are known to have association with dopaminergic ones, the change in dopamine
      uptake could also be the result of an opioid effect.

PMID- 2874867
TI  - Neuronal activities in ventrobasal complex of thalamus and in trigeminal main
      sensory nucleus during EEG desynchronization in anesthetized rats.
AB  - Activities of somatosensory relay neurons responding to orofacial mechanical
      stimulation were examined in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus (VB) and in
      the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (MSN) during EEG desynchronization in
      urethane-anesthetized rats. EEG desynchronization was induced by scrotal warming
      in a temperature range of 35-40 degrees C. Responses of most VB neurons to
      receptive-field stimulation were augmented during EEG desynchronization, when
      compared to responses during synchronization. Spontaneous activity of VB neurons
      also increased with EEG desynchronization. Responses of MSN neurons to receptive
      field stimulation did not change appreciably when the EEG pattern was altered. If
      a VB neuron was induced by iontophoretic application of glutamate to fire at the
      same rate as seen during EEG desynchronization, a similar increased response to
      receptive-field stimuli was also observed. The augmented response of the VB
      neuron during desynchronization may thus have resulted from increased
      excitability of the neuron itself.

PMID- 2874868
TI  - Depolarizing stimuli increase tyrosine hydroxylase in the mouse locus coeruleus
      in culture.
AB  - The influence of membrane depolarization on the development and regulation of
      brain noradrenergic neurons was studied in explant cultures of the mouse locus
      coeruleus (l.c.). Exposure to the depolarizing agents veratridine or elevated K+
      significantly increased the catalytic activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the
      rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. The effects of veratridine
      were prevented by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that transmembrane Na+ influx was
      necessary for the rise in TH. Morphometric analysis indicated that the rise in TH
      activity was not accompanied by altered TH-positive cell number or cell diameter.
      Rather, TH fluorescence intensity increased in each neuron, suggesting that
      depolarization increased TH per neuron. Immunoblot and densitometric analysis
      indicated that depolarization did, indeed, increase TH immunoreactive protein.
      Moreover, depolarization elevated enzyme activity in cultured neurons expressing
      the normal developmental increase in TH, as well as those in which plateau levels
      had already been attained. We conclude that depolarization and/or Na+ influx
      regulates a critical transmitter macromolecule in brain neurons, as in the
      periphery, by altering enzyme molecule number.

PMID- 2874869
TI  - Excitability changes induced in the striatal dopamine-containing terminals
      following frontal cortex stimulation.
AB  - The excitability of the dopamine-containing terminal field in the striatum (St)
      following frontal cortex (FC) stimulation was investigated in halothane
      anesthetized rats. Either glutamic acid (GLU, 6.2 mM) or square pulses (a train
      of 25 pulses, 500-800 microA/0.3 ms: 1 Hz/20 s) were used to stimulate FC. To
      stimulate St monophasic square wave pulses (10-4000 microA/0.5 ms/1 Hz) were
      delivered. Excitability was measured by determining the threshold for antidromic
      activation of substantia nigra cells. Threshold was defined as the minimum
      current required for antidromic invasion of the cell on 100% of non-collision
      trials. The mean threshold current was 1029 +/- 167 microA. Following FC
      stimulation a significant decrease (30%) in excitability was observed in most
      cases (80%). No correlation between firing rate and threshold fluctuations was
      observed. It is concluded that FC activity decreases the excitability of the
      dopaminergic nigrostriatal terminal field. Whether this is a direct or an
      indirect effect is discussed.

PMID- 2874870
TI  - Non-linear kinetics of glutamyl-tRNA synthesis catalyzed by high molecular weight
      complexes from rat brain neuronal cells but not from glial cells.
AB  - High molecular weight complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases isolated from rat
      brain catalyze the formation of glutamyl-tRNA with an initial lag time of the
      order of 1 min, as previously reported for the formation of glutamyl-tRNA and
      glutaminyl-tRNA catalyzed by similar complexes from bovine brain (Vadeboncoeur
      and Lapointe, Eur. J. Biochem., 109 (1980) 581-587). To determine the type(s) of
      brain cell(s) where this phenomenon occurs, we have studied the kinetics of
      glutamyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by high molecular weight complexes of aminoacyl
      tRNA synthetases isolated from neuronal and from glial cells, either transformed
      (Neuro-2A and C6), or from primary cultures, or isolated from rat brain. The
      delay in the formation of glutamyl-tRNA was observed only in the case of neuronal
      cells isolated from rat brain, whereas a delay in the formation of glutaminyl
      tRNA was also seen in these cells, as well as in neuronal cells in primary
      culture and in synaptosomes. The kinetics of formation of aspartyl-tRNA and valyl
      tRNA catalyzed by high molecular weight complexes from all these cells was
      linear.

PMID- 2874871
TI  - Expression of the enkephalin precursor gene in C6 rat glioma cells: regulation by
      beta-adrenergic agonists and glucocorticoids.
AB  - Cultured C6 rat glioma cells contain mRNA coding for preproenkephalin (A), the
      precursor of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin. The abundance in untreated cells
      was determined by blot hybridization methods to be 3-6 pg per micrograms total
      RNA. Treatment of confluent cells for 12 h with 10 microM (-)-norepinephrine,
      which activates C6 adenylate cyclase, transiently elevated preproenkephalin mRNA
      to 3.3 and 7.7 times the control in the absence and presence of the
      glucocorticoid dexamethasone, respectively. Hydrocortisone and corticosterone
      also potentiated the effect of norepinephrine. However, glucocorticoids alone did
      not alter the preproenkephalin mRNA abundance. The effect of norepinephrine +
      dexamethasone was blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol but not
      by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine. Forskolin, which directly
      activates adenylate cyclase, similarly elevated the preproenkephalin mRNA
      abundance; its effect was also potentiated by dexamethasone. C6 cells contain Met
      enkephalin-containing protein resembling proenkephalin (apparent Mr 30,000) but
      little Met-enkephalin, suggesting a low level of proper precursor processing.
      Treatment with norepinephrine + dexamethasone raised the content of proenkephalin
      like protein 11-fold. Thus, preproenkephalin mRNA levels in C6 cells are
      regulated synergistically by adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate and
      glucocorticoids. These results suggest modes of regulation of proenkephalin
      biosynthesis in normal rat enkephalinergic cells.

PMID- 2874872
TI  - Increased number of sympathetic neurons with unchanged target organ innervation
      after postnatal polyamine treatment.
AB  - Treatment of newborn rats with polyamines from day 2 to day 9 after birth
      prevented the normal reduction in the number of sympathetic neurons in the
      superior cervical ganglion. About 40% more neurons prevailed in the ganglion
      after the polyamine treatment. This increase was paralleled by a comparable
      developmental increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and a small (17%)
      increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in the ganglion. However, in the
      iris, a target organ innervated by the sympathetic neurons, tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity and [3H]norepinephrine uptake remained unchanged. The results indicate
      that the polyamine-induced increase in the number of parent neurons is not
      accompanied by a change in the number of functional nerve terminals in the target
      organ.

PMID- 2874873
TI  - Ontogeny of gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the brain and hypophysis of
      the rat: an immunohistochemical analysis.
AB  - The ontogeny of gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH)-like
      immunoreactive (gamma-MSHI) structures in the brain and hypophysis was
      investigated in the rat by means of indirect immunofluorescence. gamma-MSHI
      neurons in the arcuate nucleus appeared at Day 13 of gestation, in the anterior
      hypophysis at Day 16, in the intermediate lobe at Day 18, and in the nucleus
      commissuralis after birth. gamma-MSHI fibers first appeared at Day 15 of
      gestation in the hypothalamic area and extended dorsally to reach the surface of
      the diencephalon. At Day 16 of gestation, another gamma-MSHI fiber bundle was
      found that ran laterally along the ventral surface of the diencephalon. At Day
      19, immunoreactive fibers first appeared in the forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain
      and upper pons, and thereafter they increased in number, reaching a maximum at
      postnatal Day 15. gamma-MSHI fibers in the lower pons and medulla oblongata first
      appeared after birth. They also increased in number with age and reached a
      maximum at postnatal Day 15. The present ontogenetical study has demonstrated the
      different times of first appearance of each of the 3 major gamma-MSHI structures
      containing cell groups in the brain, i.e., the arcuate nucleus, hypophysis and
      nucleus commissuralis. These findings may reflect the different functions of 3
      groups of cells.

PMID- 2874874
TI  - The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex: immunohistochemistry of
      transmitters, peptides and DARPP-32 with special reference to coexistence in
      dopamine neurons.
AB  - In this paper, we describe the results of a series of experiments which have
      examined the distribution within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of
      neurons containing the following immunoreactivities: TH-LI, GAD-LI, NT-LI, GAL
      LI, GRF-LI, Met-ENK-LI, Leu-ENK-LI, Met-ENK-7-LI, Met-ENK-8-LI, metorphamide-LI,
      DYN-LI, NPY-LI, SOM-LI, FMRFamide-LI, and CLIP-LI and ependymal tanycytes
      containing DARPP-32-LI. Using elution-restaining and double antibody staining
      techniques we have established numerous patterns of coexistence of these various
      neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Thus, neurons containing TH-LI were, in some
      instances, also found to contain GAD-LI, NT-LI, GAL-LI, GRF-LI, Met-ENK-8-LI, Leu
      ENK-LI, or DYN-LI or combinations of these compounds. For example, some TH-IR
      neurons also contained GAL-LI and GRF-LI, while other TH-IR. neurons were also
      seen to contain GRF- and NT-LI. These neurons may, in fact, contain even more
      compounds. NPY-IR neurons and those containing SOM-LI and CLIP-LI were distinct
      and separate from those containing TH-LI. The distribution of these different
      neurochemical types of neurons and their patterns of coexistence are summarized
      in Fig. 34, while the relative distribution patterns of immunoreactive fibres in
      the median eminence are summarized in Fig. 35.

PMID- 2874875
TI  - The laminar distributions and postnatal development of neurotransmitter and
      neuromodulator receptors in cat visual cortex.
AB  - We review efforts to further understand the development and nature of sensory
      processing mechanisms in the cat visual cortex. In vitro autoradiographic and
      homogenate assay techniques have been employed to determine the laminar
      distribution and characteristics of various neurotransmitter and neuromodulator
      receptor populations during postnatal development. Each receptor population shows
      a distinct laminar-specific pattern of binding, which, in most cases, is age
      dependent. Changes in receptor number and affinity are also observed during
      postnatal development. These findings indicate that major alterations in the
      basic chemical circuitry of cat visual cortex are a normal feature of postnatal
      maturation and may play a role in plasticity mechanisms.

PMID- 2874876
TI  - Primary glial cells and brain fibroblasts: interactions in culture.
AB  - Primary glial-enriched cultures were prepared from newborn mouse cerebral
      hemispheres. The cultures were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium in which
      L-valine was substituted with D-valine; this medium selectively inhibits the
      growth of fibroblasts. Using glutamine synthetase and glial fibrillary acidic
      protein as immunocytochemical markers, cultures in D-valine medium were
      characterized as being over 80% astrocytic. However, these cultures exhibited a
      suppressed growth rate and lagged behind in their differentiation as assessed
      biochemically using DNA content and glutamine synthetase activity as markers for
      growth and differentiation. Growth was restored when D-valine cultures were grown
      in medium containing conditioned medium derived from brain fibroblast cultures
      when grown on matrix or killed substrata derived from brain fibroblast cultures.
      This in vitro approach offers the possibility of purifying factors and developing
      immunological probes to investigate the possible role of brain fibroblasts in
      influencing glial cell function.

PMID- 2874877
TI  - Parasitic skin diseases.
AB  - In this discussion of parasitic skin diseases of horses, details on life cycles
      are given to aid the understanding and development of control strategies.

PMID- 2874878
TI  - Experimental production of hemorrhagic enterotoxemia by Clostridium perfringens
      type C in maturing lambs.
AB  - Maturing lambs, eight to nine months old, were dosed by the intraduodenal route
      with various preparations of Clostridium perfringens type C. Whole cultures of
      this organism or cells suspended in fresh medium, both supplemented with soybean
      flour as a protease inhibitor, produced acute fatal hemorrhagic enterotoxemia in
      these animals. The latter preparation was more effective than the former in
      causing disease. Without the soybean supplement the inocula did not produce fatal
      disease. Dosing with toxic cell-free culture supernatant fluid, with or without
      soybean supplement, had no lethal effect. Animals that died showed severe
      hemorrhagic enteritis with necrosis and sloughing of the mucosal epithelium,
      involving jejunum, ileum and part of duodenum. These lesions were similar to
      those seen in natural cases of hemorrhagic enterotoxemia in neonatal animals.
      This experiment demonstrated that nonimmune animals are normally protected
      against C. perfringens type C enterotoxemia by adequate levels of pancreatic
      proteases in the intestine, and that factors which inhibit or reduce these
      enzymes predispose animals for the development of this disease.

PMID- 2874879
TI  - Restraining the elderly patient.
AB  - The use of chemical and mechanical restraints to control the behavior of
      cognitively impaired elderly patients is controversial. The issue frequently
      arises in nonpsychiatric as well as psychiatric hospital and chronic care
      settings. The lack of specific judicial and legislative mandates has left the
      decision to use restraints in the hands of hospital and nursing home
      administrators and medical personnel. Attention to the proven risks and potential
      benefits of restraints in the elderly patient may help to limit unnecessary
      application of these devices.

PMID- 2874880
TI  - Canadian Nurses Association. Annual meeting and biennial convention Regina,
      Saskatchewan, June 22-25, 1986.

PMID- 2874881
TI  - Quazepam, a sedative-hypnotic selective for the benzodiazepine type 1 receptor:
      autoradiographic localization in rat and human brain.

PMID- 2874882
TI  - Management of supraventricular tachycardias.

PMID- 2874883
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of antiarrhythmic agents.

PMID- 2874884
TI  - Rationale of combination antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
AB  - In summary, antiarrhythmic combinations have been explored as a matter of
      clinical necessity in many instances, and clinical circumstance has led to
      attempted combination therapy with two, and sometimes more, drugs. Few controlled
      studies using a specific combination have been performed. Therapy is thus usually
      empiric, based on available clinical, electrophysiologic and pharmacologic
      information. Nonetheless, certain general impressions are available, which may
      form the basis for clinical decisions and for structuring future trials (Table
      6). Although single-drug antiarrhythmic therapy continues to be advisable, in
      certain instances combined-drug therapy may be appropriate and efficacious. The
      importance of potential adverse drug interactions must also be appreciated.

PMID- 2874886
TI  - [Sero-types in the hemorrhagic fever renal syndrome: I. An identification of sero
      types of HFRS by hemagglutination inhibition assay].

PMID- 2874885
TI  - Differential immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA)
      protein, S-100 protein and glutamine synthetase in the rat subcommissural organ,
      nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and adjacent neuropil.
AB  - Antibodies raised against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA), S-100 protein
      (S100) and glutamine synthetase (GS) are currently used as glial markers. The
      distribution of GFA, S100 and GS in the ependyma of the rat subcommissural organ
      (SCO), as well as in the adjacent nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and
      neuropil of the periaqueductal grey matter, was studied by use of the
      immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In the neuropil, GFA,
      S100 and GS were found in glial elements, i.e., in fibrous (GFA, S100) and
      protoplasmic astrocytes (S100, GS). The presence of S100 in the majority of the
      ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes, and the presence of GFA in a limited
      number of ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes confirm the glial nature of
      these cells. The absence of S100, GFA and GS from the ependymocytes of the SCO,
      which are considered to be modified ependymal cells, suggests either a non
      astrocytic lineage of these cells or an extreme specialization of the SCO-cells
      as glycoprotein-synthesizing and secreting elements, a process that may have led
      to the disappearance of the glial markers.

PMID- 2874887
TI  - Hydrophilic anchor-deficient Thy-1 is secreted by a class E mutant T lymphoma.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism of glycophospholipid anchoring of the surface
      antigen Thy-1, we have undertaken a comparative biosynthetic study using a wild
      type Thy-1+ murine T lymphoma (BW5147) and a mutant T lymphoma (class E) that
      synthesizes Thy-1 but fails to express it on the plasma membrane. Labelling
      experiments with D-[2-3H]mannose demonstrate that, unlike the wild type, the
      mutant cells are secreting large amounts of Thy-1 and that the secreted molecules
      are hydrophilic. Moreover, unlike the wild type, they fail to incorporate
      [3H]palmitic acid into Thy-1. Both wild-type and mutant cells do incorporate
      labeled galactose and fucose into Thy-1. We conclude that the lack of surface
      expression of Thy-1 by this mutant results from the failure to add anchor
      components to Thy-1.

PMID- 2874888
TI  - Analysis of the transforming potential of the human homolog of mos.
AB  - The human homolog, c-moshu, of the mouse cellular mos proto-oncogene (c-mosmu)
      transforms NIH 3T3 cells at low efficiency. Furthermore, the c-moshu-induced foci
      are less distinct, and transformed cells contain a high level of human mos
      protein. The transforming activity of hybrid mos genes derived from human and
      mouse sequences reveals three domains within the coding region, as well as a
      negative regulatory sequence upstream from the c-moshu ORF that reduces its
      transforming efficiency. The mos C-terminal region, however, which contains the
      src-kinase homology domain, appears to have the greatest influence on
      transforming efficiency. The low transforming efficiency of c-moshu may provide a
      selective advantage to the host, but it also may indicate a reduced or modified
      function of mos in humans.

PMID- 2874889
TI  - Cutaneous sensitivity induced by immunization with irradiated Schistosoma mansoni
      cercariae. I. Induction, elicitation, and adoptive transfer analysis of cell
      mediated cutaneous sensitivity.
AB  - Exposure of C57BL/6 mice to highly irradiated (50 kR) cercariae of Schistosoma
      mansoni leads to the development of partial resistance against subsequent
      challenge with unattenuated cercariae. We have analyzed the cellular immune
      responses that occur during the afferent and efferent phases of this protective
      sensitization. Mice were immunized by exposure to irradiated S. mansoni
      cercariae. After challenge with irradiated cercariae, delayed-type (18-72 hr)
      cutaneous sensitivity reaction sites were rich in mononuclear cells and
      eosinophils. This reactivity was established by 4 days after sensitization,
      reached its maximum between 7 and 14 days after sensitization, and was maintained
      for over 20 weeks. These challenge reactions could be abrogated by treatment with
      either 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide or 5 mg of hydrocortisone. Syngeneic adoptive
      transfer of cutaneous sensitivity was accomplished with lymphoid cells from the
      draining lymph nodes or spleens of mice sensitized 7-14 days previously. Negative
      selection studies of nylon-wool non-adherent cells from sensitized donors
      demonstrated that the cells responsible for transferring this eosinophil-rich,
      delayed-type cutaneous sensitivity to S. mansoni irradiated cercariae were Thy
      1+, Lyt1+, Lyt2-, surface Ig- lymphocytes.

PMID- 2874890
TI  - Generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells from tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Culture of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) containing about 20% BMC2 tumor
      cells with recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL-2) resulted in the diminish of
      tumor cells and the growth of lymphocytes. These IL-2-activated lymphocytes
      showed a strong cytotoxic activity against not only syngeneic tumor cells but
      also allogeneic tumor cells. Such broad-reactive killer cells, termed lymphokine
      activated killer (LAK) cells, are also inducible from spleen cells by in vitro
      activation with IL-2. However, LAK cells generated from TIL (TIL-LAK) showed
      higher cytotoxic activity against BMC2 than LAK cells generated from spleen cells
      (S-LAK). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that TIL-LAK cells revealed marginal
      cytotoxic activity against normal Con A blasts and YAC-1 cells as opposed to S
      LAK. Flow cytometric analysis of TIL-LAK indicated that TIL-LAK cells mainly
      consisted of Thy 1.2+, Ly 2+, asialo GM1+ cells. TIL-LAK cells displayed not only
      in vitro cytotoxicity but also in vivo anti-tumor activity. Furthermore, it was
      also confirmed that TIL-LAK cells could be induced in autochthonous mouse tumor
      systems and human gastric tumor systems.

PMID- 2874891
TI  - Induction of suppressor cells in vitro by Candida albicans.
AB  - Normal splenocytes cultured with Formalin-killed Candida albicans were shown to
      acquire significant suppressor cell activity in a period of 3 days. These cells
      were found to suppress both the phytohemagglutinin-induced mitogen response as
      well as the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody response. Experiments were carried
      out to determine the nature of the suppressor cell population. Results showed
      that these cells were not susceptible to treatment with anti-Thy 1 antibody and
      complement. Panning experiments showed that the suppressor cells were not plastic
      adherent or Mac-1 antigen-positive. The suppressor cells were, however, adherent
      to anti-mouse immunoglobulin (F(ab')2-fragment)-coated dishes. Additional
      experiments showed that the suppressor cell activity was susceptible to treatment
      with monoclonal anti-Lyb 2.1 antibody and complement. These results suggest that
      the suppressor cell induced in vitro by Candida is a member of the B-lymphocyte
      lineage.

PMID- 2874892
TI  - Expression of E10 antigen on functionally distinct human T-cell subpopulations:
      comparison with 3A1 defined subsets.
AB  - Using PWM-driven immunoglobulin synthesis, we studied the regulatory effects of
      the peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subpopulations defined by the E10 antigen. This
      previously described antigen (E10) is present on 60% of TPBL, of T4+, and of T8+
      cells. The helper activity on PWM-driven B-cell differentiation appears to be
      highly increased in E10- T cells. This higher capacity does not apparently
      reflect a different susceptibility to suppressor influences as comparable results
      were obtained when such suppressor influences are minimized either by removal of
      T8+ cells from E10- and E10+ T cells, or by removal of monocytes from responding
      B-cell populations. In contrast, the relative function of T-cell subsets defined
      by the related antigen 3A1 are influenced by the presence of suppressor cells. It
      is only in the presence of both T8+ cells and monocytes that 3A1+ cells exhibit a
      higher inducer effect. Our results suggest that E10 and 3A1 antigens--although
      showing strong distribution homologies--define different regulatory T-cell
      populations.

PMID- 2874893
TI  - Long-lived lymphocytes include lipopolysaccharide-reactive B cells.
AB  - We have used a new protocol of prolonged in vivo hydroxyurea (HU) administration
      which eliminates all cycling and short-lived cells. This treatment kills 99% of
      non-B non-T bone marrow cells, and it leaves in spleen and bone marrow "long
      lived" B- and T-cell populations which represent 33 and 59%, respectively, of the
      total numbers of lymphocytes found in untreated controls. The relative
      proportions of B and T cells in spleen or blood of HU-treated mice were
      practically unaffected, while an increased blood-to-marrow permeability results
      in markedly abnormal proportions of B and T lymphocytes in bone marrow. Mitogen
      reactivities of these long-lived lymphocytes recovered either in spleen or bone
      marrow of HU-treated animals were studied. The results show that such B cells
      respond perfectly well to the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide, by proliferation
      and differentiation into Ig-secreting cells, and that T cells proliferate at
      nearly control levels in response to concanavalin A. This protocol of long-term
      HU treatment offers the possibility of studying selected long-lived lymphocyte
      populations, the clonal repertoires and functional properties of which can now be
      readily approached.

PMID- 2874894
TI  - The role of macrophages in B cell tolerance. I. Antigen-specific failure of Thy
      1, Ly-2 negative adherent cells from tolerant mice to reconstitute
      immunocompetence in adherent cell deficient spleen cells.
AB  - T-Cell-independent B-cell tolerance to the hapten derivatives of carboxymethyl
      cellulose (CMC) or methyl cellulose (MC) appears to be controlled by Thy-1-, Ly-2
      adherent (A) cells contained in the spleen or peritoneal fluid. Immunocompetence
      in nonadherent (NA) normal spleen cells could be restored in vitro by irradiated
      A cells from normal mice. However, NA cells reconstituted with irradiated A cells
      derived from hapten specifically tolerant mice failed to respond to the same
      hapten, but responded normally to an immunogenic challenge with another unrelated
      antigen. A cells that had been preincubated at 4 degrees C with hapten
      derivatized MC also failed to restore immunocompetence. While preincubation of
      unfractionated spleen cells with the tolerogen under the same conditions resulted
      in B-cell unresponsiveness, such treatment of NA cells failed to render B cells
      tolerant. Treatment of A cells from tolerant mice with the reducing agent
      potassium iodide (KI) in vitro restored their capacity to render cultures of NA
      cells immunocompetent to the relevant hapten. Moreover, treatment with KI of
      spleen cells from mice injected with the tolerogen was shown to render them
      responsive. We suggest that B-cell tolerance induced by hapten derivatives of CMC
      and MC is mediated by suppressive macrophages contained among A cells. Certain
      subpopulations of macrophages are known to exert cytotoxic effects upon target
      cells by the release at close range of oxidating agents. We postulate that hapten
      derivatized CMC and MC, through unique properties of the carrier, bind to and
      possibly activate macrophages rendering them specifically suppressive for hapten
      binding B cells.

PMID- 2874895
TI  - B and T lymphocytes regulated by idiotype anti-idiotype interactions inhibit
      delayed-type hypersensitivity to BCG in mice.
AB  - Mice infected subcutaneously with 2 X 10(7) CFU of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG
      (BCG) were able to mount a specific DTH response, whereas mice infected
      intravenously with the same dose of microorganisms were not. The suppression
      turned out to be mediated by id+ anti-PPD B lymphocytes, which arose very early
      during the infectious process and induced anti-id B lymphocytes. These cells were
      found at Day 4 after infection and exerted their effect by activating antigen
      specific suppressor T lymphocytes, which affected the efferent phase of the DTH
      response. These results clearly indicate that the activation of a complex
      immunosuppressive circuit represents a mechanism by which BCG may interfere with
      the host's immune response already during the very early phases of infection.

PMID- 2874896
TI  - Effects of colcemid and taxol on microtubules and intermediate filaments in chick
      embryo fibroblasts.
AB  - Reports on how changes in microtubule (MT) distribution or polymerization affect
      the distribution of intermediate filaments (IFs) differ. Therefore, we have used
      cytoimmunofluorescence techniques and electron microscopy to systematically
      examine and compare the arrangements of MTs and IFs in cultures of chick embryo
      fibroblasts under the following conditions: at different times during the cell
      cycle, in the presence of Colcemid or of taxol, in the presence of both drugs in
      succession or simultaneously in varying ratios, and during recovery from
      treatment with Colcemid or taxol. We have found that depolymerization of MTs by 1
      microM Colcemid resulted in the rapid formation of massive IF-cables, structures
      distinct from "collapsed IFs" or "juxtanuclear coils." Neither the rapid
      formation of IF-cables nor their dispersion during recovery required protein
      synthesis. Cells treated with 10 microM taxol rapidly formed MT-bundles, as well
      as aggregates of intertwining IFs, termed "IF-skeins." MT-bundles and IF-skeins
      displayed strikingly complementary distributions. This reciprocal distribution of
      packed MTs and IFs was also obvious in untreated anaphase and telophase cells.
      When 10 microM taxol and 1 microM Colcemid were applied simultaneously, the
      complementary distributions of MT-bundles and IF-skeins mimicked those in taxol
      alone. This ability of taxol to block Colcemid's effects was concentration
      dependent. Decreasing the taxol: Colcemid ratio allowed the depolymerization of
      MTs, which correlated with the formation of IF-cables.

PMID- 2874897
TI  - Immunohistochemical differentiation of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in focal
      lesions and in zone I of rat liver after treatment with chemical carcinogens.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) is known to be increased in putative pre
      neoplastic foci but also in the periportal zone I of rat liver under a variety of
      circumstances not directly related to carcinogenesis. To be able to distinguish
      between these two instances gamma-GT was studied by enzyme determination in micro
      dissections obtained from the two locations and by both histochemical and
      immunohistochemical staining in serial sections. Altered hepatic foci and
      alterations in zone I were produced in three models of hepatocarcinogenesis:
      initiation by N-nitrosomorpholine and tumor promotion by phenobarbital,
      continuous administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene and continuous administration
      of methapyrilene hydrochloride. In micro-dissections gamma-GT activity was
      similarly increased in focal lesions and in zone I after feeding methapyrilene.
      Histochemically detectable gamma-GT, stained according to Rutenburg et al. (23),
      was observed both in zone I and in focal lesions. Focal lesions were also ATPase
      negative and UDP-glucuronyltransferase positive in all three models. gamma-GT in
      focal lesions could be selectively detected by immunohistochemical staining using
      antibodies to the rat kidney enzyme and an indirect peroxidase reaction. These
      findings suggest immunochemical differences between gamma-GT in focal lesions and
      in zone I.

PMID- 2874898
TI  - Immunohistochemically demonstrated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase, ornithine decarboxylase and glutathione S-transferase
      enzymes: absence of direct correlation with cell proliferation in rat liver
      putative pre-neoplastic lesions.
AB  - Comparison of binding of specific antibodies to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      (G6PD), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GT), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the
      glutathione S-transferase B and P forms (GST-B, P) was made in putative pre
      neoplastic lesions during their induction and subsequent development using the
      Solt-Farber model. The earliest focal hepatocellular lesions were evident as
      single, or small groups of GST-P-positive hepatocytes in tissue taken at partial
      hepatectomy 3 weeks after initial application of diethylnitrosamine (DEN). With
      the onset of proliferation and increase in size the majority of the lesions
      expressed elevated levels of all of the enzyme proteins investigated with a
      correlation between strength of binding and morphology being apparent. While
      [3H]thymidine incorporation was limited during the period of acetylaminofluorene
      administration, to the hepatocytes demonstrating altered enzyme phenotype no
      direct link between proliferation rate within individual foci and level of G6PD
      expression could be discerned. Similarly, the elevated level of labelling
      characteristic of persisting nodular lesions at later stages also did not
      correlate with degree of G6PD alteration in individual cells. The results
      indicate that while changed enzyme phenotype appears as an ordered pattern
      suggestive of physiological adaptive nature, the degree of alteration is not
      directly related to proliferation kinetics under the rapid induction conditions
      characteristic of the Solt-Farber model.

PMID- 2874899
TI  - Absence of functioning alpha-adrenergic receptors in mature canine coronary
      collaterals.
AB  - To determine if mature coronary collateral vascular smooth muscle contains
      functioning alpha-adrenergic receptors, we studied 13 dogs, 6-10 months after
      circumflex ameroid occlusion. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with
      radioactive microspheres in a blood-perfused heart preparation at constant aortic
      pressure (80 mm Hg). Normal zone resistance was calculated as aortic pressure
      divided by normal zone flow, and transcollateral resistance was calculated as
      aortic pressure minus circumflex pressure distal to the ameroid constrictor
      divided by coronary collateral flow. Flow and resistance were measured during
      adenosine vasodilation before and during graded doses of a constant infusion of
      the alpha-adrenergic agonist methoxamine (n = 6) or the alpha 2-adrenergic
      agonist clonidine (n = 7). In the hearts that received methoxamine, normal zone
      resistance increased from a control of 0.29 +/- 0.06 to 0.39 +/- 0.06 mm Hg X
      min/ml per 100 g (resistance units) during infusion of 10(-5)M methoxamine (p
      less than 0.05). In contrast transcollateral resistance averaged 0.24 +/- 0.02
      resistance units under control conditions and did not change during methoxamine
      infusion. In the hearts that received clonidine, normal zone resistance averaged
      0.24 +/- 0.03 resistance units and increased to 0.39 +/- 0.07 resistance units (p
      less than 0.05) with the highest dose of clonidine administered (10(-5) M).
      Transcollateral resistance averaged 0.17 +/- 0.03 resistance units during control
      conditions and did not change with clonidine infusion. In separate studies
      isometric tension development by the left anterior descending and coronary
      collateral vessels was examined in organ baths. The left anterior descending
      coronary artery demonstrated dose-dependent constriction to phenylephrine (peak
      response 22 +/- 5% of the response to 100 mM KCl). Clonidine produced weak
      constrictor responses in the left anterior descending coronary artery (5 +/- 2.5%
      maximal KCl response). In contrast, neither phenylephrine nor clonidine produced
      responses in mature collaterals. We also examined responses of mature collateral
      vessels to nonadrenergic agonists. In the vascular ring preparation the mature
      collaterals developed tension in the presence of KCl (2.3 +/- 0.9 g),
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (16 +/- 18% of the KCl responses), and vasopressin (90 +/-
      30% of the KCl response). In adenosine-vasodilated hearts, pharmacologic doses of
      vasopressin caused a two-fold increase in transcollateral resistance. Thus, these
      studies performed on intact hearts and isolated vascular rings demonstrate that
      mature coronary collaterals do not contain functioning alpha-adrenergic
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2874900
TI  - Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a
      marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog.
AB  - In 57 normal subjects (age 20-60 years), we analyzed the spontaneous beat-to-beat
      oscillation in R-R interval during control recumbent position, 90 degrees upright
      tilt, controlled respiration (n = 16) and acute (n = 10) and chronic (n = 12)
      beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Automatic computer analysis provided the
      autoregressive power spectral density, as well as the number and relative power
      of the individual components. The power spectral density of R-R interval
      variability contained two major components in power, a high frequency at
      approximately 0.25 Hz and a low frequency at approximately 0.1 Hz, with a
      normalized low frequency:high frequency ratio of 3.6 +/- 0.7. With tilt, the low
      frequency component became largely predominant (90 +/- 1%) with a low
      frequency:high frequency ratio of 21 +/- 4. Acute beta-adrenergic receptor
      blockade (0.2 mg/kg IV propranolol) increased variance at rest and markedly
      blunted the increase in low frequency and low frequency:high frequency ratio
      induced by tilt. Chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade (0.6 mg/kg p.o.
      propranolol, t.i.d.), in addition, reduced low frequency and increased high
      frequency at rest, while limiting the low frequency:high frequency ratio increase
      produced by tilt. Controlled respiration produced at rest a marked increase in
      the high-frequency component, with a reduction of the low-frequency component and
      of the low frequency:high frequency ratio (0.7 +/- 0.1); during tilt, the
      increase in the low frequency:high frequency ratio (8.3 +/- 1.6) was
      significantly smaller. In seven additional subjects in whom direct high-fidelity
      arterial pressure was recorded, simultaneous R-R interval and arterial pressure
      variabilities were examined at rest and during tilt. Also, the power spectral
      density of arterial pressure variability contained two major components, with a
      relative low frequency:high frequency ratio at rest of 2.8 +/- 0.7, which became
      17 +/- 5 with tilt. These power spectral density components were numerically
      similar to those observed in R-R variability. Thus, invasive and noninvasive
      studies provided similar results. More direct information on the role of cardiac
      sympathetic nerves on R-R and arterial pressure variabilities was derived from a
      group of experiments in conscious dogs before and after bilateral stellectomy.
      Under control conditions, high frequency was predominant and low frequency was
      very small or absent, owing to a predominant vagal tone. During a 9% decrease in
      arterial pressure obtained with IV nitroglycerin, there was a marked increase in
      low frequency, as a result of reflex sympathetic activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2874901
TI  - [Estimation of the transmission intensity of bancroftian filariasis in Queshan
      County, Henan Province].

PMID- 2874902
TI  - Mexiletine therapy in patients with chronic drug-resistant malignant ventricular
      arrhythmias. Clinical efficacy, safety, and side effects.

PMID- 2874903
TI  - Improved assay of the enzymes of glutathione synthesis: gamma-glutamylcysteine
      synthetase and glutathione synthetase.
AB  - New methods for the estimation of red cell gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and
      glutathione synthetase have been developed. gamma-32P ATP is allowed to
      equilibrate until the gamma and beta phosphate groups are equally labelled. The
      amount of 32Pi released in the presence of glutamic acid and cysteine, the
      substrates for GC-S or in the presence of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine, the
      substrates of GSH-S, is measured. This is accomplished by extraction of the
      phosphomolybdate complex into isobutanol-benzene. The methods are linear with
      time and hemolysate concentration. Normal values are presented.

PMID- 2874904
TI  - A modified radioimmunoassay for arylsulfatase A in human serum and urine.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of arylsulfatase A (EC
      3.1.6.1) in human serum and urine. An isoenzyme of arylsulfatase A purified from
      human urine was used as a standard antigen. The enzyme was radioiodinated with
      125I using the Chloramine T method and was stable for about 4 wk. Antibody-bound
      enzyme was separated from free enzyme by means of a double antibody technique in
      the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The working range of the method was
      0.15-5.0 ng of arylsulfatase A per assay. The within-assay CV was about 8% for
      both biological fluids and the between-assay CV for serum was 14.1%. Analytical
      recoveries were 93.2 +/- 9.1% and 97.8 +/- 5.5% for serum and urine,
      respectively, and the sensitivity was 0.040 ng of arylsulfatase per assay. Serum
      samples of 50 healthy blood donors were assayed to establish the normal serum
      level of immunoreactive enzyme, which was found to be 8.3 ng/ml +/- 1.8 ng/ml of
      serum. Storage of frozen serum was shown to have no significant effect on results
      obtained using this RIA.

PMID- 2874905
TI  - Normal circulating immunoreactive growth hormone releasing factor (hGRF)
      concentrations in patients with functional hypothalamic hGRF deficiency.
AB  - Using a highly specific radioimmunoassay we have measured the concentrations of
      human growth hormone releasing factor (ir-hGRF) in the peripheral circulation of
      six individuals with acquired hypothalamic hGRF deficiency. Despite their
      hypothalamic dysfunction venous plasma ir-hGRF increased normally in every
      patient after the stimulus of a mixed breakfast, from an average concentration
      basally of 13.6 +/- 6.0 pg/ml to a maximum of 29.0 +/- 8.4 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM)
      at 120 min. The findings indicate that circulating hGRF is at least in large part
      extrahypothalamic in origin, which in turn implies a physiological role for hGRF
      in the periphery.

PMID- 2874906
TI  - Lack of effect of muscarinic cholinergic blockade on the GH responses to GRF 1-29
      and TRH in acromegalic subjects.
AB  - It is well known that muscarinic cholinergic blockade either reduces or abolishes
      stimulated GH release in normal subjects. In this study we have investigated
      whether cholinergic muscarinic blockade could reduce the GH responses to GRF 1-29
      and TRH in acromegalic subjects. Eight acromegalic subjects underwent two GRF
      tests (GRF 1-29, 1 microgram/kg i.v.) with and without pirenzepine (0.6 mg/kg,
      i.v.). A further four of these patients received TRH (200 micrograms/kg, i.v.) on
      separate occasions with and without pirenzepine (0.6 mg/kg, i.v.). Cholinergic
      muscarinic blockade did not alter the GH responses to GRF and TRH in patients
      with acromegaly. These findings are in contrast with previous data reported on
      the effects of cholinergic blockade on stimulated GH levels in normal subjects
      and in patients with type I diabetes mellitus and are compatible with the view
      that somatotroph adenomas are functionally disconnected from hypothalamic control
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2874907
TI  - Comparative evaluation of cyclic AMP and iodide accumulation responses to thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulins in cultured FRTL-5 cells.
AB  - The rat thyroid cell strain FRTL-5 was used to investigate the relationship
      between cyclic AMP and iodide accumulation responses to thyroid-stimulating
      immunoglobulins (TSIg). Immunoglobulin G-enriched precipitates of sera from 19 of
      21 (90%) newly-diagnosed Graves' disease patients gave significant (P less than
      0.01) accumulation of iodide (125I), and 16 of these also stimulated
      intracellular cyclic AMP. Correlation was poor however, with certain TSIg
      preparations giving widely divergent responses. After initiation of antithyroid
      treatment, 40% of sera investigated contained TSIg detectable in both bioassay
      systems, and all but one of the remainder were stimulatory in one of the two
      bioassays. All patients in remission were devoid of detectable TSIg as determined
      by iodide accumulation, although a single preparation stimulated cyclic AMP
      accumulation. LATS-B, a lyophilized reference serum preparation containing high
      TSIg activity, enhanced iodide accumulation, which showed evidence of correlation
      with intracellular cyclic AMP at doses above 0.5 mU/ml. At lower doses, iodide
      accumulation was observed in the absence of detectable cyclic AMP accumulation.
      TSH and LATS-B-induced iodide accumulation were enhanced, and iodide efflux
      reduced, by the anion channel blocker 4-4' diisothiocyanate stilbene 2,2'
      disulphonic acid (DIDS). In contrast, Ig-enriched fractions of normal sera
      decreased both basal and stimulated iodide accumulation, but were without effect
      on efflux. TSIg from untreated Graves' sera gave widely-differing iodide
      accumulation responses which showed poor correlation with both intracellular
      cyclic AMP and cyclic-AMP-independent iodide efflux. This clear dissociation of
      responses to serum Ig preparations suggests that iodide uptake in FRTL-5 cells,
      which do not organify iodide, may be subject to variable effects of non-TSIg
      components of Graves' sera, on both iodide uptake itself, and as inhibitors of
      TSIg-induced accumulation of intracellular cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2874908
TI  - Thyroidal response to an increase or decrease of endogenous TSH in patients with
      hyperthyroidism and its correlation with TSH binding inhibiting immunoglobulin.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-one patients with hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease were
      treated with antithyroid drugs for 3 years and thyroidal response to an increase
      or decrease of TSH and the serum thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)
      activity were studied in relation to the presence or absence of TSH binding
      inhibiting immunoglobulin (TBII). TBII activity was positive in 83% of untreated
      patients but decreased gradually with time during antithyroid drug therapy.
      Thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) was suppressed by T3 in 86 of 121
      treated patients but 16% of suppressible patients had TBII activity. Thyroidal
      RAIU was not suppressed by T3 in 35 treated patients, and 19 of 35 unsuppressible
      patients had TBII activity but other 16 patients did not. When suppressible and
      unsuppressible patients were combined, suppression of serum T4 and thyroidal RAIU
      by T3 tended to be less in the presence of TBII activity. TSI activity was
      detected in the sera of untreated patients but did not correlate with TBII
      activity. TSI activity was undetectable after treatment for 3 years irrespective
      of presence or absence of TBII activity and T3-suppressibility. TSH, T4 and T3
      elevation in response to 500 micrograms thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was
      normal in all treated patients irrespective of presence or absence of TBII
      activity and T3-suppressibility. It is suggested that in vivo thyroidal
      responsiveness to an increase or decrease of endogenous TSH did not correlate
      with the presence or absence of TBII activity after long-term therapy with
      antithyroid drugs.

PMID- 2874909
TI  - Effects of furosemide and indapamide upon pancreatic insulin and somatostatin
      secretion in vitro.
AB  - Antihypertensive treatment with furosemide and indapamide may eventually cause
      impairment of glucose metabolism. To study if this was due to a direct effect on
      the endocrine pancreas, we examined the effects of furosemide and indapamide on
      the release of insulin and somatostatin from the isolated perfused pancreas of
      normal dogs. Furosemide at concentrations ranging between 1-30 micrograms/ml
      inhibited insulin in a dose-dependent manner (2p less than 0.01) whereas the
      somatostatin secretion was left unchanged. Also the infusion of indapamide at
      doses ranging between 0.05-1 micrograms/ml subdued B-cell secretion at the two
      highest concentrations of 0.5 (by 15 +/- 2%, p less than 0.01) and 1 microgram/ml
      (by 22 +/- 5%, p less than 0.02) while pancreatic D-cell secretion did not alter.
      The results suggest, that furosemide and indapamide possess the ability to
      directly inhibit insulin secretion. Whether this effect is of clinical importance
      for the diminution in glucose tolerance observed during therapy remains, however,
      uncertain.

PMID- 2874911
TI  - [Ototoxicity of drugs].

PMID- 2874910
TI  - Safety and efficacy of antiemetics used to treat nausea and vomiting in
      pregnancy.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of antiemetic drugs used in the treatment of nausea and
      vomiting during pregnancy are reviewed. Confirmation of the teratogenicity of
      drugs in humans is difficult; the risk can be estimated from results of cohort
      studies and case-control studies. The possible teratogenicity of Bendectin
      (doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride) was studied thoroughly;
      although the risk was minimal, the drug was withdrawn from the U.S. market.
      Whether phenothiazines are teratogenic has still not been conclusively
      determined. A large number of epidemiological studies have not shown meclizine to
      be teratogenic in humans. More information about metoclopramide is necessary
      before it can be safely recommended for use during pregnancy. The risks of using
      dimenhydrinate and diphenhydramine appear to be low. Pyridoxine is considered
      safe for use during pregnancy, but its efficacy in treating nausea and vomiting
      has not been determined. The relative efficacy of these agents has not been
      determined. The available data suggest that meclizine and dimenhydrinate are the
      antiemetics that present the lowest risk of teratogenicity; meclizine is the drug
      of first choice. Phenothiazines should be reserved for treating persistent
      vomiting that threatens the maternal nutritional status.

PMID- 2874912
TI  - [Cytolytic episodes during cirrhosis].

PMID- 2874913
TI  - Clinical significance of increased or decreased serum alkaline phosphatase
      isoenzymes.

PMID- 2874914
TI  - Interpretation of gamma-glutamyltransferase isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns.

PMID- 2874915
TI  - Incidence of a heterosis effect in adrenal responsiveness to ACTH stimulation in
      the chicken.
AB  - No differences exist between basal plasma corticosterone concentrations of
      broilers ferals and first generation large crossbreds (White leghorn x New
      Hampshire). Crossbreds show near double adrenal responsiveness to synthetic ACTH
      administration, indicating a heterosis effect for this characteristic. Extraction
      of chicken plasma with 30% aqueous polyethylene glycol solution eliminates the
      need for tedious and expensive pre-assay purification of plasma.

PMID- 2874916
TI  - Effects of cycloheximide on in vitro testosterone secretion from RANA catesbeiana
      ovaries.
AB  - A 1 hr exposure to 20 micrograms/ml of the protein synthesis inhibitor,
      cycloheximide (CHX), essentially abolished secretion of testosterone (T) by
      bullfrog ovarian fragments during simultaneous administration of homologous
      pituitary extract and CHX. Removal of CHX from the medium after 4 hr of treatment
      reversed the inhibition of T secretion, allowing it to attain control levels. Pre
      exposure of ovarian fragments to CHX was not required to obtain an inhibition of
      T secretion. These data supported the hypothesis that protein synthesis is
      required for acute and chronic gonadotropic stimulation of steroidogenesis by the
      bullfrog ovary.

PMID- 2874917
TI  - Electrical properties of a Na+-dependent phenylalanine transport in lizard
      (Lacerta galloti) duodenum.
AB  - The unidirectional transepithelial fluxes of L-phenylalanine across lizard
      duodenum were determined in flux chambers. Phenylalanine was preferentially
      transferred from the mucosal to the serosal fluid. This transport was accompanied
      by an accumulation of substrate from the mucosal medium into the tissue to a
      similar level and against a concentration gradient. There was no net movement of
      phenylalanine when the sodium was substituted by choline. The influx of L
      phenylalanine into the epithelial cells of lizard duodenum was examined by
      incubating slices of intestine in radioactively-labelled solutions of the
      substrate for 2 min. The steady-state uptake was assessed after similar
      incubations lasting 45 min. Phenylalanine influx obeys the Michaelis-Menten
      equation with a Km of 5.1 and is dependent on the presence of sodium ions in the
      incubation medium. Phenylalanine has been used to induce changes in short-circuit
      current (delta Isc) across intestine. delta Isc was a hyperbolic function of
      amino acid concentration characterized by the parameters Jm (maximum change in
      delta Isc) and Km (concentration needed to attain an delta Isc equal to half the
      Jm). delta Isc determined Km constants showed good agreement with values obtained
      from direct measurements of phenylalanine uptake into tissue.

PMID- 2874918
TI  - Hemoglobin and oxygen: different affinities in two species of rodents (Mus
      musculus and Pitymys duodecimcostatus).
AB  - Five different hemoglobins have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide-gel disk
      electrophoresis in the species Mus musculus. Oxygen affinities of hemoglobin
      (P50) from Mus musculus and Pitymys duodecimcostatus hemolysates were determined
      at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. Values obtained for delta log P50/delta pH in
      hemolysates from both species point out a more pronounced Bohr effect in Pitymys
      duodecimcostatus.

PMID- 2874919
TI  - Parturition in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and some behavioral aspects of
      their newborn.
AB  - Symptoms of approaching parturition and the stage of parturition were described
      for eight pluriparous camels. The average time for the complete process of
      parturition was 373.9 +/- 38.2 min. The body weights at birth of the newborn
      males and females were 31.3 +/- 1.69 and 24.5 +/- 2.5 kg, respectively. Standing
      and first suckling by the neonatal camels occurred at 68.6 +/- 6.2 and 98.6 +/-
      11.3 min, respectively.

PMID- 2874920
TI  - The effect of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine on gill Na+/K+-ATPase of rainbow trout
      Salmo gairdneri, in fresh water.
AB  - Gill and liver microsomal Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities and
      plasma levels of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) were measured in rainbow trout
      (100-300 g) immersed in a freshwater solution of T3 for 6 or 7 days at 11 degrees
      C. Ambient T3 (1.25 or 2 micrograms T3/100 ml H2O) elevated plasma T3 within a
      physiologic range; an ambient concentration of 10 micrograms T3/100 ml produced
      supranormal plasma T3 levels. All T3 treatments depressed gill ATPase to a
      similar degree. Liver ATPase was lower than gill ATPase and was elevated by a
      physiologic T3 treatment.

PMID- 2874921
TI  - Effect of starvation and protein-feeding on blood amino acid compartmentation of
      domestic fowl hatchlings.
AB  - The amino acid concentrations in plasma and blood cells of 5-day old domestic
      fowl hatchlings that received either standard feeding, protein-feeding or were
      starved have been determined. The effects of 5-day starvation or protein feeding
      did not alter significantly the combined amino acid concentration of blood
      plasma, but decreased blood cell levels. The patterns of individual amino acid
      changes observed in starvation or protein-feeding were similar in both groups
      when compared with those of controls. However, starvation-induced effects were
      actually more marked than those observed in protein-fed animals. The patterns of
      change with starvation of individual amino acids in the hatchling blood
      compartments were very different from those observed in mammals subjected to
      short or medium-term starvation. The mechanisms controlling circulating amino
      acid concentrations act in both situations studied to maintain the plasma amino
      acid concentrations despite marked changes in the availability of 2-amino
      nitrogen energy to the animal; changes in blood amino acid compartmentation
      buffering plasma amino acid availability.

PMID- 2874922
TI  - Preparation of ovine carrier erythrocytes: their action and survival.
AB  - Conditions for preparation of and the stability of carrier-red blood cells (C
      RBC) are described for sheep RBC. The average percentage entrapment of 14C
      sucrose was greater than 35% with 65% recovery of the cells. Cells prepared by
      dialysis encapsulation are morphologically similar to sheep RBC, although smaller
      in size than normal sheep RBC. C-RBC have a 28-day half-life in vivo and are
      stable in vitro for 24 hr at 37 degrees C. C-RBC are more resistant to osmotic
      stress than are normal sheep erythrocytes.

PMID- 2874923
TI  - Survival of murine carrier erythrocytes injected via peritoneum.
AB  - Carrier-red blood cells (C-RBC) can be administered by intraperitoneal injection
      (IP) in mice, and C-RBC survive in circulation as well as cells administered by
      intravenous injection (IV). There was no difference in the 24 hr post-injection
      organ distribution of normal RBC and C-RBC, an indication of the normalcy of C
      RBC. Approximately 25% of the C-RBC remain in circulation 14 days post-injection
      indicating a 20-day half-life for C-RBC in mice. This alternate injection method
      for RBC also allows for extravascular targeting of RBC to peritoneal macrophages.

PMID- 2874924
TI  - Anorectic effect of fenfluramine, cholecystokinin and neurotensin in genetically
      obese (ob/ob) mice.
AB  - To investigate the satiety defect of hyperphagic genetically obese (ob/ob) mice,
      acute feeding responses to three differently acting anorectic agents were
      determined in 7-9 weeks old lean (+/+) and ob/ob mice habituated to a restricted
      (0900-1230 hr) daily feeding routine. Fenfluramine (10 mg/kg), cholecystokinin
      (100 U/kg) and neurotensin (500 micrograms/kg), administered intraperitoneally 15
      min before feeding, each produced a rapid but transient suppression of food
      consumption in ob/ob mice, similar to lean controls. The results suggest that
      neural satiety mechanisms triggered via serotoninergic pathways (fenfluramine),
      vagal afferents (cholecystokinin) and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
      (neurotensin) are functional in ob/ob mice, supporting the view that the satiety
      defect of ob/ob mice resides outside of the nervous system.

PMID- 2874925
TI  - Amino acid absorption in jejunum of rats in vivo--a kinetic comparison of distal
      resection effects.
AB  - Jejunal absorption of leucine and cycloleucine by sham and 50% distal resected
      rats in vivo was studied by measuring the passive component and the active
      transport. After 5 months postresection the total amino acid absorption was
      increased. The mass-transfer coefficients of the passive process (obtained in
      presence of methionine) were higher in remnant jejunum than that in control rats,
      whereas the active transport remained unaltered after resection. When the kinetic
      constants of the saturable and non-saturable components were corrected for the
      unstirred water layer effects, the "real KD" increased in the resected group,
      whilst similar values for the "real Km and Jmax" were obtained.

PMID- 2874926
TI  - Transcuticular solute movement in parasitic nematodes: relationship between non
      polar solute transport and partition coefficient.
AB  - The rate constants (K) for steroid transport across the isolated cuticle of
      Ascaris suum were, linearly related to partition coefficients (P) of steroids in
      model solvents. The slope of log P vs log K for an isolated cuticle was closest
      to unity for the more polar solvents, octanol and ether, suggesting that the
      barrier to steroid movement across the cuticle has partition properties similar
      to these solvents. The transcuticular movement of steroids into intact adult A.
      suum and infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus was predicted by the P in model
      solvents suggesting that the same barriers for transcuticular solute movement may
      exist in intact worms as in isolated cuticles.

PMID- 2874927
TI  - Neural response mechanisms in the photoreceptive pineal organ of goldfish.
AB  - In order to classify the different cell types involved in signal transmission of
      the photoreceptive pineal organ of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, intra- and
      extracellular electrical responses were recorded from photoreceptors and second
      order neurons. Photoreceptor responses to light consisted of hyperpolarizing
      potentials up to 30 mV. The responses were graded with intensity and their
      voltage-intensity relation followed the hyperbolic function V/Vmax = In/In +
      sigma n. Latencies varied between 500 msec for responses near threshold and 60
      msec for supersaturating flashes. The response duration increased up to 60 sec
      for flashes 2 log units above the saturation level. Action spectra of individual
      photoreceptors peaked at lambda max = 530 nm and corresponded to measurements of
      extracellular slow mass potentials or spike potentials. Slow mass potentials
      exhibited similar characteristics as intracellular recorded photoreceptor
      potentials with respect to latency, voltage-intensity curves and spectral
      sensitivity. Ganglion cells showed maintained discharges under conditions of
      steady illumination. The discharge rate changed inversely with the logarithm of
      steady illumination over a range of 8 log units. The response to light flashes
      was purely achromatic and consisted of inhibition of the maintained discharge.
      The physiological properties demonstrate that the pineal organ of the goldfish is
      an effective functional photoreceptor organ operating both in dim and in bright
      light. The light-induced hyperpolarization of photoreceptors lead to an
      inhibition of the nervous discharge of ganglion cells. The direct flow of
      information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells is the basic channel of data
      processing in the goldfish pineal.

PMID- 2874928
TI  - Changes in blood levels of nucleoside triphosphates, hemoglobin and hematocrits
      during parr-smolt transformation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
AB  - Increases and subsequent decreases in gill Na+-K+ ATPase activity during parr
      smolt transformation in coho salmon were accompanied by changes in blood
      nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) levels, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrits.
      An advanced photoperiod schedule accelerated the parr-smolt transformation and
      the rate of changes in Na+-K+ ATPase activity, NTP and hematocrit levels. Ratios
      of NTP:hematocrits and of NTP:hemoglobin increased during smoltification.
      Hematological changes suggest preparation for increased oxygen demand during
      migration and greater energy requirements by erythrocytes during smoltification
      and sea-water adaptation.

PMID- 2874929
TI  - Volume regulation in salt-acclimated toad (Bufo viridis): the role of urea and
      the urinary bladder.
AB  - Body water (weight) was studied in the euryhaline toad Bufo viridis during high
      salt (500 mOsm NaCl) acclimation. Plasma osmolality was greatly increased upon
      salt acclimation mainly by urea, and was always hyperosmotic to the ambient
      solution. Water content was regulated quite efficiently in slowly acclimated
      undisturbed toads. Repeatedly catheterized toads behaved like osmometers when
      transferred to hyperosmotic solutions. Total urea loss was greatly reduced in
      salt acclimated toads, suggesting urine was not voided under these conditions. It
      is concluded that urea accumulation, inhibition of the urine voiding response and
      the urine in the bladder are the principal factors involved in volume regulation
      under conditions of salt acclimation.

PMID- 2874930
TI  - Testing the hypothesis that crypt size determines the rate of enterocyte
      development in neonatal mice.
AB  - Pieces of mid-jejunum taken from 7-9 day old mice have been used to determine
      microvillus length in enterocytes located at different points along the crypt
      villus axis to test the hypothesis that enterocyte development of structure is
      directly determined by the physical characteristics of the intestinal crypt.
      Parallel measurements of enterocyte migration rate were carried out using
      tritiated thymidine to determine the time course of microvillus elongation in
      neonatal mice. Microvillus length approximately doubled during early enterocyte
      migration from the crypt base to the lower part of the villus. Enterocyte
      migration rate was only 0.9 micron/hr at this stage of development, a value
      considerably less than that found in adult intestine. Results plotting the time
      dependency of microvillus elongation were fitted by a logistic curve giving a
      maximal rate for microvillus growth of 0.004 micron/hr. The corresponding
      estimate of crypt depth was 35 microns. Both these values are considerably less
      than those found in adult intestine. These results provide strong support for the
      general hypothesis that some factor associated with the physical length of the
      crypt, called crypt factor or CF, is directly responsible for controlling the way
      enterocytes organize subsequent structural differentiation of their surface
      membranes.

PMID- 2874931
TI  - O2 and CO2 concentrations in burrows of euthermic and hibernating golden
      hamsters.
AB  - O2 and CO2 concentrations were measured in burrows of golden hamsters
      (Mesocricetus auratus, W.) simultaneously with body temperature. In sealed
      burrows of euthermic golden hamsters daily mean concentrations of 15.1 +/- 1.2%
      O2 and 5.7 +/- 1.2% CO2 were measured, the extreme values amounting to 10.0% O2
      and 10.8% CO2. The gas composition showed a daily rhythm. During hibernation, the
      gas composition of the burrow changed significantly to 20.0 +/- 0.5% O2 and 1.8
      +/- 0.8% CO2.

PMID- 2874932
TI  - Energy metabolism in largemouth bass (Micropterus floridanus salmoides) from
      stressed and non-stressed environments: adaptations in the secondary stress
      response.
AB  - White muscle proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, adenylates, phosphagen and the AEC,
      (adenylate energy charge) were measured in bass inhabiting stressful and non
      stressful environments. Within an environment, in June stressed bass had higher
      carbohydrates, while non-stressed bass had lower ATP, total adenylates and AEC.
      Comparisons between environments revealed: non-stressed bass had higher ATP/ADP
      and AEC's in May, CrP/ATP in June, and protein in July; while stressed bass had
      higher carbohydrate in June and lipid in July. Other metabolites varied
      insignificantly. AEC's of both groups were within the optimal range indicating
      physiological compensation (adaptation) of energy metabolism (secondary stress
      response) occurred in bass inhabiting the stressful environment.

PMID- 2874933
TI  - Efflux of 45Ca from isolated smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia caeci.
AB  - Single smooth muscle cells were isolated from guinea-pig taenia caeci by
      digestion with collagenase. The 45Ca desaturation curve from isolated cells,
      which were previously washed with Ca2+-free solution containing EGTA in Ca2+-free
      modified Locke solution, consisted of three components (half-time: 1.0, 3.8 and
      12.4 min). The 45Ca efflux from isolated cells in the third component was
      significantly increased by caffeine. This increase was suppressed by procaine,
      but was not affected by La3+. These results suggest that, in guinea-pig taenia
      caeci, there are at least four Ca2+ compartments: superficial low and high
      affinity bound Ca2+ and cellular low and high affinity bound Ca2+. Caffeine
      releases Ca2+ from the cellular high affinity binding sites.

PMID- 2874934
TI  - Chemical and morphological differences in the kidney zones of the elasmobranch,
      Raja erinacea mitch.
AB  - The histological investigation of the kidney of the skate Raja erinacea revealed
      a thin cap of dorsal bundles, which contain segments of single nephrons that are
      arranged separately in a countercurrent manner, and a large ventral zone, where
      the second proximal segments (PII) and parts of the lower nephron are located.
      This zonation is apparent in fresh, unfixed material and makes it possible to
      separate small tissue samples under a dissecting microscope. The osmolality in
      both zones does not differ. The dorsal bundle zone had a lower urea concentration
      and a higher sodium concentration than the ventral zone. The differences in the
      mean concentrations of the tissue samples indicate a gradient for the two
      substances along the bundles. Determinations of amounts of water and solutes per
      mg solute-free, dry tissue of the two zones, showed that the amounts of water,
      total osmolytes, Na and K were greater in the bundle zone than in the ventral
      zone, while the amount of urea was identical in the two zones. This indicates
      that the lower urea concentration in the bundle zone is established through an
      accumulation of Na and water in the interstitium. The countercurrent arrangement
      of very early and late segments of single renal tubules supports the concept of
      passive reabsorption of urea in the kidney of the marine elasmobranch.

PMID- 2874935
TI  - Biliary secretion in the rat after partial hepatectomy.
AB  - The secretory efficiency of the liver increased in rats at 12 hr after partial
      hepatectomy. The secretory efficiency was seen to decrease at 24 hr after partial
      hepatectomy and increased again at 2-4 days following liver resection. These
      changes would correspond to the evolution of the hepatocyte proliferative
      process. The secretion of bile acids expressed per 100 g of body weight had
      returned to normal at 16 days after partial hepatectomy, although choleresis and
      the secretion of inorganic electrolytes remained lowered.

PMID- 2874936
TI  - Physiological stress responses in big gamefish after capture: observations on
      plasma chemistry and blood factors.
AB  - The plasma electrolytes, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and osmolarities had high values in
      capture-stressed big gamefish. Blood metabolites measured after stress showed
      glucose and lactate elevations. The activity of the plasma enzymes alkaline
      phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine
      kinase and lactate dehydrogenase suggested tissue disruptions following severe
      capture stress. Haematocrit values and methaemoglobin were high in capture
      stressed gamefish. The plasma chemistry of resting and capture-stressed snapper
      (Chrysophrys auratus) was studied for comparison. Specific differences in plasma
      biochemistry appeared to be the result of different strategies of fish behaviour
      during capture.

PMID- 2874937
TI  - A preliminary report on the effects of parasitism by the leeches Theromyzon
      cooperi and Placobdella garoui on the physiology of the redbilled teal Anas
      erythrorhyncha.
AB  - The effects of parasitism by leeches Theromyzon cooperi and Placobdella garoui on
      the redbilled teal Anas erythrorhyncha were investigated. Leeches with initial
      body mass ranging from 5.2 to 28.4 mg were allowed to parasitize redbilled teal
      clamped in Perspex containers. Theromyzon cooperi increased its body mass after
      parasitism with a mean of 10.5-fold compared to 6.9-fold for P. garoui. Changes
      were also observed in values of various haematological and biochemical variables
      of the redbilled teal monitored during this investigation.

PMID- 2874938
TI  - Changes in blood progesterone concentration during pregnancy in the lizard
      Tiliqua (Trachydosaurus) rugosa.
AB  - Progesterone concentrations during pregnancy were measured in the plasma of the
      viviparous lizard (scincid) Tiliqua (Trachydosaurus) rugosa, using a
      radioimmunoassay specific for progesterone. The length of gestation in this
      Australian lizard was 140-170 days. The average number of young was 2.8 and the
      mean neonatal weight 58 g (maternal body weight 500-700 g). The mean
      concentration of progesterone was greatest (7.2 nmol/l) during the second
      trimester of pregnancy; mean values during the first and third trimesters, and in
      non-pregnant females, were 1.8, 0.9 and 0.2 nmol/l respectively.

PMID- 2874939
TI  - Kinetics of D-glucose and L-leucine transport into sheep and pig intestinal brush
      border membrane vesicles.
AB  - The kinetic parameters (Vmax, Kt) of Na+-dependent D-glucose transport into brush
      border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from sheep and pig jejunum were determined. Due
      to the fermentation of ingested carbohydrates in the rumen the small intestine of
      ruminants (sheep) has to absorb much less glucose than the small intestine of
      monogastric omnivores (pigs) or herbivores. Kinetic analysis of the concentration
      dependence of D-glucose transport revealed a ten-fold smaller Vmax value combined
      with a five times lower Kt value in sheep BBMV compared with pig BBMV. The Vmax
      value for L-leucine transport did not differ between the two species
      investigated, whereas the Kt value in the sheep exceeded that in the pig. It is
      concluded from these results that the mechanism for Na+-dependent D-glucose
      transport in ruminants is adapted to the small amounts of carbohydrates reaching
      the small intestine.

PMID- 2874940
TI  - A comparison of the differential accumulation of cadmium in the tissues of three
      species of freshwater fish, Salmo gairdneri, Rutilus rutilus and Noemacheilus
      barbatulus.
AB  - Roach and stone loach were exposed to cadmium dissolved in their aquarium water
      at 500 and 1250 micrograms/l, respectively, and the distribution of the metal
      accumulated in the major body organs was determined. The pattern of distribution
      for each species was somewhat different and was distinct in each case from that
      observed previously with rainbow trout. The total body loads of cadmium
      accumulated by the three species were assessed during the period of exposure and
      found not to correlate directly with the concentration of cadmium to which the
      individual species had been exposed. An alternative comparator was devised which
      as the quotient of the total body cadmium accumulation (microgram/100 g body wt)
      and the notional cadmium dose (microgram/l) X weeks was described as a fractional
      retention coefficient for cadmium. The coefficient was constant for each species
      at different periods of exposure to cadmium alone. The values of the coefficient
      for roach and stone loach were however much lower than that for rainbow trout.
      When rainbow trout were preexposed to zinc (100 micrograms/l, 5 days) before
      being exposed to cadmium, the fractional retention coefficient for cadmium fell
      to a value similar to those seen with roach and stone loach exposed to cadmium
      alone. The significance of these observations in relation to the nature of the
      intracellular proteins to which cadmium is bound in the three species is
      discussed in the light of their differential susceptibility to the toxic effects
      of cadmium.

PMID- 2874941
TI  - The ionic mechanism associated with the action of putative transmitters on
      identified neurons of the snail, Helix aspersa.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurons in the suboesophageal
      ganglionic mass of the snail, Helix aspersa. The ionic mechanisms associated with
      acetylcholine excitation and inhibition, dopamine excitation and inhibition,
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) excitation and inhibition and serotonin excitation
      were investigated. Acetylcholine excitation was found to involve an initial
      increase in sodium conductance while acetylcholine inhibition was a pure chloride
      event which reversed at membrane potentials more negative than the chloride
      equilibrium potential. Dopamine excitation appeared to involve only an increase
      in sodium conductance while serotonin excitation involved an increase in
      conductance to both sodium and calcium ions. Dopamine inhibition was associated
      with an increase in potassium conductance but failed to reverse at membrane
      potentials more negative than the potassium equilibrium potential. GABA
      excitation involved conductance increases to both sodium and chloride ions while
      GABA inhibition was a pure chloride event. An attempt was made to estimate the
      degree of co-operativity of the putative transmitters with their receptors using
      log-log and Hill plots. The slopes of the line for the log-log plots for
      acetylcholine excitation and inhibition were 0.88 and 1.1, respectively,
      suggesting the interaction of one molecule of acetylcholine with the receptor.
      The slope of the log-log plot for dopamine inhibition was 0.46 while that for
      serotonin excitation was 0.75. The Hill plots for GABA excitation and inhibition
      were 1.64 and 1.42, respectively, suggesting that two molecules of GABA are
      required for receptor activation.

PMID- 2874942
TI  - Effect of cyanide and verapamil on sodium-free contractures in the frog heart.
AB  - Sodium-free contractures were studied in myocardial strips from R. pipiens with
      extracellular sodium (Na0+) replaced by choline chloride and extracellular
      calcium (Ca20+) varied with EGTA buffer. At calculated Ca02+ below 2.8 X 10(-7)
      mol/l, no contracture occurred in most of the experiments, even in the presence
      of cyanide. When Ca02+ was above 2.8 X 10(-7) mol/l, relatively short tension
      transients of up to 80 sec duration could be avoided if the myocardial strip was
      previously equilibrated for 20 min in a Na+-Ca2+-free solution. Instead,
      contractures developed slowly within one to several hours. The maximum
      contracture was dependent on Ca02+ in a dose-response-like pattern. The time
      course of contracture development was not affected by verapamil, but KCN
      significantly increased the rate of resting tension increase. In solutions with
      normal Na+-Ca2+ content and even in a Na+-Ca2+-free milieu, the cellular
      ultrastructure was normal. Development of contracture after addition of Ca2+ to
      the Na+-free solution was combined with ultrastructural damage of the ventricular
      strip. It is concluded that Na+-free contractures depend on transsarcolemmal net
      Ca2+ uptake as a sum of Na-Ca-exchange-dependent Ca2+ uptake and active
      sequestering of intracellular free calcium Ca2+ mediated by sarcolemmal and
      probably intracellular Ca2+-ATPases. The negative inotropic effect of the Ca
      blocker verapamil seems not to be mediated by the Na-Ca exchange.

PMID- 2874943
TI  - Effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on the biliary bile acid composition of rainbow
      trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - Biliary bile acid profiles were investigated by thin layer and gas liquid
      chromatography in fish exposed per os with a Venezuelan crude petroleum or a
      triglyceride rich oil, olive oil. Neither volume of bile nor bile acid pools were
      affected, compared to controls, in fish fed either petroleum or olive oil. The
      response was not uniform, but a small increase in the ratio of the primary bile
      acids, cholic to chenodeoxycholic, was observed in a number of fish exposed to
      petroleum. Petroleum appeared not to simply mimic a fatty food source in altering
      the cholic to chenodeoxycholic acid ratio. The hypothesis that the elevation of
      mixed function oxygenase enzymes by such potent inducers as petroleum
      hydrocarbons could markedly alter bile acid profiles, or result in the production
      of novel bile acid metabolites, was not supported in this study.

PMID- 2874944
TI  - Presence of corticotropin-like and opiate-like hormones in rat and bovine
      placental tissues.
AB  - Acid acetone powder of rat placentas was fractionated on Sephadex G-25 into a
      void volume peak (R-1) and three retarded peaks (R-2, R-3 and R-4). R-3 contained
      opiate-like activity and R-4 corticotropin-like activity, suggesting that
      separate corticotropin-like and opiate-like activities with molecular weight
      smaller than 5000 were present in rat placentas. Acid acetone powder of bovine
      placentas contained opiate-like activity which was unretarded on Sephadex G-25.
      Acid acetone powder of rat brains but not those of lungs, livers or kidneys
      possessed opiate receptor binding and steroidogenic activities, indicating that
      the activities in placentas were not due to enzymatically generated artifacts or
      to peptides contained in blood trapped in the organs.

PMID- 2874945
TI  - Effect of catecholamines and metal chelating agents on the brain and brown
      adipose tissue Na,K-ATPase.
AB  - Catecholamines stimulate Na,K-ATPase activity in the microsomal membranes of the
      brain and brown adipose tissue. This stimulation is apparent in the absence of
      soluble, cytosolic inhibitors and exhibits the same characteristics in both
      tissues: it occurs at high concentrations (10(-6)-10(-4) M) only; there is no
      difference in potency between isoprenaline, norepinephrine and epinephrine (EC50
      = 1-2 X 10(-5) M); the D-stereoisomer of isoprenaline is equally as effective as
      the L-form; stimulation of Na,K-ATPase may also be achieved by the metal
      chelators EDTA, EGTA and desferal; the hydrophobic beta-blockers, propranolol and
      alprenolol, inhibit both the norepinephrine-stimulated and basal levels of enzyme
      activity at concentrations of 10(-5)-10(-3) M; phenoxybenzamine, an irreversible
      alpha-adrenergic blocker, inhibits basal Na,K-ATPase as well as norepinephrine
      stimulated enzyme activity (EC50 = 2.5 X 10(-5) M). Because none of these
      observations can be related to the properties of the stereospecific adrenergic
      receptor (alpha or beta), it may be concluded that the catecholamine-Na,K-ATPase
      interaction is not mediated by the receptor. More probably, catecholamines may
      antagonize the Na,K-ATPase inhibition caused by some tightly membrane-bound
      metals (but not vanadium) via the ortho-catechol moiety of the catecholamine
      molecule. The stimulation of brown fat Na,K-ATPase by catecholamines does not
      have much relevance to the norepinephrine-stimulated thermogenesis in this
      tissue.

PMID- 2874946
TI  - Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in spawning English sole (Parophrys vetulus)
      exposed to organic-solvent extracts of marine sediments from contaminated and
      reference areas.
AB  - Female English sole (Parophrys vetulus) within 1-2 days of spawning were exposed
      by i.m. injection to organic-solvent extracts of marine sediments at the
      following doses: Eagle Harbor (EHSE, contaminated site)--6.8 mg aromatic
      hydrocarbons (AHs)/kg body wt; Duwamish Waterway (DSE, contaminated site)--0.52
      mg AHs and 0.040 mg chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs)/kg body wt; Hood Canal (HCSE,
      reference site)--0.00090 mg AHs/kg body wt. Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
      (AHH) activity, measured at spawning, was induced 10-, 23-and 2-fold by EHSE, DSE
      and HCSE, respectively, compared to sham and vehicle controls. Hepatic
      glutathione-S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase activities were not affected by
      any treatment. EHSE, but not DSE or HCSE, inhibited spawning (P less than 0.01)
      in 36% of the exposed fish and hepatic AHH activity in the non-spawning fish was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than in the fish that did spawn. These
      results suggest a potential for reproductive toxicity in benthic fish after
      exposure to sediment-associated contaminants.

PMID- 2874947
TI  - Effects of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on the smooth muscle tonus and the
      contraction induced by transmural stimulation in the carp (Cyprinus carpio)
      intestinal bulb.
AB  - The effects of morphine and methionine-enkephalin (met-enkephalin) on the smooth
      muscle tonus and the contraction induced by transmural stimulation were
      investigated in the isolated intestinal bulb of carp in vitro. Morphine (30 nM-3
      microM) and met-enkephalin (3 nM-5 microM) caused dose-dependent non-sustained
      contraction. Naloxone (10 nM) inhibited the contraction induced by morphine or
      met-enkephalin in a competitive manner. Tetrodotoxin (400 nM) or atropine (500
      nM) did not inhibit the contraction induced by morphine or met-enkephalin.
      Cooling of the bath fluid from 20 to 10 degrees C decreased nicotine- and
      transmural stimulation-induced contraction. But met-enkephalin-induced
      contraction was not affected. Transmural stimulation-induced contraction (3 Hz)
      was not affected by pretreatment with morphine, met-enkephalin or naloxone. The
      results demonstrated that morphine or met-enkephalin caused contraction of the
      smooth muscle directly through the activation of opiate receptors on the smooth
      muscle cells and neither morphine nor met-enkephalin regulated the cholinergic
      neurotransmission presynaptically.

PMID- 2874948
TI  - Intestinal uptake and retention of copper in the suckling rat, Rattus rattus-
      III. Effects of closure.
AB  - The ileum of suckling rats contains a high level of copper, most of which is
      concentrated within cytoplasmic vesicles of the enterocytes. Intestinal closure,
      20-21 days after birth, results in the replacement of enterocytes by cells devoid
      of these vesicles and there is a concomitant fall in the level of copper in the
      ileum. Administration of cortisone acetate (0.5 mg/g body wt) to 5-day-old rats
      results in premature loss of copper-laden ileal enterocytes and an 80-90%
      decrease in the ileal copper concentration. The loss of copper is mainly from the
      soluble fraction of the tissue and is proportionally greater from the high
      molecular weight-protein fraction rather than from the copper complex.

PMID- 2874949
TI  - Low-molecular weight metalloproteins in tissues of the narwhal (Monodon
      monoceros).
AB  - Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) liver and kidney cytosol were fractionated by gel
      chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis. Cadmium was
      associated largely with low molecular weight proteins, while mercury was
      associated also with high molecular weight proteins, but apparently not because
      of saturation of the metallothionein mechanism. Eight different electrophoretic
      bands, four of which were metalloproteins, were found under the "metallothionein"
      peak. Anion-exchange chromatography yielded five metal peaks while further
      fractionation on G-50 gave two peaks, one containing almost pure metallothionein
      (Mt-1) and the other a metalloprotein having twice the molecular weight of
      metallothionein. Mt-2 was observed, at a much lower concentration than Mt-1, in
      liver but not kidney.

PMID- 2874950
TI  - Induction of heavy metal binding groups by dexamethasone and Zn in cultured
      Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - Cd binding capacity and pulse polarography were used to study the inducibility of
      sulfhydryl groups in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (wild type and a Cd
      resistant mutant) in response to dexamethasone (dex) and Zn. Evidence is
      presented that both the wild type and the mutant responded to dex and Zn
      treatment by induction of sulfhydryl groups. In wild type for Zn and dex as well
      as in the mutant for dex, this induction seems to be in the form of sulfhydryls
      attached to particulate or membrane fractions in the cells. For Zn in the Cd
      resistant mutant the induction was in the form of metallothionein.

PMID- 2874951
TI  - Demonstration of specific high-affinity binding sites for [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine
      in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta.
AB  - [3H]5-HT (0.16-8.32 nM) exhibited saturable and specific binding in membrane
      preparations of Hymenolepis diminuta. The saturation data produced a non-linear
      Scatchard plot which could be resolved into sites having apparent dissociation
      constants (Kd) of 0.17 and 8.30 nM for the high-affinity and low-affinity
      components, respectively. Drug displacement studies, using radioligand
      concentrations of 0.6 and 6 nM, revealed that the two [3H]5-HT binding components
      are pharmacologically distinct and do not conform to any known class of 5-HT
      recognition site. The physiological significance of these putative 5-HT receptors
      and their potential usefulness for the selection of new antiparasitic agents are
      discussed.

PMID- 2874952
TI  - Gastric mucus glycoprotein in different rat strains.
AB  - The extent of gastric damage induced by aspirin was found to differ according to
      rat strain. The occurrence of ulcers varied, from high to low, in the following
      strain order: Donryu, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar. The content of corpus mucus
      glycoprotein was essentially the same in all the strains: about 6 mg as hexose of
      dry tissue. Antral mucus glycoprotein content increased in the order Wistar, SD
      and Donryu: 7.1, 8.3 and 9.1 mg, respectively. Gastric mucus glycoprotein
      carbohydrate composition was essentially the same in all three strains. The
      relatively low proportions of N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and sialic acid from
      the antrum was a characteristic feature in contrast to mucus glycoprotein from
      the corpus which contained a high proportion of these sugars.

PMID- 2874953
TI  - Heavy metal-induced inhibition of active transport in the rat small intestine in
      vitro. Interaction with other ions.
AB  - The effect of Hg2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the intestinal transport of D-glucose and L
      tyrosine was studied in everted sacs of small intestine. Hg2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ (10(
      5) and 10(-4)) singly or in combination inhibit the active transport of D-glucose
      (10 mM) and L-tyrosine (2 mM) in rat and pigeon small intestine. The presence of
      other ions (Mg2+, Zn2+ and SeO3(2)) diminishes the toxic effect of heavy metal
      ions, rendering them less effective.

PMID- 2874954
TI  - Comparative actions of quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate, excitatory amino
      acid agonists, on guinea-pig cochlear potentials.
AB  - We examined dose-dependent changes in the amplitude of guinea-pig cochlear
      microphonic potentials (CM), summating potentials (SP) and compound auditory
      nerve action potentials (CAP) produced after perfusing perilymphatic scalae with
      artificial perilymph containing either the transmitter candidate, L-glutamate;
      one of the excitatory amino acid agonists, quisqualate, kainate, N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) or D-glutamate; or the control, alpha-ketoglutarate. None of
      these compounds significantly altered CM or SP. Kainate abolished CAP, but only
      partial suppression occurred using maximal effective doses of quisqualate (67%)
      or L-glutamate (82%). The remaining compounds had only marginal effects on CAP.
      The potency of quisqualate (EC50 = 14.8 microM) exceeded that of both kainate
      (EC50 = 66.9 microM) and L-glutamate (EC50 = 1.41 mM). These data suggest the
      presence of neuronal, possibly postsynaptic, excitatory amino acid receptor
      subpopulations which are preferentially sensitive to quisqualate and to kainate,
      but not to NMDA. These findings are discussed in the framework of our hypothesis
      that the proposed quisqualate and kainate receptors are normally activated by an
      endogenous excitatory amino acid such as L-glutamate which the hair cells release
      as a neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2874955
TI  - Hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 on English sole (Parophrys vetulus): possible
      indicators of liver dysfunction.
AB  - Selected serum parameters (enzyme activities and triglycerides) and liver
      glutathione and vitamin C concentrations were measured in English sole (Parophrys
      vetulus) after i.p. injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a hepatotoxin in
      fish. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and glutamate
      dehydrogenase (GDH) activities and the concentration of triglycerides increased
      in a dose-dependent manner 24 hr post injection. Concentrations of glutathione
      (reduced and oxidized) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in liver did not change in
      response to CCl4 toxicity 24 hr post injection. These studies indicate that serum
      AP activity and triglyceride concentrations can be useful in assessing the
      effects of CCl4-induced liver toxicity in this species of marine fish. Serum LDH
      and GDH activity should be used with some caution in assessing liver damage in
      English sole, as other tissues represent more likely sources for serum activity.
      The levels of liver antioxidants do not appear to be significantly affected, 24
      hr post injection, by this particular hepatotoxin.

PMID- 2874956
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis from chloromethyl heterocyclic intermediates in the
      synthesis of a histamine antagonist.
AB  - Case reports of 3 chemists who worked in a laboratory where heterocyclic
      chloromethyl compounds, used as intermediates in the synthesis of a histamine
      antagonist, were being prepared, are here presented. The results of suitable
      patch tests which were applied are reported and it is concluded from the results
      that 3 chemical intermediates were responsible for the allergic contact
      dermatitis in the 3 cases.

PMID- 2874957
TI  - Biochemical studies of bacterial protein export.

PMID- 2874958
TI  - Terfenadine in chronic urticaria: a comparison with clemastine and placebo.
AB  - Terfenadine, a new specific and peripherally acting antihistamine, was compared
      with clemastine and placebo in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, double
      dummy, crossover study of the treatment of chronic urticaria. Sixty patients with
      chronic urticaria participated in this multicenter trial. The treatment time was
      two weeks per drug treatment, totalling six weeks. Terfenadine proved more
      effective than clemastine and was associated with significantly less sedation.
      Few adverse reactions were noted.

PMID- 2874959
TI  - [Use of lateral risers in mouth protectors used in orthodontics, in sports].

PMID- 2874960
TI  - [The relation between peptic ulcer and antral G and D cells].

PMID- 2874961
TI  - [Report on the dependence caused by long-term administration of surazepam in 41
      cases].

PMID- 2874962
TI  - [Ranitidine: a new histamine H2 receptor blockader].

PMID- 2874963
TI  - [True renovascular hypertension--a report of 170 cases].

PMID- 2874964
TI  - [35 cases of renovascular hypertension treated by percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty].

PMID- 2874965
TI  - Papers presented at the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence Symposium on
      Stimulants and Hallucinogens. June/September, 1984.

PMID- 2874966
TI  - The stimulants and hallucinogens under consideration: a brief overview of their
      chemistry and pharmacology.
AB  - The substances under review are a heterogeneous set of compounds from a
      pharmacological point of view, though many have a common phenylethylamine
      structure. Variations in structure lead to marked changes in potency and
      characteristic action. The introductory material presented here is meant to
      provide a set of chemical and pharmacological highlights of the 28 substances
      under consideration. The most commonly used names or INN names, Chemical Abstract
      (CA) names and numbers, and elemental formulae are provided in the accompanying
      figures. This provides both some basic information on the substances and a
      starting point for the more detailed information that follows in the individual
      papers by contributors to the symposium.

PMID- 2874968
TI  - Use, indications and distribution in different countries of the stimulant and
      hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives under consideration by WHO.
AB  - Information is presented on legal manufacture, distribution, medical uses and in
      various countries of the stimulants and hallucinogens under consideration by the
      World Health Organization (WHO). Data are reported from the Substance Abuse
      Warning System (SAWS) in the F.R.G. and other surveillance systems regarding
      illicit manufacture, trafficking and abuse of these compounds internationally. In
      addition, it is pointed out that assessment of the liability of these compounds
      for abuse must consider not only the substance itself but also its potential
      metabolic products. These data, collectively, indicate that the substances
      currently of most concern with respect to abuse are fenetylline and
      norpseudoephedrine.

PMID- 2874967
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of phenylisopropylamine derivatives.
AB  - The phenylisopropylamine unit is a common structural fragment amongst many
      centrally-acting agents. However, these agents do not necessarily produce similar
      behavioral effects in test subjects. For example, the phenylisopropylamine
      derivative amphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant whereas its
      2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl analog, i.e. DOM, is considered to be a hallucinogen.
      Employing animals trained to discriminate either (+)-amphetamine or (+/-)-DOM
      from saline in a two-lever operant procedure, stimulus generalization studies
      were conducted to evaluate members of a series of methoxy-substituted, and
      related, phenylisopropylamines. In this manner, it was possible to classify these
      agents as to which produced amphetamine-like effects, and which produced DOM-like
      effects.

PMID- 2874969
TI  - Epidemiologic issues pertinent to international regulation of 28 stimulant
      hallucinogen drugs.
AB  - This paper examines selected epidemiologic issues raised by the consideration of
      28 stimulant-hallucinogen drugs for international drug control. New epidemiologic
      evidence on these drugs is presented, based on laboratory analysis of drug
      samples obtained from unauthorized channels of distribution in the United States.
      A proposal is made for experimental evaluation of international drug controls.
      The proposed approach is to select some of the stimulant-hallucinogen drugs which
      are not currently responsible for substantial drug-related morbidity and
      mortality, but which appear suitable for control on the basis of presumed
      potential for abuse and other characteristics. Then, randomly assign one-half of
      this group for new drug regulations, leaving the others without new regulation.
      If proper epidemiologic surveillance were in place, this experimental trial would
      produce data to help substantiate inferences about drug control efficacy.
      Difficulties in implementing this proposal are discussed, with emphasis on
      surveillance measurement problems. Some of these problems are related to the non
      medical character of much stimulant-hallucinogen drug use. However, other
      problems such as response inconsistency may affect research in drug epidemiology
      generally. Data from a recent panel study of psychotherapeutic medicine use are
      presented to illustrate this possibility.

PMID- 2874970
TI  - Propylhexdrine.
AB  - Propylhexedrine, a sympathomimetic with varied medicinal uses, is one of the
      compounds to be reviewed by the Expert Committee convened by the World Health
      Organization (WHO) to determine whether the compound should be scheduled under
      the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. This paper reviews the pharmacology,
      medicinal uses, toxicity and abuse-potential of propylhexedrine, with special
      emphasis on toxicity and abuse potential. The primary medicinal use of
      propylhexedrine is temporary symptomatic relief of nasal decongestion due to
      colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis. When used as a nasal inhaler for this
      indication, propylhexedrine reduces nasal airway resistance without producing
      rebound congestion. Abuse does not occur by nasal inhalation; however, a small
      amount of abuse of the propylhexedrine containing nasal inhalers occurs by oral
      ingestion of the contents of the inhaler or by intravenous injection.
      Propylhexedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of low abuse
      potential, a stimulant of low preference for stimulant abusers compared with
      amphetamine, methylphenidate, phenmetrazine.

PMID- 2874971
TI  - Sedative/hypnotic dependence: patient stabilization, tolerance testing, and
      withdrawal.
AB  - Physical dependence to sedative/hypnotic drugs is not an uncommon clinical
      problem. The withdrawal syndrome is analogous to alcohol withdrawal, except the
      duration of the syndrome occurs over a longer period of time with the symptoms
      being less intense than generally encountered with alcohol. The potential for
      withdrawal reactions is probably greater for the shorter-acting agents than the
      longer-acting drugs. Potentially dependent sedative/hypnotic users require
      stabilization of their symptoms initially, followed by tolerance testing. If
      tolerant, the patients should be withdrawn using either a long-acting
      sedative/hypnotic (e.g., diazepam) or phenobarbital. Compared to other
      benzodiazepines and barbiturates, diazepam appears to be the drug of choice for
      treating dependent patients. Diazepam is rapidly absorbed and distributed to the
      brain and therefore useful for stabilization and tolerance testing. It is
      metabolized on chronic administration to a long-acting metabolite,
      desmethyldiazepam, which makes the drug ideal for a tapered withdrawal schedule.

PMID- 2874973
TI  - [Positive correlation between glucose and glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid in
      man].

PMID- 2874972
TI  - [Thyrotropin-displacing antibodies in thyroid gland diseases].
AB  - Thyroid-stimulating antibodies were assayed in 798 patients with thyroid diseases
      and 122 controls by means of a heterologous radioreceptor assay as thyrotropin
      displacement activity (TDA). With an intraassay variance of 5-6% and an
      interassay variance of 8-13% in higher TDA values, test results were well
      reproducible. Thus, TDA assay is suitable for routine testing and follow-up of
      titers in the upper range. With only few exceptions TDA values of F greater than
      or equal to 11% are found exclusively in Graves' disease (sensitivity 39.2%;
      specificity vs other thyroid diseases 99.7%). In patients with functional
      autonomy in nodular goitre (Plummer's disease) TDA is consistently negative. TDA
      measurement is a valuable means for the detection of Graves' disease and for
      differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism of undetermined pathogenesis.

PMID- 2874974
TI  - Zopiclone. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and
      therapeutic efficacy as an hypnotic.
AB  - Zopiclone is the first of the cyclopyrrolones, a new class of psychotherapeutic
      agents possessing a pharmacological profile of high efficacy and low toxicity
      similar to that of the benzodiazepines. Binding is thought to occur to the
      benzodiazepine receptor complex, or to a site closely linked to this complex.
      Although zopiclone exhibits anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and anxiolytic
      properties in animals, it finds better use as an hypnotic because of marked
      sedating effects. In clinical trials, zopiclone (usually 7.5 mg) improved sleep
      in chronic insomniacs similarly to nitrazepam 5 mg, flurazepam 15 to 30 mg,
      triazolam 0.5 mg and temazepam 20 mg, but in a single study was slightly less
      effective than flunitrazepam 2 mg in some evaluation criteria. Sleep induction
      before surgical procedures in hospitalised patients is satisfactory with
      zopiclone, but when the drugs are administered a few hours before surgery,
      diazepam appears to be more effective in alleviating preoperative anxiety.
      Minimal impairment of psychomotor skills and mental acuity occurs in the morning
      after a bedtime dose of zopiclone, which has a short half-life of about 5 hours
      and no long acting metabolites. No serious side effects have been reported in the
      relatively small number of patients studied to date; the development of 'bitter
      taste' does not deter patients from continuing therapy. Thus, with its short
      duration of action zopiclone is a useful alternative to other hypnotics,
      especially in patients intolerant of residual effects the morning after taking an
      hypnotic.

PMID- 2874977
TI  - Current management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
AB  - Patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome require that management decisions be
      made to control the gastric acid hypersecretion and treatment directed at the
      gastrinoma itself. The advent of newer antisecretory drugs and increased
      knowledge of the natural history of this disease have led to major changes in the
      management of each of these two areas. Recent studies have demonstrated that
      treatment with the currently available histamine H2-receptor antagonists
      (cimetidine, ranitidine) with or without an anticholinergic agent will control
      gastric acid secretion in almost all patients. These studies have also shown that
      most patients require higher doses than those used routinely to treat peptic
      ulcer, treatment is only successful if an adequate dose of antisecretory drug is
      used and must be monitored by measuring gastric acid hypersecretion, and
      established criteria to regulate the dose must be used. Newer more potent
      antisecretory drugs such as famotidine or omeprazole will facilitate management
      of gastric hypersecretion but are not yet currently available. Highly selective
      vagotomy should be considered in those patients who require high doses of
      cimetidine or ranitidine. Total gastrectomy should be reserved for those patients
      unwilling or unable to take oral medication. Although aggressive surgery is not
      warranted in most patients because overall prognosis is excellent, tumour status
      should be assessed in all patients by imaging studies (CT scan, ultrasound,
      selective angiogram). Patients without metastatic disease and without the MEN-1
      syndrome (multiple-endocrine-neoplasia type 1) should undergo exploratory
      laparotomy by a surgeon experienced in treating this disease, with studies
      suggesting a cure rate of approximately 20%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2874976
TI  - Buspirone. A preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic
      efficacy as an anxiolytic.
AB  - Buspirone hydrochloride (HCl)1 is a new anxiolytic with a unique chemical
      structure. Its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Unlike the
      benzodiazepines, buspirone lacks hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant
      properties, and hence has been termed 'anxioselective'. As evidenced by a few
      double-blind clinical trials, buspirone 15 to 30 mg/day improves symptoms of
      anxiety assessed by standard rating scales similarly to diazepam, clorazepate,
      alprazolam and lorazepam. Like diazepam, buspirone is effective in patients with
      mixed anxiety/depression, although the number of patients studied to date is
      small. In several studies, a 'lagtime' of 1 to 2 weeks to the onset of anxiolytic
      effect has been noted; hence motivation of patient compliance may be necessary.
      Sedation occurs much less often after buspirone than after the benzodiazepines;
      other side effects are minor and infrequent. In healthy volunteers, buspirone
      does not impair psychomotor or cognitive function, and appears to have no
      additive effect with alcohol. Early evidence suggests that buspirone has limited
      potential for abuse and dependence. Thus, although only wider clinical use for
      longer periods of time will more clearly define some elements of its
      pharmacological profile, with its low incidence of sedation buspirone is a useful
      addition to the treatments available for generalised anxiety. It may well become
      the preferred therapy in patients in whom daytime alertness is particularly
      important.

PMID- 2874978
TI  - Neurotransmitter changes during development of cortical neuronal cultures.
AB  - Benzodiazepine (BDZ) ligands clonazepam (CLO) and Ro5-4864 which preferentially
      bind to neuronal and non-neuronal elements, respectively, have been used to
      follow neuronal and non-neuronal development in fetal murine cortical cultures.
      CLO-displaceable BDZ binding, choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity, high
      affinity delta-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake, and glutamic acid decarboxylase
      (GAD) activity reached a maximum value at the end of the second week in culture
      reflecting maximum neuronal maturation and development. There is a developmental
      order of these four functions: CAT activity (main enzyme in the synthesis of
      acetylcholine, a stimulating neurotransmitter) reached maximal levels first, 3H
      GABA uptake and CLO-displaceable flunitrazepam receptor binding reached maximal
      levels 1 day later, and 4 days later GAD activity (primary enzyme in the
      synthesis of GABA, an inhibitor neurotransmitter) reached maximal levels.

PMID- 2874979
TI  - [The microstructure of the diffusion layer between solder and fired precious
      metal alloys after furnace brazing].

PMID- 2874980
TI  - [Structure and strength of silver solders used in orthodontics after treatment
      with commercial cleansers].

PMID- 2874975
TI  - The haemodynamic effects of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem in patients with
      coronary artery disease. A review.
AB  - Of the 3 most widely used calcium antagonists--nifedipine, verapamil and
      diltiazem--nifedipine is the most potent arterial vasodilator. Increases in
      cardiac output and coronary blood flow following nifedipine administration result
      in part from the afterload reduction. Reflex adrenergic stimulation produces an
      increase in heart rate and masks a direct inhibitory effect on myocardial
      contractility. The negative inotropic action of nifedipine is observed during
      intracoronary administration or may be made apparent by concurrent beta-blocker
      therapy. While verapamil is also a potent vasodilator, negative inotropic and
      dromotropic properties are more apparent in therapeutically used dosages. Reflex
      sympathetic activation is also triggered by verapamil, with an offsetting of the
      negative inotropic effects such that little change in cardiac output results. A
      decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption, with or without a decrease in coronary
      sinus blood flow, has regularly been observed following verapamil administration.
      Reduced oxygen demand appears to be a major mechanism of its antianginal effect.
      The heart rate X systolic pressure product is decreased both by the fall in
      arterial pressure and, particularly after oral administration, by a decrease in
      heart rate. Diltiazem produces similar haemodynamic and electrophysiological
      effects to those of verapamil but has less potency in inducing arterial
      dilatation and more of a tendency to slow the heart rate. Diltiazem does not
      appear to cause significant increases in coronary blood flow or bring about
      improvement in ejectional and isovolumic indices of myocardial contraction -
      evidence of its intrinsic negative inotropic effect.

PMID- 2874981
TI  - [Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptors].

PMID- 2874982
TI  - [Interaction of neurostimulators and non-inhalation anesthetics].

PMID- 2874983
TI  - [The 4 second sleep spindle periodicity].
AB  - Polysomnographic EEGs were recorded from 12 adult volunteers between the ages of
      20 and 50 years. They were given placebo, pentobarbital, carbromal, methaqualone,
      flunitrazepam, lormetazepam and triazolam. The visual evaluation was aimed at
      finding periodic sequences of centro-parietal sleep spindles at 13-15/s. Four
      consecutive spindles following each other regularly were defined as the shortest
      sequence. Placebo showed the following results: a considerable interindividual
      variance with 2 to 6 such sequences on the one hand and 25 on the other hand for
      each night. sequences with six periodically consecutive spindles dominated; the
      longest sequence contained 15 spindles. the inter-spindle distance was 4 seconds
      (m: 4.09; mean 4.14 s). All hypnotics caused an increase in periodic spindle
      sequences. Volunteers with a low tendency to have periodic spindle sequences
      remained at the lower end of the scale when taking hypnotics. Hypnotics increased
      the amount of longer spindle sequences, however, the average was still at
      sequences of 4-11 consecutive spindles. The inter-spindle distance became longer
      with all hypnotics; 4.34 s (carbromal) up to 4.58 s (flunitrazepam). Volunteers
      with a low tendency to have periodic spindle sequences showed shorter distances
      between spindles vice versa. Benzodiazepines do not reveal any characteristics
      due to their pharmacokinetic structure.

PMID- 2874984
TI  - Growth hormone-releasing hormone.
AB  - The identification of GRH has been followed by an extraordinarily rapid rate of
      knowledge accumulation. Within a period of slightly more than 3 yr since the
      structure of the GRH was determined, nearly 500 papers have been published
      pertaining to the hormone. Extensive knowledge of its anatomy, chemistry,
      molecular biology, physiology, and pathology has been gathered and, in
      particular, studies in humans have proceeded faster than with any other of the
      hypophysiotropic hormones. New insights have been gained with respect to the
      pathogenesis of both GH deficiency and GH excess states, and the use of GRH and
      its analogs as diagnostic and therapeutic agents already represents a reality.

PMID- 2874985
TI  - The hormonal control of testicular descent.

PMID- 2874986
TI  - Comparative study in mice of ten 1,4-benzodiazepines and of clobazam:
      anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, and myorelaxant effects.
AB  - We will present data from the comparison between four tests in mice of 10 1,4
      benzodiazepines and one 1,5-benzodiazepine (clobazam). The tests used were: the
      "4 plates test" of anxiolytic activity; the electroshock test to determine the
      anticonvulsive effects; actimetry to predict the sedative effect on motricity;
      and traction test to predict the myorelaxant effect. The latter two tests have
      been suggested to be predictive of side-effects that damage psychomotor
      efficiency in human patients. A comparison of ED50s determined from the
      predictive tests of the therapeutic effect and those of the side-effects led to
      the calculation of ratios considered to be predictive of the safety margin. A
      classification according to this margin shows the advantages of the 1,5
      benzodiazepine compared with the 1,4-benzodiazepines. Despite the caution needed
      in the extrapolation of the results from animals to humans, this work stresses
      the interesting place that the 1,5-benzodiazepine seem to hold as anticonvulsant
      in clinical practice.

PMID- 2874987
TI  - Comparison of three media for culture of Bordetella pertussis.

PMID- 2874988
TI  - Synthesis of ATP by soluble mitochondrial F1 ATPase and F1-inhibitor-protein
      complex in the presence of organic solvents.
AB  - The F1 and F1-inhibitor-protein complex synthesized tightly bound ATP from ADP
      and Pi when the organic solvents dimethylsulfoxide (20-50% v/v), ethylene glycol
      (20-60% v/v) or poly(ethylene glycol) 4000 and 8000 (30-50% w/v) were included in
      the assay media. There was no synthesis of tightly bound ATP in the absence of
      organic solvents. In the presence of 50% dimethylsulfoxide, maximal synthesis of
      ATP was obtained at pH values between 6.5 and 7.7. In both F1 and F1-inhibitor
      protein there was no synthesis of ATP in the absence of MgCl2. The rate of ATP
      synthesis became faster as the MgCl2 concentration in the medium was raised from
      0.1-10 mM. The Km for Pi of F1 was in the range of 0.8-1.5 mM. The Km for Pi of
      the F1-inhibitor-protein was much higher than that of F1 and could not be
      measured. In the presence of 10 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM Pi, the rate constants of ATP
      synthesis by F1 and F1-inhibitor-protein were 5.2-10.4 h-1 and 3.5-5.9 h-1
      respectively. For both enzymes the rate constant of ATP hydrolysis was 0.69 h-1.
      The tightly bound ATP of F1 and F1-inhibitor-protein were hydrolyzed at a much
      slower rate when either the Pi concentration or the MgCl2 concentration was
      suddenly decreased. Both in presence and absence of Mg2+, 40-60% of the
      radioactive tightly bound ATP synthesized by F1 was hydrolyzed when non
      radioactive ATP was added to the assay medium. This was not observed when F1
      inhibitor-protein was used.

PMID- 2874989
TI  - Suanzaorentang in cardiac patients with anxiety.
AB  - In 60 patients with cardiac symptoms and anxiety, the anxiolytic effect of the
      ancient Chinese remedy Suanzaorentang has been studied. It was a promising
      anxiolytic remedy, without apparent adverse effects on the cardiovascular system,
      and appearing not to interact with other drugs.

PMID- 2874990
TI  - Effects of carbamazepine and valproic acid on brain immunoreactive somatostatin
      and gamma-aminobutyric acid in amygdaloid-kindled rats.
AB  - Somatostatin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were evaluated in
      the brain of kindled rats treated chronically with carbamazepine and valproic
      acid. Kindled seizures were almost completely blocked by treatment with
      carbamazepine, whereas the effect of valproic acid was partial, suppressing only
      generalized seizures. The duration of after-discharge in amygdala was suppressed
      by carbamazepine not by valproic acid. Carbamazepine induced a decrease in
      immunoreactive somatostatin concentration and an increase in GABA concentration
      in the temporal cortex of kindled rats. Valproic acid induced only an increase in
      GABA concentration. The results suggest that somatostatin may be associated with
      the suppression of focal seizure in amygdala and GABA may have a role in the
      suppression of generalized seizures.

PMID- 2874991
TI  - Comparison of alpha-adrenoceptor involvement in the antinociceptive action of
      tizanidine and clonidine in the mouse.
AB  - The effect of drugs that influence the opioidergic and monoaminergic neuronal
      systems on the antinociceptive action of tizanidine [5-chloro-4-(2-imidazolin-2
      yl-amino)-2,1, 3-benzothiodiazole] was compared with their effect on the action
      of clonidine. The potency of the clonidine-induced antinociceptive action was
      1.83 and 7.75 times greater than that of tizanidine in the tail-flick and acetic
      acid-induced writhing tests, respectively. The action of tizanidine and clonidine
      was completely antagonized by pretreatment with yohimbine, an alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blocker, but not by prazosin, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker. Other
      alpha-adrenoceptor blockers, phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine, also attenuated
      the action of tizanidine and clonidine but the potency of these drugs was less
      than that of yohimbine. An opioid antagonist (naloxone), drugs influencing the
      serotonergic neuronal system (p-chlorophenylalanine, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine,
      cyproheptadine), and drugs influencing the catecholaminergic system (alpha-methyl
      p-tyrosine, diethyl-dithiocarbamate, 6-hydroxydopamine, haloperidol) showed no
      effect on the action of tizanidine and clonidine. From these results, it appears
      that alpha 2-adrenoceptors might be of importance in mediating the tizanidine and
      clonidine antinociceptive action in the tail-flick test.

PMID- 2874992
TI  - Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin during the cell
      cycle.
AB  - The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also called cyclin,
      was quantified in the cell lines SP2/0 and MOLT-4 and in mouse splenocytes
      induced to proliferate in vitro with mitogens. Autoantibody from a patient with
      systemic lupus erythematosus was used to label PCNA in cell suspensions after the
      cells had been fixed and permeabilized. In the same cells DNA was stained by
      propidium iodide. The cells were then analysed by flow cytometry for PCNA and DNA
      content. The PCNA profiles in proliferating spleen cells and the cell lines were
      similar. Most G0-G1 cells did not express significant amount of PCNA. A dramatic
      increase in PCNA immunofluorescence was observed in late G1 cells, and further
      increases were observed in S-phase cells. G2-M cells showed a reduced level of
      PCNA immunofluorescence relative to S-phase cells but were still elevated
      relative to G0-G1 cells. Proliferating cells arrested at the G1-S boundary by
      exposure to cytosine arabinoside showed an increased PCNA immunofluorescence as
      compared to unstimulated cells.

PMID- 2874993
TI  - Asthma therapy: basic mechanisms.

PMID- 2874994
TI  - New isoxazole derivatives with a potent and selective beta 2-adrenergic activity.
AB  - A series of 1-(3-subst-5-isoxazolyl)-2-alkylaminoethanol derivatives was
      synthesized and tested in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the isoxazole
      ring in replacing the catechol moiety of beta-adrenergic compounds. Direct
      binding studies and the influence on beta-receptors mediated responses in
      isolated guinea-pig atria and guinea-pig trachea were investigated to determine
      the pharmacological profile of the new derivatives. The results indicate that
      some derivatives with proper substitution in the isoxazole ring and in the
      aminoalcohol chain displayed a marked selectivity towards beta 2 tracheal
      receptors. In vivo studies confirmed this profile, and the derivative 1-(3-bromo
      5-isoxazolyl)-2-tert.butyl aminoethanol hydrochloride was selected and further
      developed as a potential bronchodilatory agent.

PMID- 2874995
TI  - [Thiazolylalkylamines: synthesis of analogs of imidazolylethylamines and their
      effect on gastric secretion].
AB  - As a part of a study on H2-agonists, the preparations and properties are reported
      for a representative group of 2-aminothiazolethylamine derivatives which contain
      the gastric secretion stimulating S-aminoalkylisothiourea moiety. The test
      compounds were obtained by known methods or from 2-(2-amino-5-thiazolyl)ethyl
      chloride and were tested for their possible histamine-like activities on
      different biological substrates. From the biological results it appears that the
      behaviour of the substances is rather complex, but the following general
      observations can be pointed out: the contracturant properties, sometimes quite
      marked, do not derive from direct H1-specific activities; the effects,
      particularly evident in stimulating in vitro or in vivo gastric secretion, in
      relaxing gall-bladder smooth muscle, on auriculae and/or on blood pressure, are
      not competitively antagonized by cimetidine; none of the tested compounds proved
      to be an antagonist of histamine H2-receptors, while one of them is found to
      inhibit competitively the H1-receptors. On the basis of structure-activity
      relationships it can be excluded that the iuxta-nuclear NH2 group of 2
      aminothiazolethylamines reacts, in some way, with the H2-receptors, since, in
      this case, the 2-aminothiazole group is not a pharmacophore like the 2
      aminoimidazole or isothiurea group. Consequently the hypotheses, that the
      flexibility of the molecule is a fundamental requirement for the H2-stimulating
      properties of S-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)isothiurea and that the different
      activities of 2-aminohistamine, in comparison with those of 2-methylhistamine,
      are due to the existence of a hydrophilic area suitable for the allocation of the
      iuxta-nuclear NH2 group in the H2-receptor, are strengthened.

PMID- 2874996
TI  - Aminoethers of (+)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]-octan-6-hydroxyimine with
      hypotensive activity. II.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of N-substituted 3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl ethers (III a
      1) starting from (+)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2.2.2]-octan-6-hydroxyimine is
      described. Some of these compounds showed a remarkable hypotensive and a weak
      bradycardic activity in rats, as well as a moderate local anesthetic activity in
      mice. All compounds were found to be devoid of antiarrhythmic activity in rats
      and of beta-blocking activity in dogs.

PMID- 2874997
TI  - [Work organization for health officer assistants in rural district
      epidemiological health stations of the Moldavian SSR].

PMID- 2874998
TI  - [History of feldsher training in prerevolutionary Belorussia].

PMID- 2874999
TI  - [Effect of neuroleptics on the effects of self-stimulation of the ventral
      tegmentum].

PMID- 2875000
TI  - [A method of problem-free oven soldering using a Japanese "spider"].

PMID- 2875001
TI  - Hormones, neurosecretions, and growth factors as signal molecules for
      intercellular communication.
AB  - Chemical signals, whether in the form of hormones, neurosecretions
      (neurotransmitters and neuropeptides), or growth factors and chalones are used to
      communicate information to cells at all stages of their life cycle. These signals
      inform the cells when it is time to progress through developmental change, when
      to change the rates of various activities (e.g. metabolism or contraction), and,
      in some cases, even when it is time to die. Throughout all of these interactive
      exchanges, the signal molecule itself carries no intrinsic message of a universal
      nature. The chemical identity of the signal molecule has meaning only for those
      cells competent to receive the signal (i.e. does it possess an appropriate
      receptor?). Moreover, it is the nature of the cell receiving the signal (itself
      the product of innumerable previous encounters with signals from other cells)
      that dictates the specific response that a particular signal will evoke. The
      signal emitted by the communicating cell only informs the target cell that it is
      time to act in a manner consistent with that signal. The majority of the
      discussion has been from the perspective of vertebrate organisms. Moreover, of
      necessity, the discussion has been general and superficial. The primary objective
      of the preceding discussion has been to underscore major similarities and
      differences existing among hormones, neurosecretions (neurotransmitters and
      neuropeptides), and growth factors as information-bearing substances used in
      communication among vertebrate cells. It should be realized that similar means of
      communication are employed by multicellular invertebrates, by plants, and even by
      single-celled organisms such as the protists and bacteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875002
TI  - Phosphatidylserine and phorbol myristate acetate stimulation of human lymphocyte
      guanylate cyclase.
AB  - Guanylate cyclase activities of human lymphocyte membrane and cytosol
      preparations are stimulated up to three-fold by the direct addition of
      phosphatidylserine. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) greatly augments the
      effect of phosphatidylserine, but has only a small effect when added alone.
      Stimulation involves an increase in Vmax, with no change in Km. Inhibitor studies
      suggest that stimulation may be mediated by protein kinase C, but not by
      phospholipase or lipoxygenase.

PMID- 2875003
TI  - Methylprednisolone as an intervention following myocardial infarction. The Solu
      Medrol Sterile Powder AMI Studies Group.
AB  - Results of early studies support the concept that steroid treatment may reduce
      mortality from acute myocardial infarction. This double-blind, randomized, 1118
      patient study was performed to determine if methylprednisolone sodium succinate
      (MPSS, Solu-Medrol Sterile Powder, The Upjohn Company) reduced 28-day mortality
      following myocardial infarction complicated by cardiac failure. Treatment with 30
      mg/kg intravenous MPSS (maximum dose, 3 g) resulted in 28-day mortality rates of
      11.7% with MPSS and 9.9% with placebo when treatment was initiated within six
      hours of the onset of chest pain (Group 1). Mortality rates at 28 days were 10.4%
      with MPSS and 14.7% with placebo when the treatment was initiated 6-12 hours
      after onset of chest pain (Group 2). In the late-treatment group, six-month
      mortality rates were 13.7% with MPSS and 20.3% with placebo (p = 0.08). Analysis
      of data by life table methods showed similar survival rates between MPSS- and
      placebo-treated patients in Group 1. In Group 2, survival rates were increased in
      MPSS-treated patients in the intervals from 48 hours through seven days (p =
      0.04) and from three months through six months (p = 0.03). A Cox regression
      analysis showed that the relative risk of death for Group 1 patients was similar,
      regardless of treatment; Group 2 patients on MPSS had a significantly decreased
      relative risk of death (p less than 0.01). MPSS treatment was not associated with
      increased incidence of myocardial rupture, cardiac aneurysm, early malignant
      ventricular arrhythmias, or other adverse cardiac events.

PMID- 2875004
TI  - Hormonal signals and intracellular messengers for renin secretion.

PMID- 2875005
TI  - Glutamine synthetase mRNA in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Complexity, content and
      hormonal regulation.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity increases more than 100-fold during adipocyte
      differentiation of cultured 3T3-L1 cells. We now find that Northern hybridization
      analysis of RNA from 3T3-L1 adipocytes with a rat GS cDNA clone (pGSRK-1) yields
      two hybridizable GS RNAs of length 3.2 and 1.6 kilobases (kb). Densitometric
      analyses of autoradiographs of the Northern blots probed with pGSRK-1 indicate
      that the 3.2 kb GS-specific RNA is at least 4- to 5-fold more abundant than the
      1.6 kb GS RNA. Analyses of both total and poly(A+)RNA from 3T3-L1 adipocytes
      yielded similar results. (It is noteworthy that an mRNA of 1.2 kb would be
      sufficient to encode the 42 500 Da GS subunit.) Quantitative dot-blot
      hybridization analysis indicates that dexamethasone increases GS mRNA while both
      insulin and dibutyryl cAMP decrease GS mRNA and/or prevent the dexamethasone
      mediated increase. Our data suggest that there are at least two GS mRNAs in 3T3
      L1 adipocytes and that they are regulated in parallel by dexamethasone, insulin
      and dibutyryl cAMP.

PMID- 2875006
TI  - Maintenance of murine oocyte meiotic arrest: uptake and metabolism of
      hypoxanthine and adenosine by cumulus cell-enclosed and denuded oocytes.
AB  - To analyze the potential mechanisms by which hypoxanthine and adenosine maintain
      meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes this study focused on: the uptake and metabolism
      of hypoxanthine and adenosine; the effect of inhibitors of inosine monophosphate
      (IMP) dehydrogenase on purine-mediated meiotic arrest; and the role of adenosine
      metabolism on the maintenance of meiotic arrest. Although the denuded oocyte can
      take up radiolabeled hypoxanthine and adenosine, an intact cumulus oophorus
      greatly augments uptake of these molecules (and/or metabolites). Both of these
      compounds were completely metabolized during incubation in vitro: hypoxanthine
      was apparently metabolized to uric acid and adenosine was metabolized to ADP; a
      small amount of each compound was also converted to inosine by cumulus cells and
      transferred to the oocyte. The IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, bredinin and
      mycophenolic acid (MA), induced, in a dose-dependent manner, the resumption of
      maturation in cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes maintained in meiotic arrest by
      hypoxanthine but had no effect on denuded oocytes. MA did not induce maturation
      when meiotic arrest was maintained by guanosine. Nor did MA alter the uptake of
      hypoxanthine by cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes. The poorly metabolized analog of
      adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine, was as effective as adenosine in its synergistic
      action with hypoxanthine in maintaining meiotic arrest. It is concluded that
      hypoxanthine and adenosine are metabolized within the oocyte-cumulus cell
      complex; xanthyl and/or guanyl compounds are produced by oocyte-cumulus cell
      complexes in the presence of hypoxanthine and play an important role in the
      maintenance of meiotic arrest; and adenosine need not be metabolized to act
      synergistically with hypoxanthine in maintaining meiotic arrest.

PMID- 2875007
TI  - Neural tube-derived factors influence differentiation of neural crest cells in
      vitro: effects on activity of neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes.
AB  - Previously, we have demonstrated that a factor present in chick embryo extract or
      medium conditioned by neural tube cells supports adrenergic differentiation of
      some neural crest cells in vitro. These studies have been extended here to
      examine the effects of this factor(s) on the development of enzymes involved in
      neurotransmitter biosynthesis. The time course of expression of choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT), a marker for cholinergic cells, and dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (DBH), a marker for adrenergic cells, was examined in neural crest
      cell cultures grown under three conditions: in medium containing 10% embryo
      extract, in medium containing 2% embryo extract, and in medium containing 2%
      embryo extract that was conditioned by neural tube cells (NTCM). Significant
      levels of DBH activity were measured in neural crest cell cultures grown in 10%
      embryo extract containing medium or in NTCM, while only low levels were present
      in cultures grown in medium containing 2% embryo extract. In contrast, ChAT
      activity was inhibited by NTCM in comparison to levels in both 10 and 2% embryo
      extract containing medium. As a preliminary characterization of the factor(s)
      present in chick embryo extract, we have fractionated embryo extract and find
      that a pool of 10 kDa or less can support adrenergic differentiation of some
      neural crest cells. These results suggest that low molecular weight factors
      present in embryo extract and NTCM support adrenergic expression of neural crest
      cells, whereas NTCM suppresses cholinergic expression.

PMID- 2875008
TI  - Modulation of glucose transport in hamster adipocytes by insulin and by beta- and
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Glucose transport in hamster adipocytes and its modulation by insulin and
      isoprenaline was characterized with the aid of the non-metabolizable hexose 3-0
      methylglucose. Insulin stimulated the initial uptake rates by an increase in Vmax
      of the transport without any detectable change in Km. The hormone concentration
      producing half maximal stimulation was identical to that required in rat
      adipocytes. However, hamster adipocytes were much less responsive to insulin (3
      fold stimulation as compared to a 12-fold stimulation in rat fat cells), and
      maximal transport rates were 10-fold lower than that observed in rat adipocytes.
      Accordingly, the number of glucose transporters, as assessed by glucose
      inhibitable cytochalasin-B binding, was considerably lower in plasma membranes of
      hamster adipocytes. Moreover, no transporters were detected in the low-density
      microsomes which in insulin-sensitive cell types represent the intracellular pool
      of recruitable glucose transporters. The relative insulin resistance of the
      hamster fat cells may therefore be due to a depleted pool of intracellular
      glucose transporters. In the presence of adenosine, the beta-adrenoceptor agonist
      isoprenaline produced a moderate stimulation of the basal transport rate which
      was antagonized by the alpha 2-agonist clonidine. If adenosine deaminase was
      added in order to remove endogenous adenosine, isoprenaline inhibited the insulin
      stimulated transport by 50%. In contrast to the stimulatory effects of insulin
      and isoproterenol, the inhibitory effect of the catecholamine was reversed by
      cooling the cells to 22 degrees. Glucagon produced a comparable inhibition,
      suggesting that the inhibitory effect was mediated by adenylate cyclase or its
      regulatory subunits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875009
TI  - Pneumatosis intestinalis in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - Necrotizing enterocolitis of the small bowel in polyarteritis nodosa is rare. In
      the proper clinical setting, pneumatosis intestinalis and mesenteric air are
      characteristic of this entity.

PMID- 2875010
TI  - Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on plasma motilin and somatostatin
      levels and gastrointestinal motility in dogs.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular and intravenous administration of
      corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on gastrointestinal motility, motilin
      induced gastric motor response, and plasma motilin and somatostatin levels were
      investigated in fasted dogs chronically prepared with strain gauge transducers on
      the antrum and proximal jejunum. Administered intracerebroventricularly at doses
      of 20 and 100 ng/kg in fasted dogs, CRF suppressed for 4-5 h the gastric cyclic
      migrating motor complex. A similar dose (100 ng/kg) administered intravenously
      was inactive. Corticotropin-releasing factor administration by the intravenous
      route at 100 ng/kg did not alter the cyclic plasma motilin and somatostatin
      variations associated with the cyclic gastric motor events. During the blockade
      of antral migrating motor complex induced by intracerebroventricular
      administration of CRF, cyclic peaks of plasma motilin were absent whereas those
      of somatostatin persisted. The gastrointestinal migrating motor complex induced
      by the intravenous administration of porcine motilin (0.25 microgram/kg) was
      abolished when motilin was injected 2 h after the intravenous administration of
      CRF (100 ng/kg), whereas a similar dose of CRF administered
      intracerebroventricularly did not abolish the antral and jejunal motor responses
      to motilin. It is concluded that in fasted dogs, CRF administered centrally
      affects the interdigestive gastric motility and the release of motilin but not
      that of somatostatin. These results also suggest that the intracerebroventricular
      CRF-induced blockade of motilin release is responsible for the inhibition of
      gastric migrating motor complex and circulating CRF is able to affect the gastric
      motor response to porcine motilin through a peripheral mechanism that does not
      involve somatostatin and motilin secretion.

PMID- 2875011
TI  - Successful treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders.
AB  - Behavioral therapy and drugs have significantly improved obsessive-compulsive
      disorder (OCD) symptoms. A variety of behavioral therapy methods have been
      employed, but exposure and prevention of response, particularly, have reduced
      ritualistic actions of many OCD patients. Many psychoactive drugs have been
      tried; the tricyclic antidepressant drugs (clomipramine or Anafranel), especially
      in research outside the United States, have alleviated OCD symptoms as well as
      depression. Compulsive rituals have responded more often than obsessive actions
      to both behavioral and psychopharmacological therapy. Recent research has
      suggested that psychophysiological as well as traditional psychogenic factors may
      contribute to the etiology, course, and alleviation of OCD.

PMID- 2875012
TI  - A study of physician preferences in the management of depression in the general
      medical setting.
AB  - Although more than 30% of ambulatory medical patients are depressed, little is
      known about how their depression is managed in the primary care setting. We
      surveyed 282 primary care physicians at two internal medicine and four family
      medicine programs. We asked these physicians to describe how they actually
      managed depression in their depressed medical patients and how they would manage
      ten hypothetical depressed medical patients. Demographic and attitudinal data
      were also obtained. Physicians reported that they utilized a wide variety of
      treatments for their depressed patients. They indicated that they would recommend
      counseling twice as many depressed patients as they would recommend medicating or
      referring. Over 30% of the variance in self-reported preferences to recommend
      particular treatments for depression was accounted for by physician
      characteristics. Prior experience with a treatment strategy was a significant
      factor in predicting a recommendation for future use of a treatment independent
      of other considerations such as endorsement of positive attitudes about the
      efficacy or benefits of a treatment. Prior experience was also more important
      than physician sociodemographics as a predictive variable. The clinical and
      educational implications of these findings for psychiatrists and primary care
      physicians are discussed.

PMID- 2875013
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and expression of the pneumococcal autolysin gene from its
      own promoter in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Autolysins are enzymes that have several important biological functions and also
      seem to be responsible for the irreversible effects induced by the beta-lactam
      antibiotics. The pneumococcal autolysin gene (lyt) has been subcloned from the
      plasmid pGL30 [Garcia et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 201 (1985) 225-230] and we have
      found that the E form of the autolysin is synthesized in Escherichia coli using
      its own promoter. The high amount of autolysin obtained in the heterologous
      system when the lyt gene is present in different orientations in the recombinant
      plasmids studied supports the idea that the autolysin promoter could be a strong
      one. The nucleotide sequence of the HindIII fragment of pGL80 (1213 bp)
      containing the autolysin structural gene has been determined. A unique open
      reading frame (ORF) has been found, a consensus ribosome-binding site and -10 and
      -35 promoter-like sequences as well as A + T-rich regions farther upstream were
      also identified. The lyt ORF encodes a protein of 318 amino acid residues having
      a calculated Mr of 36,532, which agrees with previous size estimates based on
      electrophoretic migration [Holtje and Tomasz, J. Biol. Chem. 251 (1976) 4199
      4207; Briese and Hakenbeck, Eur. J. Biochem. 146 (1985) 417-427]. Our results
      also demonstrate that the lyt-4 marker represents the first example of a mutation
      in a structural gene of a bacterial autolysin. The polarity profile of the
      pneumococcal autolysin supports previous suggestions about the localization of
      this enzyme in the normal cell.

PMID- 2875014
TI  - [Priority objectives of hygienists in the realization of the decisions of the
      27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2875015
TI  - [Problems of occupational hygiene discussed at the 7th All-Russian Congress of
      Hygienists and Sanitary Physicians].

PMID- 2875017
TI  - Inhibition by somatostatin of LH-RH-induced LH release in normal menstruating
      women.
AB  - The present study was carried out in order to establish whether the concomitant
      treatment with somatostatin (SRIH) is capable of modifying gonadotrophin release
      in response to LH-RH administration in normal women during follicular,
      periovulatory, and luteal phases. SRIH was administered in a dose of 5.55
      micrograms/min over 180 min and LH-RH (100 micrograms) was injected as a bolus at
      90 min after the beginning of SRIH infusion. Within the dose used, SRIH
      significantly reduced LH response to LH-RH, whereas it did not alter FSH response
      to LH-RH. These results suggest that SRIH may play a part in the regulation of LH
      secretion in normal women.

PMID- 2875016
TI  - Effects of vasoactive autacoids on different segments of human umbilicoplacental
      vessels.
AB  - Effects of serotonin, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2 alpha, U 46619 (a
      thromboxane A2 mimetic) and angiotensin I and II on the perfusion pressure were
      studied on vessel segments from human umbilical arteries, placental arteries and
      the umbilical vein during in vitro perfusions. All drugs were found to induce
      vasoconstriction. Serotonin displayed strong vasoconstrictor potencies in all
      vessel segments, whereas the responsiveness to the other autacoids differed
      greatly in the various segments. In the umbilical artery prostanoids were most
      potent in the juxtafetal segment, whereas angiotensin I and II displayed greatest
      effects in the juxtaplacental segment. The results lend additional support to the
      concept that angiotensins and prostanoids are of importance in the regulation of
      fetal extracorporeal blood flow.

PMID- 2875018
TI  - External fixation of the foot and ankle.
AB  - The use of Hoffmann external fixation in the treatment of ankle and foot trauma
      in 26 patients is reviewed. There were 21 males and five females, ranging in age
      from 14 to 56 years. There were 22 fresh fractures and four arthrodeses. Fourteen
      of the 22 injuries were open fractures. Eight of 22 involved foot joint
      disruptions. This form of treatment required a complete set of external fixation
      equipment, sound knowledge of foot and ankle anatomy, and technical skill in
      frame construction and application. This fixateur allowed three plane
      stabilization of complex fractures, mobilization of unaffected joints, and access
      to wounds for soft tissue care. Follow-up evaluations from 24 to 48 months
      demonstrated good clinical results. The fractures healed and soft tissue and
      joint function were preserved. The arthrodeses fused. There were no neurovascular
      complications, pin tract infections, or equipment breakage. Foot trauma
      frequently combines soft tissue injury and complex skeletal instability, which
      makes external fixation particularly attractive. Although ideal indications for
      the use of this technique have not yet been determined, the theoretical
      advantages and initial results are encouraging. External fixation is a useful
      addition to the treatment armamentarium of the foot surgeon.

PMID- 2875019
TI  - [Eye symptoms in dystonic-hyperkinetic syndrome].

PMID- 2875020
TI  - [Combined psychopharmacotherapy of endogenous depression. Adjuvant antidepressive
      drug treatment with benzodiazepines or neuroleptics: oxazolam versus
      chlorprothixene].

PMID- 2875021
TI  - Treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Reversible causes of pulmonary hypertension, such as mitral stenosis or pulmonary
      embolism, should be corrected causally. The therapy of pulmonary hypertension is
      difficult in those diseases where the causes or mechanisms are not understood or
      are unknown. In chronic obstructive lung disease, the primary objective is to
      improve airflow and alveolar ventilation (theophylline, beta-sympathicomimetics).
      Long-term oxygen (more than 18 hours a day) should be used in patients with paO2
      below 55 mm Hg, since a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance and a
      prolonged survival has been demonstrated. The role of vasodilator therapy
      (hydralazine, nitrates, diazoxide, captopril, calcium-blockers and others) in
      chronic obstructive lung disease remains uncertain. In primary pulmonary
      hypertension, a pulmonary vasodilator is recommended after demonstrating (for
      example with an infusion of prostaglandin I2), that the increased pulmonary
      vascular resistance is still reversible. The initiation of therapy should be
      performed cautiously under hemodynamic monitoring.

PMID- 2875022
TI  - Is there negative chronotropism via adrenergic alpha receptor in isolated rabbit
      atria?

PMID- 2875023
TI  - Insulin dependence of the actions of growth hormone and somatostatin on
      splanchnic biogenic amines of the dog.
AB  - It is known from studies previously conducted in this laboratory that an iv
      injection of ovine growth hormone (GH, 100 micrograms/kg BW) or an equimolar
      amount of somatostatin (SRIF, 7.5 micrograms/kg BW), given to normal conscious
      dogs into a saphenous vein, leads to a significant increase in hepatic portal
      plasma serotonin and a simultaneous decrease in the concentrations of dopamine,
      norepinephrine and epinephrine. The changes take place within 12 minutes after
      the injection and are observed only in the portal circulation. The purpose of the
      present experiment was to investigate whether or not similar results could be
      obtained in diabetic animals. Mongrel dogs were rendered diabetic by surgical
      pancreatectomy and fitted with an indwelling hepatic portal catheter.
      Radioenzymatic methods were employed for quantitative measurements of plasma free
      serotonin and catecholamines. No response was noted when the same type of
      experiments as those conducted in normal dogs were now carried out in trained,
      fully conscious totally pancreatectomized dogs deprived of exogenous insulin
      supply. When the same animals were given an injection into a peripheral vein of
      50 mU/kg BW regular crystalline insulin (a small dose that affected neither
      plasma glucose nor biogenic amine levels) 10 minutes prior to the administration
      of the other hormones, the usual response to both GH and SRIF was restored, i.e.
      the data were comparable to those of normal dogs. It is concluded that the
      GH/SRIF effect on gut biogenic amines is insulin dependent.

PMID- 2875024
TI  - Effect of parathyroid hormone on plasma renin activity in humans.
AB  - The effect of PTH infusion on PRA was evaluated in 22 normotensive subjects.
      Intravenous infusion of PTH produced an increase in PRA in studied subjects. This
      increase in PRA was dose dependent from 1.505 +/- 0.226 to 2.500 +/- 0.346
      nmol/l/hour after administration of 100 units of PTH and from 1.648 +/- 0.189 to
      4.294 +/- 0.614 nmol/l/hour after 200 units of PTH and was markedly decreased by
      a beta blocking drug from 1.660 +/- 0.259 to 2.498 +/- 0.485 nmol/l/hour. These
      responses were observed without any significant changes in plasma calcium and
      blood pressure. From our results we can conclude that PTH increases PRA in
      normotensive controls. This effect is partly blocked by beta adrenergic blockers.

PMID- 2875025
TI  - Neurochemical basis of chemical thermoregulation and artificial hypobiosis.

PMID- 2875026
TI  - IL-2 receptor dysfunction and adult T-cell leukemia.

PMID- 2875028
TI  - [Activity and tolerance of a paracetamol-codeine combination compared to
      glafenine in post-operative pain in oral surgery].

PMID- 2875027
TI  - Indomethacin-induced sialic acid-mediated changes in surface markers from
      "cortical type" to "medullary type" in murine thymoma line EL-4.
AB  - The effect of indomethacin (INDO), a specific inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG)
      synthesis, on the expression of markers during thymocyte differentiation such as
      Thy-1, H-2K, and peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptor was examined by
      immunofluorescence, using poorly differentiated thymoma, EL-4, as the indicator
      cells. EL-4 cells grown in the culture medium in the presence of INDO exhibited
      lower levels of Thy-1 and PNA, and a higher level of H-2K, compared with the EL-4
      cells grown in medium without INDO. The decrease in PNA level by INDO was
      attributed to an increased density of sialic acid bound to PNA receptors on the
      cell surface, because treatment with neuraminidase (Nase) released more sialic
      acid from such cells, as compared with control cells, and markedly increased the
      detectable amounts of PNA receptors. On the other hand, a decrease of Thy-1 or an
      increase of H-2K may be ascribed to the decrease of Nase-resistant sialic acid on
      the cell surface, determined by analyses with FITC-LPA, sialic acid-specific
      lectin, and by metabolic labeling of surface sialic acid. These results suggest
      that the PG-system modulates the metabolism of sialic acid located on the
      thymocyte surface and alters the expression of surface markers of thymocytes.

PMID- 2875029
TI  - Nutritional relationships between oral bacteria.
AB  - Nutritional relationships were revealed during the coculturing of Bacteroides
      gingivalis with Wolinella recta and Bacteroides melaninogenicus with W. recta. W.
      recta produced a substance that stimulated the growth of B. gingivalis and B.
      melaninogenicus. Characterization by thin-layer chromatography and absorption
      spectrometry identified the compound as protoheme. Production of large amounts of
      formate by B. melaninogenicus stimulated the growth of W. recta. These
      nutritional relationships could represent examples of mechanisms favoring
      bacterial succession in periodontal sites.

PMID- 2875030
TI  - Receptor-binding function of type 1 pili effects bladder colonization by a
      clinical isolate of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The role of type 1 pili in promoting bladder colonization was examined by
      constructing two mutant strains of a clinical Escherichia coli isolate. One
      mutant was isogenic to the parental strain save for a lesion in a gene required
      for pilus receptor binding; the other mutant was isogenic save for a lesion in
      the gene encoding the pilus structural subunit. Using mixed infections of the
      parental and mutant strains in an ascending rat cystitis model, we found that
      type 1-piliated mutants that lacked the receptor-binding function were as
      ineffective in bladder colonization as were mutants lacking the entire organelle.

PMID- 2875031
TI  - The effect of salicylazosulphapyridine (sulphasalazine) on male fertility. A
      review.
AB  - Salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP), a drug used in the treatment of inflammatory
      bowel diseases, has been reported to depress the fertility in males. Therefore,
      some authors have proposed SASP as a new lead in the search for a contraceptive
      for men. Based on a review of the literature, our conclusion is that SASP taken
      in tolerable doses has not sufficient antifertility effect. Additionally, the
      drug has too serious and too many side effects to be accepted as a contraceptive.
      However, the effect on male fertility of other sulfa drugs and related compounds
      remains to be investigated.

PMID- 2875032
TI  - Cancer and the use of estrogens.
AB  - Although unopposed estrogen therapy, as well as persistent or increased
      endogenous estrogens, increases the risk for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer,
      added progestogen decreases the risk for adenocarcinoma of the endometrium to
      less than that observed in untreated women. The progestogen challenge test should
      be administered to all postmenopausal women with an intact uterus--including
      estrogen-treated postmenopausal women and those with sufficient endogenous
      estrogens to remain asymptomatic--and the progestogen continued for 13 days each
      month for as long as withdrawal bleeding results. Estrogen replacement therapy
      should not be withheld from postmenopausal women who are estrogen deficient,
      since there is no evidence that estrogens increase the risk for breast cancer.
      Progestogen added to estrogen replacement significantly reduces the risk for
      mammary malignancy; therefore, progestogens should be given, even to women who
      have had a hysterectomy, for 10 to 13 days each month whenever they are
      prescribed estrogen therapy.

PMID- 2875033
TI  - SEM observations of an IUD from a patient with Actinomyces-like organisms on
      papanicolaou smear.

PMID- 2875034
TI  - An update on DES in the field of reproduction.
AB  - The general consensus is that a DES daughter is about 35% less likely than a non
      DES-exposed woman of equivalent age and health to have a noneventful pregnancy.
      It is important to state that fertility rates refer to couples. The male partner
      is responsible for 40% to 50% of infertility problems. Age is also an important
      factor, and female fertility is known to decrease with age from the early 20s.
      These two factors receive little consideration in most articles. However, it can
      be said that if there are no marked congenital anomalies present in the cervix
      and the uterus, then the probability that a DES-exposed daughter will have a
      normal child is quite good.

PMID- 2875036
TI  - The physiology of menstruation and the corpus luteum function.

PMID- 2875035
TI  - Naproxen sodium for OB/GYN use, with special reference to pain states: a review.
AB  - The effectiveness of naproxen sodium and its parent compound, naproxen, has been
      assessed in the treatment of a variety of obstetric and gynecologic problems,
      particularly pain states. This article summarizes the literature on the efficacy
      of the naproxen compounds in treatment of the following conditions: primary and
      secondary dysmenorrhea, insertion of a contraceptive intrauterine device, suction
      curettage, postpartum pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, gynecologic surgery,
      menorrhagia, premature labor and menopause. The data from the studies compiled
      demonstrate the usefulness of naproxen sodium or naproxen as an effective
      analgesic in treating pain and inflammation associated with these conditions.

PMID- 2875037
TI  - The treatment of cervical factor with ethinyl estradiol and human menopausal
      gonadotropins.
AB  - Previously we have demonstrated that one can significantly improve the cervical
      factor in cases that have failed with conventional therapy by employing high
      doses of estrogen to stimulate the cervical mucus glands. The patients are
      concomitantly treated with human menopausal gonadotropins to stimulate ovulation,
      because of endogenous gonadotropin suppression by the estrogen. Monitoring of the
      hMG is accomplished by pelvic sonography. Unfortunately, the serum estradiol
      assay cannot also be used because it would measure not only endogenous estradiol
      but also exogenous estradiol from the conjugated estrogens employed. A
      modification of this technique is described wherein the estrogen now used is
      ethinyl estradiol. This estrogen has very little cross-reactivity in the 17-beta
      estradiol assay. Thus, both ultrasound and serum estradiol monitoring can be
      used, resulting in a safer and more effective technique.

PMID- 2875038
TI  - Stress and fertility: some modalities of investigation and treatment in couples
      with unexplained infertility in Dublin.
AB  - The role of stress in infertility, and its treatment, is reviewed in various
      groups of couples labeled "unexplained infertile." A simplified profile of stress
      markers based upon basal prolactin estimations and psychological measurements
      found infertile couples more stressed than fertile controls and revealed a sub
      group of women characterized as having significantly high psychological stress
      scores and intermittent elevations of prolactin (spikers). This group was
      effectively treated with a combination of clomiphene citrate and bromocriptine.
      However, attention to the failures as well as the successes suggests optimum
      benefit to the patients might involve not only provision of a good clinic
      ambiance and pharmacological preparations, but also relaxation therapies such as
      Autogenic Training, which significantly lowered psychological and biochemical
      stress marker scores.

PMID- 2875039
TI  - The present and future application of lasers to the treatment of endometriosis
      and infertility.
AB  - Conventional approaches to the treatment of endometriosis usually require major
      surgery, prolonged use of medications or both. The laser has provided an
      opportunity to treat mild and moderate endometriosis at the time of diagnosis at
      laparoscopy, thus avoiding delays in attempts to conceive. This review describes
      the current use of the CO2, argon and Nd:YAG lasers in the treatment of
      endometriosis. Potential and future uses of the free-electron laser (FEL) are
      also described.

PMID- 2875040
TI  - Role of inhibin in polycystic ovarian syndrome.
AB  - The possible role of inhibin in the etiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO)
      was studied. In rats PCO was induced by thiouracil and human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG). These animals were grouped under different treatment
      schedules: inhibin; antibodies to inhibin; ovine follicle stimulating hormone
      (FSH). In rats treated with antibodies to inhibin, there was a decrease in
      ovarian weight concomitant with specific increase in serum FSH levels. No changes
      in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin levels were observed. However,
      testosterone levels were significantly decreased. Histological examination of the
      ovaries showed a marked arrest in the cyst formation with new growing follicles.
      In animals treated with inhibin, testosterone levels increased without any
      accompanying changes in ovarian weight. The circulating levels of prolactin and
      LH were unaffected. A decrease in serum FSH levels was accompanied by an increase
      in the number of cysts. The study corroborates the hypothesis that inhibin is
      involved in the development of PCO syndrome. Hence, an antagonist to inhibin may
      prove useful for the treatment of women with this condition.

PMID- 2875041
TI  - The role of ultrasound in ovulation induction by gonadotropins.
AB  - Fifty anovulatory women were selected for treatment with gonadotropins. Sixty
      five were monitored by serum 17-beta estradiol (E2) levels and human chorionic
      gonadotropin was administered accordingly. Retrospective evaluation of cycles
      indicates that the overstimulation syndrome and the number of undesired multiple
      pregnancies can be reduced after both ovaries have been visualized by ultrasound
      if, regardless of E2 serum levels, human chorionic gonadotropin is administered
      when one or two mature follicles are seen and withheld when three or more mature
      follicles are seen.

PMID- 2875042
TI  - The impact of in vitro fertilization on the practice of gynecology and
      obstetrics.
AB  - Contemporary programs of in vitro fertilization (IVF) approach a pregnancy rate
      per cycle which is comparable to the pregnancy rate per month of exposure in
      normal reproduction. IVF has changed the approach to several pelvic conditions.
      Because multiple concepti are usually transferred in a program of IVF, and since
      40% of implanted sites were found to vanish, it is necessary to be exceedingly
      careful in applying the usual clinical criteria for completion of an abortion for
      fear that the surgical interference will terminate a residual viable site.
      Because of the potential for rupture at the cornu during pregnancy, IVF has led
      to a reevaluation of the technique of salpingectomy. The indications for various
      types of tubal surgery must be reconsidered so that patients may be offered IVF
      if the expectancy from tubal surgery is inferior to that from IVF. This is
      especially true for repetitive tubal surgery, in which the subsequent pregnancy
      rate seems to be only about 5%, except in special circumstances. The retention of
      the tube in patients with ectopic pregnancy should be reevaluated in the light of
      contemporary figures of the expectancy of pregnancy after such an operation
      compared with the expectancy of pregnancy in patients who have had bilateral
      salpingectomies in programs of IVF. Some patients with endometriosis who have
      failed other types of therapy have become pregnant with IVF. In view of a
      satisfactory pregnancy rate with IVF in patients in the age group 35-39, it is
      possible that IVF should be offered as a primary therapy for patients in this age
      bracket with mild or moderate endometriosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875043
TI  - Neuroleptic-opioid interaction: relevance to tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2875044
TI  - [Opioids and the occurrence of pain].

PMID- 2875045
TI  - Lebanon--its effect on smoking and drinking habits among Irish United Nations
      troops.

PMID- 2875046
TI  - The distribution of sympathetic adrenergic, tyrosine hydroxylase- and
      neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves in human axillary sweat glands.
AB  - The innervation of human axillary sweat glands was studied by using the specific
      SPG (sucrose-potassium phosphate-glyoxylic acid) catecholamine histofluorescence
      method and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical method. The
      present results demonstrated that human sweat glands are surrounded by nerves
      containing a weak tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Nerves showing catecholamine
      histofluorescence could be visualized around the sweat glands only in the
      presence of exogenous catecholamine (adrenaline in the local anestheticum). In
      all tissue specimens studied fluorescent adrenergic nerves could be seen around
      arteries and arterioles corresponding to the distribution of neuropeptide Y-like
      immunoreactive nerves.

PMID- 2875048
TI  - Effect of misonidazole on neurotransmitter systems.
AB  - This study examines the effect of chronic administration of misonidazole on four
      neurotransmitter pathways (norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA) of
      the central nervous system (CNS). Biochemical assays examined the
      neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) for
      catecholamines and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) for acetylcholine. An
      immunocytochemical stain for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was used as an
      enzymatic marker for GABAergic neurons. In drug-treated mice, enzymatic activity
      for TOH as well as the total concentration of enzyme was significantly increased
      in the locus coeruleus (LC), a principal norepinephrine-containing nucleus of the
      brainstem, but not in other brain regions. Correlative histofluorescence
      examination of the LC also showed an increase in the fluorescence intensity of
      noradrenergic neurons of the nucleus. In contrast, CAT activity was not different
      from controls in any of the areas examined. In the brainstem, immunocytochemical
      staining for GAD showed a significant reduction in the number of immunoreactive
      varicosities juxtaposed to neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus suggestive
      of a loss of afferent GABAergic input from the cerebellum. These data suggest
      that both norepinephrine and GABAergic systems may be altered in selective nuclei
      of the CNS by chronic administration of misonidazole, and that drug related
      changes in NE and GABA may underline some of the neurotoxic side effects of MISO
      and/or exacerbate a patient's pre-existing cardiovascular or neurological
      problems.

PMID- 2875047
TI  - A combined light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical method for the
      simultaneous localization of multiple tissue antigens. Tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive innervation of corticotropin releasing factor synthesizing neurons
      in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat.
AB  - In order to study the morphological interrelationships between
      immunocytochemically identified neuronal systems, a double labelling procedure -
      suitable for correlative light and electron microscopic observations - is
      introduced. The technique is based on the consecutive use of the silver-gold (SG)
      intensified and non-intensified forms of the oxidized 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB)
      chromogen in the framework of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP)
      indirect immunocytochemical procedure. The first tissue antigen is detected by
      the SG intensified DAB chromogen, which has a black color and high electron
      density. The structures containing the second antigen are visualized by the non
      intensified DAB-endproduct, which is less electron-dense than the silver-gold
      amplified form and is brown. The metallic shield that forms around the labeled
      antibody sequences associated with the first antigen prevents non-specific
      binding of immunoglobulins used for the detection of the second tissue antigen.
      The application of this method for the simultaneous detection of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH)- and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive
      structures revealed that black colored TH-immunopositive fibers contacted brown
      colored CRF-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The
      juxtaposition of TH- and CRF-containing elements was apparent in both thick
      vibratome (40 micron) and semithin (1 micron) sections. At the ultrastructural
      level, TH-positive terminals - labeled by silver-gold grains - were observed to
      establish asymmetric synapses with both CRF- and TH-immunoreactive neurons. The
      former finding indicates a direct, TH-immunopositive, catecholaminergic influence
      upon the hypothalamic CRF system, while the latter demonstrates the existence of
      intrinsic connections between TH-positive elements.

PMID- 2875049
TI  - Salmonella: virulence factors and enteric salmonellosis.

PMID- 2875050
TI  - Comparison of the biological effects of phenobarbital and nafenopin on rat
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - In order to further analyze the biological effects of phenobarbital (PB) and
      nafenopin (NAF) on rat hepatocarcinogenesis, four experiments were undertaken. In
      the first one, their "promoting" effect on an ongoing carcinogenic process was
      analyzed. Rats were initiated by diethylnitrosamine treatment (I) and submitted
      two weeks later to a selection procedure (S). One week after 2
      acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) release, the animals received for up to 56 weeks a
      basal diet or a diet containing 0.05% of PB or 0.1% of NAF. The quantitative
      analysis of the gamma-glutamyl-transferase-positive lesions showed that, 8 to 19
      weeks after I, PB enhanced the development of preneoplastic lesions whereas NAF
      inhibited it as compared to a group receiving a basal diet. However, both
      compounds enhanced the incidence and the yield of liver cancer starting 27 weeks
      after I (67% and 95%, respectively, vs 10%). In the second experiment, the effect
      of chronic administration of PB and NAF given after I without S or after S
      without I was analyzed. Within a period of observation of 27 to 32 weeks, the
      incidence of cancer was 10% after I/PB and 75% after I/NAF. No cancer developed
      after S/PB, S/NAF or NAF alone. The third experiment was designed to test whether
      NAF had an initiating or selecting effect. The results of the quantitative
      analysis of the gamma-glutamyl-transferase-positive lesions showed that as
      compared to diethylnitrosamine, NAF had no initiating effect. When NAF replaced 2
      AAF in the selection procedure, few gamma-glutamyl-transferase-positive lesions
      and no cancer were detected 8 and 32 weeks after I. The fourth experiment
      indicated that NAF could not prevent the remodeling of preneoplastic lesions
      induced in the I/S protocol. Even though they both have a "promoting" effect in
      liver carcinogenesis as evidenced by the increased incidence and yield of cancer,
      PB and NAF act differently.

PMID- 2875051
TI  - Scaled-up production and purification of Clostridium perfringens type A
      enterotoxin.
AB  - Methods for small-scale production of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin
      were unsuitable for large-scale culture of this organism. Rapid, efficient
      harvesting of 40 1 batch culture of Cl. perfringens was achieved by tangential
      flow micro-filtration with the Millipore Pellicon cassette system. Enterotoxin
      containing extracts were prepared by passing concentrated suspensions of the
      harvested cells through a French pressure cell. The overall yield of purified
      enterotoxin was 38.8%. The toxin gave a single band on native polyacrylamide gels
      but formed high molecular weight aggregates in the presence of sodium dodecyl
      sulphate. These aggregates frequently occurred during storage of non-sterile
      enterotoxin preparations but could be separated from the monomer toxin by gel
      filtration on Sephadex G-100. Purified monomer enterotoxin had biological
      activities of 119.3 micrograms/kg mouse lethal dose when injected
      intraperitoneally and 3333 capillary permeability increasing units/mg protein in
      guinea pig skin. Thirty micrograms of the enterotoxin caused fluid accumulation
      in ligated rabbit ileal loops. Aggregated enterotoxin had no demonstrable
      biological or immunological activity.

PMID- 2875052
TI  - The carrier state: Bordetella pertussis.

PMID- 2875053
TI  - beta-Blockade used in precision sports: effect on pistol shooting performance.
AB  - In a double-blind cross-over study of 33 marksmen (standard pistol, 25 m) the
      adrenergic beta 1-receptor blocker, metoprolol, was compared to placebo.
      Metoprolol obviously improved the pistol shooting performance compared with
      placebo. Shooting improved by 13.4% of possible improvement (i.e., 600 points
      minus actual points obtained) as an average (SE = 4%, 2P less than 0.002). The
      most skilled athletes demonstrated the clearest metoprolol improvement. We found
      no correlation between the shooting improvement and changes in the cardiovascular
      variables (i.e., changes of heart rate and systolic blood pressure) and no
      correlation to the estimated maximum O2 uptake. The shooting improvement is an
      effect of metoprolol on hand tremor. Emotional increase of heart rate and
      systolic blood pressure seem to be a beta 1-receptor phenomenon.

PMID- 2875054
TI  - Endogenous modulation of alpha-adrenergic contraction in canine tracheal muscle.
AB  - We studied the effect of passive stretch on the contraction of canine tracheal
      smooth muscle (TSM) to alpha-adrenergic agonists and acetylcholine (ACh) in 211
      epithelium-free TSM strips from 42 dogs in vitro. Passive stretch at a resting
      tension of 100 g/cm2 caused a time-dependent decrease in the contractile response
      to alpha-adrenergic agonists after beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol.
      Initial contraction elicited by 10(-3) M phenylephrine (PE) and clonidine (CLO)
      decreased at 2 h by 31 and 100%, respectively. Decrease in alpha-adrenergic
      contractility did not result from tachyphylaxis; no contraction was elicited by
      PE or CLO given for the first time after 4-h passive stretch at 100 g/cm2. The
      TSM response to ACh was unchanged over the same time in the same strips. When TSM
      strips were incubated at zero resting tension for 6 h, some attenuation of the
      alpha-adrenergic contractile still occurred but was not substantial. Similarly,
      when strips were incubated with 10(-6) M indomethacin (INDO) or 10(-5) M
      mefenamic acid (MEF) at 100 g/cm2 resting tension, time-dependent attenuation of
      the response to PE and CLO was reduced for at least 6 h, and initial contraction
      elicited by PE was augmented. Response of TSM to ACh was not affected by
      prostaglandin synthetase inhibition with INDO. We conclude that passive stretch
      of canine TSM in vitro leads to decreased responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic
      stimulation that can be prevented with INDO or MEF. These data are consistent
      with the synthesis of an inhibitory eicosanoid in epithelium-free canine TSM that
      may be activated by mechanical deformation of the muscle.

PMID- 2875055
TI  - Synthesis of surfactant-associated protein, 35,000 daltons, in fetal lung.
AB  - The major human pulmonary surfactant-associated protein of 35,000 daltons (Da)
      (SAP-35), consists of a group of related proteins of 27,000-36,000 Da, with
      isoelectric points ranging from pH 4.6 to 5.2. SAP-35 precursors were identified
      by immunoprecipitation of protein products of in vitro translation of normal
      adult human poly(A)+ mRNA with human SAP-35 antiserum. The translation products
      nearly comigrated with the most basic components of alveolar SAP-35 (mol mass =
      24,500-27,000 Da). Processing of the primary translation products by canine
      pancreatic microsomal membranes increased their apparent molecular weight to
      29,000-30,000-Da forms, which were sensitive to endoglycosidase F, suggesting the
      addition of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides to the molecules. A smaller
      protein of 24,500 Da was generated during treatment with canine microsomal
      membranes likely representing cleavage of a signal peptide. SAP-35 was not
      detected in explants of [35S]methionine-labeled fetal lung (20-24 wk gestation)
      after 1 day of culture or immunoprecipitates of in vitro translated poly(A)+ mRNA
      isolated from fetal human lung. However, after 3-5 days of organ culture,
      synthesis of SAP-35 was readily detected by immunoprecipitation of [35S]
      methionine-labeled tissue. Fully sialylated (neuraminidase-sensitive forms)
      comigrated with fully glycosylated SAP-35 isolated from human surfactant. High
      mannose (endoglycosidase H-sensitive precursors) were also synthesized by the
      organ cultures and were distinct from the secreted form in surfactant. Synthesis
      of surfactant-associated SAP-35 and its precursors was induced in association
      with morphological maturation of the type II epithelial cell during organ culture
      of human fetal lung.

PMID- 2875056
TI  - Effect of nicotine and acetylcholine on crustacean muscle membrane potential.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of nicotine and acetylcholine on the resting
      membrane potential of the crayfish extensor muscle in order to determine whether
      crustacean muscle can be activated by cholinergic compounds. Intracellular
      recordings from individual deep extensor abdominal muscle cells were made using
      standard glass microelectrode techniques. The resting membrane potential was
      measured before and after treatment with glutamate, nicotine, and acetylcholine.
      Glutamate, which is a known activator of crayfish muscle, was used to determine
      whether the muscle cell preparation was viable and capable of responding to any
      of the test substances. Our results confirm that application of glutamate is
      associated with a depolarization of the muscle membrane. However, muscle cells
      showed no depolarization after treatment with nicotine (50 microM) or
      acetylcholine (66 microM). These results argue against the notion that increases
      in muscle tension may be responsible for the increased receptor organ discharge
      observed in the presence of nicotine. Rather, it supports the hypothesis that
      nicotine is acting directly on the mechanoreceptor membrane to change its
      sensitivity.

PMID- 2875057
TI  - Gas chromatographic determination of histapyrrodine hydrochloride in
      pharmaceutical preparations.
AB  - A simple gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of
      histapyrrodine HCl in marketed formulations. Chlorpheniramine maleate is used as
      the internal standard. The amount of histapyrrodine HCl found by the proposed
      method averaged 19.91 mg/tablet, compared with the label claim of 20 mg/tablet.
      The method was statistically evaluated for accuracy and precision.

PMID- 2875058
TI  - Spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic identification of 3,4
      methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine and its N-methyl and N-ethyl homologs.
AB  - 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MDA) is an hallucinogenic drug that
      somewhat resembles lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in its effects. Recently,
      widespread abuse of the N-methyl homolog (MDMA) of MDA has led to federal
      control. This article reports on the synthesis of the N-ethyl homolog (MDEA) of
      MDA as well as spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for identification
      of the 3 homologs.

PMID- 2875059
TI  - Twice-daily beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of childhood asthma.
AB  - Chronic nonsteroid-dependent childhood asthma was treated by adding
      beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) or placebo (P) to the daily regimen of
      theophylline (T). Subjects (6-12 years) were selected based on daily control of
      asthma by T at necessary T levels in sera of 10-20 micrograms. Active BDP (200
      micrograms b.i.d.) and P groups were randomly assigned. Each subject's baseline
      values were evaluated on a 4-week open phase followed by a 10-12 week double
      blind phase. Daily diaries were kept for signs, symptoms, Wright peak flow
      recordings, and medication requirements. Visits were monitored for urine and
      serum cortisols, pulmonary function tests (PFT), objective changes, and
      medication compliance. Demographics between both groups were nonsignificant (NS).
      Baseline PFTs in P group were significantly better than the BDP group. Serum and
      urine cortisols and ACTH responses were NS (p less than 0.05). Drug efficacy for
      asthma characteristics was significantly improved in the BDP group (p less than
      0.05) only. The BDP group maximized their response by 8 weeks, with improvement
      of their FEV1 and FEF25-75 PFT. Thus, b.i.d. BDP provided good asthma control and
      the twice-daily program should insure improved compliance.

PMID- 2875060
TI  - Transglycosylase and endopeptidase participate in the degradation of murein
      during autolysis of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The cell wall degradation products released from Escherichia coli during
      autolysis triggered by cephaloridine or trichloroacetic acid were isolated and
      characterized. Murein was selectively lost from the disaccharide tetrapeptides
      and the bisdisaccharide tetrapeptide components. Two major autolytic products
      accounted for more than 85% of the released material. Compound 1 (60 to 80% of
      released material) was a disaccharide tetrapeptide monomer containing a 1,6
      anhydromuramic acid residue. Compound 2 (15 to 30% of released material) was a
      mixture of a tritripeptide and a tritetrapeptide without hexosamines. Taken
      together the findings suggest that autolytic cell wall degradation in E. coli is
      selective and involves the activity of both the hydrolytic transglycosylase and
      an endopeptidase. Upon release, at least some of the wall components were also
      exposed to the activity of the N-acetylmuramic acid-L-alanine amidase.

PMID- 2875061
TI  - Cloning of chromosomal DNA encoding the F41 adhesin of enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli and genetic homology between adhesins F41 and K88.
AB  - The genetic determinant for production of the adhesive antigen F41 was isolated
      from a porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain by cosmid cloning. The
      cloned DNA included sequences homologous to those of hybridization probes
      prepared from the K88 adhesive antigen operon. Transposon insertions which
      inactivated F41 production mapped to the same region of DNA showing homology with
      the K88 genes, demonstrating the genetic relatedness of F41 and K88.
      Hybridization of a K88 gene probe to plasmid and total DNA from the porcine E.
      coli isolate from which the F41 gene was cloned indicated that F41 is
      chromosomally encoded by this strain. This observation was extended to other F41
      producing animal isolates. A large number of animal E. coli isolates were
      examined with K88, F41, and K99 gene probes and for mannose-resistant
      hemagglutination of human group O erythrocytes and K88 and F41 antigen
      production. All K88 and F41 antigen producers possessed genetic homology with the
      K88 and F41 gene probes. Most, but not all, F41-producing strains possessed
      homology to the K99 gene probe, reflecting the previously observed association of
      F41 and K99 antigen production. In the strains examined, homology with the K99
      gene probe was plasmid associated, whereas homology with the F41 gene probe was
      chromosomal. The K88 antigen-producing strains showed no homology with the K99
      probe. A number of strains possessed homology with the K88 and F41 gene probes
      and were mannose-resistant hemagglutination positive, but did not produce K88 or
      F41 antigens. This suggests that there are adhesins among animal isolates of E.
      coli which are genetically related to but antigenically distinct from K88 and
      F41.

PMID- 2875062
TI  - Helical structure of Bordetella pertussis fimbriae.
AB  - The helical structures of Bordetella pertussis fimbriae of serotypes 2 and 6 were
      determined by optical diffraction analysis of electron micrographs of negatively
      stained paracrystalline bundles of purified fimbriae. The fimbrial structure is
      based on an axial repeat of 13 nm that contains five repeating units in two
      complete turns of a single-start helix. This structure was confirmed by direct
      measurements of mass per unit length for individual fimbriae performed by dark
      field scanning transmission electron microscopy of unstained specimens. These
      data further established that the helically repeating unit is a monomer of
      fimbrial protein (Mr congruent to 22,000 for type 2 and Mr congruent to 21,500
      for type 6). Radial density profiles calculated from the scanning transmission
      electron micrographs showed that the fimbria has peak density at its center,
      i.e., no axial channel, consistent with the results of conventional negative
      staining electron microscopy. The radial profile gives an outermost diameter of
      approximately 7.5 nm, although the peripheral density is, on average, diffuse,
      allowing sufficient intercalation between adjacent fimbriae to give a center-to
      center spacing of approximately 5.5 nm in the paracrystals. Despite serological
      and biochemical differences between type 2 and type 6 fimbriae, the packing
      arrangements of their fimbrial subunits are identical. From this observation, we
      infer that the respective subunits may have in common conserved regions whose
      packing dictates the helical geometry of the fimbria. It is plausible that a
      similar mechanism may underlie the phenomenon of phase variations in other
      systems of bacterial fimbriae.

PMID- 2875063
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of phobic disorders.
AB  - Pharmacologic treatment of phobic disorders, in particular agoraphobia, has been
      proved to be effective, especially when used in combination with behavior
      therapy. Favorable responses to tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors, and benzodiazepines have been reported. The limitations of drug
      therapy for phobias include high dropout rates and the tendency to relapse after
      discontinuation of therapy. Successful treatment depends on the careful selection
      of patients and medications and on coordination of drug and behavior therapies.

PMID- 2875064
TI  - Effect of alprazolam and diazepam on anxiety and panic attacks in panic disorder:
      a controlled study.
AB  - Forty-eight patients currently experiencing panic attacks were randomly assigned
      to double-blind treatment with alprazolam, diazepam, or placebo. Efficacy was
      assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and a panic attack frequency
      rating scale. Results indicate that the two active treatments appeared equally
      effective in reducing both the frequency of panic attacks and the severity of
      generalized anxiety when compared with placebo. Overall, these data support the
      use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of panic disorder.

PMID- 2875065
TI  - Tremor and tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - A retrospective review of charts for the prevalence of tremor in patients with
      tardive dyskinesia revealed that 10% of 232 patients with a diagnosis of tardive
      dyskinesia also had parkinson-like tremor. No demographic or clinical risk
      factors for this tremor could be identified. The body areas affected by tremor
      are described, and it is suggested that tremor occurring in areas other than the
      wrist may pose a problem in differential diagnosis of patients with tardive
      dyskinesia. Changes in tremor and tardive dyskinesia after alterations in
      medication dose are reported, and recommendations for management are given.

PMID- 2875066
TI  - Psychotropic blood levels: a guide to clinical response.
AB  - In the clinical use of psychotropic drugs, the value of blood level monitoring
      remains uncertain because, for most of these agents, consistent, predictable
      correlations between blood level and therapeutic response have not been
      established. In recent years productive work has been done in this area which
      suggests that, in certain clinical situations and with certain psychotropic
      agents, monitoring of blood levels may be a useful component of patient care. The
      literature regarding blood levels and therapeutic response to various
      psychotropic drugs is reviewed and some of the clinical settings in which blood
      levels are, in fact, predictive of therapeutic response in the management of
      psychiatric illness are discussed.

PMID- 2875067
TI  - Determination of bioequivalence of psychotropic drugs and concerns involving
      product interchange.
AB  - There is a growing debate among researchers and practitioners concerning the
      validity of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards for establishing
      generic interchange through assignment of "therapeutically equivalent"
      designations for noninnovator or generic drugs. This debate has particular
      significance for psychotropic drugs which are used in the management of patients
      with severely debilitating mental diseases. Thus, the controversy primarily
      focuses on the appropriateness of using the FDA's therapeutic equivalence
      designation as a criterion for interchange. This is particularly important in
      light of the lack of well-defined standards for bioequivalence studies and in
      view of the effect of mandatory substitution laws and financial incentives that
      encourage generic dispensing that can lead to frequent and indiscriminate
      interchange among multiple generic brands. Specific concerns include the validity
      of assay techniques for drug in biologic fluids, statistical power analysis, the
      appropriateness of the "70/70 rule," and the relevance of studies carried out in
      healthy normal volunteers in the determination of bioequivalence.

PMID- 2875068
TI  - Finding of a KCl-independent, electrogenic, and ATP-driven H+-pumping activity in
      rat light gastric membranes and its effect on the membrane K+ transport activity.
AB  - Resting rat light gastric membranes prepared through 2H2O and Percoll gradient
      centrifugations were enriched not only with (H+-K+)-ATPase and K+ transport
      activity (Im, W. B., Blakeman, D. P., and Davis, J. P. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260,
      9452-9460), but also with a K+-independent, ATP-dependent H+-pumping activity.
      This intravesicular acidification has been ascribed to an oligomycin-insensitive
      H+-ATPase which differed from (H+-K+)-ATPase in several respects. The H+-ATPase
      is electrogenic, apparently of lower capacity, required a lower optimal ATP
      concentration (4 microM for the H+-ATPase and 500 microM for (H+-K+)-ATPase), of
      lower sensitivity to vanadate and sulfhydryl agents such as p
      chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, and insensitive to SCH 28,080, a
      known competitive inhibitor of (H+-K+)-ATPase with respect to K+. Operation of
      the H+-ATPase, however, appeared to interfere with the K+ transport activity in
      the light gastric membranes, probably through development of intravesicular
      positive membrane potential; for example, micromolar levels of Mg2+-ATP fully
      inhibited K+ uptake and stimulated K+ efflux as measured with 86Rb+. Involvement
      of (H+-K+)-ATPase in the K+ transport is not likely, since the inhibitory effect
      of Mg2+-ATP continued even after removal of the nucleotide with an ATP-scavenging
      system. Moreover, nigericin, an electroneutral H+/K+ exchanger, could bypass the
      inhibitory effect of Mg2+-ATP and equilibrate the membrane vesicles with 86Rb+
      while valinomycin, an electrogenic K+ ionophore, could not. Finally, the H+
      ATPase could possibly be involved in the acid secretory process, since its H+
      pumping activity was removed from the light gastric membrane fraction upon
      carbachol treatment, along with the K+ transport and (H+-K+)-ATPase activities.
      We have speculated that the H+-ATPase is responsible for maintaining the K+
      permeable intracellular membrane vesicles acidic and K+ free during the resting
      state of acid secretion and may contribute to basal acid secretion.

PMID- 2875070
TI  - The rate of import and assembly of F1-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Subunit specific antiserum can be employed to study the course of ATPase assembly
      in mitochondria isolated from bakers' yeast. Comparing rates of subunit import
      with rates of enzyme assembly indicated that no substantial pool of unassembled
      subunits exists for the three largest ATPase peptides (alpha, beta, and gamma).
      Blocking import of specific ATPase subunits, however, did reveal a possible
      accumulation of unassembled alpha and gamma subunits in isolated mitochondria.
      The kinetic experiments also revealed a lag in the import of beta subunit
      relative to the uptake of alpha and gamma precursors. Experiments conducted in
      yeast cells confirmed that beta subunit is assembled soon after it is imported,
      but did not indicate a delay in import relative to the other subunits of F1.

PMID- 2875069
TI  - Enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity in S49 lymphoma cells by phorbol
      esters. Withdrawal of GTP-dependent inhibition.
AB  - 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) enhances the apparent maximal velocity
      of adenylate cyclase in S49 lymphoma cells, an effect that seems not to result
      from an increased rate of activation of the catalytic subunit by the stimulatory
      GTP-binding protein (Gs) (Bell, J. D., Buxton, I. L. O., and Brunton, L. L.
      (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 2625-2628). In membranes from wild type S49 cells,
      this enhancing effect of TPA is largely GTP-dependent; TPA enhances forskolin
      stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by 35% in the presence of guanine
      nucleotide but only slightly (approximately 10%) in its absence. TPA causes
      comparable results in membranes from the cyc- variant that lacks the GTP-binding
      subunit of Gs. Blockade of the activity of the inhibitory GTP-binding protein
      (Gi) by high concentrations of Mg2+ (100 mM) or Mn2+ (3 mM) abolishes the effect
      of TPA to enhance adenylate cyclase activity in wild type membranes. The
      potentiation by TPA of cAMP accumulation in intact cells is greater than and not
      additive with the similar effect of pertussis toxin (an agent known to abolish
      hormonal inhibition of adenylate cyclase). Kinetic experiments indicate that TPA
      decreases the rate of activation of Gi by guanine nucleotide. We conclude that
      the resultant withdrawal of tonic inhibition of adenylate cyclase is one
      mechanism by which phorbol esters enhance guanine nucleotide-dependent cAMP
      synthesis.

PMID- 2875071
TI  - The systematic characterization by aqueous column chromatography of solutes which
      affect protein stability.
AB  - We have systematically characterized, by aqueous column chromatography on a size
      exclusion cross-linked dextran gel (Sephadex G-10), 12 solutes, 11 of which are
      known to affect protein stability. Six are chaotropes (water structure breakers)
      and destabilize proteins, while five are polar kosmotropes (polar water structure
      makers) and stabilize proteins. Analysis of the chromatographic behavior of these
      neutral (ethylene glycol, urea), positively charged (Tris, guanidine, as the
      hydrochloride salts) and negatively charged (SO2-4, HPO2-4, F-, Cl-, Br-, Cl3CCO
      2, I-, SCN-, as the sodium salts, in order of elution) solutes at pH 7 as a
      function of sample concentration (up to 0.6 M), supporting electrolyte, and
      temperature yields four conclusions, based largely on the behavior of the anions.
      Chaotropes adsorb to the gel according to their position in the Hofmeister
      series, with the most chaotropic species adsorbing most strongly. ++Chaotropes
      adsorb to the gel less strongly in the presence of chaotropes (a salting in
      effect) and more strongly in the presence of polar kosmotropes (a salting out
      effect). Polar kosmotropes do not adsorb to the gel, and are sieved through the
      gel according to their position in the Hofmeister series, with the most
      kosmotropic species having the largest relative hydrodynamic radii. The
      hydrodynamic radii of polar kosmotropes is increased by chaotropes and decreased
      by polar kosmotropes. These results suggest that a chaotrope interacts with the
      first layer of immediately adjacent water molecules somewhat less strongly than
      would bulk water in its place; a polar kosmotrope, more strongly.

PMID- 2875073
TI  - Adenine nucleotide-binding sites on beef heart F1-ATPase. Conditions that affect
      occupancy of catalytic and noncatalytic sites.
AB  - Beef heart mitochondrial F1 contains a total of six adenine nucleotide-binding
      sites including at least two different types of sites. Three "exchangeable" sites
      exchange rapidly during hydrolysis of MgATP, whereas three "nonexchangeable"
      sites do not (Cross, R. L. and Nalin, C. M. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2874
      2881). When F1 that has been stored as a suspension in
      (NH4)2SO4/ATP/EDTA/sucrose/Tris, pH 8.0, is pelleted, rinsed with (NH4)2SO4,
      dissolved, and desalted, it retains three bound adenine nucleotides. We find that
      two of these endogenous nucleotides are bound at nonexchangeable sites and one at
      an exchangeable site. The vacant nonexchangeable site is highly specific for
      adenine nucleotide and is rapidly filled by ADP upon addition of ADP or during
      ATP hydrolysis. ADP bound at this site can be removed by reprecipitating the
      enzyme with (NH4)2SO4. The single nucleotide retained by desalted F1 at an
      exchangeable site is displaced during hydrolysis of ATP, GTP, or ITP. The binding
      of PPi at two sites on the enzyme also promotes its dissociation. Neither
      procedure affects retention of nucleotide at the nonexchangeable sites. These
      observations, combined with the finding that PPi is much more easily removed from
      exchangeable sites than ADP, have led to the development of a procedure for
      preparing F1 with uniform and well-defined nucleotide site occupancy. This
      involves sequential exposure to MgATP, PPi, and high concentrations of Pi.
      Unbound ligand is removed between each step. The resulting enzyme, F1[3,0], has
      three occupied nonexchangeable sites and three vacant exchangeable sites.
      Evidence that nonexchangeable and exchangeable sites represent noncatalytic and
      catalytic sites, respectively, suggest that this form of the enzyme will prove
      useful in numerous applications, including transient kinetic measurements and
      affinity labeling of active site residues.

PMID- 2875072
TI  - Characterization of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive proton pump in the rat kidney.
      Localization along the nephron.
AB  - This study is aimed both at characterizing an ATPase activity in rat kidney
      equivalent to the proton pump described in bovine kidney medulla and at
      localizing this enzyme along the nephron. Membrane fractions isolated from kidney
      homogenates by differential and density gradient centrifugations were enriched 7
      fold in ATPase activity sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). These fractions also
      displayed ATP-dependent proton transport. ATPase activity and proton transport in
      vesicles had similar pharmacological properties as both were insensitive to
      vanadate and ouabain and had similar sensitivities toward NEM (apparent Ki = 20
      microM) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (apparent Ki = 50 microM). Proton
      transport was dependent on chloride availability as chloride addition to the
      extravesicular medium stimulated proton transport in a dose-dependent fashion
      (apparent K 1/2 = 7 mM). NEM-sensitive ATPase activity displaying similar
      pharmacological properties as proton transport in vesicles was also found in
      single segments of nephron. It was insensitive to vanadate and ouabain, was
      inhibited by similar concentrations of NEM (apparent Ki = 15-20 microM) and N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (apparent Ki = 30 microM), and is therefore likely to be
      a proton pump. NEM-sensitive ATPase was localized in all the segments of the rat
      nephron; its activity was highest in proximal convoluted tubules; intermediate in
      proximal straight tubules, thick ascending limbs, and cortical collecting
      tubules; and lowest in outer medullary collecting tubules.

PMID- 2875074
TI  - Presence of a MgATP/ADP-dependent pp50 phosphatase in bovine brain coated
      vesicles.
AB  - Coated vesicles are involved in the intracellular transport of membrane proteins
      between a variety of membrane compartments in which they must be able to undergo
      repeated membrane fusion and fission. We previously described the presence of
      cyclic nucleotide- and Ca2+-independent protein kinase activity in bovine brain
      coated vesicles which specifically phosphorylated a unique Mr = 50,000 coated
      vesicle integral protein (pp50) on a threonine residue. We describe now the
      presence in bovine brain coated vesicles of the antagonistic enzymatic activity
      which dephosphorylates pp50. This phosphoprotein phosphatase occurs under two
      interconvertible active and inactive forms. The activation process needs the
      simultaneous presence of Mg2+ and ATP or ADP. Unchelated ATP, but not unchelated
      ADP, inactivates the pp50 phosphatase. The latter is associated with the
      vesicular core. MgADP activation of the pp50 phosphatase implicates a different
      mechanism which does not need a phosphorylated intermediate. Thus, the pp50
      phosphatase might belong to a new phosphatase type distinct from the four other
      classes of well known protein phosphatases.

PMID- 2875075
TI  - Characterization of the subunit structure of the maize tonoplast ATPase.
      Immunological and inhibitor binding studies.
AB  - Gradient purified preparations of the maize 400-kDa tonoplast ATPase are enriched
      in two major polypeptides, 72 and 62 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared
      against these two putative subunits after elution from sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel slices and against the solubilized native
      enzyme. Antibodies to both the 72- and 62-kDa polypeptides cross-reacted with
      similar bands on immunoblots of a tonoplast-enriched fraction from barley, while
      only the 72-kDa antibodies cross-reacted with tonoplast and tonoplast ATPase
      preparations from Neurospora. Antibodies to the 72-kDa polypeptide and the native
      enzyme both strongly inhibited enzyme activity, but the 62-kDa antibody was
      without effect. The identity and function of the subunits was further probed
      using radiolabeled covalent inhibitors of the tonoplast ATPase, 7-chloro-4
      nitro[14C]benzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole ([14C]NBD-Cl) and N,N'
      [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ([14C]DCCD). [14C]NBD-Cl preferentially labeled the
      72-kDa polypeptide, and labeling was prevented by ATP. [14C]DCCD, an inhibitor of
      the proton channel portion of the mitochondrial ATPase, bound to a 16-kDa
      polypeptide. Venturicidin blocked binding to the mitochondrial 8-kDa polypeptide
      but did not affect binding to the tonoplast 16-kDa polypeptide. Taken together,
      the results implicate the 72-kDa polypeptide as the catalytic subunit of the
      tonoplast ATPase. The DCCD-binding 16-kDa polypeptide may comprise the proton
      channel. The presence of nucleotide-binding sites on the 62-kDa polypeptide
      suggests that it may function as a regulatory subunit.

PMID- 2875076
TI  - The membrane ATPase of alkalophilic Bacillus firmus RAB is an F1-type ATPase.
AB  - At the optimal pH for growth (pH 10.5), alkalophilic Bacillus firmus RAB, an
      obligate aerobe, exhibits normal rates of oxidative phosphorylation despite the
      low transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient, about -60 mV (delta psi = -180
      mV and delta pH = +120 mV). This bioenergetic problem might be resolved by use of
      an Na+ coupled ATP synthase; otherwise an F1F0-ATPase must be able to utilize low
      driving forces in this organism. The ATPase activity was extracted from everted
      membrane vesicles by low ionic strength treatment and purified to homogeneity by
      hydrophobic interaction chromatography and sucrose density gradient
      centrifugation. The ATPase preparation had the characteristic F1-ATPase subunit
      structure, with Mr values of 51,500 (alpha), 48,900 (beta), 34,400 (gamma),
      23,300 (delta), and 14,500 (epsilon); the identity of the alpha and beta subunits
      was confirmed by immunoblotting with anti-beta of Escherichia coli and anti-B.
      firmus RAB F1. Methanol and octyl glucoside, agents that stimulated the low basal
      membrane ATPase activity 10- to 12-fold, dramatically elevated the MgATPase
      activity of the purified F1, more than 150-fold, to 50 mumol min-1 mg protein-1.
      Anti-F1 inhibited membrane ATPase activity greater than or equal to 80%. The
      membranes exhibited no Na+-stimulated or vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity when
      prepared in the absence or presence of Na+ or ATP. These findings, which are
      consistent with previous studies, establish that in alkalophilic bacteria, ATP
      hydrolysis, and presumably ATP synthesis is catalyzed by an F1F0-ATPase rather
      than a Na+ ATPase.

PMID- 2875077
TI  - Ultrastructural immunolocalization of lysyl oxidase in vascular connective
      tissue.
AB  - The localization of lysyl oxidase was examined in calf and rat aortic connective
      tissue at the ultrastructural level using polyclonal chicken anti-lysyl oxidase
      and gold conjugated rabbit anti-chicken immunoglobulin G to identify
      immunoreactive sites. Electron microscopy of calf aortic specimens revealed
      discrete gold deposits at the interface between extracellular bundles of
      amorphous elastin and the microfibrils circumferentially surrounding these
      bundles. The antibody did not react with microfibrils which were distant from the
      interface with elastin. There was negligible deposition of gold within the
      bundles of amorphous elastin and those few deposits seen at these sites appeared
      to be associated with strands of microfibrils. Lysyl oxidase was similarly
      localized in newborn rat aorta at the interface between microfibrils and nascent
      elastin fibers. Gold deposits were not seen in association with extracellular
      collagen fibers even after collagen-associated proteoglycans had been degraded by
      chondroitinase ABC. However, the antibody did recognize collagen-bound lysyl
      oxidase in collagen fibers prepared from purified collagen to which the enzyme
      had been added in vitro. No reaction product was seen if the anti-lysyl oxidase
      was preadsorbed with purified lysyl oxidase illustrating the specificity of the
      antibody probe. The present results are consistent with a model of elastogenesis
      predicting the radial growth of the elastin fiber by the deposition and
      crosslinking of tropoelastin units at the fiber-microfibril interface.

PMID- 2875078
TI  - Cloning and characterization of human and rat liver cDNAs coding for a gap
      junction protein.
AB  - An extended synthetic oligonucleotide (58-mer) has been used to identify and
      characterize a human liver gap junction cDNA. The cDNA is 1,574 bases long and
      contains the entire coding region for a gap junction protein. In vitro
      translation of the RNA products of this cDNA is consistent with it coding for a
      32,022-D protein. Southern blot analysis indicates that the gap junction gene is
      present as a single copy, and that it can be detected in a variety of organisms
      using the human liver cDNA as a probe. The human cDNA has been used to screen a
      rat liver cDNA library, and a rat liver junction cDNA clone has been isolated.
      The rat liver clone is 1,127 bases in length, and it has strong sequence homology
      to the human cDNA in the protein-coding region, but less extensive homology in
      the 3'-untranslated region.

PMID- 2875080
TI  - New sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for p-tyrosine
      aminotransferase assay.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive and specific procedure has been developed for the
      determination of p-tyrosine aminotransaminase activity. The assay is based on
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation and electrochemical
      detection of the pyruvate product, which has been derivatized with hydroxylamine
      to form a stable oxime. Using this method the product at the low pmol level can
      be measured. A comparison of the kinetic parameters of the rat liver tyrosine
      aminotransferase and rat brain non-specific aspartate aminotransferase towards p
      tyrosine has been made.

PMID- 2875079
TI  - Nerve growth factor action is mediated by cyclic AMP- and Ca+2/phospholipid
      dependent protein kinases.
AB  - Nerve growth factor (NGF) mediates the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in
      PC12 cells on two distinct peptide fragments, separable by two-dimensional
      tryptic phosphopeptide mapping (phosphopeptides T1 and T3). Phorbol diester
      derivatives capable of activating Ca+2/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C
      kinase) cause a specific phosphorylation of peptide T3 in a dose-dependent,
      saturable manner. Derivatives of the endogenous C-kinase activator
      diacylglycerol, also cause the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase on peptide
      T3. The C-kinase inhibitors chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine inhibit the
      phorbol diester stimulated phosphorylation of site T3 in a dose-dependent manner.
      These agents inhibit the phosphorylation of T3 in response to NGF, but have no
      effect on NGF's ability to cause T1 phosphorylation. In a PC12 mutant deficient
      in cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, NGF mediates the phosphorylation of
      tyrosine hydroxylase on peptide T3 but not on T1. We conclude that NGF mediates
      the activation of both the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the C-kinase to
      phosphorylate substrate proteins. These kinases can act independently to
      phosphorylate tyrosine hydroxylase, each at a different site, and each of which
      results in the enzyme activation. A molecular framework is thus provided for
      events underlying NGF action.

PMID- 2875081
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of prazosin and terazosin in
      biological fluids.

PMID- 2875082
TI  - Enzymatic adaptation to physical training under beta-blockade in the rat.
      Evidence of a beta 2-adrenergic mechanism in skeletal muscle.
AB  - Nonselective and beta 1-selective adrenergic antagonists were tested for their
      effects on enzymatic adaptation to exercise training in rats as follows: trained
      + placebo (TC); trained + propranolol (TP); trained + atenolol (TA); and
      corresponding sedentary groups, SC and SP. Trained rats ran 1 h/d at 26.8 m/min,
      15% grade, 5 d/wk, 10 wk. Both beta-antagonists were given at doses that
      decreased exercise heart rates by 25%. Training increased skeletal muscle citrate
      synthase, cytochrome c oxidase (Cyt-Ox), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT),
      beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
      (MDH), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities significantly in the TC
      group, but not in TP. These enzyme activities, except Cyt-Ox and CPT, were also
      significantly increased in TA. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity
      did not alter with training or beta-blockade. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
      activity was lower in TC than in SC, but unchanged in TP or TA. Hepatic
      mitochondrial MDH and ALT activities increased with training only in TC. It is
      concluded that beta 2-adrenergic mechanisms play an essential role in the
      training-induced enzymatic adaptation in skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2875084
TI  - Trends in peptic ulcer related disease--influence of H2 antagonists.

PMID- 2875083
TI  - Role of insulin and glucagon in the response of glucose and alanine kinetics in
      burn-injured patients.
AB  - We investigated the roles of insulin and glucagon as mediators of changes in
      glucose and alanine kinetics during the hypermetabolic response to injury in 10
      burn patients by infusing somatostatin with and without insulin replacement.
      Glucose and alanine kinetics were measured by primed-constant infusions of 6,6-d2
      glucose and [3-13C]alanine. The basal rate of glucose production and alanine flux
      were significantly elevated in all patients. Lowering both hormones
      simultaneously caused an insignificant reduction in glucose production, but
      plasma glucose rose significantly (P less than 0.01), because of reduced
      clearance. Alanine flux and total plasma amino nitrogen increased significantly
      (P less than 0.05) above basal. Selectively lowering glucagon concentration
      decreased glucose production (P less than 0.05), and exogenous glucose was
      infused to maintain euglycemia. Alanine flux and total plasma amino nitrogen
      remained unchanged. In severely burned patients hyperglucagonemia stimulates
      increased glucose production, basal insulin suppression glucose production,
      stimulates basal glucose clearance, and is important for regulation of plasma
      amino acid concentrations, and the selective lowering of glucagon while
      maintaining basal insulin constant normalized glucose kinetics.

PMID- 2875085
TI  - Comparative cytochemical study of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP) II and IV in
      normal and malignant haemic cells.
AB  - Modified cytochemical methods were used to show dipeptidyl aminopeptidases (DAP)
      II and IV in peripheral blood buffy coat preparations and bone marrow smears. In
      23 normal buffy coats both enzymes were confined to lymphocytes. DAP II was found
      in T and B lymphocytes (about 80%) while DAP IV was restricted to T lymphocytes
      only (around 46%). In 11 normal bone marrows DAP II was found in 53% of the
      lymphocytes, as well as in plasma cells, macrophages, and occasional myeloblasts.
      DAP IV was found only in lymphocytes (around 32%). DAP II activity, but not DAP
      IV activity, was present in all of the mast cells in a case of systemic
      mastocytosis. Whereas DAP II was found, to a variable extent, in leukaemic
      myeloblasts, monoblasts, proerythroblasts, and in megakaryoblasts in 52 cases of
      acute myeloid leukaemia, DAP IV was not shown. Variable positivity to DAP II and
      DAP IV was found in the lymphoblasts in seven cases of acute lymphoblastic
      leukaemia, in 14 cases of B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and in three cases of
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. DAP II activity was variable compared with DAP IV
      activity, which was constantly reduced. Virtually all of the myeloma cells (96%)
      all of the myeloma cells (96%) in five cases of multiple myeloma and two cases of
      plasma cell leukaemia were DAP II positive and DAP IV negative. In 10 cases of
      hairy cell leukaemia most hairy cells were positive to DAP II (74%) with no
      demonstrable DAP IV activity. In a single case of Sezary's syndrome around 90% of
      the helper T cells were positive to DAP II with no DAP IV activity.

PMID- 2875087
TI  - A case of abuse of syrup of ipecac resulting in death.

PMID- 2875086
TI  - LHRH and catecholamine neuronal systems in the olfactory bulb of the mouse.
AB  - The luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) components of the mouse
      olfactory system were studied by using the indirect immunohistofluorescence
      technique. LHRH-positive cell bodies were found in both the main olfactory bulb
      (MOB) and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB); two distinct cell groups were found
      -one located adjacent to the AOB in the dorsal part of the MOB and a second in
      the superficial ventromedial aspect of the MOB. LHRH-positive fibers were found
      predominantly in the posterior half of the main olfactory bulb innervating the
      olfactory nerve layer, the glomerular layer, the external plexiform layer, and
      the mitral cell layer, and small numbers innervated the AOB. The greatest density
      of LHRH-immunoreactive fibers was seen adjacent to the AOB where one group of
      LHRH-positive cells was noted. Sections adjacent to those stained with LHRH
      antibody were analysed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta
      hydroxylase (DBH). The TH staining was intense for both cells and fibers in the
      glomerular layer of the MOB. In the AOB lower numbers of cell bodies and fibers
      were seen in the glomerular layer. The internal granular layer and internal
      plexiform layers were both stained, the internal granular layer showing more
      intensely fluorescent fibers with a higher density. Since no overlapping DBH
      positive fibers were found here, these TH-positive nerve endings may be
      dopaminergic. DBH staining was confined to sparse networks of weakly fluorescent
      fibers with the highest numbers in the internal plexiform layer of the AOB and
      fewer fibers in the external plexiform, rostral, and granular layers of the MOB.
      Elution-restaining experiments revealed that the LHRH-positive and TH-positive
      elements represent different cell populations.

PMID- 2875088
TI  - Electrocardiographic and ventriculographic recovery patterns in Q wave myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - To further define the capacity for recovery after acute phase electrical and
      mechanical injury in patients with Q wave myocardial infarction who were treated
      with standard measures, 120 lead body surface potential maps and radionuclide
      angiograms were recorded at day 5 before discharge and month 6 after infarction
      in 23 patients with a first infarction (12 anterior and 11 inferior by standard
      12 lead electrocardiographic criteria). In addition to assessment of spatial
      changes in electrocardiographic and wall motion patterns, five quantitative
      variables were evaluated: minimal Q zone integral, sigma Q wave integral, maximal
      ST integral, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular wall motion
      abnormality score. From day 5 to month 6 after infarction, the only change in the
      inferior infarction group was a gain in sigma Q wave (-91 +/- 40 mu V X s X 10(2)
      to -68 +/- 24 mu V X s X 10(2); p less than 0.05). In contrast, all variables
      improved over the same time period in the anterior infarction group: Q zone
      minimum, -34 +/- 20 to -24 +/- 13 mu V X s (p less than 0.05); sigma Q wave, -160
      +/- 122 X 10(2) to -120 +/- 90 mu V X s X 10(2) (p less than 0.05); ST maximum,
      44 +/- 19 to 18 +/- 9 mu V X s (p less than 0.01); ejection fraction, 54 +/- 7 to
      63 +/- 17% (p less than 0.05); and wall motion score, 6 +/- 3 to 3 +/- 3 (p less
      than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875089
TI  - Vision therapy economics.

PMID- 2875090
TI  - Hyperpolarizing responses of single mammalian sympathetic neurones to
      acetylcholine and to dopamine.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) applied iontophoretically can elicit not only nicotinic fast
      (f-) and/or muscarinic slow (s-) depolarizations (DP) but also hyperpolarizing
      responses (HP), all in the same cell. HPs were either 'initial' (sharp onset at
      the end of ACh delivery) or 'secondary' (variable later onsets). Pretreatment
      with bretylium eliminated secondary, but not initial, responses to ACh.
      Pretreatment with both BCh and bretylium eliminated essentially all HP responses
      to ACh, with good DP responses remaining. Test responses to the more purely
      muscarinic agent BCh exhibited only a smooth, large s-DP with no secondary HP
      components, even in ganglia not pretreated with bretylium. The foregoing evidence
      is explainable by our previous proposals that ACh can elicit two types of HPs,
      one mediated by muscarinic receptors (putatively located on DA interneurones) and
      another by non-muscarinic receptors (putatively releasing norepinephrine at
      dendro-dendritic junctions). Dopamine (DA) applied iontophoretically could also
      elicit HP responses from the same cells. Iontophoretic DA could elicit an HP at
      any depth (up to 290 micron tested) in the ganglion. However, bulk application of
      DA (in the extra-ganglionic medium) was only effective on neurones impaled in the
      outer 30 micron. This may help explain the variable findings with applied DA.

PMID- 2875091
TI  - An animated graphics program depicting the steps in lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2875092
TI  - Hyperthyroidism in Europe: clinical and laboratory data of a prospective
      multicentric survey.

PMID- 2875093
TI  - Do beta-blockers cause mesenteric ischemia?

PMID- 2875094
TI  - A simple modified method for mounting mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2875095
TI  - Urinary excretion of enzymes in cirrhotics with renal failure.
AB  - We studied the significance of urinary enzyme measurements in diagnosing proximal
      tubular damage in cirrhosis of the liver. Urinary excretion (u-enzyme) and
      fractional urinary excretion (FEenzyme) of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT),
      leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and beta-glucuronidase (B
      GLU) were quantified in 14 control subjects (group I), 12 cirrhotics with
      functional renal failure (group II), 13 cirrhotics with renal tubular damage
      (group III) and 7 non-liver patients with renal tubular damage (group IV).
      Urinary enzyme excretion and fractional enzyme excretion were significantly
      higher in the cirrhotics of group III than in the controls or group II. In group
      III, these tests usually reached values within the range of group IV. The
      sensitivity of urinary enzyme excretion was 0.92 and specificity ranged from 0.75
      (u-LAP) to 1 (u-GGT; u-B-GLU). The sensitivity of fractional enzyme excretion was
      between 0.61 (FEB-GLU) and 0.84 (FEGGT; FELAP), while specificity was from 0.91
      (FELAP; FEAP) to 1 (FEGGT; FEB-GLU). The results indicate that measurement of
      urinary enzymes may be very useful in diagnosing renal tubular damage in
      cirrhotic patients with impaired renal function.

PMID- 2875096
TI  - Candida and hands.

PMID- 2875097
TI  - Phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus from cases of bacteraemia.

PMID- 2875099
TI  - A mathematical model for assessing risk of postoperative wound infection.
AB  - A mathematical model for predicting the risk of acquisition of postoperative
      wound infection in individuals or groups of patients is described. It is based on
      data from prevalence surveys of 41 hospitals and includes 1980 wounds. The
      factors included in the model, i.e., age, sex, length of pre-operative stay, type
      of operation, wound drainage, number of occupied beds in ward, and special
      factors, e.g., diabetes, steroid therapy, were obtained by stepwise regression
      analysis of the original data. Most of the ward facilities and practices were
      excluded as non-significant. The model has been modified for use with incidence
      studies and its accuracy confirmed in a further 1331 patients by comparing
      predicted and recorded infection rates.

PMID- 2875098
TI  - Osteomyelitis with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - We describe 10 patients with hospital-acquired osteomyelitis due to methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The patients were posttraumatic and eight had a
      foreign body in situ at the site of infection. Vancomycin therapy in association
      with radical debridement was followed by clinical and radiological cure in eight
      patients at 2-3.5 years follow-up, in two of whom a foreign body was left in
      situ. Only minor adverse effects of vancomycin therapy (one rash, two
      thrombophlebitis) were seen.

PMID- 2875100
TI  - The effects of sub-lethal concentrations of chlorhexidine on bacterial
      pathogenicity.
AB  - Suspensions of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes were exposed to low
      levels of chlorhexidine, which had little effect on their in vitro viability. A
      substantial reduction in their in vivo infectivity measured by intraperitoneal
      inoculation of mice was found. This selective reduction in bacterial infectivity
      by chlorhexidine should be taken into account when conventional in vitro tests
      are used to assess the clinical effectiveness of chlorhexidine-containing
      antiseptics.

PMID- 2875101
TI  - Susceptibility of porin- and lipopolysaccharide-deficient strains of Escherichia
      coli to some antiseptics and disinfectants.
AB  - The sensitivities of some outer membrane protein (Omp) and/or lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS)-defective mutants of Escherichia coli to chlorhexidine and some quaternary
      ammonium compounds (QACs) were examined. Wild-type strains, with no defect in Omp
      or LPS were the most resistant to QACs, whereas LPS-deficient strains were the
      most sensitive. As expected, QAC resistance could not be related to the presence
      or absence of any specific porin(s). Chlorhexidine was highly active against all
      strains, inhibitory concentrations lying within the narrow range of 1 and 2 mg l
      1.

PMID- 2875102
TI  - Handwashing and hand disinfection.

PMID- 2875103
TI  - The use of cefotaxime for treating suspected neonatal sepsis: 2 years'
      experience.
AB  - In 1982, the antibiotic treatment policy for suspected sepsis in neonates
      admitted to the Southampton special care baby unit was changed from intravenous
      gentamicin plus penicillin to intravenous cefotaxime with or without penicillin.
      Analysis of blood culture results during the first 2 years following the change
      indicates that a higher proportion of blood culture isolates showed sensitivity
      to cefotaxime compared with gentamicin. Only one baby died with proven bacterial
      sepsis and this was not thought to be due to treatment failure. Our data suggest
      that, on our unit, cefotaxime is a suitable alternative to the aminoglycosides
      for the management of suspected sepsis in the newborn.

PMID- 2875104
TI  - Biotyping and phage typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood
      cultures of neonates.
AB  - One hundred coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures of
      neonates have been biotyped and phage typed. These results have been compared
      with previous reports. The susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobial drugs
      has also been examined and a rise in resistance rates towards the end of the
      study was documented. The possible causes of this finding are discussed.

PMID- 2875105
TI  - National prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Italy, 1983.
AB  - In 1983 a national prevalence survey was conducted in Italy to discover the
      general distribution of infection among patients in public hospitals. Thirty-four
      thousand, five hundred and seventy-seven acute patients were surveyed in 130
      hospitals spread throughout the country: 6668 patients (19.3%) had an active
      infection at the time of the survey; the infection was hospital-acquired in 2361
      (6.8%) and community-acquired in 4307 (12.5%). The urinary tract was the site
      most frequently involved in hospital infection (30.2% of patients with hospital
      acquired infection). The respiratory tract was the site most often involved in
      community infections (35.7% for the lower tract and 9.1% for the upper). Hospital
      acquired infections were more frequent in intensive care units (12.4%) and in
      geriatric (11.6%), orthopaedic (8.2%) and surgical wards (7.6%). The prevalence
      of urinary tract infection was 10.4% among the 9.4% of patients who were
      catheterized compared with a prevalence of 2.6% in the uncatheterized. Thirty
      five point five per cent of patients were receiving an antimicrobial on the day
      of the survey.

PMID- 2875106
TI  - A comparison of strains of Serratia marcescens isolated from neonates with
      strains isolated from sporadic and epidemic infections in adults.
AB  - As a result of the increased number of outbreaks of Serratia marcescens in
      special care baby units in the UK, a study was undertaken to compare strains
      isolated from outbreaks of neonatal infection with strains isolated from
      outbreaks of infections in adults and with isolates from sporadic infections.
      None of the biochemical, serological, bacteriological markers examined could
      distinguish the three groups of strains. When considered as groups there was no
      difference in the ability of the strains to survive desiccation on hands. Strains
      from neonatal and sporadic infections were more sensitive to antibiotics than
      adult epidemic strains. The feature common to all of the neonatal strains tested
      was the ability to agglutinate one or more species of erythrocytes in the
      presence of mannose. Only one strain in each of the other two groups possessed
      mannose resistant haemagglutinins.

PMID- 2875107
TI  - Transfer of oropharyngeal bacteria into the trachea during endotracheal
      intubation.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients undergoing surgical operations were studied to detect
      transfer of oropharyngeal organisms into the trachea during endotracheal
      intubation. Nine of 27 patients with potentially pathogenic bacteria in the
      pharynx immediately before intubation were found to have these organisms, mainly
      Haemophilus influenzae, in the trachea at the end of operation. There was a trend
      for systemic antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce the persistence of bacteria in the
      trachea.

PMID- 2875108
TI  - A variable region gene subfamily encoding T cell receptor beta-chains is
      selectively conserved among mammals.
AB  - Studies of murine T cell receptor genes indicate that the VT beta repertoire, in
      contrast to the large VT alpha, VH, and VK repertoires, is limited to
      approximately 21 genes. Large differences between the various VT beta sequences
      allow classification into distinct subfamilies consisting of one or few members.
      The VT beta sequence of a gene, RTB92, expressed in a rabbit T cell line is most
      closely related to a VT beta gene expressed in the human cell line Molt-4.
      Genomic blots with RTB92 VT beta region used as probe indicated conservation of
      related VT beta gene subfamilies in man and pig, but no related sequences were
      seen in rat, mouse, or hamster. The relationship among these VT beta genes
      mirrors similarities and differences in MHC genes of the compared species and
      suggests coordinate evolution of these functionally related gene families. The
      constant region of RTB92 was shown to be rabbit CT beta 2 by reference to genomic
      clones. Comparisons with constant region sequences of human and murine CT beta 1
      and CT beta 2 chains reveal no similarities in amino acid or nucleic acid
      sequence in the coding region characteristic of the respective isotypes.
      Intraspecies homologies between CT beta 1 and CT beta 2 sequences were much
      greater than those between CT beta 1 or CT beta 2 from other species. By
      contrast, comparisons of JT beta and 3' untranslated region sequences showed
      significant interspecies conservation of sequences in the beta 1 and in the beta
      2 regions.

PMID- 2875109
TI  - Anti-Thy-1 plus complement-treated, cultured bone marrow cells resemble fetal
      thymocytes in killer cell function and marker expression.
AB  - Anti-Thy-1.2 plus complement treated bone marrow cells were tested after short
      term culture for their ability to lyse allogeneic target cells. Significant lytic
      activity was generated after 9 days, and required both CAS and splenic or PEC
      feeders as culture supplements. Allogeneic as well as syngeneic-specific
      cytotoxic cells were generated polyclonally under such conditions, and could be
      separated by using limiting dilution protocols. When 65 clones were tested for
      lytic activity toward three targets bearing H-2k, H-2d, and H-2b haplotypes,
      respectively, only two clones lysed all three targets; 53 clones showed
      specificity toward one target only. Targets low in class I H-2 expression were
      lysed only minimally compared with high H-2 expressors. Allogeneic-kill by
      C57BL/6 bone marrow cells grown on AKR feeder cells was destroyed by treating
      effectors with anti-Thy-1.2, but not anti-Thy-1.1, antibody plus complement,
      suggesting 1) a de novo generation of surface Thy-1 during culture and 2) that
      effectors were derived from bone marrow, but not feeder, populations. Partial
      inhibition of kill occurred by treatment of effectors with anti-asialo-GM1
      (approximately 80%), anti-Lyt-2 (approximately 60%), or anti-Ly-5.1
      (approximately 30%) antibodies plus complement; treatment of effectors with anti
      L3T4 or anti-NK-1.1 antibodies plus complement had no effect. When precursor
      populations were treated with either anti-Thy-1.2 alone or a combination of anti
      Thy-1.2 and anti-Lyt-2 antibodies plus complement, killers were easily
      demonstrated. However, the addition of an anti-asialo-GM1 antibody plus
      complement treatment before culture abolished function. The characteristics of
      these effectors showed a resemblance to those described previously for day 14 to
      17 fetal thymocytes, designated pCTL.

PMID- 2875110
TI  - Differential sensitivity of T suppressor cell expression to inhibition by
      histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.
AB  - The ability of the histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists cimetidine and
      oxmetidine to inhibit the immune suppression mediated by different types of
      murine T suppressor cells has been evaluated. Both compounds at doses as low as 1
      mg/kg administered as a per os (p.o.) twice a day (b.i.d.) regimen abrogated the
      expression of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced, Lyt-2+, T suppressor cells
      and stimulated contact sensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene in adoptive transfer
      experiments. Comparable inhibition of Lyt-1+, T suppressor cell activity induced
      by UV irradiation required higher doses of cimetidine and oxmetidine (200 and 25
      mg/kg; p.o., b.i.d., respectively). In contrast, the T suppressor cell-mediated
      unresponsiveness induced by inoculation with a high dose of sheep red blood cells
      was refractory to treatment in vivo with either cimetidine or oxmetidine
      regardless of the dose. These results indicate that T suppressor cell populations
      differ markedly in their susceptibility to modulation by H2 antagonists. The
      histamine type 1 (H1) receptor antagonist diphenhydramine, had no effect on
      suppressor cell activity in any of these systems, indicating that modulation of
      suppressor cell activity is mediated through an H2 receptor interaction.

PMID- 2875111
TI  - Association of Bordetella pertussis-induced hypersensitivity to serotonin with
      the H-2 gene complex.
AB  - Susceptibility to Bordetella pertussis-induced sensitivity to serotonin was found
      to be associated with the H-2 gene complex in mice. H-2 congenic and independent
      strains which possess the H-2b and H-2s haplotypes were susceptible to serotonin
      sensitization by pertussigen (P-HSF) while mice with the H-2k and H-2d haplotypes
      were resistant. The gene or genes which control susceptibility were found to map
      to the H-2SbDb end of the H-2 complex; susceptibility appears to be inherited as
      a co-dominant trait. These findings indicate that HLA typing may be of value in
      predicting or interpreting possible adverse reactions to pertussis vaccine or
      infection in humans.

PMID- 2875112
TI  - Field evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593 as a mosquito biocide.

PMID- 2875113
TI  - Changes in expression of Ia, Thy-1, and Ly-5 antigens in epidermal cells during
      delayed contact sensitivity reactions in mice: flow cytometric analysis.
AB  - Ia antigen-bearing (Ia+) Langerhans cells have attained an important position as
      immunocompetent cells in the epidermis. Recently there have been successive
      reports on other new possible candidates for immunocompetent cells in the
      epidermis, i.e., Ia+ keratinocytes and dendritic Thy-1 antigen-bearing (Thy-1+)
      epidermal cells which also express Ly-5 antigen and asialo-GM1. Based on our
      previous findings that in allergic contact sensitivity reactions, keratinocytes
      express Ia antigen 3-9 days postchallenge, in this report, we have attempted to
      define more clearly the dynamic changes of Ia+ keratinocytes and dendritic Thy-1+
      epidermal cells by enumeration of the precise percentages of Ia+, Thy-1+, and Ly
      5 antigen-bearing (Ly-5+) cells in epidermal cells at various times of the
      challenge phase in allergic contact sensitivity reactions by use of a
      fluorescence-activated cell sorter. By 24 h postchallenge, the percentages of
      Ia+, Thy-1+, and Ly-5+ cells showed hardly any change. There were approximately
      2% Ia+ cells, 50% Thy-1+ cells which consist of 2 populations (i.e., 45% weakly
      Thy-1 antigen-positive cells and 4% strongly Thy-1 antigen-positive cells), and
      3.5% Ly-5+ cells. From 48 h postchallenge, however, the percentage of Ia+ cells
      and that of Thy-1+ cells began to increase and reached a plateau, with
      approximately 20% Ia+ cells and 70% Thy-1+ cells, respectively, at 120 h
      postchallenge. The change of the percentages of Ly-5+ cells appears to correspond
      to that of strongly Thy-1 antigen-positive cells. Only at 48 h postchallenge, Ly
      5+ cells and strongly Thy-1 antigen-positive cells showed a small increase in
      number, comprising approximately 10% of the epidermal cells. These data suggest
      that among Thy-1+ epidermal cells, strongly Thy-1 antigen-positive cells
      correspond to dendritic Thy-1+ epidermal cells, and in contact sensitivity
      reactions in mice, dendritic Thy-1+ epidermal cells show only a minor dynamic
      change in contrast to Ia+ cells, in which more than 15% of keratinocytes express
      Ia antigen from 48 h postchallenge.

PMID- 2875114
TI  - Ontogeny of Ia-positive and Thy-1-positive leukocytes of murine epidermis.
AB  - Murine epidermis harbors 2 populations of dendritic leukocytes: Langerhans cells
      (LC) and Thy-1-positive dendritic epidermal cells (Thy-1 +DEC). In the adult
      mouse these cell types are morphologically distinct and display highly
      characteristic phenotypes. LC bear Ia-antigens and a group of markers typical for
      mononuclear phagocytes: Fc- and C3bi-receptors, macrophage-specific antigen
      F4/80, and membrane ATPase. Thy-1 +DEC, in contrast, lack these markers but
      express high levels of Thy-1 and asialo-GM1 (asGM1) antigen. Since LC and Thy-1
      +DEC share a common origin from the bone marrow we expected to gain insight into
      their relationship by studying their ontogenetic development. Epidermal sheets
      from fetal and newborn C3H/He and C57B1/6 mice obtained at defined ages from day
      17 of gestation up to day 30 of postnatal life were monitored for the emergence
      of the above-mentioned markers for LC and Thy-1 +DEC. In double-labeling
      experiments LC markers were first detected by visualizing the monoclonal
      antibodies by a sensitive triple-layer rhodamine-immunofluorescence technique; in
      a second step, after appropriate blocking procedures, Thy-1 and asGM1 antigens
      were demonstrated by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. We found that in
      fetal epidermis, only few cells expressed either Thy-1 or Ia (4 and 1 cells/mm2,
      respectively, on day 18 of gestation). The bulk of Thy-1 +DEC and Ia +EC appeared
      only after birth. Adult proportions of Thy-1 +DEC and Ia +EC were reached at
      around 1 month of postnatal life. In contrast, all the other LC markers were
      expressed on a substantial number of fetal dendritic cells (280 cells/mm2 on day
      18 of gestation), indicating the presence of phenotypically immature Ia-negative
      LC in fetal epidermis. By day 4 of postnatal life all F4/80 +EC and ATPase +EC
      (i.e., LC) had acquired Ia-antigens. Surprisingly, LC also bore asGM1 antigens,
      which in the adult epidermis are strictly confined to Thy-1 +DEC, up to day 5 of
      postnatal life. Thus, LC in fetal and early newborn epidermis are not yet fully
      differentiated. As they differentiate, they acquire Ia antigens and lose asGM1
      antigens. In contrast, a phenotypically immature Thy-1 +DEC population could not
      be traced with the markers used. Thy-1 +DEC appear to be characterized by a
      stable phenotype (Thy-1+/asGM1+) throughout their lifetime.

PMID- 2875115
TI  - Heterogeneity of epidermal Thy-1-positive cells defined by lectin-binding sites.
AB  - A new cell type that expresses Thy-1 antigen (dendritic epidermal Thy-1-positive
      cells, d-Thy-1+ EC) was discovered in the murine epidermis in 1983. It is not
      clear, however, whether all d-Thy-1+EC represent a unitary population. We
      investigated the cell surface glycoconjugate pattern of d-Thy-1+EC using 6
      lectins: concanavalin A (Con-A), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), Ricinus
      communis agglutinin 1 (RCA-1), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ulex europaeus
      agglutinin (UEA-1), and peanut agglutinin (PNA). These lectins could be divided
      into 3 groups: lectins binding to most d-Thy-1+EC (Con-A and RCA-1); lectins
      virtually unreactive with d-Thy-1+EC (DBA and UEA-1); and lectins binding to
      subpopulation of d-Thy-1+EC (WGA and PNA). For lectins of group 1 and group 2, no
      difference was observed from strain to strain of mice (C3H/He, BALB/c, and
      C57B1/6), or from site to site of the body (back, ear, and tail). However,
      striking difference of percentage of lectin-binding d-Thy-1+EC was observed in
      group 3 lectins in the tail region compared with the back or the ear, although no
      strain difference was noted: back or ear, 83.6-95.5% with PNA, 13.6-29.6% with
      WGA in C3H; tail, 4.0-19.4% with PNA, 30.0-59.1% with WGA in C3H. These results
      indicate that d-Thy-1+EC are a heterogeneous population and that their
      distribution is different from site to site in the body.

PMID- 2875116
TI  - Dopa oxidase activity in human hair bulbs measured by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A method for measuring the dopa oxidase (DO) activity of human hair bulb
      tyrosinase has been developed and the results of this method have been compared
      with the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity of hair bulb tyrosinase for brown-,
      black-, blond-, and red-haired subjects. The method takes advantage of the rapid
      trapping of dopaquinone by cysteine with the subsequent formation of
      cysteinyldopas which can be measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. 5
      S-Cysteinyldopa (5SCD) and 2-S-cysteinyldopa (2SCD) were detected in the reaction
      products. Formation of 5SCD correlated with the TH activity over the full range
      of hair colors and enzyme activity, while 2SCD appeared to be formed
      nonenzymatically. The absolute amount of 2SCD was constant for each individual
      but did not correlate with hair color or TH activity. The formation of 5SCD was
      linear for 60 min while most of the 2SCD was formed within seconds and did not
      change with time. White hair bulbs which demonstrated no TH activity formed 2SCD,
      but not 5SCD. We conclude that tyrosinase activity can be quantitated in human
      hair bulbs by this method, and that TH and DO are coordinate functions of
      tyrosinase over a broad range of hair color and enzyme activity.

PMID- 2875117
TI  - The fetal liver as an alternative stem cell source for hemolymphopoietic
      reconstitution.
AB  - In mammalian ontogeny, the liver constitutes the primary hematopoietic organ for
      some time. Fetal liver cells (FLC) are rich in hematopoietic stem cells with a
      high proliferative potential but contain few post-thymic T cells. In animal
      studies, FLC restored hematopoiesis without severe graft-versus-host disease.
      However, genetic disparity between donor and host frequently limited durable
      engraftment and prevented or protracted complete immune reconstitution in most
      fully allogeneic recipients. Some children with severe combined immunodeficiency
      have been cured by FLC infusion, whereas favorable effects in aplastic anemia,
      acute leukemia, and inborn errors of metabolism have been limited and badly
      understood. Fetal liver transplantation in animals may serve as a model for the
      analysis and management of complications associated with the transfer of purified
      hematopoietic stem cell grafts and aid in the development of future therapeutic
      strategies requiring rapidly proliferating stem cell populations.

PMID- 2875118
TI  - Failure of bone marrow cryopreservation in chronic granulocytic leukemia:
      relation to excessive granulo-macrophagic progenitor pool.
AB  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in chronic granulocytic leukemia
      (CGL) aims at reversing the acute or acceleration phases by injection of stem
      cells collected during the chronic phase. This study was designed to explain an
      unusual rate of delayed engraftment (50%) in our experience of ABMT in CGL
      patients. We investigated all the factors possibly responsible for abnormal
      perpetuation of aplasia following infusion of cryopreserved marrow stem cells.
      The study of CFU-gm recovery in 41 bags of frozen marrow from 25 patients
      revealed an overall deficiency with a mean CFU-gm recovery of 55 +/- 38% in CGL
      patients versus 73 +/- 15% in the control group (p less than 0.001). Our data
      also showed an inverse linear relation (r = -0.40, p less than 0.05) between CFU
      gm concentration and recovery after freezing. A good CFU-gm recovery (greater
      than or equal to = 50%) was observed in 70% of cases when the concentration was
      less than 3700 CFU-gm/ml as compared to 30% of cases when the concentration was
      over 3700 CFU-gm/ml (p less than 0.001). The lack of improvement by diluting rich
      CFU-gm marrows to reduce CFU-gm concentration/ml, as well as the absence of
      relationship between CFU-gm recovery after freezing and nucleated cells
      concentration, suggest a particular fragility of CGL stem cells to freezing,
      probably related to their excessive amplification. At the present time, we
      strongly recommend that the highest possible dose of progenitor cells be
      cryopreserved, preferably at a low concentration, in patients with CGL, and
      particular attention devoted to the freezing procedure in each individual
      patient, with numerous appropriate efficiency tests.

PMID- 2875119
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type III.
AB  - Multiple oral plexiform neuromas in a 14-year-old white girl prompting screening
      of the patient with respect to the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type-III
      syndrome, verified the existence of a thyroid medullary carcinoma and the
      diagnosis MEN-type III. Total thyroidectomy was performed, but extensive tumour
      infiltration prevented radical tumour excision. The condition being relatively
      infrequent, the important life-saving role of dental practitioners and oral
      surgeons in its recognition and early diagnosis is emphasized.

PMID- 2875120
TI  - [Successful treatment of polyarteritis nodosa by plasmapheresis].

PMID- 2875121
TI  - Establishment of a continuous somatostatin-producing line of medullary thyroid
      carcinoma cells from BALB/c mice.
AB  - A continuous line of somatostatin-producing medullary thyroid carcinoma cells was
      established from a transplantable tumour in BALB/c mice. Virtually all of the
      somatostatin immunoreactivity co-chromatographed with somatostatin 14. The tumour
      cells replicated in spinner cultures with a doubling time of approximately 4
      days, and the concentration of somatostatin released into the culture medium
      increased in proportion to the number of cells. Two- to threefold increases in
      amounts of stored and released somatostatin were observed after treatment of the
      cells with bromodeoxyuridine. This cell line might be valuable for studies of
      somatostatin regulation in normal and neoplastic C-cells, and for other studies
      of C-cell biology which require a mouse model.

PMID- 2875122
TI  - Diagnosis of coronary artery disease by exercise radionuclide angiocardiography.

PMID- 2875123
TI  - Pathogenesis of scrapie: study of the temporal development of clinical symptoms,
      of infectivity titres and scrapie-associated fibrils in brains of hamsters
      infected intraperitoneally.
AB  - After an intraperitoneal infection of hamsters with scrapie agent, early low and
      constant titres of about 100 LD50/brain between days 10 to 50 were followed by a
      dramatic increase to maximum levels of 3 X 10(9) LD50/brain within about 15 days.
      The plateau of maximum infectivity remained unchanged from day 70 to the time of
      the first and final signs of disease at 95 and 123 days post-infection,
      respectively. Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) as measured by immunoblotting of
      SAF protein could not be detected before 79 days post-infection even when a total
      brain was used for analysis. Subsequently, the concentration of SAF increased
      gradually by about 100,000-fold until the time of clinical disease. The kinetics
      suggest a virus-induced amyloidosis of the brain as the cause of disease.

PMID- 2875125
TI  - Effects of antidepressants and other psychotropic drugs on melatonin release and
      pineal gland function.
AB  - Antidepressants and some other psychotropic drugs affect the synthesis and
      release of melatonin through several mechanisms. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
      inhibiting antidepressants increase pineal concentrations of the melatonin
      precursors, serotonin (5-HT) and N-acetyl serotonin (NAS), in rodents, and also
      increase pineal N-acetyl transferase activity as well as both daytime and
      nighttime plasma melatonin concentrations; they also elevate melatonin, 5-HT and
      NAS in the cerebrospinal fluid of non-human primates. In humans treated with the
      MAO-A selective inhibitor, clorgyline, or the nonselective inhibitor,
      tranylcypromine, increased plasma melatonin also occurs; in contrast, the MAO-B
      selective inhibitor, 1-deprenyl, does not affect plasma melatonin. Chronically
      administered tricyclic antidepressants with prominent effects on monoamine uptake
      and on beta-adrenoceptors reduce pineal and plasma melatonin in rodents; however,
      in two studies in depressed patients, either no change or a significant elevation
      in nocturnal plasma melatonin followed 3 to 4 weeks treatment with desipramine.
      As depressed patients in these and several other recent studies had lower
      pretreatment nighttime melatonin peaks than controls, these findings may be
      relevant to the presynaptic and receptor adaptational consequences of chronic
      antidepressant drug treatment. The significant effects on melatonin of other
      drugs which affect monoamine function and have psychotropic effects, including
      lithium, propranolol, amphetamine and several monoamine precursors, together with
      recent observations of the existence of muscarinic and benzodiazepine receptors
      in the pineal gland are in accord with previous suggestions that the study of
      pineal function and melatonin production provides a valuable model system for
      psychopharmacological investigations.

PMID- 2875124
TI  - Neural pathways and neurotransmitters affecting melatonin synthesis.
AB  - In addition to its sympathetic innervation, a mammalian pineal gland also
      receives a distinct central pinealopetal innervation. Earlier studies in rat have
      established that the photic signals originating in the retina pass via the
      retinohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, to the tuberal
      hypothalamus, over medial forebrain bundle, reticular formation, and upper
      thoracic interomediolateral cell column to the superior cervical ganglion, whose
      postganglionic sympathetic fibers, traveling along the tentorium cerebelli, enter
      the pineal gland via the conarian nerve. Recent electron microscopic analyses of
      the pineal gland of several mammalian species have revealed intrapineal nerve
      terminals different from the sympathetic ones. In addition, lesion experiments
      performed in the habenular nuclei or the posterior commissure support the central
      origin of these terminals. The intact sympathetic innervation, the functional
      beta-adrenergic receptors, and the appropriate level of norepinephrine are all
      essential prerequisites for the circadian pattern of melatonin synthesis.
      However, other receptors such as alpha-adrenergic, D2-dopaminergic, GABAergic,
      benzodiazepinergic, and glutamatergic receptors and their agonists are also able
      to modulate the synthesis of melatonin, and this function depicts dramatic
      species variation. The impact of pinealopetal projections and intrapineal neurons
      on the physiological and biochemical aspects of pineal functions awaits
      clarification.

PMID- 2875126
TI  - Synaptosomal transport of radiolabel from N-acetyl-aspartyl-[3H]glutamate
      suggests a mechanism of inactivation of an excitatory neuropeptide.
AB  - This study was undertaken to explore in synaptosomal preparations the disposition
      of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), an endogenous acidic dipeptide
      neurotransmitter candidate. Radiolabel from N-acetyl-aspartyl[3H]glutamate was
      taken up rapidly into an osmotically sensitive compartment by rat brain
      synaptosomal preparations in a sodium-, temperature-, and time-dependent manner.
      HPLC analysis of the accumulated radiolabel indicated that the bulk of the
      tritium cochromatographed with glutamic acid and not with NAAG. In contrast,
      [14C]NAAG, labeled on the N-terminal acetate, was not taken up by the
      synaptosomal preparation. All effective inhibitors of synaptosomal, Na+-dependent
      [3H]glutamate uptake were found to exhibit similar potency in inhibiting uptake
      of tritium derived from [3H]NAAG. However, certain alpha-linked acidic
      dipeptides, structurally similar to NAAG, as well as the potent convulsant
      quisqualic acid inhibited synaptosomal transport of [3H]NAAG but were ineffective
      as inhibitors of [3H]glutamate transport. Together with a demonstration of
      disparities between the regional accumulation of radiolabel from [3H]NAAG and
      high-affinity [3H]glutamate uptake, these data suggest the presence in brain of a
      specific peptidase targeting carboxy-terminal glutamate-containing dipeptides
      that may be coupled to the Na+-dependent glutamate transporter. These findings
      provide a possible mechanism for NAAG inactivation subsequent to its release from
      nerve endings.

PMID- 2875128
TI  - Transport of cysteate by synaptosomes isolated from rat brain: evidence that it
      utilizes the same transporter as aspartate, glutamate, and cysteine sulfinate.
AB  - Synaptosomes isolated from rat brain accumulated cysteic acid by a high-affinity
      transport system (Km = 12.3 +/- 2.1 microM; Vmax = 2.5 nmol mg protein-1 min-1).
      This uptake was competitively inhibited by aspartate (Ki = 13.3 +/- 1.8 microM)
      and cysteine sulfinate (Ki = 13.3 +/- 2.3 microM). Addition of extrasynaptosomal
      cysteate, aspartate, or cysteine sulfinate to synaptosomes loaded with
      [35S]cysteate induced rapid efflux of the cysteate. This efflux occurred via
      stoichiometric exchange of amino acids with half-maximal rates at 5.0 +/- 1.1
      microM aspartate or 8.0 +/- 1.3 microM cysteine sulfinate. Conversely, added
      extrasynaptosomal cysteate exchanged for endogenous aspartate and glutamate with
      half-maximal rates at 5.0 +/- 0.4 microM cysteate. In the steady state after
      maximal accumulation of cysteate, the intrasynaptosomal cysteate concentrations
      exceeded the extrasynaptosomal concentrations by up to 10,000-fold. The measured
      concentration ratios were the same, within experimental error, as those for
      aspartate and glutamate. Depolarization, with either high [K+] or veratridine, of
      the plasma membranes of synaptosomes loaded with cysteate caused parallel release
      of cysteate, aspartate, and glutamate. It is concluded that neurons transport
      cysteate, cysteine sulfinate, aspartate, and glutamate with the same transport
      system. This transport system catalyzes homoexchange and heteroexchange as well
      as net uptake and release of all these amino acids.

PMID- 2875127
TI  - Characterization of L-glutamate binding sites in rat spinal cord synaptic
      membranes: evidence for multiple chloride ion-dependent sites.
AB  - The effects of various ions on L-glutamate (L-Glu) binding sites (Na+-dependent,
      Cl(-)-dependent, and Cl(-)-independent) in synaptic plasma membranes (SPM)
      isolated from rat spinal cord and forebrain were examined. Cl(-)-dependent
      binding sites were over twofold higher in spinal cord (Bmax = 152 +/- 34 pmol/mg
      protein) as compared to forebrain SPM (Bmax = 64 +/- 12 pmol/mg protein). Na+
      dependent binding, on the other hand, was nearly sixfold less in spinal cord
      (Bmax = 74 +/- 10 pmol/mg protein) compared to forebrain SPM (408 +/- 26 pmol/mg
      protein). Uptake of L-Glu (Na+-dependent) was also eightfold less in the P2
      fraction from spinal cord relative to forebrain (Vmax of 2.89 and 22.3 pmol/mg
      protein/min, respectively). The effects of Na+, K+, NH4+, and Ca2+ on L-Glu
      binding sites were similar in both regions of the CNS. In addition, in spinal
      cord membranes, Br-, I-, and NO3- were equivalent to Cl- in their capacity to
      stimulate L-Glu binding, whereas F- and CO3- were less effective. Cl(-)-dependent
      L-Glu binding in spinal cord membranes consisted of two distinct sites. The
      predominant site (74% of the total) had characteristics similar to the Cl(-)
      dependent binding site in forebrain membranes [i.e., Ki values of 5.7 +/- 1.4
      microM and 119 +/- 38 nM for 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4) and quisqualic
      acid, (QUIS), respectively]. The other Cl(-)-dependent site was unaffected by AP4
      but was blocked by QUIS (Ki = 14.2 +/- 4.8 microM).

PMID- 2875129
TI  - Effects of arachidonic acid on glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake in
      primary cultures of rat cerebral cortical astrocytes and neurons.
AB  - The effects of arachidonic acid on glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      uptake were studied in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons prepared from
      rat cerebral cortex. The uptake rates of glutamate and GABA in astrocytic
      cultures were 10.4 nmol/mg protein/min and 0.125 nmol/mg protein/min,
      respectively. The uptake rates of glutamate and GABA in neuronal cultures were
      3.37 nmol/mg protein/min and 1.53 nmol/mg protein/min. Arachidonic acid inhibited
      glutamate uptake in both astrocytes and neurons. The inhibitory effect was
      observed within 10 min of incubation with arachidonic acid and reached
      approximately 80% within 120 min in both types of culture. The arachidonic acid
      effect was not only time-dependent, but also dose-related. Arachidonic acid, at
      concentrations of 0.015 and 0.03 mumol/mg protein, significantly inhibited
      glutamate uptake in neurons, whereas 20 times higher concentrations were required
      for astrocytes. The effects of arachidonic acid were not as deleterious on GABA
      uptake as on glutamate uptake in both astrocytes and neurons. In astrocytes, GABA
      uptake was not affected by any of the doses of arachidonic acid studied (0.015
      0.6 mumol/mg protein). In neuronal cultures, GABA uptake was inhibited, but not
      to the same degree observed with glutamate uptake. Lower doses of arachidonic
      acid (0.03 and 0.015 mumol/mg protein) did not affect neuronal GABA uptake. Other
      polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, affected amino acid
      uptake in a manner similar to arachidonic acid in both astrocytes and neurons.
      However, saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, exerted no such effect.
      The significance of the arachidonic acid-induced inhibition of neurotransmitter
      uptake in cultured brain cells in various pathological states is discussed.

PMID- 2875130
TI  - Investigation of dopamine content, synthesis, and release in the rabbit retina in
      vitro: II. Effects of high potassium, adenylate cyclase activators, and N-n
      propyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine.
AB  - The modulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA) synthesis and
      release in rabbit retina in vitro by high K+; adenylate cyclase activators such
      as forskolin, 2-chloroadenosine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP); and the
      putative DA autoreceptor agonist N-n-propyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine (3
      PPP) has been investigated. Incubation of retinas in 50 mM K+ resulted in the
      activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Activation did not require the presence
      of extracellular Ca2+. K+ 50 mM also induced a Ca2+-dependent release of DA.
      Forskolin 50 microM stimulated TH but 100 microM 2-chloroadenosine and 650 nM VIP
      did not. Individually, (+)-3-PPP, (-)-3-PPP, and (+/-)-3-PPP reduced DA synthesis
      and increased its release. The effects of (+/-)-3-PPP were dose-dependent and did
      not require the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The activation of TH induced by
      50 mM K+, but not that induced by 50 microM forskolin, was abolished by 100
      microM (+/-)-3-PPP.

PMID- 2875131
TI  - Characteristics of the beta-adrenoreceptor from neuronal and glial cells in
      primary cultures of rat brain.
AB  - The cellular characteristics of the beta-adrenoreceptor in glial and neuronal
      cells from the newborn rat brain were determined by (-)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol
      binding. In membranes from both cell types, the binding was saturable and from
      competition assays the potency series of (-)-isoproterenol greater than (-)
      epinephrine = (-)-norepinephrine greater than (+)-isoproterenol was observed. 5'
      Guanylyl-imidodiphosphate reduced the affinity of (-)-isoproterenol for the beta
      adrenoreceptor from glial cells but had no effect on agonist affinity in neuronal
      cells. Chronic treatment of both cell types with (-)-isoproterenol reduced the
      receptor content and the capacity of the agonist to increase the cellular cyclic
      AMP content. However, the receptor recovery after chronic agonist treatment was
      faster in glial cells (72 h) than neuronal cells (120 h) and was blocked by
      cycloheximide. Treatment of both types with the irreversible beta-blocker
      bromoacetylalprenololmentane (2 microM) reduced the receptor content by 78% but
      no receptor recovery was observed for 120 h after the initial receptor loss. The
      data indicated that the majority of beta-adrenoreceptors in both cell types are
      the beta-1 subtype, but show some differences in receptor-agonist interactions.
      Furthermore, these CNS cells may be useful models for regulatory studies on the
      beta-adrenoreceptor.

PMID- 2875132
TI  - The clinical phenomenon of akathisia.
AB  - The subjective and motor phenomena of neuroleptic-induced akathisia were studied
      in two different populations of psychiatric patients. Thirty nine (41%) of 95
      patients attending community psychiatric centres and psychiatric day hospitals
      experienced a compulsion to move about, and 52 (55%) complained of restlessness
      of the body. Of 842 psychiatric in-patients 159 found to have marked hyperkinesis
      were divided into three groups; group 1 with motor restlessness, and a subjective
      desire to move about or marching on the spot (27 patients), group 2 with choreo
      athetotic movements and motor restlessness (79 patients) and an indeterminate
      group 3 (53), bearing more similarities to group 1 than group 2. Motor
      disturbances associated with akathisia were repeated leg crossing, swinging of
      one leg, lateral knee movements, sliding of the feet and rapid walking.

PMID- 2875133
TI  - The organization and solubility properties of intermediate filaments and
      microtubules of cortical astrocytes in culture.
AB  - The organization of intermediate filaments (IF) and microtubules (MT) and the
      solubility of intermediate filament proteins and tubulin in astrocytes which
      develop from cerebral hemispheres of neonatal rats in culture were examined using
      immunocytochemical and immunochemical approaches. Results of immunocytochemical
      studies demonstrated that in flat astrocytes which develop after 3 weeks of
      culturing in serum-supplemented medium, the IF containing vimentin and glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are concentrated around the nucleus and
      dispersed in an irregular fashion throughout the cytoplasm. Astrocytes which
      develop in serum-free hormonally-defined medium irrespective of whether they are
      bipolar, multipolar or flattened, have IF organized as a fibrous network of
      filaments distributed from the nuclear regions to the cell periphery. Under both
      culture conditions, vimentin and GFAP are resistant to extraction with low salt
      buffer containing nonionic detergent, indicating that the different cytoplasmic
      distribution of IF is unrelated to the solubility properties of vimentin and
      GFAP. Double immunolabelling experiments with polyclonal antibody to GFAP and
      monoclonal antibody to each alpha-tubulin or beta-tubulin reveal an extensive
      codistribution and parallel organization of IF and MT in all morphological types
      of astrocytes studied. Stabilization of MT with taxol, or depolymerization of MT
      with colchicine, cause dramatic changes in the distribution of IF and inhibit the
      extension of astrocyte processes in response to dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP). In
      early stages of treatment with dBcAMP, renewal of culture medium without dBcAMP
      produces a rapid and permanent retraction of astrocyte processes, whereas in
      later stages the processes only retract partially and are then restored and
      maintained for several days in the absence of dBcAMP. The retraction of processes
      is accompanied by changes of immunocytochemical staining of IF with antibody to
      GFAP, which appears more intense and diffuse. However, electrophoretic and
      immunoblot analyses of detergent-extracted proteins from parallel cultures
      demonstrate that neither the amount nor the solubility of GFAP and vimentin are
      changed. Detergent extraction in MT stabilizing conditions shows that a
      substantial proportion of tubulin in astrocytes cultured in serum-containing and
      serum-free media is assembled into MT, most of which depolymerize on treatment
      with low temperature and Ca2+. Following long exposure to dBcAMP the proportion
      of cold/Ca2+-stable MT increases. The results suggest that the IF of astrocytes
      in culture are dependent on MT with respect to their cytoplasmic
      distribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875134
TI  - Fresh cell therapy followed by fatal coma.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman received a 3-day course of nine injections of "fresh" cells
      from fetal lamb ovary, placenta, brain (hypothalamus) and liver. There were no
      immediate complications, but a few days later she developed headache, fever and
      hemiparesis. She subsequently fell into a coma and died 3 weeks after her fresh
      cell therapy and 2 weeks after the onset of her clinical symptoms. Autopsy
      revealed perivenous leucoencephalopathy with a probably steroid-treatment-induced
      paucity of perivascular inflammation. Fresh cell therapy, clinical symptomatology
      and morphological findings suggest, though do not prove, that this patient's
      monophasic and probably immune-mediated disease is a rare fatal complication of
      fresh cell therapy.

PMID- 2875135
TI  - In vitro release and electrophysiological effects in situ of homocysteic acid, an
      endogenous N-methyl-(D)-aspartic acid agonist, in the mammalian striatum.
AB  - A potassium-induced, calcium-dependent release of endogenous homocysteic acid
      (HCA) from rat striatal slices was demonstrated. A precolumn derivatization high
      performance liquid chromatography method was developed that allowed quantitative
      determination of sulfur-containing amino acids at the picomole level.
      Intracellular recordings from cat caudate neurons during simultaneous
      microiontophoretic application of drugs and electrical stimulation of the
      corticocaudate pathway showed that (L)-HCA evoked a depolarization pattern
      similar to that induced by N-methyl-(D)-aspartic acid (NMDA), and both these
      depolarizations could be selectively inhibited by a specific NMDA antagonist, (D)
      2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid [(D)-AP-7]. A selective antagonism of (L)-HCA
      induced depolarizations by (D)-AP-7 was confirmed in quantitative experiments
      with the frog hemisected spinal cord in vitro. Small quantities of
      iontophoretically applied (L)-HCA, but not of quisqualate, potentiated cortically
      evoked EPSPs in cat caudate neurons. These observations suggest that (L)-HCA
      might be a candidate as an NMDA-receptor-preferring endogenous transmitter in the
      caudate nucleus. One possible function for such transmitter systems could be the
      enhancement of EPSPs.

PMID- 2875136
TI  - Actions of pentobarbital on rat brain receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Functional receptor channels activated by GABA and other neurotransmitters were
      "transplanted" from rat brain to Xenopus oocytes by injecting the oocytes with
      total poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from rat or chick brain. Membrane currents elicited
      in the oocyte by GABA inverted polarity at about the chloride equilibrium
      potential (ca. -25 mV). Pentobarbital potentiated the GABA-activated currents,
      without appreciably changing the reversal potential or form of the current
      voltage relationship. At low (less than 10(-5) M) concentrations of GABA,
      pentobarbital (100 microM) potentiated the responses by a factor of 10 or more,
      but responses to high (ca. 1 mM) concentrations of GABA were almost unchanged.
      Half-maximal activation of the response was obtained with about 3 X 10(-5) M GABA
      when applied alone and with about 4 X 10(-6) M GABA when applied together with
      100 microM pentobarbital. At low doses of GABA, the size of the current increased
      as the 1.4th power of GABA concentration, but this relationship became nearly
      linear in the presence of pentobarbital. The potentiation of the GABA response
      increased linearly with concentrations of pentobarbital up to about 300 microM,
      reaching a maximum of about 50-fold. At higher concentrations of pentobarbital,
      the response to GABA declined. Relaxations of GABA-activated currents following
      voltage steps became slower in the presence of pentobarbital, suggesting that the
      open life-time of the channels was prolonged. In addition to actions on GABA
      activated currents, pentobarbital itself elicited a small membrane current that
      inverted polarity at a potential (-10 mV) more positive than the GABA-activated
      current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875137
TI  - Topography of NPY-, somatostatin-, and VIP-immunoreactive, neuronal
      subpopulations in the guinea pig celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion and their
      projection to the pylorus.
AB  - The topography of the peptidergic neuronal subpopulations in the guinea pig
      celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion was studied analyzing the distribution of
      immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/polypeptide HI (PHI). For comparison, the ganglion
      was also studied using antisera against the 2 catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Approximately 65%
      of the neuronal cell bodies contained NPY-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI), whereas
      25% of the principal ganglion cells contained SOM-like immunoreactivity (SOM-LI).
      Though occasional cells were found to contain both NPY-LI and SOM-LI, these
      peptides had a complementary distribution in the ganglion, with NPY cells in the
      celiac poles and SOM cells in the superior mesenteric pole. The vast majority of
      both the NPY- and SOM-positive cells also contained TH-like immunoreactivity (TH
      LI), confirming their catecholaminergic, presumably noradrenergic, nature. Some
      noradrenergic neurons seemed to lack NPY- and SOM-LI. Small numbers of VIP/PHI
      containing cell bodies were found in areas where the NPY-immunoreactive neurons
      predominated. Many of the VIP/PHI-positive cells contained NPY-LI and
      occasionally also TH-LI. The immunohistochemical markers were also observed in
      fibers. Thus, a comparatively weak NPY-LI was seen in smooth fibers, probably
      representing axons and axon bundles. SOM-LI was seen in a similar type of fiber
      but also in more strongly fluorescent fibers with a varicose appearance. The
      latter fibers were observed only in the SOM-dominated part of the ganglion, often
      surrounding the ganglion cells. Varicose fibers with a similar distribution
      containing DBH-like immunoreactivity (DBH-LI) were also seen. In addition, DBH-
      and TH-LI were seen in smooth axonlike processes. VIP-positive fibers exhibited a
      very dense fiber network, almost exclusively related to the SOM cell-dominated
      part of the ganglion. The projection of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons
      was studied with special reference to the pylorus using a combination of
      retrograde axonal tracing and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Seventy-two
      hours after injection of the fluorescent tracer Fast Blue into the pyloric
      sphincter, labeled neurons were found in the ganglion. By comparing the Fast Blue
      labeled cells with the immunoreactive cell bodies, neurons containing both dye
      and NPY- or SOM-LI were observed. In elution-restaining experiments, it was
      established that the majority of these cells were also immunoreactive to TH,
      indicating that they produce noradrenaline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875138
TI  - Respiratory motoneuronal activity is altered by injections of picomoles of
      glutamate into cat brain stem.
AB  - The local neural circuitry underlying the control of breathing was studied by
      injecting nanoliter volumes of excitatory amino acids into discrete regions of
      cat brain stem. Experiments were performed on chloralose-urethane anesthetized,
      vagotomized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats. Phrenic, intercostal,
      and recurrent laryngeal nerve discharges were recorded. Multibarrel pipettes were
      used for recording and pressure ejection of drugs or a dye for marking recording
      and ejection sites. Ejected volumes were directly monitored for every injection.
      Injections, proximal to neurons discharging with a respiratory periodicity, of as
      little of 200 fmol of L-glutamate in 200 pl of saline elicited marked, site
      specific increases or decreases in respiratory motoneuronal discharge. N-Methyl-D
      aspartic acid and homocysteic acid elicited similar site-specific alterations in
      respiratory motor output, although some details of the response could differ
      qualitatively. Responses to all the excitatory agents used were attenuated by
      concurrent injection of kynurenic acid, DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, or
      glutamic acid diethyl ester. There was no change in spontaneous phrenic nerve
      discharge in response to injections of equivalent or larger volumes of saline or
      lidocaine. These results indicate a heterogeneity in the spatial organization of
      the brain-stem neural circuitry underlying respiratory control, which has not
      been described previously. This injection technique may provide a mechanism for
      probing the neural circuitry underlying other behaviors.

PMID- 2875139
TI  - Actions of opioids on primate spinothalamic tract neurons.
AB  - The effects of iontophoretically applied opiates were tested on 24 spinothalamic
      tract cells in 12 anesthetized monkeys. The drugs used were chosen because of
      their agonist actions on different classes of opiate receptors (mu, morphine;
      kappa, dynorphin; delta, methionine enkephalinamide; sigma, N-allylnormetazocine
      or SKF 10047 and phencyclidine). The actions of the opiate drugs were generally
      inhibitory, although excitatory or mixed effects were sometimes seen, especially
      with morphine and dynorphin. Drug effects could change, depending on the position
      of the iontophoretic electrode array or on the current employed. Naloxone
      sometimes antagonized the action of the opiate drugs used, but naloxone did not
      seem to be a drug suited for iontophoretic application. A number of explanations
      are discussed to explain the variable actions of the opiate drugs.

PMID- 2875140
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat parabrachial region: ultrastructural localization
      and extrinsic sources of immunoreactivity.
AB  - We sought to determine the ultrastructural localization and the extrinsic sources
      of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in the
      lateral parabrachial region (PBR) of adult male rats. In the first portion of the
      study, a rabbit antiserum to TH was immunocytochemically localized in coronal
      sections through the lateral PBR from acrolein-fixed brains using the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method. Electron-microscopic analysis revealed that perikarya and
      dendrites with peroxidase immunoreactivity for TH constituted only 17% of the
      total labeled profiles. Afferents to the TH-labeled perikarya and dendrites
      usually failed to exhibit immunoreactivity and were thus considered
      noncatecholaminergic. Somatic synapses were most commonly detected on small
      immunoreactive perikarya in the central lateral nucleus of the PBR. Other labeled
      perikarya located in the dorsal lateral or ventral lateral nuclei received few
      somatic synapses and were morphologically distinct in terms of their larger size,
      infolded nuclear membrane, and abundance of cytoplasmic organelles. Axons and
      axon terminals with peroxidase immunoreactivity constituted the remaining labeled
      profiles in the lateral PBR. These terminals primarily formed symmetric synapses
      with unlabeled and a few labeled dendrites. The labeled axon terminals were
      categorized into 2 types: Type I was small (0.3-0.6 micron), contained many small
      clear vesicles, and exhibited few well-defined synaptic densities. The second
      type was large (0.8-1.4 micron), contained both small clear and large dense core
      vesicles, and exhibited well-defined synaptic densities. The 2 types of terminals
      were morphologically similar to dopaminergic terminals. The location of
      catecholaminergic neurons contributing to the TH-labeled terminals was determined
      by combining peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry for TH with retrograde
      transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP).
      The tracer was unilaterally injected into the PBR of anesthetized adult rats.
      Immunocytochemical labeling for TH was seen as a brown reaction product within
      neurons in known catecholaminergic cell groups. A black granular reaction product
      formed by a cobalt-intensified and diaminobenzidine-stabilized tetramethyl
      benzidine reaction for WGA-HRP was evident within many TH-labeled and unlabeled
      neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875141
TI  - Effects of capsaicin on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet.
AB  - Effects of capsaicin, a pungent principle of hot red pepper, were studied in
      experiments using male rats fed a diet containing 30% lard. Capsaicin was
      supplemented at 0.014% of the diet. The level of serum triglyceride was lower
      when capsaicin was present in the diet than when it was not. Levels of serum
      cholesterol and pre-beta-lipoprotein were not affected by the supplementation of
      capsaicin. The perirenal adipose tissue weight was lower when capsaicin was
      present in the diet than when it was not. Hepatic enzyme activities of glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase and adipose lipoprotein lipase were lower in rats fed the
      30% lard diet than in those fed a nonpurified diet. Activities of these two
      enzymes were higher when capsaicin was added to the diet than when it was not.
      Hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and adipose
      hormone-sensitive lipase activities were not affected by capsaicin feeding. Lipid
      absorption was not affected by the supplementation of capsaicin. The perirenal
      adipose tissue weight and serum triglyceride were decreased as the level of
      capsaicin in the diet increased up to 0.021%. These results suggest that
      capsaicin stimulates lipid mobilization from adipose tissue and lowers the
      perirenal adipose tissue weight and serum triglyceride concentration in lard-fed
      rats.

PMID- 2875142
TI  - Activities of cerebral dihydropteridine reductase and tyrosine hydroxylase in
      chronic uremia in rats.
AB  - The effect of chronic uremia on activities of cerebral dihydropteridine reductase
      (DHPR) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and content of norepinephrine and dopamine
      was investigated in the male Sprague-Dawley rats. The uremic animals were fed
      diets containing either 8% or 18% casein ad libitum, and sham-operated pair-fed
      and ad libitum fed animals were used as controls. There were no significant
      differences in TH activity between the groups fed the two levels of protein.
      Uremic rats had lower activity of TH than pair-fed controls, and pair-fed
      controls had lower activity than ad libitum-fed animals. DHPR activity and
      norepinephrine and dopamine content did not differ among the groups. Our study
      suggests that the chronic uremic condition or restricted feeding causes a
      decrease in brain TH activity which is not mediated by decreased DHPR activity.
      Further, this decreased enzyme activity does not result in depressed
      catecholamine content, indicating the presence of a highly regulated mechanism
      controlling catecholamine levels.

PMID- 2875143
TI  - A review of conscious sedation with orally administered benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2875144
TI  - Elucidation of cellular population and nature of anti-amoebic antibodies in
      cytotoxicity to Entamoeba histolytica (NIH:200).
AB  - Interactions between trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica and cells of the
      immune system were studied in vitro by mixing effector cells obtained from normal
      and immunized guinea pigs with trophozoites in a ratio of 10:1. Crude amoebic
      extract (CAE) and its highest molecular weight (MW 650,000) fraction (F-I) were
      used for priming the effector cells in vivo. The effector cells were collected
      from the spleens of normal and immunized animals. Lymphocytes were prepared by
      allowing splenic mononuclear cells to adhere to plastic, followed by passage
      through nylon wool column. There was no significant difference between the
      killing capacity of mononuclear cells, monocyte depleted mononuclear cells or
      nylon wool fractionated lymphocytes, indicating that probably monocytes and B
      cells were not involved in the cytotoxicity against E. histolytica. The data
      suggest that effector cells probably belonged to the T-cytotoxic and K-cell
      category. Both CAE and F-I sensitization could induce cytotoxicity of lymphocytes
      against trophozoites. Similarly, anti-CAE and anti-F-I sera were found to enhance
      the killing capacity of effector cells in vitro. The ability of anti-amoebic
      serum to induce cytotoxicity was found to be independent of complement
      involvement and resided in IgG but not in IgM.

PMID- 2875145
TI  - Undescended testis: the effect of treatment on subsequent risk of subfertility
      and malignancy.
AB  - The literature was reviewed for information on the long-term effects of
      cryptorchidism on fertility and cancer incidence. In unilateral cryptorchidism,
      treatment policies of orchidopexy alone, or of human chorionic gonadotrophin
      (hCG) therapy followed, if necessary, by orchidopexy, have resulted in similar
      levels of reduced fertility (15% azoospermia, and an additional 30% oligospermia,
      ie, sperm count less than 20 X 10(6)/mL). Very similar results were observed in
      unilateral cryptorchid men who had had no treatment (and were still cryptorchid
      at semen examination). In contrast, no untreated bilaterally cryptorchid men have
      normal fertility (sperm count greater than 20 X 10(6)/mL), whereas of those
      treated, a quarter have normal fertility. In some series, as many as half of the
      bilateral cryptorchid testes descended following hormonal treatment; a finding
      that could be attributed, at least in part, to the frequent difficulty in
      deciding on clinical examination, whether these testes are truly cryptorchid.
      There is little evidence that operation early rather than late within the age
      range of 4 to 14 years has any effect on subsequent fertility. Histologic studies
      suggest that orchidopexy should be carried out before age 2, but there are almost
      no follow-up data with which to evaluate the results of early operation. Since
      there is evidence that orchidopexy may result in testicular atrophy in a small
      proportion of cases, a trial of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) may
      be advisable. There is little information available concerning the effect of age
      at orchidopexy on the subsequent risk of testicular cancer. Testes that cannot be
      brought into the scrotum should be excised.

PMID- 2875146
TI  - A study of powder adhesion to metal surfaces during compression of effervescent
      pharmaceutical tablets.
AB  - Effervescent tablets were produced using four different formulations containing
      citric and/or tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate with povidone and macrogol
      6000. The same formulations were prepared with the addition of 1% sucrose ester
      powder. The adhesion of each formulation to the metal faces of tableting machine
      punch tips was determined using electron microscopy, surface roughness
      measurements and quantification of punch weight variations during tablet
      production. The basic formulations were inherently adhesive and produced tablets
      with a weak, porous structure which were qualitatively and quantitatively rougher
      than conventional, non-effervescent compressed tablets. Both formulations
      containing tartaric acid produced tablets with a lower surface roughness and with
      less tendency to stick to tablet punch faces than the two formulations containing
      citric acid alone. The addition of a water-soluble sucrose ester had a beneficial
      effect especially on the formulations with inherently high adhesive tendencies.

PMID- 2875147
TI  - Self-association of local anaesthetic drugs in aqueous solution.
AB  - The aggregation characteristics of a series of local anaesthetic drugs in water
      and electrolyte solution have been examined using total intensity light
      scattering, photon correlation spectroscopy and vapour pressure osmometry. The
      association of cinchocaine hydrochloride was micellar. An appreciable increase in
      the effective diffusion coefficient as solutions of cinchocaine were diluted
      close to the critical micelle concentration was observed and has been discussed.
      The association of amethocaine hydrochloride could be described using a co
      operative stepwise association model. No association could be detected in water
      or 0.1 mol dm-3 electrolyte for butacaine hemisulphate and the hydrochlorides of
      procaine, proparacaine, mepivacaine, lignocaine, bupivacaine and prilocaine at
      drug concentrations of less than 0.2 mol dm-3.

PMID- 2875148
TI  - Calculations of pH for complex mixtures of acids, bases and ampholytes.

PMID- 2875149
TI  - Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, niosomes, as a delivery system for the anti
      leishmanial drug, sodium stibogluconate.
AB  - Liver and serum concentrations of antimony in the mouse have been determined
      after administration of sodium stibogluconate in the free, liposomal and niosomal
      form. High liver and low serum values were attained by the use of both vesicular
      formulations. Niosomal sodium stibogluconate was shown to be more active than
      free drug against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis, an effect
      apparently dependent on maintaining high drug levels in the infected
      reticuloendothelial system.

PMID- 2875150
TI  - Chromatographic separation of thioridazine sulphoxide and N-oxide
      diastereoisomers: identification as metabolites in the rat.
AB  - (+/-)-Thioridazine and (+/-)-desmethylthioridazine have been oxidized to produce
      a number of chiral sulphoxide and amine oxide compounds. Diastereoisomeric
      isomers were separated by thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography.
      Thioridazine-5-sulphoxide, N-desmethylthioridazine-5-sulphoxide and thioridazine
      N-oxide diastereoisomers were found to be thioridazine metabolites following
      dosing in rats or after in-vitro incubation with rat liver homogenate.

PMID- 2875151
TI  - Electrokinetic properties of endotoxins and their significance for the limulus
      amoebocyte lysate test.
AB  - The electrokinetic properties of the endotoxins of Escherichia coli and Serratia
      marcescens have been examined. Both endotoxins are negatively charged, with the
      zetapotential being increased by the presence of cations whose relative influence
      resembles the Schulze-Hardy rule for colloid stability. Fe3+ and Th4+ ions are
      capable of reversing the negative charge of the endotoxin particles to positive.
      These cations were found to have a strong inhibitory effect on the activity of
      endotoxins in the limulus amoebocyte lysate test but the inhibitory effect did
      not parallel changes in the zetapotential because the effect occurred at
      concentrations too low to affect this parameter.

PMID- 2875152
TI  - Evaluation of the percutaneous absorption and metabolism of some
      aminopropiophenones.
AB  - The absorption of diethylpropion (DEP I), dimethylpropion (DMP I) and some of
      their basic metabolites into and passage through the skin was investigated and a
      comparison of their metabolism following oral and percutaneous administration
      made. High percentages (60-80%) of DEP I and its metabolites and a small
      percentage of DMP I and its metabolites were taken up into the skin in less than
      2 min--the remaining percentages of the compounds were absorbed into the skin by
      a first order process. The rate of appearance of the compounds in the blood,
      which reflects their rate of passage through the skin, did not correlated with
      their rate of absorption into the skin. More metabolism occurred with all the
      compounds after their oral administration than after their percutaneous
      application.

PMID- 2875153
TI  - Locomotion and stereotyped behaviours induced by 1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane
      (D 145) and apomorphine in the rat: a comparison.
AB  - The locomotion and stereotyped behaviours induced by the two dopamine agonists, 1
      amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane (D 145) and apomorphine in rats have been
      investigated using a holeboard apparatus. Unlike apomorphine, D 145 did not
      induce compulsive gnawing, but it did induce locomotion dose-dependently.
      However, the pattern of locomotion was different from that induced by apomorphine
      and the locomotion itself was potently antagonized by haloperidol but not by
      sulpiride; this is the opposite to apomorphine-induced locomotion. This indicates
      that locomotion induced by dopamine agonists is not a unitary phenomenon but that
      different 'types' of locomotion, with different pharmacological properties, can
      be induced. Low doses of D 145, given before apomorphine, reduced apomorphine
      induced gnawing and enhanced apomorphine-induced locomotion. The long lasting
      'priming' effect known to occur after repetitive injections of apomorphine was
      not mimicked by D 145. Apomorphine and D 145 are considered to be two specific DA
      agonists; their behavioural-pharmacological profiles, however, are quite
      different.

PMID- 2875154
TI  - Brittle fracture propensity measurements on 'tablet-sized' cylindrical compacts.
AB  - The brittle fracture propensity test which was originally designed for large,
      square compacts with a central hole has been modified and extended to compacts of
      'tablet-sized' dimensions. This allows a brittle fracture propensity (BFP) index
      to be measured at strain rates and conditions approaching those normally used in
      tableting. The BFP indices for microcrystalline cellulose, Tablettose and heavy
      magnesium carbonate were evaluated at punch velocities of 3.33 and 200 mm s-1 and
      found to be in good agreement with the results of previous workers.

PMID- 2875155
TI  - Localized cracking around pigment particles in tablet film coatings: a
      theoretical approach.
AB  - The problem of localized cracking around pigment particles in tablet film
      coatings has been treated as being analogous to stress cracking in two phase
      ceramics. For this purpose a simple model of a spherical cavity in an infinite
      isotropic medium has been used. As well as allowing the estimation of the
      stresses generated by the differences in thermal expansion of the dispersed
      pigment and the polymer matrix, the model predicts the effect of some formulation
      variables. The predictions are in agreement with the observed cracking on film
      coated tablets.

PMID- 2875156
TI  - The disposition of pyrimethamine in the rat isolated perfused liver: the effect
      of suramin.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine (0.5 mg) were determined in the rat
      isolated perfused liver in the presence of suramin (17.75 mg). The clearance,
      half life, area under the curve, and volume of distribution of pyrimethamine were
      unaffected by the concurrent administration of suramin, as was the hepatic sub
      cellular disposition of the drug. This report is of relevance to the future
      concurrent administration of suramin and pyrimethamine in West Africa.

PMID- 2875158
TI  - Saliva secretion of chloroquine in man.
AB  - The presence of chloroquine in saliva from seven healthy volunteers for 21 days
      after a single 600 mg oral dose of the drug was established by chromatographic
      and spectroscopic methods. The results showed the drug to be rapidly absorbed
      with a tmax in saliva of 3.9 +/- 1.6 h. A long elimination half-life of 7-20
      days, calculated from the saliva concentration-time profile, is in agreement with
      values previously reported for the drug using plasma level data. In three of the
      volunteers from whom simultaneous blood samples were obtained, the mean Cs/Cp
      value was 1.20 +/- 0.27. It is suggested that saliva level determination may be
      used in evaluating patient compliance, therapeutic drug monitoring and
      pharmacokinetic parameters of chloroquine.

PMID- 2875157
TI  - Diuretic effect of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, a noradrenaline precursor,
      in rats and mice.
AB  - L-Threo-DOPS, a noradrenaline (NA) precursor, produced a dose-dependent increase
      in the volume of urine in mice and rats. It also increased the total output of
      sodium and chloride ions, but not the excretion of potassium ion. Treatment with
      peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors antagonized not only the diuretic action, but
      also the increase in the concentration of kidney NA produced by L-threo-DOPS.
      These results suggest that the diuretic action of L-threo-DOPS might not be due
      to its direct action, but largely to NA formed by its decarboxylation in the
      kidney.

PMID- 2875159
TI  - Hyperphagia caused by muscimol injection in the nucleus raphe dorsalis of rats:
      its control by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - Muscimol injection in the nucleus raphe dorsalis caused intense eating by rats
      with access to food. A dose-related reduction of muscimol's effect was found
      after bilateral injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens
      (dose range 2.2-8.8 micrograms in 2 microliter) but no effect was observed when
      an even higher dose (17.6 micrograms) of 5-HT was injected in the caudate
      putamen. Eating by food-deprived rats was not changed by any dose of 5-HT
      injected either into the nucleus accumbens or the caudate putamen. (+)
      Norfenfluramine, 20 micrograms, injected in the nucleus accumbens also reduced
      muscimol-induced eating but had no effect on the food intake of starved rats. The
      results suggest an important role of 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens in the control
      of certain types of hyperphagia in rats.

PMID- 2875160
TI  - Effects of chloroquine and didesethylchloroquine on rabbit myocardium and
      mitochondria.
AB  - The effects of chloroquine and didesethylchloroquine on the rabbit isolated
      perfused heart and on calcium binding and accumulating ability of the heart
      mitochondria were investigated. The drugs produced negative chronotropy, negative
      inotropy and a decrease in coronary flow rate in the isolated perfused
      myocardium. Both chloroquine and didesethylchloroquine significantly decreased
      mitochondrial calcium binding and accumulation. These results suggest that the
      cardiodepressant actions of chloroquine could be due in part to alterations in
      the calcium accumulating abilities of the mitochondrial membranes, and that
      didesethylchloroquine, among other metabolites, does contribute significantly to
      the total observed effect of chloroquine on the cardiovascular system.

PMID- 2875161
TI  - The ability of amine N-methyltransferases from rabbit liver to N-methylate
      azaheterocycles.
AB  - The substrate specificity of two homogeneous amine N-methyltransferases from
      rabbit liver has been demonstrated to extend to the azaheterocycles pyridine, R
      (+)-nicotine and S-(-)-nicotine. Both enzymes methylate R-(+)-nicotine at the
      pyridyl nitrogen to afford the N-methylnicotinium salt, whereas S-(-)-nicotine
      does not act as a substrate for either enzyme. Surprisingly, R-(+)-nicotine is
      methylated at either the pyridyl nitrogen, or the pyrrolidine nitrogen, to afford
      the two isomeric monomethylate nicotinium ions when an enzymic preparation
      containing both methyl transferase activities was used. Under similar conditions
      S-(-)-nicotine was methylated only at the pyridyl nitrogen. The production of
      charged metabolites in-vivo, from the large number of pyridino-compounds that are
      used as drugs, or are present in the environment, may be of toxicological
      significance, in view of the reported toxicities of several such quaternary
      ammonium compounds.

PMID- 2875162
TI  - Evidence against leukotriene-mediation of propranolol-induced airway
      hyperreactivity to acetylcholine.
AB  - In unanaesthetized guinea-pigs, propranolol treatment (0.1 mg kg-1 i.v.)
      substantially increased reactivity to intravenous acetylcholine infusion or
      aerosolized histamine to a comparable degree. Neither BW755c (5 mg kg-1 i.v.),
      FPL 55712 (1 mg kg-1 i.v.), nor piriprost (5 mg kg-1 i.v.) pretreatment
      influenced propranolol's effect on muscarinic reactivity although BW755c
      abolished histaminic hyperreactivity. This suggests that propranolol-induced
      muscarinic hyperreactivity in the guinea-pig is not mediated by leukotrienes
      whereas histaminic hyperreactivity may be.

PMID- 2875163
TI  - Tetrodotoxin inhibits directly acting stimulants of intestinal fluid secretion.
AB  - Intravenous injection of tetrodotoxin (20 micrograms kg-1) to anaesthetized rats
      blocks PGE1- and inhibits VIP-induced fluid secretion from the mucosa of the
      jejunum without affecting the physiological rates of net water and glucose
      absorption. It is suggested that the toxin might release an endogenous inhibitor
      of secretion or that it might possess direct antisecretory activity on the
      epithelial cells of the jejunum. It is further suggested that results where
      tetrodotoxin has been used to investigate secretagogue action should be treated
      with caution.

PMID- 2875164
TI  - Clonidine reduces plasma melatonin levels.
AB  - Clonidine, an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, reduces human plasma melatonin levels
      when administered intravenously at 2-3 micrograms kg-1 to sleeping volunteers.
      Measurement of plasma melatonin levels after administration of clonidine could be
      the basis for a clinical in-vivo test of alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2875165
TI  - Variability of the blood/plasma concentration ratio of pethidine.

PMID- 2875166
TI  - Effect of TRH on acid secretion in the mouse stomach.

PMID- 2875167
TI  - Statistical analysis of gastrointestinal transit time of pharmaceutical
      formulations: comments on the letter by Devereux & Newton.

PMID- 2875168
TI  - Behavioral studies with anxiolytic drugs. III. Antipunishment actions of
      buspirone in the pigeon do not involve benzodiazepine receptor mechanisms.
AB  - Buspirone, a clinically effective anxiolytic, has not shown robust effects
      consistently in procedures used traditionally with rodents and nonhuman primates
      to evaluate potential antianxiety activity. When key pecking by pigeons was
      maintained by food and was punished alternately under one component of a multiple
      schedule by the presentation of electric shock (conflict procedure), buspirone
      (0.03-10.0 mg/kg i.m.) produced increases in punished responding that were up to
      30 times those of the control response rate. These doses did not affect or
      decreased unpunished responding. A buspirone analog, MJ 13805 (gepirone) produced
      effects similar to buspirone, although unpunished responding was slightly more
      sensitive to the rate-decreasing effects of MJ 13805 than to those of buspirone.
      A metabolite of buspirone, 1-pyrimidinyl piperazine (1-PP; MJ 13653), did not
      affect key pecking across a wide dose range (0.01-3.0 mg/kg i.m.), although
      slight decreases in both punished and unpunished responding occurred at the
      highest dose. Increases in punished responding with buspirone were not affected
      by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg i.m.).
      [3H]Diazepam binding to pigeon cerebrum or cerebellum in vivo was not altered by
      buspirone, or did buspirone, MJ 13805, or 1-pyrimidinyl piperazine displace
      [3H]flunitrazepam binding in vitro at pharmacologically relevant concentrations.
      These findings confirm previous work demonstrating marked rate-increasing effects
      of buspirone on punished responding in the pigeon, extend such effects to the
      buspirone analog MJ 13805 and indicate that the effects of buspirone are not
      mediated through the benzodiazepine receptor complex.

PMID- 2875169
TI  - Effects of cholinergic blockade, adrenergic blockade and sympathetic denervation
      on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in guinea pig.
AB  - Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity was recorded from conscious guinea pigs
      using sets of bipolar electrodes that had been surgically implanted onto the
      serosal surface of the gastric antrum or small intestine. The role of nerves in
      the control of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was investigated using
      cholinergic and adrenergic receptor antagonists, guanethidine to block
      sympathetic transmission, reserpine to deplete intestinal monoamines and 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to produce chemical sympathectomy and surgical
      sympathetic denervation of the stomach and small intestine. Subcutaneous infusion
      of hyoscine (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg and 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg/hr) blocked the initiation of
      phase 3 of the MMC. In the presence of hyoscine, intermittent electrical spiking
      comparable to that of phase 2 of the MMC was recorded. Hexamethonium infusion
      (3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg and 3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg/hr) also blocked the initiation of phase
      3 and reduced the frequency of the intermittent spiking activity. Acute blockade
      of adrenergic receptors by simultaneous s.c. infusion of phentolamine and
      propranolol (1.0 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg/hr of each drug) did not alter the MMC,
      whereas infusion of guanethidine (3.75 or 7.5 mg/kg and 3.75 or 7.5 mg/kg/hr)
      increased the frequency of the MMC by significantly shortening the duration of
      phase 2. Sympathetic denervation of the stomach and small intestine did not block
      the MMC but decreased the cycle frequency by significantly prolonging the
      duration of phase 2. Chemical sympathectomy using 6-OHDA treatment (3 X 250 mg/kg
      s.c.) also did not abolish the MMC but decreased the frequency by increasing the
      duration of phase 2. Reserpine treatment (2.5 mg/kg s.c.) decreased the frequency
      of the MMC to a greater extent than that produced by 6-OHDA treatment.
      Histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation of tissues taken from
      denervated, 6-OHDA- and reserpine-treated animals confirmed that surgical
      denervation removed sensory and adrenergic nerves to the stomach and small
      intestine, whereas chemical sympathectomy affected only adrenergic neurons.
      Reserpine treatment depleted norepinephrine from extrinsic adrenergic neurons and
      also depleted 5-hydroxytryptamine from intrinsic intestinal neurons. In the
      guinea pig, antral myoelectric activity is briefly inhibited during duodenal
      phase 3. Gastric inhibition persisted during duodenal phase 3 in surgically
      denervated animals, in 6-OHDA-treated animals and in animals treated acutely with
      guanethidine. These results indicate that extrinsic sensory and sympathetic
      nerves are not required for the initiation and propagation of the MMC in the
      guinea pig small intestine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875170
TI  - Opioid agonist activity of ICI 174864 and its carboxypeptidase degradation
      product, LY281217.
AB  - The opioid peptide antagonist, ICI 174864 ([allyl]2-Tyr-alpha-amino-isobutyric
      acid (Aib)-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH), can produce analgesic effects in mice. The present
      study explored the possibility that ICI 174864 1) may have affinity and agonist
      efficacy at mu receptors and/or 2) may form a carboxypeptidase degradation
      product in vivo that possesses mu agonist activity. In vitro, ICI 174864 (10(-7)
      to 10(-4) M) inhibited the twitch in the electrically stimulated mouse vas
      deferens (ED50 = 90 microM) and guinea pig ileum (ED50 greater than 10(-4) M).
      The in vitro partial agonist activity of ICI 174864 was due to interaction with
      delta and not mu receptors because the apparent dissociation constant for
      naloxone using ICI 174864 as the agonist was similar to the apparent dissociation
      constant for the interaction of naloxone with delta and not mu receptors. Thus,
      ICI 174864 is a weak partial agonist at delta receptors with little affinity or
      efficacy at mu receptors. The incubation of ICI 174864 with carboxypeptidase A
      generated a peptide, LY281217 [(allyl)2-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-OH], which was a more
      potent agonist in the mouse vas deferens and guinea pig ileum than ICI 174864.
      The agonist activity of LY281217 was due to interaction with mu and not delta
      receptors because LY281217 was approximately 100-fold more potent than ICI 174864
      as an agonist in the guinea pig ileum, the apparent dissociation constant for
      naloxone using LY281217 as the agonist was similar to the apparent dissociation
      constant for the interaction of naloxone with mu receptors and the delta
      selective antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875171
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing factor inhibits neurogenic plasma extravasation in the
      rat paw.
AB  - Increased exudation of plasma proteins, as measured by Evans blue leakage into
      the innervated paw, was produced by antidromic stimulation of the saphenous nerve
      in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat. This condition, termed neurogenic plasma
      extravasation (NPE), was inhibited by morphine, FK 33,824 (a stabilized
      enkephalin analog), dynorphin (1-13), dynorphin(1-10)amide and corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF) at median effective doses of 2700, 0.45, 1180, 4050 and
      5.6 nmol/kg i.v., respectively. The inhibitory effect of CRF was present when
      injected up to 60 min before electrical stimulation of the nerve. By contrast,
      the effects of morphine and FK 33,824 were shorter in duration, lasting for only
      20 to 30 min before nerve stimulation. Inhibition of NPE by morphine, FK 33,824
      dynorphin (1-13) and dynorphin (1-10)amide was blocked by naloxone, 1 mg/kg i.v.,
      but the CRF inhibition was not affected. CRF inhibited NPE in both
      hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized rats, indicating that its effects were not
      due to secondary release of endogenous opioid peptides. The inhibitory effect of
      CRF on NPE was also separable from its hypotensive properties and could be
      obtained at intradermal doses of CRF into the paw skin which were approximately
      11 times lower than the i.v. doses. Intracerebroventricular injection of CRF did
      not affect the tail-flick latency of rats to warm water. CRF administered i.v. in
      mice did, however, inhibit writhing responses to phenylbenzoquinone (PBQ),
      suggesting possible peripheral antinociceptive properties.

PMID- 2875172
TI  - Dynorphin A and related peptides administered intrathecally in the rat: a search
      for putative kappa opiate receptor activity.
AB  - The intrathecal delivery of dynorphin A (1-17) and (1-13) induces, with rapid
      onset, a severe motor dysfunction characterized by flaccid extension of the
      hindlimbs and complete loss of muscle tone. This motor effect does not appear to
      be mediated via opiate receptors as high doses of naloxone neither block nor
      reverse motor dysfunction, and it is produced by dynorphin A fragments inactive
      at opiate receptors. At doses just below those which produce motor dysfunction,
      dynorphin A has no effect on nociceptive responses in the hot-plate, tail-flick
      and writhing tests. The selective, kappa opiate agonist, U50488H, produces a
      significant, dose-dependent inhibition of writhing, which is antagonized by
      pretreatment with naloxone, but has no effect on hot-plate and tail-flick
      latency. The kappa agent U50488H does not produce motor dysfunction with doses as
      high as 300 nmol/rat. It appears that the potent kappa opiate activity exhibited
      by dynorphin A in vitro may not reflect in vivo effects of dynorphin after
      intrathecal administration.

PMID- 2875173
TI  - Beta adrenergic receptor subtypes in the atria: evidence for close coupling of
      beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors to adenylate cyclase.
AB  - The relationship between occupancy of beta adrenergic receptors and stimulation
      of adenylate cyclase in dog atrial tissue was examined by studying the binding of
      [125I]iodopindolol and the activation of adenylate cyclase. Computer-assisted
      nonlinear regression analysis was used to analyze the inhibition of isoproterenol
      stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by beta-1- or beta-2-selective antagonists.
      The Ki values for each subtype of receptor for the selective antagonists
      resulting from studies of the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity were
      similar to those determined in studies of the inhibition of the binding of
      [125I]iodopindolol. To compare further the occupancy of beta-1 or beta-2
      adrenergic receptors with the activation of adenylate cyclase mediated by each
      class of receptor, computer modeling of the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by
      the beta-1-selective agonist norepinephrine was carried out. The EC50 values of
      norepinephrine for each receptor subtype, as measured in studies of
      norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, were similar to the Ki
      values for the inhibition by norepinephrine of the binding of [125I]iodopindolol
      to each receptor subtype. The data led to the conclusion that beta-1 adrenergic
      receptors make up about 70% of the total number of beta adrenergic receptors and
      mediate 70% of the increase in adenylate cyclase activity produced by
      isoproterenol. These results suggest that the relationship between occupancy of
      each class of receptor and activation of adenylate cyclase is linear and that,
      when agonist-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity is used as a functional
      response, neither spare beta-1 nor spare beta-2 adrenergic receptors exist in the
      atrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875174
TI  - Characterization of the inhibition of excitatory amino acid-induced
      neurotransmitter release in the rat striatum by phencyclidine-like drugs.
AB  - In the present study, the authors found that, in Mg++-free buffer, N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) was able to evoke the Ca++-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive
      release of striatal acetylcholine (ACh), presumably via interaction with
      receptors on cholinergic interneurons. In Mg++-free buffer containing pargyline,
      NMDA also evoked a Ca++-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of striatal
      [3H]dopamine (DA). Phencyclidine (PCP) and physiological concentrations of Mg++
      (1.2 mM) also inhibited ACh release evoked by L-glutamate, L-aspartate and DL
      homocysteate, but not ACh release evoked by the glutamate analogs quisqualate and
      kainate, suggesting that PCP is selective for the magnesium-sensitive, NMDA
      preferring glutamate-aspartate receptor subtype. Comparison of PCP inhibition of
      NMDA-stimulated ACh and DA release with that produced by the competitive NMDA
      antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate indicates that PCP is probably not
      altering release by a direct action on the NMDA recognition site. The ability of
      2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, but not PCP, to prevent desensitization of NMDA
      induced ACh release is consistent with this interpretation. Binding studies did,
      however, reveal a reduction in the apparent affinity of the PCP binding site by
      high concentrations of NMDA. This may suggest an allosteric link between the PCP
      sigma receptor and the NMDA-type glutamate-aspartate receptor. The receptors
      mediating excitatory amino acid-induced DA release were somewhat less selective
      than those on cholinergic neurons in their sensitivity to both Mg++ and PCP.
      Structure-activity-relationship studies suggested that the inhibition off ACh and
      DA release evoked by NMDA involves biding to the PCP-sigma receptor.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875175
TI  - Alpha adrenoceptor antagonists selectively reduce thrombin-stimulated contraction
      in rabbit arteries.
AB  - Thrombin-induced contractions and the influence on them of alpha adrenoceptor
      antagonists were studied in the rabbit femoral and central ear artery using in
      vitro methods. Maximum contraction with thrombin represented between 50 and 66%
      of the maximum arterial response to norepinephrine (NE). The thrombin dose
      response relationship was complex and did not have a classic sigmoidal shape,
      whether the endothelium was functional or not. In the femoral artery, the
      nonselective alpha adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (10(-6) M) and the
      selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (10(-8) and 10(-7) M)
      significantly reduced the contractions induced with concentrations of thrombin
      greater than 6 U X ml-1, and increased the concentration of thrombin required to
      produce maximal contraction. The selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist
      rauwolscine (10(-7) M) did not alter the contraction initiated by thrombin or by
      NE. In the rabbit ear artery, contraction to thrombin and NE could also be
      reduced with prazosin but not rauwolscine. Reserpine pretreatment did not alter
      the magnitude of the thrombin-induced contraction in the femoral and central ear
      artery, indicating that the response and its sensitivity to alpha adrenoceptor
      blockade was not related to the release of NE from nerve stores. Neither thrombin
      (0.1-16 U X ml-1) nor NE (10(-9)-10(-5) M) produced any significant relaxation in
      partially contracted rabbit femoral arteries, whether or not the endothelium was
      functional, i.e., exhibiting a 50 to 100% maximum relaxation with methacholine or
      when either alpha-1, alpha-2 or beta adrenoceptor antagonists were
      present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875176
TI  - Dynorphin effects on plasma concentrations of anterior pituitary hormones in the
      nonhuman primate.
AB  - The role of dynorphin-(1-13) and dynorphin-(1-10)-amide in the neuroendocrine
      control of primate anterior pituitary hormones was studied in nonrestrained,
      ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. The effects of these opioids on plasma
      concentrations of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating
      hormone (FSH) and thyrotropin (TSH), and interactions with naloxone are reported
      here. Intravenous administration of dynorphin-(1-13), 30 to 120 micrograms/kg,
      significantly increased plasma PRL levels 3- to 4-fold. These PRL increases
      occurred within 5 min and levels remained elevated for at least 60 min.
      Administration of naloxone (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) antagonized the rise in PRL levels.
      Dynorphin-(1-13) had no significant effect on plasma LH, FSH or TSH levels.
      Dynorphin-(1-10)-amide (30-120 micrograms/kg) increased plasma PRL levels 2- to 4
      fold at 5 to 40 min after administration. Plasma LH levels were significantly
      depressed 100 to 120 min postdrug. Dynorphin-(1-10)-amide produced no change in
      plasma FSH or TSH levels. These results indicate that dynorphin is involved in
      the modulation of PRL and perhaps LH secretion, although not affecting TSH or FSH
      release.

PMID- 2875177
TI  - Lanthanum as a surrogate for calcium in transmitter release at mouse motor nerve
      terminals.
AB  - The mechanism by which lanthanum (La3+) causes an increased frequency of
      miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) was studied at the mouse neuromuscular
      junction. At concentrations as low as 0.25 microM, La3+ caused a progressive rise
      in m.e.p.p. frequency, to a maximum of several hundred per second. 'Washing' with
      solution containing EDTA arrested the rise, but did not substantially reduce the
      raised m.e.p.p. frequency. At partially 'lanthanized' junctions high frequencies
      of m.e.p.p.s were maintained indefinitely, even in 0 Ca2+/EDTA solutions. The
      rate of development of high m.e.p.p. frequency was increased by repetitive nerve
      stimulation or by depolarization of the nerve terminal (high K+ or focally
      applied current), and appeared to be proportional to the concentration of La3+
      over the range of 0.25-5 microM. At low concentrations of La3+ the rise of
      m.e.p.p. frequency depended upon the co-presence of a small amount of Ca2+
      (greater than 10 microM) and was slowed and partially blocked by Cd2+, or by Ca2+
      at about 10 microM. The quantal content of end-plate potentials was usually
      reduced in the presence of La3+, but was increased over control values after
      removal of La3+ by 'washing' with solution containing EDTA, once a raised
      m.e.p.p. frequency had developed. At partially lanthanized junctions the absolute
      increases in m.e.p.p. frequency produced by Ca2+ (in raised K+), ethanol, or by
      nerve stimulation in the presence of Ba2+, were greater than at control
      junctions, but in each case the increases in the logarithm of m.e.p.p. frequency
      were less than at control junctions. It is concluded that La3+ causes transmitter
      release only after entry into the nerve terminal via voltage-sensitive channels,
      probably those that normally admit Ca2+, that La3+ and Ca2+ may co-operate at
      internal sites to induce transmitter release, and that these ions both co-operate
      and compete at external sites that regulate their entry into the nerve terminal.

PMID- 2875178
TI  - A physiological basis for subclassifying beta-adrenoceptors examined by chemical
      sympathectomy of guinea-pigs.
AB  - Chemical sympathectomy of guinea-pigs was induced by chronic pretreatment with 6
      hydroxydopamine over a 20 day period. Control animals were sham injected with
      vehicle at the same times. Isolated tissues were removed from the animals and
      beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity assessed from cumulative concentration-response
      curves for isoprenaline, followed after wash-out by a partial agonist
      (salbutamol, ritodrine or prenalterol). The following responses were measured:
      increases in force and rate of contraction of left and right atria respectively,
      inhibition of carbachol-induced ileal contractions, relaxation of intrinsic tone
      of lung strips and tracheal spirals, inhibition of contractions of vas deferens
      and soleus muscle induced by field stimulation. Left and right atria and ileum
      from 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated guinea-pigs exhibited supersensitivity to beta
      adrenoceptor stimulation. This was measured as a leftwards shift of the
      concentration-response curve for isoprenaline and as an elevation of the partial
      agonist maximum response (relative to isoprenaline), when compared with tissues
      from sham-injected controls. The supersensitivity was assumed to be due to the
      loss of endogenous neurotransmitter release by chemical sympathectomy and
      specific for the beta-adrenoceptor. In contrast, lung strips, vas deferens and
      soleus muscle were not supersensitive. The responses of these tissues are thought
      to be mediated via beta 2-adrenoceptors whereas cardiac and ileal responses are
      beta 1-adrenoceptor mediated. The latter receptor subtype would therefore appear
      to be under the influence of sympathetic innervation, but since no
      supersensitivity occurred at beta 2-adrenoceptors these were presumed to be non
      innervated but stimulated by circulating adrenaline. These results obtained by
      use of chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine support the contention that
      the physiological basis of beta-adrenoceptor subclassification is that the beta 1
      subtype are innervated whereas the beta 2-subtype are non-innervated.

PMID- 2875180
TI  - A quantitative study of preporcelain soldered connector strength with palladium
      based porcelain bonding alloys.

PMID- 2875181
TI  - Analysis of antigens from membrane and soluble fractions of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Axenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica strains HK-9, HM-1, and Rahman were
      fractionated to provide plasma membranes, internal, vesiculated membranes, and a
      soluble cytosol. Each particulate fraction was solubilized and all fractions were
      analyzed by techniques designed to demonstrate molecular complexity and serologic
      reactivity. The cytosol contained more antigenic moieties than either membrane
      fraction; however, the antigens associated with the membranes had very high
      reactivity and lower nonspecific activity than the cytosol.

PMID- 2875179
TI  - Miniature and evoked inhibitory junctional currents and gamma-aminobutyric acid
      activated current noise in locust muscle fibres.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) current noise and inhibitory junctional currents
      (i.j.c.s) have been examined to give properties of the GABA receptor and its
      associated synaptic channel. Various procedures were used to identify muscle
      bundles receiving inhibitory innervation. In normal bathing medium the decay time
      constant of the i.j.c. was tau i.j.c. = 7.6 +/- 0.7 ms (clamp potential, Vm = -80
      mV; temperature, T = 21 degrees C). Most muscle fibres were sensitive to
      ionophoretically applied GABA, irrespective of the presence of inhibitory
      innervation. GABA current noise obtained at junctional sites gave spectra which
      were fitted usually with a single Lorentzian component, or occasionally with the
      sum of two Lorentzians. The conductance of the single inhibitory channel was,
      gamma (GABA) = 21.6 +/- 0.9 pS (Vm = -80 mV; T = 21 degrees C). The mean 'burst
      length' of the openings produced by a single receptor activation was tau noise =
      4.0 +/- 0.8 ms, at Vm = -80 mV. This decreased exponentially with
      hyperpolarization. On average tau i.j.c. exceeded tau noise although good
      agreement was found in some fibres. I.j.c.s were examined in greater detail after
      excitatory synaptic receptors had been desensitized with 10(-3) M-L-glutamate to
      abolish all excitatory synaptic activity. Their decay time constant was tau
      i.j.c. = 7.2 +/- 0.4 ms, and their rise time was 3.3 +/- 0.12 ms, at Vm = -80 mV.
      An e-fold decrease in tau i.j.c. resulted from a 103 +/- 7.9 mV
      hyperpolarization; time to peak showed a smaller dependence on Vm. The mean size
      of the inhibitory quantal event (i.e. response to a single transmitter packet)
      was estimated from fluctuations in i.j.c. amplitude. Mean quantal content of the
      i.j.c. was about 30 at normal levels of release. Mean amplitude of the directly
      measured miniature i.j.c. = 0.65 +/- 0.08 nA at Vm = -80 mV (V eq approximately
      equal to -40 mV). The amplitude of the quantal event showed a non-linear
      dependence on Vm. The burst length of the inhibitory channel, produced by a
      single receptor activation, is longer in duration (at -80 mV) and exhibits
      greater voltage dependence than the burst length of the excitatory glutamate
      activated channel in these fibres. It is estimated that a single quantum of GABA
      opens about 600-1000 post-synaptic chloride channels.

PMID- 2875182
TI  - Syntheses and beta-adrenergic agonist and antiaggregatory properties of N
      substituted trimetoquinol analogues.
AB  - Trimetoquinol [1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-6,7- dihydroxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydroisoquinoline, TMQ] is a potent beta-adrenergic receptor agonist and
      inhibitor of human platelet aggregation. Selective cleavage of O-benzyl groups in
      the presence of an N-benzyl group using HCl and formation of a cyclic sulfite
      ester from the reaction of a catechol with thionyl chloride were achieved. The N
      substituents included methyl, benzyl, and beta-hydroxy- and beta-chloroethyl
      groups. Each N-substituted TMQ caused a concentration-dependent stimulation of
      beta 2 (trachea) and beta 1 (atria) adrenoceptor tissues and inhibition of 15(S)
      hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13(E)-dienoic acid (U46619, a
      thromboxane A2 mimetic) mediated human platelet activation. TMQ remained the most
      potent in the series. Structure-activity results indicated that the larger the N
      substituent, the lower the beta-adrenergic activity but the higher the inhibition
      of platelet aggregatory activity. Thus, the structural requirements of these TMQ
      analogues for the two types of biological activity are different.

PMID- 2875183
TI  - Synthesis and dopaminergic activity of some halogenated mono- and dihydroxylated
      2-aminotetralins.
AB  - In a series of 7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyltetrahydro-3-benzazepine dopamine receptor
      agonists introduction of a chloro or fluoro substituent into the 6-position
      increases dopaminergic potency. Also, in this series replacement of the 7
      hydroxyl group with a halogen results in inversion of activity from dopamine
      receptor agonist to antagonist. The present study was aimed at exploring the
      possibility that the structure-activity observations in the 3-benzazepine series
      of dopaminergic agents might be extrapolated to another class of dopamine
      receptor agonists, the 2-aminotetralins. Thus, a series of chloro- and fluoro
      substituted mono- and dihydroxylated 2-aminotetralins was prepared and evaluated
      for dopaminergic properties in D-1 and D-2 receptor-related tests. Introduction
      of a chloro substituent into the 8-position of the prototype of this series, i.e.
      2-amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin (ADTN), resulted in a compound with a high degree
      of selectivity for the D-1 subpopulation of dopamine receptors; it was equally or
      more potent than ADTN in the D-1 receptor-related tests with greatly decreased
      effectiveness in the tests involving D-2 receptors. A similar effect was observed
      with 8-fluoro-ADTN; however, the N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-N-propyl derivative 4g of
      the 8-chloro-substituted ADTN showed marked D-2 binding affinity. Conversely,
      introduction of a chloro substituent into the 5-position of ADTN markedly
      decreased D-1 receptor affinity and efficacy. This effect was not seen with the
      related 5-fluoro derivative, suggesting D-1 receptors are more sensitive to bulk
      in the 5-position of ADTN than are the D-2 receptors. Replacement of either the 6
      or 7-hydroxyl groups of ADTN with a chloro or fluoro substituent, in contrast,
      did not parallel the response seen in the benzazepine series (i.e., the compounds
      uniformly demonstrated less receptor affinity and did not have dopamine receptor
      antagonist activity); however, the decrease in agonist potency was less marked in
      the case of 2-amino-6-fluoro-7-hydroxytetralins than in the chlorinated
      monohydroxyaminotetralins. Thus, a parallelism in structure-activity
      relationships in the benzazepine and aminotetralin series of dopamine receptor
      agonists was not observed. The differences may reflect altered modes of receptor
      binding in the two series.

PMID- 2875184
TI  - (5-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(2-fluorophenyl)methanones . A series of
      novel potential antipsychotic agents.
AB  - (5-Amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(2-fluorophenyl)methanone (1) was found to
      have an antipsychotic-like profile in behavioral tests predictive of
      antipsychotic efficacy but, unlike available antipsychotic agents, did not bind
      in vitro to dopamine receptors. Upon further evaluation, 1 was found to cause
      clonic seizures in aged rodents. An examination of related structures revealed
      that 5-(substituted aminoacetamide) analogues of 1 shared this novel pharmacology
      and did not cause seizures. The synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of this
      series of compounds are described. Two compounds, 2-(diethylamino)acetamide (25)
      and 2-[[3-(2-methyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-amino]acetamide (38), were selected for
      examination in secondary tests. Like known antipsychotics both compounds reduced
      spontaneous locomotion in mice at doses that did not cause ataxia and inhibited
      conditioned avoidance selectively in both rats and monkeys. Unlike known
      antipsychotics neither 25 nor 38 elicited dystonic movements in haloperidol
      sensitized cebus monkeys, a primate model of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal
      side effects. Biochemical studies indicated that these compounds act via a
      nondopaminergic mechanism. Neither 25 nor 38 bound to dopamine receptors in vitro
      or caused changes in striatal dopamine metabolism in vivo. In addition, they did
      not raise serum prolactin levels as do known antipsychotics. Although adverse
      animal toxicological findings have precluded clinical evaluation of these agents,
      the present results indicate that it is possible to identify at the preclinical
      level nondopaminergic compounds with antipsychotic-like properties.

PMID- 2875186
TI  - Effect of methoxy substitution on the adrenergic activity of three structurally
      related alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists.
AB  - We have recently reported the synthesis and alpha 2-antagonist activity of the
      methoxy derivative 2 [2-(2-methoxy-1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-imidazoline] and
      described the enhanced potency of this compound over the parent 1,4-benzodioxan,
      idazoxan, in reversing the inhibition caused by alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists
      of the electrically induced twitch in the rat or mouse vas deferens. It was of
      interest to us to discover whether a similar substitution in the structurally
      related alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists piperoxan, prosympal, and fenmetazole
      would similarly enhance potency. We subsequently discovered that this was not so
      and potency was decreased markedly. In particular, that of the methoxy derivative
      of piperoxan was ca. 220 times less than the parent structure.

PMID- 2875185
TI  - Thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD). Analogues stable to
      phosphodiesterase hydrolysis.
AB  - Thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), the active metabolite of the
      oncolytic C-nucleoside tiazofurin (TR), is susceptible to phosphodiesteratic
      breakdown by a unique phosphodiesterase present at high levels in TR-resistant
      tumors. Since accumulation of TAD, as regulated by its synthetic and degradative
      enzymes, appears to be an important determinant for sensitivity to the drug, a
      series of hydrolytically resistant phosphonate analogues of TAD were synthesized
      with the intent of producing more stable compounds with an ability to inhibit IMP
      dehydrogenase equivalent to TAD itself. Isosteric phosphonic acid analogues of TR
      and adenosine nucleotides were coupled with activated forms of AMP and TR
      monophosphate to give dinucleotides 2 and 4. Coupling of protected adenosine 5'
      (alpha, beta-methylene)diphosphate with isopropylidene-TR in the presence of DCC
      afforded compound 3 after deprotection. These compounds are more resistant than
      TAD toward hydrolysis and still retain potent activity against IMP dehydrogenase
      in vitro. beta-Methylene-TAD (3), the most stable of the TAD phosphonate
      analogues, produced a depletion of guanine nucleotide pools in an experimentally
      induced TR-resistant P388 tumor variant that was superior to that obtained with
      TR in the corresponding sensitive line.

PMID- 2875187
TI  - Survey of physician's assistant programs in the United States.

PMID- 2875188
TI  - Potent antagonism of Escherichia coli, Bacteroides ovatus, Fusobacterium varium,
      and Enterococcus faecalis, alone or in combination, for enteropathogens in
      anaerobic continuous flow cultures.
AB  - Interactions between representative strains of four predominant resident bacteria
      of the human colon, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides ovatus,
      and Fusobacterium varium, and strains of seven enteropathogens, Yersinia
      enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae serogroup non O1, Staphylococcus aureus, and
      Clostridium perfringens, were examined in studies with an anaerobic continuous
      flow culture system and medium resembling the content of the mouse caecum (MCM).
      Potent unilateral antagonism attributable to synergic activities of the resident
      bacteria against the enteropathogens was evident. The four resident bacteria
      persisted at levels of c. 10(6) cfu/ml or more in single and in any mixed
      cultures of the resident species. The seven enteropathogens also persisted in
      single cultures. In contrast, Y. enterocolitica was excluded in several days in
      mixed cultures with each of the four resident bacteria. Sh. Flexneri and Staph.
      aureus were excluded in the presence of E. coli alone. C. perfringens, V.
      parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae serogroup non O1 were excluded in the presence
      of E. coli with B. ovatus and, in some cases, with additional species. S.
      typhimurium was the most resistant; only c. 10(2)-fold reduction of the
      population level was observed in mixed culture with all four of the resident
      species. When the amounts of some components in the medium, such as peptone and
      yeast extract, were increased, C. perfringens grew and persisted even in the
      presence of the four resident bacteria. Sh. flexneri, in contrast decreased
      steadily, even in enriched media.

PMID- 2875189
TI  - The effects of fimbriate and non-fimbriate strains of Escherichia coli on the
      oxidative reactions of neutrophils from a variety of species.
AB  - 5 fimbriate strains and 5 non-fimbriate strains of Escherichia coli were tested
      for their ability to enhance the cyanide insensitive oxygen consumption of human,
      bovine and ovine blood neutrophils in the absence of serum opsonins. Neutrophils
      from all 3 animal species showed significantly increased oxygen consumption when
      challenged with fimbriate strains. Only ovine neutrophils were stimulated by non
      fimbriate strains although to a lesser extent than by fimbriate strains. In the
      presence of serum the stimulation of ovine neutrophils was the same whether
      fimbriate or non-fimbriate strains were used.

PMID- 2875190
TI  - Cyclic AMP in normal and sympathetically aneural chick hearts during development.
AB  - Basal levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were measured in embryonic
      chick hearts at various times during development. Basal cAMP was highest on
      incubation day 5 and decreased throughout the remaining incubation period. Cyclic
      AMP could not be stimulated above basal level by intravenous in ovo
      administration of isoproterenol or tyramine on incubation day 5; however, there
      was a decrease in cAMP 2 mins after intravenous injection which was identical to
      the decrease in cAMP in controls injected with saline. Heart rate decreased
      following intravenous injection of saline on incubation day 5, but a similar
      decrease was not observed following intravenous isoproterenol injection.
      Functional sympathetic innervation of the heart does not occur until incubation
      day 16, and this fact is responsible for the insensitivity to tyramine
      stimulation on incubation day 5. Although the level of cAMP could not be
      stimulated above basal level on incubation day 5, beta-antagonists caused a
      decrease in the level of cAMP, with no decrease in heart rate. These observations
      indicate that the beta-receptor is coupled to adenylate cyclase on incubation day
      5 but it is questionable whether adenylate cyclase is effectively coupled to
      heart rate. Isoproterenol and tyramine caused a significant elevation in cardiac
      cAMP and heart rate on incubation day 17 following intravenous in ovo injection.
      Hearts made sympathetically aneural by removal of premigratory neural crest
      responded to isoproterenol but not tyramine on incubation day 17 which
      demonstrates that the morphologically aneural hearts are also functionally
      aneural.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875191
TI  - Acute effects of Soman, Sarin, and Tabun on cyclic nucleotide metabolism in rat
      striatum.
AB  - Rats were injected sc with 120 micrograms/kg Soman, 120 micrograms/kg Sarin or
      240 micrograms/kg Tabun. At 15 min, 2 h, or 6 h after administration, animals
      were decapitated along with saline-treated controls, and striatal activities of
      nucleotide cyclases and phosphodiesterases and striatal cyclic nucleotide levels
      were determined. All three agents had two similar effects on rat striatal cyclic
      nucleotide systems: they all increased cyclic GMP levels 15 min after their
      administration, and they all decreased guanylate cyclase activity 2 h after
      administration. There were also some different effects elicited by these three
      organophosphorus compounds. Different effects of Soman and Sarin seem to be
      mainly due to their different potencies, which in turn influence the time course
      of their actions. Tabun is quite different from Soman and Sarin in several
      respects: it rarely causes convulsions at sub-lethal doses, it has no effects on
      striatal cyclic AMP levels, and it affects enzyme activities 6 h after its
      administration. These differences may be due to the presence of cyanide instead
      of fluoride in its structure: i.e., this may be responsible for the different
      effects of Tabun on striatal cyclic nucleotide systems, and perhaps other
      biochemical effects. These results also indicate that other neurotransmitter
      systems, in addition to the cholinergic system, may be involved in
      organophosphate-induced toxicity.

PMID- 2875192
TI  - Mechanism of protection by zinc against mercuric chloride toxicity in rats:
      effects of zinc and mercury on glutathionine metabolism.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism by which zinc suppresses mercury toxicity, the
      effects of zinc and mercury on glutathione (GSH) metabolism in the rat kidney
      were studied. When the time course of GSH level in the rat kidney was examined at
      2, 6, and 12 h after treatment of rats with both metals, an increase of GSH was
      found and was apparently related to the activation of some GSH-associated
      enzymes. In the kidney of rats treated with both metals, the response of the
      protective function involving GSH and GSH-associated enzymes depended on the
      magnitude of mercury toxicity but appeared to be independent of the zinc dosage.
      The administration of diethyl maleate (DEM), which depletes GSH, increased lipid
      peroxidation and mercury toxicity concomitantly with a decrease of GSH level in
      the kidney of rats treated with zinc and mercury. In conclusion, the data suggest
      that an increased GSH level in the kidney resulting from the activation of GSH
      associated enzymes plays a role in the protective effect of zinc against mercury
      toxicity.

PMID- 2875193
TI  - The hormonal regulation of gene expression of glial markers: glutamine synthetase
      and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in primary cultures of rat brain and in C6
      cell line.
AB  - Increases in the mRNA levels of two neuroglial markers, glutamine synthetase (EC
      6.3.1.2; GS) and glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8; GPDH), were
      observed in hydrocortisone-treated cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes,
      respectively, and in C6 cells by Northern blot analysis and in situ
      hybridization. In vitro transcription assays demonstrated increased GS
      transcription in isolated nuclei from hydrocortisone (HC)-treated primary
      cultures of astrocytes and C6 cells, relative to untreated cells. This increased
      transcription is reflected in increased GS mRNA levels in the cytoplasm and
      increased levels of GS protein synthesis. Sodium butyrate (NaB) blocked the
      glucocorticoid-mediated increase in GS transcription in the primary cultures of
      astrocytes but not in C6 cells. From our earlier observations (Kumar et al: J
      Neurochem 43:1455-1463, 1984) we found NaB in combination with HC to increase the
      levels of GS mRNA and GS protein synthesis (Weingarten et al: FEBS Lett 126:289
      291, 1981). We now report that NaB, alone or in combination with HC, does not
      increase the rate of transcription, suggesting that NaB plays a role in post
      transcriptional regulation of GS in C6. In addition, we report the presence of
      two distinct sizes of GS mRNA, 2.9 and 1.8 kb, in the primary cultures of
      astrocytes and C6 cells.

PMID- 2875194
TI  - Sequence homology between tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and a rat adrenal medullary
      cDNA.
AB  - A rat adrenal medullary recombinant clone has been isolated by cross
      hybridization with a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cDNA. The new clone has a mRNA
      size of 5.6 kb and also hybridizes to the 1.9-kb tyrosine hydroxylase message.
      Southern blot analysis reveals several hybridizing bands in common between the TH
      cDNA and the adrenal medullary clone. These results demonstrate that the adrenal
      clone shares sequences in common with the TH gene and/or is closely linked to it
      in the genome. Hybrid-selected mRNA translation products of the adrenal clone can
      be immunoprecipitated with dopamine beta hydroxylase antisera. This suggests that
      the adrenal medullary cDNA may code for another catecholamine pathway enzyme.

PMID- 2875195
TI  - Management of intra-abdominal aneurysms associated with periarteritis nodosa.
AB  - Periarteritis nodosa is a disease of small and medium-sized arteries, frequently
      associated with multiple visceral artery aneurysms. Infrequently, these aneurysms
      rupture, usually with fatal results. A case of spontaneous rupture of a middle
      colic artery aneurysm in a patient with periarteritis nodosa is reported, and
      similar cases in the literature are reviewed. Treatment of a ruptured visceral
      artery aneurysm requires ligation or resection of the aneurysm without delay.
      Residual aneurysms are treated with cyclophosphamide and/or prednisone in an
      attempt to induce regression of the aneurysms. An arteriogram performed after 3
      to 4 months of medical therapy determines the need for further surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2875196
TI  - [Evaluation of neuromuscular blocking and circulatory effects of vecuronium
      bromide and pancuronium bromide by a double blind study].

PMID- 2875198
TI  - [Effect of alpha-blocking agent on thyroid function during neuroleptanesthesia in
      man].

PMID- 2875197
TI  - [Rapid tracheal intubation with vecuronium and atracurium].

PMID- 2875199
TI  - [Spinal infusion of opiates and somatostatin].

PMID- 2875200
TI  - [Alteration of onset of pancuronium and vecuronium by priming principle].

PMID- 2875202
TI  - [Type-I HTLV antibody of healthy adults on Okinawa and of Okinawans in Hawaii].

PMID- 2875201
TI  - [A case of Sipple's syndrome: importance of the preanesthetic evaluation of the
      patients by anesthesiologist].

PMID- 2875203
TI  - [Adult T-cell leukemia and human T-cell leukemia virus associated diseases in
      Kochi Prefecture].

PMID- 2875204
TI  - [Infection by human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) by blood transfusion].

PMID- 2875205
TI  - Suppressive effect of tritoqualine on lipid peroxidation and enzyme leakage
      induced by carbon tetrachloride in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Since tritoqualine (TRQ) is effective in suppressing the increase of serum
      transaminases in acute hepatic injured rats induced by some hepatotoxins,
      protection of the hepatocyte membrane is suggested to be one of the
      pharmacological effects of TRQ. In the present study, we investigated the effects
      of TRQ on lipid peroxidation and enzyme leakage caused by carbon tetrachloride
      (CCl4) exposure in isolated hepatocytes and the liver in vivo, compared with
      vitamin E. The results were as follows: Hepatocytes isolated from TRQ
      administered rats showed less enzyme leakage than those from control rats after
      CCl4 addition. TRQ displayed strong inhibition of lipid peroxidation in isolated
      hepatocytes. In comparison with vitamin E, TRQ showed almost the same inhibitory
      action on lipid peroxidation, but a stronger suppression of enzyme leakage.
      Vitamin E showed a weaker protection from increase of glutamic oxaloacetic
      transaminase than TRQ, in spite of its stronger inhibition of lipid peroxidation
      in vivo. From these results, it is suggested that the membrane protecting action
      of TRQ is partially derived from its suppression of lipid peroxidation, but
      "another action" may also play an important role in protecting the fragile
      membrane.

PMID- 2875206
TI  - [Sites of action of CCK of the guinea pig gallbladder].
AB  - Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) evoked contraction and 3H-acetylcholine (3H
      ACh) release of the muscle strip of the guinea pig gallbladder were studied.
      Although hexamethonium (10(-5) M) or tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M) had no effect on CCK
      OP (10(-8) M) evoked contraction and 3H-ACh release, Ca-free medium almost
      completely abolished CCK-OP (10(-8) M) evoked 3H-ACh release. In Ca-free medium
      contraction evoked by CCK-OP (10(-8) M) was reduced to about 84%, which fitted
      well with the calculated reduction observed in the presence of atropine (10(-6)
      M). Dibutyryl cyclic GMP (10(-3) M), which significantly reduced CCK-OP (10(-8)
      M) evoked contraction to about 40%, had no effect on CCK-OP (10(-8) M) evoked 3H
      ACh release. CCK-OP receptors on the intramural cholinergic neurons might be
      suggested to be different from those on the muscle cells of the guinea pig
      gallbladder.

PMID- 2875208
TI  - Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer.

PMID- 2875207
TI  - [Clinical and pharmacological studies on alpha-1 antagonists in smooth muscle of
      human urinary bladder base and prostatic urethra].

PMID- 2875209
TI  - [Delegates' meeting and congress 1986. Many things to ponder and to discuss].

PMID- 2875211
TI  - [Congress, 7 June 1986: Ethics, a matter of personal conscience].

PMID- 2875210
TI  - [Meeting of the delegates, Arbon, 6 June 1986. Congratulations, but also
      criticisms].

PMID- 2875212
TI  - [Nursing research and its limits].

PMID- 2875213
TI  - Somatostatin-like peptides alter calcium but not secretin sensitivity of
      gastrinoma cells.
AB  - The provocation of gastrin release by calcium or secretin is accepted as a method
      to differentiate the hypergastrinemia of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome from that
      of other causes. We have previously shown that calcium and secretin failed to
      provoke gastrin release from acutely dispersed gastrinoma cells. This disparity
      between the in vivo and in vitro effects of these two provocative agents suggests
      that intermediates may be necessary for calcium- or secretin-induced gastrin
      release. In an acute cell dispersion, serum-free model, two gastrinomas with low
      levels of endogenous somatostatin (SRIF) and other peptides failed to respond to
      calcium or secretin provocation. Conversely, a third tumor containing high levels
      of endogenous SRIF-like peptides and low levels of other gut peptides did respond
      to calcium, but not to secretin provocation in vitro. We suggest that in vivo,
      SRIF modulation of gastrin release is a prerequisite for calcium-simulated
      gastrin secretion.

PMID- 2875214
TI  - Antiglucocorticoid steroids have increased agonist activity in those hepatoma
      cell lines that are more sensitive to glucocorticoids.
AB  - FU5-5 rat hepatoma (Reuber H35) cells are hypersensitive in that the same
      percentages of full induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) occur at much
      lower concentrations of glucocorticoids than in the related HTC rat hepatoma
      (Morris) cells. Unexpectedly, these hypersensitive FU5-5 cells also exhibited
      more agonist activity with the affinity labeling antiglucocorticoids cortisol 21
      mesylate and dexamethasone 21-mesylate than did HTC cells (Mercier et al.,
      Endocrinology 112, 601-609 [1983]). In the present study, several other
      antiglucocorticoids (11-desoxycortisone, progesterone, dexamethasone oxetanone,
      and RU 486 in addition to dexamethasone 21-mesylate) and the antiandrogen
      cyproterone acetate were examined to see if chemically unreactive, reversible
      antisteroids also would exhibit an altered activity (i.e. increased agonist
      activity) in FU5-5 cells. Each antiglucocorticoid examined did display a 2-fold
      increased amount of agonist activity in FU5-5 cells, as compared to HTC cells;
      only RU 486 was predominantly an antagonist in FU5-5 cells but the potency of RU
      486 was about 9-fold less than in HTC cells. Dexamethasone, and especially
      progesterone, was metabolized in FU5-5 and HTC cells. However, differential
      metabolism in FU5-5 vs HTC cells cannot account for the increased induction of
      TAT in FU5-5 cells since the amount of agonist activity seen for dexamethasone
      mesylate (or its metabolites) depended not on the cell type used but rather on
      the glucocorticoid inducible enzyme monitored, i.e. TAT or glutamine synthetase.
      The combined data suggest that the hypersensitivity of FU5-5 cells towards
      glucocorticoid induction of TAT may be linked with the ability of both reversible
      and irreversible antiglucocorticoids to display increased TAT agonist activity in
      FU5-5 cells. This behavior was somewhat steroid specific since the antiandrogen
      cyproterone acetate did not display increased TAT agonist activity in FU5-5 cells
      compared to HTC cells and was only 2-fold less effective as an antiglucocorticoid
      in FU5-5.

PMID- 2875215
TI  - High activity of 17 alpha-oxidoreductase in neonatally grafted mouse testes in
      adult female mice.
AB  - Male and female (WB-C57BL/6)F1 hybrid mice were used. Two testes from neonatal
      mice were grafted into the spleen of adult male and female mice, and the grafted
      testes were removed 30 and 60 days after grafting. Normal testes from 30- and 60
      day old mice were also used. Testicular homogenates were incubated with [14C]4
      androstene-3,17-dione or [3H]progesterone, and enzyme activities per g wet tissue
      and progesterone metabolism were examined. Activity of 17 alpha-oxidoreductase in
      the grafted testes in females (20 nmol/g/h) was approx. 10 times the activity in
      the grafted testes in males or in the normal testes, whereas 17 beta
      oxidoreductase activity in the grafted testes in females was the lowest among
      these testes. The bilateral ovariectomy performed 1 month before the grafting of
      neonatal testes, artificial cryptorchidism performed at 20 days of age, and
      estrogen treatment for 10 days by diethylstilbestrol pellets resulted in no
      significant changes in 17 alpha-oxidoreductase activities in 30- and 60-day old
      grafted, cryptorchid or normal testes. The major 17-hydroxy-C19-steroids formed
      in vitro from progesterone by the grafted testes in female mice were testosterone
      and 17 alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (epitestosterone), but the formation of
      epitestosterone was insignificant in the normal testes. The present results
      demonstrate for the first time that epitestosterone is formed as one of major C19
      steroids in neonatally grafted mouse testes in females but not in those in males
      or in normal mouse testes. However, the mechanisms remain unexplained.

PMID- 2875216
TI  - Anxiolytics and the alcoholic patient.
AB  - There is a growing appreciation of the heterogeneity of alcoholic patients with
      implications for treatment intervention. Several recent studies suggest that a
      minority of alcoholic patients suffer from diagnosable anxiety disorders,
      although symptoms of anxiety may be present in alcoholics while drinking and in
      the acute, subacute and protracted periods of abstinence from alcohol. In
      addition, recent research on biological mechanisms of anxiety may suggest a
      testable model for examining the existence of an altered biological state
      associated with symptoms of protracted abstinence in alcoholics, and may suggest
      an additional rationale for studying newer anxiolytic drugs in the postwithdrawal
      management of alcoholic patients. In the mid-1970s, Benjamin Kissin made three
      points regarding the optimal qualities for a tranquilizing drug in the treatment
      of alcoholism: it should be effective in maintaining individuals in treatment, it
      should have a low potential for abuse and it should not potentiate the effects of
      alcohol. Buspirone, a new anxiolytic drug, fulfills the second two criteria. The
      case for examining anxiolytics with low abuse potential in alcoholic patients is
      reviewed.

PMID- 2875217
TI  - [Serotonergic neurons and behavior].
AB  - The hypothesis linking decreased serotonin transmission to reduced anxiety as the
      mechanism in the anxiolytic activity of benzodiazepines conflicts with most
      clinical observations. Serotonin antagonists show no marked capacity to alleviate
      anxiety. On the other hand, clinical signs of reduced serotonergic transmission
      (low 5-HIAA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid) are frequently associated with
      aggressiveness, suicide attempts and increased anxiety. This brief review
      attempts to reconcile these human and animal findings by investigating whether
      anxiety reduction or increased impulsivity are likely to account for animal
      behavioral changes associated with decreased serotonergic transmission. The
      effects of manipulating central serotonin on experimental anxiety paradigms in
      animals (punishment, novelty) are reviewed and compared to the effects of anti
      anxiety drugs. Anxiety seems neither necessary nor sufficient to induce control
      by serotonergic neurons on behavior. Further evidence suggests that behavioral
      effects of anxiolytics thought to be mediated by decreases in anxiety are not
      caused by the ability of these drugs to reduce serotonin transmission. Blockade
      of serotonin transmission, especially at the level of the substantia nigra,
      results in a shift of behavior towards facilitation of responding. This
      behavioral shift is particularly marked when there is competition between acting
      and restraining response tendencies and when obstacles prevent the immediate
      attainment of an anticipated reward. It is proposed that serotonergic neurons are
      not only involved in behavioral arousal but also in enabling the organism to
      arrange or tolerate delay before acting. Decreases in serotonin transmission seem
      to be associated with the increased performance of behaviors which are usually
      suppressed though not necessarily because of the alleviation of anxiety which
      might contribute to the suppression.

PMID- 2875218
TI  - Idazoxan: a novel pharmacological tool for the study of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The pharmacological properties of idazoxan, 2-[2-(1,4-benzodioxanyl)]-2
      imidazoline, were first described four years ago; since then, this compound has
      been revealed to be one of the most selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking agent
      presently available. At peripheral sites, idazoxan antagonized the effects of
      alpha 2 agonists such as azepexole, B-HT 920, M 7, UK 14,304, alpha
      methylnoradrenaline, clonidine but was ineffective against alpha 1 agonists such
      as cirazoline and phenylephrine. At presynaptic sites idazoxan increased the
      tachycardia due to the stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve of the dog and
      antagonized the inhibitory effects of alpha 2 agonists in dogs and rats. As
      compared to the classical alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking agents, idazoxan was more
      selective and as potent as yohimbine, rauwolscine, RS 21361, Wy 26703. At central
      sites, idazoxan has been found to antagonize the sympathoinhibitory effects of
      alpha 2 agonists. Therefore, idazoxan is a potent and probably the most selective
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking agent presently available and is now frequently
      used for the investigation of peripheral and central alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2875219
TI  - Comparative study of the effects of stimulation or blockade of beta-adrenoceptors
      on the head-twitches induced in mice by 5-hydroxytryptophan versus 5-methoxy-N, N
      dimethyltryptamine.
AB  - This study aimed at comparing the effects of blockade or stimulation of beta
      adrenoceptors on the head-twitch response induced in mice by direct (5-MeODMT) or
      indirect (5-HTP) activation of serotonergic receptors shows that: beta-agonists
      (clenbuterol and salbutamol) increased the 5-HTP-induced head-twitches and
      decreased the response to 5-MeODMT. beta-agonists (propranolol and penbutolol)
      reduced the head-twitches elicited by 5-HTP but enhanced those induced by 5
      MeODMT. Under our experimental conditions, desipramine behaved like the beta
      agonists studied. Prior intracerebroventricular injection of 5,7-DHT enhanced the
      response to 5-MeODMT but did not prevent the antagonism of clenbuterol against 5
      MeODMT-induced head-twitches. These findings suggest that beta-receptors are in a
      position to regulate differentially serotonin transmission.

PMID- 2875220
TI  - Classification of benzodiazepine receptor agonists, inverse agonists and
      antagonists using bicuculline in an in vitro test.
AB  - The mechanism by which a substance that binds to the benzodiazepine receptor acts
      as an agonist, an inverse agonist (e.g. methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta
      CCM] or an antagonist (e.g. Ro 15-1788) was investigated. For this purpose, we
      studied the influence of bicuculline, an antagonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA), on the binding of these substances in crude synaptosomal preparation (P2
      fraction) containing high levels of endogenous GABA. Displacement curves were
      performed, using 3H-flunitrazepam in the absence and in the presence of a high
      concentration (7.10(-5) M) of bicuculline. The ratios of IC50 values with and
      without bicuculline were significantly higher than 1 for all benzodiazepine
      agonists investigated (e.g. 1.91 +/- 0.11 (n = 3) for diazepam), about 1 for Ro
      15-1788 (0.94 +/- 0.06 (n = 4)) and lower than 1 for beta-CCE (0.55 +/- 0.05 (n =
      4)). Statistically significant differences were also observed among
      benzodiazepine agonists e.g. between flunitrazepam (a sedative-hypnotic drug) and
      clonazepam (an anticonvulsant drug) or lorazepam (an anxiolytic drug). These data
      indicate that the ratios of IC50 values with and without bicuculline might
      provide the basis for an in vitro, pharmacologically relevant, classification of
      drugs acting on the benzodiazepine receptor. This procedure does not require
      extensive washing of the membrane preparation, in contrast to the method in which
      the ratios of IC50 values were determined with and without addition of GABA.

PMID- 2875221
TI  - [Determination of optimal posology for hypnotic and anxiolytic agents].

PMID- 2875222
TI  - A new method for determining co-operativity in neurotransmitter release.
AB  - It has been accepted for some time that neurotransmitter release exhibits a co
      operative dependence on calcium. Here we suggest a new procedure for estimating
      the co-operativity, based on the early rise of synaptic delay histograms of
      induced release at low quantal content. Measurements of such histograms at the
      lobster neuromuscular junction are reported. On the basis of this data, and also
      of data from the literature for other species, a re-examination is made of the
      conventional hypothesis that the kinetics of release is primarily determined by
      the time course of entry and removal of calcium ions. Two major new hypotheses
      for the nature of co-operativity are discussed, both containing the additional
      feature that membrane depolarization activates a molecule or complex that only
      then can bind calcium and induce release. The measurements confirm the hypothesis
      that the co-operativity arises from the action of several complexes between
      calcium and a depolarization-activated molecule to initiate the release of a
      vesicle. The co-operativity exponent is estimated to be between three and five in
      lobster neuromuscular junction and also in crayfish, macrobrachium, and frog.

PMID- 2875223
TI  - Reperfusion conditions: critical importance of total ventricular decompression
      during regional reperfusion.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that failure to minimize left ventricular oxygen
      demands by venting during reperfusion diminishes recovery after controlled blood
      cardioplegic reperfusion. Of 25 dogs undergoing 2 hours of left anterior
      descending coronary occlusion, nine were reperfused with normal blood without
      bypass and five were reperfused with normal blood during total vented bypass.
      Eleven other dogs were reperfused with aspartate-glutamate-enriched, diltiazem
      supplemented blood cardioplegic solution for 20 minutes during cardiopulmonary
      bypass; the left ventricle was decompressed by venting in only five of them.
      Regional systolic shortening was measured by ultrasonic crystals and myocardial
      damage estimated from triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. All segments
      developed systolic bulging during ischemia (-23% systolic shortening, p less than
      0.05), with no segmental recovery after reperfusion with normal blood without
      bypass (-27% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05) and negligible recovery
      following reperfusion with normal blood during total vented bypass (6 +/- 2%, p
      less than 0.05). In contrast, there was immediate recovery of regional
      contractility (+ 53% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05) in bypassed hearts
      reperfused with aspartate-glutamate-enriched, diltiazem-supplemented blood
      cardioplegic solution when venting was used and triphenyltetrazolium chloride
      nonstaining fell from 43% to 12% (p less than 0.05). Conversely, there was no
      postischemic recovery (-8% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05) when the same
      blood cardioplegic reperfusate was given over a comparable time without venting;
      triphenyltetrazolium chloride damage increased to 25% (p less than 0.05).
      Minimizing O2 demands by left ventricular decompression with venting during blood
      cardioplegic reperfusion is essential to ensure immediate functional recovery and
      limit histochemical damage.

PMID- 2875224
TI  - Immediate functional recovery after six hours of regional ischemia by careful
      control of conditions of reperfusion and composition of reperfusate.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that irreversible muscle damage does not occur
      after as long as 6 hours of ischemia before reperfusion, immediate functional
      recovery is possible by controlling the conditions of reperfusion during total
      vented bypass and the composition of the reperfusate with substrate-enriched
      blood cardioplegic solution, and such control can be accomplished without
      thoracotomy. Of 43 dogs undergoing 2 to 6 hours of left anterior descending
      coronary occlusion, seven were studied by ultrastructural and mitochondrial
      analyses after 6 hours of regional coronary occlusion without reperfusion.
      Sixteen other dogs were reperfused with normal blood, with the heart in the
      beating state after 2 to 4 hours of ischemia, and 20 dogs received regional
      substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic reperfusion after 2 to 6 hours of ischemia
      for 20 minutes during total vented bypass accomplished through the femoral
      artery, femoral vein, and transaortic left ventricular venting. Six hours of
      ischemia without reperfusion caused minimal changes in mitochondrial structure
      and retained mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production capacity at 64% of
      control values despite complete depletion of tissue adenosine triphosphate.
      Reperfusion with normal blood in the beating, working hearts caused extensive
      structural damage, reduced reflow, and failed to restore contractility in any
      instance (-27% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05). In contrast, regional
      cardioplegic reperfusion during total vented bypass at 2, 4, and 6 hours caused
      52 +/- 3%, 41 +/- 7%, and 21 +/- 6% immediate recovery of regional contractile
      function. The seven hearts reperfused at 6 hours of ischemia had more segmental
      shortening (21% versus -27%, p less than 0.05), less edema (81% versus 83% water
      content, p less than 0.05), and more postischemic flow (57 versus 18 ml/100
      gm/min in subendocardial muscle, p less than 0.05) than did 2-hour controls, and
      postischemic ultrastructure was not altered by reperfusion. Six hours of ischemia
      does not produce irreversible damage, and immediate recovery of contractile
      function is possible if the conditions of reperfusion are controlled with total
      vented bypass and a regional substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution is
      administered. Such control can be obtained by the peripheral cannulation
      technique.

PMID- 2875225
TI  - Early recovery of regional wall motion in patients following surgical
      revascularization after eight hours of acute coronary occlusion.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that failure of "successful" streptokinase with
      and without angioplasty to restore regional wall motion in patients with acute
      coronary occlusion is due to reperfusion injury that can be avoided in the
      surgical setting by control of the conditions of reperfusion and the composition
      of the reperfusate. Of 31 consecutive patients undergoing emergency coronary
      revascularization, 21 patients were reperfused medically with normal blood
      (streptokinase with or without angioplasty) following 4.5 +/- 0.4 hours of
      coronary occlusion in the coronary catheterization laboratory. Surgical
      reperfusion in 10 patients was with aspartate-glutamate-enriched blood
      cardioplegic solution during coronary artery bypass grafting after 8.5 +/- 0.5
      hours (7.2 to 11.4 hours) of acute coronary occlusion. Hemodynamic instability
      was present in 5 of 10 surgical patients before operation and resulted from
      coronary occlusion, whereas 7 to 21 previously stable medical patients became
      unstable hemodynamically following revascularization with normal blood. Surgical
      patients evolved fewer electrocardiographically determined infarctions (7/10
      versus 21/21, p less than 0.05), had fewer reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias
      (0/10 versus 9/21, p less than 0.05), had somewhat better global ejection
      fractions (47% versus 41%), and had shorter hospitalization times (8.3 versus
      10.7 days, p less than 0.05); in addition, they all showed significant segmental
      contractility at discharge (10/10 versus 2/21, p less than 0.05), despite delay
      of revascularization up to 11 hours. No deaths occurred. These studies imply that
      acute coronary occlusion is treated best by control of the conditions of
      reperfusion and the composition of the reperfusate.

PMID- 2875226
TI  - Tannin is the major agent present in cotton mill dust responsible for human
      platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion and thromboxane formation.

PMID- 2875228
TI  - On the localization of Thy-1-like immunoreactivity in the rodent and human
      nervous system.
AB  - The neuronal localisation of the surface glycoprotein Thy-1 was studied using the
      adult mouse iris whole-mount preparation. Polyclonal antibodies to Thy-1 and
      indirect immunohistochemical techniques were used on fixed tissues. In the adult
      intact mouse iris a plexus of delicate bundles and fibres was found in both the
      dilator and sphincter regions. Ovoid negative spots along the bundles were
      numerous, probably indicating the location of supportive cells. The ciliary body
      contained strongly immunoreactive bundles oriented in radial and circular
      patterns. Numerous Thy-1-positive mast cells were found in the irides. All Thy-1
      immunoreactive fibres disappeared in intraocular iris transplants after 4 days,
      leaving only the Thy-1-positive mast cells. A Thy-1-positive fibre plexus
      reappeared in intraocular iris transplants after 4 weeks, strongly indicating
      that Thy-1-immunoreactive fibres in adult mouse irides are associated with the
      nerve fibres and not with their supportive tissue. Distribution of Thy-1-like
      immunoreactivity in the developing human nervous system is presented for the
      first time, and its temporal changes are followed from the eighth gestational
      week to adulthood. At eight weeks the spinal cord and lower brain stem seemed to
      show virtually no immunoreactivity. At 10 and 31 weeks gestational age
      immunoreactivity was found preferentially in white matter areas with a granular
      appearance, becoming more densely aggregated at the later stage. Two months
      postnatally the internal capsule was strongly positive in an otherwise negative
      neuropil, only to disappear completely in the adult brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875227
TI  - Nonidentical expressions of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I, in identical
      twins.
AB  - We studied 25-year-old HLA- and blood group-identical male twins who had multiple
      endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN I). At the time of initial examination, one twin
      (case 1) had epigastric pain and diarrhea; he was cushingoid in appearance.
      Further evaluation revealed primary hyperparathyroidism, Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome, Cushing's disease, and hyperprolactinemia. Immunostaining of a resected
      pituitary specimen demonstrated both prolactin and, to a lesser extent, growth
      hormone reactivity. The nontumorous adenohypophysis showed corticotropic
      hyperplasia. In contrast, the other twin (case 2) was asymptomatic. He had only
      primary hyperparathyroidism and hyperprolactinemia. An invasive pituitary adenoma
      was resected and showed similar proportions of cells with immunoreactive
      prolactin and those with growth hormone; no nontumorous gland was available for
      study. Apparently, factors other than heredity may play a role in the expression
      of MEN I.

PMID- 2875229
TI  - Metabolism and transport of amino acids studied by immunocytochemistry.
AB  - The immunocytochemical method for demonstrating amino acids makes it possible to
      study accumulation and depletion of amino acids in individual tissue compartments
      resulting from experimental manipulations. We have incubated hippocampal slices
      in oxygenated Krebs solution, containing various additives, under basal
      conditions and during synaptic release of transmitters evoked by elevated K+
      concentrations or by veratrine. Immunoreactivities for glutamate (Glu-LI),
      aspartate (Asp-LI), glutamine (Gln-LI), gamma-amino-butyrate (GABA-LI) and
      taurine (Tau-LI) have been demonstrated by specific antibodies after fixation of
      the slices in glutaraldehyde. Prolonged depolarisation depleted Glu-LI, Asp-LI
      and Gln-LI from nerve-ending-like structures. GABA-LI was less affected and Tau
      LI not affected at all. The depletion of immunoreactivities could be prevented by
      metabolic precursors of transmitter amino acids, notably glutamine. This effect
      of glutamine was abolished by inhibiting glutaminase with diazooxonorleucine. Glu
      LI, Asp-LI, GABA-LI and Gln-LI accumulated in astroglial cells during conditions
      of prolonged depolarization-induced release. The accumulation of GABA-LI in glia
      was strongly increased by inhibition of aminotransferases by aminooxyacetic acid.
      The described changes in Glu-LI were prevented by low Ca2+/high Mg2+, and
      promoted when the glial enzyme glutamine synthetase was inhibited by methionine
      sulfoximine. D-Aspartate, a metabolically inert competitive inhibitor/substrate
      for high affinity uptake of glutamate, inhibited the accumulation of Glu-LI in
      glia. The results confirm the biochemically derived theories on metabolic
      compartmentation in nervous tissue, and add knowledge on the dynamics of the
      cellular distribution of amino acids. They also indicate the possibilities
      offered by the present approach for studying metabolism and pharmacology at the
      cellular level.

PMID- 2875230
TI  - Evaluation of the immunocytochemical method for amino acids.
AB  - Free amino acids can be coupled to proteins by glutaraldehyde. Rabbits immunised
      with a bovine serum albumin-glutaraldehyde-amino acid conjugate form antibodies
      that recognise similar conjugates with brain proteins in glutaraldehyde-fixed
      tissue. Antisera raised against conjugated GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate), glutamate,
      aspartate, taurine, glutamine, or glycine were tested against a variety of small
      molecular compounds that had been fixed by glutaraldehyde to brain protein and
      immobilised on cellulose ester filters for processing together with the brain
      sections. This system permitted closely similar conditions for testing and
      immunocytochemistry. After removing antibodies against the carrier used for
      immunisation and against cross reacting amino acid conjugates the antisera showed
      a high specificity. The specific nature of the antisera was corroborated by solid
      phase adsorption to the homologous antigens and by inhibition experiments with
      free amino acids and amino acid-glutaraldehyde fixation complexes. After
      transection of the striatonigral pathway the ipsilateral substantia nigra was
      almost depleted of GABA-like immunoreactivity; this observation lends additional
      support to the selectivity of the GABA antiserum. A semiquantitative relation was
      established between the concentration of amino acid before fixation in a model
      system and the subsequent intensity of immunostaining. Similar model experiments
      suggested that the conjugation of an amino acid to brain protein with
      glutaraldehyde, and the immunoreactivity of the conjugates, may be significantly
      inhibited in the presence of high concentrations of other amino compounds.

PMID- 2875231
TI  - Immunocytochemical studies on axonal transport in adrenergic and cholinergic
      nerves using cytofluorimetric scanning.
AB  - The axonal transport of adrenergic and cholinergic axonal organelles in rat
      sciatic nerve has been studied using a cytofluorimetric scanning (CFS) technique.
      This technique gives quantitative data on material which accumulates in a nerve
      relative to a crush, as well as morphological and morphometrical information
      about the accumulated axons in the nerve. One important advantage is that several
      substances can be measured in the same nerve segment, thus reducing the number of
      animals needed. The substances must be made fluorescent, and in this study we
      have investigated noradrenaline (NA), using formaldehyde induced fluorescence,
      and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y
      (NPY) and two cholinergic vesicle components (a transmembrane glycoprotein and
      synapsin I) using indirect immunofluorescence. The antisera used for labelling
      immunoreactive material (IR) were produced in rabbit or goat (DBH). In adrenergic
      axons NA, DBH-IR and TH-IR accumulated with time after crushing the nerve as
      described earlier with biochemical techniques. After reserpine, the amounts of
      amine granules transported distally in the sciatic nerve initially fell, but
      recovered during day 2 after reserpine. At day 4 the amount of NA and DBH-IR
      which was transported distally in the axons was supranormal, 160% and 140% of
      control, respectively, but the level of NPY-IR was not increased, even falling to
      subnormal at day 4, indicating different mechanisms for regulating the synthesis
      of DBH and NPY which are suggested to co-exist in axonal adrenergic large dense
      core vesicles. In cholinergic motor axons organelles, recognized by rabbit-anti
      cholinergic synaptic vesicles-antiserum (RASVA) and by anti-synapsin I-antiserum,
      are transported distally at a rapid rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875232
TI  - Transmitters and modulators in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat.
AB  - Several transmitters and modulators have been found to exist in the superior
      cervical ganglion of the rat. It has been shown that noradrenaline is present in
      the principal neurons and dopamine is the main catecholamine in the small
      intensely fluorescent cells. 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine have been
      investigated immunohistochemically and found to be present only in the small
      intensely fluorescent cells of an adult rat, in the same cells which are also
      immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase. On the other hand, enkephalins which were
      studied using highly specific antibodies against methionine-enkephalin-arginine
      phenylalanine and methionine-enkephalin-arginine-glycine-leucine were found in
      the principal neurons and nerve fibres. Ligation studies showed that enkephalins
      in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat are both of intrinsic and extrinsic
      origin. It is evident that the transmission in the sympathetic ganglion is
      complex. The possible function of the transmitter and modulator candidates is
      discussed.

PMID- 2875233
TI  - Localization and possible function of polyamines in protein and peptide secreting
      cells.
AB  - Three different cytochemical methods, the formaldehyde-fluorescamine and the
      ortho-phtalaldehyde fluorescence cytochemical methods as well as
      immunocytochemistry have been developed for localising the polyamines spermidine
      and spermine in tissue. All three methods produce identical results and show
      polyamines to occur inter alia in high concentrations in certain protein- and
      peptide-secreting cells. Many of these cells also show the capacity to metabolise
      monoamines and belong to the amine content or amine precursor uptake and
      decarboxylation (APUD) series. In cell types where fluorescence microscopical
      resolution allows, most polyamines appear to be localised to secretory granules.
      Moreover, studies on isolated pancreatic islets reveal active and glucose
      dependent polyamine biosynthesis to occur in insulin cells. Possible function of
      polyamines in secretory granules are discussed in the light of the above
      findings.

PMID- 2875234
TI  - Effects of SK&F 93944 (Temelastine), a potent histamine H1-receptor antagonist in
      pharmacologic and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction.
AB  - SK&F 93944, a previously reported non-sedating histamine H1-receptor antagonist,
      was evaluated for its ability to block pharmacologic-and antigen-induced
      bronchoconstriction. In the isolated guinea pig trachea, SK&F 93944 (10(-9)-10(
      7) M) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of contractions produced by
      histamine (pKB = 9.5). Another histamine antagonist, mepyramine (10(-8)-10(-6)
      M), was less potent (pKB = 8.5). SK&F 93944 (10(-8), 10(-7) M) also significantly
      depressed the rapid initial phase of antigen-induced contraction of the guinea
      pig trachea from animals actively sensitized to ovalbumin, while having no effect
      on the later, more protracted phase of the contractile response. In anesthetized
      mongrel dogs, selective inhibition of histamine (20 micrograms/kg, i.v.)-induced
      bronchoconstriction was achieved by SK&F 93944 in doses as low as 30
      micrograms/kg, i.v. Terfenadine, a purportedly selective histamine H1-receptor
      antagonist, blocked both histamine and acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction
      at doses similar to SK&F 93944. In mongrel dogs natively allergic to Ascaris suum
      antigen, pretreatment with aerosols of either SK&F 93944 or mepyramine (1%; 50
      tidal breaths) significantly inhibited bronchospasm elicited by increasing
      aerosol concentrations of antigen. Thus, SK&F 93944 is a highly potent, selective
      histamine H1-receptor antagonist which is efficacious vs. pharmacologic and
      antigen-induced bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2875235
TI  - Effect of changing levels of physical activity on blood-pressure and
      haemodynamics in essential hypertension.
AB  - The long-term effect of exercise on blood-pressure (BP) was assessed in 13
      untreated patients with essential hypertension. After a 6-week run-in period the
      levels of activity studied were sedentary, 45 min bicycling at 60-70% of maximum
      work capacity (Wmax) three times per week (3/week), and 45 min bicycling seven
      times per week (7/week), each for 4 weeks. The order differed between subjects in
      accordance with a Latin square. Supine BP, 48 h after each phase, averaged 148/99
      mm Hg in the run-in and 143/96 mm Hg in the sedentary phase; it fell below values
      in the sedentary phase by 11/9 mm Hg with 3/week exercise, and by 16/11 mm Hg
      with 7/week exercise (both p less than 0.01). With increasing activity total
      peripheral resistance fell and the cardiac index rose. Plasma noradrenaline
      concentration fell below values in the sedentary phase by 21% and 33% after
      3/week and 7/week exercise. Bodyweight and 24 h sodium excretion remained
      constant. Moderate regular exercise lowers BP and seems to be an important non
      pharmacological method of treating hypertension.

PMID- 2875236
TI  - Cyclosporin in therapeutic doses increases renal allograft vascular resistance.
AB  - In fourteen renal transplant patients converted from cyclosporin to azathioprine
      for financial reasons renal blood flow was greater and renal vascular resistance
      lower after conversion. These changes occurred without any change in serum
      creatinine. This finding suggests that the renal allograft vasoconstriction
      induced by cyclosporin occurs before evidence of nephrotoxicity and that the
      vasoconstriction is reversible. Renal allograft recipients had cyclosporin
      induced haemodynamic changes even early (2 weeks) after transplantation, when the
      allograft is still denervated. These findings may explain the increased
      sensitivity to other nephrotoxic agents and hypertension observed in cyclosporin
      treated patients.

PMID- 2875237
TI  - Streptococci as urinary pathogens.
AB  - In a 2-month prospective study of streptococci isolated from urine specimens in
      the laboratory, 242 strains of catalase-negative gram-positive cocci or
      coccobacilli were isolated in substantial numbers from 11,725 specimens. These
      comprised 10% of the important isolates. Species identification of all isolates
      was undertaken. 74 (30%) of the isolates were of species other than Streptococcus
      faecalis and S agalactiae. 79 (33%) were not detected on cysteine-lactose
      electrolyte-deficient agar after overnight incubation in a carbon dioxide
      incubator. 20 of the 24 isolates of coccobacilli were Gardnerella vaginalis. Many
      of the isolates of fastidious species were accompanied by pyuria. An isolation
      protocol practicable in busy laboratories is proposed.

PMID- 2875238
TI  - Transmission of chronic idiopathic vitritis in mice by inoculation of human
      vitreous containing leucocyte phagolysosomal bacteria-like bodies.
AB  - Vitreous humour from chronic idiopathic vitritis (CIV) patients containing 0.5
      0.7 micron diameter bacteria-like bodies (BLB) in polymorphonuclear leucocytes
      was inoculated into the eyelids of 100 mice. 200 control mice received either eye
      bank vitreous or saline. After 12 months, 53 mice that received CIV vitreous, but
      none of the controls, had clinical signs of ocular inflammation (p less than
      0.05); 15 of the mice that received CIV vitreous and none of the controls had
      histological evidence of chronic deep ocular inflammation, including vitritis (p
      less than 0.05); 95 CIV-vitreous-inoculated and 38 control mice were dead (p less
      than 0.05); and 3/3 of the CIV-vitreous group, compared with 0/3 controls, that
      were killed for histological assessment had phagolysosomal BLB identical to those
      in the CIV-vitreous inocula. The findings indicate that the BLB are pathogenic
      for mice.

PMID- 2875239
TI  - Evaluation of six enzyme immunoassays for antibody against human immunodeficiency
      virus.
AB  - Six commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIA) were evaluated in 6488 serum samples,
      with immunoblot analysis as the confirmatory test for antibodies against human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Abbott and Wellcome tests identified all 163
      immunoblot-positive samples correctly, whereas the other tests did not detect 1-3
      samples. In AIDS patients (predominantly with antibodies to gp41env) Organon's
      EIA was less sensitive (p less than 0.05) and Wellcome's more sensitive (p less
      than 0.05) than the immunoblot assay. In symptom-free anti-HIV-positive subjects
      (antibodies to almost all viral antigens and high titres of anti-p24gag) all the
      EIA were significantly (p less than 0.05) less sensitive than the immunoblot
      assay. The frequencies of false-positive reactions in a "tricky" panel of samples
      from patients with autoimmune and acute viral diseases and in a blood-donor panel
      were Abbott 9.5%, 0.42%: Organon 1.7%, 0%; Litton 1.0%, 0.4%; Behring 2.7%,
      0.06%; Wellcome 0%, 0%; and Pasteur 0%, 0.02%. The results of a seventh EIA
      (Dupont) were excluded from the study at the company's request. All six EIA
      evaluated are suitable tests for anti-HIV screening in samples from patients and
      blood donors.

PMID- 2875240
TI  - Is chronic renal transplant rejection a non-immunological phenomenon?
AB  - Five patients with chronic renal transplant rejection were subjected to dietary
      protein restriction (0.6 g/kg ideal body weight daily) with no change in
      immunosuppressive therapy. In all five patients the slope of the curve of
      reciprocal serum creatinine and time decreased (mean -46.0 +/- 11.8 before diet
      fell to -11.7 +/- 9.4; p less than 0.01). These findings support the hypothesis
      that non-immune mechanisms are dominant is chronic renal transplant failure.

PMID- 2875242
TI  - Jet lag and its pharmacology.

PMID- 2875241
TI  - Intracellular surveillance of persisting viral infections. Human genital cancer
      results from deficient cellular control of papillomavirus gene expression.
AB  - A model is proposed to explain basic features of viral oncogenesis in man such as
      the long interval between primary infection and tumour appearance, the small
      number of infected individuals in whom cancer develops, and the monoclonality of
      the tumours. These cancers are viewed as the result of failing intracellular
      control of persisting viral genomes in proliferating cells. This type of
      intracellular surveillance is regarded as a defence mechanism ancestrally older
      than immunological control, protecting the host at cellular level against
      potentially lethal effects of coevolving persisting viruses.

PMID- 2875243
TI  - Home, hospital, or birthroom?

PMID- 2875244
TI  - Molecular genetics and osteogenesis imperfecta.

PMID- 2875245
TI  - Orbital cellulitis.

PMID- 2875246
TI  - Ureteroscopy.

PMID- 2875247
TI  - Protective efficacy of BCG against leprosy in Northern Malawi.
AB  - The effectiveness of a BCG vaccination programme in protecting against leprosy
      was assessed by case-control and cohort analyses of data from the Lepra
      Evaluation Project in Karonga District, Northern Malawi. Results indicate that
      BCG provides at least 50% protection against leprosy in this population and that
      protection is independent of age, sex, schooling status, or location within the
      project area. Agreement between these findings and those from a controlled trial
      in Uganda indicates that BCG is sufficiently effective against leprosy in East
      and Central Africa to be considered an important element of leprosy control in
      that region.

PMID- 2875249
TI  - Manic-depressive illness.

PMID- 2875248
TI  - Risk of carcinoma following gastric operations for benign disease. A historical
      cohort study of 3470 patients.
AB  - The risk of stomach cancer was analysed in a cohort of 3470 patients who had had
      gastric surgery for benign disease between 1900 and 1969. In 87 patients (2.2%)
      stomach-stump cancer was diagnosed in the follow-up period 1970-84. By comparison
      with the total incidence of stomach cancer in the same region during the same
      time period, the observed versus expected ratio in the post-surgery group was 2.1
      (p less than 0.001) and did not differ between men and women. At 5-10 years
      postoperative the risk of cancer was no different from that in the total
      population, whereas after 40-45 years it was 7.3-fold higher. The risk was
      unrelated to primary diagnosis or type of operation.

PMID- 2875250
TI  - Chernobyl.

PMID- 2875251
TI  - Depression and prostacyclin infusion.

PMID- 2875252
TI  - Intralesional injection of 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in psoriasis.

PMID- 2875253
TI  - Psychiatric side-effects of high-dose lisuride therapy in parkinsonism.

PMID- 2875254
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid inflammation during OKT3 therapy.

PMID- 2875255
TI  - Fatal liver failure in children on valproate.

PMID- 2875256
TI  - Staphylococcal endocarditis after dental extraction.

PMID- 2875257
TI  - Abnormal ocular motility as early sign of CNS involvement in HIV infection.

PMID- 2875258
TI  - False-positive results with HIV ELISA kits.

PMID- 2875259
TI  - Fast neutron therapy.

PMID- 2875260
TI  - Should lesbians give blood?

PMID- 2875261
TI  - Waterborne giardiasis in the United States 1965-84.

PMID- 2875262
TI  - Intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy after in-vitro fertilisation.

PMID- 2875263
TI  - Human rabies vaccines induce neutralising antibodies against the European bat
      rabies virus (Duvenhage)

PMID- 2875264
TI  - Alcohol and haemorrhagic stroke.

PMID- 2875265
TI  - Eradication by alpha-interferon of one clone in biclonal hairy cell leukaemia.

PMID- 2875266
TI  - Mortality and social inequalities.

PMID- 2875268
TI  - Replication of clinical trials.

PMID- 2875267
TI  - Persecution of doctors in Iran.

PMID- 2875269
TI  - Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood cancer.

PMID- 2875270
TI  - Preparation of fine needle aspirates for immunocytochemical studies.

PMID- 2875271
TI  - Effect of high tonic levels of luteinising hormone on outcome of in-vitro
      fertilisation.

PMID- 2875272
TI  - Detection of regional myocardial ischaemia by NADH laser fluorimetry during human
      left heart catheterisation.

PMID- 2875273
TI  - Exacerbation of eczema by formalin-containing hepatitis B vaccine in formaldehyde
      allergic patient.

PMID- 2875274
TI  - Diltiazem and economic use of cyclosporin.

PMID- 2875275
TI  - Hepatitis B protection of endoscopy staff.

PMID- 2875276
TI  - Childhood leukaemia in the West of Scotland.

PMID- 2875277
TI  - Soft tissue sarcomas in Seveso.

PMID- 2875278
TI  - Hypolipidaemia in fire-eaters.

PMID- 2875279
TI  - Praziquantel in treatment of cerebral schistosomiasis.
AB  - The effectiveness of standard single-day praziquantel treatment (60 mg/kg) was
      prospectively evaluated in nine patients with seizures caused by cerebral
      Schistosoma japonicum infection. Eight patients were cured when discharged from
      the study, an average of 6 months after receiving praziquantel. They were seizure
      free in the absence of anticonvulsants, their electroencephalograms were normal,
      and no major abnormalities could be detected on neurological examination. Serial
      computed tomography scanning revealed rapid dissipation of cerebral oedema and
      complete or near-complete resolution of mass lesions. No serious adverse effects
      of praziquantel were encountered. The ninth patient was not cured but improved
      greatly in the months after treatment. Thus, single-day treatment with
      praziquantel is safe and effective in cerebral schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2875280
TI  - Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the
      Northwick Park Heart Study.
AB  - The Northwick Park Heart Study (NPHS) has investigated the thrombotic component
      of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) by the inclusion of measures of haemostatic
      function. Among 1511 white men aged between 40 and 64 at the time of recruitment,
      109 subsequently experienced first major events of IHD. High levels of factor VII
      coagulant activity and of plasma fibrinogen were associated with increased risk,
      especially for events occurring within 5 years of recruitment. These associations
      seemed to be stronger than for cholesterol, elevations of one standard deviation
      in factor VII activity, fibrinogen, and cholesterol being associated with
      increases in the risk of an episode of IHD within 5 years of 62%, 84%, and 43%
      respectively. Multiple regression analyses indicated independent associations
      between each of the clotting factor measures and IHD but not between the blood
      cholesterol level and IHD incidence. The risk of IHD in those with high
      fibrinogen levels was greater in younger than in older men. Much of the
      association between smoking and IHD may be mediated through the plasma fibrinogen
      level. The biochemical disturbance leading to IHD may lie at least as much in the
      coagulation system as in the metabolism of cholesterol.

PMID- 2875281
TI  - Fulminant hepatitis B in successive female sexual partners of two anti-HBe
      positive males.
AB  - In two separate families, consecutive, unrelated female sexual partners of a
      symptom-free, male, HBsAg-positive carrier died of fulminant hepatitis B.
      Although one man was HBeAg positive on the first occasion, both men were
      considered of low infectivity, being anti-HBe positive, negative for serum DNA
      polymerase activity, and negative for serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA when
      their second partners presented with fulminant hepatitis B. By means of molecular
      hybridisation techniques, both men were found to have HBV DNA (3.2 kb) in seminal
      fluid, sputum, saliva, peripheral blood leucocytes, and liver.

PMID- 2875282
TI  - The corticotropin-releasing-hormone test versus the high-dose dexamethasone test
      in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of the corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) test was
      compared with that of the oral high-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the
      differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. A false-negative response to CRH
      was present in 9% (2 of 22) of patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's
      disease and to high-dose dexamethasone in 11% (2 of 18). All 3 patients with
      Cushing's syndrome due to an adrenal adenoma were unresponsive to both CRH and
      dexamethasone. The only patient with ectopic corticotropin secretion had a false
      positive response of corticotropin to dexamethasone and no response of
      corticotropin to CRH. Simultaneous failure of both tests to indicate the cause of
      Cushing's syndrome did not occur in this series, except in 1 patient with
      Cushing's disease and overt macronodular hyperplasia. It is concluded that the
      diagnostic accuracy of the CRH test in patients with Cushing's syndrome is
      comparable to that of the high-dose dexamethasone test and that the highest
      discriminatory score in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is
      achieved by using both a CRH test and a high-dose dexamethasone test.

PMID- 2875284
TI  - Tethered spinal cord.

PMID- 2875283
TI  - Knee moments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - The gait of 7 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) who could walk unaided
      and 21 normal boys was analysed by means of a video recording technique linked to
      a Kistler force plate. An electronic device was used to superimpose the patient's
      ground reaction vector on the video recording of their walking. This recording
      was analysed to obtain sequential values for the moments developed around the
      knee during the walking cycle. The equinus gait of boys with DMD is shown to be a
      necessary adaptation to keep the forces about proximal joints, particularly the
      knee, within limits controllable by weakened muscles. These findings explain the
      observation that elongation of the Achilles tendon to correct contracture at the
      ankle can have irrevocably damaging effects on gait.

PMID- 2875285
TI  - Depression and Cushing's syndrome.

PMID- 2875286
TI  - Meningococcal infections.

PMID- 2875287
TI  - Sex, hormones, and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2875288
TI  - The depth of anaesthesia.

PMID- 2875289
TI  - Loa loa--a pathogenic parasite.

PMID- 2875290
TI  - Meningococcal serotypes and serogroup B disease in north-west Europe.
AB  - Examination of the trends of meningococcal infection in Norway, Iceland, Faroe
      Islands, Denmark, England and Wales, and the Netherlands, has shown that
      Neisseria meningitidis B:2b:P1.2 and/or B:2a:P1.2 phenotypes were associated with
      peaks of infection in the Netherlands in 1966, in Iceland 1976-77, and in England
      and Wales in 1973-75. These strains were present in all six countries in the
      decade 1970-80 but their prevalence is now practically negligible. In contrast
      the prevalence of the B:15:P1.16 phenotype has risen. In the Faroe Islands and
      northern Norway this change in serotype prevalence has been followed by rises in
      incidence of meningococcal disease; the same is happening in England and Wales
      but not yet in the other countries.

PMID- 2875291
TI  - An outbreak of meningococcal disease in Gloucestershire.
AB  - Between October, 1981, and March, 1986, there were 65 cases of meningococcal
      infection, about five times the expected number, in Gloucester Health District.
      The cases, mainly in teenagers and young adults, were clustered in the Stroud
      district and in the southern part of Gloucester City, and most were caused by a
      sulphonamide-resistant group B type 15 meningococcus. 2 patients died. Only 57%
      of meningitis cases were formally notified. 7 (11%) patients had septicaemia
      without meningitis, not a notifiable disease. All meningococcal disease should be
      made notifiable and meningococci should be serotyped routinely so that the
      epidemiology of the disease can be monitored before the introduction of suitable
      vaccines.

PMID- 2875292
TI  - National Institutes of Health awards to institutions in foreign countries, 1976
      85.
AB  - Foreign institutions are eligible for grants from the US National Institutes of
      Health (NIH) for biomedical research. Applications undergo a two-tier process of
      peer review. Most applications are approved and about a third succeed in
      obtaining funding. Each year the NIH awards about 300 research grants and
      contracts to foreign institutions and supports another 100 international research
      fellows. In the fiscal year 1984, the NIH spent about +35 million on these awards
      -about half the amount that it spent on international activities.

PMID- 2875293
TI  - Management of type I diabetes with ciamexone.

PMID- 2875294
TI  - Distribution of meningococcal meningitis in England and Wales 1982-86.

PMID- 2875295
TI  - Cyclosporin and graft survival.

PMID- 2875296
TI  - Cryopreservation does not affect future of human fertilised eggs.

PMID- 2875297
TI  - Indomethacin in the relief of AIDS symptoms.

PMID- 2875298
TI  - HIV IgM antibodies in risk groups who are seronegative on ELISA testing.

PMID- 2875299
TI  - Half-life and in-vivo recovery of heated factor VIII concentrates.

PMID- 2875300
TI  - Frequency of XbaI polymorphism in myocardial infarct survivors.

PMID- 2875301
TI  - Torsade de pointes with prenylamine: do we still need the drug?

PMID- 2875302
TI  - Neural tube defects and sex ratio.

PMID- 2875303
TI  - Regression of liver metastases in patient with gastrin-secreting tumour treated
      with SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2875304
TI  - Exacerbation of asthma after nebulised beclomethasone diproprionate.

PMID- 2875305
TI  - First-aid for burns.

PMID- 2875306
TI  - Multiple sclerosis and Borrelia burgdorferi.

PMID- 2875307
TI  - Health visitors and the elderly.

PMID- 2875308
TI  - Fenoprofen and free triiodothyronine assays.

PMID- 2875309
TI  - Dopamine D2 receptors and SCH 23390 treatment.

PMID- 2875310
TI  - Electric shocks for snakebite.

PMID- 2875311
TI  - Prospects for antibody-targeted radiotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2875312
TI  - Hormone release by electroconvulsive therapy.

PMID- 2875313
TI  - Percutaneous laser recanalisation of coronary arteries.

PMID- 2875315
TI  - Rubbers, water, and legionella.

PMID- 2875314
TI  - Epicardial monophasic action potentials.

PMID- 2875316
TI  - Perforation of heart during attempt to drain pleural cavity.

PMID- 2875317
TI  - Efficacy of antihypertensive drug treatment according to age, sex, blood
      pressure, and previous cardiovascular disease in patients over the age of 60.
AB  - Results of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly
      (EWPHE) trial have been analysed in relation to age, sex, blood pressure, and
      previous cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular mortality and the cardiovascular
      study-terminating events were significantly and independently related to
      treatment, age, cardiovascular complications at randomisation, and systolic but
      not diastolic blood pressure. The benefits of treatment observed in the trial
      seemed to be independent of entry blood pressure and the presence or absence of
      cardiovascular complications at entry. There was some evidence that treatment
      effect decreases with advancing age. Little or no benefit from treatment could be
      demonstrated in patients over the age of 80 years, the great majority of whom
      were women.

PMID- 2875318
TI  - Genetic control of low-density-lipoprotein subclasses.
AB  - In a study of lipoprotein subclasses in 79 healthy members of sixteen nuclear
      families evidence was obtained that low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) subclass
      patterns determined by gradient-gel electrophoresis are influenced by a common
      allele at a single genetic locus. The estimated frequency of the allele leading
      to the phenotype characterised by predominance of small, dense LDL subclasses was
      about 15%. Expression of this phenotype appears to be age dependent, in that most
      affected subjects in this population were older than 40 years. Although plasma
      lipid levels were normal in most subjects with this trait, levels of plasma
      apoprotein B and triglyceride were higher and levels of apoprotein AI and HDL2
      lower than in unaffected family members. It is possible that this genetic trait
      may interact with other genetic or environmental variables in predisposing
      affected individuals to atherogenic lipoprotein and apoprotein profiles.

PMID- 2875319
TI  - Atherogenicity of blood serum from patients with coronary heart disease.
AB  - The sera from 62 of 68 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) caused a two to
      five fold elevation in the intracellular cholesterol in primary cultures of
      subendothelial cells derived from grossly normal intima of human aorta. The sera
      from 33 of 42 healthy subjects did not show atherogenic properties in culture.
      Atherogenic potential correlated directly with the serum apolipoprotein-B
      apolipoprotein A1 ratio, but not with the level of total cholesterol, high
      density-lipoprotein cholesterol, apo-B, or apo-A1. The sera from patients with
      CHD also facilitated deposition of lipids in the medial smooth muscle cells of
      human aorta and mononuclear blood cells, though to a lesser degree. They had no
      such effect on endothelial cells of human aorta and umbilical vein, or human
      embryo fibroblasts.

PMID- 2875321
TI  - Treatment of autonomic neuropathy with a somatostatin analogue SMS-201-995.
AB  - Eight patients with postprandial hypotension and orthostatic hypotension were
      treated with the somatostatin analogue SMS-201-995. Low doses of this drug (0.2
      0.4 microgram/kg) raised the blood pressure after breakfast in all six patients
      with postprandial hypotension. 60 min after breakfast the mean sitting blood
      pressure was 35 +/- 10 (SEM) mm Hg higher after administration of SMS-201-995 0.4
      microgram/kg than after placebo (p less than 0.001). Larger doses (up to 1.6
      micrograms/kg) raised upright blood pressure during the postprandial period in
      five of seven patients. Before therapy three patients were unable to stand after
      eating; after an injection of SMS-201-995 0.8 microgram/kg at the beginning of
      breakfast they were able to walk for 35-100 min. The duration of therapeutic
      effect of each injection was 3-6 h. Treatment was followed by abdominal cramps
      and nausea in two patients with gastroparesis diabeticorum. SMS-201-995 holds
      promise as a treatment for postprandial hypotension and orthostatic hypotension.

PMID- 2875320
TI  - Transmissibility of human immunodeficiency virus in haemophilic and non
      haemophilic children living in a private school in France.
AB  - In a study of the transmissibility of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in
      haemophilic and non-haemophilic children living together in a boarding school in
      France, half of the haemophilic children had seroconverted by the end of a 3-year
      study period. By contrast none of the non-haemophilic children seroconverted. All
      children had had close casual contact, some of them for several years. Hepatitis
      B virus (HBV) markers detected in all polytransfused haemophiliacs were found in
      4 of 20 control children in the school, whereas all healthy youngsters living
      with their families were HBV negative. This study adds support to the theory that
      transmissibility of HIV among casual contacts is low and that there is no reason
      to exclude HIV-antibody carriers from communities.

PMID- 2875323
TI  - The occupational mortality supplement: why the fuss?

PMID- 2875322
TI  - Living with radiation--after Chernobyl.

PMID- 2875324
TI  - "Looks like SVT".

PMID- 2875325
TI  - Care of disabled--a cacophony.

PMID- 2875326
TI  - Familial moles and malignant melanoma in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2875327
TI  - Children in Juba, southern Sudan: the second and third years of life.
AB  - A prospective study of child health has been continued until the children were 36
      months old. The mortality rate in the second year was 8.1%. The most common cause
      of death was chronic undernutrition. The 79 children suffered seventy-six
      episodes of faltering weight gain; 47 lost 0.5 kg, and most did not reach their
      former weight for 5 months. Marasmus complicated eighteen faltering episodes;
      three were fatal. Of 45 children remaining in Juba to their 36th month none had
      marasmus, and their health was improved. 15 of 53 children, mean age 2.25 years,
      showed developmental delay. After 10 months 7 showed continued delay. Hepatitis B
      seemed to be transmitted to the children from both mothers and other sources. Day
      care centres can help chronically undernourished children, and health education
      should be directed towards the parents' capabilities.

PMID- 2875328
TI  - Simulated cardiac arrests for monitoring quality of in-hospital resuscitation.
AB  - To improve monitoring of the quality of resuscitation after cardiac arrest staff
      performance in 47 simulated cardiac arrests was assessed. The exercise revealed
      many unsuspected deficiencies. Nurses did not apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation,
      use the hand-held defibrillator, or give supplementary oxygen while awaiting the
      arrival of the arrest team; the availability of different models of
      defibrillators led to confusion and delay in defibrillation; suction equipment
      did not suck hard enough; lack of special protocols for areas such as paediatrics
      led to medication errors. Remedial measures included in-service education for
      nurses, purchase of new defibrillators and portable suction machines, and
      preparation of detailed protocols for paediatric, haemodialysis, and obstetric
      units. The use of mock arrests helps in the immediate and definitive
      identification of deficiencies in the quality of cardiac resuscitation.
      Furthermore information obtained by the use of mock arrests spurs physicians and
      hospital administrators to correct the deficiencies promptly.

PMID- 2875330
TI  - Medicine in turbulent times.

PMID- 2875329
TI  - Self-prescribing by way of pharmacies in three Asian developing countries.
AB  - The pattern of advice given and drugs dispensed at 75 Asian pharmacies in
      response to the presentation of a fictitious infant with diarrhoea were studied.
      Only 16 of the 75 pharmacies gave the appropriate advice--oral rehydration or
      consultation with a health worker. 19 of 25 pharmacies in Bangladesh, 16 of 25 in
      Sri Lanka, and 24 of 25 in Yemen Arab Republic dispensed drugs, with or without
      oral rehydration solution. Fixed-dose combinations of antibiotics and
      antidiarrhoeal drugs were common. The results are discussed in relation to
      national drug and diarrhoeal control policies. After further development of the
      method it might become a useful monitoring instrument.

PMID- 2875331
TI  - Meningococcal bacteraemia in febrile contacts of patients with meningococcal
      disease.

PMID- 2875332
TI  - Intact smallpox virus particles in an Italian mummy of sixteenth century.

PMID- 2875333
TI  - Sodium and water depletion in ileostomy patients.

PMID- 2875334
TI  - Campylobacter pyloridis, urease, and gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2875335
TI  - Treatment of enterocutaneous fistulas with somatostatin.

PMID- 2875336
TI  - Anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulin for AIDS-related thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2875337
TI  - Unusual intrafamilial transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2875339
TI  - Patient-triggered ventilation in the newborn.

PMID- 2875338
TI  - False-positive immunoblot results with antibodies against human immunodeficiency
      virus.

PMID- 2875340
TI  - Beta-cell function in type II diabetes.

PMID- 2875342
TI  - False-negative finding on chorionic villus sampling.

PMID- 2875341
TI  - Epirubicin-induced primary Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 2875343
TI  - Persistent Coxsackie B infections in immunocompetent patients.

PMID- 2875344
TI  - Fatal poisoning and membrane stabilising activity.

PMID- 2875345
TI  - Panic attacks and excessive aspartame ingestion.

PMID- 2875346
TI  - From Nazi holocaust to nuclear holocaust.

PMID- 2875347
TI  - Inequality, poverty, and health.

PMID- 2875348
TI  - Effects of animal research on life expectancy.

PMID- 2875349
TI  - Obstetrics and gynaecology at the London Hospital.

PMID- 2875350
TI  - Mental handicap with psychiatric illness.

PMID- 2875351
TI  - Monoclonal antibody to detect Pneumocystis carinii.

PMID- 2875352
TI  - Thiazide-induced dilutional hyponatraemia masquerading as subarachnoid
      haemorrhage.

PMID- 2875354
TI  - Red-cell surface charge in glomerular disease.

PMID- 2875353
TI  - Kidney transplant regraft results improved by peroperative blood transfusions.

PMID- 2875355
TI  - Asthma mortality in England and Wales.

PMID- 2875356
TI  - Salmonella in vacuum cleaners.

PMID- 2875357
TI  - Misclassification as a factor in passive smoking risk.

PMID- 2875359
TI  - Presentation of variability.

PMID- 2875358
TI  - Ergotism as complication of thromboembolic prophylaxis with heparin and
      dihydroergotamine.

PMID- 2875360
TI  - Lipid peroxidation as cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2875361
TI  - Serum aluminum and phosphate concentrations in CAPD.

PMID- 2875362
TI  - Coconut water and home rehydration.

PMID- 2875363
TI  - Methotrexate toxicity coincident with packed red cell transfusions.

PMID- 2875365
TI  - The Chernobyl accident.

PMID- 2875364
TI  - Death of patient after delayed response from deputising service.

PMID- 2875366
TI  - [Political economic significance of rehabilitation cures].

PMID- 2875367
TI  - [Population forecasts, use, methods, reliability and problems. Use of population
      forecasts].

PMID- 2875369
TI  - [Insurability of patients surviving myocardial infarcts].

PMID- 2875368
TI  - [Life expectancy in heart failure].

PMID- 2875370
TI  - [Insurance potential for patients with heart valve prostheses].

PMID- 2875371
TI  - [Prognostic criteria in dialysis and kidney transplantation].

PMID- 2875372
TI  - [Pathogenesis and therapy of hemorrhage in esophageal varices].

PMID- 2875373
TI  - The emetic effect of B-HT 920 and apomorphine in the dog: antagonism by
      haloperidol.
AB  - Recent investigations have suggested that the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist B-HT
      920 is also a dopamine (DA) agonist with a selectivity for presynaptic receptors.
      In the present study, the emetic effect of B-HT 920 was investigated. Intravenous
      injections of B-HT 920 (0.32-10.0 micrograms/kg) and a DA2-agonist apomorphine
      (3.2-100.0 micrograms/kg) caused dose-dependent emesis. The ED50 of B-HT 920 and
      apomorphine were 3.2 and 12.3 micrograms/kg, respectively. When haloperidol (10.0
      24.5 micrograms/kg i.v.), a DA2-antagonist, was given 5 minutes before B-HT 920
      (10 micrograms/kg) or apomorphine (32 micrograms/kg), it caused a dose-dependent
      prevention of B-HT 920- and apomorphine-induced emesis. The ED50 of haloperidol
      in preventing the emetic effect of both drugs was identical (13.5 micrograms/kg).
      In contrast, haloperidol (32 micrograms/kg i.v.) did not prevent the emetic
      effect of ouabain (40 micrograms/kg i.v.). Neither did yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg
      i.v.), an alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, prevent the emetic effect of B-HT
      920 (10 micrograms/kg). These results suggest that B-HT 920, acting like
      apomorphine, induces emesis by activating DA2-receptors probably in the
      chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema.

PMID- 2875375
TI  - [Criteria and methods for determining fatigue].

PMID- 2875374
TI  - Phencyclidine-like behavioral effects in pigeons induced by systemic
      administration of the excitatory amino acid antagonist, 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate.
AB  - A selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, was
      found to produce PCP-like catalepsy, discriminative stimulus effects, and
      stereotyped operant responding in pigeons when administered intramuscularly.
      These results support the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of PCP-like
      drugs result at least in part from reduced neurotransmission at excitatory amino
      acid synapses utilizing N-methyl-D-aspartate preferring receptors.

PMID- 2875376
TI  - [Open clinical study of clotiazepam in psychiatry].

PMID- 2875377
TI  - Exercise tolerance and compensatory sympathetic tone during beta-blockade after
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Using chronically instrumented dogs with a healed anterior wall myocardial
      infarction, we have assessed the effect of acute beta-adrenergic blockade on
      exercise tolerance, left ventricular (LV) performance, and myocardial VO2.
      Mongrel dogs were instrumented with Doppler flow probes around the left
      circumflex coronary artery, LV pressure cells, epicardial ECG electrodes, and
      left atrial and coronary sinus catheters. Myocardial infarction was produced by
      ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery at time of
      instrumentation (approximately 20% LV mass). After a 1-month recovery period,
      dogs were subjected to two identical submaximal graded exercise tests on a
      treadmill on separate days, once without (control) and once with (propranolol, 1
      mg X kg-1, i.v.) acute beta-adrenergic blockade. Heart rate, LV pressure, dP/dt
      max, left circumflex blood flow velocity, and myocardial VO2 index were measured
      at each stage of the graded exercise test. All variables were significantly
      reduced from control during beta-block in exercise. beta-Adrenergic blockade in
      the presence of a 1-month-old anterior wall myocardial infarction did not
      compromise exercise capacity during submaximal exercise.

PMID- 2875378
TI  - Organization and expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of 987P
      fimbriae.
AB  - A chromosomal DNA segment encoding the biosynthesis of 987P fimbriae was isolated
      by cosmid-cloning and subsequent subcloning into pBR322. The 12 kb DNA segment
      expressed five polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 81,000, 39,000,
      28,500, 20,500, and 16,500, respectively. The location of the corresponding genes
      was determined by insertional mutagenesis using Tn5. The 20.5 K polypeptide was
      identified as the 987P fimbrial subunit by its reaction with specific anti-987P
      antibodies. The 81, 39, and 28.5 K polypeptides appeared to be accessory proteins
      involved in 987P production.

PMID- 2875380
TI  - Colonization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli exhibiting mannose-sensitive
      hemagglutination to the small intestine of piglets.

PMID- 2875379
TI  - The tobacco mitochondrial ATPase subunit 9 gene is closely linked to an open
      reading frame for a ribosomal protein.
AB  - A transcribed segment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Nicotiana tabacum
      contains the F0-ATPase subunit 9 gene, an open reading frame with homology to the
      E. coli small subunit ribosomal protein S13 and an open reading frame with
      homology to a portion of the mammalian "URF 1" protein, recently shown to be a
      component of the NADH:ubiquinone reductase complex (NADH:Q 1). The
      transcriptional patterns of the tobacco ATPase 9 gene and S13-like open reading
      frame share eight RNA species indicating the two sequences are part of the same
      transcriptional unit. A maize mtDNA fragment contains the S13 homologous sequence
      and the NADH:Q 1 homologous sequence in an orientation similar to tobacco. The
      S13-like sequence is present as a single copy in maize and tobacco, as two copies
      in wheat, and is absent in pea and bean. We discuss the distribution and
      orientation of the S13-like and "URF 1"-like sequences and the possibility that
      they are active genes.

PMID- 2875381
TI  - Serotype and drug susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis isolated in Japan from
      1975 to 1984.

PMID- 2875382
TI  - A probable new adhesive factor (F42) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      isolated from pigs.
AB  - Three enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains (coded 62, 104, and 567/7)
      isolated from piglets with neonatal diarrhea produced only a thermostable
      enterotoxin. Although these strains showed mannose-resistant
      microhemagglutination (MRMH), the responsible factor was serologically different
      from the known hemagglutinating colonization factors from porcine strains (K88,
      K99, and F41). Bacterial cells from these strains adhered to HeLa cells and pig
      brush borders. Electron microscope studies revealed the presence of fimbria-like
      structures on bacterial cells grown at 37 C but not on cells grown at 18 C. The
      antiserum prepared from partially purified fimbrial antigen (provisionally called
      F42) inhibited chicken erythrocyte MRMH caused by these strains as well as
      adherence of strain 567/7 to HeLa cells and to pig brush borders. These data
      taken together suggest the existence of a new hemagglutinating adhesin that is
      different from those so far described for porcine ETEC.

PMID- 2875383
TI  - Prescribing for the patient with renal disease.

PMID- 2875384
TI  - Rapid neuromuscular blockade: are there alternatives to succinylcholine?

PMID- 2875385
TI  - [Polyarteritis nodosa in childhood. A clinical contribution with special
      reference to renal damage].

PMID- 2875386
TI  - [Physiopathology of human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP)].

PMID- 2875387
TI  - [Oral hypoglycemics and insulin action. Post-receptor effects].

PMID- 2875388
TI  - [Hydroxyzine and flunarizine as premedication for local anesthesia in allergic
      patients or patients with drug intolerance].

PMID- 2875389
TI  - [Control of food intake].
AB  - The decisions of an individual about his food intake depend upon a variety of
      internal and external signals. The present contribution describes the
      physiological mechanisms controlling food intake to preserve body composition and
      performance. Centers within the hypothalamus including their connections to
      higher and lower structures within the central nervous system, especially to the
      limbic system, are involved in the control a food intake. Neuropeptides and
      neurotransmitters usually initiate more complex actions including the search for
      food and satiety phenomena. Their production and release are influenced by food
      consumption as well as intake of specific nutrients, sensorial perceptions, and a
      variety of other factors. Vagal reflexes and gastro-intestinal hormones, fat cell
      size, physical activity, and thermogenesis also influence perceptions of hunger
      and satiety. A model satisfactorily describing the interactions between all known
      factors that control food intake is still missing. The path from hunger to
      satiety could be described as sequences of cascades similar to the various steps
      in blood clotting. Control of food intake during early life dependably relies on
      energy requirement, and can be utilized for ad-libitum feeding. Obesity and
      anorexia nervosa are manifestations of disturbed control over food intake.
      Neuropharmacology offers several therapeutic approaches to specific conditions.
      However, by and large abnormalities of food intake control have to be treated by
      behavioral modification.

PMID- 2875390
TI  - The carcinoid syndrome.

PMID- 2875391
TI  - Control of asthma by aerosols.

PMID- 2875392
TI  - Differential cross-tolerance among morphine, methadone, and ethylketocyclazocine-
      EEG and behavior.

PMID- 2875393
TI  - Physical dependence of benzodiazepines in the rat and dog.

PMID- 2875394
TI  - Stimulant depressant report.

PMID- 2875395
TI  - L-654,284 a new potent and selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist.
AB  - L-654,284 [(2R, 12bS)-N-(1,3,4,6,7,12b-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]-furo[2,3-a]
      quinolizine-2-yl)-N-methyl-2-hydroxyethanesulfonamide) was tested in several in
      vitro and in vivo models for alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity and
      compared to several reference agents. In vitro L-654,284 completed for the
      binding of 3H-clonidine or 3H-rauwolscine (Ki's 0.8 nM, 1.1 nM) and blocked the
      presynaptic effects of clonidine in the rat isolated vas deferens (pA2, 9.1). L
      654,284 exhibited marked alpha 2-vs. alpha 1-adrenoceptor selectivity in vitro,
      inhibiting 3H-prazosin binding with a Ki of 110 nM and blocking the effects of
      methoxamine on the vas deferens with a pA2 of 7.5. In vivo L-654,284 at 22
      nmoles/kg i.v. doubled the ED50 of clonidine to produce mydriasis in rats. Given
      orally, the potency of L-654,284 in this test was reduced by a factor of 5.5. L
      654,284 also potently increased cerebrocortical NE turnover in the rat, another
      in vivo index of alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade in the central nervous system. In
      the periphery, L-654,284 demonstrated alpha 2-adrenoceptor selectivity by
      preferentially blocking the pressor effects of UK 14304 versus those of
      methoxamine in the pithed rat. Overall, L-654,284 was generally a more potent
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist than RX 781094 with comparable alpha 2/alpha 1
      selectivity and was several times more potent and alpha 2-selective than WY 26703
      or yohimbine. In addition, L-654,284 had better (5-6 times) oral bioavailability
      than RX 781094 or WY 26703.

PMID- 2875396
TI  - Sodium regulation of agonist and antagonist binding to beta-adrenoceptors in
      intact and Ns-deficient membranes.
AB  - Agonist binding to various hormone receptors mediating adenylate cyclase
      inhibition is decreased by sodium ions. We studied the influence of Na+ on
      agonist and antagonist binding to beta-adrenoceptors in membrane preparations of
      guinea pig lung, S49 lymphoma wild-type cells (WT) and their Ns-deficient cyc-
      variants by measuring binding of the antagonist, [125I]iodocyanopindolol [(
      125I]CYP). At 37 degrees C, sodium decreased the receptor affinity for the
      agonist, isoproterenol, in all three membrane preparations. In lung and WT
      membranes, Na+ steepened the shallow agonist competition curves in a manner
      similar to and synergistic with guanine nucleotides. When binding was performed
      at 4 degrees C, sodium regulation but not guanine nucleotide regulation of
      agonist binding was preserved. At the low temperature, [125I]CYP affinity was
      reduced, and sodium increased [125I]CYP binding in both Ns-containing and Ns
      deficient membranes by increasing the antagonist affinity without significant
      change in total receptor number. Compared to Na+, Li+ and K+ were much less
      potent and efficient in decreasing agonist and increasing antagonist binding. Na+
      and Mg2+ had opposite effects on agonist binding in the Ns-containing lung and WT
      membranes but not in the Ns-deficient cyc- membranes. The data indicate that
      sodium not only regulates binding of inhibitory hormone receptors but also
      agonist and antagonist binding to the adenylate cyclase stimulatory beta
      adrenoceptor. The finding that sodium regulation of beta-adrenoceptor binding is
      also observed in the Ns (alpha s)-deficient cyc- membranes, furthermore,
      indicates that the target of sodium is not the alpha-subunit of Ns but possibly a
      component common to both types of receptor systems regulating adenylate cyclase
      activity.

PMID- 2875397
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (non-selective as well as beta 1-selective) with
      partial agonistic activity decrease beta 2-adrenoceptor density in human
      lymphocytes. Evidence for a beta 2-agonistic component of the partial agonistic
      activity.
AB  - In the present study the effects of pindolol [non-selective beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist with strong partial agonistic activity (PAA)] on beta 2-adrenoceptor
      density in lymphocytes (assessed by (-)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding)
      were compared with those of the beta 1-selective antagonists celiprolol (with
      PAA) and bisoprolol (no PAA) in normotensive young volunteers to get further
      insights into the nature of PAA. Administration of pindolol (2 X 5 mg/day) caused
      an about 25% decrease in lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density after 2 days;
      during treatment beta 2-adrenoceptor density declined further (maximum decrease
      after 7 days: 50%). After withdrawal of pindolol lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor
      density recovered very slowly being still after 4 days significantly reduced,
      although no pindolol was detectable in plasma after 36 h. The KD-values for ICYP,
      however, did not change during or after pindolol treatment. The decrease in
      lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density induced by pindolol could be completely
      prevented by simultaneous administration of propranolol (3 X 40 mg/day)
      indicating that the PAA of pindolol is the cause of its beta-adrenoceptor
      decreasing effect. Administration of the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist bopindolol (1 X 2 mg/day) with PAA caused decreases in lymphocyte beta
      2-adrenoceptor density (maximum decrease after 7 days: 40%); concomitantly the 10
      mumol/l (-)-isoprenaline evoked increases in the intracellular level of
      lymphocyte cyclic AMP were attenuated to a similar extent indicating that the
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonist-induced decrease in beta-adrenoceptor density is
      accompanied by a loss in beta-adrenoceptor function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2875398
TI  - Relationship of metabolism of 2'-, 3'- and 5'-adenine nucleotides to presynaptic
      inhibition of transmitter release in rat vas deferens.
AB  - In the isolated rat vas deferens stimulated at 0.2 Hz, a series of 2'-, 3'-, and
      5'-substituted adenine nucleotides all inhibited the twitch responses, their
      actions being potentiated by the nucleoside transport inhibitors, HNBTGR, NBMPR
      and dipyridamole. The metabolism of these nucleotides was examined utilizing HPLC
      analysis of the bathing medium after exposure to 30 microM nucleoside or
      nucleotide for 5 min. 5'-AMP, 5'-ADP, 5'-ATP, and NAD+ were all partially
      hydrolysed to adenosine, the relative extent of this being 5'-AMP greater than 5'
      ADP = 5'-ATP greater than NAD+. However, the other nucleotides examined were not
      detectably converted to adenosine or to adenosine deamination products. These
      results indicate that the 2'-, 3'- and 5'-substituted nucleotides studied act at
      a P1-purinoceptor in rat vas deferens to inhibit neurotransmission and, with the
      exception of 5'-AMP, 5'-ADP, 5'-ATP and NAD+, all appear to act directly at this
      receptor. However, the 5'-adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP and ATP) and NAD+ all
      appear to act at least partially indirectly subsequent to their hydrolysis to
      adenosine.

PMID- 2875399
TI  - Quantitative electroencephalographic profile of 3-(4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-6
      (2,4-dichlorophenyl)-pyridazine (SR 41378) in the rat.
AB  - Quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) analysis was performed in rats
      following the oral administration of SR 41378 [3-(4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-6-(2,4
      dichlorophenyl)-pyridazine], a novel aminopyridazine derivative, which has been
      shown to possess anticonvulsant, antianxiety and hypnotic activities in mice and
      rats. The EEG effects of SR 41378 (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) were compared to those
      of secobarbital (30 and 60 mg/kg) and diazepam (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg). SR 41378 and
      secobarbital increased the power of the middle-frequencies (8-16 Hz) of the EEG,
      reduced that of 4-8 Hz (theta) activities and did not affect 1-4 Hz (delta)
      activities. Diazepam also increased the power of middle-frequency activities and
      decreased that of both delta and theta activities. Quantitative EEG profiles were
      calculated from the mean integrated power (MIP) of selected frequency bands. The
      QEEG profile of SR 41378 was found to share common characteristics with those of
      secobarbital and diazepam: dose-dependent decrease of theta band MIP and increase
      of 8-20 Hz (middle beta bands) MIP. However, both SR 41378 and secobarbital
      induced a reduction of the 28-32 Hz (fast beta bands) MIP, whereas diazepam
      diminished the delta band. These results suggest that SR 41378, a novel chemical
      structure, shares common psychotropic properties with barbiturates and
      benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2875400
TI  - [Incidence and prevention of dental injuries in sports hockey].

PMID- 2875401
TI  - Adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation of arachidonate and phosphatidate
      metabolism in cultured astroglial cells.
AB  - Primary cultures of neonatal rat brain polygonal astroglia, or cells of the C62B
      glioma line, were incubated with [1-14C]arachidonic acid (AA) in culture for 18
      hr. In both culture systems, more than 80% of the added [1-14C]AA was taken up
      into cellular glycerolipids; less than 1% of the radioactivity in the cells was
      present in an unesterified form. When prelabeled C62B cells were stimulated with
      acetylcholine (ACh), there was a rapid accumulation of arachidonyl-phosphatidic
      acid (PA) accompanied by a liberation of [1-14C]AA. A variety of other
      neurotransmitters failed to activate this response in C62B glioma cells. In
      contrast to the agonist specificity of the response in C62B glioma cells, primary
      astroglia generated PA and liberated [1-14C]AA in response to several
      neurotransmitters (i.e., ACh, norepinephrine, glutamate, and histamine) Treatment
      of astroglia with a combination of norepinephrine, ACh, and histamine resulted in
      a greater production of PA and free [1-14C]AA than did treatment with any one of
      these neurotransmitters alone. The results suggest that cultures of astroglia can
      respond to several different neurotransmitters with specific changes in AA and PA
      metabolism. Thus, a variety of neurotransmitters initiate cascades of lipid
      metabolism which may be of physiological significance in glial function.

PMID- 2875402
TI  - Early partial reperfusion in a new rat model of focal cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - The influence of early partial reperfusion in a new rat model of focal cerebral
      ischaemia was investigated. Two groups, each of 30 adult male rats, were
      subjected to permanent occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. The former,
      (group A) had an additional permanent occlusion of both common carotid arteries;
      the latter (group B) had a temporary carotid occlusion lasting for two hours.
      Mortality rate, evaluated within three days, was 70% in group A and 20% in group
      B. The mean size of cerebral infarcts was 63% in group A whereas it was 21% in
      group B. These data suggest that, in this animal model, early partial reperfusion
      is effective in reducing the mortality rate, and the size of the cerebral
      infarcts. Furthermore, this experimental model appears suitable for studies
      elucidating the role of reperfusion and/or other efforts in focal cerebral
      ischaemia.

PMID- 2875404
TI  - Intra-operative embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations by means of
      isobutylcyanoacrylate (experience in 20 cases).
AB  - 20 cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) are reported, treated by
      direct intraoperative embolization. A 50% mixture of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (IBC)
      and ethyl mono-iodostearate (Duroliopaque) was used. The clinical history of the
      patients was a long history of seizures in 10 cases, a haemorrhage in 9 cases,
      and a motor deficit in 1 case. In the immediate post-operative course, 1 patient
      died, 3 patients had a serious post-operative haemorrhage, 6 patients presented
      with a transient post-operative deficit, and in 10 patients the post-operative
      course was uneventful. During the following years, a late haemorrhage occurred
      after incomplete AVM eradication in 3 patients, leading to AVM resection. The AVM
      eradication was eventually complete in 3 cases with embolization only, and in 7
      cases with embolization and AVM resection. The overall management of AVM in all
      20 patients was: embolization only in 13 cases, embolization and resection in 7
      cases. The long term results are: operative death 1, late death 3, long lasting
      deficit 1; uneventful 15. The authors discuss the technique of embolization, the
      effect of IBC on the vessel walls, the evolution of their general management of
      AVM's after this experience. Eventually the intra-operative embolization may be
      helpful after incomplete intra vascular embolization, to facilitate the AVM
      eradication.

PMID- 2875403
TI  - Analysis of epidural pressure pulse wave (EDP-PW) and common carotid blood
      velocity (CBFV) in acute intracranial hypertension.
AB  - The changes in the two consistent components of epidural pressure pulse wave (EDP
      PW), P1 and P2 waves, and mean velocity of common carotid blood flow (CBFV) were
      studied in 21 patients with acute intracranial hypertension to investigate the
      origin of th the amplitude change in these components. The amplitudes of P2 wave
      increased progressively with the rise of EDP, but those of P1 wave remained
      nearly invariable at EDP of more than 20-30 mmHg which is incompatible with the
      changes in CBFV. Jugular vein compression caused in rapid rise of EDP and a
      proportionate increase in the magnitudes of both waves. Hyperventilation and
      mannitol administration caused a disproportionate reduction in the amplitudes of
      P2 wave with a fall of EDP. But mannitol at high EDP (more than 40 mmHg) caused a
      mild fall of EDP and some increase in the amplitudes of P2 wave. These results
      indicate that the variations in the amplitudes of P1 wave reflect the changes in
      vascular resistance of the large intracranial conductive arteries, while those of
      P2 wave result from the changes in the volume of the cerebral bulk. The increase
      in the amplitudes of P2 wave induced by mannitol at high EDP may suggest a
      defective autoregulation of the cerebral vessels.

PMID- 2875405
TI  - Findings confirming brainstem generators of auditory evoked potentials by
      stereotactic lesions in the rabbit.
AB  - The origin of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) was investigated
      experimentally with morphologically verified stereotactic lesions in eleven
      rabbits. Waves were recorded before and after thermocoagulation. The loss of
      waves III and V following coagulation in the inferior colliculus and the upper
      pons respectively, supports Jewett's hypothesis.

PMID- 2875406
TI  - Donor nerves in the reinnervation of brachial plexus.
AB  - In cases of brachial plexus spinal root avulsions the only possibility for
      surgical treatment is reinnervation of plexus by cross-anastomosis with intact
      nerves. As donor nerves for reinnervation the adjoining (upper intercostal and
      spinal accessory) or regional intact nerves can be used. In this paper an
      analysis of these nerves on histological preparation from 15 autopsies and
      analysis of surgical results from 13 operated patients with total or partial
      spinal root avulsions are presented. The advantages of pure motor, especially
      regional, nerves and possibility of combined use of all donor nerves are
      emphasized.

PMID- 2875408
TI  - Development of new cerebral protective agents: the free radical scavengers.
AB  - The generation of the free radical reaction in the ischaemic and hypoxic brain
      has been demonstrated using the chemiluminescence and the ESR techniques. The
      effects of various drugs, thought to be free radical scavengers were then tested
      in the ischaemic brain of dogs. It was found that not only mannitol, but also
      vitamin E, dexamethasone and other drugs have significant cerebral protective
      effects--particularly when administered together. Moreover, remarkable
      improvements were found when these 3 drugs were administered with the artificial
      blood substitute, PFC, which is known to have a high oxygen-carrying capacity.
      Finally, using the chemiluminescence and the ESR method, we have demonstrated
      that mannitol, vitamin E and glucocorticoids act as free radical scavengers and
      particularly mannitol acts as a scavenger of the hydroxy radical.

PMID- 2875407
TI  - Potential ganglioside antigens associated with human gliomas.
AB  - Gangliosides in human gliomas were investigated and found to have an altered
      composition and concentration as compared to normal grey and white matter of
      brain. The major gangliosides GM1, GD1a, and GT1b were markedly reduced in the
      tumour tissue and in contrast there was an increase of gangliosides GM3 and GD3,
      which often appeared as the dominating ones. Moreover, the tumours contained
      gangliosides, both mono- and oligosialylated, which could not be detected in the
      normal brain. The concentration of gangliosides, 0.7 +/- 0.4 mumol sialic acid/g,
      was significantly lower as compared to normal brain grey (p less than 0.001) and
      white matter (p less than 0.01), which contained 3.5 +/- 0.3 and 1.2 +/- 0.3
      mumol sialic acid/g respectively. The tumour tissue concentration of
      phospholipids was 14 +/- 8 and of cholesterol 19 +/- 12 mumol/g. The appearance
      in glioma tissue of gangliosides that are not found in normal brain tissue
      suggests that these are tumour associated and might serve as surface antigens
      detectable by specific monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2875409
TI  - Interleukin-2 and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells in the treatment of
      malignant glioma: clinical and experimental studies.
AB  - The phenomenon of glioma killing by lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK) was
      studied. We demonstrate that LAK cells generated by culturing the lymphokine
      interleukin-2 (IL-2) with peripheral blood lymphocytes from brain tumour patients
      destroys autologous glioma. The rat 9L glioma model was used to show that LAK
      killing was tumour-selective as glioma but not syngeneic normal brain tissue was
      destroyed. The susceptibility of both human and 9L rat glioma to LAK cell killing
      was markedly diminished by pretreating glioma cells with trypsin or chymotrypsin,
      but was unaffected by pretreatment with neuraminidase, glycosidases, sodium
      periodate or hydrocortisone. These results suggest that the cell surface
      determinant on glioma cells responsible for its tumour selective lysis by LAK is
      a protein sensitive to trypsin and chymotrypsin. The tumour-selective killing of
      glioma by LAK in vitro prompted the initiation of a Phase I study in which ten
      patients with malignant glioma have been treated with direct intracerebral
      injection of IL-2 or LAK without evidence of systemic or brain toxicity.

PMID- 2875410
TI  - Screening and treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms.
AB  - Thirty outpatients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms screened by computed
      angiotomography have been analysed and followed up in our clinic since 1979.
      Seventeen were men and the age range was 41 to 74 years old (mean 57.7 years).
      Patients had no or only mild neurological symptoms, such as headache,
      sensorimotor or speech impairment and others, which were scarcely related to the
      unruptured aneurysms themselves. It is important to realize that these first
      aneurysms which remain unruptured, have a primary significance to the individual
      in the protective aspect of an initial subarachnoid haemorrhage. Operation was
      successfully performed in fifteen patients. Transient aggravation of previous
      diseases, e.g. cerebral infarction, occurred in three after operation. Follow-up
      studies of fifteen patients without operation revealed no change in eight and
      some worsening or death due to other or previous diseases in six. One died of
      aneurysmal rupture in the 5th month after its detection. Because of the low
      operative risk, we advocate the operative treatment of unruptured aneurysms,
      following careful selection of the indicated patients.

PMID- 2875411
TI  - Non-invasive measurement in intracranial pressure and analysis of the pulse
      waveform.
AB  - Non-invasive measurement of the intracranial pressure (ICP) via the anterior
      fontanelle by using an applanation transducer has been performed. Recently, a new
      fontanometer using an applanation transducer has been developed in our department
      by improving the conventional Statham transducer, P-50 which is currently
      accepted for its high reliability. In this study, by analysing patterns of the
      ICP pulse waves obtained from this new fontanometer, its clinical evaluation has
      been made in 27 neonates and infants in intracranial pathologies. Analysing the
      ICP waveforms, the first peak (P1) was divided by the following second peak (P2)
      and the changes in P1/P2 were examined. A differential amplifier, a dP/dt
      detector, was also used to make it easier to identify the turning point on the
      pulse waves. The results obtained demonstrated that the waveforms of ICP in
      neonates as well as infants are influenced by not only the intracranial
      constituents but compliance of the container such as the scalp, cranium and the
      meninges.

PMID- 2875412
TI  - Inhibition of hyperactive trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons after
      experimental trigeminal rhizotomy in response to thalamic sensory relay nucleus
      stimulation.
AB  - The effects of thalamic sensory relay nucleus stimulation on the single neuron
      activity and field potentials within the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, which is
      trigeminal equivalent of the dorsal horn were investigated in intact cats as well
      as in cats subjected to retro-Gasserian rhizotomy 1-6 months before the
      experiments. Inhibition of nociceptive neural activity and a positive field
      potential were evoked by thalamic stimulation in the dorsal horn of the intact
      animals. A positive field potential followed double pulse stimulation with
      frequencies ranging up to approximately 50 Hz. The inhibitory periods ranged from
      60 to 100 ms. Train pulse stimulation with frequencies ranging from 30 to 50 Hz
      produced long-lasting inhibition of nociceptive neural activity and a positive
      shift of the field potentials. Essentially identical inhibition of abnormal
      neural hyperactivity occurring in the rhizotomized dorsal horn was observed. The
      positive field potential corresponding to this inhibition also displayed
      characteristics similar to the field potential seen in the intact dorsal horn.
      These data indicate that the pathways involved in the inhibitory responses
      induced by thalamic sensory relay nucleus stimulation, unlike some other pain
      inhibitory systems, can exert their influence even to the dorsal horn which has
      undergone reorganization of neural circuits after rhizotomy.

PMID- 2875413
TI  - Stereoselectivity of central alpha-adrenoceptors involved in sleep induced by
      clonidine in chickens.
AB  - The stereoselectivity of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors involved in sleep induced
      in chicks by clonidine, suggested by the results observed with the stereoisomers
      of idazoxan, was further investigated with the stereoisomers of (imidazolinyl-2)
      2-dihydro-2,3-benzofurane (S9871) and those of (imidazolinyl-2)-2
      benzocyclobutane (S10089). As for the stereoisomers of idazoxan, there was not a
      good separation between the effects of the stereoisomers of S10089. In contrast,
      there was a clearcut separation between the effects of (+)S9871 (antagonist) and
      (-)S9871 (no effect against the action of clonidine). Therefore, these results
      strongly support the view that central alpha 2-adrenoceptors which mediate
      sedation are stereoselective for alpha 2-antagonists.

PMID- 2875414
TI  - A potent factor in extracts of the skin of the Australian frog, Pseudophryne
      coriacea. Apparent facilitation of transmitter release in isolated smooth muscle
      preparations.
AB  - Extracts of the skin of the Australian frog Pseudophryne coriacea (PsC) displayed
      potent stimulant effects on isolated smooth muscle preparations of intestine and
      similar effects on electrically-stimulated vas deferens preparations. These
      effects must be ascribed to an alkaloid, related in structure to the
      pumiliotoxins, a class of alkaloid compounds occurring in the skin of neotropical
      poison frogs. On the basis of results obtained with antagonists and blocking
      agents, it is suggested that the extract has a pre-synaptic, neurogenic point of
      attack and that it acts to facilitate the release of transmitters from nerve
      endings. Acetylcholine is the most important agent involved in the response to
      the extract by the intestinal muscle and noradrenaline in the response by vas
      deferens preparations. However, release of other aminergic or peptidergic
      transmitters may participate, positively or negatively, in the response.

PMID- 2875415
TI  - Proposals for the classification and nomenclature of functional receptors for 5
      hydroxytryptamine.
AB  - As a result of controversy in the literature regarding the classification and
      nomenclature of functional receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a framework
      for classification is proposed. The formulation of these proposals has only been
      made possible by the recent advent of new drug tools. It is considered that there
      are three main types of 5-HT receptor, two of which have been well characterised
      pharmacologically, using selective antagonists, and which it is proposed to name
      5-HT2 and 5-HT3. These two groups broadly encompass the "D" and "M" receptors,
      respectively, which Gaddum identified in the guinea-pig ileum (Gaddum and
      Picarelli, 1957). The 5-HT2 receptor, which mediates a variety of actions of 5
      HT, has been definitively shown to correlate with the 5-HT2 binding site in the
      brain. No binding studies in brain tissue have yet been published with
      radiolabelled ligands specific for 5-HT3 receptors. A number of other actions of
      5-HT appear to be mediated via receptors distinct from 5-HT2 or 5-HT3 receptors.
      Since selective antagonists are not yet available, these receptors cannot be
      definitively characterised, although in many cases they do have some similarities
      with 5-HT1 binding sites, which are a heterogeneous entity. Criteria are proposed
      for tentatively classifying these receptors as "5-HT1-like" (Table 1). Definitive
      characterisation of these receptors will await the identification of specific
      antagonists. This classification of 5-HT receptors into three main groups (Table
      1) is based largely, but not exclusively, on data from studies in isolated
      peripheral tissues where definitive classification is possible. However, it is
      believed that this working classification will be relevant to functional
      responses to 5-HT in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2875416
TI  - The sites and mechanisms of action of 2-di-n-propylamino-5, 6-dihydroxytetralin
      in the hypothalamus of the rat to modify gastric secretion.
AB  - Rats were implanted with chronically indwelling gastric and intracerebral
      cannulae for the analysis of the hypothalamic sites and mechanisms of action of
      the dopamine agonist, 2-di-n-propylamino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin, to reduce the
      volume of gastric secretion and concentration of acid. The hypothalamic areas
      most sensitive to the actions of the tetralin compound to modify gastric
      secretion were the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei. Movement of the injection
      site 0.5 or 1.0 mm away from the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei in the
      anterior, posterior or lateral direction led to reduced effectiveness, or loss of
      action. In a study restricted to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus,
      the tetralin compound (0.1-5 micrograms) was shown to cause dose-dependent
      changes in gastric secretion, the reduction in concentration of acid being
      antagonised by the neuroleptic agents, sulpiride, metoclopramide, cis
      flupenthixol and haloperidol, and by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      yohimbine injected at the same site. The reduction in secretory volume was
      antagonised by propranolol. Thus, a locus specificity was shown for the action of
      the tetralin compound in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei of
      the rat, to reduce the volume of gastric secretion and concentration of acid.
      Such actions, as assessed in the ventromedial nucleus, are initiated via
      neuroleptic-sensitive, dopamine receptor mechanisms with additional involvement
      of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the control of change in concentration of acid, and
      beta-adrenoceptors in the change in volume of secretion.

PMID- 2875417
TI  - The role of metabolism in the action of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide on the
      development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine.
AB  - Administration of melanotropin release inhibiting factor, a tripeptide (Pro-Leu
      Gly-NH2) has been shown to inhibit the development of tolerance to opiates. In
      order to understand the mechanism by which this effect is produced, the effects
      of the possible metabolites of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 on the development of tolerance to
      the analgesic effects of morphine were determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
      Rats were made tolerant to morphine by the subcutaneous implantation of four
      pellets of morphine over a 3-day period. Each pellet contained 75 mg of morphine,
      free base. Rats serving as controls were implanted with placebo pellets.
      Following implantation of the morphine-containing pellets, tolerance developed to
      the analgesic effect of morphine as shown by the decreased response to morphine.
      Subcutaneous injections of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, Pro-Leu-OH or Leu-Gly-NH2 (10
      mumol/kg per day), prior to and during the implantation of pellets, inhibited the
      development of tolerance to morphine. However, Pro-Leu-Gly-OH and Leu-Gly-OH,
      administered in the same dose as the other compounds, had no effect on the
      development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. It is concluded
      that the inhibitory effect of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, which has a short biological half
      life, may be mediated by its conversion to active metabolites.

PMID- 2875418
TI  - Cell suspension grafts of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in rat
      hippocampus and spinal cord: reinnervation and transmitter turnover.
AB  - Fetal noradrenergic neurons from the brain stem locus coeruleus region can be
      successfully grafted as a dissociated cell suspension provided that the
      dissociation is done in the absence of any trypsin digestion step. The survival,
      fiber outgrowth and biochemical function of locus coeruleus neurons, taken from
      13- to 15-day-old rat embryos, have been studied after injection into the dorsal
      hippocampal formation and the thoracolumbar spinal cord in adult rats. All rats
      were treated with an i.v. injection of 6-hydroxydopamine prior to grafting to
      remove the intrinsic locus coeruleus projections to these areas, and they were
      taken for fluorescence histochemical or biochemical analyses 2-7 months after
      transplantation. Up to 330 surviving noradrenaline neurons were found at each
      implantation site (injected with 2-3 microliters of cell suspension) which
      represents an estimated survival rate of about 40%. In the most successful cases
      the entire dorsal hippocampal formation, and an approximately 4 cm long segment
      of the thoracolumbar spinal cord, was supplied with a new noradrenaline
      containing terminal network, which reached normal densities in the regions
      closest to the grafts. In the hippocampal formation, in particular, the ingrowing
      axons re-established a laminar innervation pattern which resembled that of the
      normal locus coeruleus afferents. In the hippocampus, two 2-microliters
      injections of locus coeruleus cell suspension restored the total hippocampal
      noradrenaline content to an average of 55%, and the noradrenaline synthesis rate
      (as assessed by the rate of DOPA accumulation after synthesis inhibition) was
      found to be close to normal in the graft-reinnervated specimens. In the spinal
      cord, two 3-microliters injections restored the noradrenaline level in the
      thoracolumbar cord (a 4.5 cm long segment) to an average of 22% of normal, with
      the highest individual levels being close to normal. Determinations of the
      noradrenaline metabolite 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylethyleneglycol indicated that the
      rate of noradrenaline metabolism in the graft-reinnervated spinal cord was close
      to that of the normal intact spinal cord. The results demonstrate the potential
      of the suspension grafting technique for extensive noradrenergic reinnervation of
      the hippocampal formation or large portions of the spinal cord. Fetal locus
      coeruleus neurons implanted in this way can re-establish fairly normal terminal
      innervation patterns and reinstate noradrenaline turnover and metabolism in a
      previously denervated central target.

PMID- 2875419
TI  - Somatostatin immunoreactivity in the entopeduncular projection to the lateral
      habenula in the rat.
AB  - Many neurons within the ipsilateral entopeduncular nucleus were retrogradely
      labelled following the stereotaxic injection of the fluorescent tracer True Blue
      into the lateral habenula of the rat. These neurons also displayed somatostatin
      immunoreactivity when examined with a monoclonal antibody to cyclic somatostatin.
      Excitotoxic lesions of the entopeduncular nucleus resulted in a loss of the dense
      somatostatin terminal field normally present in the lateral habenula. These
      results indicate that the neuropeptide somatostatin is present in the projection
      from the entopeduncular nucleus to the lateral habenula.

PMID- 2875420
TI  - Lesions to Schaffer collaterals prevent ischemic death of CA1 pyramidal cells.
AB  - The contribution of excitatory inputs to CA1 pyramidal cell death after ischemia
      was examined using rats with unilateral destruction of CA3 pyramidal cells.
      Intracerebroventricular injection of L-alpha-kainic acid (KA) was performed
      before the induction of transient forebrain ischemia. Five days after ischemic
      insult, pyramidal cells and L-glutamate binding sites in the CA1 region
      ipsilateral to the KA injection were preserved in spite of neuronal necrosis and
      a significant decrease in L-glutamate receptor density in the contralateral CA1
      region, indicating the critical role of Schaffer collaterals in delayed neuronal
      death.

PMID- 2875421
TI  - Early and late effects of systemically administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in vitro and on
      tyrosine hydroxylation in tissue slices of mouse striatum.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces a parkinsonian-like
      state in humans and some animals. To compare the early biochemical abnormalities
      produced by this neurotoxin with late effects, we examined both in vitro tyrosine
      hydroxylase activity in striatal homogenates and in situ tyrosine hydroxylation
      in striatal tissue slices after single and repeated systemic injection of MPTP to
      mice. The acute administration of MPTP (30 mg/kg, s.c., 1 h prior to sacrifice)
      in mice resulted in a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylation in situ in tissue slices
      but not in vitro in homogenates. In contrast, repeated treatment of mice with
      MPTP (30 mg/kg, s.c. daily for 8 days) caused a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity both in vitro in homogenates and in situ in tissue slices. These results
      suggest that MPTP inhibits tyrosine hydroxylation in dopaminergic neurons in an
      early stage and causes reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase itself after repeated
      administration.

PMID- 2875422
TI  - Picric acid-evoked release of [14C]acetylcholine from the isolated synaptosome of
      rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - Picric acid stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner, the release of
      [14C]acetylcholine (ACh) from isolated synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex pre
      loaded with labelled choline. Radioactive ACh was separated for counting from
      choline in the synaptosomal supernatants by a liquid cation-exchange method.
      Neither the nicotinic antagonist (hexamethonium) nor the muscarinic antagonists
      (atropine and scopolamine) affected the effectiveness of picric acid, suggesting
      that the action of picric acid does not occur through a cholinoceptor-mediated
      mechanism. Moreover, oxotremorine, but not pilocarpine, inhibited ACh release in
      a concentration-dependent manner in either basal- or picric acid-evoked
      conditions, indicating the presence of muscarinic M2-receptors for auto
      regulation of ACh release. The effect of picric acid was compared with high-K+
      depolarization which also initiated a non-receptor-mediated release of ACh.
      Deletion of calcium ion from the medium negated the effects of both drugs. The
      ACh-releasing effect of picric acid was totally abolished, whereas high-K+
      depolarization was reduced to some extent, when tetrodotoxin was added to the
      medium. These results indicate that picric acid acts as a releaser of ACh in the
      cerebrocortex of rat.

PMID- 2875424
TI  - Abstracts. Tenth European Neuroscience Congress. Marseille, France, September 14
      18, 1986.

PMID- 2875423
TI  - Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive acidic amino acid receptors inhibits
      ischemia-induced accumulation of purine catabolites in the rat striatum.
AB  - The effect of blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive excitatory amino
      acid (EAA) receptors during brain ischemia was studied in order to test a link
      between EAAs and neuronal energy metabolism. The receptors were blocked
      unilaterally in the rat striatum before, during and after an ischemic insult. The
      receptor blocker, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV) was administered by
      dialysis perfusion, which also allowed continuous sampling for analysis of
      adenosine triphosphate degradation products, i.e. purine catabolites, in control
      and D-APV-treated striata. Purine catabolites were analysed with reversed-phase
      liquid chromatography. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine and adenosine increased
      dramatically in the striatum during ischemia and reached maximum levels during
      early reperfusion. D-APV reduced the extracellular accumulation of all measured
      purine catabolites during ischemia/reflow and improved to some extent the
      recovery of the striatal electroencephalographic activity in the majority of the
      animals. The results suggest that NMDA receptor blockade attenuates acute changes
      in energy metabolism during ischemia.

PMID- 2875425
TI  - Glutamate-elicited stimulation of acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebellar
      slices from newborn rats.
AB  - Bath application of glutamate at two concentration ranges, 10(-6)-10(-8) and 1-3
      X 10(-3) M, effectively increased acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebellar
      slices obtained from 8-day-old rats. No such effect was seen in cerebellar slices
      of 7-week-old rats or cerebral slices of either 7-week or 8-day-old rats.
      Glutamic acid diethyl ester blocked the glutamate effect at both of these
      concentration ranges, suggesting that quisqualate-sensitive glutamate receptors
      are involved in regulation of acetylcholinesterase activity in early postnatal
      cerebellum. Since bath application of cyclic GMP at 10(-7)-10(-9) M increased the
      acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebellar slices of 8-day-old rats, it is
      possible that glutamate-dependent regulation of acetylcholinesterase activity is
      mediated by cyclic GMP. The observation that adenosine deaminase blocked the
      effect of glutamate completely at 10(-6)-10(-8) M and partially at 1-5 X 10(-3) M
      further suggests that release of adenosine is a link from enhanced cyclic GMP
      activity to activation of acetylcholinesterase.

PMID- 2875426
TI  - Clostridium difficile toxin in chronic idiopathic colitis.
AB  - Clostridium difficile toxin was isolated from the stools of three patients with
      chronic idiopathic colitis. Two patients were known to have chronic idiopathic
      colitis before Cl difficile toxin was isolated. The third patient was
      subsequently found to have ulcerative colitis after presentation with Cl
      difficile toxin in the stool. Two patients were on sulphasalazine at the time of
      diagnosis of Cl difficile infection and one had taken sulphasalazine two months
      previously. Only one patients had antibiotic exposure and that was at least three
      months before presentation. In each patient, treatment with vancomycin was
      accompanied by symptomatic improvement and disappearance of the toxin. The
      underlying colitis remained unaffected. In patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease in relapse, the presence of Cl difficile toxin should be sought as this
      may be a factor in the relapse. In any patient presenting with diarrhoea, the
      presence of Cl difficile toxin may obscure the presence of underlying
      inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2875427
TI  - Stress-related, posttraumatic chronic pain syndrome: behavioral treatment
      approach.
AB  - Chronic pain syndromes are often the result of traumatic injury. The life
      threatening nature of a substantial number of these traumata precipitates the
      development of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sizable percentage of accident
      incurred chronic pain conditions. The present study presents evidence that
      systematic desensitization, a behavioral technique, can provide significant
      resolution of posttraumatic stress when this disorder occurs in the chronic pain
      population.

PMID- 2875428
TI  - [The 27th Congress of the CPSU and prospects for development of Soviet science].

PMID- 2875429
TI  - [Ultrastructural signs of aging in gastric AL cells].

PMID- 2875430
TI  - Death due to chronic syrup of ipecac use in a patient with bulimia.
AB  - A 17-year-old girl presented with malaise, weakness, palpitations, dysphagia,
      myalgias, and weight loss of 1 month's duration. Within 24 hours of admission to
      the hospital, she had hypotension unresponsive to medical management, intractable
      congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias; she died. Several empty bottles of
      syrup of ipecac were later found among her belongings. Syrup of ipecac is
      commonly used to induce emesis in patients who had ingested toxic substances. The
      chief pharmacologic property of this agent is due to its alkaloid component,
      emetine. There have been many previous reports of death due to emetine poisoning
      in patients receiving ipecac fluid extract and in those treated for amoebic
      dysentery. However, the literature cites only three case reports of fatalities
      secondary to chronic ipecac use as a means of losing weight. This is the first
      report of a death due to chronic ipecac use in an adolescent patient with
      bulimia. Emetine persists in the body for long periods, and in patients who have
      ingested it chronically, emetine is extremely toxic, specifically to cardiac
      smooth and skeletal muscles. With an increased awareness of the importance of
      weight control in the adolescent age group, the physician must carefully evaluate
      these patients for the use of emetics.

PMID- 2875431
TI  - [Use of beta-adrenoblockaders in young children with tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 2875432
TI  - Transmitter release from nerve terminals evoked by depolarization pulses contains
      a short phase of repression.
AB  - The time course of quantal transmitter release after a depolarization pulse was
      measured at frog and crayfish motor nerve terminals. Test pulses were arranged to
      elicit low release, and the delay of first releases and the median of
      distributions of release times were defined for large (greater than 2000 stimuli)
      samples. Small, subthreshold depolarizing post-pulses were added directly after
      the test pulses. Such post-pulses of 1 to 4 ms duration prolonged the delay of
      first releases and shifted the median of the time course of release by up to 3 ms
      (at 0 degree C) depending on the duration and on the amplitude of the post
      pulses. These 'latency shifts', which have been observed after prolonged
      depolarizations by other authors, were statistically highly significant. The
      results of post-pulses were very similar at neuromuscular junctions of frog and
      crayfish. It is concluded that depolarization in addition to the promotion of
      release has a short repressing action on release which is partly responsible for
      synaptic delay.

PMID- 2875433
TI  - Transcript termini of messenger RNAs in higher plant mitochondria.
AB  - The 3'-termini of the mRNAs for subunit II of the cytochrome oxidase (COX II) and
      for the alpha-subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase (ATPA) have been determined in
      Oenothera mitochondria by two independent methods. Analysis of both transcripts
      by S1 protection experiments and of cloned cDNAs show an identical terminal 50
      nucleotide sequence, to which homology is found 3' to some gene sequences in the
      maize mitochondrial genome. These regions can be folded into potential secondary
      structures similar to bacterial terminators.

PMID- 2875434
TI  - Molecular cloning and complete primary sequence of human erythrocyte
      porphobilinogen deaminase.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA clone coding for human erythrocyte
      porphobilinogen deaminase. It encompasses the translated region, part of the 5'
      and the 3' untranslated regions. The deduced 344 amino acid sequence is
      consistent with the molecular weight and the partial amino-acid sequence of the
      NH2 terminal of the purified erythrocyte enzyme. Southern analysis of human
      genomic DNA shows that its gene is present as a single copy in the human genome
      and Northern analysis demonstrates the presence of a single size species of mRNA
      in erythroid and non-erythroid tissues and in several cultured cell lines.
      Quantitative determinations indicate that the amount of PBG-D mRNA is modulated
      both by the erythroid nature of the tissue and by cell proliferation, probably at
      the transcriptional level.

PMID- 2875435
TI  - Infectious mutants of cassava latent virus generated in vivo from intact
      recombinant DNA clones containing single copies of the genome.
AB  - Intact recombinant DNAs containing single copies of either component of the
      cassava latent virus genome can elicit infection when mechanically inoculated to
      host plants in the presence of the appropriate second component. Characterisation
      of infectious mutant progeny viruses, by analysis of virus-specific supercoiled
      DNA intermediates, indicates that most if not all of the cloning vector has been
      deleted, achieved at least in some cases by intermolecular recombination in vivo
      between DNAs 1 and 2. Significant rearrangements within the intergenic region of
      DNA 2, predominantly external to the common region, can be tolerated without loss
      of infectivity suggesting a somewhat passive role in virus multiplication for the
      sequences in question. Although packaging constraints might impose limits on the
      amount of DNA within geminate particles, isolation of an infectious coat protein
      mutant defective in virion production suggests that packaging is not essential
      for systemic spread of the viral DNA.

PMID- 2875437
TI  - Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for a rat liver glutathione S-transferase
      Yb subunit.
AB  - We have isolated a Yb-subunit cDNA clone from a GSH S-transferase (GST) cDNA
      library made from rat liver polysomal poly(A) RNAs. Sequence analysis of one of
      these cDNA, pGTR200, revealed an open reading frame of 218 amino acids of Mr =
      25,915. The deduced sequence is in agreement with the 19 NH2-terminal residues
      for GST-A. The sequence of pGTR200 differs from another Yb cDNA, pGTA/C44 by four
      nucleotides and two amino acids in the coding region, thus revealing sequence
      microheterogeneity. The cDNA insert in pGTR200 also contains 36 nucleotides in
      the 5' noncoding region and a complete 3' noncoding region. The Yb subunit cDNA
      shares very limited homology with those of the Ya or Yc cDNAs, but has relatively
      higher sequence homology to the placental subunit Yp clone pGP5. The mRNA of
      pGTR200 is not expressed abundantly in rat hearts and seminal vesicles.
      Therefore, the GST subunit sequence of pGTR200 probably represents a basic Yb
      subunit. Genomic DNA hybridization patterns showed a complexity consistent with
      having a multigene family for Yb subunits. Comparison of the amino acid sequences
      of the Ya, Yb, Yc, and Yp subunits revealed significant conservation of amino
      acids (approximately 29%) throughout the coding sequences. These results indicate
      that the rat GSTs are products of at least four different genes that may
      constitute a supergene family.

PMID- 2875439
TI  - Effects of cognitive and pharmacologic strategies on analogued labor pain.
AB  - Using an analogued labor pain procedure, the efficacy of combinations of five
      cognitive and one pharmacologic approach to pain management was examined.
      Nulliparous undergraduates (N = 120) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 groups.
      Cognitive groups included: systematic desensitization (SYS DENS); sensory
      description (SEN DESC); sensory transformation (ST); modeling (M); and relaxation
      (R); combined groups: SYS DENS, SEN DESC, and ST; SEN DESC, ST, and R; SEN DESC,
      R, ST, and Demerol. Pharmacologic groups included expected Demerol, did not
      expect Demerol, placebo, and no treatment control. Subjects assigned to a
      cognitive group received two 1-hour training sessions 1 week apart. Remaining
      subjects were given the assigned pharmacologic treatment one-half hour prior to
      the exposure to the painful stimulus. Assessment of the cognitive and
      pharmacologic approaches were made in a 1-hour session involving twenty 80-second
      exposures to a laboratory pain stimulus patterned to resemble labor contractions.
      Dependent variables included self-reported pain, blood pressure, frontalis
      electromyograph, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Significant treatment by
      trials and treatment effects were found for self-reported pain. No other effects
      achieved statistical significance.

PMID- 2875436
TI  - Cloning of a cDNA coding for P-450 LM3c from rabbit liver microsomes and
      regulation of its expression.
AB  - Liver cytochromes P-450 LM3c in the rabbit and P-450p in the rat are two related
      forms, inducible by macrolide antibiotics such as triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) and
      glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone. We prepared a cDNA library from TAO
      induced rabbit liver mRNA and characterized a cDNA (pLM3c-4.1) that hybridized to
      pDex 3.22, a cDNA complementary to cytochrome P-450p mRNA. Northern blots of
      liver poly(A)RNA from untreated or TAO, erythromycin and rifampicin treated
      animals, revealed two mRNA species of approximately 1700 and 1850 nucleotides in
      length, that hybridized to LM3c cDNA and to pDEX 3.22. The level of both mRNAs
      was increased five fold over control by macrolide antibiotics but unaffected by
      both phenobarbital and B-naphthoflavone. After 5 days of TAO treatment LM3c mRNA
      had increased 5 fold while LM3c protein had increased 25 fold. However, the rate
      of P-450 LM3c gene transcription measured in isolated liver nuclei remained
      unchanged throughout five days of TAO treatment. We conclude that TAO may induce
      cytochrome P-450 LM3c by post-transcriptional effects.

PMID- 2875438
TI  - Presence of a polyadenylated RNA fragment encoding the membrane domain for
      immunoglobulin alpha chain indicates that mRNAs for both secreted and membrane
      bound alpha chains can be produced from the same RNA transcript.
AB  - RNA blotting was employed to examine polyadenylated immunoglobulin alpha chain
      RNAs in a B lymphoma synthesizing membrane-bound and secretory IgA and in a
      hybridoma which synthesizes predominantly secretory IgA. Both cell lines were
      derived from the I.29 lymphoma and expressed the identical heavy chain variable
      region gene. In addition to the predicted mRNA precursors, four novel species of
      polyadenylated alpha RNAs were detected. The presence of a RNA species which was
      too large to have the same 3' end as the largest mRNA for membrane-bound alpha
      chain (alpha m) implied that transcription continued past the alpha m poly(A)
      site, and that such transcripts could be polyadenylated. Alternatively,
      transcription of this alpha RNA was initiated 5' to the normal cap site. Two
      species of RNA were detected which encoded the alpha m domain and the intervening
      sequence between the alpha constant (C alpha) and alpha m domain but not the C
      alpha domain. These RNA molecules were of sizes appropriate for their derivation
      by endonucleolytic cleavage of a precursor for alpha m mRNA at the poly(A) site
      of the mRNA for secreted alpha chains (alpha s). The presence of these three
      alpha RNA species suggested that alternative and successive
      cleavage/polyadenylation events could occur on a single transcript to produce
      either alpha m or alpha s mRNAs. An additional novel species of RNA was detected
      which indicated that the order of removal of the large IVSs did not always
      proceed in the 5' to 3' direction.

PMID- 2875440
TI  - Psychotropic medications. Nursing implications.
AB  - The purpose of this article has been to bring together selected critical
      information for the nurse to use in developing a plan of care for each individual
      patient in regard to psychotropic medications. The important considerations to
      keep in mind during assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation have
      been discussed, with implications for the nurse in terms of her contribution to
      the treatment team's planning and evaluation of psychotropic drug therapy. In
      addition, patient education responsibilities have been addressed. The nurse is in
      a pivotal position to contribute significantly to the therapeutic effectiveness
      of each psychotropic medication treatment plan.

PMID- 2875441
TI  - Symptom distress in patients receiving Phase I chemotherapy with taxol.

PMID- 2875442
TI  - Somatocrinin stimulates adenylate cyclase-Ns regulatory subunit in a GH3 cell
      line: comparison with VIP.
AB  - We used a GH3 cell-line to compare the effects of rat GRF (rGRF) and VIP on the
      adenylate cyclase activity and to determine on what subunit the site of action of
      these two peptides is. In the GH3 cell-line, VIP was more potent than rGRF to
      stimulate adenylate cyclase activity. The stimulatory effects of rGRF and
      forskolin were additive. Cholera toxin decreased the apparent potency of these
      peptides and pertussis toxin reversed the inhibition by somatostatin of their
      adenylate cyclase stimulation. We conclude that rGRF acts on the regulatory
      subunit Ns, different from the regulatory subunit Ni on which somatostatin is
      suggested to be acting and that, in the GH3 cells, rGRF stimulates adenylate
      cyclase through VIP-preferring sites.

PMID- 2875443
TI  - Intercellular communication mediated by VIP in the cerebral cortex.
AB  - A growing number of biologically active peptides is being identified within the
      central nervous system (CNS). According to currently accepted criteria, several
      of these peptides, including VIP, can be viewed as neurotransmitters. Recent
      immunohistochemical and pharmacological investigations have been directed at the
      characterization of the position of VIP neurons in the circuitry of the cerebral
      cortex. From these studies some views on the possible function of VIP neurons in
      this CNS region are beginning to emerge. In the cerebral cortex, VIP neurons
      constitute a rather homogeneous population of intracortical, bipolar and radially
      oriented cells, which arborize locally, within cortical columns of 60-100 micron
      diameter. The cellular actions of VIP in the cerebral cortex include the
      stimulation of cAMP formation and of glycogen breakdown. A certain degree of
      cellular resolution of these two actions of VIP has been achieved by using
      purified preparations. Thus VIP stimulates cAMP formation in cerebral
      microvessels and in cultured astrocytes; in this latter cell type VIP also
      promotes glycogenolysis. Furthermore, VIP interacts synergistically with
      norepinephrine to stimulate cAMP formation and to inhibit the firing rate of
      spontaneously active identified cortical neurons. VIP neurons appear therefore to
      be strategically positioned to regulate the coupling between energy metabolism,
      blood flow and neuronal activity with great spatial selectivity and at a fine
      level of cortical resolution.

PMID- 2875444
TI  - Neurotransmitter-role of VIP in non-adrenergic relaxation of feline myometrium.
AB  - The feline myometrium is heavily innervated by VIP-containing nerve fibres.
      Transmural electrical stimulation (10 Hz, 2 msec, 150 mA) of muscle strips from
      feline myometrium in the presence of adrenoreceptor blocking agents caused a
      muscle relaxation. The smooth muscle relaxation was accompanied by a significant
      increase in immunoreactive VIP in the superfusate. Both the VIP release and the
      relaxation were completely annulled by tetrodotoxin, a selective blocker of
      axonal conduction. Furthermore, passive immunoneutralization with antiserum
      against VIP markedly reduced the smooth muscle relaxation induced by electrical
      stimulation. In the light of the previously demonstrated smooth muscle relaxant
      effect of VIP, the present findings indicate that the peptides may participate as
      neurotransmitter in non-adrenergic relaxation of the feline myometrium.

PMID- 2875445
TI  - Effects of dopaminomimetics on the secretion of VIP-like immunoreactivity in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - The effects of some dopaminomimetics on VIP levels in peripheral venous blood of
      conscious dogs were analysed with a radioimmunoassay. The dopamine D2 agonist
      pergolide, like apomorphine and bromocriptine, increased VIP levels. The putative
      DA autoreceptor agonist 3PPP, as well as the D1 agonist SK&F 38393 were devoid of
      action. The D1 antagonist SCH 23390 did not abolish the effect of apomorphine. It
      is suggested that monitoring of VIP levels could be an interesting screening test
      for activity at D2 receptors. Amphetamine did not modify VIP levels suggesting
      that DA neurons are not involved in the mechanism leading to a release of VIP.
      The VIP response to apomorphine was not suppressed by an infusion of
      somatostatin. Decreasing blood pressure with nitroglycerin or with the adrenergic
      antagonist prazosin did not release VIP. The mechanism by which administration of
      dopaminomimetics lead to a release of VIP is further discussed.

PMID- 2875447
TI  - Somatostatin enhances the inhibitory effect of oxyntomodulin and its C-terminal
      octapeptide on acid secretion.
AB  - Somatostatin (SOM) and oxyntomodulin (OXM) are two natural peptides present in
      the gut which display inhibitory effects on gastric acid secretion in rat.
      Possible interactions between the effects of these two molecules were tested in
      the anesthetized rat, using as the stimulant either pentagastrin or histamine at
      doses that induced 30% of the maximal responses. SOM was tested at sub-threshold
      doses and OXM at doses inducing an inhibition of less than 50%. SOM induced a
      highly significant potentiation of the action of OXM both on pentagastrin- and
      histamine-induced secretion. Similarly, SOM enhanced the inhibitory effects of
      the C-terminal octapeptide of OXM. Whatever the mechanism involved, this
      potentiating effect of SOM might be of importance in the in vivo biological
      effect of OXM.

PMID- 2875446
TI  - Neurohormonal regulation of secretin secretion in canine duodenal mucosa in
      vitro.
AB  - We examined the effects of cholinergic, peptidergic and GABAergic agents on
      secretin secretion from canine duodenal mucosal explants incubated in organ
      culture media. Carbachol (10(-12) to 10(-4) M), atropine (10(-6) to 10(-4) M),
      hexamethonium (10(-6) to 10(-4) M), and somatostatin did not alter basal
      secretion of secretin. Somatostatin (10(-7) to 10(-8) M) inhibited secretin
      secretion stimulated by pH 4.5. Met, Leu and their D-ala2-analogs inhibited both
      basal and pH 4.5-stimulated secretin. Naloxone reversed the inhibition caused by
      met-enkephalin at pH 7.4. GABA (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) stimulated both basal and pH
      4.5-stimulated secretin secretion. GABA-stimulated secretin secretion was
      neuronal in nature, bicuculline sensitive and was mediated via post ganglionic
      cholinergic neurons. GABA-stimulated secretin secretion was inhibited by both
      somatostatin and metenkephalin, suggesting that GABA-stimulated secretin
      secretion may be under the inhibitory control of peptidergic agents as well.

PMID- 2875448
TI  - Analysis of somatostatin peptides produced by an endocrine pancreatic cell line.
AB  - Biological active forms of somatostatin are produced by cleavage of large
      precursors. If the sequence of the pre-proform of somatostatin has been deduced
      from cDNA structure in several species, little is known about the processing of
      these large precursors. For this purpose, the analysis of immunoreactive
      components secreted by the R.I.N. cell line was investigated. After selection of
      a cell population and culture conditions providing the optimal production of
      these peptides, analysis of their molecular forms was done by molecular gel
      filtration. The results show that mainly pro-forms accumulate in the culture
      medium while besides the pre-proform the smaller immunoreactive species behaving
      like S-28 and S-14 were found in cell extracts. Incorporation studies in serum
      free medium showed rapid formation of an intermediate compound eluted at 1.87 V0.

PMID- 2875449
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of somatostatin in man.
AB  - Experimental and clinical studies suggest that somatostatin, a regulatory peptide
      widely distributed in human tissues may have electrophysiologic effects. We
      studied a group of 14 patients who underwent a complete electrophysiologic study
      for different rhythm disturbances. Somatostatin significantly increased the
      spontaneous cycle length, the atrial and atrioventricular nodal effective
      refractory periods, and the Wenckebach cycle length. The AH and HV intervals
      during sinus rhythm remained unchanged. The effectiveness of somatostatin to
      interrupt paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias was assessed in 18 patients.
      Termination was obtained in 15 (82.5%). Our results show that somatostatin has a
      significant electrophysiologic effect on the human heart, and confirm its
      clinical effectiveness in some arrhythmias.

PMID- 2875450
TI  - Somatostatin response to a mixed meal in normals and in type I diabetics.
AB  - Somatostatin has been proposed as a regulatory peptide of nutrient entry and fuel
      homeostasis because of its ability to inhibit the release of substances involved
      in food digestion and metabolism. The aim of the study was to evaluate the
      somatostatin response to a test meal in type I diabetics at the clinical onset of
      the disease and after two months of intensive insulin therapy. Normal subjects
      and diabetics in good metabolic control showed a characteristic biphasic
      somatostatin rise after a test meal; this response was lacking in diabetics at
      the onset of the disease. The response of somatostatin to a mixed meal in normals
      confirms its involvement in nutrient digestion and metabolism. The lacking
      somatostatin response in newly diagnosed type I diabetics might be related to
      deficient GIP response to the test meal or to other factors such as the
      insulinopenia or metabolic derangement characteristic of the clinical onset of
      the disease.

PMID- 2875451
TI  - [Influence of new imaging technics on the structure and trends in the development
      of radiology. Introduction and purpose of the conference].

PMID- 2875453
TI  - New insights into mechanisms of neuronal damage in the developing brain.
AB  - Hypoxia-ischemia, hypoglycemia, and status epilepticus damage specific regions in
      the developing brain. The factors which determine selective neuronal
      vulnerability have remained obscure but recent research suggests that the
      patterns may be related to dysfunction of specific sets of synapses. An important
      current hypothesis suggests that hyperactivity of excitatory synapses, which use
      neurotransmitters such as glutamate, may cause excessive transmitter release and
      lead to damage of adjacent neurons. Excessive stimulation of excitatory
      neurotransmitter receptors triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions and
      potentially lethal ionic shifts. Recent observations suggest that drugs acting at
      these receptors could be used to reduce brain injury caused by a variety of
      insults to the developing brain.

PMID- 2875452
TI  - The pharmacological profile of chlordesmethyldiazepam and other benzodiazepines.
AB  - The pharmacological profile of chlordesmethyldiazepam was studied in mice and
      compared with that of other benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam,
      nitrazepam, oxazepam, flunitrazepam, medazepam and chlordiazepoxide). All the
      drugs were administered perorally and their anticonvulsive activity (antagonism
      towards pentetrazole-induced clonic convulsions), anxiolytic action (the four
      plate test), myorelaxant activity (the rota-rod test), sedative effect
      (inhibition of the locomotor activity) and neurotoxic effect (abolition of the
      righting reflex) were estimated. Chlordesmethyldiazepam revealed an
      anticonvulsive action (ED50 = 0.11 mg/kg), anxiolytic activity (MED = 2 mg/kg),
      myorelaxant action (ED50 = 17.5 mg/kg), sedative effect (ED50 = 34 mg/kg) and
      neurotoxic action (NTD50 = 190 mg/kg). Considering the potency of action (ED50)
      in respective tests and the therapeutic indices (NTD50/ED50 ratio),
      chlordesmethyldiazepam in respect of its profile resembles most lorazepam and
      diazepam.

PMID- 2875454
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. An underdiagnosed reaction to neuroleptic agents?

PMID- 2875455
TI  - Beta-blockers and plasma potassium concentrations.

PMID- 2875456
TI  - [Ipecac poisoning].

PMID- 2875457
TI  - The pseudopterosins: anti-inflammatory and analgesic natural products from the
      sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae.
AB  - The Caribbean sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Octocorallia, Cnidaria) has
      been found to contain the pseudopterosins, a newly described class of natural
      products, which have been characterized as diterpene-pentoseglycosides. The
      pseudopterosins possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that exceed,
      in our assays, the potencies of existing drugs such as indomethacin. As anti
      inflammatory agents, the pseudopterosins appear to modify the arachidonic acid
      cascade by an as yet undefined mechanism of pharmacological action.

PMID- 2875458
TI  - Intracellular pools of transferrin receptors result from constitutive
      internalization of unoccupied receptors.
AB  - In HeLa cells the majority of transferrin (Tf) receptors are found within the
      endocytic apparatus, with only 20% of receptors exposed at the cell surface.
      Receptor distribution is unaltered by the presence or absence of Tf. The
      mechanism responsible for the cellular distribution of receptors was explored by
      selectively inactivating receptors within the endocytic apparatus. This was
      accomplished by employing Tf-horseradish peroxidase conjugates. Peroxidase
      catalyzed oxidation of diaminobenzidine within an endosome destroys Tf receptor
      activity. Using such conjugates, we have demonstrated that the majority of
      internal Tf receptors could be inactivated when less than 6.0% of receptors were
      occupied by the conjugate at steady state. This result indicates that occupied
      and unoccupied receptors are in the same compartment. Furthermore, horseradish
      peroxidase that was internalized by fluid-phase pinocytosis inactivated
      intracellular Tf receptors in the absence of Tf; this indicates that the presence
      of internal receptors is ligand independent. Following exposure of cells to the
      conjugate, receptor inactivation was proportional to the percentage of the
      endocytic cycle traversed by the conjugate--that is, the rate of ligand
      accumulation was the same as the rate of endosomal Tf receptor inactivation. When
      the Tf-horseradish peroxidase conjugate and 125I-labeled Tf were internalized
      simultaneously, both ligands were found in the same compartment. However, if the
      two ligands were administered as separate pulses and the period between pulses
      was as short as 1 min, the ligands remained separate within the cell. Together
      these results demonstrate that the intracellular pool of Tf receptors reflects
      the constitutive internalization of unoccupied Tf receptors, which, once
      internalized, remain segregated.

PMID- 2875459
TI  - Identification of a cyclic-AMP-responsive element within the rat somatostatin
      gene.
AB  - We have examined the regulation of somatostatin gene expression by cAMP in PC12
      rat pheochromocytoma cells transfected with the rat somatostatin gene. Forskolin
      at 10 microM caused a 4-fold increase in somatostatin mRNA levels within 4 hr of
      treatment in stably transfected cells. Chimeric genes containing the somatostatin
      gene promoter fused to the bacterial reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase were also induced by cAMP in PC12 cells. To delineate the
      sequences required for response to cAMP, we constructed a series of promoter
      deletion mutants. Our studies defined a region between 60 and 29 base pairs
      upstream from the transcriptional initiation site that conferred cAMP
      responsiveness when placed adjacent to the simian virus 40 promoter. Within the
      cAMP-responsive element of the somatostatin gene, we observed an 8-base
      palindrome, 5'-TGACGTCA-3', which is highly conserved in many other genes whose
      expression is regulated by cAMP. cAMP responsiveness was greatly reduced when the
      somatostatin fusion genes were transfected into the mutant PC12 line A126-1B2,
      which is deficient in cAMP-dependent protein kinase 2. Our studies indicate that
      transcriptional regulation of the somatostatin gene by cAMP requires protein
      kinase 2 activity and may depend upon a highly conserved promoter element.

PMID- 2875460
TI  - Surface structure recognized for covalent modification of the aspartate receptor
      in chemotaxis.
AB  - The aspartate receptor involved in chemotaxis is modified by methyl
      esterification at four distinct glutamate residues during the adaptive response
      of this receptor. To explain the high degree of specificity of this modification,
      it has been proposed that the methyltransferase recognizes the sequence Glu-Glu
      Xaa-Xaa-Ala-Ser/Thr in an alpha-helical conformation and methylates the second
      glutamate in this sequence. This hypothesis is strengthened here by localized
      mutagenesis studies. By reversing the alanine-threonine sequence to threonine
      alanine at the principal site of methylation, Glu-309, a factor of 4 decrease in
      reactivity was achieved. Thus, the rate of methylation of this site is sensitive
      to the reversal of two residues of similar structure. These residues are somewhat
      distant in sequence from the glutamate that is modified but are adjacent in space
      if an alpha-helical structure is present. The other sites of modification, Glu
      295, Glu-302, and Glu-491, are slightly increased in reactivity in the mutant.
      The 4-fold change in reactivity of the major site of methylation obtained with a
      relatively subtle change supports the recognition sequence hypothesis, including
      its structural implications. It is noted, in addition, that chemotaxis of
      bacteria expressing the mutant receptor does not seem to be greatly altered. This
      might be explained by the observation that the overall methylation levels of the
      mutant and wild-type receptors are similar.

PMID- 2875462
TI  - Gliogenesis: the importance of appropriate cell associations.

PMID- 2875461
TI  - Evidence for a central mechanism of obesity in the Zucker fatty rat (fa/fa).

PMID- 2875463
TI  - The role of the cell cycle in transdifferentiation of mononucleated cross
      striated muscle cells into smooth muscle and sensory cells in vitro.

PMID- 2875464
TI  - Molecular cloning of DNA complementary to bovine pituitary mRNA.

PMID- 2875466
TI  - Regulation in metagenic cnidarian planulae.

PMID- 2875465
TI  - Tubulin and associated proteins from developing brine shrimp, (Artemia).

PMID- 2875467
TI  - Endogenous low molecular weight factors, vitamin A and phorbol esters
      dramatically affect pattern formation and positional values in marine hydroids.

PMID- 2875468
TI  - Retinal development in the lizard Calotes versicolor: cell differentiation and
      glutamine synthetase activity.

PMID- 2875469
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists effect on amphetamine-induced behaviors.
AB  - The effects of alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists on amphetamine-induced locomotion
      and stereotypy were studied in mice. Six alpha 2-antagonists (i.e., yohimbine,
      rauwolscine, piperoxan, tolazoline, RX781094, and RS21361) selectively attenuated
      amphetamine-induced increases in locomotion at doses which did not effect
      amphetamine-induced stereotypies. Higher doses of the antagonists which
      attenuated baseline stereotypies also attenuated amphetamine-induced increases in
      stereotypies. The effect of the alpha 2-antagonists was qualitatively similar to
      that observed with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Furthermore, the in vivo
      relative potency of the alpha 2-antagonists in the present study was comparable
      to that reported in other studies. These results suggest that alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptors may modulate the effects of amphetamine on locomotion in mice.

PMID- 2875470
TI  - The neural substrates for the motor-activating properties of psychostimulants: a
      review of recent findings.
AB  - Several different classes of pharmacological agents produce syndromes of
      behavioral activation in humans and infrahumans. While many of these agents,
      including direct and indirect sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, opiates and
      several neuropeptides have very distinct neurochemical profiles, it is not clear
      whether their behavioral stimulant action results from their action on a common
      neural substrate, or instead from their action on parallel but separate
      activation "circuits.' Using photocell measurements of motor activity in rats, it
      has been possible to demonstrate that some agents with very distinct
      neurochemical identities act on common neural substrates to produce behavioral
      activation, while other agents act on completely distinct brain regions.
      Specifically, the locomotor-activating properties of direct and indirect
      sympathomimetics and opiates appear to result from their action within the basal
      ganglia, including the ventral striatum and globus pallidus, while the activating
      properties of caffeine and the neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
      appear to be independent of this circuitry. These findings suggest the presence
      of at least two separate neural systems capable of mediating behavioral
      activation.

PMID- 2875471
TI  - Two automated locomotor activity tests for dopamine autoreceptor agonists.
AB  - In the first test (exploratory activity), pretreated rats explored a novel
      environment in the dark. The potential autoreceptor agonists apomorphine HCl, N-n
      propylnorapomorphine (NPA), and N-n-propyl-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-piperidine (3-PPP)
      and its enantiomers decreased the total distance travelled while at the same time
      paradoxically increasing the number of discrete movements. This is a very
      different pattern from that of the typical antipsychotic drugs haloperidol HCl
      and chlorpromazine HCl, and the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, which also
      decreased the total distance travelled but decreased the number of movements.
      Both groups decreased the distance/movement. In the second test, rats were
      habituated to the monitors in the light and then treated with test drug and
      stimulant (d-amphetamine sulfate or apomorphine HCl). Apomorphine HCl, NPA, and
      (+)3-PPP antagonized amphetamine-stimulated locomotor behavior (total distance)
      without antagonizing apomorphine-stimulated behavior, suggesting a presynaptic
      dopamine autoreceptor agonism. EMD 23448 gave equivocal activity. On the other
      hand, haloperidol HCl, chlorpromazine HCl, and clozapine decreased both
      amphetamine- and apomorphine-stimulated behavior, suggesting a postsynaptic
      dopamine antagonism. 3-PPP and (-)3-PPP showed neither pattern in this test.

PMID- 2875472
TI  - Multivariate assessment of locomotor behavior: pharmacological and behavioral
      analyses.
AB  - A Behavioral Pattern Monitor (BPM) is described which is designed to assess the
      spatial and temporal sequences of the locomotor movements, investigatory
      holepokes, and rearings of rats. The system records these behavioral responses
      with 0.1 sec resolution in time and 1.5 inch resolution in space, and permanently
      stores all the resulting data. The sequences of these responses may then be
      displayed on a video terminal or on paper and are also available for the
      calculation of a variety of descriptive statistics. Studies are described in
      which rats were tested repeatedly without any pharmacological treatments or in
      single test sessions following the administration of saline or one of five
      stimulant drugs. A variety of descriptive measures of the temporal or spatial
      patterning of the animals' behavior are described and applied to the data
      resulting from the studies of the various stimulants. It is concluded that the
      combination of these measures enables distinctions to be made among these drugs
      which cannot be made on the basis of measures of the amount of locomotor
      activity.

PMID- 2875473
TI  - Altered neurobiological responses to acute immobilization in social-isolated
      mice.
AB  - Social isolation results in dynamic changes of neurobiological functions. The
      altered internal state of the CNS is reflected in changes in spontaneous
      behavior, changed responses to transmission-related substances and changed
      responsiveness to an additional impairment of normal relations between the
      organism and its environment. We analysed the influence of an acute 2-hour
      immobilization on such isolation-dependent changes. Whereas the susceptibility to
      pentetrazole-induced seizures increased continuously with lengthening of
      isolation and was not affected by the additional impairment, the responsiveness
      to transmission-related substances changed dynamically depending upon isolation
      induced alterations. An immobilization-induced increase in responsiveness to LSD
      and propranolol was demonstrable in grouped controls and after short-term
      isolation. The apomorphine stimulation during prolonged isolation experienced a
      down- and an upregulation which were repeated in a stronger manner by
      immobilization responses especially after long-term isolation. It is suggested
      that the dynamics of isolation-induced changes coincided with changed acute
      adaptive functions.

PMID- 2875474
TI  - Differential distribution of neurotransmitter amino acids from the limbic system
      of aggressive and non-aggressive bull strains.
AB  - The amino acid content of crude synaptosomal fractions from the limbic system and
      related CNS regions showed significant differences between the aggressive Spanish
      fighting-bull and the non-aggressive Friesan bull breeds. Neurotransmitter amino
      acids (glutamate, aspartate, GABA and glycine) were the most unequally
      distributed. A higher ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitter amino
      acids was always found in all the CNS regions studied in the aggressive breed.
      The concentrations of five non-transmitter amino acids (threonine, alanine,
      serine, leucine and isoleucine) showed minor variations between both studied bull
      strains and cannot be ascribed to differences in central energy metabolism. The
      results are explained in terms of a possible relationship between the amino acid
      neurotransmitter levels and the innate aggressiveness of the Spanish fighting
      bull.

PMID- 2875476
TI  - Ambulation aid for nonweightbearing foot and ankle injuries. Suggestion from the
      field.

PMID- 2875475
TI  - Centrally-administered opioid selective agonists inhibit drinking in the rat.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular injection of mu (morphine), kappa
      (dynorphin-(1-13), ethylketocyclazocine, and U50,488H), and delta ([D-Pen2, D
      Pen5]enkephalin) opioid agonists on water intake of 14 hr water deprived rats was
      studied. All agonists caused a dose related decrease in time spent drinking, with
      a rank order potency of dynorphin-(1-13) greater than morphine greater than
      ethylketocyclazocine greater than [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin = U50, 488H. With
      the exception of morphine, all of the compounds increased the latency to begin
      drinking, but only at the highest doses tested. The rank order potency for this
      endpoint was dynorphin-(1-13) = ethylketocyclazocine greater than [D-Pen2, D
      Pen5]enkephalin greater than U50, 488H. The potent inhibition of drinking
      following centrally-given dynorphin-(1-13), at doses that did not affect the
      latency to begin drinking, supports a role for endogenous dynorphin in the
      homeostatic control of water balance. This function may not be primarily mediated
      through activation of a kappa opioid receptor since dynorphin-(1-13) was 80-230
      times more potent than the selective kappa agonist, U50,488H or
      ethylketocyclazocine.

PMID- 2875477
TI  - [Dispensary treatment of endogenous psychoses from the viewpoint of the
      psychiatrist in ambulatory care].
AB  - Reviewing the results of the observation of 72 patients suffering from endogenic
      psychoses during a period of 11 years the author tries to demonstrate the
      advantages of a basis-near, i.e. near to the places of living and employment,
      therapy for psychically sick persons. The necessity of long-term therapy is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2875478
TI  - Relationship of psychotic symptom clusters in schizophrenia to neuroleptic
      treatment and growth hormone response to apomorphine.
AB  - The authors propose an alternative model for relating clinically rated psychotic
      symptoms to biological measures in schizophrenic patients. They suggest that
      clinical presentation in schizophrenic patients comprises at least four distinct
      psychotic symptom clusters and that at most one or two of the symptom clusters
      are closely associated with central dopamine (DA) activity as measured by growth
      hormone (GH) response to apomorphine. Factor and cluster analytic techniques both
      identified the same four psychotic symptom clusters, three of which were similar
      to the major subtypes of schizophrenia: paranoid delusions (paranoid type),
      thought disorder (disorganized type), and catatonia (catatonic type). The fourth
      psychotic symptom cluster was auditory hallucinations, a prominent clinical
      feature of schizophrenia. The authors compared clinical symptom cluster scores to
      apomorphine-induced GH response by creating a new data set containing the output
      of the factor analysis of each patient's symptoms and GH response, and performing
      regression modeling of the patient's symptom cluster scores on GH response.
      Patients with elevated thought disorder cluster scores also had elevated GH
      responses to apomorphine, suggesting an association between thought disorder and
      central DA receptor supersensitivity. A fixed-dose neuroleptic trial showed that
      thought disorder and auditory hallucinations respond rapidly to treatment with a
      DA receptor blocker (haloperidol), while no significant effect on other symptom
      cluster scores occurred during the initial 2 weeks of treatment. These data
      suggest that two of the identified symptom clusters, thought disorder and
      auditory hallucinations, may be preferentially associated with central DA
      hyperactivity.

PMID- 2875479
TI  - Benzo-pyrones in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic diseases.
AB  - Sixteen chronic schizophrenic subjects were treated for 3 months each with either
      a benzo-pyrone (Paroven/Venoruton, Zyma) or a placebo in a randomized, double
      blind crossover trial. They continued to take their previous drug therapies.
      Therapeutic effects were measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS),
      by self-assessment, and by assessment by a relative. Eleven patients completed
      the trial in relation to BPRS assessment. When on the active substance, as
      compared with the placebo, they showed a mean improvement of 27% (significant at
      the 1% level). Ten patients completed the trial in relation to the self and
      relative's assessments. There were improvements of 16% and 13%, respectively
      (significant at the 5% levels). Half the patients showed improvements on all the
      tests. Their improvements were 49%, 31%, and 21%, respectively. There was
      evidence that the active substance began to have an effect within 2 weeks. No
      side effects were observed with the active substance.

PMID- 2875480
TI  - Somatostatin and regulation of prolactin secretion.
AB  - In addition to its classical growth hormone (GH) inhibiting action, somatostatin
      (SRIF) inhibits prolactin (PRL) secretion in man and rat under specific endocrine
      conditions. Furthermore, SRIF counteracts the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
      and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulated prolactin release from rat
      adenohypophysis in vitro. Two criteria are needed to demonstrate a physiological
      role of SRIF in PRL control: specific receptors must be present on prolactin
      secreting cells, and antagonization of endogenous SRIF must affect PRL secretion
      in vitro. In fact [125I]N--Tyr--SRIF binds to membranes not only of human GH
      secreting adenomas, but also of prolactinomas. Specific binding characteristics
      are comparable in both cell types, but the density of sites in PRL-secreting
      adenomas is only one-quarter that in GH-secreting adenomas. In contrast, non-PRL
      secreting chromophobe adenomas are devoid of specific binding. On the other hand,
      administration of SRIF antisera (SRIF-AS) affects both GH and PRL secretion in
      starved rats (a model in which pulsatile GH secretion is abolished); a marked
      increase in PRL plasma levels occurs, but the needed SRIF-AS concentration is
      higher than that for GH disinhibition. This demonstrates that endogenous SRIF may
      exert a negative control over PRL secretion, although lactotroph cells appear
      less sensitive to SRIF than somatotrophs. Since the apparent affinity of SRIF
      binding sites is similar on both GH and PRL secreting cells, at least in human
      tumor tissues, a lower density of SRIF receptors on PRL cells could account for
      this reduced responsiveness. Alternatively, different coupling mechanisms may be
      involved in the two cell types.

PMID- 2875481
TI  - Serum levels and clinical response in long-term pharmacotherapy with
      zuclopenthixol decanoate.
AB  - Twenty-six patients diagnosed as chronic schizophrenics were given injections of
      zuclopenthixol decanoate (cis(Z)-clopenthixol decanoate) 200 mg every 3 weeks for
      at least 6 months. Before treatment and on each day of injection the patients'
      mental state was assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), 18 items. A
      registration of side effects and basal laboratory data was also performed. Blood
      samples were drawn on each day of injection before injection and 3-7 days after
      injection (time of maximum concentration). Neuroleptic activity, which was
      considered equivalent to the concentration of zuclopenthixol, was determined in
      serum by radio-receptor assay (RRA). Based on amelioration scores greater than or
      equal to 50% on the BPRS, 15 patients were characterized as responders and 11 as
      non-responders. The responder group showed a statistically significant reduction
      in BPRS score, whereas this was not the case for the non-responders. Apart from a
      few patients, the serum concentrations showed a low intra-individual variation,
      but a relatively high inter-individual variation. The responder group had a
      significantly higher mean pre-injection concentration than the non-responder
      group, whereas no significant difference was found in day 3-7 concentrations. The
      fluctuation of the serum concentration expressed as the ratio between maximum
      (days 3-7) and minimum (pre-inj.) was found to be significantly lower for
      responders than for non-responders. Thus although the present study did not
      demonstrate a clear relationship between serum level and clinical effect, it
      indicates that the best antipsychotic effect is obtained with a serum
      concentration which fluctuates only slightly (the ratio max/min concentration not
      exceeding 2.1).

PMID- 2875483
TI  - Subdural empyema--continuing diagnostic problems in the CT scan era.
AB  - Fourteen cases of subdural empyema seen in Oxford since the introduction of the
      CT scanner are reviewed; 11 were male and 12 survived. The clinical presentation
      was stereotyped and characterised by severe headache, fever and meningism
      followed after a few days by rapidly progressive drowsiness, focal signs,
      papilloedema and seizures. All had radiological evidence of paranasal sinus
      disease (particularly frontal) although this was not apparent clinically in the
      majority. Plain skull and sinus radiographs remain important early
      investigations. Over-reliance can be placed on the CT scan which initially may be
      normal or show only non-specific hemisphere swelling. Parafalcine collections are
      easily missed. The diagnosis of subdural empyema remains difficult and a high
      index of clinical suspicion is required. Outcome depends on prompt treatment with
      parenteral antibiotics and surgical drainage.

PMID- 2875482
TI  - The role of adenosinergic, GABAergic and benzodiazepine systems in
      hyperemotionality and ulcer formation in stressed rats.
AB  - The effects of benzodiazepines, GABA and adenosine on distress-induced
      hyperemotionality and gastric lesion formation were investigated in rats.
      Hyperemotionality such as struggling, vocalization and defecation evoked
      immediately after immobilization stress were attenuated by diazepam, adenosine or
      adenosine plus diazepam. Conversely, pretreatment with these drugs produced rapid
      and potent exacerbation of gastric lesions observed after 12 h of stress. The
      potent adenosine A1-receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA) markedly
      inhibited the distress-evoked hyperemotional behaviors and potentiated the
      ulceration. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), muscimol, a GABA receptor agonist,
      and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a GABA deaminase inhibitor, attenuated both
      stress-induced hyperemotionality and ulceration. The inhibitory effects of
      diazepam and GABA on hyperemotionality were reversed, respectively, by Ro15-1788,
      a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, and bicuculline, a GABA receptor
      antagonist. The stimulatory effect of CHA on stress ulceration was potentiated by
      bicuculline but was not affected by Ro15-1788 or by picrotoxin, a chloride
      channel inhibitor. These results suggest that the mechanism involved in gastric
      lesion formation induced by immobilization stress may be different from that in
      hyperemotional behavior, and that the activation of GABAergic neurons may act as
      a central modulating factor in the hyperemotionality and ulceration induced by
      immobilization stress.

PMID- 2875484
TI  - Prediction of outcome in Graves' disease after carbimazole treatment.
AB  - In a prospective study to determine which factors would predict remission or
      relapse, 65 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease were treated for six
      months with a blocking replacement regimen of carbimazole, 40 mg daily, and
      triiodothyronine (T3). They were followed for one year after stopping treatment,
      by which time 32 (49 per cent) had relapsed. Although the treatment protocol,
      relapse rate and frequency of the HLA-DR3 antigen in this population were similar
      to those of a regionally separate Graves' population investigated previously, the
      predictive value of HLA-DR3 status together with thyroid stimulating antibody
      (TSAB) levels was strikingly different. In the present study there was no
      significantly abnormal distribution of any HLA antigen in the relapse group
      compared with those patients who achieved remission. Thyroid stimulating
      antibodies were detected in 62 patients (95 per cent) and fell significantly (p
      less than 0.05) after carbimazole treatment, irrespective of DR3 status or
      outcome; TSAB levels only became undetectable in nine patients (28 per cent) who
      subsequently relapsed and in nine patients (30 per cent) who maintained
      remission. T3-suppressed 20 min 123I uptake fell equally after treatment in the
      relapse and remission groups but continued to fall thereafter in the group which
      maintained remission. In these patients, 123I uptake was significantly lower at
      the end of the study period than at the end of treatment (p less than 0.05).
      Serum free T4 levels were higher before treatment in the patients who later
      relapsed than in those whose disease remitted (p less than 0.02). This proved the
      only significant marker associated with outcome but was of little predictive
      value in any patient. This study highlights the problem in predicting the outcome
      of antithyroid drug treatment, since even within the same country under similar
      conditions, divergent results have been obtained. It appears that the loci
      controlling the immune response in Graves' disease are likely to include genes
      lying outside the HLA-DR region. The results also suggest that the immunological
      effects of antithyroid drugs are maintained after stopping treatment in those
      patients whose disease remits.

PMID- 2875485
TI  - [Changes in the parameters of hepatic function in biliary lithiasis].
AB  - Our study investigates liver involvement serum parameters in 71 subjects with
      cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis, without primary liver diseases. As a
      control group 118 healthy subjects were studied. All patients have been examined
      for serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase,
      total bilirubin and for liver enlargement. The results point out the presence of
      increased alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase levels in more
      than half examined patients, and in nearly half of those without
      hyperbilirubinemia. This fact confirms that the existence of biliary lithiasis
      itself (even if limited to gall-bladder, in absence of jaundice) may account for
      the occurrence of a subclinical cholestatic liver impairment, that should be
      carefully considered in long-term prognosis of these patients.

PMID- 2875486
TI  - [SEM study of the corrosion stability of solder in non-precious metal alloys].

PMID- 2875487
TI  - [Fractures and luxations of the mid- and forefoot].
AB  - These injuries are rare. Additional soft tissue lesions and multiple traumatic
      disorders of the foot are common, due to crush and traffic injuries. Surgery is
      needed for the reconstruction of the arch of the foot, its joints and soft
      tissue. The traumatic lesion of the soft tissue requires meticulous debridement,
      an exact reduction and osteosynthesis and primary wound closely by means of a
      synthetic material like Epigard. Providing reduction is adequate, it should be
      stabilised with percutaneous Kirschner wires.

PMID- 2875488
TI  - [X-ray examination of foot injuries].
AB  - Fractures and luxations of the phalanges, metatarsus, tarsus and their joints are
      discussed. Correct radiological projections, knowledge of their pitfalls and a
      systematical interpretation are necessary for correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2875489
TI  - Biological correlates and detection of alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
AB  - There has been a continuing interest in the biological correlates of alcohol
      abuse and alcoholism, in part because structured clinical interviews and
      questionnaire-derived data are vulnerable to deliberate falsification and/or
      denial. Although alcoholics often report a history of specific complaints and
      diseases, many clinicians do not think that early alcohol abuse can be detected
      by evaluating this self-reported data. Although the search for a single
      biological marker for alcoholism has so far proved unsuccessful, several
      investigators have recently demonstrated that combinations of tests are more
      likely to identify alcoholics than single tests. Ideally, one would like to have
      a technique that would define when an individual is consuming too much alcohol,
      such that for one person it may be 4 drinks per day and for another it may be 6
      drinks per day. Moreover, a clinically useful technique would identify binge
      drinkers as well as regular consumers, and would not be influenced by acute
      intoxication, age, other drug use, nonalcoholism-related medical conditions, or
      pathophysiology accompanying the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2875490
TI  - Alcoholic organic brain disease: nosology and pathophysiologic mechanisms.
AB  - Study of alcoholic chronic organic brain syndrome may have applicability to the
      large population of alcoholics with less severe cerebral dysfunction. Brain
      impairment in alcoholics may be conceptualized as two clinically and
      neuropathologically distinguishable organic brain syndromes: alcohol amnestic
      disorder or Korsakoff's psychosis (KP) and alcoholic dementia. Alcoholic organic
      brain disease may result from two interacting pathophysiological processes:
      nutritional (thiamine) deficiency and ethanol neurotoxicity. Subcortical
      periventricular lesions associated with KP result primarily from thiamine
      deficiency, whereas ethanol neurotoxicity and various secondary effects of
      alcoholism may contribute to the cortical neuropathological changes associated
      with alcoholic dementia. These two patterns of brain damage may be differentiable
      in individual alcoholics using cognitive tests and other measures of CNS function
      and, therefore, allow selection of a treatment strategy based on
      pathophysiological considerations. Studies in animals and humans suggest that a
      genetic predisposition to thiamine deficiency may contribute to alcoholism
      associated dysfunction of brain and other organ systems and possibly have a
      causative role in the development of alcoholism.

PMID- 2875491
TI  - Role of pituitary and related neuropeptides in alcoholism and pharmacodependence.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that hormonal systems present in the pituitary and the
      brain play a critical role in behavioral homeostase. The hormones and their
      fragments, called neuropeptides, produced by these systems modulate
      neurotransmitter activity and thereby control brain functions. Disturbances in
      this hormonal control may result in psychopathology, including addiction.
      Vasopressin and related peptides decrease under certain conditions addictive
      behavior of experimental animals and humans and brain reward. The pituitary and
      brain opioid peptides are candidates to play an essential role in reward
      processes and may be common factors in addiction to various psychoactive drugs,
      including heroin and alcohol, and to habits. Other pituitary hormones, like ACTH,
      gamma 2-MSH and prolactin have also been implicated in brain reward and drug
      addiction. It is postulated that disturbances in the hormonal and neuropeptide
      systems may lead to a state in which addiction behavior can easily be elicited
      and that the hormonal climate in the body may be of relevance for the individual
      susceptibility to addictive drugs. It is proposed to analyse the relation between
      hormonal systems and addictive behavior.

PMID- 2875492
TI  - [Regulation of degranulation and protein kinase C].

PMID- 2875493
TI  - Different ionic requirements for somatostatin receptor subpopulations in the
      brain.
AB  - Two populations of brain somatostatin (SS) receptors, one with high affinity for
      the somatostatin octapeptide analogue SMS 201-995 (SS1 type) and one poorly
      sensitive to this analogue (SS2 type) have been characterised in regard to their
      ionic requirements using two radioligands, the iodinated Tyr3 derivative of the
      octapeptide SS analog SMS 201-995 and the iodinated [Tyr11]-SS. Specific binding
      of 125I-[Tyr11]-SS to rat cortex membrane homogenates can be increased by
      approximately 180% in presence of 5 mM Mg2+. The increase in number of binding
      sites seen by Mg2+ is not accompanied by a marked increase in affinity for SS but
      for SMS 201-995: the low affinity binding for SMS 201-995 seen in absence of Mg2+
      is replaced in part by higher affinity binding in presence of these ions. SMS 201
      995 sensitive SS1 receptor subpopulation measured with 125I-204-090, a specific
      ligand for SS1 subpopulation, is massively increased in presence of Mg2+.
      However, SMS 201-995 insensitive SS2 receptor population measured with 125I
      [Tyr11]-SS in presence of excess SMS 201-995 is unchanged in presence of Mg2+.
      The Mg2+-dependency can also be observed with autoradiography for extra cortical,
      i.e. hippocampal, brain SS receptors. 120 mM Na+ does not affect the total brain
      SS receptor population, but reduces the specific binding of SS1 receptors and
      increases that of SS2 receptors. Therefore, the rat brain, in particular the
      cortex, possesses a SMS 201-995-sensitive, Mg2+-dependent SS receptor
      subpopulation (SS1) as well as a SMS 201-995-insensitive, Mg2+-independent SS
      population (SS2).

PMID- 2875494
TI  - [Sympathetic block after plexus anesthesia. Comparison with stellate ganglion
      block].
AB  - Plethysmographic measurements of the upper extremity were performed in ten
      patients after axillary plexus block and in eight patients after stellate
      ganglion block. Axillary plexus block was followed by a mean increase of 396% in
      arterial blood flow. After stellate ganglion block, the arterial blood flow
      increased by 232% (P less than or equal to 0.001) compared to the pre-block
      value. There was no change in venous capacity after either method. The results
      indicate that both blocks can alternatively be used, as they have the same
      effects regarding increased arterial flow and stable venous capacity.

PMID- 2875495
TI  - Calcium antagonists--drug interactions.
AB  - Evaluations of drug interactions should be done with caution. One needs to be
      aware of the reported interactions and apply the information on an individual
      basis. This review may therefore serve as a guide to the more common drug
      interactions and when drug therapy should be monitored closely in clinical
      practice. Major drug interactions with calcium antagonists are summarized in
      Table 2.

PMID- 2875496
TI  - Alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the female dog urethra.
AB  - The existence and subtypes of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the female dog
      urethra were studied in vivo and in vitro by means of agonist and antagonist
      drugs. Noradrenaline, phenylephrine and B-HT 920, stimulants of alpha, alpha-1
      and alpha-2 receptors respectively, caused an increase in the urethra tonicity.
      Thus indicating that the contractile activity is mediated by alpha-1 and alpha-2
      adrenoceptors subtypes. On the other hand, the inhibitory urethral activity is
      under control of beta-adrenoceptors of beta-2 subtype, since the isoprenaline
      relaxing action is inhibited when beta-2 receptors are blocked, whilst this
      effect was not observed when beta-1 receptors were blocked. This fact was proved
      when beta-2 receptors were stimulated with salbutamol.

PMID- 2875497
TI  - Evidence that alpha-1-adrenergic stimuli specifically increase gluconeogenesis of
      the isolated proximal convoluted tubule in the rat.
AB  - Isolated kidney-cortical tubule suspensions and microdissected nephron segments
      from fed rats were used to study the action of catecholamines on gluconeogenesis.
      Gluconeogenesis from rat tubule suspension incubated with 5 mM pyruvate was
      stimulated maximally by 10(-5) M methoxamine, an alpha 1-selective agonist, and
      10(-6) M noradrenaline by 29.2 +/- 5.2% (mean +/- SEM) and 32.6 +/- 2.9%,
      respectively. These effects were completely inhibited by 10(-7) M prazosin, a
      beta 1-selective antagonist. Yohimbine, an alpha 2-antagonist, also inhibited the
      effect, but only at a higher concentration (5 X 10(-5) M). Gluconeogenesis was
      not stimulated by isoproterenol, a alpha-agonist, at any concentrations between
      10(-5) and 10(-7) M. With microdissected nephron segments, only the proximal
      tubule possessed gluconeogenic activity. Within the proximal tubule, the proximal
      convoluted tubule (PCT) revealed higher gluconeogenic activity than the proximal
      straight tubule (PST). Methoxamine at 10(-5) M stimulated gluconeogenesis in PCT,
      whereas in PST no increase of gluconeogenesis was observed. From these results,
      it can be concluded that an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist specifically stimulates
      renal gluconeogenesis in PCT, but not in PST.

PMID- 2875498
TI  - Effects of chronic ethanol administration on hepatic cholesterol and bile acid
      synthesis in relation to serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats.
AB  - In ethanol-fed rats for 4 or 7 weeks, hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was
      significantly increased, and correlated positively with hepatic microsomal gamma
      GTP activity. By contrast, hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was
      decreased in these rats. The content of hepatic cholesterol and levels of serum
      cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were significantly increased in these rats,
      correlating significantly with hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, but not with
      hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. These results suggest that the
      increase in serum levels of cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol by ethanol feeding is
      mainly regulated by the enhanced cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

PMID- 2875499
TI  - [The regimen of the diabetic, a dilemma].

PMID- 2875500
TI  - [Clearance of immune complexes in lupus disease].

PMID- 2875502
TI  - [Chronic appendicitis, a clinico-anatomical reality].

PMID- 2875501
TI  - [Anti-inflammatory action of protein hydrolysates].

PMID- 2875503
TI  - [Clinical aspects of primary hepatic neoplasms. A retrospective study over an 8
      year period].

PMID- 2875504
TI  - [Elements with prognostic value in the chronic evolution of viral hepatitis.
      Markers of the evolution].

PMID- 2875506
TI  - [Duodenal ulcer in a painful episode or duodenal ulcer in a recurrent episode?
      (Opinions in formation)].

PMID- 2875507
TI  - [Manifestations of rheumatism associated with hyperlipoproteinemia].

PMID- 2875505
TI  - [Value of serum beta 2-microglobulin in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2875508
TI  - [Case of massive hepatic steatosis secondary to thiamine abuse].

PMID- 2875509
TI  - [Significance of antinuclear antibodies in rheumatology].

PMID- 2875510
TI  - Bicuculline-induced alterations in neuronal responses to controlled tactile
      stimuli in the second somatosensory cortex of the cat: a microiontophoretic
      study.
AB  - Single-neuron activity (n = 29) was recorded from the second somatosensory cortex
      of cats, and the effect of glutamate, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), and
      bicuculline methiodide (BMI) on spontaneous and stimulus-induced responses were
      analyzed. Iontophoresis of glutamate produced dose-dependent increases in
      spontaneous activity, whereas GABA suppressed both spontaneous and glutamate
      induced activity. Neuronal responses elicited by cutaneous stimuli were also
      inhibited by GABA in a dose-dependent fashion; current levels needed to produce
      at least a 25-50% decrease in stimulus-evoked activity ranged from 5 to 100 nA,
      with a mean of about 45 nA. Iontophoresis of BMI (10-75 nA) effectively
      antagonized GABA-induced inhibition of stimulus-evoked responses without altering
      spontaneous activity. Furthermore, BMI increased the magnitude of responses
      produced by ramp stimuli and caused a several-fold increase in receptive field
      size. For neurons responsive to sinusoidal stimulation, BMI caused an increase in
      the frequency-following probability at preferred frequencies, but failed to alter
      the response to nonpreferred frequencies. These results suggest that GABA-ergic
      circuits may limit response magnitude but not the submodality properties of
      somatosensory cortical neurons.

PMID- 2875511
TI  - [Coronary surgery].

PMID- 2875512
TI  - A comparison of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from different sources: are
      they all the same?

PMID- 2875513
TI  - [Objectives of scientific research in the field of rheumatology in the RSFSR in
      the light of the resolutions of the 27th CPSU Congress].

PMID- 2875514
TI  - [Research on helminth eggs and protozoan cysts on money].

PMID- 2875515
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonists inhibit gastric acid and pepsin secretion through
      somatostatin release in dogs.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether the inhibitory effects
      of beta-adrenergic agonists on gastric secretory activity in vivo could be
      mediated through a local release of somatostatin. The gastric secretion was
      measured during continuous stimulation with pentagastrin (1 microgram/kg/h). The
      infusion of isoprenaline (beta 1 + beta 2), salmefamol (beta 2), and somatostatin
      produced inhibitory effects on both acid and pepsin secretion. The reaction
      patterns were similar for isoprenaline and somatostatin, whereas salmefamol
      induced an inhibition of longer duration and with dissimilar dose-response
      kinetics. The gastric somatostatin release was significantly increased after
      infusion of both beta-adrenergic agonists and somatostatin, with patterns similar
      to those obtained for the secretory inhibition. There was a significant
      correlation between the somatostatin release and the acid and pepsin secretion
      during infusion of the secretory inhibitors but not in the control state. This
      study shows that beta-adrenergic agonists have inhibitory effects on gastric
      secretion in vivo similar to those of somatostatin. Both somatostatin and the
      beta-adrenergic agonists stimulated the release of somatostatin from the gastric
      mucosa. beta-Adrenergic antagonists were without effects. Somatostatin thereby
      fulfils the requirements for an endogenous mediator of the beta-adrenergic
      inhibition.

PMID- 2875516
TI  - Effect of serotonin on bethanechol-stimulated gastric pepsin secretion in dogs.
AB  - The effect of serotonin on bethanechol-stimulated gastric pepsin secretion was
      evaluated with regard to dose-response kinetics and receptor mediation. A low
      dose of exogenous serotonin produced a stimulation (0.5 microgram/kg/min),
      whereas inhibition was found for higher doses (5-10 micrograms/kg/min). The
      inhibition was non-competitive and could be significantly counteracted by beta
      adrenergic blocking drugs. This study confirms results obtained during
      pentagastrin stimulation and supports the concept that serotonin acts via
      sympathetic nerves to release noradrenaline.

PMID- 2875517
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on histamine-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion
      in dogs.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of somatostatin on
      gastric acid secretion and pepsin secretion in conscious dogs with gastric
      fistula. Infusion of histamine stimulated dose-dependently the acid secretion,
      whereas pepsin secretion was decreased by the high doses of histamine.
      Somatostatin inhibited dose-dependently the stimulated acid secretion but only
      with a maximum of 40%. The pepsin secretion was inhibited by somatostatin dose
      dependently and with a higher potency. The acid inhibition was of a competitive
      type and prostaglandin-independent.

PMID- 2875518
TI  - Steady-state kinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine during
      sulfasalazine prophylaxis in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Fifteen adult and 19 pediatric outpatients with ulcerative colitis were studied
      to determine the steady-state kinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) released
      from salazosulfapyridine (SASP). Results of excretion in adults (mean 24-h
      recovery of 5-ASA, 21% in urine and 57% in feces) were compatible with those of
      healthy volunteers. Since mean SASP dose/kg body weight (about 50 mg/kg) and
      compliance (reflected in sulfapyridine recovery) were equal in adults and
      pediatric patients, the results of the patient groups could be compared. Near
      complete azo reduction of SASP occurs in children. Absorption and excretion of 5
      ASA and metabolism to acetyl-5-ASA did not differ statistically between pediatric
      and adult patients. However, the fecal excretion of the drug and its metabolites
      was significantly lower in young patients, although fecal concentrations were the
      same. The present results demonstrate that SASP is an excellent sustained-release
      drug for the delivery of 5-ASA to the lower part of the bowel system and provide
      a reference for comparison of 5-ASA kinetics after treatment with newer 5-ASA
      preparations.

PMID- 2875519
TI  - Bacterial adherence in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2875521
TI  - Molecular structure and absolute configuration of suberogorgin.
AB  - In the present paper it is reported that the molecular structure and absolute
      configuration of poisonous suberogorgin are determined by using X-ray diffraction
      method. The crystal of suberogorgin belongs to orthogonal system with space group
      D4(2)-P2(1)2(1)2(1). The crystallographic parameters are: a = 16.135A, b =
      13.189A, c = 12.901A, Z = 8. The initial model of the crystal structure was
      solved by the direct method. The refinement of the structure parameters was
      carried out by using the least square method and led to a final R-factor of
      0.056. In accordance with the molecular structure of suberogorgin mentioned
      above, the solvent effect of NMR has been further discussed and the relationship
      between the molecular structure of suberogorgin and its toxicity has also been
      preliminarily investigated.

PMID- 2875520
TI  - [Enteropathogens in travellers returning from the tropics].
AB  - Diarrhea is not only the most common health hazard during travel in the tropics
      but also the most frequent condition which prompts returning travellers to see a
      physician. The prevalence of bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens in people
      attending our outpatient department after returning from the tropics has been
      studied and the laboratory results of stool examinations have been compared with
      clinical symptoms. Of the 173 persons enrolled, 19 (11%) harboured bacterial
      pathogens and pathogenic protozoans (Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica)
      were found in 26 (15%). The data of 156 patients were evaluated. Enteropathogenic
      bacteria and/or protozoa were found in 29 (46%) of the 63 patients presenting
      with diarrhea at the time of investigation. In contrast, 10 (11%) of the 93
      asymptomatic subjects had enteropathogenic organisms in the feces (p less than
      0.01). The results appear to confirm that bacteriological stool examinations of
      travellers returning from the tropics without diarrhea are not usually indicated,
      even if a history of transient travellers' diarrhea is reported. Parasitological
      investigations are justified in this group only if asymptomatic carriage of
      Giardia or E. histolytica is considered an indication for specific treatment.

PMID- 2875522
TI  - Neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase are selectively resistant to quinolinate
      toxicity.
AB  - Exposure of cultures of cortical cells from mouse to either of the endogenous
      excitatory neurotoxins quinolinate or glutamate resulted in widespread neuronal
      destruction; but only in the cultures exposed to quinolinate, an N-methyl-D
      aspartate agonist, was there a striking preservation of the subpopulation of
      neurons containing the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
      diaphorase (NADPH-d). Further investigation revealed that neurons containing
      NADPH-d were also resistant to the toxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate itself but
      were selectively vulnerable to the toxicity of either kainate or quisqualate.
      Thus, neurons containing NADPH-d may have an unusual distribution of receptors
      for excitatory amino acids, with a relative lack of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptors and a relative preponderance of kainate or quisqualate receptors. Since
      selective sparing of neurons containing NADPH-d is a hallmark of Huntington's
      disease, the results support the hypothesis that the disease may be caused by
      excess exposure to quinolinate or some other endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate
      agonist.

PMID- 2875523
TI  - Gene splicing dominates review of weapons pact.

PMID- 2875524
TI  - [Physiopathology of Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 2875525
TI  - [Glifanan].

PMID- 2875526
TI  - [Tercian].

PMID- 2875527
TI  - [Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive lung diseases].

PMID- 2875528
TI  - [Tooth and jaw injuries in bicycle accidents].

PMID- 2875529
TI  - Influence of the nature and the dose of the initiator on the development of
      premalignant and malignant lesions in rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Using a triphasic protocol recently described to induce malignant tumors in rat
      liver, the question has been asked whether both the nature and the dose of the
      initiator influence the carcinogenic process. Two nitrosamines
      (diethylnitrosamine DEN and N-nitrosomorpholine NNM) have been used to initiate
      that process. With regard to the premalignant stages appearing in the liver up to
      19 weeks after initiation, there is a dose-dependent relationship between the
      dose of initiator and both the percentage of the parenchyma occupied by and the
      number of GGT+ lesions. DEN is always more potent than equivalent doses of NNM.
      With regard to malignant tumors appearing within the period of observation (up to
      44 weeks), the two highest doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) of DEN appear to be the only
      carcinogenic treatments. Cancer incidence (percentage of rats bearing
      histologically characterized malignant tumor) is the same after both treatments,
      but the tumor yield (number of tumors per rat bearing macroscopic tumors) is
      higher (+/- 2X) after 200 mg/kg than after 100 mg/kg.

PMID- 2875531
TI  - Agent Orange and risks to reproduction: the limits of epidemiology.

PMID- 2875530
TI  - Effect of prenatal imipramine exposure on development of the postnatal rat heart
      and brain.
AB  - Imipramine (IMI) was administered s.c. at 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day to pregnant rats
      on gestation days 8-20 to assess possible alterations in postnatal heart and
      brain development. Maternal weight gain was significantly reduced in a dose
      response manner, but litter size and pup weight on postnatal day (PND) 1 were
      unaffected. On PND 1, litters were culled to 10 pups for analysis on PNDs 4/5,
      7/8, 14/15, and 21/22. Pup body weight was not affected at any age measured, but
      heart weight was significantly reduced at 10 mg/kg IMI on PNDs 4/5 and 7/8. Brain
      weight was increased in a dose-related pattern on PNDs 4/5 and 7/8 and was
      significantly higher at 5 mg/kg IMI on PND 14/15. No significant effect was
      observed in heart or brain protein and DNA content or in cardiac beta-adrenergic
      receptor concentration. Prenatal IMI exposure had no effect on basal cardiac
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an enzyme associated with growth and development,
      but basal brain ODC was lower at 5 mg/kg IMI at all ages measured. Cardiac ODC
      stimulation by insulin was unaffected by prenatal exposure to IMI, but
      isoproterenol-stimulated ODC was increased on PND 21/22 at 5 mg/kg IMI. In
      conclusion, the IMI-related changes in several parameters suggest that when
      maternal IMI treatment is used, alterations in postnatal heart and brain
      development must be considered as possible outcomes.

PMID- 2875532
TI  - Deoxycytidine reverses inhibition of morphogenesis by thymidine in young chick
      blastoderm.
AB  - Exogenous thymidine affects morphogenesis of the early chick blastoderm possibly
      by depleting the deoxycytidine triphosphate pool. The aim of this study is to
      determine whether the inhibitory action of thymidine on early chick blastoderm
      morphogenesis is alleviated by the removal of thymidine and/or treatment with
      deoxycytidine. Chick blastoderms at the full hypoblast stage develop abnormally
      in egg albumen containing 1.23 X 10(-3) M thymidine. Development is normal when
      deoxycytidine is included simultaneously in the culture medium with thymidine at
      equimolar concentrations. Blastoderms were cultured in egg albumen containing 15
      microCi/ml thymidine [methyl-3H] or 10 microCi/ml deoxycytidine [5-3H], and 1.2 X
      10(-3) M 2'-deoxycytidine or 1.23 X 10(-3) M thymidine, respectively. The culture
      was interrupted at timed intervals, and the amount of radioactivity associated
      with DNA was determined. Exogenous deoxycytidine in the culture medium caused a
      noticeable increase in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine, while exogenous
      thymidine markedly inhibited the uptake and incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine
      into DNA of blastoderms. Thymidine does not inhibit the expansion of blastoderm,
      the migration of cells for formation of the primitive streak (PS), and the
      induction of axial tissues, but it interferes with the organization of these
      tissues to form the embryonic axis. Blastoderms show slight signs of recovery
      when thymidine is removed. Deoxycytidine counteracts the action of thymidine and
      seems to be a rate-limiting factor in normal differentiation of the early chick
      blastoderm.

PMID- 2875533
TI  - Endotoxin-induced hyperthermia in pregnant golden hamsters.
AB  - The degree of elevation and the duration of induced fever following endotoxin
      treatment of pregnant golden hamsters were examined. A radiothermistor was
      surgically implanted in the abdomen of each animal on day 6 of pregnancy. The
      animals were intravenously treated with a bolus injection of saline or endotoxin
      (1, 10, 20, or 200 micrograms/kg) on the morning of day 8 of gestation. Abdominal
      temperatures were monitored at 15-minute intervals on days 8 and 9 and at 1-hour
      intervals on days 10 through 14 of gestation. The mean temperature of the saline
      treated control animals was 37.2 degrees C with a range from 36.5 to 38.2 degrees
      C. The total number of viable fetuses, and the mean fetal weight of the 1
      microgram/kg group were not significantly different from those of the saline
      controls, although a statistically significant monophasic temperature elevation
      did occur between 3 and 9 hr post-treatment. Three of seven females that received
      10 micrograms/kg had viable litters and exhibited a monophasic fever. The
      remaining four animals exhibited a biphasic fever and total resorption of all
      implanted fetuses. The first phase began 2.5 hr post-treatment and lasted for 3-6
      hr. The second phase began 12-15 hr post-treatment and lasted for 15 to 25 hr.
      All animals receiving 20 or 200 micrograms/kg demonstrated similar multiple
      temperature elevations. Treatment of animals with greater than 20 micrograms/kg
      resulted in total resorption of all implanted fetuses and maternal weight loss.
      Nonpregnant females treated with 20 micrograms/kg of endotoxin exhibited a
      biphasic temperature elevation; thus the second phase of the fever response can
      not be attributed to embryo death and resorption.

PMID- 2875534
TI  - Mutagenic and cytotoxic potencies of a series of anthracycline derivatives as
      measured by His+ reversion, 8-azaguanine resistance and direct plating
      cytotoxicity tests in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - His+ reversion at multiple his- loci, 8-azaguanine resistance, and a previously
      reported direct plating cytotoxicity test were used to measure the genotoxic
      potencies of a series of anthracycline derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium. N
      demethylated amino sugar monosaccharide anthracyclines reverted most his- tester
      strains and were positive with 8-azaguanine selection. Reversion of strain TA98
      was the most sensitive end point for measuring the mutagenic activity of the N
      demethylated anthracyclines. N,N-dimethyl amino sugar derivatives of Adriamycin
      and daunomycin were negative as measured by His+ reversion in tester strain TA98,
      but generated positive responses in tester strain TA102 that were equal to or
      greater than those of the demethylated parent compounds. Similarly, N,N-dimethyl
      amino sugar derivatives of pyrromycinone and 1-deoxypyrromycinone had no
      mutagenic activity as measured by His+ reversion except in tester strains TA102
      and TA104. These later compounds also gave positive responses with 8-azaguanine
      selection. In view of these results, the importance of amino sugar dialkylation
      and anthracycline mechanisms of mutagenesis are discussed.

PMID- 2875535
TI  - Microsomal mediated embryo toxicity due to superoxide radicals.
AB  - The transfer of toxic substances to the developing fetus with deleterious results
      on pregnancy outcome is well known. It is now clear that the preimplantation
      period of development is susceptible to such exposure. This early developmental
      period is a time of critical genetic determination and a period during which much
      membrane synthesis is occurring. Since disruption of membrane formation might be
      important in the disorganization of embryos, microsomal protein-mediated toxicity
      in mouse blastocysts was explored. The embryos were shown to be completely
      disorganized by exposure to induced microsomal proteins in the presence of NADPH.
      All of the embryos exposed died within 18 hr. The effect was completely
      eliminated by boiling the microsomes or by removal of NADPH. Decreasing toxicity
      of the exposure could be achieved by adding butyl hydroxy toluene, an
      antioxidant. An amount of 0.001 mg/ml resulted in 100% viability in the presence
      of microsomes and cofactors after 2 hr (33% viability after 18 hr); however BHT
      resulted in its own toxicity at 0.025 mg/ml. Superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that
      removes superoxide radicals by dismutation, was completely protective with as
      little as 0.6 IU of enzyme added to the incubation mixture.

PMID- 2875536
TI  - Uptake by cells of nucleic acids promoted by compounds sharing the pleiotropic
      effects of poly(ethylene glycol).
AB  - Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a member of a group of membrane active compounds
      that have pleiotropic effects on cells, eg, promotion of cell fusion, induction
      of erythroleukemia cell differentiation, and protection of cells from freezing
      damage. Since PEG has recently been shown to be an efficient promoter of genetic
      transformation in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells, studies were carried out
      to determine whether other PEG-related compounds could also promote genetic
      transformation. In this study, 24 compounds, which behave like PEG in other
      biological systems, are shown to promote transfection of human cells with
      isolated poliovirus RNA. That PEG and other commercially important compounds
      promote transfection indicates that such compounds may represent a biohazard to
      man.

PMID- 2875537
TI  - Twin study methodology and variability in xenobiotic placental metabolism.
AB  - The present study assesses the contribution of genetic and environmental factors
      to variability in placental aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and glutathione
      transferase activities using twin study methodology. Twin placentas were
      collected at the time of delivery. The placenta, except for a single layer of
      maternal decidua, consists of fetal tissue exhibiting fetal genotype. Microsomal
      and cytosolic fractions were prepared under stringent protocols to prevent enzyme
      activity loss. There were two monozygotic-monochorionic pairs, five monozygotic
      dichorionic pairs, and 21 dizygotic-dichorionic pairs that showed measurable aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity using the direct fluorometric assay. Most of the
      mothers were smokers. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was measured with two
      different substrates, benzo(a)pyrene and 7-ethoxyresorufin. Glutathione
      transferase activity was measured using glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene as substrates for a spectrophotometric assay that follows the
      conversion of the aromatic substrate. Twin pair similarity was calculated with
      intraclass correlation coefficients. There is a high correlation between the
      activities of the two aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase substrates (r = .814), but no
      correlation between aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and glutathione transferase
      activity levels. There is little evidence of genetic variability underlying the
      variation in the enzyme activities because monozygotic-dichorionic twins are no
      more similar to each other for the three substrate activities than are the
      dizygotic twins. To delineate the prenatal environmental influences on placental
      enzyme variability, dichorionic placentation was subdivided further into
      contiguous and noncontiguous placental position. Lower intraclass correlation
      coefficients are obtained for the dizygotic twins whose placentas were
      noncontiguous compared with dizygotic twins with contiguous placentas. The
      results suggest that most of the variability seen in these placental enzyme
      systems is due to environmental differences within uteri, rather than genetic
      variability in the population. This does not negate the possibility that between
      pair, or population, variability may have a genetic component, because even
      dizygotic twins share a large proportion of their genes. This study points out
      that a significantly variable environment exists within the human uterus.

PMID- 2875538
TI  - Antimutagenic effects of natural and synthetic hormonal steroids.
AB  - Among the steroid molecules, bile acids have been shown to have either a co- or
      an antimutagenic activity toward various direct and indirect acting mutagens in
      the Ames test. The present report extends such observations to other steroids
      having hormonal activity. The main effect of the active hormones is an inhibition
      of the genotoxicity of both direct and indirect acting mutagens. This effect is
      strictly structure-related. Moreover, both ethinyl oestradiol and mestranol,
      which are synthetic derivatives of beta-oestradiol largely used in contraceptive
      pills, are strong inhibitors of the mutagenicity, acting at nanomolar
      concentrations. The present article emphasizes the possible role of compounds
      with steroid structure as modulators of genotoxicity.

PMID- 2875539
TI  - Sublethal pH decrease may cause genetic damage to eukaryotic cell: a study on sea
      urchins and Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Further evidence is reported here of genetic and developmental damage that can be
      induced by a sublethal pH decrease. The effects of three inorganic acids (HCl,
      H2SO4, and H3PO4) on embryos and sperm from the sea urchins Sphaerechinus
      granularis and Paracentrotus lividus were evaluated. In addition, acidification
      of the medium was tested for spontaneous reversion to His+ prototrophy in
      Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535) up to toxic
      levels, by both liquid incubation and agar plate incorporation. The induction of
      developmental and mitotic abnormalities in S. granularis confirmed our previous
      observations on P. lividus. Embryotoxicity was exerted in S. granularis more
      severely by H3PO4 than by HCl or H2SO4 (pH 7 to 6), while the induction of
      mitotic abnormalities appeared at a pH of less than or equal to 6.5 irrespective
      of the acids used. By suspending S. granularis or P. lividus sperm in acidified
      filtered seawater (fsw) and then inseminating the eggs in natural fsw (pH = 8.0),
      the offspring showed developmental and mitotic abnormalities. Low-pH-induced
      spermiotoxicity was ruled out in our experiments, since fertilization success of
      acid-exposed sperm was actually enhanced, as compared to sperm suspended in
      untreated fsw. The exposure of S. typhimurium to different pH's (ranging from 4
      to 9) invariably failed to induce any changes in reversion rates, regardless of
      the acids (or alkali) being used. These results suggest that extracellular
      acidification may cause sublethal damage that in turn leads to an impairment of
      mitotic activity and cell differentiation.

PMID- 2875540
TI  - Genetic variation in the susceptibility to mercury and other metal compounds in
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster to heavy metal compounds was
      investigated with special emphasis on methylmercury. A pronounced variation in
      tolerance to CH3HgOH, HgCl2, (C2H5)3PbCl, (CH3)3SnCl, and CdCl2 was recorded
      between 12 wild-type strains. After ranking the tolerance of the strains with
      respect to the five compounds rank correlations for experiments within and
      between compounds were calculated. The results showed a high degree of
      correlation within compounds but no unequivocal indication of a correlation
      between compounds, indicating that different mechanisms of genetic control for
      tolerance were operating for the five compounds. Rank correlations for
      experiments with 12 different mercury, lead, tin, and cadmium compounds and the
      same 12 wild-type strains only indicated one significant correlated response,
      between tripropyltin and tributyltin. A selection experiment for tolerance to
      methylmercury was performed with a foundation population, synthesized from four
      wild-type strains, showing a high initial tolerance. One control and two levels
      of treatment doses were used. A distinct selection response was obtained and a
      high tolerance was reached particularly for the high-dose selection line after 12
      generations, when the experiment ended. Genetic analysis of the tolerance
      indicated a dominant and polygenic inheritance. Investigation of the uptake and
      excretion of CH3Hg203OH showed that the level of tolerance to methylmercury was
      correlated with the uptake of the mercury but apparently not with the rate of
      excretion. Cystein increased the susceptibility to methylmercury. Inorganic
      mercury and trimethyl lead exhibited a synergistic toxic effect, evidently as the
      result of an in vitro transmethylation of mercury. A high somatic susceptibility
      to methylmercury also applied to the induction of nondisjunction and sex-linked
      recessive lethals.

PMID- 2875541
TI  - Quantitative analysis of the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by transformable
      C3H10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo fibroblasts.
AB  - The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] to organic soluble and water soluble
      metabolites by transformable C3H10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo fibroblasts was studied as
      a function of time, B(a)P concentration, and cell density. The total formation of
      organic-soluble and water-soluble metabolites increased with incubation time from
      4 to 48 h and with B(a)P concentration from 4 to 40 microM. As cell density
      increased, the metabolic rate decreased for organic-soluble and water-soluble
      products between 6,300 and 54,000 cells/cm2 probably due to decreases in B(a)P
      concentrations to values below saturation. Specific organic-soluble metabolites
      identified were B(a)P-pre-9,10-diols, B(a)P-9,10-diol, B(a)P-7,8-diol, B(a)P-3,6
      quinone, B(a)P-3-phenol, and B(a)P-9-phenol. Water-soluble metabolites were
      subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase to
      identify specific conjugated products. The sulfate conjugated metabolites
      identified were B(a)P-7,8-diol, B(a)P-pre-9,10-diols, B(a)P-9,10-diol, and B(a)P
      3,6-quinone. The beta-glucuronic acid metabolites identified were B(a)P-pre-9,10
      diols, B(a)P-3,6-quinone, and B(a)P-3-phenol. Patterns of metabolite formation
      rates are discussed as to their possible effect on morphological transformation
      rates in C3H10T1/2 cells with respect to incubation time and cell density.

PMID- 2875543
TI  - The effects of maternal murine cytomegalovirus infection on the mouse conceptus
      at different gestational stages.
AB  - The effects of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) on the prenatal development of the
      CD-1 mouse were investigated. Two sets of experiments were performed. In the
      first, mice were inoculated with different doses of MCMV on gestational day 7,
      and in the second, pregnant animals were inoculated with a subacute injection
      dose at different gestational stages. The effects of maternal infection on
      pregnancy in terms of maternal sickness, embryo lethality, date of parturition,
      litter size, postnatal death, and pups' body weight on d 1 and d 3 postpartum
      were investigated. High-dose MCMV infection on d 7 of pregnancy resulted in a
      significant increase in early embryo resorption and also in a reduction of the
      neonatal body weight of surviving pups. Two gestational stages were identified as
      being especially susceptible to MCMV infection. Most embryonic death as indicated
      by resorption rates was found after treatment on d 9, whereas perinatal death was
      most frequent when treatment was done on d 13 of gestation. Still births and
      neonatal death within 24 h of birth were found commonly in this latter group,
      which also showed the most pronounced growth retardation. The phenomenon of delay
      in time of parturition was noted and found to be most significant in groups of
      animals that were inoculated on d 3 or d 13. This investigation suggests that the
      effects of MCMV on the CD-1 mouse vary greatly with the age of the embryo and the
      course of the infection.

PMID- 2875542
TI  - Comparative in vivo and in vitro sister chromatid exchange studies in Chinese
      hamster bone marrow and spleen cells.
AB  - The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay in bone marrow and spleen cells of
      Chinese hamsters was used to evaluate the differences between in vivo and in
      vivo/in vitro (exposure of animals to chemical followed by culturing of cells)
      conditions. Cyclophosphamide, a mutagenic carcinogen, caused dose-related SCEs
      both in vivo and in vivo/in vitro. In the in vivo group, both bone marrow and
      spleen cells showed approximately a five-fold increase in SCEs over controls
      following 40 mg cyclophosphamide/kg treatment. The same dose, under in vivo/in
      vitro conditions, caused about three- and six-fold increases in SCEs over
      controls in bone marrow and spleen cells, respectively. While the extent of
      cyclophosphamide-induced SCEs (after subtraction of baseline level) in bone
      marrow is approximately the same under both conditions, the response was
      significantly higher in spleen cells in vivo/in vitro than in vivo. Under in
      vitro conditions, treatment of bone marrow and spleen primary cell cultures with
      a direct acting mutagen, trinitrofluorenone, caused significant dose-related
      increases in SCEs in both cell types in an equivalent manner. The replicative
      indices under these experimental conditions remained almost the same. Thus, this
      study indicates the potential usefulness of Chinese hamster bone marrow and
      spleen cells for in vivo and in vitro comparative studies with the same tissue to
      better assess the genotoxic hazard of chemicals.

PMID- 2875544
TI  - [Soria Moria--a dream becomes reality].

PMID- 2875545
TI  - [Crotamiton (Eurax) as a mosquito repellent].

PMID- 2875546
TI  - Evaluation of N-isopropyl-[125I]p-iodoamphetamine affinity sites in rat brain by
      autoradiography.
AB  - Affinity sites of N-isopropyl-[125I]p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) were studied in rat
      brain employing in vitro technique of receptor autoradiography. High degrees of
      IMP accumulation were observed in almost regions of white matter and some of gray
      matter. Phenethylamine, glutamic acid and serotonin suppressed IMP accumulation
      in all brain regions, in cerebral cortex and in hypothalamus, respectively. These
      results indicated that IMP was accumulated mainly due to its physicochemical
      property of lipophilicity and might have some interactions with neurotransmitter
      receptors.

PMID- 2875547
TI  - Treatment of reflux esophagitis with histamine H2-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2875548
TI  - Pharmacological effects of various venoms on cutaneous capillary leakage.
AB  - Studies to counteract the cutaneous vasopermeability actions of a wasp (Vespa
      orientalis), an anemone (Bolocera tuediae) and three jellyfish (Chironex
      fleckeri, Chrysaora quinquecirrha and Physalia physalis) venoms were conducted by
      using various pharmacological antagonists. Piripost (a leukotriene inhibitor)
      reduced vasopermeability if administered 5 min prior to challenge with the
      jellyfish venoms. Methysergide counteracted the vasopermeability of three of four
      coelenterate venoms, whereas indomethacin was effective against capillary leakage
      induced by Chironex venom. These studies indicate that anti-dermonecrotic therapy
      against various venoms will have to be species-specific.

PMID- 2875549
TI  - A stress-diathesis theory of suicide.

PMID- 2875550
TI  - Histocompatibility loci associated with lymphocyte alloantigenic loci.

PMID- 2875552
TI  - [Implementation of the resolutions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2875551
TI  - [Status after 5-year hormonal treatment (LH-RH) for non-descended testis].

PMID- 2875553
TI  - [The 27th Congress of the CPSU--the congress of strategic decisions].

PMID- 2875554
TI  - Annulate lamellae of the pancreatic exocrine cells in starved rats.
AB  - The ultrastructure of annulate lamellae in the pancreatic exocrine cells of rats
      starved for 3-42 days was studied. Annulate lamellae were rarely encountered in
      the pancreatic exocrine cells of control rats, but their incidence and size of
      stack was increased in those of starved rats depending on the duration of
      starvation, despite marked ultrastructural changes in these cells. Annulate
      lamellae were located in the para- or infranuclear cytoplasm of the cells and
      most of them were continuous with the relative normal rough endoplasmic
      reticulum. A close apposition in parallel was often found between the annulate
      lamellae and the outer nuclear envelope and occasionally pores in line with those
      of the nuclear membrane were observed in the lamellae of rough endoplasmic
      reticulum in 35- and 42-day-starved rats. An unequivocal continuity between the
      annulate lamellae and the nucleus and/or rough endoplasmic reticulum in
      pancreatic exocrine cells might be related to their origin and function.

PMID- 2875555
TI  - Accumulation of mercury in the anterior pituitary of rats following oral or
      intraperitoneal administration of methyl mercury.
AB  - A sensitive histochemical technique has been used to visualize the
      ultrastructural localization of mercury in the anterior pituitary of rats which
      have been exposed to methyl mercury. After administration of methyl mercury in
      the drinking water (20 mg X l-1 methyl mercury in distilled water) or
      intraperitoneally (daily dose 100 ug or 200 ug methyl mercury) intracellular
      accumulations of mercury were found in the lysosomes and granules of secretory
      cells (somatotrophs, thyrotrophs and corticotrophs). In non-secretory cells
      (follicular cell and marginal layer cells) mercury deposits were found in
      lysosomes. In orally treated rats, the number of mercury deposits increased
      significantly with time up to day 21. In rats exposed intraperitoneally, a
      continuous increase was seen in intracellular mercury accumulation. Apart from
      vacuolation of lysosomes, no structural damage was observed in the cells
      containing mercury.

PMID- 2875556
TI  - Inhibitory effect of an oxygenated cholesterol on the induction and progression
      of DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas in the rat.
AB  - In vivo studies on the effect of two stereoisomeric 7,22-dihydroxycholesterols on
      tumor development were conducted in the Charles Huggins animal cancer model (DMBA
      induced mammary cancer in the Sprague-Dawley female rat). Three groups of DMBA
      treated animals were fed a 9:1 mixture of (22R)-cholest-5-ene-3 beta,7 beta,22
      triol and (22R)-cholest-5-ene-3 beta,7 alpha,22-triol in the drinking water in a
      calculated dose of 250 micrograms per animal per day. One group (A) received the
      sterols throughout the experimental period of 35 weeks, another group (B) during
      the first 12 weeks only, and a third group (C) only during weeks 13 through 35
      after DMBA injection. Tumor rates and tumor yields were calculated, and
      statistical assessment by accepted methods demonstrated a very significant
      inhibitory effect on tumor development in Groups A and B, as compared with Group
      C. The results indicate a growth-inhibitory effect during the induction period of
      carcinoma development. The influence on neoplastic growth of (22R)-cholest-5-ene
      3 beta,7 alpha,22-triol, (22R)-cholest-5-ene-3 beta,7 beta,22-triol, and (22R)
      cholest-5-ene-3 beta,22-diol-7-one was examined in suspension cultures of Ehrlich
      ascites tumor cells. The 7 alpha-hydroxy compound proved to be ineffective,
      whereas the latter two substances displayed a strong cytotoxic effect.

PMID- 2875557
TI  - A histochemical study of changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities of rat liver
      after ischemia in vitro.
AB  - Changes in the activity of three mitochondrial enzymes in rat liver after in
      vitro ischemia have been determined by enzyme histochemical methods. The changes
      were correlated with the appearance in the electron microscope of flocculent
      densities in the mitochondria indicative of irreversible cell injury. The
      flocculent densities were observed in rat liver after about 2 h of ischemia in
      vitro at 37 degrees C. At the same time the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase,
      localized in the mitochondrial matrix, started to decrease. However, the
      activities of succinate dehydrogenase localized in the inner membrane of
      mitochondria, as well as monoamine oxidase of the mitochondrial outer membrane
      did not change at that stage. It is concluded from the results of this study and
      those of others that flocculent densities are formed by denaturation of proteins
      of the mitochondrial matrix in which glutamate dehydrogenase takes part. It
      should be considered more as a sign than as the cause of cell death.

PMID- 2875558
TI  - Ultrastructural features of rectal epithelium of the mouse during the early
      phases of migration to repair a defect.
AB  - Observations were made by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the
      migrating epithelial cells of the mouse rectum at intervals up to 24 h after
      stripping the epithelium off the mucosa. Resurfacing of the denuded basal lamina
      proceeded by the centrifugal migration of the columnar cells of the crypts.
      Changes in these cells occurred very rapidly. In less than 20 min a flat leading
      lamella developed and extended out on the basal lamina. The leading lamella could
      be recognized easily in scanning electron micrographs by the absence of
      microvilli, although these were retained on the cell body, gradually getting less
      regular and sparser than normal. Many zeiotic blebs appeared on the free margin
      of these cells. The features of migrating epithelium which are displayed in the
      in vivo repair of rectal mucosa are shared with migrating epithelia cultured in
      vitro. Goblet cells appeared not to be active in resurfacing the lesions. They
      disappeared from the surface epithelium, but were evident again by 18 and 24 h.
      The method of producing these lesions can also be used to study the cells that
      are removed.

PMID- 2875559
TI  - In vivo effects of toxic and detoxified endotoxin alone or in combination with
      muramyl dipeptide on lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in the spleen of Meth A
      sarcoma-bearing mice.
AB  - In this study we confirmed that combinations of toxic or detoxified endotoxin
      with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) induced much more necrosis of transplanted Meth A
      sarcoma in mice than toxic endotoxin alone. Detoxified endotoxin and MDP alone
      had little antitumor effects. We investigated whether these divergent antitumor
      effects could be related to histopathological changes in the white pulp of the
      spleen of Meth A sarcoma-bearing mice. Toxic endotoxin reduced the T:B cell
      compartment ratio in the splenic white pulp by increasing the size of the B-cell
      compartment while leaving the size of the T-cell dependent inner PALS unaffected.
      The number of the T-lymphocytes in this area, however, was reduced. The border of
      B-lymphocytes in the marginal zone was markedly narrowed and the number of
      marginal metallophils along the inner border of the marginal sinus was decreased.
      None of these changes were observed after treatment with detoxified endotoxin or
      MDP. Addition of MDP to either endotoxin did not change their effects. The
      histopathological changes in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid compartments of the
      splenic white pulp are apparently exclusively induced by toxic endotoxin. As the
      antitumor activity of both toxic and detoxified endotoxin combined with MDP are
      about equal and more powerful than the activity of toxic endotoxin alone, it is
      concluded that these antitumor effects cannot be related to changes in the white
      pulp of the spleen.

PMID- 2875560
TI  - Mitigation of an anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy by pretreatment with
      razoxane: a quantitative morphological assessment.
AB  - A quantitative evaluation of structural modifications was undertaken in the
      myocardium of daunorubicin (DNR)-treated and razoxane (RZ)-protected mice. BDF1
      mice were injected with DNR, 15 mg/kg; a second group of mice was subjected to
      the same conditions but, in addition, received a pretreatment of RZ, 200 mg/kg.
      Representative cubes of myocardial tissue were processed for viewing with the
      electron microscope. Five hundred myocardial cells in each group were examined
      for the presence of lesions which had been categorized as early, moderate, or
      advanced. Contrasting the total number of demonstrable lesions in each group
      revealed a statistically significant reduction of 38% in abnormalities present in
      RZ-protected mice. By category, RZ-pretreated mice showed a mitigation in the
      appearance of early and moderate alterations and a striking reduction in the
      incidence of advanced, irreversible lesions. These results indicate that the
      cardiomyopathy associated with DNR administration can be ameliorated by
      pretreatment with RZ; this protective effect is markedly exerted by preventing
      the development of severe, irreversible lesions in the murine myocardium; the
      initial, non-transient structural alteration subsequent to DNR-exposure appears
      to affect the myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2875561
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity of the human brain].

PMID- 2875562
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of the morphology of virus of hemorrhagic fever with
      renal syndrome in suckling mice].

PMID- 2875563
TI  - [Success in establishing the MSHA-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa fimbrial
      strain].

PMID- 2875564
TI  - [Methodology and problems in the study of drugs of abuse in urine].
AB  - The analysis of drugs of abuse in urine is a valuable tool for the detection of
      illicit drug use and the treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. In order for
      the results to be conclusive, however, several precautions have to be taken
      during the collection, storage, mailing and analysis of the urinary specimen.
      Since immunological methods for the determination of drugs of abuse are not
      completely specific, all positive results on immunoassay should be confirmed, at
      least for forensic purposes, by a chromatographic technique. Although much more
      complicated and time-consuming, some chromatographic techniques such as gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry offer the possibility of unambiguously
      identifying drugs of abuse. However, in some cases, even with this method it is
      not possible to decide whether the identified metabolite of a drug of abuse stems
      from food or illicit or elicit drug use. A single urinary analysis is, therefore,
      sometimes not sufficient to provide unambiguous proof of the use of illicit
      drugs. However, definite evidence of repeated drug abuse can be obtained if the
      person involved is carefully instructed as to which medicines or food must not be
      taken during the investigation period and yet the analysis of several urinary
      specimens taken at intervals of one or two days proves positive.

PMID- 2875565
TI  - [Stimulation and inhibition of uterine contractions from the modern viewpoint].
AB  - We know close to nothing why preterm or adterm delivery in human being starts.
      Either it is the breakdown of mechanisms protecting the pregnancy when it is time
      for the baby to flee the no more adequate surrounding of the uterus, or the
      activation of substances starting uterine contractions. Most probable is the
      interaction between oxytocin and prostaglandines which leads to the onset of
      labour; the influence of the fetus on this procedure is discussed. Stimulation of
      contractions: Oxytocin given as infusion with or without foregoing priming by
      locally applied prostaglandines (exact supervision of uterine motility and the
      well-being of the fetus by CTG) and/or amniotomy. Infusions of Prostaglandines
      always cause uterine contractions ending with the expulsion of the fetus.
      Inhibition of uterine contractility: In cases of threatening premature delivery
      before during and after intraabdominal operations and fetal distress during term
      delivery nowadays Betamimetics are given. The application of alcohol is reserved
      for special cases.

PMID- 2875566
TI  - Parathyroid surgery in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome: choice
      of surgical procedure.

PMID- 2875567
TI  - Current approach to the management of tumoral process in patients with
      gastrinoma.

PMID- 2875569
TI  - [New knowledge in some areas of urinary tract infections in childhood].

PMID- 2875568
TI  - [Diagnostic relevance of the De Ritis quotient and gamma-glutamyltransferase in
      alcoholic liver parenchyma damage].

PMID- 2875570
TI  - Structure investigations of agonists of the natural neurotransmitter
      acetylcholine, IV. X-ray structure analyses of trimethylpentylammonium-chloride
      and (4-acetoxybutyl)trimethylammonium-iodide.
AB  - The crystal structures of the title compounds which display cholinergic activity
      at the ganglionic receptor have been determined by X-ray structure analysis.
      [(CH3)3N+C5H11]Cl- (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbnm with
      half a formula unit per asymmetric unit, a = 11.381(14), b = 12.871(17), c =
      7.316(4) A. The intensities of 1106 independent reflections were collected with
      an automatic diffractometer. The structure refinement converged at R = 0.133 for
      the 355 observed reflections. The cation of 1 is disordered. [(CH3)3N+ (CH2)4-O
      C(O)-CH3]I- (2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with
      four formula units per unit cell, a = 16.783(8), b = 10.276(6), c = 7.427(10) A.
      The intensities of 1469 independent reflections were collected. The structure
      refinement converged at R = 0.071 for 1383 observed reflections. In both
      compounds the trimethylammonio methyl groups are coordinated nearly tetrahedrally
      by four anions in the first coordination sphere. Anions which occupy a special
      face type (B) of the tetrahedron of the (CH3)3N+ -CH2-group may be treated as a
      "model binding site" of the receptor. In the crystal structure of 2 the anions
      occupying B-type faces form together with the ammonium nitrogen and the carbonyl
      oxygen so called "Activity triangles". The almost equal geometries of these
      activity triangles are correlated with the mode of pharmacological action.

PMID- 2875571
TI  - Structure investigations of agonists of the natural neurotransmitter
      acetylcholine, V. Structure-activity correlations for cholinergic stimulants
      derived from crystal structures of their halides.
AB  - General features of crystal structures of halide salts of cholinergic stimulants
      can be interpreted in terms of substrate-receptor interactions. The monoatomic
      counterions in the crystal structures are discussed as models for the binding
      site of the receptor with respect to the ammonium group of the cholinergic
      neurotransmitters. In the crystal structures the anions occupy the tetrahedral
      faces of the quaternary trimethylammonio methyl or related groups in a specific
      geometry. Crystallographic and pharmacological evidence indicates that these
      groups should preferentially interact with the receptor via a specific face type
      (B-type face). The directionality of the interaction is derived from the vectors
      joining N+ with the anions occupying B-type faces. So called "activity
      triangles", formed by the nitrogen of the ammonium group, a second polar centre
      of the neurotransmitter cation and a counterion occupying a B-face of the
      ammonium group, provide a structural criterion for the differentiation between
      muscarinic and nicotinic activity. It is shown that structure-activity
      relationships of cholinergic stimulants do not depend on the conformational
      details of the neurotransmitter cations, but primarily on the relative positions
      of the polar centres of the cations with respect to the anionic binding site of
      the receptor.

PMID- 2875572
TI  - Structure investigations of agonists of the natural neurotransmitter
      acetylcholine. VI. X-ray structure analysis of trimethyl[2-(propionyloxy)ethyl]
      ammonium-iodide (O-propionylcholine-iodide).
AB  - The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic, noncentrosymmetric space
      group Pna2(1) with a = 10.241(11), b = 12.903(12), c = 9.312(9) A and with one
      formula unit per asymmetric unit. The stereochemically comparable torsion angles
      of the cation of 1 and of acetylcholine chloride are analogous. In the crystal
      structure the trimethylammonio methyl group is surrounded by three anions in the
      first coordination sphere. The geometry of a triangle formed by one of these
      counterions which occupies a special face of the N+C4 tetrahedron of the (CH3)3N+
      CH2-R moiety, the nitrogen atom of the ammonium group and the oxygen atom of the
      carbonyl group is typical for nicotinic agonists.

PMID- 2875573
TI  - On schizophrenia: light at the end of the tunnel?

PMID- 2875574
TI  - [Quantitative relationship among immunoregulatory cells in patients with chronic
      pyoderma].

PMID- 2875575
TI  - [Neuropharmacologic analysis of the process of generalization in the cat].
AB  - Processes of generalization and abstraction were studied in intact cats before
      and after systemic administration of dopamine-, cholin- and GABA-ergic substances
      in conditions of free behaviour with food reinforcement by a developed method. It
      is shown that only inhibition or activation of dopaminergic system disturbs the
      function of generalization in animals. Some possible neurochemical mechanisms of
      generalization in animals are being analyzed.

PMID- 2875576
TI  - [Role of the brain noradrenergic system in transforming the stressor reactivity
      of brown rats selected for their domestication behavior].

PMID- 2875577
TI  - [Central-acting analgesics].

PMID- 2875578
TI  - [Water electrolysis--the basis of a hydrogen soldering device].

PMID- 2875579
TI  - [Glutamine synthetase content and immunochemical analysis of different strains of
      Bordetella pertussis].
AB  - In this investigation 3 groups of strains isolated from pertussis patients have
      been studied: typical (group 1), atypical in their cultural properties (group 2),
      unidentified Gram-negative bacilli agglutinated by pertussis and parapertussis
      antitoxins (group 3). Besides, B. pertussis cultures, obtained by subculturing 2
      museum strains and 2 newly isolated strains on synthetic casein-charcoal agar
      with subinhibiting doses of antibiotics or specific immune sera added, have been
      studied. As indicated by the results of this study, strains belonging to groups 1
      and 2 contain glutamine synthetase, while in strains of group 3 this enzyme is
      absent. In immunoelectrophoresis strains of group 3 have been found to contain
      not a single antigen similar to the antigens of strains belonging to groups 1 and
      2. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel has revealed to differences in the
      protein spectrum of the strains of these 3 groups. The investigation has shown
      that the determination of glutamine synthetase and immunoelectrophoresis can be
      used for the differentiation of B. pertussis from similar Gram-negative bacilli.
      B. pertussis strains, changed as the result of experiments with antibiotics and
      specific immune sera, have also been shown to retain their antigenic composition
      and protein spectrum and to have no essential difference in the content of
      glutamine synthetase.

PMID- 2875580
TI  - [Time periods of antibody preservation in patients convalescing from hemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome in European foci of the infection].
AB  - The radioimmunoassay of serum samples from 76 convalescents after hemorrhagic
      fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS), that took place in 1964 in Ufa, revealed
      the presence of specific antibodies in 75% of the convalescents. The absence of
      antibodies may be attributed both to their loss in some of the convalescents and
      to mistakes in the clinical diagnosis. The study of serum samples from 19
      convalescents who had the infection in 1960 during the laboratory outbreak of
      HFRS at the Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Moscow) showed
      the presence of antibodies in all convalescents. In both groups the infection was
      linked with common red-backed voles (the Western serological variant of the
      virus).

PMID- 2875581
TI  - [Antipertussis immunity studied by immunoenzyme analysis].
AB  - The levels of antibodies to disintegrated Bordetella pertussis and its individual
      fractions (protein and polysaccharide) in children immunized with different
      batches of adsorbed DPT vaccine have been determined with the use of EIA
      techniques. The background level of antibodies in the control groups has been
      determined, and in immunized children the levels of antibodies to disintegrated
      B. pertussis and its protein fraction have been shown to considerably exceed the
      levels of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide.

PMID- 2875582
TI  - [Various aspects of the treatment of epilepsy patients].
AB  - On the basis of long-term clinical studies the author has analyzed the errors and
      drawbacks in the treatment of epileptic patients. This is the first paper
      appearing in the Soviet literature in which contraventions of the principles of
      the therapeutic process are considered in detail. Thus, it is shown that the use
      of only drugs or surgical treatment is not always sufficiently effective. The
      treatment should be comprehensive and variable with respect to both biological
      and social state of the patient.

PMID- 2875583
TI  - [Clinical picture, therapy and rehabilitation of patients with slowly-progressive
      (psychopath-like) schizophrenia with a loss of work capacity].
AB  - A clinico-statistical study of therapy and rehabilitation of 37 patients with
      psychopath-like schizophrenia selected by the method of blanket sampling using a
      criterion of the loss of the working ability within 12 months and more showed
      high efficiency of comprehensive medicated and intensive socio-rehabilitative
      action (industrial therapy). The role of the stimulating component in the
      spectrum of psychotropic activities of neuroleptics in the treatment of
      psychopath-like schizophrenia was ascertained. The result of the work was the
      employment of 20 of the 37 patients studied. It was shown in 37 randomly selected
      disabled patients with slowly progressive (psychopath-like) schizophrenia that
      stimulating neuroleptics played a definite role in including methods of intensive
      socio-occupational therapy into the management of these patients.

PMID- 2875584
TI  - [Causes of ischemic stroke in young patients (review)].

PMID- 2875585
TI  - N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and cyclic GMP stimulate phosphorylation of
      nuclear proteins from rat liver.

PMID- 2875586
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I). A wide range of clinical
      presentation. Report of three cases.

PMID- 2875587
TI  - Thyroid glands in patients with Graves' disease are sources of thyrotropin
      binding inhibitory (TBI) activity.
AB  - In order to investigate the main sources of production of Graves'
      immunoglobulins, 4 women with Graves' hyperthyroidism, which relapsed after
      withdrawal of methimazole (MMI) therapy, were selected for this study. The
      patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy after pre-operative treatment with MMI
      and Lugol's solution. Seven blood samples were obtained in each patient during
      surgery from: a peripheral vein, immediately before neck incision; the carotid
      artery; and the left and right inferior thyroid veins, respectively, before
      manipulation of the thyroid; and the left and right inferior thyroid veins,
      respectively, after surgical handling of the gland; a peripheral vein at the end
      of operation. Thyrotropin-binding inhibitory (TBI) activity was measured in all
      samples by a radioligand method. Serum TSH was also measured in those samples.
      There was a substantial increment of TBI in the thyroid veins compared with the
      activity in the carotid artery. The mean TBI was significantly higher after
      surgical handling of the thyroid lobes. The two lobes from each gland secreted
      differing levels of TBI, whereas the TSH concentrations were similar in all
      samples from each individual patients. We conclude that at least part of the TBI
      activity in patients with Graves' disease comes from the lymphocytic infiltration
      of the glands, and that differences in antibody production between the thyroid
      lobes may explain the difference in TBI activity in their respective thyroid
      veins.

PMID- 2875588
TI  - Interactions between TSH binding inhibiting--and adenylate cyclase stimulating-
      antibodies in Graves' disease.
AB  - It is well known that there exists a dissociation between TSH binding inhibiting
      antibody (TBIAb) and thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) in some patients with
      Graves' disease. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the
      interaction between TBIAb and TSAb quantitatively using porcine thyroid cells in
      order to determine whether the binding sites of TBIAb and TSAb are identical or
      independent from each other. TBIAb was determined using solubilized porcine
      thyroid membrane and TSAb using cultured porcine thyroid cells, and both were
      expressed as equivalent amounts of bovine TSH. In order to avoid interassay
      variations, all determinations were performed with a single batch of porcine
      thyroids. Serum samples were obtained from ten untreated patients with Graves'
      disease; two were negative for TBIAb and TSAb, two were TBIAb negative and TSAb
      positive, two were weak positive for both, two were strong positive for both, and
      two were TBIAb strong and TSAb weak positive. IgG from each patient were mixed
      with equal amounts of IgG of the other nine patients. In order to observe
      interactions, measured values for TBIAb and TSAb of mixed samples were compared
      to estimated values (addition of values of original samples). The correlation
      coefficient between measured values and estimated values for TBIAb was +0.964,
      and that for TSAb was +0.989. These results that TBIAb does not interfere with
      the activity of TSAb and vice versa suggest that at least in some patients with
      Graves' disease, TBIAb and TSAb are different antibodies which have different
      binding sites.

PMID- 2875589
TI  - Assay for thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins: stimulation of
      [3H]thymidine incorporation into isolated thyroid follicles by TSH, EGF, and
      immunoglobulins from goitrous patients in an iodine-deficient region.
AB  - Estimations were carried out of [3H]thymidine incorporation during culture of
      isolated porcine thyroid follicles in the presence of standard TSH or epidermal
      growth factor (EGF) both alone and together with anti-TSH or anti-EGF serum, and
      of immunoglobulins fractionated from the sera of patients from our endemic goitre
      area with iodine deficiency. A significant stimulation of thymidine incorporation
      was exerted by TSH when thyroglobulin was present in the culture medium, and also
      by EGF. TSH stimulation was abolished by anti-TSH serum, in contrast to the
      effect of EGF. Anti-EGF serum, on the other hand, blocked the effect of EGF, but
      not that of TSH. The sera of 20 out of 72 patients (27%) with euthyroid goitre
      (not operated on) and of ten out of 26 patients (38%) with recurrent euthyroid
      goitre contained immunoglobulins stimulating thyroid growth (TGI). There was no
      correlation of TGI with other thyroid antibodies. TGI have to be regarded as a
      pathogenetic factor of euthyroid goitre also in patients from an endemic region
      especially in recurrent cases.

PMID- 2875590
TI  - Non-pituitary actions of somatostatin. A review on the therapeutic role of SMS
      201-995 (sandostatin).
AB  - Natural Somatostatin has a short half-life (3 min), is only active after
      intravenous administration and causes a rebound hypersecretion of hormones after
      discontinuation of administration. Recently a long-acting powerful Somatostatin
      analog was developed (SMS 201-995; Sandostatin) which has a half-life of 113 min
      after subcutaneous administration. After administration of this analog no rebound
      hypersecretion of hormones was observed. In the present review the effects of the
      acute administration and of long-term treatment with SMS 201-995 in acromegalic
      patients is discussed. In addition the potential role of therapy with
      Somatostatin analogs and the preliminary effects of Somatostatin and/or SMS 201
      995 are discussed in disorders of gastro-intestinal function (haemorrhages,
      diarrhoea, pancreatitis and endocrine pancreatic tumours), diabetes mellitus,
      central nervous system disturbances and oncology. Finally, several aspects of the
      tolerance, tachyphylaxis and side effects of SMS 201-995 are discussed.

PMID- 2875591
TI  - Non-pituitary actions of hypothalamic hormones. Functional significance and
      therapeutic implications. General introduction.

PMID- 2875592
TI  - Non-pituitary actions of hypothalamic hormones. A look in the future.

PMID- 2875593
TI  - Efficacy of lorazepam and lormetazepam as intravenous premedicants for anesthesia
      and surgery.
AB  - Lorazepam 4 mg and lormetazepam 2 mg were compared as intravenous premedicants by
      assessing their effects on the level of consciousness and anxiety, sensory and
      motor functions, neuromuscular function and vital parameters in sixty surgical
      patients in a randomized study. Lormetazepam exerted a marked sedative-hypnotic
      effect maximal at 10 min. Lorazepam had a slower onset of action with a peak
      effect at 40 min on the different neurobehavioral functions but seemed to induce
      a longer duration of sedation and a more consistently obtunded awareness of
      perisurgical events than lormetazepam. Sensory functions were similarly affected
      by both drugs. Motor function was significantly more impaired by lormetazepam
      than by lorazepam (P 0.05). Both drugs significantly decreased anxiety for at
      least 60 min after premedication. Important changes of muscle tone were noticed
      with lormetazepam at 10 to 30 min resulting in upper airway obstruction in some
      patients. All hemodynamic changes remained clinically acceptable in both groups
      and no side effects were seen. The clinical anesthesiologists rated the quality
      of premedication as unsatisfactory in 7% of the patients treated with lorazepam
      and in 27% of those receiving lormetazepam. Together with its milder
      neurobehavioral effects and highly effective anxiolytic action, these factors
      favor the use of lorazepam for anesthetic premedication despite a relatively slow
      onset of action.

PMID- 2875594
TI  - Midazolam for intramuscular premedication: dose-effect relationships compared to
      diazepam, fentanyl and fentanyl-droperidol in a placebo controlled study.
AB  - The clinical effects of midazolam (7.5, 10 and 15 mg), diazepam 10 mg, fentanyl
      0.1 mg and fentanyl 0.1 mg-droperidol 5 mg, administered intramuscularly for
      surgical premedication, were compared in a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
      The degree of sedation provided by midazolam was significantly superior to
      diazepam, fentanyl or placebo. The largest dose of midazolam also impaired the
      lucidity of the patients and induced a moderate degree of muscular hypotony. A
      dose-effect relationship was observed only for the sedative effects of midazolam
      60 min after administration. Midazolam scored consistently better than diazepam,
      fentanyl, placebo and fentanyl-droperidol for incidence of amnesia, stability of
      cardiovascular measurements and physician's acceptance. In all treatment groups,
      including placebo, anxiety decreased significantly with time. However, if
      expressed as percentage change, the greatest decrease occurred in the midazolam
      15 mg group compared to all other treatments. Midazolam appeared to be a more
      effective premedicant than diazepam, analgesics or placebo. The intensity of the
      combined central nervous system effects suggested the dose of 10 mg might be the
      most suitable for intramuscular premedication.

PMID- 2875595
TI  - The neuromuscular blocking action of vecuronium in normal patients and in
      patients with no renal function and interaction vecuronium-tobramycin in renal
      transplant patients.
AB  - The new short acting steroid muscle relaxant vecuronium was tested clinically in
      42 surgical patients and compared in three different groups of patients: normal
      patients, renal graft patients who received tobramycin preoperatively and other
      anephric patients undergoing surgery. Twenty-five percent recovery of initial
      twitch height as measured by NTM was significantly longer in the renal graft
      group than in the two other groups where recovery time is normal. Cardiovascular
      parameters were recorded before and after the injection of vecuronium. Reversal
      of the neuromuscular block was spontaneous or pharmacologically evoked by
      neostigmine. Clinical recovery was complete in all patients and there was no
      residual block.

PMID- 2875596
TI  - Proliferative myositis and fasciitis. Report of five cases with an
      ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Cases of proliferative myositis and fasciitis were studied immunohistochemically
      and ultrastructurally for further understanding of the nature of ganglion cell
      like giant cells. Blood coagulation factor XIIIa, fibronectin, myoglobin, myosin,
      CPK MM, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin were detected in three cases of
      proliferative myositis and two cases of proliferative fasciitis by the avidin
      biotin-peroxidase complex method. Factor XIIIa (a fibrin-stabilizing factor) and
      fibronectin were strongly positive in the giant cells, but not in striated muscle
      fibers. A small quantity of myosin was demonstrated in the giant cells, but
      myoglobin and CPK MM were never demonstrated in these cells. No alpha-1
      antichymotrypsin was demonstrated in the giant cells. One case of proliferative
      myositis showed ultrastructural features suggestive of fibroblast rather than
      muscle cell or histiocytic origin. Strongly positive factor XIIIa in the giant
      cells is suggestive of the fact that they are active fibroblasts.

PMID- 2875598
TI  - [Studies on the quaternary alkaloids of Rauwolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill var.
      hainanensis Tsiang].

PMID- 2875597
TI  - Perineurial cell tumor and the significance of the perineurial cells in
      neurofibroma.
AB  - The authors attempted to clarify the exact cell components of neurofibroma by
      immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Materials were randomly
      selected, 40 cases of neurilemoma and neurofibroma (-tosis) in addition to 2
      cases of tumors composed exclusively of perineurial cells and three cases of
      normal peripheral nerve. The applied markers included antisera of S-100 protein
      for Schwann cells, blood coagulation factor XIIIa for endoneurial fibroblasts or
      perineurial cells, and laminin and collagen type IV for the basement membrane. S
      100 protein was demonstrated only in normal or neoplastic Schwann cells, but not
      in perineurial cells. On the other hand, factor XIIIa was often recognized in
      endoneurial fibroblasts and perineurial cells, but not in Schwann cells.
      Neurofibroma was basically composed of a mixture of Schwann cells, perineurial
      cells, and endoneurial fibroblasts, the population of each type of cell differing
      according to the case and area within a given tumor. Perineurial cell tumor
      exclusively composed of perineurial cells, though rare, appears to be a definite
      entity, and its characteristic histological and ultrastructural features were
      described.

PMID- 2875599
TI  - Anticonflict properties of the dipeptide Litoralon and of diazepam in rats.
AB  - The anticonflict properties of the anxiolytic diazepam and of the dipeptide
      Litoralon gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine and two of its analogues SZJ 3388, gamma
      aminobutyryl-ethanolamine phosphate, and SZJ 3361, D-1
      aminoisobutyrylethanolamine phosphate have been investigated in a "time-to
      emerge" conflict paradigm in non-deprived rats. Diazepam, Litoralon and compound
      SZJ 3388 significantly decreased the "time-to-emerge" latency (TTE latency) in a
      dose-dependent manner versus saline- or vehicle-treated controls in doses between
      0.05 and 0.50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The analogue SZJ 3361 was inactive as
      regards the TTE latency, while the anti-histaminic promethazine lengthened the
      TTE latency in a dose-dependent manner. The number of irresolute responses was
      significantly decreased following administration of diazepam, SZJ 3388 and
      Litoralon and was positively correlated with the TEE latency-decreasing activity
      of these compounds. The data are discussed in terms of the benzodiazepine-like
      anxiolytic or anti-conflict properties of these dipeptides.

PMID- 2875601
TI  - Angiotensin II infusion during beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol.
      Effects on hepatic, splenic and cardiac blood volumes and on the magnitude and
      distribution of cardiac output in the dog.
AB  - The cardiac and peripheral vascular adjustments to angiotensin II (0.1-0.2
      microgram kg-1 min-1 i.v.) during high beta-adrenergic activity by a continuous
      isoproterenol infusion (0.2-0.3 microgram kg-1 min-1 i.v.) were examined in
      anaesthetized, atropinized dogs. Hepatic, splenic and left ventricular (LV)
      volume changes were estimated by an ultrasonic technique, and the blood flow
      distribution was measured by injecting radioactive microspheres and by
      electromagnetic flowmetry on the caval veins, the hepatic artery and the portal
      vein. During isoproterenol infusion, angiotensin II increased the systolic LV
      pressure by 45 +/- 3 mmHg and the stroke volume by 17 +/- 6%. Concomitantly, the
      hepatic and splenic blood volumes declined by 29 +/- 4 and 14 +/- 6 ml,
      respectively, and the LV end-diastolic segment length increased by 3 +/- 1%. The
      flow through the inferior caval vein increased by 39 +/- 9%, whereas the superior
      vena caval flow remained unchanged. The hepatic arterial flow more than doubled.
      Thus, at high inotropy by isoproterenol infusion, angiotensin II relocates blood
      from the liver and the spleen towards the heart. By activating the Frank-Starling
      mechanism, cardiac output is increased and conducted through the lower body,
      especially through the hepatic artery, because of the poor autoregulation of flow
      through this vessel.

PMID- 2875600
TI  - Effects of N-ethylmaleimide and forskolin on glutamate release from rat
      hippocampal slices. Evidence that prejunctional adenosine receptors are linked to
      N-proteins, but not to adenylate cyclase.
AB  - In the present experiments we have examined the effect of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)
      on the release of [3H]glutamate from rat hippocampal slices. Pretreatment of
      slices with NEM in a concentration between 50 microM and 200 microM, can inhibit
      the GTP-binding protein (Ni) that transmits receptor signals into inhibitions of
      adenylate cyclase, without affecting the Ns-protein, that transmits signals into
      stimulation of the cyclase, or the cyclase. The adenosine receptor agonist R
      phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA, 1 microM) caused an approximately 50% inhibition
      of the evoked [3H]glutamate release. This effect was completely prevented by NEM
      treatment, which did not affect basal or stimulated release of the amino acid. By
      contrast, the effect of R-PIA was unaffected by adding an adenylate cyclase
      stimulator (forskolin 1 microM) and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (rolipram, ZK
      62.711, 30 microM) which raised the cyclic AMP content of the slices
      approximately 10-fold. In conclusion, these results suggest that the adenosine
      receptor that mediates prejunctional inhibition of glutamate release is coupled
      to a protein similar to the Ni-protein, but that another effector than adenylate
      cyclase is involved.

PMID- 2875602
TI  - Sympathetic nerve activation decreases the release of vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide from the feline intestine.
AB  - The splanchnic nerves to the small intestine were stimulated in anaesthetized
      cats. Activation of the sympathetic nerves caused vasoconstriction, increased net
      fluid absorption and decreased release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
      in the small intestine. In the colon, parasympathetic nerve stimulation elicited
      vasodilatation and increased release of VIP. Additional stimulation of the
      sympathetic lumbar colonic nerves decreased the colonic blood flow and inhibited
      the release of VIP. These effects of the stimulation of the lumbar colonic nerves
      were blocked by phentolamine. It is concluded that, in the feline intestine,
      sympathetic nerve stimulation presynaptically decreased the release of VIP via an
      alpha-adrenergic mechanism.

PMID- 2875603
TI  - Effect of alpha, beta-methylene ATP on distal colonic and rectal motility--a
      possible involvement of P2-purinoceptors in pelvic nerve mediated non-adrenergic,
      non-cholinergic contraction.
AB  - The possible involvement of purinoceptors in the parasympathetic nervous control
      of large intestinal motility was investigated in cats anaesthetized with
      chloralose and treated with adrenolytics. Distal colonic and rectal motor
      responses to efferent pelvic nerve stimulation (PNS) and drugs injected close
      i.a., were recorded by a volumetric method. Single dose i.a. injections of alpha,
      beta-methylene ATP (mATP) induced colonic and rectal contractions which were
      resistant to atropine, hexamethonium and indomethacin, as well as to the nerve
      blocking agent tetrodotoxin. Repeated injections of mATP were followed by
      attenuated motor responses and eventually complete tachyphylaxis to the compound
      developed. In the presence of atropine, or a combination of hexamethonium and
      atropine, contractions elicited by PNS were inhibited during mATP tachyphylaxis.
      In contrast, prior to such anticholinergic drugs, or in the presence of
      hexamethonium alone, pelvic nerve mediated contractions persisted despite mATP
      tachyphylaxis, which did not affect the colonic and rectal contractions evoked by
      acetylcholine or histamine. The results suggest that P2-purinoceptors are
      involved in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic large intestinal excitatory motor
      responses to PNS.

PMID- 2875604
TI  - Regional distribution and extracellular levels of amino acids in rat central
      nervous system.
AB  - The extracellular levels of aspartate, glutamate, serine, glutamine, glycine,
      alanine and GABA were studied in vivo with the microdialysis technique in 15
      different regions of the rat brain. The effect of high K+ on the overflow of
      these amino acids was also studied. These results were compared with those from a
      regional dissection of 17 brain regions in which the tissue content of the same
      amino acids was determined. The in vivo data showed an unevenly distributed KCl
      response of aspartate, glutamate, taurine and GABA, all of which are putative
      neurotransmitters. It was not possible to predict the response to high K+ from
      the magnitude of the unstimulated overflow. Glutamine overflow was inversely
      related to that of glutamate during the high K+ stimulus, which is consistent
      with glutamine being the main precursor of glutamate. Only for GABA and alanine
      was overflow proportional to the tissue level in the different regions studied.

PMID- 2875605
TI  - [Overall results of attempts to treat schizophrenia by hemodialysis. Reflections
      on the placebo effect in a psychosis].
AB  - A review is made of 325 published cases of schizophrenic patients who underwent
      series of hemodialysis. In 211 cases the series of dialysis were open studies; 49
      of these patients (23%) were markedly improved. In 114 other patients the effects
      of actual and sham dialysis were compared in a double blind experiment. A marked
      improvement was found in 24 cases (21%). But results of sham and actual
      hemodialysis did not differ significantly. Hemopurification is therefore not the
      cause of improvement. The rate of marked improvement is however clearly higher
      than what one could expect in chronic schizophrenics from a simple placebo
      effect. The various possible causes for this special effect are discussed. It is
      proposed that about 20% of schizophrenic patients could favorably react to the
      strong healing involvement of the psychiatrist, especially when a magic aspect is
      implied. This should encourage to approach patients not responding to
      conventional therapy with more optimism and possibly with new methods.

PMID- 2875606
TI  - [Valpromide (Depamide) in the treatment of acute psychotic states. Open clinical
      study].
AB  - In an open clinical study on the effect of Depamide in acute psychosis, 59
      schizophrenic and 23 manic hospitalized patients were tested. They were divided
      in two groups: in group A, Depamide was administered only after an initial period
      of treatment with haloperidol or chlorpromazine; in group B instead, Depamide was
      added from the beginning of the neuroleptic treatment. The results show that the
      association of Depamide with neuroleptics leads to a reduction of agitation and
      of the hospitalization period, whereas it ameliorates the adaptation of the
      patients to the therapeutic milieu.

PMID- 2875608
TI  - Characterizing paranoia in the DSM-III borderline personality disorder.
AB  - The relationship between paranoia and the borderline personality disorder
      continues to be the subject of debate. This study compares the extent and
      intensity of paranoia in 29 subjects fulfilling DSM-III criteria for borderline
      personality disorder. The control group consists of 22 subjects with dysthymic
      disorder. Paranoia was both more prevalent and severe in borderline patients.
      Results are discussed in light of previous descriptive and research literature.

PMID- 2875607
TI  - History and current status of sedative-hypnotic drug use and abuse.
AB  - Sedative-hypnotic drug use and abuse increased in Europe after World War II and
      peaked about 1972. Clinical and follow-up descriptions of abusers support the
      concept of a psychiatric addiction syndrome, different from a low-dose withdrawal
      syndrome. Although these drugs may be prescribed unnecessarily, large portions of
      the general population with pathological psychic distress and insomnia do not
      receive psychotropic treatment, in spite of findings pointing to genetic and
      biochemical factors in the genesis of these. Research on underlying mechanisms
      and the rationale for maintenance therapy is needed.

PMID- 2875609
TI  - Respiratory irregularity and tardive dyskinesia. A prevalence study.
AB  - In a survey of 351 chronically hospitalized adult psychiatric patients, clinical
      evidence of irregular respiration compatible with respiratory tardive dyskinesia
      was present in eight subjects (2.3%). In four, audible involuntary respiratory
      noises were present. All patients with respiratory irregularities had a facio
      bucco-lingual dyskinesia and in four the dyskinesia also involved extremities
      and/or other regions of the body. The prevalence of respiratory irregularities
      amongst patients with tardive dyskinesia was eight out of 108 (7.4%); none of the
      patients without tardive dyskinesia had respiratory irregularities. The
      prevalence of respiratory irregularities was significantly greater in patients
      with an organic mental disorder (11.1%) compared with those without (1.3%) (P
      less than 0.005). None of the patients complained of their respiratory symptoms
      and none had been diagnosed as having a respiratory dyskinesia prior to the
      survey. In two patients the symptoms were severe, leading in one case to
      prominent gasping, dysphagia, severe choking when eating, and episodes of
      aspiration pneumonia. In a second patient the noisy respiration was interpreted
      as attention-seeking and intimidating behaviour which led to rejection by the
      staff. In the remaining six patients respiratory symptoms were relatively minor.

PMID- 2875610
TI  - Current outcome in schizophrenia: women vs men.
AB  - This article reviews the 1980's literature on gender differences in schizophrenia
      outcome. Neuroleptic response, long-term course, and housing, appear to be
      superior in women. Mortality ratios are advantageous to schizophrenic men. After
      menopause, women may require higher neuroleptic doses than men and are more at
      risk for severe tardive dyskinesia. The antidopaminergic effects of estrogens
      appear to be responsible for some of the outcome differences.

PMID- 2875611
TI  - Prevalence of tardive dystonia.
AB  - Tardive dystonia is a rare late-onset side effect of neuroleptics. This paper
      presents a prevalence study of 351 inpatients conducted in our hospital. Seven
      patients (2%) were found to suffer from this condition. The majority were found
      to be young and had received neuroleptics for a variable number of years before
      the onset of the dystonia. In general, treatment of this condition is
      disappointing.

PMID- 2875612
TI  - Neuropharmacology and the human brain.

PMID- 2875614
TI  - Alcohol withdrawal: clinical symptoms and management of the syndrome.

PMID- 2875613
TI  - Clonidine in abstinence reactions: basic mechanisms.

PMID- 2875615
TI  - Chlormethiazole--mode of action.
AB  - Studies in mice demonstrated that the anticonvulsant profile of chlormethiazole
      differs from that of diazepam and the barbiturates. Chlormethiazole protects
      animals from convulsions induced by a wide variety of chemoconvulsants known to
      block the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA), such as bicuculline, picrotoxin, isoniazid and pentetrazol, thus
      confirming and extending earlier studies on its broad anticonvulsant
      characteristics. Chlormethiazole is particularly potent against isoniazid-induced
      convulsions, which are probably induced by reductions of GABA levels in the
      brain. Chlormethiazole was found to have a weak action on benzodiazepine receptor
      binding, GABA receptor binding and kainic acid receptor binding. Chlormethiazole
      inhibited picrotoxin binding at very high concentrations, but lowered the
      functional effects of picrotoxin at much lower concentrations than those
      affecting picrotoxin binding. Moreover, chlormethiazole failed to change GABA or
      glutamate levels in the brain and did not affect glutamic acid decarboxylase
      (GAD) activities in the rat brain. Muscimol (a GABAA agonist) enhanced the
      anticonvulsant activity of chlormethiazole against picrotoxin but not against
      bicuculline-induced convulsions. Muscimol enhanced the anticonvulsant potency of
      diazepam against both chemoconvulsants. These data suggest that the
      anticonvulsant activity of chlormethiazole is not mediated directly through
      changes in GABA or glutamate levels or by a direct (agonist) action at the GABA
      or benzodiazepine receptor complex. These findings suggest that chlormethiazole
      may enhance GABA transmission beyond the GABA receptors, hypothetically at the
      level of the GABA receptor coupled ionophore (e.g. the chloride ion channel).
      Applied micro-iontophoretically, chlormethiazole was found to potentiate the
      inhibitory responses to GABA, muscimol and glycine, but not to acetylcholine. The
      potentiation of glycine-mediated inhibition is unique for chlormethiazole and
      does not occur with any other known anticonvulsant (barbiturates, benzodiazepine,
      phenytoin or sodium valproate). Studies in primary cultures, derived from spinal
      cord neurones, showed that chlormethiazole produces hyperpolarization together
      with an increase in the threshold for action potential generation. Further in
      vitro studies indicated that chlormethiazole acts on some types of Ca2+-dependent
      chloride ion channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875616
TI  - Comparative investigation of chlormethiazole and neuroleptic agents in the
      treatment of alcoholic delirium.
AB  - A retrospective study comparing the efficacy of chlormethiazole and neuroleptic
      agents showed that a mortality rate of 0% was associated with chlormethiazole
      treatment and 6% with neuroleptic treatment (P less than 0.005). Data from the
      literature support this result. Chlormethiazole treatment seems to be superior to
      the neuroleptic treatment of alcoholic delirium.

PMID- 2875617
TI  - The influence of chlormethiazole in comparison to thioridazine on body
      temperature and postural hypotension in healthy adults and healthy elderly
      volunteers.
AB  - Certain drugs used to treat the elderly are known to precipitate hypothermia. In
      this study, the effects of chlormethiazole and thioridazine in producing postural
      hypotension were compared. In a study of hypothermia in the elderly the effects
      of chlormethiazole, thioridazine and lormetazepam were examined. Only three
      patients showed a postural drop following chlormethiazole, while 11 showed a
      postural drop following thioridazine. Chlormethiazole showed little variation
      from the control group in the hypothermia study, while thioridazine and
      lormetazepam caused a fall in temperature. For behaviour control in the elderly
      and for a short course as a hypnotic, chlormethiazole seems to be safer than
      thioridazine or lormetazepam.

PMID- 2875618
TI  - The influence of chlormethiazole on the neuro-endocrine system in chronic
      alcoholics.
AB  - The neuro-endocrine system is affected by chronic ethanol ingestion.
      Chlormethiazole is effective in the treatment of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome
      because of its tolerability, lack of hepatotoxicity, short plasma half-life, lack
      of any long-acting intermediate metabolites and lack of adverse effects on the
      neuro-endocrine system in alcoholics.

PMID- 2875619
TI  - Sleep disturbances and agitational states in the elderly. Therapeutic
      possibilities and limitations in West Germany.
AB  - Sleep disturbance is common in the elderly. The causes of sleep disturbance are
      varied, and no single treatment can be successful in all cases. Psychotropic
      drugs and hypnotics are the drugs most frequently prescribed to the elderly in
      West Germany. The indications for using benzodiazepines, chlormethiazole,
      butyrophenones and chloral hydrate are discussed. However, in all cases the
      underlying cause of the sleep disturbance should be sought rather than treating
      the symptoms in isolation.

PMID- 2875620
TI  - Special problems relating to the use of hypnotics in the elderly.
AB  - The problems experienced by elderly patients taking hypnotic drugs are reviewed.
      They include those associated with accumulation, tolerance, drug dependence and
      the intensity and duration of response. Biological mechanisms associated with
      ageing enhance some of these effects in the elderly. Care should be taken to
      define the precise indications for hypnotic use and to choose the correct drug
      and dose for the patient's condition and age.

PMID- 2875621
TI  - A double-blind comparison of chlormethiazole and temazepam in elderly patients
      with sleep disturbances.
AB  - The results of this double-blind study showed that both chlormethiazole and
      temazepam are effective, in the correct dose, for the short-term treatment of
      sleep disturbance in elderly patients. With chlormethiazole treatment there was
      no daytime drowsiness, whereas significant daytime drowsiness occurred with
      temazepam.

PMID- 2875622
TI  - [Presence of atypical germ cells in cryptorchid testicles].

PMID- 2875623
TI  - [Polyorchidism: review and contribution of a new case].

PMID- 2875624
TI  - [Alminoprofene for inflammatory lesions and surgical pain in oral medicine].

PMID- 2875625
TI  - Application of recDNA techniques to the production of ATP and glutathione by the
      "Syntechno System".

PMID- 2875626
TI  - Mitochondrial transmembrane proton electrochemical potential, di- and
      tricarboxylate distribution and the poise of the malate-aspartate cycle in the
      intact myocardium.

PMID- 2875627
TI  - Calcium channel blockers, beta blockers and the maintenance of calcium
      homeostasis.

PMID- 2875628
TI  - Alcohol and substance abuse: current issues of concern.

PMID- 2875629
TI  - The pathophysiology of bronchial asthma and targets for its drug treatment.

PMID- 2875630
TI  - The characterization of lodoxamide, a very active inhibitor of mediator release,
      in animal and human models of asthma.
AB  - A most active biologue of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) available, lodoxamide
      tromethamine (LT), has been studied and characterized pharmacologically, in
      animal and human models of asthma. It has self-tachyphylaxis, but has oral
      activity (lodoxamide ethyl) in rats, primates, and man. In rats (LT) was 2,500 X
      more active than DSCG (ID50 = 0.001 mg/kg), in primates the drug was also active
      by several routes (inhalation 1 microgram/kg, IV 0.001 mg/kg, and oral 10 mg/kg).
      In isolated rat peritoneal mast cells, the compound displayed a biphasic dose
      response inhibition to histamine release initiated by (48/80, anti-IgE, and the
      calcium ionophore A23,187) with IC50 values of 0.1-50 microM. The consistent
      finding relating to its mode of action was its ability to inhibit 45calcium flux
      into the mast cell in response to antigen or A23,187. Clinical evaluations of
      lodoxamide tromethamine showed that at aerosol doses of 1.0 mg or less, it
      demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against antigen or exercise induced
      bronchospasm. However, in pilot evaluation studies in clinical asthma settings,
      the compound could not be shown to spare bronchodilator usage, relative to
      placebo, or be shown to be more effective than placebo treated patients based on
      other clinical endpoints. The reason for rat and primate models not being
      predictive for human long-term clinical asthma in the characterization of anti
      release compounds is not known.

PMID- 2875631
TI  - Inhibition of Paf-acether-induced edema of the rat's paw.
AB  - Three classes of drugs were found, after their i.p. administration, to inhibit
      Paf-acether-induced edema of the rat's paw. These were beta-adrenergic agonists
      (isoproterenol, salbutamol), alpha-adrenergic antagonists (prazosin, ergotamine,
      yohimbine, phenoxybenzamine), and calcium entry blockers (nifedipine, verapamil,
      diltiazem). A number of other drugs including steroidal and nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory agents, alpha-agonists, beta-antagonists, pyrilamine, atropine,
      methysergide, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, and a leukotriene antagonist did not
      inhibit the development of the edema. Propranolol, but not practolol, antagonized
      the inhibitory effect of isoproterenol which provided evidence for involvement of
      beta-2 receptors in the mechanism of action of the beta agonists. It is suggested
      that cellular calcium influx is involved in the edemagenic response observed
      after the injection of Paf-acether into the rat's paw.

PMID- 2875632
TI  - Enhanced formation of sulfidopeptide-leukotrienes in ulcerative colitis and
      Crohn's disease: inhibition by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid.
AB  - Release of sulfidopeptide (SP)-leukotrienes (LT) in vitro from normal human
      colonic mucosa and from mucosal tissue obtained from patients with Crohn's
      disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated. It was found that
      inflamed mucosal tissue released significantly more SP-LT than normal colonic
      mucosa both under control conditions and after addition of calcium ionophore
      A23187. These results indicate the presence of endogenous stimuli as well as an
      increased responsiveness to an exogenous stimulus of LT formation in the inflamed
      mucosa. Sulfasalazine (SASP), a drug used in inflammatory bowel diseases, and its
      active metabolite 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) were found to inhibit colonic
      mucosal SP-LT formation, while only 5-ASA inhibited simultaneously synthesis of
      another arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin (PG) E2.
      The results suggest that SP-LT might be important mediators of inflammation in CD
      and UC.

PMID- 2875634
TI  - [The influence of intravitreal injection of a beta-blocker on the c-wave of the
      rabbit ERG].

PMID- 2875635
TI  - [Periarteritis nodosa of the epididymis].
AB  - A thirty-one-year-old man with a scrotal swelling on the left side was found to
      have periarteritis nodosa of the epididymis (epididymal arteries). No systemic
      symptoms were present. Review of the literature revealed only two similar cases.

PMID- 2875633
TI  - Pharmacological studies of antigen-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice. II. The
      effects of second-line antirheumatic drugs and cytotoxic agents on the
      histopathological changes.
AB  - The effects of treatment with second-line antirheumatic drugs and cytotoxic
      agents on the severity of experimental monoarticular arthritis in BALB/c mice
      have been investigated. The arthritis was assessed histologically in terms of
      synovitis and erosions of cartilage and bone. Azathioprine (20 mg/kg) and
      sulphasalazine (10-30 mg/kg oral; 30-100 mg/kg i.p.) produced significant
      suppression of synovitis and erosions when administered daily for 4 weeks
      commencing 2 weeks after induction of the arthritis. Dapsone (1-10 mg/kg) and to
      a lesser extent methotrexate (2 mg/kg) produced some suppression of erosive
      disease when administered daily for 4 weeks commencing 2 weeks after induction of
      the arthritis but this failed to reach statistical significance. Chloroquine, D
      penicillamine and sodium aurothiomalate all failed to have any effect on the
      disease with any of the treatment schedules used. Auranofin had no effect on the
      disease when treatment commenced 2 weeks after intra-articular injection but
      produced variable suppression at high doses when administered from the day of
      intra-articular injection.

PMID- 2875636
TI  - Serum enzyme determination in the study of liver disease in dogs.

PMID- 2875637
TI  - Fieldside management of athletic injuries.
AB  - A physician trained in the management of sports-related injuries should be in
      attendance at athletic events with a potential for significant injury. These are
      usually contact sports, particularly football. While many of the expected
      injuries are orthopedic in nature, the risk of serious injury to the larynx,
      abdomen, eyes and teeth also exists.

PMID- 2875638
TI  - Tailoring the antihypertensive drug regimen.
AB  - The challenge to the clinician is the need to choose among an array of
      antihypertensive agents in order to arrive at a regimen that is not only
      effective but also safe and convenient. Tailoring the regimen to the individual
      patient requires careful consideration of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that
      may be operative, concurrent risk factors and diseases, previous responses to
      other antihypertensive agents and the patient's general lifestyle, including diet
      and exercise.

PMID- 2875639
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2875640
TI  - Office management of anaphylaxis.
AB  - The primary therapy for anaphylaxis is epinephrine, which should be stocked in
      the office in the appropriate dilution (1:1,000). Antihistamines and
      corticosteroids are useful adjunctive agents that may be given in the office.
      Patients with progressive or severe symptoms should be transferred immediately to
      a facility where monitoring is available and vasopressors can be administered.
      Various measures can be taken to prevent anaphylaxis or limit its severity.

PMID- 2875641
TI  - Intravenous esmolol for the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia:
      results of a multicenter, baseline-controlled safety and efficacy study in 160
      patients. The Esmolol Research Group.
AB  - Efficacy and safety of esmolol in the treatment of supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias (SVT) was evaluated in this open-label, baseline-controlled,
      multicenter study. One hundred sixty patients with SVT received an intravenous
      infusion of esmolol in doses ranging from 25 to 300 micrograms/kg/min for up to
      24 hours. All of the 160 patients were evaluated for safety, and 147 of them were
      eligible for evaluation of therapeutic response. Therapeutic response was defined
      as greater than or equal to 15% reduction in the average baseline heart rate of
      conversion to normal sinus rhythm. Seventy-nine percent (116 of 147) of the
      patients exhibited a therapeutic response. The cumulative percentage response
      increased significantly with increasing esmolol doses up to 200
      micrograms/kg/min. The mean (+/- SEM) dose of esmolol producing a therapeutic
      response was 97.2 +/- 5.5 micrograms/kg/min. Among all patients (n = 160), 39%
      exhibited hypotension. In 58% of these patients, hypotension resolved with or
      without adjustment of the esmolol dose while the infusion continued; among almost
      all of the remaining patients, hypotension resolved within 30 minutes after
      esmolol was discontinued. Most patients at risk for adverse effects during beta
      blockade (i.e., those with diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, asthma,
      etc.) tolerated esmolol therapy, and there were no clinically important trends
      among the reported changes in laboratory variables. The results of the study
      indicate that esmolol is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of SVT.

PMID- 2875642
TI  - Clinical and research applications of ambulatory Holter ST-segment and heart rate
      monitoring.
AB  - Monitoring of the electrocardiogram during normal daily activity yields data
      regarding silent myocardial ischemia and its relation to heart rate in addition
      to the detection of cardiac arrhythmias. In recent years various techniques have
      been developed to quantify the frequency and duration of ischemic episodes in
      patients with ischemic heart disease. Of particular importance are the newer
      frequency-modulated recording techniques, which ensure adequate low frequency
      response, and the computerized digital analysis used to define the role of ST
      segment monitoring in the clinical and research setting. The techniques used for
      acquiring artifact-free signals, the methods of data analysis and the clinical
      role of ambulatory Holter monitoring of ST-segment changes in the diagnosis of
      Prinzmetal's angina, in chronic stable angina and in the detection of calcium
      antagonist withdrawal syndrome in angina are discussed. The data indicate the
      particular utility of Holter monitoring to analyze the variability of heart rate
      in defining the effects of calcium-channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking
      agents and their combined use in pharmacologic therapy of ischemic myocardial
      syndromes.

PMID- 2875644
TI  - Inhibition of platelet aggregation by isosorbide dinitrate.

PMID- 2875643
TI  - Drug interaction studies and encainide use in renal and hepatic impairment.
AB  - The effect of encainide administration on steady-state plasma digoxin levels was
      evaluated in 17 patients receiving stable doses of digoxin. A paired t test,
      comparing plasma digoxin levels (mean +/- standard error) before encainide
      therapy (1.05 +/- 0.14 ng/ml) and after 2 weeks of encainide, 100 mg/day (1.03 +/
      0.11 ng/ml) or 200 mg/day (1.2 +/- 0.2 ng/ml), indicates no significant (p
      greater than 0.05) change in digoxin levels. These results were confirmed in a
      second study of 10 patients with severe congestive heart failure. Also, no
      difference in efficacy of either drug was observed and changes in dosing of
      digoxin were not required. Plasma concentrations of encainide and its 2 major
      metabolites, O-demethyl encainide (ODE) and 3-methoxy-O-demethyl encainide,
      significantly increased by 31.6%, 43.1% and 35.6% after concomitant cimetidine
      administration in 13 healthy adult men receiving 75 mg/day of encainide. However,
      a retrospective evaluation of 33 patients receiving both drugs did not reveal any
      clinically significant interactions. Retrospective evaluation of patients
      enrolled in clinical studies who received concomitant digoxin (268),
      antiarrhythmics (118), anticoagulants (78), antidiabetics (40), antipsychotics
      (23), beta blockers (88), calcium-channel blockers (24) or diuretics (229) did
      not reveal any clinically significant interactions with encainide. Similarly, in
      vitro protein binding studies did not reveal any clinically significant
      interactions with encainide or its major metabolites. Six patients with moderate
      to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 10 to 38 ml/min) received 25 mg
      of encainide, 3 times/day, for 7 doses. Plasma encainide, ODE and 3-methoxy-O
      demethyl concentrations were similar to those observed in normal subjects who had
      received twice the dose of encainide, and steady-state apparent oral clearance of
      encainide was reduced by 66% with renal impairment. Based on these data it is
      recommended that in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment encainide
      be initiated at one-third the normal dose, or 25 mg once a day. Doses may be
      elevated in small increments at 1-week intervals if needed for efficacy. The
      effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of encainide was studied in
      7 patients with clinically documented cirrhosis. Compared with normal subjects
      studied using a similar protocol, the plasma concentrations of encainide were
      elevated significantly due to a 6-fold decrease in oral clearance. However, since
      plasma concentrations of the active metabolite ODE were correspondingly lower,
      specific encainide dosing instructions for patients with hepatic impairment are
      not indicated.

PMID- 2875645
TI  - Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure?
AB  - Short-term intervention studies have shown that diets rich in polyunsaturated
      fats have hypotensive properties. We have studied the long-term effects of
      dietary fat on blood pressure (BP) using adipose-tissue, fatty acid composition
      analysis in 399 free-living male subjects (average age, 47 yr). Stepwise
      regression analysis showed that adipose linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) was not
      associated with BP, whereas an absolute 1% increase in linolenic acid (18:3 n-3)
      was associated with a decrease of 5 mm Hg in the systolic, diastolic, and
      composite mean arterial BP. Linolenic acid (18:3) comprised only one-eighth the
      amount of linoleic acid (18:2)--the major polyunsaturate in adipose tissue and
      hence in the diet (2% vs 16%)--and yet it had a disproportionate association with
      BP. This may be related to its role as a precursor for the production of
      prostaglandins and/or other vasoregulators. Dietary manipulation with n-3 fatty
      acids may be helpful in the treatment and prevention of hypertension.

PMID- 2875646
TI  - Rapid detection of cross-linked fibrin degradation products in plasma using
      monoclonal antibody-coated latex particles.
AB  - Conformational and structural changes on conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and
      its cross-linking by Factor XIIIa lead to the development of new antigenic
      determinants that permit differentiation between their plasminolytic cleavage
      products. A monoclonal antibody (DD-3B6/22) that is specific for cross-linked
      fibrin derivatives containing the D dimer configuration has been used in
      developing a latex agglutination procedure that can detect fibrin degradation
      products in either plasma or serum. Fibrinogen or its degradation products do not
      cross-react with this antibody. Results were calibrated with an enzyme
      immunoassay, which used a purified D dimer standard. Plasmas from 40 normal
      subjects, all having D dimer levels below 250 ng/mL measured by enzyme
      immunoassay, were all negative by latex assay. In contrast, positive latex
      agglutination titers were obtained with 87 of 88 patients with demonstrated deep
      venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
      Compared to enzyme immunoassay, latex agglutination assay is less sensitive, but
      this latex procedure provides a rapid and less elaborate test for elevated levels
      of cross-linked fibrin degradation products in patients with thrombosis. Plasma
      assays for fibrin degradation products are preferable to those using serum.

PMID- 2875647
TI  - Controversial approaches to treating learning disabilities and attention deficit
      disorder.
AB  - It is estimated that between 3% and 7% of children and adolescents in this
      country--up to 4 million--are learning disabled. Of this group, about 20% also
      have attention deficit disorder. Many professionals in multiple disciplines have
      proposed treatment approaches. When research has been done to support the
      approach, the reports and data may be published in journals not normally read by
      the practicing physician. When research data are not available, the information
      may be in a popular book, newspapers, or lay magazines or on television. Thus,
      parents may know of ideas and suggestions before the professional in clinical
      practice. These acceptable and controversial approaches to treatment are
      reviewed. It is understandable that a parent would seek out improved ways of
      helping his or her child. I reviewed the significant literature in an effort to
      assist the practicing physician in providing appropriate parental guidance and
      clinical interventions.

PMID- 2875648
TI  - Thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin. Its pathogenetic importance in
      hypothyroidism.
AB  - Two patients with hypothyroidism had detectable serum levels of thyrotropin
      binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII). Patient 1 was a newborn infant who had
      transient neonatal hypothyroidism due to transfer of TBII from the mother with
      nongoitrous autoimmune thyroiditis. Patient 2 was an 8-year-old girl with Down's
      syndrome who presented with signs of myxedema and central precocious puberty. She
      had no goiter, and the recognition of thyroid disease was delayed; the
      histological diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was established by
      aspiration biopsy, and TBII had strong thyroid adenyl cyclase-inhibiting activity
      in vitro. It appears that TBII may be pathogenetically important for occurrence
      of neonatal hypothyroidism and nongoitrous autoimmune thyroiditis without goiter.

PMID- 2875649
TI  - Healing of chronic Barrett ulcers with omeprazole.
AB  - Three patients with a long-standing benign Barrett ulcer, resistant to treatment
      with high doses of either cimetidine or ranitidine, given for at least 3 months,
      were treated with 40 mg omeprazole daily for 9 wk. After 2 wk all symptoms had
      disappeared and at the end of treatment all three patients showed complete
      endoscopic ulcer healing. Patient compliance was excellent and no side effects
      were registered. We conclude that omeprazole is effective and safe in healing
      chronic resistant Barrett ulcers.

PMID- 2875650
TI  - Pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia in a young man.

PMID- 2875651
TI  - The hemodynamic and clinical responses to terazosin, a new alpha blocking agent,
      in congestive heart failure.
AB  - To determine the hemodynamic effects of a new alpha 1 blocker, terazosin, in
      congestive heart failure, six patients with this condition underwent hemodynamic
      testing (at rest and during exercise) before and after dosing. Doses of 2, 5, and
      10 mg were examined in sequence over 3 days to define dose-response
      characteristics. Terazosin, in these doses, decreased pulmonary and systemic
      vascular resistances and right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures.
      Terazosin increased stroke volume and cardiac output, presumably through
      afterload-reduction, without altering heart rate. These aforementioned responses
      were apparent both at rest and during exercise. While a direct relationship
      existed between dose and plasma concentration, a similar relationship was not
      observed for dose (or plasma concentration) and hemodynamic response; no
      differences were noted between the hemodynamic responses to the three doses.
      Improvement in hemodynamics persisted and the clinical status and exercise
      capacity improved in the four patients chronically treated (over 2 months) with
      terazosin. Treating the heightened tone of the sympathetic nervous system in
      congestive heart failure with the alpha 1 blocker, terazosin, may be of benefit
      to some patients afflicted with this disorder.

PMID- 2875652
TI  - Insulin-enhanced thermogenesis in skeletal muscle after exercise: regulatory
      factors.
AB  - Insulin increases O2 consumption by 25-30% in perfused rat muscle following
      intense exercise. The object of the present study was to characterize further the
      basis for this finding. Toward this end, O2 consumption was measured in the
      perfused hindquarter of rats either following a treadmill run or muscle
      contractions induced by electrical stimulations of the sciatic nerve. The results
      indicate that the increase in O2 consumption induced by insulin varies with the
      intensity of exercise, that it is initiated by factors generated locally rather
      than systemically, and that it is not attenuated by alpha or beta-adrenergic
      blockade. The results also demonstrated that the increase in O2 consumption is
      substantially diminished if glucose is not added to the perfusion medium.

PMID- 2875653
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonists increase amplitude of LH release in orchidectomized
      rats.
AB  - The role of intravenously (iv) injected adrenergic agonists in the pulsatile
      secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) was examined in unanesthesized, freely
      behaving, castrated male rats. The alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, clonidine
      (25 micrograms/kg), and the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, (-)-phenylephrine (12.5
      micrograms/kg), did not significantly alter pulsatile release of LH. The
      physiological beta 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, (-)-epinephrine (2.5
      micrograms/kg), significantly increased the mean plasma concentrations of plasma
      LH and the amplitude of the LH pulses over a period of 70 min. The specific beta
      2-receptor agonist, salmefamol, significantly increased the mean plasma
      concentrations of LH and especially the average amplitude of LH pulses over 70-80
      min in a dose-related fashion following the injection of doses from 25 to 125
      micrograms/kg. The frequency of LH pulses was not significantly increased by
      either agonist at any of the doses employed. Salmefamol-induced increases in
      plasma LH could be prevented by the beta-adrenergic blocker, bornaprolol (FM-24),
      in a dose-related manner. When injected together with synthetic LH-releasing
      hormone (400 ng/kg), salmefamol (125 micrograms/kg) significantly increased the
      mean plasma concentrations of LH over 70 min compared with values in controls
      receiving LH-releasing hormone only. The data support the concept that beta
      agonists act on their receptors in the pituitary to facilitate LH-releasing
      hormone-induced discharge of LH.

PMID- 2875654
TI  - Acylcarnitines: drug absorption-enhancing agents in the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Acylcarnitines were tested as potential absorption-enhancing agents for drugs
      that are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Urethan-anesthetized
      Sprague-Dawley rats and conscious Beagle dogs were used. Palmitoyl-DL-carnitine
      was the most effective acylcarnitine tested, although significant increases in
      drug absorption were observed with acylcarnitines containing C12 through C18
      fatty acid chains. Palmitoyl-DL-carnitine afforded significant increases in the
      absorption of cefoxitin, gentamicin, cytarabine, somatostatin analogue, and alpha
      methyldopa. The response to palmitoyl-DL-carnitine was concentration dependent
      and reversible within 60-120 min. Histological examination of the intestinal
      tissue revealed no apparent change in mucosal structural integrity at doses of
      palmitoyl-DL-carnitine that resulted in increased drug absorption. The
      acylcarnitines were effective in increasing drug absorption from the small
      intestine and the rectal compartment of both rats and dogs. The data also
      demonstrated effectiveness with aqueous and solid dosage forms (Witepsol H-15
      suppositories). The data suggest that acylcarnitines may be effective and safe
      absorption-enhancing agents for a variety of drugs.

PMID- 2875655
TI  - Transport and hydrolysis of glucagon in the proximal nephron.
AB  - Transport and hydrolysis of glucagon in the rabbit proximal nephron were studied.
      Iodinated glucagon (0.34 +/- 0.02 pg/nl, mean +/- SE) was microperfused (16.0 +/-
      1.1 nl/min) in vitro through proximal straight nephron segments for 30 min.
      Radiolabeled material, primarily 125I-tyrosine, appeared in the bathing medium in
      a linear fashion as a function of time (0.406 pg glucagon X mm tubule length-1 X
      min-1). Hydrolysis of glucagon by proximal tubule homogenates was pH dependent,
      with a large peak of activity observed at pH 7.0-7.4 and a smaller one at pH 3.0.
      Analytical cell fractionation studies of proximal tubule cells revealed glucagon
      hydrolyzing activity associated with the brush border and cytosol at pH 7.4. Less
      than 3% of activity was found associated with the contraluminal membrane.
      Substantial catabolism was observed at lysosomes on lowering the pH to 5.0.
      Incubation of glucagon directly in the presence of isolated renal cortical
      microvilli confirmed the presence of a high-capacity glucagon-degrading
      hydrolase. In addition to glucagon-hydrolyzing activity associated with the
      proximal nephron, noncortical activity was observed that was not accounted for by
      proximal tubule hydrolases. The data suggest several mechanisms for renal
      extraction of glucagon, including hydrolysis by enzymes at the brush border of
      the proximal tubule, prior to reabsorption of metabolites there. Conversely,
      enzymes associated with the contraluminal membrane of the proximal nephron
      probably contribute little to its hydrolysis. Nonproximal extracortical
      degradation of glucagon may account for its previously observed peritubular
      hydrolysis.

PMID- 2875656
TI  - Meclofenamate potentiates vasoreactivity to alpha-adrenergic stimulation in
      chronically hypoxic guinea pigs.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the effect of chronic hypoxia on systemic
      vascular reactivity and the role of prostaglandins in modulating the vascular
      response to chronic hypoxia. Meclofenamate, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor,
      increased the systemic vascular resistance response to the alpha-adrenergic
      agonist, phenylephrine, in awake, unrestrained guinea pigs exposed for 6 wk to
      high altitude (3,900 m), but it did not alter the response in animals kept at low
      altitude (1,600 m). The systemic vascular resistance response to phenylephrine
      before treatment with meclofenamate was the same in high- and low-altitude
      animals. Meclofenamate also increased the contractile response to phenylephrine
      in aortic rings isolated from high- but not low-altitude animals. The systemic
      vascular resistance response to angiotensin II was the same in high- and low
      altitude animals, and meclofenamate increased this response to the same extent in
      both groups. Thus chronic hypoxia appeared to enhance vascular production of
      dilator prostaglandins during beta-adrenergic stimulation.

PMID- 2875657
TI  - O2 consumption during exercise in dogs--roles of splenic contraction and alpha
      adrenergic vasoconstriction.
AB  - To examine the influence of alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction on the aerobic
      capacity of dogs, we calculated O2 consumption (VO2) by the Fick method during
      submaximal and maximal exertion before and during alpha-adrenergic blockade with
      phentolamine. Regional blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres.
      alpha-Adrenergic receptor blockade reduced VO2 by 12.9% during submaximal and
      17.9% during maximal exercise. Arterial and venous lactic acid approximately
      doubled during both levels of stress in the presence of alpha-adrenergic receptor
      blockade. Calculated VO2 decreased because arteriovenous O2 (A-V)O2 extraction
      was reduced by 11.6% during submaximal exercise. During maximal exercise a 16.7%
      decrease in (A-V)O2 extraction and a 5.7% decrease in cardiac output contributed
      to the decrease in maximal VO2. During both levels of stress, (A-V)O2 extraction
      was reduced because arterial O2 content was decreased. Since circulating
      hematocrits during exercise were reduced by alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade
      (43-38%), we postulate that splenic contraction likely was inhibited.
      Additionally, distribution of blood flow to skeletal muscle and visceral organs
      was unaltered by alpha-blockade. To examine the importance of splenic contraction
      during maximal exercise, we examined hemodynamic and metabolic responses before
      and after splenectomy. Compared with the spleen-intact condition, splenectomized
      dogs demonstrated a 12.6% reduction in VO2 as a result of 7.7 and 5.5% reductions
      in (A-V)O2 extraction and cardiac output, respectively. (A-V)O2 extraction was
      reduced because arterial O2 content and circulating hematocrit during exercise
      were decreased. Therefore, in the exercising dog, alpha-adrenergic receptor
      blockade reduces O2 consumption and causes a shift to anaerobic
      metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875658
TI  - Reactive dilation and late-hyperemic constriction of epicardial coronary artery
      after short coronary occlusion.
AB  - Coronary blood flow and epicardial coronary artery diameter were simultaneously
      measured by an electromagnetic or Doppler flow probe and a pair of ultrasonic
      crystals, respectively, during reactive hyperemia in conscious dogs. Reactive
      dilation appeared after the full appearance of reactive hyperemia and lasted for
      a period of 4-20 times the duration of the coronary occlusion. beta-Receptor
      blockade (propranolol, 1 mg/kg iv) attenuated both the reactive hyperemia in
      volume by 21-22% (P less than 0.01) and dilative responses of the epicardial
      coronary diameter by 27-28% (P less than 0.01), despite a nonsignificant
      attenuation of the resting or peak hyperemic coronary blood flow. When coronary
      blood flow was held constant during reperfusion, by an occluder distal to the
      ultrasonic crystals, the reactive dilation disappeared. A peculiar reactive
      constriction was noted when coronary occlusion was performed proximal to the site
      of the ultrasonic crystals. Appearance of this constriction was at 149 and 385 s
      after the release of 5 and 60 s of coronary occlusion, respectively. This late
      reactive constriction disappeared after pretreatment with alpha- (phentolamine, 1
      mg/kg iv) and/or alpha- + beta-blockade, but not with beta-blockade alone, and it
      was not observed when the coronary diameter was measured proximal to the
      occluder. Thus reactive dilation of the epicardial coronary artery derives from
      an increase in coronary flow and is reduced by propranolol via a reduction in the
      hyperemic flow, suggesting a flow-dependent change in the diameter of the
      epicardial coronary artery. Reactive constriction is a local phenomenon following
      marked reduction in the coronary diameter and is abolished by alpha-adrenergic
      blockade with phentolamine.

PMID- 2875659
TI  - Effects of calcium entry blockade on left ventricular dynamics in exercising
      dogs.
AB  - To study the previously undefined effects of calcium entry blockade on left
      ventricular (LV) function and coronary blood flow during dynamic exercise we gave
      intravenous equihypotensive infusions of nifedipine (10 +/- 4 SE micrograms X kg
      1 X min-1), diltiazem (60 +/- 8 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and verapamil (52 +/-
      7 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) before and after intravenous propranolol (2 mg/kg)
      to chronically instrumented dogs at rest and while running on a treadmill at 4
      and 10 km/h. Prior to beta-blockade, each agent significantly and equivalently (P
      = NS among drugs) reduced mean arterial pressure during exercise (-13%
      nifedipine, -8% diltiazem, -15% verapamil at 4 km/h, each P less than or equal to
      0.01 vs. exercise alone) but did not significantly alter LV end-diastolic
      dimension (EDD), heart rate, or cardiac output compared with exercise alone. Only
      verapamil blunted the positive inotropic response to exercise (LV dP/dtmax
      decreased 20% at 4 km/h, P less than 0.01 vs. exercise alone). Coronary blood
      flow was significantly and equivalently increased at rest and during submaximal
      exercise with each calcium blocker, but this effect was largely offset by
      propranolol. During exercise after beta-blockade each agent produced significant
      additional reductions in mean arterial pressure and dP/dtmax at peak exercise but
      did not alter LVEDD or heart rate compared with results obtained with propranolol
      alone. Combined beta-blockade and verapamil uniquely diminished myocardial
      contractility to a greater extent at peak exercise than at rest (dP/dtmax 1,260
      +/- 410 peak exercise vs. 1,775 +/- 431 mmHg/s rest, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875660
TI  - Pressor resistance to vasopressin in sodium depletion, potassium depletion, and
      cirrhosis.
AB  - Resistance to the pressor effects of angiotensin II, but not norepinephrine, has
      been observed in sodium depletion, potassium depletion, and cirrhosis. We tested
      the response to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in each of these conditions. Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were made sodium depleted with furosemide and a low-sodium
      diet for 3 days, potassium depleted by feeding a low-potassium diet for 14-21
      days, or cirrhotic by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride for 8 wk. In conscious
      rats, the pressor response to graded doses of AVP was reduced in sodium depletion
      by 27-43% compared with control rats. Sodium-depleted rats were also found to
      have enhanced baroreceptor reflexes, since the decrease in heart rate for a given
      increase in mean arterial pressure was greater than in control rats. When the
      ganglionic blocker pentolinium tartrate was given to sodium-depleted rats the
      pressor response to AVP was restored to control levels. In potassium-depleted
      rats the pressor response to AVP was 21-52% lower than that in controls, whereas
      cirrhotic rats also had a blunted response to AVP (14-41% lower than control).
      However, there was no evidence in either of these two states of enhanced
      baroreceptor activity, and pretreatment with pentolinium tartrate did not restore
      the pressor response to normal. Therefore, although resistance to the pressor
      effect of AVP was found in all three conditions, the mechanism of this effect was
      different in sodium depletion compared with potassium depletion and cirrhosis. We
      conclude that resistance to the pressor action of AVP in sodium depletion was
      secondary to resetting of the baroreceptors.

PMID- 2875661
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor activation depolarizes rat supraoptic neurosecretory
      neurons in vitro.
AB  - Intracellular data were obtained from 35 supraoptic nucleus neurosecretory
      neurons maintained in vitro in intra-arterially perfused explants of rat
      hypothalamus. Addition of norepinephrine, phenylephrine, or methoxamine, but not
      isoproterenol (30-200 microM), consistently induced membrane depolarization,
      bursting activity, and an associated prolongation in action potential duration,
      effects that were reversibly antagonized by the alpha 1-antagonist prazosin.
      Norepinephrine-evoked depolarizations demonstrated no consistent change in
      membrane resistance and were reduced both by membrane hyperpolarization and by
      raising extracellular K+. Norepinephrine shortened the time course of spike
      hyperpolarizing afterpotentials and increased the magnitude of late depolarizing
      afterpotentials. It is proposed that one of norepinephrine's actions on
      supraoptic neurons involves K+ channels, perhaps by modulation of a transient K+
      current known as A current.

PMID- 2875662
TI  - Hallucinations: theoretical and clinical overview.
AB  - The authors review the literature on hallucinations; provide theoretical
      background on these phenomena from physiological, biochemical, and psychological
      points of view; and discuss the presentations of hallucinations in different
      diagnostic categories. The longstanding notion that hallucinations are to be
      equated with schizophrenia, they conclude, is clearly unfounded, and
      hallucinations are never pathognomonic of any given disorder but can be
      relatively specific for some conditions. Current knowledge and methods of
      research have produced no single mechanism to account for the etiology or
      pathogenesis of hallucinations. The authors present an integrated approach toward
      viewing the etiology and clinical presentation of hallucinations that involves
      concepts of biological vulnerability and psychological influences.

PMID- 2875663
TI  - Outcome study of first-episode psychosis. I: Relapse rates after 1 year.
AB  - One-year relapse rates were assessed in a group of 64 patients diagnosed by
      Research Diagnostic Criteria who were hospitalized for their first psychotic
      episode. Life-table analysis showed that of the 51 remitted patients, 71.4% of
      the schizophrenic patients (N = 20), 71.4% of patients with affective disorders
      (N = 10), and 77.8% of patients diagnosed as having either unspecified functional
      psychosis or other psychiatric disorder (N = 7) remained in remission at 1-year
      follow-up. Factors associated with relapse or poor outcome (patients who remained
      in episode) included no maintenance medication, longer duration of illness, and
      premorbid asociality.

PMID- 2875664
TI  - An unusual cluster of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: association with
      cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms.
AB  - Factors associated with the emergence or nonemergence of involuntary movements
      (tardive dyskinesia) during long-term neuroleptic treatment were investigated in
      an atypical, isolated population of 31 schizophrenic inpatients with an unusually
      high prevalence of this syndrome. Patients with involuntary movements could not
      be distinguished from those without such movements by general characteristics or
      conventional indices of neuroleptic or anticholinergic treatment. However, they
      were more likely to show either marked cognitive dysfunction or muteness. These
      findings support the proposal that, at least in schizophrenia, subtle organic
      changes may contribute to vulnerability to the emergence of involuntary
      movements.

PMID- 2875665
TI  - Exacerbation of schizophrenia associated with amantadine.
AB  - Administration of amantadine was associated with psychotic decompensations in two
      schizophrenic patients being maintained on concomitant neuroleptic medication.
      Despite a postulated dopaminergic mechanism, there seems to have been only one
      previous report of amantadine's precipitating psychosis in a schizophrenic
      patient.

PMID- 2875666
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced tics in two hyperactive children.
AB  - Two hyperactive boys who had developed motor and phonic tics during stimulant
      treatment reacted similarly to low doses of haloperidol and thioridazine.
      Neuroleptic-induced tics may be a consequence of presynaptic dopamine blockade.

PMID- 2875667
TI  - Clonidine therapy in withdrawal from high-dose alprazolam treatment.

PMID- 2875668
TI  - Carbamazepine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2875669
TI  - Restructuring the health care labor force. The rise of the multiskilled allied
      health practitioner.

PMID- 2875670
TI  - Multiple competency. Its time is here.

PMID- 2875671
TI  - Nature of existing multiple competency programs.

PMID- 2875673
TI  - [Equivalence of oral and intramuscular premedication. III. Effect of
      premedication on anesthesia and postoperative pain].
AB  - 600 patients were given 6 different premedications in randomised design to study
      their effect on the course of anaesthesia and on postoperative pain.
      Premedication acts indirectly on anaesthesia, depending on the influence of the
      drug on anxiety and on the somatic correlates of anxiety. The greater the
      sedative-anxiolytic effect of the premedication, the easier it is to induce
      anaesthesia, and the more superficial the anaesthesia, resulting in earlier and
      stronger onset of postoperative pain. On the other hand, the more anxious the
      patient is, the more he consumes anaesthetic drugs, whereas anaesthesia remains
      superficial with the same consequences in respect of postoperative pain. In view
      of postoperative pain, fast and early awakening from anaesthesia must not be
      aimed at, particularly after operations which definitely result in postoperative
      pain (long-term operations in those regions of the body that cannot be
      immobilised).

PMID- 2875672
TI  - Identification of alcohol abuse and alcoholism with biological parameters.
AB  - The prevalence and incidence of heavy alcohol consumption are major problems
      which have been increasing in many countries in recent years. It is crucial for
      physicians to consistently identify early drinking problems as well as the
      various end disease states in order to minimize suffering and maximize recovery.
      This paper reviews the evolutionary development of clinical tools for detection
      of alcohol abuse. The focus is primarily on clinical/biochemical indicators of
      alcohol abuse, emphasizing but not limited to changes in hematological
      characteristics, liver enzyme activity, lipids, immune function factors,
      hormones, neurological factors, and some physically based tests. Use of test
      combinations and sophisticated statistical analysis of pattern changes in test
      batteries evidence increased diagnostic efficiency.

PMID- 2875674
TI  - Pupil response to alfentanil and fentanyl. A study in patients anaesthetised with
      halothane.
AB  - The pupillary response to alfentanil, fentanyl and a saline placebo was measured
      in patients anaesthetised in a standard manner with halothane, to determine
      whether the pupil diameters changed in a way which could be distinguished from
      background activity. Measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 mm using a purpose
      built pupillometer. The response to the drugs can be clearly distinguished from
      the background activity seen in the placebo group. The time courses of
      constriction caused by the two drugs are significantly different from the placebo
      group responses. The time to maximum to response with alfentanil is 4 minutes
      compared with 8 minutes for fentanyl. Both drugs produced at least 35% reduction
      in mean pupil diameter compared with the placebo group. The duration of the
      response to alfentanil was 25 minutes, whereas the fentanyl response lasted more
      than one hour.

PMID- 2875675
TI  - Anaesthetic management of Takayasu's arteritis.
AB  - A case of type IV Takayasu's arteritis in whom a renal autotransplant was
      performed is presented. Extensive cardiovascular measurements were made, which
      enabled the assessment of vascular responsiveness to various anaesthetic
      manipulations. The management of the condition is discussed and certain
      recommendations made in light of the experience gained.

PMID- 2875676
TI  - Oral lormetazepam in premedication. A comparison with diazepam.
AB  - Lormetazepam, a relatively new benzodiazepine was compared in a randomised,
      double blind trial with diazepam for its effectiveness as an oral premedicant
      drug. A scoring system was used to assess sedation, relief of anxiety, nausea,
      dizziness and cardiovascular effects in two groups of patients having orthopaedic
      operations. Some statistical indication that lormetazepam has a greater
      anxiolytic effect than diazepam was found, but in assessing total effect using a
      known scoring system, no difference was demonstrated between the two drugs.

PMID- 2875677
TI  - Time course of actions of combinations of muscle relaxant drugs.

PMID- 2875678
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfentanil infusions during general
      anesthesia.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of alfentanil were studied in
      64 surgical patients. Alfentanil was administered as a loading infusion (25-130
      micrograms/kg) followed by a maintenance infusion (0.25-1.3 micrograms X kg-1 X
      min-1) as part of a nitrous oxide-narcotic-muscle relaxant technique. Although
      alfentanil doses of at least 50 micrograms/kg (in combination with thiopental, 2
      mg/kg) were required to prevent hemodynamic changes during intubation, apnea or
      chest wall rigidity frequently occurred with alfentanil loading infusions
      exceeding 75 micrograms/kg. The alfentanil clearance rate was significantly lower
      in patients with liver dysfunction (2.3 +/- 1.3 vs 4.2 +/- 2.0 ml X kg-1 X min-1,
      mean +/- SD). In addition, the patients who required opioid antagonists to
      reverse postoperative respiratory depression had lower clearance rates (1.5 +/-
      0.7 vs 4.1 +/- 1.9 ml X kg-1 X min-1) and longer elimination half-life values
      (406 +/- 304 vs 87 +/- 53 min). For maintenance of hemodynamic stability during
      superficial and intraabdominal operations, alfentanil serum concentration
      response curves revealed ED95 values exceeding 300 ng/ml and 400 ng/ml,
      respectively. Our study also demonstrated a wide range of clinical responses to
      fixed doses of alfentanil. At equivalent doses, some patients required
      supplemental anesthetics, whereas others required an opioid antagonist. Careful
      titration of the alfentanil maintenance infusion is recommended to minimize the
      possibility of postoperative respiratory depression.

PMID- 2875679
TI  - The influence of hepatic plasma flow on alfentanil plasma concentration plateaus
      achieved with an infusion model in humans: measurement of alfentanil hepatic
      extraction coefficient.
AB  - In a group of seven patients undergoing intracranial surgery under neurolept
      anesthesia, an alfentanil infusion was initiated with a loading dose of 235
      micrograms/kg over 5 min, followed by a maintenance infusion rate of 1.8
      microgram X kg-1 X min-1 in order to obtain a steady state plasma concentration
      (Css) of 400 ng/ml-1 according to an infusion model. The mean values of Css (446
      +/- 209 ng/ml) were close to the predicted ones. Nevertheless, an important
      intersubject variability in Css values was observed. A positive linear
      correlation existed between alfentanil steady state clearance and indocyanine
      green clearance (r = 0.88) and between alfentanil steady state clearance and
      cardiac index (r = 0.93). In three patients, a catheter was inserted into an
      hepatic vein to determine the alfentanil hepatic extraction coefficient.
      Alfentanil plasma clearance did not differ from alfentanil hepatic clearance and
      alfentanil hepatic extraction coefficient values ranged from 0.32-0.53. We
      conclude that alfentanil is a drug with an intermediate hepatic extraction
      coefficient and that alfentanil plasma clearance depends on hepatic plasma flow,
      which is thus one of the factors accounting for individual variability in plasma
      concentration plateaus achieved with an infusion model.

PMID- 2875680
TI  - A pharmacokinetic explanation for increasing recovery time following larger or
      repeated doses of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants.
AB  - The authors used pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling to explain the time
      course of neuromuscular blockade following single or multiple doses of three
      nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Published and unpublished pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic data for 13 normal subjects were used to simulate the duration of
      neuromuscular blockade (time from administration of the muscle relaxant to 25%
      recovery of control twitch tension) following six successive doses of atracurium
      (150-400 micrograms/kg initially, followed by 100 micrograms/kg), vecuronium, or
      pancuronium (30-80 micrograms/kg initially, followed by 20 micrograms/kg). With
      atracurium, duration of action was similar for the second and sixth doses,
      regardless of the initial dose. With vecuronium (initial doses of 30-80
      micrograms/kg) and pancuronium (initial doses of 30-60 micrograms/kg), duration
      of action was longer after the sixth dose than after the second; with larger
      initial doses of pancuronium (70 and 80 micrograms/kg), duration of action was
      similar following the second and sixth doses. The authors also determined two
      recovery times (time for twitch tension to recover from 5-25% and from 25-75% of
      control value) for varying single doses of atracurium, vecuronium, or
      pancuronium. When the dose of atracurium was increased from 200 to 400
      micrograms/kg, neither recovery time increased. When the dose of vecuronium was
      increased from 40 to 80 micrograms/kg, 5-25% recovery time increased from 6.0 +/-
      2.5 min to 8.8 +/- 4.0 min (mean +/- SD) and 25-75% recovery time increased from
      8.7 +/- 4.3 min to 12.6 +/- 4.4 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875681
TI  - [Effect of neurovegetative inhibition on immunologic indices of oncosurgical
      patients].

PMID- 2875682
TI  - [Goals, components and criteria of the adequacy of premedication].

PMID- 2875683
TI  - Clinicopathologic study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Senecio
      vulgaris) toxicosis.
AB  - Twenty horses of various ages had inadvertently ingested alfalfa hay contaminated
      with Senecio vulgaris. Among them, 4 died of liver disease. Blood was collected
      from affected horses at monthly intervals for 7 months and at the 9th and 14th
      months. The following serum enzymes and chemical items were assayed: aspartate
      aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl
      transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, BUN, glucose, cholesterol,
      inorganic phosphate, calcium, total protein, and albumin. Amino acid profiles,
      conjugated bile acids, sulfobromophthalein clearance times, and liver
      histopathologic changes via serial biopsies were also monitored. Liver
      histopathologic changes revealed lesions progressively increasing in severity.
      Aspartate aminotransferase and plasma amino acid ratios indicated chronic liver
      degeneration (0.05 level of significance). gamma-Glutamyl transferase and lactate
      dehydrogenase as well as BUN values fluctuated, but returned to within reference
      values. Horses appeared clinically normal 14 months after intoxication, but were
      unable to tolerate stress of exercise.

PMID- 2875684
TI  - [Asthmatic bronchitis].

PMID- 2875685
TI  - [Evaluation of the biological activity of avermectin against mosquitoes].

PMID- 2875686
TI  - [Erythema nodosum in hemorrhagic rectocolitis and Crohn's disease].
AB  - Erythema nodosum (EN) has been reported in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC)
      since 1909. The reported incidence varies from 0.9 p. 100 to 18.9 p. 100. A wide
      range of incidence of EN has also been found in Crohn's disease (CD), with
      figures varying from 0.7 p. 100 to 8 p. 100 (fig. 1). Different criteria for the
      diagnosis of EN, UC and CD probably account for the scattering of values. A
      review of 324 cases of inflammatory bowel diseases revealed 21 cases with one or
      more episodes of EN: 6 out of 195 cases of UC (3.1 p. 100) and 15 out of 129
      cases of CD (11.6 p. 100). The incidence was higher in females (5.7 p. 100 in UC,
      17.5 p. 100 in CD) than in males (0 in UC, 6.9 p. 100 in CD). At the time of the
      eruption, patients with CD were younger (mean 24.3 years) then those with UC
      (mean 37.5 years). The interval between the onset of the intestinal symptoms and
      the nodular eruption was shorter in patients with CD (2.6 years) than in those
      with UC (8.2 years). The inflammatory bowel disease (whether UC or CD) started
      earlier in patients with EN than in EN-free patients. EN antedated the onset of
      intestinal manifestations in one patient with UC. In the remaining 20 patients
      the intestinal symptoms came first. EN was often recurrent, and the 21 patients
      suffered 32 episodes at varying intervals. One patient had 4 and another 3
      episodes; six patients had 2 and 13 had one single episode. Three patients with
      UC had 2 episodes and 5 patients with CD had 2 or more episodes. The morphology
      and distribution of the lesions was fairly classical, except in 2 patients who
      had only 1 and 2 nodules respectively on one leg. The eruption subsided in all
      cases within 2 to 5 weeks, and no atrophy, suppuration or ulceration was
      observed. Most episodes of EN occurred during active phases of the intestinal
      disease. This was not so, however, in 2 cases in which the eruption followed an
      acute streptococcal throat infection. EN was more often found in total UC than in
      the less extensive distal and rectal types (Table I). It was also more frequent
      in the ileocolic form than in the exclusively ileal and colonic forms (Table
      II).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875687
TI  - Hepatic metabolism of dietary alpha-linolenic acid in suckling rats, and its
      possible importance in polyunsaturated fatty acid uptake by the brain.
AB  - The presence of large amounts of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in
      the brain implies an exogenous intake of unsaturated fatty acids, either as
      essential fatty acids, or in the form of higher homologues resulting from hepatic
      metabolism. To determine the influence of the diet upon the potential
      availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids to the brain, four different diets
      were used with comparable amounts of 18:2 n-6, but variable amounts of 18:3 n-3
      (0.2, 1, 2 and 9%). These diets were administered to female rats from the day of
      mating and during the periods of gestation and lactation. Fifteen days after
      birth suckling animals were killed and the fatty acid distribution was studied in
      the serum in two lipoprotein classes (VLDL-LDL and HDL). On the whole, an
      increase in dietary 18:3 n-3 resulted in an increase of polyunsaturated fatty
      acids of the n-3 series and a decrease in fatty acids of the n-6 series. The
      modification chiefly concerned the terminal fatty acids in each series (22:5 n-6
      and 22:6 n-3). It is noteworthy that the influence of exogenous 18:3 n-3 upon the
      20:4 n-6 content of lipoproteins was not significant below 2% of 18:3 n-3 intake,
      a level that we have previously shown to be both necessary and sufficient to
      satisfy the requirements of the brain for fatty acids of the n-3 series. In the
      liver, the intermediary metabolism ensures an important release of long-chain
      polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may help to satisfy the lipid requirements of
      the brain.

PMID- 2875688
TI  - Polyglutamation of the antifolate anticancer drug N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic
      acid (CB 3717) in the mouse.
AB  - The antifolate drug N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid was shown to be
      metabolized to its gamma-glutamyl conjugates in mouse liver and kidneys after
      administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The tissue levels of both CB 3717 and its
      polyglutamates were time dependent. However, in liver the clearance of
      polyglutamated conjugates was 10 times slower than that of the parent compound.
      In liver after 48 hr up to 50% of recovered radioactivity consisted of CB 3717
      polyglutamates. In addition to polyglutamate derivatives, in both liver and
      kidney, 72 hr after CB 3717 administration another minor CB 3717 metabolite(s),
      unsusceptible to conjugase treatment, was detected. The nature of this
      metabolite(s) is currently unknown.

PMID- 2875690
TI  - Dual regulation of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase: alpha 2-adrenergic
      signal transduction in adrenocortical carcinoma cells.
AB  - Isolated adrenocortical carcinoma cells of rat contain alpha 2- and beta
      adrenergic receptors. When these cells are incubated with alpha 2-adrenergic
      agonists, there is a concentration-dependent increase of cyclic GMP that is
      blocked by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine but not by the beta
      antagonist propranolol. Concomitantly, both p-aminoclonidine (20 microM) and
      clonidine (100 microM), the alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, stimulate membrane
      guanylate cyclase activity. In calcium free medium there is no alpha 2-agonist
      dependent increase in cyclic GMP. Isoproterenol, a beta-agonist, and forskolin
      cause an increase in cyclic AMP but not cyclic GMP. The cyclic AMP increase
      induced by isoproterenol is blocked by propranolol but not by yohimbine.
      Isoproterenol- and forskolin-dependent increases in cyclic AMP are inhibited by p
      aminoclonidine and the inhibition is relieved by yohimbine. These results
      indicate a dual regulation of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase by the
      alpha 2-receptor signal: guanylate cyclase is coupled to the receptor in a
      positive fashion, whereas adenylate cyclase is coupled in a negative fashion.
      Calcium is obligatory in the cyclic GMP-mediated response.

PMID- 2875689
TI  - Transglutaminase modification of rhodopsin in retinal rod outer segment disk
      membranes.
AB  - Rhodopsin in rod outer segment disk membranes was enzymatically modified by
      erythrocyte transglutaminase, which linked small primary amines to glutamine
      residues. In order to avoid formation of protein crosslinks, rhodopsin was first
      reductively methylated to modify its lysines. From 1.9 to 2.5 mol of putrescine,
      ethanolamine, or dinitrophenylcadaverine were incorporated into rhodopsin by
      transglutaminase during 16 h reaction time. A maximum of 3.5 mol of
      [14C]putrescine was incorporated per mole of rhodopsin during 48 h. Essentially
      all of the rhodopsin sequence containing the putrescine could be removed by
      limited proteolysis of the membranes by thermolysin. Glutamine residues in
      positions 236, 237, 238, and 344 were modified to approximately equal extents, as
      determined by isolation of the cyanogen bromide peptides of modified rhodopsin
      followed by further subdigestion of the peptides. The modified glutamine residues
      are located in the helix V-VI (or F1-F2) connecting loop and in the carboxyl
      terminal region of rhodopsin.

PMID- 2875691
TI  - Field studies on the surveillance of Coquillettidia crassipes (Van der Wulp) and
      the isolation of a strain of Cardiofilaria in peninsular Malaysia.
AB  - Surveillance methods for Coquillettidia crassipes were studied in an open housing
      estate near Kuala Lumpur using three types of traps Trinidad 10 trap, modified
      Lard can trap and IMR trap, each baited with chicken or pigeon. All traps
      attracted Cq. crassipes. There was no significant difference in the catches in
      the three traps. There was also no significant difference between chicken and
      pigeon as bait. Catches at heights of 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 m did not show any
      significant difference in density. Cq. crassipes was active at night with an
      early peak during the first hour of the night and a minor peak between 0100 and
      0200 hours. The activity of the parous and nulliparous sections of the population
      was similar, except that a higher proportion of the parous females was active
      during the second peak compared with the nulliparous females. The parous rate was
      22.3%, and the probability of survival through one day for two gonotrophic cycles
      was 0.711 and 0.650. The infection rate for Cardiofilaria was 29 out of 1052
      (2.76%) and the infective rate (L3 larvae) was 13 out of 1052 (1.24%). 48.3% of
      the infected Cq. crassipes had a worm burden of more than ten larvae. One of the
      chickens in the traps was positive for microfilariae of Cardiofilaria four weeks
      after exposure as bait. Laboratory bred Cq. crassipes fed on this chicken
      produced infective larvae in ten days, and these were inoculated into clean
      chickens and pigeons. Microfilariae appeared in the chickens but not in pigeons.
      The adult worms recovered await identification.

PMID- 2875692
TI  - Plasma neuroleptic levels in the elderly patients on propericiazine therapy-
      possible role of morbidity.
AB  - Plasma neuroleptic levels of 31 elderly psychiatric patients (8 males and 23
      females, age 80.1 +/- 8.95 years) on chronic propericiazine therapy and with
      multimorbidity were measured by means of radioreceptor assay. There was no
      significant correlation between the daily dose and the plasma neuroleptic level.
      Nor was there any significant correlation between the patients' age and the ratio
      of plasma neuroleptic level to the daily dose. On the other hand, the immobility
      score of patients (GBS scale) had a high correlation with the ratio of the plasma
      neuroleptic level to the daily dose. Furthermore, patients with positive C
      reactive protein (CRP) had an average ratio value 3-fold higher than the CRP
      negative group. The results suggest that the plasma neuroleptic level of
      propericiazine in elderly patients is raised by morbidity and immobility rather
      than chronological age per se.

PMID- 2875694
TI  - The effects of alpha-2 agonists and antagonists on gastric acid secretion.
AB  - The effects of alpha-2 agonists clonidine, xylazine and guanabenz as well as
      those of alpha-2 antagonists tolazoline and yohimbine on gastric acid secretion
      were investigated in Shay rats, Schild rats and isolated guinea-pig gastric
      fundus. In Shay rats clonidine, xylazine and guanabenz displayed marked
      antisecretory effects, whereas tolazoline and yohimbine had no effect. Under the
      same conditions, yohimbine fully prevented the actions of clonidine, xylazine and
      guanabenz, while tolazoline showed partial antagonism. In Schild rats both
      clonidine and xylazine displayed a stimulant secretory action, but guanabenz was
      without effect; cimetidine fully prevented the excitatory effects of clonidine
      and xylazine. Both tolazoline and yohimbine increased gastric acid secretion in
      Schild rats: the effect of tolazoline was inhibited by cimetidine, while the
      effect of yohimbine was prevented by pirenzepine or vagotomy. On isolated guinea
      pig gastric fundus, clonidine, xylazine and tolazoline exerted a stimulatory
      activity, whereas guanabenz and yohimbine had no effect: these excitatory
      responses were fully prevented by cimetidine. Overall results indicate that
      clonidine and xylazine have both inhibitory and excitatory effects on gastric
      acid secretion, while guanabenz produces only inhibitory effects. The inhibitory
      activity appears to be mediated by activation of presynaptic alpha-2 receptors on
      the vagus nerve, whereas the excitatory effects seem to be mediated by
      histaminergic pathway. The stimulant secretory action of tolazoline may be due to
      its imidazoline-like structure allowing interaction with histamine H2-receptors:
      accordingly, this effect is lacking for guanabenz, which is structurally
      unrelated to imidazoline. The excitatory effect of yohimbine appears to be
      exerted on central cholinergic sites, as indicated by its disappearance in
      vagotomized rats.

PMID- 2875693
TI  - Gastric antisecretory and pharmacologic properties of N,N-dimethyl-N'-(2
      diisopropylaminoethyl)-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)ur ea (L-634,366).
AB  - N,N-Dimethyl-N'-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl)-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)urea (L
      634,366) was selected from a series of pyridylurea compounds with antisecretory
      activity as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ulcer disease. L
      634,366 was an effective inhibitor of gastric secretion evoked by gastrin,
      histamine and 2-desoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in conscious dogs. Orally, L-634,366 was
      slightly less potent than the reference H2 receptor blocker, cimetidine as an
      inhibitor of secretion evoked by histamine, but was equipotent as an inhibitor of
      secretion evoked by gastrin and 2-DG. In vitro L-634,366 was a weak antagonist of
      histamine (H2) receptor responses in the guinea-pig atria and rat uterus; in the
      atria the antagonism appeared to be noncompetitive. In the anesthetized dog, L
      634,366 possessed weak anticholinergic activity as compared to atropine in
      reducing vagally mediated cardiovascular, antral motor responses and with regard
      to antagonizing the pressor response to the muscarinic stimulant, McN 343-A. The
      anticholinergic activity of L-634,366 was lower and more selective than that of
      pirenzepine or atropine in producing mydriasis in mice, in antagonizing
      acetylcholine induced bradycardia in guinea-pig atria, methacholine and
      acetylcholine elicited contractions in the guinea-pig ileum and QNB binding to
      muscarinic receptors. L-634,366, like carbenoxolone, increased incorporation of
      3H-glucosamine in gastric mucous indicating an increase in synthesis or turnover
      of mucous. L-634,366 is a novel compound possessing a broad spectrum of
      antisecretory activity; in vitro studies suggested a weak noncompetitive
      inhibition of the histamine-H2 receptor in atria.

PMID- 2875695
TI  - Pharmacological profile of etintidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist.
AB  - Etintidine is a potent competitive antagonist of histamine H2-receptors. It is
      4.6 and 2.2 times more potent than cimetidine in the isolated guinea pig atrium
      (pA2 = 7.18) and the isolated rabbit parietal cell (pA2 = 6.51), respectively.
      Etintidine is 2.0 (ED50 = 1.8 mg/kg, i.g.) times more potent than cimetidine at
      inhibiting betazole-stimulated total acid output in the chronic gastric fistula
      dog. In the 4 hr pylorus-ligated rat etintidine is a potent inhibitor of total
      acid output (ED50 = 22 mg/kg, i.d.), total pepsin output, and is well absorbed
      from the gastrointestinal tract. Additional pharmacological and biochemical
      studies indicate that etintidine displays minimal competition with appropriate
      ligands for the alpha 1, alpha 2, cholinergic and neuroleptic receptors in vitro,
      and has minimal effects on the immunological, autonomic and central nervous
      systems at doses much higher than antisecretory doses. While high doses of both
      cimetidine and etintidine increase serum prolactin levels in rats, the effect of
      etintidine is less than that of cimetidine. Similarly, the prolongation of
      hexobarbital-induced sleep time in rats is less than with cimetidine. These data
      indicate that etintidine may be potentially useful and safe in the treatment of
      peptic ulcer disease and may offer some advantages over cimetidine in terms of
      less potential for side effects.

PMID- 2875696
TI  - Coexistence of sporadic multiple endocrine neoplasia and scapular ectopic breast.
      Coincidence or biologically associated?
AB  - We describe a patient who presented with sporadic pheochromocytoma and
      parathyroid adenoma in the absence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, which
      coexisted with fully developed scapular ectopic breast tissue. If not
      coincidental, this association might support the concept that all components of
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA originate from embryonic ectodermal tissue,
      and that sporadic multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA, as well as ectopic
      breast tissue, may result from a noxious event at a critical embryonic stage.

PMID- 2875697
TI  - [Malignant neuroleptic syndrome: a review].

PMID- 2875698
TI  - [Fast diagnosis of whooping cough in the infant. Contribution of the
      immunofluorescence technic].
AB  - Clinical and biochemical data of 22 children admitted from May 1982 to May 1983
      were reviewed to study their values for early diagnosis of pertussis. Direct
      immunofluorescence for Bordetella pertussis was positive in 9 of the 12 confirmed
      cases and seems to be a reliable test.

PMID- 2875699
TI  - [Psychotropic drugs and breast feeding].

PMID- 2875700
TI  - Delusional depression: tricyclic response.

PMID- 2875701
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms with fever. Heterogeneity of the
      'neuroleptic malignant syndrome'.
AB  - From 39 reported cases of the "neuroleptic malignant syndrome," three groups were
      identified: those with concurrent medical problems that could cause fever that
      accompanied the extrapyramidal symptoms; those with medical problems less clearly
      related to fever; and those without other medical disorders. Dehydration,
      infection, pulmonary embolus, and rhabdomyolysis were the common complications of
      untreated extrapyramidal symptoms. Three patients died, all with medical
      complications. In 14 cases, no medical cause of fever was identified. Hypotheses
      about mechanisms for fever include psychiatric illness, disruption of
      dopaminergic aspects of thermoregulation, and peripheral and central effects on
      muscle contraction leading to excess heat production. Neuroleptic-induced
      rigidity should be treated vigorously, with prompt discontinuation of neuroleptic
      therapy and administration of dopamine agonists in severe cases with or without
      fever. The cases of extrapyramidal symptoms with fever are too heterogeneous to
      justify the assumption of a unitary and "malignant" syndrome.

PMID- 2875702
TI  - Response of thyrotropin to thyrotropin-releasing hormone as predictor of
      treatment outcome. Prediction of recovery and relapse in treatment with
      antidepressants and neuroleptics.
AB  - We determined whether the response of thyrotropin (TSH) to thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone could predict the outcome of treatment with antidepressant and
      neuroleptic drugs. We studied 114 female patients diagnosed as having major and
      minor depressive, manic, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders. A blunted
      TSH response (less than 5 microU/mL [less than 5 mU/L]) at admission was
      associated with recovery after nine weeks of inpatient treatment using
      clomipramine hydrochloride for depression and haloperidol for psychosis. A
      blunted TSH response at discharge was associated with early relapse in
      depressives receiving clomipramine maintenance therapy. Our findings support the
      notion that the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test is a "state" marker that may
      be of use in predicting the outcome of treatment with antidepressant and
      neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2875703
TI  - Monitoring the optimal infusion of intravenous lipids. Detection of essential
      fatty acid deficiency.
AB  - Since increased amounts of the trienoic acid C20:3w9 are produced in patients
      with essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency (EFAD) of the linoleic (w6) family,
      the trienoic (C20:3w9)-to-tetraenoic (C20:4w6) fatty acid ratio (T/T ratio) is
      used as a biochemical indicator of w6 EFAD. A T/T ratio above 0.02 is suggestive
      of w6 EFAD. Fatty acid profiles, listing the percent of individual and families
      of fatty acids, are useful in evaluating the effects of intravenous lipid
      infusions during treatment. We evaluated the condition of a patient with fat
      malabsorption treated with a soybean oil-based intravenous lipid solution and
      found that levels of linoleic acid and its derivatives did not reach reference
      levels, while linolenic acid and its derivatives quickly exceeded reference
      levels. A persistently elevated T/T ratio suggested that altered fatty acid
      metabolism characteristic of linoleic acid deficiency was not corrected by the
      treatment. Plasma levels of the EFA, ie, linoleic and linolenic acids, cannot be
      predicted from the lipid treatment or from the patient's clinical course;
      therefore, periodic measurements of EFA are required to monitor the effects of
      therapy. To provide the most effective therapy, the amounts and proportions of
      linoleic and linolenic acids provided in the intravenous infusions should be
      varied, as indicated by periodic monitoring of the fatty acid profile.

PMID- 2875704
TI  - On the approaches to a correct assessment of intracellular inclusions in
      Bordetella pertussis by means of electron microscopy.

PMID- 2875705
TI  - An electron microscope survey of the surface structures and hydrophobicity of
      oral and non-oral species of the bacterial genus Bacteroides.
AB  - Seventeen strains of Bacteroides representing 10 species were examined by
      negative staining; the majority were from the mouth but a few non-oral strains
      were included. Seven species had peritrichously-arranged, non-flagellar
      appendages which could be divided by morphology and ultrastructure into two
      subgroups, fibrils and fimbriae. Bacteroides asaccharolyticus strains B536 and
      B537 and Bacteroides gingivalis strains W50, W83, WPH15 and WPH35 had fimbriae
      with mean width of 4.4 nm and 0.5 to 6.0 microns long depending on the strain.
      The fimbrial length within each strain also varied. Fibrils were present on two
      fresh oral isolates of Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides intermedius
      strains T588 and W09, Bacteroides corporis ATCC 33547, Bacteroides oralis ATCC
      33269 and Bacteroides buccae ATCC 33574. Fibrils consistently clumped into
      bundles of variable thickness and formed a fringe around the cell periphery,
      ranging from 0.27 to 1.2 microns long depending on the strain. Fibril lengths of
      each strain were uniform. Fibrils had no measurable width and the clumps tapered
      towards the free ends. Bacteroides loeschii VPI 9085, Bacteroides pentosaceus
      strains NP333 and J1 and Bacteroides capillosus 29799 had no detectable surface
      appendages. Fimbriate strains had a layer outside the outer membrane, with a mean
      thickness of between 17.8 and 28.6 nm. Both fibrillar and fimbriate strains
      produced many small membranous vesicles budding from the outer membrane. There
      were two morphological forms of vesicles, ones with either fimbriae or fibrils
      (species-dependent) and ones with no attached appendages. Of eleven strains
      tested for cell-surface hydrophobicity by partitioning between hexadecane and
      buffer, all but one was non-hydrophobic.

PMID- 2875706
TI  - Calcium levels in rat submandibular gland and saliva after sympathetic nerve
      stimulation in the presence of alpha, beta 1 and beta 2-adrenergic antagonists.
AB  - Calcium concentration was reduced by 51 per cent compared with unstimulated
      contralateral glands after 60-min of electrical stimulation to the sympathetic
      nerve. When the alpha-adrenergic antagonists, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine,
      were given 20 min before stimulation, the decrease in glandular calcium
      concentration (45-47 per cent) was similar to that after nerve stimulation alone;
      with the selective beta 2-adrenergic antagonist added to the phentolamine, the
      percentage decrease was similar to that found after phentolamine and sympathetic
      nerve stimulation only. When atenolol, a beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, was given
      with phentolamine, there was no secretion after subsequent nerve stimulation, nor
      was calcium concentration different from that of unstimulated glands. When
      propranolol (3 mg/kg, body wt), or atenolol + butoxamine (3 mg/kg, body wt), was
      given prior to stimulation there was a decrease of 21-22 per cent in gland
      calcium concentration. Calcium concentration of nerve-stimulated saliva was
      nearly 6 m-equiv./l, and twice as high with phentolamine prior to stimulation;
      for butoxamine together with phentolamine the change was similar to that with
      phentolamine alone. When beta-adrenergic antagonists were given prior to nerve
      stimulation, concentration of the saliva was either unchanged (propranolol) from
      that with nerve stimulation alone or somewhat decreased (atenolol + butoxamine).
      Thus sympathetic stimulation results in activation of alpha and beta 1
      adrenoceptors; calcium secretion is principally regulated by the beta
      adrenoceptors, and beta 1-receptors have the principal role.

PMID- 2875707
TI  - Extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation in eyes
      with preexisting glaucoma.
AB  - Fifty eyes of 40 patients with glaucoma underwent extracapsular cataract
      extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation. Their visual results and
      early postoperative complications were compared with those of eyes in an age
      matched group of patients without glaucoma after the same procedure. Substantial
      increases in early postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) occurred in 62% of
      the glaucomatous eyes and in only 10% of the normal eyes. The level of best
      visual acuity was slightly worse (20/40) on average in the glaucomatous eyes than
      in the nonglaucomatous eyes (20/25). At six months after surgery, 82.5% of the
      nonfiltered glaucomatous eyes needed the same number of or additional glaucoma
      medications to maintain an IOP of less than 20 mm Hg. Ten of the glaucomatous
      eyes underwent trabeculectomy along with cataract surgery due to inadequate IOP
      control while the patient was receiving maximum medical therapy. Control was
      substantially improved, with 100% of these patients receiving the same number of
      or fewer medications at six months. By one year, only 30% of these patients
      required the same number of medications postoperatively as preoperatively, but
      all had IOP control.

PMID- 2875708
TI  - The drug treatment of duodenal ulcer: physiological considerations in the choice
      of therapy.

PMID- 2875709
TI  - Ultrasonography and the impalpable testis.
AB  - The accuracy of inguinal ultrasonography in the pre-operative localization of the
      maldescended testis was assessed in 51 patients with 57 maldescended testes. Pre
      operative sonographic results were compared with the clinical assessment and the
      operative findings. Testes located in the inguinal canal or at the internal ring,
      which were occasionally impalpable, were readily demonstrated by sonography. The
      management of children with an impalpable maldescended testis should include a
      sonographic examination as the investigative procedure of choice.

PMID- 2875711
TI  - The subunit structure of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium
      shermanii.
AB  - 5'-Deoxyadenosylcobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase was purified to
      homogeneity from Propionibacterium shermanii by a simplified procedure. The
      native enzyme has an apparent Mr of 165,000, similar to the enzyme from other
      sources but larger than previously reported. It consists of two non-identical
      subunits, of Mr 79,000 and 67,000 respectively. The smaller subunit is apparently
      not a proteolytic fragment of the larger one. The final preparation usually
      contained some inactive mutase, bearing a tenaciously bound cobalamin species.
      This protein proved to be readily separable from apoenzyme by fast protein liquid
      chromatography on anion-exchange columns.

PMID- 2875712
TI  - Characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV from lymphocytes of chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia of T-type.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV was enriched about 2000-fold from lymphocytes of chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia of T-type. The purification procedure involved
      immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies raised with highly purified
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV from human placenta. The lymphocytic peptidase had a
      subunit Mr of 110,000. Its kinetic properties were similar to those of the
      placenta enzyme: Two N-terminal dipeptides were cleaved from substance P and from
      casomorphin, and naphthylamine was released from X-prolynaphthylamides with Km
      values of about 0.02 mM. The lymphocytic peptidase was 10-fold less sensitive to
      zinc inhibition as compared to the placenta enzyme. Isoelectric focussing
      patterns of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in leukemic lymphocytes and in normal T
      lymphocytes were very similar.

PMID- 2875710
TI  - Properties of the branched-chain 2-hydroxy acid/2-oxo acid shuttle in mouse
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Operation of the branched-chain 2-hydroxy acid/2-oxo acid shuttle for the
      transfer of reducing equivalents in mitochondria of mouse spermatozoa was studied
      in vitro in reconstituted systems. Results show that the branched-chain 2-oxo
      acids within the mitochondria are offered several metabolic pathways. (a)
      Decarboxylation: mouse sperm mitochondria possess high branched-chain 2-oxo acid
      decarboxylase activity. (b) Recycling to the cytosol by using a transport system
      which can be inhibited by alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamate and pH 6.8. (c)
      Transamination to the corresponding amino acids: experiments presented indicate
      that leucine formed from 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate may pass to the external phase,
      re-initiating the cycle. These two last possibilities would allow autocatalytic
      operation of the shuttle. The branched-chain 2-hydroxy acids apparently do not
      utilize the monocarboxylate carrier to penetrate the mitochondria.

PMID- 2875713
TI  - Processing of pro-colipase and trypsinogen by pancreatic dipeptidyl peptidase IV.
AB  - Purified dipeptidyl peptidase IV from porcine pancreas or from human placenta
      cleaves N-terminal dipeptides from two proteins of the pancreatic juice, namely
      trypsinogen and pro-colipase. Phenylalanyl-proline is very effectively released
      (Km approximately 50 microM) from bovine or porcine trypsinogen. Both purified
      dipeptidyl peptidases also rapidly cleave valyl-proline from the N-terminus of
      porcine pro-colipase. This degradation does not increase the colipase activity of
      the precursor. However, under certain conditions, which are not fully
      understandable at present, dipeptidyl peptidase IV releases more slowly a second
      dipeptide, aspartyl-proline, from pro-colipase, and this results in a partial
      activation. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV apparently lines the excretory ducts of
      porcine pancreas and, therefore, is in close contact to the proteins of
      pancreatic juice in vivo. The possible significance of these degradations is
      discussed.

PMID- 2875714
TI  - [Action of [3,14-L-selenocysteine, 8-D-tryptophan]-somatostatin on insulin and
      glucagon secretion of the isolated perfused pancrease of the Wistar rat].
AB  - By isolated perfused pancreas of Wistar rats the glucose (11 mmol/l) and arginine
      (10 mmol/l) stimulated insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) secretion was measured in
      order to investigate the inhibitory activities of somatostatin-14 (SS 14) and the
      somatostatin analogue [3,14-L-seleno-cysteine, 8-D-tryptophan]-somatostatin
      (SeSS). SS-14 or SeSS (152.8 nmol/l) inhibit the glucose stimulated IRI secretion
      by 75 and 65%, respectively. Only the second phase of the biphasic arginine
      stimulated insulin secretion pattern by 40%. SeSS has under these conditions no
      effect, whereas 58 nmol/l SS-14 or SeSS show a suppressing effect on the first
      (20 and 55%, respectively) and second phase (65 and 85%, respectively) of the
      insulin secretion. Using 5.8 nmol/l SS-14 or SeSS the arginine stimulated IRG
      secretion was inhibited only in the second phase of the biphasic glucagon
      secretion pattern by about 40%. 58 nmol/l SS-14 or SeSS show an inhibiting effect
      on the first and on the second phase of secretion, in both cases about 50%. It is
      concluded that in the SS-14 molecule the sulfur of cysteine in position 3 and 14
      can be exchanged by selenium without modifying the biological activities measured
      in the glucose or arginine stimulated IRI and IRG secretion in vitro. The D-Trp8
      in the SeSS analogue does not show the typical better inhibitory action of D-Trp8
      SS-14 on insulin and glucagon secretion compared with SS-14. Possibly the
      selenium in the SeSS analogue abolishes this effect.

PMID- 2875715
TI  - [Negative inotropic reflex effects in the dog ventricle before and after beta
      receptor blockade].
AB  - Myocardial contractility of the rabbit ventricle, expressed as contractility
      index KI = d log (p - p0)/dtmax, was altered by both aortic nerve reflex
      stimulation and by beta-receptor blockade with propranolol (Obsidan) and
      talinolol (Cordanum, (+)-Cordanum and (-)-Cordanum). In every case, beta-receptor
      blockade decreased negative reflex inotropy, whereas reflex hypotension was only
      reduced by Obsidan. The mean reflex inotropy was 11.8% after Obsidan application
      and 17.3% after Cordanum injection, the reflex hypotension 28.0% and 34.8%. From
      the results it is concluded that Cordanum acts in the rabbit ventricle
      cardioselectively. If neural and pharmacological effects are related to initial
      effects, we may conclude that the contractile state maintained by the resting
      sympathetic tone is diminished. The overall reduction of KI by Cordanum blockade
      and reflex inhibition amounts to 45.5%, that of blood pressure to 42%. Its
      optical isomers act also cardioselectively, the inotropic effects, however, are
      smaller than those of the racemate. Obviously, reflex stimulation and beta 1
      blocking agents have a similar mode of inotropic action. From this we suggest
      that reflex inotropy is mediated by sympathetic nerve fibres and beta 1
      adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2875716
TI  - Beta-adrenergic binding is increased by melatonin and alpha-adrenergic compounds.
AB  - Binding of the beta-adrenergic ligands [3H]dihydroalprenolol and
      [125I]cyanopindolol to pineal particulate fractions was increased 1- to 3.5-fold
      by addition of low concentrations of melatonin, alpha-adrenergic agonists, or
      alpha-adrenergic antagonists. Minimum concentrations of melatonin or alpha
      adrenergic compounds which increased beta-adrenergic binding were between 1 pM
      and 0.1 nM. The increased binding of [3H]dihydroalprenolol caused by melatonin
      (0.1 muM) was attributed to a major increase in Bmax, which persisted in protein
      fractions after removal of melatonin. Melatonin enhancement of
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding was apparent after 5 to 7 min (30(0], was was
      optimal between 20 and 40 min, and decreased at longer times. Alpha-Adrenergic
      receptors are unchanged during beta-receptor enhancement.

PMID- 2875717
TI  - Postnatal development of amino acid metabolism enzymes in the liver and muscle of
      'cafeteria' rats.
AB  - The effect of feeding a high-energy highly palatable cafeteria diet on the liver
      and muscle ontogenesis of serine dehydratase, alanine transaminase, glutamine
      synthetase and adenylate deaminase during postnatal development of the rat has
      been studied. The results are in agreement with the lower amino acid utilization
      in cafeteria rats, both adults and during postnatal development. The feeding of
      excess energy coupled with high-quality protein resulted in changes in the
      ontogenesis of the studied enzymes that coincide with the development of protein
      synthesis and overall pup growth even before they had direct access to this rich
      diet, suggesting that cafeteria feeding already affects the amino acid metabolism
      of the pup through the dam's milk.

PMID- 2875718
TI  - Effects of phospholipases C on the beta-receptor-adenylate cyclase system of
      chick erythrocyte membranes.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic receptor located in chick erythrocyte membranes was
      characterized using (-)-[3H]-dihydroalprenolol ([3H]-DHA) with rapid filtration
      techniques. The affinity of beta-adrenergic antagonist, (-)-propranolol, was
      approximately 100-fold higher than that of (+)-propranolol. Catecholamines were
      bound with the receptor in the following order, (-)-isoproterenol greater than (
      )-norepinephrine greater than (-)-epinephrine, suggested the binding site to be
      beta 1-classification. When the membrane preparation was treated with
      phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C (PCase) of Clostridium
      perfringens or phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIase) of Bacillus
      thuringiensis, [3H]-DHA binding was decreased to the level of 66 or 86% of the
      control, respectively. The treatment with sphingomyelinase C (SMase) of Bacillus
      cereus, however, did not cause any appreciable reduction of [3H]-DHA binding.
      Throughout these experiments, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of [3H]
      DHA was not influenced by phospholipases C. The affinity of isoproterenol for
      beta-receptor was decreased in the absence of GTP, but not altered in the
      presence of GTP by PIase action. Treatment with PCase or SMase, however, did not
      affect the affinity of isoproterenol for beta-receptor. Treatment with PIase
      inhibited basal, isoproterenol-stimulated and forskolin-stimulated adenylate
      cyclase activities. On the other hand, PCase treatment inhibited only
      isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, but not basal and forskolin
      stimulated activities. These results suggest that membrane phospholipids,
      especially phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), are directly
      related to the receptor binding and that PI interacts with adenylate cyclase
      activity.

PMID- 2875719
TI  - Intracellular recording during magnetic field application to monitor
      neurotransmitter release events: methods and preliminary results.
AB  - A method for simultaneous magnetic field application and intracellular recording
      is presented. A little used method for magnetic field application was exploited;
      the field generator consisted of a flat copper sheet through which current was
      passed to generate a magnetic field. The resultant magnetic field was relatively
      homogeneous, exhibiting a variation of +/- 5%. This compact, current-sheet field
      generator was mounted on the condensor of a microscope. The current induced in
      the intracellular electrode was reduced by injecting current equal and opposite
      to the induced current into the microelectrode. This step reduces the possibility
      of cellular effects and voltage artifacts due to the induced electrode current.
      The technique was used to conduct preliminary studies on the effects of extremely
      low frequency (ELF) linearly and circularly polarized magnetic fields (1.0 Gauss,
      60 and 70 Hz) on miniature end plate potential (mepp) frequency (frequency of
      neurotransmitter release events) of rat flexor digitorum brevis muscle. The same
      synapse was utilized for both the sham-exposed control and the exposed
      experimental halves of an experiment. After 10 min of exposure to a 60-Hz linear
      field, mepp frequency was significantly increased by 12%, but exposure to a 60-Hz
      circular field did not significantly alter mepp frequency. Exposure to a 70-Hz
      linear field did not significantly change mepp frequency, but application of a 70
      Hz circular field appears to decrease mepp frequency by 4%. These results
      indicate that both types of magnetic fields can alter mepp frequency, depending
      upon the frequency and configuration of the field.

PMID- 2875720
TI  - Eosinophilic vasculitic neuropathy in the Churg-Strauss syndrome.

PMID- 2875721
TI  - [Poisonings with tricyclic antidepressive agents and phenothiazines and their
      therapy with physostigmine].

PMID- 2875722
TI  - Monitoring alcoholism treatment: the appropriateness of choice between gamma GT
      or MCV evaluation after a short time of abstinence.
AB  - Gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were
      evaluated in 58 alcoholics entering alcoholism treatment. The same patients were
      reassessed after one month of abstinence. Group results revealed a significant
      reduction of gamma GT from 80.2 to 43.1 IU/l while no alteration was detected for
      MCV (from 97.1 to 96.7 mu 3). However, individual analysis showed that the
      average MCV results obtained from the 2nd evaluation masked important within
      individual differences. Thus, although a considerable percentage of alcoholics
      with initial high values showed an improvement, 44% of those with initial normal
      results had abnormally high reevaluation values. Limitations of serial MCV
      measurement during alcoholism treatment follow-up are discussed in light of these
      data.

PMID- 2875723
TI  - Electrophysiological actions of somatostatin on the atrioventricular junction in
      sinus rhythm and reentry tachycardia.
AB  - Because somatostatin, a neuroregulatory peptide, is found in abundance in the
      atria and atrioventricular node, its electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic
      properties were compared with those of verapamil in ten patients with paroxysmal
      atrioventricular tachycardia. During sinus rhythm, intravenous somatostatin
      slowed the heart rate whereas verapamil increased it. Though both agents
      prolonged atrioventricular conduction time and refractoriness, verapamil was more
      potent. They were equally effective at terminating reentry atrioventricular
      tachycardia, restoring sinus rhythm in six of seven patients. Whereas verapamil
      consistently blocked conduction in the atrioventricular node, somatostatin
      usually induced ventricular extrasystoles at the time of conversion. Somatostatin
      may have physiological importance in the neurohumoral control of cardiac impulse
      formation and conduction.

PMID- 2875724
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium in patients with cholestasis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium were studied in nine
      surgical patients with cholestasis, and in 14 patients without hepatic or renal
      disease. After the administration of vecuronium 0.2 mg kg-1 the plasma
      concentration of vecuronium and the degree of neuromuscular blockade were
      measured. The plasma clearance of vecuronium was decreased significantly (P less
      than 0.01) from 4.30 +/- 1.56 ml min-1 kg-1 (mean +/- SD) in normal patients to
      2.36 +/- 0.80 ml min-1 kg-1 in patients with cholestasis. The elimination half
      life was of 58 +/- 22 min in normal patients and was prolonged to 98 +/- 57 min
      (P less than 0.05) in patients with cholestasis. The total apparent volume of
      distribution was unchanged in patients with cholestasis. A prolonged
      neuromuscular blockade induced by vecuronium was observed in patients with
      cholestasis: the duration of effect from injection to 75% recovery of the twitch
      height was prolonged from 74 +/- 19 min in normal patients to 111 +/- 13 min in
      patients with cholestasis. The plasma concentration corresponding to 50% recovery
      from paralysis did not differ significantly between the two groups. Vecuronium
      has a prolonged effect in patients with cholestasis which is caused by a delay in
      its elimination.

PMID- 2875725
TI  - Hepatobiliary disposition of vecuronium bromide in man.
AB  - The plasma and bile concentrations, the biliary excretion and the neuromuscular
      blocking effect of vecuronium bromide were studied during surgery in 13 patients
      who had received 150 micrograms kg-1 i.v. The amount of vecuronium in liver
      biopsies taken after i.v injection was measured in a separate group of six
      patients. Vecuronium appeared early in the bile, in concentrations that were 30
      50 times greater than those in the plasma. On the basis of the measured amount of
      vecuronium excreted in the bile, together with the accepted average daily bile
      flow, it was estimated that more than 40% of vecuronium was excreted in the bile
      in 24 h. Liver biopsies indicated that the liver may contain more than 50% of the
      i.v. dose 30 min after injection. The large distribution of vecuronium into the
      liver may account for the initial rapid decline in vecuronium plasma
      concentration and its relatively short duration of action. In this study,
      neuromuscular blockade was prolonged, possibly as a result of interference, by
      surgical manipulation, with the rapid hepatic uptake of vecuronium.

PMID- 2875726
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of vecuronium in children. Studies during nitrous oxide and
      halothane in oxygen anaesthesia.
AB  - Forty-seven children (ASA I or II) were studied during nitrous oxide-oxygen,
      halothane anaesthesia. The dose-response curve for vecuronium was determined
      after the injection of a single bolus (40, 55 or 70 micrograms kg-1) to 33
      patients. The ED50 and ED95 were 31 and 64 micrograms kg-1 respectively. Fourteen
      children received a larger dose (100 micrograms kg-1); good intubating conditions
      were obtained in all of these within 2 min. After a single bolus (100 micrograms
      kg-1) the duration of action was 36.5 min and the recovery index was 9.3 min. In
      patients who received small maintenance doses (25 micrograms kg-1) after a single
      bolus (100 micrograms kg-1) the recovery index after the last maintenance dose
      was not increased. There were no significant changes in heart rate or arterial
      pressure. In children, vecuronium has a short duration of action and lacks
      cumulative or cardiovascular side affects.

PMID- 2875727
TI  - Combination therapy with beta-adrenoceptor blockers and calcium antagonists.
AB  - Verapamil and nifedipine enhance the hypotensive and anti-anginal effects of beta
      adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The combination of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
      with nifedipine may pose fewer safety problems than the combination with
      verapamil especially in ischaemic heart disease when left ventricular function is
      suspect. Verapamil as a single agent may be as effective as a beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking drug in angina and provide a suitable alternative. Careful supervision
      is required when verapamil is combined with beta-adrenoceptor blockers for both
      angina and hypertension but reported clinical problems in hypertension are few.

PMID- 2875728
TI  - Verapamil in angina pectoris.
AB  - New knowledge of the pathophysiology of coronary disease has helped determine the
      therapy for angina pectoris. Calcium antagonists have the advantage of being
      direct coronary vasodilators as well as decreasing overall demand by systemic
      vasodilatation. Verapamil has the same anti-anginal effect during exercise as
      beta-adrenoceptor blockers but has the advantage of increasing rather than
      decreasing the cardiac output and so fatigue both at rest and exercise commonly
      seen with beta-adrenoceptor blockers is not found with verapamil. The longterm
      incidence of side-effects with verapamil are few and it can be used as a single
      anti-anginal therapy in a three times daily dosage. Left ventricular function
      where normal and near-normal is not depressed. Tolerance to therapy has not been
      recorded. The anti-anginal effects have been shown to remain effective over at
      least a 5 year period. Verapamil should be considered as initial therapy for
      patients with stable angina pectoris.

PMID- 2875729
TI  - Patterns of presentation, treatment and outcome in hepatic abscess.

PMID- 2875730
TI  - Structural characterization of the ATP-hydrolyzing portion of the coated vesicle
      proton pump.
AB  - The ATP-hydrolyzing portion of the proton pump from clathrin-coated vesicles
      (isolated from calf brain) was solubilized with three nondenaturing detergents
      (cholate, octyl glucoside, and Triton X-100). The hydrodynamic properties of the
      solubilized (Mg2+)-ATPase were then determined by sedimentation analysis in H2O
      and D2O and gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The coated vesicle (Mg2+)-ATPase
      migrated under all conditions as a single peak of activity. In cholate, the
      sedimentation coefficient (S20,w), Stokes radius (a), and partial specific volume
      (vc) were 8.25 (+/- 0.20) S, 68 (+/- 2) A, and 0.71 (+/- 0.03) cm3/g,
      respectively. In octyl glucoside and Triton X-100 these values were respectively
      7.90 (+/- 0.20) and 7.45 (+/- 0.20) S, 68 (+/- 3) and 101 (+/- 5) A, and 0.74 (+/
      0.03) and 0.75 (+/- 0.03) cm3/g. Application of the Svedberg equation to these
      data gave a molecular weight for the protein-detergent complex of 217,000 +/-
      21,000 (cholate), 234,000 +/- 26,000 (octyl glucoside), and 337,000 +/- 40,000
      (Triton X-100). Assuming the protein binds one micelle of detergent, these values
      correspond to a protein molecular weight of 215,000 +/- 21,000 (cholate), 226,000
      +/- 26,000 (octyl glucoside), and 247,000 +/- 40,000 (Triton X-100). The cholate
      solubilized, gradient-purified (Mg2+)-ATPase, when combined with a 100,000 g
      pellet fraction, could be reconstituted by dialysis into phospholipid vesicles
      which displayed ATP-dependent proton uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875731
TI  - Estimated conformation, orientation, and accumulation of dynorphin A-(1-13)
      tridecapeptide on the surface of neutral lipid membranes.
AB  - Equilibrium thermodynamic and kinetic estimations were used to confirm the rather
      unusual conformation, orientation, and accumulation of dynorphin A-(1-13)
      tridecapeptide (dynorphin1-13) on the surface of neutral lipid membranes, as
      observed by Erne et al. [Erne, D., Sargent, D. F., & Schwyzer, R. (1985)
      Biochemistry 24, 4261-4263]. I started from the premise that the most stable
      conformation of molecularly disperse peptides in contact with the hydrophobic
      phase of a membrane is helical [Henderson, R. (1979) Soc. Gen. Physiol. Ser. 33,
      3-15]. Calculation of the Gibbs free energy difference for the transfer of
      increasing numbers m of N-terminal residues of dynorphin1-13 from their random
      coil conformation in water to their alpha-helical conformation in a hydrophobic
      phase, with the values provided by Von Heijne and Blomberg [Von Heijne, G., &
      Blomberg, C. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 97, 175-181], showed an energy minimum at m
      = 9 that corresponded to the observed apparent association constant of 9 X 10(4)
      L/mol. This confirmed our experimental observations. The orientation of
      dynorphin1-13 in the interphase was estimated by calculation of the molecular
      amphiphilic moment A. This force vector was defined in analogy to the "helical"
      and "structural" hydrophobic moments of Eisenberg et al. [Eisenberg, D., Weiss,
      R. M., & Terwilliger, T. C. (1982) Nature (London) 299, 371-374]. It takes into
      account the segregation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues with respect to
      the center of the alpha-helix. A peptide located in a hydrophobic-hydrophilic
      gradient experiences a torque that tends to orient A in a direction perpendicular
      to the surfaces of equal hydrophobicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875733
TI  - Structure of mitochondrial F1-ATPase studied by electron microscopy and image
      processing.
AB  - The structure of soluble F1-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) has been investigated by computer
      analysis of individual molecular images extracted from electron micrographs of
      negatively stained particles. A total of 1241 images was interactively selected
      from several digitized micrographs and these images were subsequently aligned
      relative to different reference images. They were then submitted to a
      multivariate statistical classification procedure. We have focussed our attention
      on the main 'hexagonal' view which represents some 40% of our population of
      images. In this view, six masses are located on the outer region of the
      projection which are associated with the alpha and the beta subunits of the
      protein. A seventh mass is located close to the centre of the hexagon, but
      slightly off its exact midpoint. It has the shape of the letter V and its two
      legs point to two of the outer protein masses, or one alpha-beta subunit pair.
      The corner of the V has a density as high as those of the large subunits.
      Possible subunit arrangements and their consequences for the mechanism of ATP
      synthesis are discussed.

PMID- 2875732
TI  - Identification of amino acid residues photolabeled with 2-azido[alpha
      32P]adenosine diphosphate in the beta subunit of beef heart mitochondrial F1
      ATPase.
AB  - When beef heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase is photoirradiated in the presence of 2
      azido[alpha-32P]adenosine diphosphate, the beta subunit of the enzyme is
      preferentially photolabeled [Dalbon, P., Boulay, F., & Vignais, P. V. (1985) FEBS
      Lett. 180, 212-218]. The site of photolabeling of the beta subunit has been
      explored. After cyanogen bromide cleavage of the photolabeled beta subunit, only
      the peptide fragment extending from Gln-293 to Met-358 was found to be labeled.
      This peptide was isolated and digested by trypsin or Staphylococcus aureus V8
      protease. Digestion by trypsin yielded four peptides, one of which spanned
      residues Ala-338-Arg-356 and contained all the bound radioactivity. When trypsin
      was replaced by V8 protease, a single peptide spanning residues Leu-342-Met-358
      was labeled. Edman degradation of the two labeled peptides showed that
      radioactivity was localized on the following four amino acids: Leu-342, Ile-344,
      Tyr-345, and Pro-346.

PMID- 2875734
TI  - Effect of disulfide cross-linking between alpha and delta subunits on the
      properties of the F1 adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Under very mild oxidizing conditions the delta subunit of the F1-ATPase of
      Escherichia coli can be crosslinked by a disulfide linkage to one of the alpha
      subunits of the enzyme. The cross-linked ATPase resembles the native enzyme in
      the following properties: specific activity; activation by lauryldimethylamine N
      oxide (LDAO); binding of aurovertin D and ADP; cross-linking products with 3,3'
      dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate); binding to ATPase-stripped everted membrane
      vesicles and the N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide sensitivity of the rebound enzyme.
      However, the rebound crosslinked ATPase differed from the native enzyme in
      lacking the ability to restore NADH oxidation - and ATP hydrolysis-dependent
      quenching of the fluorescence of quinacrine to ATPase-stripped membrane vesicles.
      It is proposed that the delta subunit is involved in the proton pathway of the
      ATPase, and that this pathway is affected in the alpha delta-cross-linked enzyme.
      The mechanism for activation of the ATPase by LDAO was examined. Evidence against
      the proposal of Lotscher, H.-R., De Jong, C. and Capaldi, R.A. (Biochemistry
      (1984) 23, 4140-4143) that activation involves displacement of the epsilon
      subunit from an active site on a beta subunit was obtained.

PMID- 2875735
TI  - Involvement of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in binding and actions of palytoxin on human
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Palytoxin (about 1 pM) increases the permeability of human erythrocytes. We now
      report its radiolabeling with 125I, followed by affinity purification on porcine
      kidney membranes. The resulting ligand binds fast and reversibly to intact
      erythrocytes. The Kd from velocity and equilibrium measurements is 2 X 10(-11) M,
      and the number of binding sites about 200 per cell. Binding is promoted by
      divalent cations (Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+) and by borate. It is
      inhibited by K+ (IC50 2 mM), ouabain (IC50 3 X 10(-9) M) and ouabagenin (IC50 6 X
      10(-6) M). Conversely, [3H]ouabain is displaced by the substances and
      concentrations mentioned, and also by palytoxin (Ki 3 X 10(-11) M). Dog
      erythrocytes, which are known to possess a very low (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity,
      are resistant to and lack specific binding sites for palytoxin. Binding of 125I
      palytoxin, like that of [3H]ouabain, depends on the state of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.
      ATP depletion decreases binding of both ligands to erythrocytes. Binding of 125I
      palytoxin and [3H]ouabain to red cell stroma is partially restored by ATP. In
      contrast to [3H]ouabain, binding of 125I-palytoxin to red cell stroma is not
      promoted by Mg2+ and Pi. The data show that (a) all known promoters and
      inhibitors of palytoxin action on human red cells do so by enhancing or
      decreasing its binding, (b) (Na+ + K+)-ATPase serves as a receptor for palytoxin,
      and (c) the antagonism by ouabain is competitive at the receptor level. They
      support our previous hypothesis that palytoxin increases human erythrocyte
      permeability by formation of pores through (Na+ + K+)-ATPase or its close
      vicinity.

PMID- 2875736
TI  - Characterization of three aminopeptidases purified from maternal serum.
AB  - The biochemical characteristics of aminopeptidase A (EC 3.4.11.7), oxytocinase
      (EC 3.4.11.3) and alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) purified from serum of
      pregnant women were compared. Aminopeptidase A hydrolysed only acidic amino acid
      derivatives, whereas oxytocinase and alanyl aminopeptidase had partially
      overlapping broad substrate specificities. Oxytocinase showed the highest Vmax
      value with LeuNA but the lowest Km value with ArgNA (Km 0.059 +/- 0.08 mmol/l).
      Alanyl aminopeptidase hydrolysed AlaNA most rapidly, but showed the highest
      affinity for LysNA (Km 0.054 +/- 0.006 mmol/l). The enzymes were sensitive to
      EDTA. Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ were able to reactivate all suppressed enzymes, but
      Mn2+ reactivated only aminopeptidase A after EDTA inhibition. The alkaline earth
      metals were activators of aminopeptidase A, while Co2+ activated only alanyl
      aminopeptidase. This enzyme was the most sensitive to L-amino acids. Acidic amino
      acids inhibited aminopeptidase A but had no effect on the two other enzymes.
      Oxytocinase was most sensitive to thermal treatment. Amastatin did not inhibit
      oxytocinase, whereas aminopeptidase A was more resistant than alanyl
      aminopeptidase to this effector.

PMID- 2875737
TI  - Identification of subsidiary catalytic groups at the active site of beta-ketoacyl
      CoA thiolase by covalent modification of the protein.
AB  - beta-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (acyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.16)
      is known to possess sulfhydryl groups of cysteines at the active site that are
      essential for its catalytic activity. Other groups at the active site that
      participate in the catalytic process were identified by using anhydride reagents
      which covalently modify the protein by specifically reacting with any amino
      groups potentially present at the active site. Since these reagents may also
      react with thiol groups, the enzyme's amino groups were modified after masking
      the cysteine thiols present by an alkylalkane thiosulfonate-type reagent, methyl
      methanethiol-sulfonate (MMTS), that selectively formed a disulfide bridge, thus
      generating an inactive thiolmethylated enzyme. When this procedure was followed,
      the enzyme could be undoubtedly modified at its amino by the anhydride reagent,
      leading to a doubly modified protein. The thiomethyl group could then be removed
      by reduction with dithiothreitol, yielding an enzyme modified solely on the amino
      residues. The amino group could be unblocked in turn by exposure to acidic pH.
      The different anhydrides inactivated thiolase, but only acetoacetyl coenzyme A
      (AcAcCoA) provided any protection against inactivation. When
      thiolmethylcitraconyl thiolase was reduced with dithiothreitol the enzyme
      remained inactive, but when the doubly modified enzyme was exposed to pH 5 then
      the reduction led to formation of an active enzyme. These results are interpreted
      as demonstrating a role for an amino group at the enzyme active site. A catalytic
      mechanism is proposed for the enzyme which involves the amino group.

PMID- 2875738
TI  - Effects of dietary nutrients on substrate and effector levels of lipogenic
      enzymes, and lipogenesis from tritiated water in rat liver.
AB  - When fasted rats were refed for 4 days with a carbohydrate and protein diet, a
      carbohydrate diet (without protein) or a protein diet (without carbohydrate), the
      effects of dietary nutrients on the fatty acid synthesis from injected tritiated
      water, the substrate and effector levels of lipogenic enzymes and the enzyme
      activities were compared in the livers. In the carbohydrate diet group, although
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase was much induced and citrate was much increased, the
      activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase extracted with phosphatase inhibitor and
      activated with 0.5 mM citrate was low in comparison to the carbohydrate and
      protein diet group. The physiological activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase seems to
      be low. In the protein diet group, the concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate,
      acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA were markedly higher than in the carbohydrate and
      protein group, whereas the concentrations of oxaloacetate and citrate were lower.
      The levels of hepatic cAMP and plasma glucagon were high. The activities of
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase and also fatty acid synthetase were low in the protein
      group. By feeding fat, the citrate level was not decreased as much as the
      lipogenic enzyme inductions. Comparing the substrate and effector levels with the
      Km and Ka values, the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid
      synthetase could be limited by the levels. The fatty acid synthesis from
      tritiated water corresponded more closely to the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity
      (activated 0.5 mM citrate) than to other lipogenic enzyme activities. On the
      other hand, neither the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic
      enzyme (even though markedly lowered by diet) nor the levels of their substrates
      appeared to limit fatty acid synthesis of any of the dietary groups. Thus, it is
      suggested that under the dietary nutrient manipulation, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
      activity would be the first candidate of the rate-limiting factor for fatty acid
      synthesis with the regulations of the enzyme quantity, the substrate and effector
      levels and the enzyme modification.

PMID- 2875739
TI  - Role of lysosomotrophic reagents in glucocorticoid hormone action.
AB  - Administration of (10 mg/200 g) methylamine or chloroquine to adrenalectomized
      rats for 2 days followed by a single injection of either cortisol (2.5 mg/200 g)
      or dexamethasone (0.5 mg/200 g) resulted in a significant enhancement of the
      tyrosine aminotransferase enzymatic activity in rat liver versus rats given a
      single injection only of either steroid. Lysosomotrophic reagents were unable to
      induce tyrosine aminotransferase when administered alone. Cytosols from rat liver
      treated with lysosomotrophic reagents in vivo had approx. 20-30% more specific
      binding to [3H]dexamethasone as compared to the control, untreated rats. This
      enhanced binding was due to an increase in the concentration of the receptor
      rather than a change in the affinity of the hormone for the receptor. Rat livers
      perfused with and homogenized in 10 mM Tris-HCI/0.25 M sucrose buffer (pH 7.5)
      containing about 5 mM lysosomotrophic reagents showed optimum stabilization of
      the steroid unbound glucocorticoid receptor in vitro at both 4 degrees C and 25
      degrees C. These reagents had no effect on in vitro transformation of
      [3H]dexamethasone-receptor complex or on the binding of the thermally transformed
      receptor to the nuclei. It is concluded from these studies that lysosomotrophic
      reagents enhance tyrosine aminotransferase induction by glucocorticoids and
      stabilize unbound glucocorticoid receptor both in vivo and in vitro without any
      effect on in vitro transformation of the steroid-receptor complex.

PMID- 2875740
TI  - [Accumulation of K+ in E. coli grown in aerobic conditions].
AB  - The character of K+ accumulation in E. coli grown aerobilcally in the salt medium
      with succinate was studied. K+ uptake via the Trk system has Km 3.4 mM and Vmax
      0.45 mM X g+1 X min-1. The initial rates of K+ uptake were not changes at
      different pH from 6.0 to 8.3 and temperature 17-37 degrees C. DCC did not block,
      protonophores and arsenate blocked the operation of Trk system. Valinomycin
      increased (or had no effect) K+ accumulation. K+ distribution is in good
      conformity with the measured membrane potential. The Trk system works at the
      utilization of lactic acid and glucose as well as of succinate. The Trk system is
      described. K+ ionophore by using the membrane potential and ATP regulates
      functioning of this system.

PMID- 2875742
TI  - EEG coherence and power in the discrimination of psychiatric disorders and
      medication effects.
AB  - Electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence (COH) and power measures were included in a
      series of stepwise discriminant analyses to determine which variables were most
      sensitive in the differentiation of four psychiatric inpatient groups and two
      major classes of psychotropic medication. Eight channels of eyes-closed, bipolar
      EEG activity were recorded from 74 inpatients (paranoid schizophrenics,
      dysthymics, major affectives receiving tricyclics, neuroleptics, or no
      medication, and geriatrics). Discriminant analyses were conducted for theta,
      alpha, and fast beta frequency bands for power variables, COH variables, and the
      resultant significant power and COH discriminating variables. Without exception,
      COH measures, usually in the alpha band, were more sensitive than power measures
      in differentiating the various groups. Results suggested that COH decreases with
      age, is greatest in paranoid schizophrenics, decreases with neuroleptic
      medication, and increases with tricyclic antidepressants. Group differences were
      interpreted in accordance with an arousal model for COH.

PMID- 2875741
TI  - Levels of growth hormone and growth-hormone-releasing factor in cord blood.
AB  - In order to evaluate the mechanism of high growth hormone (GH) secretion in
      perinatal life, the levels of GH and growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF) in
      cord blood were determined. Plasma-immunoreactive GRF was measured by a double
      antibody RIA method. The levels (mean +/- SD) of GH, GRF and somatostatin (SRIF)
      were 23.4 +/- 10.2 ng/ml, 49.5 +/- 11.7 and 41.5 +/- 10.4 pg/ml, respectively;
      they were remarkably higher than those of healthy adults. In statistical
      analysis, there were no significant relationships among the levels of GH, GRF or
      SRIF. We speculate that a high GRF release from the hypothalamus might increase
      the secretion of GH in the perinatal period.

PMID- 2875744
TI  - Early versus late onset psychosis and tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Patients with late-onset psychosis (defined as psychosis requiring
      hospitalization at age 45 or more, n = 20) were compared with early-onset
      psychosis patients (defined as psychosis requiring hospitalization at age 25 or
      less, n = 56) for the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD). Late-onset psychosis
      patients were found to have significantly more TD (p less than 0.01), which was
      more severe (p less than 0.05) and developed in a relatively shorter period of
      neuroleptic treatment (p less than 0.001), than patients with early-onset
      psychosis. In addition, TD patients (irrespective of early or late onset of
      neuroleptic treatment) were found to show a preponderance of drug-free periods (p
      less than 0.01) in their past neuroleptic history, more so than non-TD patients.
      Our findings indicate that late-onset psychosis should be considered to be a risk
      factor for the development of TD.

PMID- 2875743
TI  - Influence of neuroleptics on the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants--in
      vitro experiments with rat liver microsomes.
AB  - The influence of two neuroleptics--the phenothiazine perazine and the
      butyrophenone haloperidol--on the metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressants
      amitriptyline (AMI), imipramine (IMI), and chlorimipramine (CMI) was studied in
      vitro in isolated liver microsomes of female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were
      pretreated over 10 days with either NaCl solutions or with 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg
      haloperidol or 5 and 15 mg/kg perazine, respectively. The microsomal fraction was
      incubated with various concentrations of antidepressants. The drugs and their
      metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      Neither pretreatment with haloperidol nor perazine had any significant influence
      on the demethylation and N-oxidation activity of the microsomes. Benzylic 10
      hydroxylation of AMI or IMI or 10- and 11-hydroxylation of CMI was inhibited
      significantly by pretreatment with perazine, as was 2-hydroxylation of IMI and
      CMI, whereas 8-hydroxylation of CMI was not influenced. The inhibition was dose
      dependent. With haloperidol, only the high dose of 10 mg/kg caused a significant
      inhibition of benzylic 10-hydroxylation, whereas phenolic hydroxylation was not
      influenced. The inhibition was much lower than for perazine. Comparing the
      results with pharmacokinetic studies in humans revealed a good agreement in
      metabolic pathways. The study could therefore be important in the choice of
      neuroleptic drugs in combination therapy.

PMID- 2875745
TI  - Effect of a 12-hour subcutaneous infusion of somatostatin-14 on blood glucose,
      insulin and glucagon levels in healthy subjects and insulin dependent diabetics.
AB  - We compared the influence of a 12-hour subcutaneous infusion of somatostatin-14
      on glucose homeostasis in two normal subjects and two insulin-dependent diabetics
      (IDD). In all cases, somatostatin infusion led to a decrease of blood glucose
      during the first hours. The diabetogenic effect of somatostatin was confirmed in
      normal subjects. Postprandial blood glucose response was exaggerated in one
      insulin-dependent diabetic while in the other, glucose tolerance was improved.
      Unexpected high levels of immunoreactive somatostatin were measured in insulin
      dependent diabetic patients. They might be due to a decreased somatostatin
      catabolism.

PMID- 2875746
TI  - World Health Organization and International Society for Quality Assurance in
      Health Care. Udine, Italy, June 1985.

PMID- 2875748
TI  - [Effect of ascorbic acid on the binding of 3H-GABA and 3H-glutamic acid to
      synaptosomes of the rat cerebral cortex].
AB  - The effects of different concentrations of L-ascorbic acid (Asc) on Na+-dependent
      binding of 3H-GABA and 3H-DL-glutamic acid to rat brain cortical synaptosomes
      were studied. Asc, at a concentration nearly equal to brain extracellular one (3
      X 10(-4) M), had no effect on specific and nonspecific 5H-GABA binding. At higher
      concentrations (10(-3) M) Asc strongly inhibited, and at lower concentrations
      (10(-6) M) considerably stimulated 3H-GABA binding. At a concentration of 10(-5)
      10(-3) M Asc tended to decrease 3H-DL-glutamic acid binding.

PMID- 2875747
TI  - [Isolation and partial purification of the endogenous inhibitor of receptor
      binding of 3H-L-glutamate].
AB  - The endogenous factor that inhibited 3H-L-glutamate specific binding (FIB) was
      isolated from the aqueous extract of the crude mitochondrial fraction of the rat
      cerebral cortex homogenate and partially purified. The purification procedure
      involved several steps of ion-exchange, gel-permeating and thin-layer
      chromatography. Partially purified FIB competitively inhibited 3H-L-glutamate
      specific binding and had the molecular weight of 450-600 Da. Glutamic acid
      residues were found in FIB amino acids. The functional role of the isolated
      factor as an endogenous modulator involved in the regulation of effective
      synaptic transmission of glutamatergic brain synapses is discussed.

PMID- 2875749
TI  - [Molecular and cytogenetic approach to the mapping of methylated polymorphic
      restriction fragments of human rRNA genes].
AB  - Combined restriction with Bam H I and Sal I (or Hpa II) has revealed Bam H I
      fragment on a non-transcribed spacer of rRNA genes in one out of four individuals
      under study. Using Ag-staining and hybridization in situ, chromosome 13p+
      enriched by inactive rRNA gene copies was found in the given individual. Since
      Sal I does not restrict methylated sequences and rRNA genes are repressed by
      methylation, it is concluded that methylated Banm I-restricted rRNA gene
      fragments of non-transcribed spacer are localized in chromosome 13p+ of the
      individual in question.

PMID- 2875750
TI  - [Ultrastructural characteristics of endocrine and glandular gastric cells].
AB  - Electron microscopy of human gastric mucosa has demonstrated that the endocrine
      cells are closely and specifically related to the adjacent glandular cells and
      the basal membrane. Cytoplasmic strands of the adjacent cells surround the
      endocrine cells and their projections, probably, regulating their secretion. The
      above outlined relations are considered a structural basis for complex regulatory
      endocrine and paracrine functions of the gastric endocrine cells.

PMID- 2875751
TI  - [Ultrastructure of cells of the rat entero-endocrine system during exposure to
      cholera toxin].
AB  - Horse radish peroxidase-labelled cholera toxin (choleragen) binds to the
      receptors of entero-endocrine cell (Ec-cells) plasmalemma. Unlike columnar
      epitheliocytes, the effect of choleragen on Ec-cells.

PMID- 2875752
TI  - Antilymphocytic antibodies and marrow transplantation. VIII. Recipient
      conditioning with Clq-affine monoclonal anti-pan T antibodies prevents GVHD in
      homozygous fully mismatched mice.
AB  - An approach to suppressing secondary disease with antibodies was studied that
      differed from conventional antibody treatment of donor marrow in vitro. It
      consisted of the selection of anti-Thy-1 antibodies with high affinity for Clq,
      the first subunit of the complement cascade, and a single injection of such
      antibodies into prospective irradiated marrow recipients. Monoclonal mouse IgM
      and rat IgG 2c antibodies of high titers in complement-dependent test systems but
      with low affinity for Clq caused little immunosuppression. Monoclonal rat IgG2b
      or mouse IgG2a anti-Thy-1 antibodies with high affinity for Clq prevented acute
      and chronic mortality of graft-v-host disease (GVHD), however, when injected in
      irradiated CBA or AKR mice prior to C57BL/6 spleen and/or bone marrow cell
      transfusion. This treatment simultaneously suppressed residual host-v-graft
      reactivity of the irradiated mice, so that permanent hematopoietic engraftment
      ensued even at 5 or 6 Gy. Full chimerism and specific tolerance were obtained.
      Primary immune response to SRBC was clearly depressed in the chimeras; secondary
      immune response was not. Clearance of T cell antibody activity (greater than 6
      days), timing, and dose of injected antibody, as well as other modalities of the
      conditioning treatment that may have contributed to the remarkable
      immunosuppression, are discussed.

PMID- 2875753
TI  - Rearrangement of the bcr gene in Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myeloid
      leukemia.
AB  - We studied the clinical, hematologic, cytogenetic, and molecular biologic
      features of seven patients with Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-negative chronic
      myeloid leukemia (CML). In five cases the hematologic findings were
      indistinguishable from those of patients with classical Ph1-positive disease.
      Myeloid cells were studied by chromosome-banding techniques. One patient had a
      masked Ph1 chromosome (with translocation t(4;9;22)), one had a deletion
      involving chromosome 16, and one had a small minority population of 22q- cells
      without 9q+ but otherwise normal metaphases; metaphases from the other four
      patients were entirely normal. DNA prepared from the myeloid cells was digested
      with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI and BglII. Southern analysis
      using a 0.6-kb fragment of the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) gene showed the
      presence in each patient's DNA of a germline fragment together with a rearranged
      fragment or fragments with at least one of the restriction enzymes. We conclude
      that genomic changes in the bcr gene characteristic of CML can be present in the
      absence of a Ph1 chromosome.

PMID- 2875754
TI  - A de novo intragenic deletion of the potential EGF domain of the factor IX gene
      in a family with severe hemophilia B.
AB  - We have studied a family of three patients who were severely afflicted with
      hemophilia B without inhibitor for their factor IX genes through the use of
      factor IX cDNA and genomic DNA probes. The patients had detectable (30% of
      normal) factor IX antigen. DNA hybridization analysis demonstrated that these
      patients had a partial intragenic deletion in their factor IX gene. This 2.8-kb
      deletion included exon d and the surrounding sequences. This exon codes for the
      amino acid sequence from No. 47 through 84 of the factor IX protein and contains
      its first potential EGF domain; the de novo occurrence of the mutation in the
      grandfather's germ cells was established by linkage analysis. This specific gene
      has been named F IXStrasbourg.

PMID- 2875755
TI  - The spectrum of beta-thalassemia genes in China and Southeast Asia.
AB  - To make possible prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in China and Southeast
      Asia by direct detection of mutant beta-globin genes, we have determined the
      spectrum of mutations producing the disorder in this region of the world. Seventy
      eight beta-thalassemia genes from Chinese and Southeast Asians were randomly
      obtained, and the relevant mutation was characterized in 76 (98%) of them. Seven
      different point mutations were found among the 78 genes studied. Of these seven
      beta-thalassemia alleles, two constitute 62%, and two others account for 29% of
      the total. Since only four alleles make up 91% of the mutant genes, prenatal
      diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in China and Southeast Asia should be feasible by
      simplified techniques for direct detection of point mutations.

PMID- 2875756
TI  - The 18- to 23-kb deletion of the Macedonian delta beta-thalassemia includes the
      entire delta and beta globin genes.
AB  - Restriction endonuclease mapping analyses were made of DNA from a few members of
      a Macedonian family with hematological characteristics of delta beta-thalassemia,
      ie, microcytosis, normal HbA2 levels, and elevated levels of HbF (7% to 14%) with
      G gamma (average 40.5%) and A gamma T chains (average 59.5%). A large deletion of
      18 to 23 kb was present with a 5' breakpoint within a 670-bp segment of DNA
      between the HpaI and NcoI restriction sites 5' to the delta globin gene, and a 3'
      breakpoint between the BamHI and HpaI restriction sites located some 9 to 13 kb
      3' to the beta globin gene. This deletion is different from those present in
      other types of G gamma A gamma(delta beta)zero-thalassemia. The similarity of the
      hematological expression of these delta beta-thalassemic conditions which have
      somewhat comparable 5' breakpoints supports the idea that an important fetal
      hemoglobin-controlling region lies between the psi beta and delta globin genes.

PMID- 2875757
TI  - Low dose maintenance medication for schizophrenia.

PMID- 2875758
TI  - AIDS, cotton wool spots, and cytomegalovirus retinitis.

PMID- 2875759
TI  - Influence of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on respiratory function during
      chronic beta blockade.

PMID- 2875760
TI  - Increased secretion of somatostatin-28 from hypothalamic neurons of aged rats in
      vitro.
AB  - The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether increased secretion of
      somatostatin or alterations in its molecular form contribute to the age-related
      decline in growth hormone secretion. Median eminences were removed from male
      Sprague-Dawley rats (3-4 and 21-24 months of age) and superfused with Krebs
      Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 0.5 mg/ml bacitracin. After 40 min, tissues were
      stimulated with 55 mM K+ for 5 min and fractions collected for 60 min. Tissue and
      superfusate were analyzed for somatostatin using a highly specific antiserum
      which cross-reacts with somatostatin-14 and -28. Somatostatin release was
      expressed as a fractional efflux of somatostatin tissue content. In young rats,
      somatostatin increased from basal levels of 22 +/- 5 X 10(-4) to 57 +/- 3 X 10(
      4) in response to 55 mM K+ and returned to basal levels. Old rats exhibited
      similar basal levels of somatostatin efflux (25 +/- 5 X 10(-4)) but increased to
      91 +/- 19 X 10(-4) in response to K+. This represents an 89% greater increase in
      somatostatin fractional efflux in old as compared to young rats (P less than
      0.05). The molecular form of somatostatin released during K+ stimulation was
      determined by fractionating samples on Sephadex G-25. In young animals, both
      somatostatin-14 (31% of total immunoreactivity) and somatostatin-28 (69% of total
      immunoreactivity) were released by hypothalamic neurons. In old rats, similar
      absolute levels of somatostatin were released in response to K+ but greater
      quantities of somatostatin-28 (87% of total immunoreactivity) were
      secreted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875761
TI  - Dopamine modulates evoked transmission at cholinergic synapses formed by rat
      retinal neurons with muscle cells.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dopamine on synaptic
      transmission mediated by cholinergic neurons derived from the rat retina. We used
      a cell culture system that permitted the physiological monitoring of
      acetylcholine released at synapses formed between retinal neurons and striated
      muscle cells. Dopamine was found to facilitate evoked transmission by a mechanism
      mediated by D1 dopamine receptors. The results support the hypothesis that
      dopamine may have a modulatory role in information processing by the mammalian
      retina.

PMID- 2875762
TI  - Age-related increase in presynaptic noradrenergic markers of the rat cerebral
      cortex.
AB  - Age-related alterations in the noradrenergic innervation of the cerebral cortex
      were investigated in young (3-4 months) and aged (28-29 months) Fischer-344 rats.
      The concentration of noradrenaline and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the
      probable rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis, were significantly
      higher in the aged cerebral cortex, but no differences in L-3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase activity were observed. The specific high
      affinity uptake of noradrenaline by homogenates of the aged cerebral cortex
      exhibited higher maximal uptake, but lower affinity, than those of young rats.
      These results suggest increased presynaptic noradrenergic activity in the
      cerebral cortex of aged Fischer-344 rats.

PMID- 2875763
TI  - Exposure of hippocampal slices to quisqualate sensitizes synaptic responses to
      phosphonate-containing analogues of glutamate.
AB  - Exposure of transverse slices of rat hippocampus to quisqualate (Quis) resulted
      in a marked increase in the potency of D- and L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate
      (APB) and D- and L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (APV) for depression of
      extracellular synaptic field potentials recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells. L-APB
      depressed the amplitude of CA1 field potentials with an IC50 = 1800 microM before
      exposure to Quis. After a brief (4 min) exposure to sufficient Quis (16 microM)
      to depress the response by 50%, L-APB depressed these responses with an IC50 = 54
      microM. These phosphonate-containing glutamate analogues transiently induced
      population-spiking after the tissue was pretreated with Quis. This suggests that
      APB and APV can act as agonists at micromolar concentrations.

PMID- 2875764
TI  - The relative potencies of (-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate and (-)-2-amino-7
      phosphonoheptanoate as antagonists of N-methylaspartate and quinolinic acids and
      repetitive spikes in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - The active (-)-isomers of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (2-APH) and 2-amino-5
      phosphonopentanoic acid (2-APV) have been compared as antagonists of N-methyl-D,L
      aspartate (NMDLA) and quinolinic acid on rat hippocampal slices. 2-APH appeared
      to be about 3 times more potent than 2-APV, though the same ratio was obtained
      against NMDLA and quinolinic acid. It is suggested that this difference of
      potency may partly explain the greater anticonvulsant activity of 2-APH. The
      results are consistent with the view that quinolinate acts at the NMDLA receptor
      while a differentiation between NMDLA and quinolinic acid is not likely to
      contribute to the anticonvulsant activities of 2-APH and 2-APV. A 3-fold
      difference of potency is also shown for (-)-2-APH and (-)-2-APV when blocking
      bicuculline-induced repetitive spikes in the CA1 region. This would support the
      involvement of an NMDLA receptor in this phenomenon.

PMID- 2875765
TI  - The role of the mediobasal arcuate hypothalamus in relation to opioid systems in
      the control of ingestive behaviour in the rat.
AB  - Bilateral, radiofrequency lesions of the mediobasal arcuate hypothalamus (MBH)
      strongly depleted levels of immunoreactive (ir)-beta-endorphin (beta-EP) in the
      hypothalamus and other brain tissues: these changes reflect destruction of those
      beta-EP-containing perikarya which are located in the MBH. No change in plasma ir
      beta-EP was seen. The ir-dynorphin (DYN) content of the hypothalamus was also
      depressed while that of ir-Met-enkephalin was unaffected. The fall in
      hypothalamic ir-beta-EP was correlated with the fall in that of ir-DYN. Lesioned
      rats displayed only a minor, transient reduction in rate of weight gain between
      days 3 and 9 postsurgery: this disappeared thereafter. Further, the lesion did
      not affect the pattern of weight loss and regain associated with 24 h food and
      water deprivation. Indeed, the total 24 h (daily) food intake (FI) and water
      intake (WI) of lesioned rats did not differ from that of sham animals while
      deprivation-induced hyperphagia and hyperdipsia was not attenuated by the
      lesions. Moreover, the ability of naltrexone to decrease FI and WI (during both
      dark and light phases of the daily cycle) was not altered by the lesions. These
      observations indicate that central beta-EP may not be essential for the
      maintenance of a normal 24 h FI and WI and that opioid antagonists do not act
      upon the MBH or upon central beta-EP neurones in their suppression of FI and WI.
      Further, they suggest that central beta-EP may not fulfil an essential role in
      the control of body weight in the rat. Lesioned rats did, however, reveal a shift
      in the diurnal rhythmicity of FI and WI reflected in a reduction in the
      dark:light ratios of these. An alteration in the diurnal rhythmicity of sleeping
      and core temperature, but not locomotor activity, was also seen. The shifts in
      hypothalamic ir-beta-EP and ir-DYN (but no other tissue levels of any peptide)
      were correlated with the magnitude of the shifts in diurnal rhythmicity of
      ingestive behaviour. Moreover, lesions caudal to the MBH (not affecting
      hypothalamic ir-beta-EP or ir-DYN) or dexamethasone treatment (which affects
      pituitary pools of ir-beta-EP and ir-DYN) did not modify these rhythms. Thus, in
      these respects, the effects are 'particular' to MBH lesions modifying
      hypothalamic ir-beta-EP and ir-DYN. The data suggest that the MBH may play a role
      in the modulation of the diurnal scheduling of ingestive behaviour in the
      rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875766
TI  - Coexistence of enkephalin and dynorphin immunoreactivities in neurons in the
      dorsal gray commissure of the sixth lumbar and first sacral spinal cord segments
      in rat.
AB  - The dorsal gray commissure (DGC) of the sixth lumbar (L6) and first sacral (S1)
      spinal cord segments in the rat has been shown to contain several different
      peptides, including enkephalin (ENK) and dynorphin (DYN). The present study was
      conducted to determine if DYN and ENK immunoreactivities coexist in neurons in
      the DGC in L6 and S1. Coexistence was determined using the elution/restaining
      technique of Tramu in which sections were stained first with anti-DYN then with
      anti-ENK after elution of the DYN antiserum. The number and location of DYN
      immunoreactive cells was compared to the number and location of ENK
      immunoreactive cells using photographic negatives. Of 67 ENK-immunoreactive cells
      counted in 20 sections through L6, 54 also contained DYN immunoreactivity. Of 100
      ENK-immunoreactive cells counted in 47 sections through S1, 95 also contained DYN
      immunoreactivity. No cells with only DYN immunoreactivity were seen. S1 was found
      to contain a significantly greater number (P less than 0.005) of ENK
      immunoreactive cells that also contained DYN than L6. The results of these
      studies indicate that ENK and DYN immunoreactivities coexist in most, but not
      all, neurons in the DGC of L6 and S1 and that a difference exists between L6 and
      S1 in the extent of coexistence of these peptides. Further studies are necessary
      to determine if coexistence of opioids is limited only to autonomic regions of
      the nervous system and also to define the functional significance of this
      coexistence.

PMID- 2875768
TI  - A new method for producing a specific and high titre antibody against glutamate
      using colloidal gold as a carrier.
AB  - Antiserum against the glutamate was developed using colloidal gold as a carrier
      for the antigen. Glutamate was bound directly to colloidal gold without using
      cross-linking reagents such as glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, or carbodiimide.
      Repeated injection of the colloidal gold-glutamate complex into the rabbit
      yielded a specific, high titre antiserum. Specificity was verified by
      radioimmunoassay and histochemically with absorption controls. The antiserum
      immunohistochemically detected numerous glutamate-containing neurons in the rat
      brain.

PMID- 2875767
TI  - Cardiorespiratory effects produced by microinjecting L-glutamic acid into
      medullary nuclei associated with the ventral surface of the feline medulla.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to use microinjections of L-glutamic acid to better
      localize the cell bodies in the intermediate area of the ventral medullary
      surface that exert control over cardiorespiratory activity. L-glutamic acid (200
      nl of a 1-M solution) was microinjected into the nucleus paragigantocellularis
      lateralis, lateral reticular nucleus and into an area which is part of the
      'glycine-sensitive area', which lies in the center of the intermediate area.
      Normally, when L-glutamic acid is applied to the surface of the intermediate
      area, increases in arterial pressure and tidal volume are observed. Increases in
      tidal volume were never observed upon microinjection into the 3 sites associated
      with the intermediate area, suggesting that the tidal volume change elicited from
      surface application occurs because of L-glutamic acid interacting with cell
      bodies either on the surface or extremely close to the surface. Pressor responses
      were elicited with microinjection of L-glutamic acid into the lateral reticular
      nucleus and the 'glycine-sensitive area', but not the nucleus
      paragigantocellularis lateralis; indeed, microinjection of L-glutamic acid into
      the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis caused hypotension. Hence, cell
      bodies responsible for raising arterial pressure may reside in either the lateral
      reticular nucleus or the 'glycine-sensitive area'.

PMID- 2875769
TI  - Excitatory amino acid antagonists depress transmission in hippocampal projections
      to the lateral septum.
AB  - Antagonists of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission were tested as antagonists
      of septal excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated by stimulation of
      the fimbria. Septal EPSPs were depressed in a concentration-dependent manner by
      kynurenic acid and P-bromobenzoyl piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid but not by L-2
      amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid or D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid. These
      results indicate that the hippocampal projection to the lateral septum is similar
      to the Schaffer collateral system and is mediated by an excitatory amino acid or
      a similar derivative.

PMID- 2875770
TI  - The neurobiologic consequences of Down syndrome.
AB  - Trisomy of the whole or distal part of human chromosome 21 (HSA 21) (Ts21)
      results in Down Syndrome (DS), which is characterized in part by mental
      retardation and associated neurological abnormalities. Structural abnormalities
      observed frequently include reduced brain weight, decreased number and depth of
      sulci in the cerebral cortices, neuronal heterotopias, and reduced numbers of
      specific populations of neurons, such as granule cells, in the cerebral cortices.
      Abnormalities in the structure of cells, primarily of the dendrites, are observed
      in portions of the neuraxis, such as the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral
      cortices. Functional abnormalities in membrane properties in peripheral
      structures and in neurotransmitter enzyme systems in both peripheral and central
      structures are observed also. Brains of DS individuals over the age of 40 exhibit
      the characteristic neuropathologic and neurochemical stigmata of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). The cholinergic and noradrenergic systems appear to be particularly
      vulnerable. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities,
      identification of the genes located in the distal part of HSA 21 and the
      systematic study of animal model systems with close genetic homology are
      essential.

PMID- 2875771
TI  - Mouse chimeras composed of trisomy 16 and normal (2N) cells: preliminary studies.
AB  - Many humans with trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome (DS)) have psychomotor and cognitive
      retardation, congenital heart disease, and hematologic abnormalities. Partial
      genetic homology exists between mouse chromosome 16 and human chromosome 21;
      thus, studies of the development of mice with trisomy 16 (Ts16) may provide
      important insights into the pathogenesis of these defects and into the mechanisms
      by which they arise in humans. Since Ts16 mice do not survive the late fetal
      period, chimeras have been formed between Ts16 and normal (2N) mouse embryos to
      rescue the Ts16 cells for postnatal studies. In this preliminary study of the
      postnatal development of such chimeras, we examined the proportion of Ts16 cells
      in a variety of tissues, including the coat, blood, placenta, heart, and brain.
      The Ts16 cells made significant contributions to almost all tissues examined.
      Aspects of the behavior and the neurochemistry of adult Ts16 less than-greater
      than 2N chimeras were found to differ significantly from control (2N less than
      greater than 2N) chimeras and from animals of the two donor embryo strains. Ts16
      cells comprised a substantial, but not predominant, proportion of cells in each
      brain region examined. Suggestions for definitive analyses are reviewed.

PMID- 2875772
TI  - Thy-1-like immunoreactivity in human brain during development.
AB  - Thy-1-like immunoreactivity was found in several areas of the immature and adult
      human brain, using indirect immunofluorescence techniques. In the fetal brain (31
      gestational weeks) most immunoreactivity was located in the white matter with an
      overall granular diffuse distribution and stray fluorescent fibrous structures
      radiating into grey matter. At 2 months postnatally, the large axon bundles of
      the internal capsule traversing the caudate nucleus were strongly positive,
      whereas surrounding neuropil seemed to be negative. In the adult caudate nucleus
      no such fluorescent fibre bundles could be observed. At 8 months of age, both
      cerebellum and frontal cerebral cortex contained large numbers of fibrous
      structures in the grey matter in addition to white matter fluorescence. The
      molecular layer of both areas was negative. The 8-month-old cerebellum had a Thy
      1 distribution similar to the adult, while in the frontal cortex cerebri the
      density of fluorescent structures increased gradually until adulthood. However,
      in the 5-year-old frontal cortex the immature granular appearance of 2-month-old
      cortex could still be seen, but with a greater number of radiating fluorescent
      bundles. In the adult brain, cerebellum contained a dense pattern of thick,
      fibrous fluorescent structures in white matter and the internal granular layer
      and in the frontal cortex thick bundles radiated into grey matter to form a
      plexus of coarse individual fibres in layers II and III. The hippocampal
      formation of the 31-week-old fetus contained a network of thin varicose fibres,
      ascending from the white matter. Stratum radiatum at this stage contained
      numerous small spots of Thy-1-like immunoreactivity, but no visible fluorescent
      fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875773
TI  - [Curarization accelerated by priming].

PMID- 2875774
TI  - Rational management following diagnosis of myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Assuming one knows that myocardial ischemia is present, rational management will
      first require a careful history to assess the severity of symptoms, such as
      angina, the lifestyle of the patient, his/her age, and the availability of
      resources. When a patient is greater than or equal to 70 years, has little
      angina, even the demonstration of ischemia will not require early arteriography;
      pharmacological therapy on a trial basis is the preferred approach. Judging the
      response to oral nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate, beta blockers and calcium
      antagonists, (often combined and in modest doses) is good rational management. If
      symptoms persist despite therapy or when the patient is younger and has symptoms
      which cannot be alleviated by changes in lifestyle and/or workload, the
      established ischemia assumes much greater significance and nearly always requires
      a coronary arteriogram for proper management. Once the coronary arteriogram has
      been analyzed in terms of severity of flow impairment, correlation with the tests
      showing the extent of myocardial ischemia must be made, best during exercise. If
      single vessel disease is found with a local dyskinetic (echo, scintigraphy, or
      angio) segment, which corresponds to a stenosis of greater than or equal to 70%,
      particularly when found in the anterior descending artery, balloon dilatation
      (PTCA) or bypass surgery (CABG) should follow. When tests, such as the ECG, are
      obtained during an attack of angina, the Chahine classification may be used
      first. In Class IIa with pure ST-segment elevation significant atherosclerotic
      lesions are absent in most patients, while local spasm can be shown upon
      provocation. Here rational management can be limited to calcium antagonists
      sometimes combined with beta blockers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875775
TI  - Forskolin: effects on cyclic AMP and contractile function in the isolated rat and
      guinea pig heart.
AB  - The new inotropic agent, forskolin, is thought to act by stimulation of adenyl
      cyclase at a site remote from the beta-receptor. In this study we have
      characterized the action of forskolin in isolated, perfused rat and guinea-pig
      hearts. In both species, forskolin increased heart rate, left ventricular
      pressure and tissue cyclic AMP in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant
      responses were obtained with a minimum concentration of 2 X 10(-9)M forskolin in
      the rat and 2 X 10(-8)M in the guinea-pig. In both species maximal effects were
      observed with 2 X 10(-6)M forskolin. For any given forskolin concentration, the
      increases in cyclic AMP were greater in the rat heart than in the guinea-pig
      heart. In the rat heart, two beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents (1.6 X 10(-6)M
      propranolol or 2.6 X 10(-6)M timolol) were both able to reduce the increases in
      function and tissue cyclic AMP content caused by forskolin (2 X 10(-7) and 2 X
      10(-8)M). However, no inhibition by beta-blockade was observed in hearts from
      catecholamine-depleted (reserpinized) animals or in hearts treated with high
      concentrations (2 X 10(-6)M) of forskolin. These results indicate that
      catecholamines may in some way be able to potentiate the actions of forskolin.

PMID- 2875776
TI  - Ocular distribution of methyprylon after intravenous injection and transfer of
      the drug to recipient eye via corneal graft.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine chronologically the ocular distribution
      of methyprylon (Noludar) after a single intravenous injection (45 mg/kg) to
      rabbits, if the drug can be transferred from a donor treated with the drug to the
      recipient's eye via an allogeneic corneal graft, and the effect of methyprylon on
      corneal cell growth and protein synthesis. Gas chromatographic techniques showed
      that the drug was present in all the tissues and fluids of the eye from 0.5 to 18
      hours after the injection. Postoperatively, the cornea and some of the other
      ocular tissues of the recipient contained methyprylon at least 24 hours after
      transplantation. Clinically, the graft remained clear, and there was no adverse
      reaction in the recipient eye for an observation period of 24 hours. Tissue
      culture studies showed that about 10 times more methyprylon than was found in the
      donor cornea was necessary to produce a cytotoxic reaction on the corneal cells
      in terms of cellular growth rate and protein synthesis. Our animal experiments
      and cytotoxicity tests suggest that corneas of donors treated with a high dose of
      methyprylon would be suitable for use as grafts.

PMID- 2875777
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of analogs of dynorphin-A(1-13) substituted in
      positions 2 and 4: design of [Ala2,Trp4]-Dyn-A(1-13) as a putative selective
      opioid antagonist.
AB  - Mono- and di-substituted analogs of dynorphin-A(1-13) (Dyn-A(1-13)) were
      synthesized by the solid-phase procedure. The products were purified and analyzed
      for their ability to inhibit the electrically evoked contractions of the guinea
      pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) and to compete with the binding of
      [3H]etorphine ([3H]ET) and [3H]ethylketocyclazocine ([3H]EKC) to homogenates of
      rat brain (mu-, delta-, kappa 2-receptors) and guinea pig cerebellum (kappa
      receptor), respectively. Introduction of Ala in position 2 caused a drastic
      decrease in the activity of the peptide on the smooth muscle preparations (IC50
      of 104 and 2.250 nM in the GPI and the MVD as compared with 0.7 and 21 nM for the
      parent peptide, respectively). Conversely, this analog retained much of the
      opioid binding activity of Dyn-A(1-13) (relative binding potencies of 15 and 72%
      for the displacement of [3H]ET and [3H]EKC, respectively). The replacement of
      Phe4 by Trp also caused drastic decreases in the activity of the peptide in the
      smooth muscle preparations (relative potencies of 0.8 and 8.8% on the GPI and
      MVD) while much of the binding potency to the opioid receptors was retained (31
      and 67% for the displacement of [3H]ET and [3H]EKC, respectively). [Ala2,Trp4]
      Dyn-A(1-13) was the least potent peptide tested in the smooth muscle assays
      (relative potencies: 0.1 and 0.6%). However, this latter analog still retained
      some opioid binding activity in the displacement of [3H]ET to rat brain
      homogenates (3%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875778
TI  - Adrenoceptor function in the bovine pulmonary circulation.
AB  - The bovine pulmonary vascular response to alpha- and beta-agonists was studied
      using an awake intact calf model. Pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial
      wedge pressure, left atrial pressure, systemic arterial pressure, and cardiac
      output were measured in response to 3 min infusions of isoproterenol (beta
      agonist; 0.12, 0.24, 0.48, 0.9, and 1.8 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) and
      phenylephrine (alpha-agonist, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.15, and 2.30 micrograms X kg-1
      X min-1). Phenylephrine caused an increase in vascular resistance in the
      pulmonary arterial and venous compartments. The slope of the resistance in
      response to phenylephrine was greater in the pulmonary arterial than pulmonary
      venous circulation. Isoproterenol resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in
      vascular resistance in the pulmonary arteries and veins. The vascular resistance
      was decreased to the same level in the pulmonary arteries and veins although the
      arteries showed a greater percent change. In addition, isoproterenol infusion
      resulted in a transient decrease in arterial pH and increase in values for packed
      cell volume and haemoglobin.

PMID- 2875779
TI  - 14-beta-Methyl-8-oxacyclorphan (BC-3016), a morphinan derivative with high
      affinity for kappa opioid receptor: comparison with dynorphin-A(1-13).
AB  - 14-beta-Methyl-8-oxacyclorphan (BC-3016) was tested for its ability to depress
      the electrically evoked contractions of the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and of the
      mouse vas deferens (MVD) and to compete with the binding of prototype ligands
      selective for kappa-, mu-, or delta-opioid receptors in membrane preparations of
      rat brain and guinea pig cerebellum. BC-3016 was a very potent agonist in the GPI
      and MVD preparations, with ID50 of 0.7 and 31 nM, respectively. The activity of
      levorphanol, a standard alkaloid related to BC-3016, was much lower in both
      assays with ID50 values of 44 and 86 nM, respectively. Conversely, the activity
      of BC-3016 was quite comparable to that of dynorphin-A(1-13) in both
      preparations. In the GPI assay, a putative kappa-receptor antagonist, MR-2266,
      was 6.6 and 5.5 times more potent than naloxone in blocking the activity of BC
      3016 and dynorphin-A(1-13), respectively. BC-3016 was also very potent in
      displacing bound [3H]ethylketocyclazocine ([3H]EKC) to membrane preparations of
      the guinea pig cerebellum, a brain component containing predominantly kappa
      opioid receptors (Ki of 0.58 nM). Its potency in the displacement of the bound mu
      ligand, 3H-labelled (D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-OH5)-enkephalin ([3H]DAGO), to rat brain
      homogenates was somewhat lower (Ki of 0.8 nM) but still high when compared with
      its ability to displace the delta-ligand, 3H-labelled (D-Ser2, Thr6)-Leu
      enkephalin ([3H]DSLET) to rat brain homogenates (Ki of 4.45 nM). The affinity of
      BC-3016 for the opioid receptor was 2.1-fold higher than that of U-50488H, a
      selective kappa-opioid ligand.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875780
TI  - Proteins and amino acids: effects on the sympathetic nervous system and blood
      pressure regulation.
AB  - Many functions of the brain and the sympathetic adrenal system are influenced by
      those amino acids that exert precursor control over neurotransmitter synthesis.
      One of the functions affected is regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, the
      purpose of this review is to describe how food proteins and amino acids affect
      the synthesis of neurotransmitters and their regulation of blood pressure.

PMID- 2875781
TI  - Prevalence of psychoactive medication in children and adolescents.
AB  - Prevalence studies in Psychopharmacology are few and have many methodological
      flaws. This study examines the prevalence of psychoactive drugs in children and
      adolescents. Contrary to other studies, central nervous system stimulants are not
      the most widely prescribed psychoactive drugs in childhood and adolescence, but
      rather, minor tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics are the most widely
      prescribed psychoactive drugs. While this study overcomes some of the flaws of
      previous studies further studies regarding the prevalence of use of psychoactive
      drugs in childhood and adolescence are recommended.

PMID- 2875782
TI  - Negative symptoms and neuroleptic response.

PMID- 2875783
TI  - Significance of chromosome 14 anomaly at band 14q11 in Japanese patients with
      adult T-cell leukemia.
AB  - The chromosomes of leukemic blood cells in eight Japanese patients with acute
      adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) were examined by a direct method or short-term
      culture method without any mitogens. Six patients showed a chromosome 14 anomaly
      with a break at band q11-13: inv(14)(q11q32) in two patients, t(11;14)(p13;q13)
      in one patient, t(14;14)(q11;q32) in addition to del(14)(q11q13) in another, and
      only del(14)(q11q13) in two patients. Thus, a proximal 14q rearrangement exists
      in ATL as in other types of T-cell malignancies. Based on these facts, the
      pathogenesis of ATL is discussed in reference to the literature.

PMID- 2875784
TI  - Paraganglioma of the cauda equina region. Clinicopathologic study of 31 cases
      with special reference to immunocytology and ultrastructure.
AB  - Thirty-one paragangliomas of the cauda equina region were studied (18 men and 13
      women, ages 30-71 years [mean, 51 years]). Symptoms (1 day to 15 years in
      duration; mean, 48 months) included low back pain (87%), sensory/motor deficits
      (35%), urinary/fecal incontinence (13%), and paraplegia (6%). All patients
      studied had some myelographic block. Cerebrospinal fluid protein level ranged
      from 56 to 7000 mg/dl (mean, 1109 mg/dl). Most tumors were limited to the filum
      terminale, although one also involved the conus medullaris and two clearly arose
      from a caudal nerve root. All but one were entirely intradural. The tumor was
      totally excised in 26 cases; these patients remain disease-free. Of three
      patients whose tumors were excised subtotally, two received radiotherapy; the one
      non-radiated patient died of tumor-related complications. No autopsy was
      performed. One partially encapsulated tumor that had been subjected to biopsy and
      irradiation presented 1 year later with osseous invasion and retroperitoneal
      extension; 20 years after subtotal excision, this patient is alive but
      paraplegic. Morphologically, all tumors resembled paraganglioma at other sites.
      Cytologic atypia and mitotic activity generally were absent to mild. Fourteen
      (45%) cases showed ganglionic differentiation. All tumors tested were
      immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament protein, and most
      showed somatostatin or serotonin reactivity. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was
      noted in sustentacular cells and, to a lesser extent, within chief cells and
      neurons. The authors conclude that paragangliomas are largely benign and
      encapsulated and respond to simple resection. When surgically feasible, gross
      total removal should be the goal of surgery. When subtotal resection is necessary
      or when local invasion leaves a question as to completeness of tumor removal,
      irradiation seems mandatory although far from guaranteeing prevention of
      recurrence. Biopsy alone is undesirable.

PMID- 2875785
TI  - Malignant melanoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia.
AB  - Because of its neurocrest APUD origin, malignant melanoma has been postulated to
      be a component of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes; however, such
      a case has not been previously described. Prior associations of melanocytes with
      the MEN syndromes have been confined to hyperplasia. This report describes the
      first case of malignant melanoma occurring in a patient with the MEN IIA syndrome
      (bilateral pheochromocytomas and medullary thyroid carcinoma). The role of
      melanocytic hyperplasia and neoplasia within the MEN syndromes is discussed.

PMID- 2875786
TI  - Incidence and descriptive features of testicular cancer among United States
      whites, blacks, and Hispanics, 1973-1982.
AB  - This is a descriptive epidemiologic report based on over 3000 incident testicular
      cancer cases occurring among residents of the US and Puerto Rico, as reported to
      the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program of the National
      Cancer Institute for the years 1973 through 1982. White men had significantly
      higher incidence rates than their New Mexico Hispanic, black, and Puerto Rican
      Hispanic counterparts with weighted risk ratios of 1.36, 4.62, and 4.80,
      respectively. Ethnic differences in incidence were least evident at the extremes
      of age. Although the distribution of histologic subtypes did not differ across
      ethnic strata, morphologic expression was related to age at diagnosis. There was
      a predominance of right-sided tumor involvement in each ethnic group in childhood
      (less than 15 years of age), but not in the oldest age categories or among tumors
      presenting in cryptorchid testes. Never married men appeared to be at greater
      risk of developing nonseminoma testicular cancer than their married counterparts.
      Analysis of ethnic secular trends, using data from comparable geographic areas,
      showed a consistent increase in incidence among young men for all three ethnic
      groups. The contrast between the rate differences and the homogeneity of
      descriptive parameters across ethnic strata suggest the impact of quantitative
      rather than qualitative differences in environmental etiology.

PMID- 2875787
TI  - Assessment of malaise in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.

PMID- 2875788
TI  - Characterization of a new drug-resistant human myeloma cell line that expresses P
      glycoprotein.
AB  - Multiple myeloma is a disease with a high initial chemotherapeutic response but
      virtually no cures due to emergence of drug resistance. A doxorubicin-resistant
      human myeloma cell line (8226/Dox) has been selected from the myeloma cell line
      RPMI8226 by continuously exposing cells to gradually increasing doses of
      doxorubicin. The resistant phenotype has been retained for over 2 months despite
      growth in drug-free medium. The resistant subline was cross-resistant to
      mitoxantrone, acronycine, etoposide, and vincristine. The 8226/Dox cell line
      remained sensitive to melphalan but acquired collateral sensitivity to
      dexamethasone. Intracellular doxorubicin accumulation, as measured by
      [14C]doxorubicin and high-performance liquid chromatography, was decreased by 54%
      at 1 h for 8226/Dox compared to the sensitive line. Efflux of doxorubicin was
      significantly greater in the resistant subline as compared to the sensitive
      parent cell line. Membrane analysis using immunoblotting techniques detected
      increased expression of the integral membrane protein P-glycoprotein (Mr 170,000)
      in the resistant subline. Cytogenetic analysis of 8226/Dox revealed a 7q-anomaly
      not seen in the parent cell line. No double minutes or homogeneously staining
      regions were observed. The drug sensitivity/resistance pattern of the resistant
      cell line correlates well with clinical observations indicating the potential of
      this cell line as a model for resistance in multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2875789
TI  - Analysis of peroxisome proliferator-induced preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions
      of rat liver for placental form of glutathione S-transferase and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase.
AB  - Structurally unrelated peroxisome proliferators induce altered areas (AA),
      neoplastic nodules (NN), and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in rats and mice. In
      this study we have examined several AA, NN, and HCC induced by Wy-14,643 and
      ciprofibrate in rats for gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and the placental
      form of glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) by histochemical and
      immunohistochemical procedures, respectively. In Wy-14,643-treated animals 96
      100% of NN and HCC was negative for both GGT and GST-P. Eighty-seven % of the AA
      was negative for both GGT and GST-P, and only 2% was positive for both the marker
      enzymes. In ciprofibrate-treated animals 52% and 75% of AA were negative for GST
      P and GGT, respectively, and 16% was positive for both the enzymes. However, a
      large majority of NN and HCC (more than 95%) was devoid of both these marker
      enzymes. Thus these studies clearly indicate that the hepatic lesions induced by
      peroxisome proliferators display different phenotypic properties as compared to
      the lesions induced by commonly used classical liver carcinogens. We conclude
      that GGT and GST-P are not the ideal markers for identifying AA, NN and HCC
      induced by peroxisome proliferators.

PMID- 2875790
TI  - Enhanced expression of c-myc and decreased expression of c-fos protooncogenes in
      chemically and radiation-transformed C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 mouse embryo cell lines.
AB  - c-abl, c-fos, c-Ha-ras, c-myc, and c-mos were expressed whereas c-sis, c-fms, c
      rel, c-src, and c-myb expression was not detectable in C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 (10T1/2)
      cells and in eight chemically and radiation-transformed 10T1/2 cell lines. The
      expression of c-abl, c-fos, c-Ha-ras, and c-myc was growth-related in
      nontransformed 10T1/2 cells. c-abl and c-fos expression increased at confluence
      by 5- and 9-fold, respectively, compared to that in log phase cells. c-Ha-ras and
      c-myc transcripts were most abundant in log phase cells and decreased by 70 and
      50%, respectively, in confluent cells. There were no significant growth-related
      changes in the expression of c-Ha-ras, c-myc, or c-abl in methylcholanthrene
      transformed Cl 15 cells. The c-fos transcript was not detected in Cl 15 cell
      cultures. c-abl, c-fos, c-ras, and c-myc were expressed in whole C3H mouse embryo
      tissue, mouse liver, and 10T1/2 cells. Sizes of these protooncogene transcripts
      in 10T1/2 cells were the same as those in whole embryo tissue, except that 10T1/2
      cells did not express the 8.2-kilobase abl transcript. At subconfluence,
      equivalent low levels of c-mos expression were observed in nontransformed and in
      the eight transformed 10T1/2 cell lines. The level of c-abl expression was
      similar in the nontransformed and in the eight transformed cell lines, but there
      was a new 8.2-kilobase transcript in the transformed MCA Cl 15 cell line. c-fos
      was expressed in 10T1/2 cells but was not detectable or greatly reduced in eight
      transformed cell lines. c-Ha-ras was expressed to a similar extent in eight
      transformed cell lines and in nontransformed 10T1/2 cells. In the UVC-4
      transformed cell line, extra 3.3-kilobase Ha-ras and 7.5-kilobase Ki-ras
      transcripts were observed. c-myc was expressed at 4- to 7-fold higher levels in
      six transformed cell lines compared to 10T1/2 cells. There were no major
      rearrangements in or amplification of the c-myc gene in three transformed cells
      overexpressing this gene 5-fold. These studies show that enhanced expression of c
      myc and decreased expression of c-fos correlate with the chemically and radiation
      transformed states of 10T1/2 cells. Changes in c-fos and c-myc oncogene
      expression may be casually linked to late stages of neoplastic transformation in
      these chemically and radiation transformed 10T1/2 cell lines.

PMID- 2875792
TI  - Choice of internal mammary artery or saphenous vein graft for myocardial
      revascularization.
AB  - The saphenous vein has been the traditional conduit for elective myocardial
      revascularization. Although readily available and adaptable to many
      configurations around the heart, it is prone to intimal hyperplasia and vein
      graft atherosclerosis, which diminish long-term patency and relief of symptoms.
      The internal mammary artery graft represents a marked improvement over the
      saphenous vein graft in many respects. Data are presented comparing saphenous
      vein graft patency with that of the internal mammary artery, bilateral internal
      mammary artery, free internal mammary artery, and sequential internal mammary
      artery grafts.

PMID- 2875791
TI  - Intrasplenic administration of interleukin-2 to potentiate specific
      chemoimmunotherapy in tumor-bearing mice.
AB  - Augmentation of specific chemoimmunotherapy by daily, intrasplenic injection of
      interleukin-2 (IL-2) was assessed in a methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced
      fibrosarcoma model in C3H/HeJ mice. Daily access to the spleen was achieved by
      relocating the organ into the subcutis while leaving its blood supply intact.
      Following intrasplenic injection of 80 units of human IL-2 into MCA-F tumor
      bearing mice for 6 days, spleen cells tested in the local adoptive transfer assay
      showed specific neutralization of MCA-F, but not the antigenically different MCA
      D, tumor. Depletion of the spleen cell population with monoclonal antibodies and
      complement showed that the responding cell bore the surface markers Thy 1.2 and
      Lyt 2. Mice bearing established MCA-F tumors underwent a variety of
      chemoimmunotherapy regimens, including 1 microgram of 1-butanol, extracted
      isoelectrophoretically purified tumor-specific transplantation antigen, a single
      i.p. dose of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg), and/or either i.p. or intrasplenic
      injection of 80 units of IL-2. Specific triple chemoimmunotherapy including daily
      intrasplenic IL-2, but not i.p., administration was superior in the degree of
      tumor neutralization to all single or double therapy protocols. Furthermore, the
      combined triple modality inhibited spontaneous lung colonization by clone 9-4, a
      highly metastatic variant of MCA-F; both the numbers of lung colonies (median,
      17; range, 2 to 55, versus median, 3, range, 0 to 42; P less than 0.005) and the
      incidence were decreased. The combined treatment group displayed 35% of hosts
      free of lung metastasis, while 100% of the control animals had lung colonies (P
      less than 0.02). Thus antitumor immunity was augmented in vivo using IL-2
      delivered by intrasplenic, but not i.p., injection. Furthermore,
      chemoimmunotherapy including intrasplenic IL-2 injection potentiated the
      antitumor immunity achieved with combined tumor-specific transplantation antigen
      and cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 2875793
TI  - Beta blockers and calcium channel blocking agents in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2875794
TI  - Short-time effects of taxol on the seminiferous epithelium of the rat.
AB  - The effect of taxol, an inhibitor of microtubule degradation, on the seminiferous
      epithelium was studied. Taxol arrested spermatogenesis at metaphase in both
      mitotic and meiotic germ cell division. Microtubules were seen to accumulate,
      especially in the cytoplasm of the spermatogonia, and also in the early
      spermatids and Sertoli cells. No microtubule accumulation was observed in germ
      cells during meiotic prophase. Formation of the flagellum was affected in
      developing spermatids. Peculiar lamellar structures, probably derived from
      degenerating mitochondria, were seen in the cytoplasm of late spermatids and
      Sertoli cells. The results are compared with the effects of other mitotic
      inhibitors such as colchicine and vinca alcaloids.

PMID- 2875795
TI  - Regeneration of Leydig cells in unilaterally cryptorchid rats: evidence for
      stimulation by local testicular factors.
AB  - Leydig cells in testes of adult rats were selectively destroyed by a single
      intraperitoneal injection of ethane dimethane sulphonate. Four days later rats
      were made unilaterally cryptorchid and 1, 2 and 4 weeks later the histology of
      the testes were examined by light microscopy and morphometry. After induction of
      unilateral cryptorchidism, the volume of abdominal compared to scrotal testes was
      reduced by 45-60% due to rapid impairment of spermatogenesis in abdominal testes.
      Leydig cells were not present in either scrotal or abdominal testes in the 1-week
      unilateral cryptorchid group. A new generation of foetal-type Leydig cells were
      observed in scrotal testes of the 2-week unilateral cryptorchid group although
      their total volume per testis estimated by morphometry, was small, being
      approximately 1 microliter. In contrast, the abdominal testis exhibited a
      remarkable proliferation of foetal-type Leydig cells (total volume per testis, 16
      microliter) which predominantly surrounded the peritubular tissues of the
      seminiferous tubules. A similar morphology and pattern of Leydig cell development
      was observed in scrotal and abdominal testes of the 4-week unilateral cryptorchid
      group where total Leydig cell volume was 7 microliter vs 21 microliter,
      respectively. The results show that regeneration of a new population of Leydig
      cells occurs more rapidly in the abdominal testis than in the scrotal testis of
      the same animal. These observations suggest the possibility that augmentation of
      Leydig cell growth is mediated by local intratesticular stimulatory factors
      within the abdominal testis. Development of new Leydig cells from the peritubular
      tissue provides circumstantial evidence that the seminiferous tubules and in
      particular the Sertoli cells, are a likely source of agents that stimulate the
      growth of Leydig cells.

PMID- 2875796
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of calcitonin and somatostatin in C cells of rabbit
      thyroid.
AB  - C cells of rabbit thyroid exhibit significant differences in morphology, namely a
      variable nuclear structure and differences in size and osmophility of secretory
      granules. An examination of serial sections of these cells was made, using the
      immunocytochemical PAP or protein A-gold procedures. All C cells, irrespective of
      their morphology, were found to store both calcitonin and somatostatin in all
      secretory granules. The physiological role of somatostatin in calcitonin
      secretion by C cells is discussed.

PMID- 2875797
TI  - A mitochondrial RNA maturase gene transferred to the yeast nucleus can control
      mitochondrial mRNA splicing.
AB  - bI4 maturase, encoded by the fourth intron of the yeast mitochondrial cytochrome
      b gene, controls the splicing of both the fourth intron of the cytochrome b gene
      and the fourth intron of the gene encoding subunit I of cytochrome oxidase. By
      fusing the encoding presequence of subunit 9 of the Neurospora ATPase to a
      restriction fragment containing the bI4 maturase coding sequence, we have
      constructed a hybrid gene that can be translated on yeast cytosolic ribosomes.
      The resulting protein is imported into mitochondria, which was revealed by its
      ability to restore to respiratory competence a yeast mutant defective in the bI4
      maturase. Moreover, a protein reacting with antimaturase antibodies was detected
      in the mitochondria of the transformed cells; this imported maturase functioned
      similarly to the endogenous maturase.

PMID- 2875798
TI  - Developmental coordination of alpha-amylase and psp gene expression during mouse
      parotid gland differentiation is controlled posttranscriptionally.
AB  - We have compared the developmental expression of psp and Amy-1a genes during
      postnatal differentiation of the mouse parotid gland. The mRNAs encoded by both
      genes accumulate with identical kinetics and accumulate in the same subset of
      acinar cells early in development. Transcriptional activation of the two genes is
      unexpectedly asynchronous. While the increase of alpha-amylase mRNA levels in
      development arise from increased Amy-1a transcription, psp is transcribed at
      almost adult levels at 12 days of age, but cellular psp mRNA accumulation is very
      low. Since nuclear processing of psp pre-mRNAs and transport of mature mRNA into
      the cytoplasm occur with similar efficiencies in young and adult mice, the rapid
      turnover of psp mRNA in young animals occurs in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2875799
TI  - Cloning and structural analysis of cDNAs for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl
      2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation.
AB  - cDNAs for the bcl-2 mRNA were cloned from a human common acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia cell line. Nucleotide sequence analyses showed that the 6 kb bcl-2 mRNA
      potentially encodes a 26 kd protein that is homologous to a predicted Epstein
      Barr virus protein. Most t(14;18) translocation breakpoints cluster within a
      narrow region of a 5.4 kb exon that contains a long 3'-untranslated region of the
      bcl-2 mRNA. As a result of t(14;18) translocation, hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin
      heavy chain transcripts are produced that consist of the 5' half of the bcl-2
      mRNA fused to a "decapitated" immunoglobulin heavy chain mRNA. Nucleotide
      sequence analyses confirmed that the hybrid transcripts continue to encode a
      normal bcl-2 protein. Our results suggest that t(14;18) translocations alter
      expression of the bcl-2 gene both by transcriptional activation and by abnormal
      posttranscriptional regulation of bcl-2 mRNA.

PMID- 2875800
TI  - Analysis of T-T lymphocytes and T-accessory cell interactions using cloned T
      cells: MHC I restricted cloned T cells activate MHC II restricted T helper cells.
AB  - We evaluated the role of molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      involved in the cellular interactions of two T-cell clones by testing the effect
      of monoclonal antibodies on the responses of the clones in vitro. The two T-cell
      clones used in the study are specific for minor histocompatibility antigens and
      restricted to the H-2Kk. In the absence of exogenous IL-2 the clones require the
      presence of Ia+, Thy-1- accessory cells and of Thy-1+, Lyt-1+2- cells in the
      irradiated spleen cell suspension used as stimulator. It is also necessary that
      both the accessory cells and the T cells in the stimulator cell populations are
      recognized specifically by the clones. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the H
      2K product inhibited the lytic effector function of the cytolytic clone. These
      antibodies when added to cultures of stimulator cells and clones inhibited also
      the proliferation of this clone and of a nonlytic clone. When antigen recognition
      was measured by the increase in sensitivity of the clones to IL-2 while
      confronted with uv-irradiated stimulator cells, both clones were blocked
      efficiently by anti-H-2K antibodies. Thus, these results suggest that the
      interaction of monoclonal antibodies with the restricting H-2K molecule is
      sufficient to block the recognition signal, a prerequisite for proliferation. In
      contrast, monoclonal antibodies specific for A alpha A beta and/or E alpha E beta
      had no effect on cytolysis or on restricted recognition. However, they inhibited
      the proliferative responses as efficiently as the H-2K specific antibodies.
      Inhibition by class II-specific antibodies was not abolished when stimulator cell
      populations were depleted of Lyt-2+ cells. The blocking effect, however, was
      reversed by the addition of IL-2. No inhibition was obtained with antibody
      specific for E alpha E beta when B10.A(4R) spleen cells, which do not express E
      alpha E beta, or when B10.A(4R) accessory cells, which were reconstituted with
      (BALB/c X B10.A(4R] F1 T cells, were used as stimulators. Stimulator cells
      heterozygous for H-2 could be inhibited by antibodies to the parental haplotype
      not encoded in the clones (H-2Kd). These and previous results suggest that H-2K
      restricted minor histocompatibility antigen-specific recognition transmits an
      activating signal to the clones and to the stimulator cells. The clones probably
      are induced to express more IL-2 receptors. The stimulator T cells seem to
      interact through A alpha A beta and E alpha E beta molecules with syngeneic
      accessory cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875801
TI  - Reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors on atopic T lymphocytes.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that atopic T lymphocytes have decreased
      sensitivity to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In order to determine whether this
      decreased sensitivity was reflected at the receptor level, we have employed a
      radioligand binding assay utilizing [3H]PGE2. We have demonstrated a single
      specific reversible binding site for [3H]PGE2 on normal T cells (N = 10) with a
      mean KD (+/-SD) of 32.2 (+/-25.0) nM, a binding capacity of 20.2 (+/-13.0) pM,
      and a mean of 1004 (+/-118) receptors per cell. Atopic T cells (N = 10) were also
      found to have a single specific binding site for [3H]PGE2 with a mean KD of 24.9
      (+/-17.8) nM, a binding capacity of 7.1 (+/-10.1) pM, and a mean of 372 (+/-61)
      receptors per cell. These radioligand binding studies were correlated with
      functional studies in the same subjects. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated protein
      synthesis ([3H]leucine uptake) was suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion by PGE2
      (10(-6)-10(-12) M). The maximal effect of PGE2 on normal T cells was 10(-6) M
      PGE2 with an IC50 of 10(-12) M. Atopic T cells responded quantitatively less than
      normal T cells to PGE2. Further, the maximum suppression of protein synthesis by
      PGE2 occurred at 10(-6) M with an IC50 of 10(-10) to 10(-11) M. These studies
      suggest that part of the decreased sensitivity of atopic T cells to PGE2 may
      result from a reduction in PGE2 binding sites.

PMID- 2875802
TI  - Independence of centriole formation and initiation of DNA synthesis in Chinese
      hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The relationship between centriole formation and DNA synthesis was investigated
      by examining the effect of taxol on the centriole cycle and the initiation of DNA
      synthesis in synchronized cells. The centriole cycle was monitored by electron
      microscopy of whole-mount preparations [Kuriyama and Borisy, J. Cell Biol., 1981,
      91:814-821]. A short daughter centriole appeared in perpendicular orientation to
      each parent during late G1 or early S and elongated slowly during S to G2.
      Addition of 5-20 micrograms/ml taxol to a synchronous population of cells in S
      phase did not inhibit centriole elongation; rather, elongation was accelerated.
      In contrast, when taxol was added to M phase or early G1 cells, centriole
      duplication was completely inhibited. The taxol block was reversible since
      nucleation and elongation of centrioles resumed as soon as the drug was removed.
      Cells exposed to taxol progressed through the cell cycle and became blocked in
      mitosis, as indicated by an increase in the mitotic index, but eventually the
      mitotic arrest was overcome, resulting in formation of multinucleated cells. A
      peak in mitotic index was seen in the following generation, indicating that
      chromosomes duplicated in the presence of taxol. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine
      followed by autoradiography confirmed that DNA synthesis was initiated in the
      presence of taxol even though formation of daughter centrioles was inhibited. It
      seems, therefore, that centriole duplication is not a prerequisite for entry into
      S phase. Since DNA synthesis has already been demonstrated not to be necessary
      for centriole duplication, these two events, normally coordinated in time, appear
      to be independent of each other.

PMID- 2875803
TI  - [Species differences in the in vitro metabolism of oxyprothepine].

PMID- 2875804
TI  - [The pharmacology of beta-blockers].

PMID- 2875805
TI  - [The effect of various beta-blockers on the eye].

PMID- 2875806
TI  - [First clinical impressions of metipranolol eyedrops in open-angle glaucoma].

PMID- 2875807
TI  - [General contraindications of beta-blockers].

PMID- 2875809
TI  - Facilitated expression of adaptive responses to phenobarbital in putative pre
      stages of liver cancer.
AB  - Female rats received N-nitrosomorpholine to produce altered cell foci (potential
      cancer pre-stages) in the liver, followed by phenobarbital (PB) for 2 weeks. As
      indicators of adaptive responses we measured DNA synthesis cumulatively by
      infusion of [3H]thymidine for the entire period of PB treatment, and cytochrome
      P450-PB by immunocytochemistry on histological liver sections. Altered cell foci
      were identified by expression of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), and/or
      altered morphology. The following results were obtained. In normal parts of the
      liver PB induced DNA replication only in association with expression of P450-PB;
      both responses were restricted to the pericentral area of the liver lobule. In
      foci, PB treatment led to enhanced DNA synthesis. Furthermore, PB caused a 3-fold
      increase in the number of foci expressing cytochrome P450-PB, gamma-GT or both.
      Cumulative determination of DNA synthesis showed that this increase did not
      result from selective proliferation of single initiated cells. It is concluded
      that in foci also PB can induce expression of the adaptive increases in
      cytochrome P450-PB and DNA synthesis. Foci show the responses to PB more readily
      than normal hepatocytes, and irrespective of their position within the liver
      lobule. These findings suggest that expression of adaptive responses to inducing
      tumor promoters is facilitated in altered foci.

PMID- 2875810
TI  - Enhancing effect of co-administration of polychlorinated biphenyls and
      diethylnitrosamine on enzyme-altered islands induced by diethylnitrosamine in rat
      liver.
AB  - The effect of co-administration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and Clophen A 50, a
      commercial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), on pre-neoplastic enzyme
      altered islands in livers of female Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. The islands
      were identified by the loss of adenosine-5'-triphosphatase (ATPase), emergence of
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTase) and glycogen storage after fasting. DEN was
      given p.o. (0.4 or 4 mg/kg body wt respectively) twice a week for 11 consecutive
      weeks. Clophen A 50 (1 or 5 mg/kg body wt respectively) was given alternatively
      three times a week for 11 weeks. Four groups of rats each received either DEN or
      PCBs in the respective doses. Control animals were treated with the vehicle or
      remained untreated. All animals were killed at week 12. In rats treated with 4 mg
      DEN/kg body wt approximately 80 ATPase-deficient islands/cm2 were observed.
      Additional treatment with Clophen A 50 enhanced the island number 3-fold.
      Treatment with 0.4 mg/kg body wt DEN induced 17 islands/cm2. Additional
      application of Clophen A 50 enhanced the island number approximately 3-fold. The
      total island area was enhanced to the same extent in both groups. The island
      incidence in PCB-treated rats and controls was below 1/cm2 with all markers
      tested. The results indicate that PCBs may exhibit a co-carcinogenic activity.

PMID- 2875811
TI  - Sequential study on the synergistic effects of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl
      and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl on hepatic tumor promotion.
AB  - A sequential study was completed to determine the effect of polybrominated
      biphenyl (PBB) congeners on the enhancement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (GGT)-positive altered hepatic foci (AHF) and the development of hepatic nodules
      (HN) and carcinomas. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single dose of N
      nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) 24 h following a 70% partial hepatectomy. Thirty days
      later, rats were randomly assigned to groups and fed a basal diet or the basal
      diet containing 10 p.p.m. 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (245-HBB), 0.1 p.p.m.
      3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (345-HBB) or 10 p.p.m. 245-HBB plus 0.1 p.p.m.
      345-HBB for 140 days followed by a basal diet for up to another 310 days. Rats
      from each group were killed 170, 240 or 480 days after partial hepatectomy.
      Dietary exposure to 245-HBB and 245-HBB plus 345-HBB enhanced the development of
      AHF and HN whereas 345-HBB alone did not. The combination of 245-HBB and 345-HBB
      caused a synergistic effect on the development of AHF and HN. The number of
      hepatocellular carcinomas was low and evenly distributed among the groups of rats
      fed diets containing PBB.

PMID- 2875808
TI  - Cumulative renal tubular damage associated with cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
AB  - We assessed the acute and chronic effect of multiple courses of cisplatin therapy
      on renal tubules by monitoring the urinary excretion of alanine aminopeptidase, N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and total protein. Urine specimens were obtained
      before and after doses of cisplatin (90 mg/m2) given to 12 patients. Each dose of
      cisplatin induced transient increases in enzyme excretion, followed by
      proteinuria 3-5 days later. Transient enzymuria after the last cisplatin dose was
      significantly greater than that after the first dose. Moreover, persistent
      increases in urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and serum creatinine
      concentrations over pretherapy levels indicated chronic renal tubular damage. Our
      findings disclosed striking differences between patients in susceptibility to
      progressive nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2875812
TI  - Effects of selective and nonselective beta-adrenergic blockade on mechanisms of
      exercise conditioning.
AB  - Exercise conditioning involves adaptations in the heart, peripheral circulation,
      and trained skeletal muscle that result in improved exercise capacity. Since the
      specific influence of beta-adrenergic stimulation on these various adaptations
      has not been clear, we studied the effect of beta 1-selective and nonselective
      beta-adrenergic blockade on the exercise conditioning response of 24 healthy,
      sedentary men after an intensive 6 week aerobic training program. Subjects
      randomly assigned to receive placebo, 50 mg bid atenolol, or 40 mg bid nadolol
      were tested before and after training both on and off drugs. Comparable
      reductions in maximal exercise heart rate occurred with atenolol and nadolol,
      indicating equivalent beta 1-adrenergic blockade. Vascular beta 2-adrenergic
      selectivity was maintained with atenolol as determined by calf plethysmography
      during intravenous infusion of epinephrine. All subjects trained at greater than
      85% of maximal heart rate and 80% of VO2 max determined on drug. VO2 max
      increased after training 16 +/- 2% (p less than .05) in the placebo group and 6
      +/- 2% (p less than .05) in the atenolol group, while there was no change in the
      nadolol group. At maximal exercise, subjects receiving placebo increased their
      exercise duration and oxygen pulse significantly greater than those receiving
      atenolol or nadolol. During submaximal exercise there were reductions in heart
      rate and heart rate-blood pressure product in all three groups, but these
      reductions were greater with placebo than with either drug. Leg blood flow during
      submaximal exercise decreased 24 +/- 2% (p less than .01) in the placebo group
      but was unchanged in the atenolol and nadolol groups. Lactates in arterialized
      blood during submaximal exercise were reduced equivalently in all three groups
      after training. Capillary/fiber ratio in vastus lateralis muscle biopsy specimens
      increased 31 +/- 6% in the placebo group and 21 +/- 6% in the atenolol group
      (both p less than .05) and tended to increase in the nadolol group. Succinic
      dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities in muscle biopsy specimens
      increased equivalently in all three groups, especially during submaximal
      exercise, these changes were less marked than that with placebo. While beta
      adrenergic blockade attenuated the exercise conditioning response, skeletal
      muscle adaptations including increases in oxidative enzymes, capillary supply,
      and decreases in exercise blood lactates were unaffected. Cardiac and peripheral
      vascular adaptations do appear to be affected by beta-adrenergic blockade during
      training. Cardioselectivity does not seem to be important in modifying these
      effects.

PMID- 2875813
TI  - Diagnostic significance of some urinary enzymes for detecting acute rejection
      crises in renal-transplant recipients: alanine aminopeptidase, alkaline
      phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and
      lysozyme.
AB  - We compared the diagnostic validity of five urinary enzymes--alanine
      aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma
      glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30),
      and lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17)--as indicators of acute rejection crises in renal
      transplant recipients. In 82 patients (group A), the excretion of each of these
      five enzymes was measured daily from transplantation until discharge from
      hospital. In another 69 patients (group B), enzyme determinations were made when
      the patient came for regular checkups (about every four to eight weeks). We used
      an "activity ratio" (the activity measured at a particular time compared with the
      activity on the preceding determination) value of 1.5 as the decision point. In
      group A, use of this discrimination point for alanine aminopeptidase, gamma
      glutamyltransferase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase yielded a specificity
      and sensitivity of about 90%. In group B, only alanine aminopeptidase had a
      greater diagnostic sensitivity than creatinine alone. Evidently, measurement of
      alanine aminopeptidase can be a helpful indicator of acute rejection crises, when
      interpreted in combination with other available relevant clinical, biochemical,
      and immunological data.

PMID- 2875814
TI  - Serum concentration of human growth hormone (hGH) after administration of the
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in normal subjects.

PMID- 2875815
TI  - Long term therapy by captopril in children with renal hypertension.
AB  - We report on 29 treatment courses in 25 children aged 1.5-18 years who received
      captopril because of severe renal hypertension. The mean initial dosage was 1.3
      (0.5 to 3) mg/kg/day and the mean sustaining dose 2.2 mg/kg/day. The treatment
      was followed for 2-40 (mean 15) months. We observed a lowering of both systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure (BP) from 26% at the 2nd day to 65% at the 6th
      month. The isolated use of captopril was ineffective in 13% of cases, but blood
      pressure dropped in all of them after addition of beta blocking agents. No clear
      cut relation was found between response of blood pressure and etiology, degree of
      HT or plasma renin activity (PRA). No side effects occurred during treatment
      except for one case of reversible acute renal failure in a transplanted patient
      with renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 2875817
TI  - Paternal non-disjunction in a 46,XY/47,XXY individual with a fragile 17p12 in the
      mother.
AB  - In a family where the mother carried a fragile site at 17p12, RFLP-analysis with
      the X-specific probe L1.28 showed that the 46,XY/47,XXY mosaicism detected in her
      Klinefelter son was due to a non-disjunctional event in paternal meiosis I,
      followed by a secondary loss of an X-chromosome by a mitotic non-disjunction.
      Thus, an association between the primary meiotic non-disjunction and the presence
      of the fragile site could be excluded.

PMID- 2875818
TI  - Further evidence of the role of cyclic AMP as a mediator of the depressant
      effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on slow
      contracting mammalian skeletal muscles.
AB  - The depressant effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists and phosphodiesterase
      inhibitors on contractions of slow-contracting mammalian skeletal muscles are
      associated with increased muscular cyclic AMP levels. A strong correlation was
      found to exist between the percentage depression of contraction and the
      percentage increase in cyclic AMP level, irrespective of the drug used and
      regardless of the mechanism of cyclic AMP production. The results strongly
      support the mediatory role of cyclic AMP in the depressant effects of beta
      adrenoceptor agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on slow-contracting
      mammalian skeletal muscle contractions.

PMID- 2875816
TI  - Acute systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade
      in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The acute hemodynamic effect of the selective alpha1-antagonist, 2-[4-(n-butyryl)
      homopiperazine-1-y1]-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazoline (bunazosin; E-643), was
      studied by the microsphere technique in 62 conscious spontaneously hypertensive
      rats. We found that a large fall in total peripheral resistance with a moderate
      increase in cardiac output accounted for the moderate decrease in arterial
      pressure; the heart rate did not change; the skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and
      gastrointestinal tract sensitively dilated, and kidney less sensitively dilated,
      their resistance vessels, with little change in their blood flow.

PMID- 2875819
TI  - Acute and chronic pulmonary thromboembolism: current perspectives. Part II:
      Etiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology.

PMID- 2875820
TI  - Hematopoietic stem cells for the treatment of genetic disease.

PMID- 2875821
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and effects of intravenous infusion of somatostatin in normal
      subjects--a two-compartment open model.
AB  - A direct radioimmunoassay of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI)
      was developed and validated. The sensitivity was 16.0 pg/ml, and the specificity
      was good. The recovery of plasma SRIF-LI was 98.8 +/- 6.3%. The Scatchard plot of
      the antiserum binding data revealed a straight line, with a binding affinity of
      3.52 X 10(-12) M and a binding capacity 4.06 X 10(-10) M. Synthetic SRIF
      (Stilamin), 250 micrograms, was infused intravenously over a 30-min period in 9
      healthy volunteers. Plasma glucose, insulin (IRI), glucagon (IRG) and SRIF-LI
      were measured. A two-compartment open model was adopted to analyze the
      pharmacokinetic data of SRIF-LI. The results showed that plasma SRIF-LI rose from
      192.2 +/- 16.2 pg/ml to a plateau of 2,129.8 +/- 288.2 pg/ml within 5-10 min
      after starting the infusion. The half disappearance time from plasma (Ta1/2) was
      1.36 +/- 0.18 min, the half disappearance time from the 'remote' compartment
      (Tb1/2) was 49.6 +/- 10.9 min and the net half disappearance time from the two
      compartments together (Tn1/2) was 9.19 +/- 1.49 min. The metabolic clearance rate
      was 50.3 +/- 7.0 ml/kg/min. The plasma IRI, IRG and the IRI/IRG molar ratio were
      all suppressed during the infusion period. The recovery time of plasma IRG was
      mildly delayed in comparison to that of IRI. This indicates that there are
      dissociations between IRI and IRG in the extent and the duration of suppression
      caused by somatostatin infusion.

PMID- 2875822
TI  - Neurogenic hyperacute ascites in mice.
AB  - Four groups of mice were subjected to controlled fatal head trauma and then
      evaluated for the presence of ascites (neurogenic hyperacute ascites, NHA). The
      animals died virtually instantaneously and without evidence of maintained pain or
      suffering. The volume of ascites was determined in one group of animals. Two of
      the traumatized groups were pretreated, one with the beta-blocker propranolol and
      the other with the alpha-blocker phentolamine. A fifth, non-traumatized, group
      which was killed with either inhalation served as a control group. Two more
      groups of non-traumatized mice were administered either the alpha-adrenergic
      agonist methoxamine hydrochloride or the beta-agonist isoethrane mesylate before
      killing by ether inhalation, and then evaluated for ascites. Transudative ascitic
      fluid was found in 87-100% of untreated traumatized mice and in no control
      animals. Pretreatment with phentolamine had no effect on the prevalence of
      ascites. Pretreatment with propranolol produced a significant decrease in the
      prevalence of ascites compared with trauma alone (P less than 0.001). Isoethrane
      (beta-agonist) administration caused ascites in 100% of the treated animals.
      Methoxamine (alpha-agonist) administration did not cause ascites. A previously
      undescribed consequence of acute brain trauma is described (NHA) which appears to
      be mediated by beta-sympathetic activity of central origin. NHA is inhibited by
      beta-blockade and can be simulated with beta-agonist administration.

PMID- 2875823
TI  - [Use of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2875824
TI  - Report of a wound infection caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio
      vulnificus.
AB  - The present case describes a foot wound caused by a clam shell from which both
      Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were recovered. Although
      extraintestinal infections associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus have been
      reported previously, the simultaneous isolation of two marine vibrios from our
      case suggests that these organisms may coexist in mixed infections from a common
      source.

PMID- 2875825
TI  - Effect of hypophysectomy on absorption of inorganic phosphate by the eel
      intestine.
AB  - Hypophysectomy of freshwater-adapted eels resulted in a marked reduction in net
      absorption of PO4(3-) in the non-stripped and non-everted intestine. Stanniectomy
      was without effect on net movements of water and electrolytes in this isolated
      eel preparation. Repeated injections of eel calcitonin into the eel, kept either
      in deionized water or 10 mM CaCl2, had no effect on net absorption of water and
      electrolytes, including Ca2+ and PO4(3-). In the stripped and everted intestine,
      the net PO4(3-) absorption was significantly greater in the fed eel than in the
      starved fish. Hypophysectomy of the fed eel resulted in a significant reduction,
      not only in PO4(3-) absorption, but also in absorption of water and other
      electrolytes. It is suggested that pituitary hormone is involved in the
      intestinal PO4(3-) absorption of the eel.

PMID- 2875826
TI  - Calcium-related abnormalities in fast and slow denervated skeletal muscle in
      rats.
AB  - Muscle weights, Ca-ATPase activity and calcium-binding proteins were studied
      after denervation in rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (Sol)
      muscles. Muscle weights decreased progressively as a function of denervation
      time: after 28 days EDL weight diminished by 70% and Sol weight by 47%. Ca-ATPase
      activity and calsequestrin were quite reduced in control Sol as compared to the
      control EDL. Denervation caused a considerable reduction in Ca-ATPase and
      calsequestrin in EDL, making it resemble the control Sol.

PMID- 2875828
TI  - Lithium in marine elasmobranchs as a natural marker of rectal gland contribution
      in sodium balance.
AB  - Natural concentrations of lithium in blood plasma and urine of several species of
      elasmobranchs and teleosts from the Black Sea and in rectal gland fluid of the
      former were determined by mass-spectrometric isotope dilution techniques. Unlike
      the teleosts, the elasmobranchs showed a prominent shift of Li/Na ratio in blood
      plasma with respect to the surrounding water, the plasma Li/Na ratio being five
      times lower than that of sea-water. Li-Na selectivity was found to be high in the
      kidneys and negligible in the rectal gland. Differences in Li-Na selectivity
      between kidneys and rectal gland are used as a basis for the method of estimation
      of relative contributions of these excretory organs in sodium excretion.
      Permanent contributions of the kidneys and rectal gland in sodium excretion of
      the ray Dasyatis pastinaca were found to be nearly equal.

PMID- 2875827
TI  - Atomic emission and proton microprobe studies of the ion content of otoliths of
      chinook salmon aimed at recovering the temperature life history of individuals.
AB  - Atomic emission experiments on whole otoliths of the chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
      tshawytcha) show that a statistically significant relationship exists between
      otolith ion content (Fr, Zn, Mn, Na, Sr, P), ambient temperature, body length and
      otolith weight amongst individuals maintained under controlled diet and water
      conditions. Direct proton microprobe studies confirm these results and suggest
      that it may be possible to recover the temperature life history of individual
      fishes from the otolith.

PMID- 2875829
TI  - Serum cortisol, glucose and lipids in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) exposed
      to starvation and aquarium stress.
AB  - Plaice were maintained in the aquarium (11-12 degrees C) during May for 15 days
      without feeding. Within 48 hr, there was a decline in serum total lipids (P less
      than 0.001), phospholipids (P less than 0.01), triglycerides (P less than 0.001),
      cortisol (P less than 0.01) and glucose (P less than 0.001), but an increase in
      nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA; P less than 0.01). There was a significant
      inverse correlation between NEFA and glucose over 15 days (P less than 0.001) and
      between NEFA and cortisol over the first 5 days (P less than 0.01). Cortisol and
      glucose showed a significant correlation over 15 days (P less than 0.01). Serum
      cortisol and glucose were not apparently affected by starvation. Only cortisol
      provided a sensitive indicator of aquarium disturbance. Exposure of the fish to
      agitation or reduced O2 for 1 hr significantly elevated cortisol (P less than
      0.001) but only the latter treatment elevated glucose (P less than 0.01); neither
      treatment affected the lipids.

PMID- 2875830
TI  - Effect of monensin and nocodazole on the intestinal lipid esterification in mouse
      jejunal organ culture.
AB  - The ability of mouse jejunal explants to esterify a lipid emulsion containing
      oleic acid, palmitic acid and monopalmitin has been studied in different in vitro
      experimental conditions. The incubating lipid solution must have a minimum volume
      for obtaining optimal triglyceride esterification by the cultured intestinal
      mucosa. In our incubating conditions the exchange of oleic for palmitic acid does
      not significantly modify the amount of lipids esterified by the explants in 15
      min. Monensin or nocodazole, added to the culture medium of intestinal explants
      for 3 hr, significantly change the amount of lipids esterified and secreted. The
      inhibition observed after nocodazole treatment disappears, however, when the
      explants are rinsed and the culture is allowed to continue for an additional 3 hr
      in a drug-free medium. These results suggest that the regulation of lipid
      metabolism can be studied in organ culture.

PMID- 2875831
TI  - Light at night cannot suppress pineal melatonin levels in the lizard Anolis
      carolinensis.
AB  - Up to 2 hr exposure of anoles to high intensity natural or artificial
      illumination at mid-dark does not suppress pineal melatonin levels. The results
      support the hypothesis that the lizard pineal is completely insensitive to acute
      exposure to light at night which is in direct contrast to the effects of light in
      higher vertebrates.

PMID- 2875832
TI  - The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of Rana temporaria under osmotic stimulation
      with special reference to the hypothalamo-median eminence-distal lobe axis.
AB  - The secretory activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in the frog Rana
      temporaria under conditions of dehydration has been studied histologically using
      two parameters, the amount of stained neurosecretory material and the amount of
      neurosecretory material labelled by a radioactive precursor. The results are
      indicative of an increased secretory activity of the hypothalamo-neural lobe
      system as a result of water deprivation. In addition the involvement of the
      preoptic nucleus-median eminence axis in osmoregulation is confirmed. The pattern
      of distribution of autoradiographic silver grains over the median eminence
      together with data from literature support the idea that mesotocine is involved
      in the regulation of the activity of the adenohypophysis.

PMID- 2875833
TI  - Pepsin in the toad Bufo marinus.
AB  - The macroscopic localization of pepsinogen in the upper gastrointestinal tract of
      the anuran Bufo marinus was studied by means of biochemical assay. The pH optimum
      of the anuran pepsin was determined to be 1.6. The effect of lowered ambient
      temperature on stored pepsinogen and proteolytic activity was studied. Both
      parameters were reduced. The results are extrapolated to speculate on the
      mechanisms of gastric brooding in gastric brooding frogs of the genus
      Rheobatrachus.

PMID- 2875834
TI  - Decreased oxygen consumption after catecholamine-induced glycolysis in the
      alligator.
AB  - Anaerobic glycolysis was stimulated by forcing alligators to work to exhaustion,
      or by injecting them with epinephrine or norepinephrine. In all three groups,
      plasma lactate increased to above 20 mM. In the work group, oxygen consumption
      increased three-fold. In the catecholamine experiments, oxygen consumption
      dropped almost to zero immediately and stayed at zero from 45 min to over 2 hr.
      Gradually oxygen consumption resumed, finally exceeding the control value, but
      only by 50%. It was concluded that catecholamine-induced glycolysis produced
      phosphate-bond energy greatly in excess of immediate need, and that this energy
      was stored until it was used by the tissue. No oxygen was used until the store
      was depleted.

PMID- 2875835
TI  - The time-course of appearance and net accumulation of horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) presented orally to juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio (L.).
AB  - A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used in order
      to determine horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake from the carp gut. HRP was
      detected in blood plasma and various tissues within 15 min of oral intubation.
      The time-course of net accumulation (uptake-degradation) over a 2 hr period was
      recorded. The presence of HRP reached a maximum in the body tissues approximately
      1 hr after intubation and on a microgram/g wet weight basis the order of
      accumulation within the tissues was spleen greater than kidney greater than
      liver. The total organ accumulation (net) was in the order liver greater than
      kidney greater than spleen.

PMID- 2875836
TI  - Iron metabolism during lactation and suckling in a marsupial, the quokka (Setonix
      brachyurus).
AB  - The iron status and transfer of iron through the milk during lactation were
      determined in a marsupial, the quokka, Setonix brachyurus. Lactating animals were
      not anaemic and had similar liver and spleen non-haem iron values to non
      lactating female adult animals but about 40% less non-haem iron than male adults.
      The milk iron concentration was very high during the period of lactation when the
      young is confined to the pouch, averaging about 20 micrograms/ml (eight times the
      plasma iron concentration), but fell markedly at the time when the young commence
      to leave the pouch. Blood haemoglobin concentration increased during pouch life
      of the young to reach adult levels at about 180 days, and liver non-haem iron
      concentration increased during the same period to values nearly 20 times greater
      than in their mothers. After the young left the pouch the non-haem iron
      concentration fell rapidly to the adult level while haemoglobin concentrations
      were maintained. It is concluded that milk is an adequate source of iron during
      pouch life of the quokka and enables the animal to build up iron stores which can
      be utilized after leaving the pouch.

PMID- 2875837
TI  - Seasonal variations in the responses of luteal and follicular luteinizing hormone
      stimulated adenylyl cyclases to estradiol implants and implant removal in
      pseudopregnant rabbits.
AB  - Summer rabbits appeared to be less sensitive to the presence of exogenous
      estradiol or to the withdrawal of exogenous estradiol than were Winter rabbits.
      Suppression of the luteinizing hormone(LH)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase of corpora
      lutea by estradiol-filled silastic capsules, which resulted in serum estradiol
      concentrations approximately 3.8 X control (high level), appeared to be greater
      in Winter rabbits than in Summer rabbits. Both high level and low level (2.1 X
      control) estradiol implants suppressed follicular LH-stimulated adenylyl cyclase
      in Winter rabbits but neither size capsule had an effect in Summer rabbits. Serum
      LH concentrations were equally low in Winter rabbits using either high or low
      level estradiol implants, while only the high level implants caused a decrease in
      serum LH in Summer rabbits. Withdrawal of the exogenous estradiol caused a
      precipitous fall in serum progesterone concentrations in Winter rabbits;
      estradiol withdrawal in Summer rabbits was without effect.

PMID- 2875838
TI  - Effect of serial blood sampling on interpretation of estradiol-17 beta
      involvement in laying hen calcium metabolism.
AB  - Effects of long-term, low levels of exogenous estradiol-17 beta and dietary
      calcium on calcium metabolism and laying hen performance, and effects of serial
      blood-sampling, were studied. Significant 3-way (P less than 0.01) and 2-way (P
      less than 0.05) interactions involving sampling obscured possible main effects
      (Exp. 1); no main effects were found in absence of blood sampling (Exp. 2).
      Estradiol-17 beta appears to increase calcium utilization with very low dietary
      calcium only. Relatively small brachial vein samples taken only every 3-4 weeks
      have substantial confounding effects on interpretation of data.

PMID- 2875839
TI  - Evidence for a dissimilarity of chicken oviducts differentiated by
      diethylstilboestrol and oestradiol-17 beta: a study of progesterone-induced egg
      white protein (avidin) synthesis.
AB  - The growth and differentiation of chick oviducts were caused by daily
      diethylstilboestrol (DES) or oestradiol-17 beta (E2) injections, and the effects
      of these oestrogens on the progesterone-induced production of a biotin-binding
      egg-white protein (avidin) were studied. In the DES primed oviducts, but not in
      the E2 primed ones, both DES and E2 administered with progesterone potentiated
      avidin production 2 to 3-fold, even after 10-day oestrogen withdrawal. The
      results suggest that DES and E2 prime the avian reproductive target tissue
      differently.

PMID- 2875840
TI  - Adrenergic modulation of pancreatic glucagon and insulin secretion in goats.
AB  - Five goats were used to investigate adrenergic influences on the secretion of
      both glucagon and insulin. The secretion of glucagon was augmented via alpha
      adrenergic stimulation. The secretion of insulin was enhanced by stimulation of
      beta-adrenergic receptors and inhibited by alpha-adrenergic stimulation.

PMID- 2875841
TI  - Seminal plasma composition in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).
AB  - Seminal plasma composition was studied in budgerigars. Semen was obtained from
      adult male budgerigars by applying gentle pressure to both sides of the cloaca.
      Pooled samples were centrifuged at 15,000 g for 2 min, and the seminal plasma
      separated for biochemical analysis. Osmolality, Na+, K+, Cl-, pH, glucose and
      fructose values were determined. The biochemical composition of budgerigar
      seminal plasma obtained in this study was: Osmolality 329.9 +/- 14.5 mOs/kg; Na+
      158.6 +/- 8.4 mEq/l; K+ 16.39 +/- 6.24 mEq/l; Cl- 109.2 +/- 7.4 mEq/l; pH 8.20 +/
      0.18 glucose 4.25 +/- 0.96 mmol/l; fructose 0.59 +/- 0.29 mmol/l. The results
      are discussed in relation to the values reported for the domestic fowl. This
      forms part of a reproductive biology study of non-domesticated avian species.

PMID- 2875843
TI  - Ammonia absorption from different parts of chicken intestine and its quantitative
      evaluation in situ.
AB  - Ammonia was more rapidly absorbed from the ileum than the jejunum, and the lower
      the small intestine was, the more rapid was the absorption of lumen fluid. About
      95% of ammonia-15N introduced into the intestinal sac having Meckel's
      diverticulum in the middle part disappeared in 30 min, of which 90% was recovered
      as non-protein-N in the blood of the mesenteric vein draining the sac and in the
      mucosa of the tested portion in 30 min. About 57% of ammonia which disappeared
      from the intestinal lumen was found as ammonia-N and 26% as other non-protein-N
      in the mesenteric blood. Maximal rates of appearance of total non-protein-15N and
      ammonia-15N in the mesenteric blood were found within 10 min and returned to the
      levels at 0-5 min in 30 min.

PMID- 2875842
TI  - The relationship of eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) body size, lipid, protein,
      glucose, ash, moisture composition and enzyme activity (aldolase).
AB  - Body composition: protein, lipid, ash, moisture; and enzyme activity (aldolase)
      were studied in European eels (Anguilla anguilla) of various sizes. The fish were
      brought to the laboratory as glass eels (0.35 g) and maintained under controlled
      conditions (23 degrees C) for one year. After one year of growth, various sizes
      (between 9 and 420 g) were found. Significant correlation coefficients of the
      equation W = a ln C + b (where W = body weight, in g; C = composition, % or
      activity, u; and a,b are constants) were found among the composition parameters:
      protein, lipid, glucose and aldolase. Relative amounts of protein, glucose,
      moisture, ash and aldolase activity were found to decrease with an increase in
      the weight of eels, but the percentage of fat was higher in large eels than in
      small ones.

PMID- 2875844
TI  - The osmotic concentration of parietal muscle of the hagfish Myxine glutinosa L.,
      including estimates of free and bound constituents.
AB  - The principal osmotic constituents of plasma and of muscle before and after
      ultracentrifugation have been determined. By analysing the muscle fluid and
      centrifuged muscle and determining their extracellular fluid (inulin space), ion
      binding in the cells was estimated at Na 26%, K 0.3%, Ca 93%, Mg 24%, Cl 21% and
      P 10%. Muscle fluid was 4.9% (2.7-7.4%) hyperosmotic to plasma. This is discussed
      in relation to calculated osmolality of muscle and plasma.

PMID- 2875845
TI  - Negative chronotropic effects of thyroxine on the isolated bullfrog heart.
AB  - An acute application of L-thyroxine (T4) to everted sinus-atrium preparations of
      bullfrog showed negative chronotropic effects consisting of two processes: an
      initial peak at 2-5 min and a delayed plateau at 40-60 min. The initial effect
      was blocked by Cd2+ and tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA). The delayed effect was
      suppressed by Cd2+ and NaCN.

PMID- 2875846
TI  - Electrophoresis in the study of diets and digestive rates of seabirds.
AB  - Attempts were made to identify unknown gut contents of seabirds by protein
      analysis using electrophoresis. Standards of undigested fish and squid muscle
      tissue were compared with muscle tissue at various stages of digestion. Digested
      mixtures of squid (Loligo reynaudi), Pelagic Goby (Sufflogobius bibarbatus) and
      Cape Anchovy (Engraulis capensis) did not resemble the undigested standards of
      each species respectively. Electrophoresis could prove useful in the study of
      differential digestion rates of seabird prey species.

PMID- 2875847
TI  - Oxygen consumption during embryonic development of the annual fish Nothobranchius
      korthausae with special reference to diapause.
AB  - The oxygen consumption of Nothobranchius korthausae eggs in different
      developmental stages, including diapause II and III, was measured. Oxygen
      consumption increases exponentially during embryonic development. In diapause II
      and III there is a drop in oxygen consumption, which attains a minimal level in
      diapause II after 3 weeks and in diapause III after 2 weeks. During early
      development the embryos can escape from hypoxic stress by entering diapause I and
      II. During late embryogenesis embryos in diapause III can escape from hypoxic
      stress by hatching. We conclude that survival of annual fish embryos is enhanced
      during conditions of low oxygen concentration by reduced oxygen consumption rates
      during diapause.

PMID- 2875848
TI  - Metabolic depression and heat balance in starving Wistar rats.
AB  - Resting metabolic rate and heat balance was studied in rats starved for 8 days at
      ambient temperature 22 degrees C and 30 degrees C. A depression of the resting
      metabolic rate was observed, at both temperatures. Metabolic rate depression,
      expressed as a function of the ratio between the real body wt and the normal body
      wt, was less at 22 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Deep body temperature
      decrements of 2 degrees C and 0.6 degrees C by the end of starvation indicated
      that central temperature controlling mechanisms were affected. Concurrent
      decrements of evaporative heat loss did not account for the changes in heat
      conductance, thus indicating that a reduction of peripheral blood circulation
      also took part.

PMID- 2875849
TI  - Comparison of lysyl oxidase from bovine lung and aorta.
AB  - A prior report had concluded that bovine lung lysyl oxidase displayed an unusual
      resistance to inhibition by beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) in contrast to the
      enzyme isolated from other connective tissues. Therefore, lysyl oxidase was
      purified from fetal bovine lung and from aorta of young calves by parallel
      procedures, and key chromatographic and catalytic properties of these enzymes
      were directly compared. The enzymes prepared from both tissues each demonstrated
      the same multiplicity of enzyme species which resolve on DEAE-cellulose and
      otherwise demonstrated the same chromatographic behavior on gel exclusion media
      and on collagen-Sepharose and Cibacron blue-Sepharose columns. The activities of
      the unresolved but partially purified enzyme species of lung and of aortic lysyl
      oxidase were each fully inhibitable by approximately the same low (mu molar)
      concentrations of BAPN. Thus, the enzymes of both tissues were found to be very
      similar to each other by several criteria.

PMID- 2875850
TI  - Assignment of a processed mouse Aprt pseudogene to the same chromosome as the
      functional gene.
AB  - A novel genetic system has been used to demonstrate that a processed adenine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (Aprt) pseudogene is located on mouse chromosome 8,
      which is the same chromosome that carries the functional Aprt gene. A restriction
      fragment length polymorphism associated with the pseudogene was found to
      segregate concordantly with chromosome 8 in APRT- mutants of a near-diploid cell
      line that had lost one copy of the chromosome.

PMID- 2875851
TI  - Regional assignment of the erythropoietin gene to human chromosome region 7pter--
      -q22.
AB  - The chromosomal location of the human gene for erythropoietin (EPO) was
      determined by Southern blot hybridization analysis of a panel of human-mouse
      somatic hybrid cell DNAs. DNAs from cell hybrids containing reduced numbers of
      human chromosomes were treated with the restriction enzyme PstI and screened with
      a cloned human EPO cDNA probe. EPO is assigned to human chromosome 7 based on the
      complete cosegregation of EPO with this chromosome in all 45 cell hybrids tested.
      A cell hybrid containing a translocated derivative of chromosome 7 localizes EPO
      to 7pter----q22. A HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism is detected
      by hybridization of the EPO cDNA probe to human genomic DNA.

PMID- 2875852
TI  - The murine Hox-2 cluster of homeo box containing genes maps distal on chromosome
      11 near the tail-short (Ts) locus.
AB  - Two probes derived from a mouse recombinant lambda-clone (H24.1), that contains a
      sequence closely homologous to the Drosophila antennapedia homeo box, were mapped
      to mouse chromosome (MMU) 11 by filter hybridization of somatic cell hybrid DNA.
      This sequence is highly homologous to a human homeo box gene (HOX2) and appears
      to represent one of the two genes in the Hox-2 cluster previously assigned to MMU
      11. To regionally map the Hox-2 cluster, we have carried out in situ
      hybridization of the two H24.1 probes and of an independently isolated Hox-2
      probe. The autoradiographic silver grain distributions were similar in all three
      experiments with a peak over band 11D. This region contains the locus for the
      tail-short (Ts) mutation which causes skeletal abnormalities in heterozygotes and
      early embryonic death in homozygotes.

PMID- 2875853
TI  - Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens type A to 23 antimicrobial drugs.
AB  - A total of 106 strains of Clostridium perfringens type A, that had been isolated
      very recently from faecal cultures of healthy adults, were examined for
      susceptibility to 23 antimicrobial drugs (agar dilution method). All strains were
      susceptible to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin,
      ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, imipenem, metronidazole, mezlocillin,
      ofloxacin, penicillin G, piperacillin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. Teicoplanin
      and imipenem were the most active, whereas fosfomycin and tetracycline were the
      least active drugs. Three of the 106 strains revealed multiple drug resistance
      against clindamycin, erythromycin, josamycin, tetracycline, and, in one instance,
      against chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2875854
TI  - [Assessment of the diagnostic value of gamma-GT isoenzyme in hepatocellular
      carcinoma].

PMID- 2875855
TI  - [Narcotics combined with low-flow nitrous oxide in open-heart surgery].

PMID- 2875856
TI  - Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in patients receiving chronic
      phenytoin therapy.
AB  - To better define the incidence and range of elevated gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT) activity in patients taking a drug known to induce hepatic
      microsomal enzymes, GGT was measured in the sera of 58 patients before and after
      six months of phenytoin therapy. Enzyme activity at six months was greater than
      baseline in 52 of 58 patients (90%). GGT activity (normal, 0-50 units/liter) was
      45.2 +/- 9.9 (mean +/- SEM) at baseline and 135.8 +/- 18.1 after six months of
      therapy, a mean threefold increase (P less than 0.001). Of the 45 patients with
      normal baseline GGT activity, some had marked elevation of serum GGT activity
      with values rising over 200 units/liter in eight patients and over 300
      units/liter in four patients. Mean serum GGT activity remained significantly
      elevated at 12 and 24 months. This elevation in GGT activity was not influenced
      by age, sex, or additional anticonvulsant drug therapy. Both baseline and six
      month GGT activity was lowest in patients who drank no alcohol, higher in
      patients who drank 0-1 pint/week, and greatest in patients who drank greater than
      1 pint/week. All 13 patients with elevated baseline GGT activity were regular
      users of alcohol and/or taking other enzyme-inducing drugs. In conclusion,
      increase in serum GGT activity occurs in 90% of patients on long-term phenytoin
      therapy, most often to moderate but occasionally to high levels, and this rise in
      GGT activity is accentuated by regular consumption of alcohol.

PMID- 2875857
TI  - Chronic hypnotic efficacy of estazolam.
AB  - The chronic hypnotic efficacy of estazolam 2.0 mg was studied in five female and
      seven male subjects. Subjects with a complaint of insomnia verified by
      polysomnography were included in the study. Following a screening and adaptation
      period, subjects spent two consecutive nights a week in the laboratory. The
      protocol for medication was placebo for weeks 1, 2, 9 and 10 and estazolam for
      weeks 3-8. Estazolam 2.0 mg significantly improved sleep onset and total sleep
      time for up to six weeks of nightly administration without consistent recovery
      effects upon discontinuation.

PMID- 2875859
TI  - The influence of antihistamine compounds on the oral intake of different
      addictive drugs.
AB  - The influence of two antihistamines on the oral intake of various drugs with
      addictive potency was investigated in rats. Under the chosen conditions neither
      tripelennamine nor diphenhydramine have reinforcing properties. The reinforcing
      potency of addictive drugs is not augmented by the both substances. On the
      contrary, in some cases they led to a decrease in oral intake of the drug
      solutions offered.

PMID- 2875858
TI  - Dose effects of temazepam tablets on sleep.
AB  - The dose effects of temazepam tablets (15 and 30 mg) were studied at two sleep
      centres in 48 volunteers who had objective polysomnographic evidence of sleep
      onset insomnia. Volunteers slept in the laboratory, retiring at their usual
      bedtime after taking placebo or temazepam 30 min earlier, and were monitored for
      8 h using standard polysomnographic techniques. Acute (nights 5-7) and short term
      (nights 11-13) temazepam, both 15 and 30 mg, improved the sleep of these
      volunteers by reducing sleep latency and increasing sleep time compared to the
      placebo baseline (nights 2-4). Dose differences were found primarily on the
      measurement of sleep staging, with 30 mg having a greater or more consistent
      effect than 15 mg. No residual effects were observed on the basis of
      questionnaires and objective tests of performance and no consistent evidence of
      disturbed sleep after discontinuing treatment was seen.

PMID- 2875860
TI  - Urticaria and angioedema.

PMID- 2875861
TI  - [Professional compulsory education for trainee physicians' assistants outside of
      vacation time].

PMID- 2875862
TI  - [Acute beta blocker poisoning].

PMID- 2875863
TI  - Effects of chronic intake of diazinon on blood and brain monoamines and amino
      acids.
AB  - Male rats were treated bi-weekly by gavage with the equivalent of 0.5 mg X kg-1 X
      day-1 technical diazinon for up to 28 weeks. The animals were sacrificed at
      specific time intervals (7, 14 and 28 weeks) and compared with age matched
      controls. Blood and brain tissues were analysed for cholinesterase activity and
      for concentrations of catecholamines and amino acids. Only Plasma cholinesterase
      was significantly reduced by the low level pesticide treatment. Erythrocyte
      acetyl cholinesterase and brain acetyl cholinesterase were unchanged while during
      the same period several putative brain neurotransmitters aspartate, glutamate
      (excitatory) and taurine as well as GABA (inhibitory) were significantly reduced
      in experimental vs control animals whereas no significant changes occurred
      between weeks in similarly fed animals. Blood serotonin was significantly
      elevated but no other blood or brain monoamine was significantly altered. Overt
      manifestations of brain toxicity observed were not apparent in experimental
      compared with control animals save for a significant decrease in growth observed
      in experimental animals. It was concluded that oral administration of low doses
      of diazinon exerts significant effects other than as an anticholinesterase on
      important brain neurotransmitters even at the low dose levels administered in
      this study.

PMID- 2875865
TI  - [Beta-adrenergic receptors in the brain, molecular mechanisms and regulation].

PMID- 2875866
TI  - [Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor--its endocrinological, biochemical
      and pharmacological aspects].

PMID- 2875864
TI  - Famotidine. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and a preliminary
      review of its therapeutic use in peptic ulcer disease and Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome.
AB  - Famotidine is a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist. On a weight basis,
      famotidine is 20 times more potent than cimetidine and 7.5 times more potent than
      ranitidine in inhibiting basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion
      in humans. Therapeutic trials have shown that famotidine 20 mg twice daily or 40
      mg at bedtime may be an effective alternative to standard doses of cimetidine for
      healing gastric ulcers and to standard doses of cimetidine and ranitidine for
      healing duodenal ulcers. When used prophylactically, a single 20 mg dose of
      famotidine at night decreases the incidence of duodenal ulcer recurrence (versus
      placebo). However, further study is needed to clarify the comparative efficacy of
      the H2-receptor antagonists, in particular as maintenance therapy for healed
      peptic ulcer. Preliminary results in a few patients with Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome indicate that famotidine, alone or in combination with an
      anticholinergic agent, gives good control of gastric acid hyperacidity with no
      evidence of biochemical or haematological toxicity. Famotidine appears to be well
      tolerated. Unlike cimetidine, it does not have antiandrogenic effects or alter
      hepatic metabolism of drugs. However, wider clinical experience with famotidine
      is needed to accurately determine its relative tolerability compared with other
      anti-ulcer drugs. Thus, famotidine appears to be a suitable and well tolerated
      alternative to cimetidine and ranitidine for healing peptic ulcers, but wider
      clinical experience is needed to assess its relative efficacy and tolerability in
      the long term maintenance treatment of patients with healed ulcers as well as in
      patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

PMID- 2875867
TI  - Trophic effects of somatostatin on calcium flux: dynamic analysis and correlation
      with pituitary hormone release.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) modulates many aspects of normal physiology, appears useful
      as a potent antineoplastic agent, and may influence the development of
      degenerative brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Regulation of cellular
      calcium flux by SRIF may contribute greatly to many of these interactions, yet
      remains controversial. SRIF rapidly causes a sustained inhibition of fractional
      calcium efflux from prelabeled dispersed rat pituitary cells (IC50, approximately
      40 pM) and evokes a large rebound increase in efflux after the infusion, each
      coinciding temporally with expected physiological effects on GH release. These
      data support a particular role for SRIF-regulated calcium flux in the normal
      pulsatile pattern of GH secretion and a more general role in the varied
      biological actions of the peptide.

PMID- 2875868
TI  - Regulation of gene expression in rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cells by insulin:
      quantitation of messenger ribonucleic acid's coding for tyrosine
      aminotransferase, tryptophan oxygenase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
AB  - The effect of insulin on the abundance of mRNAs coding for tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT; EC 2.6.1.5), tryptophan oxygenase (TO; EC 1.13.1.12), and
      P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase(GTP) (PEPCK; EC 4.1.1.32) was examined in primary
      cultures of adult rat hepatocytes and in FTO-2B rat hepatoma cells by Northern
      blot analysis using RNA probes made from SP6-cDNAs. Insulin (10(-11)-10(-7) M),
      which has been reported to induce TAT and decrease the activity of TO, did not
      change the levels of TAT mRNA and TO mRNA in hepatocytes regardless of the
      presence of other inducers. In the same cells, dexamethasone increased TAT mRNA
      up to 19-fold and TO mRNA up to 15-fold, and 8pClPhS-cAMP (CPT-cAMP) raised the
      level of TAT mRNA up to 36-fold. The abundance of TO mRNA was not altered by CPT
      cAMP. In contrast to TAT mRNA and TO mRNA, the level of PEPCK mRNA was
      dramatically decreased by insulin in the same hepatocytes. The sensitivity to
      this inhibitory effect of insulin was enhanced by dexamethasone and reduced by
      CPT-cAMP. FTO-2B hepatoma cells, which do not express detectable levels of TO
      mRNA, showed responses similar to those of hepatocytes, except that insulin
      caused a moderate reduction in TAT mRNA, but only in the presence of CPT-cAMP.
      The PEPCK mRNA in FTO-2B cells was suppressed by insulin in a manner closely
      resembling the effects in hepatocytes in the present study and in H4IIE hepatoma
      cells previously reported.

PMID- 2875869
TI  - Imaging and uptake mechanism of 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine in medullary
      thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) was also taken up by medullary thyroid
      carcinoma (MTC) as well as by pheochromocytoma in two patients with Sipple's
      syndrome. However, the mechanism of 131I-MIBG uptake by MTC has not been
      clarified yet. We measured tissue catecholamine levels in three MTC, since MTC
      can produce several active substances. Catecholamines were detected in various
      amounts in all MTC, but not in normal thyroid tissues. These findings suggest
      that MTC can produce catecholamines and therefore, 131I-MIBG is taken up and
      stored in catecholamine vesicles of MTC, like pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma.
      We conclude that 131I-MIBG may be applied not only to diagnosis but also for the
      treatment of patients with MTC.

PMID- 2875871
TI  - Kinetics of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by isolated TF1 and reconstituted TF0F1
      ATPase.
AB  - The rate of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by isolated TF1 and reconstituted TF0F1 was
      measured as a function of the ATP concentration in the presence of inhibitors
      [ADP, Pi and 3'-O-(1-naphthoyl)ATP]. ATP hydrolysis can be described by Michaelis
      Menten kinetics with Km(TF1) = 390 microM and Km (TF0F1) = 180 microM. The
      inhibition constants are for ADP Ki(TF1) = 20 microM and Ki(TF0F1) = 100 microM,
      for 3'-O-(1-naphthoyl)ATP Ki(TF1) = 150 microM and Ki(TF0F1) = 3 microM, and for
      Pi Ki(TF1) = 60 mM. From these results it is concluded that upon binding of TF0
      to TF1 the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by TF1 is not changed
      qualitatively; however, the kinetic constants differ quantitatively.

PMID- 2875872
TI  - Early exercise testing after coronary care for suspected unstable coronary artery
      disease--safety and diagnostic value.
AB  - The safety of and the diagnostic information provided by a predischarge exercise
      test performed 2-7 days after admission to the coronary care unit (CCU) was
      evaluated in 400 patients less than 65 years of age with suspected unstable
      coronary artery disease, i.e. probable or definite non-transmural myocardial
      infarction, progressive angina pectoris or recurring chest pain of recent onset
      ('new chest pain'). No serious complications occurred. Signs of ischaemia during
      exercise tests were more common in older than in younger men and more often found
      in subjects with than without pathological findings in resting ECGs in the CCU.
      Above 45 years of age, more than half of the men with progressive angina or non
      transmural MI had SI depression greater than or equal to 2 mm and/or limiting
      chest pain, whereas men less than 45 years of age had a 10-25% incidence of
      corresponding findings in the test. In women above 55 years with progressive
      angina or non-transmural MI, 30-35% had ST depression and/or limiting chest pain
      at the test while 20-30% of women below 55 years of age had similar findings at
      the test. Beta-adrenoceptor blockade was used by half of the patients but did not
      seem to conceal signs of severe ischaemia. Thus a predischarge exercise test can
      be performed safely in patients with suspected unstable coronary artery disease
      in order to support or reduce the suspicion of severe disease.

PMID- 2875870
TI  - Two overlapping genes in bovine mitochondrial DNA encode membrane components of
      ATP synthase.
AB  - Two hydrophobic proteins have been purified to homogeneity from a mixture of
      about 13 proteins that are extracted from bovine mitochondria with a
      chloroform:methanol mixture. Sequence analysis shows that the smaller is a
      protein of 66 amino acids and is the product of a mitochondrial gene, A6L. The
      larger, a protein of 226 amino acids, is ATPase-6, a membrane component of ATP
      synthase, also encoded in mitochondrial DNA. The protein sequences determined
      establish that the genes for the two proteins overlap by 40 bases and indicate
      that translation of the second gene, ATPase-6, is initiated within the coding
      region of A6L. The A6L and the ATPase-6 proteins have also been isolated from the
      ATP synthase complex and so appear to be bona fide components of the enzyme. The
      function of A6L is unknown. However, weak structural homology suggests a
      functional similarity to the yeast mitochondrial protein, aapI, which is required
      for assembly of the fungal ATP synthase complex. Homologies between ATPase-6 and
      subunit a of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase complex indicate that the ATPase-6
      protein has a similar role in the mitochondrial complex to its bacterial
      counterpart, being essential for the formation of an active proton channel.

PMID- 2875873
TI  - Critical appraisal of secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. What have
      beta-blockers to offer in the experimental situation?
AB  - This contribution reviews the beneficial effects of beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      drugs in experimental myocardial ischaemia (infarction). These effects include
      the ability to reduce early, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias,
      improvement in ultimate long-term survival from an ischaemic insult with or
      without subsequent reperfusion and a reduction in the extent and degree of
      myocardial (and microvascular) ischaemic damage. Most of the evidence for
      protection, however, comes from studies in which drugs have been administered
      before the onset of ischaemia. Much less is known about the effects of
      intervening with beta-blocking drugs after the commencement of the ongoing
      infarction process. Although beta-blockers have a great deal to offer in the
      experimental situation there remains the strong possibility that other approaches
      might be able to offer even more. One promising approach is the combination of a
      beta-blocking drug with a specific inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis.

PMID- 2875874
TI  - A review of early intervention studies with beta blockers in patients with
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2875875
TI  - Late intervention studies with beta-blocking drugs in myocardial infarction: a
      critical appraisal.
AB  - Immense therapeutic effort has been devoted to testing the secondary preventative
      value of beta-blocking drugs in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. The
      failure to demonstrate a universally statistically significant benefit is
      ascribable to major inadequacies of design and technical errors in the majority
      of trials. Moreover, even in the very few trials in which survival benefit has
      been demonstrated, the ultra-selection of patients eventually included severely
      limits the general clinical application of their result. The specific subgroups
      of patients who derive most benefit and as importantly those that are
      disadvantaged by these drugs are ill-defined. Lack of comparative trials and
      absence of dose-response information also pose insuperable problems in attempting
      secondary prevention with beta-blocking drugs in practice. When to start these
      drugs to achieve maximum benefit and when to stop them to avoid long-term adverse
      reactions are major outstanding problems. The consequences of missed therapy are
      also unknown. Lack of a clinically discernible endpoint of success in the
      individual patient means that the physician's role is relegated to one of faith.
      Data so for available is insufficient to afford a rational change in therapeutic
      practice. However, these extensive studies have advanced understanding. They have
      clearly defined the design faults which must be avoided in future trials. They
      have made us aware that many post-infarct patients may not need beta-blocking
      drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875876
TI  - Which patients for secondary prevention with beta-blocking drugs?

PMID- 2875877
TI  - Which patients for secondary prevention with calcium-antagonists?
AB  - Experimental studies have shown that calcium antagonists are beneficial in
      reducing myocardial damage following induced infarction and thus substantiate the
      concept that these drugs may influence reinfarction rate and death following
      myocardial infarction in man. Multicenter studies with verapamil and nifedipine
      are in progress but without conclusive results as yet. Which patients--if any-
      should receive calcium antagonists for secondary prevention after myocardial
      infarction remains an open question. The answer will depend on whether calcium
      antagonists are greater, equal or less effective than beta blockers for this
      purpose. If calcium antagonists should prove more efficacious than beta blockers,
      it would seem reasonable to give calcium antagonists preference for secondary
      prevention in those patients where contraindications to these drugs do not exist.
      If however, beta blockers prove the better alternative, they should be given
      preference unless beta blockers are contraindicated. The complex question of the
      future role of drugs in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction is by
      far not clarified and socioeconomic consequences as well as quality of life will
      have to be considered in context with drug influence on survival.

PMID- 2875878
TI  - Benefits and risks of drugs in secondary prevention of ischaemic heart disease--a
      summary.

PMID- 2875879
TI  - What is the economic impact of secondary prevention to society?
AB  - Of the 4.1 million population of Norway about 7500 patients between 20 and 75
      years of age are admitted each year to hospital for acute myocardial infarction.
      Of these 1100 die in hospital, and 6400 are candidates for secondary prevention.
      On the basis of survival curves, we present a model for calculating potential
      benefits of secondary prevention. We use 'years of life gained' as a measure of
      outcome of secondary prevention. We consider three economic elements in secondary
      prevention: (a) Use of health services. The drug costs are moderate. The indirect
      costs are unknown, but probably moderate. (b) Resumed productivity is small. (c)
      Pensions and other transfers will increase the public expense. The net effect is
      an increase in public expense. Beta blockers reduce mortality by 25% and can be
      given prophylactically to about one third of the patients. So far, the effect is
      uncertain after two years. Secondary prevention for two years will cost Norway
      about 3.8 million NOK (526 000 US +) per year for drugs, give 597 extra survivors
      and provide 0.24 additional life years per patient treated. In case of life-long
      treatment and effect, the result will be 1.6 years of life per patient treated.
      About 50% of Norwegian patients smoke. If all the men stopped, there will be no
      costs, about 5120 extra survivors, and 3.3 additional years of life per patient
      who quits smoking. The effect is not limited in time.

PMID- 2875880
TI  - Interactions of stress hormones on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in man with
      partial insulin deficiency.
AB  - The metabolic responses to 4-h infusions of adrenaline (3 micrograms kg-1 h-1)
      and cortisol (10 mg m-2 h-1 for 2 h followed by 5 mg m-2 h-1 for 2 h), separately
      and in combination, have been studied in six healthy subjects with concurrent
      somatostatin infusion (250 micrograms h-1). A combined infusion of adrenaline,
      cortisol, glucagon (180 ng kg-1 h-1) and somatostatin has also been studied.
      Somatostatin plus adrenaline and somatostatin plus cortisol resulted in
      hyperglycaemia (at 240 min, somatostatin plus adrenaline 11.4 +/- 0.4 mmol l-1, P
      less than 0.001; somatostatin plus cortisol 6.7 +/- 0.3 mmol l-1, P less than
      0.05; somatostatin alone 4.9 +/- 0.4 mmol l-1). No synergistic effect on blood
      glucose was seen with adrenaline and cortisol together. When glucagon was added,
      blood glucose rose more rapidly than without glucagon (9.3 +/- 0.4 mmol l-1 v.
      7.2 +/- 0.5 mmol l-1 at 45 min, P less than 0.001), but plateau values were
      similar. Plasma NEFA levels were raised by somatostatin plus adrenaline (0.55 +/-
      0.04-1.82 +/- 0.11 mmol l-1 at 60 min). Somatostatin plus cortisol had no more
      effect on plasma NEFA than somatostatin alone. During the combined infusion of
      somatostatin plus adrenaline plus cortisol, a synergistic effect on plasma NEFA
      was observed (2.30 +/- 0.11 mmol l-1 at 60 min, P less than 0.01 v. somatostatin
      plus adrenaline). This occurred despite a small escape of insulin secretion. The
      lipolytic actions of adrenaline are potentiated by elevated circulating cortisol
      levels in insulin-deficient man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875881
TI  - 5-(2-Cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid (CHEB): correlation of
      hypnotic and convulsant properties with alterations of synaptosomal 45Ca2+
      influx.
AB  - Male ICR mice (20-35 g) were given either 5-(2-cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethyl
      barbituric acid (CHEB) alone (10-15 mg/kg i.p.) or CHEB (25-75 mg/kg i.p.) after
      a 1 h pretreatment with phenobarbital (75 mg/kg i.p.). CHEB alone (10 mg/kg)
      produced excitatory behavior but not convulsive seizures. Higher doses (11-15
      mg/kg) produced convulsive seizures resulting in death. Pretreatment with
      phenobarbital prevented seizure activity. Following phenobarbital pretreatment,
      CHEB in doses of 50 and 75, but not 25 mg/kg, resulted in hypnosis of 53 +/- 16
      and 64 +/- 9 min duration, respectively. In vitro, CHEB (10-200 microM)
      significantly inhibited 'fast-phase' (3 s) K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into
      cerebrocortical synaptosomes. CHEB (10 and 100 microM) also significantly
      increased basal 45Ca2+ uptake. The addition of CHEB (50 and 100 microM) or
      pentobarbital (100 microM) to striatal synaptosomes inhibited 'fast-phase' K+
      stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake and endogenous dopamine release. CHEB (10-200 microM),
      but not pentobarbital (100 microM), produced a time- and dose-dependent increase
      in the resting release of endogenous dopamine from striatal synaptosomes. The
      results of this study show that CHEB possesses hypnotic activity if its lethal
      convulsant actions are blocked. The hypnotic actions of CHEB appear to correlate
      with inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels in brain synaptosomes.

PMID- 2875882
TI  - Correlation of the hypnotic potency of benzodiazepines with inhibition of voltage
      dependent calcium uptake into mouse brain synaptosomes.
AB  - Nine benzodiazepines were tested for their ability to inhibit 45Ca2+ uptake into
      mouse whole brain synaptosomes and for hypnotic activity as indicated by their
      ability to produce loss of the righting reflex. Eight of the benzodiazepines
      significantly inhibited fast-phase voltage-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake and five
      exhibited hypnotic activity. There was a direct correlation between the hypnotic
      potency of these five benzodiazepines and their ability to inhibit 45Ca2+ uptake.
      There does not appear to be a correlation between the anticonvulsant potency of
      the benzodiazepines and their potency for inhibiting 45Ca2+ uptake. These results
      support previous findings with other sedative/hypnotic drugs and suggest that
      inhibition of presynaptic calcium uptake may be linked with hypnotic but not
      anticonvulsant actions of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2875883
TI  - Comparison of the effects of fenoldopam, SK & F R-87516 and dopamine on renal
      arterioles in vitro.
AB  - The ability of the selective DA1 agonists fenoldopam and SK & F R-87516 to relax
      norepinephrine-contracted afferent and efferent arterioles isolated from rabbit
      kidney was compared. In both arterioles, fenoldopam and SK & F R-87516 produced a
      concentration-dependent relaxation with a potency similar to that of dopamine.
      Fenoldopam also relaxed efferent arterioles contracted with angiotensin II. The
      selective DA1 receptor antagonist, SK & F R-83566, caused parallel displacements
      in the concentration-response curves to SK & F 82526, corresponding to
      dissociation constants of 10.5 and 8.3 nM for afferent and efferent arterioles,
      respectively. The results provide direct evidence that the dopamine receptor
      present on renal resistance vessels is of the DA1 subtype.

PMID- 2875884
TI  - Cardiovascular profile of pimobendan, a benzimidazole-pyridazinone derivative
      with vasodilating and inotropic properties.
AB  - Intravenous infusions of 0.01-0.1 mg X kg-1 X min-1 of pimobendan, a
      benzimidazole-pyridazinone derivative in pigs with normal coronary circulation
      caused dose-dependent changes in heart rate (10-35%), left ventricular systolic
      pressure (-5 to -45%), left ventricular filling pressure (-20 to -40%) but had
      only a minor effect on the maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (max
      LVdP/dt; 10-20%). The decrease in mean arterial blood pressure was primarily due
      to systemic vasodilation; peripheral resistance and cardiac output decreased by
      up to 40 and 14%, respectively. Vasodilation occurred in several vascular beds,
      but was particularly pronounced in the adrenals, stomach, small intestine and
      myocardium. Although the increase in myocardial blood flow favoured the
      epicardium, vascular conductance in both the endo- and epicardial layers was
      significantly increased. Myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) was not affected
      despite the increase in heart rate. Bolus injections of 0.1-0.5 mg X kg-1
      pimobendan produced similar changes in all haemodynamic variables, except max
      LVdP/dt which now increased by 30-70%. As in the infusion experiments, cardiac
      output tended to decrease due to a pronounced reduction in ventricular preload
      probably as a result of venodilation and the consequent reduction in cardiac
      filling. However, in animals where max LVdP/dt and cardiac output were reduced
      and pre- and/or after-load were increased by partial occlusion of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery, pimobendan clearly increased both max
      LVdP/dt and cardiac output. Pretreatment with propranolol did not modify any of
      the cardiovascular responses to pimobendan, thereby excluding the involvement of
      a beta-adrenoceptor mechanism. Pimobendan is thus a compound with vasodilator and
      positive inotropic properties that improves cardiac output in animals with severe
      myocardial ischaemia. The finding that the mild tachycardia caused by pimobendan
      was not accompanied by an increase in MVO2 warrants investigation to evaluate its
      usefulness in the treatment of heart failure.

PMID- 2875885
TI  - Age-related decrease in endothelium-dependent dilator response to histamine in
      rat mesenteric artery.
AB  - The effect of aging on the vasodilator responses to histamine, 2
      pyridylethylamine and 4-methylhistamine of ring segments of rat mesenteric
      arteries were investigated. The maximal extent of histamine-induced dilatation of
      the arteries previously contracted with norepinephrine was greatest for arteries
      from rats aged 2 and 8 weeks. The maximal response decreased progressively with
      an increase in age to 13 and 56 weeks. Arteries from 99 week old rats scarcely
      responded to histamine. Under these conditions, the dilatation induced by
      papaverine showed no change with age. The vasodilatation caused by 2
      pyridylethylamine and 4-methylhistamine also decreased age dependently. The
      dilatation of the arteries induced by these agents was inhibited by the H1
      antagonist chlorpheniramine, but not by the H2-antagonist cimetidine. Removal of
      the endothelium completely abolished the vasodilator effect of histamine, leaving
      the effect of papaverine unaffected. Hydroquinone and methylene blue reversed the
      dilatation induced by histamine, without affecting that caused by papaverine.
      These results suggest that the age-related decrease in dilatation of rat
      mesenteric artery in response to histamine is mainly due to a decrease in the
      ability of the endothelium to liberate a mediator(s).

PMID- 2875886
TI  - Major tranquillizers can be distinguished from minor tranquillizers on the basis
      of effects on marble burying and swim-induced grooming in mice.
AB  - The effects of psychotropic compounds on grooming and burying were compared in
      mice. Burying behaviour was provoked by glass marbles and grooming was observed
      after 3 min swimming. Compounds with minor tranquilizing properties, such as
      diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flunitrazepam, clonazepam, meprobamate and ethyl
      alcohol, were more effective in reducing burying than grooming. Drugs with an
      anticholinergic effect, e.g. scopolamine and atropine were also more effective
      against burying. A number of neuroleptic drugs, such as haloperidol,
      chlorpromazine, perphenazine and trifluperidol reduced grooming more effectively
      than burying. Non-selective inhibitory effects were observed with clozapine,
      thioridazine, diphenhydramine, imipramine, mianserin and apomorphine. It is
      concluded that, with certain limitations, the burying-grooming test described
      offers a simple tool for identifying novel compounds as potential major or minor
      tranquilizers.

PMID- 2875887
TI  - The relationship between alterations in alpha 1-adrenoceptor reserve by
      phenoxybenzamine and benextramine and the sensitivity of cirazoline-induced
      pressor responses to inhibition by nifedipine.
AB  - Nifedipine does not inhibit the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor response of
      cirazoline at a dose that significantly antagonizes the alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated pressor response of B-HT 933. After elimination of the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor reserve with either phenoxybenzamine or benextramine, the response
      to cirazoline was rendered highly sensitive to antagonism by nifedipine. These
      results support the hypothesis that the resistance of alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      mediated pressor responses to inhibition by calcium channel antagonists may be
      caused by a large alpha 1-adrenoceptor reserve.

PMID- 2875888
TI  - The contractile action of palytoxin in the isolated rabbit urinary bladder.
AB  - Palytoxin at 10(-10)-10(-7) M caused contractions of the detrusor muscle from
      rabbit urinary bladder in a concentration-dependent manner. The response to
      palytoxin was markedly inhibited by indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) or
      nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase inhibitor) at 10(-5) M. Indomethacin
      and nordihydroguaiaretic acid also inhibited the response to arachidonic acid at
      10(-3) M. A Ca2+-free medium with EGTA or nifedipine at 10(-5) M, nearly
      abolished the responses to palytoxin and arachidonic acid. Tetrodotoxin,
      phentolamine, atropine and chlorpheniramine (all at 10(-5) M) had a slight or no
      inhibitory effect on the response to palytoxin. These results suggested that in
      the rabbit bladder, the contractile effect of palytoxin is mainly dependent on an
      increase in metabolites of arachidonic acid.

PMID- 2875890
TI  - Vascular beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity of endotoxin and pertussis toxin
      from Bordetella pertussis in rats.
AB  - Isolated and purified leucocytosis promoting factor (LPF), alternatively
      described as pertussis toxin, reduced the hypotension after beta 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulation with salbutamol as well as the negative chronotropic activity induced
      by the muscarinic receptor stimulant arecoline 4 days after its injection into
      rats. These inhibitory effects of LPF were accompanied by a reduction in basal
      blood pressure. No effect on autonomic responsiveness or blood pressure was
      observed 5 h after injection of LPF. Sublethal doses of purified B. pertussis
      endotoxin (LPS) elicited neither vascular beta 2-adrenergic nor cardiac
      cholinergic blockade 4 days following injection. Only a distinct vascular beta 2
      adrenolytic effect was measured 5 h after pretreatment with the same doses of
      LPS. This beta 2-adrenoceptor hyporesponsiveness was accompanied by neither an
      anticholinergic nor a hypotensive effect, but rather by a slight but significant
      elevation of the blood pressure. In conclusion, both components of B. pertussis
      (LPS and LPF) give rise to vascular beta 2-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness
      irrespective of blood pressure effects. There is an important difference between
      both components with respect to their various kinetic profiles for this
      phenomenon: an early occurring and short-lasting beta 2-adrenergic blockade for
      LPS and a late occurring LPF-mediated beta 2-adrenergic blockade.

PMID- 2875889
TI  - Selective displacement of [3H]mepyramine from peripheral vs. central nervous
      system receptors by loratadine, a non-sedating antihistamine.
AB  - Displacement of [3H]mepyramine binding was compared in membranes from guinea-pig
      lung vs. cerebral cortex as a measure of affinity for peripheral vs. central
      nervous system (CNS) histamine receptors. Loratadine, a new non-sedating
      antihistamine, was found to be the only compound tested which was selective for
      lung (Ki = 35 nM) vs. cortex (Ki = 118 nM). This difference is statistically
      significant (P less than 0.05) whereas there was no significant (P greater than
      0.05) difference in the Kis between the 2 tissues for terfenadine, astemizole,
      mequitazine or chlorpheniramine. It is concluded from these and other studies
      that the lack of significant sedative effects shown with loratadine is due to its
      poor penetration into the CNS and selectivity for peripheral histamine receptors.

PMID- 2875891
TI  - Conversion of kinins and their antagonists into B1 receptor activators and
      blockers in isolated vessels.
AB  - A carboxypeptidase inhibitor (DL-2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidoethylthiopropranoic
      acid) (mergetpa) was used to block the conversion of kinins and B2 receptor
      antagonists into metabolites devoid of the C-terminal Arg. Experiments were
      carried out on rabbit isolated aortae (a B1 receptor system) or rabbit jugular
      veins and dog carotid arteries (two B2 receptor systems). The contractile effect
      of bradykinin in the rabbit aorta was significantly reduced by mergetpa while
      that of desArg9-BK was not modified. pA2 values of B2 receptor antagonists,
      [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin and [Thi6,9,D-Phe8]kallidin were markedly reduced by
      mergetpa. The apparent affinity (pA2) of a B1 receptor antagonist, [Leu9]desArg10
      kallidin was not affected. Carboxypeptidases inhibition did not modify the
      activities of bradykinin or the affinities of B2 receptor antagonists in the
      rabbit jugular vein and the dog carotid artery. An inhibitor of kininase II (D-3
      mercapto-2-methylpropranoyl-L-proline (S,S] (captopril) reduced the contractile
      effects of angiotensin I in the three preparations and potentiated the
      stimulatory or inhibitory effects of bradykinin: captopril did not have effect on
      the affinities of B2 receptor antagonists and did not modify the effects of
      angiotensin II. Comparative experiments performed in tissues with or without
      endothelium gave the same results with both mergetpa and captopril. The present
      findings suggest that bradykinin and B2 receptor antagonists are converted by
      carboxypeptidases into biologically active B1 receptor agonist or antagonists.
      This is the reason why B2 receptor antagonists are not selective.

PMID- 2875892
TI  - Neuroeffector transmission in the guinea-pig internal anal sphincter: an
      electrical and mechanical study.
AB  - ATP (10(-7)-10(-4) M), ADP (10(-7)-10(-4) M), AMP (10(-7)-10(-4) M) and adenosine
      (10(-6)-10(-4) M) each hyperpolarized the membrane, inhibited spontaneous spike
      discharge and relaxed the guinea-pig internal anal sphincter. All experiments
      were carried out using intracellular microelectrode and simultaneous tension
      recording techniques in the presence of phentolamine (10(-6) M) and atropine (10(
      6) M). ATP was the most effective and produced a concentration-dependent membrane
      potential change comparable in amplitude to that produced by field stimulation of
      non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves. Inhibitory junction potentials, the
      accompanying relaxations and the responses to ATP (5 X 10(-6)-5 X 10(-5) M) were
      additive and were increased in K+-deficient and decreased in K+-rich solutions
      and inhibited by apamin (10(-7) M). A proteolytic enzyme, alpha-chymotrypsin (0.5
      U/ml) preferentially antagonized the ability of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (10(-7) M) to hyperpolarize the membrane and relax the sphincter. The electrical
      and mechanical responses to ATP (10(-5) M) and inhibitory nerve stimulation were
      only slightly reduced. The results are consistent with the view that ATP or a
      related adenine nucleotide may have a transmitter role in the guinea-pig internal
      anal sphincter.

PMID- 2875894
TI  - Enhancing effect of dopamine blockers on evoked acetylcholine release in rat
      striatal slices: a classical D-2 antagonist response?
AB  - The effects of chlorpromazine, pipotiazine, haloperidol, domperidone, sulpiride
      and SCH 23390 on the potassium-evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh)
      were studied in rat striatal slices. All 5 dopamine (DA) antagonists with D-2
      blockade efficacy induced an increase of [3H]ACh release whereas the specific D-1
      antagonist SCH 23390 was devoid of significant effects. The maximal effect (about
      100% increase) was obtained with haloperidol, pipotiazine and sulpiride but not
      with domperidone and chlorpromazine. Interestingly, sulpiride was found to exert
      an unexpected marked potency. The comparison of the activities of the 6 compounds
      on evoked ACh release to their affinities for D-2 receptors [( 3H]N
      propylnorapomorphine binding sites) indicates that the pharmacological profile of
      the dopamine receptor implicated in the regulation of ACh release cannot be
      superimposed on that of the classical D-2 receptor. Participation of DA
      presynaptic receptors could however explain the differences in efficacy observed
      with the compounds studied.

PMID- 2875893
TI  - The effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4
      methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) on monoaminergic systems in the rat brain.
AB  - The effects of two amphetamine-like designer drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
      (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), on dopaminergic and
      serotonergic systems in the rat brain were investigated and compared to those of
      methamphetamine (METH). Like METH, single or multiple 10 mg/kg doses of either
      drug caused marked reductions in both tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity and
      concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in
      several serotonergic nerve terminal regions. In all regions examined, the
      reduction in 5-HT content corresponded to the depression of TPH activity. Unlike
      multiple METH administrations, which induced pronounced deficits in dopaminergic
      neuronal markers, repeated doses of MDA or MDMA did not alter striatal tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) activities or reduce striatal dopamine concentrations. A single
      dose of MDA or MDMA significantly elevated striatal dopamine content; however,
      after repeated drug administrations dopamine concentrations were comparable to
      control values. At this time, striatal levels of homovanillic acid were
      significantly elevated suggesting that both drugs influence dopamine turnover.
      The effects of MDA or MDMA administration in the rat brain are reminiscent of
      those elicited by p-chloroamphetamine, a presumed serotonergic neurotoxin.

PMID- 2875895
TI  - Characterization of a polypeptide associated with coated vesicles and the
      cytoskeleton which is recognized by a CREST serum.
AB  - Serum from an individual with the CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's
      phenomenon, esophageal dismotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) reacts not
      only with kinetochores, but also with a cytoplasmic, phosphorylatable
      polypeptide, which is shown by immunofluorescence in whole cells and
      immunoelectronmicroscopy in sections to be associated with actin stress fibres in
      cultured mammalian cells. The antigen shows some variation in molecular weight
      between species, estimated by immunoblotting to range from 68 to 76 kD between
      mouse, Chinese hamster, sheep and human cells. Much of the polypeptide copurifies
      with coated vesicles, of which approx. 5% bound antibody from the serum, as
      detected by immunogold electronmicroscopy.

PMID- 2875896
TI  - Transglutaminase (TG) involvement in early embryogenesis.
AB  - Transglutaminase (TG) has been examined in different stages of preimplantation
      mouse embryogenesis. The specific activity of this enzyme in the soluble cellular
      fraction increases 2-fold from 2-cell embryos to 8-cell morulae and 4-fold from 2
      cell embryos to blastocyst. The same developmental profile was seen when either
      N,N'-dimethylcasein or endogenous substrates were used in the TG assay. Using
      high-speed supernatants from different stage embryos as a source of enzyme and
      [3H]putrescine as acyl acceptor, the major acyl donor components were tubulin and
      a high molecular weight (HMW) cross-linkage product, as assessed by
      electrophoresis and immunoblotting. When either assembled or monomeric
      cytoskeleton proteins were compared as substrates, microtubules were the best
      acyl donors. These studies indicate that TG activity is modulated during the
      changing demands of blastomeres for microtubule cytoskeleton in early
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 2875897
TI  - Properties of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells transplanted to the adult rat brain.
AB  - The possibility of employing PC12 pheochromocytoma cells for transplantation into
      the rat brain as a substitute for adrenal chromaffin cells was examined. Cultured
      PC12 cells were implanted into the striatum of rats and examined after one day to
      20 weeks by fluorescence histochemistry and immunocytochemical staining for
      tyrosine hydroxylase and a surface antigen of PC12 cells. Between 800 and 3000
      cells survived the implantation procedure and persisted relatively unchanged for
      about one week. Long-term survival of small numbers of PC12 cells was observed in
      nine of 14 animals, although the number of surviving cells was reduced after 7.5
      20 weeks as compared to earlier time periods. By 14-20 weeks after implantation,
      most of the remaining cells had developed processes. In other animals, there
      appeared to have been an initial large increase in the number of cells, followed
      by complete death of the graft. In many of these animals with no surviving cells,
      large deposits of hemosiderin were found at the implantation site, an apparent
      residue of earlier tumor growth. Thus in some animals, the number of PC12 cells
      apparently increased initially, but in these animals the graft was ultimately
      rejected. In other animals, small numbers of PC12 cells survived for up to 20
      weeks, and many of these cells eventually developed neurite-like processes.
      Continued uncontrolled tumor growth was not observed.

PMID- 2875898
TI  - Hymenin, a novel alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agent from the Okinawan marine
      sponge Hymeniacidon sp.
AB  - A novel bromine-containing alkaloid, hymenin, has been isolated from the Okinawan
      marine sponge Hymeniacidon sp. as a potent alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent and
      its structure determined to be 1 on the basis of the spectral data.

PMID- 2875899
TI  - Morphological and enzymatic heterogeneity of suramin-induced lysosomal storage
      disease in some tissues of mice and rats.
AB  - Suramin-induced lysosomal storage disease reproduced in the rat was extended to
      the mouse with the attempt to characterize enzymatically and morphologically
      heterogeneous responses of various organs to the drug. Suramin administration
      strikingly decreased (3-6 days afterward) the activity of beta-glucuronidase in
      all tissues studied (kidney, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle). The enzymatic
      responses were small in the activities of beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase. The
      activity of arylsulfatase A decreased to a varying degree in mouse tissues, but
      in rats the activity increased in liver and skeletal muscle. The activity of
      cathepsin D increased in rat tissues. Suramin induced morphological changes
      characteristic to lysosomal storage diseases in kidney and liver but not in heart
      and skeletal muscle of both mice and rats. Kidney was appreciably more
      susceptible to suramin than liver. The occurrence of lysosomal accumulations,
      membranous lamellar inclusions, and granular material were most prominent in
      tubular cells of kidney and in Kupffer cells of liver. These cells also presented
      intensive Alcian blue staining. Interestingly, the enzymatic and morphological
      responses did not correlate with each other, which may reflect differences in the
      regulation of lysosomal functions in various cell types.

PMID- 2875900
TI  - [Neurochemical factors in the autoregulation of cerebral circulation].

PMID- 2875902
TI  - [Peptide modulation of spontaneous and evoked catecholamine release in the caudal
      mesenteric ganglion of the dog].
AB  - Oxytocin, vasopressin, melanostatin, bradykinin, LHRH-like peptide in different
      ways affected the spontaneous outflow and release of adrenaline and noradrenaline
      induced with central and peripheral nervous stimuli as well as with acetylcholine
      in the superfusate of the dog isolated inferior mesenteric ganglion.

PMID- 2875901
TI  - Isolation of a rat pineal gland cDNA clone homologous to tyrosine and
      phenylalanine hydroxylases.
AB  - A rat pineal gland cDNA expression library has been probed with an antiserum
      raised against rat tryptophan hydroxylase. A clone has been isolated and its
      sequence reveals a high degree of homology with those of tyrosine and
      phenylalanine hydroxylases.

PMID- 2875903
TI  - Mosquitoes of Goa.

PMID- 2875904
TI  - Terfenadine and brompheniramine maleate in urticaria and dermographism.
AB  - The effects of brompheniramine maleate (12 mg twice daily in sustained release
      form) and terfenadine (60 mg twice daily) on the symptoms and well-being of 16
      adults with urticaria with or without dermographism were assessed by symptom
      questionnaire. Following an initial 2-week period without therapy, each drug was
      taken for 2 weeks in a randomised double-blind cross-over study. Both drugs
      produced significant relief of itch and rash but only brompheniramine produced
      significant drowsiness. Brompheniramine maleate was more effective than
      terfenadine in the patients with dermographism.

PMID- 2875905
TI  - Influence of streptozotocin upon the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase, the
      content of NAD and of 5-methyl cytosine in rat liver.
AB  - The antibiotic, streptozotocin, has carcinostatic, carcinogenic, and diabetogenic
      properties. Moreover, it is capable of inducing the enzyme tyrosine
      aminotransferase in a permanent line of rat liver cells. In the present
      publication, the effects of streptozotocin upon the induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase, NAD synthesis, and methylation of DNA in different organs were
      analyzed in vivo. If administered alone, streptozotocin slightly induced tyrosine
      aminotransferase. The induction of tyrosine aminotransferase caused by tryptophan
      or nicotinamide was inhibited by streptozotocin. Streptozotocin reduced the NAD
      content of the liver. NAD synthesis induced by tryptophan was reduced by
      streptozotocin, while that induced by nicotinamide was enhanced. DNA methylation
      in the form of 5-methyl cytosine was not influenced by streptozotocin.

PMID- 2875906
TI  - Inositol phospholipids cause the activation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase
      through their electrostatic action on the enzyme.
AB  - The effects of inositol phospholipids on adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were
      studied. Phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and
      phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) caused a rapid and concentration
      dependent activation of TH in vitro. The potency of this activation was dependent
      on the number of phosphate groups in the lipid molecule, and the activation was
      completely suppressed by increasing the concentrations of salts in the reaction
      mixture. These results seem to indicate that the activation of TH by inositol
      phospholipids may be due to their electrostatic action, and suggest a possible
      involvement of inositol phospholipids in the regulation of TH activity in vivo.

PMID- 2875907
TI  - Temelastine, a new H1-receptor antagonist.
AB  - Temelastine is a selective, competitive histamine H1-receptor antagonist which
      does not penetrate the central nervous system. The effect of varying doses of
      temelastine was compared in a randomized, double-blind, controlled study by
      measuring the inhibition of cutaneous histamine wheals. In twelve subjects single
      oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg of temelastine produced dose-dependent
      reductions in wheal areas. The inhibition of wheal size was maximal by 2 hr after
      dosing and was present at 8 hr. At 2 hr the 50, 100, and 200 mg doses reduced the
      wheal size by 53, 64, and 78%, respectively. Chlorpheniramine, 4 mg, reduced
      wheal size by 32% at the same period. The ability of temelastine to antagonize
      the histamine-induced skin reaction over 20 hr was evaluated in a second
      randomized, double-blind study. Eight subjects participated. Temelastine, 100 mg,
      produced reductions of 64, 49, 56 and 51% in histamine wheal area at 8, 12, 16
      and 20 hr, respectively. Plasma concentrations at these times were 4.04, 2.77,
      1.88, and 1.44 mumol/l, respectively. These data suggest that blood levels as low
      as 1.44 mumol/l may be sufficient to produce an antihistaminic effect, and that
      daily or twice daily dosing with 100 mg may be adequate to control allergic
      symptoms.

PMID- 2875908
TI  - Differentiation-dependent expression of proteins in brain endothelium during
      development of the blood-brain barrier.
AB  - The blood-brain barrier is a specific property of differentiated brain
      endothelium. To study the differentiation of blood vessels in the brain, we have
      correlated the expression of a number of proteins in brain endothelial cells with
      the development of the blood-brain barrier in mouse, quail, and chick embryos.
      Using histochemical methods, alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be
      present in all species and appeared around embryonic Days 17 (mouse), 14 (quail),
      and 12 (chick). Butyrylcholinesterase activity was found in the mouse and quail
      but not the chick brain vasculature, and appeared around Days 17 (mouse) and 15
      (quail). gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase activity was demonstrated histochemically
      in mouse but not in chick and quail brain capillaries, beginning at Day 15.
      Transferrin receptor was localized on brain endothelium in all species by
      immunofluorescence methods using monoclonal antibodies. It appeared at Days 15
      and 11 in mouse and chick embryonic brain, respectively. The staining of all
      markers in embryonic brain was compared with adult brain endothelium and the
      leptomeningeal blood vessels. The expression of these proteins was correlated
      with the development of the blood-brain barrier by studying the permeability of
      brain endothelium for the protein horseradish peroxidase during mouse
      embryogenesis. Vessels in the telencephalon were found to become impermeable
      around Day 16 of development. Taken together the results of previous
      investigations and those presented here, we conclude that a number of proteins
      are sequentially expressed in brain endothelial cells correlating in time with
      the formation of the blood-brain barrier in different species.

PMID- 2875909
TI  - Destruction of the preganglionic nerves by beta-bungarotoxin does not interfere
      with normal embryonic development of the rat adrenal medulla.
AB  - Using beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BTX) as a tool to eliminate the preganglionic
      cholinergic nerve supply to the embryonic rat adrenal gland, we have investigated
      whether or not these nerves affect the differentiation of embryonic chromaffin
      cells (pheochromoblasts). Rat fetuses received a single injection of 1 or 2
      micrograms beta-BTX or an identical volume of saline at embryonic day (E) 17 and
      were taken for morphological and biochemical analyses at E 21. Administration of
      beta-BTX caused a 15 to 20% reduction in body weight, crown-rump-length and
      adrenal weight. Spinal cord development was reduced and acetylcholinesterase
      positive cells in ventral and lateral columns were virtually absent in toxin
      treated animals. In adrenal glands, a decrease of choline acetyltransferase
      activity to 13% of control levels and a concomitant decrease of ultrastructurally
      identifiable nerve fibers and axon terminals revealed that application of 2
      micrograms beta-BTX effectively reduced the neuronal input to E 21 adrenal
      glands. Values for total adrenal catecholamines, relative amounts of adrenaline
      and noradrenaline, tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase activities were unaltered. All ultrastructural features of
      pheochromoblasts (except the lack of synapse-like axon terminals) were
      inconspicuous. Corticosterone levels in adrenals and plasma were identical to
      controls. These data strongly suggest that normal embryonic development of
      adrenal chromaffin cells does not require an intact nerve supply.

PMID- 2875910
TI  - New alpha 2-adrenergic blocker (DG-5128) improves insulin secretion and in vivo
      glucose disposal in NIDDM patients.
AB  - Effects of oral administration of DG-5128, a new oral hypoglycemic agent, on
      glycemic control after a mixed meal and an in vivo glucose disposal were measured
      in subjects with nonobese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Oral
      administration of DG-5128 significantly (P less than .05) enhanced insulin
      secretion both 30 and 60 min after a mixed meal (550 kcal), with a concomitant
      decrease in postprandial plasma glucose levels at 60 and 120 min. Glucose
      disposal rate between the 2nd and 4th h of a euglycemic insulin clamp, developed
      through a constant infusion of insulin (0.77 mU X kg-1 X min-1) together with
      somatostatin (80 ng X kg-1 X min-1), was 2.5-fold higher in a DG-5128-treated
      group (P less than .01) than in a control group. However, there was no difference
      between the two groups in either plasma glucose concentration or plasma insulin
      concentration at either the 2nd or the 4th h. These results indicate that DG-5128
      is effective in controlling plasma glucose levels in subjects with NIDDM by
      stimulation of both insulin secretion and in vivo glucose disposal.

PMID- 2875911
TI  - Immunohistochemical colocalization of GABA and insulin in beta-cells of rat
      islet.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is found in high concentrations in the pancreatic
      islet. In addition, enzymes regulating the level of GABA (L-glutamate
      decarboxylase and GABA-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase) have been
      immunohistochemically localized in the medullary cells of the islet. In this
      study, an immunofluorescence and elution/restaining protocol is used to determine
      the distribution of GABA and either insulin, glucagon, or somatostatin in a
      tissue section. GABA was not detected within the islet alpha- or delta-cells but
      was determined to be localized within the insulin-containing beta-cells.

PMID- 2875912
TI  - Secretion and effect of somatostatin in early stages of the diabetic syndrome in
      C57BL/KsJ-mdb mice.
AB  - In a previous study in C57BL/KsJ (mdb) mice aged 12 to 90 days, we observed
      alterations in the secretion of insulin and somatostatin and in the inhibitory
      effect of the latter upon insulin secretion. This study explores whether hormonal
      alterations are to be found in the very early stages of the diabetic syndrome,
      i.e. between ages 4 and 12 days. The results demonstrate two distinct phases in
      the development of the syndrome: up to age 6 days, the perifused slices of
      pancreata of control animals present biphasic glucose-induced patterns of insulin
      and somatostatin secretion, whereas the diabetic animals show a diminished first
      peak of insulin secretion, but a similar pattern of somatostatin secretion, to
      that of the control animals; between ages 7 and 12 days, the pancreata of
      diabetic mice exhibit insulin hypersecretion in basal conditions, and an absence
      of the first secretion peak and insulin hypersecretion in the second phase in
      response to glucose stimulation. The glucose-induced pattern of somatostatin
      secretion presents hormonal hypersecretion in both phases. B-cell sensitivity to
      the inhibitory effect of somatostatin is diminished in mdb mice of the above
      mentioned groups, an alteration which becomes more evident as diabetes evolves.
      The results show that, in very early stages of the evolution of the diabetic
      syndrome in C57BL/KsJ (mdb) mice, there are already alterations in insulin and
      somatostatin secretion patterns and in the inhibitory effect of the latter on
      insulin secretion.

PMID- 2875913
TI  - [Prognosis of patients with myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2875914
TI  - [Antacids: what role in the treatment of ulcer disease?].

PMID- 2875915
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase serum activity: a useful but insufficient test for
      detecting chronic hepatopathies].

PMID- 2875916
TI  - Bethanechol increases the diagnostic yield in patients with esophageal chest
      pain.
AB  - The diagnostic yield of routine esophageal manometrics in evaluating noncardiac
      chest pain is low. To determine if bethanechol stimulation would increase the
      diagnostic yield, we examined 87 patients with chest pain but no gastroesophageal
      reflux, 47 patients with gastroesophageal reflux but no chest pain, and 20 normal
      subjects. All subjects underwent standard esophageal manometrics before and after
      two doses of 50 micrograms/kg body wt bethanechol administered subcutaneously 15
      min apart. Mean amplitude and duration of contractions and percentage of abnormal
      contractions were measured in the distal 7 cm of the esophageal body. Pathologic
      manometric parameters were defined as mean +/- 2 SD of values obtained in normal
      patients. Patients with chest pain had pathological responses for amplitude of
      contraction, duration of contraction, and percentage of abnormal contractions of
      31%, 14%, and 22%, respectively, in the basal period. This increased to 43%, 66%,
      and 40%, respectively, after the first dose of bethanechol and to 53%, 85%, and
      82% after the second dose of bethanechol. Chest pain was reproduced with new
      manometric abnormalities in 46% of patients after the first dose of bethanechol
      and in 77% after the second dose. Our conclusions are that: sequential
      bethanechol administration significantly increases the diagnostic yield of
      standard esophageal manometrics in the evaluation of noncardiac chest pain and
      duration of contraction after pharmacologic provocation with bethanechol is the
      best parameter to segregate patients with chest pain from normal subjects and
      gastroesophageal reflux patients.

PMID- 2875917
TI  - Cholinergic mediation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced gastrin and somatostatin
      release from rat antrum.
AB  - Addition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to antral mucosal fragments in short
      term incubation results in dose-dependent and bicuculline-sensitive stimulation
      of gastrin release and inhibition of somatostatin release, respectively. These
      effects of GABA on antral gastrin and somatostatin release closely resembled the
      actions of cholinergic agonists on G- and D-cell function. The present study
      examines the possibility that the effects of GABA on antral peptide release may
      be mediated, in part, through stimulation of antral cholinergic neurons.
      Inclusion of either atropine or pirenzepine in incubation medium prevented GABA
      induced stimulation of gastrin release and inhibition of somatostatin release.
      Addition of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, caused a leftward
      shift in the GABA dose-response curve and increased by 10-fold the sensitivity of
      the antral preparation to GABA stimulation. Studies with tetrodotoxin suggest
      that GABA-stimulated gastrin release is mediated through activation of neurons
      contained within the antral mucosal/submucosal fragments. Hexamethonium, the
      ganglionic nicotinic receptor antagonist, did not affect GABA-induced gastrin
      release. These results indicate that GABA affects antral gastrin and somatostatin
      release through stimulation of antral postganglionic cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2875918
TI  - Cholinergic modulation of the release of serotonin in the gastric interstitial
      fluid. An in vivo study in rabbits.
AB  - Dialysis fibers chronically implanted into the gastric submucosa of rabbits
      allowed us to simultaneously (a) collect an interstitial fluid dialysate in which
      5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations were measured, and (b) locally perfuse drugs
      such as acetylcholine, neostigmine, and atropine, which stimulated the release of
      5-hydroxytryptamine. The effect of acetylcholine was not blocked by atropine but
      was blocked by hexamethonium. Furthermore, 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in
      the interstitial fluid were lower when acetylcholine and hexamethonium were
      injected together than when hexamethonium was injected alone. We conclude that
      acetylcholine stimulates the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the gastric
      interstitial fluid by acting on nicotinic receptors, and has inhibitory effects
      by stimulating the muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2875920
TI  - Effects of local anaesthetics on responses of human saphenous vein and bovine
      coronary artery to neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and 5
      hydroxytryptamine.
AB  - The effects of 5 different local anaesthetics, lignocaine, etidocaine,
      prilocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, and 3 different neurotransmitters,
      acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on tone and
      contractility of human saphenous vein and bovine coronary artery were studied and
      compared in vitro. The experiments were carried out to see if there were species
      or tissue differences in the action of local anaesthetics and neurotransmitters
      at vascular smooth muscle, i.e. saphenous vein and coronary artery. Another
      important aspect was to see if local anaesthetics modified cholinergic (ACh),
      adrenergic (NA) and serotoninergic (5-HT) responses in vascular smooth muscle.
      Among the local anaesthetics studied, lignocaine and etidocaine produced
      prolonged relaxations, whereas prilocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine produced
      contractions in the saphenous vein and coronary artery. High concentrations of
      the latter drugs produced relaxations in the blood vessels. Among the local
      anaesthetics, lignocaine produced differential effects on saphenous vein and
      coronary artery, its effect on the latter was 3 times larger than on the
      saphenous vein. ACh, NA and 5-HT contracted the saphenous vein. In the coronary
      artery, ACh and 5-HT contracted whereas NA relaxed the vessel. On a molar basis,
      ACh was less effective than NA in contracting the saphenous vein. 5-HT was
      equipotent on both the saphenous vein and coronary artery. Lignocaine reduced
      ACh, NA and 5-HT-induced contractions in the saphenous vein and those of ACh and
      5-HT in the coronary artery, and shifted the control curves, non-competitively,
      to the right. The relaxation produced by NA in the coronary artery was enhanced
      by lignocaine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875919
TI  - [Value of CA 125 in comparison to conventional tumor markers in ovarian cancer].
AB  - It was the aim of this study to evaluate the clinical significance of the
      monoclonal test system CA 125 in comparison to 7 conventional laboratory
      procedures (TPA, PHI, CEA, LDH, GGT, AP, ESR) as tumour marker in ovarian cancer.
      Serum samples from 327 patients with histologically proven cancer of the ovary
      were analysed. Marker results were correlated to tumour activity as defined by
      the criteria of the UICC. Furthermore, in 175/327 patients who were clinically
      symptom-free after primary therapy, marker courses were analysed with regard to
      the development of recurrence. Positive rates and median values of CA 125, TPA,
      PHI and ESR showed significant increases with progression of the disease, whereas
      correlation was less clear-cut with CEA, LDH, GGT and AP. In clinically tumour
      free patients without evidence of recurrence during the further course,
      intermittent increases of PHI, ESR and especially TPA were found in 19-47%.
      However, such "false positive" marker courses were not seen with CA 125. Those
      patients who developed recurrent disease exhibited increasing CA 125 titres in
      68%. The incidence of such "true positive" markers courses was less frequent with
      PHI, ESR and TPA. Our results indicate that CA 125 and--with limitations--TPA,
      PHI and ESR may be used in ovarian cancer control. When monitoring tumour-free
      patients, CA 125 exhibited the highest specificity and sensitivity. Using 65 U/ml
      as cut-off, a positive CA 125 titre indicates recurrent disease with great
      certainty. When employing PHI, ESR and especially TPA, however, the possibility
      of "false positive" increases has to be taken into account.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875921
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis of a false cholinergic neurotransmitter: diethylaminoethyl
      acetate as a muscarinic agonist analog of acetylcholine.
AB  - Diethylaminoethyl acetate, an acetylcholine analog, was formed upon the
      incubation of diethylaminoethanol and acetyl-CoA with bovine brain choline
      acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA: choline O-acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.6). The new
      product co-chromatographed with authentic diethylaminoethyl acetate on thin layer
      plates, and its formation was proportional to the duration of incubation and
      enzyme concentrations. When tested on guinea-pig ileum, diethylaminoethyl acetate
      was found to be an agonist with an ED50 of 1.3 X 10(-4) M, compared to an ED50 of
      2.0 X 10(-7) M for acetylcholine. The contraction of guinea-pig ileum induced by
      diethylaminoethyl acetate was blocked by atropine. Moreover, diethylaminoethyl
      acetate induced a secretion of alpha-amylase from isolated pancreatic acini
      cells; this effect was also blocked by atropine. It is entirely possible that
      diethylaminoethyl acetate can be a false cholinergic transmitter generated in
      vivo when drugs such as aprophen or procaine are administered to animals, since
      either of these drugs can undergo enzymatic hydrolysis to generate
      diethylaminoethanol. A method for the synthesis of radioactive diethylamino [1,2
      14C]ethyl acetate was also described.

PMID- 2875923
TI  - [Radiation hygiene: its problems and objectives in the light of the decisions of
      the 27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2875922
TI  - Expression of a cloned 987P adhesion-antigen fimbrial determinant in Escherichia
      coli K-12 strain HB101.
AB  - The properties of three independent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates
      known to express 987P adhesion fimbriae in a manner subject to phase variation
      were examined. Phase variation could not be correlated with any major changes in
      the plasmid DNA content of these strains or with readily detectable changes in
      any other tested phenotypic markers. The 987P genetic determinant from one of
      these strains, E. coli 987, was cloned into the non-fimbriated E. coli K-12
      strains HB101, and expressed, using the cosmid vector system. 987P fimbriae
      produced by cells harbouring these recombinant plasmids (987P+ phenotype) could
      not be distinguished from 987P fimbriae produced by strain 987. Expression of
      987P fimbriae from some recombinant plasmids was unstable but none of the
      recombinants exhibited the phase variation phenotype displayed by the parental
      strain. One recombinant plasmid, pPM200, contained an insert of strain 987 DNA of
      ca. 33 kb. The HB101[pPM200] displayed a rather stable 987P+ phenotype, but this
      was not true for several hosts, since pPM200 acquired approx. 20-kb deletions
      following transformations of E. coli K-12 strains other than HB101. The deletions
      mapped to the same region of pPM200 irrespective of the host strain transformed.
      Cells harbouring the deleted plasmids did not express 987P fimbriae (987P-
      phenotype).

PMID- 2875924
TI  - Increased CSF levels of somatostatin in patients with brain tumours and
      intracranial hypertension.
AB  - The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of somatostatin in patients with brain
      tumours, communicating hydrocephalus, lumbar-disc disease (treated as a control)
      were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. The somatostatin concentration in the
      patients with brain tumours and intracranial hypertension was significantly
      higher compared to those with brain tumours and normal CSF pressure. CSF
      somatostatin content in patients with communicating hydrocephalus, was similar to
      patients with brain tumours and normal CSF pressure, and did not show a
      significant difference from the control group. The authors discuss possible
      reasons for such results obtained in patients with brain tumours and intracranial
      hypertension.

PMID- 2875925
TI  - Similar triiodothyronine releasing activity of thyroid stimulating antibodies in
      human and porcine thyroid slices.
AB  - In an approach to addressing species specificity of thyroid stimulating
      antibodies (TSAb) stimulation of T3 release by Graves' sera was comparatively
      studied in human and porcine thyroid slices. A high sensitivity and specificity
      was found for the T3 bioassay independently on the use of human or porcine
      thyroid. Moreover, activity indices of the individual sera in both tissues were
      significantly correlated to each other and to circulating hormone levels in
      untreated disease. In conclusion, we suppose a lack of functionally relevant
      differences between target antigens, brought about probably by the TSH receptor
      itself and other membrane components, in human and porcine thyroid. Thus, for
      clinically applicable T3 releasing bioassay porcine thyroid may be alternatively
      used. In addition, this bioassay renders the advantage of reflecting the activity
      of disease.

PMID- 2875926
TI  - Growth hormone-releasing factor: a new chapter in neuroendocrinology.
AB  - The isolation and characterization of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) has
      initiated a new and exciting era in our understanding of the neuroendocrine
      regulation of pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion. This report briefly
      describes the isolation and characterization of GRF, factors which modulate the
      GH response to GRF and the effects of chronic administration and deprivation of
      GRF on somatic growth. The intent of this report is to serve as a general
      introduction on biochemical and physiological aspects of GRF. The following
      reports from this symposium will then cover many of these topics in much greater
      detail.

PMID- 2875927
TI  - Testosterone treatment of men with alcoholic cirrhosis: a double-blind study. The
      Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial was conducted to determine
      the efficacy of oral testosterone treatment (200 mg three times daily) in men
      with alcoholic cirrhosis. By skewed randomization (3:2), 134 patients received
      testosterone and 87 placebo. Patients were followed from 8 to 62 months (median =
      28 months). In the testosterone group, 33 patients died (25%; 95% confidence
      limits = 18 to 33%) as compared to 18 (21%; 95% confidence limits = 13 to 31%) in
      the placebo group. Taking age and significant prognostic variables into
      consideration, this corresponds with a relative mortality risk of 1.17 (95%
      confidence limits = 0.65 to 2.15) in the testosterone group vs. the placebo
      group. Testosterone treatment did not significantly affect liver biochemistry,
      prevalence of complications to cirrhosis or causes of death. Patients treated
      with testosterone developed significantly (p less than 0.05) higher serum
      testosterone and blood hemoglobin concentrations and significantly (p less than
      0.05) lower plasma IgM concentrations as compared to the placebo group. The
      prevalence of gynecomastia decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the
      testosterone group as compared to the placebo group. We conclude that oral
      testosterone treatment has no beneficial effect on survival and liver
      biochemistry in men with alcoholic cirrhosis, and adverse effects cannot be
      excluded.

PMID- 2875928
TI  - Morphological findings in the liver of children with cystic fibrosis: a light and
      electron microscopical study.
AB  - Liver tissue from five children with cystic fibrosis, obtained through
      percutaneous liver biopsies, have been investigated via light and electron
      microscopy. None of the patients had clinical evidence of liver disorder, and
      their blood chemistry was mainly normal. Light microscopy showed slight fibrosis
      in three cases, more advanced fibrosis in one case and focal cirrhotic changes in
      one case. All patients had fatty infiltration in the hepatocytes and glycogen in
      the nuclei of these cells. Electron microscopy showed an increase in the number
      of Ito cells around the portal tracts and also fibrosis in all patients. In the
      majority of hepatocytes, no evident necrosis was seen. Hypertrophy of the smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were noted. Large lysosomes
      containing lipofuscin and lipids were also present. No direct evidence of
      cholestasis could be seen in the hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi were not
      dilated and did not contain bile plugs. No bile pigment was seen in the cells,
      and direct evidence of cholestasis was thus not found in the hepatocytes. Other
      organelles, such as the rough endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes and
      mitochondria, had a normal appearance. Bile ducts, even when seen in fibrotic
      portal tracts, were not dilated. The ultrastructural findings cannot explain the
      basis for the liver cell damage. Cholestasis does not seem to be a presumable
      etiological factor as judged from the findings in the present study.

PMID- 2875929
TI  - Towards a complete linkage map of the human X chromosome.
AB  - In the seven years since the first human gene was cloned, several hundred coding
      sequences and many more random single copy DNA sequences have been isolated. Many
      of these show restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and can be used
      as genetic markers in inheritance studies. RFLPs enable the construction of
      complete linkage maps of individual human chromosomes which can then be used as a
      mapping resource for other genes and disease loci. The isolation of chromosome
      specific sequences has been greatly facilitated by the purification of human
      chromosomes by flow cytometry. Sub-localisation of the polymorphic DNA probes
      along the chromosome can be achieved using in situ hybridisation or rodent/human
      hybrid cell lines. There are now more than one hundred DNA probes assigned to the
      human X chromosome and a preliminary genetic map suggests that the chromosome is
      at least 200 cm long. Some of these DNA sequences have been shown to be linked to
      disease loci such as Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, X-linked mental
      retardation and retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 2875930
TI  - The role of the HPRT gene in human disease.
AB  - Human HPRT deficiency leads to two major forms of human disease. Partial enzyme
      deficiency results in gouty arthritis, while an almost complete deficiency leads
      to the Lesch-Nyhan disease. The latter is characterized by severe neurological
      dysfunction in addition to gouty arthritis, including retardation,
      choreoathetosis and aggressive and compulsive self-mutilation. The biochemical
      basis for the neurological symptoms is not understood. The human and mouse cDNA
      (RNA copy) genes have been isolated and sequenced. In addition, the amino acid
      sequence of the human protein has been directly determined. The human and mouse
      proteins differ at 7 amino acids out of the total, (including the N terminal
      methionine, which is processed off during maturation) of 218. There are 42 out of
      654 nucleotide differences between the human and mouse genes in the amino acid
      coding region. The mouse genomic structure has been determined. It has 9 exons
      and 8 introns with a total size of approximately 36 kb. The human gene is very
      similar with identical intron-exon junction points and approximately the same
      total gene size. Both mouse and human presumed promotor region at the 5' end,
      lack a recognizable promotor in the form of a "TATAA" box and are very G-C rich,
      though not the same. This may be a feature of most "housekeeping" genes. HPRT
      gene point mutations in three gouty arthritis and one Lesch-Nyhan patient have
      been identified by peptide sequencing. Six gross gene rearrangements have been
      identified in Lesch-Nyhan HPRT genes. However it is likely that most mutations
      are point mutations or small deletions. So far all gene mutations identified are
      different from all others. The gene has been engineered into retrovirus vehicles
      which allows its efficient introduction into a wide variety of cells, including
      mouse marrow stem cells. This may allow treatment of Lesch-Nyhan patients as a
      model of gene therapy.

PMID- 2875931
TI  - The utilization of the human phosphoglycerate kinase gene in the investigation of
      X-chromosome inactivation.
AB  - The X-linked human Pgk gene has been cloned and partially characterized, and some
      preliminary results have been obtained regarding active vs. inactive gene
      comparisons of chromatin structure and methylation patterns. As yet we can say
      nothing definitive about what role, if any, these differences may play in X
      inactivation. The studies showing that DNA from the inactive X chromosome in
      mature somatic cells does not function in transformation of the Hprt gene
      strongly imply modification of the inactive X chromosome at the DNA level.
      However, methylation studies with the Hprt, Gd Pgk genes have revealed a
      complexity of methylation patterns including hypermethylation of parts of the
      active X gene. Resolution of just what difference is critical in expression,
      differentiating between cause and effect, and extrapolating to the spreading and
      initiation aspects of X inactivation are still, unfortunately, long-range goals.
      The Pgk system may be of special value in unraveling some of these difficult
      questions. A unique autosomal Pgk locus exists and should allow an informative
      comparison between an X-linked housekeeping gene and an autosomal, tissue
      specific gene encoding proteins of identical enzymatic function. The proximity of
      Pgk to the X-inactivation control center may be useful in identifying the
      starting point of this very important event in early mammalian development.

PMID- 2875932
TI  - Beta-globin gene disorders in Italy and the Mediterranean area.

PMID- 2875933
TI  - The molecular genetics of hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 2875934
TI  - From hemophilia B to hemophilia A via the fragile X locus: genes and
      recombination in the distal region of the human X chromosome long arm.

PMID- 2875935
TI  - Mapping of rare X-linked genes through DNA polymorphisms and identification of
      crossover points.

PMID- 2875936
TI  - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: cosegregation of the phenotype to a COL3A1 allele
      of type III procollagen.
AB  - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV is a rare and catastrophic genetic disorder
      of the connective tissue. Individuals from two families with this disorder were
      studied for a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) associated with the
      COL3A1 gene. Our results suggested cosegregation of the EDS type IV phenotype
      with a COL3A1 RFLP allele. Biochemical studies in cultured skin fibroblasts
      indicated the presence of different mutations affecting the stability and
      secretion of the pro alpha 1(III) chains of type III procollagen in the two
      families, thus suggesting that EDS type IV is biochemically heterogeneous. Our
      data demonstrated the feasibility of molecular diagnosis in this condition using
      COL3A1 gene related RFLPs.

PMID- 2875937
TI  - Attenuated activities and structural alterations of arylsulfatase A in tissues
      from subjects with pseudo arylsulfatase A deficiency.
AB  - It had been shown previously that arylsulfatase A activity was attenuated in
      pseudo arylsulfatase A deficiency fibroblasts and that subunits of the enzyme
      were smaller than subunits of the enzyme in normal fibroblasts. Attenuated enzyme
      activity has now been affirmed in other tissues. Subunits of the enzyme from
      these sources were also found to be smaller with apparent molecular size 59 and
      56 kdaltons. Subunits of enzyme in corresponding control tissues were larger and
      there was heterogeneity in apparent molecular size as follows: fibroblasts, 63
      and 59 kdaltons; liver, 63 and 59 kdaltons; kidney, 63 and 58 kdaltons; spleen,
      63 and 58 kdaltons; placenta, 62 and 58 kdaltons; and urine, 61 and 57 kdaltons.
      Attenuated enzyme activity and structurally altered enzyme in pseudo
      arylsulfatase A deficiency appears to be systemic. However, the reason for
      reduced amounts of structurally altered enzyme with normal catalytic activity is
      unresolved.

PMID- 2875938
TI  - A Taq 1 gamma-globin DNA polymorphism: an African-specific marker.
AB  - The allele frequency of a Taq 1 gamma-globin gene restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) is reported in ten population groups. In four African
      populations the 3.0 kb RFLP is common (50/132 beta A chromosomes), whereas it is
      completely absent in six European/Asian populations (0/277 beta A chromosomes).
      This Taq 1 RFLP is thus a specific African population marker.

PMID- 2875939
TI  - Linkage analyses of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2A (MEN-2A) with 20 DNA
      polymorphisms: 5% of the genome excluded.
AB  - Pairwise linkage analyses are reported between the locus for multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type 2A (MEN-2A) and 20 restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) in a single large kindred which was previously screened for linkage with
      this form of cancer using 23 blood group and serum protein polymorphisms. No
      significant, positive lod scores have been obtained so far. These 20 RFLPs have
      excluded the MEN2 locus from about as much of the genome as did the 23 classical
      markers previously reported. This is a clear demonstration of the value of RFLPs
      for linkage studies since these 20 RFLPs were not selected for being the most
      polymorphic of those available. Over 10% of the human genome has been excluded
      from linkage with the MEN2 locus in this particular family.

PMID- 2875940
TI  - The rabbit immune system: cells regulating the proliferative response of purified
      T cells to concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin.
AB  - T cell specific, B cell specific and Ia specific polyclonal antisera, as well as
      monoclonal antibodies, were employed to characterize cells involved in regulation
      of T cells, proliferating upon stimulation with concanavalin A or
      phytohaemagglutinin. Evidence for Ia+ accessory cells was obtained and the
      constellation of membrane antigens was determined by cytotoxic cell kill with the
      above mentioned antibodies. Help given by Ia+ cells was not blocked by polyclonal
      antibody against Ia, in the absence of complement. There was indirect evidence
      that a fraction of helper/accessory cells were Ia-.

PMID- 2875941
TI  - Genetic polymorphism at the mouse immunoglobulin J kappa locus (Igk-J) as
      demonstrated by Southern hybridization and nucleotide sequence analysis.
AB  - Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the C.C58 M75 myeloma kappa chain gene
      and the BALB/c germ-line J kappa segments suggested that the J kappa regions of
      C.C58 and BALB/c might be distinguished by restriction enzyme polymorphisms. This
      was shown to be the case in Southern hybridizations of Hinf I and Acc I digests
      of liver DNA from these and other strains with a J kappa-specific probe. Tests of
      a wide variety of inbred, congenic, recombinant, and recombinant-inbred strains
      provided evidence for three alleles, Igk-Ja, Igk-Jb, and Igk-Jc, the type strains
      for which are C58/J, BALB/c, and SJL/J, respectively. Analysis of the B6.PL(85NS)
      congenic strain suggests that the Igk-J locus lies in the neighborhood of the Lyt
      2/Lyt-3 loci, approximately 0.30 cM from the V gene segment determining the Igk
      VSer and Igk-Efl polymorphisms. Finally, nucleotide substitutions lead to amino
      acid sequence differences between the C.C58 M 75 kappa gene and the BALB/c germ
      line in J kappa 2 and J kappa 4. Two of these substitutions reflect true germ
      line differences, raising the possibility that idiotype differences observed
      among strains could reflect J kappa as well as V kappa differences.

PMID- 2875942
TI  - DNA typing of HLA-DR antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - HLA-DR typing is technically difficult in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
      where patients have low numbers of peripheral B cells, often of poor viability
      and weak in antigenic expression. In this series, one third of SLE patients could
      not be HLA-DR typed by serological techniques, highlighting the potential for
      systematic bias in DR antigen assignment in studies of HLA and SLE. This
      potential bias was examined by comparing serological DR results with DNA-DR
      typing, achieved by examining Taq I fragments of DR beta, DQ alpha, and DQ beta
      which permitted unequivocal DR phenotyping of all patients, including the 35% for
      whom conventional DR typing was technically impossible. This showed the success
      of serological DR antigen assignment was indeed nonrandom, with HLA-DR2 and -DR3
      significantly more readily identifiable than DR5 and DRw13. Our study suggests
      that technical problems may well have contributed to conflicting reports
      regarding the association of DR2 or DR3 with SLE. Here, DNA-DR phenotyping showed
      HLA-DR3 is significantly (P less than .05) associated with an increased risk for
      SLE (54% in 46 patients, 36% in 134 controls) and HLA-DR2 is not.

PMID- 2875943
TI  - HLA-DQ polymorphism analyzed by sequential restriction endonuclease DNA
      digestion.
AB  - A direct, physical correspondence between certain Pst I-generated genomic DNA
      fragments and Taq I-generated fragments, revealed with HLA-DQ alpha or -DQ beta
      gene probes, has been demonstrated. As an immediate consequence, the nature of
      the DQ and DX hybridized genes contained in the fragments was established. Taq I
      generated DQ allelic forms which associate with serologically defined DR1, DR2,
      and DRw6 specificities were also proven to be sensu stricto "splits" of the Pst I
      generated allelic form associated with all three DR specificities.

PMID- 2875944
TI  - Efficacy of a slow release formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis H. 14 against
      mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2875945
TI  - Alternatives to traditional antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2875946
TI  - Role of dopamine in the inhibition of vasopressin secretion by L-dopa in
      carbidopa-treated dogs.
AB  - Elevation of brain catecholamine levels by systemic administration of L-dopa in
      dogs pretreated with the dopa decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa inhibits the
      secretion of vasopressin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and decreases
      arterial blood pressure. The aim of the present study was to determine whether
      the inhibition of vasopressin secretion is mediated by dopamine or
      norepinephrine, both of which have been implicated in the control of vasopressin
      secretion, and whether the decrease in vasopressin secretion contributes to the
      suppression of ACTH secretion and fall in blood pressure produced by L-dopa. This
      was accomplished by comparing the effects of dopamine and alpha-adrenergic
      receptor antagonists on vasopressin, ACTH, and blood pressure responses to L
      dopa. The effect of a specific antagonist of the vasoconstrictor action of
      vasopressin also was studied. Injection of L-dopa (20 mg/kg i.v.) in dogs
      pretreated with carbidopa (20 mg/kg i.v.) caused reductions in plasma vasopressin
      concentration (from 16.0 +/- 4.8 to 3.8 +/- 0.9 pg/ml; p less than 0.05), plasma
      ACTH concentration (from 96.0 +/- 20.4 to 49.2 +/- 10.0 pg/ml; p less than 0.05),
      and mean arterial pressure (from 121 +/- 6 to 78 +/- 5 mm Hg; p less than 0.05).
      Pretreatment with pimozide (1 mg/kg i.p.) completely blocked the inhibition of
      vasopressin secretion by L-dopa but failed to block the suppression of ACTH
      secretion (57.6 +/- 11.8 to 34.0 +/- 5.1 pg/ml; p less than 0.05) or the decrease
      in mean arterial pressure (126 +/- 5 to 93 +/- 7 mm Hg; p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2875947
TI  - Modulation of guanylate cyclase by lipoxygenase inhibitors.
AB  - Drugs that inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation were tested to determine
      their effect on soluble guanylate cyclase purified from dog aorta. Basal,
      arachidonic acid (10(-5) M)-stimulated, and nitroprusside (5 X 10(-5) M)
      stimulated guanylate cyclase activities were inhibited by methylene blue and the
      lipoxygenase inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid and eicosatetraynoic acid. The
      effective inhibitory doses were in the range of those that have been reported to
      inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation. Other compounds known to inhibit
      endothelium-dependent relaxation had little or no effect on guanylate cyclase
      activity. Basal guanylate cyclase activity was more resistant to inhibition than
      were activated states of the enzyme. The data suggest that reported inhibition of
      endothelium-dependent relaxation by some lipoxygenase inhibitors may be the
      result, at least in part, of their direct effect on guanylate cyclase activity.

PMID- 2875948
TI  - Interaction of a 60-kilodalton D-mannose-containing salivary glycoprotein with
      type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli.
AB  - A 60-kilodalton glycoprotein previously isolated and purified from human saliva
      (J. B. Babu, E. H. Beachey, D. L. Hasty, and W. A. Simpson, Infect. Immun. 51:
      405-413, 1986) was found to interact with type 1 fimbriae and prevent adhesion of
      type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli to animal cells in a D-mannose-sensitive
      manner. Purified salivary glycoprotein agglutinated type 1 fimbriated E. coli
      and, at subagglutinating concentrations, blocked the ability of type 1 fimbriated
      E. coli to attach to human buccal epithelial cells or agglutinate guinea pig
      erythrocytes. Both interactions were inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside but
      not by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside. Complexing of the glycoprotein to type 1
      fimbriae was demonstrated by molecular sieve chromatography and modified Western
      blots. When mixed with type 1 fimbriae, the radiolabeled salivary glycoprotein
      coeluted with type 1 fimbriae from a column of Sepharose 4B. When blotted from a
      sodium dodecyl sulfate gel to nitrocellulose sheets, the glycoprotein interacted
      directly with type 1 fimbriae applied to the blots. Both of the latter
      interactions also were blocked by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside but not by alpha
      methyl-D-glucoside. Chemical modification of the glycoprotein with sodium
      metaperiodate abolished its ability to interact with isolated type 1 fimbriae or
      type 1 fimbriated E. coli. These results suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of
      the 60-kilodalton glycoprotein serves as a receptor for type 1 fimbriae in the
      oral cavity, and we postulate that the interaction may cause agglutination and
      early removal of E. coli, thereby preventing colonization by these organisms of
      oropharyngeal mucosae and dental tissues.

PMID- 2875949
TI  - Heat-modifiable envelope proteins of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Several envelope proteins of Bordetella pertussis demonstrated differences in
      electrophoretic mobility, depending upon solubilization temperature before sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These proteins were exposed
      on the cell surface as judged by their accessibility to radiolabeling with 125I.
      Monoclonal antibodies to two of the heat-modifiable proteins (Mrs of 18,000 and
      91,000) reacted with intact cells in immunofluorescence microscopy experiments,
      also indicating surface exposure of these two proteins. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis revealed that two heat-modifiable proteins (a major protein with
      an Mr of 38,000 and one with an Mr of 18,000) migrated as higher-Mr moieties when
      solubilized at low temperatures (25 degrees C). Three proteins (Mrs of 91,000,
      32,000, and 30,000) and possibly a fourth (31,000) migrated as lower-Mr species
      when solubilized at 25 degrees C, as revealed in the two-dimensional gel system;
      these three proteins were found only in virulent B. pertussis and were not
      detected in a phase IV avirulent strain nor in a strain modulated to phenotypic
      avirulence by growth in nicotinic acid. The 38,000 molecular-weight protein (38K
      protein) and a 25K protein were found to be noncovalently associated with the
      underlying peptidoglycan. Small amounts of the 91K and 18K proteins were also
      found associated with peptidoglycan.

PMID- 2875950
TI  - Interactions of gonococci with HeLa cells: attachment, detachment, replication,
      penetration, and the role of protein II.
AB  - Colony variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae differ in their interactions with
      eucaryotic cells. When gonococci were cultivated with HeLa cell monolayers, the
      opacity phenotype (Op) became increasingly dominant in the subpopulation of
      organisms which adhered to the HeLa cells. Once bound, Op organisms displayed
      very low levels of detachment. Adherent Op gonococci exhibited generation times
      up to threefold greater than cultures containing gonococci in the absence of HeLa
      cells. In addition, the progeny of adherent Op organisms remained bound to the
      HeLa cell monolayer. Both piliated (P+) and transparent (Tr) colony types
      attached to HeLa cells, but their progeny were retained less efficiently.
      Gonococci bound to HeLa cells were subjected to the bactericidal action of fresh
      rat serum and approximately 0.5 to 2.5% survived, irrespective of their opacity
      or piliation phenotype. Incubation with gentamicin resulted in a 10- to 50-fold
      further reduction in viability. Pretreatment of HeLa cell monolayers with the
      microfilament-disrupting agent cytochalasin b diminished gonococcal survival in
      either serum or gentamicin by up to eightfold. In contrast, cytochalasin b
      treatment did not decrease survival of the commensal organism N. sicca. The data
      suggest that very few gonococci are completely interiorized and a small
      proportion of adherent gonococci are partially protected from the soluble-phase
      environment by HeLa cells.

PMID- 2875951
TI  - Identification of the O-linked sialyloligosaccharides of glycophorin A as the
      erythrocyte receptors for S-fimbriated Escherichia coli.
AB  - The erythrocyte receptors for S-fimbriated Escherichia coli, which causes sepsis
      and meningitis in newborn infants, were investigated. Neuraminidase and trypsin
      treatments of erythrocytes abolished the hemagglutination ability of the
      bacteria. To identify the receptor glycoproteins, we separated erythrocyte
      membrane proteins by gel electrophoresis, blotted them to nitrocellulose, and
      incubated them with 125I-labeled bacteria. The only bacterium-binding bands
      identified corresponded to glycophorin A dimer and monomer, and the binding was
      abolished by neuraminidase treatment of the blot. Radiolabeled bacteria also
      bound to purified glycophorin A adsorbed to polyvinyl chloride microwells, and
      the binding was inhibited by other sialoglycoproteins and isolated
      sialyloligosaccharides containing the NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal sequence.
      Oligosaccharides which contain the NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc and NeuAc
      alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3(NeuAc alpha 2-6)GalNAc sequence and which are identical to
      the O-linked saccharides of glycophorin A were twofold more effective inhibitors
      of binding than were other oligosaccharides containing the NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal
      sequence. The replacement of sialic acid in asialoerythrocytes with a purified
      Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha 2-3 sialyltransferase, which forms the O-linked NeuAc
      alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc sequence in asialoglycophorins, restored bacterial
      hemagglutination. These results indicated that the major erythrocyte receptor for
      S-fimbriated E. coli is the NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc sequence of the O
      linked oligosaccharide chains of glycophorin A.

PMID- 2875953
TI  - Expression of Ly-6.2 and Thy-1 antigens on NIH 3T3 cells suppressed after
      transformation with activated human ras-oncogenes.
AB  - We have studied the expression of several cell surface antigens in NIH 3T3 cells
      after neoplastic transformation with activated human ras and myc oncogenes. The
      binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), specific for mouse differentiation
      antigens Ly-6.2, Thy-1 and 9F3, to normal and transformed cells was assessed
      using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS IV). Significant reduction of Ly
      6.2 and Thy-1 antigen expression was detected in cells transformed with either
      the N-ras, Ki-ras or H-ras oncogenes but not in c-myc transfected cells. 9F3
      antigen expression remained at the original high level in all transfectants
      studied. Normal levels of Ly-6.2 and Thy-1 expression reappeared in revertants
      derived from unstable ras-transfectants. These data indicate that ras sequences
      did not preferentially transform cells that were deficient in Ly-6.2 and Thy-1
      antigens. It was also shown that the reduced binding of anti-Ly-6.2 antibodies to
      ras-transfectants was not due to a masking effect of increased cell-surface
      sialylation occurring in ras-transfected cell lines. Other possible explanations
      of the detected phenotypic changes are discussed. The results extend the range of
      tumor-associated membrane alterations in NIH 3T3 cells following transfection
      with human tumor DNA containing activated ras oncogenes by a hitherto unreported
      alteration in the expression of Ly-6 and Thy-1 antigens.

PMID- 2875952
TI  - Identification and characterization of a uroepithelial cell adhesin from a
      uropathogenic isolate of Proteus mirabilis.
AB  - Proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections in
      rehabilitation hospitals and among persons with structural abnormalities of the
      urinary tract. Adherence to uroepithelial tissues may be an important virulence
      determinant in these infections because most Proteus strains adhere to
      desquamated uroepithelial cells. To identify the adherence factor responsible for
      this phenomenon, we sheared outer membrane material from 35SO4-radiolabeled
      bacteria and allowed it to bind to uroepithelial cells. Following sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the major adherence element was a
      protein with an apparent molecular weight of 17,500 and was provisionally
      designated as the uroepithelial cell adhesin. This adhesin was purified by heat
      shock and gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B. After purification, the adhesin was
      seen assembled as long, flexible rods by electron microscopy. The N-terminal
      amino acid sequence of the subunit had limited homology with that of the K99
      fimbriae of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2875954
TI  - Respiratory effects of four adrenergic blocking agents combined with a diuretic
      in treating hypertension with concurrent chronic obstructive lung disease.
AB  - The study was a comparison of the effects on respiratory function produced by
      four antihypertensive agents with receptor-blocking properties (atenolol,
      oxprenolol, labetalol, metoprolol), when used in combination with a diuretic
      (chlorthalidone) in four homogeneous groups of hypertensive patients also
      suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease. All the agents with the
      exception of labetalol caused systematic and considerable worsening of functional
      parameters monitored in the trial. Treatment with labetalol, on the other hand,
      led to an improvement in respiratory function. Labetalol thus proved to be the
      most reliable and selective of the drugs tested for administration to patients
      with severe chronic airflow limitation.

PMID- 2875955
TI  - Age-related multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and anxiolytic effects of delorazepam
      (chlordesmethyldiazepam).
AB  - The kinetics of delorazepam (chlordesmethyldiazepam; CDDZ), and its major
      metabolite, lorazepam (LRZ) during multiple-dose therapy have been evaluated in
      two groups of patients with primary or secondary anxiety. The 12 patients in
      group 1 were 46.8 +/- less than 13.2 years while the eight in group 2 were
      significantly older (69.7 +/- 7.8 years). All patients were given 0.5 mg twice
      daily of CDDZ for 30 days. Concentrations of CDDZ and LRZ in multiple blood
      samples collected during the study were determined by electron-capture gas-liquid
      chromatography. The degree of anxiety was evaluated from the Hamilton rating
      scale for anxiety (HRSA). CDDZ and LRZ accumulated in plasma but the rate of
      accumulation of CDDZ was slower than expected from studies in young volunteers
      and the half-life values were significantly related to age. Steady-state levels
      of glucuronated LRZ were also lower in elderly patients. Data indicate that CDDZ
      is more slowly eliminated and less metabolized as age increases. While pre
      treatment scores of HRSA were similar in the two groups, older patients improved
      significantly less than those of group 1 and had also an higher incidence of side
      effects. CDDZ levels positively correlated with improvement in group 1 but not in
      group 2.

PMID- 2875956
TI  - Conservative surgical treatment of tubal pregnancy: factors affecting future
      fertility.
AB  - The results of conservative surgical treatment of tubal pregnancy (salpingotomy
      in 10 cases, partial salpingectomy and anastomosis in two cases) were compared
      with radical treatment in seven cases. The subsequent pregnancy rate was 55% and
      71% for the conservative and radical groups, respectively. There were no
      recurrent tubal pregnancies in either group. Prior presence of pelvic adhesions
      did not have an effect on fertility in these patients. The rate of multiparity
      was significantly higher in patients who became pregnant after the surgery than
      those patients who did not become pregnant.

PMID- 2875957
TI  - Specific IgG and IgA antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in infertile women.
AB  - IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody titers to Chlamydia trachomatis were determined in
      sera of 80 infertile women and 100 controls by a single antigen (L-2)
      immunoperoxidase assay. The infertile women included 50 with unexplained
      infertility and normal hysterosalpingogram (HSG) and 30 with abnormal HSG. The
      control sera included 50 from primiparous and 50 from multiparous women. The
      prevalence of C. trachomatis IgG antibody was significantly higher in infertile
      women with abnormal HSG as compared with infertile patients with normal HSG and
      controls (87% v. 20% and 10%, respectively). The geometric mean titer (GMT) of C.
      trachomatis IgG antibodies of infertile women with abnormal HSG was significantly
      higher than those of controls (20.7 v. 5.6). A significantly higher prevalence of
      C. trachomatis IgA antibodies was found in infertile women with both abnormal and
      normal HSG than in controls (77% and 14% v. 3% respectively). No C. trachomatis
      IgM antibodies (less than 2) were found in any of the infertile or control
      groups. The possibility that serum C. trachomatis IgA antibodies may serve as a
      marker for early recognition of persistent C. trachomatis is discussed.

PMID- 2875958
TI  - Pulmonary embolism during clomiphene therapy for infertility in a male: a case
      report.

PMID- 2875960
TI  - Prolactin in human cervical mucus.
AB  - The pattern of change in the levels of prolactin (PRL) in cervical mucus was
      studied in 19 normal ovulatory women. The concentration of PRL in cervical mucus
      was generally higher than that in plasma except at midcycle, when a reverse
      relationship was observed. The concentration of PRL in mucus obtained at midcycle
      was lower than mucus obtained during follicular phase or luteal phase. There were
      no significant differences in the total PRL content among preovulatory, midcycle
      and postovulatory cervical mucus samples. The amount of cervical mucus markedly
      increased during the periovulatory period (two days from the peak of plasma
      luteinizing hormone). The cervical mucus PRL level undergoes cyclic changes
      during the normal menstrual cycle, and the decrease in PRL concentration in mucus
      at midcycle is most likely a result of the dilutional effect of increased mucus
      volume. The physiological implication of the presence of PRL in human cervical
      mucus is also discussed.

PMID- 2875959
TI  - Andrological parameters in patients with varicocele and fertility disorders
      treated by high ligation of the left spermatic vein.
AB  - The results of surgical treatment of 50 subfertile patients with left varicocele
      are presented. Improvement of the spermiogram was noted as follows: 70% of
      patients had improvement of semen count, 48% of semen motility and 69.4% in the
      morphological pattern of spermatozoa. Pregnancy occurred in 50% of patients'
      wives. Eighty-four percent of the pregnancies took place during the first 12
      months after the operation. A direct correlation was observed between the size of
      the varicocele and the number of pregnancies. Severely oligozoospermic patients
      with sperm count less than 10 million per milliliter semen constituted 72% of the
      men whose wives became pregnant. There was no statistically significant change
      after the operation in levels in the semen of luteinizing hormone, follicle
      stimulating hormone, testosterone and prolactin.

PMID- 2875961
TI  - Detection of antisperm antibodies: a cytotoxicity immobilization test.
AB  - The sera of 110 couples with unexplained infertility were examined for anti-sperm
      immobilizing antibodies with the aid of multiple-exposure photography. The sera
      of 10 females and 3 males had immobilizing activity. Eleven pregnancies occurred
      in 10 female patients in the group without immobilizing antibodies. None of the
      13 females in the couples with immobilizing activity conceived. A negative
      correlation was found between the occurrence of serum immobilizing antibodies and
      incidence of pregnancy. No such correlation could be found between the occurrence
      of autoagglutination in the male's ejaculate and the female partner conceiving.
      In light of detection of anti-sperm antibodies in a patient with habitual
      abortions, a possible immune mechanism is suggested.

PMID- 2875962
TI  - Shared HLA antigens between parents and recurrent spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Ten couples with a history of at least three (mean 3.8) consecutive spontaneous
      abortions of unknown etiology and 57 normal fertile couples (means 2.6 children)
      were tested for HLA antigens. The frequencies of shared HLA-A, -B and -DR
      antigens among members of the couples were similar in both groups. Our results,
      as well as analysis of the data in the literature, contradict HLA antigens
      sharing between parents as a determinant of recurrent spontaneous abortion.

PMID- 2875964
TI  - Does sperm motility reflect the potential penetrating capacity?
AB  - This study was conducted to determine whether spermatozoal motility in the fresh
      ejaculate and that after various treatments correlates with the results of in
      vitro penetration (IVP) of zona-free hamster oocytes. In 24 different ejaculates,
      a poor correlation was noted between the IVP results and initial sperm motility.
      However, a significant (P less than .05) correlation was observed between
      motility of washed (0.47), incubated (0.43) and oocyte-exposed (0.41) sperm v.
      IVP results. Furthermore, variable proportions of motile sperm in individual
      ejaculates (n = 4), obtained by addition of known amounts of killed immotile
      sperm to fresh ejaculate, had a significantly (P less than .05) higher
      correlation (0.83) with IVP results.

PMID- 2875963
TI  - The regional distribution of NPY-, PHM-, and VIP-containing nerves in the human
      female genital tract.
AB  - The regional distributions of neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide histidine-methionine
      (PHM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivities in the
      human female genital tract have been estimated by specific radioimmunoassays, and
      their molecular forms determined by chromatography. The localisation and
      distribution of these three peptides was carried out by immunocytochemistry. The
      vagina and cervix contain high concentrations of NPY- and VIP-immunoreactive
      nerves, mainly localised around the vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle. VIP
      containing nerves were, in addition, seen beneath the cervical and, in
      particular, the vaginal epithelium. A comparatively high level of immunoreactive
      NPY is found in the fallopian tube, mainly around the circular muscle coat. There
      is evidence that VIP is a neurotransmitter in the female genital tract, and these
      results suggest a similar role for NPY and PHM.

PMID- 2875965
TI  - Hyaluronidase activity in split human semen.
AB  - Hyaluronidase is an acrosomal enzyme which participates in the dissolution of the
      cumulus oophorus matrix, containing hyaluronic acid, and is essential for the
      fertilization process. In this study hyaluronidase activity was determined in two
      fractions of split normozoospermic and oligozoospermic human semen. The method
      consisted of measurements of areas of digestion of hyaluronic acid in agar (Petri
      dishes) as compared to activity obtained by commercial testicular hyaluronidase.
      It was found that the first splits of semen, which are generally characterized by
      higher sperm density and better quality of sperm, exhibit higher enzyme activity
      (136.0 +/- 11.6-207.0 +/- 15.1 micrograms/mL) as compared to the second splits
      (117.8 +/- 10-134.0 +/- 12.9 micrograms/mL).

PMID- 2875966
TI  - Effect of stress on semen quality in semen donors.
AB  - Fifty-three donors with good semen quality were studied monthly for sperm count
      and motility over 9 to 22 months. Medical students (n = 31) in freshman and
      sophomore years subjected to the stress of twice-yearly examinations were
      compared with nonstudents (n = 22) not exposed to common stressful periods. Sperm
      count and quality (count X motility) for the student group were significantly
      elevated during examination months versus nonexamination months. Controls
      demonstrated no differences over these months. Differences between individuals,
      donor selection factors, and the effects of variable degrees of stress on sperm
      transport may have contributed to this finding.

PMID- 2875967
TI  - Effects of vitamin C deficiency on physiology of male reproductive organs of
      guinea pigs.
AB  - Vitamin C dietary deficiency in guinea pigs markedly affected the androgen
      sensitive parameters of the reproductive tissues--testis, epididymis, vas
      deferens, and accessory sex glands--and caused an "androgen-deprived effect" in
      these target organs. This in turn altered their internal milieu and caused
      changes in their metal ion profile and the morphology, motility, and density of
      spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis and vas deferens. The sensitivity of the vas
      deferens to adrenaline was also reduced in scorbutic guinea pigs, thus decreasing
      their fertility rate. The primary action seems to be at the level of the testis,
      and androgen deprivation and partial antifertility effects are probably secondary
      manifestations consequent to the primary effect. The present study demonstrated
      that ascorbic acid is essential for maintaining the physiological integrity of
      the androgen target reproductive organs in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2875969
TI  - Synthesis and conformational study of two L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide analogues
      with a reduced peptide bond.
AB  - The peptide bond between Pro-Leu or Leu-Gly in Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 was replaced by a
      CH2-NH function. The 1H and 13C n.m.r. studies demonstrated that HCl X Pro-Leu
      psi (CH2-NH)Gly-NH2 10 adopted a conformation in DMSO that is similar to the
      previously postulated beta-turn for the natural hormone. This was not the case
      for the other analogue. In vivo tests on 10 revealed an activity approximately
      equal to the natural compound and an increased toxicity.

PMID- 2875968
TI  - Effects of passive immunization against estradiol on rabbit ovum transport.
AB  - The role played by estradiol in control of ovum transport was studied in rabbits
      that were induced to ovulate by hCG stimulation. Withholding estrogen from target
      tissues during ovum transport by passive immunization with sheep anti-estradiol
      immunoglobulin (AE) resulted in accelerated oviductal transport and expulsion of
      ova from the uterus. The degree of accelerated transport was dependent on the
      duration of AE treatment. When AE treatment was started 24 h before hCG, fewer
      ova were recovered from the reproductive tracts at 72 h after hCG than were
      recovered from tracts of animals treated with a nonspecific immunoglobulin; the
      location of ova at 48 h after hCG was unaltered by this AE regimen. When AE
      treatment was started 72 h before hCG, fewer ova remained in the oviducts than
      were found in the tubes of controls at 48 h after hCG; and at 48 h after hCG, ova
      were found in the uteri of animals that had been treated with AE starting 72 h
      before hCG. When AE treatment was started 48 h before hCG, the position of eggs
      within the reproductive tract was not different from controls at 48 h after hCG.
      These observations support the concept that estrogen withdrawal is involved in
      the transport of ova through the oviduct of the rabbit, and suggest that the lack
      of estrogen secretion from the time of ovulation through the transport period is
      important in the control of normal ovum transport.

PMID- 2875970
TI  - 13C n.m.r. study of the structure and the metal ion binding sites of
      neuropeptides composed of L-Asp and L-Glu.
AB  - 13C NMR spectral data are presented for a variety of possible neuropeptides
      composed of L-Asp, Ac-L-Asp, and L-Glu which contain alpha and beta peptide
      linkages. The data for the various compounds are compared to the data presented
      for Ac-Asp-Glu, a known neuropeptide, in order to gain structural information
      about the related compounds. Indications are that for compounds 1 and 5, the cis
      peptide bond configuration exists due to the interaction of zwitterionic species.
      This interaction appears to be eliminated when the beta peptide bonds are formed,
      as in the case of compounds 3 and 7. Spin-lattice relaxation times were used to
      confirm the structures. Electron-nuclear relaxation rates are also used to
      elucidate the metal ion binding sites of these species.

PMID- 2875972
TI  - The organic etiology of infantile autism: a critical review of the literature.
AB  - Various theories have been provided in the literature regarding the etiology of
      infantile autism. It seems that the biological causation dominates the thinking
      of mental health practitioners and researchers irrespective of discipline. Areas
      of research include the following: neuropathological studies of the brain,
      autopsies, electroencephalograms, epileptic seizures, brain lateralization,
      studies in asymmetry; neurochemistry; genetics; and pre-, peri- and postnatal
      factors. A critical analysis of these studies has indicated that the evidence of
      organic factors tends to be rather weak and furthermore has been found to be
      contradictory. It is felt that the major problem lies in the fact that a large
      number of investigators include in their sampling children with various mental
      and physical disabilities and label them autistic. In general, there seems to be
      little information regarding the selection and little background information is
      offered on these children. It is suggested that a standardized and world wide
      diagnostic system be constructed which will provide objective etiological
      results.

PMID- 2875971
TI  - Systemic analysis of anticipating reactions.
AB  - A capacity for anticipating reactions realizes itself in the course of systemic
      activity formation, events. There is no doubt that probability of prediction
      proves to be possible on the basis of formation in brain structures of certain
      systems of anticipating excitations. Dynamics of EP analogues is an objective
      criterion of evaluation of the anticipating reaction central mechanisms. The term
      "EP analogue" conveys the phenomenon of reproduction of the EP configurations in
      intersignal spans. On the basis of analysis of EP analogue dynamics, we succeeded
      in following the process of brain structure organization into the anticipating
      intercentral integrations and also in elucidating the role that different
      afferentation redistributions play in this process by their functional
      significance.

PMID- 2875973
TI  - [When is a patient with coronary heart disease optimally treated?].

PMID- 2875974
TI  - [Superfluous diagnosis? Status of muscle biopsy of collagenoses].

PMID- 2875975
TI  - Conjunctival eosinophil infiltration evoked by histamine and immediate
      hypersensitivity. Modification by H1- and H2-receptor blockade.
AB  - The present histological studies have demonstrated that histamine causes dose
      dependent eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva. A highly directional
      movement toward the conjunctival epithelium was observed, and the presence of
      large numbers of degranulating eosinophils appeared to result in epithelial cell
      damage and goblet cell discharge. Blockade of H2-receptors by systemic cimetidine
      pretreatment significantly inhibited the eosinophil infiltration elicited by an
      intermediate histamine dose, whereas the H1-receptor blockade produced by
      systemic pyrilamine pretreatment markedly reduced the response to all histamine
      doses. The pyrilamine-insensitive residual eosinophil infiltrate was not affected
      by administering a cimetidine-pyrilamine combination. In animals presensitized to
      ovalbumin, antigen challenge evoked extensive and directional emigration of
      eosinophils toward the conjunctival epithelium with resultant exfoliation and
      depletion of goblet cell populations. In conjunctival immediate hypersensitivity,
      neither cimetidine nor pyrilamine alone produced an inhibitory effect, but a
      cimetidine-pyrilamine combination caused a significant reduction in the number of
      infiltrating eosinophils and prevented epithelial damage and goblet cell
      depletion. These results suggest that histamine may participate in the
      recruitment of eosinophils during immediate hypersensitivity reactions. The
      differential effect of pyrilamine on the eosinophil infiltration evoked by
      histamine or immediate hypersensitivity may, perhaps, reflect the importance of
      increased microvascular permeability in facilitating eosinophil emigration.

PMID- 2875977
TI  - A deletion mutant defines DQ beta variants with DR4 positive DQw3 positive
      haplotypes.
AB  - We describe the production of an HLA deletion mutation by radiation mutagenesis
      of a DR4- and DQw3-homozygous, Dw4- and Dw14-heterozygous cell line designed to
      analyze polymorphisms associated with DR4 and DQw3. Southern blot analysis
      confirms a deletion of class I and class II genes on one haplotype. Variation in
      DQ beta alleles associated with DQw3 was previously described by characteristic
      RFLP patterns for a DQ beta bene. One pattern, which correlated precisely with A
      10-83 monoclonal antibody reactivity (TA10), defined an allele which we call
      DQ"3.1". The mutant cell line has lost the polymorphic bands on Southern blots
      corresponding to the DQ"3.1" allele, while the intact Dw14 haplotype retains the
      alternate allele at DQ beta which is DQw-3 positive. TA10-negative. These data
      demonstrate the segregation of two DQw3 positive DQ beta allelic variants, both
      associated with DR4, which can be distinguished on the basis of both RFLP and
      monoclonal antibody reactivity.

PMID- 2875978
TI  - Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa.

PMID- 2875976
TI  - Generation of drug metabolite antigenicity in the intestinal mucosa.
AB  - Both nitroreductase and transglutaminase activities have been assayed in the
      10,000 X g supernatant fluids of rat intestine homogenates after Triton X-100
      treatment. Incubation of 14C-nitrofurantoin in the intestine extract yielded
      protein-bound 14C-labeled products. Injection into rabbits of the conjugated
      protein similarly prepared with unlabeled nitrofurantoin elicited formation of
      antibodies against nitrofurantoin. These results suggest that intestinal
      metabolism and conjugation to protein of orally administered drugs may serve as a
      probable mechanism of drug allergy, and this may be accomplished by enzymatic
      coupling of relatively stable drug metabolites to protein carriers.

PMID- 2875979
TI  - Streptococcus pneumoniae cellulitis.

PMID- 2875980
TI  - A unique residency in general surgery.

PMID- 2875981
TI  - A country doctor of adventuresome spirit. Charles Ellet Lippincott.

PMID- 2875982
TI  - Four adults with Ebstein's anomaly.

PMID- 2875983
TI  - Revolution comes slowly to the law. 1.

PMID- 2875984
TI  - New perspectives in cardiology: pharmacodynamic classification of antiarrhythmic
      drugs.
AB  - Recent advancements in cardiac pharmacology and physiology have led to the
      identification of many new antiarrhythmic drugs and a better understanding of
      basic arrhythmogenic mechanisms. These parallel developments prompted a new
      nomenclature system for classifying the clinically important antiarrhythmic drugs
      according to their predominant electrophysiologic actions in cardiac cells.
      Antiarrhythmic drugs are now grouped into 4 main classes: classes I through IV.
      Class I agents comprise the standard membrane-stabilizing drugs such as
      lidocaine, quinidine, and procainamide; newer class I agents include
      disopyramide, aprindine, tocainide, and flecainide. Class II agents decrease
      sympathoadrenal excitation of the heart, and the clinically relevant members of
      this type act through blockade of the cardiac beta 1-adrenergic receptors;
      propranolol is the prototype. Class III agents selectively prolong the cardiac
      action potential and refractory period, and bretylium and amiodarone represent
      this group. Class IV agents are the calcium entry blocking drugs such as
      verapamil. An understanding of this classification system is essential to the
      internist and cardiologist who are beset with an emerging array of new
      antiarrhythmic drugs and affiliated pharmacodynamic terminologies.

PMID- 2875985
TI  - New perspectives in cardiology: recent advances in antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
AB  - During the past decade, advances in basic and applied cardiology have led to the
      introduction of several new antiarrhythmic drugs that have distinct clinical
      advantages over their older counterparts. These therapeutic advantages comprise
      either a more favorable pharmacokinetic disposition in the patient or new and
      perhaps novel mechanisms of antiarrhythmic actions. The class IV agent verapamil,
      for example, selectively blocks the slow inward Ca++ current in excitable tissues
      and this action is proving to be quite effective in controlling supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias. Tocainide is a newly approved class I agent that exerts
      lidocaine-like effectiveness in treating serious ventricular arrhythmias. Unlike
      lidocaine, however, tocainide is not restricted to intensive care because it is
      effective after oral administration and has comparatively longer duration of
      antiarrhythmic action. Other recently approved or investigational agents include
      bretylium and amiodarone (class III), and aprindine, mexiletine, and disopyramide
      (class I). Along with clinical advantages, however, each drug has a
      characteristic pharmacologic-toxicologic profile and resulting spectrum of
      therapeutic application for only particular cardiac dysrhythmias. The advantages
      and disadvantages of each compound should be weighed equally when the new
      antiarrhythmic drugs are assessed as therapeutic alternatives for the older ones.

PMID- 2875986
TI  - Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia in a newborn foal.
AB  - A 1-day old, full-term foal with a history of colic died 2 hours after admission.
      Necropsy revealed an extremely flaccid, fluid-filled intestinal tract.
      Histopathologically, the superficial intestinal mucosa was completely necrotic,
      with minimal inflammatory response. Numerous large, gram-positive rods covered
      the villi. Clostridium perfringens was isolated on bacteriologic culturing of the
      intestinal tract contents and was identified as type C by toxin neutralization
      tests.

PMID- 2875987
TI  - Production of hypoprothrombinaemia by cefazolin and 2-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5
      thiol in the rat.
AB  - Recent findings have suggested that the 1-methyltetrazole-5-thiol (MTT) group
      contained in several beta-lactam antibiotics may be responsible for the
      hypoprothrombinaemia associated with these drugs. In order to determine if the
      hypoprothrombinaemia associated with cefazolin is due to the presence of the
      structurally related 2-methyl-1,3,4,-thiadiazole-5-thiol (MTD) group which it
      possesses, the ability of MTD and cefazolin to produce hypoprothrombinaemia in
      rats was examined. Female rats maintained on a vitamin K-deficient diet for ten
      days developed hypoprothrombinaemia after the intravenous administration of
      cefazolin for two subsequent days. Hypoprothrombinaemia was also produced by the
      oral administration to vitamin K-deficient rats of either cefazolin or MTD, while
      the oral administration of cefotaxime, which does not contain a thiol group, had
      no effect. In a rat liver microsomal system, MTD was found to be a much more
      potent inhibitor than cefazolin of the vitamin K-dependent step in clotting
      factor synthesis, the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid. These results suggest
      that the hypoprothrombinaemia associated with cefazolin may be due to the MTD
      group.

PMID- 2875988
TI  - Profile of circulating and urinary neurotransmitters in bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2875989
TI  - Large, unstable inserts in the chromosome affect virulence properties of
      uropathogenic Escherichia coli O6 strain 536.
AB  - The hemolytic, uropathogenic Escherichia coli 536 (O6:K15:H31) contains two
      inserts in its chromosome (insert I and insert II), both of which carried hly
      genes, were rather unstable, and were deleted spontaneously with a frequency of
      10(-3) to 10(-4). These inserts were not found in the chromosome of two
      nonhemolytic E. coli strains, whereas the chromosomal sequences adjacent to these
      inserts appeared to be again homologous in the uropathogenic and two other E.
      coli strains. Insert I was 75 kilobases in size and was flanked at both ends by
      16 base pairs (bp) (TTCGACTCCTGTGATC) which were arranged in direct orientation.
      For insert I it was demonstrated that deletion occurred by recombination between
      the two 16-bp flanking sequences, since mutants lacking this insert still carried
      a single copy of the 16-bp sequence in the chromosome. Both inserts contained a
      functional hemolysin determinant. However, the loss of the inserts not only
      affected the hemolytic phenotype but led to a considerable reduction in serum
      resistance and the loss of mannose-resistant hemagglutination, caused by the
      presence of S-type fimbriae (sfa). It is shown that the Sfa-negative phenotype is
      due to a block in transcription of the sfa genes. Mutants of strain 536 which
      lacked both inserts were entirely avirulent when tested in several animal model
      systems.

PMID- 2875991
TI  - Fatty acid degradation in Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - Fatty acid degradation was investigated in Caulobacter crescentus, a bacterium
      that exhibits membrane-mediated differentiation events. Two strains of C.
      crescentus were shown to utilize oleic acid as sole carbon source. Five enzymes
      of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthase,
      crotonase, thiolase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase, were identified. The activities of these enzymes were
      significantly higher in C. crescentus than the fully induced levels observed in
      Escherichia coli. Growth in glucose or glucose plus oleic acid decreased fatty
      acid uptake and lowered the specific activity of the enzymes involved in beta
      oxidation by 2- to 3-fold, in contrast to the 50-fold glucose repression found in
      E. coli. The mild glucose repression of the acyl-CoA synthase was reversed by
      exogenous dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Acyl-CoA synthase activity was shown to be the
      same in oleic acid-grown cells and in cells grown in the presence of succinate, a
      carbon source not affected by catabolite repression. Thus, fatty acid degradation
      by the beta-oxidation pathway is constitutive in C. crescentus and is only mildly
      affected by growth in the presence of glucose. Tn5 insertion mutants unable to
      form colonies when oleic acid was the sole carbon source were isolated. However,
      these mutants efficiently transported fatty acids and had beta-oxidation enzyme
      levels comparable with that of the wild type. Our inability to obtain fatty acid
      degradation mutants after a wide search, coupled with the high constitutive
      levels of the beta-oxidation enzymes, suggest that fatty acid turnover, as has
      proven to be the case fatty acid biosynthesis, might play an essential role in
      membrane biogenesis and cell cycle events in C. crescentus.

PMID- 2875992
TI  - The regulation of somatostatin production in human medullary thyroid carcinoma
      cells by dexamethasone.
AB  - There have been few studies of physiological importance on the regulation of
      somatostatin by hormones. We have studied the effect of the synthetic
      glucocorticoid dexamethasone on somatostatin production in the human medullary
      thyroid carcinoma TT cell line, a model for somatostatin production by the
      parafollicular cell. Dexamethasone inhibited somatostatin production in a dose
      related manner with a maximal effect at a concentration of 10(-6) M. TT cells
      treated with dexamethasone (10(-6) M) showed an almost complete inhibition of
      somatostatin peptide production by 48 h of treatment. Molecular sizing
      chromatography demonstrated a decrease in both the probable somatostatin
      precursor (13,000 dalton) and the fully processed peptide. Analysis of mRNA
      content by hybridization revealed that dexamethasone also caused a decrease in
      detectable somatostatin mRNA. The hybridizable somatostatin mRNA decreased to
      approximately 50% of basal levels within 12 h of treatment. Northern blot
      hybridization showed a decrease in a single RNA species representing mature
      somatostatin mRNA. Dose-response experiments revealed inhibition of both peptide
      and mRNA at concentrations from 1 X 10(-8) to 1 X 10(-5) M dexamethasone. Four
      days after withdrawal from dexamethasone treatment, peptide and mRNA levels were
      higher than dexamethasone-treated controls. The sex steroid estradiol had no
      inhibitory effect on somatostatin production. These results suggest a potential
      regulator of somatostatin production and provide a system for the study of
      somatostatin gene regulation.

PMID- 2875990
TI  - Purification and characterization of fimbriae from Salmonella enteritidis.
AB  - A human isolate of Salmonella enteritidis which displayed strong pellicle
      formation during static broth culture and mannose-sensitive hemagglutination
      produced fimbriae which were morphologically indistinguishable from type 1
      fimbriae of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Fimbrin was purified to
      homogeneity, and the apparent molecular weight (Mr, 14,400) was markedly lower
      than that reported for the type 1 fimbrin of Salmonella typhimurium (Mr, 22,100).
      This fimbrin contained 40% hydrophobic amino acids and lacked cysteine. The
      sequence of the N-terminal 64 amino acids was determined, and sequence alignment
      revealed that although the 18 N-terminal residues of the S. enteritidis molecule
      shared considerable homology with Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium type 1
      fimbrins, the S. enteritidis fimbrin lacked a 6- to 9-residue terminal sequence
      present in the other type 1 fimbrins and, after residue 18, shared little
      homology with the E. coli sequence. Antibodies raised to the purified S.
      enteritidis fimbrin bound to surface-exposed conformational epitopes on the
      native fimbriae and displayed pronounced serospecificity. These antibodies were
      used in the isolation of a nonfimbriated Tn10 insertion mutant which was unable
      to hemagglutinate.

PMID- 2875994
TI  - Cytotoxicity of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L
      cysteine in isolated rat kidney cells.
AB  - S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
      (DCVC) produced time- and concentration-dependent cell death in isolated rat
      kidney proximal tubular cells. AT-125 blocked and glycylglycine potentiated DCVG
      toxicity, indicating that metabolism by gamma-glutamyltransferase is required. S
      (1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteinylglycine, a putative metabolite of DCVG, also
      produced cell death, which was prevented by 1,10-phenanthroline,
      phenylalanylglycine, and aminooxyacetic acid, inhibitors of aminopeptidase M,
      cysteinylglycine dipeptidase, and cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, respectively.
      Aminooxyacetic acid and probenecid protected against DCVC toxicity, indicating a
      role for metabolism by cysteine conjugate beta-lyase and organic anion transport,
      respectively. DCVC produced a small decrease in cellular glutathione
      concentrations and did not change cellular glutathione disulfide concentrations
      or initiate lipid peroxidation. DCVC caused a large decrease in cellular
      glutamate and ATP concentrations with a parallel decrease in the total adenine
      nucleotide pool; these changes were partially prevented by aminooxyacetic acid.
      Both DCVG and DCVC inhibited succinate-dependent oxygen consumption, but DCVC had
      no effect when glutamate + malate or ascorbate + N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p
      phenylenediamine were the electron donors. DCVC inhibited mitochondrial, but not
      microsomal, Ca2+ sequestration. These alterations in mitochondrial function were
      partially prevented by inhibition of DCVG and DCVC metabolism and were strongly
      correlated with decreases in cell viability, indicating that mitochondria may be
      the primary targets of nephrotoxic cysteine S-conjugates.

PMID- 2875993
TI  - Light-induced increases in cGMP metabolic flux correspond with electrical
      responses of photoreceptors.
AB  - The metabolism of photoreceptor cGMP and the relationship of its light-sensitive
      regulation to rhodopsin photoisomerization and to the photoreceptor electrical
      response was examined in isolated, intact rabbit retinas. The dynamics of cGMP
      metabolism were assessed by measuring the rate of 18O incorporation from 18O
      water into the alpha-phosphoryls of the guanine nucleotides. The photoreceptor
      electrical response was determined by measuring the aspartate-isolated mass
      receptor potential. Basal cGMP flux in dark-adapted retinas was 33 pmol cGMP X mg
      protein-1 X s-1 which translates into a metabolic rate in the rod outer segment
      (ROS) of 1.7 mM/min in ATP equivalents. Photic stimulation increased this flux as
      much as 4.5-fold. With continuous illumination, increasing intensity caused
      increments in cGMP metabolic flux to a maximum of 4.5-fold, with corresponding
      increases in the electrical response over the same 3-log unit intensity range.
      Tight coupling between activation of guanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase was
      indicated by either no changes in cGMP steady state concentrations or relatively
      small fluctuations represented by increases of 50% at lower light intensities and
      a 12% decrease at one of the highest intensities. A stoichiometry of about 10,000
      molecules of cGMP generated and hydrolyzed per photon absorbed was calculated for
      the lowest light intensity when the increment in cGMP metabolic flux per photon
      was maximal. Flashing light caused an increase in flux in proportion to frequency
      up to 1 Hz and a nearly proportional increase in the voltage time integral of the
      electrical response up to 0.5 Hz. This indicates that the temporal resolution, or
      "on"/"off" rate, of the cGMP metabolic response was as fast or faster than the
      temporal resolution of the electrical response. The concentration of cGMP
      remained relatively stable in spite of the marked acceleration of cGMP flux that
      occurred over the 32-fold range of frequencies tested. Taken together these
      results show that the light-accelerated rate of cGMP synthesis tightly coupled to
      hydrolysis becomes a primary energy-utilizing system in the photoreceptor and
      represents a response that fulfills certain of the fundamental criteria required
      of a metabolic event playing an essential role in phototransduction.

PMID- 2875995
TI  - Effects of permeant buffers on the initiation of photosynchronous phosphorylation
      and postillumination phosphorylation in chloroplasts.
AB  - Under canonical chemiosmotic formulations, the development of a delocalized
      transmembrane proton gradient should precede and, in the absence of a membrane
      potential, should account for all the capacity of an energy transducing system to
      synthesize ATP. Furthermore, any agents, such as permeant proton-absorbing
      buffers, that slow down the kinetics of the development of this gradient should,
      consequently, delay ATP synthesis. We have studied the very early (0 through 1000
      ms) steps of photosynthetic ATP synthesis utilizing real-time, rapid flow-quench
      techniques. We have investigated the effect(s) that permeant buffers exert on
      this process where these buffers show no uncoupling effects, and the
      transmembrane potential has been collapsed by valinomycin and K+. Experimentally
      this system was dissected into two ATP synthesizing components, as follows:
      synthesis of ATP strictly concomitant with light influx and unaffected by the
      addition of permeant buffers. We refer to this as photosynchronous
      phosphorylation and synthesis of ATP monitored after the light was extinguished
      and which was greatly diminished by the addition of proton-absorbing permeant
      buffers, thus exhibiting the characteristics of conventional postillumination
      phosphorylation, and we suggest that it represents part of capacitance
      phosphorylation. The potential for capacitance phosphorylation initiates very
      rapidly under light and gradually builds up to steady-state level, and it is
      governed by canonical chemiosmotic principles. We estimate that its contribution
      to overall ATP yield is minimal during the first few cycles of the system and
      that it increases gradually towards steady state when it contributes to the
      majority of ATP synthesized. Neither a delocalized transmembrane proton gradient
      nor a strictly localized intramembrane proton pathway can account for these
      observations so we have proposed that a gating mechanism exists which delivers
      intramembrane protons initially directly to the ATP synthetase complex but
      subsequently to the lumen as well, and thus, allows the lumen to act as a
      capacitor during the steady state. This study can reconcile the findings of Ort
      et al. (Ort, D. R., Dilley, R. A., and Good, N. E. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      449, 108-124) with the contrasting findings of Vinkler et al. (Vinkler, C.,
      Avron, M., and Boyer, P. D. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2263-2266) through the
      opposite effects which osmotic strength and KCl concentration exert on the two
      ATP synthetic phases (during and after illumination) of the rapid flash technique
      used in those studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2875996
TI  - The antiproliferative effect of type beta transforming growth factor occurs at a
      level distal from receptors for growth-activating factors.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) from human platelets blocks the
      ability of Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cells to grow in response to serum
      mitogens, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or insulin. The phenotypic response of
      Mv1Lu cells to TGF beta is characterized by a flat, very enlarged cell morphology
      and a markedly increased production and accumulation of extracellular matrix
      fibronectin. The ability of TGF beta to alter the ligand binding or signal
      transducing activity of mitogen receptors in Mv1Lu cells has been examined. In
      contrast to NRK-49F rat fibroblasts, Mv1Lu cells do not respond to TGF beta with
      a decrease in the affinity or a change in the number of cell surface receptors
      for EGF. Soluble extracts from Mv1Lu cells contain a protein kinase activity
      which selectively phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6; this S6 kinase activity is
      elevated severalfold minutes after exposure of cells to mitogens. This kinase
      activity has been used as the parameter to measure the signaling ability of EGF
      receptors and insulin receptors in cells treated with TGF beta. We find that TGF
      beta does not alter the basal level of S6 kinase activity or its elevation by EGF
      or insulin. In TGF beta-treated cells rendered insensitive to the growth
      promoting action of EGF, the parameters of elevation of S6 kinase activity by EGF
      are similar to those of control, growth-competent cells. The results suggest that
      TGF beta inhibits cell proliferation by acting at a level distal from the
      receptors for growth-activating factors.

PMID- 2875997
TI  - Association of a solubilized prostaglandin E2 receptor from renal medulla with a
      pertussis toxin-reactive guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was found to bind specifically, reversibly, and in a
      protein-dependent manner to a single class of high affinity (KD approximately
      equal to 20 nM) binding sites in membranes prepared from canine renal outer
      medulla. PGE2 binding activity was solubilized from these membranes in a stable
      form (t1/2 greater than 14 days) in the absence of ligand in 75% yields using
      digitonin. The characteristics of PGE2 binding to membranes and solubilized
      protein were similar with respect to pH dependence, KD for PGE2, and order of
      potency of prostaglandins (PGE2 approximately PGE1 greater than PGF2 alpha
      greater than PGD2) in inhibiting the binding of [3H]PGE2. Importantly, the
      extents of binding of PGE2 to membranes and to a solubilized preparation
      partially purified by chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin-Affi-Gel 10 were
      both increased about 2-fold by GDP and GTP and its analogs. Treatment of the
      digitonin-solubilized PGE2 binding activity with 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS) rendered the
      binding activity insensitive to stimulation by GTP and decreased the apparent
      molecular weight of the peak of PGE2 binding activity from about 175,000 to about
      65,000. These results suggest that the PGE2 binding activity resides in a protein
      which is tightly associated with, but distinct from, a guanine nucleotide
      regulatory (N) protein. PGE2 (greater than or equal to 10 nM) was found to
      stimulate GTPase activity of renal outer medullary membranes, and this
      stimulation was eliminated by pretreatment of membranes with pertussis toxin and
      NAD, but not cholera toxin and NAD. Treatment of both particulate and solubilized
      preparations of PGE2 binding activity with pertussis toxin plus NAD also
      eliminated the ability of GTP to stimulate PGE2 binding. This evidence indicates
      that it is the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, Ni, with which
      the PGE2 binding activity is associated. Thus, this PGE2 binding activity is an
      inhibitory PGE2 receptor, quite possibly one that mediates inhibition of
      vasopressin-induced cAMP formation in the medullary thick ascending limb and/or
      collecting tubule of the kidney.

PMID- 2875998
TI  - Chlorophyll biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas starts with the formation of glutamyl
      tRNA.
AB  - An RNA moiety has been shown to be involved in the conversion of Glu to delta
      aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first committed intermediate of the chlorophyll
      pathway. We now have evidence suggesting that in Chlamydomonas, the first
      reaction for converting Glu to ALA is the aminoacylation of Glu to a Glu-specific
      tRNA. The Glu-tRNA thus formed could be the substrate for Glu-1-semialdehyde
      synthesis catalyzed by a postulated dehydrogenase. Glu-1-semialdehyde can be
      converted to ALA by an aminotransferase. Of the three reactions converting Glu to
      ALA, only the second reaction, catalyzed by a postulated dehydrogenase, is
      sensitive to inhibition by heme (a known inhibitor of ALA synthesis). We think
      the regulated enzyme of ALA synthesis is the postulated dehydrogenase. It is
      postulated that in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas, the synthesis of ALA and the
      synthesis of proteins may share a common pool of glutamyl-tRNA.

PMID- 2875999
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl-glutathione. Natural occurrence and enzymology.
AB  - The natural occurrence of gamma-glutamyl-glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-gamma
      glutamylcysteinylglycine) in bile was established by analytical and
      chromatographic studies on the isolated and chemically synthesized materials.
      Evidence that it is formed in kidney was obtained. The origin of gamma-glutamyl
      glutathione was explored through studies on the interaction of glutathione with
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. When purified gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was
      incubated with various concentrations (4 microM-50 mM) of glutathione, the
      initial rates of formation of gamma-glutamyl-glutathione were substantial at all
      concentrations of glutathione studied and were greater than the rates of
      formation of glutamate at physiological levels of glutathione (1-10 mM). The
      findings indicate that gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase catalyzes transpeptidation
      in vivo. That gamma-glutamyl-glutathione is formed in vivo and that it is a
      significant product of the reaction between glutathione and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase under physiological conditions suggest that this polyanionic
      tetrapeptide may have a physiological role. gamma-Glutamyl-glutathione is not a
      substrate of glutathione reductase or of glutathione S-transferase, but it is a
      substrate of gamma-glutamyl-cyclotransferase. That gamma-glutamyl-glutathione has
      an additional negative charge as compared to glutathione suggests that it may be
      more effective than glutathione in forming complexes with certain metal ions and
      other cations.

PMID- 2876000
TI  - An antigen-conserving ELISA for detecting human antibodies to Bordetella
      pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin.

PMID- 2876001
TI  - Circulating catecholamines modulate ischemic brain damage.
AB  - In search of factors influencing the outcome of an ischemic insult, we induced 10
      min of forebrain ischemia in rats and assessed neuronal necrosis by quantitative
      histopathology after 1 week of recovery. Procedures for inducing ischemia
      included bilateral carotid artery clamping and reduction of blood pressure to 40
      50 mm Hg by bleeding. To facilitate rapid lowering of blood pressure, a
      ganglionic blocker, trimethaphan (TMP), was administered at the onset of
      ischemia. Omission of the ganglionic blocker proved to markedly ameliorate
      neuronal damage. Similarly favorable effects were obtained when a mixture of
      adrenaline and noradrenaline (1 microgram kg-1 min-1 each) was infused during the
      early recirculation period in animals previously given TMP. Infusion of
      noradrenaline alone also ameliorated the damage, though the efficacy was somewhat
      less. The results suggest that catecholamines, released as a response to stress,
      ameliorate ischemic brain damage.

PMID- 2876002
TI  - Drug-induced hyperkalemia.
AB  - This is the era of polypharmacy. Treatment with multiple therapeutic agents for
      multiple underlying medical conditions leads to greater vulnerability to such
      metabolic imbalances as hyperkalemia. The physician must know which underlying
      medical conditions and drugs predispose to abnormal intracellular-extracellular
      potassium balance and abnormal regulation of potassium excretion.

PMID- 2876003
TI  - Semipreparative separation of cyclic carbamates of beta-blocking agents by liquid
      chromatography on swollen microcrystalline triacetylcellulose.

PMID- 2876004
TI  - Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method with column switching
      for the determination of neurotransmitters and related compounds, ascorbic acid
      and uric acid in tissue extracts.
AB  - An automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical
      and fluorimetric detection and on-line data evaluation is described for the
      simultaneous measurement of indoleaminergic and catecholaminergic
      neurotransmitters, some of their metabolites and precursors and ascorbic and uric
      acids. Deproteinized tissue extracts from the central nervous system or
      peripheral organs are injected without prior purification (recovery greater than
      90%). A switching system enables the compounds to be passed as necessary through
      one, two or three reversed-phase columns, which are then eluted simultaneously
      (analysis time 25 min). Fifty samples per day can be analysed with a precision of
      95% for neurotransmitters and about 90% for ascorbic and uric acids.

PMID- 2876005
TI  - Somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 and insulin needs in insulin-dependent diabetic
      patients studied by means of an artificial pancreas.
AB  - SMS 201-995 is a new somatostatin analog which is 10-60 times more potent and
      specific than somatostatin as an inhibitor of GH and insulin release. The aim of
      this study was to assess its value as an adjunct to insulin therapy in insulin
      dependent diabetic- (IDD) patients. Six IDD patients were studied. Their average
      insulin doses ranged from 22-46 U/day, and hemoglobin A1c levels varied between
      6.5-11.5%. Two patients had background retinopathy and mild sensorimotor
      neuropathy. After 12 h of glucemic stabilization, the patients were kept
      normoglycemic by connecting them to the Biostator-GCIIS. The study entailed two
      parts in random order, in which standardised mixed meals were administered at
      0800, 1400, and 2000 h with or without sc bolus injections of 50 micrograms SMS
      201-995 immediately before meal ingestion. Plasma free insulin, C-peptide, GH,
      and glucagon were measured by RIA. Postprandial hyperglycemia was significantly
      diminished by SMS 201-995 after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Insulin
      requirements, both total and 2-h postprandially, decreased significantly with a
      parallel reduction in free insulin levels. Postprandial glucagon levels also
      significantly decreased, but GH profiles were similar. In conclusion, the
      somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 has a potential value as an adjunct to insulin in
      the management of IDD patients.

PMID- 2876006
TI  - Distribution of isoforms of the myofibrillar proteins in myoid cells of thymus.
AB  - Myoid cells of calf and rat thymus have been identified by staining with a
      monoclonal antibody to the heavy chain of myosin that is not isoform specific.
      Heterogeneity in the protein composition of myoid cells has been demonstrated by
      staining with antibodies to the skeletal muscle isoforms of the myosin heavy
      chain, C-protein and components of the troponin complex. The immunochemical
      studies suggest that the myoid cells contain proteins closely resembling if not
      identical with those present in the myofibrils of skeletal muscle. The slow and
      fast skeletal muscle isoforms of the myofibrillar proteins are present in a large
      proportion of the myoid cells. A fraction of the myoid cells contains only the
      fast isoforms of the myofibrillar proteins but there is no sharp
      compartmentalization of the isoforms as occurs in type 1 and type 2 fibres of
      skeletal muscle. In general the pattern of gene expression is similar to that of
      developing skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2876007
TI  - Individualization: the categorical imperative of behavior therapy practice.
AB  - The fact that unadaptive neurotic anxiety response habits are learned makes it
      necessary for the stimulus antecedents to be accurately defined in every case in
      order to plan effective treatment. This requirement has been frequently neglected
      in recent years that have witnessed a growing tendency to apply common treatments
      to cases with common labels, e.g. agoraphobia. This paper argues for the
      desirability of accurate individual diagnosis, and illustrates its benefits in
      unique cases and also in respect of three common syndromes--agoraphobia, panic
      attacks and depression.

PMID- 2876008
TI  - A generic computer program for systematic desensitization: description,
      construction and case study.
AB  - A computer program designed to provide systematic desensitization for phobias is
      described. Clients are taught by computer-aided instruction to develop their own
      personalized phobic hierarchy which is then used by the computer as the phobic
      stimulus in desensitization proper. The results of a pilot trial with an
      agoraphobic client indicate that the computer program was successful.

PMID- 2876009
TI  - The use of systematic desensitization to overcome resistance to magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) scanning.
AB  - The use of behavioral techniques with radiologic procedures has received
      surprisingly little attention in the behavioral literature. The current paper
      describes the successful use of systematic desensitization to enable a woman to
      complete a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Suggestions for when behavior
      therapy may be useful to radiologists are also given.

PMID- 2876010
TI  - Assessment and treatment of multiple behavior problems exhibited by a profoundly
      retarded adolescent.
AB  - The severe aggression and noncompliance of a profoundly retarded blind male were
      subjected to extensive behavioral assessment in order to identify controlling
      variables. The assessment, conducted across settings and therapists, suggested
      that these inappropriate behaviors functioned to avoid or terminate nonpreferred
      activities. Intervention consisted of manual guidance when there was
      noncompliance with instructions and edible reinforcement upon compliance; there
      were no direct contingencies for the inappropriate behaviors. Treatment
      procedures were implemented in a multiple baseline design across therapists and
      settings. Results show that the intervention consistently increased compliance,
      with concurrent decreases in inappropriate behaviors. Edible reinforcement and
      neuroleptic medication were withdrawn systematically with no loss of therapeutic
      gains. Family members and school personnel were trained to use the intervention
      procedures. Results are discussed in terms of functional assessment, response
      covariation, compliance training, parent and staff training, and behavioral
      assessment of the effects of neuroleptic medication.

PMID- 2876011
TI  - Diabetes and schizophrenia--a preliminary study.
AB  - The results of a small scale retrospective study are presented. The study was
      initiated to determine the incidence of diabetes in long-stay patients in two
      psychiatric hospitals in Northern Ireland and to attempt to define whether there
      was a relationship between the two disease states, schizophrenia and diabetes
      mellitus. There was a higher percentage of diabetics in the two institutions than
      was expected. It was concluded that drug therapy of the mental illness may have
      had a contributory effect on the subsequent development of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2876012
TI  - Organization of tyrosine-hydroxylase immunopositive neurons in the brain of the
      crested newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex.
AB  - The localization of neurons, fibers, and terminals containing tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity was studied in the brain of the crested
      newt by using an antiserum to rat phaeochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase.
      Immunoreactive cells and fibers were found in the spinal cord, the medulla
      oblongata (lateral periventricular areas), and the acousticolateral area. In the
      tegmentum mesencephali, two bilateral clusters of labelled cells were localized
      in the ventrolateral periventricular gray extending toward the caudal
      hypothalamus. In the hypothalamic tuberal lobes, the TH-like reactive neurons,
      frequently of CSF-contacting type, lined the dorsal wall of the lateral
      infundibular recesses. A thick network of TH-like reactive nerve fibers and
      terminals was observed in the perivascular zone of the median eminence and in the
      adenohypophysial pars intermedia. A number of labelled cell bodies were also
      found in the dorsal thalamus (pars intercalaris diencephali), the paraventricular
      organ, and the ventral wall of the preoptic recess. In the telencephalon,
      immunoreactive innervation was identified in the striatum, together with
      immunopositive cell bodies in the olfactory bulbs. The pattern of organization of
      TH-immunoreactive systems in the newt showed, except for some peculiarities
      (e.g., the labelled cell bodies in dorsal thalamus), close similarities to the
      arrangement typical of mammals.

PMID- 2876013
TI  - Action spectra of photoactivated cyclic GMP metabolism and relaxation in bovine
      mesenteric artery.
AB  - Strips of bovine mesenteric arteries, brought to sustained contraction by
      addition of 3.0 microM phenylephrine, relaxed during exposure to shortwave light.
      The action spectrum of the photorelaxation was characterized by most
      effectiveness of relaxation in the range of 360 to 400 nm; on the contrary,
      shortwave light of 280 to 300 nm increased the tension. The photo-induced
      relaxation was accompanied by an increase in the cGMP level, measured 30 sec
      after the onset of radiation, and the action spectrum of the increase in cGMP
      seemed to coincide fairly well with the action spectrum of relaxation. Both the
      increase in cGMP and relaxation in response to increasing light intensity at 400
      nm fitted the rectangular hyperbolic equation. The K values (the intensity which
      gave half maximal response) for cGMP increase and relaxation, respectively,
      obtained by non-linear least square regression analysis, were found to assume
      very close values (1.3 mW/cm2 for cGMP increase and 1.5 mW/cm2 for relaxation).
      The action spectrum of the crude soluble guanylate cyclase (GC) activity
      displayed a peak around 400 nm. Our results suggest that there is a close
      association between photo-induced increase in cGMP and relaxation, probably as a
      result of interaction between shortwave light and the heme moiety of GC.

PMID- 2876014
TI  - Desensitization in rat parotid to beta-adrenergic agonists and counteracting
      effects of forskolin are conserved in membrane and detergent-solubilized
      adenylate cyclase catalyst activity.
AB  - Cyclic AMP accumulation in rat parotid slices is only transiently stimulated by
      isoproterenol (Harper, J.F. and Brooker, G. Molec. Pharmacol. 13:1048-1059,
      1977); the progressive loss of isoproterenol effect is termed desensitization. In
      this report we show that desensitized cyclic AMP accumulation is associated with
      desensitization of adenylate cyclase in subsequently prepared membranes and in
      adenylate cyclase that has been detergent-solubilized from desensitized
      membranes. Adenylate cyclase in membranes made from isoproterenol-desensitized
      tissue is desensitized to both the stimulating effects of isoproterenol with 6 mM
      MgCl2 and of forskolin with 30 mM MnCl2. We have previously determined (Harper,
      J.F. J. Cyclic Nucleo. Prot. Phosphoryl. Res. 9:401-414, 1984) that cyclic AMP
      accumulation desensitized to isoproterenol is rapidly counteracted by 1 microM
      forskolin but not 0.1 microM forskolin. Similarly, if 1 microM forskolin was
      included in the desensitizing incubation with isoproterenol then adenylate
      cyclase subsequently prepared was not desensitized. Development of desensitized
      adenylate cyclase was only partially affected by 0.1 microM forskolin.
      Desensitization is counteracted by forskolin only on intact cells. Once tissue is
      homogenized, desensitized adenylate cyclase does not respond as well to forskolin
      as does control adenylate cyclase. The site of desensitization appears to be at
      or near the adenylate cyclase catalytic unit. Desensitization of adenylate
      cyclase catalytic activity remains demonstrable after membranes are solubilized
      with CHAPS. The adenylate cyclase activity remaining in the supernatant following
      solubilization of desensitized membranes is depressed to nearly the same extent
      as found in the membranes. Further, desensitized adenylate cyclase in membrane
      preparations and after solubilization is desensitized to stimulatory effects of
      forskolin with 30 mM MnCl2, a condition under which forskolin is probably acting
      directly on the adenylate cyclase catalytic unit. Desensitization appears not to
      be dependent on activity of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein
      (Gi), since pertussis toxin is without effect on desensitization of cyclic AMP
      accumulation to isoproterenol.

PMID- 2876015
TI  - Role of cyclic GMP in gastrin secretion from rat antral mucosae in organ culture.
AB  - Rat antral mucosae maintained for 6 h in organ culture responded to
      carbamylcholine with a significant increase in endogenous cyclic GMP production
      and gastrin secretion. The acetylcholine analogue exerted a stimulatory action
      within a defined concentration range: exposure of antral explants to carbachol
      concentrations greater than the optimal stimulatory dose was accompanied by a
      marked decrease in both cyclic GMP production and gastrin release. Exogenous 8-Br
      cyclic GMP (1 mM) significantly augmented gastrin secretion into the culture
      media during 6-12 h culture periods. Cycloheximide (0.1 mM) and the Ca2+ channel
      blocker verapamil (5 microM) prevented 8-Br-cyclic GMP from acting as a gastrin
      secretagogue. Addition of cyclic somatostatin-14 (0.1 mM) to culture media was
      attended by complete inhibition of 8-Br-cyclic GMP-stimulable gastrin secretion.
      These results provide evidence that cyclic GMP may play a mediatory role in the
      coupling of gastrin secretory processes to agonist stimulation. It would seem
      that the secretagogue action of 8-Br-cyclic GMP requires unabated Ca2+
      transmembrane fluxes and protein biosynthesis. Since somatostatin-14 abrogates
      the stimulatory effect of 8-Br-cyclic GMP on antral gastrin secretion, it is
      surmised that the inhibitory tetradecapeptide acts at a locus (or loci) distal to
      domains involved in the actual generation of the cyclic nucleotide.

PMID- 2876016
TI  - Medication: its role in the cause and treatment of urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2876017
TI  - Functional consequences and intracoronary localization of alpha-adrenergic
      stimulation of the canine coronary circulation.
AB  - Although alpha-adrenergic stimulation can increase coronary vascular resistance,
      it remains unknown whether the vasoconstriction can override intrinsic coronary
      regulatory influences to produce ischemia. Methoxamine, 2 to 4 mg, was infused
      into the circumflex coronary artery of 23 chloralose-anesthetized open chest
      dogs, and resulted in a 68% increase in coronary vascular resistance. The
      functional consequence of this increased coronary vascular resistance was
      assessed by gated radionuclide ventriculography and ST-T wave changes on the
      electrocardiogram. In six dogs (Group I), aortic pressure changed trivially (less
      than 5 mm Hg) to allow distinction between direct effects of the flow reduction
      and indirect effects of increased aortic pressure. In this group, coronary blood
      flow decreased 33% from a control value of 44 +/- 10 ml/min (p less than 0.001)
      and left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 0.54 +/- 0.12 to 0.46 +/-
      0.10 (p less than 0.025). In eight dogs (Group II) in which aortic pressure
      increased by more than 5 mm Hg, left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from
      0.46 +/- 0.07 to 0.39 +/- 0.09 (p less than 0.002). Pressure gradients were
      measured between the aorta and a distal coronary artery branch to calculate small
      and large vessel resistances separately in four other dogs (Group III). The
      resistance of small coronary arteries accounted for 92% of the total increase in
      coronary vascular resistance produced by methoxamine. In five other dogs (Group
      IV), intracoronary methoxamine, 2 mg, produced ST-T wave changes suggestive of
      ischemia as it increased coronary vascular resistance by 33%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876018
TI  - Prognostic significance of the treadmill exercise test performance 6 months after
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - A submaximal treadmill exercise test performed before hospital discharge after an
      uncomplicated myocardial infarction is often utilized to estimate prognosis and
      guide management, but there is little experience with a maximal exercise test
      performed 6 months after infarction to identify prognosis later in the
      convalescent period. The performance characteristics during an exercise test 6
      months after myocardial infarction were related to the development of death,
      recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass surgery in
      the subsequent 12 months (that is, 6 to 18 months after infarction) in 473
      patients. Mortality was significantly greater in patients who exhibited any of
      the following: inability to perform the exercise test because of cardiac
      limitations, the development of ST segment elevation of 1 mm or greater during
      the exercise test, an inadequate blood pressure response during exercise, the
      development of any ventricular premature depolarizations during exercise or the
      recovery period and inability to exercise beyond stage I of the modified Bruce
      protocol. By utilizing a combination of four high risk prognostic features from
      the exercise test, it was possible to stratify patients in terms of risk of
      mortality, from 1% if none of these features were present to 17% if three or four
      were present. Recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction was predicted by an
      inability to perform the exercise test because of cardiac limitations, but not by
      any characteristics of exercise test performance. Coronary artery bypass surgery
      was associated with the development of ST segment depression of 1 mm or greater
      during the exercise test. Although clinical evidence of angina and heart failure
      6 months after infarction was predictive of subsequent mortality among all
      survivors, among the low risk group without severely limiting cardiac disease,
      the exercise test provided unique prognostic information not available from
      clinical assessment alone. Therefore, a maximal exercise test performed 6 months
      after myocardial infarction is a valuable, noninvasive tool to evaluate
      prognosis. It provides information that is independent of and additive to
      clinical evaluation performed at the same time.

PMID- 2876019
TI  - Patterns of symptoms and prognosis in occlusive thromboaortopathy (Takayasu's
      disease).
AB  - Ninety-five Japanese patients with Takayasu's disease were classified according
      to four patterns of severity of symptoms in the period from the onset of symptoms
      to diagnosis. Included were pattern A in 34 patients with a plateau course after
      the insidious onset of symptoms, pattern B in 18 patients with a decrescendo
      course after the sudden onset of severe symptoms, pattern C in 5 patients who had
      no severe symptoms during the years between the early and late periods of severe
      symptoms and pattern D in 38 patients with a crescendo course after the onset of
      symptoms and the following period of years of no severe symptoms. Fifteen
      patients died during the prospective follow-up period of 8.6 +/- 6 years (mean +/
      SD) after admission, but 12 had had patterns C and D and the remaining 3 had had
      patterns A and B. The cardinal signs and symptoms are given in detail,
      particularly those at the onset. These data should aid in early diagnosis and
      prediction of the prognosis in Takayasu's disease.

PMID- 2876020
TI  - Patterns and timing of Doppler-detected intracavitary and aortic flow in
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - This study describes the velocity characteristics of left ventricular and aortic
      outflow in 25 patients with hypertrophic "obstructive" cardiomyopathy. Systematic
      pulsed and continuous wave Doppler analysis combined with phonocardiography and M
      mode echocardiography was used to establish the pattern and timing of outflow in
      the basal and provoked states. This analysis suggests that 1) the high velocity
      left ventricular outflow jet can be reliably discriminated from both aortic flow
      and the jet of mitral regurgitation using Doppler ultrasound; 2) the Doppler
      velocity contour responds in a characteristic fashion to provocative influences
      including extrasystole and Valsalva maneuver; 3) the onset of mitral
      regurgitation occurs well before detectable systolic anterior motion of the
      mitral valve; 4) left ventricular flow velocities are elevated at the onset of
      systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, suggesting a significant
      contribution of the Venturi effect in displacing the leaflets and chordae; 5) the
      high velocities of the outflow jets are largely dissipated by the time flow
      reaches the aortic valve; and 6) late systolic flow in the ascending aorta is
      nonuniform, with formation of distinct eddies that may contribute to "preclosure"
      of the aortic valve.

PMID- 2876021
TI  - Heart rate, blood pressure regulation and neurotransmitter balance in Tourette's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2876022
TI  - T cell subsets and thyroid-stimulating antibodies in patients with Graves'
      disease in clinical remission.
AB  - Patients with active Graves' disease almost constantly show phenotypic
      alterations of T lymphocytes, such as an increase of "activated" cells recognized
      by various surface markers (e.g. la antigens). Such alterations are present in a
      certain number of apparently cured patients. The data herein reported refer to 25
      patients with Graves' disease in clinical remission, in whom we have attempted to
      correlate T cell subset imbalances, the presence of thyroid-stimulating
      antibodies (TSAb) and the outcome of the subsequent relapse. The results obtained
      show a significant association between TSAb and the increase of la-positive T
      cells: no relationship was found between TSAb and other T lymphocyte subsets. One
      year clinical follow-up of the patients enabled us to see relapses of
      hyperthyroidism in only two patients, who had shown in the first control both
      TSAb positivity and increased la-positive T cells. These results, in our opinion,
      suggest a role of la antigens expression on T lymphocytes in the clinical course
      of Graves' disease.

PMID- 2876024
TI  - Peptic ulcer. A follow-up study.
AB  - One hundred and ten patients who had been entered into an ulcer healing study 2
      to 4 years previously were recalled during an 8-week period for clinical
      assessment and endoscopy. Fifty-five gastric ulcer patients were followed-up
      after an average period of 21.2 months. Nine of these had undergone gastric
      surgery; of the remaining 46 patients, recurrent ulceration was found in 16
      (35%). Fifty-five patients with duodenal ulcer disease were also followed-up
      after an average of 35.6 months. Five of these patients had undergone surgery and
      of the remaining 50, 25 (50%) had a recurrent duodenal ulcer. About one-third of
      both gastric and duodenal ulcer recurrences were asymptomatic. Smoking had no
      effect on recurrence rates.

PMID- 2876023
TI  - Acid rules--or does it?

PMID- 2876026
TI  - Control of Legionella in hospitals.
AB  - Legionellas are present in water distribution systems and cooling towers of many
      hospitals. No firm data are available regarding the need for prophylactic
      disinfection of these contaminated systems. Disinfection of water systems and
      cooling towers is an accepted and effective means of ending nosocomial
      Legionnaires' disease, but it should be performed in conjunction with good
      epidemiological and microbiological studies to pinpoint environmental reservoirs
      and disseminators. Chlorination, pasteurization, or both, are the only means of
      disinfection found to be effective in disease outbreaks. Prospective surveillance
      of immuno compromised patients with pneumonia is probably the most effective
      means to determine if a hospital is a source of Legionnaires' disease and,
      therefore, requires further investigations and disinfection.

PMID- 2876027
TI  - Nosocomial infection control in the United States of America.

PMID- 2876025
TI  - Cytogenetic and isozyme profile of Sabethes cyaneus: a mosquito of the
      neotropical canopy.
AB  - Sabethes cyaneus, a newly colonized culicine mosquito from the Panamanian forest
      canopy, has a distribution range from Honduras to Argentina. Cytogenetic studies,
      the first on any Sabethes species, revealed a karyotype of three pairs of
      homomorphic chromosomes (2n = 6). Well-developed polytene chromosomes were
      discovered in the larval salivary glands and a photomap standard was constructed.
      Clear banding patterns and consistent landmarks distinguished each of the six
      arms. Substantial asynapsis occurred in the three polytene chromosomes, although
      the banding pattern of the homologous regions appeared homosequential. A
      nucleolar organizer was localized in region 5A of the shortest chromosome by the
      recurrent association of this region with the nucleolus. The large band in region
      5A was found heterozygous for width and a deletion. Additional, less conspicuous,
      polymorphisms for band width and staining intensity were distributed throughout
      the genome. Biochemical studies of 31 enzyme loci revealed 10 loci to be
      polymorphic, with an average heterozygosity of 13 percent. Differential
      expression in developmental stages occurred for 11 loci involving six enzymes.

PMID- 2876028
TI  - An outbreak of tuberculosis in a children's hospital.
AB  - A 3-year-old girl was admitted to a children's hospital; subsequently her mother
      was found to have pulmonary tuberculosis with smear-positive sputum. Of over 400
      patients, their families and staff at risk in the hospital, 30 inpatients, three
      outpatients, two sibling visitors and one staff member became infected. A
      retrospective cohort study of exposed inpatients identified exposure duration,
      exposure proximity and primary diagnosis as independent predictors of infection
      risk. Children with neoplastic disease who were being treated with cytotoxic and
      immunosuppressive therapy with clotting factors were at a greater risk of
      developing clinical disease including disseminated infection. Altogether three
      generations of infected children and adults were diagnosed amongst community and
      hospital contacts in this extended outbreak. These findings support current
      recommendations for the follow-up of highly susceptible casual contacts of cases
      of pulmonary tuberculosis with smear-positive sputa.

PMID- 2876029
TI  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the UK and Ireland. A
      questionnaire survey.
AB  - The results of a questionnaire survey of the distribution of methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the UK and Ireland between 1982 and
      1983 are reported. Information was obtained about the geographical distribution
      of MRSA, the units affected, the sites of isolation and the preventive measures
      employed. Serious clinical problems were confined to a small number of hospitals
      with high isolation rates of MRSA.

PMID- 2876030
TI  - A study of the skin flora of spinal cord injured patients.
AB  - The skin flora of 11 spinally-injured patients was compared to that of 11 healthy
      control subjects. The perinea, groins, penile shafts and urethras of the patients
      were heavily colonized by a range of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli.
      Observations on patients from admission for up to 25 days suggest that the Gram
      negative bacilli start to colonize the skin 2-3 days after admission. Some
      species, e.g., Citrobacter diversus and Escherichia coli appear as transient
      organisms while others such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and
      Klebsiella pneumoniae seem to become stable skin residents. The relationship of
      the skin flora to the organisms causing urinary tract infections in these
      patients was studied.

PMID- 2876031
TI  - Antibiotic costs and prescribing patterns in a recently commissioned Liverpool
      teaching hospital. Part I: Antimicrobial therapy.
AB  - All antibiotics prescribed in a major teaching hospital were prospectively
      surveyed during 31 consecutive days. Of 2350 patients admitted during that
      period, 577 (24.6%) received antibiotics, 238 (10.1%) for prophylaxis and 417
      (17.7%) for treatment. A total of 483 infections occurred in the treated
      patients, mainly in the chest (33.9%) and urinary tract (27.7%). Two hundred and
      forty-four infections (50.5%) were community-acquired and the remaining 239
      hospital-acquired infections occurred in 8% of patients admitted. The cost of
      treating nosocomial sepsis was 4453 pounds (48% of the antibiotic expenditure for
      treatment). The average cost of treatment per patient varied considerably between
      hospital specialties; one-third of therapeutic antibiotic expenditure was
      consumed by haematological patients. Thirty-one antimicrobials alone or in 45
      different combinations were issued; ampicillins were the most frequently
      prescribed antibiotics (31%), followed by co-trimoxazole (14%) and trimethoprim
      (8%). The patterns of antibiotic usage are discussed and inappropriate
      prescriptions examined.

PMID- 2876032
TI  - Antibiotic costs and prescribing patterns in a recently commissioned Liverpool
      teaching hospital. Part II: Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis.
AB  - All antibiotics prescribed for prophylaxis in a major teaching hospital were
      prospectively surveyed during 31 consecutive days. Of 2350 patients admitted
      during that period, 238 (10.1%) received antibiotics for prophylaxis. A total of
      1238 operations were performed during the period of study, of which 201 (16.2%)
      were covered with antibiotics, at a cost of 3472 pounds. The use of prophylaxis
      increased according to the risk of peri-operative wound contamination, from 15.8%
      in Class I to 52.4% in Class III operations. The average cost of chemoprophylaxis
      also increased correspondingly. A further 40 regimens were issued for non
      surgical prophylaxis at a cost of 258 pounds. Twenty antibiotics were prescribed
      either alone or in 37 different combinations for surgical prophylaxis, the most
      frequent being cephradine (22%), metronidazole (17%), penicillin (12%), and
      tobramycin (11%). The mean duration of antibiotic administration for all surgical
      procedures was 6.1 days.

PMID- 2876033
TI  - Blood contamination during venepuncture and laboratory manipulations of specimen
      tubes.
AB  - The contamination of the working environment was assessed using a forensic
      screening test for blood during venepuncture, transport and laboratory
      manipulation of specimen tubes. Different methods of collecting blood and
      different commercially available specimen tubes were also assessed using an in
      vitro system. Blood collected by needle and syringe caused more environmental
      contamination than did an evacuated container system. Of the commercially
      available specimen tubes, those with screw tops produced least environmental
      contamination.

PMID- 2876034
TI  - Per-operative antibiotic treatment in cardiovascular surgery: the influence of
      methicillin versus cephalothin on post-operative infections and bacterial
      colonization.
AB  - This paper reports the results of a prospective study of antibiotic prophylaxis
      in 543 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. All patients were given per
      operatively either methicillin, 1 g four times a day, or cephalothin, 1 g four
      times a day. There was no significant difference in the frequency of
      postoperative infections between the two groups. It was established that per
      operative antibiotic prophylaxis selected resistant coagulase-negative
      staphylococci (CNS) in the nasal flora of cardiac surgery patients, that this
      change occurred to the same degree whether methicillin or cephalothin was used,
      that cephalothin favoured colonization with antibiotic resistant species other
      than CNS. It was found that the staff of the intensive care unit formed a
      reservoir of multi-resistant CNS.

PMID- 2876035
TI  - Effects of various doses of latamoxef (moxalactam) on haemostasis.
AB  - The effects of intravenous latamoxef therapy at two doses of 3g and 6g daily for
      7 days was assessed by various haemostatic parameters. With both doses, the
      prothrombin time, thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time
      remained within the normal range throughout the study. However, with the 6g day-1
      dose there was a marked prolongation of the bleeding time associated with
      defective platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate and low dose collagen
      after 7 days therapy. With the 3g day-1 dose of latamoxef, there was no
      prolongation of the bleeding time and only minor changes in platelet aggregation
      responses.

PMID- 2876037
TI  - Pour plate blood cultures to detect bacteraemias related to indwelling central
      venous catheters.

PMID- 2876036
TI  - Microbiological tests on operating-theatre staff of a new disinfectant foam based
      on 1% chlorhexidine gluconate.
AB  - A pre-operative topical application of a foam containing 1% chlorhexidine
      gluconate in 50% ethanol to the hands and forearms was compared with a 4%
      chlorhexidine gluconate scrub. When these sites were sampled after 1 h of
      operating with gloves, no difference in the rates of recovery of Staphylococcus
      epidermidis between the two groups was found.

PMID- 2876038
TI  - Group B streptococcal bacteraemia associated with a triple lumen intravenous
      catheter.

PMID- 2876039
TI  - T cell independent Thy-1 allo-antibody response with the use of transgenic mice.
AB  - We have introduced a mouse Thy-1.1 gene into the germline of Thy-1.2 mice. The
      introduced gene was shown to be expressed at very high levels in thymocytes when
      compared with the endogenous gene. Transgenic thymocytes were shown to evoke a
      higher than normal primary anti-Thy-1.1 antibody response in plaque-forming cell
      (PFC) assays. This result suggests that a direct quantitative interaction of the
      Thy-1 antigen activates the B cell response.

PMID- 2876040
TI  - Interleukin 3 is a major negative regulator of the generation of natural killer
      cells from bone marrow precursors.
AB  - We have established a bone marrow culture system in which mature natural killer
      (NK) cells can be generated from inactive precursors by interleukin 2.
      Recombinant interleukin 3 (IL 3) almost completely blocked the induction of NK
      cells in this culture system as judged by cytotoxic activity, as well as
      appearance of cells with NK phenotype. The dose-response curve for inhibition of
      the generation of NK activity with IL 3 parallelled the growth promoting activity
      on the strictly IL 3-dependent cell line L/B. The effect of IL 3 was selective
      for the precursor stage of the NK cell, because mature NK cells were not affected
      by culture with IL 3 for the same period of time. Moreover, the effect of IL 3
      was confined to the first 24 hr of culture, indicating an effect on an early
      stage of NK cell differentiation. IL 3 did not increase the small normally
      occurring NK-sensitive population in bone marrow, and did not affect the activity
      of a variant cytotoxic cell with specificity for adherent target cells, the
      natural cytotoxic cell. Concomitantly with downregulation of NK cell generation,
      IL 3 induced strong proliferation in the bone marrow cultures and an increase in
      the percentage of cells expressing the T cell marker Thy-1. A model for
      regulation of NK cells based on competition of growth factors for target cells
      with a common progenitor is discussed.

PMID- 2876041
TI  - Induction and regulation of contact hypersensitivity by resident, bone marrow
      derived, dendritic epidermal cells: Langerhans cells and Thy-1+ epidermal cells.
AB  - Circumstantial evidence suggests strongly that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC)
      alone among epidermal cells (EC) are responsible for generating an immunogenic
      signal for contact hypersensitivity (CH) after epicutaneous application of
      hapten. However, data obtained from previous studies performed with intact skin
      or isolated EC do not address the immunogenic capacity of a second dendritic,
      bone marrow-derived population of cells that resides within the epidermis, Thy-1+
      epidermal cells. To identify the cellular source(s) of the antigenic signals
      emerging from the epidermis, purified preparations of LC, Thy-1+ cells, and
      keratinocytes were prepared from CBA/J mouse skin. Each cell type was derivatized
      in vitro with TNBS and inoculated via various routes into syngeneic mice that
      were assayed for the induction of CH and specific unresponsiveness. IA+ LC, when
      derivatized with hapten and inoculated into mice, induced CH without evidence of
      down-regulation regardless of the route of immunization. Derivatized Thy-1+ EC
      did not deliver a positive signal for CH. Rather, Thy-1+ EC possessed the
      capacity to initiate down-regulation of the CH response when they were delivered
      i.v. We conclude that all cellular elements necessary for the induction and
      regulation of CH after epicutaneous application of hapten to skin reside within
      the epidermis. The resident, dendritic, bone marrow-derived populations within
      the epidermis have the capacity to determine the outcome of an epicutaneous
      antigenic encounter.

PMID- 2876043
TI  - [Relation of colonial morphologies of the strain Ac-0119 of Acinetobacter
      anitratus in a soft-agar medium and its variants to morphologic and biologic
      properties].

PMID- 2876042
TI  - [Intracavernous injections of vasoactive drugs. Evaluation of their diagnostic
      and therapeutic value in 65 cases of erectile impotence].
AB  - Intracavernous injection (IC) of vasoactive drugs (papaverine (ICP) in 115 cases
      and different alpha-blockers in 65 cases) were administered to 65 patients with
      erectile impotence to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic interest of this
      procedure. Immediate (induction of erection) and medium term (lasting improvement
      in impotence) results were correlated with those of investigations of
      multidisciplinary etiologies. Comparison of results of ICP with those of
      plethysmography of nocturnal erections (PEN, 52 cases) gave negative results for
      the papaverine test (lack of erection or one without rigidity) in 67% of cases of
      impotence of organic origin (PEN abnormal). However, the test was positive
      (totally rigid erection) in 17% of cases of organic etiology and only 40% of
      psychogenic cases (PEN abnormal). Comparison of results with those of selective
      hypogastric arteriography and of the artificial erection test with dynamic
      cavernography (43 cases) showed that the papaverine test was never positive in
      patients with severe arterial occlusion or obvious venous leaks. However, an
      elevated proportion of cases with a negative test failed to show signs of marked
      vascular anomalies. Integration of results of total multidisciplinary
      explorations showed that most patients with organic or mixed impotence producing
      a positive or intermediary type papaverine test were cases of neuropathic
      impotence or had major neuropathic elements. Repeated IC of different vasoactive
      drugs (excluding the use of autoinjection techniques) failed to provide lasting
      improvement except for psychogenic impotence (5 of 9 cases). But it is in this
      group that IC is the most dangerous (2 cases of priapism and 8 cases of rigid
      erection prolonged over more than 4 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876044
TI  - The Ir-Thy-1 concept: continuing saga.

PMID- 2876045
TI  - Effect of acivicin on glutamine transport by rat renal brush border membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - Acivicin (L-[alpha S,5S]-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid)
      reversibly and competitively inhibits glutamine transport in rat renal brush
      border membrane (BBM) vesicles. Acivicin alters the affinity of the low-Km high
      affinity glutamine transport system, but has minimal effect on the high-Km low
      affinity system. The drug interferes with glutamine transport by a mechanism that
      does not involve the maintenance of a Na+-chemical gradient as shown by its
      uniform effect on glutamine uptake rate, regardless of the NaCl gradient imposed
      (0 to 150 mmol/L). The effect of acivicin on membrane potential was ruled out by
      the finding that acivicin modified glutamine transport even when the membrane
      potential was minimized either by substituting Cl- with an impermeant anion,
      isethionate, or by short-circuiting the membrane potential with carbonyl cyanide
      p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone. In these experiments the activity of the
      enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), a component of the putative amino
      acid transport system, was not suppressed because the BBM was not preincubated
      with acivicin. Acivicin also interferes with the uptake of other solutes tested
      (alanine, proline, glutamate, and glucose). But with the exception of L-alanine,
      the transport of these solutes is less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of
      acivicin than is that of glutamine. Our results indicate that acivicin profoundly
      affects the metabolism of renal tubular cells by its influence on the metabolite
      transport systems. Acivicin can reduce renal NH3 production independently of its
      effect on gamma-GT by interfering directly with renal cellular uptake of
      glutamine.

PMID- 2876046
TI  - Influence of the amino acid moiety on deconjugation of bile acid amidates by
      cholylglycine hydrolase or human fecal cultures.
AB  - The influence of the chemical structure of the amino acid (or amino acid
      analogue) moiety of a number of synthetic cholyl amidates on deconjugation by
      cholylglycine hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens was studied in vitro at pH
      5.4. Conjugates with alkyl homologues of glycine were hydrolyzed more slowly as
      the number of methylene units increased (cholylglycine greater than cholyl-beta
      alanine greater than cholyl-gamma-aminobutyrate). In contrast, for conjugates
      with the alkyl homologues of taurine, cholylaminopropane sulfonate was hydrolyzed
      slightly faster than cholyltaurine, whereas cholylaminomethane sulfonate was
      hydrolyzed much more slowly. When glycine was replaced by other neutral alpha
      amino acids, rates of hydrolysis decreased with increasing steric hindrance near
      the amide bond (cholyl-L-alpha-alanine much much greater than cholyl-L-leucine
      much greater than cholyl-L-valine greater than cholyl-L-tyrosine much greater
      than cholyl-D-valine). Conjugation with acidic or basic amino acids also greatly
      reduced the rates of hydrolysis, as cholyl-L-aspartate, cholyl-L-cysteate, cholyl
      L-lysine, and cholyl-L-histidine were all hydrolyzed at a rate less than one
      tenth that of cholylglycine. Methyl esterification of the carboxylic group of the
      amino acid moiety reduced the hydrolysis, but such substrates (cholylglycine
      methyl ester and cholyl-beta-alanine methyl ester) were completely hydrolyzed
      after overnight incubation with excess of enzyme. In contrast, cholyl-cholamine
      was not hydrolyzed at all, suggesting that a negative charge at the end of the
      side chain is required for optimal hydrolysis. Despite the lack of specificity
      for the amino acid moiety, a bile salt moiety was required, as the cholylglycine
      hydrolase did not display general carboxypeptidase activity for other non-bile
      acid substrates containing a terminal amide bond: hippuryl-L-phenylalanine and
      hippuryl-L-arginine, as well as oleyltaurine and oleylglycine, were not
      hydrolyzed. Fecal bacterial cultures from healthy volunteers also hydrolyzed
      cholyl-L-valine and cholyl-D-valine more slowly than cholylglycine, suggesting
      that cholylglycine hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens has a substrate
      specificity similar to that of the deconjugating enzymes of the fecal flora. The
      results indicate that modification of the position of the amide bond,
      introduction of steric hindrance near the amide bond, or loss of a negative
      charge on the terminal group of the amino acid moiety of the bile acid conjugate
      greatly reduces the rate of bacterial deconjugation in vitro when compared to
      that of the naturally occurring glycine and taurine conjugates.

PMID- 2876048
TI  - [Determination of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV in biological materials].
AB  - Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) can be assayed relatively specifically in
      crude biological material by determination of the initial rate of formation of 4
      nitroaniline from aminoacyl-proline-4-nitroanilides. For clinical purposes
      tricine buffer, pH 7.4, is employed, because unspecific cleavage of the substrate
      is minimal under these conditions. Various types of chromogenic and fluorogenic
      leaving groups can be used to detect the enzyme on solid supports. During the
      enzymatic hydrolysis of the tripeptides Xaa-Pro-Yaa, there is an increase of
      absorbance at 228 nm, which is useful for monitoring the enzyme activity. Enzymic
      activity can also be measured titrimetrically in unbuffered solutions, whereby
      corrections must be made for the protonation of both substrate and products.

PMID- 2876047
TI  - Neonatal exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances sexual responses in
      the adult male mouse.
AB  - From day 1 post partum to postnatal day 5, lactating female mice were given daily
      oral doses of 25 microliters sesame oil, 0.5 mg tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3
      pentyl-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-1-ol (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol; THC)/kg or 50 mg
      THC/kg in 25 microliters oil. Additionally, the pups were given 20 microliter
      oil, 10 micrograms testosterone or 20 micrograms testosterone in 20 microliter
      oil s.c. from days 1 to 5 of age. This regimen resulted in nine treatment groups.
      At 60 days of age, all males were castrated and their testes weighed. After
      castration, each mouse was implanted s.c. with a 5 mm length of testosterone
      filled silicone elastomer capsule. When adult they were tested for male
      copulatory behaviour. Following behavioural testing the animals were bled by
      cardiac puncture for measurement of plasma testosterone levels, and their
      hypothalami removed and assayed for dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5-HT) and LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). In addition, another two groups of
      pregnant females were given daily oral doses of 0.5 or 50 mg THC/kg or oil during
      the first 3 or 5 days of lactation. The male pups were either decapitated for
      collection of trunk blood or homogenized for determination of serum or whole body
      testosterone concentrations. Neonatal administration of THC altered adult male
      sexual responses and had no effect on hypothalamic noradrenaline, 5-HT and LHRH
      concentrations. There were large increases in serum testosterone concentrations
      in neonates after maternal THC treatment, although these differences were not
      significant. Additionally, THC did not influence the testosterone content of
      neonatal tissue or the testosterone concentration of adult plasma. These results
      suggest strongly that the effect of THC on male sexual responses is not mediated
      by its effect on adult hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations. Some other
      potential mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2876049
TI  - Effects of neuroleptic phenothiazines on the activities of aminotransferases and
      gamma-glutamyltransferase in serum and liver.
AB  - Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma
      glutamyltransferase activities were monitored in psychiatric patients receiving
      normal doses of phenothiazine neuroleptics over a 30-day period. The first two
      enzymes showed slight initial increases and a subsequent return to normal, while
      the third showed a slight increase. In rats, dosage levels exceeding those used
      in human therapy produced much larger increases in the catalytic concentrations
      of all three enzymes in serum (1.4, 0.7 and 0.5 above the control value,
      respectively), and somewhat smaller increases in the liver homogenates of these
      animals.

PMID- 2876050
TI  - Solute effects on mitochondria from an elasmobranch (Raja erinacea) and a teleost
      (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).
AB  - Varying osmolarity with sucrose/KCl media resulted in similar effects on the
      oxidation of glutamate by mitochondria isolated from the livers of an
      elasmobranch, Raja erinacea, and a teleost, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. In
      both species trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) inhibited mitochondrial oxidation of
      glutamate. Urea penetrated the inner mitochondrial membrane of both species and
      equilibrated with a ratio ureai/ureao of unity. Urea had little effect on the
      oxidation of glutamate in both species at concentrations as high as 760 mM.
      Addition of urea (urea/TMAO, 2:1) did not overcome the detrimental effects of
      TMAO in the mitochondria of either species. In the case of the elasmobranch, the
      osmolarity of the urea/TMAO media giving the optimal rate of respiration was
      hypoosmotic with respect to the intracellular osmolarity. The rate of glutamate
      oxidation steadily declined as osmolarity increased above this value. Assuming
      the osmotic profile obtained with the urea/TMAO (2:1) medium resembled most
      closely the in vivo situation, higher rates of oxidation or organic solutes at
      low osmolarity would help deplete the cell of these solutes and could contribute
      to cell volume regulation during hypoosmotic stress. It is suggested that two
      broad classes of intracellular solutes can be defined based on their effects on
      mitochondrial respiration. Solutes such as K+, C1-, and TMAO penetrate the inner
      mitochondrial membrane slowly or not at all. Increasing concentrations of these
      solutes result in lower rates of oxidation. This capacity may be important in
      regulating intracellular levels of organic solutes during osmotic stress. Solutes
      such as urea rapidly penetrate the cell and inner mitochondrial membrane reducing
      the mitochondrial volume changes associated with osmotic stress. The known
      detrimental effects of urea on protein structure may prevent its exclusive use as
      an intracellular osmotic effector.

PMID- 2876051
TI  - Comparison of restriction site polymorphisms among clinical isolates and
      laboratory strains of human cytomegalovirus.
AB  - We have compared HindIII and EcoRI restriction sites in the long and short unique
      regions of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome among 20 low passage clinical
      isolates and four high passage laboratory strains (AD169, Davis, Towne, UW-1).
      This was done by hybridizing digested DNA on Southern blots with a series of
      subgenomic cloned fragments of AD169. Fourteen HindIII sites were conserved and
      three fragments (O, V, W) co-migrated among all strains. Nine HindIII sites found
      in AD169 were absent in one or more other strains. Eight additional HindIII sites
      were identified and three more hypothesized by the appearance of slightly smaller
      fragments. Sixteen EcoRI sites were conserved and six fragments (c, Y, S, W, B,
      R) co-migrated among all strains. Twelve EcoRI sites were absent or in altered
      locations and at least seven additional sites were identified in one or more
      strains. Although no two of these strains were identical throughout the genome,
      identical patterns of variation in a given region frequently occurred in multiple
      strains. Polymorphisms occurred throughout the entire genome, including the
      region specifying immediate early functions. All strains studied showed an
      identical fragment which hybridized to the transforming fragment of AD169. These
      restriction site polymorphisms may in the future serve as convenient markers for
      identification of functional variation among HCMV strains.

PMID- 2876052
TI  - Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the corticostriate pathway: studies
      using intracerebral microdialysis in vivo.
AB  - The concentration of extracellular excitatory amino acids in the striatum of
      conscious, unrestrained rats was measured using intracerebral microdialysis,
      during chemical stimulation of the striatum in intact and hemidecorticate
      animals. Chemical stimulation of the striatum with tityustoxin (0.1 microM)
      evoked a rise in dialysate concentration of glutamate (to 383% of basal) and
      aspartate (to 156% of basal), accompanied by a drop in glutamine (to 55% of
      basal). These changes showed significant attenuation after treatment with L
      proline (1 mM) or 2-chloroadenosine (15 microM). Unilateral degeneration of the
      corticostriate pathway, produced by frontal hemidecortication, caused a reduction
      in both basal and stimulated levels of glutamate in the lesioned side, whereas no
      effect was observed in the intact side. Similarly, basal and stimulated levels of
      glutamine were unchanged in the intact side, but were increased in the lesioned
      side. These results provide in vivo evidence for glutamate and possibly aspartate
      being neurotransmitters in the corticostriate pathway. In addition they lend
      support to previous studies in vitro, which implicated glutamine as the principal
      precursor for neurotransmitter glutamate.

PMID- 2876053
TI  - Is dopamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase involved in the autoreceptor
      mediated negative control of tyrosine hydroxylase in striatal dopaminergic
      terminals?
AB  - The mechanism of the negative control of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity
      induced by the stimulation of presynaptic 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine
      (dopamine, DA) autoreceptors was investigated using rat striatal slices and
      synaptosomes incubated under control ([ K+] = 4.8 mM) or depolarizing ([ K+] = 60
      mM) conditions. The stimulation of DA autoreceptors by 7-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin (1 microM 7-OH-DPAT) produced a significant decrease in TH
      activity extracted from striatal slices maintained under control conditions. This
      effect was associated with the complete conversion of TH into an enzyme form with
      a low affinity for its pterin cofactor (Km approximately 0.80 mM). Furthermore,
      compared to TH extracted from control tissues, that from 7-OH-DPAT-exposed
      striatal slices was more sensitive to the stimulatory effects of exogenous
      heparin and cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation. Such changes were opposite to
      those induced by incubating striatal slices with the adenylate cyclase activator
      forskolin. Indeed, forskolin treatment completely converted TH into an enzyme
      form with a high affinity for its pterin cofactor (Km approximately 0.16 mM).
      Such conversion was associated with a shift in the optimal pH for TH activity
      from 5.8 (control) to 7.2 (forskolin). Under depolarizing conditions, the
      blockade by (-)-sulpiride of the stimulation of DA autoreceptors by endogenous DA
      was associated with a marked activation of TH. Modifications of enzymatic
      characteristics triggered by (-)-sulpiride were then similar to those induced by
      forskolin treatment. These data suggest that presynaptic DA autoreceptors
      modulate the activity of TH by controlling the degree of cyclic AMP-dependent
      phosphorylation of the enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876054
TI  - Binding sites for [3H]glutamate and [3H]aspartate in human cerebellum.
AB  - The binding of [3H]aspartate and [3H]glutamate to membranes prepared from frozen
      human cerebellar cortex was studied. The binding sites differed in their relative
      proportions, their inhibition by amino acids and analogues, and by the effects of
      cations. A proportion (about 30%) of [3H]glutamate binding was to sites similar
      to those labelled by [3H]aspartate. An additional component of [3H]glutamate
      binding (about 50%) was displaced by quisqualate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5
      methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, and may represent a "quisqualate-preferring"
      receptor. Neither N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-sensitive nor DL-2-amino-4
      phosphonobutyric acid-sensitive [3H]glutamate binding was detected.

PMID- 2876055
TI  - Specific insulin-mediated regulation of glutamine synthetase in cultured chick
      astroglial cells.
AB  - The expression of glutamine synthetase (GS; L-glutamate ammonia ligase; EC
      6.3.1.2) in primary cultures of chick astroglial cells and neurons grown in a
      chemically defined medium, with and without insulin added, was investigated. An
      inhibitory effect of insulin toward GS activity, and specific to chick astroglial
      cells, was observed. Neurons in culture were not sensitive to the hormone effect.
      Modulation of the activating effect of hydrocortisone on glial GS by insulin was
      also observed. The data suggest that insulin contributes to the regulation of the
      metabolism of amino acid neurotransmitters via its effect on GS.

PMID- 2876056
TI  - Phorbol esters enhance neurotransmitter-stimulated cyclic AMP production in rat
      brain slices.
AB  - The effect of phorbol esters on cyclic AMP production in rat CNS tissue was
      examined. Using a prelabeling technique for measuring cyclic AMP accumulation in
      brain slices, it was found that phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) enhanced
      the cyclic AMP response to forskolin and a variety of neurotransmitter receptor
      stimulants while having no effect on second messenger accumulation itself. A
      short (15-min) preincubation period with PMA was required to obtain maximal
      enhancement, whereas the augmentation was lessened by prolonged exposure (3 h) to
      the phorbol. The response to PMA was concentration dependent (EC50 = 1 microM)
      and regionally selective, being most apparent in forebrain, and was not
      influenced by removal of extracellular calcium or by inhibition of
      phosphodiesterase or phospholipase A2. Only those phorbols known to stimulate
      protein kinase C augmented the accumulation of cyclic AMP. Moreover, the membrane
      substrates phosphorylated by endogenous C kinase and by a partially purified
      preparation of this enzyme were similar. The results suggest that phorbol esters,
      by activating protein kinase C, modify the cyclic AMP response to brain
      neurotransmitter receptor stimulation in brain by influencing a component of the
      adenylate cyclase system beyond the transmitter recognition site.

PMID- 2876057
TI  - Glutamic acid as a putative transmitter of the interhemispheric corticocortical
      connections in the rat.
AB  - The effect of hemidecortication on the endogenous levels of amino acids in
      medial, sulcal, and dorsal frontal cortex as well as in parietal, temporal, and
      occipital cortex of the rat was investigated. Under aseptic conditions, the right
      cerebral cortex was aspirated by suction. Then, 21 days later, the content of
      glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, serine,
      threonine, and alanine was analyzed in six areas of the intact contralateral
      cortex using GLC. The results demonstrated a specific decrease in the endogenous
      levels of glutamic acid in both parietal and temporal cortex after
      hemidecortication of the contralateral side. This finding suggests that glutamic
      acid may serve as a neurotransmitter for some of the interhemispheric
      corticoparietal and corticotemporal fibers. In a follow-up experiment, the effect
      of a frontal lesion on the endogenous levels of the same amino acids in the
      striatum was also examined. In this case, the glutamic acid content exhibited a
      decrease of 31% relative to the control value. This observation confirms the
      earlier finding of a glutamate-containing pathway from the frontal cortex to the
      striatum.

PMID- 2876058
TI  - Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia disrupts striatal high-affinity [3H]glutamate uptake
      into synaptosomes.
AB  - We examined the impact of hypoxia-ischemia on high-affinity [3H]glutamate uptake
      into a synaptosomal fraction prepared from immature rat corpus striatum. In 7-day
      old pups the right carotid artery was ligated, and pups were exposed to 8% oxygen
      for 0, 0.5, 1, or 2.5 h, and allowed to recover for up to 24 h before they were
      killed. High-affinity glutamate uptakes in striatal synaptosomes derived from
      tissue ipsilateral and contralateral to ligation were compared. After 1 h of
      hypoxia plus ischemia, high-affinity glutamate uptake in the striatum was reduced
      by 54 +/- 13% compared with values from the opposite (nonischemic) side of the
      brain (p less than 0.01, t test versus ligates not exposed to hypoxia). There
      were similar declines after 2.5 h of hypoxia-ischemia. Activity remained low
      after a 1 h recovery period in room air, but after 24 h of recovery, high
      affinity glutamate uptake was equal bilaterally. Kinetic analysis revealed that
      loss of activity could be attributed primarily to a 40% reduction in the number
      of uptake sites. Hypoxia alone had no effect on high-affinity glutamate uptake
      although it reduced synaptosomal uptake of [3H]3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
      Addition of 1 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin to the incubation medium
      preferentially stimulated high-affinity glutamate uptake in hypoxic-ischemic
      brain compared with its effects in normal tissue. These studies demonstrate that
      hypoxia-ischemia reversibly inhibits high-affinity glutamate uptake and this
      occurs earlier than the time required to produce neuronal damage in the model.

PMID- 2876059
TI  - Hyperglycemia preserves brain mitochondrial respiration during anoxia.
AB  - We examined brain mitochondrial function in normo- (5 mM) and hyperglycemic (50
      mM) cats after 8 min of anoxia. In anoxic normoglycemic cats, mitochondrial state
      3 respiration with NAD-linked substrates glutamate or pyruvate (both plus malate)
      was inhibited 30-50%. The uncoupler carbonylcyanide p
      trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) maximally stimulated respiration,
      indicating that inhibition of phosphorylation, not impairment of electron
      transport, substrate transport, or oxidation was present. State 3 respiration
      with succinate (plus rotenone) was unaffected. Mitochondrial respiratory control
      ratios trended toward reductions whereas ADP/O ratios remained unchanged. In
      contrast, brain mitochondria from anoxic hyperglycemic cats showed no such
      inhibition of state 3 respiration and no differences in function from normo- and
      hyperglycemic control animals except for trends toward loose coupling.
      Significantly higher brain tissue glucose concentrations were present in
      hyperglycemic controls as the only metabolite difference compared to
      normoglycemic controls. At the end of anoxia, hyperglycemic cats exhibited
      significantly higher cortical lactate and glucose levels but similarly reduced
      high-energy phosphate concentrations compared to normoglycemic cats. These
      results demonstrate that increased availability of glucose to gray matter as a
      consequence of hyperglycemia maintains normal mitochondrial state 3 respiration
      during exposure to anoxia. Previous survival studies have shown that lower serum
      glucose concentrations during anoxia are relatively brain protective. This result
      indicates that the presently described alterations in mitochondrial respiration
      must be fully reversible.

PMID- 2876060
TI  - Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the concentrations of glutamate and
      related amino acids and energy metabolites in the intact and decorticated rat
      neostriatum.
AB  - The glutamate (Glu) terminals in rat neostriatum were removed by a unilateral
      frontal decortication. One to two weeks later the effects of insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia on the steady-state levels of amino acids [Glu, glutamine (Gln),
      aspartate (Asp), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine] and energy metabolites
      (glucose, glycogen, alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, lactate, ATP, ADP, AMP,
      phosphocreatine) were examined in the intact and decorticated neostriatum from
      brains frozen in situ. The changes in the metabolite levels were examined during
      normoglycemia, hypoglycemia with burst-suppression (BS) EEG, after 5 and 30 min
      of hypoglycemic coma with isoelectric EEG, and 1 h of recovery following 30 min
      of isoelectric EEG. In normoglycemia Glu decreased and Gln and glycogen increased
      significantly on the decorticated side. During the BS period no significant
      differences in the measured compounds were noted between the two sides. After 5
      min of isoelectric EEG Glu, Gln, GABA, and ATP levels were significantly lower
      and Asp higher on the intact than on the decorticated side. No differences
      between the two sides were found after 30 min of isoelectric EEG. After 1 h of
      recovery from 30 min of isoelectric EEG Glu, Gln, and glycogen had not reached
      their control levels. Glu was significantly lower, and Gln and glycogen higher on
      the decorticated side. The Asp and GABA levels were not significantly different
      from control levels. The results indicate that the turnover of Glu is higher in
      the intact than in decorticated neostriatum during profound hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2876061
TI  - Neuropeptides in gliomas: identification of somatostatin 14 in a medulloblastoma.
AB  - Forty nine gliomas were analysed for the following neuropeptides: somatostatin
      (SS), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP) and the pituitary peptide, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). A significant
      amount of authentic SS was found in a medulloblastoma, and low concentrations of
      SP and NT immunoreactivity in an ependymoma and cerebellar astrocytoma
      respectively. The majority of the other gliomas did not contain detectable levels
      of these five neuropeptides. Low levels of neuropeptides were found in some
      specimens probably due to contamination with cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2876062
TI  - Rationale for the choice of antihypertensive agents.

PMID- 2876063
TI  - The contribution of GABA-mediated inhibitory mechanisms to visual response
      properties of neurons in the kitten's striate cortex.
AB  - The effect of the microiontophoretic administration of the GABA antagonist
      bicuculline methiodide (BMI) on the responses of striate cortical neurons to
      light stimulation was investigated in kittens ranging in age between 11 and 28 d.
      The orientation sensitivity of the majority of the 88 neurons tested for this
      parameter decreased (40%) or was eliminated (18%) following the administration of
      BMI. Changes were seen in all layers and in all neuronal types, and the
      proportions of neurons that changed their orientation specificity were about the
      same during the second, third, and fourth postnatal weeks. Twenty-eight percent
      of the neurons were not affected in their orientation sensitivity by BMI. These
      neurons were recorded at all postnatal ages; they were located preferentially in
      layers IV and VI; and they had unimodal, bimodal, or ON-OFF mixed receptive
      fields. The remaining 14% of the neurons were initially unresponsive or responded
      in an erratic way to visual stimulation. These neurons became responsive and even
      exhibited orientation-specific responses during administration of BMI. The
      majority (56%) of direction-specific neurons became direction-nonspecific after
      the administration of BMI. Seventeen percent preserved some direction
      specificity, whereas 27% did not show any change at all. The effects of BMI on
      direction sensitivity were seen at all postnatal ages and on all neuronal types
      throughout layers III-VI. The majority of neurons unaffected by BMI in their
      direction sensitivity resided in layer VI. In those cases where orientation
      sensitivity was reduced, direction sensitivity (if present) was usually
      diminished as well. However, some neurons were found in which only 1 of the 2
      parameters was significantly changed by BMI. The spatial structure of the
      receptive field, as revealed by stationary stimulation, was changed significantly
      by BMI in about half the neurons tested. A straightforward correlation between
      the alteration of orientation and/or direction sensitivity and changes in
      receptive-field structure was not found. The results demonstrate that, in the
      immature striate cortex, receptive-field properties of many neurons are
      determined by inhibitory processes mediated by GABA, which may also dictate the
      actual visual responsiveness of the neurons. The dissociations in the effects of
      BMI on orientation sensitivity, direction sensitivity, and receptive-field
      substructure indicate that the synaptic organization responsible for the various
      functional parameters is unlikely to be the same.

PMID- 2876064
TI  - Evidence for GABA as a neurotransmitter in the leech.
AB  - In the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, the inhibitory motor neurons to the
      longitudinal muscles in the body wall, cells 1 and 2, are linked via central
      inhibitory synapses to the excitatory motor neurons innervating the same muscles.
      Examination of these synapses showed that the inhibitors are GABAergic according
      to several electrophysiological and pharmacological criteria. Presynaptic release
      of neurotransmitter during passage of depolarizing current into the inhibitors,
      as well as direct application of GABA to the excitor cell bodies, hyperpolarizes
      the postsynaptic excitor. Moreover, both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA
      receptors of the excitors are specifically blocked by the GABA antagonist
      bicuculline methiodide. The inhibitors, dissected from the ganglion and grown in
      culture, synthesize GABA when exposed to the GABA precursor glutamate, whereas
      the excitors do not synthesize detectable levels of GABA under these same
      conditions. The innervation and neurotransmitter sensitivity of the longitudinal
      muscles in the body wall of the glossiphoniid leeches Haementeria ghilianii and
      H. officinalis were examined in order to determine if the inhibitory
      neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is GABA. Individual muscle fibers
      are innervated by both inhibitory and excitatory motor neurons in a manner such
      that the inhibitory and excitatory nerve terminals and neurotransmitter receptors
      are spatially and electrically separate. Intracellular recordings taken from the
      muscle fibers reveal a resting potential of about -70 mV. The amplitude of the
      spontaneous inhibitory junctional potentials (IJPs) falls to zero at a
      polarization of about -65 mV and reverses in sign at the normal resting
      potential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876065
TI  - Sustained transmitter output by increased transmitter turnover in limb muscles of
      old mice.
AB  - The ability of neuromuscular junctions in old animals to maintain tetanic output
      was tested in phasic and tonic limb muscles and the physiologic mechanism of
      maintenance was elucidated by analysis of the turnover of a false transmitter
      during prolonged tetani. Transmitter release during and after tetani was compared
      in limb muscles of young (8-9 month) and old (28-30 month) male CBF-1 mice.
      Amplitudes of end-plate potentials (epp's) in curarized preparations and of
      spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials (mepp's) were measured in vitro at 30
      degrees C in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (edl) muscles. In both young
      and old soleus muscles, epp amplitude was maintained at about 45% of resting
      level during the latter part of trains of 1,200 stimuli at 10 Hz but recovered to
      about 90% control within a few seconds after stimulation ceased. In edl muscles
      of young mice, epp amplitudes during a 20 Hz train of 1,200 impulses steadily
      declined to about 20% of control and gradually recovered over 2 min after the
      tetanus. In old edl muscles, tetanic decay of the epp's was greater and recovery
      slower than in young muscles, but absolute epp amplitudes were invariably
      greater. During trains of 6,000 impulses at 10 Hz, plateau epp amplitude decayed
      to 40-50% in young soleus muscle and 30-40% control in old muscle, but recovery
      was similar and absolute epp amplitudes were greater in old soleus muscle. A
      false transmitter precursor, homocholine (HoCh), was used to investigate the
      mechanism of this prolonged output, and, therefore, the use of HoCh in this
      system was first validated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876066
TI  - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor supports the survival of cultured rat retinal
      ganglion cells.
AB  - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a small, basic protein purified from
      the mammalian brain that has been shown previously to support the survival of
      cultured spinal sensory neurons (Barde et al., 1982). In current studies, BDNF
      was tested for its ability to support the survival of cultured CNS cells isolated
      from the perinatal rat retina. Both immunofluorescent labeling of Thy-1 and prior
      retrograde labeling with HRP were used as retinal ganglion cell markers in vitro.
      With embryonic day (E) 17 retinas, it was found that BDNF allowed the survival of
      a small subpopulation of neurons (about 7% of the cells plated at this age)
      identified by the immunofluorescent labeling of Thy-1. No detectable effects were
      seen when either the total number of cells or the number of tetanus toxin
      positive neurons was measured. BDNF also had an effect on cultured neurons
      retrogradely labeled after HRP injections in the superior colliculi of neonatal
      rats. The BDNF-responsive population was therefore detected only in retinal
      cultures with specific markers and identified as consisting of retinal ganglion
      cells. These cells could be enriched about 80-fold by density gradient
      centrifugation, and purified ganglion cell cultures were shown to be responsive
      to BDNF. Whereas with E17 retinas, the number of surviving Thy-1 positive neurons
      could be kept constant for at least 4 d, the survival of postnatal neurons was
      only transiently increased by BDNF. We conclude that in the retina, BDNF affects
      only the survival of ganglion cells in vitro by a direct action on these cells.
      The results are discussed in terms of target-derived neurotrophic support during
      development.

PMID- 2876067
TI  - Kainic acid alters the metabolism of Met5-enkephalin and the level of dynorphin A
      in the rat hippocampus.
AB  - Male Fischer-344 rats were given a single intrastriatal injection of kainic acid
      (KA; 1 microgram/rat), which caused recurrent motor seizures lasting 3-6 hr.
      During the convulsive period, native Met5-enkephalin-like (ME-LI) and dynorphin A
      (1-8)-like (DYN-LI) immunoreactivities in hippocampus decreased by 31 and 63%,
      respectively. By 24 hr after dosing, the hippocampal opioid peptides had returned
      to control levels, and by 48 hr ME-LI had increased 270% and DYN-LI 150%.
      Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that ME-LI and Leu5-enkephalin-like (LE-LI)
      immunostaining in the mossy fibers of dentate granule cells and the perforant
      temporoammonic pathway had decreased visibly by 6 hr and had increased markedly
      by 48 hr following KA. A visible decrease in DYN-LI in mossy fiber axons within 6
      hr was followed by a substantial increase by 48 hr. To determine whether the
      increases in hippocampal ME-LI reflected changes in ME biosynthesis, levels of
      mRNA coding for preproenkephalin (mRNAenk) and cryptic ME-LI cleaved by enzyme
      digestion from preproenkephalin were measured. Following the convulsive period (6
      hr), mRNAenk was 400% of control, and by 24 hr, cryptic ME-LI was 300% of
      control. Increases in native and cryptic ME-LI and in mRNAenk were also noted in
      entorhinal cortex, but not in hypothalamus or uninjected striatum. Our data
      suggest that KA-induced seizures cause an increase in ME release, followed by a
      compensatory increase in ME biosynthesis in the hippocampus and entorhinal
      cortex.

PMID- 2876068
TI  - Inhibition of liver lipogenesis by dietary polyunsaturated fat in severely
      diabetic rats.
AB  - Diabetic and nondiabetic rats were used to ascertain if dietary polyunsaturated
      fats inhibited hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase in
      insulin-insufficient rats as had been previously shown for normal rats. Male rats
      were rendered diabetic (400-600) mg glucose/100 mL blood) with streptozotocin and
      were fed a high fructose fat-free diet. Safflower oil or palmitate (or tallow)
      was added to the basal fructose diet at a level to supply 12,24 or 36% additional
      digestible energy. Compared with normal rats, diabetic rats had significantly
      lower hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis, but the proportion of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase expressing catalytic activity as determined by the avidin
      inactivation technique was unaffected by diabetes. Diabetes did not lower the
      maximal maximal activities of carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase. Moreover,
      the activities of these enzymes greatly exceeded the rate of fatty acid
      synthesis. At all levels of fat supplementation, the high linoleate safflower oil
      consistently resulted in a 50% lower rate of fatty acid biosynthesis than did
      comparable levels of tallow or palmitate. Safflower oil was also a more effective
      suppressor of the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase
      than the saturated fats. Our data suggest that the greater inhibition of hepatic
      fatty acid biosynthesis by polyenoic fatty acids is an insulin-independent
      mechanism.

PMID- 2876069
TI  - Determination of L-ascorbic acid in tomato by isotachoelectrophoresis.
      Application of computer simulation system for setting of determination conditions
      to avoid the mixed-zone problem.
AB  - When the isotachoelectrophoretical method is used with HCl-beta-alanine as the
      leading electrolyte solution (pH 3.6), ascorbic acid forms a mixed zone with
      glutamic acid, and it is difficult to separate the two. Therefore, the
      application of a computer simulation system to separate the two acids was
      investigated. This system can be used with compounds for which the absolute
      electrophoretical mobility and dissociation constant have already been
      determined. Values for glutamic acid alone were entered in the data bank "SIPS
      1", and then those for ascorbic acid were estimated from the values of similar
      compounds. Values for aspartic acid were used, and the electrophoretical behavior
      of ascorbic and glutamic acids was simulated at pH range from 3 to 9.9. Based on
      this simulation, separation appeared possible at pH 9.0 to 10.0, and indeed,
      experimental determination of ascorbic acid was successfully performed with a
      leading electrolyte solution composed of HCl-ethanolamine (pH 9.4) without any
      glutamic acid interference. Even though ascorbic acid is highly susceptible to
      oxidation in an alkaline medium, because the ascorbic acid solution is injected
      at the interface of the leading and terminal electrolyte solutions in the
      electrophoretical procedure, it does not come in contact with air during
      electrophoresis. This explains why ascorbic acid can be determined in an alkaline
      medium.

PMID- 2876070
TI  - Properties of amiodarone monolayer spread at the air-water interface.
AB  - Surface pressure measurements demonstrate that, over a wide range of pH,
      amiodarone forms a stable monolayer at the air-water interface. The area found to
      be occupied by an amiodarone molecule was compared with a theoretical prediction
      based on a conformational analysis, making it possible to assemble amphiphilic
      molecules. The intrinsic ionization constant of amiodarone in an aqueous
      environment pKi = 8.7 +/- 0.5 was evaluated from surface potential measurements.

PMID- 2876071
TI  - The effect of the relationship between punch velocity and particle size on the
      compaction behaviour of materials with varying deformation mechanisms.
AB  - The effect of punch velocity over the range 0.033-300 mm s-1 on the compaction
      properties of lactose, microcrystalline cellulose and a drug substance (a
      phthalazine derivative) for a range of particle sizes has been studied using the
      yield pressure derived from the Heckel relationship and a strain rate sensitivity
      index (SRS index), as the criteria to describe their behaviour. For lactose, a
      material which deforms by a mixed mechanism of particle fracture and plastic
      deformation at the contact points, the yield pressure increased and the SRS index
      decreased as particle size decreased, due to a reduction in the amount of
      fragmentation of the particles. For microcrystalline cellulose, a material which
      is known to deform plastically, the yield pressure and the SRS index were
      independent of particle size. For the phthalazine derivative the yield pressure
      increased as particle size decreased; however the SRS index reduced from 41% to
      zero, indicating that the deformation mechanism was changing from plastic flow to
      brittle behaviour. This decrease in the SRS index has been explained in terms of
      the relative amounts of strain-hardened material produced as milling severity
      increased, resulting in an increasing resistance to deformation and thus an
      apparent increase in brittle behaviour as particle size decreased.

PMID- 2876072
TI  - Comparison of fluorescence polarization immunoassay and high performance liquid
      chromatography for the quantitative determination of phenytoin, phenobarbitone
      and carbamazepine in serum.
AB  - The Abbott TDx fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) system has been
      evaluated and compared with well-established high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of three anticonvulsant drugs:
      phenytoin, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine. These assays were evaluated for
      precision, calibration curve stability, specificity and accuracy. Within-run
      precision studies using control samples (n = 15) in the subtherapeutic,
      therapeutic, and toxic concentrations, resulted in coefficients of variation in
      the range of 1.79-3.99% (FPIA) and 1.16-2.52% (HPLC), respectively. Between-run
      precision ranged from 2.32-6.34% for FPIA and from 2.04-3.38% for HPLC.
      Comparison of 122 patient samples assayed with both methods indicated an
      extremely good analytical correlation (r = 0.96) for all three comparisons. The
      FPIA method offers significant advantages in calibration curve stability while
      maintaining accuracy and precision comparable with those of established HPLC
      procedures.

PMID- 2876073
TI  - Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of midazolam during anaesthesia.
AB  - Midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam plasma concentrations have been monitored and
      pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam estimated during anaesthesia induced and
      maintained by its repeated injection according to two protocols (3 X 0.3 mg kg-1
      at 45 min intervals or an induction dose of 0.3 mg kg-1 with maintenance doses of
      0.15 mg kg-1 at 30 min intervals). Minimum plasma concentrations of midazolam
      measured just before each injection were 258.8 +/- 108.4 ng ml-1 for the first
      protocol and 353.1 +/- 55.2 ng ml-1 for the second protocol; maximum midazolam
      concentrations, measured 5 min after the last administration, were 1103.1 +/-
      237.9 ng ml-1 and 743.0 +/- 103.2 ng ml-1, respectively, suggesting that a
      continuous infusion of midazolam after a loading dose should be better than
      repeated injections at keeping the concentration close to the sedative level of
      400 ng ml-1. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those
      already published, except for the beta elimination half-life of midazolam (3.24
      +/- 0.90 h for protocol 1 and 3.34 +/- 1.47 h for protocol 2) which was slightly
      longer than that reported for single dose studies. The comparison of plasma
      determinations, obtained either by gas-liquid chromatography or by a
      radioreceptor assay technique, clearly showed that 1-hydroxymidazolam, even after
      repeated midazolam administration, was not present at a concentration sufficient
      to affect the overall pharmacological activity of the parent drug.

PMID- 2876074
TI  - Interaction of cyclosporin A with human lipoproteins.
AB  - The ultracentrifugal fractionation of human serum after previous incubation with
      cyclosporin A showed that, in healthy fasting individuals, 8% of cyclosporin A
      was found in the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), 31% in the low density
      lipoproteins (LDL), 46% in the high density lipoproteins (HDL) and 15% in the non
      lipoprotein protein fraction. In non-fasted, healthy and in non-fasted, lipaemic
      individuals, 7 and 6% of cyclosporin A was found in chylomicrons, 9 and 13% in
      VLDL, 28 and 30% in LDL, 39 and 37% in HDL, and 12 and 13% in the non-lipoprotein
      protein fraction, respectively. In patients receiving cyclosporin A the
      distribution varied from 12 to 19% in VLDL, 21 to 28% in LDL, 33 to 43% in HDL,
      and 13 to 20% in non-lipoprotein proteins. The interaction between cyclosporin A
      and isolated normal human lipoproteins was also studied by ultrafiltration. All
      lipoproteins exhibited a non-saturable, low affinity, high capacity uptake for
      cyclosporin A. Analysis of the uptake by phospholipid vesicles showed a similar
      uptake, suggesting that cyclosporin A dissolves in the lipophilic portion of the
      lipoprotein molecule rather than being associated with specific binding sites.

PMID- 2876075
TI  - The effects of new local anti-inflammatory steroids on leucocyte migration and
      prostanoid liberation in rats.
AB  - The local anti-inflammatory potency of steroid-21-oate esters derived from
      prednisolone was determined by cotton pellet granuloma bioassay. The doses which
      inhibited granuloma formation by 50% (ID50) were: prednisolone, 0.5 mg/pellet;
      methyl 20 alpha-dihydroprednisolonate, 5.8 mg/pellet; methyl 20 beta
      dihydroprednisolonate, 1.2 mg/pellet; methyl 17,20 alpha
      acetonidodihydroprednisolonate, 6.0 mg/pellet. When administered at these
      equipotent local anti-inflammatory doses, only prednisolone depressed plasma
      corticosterone and promoted thymus involution. Prednisolone reduced neutrophil
      migration into saline-soaked polyester sponges and depressed the levels of 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha, PGE2 and elastase in the sponge-induced inflammatory exudate. Methyl
      20 alpha- and 20 beta-dihydroprednisolonate had no effect on cell migration, but
      depressed the levels of 6-keto PGF1 alpha and elastase. The liberation of 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha, PGE2 and elastase and neutrophil migration were inhibited by methyl
      17,20 alpha- and beta-acetonidodihydroprednisolonate, but the effect of the beta
      epimer on cell migration was transient. These data suggest that steroid acid
      esters which have local and topical anti-inflammatory properties exert their
      effect in a similar fashion to glucocorticoids with a ketol side-chain (e.g.
      prednisolone) with respect to liberation of prostaglandins and lysosomal enzymes.
      However, their effect on neutrophil migration was variable, depending on their
      structural features. Furthermore, the systemic effects of these new derivatives
      were drastically reduced indicating that they may be of potential benefit in
      prolonged treatment.

PMID- 2876077
TI  - Dual effect of orally administered sennosides on large intestine transit and
      fluid absorption in the rat.
AB  - Quantity and consistency of the faecal output, large intestine transit time, and
      colonic net fluid absorption were investigated in rats after oral administration
      of sennosides A + B (12.5-200 mg kg-1). The release of normal faecal pellets was
      accelerated 3-4 h after drug administration; excretion of soft faeces was evident
      within 4-5 h and reached its maximum 5-7 h after administration. Large intestine
      transit time was dose- and time-dependently influenced by sennoside treatment. A
      highly significant reduction in transit time from more than 6 h in controls to 90
      min for a 2 h pretreatment and a nearly maximal reduction to 30 min for a 4 h
      pretreatment was induced by a dose of 50 mg kg-1. Inhibition of net fluid
      absorption in the colon was maximal with the same dose, but clearly more
      pronounced after a 6 h pretreatment period than after a 4 h period. Since the
      increase in fluid volume due to net fluid secretion is delayed compared with the
      acceleration of large intestine transit, the early motility effect seems to be
      largely independent of the changes in absorption mechanisms. Therefore, the
      laxative effect of the sennosides consists of changes in colon motility as well
      as in colonic fluid absorption, but motility may be an earlier and more sensitive
      parameter than net absorption.

PMID- 2876076
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in human
      uterine artery.
AB  - Prazosin and yohimbine were used to differentiate postjunctional alpha
      adrenoceptors in the human uterine artery in-vitro. Two postjunctional alpha
      adrenoceptor subtypes were distinguished by the affinities of the receptor for
      yohimbine and prazosin. The pA2 for prazosin was 8.91 against phenylephrine with
      a slope not significantly different from unity (0.91), and the pA2 for yohimbine
      was 7.25 against naphazoline and 8.70 against clonidine, with slopes not
      significantly different from unity (1.11 and 1.18, respectively). Yohimbine was
      not very active against phenylephrine, while prazosin was very active against the
      mixed and selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist noradrenaline and clonidine; the
      intercepts of the Schild plot were 8.80 and 8.82 but with slopes significantly
      less than unity (0.77 and 0.67, respectively). Prazosin competitively antagonized
      phenylephrine at the alpha 1-adrenoceptor, whereas yohimbine competitively
      antagonized naphazoline and clonidine at the alpha 2-adrenoceptor. It is
      concluded that both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are present in the human
      uterine artery.

PMID- 2876078
TI  - Racemic and optically active trans 2,6-dimethyl analogues of the reversed ester
      of pethidine.
AB  - The preparation and stereochemical characterization of (+/-)-1,trans 2,6
      trimethyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine hydrochloride and its (+)- and (-)
      antipodes are described. The absolute configurations of the antipodes were
      established by X-ray analysis of the corresponding (-)-4-piperidinol
      hydrobromide. In antinociceptive tests on mice and rats, the (+)-2S,6S ester
      proved the more potent antipode by factors of at least 10 (rats) and 20 (mice), a
      result consistent with earlier proposals made about the probable uptake
      conformation of pethidine reversed esters at opioid receptors.

PMID- 2876079
TI  - Fast-atom bombardment mass spectra of some pentapeptides related to natural
      enkephalins.
AB  - The mass spectral features of four diastereoisomeric pairs of peptides related to
      the enkephalins recorded under fast-atom bombardment conditions are presented and
      shown to provide evidence of molecular weight and amino acid content and
      sequence.

PMID- 2876080
TI  - Some pharmacokinetic characteristics of furafylline, a new 1,3,8-trisubstituted
      xanthine.
AB  - After administration of furafylline, a, 1,3,8-trisubstituted xanthine, to beagle
      dogs at 0.5 and 10 mg kg-1 an elimination half-life 2-10 times longer than that
      of theophylline was observed. The kinetics were dose-dependent but no phase I
      metabolites were detected. When the compound was given orally to humans at a dose
      of 1.3-1.9 mg kg-1 a mean beta elimination half-life of 48.1 +/- 10.8 h was
      obtained after an initial distribution phase. Evidence of non-linear kinetics for
      plasma levels below 0.6 microgram ml-1 was also obtained. Other 1,3,8
      trisubstituted xanthines, may also have a lower elimination rate than
      theophylline.

PMID- 2876081
TI  - Antitumour effect of fibrinogen microspheres containing doxorubicin on Ehrlich
      ascites carcinoma.
AB  - The antitumour activity of fibrinogen microspheres containing doxorubicin has
      been evaluated against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice in terms of changes in
      body weight and survival. Tumour cell injections were made on day 0 and
      microsphere injections on day 1, both intraperitoneally. The suppressive effect
      of the drug-containing microspheres on increase in body weight was higher than
      that of the free drug, and tumour-bearing mice given the microspheres lived
      longer than those given the free drug.

PMID- 2876082
TI  - Neither morphine nor clonidine influence the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      inhibitory response in the rat gastric fundus.
AB  - Morphine and clonidine are among the few agents reported to modulate non
      adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) responses in different tissues. They were
      therefore tested for their effect on the NANC inhibitory response in the rat
      gastric fundus. Neither morphine (10(-5) M), nor clonidine (10(-5) M in the
      presence of prazosin 10(-6) M to avoid its own relaxatory effect) modified the
      NANC response in the rat gastric fundus.

PMID- 2876083
TI  - Differing potencies of muscle relaxants on rat and guinea-pig phrenic nerve
      diaphragm preparations.
AB  - The sensitivities of two in-vitro preparations to neuromuscular blocking agents
      have been compared. The guinea-pig phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation proved to
      be more sensitive to vecuronium, atracurium and pancuronium than the equivalent
      preparation from the rat. Only tubocurarine had a similar potency on the
      preparations from both species. This would suggest that the guinea-pig diaphragm
      would be the most appropriate bioassay preparation if only small quantities of
      drug were available. Small differences in the cholinesterase content of the
      preparations was not thought to be a likely reason for the differences between
      the two preparations.

PMID- 2876084
TI  - Effects of diltiazem on morphine-induced respiratory decline.
AB  - The individual and combined effects of subcutaneous morphine and diltiazem, a
      calcium channel inhibitor, on arterial blood gases and pH were assessed in
      conscious Fischer-344 rats. Morphine (4 mg kg-1) produced hypercapnia, hypoxia
      and slight acidosis, as compared with control values. Diltiazem (10 mg kg-1)
      alone did not affect these parameters; however, it significantly delayed the
      onset of the aforementioned effects of morphine.

PMID- 2876085
TI  - Laxatives and the production of autacoids by rat colon.
AB  - The effects of some laxatives were examined on the formation of histamine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and prostaglandin-like material (PG-LM) by rat intestine
      in-vitro. Castor oil, senna, sulphosuccinate and bisacodyl, but not mannitol or
      lactulose, in doses that cause laxation, increased the formation of histamine, 5
      HT and PG-LM. Indomethacin or hydrocortisone reduced the increase of PG-LM
      formation. The data support the idea that the laxative effects of these
      intestinal secretagogues are due to increased intestinal production of PG-LM,
      histamine and 5-HT.

PMID- 2876086
TI  - Spectrofluorimetric analysis and buccal absorption of medifoxamine.
AB  - Medifoxamine is a new investigational antidepressant drug. Its buccal absorption
      at pH 5-9, which can be considered as an in-vivo model of passive drug transfer
      through a lipid membrane, was studied in six normal, healthy volunteers to
      predict its pharmacokinetic profile in man. Maximum absorption of medifoxamine
      occurred at pH 8, which is close to its pKa (8.5).

PMID- 2876087
TI  - The effect of proadifen on the metabolism of adinazolam.
AB  - Binding affinities of adinazolam and its metabolite mono-N-demethyladinazolam, U
      42352, to the brain tissue are not altered by the presence of proadifen (SKF
      525A) in [3H]flunitrazepam [( 3H]FNZ) binding assays in-vitro. Pretreatment of
      mice with proadifen significantly blocked the ability of intravenously
      administered adinazolam to inhibit [3H]FNZ binding in the studies ex-vivo. The
      binding profile of [3H]FNZ to the brain tissue was not significantly different
      when animals were treated with U-42352 or proadifen with U-42352. These results
      suggest that proadifen may block the conversion of adinazolam to its active
      metabolite U-42352.

PMID- 2876088
TI  - [Stereoselective glucuronidation of beta-blocking agents, 1-tert-butylamino-3
      (2,3-dimethylphenoxy)-2-propanol (D-32) and propranolol, in animals, in vivo and
      in vitro].

PMID- 2876089
TI  - In vitro characterization of the adrenoceptor activity of AY-28,925.
AB  - The adrenoceptor activity of AY-28,925 (5-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3
      phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl]-1 H-indole-7-carboxamide) was evaluated on various
      isolated vascular and nonvascular tissues. Based upon pA2 values derived from
      either the antagonism of the effect of isoproterenol on paced guinea pig left
      atria (pA2 = 7.3), spontaneously beating guinea pig right atria (pA2 = 7.4) or
      canine saphenous vein (pA2 = 7.3), AY-28,925 demonstrated nonselective beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist activity. Studies using the spontaneously beating guinea
      pig right atria and the prostaglandin F2 alpha-contracted canine saphenous vein
      indicated that AY-28,925 also possessed nonselective beta-adrenoceptor intrinsic
      efficacy. AY-28,925 was shown to be a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist
      with a pA2 value which was greater against phenylephrine in the rabbit aorta (pA2
      = 6.6) than against clonidine in the rat vas deferens (pA2 = 5.4) or B-HT 920 in
      the canine saphenous vein (pA2 = 5.3). Only in concentrations greater than 2000
      times those required for adrenergic activity was AY-28,925 able to inhibit
      potassium chloride- or prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced contractions of the rabbit
      aorta. The compound had no significant negative intropic activity. These
      experiments indicate that AY-28,925 possesses, in decreasing orders of activity:
      nonselective beta-adrenoceptor properties; a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor
      inhibitory effect; and a nonspecific direct relaxing action on vascular smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 2876090
TI  - Some behavioral effects of histamine H1 antagonists in squirrel monkeys.
AB  - Graded dose of the histamine H1 antagonists tripelennamine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg),
      promethazine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg), diphenhydramine (0.3-10.0 mg/kg) and
      chlorpheniramine (0.3-1.7 mg/kg) increased rates of nonsuppressed responding
      under a second-order schedule of food presentation to a maximum beyond which
      responding was increased less or decreased. In contrast, the H2 antagonist,
      cimetidine, had no effect or decreased responding at the highest doses studied
      (56.0-100.0 mg/kg). Intermediate doses of tripelennamine, diphenhydramine and
      promethazine also increased rates of food-maintained responding that were
      suppressed by electric shock. Maximal increases in rates of suppressed responding
      were comparable to those produced by effective doses of chlordiazepoxide (3.0
      10.0 mg/kg). Under identical conditions, clozapine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) increased
      responding to a lesser extent, and d-amphetamine (0.01-0.3 mg/kg) and cimetidine
      (3.0-100.0 mg/kg) either did not increase or, at the highest doses, only
      decreased rates of suppressed responding. Doses of tripelennamine and
      diphenhydramine that increased rates of nonsuppressed and suppressed responding
      also maintained self-administration in cocaine-trained squirrel monkeys under a
      second-order schedule of i.v. injection. Rates and patterns of responding
      maintained by tripelennamine and diphenhydramine were comparable to those
      maintained by cocaine and d-amphetamine under identical conditions. The results
      show that histamine H1 antagonists can have pronounced rate-increasing effects on
      nonsuppressed and suppressed behavior, and that they can serve as reinforcers in
      monkeys. These effects occur at doses that probably are greater than those
      required to saturate H1 sites of action in central nervous system and may not be
      mediated solely through histaminic mechanisms.

PMID- 2876091
TI  - Effects of BMY 14802, a potential antipsychotic drug, on rat brain dopaminergic
      function.
AB  - The potential neuroleptic alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1
      piperazine-butanol HCl (BMY 14802-1) was tested for its effects on
      mesotelencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons in albino rats. BMY 14802-1 increased DA
      turnover in DA terminal regions, increased nigral DA neuronal impulse flow and
      blocked the behavioral stimulation and inhibition of DA neuronal impulse flow
      caused by DA agonists. BMY 14802-1 also increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      in vivo but did not directly affect tyrosine hydroxylase activity in vitro. In
      contrast to these findings, BMY 14802-1 did not cause catalepsy at any dose and
      reversed catalepsy produced by haloperidol. BMY 14802-1 did not block DA
      autoreceptors on either DA neuron soma/dendrites or on striatal nerve terminals,
      as assessed by inhibition of DA neuronal impulse flow by microiontophoresed DA
      and by inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by apomorphine, respectively.
      BMY 14802-1 had very low affinity for striatal D-2 receptors (IC50 greater than
      10(-5) M) as determined by displacement of [3H]spiperone binding in vitro.
      Finally, BMY 14802-1 increased impulse flow of nigral DA neurons after
      pretreatment with haloperidol but had no effect on impulse flow when
      microiontophoresed directly onto DA neurons. It is concluded that BMY 14802-1
      blocked DA-mediated effects in the mesostriatal and mesocortical/limbic systems
      through a non-DA receptor mechanism. BMY 14802-1 has potential as a neuroleptic
      with little indication of extrapyramidal motor effects.

PMID- 2876092
TI  - Kinetic analysis of the interactions of agonists and antagonists with beta
      adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The affinity of the beta adrenergic receptor for antagonists is frequently higher
      than that for agonists. It has been assumed that the binding of agonists and
      antagonists is diffusion limited and that the high affinity of the receptor for
      typical antagonists is due to slow rates of dissociation. To test this
      hypothesis, the kinetics of binding of unlabeled agonists and antagonists were
      determined using the method described by Motulsky and Mahan (Mol. Pharmacol. 25:
      1-9, 1984). The time course of the binding of a radioligand in the presence of a
      competing unlabeled ligand was analyzed in terms of rate constants of association
      (kon) and dissociation (koff) for binding of the radioligand and the competitor.
      This approach was validated by showing that the rate constants for binding of
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol and [3H]CGP-12177 [[3H]-4-(3-tertiarybutylamino-2
      hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazole-2-on ] determined directly were similar to values
      determined when the binding of [125I]iodopindolol was measured in the presence of
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol or [3H]CGP-12177. Computer simulations suggested that this
      method was experimentally limited to competing ligands with rate constants of
      dissociation below approximately 0.50 min-1. The apparent rate constants for
      binding of four unlabeled agonists and eight antagonists were determined
      experimentally at 10 degrees C. Although the values of koff for agonists and
      antagonists were similar, the values for kon for binding of agonists were
      consistently lower than the values for binding of antagonists. The relatively
      slow rate constant for association of agonists may be explained by a two-step
      mechanism or may involve agonist-induced isomerization of the receptor.

PMID- 2876093
TI  - Organophosphate and carbamate compounds have pre- and postjunctional effects at
      the insect glutamatergic synapse.
AB  - The effects of the organophosphate compounds diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP),
      dimethylphosphoramidocyanidic acid ethyl ester (tabun), O-ethyl S-2
      diisopropylaminoethyl-methyl phosphonothiolate (VX) and the carbamate compound
      1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol methylcarbamate
      (physostigmine) were studied on the metathoracic flexor and extensor tibialis
      muscles of Locusta migratoria. These anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) agents
      interacted with pre- and post-synaptic regions of the glutamatergic neuromuscular
      synapse. In physiological solution, containing normal calcium concentration (2
      mM), these agents initiated spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials
      (EPSPs) and muscle action potentials (APs) alternating with periods of reduced
      spontaneous activity in which only miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials
      (MEPSPs) could be recorded. This spontaneous EPSP and AP firing was influenced by
      [Ca++]0; at low concentrations, the spontaneous APs were abolished but EPSPs and
      MEPSPs could still be seen. Further reduction of [Ca++]0 to 0.2 mM abolished EPSP
      firing and only MEPSPs were recorded. This spontaneous activity, EPSP and AP, was
      blocked by tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM). Neither nicotinic nor muscarinic
      antagonists were able to abolish the presynaptic action of these agents. In
      addition to these presynaptic actions, a decrease of the peak amplitude of the
      excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) was induced by perfusion with DFP, VX or
      physostigmine. Only DFP and VX affected the decay time constant of the EPSC.
      Furthermore, high concentrations of tabun did not affect the EPSP. Both the pre-
      and postsynaptic effects of these agents were reversible upon washing the
      preparations. The present results demonstrate a new site of action of these
      compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876094
TI  - Ablation of the myenteric plexus impairs alpha but not beta adrenergic receptor
      mediated mechanical responses of rat jejunal longitudinal muscle.
AB  - The mechanical responses produced by alpha and beta adrenergic receptor agonists
      were evaluated in control and myenteric neuron-ablated rat jejunal longitudinal
      muscle. The myenteric plexus of the jejunum was destroyed by serosal application
      of benzalkonium chloride (BAC). The beta adrenergic receptor agonists
      isoproterenol and sulfonterol produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of
      both control and BAC-treated jejunum. Dose-response curves obtained in control
      and BAC-treated jejunum were nearly superimposable regardless of the beta agonist
      used. Isoproterenol-induced relaxation was antagonized by the beta receptor
      antagonists propranolol and practolol but not by butoxamine. The alpha-1
      selective agonists phenylephrine and methoxamine were more potent and efficacious
      in producing relaxation of control than BAC-treated jejunum. The relaxant
      responses of methoxamine and phenylephrine in control jejunum were blocked by
      prazosin but not by yohimbine. The supposed alpha-2 selective agonist clonidine
      also produced a concentration-dependent, prazosin-sensitive, yohimbine-resistant
      relaxation which was markedly greater in control than BAC-treated jejunum,
      consistent with alpha-1 receptor stimulation. Clonidine tested in the presence of
      prazosin and the alpha-2 selective receptor agonists UK-14,304, M-7 and B-HT 920
      all produced a concentration-dependent contraction of control but not BAC-treated
      jejunum. The contractile response produced by UK-14,304 was antagonized by
      yohimbine but not by atropine. Our results suggest that in rat jejunal
      longitudinal muscle: beta adrenergic receptors mediate relaxation and are located
      on the smooth muscle; alpha-1 adrenergic receptors mediate relaxation and are
      located on both the smooth muscle and myenteric plexus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2876095
TI  - Inlay repair of a broken solder joint.

PMID- 2876097
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2876096
TI  - The innervation of the pyloric region of the crab, Cancer borealis: homologous
      muscles in decapod species are differently innervated.
AB  - The muscles of the pyloric region of the stomach of the crab, Cancer borealis,
      are innervated by motorneurons found in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG).
      Electrophysiological recording and stimulating techniques were used to study the
      detailed pattern of innervation of the pyloric region muscles. Although there are
      two Pyloric Dilator (PD) motorneurons in lobsters, previous work reported four PD
      motorneurons in the crab STG (Dando et al. 1974; Hermann 1979a, b). We now find
      that only two of the crab PD neurons innervate muscles homologous to those
      innervated by the PD neurons in the lobster, Panulirus interruptus. The remaining
      two PD neurons innervate muscles that are innervated by pyloric (PY) neurons in
      P. interruptus. The innervation patterns of the Lateral Pyloric (LP), Ventricular
      Dilator (VD), Inferior Cardiac (IC), and PY neurons were also determined and
      compared with those previously reported in lobsters. Responses of the muscles of
      the pyloric region to the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate,
      were determined by application of exogenous cholinergic agonists and glutamate.
      The effect of the cholinergic antagonist, curare, on the amplitude of the
      excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) evoked by stimulation of the pyloric
      motor nerves was measured. These experiments suggest that the differences in
      innervation pattern of the pyloric muscles seen in crab and lobsters are also
      associated with a change in the neurotransmitter active on these muscles.
      Possible implications of these findings for phylogenetic relations of decapod
      crustaceans and for the evolution of neural circuits are discussed.

PMID- 2876098
TI  - Tricyclic epines. Novel (E)- and (Z)-11H-dibenz[b,e]azepines as potential central
      nervous system agents. Variation of the basic side chain.
AB  - The synthesis and pharmacological activity of new (E),(Z)-[6-(alkylamino)-11H
      dibenz[b,e]azepin-11- ylidene]acetonitriles 12-45 and (E),(Z)-[6-(aminoalkoxy)
      11H-dibenz[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene] acetonitriles 46-51 are described. The
      introduction of the cyanomethylene group into the 11-position of the 11H
      dibenz[b,e]azepine framework has been carried out by a Wittig-Horner reaction
      under mild conditions. The (E),(Z) isomers were separated by fractional
      crystallization, assignment being achieved by X-ray analysis. A number of (E),(Z)
      [6-(alkylamino)-11H-dibenz-[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene] acetonitriles (12, 14, 16, 20)
      show potent neuroleptic activity (2-7 times that of clozapine) in animal tests.
      The screening included tests for sedative and anticholinergic activity in mice,
      apomorphine and tryptamine antagonism in rats, and muscle-relaxing activity in
      rabbits. The divergence in the activity profile in the case of the separated
      (E),(Z) isomers has been observed as an interesting new aspect: the (Z) isomers
      show a significantly higher sedative and muscle-relaxant activity, whereas the
      (E) isomers possess a higher anticholinergic efficacy and somewhat greater
      apomorphine antagonism. Broad changes in the basic side chain were made in order
      to investigate structure-activity relationships. The important geometrical
      parameters for the molecules, obtained by X-ray analysis, were compared with the
      corresponding features in dopamine agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 2876099
TI  - Synthesis and biological activities of dynorphin A analogues with opioid
      antagonist properties.
AB  - Dynorphin A, which displays a wide variety of physiological effects, binds to
      opioid receptors preferentially at the kappa receptor type. kappa-selective
      antagonists would be very useful as pharmacological and biochemical probes to
      study and better understand the action of dynorphin A at its preferred receptor.
      However, the development of such molecules has been elusive, and very few are
      known at this time. Taking these features into account, we have synthesized by
      the solid-phase procedure several analogues of dynorphin A containing various D
      amino acid substitutions. The binding properties of the peptides have been
      examined at three main opioid binding sites (mu, delta, and kappa) and their
      kappa selectivity determined. Their biological activities have been tested in
      three specific pharmacological assays for agonist and/or antagonist properties.
      Introduction of D-Trp substitution leads to analogues, in particular [D- Trp2,8,D
      Pro10]-, [D-Trp5,8,D-Pro10]-, and [D-Trp2,4,8,D-Pro10]dynorphin(1-11), showing
      antagonist properties in the isolated rabbit vas deferens preparation, a kappa
      specific bioassay. The antagonism against dynorphin A is weak, as indicated by
      the observed Ke values (433, 199, and 293 nM, respectively), and not very
      selective (kappa vs. mu). Such peptide analogues derived from the endogenous
      ligand and endowed with antagonist properties are the first ones reported to date
      and could open a promising way in designing more potent and selective kappa
      opioid antagonists.

PMID- 2876100
TI  - Preparation and analgesic activity of (-)-11 alpha-substituted 1,2,3,4,5,6
      hexahydro-6 alpha,7-(methyleneoxy)-2,6-methano-3-benzazocines.
AB  - Dihydrocodeinone oxime (1) under Beckmann rearrangement conditions gave a product
      (2) that facilitated the preparation of (-)-11 alpha-substituted 1,2,3,4,5,6
      hexahydro-6 alpha,7-(methyleneoxy)-2,6-methano-3-benzazocines, a hitherto little
      examined series of morphine partial structures. Compounds 7a and 12 gave good
      levels of agonist antinociceptive activity. Masking of the 8-oxygen function, as
      in 6 and 8, dramatically reduced mouse hot-plate activity, as did its loss (9).

PMID- 2876102
TI  - Neuroleptics from the 4a,9b-cis- and 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H
      pyrido[4,3-b]indole series. 2.
AB  - Compounds derived from 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4, 3
      b]indole are consistently efficacious in displacing [3H]spiroperidol from
      striatal dopamine receptors in vitro. Derivatives bearing substituents at
      position 2, particularly those derived from butyrophenone moieties, are
      exceptionally potent in vivo. Compounds from the corresponding 4a,9b-cis series
      are substantially less potent in both in vivo and in vitro assays of neuroleptic
      activity. Although the cis and trans derivatives have, in some conformations,
      similar basic nitrogen atom to aromatic ring separations of about 5.1 A, the
      distance at which the basic nitrogen atom lies above or below the plane of the
      aromatic ring differs substantially between the two series. Consideration of
      these results in terms of this and earlier work indicates that the out-of-plane
      distance for the basic nitrogen in neuroleptic molecules may range from about 0
      to about 0.90 A but may be optimized at about 0.55 A.

PMID- 2876101
TI  - Alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 4. Resolution of some potent selective
      prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists.
AB  - The resolution of three 2-substituted derivatives of idazoxan is described. The
      enantiomers show large separations in activity in a variety of in vitro and in
      vivo tests, and the active isomers are all potent and selective antagonists at
      the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor. The significance of these results in relation to
      those published on the enantiomers of idazoxan and to those on optically active
      alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists is discussed.

PMID- 2876103
TI  - Dopamine receptor modulation by Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 analogues possessing cyclic amino
      acid residues at the C-terminal position.
AB  - The synthesis of several analogues of L-prolyl-L-leucylglycinamide (PLG) was
      carried out in which the glycinamide residue was replaced with the following
      cyclic amino acid residues: L- and D-prolinamide, (+)- and (-)-thiazolidine-2
      carboxamide, L- and D-3,4-dehydroprolinamide, L-azetidine-2-carboxamide, L
      piperidine-2-carboxamide, and L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide to give PLG analogues
      2-10, respectively. The ability of these analogues to enhance the binding of the
      dopamine agonist ADTN (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) to
      dopamine receptors was determined by using bovine brain tissue. All of the PLG
      analogues synthesized in this study enhanced the binding of ADTN to central
      dopamine receptors. The percent enhancement of ADTN binding produced by analogues
      2,3, and 7-10 at various concentrations was comparable to the percent enhancement
      produced by PLG. The PLG analogues Pro-Leu-(+)-thiazolidine-2-carboxamide (4),
      Pro-Leu-(-)-thiazolidine-2-carboxamide (5), and Pro-Leu-L-3,4-dehydroprolinamide
      (6), however, produced significantly greater enhancement (2-3-fold) in ADTN
      binding than did PLG.

PMID- 2876104
TI  - Synthesis of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 analogues modified at the prolyl residue and
      evaluation of their effects on the receptor binding activity of the central
      dopamine receptor agonist, ADTN.
AB  - Several analogues of L-prolyl-L-leucylglycinamide (PLG) were synthesized wherein
      the prolyl residue was replaced with other heterocyclic amino acid residues.
      Among the analogues synthesized were D-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (2), less than Glu-Leu-Gly
      NH2 (3), Thz-Leu-Gly-NH2 (4), Pip-Leu-Gly-NH2 (5), Aze-Leu-Gly-NH2 (6), L-delta
      3,4-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (7), and D-delta 3,4-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (8). These analogues
      were tested for their ability to enhance the binding of the agonist 2-amino-6,7
      dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene to central dopamine receptors. Analogues
      2, 3, and 5-7 showed activity comparable to that of PLG, while the tripeptides 4
      and 8 were found to be inactive. The results show that the N-terminal prolyl
      residue of PLG is not an essential requirement for this tripeptide's ability to
      modulate dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2876105
TI  - Neuroleptics from the 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole
      series. 3. Carboxamidoalkyl derivatives.
AB  - Substitution of position 2 of the 4a,9b-trans-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H
      pyrido[4,3-b]indole nucleus with omega-carboxamidoalkyl substituents leads to
      compounds with exceedingly potent neuroleptic activity in in vitro and in vivo
      models. Although duration of activity is not as long as that of the analogous 4
      hydroxy-4-(4-fluorophenyl)butyl derivatives reported previously, the absolute
      potency in vivo is greater. The ability of these compounds to bind with great
      affinity to dopamine (DA) receptors further defines the nature of the DA receptor
      auxiliary binding site as a hydrogen-bond donating site in addition to or instead
      of a lipophilic site as has been previously proposed.

PMID- 2876106
TI  - 3,7-Diazabicyclane: a new narcotic analgesic.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of 9-phenyl-3,7-diazabicyclanes and 9-(m-hydroxyphenyl)
      3,7-diazabicyclanes is described. Members of both series were tested for
      antinociception in rat tail withdrawal and mouse acetic acid writhing assays.
      Their affinities for opiate receptors in rat brain homogenate were also
      determined. The 9-phenyl compounds, 1a-c, were inactive. However, the 9-(m
      hydroxyphenyl) analogues, 2a-c, were found to possess significant activity in the
      writhing assay, comparable to that of morphine. All activity was reversed by
      naloxone.

PMID- 2876107
TI  - Chromaffin cell heterogeneity of process formation and neuropeptide content under
      control and nerve growth factor-altered conditions in cultures of chick embryonic
      adrenal gland.
AB  - Adrenal glands from embryonic day 11 (E-11) chicks were cryostat-sectioned, and
      it was determined that tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive (TLI) cells,
      somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SLI) cells, and methionine-enkephalin-like
      immunoreactive (ELI) cells occupied chromaffin regions of the gland. Similar age
      adrenals were dissociated, and the cells were cultured under serum-free
      conditions. Cultured TLI cells, ELI cells, and SLI cells were characterized
      according to cell size, cell number, and neurite formation. ELI and SLI cells
      composed two largely separate populations, with SLI cells tending to have larger
      cell areas, to be more numerous, and to be less likely to form neurites than ELI
      cells. The population of TLI cells, although unique in itself, was diverse and
      numerous enough to include all or portions of the neuropeptide-immunoreactive
      populations. Neurites of some cells from each of the above populations were
      strongly immunoreactive for alpha neurofilament protein, and for NAPA73
      neurofilament-associated protein. However, neurites could also be observed in all
      populations that showed poor immunoreactivity for these cytoskeletal proteins.
      Exogenously added NGF significantly increased neurite-like process formation
      among TLI and ELI cells, but not among SLI cells. Reductions in the number of
      neurite-like processes following treatment with anti-nerve growth factor (NGF)
      were not significant for any of the populations. However, if shorter and broader
      process were included, anti-NGF caused a significant reduction in total cell
      processes among TLI and ELI cells. Anti-NGF inhibition of process formation among
      ELI cells could be reversed with exogenous NGF. Neither NGF or anti-NGF
      treatments showed a significant effect on cell numbers among TLI and ELI
      populations. The implications are that a compound of antigenic and physiological
      similarity to mouse salivary NGF is made by embryonic chick adrenal cells in
      culture, but the effects of NGF do not appear to be the same for all neural-crest
      derived cells from the adrenal, and greater heterogeneity of phenotypes may exist
      among chromaffin cells than has previously been accepted. Some questions are also
      raised concerning the neurite-like nature of processes formed by some chromaffin
      cells in vitro.

PMID- 2876108
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of protein (arginine) methyltransferase activity in
      cultured cerebral cells from embryonic mice.
AB  - Several adrenergic effectors and neurotransmitters were tested as potential
      regulators of myelin basic protein (MBP) and histone methyltransferase
      activities. Both enzymes were specifically activated by beta-adrenergic agonists
      in a stereospecific manner. Cyclic AMP (but not AMP) stimulated the enzymes to
      the same extent as did the beta-adrenergic agonist, (-) isoproterenol. The
      studies suggest that beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate adenylate cyclase thereby
      causing an increased production of cyclic AMP which stimulates the
      methyltransferases. Cycloheximide addition to the reaction mixture did not affect
      the stimulation due to cyclic AMP, indicating that new protein synthesis is not
      involved in the cyclic AMP stimulation of the methyltransferases. Thyroid hormone
      (T3) has been shown to stimulate MBP methyltransferase [Amur et al, 1984] and
      could exert its stimulatory effect through beta-adrenergic-dependent systems. But
      the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, did not block the stimulation by T3,
      suggesting that the effect of T3 is not mediated through beta-adrenergic
      dependent systems. Thus, the methylation of MBP seems to be regulated both by T3
      and by neurotransmitters and/or hormones mediating their effects through cyclic
      AMP production, whereas the methylation of histones seems to be regulated only by
      the latter.

PMID- 2876110
TI  - Hypernephroma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: a case report.
AB  - We report a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I and hypernephroma.
      Parathyroid hyperplasia, adrenocortical hyperplasia, a nodular goiter, multiple
      lipomas, a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary and hypernephroma had all been
      diagnosed previously. All but the last are features consistent with the diagnosis
      of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (Wermer's syndrome). The association of
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type I and hypernephroma may represent a new
      manifestation of this pleiotropic syndrome.

PMID- 2876109
TI  - Chloride-dependent binding sites for L-[3H]glutamate on dendrodendritic
      synaptosomal membranes of rat olfactory bulb.
AB  - Dendrodendritic synapses occur between granule cell dendrites and secondary
      dendrites of mitral cells within the olfactory bulb and are attainable in a
      subcellular fraction (DDS). Since the mitral cells are thought to utilize an
      excitatory amino acid as a neurotransmitter, we determined the pharmacologic
      specificity of Na+-independent L-[3H]glutamate binding to fresh membranes of DDS
      in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.1. Binding of L-glutamate to membranes of DDS was
      specific, Cl(-)-dependent, and saturable. Scatchard plots were analyzed by
      nonlinear regression analyses using the computer program LIGAND, and the data was
      best-fitted to a one-site model with KD of 0.56 +/- 0.04 microM and an apparent
      Bmax of 48 +/- 5 pmol/mg protein. Hill plots also indicated the presence of one
      site and no cooperativity (nH = 0.99 +/- 0.03). However, the relative
      effectiveness of several compounds in inhibiting L-glutamate binding to membranes
      of DDS clearly demonstrated the presence of more than one site.
      Electrophysiological studies suggest that 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) is a
      potent antagonist of evoked responses elicited by stimulation of mitral cell
      axons and that quisqualate is a potent agonist; both of these compounds were
      highly effective inhibitors of L-glutamate binding to DDS membranes. APB
      displaced about 70% of the sites labeled with 200 nM L-glutamate with a KI of 1.6
      microM, whereas quisqualate inhibition of L-glutamate binding yielded a line that
      was curvilinear in the Scatchard plot and was resolved into two sites of
      relatively high affinity (KI values of 0.02 and 0.65 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876111
TI  - HTLV-I and -II. New risks for recipients of blood transfusions?

PMID- 2876112
TI  - A survey of mosquitoes in Karachi area, Pakistan.

PMID- 2876113
TI  - Regulation of coronary blood flow by counteraction of coronary vascular alpha and
      beta adrenergic activation during experimental pliable coronary stenosis.
AB  - In order to evaluate the role of adrenergic receptor-mediated vasomotions of
      large epicardial coronary arteries in changing coronary blood flow (CBF), the
      effects of intracoronary norepinephrine (NE), 1.0 microgram/min, were examined in
      dogs with coronary stenosis which preserved stenosis vasomobility. In untreated
      dogs, NE caused no significant changes in CBF and stenosis resistance (SR). In
      dogs treated with propranolol, NE decreased CBF by 65 +/- 7.0% (mean +/- SE) and
      produced 12-fold intensification of SR followed by LV dP/dt reduction. Similar
      detrimental responses to NE were observed in dogs treated with atenolol. In dogs
      treated with phentolamine, NE increased CBF by 33 +/- 5.6% and decreased SR by 65
      +/- 7.1%. When NE was administrated directly distal to the stenosis to exclude
      responses of the stenosed coronary segment, NE failed to affect CBF and SR. These
      results indicated that alpha receptor stimulation intensified stenosis severity,
      profoundly decreased CBF and evoked myocardial ischemia, whereas beta stimulation
      dilated coronary stenosis and increased CBF. The net effects of NE were due to
      balanced alpha and beta stimulation. Thus, disproportionate activation of alpha
      and beta (probably beta 1) adrenergic receptors in large coronary arteries with
      pliable stenosis could modulate their tone and plays an important role in the
      regulation of CBF.

PMID- 2876114
TI  - Enhanced renal sympathetic nerve activity in response to salt loading in rats.
AB  - To analyze the conflicting data on the relationship between sodium intake and
      sympathetic activity, the effects of a chronically excessive intake of sodium on
      renal sympathetic activity and blood pressure were investigated in normotensive
      rats. Renal sympathetic activity was estimated by urinary excretion of free
      norepinephrine (NE) and the turnover of NE in the kidneys. Blood pressure
      increased in rats receiving a high sodium diet when compared with that of the
      basal sodium diet. Urinary-free NE, epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) excretions
      in rats receiving a high sodium diet were enhanced significantly from those in
      the basal sodium diet. The turnover of NE in the kidneys was more enhanced in the
      high sodium group than in the basal sodium group. By blocking the sympathetic
      tone with ganglionic blockade, hexamethonium, enhanced excretion of urinary NE
      and elevation of blood pressure in response to salt loading were blocked to the
      levels of the basal sodium diet. These results suggest that a chronically
      excessive intake of sodium enhances the renal sympathetic and adreno-medullary
      activities, leading to a rise in blood pressure in normotensive rats.

PMID- 2876115
TI  - Comparison of vascular responses of isolated, perfused simian and canine coronary
      arteries to adrenergic agonists.
AB  - The vascular responses of the isolated, perfused simian left circumflex coronary
      arteries to adrenergic agonists were compared to those of canine coronary
      arteries in isolated, perfused preparations. Norepinephrine and epinephrine
      produced only vasoconstriction in monkey arteries in contrast to vasoconstrictor,
      vasodilator and biphasic responses of canine coronary arteries. Isoproterenol
      induced a dose-dependent vasodilatation. Salbutamol, a selective beta 2-agonist,
      produced either a slight vasodilatation or no response. Phenylephrine, a
      selective alpha 1-agonist, usually caused a marked vasoconstriction in a dose
      related manner in both preparations. Xylazine and clonidine, selective alpha 2
      agonists, caused a slight vasoconstriction in low doses, but these two agonists
      relaxed both preparations in high doses. These observations suggest that
      adrenoceptor subtypes may be mainly alpha-1 and beta-1 in the large coronary
      arteries of monkeys and dogs and that the alpha-adrenoceptor is predominant in
      simian large coronary arteries.

PMID- 2876116
TI  - [Progress in anti-angina agents and drug therapy].

PMID- 2876117
TI  - [Wermer's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I)].

PMID- 2876118
TI  - Effects of pindolol, befunolol and melanin treated with adrenergic beta-blocking
      agents on lysosomal enzymes in bovine ciliary body and iris in vitro.
AB  - We studied biochemically the effects of pindolol, befunolol and melanin treated
      with beta-blockers on lysosomal enzymes in the ammonium sulfate fraction of the
      bovine ciliary body and iris in vitro. Acid phosphatase, beta-D-glucuronidase and
      alpha-D-mannosidase were not inhibited by the beta-blockers. N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase and alpha-L-fucosidase activities were inhibited by pindolol and
      befunolol at high concentrations. After centrifugation of the enzyme fraction
      incubated with melanin, the enzyme activity in the supernatant decreased,
      possibly as a result of the affinity of lysosomal enzymes to melanin. When
      melanin was first treated with pindolol or befunolol, some lysosomal enzyme
      activities increased in the supernatant after removing the melanin, depending on
      the concentration of the beta-blocking agent. This increased activity may result
      from the loss of affinity of lysosomal enzymes to melanin caused by the beta
      blocking agent.

PMID- 2876119
TI  - Probable pre- and postsynaptic modifications by 5-hydroxytryptamine of
      contractile responses to electrical stimulation of isolated guinea-pig vas
      deferens.
AB  - Two kinds of electrical stimulation, low frequency stimulation (5 Hz, 1 msec, 5
      pulses, every 20 sec) and high frequency stimulation (30 Hz, 0.05-0.1 msec, 10
      pulses, every 20 sec), produced contractions in the isolated guinea-pig vas
      deferens. These responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin but not hexamethonium.
      Phentolamine potentiated the contractions produced by low frequency stimulation,
      while it reduced the contractions produced by high frequency stimulation.
      Diametrically, 5-hydroxytryptamine reduced the contractions produced by low
      frequency stimulation, while it potentiated the contractions produced by high
      frequency stimulation. These inhibitory and potentiating actions of 5
      hydroxytryptamine were reversed by cyproheptadine and 2-bromolysergic acid
      diethylamide. Moreover, that 5-hydroxytryptamine produced a depolarization of the
      smooth muscle membrane was shown by the sucrose gap technique. The results
      suggest that a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor exists pre- and postsynaptically in
      the neuroeffector transmission of the guinea-pig vas deferens, that the
      stimulation of the presynaptic receptor by 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibits the
      release of a transmitter from noradrenergic nerves, and that the stimulation of
      the postsynaptic receptor by a high concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine produces
      a depolarization of the smooth muscle membrane, and this relates to the
      potentiation of contractile responses.

PMID- 2876120
TI  - Analysis of new imidazoline derivative-induced increase in the maximum response
      to norepinephrine in the rat vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of newly synthesized 5-imidazoline derivatives on the dose-response
      relationship to norepinephrine were investigated in the normal and denervated
      vasa deferentia of the rat. Three derivatives (K-3827, K-4011 and K-4300) exerted
      alpha-antagonistic action, the potency of which was similar to that of
      tolazoline. The pA2 values of these derivatives and currently known alpha
      antagonists (tolazoline, phentolamine and prazosin, but not yohimbine) in the
      denervated tissue were slightly but significantly larger than those in the normal
      tissue. All imidazoline derivatives and alpha-antagonists produced an increase in
      the maximum response to norepinephrine in the normal vas deferens. In the
      denervated tissue, however, K-3827, K-4011 and alpha-antagonists caused only a
      rightward shift of the dose-response curve to norepinephrine, but not an increase
      in the maximum response, i.e., relatively pure alpha-antagonism. In contrast, the
      other 3 imidazoline derivatives, K-4299 and K-6342 which exhibited neither alpha
      agonistic nor antagonistic action and K-4300, increased the maximum response to
      norepinephrine even after denervation. Their effects were nonspecific in that
      they also potentiated acetylcholine-induced contractions in both normal and
      denervated tissues. These 3 imidazoline derivatives antagonized the action of
      diltiazem. The effects of imidazoline derivatives and alpha-antagonists were
      discussed in relation to those of denervation, and the drug enhancement by 3
      imidazoline derivatives was analyzed from the viewpoint of calcium movement.

PMID- 2876121
TI  - Peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocarcinogenesis: histochemical analysis of
      ciprofibrate-induced preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions for gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity.
AB  - Previous studies revealed that putative preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions
      induced in the liver by Wy-14,643, a peroxisome proliferator, were gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT) negative. For ascertainment as to whether phenotypes of foci
      and carcinomas induced by all peroxisome proliferators are similarly GGT
      negative, altered areas (AAs), neoplastic nodules (NNs), and hepatocellular
      carcinomas (HCCs) induced in the livers of male F344 rats by chronic dietary
      administration of ciprofibrate (0.025% wt/wt in chow; CAS: 52214-84-3) were
      analyzed histochemically for GGT activity. Eighty-nine percent of AAs, 91% of
      NNs, and 91% of HCCs were GGT negative. The GGT-negative property of these
      various hepatic preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions persisted at 8 weeks after
      the withdrawal of ciprofibrate treatment. The results of this study indicate that
      the absence of GGT activity is a common feature in hepatic lesions induced by
      structurally unrelated peroxisome proliferators and is not related to the drug
      toxicity. The proposal was made that peroxisome proliferators do not derepress
      the activity of the GGT gene during hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat.

PMID- 2876122
TI  - [Effect of long-term anti-arrhythmia treatment on the status of ischemic heart
      disease patients].
AB  - Standard ECG recording, prolonged ECG monitoring and bicycle ergometry were used
      in 329 coronary patients. Ventricular extrasystole of grades 2-5 (Lown's
      classification) was diagnosed in 126. The patients were randomly allocated to the
      main and control groups. Prolonged continuous treatment of the main-group
      patients with propranolol and other anti-arrhythmic drugs resulted in reduced
      occurrence of arrhythmic episodes, and lower heart rates and arterial blood
      pressure as well as alleviation of clinical anginal symptoms, as compared to the
      controls treated in local outpatient clinics.

PMID- 2876123
TI  - [Beta-adrenoblockaders and lipid metabolism].

PMID- 2876124
TI  - [Effect of antianginal, hypotensive and diuretic agents on blood lipid
      composition].

PMID- 2876125
TI  - [Improved results in the surgical treatment of cryptorchism].

PMID- 2876126
TI  - [Correction of the hemodynamic disorders following abdominal surgical
      interventions in children].

PMID- 2876127
TI  - [Therapeutic consequences of glaucoma treatment with different beta blockers in
      patients with obstructive respiratory tract diseases].
AB  - In patients in whom chronic obstructive bronchial disease and chronic glaucoma
      had been diagnosed, the most important ventilation parameters and intraocular
      pressures were investigated in a double-blind cross-over study. The airway
      resistance, the forced expiratory volume within the first second, the thoracic
      volume, and the mean expiratory flow in these patients exhibited significant
      differences after treatment with non-cardioselective beta-blocking agents,
      depending on the beta-receptor stimulating action of this ophthalmic solution
      (Pindolol 1% eye drops) or without any intrinsic sympathicomimetic action
      (Metipranolol 0.6% eye drops). There was no fundamental difference in the
      intraocular pressure-lowering effect of these two locally applied beta-blocking
      solutions. This study implies that when selecting a beta-blocking ophthalmic
      solution for anti-glaucoma treatment, the existence of an ISA effect of these eye
      drops is relevant only to avoid systemic side effects such as bronchopulmonary
      obstruction.

PMID- 2876128
TI  - [Antiglaucomatous effectiveness of beta receptor blockers with special reference
      to metipranolol].
AB  - Long-term treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension is being carried out
      increasingly by topical application of beta-adrenergic drugs. They bind to the
      beta 2-subtypes of beta-receptors in the unpigmented epithelia of the ciliary
      processes with high affinity. Aqueous humor production is thus inhibited. On the
      other hand the velocity of penetration through the cornea and the drug
      accumulation at this location increase with rising lipophilicity of the beta
      blocker used. In this respect timolol and metipranolol, which was recently
      introduced on the Austrian market, possess favorable pharmacokinetic
      characteristics due to their intermediate lipophilicity. A calculation shows that
      one drop of 0.1% metipranolol solution produces supramaximal concentrations for
      several hours at the place of pharmacodynamic action. This is confirmed by the
      clinical efficacy, at the same time reducing the risk of local and systemic side
      effects.

PMID- 2876129
TI  - [H2 receptor blocker or prostaglandin E in ulcer therapy?].

PMID- 2876130
TI  - Hyperparathyroid glands contain G-17 and G-34 gastrin.
AB  - To determine if gastrin in hyperparathyroid glands is true gastrin or artifact
      and to determine the frequency of gastrin in parathyroid glands, 20 parathyroid
      glands from 11 patients with hyperparathyroidism but without MEA were extracted
      and analyzed for gastrin. The parathyroid glands from 4 out of 11 patients had
      measurable gastrin immunoreactivity (10.7 + 6 pg/mg tissue). Column separation
      chromatography confirmed that this was true gastrin (40% G-34; 50% G-17).
      Immunohistochemistry with ABC (avidin biotin complex) immunoperoxidase confirmed
      the presence of gastrin in cytoplasmic vesicles in scattered parathyroid cells.
      True gastrin does exist in some cells in some patients with hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2876131
TI  - Testicular seminomas in Saudi Arabia: clinical characteristics, prognostic
      indicators, and recommendations for management.
AB  - Thirty Saudi patients with pure testicular seminoma were treated at King Faisal
      Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between January
      1977 and June 1983. Disease characteristics in Saudi Arabia including clinical
      findings, response to therapy, and prognosis are described and compared to those
      in other populations reported in the literature. Symptom durations were 3 to 42
      months. Many of the patients presented with an extensive tumor burden and a poor
      performance status. There was a higher incidence of anaplastic seminoma and of
      cryptorchidism than in other series and a relatively high incidence of elevated
      betahuman chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG). Patients initially underwent funiculo
      orchiectomy. Twenty-two patients received radiation therapy and four received
      chemotherapy. Patients with limited disease responded well to orchiectomy and
      radiation therapy. However, those with extensive tumor burden had an
      unsatisfactory response to radiation therapy. Preradiation chemotherapy is
      recommended for patients with massive retroperitoneal metastases, nodal disease
      above the diaphragm, or extranodal disease and patients with minimal or moderate
      sized retroperitoneal nodal disease associated with an elevated B-HCG.

PMID- 2876132
TI  - Nurse practitioner and physician assistant satellite health centers. The pending
      demise of an organizational form?
AB  - A national cohort of 44 rural satellite health centers originally staffed by
      nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) was studied in 1975 and
      resurveyed in 1979 and in 1984 to examine the viability of this type of health
      care delivery organization during a period of significant growth in the nation's
      physician supply. Twelve of these practices had ceased to function, although
      eight have been replaced by physician practices. Of the remaining 32, 14 have
      physicians on their staffs and 18 remain staffed only by NPs and PAs. Those
      centers staffed by physicians experience greater patient utilization, charge more
      for office visits, have larger budgets, and generate more of their budgets from
      fees for services and therefore appear to be more organizationally stable than
      centers staffed only by NPs and PAs. Although broader studies are needed for
      substantiation, these findings suggest that the period when NP/PA-staffed
      satellite health centers were important organizations for delivering care to
      previously underserved rural communities may be ending.

PMID- 2876133
TI  - Measurement of the effect of cardiovascular drugs by impedance cardiography in
      healthy subjects.
AB  - Impedance cardiography is a non-invasive electrical method designed to measure
      cardiac function on a beat-to-beat basis. Impedance changes within a constant
      high frequency AC-current field are detected by two thoracic electrodes. The
      potential changes within these two inner electrodes reflect impedance changes due
      to underlying pulsatile volume displacements. The relevance of the method was
      shown in investigations with a beta 1,beta 2-mimetic drug, a beta-blocker, an
      alpha-agonist, an alpha-blocker and a diuretic drug.

PMID- 2876134
TI  - Diagnosis of renal allograft rejection by analysis of fine-needle aspiration
      biopsy specimens with immunostains and simple cytology.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens of renal transplants were analysed by
      means of commercially available monoclonal antibodies and an immunoperoxidase
      stain. Three cellular features associated with acute cellular rejection were
      identified--heavy infiltrates of activated T cells or large mononuclear cells
      strongly expressing HLA-DR antigens, and HLA-DR expression by renal tubular
      cells. A combination of semiquantitative scores for these features correctly
      identified rejection in 32 of 34 cases, with no false positives in cases of
      cyclosporin nephrotoxicity or stable graft function.

PMID- 2876135
TI  - Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer in young women. A joint national case
      control study in Sweden and Norway.
AB  - The possible association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of
      breast cancer developing before the age of 45 was investigated by means of a
      population based case-control study in Sweden and Norway. Information was
      obtained by personal interview from 422 (89.2%) of all eligible patients with a
      newly diagnosed breast cancer from May, 1984, to May, 1985, and from 722 (80.6%)
      of all contacted age-matched controls. A multivariate analysis, which accounted
      for several possible confounding factors, revealed a significant (p = 0.03)
      association between total duration of OC use and breast cancer risk. The relative
      risk (RR) of breast cancer after 12 or more years of OC use was 2.2 (1.2-4.0). OC
      use for more than 7 years before first full-term pregnancy entailed an increased
      breast cancer risk (RR = 2.0 [1.0-4.2]) which was of borderline significance.
      When total duration of use was considered, the risk of breast cancer was
      virtually unrelated to age at first OC use and latency from first use. The
      results suggest that long-term use of OCs may increase the risk of breast cancer
      in young women.

PMID- 2876136
TI  - Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity among children 1-24
      months old in Kinshasa, Zaire.
AB  - A prevalence study of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was
      conducted in Kinshasa, Zaire, among 258 children 2-24 months old who were in
      hospital, 191 children 1-20 months old who were attending a well-child clinic,
      and their mothers. 8% of the mothers of both groups of children were
      seropositive. Among children under 9 months old, 12 of 102 (12%) hospital
      inpatients and 11 of 136 (8%) clinic attenders were seropositive, while in the 9
      24-month age group 20 of 156 (13%) hospital children and only 1 of 55 (2%) clinic
      children were seropositive (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.01). 61% of the
      seropositive children had seropositive mothers, indicating a high rate of
      vertical transmission. Factors associated with seropositivity among hospital
      children with seronegative mothers included male sex, increased lifetime number
      of medical injections, and previous blood transfusion or hospital admission.
      Among children who had not previously been transfused or admitted to hospital the
      seropositives had received more medical injections than the seronegatives (median
      34.5 versus 14.5; Wilcoxon rank sum test, p = 0.006). HIV infection accounted for
      or complicated a substantial proportion of hospital paediatric admissions. Public
      health measures are urgently required to prevent parenteral and vertical
      transmission of HIV to infants and young children in Kinshasa.

PMID- 2876137
TI  - Association between anorectal dysplasia, human papillomavirus, and human
      immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual men.
AB  - Cells from the anorectal mucosa of 61 homosexual men were examined
      microscopically for evidence of papillomavirus infection and dysplastic changes.
      There was cytological evidence of dysplasia with concomitant features of human
      papillomavirus (HPV) infection on at least one occasion in 24 men and of
      papillomavirus infection without dysplasia on at least one occasion in a further
      26: dysplasia was present for over one year in 9 of 14 men who were re-examined.
      Dysplasia was associated with a history of anal warts, frequent receptive anal
      intercourse, presence of serum antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
      and immune dysfunction as judged by a low CD4/CD8 ratio, but not with the
      lifetime number of sexual partners. The association of longlasting dysplasia with
      anti-HIV was independent of the association with immune dysfunction. Thus
      infection of anorectal mucosal cells with papillomavirus seems to be frequent
      among homosexual men and may predispose to dysplasia.

PMID- 2876138
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2876139
TI  - Molecular biology and chronic granulocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 2876141
TI  - Central vein catheterisation.

PMID- 2876140
TI  - What's new pussycat? Cowpox.

PMID- 2876142
TI  - Aminoglycoside toxicity.

PMID- 2876143
TI  - Measles vaccine once or MMR twice?

PMID- 2876144
TI  - Does mild atypia on a cervical smear warrant further investigation?
AB  - 228 women referred to a colposcopy clinic over a 10-year period with mildly
      atypical cervical cytology had a histological diagnosis established by
      colposcopically directed biopsy. Of the 187 women (82.0%) who had dyskaryosis on
      the referral smear, 129 (69%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade
      II or III on histology, as did 12 (29.2%) of the 41 women without dyskaryosis.
      27.6% of smears taken at the time of colposcopy had normal cytology, although a
      third of these women had CIN II or III diagnosed on histology at that time. The
      poor correlation between mildly atypical cervical cytology and histology suggests
      that the practice of relying on cytology alone for the surveillance of women who
      have already had an atypical smear should be discouraged.

PMID- 2876145
TI  - Hydatidiform mole in England and Wales 1973-83.
AB  - The number of cases of hydatidiform mole (HM) registered annually in England and
      Wales has risen since 1973 to 1.54 per 1000 live births in 1983. For women over
      50 the risk per pregnancy was 411 times and for girls under 15 it was six times
      greater than that for women aged 25-29. 7.75% of patients had chemotherapy for
      invasive mole or choriocarcinoma. Patients who had had oxytocin-induced or
      prostaglandin-induced uterine evacuation or hysterotomy were more likely to need
      chemotherapy. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was undetectable by 56 days
      after evacuation in 42% of patients, none of whom required chemotherapy; a
      considerable reduction in follow-up time for this subgroup is proposed. For
      patients whose HCG values became normal more than 56 days after evacuation and
      stayed normal for 6 months the risk of recrudescent disease was 1 in 286. In
      subsequent pregnancies the risk of a second HM was 1 in 76 and that of a third
      was 1 in 6.5. 11 (0.2%) patients died, 2 from drug-resistant choriocarcinoma.

PMID- 2876146
TI  - Triage of casualties after nuclear attack.
AB  - Casualties from a nuclear attack on the United Kingdom would overwhelm the health
      services, and health workers would be faced with many more people seeking help
      than could be offered treatment. Discussion is needed to determine which methods
      of medical and non-medical triage would be acceptable and feasible.

PMID- 2876147
TI  - Real-time cardiac imaging of adults at video frame rates by magnetic resonance
      imaging.

PMID- 2876148
TI  - Effects of prostacyclin and orally active stable mimetic agent RS-93427-007 on
      basic mechanisms of atherogenesis.

PMID- 2876149
TI  - Human papilloma virus DNA in oesophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2876151
TI  - Spirochaetes, Lyme disease, and multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2876150
TI  - DR2-negative narcolepsy.

PMID- 2876152
TI  - Aminoacid losses on haemofiltration.

PMID- 2876153
TI  - Rioprostil and duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2876154
TI  - Pancreatic stone protein in serum of patients with pancreatitis.

PMID- 2876155
TI  - Non-secretion of ABO blood group antigens predisposing to infection by
      Haemophilus influenzae.

PMID- 2876156
TI  - Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood cancer.

PMID- 2876157
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis.

PMID- 2876158
TI  - Aspirin and cataract.

PMID- 2876159
TI  - Floppy disc psychiatry.

PMID- 2876160
TI  - From Nazi holocaust to nuclear holocaust.

PMID- 2876161
TI  - Soviet physicians denied exit visas.

PMID- 2876162
TI  - Measles and the immunosuppressed child.

PMID- 2876164
TI  - Catheter fractures in implantable vascular access systems.

PMID- 2876163
TI  - Voluntary euthanasia.

PMID- 2876165
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2876166
TI  - Cyclosporin and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2876167
TI  - Is chronic renal transplant rejection a non-immunological phenomenon?

PMID- 2876168
TI  - Poliomyelitis in Finland.

PMID- 2876169
TI  - Failure of high intrauterine insemination of husband's semen.

PMID- 2876170
TI  - Horizontal transmission of HIV infection between two siblings.

PMID- 2876171
TI  - Viral origin of hairy leukoplakia.

PMID- 2876172
TI  - High-altitude hypoxia and the brain.

PMID- 2876173
TI  - Occipital headache in rheumatoid cervical facet joint arthritis.

PMID- 2876174
TI  - Glucose stick misuse.

PMID- 2876175
TI  - Perinatal data using geographically defined populations.

PMID- 2876177
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine for medical staff.

PMID- 2876178
TI  - Spastic paraparesis: a possible sexually transmitted viral myeloneuropathy.

PMID- 2876176
TI  - Reversible coma due to intrathecal baclofen.

PMID- 2876180
TI  - Jet lag and melatonin.

PMID- 2876179
TI  - HTLV-I and tropical spastic paraparesis in Africa.

PMID- 2876181
TI  - Pyridoxine in primary hyperoxaluria type I.

PMID- 2876182
TI  - Thyroglobulin autoantibodies and acetylcholinesterase.

PMID- 2876183
TI  - Effect of calcium supplementation on diastolic blood pressure in young people
      with mild hypertension.
AB  - In a double-blind trial 90 mildly hypertensive subjects aged 16-29 years were
      randomly assigned to 1 g calcium per day or placebo. Calcium supplementation did
      not affect systolic blood pressure, but at six and twelve weeks diastolic blood
      pressure had fallen by 3.1 (p = 0.04) and 2.4 (p = 0.11) mm Hg, respectively,
      more in the calcium group than it had in the placebo group. Subjects with a
      baseline plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) higher than the median showed a 6.1 mm
      Hg (p = 0.01) greater fall in diastolic blood pressure after six weeks and 5.4 mm
      Hg (p = 0.01) after twelve than in the placebo group. The fall in diastolic blood
      pressure was greater in the calcium group than in the placebo group in subjects
      with a lower than median serum total calcium and in those with a large
      bodyweight. Calcium supplementation may lower blood pressure in young people with
      mildly raised blood pressure, particularly in those with high plasma PTH and/or
      low serum total calcium.

PMID- 2876184
TI  - Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zaire.
AB  - The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Zaire was
      determined by identifying in October, 1984, 125 seropositive hospital personnel
      without signs or symptoms and 145 age and sex matched seronegative controls from
      the same population. Between July, 1985, and February, 1986, 67 seropositives,
      including 38 men and 29 women, and 113 seronegatives were interviewed and
      examined by an observer who did not know their serological status. The acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had developed in 1 seropositive and no
      seronegatives (rate difference, 1.3/100 person-years [py]; 95% confidence
      interval 0-3.3/100 py); AIDS-related complex or generalised lymphadenopathy had
      developed in 8 seropositives (12%) and 1 seronegative (1%) (rate ratio, 13.2; 95%
      confidence interval 1.3-134.6); and minimal lymphadenopathy had developed in 19
      seropositives (28%) and 8 seronegatives (7%) (rate ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence
      interval 1.8-8.4). These data provide the first estimates for rates of
      progression to AIDS or AIDS-related conditions among healthy HIV seropositive
      heterosexual adults. Rates observed in this study are similar to those reported
      in US or European homosexual or bisexual men.

PMID- 2876185
TI  - In-vitro test of haptocorrin degradation for biological diagnosis of exocrine
      pancreatic dysfunction using duodenal juice collected during endoscopy.
AB  - An in-vitro test of degradation of haptocorrin, a cobalamin-binding glycoprotein,
      was used to diagnose exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. This radioisotopic test
      (TDH) required only 50 microliters duodenal juice collected during endoscopy
      after stimulation with 1 U/kg secretin intravenously. The initial reaction
      mixture, composed of salivary haptocorrin saturated with cobalt-57-labelled
      cyanocobalamin and unsaturated intrinsic factor, was incubated with 25
      microliters duodenal juice. The percentage of degraded haptocorrin was estimated
      from the proportion of labelled cyanocobalamin that was transferred from
      haptocorrin to intrinsic factor. The TDH result was 41.6 +/- 31.7% (SD) in a
      group of chronic pancreatitis patients (n = 22) and 91.5 +/- 4.8% in the control
      group (n = 47). The sensitivity and specificity for exocrine pancreatic
      dysfunction were estimated as 0.91 and 0.96, respectively, for a lower limit of
      normal values of 81.7%. A hyperbolic relation was found between the TDH and the
      trypsin or chymotrypsin activity in duodenal juice (p less than 0.001). In this
      study, the N-benzoyl-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid test was less sensitive than the
      TDH, since its result was abnormal in only 64% of the patients. The TDH was
      easier to carry out and less time-consuming than the determination of pancreatic
      enzyme output in duodenal juice collected after hormonal stimulation.

PMID- 2876186
TI  - Induction of involuntary movements by peripheral trauma: an analogy with
      causalgia.
AB  - Ten patients are described in whom various involuntary movement disorders
      developed after trauma that was predominantly or entirely peripheral. The
      interval between injury and onset of movement disorder ranged from 48 hours to 3
      years; the injured and painful part was the area initially affected by
      involuntary movements, although more widespread involvement subsequently
      occurred. These clinical features resemble the phenomena experienced by some
      patients with causalgia and suggest the possibility of common mechanisms.

PMID- 2876187
TI  - Development of circulating antigen assay for rapid detection of acute
      schistosomiasis.
AB  - A circulating antigen assay to detect acute schistosomiasis mansoni in
      experimentally infected mice has been developed. The competitive-inhibition
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay uses rabbit serum prepared against purified
      cercarial antigen. The assay detects a 100-worm infection as early as 1 week
      after exposure; circulating antigen levels in mouse serum exceeded 0.1
      microgram/ml. Preliminary characterisation of the cercarial antigen shows that it
      is a hydrophobic polypeptide of approximate molecular weight 41,000. A rapid and
      accurate diagnosis of acute schistosomiasis in travellers would facilitate
      appropriate chemotherapy before the onset of pathology. A circulating antigen
      assay would also be valuable for seroepidemiological studies in areas where the
      disease is endemic.

PMID- 2876188
TI  - Localisation of heparin in mast cells.
AB  - Heparin is localised in mast cells as an activator of the contact system. The
      potent anticoagulant properties of heparin confine this activation to the top
      half of the intrinsic pathway, and coagulation is prevented. Certain mast cells
      contain chondroitin sulphate E, which can also activate the contact system but is
      a weak inhibitor of coagulation. The localisation of these mast cells to the
      intestine suggests that coagulation is required for effective inflammatory
      response in the intestinal wall.

PMID- 2876189
TI  - Bacterial arthritis.

PMID- 2876190
TI  - Oral cholera vaccines.

PMID- 2876191
TI  - Blunt trauma to the heart.

PMID- 2876192
TI  - Colchicine in amyloidosis.

PMID- 2876193
TI  - Screening strategies for cervical cancer.

PMID- 2876194
TI  - Parathyroid gland localisation.

PMID- 2876195
TI  - Stress fractures.

PMID- 2876196
TI  - Overuse syndrome in musicians: prevention and management.

PMID- 2876197
TI  - Differential diagnosis of motoneurone disease from other neurological conditions.
AB  - Analysis of 422 patients with clinical diagnoses of motoneurone disease (MND),
      multiple sclerosis, cervical spondylosis with myelopathy, or stroke, from two
      referral centres, suggested a simple four-step algorithm for diagnosing MND. The
      algorithm provided a 98% sensitivity (true positive diagnosis) and 86%
      specificity, and therefore gives a baseline for diagnostic criteria suitable for
      use in clinical research of MND.

PMID- 2876198
TI  - Benign metastases from thyroid malignancies.
AB  - Two patients harbouring cervical lymph node metastases from papillary carcinoma
      of the thyroid have remained free of symptoms after treatment with suppressive
      doses of thyroid hormone for 25 and 34 years, respectively. There is evidence
      that these local metastases are relatively innocuous and may even exert a
      protective effect in the course of this low-grade malignancy. It is suggested
      that currently accepted modes of treatment may be unnecessarily invasive and
      should be reassessed.

PMID- 2876199
TI  - Increased expression of lymphocyte functional antigen in Down syndrome.

PMID- 2876200
TI  - Probucol versus eptastatin in hypercholesterolaemic diabetics.

PMID- 2876201
TI  - Restriction enzyme MaeIII for prenatal diagnosis of alpha 1-antitrypsin
      deficiency.

PMID- 2876202
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of prostate in 40-year-old body-builder.

PMID- 2876203
TI  - Anti-phospholipid antibody and pregnancy wastage.

PMID- 2876204
TI  - Passive smoking, birthweight, and oestrogens.

PMID- 2876205
TI  - High cyclosporin levels after bone marrow transplantation associated with
      hypertriglyceridaemia.

PMID- 2876206
TI  - Chloramphenicol resistance in Haemophilus influenzae.

PMID- 2876207
TI  - Amoxycillin prophylaxis and infective endocarditis.

PMID- 2876208
TI  - Home parenteral nutrition for children.

PMID- 2876209
TI  - Comparison of a microplate anti-HBs EIA kit with AUSAB EIA.

PMID- 2876210
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging for cervical whiplash injuries.

PMID- 2876211
TI  - Pancreatic cancer in mother and daughter.

PMID- 2876212
TI  - A national food policy.

PMID- 2876213
TI  - Home, hospital, or birthroom.

PMID- 2876214
TI  - Improved use of medical resources.

PMID- 2876215
TI  - Differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.

PMID- 2876216
TI  - Gastric stump cancers.

PMID- 2876218
TI  - Hospital outbreaks of Clostridium difficile.

PMID- 2876217
TI  - Prevention of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2876219
TI  - Disseminated histoplasmosis and AIDS in Switzerland.

PMID- 2876220
TI  - Blood donations reactive for HIV in Western blot, but non-infective in culture
      and recipients of blood.

PMID- 2876221
TI  - Ascertaining viral safety of human blood derivatives.

PMID- 2876223
TI  - Myalgia, leucopenia, and the sickling trait.

PMID- 2876222
TI  - HTLV-I and HIV infection in drug addicts in Italy.

PMID- 2876224
TI  - Prognosis and treatment in myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2876225
TI  - Topical surfactant therapy for recurrent herpes simplex.

PMID- 2876226
TI  - Tropical diabetes.

PMID- 2876227
TI  - Thyroid cancer after 131I treatment.

PMID- 2876228
TI  - Thyroid radiation dose in Britain arising from the Chernobyl accident.

PMID- 2876229
TI  - Amniotic bands and malformations in child born after pregnancy screened by
      chorionic villus biopsy.

PMID- 2876230
TI  - Cytochrome P-450 immunolocalization in human liver.

PMID- 2876231
TI  - First-trimester fetal diagnosis for haemoglobinopathies: report on 200 cases.
AB  - First-trimester prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis was found to be possible in
      224 (80%) of 281 families at risk of having a child with beta-thalassaemia major.
      200 prenatal diagnoses, mainly for beta-thalassaemia or sickle-cell anaemia, were
      made by means of chorionic villus sampling and fetal DNA analysis. The overall
      fetal loss rate was 6.7%, the majority being in the first half of the programme.
      There was one misdiagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis was also carried out successfully
      for both pairs of twins in two pregnancies. Comparison of these results with 53
      prenatal diagnoses made with DNA prepared from amniotic fluid suggests that the
      first-trimester procedure is more reliable. If further experience confirms that
      chorionic villus sampling has an acceptably low risk for both mother and fetus it
      will largely replace other methods for prenatal diagnosis of the haemoglobin
      disorders and other single-gene conditions.

PMID- 2876232
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency by restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms, and comparison with oligonucleotide probe analysis.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of sixteen pregnancies at risk for alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)
      deficiency has been achieved by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      analysis and compared with diagnostic results using hybridisation of M and Z
      specific oligonucleotides. The results of both tests were in accord for all
      samples, although under routine laboratory conditions RFLP analysis was more
      reliable. Because RFLP analysis does not depend on the type of mutation it was
      possible, in the product of an MZ and SZ mating, to predict an MZ rather than an
      MS phenotype using the RFLP method. The strong linkage dysequilibrium between an
      AvaII RFLP and the Z allele increases its diagnostic usefulness. Even so it seems
      reasonable to use oligonucleotide analysis in families where no siblings are
      available for comparison. In all other situations RFLP analysis is as accurate
      and reliable as oligonucleotide analysis and is technically easier, making it the
      preferred means of diagnosis for informative kindreds.

PMID- 2876233
TI  - Symptomatic assessment of patients with heart failure: double-blind comparison of
      increasing doses of diuretics and captopril in moderate heart failure.
AB  - Ten patients with moderate heart failure who still had symptoms despite 40 mg
      frusemide daily were treated with increased doses of frusemide and the addition
      of captopril in randomised order. Four different methods were used to assess the
      patients' response to treatment. Both treatments improved symptom-limited
      exercise tolerance, higher-dose frusemide having a more favourable effect.
      Perceived exertion during submaximal exercise was reduced by similar amounts by
      both treatments. The time taken to walk 100 m at a self-selected slow speed was
      reduced by both treatments; again higher-dose frusemide had a more beneficial
      effect. The higher dose of frusemide also had a more favourable effect on visual
      analogue scores for dyspnoea, fatigue, and general well-being.

PMID- 2876234
TI  - Enzyme replacement in nervous tissue after allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation
      for fucosidosis in dogs.
AB  - Bone-marrow transplantation after total lymphoid irradiation in an alpha-L
      fucosidase-deficient dog raised the enzyme activity in both visceral and neural
      tissues with consequent reduction in the severity of storage lesions. These
      results offer hope that early marrow transplantation may prevent the development
      of disease in neurovisceral storage disorders.

PMID- 2876235
TI  - Effective and lasting growth-hormone suppression in active acromegaly with oral
      administration of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - Oral administration of the long-acting somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995
      (Sandoz), was assessed in five patients with active acromegaly, four of whom had
      not responded to pituitary irradiation. Doses of 4-8 mg three times daily lowered
      mean 24 h growth-hormone concentrations by over 50% in every case, with
      suppression to below 10 mU/l for several hours after the morning dose. Despite
      effective suppression of serum insulin levels, deterioration in glucose tolerance
      was very slight, and the drug had no side-effects. Orally administered SMS 201
      995 avoids the need for multiple daily injections and is potentially valuable in
      the medical treatment of acromegaly.

PMID- 2876236
TI  - Reversed-role chemotherapy for resistant cancer.
AB  - Chemotherapeutic agents that have come into clinical use because of their
      selective effect against cancers have limited success mainly because many cancer
      cells become resistant to them. Some chemotherapeutic agents inhibit DNA
      synthesis in normal cells but not in tumour cells so that nucleoside analogues
      with cell-killing potential can be incorporated into cancer cells when they
      continue to synthesise DNA in the presence of agents that stop DNA synthesis in
      normal cells. The potential of halogenated pyrimidines as sensitisers of cancers
      to ionising and photo-irradiation might be extended by giving them with agents
      that inhibit their uptake by normal tissues. A similar approach might also be
      used with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Radiolabelled pyrimidine analogues
      may have a role in treating tumours resistant to inhibitors of DNA synthesis.
      They may also prove useful agents for gamma-camera imaging when normal tissue
      uptake is blocked.

PMID- 2876237
TI  - Use of autoanalyser to examine urinary-red-cell morphology in the diagnosis of
      glomerular haematuria.

PMID- 2876238
TI  - Early diagnosis and screening for pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2876239
TI  - Bronchial asthma and the environment.

PMID- 2876240
TI  - Bone-marrow transplantation for neurovisceral storage disorders.

PMID- 2876241
TI  - Plagiocephaly and torticollis in young infants.

PMID- 2876242
TI  - Clostridium difficile--a neglected pathogen in chronic-care wards?

PMID- 2876243
TI  - Trimethoprim resistance.

PMID- 2876244
TI  - Randomised trial of community-based centre versus conventional hospital
      management in treatment of alcoholism.
AB  - 151 problem drinkers (105 men and 46 women) were recruited from the general
      medical and psychiatric services of a district general hospital and were
      allocated randomly to a community-based day centre (ACCEPT) or standard hospital
      inpatient and outpatient services. 115 patients (79%) were followed up at 12
      months. The group as a whole showed improvement in all outcome indices at the 3
      month follow-up, and this was maintained at 6 and 12 months. Patients assigned to
      ACCEPT services claimed to have reduced their alcohol intake (55%) more than
      their hospital counterparts (37%), and this was confirmed by their informants.
      Patients referred from the psychiatric services reduced their alcohol intake more
      than those from general medical services. It is concluded that treatment at a
      community day centre is at least as cost effective as hospital treatment of
      alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2876245
TI  - Why do research on research?
AB  - The importance of research evaluation is now well recognised in some quarters but
      this activity is being looked upon as essentially negative by others. We believe
      this view to be mistaken. The case for investing some money in research
      evaluation is essentially a very straightforward one. It is clear that a
      significant fraction of the money spent on research will be wasted (ie, will
      produce no usable data--positive or negative--on any time-scale and will be of no
      educational or training value). The problem is, and has always been, that there
      is no way of knowing in advance which fraction of the resources will be wasted.
      That is the nature of research and we would not argue that it could or should be
      otherwise. Research is about exploration and discovery and it is inevitable that
      some scientific endeavours will be fruitless. Research evaluation can help to
      minimise resource wastage and thus the case for conducting research on research
      is entirely positive. Analytical techniques are available to examine the ways in
      which we train research workers, fund research workers, and assess research
      outputs; and these should be applied with a view to improving the system. There
      is also a strong case for setting up an effective mechanism for strategic
      forecasting and planning, and an urgent need to take a radical look at the entire
      range of biomedical research activities in the UK. It is essential that the
      research community should take steps to evaluate its performance and adopt a
      positive approach to planning. If it does not do so, assessments will be made by
      those without a fundamental understanding of the nature of the enterprise, and
      the prospects for any further increases in public support would appear to be
      bleak.

PMID- 2876246
TI  - HLA-DR2 correlates with rapid-eye-movement sleep latency in normal human
      subjects.

PMID- 2876247
TI  - Placebo-controlled trial of topical cyclosporin in severe alopecia areata.

PMID- 2876248
TI  - Predicting gentamicin resistance from annual usage in hospital.

PMID- 2876249
TI  - Consensus analysis.

PMID- 2876251
TI  - Awareness of onchocerciasis.

PMID- 2876252
TI  - Meningococcal disease in south-west of England.

PMID- 2876250
TI  - Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a terminological plea.

PMID- 2876253
TI  - Meningococcal infections and eradication of the carrier state.

PMID- 2876254
TI  - Meningococcal serotypes and serogroup B disease in north-west Europe.

PMID- 2876255
TI  - Panic attacks and aspartame.

PMID- 2876256
TI  - Polymyositis, molecular mimicry, and autoimmunity.

PMID- 2876257
TI  - Safety of piroxicam.

PMID- 2876258
TI  - Cultured skin for burn injury.

PMID- 2876259
TI  - Reduced fibrinolytic activity as cardiovascular disease risk factor.

PMID- 2876260
TI  - Identification of elderly hypertensives.

PMID- 2876262
TI  - Somatostatin and heat sensitivity in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2876261
TI  - Clonidine and smoking.

PMID- 2876263
TI  - What to do about drug abuse.

PMID- 2876264
TI  - Tobacco and asbestos litigation.

PMID- 2876265
TI  - Incentives to take up health services.

PMID- 2876266
TI  - Paroxysmal hemiglossal twisting.

PMID- 2876267
TI  - Delayed recovery of sleep and melatonin rhythms after nightshift work in
      Antarctic winter.

PMID- 2876268
TI  - Needlestick HIV seroconversion in a nurse.

PMID- 2876269
TI  - Red cell charge in glomerular disease.

PMID- 2876270
TI  - AIDS and African swine fever virus.

PMID- 2876271
TI  - Mental handicap with psychiatric illness.

PMID- 2876272
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis.

PMID- 2876273
TI  - Smallpox in an Italian mummy.

PMID- 2876274
TI  - Risk of transmission of human papillomavirus by vaginal specula.

PMID- 2876275
TI  - Inadvertent abuse of amphetamines in street heroin.

PMID- 2876276
TI  - Health for all: some critics less critical.

PMID- 2876277
TI  - Cytotoxic protein molecules generated as a consequence of ethanol metabolism in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - A non-dialysable cytotoxic activity developed in the supernatants of human blood
      monocyte-derived macrophages cultured in the presence of ethanol and in the serum
      of three healthy volunteers who drank 500-700 ml wine over 20-35 min. On
      'Sephacryl S-300' gel filtration of the culture supernatants and the serum
      samples from the subjects who took alcohol, the cytotoxic activity eluted
      together with albumin molecules. Studies of human serum and of various
      commercially purchased human serum protein fractions treated with carbon-14
      labelled acetaldehyde and non-radioactive acetaldehyde, respectively, provided
      strong circumstantial evidence that the cytotoxic proteins were albumin molecules
      that had become complexed with acetaldehyde generated by the metabolism of
      ethanol. The cytotoxic activity developing in vivo was greatest 6-10 h after the
      consumption of ethanol started, when blood alcohol levels were normal or only
      slightly high. The appearance of a circulating long-acting cytotoxic
      macromolecule after the ingestion of ethanol may be of considerable importance in
      clarifying the mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced tissue damage.

PMID- 2876278
TI  - Controlled study of respiratory responses during prolonged measurement in
      patients with chronic hyperventilation.
AB  - The respiratory responses of 17 patients with chronic hyperventilation but
      without demonstrable organic disease (group H) to various manoeuvres were
      compared with those of 21 healthy controls (group C). The responses were tested
      according to a 60 min protocol in which periods of rest were replaced by
      exercise, voluntary hyperventilation (VHV), reading, and CO2 inhalation. 5
      patients with severe resting hypocapnia were investigated overnight during sleep.
      Chronic hyperventilation was of two types--persistent or provoked by exercise or
      VHV. It was due to modest increases in tidal volume and respiratory frequency but
      was generally not conspicuous. End-tidal PCO2 levels were gradually corrected to
      near normal during sleep but not by inhalation of CO2.

PMID- 2876279
TI  - Platelet-derived growth factors as possible mediators of vascular proliferation
      in the sporadic haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
AB  - Mitogenic activity was measured in matched plasma and serum samples from 17
      children with typical epidemic haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), 13 with
      atypical sporadic HUS, 7 with other renal diseases, and 8 normal children. The
      serum mitogenic activity of the normal children (median 18.35, range 15-35 U/ml)
      greatly exceeded that of plasma (median 5.4, range 1.04-11.9 U/ml). Patients with
      atypical sporadic HUS had raised plasma mitogenic activity (median 9.35, range 0
      35 U/ml, p less than 0.01). Both plasma and serum from children with the typical
      epidemic form of HUS had low or undetectable mitogenic activity (median for
      plasma 1.0, range 0-5.9 U/ml, p less than 0.001; median for serum 1.85, range 0
      23.8 U/ml, p less than 0.005). These low concentrations in typical epidemic HUS
      were associated with the presence of an inhibitor of cell growth. The results
      suggest that there is intravascular release of platelet mitogens in atypical
      sporadic HUS and that these mitogens may therefore be mediators of the vascular
      proliferative lesions.

PMID- 2876280
TI  - Colonoscopy findings in symptomatic patients without X-ray evidence of colonic
      neoplasms.
AB  - Colonoscopy was carried out in 97 patients with persistent large-bowel symptoms
      in whom double-contrast barium enemas were either normal or showed diverticular
      disease alone. In 37 the X-ray was normal, but colonoscopy showed 9 polyps and 3
      carcinomas. In 60 patients with barium enemas showing diverticular disease alone
      colonoscopy revealed 13 polyps and 1 carcinoma. Of the 4 carcinomas 1 was Dukes'
      A, 2 Dukes' B, and 1 Dukes' C. 23 of the 26 patients with a neoplastic lesion at
      colonoscopy had rectal bleeding, compared with only 40 of the 71 without a
      lesion. The frequency of neoplasia in those with a normal barium enema was 32%,
      compared with 23% in those whose X-ray showed diverticular disease. Colonoscopy,
      rather than double-contrast barium enema, should be the first line of
      investigation in patients with persistent large-bowel symptoms, especially rectal
      bleeding.

PMID- 2876281
TI  - Retinal microembolism during cardiopulmonary bypass demonstrated by fluorescein
      angiography.
AB  - Fluorescein angiography was used to study retinal microvascular perfusion in 20
      patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Colour retinal photographs and
      fluorescein angiograms were obtained preoperatively and at 5-14 days
      postoperatively. In 10 patients retinal fluorescein angiograms were also obtained
      intraoperatively during cardiopulmonary bypass, and all were found to have
      retinal microvascular occlusions after 40-160 min of extracorporeal circulation.
      3 patients had in addition focal leakage of fluorescein, and 6 had foci of
      abnormal drainage of dye. These changes are consistent with retinal
      microembolism, and appeared to have resolved by the time of the postoperative
      study. No new pathological features appeared in the retina after surgery.
      Intraoperative fluorescein angiography of the retina may prove valuable for
      investigation of cerebrovascular microembolism in the territory of the internal
      carotid artery during cardiopulmonary bypass in man.

PMID- 2876283
TI  - Chymopapain and the intervertebral disc.

PMID- 2876282
TI  - A human tumour model.
AB  - An approach to the management of patients with large (greater than 4 cm) operable
      breast cancers is described. The conventional sequence of mastectomy followed by
      systemic therapy is reversed, allowing accurate measurements of response to
      individual forms of endocrine therapy or chemotherapy. Such a method not only
      permits individual selection of appropriate systemic therapy, but also allows
      clinical response to be related to histological and biochemical tumour
      parameters. A response was observed in eleven of twenty-three patients to
      endocrine treatment and in twelve of thirteen to combination chemotherapy. In
      five of the latter the response was histologically complete.

PMID- 2876284
TI  - Hyperkalaemia in diabetic ketoacidosis.

PMID- 2876286
TI  - Chronic contained rupture of abdominal aneurysms.

PMID- 2876287
TI  - Surgical manpower.

PMID- 2876285
TI  - Management of borderline personality disorders.

PMID- 2876288
TI  - Biocompatible implants for reconstruction of the ear.

PMID- 2876289
TI  - Where to draw the line.

PMID- 2876290
TI  - Ecology of orthopoxviruses and use of recombinant vaccinia vaccines.
AB  - Little is known of the ways in which orthopoxviruses are maintained in nature,
      and the role of wild-life reservoirs requires further investigation. This lack of
      information is important in view of proposals to use as vaccines recombinant
      vaccinia viruses which carry genes for other immunising antigens. The possibility
      that such strains may become established in nature, as vaccinia may have in
      Indian buffaloes, and/or undergo genetic hybridisation with existing
      orthopoxviruses should be considered.

PMID- 2876291
TI  - Postvagotomy diarrhoea put into perspective.
AB  - Truncal vagotomy and drainage is still the commonest operation for duodenal ulcer
      in the United Kingdom, despite its known association with diarrhoea. The
      frequency and severity of diarrhoea were compared in 102 randomly selected men 10
      or more years after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP) and a control group
      of 62 men taking long-term maintenance cimetidine treatment 2 or more years after
      healing of duodenal ulcer. 53% of the TVP group still had diarrhoea attacks
      compared with only 7% of the cimetidine group (p less than 0.001). Of the TVP
      patients, 11% had continuous diarrhoea and a further 22% at least one attack a
      week. 24% were displeased with the change in bowel function, and 8% complained
      that diarrhoea still seriously affected their lives. This side-effect is
      unacceptable and truncal vagotomy should now be avoided whenever possible.

PMID- 2876293
TI  - Strokes in mild hypertension: diastolic rules.

PMID- 2876292
TI  - Useless drugs are not placebos: lessons from flunarizine and cinnarizine.

PMID- 2876294
TI  - Lioness versus lobby.

PMID- 2876295
TI  - Flexion contractures: a forgotten symptom in Addison's disease and
      hypopituitarism.

PMID- 2876296
TI  - Closed-chest atrioventricular junction ablation by high-frequency energy
      transcatheter desiccation.

PMID- 2876297
TI  - Valproate-induced inhibition of urea synthesis and hyperammonaemia in healthy
      subjects.

PMID- 2876298
TI  - Tryptophan-trazodone treatment of aggressive behaviour.

PMID- 2876299
TI  - Antibody-targeted therapy of cancer.

PMID- 2876300
TI  - Antibody-guided radiation therapy via the CSF for malignant meningitis.

PMID- 2876302
TI  - Butane lighters, an unexpected hazard for babies.

PMID- 2876301
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer.

PMID- 2876303
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation and radiation accidents.

PMID- 2876304
TI  - Bone-marrow transplantation in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2876305
TI  - Reciprocal interference of host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host-reactions.

PMID- 2876306
TI  - Diluted samples in HIV antibody assays.

PMID- 2876307
TI  - Lack of HIV transmission by casual contact.

PMID- 2876308
TI  - Rapid prenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome with in-situ hybridisation of
      fluorescent DNA probes.

PMID- 2876309
TI  - Prevalence of female breast cancer observed in 517 unselected necropsies.

PMID- 2876310
TI  - Impedance cardiography in heart failure.

PMID- 2876311
TI  - Literacy, parity, family planning, and maternal mortality in the Third World.

PMID- 2876313
TI  - Salbutamol for pertussis.

PMID- 2876312
TI  - Chopsticks dysphagia.

PMID- 2876314
TI  - Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.

PMID- 2876315
TI  - Misclassification as a factor in passive smoking risk.

PMID- 2876317
TI  - Soft-tissue sarcoma and exposure to dioxins.

PMID- 2876316
TI  - Food and health policy.

PMID- 2876318
TI  - Eperythrozoonosis in man.

PMID- 2876319
TI  - 6-Mercaptopurine-related leucopenia and in vivo xanthine oxidase activity.

PMID- 2876320
TI  - Non-invasive measurement of ophthalmic artery pressure by ophthalmomanometry
      Doppler.

PMID- 2876321
TI  - Lipid peroxidation and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2876322
TI  - Differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.

PMID- 2876323
TI  - Sex ratios in neural tube defects.

PMID- 2876324
TI  - Transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2876325
TI  - Pneumococcal vaccine prevents death from acute lower-respiratory-tract infections
      in Papua New Guinean children.
AB  - In three double-blind placebo-controlled trials of pneumococcal capsular
      polysaccharide vaccines against death from acute lower-respiratory-tract
      infections (ALRI), children were vaccinated at 6 months to 5 years of age. The
      efficacy of the vaccines against ALRI as the sole cause of death was estimated at
      59% in children vaccinated when younger than 5 years (p = 0.008) and 50% in
      children vaccinated when younger than 2 years (p = 0.043). Mortality from all
      causes was 19% less in the vaccinated group.

PMID- 2876326
TI  - Is homoeopathy a placebo response? Controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with
      pollen in hayfever as model.
AB  - The hypothesis that homoeopathic potencies are placebos was tested in a
      randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The study model chosen
      compared the effects of a homoeopathic preparation of mixed grass pollens with
      placebo in 144 patients with active hayfever. The homoeopathically treated
      patients showed a significant reduction in patient and doctor assessed symptom
      scores. The significance of this response was increased when results were
      corrected for pollen count and the response was associated with a halving of the
      need for antihistamines. An initial aggravation of symptoms was noted more often
      in patients receiving the potency and was followed by an improvement in that
      group. No evidence emerged to support the idea that placebo action fully explains
      the clinical responses to homoeopathic drugs.

PMID- 2876328
TI  - Absence of pre-S2 antibodies in natural hepatitis B virus infection.
AB  - Antibodies to the host "self" component human serum albumin (HSA) and to its
      receptor are induced by the pre-S2 encoded aminoacid sequence (120-145) of the
      middle surface protein on the hepatitis B virus (HBV) particle and are produced
      as part of the immune response during acute HBV-infection. The antibodies
      disappeared rapidly during the convalescence phase and were not detectable in
      patients with naturally acquired immunity to HB. These data raise questions about
      the importance of anti-pre-S2 antibodies for long-term protection against HBV
      infection. The coexistence of HBV-DNA with antibodies to native HSA (nHSA) in
      13/16 patients with biopsy proven liver disease and of HBV-DNA with anti-pre-S2
      in 10/13 patients argues against the attribution of virus eliminating properties
      to antibodies directed against pre-S2 determinants. In fact circulating anti-nHSA
      and anti-pre-S2 persisted in 16/17 and 13/17 patients, respectively, with major
      HBV-induced liver disease but not in symptomless HBsAg carriers. This finding
      suggests that continuous production of antibodies against the "self" component
      HSA and/or its receptor structures are associated with the pathogenesis of
      chronic HBV-induced liver disease. Pre-S2 coded peptide sequences should thus not
      be incorporated into HB vaccines.

PMID- 2876327
TI  - Acute pulmonary embolism treated with tissue plasminogen activator.
AB  - Recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was given via a
      peripheral vein to 36 patients with angiographically documented pulmonary
      embolism. The regimen was 50 mg/2 h followed by repeat angiography and, if
      necessary, an additional 40 mg/4 h. By 6 h, 34 of 36 patients had angiographic
      evidence of clot lysis, slight in 4, moderate in 6, and marked in 24. The
      quantitative score improved 21% by 2 h and 49% by 6 h. Fibrinogen decreased 30%
      from baseline at 2 h and 38% from baseline at 6 h. 2 patients had major
      complications: in one, bleeding from a pelvic tumour required surgery; in the
      other, who had had coronary artery bypass surgery eight days earlier, pericardial
      tamponade developed. These initial results in selected patients make a case for
      expanded investigational use of peripheral intravenous rt-PA in pulmonary
      embolism.

PMID- 2876329
TI  - Cerebral morphological abnormalities associated with non-alcoholic cirrhosis.
AB  - Disturbance of cerebral morphology, as assessed from computed tomography (CT)
      scan images, was related to liver function in patients with non-alcoholic
      cirrhosis. These findings show that even in well compensated cirrhosis there are
      measurable disturbances of cerebral morphology, the extent of which is related to
      severity of liver dysfunction.

PMID- 2876330
TI  - Predicting chronicity in depression.

PMID- 2876331
TI  - Lysosomal storage diseases.

PMID- 2876332
TI  - Analgesics, agranulocytosis, and aplastic anaemia: a major case-control study.

PMID- 2876333
TI  - Research on healthy volunteers.

PMID- 2876334
TI  - Driving after stroke.

PMID- 2876335
TI  - Parents in the anaesthetic room?

PMID- 2876336
TI  - Prediction of outcome after curative resection for large bowel cancer.
AB  - Prospectively collected information on 2524 patients who had undergone "curative"
      resection for colorectal cancer was analysed to establish the rank-order of
      importance of both clinical and pathological factors affecting outcome. The
      patients were divided into two groups. In the first, a statistical weighting was
      established for each prognostic factor and those that influenced long-term
      survival were, in order of importance, lymph node status, tumour mobility, number
      of lymph nodes positive for tumour, presence of bowel obstruction, and depth of
      primary tumour penetration. Factors that influenced in-hospital mortality were
      cardiopulmonary complications, intraabdominal sepsis (without anastomotic leak),
      presence of bowel obstruction, and age. In the second group these mathematical
      weightings were applied, and the predicted and observed outcomes were in close
      agreement. Statistical techniques of this kind will be of value in prognosis and
      in analysis of the results of new treatment regimens.

PMID- 2876337
TI  - Artificial food additive intolerance in patients with angio-oedema and urticaria.
AB  - 43 children who presented with angio-oedema and/or urticaria and who responded to
      an additive-free diet were challenged with artificial food additives in a double
      blind study. 24 children reacted to 1 or more of the additives. 18 children did
      not react to any additives and remained well when a normal diet was re
      introduced. Aspirin sensitivity was found in only 1 of the 24 children who could
      not tolerate additives. Atopy was less common in these patients than in the
      general population. The mechanism of additive intolerance is unknown and double
      blind challenge is the only reliable means of diagnosis.

PMID- 2876338
TI  - Evidence of inadequate humidification of inspired gas during artificial
      ventilation of newborn babies in the British Isles.
AB  - Data on routine humidifier settings used in respiratory support for newborn
      babies were obtained from 242 neonatal units in the British Isles. For each of
      the most commonly used humidifiers inspired gas humidity was measured under
      routine clinical conditions with an electronic hygrometer. Most endotracheally
      intubated babies breathe inspired gas of well below physiological humidity (44 mg
      H2O/l) and many below the minimum recommended for adults by the British Standards
      Institution (33 mg H2O/l). Inadequate humidification could contribute to several
      complications of artificial ventilation in newborn babies by inhibiting
      mucociliary clearance.

PMID- 2876339
TI  - Do we need informed consent?

PMID- 2876340
TI  - Excessive chemotherapy-related myelotoxicity in children with Down syndrome and
      acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2876341
TI  - Brown-Sequard syndrome due to spinal cord infarction after subclavian vein
      catheterisation.

PMID- 2876342
TI  - Cyclosporin, HLA matching, and transfusions in kidney transplants.

PMID- 2876343
TI  - Over-use syndromes in musicians.

PMID- 2876344
TI  - Innocent pets and Paget's disease?

PMID- 2876346
TI  - Enalapril-induced cough.

PMID- 2876345
TI  - Myocardial ischaemia during intravenous ritodrine treatment: is it so rare?

PMID- 2876347
TI  - Persistence of vaginal vault granulation.

PMID- 2876348
TI  - Asthma deaths and inhaler type.

PMID- 2876349
TI  - Fatal poisoning and membrane stabilising activity.

PMID- 2876351
TI  - Declining incidence of gonorrhoea in London: a response to fear of AIDS?

PMID- 2876350
TI  - Transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2876352
TI  - Declining incidence of syphilis among homosexual men in Stockholm.

PMID- 2876353
TI  - Pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma.

PMID- 2876354
TI  - False-positive Western blot reactions to human immunodeficiency virus in blood
      donors.

PMID- 2876355
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2876356
TI  - Meningococcal infection in Lanarkshire.

PMID- 2876358
TI  - Sodium and water depletion in ileostomy patients.

PMID- 2876359
TI  - A stromal role in epithelial metaplasias?

PMID- 2876357
TI  - Captopril versus hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene in mild-to-moderate hypertension
      in the elderly.

PMID- 2876360
TI  - Cervical screening.

PMID- 2876361
TI  - Gamma interferon and psoriasis.

PMID- 2876362
TI  - High prevalence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in central Australia,
      1986.

PMID- 2876363
TI  - Does angiotensin-II protect against strokes?

PMID- 2876364
TI  - Mental handicap with psychiatric illness.

PMID- 2876365
TI  - Trimethoprim resistance.

PMID- 2876366
TI  - Red blood cell surface charge in nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2876367
TI  - Temperature-dependent binding of hydrophilic beta-adrenergic receptor ligands to
      intact human lymphocytes.
AB  - Important differences in binding characteristics between agonists and antagonists
      of the beta-adrenergic receptor have been described. However, these observations
      have been complicated since most available antagonists are much more lipophilic
      than agonists. In order to separate out those binding characteristics of agonist
      vs. antagonist from those characteristics of lipophilic vs. hydrophilic ligands,
      we have studied competition of the hydrophilic ligands isoproterenol (agonist)
      and CGP-12177 (antagonist) with [125I]iodopindolol binding in intact human
      lymphocytes. Analyzing competition curves from assays performed at 13 degrees C,
      25 degrees C and 37 degrees C we demonstrated that at lower temperatures there
      was a decrease in IC50 for isoproterenol but not for CGP-12177. Using cells
      preincubated with isoproterenol then extensively washed, competition curves with
      both isoproterenol and CGP-12177 were biphasic, and characterized by the
      appearance of a population of receptors with a low affinity for both hydrophilic
      ligands. Furthermore, at lower temperatures the biphasic nature of these curves
      was accentuated and was characterized by a 6-fold and 40-fold increase in the
      apparent KD of a population of low affinity sites for isoproterenol and CGP
      12177, respectively.

PMID- 2876368
TI  - Effect of small intestinal resection on somatostatin binding to cytosol of rabbit
      gastric mucosa.
AB  - Small bowel resection in the rabbit increased gastric (fundus and antrum)
      somatostatin content and decreased the number of somatostatin binding sites (but
      not their corresponding affinity values) in gastric (fundus and antrum) cytosol
      three weeks after surgery. Five weeks after resection the number of somatostatin
      binding sites at both fundic and antral levels as well as antral somatostatin
      content returned towards control values whereas the fundic concentration of the
      peptide remained increased. Present results together with the known inhibitory
      role of somatostatin on various gastric functions suggest that the gastric
      alterations showed by animals subjected to small bowel resection may be due, at
      least in part, to the observed decrease of the number of gastric somatostatin
      binding sites.

PMID- 2876369
TI  - Putative neurotransmitters in three experimental filariasis models.
AB  - Some putative neurotransmitters in three experimental filariasis models were
      investigated by a new relevant chromatographic method, sensitive and specific. No
      catecholaminergic compounds have been detected, but serotonin was found in
      Dipetalonema vitae. However, further investigations revealed very high levels of
      gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the macro-filariae. These data allow us to
      foresee new fields in filariasis therapeutics.

PMID- 2876371
TI  - Psychological treatment of phobic anxiety associated with adjuvant chemotherapy.
AB  - A 50-year-old patient with breast cancer was about to withdraw from her adjuvant
      chemotherapy regimen because of a long-standing phobia about being injected,
      which had been compounded by anxieties that were associated with the severe side
      effects of adjuvant chemotherapy. She experienced a conditioned nausea response
      to hospital and medical situations. A psychological programme that incorporated
      relaxation training, systematic desensitization by way of the patient's visual
      imagination and videotape modelling, allowed her to complete the course of
      chemotherapy and to feel less anxious in hospital and medical settings.

PMID- 2876370
TI  - Effect of glibenclamide on pancreatic hormone release from isolated perifused
      islets of normal and cysteamine-treated rats.
AB  - The effect of glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea agent, on islet hormone secretion,
      particularly on glucagon was studied using isolated perifused pancreatic islets
      of normal and cysteamine-treated rats. In normal rat islets, glibenclamide
      enhanced both insulin and somatostatin release in normoglycemic (50 mg/dL) and
      glucopenic (0 mg/dL) states, as well as under the condition of arginine
      stimulation. In contrast, glibenclamide stimulated glucagon release only
      transiently, then suppressed it in a sustaining manner in each state. In the
      cysteamine-treated islets, as expected, somatostatin concentrations in the
      perifusate remained unchanged during the infusion of arginine and/or
      glibenclamide. Under this condition, glibenclamide enhanced insulin release to
      the same extent as seen in normal islets, and again markedly inhibited glucagon
      release. These observations indicate that in isolated perifused rat pancreatic
      islets, glibenclamide suppresses glucagon secretion independently of D cell
      stimulation. It is concluded that glibenclamide may exert its inhibitory effect
      directly on A cell rather than through paracrine action of concomitant
      somatostatin release, and that the suppression of glucagon secretion by
      glibenclamide may, in part, contribute to the antidiabetogenic effect of this
      compound.

PMID- 2876372
TI  - Benzodiazepine dependence.

PMID- 2876373
TI  - The role of drugs in the treatment of opioid addicts.

PMID- 2876374
TI  - A quantitative method of analyzing the interaction of slightly selective
      radioligands with multiple receptor subtypes.
AB  - Subclasses of receptors exist for most neurotransmitters. Frequently, two
      subtypes of receptors coexist in the same tissue and, in some cases, they mediate
      the same physiological response. In tissues with two classes of binding sites for
      a given hormone, an estimate of the proportion of each class of binding sites is
      obtained by inhibiting the binding of a single concentration of a radioligand
      with a selective unlabeled ligand. Accurate estimates of the density of each
      class of receptors will only be obtained, however, if the radioligand is entirely
      nonselective. Selectivity of just 2- to 3-fold can markedly influence the results
      of subtype analysis. The conclusion that a radioligand is nonselective is usually
      based on the results of a saturation binding curve. If Scatchard analysis of such
      data results in a linear plot, then it is concluded that the radioligand is
      nonselective. However, Scatchard analysis cannot distinguish between a
      radioligand that is nonselective and one that is slightly selective. The use of a
      slightly selective radioligand can lead to errors of 50% or more, depending on
      the concentration of the radioligand relative to the Kd values of the two classes
      of sites. A new analytical method has been developed that can be used to
      quantitate 2- to 3-fold differences in the affinity of two distinct classes of
      binding sites for a radioligand. This new approach requires that a series of
      inhibition experiments with a selective unlabeled ligand be performed in the
      presence of increasing concentrations of the radioligand. Analysis of the
      resulting inhibition curves, utilizing the mathematical modeling program MLAB on
      the PROPHET system, yields accurate estimates of the density of each class of
      receptor as well as the affinity of each receptor for the labeled and unlabeled
      ligands. This approach was used to determine whether 125I-iodopindolol shows
      selectivity for beta 1- or beta 2-adrenergic receptors. A series of inhibition
      curves was generated with the unlabeled ligands ICI 89,406 (beta 1-selective) and
      ICI 118,551 (beta 2-selective), using membranes prepared from C6 glioma cells.
      These cells contain both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors. 125I
      Iodopindolol was determined to be 3-fold selective for beta 2-adrenergic
      receptors. Since the sensitivity of this approach is superior to that of
      Scatchard analysis, it is likely that other radioligands, previously thought to
      be nonselective, will be shown to be selective when analyzed by this method.

PMID- 2876375
TI  - Identification of messenger RNA for glutamate dehydrogenase using a
      spectrophotometric probe.
AB  - Specific messenger RNA for glutamate dehydrogenase was partially purified from a
      calf liver polysomal poly(A)-mRNA fraction by sucrose density gradient
      centrifugation. Enzyme activity in the translational incubation mixture was
      detected by measuring NADH oxidation in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate and
      ammonia as a decrease in absorbency 340-442 nm in a dual wavelength Aminco DW-2
      spectrophotometer.

PMID- 2876376
TI  - [Distortion of ceramometal fixed bridges by heat treatment].

PMID- 2876377
TI  - The classification of vasculitis and a reappraisal of allergic granulomatosis and
      angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome).

PMID- 2876378
TI  - Therapeutic approach to the vasculitic syndromes.

PMID- 2876380
TI  - Stroke and alcohol consumption.
AB  - We conducted a retrospective case-control study to investigate a possible
      association between alcohol intake and stroke. Reported recent alcohol
      consumption and biochemical and hematologic markers of alcohol intake were
      examined for 230 patients with stroke (20 to 70 years old) and compared with
      concurrently collected data on controls matched for age, sex, and race. A single
      estimate of current intake was used as a measure of alcohol consumption. Among
      men, the relative risk of stroke (adjusted for hypertension, cigarette smoking,
      and medication) was lower in light drinkers (those consuming 10 to 90 g of
      alcohol weekly) than in nondrinkers (relative risk, 0.5), but was four times
      higher in heavy drinkers (consuming greater than or equal to 300 g weekly) than
      in nondrinkers. Because very few women in our study drank heavily, we were unable
      to determine whether heavy alcohol intake influenced the risk of stroke in women.
      With increasing serum concentrations of the biochemical markers of alcohol intake
      (aspartate aminotransferase, uric acid, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), we
      observed similar trends in the relative risk of stroke. Only the erythrocyte mean
      cell volume did not follow this pattern. We conclude that heavy alcohol
      consumption is an important and underrecognized independent risk factor for
      stroke in men, but our data are not adequate to settle the issue for women. Our
      conclusions are qualified by our reliance on reported recent alcohol consumption
      as the primary measure of intake.

PMID- 2876379
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in Ascaris suum.
AB  - Using histochemical techniques gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity has been
      localized mainly in the cuticle-hypodermis in Ascaris suum. The specific activity
      of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was 3.87 +/- 0.49 mumol h-1 (g tissue)-1 in
      cuticle-hypodermis as compared to gastrointestinal tract, where it was 0.07 +/-
      0.02 mumol h-1 (g tissue)-1, and muscle and reproductive tract where it was less
      than 0.001 mumol h-1 (g tissue)-1. When cuticle sections were incubated with
      labelled glutamine a large portion of the glutamine nitrogen was recovered as
      ammonia which indicated glutamine uptake and utilization by the cuticle
      hypodermis. Collectively these histochemical and biochemical data support the
      fact that gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity is found in the cuticle
      hypodermis of A. suum and this may be an indication that amino acid absorption
      could occur through the cuticle via the gamma-glutamyl cycle.

PMID- 2876381
TI  - Concomitant infection with HTLV-I and HTLV-III in a patient with T8
      lymphoproliferative disease.

PMID- 2876382
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 43-1986. An 11-year-old girl with a rash, ataxia, and cranial
      nerve palsies.

PMID- 2876383
TI  - Improvement in headache associated with prolactinoma during treatment with a
      somatostatin analogue: an "N of 1" study.

PMID- 2876384
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 44-1986. An 80-year-old woman with Paget's disease and severe
      hypercalcemia after a recent fracture.

PMID- 2876385
TI  - Opioid receptors for the dynorphin peptides.

PMID- 2876386
TI  - Reverse phase HPLC of peptides: application to the opioid peptides.

PMID- 2876387
TI  - Enzymes in the metabolism of opioid peptides: isolation, assay, and specificity.

PMID- 2876388
TI  - Virtuoso design of drugs.

PMID- 2876389
TI  - Novel subunit-subunit interactions in the structure of glutamine synthetase.
AB  - We present an atomic model for glutamine synthetase, an enzyme of central
      importance in bacterial nitrogen metabolism, from X-ray crystallography. The 12
      identical subunits are arranged as the carbon atoms in two face-to-face benzene
      rings, with unusual subunit contacts. Our model, which places the active sites at
      the subunit interfaces, suggests a mechanism for the main functional role of
      glutamine synthetase: how the enzyme regulates the rate of synthesis of glutamine
      in response to covalent modification and feedback inhibition.

PMID- 2876391
TI  - Medical education. What now?

PMID- 2876390
TI  - Characterization of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rabbit iris dilator
      smooth muscle.
AB  - Interactions of several alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists with their
      receptors were studied in rabbit and guinea pig iris dilator smooth muscle and
      rabbit aortic strips using pharmacological procedures. In rabbit iris dilators
      and aortic strips, noradrenaline acted as a full agonist, while oxymetazoline,
      clonidine and tizanidine acted as partial agonists. The dissociation constants of
      full and partial agonists in the dilators, calculated after irreversible blockade
      of a proportion of the active receptors with phenoxybenzamine, were similar to
      those in the aortic strips. Furthermore, the relative intrinsic efficacies of
      partial agonists were practically equal in the two tissues, suggesting that these
      drugs act on the same alpha-adrenoceptors. Since the alpha 2-agonists clonidine
      and tizanidine had low affinity in the rabbit dilators, the alpha-adrenoceptors
      in this tissue appear to be of alpha 1-type. These results were further supported
      by the fact that the pA2-value of prazosin, an alpha 1-antagonist, was
      approximately 2 log units higher than that of yohimbine, an alpha 2-antagonist.
      However, pA2-values of four quinazolines (prazosin, bunazosin, SM911 and SM2470)
      and two yohimbine alkaloids (yohimbine and corynanthine) were significantly lower
      in the rabbit dilator muscle than in rabbit aortic strips. Two imidazoline
      antagonists (phentolamine and tolazoline) and a phenethanolamine (labetalol)
      acted on the alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the two tissues nonselectively. These
      results suggest that alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rabbit dilator muscle and
      aortic strips may not be identical and that both selective and nonselective
      antagonists which act on these receptor sites exist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2876393
TI  - [The non-palpable testis; difficulties in diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2876392
TI  - [Diagnosis of cryptorchism: data from a youth health service and surgical
      findings].

PMID- 2876394
TI  - [Prevalence of undescended testis in the first 4 years of life; a longitudinal
      study].

PMID- 2876395
TI  - [Dopamine receptors: fundamental and clinical aspects].

PMID- 2876396
TI  - [Sleeping depression. Psychopathological and biochemical findings in a single
      case analysis].

PMID- 2876397
TI  - Autoradiographic distribution of dynorphin1-9 binding sites in primate brain.
AB  - The autoradiographic distribution of kappa opioid binding sites was evaluated in
      sections of monkey brain using the selective ligand [3H]dynorphin1-9. Kappa
      receptors were highly concentrated in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex, the
      substantia nigra, the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus. Lower levels were seen
      in the outer cortical layers, the caudate nucleus, the claustrum, parts of the
      amygdala and the cerebellum. These data are discussed in relation to the
      distribution in brain of the endogenous kappa-ligand.

PMID- 2876398
TI  - Concentration-dependent suppression by beta-adrenergic antagonists of the shift
      in ocular dominance following monocular deprivation in kitten visual cortex.
AB  - We showed that beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists blocked the shift in ocular
      dominance following brief monocular deprivation in young kittens. Localized
      microperfusion of propranolol into the kitten visual cortex reduced the expected
      shift in the ocular dominance approximately 2 mm away from the center of
      perfusion. The blocking effect, however, did not reach an area approximately 5 mm
      from the perfusion center, suggesting that beta blockers work in a concentration
      dependent fashion in the present paradigm. We further studied the concentration
      effect relationship by widely changing the concentration of beta blockers
      (propranolol and sotalol) stored in an osmotic minipump. The proportion of
      binocular cells increased from 0.13 to 0.67 when the concentration of propranolol
      was increased from 10(-6)M to 10(-2)M, giving the half-maximum effect
      (binocularity, 0.40) at about 10(-4)M propranolol. However, the maximum
      binocularity obtained with the sotalol perfusion under the comparable condition
      was apparently much lower (0.45) than that with propranolol. Accordingly, the
      half-maximum binocularity (0.30) was obtained at about 10(-5)M sotalol. We also
      noted the presence of a linear, inverse relation between the logarithmic
      concentration of the beta blockers and the extent of the shift in ocular
      dominance as measured by the proportion of monocular cells which responded
      exclusively to stimulation of the nondeprived eye. The latter decreased from 0.75
      to 0.25, when the former was increased from 10(-6)M to 10(-2)M (in an osmotic
      minipump). The two beta blockers behaved similarly in this correlation. The
      intracortical spread of locally perfused [3H]propranolol was studied at the end
      of the cortical perfusion which lasted for a week. The radioactivity was highest
      at the perfusion center and rapidly declined with increasing distance, leveling
      off approximately 3 mm from the perfusion center. The average "dilution factor"
      of locally perfused [3H]propranolol was calculated as about 1/170 of the original
      solution in an area of physiological recordings (approximately 2 mm from the
      perfusion center). Applying the "dilution factor" of 1/170, we estimated the
      approximate concentration of beta blockers needed at the recording sites to
      obtain the half-maximum effect; it was about 5.8 X 10(-8)M for sotalol. Taken
      together, the present results were interpreted as suggesting that there is a
      positive correlation between the number of activated beta-adrenergic receptors
      within the visual cortex and the extent of changes in ocular dominance following
      monocular deprivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876399
TI  - Variations in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentration are correlated to
      single cell firing changes in the rat locus coeruleus.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to see whether variations in the catechol oxidation
      peak in the locus coeruleus would be closely related with variations in single
      cell firing, and would be independent of the mechanism triggering the variation
      of neuronal activity. Single unit and electrochemical (differential pulse
      voltammetry) recordings were performed, respectively on the left and right locus
      coeruleus of anaesthetized rats. The variations in single unit activity were
      induced using well known stimulatory mechanisms (yohimbine, hypovolemia, indirect
      activation using a 5-hydroxytryptamine central agonist RU 24969, RU 24722 known
      to activate noradrenergic metabolism), or inhibitory (clonidine, morphine)
      models. This was done in addition to successive activation or inhibition
      (reversal of oxotremorine with scopolamine, antagonism of clonidine by
      piperoxane). In all the experimental conditions, variations in the catechol
      oxidation current followed variations in single cell activity. Furthermore, the
      catechol oxidation current variations correlated significantly to changes in the
      firing rate. Such a close correlation between a catechol oxidation peak, and the
      electrical activity of the locus coeruleus cell bodies supports the use of
      catechol oxidation current variations as a good indirect index of functional
      activity in noradrenergic locus coeruleus perikarya. This suggests a close
      relationship between dopamine metabolism and electrical activity in locus
      coeruleus cell bodies.

PMID- 2876400
TI  - Localization of dynorphin gene product-immunoreactivity in neurons from spinal
      cord and dorsal root ganglia.
AB  - Using spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion cell cultures, we have studied the
      immuno-histochemical distribution of several peptide products of the dynorphin
      gene. With antibody directed toward the midregion of dynorphin A, peptide
      immunoreactivity was found exclusively in the cell bodies of spinal cord neurons.
      Antibody directed toward the amino- or carboxy-terminus of dynorphin A revealed
      peptide-immunoreactivity in the neurites, as well as perikarya. Spinal cord
      neurons also expressed dynorphin B- and alpha-neo-endorphin-immunoreactivities in
      both cell bodies and neurites. Dorsal root ganglion neurons cultured from
      embryonic tissue expressed dynorphin A-(1-13)-, dynorphin A-(9-17)- and dynorphin
      B-immunoreactivities in their perikarya. Sensory neurons obtained from
      dissociated adult ganglia similarly expressed dynorphin-immunoreactivity
      immediately upon inoculation into culture. Embryonic and adult murine sensory
      ganglia from the sacral region more frequently expressed dynorphin than did cells
      obtained from other spinal levels. Expression of dynorphin-immunoreactivity by
      sensory neurons was not influenced by elevated levels of Nerve Growth Factor or
      spinal cord conditioned medium. These data indicate that intrinsic spinal cord
      neurons may modulate sensory and spinal function in rather subtle ways via the
      expression of several different opioid peptide products of the dynorphin gene, in
      addition to the opioid peptides produced by the proenkephalin A gene. Beyond
      this, the observation of dynorphin-related peptides in dorsal root ganglion
      neurons suggests that these opioid peptides may have a specialized role in
      primary afferent neurotransmission.

PMID- 2876402
TI  - [Considerations on the use of long-acting neuroleptics in a mental health
      center].
AB  - In this work the Authors while explaining the clinical results achieved by the
      use of long-acting neuroleptic drugs through the parenteral way, do make a few
      remarks on the psychological aspects connected with their administration as well
      as in their influence on the course of the cure.

PMID- 2876401
TI  - Use of high concentrations of glutaraldehyde for immunocytochemistry of
      transmitter-synthesizing enzymes in the central nervous system.
AB  - Aldehyde fixatives containing high concentrations of glutaraldehyde, usually used
      for conventional electron microscope studies, were successfully used for
      immunocytochemistry of transmitter synthesizing enzymes, glutamate decarboxylase
      and tyrosine hydroxylase, in the rat central nervous system. Although a high
      concentration of glutaraldehyde could cause tremendous non-specific staining,
      this was almost completely absent after treating sections with 1% sodium
      borohydride for 30 min. Furthermore, it was shown that a high concentration of
      glutaraldehyde might cause no appreciable reduction of the antigenicities of
      glutamate decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase when compared with fixatives
      containing a low concentration of glutaraldehyde. It is suggested that fixatives
      containing high concentrations of glutaraldehyde are very useful, not only for
      conventional electron microscope studies, but also for light and electron
      microscope immunocytochemistry of some antigens, including glutamate
      decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2876403
TI  - Oral manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HTLVIII/LAV
      infection.

PMID- 2876404
TI  - [Phimosis and cryptorchism--diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2876405
TI  - [Experience with sulphasalazine (salazopyrin) in the treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis].

PMID- 2876406
TI  - Medication management in patients with chronic non-malignant pain. A review of
      the use of a drug withdrawal protocol.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-four (71%) of 173 patients, admitted consecutively to the
      Inpatient Service of the University of Washington Multidisciplinary Pain Center,
      were consuming narcotic/sedative drugs and 49 (29%) were not. We describe the use
      of a drug withdrawal protocol entailing outpatient drug consumption diaries; a 48
      h inpatient drug profile; the use of drug equivalence tables to convert drugs
      consumed to a methadone/phenobarbital pain cocktail and the subsequent tapering
      of the active contents of the pain cocktail. Diaries reliably revealed the types
      of drug consumed but not extent of consumption. Narcotic consumption in
      particular tends to be underreported. For patients with a history of a drug
      problem and those who consume narcotics heavily during the first day of profile,
      a 48 h profile is appropriate. In others a 24 h profile is safe. Objective signs
      of excessive consumption or a withdrawal syndrome were noted in 2 patients during
      the profile period and in 4 patients during the taper from pain cocktail.
      Published tables appear to give a reasonable estimate of drug equivalence. The
      importance of monitoring patients during the protocol is emphasized.

PMID- 2876407
TI  - [HLA and multiple sclerosis].
AB  - Etiology of and pathogenetic mechanisms in multiple sclerosis are still badly
      known; therapy is thus uncertain and poorly active. Many recent studies have
      nevertheless shown a weak but clear association with HLA-DR2, as the possible
      role of a HTLV-related virus. Infection of genetically sensitive (DR2 positive)
      children would induce an auto-immune disease with a cellular and humoral
      reactivity against myelin antigens. A rather active and certainly harmless
      treatment consists in administration of immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2876409
TI  - The use of biotinylated hybridization probes for routine analysis of unique
      sequences in human DNA.

PMID- 2876408
TI  - Vasculitis.
AB  - Inflammatory changes in blood vessels are a prominent feature of several
      diseases, which can be categorized by the size of the vessels, the nature of the
      inflammatory exudate, and the specific organs involved. The clinical and
      laboratory findings are variable and frequently nonspecific. Therapy ranges from
      essentially just observation to high-dose steroids combined with
      immunosuppressive agents, but treatment must be individualized. Early and correct
      diagnosis is thus important, but because there is considerable overlap between
      diseases, especially in the leukocytoclastic vasculitis group, one should never
      delay initiation of therapy while one is trying to finalize the diagnosis,
      particularly when the patient may be deteriorating rapidly.

PMID- 2876410
TI  - RFLPs for the human apolipoprotein B gene: HincII and PvuII.

PMID- 2876411
TI  - RFLPs for transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) gene at 2p13.

PMID- 2876412
TI  - pHW60, an anonymous single copy clone from the proximal portion of the long arm
      of chromosome 19 (HGM8 assignment no. D19S13).

PMID- 2876413
TI  - BglII polymorphic site downstream to the human apolipoprotein AIV (apoAIV) gene.

PMID- 2876414
TI  - A polymorphic Xba I site within the human von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene
      identified by a vWF cDNA clone.

PMID- 2876415
TI  - Simultaneous infection with Bordetella pertussis and respiratory syncytial virus
      in hospitalized children.
AB  - We compared three groups of hospitalized children with Bordetella pertussis
      infection, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and dual B. pertussis/RSV
      infections in an effort to establish clinical and laboratory criteria by which to
      distinguish children with dual infections from children infected with either
      organism alone. The groups were compared for admission laboratory data, history
      of present illness, perinatal history and immunization history. Children with
      pertussis were more likely to have been premature (less than 37 weeks gestation)
      than children with RSV infections only (11 of 29 vs. 1 of 22, chi square test,
      5.94, P less than 0.02). Other than B. pertussis and RSV fluorescent antibody
      testing and culture, there were no laboratory or clinical criteria by which to
      differentiate these children consistently at the time of hospital admission. For
      purposes of medical management and infection control, pertussis or simultaneous
      infection with pertussis should be considered in young children hospitalized for
      presumed viral respiratory illness.

PMID- 2876416
TI  - Neuropeptide Y is an inhibitor of neural function in the myenteric plexus of the
      guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduced the resting tension of the myenteric plexus
      longitudinal muscle preparation (MP-LM) of the guinea-pig ileum (GPI). NPY in a
      dose-dependent manner also reduced the neurally-mediated excitatory effect of
      cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) sulfated form on this preparation. However,
      NPY, at the concentration used in the study, did not modify the effect of
      exogenous acetylcholine (ACh). All these features were also shared by other
      inhibitory peptides, like somatostatin (SOM) and the enkephalin derivative FK 33
      824. The preparation developed a degree of tachyphylaxis to the inhibitory effect
      of NPY more rapidly than it did to SOM. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of
      neuropeptide Y was of longer duration than the one seen for somatostatin. A
      faster metabolic rate might account for the lower development of tachyphylaxis to
      somatostatin. The presence of the opioid antagonist naloxone did not alter the
      inhibitory features of NPY or SOM. Therefore, the involvement of any endogenous
      opioid in the action of these two inhibitory peptides can be disregarded.

PMID- 2876417
TI  - [Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and molecular polymorphism in persons
      exposed to substances in the petrochemical industry].

PMID- 2876418
TI  - Intrauterine aplastic anemia and fetal hydrops: a case report.
AB  - Fetal hydrops developed in the 8-day interval between two ultrasonographic
      examinations of a pregnant woman who had presented with a revealed placental
      abruption. Chronic ulcerative colitis had been treated with oral prednisone and
      sulfasalazine until the second month of pregnancy and then with prednisone only.
      An autolysed hydropic fetus was delivered at 26 weeks gestation. No hematopoietic
      tissue was identified in the small pale fetal liver, in the bone marrow, or in
      other organs. No cause for hydrops other than the aplastic anemia was identified.

PMID- 2876419
TI  - [Detection by scintigraphy with meta-iodobenzylguanidine of a subclinical tumoral
      thyroid nodule in Sipple's syndrome].

PMID- 2876420
TI  - [Properties of (Ala5, Orn9)-somatostatin. The inhibition of pancreatic and
      hypophyseal hormone secretion in cell culture].
AB  - Ability of Ala5, Orn9-somatostatin to inhibit the secretion of insulin, glucagon,
      somatotropic hormone (STH) and prolactin was tested on the model of primary
      monolayer culture of isolated insular pancreatic and adenohypophyseal cells.
      Chemical substitution performed between positions 5 and 9 in somatostatin
      molecule failed to change essentially hormone's biologic activity in suppression
      of insulin and glucagon in the culture of pancreatic insular cells isolated from
      newborn rats. Somatostatin analog revealed its natural hormonal ability to
      inhibit STH secretion but failed to affect that of prolactin. The results are
      suggestive of the principal possibility to produce somatostatin biologically
      active analog through lyzine residue substitution in position 9 with obligatory
      simultaneous substitution amino acid residue in position 5.

PMID- 2876421
TI  - Activities in nursing ethics: local, national, international.

PMID- 2876422
TI  - [Regulatory subpopulations of T lymphocytes in patients with pulmonary
      tuberculosis].

PMID- 2876423
TI  - Strategies for studying heterogeneous genetic traits in humans by using a linkage
      map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - Simple single-gene disorders in humans can be genetically mapped by using
      traditional methods of linkage analysis and increasingly abundant restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Many human diseases and traits, however,
      can be expected to be genetically heterogeneous (i.e., caused by any one of
      several genes), and traditional linkage analysis is much less effective in such
      circumstances. We present two methods, interval mapping and simultaneous search,
      designed to exploit the full power of a linkage map of the DNA markers. For the
      simplest situations, only 1/3 as many affected families are needed to map a
      heterogeneous trait by using these methods. Only 1/5-1/50 as many are needed to
      detect that genetic heterogeneity is present.

PMID- 2876424
TI  - Genetic linkage between the antigenic group (Ag) variation and the apolipoprotein
      B gene: assignment of the Ag locus.
AB  - The antigenic group (Ag) system of homospecific human serum antigens of low
      density lipoprotein is detected by antiserum from multiply transfused patients. A
      complex series of common Ag alleles has been described, but the biochemical
      nature of this polymorphism is uncertain. Here we report that DNA polymorphisms
      at the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) locus are very closely linked to alleles of
      the Ag system. We also show a strong association between Ag(x) and a polymorphism
      detected with the restriction endonuclease Xba I. We conclude that the
      immunologically determined Ag system represents protein polymorphism of apoB
      rather than primary genetic differences in posttranslational processing or lipid
      binding. These studies therefore demonstrate that the Ag locus is located on the
      short arm of human chromosome 2 in the region p23-p24 to which the apoB gene has
      been assigned. Since the Ag(x) antigen is associated with altered plasma lipid
      levels, this determinant may indicate a functionally important domain of apoB.

PMID- 2876425
TI  - Molecular detection of deletions involving band q14 of chromosome 13 in
      retinoblastomas.
AB  - DNA fragments from a locus spanning 29 kilobases within chromosome band 13q14
      detected deletions in 3 retinoblastomas out of 37 such tumors examined.
      Somatically occurring, homozygous deletions spanning at least 25 kilobases were
      detected in retinoblastomas from two unrelated patients. These deletions are
      bounded by the esterase D locus proximally. In a third patient, both tumor cells
      and leukocytes have a deletion of one chromosome 13 homolog, with one end of the
      deletion localized to a 1.55-kilobase fragment within the cloned region. It is
      likely that the cloned locus is within a few hundred kilobases of the
      retinoblastoma gene (i.e., the locus governing predisposition to such tumors) and
      that the deletions detected also involve the retinoblastoma gene. Further, it may
      be possible to base a successful approach to the isolation of the retinoblastoma
      gene on this assumed physical proximity of the two loci.

PMID- 2876426
TI  - Polymorphisms in the human haptoglobin gene cluster: chromosomes with multiple
      haptoglobin-related (Hpr) genes.
AB  - We have found polymorphisms for the number of tandemly arranged haptoglobin
      related (Hpr) genes in the haptoglobin gene cluster of Blacks. Genomic mapping
      and nucleotide sequence analysis indicate that two copies of the Hpr gene first
      resulted from unequal but homologous crossing-over in a region 3' to the
      haptoglobin (Hp) and the haptoglobin-related genes. Subsequent increases in the
      number of Hpr loci have occurred in some chromosomes. Among 25 American Blacks
      studied (15 were unrelated), 2 related individuals have one extra copy of the Hpr
      gene and 5 unrelated individuals have more than two extra Hpr genes. None of 26
      Whites and one Oriental studied have extra copies. In one of the Blacks, six
      tandemly arranged Hpr genes were demonstrated in one chromosome by pulsed field
      gradient electrophoresis. His other chromosome had one Hpr gene. The tandem Hpr
      genes were found in individuals with the haptoglobin genotypes Hp2/Hp2 (3 of 3
      tested) and Hp2/Hp1 (4 of 11 tested), but none were found in the Hp1/Hp1
      individuals (11 tested). Fibroblast cell cultures from two Hp2/Hp1 heterozygotes
      were fused to mouse cells to obtain cell lines retaining a human chromosome 16 on
      which the haptoglobin gene cluster is located. DNA analysis of the hybrid cells
      showed that in both individuals the tandemly arranged Hpr genes are linked to the
      Hp2 allele. These results suggest that the multiple copies are associated with
      the Hp2 gene.

PMID- 2876427
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase is expressed by neocortical neurons after transplantation.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase [TyrOHase; L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen
      oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2], an essential enzyme in the
      synthesis of catecholamines, is expressed normally by neurons in the brainstem
      but not by those in mature neocortex. When embryonic neocortex is transplanted
      into adult neocortex, TyrOHase-immunoreactive cells develop and continue to be
      present in the transplants for the life of the host animal. The percentage of
      transplant neurons that express TyrOHase is highly correlated with the age of the
      embryonic donor tissue at the time of transplantation. Many TyrOHase
      immunoreactive cells are present in transplants from embryonic day 12 (E12)
      embryos. The labeled cells are frequently arrayed in striking clusters of cell
      bodies and their processes, which ramify densely within the transplants. Moderate
      numbers of cells are found scattered throughout transplants from E14 donors,
      while E17 donors consistently develop small numbers of TyrOHase-containing cells.
      Tissue removed for transplantation on the day before birth (E19) never contains
      cells that express TyrOHase. The TyrOHase-positive cells are mostly bipolar and
      stellate in shape and show neither immunoreactivity for other catecholamine
      synthesizing enzymes nor catecholamine fluorescence. These results provide a
      demonstration of continued TyrOHase synthesis in central nervous system cells
      that normally do not express this enzyme. Because of these and similar results
      with other neurotransmitter enzymes, the transplantation paradigm is particularly
      useful as a technique for studying the factors that regulate enzyme induction and
      activity during development of the nervous system.

PMID- 2876428
TI  - Somatostatin selectively enhances acetylcholine-induced excitations in rat
      hippocampus and cortex.
AB  - The neuronal effects of somatostatin-14 (SS-14) and its influence on responses to
      acetylcholine (AcCho) were studied in vivo in the rat parietal cortex and dorsal
      hippocampus, using single-unit recording and microiontophoresis. SS-14 inhibited
      spontaneous firing of nearly all cells tested, while AcCho facilitated their
      firing. In contrast to its direct slowing effect, sustained iontophoretic
      application of SS-14 enhanced AcCho-induced excitations in 78% of all cells
      tested. This AcCho-enhancing effect of SS-14 was dose dependent. SS-14 did not
      enhance the responsiveness to pulses of the excitatory amino acid glutamate.
      Neurons tonically driven by iontophoretic currents of AcCho responded to
      concurrent pulses of SS-14 with an increase in firing. Thus, iontophoretic
      application of SS-14 can produce qualitatively different effects on the
      spontaneous activity of its target cells depending on the simultaneous effects of
      other chemical messengers. These condition-dependent interactions may explain the
      diverse neuronal effects of SS-14 reported in the literature.

PMID- 2876429
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the plasma membrane ATPase of Neurospora crassa: deduction
      from genomic and cDNA sequences.
AB  - The plasma membrane of Neurospora crassa contains an electrogenic H+-ATPase (EC
      3.6.1.35), for which we have isolated and sequenced both genomic and cDNA clones.
      The ATPase gene is interrupted by four small introns (58-124 base pairs). It
      encodes a protein of 920 amino acids (Mr, 99,886) possessing as many as eight
      transmembrane segments. The Neurospora ATPase shows significant amino acid
      sequence homology with the Na+,K+- and Ca2+-transporting ATPases of animal cells,
      particularly in regions that appear to be involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis.

PMID- 2876431
TI  - Substance B: an endogenous brain factor that reverses presynaptic inhibition of
      acetylcholine release.
AB  - Evidence is presented of the existence of a substance in brain (substance B) that
      reverses presynaptic inhibition of evoked acetylcholine (AcCho) release. Addition
      of guinea pig brain synaptosomal incubation medium or whole brain extracts to
      assays in which 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium-evoked release of [3H]AcCho
      from guinea pig myenteric plexus synaptosomes reversed purinergic, muscarinic,
      and alpha 2-adrenergic agonist inhibition. However, the extracts did not increase
      basal or evoked release of AcCho. Results of chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2 of a
      concentrated whole brain extract suggest this factor has an Mr of 700. Substance
      B was resistant to boiling under acid or alkaline conditions as well as
      incubation with phospholipase C and various proteases; ashing, however,
      completely destroyed activity. This endogenous factor was also found to
      antagonize agonist-mediated inhibition of electrically evoked contractions of
      myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips from the guinea pig ileum. The
      demonstration of substance B with its ability to reverse presynaptic inhibition
      of AcCho release reveals one mode of presynaptic modulation.

PMID- 2876430
TI  - Human triose-phosphate isomerase deficiency: a single amino acid substitution
      results in a thermolabile enzyme.
AB  - Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI; D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC
      5.3.1.1) deficiency is a recessive disorder that results in hemolytic anemia and
      neuromuscular dysfunction. To determine the molecular basis of this disorder, a
      TPI allele from two unrelated patients homozygous for TPI deficiency was compared
      with an allele from a normal individual. Each disease-associated sequence harbors
      a G X C----C X G transversion in the codon for amino acid-104 and specifies a
      structurally altered protein in which a glutamate residue is replaced by an
      aspartate residue. The importance of glutamate-104 to enzyme structure and
      function is implicated by its conservation in the TPI protein of all species that
      have been characterized to date. The glutamate-to-aspartate substitution results
      in a thermolabile enzyme as demonstrated by assays of TPI activity in cultured
      fibroblasts of each patient and cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that
      were stably transformed with the mutant alleles. Although this substitution
      conserves the overall charge of amino acid-104, the x-ray crystal structure of
      chicken TPI indicates that the loss of a side-chain methylene group (-CH2CH2COO- 
      --- -CH2COO-) is sufficient to disrupt the counterbalancing of charges that
      normally exists within a hydrophobic pocket of the native enzyme.

PMID- 2876432
TI  - The Florey lecture, 1986. The regulatory biology of antibody formation.
AB  - The regulatory biology of antibody formation entered a new phase of study with
      the development of selective theories of immunity. The discovery of the 'one cell
      - one antibody' dogma and the demonstration that only a small minority of B cells
      possessed receptors specific for a given antigen were consistent with Burnet's
      clonal selection hypothesis, which was later formally proven by preparing antigen
      specific lymphocytes and inducing clonal activation in vitro. Clonal analysis has
      aided precise study of immunoregulation for both B and T lymphocytes. Clonal
      activation of B cells in the absence of T cells is now possible with high cloning
      efficiency. It requires the combined action of certain antigens and growth
      factors, collectively termed B-cell stimulatory factors (BSFS). Single cell
      analysis has shown that most BSFS so far tested, in contrast to most claims in
      the literature, possess the capacity (in synergy with antigen) to: stimulate B
      cells out of the G0 phase into active cell cycle; promote sequential mitotic
      divisions; and induce differentiation to active secretory status. This is clearly
      true for IL-1, IL-2, and BSF-p2. These multiple actions resemble those of the
      colony-stimulating factors in haemopoiesis. Regulation of antibody production by
      T lymphocytes can also be profitably analysed in clonal systems. The
      immunoregulatory problem of tolerance can also be analysed by means of clonal
      techniques. Studies are summarized which indicate that T-cell-mediated
      suppression and functional silencing of toleragen-specific lymphocytes are both
      cooperatively involved in many tolerance models. For the B lymphocyte, tolerance
      can be induced without an actual deletion of the cell involved; rather, the
      tolerant cell appears to have received and stored a negative signal, rendering it
      unresponsive to normally immunogenic stimuli. Thus, a state termed 'clonal
      anergy' has been induced within the cell. Functional clonal deletion has also
      been noted in several models to T-lymphocyte tolerance, but here it is not known
      whether clonal anergy or actual death of the relevant cell is at work. Self
      tolerance sufficient to be consistent with good health need not mean a total
      absence of cells with any degree of self-reactivity. Indeed, it is clear that
      some B cells capable of forming antibody with some degree of affinity for self
      constituents exist in the body, and can be activated, for example by
      lipopolysaccharide. The requirement is to limit the amount, affinity and duration
      of autoantibody production. A model suggesting how this may be achieved is
      presented.

PMID- 2876433
TI  - Panum's phenomenon and the confluence of signals from the two eyes in
      stereoscopy.
AB  - The signals from the two eyes must be routed to allow either eye to have access
      to the processing mechanisms for position, shape, colour, etc.; at the same time,
      information as to the eye of origin must be retained for the purposes of
      stereoscopy. The study of this confluence of signals from the two eyes was
      approached psychophysically by studying induced position and depth changes of
      adjacent binocular and monocular stimuli in the human fovea. It was demonstrated
      that a monocular visual stimulus located near a binocular one acquires a depth
      signal, according to a scheme originally proposed by Panum. The effect is
      unspecific as regards feature shape and brightness, and falls off with a length
      constant of about 15 minutes of arc in the fovea. A monocular stimulus also
      affects the apparent depth of its binocular neighbour in a centre-surround
      manner; disparity pooling changes to disparity repulsion when features are
      separated by distances of about 3 minutes of arc in the fovea. The findings led
      to the development of a scheme of uniocular connectivity to a matrix of depth
      units. Excitation patterns here would depend on the state of the input lines, the
      intrinsic neuronal interaction properties, and contextural configuring influences
      from other parts of the nervous system. Experiments showing the spatial extent of
      pooling and repulsive interaction within the disparity domain help to
      characterize the stimulus processing in this neural ensemble.

PMID- 2876436
TI  - Analgesic effectiveness of topically applied dynorphin on human dental pulp.

PMID- 2876435
TI  - Stimulant action of ethanol on posttetanic potentiation of hindlimb monosynaptic
      reflexes.

PMID- 2876434
TI  - Capsaicin-induced beta-adrenergic action on energy metabolism in rats: influence
      of capsaicin on oxygen consumption, the respiratory quotient, and substrate
      utilization.
AB  - The mode of action of capsaicin on energy metabolism was investigated in rats.
      The oxygen consumption was higher when capsaicin (6.0 mg/kg) was
      intraperitoneally injected than when it was not injected. The respiratory
      quotient (R.Q.) increased and then decreased after the administration of
      capsaicin. The levels of serum glucose and immunoreactive insulin rapidly
      increased after the administration of capsaicin. Also, liver glycogen rapidly
      decreased, in contrast to the serum glucose concentration which rapidly
      increased. The serum-free fatty acid level gradually increased after the
      administration of capsaicin. These alterations in energy metabolism on the
      administration of capsaicin were similar to those in the metabolism of
      epinephrine, and were specifically inhibited by various beta-adrenergic blockers.
      On the other hand, the alterations were not affected by pretreatment with alpha
      adrenergic or ganglion blockers. These results suggest that the mode of action of
      capsaicin on the enhancement of energy metabolism in rats comprises a direct (as
      an agonist) and/or an indirect (via catecholamine) beta-adrenergic action.
      Therefore, it was speculated that the adrenergic action of capsaicin resulted, at
      least in part, in a decrease in the perirenal adipose tissue weight and serum
      triglyceride concentration in rats fed a high fat diet supplemented with
      capsaicin (T. Kawada et al., J Nutr 116:1272-1278, 1986).

PMID- 2876437
TI  - The modulation of generation/function of human cytotoxic lymphocytes by
      autacoids: unusually compartmentalized cAMP?

PMID- 2876438
TI  - Functional antagonism of isoprenaline, salmefamol, fenoterol and pindolol by
      carbachol, methacholine and histamine in guinea pig isolated trachealis.

PMID- 2876440
TI  - Autonomic changes elicited by chemical stimulation of mediodorsal nucleus of the
      thalamus.
AB  - Chronic indwelling cannulas were implanted in the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the
      thalamus in New Zealand albino rabbits. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP),
      respiration and electromyographic activity (EMG) were recorded subsequent to the
      injection of saline, l-glutamate, or carbachol through the previously implanted
      cannulas. Dose related decreases in HR and increases in BP were obtained after
      administration of both l-glutamate and carbachol at doses in the micromolar
      range. Control injections through cannulas chronically implanted in the overlying
      hippocampus or adjacent ventricles resulted in dramatic HR and BP baseline
      changes in a parasympathetic direction (viz HR and BP decreases) suggesting that
      the effects obtained with MD placements were due to chemical stimulation of MD.
      Responses elicited from MD in the present experiment were similar, but not
      identical, to those produced by electrical stimulation of MD, suggesting that the
      latter effects were not due to stimulation of fibers of passage.

PMID- 2876439
TI  - The antianxiety effect of beta-blockers on punished responding.
AB  - Clinically effective anxiolytic drugs generally increase responding that is
      suppressed by punishment. Although beta-adrenergic antagonists have been reported
      to reduce anxiety in humans, such effects have not been reported reliably in
      animal punishment procedures. In the present study, three pigeons were trained to
      key peck under a multiple schedule. In the presence of a white light every
      thirtieth response produced grain. In the presence of a red light every thirtieth
      response produced grain and electric shock which suppressed responding to
      approximately 10 percent of that occurring in the alternate component.
      Propranolol (1.0-5.6 mg/kg) and, less reliably, atenolol significantly increased
      punished responding in a dose-related manner; propranolol effects were
      approximately twice as large as those of atenolol. Both drugs no more than weakly
      increased unpunished response rates at doses that increased punished responding.
      These results suggest that beta-blockers have an antianxiety effect on punished
      behavior, and that peripheral beta-blockade, the predominant action of beta
      blockers regardless of whether they readily penetrate the brain, is likely to be
      involved in this effect.

PMID- 2876441
TI  - Effects of neuroleptic drugs on the inhibition of exploratory behaviour induced
      by a low dose of apomorphine: implications for the identity of dopamine
      receptors.
AB  - Apomorphine in low doses inhibits spontaneous exploratory behaviour in rats. This
      effect is commonly referred to as an expression of selective stimulation of
      dopaminergic autoreceptors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the
      influence of neuroleptic drugs with different pharmacological profiles on this
      apomorphine induced inhibition of exploration using techniques for detailed
      recording of behaviour and multivariate statistical analysis of the results. By
      comparison with dose response analyses of apomorphine it was possible to
      determine whether a neuroleptic specifically antagonised the apomorphine effect
      or if the pattern of behaviour was qualitatively changed in some way. Apomorphine
      (0.05 mg/kg) was tested against cis-flupenthixol (0.01-0.5 mg/kg), haloperidol
      (0.01-0.1 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.2-5 mg-kg), sulpiride (0.5-50 mg/kg) and SCH
      23390 (0.005-0.05 mg/kg). Metoclopramide and haloperidol had weak antagonising
      effects against apomorphine while cis-flupenthixol and SCH 23390 was completely
      inefficient in this respect. The multivariate analysis indicated that the effects
      of haloperidol was restricted to only some aspects of the behavioural effects of
      apomorphine. Only sulpiride did selectively and dose-dependently antagonise the
      apomorphine induced behavioural suppression. The data provide evidence for a
      functional subdivision of dopamine receptors at the behavioural level.

PMID- 2876442
TI  - Interaction of famotidine with rat liver microsomes, a study showing less
      inhibition of drug metabolism than with cimetidine.
AB  - Interaction of famotidine with rat liver microsomes and its effect on drug
      metabolism in vitro were studied. Famotidine interacted with liver microsomes
      obtained from untreated, phenobarbital-pretreated and 3-methylcholanthrene
      pretreated rats to produce characteristic type II spectral changes with peaks at
      423-426 nm and troughs at 387-390 nm. The spectral dissociation constants were in
      the range of 0.84-0.94 mM. Famotidine inhibited aminopyrine N-demethylase
      activity to a much lesser extent than did cimetidine. The extent of inhibition at
      a concentration of 5 mM of famotidine was from 12 to 18% for the microsomes from
      the rats with different pretreatments. In contrast, 5 mM of cimetidine inhibited
      the activity 80, 59 and 80% in the microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital
      pretreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats, respectively. Both
      famotidine and cimetidine inhibited aminopyrine N-demethylase in a mixed-type
      manner for the microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats, with inhibition
      constants of 4.7 and 0.7 mM, respectively. These results demonstrate that
      famotidine is an in vitro inhibitor of microsomal drug metabolism in rats but is
      much less inhibitory than cimetidine.

PMID- 2876444
TI  - [Interaction between macromolecular adjuvants and drugs. 24. Improvement of the
      solubility characteristics of benzodiazepine derivatives with
      polyvinylpyrrolidone].
AB  - Solubility and dissolution rate of the benzodiazepine derivatives
      chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, medazepam, nitrazepam and clonazepam has been
      improved by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K 30). Increasing concentrations of
      the carrier as well as the preparation of coprecipitates usually supported the
      effect (less physical mixtures). Regarding to the dissolution PVP has a positive
      effect on the initial phase of dissolution particularly. Under the experimental
      conditions described an interaction between drugs and carrier was revealed
      increasing with the concentration of PVP. These interactions were of endothermic
      character. Connections between dissolution and binding results were evident.
      Differential thermal analysis and x-ray diffractometric studies probably refer to
      a partial amorphous form of the drugs, especially in coprecipitates with a higher
      concentration of PVP.

PMID- 2876443
TI  - 6-Aminonicotinamide: EEG changes and effects on the activities of enzymes related
      to glutamate metabolism in rat brain regions.
AB  - 6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN), an antimetabolite of pyridine nucleotide synthesis,
      caused time dependent and regionally selective changes in the activities of the
      enzymes related to glutamate metabolism in the brain. The NAD+- and NADP+-linked
      glutamate dehydrogenase showed opposite pattern of changes in cerebellum, whereas
      cerebral hemispheres and brain stem exhibited similar response. Glutamate
      oxaloacetate transaminase (aspartate aminotransferase) and malate dehydrogenase,
      the functional enzymes of malate-aspartate shuttle, were decreased in soluble
      fraction of cerebral hemispheres and increased significantly in cerebellum after
      16 hours of drug administration. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (alanine
      aminotransferase) also showed an increase in the activity in cerebellum and brain
      stem after 8 hours of drug treatment. The EEG patterns obtained from 6-AN treated
      animals showed periodic bursts, turning to convulsive polyspike activity between
      8-16 hours, indicating the onset of comatose-like stage. The results indicate
      that glutamate metabolism offers considerable anaplerotic potentials following
      impaired energy state after 6-AN treatment.

PMID- 2876445
TI  - Neuroanatomical, neuropharmacological and neurobiochemical target systems for
      antipsychotic activity of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2876446
TI  - Stress-induced analgesia: adaptive pain suppression.
AB  - In this paper we have examined the phenomenon of stress-induced analgesia. We
      have described the procedures used to measure analgesia and have suggested that
      the tests can be designed not only to indicate changes in pain threshold but also
      to allow for the determination of the capacity to execute adaptive behavior.
      Aside from enabling the analysis of responses, tests that induce reflexive as
      well as nonreflexive behavior may have the capacity to separate the more complex
      aspects of pain such as the possible presence of two components of pain,
      sensory/discriminative and motivational/affective. These components may be of
      fundamental importance for any attempt to understand the biological significance
      of SIA. Our examination of the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems has
      revealed that they are affected by the same manipulations that induce SIA. These
      amines and perhaps peptides play an integral role in learning, motivation, and
      performance. We conclude that the functional advantage of a reduction of pain
      during stressful situations is significant because it allows the animal to react
      in threatening and perhaps critical situations as if there were no pain. Once the
      pain system is inhibited, other systems modulate and mediate adaptive responses
      that expedite the survival of the animal.

PMID- 2876447
TI  - In vitro amoebicidal testing of natural products; Part I. Methodology.

PMID- 2876448
TI  - Management of foot injuries with free-muscle flaps.
AB  - Transfer of a free-muscle graft with application of a split-thickness skin graft
      is one of many techniques available for reconstruction of the massive foot
      injury. The durability of such a reconstruction has been questioned. We have
      treated nine patients suffering from foot injuries with extensive soft-tissue
      loss. Each patient underwent reconstruction using a free-muscle transfer covered
      by a split-thickness skin graft. A mean follow-up of 33 months (range 17 to 48
      months) is reported for these nine patients. Each patient is ambulatory. One
      patient developed an ulcer on the plantar surface, which was treated successfully
      by flap revision and skin grafting. We feel this technique provides a durable
      reconstruction for significant soft-tissue loss of the foot.

PMID- 2876449
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia: natural history studies assist the pursuit of preventive
      therapies.

PMID- 2876450
TI  - Intrastriatal injection of DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5) induces
      sniffing stereotypy that is antagonized by haloperidol and clozapine.
AB  - DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5), which blocks glutamatergic
      transmission at the NMDA-preferring receptor, was injected into the antero-dorsal
      striatum of rats. AP-5-induced behavioural changes were assessed i) using a
      stereotypy rating scale and ii) using an experimental chamber designed to
      quantify sniffing. In both behavioural situations it was shown that AP-5 (10
      micrograms/0.5 microliter) induced continuous intensive sniffing similar to that
      induced by small doses of systemically administered amphetamine or apomorphine.
      However, oral stereotypies were not induced by AP-5. Systemically injected
      clozapine (5 and 10 mg/kg SC) as well as haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg IP) antagonized
      AP-5-induced sniffing. These results show that besides dopamine receptors, NMDA
      receptors are involved in the control of sniffing. In behavioural terms, the
      effect of glutamate mediated by the NMDA receptor in the striatum is opposite to
      that of dopamine.

PMID- 2876452
TI  - Neuroleptic reduction of cocaine-induced paranoia but not euphoria?
AB  - Central dopaminergic activation is hypothesized to underly schizophrenia and,
      paradoxically, stimulant euphoria. Four cocaine abusers with histories of
      stimulant-induced paranoid psychoses reported selective reduction in psychotic
      symptoms but not euphoria when treated with dopamine blockers. This provides
      preliminary evidence against efficacy of neuroleptics in cocaine abuse
      prevention, and suggests euphoria and paranoia may have discriminable
      neurophysiological substrates.

PMID- 2876451
TI  - Citalopram: clinical effect profile in comparison with clomipramine. A controlled
      multicenter study. Danish University Antidepressant Group.
AB  - The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram was compared with
      clomipramine in a multicenter clinical study. From a total of 150 depressed
      patients (age 18-65 years), 114 patients with a Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS)
      total score greater than or equal to 18 at the end of a 1 week placebo period
      were started on treatment with either citalopram (40 mg/day) or clomipramine (150
      mg/day) (fixed, single daily dose). Patients stratified according to diagnostic
      rating (Newcastle Inventory, endogenous/non-endogenous) were randomly allocated
      to treatment groups using double blind principles. In total, 102 patients
      completed more than 2 weeks, treatment and were included in the analyses of
      therapeutic effect. The two drug groups were comparable in terms of sex, age, and
      departmental distribution. Categorical measurements of therapeutic effect based
      on the HDS total score showed that in the endogenously depressed patients a
      significantly higher percentage of patients on clomipramine (n = 37) than on
      citalopram (n = 38) were classified as complete responders (HDS total less than
      or equal to 7) after 3, 4 and 5 weeks of treatment. In the non-endogenously
      depressed patients (clomipramine: n = 15, citalopram: n = 12) rather similar
      numerical differences were observed (P less than 0.05 at 5th week). In the total
      patient group the percentage of complete response after 5 weeks was about 60 in
      the clomipramine group (n = 52) and about 30 in the citalopram group (n = 50) (P
      less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876454
TI  - Treatment length in post-traumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2876455
TI  - Alteration of lactase and aminopeptidase N expression in porcine enterocytes by
      energy intake and environment.
AB  - The influence of nutrition, environmental temperature and time of feeding on
      lactase and aminopeptidase N activities in enterocytes of young pigs has been
      investigated. Animals were kept in the cold (10 degrees C) or warm (35 degrees C)
      and given either a high or low energy intake. In animals from the cold, lactase
      activity as determined by scanning microdensitometry was significantly lower at 4
      h after a meal than it was in animals from the warm. At 6 h, the activities were
      similar in all groups, while at 20-24 h after feeding, lactase activity was much
      greater in those kept at 10 degrees C than in those at 35 degrees C. Level of
      energy intake had no statistically significant effect and no differences were
      found with respect to aminopeptidase N. The possibility that these differences in
      lactase activity are related to thyroid hormone metabolism and energy supply in
      relation to demand is discussed.

PMID- 2876453
TI  - Behavioral differentiation between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic components
      of the interaction of antidepressants or neuroleptics with methamphetamine.
AB  - This study proposes a method capable of separating the pharmacodynamic from the
      pharmacokinetic component in the methamphetamine (MA) hyperactivity potentiation
      induced by antidepressants. Several antidepressants and neuroleptics, other
      centrally-acting drugs and the inhibitor of hepatic drug metabolism SKF 525-A
      were studied. The motility counts taken between 10 and 20 min after MA injection
      were considered as an index of pharmacodynamic interaction and the whole duration
      of the hyperactivity syndrome as an index of pharmacokinetic interaction. The
      duration of MA effect was prolonged by some of the drugs studied and left
      unchanged by the others regardless of their clinical classification. On the
      contrary, our evaluation of the intensity of MA effect produced a sharp
      differentiation between classical neuroleptics and typical antidepressants: the
      former antagonized and the latter potentiated MA peak intensity. Only the D-2
      blocking neuroleptics sulpiride and tiapride potentiated MA intensity. Regarding
      the specificity of our model, none of the compounds known to be devoid of
      clinical antidepressant or antipsychotic activity interacted with MA in such a
      way as to be included in either category. As to the sensitivity of the test, two
      "false negatives" were obtained: the neuroleptic clozapine and the antidepressant
      mianserin. Such exceptions were discussed taking into account their peculiar
      mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2876456
TI  - Ulcerative colitis in West Indian immigrants.
AB  - Over a 15-year period six patients (five female) of Afro-Caribbean origin
      presented with ulcerative colitis from a community of this ethnic extraction
      numbering 47,000 persons. The disease was characterised by an acute severe
      presentation, extensively affected bowel, an active course of disease and a
      propensity for severe hypersensitive reactions to oral sulphasalazine. These
      findings are of particular implication in the management of ulcerative colitis in
      West Indians.

PMID- 2876457
TI  - Postural hypotension--pathophysiology and management.

PMID- 2876458
TI  - [Technical advances in the preparation of a solder between a Co-Cr-Mo alloy and a
      precious metal].

PMID- 2876459
TI  - Takayasu arteritis: radiographic and angiographic findings in 59 patients.
AB  - Fifty-nine patients (57 females, two males) with Takayasu arteritis were
      retrospectively evaluated. Chest radiographs were abnormal in 68% of patients in
      whom they were obtained (n = 49). Aortic contour changes and calcification were
      frequent findings. Sixty-eight percent of patients who underwent total
      aortography (n = 50) had panaortitis, and 28% had involvement confined to the
      thoracic aorta and/or its branches. Stenosis was the most common angiographic
      finding in the aorta and its branches, but occlusion (n = 4), aneurysm (n = 3),
      and dilatation (n = 15) were not infrequent. Adventitial vascular structures (the
      vasa vasorum) were seen in three cases. Eighty-six percent (n = 21) of pulmonary
      arteriograms showed abnormalities. Occlusion was by far the most common finding.
      There was no predilection for any lobe nor correlation with systemic arteritis.
      It was concluded that Takayasu arteritis characteristically involves the systemic
      and the pulmonary arteries independently. Total aortography and pulmonary
      arteriography are necessary to diagnose and evaluate the extent of the disease.

PMID- 2876460
TI  - Interventional radiology: challenges and initiatives.

PMID- 2876461
TI  - How can you help all those frightened patients?

PMID- 2876462
TI  - Carbamylcholine, but not somatostatin or neurotensin, stimulates prostaglandin E2
      release from the isolated perfused rat stomach.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 release by carbamylcholine (10(-6) M), somatostatin (10(-10)-10(
      8) M) and neurotensin (10(-10) - 10(-8) M) has been evaluated in the isolated
      perfused rat stomach. Carbamylcholine significantly stimulated gastric PGE2
      release and increased the perfusion pressure, whereas somatostatin and
      neurotensin had no effect. Combination of carbamylcholine with somatostatin or
      neurotensin produced no increase over that found with carbamylcholine alone. The
      relationship between perfusion-pressure and PGE2 release was not causal. The
      present findings do not support a role for prostaglandins in the mechanism of
      somatostatin or neurotensin action in the stomach.

PMID- 2876463
TI  - [Radiological aspects of multiple endocrine neoplasms (MEN), type 3 or 2B].

PMID- 2876464
TI  - [Diseases caused by immune complexes associated with hepatitis B virus].

PMID- 2876465
TI  - [A thyroid nodule presenting diagnostic difficulty].

PMID- 2876466
TI  - [Anesthetic model in orthotopic transplant of the liver in the pig].

PMID- 2876467
TI  - [Determination of ischemia threshold in angina pectoris and its therapeutic
      usefulness].

PMID- 2876468
TI  - Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of hepatic coccidiosis with sulphadimethoxine
      and pyrimethamine.
AB  - The activity of a mixture of sulphadimethoxine and pyrimethamine (10:3) as
      prophylactic medication and prophylactic and therapeutic medication was studied
      in rabbits experimentally infected with Eimeria stiedai. The haematocrit index
      (packed cell volume) and haemoglobin levels were studied for assessment of drug
      toxicity. The activity in serum of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine
      aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were
      studied as indicators of hepatic lesions. Parasite development was followed on
      the basis of the presence of oocysts; other parameters were analysed in order to
      monitor the performance of infected animals. All the parameters studied showed
      that the chemoprophylactic medication provided efficient control of the infection
      and of the hepatic lesions. Serum AST activity was seen to be a good indicator of
      the effect of the drugs on the liver.

PMID- 2876469
TI  - Interactions between vecuronium and suxamethonium in the dog.
AB  - The non-depolarising muscle relaxant vecuronium (0.2 mg kg-1) was administered to
      four dogs. At 50 per cent return of neuromuscular activity, as measured by the
      train-of-four technique, the depolarising muscle relaxant suxamethonium (0.3 mg
      kg-1) was injected intravenously. At 50 per cent return of neuromuscular activity
      reversal of the block was achieved with atropine and neostigmine. The duration of
      action of suxamethonium was reduced by the prior administration of vecuronium. In
      the second series of experiments the order of administration of the suxamethonium
      and vecuronium was reversed. Suxamethonium (0.3 mg kg-1) was administered first
      and at 50 per cent recovery vecuronium (0.2 mg kg-1) was given. At 50 per cent
      recovery of the twitch response after vecuronium administration the block was
      reversed with atropine and neostigmine. The previous administration of
      suxamethonium prolonged the duration of the vecuronium induced neuromuscular
      block.

PMID- 2876470
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: clinical and epidemiologic aspects].

PMID- 2876471
TI  - [Treatment of duodenal ulcer with histamine H2 antagonists and alkalies].

PMID- 2876472
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in the aged].

PMID- 2876473
TI  - [Relation between arterial hypertension and the short- and long-term aspects of
      clinical development following a 1st myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2876474
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and ischemic cardiopathy].

PMID- 2876475
TI  - [Prevention of the increase of exertional blood pressure in patients with
      borderline essential hypertension. Comparative study of the effects of nifedipine
      and/or propranolol].

PMID- 2876476
TI  - [Electrocardiographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic correlations in young
      hypertensives during the exercise test].

PMID- 2876477
TI  - [Intravenous administration of labetalol in the treatment of hypertensive
      emergencies].

PMID- 2876478
TI  - [Treatment of malignant arterial hypertension with captopril].

PMID- 2876479
TI  - [Intraventricular thrombosis and systemic thromboembolism following acute
      myocardial infarction--retrospective study of 709 patients].

PMID- 2876480
TI  - [Anatomo-clinical correlations regarding microcirculation in cicatricial
      myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2876481
TI  - [Recurrent acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2876482
TI  - [The esophageal electrocardiographic route in the study of atrioventricular
      conduction].

PMID- 2876483
TI  - [Serum zinc and copper in patients with thromboangiitis obliterans of the lower
      limbs].

PMID- 2876484
TI  - [Neural liquid and pain, XVIIth-XVIIIth centuries].

PMID- 2876485
TI  - Nocturnal myoclonus: treatment efficacy of clonazepam and temazepam.
AB  - Clonazepam (1 mg h.s.) and temazepam (30 mg h.s.) were studied in 10 patients
      diagnosed as having insomnia with nocturnal myoclonus. Each subject underwent two
      nocturnal polysomnographic recordings while drug-free, two during treatment with
      clonazepam, and two during treatment with temazepam. Treatment sessions were 7
      days long, and recordings were done on nights 6 and 7 of the treatment sessions.
      A 14-day washout period separated the treatment sessions. The order of drugs used
      in the first and second treatment sessions was randomized. Objective and
      subjective sleep laboratory data showed that both drugs improved the sleep of
      patients with insomnia in association with nocturnal myoclonus. Neither drug
      significantly reduced the number of nocturnal myoclonic events. Sleep changes
      were consistent with those produced by sedative benzodiazepines in general. Thus,
      the data support clinical reports that clonazepam, a benzodiazepine marketed for
      the indication of seizure, is useful in improving sleep disturbances associated
      with nocturnal myoclonus. Temazepam, a benzodiazepine marketed for the indication
      of insomnia, was found to be a suitable alternative to clonazepam in the
      treatment of insomnia associated with nocturnal myoclonus. The present data and
      other studies suggest the need for a model that explains why leg movements and
      sleep disturbances may wax and wane independently.

PMID- 2876486
TI  - [Therapeutic aspects of infantile asthma. Part I].

PMID- 2876487
TI  - [The menopause. Vasomotor flushing: physiopathology and treatment].
AB  - Considered for a long time as an unavoidable phenomenon secondary to a sudden
      reduction in hormones, the vaso-motor flushes of menopause have generated, these
      past few years, a renewal of interest for two reasons: 1) A better knowledge of
      the etiological mechanisms and experimental and therapeutic observations lead to
      believe at the present time that their origin is at a central level
      (hypothalamus) with upsetting of the balance of the cerebral neuro-transmitters;
      this upsetting seems to be the common mechanism of occurrence of the sudden
      flushes and the hormonal disorders observed during this phenomenon. 2) The
      possibility to use (beside the classical hormonal means) non hormonal products,
      especially Veralipride, which acts directly at the level of the cerebral neuro
      transmitters.

PMID- 2876488
TI  - A new diagnostic immunoassay for proximal tubule injury.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase binding protein (AdAbp), a glycoprotein found in the
      epithelial cells of the brush border of the proximal tubule, is shed into urine
      following kidney damage. A sandwich enzyme immunoassay is described that uses two
      monoclonal antibodies, URO-4 (S27) and URO-4a (S23), which react with different
      epitopes on AdAbp (2, 24). Release of AdAbp into the urine appears to reflect the
      severity of the insult to the nephron and its measurement may assist in
      distinguishing between tubular disease and glomerular disease and may be useful
      in indicating renal toxicity.

PMID- 2876489
TI  - The effect of gentamicin on human renal proximal tubular cells.
AB  - Human renal proximal tubular cells were exposed to gentamicin (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0,
      5.0, 10.0 mg/ml medium) for 3, 7, 10, and 14 days. Cells were counted and cell
      viability was estimated by lactate dehydrogenase release. In addition, brush
      border-associated (gamma-glutamyltransferase) and lysosomal (acid phosphatase, N
      acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and sphingomyelinase) enzyme activities were
      measured (0.01, 1.0, 3.3 mg/ml gentamicin for 3, 7, 10 and 14 days). The number
      of cells did not change significantly after gentamicin treatment. Cell viability,
      however, significantly decreased after 3 and 7 days exposure to 5 and 10 mg/ml
      gentamicin. Total lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly decreased at
      7, 10, and 14 days exposure to gentamicin greater than or equal to 5.0 mg/ml.
      gamma-Glutamyltransferase, acid phosphatase, and sphingomyelinase were decreased
      at 3, 7, and 10 days exposure to gentamicin greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/ml.
      Continued exposure to gentamicin less than or equal to 1.0 mg/ml appeared to have
      little or no effect on the activity of these enzymes at 14 days. N-Acetyl-beta
      glucosaminidase activity, in contrast, was elevated (120-140% control) in the
      gentamicin-treated (greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/ml) groups at all time
      periods studied. Thus, gentamicin exposure resulted in changes in some of the
      enzyme activities in human renal proximal tubular cell cultures, but longer
      exposure (14 days) to gentamicin (less than or equal to 1.0 mg/ml) resulted in a
      return to control levels of some activities.

PMID- 2876490
TI  - Somatostatin: historical aspects.
AB  - Somatostatin, in essence an almost universal chalone, initially described as a 14
      amino-acid-long peptide that inhibits growth hormone (GH) release, has been shown
      to be one of a family of related peptides, ubiquitous in distribution and
      versatile as a paracrine factor with a potentially important role in the
      regulation of gut, pancreatic, and nervous system function, in addition to its
      well-recognized influence on the pituitary secretion of GH and thyroid
      stimulating hormone. With the development of new super agonists, it has become
      possible to manipulate the endocrine milieu, to modify gut, pancreatic, and
      pituitary function, and, in the case of several diseases such as acromegaly and
      intractable diarrhoea, to make a significant advance in therapy.

PMID- 2876491
TI  - Proceedings of Somatostatin '85. Chemical, physiological, and clinical advances.
      Anugraha, Berkshire, UK, 28-29 May 1985.

PMID- 2876493
TI  - The role of somatostatin and a long-acting analogue, SMS 201-995, in acute
      bleeding due to peptic ulceration.
AB  - During the past 10 years several drugs have been tested for their efficacy in
      controlling acute upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. However, since the
      bleeding is self-limiting in 70-80% of cases, any drug tested in all cases of
      upper GI bleeding will have to perform extremely well to prove significantly
      better than placebo. Natural somatostatin has recently been investigated on the
      basis that it reduces gastric acid secretion and splanchnic blood flow. In severe
      cases of bleeding, an average success rate of 87% has been achieved, the highest
      ever reported for a drug in this indication. In unselected bleeders, however,
      somatostatin was no more effective than placebo. The long-acting somatostatin
      analogue, SMS 201-995, was investigated in the current studies and was found to
      be more potent than natural somatostatin in reducing gastric acid secretion and
      in reducing intestinal mucosal blood flow for a substantially longer period. A
      pilot study of SMS 201-995 in the treatment of severe acute upper GI bleeding
      resulted in cessation of bleeding, with no rebleeding during or within 24 h after
      the trial in 8 of 10 patients. No side effects were reported. The planning of a
      large controlled trial is described.

PMID- 2876492
TI  - The influence of a long-acting somatostatin analogue on splanchnic haemodynamics
      and metabolism in healthy subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - The influence of a long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analogue (SMS 201-995) on
      splanchnic circulation and metabolism has been studied in healthy subjects and in
      patients with liver cirrhosis. In healthy subjects doses of 5, 10, 50, or 100
      micrograms SMS and in the cirrhotic patients 25 micrograms SMS were infused
      intravenously during 1 h. Measurements were obtained before, during, and for 1 h
      after SMS infusion. SMS infusion in healthy subjects resulted in a 25-35%
      reduction in hepatic blood flow. This effect was largely independent of the dose
      used. Splanchnic oxygen uptake was unchanged before and during SMS infusion.
      Insulin and glucagon levels fell markedly in response to SMS administration, and
      the blood concentration and splanchnic output of glucose decreased transiently.
      Patients with liver cirrhosis responded to SMS infusion similarly to the healthy
      subjects. Hepatic blood flow decreased by 25-35% and remained suppressed for at
      least 1 h after infusion. Wedge hepatic venous pressure was 18 +/- 2 mm Hg in the
      basal state and decreased progressively during and after SMS infusion (60 min
      after infusion, 15 +/- 2 mm Hg; P less than 0.01). The marked hyperinsulinaemia
      and hyperglucagonaemia seen in the basal state decreased significantly during SMS
      administration. As in the case of the controls, blood concentration and
      splanchnic output of glucose fell transiently during and after SMS infusion. It
      is concluded that SMS exerts a marked and prolonged suppressive effect on hepatic
      blood flow in both healthy subjects and patients with liver cirrhosis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876494
TI  - Somatostatin localization in tissues.
AB  - The development of specific antibodies to somatostatin has enabled investigations
      on the distribution (radioimmunoassay) and precise tissue localization
      (immunocytochemistry) of somatostatin-immunoreactive (IR) material. Somatostatin
      immunoreactivity is broadly distributed both in the central nervous system and in
      many peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas,
      genitourinary system, heart, eye, thyroid, thymus, and skin. Somatostatin-IR
      cells display characteristic morphological features, including cytoplasmic
      elongations, which lend support to the postulated local or paracrine role for
      somatostatin. The intracytoplasmic electron-dense secretory granules in
      somatostatin-IR endocrine cells are characterized by their round shape,
      flocculent matrix, and closely apposed limiting membrane. Somatostatin-IR nerves
      are abundant in the gut and contain large, dense, P-type neurosecretory granules,
      which are distinct from those storing other peptidergic neurotransmitters.
      Somatostatin immunoreactivity is found frequently in neuroendocrine tumours, but
      the existence of the 'somatostatinoma syndrome' has recently been questioned.

PMID- 2876495
TI  - Neuroendocrine tumours of the gut: long-term therapy with the somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - Nine patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumours of the gut were treated for
      over 100 days with the long-acting octapeptide of somatostatin, SMS 201-995. Two
      patients had unusually aggressive tumours (neuroendocrine tumours are typically
      slow-growing) with only modest elevation of tumour secretory products. SMS 201
      995 was given in an attempt to slow tumour growth, but tumour size continued to
      increase. Three patients had glucagonomas and uncontrolled skin rashes, and four
      patients had VIPomas, which caused uncontrolled watery diarrhoea. SMS 201-995 was
      given principally to reduce hypersecretion of hormones from their tumours and to
      relieve symptoms. All the patients experienced rapid relief of their symptoms
      when SMS 201-995 treatment was introduced, and symptomatic control was maintained
      throughout treatment except in one patient, who required a supplementary
      procedure (pancreatic primary tumour embolization). Circulating peptide levels
      were initially suppressed, but continued suppression did not occur in every case
      despite good clinical control. It seems likely that SMS 201-995 has beneficial
      effects on target organs as well as suppressing the release of peptides from
      tumour tissue. The tumours did not grow during treatment. The analogue was well
      tolerated, most adverse effects being minor. Somatostatin inhibited insulin
      release, but in only one patient was there a slight deterioration of glucose
      tolerance. SMS 201-995 is therefore a useful therapeutic tool in the long-term
      management of patients with symptoms due to uncontrolled hormone secretion from
      neuroendocrine tumours.

PMID- 2876496
TI  - The response of a non-functional VIP- and somatostatin-containing tumour to
      tolbutamide in vitro.
AB  - A patient with a tumour containing clinically non-expressive somatostatin (SRIF)
      and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was studied in vivo with basal and
      tolbutamide-provoked SRIF and VIP measurements and failed to respond to
      tolbutamide infusion. An acute cell dispersion model was used to study this
      tumour after resection. Incubation of tumour cells in tolbutamide (2 mg/ml)
      resulted in increases in intracellular SRIF but not in the levels of SRIF
      released into the incubating medium. In contrast, incubation of tumour cells with
      tolbutamide decreased supernatant (extracellular) and total (intracellular) VIP
      by 50%, suggesting a local peptide-peptide modulation of VIP release by high
      intracellular levels of SRIF or, alternatively, suppression of VIP synthesis
      and/or release by tolbutamide. Failure of 'nonfunctional' tumours to produce
      symptoms or abnormal plasma peptide levels may be due to defects in peptide
      release or complex paracrine peptide-peptide interactions.

PMID- 2876497
TI  - Somatostatin octapeptide (SMS 201-995) in the medical treatment of acromegaly.
AB  - Parenteral somatostatin has been used to suppress growth hormone secretion in
      acromegalic patients, but long-term treatment is hampered by its short half-life
      of a few minutes in the circulation. An octapeptide analogue of somatostatin (SMS
      201-995) has recently been developed that has greater potency and selectivity in
      suppressing growth hormone than the native hormone. In this study somatostatin
      and somatostatin octapeptide infusions were compared in 13 patients with active
      acromegaly. The octapeptide had a longer duration of action in the suppression of
      growth hormone than native somatostatin. A twice daily dose of 100 micrograms
      significantly suppressed growth hormone during the day. Prolactin was not
      suppressed, even in hyperprolactinaemic patients, and suppression of insulin was
      of short duration. Two patients had diarrhoea, but this disappeared when
      treatment with the octapeptide was stopped. Somatostatin is known to suppress
      pancreatic exocrine function, and it is therefore important to look for evidence
      of malabsorption during long-term treatment with the octapeptide. Somatostatin
      octapeptide is therefore useful in the treatment of acromegaly, but evidence of
      malabsorption should be watched for; nonparenteral routes of administration need
      to be assessed.

PMID- 2876498
TI  - Acute and long-term effects of SMS 201-995 in acromegaly.
AB  - The subcutaneous administration of 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 at 0815 h in 18
      acromegalic patients reduced plasma growth hormone (GH) levels from 2 to 6 h
      after injection from 36 +/- 2 to 7 +/- 1 microgram/l (-80 +/- 5%). Circulating GH
      concentrations had normalized to less than 5 micrograms/l during this period in
      11 of 18 patients. Postprandial blood glucose levels after breakfast were
      significantly (p less than 0.01) higher after SMS administration but
      significantly lower (p less than 0.01) after supper. Chronic treatment of five
      acromegalic patients with 200-300 micrograms SMS 201-995 daily for 8-24 weeks
      resulted in a rapid clinical improvement in all patients and complete
      disappearance of the complaints in four of five patients. This was accompanied by
      tumour shrinkage as estimated by computerized tomography scanning in three of
      four patients. In parallel, mean plasma GH levels and serum somatomedin-C and
      phosphorus levels fell to or within the normal values. SMS 201-995 represents a
      new tool in the medical management of acromegaly and may become the treatment of
      choice, especially in patients who do not benefit sufficiently from surgery
      and/or radiotherapy.

PMID- 2876499
TI  - Therapy of acromegaly with SMS 201-995: long-term studies.
AB  - Fourteen acromegalic patients, half of whom had been unsuccessfully treated with
      surgery, radiotherapy, or bromocriptine, were given the somatostatin analogue SMS
      201-995 parenterally as the sole therapeutic regimen after a single
      administration had demonstrated suppression of serum growth hormone (GH). An
      impressive and sustained clinical improvement was documented in all patients,
      including those in whom bromocriptine had failed; most marked was the decrease in
      soft tissue swelling and headache and an improved performance status. GH levels
      decreased each time SMS 201-995 was injected but returned to basal levels within
      8 h in most of the patients. With chronic therapy, 24-h mean levels were
      significantly suppressed, and the GH stimulability of thyrotrophin-releasing
      hormone and growth-hormone-releasing hormone (pl-44) was markedly reduced.
      Discontinuation of SMS 201-995 therapy was associated with a return of symptoms
      and abnormal GH dynamics. The efficacy and safety of chronically administered SMS
      201-995 in active acromegaly opens new horizons for its treatment.

PMID- 2876500
TI  - Rationale for inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the management of the
      diabetic patient.
AB  - Patients with diabetes mellitus, especially the insulin-dependent variety, have
      increased circulating levels of growth hormone. On the basis of currently
      available information, the potential advantages of inhibition of growth hormone
      secretion as an adjunct in the treatment of diabetes mellitus include improved
      metabolic control (less hyperglycaemia, greater stability), resulting from
      diminution of the insulin-antagonistic actions of this hormone, and reduced micro
      and possibly macro-angiopathy, resulting not only from improved metabolic
      control but also from decreased direct effects of growth hormone on blood
      vessels.

PMID- 2876501
TI  - Effects of somatostatin and SMS 201-995 on carbohydrate metabolism in normal man.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) is important in diabetes in view of its anti-insulin actions
      and its relation to the long-term complications of the disease. The suppression
      of GH secretion in diabetics has theoretical and possible therapeutic interest.
      Native somatostatin has multiple actions, including inhibition of the secretion
      of insulin, glucagon, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and various gut
      hormones. It also has inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal motility, exocrine
      secretion, nutrient absorption, and splanchnic blood flow. Its therapeutic use is
      limited by a duration of effect of several minutes only. SMS 201-995 holds more
      potential than native somatostatin in view of its longer duration of action.
      Preliminary data suggest that 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 subcutaneously at night
      inhibits the nocturnal rise in GH secretion in normal man, but no effect on 24-h
      GH secretion is observed when SMS 201-995 is injected twice daily before meals.
      SMS 201-995 inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and TSH in addition to
      growth hormone and induces carbohydrate intolerance when administered before food
      in normal subjects. Gastrointestinal side effects suggest additional effects on
      nutrient disposal, which are important when it is administered before food.
      Further studies are required to elucidate these effects of SMS 201-995 on
      endocrine and gastro-intestinal function in normal and diabetic man.

PMID- 2876502
TI  - Somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in type I diabetes mellitus. Initial experience
      after repeated administration.
AB  - We have recently obtained encouraging short-term results after a single
      subcutaneous injection of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in
      acromegalic patients. Increased growth hormone (GH) levels may be involved in the
      pathogenesis of proliferative retinopathy in type I diabetes mellitus. In this
      study we thus investigated the effect of 3 X 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 daily on
      the metabolic control and hormone secretion of eight type I diabetics over a 3
      day period. GH levels decreased by 32% (p less than 0.05) and somatomedin C
      levels by 31% (p less than 0.01) on the 3rd day of treatment compared with a
      control day. The insulin requirements during conventional subcutaneous insulin
      therapy were reduced by 28% (p less than 0.01) in seven patients without
      deterioration of metabolic control (mean blood glucose levels, 153.8) versus
      154.7 mg/dl). Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, glucagon, prolactin, luteinizing
      hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone showed no significant changes. We
      conclude that SMS 201-995 could be an excellent tool for further clinical
      investigation and therapy of diabetic vascular complications.

PMID- 2876503
TI  - Biosynthesis and processing of the somatostatin family of peptide hormones.
AB  - Understanding of the biosynthesis of the somatostatin family of peptide hormones
      has greatly increased in recent years. Isolation and sequencing of the rat
      somatostatin gene indicates that it contains a single intron located between the
      codons for Gn(-57) and Glu(-56) of pre-prosomatostatin. The gene contains three
      repetitive sequences, one at the 5' end of the gene and two of them 3' to the
      coding portion. Two of the sequences consist of alternating purine-pyrimidine
      bases and have been shown to adopt Z-DNA structures in vitro. The cDNA for rat
      somatostatin codes for a 116-residue peptide structurally similar to the
      anglerfish and catfish precursors to the 14-residue somatostatin (SST-14). In
      addition to SST-14, the catfish and the anglerfish both contain an additional
      pancreatic somatostatin, each derived from a different gene. The catfish contains
      a 22-residue somatostatin, which is O-glycosylated at Thr-5. The second
      somatostatin gene from anglerfish encodes a prosomatostatin that is processed to
      a 28-residue peptide. The mature peptide contains a hydroxylated lysine at
      position 23.

PMID- 2876504
TI  - Physiological and pathophysiological aspects of somatostatin.
AB  - Somatostatin is found in the D-cells of organs that are exclusively responsible
      for the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of ingested nutrients. D-cells
      apparently release their secretory products both into the interstitial space
      (paracrine action) and into the circulation (endocrine action). Ingestion of all
      three basic nutrients--fat, carbohydrate, and particularly protein--elicits a
      significant increase in peripheral vein plasma somatostatin levels in dogs and
      humans. Acidification of a meal stimulates somatostatin release in dogs. Vagal,
      cholinergic, and adrenergic mechanisms exert a species-dependent effect on
      somatostatin release. Gut hormones also participate in the regulation of
      postprandial somatostatin release, and endogenous opioids have an effect that
      depends on the composition of the meal. Stimulation of postprandial somatostatin
      release by H2-receptor agonists and prostaglandins has been reported. Insulin
      inhibits and glucagon stimulates somatostatin release. Elevated levels of
      circulating glucose reduce the somatostatin response, an effect that cannot be
      entirely explained by the parallel augmentation of insulin secretion. Circulating
      nutrients also modify the effect of gut hormones on D-cell function. The
      physiological action of somatostatin is an inhibitory effect on virtually all
      gastrointestinal and pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions. Secretory
      and/or motor activities are attenuated, thereby preventing an exaggerated and
      overshooting response. Alterations of tissue somatostatin content and plasma
      somatostatin levels have been observed in obesity and suggest that somatostatin
      deficiency may be a pathogenic factor. The observed changes of somatostatin may
      be secondary to alterations of other functions; nevertheless,
      hyposomatostatinaemia might facilitate nutrient assimilation.

PMID- 2876505
TI  - Somatostatin receptors.
AB  - More insight into the biochemical structure and operation of the somatostatin
      receptor(s) has been gained in recent years from several approaches. The minimal
      active structure of the receptor(s) has been identified, and active
      minisomatostatins have been synthesized. High-affinity binding sites (KDS ranging
      from 0.1 to 1 nM) have been demonstrated in brain and peripheral organs. In
      pancreas, stomach, and intestine additional low-affinity sites (or states) have
      been also suggested Furthermore, cytosolic receptors might be present. Binding
      affinities of synthetic minisomatostatins, somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28,
      show different tissue specificities, suggesting the existence of different
      receptor subtypes. Two possible interactions of somatostatin with stimulus
      secretion coupling in secretory cells have been suggested: a direct activation of
      the GTP-dependent inhibitory subunit of adenylate cyclase and a distal activation
      of cytosolic phosphoprotein phosphatases.

PMID- 2876506
TI  - Physiological role of somatostatin in the digestive tract: gastric acid
      secretion, intestinal absorption, and motility.
AB  - Somatostatin is found in both endocrine cells and nerve fibres of the
      gastrointestinal tract and has several inhibitory effects on the digestive tract.
      Somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of gastrin release; its secretion is regulated
      predominantly by the cholinergic pathway, which inhibits somatostatin and thus
      stimulates gastrin release. Gastric acid secretion is inhibited by both the
      paracrine and circulating peptide (hormonal) effects of somatostatin.
      Somatostatin secretion is a direct effect of acid on the somatostatin cell, since
      it is unaffected by the axonal blocker tetrodotoxin. Somatostatin antiserum
      eliminates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin and thus augments acid
      secretion. It therefore appears that somatostatin plays a physiological role in
      regulating gastric acid secretion, and it is possible that a lack of the
      inhibitory function of somatostatin is an aetiological factor in peptic ulcer
      disease. Postprandially, a rise in serum somatostatin concentration occurs which
      is twice as high with protein and fat as it is with carbohydrates. Several
      studies have shown that somatostatin inhibits nutrient absorption, indicating
      that somatostatin might be a physiological regulator in the homeostasis of
      ingested nutrients by modulating the intestinal absorption rate. Experiments have
      also demonstrated that somatostatin infusion inhibits intestinal motility; the
      interval between migrating myoelectric complexes is increased, and transit time
      is increased.

PMID- 2876508
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of SMS 201-995 in healthy subjects.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of a new somatostatin derivative, SMS 201-995, was
      investigated in a group of eight healthy subjects. SMS 201-995 was given
      intravenously in doses of 25 micrograms, 50 micrograms, 100 micrograms, and 200
      micrograms and also subcutaneously in doses of 50 micrograms, 100 micrograms, 200
      micrograms, and 400 micrograms in accordance with a randomized Latin-square
      design. Blood samples were taken up to 8 h. The tolerability of SMS 201-995 was
      very good. Routine blood chemistry variables remained normal. After intravenous
      administration of SMS 201-995 initial half-lives ranging from 9 +/- 2 min to 14
      +/- 4 min and second half-lives of from 72 +/- 22 min to 98 +/- 37 min were
      calculated for the different doses. SMS 201-995 was rapidly absorbed after
      subcutaneous injection with a half-life ranging from 5.3 +/- 2.2 min to 11.7 +/-
      7.6 min. The disposition half-life was from 88 +/- 20 min to 102 +/- 16 min for
      the different doses. Cp(tmax) and AUC (0 - infinity) increased dose-dependently
      after both routes of administration, pointing to linear pharmacokinetics for SMS
      201-995. On the basis of its good tolerability, slow plasma clearance, and long
      action, SMS 201-995 represents a valuable tool for further clinical studies.

PMID- 2876507
TI  - Chemistry and pharmacology of SMS 201-995, a long-acting octapeptide analogue of
      somatostatin.
AB  - Starting from a hypothetical conformation of natural somatostatin and a knowledge
      of the minimal fragment needed for biological activity, a process of rational
      design and lead optimization has led to the potent, selective, and long-acting
      analogue SMS 201-995, (formula: see text) which selectively inhibits growth
      hormone secretion in several animal species for up to 6 h after subcutaneous
      application. In the rat, SMS inhibits GH, insulin, and glucagon 70, 3, and 23
      times more potently than SRIF, resulting in GH/insulin and GH/glucagon
      selectivities of 20 and 3, respectively. The compound has been shown to inhibit
      growth of transplantable insulinomas in hamsters and to label selectively a
      subset of somatostatin receptors in the rat cortex. A radioactively labelled
      analogue has been used to visualize somatostatin receptors in a GRF-secreting
      human tumour. The stability and duration of action of SMS 201-995 after
      subcutaneous injection enable for the first time extended investigations of the
      clinical utility of somatostatin in various diseases.

PMID- 2876509
TI  - Postprandial effects of SMS 201-995 on gut hormones and glucose tolerance.
AB  - SMS 201-995 (5-100 micrograms) injected subcutaneously in normal and type-2
      diabetic subjects 30 min before a test meal caused dose-related suppression of
      plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and several regulatory gut peptide
      hormones (gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, secretin,
      neurotensin, and motilin). Effective hormone suppression was achieved even at the
      lowest dose of 5 micrograms. In the normal subjects SMS caused postprandial
      hyperglycaemia, but there was no overall deterioration in glucose tolerance in
      the type-2 diabetic patients. This suggests that counterregulatory hormones play
      an important part in the metabolic disturbance of type-2 diabetes.

PMID- 2876510
TI  - The effect of SMS 201-995, a long-acting somatostatin analogue, on anterior
      pituitary function in healthy male volunteers.
AB  - The endocrine effect of SMS 201-995, an octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, was
      assessed during a combined anterior pituitary function test. There was no effect
      on the extent of hypoglycaemia after intravenous insulin infusion or on the
      subsequent rate of recovery of plasma glucose. SMS 201-995 administration,
      however, resulted in a profound and selective suppression of the GH response to
      hypoglycaemia without affecting the ACTH or cortisol responses. There was also a
      marked reduction of TSH release in response to intravenous TRH; the prolactin
      response was unimpaired. The LH response to LHRH was blunted and the FSH response
      unaffected. SMS 201-995 does not significantly impair the counterregulatory
      mechanisms in response to hypoglycaemia, and, in particular, the hypothalamic
      pituitary-adrenal axis remains intact.

PMID- 2876511
TI  - Human pharmacological effects of SMS 201-995 on gastric secretion.
AB  - The inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated-(3 micrograms kg-1 h-1) gastric acid
      secretion by various doses of intravenous and subcutaneous SMS 201-995, a
      somatostatin analogue, was investigated in healthy volunteers by means of gastric
      aspiration, using phenol red as a volume marker. The intravenous doses were
      compared with the standard dose of somatostatin-14, 3.5 micrograms kg-1 h-1.
      Similarly, SMS 201-995-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion was compared
      with that of exocrine pancreatic secretion assessed by gastroduodenal aspiration.
      The results can be summarized as follows: SMS 201-995 is a potent inhibitor of
      gastric acid secretion, exerting near maximal inhibition at a dose of greater
      than or equal to 0.56 micrograms kg-1 h-1. Near maximal inhibition equals that
      achieved with SST-14 (3.5 micrograms kg-1 h-1). Pancreatic enzyme secretion
      appears to be strongly inhibited by lower doses of SMS 201-995 than gastric
      secretion. Single subcutaneous injections of SMS 201-995 produce an inhibition of
      gastric acid secretion lasting for many hours. Near maximal inhibition was
      obtained with a dose of 100 micrograms.

PMID- 2876512
TI  - Non-antisecretory activities of H2 antagonists.
AB  - Besides the main effect of the H2 antagonists--that is, the inhibition of gastric
      acid secretion--these drugs possess several other pharmacological activities,
      which in most cases may be evident only for doses higher than those required to
      produce the H2 blockade. The non-secretory activities of the H2 antagonists may
      be classified into true side effects--that is, those independent of the primary
      action, which may or may not depend on the primary action. They concern the
      central and autonomic nervous systems, cardiovascular and endocrine systems,
      digestive system (gut, liver, pancreas), immune system, and so forth. It is
      obvious that when the actions of the different H2 blockers are completely at
      variance with regard to the same factor (cimetidine increase the TSH response to
      TRH, whereas ranitidine decreases it; ranitidine stimulates gastrointestinal
      motility, whereas oxmetidine inhibits it; ranitidine increases the exocrine
      pancreatic response to cholecystokinin, whereas oxmetidine decreases it;
      metiamide and cimetidine increase the activity of histamine methyltransferase,
      whereas burimamide decreases it), this is a clear demonstration that we are
      dealing with non-specific effects rather than with H2-receptor blockade. All
      these effects may be of interest because sometimes they may be useful in
      potentiating the primary action, and sometimes they may represent adverse
      reactions. In any case, they characterize pharmacologically the individual
      molecules of the family.

PMID- 2876513
TI  - The natural history of peptic ulcer disease: the influence of H2-antagonist
      treatment.
AB  - Little is known about the natural history of peptic ulcer disease. Its active
      phase tends to last about 15 years with a high frequency of complications (in 20
      25% of cases) and recurrences after initial healing, although subsequently these
      problems are reduced. Until the advent of the H2 blockers, therapy (whether
      medical or surgical) failed to alter the course of the disease. Peptic ulcer
      disease, however, appears to respond positively to therapy with H2 blockers,
      inasmuch as these drugs at relatively low doses induce rapid healing of the ulcer
      in a high percentage of patients, while subsequent maintenance treatment at lower
      doses helps prevent recurrences and complications throughout the entire
      administration period. In so doing, H2 blockers improve the patients' quality of
      life.

PMID- 2876514
TI  - Episodic and residual thought pathology in chronic schizophrenics: effect of
      neuroleptics.
AB  - We sought to determine the effect of neuroleptic treatment on thought disorder in
      chronic schizophrenics, using the Thought Disorder Index (TDI). We were able to
      demonstrate that high levels of thought disorder are found in chronic
      schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients, while in both bipolar patients and
      normal controls thought pathology is minimal. Moreover, the TDI appears to be
      particularly well suited to the characterization of thought disorder in chronic
      schizophrenics. For total scores on the TDI, we were unable to demonstrate a
      significant reduction in thought pathology, although it was evident that thought
      disorder as reflected in the Conceptual Disorganization and Unusual Thought
      Content subscales of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale is significantly reduced
      by neuroleptics. In analyses of subscores of the TDI reflecting four levels of
      severity, we were able to show that more severe forms of thought pathology are
      normalized by neuroleptics, while less severe pathology is largely unaffected.
      Our results suggest that neuroleptic treatment reduces thought pathology
      associated with acute episodes, but that somewhat milder, though still disabling,
      residual thought pathology persists after clinical remission has been attained.

PMID- 2876515
TI  - The effect of luminal and hormonal factors on small intestinal water and
      electrolyte transport.
AB  - The effects of various biologically active peptides on net jejunal water and
      electrolyte fluxes were studied in dogs in vivo. Vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, gastrin, bombesin and
      neurotensin all had secretagogue activity, while methionine enkephalin stimulated
      net absorption. Somatostatin had no effect on net basal water and electrolyte
      transport, but inhibited glucagon-stimulated secretion. Secretin, calcitonin,
      substance P and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) did not have any effect on net water
      and electrolyte transport in the doses used in these experiments. The precise
      role played by these peptides in the control of intestinal transport has still to
      be determined. Studies in man have confirmed that food in the proximal small
      bowel stimulates secretion at sites remote from the application of food, and
      abnormal secretion of some peptides (e.g. VIP) has been associated with
      diarrhoea. Somatostatin has been used successfully to reduce the volume of
      certain types of secretory diarrhoea. Methods used in these experiments have been
      applied to the study of the composition and absorption characteristics of
      solutions used for oral rehydration in diarrhoea and in exercise-induced
      dehydration. Glucose polymers have been shown to be absorbed as rapidly as
      glucose from the jejunum.

PMID- 2876516
TI  - [Barrett's ulcer: myths and realities].
AB  - Barrett's ulcer, a rare disease of elderly patients, is not a precancerous
      condition. It has a marked tendency to bleed but not to perforate. It seems to
      develop in the squamous epithelium of the lower esophagus and not in the columnar
      epithelium of the endobrachy esophagus.

PMID- 2876517
TI  - [Retroviruses, human tumors and autoimmune diseases].
AB  - Retroviruses are known to cause a variety of naturally occurring disorders in
      animals. These include various types of cancer, immune deficiencies, and
      degenerative and autoimmune disorders. In man, retroviruses are the causal agents
      of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and AIDS. In addition, serologic evidence
      suggests the involvement of retroviruses in a variety of other human disorders
      including leukemias and lymphomas, and autoimmune as well as psychiatric and
      neurologic disorders.

PMID- 2876518
TI  - Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of ten proteins with intracellular half-lives less than
      2 hours contain one or more regions rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E),
      serine (S), and threonine (T). These PEST regions are generally, but not always,
      flanked by clusters containing several positively charged amino acids. Similar
      inspection of 35 proteins with intracellular half-lives between 20 and 220 hours
      revealed that only three contain a PEST region. On the basis of this information,
      it was anticipated that caseins, which contain several PEST sequences, would be
      rapidly degraded within eukaryotic cells. This expectation was confirmed by red
      blood cell-mediated microinjection of 125I-labeled caseins into HeLa cells where
      they exhibited half-lives of less than 2 hours. The rapid degradation of injected
      alpha- and beta-casein as well as the inverse correlation of PEST regions with
      intracellular stability indicate that the presence of these regions can result in
      the rapid intracellular degradation of the proteins containing them.

PMID- 2876519
TI  - AIDS and the physician.

PMID- 2876520
TI  - Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - A novel human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV) was isolated from the peripheral blood
      leukocytes of six individuals: two HTLV-III seropositive patients from the United
      States (one with AIDS-related lymphoma and one with dermatopathic
      lymphadenopathy), three HTLV-III seronegative patients from the United States
      (one with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, one with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,
      and one with immunoblastic lymphoma), and one HTLV-III seronegative patient with
      acute lymphocytic leukemia from Jamaica. All six isolates were closely related by
      antigenic analysis, and sera from all six virus-positive patients reacted
      immunologically with each virus isolate. In contrast, only four sera from 220
      randomly selected healthy donors and none from 12 AIDS patients without
      associated lymphoma were seropositive. The virus selectively infected freshly
      isolated human B cells and converted them into large, refractile mono- or
      binucleated cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. HBLV is
      morphologically similar to viruses of the herpesvirus family but is readily
      distinguishable from the known human and nonhuman primate herpesviruses by host
      range, in vitro biological effects, and antigenic features.

PMID- 2876521
TI  - [Emergency treatment of upper digestive hemorrhages in cirrhotic patients. Non
      surgical treatment].

PMID- 2876523
TI  - [Development of medical science in Siberia and the Far East in the light of the
      decisions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2876522
TI  - [Delusionary states in the aged].

PMID- 2876524
TI  - Induction and reversion of asparagine auxotrophs in CHO-K1 and V79 cells.
AB  - Two asparagine-dependent clones (2002-103 and 2002-109) were obtained from CHO-K1
      cells by treatment with EMS followed by a BrdU-black light selection procedure;
      an additional ASP- clone (2293-343) was isolated similarly from V79-56 cells. All
      three clones show a low rate of spontaneous reversion which is increased somewhat
      by exposure to EMS. Two of the variant clones (2002-103 and 2002-109) are
      converted in high frequency to asparagine independence by treatment with 5
      azacytidine, while 2293-343 cells show no significant induction after similar
      exposure. All three ASP- clones were found by hybrid analyses to belong to the
      same complementation group. Treatment of hybrids constructed between 2002-103 or
      2002-109 X 2293-343 with 5-azacytidine resulted in high-frequency induction of
      asparagine independence. Thus, the potential for response to 5-azacytidine in
      such hybrids by reversion to asparagine independence is dominant or codominant,
      with no suppressor effect in hybrids from the nonresponsive parent line.

PMID- 2876525
TI  - Hormone treatment of undescended testes.

PMID- 2876526
TI  - Bicycle accident injuries.
AB  - Bicycle accidents in 210 patients are analysed. Ages ranged from 1 to 59 years
      (mean 14.5 years) with a male predominance. In 52% of patients there was a head
      or facial injury, 6% being moderate to severe. Of the fractures 64% involved the
      upper limb, 32% being of the radius and ulna and 22% of the clavicle. The
      majority of abrasions and soft-tissue injuries involved the limbs.

PMID- 2876527
TI  - The significance of clostridial isolates in intra-abdominal sepsis.
AB  - In order to evaluate the significance of clostridial species in intra-abdominal
      infections, the bacteriology records of three hospitals were reviewed during a
      period of five years. Included in this report were 41 patients from whom
      clostridial species were recovered from specimens of free peritoneal fluid,
      abscess cavities or bile. Seven patients died for a mortality rate of 17.1 per
      cent. Most patients had polymicrobial infections of which clostridial organisms
      were one of the several anaerobes isolated. Clostridium perfringens was the
      single most frequently noted species, identified in 23 of the patients, but it
      was not associated with a different mortality rate than was observed for the
      other clostridial species. Clostridial bacteremia was uncommon and demonstrated
      in only one patient. The mean age of the patients was 56.4 years; 56.2 for males
      and 56.8 for females. Neither age nor sex of the patient influenced the
      likelihood of survival. The source of the clostridial isolates--bile, abscess
      cavity or free peritoneal fluid--had no effect upon the outcome. Several
      underlying conditions were responsible for the intraperitoneal clostridial
      organisms identified in this series. Only mesenteric infarction proved
      significantly predictive of a fatal result. Antibiotic coverage specifically
      directed against clostridia did not influence survival.

PMID- 2876529
TI  - Perioperative use of long-acting somatostatin analog (SMS 201-995) in patients
      with endocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic axis.
AB  - The clinical manifestations of hormone excess caused by functioning
      neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) axis can be life
      threatening and frequently prove refractory to conventional antisecretory drugs.
      Administration of a long-acting somatostatin analog (SMS 201-995) proved
      effective in three patients with complex management problems related to GEP
      tumors. A patient with an insulinoma was maintained euglycemic intraoperatively
      with a single 100 micrograms dose of SMS given before surgery. Gastric suction in
      two patients with gastrinomas caused hypochlorhydric alkalosis that was
      preventable with preoperative SMS. Iatrogenic pancreatic fistula occurring after
      resection of a benign insulinoma healed within 4 days of SMS administration. This
      drug may be a useful adjunct in the perioperative management of patients with GEP
      endocrine tumors. Caution is advised regarding potential hazards related to
      malabsorption and gastric dysmotility.

PMID- 2876528
TI  - The role of clinical and biochemical criteria and endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography in the urgent diagnosis of common bile duct stones in
      acute pancreatitis.
AB  - The role of clinical and biochemical criteria in predicting common bile duct
      (CBD) stones was analyzed in 76 patients with acute pancreatitis undergoing
      endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during the same hospital
      admission. Forty patients had ERCP within 72 hours; cholangiography was
      successful in 92%. Fifty patients had biliary pancreatitis; 25 patients had CBD
      stones and all were successfully removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES).
      Twenty-six patients had nonbiliary pancreatitis. Two patients had complications
      from ERCP and/or ES; two patients died (no CBD stones) but ERCP was
      noncontributory. Significant differences were found between the biliary and
      nonbiliary disease groups with respect to age, and bilirubin. gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and amylase levels.
      The first four factors also discriminated between those patients with and without
      CBD stones. Logistic discriminant functions were estimated providing
      probabilities for the presence of CBD stones for each patient but were too
      cumbersome for clinical use. A simple scoring system was devised on the basis of
      cut-off levels: bilirubin greater than or equal to 40 mumol/L, gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase greater than or equal to 250 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase greater
      than or equal to 225 IU/L, and age greater than or equal to 70 years, indicating
      CBD stones. Bilirubin alone had a sensitivity and specificity of 80%; the
      specificity increased to 93% with all four factors. These results suggest that
      clinical and biochemical criteria and ERCP and/or ES may have important roles in
      the management of patients with suspected biliary pancreatitis.

PMID- 2876530
TI  - [Drug information. Sedatives and their application].

PMID- 2876531
TI  - [Hismanal--a new nonsoporific hay fever medication].

PMID- 2876532
TI  - [A case of periarteritis nodosa with isolated lesion of the lungs].

PMID- 2876533
TI  - [Characteristics of kidney lesions in systemic vasculitis].

PMID- 2876534
TI  - [Basal and stimulated plasma antidiuretic activity of patients with hemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome].
AB  - A basal value of antidiuretic activity (ADA) of the plasma was determined in 79
      HFRS patients and stimulated activity using the insulin tolerance test in 24
      persons. A decrease in the plasma ADA was observed in the acute period of
      disease. The insulin tolerance test did not cause a statistically significant
      increment of the plasma ADA in the HFRS patients.

PMID- 2876535
TI  - Directives, methods and suggestions for anti-ulcer drug therapy.

PMID- 2876537
TI  - [Neurotransmission].

PMID- 2876536
TI  - Forebrain ischemia in the rat. Relation between duration of ischemia, use of
      adjunctive ganglionic blockade and long-term recovery.
AB  - The relation between duration of ischemia, use of adjunctive ganglionic blockade
      and long-term recovery was studied in a rat model giving reversible subtotal
      forebrain ischemia. Ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery clamping and
      controlled hemorrhage to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg in animals
      artificially ventilated under 70% N2O. After variable lengths of time, the clamps
      were removed and the drawn blood was reinfused. In some animals, the ganglion
      blocker Arfonad was given (group A+) on induction of ischemia to facilitate
      hypotension. There was a strict dose-response relationship between duration of
      ischemia and mortality. Mortality was higher among animals not given Arfonad
      (group A-; 37% after 10 min of ischemia and 100% after 13 min) than in group A+
      (about 20% after 12-13 min of ischemia, 50% after 15 min and 80% after 19 min).
      In group A+ more than half of the animals died later than 24 h after ischemia.
      All of them were hyperexcitable and 12% died during witnessed epileptic fits.
      Group A- animals regularly died within the first 24 h, with no indication of
      central nervous system involvement. Less blood had to be drawn to attain
      hypotension (mean arterial pressure 50 mm Hg) in group A+ (1.5 +/- 0.3 ml/100 g
      b.w.) than in group A- (2.5 +/- 0.2 ml/100 g b.w.). Group A+ also had less
      "washout" acidosis 5 min after reinfusion of the shed blood than group A- (15 min
      of ischemia: pH 7.24 +/- 0.07 v 6.96 +/- 0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876538
TI  - [Status 5 years after hormone (LH-RH) treatment of undescended testis].

PMID- 2876539
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. A survey of zoonosis].

PMID- 2876540
TI  - Sensitivity of urinary enzymes as indicators of renal toxicity of the anticancer
      drug cis-platin.
AB  - Rats were intravenously injected with cis-platin in order to evaluate the
      sensitivity of noninvasive means of detecting renal toxicity. Doses of 8 mg/kg
      and 2 mg/kg were used and 7 urinary parameters (osmolality, glucose, protein, and
      4 enzymes) were compared with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and histology. Urinary
      enzymes usually were elevated by Day 2 posttreatment and in two cases by Day 1.
      Protein and glucose were elevated by Day 3 and demonstrated a greater
      quantitative change (10-12X control) than did urinary enzymes (2-3X controls).
      Enzymes, protein, and glucose all returned to control levels by Day 7 or 8, and
      most parameters were re-elevated again by Day 10 or 12. BUN was unaltered at the
      lowest dose and was increased to three times control by Day 3 after the highest
      dose. Cis-platin induced a mild nephrosis at the lowest dose and a proximal
      tubular necrosis at the highest dose. The lesion occurred at the corticomedullary
      junction. Biochemical changes did not correspond to the times of greatest
      morphological changes. Large day-day and animal-animal variation made selection
      of a most sensitive parameter difficult. It is concluded that one parameter is
      insufficient to define early renal toxicity and that a battery of several
      parameters would provide a better evaluation of the onset of renal toxicity.

PMID- 2876541
TI  - Comparative investigations on the effects of acute intraperitoneal cadmium,
      chromium, and mercury exposure on the kidney.
AB  - Urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione-S-transferase
      (GST), leucine arylamidase (LAS), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), beta
      galactosidase (GAL), beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), sodium, and glucose
      were determined in female Sprague-Dawley rats the subsequent three days after
      intraperitoneal treatment with single doses of 4.5 mg CdCl2 X 1H2O/kg, 20 mg
      Na2CrO4/kg, and 0.75 mg HgCl2/kg body weight. Although the pathological effects
      were localized within the same part of the nephron (i.e., the proximal tubule),
      there were marked differences with regard to the extent and time course of the
      parameters affected. Treatment with cadmium resulted essentially in a marked
      decline in sodium and glucose excretion. The administration of chromate led to a
      slightly to moderately elevated excretion of the enzyme activities measured with
      the cytosolic LDH as the most increased enzyme (ca. 500% of controls on Day 3
      postadministration). Median glucose excretion was unaffected whereas sodium
      excretion was transiently reduced. The maximum of enzyme excretion after HgCl2
      was essentially the same on the first day postadministration and the amount of
      enzyme activity in urine up to 20 times higher compared to that after chromium.
      Sodium excretion was below that of controls on Days 2 and 3, whereas glucose
      excretion was markedly elevated (up to 8000% of controls). The results indicate
      that it is possible to discriminate with the use of selected urinary enzymes,
      substrates, and electrolytes various kinds of nephrotoxic actions not only in
      different but also within the same part of the nephron.

PMID- 2876542
TI  - [Enterotoxemia in newborn calves due to Cl. perfringens types A, C and D].
AB  - The clinical symptoms and the morphologic picture of calf enterotoxemia are
      described. Studied were a total of thirty-two dead and slaughtered animals.
      Bacteriologically, the disease was shown to be caused by types A, D, and C of
      Clostridium perfringens. Types C and D proved pathogenic for guinea pigs, while
      type A did not. Isolated was a strain of Clostridium perfringens, which had high
      toxigenicity. It was found that calves were fairly often affected with the
      disease. Most severe were the infections caused by type C of Cl. perfringens,
      with most pronounced morphologic lesions. There were differences in the changes
      caused by all three types of the organism in calves, which made it possible to
      distinguish them as causative agents. Type A induced slight icterus and slightly
      manifested hemosiderosis of the liver, kidneys, and spleen; type D was
      responsible for severe injury and hyalin dystrophy of the kidneys; and type C
      caused necrotic enteritis, pronounced hemorrhagic diathesis, degenerative changes
      in the ganglial cells, and demyelinization of the brain.

PMID- 2876543
TI  - The fine structure of atypical ciliated cells in the human gastric epithelium.
AB  - Gastric mucosa obtained from the body and pyloric portions of the human stomach
      were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Ciliated cells were
      found in two of 18 subjects examined, one patient with gastric ulcer and the
      other one with gastric adenocarcinoma. The ciliated cells were found in epithelia
      at sites away from the main lesions. The tissues containing ciliated cells showed
      intestinal metaplasia combined with mild chronic gastritis in both cases. The
      epithelial layer facing the gastric lumen was composed of columnar cells with
      numerous uniform microvilli and goblet cells. This epithelium extended to the
      superficial parts of the tubules surrounded by the lamina propria. The deeper
      portions of the tubules were composed of mucous secretory, endocrine, and rarely
      ciliated cells. These ciliated cells were provided with numerous cilia the
      numbers of which varied considerably from cell to cell. This was in contrast to
      the primary cilium which is usually single. The central part of the apical cell
      membrane was sometimes concave in the area from where cilia tended to arise. It
      was also observed that numerous basal bodies as well as mucus-like granules were
      contained in the same cell. The axonemal pattern was different from that of
      ordinary cilia and showed 9 + 0 and 8 + 1 patterns. In longitudinal sections it
      was found that one peripheral doublet was displaced to the center of the axoneme
      as it left the basal body.

PMID- 2876544
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of leukemic mitochondria with a computer-controlled image
      analyzer.
AB  - Mitochondria from 25 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 25
      patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were compared in terms of their
      number, area, and shape index using a computer-controlled image analyzer. The
      number of mitochondria was greater in the AML than in the ALL patients. However,
      their size, as measured in electron micrographic profiles was similar in the two
      groups, in disagreement with conventional reports that mitochondria are small in
      granulocytes but large in lymphocytes. Two ALL patients had giant mitochondria.
      The mitochondria of the ALL cells were more irregular than those of the AML
      cells, and furthermore, within the ALL group, the degree of the irregularity was
      greater in those with a poor prognosis than in those in longstanding remission.
      The number of mitochondria was significantly greater in B-cell ALL than in null
      cell and T-cell ALL.

PMID- 2876545
TI  - Correlative histochemical studies on preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the
      kidney of rats treated with nitrosamines.
AB  - Renal tubular lesions induced in male rats by two different carcinogens, N
      nitrosomorpholine (NNM) and N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN), using a
      limited exposure "stop" protocol were investigated histochemically to demonstrate
      phenotypic cellular changes. The parameters measured included basophilia,
      glycogen content and the activity of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PASE),
      glycogen synthetase (SYN), glycogen phosphorylase (PHO), glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH),
      succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP)
      and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT). The lesions observed were
      predominantly of either basophilic or oncocytic types. In each case, tubular
      lesions (altered tubules) appeared to give rise to epithelial tumors
      (epitheliomas) with the same cellular phenotype. Basophilic tubules and
      epitheliomas proved to be strongly positive for GAPDH and G6PDH while
      demonstrating a reduction or loss of G6PASE, ALP, ACP, gamma-GT, and SDH compared
      with controls and the surrounding proximal or distal tubules. In addition, large
      basophilic epitheliomas demonstrated an increase in both SYN and PHO activities.
      In contrast, most oncocytic tubules and oncocytomas characterized by abundant
      densely granular cytoplasm showed a reduction in the activity of G6PDH, but were
      intensely positive for SDH. However, a few oncocytic lesions demonstrated a
      decrease in both SDH and G6PDH activity. Rarely, decreased SDH and elevated G6PDH
      activities were observed in altered tubules resembling oncocytic tubules. It
      remains to be clarified whether these tubules represent a variation of the
      oncocytic lesions or, perhaps, another type of tubular lesion. The results
      indicate that basophilic and oncocytic epithelial tumors differ in their
      cytochemical pattern and histogenesis. In line with earlier suggestions, the
      basophilic tumors apparently originate from the proximal renal tubules, while the
      oncocytomas develop from the distal parts of the nephron. The basophilic tumors
      are characterized by an increased pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, with
      a corresponding reduction in mitochondrial respiration. However, the majority of
      the oncocytomas show an increased activity of the mitochondrial enzyme SDH, and a
      marked decrease in the activity of the key enzyme of the pentose phosphate
      pathway.

PMID- 2876546
TI  - Lymphocyte emperipolesis into autologous monocytes in leukocyte cultures exposed
      to mitogenic lectins.
AB  - Lymphocyte-monocyte synergistic interaction in cooperative response to mitogens
      and antigens is well established. This paper describes a less known--antagonistic
      (effector-target)--lymphocyte-monocyte interaction that came into existence in a
      leukocyte culture after the commencement of cellular response to concanavalin A,
      phytohemagglutinin and Wistaria floribunda mitogen. An invasion of lymphocytes
      into monocytes and monocyte polykaryons has been found 24-48 h after exposure to
      mitogens. The invasion is not followed by lysosome fusion with lymphocyte-bearing
      vacuoles, but is associated with a sequential destruction of the vacuole wall,
      and eventual disintegration of some affected cells. The expression of pan-T-cell
      surface antigens, staining patterns for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase
      as well as ultrastructural features show that the lymphocytes entering into and
      those located within monocytes and polykaryons represent activated T-cells. The
      presence of developed Golgi complexes associated with coated and smooth vesicles,
      and lysosomal bodies with microvesicles, tubular arrays or dense cores suggest
      that these T-cells belong to subpopulations which possess cytolytic activities.
      The lymphocyte invasion is considered cytolytic emperipolesis directed towards
      some autologous cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series. Its extent depends
      upon the mitogen concentration, and density of cell population in the culture. It
      also shows individual variability. The relationship of cytolytic emperipolesis to
      phagocytosis, and its possible significance as a mechanism of cell-mediated
      elimination of undesirable cells is discussed.

PMID- 2876547
TI  - Evidence for a migratory capability of rat Kupffer cells to portal tracts and
      hepatic lymph nodes.
AB  - The present study concerns the migratory ability of Kupffer cells in the rat.
      Phagocytic cells were labeled with colloidal carbon or gold, these markers being
      administered intravenously either into a tail vein, which resulted in generalized
      reticuloendothelial uptake, or in low dose into the portal vein, which produced
      uptake by Kupffer cells alone. Cells containing marker were observed in the
      portal tracts and in hepatic lymph nodes from 1 to 3 days after injection into
      the portal vein. The direct movement of single marker particles to the portal
      tracts could be excluded. Since injection of marker into the portal vein labeled
      Kupffer cells exclusively, whereas blood cells, splenic and bone marrow
      macrophages remained unlabeled, the labeled cells in the portal tracts and
      hepatic lymph nodes appeared to be former Kupffer cells migrating which had
      migrated to these sites.

PMID- 2876548
TI  - Increased UDP-glucuronyltransferase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in enzyme
      altered rat liver lesions produced by low doses of aflatoxin B1.
AB  - Preneoplastic liver lesions were produced in female Wistar rats by low doses of
      aflatoxin B1 (Model 1: administration of 37.5 micrograms/kg 12 and 24 h after
      partial hepatectomy; Model 2: continuous application of 3.5 micrograms/kg in tap
      water daily for 28 days with partial hepatectomy after 14 days. The animals then
      received sodium phenobarbital, 0.1% in tap water, for 180 to 400 days). In both
      models numerous altered hepatic foci (AHF) and hyperplastic nodules (HN) were
      detected enzyme histochemically by their negative ATPase and positive gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase reactions. Immunohistochemically these lesions were also
      UDP-glucuronyltransferase positive. Increased UDP-glucuronyltransferase adds to
      permanent alterations of a number of drug metabolizing enzymes observed in a
      variety of different tumor models. These alterations are responsible for the
      toxin-resistant phenotype (Faber 1984b). Increased gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      was detected both enzyme histochemically and immunohistochemically; whereas gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase activity was present in both AHF/HN and in periportal
      areas by enzyme histochemistry, the immunohistochemical method selectively
      stained gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in AHF and HN. Immunohistochemically
      detectable UDP-glucuronyltransferase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase are markers
      of putative precancerous liver lesions which may be useful in the analysis of the
      prestages of liver carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2876549
TI  - [Compartmentalization of Ca2+ in subcellular structures of the rat liver in
      chemical injury of hepatocyte membranes].
AB  - Compartmentalization of Ca2+ was studied in homogenates and subcellular fractions
      (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes and cytosol fraction) of rat liver tissue under
      conditions of chemical lesion of hepatocyte membranes caused by CCl4. The studies
      were carried out within 2, 24, 48, 96 and 168 hrs after the CCl4 administration.
      The chemical lesion of hepatocyte membranes led to considerable increase in Ca2+
      concentration in the subcellular fractions studied, especially in cytosol
      fraction, where it reached about 424% as compared with the control level. The
      drastic increase of calcium concentration in cytosol appears to be due to
      disturbance of both Ca2+ elimination through plasmatic membrane and its
      mitochondrial sequestration.

PMID- 2876550
TI  - Children with AIDS.
AB  - The etiologic agent for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been
      identified as human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Its distinguishing
      characteristics and putative receptor, the T4 molecule, are discussed. The
      Western Blot method has been applied to assess the presence of antibody to HTLV
      III in patients as a measure of infection with HTLV-III. The definition of AIDS
      in children, based on the Centers for Disease Control surveillance criteria, is
      explored and expanded. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of pediatric AIDS
      are explained in the context of 'HTLV-III infection' through an analysis of
      prospective and retrospective serologic studies. Transmission of the disease is
      explored through parental history of infected children. Finally, the rationale
      for antibody replacement therapy is set forth.

PMID- 2876551
TI  - [Antibody formation dynamics in patients from the Far East with hemorrhagic fever
      with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2876552
TI  - [Multiple endocrine adenomatosis manifested chiefly by hyperparathyroidism].
AB  - A case with multiple endocrine neoplasia was reported, including parathyroid
      adenoma, of the main cells of the gland, multiple small adenomas in the tail of
      pancreas, (cytologically and electron-microscopically determined as A cellular)
      and light-cellular adenoma of adrenal. The hyperfunction of parathyroid adenoma
      was manifested with hypercalcemia (3.75 mmol/l), and morphologically--with the
      multiple calcium metastases in lungs, kidneys and heart, established at necropsy.
      The cause for the death was the acutely advanced ischemic disease of myocardium,
      on the background of chronic pyelonephritis and renal insufficiency. The timely
      diagnosis of such morbid states is concluded to be important for the clinical
      practice and could lead to the saving of the patients by operative removal of the
      tumour.

PMID- 2876553
TI  - [Beta-adrenergic blockers].

PMID- 2876555
TI  - Myopathy from surreptitious ipecac ingestion.

PMID- 2876554
TI  - The effects of diuretics and adrenergic-blocking agents on plasma lipids.
AB  - ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATIONS CAUSE THE FOLLOWING CHANGES IN PLASMA LIPIDS AND
      LIPOPROTEINS: Thiazide and loop diuretics increase triglyceride, total
      cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels with no change
      in high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. beta-Adrenergic antagonists
      increase triglyceride and decrease HDL cholesterol levels. A rise in very-low
      density-lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol balances the decrease in HDL cholesterol,
      so that there is no significant change in total cholesterol. alpha-Adrenergic
      antagonists decrease triglyceride, increase HDL cholesterol and may decrease VLDL
      and LDL cholesterol. Labetalol, with both alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonistic
      activity, does not affect plasma lipids in a small number of studies. The calcium
      channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil also have no consistent effect on
      lipoprotein levels in a small number of studies.

PMID- 2876556
TI  - [Crohn disease in childhood].
AB  - Increasing incidence of Crohn's disease particularly in childhood and adolescence
      has made inflammatory bowel disease one of the most important aspects of
      paediatric gastroenterology. The multicenter paediatric Crohn's disease study
      group with members from F.R.G., Switzerland, and Austria diagnosed Crohn's
      disease in 527 patients by means of defined diagnostic criteria. With regard to
      epidemiology, genetics, aetiology, descriptive pathogenesis, anamnestical and
      diagnostical features and therapy the authors discuss their experience and
      results of the multicenter study group.

PMID- 2876557
TI  - [Speech intelligibility as a function of prosody].

PMID- 2876558
TI  - Some methodological aspects of neurosciences.

PMID- 2876559
TI  - [Interaction between receptors and biologically active substances in tumor
      cells].

PMID- 2876561
TI  - [Urocaninase test for assessing the severity of the course of psoriasis].

PMID- 2876560
TI  - [Regulation of gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and synthesis in animal
      tissues].

PMID- 2876562
TI  - [Neuropharmacologic analysis of the process of developing extinctive inhibition
      in the lobectomized cat].
AB  - Pharmacological action on cholinergic and monoaminergic brain structures in the
      process of food-procuring reflex extinction was studied in intact and
      lobectomized cats. Growing stimulation of cholinergic structures of lobectomized
      animals caused consecutive behavioural changes similar to those appearing during
      development of active reaction of intact animals to cancellation of the reflex
      reinforcement. In both cases influences on monoaminergic systems produced
      analogous effects, but suppressing influence of haloperidol injection on food
      procuring activity of lobectomized cats was significantly weakened. Conclusion is
      made that the development of active reaction of the animal to cancellation of
      food reinforcement is due to an increasing activation of brain cholinergic
      structures and consecutive activation of monoaminergic structures. Disturbance of
      extinction functions in lobectomized cats may be connected with disturbance of
      monoaminergic systems balance as a result of hyperactivity of dopaminergic
      structures.

PMID- 2876563
TI  - The mutagenic activity of agaritine--a constituent of the cultivated mushroom
      Agaricus bisporus--and its derivatives detected with the Salmonella/mammalian
      microsome assay (Ames Test).
AB  - Purified agaritine (N'-(gamma-L(+)-glutamyl)-p-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine)
      isolated from Agaricus bisporus, p-hydrazinobenzoic acid (its presumptive
      precursor) and some agaritine-degradation products were tested for mutagenic
      activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay (Ames test). Consistent
      with the literature, agaritine showed a distinct direct-acting mutagenicity with
      the strain TA1537 (30 revertants/mumol) and with TA97. Incubation of agaritine at
      alkaline pH increased the mutagenic effect. Pre-incubation of agaritine with
      gamma-glutamyl transferase (GT) during 10 h at room temperature (pH 8.2) even
      enhanced the mutagenicity by a factor of 8 to 16 depending on the strain. In
      accordance with this finding, synthetic p-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine (the
      presumptive product of the GT catalyzed degradation) showed also a distinct
      direct-acting mutagenicity, but the increase was only about 3- to 6- times
      compared with agaritine. The hypothetical ultimate mutagenic metabolite of
      agaritine, the p-hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium ion, a compound occurring
      naturally in A. bisporus, showed the highest mutagenic activity (with TA1537
      approximately 300 to 1,000 revertants/mumol).

PMID- 2876564
TI  - Non-haemagglutinating fimbriae of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).
AB  - Two hundred and thirteen Escherichia coli strains originating in 12 countries
      were included in the study. Of these, 157 were classical enteropathogenic E. coli
      (EPEC) serotypes, 54 belonged to O138, O139 and O141 serogroups i.e. porcine
      edema disease strains and two strains were of serogroup O157 associated with
      haemorrhagic colitis. Surface hydrophobicity was determined by the salt
      aggregation test (SAT). Haemagglutination was assayed against erythrocytes of six
      animal species with strains grown under conditions known to promote expression of
      haemagglutinins. Sixty three EPEC strains were hydrophobic i.e. SAT value less
      than or equal to 0.1-1.6, and of these 15 did not haemagglutinate. Fimbriae were
      abundant on non-haemagglutinating strain 2178/58 (O26) when grown in nutrient
      broth. Fewer fimbriae per cell were present after growth on nutrient agar. Heat-
      and protease treatment reduces the surface hydrophobicity of EPEC strains. We
      propose that EPEC strains may carry a number of different surface proteins which
      determine binding to intestinal cells in a similar way as hydrophobic non
      haemagglutinating fimbriae determine binding to rabbit intestinal brush borders,
      cf rabbit EPEC strain RDEC 1.

PMID- 2876565
TI  - [Cloning of the genes of hemolytic factors of Bordetella pertussis in Escherichia
      coli].
AB  - The gene library of B. pertussis strain No. 475 (serovar 1. 2. 3.) was obtained
      on plasmid pUC19 in E. coli strain JM107. The average size of the cloned
      fragments of chromosomal DNA was 4.9 Kb. Out of 1,700 tested recombinant clones,
      six caused visible hemolysis on petri dishes with agar containing 4% of sheep red
      blood cells after 16-hour incubation at 37 degrees C. Only two out of four
      isolated plasmids were similar in Pst I restriction. Consequently, the existence
      of several different genes responsible for the hemolytic factors of B. pertussis
      may be assumed. None of the cloned fragments had Hind III sites. Clones harboring
      hybrid plasmids possessed different modes of hemolysis, which may be indicative
      of gene expression in E. coli.

PMID- 2876566
TI  - [Immunoperoxidase study of the localization of alpha-endorphin in the brain].
AB  - Location of alpha-endorphin in the rat brain was studied by means of the indirect
      immunoperoxidase method (peroxidase-antiperoxidase). alpha-endorphin
      immunoreactivity was detected in neural fibers but not in neuronal bodies.
      Immunoreactive fibers were located predominantly in the hypothalamus: in the
      preoptic area, periventricular zone, dorsal and ventrolateral portions of the
      gray tuber. Individual fibers containing alpha-endorphin were also discovered in
      the cerebral portions directly adjacent to the hypothalamus (the ventral part of
      the striate body, septum and thalamus). The questions related to
      immunocytochemical detection of peptides in the perikaryons of neurons and their
      processes are discussed.

PMID- 2876567
TI  - Catalytic and immunochemical properties of arylsulphatase A from urine, modified
      by potassium ferrate.
AB  - Arylsulphatase A (EC 3.1.6.1.) from urine was inactivated with potassium ferrate,
      a strong oxidizing agent. The inhibition could be prevented by competitive
      inhibitors, tetraborate and orthophosphate. Tetraborate which was shown to be a
      powerful competitive inhibitor (determined Ki = 4 X 10(-5) M) gave more efficient
      protection. The partially inactivated enzyme exhibited a Km value similar to that
      of the unmodified arylsulphatase A, and its Vmax decreased in proportion to the
      loss of enzymatic activity. The partially modified enzyme did not lose its
      ability to catalyse hydrolysis of p-nitrocatechol sulphate according to the
      "anomalous kinetics" exhibited towards this substrate and characteristic for
      arylsulphatase A. The immunochemical properties of arylsulphatase A either fully
      or partially inactivated were similar to those of the native enzyme. The results
      allow to conclude that ferrate reacts with arylsulphatase A in its active site.
      Thus ferrate seems to be a very sensitive probe for amino acid residues essential
      for catalytic activity of arylsulphatase A.

PMID- 2876568
TI  - [Neuroendocrinology--1986].

PMID- 2876569
TI  - Negative correlation between peripheral plasma somatostatin levels and GH
      responses to GH-RH stimulation tests in children.
AB  - On forty-six fasting and resting children, aged 5-17 years, with short stature
      (below -2 SD) a growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH) stimulation test (2
      micrograms/kg iv bolus, Sanofi) was performed. Twenty-two children were
      prepubertal, of which, 13 had a constitutional short stature (CSS), nine an
      idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (IGHD). Twenty-four subjects were pubertal,
      at the stage II or III of Tanner. Among them, six had a constitutional short
      stature (CSS) and 18 an idiopathic delayed puberty (IDP). Blood samples were
      taken for determination of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in
      chilled test tubes containing EDTA + aprotinin. Plasma SLI levels were measured
      after extraction and concentration on C18 Sep Pack columns by radioimmunoassay
      using an antibody against 1-14 somatostatin. The sensitivity of this assay is
      around 3 pg/ml. After GH-RH stimulation the peak of GH (mean +/- SEM) was in
      prepubertal subjects: 25.3 +/- 9.1 micrograms/l in CSS, and 18.6 +/- 10.3
      micrograms/l in IGHD. In pubertal subjects GH peaks were 17.6 +/- 8.4
      micrograms/l in CSS and 15.6 +/- 3.8 micrograms/l in children with IDP. No
      significant differences was found between basal plasma SLI levels in the four
      groups of subjects, being respectively (mean +/- SEM) 11.9 +/- 1.8 pg/ml in
      prepubertal subjects with CSS, 9.6 +/- 2.6 pg/ml in IGHD, 7.6 +/- 1.7 pg/ml in
      pubertal children with CSS and 6.6 +/- 1.5 pg/ml in children with IDP.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876570
TI  - Reduction of pituitary size by the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in a patient
      with an islet cell tumour secreting growth hormone releasing factor.
AB  - Acromegaly is rarely caused by the ectopic secretion of growth hormone releasing
      factor (GRF) from peripheral neuroendocrine tumours. We evaluated the ability of
      a recently developed somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995, Sandoz) to reduce
      hormone levels and pituitary size in a young woman with acromegaly and Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome secondary to a metastatic pancreatic islet cell tumour secreting
      GRF and gastrin. Gastrin, GRF, and growth hormone (GH) levels declined
      dramatically following the initiation of therapy with the analogue by continuous
      iv infusion. Although intermittent sc therapy was not effective in suppressing
      hormone levels, continuous sc infusion of SMS 201-995 has provided good control
      of both GRF and GH levels for nine months. Moreover, treatment with SMS 201-995
      was associated with a substantial reduction in pituitary enlargement and an
      improvement in her gastric symptoms. Continuous sc infusion of SMS 201-995 may be
      useful in treating enlarged pituitaries resistant to other modes of therapy.

PMID- 2876571
TI  - Hyperthyroidism due to non-tumoural inappropriate TSH secretion. Effect of a long
      acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995).
AB  - Inappropriate hypersecretion of TSH was investigated in a 25 year old man whose
      hyperthyroidism had relapsed 4 years after subtotal thyroidectomy. Serum TSH
      levels were further increased by both TRH and metoclopramide and were partially
      suppressed by triiodothyronine (120 micrograms/day). The serum alpha-subunit: TSH
      molar ratio was less than 1.0, and computerised axial tomography showed no
      evidence of a pituitary tumour. These features are characteristic of
      inappropriate TSH secretion due to thyrotroph resistance to thyroid hormones. A
      long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995), 50 micrograms injected sc twice
      daily for three days, suppressed TSH levels and nearly normalised thyroid hormone
      levels. Somatostatin analogues may be therapeutically useful in thyrotoxicosis
      due to non-tumoural inappropriate TSH hypersecretion.

PMID- 2876573
TI  - [Uricosuric action of a new beta receptor blocker-diuretic drug combination].
AB  - The influence of a once daily dose of 200 mg celiprolol alone and in combination
      with 12.5 mg chlorthalidone on uric acid and electrolyte metabolism was
      investigated in 22 hypertensive patients with gout in a randomized trial. All
      patients were treated with allopurinol and diet. A four weeks treatment with
      celiprolol (11 patients) showed no influence on uric acid metabolism,
      electrolytes, blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. Under treatment with
      celiprolol plus chlorthalidone (11 patients) only a small rise in serum uric acid
      was observed after four weeks but at the same time uric acid clearance and
      excretion increased significantly. There was no obvious change in serum
      electrolytes but an increase in sodium, potassium and chloride urine excretion.
      Serum uric acid, uric acid clearance and excretion decreased during a 6 months
      treatment period. A small decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides was observed.
      Blood pressure decreased in both treatment groups but there was only a small
      change in heart rate.

PMID- 2876572
TI  - The development and function of the endocrine pancreas of fetuses and infants
      born to normal and diabetic mothers.
AB  - The development of the human endocrine pancreas is described. The hormone content
      and islet responsiveness of foetal and neonatal pancreases of diabetic and non
      diabetic pregnant women are reported.

PMID- 2876574
TI  - Intubating conditions after vecuronium and atracurium given in divided doses (the
      priming technique).
AB  - Intubating conditions have been assessed at 60 s following administration of
      vecuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 or atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1 given either as a single dose
      after induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone or in divided doses; vecuronium
      0.015 mg kg-1 followed 4 or 6 min later by 0.085 mg kg-1, or atracurium 0.075 mg
      kg-1 followed 4 or 6 min later by 0.425 mg kg-1. In the divided dose groups the
      smaller initial (priming) dose was given prior to induction of anaesthesia. Onset
      and duration of clinical relaxation were assessed using a peripheral nerve
      stimulator. The intubating conditions at 60 s improved significantly, with the
      use of relaxants in divided doses being acceptable in 80 and 70% of patients,
      respectively, with vecuronium and atracurium, but the conditions are not as good
      as those commonly found using suxamethonium. Priming at 6 min has no advantage
      over priming at 4 min. The onset of complete block was accelerated with priming,
      but the difference was not significant. The duration of clinical relaxation of
      vecuronium was significantly prolonged by giving it in divided doses. Unpleasant
      awareness of muscle weakness was observed in 15 patients, requiring early
      induction of anaesthesia in five of them.

PMID- 2876575
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium during sufentanil
      anesthesia for coronary artery bypass.
AB  - A study was undertaken to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of sufentanil, in
      combination with three different muscle relaxants, used as sole anesthetic with
      100% O2 in 30 patients undergoing elective coronary artery vein graft surgery.
      Patients were randomly allocated to receive pancuronium (P), vecuronium (V) or
      atracurium (A) for muscle relaxation. All patients received 15 micrograms/kg
      sufentanil at induction followed by 5-10 micrograms/kg sufentanil prior to
      sternotomy. At the 95% level of significance no statistical difference was found
      for any of the measured and derived cardiovascular parameters between groups P, V
      and A, except for a decreased systolic blood pressure in the atracurium group
      after induction. Sufentanil in combination with pancuronium or vecuronium
      provided stable hemodynamic conditions throughout anesthesia. Atracurium was less
      satisfactory. We conclude that there is no advantage to be gained, in the
      presence of beta blockade, from the use of the new generation muscle relaxants as
      compared to pancuronium during high-dose sufentanil anesthesia for coronary
      artery vein grafting.

PMID- 2876576
TI  - Selective adrenergic beta-2-receptor blocking drug, ICI-118.551, is effective in
      essential tremor.
AB  - Eighteen patients with essential tremor were treated for 2 days with a non
      selective adrenergic beta-blocking drug (dl-propranolol, 80 mg X 3), a beta-2
      selective blocker (ICI-118.551, 50 mg X 3) and placebo (X 3) in a randomized
      double blind cross-over study. Postural hand tremor was recorded with an
      accelerometer before administration of the drugs and at the end of each treatment
      period. Compared with placebo, both the beta-blocking drugs caused a
      statistically significant decrease in tremor intensity and they possessed
      approximately similar antitremor potency. Subjective benefit was reported by 12
      of the 18 patients receiving ICI-118.551, 13 when on propranolol and 3 when on
      placebo.

PMID- 2876577
TI  - [Effects of alpha-methyldopa on systolic pressure and activities of tyrosine
      hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and phenethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase
      in nervous system of spontaneously hypertensive rats].

PMID- 2876578
TI  - [Effect of nine adrenergic drugs on experimental myocardial infarction in rats].

PMID- 2876579
TI  - [Analysis of the anti-arrhythmic activity of cimetidine in anesthetized guinea
      pigs].

PMID- 2876580
TI  - [Effects of ginseng root saponins on central transmitters and plasma
      corticosterone in warm-stress rats].

PMID- 2876581
TI  - [Central convulsive action of l-securinine].

PMID- 2876582
TI  - Effect of diazepam and medazepam on prolactin secretion.
AB  - Pharmacological studies of the effect of Diazepam and Medazepam on prolactin
      secretion were carried out on sexually mature male albino rats. The experiments
      were carried out using two series of experimental set-ups. In the first series an
      analysis was made of the effect of Diazepam in doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body mass,
      and of Medazepam in doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg body mass, on the prolactin secretion
      on the 60th min after a single intraperitoneal injection. The second series of
      experiments was designed to investigate the effect of Diazepam and Medazepam in
      the same doses under conditions of acute immobilization of the animals for 60
      min. The prolactin levels in the serum were tested using a radioimmunological
      method. Prolactin secretion decreases after a single intraperitoneal
      administration of Diazepam in both doses. Prolactin content in the serum was
      reduced only after a dose of 10 mg/kg body mass. Under conditions of experimental
      immobilization stress, prolactin secretion was stimulated in the animals from the
      control group, treated with standard solution used as solvent. Diazepam in both
      doses administered and Medazepam in a dose of 10 mg/kg inhibit the prolactin
      secretion stimulated by acute immobilization stress.

PMID- 2876583
TI  - Stearic acid desaturation in rat liver microsomes: stimulation by fatty acid
      binding protein.
AB  - A soluble protein (Mr = 12,000) showing the characteristics of fatty acid binding
      protein is partially purified from rat liver cytosol (15-fold on the basis of its
      affinity for oleic acid) using ammonium sulphate precipitation. More oleate than
      stearate is removed from liver microsomes incubated with similar amounts of both
      fatty acids and the protein, indicating that it has a higher affinity for oleic
      than for stearic acid. When added to microsomes, a fraction enriched in this
      protein stimulates stearic acid desaturation. Such an effect is abolished if the
      protein is pre-saturated with oleic acid. It is suggested that the stimulation of
      stearic acid desaturation by fatty acid binding protein may involve a selective
      removal of the product, oleic acid, from the microsomal membranes.

PMID- 2876584
TI  - The net fluid secretion caused by cyclic 3'5'-guanosine monophosphate in the rat
      jejunum in vivo is mediated by a local nervous reflex.
AB  - The tissue concentration of cyclic 3'5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has been
      shown to increase in the small intestine when net fluid secretion is evoked by
      the heat-stable enterotoxine of Escherichia coli. Lipophilic cGMP analogues are
      also known to elicit intestinal fluid secretion. It is therefore believed that an
      increase in intracellular cGMP concentration in enterocytes mediates this
      secretion. The present study reports that the fluid secretion, elicited by
      placing two different cGMP analogues, dibutyryl-cGMP and 8-Br-cGMP, in the
      intestinal lumen of anaesthetized rats in vivo, is significantly inhibited by
      atropine, hexamethonium and lidocaine. It is proposed that cGMP activates a
      reflex in the enteric nervous system which, in part, explains the observed fluid
      secretion.

PMID- 2876585
TI  - Vagal stimulation of duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion in anaesthetized rats.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine the influence of the vagal nerves on
      mucosa protective duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion in chloralosed rats. The HCO3(-)
      secretion was measured by in situ titration in a duodenal segment devoid of
      Brunner glands. Cervical vagotomy lowered duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion and
      stimulation of the cut vagal nerves (10 Hz for 15 min) increased this secretion.
      Both basal and vagally stimulated duodenal HCO3(-)-secretions were more
      pronounced in rats with ligated adrenal glands. Atropine did not influence basal
      duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion, whereas indomethacin and hexamethonium lowered basal
      secretion in vagotomized rats with ligated adrenal glands. Compared with
      untreated controls, vagally induced secretory responses were unchanged by
      atropine, 50% smaller in indomethacin treated rats and almost abolished in rats
      treated with hexamethonium. The study suggests that the vagal nerves exert an
      excitatory effect on duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion which is mainly mediated via
      nicotinic, non-muscarinic transmission, in part dependent on prostaglandin
      synthesis. Furthermore, the results indicate that the adrenal glands exert an
      inhibitory action on both the basal and vagally induced mucosa protective HCO3(-)
      secretion.

PMID- 2876586
TI  - Blood flow distribution, lymph flow, villus tissue osmolality and fluid and
      electrolyte transport after exposing the cat small intestine to sodium
      deoxycholate.
AB  - The effect of luminal perfusion of a dihydroxy bile salt (sodium deoxycholate) on
      net fluid transport, intestinal haemodynamics, lymph flow, electrolyte transport
      and villus tissue osmolality was studied in cat jejunum. Furthermore, the effects
      of hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin, two drugs influencing nervous activity, were
      investigated. Concomitant to net fluid secretion, the bile salt increased mucosal
      blood flow whereas capillary filtration coefficient and lymph flow remained
      unchanged. Net sodium and chloride transport changed from absorption to
      secretion. The change of sodium transport was due to both an increased flux from
      tissue to lumen and a reduced flux in the opposite direction. Villus tissue
      hyperosmolality was reduced. None of the effects on intestinal haemodynamics
      correlated with the change in net fluid transport. Furthermore, hexamethonium and
      tetrodotoxin inhibited the secretion of fluid and electrolytes without
      influencing the induced changes in intestinal haemodynamics. It is concluded that
      the bile salt induces intestinal fluid secretion by stimulating an active
      secretory process in the crypts via enteric nerves. A minor part of the total
      change in net fluid transport may be due to a reduced uptake in the villi.

PMID- 2876587
TI  - Microdialysis in the study of extracellular levels of amino acids in the rat
      brain.
AB  - Microdialysis has been used for in vivo studies of extracellular amino acids in
      rat brain. We describe a method where a probe was designed to be implanted
      vertically. This probe is suitable for regional stereotaxic studies of the rat
      brain. The dialysis probe was perfused with Ringer's solution and the perfusates
      were analysed for their amino acid content with a high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) technique. An orthophthaldialdehyde derivative of the amino
      acids was formed before the sample was injected onto the column. In vitro studies
      of the dialysis probe show that the relative recovery of substances outside the
      membrane is dependent on perfusion speed and length of dialysing membrane but not
      on the concentration outside. We were also able to show that the probe was within
      the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when implanted into the brain since after
      intravenous injection of Na99mTcO4, a substance that cannot pass through the
      intact BBB, it was not possible to recover any isotope from the perfusate. We
      conclude that microdialysis is a unique method of studying regional neurochemical
      events within the BBB, for example, changes in putative amino acid
      neurotransmitters and their metabolites.

PMID- 2876588
TI  - Covariation of depressive symptoms, parkinsonism, and post-dexamethasone plasma
      cortisol levels in a bipolar patient: simultaneous response to ECT and lithium
      carbonate.
AB  - A patient presented with concurrent mood congruent delusions, parkinsonism, and
      elevated post-dexamethasone plasma cortisol levels. This triad could result from
      simultaneous development of cholinergic-monoaminergic dysfunction within critical
      limbic and extrapyramidal loci. The magnitude of each abnormality decreased in
      concert during a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Remaining
      abnormalities disappeared during treatment with lithium. Actions of ECT and
      lithium on muscarinic systems are reviewed, and a strategy for testing the
      hypothesis that dysfunction of cholinergic-monoaminergic mechanisms develops in
      parallel in different neural networks is considered.

PMID- 2876589
TI  - The role of glucagon, catecholamines and cortisol in counterregulation of insulin
      induced hypoglycemia in normal man.
AB  - To study the response of glucose counterregulation to insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia, six normals were given a 4-hour infusion of insulin (2.4 U/h) +/-
      somatostatin (50 micrograms/h). Supplementary glucagon (1.5 or 3.0 ng/kg/min) was
      given in additional experiments. In a separate study, glucagon was supplemented
      for 4 hours as a constant rate infusion (3.25 ng/kg/min) or at rates stepwise
      increasing from 1.5 to 5.0 ng/kg/min. Insulin decreased blood glucose by 1.5
      mmol/l and simultaneous suppression of glucagon resulted in a more pronounced
      hypoglycemia enhancing the adrenaline and cortisol responses. The hyperglycemic
      effect of glucagon substitution (3 ng/kg/min) faded out after about 2 hours,
      whereafter exaggerated adrenaline and cortisol responses to hypoglycemia were
      seen. A comparison between the effects of steady state hyperglucagonemia and
      gradually appearing hyperglucagonemia on the counterregulation of hypoglycemia
      revealed no significant differences in glucose, adrenaline and cortisol responses
      to insulin. It is concluded that the glycemic effect of glucagon is transient in
      the hypoglycemic state. When the hepatic responsiveness to this hormone is
      decreased during hypoglycemia, adrenaline becomes the essential protective
      factor.

PMID- 2876590
TI  - Identification of a potent endogenous benzodiazepine binding inhibitor from
      bovine cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2876591
TI  - Purification of an endogenous benzodiazepine-like substance from the mammalian
      brain.
AB  - An anti-benzodiazepine monoclonal antibody has been used to demonstrate the
      existence of benzodiazepine-like molecules in the brain and for the purification
      of these molecules. Immunocytochemical experiments show that these molecules are
      neuronal and not glial and that they are ubiquitously distributed throughout the
      brain. Immunoblots indicate the presence of benzodiazepine-like epitopes in
      several brain peptides. An endogenous substance that binds to the central-type
      benzodiazepine receptor with agonist properties has been purified to homogeneity
      from the bovine brain. The purification consisted on immunoaffinity
      chromatography on immobilized monoclonal anti-benzodiazepine antibody followed by
      gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and two reverse phase HPLCs. The purified
      substance has a small molecular weight and its activity is protease resistant.
      The endogenous substance blocks the binding of agonists, inverse agonists and
      antagonists to the central-type benzodiazepine receptor but it does not inhibit
      the binding of Ro5-4864 to the "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine receptor. The
      neurotransmitter gamma-amino-butyric acid increases the affinity of the
      benzodiazepine receptor for the purified substance. Thus this benzodiazepine-like
      substance is different from the endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligands
      reported by others.

PMID- 2876592
TI  - Increased inosinate dehydrogenase activity in mycophenolic acid resistant
      neuroblastoma cells.

PMID- 2876593
TI  - Purine biosynthesis in Chinese hamster cell mutants and human fibroblasts
      partially deficient in adenylosuccinate lyase.

PMID- 2876594
TI  - Biochemical basis for deoxyadenosine and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toxicity to
      resting human lymphocytes.

PMID- 2876595
TI  - [Dislocations of the carpal bones. Diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Dislocations of the carpal bones are rare. Because of the difficult radiological
      anatomy of the carpus, the diagnosis of such injuries is often missed. The
      treatment of a primary diagnosed luxation is easy, and an anatomical position of
      the carpal bones can be achieved by closed reduction. The functional result is
      good. In contrast the treatment of delayed diagnosed dislocations is very
      problematic, and the outcome of the mainly operative therapy is unsatisfactory on
      the whole. The radiological findings on dislocations of the carpal bones are
      discussed in principle. The indication of non-operative and operative treatment
      is outlined.

PMID- 2876596
TI  - [Surgically treated carpal tunnel syndrome--clinical and electrophysiologic
      follow-up].
AB  - The carpal tunnel syndrome is described as a compression of the N. medianus under
      the retinaculum flexorum with the causes for this syndrome being of the most
      varied nature. The aetiology is multifactorial with frequent alterations of the
      connective tissue being observed in the histological specimen, i.e. chronic
      inflammatory proliferations or fibrotic degenerations. Direct pressure
      measurements have shown that the pressure is markedly higher both at rest and
      extension or flexion as compared to normal healthy subjects. An exact diagnosis
      requires a measurable prolongation of the distal motorial latency. Surgery is the
      treatment of choice to ensure perfect recovery. For this purpose the retinaculum
      flexorum must be entirely split, and our experiments have shown that the
      splitting of the epineurium yields good results. The microsurgical
      interfascicular neurolysis, however, should be considered in special cases only.
      Complaints tend to disappear fairly quickly in the majority of cases, i.e. pain
      recedes by 90%, sensitivity disorders by more than 70% and muscle atrophy by 50%.
      The operation enables a measurable improvement of the distal motorial latency.
      The incidence of postoperative complications is relatively low, and if they do
      occur, then they are negligible and without any bearing on the final surgical
      result. Persistent residual complaints are very often due to other accompanying
      diseases such as cervical vertebral column syndrome, cervical ribs etc.

PMID- 2876597
TI  - [Secondary arthrosis of the wrist joint in malposition of healed and un-corrected
      fracture of the distal radius].
AB  - Basal fracture of the radius (traumatic manus radioflex) healed in the typical
      false position appreciable impairs the biomechanics of the wrist. Development of
      secondary arthrosis is to be feared in this condition. We report on the result of
      a follow-up investigation of 24 patients with a false position of the distal end
      of the radius requiring correction. The observation period is five to 40 years.
      The clinical and radiological follow-up examination shows that even highly
      deformed wrists can retain good mobility and remain free of pain for years. The
      most prominent symptoms are strain pain on ulnar side of the wrist and in the
      region of the distal radioulnar joint. It is less the tilting of the base of the
      radius which is responsible for the symptoms and for the development of the
      arthrosis. On the contrary, the shortening of the radius plays the major role
      here, causing an incongruence or even luxation of the distal radioulnar joint.

PMID- 2876598
TI  - [Chronic fractures and pseudarthroses of the scaphoid bone of the hand.
      Experiences with the Ender scaphoid bone plate].
AB  - We report on 37 patients with traumatic cysts and pseudoarthroses of the
      scaphoid, who were treated with Ender's scaphoid plate. Owing to technical errors
      there was no osseous healing in 4 cases (10.8%). The main advantage of this
      method is the brief immobilization period.

PMID- 2876599
TI  - [Homologous transplantation of spongiosa. Evaluation following 2 1/2 years].
AB  - Sufficient stability in comminuted fractures of the lower limb, in correcting
      bone axis or in hip surgery can often be achieved only by adjunctive
      transplantation of cancellous bone. The homologous cancellous bones is cut to
      chips out of extracted femoral heads and frozen in a bone bank at -30 degrees C.
      The homologous material is available whether or not the patient himself has
      enough autologous spongiosa. Establishing a bone bank in a small hospital can be
      done with small effort and works well, as experience shows. Immunological
      phenomena do not cause any problems although they are responsible for the
      prolonged incorporation of homologous spongiosa. Out of 41 cases with such a
      transplantation 26 showed healing without complications, 5 weak or severe tissue
      reactions. 2 of 4 patients with existing infections prior to transplantation
      could be stabilised. 6 patients were infected after implantation of spongiosa.
      The condition of the soft tissue and the status of immunity in aged persons
      played an important role. Possibly the number of infections can be reduced by
      rinsing the spongiosa in antibiotic solution before implantation.

PMID- 2876600
TI  - [Medium term results of treatment of post-traumatic osteitis and osteomyelitis
      with gentamycin-PMMA minichains].
AB  - In 10 cases of posttraumatic osteitis or osteomyelitis gentamicin-PMMA minichains
      have been used for treatment after radical local debridement. In 8 cases
      infection could be controlled completely by this regimen, one case needed
      adjuvant systemic antibiotic treatment and only one case with proved primarily
      gentamicin-resistant beta-haemolytic-streptococcus could be controlled after
      removal of PMMA-minichain by systemic antibiotic treatment. 3 to 9 months after
      therapy all infections were still under control.

PMID- 2876601
TI  - [Clinical aspects and therapy of osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia].
AB  - Sickle cell anaemia is of considerable clinical importance in parts of Africa.
      Special attention is drawn to skeletal involvement due to sickle cell anaemia.
      There is no specific therapy. Surgery is required if superinfection or a large
      sequestration is present.

PMID- 2876602
TI  - [Transverse syndrome following extension of a dislocation of the cervical spine
      with a Crutchfield bracket].

PMID- 2876603
TI  - Binding of [3H]ICIA 5165, an H2-receptor antagonist to guinea pig gastric mucosa.
AB  - ICIA 5165, 2-guanidino-4-[4-(2-cyano-3-methylguanidino)butyl] thiazole, a
      selective histamine H2-receptor antagonist was radiolabelled with tritium to a
      specific activity of 50.8 Ci/mmol for use in binding studies. Radiolabelling did
      not impair bioactivity. Binding characteristics of [3H]ICIA 5165 to guinea pig
      gastric mucosa were determined. Ligand binding was rapid, reaching equilibrium
      within five minutes at 0 degrees C, reversible and saturable. Specific [3H]ICIA
      5165 binding had an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.29 X 10(-8) M,
      determined by Scatchard plot analysis, and of 1.02 X 10(-8) M, calculated from
      the ratio of the dissociation to association rate constants. A Hill number, nH,
      of 1.02 was determined for the specific binding component. Specific binding of
      [3H]ICIA 5165 to gastric mucosal supernatant was not inhibited by methapyrilene,
      diphenhydramine, mepyramine, d-chlorpheniramine or l-chlorpheniramine (all at 10(
      7) M), or by atropine or propranolol (both at 10(-6) M). Specific [3H]ICIA 5165
      binding was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by non-radioactive ICIA
      5165 and tiotidine, as well as by a variety of other agents, with H2 agonist or
      H2 antagonist properties. In competition experiments, however, difficulties
      encountered in accurately defining the degree of specific binding indicate some
      reservation should be observed in interpreting these results.

PMID- 2876604
TI  - [Active transport of a beta-blocker in the anterior uvea of albino rabbits].

PMID- 2876605
TI  - [Study on urinary gamma-GTP activities as an indicator of cis-diamminedichloride
      platinum nephrotoxicity].
AB  - Acute change in urinary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP) activity following
      cis-diamminedichloride platinum (CDDP) administration was studied in 12 patients
      who had malignant tumors. The activities were measured for 11 days from the day
      before CDDP administration and were expressed as IU/day. In all cases, the gamma
      GTP activity increased with CDDP administration and decreased after completion of
      chemotherapy. Two peaks of gamma-GTP activity following CDDP administration were
      observed in many cases. In cases presenting with high gamma-GTP activity and low
      creatinine clearance before CDDP administration, the increase in the activity was
      prominent. The gamma-GTP activity before CDDP administration was significantly
      correlated with the gamma-GTP activity during the 10 days. This study suggests
      that the measurement of urinary gamma-GTP activity is important for the
      evaluation of CDDP nephrotoxicity, especially in cases of high gamma-GTP activity
      before CDDP administration.

PMID- 2876606
TI  - Introduction to adrenoceptor pharmacology.

PMID- 2876607
TI  - Pharmacology of detomidine and other alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in the brain.

PMID- 2876608
TI  - Effect of influenza virus on the interaction of cytoskeleton with cell membranes.
AB  - The effect of influenza virus on the organization of cytoskeleton (CS) associated
      with cell surface plasma membranes (PM) of chick embryo cells (CEC) was
      investigated. The CS isolated from virus-treated PM contained more proteins and
      more actin than the CS isolated from control membranes. Virus particles were
      found to be associated with this CS, although the purified virus alone, treated
      in the same manner, did not sediment at low speed in the residue insoluble in
      Triton X-100. Autophosphorylation of CS, especially of the polypeptides 24 K, 45
      K, 65 K and 105-110 K, was increased in CS prepared from virus-treated membranes.
      Superprecipitation of the CS prepared from CEC was stimulated by addition of the
      virus. Electron microscopy of the Triton X-100 insoluble residue from virus
      treated PM showed more structures similar to microfilament bundles than Triton X
      100 insoluble residue from control membranes. Based on these results we suggest
      that already in early stages the virus infection leads to a reorganization of
      membrane-associated CS.

PMID- 2876609
TI  - Analysis of influenza A virus neuraminidase using lectin test and monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Influenza viruses causing epidemics in the U.S.S.R. in 1968-1982 and 1983 were
      analysed in the lectin test (LT) using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies with
      specificity against neuraminidase (NA) of N2 subtype. Heterogeneity of the
      U.S.S.R. virus isolates in the reaction with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
      was demonstrated, though they were coming from the same year epidemic. The LT
      turned out to be an appropriate method to detect the antigenic drift in influenza
      virus NA. The results of LT were in a good agreement with those obtained by
      colorimetric estimation of the inhibition of enzyme activity and by competitive
      solid phase radioimmunoassay (SP RIA). In the LT only low steric inhibition of
      the NA with antihaemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) reacting in
      haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization tests was detected.

PMID- 2876610
TI  - Effect of the multiplicity of infection on synthesis of the tick-borne
      encephalitis virus-specified proteins during a single reproduction cycle.
AB  - The rate of the synthesis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus-specified
      proteins at high multiplicity of infection (MOI of 100 PFU per cell) was the
      highest by 8-14 hr post-infection (p.i.) as compared to the lower MOI of 4 PFU
      per cell (14 to 17 hr p.i.). The first virus-specific proteins appeared in cells
      from 2 to 5 hr p.i.

PMID- 2876611
TI  - Changes of natural killer cell activity in different mouse lines by acute and
      asymptomatic flavivirus infections.
AB  - Effect of certain flaviviruses on the activity of mouse natural killer (NK) cells
      was investigated using the classical mouse splenocyte system and YAC-1 cells for
      demonstration of NK cell cytotoxicity. Infection of mice with Langat and West
      Nile (WN) viruses was accompanied by temporary activation of NK cells. In mice
      infected with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus the stimulation phase of NK
      cell cytotoxicity on days 2-4 post-infection (p.i.) was followed by suppression
      of their activity. As to the surface markers (sensitivity to antitheta and
      antiimmunoglobulin serum, respectively), the flavivirus-activated NK cells did
      not differ from the endogenous NK cells of intact mice. The stimulatory effect of
      flaviviruses on cytotoxicity of NK cells varied in different mouse lines. An
      increased NK cell activity at early stages of TBE virus infection was observed in
      mouse lines characterized by low (C57B1/6) and medium (BALB/c)--but not by high
      (CBA)-activity of their non-stimulated NK cells. Suppression of NK cell activity
      at later stages of TBE virus infection was not associated with virus
      multiplication in mouse splenocytes.

PMID- 2876612
TI  - Characterisation of orbiviruses of the Kemerovo serogroup: comparison of protein
      and RNA profiles.
AB  - Nine viruses of the Kemerovo serogroup (orbivirus genus; family, Reoviridae)
      isolated from seabird ticks (Ixodes uriae and Ornithodoros maritimus) from eight
      different geographical locations (four from Scotland, two from Morocco, one from
      Eire, one from England, one from the Faeroes Islands) were examined. All nine
      viruses produced unique RNA electropherotypes but showed a 2 : 4 : 3 : 1 grouping
      of the ten double-stranded RNA segments. The virus-induced proteins were labelled
      with 35S-methionine in a Vero cell line. Seven of the viruses isolated from
      Ixodes uriae produced similar profiles of nine major polypeptides. The remaining
      two viruses, isolated from Ornithodoros maritimus from Morocco, produced profiles
      in which only five major viral proteins could be readily detected, four of which
      had similar molecular weights to proteins apparent in the other isolates.

PMID- 2876613
TI  - Studies on the ecology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the Carpathian and
      Pannonian types of natural foci.
AB  - During the years 1972-1982, the role of Ixodes ricinus ticks was studied as
      vectors of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in the Carpathian and Pannonian
      types of natural foci. The proportion of TBE virus-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks
      in the Carpathian elementary foci varied from 0.37 to 4.1 per cent, while in the
      Pannonic elementary foci it ranged from 0.07 to 6 per cent, respectively. TBE
      virus was isolated from organs of small rodents in both the Carpathian and
      Pannonian types of natural foci. A correlation was established between the
      percentage of infected ticks and the proportion of seropositive inhabitants.

PMID- 2876614
TI  - Immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of four broad bean stain virus isolates.
AB  - Four isolates of broad bean stain virus (BBSV; Comovirus group), representing two
      serotypes in immunodiffusion tests, were compared by immunoelectrophoresis. Two
      electrophoretic forms (slow and rapid) migrating from the cathode to the anode
      were found in virus preparations purified from above-ground plant parts harvested
      14 or 21 days after inoculation with any of the four isolates. In virus
      preparations kept for a year at 4 degrees C in the presence of sodium azide both
      electrophoretic forms were preserved, while in preparations without a
      preservative only the rapidly migrating form could be detected. In virus
      preparations from plant roots, only the rapidly migrating form was demonstrated.

PMID- 2876615
TI  - Pathological lesions in mice infected with Thogoto virus, a tick-borne
      orthomyxovirus.
AB  - The RNA structure of tick-borne Thogoto virus was found very closely related to
      that of the Orthomyxovividae family. Pathological lesions in the lungs, liver and
      intestine of white mice inoculated with Thogoto virus resemble to those described
      for influenza virus, however, an important differential characteristic is the
      high hepatotropism of Thogoto virus. Thogoto virus infection in the liver of mice
      seems suitable for the study of virus-induced necrotic lesions.

PMID- 2876616
TI  - Suppression of persistent varicella-zoster virus infection in Vero cells by
      acyclovir.
AB  - Persistent infection was established in Vero cells inoculated with varicella
      zoster virus (VZV)-infected WI-38 cells. Treatment with 9-(2-hydroxy
      ethoxymethyl)guanine (acyclovir) at doses of 100, 80, 40, and 10 micrograms/ml
      eliminated the infectious virus, lower doses such as 0.1 and 0.01 micrograms/ml
      were ineffective.

PMID- 2876617
TI  - Vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype with neutralization antigen of tick-borne
      encephalitis virus.
AB  - Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), when grown in dual infection with tick-borne
      encephalitis (TBE) virus, produced pseudotype VSV (TBE) with surface proteins
      provided by TBE virus. This phenomenon can be employed in a rapid, accurate and
      sensitive test for detection and assay of neutralizing antibodies specific for
      TBE virus.

PMID- 2876618
TI  - Interfering activity of epidemic, attenuated and recombinant strains of influenza
      A virus.
AB  - Interfering activity (IA) of the epidemic and attenuated influenza virus strains
      of different ts-phenotype was studied. IA was assessed by inhibition of vaccinia
      virus cytopathic effect in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) cells.
      Direct relationship was established between the temperature sensitivity (ts)
      index and IA of these viruses. The relationship between IA and multiplicity of
      infection was strain-specific.

PMID- 2876619
TI  - Anaerobes and septic abortion.
AB  - The bacterial flora of the genital tracts of twenty-two patients with septic
      abortion and twenty normal women (as controls) were studied to determine the
      significant aetiological agents. The predominant flora qualitatively and
      quantitatively in the twenty-two patients were anaerobes. Bacteroides bivius was
      isolated from all the twenty-two patients and from twelve out of twenty normal
      controls. The next commonest anaerobes were B. asaccharolyticus (fourteen out of
      twenty-two patients), B. melaninogenicus (ten out of twenty-two), B. fragilis
      (eleven out of twenty-two), B. disiens (eight out of twenty-two) and anaerobic
      cocci (six out of twenty-two); they were also isolated from nine out of twenty,
      twelve, zero, eight and three control subjects respectively. The commonest
      facultative bacteria isolated from both the patients and afebrile controls were
      Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and Streptococcus faecalis. The
      comparative increase in number of patients colonized by the anaerobes and the
      increase in the bacteria, by quantitative assessment in the patient group,
      signify the importance of anaerobes in septic abortion.

PMID- 2876620
TI  - Anaerobic infections in childhood.
AB  - Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides oralis are predominant anaerobes in
      orofacial infections and aspiration pneumonia. Fusobacterium species are common
      pathogens in aspiration pneumonia, brain abscesses and orofacial infections.
      Clostridium perfringens can cause bacteremia and wound infections. Clostridium
      botulinum can produce a paralytic toxin that causes a paralytic syndrome in
      infants. Clostridium difficile can cause diarrhea or antibiotic-associated
      colitis.

PMID- 2876621
TI  - Potentiation of nitroglycerin-induced ST segment elevation by beta-adrenergic
      blockade.

PMID- 2876622
TI  - Calcium antagonists and left ventricular function: effects of nitrendipine in
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - Calcium antagonists can affect the arterial vasculature, the venous capacitance
      vessels and the myocardium. The net effect of these agents on left ventricular
      (LV) performance depends on the interaction of effects on these 3 vascular
      components, and the state of LV function at the time that the drugs are
      administered. A calcium antagonist with profound arterial vasodilator effect
      might favorably influence LV performance even if it had negative inotropic
      properties. To demonstrate the direct effect of nitrendipine, a 1,4
      dihydropyridine, on LV performance, the acute hemodynamic response to oral
      nitrendipine was studied in 8 patients with congestive heart failure.
      Administration of 10 to 20 mg of nitrendipine reduced preload, caused a decrease
      in both pulmonary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance, produced a
      modest decrease in blood pressure and an increase in stroke volume. In addition,
      plasma norepinephrine levels were significantly decreased. Plasma renin activity
      also tended to decrease. These data confirm that the drug can favorably alter
      performance of the failing left ventricle and further suggest that the
      vasodilator effect is not accompanied by reflex neurohumoral stimulation.

PMID- 2876623
TI  - Acute mastoiditis. Diagnosis and complications.
AB  - Thirty children with acute mastoiditis were identified over a 12-year-period and
      their hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. All had abnormal tympanic
      membranes and 26 (87%) had swelling above or posterior to the ear that deviated
      the pinna. Findings on mastoid roentgenograms included clouding (n = 12) and
      osteitis (n = 7); six were normal. From 13 patients, bacteria were recovered from
      normally sterile sites and included Pneumococcus (n = 5), group A streptococcus
      (n = 3), Haemophilus (n = 2), and anaerobes (n = 3). Complications occurred in 13
      children, including subperiosteal abscess (n = 7), meningitis (n = 4), osteitis
      (n = 7), facial palsy (n = 1), and subdural empyema and brain abscess (n = 1).
      Four of the six children with neurological complications had no external signs of
      acute mastoiditis on physical examination. Overall, 19 (63%) of the children
      recovered without mastoidectomy. We conclude that children without meningitis or
      subperiosteal abscess may be treated initially with antimicrobial therapy plus
      myringotomy. The need for mastoidectomy should be reassessed in children who fail
      to respond in 24 to 48 hours.

PMID- 2876624
TI  - Intrafamilial clustering of anti-ATLA-positive persons.
AB  - A total of 1,333 persons in 627 families were surveyed for presence of antibody
      to adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen (anti-ATLA). Each person was
      classified according to the anti-ATLA status (positive for sample 1, negative for
      sample 2) of the head of household of his or her family. In sample 1, the sex-
      and age-standardized prevalence of anti-ATLA was 38.5%. This was five times as
      high as the standardized prevalence in sample 2 (7.8%). There were significant
      differences in prevalence of anti-ATLA between males in samples 1 and 2 and
      between females in samples 1 and 2. In every age group, prevalence in sample 1
      was greater than that in sample 2 except for males aged 60-69 years. In each of
      four subareas, families in sample 1 had higher standardized prevalence (29.6
      42.5%) than families in sample 2 (6.0-9.7%). Although crude prevalence decreased
      with family size in sample 1 (62.1-25.4%) as well as in sample 2, indirectly
      standardized prevalence was almost equal within each sample, regardless of number
      of family members. The degree of aggregation was independent of locality and
      family size. These data suggest that anti-ATLA-positive persons aggregate in
      family units.

PMID- 2876625
TI  - Genetic analysis of the hypervariable region flanking the human insulin gene.
AB  - In order to study the mechanisms for the generation of length diversity within
      the 5' flanking region of the human insulin gene, we have isolated and sequenced
      a previously uncharacterized allele. This allele, of a size intermediate between
      those three already described in the literature, encompasses 1,156 base pairs
      (bp) and contains 81 reiterated tandem oligonucleotides of 14-15 bp each.
      Population analysis on 298 independently sampled individuals by Southern blotting
      of genomic DNA demonstrates that the polymorphic portion of the insulin 5'
      flanking region varies from 400 to more than 8,000 nucleotides, being encoded by
      from 30 to over 540 oligomeric repeats. Length variability 5' to the insulin gene
      is a result primarily of unequal crossing over, which generates an expansion or
      contraction in the number of tandem repeat units per chromosome. A similar
      mechanism probably accounts for nondispersed reiterated sequences at other loci
      in the human genome.

PMID- 2876626
TI  - A DNA probe for the LDL receptor gene is tightly linked to hypercholesterolemia
      in a pedigree with early coronary disease.
AB  - A large, multigenerational family with dominantly inherited hypercholesterolemia
      was analyzed for genetic linkage between blood levels of low-density lipoprotein
      (LDL) cholesterol and the locus for the LDL receptor. A genetic marker was
      identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in a cloned segment
      of the LDL receptor gene. We found no exceptions to segregation of the high-LDL
      cholesterol phenotype with a unique allele at the LDL receptor locus in this
      pedigree; tight linkage was indicated by a maximum lod score of 7.52 at theta =
      0. Knowledge of the LDL receptor genotype will enable investigators to study
      variability of phenotypic expression in response to environmental influences or
      to different genetic determinants.

PMID- 2876627
TI  - Heterogeneity in late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy. Effect of inhibitors of
      cysteine proteinases.
AB  - The synthesis of arylsulfatase A polypeptides was followed in fibroblasts from 11
      patients with late-onset forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy. In 10 cell lines,
      the apparent rate of synthesis was 20%-70% as measured by the amount of
      [35S]arylsulfatase A secreted in the presence of 10 mM NH4Cl. The specific
      activity of the secreted arylsulfatase A was normal. The residual activity of
      arylsulfatase A was below 10% except for one cell line in which it was 20%. The
      activity of arylsulfatase A and the degradation of sulfatides was partially
      restored in these fibroblast lines by treatment with irreversible (peptidyl
      diazomethyl ketones) or competitive (leupeptin) inhibitors of cysteine
      proteinases. Thus, the mutation(s) in these cell lines led to the synthesis of
      arylsulfatase. A polypeptides with increased susceptibility to cysteine
      proteinases. Multiple allelic mutations within this group of late-onset
      metachromatic leukodystrophy were suggested by the clinical heterogeneity, the
      variability of the residual activity, and in the response to inhibitors of
      cysteine proteinases. In fibroblasts from one patient, the apparent rate of
      synthesis of arylsulfatase A was less than 5%. Furthermore, inhibitors of
      cysteine proteinases were without effect, suggesting that the mutation in this
      patient is different from the others.

PMID- 2876628
TI  - Huntington disease-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism localized
      within band p16.1 of chromosome 4 by in situ hybridization.
AB  - A 5.5-kilobase (kb) single sequence DNA fragment (G8) reveals the DNA polymorphic
      locus D4S10 on Southern blot analysis. This locus is closely linked to Huntington
      disease and has been mapped to chromosome 4 short arm using human-mouse somatic
      cell hybrids, and specifically to chromosome 4 band p16 using DNA from
      individuals with deletions of chromosome 4 short arm who exhibit Wolf-Hirschhorn
      syndrome. With in situ hybridization techniques, we have confirmed the location
      of D4S10 on chromosome 4 and further localized it within band p16 utilizing five
      patients, four with overlapping chromosome 4 short-arm aberrations. The DNA
      segment G8 was hybridized to the mataphase chromosomes of the five patients. Two
      of them have different interstitial deletions of one of the chromosome 4 short
      arms (TA and BA), two have different chromosome 4 short-arm terminal deletions
      (RG and DQ), and one has a normal male karyotype. By noting the presence or
      absence of hybridization to the partially deleted chromosomes with known precise
      breakpoints, we were able to more accurately localize probe G8 to the distal half
      of band p16.1 of chromosome 4.

PMID- 2876629
TI  - The X chromosome shows less genetic variation at restriction sites than the
      autosomes.
AB  - Using a standard technique, 122 single-copy probes were screened for their
      ability to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the human
      genome. The use of a standardized RFLP screening enables the introduction of
      statistical methods in the analysis of differences in RFLP content between
      chromosomes and enzymes. RFLPs were detected from panels containing at least 17
      unrelated chromosomes, digested with TaqI, MspI, BglII, HindIII, EcoRI, and PstI.
      Forty autosomal probes, representing a sample of 2,710 base pairs (bp) per
      haploid genome, were tested, and 24 RFLPs were found. With 82 X-chromosomal
      probes, 17 RFLPs were found in 6,228 bp per haploid genome. The frequency of X
      chromosomal RFLPs is three times less than that of the autosomes; this difference
      is highly significant (P = less than .001). The frequency of RFLPs revealed by
      various restriction enzymes and the possibility that the X chromosome is a "low
      mutation" niche in the human genome are discussed.

PMID- 2876630
TI  - Allele frequency distribution of two highly polymorphic DNA sequences in three
      ethnic groups and its application to the determination of paternity.
AB  - The allele frequency distribution of two highly polymorphic DNA sequences has
      been determined in three ethnic groups (American blacks, Caucasoids, and
      Hispanics) from the New York metropolitan area. The two loci examined were D14S1
      and the flanking region of HRAS-1. The former was analyzed in EcoRI-digested DNA
      and the latter in TaqI-digested DNA. Approximately 700 DNA samples from unrelated
      individuals were digested with each of these enzymes and hybridized with the
      appropriate recombinant DNA probes. The size range of the DNA fragments detected
      for the D14S1 polymorphism varied from 14.3 to 32.5 kilobase pairs (kbp). The
      number of alleles identified under the experimental conditions used in this study
      was more than 40. For the HRAS-1 polymorphism, we have detected 18 different
      alleles varying in size from 1.85 to 4.5 kbp. Although the number of alleles
      observed in the different ethnic groups examined was very similar, the relative
      frequency of them varied significantly. The results presented here can be used as
      the basis for the utilization of DNA RFLP for the purpose of identity, such as
      paternity determinations or the analysis of forensic material. As an example, we
      have compared the results of paternity cases analyzed by HLA typing with those
      obtained with these two DNA polymorphisms. The values of paternity index and
      power of exclusion were similar by both procedures.

PMID- 2876632
TI  - Marked atypical lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and skin rash in sulfasalazine drug
      allergy.
AB  - A 38-year-old man presented with a generalized pruritic maculopapular rash,
      fever, myalgias, and edema of the face and neck. Laboratory examination revealed
      eosinophilia, atypical lymphocytosis, and abnormal liver function results. The
      clinical course was characterized by rapid resolution after initiation of steroid
      therapy and withdrawal of sulfasalazine, which had been started three weeks
      earlier for abdominal cramping and diarrhea. This clinical picture suggests a
      drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction to a drug commonly used for inflammatory
      bowel disease, sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2876631
TI  - Genetic studies on the Tharu population of Nepal: restriction endonuclease
      polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA.
AB  - The mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 91 Tharus from Nepal were screened for
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) using six highly informative
      restriction endonucleases. One pattern (morph) was found for BamHI, two for HpaI
      and HincII, three for HaeII, four for AvaII, and six for MspI. Two of the AvaII
      and four of the MspI morphs were "new" (not previously described). Virtually all
      of the "old" morphs found in the Tharus were previously observed in Orientals.
      The Oriental HaeII morph (HaeII-5) previously observed at a frequency of 5% was
      present in 25% of the Tharus. Of the 13 Tharu mtDNA types (defined by the six
      restriction endonuclease morphs) observed, five had previously been described
      ("old" types), all in Orientals. Three of these were unique for Orientals. All of
      the remaining eight "new" Tharu mtDNAs were all closely related to Oriental
      mtDNAs. Two of the "old" Tharu mtDNA types included the HpaI/HincII morph 1, a
      morph possibly indicative of the earliest human mtDNA types. From these data we
      have concluded that the Tharu mtDNAs are closely related to those of other
      Oriental populations. Further, our data support the hypothesis that human mtDNAs
      radiated from Asia.

PMID- 2876633
TI  - Total ischemic burden: definition, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.
AB  - The concept of the total ischemic burden includes all types of ischemia
      encompassing both silent and symptomatic ischemic episodes. This concept is
      currently causing a re-evaluation of current therapeutic goals for patients with
      coronary heart disease. Although the mechanism of cardiac pain is still unclear,
      we do have some information about other pathophysiologic mechanisms at work in
      this disorder. We think of ischemia as occurring secondary to reduced supply
      (primary ischemia), increased demand (secondary ischemia), or a combination of
      the two (mixed ischemia). Because of the lower heart rate associated with many
      episodes of ischemia during everyday activities, suggesting that vasoconstriction
      is playing a role in the patient's supply/demand imbalance, calcium antagonists
      appear to be particularly useful agents for the treatment of vasoconstriction in
      patients with angina.

PMID- 2876634
TI  - Alternative medical treatment for patients with angina pectoris and adverse
      reactions to beta blockers. Usefulness of nifedipine.
AB  - Although beta blockers are effective for the treatment of angina pectoris,
      chronic adverse effects produced by these agents--including lethargy, fatigue,
      and male impotence--can adversely affect patient acceptance and treatment
      compliance. To assess the clinical effects of switching from anti-anginal
      treatment with beta blocker only (phase I) to half-dose beta blocker plus the
      calcium blocker nifedipine (phase II) or nifedipine alone (phase III), 18
      patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and side effects to beta blockers
      were evaluated in a 12-week, open-label trial. Three patients did not complete
      the study, one secondary to new unstable angina and two secondary to nifedipine
      side effects. Of the 15 patients completing the trial (13 men and two women; mean
      age, 54 +/- 5 [SEM] years), all sequentially participated in the one-month
      phases. Weekly angina frequency assessed from patient diaries was significantly
      less for treatment with nifedipine only (phase III) as compared with beta blocker
      (phase I) (1.7 +/- 1 versus 3.9 +/- 1 episodes per week), while phase II was not
      significantly different. Exercise test time was maintained throughout all phases
      (phase I, 457 +/- 39; phase II, 458 +/- 40; and phase III, 498 +/- 48 seconds, p
      not significant). All 15 patients in phase I (100 percent) had side effects to
      beta blockers, but these side effects were lessened in 12 patients (80 percent)
      in phase II and 13 patients (86 percent) in phase III, with total alleviation of
      symptoms in two patients (13 percent) in phase II, and eight patients (53
      percent) in phase III. Thus, in patients with side effects to beta blockers,
      switching to nifedipine is associated with a significant reduction in beta
      blocker adverse symptoms and equal anti-anginal efficacy.

PMID- 2876635
TI  - Effect of nifedipine on left ventricular function in patients with angina
      pectoris.
AB  - Calcium channel blocking agents function as negative inotropic agents when they
      are administered in vitro directly to the myocardium. In patients with coronary
      artery disease, however, such direct effects are attenuated by a number of other
      factors, including decreased afterload and resultant reflex sympathetic
      stimulation, increased coronary blood flow with improved myocardial perfusion,
      and protection of mitochondria. Nifedipine has not been observed to cause
      significant left ventricular depression in patients with angina pectoris; this is
      primarily due to peripheral arteriolar vasodilatation, which reduces impedance of
      left ventricular ejection. In addition, the relief of myocardial ischemia by
      nifedipine plays a major role in improving systolic and diastolic function. The
      clinical response to calcium channel blockers may differ in patients with
      idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, for whom the factor of fluctuating ischemia is
      less important.

PMID- 2876637
TI  - Ocular jellyfish stings in Chesapeake Bay watermen.

PMID- 2876636
TI  - Assessing the total ischemic burden in the management of unstable angina. A
      review.
AB  - Unstable angina is a common ischemic syndrome that is characterized by chest pain
      occurring at rest often with transient ischemic electrocardiographic changes.
      Although most patients with unstable angina experience relief of pain with
      intensive medical therapy while in the coronary care unit, they subsequently have
      a high incidence of unfavorable cardiac events usually occurring within several
      months. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for ischemia has demonstrated
      a relatively high incidence of ischemic episodes both in patients with stable and
      unstable angina pectoris. The prognostic importance of such findings has been
      previously uncertain. The prognostic significance of silent myocardial ischemia
      in patients with unstable angina receiving intensive medical therapy has been
      addressed in a study of hospitalized patients in a coronary care unit. All
      patients were treated with nitrates, nifedipine, and propranolol. Continuous two
      channel electrocardiographic monitoring was performed during the first two days
      of medical therapy. The electrocardiographic recordings were interpreted blindly
      for frequency and duration of ischemic changes, and these episodes were
      determined to be either symptomatic or silent. The prevalence of silent ischemic
      episodes, their prognostic significance, their contribution to the total ischemic
      burden, and the effects of different medical regimens on these variables are
      discussed.

PMID- 2876638
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy.

PMID- 2876639
TI  - Effect of DL-penicillamine on the aorta of growing chickens. Ultrastructural and
      biochemical studies.
AB  - The effect of DL-penicillamine on the architecture of the aortic wall of growing
      chickens was studied, with particular attention to elastin and collagen.
      Penicillamine was added to the diet (0.2% and 0.4%, in the presence or not of 10
      mg/kg CuSO4 and 100 mg/kg vitamin B6) from hatching, for periods from 7 days up
      to 2 months. The same regions of the thoracic aortas were examined and compared
      in all the different experimental conditions. The results showed that
      penicillamine induced relevant modifications in the process of elastin
      fibrogenesis. The alterations consisted of an increase of elastin in the
      extracellular space, associated with an increase in the number of elastin fibers
      per unit area, and a decrease of the mean profile area of the fibers.
      Interestingly, penicillamine induced the formation of numerous bundles of
      microfibrils associated or not with elastin fibers. After prolonged treatment,
      elastin tended to diminish and the fibers tended to fuse into polymorphic
      syncytia. Collagen fibrils were larger, showed more heterogeneous cross
      diameters, were less numerous, and were more spread out within the tissue. All
      the other components of the aortic wall appeared not to be altered by the
      chemical. Penicillamine did not modify the copper content of chick aortas,
      whereas it induced a 40-50% reduction of the activity of both salt and 4 M urea
      soluble peptidyl lysyl oxidases in the same tissue. These data may help in
      understanding some of the pathologic manifestations in human beings during D
      penicillamine treatment.

PMID- 2876641
TI  - In vivo inhibition of tyrosine uptake into rat retina by large neutral but not
      acidic amino acids.
AB  - The uptake of tyrosine into rat retina and brain was studied in vivo after its
      peripheral injection alone or in combination with other amino acids. Both retinal
      and brain tyrosine levels increased monotonically for at least 60 min after
      tyrosine administration. When tyrosine was injected along with branched-chain
      amino acids, but not with acidic amino acids, such increments in retinal and
      brain tyrosine levels were significantly attenuated. The postinjection tyrosine
      levels in retina and brain paralleled better the serum ratio of tyrosine to the
      sum of the other large neutral amino acids (which include the branched-chain
      amino acids) than the serum tyrosine level alone. These results suggest that
      tyrosine uptake into rat retina, like that into brain, is mediated by a
      competitive transport system shared among the large neutral amino acids.

PMID- 2876642
TI  - Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, torpor, and obesity of glutamate-treated
      mice.
AB  - Mice treated with glutamate in the neonatal period are known to develop into
      stunted obese adults, despite hypophagia. Our objective was to find out whether
      brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic function might be abnormal in the
      glutamate-obese mouse. At 10 wk of age, group-housed glutamate-obese mice
      exhibited nocturnal and early diurnal torpor, i.e., they thermoregulated at a
      lower than normal body temperature. When exposed to 4 degrees C, they died in
      hypothermia within 24 h. They could adapt to living at 14 degrees C for up to 1
      wk but failed to adjust their food intake sufficiently to maintain their body
      weight. Their fat stores were, nevertheless, conserved. BAT was present in
      increased amounts in glutamate-obese mice. Its thermogenic activity (as assessed
      by the level of mitochondrial GDP binding) was normal (male mice) or reduced
      (female mice). A normal thermogenic responsiveness of BAT to cold occurred. The
      thermogenic response of BAT to a cafeteria diet was normal (male mice) or reduced
      (female mice). Serum corticosterone concentration was increased in both male and
      female glutamate-treated mice particularly in the cold. We conclude that the high
      metabolic efficiency and obesity of the glutamate-obese mouse are principally a
      consequence of its maintenance of a hypothermic torpid state for more than 50% of
      the time. An additional deficit in energy expenditure in female, but not male,
      glutamate-obese mice is associated with suppressed responsiveness of the
      thermogenic function of BAT to diet and may account for the greater degree of
      obesity in female than in male glutamate-treated mice.

PMID- 2876643
TI  - Mechanism of central hyperglycemic effect of cholinergic agonists in fasted rats.
AB  - The influence of cholinergic agonists on central nervous system (CNS) regulation
      of blood sugar homeostasis was studied in fasted rats. When carbachol, muscarine,
      bethanechol, methacholine, or neostigmine was injected into the third cerebral
      ventricle, it caused a dose-dependent increase in the hepatic venous plasma
      glucose concentration. However, in the case of 1,1-dimethylphenyl-4-piperazinium
      iodide (DMPP) or nicotine, the level of hepatic venous glucose did not differ
      from that of the saline-treated control rats. The increase in glucose level
      caused by neostigmine was dose-dependently suppressed by coadministration of
      atropine. These facts suggest that cholinergic activation of muscarinic receptors
      in the CNS plays a role in increasing hepatic glucose output. Injection of
      neostigmine (5 X 10(-8) mol), an inhibitor of cholinesterase, into the ventricle
      resulted in the increase of not only glucose, but also glucagon, epinephrine, and
      norepinephrine in the hepatic venous plasma. However, constant infusion of
      somatostatin through a femoral vein completely prevented the increase of glucagon
      after administration of neostigmine, although the increase of hepatic venous
      glucose and epinephrine levels were still observed. Neostigmine-induced
      increments in glucose did not occur in adrenalectomized rats. This suggests that
      the secreted epinephrine acts directly on the liver to increase hepatic glucose
      output.

PMID- 2876640
TI  - The neuropathology of AIDS. UCLA experience and review.
AB  - The central nervous system (CNS) has been examined at autopsy in 89 patients who
      died of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), including 14 patients who
      died primarily of neurologic complications of the disease. A total of 66 brains
      (74%) showed significant pathologic abnormalities, with opportunistic infections
      including cytomegalovirus (14) and cryptococcal (11) infections, progressive
      multifocal leukoencephalopathy (6), toxoplasmosis (6), and histoplasma
      microabscesses (1). Incidental Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection was
      found in 4 cases. Simultaneous CNS infection by more than one microorganism was
      encountered in 5 patients. Subacute (microglial nodule) encephalitis-related to
      cytomegalovirus infection or possibly brain infection by the causative agent of
      AIDS was present in 56 cases. Primary CNS lymphoma was noted in 3 patients.
      Secondary CNS deposits of lymphoma were found in 1 patient, and another patient
      had lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Vascular complications were not infrequently
      seen, and included infarcts secondary to vessel occlusion and disseminated
      intravascular coagulation in 4 patients and intracranial hemorrhage of variable
      severity in 13. White matter changes included vacuolar myelopathy (3 cases),
      central pontine myelinolysis (1 case), and foci of calcified, necrotizing
      leukoencephalopathy in pontocerebellar fibers of the basis pontis (2 cases).
      These findings highlight the variety of CNS complications in AIDS, some of which
      are not associated with clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, characterization
      of all lesions may be important in understanding the neurologic sequelae of AIDS.

PMID- 2876644
TI  - Carrier-mediated transport of enkephalins and N-Tyr-MIF-1 across blood-brain
      barrier.
AB  - The saturable, carrier-mediated system capable of the brain-to-blood transport of
      small peptides with an N-terminal tyrosine was characterized. The rate of
      disappearance of intraventricularly injected iodinated peptide in the presence or
      absence of the inhibitor being tested was determined from formulas based on the
      residual radioactivity in the brains of mice after decapitation. The injection of
      100 nmol/mouse of unlabeled N-Tyr-MIF-1 (TMIF) increased the half-time
      disappearance of 125I-TMIF (ITMIF) in the central nervous system (CNS) from 14.1
      to 88.7 min (P less than 0.00005). Technetium, a substance transported out of the
      brain by the same system that transports iodine, was used as a control; the half
      time disappearance of technetium pertechnetate was unaffected by unlabeled TMIF.
      With two related but distinct techniques, the maximum transport rate out of the
      CNS (Vmax) for TMIF was 0.266 nmol X g of brain per min (method 1) and 0.297 nmol
      X g-1 X min-1 (method 2), while the amount of unlabeled material needed to
      achieve 50% of Vmax (Km) was 15.2 nmol/g (method 1) and 15.1 nmol/g (method 2).
      The lack of effect of the tyrosinated fragments of TMIF as inhibitors indicates
      that TMIF is being transported in intact form. The Vmax for methionine enkephalin
      determined with labeled and unlabeled methionine enkephalin was 0.630 nmol X g-1
      X min-1 and the Km was 24.95 nmol/g. Studies with the metabolic modulators
      furosemide, acetozolamide, reserpine, ouabain, and theophylline suggest that the
      system is sodium dependent and probably independent of ATPase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876645
TI  - Inhibitory effects of beta-adrenergic agonists on gastric acid secretion in dogs.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of two beta-adrenergic agonists, isoproterenol
      (nonselective agonist) and terbutaline (selective beta 2-agonist), on gastric
      acid secretion stimulated by intravenous pentagastrin, bethanechol, or histamine
      in dogs with gastric fistulas. Intravenous infusion of isoproterenol or
      terbutaline inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion to a significantly
      greater extent than they inhibited bethanechol- or histamine-stimulated acid
      secretion. For example, isoproterenol (12 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1) reduced mean
      pentagastrin-, bethanechol-, and histamine-stimulated acid output by 86, 63, and
      14%, respectively. Percent inhibition of acid secretion with terbutaline (30
      micrograms X kg-1 X h-1) averaged 60, 17, and 24% for pentagastrin, bethanechol,
      and histamine, respectively. Terbutaline also inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated
      acid secretion from vagally denervated fundic pouches in a dose-related manner.
      Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was significantly higher during
      infusion of terbutaline plus pentagastrin than during infusion of pentagastrin
      alone. However, an intravenous infusion of 0.3 microgram X kg-1 X h-1
      somatostatin-14 had no effect on pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion from the
      gastric fistula, even though this infusion increased plasma somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity to the same extent as terbutaline plus pentagastrin infusion.
      Thus the amount of somatostatin released during terbutaline infusion was not
      sufficient to explain the inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion
      observed.

PMID- 2876646
TI  - Effect of acute experimental colitis on rabbit colonic smooth muscle.
AB  - The membrane potential and contractile activity of colonic circular smooth muscle
      from New Zealand White rabbits were studied after the production of acute
      experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in the distal colon by rectal infusion
      of formaldehyde solution, followed by an intravenous bolus of soluble immune
      complexes. Despite active mucosal inflammation, there are only occasional
      inflammatory cells in the muscularis. Electrophysiological studies on tissue from
      control rabbits and rabbits with colitis were performed using double sucrose gap
      and intracellular microelectrode techniques. The resting membrane potential was
      lower (-44 +/- 3 mV) in muscle from rabbits with colitis compared with control
      animals (-54 +/- 2 mV) (P less than 0.02). Amplitude of the electrotonic
      potential after a hyperpolarizing current pulse was decreased (P less than 0.05)
      and the time constant was shortened (P less than 0.01) in muscle from animals
      with colitis compared with normal animals. Amplitude (13.1 +/- 2.3 mV) and
      maximum rate of rise (0.24 +/- 0.06 V/s) of the spike potential, initiated by a
      depolarizing current pulse, were decreased in muscle from animals with colitis
      compared with muscle from healthy animals (P less than 0.001). Isometric tension
      generation after electrical and chemical depolarization of the membrane or
      bethanechol administration was decreased (P less than 0.001) in muscle from
      colitic animals. These studies suggest 1) membrane resistance and membrane
      potential are decreased in muscle strips from animals with colitis; and 2) there
      is a disturbance in the electrical and mechanical response of these tissues after
      stimulation.

PMID- 2876647
TI  - Frequency and presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a large
      psychiatric hospital.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a dangerous but little-known complication of
      antipsychotic drugs, is often assumed to be rare. To assess the frequency of the
      syndrome in a large psychiatric hospital, the authors first reviewed the
      literature and developed operational diagnostic criteria. Using these criteria to
      survey nearly 500 neuroleptic-treated patients admitted during a 1-year period,
      they found that seven (1.4%) had experienced definite or probable neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome. In several cases, including one fatal case, the diagnosis of
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome was not immediately considered. The authors
      conclude that neuroleptic malignant syndrome may be more common than previously
      thought and may be underdiagnosed.

PMID- 2876648
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: the pendulum swings.

PMID- 2876649
TI  - Combined alprazolam and neuroleptic drug in treating schizophrenia.

PMID- 2876650
TI  - The use of low-dose neuroleptics in the treatment of "schizo-obsessive" patients.

PMID- 2876651
TI  - Schizophrenia and gastric surgery for obesity.

PMID- 2876652
TI  - Retrieval variability: sources and consequences.
AB  - A memory model that differentiates between active traces (ongoing electrochemical
      neural transmission) and passive traces (chemical/structural modification of
      neurons) is briefly outlined. Evidence suggests that new information is initially
      encoded as a passive representation within a fraction of a second, leaving little
      opportunity for retroactive interference with storage processes. Instead, it
      appears that retroactive interference results from disruption of post-acquisition
      processing which is necessary for subsequent retrieval. Using this hybrid
      cognitive-physiological framework, we examine possible sources of associative
      performance deficits. A distinction is made between similarity interference
      (arising from the content similarity of the target and interfering traces) and
      processing interference (arising from the competition between the two traces for
      use of a limited capacity processor). Both types of interference can act
      proactively or retroactively, and the similarity-processing and proactive
      retroactive dimensions are viewed as orthogonal to the question of whether
      information is permanently lost or merely subject to a reversible retrieval
      failure. When reminder techniques (pretest cuing) are used, numerous instances of
      memory failure commonly identified as "acquisition failures" are found to be
      reversible without the occurrence of relevant new learning. This literature
      review constitutes the greater part of the paper. It is concluded that many
      memory failures are due at least in part to retrieval failure. Consideration of
      potential retrieval processes in light of the studies that are reviewed argues
      for the expansion of the initial active-passive trace distinction to three types
      of traces. In addition to active traces, these include two distinct types of
      passive traces, i.e., a small content-addressable reference catalog with innately
      defined dimensions that is used to locate more detailed passive traces, and a
      large capacity store of detailed passive traces that is location-addressable. The
      latter type of passive trace presumably is laid down almost instantaneously as
      events occur, i.e., in real time, whereas the reference catalog type of passive
      trace, which is used to address the detailed traces, is established somewhat
      after the sequence of events is complete. Hence, the reference catalog trace is
      more vulnerable and results in retrieval failure when it is disrupted.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2876653
TI  - Benefits and limitations of neuroleptics--and other forms of treatment--in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Neuroleptic drugs are of proven value in schizophrenia for both the treatment of
      acute psychotic states and for the prevention of relapse in patients who have
      recovered from psychosis. However, these drugs have a number of important
      limitations: they are not effective for all patients, they have a number of
      serious adverse effects, and they are limited in what they can do. Some of the
      more serious side effects, particular tardive dyskinesia, require that clinicians
      use these drugs only in situations when they are demonstrably effective, and at
      the lowest effective dose. For most schizophrenic patients, neuroleptics should
      be only one part of a treatment program which will also include appropriate
      psychosocial treatment.

PMID- 2876654
TI  - Can drugs be used to enhance the psychotherapeutic process?
AB  - Many preindustrial cultures traditionally use certain psychedelic plants to
      enhance a procedure that resembles psychotherapy--an idea that was also tested in
      Western psychiatry in the 1950s and 1960s. LSD and related drugs were used to
      facilitate the production of memories, fantasies and insights and to enhance the
      therapeutic alliance. The results were inconclusive, and research was largely
      abandoned after the drugs became difficult to obtain. It may now be possible to
      revive this research, using new drugs that do not have some of the disadvantages
      of the old ones. The drug now of most interest is MDMA (3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine) a relatively mild and short-acting substance that
      is said to give a heightened capacity for introspection and intimacy without the
      perceptual changes, emotional unpredictability, and occasional adverse reactions
      associated with LSD. Therapists who have used the drug claim that it can enhance
      the therapeutic alliance by inviting self-disclosure and promoting trust. Whether
      MDMA fulfills this promise or not, other drugs may eventually prove useful in
      psychotherapy. Research on their potential should not be curtailed because of
      fear that they will be subject to illicit abuse.

PMID- 2876655
TI  - Non-physician providers.

PMID- 2876657
TI  - [Concern for human health in the resolutions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2876656
TI  - The detection of enteropathogens in acute diarrhea in a family cohort population
      in rural Egypt.
AB  - In 8 villages of rural northeastern Egypt, a 2-year study of the etiologic agents
      associated with episodes of diarrhea was carried out. Stool specimens (3,243)
      from 3,513 episodes of diarrhea were processed for enteropathogens. The most
      commonly identified agents in the group with diarrhea were Giardia lamblia (44%),
      heat stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
      (15%), heat labile toxin (LT)-producing ETEC (12%), enteropathogenic E. coli
      (EPEC) (4%), rotavirus (3%), Shigella (2%) and Salmonella (1%). Isolation rates
      were increased in cases compared to controls for all agents except G. lamblia and
      EPEC strains. Rotavirus, Salmonella and ST-producing ETEC were more frequently
      isolated during cooler months and Shigella and LT-ETEC occurred more commonly in
      warmer months. Campylobacter, EPEC, Giardia and E. histolytica did not show a
      discernable seasonal pattern. Rotavirus was primarily associated with diarrhea in
      infants only. Forty-four percent of children experienced at least 1 bout of
      rotavirus diarrhea by the age of 3 years. Vomiting was reported in 65% of cases
      of rotavirus infection. Dehydration was reported in greater than 40% of those
      with rotavirus-, Salmonella-, Campylobacter-, LT-ETEC- and EPEC-associated
      illness and in those without an identifiable agent. While rotavirus was
      implicated in 3% of cases overall, when vomiting or vomiting plus dehydration
      occurred, rotavirus was identified with a rate of 10% and 12%, respectively.
      Dysentery was common only in Shigella cases, occurring in 24%. A decrease in
      occurrence of rotavirus, Campylobacter and possibly EPEC illness was seen in the
      infants less than 6 months of age who were breast-fed when compared to those who
      were not.

PMID- 2876658
TI  - Terbutaline slow-release tablets in children with asthma. A comparison with
      t.i.d. beta 2-agonist therapy.
AB  - The effects of 5 mg slow-release terbutaline sulphate tablets (Bricanyl Depot)
      given twice daily were compared with those of ordinary oral beta 2-agonist
      treatment given three times daily. The study was open, randomized and cross-over
      and was carried out over 8 weeks in 18 children with bronchial asthma. Compared
      with ordinary medication, the slow-release tablets obtained higher morning
      expiratory peak flow values and an improvement in the asthma symptoms during the
      night and during exercise (P less than 0.05). No differences were found in side
      effects in spite of a higher total daily dose during the period with terbutaline
      slow-release tablets. The slow-release tablets were preferred by 15 of 18
      children and their families when the effects, side effects and dosage were
      evaluated.

PMID- 2876659
TI  - Accelerated differentiation in seminiferous tubules of fetal mice prenatally
      exposed to ethinyl estradiol.
AB  - Ethinyl estradiol (EE) in olive oil (0.02, 0.2, or 2.0 mg/kg) administered to
      pregnant mice on days 11 to 17 of pregnancy induced abnormal differentiation of
      gonocytes and fetal Sertoli cells in male fetuses on day 18 of gestation. Light
      and electron microscopic examination of the testes showed fewer darkly stained
      prospermatogonia and more lightly stained prospermatogonia in the experimental
      than in the control fetuses. Widespread degeneration and lysis of gonocytes were
      seen only in the experimental mice. No spermatogonia type A could be detected. In
      spite of comparable mitotic rates in the Sertoli cells of the experimental and
      control mice and more dark Sertoli cells with well developed smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum (SER) in the experimental mice, one of the functions of fetal Sertoli
      cells was suppressed: there were fewer dark slender Sertoli cells with long
      processes extending to the centers of tubules and more contact areas with
      gonocytes, phenomena which may play a role in the migration of gonocytes towards
      the periphery of the tubules. More Sertoli cells were detected in the undescended
      than the descended testes exposed to the highest dose of EE. These morphological
      findings indicate that prenatal exposure to EE induces acceleration of
      prespermatogenesis and disturbances in the initiation of spermatogenesis and in
      the mechanical function of Sertoli cells.

PMID- 2876661
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of a small-granule paracrine cell cluster in an
      adult hamster bronchus.
AB  - Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) small-granule cells were
      stained by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-lead hematoxylin in 0.5-micron etched Epon
      sections of adult hamster lung fixed for transmission electron microscopy. The
      leading edge of a small-granule cell cluster was identified in a segmental
      bronchus as a single PAS-positive cell. From 256 serial thin sections through its
      entirety, a three-dimensional wooden reconstruction of the cluster and
      morphometric estimates of the apical and basal surfaces, cell volume, and
      intracytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria and small granules was made. Of
      moderate size, the body consisted of 16 small-granule cells, 11 forming its ovoid
      core with five outlying cells diverging at the margin; these were pyramidal,
      possessing wide bases and thin apical processes. At the bronchial surface,
      processes from the 11-cell core emerged together, whereas the divergent cells
      emerged in groups of two and three. Ten Clara-like cells and one ciliated cell
      encircled the core. Altogether they formed a pseudostratified epithelium in
      contrast to the surrounding simple columnar epithelium. Deeper in the cluster,
      numerous cytoplasmic extensions interdigitated with those from adjacent cells,
      and toward the base the Clara-like and APUD cells were increasingly interposed.
      In marked contrast to the apical cytoplasm, the infranuclear cytoplasm of the
      latter was densely packed with ca. 1,000 A electron-dense granules; and the
      basal, presumptively secretory face of each cell was five to six times greater
      than the area exposed to the bronchial lumen. Judged by granule size and
      ultrastructure, only one APUD cell type was recognized in the reconstructed
      cluster. Beneath it many fibrocytic processes were separated from the APUD cells
      by only the thickness of the basal lamina. Two fascicles of smooth muscle
      approached the cluster within 0.4-0.8 micron. Unmyelinated nerve fibers came as
      close but contacted only the muscle. Capillaries, in contrast, came no closer
      than 15 micron from the base of the body. Evidently, 1) fibrocytes and smooth
      muscle are more likely targets for secretions from such a paracrine body than
      cells reached through the blood-stream, and 2) not all small-granule cell
      clusters are innervated.

PMID- 2876660
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for extrinsic and intrinsic opioid systems in the
      guinea pig superior cervical ganglion.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of the opioid peptides alpha-neo-endorphin
      (alpha-neo-END), dynorphin A (DYN) and leu-enkephalin (leu-ENK) in the guinea pig
      superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was studied following central denervation,
      peripheral axotomy, and after application of the depleting drug reserpine and of
      the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. The paraganglionic cells of the SCG are shown
      to form an intrinsic opioid--(alpha-neo-END, DYN, leu-ENK)--immunoreactive system
      being not visibly responsive to the experimental procedures. Leu-ENK
      immunoreactive fibres ascend in the preganglionic trunk and supply fibre baskets
      to defined clusters of postganglionic neurones. Principal ganglion cells of the
      SCG containing alpha-neo-END- and DYN-immunoreactivity project to extraganglionic
      targets via the postganglionic nerves. These findings are indicative of a
      sympathetic alpha-neo-END-ergic and DYN-ergic innervation of effector organs.
      They also point to a modulatory function of opioids on neuronal activity in a
      paravertebral ganglion.

PMID- 2876662
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of intravenous and epidural alfentanil in
      parturient women.
AB  - Alfentanil was administered as a 30 micrograms/kg single intravenous injection to
      five healthy women scheduled for elective cesarean section (group A). In five
      pregnant women normal vaginal delivery was supported by epidural analgesia with a
      30 micrograms/kg loading dose followed by a 30 micrograms/kg-1/hr-1 infusion of
      alfentanil (group B). Five healthy nonpregnant women scheduled for minor general
      surgery received 120 micrograms/kg alfentanil intravenously as a bolus before
      surgical incision (group C). In groups A and B plasma alfentanil concentrations,
      alfentanil plasma protein binding, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP)
      concentrations were measured in maternal and umbilical arterial or venous blood
      samples at delivery. Multiple arterial sampling in groups A and C for measurement
      of alfentanil plasma concentration decay analysis indicated three-compartmental
      characteristics in most patients. In the pregnant population terminal half-life
      (t1/2 beta), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss), and total plasma
      clearance (Clp) amounted to 103 +/- 67 min, 541 +/- 155 ml/kg and 6.48 +/- 0.85
      ml/kg-1/min-1, respectively (mean +/- SD), and did not differ significantly in
      nonpregnant patients. In groups A and B the fetal-maternal ratios indicated a
      concentration gradient for the total plasma alfentanil content (ratio of total
      alfentanil concentrations in umbilical venous and maternal blood (Uv/M), 0.31 +/-
      0.08 and 0.28 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- SD) in groups A and B respectively) with a
      larger protein binding capacity in maternal plasma (group A, 85 +/- 3%; group B,
      90 +/- 1%) (mean +/- SD).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876663
TI  - Rapid-sequence induction: vecuronium versus pancuronium versus succinylcholine?

PMID- 2876665
TI  - Polymorphic restriction sites in the horse beta-globin gene cluster.
AB  - Horse DNA samples digested with PstI and probed with the rabbit beta 1 globin
      gene show three phenotypes determined by one fragment of variable length (about
      5.1 or 3.3 kb). Family data demonstrate that these fragments segregate as
      Mendelian alleles. The frequencies of the two alleles are 0.66 for the 3.3-kb
      fragment and 0.34 for the 5.1-kb one. Another polymorphism has been detected with
      BamHI. Again three phenotypes determined by two alleles (fragments of 7.5 and 3.8
      kb) have been observed. Allelic frequencies of the 7.5- and 3.8-kb fragments are
      0.24 and 0.76 respectively. The two polymorphic sites are non-randomly
      associated.

PMID- 2876664
TI  - Antiaggregative aspirin dosage at the affected vessel wall.
AB  - The present study, using patients with Takayasu's disease (pulseless disease),
      characterized by segmentally affected arterial lesions and stenotic conditions
      with a nonspecific inflammatory morbid condition, was designed to assess whether
      or not a low dose of aspirin can practically exert its preventive effect against
      the aggregation of platelets that have just passed along a rough-surfaced
      arterial wall. Twenty Japanese women with Takayasu's disease were selected under
      the following criteria: A unilateral upper extremity was angiographically
      confirmed to be affected with the disease, while the contralateral limb was
      almost normal. Systolic blood pressure on the affected side was almost half that
      on the nonaffected side. The patients showed neither a positive CRP nor an
      accentuated ESR. In these patients, mean plasma levels of TXB2 and 3 microM ADP
      induced platelet aggregation in blood obtained from the affected side were 156.5
      +/- 17.7 pg/ml, and 59.5 +/- 6.0%, respectively, which were significantly high as
      compared with 104.5 +/- 17.6 and 41.7 +/- 8.8%, respectively, in samples from the
      nonaffected side. Forty and eighty mg of aspirin per day administered to two
      randomly composed groups, respectively, showed an improvement in platelet
      aggregability and TXB2 levels on the nonaffected side. In the affected limbs,
      though 80 mg/day led to significant decreases in TXB2 levels (108.0 +/- 7.8
      pg/ml, p less than 0.05) and platelet aggregability (21.3 +/- 7.6%), the 40-mg
      regimen showed no significant reductions (134.6 +/- 9.4 pg/ml, 35.6 +/- 17.1%).
      Plasma levels of 6-keto PGF1 alpha revealed no differences between 40- and 80-mg
      regimens, or between before and after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876666
TI  - The effect of systemic beta-2 adrenergic agonist therapy on the pulmonary
      hypertensive response to chronic hypoxia in rats.
AB  - Chronic hypoxia produces polycythemia, pulmonary hypertension, muscularization of
      peripheral pulmonary arteries, and right ventricular hypertrophy. The present
      study was designed to investigate the effects of systemic administration of a
      beta-2 adrenergic agonist on these responses. Male Wistar rats (9 or more in
      every group) were maintained in room air or 10% oxygen for 28 days. In the first
      experiment, they were treated with albuterol at various doses (0.05 mg/kg, 0.1
      mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg) twice during exposure to intermittent hypoxia (10 h/day). In
      the second experiment, rats were treated with albuterol 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously
      twice daily during continuous hypoxia. Control animals in normoxia and hypoxia
      received 0.1 ml saline at equivalent times. All hypoxic groups developed
      polycythemia, significantly increased right ventricular systolic pressure, and
      right ventricular hypertrophy. At doses of albuterol that did not produce cardiac
      hypertrophy in normoxia, treatment had no effect on the development of right
      ventricular hypertrophy. With lower doses of albuterol in hypoxia, there was a
      trend towards an increase in hematocrit, but overall this did not reach
      significance. Treatment with high dose albuterol in continuous hypoxia
      significantly increased the hematocrit and enhanced the remodeling of the
      pulmonary vasculature (Hematocrit: saline-treated, 57.7 SEM 1.9; albuterol
      treated, 63.4 SEM 1.7; p less than 0.05. Percentage of thick-walled peripheral
      vessels: saline-treated, 19.4 SEM 0.60; albuterol-treated, 22.7 SEM 0.85; p less
      than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876667
TI  - Hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis? Parathyroid or
      paraendocrine in origin.
AB  - Hypercalcemia associated with metastatic cancer may be due to osteolytic invasion
      or paraendocrine effects of the neoplasm. A patient with refractory hypercalcemia
      of long duration underwent cervical parathyroid exploration; three glands were
      found, but hypercalcemia persisted. After localization studies, a fourth gland
      was uncovered from the mediastinum. Hypercalcemia persisted, and at operation for
      kidney stones, squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis was discovered, which
      progressed to cause the patient's death in hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2876668
TI  - Spontaneous intrahepatic hemorrhages in polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2876669
TI  - Prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence.
AB  - Recurrent duodenal ulcers, treated with cimetidine, 400 mg, or ranitidine, 150
      mg, once nightly, or with sucralfate, 1 g twice daily, can be prevented in
      approximately 75% of patients for up to 1 year. Because these drugs are generally
      of equal efficacy, the choice is based on the patient's previous drug experience
      and tolerance, potential side effects, risk of drug interaction, frequency of
      administration, and cost. These medications do not alter the natural history of
      duodenal ulcer disease, and therapy may need to continue for longer than 1 year
      if there are no long-term side effects. Extra efforts should be made to help
      cigarette smokers discontinue smoking. Patients who have recurrent duodenal
      ulcers during maintenance therapy can be retreated with full-dose therapy. If
      optimal drug therapy is unsuccessful in preventing frequent recurrences or
      complications, surgical treatment is indicated.

PMID- 2876670
TI  - Von Recklinghausen's disease with pheochromocytoma and nonmedullary thyroid
      cancer.

PMID- 2876671
TI  - H2 antagonists and the common cold.

PMID- 2876672
TI  - [Memory gaps and hypercomplex automatisms after a single oral dose of
      benzodiazepines: clinical and medico-legal aspects].
AB  - From 8 original observations and from an overview of published cases, the authors
      make out two kinds of mental disorders connected with benzodiazepines use: 1)
      transient global anterograde amnesia; 2) amnesic complex automatism. Consequences
      for forensic medicine are finally investigated.

PMID- 2876673
TI  - Plasma bile salt levels and liver disease.

PMID- 2876674
TI  - [Proteolytic events in the maturation of pro-neuropeptides. The somatostatin
      model].
AB  - The post-translational processing (maturation) of the precursors was studied on
      the model of the prosomatostatin. We have shown the presence of a single and
      common precursor to both somatostatin -28 and -14 in mouse hypothalamus, in
      contrast with the situation in the Teleostean fish, Lophius piscatorius. The
      search for a maturation activity was carried out using a synthetic undecapeptide
      substrate including in its sequence the cleavage site for somatostatin-14
      release. Using this peptide, we characterized in rat brain cortex extracts a
      specific enzyme activity of 90 kD. This "maturase", colocalized in the
      neurosecretory granules with the somatostatin products, generates both the N
      terminal peptide S-28, and the tetradecapeptide hormone (S-14) from the
      somatostatin-28, acting as a "S-28 convertase" producing free Arg and Lys
      residues present at the pair of basic amino acids signal. We propose a model
      where three peptide bonds are cleaved by this enzymatic activity. In the
      teleostean fish: Lophius piscatorius, two precursors coding for two different
      somatostatin were predicted by the determination of cDNA sequence. In this
      system, we observed the presence of a unique form of the tetradecapeptide
      hormone. We show that the final maturation product of the second precursor is a
      new 28 amino acid hormone called Somatostatin-28 II. Moreover, the product of
      this second gene after the action of the Somatostatin-28 convertase from rat
      brain cortex is the (Tyr7, Gly 10)S-14 derivative predicted by the
      clone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876675
TI  - [Strategies for detecting restriction polymorphisms of Y chromosome sequences].
AB  - Six cloned genomic sequences from the human Y chromosome were used for the
      detection of restriction polymorphisms in a panel of unrelated DNAs. Three sorts
      of strategies for the detection of polymorphisms were used: (a) mixing individual
      DNAs restricted by several endonucleases, (b) separated restrictions of the DNA
      library members with six different restriction enzymes, (c) individual DNA
      digestion with TaqI and MsqI. Results show that restriction polymorphisms are
      detected only rarely; this result can be explained by exemption of most of the Y
      chromosome from meiotic pairing and exchange.

PMID- 2876676
TI  - [Methodological approaches to the rapid determination of the sensitivity of the
      causative agent of gas gangrene to antibiotics].
AB  - The results of the studies on development of a rapid assay of antibiotic
      sensitivity of gas gangrene causative agents with their high nutrient
      requirements under obligatory anaerobiosis are summarized. The data on
      development of a uniform standard nutrient medium with the use of dry components
      made in the USSR are presented for the first time. The medium is intended for
      rapid assay of antibiotic sensitivity of the main causative agents of gas
      gangrene, i.e. C. perfringens, C. oedematiens, C. histolyticum and C. septicum.

PMID- 2876678
TI  - Changes in the cell wall of Clostridium species following passage in animals.
AB  - Morphological changes in clostridial isolates after animal passage with other
      flora in mixed infections were studied by utilizing a subcutaneous abscess model
      in mice. We used 26 isolates of 7 clostridial species, and one isolate each of
      Bacteroides fragilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Abscesses were induced by all 7
      Clostridium perfringens and 3 Clostridium butyricum isolates and by some of the
      other isolates. A thick granular wall prior to animal inoculation was shown only
      in C. perfringens, C. butyricum, and C. difficile. This structure was observed in
      other clostridia only following their animal passage alone or when co-inoculated
      with K. pneumoniae or B. fragilis.

PMID- 2876677
TI  - Biochemistry and clinical applications of ribavirin.

PMID- 2876679
TI  - Enterotoxin synthesis by nonsporulating cultures of Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - Chemostat-cultured Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624 and NCTC 10240, and a
      nonsporulating mutant strain, 8-5, produced enterotoxin in the absence of
      sporulation when cultured in a chemically defined medium at a 0.084-h-1 dilution
      rate at 37 degrees C. The enterotoxin was detected by serological and biological
      assays. Examination of the chemostat cultures by electron microscopy did not
      reveal sporulation at any stage. The culture maintained enterotoxigenicity
      throughout cultivation in a continuous system. The enterotoxin was detected in
      batch cultures of each strain cultivated in fluid thioglycolate medium and a
      chemically defined medium. No heat-resistant or light-refractile spores were
      detected in batch cultures during the exponential growth.

PMID- 2876680
TI  - Regulation of the mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase complex.
AB  - The mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase (F0F1 ATPase) is perhaps the most complex
      enzyme known. In animal systems it consists of a minimum of 11 different
      polypeptide chains, 10 (or more) of which appear to be essential for function,
      and 1 called the "ATPase inhibitor peptide" which is involved in regulation.
      Recent studies from a variety of laboratories indicate that the ATP
      synthase/ATPase complex is regulated by several interrelated factors including
      the thermodynamic poise of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial
      membrane; the ATPase inhibitor peptide; ADP (and/or ADP and Pi); divalent
      cations; and perhaps the redox state of SH groups on the F1 molecule. The central
      focus of this review is the ATPase inhibitor peptide. A model involving four
      distinct conformational states of F1 seems essential to account for the
      inhibitor's mode of action. The model depicts the ATPase inhibitor protein as
      acting at the asymmetric center of the F1 moiety. In addition, it accounts for
      the "unidirectional" role of the inhibitor peptide as a "down regulator" of ATP
      hydrolysis and for its binding/debinding dependence on the proton motive force
      and other regulatory factors. Finally, it is suggested that during any
      physiological process, where there is an energy demand followed by a resting
      phase, the F1 molecule may follow a "cyclic" path involving the four distinct
      conformational states of the enzyme.

PMID- 2876681
TI  - Organization of the pathway of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in pea
      (Pisum sativum L. cv Progress No. 9) leaves.
AB  - The organization of the enzymes of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in
      pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Progress No. 9) has been studied. The first three
      enzymes of the pathway, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, aspartate
      carbamoyltransferase, and dihydroorotase, are readily separable from one another;
      they are not part of a multifunctional complex. The final two activities of the
      pathway, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase,
      copurify and appear to be complexed in vivo. This organizational pattern is
      distinct from those reported for bacteria, yeast, and mammals. The differences in
      organization, in a pathway which is present in all organisms, make the pyrimidine
      biosynthetic pathway a very interesting candidate for evolutionary studies.

PMID- 2876682
TI  - [Fragmentation of calculi with lasers].

PMID- 2876683
TI  - Neutropenia in patients with inflammatory arthritis treated with sulphasalazine.
AB  - This report describes two patients who developed severe neutropenia one month
      after starting sulphasalazine (SASP) as treatment for their inflammatory joint
      disease. Both recovered on stopping the drug. Six further cases (out of a series
      of 180 patients with inflammatory forms of arthritis receiving SASP therapy) in
      whom transient leucopenia occurred are also recorded. These patients were able to
      continue the drug under close supervision. Sulphasalazine is a useful addition to
      the small number of slow acting antirheumatic drugs (SAARDs) and, despite this
      complication, is safer than other SAARDs. Careful monitoring of patients is
      essential, however, particularly in the early stages of treatment, to detect this
      adverse reversible reaction promptly.

PMID- 2876684
TI  - Regional hemodynamic effects of the beta-adrenoceptor blockers tertatolol and
      propranolol in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs propranolol and tertatolol on
      regional hemodynamics were studied in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR). Regional blood flows were measured using a 20 MHz directional pulsed
      Doppler system with miniaturized Doppler probes on the left renal artery, the
      superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta. This allowed the
      determination of changes in resistances in the renal (RR), mesenteric (MR) and
      hindquarter (HQR) vascular beds. Tertatolol and propranolol caused an immediate
      fall in heart rate. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased during the first 15-30
      min following injection of the beta-blockers. Thereafter it gradually fell below
      control values to reach significant decreases in MAP 3-4 hr following injection.
      Fifteen to thirty min after propranolol, vascular resistances increased in all 3
      vascular beds significantly. Resistances returned to control values over the next
      3-4 hr. Following tertatolol, HQR increased significantly during the first 15-30
      min. MR and RR did not increase significantly whereas a significant fall in RR
      was observed after 3-4 hr. These data indicate different regional hemodynamic
      effects for tertatolol and propranolol in the conscious SHR. Tertatolol does not
      cause the renal and mesenteric vaso-constriction observed following propranolol.

PMID- 2876685
TI  - Pharmacological study of basal acid secretion by the rat isolated fundus
      preparation.
AB  - The rat isolated stomach preparation secretes acid in the absence of exogenous
      stimulants. This basal secretion of acid was unaffected by high concentration of
      antagonists to stimulated secretion in this preparation and by TTX. Basal
      secretion was inhibited by omeprazole (10(-7)-10(-5) M), KSCN (10(-4)-10(-2) M)
      and to a lesser extent by somatostatin (10(-6)-10(-5) M) but not by verapamil (3
      X 10(-4) M), nifedipine (3 X 10(-4) M) and trifluoperazine (10(-3) M). Two long
      acting H2-antagonists, oxmetidine and SKF 93479 (10(-5)-10(-4) M) inhibited basal
      secretion by a mechanism not involving an action at H2-receptors. It is concluded
      that basal secretion in this in vitro preparation is independent of the
      endogenous release of known stimulants of acid secretion and activity of the
      intrinsic nervous system.

PMID- 2876686
TI  - Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - Wy-45,086 and Wy-45,253, synthesized as potential antiulcer agents, were shown by
      in vitro and in vivo evaluation to have potent H2-receptor antagonist activity
      (respective pA2's of 8.1 and 7.6), and to have gastric acid antisecretory
      activity (respective ED50's of 1 and 2 mg/kg in the pylorus-ligated rat and of 1
      and 1.4 mg/kg in dogs prepared with innervated gastric pouches). Both compounds
      were significantly more potent than ranitidine and cimetidine.

PMID- 2876687
TI  - Interaction of beta-adrenergic antagonists with local anaesthetic acceptor sites.
AB  - H3-dihydroalprenolol (H3-DHA) binding in isolated smooth muscle cells has been
      studied. Two different binding sites have been detected: a high affinity (highly
      specific) and a low affinity (nonspecific) binding site. Local anaesthetics are
      able to displace H3-DHA from nonspecific sites with a rank order of potency that
      mirrors their local anaesthetic activity. This finding correlates, at the
      molecular level, with the local anaesthetic properties of beta-blockers, as
      concluded from classical pharmacological experiments.

PMID- 2876688
TI  - Study on the anticonvulsant activity of clonidine against pentylenetetrazol
      induced seizures in rats: pharmacological evidence of alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      mediation.
AB  - The present work deals with an EEG and behavioral study of the interaction of
      alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on the anticonvulsant activity of clonidine
      against the convulsions due to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in rats. Clonidine's
      ability (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to inhibit the tonic seizures and mortality induced by
      PTZ (75 mg/kg, i.p.) was counteracted by pretreatment with yohimbine and
      mianserine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). On the contrary, prazosin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not
      influence the anticonvulsant effect of clonidine. The results suggest that
      central alpha 2-adrenoceptors play an important role in the control of motor and
      EEG convulsions elicited by PTZ.

PMID- 2876690
TI  - In vitro evaluation of the beta-blocking and electrophysiological properties of
      mepindolol.
AB  - The electrophysiological and beta-blocking effects of mepindolol have been
      examined in isolated guinea-pig preparations and sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.
      Mepindolol did not show selectivity for blocking the chronotropic and inotropic
      responses to isoprenaline on isolated guinea-pig preparations, and was
      practically equally potent in blocking the effect of isoprenaline on isolated
      guinea-pig trachea. Mepindolol 10(-7) M fully antagonized the positive
      chronotropic effect of isoprenaline (10(-7) M) in Purkinje fibers. However,
      normal automaticity, action potential characteristics, effective refractory
      period, membrane responsiveness of Purkinje fibers were unaffected by mepindolol
      up to 10(-6) M. On the whole, mepindolol appears to be a potent beta-blocker with
      no cardioselectivity, exerting membrane depressant effect only at concentrations
      100-1000 times higher than those exerting effective beta-blockade.

PMID- 2876689
TI  - Pharmacological effects of nalorphine and nalorphine-7,8-oxide (nalorphine
      epoxide): interaction of the intrinsic activity, affinity and pharmacological
      responses.
AB  - We examined the relationship between the pharmacological effects and the
      interactions of the receptors of nalorphine and its epoxide. The abilities of
      nalorphine-epoxide to displace [3H]-dihydromorphine (mu-site) and [3H]
      ethylketocyclazocine (kappa-site) were practically equal to those of the parent
      compound, nalorphine, using binding assay to the rat brain membrane preparations.
      Furthermore, the affinities of mu- and kappa-receptors are virtually uninfluenced
      by epoxidation of the 7,8-double bond of nalorphine using electrically stimulated
      mouse and rabbit vasa deferentia. The intrinsic activity of nalorphine, however,
      is considerably decreased by epoxidation. Moreover, the antagonistic effect of
      nalorphine to the morphine-induced antinociception (via mu-receptors) was little
      influenced by epoxidation, but the antinociceptive effect of nalorphine using the
      acetic acid writhing test was considerably reduced by epoxidation. These results
      suggest the presence of a higher receptor capacity for the antinociception
      mediated through kappa-receptors and that the differences between the
      pharmacological responses of nalorphine and its epoxide are due to the
      differences of their intrinsic activities.

PMID- 2876691
TI  - Effects of dl-methadone on the response to physiological transmitters and on
      several functional parameters of the isolated guinea-pig heart.
AB  - The effects of high concentrations of dl-methadone (1-10 microM) on several
      parameters of cardiac function were studied in isolated guinea-pig heart
      preparations. The opioid agonist dose-dependently potentiated the inotropic
      cardiac response to sympathetic nerve stimulation; this effect was naloxone
      insensitive and was antagonized by an increase in extracellular calcium
      concentration. Moreover, methadone enhanced the dose-inotropic response curve of
      exogenous noradrenaline. The cardiac response to parasympathetic stimulation was
      antagonized by the drug through a postsynaptic effect; the responses to histamine
      and isoprenaline were also antagonized in a noncompetitive way. The spontaneous
      rate and contractility of atrial preparations were depressed by methadone
      concentrations above 1 microM; the functional refractory period was increased and
      the maximal driving rate was reduced at the same range of concentrations. All the
      above mentioned effects were naloxone-insensitive. In isolated sheep Purkinje
      fibers methadone, at concentrations of 10 microM and higher, significantly
      affected the transmembrane action potential parameters, by chiefly decreasing the
      maximum rate of depolarization and increasing the action potential duration. It
      was concluded that high concentrations of dl-methadone are able to affect several
      parameters of cardiac function through an unspecific mechanism different from the
      stimulation of opiate receptors.

PMID- 2876692
TI  - Calcitriol levels in hypercalcemic patients with adult T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Hypercalcemia is a frequent complication in patients with adult T-cell lymphoma.
      We measured serum calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) levels in five
      hypercalcemic patients with adult T-cell lymphoma and compared the values with
      those of five patients with mycosis fungoides, a T-cell neoplasm not associated
      with hypercalcemia. All five patients with adult T-cell lymphoma had calcitriol
      levels in or below the normal range. These data show that elevated calcitriol
      levels are not uniformly elevated in this disorder and may not be the usual cause
      of hypercalcemia in this subgroup of patients with lymphoma.

PMID- 2876693
TI  - [Drugs as markers in identification. Detection of melperon (Buronil) in an
      adipoceratous corpse].
AB  - The body of a 76-year old female pensioner was recovered from the Danube as
      adipoceratous torso after the person had been missing for almost two years.
      Identification first of all based on comparing postmortem and radiological
      findings which revealed correspondence of numerous features. The missing woman
      had been receiving long-term drug therapy of melperone (active substance of the
      neuroleptic Buronil) in doses of 25 mg three times daily. Combined gas
      chromatography and mass spectrometry succeeded in detecting the characteristic
      mass fragment of melperone in the adipoceratously transformed bone marrow of the
      water-logged corpse; in the remaining soft tissues outside the bones the
      concentration was below detection range. The reported case exemplifies that
      demonstration of low drug levels resulting from therapeutic ingestion can
      contribute to the identification of extensively decomposed bodies and to the
      correct relating of severed parts.

PMID- 2876695
TI  - Studies on histaminergic compounds, III. Synthesis and histamine H2-activity of a
      series of corresponding histamine and dimaprit analogues.

PMID- 2876694
TI  - Ether derivatives of 3-amino-1,2-propanediols, V. Syntheses and pharmacological
      activities of 5-(cycloalkoxymethyl)oxazolidines and N-substituted derivatives.

PMID- 2876696
TI  - Hay fever--a distressing environmental allergy. From the Royal Melbourne Hospital
      Pharmacy Department.

PMID- 2876697
TI  - Clinical and pathological responses of sheep and cattle to experimental infection
      with five different viruses of the epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer
      serogroup.

PMID- 2876698
TI  - Necrotic enteritis in cage-reared commercial layer pullets.
AB  - Necropsy of five 12-week-old pullets from a flock of 99,300 suffering from an
      increased mortality rate revealed enlarged, gas-filled intestines, the mucosal
      surfaces of which had the "dirty turkish towel" appearance typical of necrotic
      enteritis. Although the pullets had been raised entirely in cages, intestinal
      scrapings revealed the presence of Eimeria maxima. Histopathological findings
      were compatible with necrotic enteritis. Clostridium perfringens was isolated by
      anaerobic culture from the intestines. Mortality returned to normal after
      bacitracin and amprolium were added to the feed.

PMID- 2876699
TI  - Mental phenomena as changes of state in a finite-state machine.
AB  - This paper examines the classical functions of the psyche--cognition, affection
      and conation--from a phenomenological viewpoint and finds them to be defined each
      in terms of the other. It is held that this circularity of definition reflects
      the fundamental unity of conscious experience and, as a consequence, that the
      search for the biological substrate underlying individual functions too readily
      degenerates into a morphological and biochemical phrenology. An alternative
      approach, based on considerations from the field of artificial intelligence, is
      discussed. This approach provides a description of mental phenomena as changes of
      state in a finite-state machine, the next state being determined by both previous
      states and current inputs. This concept is shown to be compatible with the
      descriptions of conscious experience outlined in the phenomenology of Karl
      Jaspers. It is suggested that neurobiological investigations should be directed
      towards defining the processes by which state changes occur and further seeking
      to define mental pathology as aberrations of these dynamic processes.

PMID- 2876700
TI  - A study of the need for anticholinergic medication in patients treated with long
      term antipsychotics.
AB  - Studies on the withdrawal of anticholinergics from patients on antipsychotics
      have produced conflicting results. This 12-week study employed a double-blind
      crossover design on 39 adult in-patients selected from a total hospital
      population of 620. The Colombia Scale was used to determine extrapyramidal side
      effects (EPS). All patients were stabilised prior to the study on benztropine
      mesylate 2 mg b.i.d., and gradual withdrawal was employed. Benztropine withdrawal
      produced a significant increase in overall EPS scores. Ten patients (26%)
      required reinstatement of benztropine while on placebo. Sialorrhoea, rigidity and
      postural instability were the most prominent changes. Neither age, sex, nor
      diagnosis were significantly predictive of EPS. Depot medications and doses
      greater than 1000 mg/day chlorpromazine-equivalent were related to significant
      EPS increase. The intrinsic anticholinergic properties of the antipsychotics
      themselves and concomitant medications, such as antidepressants, appeared
      protective against development of EPS. Most patients on a combination of
      antipsychotics and anticholinergics can safely be withdrawn from the latter.

PMID- 2876701
TI  - [Behavior of GOT, GPT and gamma-GT enzymes in healthy probands before and after
      acute alcohol burden].

PMID- 2876702
TI  - No synergism between ionomycin and phorbol ester in fatty acid synthesis by
      isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - With hepatocytes in suspension, freshly isolated from meal-fed rats, no
      significant effect of ionomycin on the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis was
      observed, whereas phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was strongly stimulatory. The
      combination of ionomycin and PMA produced the same stimulation as was seen with
      PMA alone. Stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by vasopressin was comparable and
      not additive to that observed with PMA, indicating that activation of protein
      kinase C is solely responsible for this metabolic effect of vasopressin. Both
      vasopressin and PMA increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in isolated rat
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2876703
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor induced phosphorylation of human placental membrane
      protein: an effect mimicked by guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) specifically stimulated the endogenous
      phosphorylation of a protein band in an isolated membrane fraction of human
      placenta. The apparent molecular weight of the substrate protein as determined by
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 160-170,000. In the same membrane
      fraction, ANF also stimulated guanylate cyclase activity in a dose-dependent
      manner. Guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP), added to the membrane
      fraction in lieu of ANF, also stimulated the phosphorylation of several protein
      bands, one of which have the same apparent molecular weight as the one stimulated
      by ANF. In contrast, adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) at a
      similar concentration and hormones such as angiotensin II, insulin and
      vasopressin had no effect on the phosphorylation state of this protein band. The
      finding that ANF alters the phosphorylation state of a certain membrane protein
      and that this effect is mimicked by cyclic-GMP suggests that at least some of the
      biological action of ANF may be mediated by the phosphorylation of membrane
      protein involving a cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase.

PMID- 2876704
TI  - Unmasking of the inhibitory action of glucose on insulin release after alpha 2
      adrenergic activation.
AB  - Insulin release in response to glucose was measured after culture of islets from
      ob/ob-mice in a Ca2+-deficient medium. The stimulatory effect of 20 mM glucose
      disappeared after addition of 1 microM L-epinephrine, and it was reversed into
      inhibition when the medium contained 0.1 to 10 microM clonidine. Glucose
      inhibited insulin release also after activation of the alpha 2-adrenoceptors with
      B-HT 933, whereas blocking of these receptors with idazoxan removed glucose
      inhibition in the presence of clonidine. It is concluded that alpha 2-adrenergic
      activation provides an efficient means of unmasking the inhibitory component in
      the action of glucose on insulin release.

PMID- 2876705
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits fusion of pituitary secretion vesicles with the plasma
      membranes.
AB  - Somatostatin has been found to inhibit secretion vesicle fusion with the
      iodinated (125-I) inside-out plasma membrane vesicles (both were isolated from
      the anterior pituitaries). This effect of somatostatin was specific and dose
      dependent (half-maximal effect at 10(-9) M). Calmodulin (10 microM), but not
      cyclic AMP, enhanced the fusion process between the two organelles and
      somatostatin inhibited calmodulin-stimulated fusion. These observations suggest
      that one facet of somatostatin action on hormone secretion may be its inhibition
      of secretion vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2876706
TI  - Chemical cross-linking of somatostatin receptors in rat adrenal cortex.
AB  - Adrenocortical somatostatin receptors have been shown to interact with
      somatostatin-14 (S-14) and somatostatin-28 (S-28). To determine whether these
      peptides interact with the same or different receptor proteins, we chemically
      cross-linked these receptors using disuccinimidyl suberate to radioligands
      prepared from tyrosinated S-14 and S-28 analogs. Sodium dodecylsulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent autoradiography of [125I-Tyr11]
      S-14 and [Leu8, D-Trp22, 125I-Tyr25] S-28 cross-linked to their binding sites
      following solubilization in the presence of 50 mM DTT revealed the presence of a
      single labelled protein of Mr = 200,000. When the cross-linked material was
      treated under non-reducing conditions, this band was not observed. Furthermore,
      addition of excess S-14 and S-28 at the time of binding inhibited the
      incorporation of both radioligands into the receptor protein. These results
      demonstrate that adrenocortical membrane receptors for somatostatin contain a
      single receptor protein sub-unit or sub-units of identical size which interact
      with both S-14 and S-28.

PMID- 2876707
TI  - Glyburide action in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AB  - During adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, glyburide increased the
      specific activity (mU/mg protein) of glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase (by at least 14
      fold) and glutamine synthetase (by 5-fold). The glyburide-mediated increases in
      enzyme activities were greater in the presence than in the absence of insulin.
      Our data indicate that glyburide either potentiates or mimics the actions of
      insulin to increase the activity of glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase during adipocyte
      differentiation of cultured 3T3-L1 cells.

PMID- 2876708
TI  - The effect of neuroleptics on imipramine demethylation in rat liver microsomes
      and imipramine and desipramine level in the rat brain.
AB  - A study of the cytochrome P-450 level and imipramine (IMI) demethylase activity
      in liver microsomes of rats treated concurrently with IMI and chlorpromazine
      (CPZ) or IMI and chlorprothixene (CPX) for two weeks were carried out.
      Concomitant administration of IMI and CPZ or IMI and CPX elevated the cytochrome
      P-450 level and accelerated IMI demethylation in in vitro study. Kinetic study of
      IMI demethylation carried out in the absence or in the presence of CPZ or CPX
      revealed that those neuroleptics inhibited IMI demethylation via competitive
      mechanism. Simultaneously with the enzymatic study the brain level of IMI and its
      demethylated metabolite desipramine (DMI) was assessed. It was found that 1 hr
      after withdrawal of IMI and CPZ or IMI and CPX the brain level of IMI was
      elevated in comparison with that of IMI treated animals, and the ratio between
      DMI/IMI brain concentration was decreased. When the assessment of IMI and DMI
      brain level was performed 24 hr after withdrawal of IMI and CPZ or IMI and CPX,
      there was no difference between the concentration of IMI and DMI in both,
      experimental and control animals.

PMID- 2876709
TI  - Heterogeneity between soluble human and rabbit splenic alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The pharmacological and biochemical characteristics of soluble alpha 2
      adrenoceptors were investigated to determine whether differences observed in
      membranes were maintained in solution and to probe the nature of any such
      differences. alpha 2-Adrenoceptors were solubilized from purified plasma membrane
      preparations of human and rabbit spleen using digitonin. [3H]yohimbine bound to
      one population of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the preparations with dissociation
      constants of 2.4 nM and 7.8 nM respectively. The pharmacological profile of the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors has been examined. Upon solubilization the affinity of the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors for yohimbine was unchanged. In contrast, the potency of
      idazoxan and RX 811066 were increased, whereas the potency for prazosin (human
      only), phentolamine and WY 26392 was decreased 2-3-fold. The potency of the
      agonists oxymetazoline, UK 14304 and adrenaline were all reduced upon
      solubilization of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The selectivity of yohimbine, idazoxan,
      RX 811066 and WY 26392 for human rather than rabbit alpha 2-adrenoceptors was
      maintained in solution. Possible sources of heterogeneity between human and
      rabbit alpha 2-adrenoceptors were investigated. The protein structure was probed
      by comparing the susceptibility of the receptors to inactivation by sulphydryl
      modifying agents. No differences were observed in the potency of N-ethylmaleimide
      or p-chloromercuribenzoate to inactivate the receptor. The carbohydrate component
      of the receptors was investigated using agarose-linked lectins. Rabbit splenic
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors had a lower affinity for the lectins wheatgerm agglutinin
      (Triticum vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max) which bind the sugars N-acetyl d
      glucosamine and N-acetyl d-galactosamine respectively. These findings suggest
      that heterogeneity of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor derives from its structural
      characteristics rather than its environment in the membrane.

PMID- 2876710
TI  - Desensitization to nitroglycerin in vascular smooth muscle from rat and human.
AB  - Guanylate cyclase in high speed supernatant fractions obtained from rat thoracic
      aorta or human coronary arteries pretreated with nitroglycerin exhibited a marked
      desensitization to activation by nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nitric oxide.
      However, activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by arachidonic acid was
      unaffected by pretreatment of vessels with nitroglycerin. Furthermore, activation
      of soluble guanylate cyclase by protoporphyrin IX was increased 4-fold when
      vessels were pretreated with nitroglycerin. Soluble guanylate cyclase partially
      purified from nitroglycerin-pretreated rat thoracic aorta by immunoprecipitation
      with a specific monoclonal antibody exhibited persistent desensitization to
      nitrate-induced activation. These data suggest that nitroglycerin-induced
      desensitization of guanylate cyclase to activation by nitrovasodilators
      represents a stable alteration of the enzyme. In contrast, activation by
      protoporphyrin IX of guanylate cyclase immunoprecipitated from nitroglycerin
      pretreated or control vessels was not significantly different. This suggests that
      the mechanism of protoporphyrin activation of guanylate cyclase is different than
      the mechanism with nitrovasodilators. Activation of particulate guanylate cyclase
      by Lubrol-PX, hemin, or atrial natriuretic factor was not significantly different
      with enzyme prepared from nitroglycerin-pretreated or control vessels from rat
      and human. Thus, nitroglycerin-induced desensitization of rat thoracic aorta or
      human coronary artery results in a relatively stable molecular alteration of
      soluble guanylate cyclase such that the enzyme is specifically less sensitive to
      activation by nitrovasodilators whereas the effects of other activators of the
      enzyme are either unchanged or increased.

PMID- 2876711
TI  - The effect of kainic, quinolinic and beta-kainic acids on the release of
      endogenous amino acids from rat brain slices.
AB  - It has been suggested that the neurotoxic properties of quinolinic acid and
      kainic acid may, at least in part, involve an indirect action on nerve terminals
      containing glutamate. In the present study it is confirmed that kainate causes
      the release of endogenous glutamate from rat hippocampal slices, but that
      quinolinic acid does not share this activity. In addition beta-kainic acid was
      found to depress the potassium evoked release of endogenous glutamate at
      relatively high concentrations and this effect may underlie the anticonvulsant
      properties of this substance.

PMID- 2876712
TI  - [Synthesis and H2-antagonistic action of N3, N5-substituted 1,2, 4-oxadiazole-3,
      5-diamine. 26. H2-antihistaminics].
AB  - N5-(3-[3-(1-Piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy) phenoxy]propyl)-1,2, 4-oxadiazole-3, 5
      diamines and N5(2-[(5-dimethylaminomethyl-2-furanyl) methylthio] ethyl)-1,2,4
      oxadiazole-3,5-diamines with different N3-substituents were prepared and tested
      for their H2-antihistaminic activity on the isolated guinea-pig atrium. They were
      synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the appropriate 5
      trichloromethyloxadiazoles with the amines 3 and 11. Of the prepared substances
      10a,c in particular showed high H2-antagonistic activity.

PMID- 2876713
TI  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships. Fujita-Ban analysis of beta
      adrenergic blocking activity of 1-phenoxy-3-([(substituted amido)alkyl]amino)-2
      propanols.
AB  - Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies have been performed in a
      series of 81 beta-adrenergic blocking 1-phenoxy-3-([substituted amido)alkyl]
      amino)-2-propanols using the Fujita-Ban model. A correlation significant at p
      less than 0.0005 (r = 0.883, F46,34 = 2.60) was obtained using 46 independent
      substituents. The set of independent substituents has been successfully
      contracted to 36 substituents (F 36,44 = 4.26). On the basis of the calculated
      group contributions the derivatives with high predicted activity have been
      proposed.

PMID- 2876714
TI  - Aversive and appetitive properties of anxiogenic and anxiolytic agents.
AB  - The place-conditioning paradigm was used to assess the appetitive or aversive
      nature of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs. Rats were given a pre-conditioning
      preference test in which the time that they spent on each side of a two
      compartment chamber was measured; each side was visually distinct. On two days
      they were confined to one side immediately after drug injection, and on alternate
      days they were confined to the other side after vehicle injection. The rats were
      then given a postconditioning preference test. The change in preference was used
      as the measure of the reinforcing properties of the drugs. The anxiolytic drugs
      diazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, adinazolam, U-43, 465 and tracazolate produced a
      clear preference for the drug-associated side, indicating the appetitive
      qualities of these drugs. Preference was less clear for the anxiolytics
      chlordiazepoxide and buspirone. This suggests that it is possible to dissociate
      the rewarding and anxiolytic properties of drugs. All the anxiogenic drugs tested
      (CGS 8216, picrotoxin and yohimbine) produced conditioned aversion.

PMID- 2876716
TI  - Characterization of a group of transposed human V kappa genes.
AB  - A genomic region with three V kappa pseudogenes which has been transposed to
      chromosome 22 is characterized by detailed restriction mapping. A number of
      subclones are described one of which proved useful to establish an allelic
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the region. Allelic and
      duplication-derived restriction site differences in cosmid clones are discussed
      with respect to possible problems in genomic walking experiments.

PMID- 2876715
TI  - Site-site interaction on mitochondrial F1-ATPase. Functional symmetry of the high
      affinity nucleotide binding sites.
AB  - Interactions between the high affinity binding sites on mitochondrial F1 were
      analysed by combined use of the nucleotide analogues 3'-O-(1-naphthoyl)-ADP (N
      ADP) and 2'-3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ADP (TNP-ADP). The binding behaviour of
      F1 with respect to these ligands was studied by measuring the fluorescence of F1
      and of TNP-ADP and the fluorescence anisotropy of N-ADP. A total of 3 high
      affinity binding sites can be occupied by TNP-ADP. By exchange experiments, it
      could be shown that binding of TNP-ADP to such a site considerably accelerates
      the dissociation of a ligand bound to a neighbouring site. These results support
      the notion that the functional behaviour of F1 is symmetric: during the catalytic
      cycle any individual site can successively assume different affinity states as
      has been predicted by hypotheses such as the binding change model.

PMID- 2876717
TI  - Assay of the glutathione-synthesizing enzymes by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - We report a new convenient assay of the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine
      synthetase (EC 6.3.2.2) and glutathione synthetase (EC 6.3.2.3) in crude
      microbial extracts as well as in purified enzyme preparations. The assay is based
      on the quantitative analysis of the reaction products by high-performance liquid
      chromatography after derivatization of the thiol group with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2
      nitrobenzoic acid) as described by J. Reeve, J. Kuhlenkamp, and N. Kaplowitz
      [(1980) J. Chromatogr. 194, 424-428]. In addition, the procedure yields
      information on basal levels of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione in crude
      microbial extracts. The two enzymes responsible for glutathione biosynthesis can
      be determined in parallel under the same chromatographic conditions. No prior
      separation from substrates and by-products is necessary. Product formation is
      linear with time for at least 30 min between 0.03 and 12 mU for both enzymes.
      Even in crude extracts 0.2-0.5 nmol of products formed can be detected with
      certainty. The method was found to be sensitive and highly reproducible.

PMID- 2876718
TI  - Characterization of opioid peptides in the rat stomach.
AB  - A combination of several chromatographic and assay systems was used to
      characterize the opioid peptides in rat stomach extracts. Partial purification of
      opioid material in acetic acid extracts of the corpus plus antrum regions of the
      rat stomach was carried out by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50,
      followed by adsorption onto Amberlite XAD-2 resin. A single peak in opioid
      activity was determined by both radioreceptor assay (RRA) and bioassay. By high
      performance liquid chromatography, this peak was resolved into five distinct
      components, characterized by RRA and (or) radioimmunoassay, with retention times
      corresponding to methionine enkephalin (met-enk), leucine enkephalin, met-enk
      arg6-gly7-leu8, met-enk-arg6-phe7, and dynorphin 1-13. Closer examination of the
      dynorphin component revealed the presence of dynorphins 1-17, 1-13, and 1-8.
      Trypsin digestion of the partially purified (Sephadex G-50 and Amberlite XAD-2
      chromatographed) extract resulted in an overall increase in opioid activity,
      suggesting the presence of larger, possibly precursor forms.

PMID- 2876719
TI  - Comparison of infusions of alfentanil or pethidine for sedation of ventilated
      patients on the ITU.
AB  - Sedation was studied in 30 patients requiring overnight ventilation in the
      intensive therapy unit (ITU). Patients received an infusion of either alfentanil
      or pethidine, supplemented with midazolam. The infusion rates were adjusted to
      provide optimal sedation as judged by a nurse, and measurements were made of
      quality of sedation, recovery and serum cortisol concentration. In addition,
      blood concentrations of alfentanil were measured to permit pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic analysis. Satisfactory sedation was achieved in both groups. The
      required infusion rate for alfentanil was between 0.4 and 0.5 micrograms kg-1 min
      1. Recovery was good in both groups, apart from one patient in the alfentanil
      group, in whom recovery was greatly prolonged and alfentanil pharmacokinetics
      were abnormal. A difference was found in the metabolic response to surgery
      between the two groups, the response in the alfentanil group being significantly
      less marked.

PMID- 2876720
TI  - Infusion of vecuronium controlled by a closed-loop system.
AB  - Closed-loop control of neuromuscular blockade, using a semi-continuous infusion
      of vecuronium, is described. In 28 patients, the average neuromuscular
      transmission was between 13 and 17% of control. Requirements for vecuronium
      averaged 1.1 micrograms kg-1 min-1 (0.8-1.5 micrograms kg-1 min-1), being in the
      same range as for repeated bolus injections. No side effects were observed. After
      the infusion was stopped recovery was rapid. Only three patients required induced
      reversal of blockade.

PMID- 2876721
TI  - Interaction of cyclosporin and its solvent, Cremophor, with atracurium and
      vecuronium. Studies in the cat.
AB  - Interactions between Sandimmun (formulated as cyclosporin (CyA) in Cremophor and
      ethanol) and atracurium or vecuronium were investigated in anaesthetized cats.
      During stable 50% blockade and with a constant rate of infusion of the
      neuromuscular blocking drugs, Sandimmun 0.8 mg kg-1 or an equivalent amount of
      its solvent moiety was injected over 5 min. Sandimmun potentiated the blockade
      induced by vecuronium (median infusion rate 110 micrograms kg-1 h-1) from 50.7%
      before injection to maximum 95.2% 17.3 min after injection (median values),
      whereas the median blockade in cats receiving atracurium (median 250 micrograms
      kg-1 h-1) increased from 51.3% to 72.4% after 32.9 min. At 45 min after the
      injection the median blockades were 93.1% and 69.8%, respectively. In cats
      receiving vecuronium (median 104 micrograms kg-1 h-1) the solvent produced an
      increase in effect of from 51.1% to maximum 78.0% blockade after 5.4 min and
      61.5% after 45 min (median values). Interaction with solvent was negligible in
      cats receiving atracurium. We attribute the effect of the solvent to the
      Cremophor component. The mechanism of the interaction related to the cyclosporin
      is unknown.

PMID- 2876722
TI  - Pharmacodynamic profile of bisoprolol, a new beta 1-selective adrenoceptor
      antagonist.
AB  - The pharmacodynamic profile of bisoprolol, a new beta 1-selective adrenoceptor
      antagonist, was investigated in four independent studies including 36 healthy
      male volunteers. Using the model of exercise-induced tachycardia (ET) the beta
      adrenoceptor blocking properties of bisoprolol (2.5-40 mg) were examined in
      comparison to metoprolol (50 and 100 mg), propranolol (40 and 80 mg) and atenolol
      (50 and 100 mg). The maximal reduction of ET was achieved between 1 and 4 h
      following single oral administration. The dose-response relationship using
      individual maximal reduction of ET showed, on a molar basis, that bisoprolol is
      about 5, 7 and 10 times more effective than propranolol, atenolol and metoprolol,
      respectively. In the model of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia bisoprolol behaved as
      a beta 1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist. There was a good correlation (r =
      0.94) between the log bisoprolol concentration and the reduction in exercise
      induced tachycardia. Bisoprolol is a potent new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist with a competitive action at beta 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2876723
TI  - Comparison of levocabastine, a new selective H1-receptor antagonist, and disodium
      cromoglycate, in a nasal provocation test with allergen.
AB  - The effect of intranasal administration of levocabastine, a new selective H1
      receptor antagonist, was investigated in a nasal provocation test (NPT) performed
      with allergens. The NPT allowed a quantitative estimation of the nasal allergic
      threshold (concentration of allergen necessary to trigger the reaction). In
      addition, the intensity of the three major rhinitis symptoms (obstruction,
      rhinorrhea and sneezing) was determined. Twelve adult patients, allergic to grass
      pollen, underwent a first NPT without pretreatment ('initial NPT'); the NPT was
      then repeated after the single intranasal administration of either placebo, 8 mg
      disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) or 0.2 mg levocabastine in a double-blind random
      order. The NPTs gave reproducible results since both the threshold and symptom
      intensities were similar in the initial NPT and in the NPT performed after
      placebo. The reaction threshold increased in 8/12 patients after DSCG (0.05 less
      than P less than 0.1) and in 9/12 patients after levocabastine (P less than
      0.05). Levocabastine clearly inhibited rhinorrhea (P less than 0.001) and
      sneezing (P less than 0.02) but did not influence the nasal obstruction. DSCG
      inhibited rhinorrhea only (P less than 0.01). The intranasal administration of
      levocabastine might be useful in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2876724
TI  - The antisecretory effects of zaltidine, a novel long-acting H2-receptor
      antagonist, in healthy volunteers and in subjects with a past history of duodenal
      ulcer.
AB  - The potency and duration of the antisecretory action of zaltidine, a novel H2
      receptor antagonist, have been examined in healthy volunteers and in patients
      with previous duodenal ulceration. In eight healthy male volunteers single oral
      doses of 5 mg, 25 mg and 100 mg produced dose-related inhibition of basal and
      pentagastrin-stimulated acid output (M.A.O.) with an estimated ID50 of 40 mg for
      the latter. In eight subjects with duodenal ulceration single 100 mg and 200 mg
      doses produced 85% and 97% inhibition of M.A.O. at peak (3 h post-dose) and 20%
      and 23% inhibition at 24 h, respectively; inhibition of basal acid output was 97%
      at 3 h and 50% at 24 h with both doses. The long duration of action of zaltidine
      is ascribed to its relatively slow elimination from the plasma.

PMID- 2876725
TI  - lac permease of Escherichia coli: histidine-322 and glutamic acid-325 may be
      components of a charge-relay system.
AB  - When Glu-325 in the lac permease of Escherichia coli is replaced with Ala,
      lactose/H+ symport is abolished. Thus, the altered permease catalyzes neither
      uphill lactose accumulation nor efflux. Remarkably, however, permease with Ala
      325 catalyzes exchange and counterflow at completely normal rates. Taken together
      with the results presented in the accompanying paper [Puttner, I. B., Sarkar, H.
      K., Poonian, M. S., & Kaback, H. R. (1986) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this
      issue)], the findings suggest that the His-322 and Glu-325 may be components of a
      charge-relay system that plays an important role in the coupled translocation of
      lactose and H+.

PMID- 2876726
TI  - Characterization of native and reconstituted hydrogen ion pumping
      adenosinetriphosphatase of chromaffin granules.
AB  - The ATP-dependent H+ pump from adrenal chromaffin granules is, like the platelet
      dense granule H+ pump, essentially insensitive to the mitochondrial ATPase
      inhibitors sodium azide, efrapeptin, and oligomycin and also insensitive to
      vanadate and ouabain, agents that inhibit the Na+,K+-ATPase. The chromaffin
      granule H+ pump is, however, sensitive to low concentrations of NEM (N
      ethylmaleimide) and Nbd-Cl (7-chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole). These
      transport ATPases may thus belong to a new class of ATP-dependent ion pumps
      distinct from F1F0-and phosphoenzyme-type ATPases. Comparisons of ATP hydrolysis
      with ATP-dependent serotonin transport suggest that approximately 80% of the
      ATPase activity in purified chromaffin granule membranes is coupled to H+
      pumping. Most of the remaining ATPase activity is due to contaminating
      mitochondrial ATPase and Na+,K+-ATPase. When extracted with cholate and octyl
      glucoside, the H+ pump is solubilized in a monodisperse form that retains NEM
      sensitive ATPase activity. When reconstituted into proteoliposomes with crude
      brain phospholipid, the extracted enzyme recovers ATP-dependent H+ pumping, which
      shows the same inhibitor sensitivity and nucleotide dependence as the native
      pump. These data demonstrate that the predominant ATP hydrolase of chromaffin
      granule membrane is also responsible for ATP-driven amine transport and granule
      acidification in both native and reconstituted membranes.

PMID- 2876728
TI  - Membrane potential dependency of glutamic acid transport in rabbit jejunal brush
      border membrane vesicles: K+ and H+ effects.
AB  - We have applied our recently developed approach for quantitative generation and
      estimation of membrane potential differences (Berteloot, A. (1986) Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 857, 180-188) to the reevaluation of glutamic acid transport
      rheogenicity in rabbit jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles. Membrane diffusion
      potentials were created by altering iodide concentrations in the intra- and
      extravesicular compartments while keeping isosmolarity, isotonicity and ionic
      strength constant by chloride replacement. The known value of ion permeabilities
      relative to sodium in this preparation also allows calculation of membrane
      potential differences using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. This strategy
      appears superior to more classical methods involving ionophore-induced membrane
      diffusion-potentials of protons or potassium as both cations have been shown to
      participate in the transport mechanism. In this paper, we demonstrate that this
      approach is perfectly suitable for the investigation of membrane potential
      dependency of glutamic acid transport as our results showed that chloride
      replacement by iodide did not affect uptake in vesicles with membrane potential
      clamped to zero by gramicidin D (sodium conditions) or by gramicidin D plus
      valimonycin (sodium + potassium conditions). The method thus allows to dissociate
      membrane potential effects from possible effects that might be introduced by
      altering the anion species. In these conditions, our studies clearly demonstrate
      that glutamic acid uptake, whether analyzed over a 1 min time scale or under
      initial rate conditions, was sensitive to membrane potential differences.
      However, our results also show that the electrogenicity of the transport system
      varied depending upon the intravesicular presence or absence of potassium, its
      presence stimulating the membrane potential dependency of uptake. This effect is
      modulated by the internal pH and it is concluded that inside H+ and K+ are not
      equivalent as countertransported cations. The external pH also seems to modulate
      the response to potential by acting on the fully loaded form(s) of the
      transporter. The possibility that outside H+ competes for (an) external Na+
      binding site(s) and/or precludes the attachment of (an) extra sodium ion(s)
      should be considered.

PMID- 2876727
TI  - Efficient reconstitution of mitochondrial energy-transfer reactions from depleted
      membranes and F1-ATPase as a function of the amount of bound oligomycin
      sensitivity-conferring protein (OSCP).
AB  - Pig heart mitochondrial membranes depleted of F1 and OSCP by various treatments
      were analyzed for their content in alpha and beta subunits of F1 and in OSCP
      using monoclonal antibodies. Membrane treatments and conditions of rebinding of
      F1 and OSCP were optimized to reconstitute efficient NADH- and ATP-dependent
      proton fluxes, ATP synthesis and oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity. F1 and
      OSCP can be rebound independently to depleted membranes but to avoid unspecific
      binding of F1 to depleted membranes (ASUA) which is not efficient for ATP
      synthesis, F1 must be rebound before the addition of OSCP. The rebinding of OSCP
      to depleted membranes reconstituted with F1 inhibits the ATPase activity of
      rebound F1, while it restores the ATP-driven proton flux measured by the
      quenching of ACMA fluorescence. The rebinding of OSCP also renders the ATPase
      activity of bound F1 sensitive to uncouplers. The rebinding of OSCP alone or F1
      alone, does not modify the NADH-dependent proton flux, while the rebinding of
      both F1 and OSCP controls this flux, inducing an inhibition of the rate of NADH
      oxidation. Similarly, oligomycin, which seals the F0 channel even in the absence
      of F1 and OSCP, inhibits the rate of NADH oxidation. OSCP is required to adjust
      the fitting of F1 to F0 for a correct channelling of protons efficient for ATP
      synthesis. All reconstituted energy-transfer reactions reach their optimal value
      for the same amount of OSCP. This amount is consistent with a stoichiometry of
      two OSCP per F1 in the F0-F1 complex.

PMID- 2876729
TI  - Differential changes of nuclear-envelope-associated enzyme activities involved in
      nucleocytoplasmic mRNA transport in the developing rat brain and liver.
AB  - Nucleocytoplasmic transport of rat liver mRNA is thought to be regulated by a
      nucleoside triphosphatase whose activity in the intact nuclear envelope is
      stimulated by the 3'poly(A) tail of poly(A)+ mRNA. In contrast to the liver mRNA,
      the mRNA from rat brain contains a great population of poly(A)- mRNA's that does
      not appear until after birth. Measurements of the nuclear-envelope-associated
      enzyme activities involved in mRNA transport, and their dependence on endogenous
      (isolated cytoplasmic mRNA-transport-stimulating proteins) and exogenous
      (poly(A), lectins, and neoglycoproteins) factors during prenatal and postnatal
      rat brain and liver development, revealed marked organ-dependent differences
      paralleling the appearance of the poly(A)- mRNA unique in the brain.

PMID- 2876730
TI  - The simultaneous hydrolysis of glutathione and glutamine by rat kidney gamma
      glutamyltransferase.
AB  - The simultaneous hydrolysis of L-glutamine and glutathione by rat kidney gamma
      glutamyltransferase has been studied. At concentrations of the two substrates
      giving rates approximating to Vmax, it is shown that glutamine hydrolysis
      predominates. Under saturating conditions for both substrates, 65% of the
      glutamic acid produced is derived from glutamine. Using [14C]glutamine it is also
      shown that at physiological plasma concentrations of glutamine (in excess of 400
      microM) and glutathione (20 microM) glutamine hydrolysis is the predominating
      reaction. We therefore suggest that both glutamine and glutathione are important
      in vivo donors for gamma-glutamyltransferase.

PMID- 2876731
TI  - Lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by ferric
      nitrilotriacetate.
AB  - Ferric nitrilotriacetate, which causes in vivo organ injury, induced lipid
      peroxidation and cell death in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. The process
      was inhibited by butylated hydroxyanisole and enhanced by vitamin C and linolenic
      acid, indicating a close relationship between cytotoxicity and the lipid
      peroxidizing ability of Fe3+ NTA. The cytotoxicity was suppressed by glucose and
      a temperature below 20 degrees C. Lipid peroxidation of Fe3+ NTA-treated cells
      was greater at 0 degree C than at 37 degrees C, contrary to results with Fe3+ NTA
      treated plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. These results suggested
      that metabolism and membrane fluidity are important factors in the expression of
      the Fe3+ NTA-induced cytotoxicity. H2O2 showed a lower cytotoxicity than did Fe3+
      NTA but a greater lipid peroxidizing ability. H2O2 appeared to damage the cells
      less, and was quenched rapidly by cellular metabolism unlike Fe3+ NTA. In
      transferrin-free medium, Ehrlich ascites tumor cell readily incorporated Fe3+
      NTA, and iron uptake was greater than NTA-uptake in Fe3+ NTA-treated cells,
      suggesting that Ehrlich ascites tumor cell incorporated iron from Fe3+NTA and
      metabolized it into an inert form such as ferritin.

PMID- 2876732
TI  - Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in the vasculature of the rat testis.
AB  - Activity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in the testes of mature and
      prepuberal rats was investigated histochemically and biochemically.
      Histochemically, the enzyme activity was localized predominantly in the arterial
      and arteriolar endothelium and was absent from the capillaries and the
      seminiferous tubules. The activity in the arterial endothelium extended to the
      testicular artery on the surface of the testis and in the spermatic cord, but the
      veins in both the pampiniform plexus and on the testicular surface were negative.
      The endothelium of the testicular artery was already faintly positive at birth,
      and the activity increased during the second and third postnatal week during the
      branching and remodeling of the intratesticular arteries and arterioles. Activity
      of GGT was estimated quantitatively after dissection of the testis into tubular
      and interstitial tissue. The enzyme activity was very low in the tubules. It was
      fivefold stronger in the interstitium, and this activity was further enhanced by
      pretreatment of the dissected tissue with collagenase to remove the Leydig cells.

PMID- 2876733
TI  - Protein kinase activities in rat liver nuclei: effects of age and partial
      hepatectomy.
AB  - Selective substrates and inhibitors have been used to measure kinases
      phosphorylating endogenous proteins in rat liver nuclei during growth and
      regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Peaks in activity were found at 5, 22,
      and 29 hours after partial hepatectomy. Administration of alpha 1 and beta
      adrenergic blockers suggested that the Be2+ sensitive and cyclic AMP-dependent
      protein kinases were interdependently regulated by Ca2+ and cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2876734
TI  - [Role of calmodulin in the contractile function of the myocardium].
AB  - The effect of phenothiazines-trifluoroperazine frenolone, majeptile and aminazine
      on contractility of papillar muscle of Wistar male rats associated with short
      term Ca-concentration increase up to 4 mM has been studied. There has been found
      the parameter-relaxation index-the change of which under the effect of
      phenothiazines (10(-5) M in all the cases) made use of significantly correlates
      with the constants, which reflect the similarity of given agents with calmodulin.

PMID- 2876735
TI  - [Tyrosine inhibition of anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs].
AB  - Experimental investigations on guinea-pigs were carried out to study the role of
      tyrosine in the prevention of anaphylaxis. It should be noted that the intensity
      of clinical manifestations of anaphylactic shock was reduced in 5 out of 24 L
      tyrosine fed guinea-pigs (20.83%), while in 9 animals (37.5%) anaphylactic shock
      did not develop. 100% death of control animals was registered. The effect of
      tyrosine was absent only in 10 guinea-pigs. Positive effect of tyrosine was
      followed by tyrosine-aminotransferase activation with a tendency towards the
      decrease in tyrosine plasma level and the rise in cortisol blood level. It is
      suggested that tyrosine increases glucocorticoid secretion of the adrenal cortex:
      Glucocorticoids in their turn, enhance tyrosine-aminotransferase activity in the
      animal liver.

PMID- 2876736
TI  - [Effect of adrenoblockers on the analgesic effect of GABA-positive preparations].
AB  - The experiments on rats have shown that selective alpha 1 and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blockers (prazosin and yohimbine) and an inhibitor of dopamine-beta
      hydrolase FD-008 failed to change the antinociceptive effect of baclofen, a
      direct GABAB receptor agonist. The antinociceptive effect of THIP and depakin,
      acting predominantly on GABAA receptors, was significantly reduced by prazosin,
      FD-008 and yohimbine in vocalization test. In tail-flick test the analgetic
      effect of THIP and depakin was not altered by prazosin and FD-008, but was
      increased by yohimbine. The role of adrenergic mechanisms in GABAA and GABAB
      receptor-mediated analgesia is discussed.

PMID- 2876737
TI  - [Migration of T-lymphocyte precursors into the thymus and the factors affecting
      this process].
AB  - Migration of FITC-labeled mouse bone marrow cells into the thymus was measured by
      flow cytometric analysis 3 hours after intravenous injection of cells into
      irradiated mice. The percentage of cells reaching the thymus diminished when the
      dose of injected cells increased. The dependence of the number or labeled cells
      in the thymus on the dose of injected cells was not linear. Pretreatment of cells
      with anti-SC-I serum, peanut lectin or H-2 incompatibility antigen abolished
      thymus migration, while treatment with anti-Thy-I serum, soybean lectin, trypsin
      or Thy-I-incompatibility antigen diminished cellular migration and treatment with
      neuraminidase enhanced it. It was concluded that the main type of migrating cells
      is SC-1+ precursors of T-lymphocytes. Penetration of these cells through the
      blood-thymus barrier is based on the recognition of their partly sialized surface
      glycoprotein receptors by membrane lectins of the blood-thymus barrier cells.

PMID- 2876738
TI  - A novel basis for delta beta-thalassemia in a Chinese family.
AB  - We have studied a Chinese family in which beta-thalassemia and delta beta
      thalassemia were found in simple and compound heterozygous states. The delta beta
      thalassemia heterozygote (the mother) had 22.3% hemoglobin F, of which 40% was G
      gamma and 60% A gamma; globin chain studies showed an alpha/beta + gamma ratio of
      1.36. The compound heterozygote for delta beta-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia
      (the child) had the clinical picture of thalassemia intermedia and an alpha/beta
      + gamma ratio of 4.44. Gene mapping studies were performed using DNA from the
      affected child. Seventy kilobases of DNA in the beta-globin gene cluster starting
      upstream from the epsilon-globin gene and ending downstream from the beta-globin
      gene were mapped, and no detectable deletions or rearrangements were detected. In
      addition, heterozygosity was detected at multiple polymorphic restriction sites
      in and 3' to the beta-globin gene, which excludes the possibility of a deletion
      of the entire beta-globin gene cluster. This is the first example of a
      nondeletion delta beta-thalassemia associated with increased expression of both G
      gamma and A gamma genes.

PMID- 2876739
TI  - Somatostatin in cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2876740
TI  - Treatment of essential hypertension.
AB  - While no consensus over the treatment of essential hypertension has been reached,
      three recent major trials offer guidance to the clinician. The results of these
      trials and the role of new and old drugs in the treatment of hypertension are
      discussed.

PMID- 2876741
TI  - Somatostatin in the treatment of severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a
      multicentre controlled trial.
AB  - To evaluate the effectiveness of somatostatin versus combined cimetidine and
      pirenzepine in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding of peptic
      origin, a multicentre controlled, prospective, randomized and double blind trial
      has been undertaken in 60 subjects. Strict selection criteria were followed. All
      subjects were diagnosed by endoscopy during the first 18 h after admission.
      Endoscopic stigmata of recent haemorrhage were also evaluated. Sixty-five per
      cent of the subjects presented with severe upper GI bleeding (blood pressure less
      than or equal to 100 mmHg, pulse rate greater than or equal to 110, haematocrit
      less than or equal to 30 per cent), and in 71.6 per cent stigmata were found.
      Thirty patients (Group 1) received a somatostatin infusion (250 micrograms/h
      continuously during 120 h) and 30 patients (Group 2) received cimetidine (200 mg
      IV every 4 h for 5 days) and pirenzepine (10 mg IV every 8 h for 5 days). Both
      groups were homogeneous for sex, age, backgrounds, bleeding source, grade of
      bleeding (moderate or severe) and presence or not of stigmata. Bleeding stopped
      in 27 subjects of Group 1 (90 per cent and in 20 subjects of Group 2 (66.67 per
      cent) (P less than 0.05, chi 2 test). The time until the bleeding stopped was
      significantly shorter in patients of group 1 (3.44 +/- 0.53 h) than in patients
      of group 2 (8.12 +/- 1.94 h) (P less than 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). The number
      of blood units required for Group 1 (2.26 +/- 0.35) was significantly lower than
      the one required for Group 2 (3.90 +/- 0.51) (P less than 0.005, Wilcoxon test).
      Significant differences were not observed between the two groups regarding cross
      over subjects, re-bleeding, surgery (P = 0.0635, Fisher's exact test) and
      hospital stay. The mortality of the trial was 5 per cent. There was no toxicity
      during somatostatin, cimetidine or pirenzepine infusion. In conclusion,
      somatostatin was more effective than cimetidine plus pirenzepine in the control
      of severe upper GI bleeding of peptic origin, with a lower interval time to stop
      bleeding and reduced transfusion requirements.

PMID- 2876743
TI  - Boys with late descending testes: the source of patients with "retractile" testes
      undergoing orchidopexy?

PMID- 2876742
TI  - Isolating the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2876744
TI  - Sulphasalazine in ankylosing spondylitis: a double blind controlled study in 60
      patients.
AB  - Sulphasalazine has been reported to be effective in ankylosing spondylitis with
      peripheral arthritis, but its efficacy in spondylitis is unknown. Thus 60
      patients with active ankylosing spondylitis without peripheral arthritis or
      gastrointestinal symptoms were randomly allocated to one of two therapeutic
      groups. One group received 2 g sulphasalazine daily for six months and the other
      a placebo. Thirteen patients (six given placebo and seven given sulphasalazine)
      dropped out of the trial and were considered to be treatment failures. After six
      months' follow up efficacy was rated as good or very good by 15 of the 30
      patients given sulphasalazine and by only six of the 30 given placebo (p less
      than 0.02). Furthermore, in the patients given sulphasalazine the daily
      consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, functional index, and
      plasma IgG concentrations had fallen significantly. These data suggest that
      sulphasalazine may be a safe and effective treatment for spondylitis in
      ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2876746
TI  - A practical guide to prescribing hypnotic benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2876745
TI  - Course of blood pressure in mild hypertensives after withdrawal of long term
      antihypertensive treatment. Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild
      Hypertension.
AB  - A series of 1418 men and 1,347 women with mild hypertension (diastolic phase V 90
      109 mm Hg) aged 35-64 who had either had long term antihypertensive treatment
      with bendrofluazide or propranolol or taken placebo tablets for a similar period
      were randomly allocated to groups in which their tablets were either stopped or
      continued. The course of blood pressure and of biochemical variables was followed
      up for two years. Mean blood pressures rose rapidly after the withdrawal of
      active treatment, and between nine months and one year after stopping treatment
      the antihypertensive effect had almost disappeared. The effect persisting longer
      than this, and possibly due to resetting of the baroreceptors or of other blood
      pressure control mechanisms, was very small, and as the rise in mean pressure was
      due to an upward movement in general distribution there was no evidence of a
      subgroup in whom these mechanisms had been permanently reset to a clinically
      important extent. After withdrawal of propranolol the rise in pressure was more
      rapid in younger than in older people. After stopping bendrofluazide pressure
      rose more rapidly in men who had had higher pressures before and during
      treatment; this effect was not seen in women. Disturbances in biochemical
      variables associated with drug treatment had largely resolved by the end of two
      years after withdrawal. Stopping placebo tablets made no consistent difference to
      blood pressure.

PMID- 2876747
TI  - Confusion after admission to hospital in elderly patients using benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2876748
TI  - Influence of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on respiratory function.

PMID- 2876749
TI  - CPP, a new potent and selective NMDA antagonist. Depression of central neuron
      responses, affinity for [3H]D-AP5 binding sites on brain membranes and
      anticonvulsant activity.
AB  - Properties of a new potent antagonist acting selectively at N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) type excitatory amino acid receptors are described. This compound, 3-((+/
      )-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) is more potent than all
      previously reported NMDA antagonists in depressing mammalian spinal neuronal
      responses (cat and immature rat), in its affinity for [3H]D-AP5 (a radiolabelled
      NMDA antagonist) binding sites on rat brain membranes, and as an anticonvulsant
      in mice.

PMID- 2876751
TI  - GABAergic and catecholaminergic synaptic interactions in the macaque
      hypothalamus: double label immunostaining with peroxidase-antiperoxidase and
      colloidal gold.
AB  - Immunogold staining (IGS) for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was combined with
      the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to
      analyze gamma-aminobutyric acid-catecholaminergic neuronal interactions in the
      rhesus hypothalamus. At the light-microscopic level, TH-immunoreactive (-IR)
      perikarya and their fibers (brown) were observed in the anterior ventral
      periventricular area (AVPV), the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the adjacent
      periventricular zone (ARC-PVZ). GAD-IR processes (light red) were also present
      throughout the hypothalamus and appeared to contact some TH-IR neurons. At the
      electron-microscopic level, PAP was present in perikarya, dendrites, axons and
      axon terminals of TH-IR neurons. Colloidal gold particles (15 nm) were found only
      in dendrites and axon terminals of GAD-IR neurons. Labeled GAD terminals
      typically contained small, clear synaptic vesicles, while TH terminals contained
      these and sometimes one or two dense-core vesicles. In the ARC and ARC-PVZ,
      asymmetrical (Gray I) axodendritic synapses occurred between GAD and TH-IR
      profiles, with TH/GAD directionality more prevalent. Symmetrical (Gray II)
      synapses were less common, with either TH or GAD presynaptic in axodendritic and
      dendrodendritic contacts. GAD/GAD interactions were not observed, but TH/TH
      contacts appeared to be mostly dendrodendritic. In the AVPV, only symmetrical
      synapses were encountered, and their directionality was difficult to determine.
      GAD- and TH-IR dendrites frequently established dendrodendritic synapses, but
      GAD/TH dendrosomatic synapses were seldom seen. These results illustrate the
      complex interactions of GAD- and TH-containing elements in the neuroendocrine
      hypothalamus.

PMID- 2876750
TI  - Action of 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP): a new
      and highly potent antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the
      hippocampus.
AB  - A new compound, 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP),
      has been evaluated as an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist using
      electrophysiological assays and radioligand binding. In autoradiographic
      preparations, CPP reduces L-[3H]glutamate binding in regions of the hippocampus
      rich in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, but not in regions rich in kainate
      sites. In isolated membrane fraction preparations, CPP displaces L-[3H]glutamate
      binding to NMDA sites, but does not compete with the binding of selective kainate
      or quisqualate site ligands. CPP potently reduces depolarizations produced by
      application of NMDA but not depolarizations produced by quisqualate or kainate.
      Its order of potency against excitatory amino acid-induced responses in the
      hippocampus is NMDA greater than homocysteate greater than aspartate greater than
      glutamate greater than kainate greater than or equal to quisqualate. CPP has no
      effect on lateral perforant path responses or on inhibition of these responses by
      2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate. Finally, at doses that do not affect Schaffer
      collateral synaptic transmission, CPP reversibly blocks the induction of long
      term potentiation of Schaffer synaptic responses. This new compound is,
      therefore, a highly selective brain NMDA receptor blocker, and the most potent
      such by nearly an order of magnitude.

PMID- 2876752
TI  - Effects of kainic acid and other excitotoxins in the rat superior colliculus:
      relations to glutamatergic afferents.
AB  - In this study we have performed surgical, chemical and combined surgical/chemical
      lesions in order to elucidate neurotransmitter mechanisms in the superior
      colliculus (SC) of albino rats. Visual cortex (VC) ablation reduced high affinity
      (HA) uptake of D-Asp by 32% in the deafferented SC. Local injection of kainic
      acid (KA) into SC reduced HA D-Asp uptake selectively in the lower dose range
      (less than 1 nmol) by 50-60%. The GABAergic marker glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
      was decreased by maximally 60% only at doses exceeding 2 nmol. Choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT), however, was not affected at any of the doses
      administered. VC ablation provided an almost complete protection against 1 nmol
      KA. When KA was injected 2 days prior to VC ablation an additive effect on HA D
      Asp uptake of the two lesions was observed. From these observations we infer that
      the notion of a glutamatergic projection from VC to SC has been strengthened.
      Moreover, local neurons in intermediate layers account for about 60% of the HA D
      Asp uptake in SC, and these are most likely impinged upon by the glutamatergic
      afferents. The neurotoxic effects of KA were compared with those of some
      suspected endogenous excitotoxins, i.e. N-methyl tetrahydrofolic acid (Me-THF),
      other folates and the tryptophan metabolite quinolinic acid (QA). N-methyl
      tetrahydrofolic acid, Me-THF (4 and 10 nmol) reduced HA D-Asp uptake by about
      50%, only when coinjected with ascorbic acid. GAD and ChAT were not affected at
      either of the doses. QA was about 100-fold less potent than KA on a molar basis,
      and the maximal reduction of GAD was similar in QA and KA injected animals,
      whereas the maximal reduction of HA D-Asp was only 40% after QA injection in SC.
      We conclude that Me-THF, QA and KA exert their neurotoxic actions by different
      mechanisms as judged by the behavioral, histopathological and biochemical
      sequelae seen after local injections of the respective substances in intermediate
      layers of SC and corroborate data obtained from other brain areas.

PMID- 2876753
TI  - Gonadal hormone regulation of neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes in the
      developing hypogastric ganglion.
AB  - The effects of postnatal castration at 10-11 days of age were examined in the
      sympathetic hypogastric ganglion (HG). Assays for choline acetyltransferase
      (ChAT) activity, a biochemical marker for presynaptic cholinergic maturation, and
      the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH), the rate limiting enzyme in
      postsynaptic catecholamine biosynthesis and an index of noradrenergic
      development, were employed to monitor HG ontogeny. After 1 postoperative week
      ChAT activity and T-OH activity were significantly reduced in castrated animals
      as compared to sham operated controls. Over the 12 week postoperative observation
      period T-OH activity never varied significantly from the day 10 precastration
      value; thus, by 12 postoperative weeks T-OH activity in the castrated animals was
      3% of the control value. In contrast, ChAT activity and total ganglion protein
      continued to mature in the castrated animals, but at diminished rates, so that by
      12 postoperative weeks both indices were approximately 40% of the control values.
      Testosterone replacement therapy restored both ChAT and T-OH activities to
      control levels. Additionally, testosterone replacement restored the control level
      of activity for DOPA decarboxylase, a catecholamine synthetic enzyme which is
      differentially regulated from T-OH. The failure of enzyme activities to develop
      normally subsequent to castration on postnatal day 10 suggests that testosterone
      regulates the postorganizational maturation of postsynaptic noradrenergic enzyme
      activities and presynaptic ChAT activity.

PMID- 2876754
TI  - Localization of [3H]glutamate binding sites in rat adrenal medulla.
AB  - A significant activity of L-[3H]glutamic acid binding was detected in the
      membranous particulate preparations obtained from the rat adrenal glands. In
      vitro addition of sodium acetate (100 mM) resulted in a drastic enhancement of
      the binding to cerebral preparations, while inducing a significant inhibition of
      the adrenal binding. Quisqualic acid elicited a prominent suppression of the
      adrenal binding in a concentration-dependent manner to a slightly greater extent
      than the inhibition of cerebral binding. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid exerted a
      significant stimulatory action on the adrenal binding without affecting the
      cerebral binding. The adrenal medullary part possessed more than 5-fold higher
      binding activity than that in cortical part. These results suggest the possible
      existence of [3H]glutamate binding sites in rat adrenal glands which are
      distinctly different from those in the central structures.

PMID- 2876755
TI  - Expression and regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in adult sensory neurons in
      culture: effects of elevated potassium and nerve growth factor.
AB  - To determine whether similar molecular mechanisms regulate the same proteins in
      diverse neuronal populations, the present study compared regulation of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TOH) in placodal sensory and neural crest-derived sympathetic
      neurons in tissue culture. Long-term explant cultures of adult nodose and
      petrosal sensory ganglia (NPG) contained abundant TOH-immunoreactive neurons and
      exhibited TOH catalytic activity, as in vivo. After an initial decline during the
      first week of culture, enzyme activity was maintained at a stable plateau of 60%
      of zero time values for at least 3 weeks. However, exposure of 2-week-old
      cultures to depolarizing concentrations of potassium (K+; 40 mM) increased TOH
      activity approximately two-fold; total protein was unchanged, suggesting that the
      rise was due to increased TOH specific activity. Therefore, membrane
      depolarization in vitro appears to regulate this specific catecholaminergic (CA)
      trait in sensory, as in sympathetic CA cells. In sympathetic neurons, NGF
      regulates TOH activity throughout life. In marked contrast, TOH activity in adult
      NPG cultures was unchanged in the presence of 0, 10 or 100 units NGF/ml or in the
      presence of high concentrations of antiserum against the beta-subunit of NGF.
      Adult sympathetic neurons, however, grown under identical conditions, exhibited a
      5- to 10-fold rise in TOH activity in the presence of NGF. Thus, unlike
      sympathetics, CA metabolism in adult NPG neurons is not regulated by NGF in
      vitro; NGF is therefore unlikely to mediate target effects on CA metabolism in
      placodal sensory neurons in vivo. Our findings indicate that certain mechanisms
      of CA regulation are shared by placodal sensory and neural crest-derived
      sympathetic neurons, whereas others are not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876756
TI  - Perinatal dietary supplementation with a soy lecithin preparation: effects on
      development of central catecholaminergic neurotransmitter systems.
AB  - Previous work has shown that exposure of developing rats to soy lecithin
      preparations (SLP) influences macromolecular constituents of immature brain cells
      and causes abnormal behavioral patterns. To determine if synaptic mechanisms are
      adversely affected by SLP, we examined the developmental characteristics of
      noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways in discrete brain regions. Although
      transmitter levels were unaffected, the utilization rates of both catecholamines
      were profoundly disturbed in an age-dependent, regionally-selective manner.
      Utilization tended to be subnormal in the preweanling stage, but demonstrated a
      postweaning elevation in cerebellum and midbrain + brainstem. Enhanced
      utilization persisted in the latter region only, and cerebral cortex actually
      showed a lowered utilization rate in adulthood (60 days of age). Transmitter
      uptake capabilities were also affected by developmental exposure to SLP, as was
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The patterns of effects on these two variables
      indicated that the altered transmitter utilization rate probably reflected a
      change in impulse activity in the affected neuron populations, with promotion of
      activity in the midbrain + brainstem and reduced activity in the cerebral cortex.
      These data indicate that dietary supplementation with SLP throughout perinatal
      development alters synaptic characteristics in a manner consistent with
      disturbances in neural function.

PMID- 2876757
TI  - Dissociation of locomotor impairment from mydriasis evoked by clonidine injected
      into cat's rostral hypothalamus.
AB  - The anterior hypothalamic preoptic area (AH/POA) was examined as a possible site
      of action of clonidine and other alpha noradrenergic receptor agonists which
      evoke motor and autonomic changes. Chronically indwelling guide cannulae were
      implanted stereotaxically in the diencephalon of the cat. Following post
      operative recovery, a micro-injection into AH/POA was made in a volume of 1.0
      microliter of one of the following compounds: 5.0-50.0 micrograms clonidine, 5.0
      50.0 micrograms norepinephrine, 5.0-50.0 micrograms phenylephrine and 5.0-50.0
      micrograms methoxamine. The smallest dose of 5.0 micrograms clonidine produced a
      brief period of restlessness, licking, retching and emesis but a much longer
      lasting mydriasis. When the dose of clonidine was raised to 20 micrograms, the
      cat became behaviorally sedated, after a latency of about 15 min, for a period of
      up to 1.0-2.0 hr. This was accompanied by a prolonged period of mydriasis and
      preceded by a short interval of restlessness, licking, retching and emesis. After
      the highest dose of 50.0 micrograms clonidine was micro-injected in AH/POA, a
      profound impairment of motor activity, adynomia and restlessness developed within
      15-20 min, persisted for 30 to 60 min and was accompanied also by mydriasis with
      maximal pupillary dilation lasting for up to six hr. When 5.0-50.0 micrograms
      phenylephrine or 5.0-50.0 micrograms norepinephrine were micro-injected at
      clonidine-reactive sites in AH/POA, only rarely were brief instances of
      restlessness, licking, retching and emesis observed; however, methoxamine at all
      doses tested failed to produce any visible signs of autonomic or motor
      disturbance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876758
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on the vagal motor neuron in the rat.
AB  - Somatostatin-14 (SOM) effects on electrical properties of membrane in rat
      brainstem slice preparations were studied in vitro by intracellular recording.
      Vagal motoneurons in the nucleus dorsalis motoris nervi vagi (DMV) were
      hyperpolarized by SOM. SOM increased both negativity of membrane potential and
      input membrane conductance, and decreased synaptic noise. The effects persisted
      during synaptic blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or [Ca]o-free-high-[Mg]o
      perfusion. The reversal potential of the hyperpolarization induced by SOM
      depended on [K]o concentration. Hill's coefficient calculated from the dose
      response curve was 2. The results suggest that SOM may inhibit visceral organ
      functions through the DMV.

PMID- 2876760
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2876759
TI  - [Effect of delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on biochemical
      functional relationships in Diptera Aedes aegypti].
AB  - A study of the action of very low doses of the delta-endotoxin of Bacillus
      thuringiensis israelensis on the larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera) gave evidence
      for peculiar properties of the dose/effect relations based on the variations of
      the regression slopes of functional relationships between the pairs
      cysteine/serine and fatty acids/histidine, by contrast with the pair fatty
      acids/glucose which exhibited a classical shaped relation. This indicates "crypto
      toxicological" processes, not lethal by themselves and without pathological
      symptoms, but able to initiate "pathogen-chaining" mechanisms leading, at the
      end, to a lethal secondary syndrome.

PMID- 2876761
TI  - [A preliminary study on the mechanism of changes of beta and M receptors in the
      lung tissue of guinea pigs with experimental allergic asthma].

PMID- 2876762
TI  - [Measurement of oxidation-reduction potentials in the cultivation of Entamoeba
      histolytica].

PMID- 2876763
TI  - Contribution of muscle relaxant to the haemodynamic course of high-dose fentanyl
      anaesthesia: a comparison of pancuronium, vecuronium and atracurium.
AB  - To define the role of muscle relaxants in haemodynamic responses to high-dose (75
      micrograms X kg-1) fentanyl anaesthesia and to noxius stimuli associated with
      intubation and sternal spread during coronary artery bypass surgery, we compared
      haemodynamics between three groups of patients given either pancuronium (0.1 mg X
      kg-1, n = 11), vecuronium (0.086 mg X kg-1, n = 11) or atracurium (0.43 mg X kg
      1, n = 12). Additional doses of the relaxants were given to maintain a 90 per
      cent neuromuscular block. Patients given pancuronium showed no increases in mean
      values of heart rate, arterial pressure or cardiac output during the induction of
      anaesthesia or after intubation, whereas a decrease in these variables was
      observed in the vecuronium group. The haemodynamics in the atracurium group were
      intermediate compared with the other two study groups. In spite of a decrease in
      coronary perfusion pressure, no patient given vecuronium developed myocardial
      ischaemia. An advantage of vecuronium over pancuronium and atracurium was an
      attenuation of the blood pressure response to sternotomy. Patients given
      atracurium had a small increase in pulmonary vascular resistance during
      sternotomy. Our patients continued their beta-adrenergic antagonist medication
      until the morning of the day of operation and they were pretreated with a small
      intravenous dose of diazepam (0.1 mg X kg-1) before induction of anaesthesia.
      These drugs may have prevented the deleterious haemodynamic effects observed by
      some investigators after the administration of pancuronium during high-dose
      fentanyl anaesthesia.

PMID- 2876765
TI  - Effects of para-substitution on tissue levels and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      properties of tolazoline.
AB  - Tolazoline and a series of para-substituted analogues were examined in mice to
      determine the effects of para substitution on alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      potency and tissue disposition. alpha-Adrenoceptor antagonism was measured as
      abilities to attenuate the hypothermic or sedative actions of clonidine. In
      general, para substitution by electron-withdrawing metabolically stable groups
      (Cl, F) resulted in increased or unchanged brain levels of drug relative to
      tolazoline. The para substitution by electron-donating metabolically labile
      groups (CH3, OCH3) leads to reduced brain levels. Effects on alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist properties did not follow a similar pattern. Thus, increased or
      decreased antagonism of clonidine effects by para-chloro- or para-methyl
      tolazoline, respectively, could be attributed solely to increased or decreased
      brain levels of drug. para-Fluorotolazoline did not antagonize clonidine but was
      present in brain at levels equivalent to those of tolazoline. para
      Methoxytolazoline on the other hand could not be detected in any tissue but
      antagonised hypothermia more readily than sedation. These data indicate that the
      factors governing the disposition or alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist properties of
      tolazoline analogues are different and independent of each other.

PMID- 2876764
TI  - Treatment of stable angina pectoris with calcium antagonists alone or combined
      with beta-blocking agents: a review of the literature.
AB  - The calcium antagonists are presently accepted as the treatment of choice for
      vasospastic angina. They are accepted by some as a good second choice therapy in
      the treatment of stable angina pectoris, while by others as an excellent first
      choice in its treatment. When introduced to the North American market, warning
      was given of the risk of left ventricular failure and/or atrioventricular block
      from their combination with beta-blockers. Perhaps now a deeper knowledge of
      their hemodynamic and electrophysiologic properties allows us to conceptualize
      potent and safe anti-anginal associations by use, in specific patients, of
      differing combinations. Thus we must learn to use with care and flair this new
      form of treatment which offers our severely afflicted patients much greater
      symptomatic relief.

PMID- 2876766
TI  - Postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor characterization and Ca2+ channel antagonist and
      activator actions in rat tail arteries from normotensive and hypertensive
      animals.
AB  - Postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in the rat tail artery have been examined by
      determining the pA2 values for antagonists against several alpha-adrenoceptor
      agonists. In this tissue the alpha-adrenoceptor agonists all produce
      concentration-dependent mechanical responses with the following rank order of
      potency: clonidine greater than norepinephrine greater than phenylephrine greater
      than UK 14304 greater than B-HT 920. Antagonism by prazosin and yohimbine of
      phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and clonidine responses does not reveal the
      anticipated discrimination between alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Thus, pA2
      values for prazosin (9.1-9.5), yohimbine (7.2-7.4), and corynanthine (7.0-7.1)
      and idazoxan (7.6) do not show large differences between these receptor agonists
      and suggests the predominance of alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediated contractile
      responses in this preparation. Significant differences between antagonist
      activities (pA2 values) in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR) artery preparations have not been observed. The sensitivity sequence of
      alpha-adrenoceptor agonist-induced responses to nifedipine and D 600 is B-HT 920
      greater than clonidine greater than phenylephrine greater than norepinephrine.
      Dependence of agonist response upon extracellular Ca2+ parallels the sensitivity
      to Ca2+ channel antagonists. Sensitivity to D 600 of phenylephrine responses
      increased with decreasing concentration of phenylephrine or with receptor
      blockade by phenoxybenzamine: sensitivity of responses to B-HT 920 was not
      affected by these procedures. Tail artery strips from WKY and SHR do not exhibit
      major differences in sensitivity to D 600 or to Ca2+ depletion. Bay k 8644, a
      Ca2+ channel activator, produces concentration-dependent mechanical responses in
      the tail artery in the presence of modestly elevated K+ concentrations (10-15
      mM): these actions of elevated K+ can be mimicked by both alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists including methoxamine, St 587, UK 14304, and clonidine.
      These studies do not provide clear evidence for the existence of discrete
      postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor populations in rat tail artery as
      indicated by pA2 values or Ca2+ dependence of response.

PMID- 2876767
TI  - Amiloride acts as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist in the isolated rat tail artery.
AB  - In the final concentration of 100 microM, amiloride increased substantially the
      overflow of endogenous noradrenaline and decreased that of 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol from the rat tail artery into Krebs solution
      supplemented with 10 microM veratridine. The overflow of the amine into a 120 mM
      K version of Krebs solution was unaffected by amiloride, while that of the glycol
      was reduced. Abolition of the contractile response to 10 microM veratridine by 2
      microM phentolamine indicated that the response was due to release of endogenous
      noradrenaline. Addition of amiloride in the final concentrations of 10 and 100
      microM caused relaxation of strips contracted by the alkaloid. The dose-response
      relations for exogenous noradrenaline measured in the absence or presence of 50
      microM amiloride indicated that the drug acted as a reversible competitive alpha
      adrenergic antagonist. The phentolamine-resistant component of the contractile
      response to the 120 mM-K solution was unaffected by 100 microM amiloride.
      Although the exact site of action of amiloride remains to be determined, it can
      be concluded that amiloride inhibits adrenergic transmission at a postsynaptic
      site at a step preceding elevation of myoplasmic Ca2+.

PMID- 2876768
TI  - Oosporogenesis by Lagenidium giganteum: induction and maturation are regulated by
      calcium and calmodulin.
AB  - Induction and maturation of the sexual stage (oospores) of the facultative
      mosquito parasite Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) are complex
      developmental processes regulated by calcium-dependent events. Use of
      developmentally synchronized cultures of L. giganteum allowed stage-specific
      disruption of calcium metabolism. A calcium chelator (EGTA), an ionophore
      (chlortetracycline), and inhibitors of the calcium-binding protein calmodulin
      (dibucaine, trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine) disrupted several discrete
      developmental steps associated with oosporogenesis: induction of antheridia,
      gametangial fusion, meiosis, oospore wall formation, and subsequent spore
      maturation. Extracellular calcium is necessary for oosporogenesis to proceed
      normally and under some conditions magnesium has a synergistic effect with
      calcium on oospore induction. Results are discussed in relation to calcium
      mediation of fusion events in a number of model membrane and biological systems.

PMID- 2876771
TI  - Synthesis of disaccharide analogues of methyl 4-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D
      galactopyranoside ("methyl urobioside"), the minimum structure recognized by p
      fimbriated E. coli.

PMID- 2876770
TI  - Immunostimulation with intrapleural BCG as adjuvant therapy in resected non-small
      cell lung cancer. The Ludwig Lung Cancer Study Group (LLCSG).
AB  - A prospective randomized trial was performed to evaluate the role of adjuvant
      local immunostimulation with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in resected Stage I
      and Stage II non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. The patients were stratified
      according to extent of resection and surgical stage, and randomized to treatment
      or placebo. Adjuvant treatment consisted of a single dose of BCG (Tice) injected
      into the pleural space between days 6 and 12 postoperatively. Isoniazid was given
      by mouth for 12 weeks. In the control group saline was injected intrapleurally.
      Of 441 patients included in the study, 407 were evaluable, 198 of them in the BCG
      group and 209 in the control group. The average follow-up was 4.7 years. A high
      rate of complications was noted in the BCG group; after pneumonectomy 22% of
      these patients developed pleural empyema necessitating further surgical
      procedures, in comparison with 3% in the placebo group. There was no significant
      difference between the two randomized groups with respect to survival. There was,
      however, a significant decrease in the disease-free interval in patients who
      received BCG (P = 0.044). This detrimental effect with BCG was especially
      pronounced in pneumonectomized patients (P = 0.028). There was no significant
      difference between treatment and placebo in patients with lobectomies. Because of
      no proved benefit of regional administration of BCG (and even of detrimental
      effects after pneumonectomy) and a high rate of severe complications, the authors
      advise against the use of BCG intrapleurally as local adjuvant immunostimulation.

PMID- 2876769
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux: clinical presentations, diagnosis and management.
AB  - Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux occurs daily in an estimated 7% of adults and
      weekly or monthly in 29%. Untreated it can lead to esophageal erosions,
      ulceration and stricture formation. The pathogenesis is often multifactorial:
      defects in the function of the lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal clearance
      mechanisms and gastric emptying combine to produce frequent lengthy periods
      during which the lower esophagus is bathed in regurgitated acid. In most patients
      reflux disease is easily recognized as recurrent heartburn, regurgitation or
      dysphagia, or a combination. When acute chest pain or respiratory illness is the
      primary presenting complaint the patient needs particularly careful investigation
      to determine whether the symptoms are due to a primary cardiac or respiratory
      condition, are secondary to gastroesophageal reflux alone or represent a
      combination of disorders. Endoscopy with biopsy and long-term pH monitoring are
      the most reliable ways of determining whether reflux disease is present.
      Additional investigations, such as exercise testing, cardiac catheterization or
      inhalation challenge, may be needed in patients with cardiac or respiratory
      symptoms. Treatment should follow a stepped-care approach and in most patients
      should begin with changes in lifestyle, including dietary manipulation, reducing
      alcohol and cigarette consumption, and raising the head of the bed, together with
      appropriate use of antacids or alginate-antacid combinations. H2-receptor
      antagonists and agents to improve both gastric emptying and the tone of the lower
      esophageal sphincter may be added in sequence. Most patients will respond well to
      this regimen. Surgery should be considered only for those with intractable
      symptoms or with complications (e.g., stricture formation, bleeding, development
      of dysplastic epithelium in those with Barrett's esophagus, or secondary
      pulmonary disease that does not respond to medical management). It is successful
      in 85% of well-selected patients and has few complications.

PMID- 2876772
TI  - Intrapleural and intravenous Corynebacterium parvum in patients with resected
      stage I and II non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. The Ludwig Lung Cancer Study
      Group.
AB  - A prospective randomized trial compared the administration of intrapleural plus
      intravenous Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) versus placebo in patients with
      resected Stage I and Stage II non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Treatment
      consisted of 7 mg C. parvum injected into the pleural space and 7 mg C. parvum
      intravenously once between days 6 and 12 postoperatively and 7 mg intravenously
      every 3rd month during the 1st year. Intrapleural administration of 35 cc of
      saline served as the placebo and the flush after intrapleural C. parvum. Of the
      303 patients entered into this study, 286 were evaluable, with an average follow
      up time of 3.5 years. More complications, especially fever, were observed in
      patients receiving C. parvum. A fever greater than 38 degrees C was observed in
      9% of the patients assigned to placebo and 76% of the patients assigned to C.
      parvum. There was no significant difference between the treatments with respect
      to disease-free interval or survival.

PMID- 2876774
TI  - Antihypertensive agents and cardiovascular risk factors.
AB  - A number of recent studies have failed to show the expected effect that
      aggressive antihypertensive therapy can contribute to the primary prevention of
      morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease. Although antihypertensive
      agents effectively lower blood pressure, their ability to increase other
      cardiovascular risk factors may modify or even outweigh the beneficial effect
      gained from blood pressure control alone. In view of the vast population of
      patients with mild to moderate hypertension that might be treated, it is
      important that treatment of hypertension have as little adverse effect as
      possible on other risk factors. Current investigations have revealed that
      thiazide diuretics raise total cholesterol levels, while beta-blockers raise
      triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein levels. Thus both drugs tend to
      worsen the patient's serum lipid profile. Diuretics also decrease renal perfusion
      and increase serum glucose and uric acid concentrations. Beta-blockers have been
      shown to decrease exercise capacity and left ventricular performance. It is
      apparent, therefore, that even with a beneficial reduction of blood pressure,
      these drugs may have undesirable effects as well, thus tainting the expected
      clinical benefit. For example, data from the Framingham study indicate that a
      persistent increase of 10 to 20 mg/dl in total serum cholesterol largely offsets
      the protection from coronary heart disease afforded by a 10- to 15-mmHg reduction
      in blood pressure. Alpha 1-blocking agents, in contrast, appear to have desirable
      effects on many of the risk factors. The use of antihypertensive agents that do
      not adversely affect coronary heart disease risk factors, coupled with
      nonpharmacological measures such as diet and exercise, appears to be the best
      approach to therapy in hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2876773
TI  - Effects of radiation on host-tumor interactions using the multicellular tumor
      spheroid model.
AB  - Use of the multicellular tumor spheroid as a tumor model allows separate host or
      tumor treatment with ionizing radiation and examination of the effects on host
      tumor immune interactions. Spheroids of EMT6/Ro, a BALB/c mammary tumor were
      implanted into the peritoneal cavity of syngeneic immunized mice, recovered, and
      dissociated into single cells. Cytolytic activity of mature spheroid associated
      cells and peritoneal cells was resistant to radiation doses as high as 1000 rads
      when irradiate directly prior to assay. Mice irradiated (200, 400, 700 rads) 24 h
      prior to spheroid injection had an increased number of tumor cells and decreased
      number of tumor infiltrating and peritoneal host cells upon spheroid recovery.
      This was paralleled by an increased colony forming efficiency per spheroid.
      Cytolytic activity of the spheroid associated cells against radiolabeled EMT6
      cells was in many cases decreased with radiation although lysis was the same on a
      per cell basis. Cytolytic activity by peritoneal cells from these mice increased
      with dose as measured on a per cell basis. This activity from irradiated animals
      was carried out by a Thy1+ cell.

PMID- 2876775
TI  - Double-blind comparison of tulobuterol and salbutamol in chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - A double-blind study compared tulobuterol (2 mg BID), a new beta 2-adrenergic
      agent, with salbutamol (2 mg TID) in 40 hospitalized men with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease. The study evaluated the bronchospasmolytic effects of the two
      drugs and their selectivity of action. Measurements and observations were made
      for six hours after the first oral dose, daily during nine days of continuous
      therapy, and for 12 hours after the final dose on the tenth day. Results show
      that the tulobuterol regimen produced a significant (P less than 0.01)
      improvement of the forced expiratory volume in one second equal to an increase of
      25% above the pretreatment value, versus 16% with the salbutamol regimen.
      Cardiovascular effects appeared more rapidly with tulobuterol, but they
      stabilized to values lower than those observed with salbutamol. No clinically
      important adverse reactions were reported other than slight tremor, which was not
      objectionable.

PMID- 2876776
TI  - Spironolactone in the treatment of hypertension: a review.

PMID- 2876777
TI  - Gene conversion involving the pilin structural gene correlates with pilus+ in
      equilibrium with pilus- changes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Gonococci (Gc) exhibit pilus+----pilus- "phase transitions" at high frequency,
      but only some of the pilus- Gc can revert to pilus+ phenotype. We examined
      reversible phase transitions between pilus+ Gc and a particular pilus- variant (P
      rp+ phenotype) whose pilin mRNA carries a unique block of nucleotides encoding an
      "assembly missense" pilin polypeptide. The results show that Gc pilus+ in
      equilibrium with P-rp+ transitions can result from intragenic recombination in
      which there is nonreciprocal exchange of partially homologous DNA sequences from
      a partial pilin gene (in silent, storage form) into the expression locus'
      complete pilin gene. Hence Gc pilus phase variation, like pilus antigenic
      variation, can occur by gene conversion of the pilin structural gene expression
      locus.

PMID- 2876778
TI  - Control of bithorax complex functions by the segmentation gene fushi tarazu of D.
      melanogaster.
AB  - The properties of three dominant alleles of ftz are described. These alleles
      cause transformations of the first abdominal segment to the third and cause
      alternate segment pattern deletions that are out of phase with respect to those
      caused by ftz null alleles. To explain the effects of these mutations, a model is
      proposed in which ftz+ has two roles: to subdivide the body into parasegments and
      to activate appropriate bithorax complex functions in alternate parasegments.
      According to this model, the effects of the novel ftz alleles can be understood
      as arising from a slight widening of the blastoderm stripes of ftz expression.

PMID- 2876779
TI  - A gap gene, hunchback, regulates the spatial expression of Ultrabithorax.
AB  - We have examined the distribution of Ultrabithorax (Ubx) proteins in embryos
      mutant for the zygotic gap class of segmentation genes. Members of this class
      include hunchback (hb), knirps (kni), and Kruppel (Kr). All three mutations
      disrupt segmentation in specific regions of the embryo. Mutations in kni and Kr
      produce complex alterations in the Ubx expression pattern. In hb mutants Ubx is
      ectopically expressed both anterior and posterior to its wild-type boundaries.
      Thus, the hb gene may play an important role in the specification of the
      boundaries of Ubx expression. Using the Ubx protein distribution as a marker for
      metameric organization and using Hoechst dye to monitor cell death, we could
      follow early events that lead to the final gap-segmentation phenotype in the
      larval cuticle.

PMID- 2876780
TI  - Structural characterization of the TAP molecule: a phosphatidylinositol-linked
      glycoprotein distinct from the T cell receptor/T3 complex and Thy-1.
AB  - Here we characterize the T-cell-activating protein (TAP), an Ly-6 gene product
      involved in T cell activation, as a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 10-12
      kd under nonreducing conditions and 15-18 kd under reducing ones. Two of the
      three bands that are precipitated from metabolically labeled cells are expressed
      on the cell surface and can be recovered from the supernatants of cells treated
      with a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Thus TAP appears to be
      attached to the cell membrane via this lipid. Precisely the same anchorage is
      observed for the activating Thy-1 molecule, and is therefore of particular
      interest as a potentially novel linkage involved in membrane signal transduction.

PMID- 2876782
TI  - Phototoxic potential of mequitazine, a phenothiazine derivative, as determined by
      the photosensitized action on microbiological systems.
AB  - In order to determine phototoxic potential of mequitazine (MQZ), a phenothiazine
      derivative, in vitro tests were attempted using microbiological systems. When
      Escherichia coli was irradiated with ultraviolet-A light in the presence of MQZ,
      the surviving fraction was decreased with increasing fluence. Irradiation of
      bacteriophage lambda in the presence of the drug decreased the surviving fraction
      as well. Possible targets for the photosensitized action in these systems were
      discussed.

PMID- 2876781
TI  - Internal duplication and homology with bacterial transport proteins in the mdr1
      (P-glycoprotein) gene from multidrug-resistant human cells.
AB  - Resistance of tumor cells to multiple cytotoxic drugs is a major impediment to
      cancer chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance in human cells is determined by the
      mdr1 gene, encoding a high molecular weight membrane glycoprotein (P
      glycoprotein). Complete primary structure of human P-glycoprotein has been
      determined from the cDNA sequence. The protein, 1280 amino acids long, consists
      of two homologous parts of approximately equal length. Each half of the protein
      includes a hydrophobic region with six predicted transmembrane segments and a
      hydrophilic region. The hydrophilic regions share homology with peripheral
      membrane components of bacterial active transport systems and include potential
      nucleotide-binding sites. These results are consistent with a function for P
      glycoprotein as an energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug
      accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.

PMID- 2876783
TI  - The behavior of 1,4-benzodiazepine drugs in acidic media. VI. Hydrogen exchange
      reaction and proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of
      estazolam.

PMID- 2876785
TI  - Investigations on the carcinogenicity of fusarin C--a mutagenic metabolite of
      Fusarium moniliforme.
AB  - The cancer initiating potential of fusarin C, a mutagen produced by Fusarium
      moniliforme strain MRC 826 was investigated on mouse skin using 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as promoter. In neither of these models did
      fusarin C act as a cancer initiator. Culture material of strain MRC 826, which
      previously was found to be hepatocarcinogenic in rats, exhibited cancer promoting
      activity in rat liver using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as initiator and the
      induction of gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci as end-point. The
      culture material of this fungus could also induce the formation of GGT positive
      foci without DEN initiation. These results seem to indicate that fusarin C is not
      involved in the hepatocarcinogenic activity of F. moniliforme strain MRC 826.

PMID- 2876784
TI  - Dinitrotoluene isomer-specific enhancement of the expression of
      diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocyte foci.
AB  - Technical grade dinitrotoluene (TDNT) was shown to be a potent hepatocarcinogen
      in rats; however, ambiguous results were obtained from bioassays which evaluated
      2,4-DNT, the principal isomer in the technical mixture. The present studies were
      designed to determine the relative hepatocyte foci promoting activity of TDNT and
      the primary isomers present in the technical mixture, 2,4- and 2,6-DNT. A rat
      hepatic initiation-promotion protocol was used in which male Fischer-344 rats
      were initiated with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (150 mg/kg, i.p.)
      and permitted to recover for 2 weeks. Following the recovery period, the animals
      were fed diets containing TDNT,2,4-DNT,2,6-DNT or phenobarbital (PB). The TDNT
      animals were killed after 3 or 6 weeks of feeding and the 2,4-DNT-,2,6-DNT-and PB
      treated animals were killed after 6 or 12 weeks of feeding. Appropriate DEN and
      DNT controls were also killed at each time point. Sections from three liver lobes
      of each animal were stained for gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and the number
      of GGT+ foci per cm3 (Nv) was calculated using stereological methods. TDNT
      feeding produced a dose-dependent increase in GGT+ foci (Nv) at 3 and 6 weeks
      relative to both DEN and TDNT controls. Administration of 2,4-DNT and PB produced
      time-dependent increases in GGT+ foci (Nv), while 2,6-DNT produced dose- and time
      dependent increases. Unlike 2,4-DNT and PB, the high dose (14 mg/kg) of 2,6-dNT
      produced an increase in GGT+ foci in the control groups and in mean foci volume
      relative to the DEN control. These results establish that TDNT, 2,4-DNT and 2,6
      DNT have hepatocyte foci promoting activity and that 2,6-DNT is approximately 10
      times more potent than 2,4-DNT. In addition, TDNT administration neither alters
      hepatocyte replication following partial hepatectomy nor acts as a 'growth
      selection' agent in the Solt-Farber 'growth selection' model suggesting that
      differential effects on hepatocyte replication are not responsible for the
      promoting activity of TDNT. Based on previous initiation study results from our
      laboratory and the present data, 2,6-DNT appears to be a complete
      hepatocarcinogen while under the conditions of these studies 2,4-DNT is an
      apparent 'pure promoter'. These results provide an explanation for the
      conflicting DNT bioassay results.

PMID- 2876786
TI  - The effect of diet on 2,6-dinitrotoluene hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Pectin-induced changes in microflora have been shown to elevate the covalent
      binding of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT)-related materials to total rat hepatic
      macromolecules. Therefore, the effect of diets varying in pectin content on the
      induction of foci and hepatic tumors induced by 2,6-DNT was studied in male F344
      rats. 2,6-DNT (3.0-3.5 and 0.6-0.7 mg/kg/day) was incorporated into NIH-07 (NIH),
      an open formula cereal-based diet high in pectin content, AIN-76A (AIN), a
      purified pectin-free diet, or AIN-76A supplemented with 5% pectin (AP). Hepatic
      foci were scored after histochemical staining for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (GGT), canalicular adenosine triphosphatase or glucose-6-phosphatase following
      administration of test diets for 3, 6 and 12 months. The number of foci per cm3
      of liver increased in a dose- and time-department manner following incorporation
      of 2,6-DNT into test diets with NIH greater than AP greater than AIN. In the NIH
      diet, 2,6-DNT did not alter the phenotypic distribution of foci. Animals fed
      control or 2,6-DNT-containing AIN and AP diets had few or no GGT foci throughout
      the study. Hepatocellular carcinomas and neoplastic nodules were observed only in
      rats fed NIH containing 2,6-DNT. The concentrations of 2,6-DNT-related material
      covalently bound to hepatic macromolecules after a single oral dose of
      radiolabeled 2,6-DNT given after 12 months on the diets increased in control rats
      and in rats receiving low dose 2,6-DNT in the diet with AIN less than AP less
      than NIH. These studies show that the carcinogenicity of 2,6-DNT differs
      depending on whether rats are fed an NIH or AIN (+/- pectin) diet. The results
      suggest that diet-induced alterations in the covalent binding of 2,6-DNT are not
      the sole factor in determining the carcinogenic response to 2,6-DNT. Furthermore,
      unidentified contaminants in cereal-based diets may influence foci and tumor
      production in rat liver during carcinogen treatment.

PMID- 2876787
TI  - Uptake of taurocholate by isolated gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase positive,
      putatively preneoplastic hepatocytes from 2-acetylaminofluorene treated rats.
AB  - Uptake of the bile acid taurocholate was determined in liver cells isolated from
      male Wistar rats fed a standard diet or a diet containing 2-acetylaminofluorene
      (2-AAF). In addition, uptake was analysed in unaltered, gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTase) negative, and in putatively preneoplastic,
      gamma-GTase positive, hepatocytes separated from the total liver cell preparation
      isolated from the 2-AAF-treated animals. Total hepatocytes from the carcinogen
      treated rats showed a approximately 50% decrease in the maximum rate of
      taurocholate transport compared to cells from untreated animals. Bile acid uptake
      in gamma-GTase positive and negative liver cells revealed that Vmax was decreased
      by 44 +/- 14% in the preneoplastic cell population. Since the Km value did not
      differ significantly it appears that the number of carrier molecules is reduced
      in the early preneoplastic hepatocytes. Our results show a partial loss of a
      liver-specific function in early preneoplastic gamma-GTase positive hepatocytes.

PMID- 2876788
TI  - Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in nonfailing and failing
      human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle
      contraction and selective beta 1-receptor down-regulation in heart failure.
AB  - We used radioligand binding techniques and measurement of beta-agonist-mediated
      positive inotropic responses in isolated cardiac tissue to examine beta
      adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in nonfailing and failing human left and right
      ventricular myocardium. In tissue derived from 48 human hearts the receptor
      subtypes identified in nonfailing ventricle by radioligand binding were beta 1
      (77%) and beta 2 (23%), with no evidence of an "atypical" beta-adrenergic
      receptor. In failing left ventricle the beta 1:beta 2 ratio was markedly
      different, i.e., 60:38. This decrease in the beta 1 proportion and increase in
      the beta 2 proportion in the failing ventricles were due to a 62%, "selective"
      down-regulation of the beta 1 subpopulation, with little or no change in beta 2
      receptors. In muscle bath experiments in isolated trabeculae derived from
      nonfailing and failing right ventricles, both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic
      receptors were coupled to a positive inotropic response. In nonfailing
      myocardium, beta 1 responses predominated, as the selective beta 1 agonist
      denopamine produced a response that was 66% of the total contractile response of
      isoproterenol. In heart failure the beta 1 component was markedly decreased,
      while the beta 2 component was not significantly diminished. Moreover, in heart
      failure the beta 2 component increased in prominence, as the contractile response
      to the selective beta 2 agonist zinterol increased from a minority (39%) to a
      majority (60%) of the total response generated by isoproterenol. We conclude that
      failing human ventricular myocardium contains a relatively high proportion of
      beta 2 receptors, due to selective down-regulation of beta 1 receptors. As a
      result, in the failing human heart the beta 2-receptor subpopulation is a
      relatively important mediator of inotropic support in response to nonselective
      beta-agonist stimulation and is available for inotropic stimulation by selective
      beta 2 agonists.

PMID- 2876789
TI  - Measurement of human growth hormone (hGH) using a rapid immunochemiluminometric
      assay.
AB  - A two-site immunochemiluminometric assay for human growth hormone has been
      developed based on the use of chemiluminescent acridinium ester labelled
      monoclonal antibodies and a magnetisable particle - polyclonal antibody solid
      phase. The assay has an incubation time of 1 h at room temperature and rapid
      separation and quantitation stages. The sensitivity of detection is 0.12 mU/l and
      the working range is 0.88 to greater than 100 mU/l for inter-assay CVs less than
      or equal to 15%. The assay is convenient both technically and clinically since
      the wide range of growth hormone levels seen in growth hormone deficiency and
      acromegaly can be quantified accurately in a single test without the need for
      repeated sample dilution.

PMID- 2876790
TI  - 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid as a reference material for the determination of
      gamma-GT activity.

PMID- 2876791
TI  - Brain renin angiotensin system contributes to the salt-induced enhancement of
      hypertension in SHR.
AB  - The study was performed to determine whether the brain renin angiotensin system
      may contribute to the acceleration in hypertension following long-term salt
      loading in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Five weeks old SHR and
      normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) were given 1% NaCl solution or plain tap water as
      drinking for 7 weeks. The salt treatment exaggerated the development of
      hypertension in SHR, but did not change the blood pressure (BP) in WKY. The
      hypotensive actions of intracerebroventricular (ICV) captopril was greater in SHR
      treated with salt than in those without treatment, whereas ICV AII increased BP
      to a similar degree between salt and control SHR. In WKY, the effects of ICV
      captopril and AII were not altered by the salt loading. The increases in BP
      induced by ICV hypertonic saline were not different between the rats with and
      without saline drinking in either SHR or WKY. The intravenous (IV) hexamethonium
      led to a greater fall in BP in SHR treated with saline than in those without
      salt, while it tended to produce a smaller decrease in BP in WKY with salt
      overload than in those without loading. Both duration and magnitude of the
      depressor effects of IV captopril were reduced by the chronic saline treatment in
      SHR. The plasma renin concentration (PRC) in both SHR and WKY was significantly
      suppressed by the salt load. The present results suggest that long-term salt
      overload may result in the enhanced activity of brain renin angiotensin system,
      which could be responsible for the exaggerated development of hypertension in
      SHR. Our observations also provide further evidence that the central renin
      angiotensin system is independent of the peripheral system.

PMID- 2876792
TI  - The treatment of acromegaly.

PMID- 2876793
TI  - Suppressed colony formation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in a patient with
      somatostatinoma.
AB  - The in vitro clonal growth of T lymphocytes was examined in a patient with
      somatostatinoma over a period of 8 months. After phytohemagglutinin stimulation
      colony-forming unit T lymphocytes could not be detected as compared to healthy
      controls and patients with metastatic colon tumors. The somatostatin produced by
      this tumor was identified as somatostatin-14. Synthetic somatostatin-14 inhibits
      significantly the colony formation and the tritiated thymidine incorporation of
      human peripheral T lymphocytes obtained from healthy subjects, suggesting
      immunoregulative properties of this neuroendocrine peptide.

PMID- 2876795
TI  - Ventilation/perfusion mismatch of one lung in a patient with Takayasu's
      arteritis.

PMID- 2876794
TI  - Studies on ergometer exercise testing. II. Effect of previous myocardial
      infarction, digoxin, and beta-blockade on exercise electrocardiography.
AB  - The results of exercise electrocardiography were studied in a random sample of
      317 subjects with clinical suspicion of coronary artery disease. In 278 patients
      with coronary artery disease the rate of false negative tests was 18% with and
      12% without previous myocardial infarction. If ST elevation was considered a
      negative response, the corresponding values were 25% and 13%, respectively, p
      less than 0.01. The greatest prevalence of negative tests was seen after anterior
      myocardial infarction: 27% or 42% when ST elevation was not included into
      positive responses. The sensitivity of exercise-induced ST depression for the
      presence of multivessel disease was lower after anterior infarction (67%) than in
      other patients with previous infarction (86%), p less than 0.01. The
      corresponding specificities were 71% and 22%, respectively, p less than 0.005. If
      ST elevation was included into positive responses these differences were
      abolished. In subjects without myocardial infarction the sensitivity was 89% and
      specificity 43%. Digitalized patients had somewhat higher sensitivity in the
      exercise electrocardiogram than those without digoxin, 90% vs. 81% (p less than
      0.05), but the difference was not seen with exclusion of ST elevation. The
      specificity was not influenced by digitalis. beta-blockade had no effect on the
      sensitivity or specificity, but the prevalence of postexercise ST evolution was
      lower with (11%) than without (30%) beta-blockade. The prevalence of slowly
      ascending ST depression was reduced by three factors: the presence of digitalis
      in patients without previous myocardial infarction, infarction itself, and the
      extent of coronary artery disease. We conclude that exercise electrocardiography
      has only a limited value in prediction of multivessel disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876797
TI  - Reconstruction of foot injuries.
AB  - Foot injuries constitute a spectrum of problems that can be classified by
      severity. The development of successful techniques for the treatment of lower leg
      injuries has made the severity of a concomitant foot injury a key factor in
      determining the overall salvageability of the leg. A more complete classification
      of foot injuries is therefore needed and has been proposed. Preoperative
      assessment of foot injuries differs in the acute versus the delayed presentation.
      The acute case requires evaluation of wound conditions, exposed structures, and
      associated proximal injuries. The chronic injury requires gait analysis, study of
      weight-bearing patterns by Harris mat prints, skeletal evaluation, mapping of
      plantar sensation, and, in some cases, angiography. Thorough knowledge of foot
      anatomy is essential for developing a rational plan for treatment. The
      significance and course of the medial calcaneal nerve and the anatomy of the
      plantar nerves have not been fully appreciated in most reports on the treatment
      of foot injuries. The recognition of the proximal plantar subcutaneous plexus
      blood supply has modified the understanding of plantar flap design. It has
      simplified and improved the safety of dissection of sensate plantar flaps. A
      plethora of both local and distant flap options exist for the treatment of foot
      injuries. The foot is divided into four major areas based on different
      requirements for reconstruction and the types of flaps available. These areas are
      the proximal plantar area; the malleoli, Achilles tendon, and posterior (non
      weight-bearing) heel area; the distal plantar area; and the dorsum. The options
      for coverage have been discussed in detail, and a summary of the reconstructive
      strategy by area has been presented in Table 3. Complex (type III) injuries are
      special injuries owing to their severity and multiple components. They require a
      careful initial evaluation for both feasibility and advisability of extremity
      salvage. Treatment of these injuries consists of bony stabilization and soft
      tissue debridement followed by flap coverage.

PMID- 2876796
TI  - Alpha-1-adrenergic blockade and lipoprotein metabolism in essential hypertension.
AB  - The effect of the selective alpha 1-antagonist terazosin on serum lipoproteins
      and certain blood pressure-regulating factors was assessed in 15 patients with
      essential hypertension. Terazosin given during 8 weeks reduced arterial pressure
      (from 153/103 +/- 3/2 (SE) to 143/96 +/- 5/2 mm Hg; P less than 0.02) but did not
      modify body weight, heart rate, blood volume, plasma renin activity, aldosterone
      and catecholamine levels, or serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and their
      lipoprotein fractions. In nine of the patients, blood pressure control was not
      achieved with terazosin monotherapy and the diuretic methyclothiazide, 2.5 mg,
      was added. After 8 weeks of combined treatment, blood pressure decreased further
      (P less than 0.05); serum lipids and lipoprotein fractions did not change as
      compared with placebo or terazosin conditions. These findings indicate that
      terazosin in monotherapy does not unfavorably influence lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2876798
TI  - Respiratory pharmacology. Beta-adrenergic drugs.
AB  - This article reviews the enormous literature on beta agonists, emphasizing three
      aspects: the structural, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicologic
      properties that are essential for understanding the clinical application of these
      drugs; the relative advantages and disadvantages of various routes of
      administration, including the different ways of prescribing the aerosols; and the
      pharmacologic factors that may limit the further development of these compounds
      for therapy.

PMID- 2876799
TI  - The classic antihistamines (H1 blockers) in respiratory medicine.
AB  - For almost a quarter of a century, the pharmacology of H1 blockers remained quasi
      stagnant, isolated from the rapid evolution of clinical pharmacology. However,
      exciting new developments concerning the role of histamine in asthma, and special
      pharmacodynamic features of new H1 blockers, have revived our interest in these
      drugs.

PMID- 2876800
TI  - Alternative drug therapy for asthma.
AB  - Individualized management of asthma requires consideration of single or combined
      pharmacologic alternatives. This article reviews experimental and clinical data
      on the efficacy, safety, mode of action, and therapeutic indications for cromolyn
      and related inhalational compounds; ketotifen; alpha-adrenergic blockers; calcium
      channel blockers; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and such diverse agents
      as immunosuppressive drugs, ether, alcohol, ascorbic acid, and other nutritional
      substances.

PMID- 2876801
TI  - The pharmacology of respiratory depressants and stimulants.
AB  - This article reviews the pharmacology and respiratory actions of depressants and
      stimulants, and the use of these drugs in the management of dyspnea, respiratory
      failure, and sleep apnea syndrome.

PMID- 2876802
TI  - Transduction mechanisms in chemoreception.

PMID- 2876803
TI  - Transport of galactose and sodium across lizard duodenum.
AB  - Electrical parameters and transepithelial Na+ and galactose transport were
      determined in vitro across isolated duodenum of Lacerta galloti lizard.
      Electrical potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (Isc) were
      dependent on the presence of Na+ in the bathing solutions. PD and Isc were
      affected by addition of galactose to the mucosal solution. Isotopic flux of Na+
      measurements across short-circuited duodenum showed a net active Na+ absorption.
      The net flux of Na+ (JNa+net) accounted for the observed Isc. Both (JNa+net) and
      Isc were increased by the addition of galactose 5 mM to the mucosal solution.
      Isotopic flux galactose measurements in open-circuit conditions showed a net
      active galactose absorption. The net transport of galactose was decreased to zero
      in the absence of Na+ in mucosal and serosal reservoirs. Galactose has been used
      to induce changes in short-circuit current (delta Isc) across intestine. delta
      Isc was a hyperbolic function of galactose concentration characterized by the
      parameters Vmax (maximum change in delta Isc) and Km (concentration needed to
      attain a velocity equal to half the Vmax).

PMID- 2876804
TI  - Maltase-glucoamylase and trehalase in the rabbit small intestine and kidney brush
      border membranes during postnatal development, the effects of hydrocortisone.
AB  - Kidney and intestinal brush border membranes were isolated from 14-day-old
      rabbits and papain solubilized maltase-glucoamylase was purified to almost
      homogeneity from both membranes. Maltase-glucoamylase from kidney and intestine
      have the same molecular weight (669,000 daltons by AcA 22 gel filtration) and the
      same Km (4 mM, for maltose). Tris (Ki = 12.5 mM, for maltose) is a non
      competitive inhibitor for both enzymes. In intestine, maltase and glucoamylase
      have low activity during the first two postnatal weeks and then undergo a sharp
      increase during the next 2 weeks. In contrast, for trehalase, adult levels are
      reached about 6 days after birth. Hydrocortisone injection to 10 days rabbits
      causes precocious increases in the specific activities of trehalase (3.6 x),
      maltase (5.2 x) and glucoamylase (7.4 x). Conversely, kidney maltase,
      glucoamylase and trehalase activities rise gradually from birth, reaching adult
      levels by the end of the third week. Administration of hydrocortisone to suckling
      rabbit does not affect either trehalase or maltase and glucoamylase in kidney
      brush border membrane.

PMID- 2876805
TI  - A preliminary note on the use of milk substitutes in the early weaning of
      dromedary camels.
AB  - The experiment was performed using two young male camels which weighed 24 and 36
      kg respectively at birth. Each young camel was weighed and abruptly separated
      from its mother after 30 days of nursing (or at 1 month of age). The weaned
      calves were fed milk substitutes prepared commercially for lambs by Mabarot
      Chemical and Veterinary Products (Israel). The weanling camels averaged daily
      weight gains of 0.400 and 1.0 kg per day respectively during the 30 day initial
      period when the milk substitutes were used. Following the period when milk
      substitutes were used, the camels achieved normal growth to arrive at 135 and 145
      kg respectively at 6 months of age.

PMID- 2876806
TI  - An analysis of the bursting behaviour of the Aplysia R15 neurone during exposure
      to normoxia and hypoxia with and without external calcium present.
AB  - Membrane potentials (EM), interburst intervals (IBI), burst durations (BD), the
      numbers of spikes within a burst, and the amplitudes of the burst pacemaker
      potentials (BPP) were measured in two groups (N = 7 per group) of R15 neurones
      under conditions of 20, 10 and 5% oxygen and under nitrogen equilibration in
      suffusates with either Ca2+ (10 mM) or Mg2+ (10 mM) present (Groups I and II).
      Under normal extracellular Ca2+ conditions, EM and the amplitude of the BPP for
      Group I R15 neurones increased progressively during hypoxia and reoxygenation. In
      the absence of external calcium, the normal bursting pattern of Group II R15
      neurones was interrupted. No consistent relationships were observed among BD,
      IBI, and the number of spikes per burst with respect to EM or BPP. Hypoxia may
      alter the resting permeability of R15 to potassium as well as having ephaptic
      effects.

PMID- 2876807
TI  - Electrocardiograms recorded from the body surface of the carp, Cyprinus carpio.
AB  - The electrocardiograms (ECGs) in five kinds of bipolar leads were recorded from
      the body surface of the carp under water. Each component constituting the ECG
      wave could be detected by the present method. The potentials of the ECGs recorded
      by the present method were relatively small, the values being 2-64 microV. The
      electrical axis in most carp was directed toward the right lateral side.

PMID- 2876808
TI  - The digestive strategy and efficiency of the West Indian manatee, Trichechus
      manatus.
AB  - During the winters of 1982/83 and 1983/84, samples of digesta were collected from
      nine sites along the gastrointestinal tracts of seven West Indian manatees,
      Trichechus manatus. The voluminous large intestine of the manatee is responsible
      for considerable water reabsorption, as well as being the major site of organic
      matter, nitrogen and crude fat digestion. Cellulose digestion occurs primarily in
      the cecum and anterior portion of the colon in a pattern similar to terrestrial
      nonruminant herbivores like the horse. Overall digestibility coefficients for
      organic matter (71%), nitrogen (61%) and crude fat (77%) are comparable to those
      of terrestrial herbivores. Manatees have one of the highest digestibility
      coefficients for cellulose (80%) of any known mammalian herbivore. This high
      efficiency of cellulose digestion is due primarily to an extremely slow rate of
      passage. In addition, it appears that seagrasses may be more digestible than
      terrestrial forages, possibly due to their relatively low lignin content.

PMID- 2876809
TI  - Apical membrane potentials and intracellular potassium and sodium activities in
      the gallbladder of the freshwater turtle Mauremys caspica.
AB  - Open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes were used to measure
      transapical membrane potential (Va), fractional voltage ratio (fa) and
      intracellular sodium and potassium activities (aiNa, aiK) in Mauremys caspica
      gallbladder under open circuit conditions. The average values (+/- SEM) for Va
      and fa were -32 +/- 3 and 0.20 +/- 0.03 mV respectively. aiNa and aiK were,
      respectively, 17 +/- 4 and 82 +/- 7 mM. These results suggest that the mechanisms
      of Na+ and K+ transport in this tissue are essentially similar to those observed
      in leaky epithelia in general.

PMID- 2876810
TI  - Changes in conduction within the diffuse sinoatrial node of the chicken following
      premature atrial stimulation.
AB  - Premature atrial stimulation was used to estimate sinoatrial conduction within
      the diffuse sinoatrial node of the bird (chicken), and compare its conduction
      with that reported for mammals. While sinoatrial conduction could not be
      determined in the chicken because reset did not occur, the premature wavefront
      did have an effect on the sinoatrial node because the recovery interval following
      the premature stimulus became less than compensatory with shortening of the
      premature stimulus interval. This less than compensatory non-reset recovery
      interval is interpreted as a conduction dependent response in which the intrinsic
      wavefront leading to the first recovery atrial activation conducts out of the
      node faster than normal. This conduction dependent recovery interval is seen
      infrequently in mammals (rabbit, dog and man). The absence of reset and the
      presence of a less than compensatory non-reset response in the chicken suggests
      that while the general organization of the sinoatrial node of the chicken is
      similar to that in mammals, a larger transitional cell network in the chicken
      prevents a premature wavefront from reaching the pacemaker cells and resetting
      them.

PMID- 2876811
TI  - Tissue glycogen and lactate handling by the developing domestic fowl.
AB  - The levels of glycogen and lactate in liver, intestine, yolk sac membrane and leg
      and breast muscle of domestic fowl from day 10 of "in ovo" development to day 5
      after hatching compared with adults have been measured and compared with the
      circulating concentrations in blood of glucose and lactate. Glycogen stores in
      most tissues increased before hatching to attain a minimum around the eclosion
      and then increased to adult values in muscle and liver. Lactate maintained its
      plasma concentrations with higher effectiveness than plasma glucose, which
      increased steadily up to adult levels from hatching. The study of tissue vs
      plasma lactate concentration ratios suggests a general activation of lactate
      metabolism from hatching, coinciding with the ingestion of carbohydrate-based
      food. Both muscles studied, as well as intestine, seem to be net lactate
      producers; blood cells can speculatively be considered as lactate users and liver
      maintains its concentration of lactate very close to that plasma, suggesting a
      fast utilization of this material as well as liver being the main site for
      control of circulating lactate.

PMID- 2876812
TI  - Characterization of insulin binding to bovine liver and mammary microsomes.
AB  - Bovine liver and mammary gland (MG) appear metabolically independent of insulin,
      yet the specificity and kinetics of 125I-insulin (125I-INS) binding to bovine
      liver and MG microsomes (MIC) indicate the presence of insulin receptors in MIC
      from both tissues. The insulin receptors from bovine liver (Kd = 7.6 X 10(-10) M)
      and MG (Kd = 9.6 X 10(-11) M) were similar to each other and to other insulin
      receptors in their binding affinities and pH optima. Perturbation of rat liver
      and bovine MG MIC by phospholipase or NaCl treatment increased 125I-INS binding
      to the membranes, suggesting exposure of cryptic insulin receptors. Different
      responses in 125I-INS binding to membrane perturbation suggest differences
      between rat and bovine membranes.

PMID- 2876813
TI  - Absorption of 3-oxy-methyl-D-glucose by chicken cecum and jejunum in vivo.
AB  - Jejunal and cecal 3-oxy-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) absorption was studied in 4- to
      8-week-old chickens by an in vivo perfusion technique (perfusion rate 1.5
      ml/min). Total and phloridzin-insensitive 3-OMG absorption was tested for lumenal
      substrate concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20 mmol/l. The estimated apparent
      Michaelis constants in jejunum and cecum were 5.1 and 4.0 mmol/l (Lineweaver-Burk
      method) and 3.2 and 3.1 mmol/l (visual inspection method), respectively. Vmax
      were similar in both segments with either method, about 0.3 mumol/cm2 X 5 min.
      Passive permeability coefficients were the same in both regions (about 45 l/cm2 X
      5 min X 10(3)). The transport properties of the cecal epithelium in vivo suggest
      a role of these intestinal segments in the absorption of nutrients originated
      from digestive processes.

PMID- 2876814
TI  - Parental spleen cells accelerate the development of intestinal brush border
      structure and function in neonatal mice.
AB  - The influence of parental spleen cells on the postnatal development of brush
      border microvillus membrane structure and the ability to transport lysine and
      alanine has been studied in the mouse jejunum during the second week of postnatal
      life. Control tissue taken from 7-11 day old mice has an unchanging crypt-villus
      structure and a low enterocyte migration rate of about 1 micron hr-1. Microvillus
      elongation in crypt enterocytes takes 6 days to complete under these conditions.
      Lysine and alanine transport begin 2 days after structural differentiation has
      ceased. Parental spleen cells injected into 1-2-day-old F1 mice cause crypt cell
      hyperplasia, villus shortening and a 3-6-fold increase in enterocyte migration
      rate after a period of 8 days. These effects are associated with large reductions
      in the time needed to complete microvillus membrane development and first express
      absorptive function. Lysine and alanine transport begin approximately 6 hr after
      structural differentiation has ceased under these conditions. Adaptive changes in
      the development of enterocyte structure and function, induced by injection of
      parental spleen cells, bear some resemblance to other changes found to occur
      normally at weaning and in adult animals subjected to controlled changes in diet
      and environmental temperature. The possibility that common principles govern
      enterocyte adaptation and that some of these still apply in an intestine
      undergoing an immune reaction is discussed.

PMID- 2876815
TI  - Metabolic effects of radiation induced rat insulinoma at pancreatic, hepatic and
      subscapular transplantation sites.
AB  - Metabolic effects of 3 different sites of transplantation of cultured tumour
      cells from a radiation induced insulinoma (28 X 10(6) viable cells per rat) were
      examined in 15-18 weeks old male NEDH rats. Subscapular implantation consistently
      produced a highly vascularised encapsulated tumour associated with
      hyperinsulinaemia, hyperphagia and hypoglycaemia by 21 days, which progressed to
      fatal neuroglycopaenic coma at 37 +/- 3 days (mean +/- SEM). Implantation of
      tumour cells into the hepatic portal vein resulted in a multilobular hepatic
      tumour in two out of nine rats, with hyperinsulinaemia and fatal hypoglycaemia by
      49-54 days. Irregularities of glucose homeostasis were observed in a further
      three rats by 62 days. Intrapancreatic implantation consistently produced a
      similar tumour to that observed at the subscapular site. Implantation into the
      pancreas produced the most rapid onset of hyperinsulinaemia, hyperphagia and
      hypoglycaemia, with survival for only 28 +/- 3 days. The results demonstrate an
      important effect of transplantation site on the function and metabolic
      consequences of the NEDH rat insulinoma.

PMID- 2876816
TI  - Fatty acids in the milk of goats after cessation of lactation.
AB  - Regular hand milking of six goats was discontinued after 32-35 weeks of
      lactation. A few days after milking out ceased, the concentration of triglyceride
      in peripheral blood plasma increased. Over a period of weeks, the concentration
      of triglyceride in small samples of fluid taken from the teat canal fell
      gradually. Lipase activity of the milk fluid was temporarily reduced shortly
      after milking out ended, but, despite this, its concentration of free fatty acids
      increased. It is suggested that free fatty acids are released during clearance of
      milk triglyceride from residual fluid in the mammary gland after cessation of
      lactation.

PMID- 2876817
TI  - Rearing rats (Rattus norvegicus) at 30 degrees C does not alter sensitivity to
      noradrenaline.
AB  - Rats reared from birth at 30 degrees C show a permanent deficit in body
      temperature regulation. To test the ability of heat-reared rats to respond to an
      adrenergic drive, carbon dioxide production was measured at five doses of
      noradrenaline in rats reared at either 20 or 30 degrees C. Noradrenaline-induced
      carbon dioxide production was greater at all doses in 20 degrees C rats, but
      sensitivity to noradrenaline was the same in heat-reared and control animals.
      These findings support the conclusion that the thermoregulatory deficit induced
      by heat rearing is due to a change induced in the nervous system.

PMID- 2876818
TI  - Ionic regulation in fish: the influence of acclimation temperature on plasma
      composition and apparent set points.
AB  - Published data on the influence of acclimation temperature on normal ionic
      concentrations in fish plasma are summarized. Although osmolality rises near 0
      degree C in many marine fish, there is otherwise no general tendency in marine
      species for osmolality, Na and Cl to fall with increasing temperature. The
      suggestion that osmolality, Na and Cl in freshwater fish typically fall with
      decreasing temperature is not supported. K and Ca generally rise with increasing
      temperature, or stay constant. Mg generally falls with increasing temperature, or
      stays constant. Evidence on concomitant variations in set points is sparse, but
      apparent set points for osmolality/Na/Cl, except near 0 degree C, usually vary by
      less than +/- 2% degrees C-1.

PMID- 2876819
TI  - Evolutionary trends in sperm structure.
AB  - In the marine invertebrates which practise external fertilization, the
      spermatozoon is a flagellate cell, possessing an acrosomal complex made up of
      acrosome and perforatorium. In the animal phyla which adapted to land after
      having achieved internal fertilization the spermatozoon has acquired an elongated
      shape and develops accessory cytoskeletal organelles in the tail. In the highest
      forms, the flagellum seems to have become too long for perfect motility; in such
      a condition, aberrant axonemal patterns can appear and aflagellate spermatozoa
      can also be found. At the apex of the terrestrial phyla, alternative motile
      apparatuses have been achieved and also the acrosomal complex varies, according
      to the different structures of egg envelopes.

PMID- 2876820
TI  - Acidification of the bathing fluid by the skin of Rana pipiens in metabolic
      acidosis.
AB  - The skin of Rana pipiens can be shown to excrete H+ in an in vitro preparation.
      This H+ excretion is increased by placing the frog in metabolic acidosis. In
      addition, H+ excretion is increased by the presence of HCO-3-CO2 on the serosal
      or inside surface of the skin. Removal of Na+ from the outside bathing solution
      of the skin has no apparent effect on H+ excretion. Ouabain inhibits H+ excretion
      by the skin of acidotic frogs almost completely, in the absence of exogenous CO2.
      In the presence of 5% CO2 ouabain inhibits H+ excretion by 50%. In the acidotic
      frog skin the H+ excretion was reduced by abolishing the spontaneous potential
      difference. While in the normal skin there was no effect. When the P.d. was
      clamped at -10 to -100 mV there was no effect on H+ excretion, while there was a
      slight depression of H+ excretion when the P.d. was clamped at +10 to +100 mV
      (outside to inside the skin). In the presence of 5% CO2 there was a marked
      depression of H+ excretion when clamped at -10 to -100 mV in the normal skin. In
      metabolic acidosis there was a marked stimulation when clamped at -10 to -100 mV.

PMID- 2876821
TI  - Effects of acute cold exposure on rectal temperature, blood glucose and plasma
      free fatty acids in alloxan-diabetic rats.
AB  - These experiments were carried out to study the effects of acute cold exposure (0
      2 degrees C/4 hr) on rectal temperature, blood glucose and plasma free fatty
      acids (FFA) in alloxan-diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 170-190 g were
      used and diabetes was induced by i.v. alloxan injection (40 mg/kg body wt). Cold
      exposure produced severe hypothermia in diabetic rats. After 4 hr of cold, blood
      glucose of diabetic rats was reduced from 296 +/- 16 to 86 +/- 12 mg/dl (P less
      than 0.01), and FFA increased slightly, but was not statistically different (P
      greater than 0.05) from the initial value. As expected, interscapular brown
      adipose tissue (IBAT) and retroperitoneal and epididymal white adipose tissues
      were significantly lower in diabetic than in control rats. Cold exposure reduced
      total IBAT lipids in control but not in diabetic animals. The results of this
      experiment suggest that diabetic rats were unable to maintain body temperature in
      the cold, probably because of a failure to generate an adequate amount of heat by
      nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue.

PMID- 2876822
TI  - Bile pigment formation and excretion in the rabbit.
AB  - Bile and plasma levels of biliverdin and bilirubin, together with the hepatic
      biliverdin reductase and bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activities, were
      studied in the rabbit. No biliverdin could be detected in the blood plasma. The
      bilirubin concentration in blood was 7.81 +/- 0.79 mumol/l. Biliverdin was the
      predominant pigment in bile (63%). Hepatic biliverdin reductase activity was
      0.086 +/- 0.016 nmol/mg protein/hr. The synthesis of bilirubin was apparently
      limited by the enzyme activity. Most of the bilirubin in bile was conjugated
      (90%) with monoconjugates predominating (75%). Hepatic UDP-glucuronosyl
      transferase activity was 2.65 +/- 0.18 and 1.14 +/- 0.16 mumol/mg protein/hr with
      and without activation, respectively.

PMID- 2876823
TI  - Hemotypes in Spanish sheep breeds.
AB  - The structure and the genetic diversity of the Churra, Lacha and Manchega sheep
      breeds have been analysed using hemotypes observed in eight loci. The three
      breeds are different in their hemotypes in terms both of quantity and quality.
      The proportions of unique hemotypes in Churra (60%), Lacha (61%) and Manchega
      (67%) revealed a high level of individual diversity within each breed. Racial
      genetic diversity follows the descending order of: Manchega-Lacha-Churra. The
      value of N:H (number of animals: total hemotypes) in the multi-racial population
      was 3.05.

PMID- 2876824
TI  - Ciliary beating frequency of frog palate and rat trachea explants under
      continuous perfusion.
AB  - Rat trachea and frog palate explants were continuously perfused for 2 hr with 199
      tissue culture medium. The ciliary beating frequency of the frog palate exhibited
      fluctuations twice as large as compared to the rat trachea. The rat trachea model
      should be preferred to the frog palate for long-term studies on ciliary beat
      frequency.

PMID- 2876825
TI  - Serum thyroxine and seasonal fattening of free-living Piute ground squirrels,
      Spermophilus mollis (Rodentia: Sciuridae).
AB  - Serum thyroxine and body composition of free-living Piute ground squirrels were
      examined during the season of above-ground activity. Serum thyroxine titers were
      2-10 times higher than those reported in laboratory studies on other species.
      Among juveniles, both body size and lipid content were negatively correlated with
      thyroxine, whereas these variables were not significantly correlated among
      adults. Significant sex differences in serum thyroxine were observed for both age
      groups. Results suggest that the seasonal cycle of body weight is driven by an
      underlying metabolic cycle but that individual fattening schedules are determined
      by environmental conditions.

PMID- 2876826
TI  - Thermogenic effects of a "cafeteria" diet on the rat during its reproductive
      cycle.
AB  - The heat production and oxygen consumption of intact virgin, pregnant, lactating
      and postlactating rats has been investigated both in groups fed a "cafeteria"
      diet as well as in controls. A third group of rats fed the cafeteria diet after
      parturition has been investigated. Pregnant rats fed a "cafeteria" diet increased
      their weight faster than controls. During lactation no increases in weight were
      observed, and in postlactation both "cafeteria" groups attained the same values
      higher than controls. The ingestion of a "cafeteria" diet resulted in higher heat
      production in all groups except lactating rats, which--in addition--showed higher
      heat outputs than all the other groups when the actual data were corrected by
      metabolic weight according to the surface law. The high lactation heat production
      (and oxygen consumption) can be a consequence of increased metabolic activity in
      the rat organism, devoted to milk production. It can be concluded that during
      lactation the dam energy output through the milk must absorb any increases in
      energy input due to the more densely-packed energy in the "cafeteria" diet, and
      this did not result in increased heat production.

PMID- 2876827
TI  - The effects of ACTH and dexamethasone upon plasma thyroid hormone levels and heat
      production in the domestic fowl.
AB  - Treatment with long acting ACTH (20 IU kg-1) produces a large and sustained
      elevation of plasma corticosterone in the domestic fowl. Both ACTH treatment and
      administration of dexamethasone produce significant reductions in plasma
      concentrations of T4 and T3, and these changes are accompanied by a sustained
      hyperglycaemia. Despite the changes in circulating thyroid hormones only a small
      reduction in heat production (-14%) was induced by either treatment and mainly
      during the dark period. Whilst there may be some causal relationship between
      increased corticosterone secretion, decreased plasma thyroid hormone levels and
      reduced metabolic heat production it is unlikely that these responses alone
      account for the adjustments in energy expenditure observed in short term food
      deprivation.

PMID- 2876828
TI  - The effects of glucagon and insulin on plasma thyroid hormone levels in fed and
      fasted domestic fowls.
AB  - Glucagon injection (50 micrograms kg-1) produced a biphasic response in plasma
      thyroxine (T4) level in both fed and fasted chickens. An initial inhibition was
      followed by an increase to levels above control value. Glucagon reduced plasma
      triidothyronine (T3) possibly as a consequence of inhibition of peripheral
      monodeiodination. This inhibition persisted in fasted animals despite a glucagon
      induced hyperglycaemia. Insulin injection (4 IU kg-1) decreased plasma T4
      concomitant with a profound hypoglycaemia. These effects were more pronounced in
      fasted birds. Insulin induced hypoglycaemia was associated with decreased plasma
      T3 probably as a consequence of reduced thyroidal T4 secretion and reduced
      peripheral monodeiodination. Glucagon and insulin may play direct or indirect
      roles in the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and metabolism in the
      domestic fowl.

PMID- 2876829
TI  - Concentrations of carbohydrates and lipids of guinea pigs after five days
      starvation.
AB  - The concentrations of serum total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides of guinea
      pigs were determined under normal conditions and after 5 days fasting. Serum
      glucose and liver glycogen levels were also estimated under both conditions. The
      amounts of serum total lipids and cholesterol were significantly increased as a
      result of starvation, whereas, fasting had no significant effect on serum
      triglycerides. Liver glycogen was rapidly decreased in response to starvation in
      a highly significant manner. However, starvation did not affect serum glucose of
      guinea pigs.

PMID- 2876830
TI  - The kinetics of calcium influx into rat liver slices.
AB  - The unidirectional influx of calcium across rat liver slices is a carrier
      mediated process which displays saturation kinetics. The presence of Mg2+ in the
      incubation medium competitively inhibits calcium influx into rat liver slices.
      Metabolic inhibitors such as ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol at a concentration of
      1 X 10(-4) and 2.5 X 10(-4) M respectively, inhibited significantly (P less than
      0.001) calcium influx across the liver slices. Calcium influx is dependent on the
      presence of sodium in the extracellular medium, and is significantly reduced (P
      less than 0.01) when sodium concentration in the preincubation solution is
      reduced to zero.

PMID- 2876832
TI  - Amino acid compartmentation in chick blood during the peri-hatching period.
AB  - Individual amino acid levels and compartmentation in chick blood were measured on
      day 20 of incubation, at hatching (day 0), or after 1 or 5 days of free life, and
      compared with those of adult chickens. Blood cell amino acid concentrations were
      almost one order of magnitude higher than those of plasma, with higher values
      than those found in mammalian erythrocytes. This difference may be due to the
      capability for protein synthesis of the nucleated cells coupled with a postulated
      utilization of amino acids as fuel. The most common pattern of individual plasma
      amino acid levels was a slight rise at hatching followed by a large decrease,
      with minimal values for adults. The patterns in the cells did not always coincide
      with those for plasma. Total blood amino acid levels increased steadily during
      the period studied due to the increase in intracellular amino acids, giving rise
      to increasing blood-cell/plasma concentration ratios. These changes showed higher
      availability of plasma amino acids just after hatching, while the cell
      concentrations increased steadily to the maximum values in adults. The increase
      in alanine levels in cells with little changes in plasma can be correlated with
      the role of this amino acid as the main 2-amino nitrogen carrier in the avian
      bloodstream. The high amino acid levels in the cells suggest that these cells act
      as inter-organ transporters and reservoirs of amino acids, they have a different
      role in their handling and metabolism from those of mammals.

PMID- 2876831
TI  - A comparison of the mineral composition of milk of domestic and captive wild
      equids (Equus przewalski, E. zebra, E. burchelli, E. caballus, E. assinus).
AB  - Milk samples were obtained in early and/or late lactation from Przewalski horses,
      Hartmann's zebras, Grant's zebras, domestic horses, ponies and a mule mare made
      pregnant by embryo transfer. Samples were compared for their content of total
      solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc and
      iron. Milk from the Przewalski horses, Hartmann's zebra and the domestic horse
      had similar mineral composition and the content of minerals was higher in early
      than in late lactation. Milk from the domestic mule contained the lowest
      concentration of calcium, phosphorus and zinc but the highest concentration of
      magnesium, sodium and potassium. Milk from the Grant's zebras contained more
      sodium than potassium, unlike milk from Przewalski horses, Hartmann's zebras or
      domestic horses in which there was more potassium than sodium.

PMID- 2876833
TI  - Avian hepatic T3 generation by 5'-monodeiodination: characterization of two
      enzymatic pathways and the effects of goitrogens.
AB  - The enzymatic nature of 5'-monodeiodination (5'-D) in avian liver homogenates was
      demonstrated by abolishment of activity by iopanoic acid (IOP). T3 production
      from T4 was dependent on enzyme and substrate concentrations, incubation time,
      incubation temperature, and pH. Two pathways of 5'-D activity were present in
      avian liver and exhibited characteristics similar to those described in mammalian
      tissues. Type II activity was identified as propylthiouracil (PTU)-insensitive
      activity. Type I (PTU-sensitive) was determined by difference between Total and
      Type II. Km values were 1.58 microM T4 for Total activity and 0.90 nM T4 for Type
      II, corresponding to the characteristics of the mammalian pathways. The effects
      of goitrogens on avian hepatic 5'-D were equivalent to those reported for the
      mammalian enzyme.

PMID- 2876834
TI  - Basal and HCG-stimulated testosterone production by interstitial cells of the
      Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)--I. Influence of preincubation length,
      medium composition and temperature.
AB  - In the absence of HCG, production of testosterone by whole testes superfused in
      vitro was quite constant during the 5-hr superfusion period. Addition of 23-184
      mIU/ml HCG caused a significant increase of testosterone production which was
      apparent from 30 min after start of superfusion. Basal and HCG-stimulated
      testosterone production by whole testes was significantly higher (400, 1950
      ng/testis/5 hr, without and with 100 mIU HCG) than by isolated cells (200, 1350
      ng/testis/5 hr). Incubation of isolated interstitial cells in medium 199
      supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS), (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2
      ethanesulphonic acid, HEPES) and 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine (MIX), and in medium
      199 without FCS, HEPES or MIX, gave similar testosterone responses. While
      centrifugation at 8000 g for 2 min drastically diminished testosterone formation
      by isolated interstitial cells, production was similar by cells incubated in
      either 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 ml medium. A significant decrease of testosterone
      synthesis by isolated interstitial cells was found when cells were stored at 4
      degrees C for 2 days and then were incubated at 35 degrees C for 6 hr without or
      with 1-1000 microIU HCG. While isolated interstitial cells incubated at 5 degrees
      C did not produce testosterone at all, testosterone production increased to 49.5
      +/- 3.9 ng/10(5) cells (30 degrees C) and 24.1 +/- 1.1 ng/10(5) cells (40 degrees
      C), respectively. HCG-stimulated testosterone production was maximal when
      interstitial cells were incubated at 34 degrees C.

PMID- 2876835
TI  - Basal and HCG-stimulated testosterone production by interstitial cells of the
      Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)--II. Influence of glucocorticosteroids
      and steroidal precursors.
AB  - Compared to testosterone production by Mongolian gerbil interstitial cells in the
      absence of HCG or precursors, testosterone formation was significantly elevated
      by the addition of 100 ng pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone or
      DHEA. Production increased linearly with the amounts of precursors added
      (pregnenolone: r = 0.99; progesterone: r = 0.98; 17-OH-progesterone: r = 0.96;
      DHEA: r = 0.92, N = 40, all P less than 0.001). Approximately 50% of DHEA were
      converted to testosterone during the 6-hr incubation period. Neither the addition
      of 100 ng 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, cortisol, corticosterone,
      cortisone, 18-OH-corticosterone, 21-deoxycortisone or 11-dehydrocorticosterone,
      nor of 100 ng estradiol had a significant effect on testosterone production by
      isolated interstitial cells incubated without or with 1 mIU HCG. Testosterone
      production by isolated interstitial cells was significantly increased within 2
      min after the addition of 100 ng DHEA; production then linearly increased with
      the length of incubation (r = 0.98, N = 40, P less than 0.001). After addition of
      as little as 2 ng DHEA, testosterone formation was higher than by cells incubated
      without DHEA. While testosterone production could not be stimulated by the
      addition of 1-500 microIU HCG during a 30-min incubation period, it was
      drastically elevated by the addition of 10, 20 or 100 ng DHEA. Steroidal
      precursor concentrations secreted by the Mongolian gerbil adrenal gland incubated
      in vitro for 120 min were too low to stimulate testosterone production by
      interstitial cells. On the other hand, testosterone synthesis could be increased
      by the addition of 10-100-microliter aliquots of adrenal extracts.

PMID- 2876836
TI  - The effect of chronic and acute dietary restriction on the growth and protein
      turnover of fast and slow types of rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - Changes in the growth and protein turnover of the anterior tibialis and soleus
      muscles were studied in response to acute and chronic dietary restriction (50% of
      ad libitum intake) between 3 and 149 weeks post partum. The effect of long-term
      dietary restriction from weaning to senescence was to retard the growth and
      normal developmental of the two types of skeletal muscle. This was evident from
      measurements of various parameters of growth, i.e. total protein, RNA and DNA and
      protein/DNA-P, which were reduced by approximately 50% when compared with age
      matched controls. These decreases, however, were not accompanied by a decline in
      the fractional rate of synthesis (%/day) or ribosomal activity (mg protein/day
      per mg RNAP). The slowing down of the age-related decline in muscle growth has
      been attributed to a reduction in RNA capacity (RNA/protein), with similar
      responses in the fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles. The initial effects of
      piecemeal feeding of this restricted diet on the two types of muscle were also
      monitored. Short term starvation effects, i.e. 24 hr after feeding a reduced
      ration, were measured on the protein content and RNA/protein of both the anterior
      tibialis and soleus muscles; both parameters were unchanged within 24 hr. In
      contrast, a rapid and significant decline in the ribosomal synthetic activity
      (mg/d per mg RNAP), and a corresponding fall in the fractional rate of synthesis,
      occurred within 24 hr of feeding.

PMID- 2876837
TI  - Artefactual and true uptake of labelled sucrose by rat pancreatic islet cells.
AB  - Labelled sucrose is currently used as an extracellular marker in pancreatic
      islets or isolated islet cells. Contamination of [6,6'(n)-3H]sucrose by tritiated
      hexose results in severe overestimation of the extracellular space. The relative
      magnitude of this overestimation depends on such factors as the temperature and
      length of incubation and the presence or absence of metabolized unlabelled
      hexose. Even with uncontamined [U-14C]sucrose, a restricted amount of the
      disaccharide is apparently taken up, hydrolyzed and further metabolized in the
      islet cells. The uptake of sucrose by islet cells may reflect the phylogenic
      maintenance of a physiological attribute of these primitively intestinal
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2876839
TI  - Time-dependent influence of some sedating agents on basic haematological values
      in various artio- and perissodactylids.
AB  - Basic haematological values in 32 animals of five species were estimated after
      administration of sedating agents. In all species under investigation, a time
      dependent decrease of erythrocyte counts, haematocrit values and haemoglobin
      content was noted during the first 30 min after sedation, for the following 30
      min the lowered values remained essentially without any change in zebras. Derived
      parameters, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular Hb concentration and
      mean corpuscular volume did not change during the period of observation. Only
      insignificant changes in leukocyte count and in the proportion of lymphocytes and
      neutrophiles were registered. The shortest possible time between sedation and
      blood sampling is recommended to minimalize a distortion especially in the red
      blood picture.

PMID- 2876838
TI  - Comparative red blood cell metabolism in three wallaby species, Macropus eugenii,
      Macropus parma and Thylogale thetis (Macropodidae: Marsupialia).
AB  - Aspects of red blood cell metabolism were compared among three species of small
      macropodid marsupials from different habitats. Packed cell volume (PCV),
      erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and GSH regeneration rates
      were similar in all three species. The Parma wallaby had very low red cell
      potassium levels compared to the other species studied. The Tammar wallaby had
      higher rates of glucose consumption and lactate production in vitro at both pH
      7.4 and 8.2 than did the Parma and significantly lower adenosine triphosphate
      (ATP) levels than the other species. These findings are consistent with
      preliminary reports published previously. The differences noted cannot be
      directly related to differences in the habitats of the species.

PMID- 2876841
TI  - Biochemical studies of taste sensation--XII. Specificity of binding of taste
      ligands to a sedimentable fraction from catfish taste tissue.
AB  - The specificity of amino acid binding sites in a sedimentable fraction prepared
      from catfish taste epithelium was examined. Using seven 3H-labeled amino acids as
      ligands and the unlabeled amino acids in binding competition assays, the presence
      of possibly three classes of amino acid binding sites was deduced. Site 1 binds L
      THR, L-SER, L-ALA and possibly D-ALA and beta-ALA, Site 2 binds L-SER, L-ALA,
      GLY, D-ALA, and beta-ALA and Site 3 binds L-ARG and L-LYS. Additional evidence
      supporting the specificity of Site 2 was obtained from the specificity of
      enhancement of L-ALA binding. The results demonstrate the presence of some major
      classes of taste receptor sites, and provide a basis for understanding taste
      receptor specificity at the biochemical level.

PMID- 2876840
TI  - Influence of cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin on
      plasma concentration of avian pancreatic polypeptide in laying hens.
AB  - The influence of saline infusion (i.v.) followed by infusion of either
      cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or secretin on plasma
      concentration of avian pancreatic polypeptide (aPP) was studied in sixteen 18-26
      week old Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Three concentrations were used for each
      hormone. Blood was drawn after both saline and hormone infusions and assayed for
      aPP content. No significant influence of any of the three hormones on plasma aPP
      level was found in either fed or fasted hens.

PMID- 2876842
TI  - Effect of starvation and a protein diet on the amino acid metabolism enzyme
      activities of the organs of domestic fowl hatchlings.
AB  - The activities of alanine and aspartate transaminases, adenylate deaminase,
      glutamine synthetase and glutamate and xanthine dehydrogenases have been measured
      in liver, yolk sac membrane, intestine and breast and leg muscle of domestic fowl
      hatchlings receiving for 3 or 5 days either a standard diet or hard boiled
      eggwhite as well as in 3 or 5 days starved animals. The patterns of activation of
      amino acid metabolism enzymes were fully comparable in protein-fed and starved
      groups with respect to fed controls; the differences with respect to the latter
      became more marked in 5- than in 3-days old chicks. In 5-days old chicks
      intestine alanine transaminase activity increased in parallel to that of liver in
      protein-fed animals but not in those starved, in agreement with an enhanced
      alanine transfer between both organs under this situation. Both, starvation and
      protein-feeding, induced a general decrease in the amino acid metabolizing
      ability of muscle. Glutamine (but not alanine) synthetizing capabilities were
      enhanced.

PMID- 2876843
TI  - Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from Trichomonas vaginalis: comparison
      with pig heart cytoplasmic enzyme.
AB  - The aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from the protozoon Trichomonas
      vaginalis exists as a mixture of sub-forms of identical Mr and amino acid
      composition, and of similar catalytic properties. The amino acid composition
      closely resembles that of aspartate aminotransferase from prokaryotic and
      vertebrate sources. Some molecular and catalytic properties of the T. vaginalis
      aspartate aminotransferase are compared with those of the cytoplasmic pig heart
      enzyme. A major difference is in the ability of the trichomonal enzyme to
      transaminate aromatic amino acids and 2-oxo acids. A range of inhibitors have
      been used to compare the active-site regions of the T. vaginalis and cytoplasmic
      pig heart aspartate aminotransferases.

PMID- 2876844
TI  - Cardiac rhythm in cats during physiological sleep in experimental myocardial
      infarction and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade.
AB  - The authors investigated parameters of the sinus rhythm and of the structure of
      physiological sleep in 11 cats after ligation of the interventricular artery. ECG
      of the cerebral cortex, electromyogram, electrooculogram, ECG and respiration
      were registered, both in the acute period of infarction (4th-10th day of the
      experiment) and in the subacute and late period (3-12 months). In the acute and
      subacute period, an abrupt decrease was found in the sinus rhythm variability
      during the waking-sleep cycle. Propranolol administration (10 mg/kg) reduced in
      intact animals the heart rate, especially during wakefulness, and the rhythm
      variability during wakefulness and sleep. Suppression of sinus rhythm automatism
      due to propranolol in animals with experimental MI was most pronounced in the
      acute period during REM sleep, in the subacute period during wakefulness. In the
      acute period of MI, the sleep structure was disorganized, in the subacute period
      it got partly normalized. Protracted propranolol administration in the subacute
      period of MI led to disturbances in the sleep structure, with reduced REM sleep
      and prolongation of stage I-II (superficial sleep).

PMID- 2876845
TI  - Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: selective involvement of specific
      neuronal systems.
AB  - The brains of individuals with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD),
      Parkinson's disease (PD), and Down's syndrome (DS) exhibit similar
      neuropathological features, including neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles,
      and the loss of specific populations of neurons. In addition, these brains show
      similar transmitter-specific neurochemical alterations. Recent evidence indicates
      that several pathological and neurochemical changes are related to diseases
      involving projection systems innervating the telencephalon. At least two
      transmitter-specific circuits, cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and
      noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, are selectively affected in many
      patients with these disorders. This review focuses on these systems because they
      provide particularly useful examples of the ways in which multidisciplinary
      studies can provide new clinical-pathological-chemical correlations. Strategies
      used in these studies are applicable to a wide variety of other neurodegenerative
      diseases affecting specific populations of neurons. Modern neuropathological
      approaches to these diseases should eventually allow investigators to directly
      relate pathogenic processes involving transmitter-specific neuronal populations,
      whose projections, physiological properties, and functions are known, with the
      clinical manifestations occurring in human disorders of behavior and cognition.

PMID- 2876846
TI  - Ocular effects of a relatively selective alpha 2 agonist (UK-14, 304-18) in cats,
      rabbits and monkeys.
AB  - UK-14, 304-18 (UK), a relatively selective alpha 2-agonist, was examined for its
      effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in rabbits, cats
      and monkeys and on noradrenergic function in the cat nictitating membrane (CNM)
      preparation. Topical, unilateral administration of UK (0.0005-0.5 mg) produced
      dose-dependent decreases in IOP and pupil size in normal, unanesthetized rabbits,
      cats and monkeys. The ocular hypotensive effect of UK in the ipsilateral eye was
      delayed relative to the contralateral eye in all three species; UK produced an
      initial transient ocular hypertension in rabbits which was abolished by surgical
      transection of three major extraocular muscles. Mean arterial blood pressure in
      rabbits was not affected by 0.005 mg UK topically. The ocular hypotensive and
      miotic effects of UK were attenuated in superior cervical ganglionectomized (SX)
      cats and rabbits. Intra-arterially administered UK (0.33, 1.0, 3.3 and 10
      micrograms) produced dose-related systemic hypotension and inhibition of
      contractions of the CNM elicited by electrically stimulating the pre- and
      postganglionic sympathetic trunks in the urethane/chloralose anesthetized cat.
      This inhibition was reversed and prevented by 300 micrograms rauwolscine but not
      by 300 micrograms domperidone. UK also enhanced the contractile response of the
      CNM to injected norepinephrine (10 micrograms). UK suppressed ocular hypertension
      induced by water loading and IOP recovery rate following hypertonic saline
      infusion in rabbits suggesting that aqueous flow was inhibited. These results
      indicate that UK lowers IOP, in part, by suppressing sympathetic neuronal
      function which causes a reduction in aqueous flow.

PMID- 2876847
TI  - Pustular psoriasis: from the wheelchair to the dance floor.

PMID- 2876848
TI  - European audit of asthma therapy.

PMID- 2876849
TI  - United States audit of asthma therapy.
AB  - While variations observed in the approach to treatment among specialists in the
      United States may be partly related to differences in the types of patients seen,
      the differences are more likely related to a varied level of awareness among the
      specialties regarding new concepts of asthma therapy. A heightened awareness in
      the US of the results of therapeutic interventions often tried in other countries
      for years prior to their introduction in the US can benefit asthma patients by
      hastening the adoption of therapeutic advances by physicians in this country.
      Education of physicians and their patients is essential to improving the quality
      of life and survival in asthma patients. Physicians must inform patients and
      their families of the critical importance of prophylactic care and aggressive
      early intervention at the first sign of an exacerbation in order to once again
      achieve a declining mortality rate in individuals with asthma.

PMID- 2876850
TI  - Treatment of bronchial asthma in Japan.

PMID- 2876851
TI  - Treatment of bronchial asthma in Latin America.

PMID- 2876852
TI  - Animal model of rabbits for researching epidemic hemorrhagic fever.

PMID- 2876853
TI  - [Takayasu syndrome in pregnancy: clinical analysis of 20 cases].

PMID- 2876854
TI  - [Kinetics of ATP synthesis in incomplete uncoupling indicate the existence of a
      threshold potential for the functional rearrangement of H+-ATpase].

PMID- 2876855
TI  - Presence of a diffusional barrier on metabolite kinetics: enalaprilat as a
      generated versus preformed metabolite.
AB  - Studies in the once-through perfused rat liver with the simultaneous delivery of
      14 C-enalapril and its polar diacid metabolite, 3H-enalaprilat, revealed
      different extents of elimination (exclusively by biliary excretion) for the
      generated (14C-enalaprilat) and preformed (3H-enalaprilat) metabolite (18 and 5%
      dose) [Pang, Cherry, Terrell, and Ulm: Drug Metab. Dispos. 12, 309-313 (1984)].
      The present re-examination of data provided an explanation for these discrepant
      observations: enalaprilat, being a polar dicarboxylic acid, encounters more of a
      diffusional barrier than its precursor, enalapril, an ethyl ester of enalaprilat.
      Programs written in Fortran 77 on mass balance relationships were employed to
      simulate data upon varying the diffusional clearances for drug (CLd) and
      metabolite [CLd(mi)] from 1 to 5000 ml/min. The metabolic and biliary intrinsic
      clearances for drug and metabolite were found by trial and error such that the
      combinations of all clearance parameters yielded data similar to enalaprilat, and
      3H-enalaprilat. Our finding indicated that the diffusional clearance for
      enalaprilat was low (2 ml/min) compared to that of enalapril (75 ml/min). The
      presence of a diffusional barrier for enalaprilat retards entry of the preformed
      metabolite into hepatocytes but prevents efflux of the intracellularly formed
      generated metabolite into sinusoidal blood, thereby enhancing generated
      metabolite elimination.

PMID- 2876856
TI  - The role of carnitine in the conjugation of acidic xenobiotics.
AB  - Conjugation with carnitine is a major metabolic pathway for
      cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (CPCA). The CPCA-carnitine is cleaved enzymatically
      (carnitine acetyltransferase) more slowly in vitro than are acetyl- and
      propionylcarnitines, but also slightly more extensively. When given orally to a
      rat, CPCA-carnitine is excreted readily in urine as free CPCA and its glycine
      conjugate. Effects of dietary exposure of rats to CPCA were determined by feeding
      cycloprate (a CPCA precursor) at 5000 ppm and then assaying tissue levels of
      carnitine. Both free and total carnitine in the hearts of female rats were
      depressed by 39% after 3 weeks at this exaggerated dose. We suggest a possible
      link between sequestration of carnitine and the observed pathology which includes
      lipid deposition in the hearts of female rats fed cycloprate at high doses. When
      a rat was given an oral dose of [14C]benzoic acid, benzoylcarnitine was a minor
      urinary metabolite (0.04% of applied dose). This result suggests that many other
      xenobiotic acids may conjugate with carnitine (albeit at low levels) and this
      role in xenobiotic metabolism may be more general than presently appreciated.

PMID- 2876857
TI  - Inhibition of glucuronidation and sulfation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP in isolated
      rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (DBcAMP) has been reported to
      cause numerous alterations in the activity of hepatic monooxygenase enzymes
      following in vivo administration or in vitro addition to intact liver
      preparations. In the present report the effect of the nucleotide on metabolism of
      p-nitroanisole (pNA) and aniline was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Initial
      studies indicated that in vitro addition of DBcAMP to hepatocytes increased
      metabolism of both pNA and aniline as determined by the production of oxidized
      metabolites, p-nitrophenol (pNP) and p-aminophenol, respectively. After enzymatic
      hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase, it was determined that
      DBcAMP had increased accumulation of pNP formed from pNA by inhibiting further
      metabolism via conjugation reactions. Further studies using pNP directly as
      substrate confirmed the finding and revealed that glucuronidation was more
      sensitive to the inhibitory effect of DBcAMP than was sulfation. The 8-bromo
      derivative of cAMP was more potent than DBcAMP at inhibiting glucuronidation,
      whereas cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate were
      without effect. Noncyclic adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) also altered pNA
      and pNP metabolism. ATP and ADP increased pNP accumulation from pNA while ATP and
      AMP inhibited glucuronidation of pNP. DBcAMP was further found to decrease UDP
      glucuronic acid levels in a concentration-dependent manner without disrupting the
      redox state (NAD+/NADH) in hepatocytes. The data suggest that adenine nucleotides
      exert a nonspecific inhibition upon glucuronidation and sulfation reactions.

PMID- 2876858
TI  - Metabolism of N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide by rat liver microsomes.
AB  - The NADPH- and oxygen-dependent metabolism of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet
      insect repellent) has been studied at 37 degrees C in suspensions of liver
      microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated male Wistar rats. In pH 8 Tris-HCl
      buffer and at a substrate concentration of 200 microM, metabolic reactions
      corresponded to benzylic hydroxylation and N-deethylation, and to combinations of
      these reactions, leading to N,N-diethyl-m-hydroxymethylbenzamide, N-ethyl-m
      toluamide, N-ethyl-m-hydroxymethylbenzamide, and m-toluamide. These compounds and
      N,N-diethyl-m-formylbenzamide were detected in methyl t-butyl ether extracts by
      capillary gas chromatography using three fused silica columns of different
      polarities. The structures of the in vitro metabolites were verified by
      comparisons with samples of authentic standards using combined gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry. A selective derivatization procedure with acetic anhydride and
      pyridine facilitated the detection of the two alcohols. The major metabolites,
      N,N-diethyl-m-hydroxymethylbenzamide and N-ethyl-m-toluamide, were quantitatively
      determined in derivatized extracts with an internal standard of N,N-dipropyl-m
      toluamide, a capillary column of DB-1, and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The
      mean enzymatic yield of these two products was 69% in three replicated
      experiments.

PMID- 2876859
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition of 6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3
      methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (SK&F 86466) in rats and dogs.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-1H-3
      benzazepine (SK&F 86466) have been studied in rats and dogs. Using radiolabeled
      SK&F 86466, it was shown that the compound was completely absorbed from the
      gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. Most of the administered
      radioactivity (approximately 80%) was excreted in urine with the remainder
      excreted in feces via the bile. Very little of the parent compound was excreted
      unchanged in the urine. The major urinary metabolite, accounting for about 55% of
      the dose in rat and 35% in dog, was the N-oxide. N-Demethylation also occurs in
      both species, and in the rat approximately 20% of the dose is metabolized by this
      route. The plasma concentration vs. time curves following iv administration were
      analyzed using a two-compartment open model. The distribution phase half-life was
      0.24 hr in the rat and 0.37 hr in the dog. In both species the terminal half-life
      was approximately 2 hr. The volume of distribution at steady state in the rat was
      12.1 liters/kg and in the dog was 8.2 liters/kg. About 55% of the drug in plasma
      was bound to protein in both species so that the volume of distribution of the
      free drug was 27 liters/kg in the rat and 19 liters/kg in the dog. The clearance
      of SK&F 86466 from blood was very high in both the dog (56 ml/min/kg) and the rat
      (191 ml/min/kg). Since less than 1% of the compound was excreted unchanged in
      urine, the clearance was almost entirely metabolic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2876860
TI  - The oxidative metabolism of hydralazine by rat liver microsomes.
AB  - Previous observations have demonstrated a relationship between the toxicity of
      the antihypertensive drug, hydralazine (HP), and acetylator phenotype, suggesting
      a role for metabolism in the adverse effects of HP. Experiments were done to
      characterize the metabolism of HP by rat liver microsomes using a newly developed
      HPLC assay. HP was metabolized by rat liver microsomes to products identified by
      HPLC and mass spectroscopy as s-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine (TP), 3-methyl-s
      triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine (MTP), phthalazine (P), and phthalazinone (PZ). An
      unknown metabolite was also formed. P, PZ, and the unknown metabolite were
      established as oxidation products of HP using the model oxidative systems, metal
      catalyzed autooxidation and horseradish peroxidase. The results of incubations
      with [14C]HP indicated that P and the unknown metabolite were quantitatively the
      major metabolites and were produced in similar quantities by rat liver
      microsomes. The structure of the unknown metabolite based on mass spectral
      analyses is proposed to be a dimerization product consisting of P and 1
      aminophthalazine. Production of all the microsomal metabolites, except TP,
      required NADPH and decreased when incubations were done with heat-treated
      microsomes or under an atmosphere of nitrogen or carbon monoxide. Pretreatment of
      rats with phenobarbital increased the rate of formation of all the metabolites
      except TP. In contrast, pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene or Arochlor 1254
      had no effect on P, PZ, TP, or MTP formation and decreased formation of the
      dimer. Pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide had no effect on the formation of P,
      PZ, TP, or MTP but decreased formation of the dimer by approximately
      50%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876861
TI  - Disposition of radiolabeled flumequine in rat and dog.
AB  - Single doses of 14C-flumequine (a urinary tract antibacterial) were given to rats
      and dogs. Unchanged drug accounted for more than 80% of the drug in plasma of
      rats but only 25-50% in plasma of dogs. Although only a small percentage of the
      dose was excreted in the urine of each species as unchanged drug, a wide
      differentiation in the urinary metabolite profiles was observed. No significant
      tissue retention was seen in rats or dogs.

PMID- 2876862
TI  - An unusual metabolite of testosterone. 17 beta-Hydroxy-4,6-androstadiene-3-one.
AB  - A testosterone metabolite, 17 beta-hydroxy-4,6-androstadiene-3-one, possessing an
      absorbance maximum at 284 nm, was formed during incubation of testosterone with
      liver microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats. The metabolite was identified
      by HPLC, UV spectroscopy, and thermospray liquid chromatography/mass
      spectrometry. The formation of this metabolite by rat liver microsomes required
      NADPH and oxygen and was inhibited markedly by SKF 525-A, 2,4-dichloro-6
      phenylphenoxyethylamine, or CO/O2 (8:2, v/v), but not by cyanide, an inhibitor
      for stearyl-CoA desaturase. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital, pregnenolone
      16 alpha-carbonitrile, and dexamethasone enhanced the formation of this
      metabolite in parallel with the increase in formation of 6 beta
      hydroxytestosterone (r2 = 0.99). Although 16-methylprogesterone, a known 6 beta
      hydroxylase inhibitor, competitively inhibited the formation of the metabolite
      and 6 beta-hydroxytestosterone by liver microsomes from dexamethasone-treated
      rats, the metabolite was not formed from either 6 beta-hydroxytestosterone or 7
      hydroxytestosterone during incubation with liver microsomes. These findings are
      consistent with the view that cytochrome P-450 isozymes that catalyze 6 beta
      hydroxylation of steroids in rat liver microsomes also catalyze the
      dehydrogenation of testosterone to form a double bond between the C-6 and C-7
      positions.

PMID- 2876864
TI  - Isolation and characterization of N-methyl-N'-oxonicotinium ion, a new urinary
      metabolite of R-(+)-nicotine in the guinea pig.
AB  - Biotransformation of both R-(+)-nicotine and R-(+)-N-methyl-nicotinium acetate in
      male Hartley guinea pigs affords a new quaternary amine metabolite, which was
      isolated and purified from urine by preparative HPLC. The structural analysis of
      the metabolite was carried out using UV spectrophotometry, direct thermospray
      mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The structure of
      the metabolite was confirmed by synthesis and shown to be a mixture of the cis
      1'S,2'R-, and trans-1'R,2'R-diastereomers of N-methyl-N'-oxonicotinium ion,
      formed in the ratio 1.6:1.0, respectively. S-(-)-Nicotine under similar
      conditions does not undergo this biotransformation.

PMID- 2876863
TI  - The role of acetylator genotype on hepatic and extrahepatic acetylation,
      deacetylation, and sulfation of 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and N
      hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in the inbred hamster.
AB  - In vitro rates of acetylation, deacetylation, and sulfation were measured with
      carcinogenic arylamine, arylamide, and arylhydroxamic acid substrates using
      enzyme preparations derived from inbred hamster tissues of known acetylator
      genotype. Homozygous rapid acetylators (Bio. 87.20), heterozygous acetylators
      (Bio. 87.20 X Bio. 82.72/H F1), and homozygous slow acetylators (Bio. 82.73/H)
      did not differ significantly with respect to paraoxon-resistant intermolecular
      N,N-transacetylation reactions from N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to 4
      aminoazobenzene in tissue cytosol. Similarly, they did not differ with respect to
      paraoxon-sensitive, microsomal N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and 2
      acetylaminofluorene deacetylase, and cytosolic N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene
      sulfotransferase activity. However, a gene dose-response relationship was
      observed in the same animals for cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A-dependent 2
      aminofluorene N-acetyltransferase activity. Partial purification of liver cytosol
      yielded two paraoxon-resistant isozyme forms of acetyltransferase activity. The
      rates of one isozyme were acetylator genotype dependent (polymorphic), whereas
      the rates of the second isozyme appeared to be acetylator genotype independent
      (monomorphic). Acetyl coenzyme A-dependent 2-aminofluorene N-acetyltransferase
      activity was catalyzed at high rates by both isozymes, whereas transacetylation
      of 4-aminoazobenzene by various acyl donors (N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, N
      hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl, and acetyl coenzyme A) was catalyzed primarily
      (but not exclusively) by the monomorphic acetyltransferase isozyme. These results
      provide further information concerning the importance of acetylator genotype in
      the metabolism of carcinogenic arylamines and their metabolites.

PMID- 2876865
TI  - Effect of cimetidine or ranitidine pretreatment on hepatic mixed function oxidase
      activity in the rat.
AB  - This study compared the effect of single equimolar oral doses of cimetidine (100
      mg/kg) or ranitidine (139 mg/kg) on rat hepatic mixed function oxidases.
      Cimetidine significantly (p less than 0.05) increased hexobarbital sleeping time
      and prolonged aminopyrine and theophylline elimination. In contrast, ranitidine
      did not significantly affect hexobarbital sleeping time and theophylline
      elimination but significantly (p less than 0.025) increased aminopyrine
      elimination. Aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in vitro was significantly (p
      less than 0.05) inhibited by cimetidine pretreatment but significantly (p less
      than 0.025) increased by ranitidine pretreatment. The direct addition of
      cimetidine or SKF 525A to the 10,000g supernatant fraction from controlled liver
      homogenates decreased aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, whereas the direct
      addition of ranitidine tended to increase aminopyrine N-demethylase activity. A
      significant correlation (r = 0.65, p less than or equal to 0.005) was observed
      between hexobarbital sleeping time in vivo and aminopyrine N-demethylase activity
      in vitro in the same rat. The results of this study showed that cimetidine
      inhibited mixed function oxidases, whereas ranitidine had no effect or tended to
      stimulate mixed function oxidases.

PMID- 2876866
TI  - Normal levels of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in neonatally induced, growth
      hormone-deficient adult male and female rats.
AB  - The effects of chronic growth hormone deficiency on the growth hormone-dependent,
      sexually dimorphic hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes were studied in adult rats
      of both sexes. Neonatal administration of monosodium L-glutamate produced the
      expected syndrome characterized by stunted growth, obesity, prolonged vaginal
      estrus, and an inhibition in the growth of the pituitaries, adrenals, gonads,
      sexual accessory organs, and kidneys. Associated with these abnormalities was a
      90% reduction in the concentration of serum growth hormone in male and female
      rats. In contrast, the activities of hepatic aniline hydroxylase, total
      cytochrome P-450, and the Michaelis constants and maximal velocities for
      hexobarbital hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase were unaffected by the
      profound deficiency in growth hormone.

PMID- 2876867
TI  - Metabolic disposition of ivermectin in tissues of cattle, sheep, and rats.
AB  - The metabolic disposition of ivermectin, a new antiparasitic drug, has been
      studied in cattle, sheep, and also in rats dosed with the drug labeled with
      tritium in the C-22,23 positions. In the edible tissues of these animals, the
      unaltered drug was the major tissue residue component and was quantitated by HPLC
      reverse isotope dilution assay. The depletion half-lives of the drug ranged
      between 1 and 6 days, similar to those of the total tissue residue in these
      species. Most metabolites present in the liver tissues were more polar than the
      parent drug. Based on spectral (NMR, mass spectrometric) analysis and
      chromatographic comparison with authentic compounds prepared by in vitro rat or
      steer microsomal incubations, three of these metabolites have been isolated and
      identified as the hydroxylation derivatives of ivermectin, i.e. 24-hydroxymethyl
      H2B1a, its monosaccharide, and 24-hydroxymethyl-H2B1b.

PMID- 2876869
TI  - Biotransformation and quantitative determination of sulfur-containing metabolites
      of 1,4-dibromobutane in the rat.
AB  - Two stable sulfur-containing metabolites were isolated from rat urine following
      administration of the mutagenic 1,4-dibromobutane. They were identified as
      tetrahydrothiophene and 3-hydroxysulfolane by gas chromatography and gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry and were found to be excreted in 48-hr urine,
      representing 5.8 +/- 1.1 and 57 +/- 15% of the dose of 1,4-dibromobutane,
      respectively. When urines of rats treated with 1,4-dibromobutane were collected
      in a buffer of pH 1.0, however, only 3-hydroxysulfolane was found. It was
      indirectly shown that an N-acetyl-S-(beta-alanyl)tetrahydrothiophenium salt was
      present in urine and that this metabolite is probably the precursor of
      tetrahydrothiophene. The latter product is only formed at higher pH values and
      quantified after addition of NaOH to buffered urines. Tetrahydrothiophene is
      probably also formed under physiological conditions in vivo from the N-acetyl-S
      (beta-alanyl)-tetrahydrothiophenium salt, but in this case it is subsequently
      transformed to 3-hydroxysulfolane. Based on these findings, a biotransformation
      scheme of 1,4-dibromobutane in the rat is proposed. The extensive metabolism via
      glutathione conjugation resulted in efficient detoxification of 1,4
      dibromobutane.

PMID- 2876868
TI  - Biotransformation of 1,2-dibromopropane in rats into four mercapturic acid
      derivatives.
AB  - 1,2-Dibromopropane was administered orally in doses of 50-350 mg/kg to male
      Wistar rats. Four mercapturic acids were identified in urine by GC/MS, viz. N
      acetyl-S-(2-oxopropyl)-L-cysteine (I), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine
      (II), N-acetyl-S-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (III), and N-acetyl-S-(2-bromo-2
      propenyl)-L-cysteine (IV). Mercapturic acid IV was a minor metabolite which could
      only be measured at doses of 200 mg/kg or higher. In 24 hr, urinary excretion of
      mercapturic acids amounted to about 36% of the dose (11% I, 21% II, 4% III, 0.2%
      IV). No dose dependency was found up to the highest dose. A unified scheme is
      proposed for the metabolism of 1,2-dibromopropane in the rat, which accounts for
      the identified mercapturic acids. The role of direct glutathione conjugation in
      the route leading to the major metabolite II, presumably involving thiiranium ion
      formation, is discussed. This route probably is biologically not very important
      because of the absence of detectable activity of 1,2-dibromopropane toward
      glutathione S-transferases in vitro, the very low mutagenicity of 1,2
      dibromopropane, and the high mutagenic activity of N-acetyl-S-(2-bromopropyl)-L
      cysteine methyl ester which was studied as a model compound for direct
      conjugation.

PMID- 2876870
TI  - Biotransformation of felodipine in liver microsomes from rat, dog, and man.
AB  - The biotransformation of the calcium antagonist felodipine was investigated in
      liver microsomes from rat, dog, and man. The metabolites were quantified and
      identified by gradient elution reverse phase liquid chromatography, liquid
      scintillation analysis, and GC/MS. Ten metabolites were identified, including the
      pyridine analogue of felodipine, two carboxylic mono acids, two ester lactones,
      as well as the corresponding open hydroxy acid forms, and a lactonic compound
      with a carboxylic acid group. The presence of two decarboxylated products was
      also verified. Metabolites with an intact dihydropyridine nucleus were not
      detected. The total pool of metabolites formed in vitro was more lipophilic than
      that excreted in urine from the same species. The metabolic pathways were similar
      in the three species studied, although quantitative differences were observed.
      Comparison between incubations with liver microsomes from male and female rats
      indicated that the females metabolized felodipine more slowly than the males.
      From a more detailed quantitative analysis of eight metabolites, in relation to
      incubation time, it was apparent that the hydroxylation of the 2- and 6-methyl
      groups occurred at a faster rate (0.027 min-1) than did the ester hydrolysis
      (0.016 min-1). These hydroxy metabolites rearranged spontaneously to lactones.
      The results from this study indicate that the open hydroxy acid metabolites were
      formed enzymatically from the corresponding lactones. A metabolic scheme for the
      overall metabolism of felodipine is given and discussed with reference to the in
      vivo situation.

PMID- 2876871
TI  - Product enantioselectivity in the N-glucosylation of amobarbital.

PMID- 2876872
TI  - Active tubular secretion of 1-naphthyl-beta-D-glucuronide in the isolated
      perfused rat kidney.

PMID- 2876873
TI  - Aminopyrine pharmacokinetics in the rat may depend on hepatic blood flow.

PMID- 2876874
TI  - Comparison of H1-antihistamines for pruritus in end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 2876875
TI  - [Prevention of stress bleeding--do we need a new concept?].

PMID- 2876876
TI  - [Treatment of chronic glaucoma].

PMID- 2876877
TI  - [Current possibilities of cerebrospinal fluid studies in neurologic diagnosis].

PMID- 2876878
TI  - The effect of a hypertensive drug on tongue and major salivary glands.

PMID- 2876879
TI  - Short-term double-blind trial of pipothiazine palmitate and haloperidol in the
      acute phase of schizophrenia.
AB  - A 22-day double-blind study of 53 acutely ill, recently admitted schizophrenic
      patients aged 18-45 years is described. Twenty-seven patients received 20 mg of
      haloperidol i.m. on the first day and 200 drops of haloperidol (20 mg) p.o. in a
      single dose in a glass of milk with grenadine, daily at 8:00 A.M. from the 2nd to
      the 21st day. Twenty-six other patients received 100 mg of pipothiazine palmitate
      i.m. on the first day and a glass of milk with grenadine daily at 8:00 A.M. from
      the 2nd to the 21st day. The two groups responded similarly to the drugs as
      indicated by both BPRS scores and CGI ratings. Extrapyramidal side effects were
      not significantly different for the two groups. Although a single injection of
      pipothiazine palmitate was as effective as the daily administration of
      haloperidol in a 22-day study of recently admitted schizophrenic patients, in the
      acute phase, a general recommendation for the use of long-acting neuroleptics
      cannot be made because more information on side effects is needed and a larger
      number of patients must be studied. However, long-lasting neuroleptics can be
      recommended for special situations such as when the patient is severely disturbed
      and/or refuses treatment.

PMID- 2876880
TI  - [Reduced waiting capacities as a possible mechanism of action of benzodiazepines.
      A hypothesis derived from their behavioral effects in animals].
AB  - In classical punishment procedures, suppression of responding which allows the
      animal to avoid electric foot-shock is attenuated by benzodiazepines (BZD). Such
      a release of responding is interpreted as a reflection of the anxiolytic activity
      of BZD. In these situations however, behavioral suppression also delays the
      obtention of the food-reward. Therefore, shock-mediated waiting could be as
      critical a target as shock-induced fear for BZD in punishment procedures. The
      present study was designed to investigate whether BZD are effective in reducing
      the capacity of animals to wait for an expected food reward. Fasted rats trained
      in a T-maze were allowed to choose between two magnitudes of reward: immediate
      but small (2 pellets) vs delayed but large (8 pellets). Diazepam (2-4 mg/kg),
      nitrazepam (2 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (16 mg/kg) or clobazam (16 mg/kg)
      decreased the number of times the large reward was chosen by rats subjected to a
      waiting period of 15 s before having access to the large reward. In conflict
      situations, rats trained to press a level for food reward were given both 1
      pellet and 1 electric foot-shock for pressing during punished periods of fixed
      duration signalled by a warning stimulus. The diazepam (2 mg/kg)-induced increase
      in the number of punished presses (anti-punishment effect) was closely related to
      the percent punishment time within a session. The release of punished responding
      reached a statistically significant level only when the total punishment-time
      accounted for at least 40% of the total duration of the session.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876881
TI  - Internalization and subcellular distribution of radiolabeled somatostatin-28 in
      mouse anterior pituitary tumor cells.
AB  - The ACTH-secreting mouse AtT-20/D16-16 (AtT-20) tumor corticotroph possesses
      receptors for the tetradecapeptide somatostatin (S-14) to which the 14-amino acid
      N-terminal extension somatostatin-28 (S-28) also binds. When AtT-20 cells are
      exposed to either S-14 or S-28 for extended periods of time, a marked decrease in
      S-14 receptor density is observed. Since receptor down-regulation is frequently
      associated with internalization of ligand and/or receptor, the present study was
      designed to establish whether AtT-20 cells could in fact internalize S-28 and to
      determine the subcellular localization of internalized peptide. Cells were
      incubated in the presence of [Leu8, D-Trp22,125I-Tyr25] S-28 for 1, 4, and 18 h;
      washed with PBS; and harvested. Cell pellets were fixed, sectioned, and analyzed
      by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Uptake of radiolabeled S-28
      (90% of all cells) was inhibited by 80% when unlabeled S-14 was coincubated with
      [125I]S-28. Of the cell compartments examined, plasma membrane, secretory
      granules, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and nuclear membrane all had distinct time
      dependent labeling patterns. Plasma membranes were maximally labeled 1 h after
      exposure to [125 I] S-28. Secretory granule and lysosomal labeling was observed
      within 1 h, but was maximal after 18 h of exposure. Labeling of the granule
      compartment preceded that of the Golgi apparatus. The nuclear compartment
      (membranes plus nuclei) was also labeled significantly after 18 h of incubation.
      However, the nuclear membrane itself was labeled after only 1 h of exposure to
      the ligand. The data suggest that radiolabel is transferred from the plasma
      membrane to the intracellular organelles as a function of exposure time. Labeling
      of the secretory compartment suggests that granules may bind and protect
      internalized peptide from lysosomal degradation. Appearance of label in the
      nuclear compartment suggests that S-28 (and S-14) may have effects on
      transcriptional activity in AtT-20 cells.

PMID- 2876882
TI  - Effect of somatostatin withdrawal and growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor on GH
      release in vitro: amount available for release after disinhibition.
AB  - The secretion of GH is strikingly episodic. We have suggested that the timing of
      the episodic bursts of GH secretion is set by somatostatin (SRIF) withdrawal,
      whereas the magnitude of the bursts is determined by the amount of GH-releasing
      factor (GRF) impinging on the somatotrophs before and during SRIF withdrawal. We
      have now used an in vitro model of perifused rat pars distalis cells to examine
      the interaction of SRIF and GRF on GH release and, in particular, to examine the
      effect of GRF on the magnitude of the burst of GH release that follows SRIF
      withdrawal. After 30 min of perifusion with SRIF (10(-9) M), there follows an
      immediate but small burst of GH release. The burst of GH release following
      concurrent perifusion with SRIF plus GRF (10(-10) M) is increased, with a 7.5- to
      9.5-fold increase in the peak secretion rate. When GRF is maintained after the
      withdrawal of SRIF, the peak secretion rate is not different from that seen after
      simple withdrawal of both SRIF and GRF, but the duration of the burst is
      increased. These data demonstrate that the presence of GRF during SRIF
      perifusion, while not altering basal release, does strikingly increase the post
      SRIF release of GH. We propose that a similar relation applies in vivo, where
      SRIF withdrawal sets the timing of the episodic bursts of GH release, whereas GRF
      determines the magnitude.

PMID- 2876883
TI  - Intratesticular factors and testosterone secretion: the role of luteinizing
      hormone in relation to changes during puberty and experimental cryptorchidism.
AB  - Testicular interstitial fluid (IF) from the rat contains a nongonadotropic
      polypeptide factor (or factors) which can enhance human CG (hCG)-stimulated
      testosterone production by Percoll-purified Leydig cells in vitro. The potential
      importance of this factor has been investigated by measuring its effective levels
      in testicular IF from individual rats during sexual maturation or after the
      induction of unilateral cryptorchidism (UCD). In both situations, the effect of
      modulating LH drive to the testis was also assessed. In abdominal testes from UCD
      rats, levels of the IF factor were nearly doubled (P less than 0.001) when
      compared to levels in the contralateral scrotal testis; this was associated with
      more than an 85% reduction in IF testosterone levels. Further lowering of
      testosterone levels by the injection of an antiserum to LH beta, raised levels of
      the IF factor by 30-40% (P less than 0.01) in both scrotal and abdominal testes.
      Conversely, raising of testosterone levels by injection of hCG caused more than a
      90% reduction (P less than 0.001) in levels of the IF factor in both scrotal and
      abdominal testes. During sexual maturation, levels of the IF factor doubled (P
      less than 0.01) between 30 and 40 days of age, remained high until 70 days of
      age, and then decreased to the lower levels found in adult rats. High pubertal
      levels of the IF factor were associated with the most rapid phase of testicular
      growth and with a steady increase in the IF levels of testosterone. Injection of
      pubertal or adult rats with antiserum to ovine LH (oLH) reduced testosterone
      levels by approximately 85% and doubled (P less than 0.01) levels of the IF
      factor(s) in both groups. It is concluded that levels of the IF-factor are
      influenced: by testosterone levels and/or LH drive and by the maturational and/or
      functional status of the testis. These results also suggest that changing levels
      of the IF factor may be of physiological significance during puberty.

PMID- 2876884
TI  - Human growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor stimulates and somatostatin inhibits
      the release of rat GH variants.
AB  - Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) was used for the
      analysis of proteins secreted by male rat pituitary cells in monolayer culture in
      the presence of 10 nM human GH-releasing factor (hGRF) or 30 nM somatostatin
      (SRIF) or in the absence of these factors. More than 300 medium proteins were
      reproducibly detected either by fluorographic autoradiography or by silver
      staining. Immunoreactivity of each protein was examined after 2D PAGE followed by
      Western blotting and immunostaining with affinity-purified antirat GH (rGH)
      antibody. While there was a cluster of immunoreactive spots in the GH dimer range
      (40,000-50,000 mol wt), at least 16 medium proteins of mol wt 22,000 or less were
      also stained. Among these 16 proteins the release of 15 was stimulated and the
      release of 14 was inhibited by hGRF and SRIF, respectively. On the other hand,
      there were 3 proteins of approximate mol wt 16,000 whose secretion was regulated
      in a coordinate manner as rGH by the hypothalamic factors but which did not cross
      react with anti-rGH antibodies. The increase or decrease in the radioactivity of
      each protein spot obtained from media after pituitary cells were incubated with
      [35S]methionine and hypothalamic factors was analyzed statistically. A pulse
      chase study suggested that at least 7 of the hormonally regulated proteins,
      including rGH, were synthesized very rapidly. Finally, the 2D PAGE analysis of
      cell-free translation products of messenger RNA derived from male rat anterior
      pituitaries revealed the presence of about 40 rGH-immunoreactive proteins which
      included pre-GH. These data suggest that there are multiple forms of rGH-variants
      or rGH-related proteins. The biological significance(s) of all the rGH
      immunoreactive proteins and of the GRF- and SRIF-regulated pituitary proteins
      remains unclear. It is evident that a number of these proteins are synthesized
      and released rapidly by pituitary cells in culture. Furthermore, the presence of
      multiple genes for these rGH-related proteins is suggested by the large family of
      immunoreactive gene products identified after cell-free translation of messenger
      RNA derived from the pituitary.

PMID- 2876885
TI  - Cytochemical studies of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in
      anterior lobe corticotropes: binding, glucocorticoid regulation, and endocytosis
      of [biotinyl-Ser1]CRF.
AB  - A new synthetic biotinylated N-terminal analog of CRF was used to study its
      binding, endocytosis, and route of processing. The new analog was fully bioactive
      compared to rat(r) CRF in an ACTH bioassay and pituitary membrane receptor assay.
      In 1- to 4-day cultured pituitary cell monolayers, CRF receptors were labeled for
      1-biotinylated rCRF (1-bio-CRF) and demonstrated with avidin-fluorescein (Ar-Fl)
      in living cells or with avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in fixed cells.
      The percentages of fluorescein-labeled cells were comparable to those stained
      with the ABC technique. The specificity of binding by 1-bio-CRF was shown by the
      ability of unlabeled CRF to inhibit staining, whereas 100 nM arginine
      vasopressin, angiotensin II, or somatostatin was without effect. Treatment of the
      cells with 100 nM glucocorticoids for 1 or 24 h before the 3-min stimulation with
      1-bio-CRF caused a 50-60% reduction in the percentage of cells stained with
      either ABC or Av-Fl. Pretreatment with vehicle, a lower dose of corticosterone
      (10 nM), or other steroids (dihydrotestosterone or epitestosterone) did not
      decrease the percentage of cells stained with the ABC technique. The lower dose
      of glucocorticoids decreased the stain with Av-Fl by 50% after 1 h of
      pretreatment. Electron microscopic analysis of binding and endocytosis of 1-bio
      CRF stained with the ABC technique showed patches of stain on coated pits and
      microvilli during the first 3 min of exposure. Internalization in vesicles and
      receptosomes was also seen during the first 3 min. Some stain was found on
      secretion granules as early as 1 min after exposure. Five minutes after exposure,
      the stain was in receptosomes, Golgi cisternae, condensing vesicles in the
      transreticular Golgi region, and 23% of the granules in the cytoplasm. During the
      later exposure periods (15-30 min), stain was also seen in multivesicular bodies.
      The correlative light and electron microscopic studies showed that 1-bio-CRF is
      rapidly internalized after patching on the surface and is ultimately found in
      multivesicular bodies or granules. We postulate that these structures are
      involved in processing or degradation of the ligand.

PMID- 2876886
TI  - Influence of sex steroid hormones on rat growth hormone-releasing factor and
      somatostatin in dispersed pituitary cells.
AB  - The modulatory effects of glucocorticoid and sex steroid hormones on the effects
      of rat GH-releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin (SRIF) on GH release and
      biosynthesis were studied in monolayer cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells
      with RIA and quantitative immunoprecipitation methods. Dexamethasone (10(-7) M),
      a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, increased both the sensitivity and maximum
      response of GH release stimulated by GRF. Progesterone (10(-7) M) also enhanced
      GH release stimulated by GRF. The stimulatory effects of dexamethasone and
      progesterone were dose dependent and required a latent period of at least 24 h to
      be evident. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and 17 beta-estradiol showed no
      apparent influence on GRF-induced GH release under the same conditions. None of
      the hormones studied showed significant influences on basal or SRIF-suppressed GH
      release. Progesterone added to the maximally effective concentrations of
      dexamethasone had no additional effects on GRF-induced GH release. The effect of
      progesterone was attenuated by both 5 alpha-dihydronorethindrone, a progesterone
      antagonist and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone, a glucocorticoid antagonist. In terms
      of GH synthesis, stimulatory effects of GRF on GH synthesis were apparent only
      when pituitary cells were pretreated with dexamethasone. These results indicate
      that: pretreatment with glucocorticoid or progesterone enhances the effects of
      GRF on GH release and/or synthesis; these two steroids share at least one common
      step to enhance GRF effects; and steroid hormones have little influence on basal
      or SRIF-suppressed GH release.

PMID- 2876887
TI  - Quantitative in vivo autoradiographic localization of [125I-Tyr11]somatostatin-14
      and [Leu8,D-Trp22-125I-Tyr25]somatostatin-28-binding sites in rat brain.
AB  - Quantitative in vivo autoradiography was used to identify and compare the
      regional distribution of specific binding sites for blood-borne [125I
      Tyr11]somatostatin-14 (S-14 section) and [Leu8,D-Trp22-125I-Tyr25]somatostatin-28
      (S-28 section) in the rat brain. Rats were given intracardiac injections of 17
      pmol S-14 section (with or without unlabeled S-14) or 17 pmol S-28 section (with
      or without unlabeled S-28). After whole body perfusion and fixation, brains were
      processed for light microscopic autoradiography of S-14 section- and S-28 section
      binding sites. Of the peripheral tissues, the adrenal glands showed the highest
      uptake of S-14 section and S-28 section (determined by counting) and were
      subsequently processed for autoradiography for comparison with brain. Specific
      autoradiographic grains (ARG) associated with both radioligands were identified
      only in the circumventricular organs (CVOs). The highest ARG density associated
      with S-14 section was found in the area postrema, followed in decreasing order by
      the subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis region. Median
      eminence (ME) contained virtually no specific S-14 section ARG. As with S-14
      section, the highest ARG density of S-28 section-binding sites was also found in
      the area postrema, which labeled approximately equally with the two radioligands.
      This was followed by the ME, subfornical organ, and organum vasculosum lamina
      terminalis. The overall patterns of labeling of the CVOs with S-14 section and S
      28 section showed significant differences, especially in the ME. Within the ME,
      labeled S-28 section was concentrated in a broad band throughout the external
      zone in a location identical to that of immunoreactive S-14. Analysis of dose
      response curves obtained with 0.3-30 nmol unlabeled S-14 or S-28 revealed IC50
      values for S-14 3- to 6-fold lower than those for S-28 for all labeled CVOs. With
      both S-14 section and S-28 section, the labelling density of the adrenal glands
      was double that of the area postrema. Adrenal binding of the radioligands was
      confined to the cells of the zona glomerulosa. We conclude: specific high
      affinity binding sites for S-14 section and S-28 section exist in the CVOs and
      the adrenal glomerulosa; and the 3- to 6-fold higher affinity of binding of S-14
      to CVOs compared to S-28 together with the dissimilar patterns of labelling of
      the different CVOs by the two radioligands suggest the existence of separate
      populations of S-14 and S-28 receptors.

PMID- 2876889
TI  - Case of equine cryptorchidism resulting from persistence of the suspensory
      ligament of the gonad.

PMID- 2876888
TI  - Response of rat pituitary anterior lobe prodynorphin products to changes in
      gonadal steroid environment.
AB  - The total content of rat pituitary anterior lobe (AL) immunoreactive (ir)
      dynorphin A (ir-Dyn A) and ir-dynorphin B (Dyn B) increased in male rats between
      15 and 58 days of age, but there was little alteration in the concentration of ir
      Dyn A or B expressed relative to protein content. Adult rats (90 days of age) had
      lower concentrations of these peptide immunoreactivities in the AL. Castration of
      58-day-old male rats produced a testosterone-reversible loss of ir-Dyn A and B by
      50-60% 3 days after surgery. Thereafter, the levels of these peptides gradually
      increased to 2.5 times the levels found in control animals at 1 month after
      castration. These effects of castration on AL dynorphin were not seen in 15-day
      old rats and were much less marked in adults. Similar changes were seen in the
      levels of other prodynorphin products, alpha- and beta-neo-endorphin (ir-alpha
      nEnd and ir-beta-nEnd), and ir-[Leu5]enkephalin (ir-LE). Administration of
      testosterone (100 micrograms/100 g BW) to castrated rats for 2 days largely
      prevented the drop in the levels of AL ir-Dyn A and B. Ovariectomy produced an
      increase in the levels of ir-Dyn A, Dyn B, alpha-nEnd, beta-nEnd, and LE 2 weeks
      after surgery, but, in contrast to castration, no significant decrease was seen 3
      days after ovariectomy. These changes in AL content of dynorphin-related peptides
      after castration or ovariectomy directly reflect those previously reported for AL
      content of LH. The mechanisms regulating storage (and perhaps secretion) of AL
      peptides derived from prodynorphin may be similar to those regulating storage and
      secretion of LH and FSH in rat AL. AL ir-LE could potentially arise from
      proenkephalin A or prodynorphin (proenkephalin B). Ir-LE levels in AL were
      approximately 10 times higher than the levels of ir-[Met5]-enkephalinyl-Arg-Gly
      Leu (ME-RGL) in male rat AL, and changes in ir-LE content after castration were
      very similar to those observed in other prodynorphin-derived peptides, but
      different from the effects of castration on ir-ME-RGL. It is possible that
      prodynorphin is a major source of AL ir-LE.

PMID- 2876890
TI  - ATP synthase complex from beef heart mitochondria. Separation of protein bands in
      the region of 28-31 kDa.
AB  - ATPase/ATP synthase preparations originally contain protein bands in the 28-31
      kDa region. The present study demonstrates separation of the band at 29 kDa
      (adenine nucleotide translocator) from a band at approximately 31 kDa. In
      cholate/ammonium sulfate-extracted ATP synthases removal of the 31-kDa band
      results in decrease of ATP-Pi exchange and oligomycin sensitivity of the ATPase
      activity. It is suggested that the protein band at 31 kDa is heterogeneous,
      containing diverse activities, the identities of which are yet to be determined.

PMID- 2876891
TI  - Conformational interactions between alpha and beta subunits in the F1 ATPase of
      Escherichia coli as shown by chemical modification of uncA401 and uncD412 mutant
      enzymes.
AB  - In contrast to wild-type F1 adenosine triphosphatase, the beta subunits of
      soluble ATPase from Escherichia coli mutant strains AN120 (uncA401) and AN939
      (uncD412) were not labeled by the fluorescent thiol-specific reagents 5
      iodoacetamidofluorescein, 2-(4'-iodoacetamidoanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid
      or 4-[N-(iodoacetoxy)ethyl-N-methyl]amino-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. The
      mutation in the alpha subunit (uncA401) of F1 ATPase thus influences the
      accessibility of the single cysteinyl residue in the beta subunit. Following
      reaction of ATPase with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole or N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, the alpha and beta subunits of the uncA401, but not of
      the uncD412 mutant F1 ATPase were intensely labeled by a fluorescent thiol
      reagent. The mutation in the beta subunit (uncD412) thus influences the
      accessibility of the cysteinyl residues in the alpha subunit. In other work [Stan
      Lotter, H. and Bragg, P.D. (1986) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 248] we have shown that
      4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and 2-(4'
      iodoacetamidoanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid react with a different beta
      subunit from that labeled by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. This asymmetry with
      respect to modification by 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was seen in both mutant enzymes. In addition, the
      modification of one beta subunit of the uncA401 F1 ATPase induced the previously
      unreactive sulfhydryl group of another beta subunit to react with 2-(4'
      iodoacetamidoanilino-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid. These results provide evidence
      for at least three types of conformational interactions of the major subunits of
      F1 ATPase: from alpha to beta, from beta to alpha, and from beta to beta. As in
      wild-type ATPase, labeling of membrane-bound unc mutant ATPase by a fluorescent
      thiol reagent modified the alpha subunits. This suggests that a conformational
      change of yet a different type occurs when the enzyme binds to the membrane.

PMID- 2876892
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the structural gene for dihydroorotase of Escherichia coli
      K12.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the dihydroorotase structural gene, pyrC, of
      Escherichia coli K12 has been determined. The DNA sequence predicts a polypeptide
      chain of 347 amino acid residues corresponding in size and composition to the
      previously purified dihydroorotase subunit. Nuclease S1 mapping indicated that
      transcription of pyrC is initiated around 40 base pairs upstream from the
      translational start. The transcriptional leader region contains a region of dyad
      symmetry, which allows a stable hairpin to be formed. This sequence may have
      regulatory functions since similar structures are found in other pyr genes. The
      nucleotide sequence also contains a 186-codon open reading frame in front of
      pyrC. Nuclease Bal31-deletion derivatives of pyrC plasmids indicate that this
      gene does not affect the expression of pyrC. The predicted polypeptide chain
      shows a putative signal sequence. Downstream from the structural gene a sequence
      similar to a rho-independent transcriptional terminator is found. This unknown
      gene may thus encode a membrane protein of unknown function.

PMID- 2876893
TI  - Intravenous digital subtraction angiography in Takayasu's disease. A report of 32
      cases.
AB  - IVDSA appears to be a reliable method and should therefore be considered as a
      first step examination when Takayasu's disease is suspected. The simplicity and
      safety of the method provide a rationale for the use of this technique in
      Takayasu's disease. Therapeutic decisions can usually be obtained without further
      radiological investigation, and conventional arteriography has to be performed
      only when data obtained with IVDSA are insufficient. In these rare cases,
      conventional arteriography aims at the investigation of a particular area. The
      site of arterial puncture can be precisely guided by IVDSA.

PMID- 2876894
TI  - Short-term haemodynamic effects of dopexamine in patients with chronic congestive
      heart failure.
AB  - Dopexamine (FPL 60278) is a new dopamine analogue which possesses a combination
      of dopamine receptor and beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonist properties. The aim of our
      study was to evaluate the short-term haemodynamic effects of dopexamine
      administered by intravenous infusion at different dosage rates. Eight patients
      with chronic congestive heart failure were studied. A dose of 1 microgram kg-1
      min-1 produced a 27% decrease in systemic vascular resistance index (32.6 to 23.9
      res. units m2, P less than 0.001 and a significant increase in cardiac index (2.7
      to 3.6 l min-1 m-2, P less than 0.001). Stroke volume index and heart rate
      increased significantly by 22% and 7%, respectively. An increase in left
      ventricular stroke work index was also seen at the dose level inducing the
      maximum cardiac output. Left ventricular filling pressures and arterial blood
      pressures were not affected. We conclude that administration of dopexamine to
      patients with congestive heart failure augments cardiac performance at rest.

PMID- 2876895
TI  - Altered plasma concentrations of glutamate, alanine and citrate in the early
      phase of acute myocardial infarction in man.
AB  - Plasma levels of glutamate, alanine, free fatty acids (FFA), citrate, glucose,
      insulin, lactate, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were determined
      frequently during the first 2-48 h after onset of chest pain in 10 patients who
      developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in 8 who did not (non-AMI). An
      initial decrease in plasma glutamate and increase in alanine was found in AMI
      compared to non-AMI patients. The AMI group showed early, moderate rises of
      plasma FFA and citrate concentrations, positively related to the initial ST
      segment elevation and to the enzymatic estimated infarct size. The AMI patients
      were continuously hyperglycaemic, but their relative insulin response i.e. plasma
      glucose/insulin ratio was identical to that of non-AMI patients. Lactate values
      did not differ between the two groups. Via participation in the malate-aspartate
      shuttle and by shunting pyruvate to alanine instead of lactate, glutamate is of
      importance for maintaining myocardial glucose utilization. Our finding of initial
      low plasma glutamate concentrations after onset of myocardial infarction suggests
      insufficient glutamate supply to the ischaemic myocardium. On basis of this and
      animal experiments, an external supply of glutamate might be a 'metabolic'
      treatment of AMI, alternative or additional to glucose-insulin-potassium infusion
      in order to promote myocardial glucose oxidation.

PMID- 2876897
TI  - Hypogammaglobulinaemia and malakoplakia: response to bethanechol.
AB  - A second patient is described with the syndrome of hypogammaglobulinaemia and
      malakoplakia; he too responded dramatically to bethanechol treatment and remains
      well on it.

PMID- 2876896
TI  - Evaluation of 75Br-labelled butyrophenone neuroleptics for imaging cerebral
      dopaminergic receptor areas using positron emission tomography.
AB  - A comparative evaluation of three radiobrominated butyrophenone neuroleptics-
      bromospiperone (BSP), brombenperidol (BBP), and bromperidol (BP)--was made to
      assess the applicability of these compounds as radiopharmaceuticals labelled with
      the positron emitter 75Br (T1/2 = 1.6 h) for mapping cerebral dopaminergic
      receptor areas non-invasively with positron emission tomography (PET). BSP, BBP,
      and BP were prepared in high specific activities with high radiochemical yields,
      using electrophilic reactions with no-carrier-added 77Br- or 75Br-. Screening
      tests in rats using 77Br-labelled compounds indicated D2-specific localization
      for 77Br-BSP and 77Br-BBP, whereas PET experiments in baboons showed that only
      75Br-BSP preferentially localized in cerebral tissues rich in dopaminergic
      receptors. The data suggest an inverse relationship between cerebral uptake and
      receptor-specific localization, which was attributed to a complicated interplay
      between the D2 receptor binding affinity, lipophilicity, % ionization and
      molecular weight of the radioligand, and the binding capacity of the cerebral
      tissues. 75Br-BSP gave a striatum-to-cerebellum ratio of 3 in baboon brain 5 h
      post-injection, which allowed visualization of dopaminergic-receptor-containing
      areas of the living brain using PET.

PMID- 2876898
TI  - Renal effects of pinacidil in hypertensive patients on chronic beta-blocker
      therapy.
AB  - The acute and chronic effects of pinacidil on blood pressure (BP) and renal
      function were investigated in 10 patients with moderate arterial hypertension
      insufficiently controlled by chronic beta-blockade. Acute i.v. administration of
      pinacidil caused a significant fall in BP of 29.9/18.3 mm Hg and, despite beta
      blockade, a concomitant rise in heart rate (HR) of 21%. Renal vascular resistance
      (RVR) showed a marked reduction as a consequence of the fall in BP, and a
      transient rise in renal plasma flow (RPF). Diuresis and renal clearance of sodium
      and uric acid showed a parallel fall. The excretion rates of albumin and beta 2
      microglobulin were also significantly reduced. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated
      that glomerular filtration was responsible for elimination of the parent drug,
      and that proximal tubular secretion was the pathway of excretion of the main
      metabolite, pinacidil pyridine-N-oxide. During therapy for 4 months there was no
      further significant reduction in BP, despite increases in the daily dose of
      pinacidil. The effects on HR were less conspicuous after 4 months; renal
      haemodynamic parameters and body weight were not significantly changed. The
      initial level of RVR and the initial acute reduction in this parameter appeared
      to be major determinants of the long-term BP response. The drug was well
      tolerated apart from one patient who developed slight fluid retention. However,
      concomitant administration of a diuretic will probably be necessary during
      routine use of this therapeutic combination.

PMID- 2876899
TI  - Comparative single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of bevantolol in young
      and elderly subjects.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of bevantolol were examined following single and repeated
      oral doses to young and elderly volunteers. Following administration of a single
      200-mg bevantolol tablet mean maximum plasma bevantolol concentrations in young
      and elderly subjects were 1690 ng/ml and 1810 ng/ml, respectively. Maximum
      bevantolol concentrations occurred approximately 1.1 h postdose in both young and
      elderly subjects. There were no significant differences in mean steady state
      bevantolol concentrations on Day 14 between young and elderly subjects. However,
      disproportionate increases in Cmax, and in AUC, but not in tmax values were
      observed between Days 1 and 14. On Days 1 and 14, most young and elderly subjects
      exhibited monoexponential decline in bevantolol plasma concentrations after
      absorption phase. In those subjects Day 14 elimination half-lives in young and
      elderly were 1.9 and 2.2 h, respectively. In subjects who exhibited biexponential
      decline in bevantolol, an age effect in elimination became apparent, on Day 14
      elimination half-lives were 5.7 and 11.2 h in young and elderly subjects,
      respectively. Bevantolol Metabolite III concentrations were observed in plasma of
      some subjects during the first 6 h after dosing. At steady-state AUC (0-ldc)
      values for the metabolite were less than 2% those of bevantolol. Bevantolol
      plasma levels accumulate to a small extent with repeated 200 mg daily doses. This
      is probably due to the contribution of a late and more persistent terminal
      elimination phase that was discernable in only certain individuals.

PMID- 2876900
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of TZU-0460, a new H2-receptor antagonist, in patients with
      impaired renal function.
AB  - We have studied pharmacokinetics of a new H2-receptor antagonist, TZU-0460, in
      patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. The apparent volume of
      distribution at steady-state was 1.70 l/kg, and the plasma protein binding of TZU
      0460 or its active metabolite, desacetyl TZU-0460 was less than 10% in normal
      subjects. These variables were not altered with renal impairment. Sixty percent
      of TZU-0460 given orally was excreted via the kidney, mainly by tubular
      secretion. The half-time of elimination was 3.94 h in normal subjects, and was
      prolonged to 12.13 h in severe renal failure (creatinine clearance below 30
      ml/min/1.48 m2). Dosage adjustment of TZU-0460 is necessary in renal failure.

PMID- 2876901
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of temazepam in geriatric patients.
AB  - A single dose of temazepam 10 mg, as a solution in soft gelatin capsules, was
      given to 10 fasting geriatric in-patients (mean age 83 years) in a stable
      clinical condition. The mean peak plasma concentration was 306 ng/ml, with a
      median time of 0.75 h to peak concentration. Temazepam was eliminated from plasma
      in a biexponential manner, with a distribution phase (mean t1/2 alpha = 0.7 h)
      predominating for 3 h. The drug had a mean elimination half-life of 8.7 h. In a
      chronic study, in which temazepam 10 mg p.o. was given nightly to 13 patients,
      the plasma concentrations on Days 3, 5, 8, 12 and 15 were not significantly
      different from each other, showing rapid attainment of steady state levels and
      the lack of drug accumulation.

PMID- 2876902
TI  - Comparison of free MHPG in rat cerebrospinal fluid with free and conjugated MHPG
      in brain tissue: effects of drugs modifying noradrenergic transmission.
AB  - The changes of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) were compared with the corresponding alterations of free and conjugated
      MHPG in rat brain tissue after various pharmacological treatments modifying
      noradrenergic neurotransmission. In addition, the effects of the drug treatments
      on the concentration of noradrenaline (NA) in brain were determined. alpha-Methyl
      p-tyrosine (an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase) induced decreases in free and
      conjugated MHPG in CSF and brain; the free species appeared to decline more
      rapidly. Reserpine caused similar biphasic changes in free MHPG in CSF and brain
      but the rapid and transient initial increase in MHPG-SO4 was very weak. Pargyline
      (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) induced a sharp decline in the concentration of
      free MHPG in brain and CSF while MHPG-SO4 in brain definitely decreased more
      slowly. Relatively similar time courses were seen for all three MHPG parameters
      after administration of MPV-1248 (alpha 2-antagonist) and clonidine (alpha 2
      agonist) i.e., increases and decreases, respectively. The present results support
      the validity of monitoring drug-induced acute changes in central turnover of NA
      by repeated measurements of free MHPG levels in rat cisternal CSF.

PMID- 2876903
TI  - Inhibition of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons by systemic and iontophoretic
      administration of buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug.
AB  - Extracellular single-unit recordings were made from serotonergic dorsal raphe
      neurons in chloral hydrate anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Buspirone, a
      clinically effective non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, caused inhibition of
      firing of these neurons when given by intravenous (ED50 = 0.011 mg/kg, i.v.),
      intraperitoneal (ED50 = 0.088 mg/kg, i.p.), and intragastric (effective dose =
      1.0-20.0 mg/kg, i.g.) injection. Buspirone also inhibited these cells when it was
      administered to the outside of recorded neurons by microiontophoresis (effective
      currents = 2-15 nA). Iontophoretically applied buspirone did not potentiate nor
      block the effects of iontophoretically applied GABA. Systemic administration of
      two putative buspirone metabolites (1,2-pyrimidinyl piperazine and 5-hydroxy
      buspirone) in relatively high doses had a weak effect and no effect,
      respectively, on dorsal raphe neuronal firing. It is concluded that buspirone
      potently and directly inhibits the firing of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons in
      the rat. Since buspirone inhibits the firing of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons
      and binds to 5-HT1A receptors, the present study supports the notion that central
      serotonergic systems may be involved in the therapeutic effects of anxiolytic
      drugs.

PMID- 2876904
TI  - Epinephrine-induced memory facilitation: attenuation by adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - The present study examined the relative importance of alpha- and beta
      adrenoceptors in the memory modulatory effects of epinephrine. Posttraining
      epinephrine administration enhanced retention performance of a one-trial
      inhibitory avoidance response. Further pretraining injections of a variety of
      adrenoceptor antagonists, including selective alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta 1- and/or
      beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists, attenuated the retention enhancing effects of
      posttraining epinephrine. These results suggest that alpha- and beta
      adrenoceptors of both subtypes are involved in the memory-modulating effects of
      epinephrine.

PMID- 2876905
TI  - Further validation of in vivo and in vitro pharmacological procedures for
      assessing the alpha 2/alpha 1-selectivity of test compounds: (1). Alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - Twenty one chemically dissimilar alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists were assessed in
      7 different tests. The potencies of the compounds to protect rats from
      norepinephrine lethality were closely correlated with their potencies for
      inhibition of [3H]WB4101, but not of [3H]clonidine, [3H]idazoxan, [3H]rauwolscine
      or [3H]yohimbine binding to rat brain homogenates. The reverse was found for the
      potencies of the compounds to prevent the antidiarrheal effect of clonidine. The
      in vivo anti-norepinephrine/anti-clonidine potency ratios were highly correlated
      with the ratios between the in vitro potency to inhibit [3H]WB4101 binding on one
      hand and [3H]clonidine, [3H]idazoxan, [3H]rauwolscine or [3H]yohimbine binding on
      the other. The reliability of the above models for measuring alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonistic activity and selectivity is discussed.

PMID- 2876907
TI  - The rhesus monkey: a primate model for hemopoietic stem cell studies.
AB  - Two heterogeneous cell populations (CP 1-7 and CP 8-10) were separated from
      rhesus monkey bone marrow using counterflow centrifugation-elutriation (CCE).
      These two cell populations were distinct with respect to morphological
      composition, expression of cell surface antigens, hemopoietic progenitor cell
      activity, and concentration of hemopoietic stem cells (HSC). The hemopoietic
      progenitor cell activity and HSC were concentrated in CP 8-10. In autologous
      transplantation studies, CP 8-10 reconstituted the lymphohemopoietic system of
      lethally irradiated monkeys in a manner similar to that of monkeys transplanted
      with unfractionated bone marrow cells. CP 1-7 was lymphocyte rich and depleted of
      progenitor cell activity. Transplantation of CP 1-7 led to eventual
      lymphohemopoietic reconstitution of irradiated monkeys; however, complete
      engraftment was delayed by as much as 14 days compared to either the
      transplantation of CP 8-10 or to unfractionated bone marrow. Thus, a presence of
      the HSC in the lymphocyte-rich progenitor-cell-depleted population can be
      detected in the rhesus model.

PMID- 2876906
TI  - Further validation of in vivo and in vitro pharmacological procedures for
      assessing the alpha 2/alpha 1-selectivity of test compounds: (2). Alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Eighteen chemically dissimilar alpha-adrenoceptor agonists were assessed in 6
      different tests. The antidiarrheal activity of the compounds was highly
      correlated with the diuretic activity. Both activities were highly correlated
      with the inhibition of [3H]clonidine or [3H]idazoxan binding; the degree of
      correlation with inhibition of [3H]WB4101 binding or with antiptotic activity was
      much less. Antiptotic activity was better correlated, although still poorly, with
      inhibition of [3H]WB4101 binding than with inhibition of [3H]clonidine or
      [3H]idazoxan binding. The in vivo antiptotic/diuretic or antiptotic/antidiarrheal
      potency ratios both reflected the known alpha 2/alpha 1-selectivity of the
      compounds tested and were significantly correlated with the in vitro potency
      ratios between inhibition of [3H]WB4101 binding on one hand and of [3H]clonidine
      or [3H]idazoxan binding on the other. The reliability of the above models for
      measuring alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonistic activity and selectivity is
      discussed.

PMID- 2876909
TI  - Asthma: non-responsiveness to conventional therapy.
AB  - Despite regular inhalation of beta-agonists, topical steroids and anticholinergic
      aerosols and the achievement of therapeutic blood levels of theophylline, some
      asthmatics have rapidly fluctuating levels of peak flow measurements throughout
      the day. Often little or no improvement is obtained with larger doses of
      corticosteroids. Before embarking on more intense drug therapy, attention should
      be paid to conscientious adherence to the prescribed regimen and avoidance of
      aspirin and tartrazine, as well as to exposure to allergens such as those
      associated with household pets. A number of newer therapeutic options are related
      to the use of air jet or ultrasonic nebulizers, that allow liquid forms of
      inhalation agents to be taken slowly in the home environment. In this regard,
      combination therapy with a beta-agonist and the anticholinergic ipratropium has
      been shown to have bronchodilating properties superior to either agent used
      alone. Secondly, sodium cromoglycate in its liquid form appears to have
      bronchodilator properties; taken on a regular basis, four times per day, it
      appears to have a steroid-sparing effect. Two alternatives are available for
      increasing the intensity of corticosteroid therapy, other than by prolonged, high
      dose prednisone. The first is that of high-dose inhaled beclomethasone (up to
      2000 micrograms/day) using the 250 micrograms/puff inhaler. The second is that of
      intravenous therapy with methylprednisolone, recently shown to have lung
      permeability superior to that of prednisolone. Office patients can be treated
      with occasional or even regular 'pulse' doses of methylprednisolone, an approach
      that is now finding acceptance in the management of the inflammatory
      alveolitides.

PMID- 2876908
TI  - Hematopoiesis on cellulose ester membranes (CEM). X. Effects of in vitro
      irradiation of stromal cells prior to application on CEM.
AB  - Cellulose ester membranes (CEM) were coated with stromal cells from murine bone
      or bone marrow irradiated in vitro with 1000, 2000, or 4000 rad and then
      implanted i.p. in CAF1 mice for periods of six and 12 months. CEM coated with
      stromal cells from bone showed excellent regeneration of bone and hematopoiesis
      after 1000 rad in vitro irradiation. After 2000 rad, hematopoietic and bone
      regeneration was reduced by about 50%, and after 4000 rad it was completely
      absent in CEM coated with stromal cells from bone. CEM coated with stromal cells
      from bone marrow showed no regeneration of hematopoiesis or bone after 1000,
      2000, and 4000 rad in vitro irradiation and residence i.p. for six and 12 months.
      These results indicate that regeneration of the hematopoietic microenvironment is
      dependent upon living stromal cells. A difference in radiation sensitivity is
      demonstrated between stromal cells from bone and from bone marrow.

PMID- 2876910
TI  - Therapies to control the airway inflammation of asthma.
AB  - The natural history of the development of airway inflammation in asthma is
      reviewed together with the known histopathological changes, measurable effects
      and symptoms. The factors thought to cause the airway inflammation and the
      associated hyperresponsiveness of the airways are summarized and the stages at
      which interventions are likely to be effective are indicated. The complications
      of severe asthma, including early death, are discussed and the aims of therapy
      are described in relation to these aims. The drugs available to control asthma
      are briefly reviewed and a practical summary of patient management is given. The
      potential advantages of this form of treatment, which can be described as 'tight
      control', are summarized and likely future developments, with emphasis on
      preventing the disease, are outlined.

PMID- 2876911
TI  - Why are deaths from asthma increasing?
AB  - Asthma mortality rates have declined only slowly since 1960, and recently have
      increased in some countries. Deaths in New Zealand's 5-34 year olds showed a
      sustained increase from 1977 to 1982. In the western United States, asthma
      mortality in older subjects increased from 1979 to 1982. In 15-44 year olds in
      England and Wales, mortality rates for females are now lower than in 1960, but
      rates for males are not. Current asthma mortality rates for Canadian 5-34 year
      olds are twice those reported a decade ago. A 2-year national study of all New
      Zealand patients under the age of 70 whose deaths were certified as due to, or
      related to, asthma found differences in verified asthma mortality rates among
      races (Maoris 18.9, Pacific Island Polynesians 9.4, and Europeans 3.4 per
      100,000); the higher non-European rates explained 36% of the 'excess' New Zealand
      mortality compared with England. Errors in certification led to a 13% net
      overestimate of asthma mortality in both countries, but certification was highly
      accurate in 5-34 year olds. The increase in asthma mortality in the younger age
      groups is not an artefact of certification or coding, but is real and
      substantial. Although factors common to previous studies--poor patient
      compliance, inadequate assessment and therapy, overreliance on bronchodilators
      and underuse of corticosteroids, and delays in obtaining help--were frequently
      recognized, no single cause was found to explain the three-fold greater mortality
      in New Zealand compared with England.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876912
TI  - Airway inflammation and autonomic control.
AB  - Autonomic nerves control many aspects of airway function, including smooth muscle
      tone, epithelial cell function, mucus secretion, bronchial flow and permeability,
      and inflammatory mediator release. There is considerable evidence that there may
      be abnormalities of autonomic function in asthma, perhaps as a result of airway
      inflammation. Inflammatory mediators might stimulate bronchial afferent receptors
      (irritant receptors and C-fibre endings) to produce reflex cholinergic
      bronchoconstriction. Anticholinergic drugs have not proved to be very effective
      in controlling clinical asthma, however, suggesting that cholinergic reflex
      mechanisms may not play a major role. Adrenergic abnormalities have been
      described in asthma. There is no direct sympathetic neural control of airway
      smooth muscle, suggesting that circulating catecholamines may regulate airway
      tone, and counteract the effect of inflammatory mediators in asthma.
      Surprisingly, the concentration of adrenaline in plasma does not rise in
      asthmatic subjects with induced bronchoconstriction, or even during an acute
      asthma attack. The function of beta-adrenoceptors in asthma is uncertain, but
      there is some evidence that beta-receptor function may be impaired, possibly as a
      result of inflammatory mediator release. alpha-Adrenoceptor function may be
      enhanced in asthma; inflammatory mediators may 'turn on' bronchoconstrictor alpha
      adrenergic responses in airway smooth muscle, and alpha-agonists may have a
      bronchoconstrictor effect in asthmatic subjects. But specific alpha-blockers have
      little effect on airway function, and the role of alpha-receptors in asthma is
      questionable. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves are the only neural
      bronchodilator mechanism in human airways. The neurotransmitter has not yet been
      identified but vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a possible
      candidate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2876913
TI  - Restriction endonuclease digest patterns of chromosomal DNA from nitrate-negative
      Campylobacter jejuni-like organisms.
AB  - High molecular weight chromosomal DNA was isolated from ten nitrate-negative
      campylobacters of human origin (gastric biopsies and faecal specimens). The DNA
      was digested with various restriction endonucleases and the patterns obtained
      were compared with those of Campylobacter coli, C. fetus subsp. fetus, C. jejuni
      and C. laridis reference strains. Electrophoresis of Hae III digests of DNA in
      0.5% agarose gave excellent patterns which comprised at least 25 well-resolved
      bands with fragment sizes between about 4 and 40Kb. There were distinct
      differences between strains from different geographical locations. The six
      gastric strains from West Germany formed a relatively homogeneous group with
      respect to their band patterns (type I and II), whereas the U.K. gastric isolate
      had a slightly different pattern (type III) as did the three Australian faecal
      isolates (types IV, V and VI). No plasmids were detected in these nitrate
      negative campylobacters and differences in DNA digest patterns between strains
      and representatives of allied species were attributed to variations in the
      distributions of Hae III recognition sequences within the genome. The patterns
      provided further evidence that the strains were atypical C. jejuni.

PMID- 2876914
TI  - [Action of antihistaminic agents in patients with various heart pathologies
      undergoing surgical treatment].
AB  - Clinical observations and experimental studies enabled the authors to show that
      sensitivity of patients with rheumatic heart diseases to antihistaminic drugs is
      not always constant. It depends on pH value of the medium and blood concentration
      of calcium ions. It is advisable to include antihistaminic drugs in combination
      with colloid and crystalloid blood substitutes with regard to pH of the medium
      into the complex of agents for pre-, intra- and postoperative medication.

PMID- 2876915
TI  - [Effect of izoturon and its combination with ganglionic blockaders and alpha
      adrenoblockaders on systemic hemodynamics in traumatic shock].
AB  - Isoturone (5 mg/kg) administered in a single dose intravenously to unanesthetized
      cats in a torpid phase of traumatic shock increases arterial blood pressure (BP)
      and total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR). The drug restores BP level
      mainly due to an increase of TPVR against background of neurovegetative blockade
      induced by pentamine, phentolamine and combinations of phentolamine with hexonium
      in the presence of a severe trauma. Vascular sensitivity to isoturone in
      traumatic shock is preserved and considerably increases during the use of the
      vasopressor in different types of neurovegetative blockade.

PMID- 2876916
TI  - Preferential glutamine uptake in rat brain synaptic mitochondria.
AB  - Glutamine uptake has been studied in purified rat brain mitochondria of synaptic
      or non-synaptic origin. It was taken up by an active saturable transport
      mechanism, with an affinity two-times higher in synaptic than in non-synaptic
      mitochondria (Km = 0.45 and 0.94 mM, respectively). Vmax of uptake was 7-times
      higher in synaptic mitochondria (Vmax = 9.2 and 1.3 nmol/min per mg protein,
      respectively). Glutamine transport was found to be inhibited by L-glutamate (IC50
      = 0.64 mM) as well as thiol reagents (mersalyl, N-ethylmaleimide). It is
      suggested that differential uptake of glutamine in mitochondria of synaptic or
      non-synaptic origin may be a major mechanism in the regulation of the synthesis
      of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

PMID- 2876917
TI  - Amino acid substitutions in mitochondrial ATPase subunit 6 of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae leading to oligomycin resistance.
AB  - The amino acid substitutions in subunit 6 of the mitochondrial ATPase complex
      have been determined for 4 oligomycin resistant mutants of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. The data were obtained for each mutant by nucleotide sequence
      analysis of the mitochondrial oli2 gene. Amino acid substitutions conferring
      oligomycin resistance in subunit 6 are located in two conserved regions that are
      thought to form domains which span the inner mitochondrial membrane. The
      disposition of these amino acid substitutions is consistent with the view that
      these two membrane-spanning domains interact structurally and functionally with
      the DCCD-binding proteolipid subunit 9 in the Fo-sector.

PMID- 2876918
TI  - Structure of the nucleotide-binding domain in the beta-subunit of Escherichia
      coli F1-ATPase.
AB  - We propose a working model for the tertiary structure of the nucleotide-binding
      domain of the beta-subunit of E. coli F1-ATPase, derived from secondary structure
      prediction and from comparison of the amino acid sequence with the sequences of
      other nucleotide-binding proteins of known three-dimensional structure. The model
      is consistent with previously published results of specific chemical modification
      studies and of analyses of mutations in the beta-subunit and its implications for
      subunit interactions and catalytic mechanism in F1-ATPases are discussed.

PMID- 2876919
TI  - Inhibition of the post-translational processing of microvillar hydrolases is
      associated with a specific decreased expression of sucrase-isomaltase and an
      increased turnover of glucose in Caco-2 cells treated with monensin.
AB  - The biosynthesis and post-translational processing of sucrase-isomaltase and
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV were studied by L-[35S]methionine labeling,
      immunoisolation with monoclonal antibodies and SDS-PAGE in post-confluent Caco-2
      cells treated with monensin (10 microM, 48 h). In addition to its classical
      effect on the post-translational processing of both hydrolases, i.e. an
      inhibition of the conversion of the high-mannose to the complex glycosylated form
      of the enzymes, monensin was found to have two other effects: a marked decrease
      of sucrase-isomaltase expression, but not of dipeptidylpeptidase IV; an increased
      turnover of glucose, as substantiated by increased rates of glucose consumption
      and lactic acid production and a decreased glycogen content. Whether these two
      effects are related to the particular differentiation and metabolic status of
      Caco-2 cells is discussed, as well as a possible role for the drug-induced
      modifications of glucose turnover on the decreased expression of sucrase
      isomaltase.

PMID- 2876920
TI  - Nonclassical synaptic functions of transmitters.
AB  - Nonclassical synaptic functions are considered in two groups, mainly by reference
      to the models provided by sympathetic ganglia. Slow postsynaptic potentials
      (PSPs) are compared with classical fast PSPs. Features include loose delivery of
      transmitter to receptor, very long synaptic delays and durations of PSPs, slow
      removal of transmitter or of its effects, integration of repetitive inputs,
      electrogenesis without large increases in ionic conductances. Neuromodulatory
      actions affect synaptic efficacy without direct excitatory or inhibitory
      responses to the transmitter. These include a) control of presynaptic release,
      and b) contingent postsynaptic actions. In b, a modulatory transmitter alters the
      efficacy of action by another transmitter. The alteration may persist long after
      exposure to the modulatory transmitter; in mammalian sympathetic ganglia,
      exposure to dopamine or to a conditioning train of preganglionic volleys induces
      a long-term enhancement of the muscarinic slow excitatory PSP. Or the alteration
      may be restricted mostly to the presence of a modulatory transmitter, with
      examples cited. Nonclassical synaptic functions may be providing revolutionary
      possibilities for dealing with slow and broadly distributed cerebral functions,
      manifested electrophysiologically and behaviorally, that have been difficult to
      analyze successfully in terms restricted to the fast and discretely localized
      classical synaptic functions.

PMID- 2876921
TI  - Central nervous system mechanisms of arterial pressure regulation.
AB  - This paper provides a review of recent developments in the field of neural and
      humoral control of the cardiovascular system mediated through the central nervous
      system. The areas covered include central mechanism of baroreceptor reflex
      control, sites of origin of tonic vasomotor activity, interactions between
      forebrain and brain stem, central actions of humoral factors, the role of
      visceral and somatic afferents, and the potential for central selectivity of
      vasomotor control.

PMID- 2876922
TI  - AACN's invitational conference: strategies for the future.

PMID- 2876923
TI  - Tulobuterol in childhood asthma: single dose ranging and repeated oral dose
      comparative studies.
AB  - Fifteen asthmatic patients participated in a dose-ranging study using tulobuterol
      syrup in single doses of 10 to 60 mcg/kg. A second trial was performed to compare
      tulobuterol and terbutaline in 64 asthmatic children. The tulobuterol dosages
      were 30 and 40 mcg/kg twice daily; the terbutaline dosage was 75 mcg/kg three
      times daily. The dose-ranging study showed that tulobuterol had a rapid and
      prolonged bronchodilator action, even at the lower doses. Tulobuterol had a more
      prolonged duration of action than terbutaline in the comparative study. Both
      drugs had statistically comparable magnitudes of effect. Adverse reactions were
      minimal. No laboratory abnormalities occurred, and blood pressure and pulse rate
      were clinically unaffected by either drug. Tulobuterol twice daily had an equal
      or greater positive clinical effect on pulmonary function in asthmatic children
      than terbutaline three times a day.

PMID- 2876924
TI  - Postaggregative differentiation induction by cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium:
      intracellular transduction pathway and requirement for additional stimuli.
AB  - Cyclic AMP induces postaggregative differentiation in aggregation competent cells
      of Dictyostelium by interacting with cell surface cAMP receptors. We investigated
      the transduction pathway of this response and additional requirements for the
      induction of postaggregative differentiation. Optimal induction of
      postaggregative gene expression requires that vegetative cells are first exposed
      to 2-4 hr of nanomolar cAMP pulses, and subsequently for 4-6 hr to steady-state
      cAMP concentrations in the micromolar range. Cyclic AMP pulses, which are
      endogenously produced before and during aggregation, induce full responsiveness
      to cAMP as a morphogen. The transduction pathway from the cell surface cAMP
      receptor to postaggregative gene expression may involve Ca2+ ions as
      intracellular messengers. A cAMP-induced increase in intracellular cAMP or cGMP
      levels is not involved in the transduction pathway.

PMID- 2876925
TI  - Oncogene alterations in primary human colon tumors.
AB  - We have examined alterations in six oncogenes--H-ras, K-ras, N-ras, myc, fos, and
      N-myc--in nine primary human colon tumors. Tumors were obtained within an hour of
      resection; as a control for each tumor, adjacent normal colon tissue was also
      obtained. Deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from each tissue sample was assayed by
      digesting with appropriate restriction endonucleases and, after gel
      electrophoresis and transfer to nitrocellulose, hybridizing with radiolabeled
      oncogene probes. Amplification of the myc locus, relative to adjacent normal
      colon tissue, was observed in two of these tumors; by dot-blotting, it was
      estimated that myc was amplified twofold to fivefold in each tumor. No
      rearrangements of myc, however, were observed in any of these tumors. Examination
      of the H-ras alleles of these nine tumors revealed that eight possess only
      "common" alleles of this gene, and that each was identical to its control. Normal
      colon DNA of the ninth patient, however, was found to possess both a "common" and
      a "rare" allele, and the "common" allele of H-ras appeared to be deleted in the
      tumor DNA of this patient. A restriction polymorphism indicative of a mutation in
      the 12th codon of K-ras was not found in any of these tumors, and we observed no
      evidence of rearrangement of amplification of the N-ras, K-ras, fos, or N-myc
      genes.

PMID- 2876926
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits thyroid function in fowl.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were marginally
      (less than 25%) lowered 10 and 60 min, respectively, following somatostatin
      (SRIF) administration (at doses of 10-30 micrograms/kg) in immature domestic
      fowl. When plasma iodothyronine levels were elevated by the administration of
      anti-SRIF (1.0 ml/kg) 10 min prior to SRIF challenge, the inhibitory effect of
      SRIF on T4 and T3 concentrations was greatly augmented. The relative reduction in
      the T3 concentration was greater than the decline in the T4 level, resulting in a
      decline in the T3:T4 ratio. These data indicate that SRIF inhibits thyroid
      function in fowl, possibly by direct effects on the thyroid gland and by effects
      on the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.

PMID- 2876927
TI  - Evidence for the presence of adrenocorticotropic and opiate-like hormones in the
      brains of two sea snakes, Hydrophis cyanocinctus and Lapemis hardwickii.
AB  - The brain acetone powders of the sea snakes Hydrophis cyanocinctus and Lapemis
      hardwickii were extracted with a mixture of acetone:water:hydrochloric acid
      (40:21:1 by volume) and the extracts were then added to a copious volume of
      acetone, in accordance with the method of C. H. Li (1952, J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,
      74, 2134) for preparing adrenocorticotropin and beta-endorphin from mammalian
      pituitaries. The resultant precipitate, designated acid acetone powder, possessed
      adrenocorticotropic activity as evidenced in its ability to stimulate
      corticosterone production in isolated rat adrenal decapsular cells and lipolysis
      in isolated hamster adipocytes, and in its cross-reactivity in an ACTH
      radioimmunoassay. The presence of opioid molecules was indicated by activity in
      opiate radioreceptor assay using either 3H-D-Ala2-D-Leu5 enkephalin or
      [3H]naloxone as ligand and rat brain membranes. The brain acetone powders
      possessed neither "lactogenic" nor "somatogenic" activity as evidenced by their
      inability to displace the primary ligand in the rat hepatic prolactin receptor-
      and growth hormone receptor-binding assays, respectively.

PMID- 2876928
TI  - The sequence of the chloroplast atpB gene and its flanking regions in
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - The chloroplast (cp)-encoded CF1 ATPase beta-subunit gene (atpB) of Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii and its flanking regions have been sequenced. The derived amino acid
      (aa) sequence is highly homologous to that of the beta-subunit gene in
      Escherichia coli, bovine heart mitochondria, and higher plant cp. In contrast to
      all other cp genomes, the CF1 epsilon subunit gene (atpE) does not lie at the 3'
      end of the atpB gene but maps to a position 92 kb away in the other single-copy
      region. Northern blots confirm that the beta subunit is not encoded as part of a
      dicistronic message as it is in higher plants. The region just upstream from the
      atpB gene in C. reinhardtii contains two small open reading frames (ORFs) and not
      the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
      as is found in cp genomes of higher plants. No transcripts for either ORF were
      detected, but the codon usage in these ORFs as well as in the atpB gene follows
      the unique pattern of codon usage previously seen in other cp genes in C.
      reinhardtii.

PMID- 2876929
TI  - [Effect of coal dust on serum urocaninase and aspartate aminotransferase
      isoenzyme activity].

PMID- 2876930
TI  - [Peripheral analgesic actions of opioid peptides and morphine analogues].
AB  - Opiates and opioid peptides were administered in the order of 10(-9)-10(-6) mol
      peripherally, and their action on pain sensitivity was investigated by the
      modified formalin test which has two characteristic pain responses (the first and
      the second phase) in the mouse hindpaw. Opioid peptides (20-500 pmol) had dose
      dependent analgesia against both first and second phases, and their action ranked
      dynorphin greater than [D-Ala2, Met5]-enkephalinamide greater than [Met5]
      enkephalin. EKC and morphine (0.4-2.5 nmol) inhibited pain response of the first
      phase, but produced hyperalgesia in the second phase dose-dependently. Lidocaine
      hydrochloride had peripheral analgesic action, but was about 500-10000 times
      weaker than these substances. So, these peripheral analgesic actions have a
      different mechanism from that of local anesthetic action. N-methyl levallorphan
      which is thought to be a peripherally selective narcotic antagonist reversed
      these peripheral analgesic actions at the first and second phases and also
      prevented the hyperalgesic effects of EKC and morphine at the second phase.
      Naloxone reversed analgesia at only the first phase. These results suggest that
      an analgesic mechanism by opioids may exist at the peripheral site as well.
      Furthermore, it is estimated that a receptor exists which is antagonized by N
      methyl levallorphan but not by naloxone and that there is a system of
      hyperalgesia by EKC and morphine in pain modulation.

PMID- 2876931
TI  - [Effects of cepharanthine on experimental nasal allergy].
AB  - The anti-allergic actions of cepharanthine were examined using experimental nasal
      allergy rats (rhinitis models). In the actively sensitized rhinitis models, leaks
      of pontamine sky blue (PSB) dye in the perfusate of the nasal cavity were
      suppressed by cepharanthine treatment. Leaks of PSB dye in the perfusate were
      also suppressed by ketotifen treatment. beta-Glucuronidase activity in the
      perfusate was lower in the cepharanthine group and in the ketotifen group. In the
      passively sensitized rhinitis models, leaks of PSB dye in the perfusate were
      suppressed by cepharanthine treatment. Leaks of PSB dye in the perfusate in the
      ketotifen group were also suppressed. However, beta-glucuronidase activity was
      not different among the three groups. Cepharanthine (0.025-25 mg/kg body weight)
      and ketotifen (0.1-10 mg/kg body weight) inhibited leaks of PSB into the
      perfusate in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that cepharanthine
      may be clinically effective for treating patients with nasal allergy, and its
      anti-allergic mechanism may be the same as that of ketotifen.

PMID- 2876932
TI  - [Effects of nipradilol, a new beta-blocker, and its metabolite, denitro
      nipradilol, on heart rate and AV conduction in anesthetized dogs].
AB  - Effects of nipradilol, a new beta-blocker, and its metabolite, denitro
      nipradilol, on heart rate and atrioventricular conduction were investigated in
      anesthetized dogs and were compared with those of propranolol. The beta-blocking
      activity of nipradilol was nearly three times as potent as that of denitro
      nipradilol which was almost the same as the beta-blocking activity of
      propranolol. Decrease in heart rate (HR) and prolongation of the atrio-His bundle
      conduction time (AH) were dose-dependently produced by nipradilol (10, 30 and 100
      micrograms/kg, i.v.), denitro-nipradilol (30, 100 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and
      propranolol (30, 100 micrograms/kg, i.v.). The functional refractory period of
      the atrioventricular node (AVNFRP) was also prolonged by these drugs in a dose
      dependent manner. The changes in HR, AH and AVNFRP were well correlated to their
      beta-blocking activities. However, His bundle-ventricle conduction time (HV) was
      insignificantly affected by these beta-blockers in the doses mentioned above. In
      the reserpinized and atropinized dogs in which propranolol (100 and 300
      micrograms/kg, i.v.) showed very slight, insignificant influence on HR and AH,
      nipradilol significantly decreased HR and prolonged AH. AVNFRP was also prolonged
      significantly by nipradilol. These effects of nipradilol were observed even after
      the administration of propranolol. Denitronipradilol also produced a decrease in
      HR and prolongations of AH and AVNFRP in reserpinized, atropinized and
      propranolol-pretreated dogs. These results indicate that nipradilol and its
      metabolite, denitro-nipradilol, possess a direct depressant action on the
      sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node.

PMID- 2876933
TI  - Functional evaluation of nonsensate free flaps to the sole of the foot.
AB  - Free flap transfer for soft tissue defects involving the sole of the foot have
      been important in limb salvage. The functional capacity of 16 patients is
      documented. From our data, free flaps to weightbearing surfaces of the foot give
      satisfactory results in patients less than 40 years old and salvage is rewarding.
      Older patients had less than satisfactory results. When the only alternative is
      an amputation, free flap salvage may still be indicated.

PMID- 2876934
TI  - Sensory reinnervation in reconstruction of the foot.
AB  - Intact sensation constitutes an important protective mechanism for the plantar
      surface of the foot. For optimal functional results, sensory reinnervation in
      reconstruction of the heel of the plantar foot would appear to be helpful.
      Various techniques are presented in which both intact local tissue and distant
      tissue are used. The design of neurosensory fasciocutaneous flaps and
      musculocutaneous flaps from the foot, sensory-innervated full thickness skin
      grafts, and microsurgically transferred skin flaps, muscle flaps, and
      musculocutaneous flaps are presented. Free tissue transfer techniques can be used
      in combination with various sensory reinnervation techniques.

PMID- 2876935
TI  - Orthopaedic aspects of chronic pain.

PMID- 2876936
TI  - Management of acute lower extremity nerve injuries.
AB  - While repair of acute nerve injuries in the lower extremity has not been as
      aggressive as in the upper extremity, there should now be more effective early
      intervention. Newer microsurgical techniques can be used along with increased
      understanding of peripheral nerve internal anatomy to obtain more satisfactory
      repair and reconstruction of the injured nerves. The anatomy and vulnerability of
      the nerves in the leg are reviewed, and the decision process is analyzed in the
      context of the functional deficits following such injuries. A priority of goals
      in lower extremity nerve repair should be established to ensure salvage of the
      foot.

PMID- 2876937
TI  - Polymorphism of seminal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
AB  - Electrophoretic analysis of seminal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity
      of 147 unrelated Japanese males revealed three types of band patterns. An anodal
      single band, a cathodal single band and heterozygous double bands termed 1, 2 and
      2-1, respectively, were commonly identified in the samples. The frequencies of
      the three types were 1 = 0.22, 2 = 0.33 and 2-1 = 0.44. Seminal stains kept for
      more than 6 months revealed distinguishable band patterns as well as fresh
      samples.

PMID- 2876938
TI  - [Lithotripsy of urinary calculi with laser-induced shock waves].

PMID- 2876939
TI  - [The cardioselective beta blocker bisoprolol. Value in the therapy of florid
      hyperthyroidism].

PMID- 2876940
TI  - [Long-term drug therapy of ulcer disease. Findings for deciding, indications,
      duration and surgical alternatives].

PMID- 2876942
TI  - [Better quality of life for the hypertensive patient. 11th International Congress
      on Hypertension. Heidelberg, 31 August-7 September 1986].

PMID- 2876941
TI  - [Reduction of coronary risk factors with selective alpha-blockers. International
      Doxazosin Symposium. Frankfurt/Main, 7 June 1986].

PMID- 2876943
TI  - [Adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis to human
      uroepithelial cells].

PMID- 2876944
TI  - DNA polymorphism related to the idiopathic hemochromatosis gene: evidence in a
      recombinant family.
AB  - The metabolic error involved in idiopathic hemochromatosis, as well as the
      underlying genetic defect remain unknown. It has, however, been recently shown
      that this genetic lesion occurs at a locus linked to the major histocompatibility
      complex, probably close to the HLA-A locus, and that the disease is recessively
      transmitted. Therefore, in a family where one subject has idiopathic
      hemochromatosis his HLA-identical siblings should also be affected. We present
      here the restriction polymorphism with two MHC class I probes and one DR beta
      probe in an exceptional family with three HLA-identical siblings: one (the
      proband) has a major form of idiopathic hemochromatosis, while the other two are
      free of any clinical or biochemical signs of the disease. The restriction
      patterns observed after DNA digestion by enzymes EcoRI, EcoRV, BglII, BamHI,
      PvuII, TaqI, HincII, and HindIII led to the conclusion that one of the proband's
      chromosome 6 had undergone two alterations: one, a deletion in the DR region, was
      revealed by missing fragments all correlated with DR5; the other was an
      unbalanced cross-over or a genetic conversion in the MHC class I region. This
      latter alteration was revealed by modifications in the patterns of high molecular
      weight HindIII bands which hybridize with probe pHLA2 and also by the absence of
      a HindIII fragment of 7.4 kb hybridized by another class I probe. This latter
      alteration most likely involved the hemochromatosis gene and could be the first
      step toward a molecular approach to this gene.

PMID- 2876945
TI  - A 45,X male with a Yp/18 translocation.
AB  - A patient described as a 45,X male (Forabosco et al. 1977) was examined for the
      presence of Y-specific DNA by using various probes detecting restriction
      fragments from different regions of the Y chromosome. Positive hybridization
      signals were obtained for Yp fragments only. In situ hybridization with two
      different probes, pDP31 and the pseudoautosomal probe 113F, led to a clear
      assignment of the Yp sequences to the short arm of one chromosome 18.
      Cytogenetically, the presence of all of Yp including the Y centromere on 18p
      could be demonstrated replacing a segment of similar size of 18p. Thus, the Y/18
      translocation chromosome is dicentric structurally, but it was shown to be
      monocentric functionally with the no. 18 centromere active. Gene dosage studies
      with the probe B74 defining a sequence at 18p11.3 demonstrated a single dose of
      this sequence in the patient. In agreement with these observations, the patient
      shows clinical signs of the 18p-syndrome. It is concluded that in XO males in
      general, the X is of maternal origin while the maleness is due to a de novo
      Y/autosome translocation derived from the father. Depending on the nature of the
      autosomal deficiency caused by the Y/autosome translocation, the patient may have
      congenital malformations.

PMID- 2876946
TI  - ApoA-I related DNA polymorphism in humans with coronary heart disease.
AB  - A genetic analysis of atherosclerotic patients as well as healthy subjects using
      an apoA-I gene specific probe confirmed that an EcoRI restriction fragment length
      polymorphism is related to the development of atherosclerosis. Three subjects
      with severe coronary heart disease were found to be homozygous for a 6.5 kb
      fragment hybridizing to the apoA-I probe. In the atherosclerotic patient group
      44% were heterozygous for this fragment, compared to 9.5% in the control group.
      The distribution of genotypes in the atherosclerotic and control groups was
      significantly different. Among the heterozygous subjects, specific differences
      were found after digestion of their DNA with Bam HI restriction endonuclease.

PMID- 2876947
TI  - Genetic linkage between X-linked retinitis pigmentosa and DNA probe DXS7 (L1.28):
      further linkage data, heterogeneity testing, and risk estimation.
AB  - Further linkage data relating X-linked retinitis pigmentosa and DNA probe DXS7
      (L1.28) is presented in this paper. The current mean estimate of the
      recombination fraction (theta) including this and all published data, is 0.09,
      with confidence limits 0.04 to 0.17 (maximum Lod score of 14.01 at a theta of
      0.08). There is no evidence for heterogeneity of recombination fraction between
      the 13 families for which data are available. However, it is argued that
      heterogeneity should be assumed to exist for the purposes of risk estimation.
      Mean estimates and variances of risk are calculated for hypothetical families
      each with different linkage data. In families in which no recombination has been
      observed, the mean and variance of risk are sufficiently small for the clinical
      use of this probe to be acceptable to many.

PMID- 2876948
TI  - Integrity of the thyroglobulin locus in tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome II.
AB  - The thyroglobulin gene has been mapped to chromosome band 8q24 by several
      investigators. This is the band implicated in the causation of Langer-Giedion
      syndrome (tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome II). We have examined a restriction
      fragment length polymorphism at the thyroglobulin locus in a patient with Langer
      Giedion syndrome and 8q deletion in order to: (1) localize the Langer-Giedion
      deletion more precisely, (2) define the relative map positions of the
      thyroglobulin gene and the Langer-Giedion locus. The results indicate that the
      locus of the thyroglobulin gene is intact in the patient with an interstitial
      deletion of proximal band 8q24.1 which confirms its more distal localization
      reported earlier by Berge-Lefranc et al. (1985). It also assigns the critical
      region for the causation of Langer-Giedion syndrome to the proximal part of band
      8q24, viz. 8q24.11----q24.13.

PMID- 2876950
TI  - Fatigue and reading of text on videotex.

PMID- 2876951
TI  - Drug-induced piloerection in man: an alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist effect?
AB  - The physiology of piloerection is described and clinical experience is discussed.
      The objective and subjective evidence for drug-induced piloerection by a number
      of drugs is given and, where it is known, their pharmacological mechanism is
      described. The results are considered in relation to the hypothesis that drug
      induced piloerection is only produced by drugs with alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist
      activity. For those drugs without the latter activity where piloerection is
      supported only by subjective evidence it is suggested that objective evidence
      should be sought. The fact that there is no objective evidence that the classical
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, produces piloerection is found
      surprising and it is suggested that such evidence should be sought. If it is
      found that phenylephrine does not produce piloerection, then the possibility of
      the existence of a further alpha-agonist subgroup needs to be considered.

PMID- 2876949
TI  - De novo DNA microdeletion in a girl with Turner syndrome and Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - The single X chromosome of a girl with Turner syndrome (45,X) and typical
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy was investigated at the chromosomal and DNA levels.
      No visible abnormality of the residual X chromosome was found upon high
      resolution R-banding. The DNA was analysed by Southern blotting and hybridization
      with seven cloned probes mapping in the Xp21 region where the Duchenne locus is
      thought to be located. A molecular deletion was detected with probes pERT 87.1,
      pERT 87.8, and pERT 87.15. The other probes (754, C7, 99.6, and RC8) gave a
      normal signal. The DNA alleles seen in the two parents indicated that the
      deletion found in the propositus had occurred de novo on a maternal X chromosome.

PMID- 2876952
TI  - Influence of a minor recurrent idiotype on the regulation of immune response:
      route dependence.
AB  - Sp6, a BALB/c hybridoma, produces anti-TNP IgM antibodies (AB), which carry a
      minor recurrent idiotype (ID). Despite the fact that only about 20% of BALB/c
      anti-TNP AB carry the Sp6 ID, injection of Sp6-coated spleen cells (Sp6-SC)
      significantly influenced the anti-TNP B cell response. Repeated intratrail (i.t.)
      or intravenous (i.v.) injections of Sp6-SC resulted only in a minor increase of
      the anti-TNP background response. When mice consecutively were challenged with
      TNP-horse red blood cells (HRBC), i.t. injections of Sp6-SC resulted in a 2-3
      fold increase in the number of anti-TNP plaque-forming cells (PFC), while i.v.
      injection of Sp6-SC displayed no effect on a primary anti-TNP response. But,
      after i.v. as well as i.t. application of Sp6-SC, it was not possible to obtain
      hapten-specific suppression by i.v. injection of TNP-haptenized lymphocytes. In
      vitro characterization of the underlying mechanism revealed that the helper
      effect, which only was observed after i.t. injection, was due to a Lyt-1+
      population, not adhering to Sp6-coated plates, while counterregulation of hapten
      specific suppression was found in a Lyt-2+ population, adhering to Sp6-coated
      plates. Hence, depending on the route of priming, injection of AB with a
      recurrent ID can augment the response towards the nominal antigen either directly
      via activation of helper cells or indirectly via activation of counterregulatory
      cells.

PMID- 2876954
TI  - Morphine-like effects of alpha 2 adrenergic agonists on cortical EEG in rats.

PMID- 2876955
TI  - In vitro antimicrobial effects of furazolidone & metronidazole.

PMID- 2876953
TI  - Adenosine induced production of a soluble factor affecting lymphocyte activation.
AB  - We show that a brief exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
      to adenosine or to theophylline results in a mitomycin C resistant regulatory
      activity. Adenosine induced suppression is also detectable in a lymphocyte
      subpopulation (T4+ enriched, originally described as helper inducer) resistant to
      the theophylline induced loss of capacity to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep
      erythrocytes (TTR). This activity is apparently dependent on the production of a
      soluble factor(s) since supernatants from adenosine treated TTR (SnA) exert a
      significant inhibition on the proliferative response of resting lymphocytes. On
      the contrary SnA increases the concanavalin A (ConA) preactivated lymphocytes
      proliferation. Similar results are detectable on the proliferative response in
      the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Perhaps these effects are related to
      different Interleukin 2 (Il 2) receptor expression on the cell surface of the
      resting and preactivated populations. A slow moving band corresponding to a
      protein of Mr of 64,500 and isoelectric point 7.6 is present in SnA. Only a
      slight Il 2 activity is detectable either in SnA and in control supernatant
      (SnC). These findings suggest that SnA may be a dynamic regulator of the early
      stages of lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2876956
TI  - Postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in adrenergic control of
      capacitance vessel tone in vivo.
AB  - The involvement of postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the adrenergic
      constriction of the capacitance vessels was studied in anesthetized,
      spontaneously breathing dogs under ganglionic blockade (hexamethonium, 10 mg/kg +
      10 mg/kg/hr; methylatropine, 0.5 mg/kg). Effective vascular compliance was
      measured as an indicator of venous tone (blood volume was varied by +/- 4 ml/kg
      in an 11-minute cycle of infusion, withdrawal, withdrawal, and reinfusion) and
      was calculated from the correlation between the observed changes in central
      venous pressure and the changes in blood volume. Sympathetic activity and central
      venous pressure were lower and effective vascular compliance was higher than
      values in untreated conscious dogs. The alpha 2-agonist UK 14,304 (5-bromo-6
      [imidazolin-2-ylamino]-quinoxaline; 0.04 and 0.12 micrograms/kg/min; n = 6) dose
      dependently lowered compliance and increased central venous pressure to levels
      found in conscious dogs, as did the alpha 1-agonist methoxamine (10 and 30
      micrograms/kg; n = 6). Rauwolscine (alpha 2-antagonist), 0.3 mg/kg, significantly
      attenuated the effects of UK 14,304, but not those of methoxamine, while prazosin
      (alpha 1-antagonist), 0.12 mg/kg, attenuated the effects of methoxamine, but not
      those of UK 14,304 (n = 6 each). Under beta-blockade (nadolol, 2 mg/kg; n = 12)
      venous tone was increased to about physiological levels by norepinephrine, 0.15
      micrograms/kg/min i.v., or by neuronal norepinephrine release induced by
      tyramine, 10 micrograms/kg/min i.v. These increases were significantly attenuated
      by prazosin as well as by rauwolscine and were abolished by a combination of
      both. These results indicate that postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors (in
      addition to alpha 1-adrenergic receptors) are functional in the venous system in
      vivo and contribute substantially to adrenergic sympathetic and humoral
      regulation of venous tone.

PMID- 2876957
TI  - Surface proteins of Bordetella pertussis: comparison of virulent and avirulent
      strains and effects of phenotypic modulation.
AB  - The surface proteins of several Bordetella strains and their modulated
      derivatives were examined by surface radioiodination, cell fractionation, and
      Western blotting. A surface protein with a high Mr, missing in a mutant lacking
      the filamentous hemagglutinin, was identified in virulent Bordetella pertussis
      and Bordetella parapertussis cells and was absent in avirulent B. pertussis
      strains. The electrophoretic profiles of lipopolysaccharide and the 40,000-Mr
      anion-selective porin were not determinants which correlated with phase variation
      or phenotypic modulation. At least three envelope proteins (91,000, 32,000, and
      30,000 molecular weight) were found only in virulent B. pertussis strains and
      were absent or diminished in the avirulent phase and most phenotypically
      modulated strains. Two transposon-induced mutants unable to produce hemolysin,
      dermonecrotic toxin, pertussis toxin, and filamentous hemagglutinin also lacked
      these three envelope proteins, confirming that virulence-associated envelope
      proteins were genetically regulated with other virulence-associated traits.

PMID- 2876958
TI  - Binding of Escherichia coli S fimbriae to human kidney epithelium.
AB  - Purified S fimbriae and an Escherichia coli strain carrying the recombinant
      plasmid pANN801-4 that encodes S fimbriae were tested for adhesion to frozen
      sections of human kidney. The fimbriae and the bacteria bound to the same tissue
      domains, and in both cases the binding was specifically inhibited by the receptor
      analog of S fimbria, sialyl(alpha 2-3)lactose. S fimbriae bound specifically to
      the epithelial elements in the kidneys; to the epithelial cells of proximal and
      distal tubules as well as of the collecting ducts and to the visceral and
      parietal glomerular epithelium. In addition, they bound to the vascular
      endothelium of glomeruli and of the renal interstitium. No binding to connective
      tissue elements was observed. The results suggest that the biological function of
      S fimbriae is to mediate the adhesion of E. coli to human epithelial and vascular
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2876959
TI  - Localization of binding sites for purified Escherichia coli P fimbriae in the
      human kidney.
AB  - Binding sites in the human kidney for purified P fimbriae of pyelonephritogenic
      Escherichia coli were determined. The purified KS71A (F7(1)) fimbriae bound only
      to epithelial elements of the kidney, i.e., to the apical aspect of proximal and
      distal tubular cells, as well as to the apical and cytoplasmic sites of
      collecting ducts. In addition, binding was seen at the vascular endothelium
      throughout the kidney and at the parietal epithelium of the glomeruli. The
      binding was specifically inhibited by the receptor analog of E. coli P fimbriae,
      globotriose. The binding sites identified suggested a possible pathogenetic
      mechanism for the invasion of P-fimbriated bacteria into the renal parenchyma, as
      well as for their subsequent spread into the circulatory system.

PMID- 2876960
TI  - Inability of pyrogenic, purified Bordetella pertussis lipid A to induce
      interleukin-1 release by human monocytes.
AB  - Free lipid A of Bordetella pertussis, Neisseria meningitidis, and Escherichia
      coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was prepared by hydrolysis in acetate buffer (pH
      4.5); in addition, lipid A from B. pertussis and E. coli was prepared by
      hydrolysis in mineral acid (HCl). The precipitates obtained were purified by
      extraction methods in toluene-methanol and are referred to as crude lipid A.
      Purified lipid A from N. meningitidis and B. pertussis was obtained by extraction
      in a mixture of chloroform-methanol-water-triethylamine. The different
      preparations were tested for their pyrogenicity (endogenous pyrogen; EP) and
      their capacity to trigger the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1; previously known as
      lymphocyte-activating factor; LAF) by human monocytes. Crude lipid A from E. coli
      and N. meningitidis were both IL-1 inducers. Crude B. pertussis lipid A (acetate
      buffer; pH 4.5), which contains a beta-1-6-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide, two
      phosphoryl groups, and five fatty acids, was pyrogenic and an IL-1 inducer
      (EP+/LAF+); but crude B. pertussis lipid A (0.25 N HCl), which lacked the
      glycosidic phosphoryl group, was 1,000-fold less pyrogenic than the
      diphosphorylated lipid A, yet it retained its IL-1-inducing capacity (EP-/LAF+).
      Purified N. meningitidis lipid A was not an inducer of IL-1 release and purified
      B. pertussis lipid A exhibited identical pyrogenicity as the parent LPS but was
      devoid of any IL-1-release inducing capacity (EP+/LAF-). These results
      demonstrate that for some endotoxins, purified lipid A is unable to induce IL-1
      release by human monocytes; however, it is pyrogenic, supporting the hypothesis
      that IL-1 and EP are induced by different determinants on the LPS molecule.

PMID- 2876961
TI  - Type 2 fimbrial lectin-mediated phagocytosis of oral Actinomyces spp. by
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Phagocytosis of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and A. naeslundii WVU45 by human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the absence of antibody or complement was
      mediated by the lectin associated with the type 2 fimbriae of these bacteria.
      This effect was markedly enhanced by exogenous sialidase, an enzyme also secreted
      by these actinomyces. Since sialidase treatment of the bacteria did not result in
      increased phagocytosis, this enzyme presumably acts by unmasking receptors for
      the fimbrial lectin on phagocytic cells. The viability of A. viscosus T14V, which
      possesses type 1 and type 2 fimbriae (1+ 2+), and A. naeslundii WVU45, which
      possesses only type 2 fimbriae (2+), was decreased by at least 98% following
      incubation with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of sialidase.
      Entirely analogous findings were obtained with a 1- 2+ mutant of A. viscosus
      T14V. In contrast, the phagocytosis of 1+ 2- and 1- 2- mutants of A. viscosus
      T14V and a 2- mutant of A. naeslundii WVU45 was minimal or absent. Lactose and
      beta-methylgalactoside inhibited the destruction of the bacteria, whereas
      cellobiose and alpha-methylgalactoside were ineffective. Thus, the type 2
      fimbriae of the oral actinomyces recognize galactose-containing receptors on
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes which have been exposed by the removal of sialic
      acid, an interaction that is followed by internalization and subsequent killing
      of the bacteria.

PMID- 2876963
TI  - Modulation of Actinomyces viscosus colonization of mouse teeth in vivo by
      immunization with fimbrial adhesins.
AB  - Experiments were performed to determine whether immunization of mice with
      fimbrial adhesins isolated from Actinomyces viscosus T14V could modulate
      infection of tooth surfaces in animals challenged with the homologous strain.
      Saliva and sera from animals immunized in the submandibular gland region
      contained elevated levels of fimbria-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG,
      whereas saliva and sera from sham-immunized animals did not. There was a
      statistically significant inverse correlation between the presence of fimbria
      specific antibodies in saliva and serum and the levels of bacterial colonization
      on molar tooth surfaces. These results suggest that fimbrial adhesins may
      effectively modulate infection of tooth surfaces by periodontopathic bacteria.

PMID- 2876962
TI  - Fimbria-specific antibodies in serum and saliva of mice immunized with
      Actinomyces viscosus T14V fimbriae.
AB  - Fimbria-specific antibody responses were compared in mice immunized with purified
      fimbrial adhesins in the region of the submandibular gland (i.e., local site) or
      at a remote site in the back. One hundred micrograms of fimbriae isolated from
      Actinomyces viscosus T14V was used as the vaccine. Four subcutaneous injections
      of the vaccine in the local site induced greater amounts of fimbria-specific
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum and saliva than three injections. However, there
      was no difference in the response of fimbria-specific IgA in serum and saliva.
      Fimbria-specific IgG in serum and saliva were first detected 21 days after the
      primary immunization at both the local or remote sites. Fimbria-specific IgA in
      serum was first detected 28 days after the primary immunization at both the local
      or remote sites. However, fimbria-specific IgA in saliva occurred only in mice
      immunized with the fimbrial vaccine at the local site and was first detected 14
      days after the primary immunization. Both serum and saliva from mice immunized 4
      times with the fimbrial vaccine in the local site inhibited in vitro adsorption
      of strain T14V cells to hydroxyapatite beads pretreated with normal mouse saliva,
      whereas adsorption of strain T14V cells suspended in serum and saliva from sham
      immunized animals was not inhibited. Collectively, these data suggest that mice
      immunized locally in the submandibular gland region with a vaccine composed of
      purified fimbrial adhesins provide a potential model for evaluating the efficacy
      of fimbria-specific antibodies in saliva to inhibit strain T14V colonization of
      tooth surfaces.

PMID- 2876965
TI  - Anesthetic considerations for craniotomy in awake patients.

PMID- 2876966
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay with cell suspensions: studies on reactions between serum
      antibodies and cell-surface antigens.
AB  - The following reactions of serum antibodies with cell surface antigens were
      studied by means of an enzyme immunoassay with cell suspensions: Rh antiserum
      with human red blood cells; H-2 antisera with murine red blood cells; H-2
      antisera with murine thymocytes and hepatocytes; Thy-1 antiserum with murine
      thymocytes; polyvalent and monovalent HLA alloantisera with human leukocytes and
      human mononuclear cells, and antisera of murine origin with human and marmoset
      lymphoid cell lines. In all instances, with the exception of monovalent HLA
      antisera, the assay proved to be a sensitive and highly specific procedure.

PMID- 2876964
TI  - Change in degree of type 1 piliation of Escherichia coli during experimental
      peritonitis in the mouse.
AB  - To determine whether expression of type 1 pili varies during the course of
      Escherichia coli infection in vivo, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5 X
      10(7) CFU of piliated or nonpiliated phase variants per ml, and the degree of
      piliation was measured in peritoneal exudate by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay inhibition method. In the animals challenged with the piliated bacteria,
      the numbers of organisms increased a log over 9 h and the amount of pilus antigen
      decreased from 3 to 0.075 micrograms/10 bacteria. After a 4-h delay, nonpiliated
      bacteria also increased by one log over 9 h; however, the amount of piliation
      remained virtually undetectable. Piliated E. coli were more virulent than
      nonpiliated variants in this model (50% lethal dose of 7.5 X 10(6) versus 3 X
      10(7), respectively). The difference was significantly reduced by prior passive
      immunization with rabbit serum containing high titers of antipili antibody.
      Piliated bacteria adhered in significantly greater numbers to isolated mouse
      peritoneal membranes than did nonpiliated variants (15,400 +/- 2,700 versus 1,300
      +/- 700 bacteria/mm2, respectively; P = 0.05). Adherence was inhibited by the
      presence of 0.1 M alpha methyl mannose (1,500 +/- 1,800 bacteria/mm2, P = 0.01).
      These results confirm the results of previous qualitative studies showing that
      phase variation of type 1 pili occurs in vivo and suggest that these pili may
      confer an initial advantage for growth of E. coli in the peritoneal cavity,
      presumably by fostering colonization of the peritoneal serosal surface.

PMID- 2876967
TI  - [Experimental basis of the analgesic action of tiapride in dentistry].

PMID- 2876968
TI  - A technique for simultaneous microangiographic and cytochemical investigation of
      resin-embedded tissues.
AB  - A method for simultaneous acquisition of information on cytochemical and
      microangiographic characteristics of tissue after perfusion with contrast medium
      was developed. The technique is based on the use of hydrosoluble resin as
      embedding material and is illustrated by the demonstration of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase activity and of the microcirculation in rat liver during
      chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis and experimental metastasis. The method
      is applicable to investigations aimed at correlating microangiographic and
      cytochemical characteristics of normal or altered tissues.

PMID- 2876969
TI  - Doppler test after microvascular anastomoses and evaluation of somatostatin
      administration in segmental canine pancreas autotransplantation. A preliminary
      study.
AB  - Segmental pancreatic transplantation still involves a certain number of possible
      technical complications. The experimental studies in dogs reported here evaluate
      the effectiveness of vascular microanastomoses using doppler velocimetry in two
      groups of dogs which underwent segmental pancreatic autotransplantation. One
      group was protected by intraoperative somatostatin infusion, while the other was
      kept as control. The obtained results indicate that the doppler-test revealed
      early vascular complications (2/20 animals) and that somatostatin administration
      may play a major role in the prophylaxis of pancreatitis.

PMID- 2876970
TI  - The pharmacologic management of coronary artery disease in 1986.

PMID- 2876971
TI  - Fluorine-18 labeled receptor based radiopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2876972
TI  - New forms of hereditary tyrosinemia type II in mink: hepatic tyrosine
      aminotransferase defect.

PMID- 2876973
TI  - Neurotransmitter deficits in Alzheimer's disease and in other dementing
      disorders.
AB  - The evidence for deficiencies in neurotransmitters in Alzheimer's disease is
      reviewed. Major losses occur in the subcortical afferent projection systems based
      on acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin. Within the cortex, somatostatin
      containing neurones and the large pyramidal cells, presumed to use
      glutamate/aspartate as transmitters, are the most severely damaged cells. The
      anatomical distribution of cell loss is explainable if the primary site of damage
      lies within the cortex; nerve cells are damaged by virtue of their presence
      within or their connections to this region. The senile plaque may represent the
      site of this damage and neurofibrillary tangle formation and accumulation may
      lead to cell death. In patients with Down's syndrome who live past 40 years,
      changes in transmitters apparently identical to those in Alzheimer's disease
      occur. The dementia of Parkinson's disease appears related to damage to
      cholinergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems and may reflect a failure of
      these subcortical regions to sufficiently "activate" an otherwise undamaged
      cortex.

PMID- 2876974
TI  - Neurotransmitters in the human and nonhuman primate basal ganglia.
AB  - In recent years, a number of new molecules, particularly peptides, have been
      identified as putative neurotransmitters. The basal ganglia, is especially rich
      in a number of classical transmitter molecules, amino acids and neuropeptides
      considered to function in neurotransmission. These include: the well-described
      terminal fields in the striatum which originate from the brain stem and contain
      the monoamines, dopamine and serotonin; amino acid containing axons projecting
      from the cortex and thalamus; striatal cholinergic and peptide-positive
      interneurons; and amino acid and peptide containing projection neurons to the
      globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Two amino acids, glutamate and aspartate,
      are considered to provide excitatory input to the striatum while gamma
      aminobutyric acid is thought to mediate inhibitory output. Neuropeptides which
      are richly concentrated in the basal ganglia include, enkephalin, dynorphin,
      substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and cholincystokinease. Changes in many
      of these peptide levels have recently been associated with a number of basal
      ganglia disorders.

PMID- 2876975
TI  - Transmitter systems in the primate dentate gyrus.
AB  - While the dentate gyrus is clearly the simplest of the cortical fields that
      constitute the hippocampal formation, it nonetheless occupies a pivotal position
      in the flow of information through this region. Though it has been the subject of
      anatomical study for over a century and its major connections have been known for
      almost as long, the use of newly developed histochemical and immunohistochemical
      techniques have demonstrated many new facets of its intrinsic connectivity and
      afferent innervation. These techniques have established that it is innervated by
      cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic fibers. More recent
      studies have shown that fibers and cell bodies of the dentate gyrus are
      immunoreactive for variety of neuroactive substances including the excitatory
      amino acids glutamate and aspartate, the inhibitory transmitter GABA, as well as
      peptides of many types including the opioid peptides, enkephalin and dynorphin,
      several forms of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, cholycystokinin, vasoactive
      intestinal peptide and substance P. In this review, we will briefly summarize the
      distribution of each of these putative transmitter systems within the dentate
      gyrus. The perspective emerges that the plethora of newly identified and
      chemically specific fiber systems enriches the classical understanding of the
      organization of this relatively simple cortical structure. Since there is thus
      far no evidence for the exclusion from the dentate gyrus of any class of
      transmitter bearing fiber or neuron found in the neocortex, it can be viewed as a
      relatively simple model system for studying the interactions of specific
      transmitter systems in a laminated, cortical structure.

PMID- 2876976
TI  - Anaerobic bacterial infections and response to treatment in dogs and cats: 36
      cases (1983-1985).
AB  - Anaerobic bacteria have been increasingly implicated as important pathogens in
      animals. To determine the prevalence of anaerobic bacterial infection, the
      results of anaerobic bacteriologic culture of 599 specimens obtained from dogs
      and cats hospitalized at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching
      Hospital were reviewed. Obligate anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 35% of
      properly submitted specimens; Bacteroides spp and Fusobacterium spp were the
      organisms most commonly isolated. Infections most often containing anaerobes were
      abscesses, pleuropulmonary infections, and abdominal infections. A complication
      rate of 28% was observed with anaerobic bacterial infections; failure to
      initially treat with an effective antibiotic increased the rate of recurrence of
      infection.

PMID- 2876977
TI  - Absolute neutrophilia in adult T cell leukemia.
AB  - The numbers of neutrophils and platelets and the serum calcium (Ca) levels were
      examined in 12 patients with lymphoma-type adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and 35
      patients with leukemic-type ATL. The same parameters were also studied in 17
      patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 22 patients with acute lymphocytic
      leukemia as controls. The numbers of neutrophils and the serum Ca levels were
      significantly higher in leukemic-type ATL (P less than 0.01) and lymphoma-type
      ATL (P less than 0.05) than in the controls. However, no statistically
      significant correlation between the numbers of neutrophils and the levels of
      serum Ca in ATL was observed. Thus, these two abnormal clinical features might be
      caused by different humoral factors.

PMID- 2876978
TI  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase of sheep adipose tissue: problems of the assay and
      adaptation during fetal development.
AB  - The rate of fatty acid synthesis of perirenal adipose tissue of fetal lambs
      decreased by 90% during the last month of gestation. There was also a 90%
      decrease in the activity of fatty acid synthetase during this period, but the
      activity of this enzyme exceeded lipogenic flux by a factor of 10. The activity
      of acetyl CoA carboxylase in the active state (initial activity) was very similar
      to the lipogenic flux in adipose tissue from lambs at 120 d of gestation;
      although activity decreased towards term, the decline was insufficient to account
      for the fall in rate of fatty acid synthesis. The study also shows that assay of
      acetyl CoA carboxylase in the active state of ovine adipose tissue and of caprine
      mammary gland requires the presence of citrate, thus differing from that for rat
      adipose tissue. Evidence that pyruvate carboxylase can interfere in the assay of
      acetyl CoA carboxylase also is presented.

PMID- 2876979
TI  - Evaluation of capillary gas chromatography for multicomponent drug analysis.
AB  - Capillary gas chromatography is evaluated for multicomponent drug analysis. A
      0.32 mm id X 30 m fused silica column and a 0.75 mm id X 30 m borosilicate glass
      column (both with OV-1 bonded phase) are investigated. Retention times (relative
      to caffeine) are presented for 39 drug components representing a variety of
      chemical classes and pharmacological activities. Reproducibility data are
      presented for both isothermal and programmed temperature runs on selected drug
      mixtures. Recovery data are provided for 2 multicomponent drug mixtures prepared
      to approximate over-the-counter antihistaminic and antitussive preparations.

PMID- 2876980
TI  - Colorimetric determination of C-2 unsubstituted phenothiazines, using morpholine
      and N-bromosuccinimide.
AB  - A colorimetric method for quantitative determination of 6 C-2 unsubstituted
      phenothiazine derivatives is described. The method is based on reaction of
      phenothiazine derivative with morpholine and N-bromosuccinimide reagents in
      aqueous methanol at 60 degrees C to produce a blue color. Beer's law is obeyed in
      a wide range of concentrations for all 6 compounds at 660 nm. Optimum analytical
      conditions were determined and the produced color is stable for at least 24 h.
      Analytical data for determination of the pure compounds are presented together
      with the application of the proposed method to analysis of some pharmaceutical
      preparations. The results compare favorably with those of official methods.
      Furthermore, the method is specific for intact drug in the presence of oxidative
      decomposition products. The reaction product has been isolated and identified and
      a possible reaction mechanism is suggested.

PMID- 2876981
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa--unusual presentation (an autopsy report).

PMID- 2876982
TI  - The stimulant challenge test in depression.
AB  - The psychostimulants remain controversial agents for the diagnosis and treatment
      of depression. One promising area of investigation involves the use of a brief
      trial of a stimulant to predict patient response to subsequent treatment with a
      tricyclic antidepressant. Five of 10 studies have demonstrated the predictive
      value of the stimulant challenge test in depression; however, these studies have
      varied significantly in method. Studies in which oral doses of stimulant were
      given over an extended time have demonstrated greater predictive value than
      studies using a single intravenous challenge dose. Additional factors which
      differ between studies and may affect the predictive value of the stimulant
      challenge test are identified. The literature on the neuroendocrine responses to
      stimulant administration, direct stimulant effects on mood and activity, and
      stimulant neurotransmitter effects is summarized to further understanding of
      stimulant action in relation to affective disorders.

PMID- 2876983
TI  - Protein kinase C enhances growth hormone releasing factor (1-40)-stimulated
      cyclic AMP levels in anterior pituitary. Actions of somatostatin and pertussis
      toxin.
AB  - The brain peptide human growth hormone releasing factor (1-40) (GRF), which
      stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the anterior pituitary, is the
      predominant hormone signal for pituitary growth hormone (GH) release. Activators
      of protein kinase C such as teleocidin and 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
      (PMA) double the cyclic AMP accumulation induced by GRF, with no apparent effect
      on GRF potency; an inactive 4-alpha-PMA has no such action in cultured anterior
      pituitary cells. This PMA potentiation can be measured as early as 60 s, is
      maximal by 15 min, and wanes such that by 3-4 h there is no such amplifying
      effect of PMA. PMA, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, and teleocidin ED50 values for
      potentiating GRF activity are similar to those obtained for direct protein kinase
      C activation. The major inhibitory peptide somatostatin reduced both GRF- and GRF
      + PMA-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. Pertussis toxin totally blocked this
      somatostatin action without affecting the degree of maximal GRF potentiation
      achieved with PMA. Thus, the pertussis toxin target(s) are required for
      somatostatin inhibition of the cyclic AMP generating system, but may not be
      involved in the PMA potentiation of GRF-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation.

PMID- 2876984
TI  - Inactivation of the bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase by 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyl[3H]inosine is accompanied by modification of tyrosine 345
      in a single beta subunit.
AB  - The inactivation of the bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase by 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoylinosine (FSBI) proceeds with pseudo-first order kinetics.
      The rate of inactivation increased from pH 7 to 9 revealing a pKa of about 8.2.
      When a tryptic digest of the enzyme which had been inactivated with 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyl[3H]inosine ([3H]FSBI) was submitted to reversed phase high
      pressure liquid chromatography, a single major peak of radioactivity, T1, was
      resolved. Amino acid sequence analysis of purified peptide fragments derived from
      T1 showed that the modification of beta-Tyr-345 is responsible for inactivation
      of the enzyme. Complete inactivation of the enzyme by [3H]FSBI is estimated to
      proceed with modification of 0.8 mol of beta-Tyr-345/mol of enzyme. Another
      notable observation is that inosine triphosphatase (ITPase) activity catalyzed by
      F1 from bovine heart mitochondria is much more sensitive to inactivation by 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA) than is ATPase activity. Whereas complete
      inactivation of ATPase activity by FSBA has been shown to proceed with the
      mutually exclusive modification of Tyr-368 or His-427 in all three copies of the
      beta subunit (Bullough, D. A., and Allison, W. S. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5722
      5730), it is shown here that complete inactivation of ITPase activity by FSBA is
      accompanied by modification of these residues in only one copy of the beta
      subunit. Inactivation of both the ATPase and ITPase activities of the enzyme by
      FSBI proceeds with modification of Tyr-345 in a single copy of the beta subunit.

PMID- 2876985
TI  - Mechanism of calcium potentiation of oxygen free radical injury to renal
      mitochondria. A model for post-ischemic and toxic mitochondrial damage.
AB  - With a variety of forms of ischemic and toxic tissue injury, cellular
      accumulation of Ca2+ and generation of oxygen free radicals may have adverse
      effects upon cellular and, in particular, mitochondrial membranes. Damage to
      mitochondria, resulting in impaired ATP synthesis and diminished activity of
      cellular energy-dependent processes, could contribute to cell death. In order to
      model, in vitro, conditions present post-ischemia or during toxin exposure, the
      interactions between Ca2+ and oxygen free radicals on isolated renal mitochondria
      were characterized. The oxygen free radicals were generated by hypoxanthine and
      xanthine oxidase to simulate in vitro one of the sources of oxygen free radicals
      in the early post-ischemic period in vivo. With site I substrates, pyruvate and
      malate, Ca2+ pretreatment, followed by exposure to oxygen free radicals, resulted
      in an inhibition of electron transport chain function and complete uncoupling of
      oxidative phosphorylation. These effects were partially mitigated by dibucaine, a
      phospholipase A2 inhibitor. With the site II substrate, succinate, the electron
      transport chain defect was not manifest and respiration remained partially
      coupled. The electron transport chain defect produced by Ca2+ and oxygen free
      radicals was localized to NADH CoQ reductase. Calcium and oxygen free radicals
      reduced mitochondrial ATPase activity by 55% and adenine nucleotide translocase
      activity by 65%. By contrast oxygen free radicals alone reduced ATPase activity
      by 32% and had no deleterious effects on translocase activity. Dibucaine
      partially prevented the Ca2+-dependent reduction in ATPase activity and totally
      prevented the Ca2+-dependent translocase damage observed in the presence of
      oxygen free radicals. These findings indicate that calcium potentiates oxygen
      free radical injury to mitochondria. The Ca2+-induced potentiation of oxygen free
      radical injury likely is due in part to activation of phospholipase A2. This
      detrimental interaction associated with Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria and exposure
      of the mitochondria to oxygen free radicals may explain the enhanced cellular
      injury observed during post-ischemic reperfusion.

PMID- 2876986
TI  - Evidence for the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in bovine brain
      coated vesicles.
AB  - Evidence obtained from quinuclidinylbenzilate binding determinations suggested
      that muscarinic acetylcholine receptor molecules are present in purified bovine
      brain coated vesicles. Immunoprecipitates formed from coated vesicles with
      polyclonal antibodies to clathrin bound on the surface of fixed Staphylococcus
      aureus cells also showed quinuclidinylbenzilate binding activity. The high purity
      of coated vesicles was established by assays for biochemical markers and by
      electron microscopy. Muscarinic receptor sites for quinuclidinylbenzilate binding
      to coated vesicles displayed a Kd of 25 pM and a Bmax of about 191 fmol/mg of
      protein. Binding competition experiments using atropine, N-methylscopolamine,
      oxotremorine, and carbamylcholine confirmed the typical muscarinic nature of the
      binding site. Ranking order of potency for the receptors was: atropine greater
      than N-methylscopolamine greater than oxotremorine greater than carbachol
      Analysis of data using a two-site model revealed 13% high-affinity sites for
      oxotremorine, 66% high-affinity sites for carbachol, and 62% for the antagonist N
      methylscopolamine. Heterogeneity of binding affinities for muscarinic drugs
      detected in the coated vesicles may be related to the presence of coated vesicle
      subpopulations in brain tissue, (Kohtz, D. S., Kohtz, J. D., Schook, W. J., and
      Puszkin, S. (1985) J. Cell Biol. 101, 48a; Pfeffer, S. R., and Kelly, R. B.
      (1985) Cell 40, 949-957).

PMID- 2876987
TI  - Localization of a liver transglutaminase and a large molecular weight
      transglutaminase substrate to a distinct plasma membrane domain.
AB  - Rat liver plasma membranes contain transglutaminase activity and a large
      molecular weight protein aggregate that serves as a substrate for this enzyme
      (Slife, C.W., Dorsett, M.D., Bouquett, G.T., Register, A., Taylor, E., and
      Conroy, S. (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 241, 329-336; Slife, C.W., Dorsett,
      M.D., and Tillotson, M.L. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 3451-3456). When purified
      plasma membranes were sonicated and the different plasma membrane domains were
      separated by sedimentation through a linear sucrose gradient, virtually all of
      the transglutaminase activity and the large molecular weight transglutaminase
      substrate were associated with membrane fragments which migrated to a very dense
      region of the gradient (1.18 g/cm3). The bile canalicular markers, 5'
      nucleotidase and HA-4 antigen, were predominantly found at 1.11 g/cm3, while most
      of the sinusoidal/lateral marker, CE-9 antigen, was detected at 1.14 g/cm3.
      Smooth membrane vesicles were observed chiefly at the lighter densities upon
      morphological analysis, while many filament-bearing, plasma membrane segments and
      junctional complexes were contained in the heavy transglutaminase fractions.
      These data show that the plasma membrane transglutaminase and the large molecular
      weight transglutaminase substrate are associated with a distinct region of the
      plasma membrane.

PMID- 2876988
TI  - Reconstitution of mitochondrial F0.F1-ATPase with phosphatidylcholine using the
      nonionic detergent, octylglucoside.
AB  - A reconstitution procedure has been developed for the incorporation of the
      mitochondrial F0.F1-ATPase into the bilayer of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles.
      The nonionic detergent, octylglucoside, egg phosphatidylcholine, and the lipid
      deficient, oligomycin-sensitive F0.F1-ATPase (Serrano, R., Kanner, B., and
      Racker, E. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2453-2461) were combined in a 4770:320:1
      detergent/phospholipid/protein molar ratio and then centrifuged on a
      discontinuous sucrose gradient to isolate the F0.F1-phosphatidylcholine complex.
      The specific activity of the reconstituted F0.F1-ATPase was as high as 14.5
      mumol/min/mg protein, whereas with no added lipid the activity ranged between 1.4
      and 2.2 mumol/min/mg protein. This reconstituted preparation exhibited greater
      than 90% oligomycin sensitivity which demonstrated the intactness of the
      multisubunit enzyme complex. The phosphatidylcholine/protein molar ratio of the
      reconstituted F0.F1 was 250:1 with less than 0.4% of the added octylglucoside
      remaining. Titrations with both phosphatidylcholine and octylglucoside
      demonstrated that the specific activity and oligomycin sensitivity were highly
      dependent on the concentrations of both phospholipid and detergent in the
      original reconstitution mixture. Analysis of the reconstituted ATPase by electron
      microscopy demonstrated that the catalytic portion of the enzyme complex
      projected from the phospholipid bilayer with an orientation similar to that
      observed with submitochondrial particles. The F0.F1-phosphatidylcholine complex
      was able to trap inulin, which suggests a vesicular structure impermeable to
      macromolecules. The electrophoretic mobility of the complex was identical to that
      for liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine alone. The reconstitution conditions
      utilized give rise to an enzyme-phospholipid complex with very low ionic charge
      that demonstrates high oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity.

PMID- 2876989
TI  - Effect of phospholipids on the catalytic subunits of the mitochondrial F0.F1
      ATPase.
AB  - Beef heart mitochondrial F0.F1-ATPase was reconstituted into phospholipid
      liposomes using the octylglucoside solubilization, discontinuous sucrose gradient
      centrifugation procedure described in the preceding manuscript (Laird, D., Smith
      Eble, K., and Cunningham, C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14844-14850). The
      influence of individual phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine (PC),
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG)) on the kinetic
      parameters related to ATPase activity were investigated. The specific activities
      for the PC, PE, and DPG reconstituted preparations were 9.8, 6.8, and 7.6 mumol
      of ATP hydrolyzed per min/mg of protein, respectively. The F0.F1-DPG complex
      demonstrated a 40% decrease in the Km for ATP. Both the F0.F1-PC and the F0.F1-PE
      complexes exhibited Ki values for adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate and guanyl-5'-yl
      imidodiphosphate approximately 2.5 times lower than those obtained in the absence
      of exogenous phospholipid. The F0.F1-DPG complex displayed Ki values 11.7- and
      1.8-fold lower for adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate and guanyl-5'-yl
      imidodiphosphate, respectively, as compared to the lipid-depleted enzyme. The
      phospholipids with which F0.F1 were reconstituted also influenced the ATP-induced
      decrease in the fluorescence of enzyme-associated aurovertin. The rate of the ATP
      elicited decrease in aurovertin fluorescence was accelerated in the presence of
      all three phospholipids with DPG having the most dramatic effect; the t1/2 for
      maximal decrease in aurovertin fluorescence was 4.3 s for lipid-deficient enzyme
      and 0.48 s with the F0.F1-DPG complex. The effects of phospholipids on these
      parameters associated with the catalytic center of the ATPase suggest that
      phospholipids can modulate catalytic events occurring in F1. In the intact
      mitochondrion the primary role of phospholipids may be to stabilize conformations
      of the enzyme consistent with its range of activities.

PMID- 2876990
TI  - Receptor-mediated activation of spermatozoan guanylate cyclase.
AB  - The sea urchin egg peptides speract (Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly) and
      resact (Cys-Val-Thr-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Cys-Val-Gly-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH2) bind to
      spermatozoa of the homologous species (Lytechinus pictus or Arbacia punctulata,
      respectively) and cause transient elevations of cyclic GMP concentrations
      (Hansbrough, J. R., and Garbers, D. L. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 1447-1452). The
      addition of these peptides to spermatozoan membrane preparations caused a rapid
      and dramatic (up to 25-fold) activation of guanylate cyclase. The peptide-induced
      activation of guanylate cyclase was transient, and the subsequent decline in
      enzyme activity coincided with conversion of a high Mr (phosphorylated) form of
      guanylate cyclase to a low Mr (dephosphorylated) form. When membranes were
      incubated at pH 8.0, the high Mr form was converted to the low Mr form without
      substantial changes in basal enzyme activity. However, the peptide-stimulated
      activity of the low Mr form of guanylate cyclase was much less than the peptide
      stimulated activity of the high Mr form. Activation of the low Mr form by peptide
      was not transient and persisted for at least 10 min. In addition, the pH 8.0
      treatment that caused the Mr conversion of guanylate cyclase also caused an
      increase in the peptide-binding capacity of the membranes. We propose a model in
      which activation of the membrane form of guanylate cyclase is receptor-mediated;
      the extent of enzyme activation is modulated by its phosphorylation state.

PMID- 2876991
TI  - Conformation-specific antiserum raised against subunit c of ATP synthase (F1F0)
      from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Subunit c of the membrane-integrated, proton-translocating F0 portion of the ATP
      synthase (F1F0) from Escherichia coli has been isolated under nondenaturing
      conditions (Schneider, E., and Altendorf, K. (1985) EMBO J. 4, 515-518) and
      antibodies have been raised in rabbits. The primary antisera did not recognize
      the antigen when present in the same buffer as used for the immunization.
      Surprisingly, in one of the three antisera a strong antibody binding was observed
      when intact F0, a.c complex or reconstituted subunit c was provided as the
      antigen. Incorporation of subunit c into liposomes together with subunits a and b
      forming an active, H+-translocating complex was not required for the recognition
      by the antiserum. Subunit c prepared by chloroform/methanol extraction or by
      chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was not recognized by
      the anti-c antiserum when incorporated into liposomes.

PMID- 2876993
TI  - Pertussis toxin inhibits retinoic acid-induced expression of tissue
      transglutaminase in macrophages.
AB  - Retinoic acid rapidly induces the accumulation of a specific enzyme, tissue
      transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13), in mouse macrophages. We have used the induction
      of tissue transglutaminase to study the regulation of gene expression by retinoic
      acid. In this study we report that pertussis toxin can inhibit retinoic acid
      induced expression of tissue transglutaminase in mouse resident peritoneal
      macrophages. This inhibition is paralleled by the ADP-ribosylation of 41,000
      dalton macrophage membrane protein.

PMID- 2876992
TI  - Primary structure of the Neurospora plasma membrane H+-ATPase deduced from the
      gene sequence. Homology to Na+/K+-, Ca2+-, and K+-ATPase.
AB  - The gene for the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase has been cloned and
      sequenced. The gene encodes for a protein of 920 amino acids with a molecular
      weight of 100,002. The coding region is interrupted by four introns: three near
      the amino terminus and one near the carboxyl terminus. The deduced amino acid
      sequence of the N. crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase exhibits 75% homology to the
      amino acid sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
      Also, an amino acid comparison with the Na+/K+-ATPase from sheep kidney, Ca2+
      ATPase from rabbit muscle, and K+-ATPase from Escherichia coli reveals that
      certain regions are highly conserved and suggest that these regions may serve
      essential functions which are common to the various cation-motive ATPases. This
      observation suggests that the phosphorylatable, cation-motive ATPases may
      function via a similar energy transduction mechanism.

PMID- 2876994
TI  - Characterization of transglutaminase activity in rabbit tracheal epithelial
      cells. Regulation by retinoids.
AB  - Rabbit tracheal epithelial cells undergo terminal cell division, start to express
      a squamous phenotype, and form cross-linked envelopes when reaching the plateau
      phase of the growth curve. This terminal differentiation is accompanied by a 20
      30-fold increase in the activity of the cross-linking enzyme transglutaminase.
      This activity is found almost solely in the particulate fraction of homogenized
      cells and can be solubilized by nonionic detergents. This transglutaminase
      crossreacts with a monoclonal antibody raised against type I transglutaminase,
      but does not react with an antiserum against type II transglutaminase. The
      tracheal transglutaminase contains a protein subunit of approximately 92 kDa. The
      omission of epidermal growth factor from the medium or the addition of fetal
      bovine serum, conditions that induce terminal cell division and expression of a
      squamous phenotype, enhance transglutaminase activity. High calcium
      concentrations only stimulate transglutaminase activity after the cells become
      committed to terminal cell division. Retinoids, which inhibit the expression of
      the squamous phenotype but not terminal cell division, inhibit the enhancement in
      transglutaminase activity induced by either confluency or serum, indicating that
      this enzyme activity is under the control of retinoids. Some retinoids are active
      at concentrations as low as 10(-12) M. The ability of retinoids to inhibit
      transglutaminase activity correlates well with their capacity to bind to the
      retinoic acid-binding protein. Our results show that the increase in
      transglutaminase activity correlates with the induction of the terminal
      differentiated phenotype and suggest that this enzyme can function as a marker
      for this program of differentiation of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in
      culture. Our results identify the transglutaminase as type I transglutaminase and
      are in agreement with the concept that this transglutaminase is involved in the
      formation of cross-linked envelopes.

PMID- 2876996
TI  - Calcium antagonists and sympathetic neuroeffector function.

PMID- 2876995
TI  - Nuclear genes encoding the yeast mitochondrial ATPase complex. Analysis of ATP1
      coding the F1-ATPase alpha-subunit and its assembly.
AB  - Mitochondria prepared from the yeast nuclear pet mutant N9-84 lack a detectable
      F1-ATPase activity. Genetic complementation of this mutant with a pool of yeast
      genomic DNA in the yeast Escherichia coli shuttle vector YEp13 restored its
      growth on a nonfermentable carbon source. Mitochondria prepared from the
      transformed host contained an 8-fold higher than normal level of the F1 alpha
      subunit and restored ATPase activity to 50% that of the wild-type strain.
      Deletion and nucleotide sequence analysis of the complementing DNA on the plasmid
      revealed a coding sequence designated ATP1 for a protein of 544 amino acids which
      exhibits 60 and 54% direct protein sequence homology with the proton
      translocating ATPase alpha-subunits from tobacco chloroplast and E. coli,
      respectively. In vitro expression and mitochondrial import experiments using this
      ATP1 sequence showed that additional amino-terminal sequences not present in the
      comparable plant and bacterial subunits function as transient sequences for
      import.

PMID- 2876997
TI  - [Prosthesis failures due to the weakness of soldered joints].

PMID- 2876998
TI  - [Metal migration of the elements of base alloys, in the liquid phase, during
      soldering].

PMID- 2876999
TI  - Cotranslational and posttranslational proteolytic processing of
      preprosomatostatin-I in intact islet tissue.
AB  - Preprosomatostatin-I (PPSS-I) is processed in anglerfish islets to release a 14
      residue somatostatin (SS-14). However, very little is known regarding other
      processing events that affect PPSS-I. This is the first study to identify and
      quantify the levels of nonsomatostatin products generated as a result of
      processing of this somatostatin precursor in living islet tissue. The products of
      PPSS-I processing in anglerfish islet tissue were identified in radiolabeling
      studies using a number of criteria. These criteria included immunoreactivity,
      specific radiolabeling by selected amino acids, radiolabel sequencing, and
      chromatographic comparison to isolated, structurally characterized fragments of
      anglerfish PPSS-I using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography.
      Intact prosomatostatin-I (aPSS-I) was isolated from tissue incubated with
      [3H]tryptophan and [14C]leucine. Significant 14C radioactivity was observed in
      the products of 11 of the first 44 sequencer cycles in positions consistent with
      the generation of a 96-residue prosomatostatin. These results indicate that
      signal cleavage occurs after the cysteine located 25 residues from the initiator
      Met of PPSS-I, resulting in a signal peptide 25 amino acids in length.
      Nonsomatostatin-containing fragments of the precursor were also found in tissue
      incubated with a mixture of 3H-amino acids. Only a small quantity of the
      dodecapeptide representing residues 69-80 in the prohormone was found (10 nmol/g
      tissue). Two other fragments of aPSS-I, also observed to be present in low
      abundance, were found to correspond to residues 1-27 (16 nmol/g tissue) and to
      residues 1-67 (7 nmol/g tissue) of aPSS-I. No evidence for the presence of the
      fragment corresponding to residues 29-67 was found. However, large quantities of
      SS-14 were observed (287 nmol/g tissue), indicating that the major site of aPSS-I
      cleavage is at the basic dipeptide immediately preceding SS-14. Recovery of much
      lower levels of the nonsomatostatin fragments of aPSS-I suggests that prohormone
      processing at the secondary sites identified in this study occurs at a low rate
      relative to release of SS-14 from aPSS-I.

PMID- 2877001
TI  - Stepped-care therapy for angina pectoris?

PMID- 2877002
TI  - The immunology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2877003
TI  - Radioiodination of somatostatin analogues employing Sep-Pak rapid sample
      purification and label assessment by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2877000
TI  - Microtubule polarity confers direction to pigment transport in chromatophores.
AB  - The cellular mechanisms used to direct translocating organelles are poorly
      understood. It is believed that the intrinsic structural polarity of microtubules
      may play a role in this process. We have examined the effects that differently
      oriented microtubules have upon the direction of pigment transport in surgically
      severed melanophore arms. In a previous paper (McNiven, M. A., M. Wang, and K. R.
      Porter, 1984, Cell, 37:753-765) we reported that after isolation, arms
      repolarized and reoriented their microtubules outward from their centers as if to
      form new "microcells." Pigment aggregation in these arms was toward a new focal
      point located at the arm centers. In this study we monitored pigment movement in
      isolated arms containing taxol-stabilized microtubules to test if the reversal in
      direction of pigment transport is dependent upon the repolarization of
      microtubules. We report that taxol delays both the microtubule reorientation and
      reversal in transport direction in a concentration-dependent manner. These and
      other presented data suggest that the polarity of the microtubule population
      within a melanophore confers direction on pigment transport.

PMID- 2877004
TI  - Isolation of dengue viruses by intracerebral inoculation of mosquito larvae.
AB  - The isolation of dengue viruses from clinical specimens has always posed a
      particularly difficult problem. The use of invertebrate cell cultures such as AP
      61 and C6/36 has reduced the time required for definitive diagnosis to within a
      week. More recently, inoculation of adult mosquitoes has been used but it
      requires more than a week to reach a confirmed laboratory diagnosis. We describe
      a method using intracerebral inoculation of immobilized fourth instar of
      Toxorhynchites splendens larvae for the isolation of dengue viruses from clinical
      specimens which yields results within a few days following incubation at 32
      degrees C.

PMID- 2877005
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for adherence of bacteria to animal cells.
AB  - Epithelial cells scraped from human oral mucosa and from pig intestines were
      immobilized onto the flat bottom surfaces of microtiter plates to study the
      adherence of various bacterial species to host cells. Bacterial adherence was
      quantitated either by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique with
      specific antibacterial serum as the first antibody followed by peroxidase
      conjugated second antibody or by using biotinylated bacteria and avidin
      peroxidase as the detecting agent. Unlabeled Escherichia coli and purified E.
      coli 987P fimbriae inhibited the adherence of biotinylated E. coli to immobilized
      enterocytes. The adherence of a mannose-sensitive strain of E. coli to
      immobilized oral epithelial cells was inhibited by mannose derivatives. The
      adherence of fimbriated E. coli 987P to immobilized enterocytes was approximately
      four times higher than the adherence of a nonfimbriated variant of the same
      strain. The adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to oral cells was detected in the
      range of 10 to 150 bacteria per cell and was inhibited by lipoteichoic acid and
      albumin. The data suggest that the putative receptors which bind bacteria on the
      immobilized cells retain a functional form similar to that of native cells in
      suspension. The proposed adherence assay is easy to perform, allows the detection
      of specific adherence of test bacteria, and provides objective quantitation of
      adherence with a sensitivity of 10 bacteria per cell. Most importantly, the assay
      allows the testing of many variables in the same day.

PMID- 2877006
TI  - Prevalence of enteric parasites in homosexual patients attending an outpatient
      clinic.
AB  - A total of 372 pooled stool specimens from 274 homosexual men with diarrhea were
      submitted for parasitologic examination over a 2.5-year period. Each two-vial
      pooled specimen set contained portions of stool from 3 consecutive days in
      Formalin and polyvinyl alcohol. Of the 274 patients, 133 (48.5%) harbored one or
      more intestinal protozoa, with 161 (43.3%) of the 372 specimens submitted being
      positive for one or more organisms. The parasites identified included Entamoeba
      histolytica (71 patients), Giardia lamblia (22 patients), Endolimax nana (106
      patients), Entamoeba coli (39 patients), Entamoeba hartmanni (25 patients),
      Dientamoeba fragilis (3 patients), Iodamoeba butschlii (2 patients), and
      Chilomastix mesnili (2 patients). Cryptosporidium sp. (2 patients) and Isospora
      belli (1 patient) were also detected. Results of this study support the
      experience of other workers regarding high rates of infection with intestinal
      parasites in the homosexual population and also indicate that symptomatic
      individuals belonging to this acquired immunodeficiency syndrome risk group be
      screened for both common and uncommon intestinal pathogens.

PMID- 2877007
TI  - Comparison of immunofluorescence and hemagglutination inhibition tests and enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibody in rats infected with
      hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus.
AB  - Serum antibodies against the B-1 strain of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
      (HFRS) virus in wild and experimental rats were investigated by the indirect
      immunofluorescent antibody (IF) test, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test,
      and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the newly developed ELISA,
      monoclonal antibodies to the B-1 strain were applied as coating antibody. In sera
      from wild rats, the results obtained by the ELISA agreed quite well with those
      obtained by the HI test, but some serum samples that gave a negative reaction in
      the HI test gave a positive reaction in the IF test, although their IF titers
      were very low. In serum samples from experimental rats that had been kept in an
      animal house infected with HFRS virus, a group with high titers and a group with
      low or negative titers were clearly differentiated by all the tests.

PMID- 2877009
TI  - Etiological agent and primary source of infection in 42 cases of focal
      intracranial suppuration.
AB  - The microbiological findings for 42 patients with focal intracranial suppuration
      were analyzed and correlated with the different sources of primary infection.
      Streptococcus spp. were identified in focal intracranial suppuration of all
      origins except postcraniotomy. Microaerophilic streptococci were important in
      cases secondary to respiratory tract infection and in those of unknown origin.
      Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus spp., and Bacteroides fragilis were the organisms
      most commonly found in polymicrobial otogenic abscesses. Clostridium sp. was the
      main microorganism implicated in postcraniotomy suppurations.

PMID- 2877008
TI  - Virulence characteristics of Aeromonas spp. in relation to source and biotype.
AB  - The significance of Aeromonas spp. as potential water-borne enteric pathogens in
      Tasmania, Australia, an area with a mild climate and comparatively low year-round
      water temperatures, was investigated in view of the reported marked peak of
      Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis in the summer and the apparent influence of
      temperature on levels of potentially pathogenic species in water supplies.
      Biochemical characteristics and virulence-associated properties--exotoxin
      production (hemolysin, enterotoxin), ability to grow at 43 degrees C, and
      possession of pili--were determined for 105 Tasmanian isolates of Aeromonas spp.;
      43 isolates were from clinical specimens (greater than 75% diarrhea associated)
      and 62 were from water. Current classification schemes were evaluated for these
      isolates. A. sobria comprised 35% of the clinical isolates and 16% of the water
      isolates, A. hydrophila comprised 56 and 79%, and A. caviae comprised 9 and 5%. A
      total of 42% of the clinical isolates and 15% of the environmental isolates were
      enterotoxigenic (by the suckling mouse assay); these levels were significantly
      lower than those found in warmer environments. The majority (74%) of
      enterotoxigenic isolates were A. sobria. Enterotoxin-producing isolates possessed
      three or more of the following properties. They were Voges-Proskauer positive,
      did not hydrolyze arabinose, were positive for lysine decarboxylase, were able to
      grow at 43 degrees C, and produced large amounts of hemolysin (titer, greater
      than 128). Thus, the biochemical scheme proposed by Burke et al. (V. Burke, J.
      Robinson, H.M. Atkinson, and M. Gracey, J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:48-52, 1982) for
      identifying enterotoxigenic isolates appears to have widespread applicability.
      Environmental enterotoxigenic isolates possessed numerous pili, but these
      appeared to be lost once infection was established, as a similar isolates from
      patients with diarrhea were poorly piliated.

PMID- 2877010
TI  - Lack of direct inhibition of insulin secretion by exogenous insulin in the canine
      pancreas.
AB  - To test whether insulin secretion is self-regulatory, canine pancreata were
      isolated and perfused in vitro and were infused with 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 mU/ml
      exogenous insulin. Basal and arginine-stimulated concentrations of C-peptide,
      glucagon, and somatostatin were measured. There were no significant differences
      between basal secretion nor the increment of arginine-stimulated secretion for
      each respective hormone at each exogenous insulin concentration. The second
      preparation studied was a vascularly isolated, yet innervated, in situ perfused
      pancreas. Exogenous insulin (1 mU/kg per min) was infused "systemically"; the
      pancreas received no insulin. Endogenous pancreatic insulin and C-peptide
      secretion was suppressed, while pancreatic glucagon secretion increased during
      systemic insulin infusion. No changes in pancreatic hormone secretion occurred
      after the sympathetic nerves were sectioned. These results suggest that exogenous
      insulin does not directly suppress the B cell, but can suppress insulin secretion
      through an indirect neurally mediated, insulin-dependent nerve mechanism.

PMID- 2877012
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review of the literature.
AB  - The neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) involves fever, extrapyramidal rigidity,
      and disturbances of autonomic function and consciousness. It occurs more often
      with high potency and depot forms, frequently 3 to 9 days after initiation and
      sometimes years later, and is not related to dose or previous exposure. About 40%
      of cases had evidence of an affective disorder. NMS apparently results from
      deficient compensatory mechanisms following blockade of dopaminergic regulation
      of muscle tone and autonomic function. Possible indicators of vulnerability and
      various treatments are discussed. Neuroleptic challenge resulted in recurrence of
      symptoms in about one third of cases. Symptoms sometimes subsided despite
      continued treatment. Early diagnosis and effective treatment have reduced the
      risk of such challenge.

PMID- 2877011
TI  - Infection of human T lymphotropic virus-I-specific immune T cell clones by human
      T lymphotropic virus-I.
AB  - Human T lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I)-specific T cell lines were established and
      cloned. K5, an OKT8+ clone bearing multiple proviral integration sites, retained
      its HTLV-I-specific cytotoxicity and a normal dependence on interleukin 2 (IL-2),
      indicating that there is a finite number of transforming integration sites. R2,
      an OKT4+ HTLV-I-infected clone, initially mounted a proliferative response to
      HTLV-I; but then its IL-2-independent proliferation increased and the antigen
      specificity was lost. All HTLV-I-infected clones tested including K7, another
      OKT8+ transformed cytotoxic clone that had lost its reactivity, expressed
      comparable levels of T cell receptor beta-chain (TCR-beta) messenger (m)RNA.
      Although clones K5 and K7 had different functional properties, they had the same
      rearrangement of the TCR-beta gene, suggesting that they had the same clonal
      origin. These data indicate that HTLV-I-specific T cells retain their immune
      reactivity for variable periods of time following infection, but then usually
      lose it; in some cases, however, no alteration in function can be detected. The
      data also suggest that different consequences can take place in the same clone
      depending on the pattern of retroviral infection.

PMID- 2877013
TI  - Occurrence of human T cell lymphotropic virus (type I) antibodies in cutaneous T
      cell lymphoma.
AB  - Of 315 patients from Scandinavia and West Germany with cutaneous T cell lymphoma,
      thirty-six (11.4%) had specific antibodies reactive against human T cell
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Among the HTLV-I antibody-positive patients,
      one had Sezary syndrome; five, mycosis fungoides, plaque stage; sixteen, mycosis
      fungoides, plaque stage with nondiagnostic histologic features; and three,
      lymphomatoid papulosis. All the patients from the Copenhagen area had several
      samples taken during the course of their disease, but the HTLV-I antibody titer
      was unaltered independent of the clinical stage the individual patient had at the
      time of the study. Eighty-three patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were tested
      for HTLV-I antibodies, and all except two showed negative results. The finding of
      specific antibodies reactive against HTLV-I in cutaneous T cell lymphoma suggests
      that a retrovirus related to HTLV-I plays an important role in the pathogenesis
      of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2877014
TI  - Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated with hepatitis B surface antigen.
AB  - The finding of hepatitis B surface antigen in systemic polyarteritis nodosa is
      well recognized. We described a case of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated
      with hepatitis antigenemia and a medium-sized vessel vasculitis on skin biopsy,
      with no evidence of systemic involvement.

PMID- 2877015
TI  - Therapeutic consequences of drug interactions with theophylline pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Elimination of theophylline from the body occurs mainly (approximately 90%) by
      biotransformation, followed by excretion of the metabolites. Consequently, drugs
      affecting microsomal enzyme systems in the liver may alter the elimination of
      theophylline. Since theophylline has a rather narrow therapeutic window, dose
      adjustment might be necessary. Of the sympathomimetics, isoproterenol reduces
      theophylline clearance by 25%, but metaproterenol and terbutaline do not. Of the
      antibiotics, erythromycin and troleandomycin decrease theophylline clearance by
      25% and 50%, respectively. No effect was observed with tetracycline, doxycycline,
      amoxicillin, cefaclor, and co-trimoxazole. On the other hand, rifampin
      (antituberculotic agent) increases theophylline clearance by 30%. Corticosteroids
      (hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and prednisone) do not affect theophylline
      kinetics. Influenza vaccination also has no influence. The antiulcerative agent
      (H2 antagonist) cimetidine decreases theophylline clearance by 30%, but the agent
      ranitidine does not have any effect. Oral contraceptives may decrease
      theophylline elimination by 30%. Barbiturates and phenytoin may enhance
      theophylline clearance substantially (up to 75%). If an interaction is expected,
      careful monitoring of theophylline plasma concentrations is required to optimize
      the dose.

PMID- 2877016
TI  - Overview of effects of theophylline.
AB  - Ever since xanthines were introduced into asthma therapy, more than 125 years
      ago, their therapeutic effectiveness has been explained as being due to
      extrapulmonary rather than, or in addition to, pulmonary drug actions. This
      article emphasizes that theophylline may have several potentially important
      effects in the lung. Theophylline relaxes the smooth muscle of large and small
      airways in humans and animals. Its relaxant effect is relatively independent of
      the type of mediator that constricts the airway. This suggests that functional
      antagonism, rather than specific pharmacologic mediator antagonism (e.g.,
      adenosine antagonism), explains its bronchodilator effect. The consistent
      relaxant property of such xanthines as theophylline distinguishes these compounds
      from many other classes of established and experimental bronchodilator agents.
      Furthermore, many anti-inflammatory effects have been noted, suggesting that
      xanthines might be considered as prophylactic agents. Theophylline may not only
      attenuate the activity of stationary and blood-borne pulmonary inflammatory
      cells; it may also exert an anti-inflammatory action by directly affecting
      targets such as the epithelial lining (increasing the mucociliary transport rate)
      and the microvasculature (possibly reducing plasma exudation). The experimental
      anti-inflammatory pharmacology of theophylline is compatible with the observation
      that theophylline inhibits late pulmonary reactions in patients with atopic
      asthma and in sensitized animals challenged with allergen. The mechanism(s) of
      action behind the pulmonary actions of theophylline has not been assessed
      (neither phosphodiesterase inhibition nor adenosine antagonism may be involved).
      Central nervous system, gastroesophageal, renal, and metabolic actions of
      theophylline are briefly reviewed. Headache, nausea, and the relaxation of the
      lower esophageal sphincter can perhaps be classified as nonexcitatory and
      inhibitory effects in which the mechanism(s) of action is unknown.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877017
TI  - Theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Although prolonged use of maintenance theophylline therapy in chronic obstructive
      lung disease remains controversial, evidence from well-designed studies indicates
      that it produces patient improvement as gauged by both objective and subjective
      measurements. An important reason to use sustained-release theophylline is to
      prevent episodes of bronchospasm by providing a smooth around-the-clock
      bronchodilator effect and thus reducing the need for periodic aerosolized beta
      agonists. Theophylline also increases diaphragmatic contractility and endurance,
      although there is disagreement concerning the practical clinical significance of
      this effect. The drug improves cardiovascular function by increasing myocardial
      contractility and by reducing pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances. The
      increased central respiratory drive produced by theophylline may be important in
      reducing the ventilatory depressant effects of oxygen therapy. The drug also acts
      to inhibit mediator release and improves several aspects of mucociliary function,
      although, again, the clinical significance of these actions has not been
      established.

PMID- 2877018
TI  - Adverse effects of theophylline-beta agonist interactions.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic agonists, when administered alone or concomitantly with
      methylxanthines are capable of producing lesions of myocardial necrosis and an
      increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in several species of animals. These
      drugs, including "beta 2-specific" agonists, also have the potential to produce
      adverse cardiovascular effects when used clinically. In addition, beta agonists
      and methylxanthines can interact to potentiate or lessen effectiveness and
      theoretically increase the risk to the patient. As a result, the extent to which
      the concomitant administration of these drugs may contribute to adverse clinical
      effects needs further clarification.

PMID- 2877019
TI  - Investigation of catecholamine effects on stomach and duodenum motor functions in
      unanaesthetized dogs.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of catecholamines on
      motility of stomach and intestine in chronic experiments on dogs with fistulas in
      stomach and duodenum. The contractions of stomach and duodenum were registered by
      a balloon method. It was established that i.v. adrenaline and noradrenaline
      injections in dogs with intact vagi inhibited food-induced motility in stomach
      and duodenum and did not produce contractions in the empty and quiescent
      gastrointestinal tract. Beta-adrenoagonist isoprenaline on the contrary produced
      stomach and duodenum contractions in fed dogs during the quiescent period. In fed
      dogs isoprenaline caused a 3-phasic reaction: a phase of primary short-term
      suppression of stomach and duodenum motility, a phase of motility increase and a
      phase of secondary suppression of stomach and duodenum motility. The contractions
      evoked by isoprenaline in the stomach resemble in amplitude and shape, periodical
      activities which are typical for fasting dogs. Vagotomy intensified isoprenaline
      motor effects in hungry and fed dogs and eliminated the phase of primary
      suppression in fed dogs. The isoprenaline effects were blocked by propranolol,
      but not by phentolamine. They were decreased more effectively in the stomach by
      atropine and by hexomethonium in the duodenum.

PMID- 2877020
TI  - Autonomic nervous control of the endocrine secretion from the isolated, perfused
      pig pancreas.
AB  - The effect of electrical stimulation of the splanchnic and the vagus nerve supply
      to isolated, perfused pig pancreas on the secretion of insulin, glucagon and
      pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was investigated. Functional integrity of the
      autonomic nerve supply was assessed by the effect of nerve stimulation on
      vascular resistance and exocrine secretion. Splanchnic nerve stimulation
      increased glucagon and PP output (2 to 3-fold) and inhibited insulin output (by
      42%). Propranolol abolished the effect on PP and glucagon secretion, but did not
      affect the inhibition of insulin secretion. Phenoxybenzamine abolished the
      inhibition of insulin secretion, reduced the effect on glucagon secretion and
      enhanced the effect on pancreatic polypeptide secretion. Combined alpha- and beta
      adrenergic blockade abolished all effects of splanchnic nerve stimulation. Vagus
      nerve stimulation increased the secretion of all 3 hormones (PP: up to 30-fold,
      insulin and glucagon: 3 to 5-fold). The effect on insulin and PP-secretion was
      mimicked by acetylcholine at 10(-7)-10(-6) M, whereas glucagon secretion was
      inhibited. The effect of vagus nerve stimulation on insulin and PP secretion was
      augmented by physostigmine, and inhibited (but not abolished) by atropine at 10(
      7)-10(-6) M. The effect on glucagon secretion was inhibited by physostigmine and
      unaffected by atropine. It is concluded that all of the effects of splanchnic
      nerve stimulation on insulin and PP secretion can be explained by interactions of
      norepinephrine with excitatory beta-receptors on PP-cells and inhibitory
      receptors on the insulin cells. Both cell types are also stimulated via
      muscarinic cholinoceptors, but the partial atropine resistance suggests that
      other transmitters participate in vagal activation. The nervous regulation of
      glucagon secretion is complex and may involve the peptidergic innervation of the
      pancreatic islets.

PMID- 2877021
TI  - Video-enhanced technique for detecting neurophysin, enkephalin, and somatostatin
      immunoreactivity in ultrathin sections of cat median eminence.
AB  - A freeze-drying technique using epoxy-embedded ultrathin serial sections permits
      critical comparisons of neuropeptides in small fibers and varicosities of the
      nervous system by video-enhanced, light microscopic immunofluorescence. The
      desirability of the method was documented by data showing: retention of
      radioimmunoassayable somatostatin in freeze-substituted blocks of tissue as
      compared to its loss in tissue dehydrated in an alcohol series; feasibility of
      OsO4 vapor fixation of freeze-dried tissue and compatibility with neuropeptide
      immunocytochemistry, and utility of a silicon-intensified-tube video camera for
      recording low levels of fluorescence from ultrathin sections. Ultrathin serial
      sections, 150 nm thick, from the inner zone of freeze-dried median eminence of
      the cat revealed three populations of axons containing various combinations of
      neurophysin immunoreactivity and enkephalin immunoreactivity. Some elements
      contained neurophysin immunoreactivity alone, some contained both neurophysin
      immunoreactivity and enkephalin immunoreactivity, and a few elements contained
      enkephalin immunoreactivity alone. The adjacent external zone of the median
      eminence contained immunoreactivity for all three substances, but the structures
      in this region were too small to permit demonstration of coexistence in 150 nm
      thick sections.

PMID- 2877022
TI  - The use of gold-substituted silver-intensified diaminobenzidine (DAB) and non
      intensified DAB for simultaneous electron microscopic immunoperoxidase labeling
      of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the
      rat medial preoptic area.
AB  - An improved gold-substituted silver intensification procedure for the peroxidase
      diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction product was developed. The method was applied in
      the rat medial preoptic area to label tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive
      profiles. Following the gold toning, the same sections were immunostained for
      glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity with non-intensified
      peroxidase-DAB. Single DAB-labeled GAD axons were found in symmetric synaptic
      connection with unlabeled dendrites as well as with gold-toned immunoperoxidase
      containing TH neurons.

PMID- 2877023
TI  - DARPP-32 in the ciliary epithelium of the eye: a neurotransmitter-regulated
      phosphoprotein of brain localizes to secretory cells.
AB  - DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein enriched in dopaminoceptive brain neurons containing
      the D-1 receptor subtype, probably functions as an intracellular third messenger
      to mediate some of the physiological effects of dopamine at the D-1 receptor. By
      immunohistochemistry in rat, cat, Rhesus monkey, and human, we have localized
      DARPP-32 to the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, the innermost layer
      of the bi-layered epithelium responsible for secretion of aqueous humor into the
      eye. The immunoreactive protein in rat ciliary body, identified by immunolabeling
      of a ciliary body extract separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, is indistinguishable from DARPP-32 derived from rat
      caudatoputamen. By analogy with brain, we propose that DARPP-32 may act as a
      third messenger in the ciliary epithelium, probably through a dopaminergic
      mechanism.

PMID- 2877024
TI  - Nonspecific immunocytochemical reactions with certain neurohormonal peptides and
      basic peptide sequences.
AB  - Immunocytochemical staining experiments on filter paper or nitrocellulose models
      reveal that many, but not all, neurohormonal peptides, as well as poly-L-lysine,
      strongly bind a number of labeled reporter molecules, including colloidal gold-
      or peroxidase-labeled IgG, protein A, streptavidin, and albumin. Peptides
      displaying this type of (nonspecific) binding are basic; they include ACTH, VIP,
      opioid peptides, and poly-L-lysine. Pre-absorption of labeled probes with excess
      ACTH[1-24] or poly-L-lysine abolishes or greatly reduces binding not only to the
      homologous but also to the heterologous peptides tested. A number of cell types
      previously reported to display nonspecific immunoglobulin binding contain one or
      several of the basic neurohormonal peptides shown to display nonspecific
      absorption of labeled IgG, protein A, streptavidin, and albumin. This nonspecific
      absorption is reversed neither by high salt nor high pH conditions, nor by a
      number of detergents and blocking proteins. One dynorphin antiserum also displays
      nonspecific binding to the peptides as well as to pancreatic glucagon cells, and
      this nonspecific staining can be blocked by basic peptide pre-absorption (whether
      homologous or heterologous). These results suggest a need for caution when
      immunocytochemical studies of a number of basic polypeptides are interpreted, and
      also suggest the inclusion of novel control procedures in immunocytochemistry.

PMID- 2877025
TI  - Comparative study on the immunogenic properties of Clostridium perfringens type A
      toxoid.
AB  - The paper presents the results of a study on the immunogenic properties of toxoid
      preparations from Cl. perfringens type A obtained using the routine method of
      detoxifying alpha = toxin in the culture medium (commercial preparations) and by
      means of detoxifying a previously purified alpha = toxin (experimental
      preparations). When tested in immunized guinea pigs, the immunogenicity of
      experimental preparations was found to be 4.5 to 6 times that of commercial
      preparations. In mice, there was no difference in the immunogenic properties of
      the two types of preparations as determined by the ED30 of the antigen and the
      serum levels of Cl. perfringens antitoxin. The possibility is discussed of using
      the guinea pig as a laboratory animal model due to its ability to reflect most
      clearly the differences in the immunogenicity of Cl. perfringens type A toxoid
      preparations.

PMID- 2877026
TI  - Second messenger role of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in interferon-gamma
      production.

PMID- 2877027
TI  - Stimulatory effects of retinoic acid on macrophage interaction with blood forms
      of Trypanosoma cruzi: involvement of transglutaminase activity.
AB  - The effects of retinoic acid (RA; vitamin A acid) on macrophage function were
      investigated by measuring the capacities of mouse peritoneal macrophages to
      associate with (i.e., bind and internalize) and kill the unicellular parasite
      Trypanosoma cruzi. The presence of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M RA in co-cultures of
      macrophages and blood forms of the parasite markedly increased their interaction
      as evidenced by significant increases in both the percentage of phagocytes
      associating with parasites and the average number of parasites per 100 cells. A
      similar effect was produced when either the macrophages or the trypanosomes were
      pretreated with RA, suggesting that both cell types could contribute to the noted
      effect. Although RA might have enhanced parasite-macrophage association by
      binding to both, its ability to stimulate phagocytosis was independently
      evidenced by a significant increase in the uptake of latex particles. RA-treated
      macrophages also took up larger numbers of dead T cruzi, denoting that parasite
      viability (i.e., infectivity) was not necessary for the production of the RA
      effect. The minimum pretreatment time for RA to significantly stimulate
      macrophage association with T. cruzi was 30 min, although a 45-min pretreatment
      was necessary for a maximal effect to be seen under our experimental conditions.
      The RA effect was reversible because, once optimally induced, it remained
      demonstrable for only 30 to 60 min after removal of the reagent; however, the
      effect persisted for at least 3 hr if RA was not removed. Transglutaminase
      activity appeared to be involved in the RA effect, because the latter was
      abrogated when the macrophages were treated with RA in the presence of cystamine,
      methylamine, or monodansylcadaverine, all of which inhibit transglutaminase
      activity by different mechanisms. RA also increased the capacity of macrophages
      to kill parasites internalized before the treatment. This cytotoxic capacity was
      inhibited by catalase, indicating that H2O2 played a role in the killing
      mechanism. RA treatment significantly increased the proportion of macrophages
      capable of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium. The present results indicated that RA
      was capable of activating macrophages, leading to greater uptake and killing of a
      protozoan parasite.

PMID- 2877028
TI  - Assessment of multi-organ system engraftment by genotypic typing using
      restriction fragment-length polymorphisms and by phenotypic typing using a
      microcytotoxicity assay.
AB  - We report the first application of Southern blotting techniques for the
      quantitative assessment of the donor or host origin of cell populations present
      in recipients of allogeneic or sex-mismatched syngeneic murine donor marrow
      grafts. The sensitivity of this assay system was noted to 1 to 5% for detection
      of a minor cell population by using cDNA probes that hybridize to single-copy
      sequences in the murine genome. The use of probes that generate distinguishing
      autoradiographic patterns due to strain-specific genomic sequence variations
      obviates the need for retroviral vector transfections (which potentially skew
      engraftment quantitation). Southern blotting analysis has provided definitive
      engraftment data in multiple cell populations isolated from both short-term and
      long-term allogeneic and syngeneic radiation chimeras. In contrast, H-2 typing in
      a microcytotoxicity assay, a standard typing technique for allogeneic murine
      donor cell engraftment, was noted to be less sensitive than Southern blotting.
      This occurred particularly in selected cell populations, in ill-appearing
      recipients, and in the early post-BMT period. Furthermore, because H-2 typing is
      a phenotypic assay, the results may be substantially influenced by the passive
      cell surface acquisition of host H-2 antigens, a process that is not evident with
      the use of genotyping techniques. Our results establish the superiority of
      Southern blotting techniques for the quantitation of donor cell engraftment and
      demonstrate the potential of this methodology when low-level detection of
      engrafted donor or residual host cells is of critical physiologic importance.

PMID- 2877029
TI  - Depletion of cutaneous glutathione and the induction of inflammation by 8
      methoxypsoralen plus UVA radiation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the dose response and time course
      relationships between PUVA (psoralen + UVA) depletion of skin glutathione (GSH)
      and the induction of inflammation. Dorsal skin fold thickness (DSFT), an index of
      cutaneous edema, was used as a noninvasive measure of inflammation. Ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC) was used as a measure of epidermal damage. Female hairless
      mice were given 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) (dissolved in corn oil) by gavage at
      different doses, and 2 h later the mice were irradiated with 5 J/cm2 UVA. At 24
      h, DSFT measurements were taken, the mice were killed, and reduced GSH,
      glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and glutathione-S-transferase were measured in the
      epidermis and dermis. Epidermal GSH was depleted 0, 11, 45, 87, and 98% from
      vehicle and/or UVA-treated levels (0.7 mM) after 0.1, 0.5, 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg,
      respectively. In the dermis GSH decreased from 0.3 mM by 47, 87, and 91% after 5,
      25, and 50 mg/kg 8-MOP, respectively. Increases in DSFT of 20, 141, and 242% were
      observed after 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. GSSG accounted for a
      small portion of total GSH in the skin after PUVA treatment. The maximal
      decreases in GSH were not observed until 24-48 h after PUVA treatment. PUVA
      treatment leads to dose-related increases in dermal edema, epidermal ODC, and
      depletion of GSH levels from both compartments in the skin. The time course of
      glutathione loss suggests that PUVA may interfere with its resynthesis or
      utilization from the circulation.

PMID- 2877030
TI  - An erythematous maculopapular eruption in macaques infected with an HTLV-III-like
      virus (STLV-III).
AB  - A cutaneous maculopapular eruption has been previously described in humans
      infected with HTLV-III/LAV, the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome. In this study, rhesus monkeys were prospectively examined after
      infection with an HTLV-III-like virus (STLV-III) to ascertain the incidence and
      clinical course of gross and histologic alterations of the skin. Between 1-3
      weeks after inoculation, 83% of infected animals developed a transient cutaneous
      maculopapular eruption of the face, groin, and trunk. Histologically, the
      affected skin was characterized by a superficial perivascular infiltrate of
      mononuclear cells with associated endothelial cell hypertrophy and degeneration.
      This eruption preceded opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and other overt
      clinical signs commonly associated with an immunodeficiency syndrome. The
      findings suggest that STLV-III infection in the rhesus monkey closely simulates
      that which occurs in HTLV-III-infected individuals, and that the skin may
      represent a site of altered immunoregulation early in the course of this disease.

PMID- 2877031
TI  - Intrafamilial transmission of adult T cell leukemia virus.
AB  - In an investigation of the mode of transmission of adult T cell leukemia virus
      (ATLV) in family settings, 275 male and 444 female subjects positive for antibody
      to ATLV-associated antigen (anti-ATLA) were studied. Their children were surveyed
      for anti-ATLA status. None of the 82 children of a positive father and a negative
      mother were positive for anti-ATLA. In contrast, the antibody prevalence among
      children with a positive mother and a positive or negative father was 27.9% and
      19.9%, respectively. Of 39 parents who had one or more anti-ATLA-positive
      children less than 20 years old, 56.3% of the fathers and 97.1% of the mothers
      were anti-ATLA positive. Algorithm computation showed the possibility of ATLV
      transmission from husband to wife to be 60.8% and from wife to husband to be 0.4%
      over a 10-year period. These data suggest that ATLV is transmitted from mother to
      child and from husband to wife in family settings.

PMID- 2877032
TI  - Unsuccessful use of praziquantel to treat acute fascioliasis in children.

PMID- 2877033
TI  - Basics of opioid analgesic pharmacodynamics.

PMID- 2877034
TI  - Unavailability of narcotic analgesics for ambulatory cancer patients in New York
      City.

PMID- 2877035
TI  - Narcotic analgesics: fears and responsibilities.

PMID- 2877036
TI  - Spinal opioid analgesics and local anesthetics in the management of chronic
      cancer pain.

PMID- 2877037
TI  - [Familial accumulation of anti-ATLA antibodies in an non-endemic area].

PMID- 2877038
TI  - [Clinical features, laboratory data and anti-viral antibody titers in a severe
      case of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)--a one-month course from
      onset].

PMID- 2877039
TI  - Neurological manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - This article provides an overview of the range of neurological manifestations
      that have been described in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection. The transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the
      precautions personnel must take when having contact with patients with AIDS are
      briefly reviewed. The nursing approach to the neurologically impaired victim of
      HIV infection is discussed.

PMID- 2877040
TI  - Anesthesiology in the 21st century: analgesic, sedative and anesthetic focusing.
AB  - The specialty of anesthesiology is on the verge of a major technological
      evolution (revolution) which will utilize the computative and logic powers of the
      computer as well as the recent and rapid advances in magnetic imaging and laser
      and drug receptor technology to introduce the concept of anesthetic drug focusing
      by the beginning of the next century. This will result in the need for only a few
      molecules of future anesthetic compounds because they will only be necessary at a
      limited number of receptors in a few neurons or nuclei in the brain and/or spinal
      cord. Analgesic, sedative and anesthetic action may not be dependent on any drug
      but rather be produced solely by a wave form or energy source focused via a
      computer on the appropriate receptors in the brain, spinal cord or peripheral
      nerves. Anesthetic drug focusing will enable anesthetic depth to be ideal,
      anesthetic action to be localized to only those cells, tissues or organs where it
      is desired and anesthetic onset and termination to be measured in micro-seconds.

PMID- 2877041
TI  - Serine proteases stimulate mucous glycoprotein release from hamster tracheal ring
      organ culture.
AB  - The effects of several neurohumoral agents and serine proteases on glycoconjugate
      release from hamster tracheal organ cultures were assessed. The beta-adrenergic
      agonist isoproterenol inhibited glycoconjugate release, and its effect was
      abolished by the specific beta-blocking agent propranolol. A cholinergic agonist,
      pilocarpine, marginally increased glycoconjugate release, and its effect was
      abolished by the antagonist atropine. Human neutrophil elastase and porcine
      pancreatic trypsin consistently increased glycoconjugate release by 1.8 to 2.8
      fold. When the proteases were inactivated, they were no longer effective in
      stimulating glycoconjugate release. Histologic and electron microscopic analysis
      of the protease-treated organ cultures revealed no discernible toxic reaction. In
      addition, organ cultures prelabeled with chromium 51 did not release an increased
      amount of radioactivity when treated with the proteases. Biochemical analysis of
      the glycoconjugates released into the culture medium showed them to be of high
      molecular weight (90% eluted in the void volume of a Sepharose 6B column) and to
      be resistant to digestion with hyaluronidase and heparinase, properties
      consistent with mucous glycoproteins. The mechanism of protease-induced
      glycoconjugate release is unknown. We speculate that stimulation of airway
      secretory cells by serine proteases of neutrophilic or other inflammatory cell
      origin may play a role in the increased airway secretion that is characteristic
      of acute tracheobronchitis.

PMID- 2877042
TI  - Reaffirmation of the validity of enzymatic cleavage of lithocholic acid from N
      epsilon-lithocholyl-L-lysine and N-alpha-CBZ-N-epsilon-lithocholyl-L-lysine.
AB  - N-epsilon-lithocholyl-L-lysine or N-alpha-CBZ-N-epsilon-lithocholyl-L-lysine when
      incubated overnight at 37 degrees C with 3 K units of clostridial
      cholanoylaminoacid hydrolase (from Clostridium perfringens ATCC 19574) in the
      presence of disodium EDTA (0.1 M), beta-mercaptoethanol (0.1 M), and sodium
      acetate buffer, pH 5.6, released free lithocholic acid. The latter material was
      isolated by thin-layer chromatography and identified by combined gas-liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry in the full scan and selected-ion mode. In order
      to maintain its activity, the enzyme was always stored in 1.0-ml aliquots at
      temperatures below -20 degrees C and each aliquot when thawed was used
      immediately; any left over enzyme was never reused. Contrary to the observations
      of Yanagisawa et al. (J. Lipid Res. 1984. 25: 1263-1271) the results of this
      study reaffirm the validity of the original observations on the enzymatic
      cleavage of lithocholic acid from tissue-bound form.

PMID- 2877043
TI  - [Hemodynamic study, under hot and cold conditions, of the digital artery in
      arterial hypertension and the effects of cardioselective and non-cardioselective
      beta blocker treatment].
AB  - The finger systolic pressure of 25 healthy subjects and 23 hypertensives was
      studied by plethysmography at 30 degrees, 15 degrees and 10 degrees centigrade.
      The hypertensive group was given equipotent doses of either Metoprolol or
      Propranolol in accordance with a double-blind cross-over protocol including a
      washout period. The fall in systolic pressure between the brachial artery in the
      upper arm and the digital artery was significantly increased in the hypertensive
      group as compared to healthy controls; the rise persisted under hot and hyperemic
      conditions and remained constant during both betablocker treatments. In the
      hypertensive group digital arterial tone increased under cold conditions before
      any treatment; this abnormality did not vary under Metoprolol but intensified
      significantly under Propranolol. Finger plethysmography made it possible to show
      and quantify the peripheral vascular repercussions of hypertension on the digital
      artery and evaluate the changes induced by treatments. It also helps to clarify
      the physiopathology of certain side effects caused by betablockers and might to
      some extent help in the choice and the survey of treatment and in the subsequent
      follow-up.

PMID- 2877044
TI  - [Microangiopathy and arterial hypertension in scleroderma and periarteritis
      nodosa].
AB  - The mechanisms of blood pressure regulation in periarteritis nodosa and systemic
      sclerodermia are discussed in the light of results of personal studies.
      Hypertension during PAN may be divided into two groups: hypertension related to
      renal microangiopathy responsible for stimulation of the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system which often runs a severe course, sometimes accompanied by
      renal insufficiency and requiring treatment with beta-blocking agents or
      angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitors; secondly, hypertension may not be
      linked to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the prognosis is then
      better. In systemic sclerodermia, a similar pattern may be found but it would
      also seem that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be stimulated in the
      absence of any hypertension. This rise in plasma renin activity and aldosterone
      preceding the onset of an acute sclerodermic renal episode has a very poor
      prognosis. Corticosteroid therapy may favour such a process. Other regulation
      mechanisms are also discussed: prostaglandins, bradykinin system.

PMID- 2877045
TI  - Seasonal variations in cryptorchidism.
AB  - The month of birth of boys undergoing orchidopexy in the Oxfordshire Health
      District during the years 1974-83 was analysed. A significant seasonal variation
      with a peak in April was found for those boys operated upon by paediatric
      surgeons at a young age (0-4). Possible causes of this variation and its
      relationship to the aetiology of cryptorchidism are discussed.

PMID- 2877046
TI  - Analysis of multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the gene for
      the human complement receptor type I. Duplication of genomic sequences occurs in
      association with a high molecular mass receptor allotype.
AB  - Human CR1 exhibits an unusual form of polymorphism in which allotypic variants
      differ in the molecular weight of their respective polypeptide chains. To address
      mechanisms involved in the generation of the CR1 allotypes, DNA from individuals
      having the F allotype (250,000 Mr), the S allotype (290,000 Mr), and the F'
      allotype (210,000 Mr) was digested by restriction enzymes, and Southern blots
      were hybridized with CR1 cDNA and genomic probes. With the use of Bam HI and Sac
      I, an additional restriction fragment was observed in 20 of 21 individuals having
      the S allotype with no associated loss of other restriction fragments. Southern
      blot analysis with a noncoding genomic probe derived from the S allotype-specific
      Bam HI fragment showed hybridization to this fragment and to two other fragments
      that were also present in FF individuals. Thus, an intervening sequence may be
      repeated twice in the F allele and three times in the S allele. A restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) unique to two individuals expressing the F'
      allotype was seen with Eco RV, but the absence of persons homozygous for this
      rare allotype prevented further comparisons with the F and S allotypes. Analysis
      of the CR1 transcripts associated with the three CR1 allotypes indicated that
      these differed by 1.3-1.5 kb and had the same rank order as the corresponding
      allotypes. Taken together, these findings suggest that the S allele was generated
      from the F allele by the acquisition of additional sequences, the coding portion
      of which may correspond to a long homologous repeat of approximately 1.4 kb that
      has been identified in CR1 cDNA. We saw two other RFLPs with Hind III and Pvu II
      that were in linkage dysequilibrium with the Bam HI-Sac I RFLPs associated with
      the S allotype, and a third polymorphism was seen with Eco RI that was not in
      linkage dysequilibrium with the other polymorphisms. Thus, 10 commonly occurring
      CR1 alleles can be defined, making this locus a useful marker for the long arm of
      chromosome 1 to which the CR1 gene maps.

PMID- 2877047
TI  - pIN32: a cointegrate plasmid with IncHI2 and IncFII components.
AB  - An Enterobacter cloacae strain isolated from the faeces of a child with diarrhoea
      in Indonesia contained a transferable 216 MDa plasmid, pIN32, exhibiting IncHI2
      phenotypic characters, including temperature sensitivity of transfer and the
      expression of H serotype pili at a repressed level. A derivative plasmid (pIN32
      1), which had lost the IncHI2 phenotype, and contained only 60 MDa of the
      original replicon, was obtained after mating at 37 degrees C. It was IncFII,
      showed regions of homology with plasmid R100, determined IncFII serotype
      conjugative pili constitutively and was transfer-derepressed. After overnight
      growth at 37 degrees C in non-selective medium, pIN32 gave rise to another
      derivative, pIN32-2 (size 184.3 MDa), which retained the IncHI2 phenotype and
      several other pIN32 characters.

PMID- 2877048
TI  - Mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae that contain a temperature-sensitive
      autolysin.
AB  - Two mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae deficient in autolysin activity produced
      a protein that showed immunological identity with the N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl
      amidase present in the wild-type strain, when tested with antiserum obtained
      against this enzyme. The protein was produced by the mutant cultures grown either
      at 37 degrees C or at 30 degrees C, although only the cell extracts obtained at
      30 degrees C showed significant cell wall hydrolysing activity. In contrast to
      the lysis resistance of these bacteria grown at 37 degrees C, mutant cultures
      grown at 30 degrees C exhibited significant degrees of autolysis when treated
      with detergent or cell wall inhibitors. Extracts of the mutant cultures contained
      a cell wall hydrolysing activity that was rapidly inactivated during incubation
      at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2877049
TI  - Neuromuscular transmission in an insect visceral muscle.
AB  - The electrical properties of the muscles of locust oviduct have been examined
      using intracellular recordings. The muscle cells are both dye and electrically
      coupled. They possess a wide array of spontaneous electrical activity ranging
      from slow oscillations of membrane potential to action potentials. In addition to
      possessing spontaneous electrical activity, certain regions of the oviduct are
      under motor control. The amplitude of evoked excitatory junction potentials
      (EJPs) increased step wise revealing innervation from a maximum of three motor
      units. These EJPs underwent summation and facilitation, and reached a critical
      threshold at which point the membrane revealed an active response. Bath applied
      glutamate, aspartate, proctolin, and octopamine were tested for their ability to
      alter resting potential and EJPs. L-glutamate (1.6 X 10(-5) M and above) produced
      a dose-dependent depolarization of membrane potential accompanied by a reduction
      in amplitude of EJPs. Although L-aspartate resulted in similar effects, the
      concentrations required were higher than those for glutamate. Proctolin (6.3 X
      10(-11) M-6.0 X 10(-9) M) resulted in a dose-dependent depolarization but had
      little or no effect on amplitude of EJPs. Application of D, L-octopamine (3.2 X
      10(-5) M-1.7 X 10(-4) M) induced a small hyperpolarization and a reduction in
      amplitude of EJP. It is suggested that contractions of locust oviduct appear to
      be regulated by a combination of a classical neurotransmitter such as glutamate,
      along with the neuromodulators octopamine and proctolin.

PMID- 2877050
TI  - Advances in the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2877051
TI  - Advances in the pharmacologic management of angina pectoris.

PMID- 2877052
TI  - Low-grade lymphomas in young homosexual men without LAV/HTLV III infection.

PMID- 2877053
TI  - Somatostatin mRNA: regional variation in hybridization densities in individual
      neurons.
AB  - Somatostatin mRNA is detected by in situ hybridization of 35S-labeled single
      stranded cDNA probes to coronal sections of the rat brain that include the
      periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Features supporting hybridization
      specificity include its anatomic distribution, the results of studies using
      multiple cDNA probes, RNAase experiments, competition studies, and correlations
      with patterns of somatostatin peptide immunostaining in adjacent sections. The
      hybridization densities vary strikingly from region to region, with highest
      densities in the periventricular nucleus and more modest levels in areas such as
      the cerebral cortex and the striatum. On the basis of the results of in situ and
      immunohistochemical approaches, we suggest that this variation is due to regional
      differences in the density of hybridization per positive cell, as well as to
      regional variation in the densities of somatostatinergic perikarya.

PMID- 2877054
TI  - Underdocumentation of benzodiazepine prescriptions in a general medicine clinic.
AB  - During a three-month period the authors reviewed the charts of patients
      prescribed benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine medications by 73 housestaff
      practicing in an ambulatory medical clinic. Compared with non-benzodiazepine
      prescriptions, benzodiazepine name (p less than 0.001), instructions (p less than
      0.001), and targeted problems (p less than 0.0001) were significantly
      underrecorded. In 11% of the records reviewed there was no indication that a mood
      disorder had been identified or a benzodiazepine prescribed (p less than 0.0001).
      Problems targeted for benzodiazepine management were found less frequently in the
      records of elderly patients than in those of patients less than 65 years of age
      (p less than 0.05). The authors conclude that many houseofficers significantly
      underdocument the prescriptions they write for benzodiazepine medications and
      that this may be a marker of their regard for managing mood disorders with
      benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2877055
TI  - A consumer/medical educator conference: new objectives for the medical
      curriculum.
AB  - The authors discuss the development and proceedings of a highly structured
      conference at which 17 representatives from diverse non-medical groups and 14
      medical educators from one medical school identified objectives needing greater
      emphasis in the medical curriculum. The conference emulated industry's use of
      consumer advisory panels. Using the nominal group technique, a group process used
      in business, the non-medical group developed independently a priority list of
      areas in which physicians might be better educated to serve society. The medical
      educators then joined the non-medical group to discuss and clarify the concerns
      given highest priority. The authors describe subsequent initiatives by the
      medical school to address aspects of the general concerns raised by the non
      medical group. The conference represents an approach to seeking input from non
      traditional sources in the development of the medical curriculum.

PMID- 2877057
TI  - Neurotransmitter administration and manipulation of growth.

PMID- 2877056
TI  - Responsiveness of renin secretion: a key mechanism in the maintenance of blood
      pressure.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin system is known to respond to various stimuli with a marked
      increase in its activity. This phenomenon is well known in relationship to
      changes in sodium balance. Thus, the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is
      often blunted or even abolished by an excessive renin response. Water deprivation
      and alpha-adrenoceptor blockade also elicit considerable renin responses, which
      as a result become a predominant factor in blood pressure maintenance.
      Accordingly, the renin system plays a very important role in blood pressure
      regulation not just because it is spontaneously activated under steady-state
      conditions, but even more because of its responsiveness to pharmacological and
      other stimuli. This may explain the surprising efficacy of angiotensin converting
      enzyme inhibitors, which block the generation of angiotensin II, and thereby all
      vascular effects of spontaneously elevated renin levels as well as of any renin
      response.

PMID- 2877058
TI  - Designer drug confusion: a focus on MDMA.

PMID- 2877059
TI  - Impalpable testicle.

PMID- 2877060
TI  - The effect of media and other variables on the BP solution rate test for slow
      lithium carbonate tablets.
AB  - The British Pharmacopoeial test for assessing the solution rate of slow lithium
      carbonate tablets has been evaluated using 'controlled release' tablets
      containing 400 mg of lithium carbonate. No significant differences in lithium
      release were found when the volume of media used in the test was reduced from 250
      ml to 200 ml, the final stage of the test in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer reduced from
      5 to 3 h, the number of tablets in each thimble reduced from three to one, or the
      prescribed phosphate buffers replaced with phthalate and Tris, respectively. A
      four-fold increased concentration of phosphate in the phosphate buffers used
      resulted in a significant retardation in lithium solution rate. This was not
      attributable to an ionic strength effect but possibly to the formation of
      trilithium phosphate at the interface. Dissolution studies using the USP Basket
      Method showed a significantly slower release rate of one tablet into 900 ml of
      phosphate buffer compared with Tris buffer. This difference was markedly
      increased when three tablets were investigated in 200 ml of similar media. These
      differences were considered to be due to the formation of the much less soluble
      trilithium phosphate in the phosphate buffers.

PMID- 2877061
TI  - Mechanism of dissolution of cholesterol-calcium bilirubinate compressed discs in
      monooctanoin.
AB  - The dissolution of cholesterol monohydrate and calcium bilirubinate (neutral
      salt) mixtures in monooctanoin was investigated using the static disc method. The
      intrinsic dissolution rate of calcium bilirubinate was orders of magnitude
      (approximately 1000 fold) lower than that of cholesterol. Cholesterol release
      decreased as its weight fraction in the solid decreased. In model systems
      containing below 50% cholesterol dissolution became negligible. The release
      profiles deviated from the classical model for dissolution from two component
      mixtures. The observed dissolution profiles of both components were greater than
      predicted by theory. Anomalous positive curvatures in dissolution profiles
      suggested that calcium bilirubinate initially reduced the surface area available
      for cholesterol dissolution. A model, taking into account the change in surface
      area, was used to fit the cholesterol dissolution data. The results were
      consistent with the reported relationship between human gallbladder stone
      cholesterol content and average stone weight loss.

PMID- 2877062
TI  - On the modulating effects of temperature, albumin, pH and calcium on the free
      fractions of phenobarbitone and phenytoin.
AB  - The effects of temperature, albumin, pH and Ca2+ on the binding of phenobarbitone
      and phenytoin to human serum albumin in buffer have been investigated using
      equilibrium dialysis. The free fractions of both anticonvulsants were much
      increased by raising the temperature. Lower free fractions were observed by
      increasing the albumin concentration from 5-8 g litre-1 and by raising pH from 6
      to 9. No significant effect on the free fractions was observed by changing (at pH
      7.4) the Ca2+ concentration from 0 to 5 mM. The observed differences in free
      fractions at 37 degrees C, as determined in phosphate, borate and Krebs-Ringer
      buffer at pH 7.4, indicate that great care is needed in the choice of dialysis
      fluid for dialysis of clinical samples.

PMID- 2877063
TI  - Effect of moderate haemodilution with fluosol-DA or normal saline on ampicillin
      kinetics in the rat.
AB  - The effects of haemodilution with either Fluosol-DA or normal saline on renal
      excretion and glomerular filtration have been studied in the rat. Ampicillin
      clearance and renal creatinine clearance were used as in-vivo measures of renal
      excretion and glomerular filtration, respectively. Rats were moderately exchanged
      with either fluid and evaluated after 0.5, 24, 48, or 72 h. After exchange,
      ampicillin clearance was higher, but not significantly different, and the
      apparent volume of distribution was increased significantly in some groups. These
      changes are consistent with the effects expected when plasma protein binding is
      reduced by haemodilution. The percent of ampicillin recovered in urine and the
      renal creatinine clearance were not statistically different in any group. Thus,
      moderate haemodilution with either fluid did not change renal function compared
      with unexchanged animals.

PMID- 2877065
TI  - Factors influencing the tissue distribution of coenzyme Q10 intravenously
      administered in an emulsion to rats: emulsifying agents and lipoprotein lipase
      activity.
AB  - The tissue distribution of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) administered intravenously in an
      emulsion prepared with egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC), egg yolk sphingomyelin
      (SPM) or a combination of PC and a polyoxyethylene derivative of hydrogenated
      castor oil (HCO-60) (PC + HCO-60) was investigated. The disappearance from the
      plasma of CoQ10 administered in three different emulsions of lipid particle size
      less than 0.5 micron varied with the particular emulsifier. Its disappearance
      occurred most rapidly from the PC emulsion; with the addition of HCO-60, its
      disappearance was much slower. In the reticuloendothelial system, the
      concentration of CoQ10 was higher in the spleen, for both the SPM and PC + HCO-60
      emulsions than for the PC emulsion. HCO-60 reduced the CoQ10 distribution in the
      liver from the PC emulsion. Differences in disappearance rates from the plasma
      are thus considered to be due to the extent of CoQ10 distribution in the liver.
      CoQ10 concentration in the heart, a target organ, was greatest with the PC
      emulsion. Its distribution was related to lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in
      this organ. The effects caused by HCO-60, however, could not be explained by LPL
      activity alone. CoQ10 distribution in the adrenal gland and kidney can be
      explained partly by LPL activity but in the presence of HCO-60, the distribution
      mechanism apparently involves other factors.

PMID- 2877064
TI  - Pharmacological evaluation of an injectable prolonged release emulsion of
      physostigmine in rabbits.
AB  - Physostigmine was incorporated in an injectable emulsion in an attempt to prolong
      its pharmacological activity. Emulsions which remained stable over 6 month
      storage were prepared using optimal experimental conditions. The in-vitro kinetic
      examination revealed that the rate-determining step in the release process of
      physostigmine from the emulsion was its partitioning from the oily phase to the
      external aqueous phase. The in-vivo results indicated that the physostigmine
      emulsion was able to inhibit the cholinesterase activity for only 1 to 2 h. The
      preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the physostigmine emulsion
      apparently increased the bioavailability compared with the conventional
      injectable solution. This could be attributed either to the protection of the
      sensitive drug from the enzymatic degradation or to improved absorption. The
      presence of poloxamer micelles in the aqueous phase was shown to enhance the
      bioavailability of physostigmine without having any effect on its pharmacological
      activity or duration.

PMID- 2877066
TI  - Characterization of mitomycin C-induced gastrointestinal damage: changes in the
      gastric absorption of drugs in rats.
AB  - The effect of mitomycin C (MMC) pre-administration intravenously on the
      absorption of drugs from rat stomach has been examined by means of the in-situ
      loop technique. 48 h after the MMC-treatment, the absorption of salicylic acid,
      aspirin and sulphanilic acid was not influenced but that of sulphanilamide was
      significantly increased compared with the control. At 96 h, a differential effect
      of MMC on the absorption of each drug was seen: the absorption of weakly acidic
      drugs was significantly decreased while that of bases and strong sulphonic acid
      increased. The decreased absorption of salicylic acid and aspirin correlated with
      the reduced gastric mucosal blood flow. At 96 h there were severe haemorrhagic
      lesions in the gastric mucosae. The increase in absorption of poorly absorbed
      drugs could be ascribed to the increased permeability of the blood-gastric
      epithelium barrier as was evidenced by leakage of Evans Blue.

PMID- 2877067
TI  - [3H]noradrenaline-releasing action of vinpocetine in the isolated main pulmonary
      artery of the rabbit.
AB  - Vinpocetine (10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) increased both the resting and the nerve
      stimulation-evoked release of [3H]noradrenaline from the isolated main pulmonary
      artery of the rabbit in the presence of uptake blockers (cocaine, 3 X 10(-5) M;
      corticosterone, 5 X 10(-5) M), and inhibited the nerve stimulation-evoked
      postsynaptic response. The resting transmitter releasing action of vinpocetine
      increased in the absence of cocaine. Exogenously applied (-)noradrenaline [(-)NA]
      (10(-6) M) or clonidine (10(-6) M) inhibited the vinpocetine (3 X 10(-5) M)
      potentiated [3H]NA release and contracted the circular muscle. The clonidine
      induced contraction was abolished by 10(-7) M prazosin. The inhibitory action of
      (-)-NA on vinpocetine-potentiated [3H]NA release was partly antagonized by 3 X
      10(-7) M yohimbine, a preferential alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocker. In Ca-free Krebs
      solution containing 1 mM EGTA the neurotransmitter releasing action of
      vinpocetine was abolished, however, its stimulating action on the resting [3H]NA
      outflow was not changed. In Na-pump-inhibited arteries (K-free solution), where
      both the resting and the nerve stimulation-evoked release of neurotransmitter had
      already been increased, vinpocetine further enhanced the nerve stimulation-evoked
      release of [3H]NA. It is concluded that vinpocetine may have alpha 2- and alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking action, as well as a tyramine-like effect. The presynaptic
      neurotransmitter releasing action of vinpocetine is presumably the consequence of
      its inhibitory action on the Ca-pump which is suggested by the finding that in K
      free solution vinpocetine was able to enhance further the release of
      neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2877068
TI  - The activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the rat mesenteric
      vasculature.
AB  - Rat isolated, perfused mesenteric blood vessels have been used to determine
      whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) display selectivity for
      inhibition of vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline compared with those to
      calcium. The rank order of potency of the NSAIDs for inhibition of responses to
      noradrenaline was: meclofenamate greater than flufenamate = diclofenac greater
      than indomethacin greater than fenbufen greater than phenylbutazone greater than
      ibuprofen greater than ketoprofen greater than naproxen greater than paracetamol
      (included as an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase). All NSAIDs show selectivity for
      noradrenaline (mean selectivity molar ratio = 0.19; s.e.m. 0.15-0.23) but there
      was a positive correlation (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001) between inhibition of
      responses to noradrenaline and those to calcium. The depressant effect of
      meclofenamate and of fenbufen, the most potent and most selective in the series,
      respectively, on responses to noradrenaline, was completely reversed to control
      values by prostaglandin E2. The results support previous findings that inhibition
      of cyclo-oxygenase in rat mesenteric blood vessels leads to a loss of response to
      noradrenaline. Comparison of the present data for inhibition of responses to
      noradrenaline in the mesentery with published data indicates that the mesentery
      bears a greater similarity to other in-vitro rather than in-vivo models for
      screening NSAIDs.

PMID- 2877069
TI  - Polysorbate 20 as a drug release regulator in ethyl cellulose film coatings.
AB  - Tablet coatings of hydrophobic ethyl cellulose have been made more hydrophilic by
      the addition of a non-ionic surfactant, polysorbate (Tween) 20, to the film. As
      its content increased, so did the release of sodium salicylate from the coated
      tablets. With a certain content of surfactant and specific thickness of the
      tablet coat, zero order release kinetics were observed. Leaching of the
      polysorbate 20 occurred from all formulations. Scanning and transmission electron
      micrographs showed that the structure of the coats consisted of several layers
      parallel to the tablet surface. Polysorbate 20 was seen as small drops in some
      coats.

PMID- 2877070
TI  - Effect of urapidil on rat brain catecholamine synthesis.
AB  - The effects of urapidil, a clinically effective antihypertensive drug, on the in
      vivo rate of synthesis of rat brain noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) was
      determined. A significant dose-dependent increase in dopa concentration by
      urapidil after dopa decarboxylase inhibition by NSD 1015 was observed in brain
      stem (3-30 mg kg-1 i.p.) and striatum (10-30 mg kg-1 i.p.), indicating increased
      NA and DA turnover, respectively, most probably a result of central blockade of
      brainstem alpha 1-adrenergic and striatal DA receptors. These results indicate
      that urapidil may possibly exert its central hypotensive action in part by a
      reduced influence on brain stem NA, thus reducing central sympathetic outflow.

PMID- 2877071
TI  - Dopaminergic metabolism in various rat brain areas after L-dopa loading.
AB  - The time course of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC),
      homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) and 3-methoxytyrosine (3-O
      Medopa) concentrations in rat brain after treatment with L-dopa + benserazide has
      been investigated in the striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum.
      These areas were selected for their different dopaminergic activities. After L
      dopa loading, DA, DOPAC and HVA were increased in all the structures, but the
      largest increases were in those tissues with the less dopaminergic activity,
      while 3-MT increased in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum but was
      lowered in striatum. 3-O-Medopa, which is the direct product of the O-methylation
      of L-dopa, did not show any specific distribution. The data provide evidence that
      the striatum, by feed-back mechanisms and specific enzymatic activity, is able to
      ensure a better regulation of dopaminergic activity than the other structures,
      thereby overcoming excess L-dopa.

PMID- 2877072
TI  - Enhanced myocardial necrosis induced in rats by the combined administration of
      hydralazine and prenalterol.
AB  - The cardiotoxic effects of hydralazine and prenalterol, given alone and in
      combination, were assessed in rats and rabbits. Acute myocardial necrosis was
      induced by a single administration of each drug alone in rats. However, the
      incidence and severity of lesions were markedly enhanced when both drugs were
      given in combination. Rats that received the same treatment for 10 consecutive
      days showed minimal or no acute necrosis, demonstrating the development of a
      resistance to further cardiotoxic effects of the drugs. Rabbits showed only
      minimal lesions when either drug was used alone and no enhancement of lesions
      when they were given in combination. From these data, it is concluded that the
      possibility of a cardiotoxic interaction exists when these drugs are used in
      combination and that the heavy rat (500-600 g) is a more sensitive model than the
      rabbit for studies of this nature.

PMID- 2877073
TI  - Optimizing the pentetrazol infusion test for seizure threshold measurement.
AB  - Seizure thresholds in mice were determined using the pentetrazol infusion method.
      Concentration of infusate and rate of infusion were varied to assess the optimal
      parameters for seizure threshold detection. Seizure threshold elevations were
      produced by flurazepam and threshold decreases by FG 7142. An infusion rate of
      1.1 ml min-1 was best for detecting both increases and decreases in threshold.
      However a concentration of 2.5 mg ml-1 gave optimal measurement of elevations in
      threshold whereas decreased thresholds were best detected with a concentration of
      10 mg ml-1.

PMID- 2877074
TI  - Chronic subcutaneous treatment with acebutolol: haemodynamic effects and
      metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Chronic administration of acebutolol (15 mg kg-1 s.c. three times a week for five
      weeks, then 30 mg kg-1 for three weeks) did not lower blood pressure in 17 and 33
      weeks-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). At the end of this treatment,
      the plasma concentrations of acebutolol and diacetolol were measured by HPLC.
      After 24 h, acebutolol was absent from plasma while diacetolol was lower after
      chronic treatment than after acute administration. Twenty-four hours after the
      last injection of acebutolol, both isoprenaline-induced tachycardia and
      vasodilatation were reduced. The vasomotor agents, noradrenaline, bradykinin and
      angiotensin, exhibited the same activity in control and treated SHR. These
      findings suggest that the lack of antihypertensive effect of acebutolol in SHR
      may be the result of a decrease in diacetolol formation together with blockade of
      beta 2 vascular receptors.

PMID- 2877075
TI  - Does naloxone induce relaxation of guinea-pig airway smooth muscle?
AB  - The effects of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone were investigated on
      isolated preparations of guinea-pig trachealis contracted with either histamine,
      methacholine or KCl. The commercially available solution of naloxone (Narcan)
      induced concentration-dependent relaxation of the contracted airway preparations.
      In stark contrast, aqueous solutions of naloxone were without any significant
      relaxant effect. Aqueous solutions of the preservatives (methyl and propyl
      hydroxybenzoate) present in the vehicle used in the commercial formulation of
      naloxone mimicked exactly the relaxant effects induced by Narcan. Thus, naloxone
      does not directly induce relaxation of airway smooth muscle. The effects of
      Narcan can be solely attributed to the activity of the preservatives present in
      the vehicles. The mechanism underlying the bronchodilator activity of methyl and
      propyl hydroxybenzoate is unknown but is not related to receptor blockade or to
      alterations in the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2877076
TI  - ICI 180080, a novel selective thromboxane receptor antagonist: synthesis and
      relative activity.
AB  - The preparation of a novel potent thromboxane receptor antagonist ICI 180080,
      5(Z)-7-[2,2-dimethyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxan-cis-5-yl] heptenoic acid, is
      described together with its methyl ether and methyl ester. Thromboxane antagonist
      pA2 data against U 46619 is presented for rabbit thoracic aorta in-vitro (ICI
      180080, pA2 = 7.5). The relative antagonist pA2 values obtained are discussed in
      terms of the chemical structure of the molecules. The potent activity of ICI
      180080 is attributed to a specific orientation of the phenolic oxygen, due to an
      intramolecular hydrogen bond.

PMID- 2877077
TI  - Compounds extracted from feverfew that have anti-secretory activity contain an
      alpha-methylene butyrolactone unit.
AB  - Extracts of feverfew inhibit secretion of granular contents from platelets and
      neutrophils and this may be relevant to the therapeutic value of feverfew in
      migraine and other conditions. In this investigation we fractionated an extract
      of feverfew and obtained eleven fractions with antisecretory activity. The
      activity. The active fractions, together with two fractions that were devoid of
      anti-secretory activity, were examined using 1H NMR and infrared spectroscopy.
      All the active fractions (but neither of the inactive fractions) contained
      compounds with an alpha-methylene butyrolactone unit. Five compounds that contain
      this unit were identified as parthenolide, 3-beta-hydroxyparthenolide,
      secotanapartholide A, canin and artecanin, all of which are sesquiterpene
      lactones. It is very likely that these and other sesquiterpene lactones that
      contain an alpha-methylene butyrolactone unit are responsible for the anti
      secretory activity in extracts of feverfew.

PMID- 2877079
TI  - Measurement of concentrations of the histamine H1 receptor antagonist temelastine
      in biological fluids.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of temelastine in biological
      fluids with UV detection at 229 nm is presented. The method involves ether
      extraction followed by re-extraction into phosphoric acid and chromatography on a
      reversed-phase column. The method has a lower limit of detection of 0.05 mg L-1
      and is adequate for use in pharmacokinetic studies following oral administration.

PMID- 2877078
TI  - [Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. VI. Anti-allergic effect. (1)].

PMID- 2877080
TI  - Tournament badminton. Podiatric perspective.

PMID- 2877081
TI  - Actions of nizatidine, a selective histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on gastric
      acid secretion in dogs, rats and frogs.
AB  - Nizatidine (LY139037), a selective histamine H2-receptor antagonist, is a potent
      inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. It was 17.8 times as active as cimetidine on
      histamine (10(-5) M)-induced secretion from the isolated gastric mucosa of the
      bullfrog. Nizatidine was 8.9 times as active as cimetidine on basal acid
      secretion of the chronic gastric fistula rats after s.c. administration. Against
      acid secretion from the vagally innervated gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch
      of dogs stimulated with submaximal doses of histamine, methacholine and gastrin,
      nizatidine was, respectively, 6.5, 5 and 4.7 times as active as cimetidine by
      i.v. administration. Nizatidine was very well absorbed from the gut and was 5 to
      10 times as active as cimetidine on gastric acid secretion of dogs induced by
      submaximal and maximal doses of histamine when given p.o. Equal molar doses of
      nizatidine showed equal peak effects when given i.v., s.c. or i.m.
      Pharmacological data indicate that nizatidine is safe and effective as an agent
      for the control of excessive gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2877082
TI  - Beta adrenoceptor modulation of the generation of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes
      in vitro.
AB  - The effects of stimulating beta adrenoceptors on lymphocytes during the
      generation of cell-mediated immunity were examined. In an in vitro system for the
      generation of murine cell-mediated cytotoxicity, addition of isoproterenol (10(
      7) M), epinephrine (10(-6) M) or norepinephrine (10(-4) M) enhanced the number of
      lytic units generated compared to control cultures. This increase was blocked by
      dl-propranolol (5 X 10(-6) M). I-Propranolol (10(-11) to 10(-7) M) blocked the
      isoproterenol-induced increase in lytic units per culture, but d-propranolol (10(
      11) to 10(-7) M) did not. Terbutaline (10(-5) M), a relatively selective beta-2
      agonist, similarly augmented the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, with
      the increase again blocked by propranolol. Butoxamine (5 X 10(-6) M), a beta-2
      antagonist, but not atenolol (5 X 10(-6) M), a beta-1 antagonist, blocked the
      epinephrine-induced increase in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Addition of
      phentolamine (5 X 10(-6) M) had no effect on the epinephrine-induced increase in
      lytic units per culture. However, in the presence of phentolamine, norepinephrine
      increased lytic units per culture to a greater degree than that seen with
      norepinephrine alone, suggesting a balance between positive beta effects and
      inhibitory alpha effects upon simultaneous alpha and beta stimulation. These data
      provide further evidence for an immunoenhancing role of beta receptor stimulation
      during the generation of immune responses.

PMID- 2877083
TI  - Interactions of atrial natriuretic peptide with the sympathetic and endocrine
      systems in the pithed rat.
AB  - We have found previously that atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) attenuate
      pressor response to alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists but not to alpha-1 agonists in
      the pithed rat. We have now investigated the effects of ANP on other pressor
      agonists and on sympathetically mediated responses in rats. Bolus-injected ANP
      (0.1-10.0 nmol/kg) attenuated pressor responses to angiotensin II, vasopressin
      and alpha-2 adrenoceptor-mediated component of norepinephrine (NE)-induced
      responses (up to 17, 27 and 15%, respectively) in pithed rats. The threshold
      antipressor dose of ANP was the lowest for angiotensin II (comparable to normal
      levels of circulating ANP-immunoreactivity in rats) whereas it was higher for
      vasopressin and NE (comparable to plasma ANP-immunoreactivity stimulated by
      volume expansion). A 30-min infusion of ANP (0.15 nmol/kg/min) shifted the NE
      dose-pressor response curve 1.7-fold to the right. Conversely, neither that rate
      of ANP infusion nor the highest dose of bolus injected ANP altered pressor and
      plasma NE responses to sympathetic stimulation in demedullated pithed rats.
      However, at higher infusion rates, ANP reduced sympathetic stimulation-induced
      pressor responses (2.6-fold) and elevations of plasma NE levels (1.6-fold),
      without altering NE clearance. Similarly in conscious rats, ANP infusion
      prevented a reflex increase in plasma NE concentrations associated with
      hypotension. Thus, although the intrajunctional alpha-1 and presynaptic alpha-2
      adrenoceptors are inaccessible to the short term bolus-induced elevation of
      circulating ANP during longer term increases in plasma ANP, it does reach the
      junction, reduces NE release and limits effects of receptor activation, possibly
      by diminishing Ca++ entry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877084
TI  - Alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist effects of the optical isomers of YM-12617 in
      rabbit lower urinary tract and prostate.
AB  - The alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist effects of the optical isomers of YM-12617 (5
      [2-[[2-(o-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]propyl]- 2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide HCl), a
      potent and selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, were evaluated in the
      rabbit lower urinary tract and prostate. R-(-)-YM-12617 (1 X 10(-10) to 3 X 10(
      9) M) and S-(+)-YM-12617 (3 X 10(-8) to 3 X 10(-7) M) antagonized phenylephrine
      induced contraction in a competitive manner in the urinary bladder base
      (trigone), proximal urethra and prostate. The mean pA2 value for R-(-)-YM-12617
      at the alpha-1 adrenoceptor of trigone, urethra and prostate was 9.91, 9.62 and
      9.92, respectively, and that for S-(+)-YM-12617 was 8.09, 7.92 and 7.77,
      respectively. Therefore, R-(-)-YM-12617 is a 50 to 141 times more potent
      antagonist than S-(+)-YM-12617 at the alpha-1 adrenoceptor in these tissues. The
      present results also indicate that the alpha-1 adrenoceptor in the lower urinary
      tract and prostate can distinguish clearly between the optical isomers of YM
      12617. Similar results were obtained in the aorta of rabbits in which a dramatic
      stereochemical preference of R-(-)-YM-12617 for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor also
      exists.

PMID- 2877086
TI  - Intrinsic gamma aminobutyric acid receptors modulate the release of catecholamine
      from canine adrenal gland in situ.
AB  - Immunohistochemical analysis documented the presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA)-containing fibers and GABA-containing chromaffin cells in canine adrenal
      glands. A dense network of fibers was visualized at the boundary between
      medullary and cortical cells, and, in the medullary tissue, GABA-containing
      fibers surrounded chromaffin cells. Some of these fibers enter the adrenal
      medulla together with splanchnic cholinergic nerves. The functional role of the
      GABAergic system in the regulation of catecholamine release from adrenal
      chromaffin cells was studied in canine adrenal glands in situ, using an
      autoperfusion system for the adrenal gland that was designed to eliminate
      indirect central effects of drugs or their metabolites on catecholamine release.
      The present study documents that GABA modulates the spontaneous release of
      catecholamines and the release elicited by electrical stimulation of the
      splanchnic nerve. GABAA receptor agonists such as THIP or muscimol increased the
      catecholamine content in adrenal effluent blood, whereas bicuculline (0.05 mmol/2
      ml min-1), a GABAA receptor antagonist, reduced it. Baclofen (0.094 mmol/2 ml min
      1), a GABAB receptor agonist, failed to alter the catecholamine content in
      adrenal effluent blood. The increased release of catecholamines elicited by
      4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3[2H]-one (THIP; 0.143 mmol/2 ml min-1)
      was prevented by bicuculline (0.05 mmol/2 ml min-1) but not by hexamethonium
      (2.48 mmol/2 ml min-1) or naloxone (0.122 mmol/2 ml min-1). Furthermore,
      denervation of the adrenal glands failed to prevent the THIP-elicited release of
      catecholamines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877085
TI  - Release of acetylcholine mediated by cholecystokinin receptor from the guinea pig
      sphincter of Oddi.
AB  - Mechanisms involved in the action of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on the
      isolated circular muscle of the guinea pig sphincter of Oddi were investigated.
      CCK-8 (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) caused a concentration-dependent contraction of the
      sphincter. Angiotensin II, bethanechol and serotonin also contracted this tissue.
      CCK-8 exerted the most potent effect. However, bradykinin, porcine motilin and
      norepinephrine failed to elicit any contraction. The CCK-8-induced contraction
      was inhibited by about 60% by atropine (3 X 10(-7) M) or tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7)
      M) but was not affected by hexamethonium (3 X 10(-5) to 10(-4) M) or phentolamine
      (3 X 10(-6) to 10(-5) M). Proglumide (3 X 10(-4) to 3 X 10(-3) M), a derivative
      of glutaramic acid, inhibited competitively the contraction by CCK-8. However,
      proglumide influenced neither the electrically elicited twitch contraction nor
      the bethanechol-induced contraction. CCK-8 evoked a concentration-related release
      of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) from previously labeled stores. The CCK-8-evoked
      release of [3H]ACh was eliminated by tetrodotoxin and was inhibited, in a
      concentration-dependent manner, by proglumide. These results suggest that the
      contractile response to CCK-8 of the guinea pig sphincter of Oddi consists of a
      direct effect on the smooth muscle and an indirect effect mediated by ACh release
      from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

PMID- 2877087
TI  - In vitro effects of beta adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on the rat ovarian
      suspensory ligament.
AB  - The mesovarian suspensory ligament of the rat was used to compare the activities
      of beta adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists. The following beta adrenoceptor
      agonists, in descending order of potency, inhibited spontaneous activity in a
      dose-related manner: zinterol greater than isoproterenol much greater than
      dobutamine. Several noncardioselective, beta-2 adrenoceptor antagonists with
      intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) also inhibited the activity of the
      ligament: pindolol greater than alprenolol = bucindolol = oxprenolol greater than
      labetalol. Maximal relaxation induced by the antagonists was equivalent to that
      caused by the beta receptor agonists. Two cardioselective, beta adrenoceptor
      antagonists with ISA, acebutolol and practolol, did not inhibit the activity of
      the suspensory ligament but did increase the rate of the isolated right atrium of
      the rat. The maximal increases in atrial rate evoked by the antagonists were
      significantly less than those induced by the beta adrenoceptor agonists. Studies
      with ICI 118,551 or atenolol as beta-2 or beta-1 selective adrenoceptor blockers,
      respectively, suggest that the beta adrenoceptors of the suspensory ligament are
      predominantly of the beta-2 subtype. The possible relevance of these results to
      the induction of mesovarian leiomyomas in rats by noncardioselective beta
      adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists with ISA is discussed.

PMID- 2877088
TI  - [The neurohormones].

PMID- 2877089
TI  - [Neurochemical aspects of interneuronal communication].
AB  - It is suggested that the term neurotransmission, which is used to designate
      neuronal communication at synaptic level, be associated to the less restrictive
      term neuromodulation. These two types of intercellular communication seem in fact
      to be two basically different mechanisms, both of which contribute to neuronal
      integration. The integration of neuronal information at cellular level appears to
      be more complex than the simple addition of excitatory plus inhibitory influences
      eliciting postsynaptic responses. Evidence has been obtained that non synaptic
      transmission can alter the capacity of a given synapse to transfer neuronal
      information from the presynaptic element to the postsynaptic neuron. For
      instance, presynaptic mechanisms provide evidence for the functional independence
      of the nerve terminals, since the release of neuromediators by the latter is
      sometimes independent of the axonal firing rate. Similarly, the somato-dendritic
      part of some neurons exhibits intrinsic functions, such as a dendritic release of
      neuromediator, suggesting that the control of the axonal firing rate takes place
      partly at this somato-dendritic level and does not depend for the totality on
      afferent axonic information. The intercellular operations which organize
      individual neurons into neuronal networks will also occur either at somato
      dendritic level or at the level of specific nerve terminals selected as the
      result of presynaptic interactions. This integration of neuronal information also
      seems to take place at postsynaptic level, where cooperative interactions have
      been shown to occur between various receptors. These mechanisms will function at
      the level of a single nerve terminal containing more than one neuromediator.
      Neuromodulation can therefore be said to involve very efficient adaptive
      processes, which help to account for the fact that such large behavioral
      responses are expressed by such a small number of neuronal elements.

PMID- 2877090
TI  - Ceramic/metal solder connectors.

PMID- 2877091
TI  - Pain control in advanced cancer: pharmacological methods.

PMID- 2877092
TI  - [Perirenal hematoma diagnostic of periarteritis nodosa. Apropos of a case].
AB  - Hematoma of the renal space may be of various causes. Polyarteritis nodosa can be
      revealed by a perirenal hematoma as in the case reported but this is a rare
      complication of the disease. A case of a young man with a previous history of
      hepatitis Hbs+ is reported.

PMID- 2877093
TI  - The integrated use of Toxorhynchites amboinensis and ground-level ULV insecticide
      application to suppress Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

PMID- 2877094
TI  - Classification of the subgenus Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae). II. Revision
      of the Toxorhynchites acaudatus group.

PMID- 2877095
TI  - Partial characterization of chicken Thy-1 glycoprotein by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies has been raised to Thy-1 purified from chicken
      brain. They were produced by immunization of Balb/c mice with a Thy-1-enriched
      (Sephacryl B) fraction of a lentil lectin-positive fraction from solubilized
      brain membrane proteins. Antibody-secreting clones were found to be specific for
      Thy-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western transfer and
      immunoblotting. Four of the monoclonal antibodies were of the IgG2b isotype, one
      was IgG1, and one was IgM. In additivity and competition ELISA, it was found that
      three of the antibodies bound to the same (or similar) epitopes, and three had
      different epitope specificities. These monoclonal antibodies have been used to
      examine the development and distribution of Thy-1 in the central nervous system
      of chicken.

PMID- 2877096
TI  - Heterogeneity of sodium-dependent excitatory amino acid uptake mechanisms in rat
      brain.
AB  - The pharmacologic and kinetic characteristics of sodium-dependent uptake of [3H]L
      glutamate, [3H]D-aspartate, and [3H]L-aspartate into crude synaptosomal
      preparations of rat corpus striatum and cerebellum have been examined in vitro.
      In cerebellum the apparent Kts and Vmax for the three excitatory amino acids were
      identical whereas in striatal synaptosomes, the Vmax for [3H]L-glutamate was 30%
      greater (P less than or equal to .001) than for [3H]D-aspartate and 50% greater
      (P less than or equal to .001) than for [3H]L-aspartate. L-Amino adipic acid
      inhibited the uptake of the three amino acids in both regions of brain was 15- to
      20-fold more potent in cerebellum than in striatum. In contrast, dihydrokainic
      acid inhibited transport processes in the corpus striatum but was without
      activity in cerebellar preparations. The neurotoxin kainic acid blocked only a
      portion (60%) of [3H]L-glutamate and [3H]D-aspartate uptake in cerebellum while
      completely inhibiting amino acid transport in corpus striatum. Three days post
      kainic acid lesion, [3H]D-aspartate uptake was attenuated more than [3H]L
      glutamate uptake in the corpus striatum; destruction of corticostriatal afferents
      reduced [3H]L-glutamate to a greater extent than [3H]D-aspartate. Various lesions
      of the cerebellum affected excitatory amino acid transport processes to a similar
      extent. These results suggest that excitatory amino acid transport systems are
      pharmacologically distinct in different brain regions and may be heterogeneous
      within a single region.

PMID- 2877098
TI  - Systemic necrotizing vasculitis presenting as epididymitis.
AB  - Epididymitis is an uncommonly recognized complication of systemic necrotizing
      vasculitis. We report 2 cases in which epididymitis heralded the onset of more
      severe visceral organ involvement. Early biopsy of atypical epididymitis in
      patients with hypertension or constitutional symptoms is important if effective
      therapy is to be instituted before irreversible organ damage occurs.

PMID- 2877097
TI  - Putative glutamate receptors in membranes obtained from heads of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - The specific binding of L-[3H]-glutamic acid (GLU) was examined in membrane
      preparations derived from heads of Drosophila melanogaster. L-[3H]-GLU bound to
      the membrane preparation with biphasic kinetics in a reversible and saturable
      way. The specific binding was inhibited by Cl- and Ca2+ ions. Saturation analysis
      of the data fit a model of two independent binding sites with dissociation
      constants (KD) of 29 nM and 249 nM and corresponding binding site densities
      (Bmax) of 5.7 and 24.6 pmol/mg protein. A series of excitatory amino acid
      receptor agonists and antagonists were tested as inhibitors of L-[3H]-GLU
      specific binding. Some compounds almost totally abolished the specific binding,
      whereas others reduced the binding to 45% over the concentration range used.
      Among the first type of inhibitors, L-GLU was the most potent, D-aspartate (D
      ASP) and D-GLU were 10 times less effective than L-GLU, whereas quisqualic acid
      had the lowest potency. Among the second type of inhibitors, glutamate diethyl
      ester, D-alpha-amino adipate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate showed the highest
      potency, and DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate was the less effective. Kainic acid
      and gamma-amino butyric acid were not able to modify at any concentration used
      the specific binding of L-[3H]-GLU. These data suggest the presence of putative
      GLU receptors in the brain of Drosophila.

PMID- 2877099
TI  - Acute biochemical and functional alterations in the partially obstructed rabbit
      urinary bladder.
AB  - Rapid structural and functional alterations have been noted in several models of
      partial outlet obstruction. To better characterize the rapid progression of
      alterations, the partially obstructed urinary bladders of mature NZW male rabbits
      were studied at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of outlet obstruction with respect to
      muscarinic receptor density, DNA, RNA, lipid and hydroxyproline content.
      Functional characteristics were assessed by measuring the in vitro response of
      the whole bladder to cholinergic and field stimulation. Wet weight increased
      eight-fold by day 7, decreasing to four-fold at day 14. Receptor density
      decreased by 50% by day 1 and remained low throughout. Although DNA concentration
      varied only slightly from controls, RNA increased four-fold by day 7.
      Hydroxyproline concentration per mg. tissue decreased in the obstructed bladder,
      yet total hydroxyproline content of the obstructed bladder significantly
      increased. Total lipids increased significantly during day 3 through 7 and
      decreased by day 14. Cystometry revealed a large capacity low pressure system at
      day 1 which rapidly changed to a low compliance system of lesser volume by day
      14. Bladder emptying was significantly impaired in all obstructed specimens.
      Additionally, electrical field stimulation was significantly less effective than
      cholinergic stimulation in effecting bladder emptying. The above findings suggest
      that rapid changes in biochemical parameters occur during the early stage of
      acute obstruction which may in part be secondary to metabolic or inflammatory
      alterations in the detrusor. It additionally suggests that the myogenic
      alterations in partial outlet obstruction are rapid and partially adaptive, while
      neurogenic alterations appear degenerative and display a lesser degree of short
      term adaptation.

PMID- 2877100
TI  - Antibodies to HTLV-I in Japanese immigrants in Brazil.

PMID- 2877101
TI  - Reducing long-term diazepam prescribing in office practice. A controlled trial of
      educational visits.
AB  - We conducted a controlled, statewide trial of the efficacy of an educational
      visit by a physician counselor in the reduction of diazepam prescribing in
      outpatient practice. A novel aspect of this trial was the provision of a schedule
      for gradual withdrawal of long-term diazepam users from drug therapy; 51% of
      visited doctors attempted to withdraw patients from diazepam therapy and 26%
      utilized the withdrawal schedule. The entire group of 43 visited doctors reduced
      the rate of long-term diazepam users in their practice by 18% relative to the
      control group; the subgroup of doctors who utilized the withdrawal schedule had
      and even greater reduction of 33%. These results suggest that practicing doctors
      are concerned with long-term use of diazepam and that the educational visit by
      another physician is one method for reducing such use.

PMID- 2877102
TI  - Clinical laboratory manifestations of exposure to dioxin in children. A six-year
      study of the effects of an environmental disaster near Seveso, Italy.
AB  - Following a major environmental accident near Seveso, Italy, on July 10, 1976, we
      attempted to determine if the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) released
      into the atmosphere had any effect on the liver function and lipid metabolism of
      exposed children. From July 1976 to June 1982, we analyzed the results of more
      than 4500 laboratory tests (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase,
      gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and triglycerides
      in plasma and delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine) in a population of about 1500
      children aged 6 to 10 years at the moment of the accident. The children exposed
      to the highest concentration of TCDD showed alterations in serum gamma
      glutamyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity compared with the
      control group. These differences were restricted to values inside limits set from
      the lower end of the normal range to slightly above it. The observed
      abnormalities were slight and disappeared with time.

PMID- 2877103
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of ICI 118,587, a new beta-adrenoceptor partial agonist in
      man.
AB  - Effects of a new selective beta1 partial agonist, ICI 118,587, on cardiac
      function were assessed in clinical settings. In 7 patients, responses to
      multistage treadmill exercise were studied before and after an acute intravenous
      injection of the drug. The heart rate and blood pressure were not altered by ICI
      118,587 at rest but increases in both parameters in response to exercise were
      significantly reduced. Neither oxygen consumption nor plasma norepinephrine level
      was modified by the drug both at rest and during exercise. The long term effects
      of ICI 118,587 were assessed in 6 patients with mild to moderate cardiac failure
      consequent upon ischemic heart disease. After chronic administration of the drug
      exercise duration was increased. The symptom-limited maximal oxygen consumption
      increased by 16%, associated with prolongation of the exercise tolerance. In
      those patients who also had symptoms of angina pectoris, exercise levels which
      caused angina during the control study were tolerated without symptoms after ICI
      118,587. Twelve patients with nocturnal bradycardia resulting from atrial
      fibrillation of sick sinus syndrome were treated with ICI 118,587. Monitoring of
      heart rate by 24-hour Holter ECG showed that ICI 118,587 increased minimal heart
      rate during sleep. Being a beta1-adrenoceptor partial agonist, it has both
      agonist and antagonist properties. Thus, ICI 118,587 buffers the heart from an
      excessively low sympathetic tone which may occur during sleep and from an
      excessively high tone during exercise. It appears to be of benefit in the
      treatment of mild to moderate cardiac failure consequent upon ischemic heart
      disease. It also improves oxygen demand-supply imbalance without inducing further
      myocardial depression or inappropriate bradycardia at rest. ICI 118,587 may
      therefore be described as a cardiostabilizer.

PMID- 2877104
TI  - [Effects of opiate and opioid peptides administered intrathecally on the pain
      threshold and micturition reflex in rats].

PMID- 2877105
TI  - [V-V bypass ECLA (extracorporeal lung assist) with a double lumen catheter for
      neonates].

PMID- 2877106
TI  - [Clinical trial of bestrabucil (KM 2210) in hematopoietic malignancies].
AB  - Thirteen patients with hematological neoplasms were treated with Bestrabucil (100
      mg/day po, total dose 700-9,900 mg), which is the benzoate of an estradiol
      chlorambucil conjugate. The diseases from which they suffered consisted of T-cell
      leukemia (3), lymphoma (3), myeloma (5) and essential thrombocytosis (2).
      Although this drug was less effective against myeloma, the other diseases were
      more or less relieved with this medication. That is, Bestrabucil was effective in
      all three patients with T-cell leukemia, both with essential thrombocytosis and
      two of the three with lymphoma. It is most interesting that adult T-cell leukemia
      (ATL) cells decreased remarkably with Bestrabucil, along with the disappearance
      of several symptoms (bone pain, hypercalcemia etc.). The main side effects during
      this medication were mammary pain (eight of 13 patients, 62%), anorexia (five of
      13 patients, 39%) and loss of libido (three of 13 patients, 23%), but neither
      severe myelosuppression nor hepatorenal dysfunction was induced.

PMID- 2877107
TI  - [Liver function tests: analysis of biliary tract enzymes and serum secretory
      enzymes--ALP, gamma-GTP, LAP, and ChE].

PMID- 2877108
TI  - [Liver function tests: analysis of serum isoenzymes--GOT, LDH, ALP, gamma-GTP and
      ChE].

PMID- 2877109
TI  - Adrenoceptor blocking and cardiovascular effects of the optical isomers of
      amosulalol (YM-09538), a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent,
      and the corresponding desoxy derivative (YM-11133) in rats.
AB  - The pharmacological activities of the enantiomers of amosulalol (YM-09538), a
      combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, and the corresponding desoxy
      derivative (YM-11133) were investigated in the cardiovascular system of rats. The
      optical isomers of amosulalol and YM-11133 antagonized the vasopressor effect of
      phenylephrine and the positive chronotropic effect of isoproterenol in
      normotensive pithed rats. Based on DR2 values (micrograms/kg, i.v.) obtained from
      Schild plots, (+)-amosulalol and YM-11133 (DR2 = 30) were approximately 10 times
      more potent than (-)-amosulalol (DR2 = 324) in blocking alpha 1-adrenoceptors.
      For beta 1-adrenoceptors, in contrast, (-)-amosulalol (DR2 = 107) was
      approximately 60 times more potent than (+)-amosulalol (DR2 = 6460), which was
      almost equipotent with YM-11133 (DR2 = 3250). The results indicate that the
      optical isomers of amosulalol interact differently with alpha 1- and beta 1
      adrenoceptors. The effects of these phenethylamines on blood pressure and heart
      rate were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats (i.v.). The rank order of
      hypotensive potency in anesthetized rats [+)- = desoxy greater than (-)-form) was
      consistent with the rank order of alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonism in pithed rats.
      In contrast, (-)-amosulalol having a more potent beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist
      activity than (+)-amosulalol and YM-11133 only produced dose-dependent
      bradycardia at the hypotensive doses. The results indicate that the vascular
      alpha 1- and cardiac beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking activities of the optical
      isomers of amosulalol contribute to their hypotensive and bradycardia,
      respectively. Thus, the racemate of amosulalol appears to exert an overall
      activity reflecting the activities of the individual isomers.

PMID- 2877110
TI  - Nigral-induced decrease in striatal blood flow and the influence on this decrease
      of several drugs in reserpinized and non-reserpinized cats.
AB  - The effect of nigral electrical stimulation on regional blood flow in the caudate
      nucleus and the cerebral cortex, and the influence of several drugs on these
      effects were examined in reserpinized or non-reserpinized cats. A double
      thermistor element was inserted into the left caudate nucleus, and a plate-type
      thermocouple element was put on the left cerebral cortex. The left substantia
      nigra was electrically stimulated for 10 sec through a concentric bipolar
      electrode with a diameter of 0.3 mm (30 Hz, 1 msec, 10-30 V). In non-reserpinized
      cats, the nigral stimulation caused a decrease in striatal blood flow, increase
      in cortical blood flow and rise in mean blood pressure. Hexamethonium (3 mg/kg,
      i.v.) blocked completely the rise in mean blood pressure following nigral
      stimulation, but did not affect a decrease in striatal blood flow, indicating
      that a decrease in striatal blood flow following nigral stimulation was not due
      to the activation of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Nigral-induced
      decrease in striatal blood flow in non-reserpinized cats was blocked by
      haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.), methysergide (1 mg/kg, i.v.) and reserpine (2
      mg/kg, i.v.), but not by phentolamine (7 mg/kg, i.v.). In reserpinized cats,
      nigral stimulation caused an increase in striatal blood flow in contrast to a
      decrease in non-reserpinized cats. After administration of 5-HTP (50 mg/kg, i.v.)
      in reserpinized cats, nigral stimulation decreased the striatal blood flow. On
      the other hand, after administration of L-DOPA (30 mg/kg, i.v.) in reserpinized
      cats, nigral stimulation increased striatal blood flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2877111
TI  - Impairment of memory and changes in neurotransmitters induced by basal forebrain
      lesion in rats.
AB  - The effect of bilateral electrolytic lesioning of the anterior and posterior
      parts of the basal forebrain (BF) on learning behavior and changes in
      neurotransmitters in the central nervous system was investigated in rats. The
      posterior BF lesion caused more severe impairment than the anterior BF lesion in
      the acquisition of conditioned avoidance response in a two-way shuttle box. A
      severe deficit in acquisition of passive avoidance response was produced by the
      posterior BF lesion. Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was decreased
      significantly in the parietal cortex but not in the occipital cortex in anterior
      BF-lesioned rats. However, it was not decreased in posterior BF-lesioned rats.
      The contents of monoamines in the hippocampus was decreased more significantly by
      the posterior BF lesion than by the anterior BF lesion. These results suggest
      that the impairment of memory in posterior BF-lesioned rats may be related mainly
      to monoaminergic function rather than to cholinergic deficit.

PMID- 2877112
TI  - [Assessment of the antihypertensive action of Bunitrolol in patients with mild
      and moderate essential hypertension].

PMID- 2877114
TI  - [Three-country meeting in Innsbruck. Exchange of experiences across the borders].

PMID- 2877113
TI  - [Treatment of cryptorchism with 3 instead of 10 HCG injections].

PMID- 2877115
TI  - Dietary problems of phenylketonuria: effect on CNS transmitters and their
      possible role in behaviour and neuropsychological function.
AB  - Thirty years ago it was observed that the synthesis of serotonin, dopamine and
      norepinephrine was impaired in untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) as judged either
      by a decreased concentration in the blood or decreased excretion in the urine of
      these neurotransmitters, or of their metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5
      HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA). Fifteen years later, when early treatment of
      PKU with a phenylalanine restricted diet was routinely introduced, an inverse
      relationship was found between phenylalanine levels and the urinary excretion of
      dopamine and serotonin. An inverse relationship between blood phenylalanine
      levels and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA has
      repeatedly been reported during the past 10 years. Recently, the effect of the
      discontinuation of diet in PKU on the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine and
      serotonin has been examined, and the possible relationship between low levels of
      these neurotransmitters and impaired performance on neuropsychological tests has
      been evaluated. In some PKU patients the performance on neuropsychological tests
      of higher integrative function is impaired after discontinuation of diet,
      especially when blood phenylalanine values exceed 1200 mumol/L, and the patients
      often complain of lack of concentration and emotional instability. When these
      patients return to a 'relaxed' phenylalanine restricted, tyrosine enriched diet,
      the impaired neuropsychological and behavioural functions appear to be
      reversible. One mechanism may involve an impaired synthesis of dopamine and
      serotonin, as the improvement is accompanied by an increase in dopamine and
      serotonin excretion and a significant increase in CSF concentrations of HVA and 5
      HIAA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877117
TI  - Effect of splenectomy on liver regeneration and polyamine metabolism after
      partial hepatectomy.
AB  - The effect of splenectomy on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) induction, DNA
      synthesis, and mitosis of hepatocytes was studied in rat liver after partial
      hepatectomy. ODC activity markedly increased in the early stages of liver
      regeneration, and the increase in the activity was significantly enhanced in
      splenectomized rats. Splenectomy specifically induced ODC since tyrosine
      aminotransferase and general protein synthesis were not affected. Splenectomy
      also enhanced increase in hepatic polyamines, DNA synthesis, and mitosis in
      regenerating liver. The results suggest that splenectomy affects liver
      regeneration after partial hepatectomy by enhancing induction of ODC activity,
      which is an important biochemical event in the early stage of liver regeneration.

PMID- 2877116
TI  - Problems related to diet management of maternal phenylketonuria.
AB  - Provision of nutritionally complete elemental diets for pregnant women with PKU
      requires greater knowledge of 'conditionally' essential nutrient requirements
      than is presently available as well as application of known information.
      Formulation of elemental products needs to be improved to enhance aroma and taste
      and to decrease osmolality. Designers of the metal and vitamin components should
      keep in mind that a major portion (70-80%) of most of these nutrients must be
      obtained from the elemental products. Thus deletion of suspected essential
      minerals or vitamins could cause serious deficiencies. On the other hand,
      knowledge of appropriate ratios that make for improved trace metal absorption
      should be applied. Clinical nutritionists need to assist patients in selection of
      foods that are low in binding substances and provide 'conditionally' essential
      nutrients in adequate amounts. Closer cooperation between clinical nutritionists,
      nutrition scientists and food technologists should result in improved elemental
      products for care of pregnant women with PKU.

PMID- 2877118
TI  - Yeast alpha-factor and somatostatin enhance binding of [3H]estradiol to proteins
      in rat pancreas and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Pancreatic tissue contains an [3H]estradiol-binding protein that requires a
      coligand in the steroid-binding reaction. The endogenous coligand appears to be
      the tetradecapeptide somatostatin. Yeast alpha-factor, a tridecapeptide pheromone
      that induces conjugation between haploid cells of opposite mating type, was found
      to be as effective as somatostatin in enhancing specific binding of [3H]estradiol
      to partially purified pancreatic protein. Supernatant fractions from yeast cells
      also contain an [3H]estradiol-binding protein. alpha-Factor can enhance specific
      binding of [3H]estradiol to such yeast fractions. Somatostatin, somatostatin
      analogues, and an analogue of alpha-factor enhanced binding of [3H]estradiol but
      did not inhibit cell growth or induce morphological changes in S. cerevisiae.
      Thus, it appears that coligand-requiring [3H]estradiol-binding activity and
      mating in yeast are not directly related.

PMID- 2877119
TI  - Analysis of the relation between receptor binding affinity and antagonist
      efficacy of antiglucocorticoids.
AB  - The biological potencies of four antiglucocorticoids, RU486 (RU), dexamethasone
      oxetanone (DOX), R5020, and progesterone have been studied with respect to
      dexamethasone induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) in rat hepatoma tissue
      culture (HTC) cells. Their inhibitory effects in whole-cell competition binding
      studies (at 37 degrees C) and in TAT induction studies were analyzed by Dixon
      plots and Schild plots, respectively. We show that: In both cases, there is an
      actual competition of each antiglucocorticoid with the agonist dexamethasone for
      the same binding site; the two Kd values derived from the two plots are almost
      identical for each antiglucocorticoid; RU486 can be distinguished from the three
      other antiglucocorticoids by its high biological efficacy and its high affinity
      for the glucocorticoid receptor in whole cells at 37 degrees C (identical to its
      affinity in cytosol at 0 degree C). These results imply that: There is a linear
      correlation between the antagonist efficacies of antiglucocorticoids and their
      affinities for the glucocorticoid receptor in whole cells at 37 degrees C; the
      antagonistic action is solely mediated by competition with the agonist for the
      receptor binding site; this is verified by the fact that in all cases, in the
      presence or absence of antiglucocorticoids, a specific TAT induction level was
      always related to the same level of receptor saturation by the agonist in whole
      cells; the phenomena responsible for the high antagonist efficacy of RU486 are
      also responsible for its high affinity in whole cells at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2877120
TI  - Evaluation of postoperative flow reserve in internal mammary artery bypass
      grafts.
AB  - The internal mammary artery has been advocated for use in bypass grafting owing
      to its superior long-term patency when compared to saphenous vein grafts. Concern
      exists that the flow through the internal mammary artery may be inadequate during
      periods of peak myocardial demand. This flow was investigated in 24 consecutive
      patients with a mean proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis of 87.5%
      who were selected for coronary bypass using the internal mammary artery. Within 8
      weeks of operation, all were evaluated by exercise thallium 201 scintigraphy.
      Thallium activity, expressed as a ratio of anteroseptal activity to
      posterolateral wall activity (or inferior wall activity if the posterolateral
      wall was deemed abnormal), was 0.97 +/- 0.15. A second group of 25 patients, with
      normal coronary arteries, was similarly evaluated. The mean septal to
      posterolateral wall thallium activity ratio for these control patients was 1.0 +/
      0.15. A third group of 26 patients who underwent single-vessel percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery and a
      fourth group of 28 saphenous vein graft recipients were compared by stress
      thallium scintigraphy. Thallium 201 activity for the vein graft group (0.96 +/-
      0.19) was not significantly different from that for the mammary artery group,
      whereas the flows obtained with a single attempt at angioplasty were
      significantly inferior (p less than 0.05). The internal mammary artery provides
      excellent coronary flow at peak myocardial demand and compares favorably to
      angioplasty and saphenous vein grafting.

PMID- 2877121
TI  - Free (aorta-coronary) internal mammary artery graft. Late results.
AB  - Free internal mammary artery grafts were placed in 156 patients (1971 to 1985).
      Preoperative clinical and angiographic variables were similar to those of other
      series of isolated coronary bypass grafts. Of 244 total internal mammary artery
      grafts, 166 were in the aorta-coronary position and were performed mainly because
      of unsuitable saphenous veins or to gain additional graft length. One patient
      (0.6%) died during hospitalization. Perioperative complications included
      respiratory dysfunction in 16 (10.3%), reoperation for bleeding in 13 (8.0%),
      stroke in four (2.6%), myocardial infarction in three (1.9%), and wound
      complications in two (1.3%). Morbidity occurred significantly more often in the
      1971 to 1975 period. Subsequently, eight (7%) had reoperation (6 to 158 months;
      mean 99 months). After a 98 month mean follow-up, the 10 year actuarial survival
      rate (including all causes of death) was 73.3%. Of 40 free grafts restudied
      within 18 months of operation, 31 (77%) were patent. The higher rate of early
      closure is attributed to technical problems early in our experience, especially
      construction of the aortic anastomosis. However, 32 of 35 (91%) free grafts
      studied after more than 18 months (mean 94 months) were open. Fifty of 58 (86%)
      free internal mammary artery grafts placed to the anterior descending coronary
      artery, seven of nine (78%) to the circumflex, and six of eight (75.0%) to the
      right coronary artery were patent. Sequential catheterization showed that of 24
      free grafts open at 9 months, 24 remained patent at 80 months; when six of these
      were restudied at 93 months (third catheterization) and two (fourth
      catheterization) at 125 months, all were patent. These late studies of free
      internal mammary artery grafts showed no evidence of graft atherosclerosis. Free
      internal mammary artery grafts, like in situ internal mammary artery grafts,
      appear to have relative immunity from atherosclerosis. These findings expand the
      versatility of internal mammary artery grafting and justify wider use of free
      internal mammary artery grafts.

PMID- 2877122
TI  - Clinical and angiographic assessment of complex mammary artery bypass grafting.
AB  - The internal mammary artery has become the coronary bypass graft of choice in
      recent years because of enhanced long-term patency. Along with this trend,
      sequential, bilateral, and free mammary grafts have been employed more frequently
      in an effort to maximize the number of distal internal mammary anastomoses. This
      approach of maximally using the internal mammary artery (complex mammary
      grafting) seems logical, but at present little information about patency of the
      newer types of internal mammary artery grafts is available to justify the more
      complicated procedures. Over a 15 month period, 207 patients underwent bypass
      graft angiography from 1 to 32 weeks after operation. This is an 85% restudy rate
      for a consecutive series of coronary bypass procedures. Patency was defined as
      complete filling of the graft and distal vessel bypassed. A total of 841 distal
      vessels were grafted, or 4.1 per patient. The overall patency rate was 91% for
      503 distal vein graft anastomoses and 99% for 338 internal mammary artery grafts.
      Individual patency rates of distal anastomoses, expressed as number patent/total
      (percent patent), were as follows: simple vein grafts, 262/285 (92%); sequential
      vein grafts, 196/218 (90%); left internal mammary artery to left anterior
      descending coronary artery, 109/110 (99%); left internal mammary to circumflex
      marginal artery, 14/14 (100%); right internal mammary to right coronary artery,
      19/20 (95%); right internal mammary to left anterior descending coronary artery,
      10/10 (100%); right internal mammary to circumflex marginal artery via transverse
      sinus, 18/20 (90%); sequential left internal mammary artery to left anterior
      descending system, 133/134 (99%); sequential left internal mammary to circumflex
      marginal system, 15/15 (100%); free internal mammary artery, 9/9 (100%); free
      sequential internal mammary artery, 6/6 (100%). Of the 18 patent transverse sinus
      right internal mammary grafts to the circumflex marginal artery, three exhibited
      very slow flow and probably were not functional. The hospital mortality
      associated with internal mammary revascularizations was 0.4% for nonemergency
      cases and 3.1% for emergency procedures. On the basis of clinical and
      postoperative graft patency data, expanded use of more complicated types of
      mammary grafts seems justified. Function of the right internal mammary graft to
      the circumflex marginal artery was suboptimal, and this method has been
      discontinued. All other complex mammary techniques had excellent patency rates as
      compared to vein grafts, and these differences may become even more significant
      in the late postoperative period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2877123
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonist-mediated desensitization in senescent rats.
AB  - The capacity of senescent rats to develop the catecholamine refractory state was
      investigated in CDF (F-344) rats of 3 and 24 months of age. Beta-adrenergic
      receptor number, receptor-agonist affinity, and adenylate cyclase activity in
      heart membranes were assessed, following the chronic in vivo administration of
      the beta-adrenergic agonist, metaproterenol. Drug treatment leads to marked
      myocardial hypertrophy, receptor down-regulation, and reduced isoproterenol
      stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The extent of catecholamine-refractoriness
      was not different in the older rats, indicating the catecholamine desensitization
      of myocardial beta-adrenergic responsiveness is not impaired in senescence.
      Receptor agonist affinity and the percent of receptors in the high-affinity state
      decrease with age. These parameters are further reduced by agonist treatment but
      to a lesser extent in the older animals. Thus, the effects of age and agonist
      desensitization are not additive and suggest that aged animals may already be
      partially desensitized.

PMID- 2877124
TI  - Age-related osteopenia in the mouse: effects of an H1 blocker, a phenothiazine,
      and promethazine.
AB  - Mature and old B6AF1 and B6D2F1 mice were given acidified tap water or
      promethazine HCl (a phenothiazine with H1 receptor blocking activity),
      chlorpheniramine (an H1 blocker) or trifluoperazine (a phenothiazine with no H1
      blocking activity) in their drinking water, and the effects of these agents on
      bone mineral content were assessed by intermittently measuring the 24-h whole
      body retention of Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate (Tc 99m MDP, an indicator of
      bone metabolism) and at the end of the studies by determining ash weights of
      femur, ilium and sacrum. It was found that 24-h retention of Tc 99m MDP was
      elevated in old mice as it is in old osteopenic humans, that promethazine but not
      chlorpheniramine or trifluoperazine inhibited bone loss in aging mice, and that
      there was a correlation between decrease in retention of Tc 99m MDP and decreased
      bone loss. These preliminary results suggest that the ability of promethazine to
      inhibit age-related bone loss may not be mediated through its action as an H1
      blocker or as a phenothiazine. However, more agents of each type need to be
      tested before this point can be established.

PMID- 2877125
TI  - Compounds acting on alpha 1- and alpha 2- adrenoceptors: agonists and
      antagonists.

PMID- 2877126
TI  - Anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects in a novel test of anxiety: are
      exploratory models of anxiety in rodents valid?

PMID- 2877127
TI  - Indenolol kinetics versus pharmacodynamics in hypertension.
AB  - A kinetic model has been employed to compare the duration of the antihypertensive
      activity of indenolol to its plasma half-life both after single administration
      and at steady-state. After a 14 day run-in period with placebo, 60 or 120 mg
      indenolol were given to hypertensive patients I or II grade, according to W.H.O.
      guidelines, once a day for 14 days. Blood samples were drawn and blood pressure
      recorded at intervals after the first dose, during treatment and after the last
      dose of the compound. Both plasma concentration and mean arterial pressure
      difference curves were fitted by a first order input-output model, where plasma
      half-life was 4 h, while pharmacological half-life was 24 h for both dose-levels
      tested. Therefore, with once-a-day dose regimen an accumulation of the
      antihypertensive effect of indenolol was demonstrated, with 99% steady-state of
      blood pressure reached after 7 days, while the drug did not accumulate in the
      central compartment.

PMID- 2877128
TI  - Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: implications from a cohort of
      361,662 men.
AB  - The risks associated with various levels of serum cholesterol were determined by
      analysis of 6-year mortality in 361,662 men aged 35-57. Above the 20th percentile
      for serum cholesterol (greater than 181 mg/dl, greater than 4.68 mmol/l),
      coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality increased progressively; the relative risk
      was large (3.8) in the men with cholesterol levels above the 85th percentile
      (greater than 253 mg/dl, greater than 6.54 mmol/l). When men below the 20th
      cholesterol percentile were used as the baseline risk group, half of all CHD
      deaths were associated with raised serum cholesterol concentrations; half of
      these excess deaths were in men with cholesterol levels above the 85th
      percentile. For both CHD and total mortality, serum cholesterol was similar to
      diastolic blood pressure in the shape of the risk curve and in the size of the
      high-risk group. This new evidence supports the policy of a moderate fat intake
      for the general population and intensive treatment for those at high risk. There
      is a striking analogy between serum cholesterol and blood pressure in the
      epidemiological basis for identifying a large segment of the population (10-15%)
      for intensive treatment.

PMID- 2877129
TI  - Effects of synvinolin (MK-733) on plasma lipids in familial
      hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - The effects of synvinolin (MK-733), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, were investigated in 43 patients with
      heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled, dose-finding study. Synvinolin was given in doses ranging from 2.5 mg
      to 80 mg per day for 4 weeks. 8 patients received placebo. Low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol fell on average by 18% on 2.5 mg/day and 42% on 80
      mg/day. The drug was as effective whether it was given once or twice daily. Serum
      high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol tended to increase and serum triglycerides
      to decrease on the higher doses. The drug was tolerated well. Except for a slight
      rise in alanine aminotransferase in 3 patients no objective side-effects were
      observed.

PMID- 2877131
TI  - Transdermal testosterone substitution therapy for male hypogonadism.
AB  - A transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for administration of testosterone was
      tested in healthy and hypogonadal men. To ensure adequate absorption, a
      testosterone-loaded film was applied to the scrotal skin. The TTS was designed to
      last for 22 h; over this time serum testosterone levels in normal men were
      moderately increased, with concentration curves almost parallel to basal levels.
      Seven hypogonadal patients also responded to TTS testosterone; serum testosterone
      levels were in the normal range during a 12-week treatment period. There were no
      side-effects. TTS testosterone offers a new approach to androgen substitution
      therapy.

PMID- 2877130
TI  - Sympathetic tone modulates portal venous pressure in alcoholic cirrhosis.
AB  - Sixteen alcoholic cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension were studied before
      and after 2.5 micrograms/kg intravenous clonidine. In six patients portal venous
      pressure was assessed simultaneously by wedged hepatic vein and transhepatic
      portal vein cannulation. Wedged hepatic vein pressure accurately reflected portal
      venous pressure both before and after clonidine (r = 0.912 and 0.940; p less than
      0.01). In all the other ten patients, sympathetic tone, measured by total plasma
      noradrenaline spillover, was high (755 +/- 123 ng/min; normal 296 +/- 29 ng/min).
      It fell significantly after clonidine (378 +/- 95 ng/min; p less than 0.01). This
      fall was associated with a decrease in corrected wedged hepatic vein pressure
      (18.6 +/- 1.1 to 13.4 +/- 0.5 mm Hg; p less than 0.01) but no change in estimated
      hepatic blood flow (934 +/- 94 to 976 +/- 102 ml/min), indicating a fall in
      postsinusoidal hepatic vascular outflow resistance. Clonidine-induced changes in
      mean arterial pressure and cardiac output were independent of the change in
      portal venous pressure. The results suggest that in alcoholic cirrhosis there is
      a labile component of hepatic vascular resistance which is partly under
      sympathetic nervous control and is thus potentially sensitive to pharmacological
      control.

PMID- 2877132
TI  - Clinical experience with 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene-amineoxime for labelling
      leucocytes and imaging inflammation.
AB  - Hexamethylpropylene-amineoxime (HMPAO) forms a lipid-soluble neutral complex with
      99mTc which is rapidly incorporated into leucocytes in vitro. In six patients
      with suspected or known inflammatory disease, a "mixed" leucocyte suspension
      isolated from 85 ml blood anticoagulated with acid-citrate-dextrose was labelled
      by 99mTc-HMPAO with a mean efficiency of 47% (SE2%), of which 78% (3) was taken
      up by granulocytes. Activity eluted more rapidly from other cell types in vitro
      than from granulocytes, which remained firmly labelled. Mean initial
      biodistribution of the label and granulocyte recovery in blood of 32% (8) at 30
      40 min showed that the granulocytes were not significantly activated during
      labelling. All six patients were positive for inflammatory disease, as early as
      30 min in five patients and at 3 h in the sixth; they all remained positive at 20
      24 h. Four patients also received 111In-labelled "pure" granulocytes. In terms of
      detail, the 99mTc images were comparable or superior to the 111In images.

PMID- 2877133
TI  - Who will get AIDS?

PMID- 2877134
TI  - Catatonia.

PMID- 2877135
TI  - Academic medicine and the NHS: a partnership in jeopardy.

PMID- 2877136
TI  - Diagnosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2877137
TI  - Obstetric hysterectomy.

PMID- 2877138
TI  - Hypersensitivity to sulphonamides--a clue?

PMID- 2877139
TI  - Assessment of dysphonia.

PMID- 2877140
TI  - Bone-marrow autotransplantation in man. Report of an international cooperative
      study.
AB  - Bone-marrow autotransplantation consists of the administration of extremely high
      doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation followed by "rescue" with autologous,
      cryopreserved, bone-marrow cells. This approach can produce responses
      unattainable with conventional doses of similar agents. Bone-marrow
      autotransplantation is increasingly being done. This report summarises data from
      2570 patients receiving autotransplants at 43 centres worldwide for
      haematological malignancies and solid tumours; more than 50% of these transplants
      were done since 1984. Most transplants were performed for treatment of lymphoma,
      leukaemia, lung cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and breast cancer. Preliminary
      analyses indicate favourable responses in some tumour types and provide a basis
      for future investigations.

PMID- 2877141
TI  - Treatment of end-stage renal failure due to diabetes in the United Kingdom, 1975
      84.
AB  - In 1975-84 762 new patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) due to diabetes
      mellitus were accepted onto renal replacement programmes in the United Kingdom.
      They formed 5.7% of the total intake of ESRF patients. This proportion rose from
      1.4% in 1975 to 11.1% in 1984. 4.1% of the patients on renal replacement therapy
      at the end of 1984 were reported as having ESRF due to diabetic nephropathy.
      During 1983-84, 272 patients taken on were type I (76%) and 87 (24%) were type II
      diabetics. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was most popular as
      both initial (51%, plus 24% on intermittent peritoneal dialysis in 1983-84) and
      long-term treatment (48% of 446 under treatment at Dec 31, 1984); 163 patients
      (36.5%) had successful allografts, and only 14% of patients were on
      haemodialysis. Actuarial survival was 49% at 3 years, irrespective of type of
      treatment; the death rate for type II diabetics approached the intake rate in
      1983-84. There was considerable regional variation in the numbers of diabetics on
      treatment. Even though the proportion of diabetics entering British end-stage
      renal failure programmes is rising, many patients who may benefit from treatment
      are probably not receiving it.

PMID- 2877142
TI  - Legionella micdadei pneumonia in normal hosts.

PMID- 2877143
TI  - Lymphoblastic leukaemia in Siamese twins: evidence for identity.

PMID- 2877144
TI  - Levodopa treatment may benefit or impair "frontal" function in Parkinson's
      disease.

PMID- 2877146
TI  - Broad-complex tachycardias.

PMID- 2877145
TI  - Topical cyclosporin in alopecia areata and nickel contact dermatitis.

PMID- 2877147
TI  - Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis B virus from symptomless HBsAG carriers
      positive for anti-HBe.

PMID- 2877148
TI  - Failure of high intrauterine insemination of husband's semen.

PMID- 2877149
TI  - Teicoplanin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus.

PMID- 2877150
TI  - Central venous catheterisation.

PMID- 2877151
TI  - Polymyositis and molecular mimicry.

PMID- 2877152
TI  - Campylobacter-like organisms and acute purulent gastritis.

PMID- 2877153
TI  - Coronary revascularisation by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for
      recurrent ischaemic pulmonary oedema.

PMID- 2877154
TI  - Where will this month's medical school intake go?

PMID- 2877155
TI  - Knee moments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2877156
TI  - Preponderance of females with AIDS in Ghana.

PMID- 2877157
TI  - Oral hairy leucoplakia in two women, a haemophiliac, and a transfusion recipient.

PMID- 2877158
TI  - AIDS and promiscuity.

PMID- 2877159
TI  - Place of IgM antibody testing in HIV serology.

PMID- 2877161
TI  - Rewarming patterns in upper limbs.

PMID- 2877160
TI  - Anti-phospholipid antibodies and pregnancy wastage.

PMID- 2877163
TI  - Carboplatin chemotherapy for malignant paraganglioma.

PMID- 2877162
TI  - Failure of mineral supplementation to reduce incidence of rickets in very-low
      birthweight infants.

PMID- 2877164
TI  - False-positive ELISA for Chlamydia trachomatis recognised by atypical morphology
      on fluorescent staining.

PMID- 2877165
TI  - HLA-D region antigen expression on stomach epithelium in absence of
      autoantibodies.

PMID- 2877167
TI  - Reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi.

PMID- 2877166
TI  - Pulsed Doppler diagnosis of cerebral air embolus in a baby with pulmonary
      interstitial emphysema.

PMID- 2877168
TI  - Differential diagnosis of motoneurone disease from other neurological conditions.

PMID- 2877169
TI  - When should levodopa be started?

PMID- 2877170
TI  - Cervical smears: choice of spatula is critical.

PMID- 2877171
TI  - Ifosfamide/mesna nomogram and serum albumin.

PMID- 2877172
TI  - Identification of HLA-Dw14 genes in DR4+ rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Genes of the major histocompatibility complex, HLA, are associated with
      susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the aetiology of this chronic
      inflammatory disease is not known. Synthetic oligonucleotide DNA probes were
      constructed to distinguish between two closely related but distinct alleles
      encoding the HLA-DR4 specificity in patients with RA. With these allele-specific
      oligonucleotide probes an uncommon DR4 genetic variant, Dw14, was identified in 6
      of 7 RA patients homozygous for HLA-DR4. This allele may play an important part
      in susceptibility to RA.

PMID- 2877173
TI  - Coronary artery surgery with patient's lungs as oxygenator.
AB  - The use of the patient's own lungs as oxygenator was assessed during coronary
      artery bypass grafting in 20 patients. This technique maintained the circulation
      and provides excellent oxygenation, and the lungs did not intrude on the
      operative field. Blood damage as assessed by platelet function and lung
      sequestration was less than that reported with other forms of bypass. No
      microbubbles were produced, since there was no artificial blood/air interface.
      Complement activation, as assessed by amount of white-cell sequestration in the
      lungs, was also lower than that reported in other forms of bypass. There were no
      major complications attributable to the technique. Apart from being substantially
      cheaper than conventional cardiopulmonary bypass, the use of the patient's lungs
      as oxygenator offers the potential advantage of reduced trauma to the blood and
      merits further consideration.

PMID- 2877174
TI  - Characteristics of a glutamine carrier in skeletal muscle have important
      consequences for nitrogen loss in injury, infection, and chronic disease.
AB  - A carrier for glutamine, identified in rat muscle, has properties in terms of
      kinetics, ion dependence and hormone sensitivity, and effects of endotoxin and
      branched-chain aminoacids that point to an important function in the control of
      whole-body aminoacid metabolism. The existence of a link between the size of the
      glutamine pool in muscle and the rate of muscle protein synthesis raises
      possibilities for therapeutic interventions to limit protein loss in injury,
      sepsis, and chronic disease.

PMID- 2877175
TI  - Peptic ulceration: the eye of the cyclone.

PMID- 2877176
TI  - LHRH analogues in endometriosis.

PMID- 2877177
TI  - The natural laboratory.

PMID- 2877178
TI  - Advertising during anaesthesia?

PMID- 2877179
TI  - Science and the public.

PMID- 2877180
TI  - The parasomnias.
AB  - Parasomnias are due to a combination of familial, developmental, and
      environmental factors. The clinical features are well known, but reports by
      patients do not always match the typical descriptions. Parasomnias are not due to
      mental ill-health but are occasionally associated with brain disease. Their
      recognition is important, but treatment is rarely necessary. Occasionally, life
      threatening injuries result from sleep-walking and night terrors.

PMID- 2877181
TI  - The Trieste experience.

PMID- 2877182
TI  - Second-generation clinical pharmacology.

PMID- 2877183
TI  - Anaesthesia for children.

PMID- 2877184
TI  - Prevention of catheter-associated urinary-tract infections by use of silver
      impregnated catheters.

PMID- 2877185
TI  - Safety of human and ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone.

PMID- 2877186
TI  - Acetaldehyde modification of proteins as result of ethanol metabolism.

PMID- 2877187
TI  - Toxic psychosis from transdermal scopolamine in a child.

PMID- 2877188
TI  - Safety of dipyrone.

PMID- 2877189
TI  - Give a drug a bad name: cinnarizine.

PMID- 2877190
TI  - Prevalence of undiagnosed syphilis in the elderly.

PMID- 2877191
TI  - Consequences of Chernobyl accident for health services.

PMID- 2877192
TI  - In-vitro sensitivity of Campylobacter pyloridis to furazolidone.

PMID- 2877193
TI  - Sensitivity to albendazole sulphoxide of Echinococcus granulosus scoleces in man.

PMID- 2877195
TI  - Thyroid-stimulating hormone measurements by immunoradiometric assay in severely
      ill patients.

PMID- 2877194
TI  - Mechanism of action of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer.

PMID- 2877196
TI  - Fulminant hepatic failure treated by hepatic transplantation.

PMID- 2877197
TI  - Papillomavirus infections in women.

PMID- 2877198
TI  - Tobacco and asbestos litigation.

PMID- 2877199
TI  - Tobacco: UK and China.

PMID- 2877200
TI  - Assault rates and unemployment.

PMID- 2877201
TI  - B-cell lymphomas in two HIV seropositive heroin addicts.

PMID- 2877202
TI  - Subacute polyneuropathy with encephalopathy in AIDS with human cytomegalovirus
      pathogenicity?

PMID- 2877203
TI  - IgA deficiency and salivary transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2877204
TI  - AIDS information.

PMID- 2877205
TI  - Apolipoprotein CIII polymorphism and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2877206
TI  - Persistence of vaginal vault granulation.

PMID- 2877207
TI  - Diastolic versus systolic.

PMID- 2877208
TI  - Erythema nodosum provoked by hepatitis B vaccine.

PMID- 2877209
TI  - Metoprolol and albumin excretion in diabetes.

PMID- 2877210
TI  - Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from dairy cattle associated with two cases
      of haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2877212
TI  - Prognostic factors in myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2877211
TI  - Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Benin.

PMID- 2877213
TI  - Aspirin-like analgesics and cataract.

PMID- 2877214
TI  - Mammillary fistula.

PMID- 2877215
TI  - Retrovirus and Kawasaki disease.

PMID- 2877216
TI  - Colonoscopy and barium enemas.

PMID- 2877217
TI  - Heparin and mast cells.

PMID- 2877218
TI  - Transplants of primate neurons.

PMID- 2877219
TI  - Metabolic epidemiology of plasma cholesterol. Mechanisms of variation of plasma
      cholesterol within populations and between populations. International
      Collaborative Study Group.
AB  - Plasma cholesterol concentrations vary widely within and between populations,
      underlying a broad range of coronary heart disease mortality. Since the metabolic
      bases of this variation are poorly understood, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      metabolism was investigated, kinetically and in vitro, in five population samples
      from nutritionally disparate countries; 109 men with LDL cholesterol 1.0-6.7
      mmol/l were studied. Slow production rate and rapid fractional catabolism,
      possibly due to high LDL receptor activity, underlay the lowest LDL cholesterol
      levels within each population; highest levels were largely maintained by rapid
      production rate. Differences in production rate explained more of the variation
      in LDL cholesterol than differences in fractional catabolic rate. Very low LDL
      levels in the African subjects were due to slow production rate; differences in
      fractional catabolic rate and production rate interacted in determining levels in
      the European populations. Direct relations were present between saturated fatty
      acid intake and production rate, and between monounsaturated fatty acid intake
      and fractional catabolic rate, and may contribute to differences in LDL
      metabolism between populations.

PMID- 2877220
TI  - A psychiatric study of idiopathic oedema.
AB  - Twenty-five women with idiopathic oedema and twenty-five women attending
      gynaecology clinics were assessed by means of a standardised psychiatric
      interview, an interview on dietary habits, and a specially designed interview on
      current health. The patients with idiopathic oedema were significantly more
      depressed and anxious, with a trend towards widespread neurotic symptoms. There
      was no evidence that diuretic or laxative abuse is an important aetiological
      factor. In many patients with idiopathic oedema excessive fluid retention may be
      related to the neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with psychiatric illness.

PMID- 2877221
TI  - Influence of sleep disruption and calorie restriction on biological markers for
      depression.
AB  - The hypothesis that the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and rapid-eye
      movement (REM) latency test are not biological markers for depressive illness but
      artifacts arising from dietary and sleep disturbances that accompany depression
      was examined in 28 normal volunteers. The restriction of calorie intake with
      moderate weight loss reproduced a pattern of response to dexamethasone closely
      resembling that claimed to be diagnostic of depressive illness. The shortened REM
      latencies claimed as a diagnostic marker were replicated in volunteers by
      mimicking the sleep pattern commonly found in depression. These changes could not
      be explained by the induction of mood disorder in the subjects. The results put
      in question the diagnostic value of the DST and REM latency tests in clinical
      practice, where sleep disorder and poor appetite, with reduced calorie intake,
      are the common accompaniments of depressive illness.

PMID- 2877222
TI  - Effect of cyclophosphamide therapy on oncogene expression in angioimmunoblastic
      lymphadenopathy.
AB  - The expression of four cellular oncogenes was studied by means of northern blot
      analysis of messenger RNA in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from patients
      with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD). On average, cells from patients
      with AILD and from those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) expressed
      significantly more N-ras and significantly less c-fos mRNA than did cells from
      healthy controls. Expression of these cellular oncogenes was most abnormal in
      patients with the most severe disease. In contrast, increased levels of c-myc
      mRNA were found in patients with SLE but not in those with AILD. Administration
      of cyclophosphamide to patients with AILD was followed by return to normal of
      both N-ras and c-fos expression.

PMID- 2877223
TI  - Prevention of graft failure by an anti-HLFA-1 monoclonal antibody in HLA
      mismatched bone-marrow transplantation.
AB  - Seven patients with immunodeficiencies (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, combined
      immunodeficiency, and osteopetrosis) were given a mouse monoclonal antibody
      against the alpha subunit of human leucocyte functional antigen (HLFA-1; CD18) to
      facilitate the engraftment of mismatched haploidentical related-donor bone
      marrow. Other conditioning included busulphan, cyclophosphamide, and
      antilymphocyte globulin. To prevent graft-versus-host disease the bone-marrow T
      cells were depleted with sheep erythrocyte rosetting and cyclosporin therapy was
      given. HLFA-1 antibody injections were well tolerated without side-effects except
      slight, transient fever (38-40 degrees) after the first injection. Engraftment
      was rapid in all seven patients. The regenerating leucocytes were of donor origin
      in all cases, and two patients have a mixed chimera. Two patients died from
      infections. The others are alive and well 60-395 days after transplantation. In a
      historical control group given the same treatment without anti-HLFA-1 infusion,
      only one of seven transplants partially engrafted; only two patients remain alive
      with autologous reconstitution but with uncorrected immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2877224
TI  - The colostomy plug: a new disposable device for a continent colostomy.
AB  - A new disposable device for colostomy control is described. It is a two-piece
      system consisting of an adhesive base plate and a disposable colostomy plug,
      attachable to the plate. The plug is made of a soft, pliable plastic material
      with open cells, containing a carbon filter which allows flatus to pass odour
      free. It is packed and compressed in a water-soluble film, which disintegrates
      immediately after insertion, allowing the plug to expand and prevent the passage
      of faeces. The device has been tested in 53 patients. Faecal continence and the
      passage of flatus without noise or odour was achieved in 90%. The median
      application period until the plug became obstructed with mucus or faeces was 8 h
      (range 5-24 h or more), the application period being somewhat longer for patients
      who used bowel irrigation. Patients not using bowel irrigation applied a
      colostomy bag during the night.

PMID- 2877225
TI  - Quantification of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics in sick newborn infants
      by near infrared spectrophotometry.
AB  - New apparatus was made whereby indices of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics
      in sick newborn infants could be quantified by near infrared (NIR)
      spectrophotometry and displayed instantaneously at the cotside. The indices
      included oxygenated haemoglobin, reduced haemoglobin, oxidised cytochrome aa3,
      and total haemoglobin concentration: cerebral blood volume, mixed cerebral venous
      saturation, and changes in cerebral blood flow were then derived. Striking
      changes were observed in response to alterations in arterial oxygen saturation
      and carbon dioxide tension and to tilting of the infant. Abnormal responses were
      detected in cerebral oedema following birth asphyxia, patent ductus arteriosus,
      and cystic encephalomalacia. NIR spectrophotometry provides valuable quantitative
      data at the cotside for the management of sick infants and for exploring the
      pathophysiology of damage to the brain.

PMID- 2877226
TI  - Lathyrism: evidence for role of the neuroexcitatory aminoacid BOAA.
AB  - Lathyrism, a form of motoneuron disease induced by excessive consumption of th
      legume Lathyrus sativus (chickling pea), presents as signs of pyramidal tract
      involvement. Primate feeding studies show that beta-N-oxalylamino-L-alanine
      (BOAA), a potent neuroexcitatory aminoacid in the chickling pea, induces
      corticospinal dysfunction similar to that seen in animals consuming a fortified
      diet of this legume. BOAA, a potent agonist of the excitatory neurotransmitter
      glutamate, is likely to be causally associated with lathyrism in man.

PMID- 2877228
TI  - Sudden infant death and inherited disorders of fat oxidation.

PMID- 2877227
TI  - Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motoneurone disease: abiotrophic
      interaction between ageing and environment?
AB  - The hypothesis is that Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), and
      motoneurone disease are due to environmental damage to specific regions of the
      central nervous system and that the damage remains subclinical for several
      decades but makes those affected especially prone to the consequences of age
      related neuronal attrition. This proposal is based on the association between
      environmental factors and certain neurodegenerative diseases (eg,
      methylphenyltetra-hydropyridine and parkinsonism, poliovirus infection and post
      poliomyelitis syndrome, chickling pea ingestion and lathyrism, an unidentified
      environmental factor and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-PD complex of Guam, and
      trauma and pugilist's encephalopathy) and on the long latent period between
      exposure to environmental factor and the appearance of symptoms in some of these
      disorders. The practical implications of this hypothesis are that epidemiological
      attention should be focussed on the environment in early rather than late life,
      prevention may be a realistic goal if the cause of subclinical damage can be
      identified, a search should be undertaken for causal mechanisms linking
      subclinical neuronal damage due to an environmental factor and the normal ageing
      process, and (4) better understanding of the regional selective vulnerability of
      the nervous system to the ageing process might allow a rational approach to
      treatment.

PMID- 2877230
TI  - Causes and consequences of hand injury.

PMID- 2877229
TI  - Risks of antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2877231
TI  - Presentation of myocardial infarction in the elderly.

PMID- 2877232
TI  - Local formularies--the way ahead.

PMID- 2877233
TI  - Acromioclavicular dislocations: conservative treatment vindicated.

PMID- 2877235
TI  - Prostaglandins for peptic ulcer: a promise unfulfilled.
AB  - Prostaglandin analogues appear to heal peptic ulcers no better than would be
      predicted from their ability to inhibit acid secretion. This implies that their
      cytoprotective properties, which are so dramatic in acute animal experiments,
      play no part in ulcer healing. Ulcer healing involves mucosal repair, whereas
      cytoprotection concerns preservation of normal mucosa, the two processes being
      conceptually different. If any general benefits of prostaglandin cytoprotection
      are to be harnessed to clinical ends, drug delivery systems that ensure long
      lasting contact with the gastroduodenal mucosa may be needed.

PMID- 2877234
TI  - Bone-marrow transplantation for immunodeficiencies and osteopetrosis: European
      survey, 1968-1985.
AB  - In this retrospective analysis of allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation (BMT)
      carried out between 1969 and 1985 at fourteen European centres in 162 patients
      with sixteen different types of inherited immunodeficiencies and osteopetrosis,
      the overall survival with functional grafts was 51.7% (85 patients), with a
      minimum follow-up of 5 months. In patients with severe combined immunodeficiency
      HLA-matched (n = 41) and T-cell-depleted HLA-mismatched BMT (n = 46) resulted in
      68% and 57% disease-free survival, respectively; after HLA-mismatched
      transplants, older age (greater than 6 months) and adenosine-deaminase deficiency
      resulted in poorer survival. Eight other lethal immunodeficiencies, including
      profound T-cell deficiencies, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, LFA
      1/CR 3/p150,95 deficiency, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome as well as malignant
      osteopetrosis, have been successfully treated by BMT. In this group, survival
      with functional graft was 47% with HLA-matched and 29% with T-cell-depleted HLA
      mismatched BMT. Engraftment failure was the major complication in this group.
      Poorer prognosis was associated with older patients, profound T-cell
      deficiencies, and the degree of HLA incompatibility.

PMID- 2877236
TI  - The RAWP review: pious hopes. Resource Allocation Working Party.

PMID- 2877237
TI  - Human papillomavirus genomes in penile smears of healthy men.

PMID- 2877238
TI  - Cyclosporin and Raynaud phenomenon.

PMID- 2877239
TI  - Sudden death in sleep of South-East Asian refugees.

PMID- 2877240
TI  - Enalapril-induced cough.

PMID- 2877241
TI  - Is pneumonia developing in patients in intensive care always a typical
      "nosocomial" infection?

PMID- 2877242
TI  - Combination therapy in prostate cancer.

PMID- 2877243
TI  - Trace metals and plasma exchange.

PMID- 2877244
TI  - Nitrogen dioxide and asthma outbreaks.

PMID- 2877245
TI  - Hypoxia of altitude.

PMID- 2877247
TI  - Alzheimer's disease and tau proteins.

PMID- 2877246
TI  - Immunosuppressive drugs in diabetes.

PMID- 2877248
TI  - Mobilisation of lead from adipose tissue and cisplatin therapy.

PMID- 2877249
TI  - Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and pregnancy.

PMID- 2877250
TI  - Post-transfusion graft-versus-host disease after open heart surgery.

PMID- 2877251
TI  - Examination of the anus in suspected child sexual abuse.

PMID- 2877252
TI  - Services for the mentally handicapped.

PMID- 2877253
TI  - Informed consent.

PMID- 2877254
TI  - Opisthotonos and benzodiazepine withdrawal in the elderly.

PMID- 2877255
TI  - Increased sexual function in benzodiazepine withdrawal.

PMID- 2877257
TI  - Valproate or infective hepatitis?

PMID- 2877256
TI  - Ifosfamide/mesna nomogram and serum albumin.

PMID- 2877258
TI  - Diuretics in heart failure.

PMID- 2877260
TI  - Misdiagnosis of ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2877259
TI  - Bedside theophylline assay in management of severe acute asthma.

PMID- 2877261
TI  - Are medical injections a risk factor for HIV infection in children?

PMID- 2877262
TI  - Reassessment of predicted numbers of AIDS cases in the UK.

PMID- 2877263
TI  - AIDS and Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2877264
TI  - Toxicity of antidepressants.

PMID- 2877265
TI  - Calcium and blood pressure.

PMID- 2877266
TI  - Is homoeopathy a placebo response?

PMID- 2877267
TI  - Changes in brain water with haemodialysis.

PMID- 2877268
TI  - Intermittent pneumatic compression in healing of venous ulcers.

PMID- 2877270
TI  - Cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography for prediction of outcome after perinatal
      asphyxia.
AB  - 43 term infants with clinical neurological manifestations of intrapartum asphyxia
      and who survived for more than 2 days were studied sequentially, while in
      hospital, with doppler ultrasound examination of the anterior cerebral arteries.
      36 survivors with post-asphyxial encephalopathy were followed up for a median of
      18 months and none who had had normal doppler measurements (defined by results in
      49 non-asphyxiated babies) became seriously handicapped. Of the 18 infants with
      abnormal waveforms 12 had an adverse outcome (death or handicap). In the
      asphyxiated infants, doppler examination predicted outcome with an accuracy of
      86%. The prediction of adverse outcome by abnormal doppler showed a sensitivity
      of 100% and a specificity of 81%. All abnormal results had occurred by 62 hours
      from birth.

PMID- 2877269
TI  - Evidence for heterosexual transmission and clinical manifestations of human
      immunodeficiency virus infection and related conditions in Lusaka, Zambia.
AB  - In a hospital-based survey in Lusaka, Zambia, 189 (17.5%) of 1078 subjects had
      antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The prevalence of
      antibodies was low in subjects aged less than 20 or greater than 60 years; in men
      the peak prevalence (32.9%) occurred in those aged 30-35 years, and in women
      (24.4%) it occurred in the 20-25 year age-group. There was no significant
      difference in prevalence by sex after adjusting for age. High educational level
      was independently associated with HIV seropositivity; the antibody against HIV
      was found in 18.4% of blood donors and in 19.0% of hospital workers. Among
      patients the antibody prevalence ranged from 8.7% in antenatal women and 9.3% in
      orthopaedic patients to 29.2% in those attending sexually transmitted disease
      (STD) clinics (the prevalence being 37.3% in previous attenders and 22.8% in
      first-time attenders). Seropositivity rates were higher in patients with an
      infectious problem (23.4%) than in those without (11.4%, p = 0.0002). Herpes
      zoster, oral thrush, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, and weight loss were independently
      correlated with seropositivity. The data strongly suggest that HIV infection is
      prevalent in Africa and is transmitted heterosexually. The restricted
      distribution of seropositivity to the sexually active age-groups indicates that
      the epidemic, at least in this part of Africa, is newly introduced; this has
      substantial implications for prevention.

PMID- 2877271
TI  - Relation of fetal hypoxia in growth retardation to mean blood velocity in the
      fetal aorta.
AB  - Umbilical venous blood pO2, pCO2, pH, erythroblast count, and plasma lactate were
      measured in twenty-nine fetuses with growth retardation. There were significant
      negative correlations between the severity of fetal hypoxia, hypercapnoea,
      acidosis, and hyperlactaemia and the mean velocity of blood in the fetal aorta
      measured by doppler ultrasound.

PMID- 2877272
TI  - Aortic calcification as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality.
AB  - Since aortic calcification is seen on X-rays of the prelumbar region in many
      patients, its relation with cardiovascular disease (CVD) was investigated in a
      prospective study in The Netherlands. X-rays were taken of 1359 men and 1598
      women, in 1975-78. In the subsequent 9 years, 50 men and 33 women died from CVD.
      The prevalence of aortic calcification was about 10% in middle-aged subjects and
      rose with age to a maximum of 45% in men and 75% in women. Aortic calcification
      was associated with a six-fold increased risk of CVD death in men aged 45 years,
      independent of major CVD risk factors. For each year of age over 45, risk
      associated with the presence of aortic calcification declined by 6%. Death rates
      in middle-aged women were too small for risk analysis. These results suggest that
      atherosclerosis in other than coronary or cerebral vessels may have predictive
      relevance for CVD death: its diagnosis indicates intervention on present CVD risk
      factors.

PMID- 2877273
TI  - A second site for Epstein-Barr virus shedding: the uterine cervix.
AB  - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of the human uterine cervix was detected in 5
      out of 28 women by means of culture and cytohybridization analysis of cervical
      secretions. Cervical samples from 2 of 14 women contained epithelial cells with
      EBV DNA, and filtered cervical washings from 4 women contained infectious EBV.
      The discovery of EBV shedding in its cell-free infectious form from the uterine
      cervix raises the possibility of venereal transmission, neonatal infection, and
      EBV involvement in cervical pathology.

PMID- 2877276
TI  - Akathisia and antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2877275
TI  - Role of plasma exudation in asthmatic airways.
AB  - In normal airway defence and especially in asthma, mediators released from
      inflammatory cells will directly affect the walls of the abundant airway
      microvessels, making them much more permeable to macromolecules. Through large
      gaps between actively separated (contracted?) endothelial cells of venules of the
      tracheobronchial circulation, there is a bulk flow of proteinaceous plasma. The
      plasma exudate is distributed in the airway wall and it readily passes across an
      inflamed mucosa into the airway lumen. Plasma in the airway wall causes oedema,
      which may result in hyperresponsiveness and epithelial shedding. In the lumen its
      effects are formation of mucus plugs and inhibition of mucociliary transport, and
      its potent mediators such as the protein products of the kinin, complement, and
      clotting systems are released. Thus plasma exudation may operate in several
      aspects of asthmatic diathesis. By positive feedback mechanisms and recruitment
      and conditioning of inflammatory cells plasma exudate may amplify the
      inflammatory process.

PMID- 2877277
TI  - On three stages of amoebic research.

PMID- 2877274
TI  - Successful treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum and Taenia saginata infection by
      intraduodenal 'Gastrografin' injection.
AB  - Tapeworm infections are very difficult to cure completely. Thirteen patients with
      tapeworm infection, seven with Diphyllobothrium latum and six with Taenia
      saginata, were treated by the introduction of a radio-opaque contrast medium,
      'Gastrografin', into the duodenum through a duodenal tube. The whole tapeworm
      with the scolex was expelled unfragmented within 1 h in eleven cases. One patient
      expelled a tapeworm 3 days after treatment; the peristalsis of his intestine had
      been severely disturbed after an attack of cerebral apoplexy. The tapeworm could
      not be expelled by the remaining patient, probably because she had severe
      intestinal adhesion. The injection of gastrografin allowed clear visualisation of
      the tapeworm, the diagnosis of the infection could be confirmed, and the descent
      of the tapeworm could be observed serially. This treatment had no serious adverse
      effects in any of out patients.

PMID- 2877278
TI  - EBV and the uterine cervix.

PMID- 2877279
TI  - Molecular biology of the DMD locus.

PMID- 2877280
TI  - Collagenous colitis.

PMID- 2877281
TI  - Mechanism of the third heart sound.

PMID- 2877282
TI  - Nationwide epidemic of Kawasaki disease in Japan during winter of 1985-86.
AB  - Surveillance data on Kawasaki disease from 148 representative hospitals
      throughout Japan revealed a third nationwide epidemic of Kawasaki disease in
      Japan in November, 1985. The peak number of cases was at least 4.5 times greater
      than that observed in the preceding year. This epidemic wave spread from central
      Japan to the entire nation within six months.

PMID- 2877283
TI  - Answers to ten questions on the dietary treatment of chronic renal failure: On
      behalf of the Steering Committee of the European Study Groups for the
      Conservative Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure.

PMID- 2877284
TI  - Seven-year study of hepatitis B vaccine efficacy in infants from an endemic area
      (Senegal).
AB  - A booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine was given to 143 children in whom hepatitis
      B had not developed 1 year after initial vaccination. Over the next six years the
      incidence of hepatitis B in this group was 1.5% per year compared with 11.5% per
      year in a similar group of unvaccinated children. In the first 4 years the
      protective efficacy of the vaccine was 100%, but during the 5th and 6th years it
      fell to 67%. For maximum protection a second booster is needed, 5 years after the
      first.

PMID- 2877285
TI  - Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya.
AB  - In a Nairobi hospital where ocular prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum has
      been discontinued, 1,019 women were screened for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and
      Chlamydia trachomatis during labour and 7 and 28 days postpartum. The prevalence
      of gonococcal infection was 7% and that of chlamydial was 29%. 52.4% of
      gonococcal isolates produced penicillinase. The incidence of ophthalmia
      neonatorum was 23.2 per 100 live births, and incidences of gonococcal and
      chlamydial ophthalmia were 3.6 and 8.1 per 100 live births, respectively. Of 181
      cases of neonatal conjunctivitis, 31% were caused by C trachomatis, 12% by N
      gonorrhoeae, and 3% by both. In 67 babies exposed to maternal gonococcal
      infection and 201 exposed to maternal chlamydial infection, rates of transmission
      to the eye were 42% and 31%, respectively, and to the throat were 7% and 2%.
      Gonococcal transmission rate was higher in mothers with concomitant chlamydial
      infection (68%; p = 0.01). Postpartum endometritis was associated with ophthalmia
      neonatorum (p less than 0.001). Ocular prophylaxis at birth for gonococcal
      ophthalmia should be reintroduced.

PMID- 2877286
TI  - Confidentiality: the slackness of doctors.

PMID- 2877287
TI  - Persistent eye watering among Bhopal survivors.

PMID- 2877288
TI  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer in a non-IVF unit.

PMID- 2877290
TI  - "Maintenance treatment" for acute leukaemia.

PMID- 2877289
TI  - Combined intra-abdominal and intrauterine pregnancies after gamete intrafallopian
      transfer.

PMID- 2877291
TI  - Impaired prostacyclin synthesis by vessel walls in Behcet's disease.

PMID- 2877292
TI  - Calcium and blood pressure.

PMID- 2877293
TI  - Intranuclear inclusions in marrow of hydropic fetus due to parvovirus infection.

PMID- 2877294
TI  - Chlamydia detection in extragenital specimens.

PMID- 2877296
TI  - Comparison of spatulas for cervical smears.

PMID- 2877295
TI  - Fatal neonatal varicella infection.

PMID- 2877297
TI  - Growth factors and malignancy.

PMID- 2877298
TI  - Adult coeliac disease presenting with symptoms of worsening asthma.

PMID- 2877299
TI  - Airway obstruction and heroin inhalation.

PMID- 2877300
TI  - Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus and serum neutralising antibody.

PMID- 2877301
TI  - Chymopapain.

PMID- 2877302
TI  - Envelope perturbation and AIDS.

PMID- 2877303
TI  - Incidence of gonorrhoea and fear of AIDS.

PMID- 2877304
TI  - Ophthalmomanometry-Doppler and ocular pneumoplethysmography.

PMID- 2877305
TI  - Informed consent.

PMID- 2877306
TI  - Medical care and military occupation.

PMID- 2877307
TI  - Deferred therapy in prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2877308
TI  - Early relapses after plasma exchange in acute inflammatory
      polyradiculoneuropathy.

PMID- 2877309
TI  - Somatostatin and heat sensitivity in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2877310
TI  - Sex, iron, and heart disease.

PMID- 2877311
TI  - Fatal liver cirrhosis associated with long-term arterial infusion of floxuridine.

PMID- 2877312
TI  - Bacterial arthritis.

PMID- 2877313
TI  - Parkinson's disease and pesticides.

PMID- 2877314
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy combined with tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with
      stage II breast cancer.

PMID- 2877315
TI  - Verapamil, low-sodium regimens, and blood pressure.

PMID- 2877316
TI  - Serological diagnosis of staphylococcal bacteraemia.

PMID- 2877317
TI  - Teicoplanin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus.

PMID- 2877318
TI  - Examining the parents of children with tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 2877319
TI  - Enteric-coated prednisolone in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2877320
TI  - Peroxisomal alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and prenatal diagnosis of primary
      hyperoxaluria type 1.

PMID- 2877321
TI  - Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality.

PMID- 2877322
TI  - A sudden urgency about AIDS.

PMID- 2877323
TI  - Effect of human erythropoietin derived from recombinant DNA on the anaemia of
      patients maintained by chronic haemodialysis.
AB  - Ten patients with end-stage renal failure and anaemia (mean haemoglobin 6.1 g/dl,
      range 4.6-8.8 g/dl) on thrice-weekly haemodialysis were treated with human
      erythropoietin derived from recombinant DNA (rHuEPO). This was given as an
      intravenous bolus after each dialysis in rising doses within the range 3-192
      IU/kg. All patients showed increases in reticulocyte numbers and haemoglobin
      concentration and after the first week of treatment none of the four previously
      transfusion-dependent patients needed further transfusions. In nine patients
      treated for 12 weeks haemoglobin rose to a mean of 10.3 g/dl, range 9.5 to 12.8
      g/dl. Thereafter the dose of erythropoietin was adjusted to avoid a further rise
      in haemoglobin. During treatment one patient had an episode of hypertensive
      encephalopathy and two had clotting in their arteriovenous fistulas (complete in
      one). rHuEPO is an effective treatment for the anaemia of end-stage renal failure
      but longer-term observations are needed on the consequences of increasing the
      haematocrit.

PMID- 2877324
TI  - Effect of duodenal ulcer surgery and enterogastric reflux on Campylobacter
      pyloridis.
AB  - To assess the effect of duodenal ulcer surgery on Campylobacter pyloridis gastric
      biopsies were done and fasting bile acid concentrations in gastric aspirates were
      measured in 35 patients with active duodenal ulceration and 54 who had undergone
      surgery at some time. Biopsy specimens were assessed blind for the presence of C
      pyloridis and scored for severity of reflux gastritis by the use of a
      histological grading system. Among patients who had undergone highly selective
      vagotomy the proportion who were C pyloridis-positive was similar to that in the
      unoperated group, but among those who had undergone Billroth I partial
      gastrectomy, Billroth II partial gastrectomy, or truncal vagotomy and
      gastroenterostomy it was significantly lower (p less than 0.001). The absence of
      C pyloridis correlated strongly (p less than 0.001) with high reflux scores and
      increased bile acid concentrations in the stomach. Reflux scores and bile acid
      concentrations were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) after Billroth I and
      Billroth II partial gastrectomies and truncal vagotomy and gastroenterostomy than
      in the active duodenal ulcer or highly selective vagotomy groups. There was a
      highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between reflux scores and bile
      acid concentrations. These results suggest that reflux may disrupt mucus and thus
      cause the death of campylobacters that live beneath it. They also suggest that
      reflux may produce a reflux-specific gastritis. Highly selective vagotomy may
      protect against these changes in the gastric mucosa.

PMID- 2877325
TI  - Diphtheria vaccine for adults.
AB  - A low dose (1.5 Lf) diphtheria vaccine for use in adults was given to 310
      university student volunteers whose diphtheria antitoxin titres were less than
      0.1 IU per ml. The incidence of adverse reactions was low. Postimmunisation blood
      samples taken from 134 of the students showed that in susceptible vaccinees the
      vaccine induced titres of antitoxin were consistent with protection and that it
      boosted the titres of those whose immunity was low.

PMID- 2877326
TI  - HLA and tropical sprue.
AB  - In 27 Puerto Rican patients with tropical sprue proven by intestinal biopsy and
      clinical response to folic acid, HLA type was determined with a microcytotoxicity
      assay. 25 of these patients had at least one antigen of the Aw-19 series (p = 10(
      10)). The strongest association was with Aw-31, for which the relative risk was
      10.6 (p = 1.2 X 10(-6)). The absence of a B-locus or haplotype effect suggests a
      marker association only, rather than an immune association.

PMID- 2877327
TI  - Effect of controlled axial micromovement on healing of tibial fractures.
AB  - The preliminary results are presented from a study in which 85 serious tibial
      fractures were treated with external skeletal fixation. In group I patients were
      treated with highly rigid fixation. In group II the same fixation was used but
      axial micromovement was applied across the fracture site for 30 min per day,
      starting 1-3 weeks after injury and continuing until partial weight-bearing,
      which leads to self-induced movement. The overall mean time to independent weight
      bearing was longer in group I than group II (p = 0.02); delayed union occurred in
      more group I patients. Objective measurement of fracture stiffness was made by
      means of strain gauges placed on the fixation frame for 49 fractures treated
      consecutively. The time to reach stiffness levels equivalent to clinical union
      was significantly longer in group I than in group II. The fractures in the
      treatment groups were of comparable severity. It seems that the fracture healing
      process is susceptible to small changes in mechanical environment.

PMID- 2877329
TI  - Preventive screening for fragile X syndrome.

PMID- 2877328
TI  - HLA-associated susceptibility to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Italian
      patients with human-immunodeficiency-virus infection.
AB  - To investigate the contribution of genetic susceptibility to infection with human
      immunodeficiency virus, 50 subjects with lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) and 7
      subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Kaposi's sarcoma were
      typed for HLA A, B, C, and DR antigens. The frequency of B35 was significantly
      higher in LAS patients who progressed to AIDS than in those who did not or in
      healthy controls. The association between DR5 and AIDS/Kaposi's sarcoma was also
      confirmed in these patients.

PMID- 2877330
TI  - Cardiotoxicity of local anaesthetic drugs.

PMID- 2877331
TI  - Yohimbine: time for resurrection?

PMID- 2877333
TI  - Is there a role for the hinged-knee prosthesis?

PMID- 2877332
TI  - Late sequelae of poliomyelitis.

PMID- 2877334
TI  - Uterine fibroids: medical treatment or surgery?

PMID- 2877335
TI  - No evidence for increased risk of Lassa fever infection in hospital staff.
AB  - A prospective serological study was undertaken in hospital personnel who care for
      Lassa fever (LF) patients in an endemic region of Sierra Leone, West Africa.
      Among personnel from three hospitals where barrier nursing is practised, antibody
      prevalence and seroconversion by age and sex were consistently equal to or lower
      than those of persons in nearby village populations. No group among hospital
      personnel evaluated by age, sex, contact, or occupational exposure was at higher
      risk than another. Hospital staff in Sierra Leone who care for LF patients using
      simple barrier nursing methods have no higher risk of infection than the local
      population. These findings support the proposal that patients with LF in non
      endemic countries need not be confined to isolators.

PMID- 2877336
TI  - Sleep after transmeridian flights.
AB  - Nocturnal sleep and daytime sleep latencies, recorded electroencephalographically
      after westward and eastward flights across the North Atlantic involving time zone
      shifts of 5 h, were influenced by the time of the flight and by subsequent
      displacement of the rest period. After the westward flight there was sleep
      disturbance during the latter part of the first night. However, there was
      persistent disturbance of sleep after the eastward flight. A rapidly eliminated
      hypnotic may be useful for the first night or two after a westward flight and for
      a few nights after an overnight eastward flight.

PMID- 2877338
TI  - Perinatal mortality--a suitable index of health worldwide?

PMID- 2877337
TI  - Would screening prevent the international spread of AIDS?

PMID- 2877339
TI  - Acquired coagulation defect in resin-treated hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2877340
TI  - Colestipol plus fenofibrate versus synvinolin in familial hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2877341
TI  - Rapid reduction of uterine myomas after short-term treatment with
      microencapsulated D-Trp6-LHRH.

PMID- 2877342
TI  - Fatal Coxsackie B meningoencephalitis diagnosed by serology and in-situ nucleic
      acid hybridisation.

PMID- 2877343
TI  - Antibodies to HTLV-IV associated with chronic, fatal illness resembling "slim"
      disease.

PMID- 2877344
TI  - Components of saliva inactivate human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2877345
TI  - Serum neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in anti-HIV positive blood donors.

PMID- 2877346
TI  - Who will get AIDS?

PMID- 2877347
TI  - Arterial calcification and tourniquets.

PMID- 2877348
TI  - Useless drugs?

PMID- 2877349
TI  - Enalapril-induced cough.

PMID- 2877350
TI  - Torsades de pointe with prenylamine.

PMID- 2877351
TI  - Pseudomonal toxic shock syndrome.

PMID- 2877352
TI  - Cephalosporins as risk factor for enterococcal nosocomial urinary tract
      infections.

PMID- 2877353
TI  - Dechloroethylation of ifosfamide and neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2877354
TI  - Bone-marrow transplantation and radiation accidents.

PMID- 2877355
TI  - Thyroid radiation dose in Britain arising from the Chernobyl accident.

PMID- 2877356
TI  - Ileal predilection of graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2877357
TI  - Procollagen-III-peptide and hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2877358
TI  - Informed consent.

PMID- 2877359
TI  - Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation.

PMID- 2877360
TI  - Pain and the mother-child interaction.

PMID- 2877361
TI  - Acute transverse myelitis as presenting neurological feature of Lyme disease.

PMID- 2877362
TI  - Spirochaetes and Lyme disease.

PMID- 2877364
TI  - Catatonia.

PMID- 2877363
TI  - 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime scans to confirm brain death.

PMID- 2877365
TI  - Borderline personality disorders.

PMID- 2877366
TI  - Anaphylactoid reaction in platelet-pheresis donor with IgE antibodies to ethylene
      oxide.

PMID- 2877368
TI  - Dupuytren's contracture.

PMID- 2877367
TI  - Does mild atypia on a cervical smear warrant further investigation?

PMID- 2877369
TI  - Which spatula for cervical cytology?

PMID- 2877370
TI  - Parvovirus infection after renal transplant.

PMID- 2877371
TI  - Benzalkonium chloride and bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2877372
TI  - Transplantation in fulminant hepatic failure.

PMID- 2877373
TI  - [Sports medicine and life insurance medicine].

PMID- 2877374
TI  - [Surgical therapy of Crohn disease].

PMID- 2877375
TI  - [Regional chemotherapy in liver metastases and prognosis].

PMID- 2877376
TI  - [Immunotherapy of malignant growth].

PMID- 2877377
TI  - [Human pathogenic papillomaviruses and cancer].

PMID- 2877378
TI  - [Cancer of Vater's papilla. Clinical aspects, morphology and prognosis. Ulm
      collection of rare tumors (VIII.)].

PMID- 2877379
TI  - [Insurability following cancer].

PMID- 2877380
TI  - Spectral and inhibitory interactions of (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
      and (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with rat hepatic microsomes.
AB  - Incubation of racemic methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) or
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with rat hepatic microsomes, in the presence
      of NADPH, generated a spectrally observed inhibitory complex with cytochrome P
      450. The complex inhibited product formation from MDA and MDMA as well as other P
      450 dependent reactions such as benzphetamine demethylation and CO binding. In
      the absence of NADPH, MDMA and MDA generated type I and type IIa difference
      spectra, respectively, suggesting differences in their binding to the enzyme
      active site. The N-demethylation of MDMA was partially inhibited by methimazole
      suggesting involvement of the hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase.

PMID- 2877382
TI  - Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG): inhibition of offensive aggression in mice.
AB  - The effects on offensive aggression of the endogenous peptide-leucyl-glycinamide
      (PLG, MIF-1) and the exogenous opiate antagonist, naloxone, were examined in male
      mice. PLG (0.01-10 mg/Kg) reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the incidence and
      intensity of offensive aggression in dominant resident mice. PLG was more potent
      than naloxone (1.0 mg/Kg). In a number of cases, PLG completely eliminated the
      display of offensive aggression towards intruder mice. These results raise the
      possibility that PLG may function as an "anti-aggressive" peptide whose actions
      may include antagonistic and/or modulatory influences on both opioid and non
      opioid systems.

PMID- 2877381
TI  - Evaluation of studies on platelet alpha 2 adrenoreceptors in depressive illness.
AB  - Discrepant results have been reported from at least ten laboratories regarding
      the status of platelet alpha 2 adrenoreceptors in depressed patients. Using a
      statistical test to combine those studies which utilized radioligand binding
      techniques, we find the overall data support an elevation in density of platelet
      alpha 2 adrenoreceptors from drug-free depressed patients (p less than 0.05) and
      suggest a normalization to lower binding values following antidepressant drug
      treatment (0.05 less than p less than 0.10). However, these positive results are
      attributable to highly significant findings by only three laboratories. Much of
      the discrepancy may be attributable to numerous methodological variables which
      distinguish the studies. Foremost amongst these variables are the use of
      different platelet size populations, the use of different medium, and the choice
      of radioactive ligand and competitor (non-radioactive ligand) in the assay. We
      present a rationale for the proper choice of each methodological condition used
      in the clinical assessment of platelet alpha 2 adrenoreceptor status, hoping that
      improved experimental designs will resolve the current controversy.

PMID- 2877383
TI  - Steroids in chronic B-hepatitis. A randomized, double-blind, multinational trial
      on the effect of low-dose, long-term treatment on survival. A trial group of the
      European Association for the Study of the Liver.
AB  - The effect of long-term, low-dose prednisolone treatment on the survival of
      patients with chronic B-hepatitis was studied in a randomized, double-blind
      multicentre trial. Twenty-two centres from 11 European countries included 99
      patients in the trial. Survival analysis showed 2.9 (95% confidence limit 0.9-9)
      times greater mortality in the prednisolone than in the placebo group (P = 0.07).
      In a Cox regression analysis, correcting for the influence of other prognostic
      factors, the detrimental effect of prednisolone treatment was unchanged.
      Mortality increased significantly with age, and patients without piece-meal
      necrosis had 7 times higher mortality than those with this change on entry to the
      trial. It is concluded that long-term, low-dose prednisolone treatment is very
      unlikely to be beneficial, and should be considered harmful in chronic B
      hepatitis, particularly in the most severe and advanced cases.

PMID- 2877384
TI  - [Consequences of foot frostbite during alcoholic intoxication].

PMID- 2877385
TI  - [Blood pressure regulation by the interaction of the central serotonergic system
      with other neurotransmitters].

PMID- 2877386
TI  - Metoprolol or hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertension aged 60-75 years.
      With special reference to assessment of compliance. Hunter Hypertension Research
      Group.
AB  - The blood pressure of patients with hypertension who were aged between 60 and 75
      years responded equally well to treatment with metoprolol (100 mg a day) or
      hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg a day) in a double-blind study which employed random
      allocation to two parallel groups. Drug-related variables other than blood
      pressure were used as markers of compliance. The resting heart rate alone
      discriminated substantially between the groups, but the discrimination was not
      increased by the inclusion of plasma potassium or plasma urate levels in the
      calculation. For the assessment of compliance, we suggest that greater use could
      be made of objective variables that are altered by drug treatment and are
      unrelated to the primary variable of interest in the study.

PMID- 2877387
TI  - International milestones 1985.

PMID- 2877388
TI  - [Nodose polyarteritis of the spleen with Bence-Jones kappa type paraproteinuria].

PMID- 2877389
TI  - St. Louis encephalitis--Baytown and Houston, Texas.

PMID- 2877390
TI  - Phenylarsine oxide inhibits agonist-induced changes in photolabeling but not
      agonist-induced desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor.
AB  - In the human lymphocyte, desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor
      adenylate cyclase complex is associated with sequestration of the receptor as
      well as a change in photolabeling of beta-receptor proteins. Thus,
      desensitization of the lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase
      system is associated with a selective reduction in the photoaffinity labeling of
      an Mr approximately equal to 55,000 beta-adrenergic receptor-binding site as
      compared to an Mr approximately equal to 68,000 beta-adrenergic receptor-binding
      moiety. In order to examine the relationship between sequestration and reduction
      in labeling of the Mr approximately equal to 55,000 peptide, we have studied the
      effect of phenylarsine oxide (an inhibitor of beta-receptor sequestration in
      astrocytoma cells) on agonist-induced desensitization of the beta-adrenergic
      receptor-adenylate cyclase system in circulating lymphocytes. Incubation of cells
      with phenylarsine oxide prior to exposure to agonists did not block the
      consequent reduction in isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity.
      However, sequestration of the receptor, as assessed by a decrease in
      accessibility of beta-adrenergic receptors on intact cells to hydrophilic
      receptor ligands, is blocked by phenylarsine oxide. Thus, the agonist-induced
      reduction in binding of the hydrophilic beta-adrenergic receptor ligand CGP-12177
      was blocked by phenylarsine oxide (without phenylarsine oxide, 57 +/- 6% of
      control, with phenylarsine oxide, 97 +/- 3% of control). Photolabeling studies
      with [125I]iodocyanopindolol diazirine revealed that phenylarsine oxide
      pretreatment also blocked the selective loss in labeling of the Mr approximately
      equal to 55,000 beta-adrenergic receptor protein. These data suggest that agonist
      induced alterations in the photolabeling pattern of the lymphocyte beta
      adrenergic receptor that occur with desensitization closely parallel the apparent
      sequestration of beta-adrenergic receptors but can be dissociated from the
      initial desensitization phenomenon.

PMID- 2877391
TI  - Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase on at least three sites in rat
      pheochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with 56 mM K+: determination of the sites on
      tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent and
      calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases.
AB  - Incubation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells with the calcium ionophore, A23187
      (10(-5) M), 56 mM K+, or dibutyryl cAMP (2 mM) is associated with increased
      activity and enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the cells. Both
      the activation and the increased phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase produced
      by A23187 and 56 mM K+ are dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium,
      whereas similar effects produced by dibutyryl cAMP are independent of calcium.
      The effects of 56 mM K+ plus dibutyryl cAMP or A23187 plus dibutyryl cAMP on the
      activation and phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase are additive. In contrast,
      the effects of 56 mM K+ plus A23187 on either the activation or the
      phosphorylation of the enzyme are not additive. Following stimulation of intact
      PC12 cells with 32Pi, in order to label ATP stores, and tryptic digestion of the
      phosphorylated enzyme, separation of the tryptic phosphopeptides by high pressure
      liquid chromatography yields four distinct 32P-peptide peaks. Incubation of the
      cells in the presence of either 56 mM K+ or A23187 is associated with increased
      32Pi incorporation into three peptides whereas, in the presence of dibutyryl
      cAMP, increased 32Pi incorporation is observed in only one of these peptides.
      When tyrosine hydroxylase purified from rat pheochromocytoma tumor is incubated
      in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP and either cAMP-dependent or calcium/calmodulin
      dependent protein kinase under appropriate conditions, increased phosphorylation
      of tyrosine hydroxylase is observed. However, even though in vitro
      phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is associated with activation of
      tyrosine hydroxylase, in vitro phosphorylation by calcium/calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase does not lead to activation of the enzyme. Tryptic digestion of
      tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein
      kinase yields three distinct 32P-peptide peaks, which are identical to those
      phosphorylated by treatment of intact PC12 cells with either high K+ or A23187.
      In contrast, cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates only one peptide, which
      is identical to that phosphorylated by treatment of the intact cells with
      dibutyryl cAMP. These results indicate that tyrosine hydroxylase is activated and
      phosphorylated at multiple sites in PC12 cells exposed to 56 mM K+ or A23187. The
      results suggests that the in situ phosphorylation of these sites is catalyzed by
      calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; however, phosphorylation by this
      protein kinase is not sufficient to activate the enzyme.

PMID- 2877392
TI  - Induction of mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP and glucocorticoids in a
      rat pheochromocytoma cell line: evidence for the regulation of tyrosine
      hydroxylase synthesis by multiple mechanisms in cells exposed to elevated levels
      of both inducing agents.
AB  - When rat pheochromocytoma PC18 cells are exposed to the cyclic AMP analog, 8
      bromocyclic AMP, and/or the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, there is a
      marked increase in the level of a single RNA species that hybridizes to the
      recombinant plasmid pTH.4, which contains sequences complementary to the RNA
      coding for tyrosine hydroxylase. This RNA species is 1800-1900 nucleotides in
      length and is presumably identical to an RNA species of similar size, isolated
      from rat pheochromocytoma PC8b cells and shown to code for tyrosine hydroxylase.
      Using RNA dot hybridization to quantitate the relative level of this tyrosine
      mRNA species, time course studies show that this mRNA increases relatively
      rapidly in PC18 cells treated with either 8-bromocyclic AMP or dexamethasone. A
      new steady state level of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA is achieved after 6 hr or 12
      24 hr of treatment with either 8-bromocyclic AMP or dexamethasone, respectively.
      The changes in the level of the mRNA slightly precede the changes in the rate of
      synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase in cells treated with these inducing agents.
      After 24 hr of treatment with either 8-bromocyclic AMP or dexamethasone, the
      increases in the level of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA are identical to the
      increases in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme in the cells. In cells treated
      simultaneously with both 8-bromocyclic AMP and dexamethasone, the increases in
      the enzyme level and rate of synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase are approximately
      equal to the sum of the increases in these parameters observed in cells treated
      with either inducing agent alone. In contrast, there is not an additive increase
      in the level of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in cells treated with both inducing
      agents. This lack of an additive increase in mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase is
      observed in total cellular RNA samples or in cytoplasmic RNA samples. Our results
      suggest that in cells exposed to elevated levels of either cyclic AMP or
      glucocorticoids, tyrosine hydroxylase is induced by a mechanism which increases
      the level of its mRNA, resulting in an increased rate of synthesis of the enzyme.
      However, in cells exposed to elevated levels of both cyclic AMP and
      dexamethasone, tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme levels are regulated by multiple
      mechanisms, one of which regulates the rate of synthesis of the enzyme without
      affecting the level of its mRNA.

PMID- 2877393
TI  - The integrated approach to the management of pain.

PMID- 2877394
TI  - Mechanism and relevance of glutathione mutagenicity.
AB  - The ubiquitous tripeptide glutathione (GSH) has previously been shown to be
      mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 when incubated with kidney subcellular
      fractions at physiological concentrations (Glatt et al., 1983). Here we report
      that the mutagenic effect of GSH can be inhibited by the use of the gamma
      glutamyl-transpeptidase (gamma-GT) inhibitor anthglutin and by the metal
      chelators bathocuproine, EDTA and diethyldithiocarbamate. As the chelating agents
      did not inhibit gamma-GT activity this suggested that the mechanism underlying
      the mutagenic effect of GSH was at least a two-step process, dependent upon the
      cleavage of GSH by gamma-GT and the presence of either free transition metals or
      those contained in enzymes such as glutathione oxidase. As gamma-GT is located on
      the outer surface of kidney tubule cells and is therefore exposed to relatively
      low concentrations of GSH, and the precise physiological control of levels of
      transition metals, this mechanism is unlikely to occur in vivo.

PMID- 2877395
TI  - Modulation of amino acid and 2-oxo acid pools in Trichomonas vaginalis by
      aspartate aminotransferase inhibitors.
AB  - The amino acid pool sizes of Trichomonas vaginalis are reported. Alanine,
      glutamic acid, proline and leucine account for 72% of the measured amino acids.
      Growth of T. vaginalis was unaffected by gostatin, an irreversible inhibitor of
      aspartate aminotransferase, when the enzyme activity within the cell had been
      completely inhibited and a specific elevation of the aspartate pool had occurred.
      In media lacking aspartate and glutamate, the amino acid substrates of the
      aspartate aminotransferase reaction, gostatin caused a larger increase in the
      aspartate pool. During incubation of cells with or without gostatin, aspartate
      and glutamate were produced in the medium, presumably by proteolysis of medium
      proteins. Hence any requirement for the aspartate aminotransferase reaction might
      have been bypassed. Glutamate-gamma-hydroxamate and aminooxyacetate inhibited
      growth of T. vaginalis but caused large changes in the pool-sizes of aspartate,
      glutamate, pyruvate plus oxaloacetate and 2-oxoglutarate, suggesting a more
      general interference with amino acid metabolism.

PMID- 2877396
TI  - Huntington's disease. Pathogenesis and management.

PMID- 2877397
TI  - Effects of postoperative mediastinal radiation on completely resected stage II
      and stage III epidermoid cancer of the lung.
AB  - We randomly assigned 230 patients with resected Stage II or III epidermoid
      (squamous-cell) lung cancer to receive postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy or no
      adjuvant treatment. Careful intraoperative staging had been performed in all
      patients. Before randomization, patients were stratified according to stage,
      weight loss, age, and institution. Prognostic variables, such as stage, weight
      loss, age, nodal-disease status, and tumor status, were equally distributed
      between the two groups. The mean time from randomization to analysis was 3.5
      years among the 210 eligible patients. There was no evidence that radiotherapy
      improved survival, and although recurrence rates appeared to be somewhat reduced
      among patients assigned to radiotherapy, these decreases were not statistically
      significant. However, radiotherapy did produce a striking and significant
      reduction in recurrences to the ipsilateral lung and mediastinum. Moreover,
      overall recurrence rates were reduced by radiotherapy in patients with N2 disease
      (P less than 0.05), although even this subgroup had no evidence of improved
      survival. We conclude that radiotherapy can reduce local recurrences after
      resection of epidermoid carcinoma of the lung, but that it does not increase
      survival rates.

PMID- 2877398
TI  - A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to
      retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma.
AB  - The genomes of various tumour cells contain mutant oncogenes that act dominantly,
      in that their effects can be observed when they are introduced into non-malignant
      cells. There is evidence for another class of oncogenes, in which tumour
      predisposing mutations are recessive to wild-type alleles. Retinoblastoma is a
      prototype biological model for the study of such recessive oncogenes. This
      malignant tumour, which arises in the eyes of children, can be explained as the
      result of two distinct genetic changes, each causing loss of function of one of
      the two homologous copies at a single genetic locus, Rb, assigned to the q14 band
      of human chromosome 13. Mutations affecting this locus may be inherited from a
      parent, may arise during gametogenesis or may occur somatically. Those who
      inherit a mutant allele at this locus have a high incidence of non-ocular, second
      tumours, almost half of which are osteosarcomas believed to be caused by the same
      mutation. Here we describe the isolation of a complementary DNA segment that
      detects a chromosomal segment having the properties of the gene at this locus.
      The gene is expressed in many tumour types, but no RNA transcript has been found
      in retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas. The cDNA fragment detects a locus spanning
      at least 70 kilobases (kb) in human chromosome band 13q14, all or part of which
      is frequently deleted in retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas.

PMID- 2877399
TI  - The effect of the dopamine agonist pergolide on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in
      rat striatal and limbic miniprisms in vitro: a model for the dopamine
      autoreceptor?
AB  - A method for the assay of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat striatal and
      limbic (nucleus accumbens + olfactory tubercle) brain miniprisms is described.
      The dopamine agonists apomorphine (1 mumol/l) and pergolide (0.01-100 mumol/l)
      inhibited the tyrosine hydroxylase activity in both regions. The inhibition
      produced by 1 mumol/l pergolide was antagonised partially in striatal miniprisms
      and completely in limbic miniprisms by 1 mumol/l haloperidol. The dopamine D2
      selective antagonist raclopride, at concentrations up to 300 nmol/l, did not
      antagonise the inhibition produced by pergolide in striatal miniprisms, but
      appeared partially to antagonise the inhibition in limbic miniprisms. It is
      concluded that whilst pergolide potently inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      in striatal and limbic miniprisms, the inhibition is of doubtful value as a
      predictive model of dopamine autoreceptor function in striatal miniprisms, but
      may be useful when limbic miniprisms are used.

PMID- 2877402
TI  - [Antihistaminics (H1 receptor blocking agents)].

PMID- 2877400
TI  - Possible involvement of presynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the effects of
      idazoxan and prazosin on 3H-noradrenaline release from tail arteries of SHR.
AB  - The effects of several alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists have been examined on
      tritium release elicited by electrical stimulation from isolated perfused SHR
      tail artery preparations prelabelled with 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA). Phentolamine
      and yohimbine potently facilitated the stimulation evoked release of tritium at
      low frequencies of stimulation, but the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan
      was only weakly active at 1 mumol/l, despite antagonising the clonidine-evoked
      inhibition of 3H-release at a lower concentration of 0.1 mumol/l. The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin and corynanthine also increased stimulation
      evoked tritium release in this preparation, suggesting the presence of
      prejunctional alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, the alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonist methoxamine (3 mumol/l) caused a significant inhibition of tritium-evoked
      release, an effect which was blocked by prazosin (10 nmol/l). When alpha 1
      adrenoceptors were blocked in the presence of prazosin, idazoxan (0.1 mumol/l)
      produced a significant facilitatory effect on the electrically-evoked release of
      3H-transmitter. On the other hand, when alpha 2-adrenoceptors were blocked in the
      presence of yohimbine, exposure to idazoxan (0.1 mumol/l) reduced significantly
      the stimulation-evoked release of tritium elicited by electrical stimulation. The
      results indicate that in the SHR tail arteries, idazoxan has a partial agonist
      inhibitory activity on transmitter release, which can mask the facilitatory
      effects due to blockade of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The inhibitory
      effects of idazoxan appear to involve presynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors, which
      when stimulated, reduce 3H-NA release in SHR tail arteries.

PMID- 2877403
TI  - [Overdoses of flunitrazepam and various other benzodiazepines; experiences of the
      National Poisoning Information Center].

PMID- 2877401
TI  - Effects of noradrenaline and somatostatin on basal and stimulated mucosal ion
      transport in the guinea-pig small intestine.
AB  - Noradrenaline (NA) and somatostatin (SOM) stimulate intestinal water and ion
      absorption and are found in mucosal nerve fibres and nerve terminals in submucous
      ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine. As the main projection of submucous
      neurons is to the mucosa, NA and SOM might alter mucosal transport either by a
      direct effect on the epithelium or indirectly, by affecting submucous neurons. In
      this study these two possible sites of action of NA and SOM have been
      investigated in mucosa-submucosa preparations of guinea-pig ileum. In addition,
      the actions of NA and SOM on the secretory responses caused by stimulation of
      different populations of submucous neurons have been studied. The stimulants of
      secretion used were a nicotinic agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP,
      10(-5) M), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10(-7) M) and electrical field stimulation
      (EFS), which activate cholinergic, noncholinergic and mixed populations of
      submucous secretomotor neurons, respectively. Segments of intestine were
      dissected free of external muscle and myenteric plexus and mounted in Ussing
      chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) was measured as an indication of net active
      ion transport across the tissue. NA (greater than or equal to 10(-8) M) and SOM
      (greater than 10(-10) M) each caused a decrease in Isc, indicating a net increase
      in ion absorption. The NA response was abolished and the magnitude of the SOM
      response was reduced to 20% by tetrodotoxin (10(-7) M). DMPP, 5-HT and EFS each
      stimulated nerves that increased Isc and each of these responses was
      significantly diminished by NA and SOM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877404
TI  - [Effect of cholinergic compounds on spontaneous quantal mediator release at the
      neuromuscular synapse of the frog].
AB  - The action of cholinergic drugs on spontaneous quantal transmitter release has
      been investigated in the frog sartorius muscle. Acetylcholine and carbacholine
      decreased the miniature end-plate potential frequency. These presynaptic effects
      had no dependence on the potassium concentration in the bath solution. Nicotinic
      agonists--nicotine, tetramethylammonium and suberyldicholine had a similar
      effect, while muscarinic agents--methylfurmetide, oxotremorine and F-2268 (L- and
      D-stereoisomers) did not affect the transmitter release. The presynaptic effects
      of carbacholine and acetylcholine were abolished neither by atropine nor by d
      tubocurarine and bensohexonium. It is suggested that there are nicotinic
      receptors on the frog motor nerve terminals that modify spontaneous quantal
      transmitter release and differ pharmacologically from nicotinic end-plate,
      ganglionic and presynaptic receptors of higher vertebrates.

PMID- 2877405
TI  - [Neurological complications after vaccination against rabies as exemplified by 4
      cases from Poznan province].
AB  - The author reports 4 cases of neurological complications following vaccination
      with cerebral-type lyophilized vaccine. The cases were observed in the Province
      of Poznan in the period from January to April 1984, and the patients were men
      aged 41 to 60 years with various clinical syndromes: Landry's ascending
      paralysis, polyradiculoneuritis, polyneuritis and encephalopolyradiculoneuritis.
      The high frequency of these complications (about 3%) might have been due to the
      high susceptibility of the vaccinated population, or to technical errors in the
      production of the vaccine leading to obtaining of a vaccine bath with a high
      immunoallergogenicity which could trigger off the complication in persons with
      individual predisposition.

PMID- 2877406
TI  - Progress in syringomyelia.
AB  - Syringomyelia management is showing some progressive improvements following
      surgical methods of investigation and treatment. Investigation of simultaneous
      pressure changes in the cerebrospinal fluid pathways has illustrated the
      importance of craniospinal pressure dissociation in impacting the cerebellar and
      medullary tissues in the foramen magnum in hindbrain related syringomyelia. Such
      pressure differences may be referred to as 'suck' and similar changes are to be
      found in non-hindbrain related forms of syringomyelia such as those associated
      with spinal arachnoiditis. When cavities have formed then impulsive movements may
      occur with them and enlargement of the cavities may be continued by sloshing of
      the fluid within them. Investigations have been improved following the widespread
      use of water soluble contrast media and CT scanning with reconstructions after
      myelography. A definite relationship between birth injury and hindbrain related
      syringomyelia has been established especially with cases showing arachnoiditis.
      The nature of the relationship to hindbrain hernia and basilar invagination
      remains unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging holds great promise particularly in
      showing hindbrain deformation in new-born babies, showing whether or not a
      communication commonly exists between the fourth ventricle and the cavities
      within the spinal cord in early childhood and also in outlining the changes in
      the spinal cord in the presence of acute traumatic paraplegia. Treatment still
      relies upon valved ventricular to extrathecal shunts for hydrocephalus, cranio
      vertebral decompression to prevent suck and drainage of the syrinx in appropriate
      cases. Syrinx to extrathecal shunting may be preferred to shunts to the
      subarachnoid space. The peritoneum and the pleura are favoured sites and a valve
      is not necessary. The advances for the future may depend on earlier diagnosis and
      greater understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis in which MRI seems likely
      to play an increasingly important part.

PMID- 2877407
TI  - Influence of blood-brain barrier opening to proteins on development of post
      ischaemic brain injury.
AB  - The effect of the BBB opening to proteins on development of post-ischaemic brain
      injury was assessed in 32 cats subjected to one hour MCA occlusion. The CBF was
      measured by hydrogen clearance from electrodes inserted in the caudate and the
      cerebral cortex within the MCA territory. In 16 animals, a prevention of
      subsequent reactive hyperaemia was attempted by hypovolaemia, produced by
      withdrawal of blood just before the release of MCA occlusion. The hypovolaemia
      was successful in prevention of post-ischaemic hyperaemia in five out of eight
      cats sacrificed at 3 h and in six out of eight animals killed after 3 and 14
      days. In cats sacrificed 3 h after release of MCA occlusion, ischaemic sites,
      associated with reactive hyperaemia, showed evidence of BBB breakdown to proteins
      and significantly more severe oedema than at the ischaemic sites without reactive
      hyperaemia, which otherwise failed to reveal leakage of EB tracer. In the cats
      sacrificed at 3 and 14 days, the ischaemic sites which showed reactive hyperaemia
      after release of MCA occlusion, revealed much more severe ischaemic brain tissue
      injury than was observed at the sites without reactive hyperaemia, which also did
      not show any EB leakage. The present study indicates that reactive hyperaemia,
      which follows release of major cerebral artery occlusion, may play a significant
      role in the breakdown of the BBB to proteins, and in increasing the severity of
      post-ischaemic oedema and of ischaemic brain tissue injury.

PMID- 2877408
TI  - Interactions of human fibroblast interferon with chemotherapeutic agents and
      radiation against human gliomas in nude mice.
AB  - The growth inhibitory effects of the combination of beta-interferon (beta-IFN)
      and conventional anticancer drugs such as adriamycin (ADM) and ACNU were
      evaluated in nude mice receiving subcutaneous transplants of human glioblastoma.
      Next, the anticancer and radiation sensitizing effects of beta-IFN on human
      glioblastoma was also evaluated in nude mice model. After three weeks of combined
      treatment, tumour reduction rates (treated/control values) were evaluated by the
      Battelle's method. In conclusion, the growth inhibitory effect of IFN was most
      enhanced when IFN was administered following radiotherapy. Furthermore, the
      combined effect was enhanced in proportion to the dose of radiation.

PMID- 2877409
TI  - Changes of somatosensory evoked potential accompanying ischaemia and hypoxia in
      cats.
AB  - Changes of evoked potential accompanying haemorrhagic hypotension and hypoxia
      were investigated on cats to evaluate the usefulness of SEP as a monitor in an
      intensive care unit (ICU), and the following results were obtained. Positive
      negative diphasic potential was elicited at posterior sigmoid gyrus(PSG) by
      contralateral superficial radial nerve stimulation. This potential was recorded
      at the restricted area of the posterior border of PSG and regarded as primary
      somatosensory evoked potential. In the initial stage of haemorrhagic hypotension,
      both positive and negative components of SEP occasionally increased in amplitude.
      In profound hypotension in which CBF fell to less than the critical level of 30
      ml 100 g-1 min-1, the latency was retarded and the amplitude was decreased. At
      CBE less than 10 ml 100 g-1 min-1, SEP disappeared. Within the range of CBF
      between 10 and 30 ml 100 g-1 min, a close correlation was noted between CBF and
      SEP amplitude. Transient increase of SEP amplitude was also observed during
      hypoxia induced by inhalation of nitrogen gas. (3) In normal state SEP was
      decreased in amplitude by conditioning stimulation of the nucleus lateralis
      posterior (LP nucleus) of the thalamus. This might be explained by the fact that
      intracortical inhibitory interneurons were activated by stimulation of LP
      nucleus. After haemorrhagic hypotension and hypoxia, however, the inhibitory
      effect on SEP elicited by LP nucleus stimulation attenuated or disappeared.
      Because of the initial impairment of the inhibitory interneurons by ischaemia and
      hypoxia, the amplitude of SEP might increase transiently. In conclusion, the
      authors thought that SEP might be less useful than EEG in ICU, because of its
      insensible change to hypoxia and ischaemia.

PMID- 2877410
TI  - Positron emission tomographic evaluation of histological malignancy in gliomas
      using oxygen-15 and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose.
AB  - HEADTOME III, a high resolution PET, has been employed using 15O and 18F labelled
      pharmaceuticals to evaluate histological malignancy of gliomas preoperatively.
      PET study was applied on eighteen preoperative gliomas including two recurrent
      cases. Haemocirculatory and metabolic indices of regional cerebral blood flow
      (rCBF), cerebral blood volume (rCBV), oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF), cerebral
      metabolic rates for oxygen (rCMRO2) and glucose (rCMRGI) were measured in the
      viable portion of the tumour, and the contralateral grey and white matter. In the
      tumour region, rCBF and rCBV were variable and unrelated to grades of tumour
      malignancy. rCMRO2 and rOEF values reduced significantly (p less than 0.01)
      relative to the contralateral brain tissue. The average rCMRGI values was 3.00 +/
      1.06 mg 100 ml-1 min-1 (mean +/- SD) for 7 low grade gliomas (grade II), and
      5.91 +/- 3.61 mg 100 ml-1 min-1 for 11 high grade gliomas (grade III and IV).
      These results would support that anaerobic glycolysis increased in the metabolism
      of gliomas with malignancy. In comparison with normal volunteers, rCBF, rCMRO2,
      and rCMRGI values in the contralateral grey matter of gliomas were markedly
      reduced (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01, respectively)
      possibly due in part to raised intracranial pressure and depressed cerebral
      functional activity, so that rOEF was increased to a level of approximately
      0.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877411
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in experimental hydrocephalus.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow and metabolism were studied in experimental hydrocephalus
      which was produced by intracisternal injection of kaolin in cats, rabbits and
      rats. Measurements were carried out in varied stages of hydrocephalus. Local
      cerebral blood flow (l-CBF) was measured by the hydrogen clearance method.
      Assessment of cerebral metabolism was made biochemically in the brain tissues of
      various regions, including water content, Na, K, lactate, pyruvate, lipids, ATP,
      cyclic AMP, catecholamines and monoamine metabolites. Blood flow studies were
      performed in the cerebral cortex, periventricular white matter, thalamus and
      midbrain reticular formation in hydrocephalic cats. In all of these regions, l
      CBF decreased to about half of the control in both acute and chronic stages of
      hydrocephalus. CO2 reactivity to CBF was impaired only in the acute stage, while
      autoregulation of CBF was preserved in the hydrocephalic brain. Water content of
      the brain tissue increased temporarily only within the periventricular white
      matter of hydrocephalic rabbits concomitant with increase in Na and decrease in
      K. Transient increase in the lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratios was also
      observed in the frontal lobe tissue. In hydrocephalic rats, decrease in
      phospholipids and cholesterol was observed parallel with the degree of
      ventricular dilatation. ATP and cyclic AMP decreased biphasically in both acute
      and chronic stages. On the other hand, increase in concentrations of
      norepinephrine, dopamine, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      became evident in the chronic stage of hydrocephalus. From the above results, it
      is concluded that the hydrocephalic brain sustained considerable disturbance of
      metabolism in all modalities in association with decreased blood flow, which is
      sufficient to explain the clinical symptoms of hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2877412
TI  - Outcome of ruptured intra-cranial aneurysm treated by a deferred operation.
      Review of 345 consecutive cases treated over a period of 12 years.
AB  - This paper reports experience with 345 patients admitted to a neurosurgical
      department after an aneurysm rupture. At the time of admission, patients were
      separated into two groups: the patients unsuitable for planned surgery and called
      'unoperable'; the patients planned for surgery and called 'operable patients'
      (328 patients). The general management attitude consisted of deferred surgery
      according to the clinical status of the patients and the risk of vasospasm and
      ischaemia. Of these, 18 died before the day of surgery, and are called 'operable
      and non-operated' patients. The cause of death was vasospasm and ischaemia in 10
      cases and recurrence of haemorrhage in 8 cases. 310 patients were actually
      operated upon. Their final outcome was: good 70%, fair 9.6%, poor 7.7%, death
      12.5%. This paper discusses the risk of SAH recurrence and the risk of vasospasm
      and ischaemia during the waiting time before surgery, in the attitude of deferred
      surgery which was elected in most cases of this series and compares the outcome
      with other published series.

PMID- 2877413
TI  - Chronic pain treatment with intravenous lidocaine.
AB  - In a few uncontrolled studies intravenous lidocaine has been used in the
      treatment of chronic pain. In a controlled study we used intravenous lidocaine in
      18 patients with severe chronic pain states due to various but mainly
      neurological diseases. After the infusion of lidocaine 14 patients (78%) had
      significant pain relief ranging from 2 hours to 25 days. There was no significant
      effect of placebo infusion with isotonic saline. The mechanism of the pain
      relieving ability of intravenous lidocaine is unknown.

PMID- 2877414
TI  - Continuously infused 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid antagonizes N-methyl-D
      aspartate-induced elevations of cyclic GMP in vivo in multiple brain areas and
      chemically-induced seizure activity.
AB  - The effects of the chronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of the
      potent dicarboxylic amino acid antagonist, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
      (APH), were examined in female rats as a prelude to the use of this compound in
      exploring the role of dicarboxylic amino acids in barbiturate dependence and
      withdrawal. Doses of APH ranging from 2.7 to 54 micrograms/day were examined for
      signs of toxicity. Weight loss, decreased water intake and locomotor impairment
      were found only with the largest dose. No significant changes in consumption of
      food or body temperature were observed with any dose. The chronic administration
      of the drug (27 micrograms/day) blocked the elevation of the content of cyclic
      guanosine monophosphate induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in all regions of
      the brain examined. The chronically-administered drug also blocked wild running
      behavior induced by the intracerebroventricular administration of two different
      drugs n-methyl-D-aspartic acid and cyclohexylbarbiturate acid. However, APH was
      ineffective in suppressing convulsions induced by the ED50 dose of
      pentylenetetrazol given subcutaneously.

PMID- 2877415
TI  - Gastric acid secretory responses to cholinergic and histaminergic stimulation in
      chronic morphine-treated rats.
AB  - The effects of chronic morphine administration on cholinergic and histaminergic
      activities were evaluated in rats by observing their gastric acid secretory
      responses to secretagogues. The responses of in-vivo perfused stomachs to 2-deoxy
      D-glucose or pentagastrin, and of the isolated gastric mucosa to histamine or
      bethanechol, were not significantly different between naive and chronic morphine
      treated animals. It is suggested that the chronic morphine-treated rats exhibit
      normal cholinergic and histaminergic activities as well as receptor sensitivities
      to acetylcholine and histamine.

PMID- 2877416
TI  - The role of GABA and excitatory amino acids in the development of the leptazol
      induced epileptogenic EEG.
AB  - The developing epileptogenic electroencephalogram (EEG), seen during the slow
      intravenous infusion of leptazol, is sensitive to various anticonvulsant drugs,
      particularly those known to augment the function of gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA), such as clonazepam and sodium valproate, which specifically prolong the
      earlier wave-like (pre-spiking) phases. Thus, whilst antagonism of GABA may be
      responsible for spiking, the early wave-like phases may be due to GABA released
      in the cortex as a feedback control to delay spiking. Intravenous infusion of the
      GABA antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, produced a developing EEG with
      spiking the first abnormal feature noted and no wave-like phase, like that seen
      with leptazol. Cortical superfusion of GABA during the infusion of leptazol,
      enhanced kand prolonged the wave-like phase, whilst bicuculline reduced it.
      Cortical superfusion of leptazol, picrotoxin or larger concentrations of
      bicuculline produced spiking but no wave-like activity. When leptazol and GABA
      were superfused together they produced wave-like activity similar to that seen
      during infusions of leptazol. Of the excitatory amino acid antagonists, only
      those active at receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) influenced the EEG
      changes induced by leptazol. It is suggested that leptazol produces waves in the
      EEG by stimulating subcortical pathways to release GABA in the cortex and that
      spiking occurs as the cortex is further stimulated by GABA antagonism and the
      release of excitatory amino acids.

PMID- 2877418
TI  - An N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist reduces bicuculline-induced
      depolarization shifts in neocortical explant cultures.
AB  - We investigated the actions of a specific N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist,
      2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (2-APV), on bicuculline-induced epileptogenesis
      in organotypic explant cultures from neonatal rat neocortex. Explants were
      maintained in roller tubes for 3-5 weeks. The late, plateau phase of the
      intracellularly recorded paroxysmal depolarization shift was sensitive to both
      intracellularly injected hyperpolarizing currents and 2-APV, suggesting that this
      component is generated by a voltage-dependent, regenerative process that is
      mediated by activation of NMDA receptors. The results support the hypothesis that
      NMDA receptors play an important role in the generation of epileptiform activity
      by localized circuits of neocortical neurons.

PMID- 2877417
TI  - Effects of tiaspirone (BMY-13859) and a chemical congener (BMY-13980) on A9 and
      A10 dopamine neurons in the rat.
AB  - Two new potential antipsychotic drugs, BMY-13980 and BMY-13859 were compared for
      the ability to influence the electrophysiological activity of dopaminergic
      neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta (A9 DA cells) and ventral tegmental
      area (A10 DA cells) in the brain of the rat. Both drugs reversed the rate
      suppressant effects of the DA agonist apomorphine on DA cells in A10 to a greater
      extent than DA cells in A9; BMY-13980 was particularly selective in this regard.
      These results indicate that both drugs may exert DA antagonist effects which are
      suggestive of antipsychotic potential. In other experiments, the effects of
      chronic (28 days) treatment with BMY-13980 and BMY-13859 on the neuronal activity
      of DA were evaluated. Both compounds caused a significant decrease in the number
      of spontaneously active DA neurons in A10 recorded per electrode track, an effect
      previously demonstrated to be associated with antipsychotic efficacy. The drug
      BMY-13859, but not BMY-13980, also significantly decreased the number of
      spontaneously active DA cells/track in A9, an effect which may predict the
      liability of potential antipsychotic drugs for causing extrapyramidal motor
      dysfunction, including tardive dyskinesia. Thus, these experiments indicate that
      both BMY-13980 and BMY-13859 exert effects which may predict potential
      antipsychotic efficacy in clinical trials and that BMY-13980 may be less likely
      to cause extrapyramidal side effects.

PMID- 2877419
TI  - Deprivation of REM sleep in the rat and the opioid peptides beta-endorphin and
      dynorphin.
AB  - Effects of 'rapid eye movement' sleep deprivation (REMd) on two opioid peptides,
      beta-endorphin and dynorphin, were studied in rats. Both peptides were measured
      by radioimmunoassay techniques. The level of beta-endorphin was estimated in the
      hypothalamus, in the anterior lobe of the pituitary and in the blood. The amount
      of dynorphin was estimated in the hypothalamus. REMd was induced for 72 h and
      achieved by two different methods, the platform technique and the pendulum
      technique. Three control groups were additionally run. As a consequence of REMd,
      an increase in beta-endorphin level was discovered in the blood plasma, while a
      small decrease was found in the hypothalamus. No changes could be detected for
      beta-endorphin levels in the pituitary or for hypothalamic dynorphin
      concentration. The deprivation effects are interpreted as belonging to a group of
      changes, all of which point to a small increase in tonic arousal as a result of
      REMd.

PMID- 2877420
TI  - Decreased somatostatin immunoreactivity but not neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity
      in cerebral cortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer type.
AB  - The content of two neuropeptides, somatostatin (SRIF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)
      has been determined in two cerebral cortical areas of Alzheimer's disease brain
      and in age-matched control brains. The content of SRIF-like immunoreactivity
      (SRIF-LI) was found to be decreased in Alzheimer temporal cortex (Brodmann area
      21) compared to control temporal cortex. The decreased content of SRIF was
      significantly correlated with the observed number of neuritic plaques and
      neurofibrillary tangles. No difference was observed in NPY-LI between Alzheimer
      cerebral cortex and control cortex. Furthermore, no correlations were observed
      between NPY content and plaque count, neurofibrillary tangle estimate or SRIF
      content despite widespread reports of NPY/SRIF coexistence.

PMID- 2877421
TI  - Coexistence of egg-laying hormone and alpha-bag cell peptide in bag cell neurons
      of Aplysia indicates that they are a peptidergic multitransmitter system.
AB  - Double-label immunocytochemistry reveals that immunoreactivity for two putative
      peptide transmitters, egg-laying hormone and alpha-bag cell peptide, co-exist in
      most bag cell somata and processes in the abdominal ganglion of the marine
      mollusc Aplysia. Together with previous physiological and biochemical data these
      findings indicate that the neuroendocrine bag cells are a multitransmitter system
      which utilizes two or more peptides derived from a common precursor.

PMID- 2877422
TI  - Somatostatin binding sites in human leptomeninx.
AB  - Specific binding sites for somatostatin (SRIF) have been visualized in the human
      leptomeninx by means of autoradiographical techniques using the stable SRIF
      octapeptide analog 125I-204-090 as radioligand. The binding sites are specific
      for SRIF since only biologically active SRIF analogs compete with the
      radioligand. The density of the binding sites is comparable to that of the
      adjacent cortical structure. The presence of SRIF binding sites in the human
      leptomeninx, together with the recent demonstration of SRIF binding sites in
      human meningiomas, strongly suggest that this peptide may play a role in the
      physiology of the leptomeninx.

PMID- 2877423
TI  - Sexual activity alters the concentration of amino acids in the cerebrospinal
      fluid of male rats.
AB  - The concentrations of amino acids were measured in cerebrospinal fluid samples
      obtained from freely moving male rats before sexual activity, immediately after
      ejaculation and after the end of the postejaculatory refractory period. The
      concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid increased by more than 1000% after
      ejaculation, while the concentrations of Asp and Glu increased by about 200%.
      Consistent, but small decrements were found in the concentrations of Ser, Arg,
      Ala and Leu. Thus, the concentration of a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
      increases markedly in a physiological state when male rats are completely
      refractory to sexual stimuli.

PMID- 2877425
TI  - Plasticity in hippocampal excitatory amino acid receptors in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Entorhinal cell loss occurs in the course of Alzheimer's disease. In rodents,
      entorhinal lesions result in axon sprouting in the hippocampus. Quantitative
      autoradiography was used to examine the density and distribution of N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) receptors in human hippocampus obtained
      post-mortem from Alzheimer's disease patients and from age-matched controls. In
      Alzheimer's disease, there was an expanded distribution of the KA receptor field
      in the dentate gyrus, indicative of sprouting of the commissural and
      associational fibers. This regenerative response is thought to facilitate
      transmission, but in doing so it may also enhance vulnerability to excitotoxic
      mediated neuronal damage. No significant change was observed in the density or
      distribution of NMDA receptors. The distribution of these receptors does,
      however, correlate with the predilection for neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic
      plaques in hippocampal subfields.

PMID- 2877424
TI  - Action and localisation of neurotransmitters in the cat retina.

PMID- 2877426
TI  - Effects of benzodiazepines on acquisition and performance: a critical assessment.
AB  - Evidence related to the effects of benzodiazepines on learning and memory is
      reviewed in the contexts of human verbal learning studies and animal studies
      using both aversive and non-aversive paradigms. While the impairment of
      acquisition by benzodiazepines appears to be a robust phenomenon generalizing
      across species and experimental conditions, the impairment in the performance of
      an already-learned task by such drugs appears to be more restrictive and highly
      dependent upon experimental contingencies. Thus far, performance impairment
      appears to be found mainly in animal studies using non-aversive, food-motivated
      tasks, with such tasks being particularly well suited for investigating such a
      phenomenon. At present, there is a noticeable lack of knowledge regarding the
      neurochemical substrates underlying BDZ-induced impairment. Finally, some issues
      that may contribute to the presence or absence of a BDZ-induced performance
      impairment in published studies are briefly considered.

PMID- 2877427
TI  - HTLV 1 induced adult T cell leukaemia in New Zealand.

PMID- 2877428
TI  - Sulphasalazine in inflammatory bowel disease: recent advances.

PMID- 2877429
TI  - Glutathione synthesis in evolution: an Achilles' heel of human and other old
      world simian lenses.
AB  - The activities of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and glutathione
      synthetase, the two enzymes responsible for glutathione synthesis, were
      determined in adult lenses from representative species of eight mammalian orders.
      Lenses from Old World higher simians, including man, exhibited remarkably low
      gamma-GCS activity when compared to a prosimian and the other seven orders. In
      contrast, glutathione synthetase activity was comparable and relatively high in
      all orders. This, together with knowledge of its known lability and control
      mechanisms, suggests that gamma-GCS is a critical enzyme in the lens of the aging
      higher primate, whose very low and rate-limiting activity is a latent factor in
      the development of age-related cataract.

PMID- 2877430
TI  - [Sensitivity to various antibiotics of spiroplasmas isolated from mosquitoes in
      France].
AB  - Spiroplasmas are helical mycoplasmas that play a significant role in plant
      diseases. They are also found in arthropods that are likely to bite humans, such
      as ticks and mosquitoes. These arthropods can act as vectors and therefore may be
      of epidemiologic significance. Furthermore, mainly on the grounds of morphologic
      evidence, spiroplasmas have been incriminated in the genesis of human Creutzfeld
      Jacob disease. We recovered six strains of Spiroplasma sp. from 1927 female
      mosquitoes. In vitro susceptibility of each strain to the following antibiotics
      was studied: tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin,
      chloramphenicol, rifampin, kanamycin, gentamicin and pefloxacin. Minimal
      inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by dilution in liquid SP4 medium
      using microtiter plates. Plates were incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 30 degrees
      C. The inoculum contained approximately 5 X 10(5) CFU/ml. Each of the six strains
      was found to be highly susceptible to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline,
      erythromycin, chloramphenicol and pefloxacin (MICs less than or equal to 0.16
      microgram/ml, 0.63 microgram/ml, 0.08 microgram/ml, 0.16 microgram/ml and 0.32
      microgram/ml respectively). On the opposite, the strains exhibited resistance to
      rifampin and variable degrees of susceptibility to kanamycin (12.5 micrograms/ml
      less than MIC less than 50 micrograms/ml) and gentamicin (3.12 micrograms/ml less
      than MIC less than 50 micrograms/ml). From our results, spiroplasmas seem to have
      more or less the same susceptibility to antibiotics as mycoplasmas.

PMID- 2877431
TI  - [Activity of cefotetan against anaerobic bacteria].
AB  - We determined the susceptibility to antibiotics of 64 strains of obligate
      anaerobes. Tested bacterial strains were as follows: 28 Bacteroides fragilis, 22
      Fusobacterium nucleatum, 10 Clostridium perfringens, and 4 Bacteroides bivius.
      Tested antibiotics were cefotetan, cefoxitin and piperacillin. Cefotaxime was
      tested against 20 Bacteroides fragilis strains. Bacteroides fragilis, which is
      the most resistant species, was susceptible to cefotetan, cefoxitin and
      piperacillin, with comparable MICs for these three drugs (0.5 to 16
      micrograms/ml); cefotaxime was less effective (MICs = 0.5 to 128 micrograms/ml).
      Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium perfringens were highly susceptible to
      cefotetan, cefoxitin and piperacillin.

PMID- 2877433
TI  - Clinical and immunological follow-up of pregnant women with Graves disease.
AB  - The clinical and immune status of 11 pregnant women with Graves disease was
      followed up. Compared with the status before pregnancy, a deterioration of
      thyrotoxicosis characterized by an increased Crooks index and an increase in the
      total T4 and TBG levels was found. Measurements of the TSAb-titre by two parallel
      methods also gave distinctly altered values. Fetal or maternal complications were
      noted in 5 of the 11 cases. One of the women gave birth to a thyrotoxic fetus. It
      is suggested that in thyrotoxicosis of medium or major severity associated with a
      persistent TSAb positivity the possibility of subtotal thyroidectomy should be
      considered.

PMID- 2877432
TI  - Effect of a beta-agonist nebulization on lung function in neonates with increased
      pulmonary resistance.
AB  - Pulmonary resistance is elevated early in preterm infants who later develop
      chronic lung disease. This early increase in pulmonary resistance may play a role
      in the development of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). A beta-2-agonist
      (isoetharine HCl) was used as an aerosol in 13 preterm infants with elevated
      pulmonary resistance. Their birthweight ranged from 880 to 1630 g, their
      gestational age from 27 to 34 weeks, and their post natal age from 3 to 18 days.
      All infants had required mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome
      and therefore were at risk to develop BPD. Pulmonary mechanics were measured
      before and 30 minutes after aerosol treatment, determining inspiratory and
      expiratory flow with a pneumotachometer and esophageal pressure through a water
      filled feeding tube. The treatment was well tolerated with no significant changes
      in blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate. Pulmonary resistance
      decreased significantly from 130 +/- 35 cm H2O/L/sec to 89 +/- 24 cm H2O/L/sec
      after the treatment. Dynamic lung compliance increased in 11 of the 13 infants.
      It is concluded that beta-2-agonist nebulization is effective in reducing the
      early increase in pulmonary resistance that occurs in preterm infants who are at
      risk of developing BPD. This effect may be due to relaxation of bronchial smooth
      muscle, to improved mucociliary transport, and to a reduction in peribronchial
      edema.

PMID- 2877434
TI  - Effects of somatostatin on basal and stimulated pancreatic secretion in conscious
      rat.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin on pancreatic secretion were studied in conscious
      rats during diversion and recirculation of pancreatic juice. Pancreatic secretion
      was significantly inhibited by low doses (2 micrograms/kg/h) of somatostatin
      during diversion of pancreatic juice. The inhibitory effect was more marked on
      bicarbonate and protein output than on volume, while in bicarbonate and protein
      output a rebound effect was observed. These data suggest a combined inhibitory
      effect of somatostatin on endogenous CCK release and cholinergic mechanisms.
      During recirculation of pancreatic juice there was no rebound effect, thus only
      the inhibition of cholinergic mechanisms seems to be involved in the inhibitory
      effect of somatostatin. During recirculation, CCK-OP-stimulated bicarbonate and
      protein secretion was strongly inhibited by somatostatin. Even water secretion
      not stimulated by CCK-OP was significantly inhibited demonstrating a
      supplementary inhibitory effect on basal cholinergic mechanisms. Somatostatin
      decreased only slightly the synthetic secretin-stimulated water and bicarbonate
      secretion. The more effective inhibition of protein output was explained by an
      additive effect of somatostatin on basal cholinergic tone.

PMID- 2877435
TI  - An RFLP associated with pcDLeu2-14, a human T-cell differentiation antigen CD8
      (Leu2) cDNA mapped to 2p12.

PMID- 2877436
TI  - TaqI and XbaI RFLPs detected with a human apo IV (Apo4) cDNA probe.

PMID- 2877437
TI  - An anonymous X-chromosomal clone identifying a frequent RFLP at Xp21-22 (HGM8
      provisional no. DXS207).

PMID- 2877438
TI  - Pst I RFLP close to the LDL receptor gene.

PMID- 2877439
TI  - Sequence and transcription analysis of the Petunia mitochondrial gene for the ATP
      synthase proteolipid subunit.
AB  - We have sequenced the Petunia hybrida gene that specifies the proteolipid subunit
      of the mitochondrial Fo ATP synthase and have used this gene to investigate plant
      mitochondrial gene transcription. The Petunia atp 9 gene contains a single open
      reading frame capable of specifying a 77 amino acid-polypeptide that is
      homologous to bovine, fungal and maize proteolipid subunits. S1 protection
      identified 3 transcripts in a ratio of 1:5:100 in the Petunia tissues tested. The
      transcripts share a common 3' terminus but have 5' termini that map 528, 266, and
      121 nucleotides upstream of the translation start site. The 5' terminus of the
      longest transcript maps to the sequence ATATAGTA, which is nearly identical to
      the yeast mitochondrial transcription initiation site ATATAAGTA. Primer extension
      analysis indicates that these two shorter transcripts are not due to splicing.
      The two shorter transcripts originate at sequences homologous to sites at 5'
      termini of two pea and maize genes. These consensus sequences may signal
      processing events other than splicing.

PMID- 2877441
TI  - Mutations in the mitochondrial oli1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affecting
      subunit 9 of the mitochondrial ATPase complex.

PMID- 2877440
TI  - A family of DNA sequences is reproducibly rearranged in the somatic nucleus of
      Tetrahymena.
AB  - A small family of DNA sequences is rearranged during the development of the
      somatic nucleus in Tetrahymena. The family is defined by 266 bp of highly
      conserved sequence which restriction mapping, hybridization and sequence analysis
      have shown is shared by a cloned micronuclear fragment and three sequences which
      constitute the macronuclear family. Genomic Southern hybridization experiments
      indicate there are five members of the family in micronuclear DNA. All of the
      family members are present in whole genome homozygotes and are therefore
      nonallelic. The three macronuclear sequences are all present in clonal cell lines
      and are reproducibly generated in every developing macronucleus. The
      rearrangement event begins 14 hours after conjugation is initiated and is nearly
      completed by 16 hours.

PMID- 2877442
TI  - The nervous system: transmitting the right signals.

PMID- 2877443
TI  - The effects of dietary fat and selenium on the development of preneoplastic
      lesions in rat liver.
AB  - In this study, the effects of dietary fat and selenium on the development of
      putative preneoplastic foci induced by aflatoxin B1 were examined. Rat hepatic
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity, selenium-dependent glutathione
      peroxidase activity, glutathione, and total lipid were analyzed 3 and 13 weeks
      after the start of dietary and carcinogen treatment. Results indicate that high
      dietary fat has an enhancing effect on the development of preneoplastic foci. A
      high-fat, selenium-deficient diet resulted in an increase in foci development,
      but the increase was not significant. An interaction between aflatoxin and the
      two nutrients was also observed in liver glutathione content and GGT activity at
      Week 3.

PMID- 2877444
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced catatonia after abrupt withdrawal of amantadine during
      neuroleptic therapy.
AB  - Catatonic reactions to high-potency neuroleptic drugs have been described in the
      literature. Our patient developed neuroleptic-induced catatonia (NIC) after
      abrupt withdrawal of amantadine, a dopaminergic agent that has been implicated in
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) on its discontinuation. This case report
      adds support to the hypothesis that NIC and NMS are 2 syndromes on a continuum of
      dopamine blockade, each of which may be treated with or uncovered by amantadine
      therapy.

PMID- 2877445
TI  - Cyclic antidepressant overdose in children: a proposed treatment protocol.
AB  - Cyclic antidepressant overdose is a major cause of drug overdose deaths and
      morbidity in the United States. The cyclic antidepressants are prescribed widely
      by primary care physicians and psychiatrists, and accidental overdose in children
      is not uncommon. Children have exhibited toxic effects with relatively small
      amounts of cyclic antidepressants. The management of cyclic antidepressant
      overdose is difficult because of the complex effects on the cardiovascular and
      nervous systems. The pertinent pharmacology of cyclic antidepressants in
      therapeutic amounts and in overdose is reviewed in this article. The clinical
      manifestations of cyclic antidepressant overdose are described. A protocol for
      effective management of cyclic antidepressant overdose in children is proposed.

PMID- 2877446
TI  - Alpha-neo-endorphin coexists with dynorphin-A(1-8) within intramurally lying
      perikarya of rat duodenum.
AB  - By the use of the immunofluorescent microscopic staining technique, adjacent
      serial sections through the rat duodenum were alternately stained with specific
      antisera directed to the opioid peptides alpha-neo-endorphin and dynorphin-A(1
      8). alpha-Neo-endorphin immunoreactivity has been revealed exclusively within
      perikarya lying intramurally in the longitudinal muscle layer. These alpha-neo
      endorphin and dynorphin-A(1-8) immunoreactive perikarya were large in diameter,
      round in shape, contained a large and round nucleus, and were recognized only
      occasionally there. alpha-Neo-endorphin immunoreactivity was coexistent with
      dynorphin-A(1-8)-positive material within these perikarya. Since no alpha-neo
      endorphin material was detected within duodenal nerve fibres and terminals, it
      might be concluded that this peptide is further enzymatically cleaved to the
      opioid pentapeptide Leu-enkephalin during its axonal transport from intramural
      perikarya to nerve terminals and during its storage there.

PMID- 2877447
TI  - Affective illness in substance abusers.
AB  - The evaluation and treatment of substance abusers are complicated tasks,
      requiring a multifaceted approach. In addition to the patient's substance abuse
      problems, a substantial minority appear to be suffering from concurrent, nondrug
      related psychiatric disorders. The early identification of such individuals
      allows for the development of specific treatment strategies that address both the
      substance abuse and the associated nondrug psychopathology. On the other hand,
      attention to nondrug psychopathology should not preclude our simultaneously
      addressing the patient's substance abuse problem. Thus, manic depressive patients
      who are also alcoholic may need a treatment program that includes alcoholism
      counseling. Alcoholics Anonymous, and chronic administration of disulfiram in
      addition to lithium carbonate and a supportive psychotherapeutic relationship. As
      in other areas of medicine, attention to the "whole patient" is the sine qua non
      of good treatment.

PMID- 2877448
TI  - [Effect of methaxamine on mitral valve insufficiency associated with hypertrophic
      obstructive cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse and rheumatic disease].

PMID- 2877449
TI  - Hypertensive drugs and plasma kinins in rats.
AB  - The influence of phenylephrine (PHE), methoxamine (MET) and ephedrine (EPH) on
      kininogen and prekallikrein level in plasma was investigated in male Wistar rats.
      Simultaneously the effect of these drugs on blood pressure was monitored. No
      changes in kininogenesis were observed during the hypertension period (2 h after
      ip injection). The significant decrease in kininogen level (by 20-30%) was found
      4 h after PHE (5 mg/kg) or EPH (40 mg/kg) and 4-12 h after MET (40 mg/kg)
      injection. The reduction of kallikrein utilization, indicating an increase in
      prekallikrein level in plasma, was noted only after PHE (by 34%) or MET (by 44%)
      administration. Phentolamine (REG) in a dose of 20 mg/kg, which counteracted the
      hypertensive effect of investigated drugs, abolished the influence of these drugs
      on kininogen level. The results indicate that the hypertension induced by alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists evokes the delayed activation of kininogenesis parallel to
      the secondary decrease in blood pressure. Such a reaction of kinin system seems
      to be related to primary alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation, not to the direct
      influence of hypertensive drugs on kinin system in rat plasma.

PMID- 2877450
TI  - [Neuropeptides and neurotransmission].

PMID- 2877451
TI  - Current perspectives in treatment of angina pectoris.
AB  - The most appropriate treatment for a patient with angina pectoris depends on the
      underlying pathophysiologic process and whether any associated illness is
      present. Each patient's clinical history must be carefully reviewed so the
      hemodynamic process responsible for the clinical picture is understood. If
      symptoms are produced mostly by an increase in myocardial oxygen demand, efforts
      should be directed toward reducing the demand or improving coronary blood flow to
      meet the demand. If symptoms appear to occur secondary to vasospasm, treatment
      should be directed toward relief of spasm with potent vasodilating agents, such
      as calcium channel blockers. Most patients have a clinical picture consistent
      with mixed angina and may require combination therapy. Treatment of associated
      illnesses and the safety of pharmacologic agents used in their presence should be
      carefully considered. Finally, if treatment is to successfully reduce the
      incidence of serious cardiac events and prolong life, the goal of therapy should
      be relief of the total ischemic burden on the heart.

PMID- 2877452
TI  - Hypertension 1986. Evaluation and treatment--why and how.

PMID- 2877453
TI  - Are blood pressure surges associated with sympathetic stimulation aggravated by
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonist treatment?

PMID- 2877454
TI  - Can and should type A behaviour be changed?
AB  - Both Type A behaviour and the component of hostility can be reduced by a number
      of different psychological interventions and such reductions are associated with
      reduced cardiac morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. Reductions in
      Type A behaviour are not associated with significant changes in other risk
      factors nor with unwanted side effects such as reduced professional
      effectiveness.

PMID- 2877455
TI  - Spontaneous splenic rupture in polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - A 28 year old man presented with haematuria and renal failure. Renal
      arteriography revealed bleeding into the pelvis of a solitary right kidney from a
      hilar artery. Multiple aneurysms were noted in the splenic artery. The spleen
      subsequently ruptured spontaneously and was removed at laparotomy together with
      the right kidney. Histological examination of the spleen and kidney revealed an
      acute necrotizing vasculitis involving medium-sized and smaller arteries
      confirming a diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. An area of infarction involved a
      subcapsular area of the spleen. Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare but
      important complication of systemic vasculitides.

PMID- 2877456
TI  - Primary structure of blood coagulation factor XIIIa (fibrinoligase,
      transglutaminase) from human placenta.
AB  - We have determined the primary structure of human placental factor XIIIa, an
      enzyme [fibrinoligase, transglutaminase, fibrin-stabilizing factor, EC 2.3.2.13
      (protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase)] that forms intermolecular
      isopeptide bonds between fibrin molecules as the last step in blood coagulation.
      Placental factor XIIIa is an unglycosylated polypeptide chain of 730 amino acid
      residues (Mr = 83,005) that appears to be identical to the a subunit of the
      plasma zymogen factor XIII. Ca2+-dependent activation of factor XIIIa by thrombin
      removes a blocked amino-terminal peptide and unmasks a reactive thiol group at
      Cys-314. A second specific cleavage after Lys-513 by thrombin inactivates factor
      XIIIa and produces an amino-terminal 56-kDa fragment and a 24-kDa fragment. The
      amino acid sequence of factor XIIIa is unique and does not exhibit internal
      homology, but its active center is similar to that of the thiol proteases. The
      probable Ca2+-binding site of factor XIIIa has been identified by homology to the
      high-affinity sites in calmodulins. Knowledge of the primary structure of factor
      XIIIa will aid elucidation of the mechanism of its enzymatic action and that of
      the many tissue transglutaminases of which it is the prototype. This will also
      facilitate production of factor XIIIa by recombinant DNA technology for use in
      treatment of congenital factor XIII deficiencies and in the postoperative healing
      of wounds.

PMID- 2877457
TI  - Characterization of cDNA coding for human factor XIIIa.
AB  - A cDNA library prepared from human placenta has been screened for sequences
      coding for factor XIIIa, the enzymatically active subunit of the factor XIII
      complex that stabilizes blood clots through crosslinking of fibrin molecules. Two
      oligonucleotides, based on the amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of factor
      XIIIa, were used as hybridization probes. Of 0.36 X 10(6) independent
      recombinants, 1 clone was identified that hybridized to both probes. The insert
      of 1704 base pairs coded for the amino-terminal 541 amino acid residues of the
      mature factor XIIIa molecule. Blot-hybridization analysis using this cDNA as a
      probe showed that the factor XIIIa mRNA from placenta has a size of approximately
      4000 bases. The insert was used to rescreen cDNA libraries and to identify
      further factor XIIIa-specific sequences. The total length of the isolated factor
      XIIIa cDNA is 3905 bases, and it codes for a protein of 732 amino acids. In spite
      of the presence of factor XIII in blood plasma, we could not identify a leader
      sequence typical for secreted proteins.

PMID- 2877458
TI  - Sequence analysis of the cDNA encoding human liver glycogen phosphorylase reveals
      tissue-specific codon usage.
AB  - We have cloned the cDNA encoding glycogen phosphorylase (1,4-alpha-D
      glucan:orthophosphate alpha-D-glucosyl-transferase, EC 2.4.1.1) from human liver.
      Blot-hybridization analysis using a large fragment of the cDNA to probe mRNA from
      rabbit brain, muscle, and liver tissues shows preferential hybridization to liver
      RNA. Determination of the entire nucleotide sequence of the liver message has
      allowed a comparison with the previously determined rabbit muscle phosphorylase
      sequence. Despite an amino acid identity of 80%, the two cDNAs exhibit a
      remarkable divergence in G+C content. In the muscle phosphorylase sequence, 86%
      of the nucleotides at the third codon position are either deoxyguanosine or
      deoxycytidine residues, while in the liver homolog the figure is only 60%,
      resulting in a strikingly different pattern of codon usage throughout most of the
      sequence. The liver phosphorylase cDNA appears to represent an evolutionary
      mosaic; the segment encoding the N-terminal 80 amino acids contains greater than
      90% G+C at the third codon position. A survey of other published mammalian cDNA
      sequences reveals that the data for liver and muscle phosphorylases reflects a
      bias in codon usage patterns in liver and muscle coding sequences in general.

PMID- 2877459
TI  - Polyadenylylation of an mRNA precursor occurs independently of transcription by
      RNA polymerase II in vivo.
AB  - Most eukaryotic messenger RNAs are transcribed as precursor molecules that must
      be processed by capping, splicing, 3' cleavage, and polyadenylylation to yield
      mature mRNAs. An important, unresolved issue is whether any of these reactions
      are linked either to transcription by RNA polymerase II or to each other. To
      address one aspect of this question, we constructed a chimeric gene containing an
      RNA polymerase III promoter (the adenovirus VAI promoter) fused to the body and
      3'-flanking sequences of a protein-coding gene (the herpesvirus tk gene). Here we
      show that this hybrid gene was transcribed from the RNA polymerase III promoter
      following transfection of human 293 cells and that the transcripts produced were
      stable and efficiently transported to the cytoplasm. Although a significant
      proportion of the transcripts were prematurely terminated at specific sites
      within the gene, a high percentage of the full-length RNA was accurately cleaved
      and polyadenylylated. These results demonstrate that cleavage and
      polyadenylylation of mRNA precursors are not obligatorily coupled to
      transcription by RNA polymerase II in vivo.

PMID- 2877460
TI  - Serotonin initiates and autoamplifies its own synthesis during mouse central
      nervous system development.
AB  - Some cells from cultured embryonic mouse hypothalamus were found to express
      aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) activity and serotonin uptake
      and storage. These neuron-like cells differed from serotoninergic neurons in
      cultured embryonic mouse brain stem since they did not contain tryptophan
      hydroxylase. We studied the effect of the serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-[di-(n
      propyl)amino]tetralin on neuronal differentiation of hypothalamic cells from 12-
      to 15-day embryos. Repeated treatment of cultures with the serotonin agonist for
      10 days resulted in an increased number of serotonin cells containing high levels
      of decarboxylase activity. Both the increase in cell numbers and the elevated
      decarboxylase activity could be suppressed by the addition of the serotonin
      antagonist metergoline to the culture medium. These data show that serotonin (or
      an agonist), acting on specific receptors, can initiate and amplify its own
      synthesis in embryonic hypothalamic neurons, as observed in the primitive
      hypothalamic nerve cell line F7 [De Vitry, F., Catelon, J., Dubois, M., Thibault,
      J., Barritault, D., Courty, J., Bourgoin, S. & Hamon, M. (1986) Neurochem. Int.
      9, 43-53]. Such an autocrine-like mechanism may be active during nervous system
      development and may represent an example of learning at the cellular level.

PMID- 2877461
TI  - Antibody-targeted photolysis: selective photodestruction of human T-cell leukemia
      cells using monoclonal antibody-chlorin e6 conjugates.
AB  - Selective in vitro photodestruction of HPB-ALL human T-cell leukemia cells was
      accomplished using the photosensitizer chlorin e6 coupled through dextran
      molecules to an anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-Leu-1. Conjugates
      with mAb/chlorin molar ratios as high as 1:36 retained mAb binding activity, and
      the absorption spectrum and quantum efficiency for singlet oxygen production of
      bound chlorin (0.7 +/- 0.2) were unchanged from that of the free photosensitizer.
      Phototoxicity, as measured by a clonogenic assay and by uptake of ethidium
      bromide, was dependent on the doses of both mAb-chlorin and 630- to 670-nm light,
      was enhanced by 2H2O, and was observed only in target populations that bound the
      mAb. Similarly, free chlorin e6 in solution had no photodynamic effect in amounts
      100 times more than that carried by the mAb. For this antibody-targeted system,
      approximately 10(10) molecules of singlet oxygen were necessary to kill a cell.

PMID- 2877462
TI  - 1,3-Di(2-[5-3H]tolyl)guanidine: a selective ligand that labels sigma-type
      receptors for psychotomimetic opiates and antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - Brain sigma-type receptors are thought to mediate hallucinogenic effects of
      certain benzomorphan opiates in humans. The biochemical characterization of sigma
      receptors has been difficult because of the lack of potent and selective ligands.
      We report here the synthesis and characterization of a tritiated, symmetrically
      substituted guanidine derivative, 1,3-di(2-[5-3H]tolyl)guanidine ([3H]Tol2Gdn),
      that binds with high affinity to a single population of binding sites in guinea
      pig brain membrane preparations. The [3H]Tol2Gdn binding site displays
      stereoselectivity for dextrorotatory optical isomers of benzomorphan opiates
      known to have sigma-type behavioral effects. Furthermore, the [3H]Tol2Gdn binding
      site has a high affinity for haloperidol and for phenothiazine antipsychotics,
      which have antihallucinatory properties in humans. The drug-selectivity profile
      of [3H]Tol2Gdn binding closely correlates with the drug-selectivity profile of
      tritiated (+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine [+)-[3H]3-PPP) binding
      to guinea pig brain membrane receptors. (+)-[3H]3-PPP has been proposed to be a
      selective sigma-receptor ligand [Largent, B. L., Gundlach, A. L. & Snyder, S. H.
      (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 4983-4987]. Receptor autoradiography using
      [3H]Tol2Gdn on slide-mounted rat and guinea pig brain sections reveals a
      heterogeneous distribution pattern of enriched binding in limbic and sensorimotor
      structures of the brain. These results indicate that [3H]Tol2Gdn is a selective
      ligand for the sigma-site. Availability of this sigma-receptor probe should
      greatly facilitate the physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological
      characterization of sigma receptors in brain.

PMID- 2877463
TI  - Transplantation of ventral mesencephalic anlagen to hosts with genetic
      nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency.
AB  - Attempts to reconstruct the damaged nigrostriatal pathway in experimental models
      of Parkinson disease have thus far been carried out in animals with
      neurotoxically induced dopamine deficiency. The present study establishes the
      weaver (wv/wv) mutant mouse as a genetic model of chronic striatal dopamine
      denervation by demonstrating a marked decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Moreover, grafts of
      embryonic ventral mesencephalon taken from genetically normal mice and
      transplanted into the lateral ventricle of adult weaver mutants can survive and
      grow in the mutant host environment, express tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactivity, and reinnervate the target regions of the recipient. These
      results provide evidence of integration of graft and host tissue and suggest that
      transplantation of dopamine neurons may be effectively applied to overcome
      nigrostriatal degeneration of genetic etiology.

PMID- 2877465
TI  - Afterimage-like effects in the motion-sensitive neuron H1.
AB  - A powerful effect resembling an afterimage is demonstrated on the pathway to the
      motion-sensitive neuron H1. This effect is independent of the locally generated
      gain control described in an earlier paper (Maddess & Laughlin 1985, Proc. R.
      Soc. Lond. B 225, 251). The afterimage, produced across the eye by a stationary
      pattern, causes the sensitivity to movement to be different according to the
      local stimulus history, and the effects of low-contrast (0.1) patterns, presented
      for as little as a few hundred milliseconds, remain for up to 2 s. Moving
      patterns interact with the afterimage to modulate the spike rate of H1. The
      afterimage increases with contrast but saturates at contrasts above 0.5. Low
      spatial frequencies generate afterimages less effectively than moderate ones;
      this result indicates that the afterimage process could lie at, or after, lateral
      inhibition between tonic units. This is supported by the fact that the altered
      sensitivity profiles generated by single bright and dark vertical bars initially
      resemble Mach bands. However, this character alters as the afterimage decays, and
      the depression of H1's response to moving bright stimuli, produced by the
      afterimage of a dark bar, continues to grow for up to 1 s after the adapting bar
      is removed. A short-lived (0.5 s) reduction of H1's directional selectivity
      accompanies strong afterimage formation. All these factors, especially the
      saturation at low contrasts and the spatial frequency tuning, rule out light
      adaptation by photoreceptors as the afterimage source. Luminances used were also
      low enough to exclude influence by the pupil mechanism. Lastly, responses to
      patterns that are occasionally jumped by large or small distances are broadened
      by stimuli that produce an afterimage. Responses to small displacements have
      previously been described as 'velocity impulse responses' (Srinivasan 1983,
      Vision Res. 23, 659; Zaagman et al. 1983, IEEE Trans. SMC 13, 900) and so the
      response broadening (stimulus blurring) can be taken as a reduction of the fly's
      temporal resolution of moving objects. Previously reported work shows that
      afterimages seen in humans and the effect reported here act over the same range
      of temporal frequencies rather than retinal drift speeds. This may suggest an
      important role for afterimage-like effects in the processing of the low temporal
      frequency components of moving images. Certainly, the fly's afterimage system
      reduces the visibility of moving objects within patches of an image that, have on
      average, contained slowly varying motion signals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2877464
TI  - The structure and symmetry of simple-cell receptive-field profiles in the cat's
      visual cortex.
AB  - Receptive fields of simple cells in the cat visual cortex have recently been
      discussed in relation to the 'theory of communication' proposed by Gabor (1946).
      A number of investigators have suggested that the line-weighting functions, as
      measured orthogonal to the preferred orientation, may be best described as the
      product of a Gaussian envelope and a sinusoid (i.e. a Gabor function). Following
      Gabor's theory of 'basis' functions, it has also been suggested that simple cells
      can be categorized into even- and odd-symmetric categories. Based on the
      receptive field profiles of 46 simple cells recorded from cat visual cortex, our
      analysis provides a quantitative description of both the receptive-field envelope
      and the receptive-field 'symmetry' of each of the 46 cells. The results support
      the notion that, to a first approximation, Gabor functions with three free
      parameters (envelope width, carrier frequency and carrier phase) provide a good
      description of the receptive-field profiles. However, our analysis does not
      support the notion that simple cells generally fit into even- and odd-symmetric
      categories.

PMID- 2877466
TI  - Behavioral deficits induced by low doses of apomorphine in rats: evidence for a
      motivational and cognitive dysfunction which discriminates among neuroleptic
      drugs.
AB  - In order to further assess the alterations (motor, motivational or cognitive)
      that might underlie animal behavioral deficits associated with a reduced dopamine
      transmission, the effects of apomorphine at doses thought to stimulate
      dopaminergic autoreceptors were studied on rat operant behavior. Apomorphine (30
      micrograms/kg SC) decreased the number of food rewards obtained, when rats
      trained on a continuous reinforced schedule were shifted to schedules of fixed
      ratio higher than 2:FR3, FR4, and FR8. In rats shifted to a FR4 schedule,
      apomorphine (7.5, 15, 30, 60 micrograms/kg SC) dose-relatedly reduced the number
      of rewards obtained. In rats subjected to previous extinction sessions,
      apomorphine (30 micrograms/kg) did not affect lever pressing reinstated on
      presentation of primary reinforcers but inhibited responding renewed on
      presentation of secondary reinforcers. Under a FR(3 + 1) schedule where the last
      (rewarded) response was distinct from the initial (non-rewarded) responses, the
      detrimental effect of apomorphine on response rates was considerably weaker than
      under a conventional FR4 schedule. The reward deficits caused by apomorphine
      under the FR4 schedule were dose-dependently and completely reversed by
      amisulpride (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg), pimozide (0.125 mg/kg), sulpiride
      (8, 16, 32 and 64 mg/kg), but not by conventional neuroleptics (namely
      chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, metoclopramide and thioridazine). It
      is suggested that behavioral deficits associated with a reduced dopamine
      transmission such as that caused by low doses of apomorphine involve motivational
      and cognitive dysfunctions rather than motor impairments. In account of its
      differential sensitivity to neuroleptic drugs, apomorphine-induced deficit might
      have some relevance for a further delineation of the mechanisms of action of
      these compounds.

PMID- 2877467
TI  - Influence of naloxone on H2-receptor blocker drugs effects in the "behavioral
      despair" test.
AB  - The influence of H2-receptor blockers (ranitidine and cimetidine) in a
      "behavioral despair" test in mice was studied. Both ranitidine and cimetidine
      shortened the immobility time at 20 mg X kg-1 and 30 mg X kg-1. Naloxone at 2 mg
      X kg-1 antagonized this reduction in immobility time.

PMID- 2877468
TI  - Biological basis of drug-induced tolerance, rebound, and dependence. Contribution
      of recent research on benzodiazepines.
AB  - It is proposed that the general biological basis of acquired drug tolerance, of
      rebound phenomena induced by drugs, and of physiological dependence is a drug
      induced adaptive syndrome. Several examples of the compensatory molecular,
      cellular and system responses are presented that may be induced by the primary
      drug-induced perturbation in the base-line of various neuronal and non-neuronal
      activities. Some form of adaptive syndrome is the inevitable consequence of the
      reciprocal interaction between most or all major classes of drugs and the
      organism. Knowledge of the molecular and cellular targets of drugs provides an
      understanding of the various phenomena of the drug-induced adaptive syndrome as
      well as of the means to avoid or attenuate their potential danger for subjects
      chronically exposed to drugs. Psychological dependence is discussed as a further
      factor which, in combination with drug-induced adaptive changes, facilitates drug
      abuse and, in particular, addiction or drug-seeking behavior. The phenomena of
      the adaptive syndrome induced by benzodiazepines are discussed against the
      background of medical science's present advanced knowledge of the molecular and
      synaptic mechanisms of action of this class of drugs.

PMID- 2877469
TI  - The influence of mechanical conditions on the healing of experimental fractures
      in the rabbit: a microscopical study.

PMID- 2877470
TI  - Bandage backfall: labyrinthine and non-labyrinthine components.
AB  - A cataleptic animal clings in a vertical position, unmoving, for abnormally long
      periods by supporting some of its weight on its hindlegs, grasping with the
      forepaws, flexing its forelimbs, and holding the head horizontal. When the head
      is snugly wrapped with a bandage, the head slowly falls backward, the neck
      hyperextends, the forelimbs extend and the grasp is released, resulting in the
      animal falling backward to the ground. It was earlier suggested that in
      cataleptic animals, the bandage inhibits vestibular and kinesthetic mechanisms of
      head support, yielding the backfall sequence [35]. However, preliminary
      experiments showed that labyrinthectomized rats made cataleptic by haloperidol
      fall backwards when placed in a vertical clinging position, even without a
      bandage, suggesting that in the rat the bandage-backfall reaction depends only on
      the vestibular system. In the present paper, this result is verified but, by
      additional experiments, the latter conclusion is shown to be incorrect. In
      labyrinthectomized rats made cataleptic by other means (lateral hypothalamic
      damage, or bulbocapnine), backfall from clinging did not occur unless a bandage
      was applied. Therefore, the bandage does indeed appear to inhibit the kinesthetic
      mechanisms that maintain head support in labyrinthectomized cataleptic rats.
      Haloperidol, particularly in high doses, greatly weakens postural support in
      labyrinthectomized rats (causing the animal to sag down and fall back when
      clinging), although the effect is not detectable in rats with labyrinths intact.
      However, labyrinthectomy reveals that the bandage can trigger an active
      dorsiflexion of the neck which in itself appears to inhibit clinging and
      righting. Bandage-induced dorsiflexion is present to a much lesser degree in
      intact animals, indicating that labyrinthine mechanisms inhibit the dorsiflexion
      reflex. Therefore, in the intact, cataleptic rat the bandage backfall reaction
      appears to be produced by the combined effects of a passive component (inhibition
      of kinesthetic support mechanisms), and an active component (elicitation of
      dorsiflexion of the neck).

PMID- 2877471
TI  - Alterations in physiological functions and in brain monoamine content in the
      sympathectomized rats.
AB  - In the present study, we conducted pre-ganglionic decentralization (or
      sympathetic trunk resection) of the superior cervical ganglia and observed
      alterations in several physiological functions and in the monoamine content of
      different brain regions. Over an ambient temperature range of 8-30 degrees C,
      these sympathectomized rats maintained their rectal temperatures within a normal
      limit displayed by the intact controls. These sympathectomized animals, although
      showing no change in the level of spontaneous pain threshold or motor activity,
      did display an increased sensitivity of analgesic responses to morphine
      administration or locomotor stimulant responses to amphetamine administration.
      Biochemical examination revealed that these sympathectomized animals had a higher
      level of norepinephrine, dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine in the hypothalamus, as
      well as a higher level of dopamine in the corpus striatum. However, in the
      brainstem, these sympathectomized animals had a unaltered monoamine level. The
      data indicate that, in a sympathectomized condition, changes in the monoamine
      content of different brain regions may be correlated with the above-mentioned
      alterations in somatosensory and motor neural functions.

PMID- 2877472
TI  - Low-dose dependence in chronic benzodiazepine users: a preliminary report on 119
      patients.

PMID- 2877474
TI  - The behavioral effects of benzodiazepines following long-term use.

PMID- 2877473
TI  - Long-term administration of benzodiazepines: pharmacokinetic versus
      pharmacodynamic tolerance.

PMID- 2877475
TI  - Use of psychotropics in cancer patients.

PMID- 2877476
TI  - Anxiety: drug treatments for biologically determined disorders.

PMID- 2877478
TI  - [Value of labetalol for controlled hypotension in surgery of otospongiosis].

PMID- 2877477
TI  - Dietary alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in the rat. I. Effects on reproduction
      and postnatal growth.
AB  - The effects of a dietary alpha-linolenic acid (18 : 3 n-3) deficiency on
      reproduction and postnatal growth in rats were studied during 3 successive
      gestations and 4 successive generations. Female rats received respectively a semi
      synthetic diet in which the lipids were incorporated either as sunflower oil at
      1.5% (deficient diet) or as soya oil at 1.87% (control diet). Both diets supplied
      the same amount of linoleic acid (18 : 2 n-6) (940 mg/100 g of diet), but the
      sunflower oil supplied 22 times less alpha-linolenic acid than the soya diet (6
      mg vs 130 mg/100 g of diet). The results showed that, in our experimental
      conditions, the alpha-linolenic acid deficiency had no effect on fecundity (% of
      pregnant females), fertility (number of pups/litter), pup birth weight, food
      intake and weight of pregnant or lactating females, or pup growth during
      suckling. However, this deficiency did cause abnormally high rates of perinatal
      mortality from birth to postpartum day 3, namely on the average, for successive
      gestations: 18.5% in deficient pups vs 5.2% in the controls, and for successive
      generations: 16.6% in deficient pups vs 5.3% in the controls. Rat n-3 PUFA
      requirement during reproduction has been discussed; it appears to be more than
      100 mg/100 g of feed. But this need should also be estimated in relation to n-6
      PUFA supply; for female rats during reproduction, the ratio n-6: n-3 should be
      less than 10.

PMID- 2877479
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma, ORL localization, and the presence of anti-HTLV-I antibodies
      in Martinique].

PMID- 2877480
TI  - Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension. A prospective multicentre study
      in Swedish primary health care.
AB  - The Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension was initiated by the Swedish
      League against Hypertension. It will be conducted as a prospective multicentre
      study in Swedish primary health care, and will comprise approximately 2 000
      patients on active treatment and 2 000 on placebo to be studied for three years.
      The primary goal with this study is to investigate whether pharmacological
      treatment of hypertension in men and women aged 70-84 years will reduce the
      incidence of fatal and nonfatal cardiac and cerebrovascular disease. Before
      starting the main trial a pilot study comprising 400 patients will be carried out
      during one year to evaluate all logistical aspects of the study. This pilot study
      commenced in October 1985.

PMID- 2877482
TI  - [Secondary prevention following myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2877483
TI  - [Prevention of arrhythmia in myocardial infarct (secondary prevention)].

PMID- 2877484
TI  - [Round-table discussion "Drug prophylaxis of heart infarct"].

PMID- 2877481
TI  - [How can the risk of heart infarction be reduced in hypertensive patients?].

PMID- 2877485
TI  - [Allergy to Hymenoptera].

PMID- 2877486
TI  - Comparative study of two benzodiazepines ("diazepam" versus "nitrazepam") in the
      treatment of postneuroleptic tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2877487
TI  - Insulin and glucose decreases the capacity of urea-N synthesis in the rat.
AB  - The relationship between insulin concentration (32-980 mU/l) and the capacity of
      urea-N synthesis (CUNS) was investigated with alanine as nitrogen source in 26
      nephrectomized rats. The blood glucose concentration was kept constant by the
      'glucose clamp' technique, and the endocrine pancreatic response was controlled
      by somatostatin. The CUNS was determined as the accumulation of urea corrected
      for intestinal hydrolysis at a constant amino acid concentration within the
      interval 7.3-11.6 mmol/l. At insulin concentration above 200 mU/l CUNS was
      decreased from 10 to 6 mumol (min X 100 g body wt)-1. At lower insulin
      concentrations the decrease was proportional. Hyperglycaemia 14.8 mmol/l
      decreased CUNS to 6.3 mumol (min X 100 g body wt)-1. The basal rate of urea-N
      synthesis was reduced from 3.8 to 1.9 mumol (min X 100 g body wt)-1 by insulin
      concentrations above 200 mU/l. The estimated alanine elimination (5.8 mumol(min X
      100 g body wt)-1) was unchanged by insulin and reduced to 3.3 mumol(min X 100 g
      body wt)-1) by hyperglycaemia. Somatostatin infusion had no effect on CUNS or
      alanine elimination. It is suggested that the capacity of urea-N synthesis is
      subject to short term regulation independently by insulin and glucose.

PMID- 2877488
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on 133Xe clearance from colonic mucosa before and after
      local nervous blockade in unanaesthetized man.
AB  - The effect of intravenous somatostatin bolus on mucosal and submucosal blood flow
      in six patients with colostomies was studied with the local 133Xe clearance
      technique. Mucosal and submucosal blood flow decreased by 28% after somatostatin
      injection. After induction of local nervous blockade by infiltrating the labelled
      area of the mucosal membrane with lidocaine the reduction in blood flow caused by
      somatostatin was abolished. These observations suggest that the vasoconstrictor
      effect of somatostatin is mediated by neurogenic mechanisms.

PMID- 2877489
TI  - Effects of H2-receptor antagonists on the rat liver after partial hepatectomy or
      carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury.
AB  - A total of 512 male rats were used to investigate the effects of H2-receptor
      antagonists on the liver after two-thirds hepatectomy or after carbon
      tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury. The serum aminotransferase levels in
      hepatectomy rats were significantly elevated as compared with those of rats with
      the sham operation 1 and 2 days after the operation. However, there were no
      differences in the serum aminotransferase levels and liver regeneration rates
      among the groups of hepatectomy rats who were treated with saline, cimetidine, or
      ranitidine. The injections of cimetidine or ranitidine did not induce a
      significant increase in serum amino-transferase levels or increase the severity
      of liver cell necrosis in CCl4-treated rats, as compared with the CCl4-treated
      rats who received saline injection. Thus, our data indicate that H2-receptor
      antagonists do not inhibit liver regeneration in rats after two-thirds
      hepatectomy or exert a detrimental effect on the liver cell necrosis in rats
      after CCl4-induced hepatic injury.

PMID- 2877490
TI  - Colloidal bismuth subcitrate and two different dosages of cimetidine in the
      treatment of resistant duodenal ulcer. Preliminary results.
AB  - The use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) has been recently suggested for
      cimetidine-resistant duodenal ulcers. We have therefore compared the activity of
      CBS with that of two different doses of cimetidine in patients whose duodenal
      ulcers had not healed after 8 weeks of therapy with cimetidine, 1.2 g, or
      ranitidine, 300 mg/day. Forty-three patients (35 men and 8 women) were randomly
      allocated to one of the following oral regimens: CBS, 120 mg 4 times a day, or
      cimetidine (C), 400 mg 3 times a day, or cimetidine, 400 mg at meals plus 800 mg
      at bedtime, for 4-8 weeks. The interim analysis after 4 weeks of treatment showed
      similar percentages of healing in the two cimetidine schedules (46.7% with C, 1.2
      g, and 42.9% with C, 2 g, respectively); conversely, CBS treatment resulted in a
      significantly higher healing rate as compared with both C, 1.2 g, and C, 2 g (P
      less than 0.05). These findings suggest that resistant duodenal ulcers are more
      responsive to cytoprotective agents than to antisecretory compounds.

PMID- 2877491
TI  - [Prevention of ulcer disease].
AB  - H2-receptor antagonists, sucralfate, pirenzepine and antacids are effective, when
      given prophylactically, in preventing relapse of peptic ulcer. H2-receptor
      antagonists and sucralfate are the most widely used and are virtually free of
      side effects. Cessation of smoking, a balanced diet and a calm life-style are
      also part of the prophylaxis. The incidence of relapse is reduced by 50-80% over
      a period of 1-2 years. The economic and clinical benefits of prophylaxis are
      shown. It is indicated in cases of chronic, relapsing ulcers; complicated ulcers;
      in medically compromised subjects and in those with heavy responsibilities.
      Prophylaxis is unduly costly when given after a first episode of peptic ulcer or
      when episodes are infrequent. For patients with one or two episodes a year the
      decision to give prophylaxis depends on the patient's wishes. Prophylaxis of
      stress-induced haemorrhagic lesions depends on the securing of an intragastric pH
      greater than 3.5-5, usually achieved by hourly administration of antacids.
      Methylated prostaglandins and H2-receptor antagonists can prevent drug induced
      peptic lesions. Under the protection of one of these drugs it is possible to
      continue antiinflammatory treatment at the lowest possible dose.

PMID- 2877492
TI  - A pseudoautosomal gene in man.
AB  - The X/Y homologous gene MIC2 was shown to exchange between the sex chromosomes,
      thus demonstrating that it is a pseudoautosomal gene in man. MIC2 recombines with
      the sex-determining gene(s) TDF at a frequency of 2 to 3 percent. It is the most
      proximal pseudoautosomal locus thus far described and as such is an important
      marker for use in studies directed towards the isolation of TDF.

PMID- 2877493
TI  - Drug resistance of cancer cells probed.

PMID- 2877494
TI  - Thrombin binding to fibrin is necessary for fibrin polymers to enhance factor
      XIIIa formation.

PMID- 2877495
TI  - HTLV and human leukemia: perspectives 1986.

PMID- 2877496
TI  - [Immunoreactive dynorphin B in the central nervous system of the mouse and its
      high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) analysis].

PMID- 2877497
TI  - [Changes in pulmonary arterial pressure during acute respiratory distress
      syndrome caused by injection of oleic acid in rabbits].

PMID- 2877498
TI  - Clostridial infections of the lungs and pleura.

PMID- 2877499
TI  - Retrorectal tumor: is biopsy risky?
AB  - A 55-year-old white man with an extensive retrorectal tumor died after
      transrectal needle biopsy. The indications and methods for biopsy of tumors in
      this location are controversial and are not well delineated in the literature.
      When resection seems unlikely or risky, or if a neoplasm is suspected which could
      be treated by nonsurgical means, biopsy is indicated. Antibiotics with aerobic
      and anaerobic coverage should be given prophylactically. When CT scan or
      sigmoidoscopic findings suggest a necrotic tumor, the transrectal approach should
      be avoided.

PMID- 2877500
TI  - [Conservative treatment of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2877501
TI  - [Livedo racemosa and polyneuropathy in periarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2877503
TI  - Regulation of thyrotrophin secretion.
AB  - Substantial advances in understanding the regulation of thyrotrophin (TSH)
      secretion have been made during the past decade. The hypothalamic tripeptide,
      thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, is the major stimulator of TSH secretion, and
      thyroid hormones exert the major inhibitory influences on TSH secretion. Other
      hypothalamic peptides, biogenic amines and steroid hormones modulate TSH
      secretion. Basal serum TSH measurement is mainly of value in diagnosing primary
      hypothyroidism, but because the lower limit of the normal range of TSH is not
      clearly defined, dynamic measurements of TSH secretion are used in preference to
      basal measurements in assessing other disorders of the hypothalamopituitary
      thyroid axis.

PMID- 2877505
TI  - Conservative treatment of external pancreatic fistulas with parenteral nutrition
      alone or in combination with continuous intravenous infusion of somatostatin,
      glucagon or calcitonin.
AB  - Treatment with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) alone or combined with continuous
      intravenous infusion of either somatostatin or calcitonin or glucagon have been
      carried out upon 45 patients with a high output external pancreatic fistula. No
      significant difference among these treatment schedules was observed in the
      percentage of closure of fistulas (85 to 100 per cent of the patients), but
      patients treated with TPN plus somatostatin had the fistulas close within a
      significantly (p = 0.000028) shorter period of time. Moreover, this treatment was
      associated with the strongest inhibition of the output from the fistula (minus
      82.3 per cent). Since treatment with somatostatin was not accompanied by any side
      effect, was followed by a quite rapid closure of the fistulas and allowed an
      estimated economic savings of about $2,100.00 dollars per patient, it seems to be
      advisable in the conservative treatment of external pancreatic fistulas.

PMID- 2877504
TI  - Kallmann's syndrome with unilateral renal agenesis. A case report.
AB  - A case of Kallmann's syndrome (hypogonadotrophic eunochoidism plus anosmia) in
      which further investigation revealed the association of unilateral renal agenesis
      is described. The importance of excretory urography in the investigation of
      patients with Kallmann's syndrome is stressed.

PMID- 2877502
TI  - A survey of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I antibodies in patients with
      malignant disease in the Witwatersrand area.
AB  - The prevalence of antibodies to human T-cell leukaemia virus type I in Africa
      ranges from 2% to 21% according to the geographical area surveyed. Most studies
      suggest that the background infection rate in children is low. In paediatric
      patients with malignant disease in the Witwatersrand area the prevalence is low
      (1%), whereas a seemingly high rate is found in healthy black children from a
      restricted rural area (7%). Further, the antibody prevalence in adult whites with
      lymphoproliferative disease is low (1%) compared with that in blacks with
      malignant disease (6%). There also appears to be a higher prevalence of positive
      results in black women (7%) than in black men (4%).

PMID- 2877506
TI  - Small bowel fistulas treated with somatostatin: preliminary results.
AB  - Small bowel cutaneous fistula appearing after laparotomy was treated with the
      tetradecapeptide somatostatin in six patients to reduce the volume and enzyme
      content of the intestinal secretion. Continuous intravenous infusion of
      somatostatin diminished output from the fistula in all cases. Spontaneous fistula
      closure occurred after 11 to 33 days of treatment in four patients. There were no
      complications such as sepsis, peritonitis, or wound or skin problems from the
      contact with intestinal secretion. The hospital stay ranged from 19 to 50 days
      and bowel function was restored to normal. These preliminary results indicated
      that somatostatin can promote healing of small bowel fistula by inhibiting
      intestinal secretions.

PMID- 2877507
TI  - Platelet microtubules in clot structure formation and contractile force
      generation: investigation of a controversy.
AB  - Whether platelet microtubules are involved in clot retraction/contraction has
      been controversial. To address this question we have simultaneously measured two
      clotting parameters, clot structural rigidity and isometric contractile force,
      using a rheological technique. For recalcified PRP clots these two parameters
      began rising together at about 15 min after CaCl2 addition. In the concentration
      range affecting microtubule organization in platelets, colchicine, vinca
      alkaloids and taxol demonstrated insignificant effects on both clotting
      parameters of a recalcified PRP clot. For PRP clots induced by adding small
      amounts of exogenous thrombin, the kinetic curves of clot rigidity were biphasic
      and without a lag time. The first phase corresponded to a platelet-independent
      network forming process, while the second phase corresponded to a platelet
      dependent process. These PRP clots began generating contractile force at the
      onset of the second phase. For both rigidity and force parameters, only the
      second phase of clotting kinetics was retarded by microtubule affecting reagents.
      When PRP samples were clotted by adding a mixture of CaCl2 and thrombin, the
      second phase clotting was accelerated and became superimposed on the first phase.
      The inhibitory effects of microtubule affecting reagents became less pronounced.
      Thrombin clotting of a two-component system (washed platelets/purified
      fibrinogen) was also biphasic, with the second phase being microtubule-dependent.
      In conclusion, platelet microtubules are important in PRP clotted with low
      concentrations of thrombin, during which fibrin network formation precedes
      platelet-fibrin interactions. On the other hand they are unimportant if a PRP
      clot is induced by recalcification, during which the fibrin network is
      constructed in the presence of platelet-fibrin interactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877509
TI  - Evidence that the heads of ADH-sensitive aggrephores are clathrin-coated
      vesicles: implications for aggrephore structure and function.
AB  - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) induces the fusion of long tubular organelles
      (aggrephores) with the luminal membrane of the receptor cell, and the delivery of
      particle aggregates to the membrane. Water flow is believed to take place through
      the particles. Nothing is known about the origin of the particle aggregates,
      their incorporation into the aggrephores, or the possible relationship of the
      aggrephores to the vesicular traffic that takes place in the epithelial cell. In
      the present studies of the ADH-sensitive epithelial cells of the toad urinary
      bladder, we have found that the spherical heads of the aggrephores appear to be
      clathrin-coated vesicles. We propose that vesicles originating from sites such as
      the Golgi or the luminal membrane may be engaged in aggrephore assembly, the
      resupply of particle aggregates to the aggrephores, and/or the removal of
      aggregates, and that the aggrephores may be central points in the pattern of
      vesicular traffic in the cell.

PMID- 2877508
TI  - Effect of a selective thrombin inhibitor MCI-9038 on fibrinolysis in vitro and in
      vivo.
AB  - The effect of a selective thrombin inhibitor, (2R, 4R)-4-methyl-1-[N2-[(3-methyl
      1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-quinolinyl)sulfonyl]- L-arginyl]-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
      (MCI-9038), on the fibrinolysis induced by t-PA and u-PA was studied in vitro and
      in vivo. MCI-9038 remarkably reduced the lysis time of the plasma clot generated
      by the addition of calcium chloride to the plasma at the concentration ranging
      from 0.01 to 0.3 microM. Heparin also reduced the plasma clot lysis time with a
      lower effect than MCI-9038. The fibrin crosslinkage in the plasma clot was
      inhibited by MCI-9038 or heparin. MCI-9038 potently inhibited the factor XIIIa
      generation from factor XIII by thrombin. The effect on the in vivo thrombolysis
      was studied on the arterial thrombosis generated by the endothelial cell injury
      of the rabbit carotid artery by acetic acid. t-PA dissolved the thrombi with the
      infusion at 0.96 mg/kg over 2 h without a significant activation of a systemic
      fibrinolysis. u-PA dissolved the thrombi with the infusion at 180,000 and 360,000
      IU/kg over 2 h. At a dose of 0.48 mg/kg t-PA or 90,000 IU/kg u-PA, the thrombi
      were not dissolved, but the combined use of MCI-9038 at 1.2 mg/kg over 2 h
      effectively dissolved the thrombi. Thus, combination of MCI-9038 with plasminogen
      activators accelerated thrombolysis of an experimental thrombosis in rabbits.

PMID- 2877510
TI  - Inhibitory effects of rimorphin and dynorphin on insulin secretion from the
      isolated, perfused rat pancreas.
AB  - In order to settle the question about whether or not opioid peptides stimulate or
      inhibit insulin secretion, we studied effects of rimorphin and dynorphin, two
      members of the preproenkephalin B group, on glucose-induced insulin secretion in
      the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. These peptides (3.95 X 10(-8) M), like
      morphine (3.95 X 10(-8) M), significantly inhibited the glucose-induced insulin
      secretion. The inhibitory effect of rimorphin was attenuated by naloxone (1.2 X
      10(-6) M) and phentolamine (10(-6) M), suggesting an involvement of adrenergic
      alpha receptors in the inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion mediated
      through specific opiate receptors. Rimorphin also inhibited glucose-induced
      insulin secretion even in the cysteamine-treated rat pancreas from which
      somatostatin had been depleted. Thus, somatostatin does not appear to play a
      major regulatory role in the insulin secretion in the pancreas.

PMID- 2877511
TI  - Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), a relatively ineffective peroxisome inducing straight
      chain isomer of the environmental contaminant di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP),
      enhances the development of putative preneoplastic lesions in rat liver.
AB  - Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) is the straight chain isomer of di(2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate (DEHP) which is a widely used plasticizer and an environmental
      contaminant. DEHP is a strong inducer of peroxisome proliferation in rat liver.
      This is significant since other compounds which are strong inducers of peroxisome
      proliferation have been reported to be weak carcinogens (Reddy, J.K. and Lalwani,
      N.D., CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 12 (1983) 1). In contrast to DEHP, DOP causes
      little or no induction of liver peroxisomes (Mann, A.H. et al., Toxicol. Appl.
      Pharmacol., 77 (1985) 116, and Gray, T.J.B. et al., Toxicology, 28 (1983) 167).
      In the current study the ability of 1% DOP to promote the development of putative
      preneoplastic lesions was evaluated. The effect of feeding 0.5% DEHP as well as
      equimolar amounts of its 2 major metabolites, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP)
      and 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) were also investigated. GGT+ foci were initiated in the
      livers of Sprague--Dawley male rats with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine
      (DEN) following partial hepatectomy. The control group of rats was fed a
      semipurified diet (Co) for 10 weeks while the experimental groups received the
      semipurified diet containing the respective compounds. Induction of peroxisome
      proliferation was monitored by carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) levels. DOP
      treatment resulted in a 6-fold increase in the number of GGT+ foci (20.8 +/- 4.0
      vs. 3.5 +/- 1.3; P less than 0.05). This was accompanied by no change in liver
      weight and only a slight increase in CAT activity when compared with control
      animals. In contrast to DOP, 2-EH produced essentially no effect with regard to
      number of foci, peroxisome proliferation or liver weight. DEHP and MEHP induced
      significant peroxisome proliferation and hepatomegaly but the number of foci were
      significantly lower than in 2-EH-treated rats. The mechanism for the promoting
      ability of DOP is not clear but would not appear to be related to peroxisome
      proliferation. Because of the close similarity of chemical structure and
      metabolism between DOP and DEHP, it is possible that studies to define the
      mechanism of DOP induced promotion might also serve to further clarify the
      mechanism of DEHP induced carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2877513
TI  - Anomalies in sea-urchin egg development induced by a novel purine isolated from
      the sea-anemone Bunodosoma caissarum.
AB  - Caissarone (mol. wt 229.5; melting point 285-290 degrees C) is a novel purine
      isolated and purified from the sea-anemone Bunodosoma caissarum. The purine
      inhibits the detachment of the vitelline layer from the sea-urchin egg plasma
      membrane after fertilization and this effect leads to polyspermy. Various
      abnormalities were detected at various embryonic stages, from multipolar egg
      division through unequal cleavages and exogastrulation up to teratogenic effects
      on the sea-urchin larvae (echinopluteus).

PMID- 2877512
TI  - Effects of intra- and extracellularly applied phospholipases C on excitability of
      squid giant axons.
AB  - The effects of phospholipases C on the membrane excitability of the squid giant
      axon were investigated using phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C and
      sphingomyelinase C of Bacillus cereus, and phosphatidylinositol-specific
      phospholipase C of Bacillus thuringiensis. When the squid axon was perfused
      internally with phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase C in KF or K
      glutamate solution, the action potential was blocked in 4-7 min and membrane
      resistance decreased with time to a level less than one-tenth that of control.
      These effects were irreversible. When the axon was perfused internally with
      sphingomyelinase C in KF solution, the action potential was decreased to 30% in 3
      min. Perfusion with enzyme-free KF solution fully restored the action potential.
      When the axon was perfused internally with phosphatidylinositol-specific
      phospholipase C in K - glutamate solution, the action potential was gradually
      decreased and blocked after 10 min. Perfusion with enzyme-free KF solution
      restored the action potential by 70%. When phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing
      phospholipase C was applied externally to the squid axon, the action potential
      and the membrane resistance were slowly but irreversibly decreased. These results
      suggest that membrane phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylinositol, may be associated with the excitability of the membrane of
      the squid axon.

PMID- 2877514
TI  - Clostridium perfringens iota toxin: synergism between two proteins.
AB  - The iota toxin of Clostridium perfringens type E is a guinea pig dermonecrotic,
      mouse lethal toxin which cross-reacts with the iota-like toxin of Clostridium
      spiroforme. Antiserum raised against C. spiroforme or C. perfringens type E
      neutralizes the toxin from both species. By using C. spiroforme antiserum and
      crossed immunoelectrophoresis, we have found that there are two cross-reacting
      proteins, designated iota a (ia) and iota b (ib) in the culture filtrate of C.
      perfringens type E. Both proteins of C. perfringens were separated by preparative
      isoelectric focusing and had very little toxic activity when tested alone.
      However, when they were recombined there were 8- and 25-fold increases in
      bioactivity as determined by mouse lethal and guinea pig dermonecrotic assays,
      respectively. These results demonstrate that the iota toxin of C. perfringens
      requires two immunologically and biochemically different proteins for maximum
      activity.

PMID- 2877515
TI  - [Metal-ceramics for the improvement of prosthetic treatment in the GDR. 11.
      Soldering alloy for Gisadent NCA].

PMID- 2877516
TI  - [Medical emergencies caused by neuroleptic therapy].

PMID- 2877517
TI  - Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections. Bacterial adherence, bladder defense
      mechanisms.
AB  - Bacterial virulence depends upon the ability of bacteria to adhere to mucosal
      cells. The risk of infection is increased by bacterial factors promoting this
      adherence and the fact that bacterial surface structures seek epithelial
      receptors. The host's ability to inactivate bacterial virulence factors and to
      "mask" its own cell receptors determines whether infections are to be warded off
      successfully. The current knowledge of these processes is reviewed in this
      article.

PMID- 2877518
TI  - Control of an outbreak of wet-tail in a closed colony of hamster (Mesocricetus
      auratus).

PMID- 2877519
TI  - Treatment of canine colitis.

PMID- 2877520
TI  - Old vs fresh syrup of ipecac.

PMID- 2877522
TI  - Single amino acid substitution, from Glu1025 to Asp, of the fps oncogenic protein
      causes temperature sensitivity in transformation and kinase activity.
AB  - We have sequenced 2.7 kilobases of v-fps DNA encoding the transforming protein,
      p140, of the temperature-sensitive (ts) FL-15 clone of avian Fujinami sarcoma
      virus. Ten single nucleotide differences were found when compared with the v-fps
      sequence of the temperature-resistant (tr) clone, FSV-2. Of these differences,
      five encoded altered amino acids within the 5' fps domain, only one encoded an
      altered amino acid in the 3' kinase domain, and four were silent. Among the five
      amino acid changes in the 5' fps domain, four were identical to the corresponding
      residues of c-fps, and the remaining one, a change from His to Arg at amino acid
      number 559, was located in the middle of a stretch of five consecutive histidine
      residues. These sequence comparisons suggested that only two amino acid changes,
      His to Arg at amino acid 559 and Glu to Asp at amino acid 1025, were likely to be
      responsible for the temperature sensitivity of the v-fps protein. Two
      recombinants, pFL-11 containing the 5' alterations and pFL-12 containing the
      single 3' mutation, were constructed in vitro to determine the precise ts lesion.
      It was found that both the recombinant pFL-12 and the parental pFL-5 were ts by
      three criteria: cell morphology, colony formation, and kinase activity. In
      contrast, the recombinant pFL-11 was ts in morphology, but not in colony
      formation, and was partially ts in kinase activity. pFSV 2-2 itself was
      temperature resistant by these criteria. We conclude that, first, the mutation of
      Glu to Asp at amino acid number 1025 can cause a complete ts phenotype, implying
      that this residue is located at a critical position of the v-fps oncogenic
      protein. Secondly, the change from His to Arg at amino acid position 559 results
      in a partial temperature sensitivity, providing the genetic evidence for a second
      functional domain of the v-fps oncogenic protein.

PMID- 2877521
TI  - Isolation of piliated Escherichia coli from diarrheic foals.
AB  - Escherichia coli was isolated from the feces and intestines of foals with and
      without diarrhea. Piliation of isolates was demonstrated by electron microscopy
      and agglutination in antisera having specificity for K88, K99, P987 and F41 pili.
      Piliation was also demonstrated by electron microscopy on organisms which did not
      react with any of the antisera.

PMID- 2877524
TI  - [Use of neuroleptics in treating alcoholism patients].

PMID- 2877525
TI  - [Mechanism of action of beta-adrenoblockaders in ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2877523
TI  - [Changes in hormonal-mediatory and immunological indices during anesthesia in
      cancer patients].
AB  - The relationship between hormone-mediator and immunologic components of
      homeostasis was studied in 82 surgically-treated cancer patients. The pattern of
      changes in immunity and non-specific resistance was found to depend on the rate
      of glucocorticoid hormones synthesis in adrenals. Surgery should be carried out
      under neurovegetative blockade, which prevents immunodepression both during and
      shortly after surgery.

PMID- 2877526
TI  - [Therapeutic procedures in gastroesophageal reflux disease].
AB  - The medical therapy of reflux esophagitis consists of modifications of the
      patients's lifestyle and antacids, alginic acid or both (phase I). Phase II
      medications include drugs that suppress acid/peptic activity (antacid/alginate,
      H2-receptor blockers, cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine), drugs that enhance
      motility (metoclopramide, domperidone) and drugs that coat and increase mucosal
      protection (sucralfate). Combinations of H2-receptor blockers and motility
      stimulating drugs have not been very effective. Overall the results of medical
      therapy of reflux esophagitis are suboptimal.

PMID- 2877527
TI  - [Adhesins of enteropathogenic bacteria].

PMID- 2877528
TI  - [Surgical experiences with segmental pancreatic transplantation in type I
      diabetes].

PMID- 2877530
TI  - [The anxious patient: prevention and therapy concepts for dental practice].

PMID- 2877529
TI  - [Association between uptake to lymphocytes from schizophrenic patients and
      therapeutic efficacy].
AB  - Using Le Fur's methods, 3H-spiperone binding was measured in lymphocytes from
      normal control persons. Although the haloperidol displaceable component of 3H
      spiperone binding was present in intact lymphocytes, 3H-spiperone binding was not
      saturable over a wide range of ligand concentrations. It is suggested that this
      binding is associated with the degree of 3H-spiperone concentration transported
      into the lymphocytes. 3H-spiperone uptake to lymphocytes in schizophrenic
      patients (n = 10, including for chlorpromazine responders) and in normal control
      persons (n = 10) was measured. The 3H-spiperone uptake of schizophrenic patients
      was significantly higher than that of normal control persons. Especially in three
      out of the four chlorpromazine responders, 3H-spiperone uptake was much higher
      than in the rest of the schizophrenic patients. 3H-spiperone uptake of
      schizophrenic patients was independent of the daily medicational dosages. The 3H
      spiperone uptake to the lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients seemed to be
      related to the therapeutic efficacy of the neuroleptics.

PMID- 2877531
TI  - [Structure of the anxious-delusional syndrome of schizophrenic patients during
      treatment with anxiolytics].
AB  - To study a correlation between anxiety and delirium, 50 schizophrenic patients
      with the anxiety-delirious syndrome were treated with anxiolytics (leponex and
      phenazepam). The results were evaluated with the help of a special graded scale.
      The first control group consisted of 20 patients with vascular and organic
      psychoses with the anxiety-delirious syndrome who were treated by phenazepam. The
      second control group was composed of 20 schizophrenics with analogous
      symptomatology treated by traditional neuroleptics (haloperidol and tisercin). In
      many patients reduction of anxiety closely and directly correlated with that of
      delirium, which evidenced the leading role of anxiety in the structure of the
      syndrome in those patients. It has been demonstrated that in patients of this
      group treatment with antianxiety drugs is more effective than that with
      conventional neuroleptics. The diazepam test is proposed as a method of
      predicting the effect of anxiolytic therapy.

PMID- 2877532
TI  - [Clinical picture and changes in the activity of several cerebrospinal fluid
      enzymes in stroke].
AB  - Having studied the clinical picture and changes in the activity of various
      enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 140 patients with cerebral strokes,
      the authors showed a diagnostic and prognostic value of determining the activity
      of LDH and GGTP in the CSF. The activity of these enzymes increased in
      hemorrhagic stroke and in cases of unfavourable outcome. Their activity was lower
      in ischemic stroke and in cases of a favourable course of the disease.

PMID- 2877534
TI  - The control of catch-up growth.
AB  - Catch-up (compensatory) growth following transient growth retardation due to
      illness or starvation has long been recognized in biology and in clinical
      medicine. This report summarizes work utilizing experimental models in rats in
      efforts to elucidate the control of catch-up growth. The results support the
      hypothesis that the catch-up growth mechanism includes a set-point or reference
      for body size appropriate for age and that the control resides in the central
      nervous system. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is increased during catch-up
      growth, although the results also show that increased GH secretion is not
      required for catch-up growth acceleration. Environmental light modulates the
      effect of catch-up growth on GH secretion. The mechanisms for sensing a deficit
      in body size and for stimulating catch-up growth acceleration remain unknown.

PMID- 2877533
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia with Cushing's syndrome due to paraganglioma
      producing corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin.
AB  - A male patient with corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and adrenocorticotropin
      (ACTH)-producing syndrome is described. Soon after being referred to us the
      patient developed pneumonia, anaemia, oedema and respiratory distress, and died
      on the 24th day after admission. Autopsy and histology revealed that he had a
      rare type of multiple endocrine neoplasia (type 1 + paraganglioma) with a
      mediastinal paraganglioma, parathyroidal hyperplasia, pancreatic islet cell
      adenoma, duodenal multiple carcinoid tumours and adrenocortical nodular
      hyperplasia. It was not possible to examine the pituitary. The paraganglioma
      contained a large amount of immunoreactive (IR)-CRF (606 ng/g wet weight), IR
      ACTH (59.4 ng/g wet weight), IR-human proopiomelanocortin n-terminal (1-76)
      peptide (hNT, 156.8 ng/g wet weight) and IR-beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH, 146.9 ng/g
      wet weight). The major IR-ACTH, beta-LPH and IR-hNT were eluted at ACTH-(1-39),
      beta-LPH and hNT marker positions, respectively. Big ACTH was not detected. IR
      CRF eluted at the human CRF marker position on Sephadex G-75 chromatography and
      high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The IR-CRF fraction from the HPLC
      showed CRF bioactivity which paralleled that of synthetic human CRF in monolayer
      cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Our results suggest that not only ACTH but
      CRF produced by the paraganglioma was responsible for the patient's Cushing's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2877535
TI  - The effects of intranasal insufflation of growth hormone releasing factor
      analogue GRF 1-29 NH2 on growth hormone secretion in children with short stature.
AB  - The effects of intranasal insufflation of the synthetic growth hormone releasing
      factor GRF 1-29-NH2 on serum growth hormone (GH) were investigated in five
      healthy prepubertal children with short stature. 100 micrograms/kg/body weight of
      synthetic GRF 1-29-NH2, 500 micrograms in 100 microliters water, were insufflated
      intranasally after careful cleaning of the nose. GRF 1-29-NH2 induced a prompt
      rise of serum GH levels with peak values at 15 minutes in all children
      investigated. Peak serum GH values were 28.3 +/- 12.0 ng/ml (mean +/- SD), range
      17.1 - 47.6 ng/ml; delta GH was 27.0 +/- 12.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). Serum GH
      levels were still significantly raised 120 minutes after the insufflation of GRF
      1-29-NH2 (p less than 0.05). No side effects, except for burning of the nasal
      mucosa in one patient, were observed. The results of this study demonstrate that
      intranasal insufflation of synthetic GRF 1-29-NH2 induces a prompt release of GH
      in otherwise normal children with short stature. Pulsatile intranasal
      insufflation of GRF 1-29-NH2 probably could be used for the treatment of some
      children with GH deficiency due to a defect at a suprapituitary level.

PMID- 2877536
TI  - Normalization of glucose homeostasis by a long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201
      995 in a newborn with nesidioblastosis.
AB  - A female child was admitted to the hospital few days after birth with severe
      hypoglycemia and convulsive episodes. Plasma insulin levels were elevated and
      oral and intravenous administration of glucose were unable to keep blood glucose
      above 2 mmol/l limit. Intravenous infusion of a long acting somatostatin analog,
      SMS 201-995, at a dosage gradually increasing from 2 to 50 micrograms/24 hr, was
      accompanied by a dramatic fall in circulating insulin levels. Normality of
      glucose homeostasis was restored and convulsive spells ceased. Fasting blood
      glucose levels stabilized between 3.4 and 4.7 mmol/l. No rebound phenomenon was
      observed during short term interruptions of the SMS 201-995 infusion. A subtotal
      pancreatectomy was performed during SMS treatment, and the diagnosis of
      nesidioblastosis was confirmed by immunocytologic and electron-microscopic
      studies. It is concluded that this new potent and long acting somatostatin
      derivative may be useful in the management of hyperinsulinism in the neonate.

PMID- 2877537
TI  - Carbamazepine lowering effect on CSF somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in
      temporal lobe epileptics.
AB  - The effect of carbamazepine treatment on CSF-somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      (SLI) in patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy was investigated. A
      baseline lumbar puncture was performed on 12 patients and 10 normal volunteers. A
      second tap was repeated only in patients when they were on peak of carbamazepine
      concentration for 10 days. Levels of CSF-SLI were measured by RIA. No significant
      differences were found in CSF-SLI basal concentrations between epileptics and
      controls, whereas a significant decrease (p less than .0002 Duncan's multiple
      range test) of CSF peptide levels occurred in 9 of 12 patients under medication.
      Although the neural mechanism through which carbamazepine lowers CSF-SLI is still
      unknown, the results of the present study suggest that the reported effect might
      be part of the apparatus by which carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant action.

PMID- 2877538
TI  - Observations, reflections and speculations on the cerebral determinants of mood
      and on the bilaterally asymmetrical distributions of the major neurotransmitter
      systems.

PMID- 2877539
TI  - Development of tolerance to glyceryl trinitrate in an isolated human peripheral
      vein and its relation to cyclic GMP metabolism.
AB  - Human peripheral vein (v. saphena magna) was exposed in vitro to glyceryl
      trinitrate (GTN) 0.1 mM for 1 h. The subsequent relaxant effect of GTN (10nM-0.1
      mM) on vessels contracted by serotonin (0.25 microM) was significantly reduced on
      vessels preexposed to GTN as compared to control vessels, indicating a
      development of partial tolerance as far as the vascular smooth muscle relaxant
      effect is concerned. The impaired relaxant effect was paralleled by a reduced
      increment of intracellular cyclic GMP. This is, in turn, probably a consequence
      of both a diminished guanylate cyclase activity and an elevated phosphodiesterase
      activity in the GTN-tolerant vessels. The relaxant activity as well as the level
      of intracellular cyclic GMP were restored in GTN-tolerant vessels by dipyridamole
      (5 microM), an agent with phosphodiesterase inhibiting properties.

PMID- 2877540
TI  - Dose-response relations in the nephrotoxic action of mercury based on "spot
      urine" samples.

PMID- 2877541
TI  - Contractile effects of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human hand veins:
      a pharmacological receptor characterization.
AB  - The postjunctional receptors mediating contractile responses to noradrenaline
      (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were characterized in ring segments of human
      hand veins by using subtype selective agonists and antagonists. The mechanical
      characteristics of the preparations were also examined by length-tension
      measurements. The length-active wall tension curve was bell-shaped and reached a
      maximum at a length corresponding to a passive distending pressure of
      approximately 14 mmHg. (-)-Phenylephrine consistently contracted the veins and
      was 24 times less potent than (+/-)-NA whereas clonidine produced a contraction
      in only two out of 11 vessel segments. Neither prazosin nor rauwolscine
      competitively inhibited the contractile response to NA, and large inter
      individual differences were found in the degree of inhibition produced by the
      antagonists. However, application of both prazosin and rauwolscine almost
      abolished the NA-induced contraction. Ketanserin and methergoline inhibited the
      contractile response to 5-HT; the former in an apparently competitive manner with
      a pA2 value of 8.94, whereas the latter substantially reduced the maximum 5-HT
      response. It is suggested that NA elicits contraction in human hand veins by
      acting at a mixed population of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptors. The
      contractile response to 5-HT, on the other hand, appears to be mediated
      predominantly by 5-HT2 receptors.

PMID- 2877542
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptors in the vessels of human finger skin.
AB  - To characterize alpha-adrenoceptors in the blood vessels of finger skin the
      effects of selective alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on
      skin blood flow were studied in vivo. The vasoactive substances were administered
      into the skin by iontophoresis and the effects on blood flow were evaluated with
      a laser-doppler. After blockade of alpha-1 adrenoceptors with doxazosine, the
      blood flow reduction induced by the alpha-1 selective agonist, phenylephrine, was
      diminished but not that caused by the alpha-2 selective agonist, B-HT 933. In
      contrast, after alpha-2 selective blockade by rauwolscine, phenylephrine but not
      B-HT 933 caused a marked decrease in blood flow. The results are compatible with
      the concept that postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors in human finger skin vessels
      are of both alpha-1 and alpha-2 subtypes.

PMID- 2877543
TI  - The comparison of the influence of the central cholinergic system on the
      catalepsy induced by neuroleptics or opioids.

PMID- 2877544
TI  - Dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenic patients before and during
      neuroleptic treatment.
AB  - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed in 21 drug-free
      schizophrenic patients. The patients satisfied DSM-III and Research Diagnostic
      Criteria for schizophrenia and were in an acute phase of the disease. In 15 of
      the patients the DST was repeated after about 5 weeks of treatment with
      neuroleptics. DST compliance was checked by analysis of dexamethasone
      concentrations in plasma. In the acute phase 71% (at 04 p.m.) of the patients
      were nonsuppressors. After neuroleptic treatment the frequency of abnormal
      responders had decreased to 20%. The decrease in nonsuppressors was not due to
      alteration of the dexamethasone concentration between the two test occasions.
      Prolactin levels were markedly increased at the second test occasion compared
      with the first. There were no significant relationships between cortisol levels,
      cortisol suppression and prolactin levels. The high frequency of nonsuppressors
      among schizophrenic patients in the acute phase of the disease indicates that
      acute stress may be a confounding factor in the outcome of DST.

PMID- 2877545
TI  - Up-to-date treatment of the patient with hypergastrinemia.

PMID- 2877546
TI  - Specificity of human immunodeficiency virus (LAV/HTLV-III)-reactive antibodies in
      African sera from southeastern Tanzania.
AB  - The prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV = LAV/HTLV-III)
      in a rural population from the Ifakara area in southeastern Tanzania was
      investigated. Sera from 286 individuals collected from 1982 to 1984 in connection
      with a study on liver disorders were tested by an ELISA. Fifty-two (18.2%) of the
      sera were found positive. While the positives were largely confirmed by one
      commercial ELISA, they were completely negative by two others. Confirmatory
      testing by Western blot and competition Western blot showed that the reactivity
      detected by more sensitive of these assays was largely due to IgG antibodies
      binding to the HIV core (gag) proteins p17, its precursor p55 and, in some cases,
      p24. These tests also indicated, however, that the reactive antibodies could not
      have been elicited by HIV, but possibly by an unknown retrovirus or another cross
      reactive agent. Thus, by 1984, the area investigated was largely free of HIV
      infection, but a significant proportion of its population may harbor another
      retrovirus of unknown pathogenicity.

PMID- 2877547
TI  - Infectivity to cattle of metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense
      propagated in vitro. I. Development of localized skin reactions following
      intradermal inoculation.
AB  - Skin reactions similar to those induced by tsetse infected with Trypanosoma
      congolense were elicited in cattle at sites of intradermal inoculation of in
      vitro propagated parasites which morphologically resembled metacyclic
      trypanosomes. The time to detection of the reaction, the time to maximal size and
      the maximal size attained were dependent on the number of parasites inoculated,
      although it was possible to induce a skin reaction with as few as 20
      trypanosomes. All cattle became infected with the initial detection of the skin
      reaction preceding parasitaemia by 3 to 7 days.

PMID- 2877548
TI  - The affinity of the lectins Ricinus communis and Glycine maxima to carbohydrates
      on the cell surface of various forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma
      rangeli, and the application of these lectins for the identification of T. cruzi
      in the feces of Rhodnius prolixus.
AB  - Flagellates of Trypanosoma cruzi (stock Molino 1), obtained from the intestine of
      experimentally infected Rhodnius prolixus, grown in cellular or acellular
      culture, as well as from the blood of infected mice, were examined by a direct
      fluorescence test using the lectins RCA (Ricinus communis-120) and SBA (soy bean
      agglutinin; Glycine maxima), conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, for the
      detection of beta-D-galactose and alpha,beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine on the
      membranes of the flagellates. The same reactions were carried out using
      Trypanosoma rangeli (stock San Agustin), obtained from the intestine, hemo-lymph
      or salivary glands of experimentally infected R. prolixus, as well as from
      cultures and from the blood of experimentally infected CFW mice. The results
      indicate that the membrane of T. rangeli in the salivary glands of the vector
      contains beta-D-galactose, but that this sugar is absent from all other
      developmental stages of this trypanosome. All stages of intestinal and cultured.
      T. cruzi presented positive reactions with RCA-FITC and SBA-FITC. The high
      specificity of this technique makes it useful for the examination of R. prolixus,
      previously used in xenodiagnosis of Chagas' disease and for the examination of
      intradomiciliary or sylvatic vectors in epidemiological surveys in areas where T.
      cruzi and T. rangeli coexist. Formaldehyde fixed samples can be examined months
      later and false reports due to T. rangeli can be avoided.

PMID- 2877549
TI  - Immunization of hamsters with TLCK-killed parasites induces protection against
      Leishmania infection.
AB  - Hamsters immunized with N-p-tosyl-L-lysine-chloromethyl ketone TLCK-treated L.
      brasiliensis brasiliensis (LB) from culture, infected with LB amastigotes
      presented: a gradual increase in T and B cell responsiveness to mitogens by lymph
      node lymphocytes, and an increased response to concanavalin A with no changes for
      dextran sulphate and pokeweed mitogen in splenocytes. Absence of parasites in
      lymph nodes after 6 weeks post-infection and a nodule 4 times smaller than that
      of infected control animals. The nodule was undetectable after 70 days of
      infection. Hamsters preimmunized with TLCK-treated L. donovani (LD) from culture
      did not show suppression of the blastogenic response to mitogens of spleen and
      lymph node cells after infection with LD amastigotes and survived for more than
      one year, whereas infected, unimmunized animals died five months after infection.
      Animals preimmunized with culture parasites (LB or LD) treated with phenyl-methyl
      sulphonyl-fluoride (PMSF) and infected with LB or LD amastigotes did not show any
      protective effect.

PMID- 2877550
TI  - B lymphocyte population and immunoglobulins in Indian kala-azar in response to
      chemotherapy.
AB  - The levels of immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgM and IgA) along with B lymphocyte
      population size were estimated in 24 kala-azar (KA) patients and results were
      compared with those obtained from 30 controls. A marked increase in the level of
      IgG and to a lesser extent in that of IgM was noted in the sera of KA patients.
      But, no such difference could be noted in serum IgA level. Along with the
      increased levels of immunoglobulins the elevation of B lymphocyte population size
      was also observed. Follow-up studies during and after chemotherapy for the period
      of 8 months showed that clinical improvement in KA patients resulting from
      treatment had a positive correlation with the progressive decline in the B
      lymphocyte population and in the level of immunoglobulin though the latter,
      particularly IgG, took a longer time to return to normal.

PMID- 2877551
TI  - Interaction of serum components with the cytotoxic action of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Native normal human serum is capable of inhibiting the cytotoxic action of
      Entamoeba histolytica against K562 tissue culture target cells assessed by a 51Cr
      release test. It is suggested that a part of the inhibitory activity on amoebae's
      cytotoxic action is represented by the complement system which is known to lyze
      trophozoites by activation of the alternative pathway. For the rest of the
      serum's inhibitory activity on amoebic cytotoxic action molecule(s) is (are)
      responsible which act(s) independently of Mg2+ and Ca2+. The serum components
      have to act before the trophozoites have come in contact with the target cells.
      The opsonization of trophozoites with antiamoebic antibodies led to an inhibition
      of amoebae's cytotoxic action (ACA) in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory
      components of normal human serum and antiamoebic antibodies potentiated each
      other in their capacity to inhibit ACA. It is suggested that opsonization of
      amoebae with C3b via its metastable binding site leads to redistribution
      phenomena on the amoebae's surface similar to the effects observed with
      antiamoebic antibodies, both events leading to inhibition of ACA.

PMID- 2877553
TI  - Chemical analysis of compounds extracted from the tergal "spots" of Lutzomyia
      longipalpis from Brazil.
AB  - The chemical composition of the compounds contained in the tergal spots of
      Lutzomyia longipalpis was investigated. Four populations of L. longipalpis were
      examined, originating from: Sobral, Ceara, Brazil (one spot and two spot
      populations), Santarem, Para, Brazil (one spot) and Marajo Island, Para, Brazil
      (one spot). The tergal spots were dissected out, extracted in hexane and analysed
      on a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. Two compounds were found, identical to
      compounds found in earlier studies, but there was no correlation between number
      of tergal spots and type of compound present. It was suggested that the number of
      tergal spots could not be used as a marker for reproductively isolated
      populations, and that analysis of the compound present within the spots might be
      necessary to characterize potentially good vector populations.

PMID- 2877552
TI  - Influence of circulating malarial antigens on cell mediated immunity in acute
      Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
AB  - In a group of Thai patients with P. falciparum acute malaria, circulating
      malarial antigens (CMA) were detected in 27/33 cerebral malaria (CM) cases and
      31/43 noncerebral cases. Delayed cutaneous responses to phytohemagglutinin and
      candidin were found frequently negative in patients with CMA, especially in the
      CM group. Mean in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to lectins were lower
      in the group of patients with CMA. An inhibitory activity on proliferative
      responses to phytohemagglutinin of lymphocytes from healthy individuals was
      exerted by sera containing CMA. Data suggest that CMA from P. falciparum may
      suppress in vivo and in vitro cell mediated immune reactions.

PMID- 2877554
TI  - Observations on the distribution of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Tanzania.
AB  - Adult male and female mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae group of species from
      fourteen localities in Tanzania were studied using either chromosomal inversions,
      enzyme electrophoresis or both techniques. The 6481 specimens analyzed consisted
      of 64.4% An. gambiae, 33.6% An. arabiensis, and 2.0% An. merus, but no An.
      quadriannulatus. An. gambiae and An. merus are reported from Zanzibar for the
      first time. An. merus was recorded at Buiko, 167 km inland. An. arabiensis is the
      predominant or exclusive species in dry and semi-arid areas. An. gambiae
      predominates or is the only species in humid coastal and humid lacustrine areas.

PMID- 2877555
TI  - Peridomestic breeding sites of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newst. in Busoga,
      Uganda, and epidemiological implications for trypanosomiasis.
AB  - A search for Glossina fuscipes fuscipes puparia near homesteads in the sleeping
      sickness focus of Busoga revealed puparia and puparial shells under Coffea
      canephora (coffee), Musa sp. (banana) and Lantana camara thickets as well as
      under house verandahs and, once, inside a hut. This is the first description of
      G.f. fuscipes breeding sites in a peridomestic habitat. The implications of these
      findings in relation to the transmission of the current epidemic of sleeping
      sickness in Busoga is discussed.

PMID- 2877556
TI  - Ascorbic acid induced immune-mediated decrease in mortality in Ichthyophthirius
      multifiliis infected rainbow-trout (Salmo gairdneri).

PMID- 2877557
TI  - Comparative evaluation of the El Zogabie modification of the Nytrel urine
      filtration technique for the detection and enumeration of Schistosoma haematobium
      ova.

PMID- 2877559
TI  - Drug therapy for preventing peptic ulcer recurrence.
AB  - Duodenal ulcers recur in the majority of patients. These patients may be at risk
      of significant ulcer complications. Risk factors for recurrent ulcers include
      cigarette smoking and high output of nocturnal acid. Patients at high risk of
      recurrence are candidates for continuous maintenance therapy. The H2 receptor
      antagonists and sucralfate are effective in reducing recurrence rates.

PMID- 2877558
TI  - Delayed type hypersensitivity induced by LPF from Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Lymphocytosis Promoting Factor (LPF) obtained from Bordetella pertussis, has the
      capacity to induce peripheral lymphocytosis in mice and blastogenesis of human
      lymphocytes in vitro. When this Factor is injected intracutaneously in animals
      and in humans, it was shown to induce local inflammatory reactions with
      histological, morphological and chronological characteristics of delayed
      hypersensitivity. LPF and conventional microbial antigens were tested
      intracutaneously in 35 patients with carcinoma undergoing immunotherapy and in 15
      normal individuals. The results showed that the cutaneous reactions induced by
      LPF were similar to those of the conventional antigens routinely used to asses
      cell-mediated immunity. LPF via intracutaneous route did not show any adverse
      reactions. Histological studies were carried out in mice receiving intracutaneous
      injections of LPF. The immunological mechanisms involved in the induction of
      delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity by LPF are discussed.

PMID- 2877560
TI  - Dermatologic emergencies.
AB  - Some skin conditions, such as blistering diseases, guttate and pustular
      psoriasis, exfoliative erythroderma, reactive erythemas and acute contact
      dermatitis have an acute onset and require prompt intervention. Acute vesicular
      or weeping dermatoses are best treated with cool, wet compresses and topical
      lotions, whereas dry, scaly skin conditions should be treated with hydrating
      measures and topical ointments. Oral antihistamines and topical and systemic
      steroids are the mainstays of treatment for these severe dermatoses.

PMID- 2877561
TI  - Attenuation of exercise training effects in patients taking beta blockers during
      early cardiac rehabilitation.
AB  - Cardiorespiratory responses to graded treadmill tests administered 1 month after
      myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery and again after 4 weeks of
      aerobic training were compared in 24 patients taking beta blockers and 15 control
      patients. There were no significant differences before training between the
      groups in age, weight, ventricular ejection fraction, oxygen uptake (Vo2) during
      the fixed work load (1.7 mph/10% grade), Vo2 at the ventilatory threshold, or
      Vo2max. After training, Vo2max was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) by
      16% in the beta-blocker group and by 21% in controls. However, the group taking
      beta blockers showed no significant change in oxygen pulse (Vo2/heart rate) at
      the fixed work load or at the ventilatory threshold, whereas the controls
      increased Vo2/heart rate at the fixed work load by 9% (p less than 0.05) and at
      the ventilatory threshold by 22% (p less than 0.05). Metabolic and ventilatory
      responses to submaximal exercise should therefore also be considered when
      evaluating the efficacy of exercise training in patients taking beta blockers.

PMID- 2877562
TI  - Beta blockade and chest pain in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2877564
TI  - Antianginal efficacy of carvedilol, a beta-blocking drug with vasodilating
      activity.
AB  - The efficacy of carvedilol, a new vasodilating beta-blocking drug, was evaluated
      in 20 patients with chronic angina using a single-blind, placebo-controlled
      protocol. A 2-week placebo phase was followed by therapy with carvedilol, 25 mg
      twice daily for 2 weeks, after which the dose was doubled. There was then a
      second placebo phase lasting 2 weeks. Treadmill exercise testing, 24-hour
      ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and drug blood level assays were
      performed at the end of each phase. Exercise time (mean +/- standard error of
      mean) increased from 7.4 +/- 0.5 minutes during placebo to 9.0 +/- 0.5 minutes
      carvedilol, 25 mg twice daily (p less than 0.001), and to 9.2 +/- 0.4 minutes
      with 50 mg twice daily (p less than 0.001). Mean time to 1 mm of ST depression in
      both bipolar leads CM5 and CC5 increased significantly, but peak ST depression
      did not change. Heart rate at rest was reduced at both dose levels, from 86 +/- 4
      beats/min during placebo to 70 +/- 2 beats/min with 25 mg twice daily (p less
      than 0.001) and to 67 +/- 3 beats/min with 50 mg twice daily (p less than 0.001).
      Systolic blood pressure at rest was significantly reduced at both doses (p less
      than 0.05; p less than 0.01), but blood pressure during exercise was decreased
      only with the larger dose (p less than 0.001). The exercise rate-pressure product
      was 182 +/- 9 with placebo and decreased to 153 +/- 5 with 25 mg twice daily (p
      less than 0.001) and to 138 +/- 6 with 50 mg twice daily (p less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877563
TI  - Safety and efficacy of flestolol, a new ultrashort-acting beta-adrenergic
      blocking agent, for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - Flestolol, a new ultrashort-acting (half-life 6.9 minutes) beta-blocking drug,
      was administered by intravenous infusion to 18 patients with new-onset atrial
      fibrillation or flutter and rapid ventricular response (120 beats/min or more for
      at least 30 minutes). Drug dose of flestolol was progressively increased until at
      least 1 of 3 endpoints was achieved: at least a 20% reduction in heart rate from
      baseline, heart rate 100 beats/min or less, or conversion to normal sinus rhythm.
      Flestolol was then administered as a maintenance infusion up to 24 hours. When
      flestolol was discontinued, patients were monitored for 1 additional hour. The
      mean ventricular response at baseline of 133 +/- 12 beats/min decreased to 103 +/
      20 beats/min at the end of flestolol titration (p less than 0.0001). Fourteen
      patients (78%) achieved defined endpoints. All 14 patients who continued to
      receive maintenance infusion had a sustained response. When flestolol was
      discontinued, ventricular response increased 33 +/- 23% within 60 minutes. The
      only adverse effect seen was hypotension in 2 patients. Flestolol is effective in
      slowing ventricular response in new-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter,
      maintains a therapeutic effect during continuous infusion and rapidly loses
      therapeutic effect when discontinued.

PMID- 2877566
TI  - Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. Clinicopathologic and immunocytochemical
      study of 11 cases.
AB  - The clinicopathologic features of 11 cases (8 in men) of duodenal gangliocytic
      paraganglioma are presented. The patients averaged 56 years of age; none showed
      evidence of phakomatosis. Ten tumors occurred in the second portion of the
      duodenum, and one arose in the third portion. All tumors were polypoid, and half
      presented with gastrointestinal bleeding. The neoplasms were composed of
      paraganglioma and carcinoid-like elements, neurons, and Schwann as well as
      sustentacular cells. All tumors behaved in a benign fashion after local resection
      or snare polypectomy; long-term follow-up (1-25 years; mean, 8.3 years) showed no
      recurrence in any case. Immunocytochemical examination demonstrated the presence
      of somatostatin, serotonin, and human pancreatic polypeptide within endocrine
      cells and neurons.

PMID- 2877567
TI  - Famotidine: clinical applications of a new H2-receptor antagonist. Introduction.

PMID- 2877565
TI  - Control of myocardial tissue components and cardiocyte organelles in pressure
      overload hypertrophy of the cat right ventricle.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that there is a disproportionate increase in
      connective tissue in right ventricular myocardium subjected to pressure-overload
      hypertrophy associated with depressed cardiac contractility. While the myocardium
      is primarily responsive to load, the aim of the present study was to determine
      whether catecholamines also modulate the response of myocardial tissue components
      and cardiocyte organelles in pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Four
      experimental groups of cats were examined: a sham-operated control group, a group
      which had their pulmonary arteries banded in order to induce a pressure overload,
      a group which had been subjected to the same pressure overload, but in addition
      had beta-adrenoceptor blockade produced prior to and during the pressure
      overloading, and a group which had been subjected to the same pressure overload,
      but in addition had alpha-adrenoceptor blockade produced prior to and maintained
      during the pressure overloading. As in our previous study, there was a
      significant and equivalent degree of right ventricular hypertrophy in all
      experimental groups with pressure overload when assessed either as the ratio of
      right ventricular weight to body weight or as cardiocyte cross-sectional area. At
      the light microscopic level, the disproportionate increase in the volume density
      of myocardial connective tissue seen in banded animals was completely prevented
      by either alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor blockade. At the electron microscopic
      level, there was a reduction in the mitochondrial and myofibrillar volume
      fractions following beta-adrenoceptor blockade. The results of this study provide
      evidence for a modulatory role of catecholamines in the control of myocardial
      connective-tissue proliferation in pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
      There is also evidence to support the role of the adrenergic nervous system in
      regulating cardiocyte subcellular organelles, independent of the regulation of
      cardiocyte size.

PMID- 2877568
TI  - Famotidine: clinical applications of a new H2-receptor antagonist. May 16, 1986,
      Carmel, California.

PMID- 2877569
TI  - Treatment of active duodenal ulcers with famotidine. A double-blind comparison
      with ranitidine.
AB  - In a double-blind multicenter trial, 100 patients with active duodenal ulcer were
      treated with a single nocturnal dose of famotidine 40 mg or ranitidine 300 mg.
      Antacid tablets were allowed as additional treatment if needed for pain relief.
      Endoscopy was repeated after two weeks, and again after four weeks if the ulcer
      had not healed earlier. Two patients in the famotidine group were withdrawn from
      the study because of non-compliance with the protocol. After two weeks, ulcers in
      64 percent of the patients receiving famotidine and 46 percent of the patients
      receiving ranitidine were healed (p = 0.072). After four weeks, healing rates
      were 94 percent (famotidine) and 90 percent (ranitidine). Pain relief was rapid
      in either treatment group, with a tendency for better response during the day in
      the famotidine group. Mean antacid consumption during the first week was 3.0
      tablets (34.5 mmol) in the famotidine group and 4.1 tablets (47.2 mmol) in the
      ranitidine group. Famotidine provides excellent healing and relief of symptoms in
      patients with duodenal ulcer disease.

PMID- 2877570
TI  - A multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing famotidine with
      ranitidine in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer disease.
AB  - Famotidine, a new long-acting histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist, has recently
      been shown to be more effective than placebo in healing active duodenal ulcer. In
      the current study, the efficacy and tolerability of famotidine were further
      investigated and compared with those of ranitidine in a multicenter, double
      blind, randomized international study. Sixty-eight investigators from 19
      countries enrolled 1,031 patients with endoscopically proven active duodenal
      ulcers. Patients received either ranitidine (150 mg twice daily) or famotidine at
      one of three different dosage regimens: 40 mg at bedtime, 40 mg twice daily, or
      20 mg twice daily. Ulcer healing was assessed by serial endoscopy with pain
      relief and safety profiles also closely monitored. Nine hundred and eighty
      patients fulfilled the evaluation criteria. During the eight-week study, there
      was no significant difference in ulcer healing rates between the ranitidine
      control group and any of the famotidine treatment groups. At eight weeks, the
      healing rates were 87, 92, 92, and 90 percent for the famotidine (40 mg at
      bedtime, 20 mg twice daily, and 40 mg twice daily) and ranitidine groups,
      respectively. Ulcer pain improved and antacid consumption decreased in all the
      groups equally. The clinical and safety profiles were also similar in all four
      groups. This study indicates that famotidine used once or twice a day is as
      effective and well tolerated as twice-a-day ranitidine in the treatment of active
      duodenal ulcers, with the recommended dosage being 40 mg at bedtime. Furthermore,
      these data emphasize the importance of nocturnal acid secretion in the
      pathophysiology of duodenal ulcer disease.

PMID- 2877571
TI  - Maintenance therapy of duodenal ulcer with famotidine. A multicenter United
      States study.
AB  - The decision to treat a patient with duodenal ulcer should be based upon the
      following: severity of disease; effectiveness of treatment; and risk and cost of
      treatment. A number of drugs are effective for this condition. When
      administration of the drug is discontinued, a recurrence of the ulcer occurs most
      often within three months, with the rate approaching 90 percent at one year.
      Maintenance therapy has evolved as a method of preventing recurrence. A double
      blind, randomized, multicenter study was done to compare 40 mg of famotidine at
      bedtime, 20 mg of famotidine at bedtime, and placebo in the maintenance treatment
      of patients with recently healed duodenal ulcer. In 37 centers in the United
      States, 303 patients received randomly allocated treatment with 40 mg of
      famotidine at bedtime (107 patients), 20 mg of famotidine at bedtime (97
      patients), or placebo (99 patients). The treatment groups were comparable as to
      the risk factors and other characteristics. Esophagogastroduodenoscopies were
      scheduled at three, six, and 12 months of treatment. Additional endoscopies could
      be done at any time if symptoms suggested a relapse. Cumulative relapse rates
      were significantly lower in the famotidine groups than in the placebo group at
      all time points (p less than 0.01). The cumulative life-table relapse rates at
      three, six, and 12 months were 9.2, 20.9, and 24.8 percent for the 40-mg
      famotidine group; 13.5, 16.1, and 23.3 percent for the 20-mg famotidine group;
      and 39.3, 51.5, and 56.8 percent for the placebo group. No significant difference
      between the two famotidine groups was observed. Within each period, the relapse
      rate was lower with famotidine than with placebo. Famotidine is more effective
      than placebo as maintenance therapy. It is generally well tolerated for periods
      of up to one year. A dose of 20 mg at bedtime is proposed as the maintenance
      dose. Fewer relapses occurred in non-smokers, in females, and in patients in whom
      healing occurred with placebo. More relapses occurred in patients under 40 years
      of age, patients with a long ulcer history, or patients who were younger than 40
      years of age at onset of ulcer disease.

PMID- 2877572
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of famotidine in humans.
AB  - The physiologic role of histamine (H2) receptors and their involvement in
      pharmacologic responses have not been completely defined. To date, H2-receptor
      specific pharmacologic actions of H2-receptor inhibitors in humans are primarily
      associated with effects on gastric acid secretion. Famotidine is a new potent
      competitive inhibitor of H2 receptors. During its development, in addition to
      studies defining its gastric acid antisecretory profile, famotidine was also
      examined for potential effects on other functions of the gastrointestinal tract
      and on other systems. Famotidine inhibits basal and stimulated gastric acid
      secretion in a dose-dependent manner after oral administration of 5 to 40 mg.
      Maximal effect is achieved by the 40-mg dose, with peak activity reached one to
      three hours after dosing and a duration of action lasting 10 to 12 hours. Gastric
      emptying times and exocrine pancreatic function are not affected after famotidine
      (40 mg twice daily) treatment. Blood pressure, heart rate, and
      electrocardiographic patterns remain unchanged after oral or intravenous
      administration of famotidine in doses up to 40 mg and 20 mg, respectively. Serum
      prolactin levels do not rise after intravenous administration of 20 mg of
      famotidine. The levels of prolactin, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone,
      follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and other circulating hormones
      remain unchanged during four weeks of treatment with famotidine 40 mg daily.
      Renal inulin and creatinine clearances show no change after intravenous
      administration of 10 mg of famotidine, and tubular excretion of procainamide and
      its major metabolite is unchanged after administration of 40 mg of famotidine. No
      significant effects are found on the biologic disposition of theophylline,
      warfarin, and other compounds metabolized by the liver cytochrome P450 enzyme
      system when they are given concomitantly with famotidine.

PMID- 2877574
TI  - Economic and health aspects of peptic ulcer disease and H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - The costs of peptic ulcer disease to society are very high. Costs can be
      expressed as either direct or indirect. Direct costs include hospitalization or
      clinic visits, physicians' fees, and medication. Indirect costs are loss of
      productivity due to absenteeism from work or loss of income from death of an
      employee. The daily cost of different ulcer drugs such as the histamine (H2)
      receptor antagonists for intravenous treatment, acute healing, and maintenance
      can easily be compared. As newer anti-ulcer drugs such as H2-receptor antagonists
      have been introduced into the marketplace, the number of prescriptions and
      medication costs have increased rather than decreased. In part, this may be
      accounted for by the high frequency with which H2 antagonists are prescribed for
      patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Some patients have chronic peptic ulcer
      disease with multiple painful recurrences or complications such as hemorrhage,
      perforation, or obstruction. They may require long-term care or drug maintenance,
      hospitalization, or surgery. For patients with chronic ulcer disease or
      complications, randomized controlled trials to compare the efficacy, safety, and
      costs of different forms of therapy (maintenance drugs, surgery, or placebo) have
      not been reported. However, based upon good efficacy and safety for acute healing
      and long-term drug maintenance for painful duodenal ulcer disease, long-term
      maintenance with H2-receptor antagonists is now prescribed for many patients. No
      controlled randomized trials have been reported to document that long-term
      maintenance with H2-receptor antagonists actually reduces peptic ulcer
      complications. However, by current cost estimates, long-term H2-receptor
      antagonist therapy is less expensive than ulcer surgery for uncomplicated ulcer
      disease for up to eight years. However, maintenance drug therapy after eight
      years may be more expensive than elective ulcer surgery in patients with chronic
      peptic ulcer disease who are good surgical candidates. Patients with
      complications of peptic ulcer disease seem to represent a different subset than
      patients with symptomatic ulcer disease. Further studies in these subsets are
      needed to ascertain the most effective, safest, and least expensive management
      such as surgery, long-term drug maintenance, or intermittent drug therapy to
      prevent recurrent ulceration or complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2877573
TI  - Efficacy and safety of famotidine in the management of benign gastric ulcers.
AB  - The worldwide experience with famotidine in the management of benign gastric
      ulcers is reviewed. Analysis of data from 15 countries has shown that famotidine
      is more effective than placebo in treating gastric ulcers. Relief of pain is
      achieved earlier in famotidine-treated patients. Complete endoscopic healing may
      be expected in 64 to 80 percent of patients within eight weeks following the
      initiation of therapy. Response to famotidine does not appear to be affected by
      age, sex, smoking, regular alcohol consumption, or duration of disease. Short
      term oral famotidine, at a dose of 40 mg daily, is well tolerated, and there have
      been no serious adverse experiences attributed to its administration. The
      efficacy of famotidine is comparable to that of other histamine (H2)-receptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2877575
TI  - Famotidine in the therapy of gastric hypersecretory states.
AB  - The histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist famotidine was compared with ranitidine
      and cimetidine in its ability to control gastric acid hypersecretion in 33
      patients with gastric hypersecretory states (32 patients with Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome and one patient with idiopathic hypersecretion). Equipotent doses of
      each drug were determined in nine patients and used to determine relative onset
      of action, duration of action, and potency. Each drug had a similar time course
      of onset with a maximal effect at three to four hours after oral ingestion. The
      duration of action of famotidine was 30 percent longer than that of either
      cimetidine or ranitidine. In terms of relative potency, famotidine was nine times
      more potent than ranitidine and 32 times more potent than cimetidine. Thirty-two
      patients underwent long-term famotidine treatment for up to 34 months (mean, 10
      months) with a duration in 21 patients of at least six months, in nine patients
      of at least 12 months, and in six patients of at least 24 months. The mean daily
      maintenance dose with famotidine was 0.33 g per day (range, 0.05 to 0.8 g). Prior
      to famotidine therapy, 27 patients were taking ranitidine and the mean daily dose
      required was 2.3 g per day (range, 0.6 to 5.4 g), whereas six patients were
      taking cimetidine and the mean daily dose was 4.6 g per day (range, 1.2 to 9.0
      g). Fourteen of the 32 patients required an anticholinergic agent in addition to
      ranitidine or cimetidine to maintain control, whereas only five patients required
      an anticholinergic agent with famotidine. Gastric acid hypersecretion was
      controlled in seven patients with less frequent dosing with famotidine than with
      cimetidine or ranitidine. Long-term treatment with famotidine was not associated
      with any hematologic or biochemical toxicity or clinical side effects. These
      results demonstrate that famotidine has a similar onset of action to other H2
      receptor antagonists but has a 30 percent longer duration of action and is nine
      times more potent than ranitidine and 32 times more potent than cimetidine.
      Famotidine is safe and highly effective in the long-term treatment of gastric
      hypersecretory states.

PMID- 2877576
TI  - Comparison of effects of oral and intravenous famotidine on inhibition of
      nocturnal gastric acid secretion.
AB  - In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover, randomized study,
      eight high-secretor (more than 5 meq per hour) volunteers received 20 mg of
      famotidine by mouth, 10 mg intravenously, and 20 mg intravenously at 9 P.M.
      Volume, acid content, and pH of continuous gastric aspirates were measured hourly
      from one to at least 12 hours after treatment. Plasma concentrations of
      famotidine were determined at specified intervals. All famotidine doses produced
      marked suppression of gastric secretion. The mean total output was 1,196.3,
      526.8, 414.9, and 518.0 ml for placebo, the 10-mg intravenous famotidine dose,
      the 20-mg intravenous dose, and the 20-mg oral dose, respectively. The latter
      three values were significantly different from that of placebo at p less than
      0.01. The mean total acid output was 105.3, 8.3, 2.3, and 6.2 meq, respectively,
      and the acid output for all three doses was significantly different from that of
      placebo at p less than 0.01. The onset of antisecretory effect was noted as early
      as one hour after dosing. The mean gastric aspirate pH values were 1.7, 5.5, 6.2,
      and 4.4 during the second hour after placebo, the 10-mg intravenous dose, the 20
      mg intravenous dose, and the 20-mg oral dose, respectively, with the treatment pH
      values significantly different from the placebo pH value at p less than 0.01.
      Higher mean pH values were reached at seven, eight, and nine hours after the 20
      mg intravenous dose than after the 10-mg intravenous dose (p less than 0.05). By
      the 12th hour after administration of the 10-mg intravenous dose, pH values had
      returned to baseline in all but one subject. After the 20-mg intravenous dose, a
      similar loss of effect occurred in one subject at 12 hours and in all subjects by
      15 hours. Plasma concentrations of famotidine greater than 50 ng/ml were
      associated with an acid output inhibition of more than 80 percent, whereas high
      (more than 90 percent) as well as low (less than 50 percent) inhibition was
      observed at famotidine concentrations below 50 ng/ml.

PMID- 2877577
TI  - Famotidine: an appraisal of its mode of action and safety.
AB  - Famotidine is a potent histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist that binds to the H2
      receptor in a competitive reversible manner as shown by in vivo, in vitro, and
      clinical studies. Famotidine has shown no evidence of carcinogenicity,
      mutagenicity, or teratogenicity in extensive and adequately designed safety
      assessment studies. The drug produces neither prolonged anacidity nor doses its
      use result in significant elevations of serum gastrin levels beyond those seen
      with other available H2-receptor antagonists when used as recommended for the
      treatment of ulcer disease. Taken together, these data demonstrate no undue or
      disproportionate risk to the use of famotidine.

PMID- 2877578
TI  - Perspectives on treating hypertension.
AB  - Lowering the blood pressure to levels for which the arterial system has been
      designed should reduce various complications in the coronary and cerebral
      arteries, the heart, and the kidney. However, the antihypertensive treatment
      itself should not produce any significant damage. It is very likely that early
      modes of antihypertensive treatment did cause some biologic harm, which prevented
      the expected reduction in the incidence of coronary artery disease. However, the
      inability of these early forms of treatment to greatly improve coronary artery
      disease does not necessarily apply to treatments of the future.

PMID- 2877579
TI  - Natural history of patients with congestive heart failure. Potential role of
      converting enzyme inhibitors in improving survival.
AB  - To alter the natural history of congestive heart failure and change the poor
      prognosis for patients with this condition will require new insights into its
      pathogenesis as well as the development of strategies to alter the neurohumeral
      and serum electrolyte abnormalities associated with congestive heart failure,
      which are often exaggerated by current therapeutic approaches. Although
      improvement in hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in patients with congestive
      heart failure remains important, the emphasis of therapeutic goals should be
      shifted to prevent further cardiac deterioration and to prevent sudden cardiac
      death. The use of converting enzyme inhibitors holds promise for a beneficial
      effect on the altered hemodynamic, electrolyte, and neurohumeral abnormalities
      associated with congestive heart failure. If further prospective randomized
      trials confirm the beneficial effects of these agents in reducing the mortality
      rate among patients with congestive heart failure, it is likely that these
      benefits will have stemmed from their effects on neurohumeral factors and serum
      electrolyte abnormalities rather than from their effects on hemodynamics.

PMID- 2877580
TI  - Prune belly syndrome and retroperitoneal germ cell tumor.
AB  - The prune belly syndrome is a congenital set of anomalies that includes
      cryptorchidism. Despite the known risk of testicular tumors in cryptorchid
      testes, what may be the first case of a germ cell tumor complicating the prune
      belly syndrome is described herein.

PMID- 2877581
TI  - HTLV-I-associated T-cell leukemia in Hawaii.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a disease found endemic in Southern Japan and the
      Caribbean basin. The human T-cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I) has been implicated
      epidemiologically as the causative agent in this disease. This paper describes
      the identification of this disease in Hawaii in a second generation immigrant
      from Southern Japan. The disease was initially indolent, then clinically
      explosive, characterized by cutaneous lesions, leukemic lymphocytes with
      convoluted nuclei of T-cell phenotype, hypercalcemia, and a terminal infection.

PMID- 2877582
TI  - Molecular detection of carriers of hereditary amyloidosis in a Swedish-American
      family.
AB  - Autosomal dominant amyloidosis, also known as familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
      (FAP), is a late-onset disorder associated with variants of the protein
      prealbumin. In FAP Type I, the variant contains a single amino acid substitution
      at position 30 in the subunit. This substitution corresponds to a single base
      change in the gene, coincidentally creating a new site for the restriction enzyme
      NsiI. This change is detectable in the DNA of gene carriers with restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. A well-characterized American family
      of Swedish origin was studied by this method using a prealbumin cDNA. The RFLP
      data were found to correlate with previous biochemical characterization of the
      prealbumin in this family, indicating that this test represents a reliable way to
      directly detect the DNA mutation responsible for the condition. This test can be
      used for preclinical diagnosis of gene carriers, including prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2877583
TI  - Effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on gastric motility of anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The present experiments examined the local effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide
      (CCK-8) and related peptides on gastric motility of anesthetized dogs. Peptides
      were injected through the gastroepiploic artery at doses of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0,
      and 20.0 ng/ml. CCK-8 and its analogues (Glt-CCK-8, pGlu-CCK-8, and Suc1-MePhe8
      CCK-7) increased gastric smooth muscle contraction in a dose-dependent manner.
      ED50 of CCK-8 was 2.97 +/- 0.63 ng/ml. Administration of atropine (100-200
      micrograms/kg) inhibited the effects of both CCK-8 and pentagastrin; however,
      hexamethonium (5 mg/kg) failed to block the contractile response induced by CCK-8
      and pentagastrin. These results indicate that CCK-8 and related peptides can act
      as local modulators in controlling the neural regulation of gastric motility.

PMID- 2877585
TI  - Activation of a cranial vasodilator pathway during seizures in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether seizures, which activate
      sympathetic nerves, also activate a vasodilator pathway to extracranial tissues
      of the head. Blood flow was measured with microspheres during control conditions
      and seizures in anesthetized, paralyzed rats. Seizures were produced by
      bicuculline or pentylenetetrazole. During seizures in rats with intact
      sympathetic nerves, blood flow to masseter muscle decreased and blood flow to
      tongue did not change. Following bilateral cervical sympathetic denervation or
      high spinal cord section, seizure produced marked increases in blood flow to
      masseter and tongue. These vasodilator responses, which were confined to the
      cephalic circulation (and were not observed in biceps femoris) were blocked by
      hexamethonium. The vasodilator response to seizures in masseter and tongue was
      not significantly attenuated after atropine. Thus seizures activate a dilator
      pathway to extracranial tissue of the head, sympathetic nerves limit the increase
      in blood flow produced by activation of the cranial dilator pathway during
      seizures, and vasodilatation in masseter and tongue during seizures is mediated
      primarily by a noncholinergic mechanism.

PMID- 2877584
TI  - Changes in cardiac and hypothalamic noradrenergic activity with taurine in DOCA
      salt rats.
AB  - We studied the role of the cardiac and hypothalamic noradrenergic systems in the
      hypotensive actions of dietary taurine supplementation in deoxycorticosterone
      acetate (DOCA)-salt rats. The supplementation with 1% taurine could reduce blood
      pressure when it was given after DOCA-salt hypertension had been established. The
      taurine supplementation could attenuate the increased depressor response to
      hexamethonium-induced ganglion blockade in the DOCA-salt rats. Moreover,
      noradrenergic activity was determined from the rate of decline of tissue
      norepinephrine (NE) concentration after the administration of alpha-methyl-p
      tyrosine. At 23 degrees C, cardiac NE turnover was markedly accelerated in DOCA
      salt rats compared with the vehicle-injected control rats, but the 1% taurine
      supplement restored it toward normal. In contrast, turnover time in the
      hypothalamus was delayed in the DOCA-salt rats compared with the control rats,
      whereas 1% taurine supplement normalized the hypothalamic NE turnover.
      Stimulation of sympathetic discharge by cold exposure (4 degrees C, 6 h) after
      the administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine produced marked depletion of NE in
      most tissues. The NE deficit in both the hypothalamus and heart was significantly
      greater in the DOCA-salt rats than in the control rats, but the 1% taurine
      supplement could normalize this. Thus taurine loading could not only diminish the
      sympathetic overactivity under the normal condition but also attenuate the
      augmented hypothalamic and cardiac noradrenergic activity by cold stress in the
      DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Evidence presented suggests, therefore, that the
      hypothalamic noradrenergic system might be involved in the hypotensive action of
      taurine in DOCA-salt rats.

PMID- 2877586
TI  - The Pisa syndrome during maintenance antipsychotic therapy.

PMID- 2877588
TI  - Rapid shifts in therapeutic and extrapyramidal effects of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2877587
TI  - Alprazolam-neuroleptic combination in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2877590
TI  - Vecuronium and atracurium infusions during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Two similar groups of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting
      received either atracurium or vecuronium infusions for neuromuscular blockade.
      Both groups demonstrated a marked reduction in neuromuscular blocking
      requirements during hypothermic bypass at 30 C. The ratio of the dose rates at 30
      C to that at 37 C was significantly less with vecuronium (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2877589
TI  - Lymphocyte subsets in habitual abortion.
AB  - Lymphocyte subpopulations were characterized by means of monoclonal antibodies in
      25 women with habitual abortion and 21 multiparous normal women. Compared to
      nonpregnant women (N = 8), pregnant normal women were associated with
      significantly lower helper-to-suppressor ratios (1.71 +/- 0.41 versus 2.37 +/-
      0.66). In contrast in pregnant women with habitual abortion (N = 13) the ratio
      remained high (2.32 +/- 0.73). Failure to increase the number of suppressors and
      a significant rise in helpers caused this increased ratio. We discuss the
      possible mechanisms and etiological importance of this finding in habitual
      abortion.

PMID- 2877591
TI  - Bronchospasm following the use of vecuronium.
AB  - A case history is presented which records bronchospasm due to vecuronium.
      Immunological investigations, including basophil degranulation tests, indicated
      that the bronchospasm was not caused by direct histamine release and was not IgE
      mediated. It was of interest that intradermal testing gave a positive wheal
      response against neuromuscular agents other than those involved in the
      anaesthetic procedure under investigation. A positive reaction to vecuronium was
      only obtained when given in a high concentration and accords with the general
      belief that vecuronium has extremely low potential for histamine release.

PMID- 2877593
TI  - [Rapid onset of the action of vecuronium by administration of a precurarizing
      dose].
AB  - The administration of vecuronium in divided doses with respect to onset of action
      and intubating conditions was investigated. This study was conducted in 3 parts.
      In part 1 the maximal precurarizing dose of 0.015 mg/kg vecuronium was found. In
      the second part we showed that the optimal time interval between divided doses
      was 3 min. In the third part we made a comparative investigation between the
      effect of 0.015 + 0.085 mg/kg body wt. at a 3 min interval and that of a single
      dose of 0.1 mg/kg body wt. vecuronium. --Neuromuscular function was assessed in
      semiquantitative manner, using the train of four (TOF) stimulation of ulnar
      nerve. Administration of vecuronium in divided doses, compared with a single dose
      of 0.1 mg/kg body wt., resulted in a more than 1 min earlier onset time of 1.5
      2.5 min and facilitated early intubation. As soon as twitch tension had
      completely disappeared uniform by excellent intubating conditions were available
      in all cases. The administration of vecuronium in divided doses enabled better
      intubating conditions than the same single dose of vecuronium.

PMID- 2877592
TI  - In pursuit of relaxation.

PMID- 2877594
TI  - [Vecuronium in crash intubation].
AB  - A prospective controlled study was conducted to compare the efficacy of
      vecuronium and succinylcholine for the crash-induction technique. Following
      precurarisation with 0.02 mg/kg vecuronium and 0.1 mg fentanyl (group A and B) or
      NaCl 0.9% and 0.1 mg fentanyl (group C) preoxygenation via face mask was
      maintained until the patients reported heavy eye-lids or weariness or the
      precurarization-time attained 120 s. The patients then received 5 mg/kg
      thiopentone followed by 1.5 mg/kg succinylcholine (group B) or 0.08 mg/kg
      vecuronium (group A) resp. 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium (group C) directly before the
      thiopentone. Rapid intubation and scoring of the intubation condition was
      performed by an anaesthetist who was unaware of the grouping. The intubation time
      was defined as the interval from the end of the injection of the drugs until cuff
      inflation of the tracheal tube. All patients in group A and B could be intubated
      within 60 s, in contrast to only 15 patients in group C (p less than 0.05). The
      intubation conditions in the succinylcholine group and in the vecuronium group
      with divided doses showed no significant differences, while in group C the
      conditions were significantly worse. The modified crash-induction technique with
      vecuronium in divided doses could become beneficial in patients with
      contraindications of the use of succinylcholine who are at risk of aspiration.

PMID- 2877595
TI  - Age associated increase of C cell follicles in guinea pig thyroid glands.
AB  - The effect of aging on the formation of C cell follicles was examined in the
      thyroid gland of guinea pigs at various ages ranging from 1 to 29 months. The C
      cell follicles were demonstrated with the immunoperoxidase methods by using
      anticalcitonin and antisomatostatin antisera and with PAS reaction. They were
      already detected in 1-month-old guinea pigs but in low number. Thyroid glands
      from 1- to 14-month-old animals contained only a small number of C cell follicles
      and did not reveal the age-related increase. In aged guinea pigs (20- to 29-month
      old), a dramatic increase of C cell follicles was found, about 13 times as high
      as the number of other age groups. The C cell follicles through all age groups
      were present in large clusters of C cells. In the aged guinea pigs, nodular large
      aggregates of C cells regarded as C cell hyperplasia occurred and numerous C cell
      follicles were formed in the large cell aggregates. Thus, the conspicuous
      increase of C cell follicles in aged animals was associated with a proliferative
      abnormality of C cells. The C cells forming follicles showed moderate to weak
      immunoreactivity for calcitonin, whereas they showed very intense
      immunoreactivity for somatostatin. In addition, the colloidlike and flocculent
      materials stored in the follicular lumina, which were consistently PAS-positive,
      were weakly immunoreactive to somatostatin but nonreactive to calcitonin.

PMID- 2877597
TI  - On the use of priming with vecuronium for rapid sequence induction.

PMID- 2877596
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium and pancuronium in
      anesthetized children.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium and pancuronium were
      determined in 12 children (3-6 yr) undergoing minor surgery under 60% nitrous
      oxide, 1 MAC halothane anesthesia. When the level of anesthesia and the
      electromyograph (EMG) recording of the adductor pollicis were stable, an
      intravenous bolus of vecuronium (100 micrograms/kg) or pancuronium (100
      micrograms/kg) was administered. Plasma concentrations of the two muscle
      relaxants were determined for 6 hr after the administration by means of a
      fluorimetric assay followed by a thin layer chromatography. Plasma concentrations
      of vecuronium and pancuronium declined biexponentially in children and no
      metabolites could be detected in plasma. The elimination half-lives of vecuronium
      and pancuronium did not differ significantly. The volume of distribution at
      steady state (Vdss) was greater (P less than 0.05) after vecuronium (320 +/- 181
      ml/kg; mean +/- SD) than after pancuronium (203 +/- 36 ml/kg). Plasma clearance
      of vecuronium (2.8 +/- 0.9 ml X min-1 X kg-1) was greater than that of
      pancuronium (1.7 +/- 0.2 ml X min-1 X kg-1; P less than 0.05). Plasma
      concentrations measured at 10%, 50%, or 90% recovery of the EMG response did not
      differ significantly for vecuronium and pancuronium. Thus the shorter duration of
      action of vecuronium is probably due to its greater apparent volume of
      distribution, as well as to its higher plasma clearance. Thus although the
      elimination half-lives are comparable, the plasma disappearance of vecuronium is
      more rapid than that of pancuronium.

PMID- 2877598
TI  - Prejunctional effects of vecuronium in the cat.
AB  - This study explored the prejunctional actions of vecuronium using the in vivo cat
      soleus nerve-muscle preparation. Vecuronium doses of 1 to 5 micrograms/kg iv
      suppressed the repetitive firing of the motor nerve endings, and the obligatory
      potentiation of the twitch response following high-frequency conditioning at 400
      Hz for 10 s without attenuating neuromuscular transmission at 0.4 Hz. It was also
      found that extremely low doses of vecuronium had excitatory effects at the cat
      soleus motor nerve endings: doses of 0.5 and 1 microgram/kg iv evoked a modest
      postdrug repetitive firing of the nerve endings and a concomitant potentiation of
      the muscle responses. These dose-related agonist and antagonist activities
      suggest that at the motor nerve endings, vecuronium is a weak partial agonist.
      The major action of vecuronium at the motor nerve endings, however, was
      suppressive, and this antagonist action contributed to the neuromuscular blocking
      action of this muscle relaxant.

PMID- 2877599
TI  - Evaluation of esmolol in controlling increases in heart rate and blood pressure
      during endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.

PMID- 2877600
TI  - [Prolonged epidural analgesia with opiates].

PMID- 2877601
TI  - Potential of interaction between the H1-antagonist astemizole and other drugs.
AB  - Astemizole is a potent H1-antagonist devoid of sedative effects, which was found
      at single oral daily doses to be very effective in the treatment of allergic
      rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Its interaction potential on
      other drugs was studied in various ways. Studies on salivary antipyrine
      clearance, the 6-beta-hydrocortisol excretion, the elimination rate of ethanol
      and the indocyanine-green clearance are presented. No changes were observed.
      Astemizole also was given in combination with diazepam or alcohol. Psychomotor
      performance failed to show any effects. In none of these studies was there any
      evidence of interaction of astemizole on other drugs. This review summarizes the
      data available thus far.

PMID- 2877602
TI  - Assessing mistletoe toxicity.
AB  - To assess the potential toxicity of mistletoe ingestion, data were collected on
      14 cases of ingestion of one to three berries or one or two leaves of American
      mistletoe (Phoradendron sp) from 1982 to 1985. Eleven patients ingested berries
      and three ingested leaves; none became symptomatic. Nine patients were observed
      at home without intervention except poison center telephone follow-up. Five had
      induced emesis, including two who were referred to emergency departments for
      evaluation, where no findings other than ipecac-induced vomiting were noted. Also
      reviewed were data on a total of 318 cases of mistletoe ingestion reported to the
      Food and Drug Administration Poison Control case reporting system between 1978
      and 1983 (n = 177) and the American Association of Poison Control Centers
      national data collection system (n = 141) in 1984. The majority remained
      asymptomatic and no deaths were recorded. These data allow the conclusion that
      ingestion of one to three mistletoe berries or one or two leaves is unlikely to
      produce serious toxicity.

PMID- 2877603
TI  - Antagonism of xylazine-induced depression of shuttle-avoidance responses in dogs
      by administration of 4-aminopyridine, doxapram, or yohimbine.
AB  - The effectiveness of 4-aminopyridine, doxapram, or yohimbine as antagonists
      against xylazine-induced CNS depression in dogs was evaluated and compared, using
      the 2-way shuttle-avoidance paradigm. All drugs were given IV to 5 male dogs
      trained to avoid mild shock by jumping over a hurdle within 10 s after initiation
      of an audible tone. At dosages of 1 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, xylazine
      abolished or significantly decreased the mean number of avoidance responses and
      significantly increased the mean latency of avoidance responses. The analeptic 4
      aminopyridine (0.5 mg/kg) did not significantly antagonize xylazine in all dogs.
      One dog convulsed both times it was given xylazine followed by 4-aminopyridine,
      but did not convulse when given either drug alone. Doxapram (5.5 mg/kg), a short
      acting analeptic and respiratory stimulant, was only partially effective in
      antagonizing xylazine, and its antagonistic actions were brief. Yohimbine (0.1
      mg/kg), an alpha 2-adrenoreceptor-blocking agent, was superior to 4-aminopyridine
      and doxapram in its ability to antagonize xylazine-induced CNS depression.
      Yohimbine consistently increased the mean number of avoidance responses to the
      maximum of 8 and consistently decreased the mean latency of avoidance responses
      to control values in dogs given 1 or 2 mg of xylazine/kg. In dogs given 2 mg of
      xylazine/kg, yohimbine was significantly more effective than 4-aminopyridine or
      doxapram in its ability to increase the mean number of avoidance responses and
      decrease the mean latency of avoidance responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2877604
TI  - Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of piliated and nonpiliated phases of Moraxella
      bovis in calves.
AB  - Pathogenicity evaluations of Moraxella bovis strain EPP 63 grown in the piliated
      and nonpiliated phase indicated that the organism grown in the piliated phase
      induced clinical keratoconjunctivitis, whereas the organism grown in the
      nonpiliated phase did not induce disease under identical challenge conditions.
      Calves inoculated with culture grown in the piliated phase developed
      significantly (P less than 0.01) higher lesion scores than did calves inoculated
      with culture grown in the nonpiliated phase. Vaccination/challenge exposure
      evaluations indicated that calves immunized with vaccine prepared from piliated
      culture had significantly lower lesion scores than did control calves (P less
      than 0.001) or calves immunized with vaccine prepared from nonpiliated culture (P
      less than 0.05). Similarly, calves immunized with piliated vaccine developed a
      significantly higher antibody titer against purified pili. Nonvaccinated controls
      and calves immunized with nonpiliated vaccine did not develop a significant
      increase in antibody titer. The results indicate that M bovis pili constitute an
      important factor in the pathogenicity of keratoconjunctivitis and may be used as
      a vaccine in the control of keratoconjunctivitis in cattle.

PMID- 2877606
TI  - Controversies in the management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

PMID- 2877605
TI  - Treatment of resistant acromegaly with a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS
      201-995).
AB  - Six patients with resistant acromegaly were given a long-acting somatostatin
      analogue (SMS 201-995) for 5 to 12 months. The clinical response was dramatic;
      relief of headache occurred within minutes of the injection. The mean 24-hour
      growth hormone levels fell acutely after the administration of 50 or 100
      micrograms every 12 hours, especially in four patients with small tumors (p less
      than 0.001). Dosages of up to 1500 micrograms/d were necessary to produce maximum
      lowering of growth hormone secretion in some patients. On long-term treatment,
      plasma somatomedin-C levels fell in all patients and became normal in four.
      Plasma immunoreactive levels of SMS 201-995 related inversely to growth hormone
      concentration: A reproducible threshold for growth hormone inhibition in five of
      the patients, ranging from 70 to 1200 pg/mL, was maintained for 6 to 8 hours
      after the injections. This somatostatin analogue is effective in the treatment of
      acromegaly, has no major side effects, and causes only transient changes in
      carbohydrate metabolism.

PMID- 2877607
TI  - [Periarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss granulomatous angiitis: the same
      entity?].

PMID- 2877608
TI  - [Quality control of galenic preparations of nux vomica: proposal for a new method
      of extracting and assaying strychnine and brucine].

PMID- 2877609
TI  - Prevalence of various enteropathogens in the feces of diarrheic and healthy
      calves.
AB  - The presence of various enteropathogens was examined in the feces of homebred
      dairy calves reared in a restricted geographical area of France (North West of
      County of Indre-et-Loire) during winter 1983-1984. Two distinct surveys were
      carried on: a case-control study including 32 diarrheic calves and 21 healthy
      calves bred in 53 different farms; and a separate study on nine diarrheic calves
      in another farm. The following infectious agents were looked for, by specific
      methods of detection: Escherichia coli K99 and E. coli lethal for mice,
      Salmonella species, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni,
      enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens, Chlamydia psittaci, rotaviruses,
      coronaviruses, Cryptosporidium. In the case-control survey, no enterotoxigenic E.
      coli (K99+) was detected in either group of calves. Four agents were more often
      detected in diarrheic calves than in healthy calves, i.e. rotavirus (12/32 vs
      1/21), lethal E. coli (6/32 vs 1/21), Cryptosporidium (2/32 vs 0/21) and
      Salmonella typhimurium (1/32 vs 0/21). One at least of these four agents was
      present in 16 diarrheic calves (50%) vs only 2 healthy calves (10%) (P less than
      0.01). On the other hand, the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and of C.
      perfringens, enterotoxin was similar in both groups of calves, accounting
      respectively for about 20% and 10% of total calves. Moreover, coronavirus-like
      particles were significatively associated with healthy calves (7/32 vs 11/21; P
      less than 0.05). In the other study, all the main categories of enteropathogens
      were detected throughout the period of observation in the same farm with the
      exception of enterotoxigenic E. coli. But each calf taken individually was rarely
      shedding more than two agents at a time. In addition, specific antibodies against
      C. perfringens enterotoxin, as tested in an ELISA test, were present in the serum
      of all the calves examined in both surveys. This study confirms the primary role
      of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium as agents of diarrhea in calves under three
      weeks. It also suggests the possible participation of E. coli strains that are
      lethal for mice and underlines the potential hazard for human health of bovine
      reservoirs of Campylobacter jejuni and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens.

PMID- 2877611
TI  - [Renin secretion. Mechanism and effectors].
AB  - Renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney is controlled by several
      effector systems, such as renal perfusion pressure, renal nerve activity, salt
      load to the distal tubule and various humoral agents. The reactive behaviour of
      juxtaglomerular cells to these mechanisms is homologous to that of vascular
      smooth muscle cells of the kidney, i.e. manoeuvres inducing vasoconstriction
      inhibit renin secretion, whereas those inducing vasorelaxation stimulate renin
      secretion. This homology is partly explained by the fact that juxtaglomerular
      cells are modified smooth muscle cells. Intracellularly, an increase of cytosolic
      calcium has been identified as an inhibitory signal, whereas the major
      stimulatory signal appears to be cAMP (and the decrease of calcium). How
      intracellular calcium and cAMP are linked to the process of renin secretion,
      remains obscure.

PMID- 2877610
TI  - [Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathies. Recent findings].
AB  - The drug therapy of decompensated cardiac insufficiency in dilated
      cardiomyopathies is based, still today, on the association of digitalis and
      diuretics, even though doubts had been expressed about the long term efficacy of
      glycosides. In the search for an ideal inotropic agent, several molecules
      recently synthesized are being investigated. The results obtained are not
      entirely satisfactory, either because the functional advantage is finally
      exhausted, or because of the frequency of side effects. Among the vasodilators,
      inhibitors of the conversion enzyme give better results by producing a
      substantial and lasting improvement of the ventricle performance, without
      tachyphylaxis or sympathetic compensation phenomenon. In some patients,the use of
      Beta-blockers could be beneficial, but the definitive proof is not yet furnished
      and the results are inconsistent.

PMID- 2877612
TI  - Factors contributing to the pathogenic behavior of Entamoeba histolytica.

PMID- 2877613
TI  - The natural history of Japanese encephalitis virus.

PMID- 2877614
TI  - Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis.

PMID- 2877615
TI  - Substrate utilization by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli.
AB  - An attempt was made to elucidate in Campylobacter spp. some of the physiologic
      characteristics that are reflected in the kinetics of CO2 formation from four 14C
      labeled substrates. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were grown in a biphasic
      medium, and highly motile spiral cells were harvested at 12 h. Of the media
      evaluated for use in the metabolic tests, minimal essential medium without
      glutamine, diluted with an equal volume of potassium sodium phosphate buffer (pH
      7.2), provided the greatest stability and least competition with the substrates
      to be tested. The cells were incubated with 0.02 M glutamate, glutamine, alpha
      ketoglutarate, or formate, or with concentrations of these substrates ranging
      from 0.0032 to 0.125 M. All four substrates were metabolized very rapidly by both
      species. A feature of many of these reactions, particularly obvious with alpha
      ketoglutarate, was an immediate burst of CO2 production followed by CO2 evolution
      at a more moderate rate. These diphasic kinetics of substrate utilization were
      not seen in comparable experiments with Escherichia coli grown and tested under
      identical conditions. With C. jejuni, CO2 production from formate proceeded
      rapidly for the entire period of incubation. The rate of metabolism of glutamate,
      glutamine, and alpha-ketoglutarate by both species was greatly enhanced by
      increased substrate concentration. The approach to the study of the metabolism of
      campylobacters here described may be useful in detecting subtle changes in the
      physiology of cells as they are maintained past their logarithmic growth phase.

PMID- 2877617
TI  - Evaluation of the diagnostic application of an enzyme immunoassay for Clostridium
      perfringens type A enterotoxin.
AB  - The diagnostic application of an enzyme immunoassay for Clostridium perfringens
      type A enterotoxin was evaluated. Test results from 100 individuals associated
      with C. perfringens gastroenteritis outbreaks and 111 control individuals were
      included. The assay sensitivity was 93.7%, and the assay specificity was 98.7%.

PMID- 2877618
TI  - [Morphology of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877616
TI  - Utilization of ornithine and arginine as specific precursors of clavulanic acid.
AB  - Ornithine and arginine (5 to 20 mM), but not glutamic acid or proline, exerted a
      concentration-dependent stimulatory effect on the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid
      in both resting-cell cultures and long-term fermentations of Streptomyces
      clavuligerus. Ornithine strongly inhibited cephamycin biosynthesis in the same
      strain. [1-14C]-, [5-14C]-, or [U-14 C] ornithine was efficiently incorporated
      into clavulanic acid, whereas the incorporation of uniformly labeled glutamic
      acid was very poor. [U-14C] citrulline were not incorporated at all. Mutant nca
      1, a strain that is blocked in clavulanic acid biosynthesis, did not incorporate
      arginine into clavulanic acid. S. clavuligerus showed arginase activity,
      converting arginine into ornithine, but not amidinotransferase activity. Both
      arginase activity and clavulanic acid formation were enhanced simultaneously by
      supplementing the production medium with 10 mM arginine.

PMID- 2877619
TI  - [Radiologic diagnosis and radiation therapy of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877620
TI  - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the abdomen].

PMID- 2877621
TI  - [Dynamic computed tomography in the diagnosis of lymphoma of the liver and
      spleen].

PMID- 2877622
TI  - [Magnetic resonance tomography of the neck region].

PMID- 2877623
TI  - [Magnetic resonance tomographic diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma].

PMID- 2877624
TI  - [Magnetic resonance tomographic diagnosis of abdominal manifestations of
      malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877625
TI  - [Neuroradiologic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877626
TI  - [Radiotherapy of lymphogranulomatosis].

PMID- 2877628
TI  - [Field control films for ultra-hard x-rays].

PMID- 2877627
TI  - [Dosimetry in mantle-field radiotherapy of lymphogranulomatosis using ultra-hard
      x-rays].

PMID- 2877629
TI  - [Clinical picture of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877630
TI  - [Radiotherapeutic indications in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nodal form)].

PMID- 2877631
TI  - [Radiotherapy of extranodal manifestations of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877632
TI  - [Electron partial- amd total-skin irradiation (Tubinger method)].

PMID- 2877633
TI  - [Radiotherapy of intracranial and spinal manifestations of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877634
TI  - [Conventional x-ray diagnosis of malignant lymphoma including angiography and
      lymphography].

PMID- 2877636
TI  - [Sonographic diagnosis of nodal and extranodal manifestations of malignant
      lymphoma].

PMID- 2877635
TI  - [Special radiology of osseous manifestations of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2877637
TI  - [Computed tomography of the neck region].

PMID- 2877638
TI  - [Computed tomographic diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the thorax].

PMID- 2877640
TI  - [Latent systemic periarteritis nodosa of predominantly renal and cerebral
      expression. Apropos of an anatomical case].

PMID- 2877639
TI  - The modes of action of long chain alkyl compounds on the respiratory chain-linked
      energy transducing system in submitochondrial particles.
AB  - The interactions of long chain (greater than C7), alkyl compounds with tightly
      coupled, beef heart submitochondrial particles (SMP) have been investigated with
      respect to their effects upon respiratory chain-linked electron transfer and
      energy coupling capacity. Long chain alkyl alcohols, amines, free fatty acids,
      and methyl esters exhibit a general uncoupling effect, with stimulation of the
      succinate oxidase activity but inhibition of the NADH oxidase, in SMP. The degree
      of effectiveness is dependent on the nature of the functional group and the
      length of the alkyl chain. Submitochondrial particles depleted of F1 and the F1
      inhibitor protein are similarly affected. Subsequent treatment with bovine serum
      albumin reverses the effects of free fatty acids and results in partial recovery
      of activity with alkyl amines, alcohols, and methyl esters. Differences between
      the effects of these alkyl compounds and those of sodium dodecyl sulfate,
      deoxycholate, palmitoyl carnitine, and palmitoyl CoA rule out detergent-like
      action as the explanation for these observations. These data suggest that
      specific lipophilic interactions with the membrane, modulated by the nature of
      the functional group, are responsible for the effects of these compounds on the
      energy transducing system of SMP. Analyses of the reduction kinetics of the
      cytochromes indicate that the sites of interaction of these compounds with the
      inner mitochondrial membrane are associated with the primary dehydrogenase of
      complex I and energy coupling site 2; alkyl amines possess an additional site of
      interaction in the region of complex III.

PMID- 2877642
TI  - [Food poisoning in a home for the aged].

PMID- 2877641
TI  - Internal mammary artery grafts: technical factors influencing patency.
AB  - Eight hundred fourteen patients with internal mammary artery (IMA) coronary
      artery bypass grafts have been restudied 961 times with coronary arteriography,
      primarily to evaluate the patency of the grafts in the setting of symptomatic
      coronary occlusive disease. Their records were reviewed to assess graft patency
      as related to the technical aspects of coronary artery bypass surgery. Patency
      was evaluated using life-table analysis of the data. The method of harvesting the
      IMA played no role in patency. The left anterior descending coronary artery was
      the recipient coronary artery with the highest patency rate. The left IMA had a
      significantly higher patency rate than the right IMA. As a group, the IMAs had a
      significantly higher patency rate than saphenous vein grafts. However, there was
      no difference between right IMA grafts and saphenous vein grafts. The mammary
      artery grafts that remained patent throughout the study had a significantly
      higher blood flow after bypass than did those that became occluded (43.0 +/- 0.9
      versus 28.9 +/- 1.8 ml/min; p less than .001).

PMID- 2877643
TI  - Effect of beta-blockade on right ventricular performance in patients with and
      without right ventricular dysfunction due to coronary artery disease.
AB  - To assess the effects of beta-blockade on right ventricular performance in
      patients with and without right ventricular dysfunction due to coronary artery
      disease, we performed radionuclide ventriculography on eight patients with normal
      right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF greater than or equal to 35%) and 14
      patients with mild to moderate right ventricular dysfunction (RVEF less than 35%)
      at rest. All patients had chronic stable angina pectoris, and nine patients had
      prior myocardial infarction. Radionuclide ventriculography was performed on
      placebo and during clinical beta-blockade (heart rate, 50 to 60 beats per minute
      and less than or equal to 20% increase in heart rate over baseline during stage I
      treadmill exercise, Bruce protocol) with the oral, cardioselective beta-blocking
      agent, betaxolol. The resting RVEF (mean +/- 1 SD) was 33% +/- 7% on placebo and
      34% +/- 7% during clinical beta-blockade. Mean exercise RVEF was 40% +/- 8% on
      placebo and 39% +/- 8% during clinical beta-blockade. These differences were not
      statistically significant. Resting left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from
      22% to 60% (mean, 42% +/- 8%). On placebo, one of eight patients with a resting
      RVEF greater than or equal to 35% had a normal exercise RVEF response (greater
      than or equal to 5% increment) whereas nine of 14 patients with resting RVEF less
      than 35% had normal exercise response. The discordant relationship between
      baseline RVEF and exercise response on placebo became less marked during clinical
      beta-blockade. We conclude that beta-blockade does not produce significant
      deterioration of right ventricular systolic function or right ventricular reserve
      either in patients with normal or in those with mild to moderately impaired
      resting right ventricular systolic function.

PMID- 2877644
TI  - Relaxation therapy for hypertension. Comparison of effects with concomitant
      placebo, diuretic, and beta-blocker.
AB  - We compared the effects of relaxation therapy in hypertensive patients taking
      placebo, a beta-blocker (atenolol, 100 mg/d), or a diuretic (chlorthalidone, 50
      mg/d), and we also compared the effects of relaxation therapy with the effects of
      the latter two drugs alone. Blood pressures were measured not only in the
      relaxation therapists' office and at a hypertension clinic, but also in the
      patient's environment by means of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings.
      The effect of relaxation therapy, while statistically significant, was modest.
      There was no generalization of effect to ambulatory blood pressure. Atenolol was
      significantly more effective than relaxation in reducing both systolic and
      diastolic pressure. Chlorthalidone was significantly more effective than
      relaxation in reducing systolic but not diastolic pressure in the hypertension
      clinic only. The long-term effects of relaxation were independent of concomitant
      drug use, but within the actual relaxation sessions blood pressure dropped
      further during chlorthalidone than during placebo or atenolol treatment.

PMID- 2877645
TI  - Observer error in systolic blood pressure measurement in the elderly. A case for
      automatic recorders?
AB  - Measurement of systolic blood pressure (BP) in the elderly can be inaccurate due
      to observer errors such as terminal digit preference and expectation bias.
      Efforts to reduce these errors include use of trained observers, random-zero
      sphygmomanometers, and automatic BP recorders. To evaluate the value of an
      infrasonic recorder, the infrasonde, we compared simultaneous systolic BP
      determinations obtained directly by intra-arterial measurements, and indirectly
      by a standard cuff-mercury sphygmomanometer using clinic nurses (casual and
      serial measurements), a trained physician assistant (PA), and the Infrasonde in
      36 elderly hypertensive men. All the indirect measurements correlated positively
      with the direct measurement. A terminal digit preference for zero occurred more
      frequently in the casual and serial readings compared with the Infrasonde and PA
      cuff readings: 45% and 51% vs 21% and 22%, respectively. Our data suggest that
      the Infrasonde is a reliable, alternative device for systolic BP measurement that
      eliminates observer biases associated with standard cuff BP recordings.

PMID- 2877646
TI  - Enzyme activity in mice with transplantable leukemia.
AB  - Activity of cobalt activated acylase, gamma-glutamyltransferase,
      leucylaminopeptidase and alanylaminopeptidase in serum and liver of mice with
      transplantable leukemias (L1210, L1210/ara-C, L1210/CH3-G, AKSL-4, plasmacytoma
      ADJ-PC-5) were determined. Adenosinotriphosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline
      phosphatase were histochemically localized in lymphatic nodes and spleen. Among
      the investigated enzymes the rise in serum activity of cobalt activated acylase
      and gamma-glutamyltransferase was demonstrated. A substantial increase of
      leucylaminopeptidase and alanylaminopeptidase was shown in the liver. A decrease
      in the histochemical reactions of all the studied enzymes was observed.

PMID- 2877647
TI  - Ecological and epidemiological data on Hantavirus in bank vole populations in
      Belgium.
AB  - Epidemiological and ecological data of a Hantavirus infected bank vole population
      were collected using live-trapping methods. A close association between the
      distribution of HV-infected bank voles and wet habitat types was found. Several
      seroconversions were observed during the life of individual bank voles. All
      seroconversions occurred within the wet habitat types and only after a certain
      age was reached. Survival of HV-infected bank voles did not differ from not
      infected animals. In the laboratory passive antibody transfer was observed from
      antibody-positive females to their offspring.

PMID- 2877649
TI  - Spinal myoclonus associated with HTLV III/LAV infection.
AB  - We describe spinal myoclonus in a 35-year-old homosexual man with concurrent
      human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy--associated virus (HTLV
      III/LAV) infection of the central nervous system as indicated by intra-blood
      brain barrier synthesis of HTLV III/LAV-specific IgG. The spinal myoclonus was
      characterized by asymmetric, rhythmic contractions of the abdomen with a
      frequency ranging between 40 and 70 per minute. The myoclonus was self-limited,
      resolving over the course of two months. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type
      III/lymphadenopathy--associated virus should be considered among the viral causes
      of spinal myoclonus.

PMID- 2877648
TI  - The major protein of SAF is absent from spleen and thus not an essential part of
      the scrapie agent.
AB  - Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) play a controversial role in the discussion
      about the nature of the scrapie agent. In purification experiments SAF can be
      detected in brains of infected animals but not in spleen samples with similar
      titers of infectivity. Thus, SAF are not a constituent of the scrapie virus.

PMID- 2877650
TI  - Cerebral cation shifts and amino acids in Huntington's disease.
AB  - The cations, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, putative amino acid
      transmitters, and total protein contents were assessed in the frontal cortex,
      putamen, and substantia nigra of Huntington's disease (HD) patients and age
      matched nonneurologic control subjects. In the HD frontal cortex and HD
      substantia nigra, only small increases in sodium levels and decreases in
      potassium levels were observed, but in the HD putamen there were major cation
      shifts, suggesting a twofold increase of the extracellular space. In all three
      brain areas that were investigated, potassium was positively correlated with
      gamma-aminobutyric acid and in the putamen sodium was negatively correlated with
      the amino acid. These correlations suggest loss of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic
      neurons or nerve terminals in these areas. The elevation of sodium in the HD
      basal ganglia may be visualized in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance of sodium.

PMID- 2877652
TI  - The bimaxillary mouthguard: a preliminary report of use in contact sports.

PMID- 2877651
TI  - Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities associated with coronary heart disease in
      patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - We measured serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in 63 insulin-dependent diabetic
      (IDD) patients (32 men, 31 women) and in 63 nondiabetic control subjects (32 men,
      31 women) without coronary heart disease (CHD) and in 19 IDD patients (11 men, 8
      women) and in 18 nondiabetic subjects (8 men, 10 women) with CHD. All diabetic
      patients had postglucagon C-peptide levels of less than 0.60 mmol/liter and none
      had signs of renal failure. Male IDD patients with CHD had higher levels of total
      cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total triglycerides, very
      low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides and lower level of high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol than male IDD patients without CHD. In female IDD
      patients, similar lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities were observed between the
      groups of diabetics with and without CHD except for total cholesterol, which was
      the same in both groups. A comparison between IDD patients without CHD and
      nondiabetic control subjects without CHD showed no difference in lipid and
      lipoprotein levels in males; female IDD patients without CHD showed even higher
      levels of HDL and HDL2 cholesterol and lower levels of VLDL triglycerides than
      nondiabetic controls. Our results indicate that in IDD patients without
      nephropathy and CHD, the lipid and lipoprotein levels do not differ from
      nondiabetic controls, but in IDD patients with CHD the lipid and lipoprotein
      pattern is similar to that known to be characteristic for nondiabetic patients
      with CHD.

PMID- 2877653
TI  - Cardiovascular research in space: considerations for the design of the human
      research facility of the United States Space Station.
AB  - NASA has recently celebrated its 25th anniversary, and it has been over 15 years
      since a man first set foot upon the lunar surface. The space agency is now making
      plans for "permanent" human presence in space to consist of an orbiting station
      staffed by both career astronauts and visiting investigators. What have we
      learned from the experience of two and a half decades of manned space flight? How
      well will the human organism tolerate longer duration or repeated space flights?
      What physical or psychological traits will be beneficial or detrimental to future
      space travellers? What additional considerations or investigations should be
      planned on the United States Space Station? This brief review summarizes our
      knowledge of space physiology as it relates to the cardiovascular system. Only
      actual flight information is utilized; no attempt is made to include the wealth
      of ground based simulation data, nor are areas remote to the cardiac system
      discussed. Gaps in current understanding are highlighted in a manner of suggested
      plans for future space flight investigations.

PMID- 2877654
TI  - The Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory: a leader in the development of life
      support.
AB  - The progress in the development of life support for the crewman parallels the
      changing flight envelope of the airplane and spacecraft. A constant in this
      history is man. In spite of elaborate attempts to refine the selection of the
      crew, the basic lists of requirements has not changed. Only the urgency and the
      need for providing the entire list of requirements have been seen. Generally,
      progress in the flight envelope has demanded more reliable and often more complex
      provisions to support the crew. The debate as to how this should be done has
      often centered on the argument about having man wear or carry the life support
      elements versus integration of these provisions into the vehicle. This debate
      initiated the concept of risks/benefits, a debate that has now reached all
      aspects of man's endeavors, including his medical care. This paper will discuss
      the major milestones of providing life support, some of the key contributors (a
      role that General Armstrong played in a great way), and how this has provided the
      base for the next steps in aviation and space operations.

PMID- 2877655
TI  - [Defined formula diet in the treatment of active Crohn disease].

PMID- 2877656
TI  - Management of unstable angina pectoris with maximal medical treatment
      (combination of intravenous nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists and
      heparin).

PMID- 2877657
TI  - Myocardial salvage by medical therapy in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2877658
TI  - An improved method for adrenalectomy of suckling rats. The influence of thrombin
      treatment and deoxycorticosterone substitution on survival and on hepatic and
      renal enzyme activities.
AB  - Adrenalectomy of suckling rats is complicated by a high mortality rate, caused by
      the loss of blood (early mortality) and by the disturbed sodium-potassium balance
      (late mortality). Treatment of the abdominal cavity with a thrombin solution and
      a daily administration of deoxycorticosterone glucoside (DOC) decrease the total
      mortality remarkably. DOC treatment has no influence on renal beta-glucosidase
      and beta-galactosidase as well as on hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity,
      whereas hepatic serine dehydratase activity exhibits a time- and dosage-dependent
      response to this hormone. The DOC effect is very likely a consequence of the
      glucocorticoid-like action of the synthetic hormone, which competes with the
      endogenous glucocorticoids for the hepatic receptor molecules.

PMID- 2877659
TI  - Physical and functional association of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor
      with particulate guanylate cyclase as demonstrated using detergent extracts of
      bovine lung membranes.
AB  - Coupling of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor to particulate
      guanylate cyclase has been demonstrated kinetically and chromatographically using
      bovine lung plasma membranes and their detergent extracts. Addition of ANP to the
      membrane suspension stimulated guanylate cyclase activity 2-5-fold indicating the
      presence of ANP-sensitive particulate guanylate cyclase. The enzyme retained the
      ability to respond to ANP even after solubilization with digitonin.
      Characterization of the solubilized enzyme by gel filtration and affinity
      chromatography revealed that the ANP receptor and particulate guanylate cyclase
      exist as a functionally but not covalently linked stable complex.

PMID- 2877660
TI  - Degradation of dynorphin-(1-13) and dynorphin-(1-17) by the neuroblastoma cell
      membrane. Evidence for the involvement of a cysteine protease.
AB  - The membrane of mouse neuroblastoma N-18 cells degraded dynorphin-(1-13),
      dynorphin-(1-17), and Leu-enkephalin. The degradation of the former two peptides
      was inhibited strongly by N-ethylmaleimide, moderately by
      diisopropylphosphorofluoridate and phosphoramidon, and slightly by bestatin. When
      Leu-enkephalin was the substrate, however, the effects of phosphoramidon and
      bestatin were marked and those of N-ethylmaleimide and
      diisopropylphosphorofluoridate were negligibly small. Captopril did not affect
      the degradation of the two dynorphins and Leu-enkephalin, but inhibited the
      further cleavage of N-terminal fragments generated from dynorphin-(1-13) by the N
      ethylmaleimide-sensitive protease. Thus, a cysteine protease and, probably, a
      serine protease are responsible to the initial fragmentation of the dynorphins.

PMID- 2877661
TI  - Molecular mechanics studies of dermorphin.
AB  - Molecular mechanical simulations have been carried out on dermorphin. Presence of
      D-Ala2 at the N-terminus and L-Pro6 residue at the C-terminus indicated the
      probability of beta-turns. From the stereochemical considerations, three types-
      II', III' and V' - for the beta-turn at the N-terminus of the peptide and two
      types-I and III- for the C-terminus side of the peptide are possible. In our
      molecular mechanics calculations, we considered six folded and one extended
      conformations for dermorphin to asses the relative stabilities. Three of the six
      folded conformations are lower in energy and have the following general feature
      similar in energy, three hydrogen bonds, semirigid beta-sheet segment and
      favorable Tyr1-Tyr5 interaction. The presence of beta-sheet structure might play
      a role in mu-receptor selective interaction of dermorphin.

PMID- 2877662
TI  - Solid phase synthesis of somatostatin-28 II. A new biologically active
      octacosapeptide from anglerfish pancreatic islets.
AB  - Somatostatin-28 II, an octacosapeptide recently isolated from anglerfish
      pancreatic islets, was synthetized by the solid phase method along with its
      somatostatin-14 II and somatostatin-28 II-(1-12) corresponding domains.
      Homogeneity of the synthetic peptides was demonstrated by analytical RP-HPLC,
      thin layer chromatography and electrophoresis. The peptides were further
      characterized by amino acids analysis, fast atomic bombarding mass spectrometry
      and/or 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Synthetic somatostatin-28 II
      and somatostatin-14 II displace equally well the potent agonist (Tyr0,D-Trp8)
      somatostatin-14 from its specific binding sites on anterior pituitary cells
      membranes. Both peptides activate adenylate cyclase from dispersed rat anterior
      pituitary cells.

PMID- 2877663
TI  - c-K-ras codon 12 GGT-CGT point mutation. An infrequent event in human lung
      cancer.
AB  - Hu-c-ras represent a family of oncogenes which are capable of inducing malignant
      transformation in the NIH/3T3 mouse cell line. Associated with this
      transformation are specific point mutations observed in the 12th and 61st codon
      of c-K-ras and N-ras and c-Ha-ras, respectively. These base changes generate, in
      some instances, a new restriction enzyme cleavage site and a restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP). One such RFLP has recently been reported for the
      mutation GGT-CGT at codon 12 of c-K-ras. Our data suggest that this point
      mutation is rarely present in human lung cancer and therefore is not likely to
      play a major role in cancer development.

PMID- 2877664
TI  - Localization of a human gene homologous to the PrP gene on the p arm of
      chromosome 20 and detection of PrP-related antigens in normal human brain.
AB  - Infectious fractions prepared from scrapie-infected hamster brains contain a
      protein, PrP 27-30, which shares antigenic determinants with polypeptides found
      in similarly prepared fractions from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
      cDNA sequences encoding the hamster PrP 27-30 identified homologous sequences in
      the human genome as well as in normal human brain mRNA preparations. Antibodies
      raised against the mouse PrP's identified antigenically related peptides in both
      normal hamster and human brain as well as in scrapie-infected hamster brain and
      CJD-affected human brain. By using in situ hybridization we localized the
      homologous human genomic sequences on the short arm of chromosome 20. Our results
      indicate that the reportedly unique proteins detected in human CJD preparations
      derive from normal human gene products.

PMID- 2877665
TI  - mRNA for the three human alcohol dehydrogenase subunits: size heterogeneity and
      developmental changes.
AB  - Human alcohol dehydrogenase consists of three types of subunits (alpha, beta, and
      gamma) which are governed by three separate loci. mRNA components for the three
      subunits were examined by Northern blot hybridization, using a common cDNA probe
      and specific oligonucleotide probes. A marked size heterogeneity of beta mRNA,
      ranging from 1.6 kb to 5.2 kb (of which the 2.4-kb and 3.5-kb were major), was
      observed in the adult liver. The mRNA for the gamma subunit was homogeneous
      (about 1.6 kb), and that for the alpha subunit contained a major 1.6-kb and a
      minor 4.3-kb component. The amount of mRNA was much lower (approximately 10% of
      adult) and the mRNA was less heterogeneous in the infant liver; i.e., an alpha
      mRNA (1.6 kb) and two beta mRNAs (a major 1.6 kb and a minor 3.5 kb), and no
      detectable gamma mRNA. The short beta mRNA, with 1.6 kb, could not be hybridized
      with a non-coding cDNA fragment that originated from the 3'-end of the 2.6 kb
      beta cDNA. The observed multiple ADH mRNAs, with a common coding region and
      different 3'-untranslated regions, are generated by utilization of multiple
      polyadenylation signals. The selection of polyadenylation signals and the rate of
      transcription of the three ADH loci are developmentally regulated. The 4.3-kb
      long mRNA, which was hybridized with both a- and beta-specific probes, could be
      related to the previously cloned "fused beta-alpha" cDNA.

PMID- 2877666
TI  - Effects on mitochondrial metabolism of CCA, one inducer of neuroblastoma
      differentiation.
AB  - CCA, a potent neuroblastoma differentiation inducer, was shown by oxygraphic
      measurements to reduce significantly the O2 consumption of whole neuroblastoma
      cells as of mitochondria purified from neuroblastoma or mouse cortex. The effect
      of CCA on the respiration was compared to those of oligomycin. Our results
      suggest that the molecular target of CCA is the matrix F1 catalytic component of
      the F0F1 mitochondrial ATPase.

PMID- 2877667
TI  - Classification of beta-adrenergic subtypes in immature rabbit bone marrow
      erythroblasts.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic receptors of immature rabbit bone marrow erythroid cells
      (proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts) were identified.
      [125I]iodocyanopindolol bound to membrane preparations derived from these
      erythroblasts in a rapid, reversible and saturable manner. Scatchard analysis of
      binding data revealed a single class of binding sites (Hill coefficient of 0.954)
      with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 8 pM, and a density of
      binding sites (Bmax) of 1.53 pM/10(6) cells, corresponding to 920 receptors per
      cell. The binding of [125I]iodocyanopindolol was inhibited stereospecifically by
      concentrations of (-)-propranolol 2 orders of magnitude lower than by the (+)
      isomer. Only L-isoprenaline and L-adrenaline activated the adenylate cyclase of
      immature rabbit erythroblasts, while L-noradrenaline, a beta 1-adrenergic
      agonist, was inactive. The order of potency of different agonists for
      displacement of bound [125I]iodocyanopindolol was: isoprenaline greater than
      adrenaline greater than noradrenaline with respective EC50 (concentration
      required for half maximal inhibition of binding) of 7.9 X 10(-7) M, 1.5 X 10(-5)
      M and 7.9 X 10(-5) M. This agonist potency series did not change with
      differentiation of rabbit bone marrow erythroblasts. The inhibition of specific
      [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding to immature cells by beta 1- and beta 2-selective
      drugs (noradrenaline, practolol, procaterol and butoxamine) resulted in linear
      Hofstee plots. The inhibition curves obtained with procaterol and butoxamine,
      with apparent Kd values of 3.1 X 10(-9) M and 4.9 X 10(-9) M, further evidence
      that the high-affinity binding sites correspond to a homogeneous beta 2-receptor
      subtype.

PMID- 2877668
TI  - The coupling of metabolic to secretory events in pancreatic islets: inhibition by
      2-cyclohexene-1-one of the secretory response to cyclic AMP and cytochalasin B.
AB  - In rat pancreatic islets perifused in the presence of 2-cyclohexene-1-one (CHX;
      1.0 mM), the secretory response to either D-glucose or 2-ketoisocaproate, but not
      that evoked by the association of L-leucine and L-glutamine, was severely
      decreased. This coincided with a decreased stimulation of [45Ca] efflux from
      prelabelled islets, whereas the inhibitory action of D-glucose or 2
      ketoisocaproate upon both [86Rb] and [45Ca] efflux appeared little or not
      affected. In the presence of D-glucose, the islets exposed to CHX were virtually
      unresponsive to either forskolin, theophylline or cytochalasin B. A severe
      decrease in the secretory response to forskolin was also observed in CHX-treated
      islets exposed to L-leucine and L-glutamine. Except for a somewhat lower
      sensitivity to NaF, no major change in adenylate cyclase activity or cyclic AMP
      production was observed in CHX-treated islets. The activity of protein kinase A
      was decreased in such islets but its responsiveness to cyclic AMP appeared
      unaltered. Transglutaminase activity was severely decreased in homogenates
      derived from CHX-treated islets. These findings suggest that CHX, possibly by
      lowering the GSH content of islet cells, impairs the functional capacity of the
      effector system for insulin release, in addition to and independently of any
      effect that it may exert upon nutrient catabolism and cationic fluxes in the
      islet cells.

PMID- 2877669
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase: a novel biochemical marker in inflammation.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) plays an important role in the turnover
      of glutathione and protein biosynthesis. Because in inflammation both catabolic
      and anabolic steps are activated together with migration of cells, an alteration
      in gamma-GT activity was postulated to occur at the site of inflammation with the
      development of the inflammatory process. We discovered that gamma-GT activity was
      increased markedly at sites of inflammation produced in several ways in rats. A
      significant increase in enzyme activity appeared soon after the induction of
      inflammation. In carrageenin-induced acute inflammation, the paw tissue attained
      a 3- to 4-fold increase in enzyme activity within 4 hr; in established adjuvant
      arthritis, a 20- to 24-fold increase over its basal activity occurred in the rat
      paw tissue. The specific enzyme activity was 20-22 nmoles/min/mg protein in the
      cellular sediment of carrageenin-induced pleural exudate. In cotton granulomatous
      tissue it was 5- to 6-fold higher compared to the enzyme activity of the skeletal
      muscles. The in vivo increase in gamma-GT activity was prevented from occurring
      in proportion to the anti-inflammatory potencies of the test drugs given orally.
      The prevention of enzyme activity was observed with indomethacin in carrageenin
      induced edematous paw tissue and with phenylbutazone in both adjuvant arthritis
      and carrageenin-induced pleural exudate. Prednisolone was observed to be the most
      potent drug against cotton granuloma. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (NSAIDs) were not found to affect enzyme activity in vitro when incubated with
      cellular infiltrate from a cotton pellet granuloma. Differences in certain
      physico-chemical characteristics, viz. stability at 50 degrees, pH dependency and
      effects of solvents, were not discernible in between the enzyme activities of the
      untreated and edematous paw tissues. The studies thus suggest that measurement of
      gamma-GT in inflammation may prove to be a valuable biochemical marker for the
      assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of drugs in vivo.

PMID- 2877670
TI  - Heterogeneous properties of alpha 2 adrenoceptors in particulate and soluble
      preparations of human platelet and rat and rabbit kidney.
AB  - Alpha 2 adrenoceptors of the human platelet and rat and rabbit renal cortex were
      compared in binding studies using the selective antagonist ligand
      [3H]rauwolscine. Significant differences in the pharmacological characteristics
      of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor were observed between the tissues with reference to
      both absolute drug affinities as well as rank order of drug potency. Two subsets
      of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor sites could be described: one exhibiting equal
      affinity for the alpha 2 selective diastereoisomers, yohimbine and rauwolscine,
      and low affinity for the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin (human platelet); the other
      displaying significantly higher affinity for rauwolscine than yohimbine but also
      relatively high affinity for prazosin (rat and rabbit kidney). Digitonin
      solubilised alpha 2 adrenoceptors from these tissues identified by
      [3H]rauwolscine generally displayed reduced drug affinities. This was most
      apparent for agonists (10-50-fold lower) indicating separation of the soluble
      receptors from the guanine nucleotide binding proteins. However, the solubilised
      alpha 2 adrenoceptors retained the overall pharmacological properties of their
      respective membrane receptors, including rank order of drug potency, reflecting
      similar inter-tissue differences. These results suggest that the pharmacological
      differences in alpha 2 adrenoceptors observed are not species specific and are
      not related to variation in receptor effector coupling mechanisms or problems of
      ligand access due to membrane constraints. This may reflect true intrinsic
      differences in the molecular structure of these receptors.

PMID- 2877671
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of action of tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole
      4-carboxamide). VI. Biochemical and pharmacological studies on the degradation of
      thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD).
AB  - In order to exert its antitumor effects, the C-nucleoside tiazofurin (2-beta-D
      ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide) is converted to the dinucleotide TAD
      (thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide), an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase
      (IMPD). With few exceptions, sensitive tumors (such as the P388 leukemia) have
      been found to accumulate substantially more of this inhibitory dinucleotide than
      resistant strains (exemplified by the colon 38 carcinoma). Previous studies have
      attributed this difference to a depressed capacity to synthesize TAD on the part
      of tumors refractory to tiazofurin. In the present study, a second contributory
      factor has been identified, viz. an enhanced ability to degrade preformed TAD.
      This degradation has been traced to a soluble phosphodiesterase present at high
      levels in tumors naturally resistant to tiazofurin. Using standard techniques,
      this TAD-phosphodiesterase has been purified 200-fold from the colon 38
      carcinoma. The activity so purified readily hydrolyzed TAD and ADP-ribose, but
      exhibited a comparatively weak activity toward NAD and thymidine-5'-monophosphate
      nitrophenyl ester. ADP-Ribose was also an excellent inhibitor of the hydrolysis
      of TAD. It is concluded, on the basis of these results, that TAD
      phosphodiesterase plays an important role in the expression of the oncolytic
      activity of tiazofurin. The suggestion is also made that ADP-ribose may be the
      natural substrate for this enzyme.

PMID- 2877672
TI  - Evidence for tyrosine at the ligand binding center of beta-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor radioligand antagonist binding activities
      in plasma membrane preparations from mammalian lung, as well as amphibian and
      avian red blood cells, have been shown to be inactivated by agents which
      specifically alkylate tyrosine. In membrane preparations, protection against
      inactivation was afforded by both agonists and antagonists. In soluble purified
      preparations, antagonists but not agonists protected against inactivation. These
      results suggest that tyrosine is located at or near the ligand binding site of
      both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2877673
TI  - [Tetrahydroisoquinolines as components of H2-antagonists. 27. H2
      antihistaminics].
AB  - In studies on structure-activity relationships of histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists, lamtidine-analogue derivatives of N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)guanidine and 5
      and 7-hydroxy-tetrahydroisoquinoline were prepared and tested for their H2
      antagonistic activity on the isolated guinea-pig atrium and on the histamine
      stimulated acid secretion of the anaesthetized rat. A further aim of the
      investigations was to examine the influence of a lengthening of the side-chain as
      well as the substitution of the aminotriazole with other H2-antagonistic
      components, on the pharmacological data of the above-mentioned isoquinoline
      derivatives. All compounds made showed only little H2-antagonistic activity on
      the guinea-pig atrium. At the acid secretion a noticeable activity especially of
      the 7-hydroxy-tetrahydroisoquinoline isomers could be observed.

PMID- 2877674
TI  - Acute effects of bunazosin on aortic, vertebral, coronary and renal blood flows
      of anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Effects of 4-amino-2-(4-butyrylhexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepin-1-yl)-6,7-dime thoxy
      quinazoline (bunazosin, E-643, Detantol) on aortic, vertebral, coronary and renal
      blood flows were investigated in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Bunazosin 1, 10
      and 100 micrograms/kg i.v. dose-dependently decreased aortic blood pressure (AoP)
      and inhibited the increase in AoP by phenylephrine 5 micrograms/kg i.v. However,
      the increase in AoP by norepinephrine 0.5 microgram/kg i.v. remained even after
      bunazosin 100 micrograms/kg i.v. and was almost undetectable after additional
      administration of yohimbine 1000 micrograms/kg i.v. A hypotension by bunazosin
      persisted more than 15 min, but dose-dependent increases in heart rate (HR)
      induced by bunazosin 1, 10 and 100 micrograms/kg i.v. restored within 2 min.
      Bunazosin 100 micrograms/kg i.v. significantly but transiently increased aortic
      blood flow and decreased renal blood flow. Vertebral and coronary blood flows
      were not significantly changed. Left ventricular dP/dt was transiently increased.
      Calculated total peripheral vascular resistance and coronary vascular resistance
      were transiently but significantly decreased. No significant changes were
      observed in both vertebral vascular resistance and renal vascular resistance. The
      results indicate that bunazosin maintains the blood flows to brain, heart and
      kidney, and is continuously lowering AoP without significant changes in HR.

PMID- 2877675
TI  - The effect of proteoglycans, collagen and lysyl oxidase on the metabolism of low
      density lipoprotein by macrophages.
AB  - To study the interactions of lipoproteins, connective tissue components and
      cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated in the presence of human low
      density lipoproteins (LDL) that had been complexed with pig aortic proteoglycans
      (PG) or incubated in the presence of soluble collagen and/or lysyl oxidase, which
      catalyses the formation of cross-linkages in collagen and elastin by oxidising
      epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues to aldehydes. Soluble and insoluble PG
      LDL complexes increased the incorporation of [3H]oleate into cellular cholesteryl
      esters (CE) 1.6- and 2.8-fold, respectively, while LDL incubated with collagen
      and lysyl oxidase had no effect compared to control LDL. As judged on the basis
      of incubations with fucoidin, spermine and 125I-labelled lipoproteins, the
      mechanism of internalisation of the PG-LDL complexes is different from that of
      acetylated LDL or dextran sulphate-LDL complexes. The formation of PG-LDL
      complexes in the arterial intima may lead to an increased uptake of lipoproteins
      by intimal macrophages during the early phase of atherogenesis.

PMID- 2877676
TI  - Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms in the A-I-C-III gene complex occurring
      in a family with hypoalphalipoproteinemia.
AB  - Two restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein A-I-C-III
      gene complex were defined by digestion with PstI and SacI in a family with
      hypoalphalipoproteinemia. These polymorphisms established a PstI + /SacI -
      haplotype which may constitute a linkage marker for this condition within the
      family.

PMID- 2877677
TI  - Differential interactions of "prosexual" drugs with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A and
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - Radioligand binding studies were used to analyze the interactions of six
      "prosexual" drugs with 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) and alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptors in rat brain membranes. Three drugs that facilitate seminal emissions
      and/or ejaculations [8-hydroxy-2-n-propylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), 5-methoxy
      dimethyltryptamine, and RDS-127] are potent and selective inhibitors of [3H]8-OH
      DPAT binding to 5-HT1A receptors. By contrast, three drugs with primary sexual
      arousal effects (yohimbine, imiloxan, and idazoxan), are potent agents at alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors labeled by [3H]yohimbine. These data suggest that
      radioligand binding analysis of prosexual agents may elucidate the
      pathophysiology of sexual behavior.

PMID- 2877678
TI  - Autacoids and some mediators in allergic and non allergic forms.
AB  - The aim of this review is that to examine some among the most important mediators
      involved in the onset of autacoid-mediated allergic and non-allergic
      symptomatology. Autacoids, such as histamine and arachidonic acid derivatives
      (leukotrienes and prostaglandins), mediators derived from cell membrane, such as
      PAF-acether and other cell-derived mediators, such as PF4, are described. Special
      importance is given to the respective pharmacological actions and to the
      mechanisms by which these actions are performed (receptors, antagonisms,
      synergism) from whose complexity systemic reactions might ensue. Furthermore, a
      part of this study is dedicated to the complex interactions among biochemical
      systems of the body such as Kinins, Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Enzymatic
      Activity Mediators that can interfere with these interactions and support some
      pathologies. Besides, a chapter is devoted to Neurogenic Inflammation and
      therefore to Substance P and other neuropeptides.

PMID- 2877679
TI  - Influence of genetic predisposition to diabetes and obesity on mitochondrial
      function.
AB  - Inbred mice with the mutation diabetes C57BL/KsJ db+/db+ and the mutation obese
      C57BL/6J ob/ob displayed a total liver mitochondrial capacity to oxidize
      glutamate or succinate which was approximately eight times greater than the
      capacity of the C57BL/6J +/+ control mice. This increase in oxidation capacity
      was estimated by multiplying the observed twofold increase in each of the
      following components: total liver weight, the mitochondrial protein content per
      gram of liver, and glutamate or succinate respiration activity per milligram of
      liver mitochondrial protein. No significant difference in liver mitochondrial
      function and capacity for oxidation was observed between db+/db+ and ob/ob
      mutants, which indicated that these results may be primarily mediated by the
      genetic factors responsible for obesity and hyperphagia in these mutants, and not
      by the genetic traits associated with diabetes. These findings may provide a
      biochemical foundation in support of the thrifty gene hypothesis.

PMID- 2877680
TI  - Intravenous opiates and benzodiazepine sedation.

PMID- 2877681
TI  - Antagonism of profound neuromuscular blockade induced by vecuronium or
      atracurium. Comparison of neostigmine with edrophonium.
AB  - The effectiveness of neostigmine 0.07 mg kg-1 and edrophonium 0.8 mg kg-1 as
      antagonists of profound neuromuscular blockade induced by vecuronium 0.1 mg kg-1
      or atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1 was studied in 59 healthy patients. The antagonists
      were administered 5 min after total ablation of the twitch response and the end
      point of recovery was a train-of-four ratio of 70%. In 30 patients given
      vecuronium the mean time to reach this point (duration TOF70) was 66.7 min in the
      control group (no antagonist), 43.5 min in the group given neostigmine and 59.8
      min in the group given edrophonium. The duration TOF70 was shorter in the
      neostigmine group than in the control (P less than 0.01) and edrophonium (P less
      than 0.01) groups. The duration TOF70 did not differ from control in the
      edrophonium group. In 29 patients given atracurium, the durations TOF70 were
      66.4, 44.1 and 54.9 min in the control, neostigmine and edrophonium groups,
      respectively. The durations TOF70 in the neostigmine (P less than 0.01) and
      edrophonium (P less than 0.01), groups were shorter than control. The duration
      TOF70 of the neostigmine group was shorter than in the edrophonium group (P less
      than 0.01). These results show that profound neuromuscular blockade cannot be
      rapidly antagonized by either of these two agents, but if reversal is required
      under these circumstances, neostigmine would be the more effective drug.

PMID- 2877682
TI  - Reappearance of the train-of-four after neuromuscular blockade induced with
      tubocurarine, vecuronium or atracurium.
AB  - The characteristics of train-of-four recovery after atracurium or vecuronium were
      studied, under enflurane anaesthesia, and compared with those associated with
      tubocurarine-induced blockade. Ten patients each received vecuronium 0.1 mg kg-1,
      atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1 or tubocurarine 0.5 mg kg-1. Neuromuscular blockade was
      calculated as the percent depression of the first twitch, and was determined at
      the time of reappearance of the second, third and fourth twitches of the train-of
      four. The pattern during recovery from blockade induced by the three
      neuromuscular blocking agents was similar, with T2, T3 and T4 reappearing at
      approximately 93%, 89% and 86% residual blockade, respectively. These results are
      different from those previously reported by Lee (1975) indicating that, under
      enflurane anaesthesia, the train-of-four count may give an incorrect estimate of
      the degree of neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 2877683
TI  - Comparison of visual and measured train-of-four recovery after vecuronium-induced
      neuromuscular blockade using two anaesthetic techniques.
AB  - This study evaluated train-of-four recovery after the administration of
      vecuronium, comparing measured with visually observed responses. Responses to
      supramaximal stimuli of the ulnar nerves were measured by a force transducer, and
      compared with visually observed movements of the contralateral thumb. For the 10
      patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and enflurane, the second, third and
      fourth twitches visually reappeared at 84 (+/- 10)%, 76 (+/- 11)%, and 70 (+/-
      12)% measured blockade, respectively. For the other 10 patients, anaesthetized
      with a narcotic-barbiturate technique, the second, third and fourth twitches
      reappeared at 81 (+/- 8)%, 68 (+/- 9)%, and 59 (+/- 11)%. These results were not
      different for the two anaesthetic techniques.

PMID- 2877684
TI  - Effects of transplantation and resection of a radiation-induced rat insulinoma on
      glucose homeostasis and the endocrine pancreas.
AB  - Twenty-one days after s.c. subscapular transplantation of a radiation-induced
      insulinoma, male NEDH rats exhibited hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycaemia. These
      features were associated with islet atrophy, degenerative changes in pancreatic A
      and B cells, and decreases in the pancreatic contents of insulin, glucagon and
      somatostatin. The immunoreactive glucagon and somatostatin contents of
      extrapancreatic tissues of insulinoma-bearing rats were unchanged. Surgical
      resection of the tumour resulted in an immediate fall of plasma insulin,
      attaining concentrations similar to those of anaesthetised control rats by 10
      min. The estimated half-life of insulin was 3.5 min. Hypoglycaemia persisted
      until 60 min after resection, followed by hyperglycaemia of 1-2 days duration.
      Glucose tolerance was impaired 1 day after tumour resection despite the
      coexistence of raised insulin concentrations. Evidence for abnormal pancreatic B
      cell function was gained by injection of arginine which failed to evoke a plasma
      insulin response in the resected rats. Two days after resection, plasma glucose
      and insulin concentrations were similar to those of control rats. Plasma glucose
      and insulin responses to glucose and arginine were suggestive of tumour
      recurrence by 12 days. A single large encapsulated tumour was eventually observed
      in each rat, with resection giving a 17-56 day prolongation of life.

PMID- 2877685
TI  - Coated pit formation: a membrane function involved in the regulation of cellular
      iron uptake.
AB  - Diferric-transferrin induces a marked increase in the number of coated pits on
      the reticulocyte membrane. This increase is followed by a decline, often to below
      the initial number. Since a good correlation was found between the rate of iron
      uptake and the number of coated pits, but not between the rate of transferrin
      recycling and the coated pit count, it is likely that coated pit formation is
      necessary for the removal of iron from transferrin. The decline in the number of
      transferrin-induced coated pits was observed only when haem synthesis was
      undisturbed, indicating that the accumulation of intracellular haem inhibits
      coated pit formation. Based on these results we suggest that haem regulates the
      rate of iron uptake by inhibiting iron removal rather than receptor recycling.

PMID- 2877687
TI  - Electrophilic amination of a single methionine residue located at the active site
      of D-amino acid oxidase by O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine.
AB  - O-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine is a rapid active-site-directed inhibitor of D
      amino acid oxidase: modification results in specific incorporation of an amine
      group into an accessible nucleophilic residue with concomitant release of 2,4
      dinitrophenol. The reaction is prevented by the competitive inhibitor benzoate,
      indicating an active-site-directed reaction. A stoichiometry of 1-1.5 mol of
      amine residues per enzyme bound flavin adenine dinucleotide monomer was observed
      at pH 7.0. Amino acid and sequence analyses show that His-217 is not the target
      of the modification reaction. Dependence of the modification on pH, model studies
      on functional groups present on amino acids, and thiolysis studies on aminated
      enzyme collectively indicate that the modification is located on a methionine
      residue at or near the active site of the enzyme. Aminated enzyme, although
      spectrally similar to native enzyme, exhibits a 7-9-nm blue shift in the 455-nm
      flavin absorption. Benzoate perturbs the spectrum of aminated enzyme, but binding
      relative to native enzyme is much weaker (Kd ca. 300 times greater at pH 8.0).

PMID- 2877686
TI  - Is vibration white finger a primary sympathetic nerve injury?
AB  - Changes in the sympathetic nerve system have been suggested as the
      pathophysiological mechanism underlying vibration white finger (VWF). The aim of
      the present study was to investigate if experimental support for such a mechanism
      could be found in VWF. Drugs with a known effect on sympathetic alpha receptors
      were administered into the finger skin by iontophoresis and their effects on
      blood flow in the same area evaluated using a laser Doppler technique. The
      effects of noradrenaline (stimulating alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors),
      phenylephrine (an alpha-1 stimulator), and B-HT 933 (an alpha-2 stimulator) were
      studied in 12 patients with vibration white finger and 12 healthy controls. The
      reactions to noradrenaline and B-HT 933 were similar in both patients and
      controls, but the reaction of the patients to phenylephrine was significantly
      weaker than the controls. In additional experiments in six patients and six
      controls concentration effect curves to phenylephrine were derived. The curves
      for the patients were shifted to the right--that is, they reacted less strongly
      than the controls at all doses of the drug which induced an appreciable
      vasoconstriction. The results of this study are compatible with the hypothesis
      that the alpha-1 receptor mediated responses are weakened in VWF. The
      predominance of alpha-2 receptors in the digital arteries has, on the basis of
      animal experiments, been suggested as a possible mechanism for Raynaud's
      phenomenon.

PMID- 2877688
TI  - Thrombospondin is a substrate for blood coagulation factor XIIIa.
AB  - Thrombospondin (TSP) is released from alpha granules of activated platelets,
      binds to platelet surfaces, and copolymerizes with fibrin. In the present
      experiments, we investigated the action of factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase)
      on TSP. Factor XIIIa catalyzed incorporation of [14C]putrescine into soluble TSP
      and ligation of TSP to itself and to fibrin intermediates. Proteolytic digestion
      of [14C]putrescine-labeled TSP with trypsin or thrombin yielded a labeled
      disulfide-bonded core of 90 or 120-130 kilodalton (kDa) subunits, labeled
      fragments of less than 10 kDa, and an unlabeled 30-kDa heparin-binding fragment,
      indicating the presence of multiple factor XIIIa reactive glutaminyl residues
      located in several domains of the molecule. TSP became ligated in fibrin clots
      formed from amidinated fibrinogen, i.e., fibrin that could not contribute lysyl
      residues to factor IIIa catalyzed cross-links. The disulfide-bonded core of TSP
      formed upon thrombin digestion copolymerized with fibrin as efficiently as intact
      TSP. However, a lower proportion of the disulfide-bonded core became ligated.
      These results indicate that TSP, both in clots and in solution, contributes
      glutaminyl and lysyl residues to factor XIIIa catalyzed ligation. Cross-linking
      may be important in stabilizing interactions among TSP, fibrinogen, or fibrin and
      other molecules in hemostatic plugs.

PMID- 2877689
TI  - Enhanced Ca2+-induced calcium release by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles
      from malignant hyperthermia susceptible pig muscle.
AB  - To further define the possible involvement of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium
      accumulation and release in the skeletal muscle disorder malignant hyperthermia
      (MH), we have examined various properties of sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions
      isolated from normal and MH-susceptible pig muscle. A sarcoplasmic reticulum
      preparation enriched in vesicles derived from the terminal cisternae, was further
      fractionated on discontinuous sucrose density gradients (Meissner, G. (1984) J.
      Biol. Chem. 259, 2365-2374). The resultant MH-susceptible and normal sarcoplasmic
      reticulum fractions, designated F0-F4, did not differ in yield, cholesterol and
      phospholipid content, or nitrendipine binding capacity. Calcium accumulation
      (0.27 mumol Ca/mg per min at 22 degrees C), Ca2+-ATPase activity (0.98 mumol
      Pi/mg per min at 22 degrees C), and calsequestrin content were also similar for
      MH-susceptible and normal sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction F3. To examine
      sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release, fraction F3 vesicles were passively
      loaded with 45Ca (approx. 40 nmol Ca/mg), and rapidly diluted into a medium of
      defined Ca2+ concentration. Upon dilution into 1 microM Ca2+, the extent of Ca2+
      dependent calcium release measured after 5 s was significantly greater for MH
      susceptible than for normal sarcoplasmic reticulum, 65.9 +/- 2.8% vs. 47.7 +/-
      3.9% of the loaded calcium, respectively. The C1/2 for Ca2+ stimulation of this
      calcium release (5 s value) from MH-susceptible sarcoplasmic reticulum also
      appeared to be shifted towards a higher Ca2+-sensitivity when compared to normal
      sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dantrolene had no effect on calcium release from fraction
      F3, however, halothane (0.1-0.5 mM) increased the extent of calcium release (5 s)
      similarly in both MH-susceptible and normal sarcoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore,
      Mg2+ was less effective at inhibiting, while ATP and caffeine were more effective
      in stimulating, this Ca2+-dependent release of calcium from MH-susceptible, when
      compared to normal sarcoplasmic reticulum. Our results demonstrate that while
      sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-accumulation appears unaffected in MH, aspect(s)
      of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-induced calcium release mechanism are altered.
      Although the role of the Ca2+-induced calcium release mechanism of sarcoplasmic
      reticulum in situ is not yet clear, our results suggest that an abnormality in
      the regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release may play an important
      role in the MH syndrome.

PMID- 2877690
TI  - Evidence for stable homodimers and heterodimers of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      subunits under protein-denaturing conditions.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase is synthesized as a core glycosylated propeptide (Mr
      75,000) which is subsequently cleaved to yield a stable heterodimeric structure
      (subunit Mr 50,000 and 30,000). The propeptide represents an insignificant mass
      of the transpeptidase but higher molecular weight bands designated H1 (Mr 85,000)
      and H2 (Mr 100,000) are readily observed by protein staining or immunoblot
      analysis of the enzyme or crude membranes after SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Although H1 and H2 represent the predominant antigenic forms of
      transpeptidase in tissues which exhibit relatively low specific enzyme activity,
      neither their structure nor their physiological function is known. In order to
      determine the relationship between H1 and H2, and the large (L) and small (S)
      subunits of the transpeptidase, individual bands (H1, H2, L and S) of the
      purified renal enzyme were cut from a Coomassie-stained SDS gel, eluted and re
      electrophoresed. Isolated S produced S and dimers of S (Mr 60,000), while
      isolated L produced L and dimers of L corresponding to H2. Equivalent mixtures of
      L and S also produced H1. Utilizing IgG affinity-purified against either L or S,
      immunoblot analysis confirmed that H2 is a dimer of L, and H1 is a heterodimer of
      L and S. However, monoclonal IgG which recognizes both transpeptidase propeptide
      and native heterodimer did not react with H1. Thus, it is clear that isolated L
      and S can form and maintain unique dimeric structures during SDS-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. With this information it should now be possible to ascertain
      the basis for the apparent predominance of H1 and H2 in non-renal tissues.

PMID- 2877691
TI  - [Brain-specific proteins S 100 and reception of neuromediators by membrane
      preparations from the rat brain].
AB  - Study on specific binding of ligands of various nervous cell membrane
      neuromediator receptors revealed that brain-specific proteins S100 modulated in a
      dose-dependent fashion the level of specific binding. Proteins S100 (but not BSA
      or blood gamma-globulins) changed the Kd values of the ligand-receptor complexes
      and the number of binding sites. The effects of proteins S100 were specifically
      blocked by antibodies to S100. Proteins S100 influenced the functions of
      acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and GABA receptors but not of
      opiate, imipramine, histamine and benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2877692
TI  - Conformational properties of somatostatin. VI. In a methanol solution.

PMID- 2877693
TI  - [Seasonal changes in the behavioral effects of neuroleptics on white rats].
AB  - Summarized results of the experiments (conducted in 1981-1984) demonstrate
      seasonal rhythms of some behavioural effects (catalepsy and depression of
      locomotor activity) of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and levomepromazine (5 mg/kg) in
      white rats. In intact rats neuroleptics were more effective in depressing high
      than low motor activity. Catalepsy induced by single administration of
      neuroleptics was more pronounced in spring and autumn months. A certain negative
      correlation exists between seasonal variations of neuroleptic catalepsy and the
      speed of monoamine (dopamine and serotonin) metabolism in the brain of intact
      rats.

PMID- 2877694
TI  - Effect of nicorandil, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nicotinamide nitrate, a new anti-anginal
      agent, on contractile responses to alpha-1- and alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists in
      isolated rabbit aorta.
AB  - Effects of nicorandil on contractile responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists were examined in isolated rabbit aorta. Nicorandil (10(-6)
      or 10(-5) M) inhibited contractile responses to clonidine (CL) and BHT-920 in a
      concentration-dependent manner, but had no effect on the response to methoxamine
      (MO). Nifedipine (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) had no significant effect on responses to
      CL and MO, but it had a noticeable inhibitory effect on the response to BHT-920.
      In tissues pretreated with phenoxybenzamine, nicorandil (10(-5) M) inhibited the
      residual response to MO, and nifedipine (10(-5) M) inhibited responses to MO and
      CL. The relationship between maximum contraction and percent receptor occupancy
      was found to be nonlinear for MO, but was near linear for CL and BHT-920. The
      inhibitory effect of prazosin (pA2 of about 9) on MO and CL was much greater than
      that of yohimbine (pA2 of about 6). Nicorandil had no apparent or slight
      inhibitory effect on responses to potassium and Ca2+, and this inhibitory effect
      was much less than that of nifedipine. These results indicate that the responses
      induced by MO, CL, and BHT-920 in the rabbit aorta are due to activation of alpha
      1-adrenoceptors. It is also suggested that nicorandil minimally affects voltage
      dependent Ca2+ influx and that differential effects of nicorandil on the
      responses to alpha 1 and alpha 2 agonists may be the result of differences in the
      amount of receptor reserve that exist for MO, CL, and BHT-920 in this blood
      vessel.

PMID- 2877695
TI  - [Endocrine polyadenomatosis: current diagnostic approach].

PMID- 2877696
TI  - Polyarteritis involving the lower limbs associated with periosteal new bone
      formation.

PMID- 2877697
TI  - 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced analgesia is blocked by alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonists in rats.
AB  - The effects of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin, phentolamine and
      yohimbine upon 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT)-induced analgesia were
      tested in the hot-plate, tail-flick and shock-titration tests of nociception with
      rats. Intrathecally injected yohimbine and phentolamine blocked or attenuated the
      analgesia produced by systemic administration of 5-MeODMT in all three
      nociceptive tests. Intrathecally administered prazosin attenuated the analgesic
      effects of 5-MeODMT in the hot-plate and tail-flick tests, but not in the shock
      titration test. Intrathecal yohimbine showed a dose-related lowering of pain
      thresholds in saline and 5-MeODMT-treated animals. Phentolamine and prazosin
      produced normal dose-related curves in the hot-plate test and biphasic effects in
      the shock titration and tail-flick tests. These results demonstrate a functional
      interaction between alpha 2-adrenoceptors and 5-HT agonist-induced analgesia at a
      spinal level in rats.

PMID- 2877698
TI  - The effect of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists on the acid secretory responses of
      rat isolated gastric mucosa to electrical field stimulation.
AB  - The effects of clonidine, UK-14,304, noradrenaline, para-aminoclonidine and
      phenylephrine were examined on the acid secretory response of the rat isolated
      gastric mucosa preparation to electrical field stimulation. Clonidine, UK-14,304,
      noradrenaline and para-aminoclonidine but not phenylephrine (10 microM) reduced
      the response of the gastric mucosa stimulated at 2.5 Hz; gastric mucosae
      stimulated at higher frequencies were insensitive to the action of these alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists. The inhibitory effect of the selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist UK-14,304 was antagonized by idazoxan but not by prazosin.
      These findings indicate that clonidine and other alpha 2-adrenoceptor agents
      inhibit the acid secretory response of the rat gastric mucosa to electrical field
      stimulation by an action at alpha 2-adrenoceptors, which are probably located on
      cholinergic nerve terminals.

PMID- 2877699
TI  - Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on ouabain-induced
      arrhythmias and cardiac arrest in guinea-pig.
AB  - Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists with different affinity
      for alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors on ouabain-induced arrhythmias in guinea-pigs
      were studied. Early arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest were
      induced in anaesthetized guinea-pigs by the slow intravenous infusion of ouabain.
      Phenylephrine and yohimbine potentiated the cardiotoxicity of ouabain
      significantly whereas prazosin and clonidine showed significant antiarrhythmic
      effects and delayed the cardiac arrest. It is concluded that selective alpha 1
      receptor stimulation and alpha 2-receptor blockade increases the cardiotoxic
      effects of ouabain and selective alpha 2-receptor stimulation and alpha 1
      receptor blockade inhibits ouabain-induced arrhythmias and cardiac arrest in
      guinea-pigs.

PMID- 2877701
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of haloperidol decanoate after loading
      dose administration.
AB  - For this open study, we selected 21 chronic psychotic female in-patients (16 of
      them schizophrenics) who were being maintained on oral neuroleptics. After a wash
      out period, they were treated by intramuscular depot injections of haloperidol
      decanoate, once a month for four months. The dose was calculated from the
      previous oral dosage, and the amount of the first injection was double that of
      the three following injections. Relatively stable plasma levels of haloperidol
      were achieved with the first injection, and corresponded to those observed with
      oral medication. A very significant correlation was found between plasma level
      and the dose administered, but not between plasma level and therapeutic effect.
      The clinical condition of about two-thirds of the patients remained unchanged or
      improved, compared with the period of oral treatment. During the first two months
      of treatment, there was more rigidity and tremor, but from the third month, the
      extrapyramidal symptoms were less pronounced than during the period of oral
      neuroleptics.

PMID- 2877700
TI  - The effects of noradrenaline, B-HT 920, methoxamine, angiotensin II and
      vasopressin on mean circulatory filling pressure in conscious rats.
AB  - The effects of vasoactive substances on mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP),
      an index of total body venous tone, were determined in conscious rats. Cumulative
      doses of saline (0.9% w/v NaCl solution), methoxamine (alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonist), B-HT920 (alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) noradrenaline and vasopressin,
      and individual doses of angiotensin II (AII), were infused into the rats. Mean
      arterial pressure (MAP), MCFP and heart rate (HR) were determined before and
      during the plateau responses to infusions of the vasoactive substances. The
      infusions of all the agonists caused a dose-dependent increase in MAP and a
      decrease in HR. The infusion of saline affected neither MAP nor HR. The infusions
      of saline and methoxamine did not affect MCFP while the infusions of B-HT 920,
      noradrenaline and AII increased MCFP. MCFP was slightly increased during the
      infusion of high doses of vasopressin. It was concluded that receptors for the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist and AII are involved in the control of venous tone.
      Receptors for the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist and vasopressin are not important
      for the control of venous tone.

PMID- 2877702
TI  - Does propranolol have an antipsychotic effect? A placebo-controlled study in
      acute schizophrenia.
AB  - Thirty-six acute schizophrenics were randomly assigned to dextro (d)-propranolol
      or placebo in a double blind trial lasting four weeks. All patients had a fixed
      dose of haloperidol during the first week, which resulted in an initial
      improvement in both groups. Thereafter, a deterioration towards base-line was
      seen. Six patients on placebo, but none on propranolol were treatment failures at
      the end of three weeks (P less than 0.001). Comparison of change in scores from
      week 2 to 4 showed significantly greater deterioration in the placebo group; d
      propranolol thus had a better effect than placebo in sustaining the initial
      improvement with haloperidol. The overall magnitude of clinical change from pre
      treatment scores is small, the majority of the patients showing little or no
      overall improvement. It is concluded that d-propranolol has a detectable
      therapeutic effect, which by inference must have a novel pharmacological basis,
      but this is not as potent as standard neuroleptics.

PMID- 2877704
TI  - Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and mean corpuscular volume: their usefulness in
      the assessment of in-patient alcoholics.
AB  - Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and mean corpuscular volume are shown to be of
      little value in the assessment of patients admitted to psychiatric beds for
      problem drinking.

PMID- 2877703
TI  - Orofacial dyskinesia, cognitive function and medication.
AB  - The presence of tardive dyskinesia in a sample of 43 patients with schizophrenia
      and 37 psychopaths who had been hospitalised for many years and exposed to large
      amounts of medication was assessed while testing their cognitive function.
      Subjects who showed no evidence of abnormal movements performed significantly
      better on the test of delayed recall, but there were no differences in
      performance on any of the other tests of cognitive function used. Multiple
      regression analysis revealed that age and the total lifetime dose of neuroleptic
      medication received (in chlorpromazine equivalents) were the only variables to
      predict the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale score, although a large amount of
      variance in this variable was unaccounted for. The duration of treatment with
      neuroleptics did not predict AIMS score.

PMID- 2877705
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder following combat exposure: clinical features and
      psychopharmacological treatment.
AB  - Post-traumatic stress disorder may follow combat stress or civilian psychological
      traumata. In 25 retrospectively studied patients, symptoms were severe in terms
      of number of DSM-III items fulfilled, chronicity, and severity of psychosocial
      disability. Antidepressants had good or moderate results in 67% of cases treated,
      but major tranquilisers were much less effective; response to drug treatment was
      not clearly related to somatisation symptoms, significant depression, or panic
      attacks. Pharmacotherapy appeared to have had a positive impact on psychotherapy
      in 70% of cases.

PMID- 2877706
TI  - Radioreceptor assay of serum neuroleptic concentrations in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2877707
TI  - Anticholinergic anti-Parkinson medication for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal
      side effects.

PMID- 2877708
TI  - A controlled assessment of propranolol in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced
      akathisia.
AB  - Twelve patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia were treated in a randomised,
      double-blind, cross-over design with propranolol and matching placebo.
      Propranolol caused significant decrements in both subjective and objective
      ratings of akathisia, but not in anxiety scores. This confirms prior findings of
      the efficacy of propranolol in akathisia induced by neuroleptic treatment.

PMID- 2877710
TI  - Boys with late descending testes.

PMID- 2877709
TI  - Clostridium perfringens and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2877711
TI  - Effects of divalent metal ions on the uptake of glutamate and GABA from
      synaptosomal fractions.
AB  - The effects of divalent metal ions on high affinity uptake glutamate and GABA
      were examined, using crude and purified synaptosomal fractions prepared from
      brains of DBA/2CBI. The uptake velocities of both amino acids are severely
      reduced in the presence of Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ but remain unaffected by Co2+.

PMID- 2877713
TI  - Spinal action of dermorphin, an extremely potent opioid peptide from frog skin.
AB  - Studies on the characteristics of spinally administered dermorphin, a novel
      heptapeptide isolated from the skin of South American Phyllomedusa frogs,
      indicated that this agent is 3-5000X more active spinal morphine on the hot
      plate, tail flick and writhing tests. This agent displays naloxone reversibility
      and cross tolerance to spinal morphine, and possesses all of the characteristics
      of a mu opiate receptor agonist.

PMID- 2877712
TI  - Opioid, cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic influences on the modulation of
      nociception from the lateral reticular nucleus of the rat.
AB  - The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) has been identified as an area in the caudal
      medulla involved in the centrifugal modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission
      and withdrawal reflexes. The data presented in this report further support a role
      for the LRN in the modulation of nociceptive responses. It was confirmed in the
      present study that focal electrical stimulation in the LRN inhibits the
      nociceptive tail-flick (TF) reflex at low intensities of stimulation in lightly
      pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Aversive effects, however, were typically
      produced at similar and higher intensities of stimulation in the LRN in the same
      rats in the awake state. It was also determined that an inhibitory modulation of
      nociceptive responses organized both spinally and supraspinally could be
      activated independently by muscarinic cholinergic or opioid mechanisms in the
      LRN. Microinjection of morphine into the LRN in conscious rats produced an
      antinociception in both TF and hot plate (HP) tests which could be attenuated
      significantly by naloxone, but not atropine, previously microinjected into the
      same site in the LRN. Carbachol microinjected into the LRN also produced an
      antinociception which was attenuated significantly by atropine but not naloxone
      previously microinjected into the same site in the LRN. In contrast, the
      microinjection of clonidine or norepinephrine into the LRN either did not affect
      or shortened significantly response latencies in the TF and HP tests. These
      results further establish that the LRN contributes to the modulation of
      nociception. Opioid and cholinergic influences in the LRN appear to independently
      activate inhibition of responding to nociceptive stimuli organized either
      spinally or supraspinally, although descending inhibition was most clearly
      activated. An action at alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the LRN, conversely, produces an
      hyperalgesia as reflected by shortened latencies to respond in TF and HP tests.

PMID- 2877714
TI  - Endorphinergic mechanisms in cerebral blood flow autoregulation.
AB  - The influence of naturally occurring opioid peptides (Met-enkephalin (Met-Enk),
      dynorphin (DYN), beta-endorphin (beta-EP)) as well as morphine and the opiate
      antagonist naloxone and specific antisera on cerebral blood flow autoregulation
      was studied in anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Local hypothalamic
      blood flow (CBF, H2-gas clearance technique) and total cerebral blood volume
      (CBV, photoelectric method) were simultaneously recorded. Autoregulation was
      tested by determining CBF and CBV during consecutive stepwise lowering of the
      systemic mean arterial pressure to 80, 60 and 40 mm Hg, by hemorrhage. Resting
      CBF decreased following Met-Enk, DYN, beta-EP or morphine administration without
      simultaneous changes in CBV. Naloxone administration, on the contrary, increased
      CBV without affecting local CBF. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was
      maintained until 80 mm Hg, but not completely at 60 and 40 mm Hg arterial
      pressure in the control group. General opiate receptor blockade by 1 mg/kg s.c.
      naloxone abolished autoregulation at all levels, since CBF and CBV passively
      followed the arterial pressure changes. Intracerebroventricularly injected
      naloxone (1 microgram/kg) as well as a specific antiserum against beta-EP, but
      not against Met-Enk or DYN, resulted in the very same effect as peripherally
      injected naloxone. The present findings suggest that central, periventricular
      beta-endorphinergic mechanisms might play a major role in CBF autoregulation.

PMID- 2877715
TI  - Effects of periventricular lesions on the release of somatostatin during
      perifusion.
AB  - Hypothalamic periventricular (PV) nucleus lesions reduce median eminence (ME)
      SRIF content by approximately equal to 80% without affecting non-stress plasma
      growth hormone (GH) levels or the GH response to stress. Our aim was to study the
      effects of PV lesions on SRIF released during perifusion of preoptic-anterior
      hypothalamic (PO-AH) tissue. Female rats received anterior or posterior PV
      lesions; sham-lesioned and intact rats served as controls. Non-stress and stress
      plasma GH levels were similar in all groups at 2, 4 and 16 weeks after surgery.
      At 18 weeks after surgery, the perifused PO-AHs of the PV- and sham-lesioned rats
      released similar amounts of SRIF, and these were higher (P less than 0.001) than
      amounts released from PO-AHs of intact rats. The PO-AHs from all groups showed
      similar increases in SRIF release after 56 mM K+. Two rats were chosen randomly
      from each group to assess ME SRIF content; PV lesions caused almost 80% depletion
      of SRIF, sham lesions did not. These results confirm that most SRIF neurons in
      the PV nucleus and 80% of ME SRIF content are not essential for the control of GH
      levels under non-stress conditions or for the GH response to stress and indicate
      that PV or sham lesions in the rostral forebrain enhance in vitro SRIF release,
      perhaps from neurons outside the PV nucleus.

PMID- 2877716
TI  - Effects of kynurenic acid on evoked extracellular field potentials in the rat
      olfactory bulb in vivo.
AB  - The effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists on extracellular field
      potentials in the olfactory bulb produced by lateral olfactory tract stimulation
      were analyzed in vivo. The two compounds tested, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
      and kynurenic acid, were administered by brain dialysis. Only kynurenic acid was
      able to effectively suppress the monosynaptic excitation of the major class of
      interneurons, the granule cells. This pharmacological profile suggests the
      involvement of non-NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2877717
TI  - Glutamate in rat brain cortex synaptic vesicles: influence of the vesicle
      isolation procedure.
AB  - Rat brain cortex synaptic vesicles have been isolated by 3 different procedures.
      The one of Hata et al. (J. Neurochem., 27 (1976) 139) gave synaptic vesicles with
      a high glutamate content, but also, as judged by [3H]ouabain binding and electron
      microscopy, with considerable contamination by plasma membrane vesicles. This did
      not allow a precise estimation of the glutamate content of each synaptic vesicle.
      The second procedure used (Life Sci., 21 (1977) 1075), in which the tissue is
      homogenized with an all glass homogenizer, yielded vesicles of higher purity, but
      with no glutamate. A slightly modified Kadota and Kadota procedure (J. Cell
      Biol., 58 (1973) 135) gave synaptic vesicles of a very high purity that were
      filtered on a Sepharose 4B column, and there, the synaptic vesicle fraction of
      highest purity was estimated to contain 3640 glutamate molecules in each
      glutamatergic vesicle. This is equivalent to an intravesicular concentration of
      0.21 M, that is, at least 10 times higher than the glutamate concentration in the
      rat brain cortex.

PMID- 2877718
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase-A activity increases in
      differentiating human neuroblastoma after elimination of dividing cells.
AB  - SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with retinoic acid to induce
      differentiation of neuroblast-like cells and with aphidicolin (an inhibitor of
      DNA polymerase) to eliminate the flat cells present in the long-term cultures and
      masking some of the biochemical developmental changes. Catecholaminergic enzyme
      (tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase-A) activity was consistently
      increased with development and the increase was significantly greater after
      aphidicolin-induced elimination of dividing, non-neuronal cells.

PMID- 2877719
TI  - Interaction of serotonin with somatosensory cortical neuronal responses to
      afferent synaptic inputs and putative neurotransmitters.
AB  - The present study was conducted to investigate the action of serotonin (5-HT) on
      synaptic transmission within local circuits of the rat somatosensory cortex.
      Responses of single somatosensory cortical neurons to activation of excitatory
      and inhibitory synaptic pathways or iontophoretic application of putative
      neurotransmitters were examined before, during and after microiontophoresis of 5
      HT. Monoamine-induced changes in neuronal responsiveness were quantitatively
      assessed by computer-based analysis of peri-event histograms. 5-HT typically
      exerted a differential inhibitory effect on neuronal firing, such that stimulus
      induced responses were reduced relative to spontaneous discharge. In 16 of 24
      (67%) of the cells tested, 5-HT depressed synaptically evoked excitation more
      than background firing such that "signal to noise" ratio was decreased. In some
      cases evoked spiking was reduced from control levels at doses of 5-HT
      subthreshold for producing direct depression of baseline firing rate. Cortical
      neuron excitatory responses to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (8 of 13
      cells) and glutamate (10 of 15 cells) were also reduced during microiontophoresis
      of 5-HT. A similar reduction in inhibitory efficacy was observed in 62% of the
      cases (10 of 16 cells) where 5-HT was interacted with GABA-induced depressant
      responses. Local administration of 5-HT also resulted in an antagonism of
      stimulus bound inhibition of firing (9 of 11 cells). These results are contrasted
      with previously observed facilitory effects of norepinephrine (NE) on cortical
      neuronal responsiveness to afferent synaptic inputs and putative transmitter
      agents. It is suggested that endogenously released 5-HT and NE may exert
      complementary modulatory-type actions on neuronal responsiveness as a means of
      regulating the transfer of sensory information through local cerebrocortical
      circuits.

PMID- 2877720
TI  - [Role of hypothalamic histaminergic systems in the regulation of vigilance states
      in cats].
AB  - We have studied the effects of local injections of histaminergic and
      antihistaminic drugs on the sleep-waking cycle in the cat. Microinjections of
      alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (alpha-FMH), a specific inhibitor of histidine
      decarboxylase, in the ventrolateral posterior hypothalamus, where histamine
      immunoreactive neurons have been recently identified, resulted in a significant
      decrease in wakefulness (W) and increase in deep slow wave sleep (SWS). On the
      other hand, microinjections of SKF-91488 (Homodimaprit), a specific inhibitor of
      histamine-N-methyltransferase, increased W and decreased SWS and paradoxical
      sleep (PS). Microinjections of histamine also produced an increase of W, while
      this effect was abolished by pretreatment with mepyramine, an H1-histamine
      receptor antagonist.

PMID- 2877722
TI  - [Clinical use of island flaps in orthopedics].

PMID- 2877721
TI  - [Action of idazoxan on tachycardia following electric stimulation of the thoracic
      sympathetic chain in the rat].
AB  - Selective stimulation of sympathetic nerves of the pithed rat (instead of
      stimulation of the whole sympathetic outflow) induced a frequency-dependent
      increase in heart rate. This electrical-induced tachycardia is decreased by
      clonidine and increased by idazoxan. The effect of idazoxan was not observed in
      experiments using continuous stimulation of the sympathetic outflow. It is then
      concluded that alpha 2 antagonists are able to increase the electrical-induced
      tachycardia in the pithed rat as they do in the dog or the cat.

PMID- 2877723
TI  - Recognition of an unsuspected phaeochromocytoma during elective coronary artery
      bypass surgery.
AB  - A patient with a longstanding history of mild hypertension undergoing elective
      coronary artery bypass grafting exhibited extreme and paroxysmal elevations of
      systemic blood pressure immediately after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass.
      Conventional antihypertensive therapy (nitroprusside, hydralazine, propranolol)
      was ineffective, whereas phentolamine infusion produced a decrease in systemic
      blood pressure. These observations led to the discovery of a predominantly
      norepinephrine-secreting phaeochromocytoma. This case is noteworthy in that
      cardiopulmonary bypass may have served as a stimulus for tumour secretion of
      catecholamine. Possible mechanisms for this effect are discussed.

PMID- 2877724
TI  - Nutritional status and endocrine response to hemorrhage.
AB  - Hyperglycemia-inducing hyperosmolality has recently been proven beneficial in the
      maintenance of blood volume and extracellular fluid volume during early
      hemorrhagic hypotension. Fed animals benefitted from better plasma refill
      compared with starved ones when subjected to equal blood loss. Using lightly
      sedated fed and 24-30 h starved rats, hormones with relevance to glucose
      homeostasis were studied during 90 min of hemorrhagic hypotension of 70 mmHg (1
      mmHg = 133.32 Pa). Marked differences in the overall hormonal developments were
      found between the two groups. In fed rats, insulin and glucagon responses were
      initially attenuated, while somatostatin increased to an early peak level at 30
      min, returning to basal at 90 min. In starved rats, somatostatin increased
      gradually during the 90 min. Adrenaline release was massive in both groups.
      Corticosterone showed no increase from basal levels in the fed group during
      hemorrhage, while starved rats increased their basal level fourfold already at 30
      min. These data are presented as evidence that changing nutritional status alters
      hormonal response to hypovolemic stress.

PMID- 2877726
TI  - Sports medicine.

PMID- 2877725
TI  - Intravenous abuse of propylhexedrine (Benzedrex) and the risk of brainstem
      dysfunction in young adults.
AB  - In 1949, amphetamine sulfate was replaced by propylhexedrine in the nasal
      decongestant agent Benzedrex because of psychosis, sudden death, and widespread
      abuse. Propylhexedrine is not without risks, and reported cases of psychosis,
      myocardial infarction, pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension, and
      sudden death are well documented in the medical literature. We are reporting 2
      cases of definite brainstem dysfunction and 5 cases of transient diplopia
      secondary to IV abuse of Benzedrex. This widely abused drug is prepared by
      heating Benzedrex and hydrochloric acid, and the resulting crystals are dissolved
      in water for injection. This agent is called "stove-top speed". All 7 patients
      had transient diplopia, within seconds after injection. One patient had evidence
      of a right-internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and another had a depressed right gag
      reflex and paralysis of the right half of the tongue. The deficits in these two
      patients, persisted for many months. In young adults with history of drug abuse,
      the IV use of Benzedrex should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      transient or permanent focal brainstem deficits.

PMID- 2877727
TI  - Running: examination, diagnosis, and treatment.
AB  - Remember that athletes are a special breed of person. They are usually determined
      and progressive in their thinking. Athletics is an essential part of their lives,
      and many cannot do without the activity. Do not deprive them of this opportunity.
      To simply say "Stop what you are doing and the pain will go away" is not
      sufficient. You must examine, prod, and badger the athlete for answers. Help the
      athlete overcome the injury and put him on the right road to recovery. This is an
      essential part of practice. Not only will the athlete be delighted, but it will
      give the practitioner immense satisfaction to see the athletes happy and running.

PMID- 2877728
TI  - Approaches to the management of soft tissue defects of the malleolar region.
AB  - When considering plastic procedures in the malleolar region, it is crucial to
      remember the special characteristics of this area. The blood supply, the skeletal
      structure, and the position of the limb all contribute to the uniqueness of this
      region. The approaches and procedures depend on the nature and size of the
      defect. By being knowledgeable of the anatomy and intrinsic characteristics of
      the malleolar region, and adhering to the principles of plastic and tissue
      handling, the best possible results of soft tissue reconstruction will be
      obtained.

PMID- 2877729
TI  - Enhancement of methotrexate nephrotoxicity after cisplatin therapy.
AB  - We measured urinary levels of total protein, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
      (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase, and adenosine deaminase-binding protein in ten
      children with osteogenic sarcoma who were receiving combination chemotherapy that
      included 12 doses of methotrexate (12 g/m2). Analysis of the changes in these
      sensitive markers of renal tubular damage permitted detection of subclinical
      methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. In the absence of cisplatin, methotrexate
      therapy was associated with significant but transient increases in each of the
      four markers. Irreversible nephrotoxicity, indicated by persistent rises in NAG
      and alanine aminopeptidase as well as increased serum creatinine levels, was
      associated with doses of methotrexate that followed the administration of
      cisplatin (400 mg/m2). The biphasic pattern of total protein and NAG excretion
      observed in all patients suggests more than one mechanism of methotrexate-induced
      nephrotoxicity. Monitoring renal tubular damage in patients who are receiving
      methotrexate in combined-drug regimens would provide useful information for
      scheduling nephrotoxic drugs in clinical trials.

PMID- 2877731
TI  - Differential expression of cell surface antigens and glial fibrillary acidic
      protein in human astrocytoma subsets.
AB  - We have characterized five distinct cell surface antigens of human astrocytomas
      and correlated their expression with the expression of glial fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP) and four previously defined cell surface markers of astrocytomas.
      One of the newly studied antigens, A4, which was originally detected on rat
      central nervous system (but not peripheral nervous system) neurons, is expressed
      on GFAP+ human astrocytoma cells, but not on GFAP- astrocytomas or a wide range
      of other neuroectodermal, epithelial, and hematopoietic cells. Antigens F19 (Mr
      140,000/90,000 glycoprotein) and F24 (Mr 90,000 glycoprotein) also show
      restricted distribution and are expressed on subsets of neuroectodermal and
      mesenchymal cells. Antigens G253 (Mr 95,000 glycoprotein) and S5 (Mr 120,000
      glycoprotein) are more widely distributed on the cultured cell panel. The
      distribution of these antigens was determined on a series of 22 astrocytoma cell
      lines and in normal brain tissue and the results were compared with the
      distribution of 5 additional glial cell markers: GFAP and cell surface antigens
      A010 (Mr 110,000 glycoprotein); AJ8 (Mr 100,000 glycoprotein); LK26 (Mr 35,000
      glycoprotein); and Thy-1. Distinct patterns of expression on cultured
      astrocytomas and in neural tissues were identified for all antigenic systems
      studied, and cell surface expression of antigen A4 was found to correlate closely
      with GFAP phenotype of cultured astrocytomas. The antigens described in this
      study provide new markers to study normal glial differentiation and to correlate
      the phenotypes and biological behavior of distinct subsets of astrocytomas.

PMID- 2877730
TI  - Implication of chromosome 11 in the suppression of neoplastic expression in human
      cell hybrids.
AB  - Cytogenetic analyses of intraspecies human HeLa X fibroblast hybrid cell
      populations have provided tentative evidence for the correlation of loss of a
      single copy of chromosomes 11 and 14 with reexpression of tumorigenicity. In this
      study paired combinations of nontumorigenic and tumorigenic segregant HeLa X
      fibroblast hybrid cells from two independent fusion events were examined for the
      presence or absence of normal chromosomes 11 and 14. In human hybrid cell lines
      the parental origin of chromosomes can be distinguished on the basis of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genes for c-Ha-ras, insulin, and
      apolipoprotein A-1 on chromosome 11 and a polymorphic locus AW101 on chromosome
      14 were used as Southern hybridization probes. Analysis of DNA from the parental
      fibroblast and HeLa cell lines and their nontumorigenic and tumorigenic hybrids
      showed the loss of a fibroblast chromosome 11 in four of the tumorigenic
      segregants and a HeLa chromosome 11 in a fifth hybrid cell line. This latter
      segregant has, interestingly, also lost a copy of chromosome 14 of fibroblast
      origin. There was no obvious correlation of loss of a copy of normal chromosome
      14 and reexpression of tumorigenicity in any of the other hybrid cell
      populations. Our conclusion from these observations is that gene(s) that map to
      normal chromosome 11 might be involved in control of tumorigenic expression in
      these human hybrid cells.

PMID- 2877732
TI  - Retroviruses of human T cells: their role in the aetiology of adult T-cell
      leukaemia/lymphoma and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2877733
TI  - The erbB gene and the EGF receptor.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a plasma membrane glycoprotein. It
      contains four distinct segments: an N-terminal EGF binding domain which is
      exposed at the cell surface; a short transmembrane segment; a cytoplasmic domain
      with protein-tyrosine kinase activity; and a C-terminal regulatory segment.
      Binding of EGF to the external domain of the receptor activates the protein
      tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor, and this elevated kinase activity is
      presumed to be involved in the activation of cell growth. The v-erbB transforming
      gene of avian erythroblastosis virus is derived, by retroviral transduction, from
      the gene (c-erbB) which encodes the avian EGF receptor. The transforming capacity
      of v-erbB appears to result from truncation of the receptor. In erythroid cells,
      truncation of the N-terminal ligand binding domain is sufficient for
      transformation, whereas in fibroblasts removal of an additional C-terminal
      segment is required for transformation. The EGF receptor is subject to complex
      regulatory controls, including ligand activation, downregulation by
      internalization, autophosphorylation and autoregulation and transmodulation
      involving phosphorylation by kinase C. This review is centered around the
      hypothesis that the transforming capacity of the truncated v-erbB gene product
      results from a loss in sensitivity to regulators and the consequent activation of
      protein kinase activity.

PMID- 2877734
TI  - The role of the x gene in HTLV associated malignancy.
AB  - Future studies on mechanisms of human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV) induced T
      cell malignancy will focus on the role of the chi gene. This unique gene is found
      only in HTLV and the related bovine leukaemia virus, and is thought to be the
      transforming gene of these viruses, though direct proof of that role is still
      lacking. Recent studies indicate that the protein encoded by this gene has
      transcriptional regulatory properties similar to those of transcriptional
      regulatory proteins of other DNA viruses. An understanding of the mechanism of
      action of the HTLV chi protein will provide further insights into the hypothesis
      that cellular transformation and, ultimately, leukaemogenesis by HTLV is a result
      of aberrant transcription in T cells induced by the chi protein.

PMID- 2877736
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of myocardial ischemia.
AB  - The evaluation of myocardial metabolic changes in ischemic heart disease remains
      centered on the coronary sinus pacing and sampling techniques established over
      the last 25 years. Lactate remains the marker of choice for most institutions,
      though centers with more sophisticated laboratories will always be trying to
      improve on the sensitivity and specificity for ischemia, perhaps using ATP
      catabolites and nucleotides and measuring coronary sinus flow. The diagnostic
      value of lactate changes is limited and probably not superior to a well-conducted
      12-lead treadmill exercise electrocardiogram test, but it does provide an
      objective marker for reliable further study and evaluation of interventions. It
      is almost certainly in the research context that metabolic studies have their
      place--evaluating drugs, surgery, or angioplasty and perhaps shedding light on
      obscure entities, such as chest pain with normal coronary arteries and
      cardiomyopathies. Attention to detail and simplicity of study are more likely to
      lead to valuable results rather than concentrating on the complexities. Each
      laboratory should establish the reproducibility of its results before commencing
      any procedures.

PMID- 2877735
TI  - Treatment of silent myocardial ischemia with transdermal nitroglycerin added to
      beta-blockers and alprazolam.
AB  - Investigations into the mechanisms and characteristics of ischemic heart disease
      have increasingly documented evidence of myocardial ischemia in the absence of
      symptoms. Recent work using objective criteria of ischemic episodes confirmed
      that angina pectoris or its equivalents need not accompany myocardial ischemia
      and noted that these episodes appear to be quite common. The impact on prognosis
      awaits further study, but preliminary data suggest an adverse prognosis for
      patients with recurrent spontaneous silent vasoconstrictive ischemia.
      Furthermore, treatment of silent ischemic episodes with nitrates may be
      associated with reduced ischemia. Preliminary trials show reduction of the
      number, duration, and magnitude of silent ischemic episodes by transdermal
      nitroglycerin given to patients receiving beta-blockers. Therapy of acute
      ischemic syndromes should be designed to eliminate ischemia completely, not
      merely ameliorate pain.

PMID- 2877737
TI  - Circadian rhythm of heart rate in the rabbit: prolongation of action potential
      duration by sustained beta adrenoceptor blockade is not due to associated
      bradycardia.
AB  - Six litters of six young rabbits were injected intraperitoneally, two per litter,
      with saline, alinidine, or nadolol once or twice daily for two weeks. In four
      litters successful radiotransmissions of electrocardiograms were recorded once
      hourly for four days before and during treatment. Alinidine and nadolol produced
      an overall mean bradycardia in comparison with saline treated animals, the effect
      of alinidine exceeding that of nadolol. At 48-70 hours after the end of treatment
      the hearts were used for in vitro electrophysiological study. Nadolol, but not
      alinidine, induced a prolongation of action potential duration compared with that
      of saline treated littermates in both atrial and ventricular muscle. An
      incidental observation was that heart rate in the rabbit followed a circadian
      rhythm, heart rates being slower in the morning and faster in late afternoon and
      evening. The circadian rhythm was attenuated but not abolished by alinidine and
      nadolol. These results suggest that if prolongation of action potential duration
      by sustained beta blockade in patients after myocardial infarction contributes to
      protection against sudden death (by a class III antiarrhythmic action) then
      alinidine would not be expected to provide a comparable prophylaxis.

PMID- 2877738
TI  - Are opioid peptides co-localized with vasopressin or oxytocin in the neural lobe
      of the rat?
AB  - The content of vasopressin, oxytocin, neurophysin, leucine-enkephalin, methionine
      enkephalin, dynorphin-(1-13), and alpha-neoendorphin in the rat neurohypophysis
      was measured after different periods of dehydration and after depolarisation of
      isolated neural lobes and of neurosecretory nerve endings. The rates at which the
      amount of neurohypophysial hormone and opioid peptides decreased, and the changes
      in the ratios between the amount of vasopressin or oxytocin and opioid peptide in
      the neurohypophysis after dehydration and in the incubation medium after
      depolarization in vitro cast some doubt on, and can be explained by mechanisms
      other than co-localisation of the different peptides.

PMID- 2877739
TI  - Somatostatin-containing D cells exhibit immunoreactivity for rat somatostatin
      cryptic peptide in six mammalian species. An electron-microscopical study.
AB  - Antisera raised against rat somatostatin cryptic peptide (RSCP; corresponding to
      amino acids 63-77 of rat pro-somatostatin), somatostatin-28-(1-12) and
      somatostatin-28-(17-28) were used to compare the morphological distribution of
      these pro-somatostatin-derived sequences within the gastroenteropancreatic system
      of six mammalian species, including man. Using the immunogold staining procedure,
      RSCP, SS28-(1-12) and SS28-(17-28) immunoreactivity was found to be present in
      all the D cells of the tissues investigated. Extra-islet RSCP and SS28-(1-12)
      immunoreactive cells were also identified in some species. RSCP, SS28-(1-12) and
      SS-28-(17-28) immunoreactivities were also present in a single case of human
      duodenal somatostatinoma. Immunostaining of serial ultrathin sections from all
      specimens in this study revealed that RSCP and both somatostatin
      immunoreactivities were co-localised in a majority of the reactive cells.
      Corroborative evidence was obtained by double immunogold staining which further
      showed that RSCP, SS28-(1-12) and SS28-(17-28) immunoreactivities were co
      localised to individual secretory granules in D type cells, both normal and
      tumour. RSCP and SS28-(17-28) immunoreactivities were invariably co-localised,
      whereas SS28-(1-12) immunoreactivity was restricted to a sub-population of
      secretory granules. Our findings suggest that RSCP immunoreactivity is conserved
      in a number of mammalian species and is stored in each secretory granule type.
      Consequently, detection of the RSCP sequence may serve as a useful marker for
      somatostatin-producing systems throughout the diffuse neuroendocrine system.

PMID- 2877741
TI  - A physical map of 4 million bp around the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene on the
      human X-chromosome.
AB  - Employing pulsed field gradient electrophoresis, we constructed a 4.5 million bp
      (Mb) Sfil restriction map of the human X-chromosomal region p21, harboring genes
      for Duchenne (DMD) and Becker Muscular Dystrophy. In a DMD patient with
      additional chronic granulomatosis and retinitis pigmentosa, the proximal 3.5 Mb
      is deleted. Another DMD patient, with additional glycerol kinase deficiency and
      adrenal hypoplasia, lacks at least 3.3 Mb in the middle region, including marker
      C7 but not B24, placing C7 closer to DMD. Another DMD patient has a partial pERT
      87 deletion of minimally 140 kb. Truncated Sfil fragments in a female X:21
      translocation patient place the junction probe XJ1.1 115 kb from the distal end
      of the normal fragment. Probe pERT-84 maps to the same fragment, within 750 kb of
      XJ1.1.

PMID- 2877740
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin
      like immunoreactivities in the brain of larval, young adult and upstream migrant
      adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus.
AB  - Growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were
      demonstrated in the brains of larval, young adult (parasitic) and upstream
      migrant adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, by means of immunoperoxidase
      techniques. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) were observed within separate
      perikarya in the nucleus praeopticus, within fibers in the commissura
      praeinfundibularis, and in nerve endings within the neurohypophysis of larval and
      adult-stage lampreys. Cell bodies demonstrating immunoreactive growth hormone
      were more numerous than those reactive for prolactin. Unlike in the upstream
      migrant adult lamprey, no GH or PRL was demonstrated in the adenohypophysis of
      larval or parasitic lamprey. Somatostatin (SRIF)-like immunoreactive neurons were
      demonstrated in the nucleus commissurae praeinfundibularis, anterior and
      posterior pars ventralis hypothalami, pars dorsalis thalami, and the tegmentum
      motorium rhombencephali of larval, parasitic and upstream migrant adult lampreys.
      Many of the SRIF containing neurons within the hypothalamus were cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF)-contacting cells. SRIF fibers were found throughout most of the brain
      predominating within the nucleus praeopticus, pars ventralis hypothalami, and the
      nucleus interpeduncularis. No SRIF immunoreactivity was found within the
      neurophyophysis. The possible functions of these peptides within the brain of the
      lamprey are discussed.

PMID- 2877742
TI  - Identification and characterization of a parasegment specific regulatory element
      of the abdominal-B gene of Drosophila.
AB  - We have characterized mutations of the Abdominal-B gene of the bithorax complex
      of Drosophila. We conclude that the gene contains two distinct genetic elements:
      one has a morphogenetic role and acts in parasegments 10, 11, 12, and 13, while
      the other acts on parasegment 14 and has primarily or exclusively a regulatory
      function. Evidence indicates that the latter suppresses the activity of the
      morphogenetic element of Abd-B and of other genes responsible for the development
      of sclerotic plates. The regulatory element also suppresses those BX-C genes and
      other homeotics that, in the absence of Polycomb or extra sex combs function, can
      become active in parasegment 14.

PMID- 2877743
TI  - Molecular structure of human lymphocyte receptor for immunoglobulin E.
AB  - We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone encoding the human lymphocyte
      receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon R). The deduced protein sequence reveals that Fc
      epsilon R consists of 321 amino acids, without any signal sequence, and is
      oriented with its N-terminus on the cytoplasmic side and its C-terminus on the
      outside of the cell. This molecule shows striking sequence homology with chicken
      asialoglycoprotein receptor (hepatic lectin), suggesting a possible role for Fc
      epsilon R in endocytosis. Fc epsilon R mRNA is expressed in B cells, B cell
      lines, and macrophage cell lines. It is not expressed in T cells or T cell lines,
      with the exception of an HTLV-transformed T cell line. mRNAs expressed in a
      macrophage line and in the latter T cell line differ in size from mRNA expressed
      in B cells. Human BSF-1 (or IL-4) induces the expression of Fc epsilon R mRNA in
      B cells, but not in T cells.

PMID- 2877744
TI  - A glia-derived neurite promoting factor with protease inhibitory activity belongs
      to the protease nexins.
AB  - A glia-derived neurite promoting factor (GdNPF) has serine protease inhibitory
      activity and in addition regulates the migration of neuronal cells. cDNA cloning
      of GdNPF is necessary for studying the physiological relevance and the mode of
      action of this protein and similar cell-derived protease inhibitors. Xenopus
      oocytes injected with rat glioma cells mRNA release this inhibitor. A rat cDNA
      clone coding for the previously purified glia-derived neurite promoting factor
      (GdNPF) was isolated upon hybridization-selected translation, followed by
      immunoprecipitation. The correct identity of this cDNA is proven by the presence
      of a sequence coding for a tryptic fragment from pure GdNPF. Northern analysis
      indicates that GdNPF mRNA is found almost exclusively in brain tissue and could
      be developmentally regulated. The same cDNA clone has been used to isolate full
      length rat and human GdNPF cDNA. The deduced human GdNPF amino acid sequence
      indicates that the protein is a member of a family of cell-derived protease
      inhibitors named protease nexins.

PMID- 2877746
TI  - Structure of the segmentation gene paired and the Drosophila PRD gene set as part
      of a gene network.
AB  - The sequence of paired, a pair-rule gene required for segmentation in Drosophila,
      is presented. A search for genes with domains homologous to the paired gene was
      initiated and three homologues from a set of 12 were characterized with respect
      to temporal or spatial expression and sequence homologies. All four are
      transcribed in early development, one in the oocyte and during cleavage stages in
      the form of a gradient. In addition to the prd-specific his-pro repeat, some of
      the 12 genes contain M-repeats and two new types of homeo boxes not detectable by
      hybridization with the two known classes of homeo boxes. The observed linking of
      gene sets through combinations of homologies coding for protein domains is
      consistent with a general network concept of gene action.

PMID- 2877745
TI  - Isolation, structure, and expression of even-skipped: a second pair-rule gene of
      Drosophila containing a homeo box.
AB  - We report the isolation, sequence, and transcriptional behavior of the Drosophila
      even-skipped (eve) gene, a member of the pair-rule class of segmentation genes.
      We show that the eve gene contains a homeo box and hence is related structurally
      to the pair-rule gene fushi tarazu and to homeotic selector genes. However, the
      eve homeo box differs significantly from those previously described and encodes a
      putative DNA recognition helix that would probably recognize different sequences.
      The eve gene resembles other pair-rule genes in showing a transient seven stripe
      zebra pattern during the blastoderm stage, but seven additional stripes arise
      soon thereafter. Together, these 14 stripes are required for the activation of
      coincident stripes of engrailed transcripts, leading to the subdivision of the
      embryo into compartmental and segmental units.

PMID- 2877747
TI  - Conservation of a large protein domain in the segmentation gene paired and in
      functionally related genes of Drosophila.
AB  - Extending our search for homologous domains of the Drosophila paired gene, two
      closely linked genes at the gooseberry locus have been isolated. Both genes are
      expressed with a single segment periodicity but with different spatial and
      temporal expression patterns. While the transcripts of one gene appear earlier
      and are equally distributed between ectoderm and mesoderm, those of the second
      gene accumulate preferentially in neuroblasts. The similarity of these expression
      patterns to the 14-band pattern of the paired gene suggests a functional
      relationship. Such a functional link may be reflected in the two structurally
      homologous domains shared with the paired gene: a new type of homeo box extended
      by 18 amino acids at the 5' end, and a new domain, the paired box, consisting of
      a sequence of 128-135 amino acids. Thus, together with the PRD repeat, the paired
      gene contains at least three different domains, each defining a gene set thought
      to be important for development.

PMID- 2877749
TI  - Excitatory and inhibitory responses mediated by subtypes of alpha-adrenergic
      receptors of hamster submandibular ganglion cells.

PMID- 2877748
TI  - A bipotential neuroendocrine precursor whose choice of cell fate is determined by
      NGF and glucocorticoids.
AB  - Adrenal medullary endocrine (chromaffin) cells and sympathetic neurons both
      derive from the neural crest. We have found that the embryonic adrenal medulla
      and sympathetic ganglia are both initially populated by precursors expressing
      neural-specific genes. By birth, however, the medulla consists largely of
      chromaffin cells. In primary culture, the medullary precursors have three
      developmental fates: in NGF they continue to mature into neurons and survive,
      whereas in glucocorticoid they either extinguish their neuronal properties and
      exhibit an endocrine phenotype, or else continue to develop into neurons but then
      die. These data suggest that, in vivo, the adrenal medulla develops through both
      the glucocorticoid-induced differentiation of bipotential progenitors and the
      degeneration of committed neuronal precursors, which have migrated into the
      gland.

PMID- 2877750
TI  - Effects of ethinyl estradiol and tamoxifen on liver DNA turnover and new
      synthesis and appearance of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci in female
      rats.
AB  - We investigated possible mechanisms associated with promotion of
      hepatocarcinogenesis by the synthetic estrogens mestranol (M) and ethinyl
      estradiol (EE). Our first objective was to determine whether chronic EE treatment
      was associated with hepatotoxicity accompanied by regenerative hyperplasia.
      Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were partially hepatectomized and their liver DNA
      prelabeled with [3H]thymidine. Two weeks later the rats were treated with EE at
      three doses or M (using timed-release tablets implanted s.c.) or with 0.05%
      phenobarbital (PB) in the diet. The rats were killed 6 weeks later and the amount
      of [3H]thymidine remaining in liver DNA determined. The results showed that none
      of the promoters caused hepatotoxicity as detected by the loss of prelabeled DNA.
      EE but not M or PB caused a dramatic dose-dependent enlargement of the pituitary.
      Subsequent experiments were carried out to define the dose-time response of liver
      DNA synthesis to treatment with EE, M and PB. Female SD rats were treated with
      these agents and [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA was determined at various
      times thereafter. The results showed that EE at 2.5 micrograms/day and PB (0.05%)
      caused a rapid increase in liver DNA synthesis which peaked between 24 and 72 h
      and remained elevated for at least the next 7 days. Dose-response experiments
      with EE- and M-treated rats demonstrated that 24 h after beginning treatment,
      significant increases in liver DNA synthesis could be detected at an EE dose as
      low as 0.1 microgram/day; DNA synthesis was also significantly increased by M.
      The anti-estrogen tamoxifen (T), did not cause increased liver DNA synthesis.
      However, T at 15 micrograms/day did inhibit the induction of DNA synthesis caused
      by EE and M at 2.5 micrograms/day but not by PB (0.05%). The effect of T on
      promotion by EE of the appearance of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-positive
      foci was determined. Female SD rats were initiated with a single i.p. dose of
      diethylnitrosamine at 20 mg/kg given 24 h after partial hepatectomy. One week
      later the rats were treated with EE (5 micrograms/day), T (15 or 50
      micrograms/day) or EE plus T at both doses using timed-release tablets. The rats
      were killed after 4 months and the incidence, number and size of the GGT foci
      determined. The results revealed that, as expected, EE enhanced the appearance of
      GGT foci. Unexpectedly, T alone at both doses also enhanced the appearance of the
      foci.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2877751
TI  - Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac
      care.

PMID- 2877752
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction: state of the art.
AB  - The proper management of patients with acute myocardial infarction changes
      frequently as new data develop in this complex area. The present recommendations
      concerning the use of oxygen and morphine and the treatment of hypotension and
      congestive heart failure require little change save the addition of new agents.
      However, considerable new data have been derived in the area of limitation of
      myocardial infarct size. Several studies suggest that the early administration of
      beta-blockers or intravenous nitroglycerin may benefit patients with acute
      infarction. We must seriously consider whether the data supporting the use of
      these agents justify a recommendation that they be used routinely for patients
      with acute infarction. The role of thrombolytic agents, although widely used
      already, must also be addressed as data supporting its use build. Additionally,
      there are suggestive data that the aggressive treatment of hypertension is
      beneficial, and this approach may well merit advocacy. The prophylactic use of
      lidocaine and the ubiquitous use of nitrates necessitate reevaluation, although
      presently both agents are widely used. The aggressive use of electrical therapy
      for supraventricular arrhythmias and the lack of indication for the treatment of
      asymptomatic bradycardia with atropine in patients with acute infarction must be
      added to the previous National Conference standards.

PMID- 2877753
TI  - Cardiovascular pharmacology. II: The use of catecholamines, pressor agents,
      digitalis, and corticosteroids in CPR and emergency cardiac care.
AB  - The Cardiovascular Pharmacology II panel met during the AHA National Conference
      on Standards and Guidelines for CPR and emergency cardiac care to consider the
      use of catecholamines, pressor agents, digitalis, and corticosteroids during
      advanced cardiac life support. During cardiac arrest, catecholamines and pressor
      agents have been shown to improve the rate of success of resuscitation. The
      useful properties of these drugs are mediated by strong alpha-adrenergic
      stimulation resulting in improved coronary perfusion. beta-Adrenergic stimulation
      during cardiac arrest is unimportant for resuscitation and potentially harmful.
      Studies have not demonstrated a difference between mixed agonists and alpha
      agonists with respect to overall outcome. Consequently, the panel recommended
      that epinephrine continue to be the primary vasopressor for use during cardiac
      arrest. For cardiovascular support in the hemodynamically unstable patient, the
      panel recommended that drugs be chosen for specific pharmacologic actions that
      will allow the needed physiologic manipulation guided by objective hemodynamic
      measurements. The panel found that digitalis preparations and corticosteroids
      have very limited use in emergency cardiac care.

PMID- 2877754
TI  - Cardiovascular pharmacology. III: Atropine, calcium, calcium blockers, and beta
      blockers.
AB  - Atropine, calcium, calcium-channel blockers, beta-adrenergic-receptor blockers,
      oxygen, morphine, vasodilators, and potent diuretics are frequently used in
      advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). Since the last AHA conference on ACLS
      standards, little controversy has arisen regarding the use of oxygen, morphine,
      vasodilators, or potent diuretics. In 1979, a full vagolytic dose of atropine was
      recommended for use early in the course of asystolic or bradycardiac arrest.
      Since then reports suggest that this higher dose of atropine may be of some
      limited value in treating this highly resistant form of arrest. The routine use
      of calcium for asystole, bradycardiac arrest, and electromechanical dissociation
      has come under intense scrutiny. Studies have failed to demonstrate improved
      survival and have found potentially deleterious levels of serum calcium when
      calcium was administered according to AHA standards. It is also possible that
      postanoxic cerebral injury is exacerbated by the use of calcium. No controversy
      exists, however, concerning the use of calcium for the moribund patient with
      possible hypocalcemia or with an excess of calcium-channel blockers. The use of
      calcium-channel blockers has been advocated to prevent or retard the
      intracellular accumulation of calcium, which may cause irreversible postanoxic
      tissue damage. Calcium-channel blockers may also be useful in preventing or
      decreasing cerebral and coronary arteriospasm. These drugs have antianginal
      properties that may decrease ischemia. The antiarrhythmic effect of verapamil is
      particularly useful in the treatment of uncomplicated paroxysmal supraventricular
      tachycardia. Verapamil and diltiazem slow conduction through the atrioventricular
      node and may be used to slow the ventricular response in atrial fibrillation and
      flutter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877755
TI  - Effect of oral colchicine on T cell subsets, monocytes and concanavalin A-induced
      suppressor cell function in asthmatic patients.
AB  - Asthmatic patients have a deficiency of concanavalin A-(Con A) induced suppressor
      cell function. We tested whether oral colchicine 0.5 mg twice daily for 7 days
      could correct this immunoregulatory abnormality. Peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells were incubated with Con A and then suppression of proliferation was
      measured by coculture of these cells with healthy volunteers' mononuclear cells
      and phytohaemagglutinin. Sixteen asthmatic patients had significantly (P less
      than 0.002) decreased Con A-induced suppressor cell function (17.0 +/- 17.2%,
      mean +/- s.d.) as compared to 13 healthy volunteers (37.9 +/- 14.9%). Oral
      colchicine significantly (P less than 0.05) increased, though only partially
      corrected, these 16 asthmatic patients' Con A-induced suppressor cell function
      (28.1 +/- 14.3%). Asthmatic patients had an increased number of monocytes (691 +/
      289 vs 388 +/- 271/mm3 for normals, P less than 0.01) and a normal number of
      lymphocytes, Leu 4+ total T cells, Leu 3+ helper/inducer T cells, and Leu 2+
      suppressor/cytotoxic T cells as well as a normal Leu 3/Leu 2 ratio. Oral
      colchicine significantly (P less than 0.005) decreased the number of monocytes
      (451 +/- 255/mm3) without significantly affecting the number of lymphocytes, Leu
      4+, Leu 3+, or Leu 2+ T cells, or the Leu 3/Leu 2 ratio. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that the deficiency of Con A-induced suppressor
      cell function in asthmatic patients may be due, in part, to an increased number
      and/or abnormal activity of monocytes. If so, then oral colchicine may have
      partially corrected the deficiency of Con A-induced suppressor cell function by
      decreasing the number and/or modulating the activity of monocytes.

PMID- 2877756
TI  - Choice of immunoglobulin G purification method in assays for antibodies to the
      thyrotropin receptor.
AB  - Activity of autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor in the serum of patients
      with active Graves's disease was compared when the patients' IgG was purified by
      three different procedures: ammonium sulfate precipitation (I), a modified batch
      diethylaminoethyl cellulose method (II), and affinity chromatography on Protein A
      Sepharose CL-4B (III). IgG extracted by I was significantly less potent in
      inhibiting binding of 125I-labeled thyroid membranes than that prepared by either
      II or III, and was significantly less effective than II in stimulating adenyl
      cyclase activity in thyroid membrane. Thyroglobulin, a serum protein whose
      concentration is increased in patients with various thyroid diseases, was
      coprecipitated in amounts sufficient to significantly inhibit binding only when
      method I was used, but not with either of the other two procedures. Evidently
      method I is inferior to either of the other two when used for purification of
      autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor. Method II used in this study, being
      faster and more economical than I and of equivalent efficacy, is a feasible
      alternative method for clinical use.

PMID- 2877757
TI  - Identification of inhibitors of urinary alanine aminopeptidase.
AB  - Amino acids and ammonia were identified as natural inhibitors of urinary AAP. In
      urines from healthy volunteers approximately one half of the inhibition could be
      accounted for by amino acids and ammonia. At the measured concentrations,
      histidine, ammonia and phenylalanine, in decreasing order, were the most
      effective inhibitors. Results from kinetic studies with amino acids added to gel
      filtered urine are consistent with the presence of two AAP isoenzymes with
      different inhibition characteristics. The ten amino acids which were tested show
      the same inhibition kinetics. Differences between amino acids are quantitative.

PMID- 2877758
TI  - Serum and urinary enzyme activities in renal artery embolism.
AB  - Renal artery embolism is not a rare occurrence, especially in patients with
      valvular heart disease, but the early diagnosis of this condition is infrequently
      accomplished. We report the clinical and laboratory data of 2 patients with
      valvular heart disease who presented with unilateral renal artery embolization.
      The usefulness of the determination of serum and urinary enzymes and renal
      function tests is discussed. We propose that these parameters support an earlier
      and more accurate diagnosis of renal artery embolism.

PMID- 2877760
TI  - Increased levels of urinary adenosine deaminase binding protein in children
      treated with cisplatin or methotrexate.
AB  - Levels of adenosine deaminase binding protein (ABP), a renal tubular cell
      antigen, were determined by enzyme immunoassay in urine specimens from seven
      children with solid tumors who were receiving the recognized nephrotoxins
      cisplatin or methotrexate. ABP excretion was uniformly increased within the first
      3 days after administration of either drug. Elevated ABP levels were usually
      accompanied by increased excretion of the urinary enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase. In alkaline urine specimens
      associated with methotrexate therapy, ABP levels were increased whereas enzyme
      activities appeared to be unstable. Hence, immunochemical measurement of urinary
      ABP levels may be adjunctively useful for clinical studies of renal tubular
      damage.

PMID- 2877759
TI  - Urinary enzyme excretion after a single dose of phenacetin and paracetamol
      (acetaminophen) during antidiuresis and during water diuresis.
AB  - 2 g phenacetin or paracetamol in a single oral dose were administered to five
      healthy persons under the conditions of antidiuresis and subsequent water
      diuresis. Excretion of the brush border enzyme GGT, the cytoplasm enzyme LDH, and
      the lysosomal enzymes, NAG and GAL, was analysed before, during and after
      ingestion of the analgesics. Increased excretion of LDH and GGT indicated a
      similar moderate damage of the tubular epithelia after phenacetin and
      paracetamol. The state of diuresis appeared to have no influence.

PMID- 2877761
TI  - Value of enzyme determinations in urine for the diagnosis of nephrotoxicity in
      rats.
AB  - Excretion of urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27), gamma
      glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT, EC 2.3.2.2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC
      3.1.3.1), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP, EC 3.4.11.-), alanine aminotransferase
      (GPT, EC 2.6.1.2) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, EC 3.2.1.30) was
      studied following a single i.v. application of 1 mg mercuric chloride/kg body
      weight or a radio contrast medium (SH H 340 AB) at a dose of 7.5 g iodine/kg body
      weight in rats. Measurements of urinary enzymes and serum urea nitrogen and
      creatinine were carried out on the second, third, fourth and ninth days after
      treatment. Histological examinations of kidneys were performed on day 9. A
      drastic increase in urinary LDH and moderate increase in gamma-GT, ALP and AAP
      and a very slight increase in GPT was observed in the first 18-h urine samples
      after mercuric chloride. This increase in enzymuria was associated with a drastic
      increase in serum urea nitrogen and creatinine, with a maximum on day 4. The
      radio contrast medium-treated animals showed a similar but less pronounced
      pattern of urinary enzymes excretion and only a slight increase of serum urea
      nitrogen on day 2. A good correlation was found between histological findings and
      enzymuria as well as serum urea nitrogen and creatinine. Thus, determination of
      only some urinary enzymes (LDH and gamma-GT) is valuable in predicting early
      nephrotoxicity and sufficient for the diagnosis of proximal tubule damage in
      rats.

PMID- 2877762
TI  - Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
AB  - Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma was first identified by Japanese investigators in
      the mid 1970s. Distinctive characteristics include hypercalcaemia, metabolic bone
      disease, opportunistic infections and evidence of multiorgan involvement. The
      malignant cell has the surface phenotype of a T helper lymphocyte but functions
      as a T suppressor cell, and in leukaemic patients this cell usually has a unique
      multilobed appearance, which may aid in recognizing the disease. The overwhelming
      majority of patients with ATLL originate from the south-west Japanese
      archipelago, as well as the Caribbean basin and south-east USA. The geographic
      localization of this disease is the result of the endemic distribution of the
      human retrovirus (HTLV-I) which has been established as the cause of ATLL.
      Infection with this virus may result in no disease (asymptomatic carriers) or
      ATLL. While ATLL usually pursues an acute or subacute (prototypic) course,
      patients are also seen with 'chronic' or 'smouldering' disease. Over time, these
      more indolent variations may progress to the prototypic form. When aggressive,
      ATLL must be treated with intense combinations of cytotoxic drugs similar to
      those used to treat the more common B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Even
      though half of the patients treated achieve a remission, the duration is usually
      brief and the overall actuarial median survival is only 11 months. In addition to
      recurrent disease, these patients frequently succumb to opportunistic infections.

PMID- 2877763
TI  - Of mice and men: the extension of animal models to the clinical evaluation of new
      drugs.

PMID- 2877764
TI  - Use of beta blockers in congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2877765
TI  - Treatment of depression in the elderly.

PMID- 2877766
TI  - Clinical aspects of insomnia.

PMID- 2877767
TI  - Schizophrenia and antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - A variety of effective drugs are available for the treatment of schizophrenia.
      Knowledge of the side-effect spectrum of the various classes of antipsychotic
      drugs is necessary for the clinician to arrive at a rational choice of
      medication. In general, the preferred drug will be a high-potency neuroleptic.
      The following basic principles of clinical psychopharmacology should be followed:
      Consider risk and benefits; clinical experience is prerequisite; establish the
      diagnosis; select the appropriate class of psychotropic drug for the primary
      diagnosis; within drug class, the drugs are usually equally effective for
      patients with the diagnosis; give a dose that is high enough to be effective;
      choose target symptoms that can be monitored to indicate when to stop or increase
      the drug; avoid use of multiple drugs when possible; drugs are only one element
      in a comprehensive treatment strategy. Other modalities need equally careful
      consideration, e.g., psychotherapy, group therapy, family treatment, and
      vocational rehabilitation; and consultation with other subspecialists should be
      sought readily when indicated.

PMID- 2877768
TI  - Management of anxiety in the elderly.
AB  - Clinicians need to be aware of the cardinal manifestations of clinical anxiety in
      their geriatric patients. A variety of psychotherapeutic, behavioral, and
      chemical interventions can effectively and safely treat anxiety in geriatric
      patients and thereby greatly diminish morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2877769
TI  - Clinical and neurobiologic implications of antipsychotic-induced movement
      disorders.

PMID- 2877770
TI  - The pathway of glutamate oxidation in isolated mitochondria from the avian
      hepatomatous growth induced by MC-29 virus.
AB  - The mitochondria isolated from transplantable chicken hepatomatous growth induced
      by MC-29 virus were deficient in glutamate dehydrogenase. Oxypolarographic tests
      showed that glutamate oxidation in the tumor mitochondria was initiated via
      transamination, while glutamate was deaminated by glutamate dehydrogenase in
      liver mitochondria to supply adenosine triphosphate. Prominent glutamate
      oxidation and transformation-linked low glutamine synthetase activity may be
      favorable to the bioenergetics of this fast-growing tumor.

PMID- 2877771
TI  - Acetate metabolism by tissues of the rabbit.
AB  - Acetyl CoA synthetase (E.C.6.2.1.1) and acetyl CoA hydrolase (E.C.3.1.2.1)
      activities were assayed in sub-cellular fractions of rabbit liver, heart and
      kidney homogenates. The intracellular location of acetyl CoA hydrolase was
      predominantly mitochondrial in all tissues, whereas that for acetyl CoA
      synthetase varied between the tissues studied. The relationship between location
      of enzyme activity and metabolism of acetate in different tissues is discussed.

PMID- 2877772
TI  - Interaction of lead toxicity and riboflavin status in chicks (Gallus domesticus).
AB  - Chicks (Gallus domesticus) were fed diets containing 0 or 2000 ppm lead (Pb) and
      adequate, marginal or deficient levels of riboflavin. In comparison to adequate,
      marginal riboflavin depressed growth at 2000 ppm Pb but not at 0 ppm Pb.
      Deficient riboflavin depressed growth at both Pb levels, and Pb depressed growth
      at all riboflavin levels. Hepatic glutathione reductase activity was reduced by
      riboflavin deficiency, but Pb was without effect. Hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl
      concentrations were increased by Pb, and the increases were greater at the lower
      riboflavin levels. Dietary Pb appears to increase the level of riboflavin
      required in chick diets.

PMID- 2877774
TI  - Chronic ethanol intake in lactating rats: milk analysis.
AB  - Milk was analyzed at 5 and 15 days of lactation in rats fed an ethanol liquid
      diet or appropriate control diet. Alcoholic rats showed blood ethanol levels as
      high as 43 mM at the end of lactation. Milk from ethanol-fed rats showed an
      increase in pH, protein and lipids and a decrease in lactose, compared with
      controls. Chronic ethanol consumption seems to reduce the yield of milk. The
      nutritional status of sucklings from alcoholic mothers seems to be related more
      to the quantity of milk than to its quality.

PMID- 2877773
TI  - Enzymatic activity in crude oil contaminated rats.
AB  - The activity of enzymes found in the plasma, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and enzymes from erythrocytes, glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and catalase, was studied in rats contaminated by crude
      oil. Crude oil (tube fed) contamination caused a significant increase in MDH and
      LDH activity 96 hr after contamination while a decrease in activity was noted in
      6-6-PDH and catalase. An additional contamination (1 week after the first
      contamination), measured 96 hr after contamination, caused a relative decrease in
      MDH and LDH activity while there was a contrasting relative increase in G-6-PDH
      and catalase activity. After a recovery period of 3 weeks the only significant
      change was an increase in catalase activity.

PMID- 2877775
TI  - The induction of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by methylmercury.
AB  - The incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein was measured in liver preparations
      and blood of rats following the s.c. administration of methylmercury hydroxide
      (24 mg/kg body wt) or turpentine (5.0 ml/kg body wt). The translatability of the
      RNA obtained from polysomes in an mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate was elevated
      significantly in the preparations derived from the treated rats compared to
      control rats. Immunoprecipitation of the labelled translation products or of
      serum proteins showed that the mRNA activity and the synthesis of alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein, an acute phase reactant, was elevated by the methylmercury
      treatment as well as by the turpentine-induced inflammatory response.

PMID- 2877776
TI  - Selective activation of carcinogenic aromatic amines to bacterial mutagens in the
      marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
AB  - The postmitochondrial fraction of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
      digestive gland activates selectively precarcinogenic aromatic amines, but not
      precarcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene, to Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 mutagens. This
      activation potential is NADPH-dependent, is not inducible by exposure to Diesel 2
      oil and a polluted environment, and is inhibited by methimazole. The
      characteristics of this activation potential are consistent with the recent
      finding of the presence of FAD-containing-, and lack of cytochrome P-450
      dependent-, monooxygenase activity in Mytilus edulis. The presence of such
      selective potential in marine invertebrate(s) may bring new insight into our
      understanding of the fate and the effects of carcinogens in the marine
      environment.

PMID- 2877777
TI  - A comparative survey of the type of sympathetic neuro-melanophore transmission in
      catfishes.
AB  - The types of innervation to integumental melanophores were surveyed comparatively
      within the order Siluriformes. In fish or many families, pigment aggregation
      within melanophores was found to be under the control of adrenergic sympathetic
      postganglionic fibers as in other fish. In silurid catfish, on the other hand,
      the cells were found to be regulated cholinergically, though the fibers concerned
      were sympathetic postganglionic. Muscarinic cholinoceptors mediate the melanin
      aggregating response. In some catfish belonging to Bagridae, Pimelodidae and
      Callichthyidae, the melanophores strangely possessed cholinoceptors,
      notwithstanding the fact that they were under adrenergic nervous control. These
      results were discussed in conjunction with the phylogeny of Siluriformes.

PMID- 2877778
TI  - Mixed function oxidase activity in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) from Sable
      Is., N.S.
AB  - One adult male, eight pups (including two full term foetuses) and nine adult
      female harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were analysed for indices of mixed function
      oxidase (MFO) activity. MFO activity was present in liver samples, but was at or
      below detection limits in samples of kidney, lung and pancreas. Hepatic
      ethoxyresorufin O-de-ethylase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities were
      similar to those reported in other seals and in other mammals. Cytochromes P-450
      and b5 concentrations were slightly lower than those observed in other mammals.
      MFO activities in newborn pups and foetuses were significantly lower than those
      in adult females. No qualitative differences in cytochrome P-450 isozyme
      distribution between foetal and adult samples could be discerned by
      electrophoresis.

PMID- 2877779
TI  - Active peptides in the skins of two hundred and thirty American amphibian
      species.
AB  - Extracts prepared from dried or fresh skins of more than 200 American amphibian
      species were subjected to biological screening in order to determine occurrence
      and contents of peptides active on smooth muscle preparations, systemic blood
      pressure and, subordinately, external secretions, anterior pituitary and the
      central nervous system. The peptide families identified in skin extracts were as
      follows: caruleins (caerulein, phyllocaerulein), tachykinins (physalaemin,
      phyllomedusin), bombesins (phyllolitorin, [Leu8]phyllolitorin, rohdeilitorin),
      bradykinins (phyllokinin and others), sauvagine, dermorphins (dermorphin,
      [Hyp6]dermorphin), tryptophyllins (numerous peptides) and, finally, miscellaneous
      peptides. None of the above peptide families showed a widespread distribution,
      but all were restricted to particular amphibian genera or stocks. The hylid frogs
      of the Phyllomedusinae family occupy a unique position, as their skin displayed
      the greatest variety and abundance of active peptides ever found in any amphibian
      is destined to increase because numerous other peptide molecules await isolation,
      elucidation of structure and definition of possible biological activities.

PMID- 2877780
TI  - Indole-, imidazole- and phenyl-alkylamines in the skin of one hundred and forty
      American amphibian species other than bufonids.
AB  - Extracts prepared from dried or fresh skins of 140 American amphibian species,
      other than bufonids, were subjected to chemical and biological screening in order
      to determine the presence and concentrations of aromatic biogenic amines. The
      most frequent and abundantly occurring amine category was that of
      indolealkylamines, represented by their prototype 5-hydroxytryptamine and its N
      methylated derivatives. Conjugated and cyclized indolealkylamines, typical for
      the toad skin, were apparently lacking. Phenylalkylamines were represented by two
      quaternary ammonium bases: leptodactyline and, very rarely, candicine.
      Leptodactyline was particularly abundant in leptodactylid frogs of the genus
      Leptodactylus. Histamine occurred in trace amounts in different species, in large
      amounts only in some Leptodactylus species of the "pachypus" section. On the
      other hand, N-methylated histamines and cyclized histamines (spinaceamines) were
      confined to the skin of Leptodactylus pentadactylus labyrinthicus. The possible
      taxonomical and evolutionary significance of amphibian skin amines is pointed
      out.

PMID- 2877782
TI  - Extraction and identification of different prostaglandins in Allium cepa.
AB  - Green onions (Allium cepa) were homogenized in a blender and extracted by normal
      extraction methods except that diethyl ether was used as the first extracting
      solvent. Different analytical procedures were used for the identification of the
      prostaglandins separated. TLC was applied using silica gel 60 F254 plates and a
      mixture of benzene, dioxane and acetic acid (20:10:1) as eluent, and the Rf
      values were compared with those of authentic samples. GC analysis on an SE 30
      packed column and FID was applied; relative retention times of the onion extract
      components were measured and matched with authentic prostaglandin samples using
      cholesterol as an internal standard. GC-MS analyses using the same conditions
      adopted for GC analysis were conducted on a Finnigan MAT 112S instrument. Four
      peaks were identified. The prostaglandins identified were F1 alpha, E1, B1 and
      A2.

PMID- 2877781
TI  - The uptake and metabolism of L-glutamate by tissue slices of the cestode
      Hymenolepis diminuta.
AB  - The in vitro uptake of L-[3H]glutamate by tissue slices of the cestode
      Hymenolepis diminuta, denuded of tegument, was investigated. Two sodium
      concentration-dependent mechanisms, one of high affinity (Kt 1.8 X 10(-5) M; Vmax
      4.76 pMoles/min/mg wet weight) and another of low affinity (Kt 2.2 X 10(-4) M;
      Vmax 50.7 pMoles/min/mg wet weight), were identified, in addition to a sodium
      insensitive component. Exchange of preloaded [3H]glutamate did not occur in
      tissue slices incubated in dilute unlabelled glutamate. Acidic amino acids,
      imipramine and fluoxetine were effective inhibitors of high and low affinity
      uptake, while glutamate receptor ligands, neurotransmitters and some
      antihelminthics generally were not. The concentrations present in, and the
      metabolism of glutamate by, tissue slices was examined by HPLC. The significance
      of the three modes of glutamate uptake and their possible role in the physiology
      of H. diminuta are discussed.

PMID- 2877783
TI  - Studies of Zn, Mg, Cu, Ca and Fe in cadmium poisoned toads before and after
      treatment with EDTA.
AB  - Zn, Mg, Cu, Ca and Fe were determined spectrophotometrically in liver, kidneys,
      muscle, spleen and blood of Bufo regularis after a single i.m. injection of 6.2
      mg Cd/kg (which represents the 96 hr LD50) alone or in combination with 40 mg
      EDTA/kg (the minimal EDTA concentration causing 100% survival over that period).
      Cadmium administration caused recognizable effects on the essential metals levels
      in different tissues and organs. In the majority of the tissues and organs
      studied, zinc and copper concentrations returned to their normal ranges in
      animals that received both cadmium and EDTA. In contrast, magnesium, calcium and
      iron contents not only returned back to their control values but also exceeded
      them.

PMID- 2877784
TI  - Caffeine and ephedrine stimulated thermogenesis in LA-corpulent rats.
AB  - Resting metabolic rate (RMR), as well as caffeine (CAF) and ephedrine (EPH)
      stimulated thermogenesis (VO2) were measured in young adult corpulent (corp) LA/N
      cp (LA-corpulent) rats. RMR of lean was greater than corp. Administration of EPH,
      CAF and EPH + CAF resulted in 32, 48 and 50% increases in VO2, respectively, in
      both lean and corp rats. The time to attain maximal VO2 was similar for both
      drugs in both phenotypes, but the duration of maximal VO2 averaged 50, 26 and 42%
      longer in corp than lean for EPH, CAF and EPH + CAF, respectively. Acute weight
      loss following these treatments was greater for corp than lean, and corresponded
      with the duration of elevated VO2. These results are consistent with a normally
      functioning end-organ sympathomimetic receptor system in the corp phenotype of
      the LA/N-cp rat, and suggest that obesity in this model may be caused by factors
      other than defective brown fat thermogenesis at the end organ level.

PMID- 2877785
TI  - Comparative study of the edema-forming activity of Costa Rican snake venoms and
      its neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom.
AB  - The edema-forming activity of eight Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms and its
      neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom were studied using the mouse footpad
      test. All of the venoms induced edema, the highest activity being present in the
      venoms of Bothrops lateralis and Bothrops picadoi. When experiments were
      performed with preincubation of venom and antivenom, neutralization of edema was
      poor. Moreover, it was observed that, with some venoms, edema increased when
      large doses of antivenom were used. This effect was also observed when some
      venoms were incubated with coral snake antivenom, suggesting that venoms may
      release some pharmacologically active component(s) from antivenom, since the
      latter contains traces of alpha-2 and beta globulins. Based on these findings, an
      alternative approach to the study of the neutralization of edema was used; in
      this new method, antivenom was injected i.v. before venom administration, thereby
      avoiding preincubation. With this technique, a much better neutralization of
      edema was observed, although with some venoms it was still poor. Venoms contain
      low molecular weight factors which induce edema, suggesting that lack of
      immunogenicity of some components may cause a poor neutralization. However, such
      components are responsible for only a minor portion of the edema induced by crude
      venoms. It is suggested that experiments in which venom and antivenom are
      preincubated preincubated in testing the neutralization of edema should be
      avoided, and that a more adequate approach may be an independent inoculation of
      venom and antivenom.

PMID- 2877786
TI  - The effect of sub-lethal doses of dieldrin on the ventilatory and cardiac
      activity in two species of shrimps.
AB  - The effect of dieldrin on the heart and ventilatory activity in the shrimps
      Macrobranchium faustinum and Macrobrachium amazonicum was studied over 4 and 7
      day exposure periods, respectively. In M. faustinum, ventilatory rate increased
      by 43% and heart rate by 14.4%. In M. amazonicum, the ventilatory and heart rates
      decreased by 21 and 6%, respectively. In M. amazonicum ventilatory reversal
      frequency, an index of respiratory stress, was 6.7 times higher than the control
      values. All the changes, except for M. amazonicum heart rate were significant at
      the 0.01 level of probability.

PMID- 2877787
TI  - The effect of sub-lethal doses of dieldrin on resting and active metabolism in
      two species of shrimps.
AB  - The effects of dieldrin on the active (VaO2) and resting (VrO2) oxygen
      consumption rates of the shrimps Macrobrachium faustinum (De Sassure) and
      Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller) were studied during exposure for 4 days at 0.01
      p.p.b. and 7 days at 0.0002 p.p.b., respectively. The VrO2 of M. faustinum
      increased significantly (P less than 0.01) by 48% but the VaO2 decreased by 13%.
      The VrO2 and VaO2 decreased by 43 and 70%, respectively, in M. amazonicum. Thus,
      in both species the aerobic metabolic scope for activity decreased. The increased
      resting metabolic rate of the indigenous M. faustinum is ascribed to energy
      consuming responses which allow compensation for the effects of the stressor. The
      stressor may be said to have moved this species into a metabolic "zone of
      compensation". The decreased resting metabolic rate of the pond-cultured M.
      amazonicum is ascribed to greater susceptibility, more extensive metabolic
      breakdown and failure of compensatory responses. This species might be said to
      have been forced by the stressor into a metabolic "zone of collapse".

PMID- 2877788
TI  - Effects of different doses of cyproterone acetate (CA) on preputial gland
      structure and activity in intact male mice.
AB  - The preputial is an androgen-dependent structure which appears to be used in
      pheromonal signalling in rats and mice. The structure of representative glands
      from intact oil injected male laboratory TO strain mice was contrasted with
      tissue from intact counterparts treated with the anti-androgen cyproterone
      acetate (CA). Sixteen days of an i.m. application of a modest range of CA doses
      (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/day given as oily solutions) and a variety of control
      treatments were used to assess influences on the structure and function of the
      preputial. The glands of intact male mice treated with oil were well-developed
      and actively secreting with parenchymatous acini at different stages of
      maturation. Such glands are generally highly Sudanophilic, with the lipophilic
      stain concentrated in acini in frozen sections and many acini are compressed by
      their neighbours to assume irregular shapes. Wax and frozen preputial sections
      from intact subjects treated with 0.5 or 1.0 mg CA were, in contrast, less well
      developed and had fewer and smaller lipid droplets. Treatment of counterparts
      with 2 mg CA reduced acinar number and diameter in both wax and frozen sections
      with a concomitant increase in the proportion of connective tissue. The data
      confirm that this anti-androgen antagonizes the androgen secreted by the testis
      and adrenal cortex in terms of its expression of function on the preputial gland.
      These data provide further evidence that cyproterone acetate's suppressive
      actions on murine aggression are primarily via its ability to depress the
      secretion of odour cues that facilitate attack.

PMID- 2877789
TI  - The pharate adult clasper as a tool for measuring chitin synthesis and for
      identifying new chitin synthesis inhibitors.
AB  - A rapid, reliable, repeatable bioassay for measuring chitin synthesis is
      described. It utilizes the clasper from male pharate adult European corn borers
      and measures the incorporation of [14C]N-acetylglucosamine. Chitin synthesis is
      maximum in claspers taken from animals 5 and 6 days postpupation. The system is
      very sensitive to inhibition by the phenylbenzoyl ureas and polyoxins and should
      be useful for identifying potential inhibitory agents.

PMID- 2877790
TI  - Histamine and histamine receptors: behavioral thermoregulation in the salamander
      Necturus maculosus.
AB  - Low doses (0.01, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) of histamine (HA) caused selection of
      significantly lower temperatures, and higher doses (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) increased
      temperatures by mudpuppies in linear thermal gradients. Injection of the HA
      precursor, L-histidine (500 mg/kg) produced an increase in the temperatures
      selected. Results from injections of HA H1-receptor agonist (2-pyridylethylamine)
      and antagonist (pyrilamine), and H2-receptor agonist (dimaprit) and antagonist
      (cimetidine) had significant effects on thermoregulation; H1-receptors may
      mediate behavioral hyperthermia and H2-receptors behavioral hypothermia.
      Responses to these histaminic compounds are significantly influenced by the time
      of day at which the responses are measured and by season and acclimation
      temperature. The equivalent behavioral responses in both endotherms and
      ectotherms to agents which produce physiological hyperthermia and hypothermia are
      probably behavioral hypothermia ("cold seeking") and behavioral hyperthermia
      ("heat seeking"), respectively.

PMID- 2877791
TI  - Pharmacology of FMRFamide in Mytilus catch muscle.
AB  - In the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus, low concentrations of
      FMRFamide (10(-8)-10(-7) M) relax ACh-induced catch-tension, whereas high
      concentrations (greater than 10(-7) M) cause contraction. To study the structure
      activity relations of these actions, a number of peptide analogs of FMRFamide
      were screened for their biological activities on the ABRM. The structure-activity
      relations for contraction were different from those for relaxation. Among the
      peptides tested, FMR-[D-Phe]-amide and gamma 1-MSH substantially antagonized
      FMRFamide contractions; but only gamma 1-MSH was even slightly antagonistic to
      FMRFamide-induced relaxation. Relaxations produced by 10(-7) M FMRFamide, or by
      10(-5) M FMRFamide-relating relaxing peptides, were markedly depressed by
      treating the muscle first with 10(-5) M FMRFamide or with 10(-5) M FMRFamide
      related contractile peptides. However, contractile agents that are structurally
      unrelated to FMRFamide, such as 3 X 10(-5) M SCPB and 2 X 10(-2) M caffeine,
      showed little or no such after-effect on the relaxation. Relaxations in response
      to submaximal serotonin, dopamine and repetitive electrical pulses of stimulation
      were not affected by a pretreatment with 10(-5) M FMRFamide. These results
      suggest that the ABRM of Mytilus has at least two pharmacologically distinct
      classes of receptors which are capable of being activated by FMRFamide.

PMID- 2877792
TI  - Treatment with prostaglandins reduces the antifertility effect of indomethacin in
      rabbits.
AB  - Indomethacin (Id) treatment of rabbits at the time of implantation resulted in a
      significant reduction in the number of viable embryos as well as significant
      reduction in plasma progesterone concentrations. Treatment with a mixture of
      prostaglandins (PGs) together with Id caused a significant increase in both the
      number of viable embryos and in plasma progesterone concentrations when compared
      to the treatment with Id alone. The PG mixture used in the present study did not
      succeed in fully reversing the Id antifertility effect.

PMID- 2877793
TI  - Specific binding of Leu-enkephalin to small and large intestinal epithelial cells
      from guinea-pig.
AB  - Leu-enkephalin receptors were identified in guinea-pig intestinal mucosa in small
      as well as in large epithelial cells. Binding studies at apparent equilibrium
      could be interpreted in terms of two populations of receptors in every intestinal
      segment. Leu-enkephalin receptors were unequally distributed along the intestinal
      mucosa, with the lowest density but the highest affinity values in the caecum and
      colon. Duodenal epithelial cells exhibited the highest binding values due to a
      great number of low-affinity receptors. Receptors exhibited a high degree of
      specificity for Leu-enkephalin as evidenced by the poor competition shown by a
      variety of enkephalin analogues and naloxone and the lack of effect of other
      unrelated peptides present in the intestinal tract.

PMID- 2877794
TI  - Primary structure and synthesis of a blocked myotropic neuropeptide isolated from
      the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae.
AB  - A peptide which stimulates the contractile activity of the cockroach hindgut was
      isolated from head extracts of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae. The inability
      of aminopeptidase M to degrade the peptide and the presence of glutamic acid in
      the hydrolysate suggested N-terminal blocking by pyroglutamic acid. The N
      terminal pGlu was removed enzymatically and the unblocked fragment was sequenced
      with an automated gas-phase peptide sequencer. The structure determined (pGlu-Thr
      Ser-Phe-Thr-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH2) was synthesized and shown to be both chemically and
      biologically identical with the natural product.

PMID- 2877795
TI  - Blockade of a putative GABA-mediated neurotransmission in the cerebellum by
      benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists.
AB  - An exponential relationship was observed between the firing rate of cerebellar
      Purkinje cells in urethane-anaesthetized rats and the duration of inhibition
      evoked in these cells by electrical stimulation of the nearby cortical surface.
      Benzodiazepines, administered i.v., decreased cell firing and increased the
      duration of the inhibitory response but did not alter the relationship between
      the two parameters. These effects of one benzodiazepine, RU 32007, were reversed
      by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro15-1788 which had little effect alone. The
      benzodiazepine inverse agonists methyl- or ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
      increased cell firing with the expected reductions in duration of inhibitory
      response in some cases. However, in 50% of recordings the inhibitory response
      disappeared, independent of the firing rate. All the effects of the beta
      carboline esters were reversed by Ro15-1788 or the benzodiazepine, RU 32007. This
      action of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists represents an in vivo
      blockade of an endogenous synaptic inhibition which is thought to be mediated by
      release of GABA.

PMID- 2877796
TI  - Histological and pharmacological investigations of the two symmetrically situated
      giant neurons, RPeNLN and LPeNLN, identified on the anterior surface of the pedal
      ganglia of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac).
AB  - Morphological and pharmacological investigations were made of two giant neurons,
      RPeNLN (right pedal nerve large neuron) and LPeNLN (left pedal nerve large
      neuron), situated symmetrically on the anterior surface of the pedal ganglia of
      an African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac). The two neurons (about 250-300
      microns in diameter) were the largest ones identified in the ganglia of the snail
      species. The axonal pathways of the two neurons were symmetrical; of their four
      main axonal branches, the three main branches innervated the ipsilateral pedal
      nerves, whereas the last main branch projected to the contralateral pedal nerves.
      The pharmacological features of the two neurons were very similar. Both were
      inhibited markedly by dopamine [minimum effective concentrations (MECs): 3 X 10(
      6)-10(-5) M], DL-octopamine (MECs: 2 X 10(-6)-2 X 10(-5) M), 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (MEC: 3 X 10(-6) M), GABA (MEC: 3 X 10(-4) M), L-homocysteic acid (MECs: 3 X 10(
      5)-10(-4) M) and erythro-beta-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid (MEC: 3 X 10(-5) M).
      Acetylcholine showed varied effects, either excitatory or inhibitory, on the two
      neurons examined. No substances were found to have any marked excitatory effects
      on the neurons.

PMID- 2877797
TI  - Species variations in the relaxation of tail arteries to electrical stimulation.
AB  - Relaxation in response to electrical stimulation has been studied in isolated
      tail arteries from rats, cats and pigs. Electrical stimulation elicited
      contractile responses in unstimulated strips, but caused frequency-dependent
      relaxations in tail arteries from all species studied, following contractile
      responses by various agents. The order of susceptibility to the relaxant effect
      of electrical stimulation in arteries from all three species was pig greater than
      cat greater than rat. Relaxations to electrical stimulation were unaffected by
      prior treatment of arteries with atropine, propranolol, tetrodotoxin,
      indomethacin, ouabain, pyrilamine and chemical denervation with 6-hydroxy
      dopamine, but were prevented, dose-dependently, by cimetidine and aminophylline
      (antagonists of histamine H2-receptor and adenosine P1-receptor, respectively).
      The results suggest that relaxation of tail arteries from the rat, cat and pig in
      response to electrical stimulation is modulated by histamine and adenosine.

PMID- 2877798
TI  - Adenosine receptors mediate pigment dispersion in leucophores of the medaka,
      Oryzias latipes.
AB  - Using the medaka, Oryzias latipes (orange-red variety), the mechanisms of action
      on leucophores of adenosine and adenine nucleotides, including cyclic AMP, were
      studied. All these substances were found to be very effective in dispersing
      leucosomes. Their pigment-dispersing action was antagonized by methylxanthines.
      These substances did not aggregate leucosomes. It was concluded that leucophores
      possess specific binding sites for adenosine, i.e. adenosine receptors, on the
      cell membrane, which mediate leucosome dispersion. Further, it was shown that
      even the action of an established intracellular second messenger, cyclic AMP, is
      primarily manifested through the receptors.

PMID- 2877799
TI  - Toxicity of cadmium administration to the toad and the treatment of its poisoning
      with EDTA.
AB  - The effect of cadmium administration on female Bufo regularis was studied. The
      median lethal doses were 22, 18, 15 and 6.2 mg Cd2+/kg after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr
      respectively. After a single intramuscular injection of 6.2 mg Cd2+/kg
      (representing 96-hr LD50), the results indicated that Cd2+ causes severe
      physiological abnormalities to this experimental animal. The serums alanine
      aminotransferase (AlAt), aspartate aminotransferase (AAt), alkaline phosphatase
      (AlP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were elevated while the calcium serum was
      not influenced by Cd2+ throughout the experimental period. On the other hand,
      phosphorus, total protein and total bilirubin were increased. EDTA treatment (0.2
      mmole/kg) protected female toads from mortality up to 20 mg Cd2+/kg. It overcame
      the physiological alterations that were caused by the Cd2+ injection. This may be
      due to the fact that Cd2+ is bound to EDTA in a strong complex which is readily
      excreted via the kidneys.

PMID- 2877800
TI  - A note on eggshell porosity, nest humidity and the effects of DDE in the grey
      heron (Ardea cinerea).
AB  - Water vapour conductance (GH2O) was determined for 25 grey heron Ardea cinerea
      eggs in the laboratory, and in nests during natural incubation at two Scottish
      colonies. The mean GH2O of eggs measured in the nest which successfully hatched
      was 9.0 mgH2O/mmHg/day and the mean water vapour pressure gradient between egg
      and nest (delta PH2O), measured using "calibrated" duck eggs, averaged at 31 mmHg
      (4.13 kPa). Based on eggshell porosity results, from the eggs which hatched, such
      a gradient would result in a loss of water from the eggs during incubation
      equivalent to 11% of their fresh weight. Shell thickness, the number of pores/cm2
      of eggshell and DDE content were also determined for the 25 eggs measured in the
      laboratory. Eggs containing high levels of DDE had thinner shells, more pores in
      the eggshell and a higher overall eggshell porosity. The main problem posed by a
      high level of DDE would appear, however, not to be an excessive water loss from
      the egg during incubation, but rather eggshell thinning leading to a loss of the
      egg due to breakage in the nest.

PMID- 2877801
TI  - Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on acute mercury poisoning of
      toad.
AB  - Studies have been carried out on the ability of EDTA (CaNa2
      ethylenediaminetetraacetate) to offset the acute toxicity of mercuric chloride.
      The lethality of mercury was tested in female Bufo regularis species (Amphibia)
      which were given EDTA immediately after the Hg2+ injection. The results show that
      the inherent toxicity of the EDTA-mercury complex is sufficiently high for it to
      be ineffective as an antidote.

PMID- 2877802
TI  - Differences between breeds of rabbits in their susceptibility to the effect of
      foschlor.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of foschlor on
      erythrocytes and leucocytes in two breeds of rabbits--Belgian and black-and-tan.
      Administration of the pesticide caused a considerable drop in the number of
      erythrocytes, haemoglobin level and haematocrit value in both breeds. Changes in
      the values of red blood cell indices, characterized by an increase in mean
      erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content in blood cells, were observed in the
      black-and-tan breed only. The pesticide used caused changes in leucocytes in both
      breeds, expressed as a distinct neutrophilic leucocytosis with lymphopaenia and
      eosinopaenia. Changes in the leucogram were reflected in the increase in the
      leucocyte index. The degree of intensity of the changes in both erythrocytes and
      leucocytes points to the greater resistance of the Belgian breed to intoxication
      by foschlor than the black-and-tan breed.

PMID- 2877803
TI  - Haematological changes in male and female pharaoh quails (Coturnix coturnix
      Pharaoh) after Ekatin intoxication.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the blood of pharaoh quails
      after Ekatin intoxication, to define the duration of disturbances caused by
      intoxication and to examine possible sex differences in the birds' reaction to
      intoxication. It was found that Ekatin reduced the number of erythrocytes,
      haemoglobin level and haematocrit value, increased erythroblast and reticulocyte
      numbers and increased the osmotic resistance of blood cells. It was shown that
      this pesticide caused neutrophilic leucocytosis with lymphopaenia and
      eosinopaenia. In males changes in the blood appeared far earlier than in females
      and they underwent compensation earlier, that is, 3 weeks after intoxication the
      majority of the haemotological parameters reached values similar to the control.

PMID- 2877805
TI  - Clastogenic effects of five carcinogenic-mutagenic chemicals on the cells of the
      common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.
AB  - The cytogenetic effects of various i.p. treatments with five carcinogenic
      mutagenic chemicals and three doses for each (aflatoxin B1, Aroclor 1254,
      benzidine, benzo[a]pyrene and 20-methylcholanthrene), were investigated in the
      cells of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Injection with distilled water and
      corn oil served as the two control groups. For detecting cytogenetic damage we
      used two test systems, chromosomal aberrations (CA) in kidney cells and
      micronucleated erythrocytes (M). At 48 hr after treatment with the chemicals
      under investigation, the frequencies of CA and M were clearly increased in a dose
      response manner compared to the control groups.

PMID- 2877804
TI  - Effects of barium on isolated frog spinal cord.
AB  - The effects of Ba2+ were studied in vitro on the isolated frog spinal cord. Ba2+
      (25 microM-5 mM) caused a concentration-dependent depolarization of ventral (VR)
      and dorsal (DR) roots. TTX and Mg2+ substantially reduced the depolarization
      suggesting that interneuronal effects were involved. Ba2+ (25-500 microM)
      markedly increased the frequency and duration of spontaneous VR and DR potentials
      and substantially enhanced the duration (and frequently the amplitude) of VR and
      DR potentials evoked by DR stimulation. Higher concentrations of Ba2+ (1-5 mM)
      reduced both spontaneous and evoked potentials. Ba2+ (25-500 microM) enhanced the
      amount of K+ released by a DR volley and by application of L-glutamate and L
      aspartate. The cation reduced VR and DR root depolarizations produced by elevated
      [K+]0. VR potentials induced by L-glutamate, L-aspartate, GABA and glycine and DR
      depolarizations caused by GABA were reduced by Ba2+. These results show that Ba2+
      has complex actions on reflex transmission, interneuronal activity, the
      postsynaptic actions of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and the evoked
      release of K+.

PMID- 2877806
TI  - Motility of isolated mammalian gastric fundus.
AB  - Gastric fundus strips (GFS) of rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, cats and humans, but
      not of dogs, show spontaneous phasic contractions in vitro. Rabbit, cat, dog and
      human GFS exhibit dose-dependent responses to acetylcholine (ACh), histamine
      (His), serotonin (5-HT) and KCl. Guinea-pig drug-induced responses are not dose
      dependent. Rat GFS does not respond to His. ED50S for KCl are always higher than
      for other agonists. ED50S for 5-HT are lower than for other drugs in rats and
      cats, but not different in other species. Maximal GFS contractions induced by ACh
      are usually higher than those induced by other drugs.

PMID- 2877807
TI  - A behavioral role for enkephalins in regulating locomotor activity in the insect
      Leucophaea maderae: evidence for high affinity kappa-like opioid binding sites.
AB  - D'-Ala-2 met-5-enkephalinamide application to the cerebral ganglia of Leucophaea
      maderae results in a decrease in locomotor activity. The opiate antagonist,
      naloxone, can block this effect as well as the depressant effect of morphine on
      locomotor activity. D-Ala-2,leu-5-enkephalinamide and dynorphin enhance locomotor
      activity following their topical application to the cerebral ganglia. This effect
      also can be antagonized by concomitant naloxone treatment. Benzomorphans were the
      most potent ligands tested in their ability to displace [3H]D'-ala-2,met-5
      enkephalinamide whereas mu and delta ligands were by comparison less potent.
      These results suggest the presence of kappa-like opioid receptors in Leucophaea
      cerebral ganglia. The kappa ligands also are potent in enhancing locomotor
      activity in addition to being weakly antagonized by naloxone. Again, these
      results indicate the presence of multiple-opiate receptor types in invertebrates.

PMID- 2877808
TI  - The use of the chelating agent EDTA in the treatment of acute cadmium toxicity,
      tissue distribution and some blood parameters in the Egyptian toad Bufo
      regularis.
AB  - Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit value, erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and cadmium accumulation in some organs and tissues were
      estimated in toads administered 6.2 mg Cd2+/kg i.m. for 4 days. EDTA therapy
      caused considerable decrease in all the blood parameters studied. A striking
      reduction in the cadmium content of all the organs and tissues studied except the
      kidneys was also observed after simultaneous treatment with EDTA.

PMID- 2877809
TI  - Noninducibility of cytochrome P-450 in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 has been measured in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa) in
      a direct spectrophotometric procedure. The P-450 was found not in the dense
      microsomal fraction, but in the less dense overlying fraction often referred to
      as buffy coat. Earthworm P-450 was not induced by 3-methylcholanthrene or
      phenobarbitol.

PMID- 2877810
TI  - Cyclic nucleotide action is mediated through adenosine receptors in damselfish
      motile iridophores.
AB  - Effects of cyclic nucleotides on motile iridophores were examined in the blue
      damselfish, Chrysiptera cyanea. All of the cyclic nucleotides tested, i.e. cAMP,
      2',3'-cAMP and cGMP, accelerated the clearing response of the cells even at
      concentrations of 10(-5) or 10(-4) M. The action of these nucleotides was
      effectively antagonized by methylxanthines. These results suggest that the effect
      of cyclic nucleotides on damselfish iridophores is mediated by adenosine
      receptors in a similar fashion to the action of adenosine.

PMID- 2877811
TI  - Ontogenetic study of the regulatory and coupling function of guanyl nucleotide
      binding proteins in the hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system.
AB  - Reconstitution of catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from chick embryonic
      muscle membranes and guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins of mature rabbit muscle
      makes it possible to reveal the coupling (potentiating) effect of these
      nucleotides 1 week earlier than in the native condition. The effective insertion
      of guanyl-nucleotide-binding proteins into the embryonic membrane coincides with
      the onset of a pronounced increase in membrane lipid fluidity during the course
      of embryogenesis. The different ontogenetic time-courses for the origination of
      the two guanyl nucleotide effects, on catalytic adenylate cyclase activity (in
      early embryogenesis) and on the coupling process (in postembryonic life), suggest
      the existence in this system of two separate guanyl-nucleotide-binding proteins
      performing regulatory and coupling functions, respectively.

PMID- 2877812
TI  - Acute epiglottitis in the adult.
AB  - Acute epiglottitis in the adult is uncommon. This case reports a young man with
      acute epiglottitis secondary to a Bacteroides melanogenicus supraglottic abscess.
      This pathogen has not been previously described as being causitive of
      epiglottitis.

PMID- 2877813
TI  - A polymorphic human myosin heavy chain locus is linked to an anonymous single
      copy locus (D17S1) at 17p13.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been developed for an
      adult human skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain gene which was previously mapped
      to the short arm of human chromosome 17. Using RFLP analysis of DNA from 140
      individuals, we have found tight linkage (LOD score of 6.9) between this myosin
      heavy chain gene and the anonymous DNA probe, D17S1.

PMID- 2877815
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasias--MEN type I and II--the clinical picture,
      diagnostic and surgical-therapeutic strategy].

PMID- 2877814
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of right and left internal mammary artery
      grafts.
AB  - Four patients with recurrent severe angina and evidence of myocardial ischemia
      two to six months after surgical coronary revascularization have been submitted
      to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the distal insertion of internal
      mammary artery grafts or of the recipient vessel distal to it. These cases
      illustrate the feasibility and safety of transluminal angioplasty of right and
      left internal mammary artery grafts, using the mammary artery as a way of access.

PMID- 2877816
TI  - [Insulinomas and rare endocrine tumors].

PMID- 2877817
TI  - Extrahepatic glucuronidation of morphine in the dog.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic disposition of morphine was studied in sham-operated dogs,
      dogs with hepatic devascularization, and dogs with bile duct and ureter ligation
      after iv administration of 1 mg/kg of morphine. In sham-operated dogs, morphine
      is rapidly distributed and eliminated, with a terminal half-life of 65 +/- 30
      min. Morphine glucuronide appeared in plasma within 5 min and rose rapidly to
      levels an order of magnitude higher than morphine levels, before both declined in
      parallel. In hepatic devascularized dogs, there was a marked delay in morphine
      elimination due to a 47% reduction in clearance. The appearance of morphine
      glucuronide in plasma was not delayed, but the AUC of morphine glucuronide was
      reduced by 56% compared to control for the first 180 min. In bile duct- and
      ureter-ligated dogs, elimination of morphine was increased and morphine
      glucuronide elimination from plasma was decreased, suggesting that glucuronide
      normally excreted in bile is hydrolyzed back to the parent compound and
      reabsorbed in sham-operated control animals. In conclusion, morphine was
      glucuronidated by both hepatic and extrahepatic glucuronyltransferases to an
      approximately equal extent in the dog.

PMID- 2877818
TI  - Metabolism of tracazolate. Metabolites in dog and rat urine.
AB  - The urinary metabolites of tracazolate [4-n-butylamino-1-ethyl-6-methyl-1H
      pyrazolo (3,4-b) pyridine-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester], an anxiolytic agent,
      obtained from rats and dogs dosed with 14C-labeled tracazolate have been
      characterized. No unchanged tracazolate was detected. Fifteen metabolites were
      identified in dog urine, seven of which had not previously been found in rat
      blood and tissue. Eleven of these metabolites were also found in rat urine. The
      metabolites were formed by deesterification to the 5-carboxylic acid; N
      deethylation of the pyrazole ring: oxidation at the gamma-position of the n
      butylamino side chain; oxidation of the terminal carbon of this side chain; loss
      of the n-butylamino group; and hydroxylation of the 6-methyl group followed by
      condensation with the 5-carboxylic acid to form gamma-lactones. The major
      metabolites in dog urine were the desethyl-desbutyl-deesterified compound, the
      desbutyl-deesterified compound, and the desbutyl-desethyl-lactone. Loss of the
      butyl side chain and, also, lactone formation, appeared to occur to a lesser
      extent in the rat than in the dog.

PMID- 2877819
TI  - Epidermis: the major site of cutaneous benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol
      metabolism in neonatal BALB/c mice.
AB  - The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol (BP-7,8-diol)
      by microsomes prepared from whole skin, dermis, and epidermis of neonatal BALB/c
      mice pretreated with topically applied 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was compared.
      In control animals, microsomes prepared from epidermis showed higher rates of
      metabolism of BP and BP-7,8-diol (1.4-2.6-fold) than did microsomes prepared from
      whole skin or dermis. A single topical application of MCA increased the rate of
      metabolism of BP and BP-7,8-diol in microsomes prepared from whole skin, dermis,
      and epidermis. The greatest increase occurred in the epidermis. The in vivo
      covalent binding of [3H]BP, [3H]BP-7,8-diol, and 7,12
      [3H]dimethylbenz(a)anthracene ([3H]DMBA) to DNA was found to be greater in
      epidermis (8.7-15.4-fold) than in whole skin or in dermis. A single topical
      application of MCA to BALB/c mice enhanced the in vivo binding of [3H]BP, [3H]BP
      7,8-diol and [3H]DMBA to DNA of whole skin, dermis, and epidermis more than 2
      fold. Exposure of Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100 to 2-aminoanthracene,
      a skin carcinogen, in the presence of an epidermal metabolic activation mixture
      resulted in a greater mutagenic response when compared to activation mixtures
      derived from whole skin or dermis. These results indicate that epidermis is the
      major site of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism and of enzyme-mediated
      covalent binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens to DNA in skin of
      BALB/c mice and that topically applied MCA has maximum enzyme induction effects
      in this skin compartment.

PMID- 2877820
TI  - Identification of the enzymes catalyzing metabolism of methoxyflurane.
AB  - The hepatic microsomal metabolism of methoxyflurane in rabbits is markedly
      stimulated by treatment with phenobarbital. However, the increased rate of
      metabolism cannot be completely accounted for by the activity of the purified
      phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 isozyme 2, even in the presence of
      cytochrome b5. The discovery of a second hepatic phenobarbital-inducible
      cytochrome P-450, isozyme 5, led us to undertake experiments to determine in
      hepatic and pulmonary preparations the portion of microsomal metabolism of
      methoxyflurane catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 isozymes 2 and 5. We report herein
      that isozyme 2 accounts for 25% and 29%, respectively, of the O-demethylation of
      methoxyflurane in hepatic microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-treated
      rabbits, and for 25% of the methoxyflurane metabolism in pulmonary microsomes.
      Results for isozyme 5 indicate that it catalyzes 19% and 27% of methoxyflurane
      metabolism in control and phenobarbital-induced liver, and 47% of O-demethylation
      in the lung. In summary, we demonstrate that methoxyflurane O-demethylation in
      lung, phenobarbital-induced liver, and control liver microsomes is catalyzed by
      cytochrome P-450 isozymes 2 and 5. Results with purified cytochrome P-450 isozyme
      5 are consistent with those obtained using microsomal preparations. Furthermore,
      metabolism of methoxyflurane by purified isozyme 5 is markedly stimulated by
      cytochrome b5. A role for cytochrome b5 in cytochrome P-450 isozyme 5-catalyzed
      metabolism of methoxyflurane was also demonstrated in microsomes. Antibody to
      isozyme 5 was unable to inhibit methoxyflurane metabolism in the presence of
      maximally inhibiting concentrations of cytochrome b5 antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877821
TI  - Comparative effects of H2-receptor antagonists on drug interaction in rats.
AB  - The most widely used H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, is known to interact
      with cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzymes and, therefore, interacts with
      other drugs which may be administered concurrently. In this study, effects of
      three H2-receptor antagonists, famotidine, ranitidine, and L-643,441, on drug
      interaction were studied using cimetidine as a positive control. Cimetidine and L
      643,441, but not famotidine or ranitidine, prolonged antipyrine elimination and
      hexobarbital-induced sleeping time. The effect of cimetidine and famotidine on
      the anticoagulant effect on warfarin in rats was also investigated. Pretreatment
      of rats with cimetidine produced a significant depression of plasma prothrombin
      complex activity, whereas concomitant administration of famotidine did not alter
      the plasma prothrombin complex activity. Whereas cimetidine is known to impair
      the elimination of a number of drugs metabolized by microsomal mixed function
      oxidase enzyme systems, the results of the present study suggest that famotidine
      and ranitidine have little effect on these enzyme systems.

PMID- 2877822
TI  - The metabolic fate of stiripentol in man.
AB  - The metabolism of stiripentol (I), a new antiepileptic drug, was studied in
      healthy human subjects. Following a single 1200-mg oral dose to one subject, 13
      metabolites of I were detected in urine and were identified by GC/MS techniques.
      The structures of 9 of these metabolites were confirmed subsequently by synthesis
      of the corresponding reference compounds. The nature of the urinary metabolites
      of I revealed the operation of five distinct metabolic pathways for this drug,
      viz. conjugation with glucuronic acid, oxidative cleavage of the methylenedioxy
      ring system, O-methylation of catechol metabolites, hydroxylation of the t-butyl
      group, and conversion of the allylic alcohol side-chain to the isomeric 3
      pentanone structure. Metabolites of I excreted into urine over 12 hr accounted
      for the majority (73%) of an acute dose, whereas a further 18% was recovered in
      feces as the unchanged drug. These findings suggested that the search for
      additional metabolites would yield only trace amounts. From a quantitative
      standpoint, the most important pathway of biotransformation of I following both
      acute and chronic dosing involved opening of the methylenedioxy ring to generate
      catechol derivatives. This finding probably accounts for the known inhibitory
      effects of I on the oxidative metabolism of other antiepileptic agents and for
      the clinically significant drug interactions involving stiripentol.

PMID- 2877824
TI  - Oxidative and defluorinative metabolism of fludalanine, 2-2H-3-fluoro-D-alanine.
AB  - The antibacterial agent fludalanine [2-2H-3-fluoro-D-alanine (DFA)] is a potent
      inhibitor of bacterial alanine racemase, an enzyme required for the generation of
      D-alanine, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. Primary metabolism
      of DFA involves its oxidation to fluoropyruvate (FP); this organic fluoride is
      then rapidly reduced to fluorolactate (FL) which is the major organic metabolite
      in laboratory animals. Gas-liquid chromatographic chemical ionization mass
      spectrometric assays were developed for these two metabolites. FL is the
      predominant organofluoride metabolite of DFA in the circulation. FP was detected
      in the urine although recovery was very low. The rapid conversion of FP to FL
      precludes assay of the former in serum. Maximum serum FL concentrations in the
      rat appear about 1 hr after the dose of DFA and are relatively constant for
      several hours thereafter. The peak FL concentration is proportional to the dose
      of DFA; repeated daily dosing of DFA appears to cause neither saturation nor
      induction of metabolic pathways. Comparison of FL concentrations determined using
      the GC/MS assay with those based on an enzymic method specific for L-(+)-FL
      demonstrated that only the latter isomer is found in the plasma of monkeys dosed
      with DFA. In vivo exchange studies involving the alpha-proton of FL indicate that
      a small FP pool exists and is in equilibrium with FL. A crude pyruvate
      dehydrogenase complex isolated from beef heart mitochondria was shown to produce
      equimolar quantities of acetate, CO2, and fluoride from FP.

PMID- 2877823
TI  - Relationship between changes in seromucoid concentrations and the rate of
      oxidation or acetylation of several substrates.
AB  - This study was carried out to assess the relationship between turpentine-induced
      elevation of seromucoids and drug metabolism. Six groups of rats were used; one
      of them received 1 ml of turpentine sc, another received 1 ml of turpentine by
      gavage (po), and a third group received, ip, 80 mg/kg of phenobarbital daily for
      3 days. Three control groups received saline instead of turpentine. Forty-eight
      hr later, the serum seromucoids were assayed and the rates of N-demethylation of
      aminopyrine, O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin, and hydroxylation of aniline and
      total cytochrome were determined in liver microsomes. When turpentine was
      administered sc, seromucoids increased from 3.15 +/- 0.18 to 16.13 +/- 0.84 g/dl
      (mean +/- SE) (p less than 0.01), but the rates of N-demethylation (p less than
      0.01), of O-dealkylation (p less than 0.01) and of hydroxylation (p less than
      0.05) were all decreased. In the rats receiving turpentine po, seromucoids
      remained unchanged, but the rates of N-demethylation and O-dealkylation as well
      as the concentration of total cytochrome increased (p less than 0.01).
      Phenobarbital enhanced significantly the rates of N-demethylation, O
      dealkylation, and hydroxylation and the total concentration of cytochrome,
      without modifying the concentration of seromucoids. In another set of experiments
      we assessed whether turpentine-induced inflammation would affect the in vivo rate
      of acetylation of sulfamethazine; the results show that inflammation does not
      affect the rate of acetylation, despite an important increase in seromucoids. It
      is concluded that, under the present experimental conditions, there is no direct
      relationship between changes in seromucoids and the rate of drug metabolism.

PMID- 2877825
TI  - An overfed rat model that reproduces acetaminophen disposition in obese humans.
AB  - This disposition of acetaminophen was examined in an overfed rat model of human
      obesity following iv administration of a subtoxic 303 +/- 5 mg/kg dose based upon
      ideal body weight. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a
      nutritionally complete semisynthetic diet containing 60% vegetable shortening and
      were compared to animals given a standard laboratory diet over the same 22-week
      period. At the time of study obese rats outweighed controls by 42% (637 +/- 32 g
      vs. 450 +/- 7 g, respectively). The absolute clearance of acetaminophen from
      plasma increased by 27% in obese rats. Higher partial formation clearance to
      acetaminophen glucuronide and sulfate conjugates accounted for most of this
      increase. Clearance by sulfhydryl conjugation was also substantially increased
      (56%), indicating that metabolism via toxic oxidation also occurred at a greater
      rate in obese animals. Absolute renal clearance of the glucuronide and sulfate
      conjugates but not acetaminophen increased with obesity, whereas parent volume of
      distribution remained unchanged. Some rats raised on the energy-dense diet
      remained lean and were examined separately as a dietary control group.
      Acetaminophen disposition in these animals was indistinguishable from pellet-fed
      controls, suggesting that acetaminophen elimination changes in overweight animals
      resulted from obesity itself and not from the obesity inducing energy-dense diet.
      Although animals placed on the energy-dense diet ate fewer grams of food per day,
      their caloric intake was similar to that of pellet-fed animals when adjusted for
      differences in body weight and caloric content of the diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877826
TI  - Mouse liver thiol methyltransferase. Assay conditions, biochemical properties,
      and strain variation.
AB  - Thiol methyltransferase (TMT) catalyzes the S-methylation of aliphatic sulfhydryl
      drugs and xenobiotic compounds. It would be useful if there were an experimental
      animal model in which the regulation and function of TMT could be studied.
      Therefore, TMT activity was measured in hepatic microsomes from A/J mice.
      Substrate kinetics for mouse liver microsomal TMT, like those for the enzyme in
      human red blood cell membranes and human kidney microsomes, were biphasic, with
      apparent "high" and "low" affinity forms of TMT with 2-mercaptoethanol as the
      methyl acceptor substrate. Apparent Michaelis (Km) constants of the high and low
      affinity activities for 2-mercaptoethanol were 30 microM and 12 mM, respectively.
      Apparent Km values of the high and low affinity activities for S-adenosyl-L
      methionine, the methyl donor for the reaction, were 47 microM and 61 microM,
      respectively. The optimal pH for the high affinity activity was between 7.2 and
      8.1, whereas the optimal pH for the low affinity activity was approximately 9.2.
      Differential centrifugation showed that more than 85% of both activities was
      associated with membrane fractions. SKF 525A, a potent inhibitor of TMT in human
      tissues, inhibited mouse liver high and low affinity TMT activities by 88% and
      46%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.5 mM. TMT activities were then
      measured in hepatic microsomes from nine additional inbred strains of mice. High
      affinity TMT activities varied 1.7-fold, whereas low affinity activities varied
      2.1-fold among these strains. Since the properties of TMT in mouse liver are
      similar to those of the enzyme in human tissue, the inbred mouse will be a useful
      experimental animal model in which to study the regulation and function of TMT.

PMID- 2877827
TI  - Use of the NIH shift to determine the relative contribution of competing pathways
      of aniline metabolism in the rat.
AB  - The retention of tritium in urinary p-aminophenol and p-hydroxyacetanilide was
      determined following the administration of p-3H-aniline or p-3H-acetanilide to
      rats. When p-3H-aniline (1.5 mmol/kg, ip) was given to rats, the retention of
      tritium in urinary p-aminophenol and p-hydroxyacetanilide was 15% and 38%,
      respectively. Similar results were obtained following the administration of p-3H
      acetanilide (1.5 mmol/kg). However, when p-3H-acetanilide was given to rats which
      had been pretreated with bis-(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate to block the deacetylation
      capacity, urinary 3H-p-hydroxyacetanilide was recovered with 53% retention of
      tritium. The data indicate that, at the doses studied: the primary route of
      aniline metabolism is via sequential acetylation and hydroxylation, and
      deacetylation plays a significant role in the disposition of acetanilide.

PMID- 2877828
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and metabolites in plasma and brain of rats, mice,
      and guinea pigs.
AB  - Recent reports indicate that bupropion, a novel non-tricyclic antidepressant, is
      metabolized differently in certain species of animals. To further define the
      disposition of bupropion, a study was done involving three species, the rat,
      mouse, and guinea pig, as animal models to evaluate bupropion metabolism. The
      pharmacokinetic profiles of bupropion and its major basic metabolites, BW 306U
      and BW A494U, were determined following the ip administration of 40 mg/kg
      bupropion to these animals. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the parent drug and
      metabolites from plasma and brain samples were obtained using a liquid
      chromatographic procedure. Further investigation of the reduced bupropion
      metabolite BW A494U was carried out by the ip administration of this metabolite
      to these animals and assaying the plasma and brain samples 90 min after dosing.
      Analysis of the pharmacokinetic data revealed that the rat quickly metabolized
      bupropion, but no basic metabolites accumulated. The mouse metabolized bupropion
      predominantly to BW 306U, whereas the guinea pig converted bupropion to reduced
      bupropion (BW A494U) as well as BW 306U. Brain/plasma ratios of bupropion among
      these animals did not vary significantly. However, both metabolites showed
      dramatic differences in their brain/plasma ratios among these species. When
      reduced bupropion (BW A494U) was injected, almost 3% of the plasma concentration
      of BW A494U was determined to be bupropion in the rat. Lesser amounts were
      converted in the mouse and guinea pig. Therefore, we have demonstrated that
      distinct differences exist in the metabolism of bupropion in various species of
      animals. The guinea pig, when compared to the rat or mouse, appears to constitute
      a model that most closely resembles that of human bupropion metabolism.

PMID- 2877829
TI  - Nonenzymatic isomerization of all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoids catalyzed by
      sulfhydryl groups.
AB  - Certain thiol-containing compounds catalyze, in a chemical reaction, the
      isomerization of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to 13-cis-RA and of 13-cis-RA to
      RA. Reactions approaching equilibrium contain more RA than 13-cis-RA. Small
      molecules effective as catalysts are glutathione, mercaptoethanol, and L-cysteine
      methyl ester. L-Cysteine is not a catalyst and inhibits the reaction catalyzed by
      glutathione or mercaptoethanol. Apoferritin (a thiol-containing protein), native
      microsomes, and, to a lesser extent, boiled microsomes catalyze the reaction, but
      their activity is reduced or eliminated by prior incubation with iodoacetate.
      Other cis and trans isomeric retinoids are also substrates for this reaction; the
      reactions proceed more readily for the cis isomers. The thiol-catalyzed
      isomerization of RA and 13-cis-RA may account for the observations of both cis
      and trans forms of retinoids in tissues of animals after administration of
      either.

PMID- 2877830
TI  - The metabolic disposition of laudanosine in dog, rabbit, and man.
AB  - This paper summarizes the results of studies of the metabolic fate of
      laudanosine, a major degradation product of atracurium. Intravenous bolus doses
      of laudanosine (1-3 mg/kg) were administered to eight dogs and two rabbits
      anesthetized with halothane, and urine and bile samples were collected for up to
      6 hr. Urine samples also were collected from two surgical patients given
      repetitive doses of atracurium. Metabolites were isolated from all samples using
      C18-Sep Paks. Treatment of the isolates with beta-glucuronidase followed by
      purification of the hydrolysate by preparative liquid chromatography provided
      metabolite fractions which were characterized by analytical liquid chromatography
      and capillary gas chromatography combined with nitrogen-phosphorus and/or
      electron ionization-mass spectrometric detection. Reference compounds were
      employed as chromatographic retention time markers. O-Trimethylsilyl, O-tert
      butyldimethylsilyl, and N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of the metabolites and
      reference compounds were used for gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric
      analysis. In all three species, the following metabolites of laudanosine were
      identified: pseudocodamine (4'-desmethyllaudanosine), pseudolaudanine (6
      desmethyllaudanosine), laudanine (3'-desmethyllaudanosine), codamine (7
      desmethyllaudanosine), N-norlaudanosine, N-norpseudocodamine, and N
      norpseudolaudanine.

PMID- 2877831
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for alterations in specific forms of rat hepatic
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 during acute carbon tetrachloride intoxication.
AB  - The response of specific forms of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 to carbon
      tetrachloride was studied by immunohistochemical techniques in order to assess
      the localization and specificity of action for this hepatotoxin. Liver sections
      were taken from control, phenobarbital-pretreated, and 3-methylcholanthrene
      pretreated male rats that had received acute (3 hr) treatment with carbon
      tetrachloride. The liver sections were examined after indirect immunofluorescent
      labeling with anti-P-450un, anti-P-450a, anti-P-450b, and anti-P-450c. Diminished
      fluorescence and loss of intracellular homogeneity of fluorescence were found in
      the centrilobular cells of liver sections from control rats incubated with anti-P
      450un, anti-P-450a, and phenobarbital-pretreated, carbon tetrachloride-challenged
      rats incubated with anti-P-450b. In liver sections from 3-methylcholanthrene
      pretreated, carbon tetrachloride-challenged rats incubated with anti-P-450c,
      fluorescence was diminished in periportal cells but did not show loss of
      intracellular homogeneity. These results provide immunohistochemical evidence for
      the differential effect of carbon tetrachloride on specific forms of cytochrome P
      450.

PMID- 2877832
TI  - N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide pharmacokinetics in female rats and
      mice.
AB  - The distribution of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide (4-HPR) and its
      metabolites was investigated in the liver, serum, mammary gland, and urinary
      bladder of female rats and mice. Following an iv dose of 5 mg/kg to rats, 4-HPR
      distributed to all tissues examined with the highest levels reached in the liver.
      The distribution period was completed in about 4 hr and was followed by first
      order elimination kinetics. The t1/2 for 4-HPR elimination from the liver was 9.4
      hr, from the serum was 12.0 hr (not significantly different from liver), from the
      mammary gland was 43.6 hr, and from the urinary bladder was 9.3 hr. A 5-day ip
      dosing study (5 mg/kg/day of 4-HPR) in both rats and mice revealed that 4-HPR
      distributed to all tissues examined with the highest levels reached in the
      urinary bladder. 4-HPR and four metabolites were detected in the tissues. One
      coeluted with a cis isomer of 4-HPR (M2), another with N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-all
      trans-retinamide (4-MPR) (M3), a third appeared to be a 4-HPR-ester (M4), and the
      fourth remains unidentified (M1). However, the amount of each metabolite varied
      between tissues and between species. The concentration of 4-HPR was significantly
      2-4 times lower and the percentage of M3 (4-MPR) was 3 times higher in the mouse
      tissues than in the corresponding tissues of the rat. M2 (cis-4-HPR) and M4 (4
      HPR-ester) were present in rat liver but not in mouse liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877833
TI  - Disposition of ethimizol, a nootropic drug, in rats and mice.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of ethimizol, a nootropic drug, were studied in rats and
      mice using [2-14C]-4,5-di(methylcarbamoyl)-1-ethyl-imidazole. Autoradiography in
      mice injected iv showed a rapid and homogeneous distribution of the label into
      the tissues, brain included, and its excretion by the urinary pathway. The
      determination of ethimizol in plasma, organs, and excreta was based on combined
      extraction and the TLC procedure. In rats, the elimination half-life of ethimizol
      after iv administration of 10 mg/kg was 25 min, and its distribution volume was
      1.4 liters/kg. The tissue/plasma concentration ratio for organs investigated was
      1 immediately after iv administration, with a subsequent gradual increase. Based
      on this, saturable tissue binding of ethimizol in the liver, kidney, and brain
      was suggested. The drug was almost completely absorbed after administration, yet
      its systemic availability was only 32%. The brain uptake index of ethimizol was
      101% as compared to 3H2O. Ethimizol was eliminated by metabolism. The labeled
      metabolites were predominantly excreted in the urine.

PMID- 2877834
TI  - Metabolism of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene by rat liver microsomes and effect of its
      administration on glutathione depletion in vivo.
AB  - Metabolism of the environmental contaminant 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (2,6-DMN) by
      rat liver microsomes and an NADPH-regenerating system led to the formation of
      three ring oxidation metabolites--2,6-dimethyl-3-naphthol, 2,6-dimethyl-3,4
      naphthoquinone, and 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethylnaphthalene--and one
      side chain oxidation metabolite--2-hydroxymethyl-6-methylnaphthalene. In
      addition, one metabolite remained unidentified. Pretreatment of rats with
      phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, Prudhoe Bay crude oil, or 2,6-DMN enhanced
      the rate of microsomal metabolism of 2,6-DMN 2-6-fold and significantly altered
      the metabolite profile. Liver microsomes from variously pretreated rats also
      enhanced the irreversible binding of 2,6-DMN[8-14C]N to microsomal protein. This
      binding to protein was inhibited by glutathione in a concentration-dependent
      manner. In vivo administration of 2,6-DMN to untreated rats led to a time
      dependent depletion of hepatic glutathione levels. Both the rate and the extent
      of glutathione depletion were significantly enhanced in 3-methylcholanthrene
      pretreated rats but not in phenobarbital-pretreated rats.

PMID- 2877835
TI  - Tissue levels and biological effects of N-nitrosodimethylamine in mice during
      chronic low or high dose exposure with or without ethanol.
AB  - In a study of the metabolism, disposition, and hepatotoxicity of the
      environmental carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), as a function of dose in
      the drinking water and of concomitant administration of ethanol, outbred Swiss
      mice were given NDMA for 1-4 weeks at levels of 50-0.5 ppm, with or without 10,
      20, or 30% ethanol. NDMA, assayed in blood, liver, kidney, lung, and brain by
      thermal energy analysis after methylene chloride extraction, was detectable
      (greater than 0.5 ppb) in tissues of the mice after all doses of NDMA. The 0.5
      ppm dose yielded tissue levels of NDMA (1-4 ppb) near the detection limit of 0.5
      ppb; this was also found to be the minimal concentration causing significant
      numbers of lung tumors in strain A mice after treatment for 16-18 weeks. Co
      administration of ethanol caused an increase in blood and tissue levels of NDMA
      at all levels of both chemicals, often by a factor of 10 or more. Ethanol also
      partially alleviated the morphological hepatotoxic effects of NDMA at 50 ppm
      (centrilobular hemorrhage and necrosis). These results are consistent with
      competitive inhibition of metabolic activation of NDMA by ethanol. Ten per cent
      ethanol did not induce liver NDMA demethylase activity significantly and did not
      prevent loss of this activity from the livers of mice receiving 5-50 ppm NDMA.
      Thus, inhibition, rather than induction, of NDMA metabolism was the predominant
      effect of ethanol, with increased levels of NDMA in blood and other tissues as a
      consequence.

PMID- 2877836
TI  - Hopantenic acid beta-glucoside as a new urinary metabolite of calcium hopantenate
      in dogs.
AB  - The metabolism of calcium hopantenate (HOPA) was studied in beagle dogs. After
      oral administration of 14C-labeled HOPA, 25.5% of the administered radioactivity
      was excreted in the urine within 24 hr, mostly in the form of unchanged drug. The
      only metabolite, accounting for 4.2% of the radioactivity in the urine, was
      isolated by HPLC. The metabolite was hydrolyzed by the treatment of beta
      glucuronidase (Helix pomatia), acid phosphatase, or beta-glucosidase. These
      enzyme activities were not inhibited by treatment with D-glucaric acid 1,4
      lactone or PO4(3-), but with D-gluconic acid 1,5-lactone, demonstrating that the
      metabolite is a glucose conjugate. The compound was identified as HOPA-glucoside,
      4'-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-hopantenic acid, by GC/MS analyses after
      derivatization of the metabolite and the synthetic compound. This is the first
      reported instance of glucose conjugation to a non-acidic hydroxyl group in the
      metabolism of xenobiotics in mammals.

PMID- 2877838
TI  - Bidirectional cross-tolerance between methadone (mu)- and ethylketocyclazocine
      (kappa)-tolerant rats.
AB  - Our laboratory previously reported on unidirectional cross-tolerance between
      morphine and methadone, both mu opioid agonists, and between morphine and
      ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), the latter being a relatively selective kappa opioid
      agonist. Morphine-tolerant rats were found to be non-cross-tolerant to methadone
      and EKC, but methadone- and EKC-tolerant rats were cross tolerant to morphine. In
      the present study, we characterized the cross-tolerance between methadone and
      EKC. A group of female adult Sprague-Dawley rats was made tolerant to methadone
      by a series of automatic i.v. injections ranging from 0.25 mg/kg per 2 h on the
      first day to 2.0 mg/kg per 1.5 h on the ninth day. Another group of rats was
      similarly made tolerant to EKC with doses ranging from 0.5 mg/kg per 2 h on the
      first day to 4 mg/kg per h on the ninth day. Relatively similar degrees of
      tolerance development to the EEG and behavioral effects of methadone and EKC were
      reflected by decreases in durations of action and decreases in opioid-induced EEG
      power spectral changes. Methadone-tolerant rats were found to be cross-tolerant
      to the EEG and behavioral effects of EKC, and, similarly, EKC-tolerant rats were
      found to be cross-tolerant to those of methadone. Thus, a bidirectional cross
      tolerance between a mu and a kappa agonist was demonstrated. The present results
      together with those reported earlier indicate that cross-tolerance may not be
      directly related to the receptor selectivity of the opioids. It is possible that
      differential physicochemical properties of these opioids may play a more decisive
      role in the phenomenon of cross-tolerance.

PMID- 2877837
TI  - A proton magnetic resonance study of the metabolism of N-methylformamide in the
      rat.

PMID- 2877839
TI  - Subjective effects of khat chewing in humans.
AB  - The subjective effects of Khat (Catha edulis) chewing were studied in 14 male
      somali, habitual khat users, by means of the Addiction Research Center Inventory
      (ARCI) questionnaire and of visual analogue scales concerning mood and appetite.
      Results show that euphoria, improved intellectual efficiency and alertness were
      associated with khat consumption in 10 subjects. In contrast, the remaining 4
      subjects experienced only dysphoria and mild sedation. These latter effects were
      present in all the subjects in the post-chewing period. In spite of these
      subjective differences, blood pressure and pulse rate increased in all the
      volunteers studied. As a whole, these results are consistent with the presumed
      amphetamine-like action of khat, but suggest also a major role of environmental
      factors in the expression of these actions.

PMID- 2877840
TI  - Effect of ethanol on the spontaneous transmitter release by nerve endings in the
      process of maturation.
AB  - Ethanol stimulates the spontaneous transmitter release from motor nerve endings,
      as shown by the increase of miniature end plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency at
      the neuro-muscular junction. The stimulation of acetylcholine spontaneous quantal
      release by ethanol is greater in regenerating than in mature nerve endings. The
      different effects of ethanol on regenerating nerve endings may be related to
      changes of chemical-physical membrane properties.

PMID- 2877841
TI  - The effects of (+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (+/-)
      methylenedioxyamphetamine in monkeys trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine from
      saline.
AB  - Recently, attention has been focused on (+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
      (MDMA), a psychotomimetic agent chemically closely related to the psychomotor
      stimulant methamphetamine, and also to the hallucinogen mescaline. In the present
      experiment, the effects of MDMA and (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
      were determined in rhesus monkeys that were trained to discriminate intravenously
      administered (+)-amphetamine (AMPH) from saline in a two-lever, food-maintained
      paradigm or to discriminate intragastrically administered AMPH from saline in a
      signalled electric shock avoidance paradigm. MDMA produced 100% drug-appropriate
      responding in all six monkeys, regardless of the procedure and route of
      administration while MDA substituted completely for AMPH in only two of three
      monkeys in each paradigm. The results suggest that MDMA has subjective effects
      that are similar to those of AMPH while MDA is somewhat less like AMPH.

PMID- 2877842
TI  - Self-administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Four rhesus monkeys trained to press levers for intravenous cocaine infusions
      were tested with saline and (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 3-300
      micrograms/kg per infusion) during daily 1-h sessions. From four to over nine
      times more cocaine infusions were obtained than saline infusions during baseline
      sessions. When MDMA was substituted for cocaine, at least one dose was self
      administered in 3 of the 4 monkeys at rates that exceeded the range of saline
      infusions. In fact, two of the monkeys self-administered a dose of MDMA at a
      greater rate than cocaine. These results demonstrate that MDMA can serve as a
      positive reinforcer for rhesus monkeys and, taken together with other preclinical
      behavioral studies, suggest a potential for recreational use of MDMA by humans.

PMID- 2877844
TI  - [Somatostatin--is this still indicated in ulcer bleeding?].

PMID- 2877843
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and
      (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine in pigeons.
AB  - Pigeons trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine (AMPH) from saline in a two-key
      food-maintained drug discrimination paradigm, were used to investigate the
      discriminative stimulus (DS) effects of two structural analogues of amphetamine,
      namely (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and (+/-)-3,4
      methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). After discrimination performance was stable (90%
      injection-appropriate responding), test sessions with various doses of AMPH were
      conducted and a dose-dependent relationship for AMPH-appropriate responding was
      obtained. Both MDMA (3.0 mg/kg) and MDA (3.0 or 5.6 mg/kg) substituted for AMPH;
      however, at these doses MDA produced a greater decrease in response rate compared
      to AMPH and MDMA. Furthermore, while MDMA and MDA were similar in potency in
      producing drug-appropriate responding, both were less potent than AMPH. These
      results indicate that MDMA and MDA have DS effects similar to AMPH in pigeons.

PMID- 2877845
TI  - [Pediatric cryptorchism].

PMID- 2877848
TI  - Symposium on enteric-coated sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis. Proceedings
      of a symposium. London, December 6, 1985.

PMID- 2877846
TI  - The effects of antihypertensive drugs on serum lipids and lipoproteins. II. Non
      diuretic drugs.
AB  - This review examines the effects of various antihypertensive drugs on blood
      lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. A large number of studies have
      documented the elevation of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
      cholesterol with many thiazide-type diuretic drugs, albeit mainly in short term
      studies. When added to thiazide diuretics, both beta 1-selective and non
      selective beta-blocking drugs elevate total triglycerides and VLDL triglycerides,
      lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and raise the ratio of total
      cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio. Most non-selective beta-blockers have
      similar effects when used as monotherapy, but the beta 1-selective agents appear
      not to affect HDL cholesterol in monotherapy. Prazosin appears free of adverse
      lipid effects and has improved lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in many studies.
      Preliminary data on several other drugs also suggest a favourable lipid profile
      and additional study is warranted - among these are guanabenz, clonidine,
      pindolol, labetalol, indapamide, and guanfacine. Elevations in serum
      triglycerides are often ignored on various counts, but triglycerides have been
      found to be a strong risk factor in European studies and in women over the age of
      50 years in the Framingham study. Despite the unfavourable short term effects of
      diuretics, the theoretical risk of the lipid-lipoprotein changes remains unclear
      because HDL cholesterol and the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio are
      often unchanged. For this and other reasons, a long term trial comparing thiazide
      type diuretics with drugs with the most favourable lipid-lipoprotein profile is
      needed. Until this is accomplished, in most settings diuretic-based regimens are
      still preferred initially since they are of proven, if limited, efficacy against
      the cardiovascular complications of hypertension.

PMID- 2877849
TI  - History of the development of sulphasalazine in rheumatology.

PMID- 2877847
TI  - Sulphasalazine: a review of 40 years' experience.
AB  - Sulphasalazine, devised by Dr Nana Svartz for the treatment of 'infective
      polyarthritis', has been used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease for
      more than 40 years. Many controlled trials have shown that sulphasalazine 4g
      daily will induce remissions in between one-half and three-quarters of patients
      with acute attacks of ulcerative colitis. When given in a dosage of 2g daily it
      will prevent relapses in quiescent colitis. Relapses are 5 times more likely in
      untreated patients. It is less effective in Crohn's disease, where it exerts only
      a transient benefit in patients with active colonic disease and fails to prevent
      relapse or recurrence. Sulphasalazine is absorbed from the small intestine, re
      excreted in bile and carried to the colon, where its azo bond is split by
      bacteria to release sulphapyridine, which is absorbed and is responsible for most
      of the drug's side effects, and 5-aminosalicylic acid, which is the active
      therapeutic moiety of the drug and exerts a beneficial topical action on the
      colonic mucosa. Side effects are common but are mainly reversible and not
      serious. Those related to high concentrations of sulphapyridine and to poor
      acetylation of the drug include gastrointestinal intolerance, malaise, headache,
      arthralgia, drug fever, effects on red blood cells and reversible male
      infertility. More serious, idiosyncratic side effects are skin rashes, leucopenia
      and agranulocytosis. Rarely, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, polyarteritis,
      pulmonary fibrosis, a lupus-like syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis are produced.
      It is possible to desensitise most patients with drug-induced skin rashes. A
      number of less toxic alternatives to sulphasalazine have been devised and are
      undergoing trial. They either convey 5-aminosalicylic acid in a coated tablet to
      the colon or, when conjugated to a non-toxic carrier, release 5-aminosalicylic
      acid by bacterial cleavage there. Sulphasalazine remains a most useful drug in
      the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease after 40 years of use.

PMID- 2877850
TI  - Pharmacological and biochemical actions of sulphasalazine.
AB  - This review considers recent pharmacological and biochemical studies of
      sulphasalazine and its colonic metabolites, 5-aminosalicylic acid and
      sulphapyridine, in relation to the use of the parent drug for the treatment of
      ulcerative colitis and, more recently, rheumatoid arthritis. Several factors make
      it difficult to analyse the mode of action of sulphasalazine, such as the
      aetiology and variable course of the conditions it is used to treat, lack of
      suitable animal models, and the question of which moiety of the drug is active.
      An important feature of the pharmacokinetics of the drug after oral
      administration is the significance of the azo cleavage of sulphasalazine due to
      bacterial action. The effects of sulphasalazine on the metabolism of arachidonic
      acid to prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been widely studied because of the
      evidence that these substances are formed in increased amounts in inflammatory
      bowel diseases. The effects are complex, but it appears that sulphasalazine and 5
      aminosalicylic acid are weak and very weak inhibitors, respectively, of both
      cyclo-oxygenase- and lipoxygenase-dependent pathways. The overall pharmacological
      profile may favour a more marked inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway because
      of the additional ability of 5-aminosalicylic acid to enhance prostanoid
      production and of sulphasalazine to inhibit prostaglandin inactivation. Drugs
      with selective lipoxygenase inhibitory actions in the colon should thus be sought
      so as not to compromise the prostaglandin pathway. Other properties of
      sulphasalazine, including its immunosuppressive, antifolate, lymphocyte
      inhibitory and leucocyte modulatory actions, are also discussed in the context of
      the therapeutic uses of the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877852
TI  - Comparison of white blood cell dyscrasias during sulphasalazine therapy of
      rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - A total of 7 out of 158 rheumatoid arthritis patients followed for 6 months have
      developed leucopenia during sulphasalazine therapy at our centre. Two of these
      patients developed profound leucopenia which necessitated admission to a laminar
      flow unit, and case reports of these are documented in detail. These results are
      compared with those from other centres in the United Kingdom where patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis have been treated, and also with experience gained from
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease who have been treated with
      sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2877851
TI  - 5-Aminosalicylic acid or sulphapyridine. Which is the active moiety of
      sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis?
AB  - Thirty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis participated in an open study of
      6 months' treatment with either 5-aminosalicylic acid or sulphapyridine, the two
      moieties of sulphasalazine. Patients were assessed at regular intervals using a
      number of clinical and biochemical tests designed to detect specific
      antirheumatic activity. Patients taking sulphasalazine showed significant
      improvement in most parameters of disease activity, but those taking 5
      aminosalicylic acid did not improve despite the fact that high serum
      concentrations of 5-aminosalicylic acid and acetyl 5-aminosalicylic acid were
      achieved. These results suggest that sulphapyridine is the active moiety of
      sulphasalazine. Its possible mode of action is discussed. Nausea was a frequent
      problem in patients taking sulphapyridine. Unless this problem can be overcome,
      sulphapyridine is unlikely to offer any therapeutic advantages over
      sulphasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2877853
TI  - Side effect profile of 200 patients with inflammatory arthritides treated with
      sulphasalazine.
AB  - The side effect profile of sulphasalazine was documented in 200 patients with
      inflammatory joint disease treated with the drug for at least 1 year. Fifty-eight
      percent of patients developed one or more adverse reactions and in 21.5% the drug
      was withdrawn. A further 28% continued taking the drug at a reduced dose. Five
      percent of the side effects were judged to be potentially serious. In all
      patients the reactions subsided on either discontinuation of the drug or
      reduction of the dose. Gastrointestinal (33%) and central nervous system
      reactions (19%) were the most common, but all were relatively minor. Neutropenia
      (2%), thrombocytopenia (1%) and pan-hypogammaglobulinaemia (1%) were potentially
      the most serious effects. The side effect profile of sulphasalazine in
      inflammatory joint disease appeared to be similar to that in inflammatory bowel
      disease, but reactions were more frequent in inflammatory joint disease. Enteric
      coated sulphasalazine is a useful addition to the small number of slow acting
      antirheumatic drugs, and in view of its established efficacy, its level of
      toxicity was found to be 'acceptable' as long as patients were carefully
      monitored and regular blood tests were carried out.

PMID- 2877854
TI  - Variables affecting efficacy and toxicity of sulphasalazine in rheumatoid
      arthritis. A review.
AB  - Studies of sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis have used largely empirical
      doses. The available literature suggests that the optimum dose appears to be
      greater than 40 mg/kg/day. Despite the relationship between dose and efficacy and
      a good correlation between dose and serum concentrations of sulphasalazine and
      its metabolites, no relationship has been demonstrated between efficacy and serum
      concentrations of sulphasalazine or its metabolites, although there is some
      suggestion that higher concentrations on single dosing are achieved in patients
      who develop upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Furthermore, acetylator phenotype
      does not affect efficacy, although upper gastrointestinal symptoms are more
      common in slow acetylators.

PMID- 2877855
TI  - Sulphasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis. Studies on dose, acetylator phenotype
      and efficacy.

PMID- 2877856
TI  - Assessing the progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis can be assessed by plain radiographs of the
      hands and wrists. There are a number of established methods that give
      reproducible scores which relate to increasing joint damage by measuring erosions
      and loss of joint space. Only 3 placebo-controlled trials have shown convincing
      evidence that gold or cyclophosphamide reduce the rate of progression of joint
      damage. Most placebo-controlled studies have failed to show a beneficial effect
      of slow acting antirheumatic drugs on radiological joint damage progression.
      However, comparative studies or analyses of cohorts of patients taking slow
      acting antirheumatic drugs show comparable amounts of progression for patients
      receiving gold and other drugs in this category. In addition, patients who show a
      clinical response also have less radiological progression after 6 months'
      therapy. In these circumstances, sulphasalazine produces comparable rates of
      radiological progression to those produced by gold and penicillamine. There are
      many problems associated with the use of radiological assessments to determine
      the progression of rheumatoid arthritis; thus, this method should not be deemed
      the most important technique by which to measure the success of therapy.

PMID- 2877857
TI  - Long term outcome of treatment with sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2877858
TI  - Sulphasalazine in the long term management of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The clinical outcome of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated long term with
      sulphasalazine or parenteral gold was studied. The rate of withdrawal from gold
      because of inefficacy was less frequent than that for patients receiving
      sulphasalazine. However, patients on sulphasalazine withdrew less frequently
      because of adverse reactions.

PMID- 2877859
TI  - [Suppression of the ventilatory response to exercise during long-term treatment
      with beta-blockers].

PMID- 2877860
TI  - Current issues in suicide prevention: reflections on the proceedings of the 13th
      International Congress for Suicide Prevention and Crisis Intervention.

PMID- 2877861
TI  - [Ultrastructural characteristics of the blood lymphocytes in some forms of
      sporadic T-cell lympholeukemia and leukemia associated with the HTLV virus].
AB  - The electron microscopic study of the blood cells in some patients with sporadic
      T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias has shown some ultrastructural peculiarities
      similar to T-cell lympholeukemia associated with HTLV virus, that is important
      for the further elucidation of etiology and pathogenesis of the T-cell
      lymphoproliferative diseases.

PMID- 2877862
TI  - Opioids act centrally to modulate stress-induced decrease in luteinizing hormone
      in the rat.
AB  - Because endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) and CRF are activated during stress and
      decrease LH levels when injected centrally, we have explored the roles of these
      peptides in the stress-induced inhibition of LH secretion. Three opioid peptide
      systems [i.e. endorphin (END), enkephalin, dynorphin (DYN)], are present in the
      hypothalamus, acting on different opiate receptor subtypes (i.e. mu, delta,
      kappa). We first evaluated which EOP might be involved in the stress-induced
      decrease of LH levels. Immunoneutralization of EOP and pharmacological blockade
      of opiate receptors were used to reverse the decrease in LH induced by
      inescapable intermittent footshock in castrated male rats. Anti-beta-END and anti
      DYN-A serum (intracerebroventricularly [icv]) or pretreatment with beta-END
      antagonist, beta-human END-(6-31) (2 and 5 nmol, icv), or with kappa-antagonists,
      Mr1452 MS and Mr2266 BS (10 mg/kg BW, ip), reversed electroshock-induced decrease
      in LH concentrations. beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA), an irreversible mu 1-opiate
      receptor antagonist, was partially effective in blocking the inhibitory effect of
      stress on LH levels. Neither passive immunization with anti-enkephalin nor the
      pretreatment with the delta-opiate receptor antagonist, ICI 154,129, (10 and 100
      nmol, icv) modified the effect of stress. We then evaluated which endogenous
      opioid ligands and/or receptors might mediate the inhibitory effect on LH levels
      of 2 nmol ovine CRF injected icv. Anti-beta-END serum and beta-human END-(6-31),
      reversed the CRF-induced decrease of LH concentrations, whereas beta-FNA was only
      partially active. Anti-DYN-A and anti-ENK serum, kappa- and delta-antagonists did
      not prevent the decline of LH levels in rats receiving CRF centrally. These data
      suggest that stress-induced inhibition of LH secretion involves the stimulation
      of beta-END and DYN-A systems via mu/epsilon- or kappa-opiate receptors and that
      the decrease in circulating LH levels induced by centrally administered CRF may
      be mediated by the activation of beta-END system. Therefore, it is possible that
      the activation of the central CRF/beta-END pathway may play an important role in
      the stress-induced inhibition of reproductive functions.

PMID- 2877863
TI  - Dibutyryl adenosine cyclic monophosphate regulates differentiation of type A
      spermatogonia with vitamin A in adult mouse cryptorchid testis in vitro.
AB  - Surgically prepared cryptorchid mouse testes containing only type A spermatogonia
      were cultured with (Bu)2cAMP in combination with vitamin A (retinol). Treatment
      with (Bu)2cAMP and retinol for 12-24 h and with basal medium for an additional 8
      days stimulated mitotic activity in type A spermatogonia and induced
      differentiation of germ cells. However, (Bu)2cAMP alone did not induce
      differentiation of type A spermatogonia. Moreover, when cryptorchid testes were
      treated with (Bu)2cAMP for longer than 3 days in the presence or absence of
      retinol, differentiation of type A spermatogonia did not take place;
      disintegration of the seminiferous tubules occurred instead. When the cryptorchid
      testes were cultured for 24 h in a medium containing a fixed concentration of
      retinol and varying concentrations of (Bu)2cAMP from 0.001-0.4 mM, there was a
      dose-dependent increase in the number of differentiated and mitotic germ cells
      and type A spermatogonia. Likewise, at a fixed dose of (Bu)2cAMP and increasing
      concentrations of retinol, a dose-dependent increase in the number of
      differentiated and mitotic germ cells occurred. However, the number of type A
      spermatogonia was decreased. The addition of puromycin, cycloheximide, and
      actinomycin D to the medium completely blocked retinol-(Bu)2cAMP-induced
      differentiation of the germ cells. The present results suggest that cAMP and
      retinol trigger biochemical events promoting the synthesis of specific
      macromolecules involved in the proliferation and differentiation of type A
      spermatogonia.

PMID- 2877864
TI  - Involvement of hypothalamic growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor in GH secretion
      induced by intracerebroventricular injection of somatostatin in rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14, 5
      micrograms/rat) caused an increase in plasma GH in urethane-anesthetized rats and
      in conscious freely moving rats. Antiserum specific for rat GH-releasing factor
      (GRF) (0.5 ml/rat, iv) blunted GH release induced by SRIF-14 in these animals.
      The antiserum also suppressed spontaneous GH surges in conscious rats. In
      contrast, GH release induced by prostaglandin E2 (5 micrograms/100 g BW, iv) was
      not affected by the antiserum. SRIF-14 (5 micrograms/rat, icv) also raised plasma
      GH levels in conscious rats during the constant iv infusion of SRIF-14 (55 ng/55
      microliter X min) which suppressed spontaneous GH secretion. Neither plasma TSH
      levels nor TSH release induced by a TRH analog were affected by icv injection of
      SRIF-14. These results suggest that the central stimulating effect of SRIF-14 on
      rat GH secretion is mediated, at least in part, by hypothalamic GRF and not due
      to a direct action on the pituitary.

PMID- 2877865
TI  - Evidence that growth hormone-releasing factor stimulates somatostatin release in
      vitro via beta-endorphin.
AB  - Previous results indicate that GH-releasing factor (GRF) induces a dose-related
      stimulation of somatostatin (SRIF) release from median eminence fragments
      incubated in vitro. In the present investigation we examined whether this action
      was mediated by other neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. Studies using
      receptor blockers for dopamine (pimozide), alpha-adrenergic receptors
      (phentolamine), and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (atropine) revealed that
      these receptor blockers, at a dose of 10(-6) M, which was capable of blocking the
      response to the relevant transmitter in previous studies, had no effect on basal
      release of SRIF in the static incubation system and failed to modify the response
      to GRF (10(-10) M). On the other hand, the opiate receptor blocker naloxone at a
      dose of 10(-6) M, although failing to alter basal release, completely blocked the
      response to 10(-10) M GRF. To determine the opioid peptide involved in mediating
      the SRIF release induced by GRF, highly specific antibodies directed against beta
      endorphin were added to the in vitro incubation system. These antibodies
      significantly depressed basal release SRIF and completely blocked the response to
      10(-10) M GRF. Incubations in the presence of normal rabbit serum or highly
      specific antiserum directed against alpha MSH had no effect on either basal
      release of SRIF or that induced by GRF. These results suggest that in this
      incubation system there is a beta-endorphin tone which is partially responsible
      for the basal release of SRIF and that the stimulation of SRIF release induced by
      GRF is mediated via beta-endorphin terminals, which presumably synapse on the
      terminals of the somatostatinergic neurons in the median eminence fragment.

PMID- 2877866
TI  - Mediation of insulin-like growth factor actions by the insulin receptor in H-35
      rat hepatoma cells.
AB  - We have used H-35 rat hepatoma cells to test whether the type II insulin-like
      growth factor (IGF) receptor mediates metabolic responses to IGF-II. On the basis
      of both affinity cross-linking experiments and competition binding experiments, H
      35 cells display insulin and type II IGF receptors, but not type I IGF receptors.
      IGF-II and multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA; the rat homolog of IGF-II)
      stimulate tyrosine aminotransferase, amino acid transport, and glycogen synthase
      activities to the same magnitude as insulin. However, MSA and IGF-II stimulate
      these metabolic responses only at high concentrations, indicating that these
      peptides are acting through the insulin receptor. Incubation of H-35 cells with
      MSA also induces a state of unresponsiveness to the further actions of both MSA
      and insulin. There is no associated loss of either insulin or IGF-II binding,
      indicating that desensitization occurs at a postbinding step in hormone action.
      The high concentration of MSA necessary to induce desensitization is also
      consistent with MSA acting through the insulin receptor. We conclude that in H-35
      cells, the insulin receptor, rather than the type II IGF receptor, mediates the
      metabolic responses stimulated by MSA and IGF-II as well as the MSA-induced
      desensitization to insulin and MSA action.

PMID- 2877867
TI  - Indices of noradrenergic function in the central nervous system of seizure-naive
      genetically epilepsy-prone rats.
AB  - Norepinephrine concentrations and tyrosine hydroxylase activity were determined
      in the brains of moderate-seizure and severe-seizure genetically epilepsy-prone
      rats (GEPRs) and in nonepileptic control rats. Both moderate-seizure (GEPR-3) and
      severe-seizure (GEPR-9) animals had widespread abnormalities in brain
      norepinephrine concentrations. Abnormalities in tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      were restricted to the midbrain. The state of abnormal seizure susceptibility,
      but not severity, in the GEPR may be determined by noradrenergic deficits in the
      hypothalamus/thalamus. Both seizure severity and susceptibility may be determined
      by noradrenergic deficits in the telencephalon, midbrain, and pons-medulla.
      Seizure severity but not susceptibility may be determined by noradrenergic
      abnormalities in the cerebellum.

PMID- 2877868
TI  - Dicarboxylic amino acids block epileptiform activity in hippocampal slice.
AB  - Effects of prolonged (5-10 min) continuous perfusion of excitatory amino acids on
      penicillin (PEN)-evoked epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices were examined
      with extracellular and intracellular recordings. L-glutamate (GLU), L-aspartate
      (ASP), quisqualate (QUIS), and N-methyl-D,L-aspartate reversibly depressed
      multiple (epileptiform) population spikes elicited by PEN (1.7 mM).
      Intracellularly recorded, PEN-evoked paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) were
      partially blocked by 1 mM GLU and largely eliminated by 2 mM GLU or ASP. In the
      presence of PEN, perfusion with both GLU and ASP induced a transient 4 to 6-mV
      depolarization, usually followed by spontaneous return of membrane potential to
      control levels. During the amino acid (AA)-induced block of epileptiform
      activity, there was no significant change in resting membrane potential, input
      resistance, or the ability to fire action potentials in response to
      depolarization, indicating that the decreased responsiveness is not a consequence
      of nonspecific pyramidal cell overdepolarization. The observed depression of
      epileptiform activity by continued exposure to GLU and its analogues may reflect
      desensitization or another regulatory mechanism to limit overexcitation.

PMID- 2877869
TI  - Activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline
      phosphatase in human duodenal aspirate.
AB  - Duodenal aspirates were obtained before, during, and after stimulation with
      secretin-cholecystokinin in 26 patients whose pancreatic function was classified
      as normal, moderately reduced, or severely reduced. The activities of gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and 5'-nucleotidase (5NT)
      in the aggregated duodenal aspirate collected 10-40 min after stimulation showed
      marked overlap between the functional groups and lacked diagnostic value. For all
      three enzymes, the peak response occurred later in the severely impaired group
      than in those with normal pancreatic function. The three enzymes showed
      significant positive correlations with each other, and were negatively correlated
      with the output of trypsin and chymotrypsin and, in contrast with these
      proteolytic enzymes which were reduced in pancreatic disease, GGT, ALP, and 5NT
      all tended to increase with pancreatic disease. Contrary to a previous report,
      GGT did not serve as a useful index of pancreatic cancer in this study.

PMID- 2877870
TI  - Purification and characterization of human placental microsomal aminopeptidase:
      immunological difference between placental microsomal aminopeptidase and
      pregnancy serum cystyl-aminopeptidase.
AB  - Human placental microsomal aminopeptidase (microsomal PAP) was purified 3,880
      fold from human placenta and characterized. The enzyme was solubilized from
      membrane fractions with Triton X-100 and also trypsin digestion, and subjected to
      zinc sulfate fractionation, chromatographies with DE-52, hydroxylapatite,
      Sephacryl S-300 and lentil lectin-Sepharose 4B, and finally affinity
      chromatography with bestatin-Sepharose 4B. Microsomal PAP was separated from
      aminopeptidase A (AAP) by affinity chromatography. The apparent relative
      molecular mass (Mr) of the enzyme was estimated to be 220,000 by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with an aqueous gel column. The purified enzyme gave almost
      a single band with a molecular mass of 140,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
      gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 5.2. The purified
      enzyme was most active at pH 8.0 with L-leucine-p-nitroanilide as substrate; the
      Km value for this substrate was 1.1 mmol/l. The microsomal PAP was
      immunologically different from the pregnancy serum cystyl aminopeptidase (serum
      PAP).

PMID- 2877871
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin
      receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity.
AB  - To identify structural characteristics of the closely related cell surface
      receptors for insulin and IGF-I that define their distinct physiological roles,
      we determined the complete primary structure of the human IGF-I receptor from
      cloned cDNA. The deduced sequence predicts a 1367 amino acid receptor precursor,
      including a 30-residue signal peptide, which is removed during translocation of
      the nascent polypeptide chain. The 1337 residue, unmodified proreceptor
      polypeptide has a predicted Mr of 151,869, which compares with the 180,000 Mr IGF
      I receptor precursor. In analogy with the 152,784 Mr insulin receptor precursor,
      cleavage of the Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg sequence at position 707 of the IGF-I receptor
      precursor will generate alpha (80,423 Mr) and beta (70,866 Mr) subunits, which
      compare with approximately 135,000 Mr (alpha) and 90,000 Mr (beta) fully
      glycosylated subunits.

PMID- 2877872
TI  - Location of the 100 kd-50 kd accessory proteins in clathrin coats.
AB  - We present a three-dimensional map of the clathrin coat of coated vesicles,
      generated from tilt series of electron micrographs of unstained specimens
      embedded in vitreous ice. We have examined native placental coated vesicles and
      coats reassembled from their purified constituents, namely clathrin triskelions
      and accessory proteins of approximate mol. wts 100 kd and 50 kd. Our results show
      that the accessory proteins contribute a further shell of density within the
      double shell of the clathrin cage, extending from the terminal domains of the
      clathrin to the membrane of the vesicle. The thickness of the complete coat is
      approximately 22 nm.

PMID- 2877873
TI  - Sequential expression of murine homeo box genes during F9 EC cell
      differentiation.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized a previously unknown member of the murine
      homeo box family. The new locus, m31, is located on chromosome 15 and is more
      homologous to sequences contained in the Drosophila homeotic gene, Antp, than to
      any other known murine homeo box. We show that this gene encodes a 2.7 kb mRNA
      which is expressed during mouse embryogenesis and during differentiation of F9
      teratocarcinoma cells into parietal endoderm cells. The transcript appears late
      in this differentiation process and is most abundant at a time when the F9 cells
      begin to express tissue-specific markers and the expression of another murine
      homeo box gene, m6, has decreased.

PMID- 2877876
TI  - Pharmacology of vecuronium in patients with end-stage renal failure.
AB  - Vecuronium was administered as an intravenous bolus (50 micrograms kg-1) to 10
      normal and 10 anephric patients. The elimination half-life was 50.7 +/- 20.3 min
      in normal patients and 67.826.3 min in anephric patients. The plasma clearance
      was 3.6 +/- 1.5 ml min-1 for normal patients and 4.5 +/- 2.6 ml min-1 kg-1 for
      anephric patients. Only the volume of the second compartment was statistically
      increased (+90%, P less than 0.05) in anephric patients. The duration of action
      in normal patients (25.3 +/- 9.8 min) was comparable to the duration of action in
      patients with renal failure (32.8 +/- 10.7 min), but the recovery index was
      prolonged (+45%, P less than 0.05) in anephric patients.

PMID- 2877874
TI  - Comparison of factor IX methylation on human active and inactive X chromosomes:
      implications for X inactivation and transcription of tissue-specific genes.
AB  - Maintenance of dosage compensation for housekeeping genes on the human X
      chromosome is mediated through differential methylation of clustered CpG
      nucleotides associated with these genes. To determine if methylation has a role
      in maintaining inactivity of X-linked genes which show tissue-specific
      expression, we examined the locus for blood clotting Factor IX. The analysis
      encompassed 91% of the HpaII and HhaI sites in the 41-kb region that includes the
      presumed promoter region, 5 kb of 5'- and 4 kb of 3'-flanking sequences. Although
      there are sex differences in methylation of the locus in leukocytes, the
      methylation pattern in liver, where the gene is expressed, is essentially the
      same for loci on the active and inactive X chromosome. The lack of differences in
      methylation of active and inactive genes makes it unlikely that methylation
      within the locus has a role in expression of the Factor IX gene. These findings,
      along with the absence of clustered CpG dinucleotides within the Factor IX locus,
      suggest that functional differences in DNA methylation related to X chromosome
      dosage compensation may be limited to CpG clusters. In any event, dosage
      compensation seems to be maintained regionally, rather than locus by locus.

PMID- 2877875
TI  - The effect of ketamine on the peripheral circulation: a possible sympathetic
      ganglion blocking effect.
AB  - The effects of induction of anaesthesia, endotracheal intubation and surgical
      stimuli on the systemic and peripheral circulations were studied in three groups
      of patients. In group KA (n = 8) anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg kg
      1) and alcuronium, supplemented by N2O-O2 alone; in group KAH (n = 9) 0.5%
      halothane was added to the N2O-O2; and in the control group TAH (n = 8)
      anaesthesia was induced with a sleep dose of thiopentone and alcuronium,
      supplemented by N2O-O2 and halothane. The circulation in the finger was monitored
      by photo-electric plethysmography. Induction produced a significant pressor
      response in both ketamine groups, but not in the TAH group, while the finger
      plethysmogram demonstrated peripheral vasodilatation in all three groups.
      Intubation, on the other hand, elicited a significant pressor response in the TAH
      and in the KAH group but not in the KA group. The finger plethysmogram, however,
      always showed peripheral vasoconstriction during intubation in the thiopentone
      group (TAH) but never in either of the ketamine groups. The results suggest that
      ketamine exerts a peripheral ganglion blocking effect.

PMID- 2877877
TI  - Impaired production of alpha and gamma interferon in asymptomatic homosexual
      males.
AB  - In vitro production of alpha interferon and gamma interferon was examined in cell
      cultures from 90 asymptomatic homosexual males and 19 healthy heterosexual male
      controls. The production of alpha and gamma interferon was significantly
      suppressed in homosexuals as compared to that in heterosexual controls (p less
      than 0.005 and p less than 0.001, respectively). Forty-one of the homosexuals
      produced less gamma interferon than any of the heterosexual controls. Antibodies
      against the human immune system virus (HIV) were found in eight homosexuals, who
      produced significantly less alpha and gamma interferon than did the HIV
      seronegative homosexuals (p less than 0.02). Neither carriage of Entamoeba
      histolytica or Giardia lamblia nor serological evidence of infection with
      cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus or hepatitis B virus was associated with a
      significantly lower production of interferon than that found in homosexual males
      seronegative for these infections. No correlation was found between number of
      partners or practice of passive anal intercourse and production of interferons in
      homosexual men. It is concluded that the significantly lower production of both
      alpha and gamma interferon in asymptomatic homosexual males may play an important
      role in susceptibility to viruses, including HIV.

PMID- 2877879
TI  - Reconstitution of CF1-depleted thylakoid membranes with complete and fragmented
      chloroplast ATPase. The role of the delta subunit for proton conduction through
      CF0.
AB  - Chloroplast ATPase (CF1) was isolated from spinach, pea and maize thylakoids by
      EDTA extraction followed by anion-exchange chromatography. CF1 was purified and
      resolved by HPLC into integral CF1, and CF1 lacking the delta & epsilon subunits:
      CF1(-delta) and CF1(-epsilon). Washing Mono-Q-bound CF1 with alcohol-containing
      buffers followed by elution without alcohol produced the beta subunit and in
      separate peaks CF1(-delta) and CF1(-epsilon). Elution from Mono Q in the presence
      of tenside yielded a beta delta fragment, CF1(-delta) and CF1(-delta epsilon).
      Chloroplasts were CF1-depleted by EDTA extraction. Reconstitution of
      photophosphorylation in these 'EDTA vesicles' was obtained by addition of CF1 and
      its fragments. CF1, CF1(-delta) and CF1(-delta epsilon) were active with cross
      reactivity between spinach, pea and maize. delta-containing CF1 always
      reconstituted higher activities than delta-deficient CF1. The beta delta fragment
      and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-inhibited CF1 also were reconstitutively
      active while beta and DCCD-inhibited CF1(-delta) were not. These results support
      the notion that subunit delta can function as a stopcock to the CF0 proton
      channel as proposed by Junge, W., Hong, Y. Q., Qian, L. P. and Viale, A. [(1984)
      Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3078-3082].

PMID- 2877878
TI  - Chlamydial respiratory infection in childhood and spurious immunoglobulin M.
AB  - The role of Chlamydia trachomatis was investigated in lower respiratory tract
      infections in 254 children. The organism was not isolated in any child but
      Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 65. Two of the latter and one of the
      remaining 189 children with negative isolation, however, had immunoglobulin M
      (IgM) antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis (titers of 1:64, 1:64 and 1:128).
      Exhaustive absorption of the sera with bordetella antigen left the chlamydial
      titers unchanged, thus excluding the possibility of cross-reactivity with
      bordetella antigen. To determine whether nonspecific stimulation of B lymphocytes
      played a role, sera from 72 children with infectious mononucleosis were examined.
      Chlamydial IgM antibodies (greater than or equal to 1:64) were detected in 14 of
      these sera, significantly more often than in other acute childhood infections (p
      = 0.002). Serotyping showed that these antibodies had a heterogeneous specificity
      in different sera and a reactivity pattern suggesting they were monoclonal. The
      association found between chlamydial IgM antibodies and Epstein-Barr virus
      infection implies that there is nonspecific production of these antibodies in
      infectious mononucleosis, suggesting that similar nonspecific antibody production
      could occur in other infections. This might explain the chlamydial IgM found in
      children with lower respiratory tract infections in whom chlamydial infection
      could not be confirmed by isolation.

PMID- 2877880
TI  - Accessibility of F0 subunits from Escherichia coli ATP synthase. A study with
      subunit specific antisera.
AB  - Antisera have been raised against denatured and non-denatured subunits a, b and c
      of the F0 complex of the ATP synthase from Escherichia coli. The subunit
      specificity of the antibodies has been established with immunoblot analysis or
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In inside-out oriented membrane
      vesicles the binding avidities of both sets of antisera, against denatured and
      non-denatured subunits of F0, were similar in the presence as well as in the
      absence of the F1 part. F1-depleted everted membrane vesicles always produced an
      efficient binding of the different antisera. In the presence of F1 no antibody
      recognition could be observed with the anti-a antisera, while anti-b and anti-c
      antisera showed strong binding. However, a higher membrane protein concentration
      was necessary for the same antibody binding as in F1-stripped vesicles. In
      membrane vesicles with right-side-out orientation the recognition of the three F0
      subunits was dependent on the antisera set used. Antisera raised against
      denatured subunits showed no binding to the membrane vesicles, only in case of
      anti-(dodecylsulfate-denatured b) antiserum could a slight affinity be detected.
      An antigen-antibody recognition with all three F0 subunits occurred when the
      antisera against non-denatured subunits were incubated with membrane vesicles of
      right-side-out orientation. The membrane protein concentration which was
      necessary to produce a significant binding was 10-100-fold higher compared to
      that of F1-depleted everted membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2877881
TI  - Column centrifugation generates an intersubunit disulfide bridge in Escherichia
      coli F1-ATPase.
AB  - Passage of F1-ATPase through a centrifuge column [Penefsky, H. S. (1979) Methods
      Enzymol. 56, 527-530] caused formation of a product with a relative molecular
      mass of 72,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The product was identified as cross-linked alpha and delta
      subunits by using Western blots and subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies. The
      cross-link was reversed by 50 mM dithiothreitol implying that it was a disulfide
      bridge. Formation of the cross-link was inhibited by 2 mM EDTA and was stimulated
      in some buffers by the addition of 10 microM CuCl2. Time course experiments
      indicated that the majority of the cross-link formed while the enzyme was passing
      through the column. Thus the cross-link induced by column centrifugation arose
      from the rapid, heavy-metal-ion-catalysed oxidation of two sulfhydryl groups, one
      on the alpha subunit and one on the delta subunit, to a disulfide. These results
      demonstrate that care must be exercised when running proteins through centrifuge
      columns as potentially deleterious disulfide formation can result. An anti-beta
      monoclonal antibody was capable of immunoprecipitating the entire enzyme
      including the cross-linked subunits, implying that the cross-linked alpha and
      delta subunits were still a part of F1. The formation of the cross-link affected
      neither the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme nor its susceptibility to
      inhibition by epsilon subunit. The cross-linked enzyme was unable to bind to F1
      depleted membranes in experiments in which soluble F1 and membranes were
      separated by centrifugation. Column centrifugation did not generate the cross
      link on membrane-bound enzyme. These results indicate that the alpha-delta cross
      link results in a loss of binding affinity between F1 and F0.

PMID- 2877882
TI  - Acute changes in renal function induced by bisoprolol, a new cardioselective beta
      blocking agent.
AB  - The acute effects of bisoprolol 10 mg i.v., a new beta1-selective adrenoceptor
      antagonist, on heart rate, mean blood pressure (mBP), glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR), para-aminohippuric acid clearance (CPAH), sodium clearance, urine volume
      and plasma renin activity (PRA), were studied in 6 patients with essential
      hypertension. Heart rate decreased by 23%, mBP remained unchanged, and GFR
      decreased by 14% and CPAH by 23%. PRA was depressed on average by 25%. Urine
      volume and sodium clearance also declined by 9 and 13%, respectively, but the
      changes were not statistically significant. The fall in heart rate was
      significantly correlated with that in GFR and CPAH. Changes in GFR were
      correlated significantly with those in CPAH. The acute changes in renal function
      induced by bisoprolol are considered to be due to a reduction in cardiac output
      and increased systemic vascular resistance.

PMID- 2877883
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of flusoxolol (Ro 31-1411) in
      healthy subjects.
AB  - Flusoxolol (Ro 31-1411) is the pharmacologically active optical isomer of Ro 31
      1118, a potent cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist
      activity. It was given to 6 healthy volunteers in a single dose, 40 mg, and then
      in multiple doses, 40 mg daily for 8 days. Plasma concentration data were best
      described by a linear two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first order
      absorption, and the results confirmed linear kinetics. Pharmacokinetic data for
      flusoxolol were comparable to those for the racemate Ro 31-1118.

PMID- 2877884
TI  - 5-Aminosalicylic acid in patients with an ileo-rectal anastomosis. A comparison
      of the fate of sulfasalazine and Pentasa.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) from sulphasalazine (SASP)
      and the slow-release 5-ASA preparation Pentasa was investigated in a cross-over
      study in 9 otherwise healthy patients with an ileo-rectal anastomosis. The 24
      hour recoveries of the drugs were 90.5% and 84.7%, respectively. The median
      release of 5-ASA from SASP was 50% and from Pentasa 75%. Equal amounts of 5-ASA
      (18.0% vs 17.9%) were found in the faeces, and a significantly larger amount
      (4.4% vs 28.9%) of the metabolite N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid (ac-5-ASA) was
      found in faeces following Pentasa. A larger amount of 5-ASA was absorbed and
      subsequently excreted in the urine, mainly as the metabolite (2.5% vs 20.5%) from
      Pentasa. This confirms previous results in ileostomized patients treated with
      Pentasa. The present findings also demonstrate that bacterial azo-reduction of
      SASP in patients with ileorectal anastomosis may be an adequate way to deliver 5
      ASA in this type of patient. Both treatments may be used in these patients during
      a flare up of ulcerative colitis, but randomized studies are needed.

PMID- 2877885
TI  - Interaction of bisoprolol with cimetidine and rifampicin.
AB  - In 6 healthy volunteers the pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol under steady-state
      conditions was investigated over three consecutive phases: over 7 days of 10 mg
      of bisoprolol once daily per os, 7 days of 10 mg of bisoprolol once daily plus
      400 mg of cimetidine t.i.d. and 14 days of 10 mg of bisoprolol and 600 mg of
      rifampicin once daily with adequate intervals free of medication. After therapy
      with bisoprolol alone peak plasma levels (Cssmax) of the beta-blocker were 55.5
      +/- 6.4 ng/ml (means +/- SEM), area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC tau)
      was 597 +/- 70 ng/ml.h, total body clearance (CL) 15.8 +/- 1.8 l/h and
      elimination half-lives (t1/2 beta) 10.1 +/- 1.2 h. Cimetidine did not cause any
      significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol. Co-administration of
      rifampicin resulted in a decrease in Cssmax (43.0 +/- 6.9 ng/ml), AUC tau (397 +/
      54 ng/ml X h) and t1/2 beta (6.2 +/- 0.4 h). Accordingly, total body clearance
      increased to 23.8 +/- 2.5 l/h (p less than 0.05). In conclusion bisoprolol showed
      a statistically significant but probably clinically not important interaction
      with the enzyme-inducing drug rifampicin, but not with the enzyme inhibitor
      cimetidine.

PMID- 2877886
TI  - Two natural killer cell populations which belong to T cell lineage in nude mice.
AB  - Enriched natural killer (NK) cell populations from BALB/c nude mice obtained by
      using nylon wool column (NWC) separation were stained with anti-Thy-1 and anti
      asialo GM1 (GA1), and then were fractioned by flow cytometry into 4 cell
      populations: Thy-1+GA1+ cells, Thy-1+GA1- cells, Thy-1-GA1+ cells and Thy-1-GA1-
      cells. These cell populations were sorted out by flow cytometry and were examined
      for NK activity. Of the sorted cells, high NK activity was found in the two
      populations, Thy-1+GA1+ cells and Thy-1-GA1+ cells. In the other populations
      expressing Thy-1 antigen alone or expressing neither GM1 nor Thy-1, NK activity
      was almost undetectable. The two cell populations with NK activity were lineaged
      with respect to rearrangement of the T cell receptor genes. Southern gel analysis
      using a cDNA probe containing the D beta 1, J beta 1.3 and C beta 1 genes of the
      T cell receptor showed a reduction of the germ-line band of DNA in the 3
      fractionated populations other than Thy-1-GA1- cells. Since these observations
      were demonstrated in nude spleen cells, it is indicated that the cells with NK
      activity belong to T cell lineage even if they lack Thy-1 expression and that
      they may develop out of the thymus, if they express Thy-1 antigen.

PMID- 2877887
TI  - Characterization of alpha 1-adrenoceptors which increase cyclic AMP accumulation
      in rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - The pharmacological properties of the alpha-adrenoceptors which increase cyclic
      AMP accumulation were studied in slices of rat cerebral cortex after inactivation
      of beta-adrenoceptors with bromoacetylalprenololmenthane. Norepinephrine
      increased basal cyclic AMP accumulation 2-fold, and potentiated the effect of
      adenosine 5-fold. The Ki and EC50 values for antagonists and agonists for both
      the basal and potentiated responses were generally similar to those for alpha 1
      adrenoceptor-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation in the same preparation.
      However, significant differences in the potencies of all agonists, and the
      antagonists phentolamine and BE2254 were observed between the basal and
      potentiated cyclic AMP responses. The differences in agonist potencies did not
      appear to be due to the existence of a receptor reserve. Norepinephrine,
      epinephrine, alpha-methylnorepinephrine and 6-fluoronorepinephrine were full
      agonists, while methoxamine and phenylephrine were partial agonists in both
      systems. The results suggest that norepinephrine increases cyclic AMP
      accumulation in rat cerebral cortex through alpha 1-adrenoceptors similar to
      those increasing phosphatidylinositol metabolism in the same tissue.

PMID- 2877888
TI  - 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)-amino-beta-carboline, a selective antagonist of the sedative
      effects of benzodiazepines.
AB  - We have previously described the synthesis of a novel compound, 3
      (methoxycarbonyl)-amino-beta-carboline (beta-CMC), which has a high in vitro
      affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor. In vivo testing showed that this
      compound had a restricted pharmacological profile. beta-CMC lacked intrinsic
      activity but it antagonized the convulsions induced by the methyl ester of beta
      carboline-3-carboxylic acid, an inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine receptor.
      Moreover, beta-CMC selectively antagonized the sedative but not the anxiolytic or
      anticonvulsant effects of benzodiazepines. The possible mechanisms involved in
      the selective antagonism of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines by beta-CMC
      are discussed.

PMID- 2877890
TI  - Ifoxetine, a compound with atypical effects on serotonin uptake.
AB  - Ifoxetine (CGP 15210 G; (+/-)-bis-[cis-3-hydroxy-4-(2,3-dimethyl-phenoxy)]
      piperidine sulfate) prevented the depletion of serotonin (5-HT) induced by H
      75/12 and p-chloromethamphetamine in the rat brain, and that caused by
      endogenously released dopamine after the combined administration of haloperidol
      and amfonelic acid in the rat striatum. These effects are typically caused by
      compounds that inhibit 5-HT reuptake. Unexpectedly, ifoxetine only weakly
      inhibited the uptake of radiolabelled 5-HT into rat brain synaptosomes in vitro
      or ex vivo, the human thrombocytes in vitro or into rat thrombocytes after
      pretreatment. The following, among the possible explanations for this apparent
      discrepancy, were considered and regarded as unlikely: the involvement of an
      active metabolite; the possibility that ifoxetine accumulates in the brain to an
      extent sufficient to cause in vivo uptake inhibition; a pharmacokinetic
      interaction with the depleting agents. The possibility that the depletor tests
      give false positives was also considered. However, ifoxetine lowered brain 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid and reduced the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan
      after central decarboxylase inhibition. This suggests that it also interferes
      with 5-HT metabolism in the absence of depleting agents, which means that it
      interacts in some way with serotonergic transmission. Ifoxetine displayed weak or
      no interactions with 5-HT1, 5-HT2, alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta-noradrenoceptors,
      histamine H1, muscarinic acetylcholine, opiate, GABA A, and benzodiazepine
      receptors in vitro, and with dopamine and 5-HT2 receptors in vivo. It did not
      antagonize the noradrenaline (NA) depletion induced by H 77/77 in rat brain and
      only weakly interfered with the uptake of i.v. injected radiolabelled NA into the
      rat heart. This suggests that its interaction with the 5-HT system is specific.
      Due to its atypical properties, among which the rather weak potentiation of the
      neurological effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan is also important, ifoxetine may
      exhibit a therapeutic and/or side-effect profile which differs from that of
      classical 5-HT uptake inhibitors.

PMID- 2877891
TI  - Relaxation of isolated mesenteric arteries by des-Arg9-bradykinin stimulation of
      B1 receptors.
AB  - The present studies were conducted to determine whether des-Arg-kinins can
      produce relaxation of isolated vessels. Both des-Arg9-bradykinin and bradykinin
      produced dose-dependent relaxations of isolated rabbit superior mesenteric
      arteries. Des-Arg9-bradykinin (ED50 = 7.2 X 10(-9) M) was 8.5 times more potent
      than bradykinin (ED50 = 6.1 X 10(-8) M). Des-Arg9-bradykinin-mediated relaxation
      was inhibited by the specific B1 receptor antagonist [Leu8]des-Arg9-bradykinin
      which produced parallel shifts in the dose-response curve. Schild regression
      analysis of the data established a pA2 value (6.46) similar to that reported for
      B1 receptor-mediated contraction. Although the relaxant effect of bradykinin was
      also inhibited by the B1 antagonist, parallel shifts in the dose response curve
      were not produced. Relaxation of the mesenteric artery by both des-Arg9
      bradykinin and bradykinin was inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor
      indomethacin. The results of these studies indicate that in addition to
      vasoconstriction, des-Arg9-bradykinin can produce vasorelaxation which may be
      mediated through stimulation of B1 kinin receptors and the subsequent release of
      prostaglandins.

PMID- 2877892
TI  - CGP 20712 A: a useful tool for quantitating beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - CGP 20712 A (1-[2-((3-carbamoyl-4-hydroxy)phenoxy)ethylamino]-3- [4-(1-methyl-4
      trifluoromethyl-2-imidazolyl) phenoxy]-2-propanol methanesulfonate), a specific
      beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, was tested for resolution of beta 1- and beta 2
      adrenoceptors in an in vitro [3H]dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA) binding assay.
      Competition experiments, using rat neocortical and cerebellar membranes, yielded
      two dissimilar concentration-effect curves. A distinct biphasic curve was evident
      for neocortex, with a plateau at 100 nM CGP 20712 A (60% [3H]DHA displacement).
      This plateau indicated a differentiation between beta 1- and beta 2
      adrenoceptors; the ratio of IC50-beta 2 to IC50-beta 1 was approximately 10,000.
      In contrast, only a monophasic curve was obtained for cerebellum. CGP 20712 A is
      a useful tool for estimating percentages of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in a
      given tissue.

PMID- 2877889
TI  - Opposing effects of D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists on acetylcholine levels in
      the rat striatum.
AB  - In contrast to D-2 or mixed D-1/D-2 receptor antagonists which decrease rat
      striatal acetylcholine levels, the D-1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 increased
      this biochemical parameter (ED50 = 0.04 mg/kg s.c.) suggesting a reduction of
      acetylcholine turnover. SCH 23390 blocked the ability of haloperidol or sulpiride
      to diminish striatal acetylcholine levels and potentiated the increase in this
      biochemical parameter induced by the selective D-2 receptor agonist LY 141865.
      These findings indicate that blockade of D-1 and D-2 receptors causes opposite
      actions on striatal cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2877893
TI  - Beta 2-adrenoceptor selectivity in four series of beta-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - We studied the effect of two catechol and two resorcinol series of beta
      adrenoceptor agonists on isolated papillary (beta 1-adrenoceptors) and soleus
      (beta 2-adrenoceptors) muscles preparations from the guinea-pig. One of the
      catechol and one of the resorcinol series were substituted by branched alkyl
      groups on the amino nitrogen, and the other two series were substituted by
      cycloalkyl groups. It was found that: the catechol derivatives were more potent
      than their corresponding resorcinol derivatives on both the papillary and the
      soleus muscle preparations, the resorcinol derivatives were more selective for
      the soleus muscle than their corresponding catechol derivatives, the substitution
      on the amino nitrogen gave compounds that were highly selective for the soleus
      muscle, both in the catechol and the resorcinol series. Greatest selectivity was
      obtained with a tertiary butyl group. the branched alkyl substitution on the
      amino nitrogen favoured selectivity for the soleus muscle more than cycloalkyl
      substitution did.

PMID- 2877895
TI  - Effect of antiandrogens on the hypothalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
      glutamate contents of the Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus pennanti, Wroughton).
AB  - Intramuscular administration of 20 mg/kg flutamide (Flut) or 50 mg/kg of
      cyproterone acetate (CPA) daily for a period of three weeks significantly
      elevated the hypothalamic GABA content. CPA is found to decrease the hypothalamic
      glutamate level while Flut elevated it. Both, Flut and CPA reduced the
      hypothalamic weight.

PMID- 2877894
TI  - Low-dose infusion of somatostatin in man--no effect upon intestinal calcium
      absorption but a fall in blood insulin.
AB  - We studied the role of low plasma somatostatin (SRIF) levels in intestinal
      calcium absorption (CaA) in man. Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI;
      pg X ml-1) rose after a 600-cal test meal (from 22.9 +/- 2 basally to 30.6 +/-
      3.6 at 45 min, p less than 0.05), but was not affected by an oral Ca load (264
      mg). Under intravenous SRIF (0.15 microgram kg-1 h-1) plasma SLI rose from 3.3 +/
      0.4 basally to 24.5 +/- 3 at 45 min (p less than 0.001). CaA was not influenced
      under these conditions, whereas insulin levels fell significantly and the levels
      of PTH, calcitonin, glucagon and GH were not changed. A regulating role of SRIF
      in CaA seems therefore unlikely for human physiology, since neither SLI is
      influenced by an oral Ca load, nor is CaA changed under postprandial SLI. The
      fall in insulin under postprandial-like SLI levels favors the view of a hormonal
      role of SRIF in man.

PMID- 2877896
TI  - A preadipocyte clonal line from mouse brown adipose tissue. Short- and long-term
      responses to insulin and beta-adrenergics.
AB  - A clonal cell line has been established from the interscapular brown adipose
      tissue (BAT) of the C57 BL/6J +/+ mouse. The line, designated BFC-1, is aneuploid
      and exhibits both morphological and biochemical properties characteristics of
      mature adipocytes. Adipose conversion begins after confluence and is accompanied
      by an early emergence of lipoprotein lipase; a later emergence of glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase and acid: CoA ligase; an increase in the average
      triglyceride content. Adipose conversion, estimated by activities of enzyme
      markers, is enhanced at any given time by the continuous presence in the culture
      medium of insulin and triiodothyronine, both within their physiological range of
      concentrations. In addition to both hormones, chronic exposure of confluent cells
      to beta-adrenergics brings similar long-term effects on adipose conversion. The
      uptake of labelled 2-deoxyglucose by differentiated BFC-1 cells is stimulated by
      insulin; the half-maximum effect is observed at 1 nM insulin. Differentiated BFC
      1 cells, in which endogenous triglycerides have been prelabelled on the fatty
      acid moiety, do respond to beta-adrenergics by releasing radioactive fatty acids.
      The agonist potency order and the EC50 value for each agonist are BRL 37344 (0.5
      nM) greater than isoproterenol (1.5 nM) greater than norepinephrine (3 nM)
      greater than epinephrine (7 nM) greater than salbutamol (15 nM). The half
      maximally and maximally effective concentrations of corticotropin to stimulate
      lipolysis are found to be 4 and 100 nM, respectively. The lipolytic response to
      isoproterenol is counteracted by prior addition of insulin or simultaneous
      addition of propranolol. Parallel studies performed on Ob17 cells, a clonal line
      established from mouse white adipose tissue (Negrel et al., Proc natl acad sci US
      75 (1978) 6054), show that the agonist potency order and the EC50 value for each
      agonist are BRL 37344 (3 nM) greater than isoproterenol (10 nM) greater than
      norepinephrine (20 nM) greater than epinephrine (40 nM). Thus both BFC-1 cells
      and Ob17 cells show an atypical beta-adrenoreceptor similar to that described in
      rat adipocytes (Arch et al., Nature 309 (1984) 163), but the sensitivity of BFC-1
      cells toward beta-agonists is found to be 6-fold higher than that of Ob17 cells.
      Thus the BFC-1 line represents a useful model for the study of short- and long
      term responses to beta-adrenergics.

PMID- 2877898
TI  - Is chronic hypoxaemia and/or hypercapnia of the obstructive patient reversible?
      The role of almitrine bismesylate.

PMID- 2877897
TI  - Modulation of transglutaminase activity in mononuclear phagocytes and macrophage
      like tumor cell lines by differentiation agents.
AB  - The effect of glucocorticosteroids, retinoids, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      (1,25(OH)2D3) and the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate (TPA) on the
      expression of transglutaminase activity in vitro differentiating bone marrow
      derived mouse and rat mononuclear phagocytes (BMDMP) and mouse and human myeloid
      leukemia cell lines was assessed. Dexamethasone was found to induce an increase
      of about 100% in transglutaminase activity in mouse and rat BMDMP. The effect was
      time- and dose-dependent, and specific for steroids with glucocorticoid activity.
      Retinoic acid (RA) suppressed transglutaminase activity in mouse BMDMP
      (approximately 50%) and enhanced it in rat BMDMP (100-200%). Other retinoids were
      less effective. 1,25(OH)2D3 had little effect on transglutaminase expression in
      mouse BMDMP and suppressed it in rat BMDMP (approximately 60%). TPA exerted a
      suppressive effect (approximately 50%) on transglutaminase activity of both rat
      and mouse BMDMP. In murine (P388D1 and J774.2) and human (ML3, HL-60, KG-1, HEL,
      U937) myeloid leukemia cell lines, dexamethasone enhanced transglutaminase
      activity to a varying degree (100-1,000%), RA suppressed it in P388D1 cells
      (approximately 70%) and enhanced it in the other cell lines (100-1,500%),
      1,25(OH)2D3 induced a rather small augmentation of enzyme expression, whereas TPA
      suppressed enzyme expression (70-100%). The species-specific differences
      previously observed by us for the effect of RA, dexamethasone and 1,25(OH)2D3 on
      the formation of BMDMP from mouse and rat bone marrow progenitor cells are now
      shown to extend also to effects on expression of transglutaminase activity. From
      a mechanistic point of view it is of interest that dexamethasone uniformly
      enhanced transglutaminase activity, whereas TPA suppressed it. RA and 1,25(OH)2D3
      induced either suppression or enhancement in the various cell types, with no
      correlation between the direction of the effect of the two agents. The data
      suggest that modulation of transglutaminase activity by the four agents occurs
      via disparate mechanisms.

PMID- 2877899
TI  - Deep prepyriform cortex kindling and its relation to amygdala kindling in the
      rat.
AB  - Kindling of the deep prepyriform cortex (DPC), a recently identified sensitive
      site to chemoconvulsants, was compared to kindling of the amygdala in rats.
      Although the two kindled sites were very similar in their initial responses,
      electroencephalographic changes during kindling stimulation, kindling seizure
      development, and growth of afterdischarge, they differed in that the deep
      prepyriform cortex showed a significantly lower final threshold, a significantly
      higher frequency of afterdischarge and a significantly shorter latency to
      bilateral forelimb clonus than the amygdala. Significant bidirectional transfer
      was found during secondary kindling of either of the two sites, suggesting a
      close interrelation between them. Rhythmic synchronous discharge was directly
      induced in the deep prepyriform cortex by ipsilateral amygdala stimulation, but
      not in the amygdala by ipsilateral cortical stimulation. Local application of
      both muscimol (0.45 nM) and 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (25 nM) into the
      cortical site reduced the afterdischarge duration of amygdala-kindled seizures by
      approximately 20% without changing the type or duration of the motor seizure. We
      suggest that the deep prepyriform cortex is "downstream" from the amygdala in the
      preferential routes of afterdischarge propagation, and that, although the deep
      prepyriform cortical neurocircuits of GABA and excitatory amino acids may be
      involved in the maintenance of amygdala-kindled, self-sustained afterdischarge,
      they are not essential in the expression of amygdala-kindled motor convulsions.

PMID- 2877900
TI  - Chronic cocaine administration depletes tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in
      the rat brain nigral striatal system: quantitative light microscopic studies.
AB  - Chronic administration of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 h for 10 consecutive
      days) produced a large decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-staining axons and
      terminal boutons in the caudate nucleus in rats when examined 60 days after the
      final cocaine injection. This effect was quantitated using the Leitz data
      acquisition and display system (DADS) which revealed that there was a 63%
      decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive processes in the caudate nucleus. In
      addition, this cocaine treatment regimen produced a large decrease in the number
      of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive staining neuronal perikarya in the pars compacta
      of the substantia nigra. Use of the Leitz-DADS system revealed that there was a
      51% decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive material in the substantia nigra.
      These data demonstrated that chronic administration of cocaine produced a long
      term loss of tyrosine hydroxylase in both the cell bodies of the substantia nigra
      and the nerve terminals of the caudate nucleus. Further studies are required to
      determine whether the observed changes are due to degeneration of the neurons or
      some metabolic effect.

PMID- 2877901
TI  - Purification by high performance liquid chromatography of Clostridium perfringens
      type A enterotoxin prepared from high toxin producers selected by a toxin
      antitoxin halo.
AB  - High enterotoxin-producing substrains of Clostridium perfringens type A were
      selected reproducibly as colonies having toxin-antitoxin haloes on agar plates of
      Duncan-Strong medium containing antitoxin serum. Enterotoxin from these
      substrains was subjected to rapid purification by high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). For this, the toxin was extracted by sonication from
      sporulating bacteria grown in Duncan-Strong sporulation medium, fractionated by
      ammonium sulfate (40% saturation) precipitation and differential solubilization
      and then purified by HPLC: gel permeation chromatography through a G2000SW column
      and ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column. Purified toxin preparations
      had a similar specific activity (4.2 X 10(2) mouse MLD/mg protein) and
      homogeneity on polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis to preparations obtained by
      conventional gel permeation through a Sephadex-G200 column. By further HPLC on a
      Mono Q column, minor nontoxin proteins were separated from the toxin without loss
      of the toxicity on a protein basis. The final yield of the purified toxin was
      about 15% of that in the bacterial extract. The two HPLC procedures each took
      only one hour.

PMID- 2877902
TI  - A gamma 3 hinge region probe: first specific human immunoglobulin subclass probe.
AB  - We report the first specific human immunoglobulin subclass probe which was
      obtained by subcloning the gamma 3 hinge region. This specific gamma 3 probe
      allowed us to identify with certainty the C gamma 3 gene on Southern genomic
      blots, to describe the first C gamma 3 restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (EZZ gamma 3 RF) and to show that an IgG3 selective deficiency, previously
      described serologically, was not due to a deletion of the C gamma 3 gene. Such a
      probe should be particularly useful for screening libraries from individuals with
      IgG3 immunodeficiencies or presenting unusual C gamma 3 genes and, consequently,
      for studying the C gamma gene evolution.

PMID- 2877903
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor receptors and stimulation of cyclic GMP formation in
      normal and malignant osteoblasts.
AB  - Synthetic rat atrial natriuretic factor (Ile-ANF-26) stimulated cyclic GMP
      formation by up to several hundred-fold in osteoblast-rich cultures from newborn
      rat calvaria and in clonal osteogenic sarcoma cells (UMR 106-01) which are
      phenotypically osteoblast. ANF had no effect on the cyclic AMP response to
      parathyroid hormone in the same cells. Specific, high-affinity binding sites for
      ANF were identified in both cell types, with Kd and receptor numbers in normal
      osteoblasts of 1.2 +/- 0.1 X 10(-10) M and 42 +/- 4 X 10(3) per cell, and in UMR
      106-01 cells of 1.4 +/- 0.1 X 10(-10) M and 22 +/- 4 X 10(3) per cell.

PMID- 2877904
TI  - Successful treatment of oligospermic and azoospermic men with alpha 1-blocker and
      beta-stimulator: new treatment for idiopathic male infertility.
AB  - We studied the effect of oral administration of alpha 1-blocker and beta
      stimulator on 20 idiopathically infertile men. Bunazosin (alpha 1-blocker, 2
      mg/day) and procaterol (beta-stimulator, 100 micrograms/day) were given orally
      twice daily for 5 months. The administration of alpha 1-blocker and beta
      stimulator elicited an increase in sperm output and seminal volume in 16 patients
      (80%). The increase in sperm output seems to be associated with relaxations of
      myoid cells, which lead to dilatation of stenotic areas of seminiferous tubules,
      occurring discontinuously, and subsequent maintenance of good tubular fluid flow.
      No adverse effects were observed in this series.

PMID- 2877906
TI  - [Phorbol ester or diacylglycerol modulates somatostatin binding to its receptors
      on rat pancreatic acinar cell membranes].
AB  - To clarify the precise mechanism by which unrelated peptides, cholecystokinin or
      carbamylcholine, modulate the somatostatin binding, the effect of a phorbol
      ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or a synthetic diacylglycerol
      analog, 1-oleyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG) on [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin binding to
      pancreatic acinar cell membranes was examined. Pretreatment of pancreatic acini
      for 120 min at 37 degrees C with 100 ng/ml TPA maximally reduced subsequent
      labeled somatostatin binding to acinar membranes. The inhibitory effect of TPA on
      the somatostatin binding was dependent on the dose used, or the time and
      temperature of pretreatment. These effects of TPA were almost mimicked by the
      treatment of acini with OAG. Scatchard analysis of [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin
      binding demonstrated that the decrease in the labeled somatostatin binding
      induced by TPA or OAG pretreatment was due to the decrease in the maximum binding
      capacity without a significant change in the binding affinity. A specifically
      labeled single band of the Mr = 90 K obtained with a photoaffinity cross-linking
      study indicates that the somatostatin binding sites are the same somatostatin
      receptor as previously described. Moreover, the intensity of the Mr = 90 K band
      was dramatically decreased when acini were treated with increasing concentrations
      of TPA, a finding consistent with TPA-induced decrease in binding capacity. Such
      an inhibitory effect of TPA was abolished when pretreatment of acini with TPA was
      performed in the presence of Ca2+ chelating compounds such as EDTA and EGTA.
      Interestingly, the combined treatment of TPA and Ca2+ ionophore A23187 caused
      synergistic inhibition of the subsequent labeled somatostatin binding to acinar
      membranes, although Ca2+ ionophore itself almost failed to affect the
      somatostatin binding. These results suggest, therefore, that TPA or OAG can
      modulate somatostatin binding to its receptors on rat pancreatic acinar cell
      membranes, presumably through activation of Ca2+-activated, phospholipid
      dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and the activated protein kinase C
      and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization presumably act to modulate pancreatic acinar
      somatostatin receptors synergistically.

PMID- 2877905
TI  - [Prolonged excitation of individual neocortical neurons. Structure of spontaneous
      firing].
AB  - Spontaneous firing of single neurons was studied during L-glutamate-induced
      stable activation in the cat cerebral cortex. The autocorrelation analysis of the
      trains of discharges showed, that periods of increased and decreased probability
      of discharges were constant in general. A single neuron seems incapable of
      radically affecting the interneurons connected with it. The type of spontaneous
      firing is mainly associated with the level of activation of the neuronal assembly
      where the neuron belongs.

PMID- 2877907
TI  - [CCK and carbachol differently modulate somatostatin binding to rat pancreatic
      acinar membranes].
AB  - Somatostatin binding to its receptors on rat pancreatic acinar membranes was
      characterized with [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin. The COOH-terminal octapeptide of
      cholecystokinin (CCK8), when present at various concentrations in the reaction
      mixture for the binding study, reduced labeled somatostatin binding in a dose
      dependent manner, whereas carbachol or Ca2+ ionophore did not affect the binding.
      By contrast, when pancreatic acini were first treated with carbachol and
      thereafter [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin binding to membranes prepared from these acini
      was examined, carbachol reduced subsequent somatostatin binding in a dose
      dependent manner. Scatchard analysis of the labeled somatostatin binding revealed
      that carbachol pretreatment decreased the maximum binding capacity from 142 +/-
      20 fmol/mg of membrane protein to 63.5 +/- 3.5 fmol/mg of membrane protein
      without significantly affecting the binding affinity. To test for the possibility
      that CCK8 also may affect labeled somatostatin binding through an intracellular
      process, pancreatic acini were first treated with CCK8 and then the membrane
      bound CCK8 was washed out. Subsequent labeled somatostatin binding to membranes
      from these acini was also decreased. When 1 mM EDTA was present in the
      pretreatment medium, the inhibitory effect of carbachol or CCK8 was partially
      abolished, suggesting that an intracellular process to modulate somatostatin
      binding is dependent on Ca2+. On the other hand, pretreatment of acini with Ca2+
      ionophore almost failed to affect subsequent labeled somatostatin binding.
      Results therefore suggest that CCK8 can modulate labeled somatostatin binding to
      pancreatic acinar membranes not only acting through an intracellular process but
      also at membrane sites and carbachol- or CCK8-activated intracellular process to
      modulate somatostatin binding is dependent on Ca2+, but Ca2+ mobilization itself
      is not sufficient to affect subsequent somatostatin binding.

PMID- 2877908
TI  - Evaluation of testicular hCG binding in unilaterally cryptorchid rats following
      administration of ethane dimethane sulphonate (EDS).
AB  - Administration of ethane dimethane sulphonate (EDS) (75 mg/kg) to unilaterally
      cryptorchid rats, results in a rapid decline in serum testosterone levels and a
      marked reduction in hCG binding to homogenates of scrotal and cryptorchid testes,
      consistent with the destruction of Leydig cells within the testes as shown by
      morphological and morphometric analysis. Between 3 and 7 days after EDS, serum LH
      and FSH levels rise, LH to levels found in castrate rats. hCG binding begins to
      recover in scrotal testes, reaching 32% of control values 28 days after EDS.
      However, the recovery of hCG binding to cryptorchid testes is more rapid,
      reaching 51% of control levels by 21 days which coincides with the re
      establishment of serum testosterone to normal levels. Since a different rate of
      recovery is observed for hCG binding to scrotal and cryptorchid testes, and both
      testes are exposed to the same circulating levels of LH and FSH, the likely
      stimulus for recovery of hCG binding and regeneration of Leydig cells is
      intratesticular in origin. This supports the concept that local factors, released
      following damage to the seminiferous epithelium by cryptorchidism, play a role in
      the differentiation and growth of Leydig cells within the testis.

PMID- 2877909
TI  - Characteristics of the beta-adrenergic receptor in the rat ventral prostate using
      [125I]cyanopindolol.
AB  - The binding characteristics of the beta-adrenergic receptor in the rat ventral
      prostate homogenate have been studied using the highly potent beta-adrenergic
      antagonist [125I]cyanopindolol (CYP) as ligand. The bound ligand was separated
      from the free moiety by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). This
      technique is simple, accurate, fast and more advantageous than filtration of the
      hormone-receptor complex on glass fiber filters or direct centrifugation.
      [125I]CYP binds to a single class of high affinity sites at an apparent KD value
      of 23 pM. Using 0.1 microM (-)propranolol to determine non-specific binding, a
      number of sites of 600 fmol/mg protein were measured. The observed order of
      potency of adrenergic agonists (KD values) in competing for [125I]CYP binding
      was: (-)isoproterenol (25 nM) greater than (-)epinephrine (74 nM) much greater
      than (-)norepinephrine (1900 nM). Detailed study of the binding potency of a
      large series of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic agonists and antagonists showed the
      presence of a typical beta 2-subtype adrenergic receptor in the rat ventral
      prostate. The best estimate indicates that the proportion of beta 2-adrenergic
      receptors in rat ventral prostate is more than 95% of the total population of
      beta-adrenergic receptors in this tissue. The high selectivity and density of
      beta 2-adrenergic receptors in rat ventral prostate suggest a physiological role
      of circulating and/or locally secreted catecholamines in the control of prostatic
      growth and function.

PMID- 2877910
TI  - Acute dystonic reaction to bethanechol--a direct acetylcholine receptor agonist.
AB  - Bethanechol is a direct agonist of the acetylcholine receptor that was recently
      introduced in the therapy of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Acute dystonic reactions
      to bethanechol were observed in a 10-month-old infant who also demonstrated
      similar dystonic reactions to dopamine receptor blocking agents of two different
      classes. This first report of acute dystonic reaction to cholinergic agonists in
      human is in accord with the current theories of the role of acetylcholine and
      dopamine in the pathogenesis of acute dystonic reactions.

PMID- 2877911
TI  - Neural and paracrine regulation of gastrin release using rat antral mucosa in
      tissue culture--the effect of carbachol, bombesin, and anti-somatostatin antibody
      on gastrin release.
AB  - Gastrin release was significantly stimulated by the cholinergic agent carbachol
      at doses of 10(-4) M, 10(-5) M, and 10(-6) M. Peak stimulation was observed at
      10(-5) M. Gastrin release was also significantly stimulated by bombesin at a dose
      of 10(-8) M, and 10(-6) M atropine which abolished the effect of carbachol in
      stimulating gastrin release had no effect on the bombesin-stimulated gastrin
      release. In addition, anti-somatostatin antiserum significantly stimulated
      gastrin release. These findings suggest that gastrin release is regulated by
      cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons the latter being thought to be a bombesin
      containing neuron, and that antral somatostatin exerts a continuous restraint on
      gastrin release by the paracrine mechanism.

PMID- 2877912
TI  - A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of
      nocturnal and twice-a-day famotidine in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer
      disease.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of famotidine, a potent new long-acting H2-receptor
      antagonist, was compared with placebo in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized,
      placebo-controlled study in the United States. A total of 384 patients with
      endoscopically proven acute duodenal ulcer disease were enrolled. Patients
      received either famotidine or a placebo. The patients receiving famotidine were
      treated with one of three dose regimens, 40 mg h.s., 40 mg b.i.d., or 20 mg
      b.i.d. Patients were reassessed by endoscopy at 2, 4, and 8 wk if ulcer healing
      had not occurred sooner. A diary was kept to record the duration and intensity of
      the day and night pain and the amount of Gelusil antacid (Parke-Davis, Morris
      Plains, N.J.) ingested. Three hundred sixty-three patients met the evaluation
      criteria. The results revealed a 4-wk healing rate of 70%, 75%, 67%, and 31% for
      the famotidine 40 mg h.s., 40 mg b.i.d., 20 mg b.i.d., and placebo groups,
      respectively. The 8-wk healing rates for the same respective groups were 83%,
      82%, 82%, 45%. Ulcer pain and antacid consumption occurred less often in the
      famotidine groups. The clinical and laboratory safety profile of the famotidine
      groups was similar to that of the placebo group. Famotidine appears to be an
      effective and safe once-a-day therapy for the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer
      disease. The recommended dosage is 40 mg h.s.

PMID- 2877913
TI  - Tetanic stimulation-induced changes in [3H]glutamate binding and uptake in rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - Tetanus-induced (400 Hz, 200 pulses) long-lasting potentiation of the stratum
      radiatum-evoked CA1 population spike in hippocampal slices is not accompanied by
      any change in Na+-independent [3H]glutamate binding sites. Homosynaptic
      depression that occurs subsequent to either a low frequency tetanus (20 Hz, 600
      pulses) or a transient exposure to Cl(-)-free (containing NO3-) medium is
      associated with an elevation in the amino acid binding. [3H]Glutamate uptake into
      slices was decreased following a high frequency (400 Hz, 200 pulses) tetanus but
      in the majority of cases was increased following a low frequency (20 Hz, 600
      pulses) tetanus to stratum radiatum. When the high frequency tetanus was given in
      the absence of extracellular Ca2+, there was a further reduction in [3H]glutamate
      uptake.

PMID- 2877914
TI  - Immunohistological detection of methionine-enkephalin-like and endorphin-like
      material in the digestive tract and in the nervous system of the mussel: Mytilus
      edulis L.
AB  - Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, methionine-enkephaline-like,
      alpha- and beta-endorphin-like peptides were detected on whole body sections of
      Mytilus edulis L. Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was localized in the
      epithelium of the digestive tract, in the hepatopancreas, and in the nervous
      system. The immunoreactive cell bodies were very abundant in the anterior gastric
      epithelium, but sparse in the terminal portion of the digestive tract. By their
      basal processes the immunoreactive cells were in contact with a plexus of
      immunoreactive cells and fibers located in the connective tissue underlying the
      digestive epithelium. In the principal hepatopancreatic ducts, isolated cells
      showing met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were detected between the epithelial
      cells and the basal lamina. A few immunoreactive cells and fibers were observed
      between the hepatopancreatic tubules. The three pairs of nervous ganglia
      contained in their cortical layer numerous met-enkephalin-like immunoreactive
      perikarya. Their central area possessed fluorescent immunoreactive bundles of
      fibers extending to the commissures, the connectives, and the nerves. Met
      enkephalin-like immunoreactive fibers were detected between the smooth muscle
      cells. At the surface of these smooth muscle cells, immunopositive met-enkephalin
      like tapered nervous endings were observed. The alpha- and beta-endorphin
      antisera produced a positive immunoreaction in some gastric epithelial cells, in
      some perikarya of the pedal ganglia, and in some nervous fibers. The endorphin
      like structures were far less abundant than the met-enkephalin-like structures,
      but very close to them.

PMID- 2877915
TI  - Control of prolactin secretion in birds: a review.

PMID- 2877916
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to neurohormones in conscious chickens and ducks.
AB  - Cardiovascular responses (cardiac frequency, fH; mean arterial pressure, Pa;
      ischiatic arterial blood flow; Qi; ischiatic vascular resistance, Ri) to 1
      norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACH), [Asp1, Val5]-angiotensin II (ANG II),
      and arginine vasotocin (AVT) were studied in conscious chickens (Gallus gallus)
      and Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Age-dependent changes, in the
      cardiovascular variables and the responses to the native avian neurohormones,
      were also studied in ducks. NE injection caused larger increases in Pa and Ri,
      and a greater associated fall in fH, in ducks than in chickens. The pressor
      effect of ANG II was more persistent and developed at a slower rate than the
      response to NE in both species, although the pressor effect was greater in ducks.
      Interestingly, ANG II injection caused a tachycardia in these baroreceptor-intact
      birds. ACH and AVT produced similar rapid falls in Pa and a corresponding
      tachycardia in both species, although the fH response was greater in ducks. ANG
      II rapidly increased NE concentration in the arterial plasma of adult ducks,
      while AVT increased epinephrine (E) concentration. Resting Pa and hematocrit were
      lower, and fH was higher, in immature ducks. Immature ducks also were less
      responsive than adults to the cardiovascular actions of NE, ACH, AVT, and ANG II.
      The results demonstrate differences in the cardiovascular responses to
      neurohormones in chickens and ducks consistent with a higher level of
      cardioinhibitory nervous tone and a greater sensitivity to sympathetic stimuli in
      the aquatic species, which increase during maturation.

PMID- 2877917
TI  - Direct control of the gonadotroph in a teleost, Poecilia latipinna. II.
      Neurohormones and neurotransmitters.
AB  - Pituitaries from male and female mollies were incubated with varying amounts of
      mammalian LH-RH, arginine vasotocin, dopamine, or serotonin for 18 hr.
      Ultrastructural differences between control and experimentally treated glands
      were used to define the direct effects of these neurohormones and
      neurotransmitters on the gonadotrophic cells of the adenohypophysis. The effects
      varied in intensity according to the sex and reproductive state of the donor
      animal. LH-RH stimulated gonadotrophin secretion by the gonadotrophs, as did
      vasotocin, although to a much lesser extent and with noticeable differences
      between the sexes. Dopamine inhibited secretion by basally active gonadotrophs
      and probably from active cells also, although to a lesser extent. Serotonin
      mildly stimulated secretion at all stages in both sexes. The results of this
      study indicate the possible involvement of neurohypophysial octapeptides and of
      monoamines in the direct control of the gonadotroph of Poecilia latipinna.

PMID- 2877918
TI  - In vitro effects of somatostatin and urotensin II on prolactin and growth hormone
      secretion in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus.
AB  - The control of release of two recently characterized forms of prolactin (PRL) of
      molecular mass 24 and 20 kDa was investigated. The rostral pars distalis of male
      tilapia was incubated singly in a hypotonic modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate
      medium in order to stimulate PRL release; for comparison, the proximal pars
      distalis containing growth hormone (GH) cells was incubated in isotonic medium
      with or without 1 microgram/ml cortisol to stimulate GH release. The release of
      both PRLs and GH into the medium was measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by densitometry. Both somatostatin
      and synthetic (Gillichthys) urotensin II, a partial somatostatin homolog and
      analog from the teleost caudal neurosecretory system, significantly inhibited the
      release of both PRLs. Somatostatin significantly inhibited GH release, but
      urotensin II had no significant effect.

PMID- 2877919
TI  - Characterization of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) islet somatostatins.
AB  - Three different somatostatins have been isolated from the pancreatic islet tissue
      of the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by gel filtration and HPLC. Two of
      these peptides contain 14 amino acids and the larger third peptide consists of 25
      amino acids. The sequence of the salmon SST-25 is Ser-Val-Asp-Asn-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg
      Glu-Arg-Lys-Ala-Gly -Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Tyr-Trp-Lys-Gly-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys. The
      sequence of the salmon SST-14-I is Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe
      Thr-Ser-Cys. The other small somatostatin (SST-14-II) which was not sequenced has
      an amino acid composition identical to the C-terminal 14 amino acids of the SST
      25 and it is probably derived from this larger form. Evidence for low levels of a
      somatostatin containing 28 amino acids is also presented. This SST-28 appears to
      be an N-terminal extended precursor of SST-25 or a peptide derived via
      alternative processing of a common preprosomatostatin. Injected into juvenile
      salmon, SST-25 caused a decline in circulating levels of plasma insulin,
      depletion of liver glycogen, and activation of lipolytic pathways. Juvenile
      salmon treated with anti-SST-25 serum revealed elevated levels of plasma insulin
      as well as an increase of the glycogen content of the liver.

PMID- 2877920
TI  - Effectiveness of somatostatin in regulating pancreatic splenic lobe hormone
      secretion following 99% pancreatectomy in adult chickens.
AB  - In vivo studies were carried out in adult chickens in an attempt to evaluate the
      effectiveness of somatostatin (SRIF) in regulating hormone secretion from the
      splenic pancreatic lobe after 99% of the pancreatic mass was surgically ablated.
      Sixteen days after either sham operation or 99% pancreatectomy, birds were
      infused iv with SRIF (420 ng/min) alone and then glucose (59 mg/Kg/min) was
      superimposed on the infusate, or birds were infused iv with glucose alone and
      then SRIF was superimposed on the infusate. Serial blood samples were taken
      during the 16-day postoperative period and also at regular intervals during the
      75-min observation period. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, insulin (IRI),
      glucagon (IRG), pancreatic polypeptide (IRAPP), and somatostatin (IRSRIF).
      Careful standardization of the SRIF radioimmunoassay, as well as analysis of the
      molecular form of circulating SRIF, indicated that "true" SRIF levels were being
      estimated in plasma of both groups of chickens. Normal-fed chickens have plasma
      SRIF levels of 1.12 +/- 0.07 ng/ml which increases 16 days after 99%
      pancreatectomy to 2.39 +/- 0.15 ng/ml plasma. The latter decreases by 55% with an
      overnight fast. Glucose infusion, superimposed upon a preexisting SRIF infusion
      in adult chickens, did not evoke an IRI response in the 99% depancreatized birds
      equal to that observed in sham-op controls. Although a full SRIF dose-response
      curve was not generated, the glucose data strongly suggest a reduced sensitivity
      of insulin-secreting cells to SRIF in pancreoprivic birds. Both bird groups were
      equally--and markedly--sensitive to the IRG-depressant effects of SRIF; in
      contrast, the depancreatized chickens were significantly more resistant to the
      APP-inhibitory effects of SRIF when compared to the sham-op control birds. Thus,
      16 days after partial pancreatectomy, the hormone-release mechanisms appeared
      altered for IRI and IRAPP in response to SRIF. Data obtained when glucose
      infusions preceded SRIF infusions indicated that A-cell release of glucagon was
      much more sensitive to glucose (as a depression) in the partially depancreatized
      birds than in control birds. These same birds were significantly less responsive
      to the glucose-depressant effect on plasma APP levels. Thus, it appears that 99%
      pancreatectomy increases the sensitivity of the SRIF, IRI, and IRG release
      mechanisms in response to glucose 16 days after surgery. The insulin-to-glucagon
      (I/G) molar ratios indicative of metabolic anabolism can still be achieved by
      nutrients 16 days after partial pancreatectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2877921
TI  - Estimation of linkage disequilibrium from conditional haplotype data: application
      to beta-globin gene cluster in American blacks.
AB  - Simple estimators of gene frequencies and linkage disequilibria are proposed when
      haplotype data are available from four parental chromosomes of a child (or fetus)
      for whom genetic counseling is sought for a disease condition. The method is
      illustrated with restriction site polymorphisms associated with sickle-cell
      anemia (Hb-beta S) gene as surveyed in genetic counseling data from American
      blacks. The method suggested here is shown to be useful in testing for the
      significance of interactions of site-specific variations of any order in the
      chromosomal region assayed.

PMID- 2877922
TI  - Monkey erythropoietin gene: cloning, expression and comparison with the human
      erythropoietin gene.
AB  - The erythropoietin (Epo) gene from Cynomolgus monkeys has been isolated from a
      kidney cDNA library using mixed 20-mer oligodeoxynucleotide probes. The gene
      encodes a 168 amino acid (aa) mature protein with a calculated Mr of 18,490 and a
      presumptive signal peptide of 24 aa. The Epo gene, when transfected into Chinese
      hamster ovary (CHO) cells, produces a glycosylated protein with an apparent Mr of
      34,000. The expressed product is biologically active in vivo. The monkey gene
      exhibits 92% and 94% homology to the human gene at the aa and nucleotide sequence
      levels, respectively. When compared with the human Epo, monkey Epo has an
      additional 3-aa residue at the N terminus of the mature protein and a deletion of
      an internal lysine residue.

PMID- 2877923
TI  - APUD cells in the ovary of white rat.

PMID- 2877924
TI  - Mutagenicity studies of selected antihistamines, their metabolites and products
      of nitrosation.
AB  - Methapyrilene, four structurally related antihistamines, three metabolites of
      methapyrilene and two products of the reaction of methapyrilene with nitrite were
      all tested for mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium. The two products of the
      methapyrilene-nitrite reaction have also been identified as metabolites of
      methapyrilene. None was mutagenic alone, either with or without rat liver S-9
      activation. After reaction with sodium nitrite in acetic acid solution
      (nitrosation), the products of five of the ten compounds were mutagenic. These
      compounds were methaphenilene, 2-thiophenemethanol, 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid, N
      (2-pyridyl)-N'N'-dimethylethylenediamine and N-(2-thenylmethyl)-2-aminopyridine.

PMID- 2877925
TI  - Recent developments in the field of marine natural products with emphasis on
      biologically active compounds.

PMID- 2877926
TI  - [Hypoxemic shock and the myocardium. Effect of cardiovasoactive substances on the
      course of shock].

PMID- 2877927
TI  - [Long-term therapy with depot neuroleptics. Prevention of recurrence in chronic
      schizophrenic patients].

PMID- 2877928
TI  - Adrenergic control of lipolysis and metabolic responses in obesity.
AB  - Adrenergic modulation of lipolysis was determined in obese and lean women.
      Epinephrine was infused alone, or in combination with propranolol, or with
      phentolamine. In both obese and lean subjects slight alpha- and prevalent beta
      adrenergic lipolytic responsiveness was observed. alpha-adrenergic blockade by
      yohimbine potentiated lipolysis and exercise energy expenditure. Yohimbine
      application during the slimming treatment increased weight loss without side
      effects.

PMID- 2877929
TI  - Absence of human chorionic somatomammotropin during pregnancy associated with two
      types of gene deletion.
AB  - Complete absence of human somatomammotropin (hCS) was demonstrated in two
      patients experiencing an otherwise uneventful pregnancy. After delivery, DNA was
      prepared from the neonate blood or from the placenta and the integrity of the hCS
      hGH gene cluster was investigated by Southern blotting and hybridization with an
      hCS cDNA probe. Patient 1 was found to be homozygous for a deletion involving hCS
      A, hGH-V, and hCS-B. Patient 2 was a double heterozygote, with one chromosome
      bearing the same deletion as that of patient 1, while in the other, only the hCS
      A gene was missing. Considerations relative to the frequency of the defect are
      derived from the present results.

PMID- 2877930
TI  - DNA finger printing by oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repeats.
AB  - Interspersed simple repetitive DNA is a convenient genetic marker for analysis of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) because of the numbers and the
      frequencies of its alleles. Oligonucleotide probes specific for variations of the
      GATCA simple repeats have been designed and hybridized to a panel of human DNAs
      digested with various restriction enzymes. Numerous RFLPs were demonstrated in
      AluI and MboI digested DNA with "pure" GATA oligonucleotides as probes. The
      optimal length of the probe for RFLP analysis was 20 bases taking into account
      fragment lengths (1.5-7 kilobases = kb), signal to background ratio, and number
      of clearly evaluable RFLPs. By using different restriction enzymes individual
      specific hybridization patterns ("DNA fingerprints") can be established.
      Hypervariable simple repeat fragments are stably inherited in a Mendelian
      fashion. Advantages of this method are discussed.

PMID- 2877931
TI  - The influence of low arylsulfatase A activity on neuropsychiatric morbidity: a
      large-scale screening in patients.
AB  - A total of 1728 patients consecutively admitted to a neuropsychiatric hospital
      and 379 chronically ill inpatients were examined for activity of arylsulphatase A
      (ASA) in leucocytes. A further 519 healthy individuals served as controls. We did
      not find evidence for the involvement of low ASA activity in chronic patients.
      The consecutive admissions showed a slight preponderance in the lower ASA
      activity classes. This activity range covers persons heterozygous for ASA
      deficiency alleles. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that carriers of
      low ASA activity alleles are at a slightly higher risk for neuropsychiatric
      disorders.

PMID- 2877932
TI  - A straightforward approach to isolate DNA sequences with potential linkage to the
      retinoblastoma locus.
AB  - From a human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid a clone was derived containing
      chromosome 13 in duplicate as its only human material. This clone was used to
      construct a human chromosome 13-specific recombinant DNA-library. Overlapping
      Sau3AI DNA sequences (11.9-17.2 kb) from the cell hybrid were inserted into the
      lambda phage vector EMBL4. From eleven recombinants having a human insert
      thirteen putative unique DNA sequences were isolated and cloned into the plasmid
      vector pBR329. A human-mouse hybrid containing a human chromosome 13 with a
      deletion of 13q14 and lacking its undeleted homologue was constructed to be used
      in a selection procedure for DNA sequences belonging to band q14. Three probes
      originating from two different phages were assigned to 13q14 because they did not
      hybridise to DNA from this cell hybrid. One of these 13q14 probes detects a low
      frequency (2/44) MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism. The probes are
      now being used for screening a cosmid library to find adjacent polymorphic
      sequences with a RFLP information content suitable for application in the
      diagnosis of hereditary retinoblastoma.

PMID- 2877933
TI  - Regional localisations and linkage relationships of seven RFLPs and myotonic
      dystrophy on chromosome 19.
AB  - We have studied the genetic linkage relationships of seven DNA polymorphisms on
      chromosome 19, with each other and with the myotonic dystrophy locus. The DNA
      sequences were localised to various regions of the chromosome using
      translocations in somatic cell hybrids. These results provide the basis for a
      linkage map of most of chromosome 19, and suggest that the myotonic dystrophy
      locus is close to the centromere.

PMID- 2877935
TI  - Development of additional RFLP probes near the locus for Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy by cosmid cloning of the DXS84 (754) locus.
AB  - We have isolated 70kb of sequences surrounding probe 754 (DXS84), linked with
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In addition to the original PstI RFLP detected by
      754, BglII and EcoRI RFLPs were detected with the single copy subclone 754.11 and
      a HindIII RFLP with the subclone 754.6. The BglII and HindIII and HindIII RFLPs
      both have minor allele frequencies of 40%, as in PstI polymorphism. The EcoRI
      polymorphism has a minor allele frequency of 23%. Since a linkage disequilbrium
      is observed between these RFLPs (P less than 0.001), the BglII and the HindIII
      RFLPs do not contribute to the heterozygosity. However, the minor allele of the
      EcoRI RFLP segregates exclusively with the major haplotype of the PstI-BglII
      HindIII complex, and consequently 47% of the homozygotes for the haplotype become
      heterozygous. As a result, the overall heterozygote frequency of the DXS84 locus
      increases from 50% to 65%.

PMID- 2877937
TI  - Heterogeneity in the map distance between X-linked agammaglobulinemia and a map
      of nine RFLP loci.
AB  - In nine family pedigrees in which X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is
      segregating, a multi-point linkage analysis has been carried out. In each family,
      the map distance, d, between XLA and a fixed point in a known map of nine RFLP
      loci on the X chromosome was estimated by calculating the log likelihoods, L(d).
      Using a new method, the 10-point likelihood was approximated by appropriately
      combining three 4-point likelihoods. Homogeneity tests (admixture tests) were
      performed showing clear evidence for heterogeneity of XLA.

PMID- 2877934
TI  - Linkage relationships of the insulin receptor gene with the complement component
      3, LDL receptor, apolipoprotein C2 and myotonic dystrophy loci on chromosome 19.
AB  - Myotonic dystrophy is associated with disturbances in the insulin response,
      possibly due to an abnormality of the insulin receptor. Both the myotonic
      dystrophy (DM) and insulin receptor (INSR) genes are on chromosome 19. Using a
      cloned gene probe for INSR, we have studied its linkage relationships with the DM
      locus and other chromosome 19 markers. The results show that INSR is not closely
      linked to DM, but is located very close to C3, in the region 19pter-19p13.2. This
      implies that the basic genetic defect which causes DM is not directly responsible
      for the disturbed insulin response in these patients.

PMID- 2877936
TI  - Isolation of a random cosmid clone, cX5, which defines a new polymorphic locus
      DXS148 near the locus for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - We have isolated a random cosmid cX5 (DXS148), which maps into a small Xp21
      deletion associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), chronic granulomatous
      disease (CGD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and McLeod syndrome, cX5 maps proximally
      outside several other deletions associated with DMD, glycerol kinase deficiency
      (GK) and adrenal hypoplasia (AHC). The following order of loci is proposed:
      centromere-OTC-cX5 (DXS148)-754 (DXS84)-PERT87 (DXS164)/DMD-telomere. A subclone
      cX5.7, isolated from this cosmid, identifies an MspI RFLP, with a minor allele
      frequency of 35%. This probe forms an important adjunct to the existing RFLPs for
      family studies in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2877938
TI  - Close linkage between X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and a cloned DNA sequence
      detecting a two allele restriction fragment length polymorphism in the region
      Xp11-q12.
AB  - EDA (ectodermal dysplasia, anhidrotic) is an X-linked recessive disorder
      characterized by hypohidrosis, hypoor anodontia, and hypotrichosis. A possible
      linkage between the gene for EDA and a number of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) spread over the X chromosome was investigated in two Danish
      families segregating EDA. No recombination between the gene for EDA and our probe
      pTAK8, which detects a two allele polymorphism in the region Xp11-q12, was found
      in nine informative meiotic events (seven of which are phase known), giving a
      maximal lod score of 2.41 at a recombination fraction of 0.00. This
      juxtacentromeric location of the gene for EDA agrees well with the linkage data
      obtained with the other markers used in this study.

PMID- 2877939
TI  - A DNA polymorphism of the apoprotein AII gene in hypertriglyceridaemia.
AB  - A polymorphism of the apolipoprotein AII gene (on chromosome 1) was investigated
      using genomic hybridisation analysis. The two common alleles at this locus were
      defined by MspI restriction fragments of 3.0 kilobase pairs (M3.0) and 3.7
      kilobase pairs (M3.7) respectively. The M3.7 allele was significantly more common
      (P less than 0.02) in Caucasian subjects who were normo-lipaemic (34%, 20/59)
      than in those who were hypertriglyceridaemic (16%, 16/98). Serum triglyceride
      levels were measured in 126 Caucasian subjects with different combinations of
      disease-associated alleles at the ApoAII and ApoCIII gene loci. Mean serum
      triglyceride levels were found to be significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in
      subjects with disease-associated alleles of both the ApoCIII and ApoAII genes,
      compared with subjects with a disease-associated allele of one or neither locus.

PMID- 2877940
TI  - Beta-globin gene polymorphism in Saudis--triple Hpa I fragments.
AB  - In an attempt to investigate beta-globin gene polymorphism in the Saudi
      population, DNA samples were analysed using restriction endonucleases, Mst II and
      Hpa I. Both beta A and beta S genes showed extensive polymorphism and were found
      to be linked to 13.0 kb, 7.6 kb, 7.0 kb, and 5.6 kb Hpa I fragments. Three DNA
      samples out of a total of 436 analysed, had beta-globin gene linked to three Hpa
      I fragments of the sizes 13.0 kb, 7.6 kb, and 5.6 kb. In this paper we present
      our findings and discuss the possibility of multiple beta-globin loci.

PMID- 2877941
TI  - De novo mutation in hemophilia A established by DNA haplotype analysis and
      precluding prenatal diagnosis.
AB  - In a family with a single case of hemophilia A genetic counselling was requested
      by the pregnant aunt of the propositus. The haplotypes generated by two extra
      genic RFLPs, at DXS52 (St14/Taq1) and DXS15 (DX13/BglII), and one intragenic RFLP
      in F8C (647/BclI) indicated that: she was not a carrier; the case of hemophilia
      resulted from a de novo mutation in a grandfather's gamete.

PMID- 2877942
TI  - Chromosome assignment and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of
      the anonymous DNA probe B79a at 7q22 (HMG8 assignment D7S13).
AB  - The anonymous DNA fragment B79a, which had previously been located to chromosome
      7cen-7q22, has been more accurately assigned to 7q22 by dosage analysis in a
      patient hemizygous for a deletion of that region. By examination of a panel of
      genomic DNAs from unrelated individuals, digested with a number of different
      restriction enzymes, we have identified two frequent RFLPs detected by B79a. This
      probe will be important in the analysis of cystic fibrosis which has been mapped
      to the region around 7q22.

PMID- 2877944
TI  - Exon-specific oligonucleotide probes localize HLA-DQ beta allelic polymorphisms.
AB  - The HLA genetic region consists of a large multigene complex which includes a
      number of highly homologous alpha and beta genes encoding class II polypeptides,
      clustered in three major loci, DP, DQ, and DR. Analysis of genomic polymorphisms
      at each of these loci is of considerable interest due to the role of particular
      structural polymorphisms in immune function, but this analysis has been hampered
      by difficulty in distinguishing between such highly homologous loci. We have
      identified locus-specific and exon-specific class II gene sequences in order to
      produce synthetic oligonucleotide probes which hybridize specifically to DQ beta
      genes. Two such oligonucleotide probes are described which are specific for the
      beta 1 and beta 2 exons of DQ (DC) beta, which identify DQ beta genes in digests
      of cellular DNA and which can be used to characterize restriction sites flanking
      the two oligonucleotide-specific regions. By sequentially hybridizing these
      probes in modified Southern analyses, we have been able to generate a tentative
      "restriction map" of a newly identified DQ beta allele from digests of total
      genomic DNA. This oligonucleotide mapping technique discriminates between two HLA
      DQw3+ alleles, DQ3.1 and DQ3.2, permitting the recognition of structural
      polymorphisms with DQ beta which are highly associated with type I diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2877943
TI  - Molecular characterization of a subtype of DQw1 recognized by hapten-specific T
      cells.
AB  - Previous studies of HLA-restricted antigen recognition by cloned T cells have
      frequently demonstrated reactivity that did not correlate precisely with the
      expression of serologically defined HLA specificities. To further explore such
      discrepancies, we utilized monoclonal antibody (MoAb) blocking, partial NH2
      terminal amino acid sequencing, and Southern blot hybridization techniques to
      analyze the fine specificity of four autologous trinitrophenyl-specific T cell
      lines restricted to DR2-linked epitopes. MoAb blocking studies demonstrated that
      two of these lines recognized determinants on DR molecules while the other two
      recognized determinants on the same molecule that expresses the DQw1 determinant.
      However, these latter two lines appeared to recognize a DQw1-related determinant
      found primarily in association with DR2, but not the other DQw1-associated DR
      alleles, DR1 and DRw6. To ascertain whether these lines were defining a
      functional split of DQw1, we performed partial NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing
      of the molecules precipitated with a DQw1-specific MoAb (Genox 3.53) from
      different stimulator lines. The results showed that these T cell lines recognized
      a subtype of DQw1 that is in linkage disequilibrium with DR2. Moreover, we
      identified characteristic restriction fragment length polymorphisms with a DQ
      beta-specific cDNA that correlated with stimulatory capacity for the DQw1
      restricted lines. These results demonstrate that: DQ molecules may provide
      restriction determinants that are incorrectly assigned to DR molecules on
      stimulator panel analyses; cloned antigen-specific T cell lines recognize
      polymorphic regions of class II molecules not distinguished by either
      conventional typing antisera or xenogeneic MoAb; and the DQw1 epitope(s) is
      located on a heterogeneous group of DQ molecules that differ from each other in
      the primary sequence of their beta chains.

PMID- 2877945
TI  - Molecular genotyping of human T-cell antigen receptor variable gene segments.
AB  - The gene complex encoding the beta chain of the T-cell antigen receptor (Tcr) in
      man was previously reported to contain a restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) involving a single Bgl II site adjacent to the second constant region
      gene. This RFLP allowed assignment of Tcr beta genotypes in certain human
      families. In the present study, two different RFLP in a V beta gene family were
      detected using the murine probe V8.1 in genomic DNA samples digested with the
      restriction endonucleases Hind III and Bam HI. Use of these RFLP to mark the V
      beta gene complex allowed complete haplotype assignment in four of seven families
      studied and provided support for linkage of the V gene complex to the constant
      region genes. Different combinations of the C and two V region markers can result
      in eight possible distinct haplotypes. The observation of all but one of the
      eight possible haplotypes in parents of the families studied suggests that
      recombination events occur between the C and V region and among members of the V
      region subfamily marked by the V8.1 probe. These markers can be used for mapping
      studies of the V beta gene complex in man and will allow an appraisal of possible
      associations between Tcr beta genes and disease susceptibility.

PMID- 2877946
TI  - Restriction length polymorphism in the variable region of the Tcr locus linked to
      histocompatibility antigen H-8 on murine chromosome 14.

PMID- 2877947
TI  - Regulation of production of type 1 pili among urinary tract isolates of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The piliation and hemagglutination properties of 54 consecutive Escherichia coli
      isolates from women with recurrent urinary tract infections were studied. Mannose
      sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) of guinea pig erythrocytes, characteristic of
      type 1-piliated bacteria, was produced by 75% of the isolates, 32% produced
      mannose-insensitive hemagglutination, and 14% produced no hemagglutination
      reaction. The production of type 1 pili was examined in those strains that
      produced MSHA only. Studies with antiserum prepared against purified pili
      suggested that at least three subtypes of type 1 hemagglutinins were represented
      among the isolates. All of the type 1-piliated isolates produced MSHA after
      serial subculture in static broth. After growth on agar, selected type 1-piliated
      isolates were subdivided into two groups. Many strains apparently suppressed
      piliation during growth on agar (regulated variants); all colonies became MSHA
      negative and were composed of nonpiliated cells as shown by electron microscopy.
      The loss of the MSHA phenotype often occurred after a single overnight passage on
      agar, and any remaining hemagglutinin was gradually lost with one to three
      additional passages. Seven strains, however, retained a significant
      hemagglutination titer after multiple subcultures on agar, and they produced
      colonies consisting of a mixed population of piliated and nonpiliated cells.
      These strains were apparently able to oscillate between states of pilus
      expression and nonexpression during growth on agar (random phase variants). When
      nonpiliated cells isolated from the mixed, random variant population were plated
      on agar, they gave rise to hemagglutination-positive colonies that consisted of
      both piliated and nonpiliated cells. The distinction between random variants and
      regulated variants was also observed in shaking broth cultures inoculated with
      nonpiliated cells. The random variants produced MSHA-positive cultures composed
      of piliated and nonpiliated cells, whereas the regulated strains remained
      nonpiliated. The results indicate that type 1 pili are a predominant adhesin of
      uropathogenic E. coli and that during growth on agar only about one-fourth of the
      type 1-piliated isolates regulate pilus expression by random phase variation.

PMID- 2877949
TI  - Purification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin:
      dependence on two nonlinked proteins for biological activity.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens type E iota toxin, a dermonecrotic and lethal binary
      toxin, was purified to homogeneity. Each protein component of the toxin, iota a
      (ia) or iota b (ib), appeared as a single band by gradient or sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and yielded a single immunoprecipitin
      arc by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with homologous antiserum. Individually, ia
      (Mr 47,500) or ib (Mr 71,500) had little biological activity. However, when
      combined in equimolar amounts, there was a 64-fold increase in the guinea pig
      dermonecrotic titer. The biological activity of ia was heat stable (85 degrees C
      for 15 min), whereas ib was inactivated at 55 degrees C. Our results demonstrated
      that C. perfringens iota toxin required two different, nonlinked protein
      components for biological activity.

PMID- 2877948
TI  - Analysis of the genetic determinants coding for the S-fimbrial adhesin (sfa) in
      different Escherichia coli strains causing meningitis or urinary tract
      infections.
AB  - Recently we have described the molecular cloning of the genetic determinant
      coding for the S-fimbrial adhesin (Sfa), a sialic acid-recognizing pilus
      frequently found among extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolates. Fimbriae from
      the resulting Sfa+ E. coli K-12 clone were isolated, and an Sfa-specific
      antiserum was prepared. Western blots indicate that S fimbriae isolated from
      different uropathogenic and meningitis-associated E. coli strains, including
      O83:K1 isolates, were serologically related. The Sfa-specific antibodies did not
      cross-react with P fimbriae, but did cross-react with F1C fimbriae. Furthermore
      the sfa+ recombinant DNAs and some cloned sfa-flanking regions were used as
      probes in Southern experiments. Chromosomal DNAs isolated from O18:K1 and O83:K1
      meningitis strains with and without S fimbriae and from uropathogenic O6:K+
      strains were hybridized against these sfa-specific probes. Only one copy of the
      sfa determinant was identified on the chromosome of these strains. No sfa
      specific sequences were observed on the chromosome of E. coli K-12 strains and an
      O7:K1 isolate. With the exception of small alterations in the sfa-coding region
      the genetic determinants for S fimbriae were identical in uropathogenic O6:K+ and
      meningitis O18:K1 and O83:K1 strains. The sfa determinant was also detected on
      the chromosome of K1 isolates with an Sfa-negative phenotype, and specific cross
      hybridization signals were visible after blotting against F1C-specific DNA. In
      addition homology among the different strains was observed in the sfa-flanking
      regions.

PMID- 2877950
TI  - Contribution of cloned virulence factors from uropathogenic Escherichia coli
      strains to nephropathogenicity in an experimental rat pyelonephritis model.
AB  - Escherichia coli 536 (O6:K15:H31), which was isolated from a case of urinary
      tract infection, determines high nephropathogenicity in a rat pyelonephritis
      system as measured by renal bacterial counts 7 days after infection. The loss of
      S fimbrial adhesin formation (Sfa-) (mannose-resistant hemagglutination [Mrh-]
      and fimbria production [Fim-]), serum resistance (Sre-), and hemolysin production
      (Hly-) in the mutant 536-21 led to a dramatic reduction of bacterial counts from
      almost 10(5) to only 40 cells per g of kidney. The reintroduction of the cloned S
      fimbrial adhesin determinant (sfa) increases the virulence of the avirulent
      mutant strain by a factor of 20; almost the same effect was observed after
      restoration of serum resistance by integration of an sfa+ recombinant cosmid into
      the chromosome. Additional reintroduction of the Hly+ phenotype by transformation
      of two hly determinants increased the virulence of the strains. Hemolysin
      production determined increased renal elimination of leukocytes and erythrocytes.
      Thus all three determinants investigated, S fimbriae, serum resistance, and
      hemolysin, contribute to the multifactorial phenomenon of E. coli
      nephropathogenicity.

PMID- 2877952
TI  - Piracy of adhesins: attachment of superinfecting pathogens to respiratory cilia
      by secreted adhesins of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Two proteins secreted by Bordetella pertussis are known to mediate adherence of
      these bacteria to mammalian respiratory cilia. When either ciliated cells or
      other pathogenic bacteria were pretreated with these adhesins, Streptococcus
      pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus acquired the
      ability to adhere to cilia in vitro and in vivo. Such piracy of adhesins may
      contribute to superinfection in mucosal diseases such as whooping cough.

PMID- 2877951
TI  - Changes in isoenzyme patterns of a cloned culture of nonpathogenic Entamoeba
      histolytica during axenization.
AB  - The axenization of an Entamoeba histolytica isolate with a nonpathogenic
      isoenzyme electrophoretic pattern (zymodeme) was recently achieved for the first
      time (15). Forty days after the cells were transferred to the medium used for
      axenic cultivation, the amebae developed virulence properties, and the zymodeme
      converted to a pathogenic pattern. To exclude the possibility that the original
      isolate consisted of two zymodeme populations and that conditions of growth
      selected for a particular population, the experiment was repeated with a cloned
      culture of a nonpathogenic (zymodeme III) strain, E. histolytica SAW 1734R clAR,
      isolated by and obtained from P. G. Sargeaunt. Axenization was accomplished, as
      before, by transferring trophozoites to TYI-S-33 medium containing a mixture of
      antibiotics to suppress the growth of the associated bacterial flora and a
      nutritional supplement consisting of gamma-irradiated bacteria. A change in the
      hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase isoenzyme pattern was observed 21 days after
      the amebae had been transferred to the axenic medium but before complete
      axenization of the amebae had occurred. The change in zymodeme was accompanied by
      an increase in virulence, as evidenced by the ability of fewer amebae to induce
      hepatic abscesses in hamsters. A reverse conversion to a nonpathogenic zymodeme
      was also accomplished by reassociating and subculturing the newly converted
      pathogenic trophozoites of strain SAW 1734R clAR with the bacterial flora that
      accompanied this ameba in the original xenic culture. The electromobilities of
      the hexokinase isoenzymes changed back to their original pattern 7 days after the
      amebae were returned to xenic growth conditions. Our in vitro results demonstrate
      that culture conditions and bacterial flora can cause changes in the zymodeme and
      virulence of a cloned ameba isolate and raise the concern that this could happen
      also in vivo. Thus, the finding of a particular zymodeme in a culture of E.
      histolytica isolated from a carrier should not be used to predict a clinical
      condition or serve as a basis for the recommendation of therapy.

PMID- 2877953
TI  - Dihydroergotamine therapy in orthostatic hypotension due to psychotropic drugs.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo controlled study with 10 mg per day dihydroergotamine in
      patients with orthostatic hypotension induced by treatment with psychotropic
      drugs showed a significant effect in preventing immediate drop in blood pressure
      after standing up. Preventing an abrupt drop in blood pressure with change of
      posture hinders symptoms of dizziness and faintness and helps activating patients
      who otherwise prefer to stay in bed.

PMID- 2877954
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of tiadipone: a new anxiolytic.
AB  - In this study 10 healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 25 mg of
      tiadipone in coated tablets. The levels of drug in plasma sample of each of the
      healthy volunteers were determined by a reverse phase HPLC technique. The
      evolution of the plasma levels of tiadipone with time after oral administration
      follows a single compartment open kinetic model. The absorption process showed
      wide interindividual differences with a mean value for the lag time of 0.76 +/-
      0.28 h. Tiadipone reaches a maximum plasma concentration with a mean value of 386
      ng/ml (range 338-498) between 1 and 3 h after administration. The elimination
      phase of the drug was seen to be monoexponential. The elimination half-life has a
      mean value of 3.34 +/- 1.16 h, lower than that established for other
      benzodiazepines in clinical practice.

PMID- 2877955
TI  - Duration of oral procaterol protection from methacholine-induced bronchial
      obstruction.
AB  - The duration of action of procaterol, a beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist with an
      entirely new chemical structure, was assessed, in comparison to that of
      salbutamol, by inhalation of 43 inhalation units of methacholine at time
      intervals of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours after intake of the drugs. Procaterol and
      salbutamol were given in a double-blind random fashion, on different days, to 12
      asthmatic children; pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, MEF50, MEF25), skeletal
      muscle tremor, and vital signs (heart rate and blood pressure) were measured.
      Although there was no statistical significant difference between procaterol and
      salbutamol, protection of large and medium airways lasted for about five hours,
      while normal small airway patency was still present at seven hours. It is
      concluded that procaterol can be a good alternative beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist
      when the oral route is needed.

PMID- 2877958
TI  - Modulation of non-specific bronchial reactivity.
AB  - There are several drugs that can modify non-specific reactivity induced by
      various stimuli. Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) is able to reduce bronchial
      hyperreactivity status, but its mechanism has not yet been demonstrated. It would
      be expected to exert its activity either by mastocyte stabilization or by other
      actions that are not related to mastocyte mediator release. It has been suggested
      that DSCG has a calcium channel blocking activity. Its possible role as a calcium
      antagonist suggest a general modifying effect of calcium antagonists against
      hyperreactivity, although their use in therapy cannot be foreseen. In exercise
      induced bronchospasm, numerous beta 2-adrenergic drugs have proved more effective
      than other drugs studied in several investigations. It is unknown whether their
      effects are to be attributed to a bronchodilator activity or to another mechanism
      of action. Anticholinergic drugs have a lower protective effect against several
      stimuli. Theophylline has protective action on histamine bronchospasm which is
      dependent on the blood levels of theophylline attained. Many drugs currently
      available can modify bronchial hyperreactivity, but only in a transient way.
      Several anti-asthmatic drugs cause a decrease of the bronchial hyperreactivity,
      reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and inhibiting reflex
      bronchoconstriction. However, at present there are no specific drugs which are
      able to modify bronchial hyperreactivity with a direct action.

PMID- 2877956
TI  - Liver function in moderate obesity--study in 534 moderately obese subjects among
      4613 male company employees.
AB  - The influence of moderate obesity on the liver was assessed in 4613 male company
      employees including 534 moderately obese subjects (30-50 percent overweight).
      Serum levels of transaminases and gammaglutamyl transferase activities were
      significantly higher in moderately obese male non-drinkers than in non-obese non
      drinkers. Twenty-four percent of male non-drinkers with moderate obesity had
      abnormal levels of sGPT and 47 percent of moderately obese male non-drinkers had
      significant hepatic steatosis as assessed by computed tomography. Although most
      previous studies on this subject were concerned with morbid obesity accompanying
      only those of more than 50 percent overweight or those who required surgery, the
      results of this study clearly indicate that moderately obese subjects also have
      frequent liver dysfunction.

PMID- 2877957
TI  - Thy 1.2 antigen inducing capacity of a calf thymus acid hydrolysate and its
      fractions.
AB  - Splenic null cells of normal mice have been shown to undergo phenotypic induction
      of Thy 1.2 antigen by various thymic extracts. This experimental model has been
      employed in characterizing the Thy 1.2 inducing ability of an acid lysate from
      calf thymus and its various fractions. Incubation of splenocytes from C3H/He mice
      with unfractionated Thymomodulin induces a dose-response percent increase in the
      Thy 1.2 antigen bearing cells (9.28 +/- 2.6%, p less than 0.05). Comparable
      increase appears in fractions 5B (9.46 +/- 0.55%, p less than 0.001) and 5C (8.09
      +/- 3%, p less than 0.005), obtained by ultrafiltration and containing peptides
      of m.w. 600-10,000 d and less than 600 d, respectively. The activity is confined
      to the acid fraction (6.61 +/- 0.54%, p less than 0.001) isolated by
      isoelectrofocusing. Control lysate from pig duodenal mucosa was devoid of Thy 1.2
      inducing activity. The present findings indicate that Thymomodulin possesses Thy
      1.2 inducing capacity on murine null cells and that such activity is maintained
      and enhanced after various fractionation procedures.

PMID- 2877959
TI  - Coralline hydroxyapatite bone-graft substitutes in a canine metaphyseal defect
      model. Radiographic-histometric correlation.
AB  - Radiographic and histometric evaluation of a new form of bone-graft substitute
      derived from reef-building sea coral was performed in a canine metaphyseal defect
      model. Blocks of this material were implanted into the proximal tibial metaphyses
      of eight dogs, with radiographic densitometry and harvesting performed at two,
      four, six, and 12 months. Histometric analysis demonstrated progressive
      apposition of host compact bone at the margins and trabecular bone at the
      interior of the implants with time following surgery. Corrected transmission
      density determinations correlated significantly with degree of osseous ingrowth
      (R = -0.78), void volume fraction (R = 0.88), and postoperative interval (R =
      0.88). These results support the successful early application of coralline
      hydroxyapatite bone-graft substitutes as an alternative to autogenous grafting in
      the clinical setting, and indicate that the course of incorporation into host
      bone can be noninvasively monitored using densitometric techniques.

PMID- 2877961
TI  - Smoking in public places.

PMID- 2877960
TI  - Chromogranin A (CGA) in the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system. I.
      CGA in the mammalian endocrine pancreas.
AB  - Chromogranin A (CGA), a protein at first detected in the adrenal medulla, has
      recently been found also in other organs, e.g. the endocrine pancreas. However,
      immunohistochemical findings concerning the cellular source of pancreatic CGA
      were controversial. Therefore, the endocrine pancreas of 10 mammalian species
      (man, tupaia, mole, cat, dog, pig, guinea pig, rabbit, rat) was investigated
      immunohistochemically for CGA-like immunoreactivities on serial semithin plastic
      sections using a high-titer polyclonal antiserum against bovine CGA. The results
      show that basically all pancreatic endocrine cell types are CGA-immunoreactive;
      however, every species has its own pattern of CGA-immunoreactive cell types.
      Other findings of the present studies indicate that the physiological function of
      CGA in pancreatic endocrine cells is related to the storage mechanisms of peptide
      hormones. Finally, a methodological approach is given to obtain not only
      qualitative but also semi-quantitative data during immunohistochemical
      investigations.

PMID- 2877962
TI  - Oral transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in the rabbit.
AB  - Four female rabbits were given twice-weekly oral inoculation of 2-4 X 10(7) cells
      from a male rabbit lymphoid cell line persistently infected with human T-cell
      leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). After 8 weeks, one of them was found to be
      seroconverted for HTLV-I. Peripheral lymphocytes from the 4 rabbits were cultured
      in the presence of T-cell growth factor, and a lymphoid cell line with a normal
      female karyotype was established only from the seroconverted rabbit. This cell
      line was reactive with a monoclonal antibody to rabbit T-cells and expressed HTLV
      I antigens and virus particles.

PMID- 2877964
TI  - Dose-response curves of central and peripheral airways to nicotine injections in
      dogs.
AB  - The dose-response curves of the central and peripheral airways to intravenously
      injected nicotine were studied in 55 anesthetized dogs. With intact vagi,
      nicotine caused a dose-dependent increase in central airway resistance (Rc)
      similar to the increase in peripheral airway resistance (Rp) at concentrations
      ranging from 4 to 64 micrograms/kg. However, the responses of both Rc and Rp fell
      progressively when sequential doses of nicotine greater than 256 micrograms/kg
      were administered. With intact vagi and the administration of propranolol, there
      was a greater increase in Rp than in Rc at a nicotine dose of 64 micrograms/kg (P
      less than 0.05). With vagotomy, the responsiveness of both central and peripheral
      airways to nicotine decreased with doses of nicotine less than 64 micrograms/kg,
      but with doses of nicotine greater than 256 micrograms/kg the suppressive effect
      of nicotine on both Rc and Rp was less than that seen with intact vagi. Under
      conditions in which the vagi were cut and atropine administered, the
      responsiveness of nicotine was even further depressed. Combinations either of
      atropine and chlorpheniramine or atropine and phenoxybenzamine also completely
      blocked reactions to nicotine. Additionally reactions to nicotine were completely
      blocked by hexamethonium. These results suggest that nicotine increases both Rc
      and Rp mainly through a vagal reflex and stimulation of the parasympathetic
      ganglia.

PMID- 2877963
TI  - Prevention of HTLV-I transmission through the breast milk by a freeze-thawing
      process.
AB  - Fifteen human breast milk samples obtained from mothers seropositive for human T
      cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) antigen were kept frozen overnight at -20
      degrees. Each milk sample was then co-cultivated with cord lymphocytes obtained
      from 15 anti-HTLV-I antibody-negative mothers. No HTLV-I antigen-positive cells
      were detected among the cord lymphocytes subjected to co-cultivation. These
      results suggest that thawing of frozen breast milk may prevent HTLV-I
      transmission from mother to child via breast milk.

PMID- 2877965
TI  - Influence of triamcinolone and somatostatin on morphometric parameters of
      cultured intestinal mucosa.
AB  - Mucosal biopsies from rabbit ileum were organ cultured for 24 h. The influence of
      triamcinolone and somatostatin on villus height and diameter as well as crypt
      depth and the number of mitoses was measured at various times during 24 h of
      culture as indices of cell proliferation and tissue maintenance. It could be
      shown that triamcinolone reduced cell proliferation slightly but preserved
      mucosal structure in organ culture. Somatostatin inhibited crypt cell
      proliferation, without any effect on other morphological parameters.

PMID- 2877966
TI  - Secondary attachment site for bacteriophage lambda in the guaB gene of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - lambda gua transducing bacteriophages were used to identify and sequence the
      secondary attachment site for lambda in the guaB gene of Escherichia coli. The
      sequence matched the primary core sequence at nine positions, and a putative
      integrase binding-site overlapped the left core-arm junction. Recombinational
      crossover occurred between nucleotides -3 and +2 of the core region.

PMID- 2877968
TI  - Effect of glutamine on growth and heterocyst differentiation in the
      cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis.
AB  - Mutants of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis that were capable of increased
      uptake of glutamine, as compared with that in the parental strains, were
      isolated. Growth of these mutants and their parental strains was measured in
      media containing N2, ammonia, or glutamine as a source of nitrogen. All strains
      grew well with any one of these sources of fixed nitrogen. Much of the glutamine
      taken up by the cells was converted to glutamate. The concentrations of
      glutamine, glutamate, arginine, ornithine, and citrulline in free amino acid
      pools in glutamine-grown cells were high compared with the concentrations of
      these amino acids in ammonia-grown or N2-grown cells. All strains capable of
      heterocyst differentiation, including a strain which produced nonfunctional
      heterocysts, grew and formed heterocysts in the presence of glutamine. However,
      nitrogenase activity was repressed in glutamine-grown cells. Glutamine may not be
      the molecule directly responsible for repression of the differentiation of
      heterocysts.

PMID- 2877967
TI  - Expression of pili from Bacteroides nodosus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - The pili of Bacteroides nodosus, the causative agent of ovine footrot, constitute
      the major host-protective immunogen against homologous serotypic challenge. The
      pilin gene from B. nodosus 198 has been cloned and morphologically expressed as
      extracellular pili in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using a plasmid-borne,
      thermoregulated expression system. B. nodosus pilin could not be detected in
      cultures of P. aeruginosa grown at 32 degrees C, but after induction at 37
      degrees C, B. nodosus pili were expressed on the cell surface of P. aeruginosa to
      the virtual exclusion of the host cell pili. Pili harvested from induced P.
      aeruginosa cultures were used to immunize sheep against footrot. The serum
      agglutinating antibody titers of vaccinated sheep were comparable to those of
      sheep receiving pili from B. nodosus. Subsequent challenge of the sheep with B.
      nodosus 198 indicated that the recombinant- DNA-derived pili vaccine and the B.
      nodosus pili vaccine provided similar levels of protection against footrot.

PMID- 2877969
TI  - Expression of alpha-amylase in Bacillus licheniformis.
AB  - In Bacillus licheniformis, alpha-amylase production varied more than 100-fold
      depending on the presence or absence of a catabolite-repressing carbon source in
      the growth medium. alpha-Amylase was produced during the growth phase and not at
      the onset of the stationary phase. Induction of alpha-amylase correlated with
      synthesis of mRNA initiating at the promoter of the alpha-amylase gene.

PMID- 2877970
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the tra YALE region from IncFV plasmid pED208.
AB  - The pED208 plasmid is a 90-kilobase conjugative plasmid which is the derepressed
      form of Fo lac plasmid (IncFV). A 3.3-kilobase HindIII-PstI fragment from the
      pED208 plasmid was cloned and sequenced and was found to contain four open
      reading frames which were highly homologous to the traA, traL, traE, and traY
      gene products of the F plasmid. The pED208 traA propilin protein was 119 amino
      acids in length, consisting of a leader sequence of 55 amino acids and a mature
      pilin subunit of 64 residues. The leader sequence contained a hydrophobic region
      followed by a classic signal peptidase cleavage site (Ala-Ser-Ala-55). F and
      pED208 pilin proteins shared 27 conserved residues and had similar predicted
      secondary structures. The pED208 traA and traL genes were separated by a single
      base pair, and no ribosome binding site preceded the traL gene. The pED208 traY
      gene contained an IS2 insertion element in orientation II 180 nucleotides (60
      residues) upstream of the traY stop codon. This insertion of IS2 resulted in a
      predicted fusion peptide of 69 residues for traY which may provide the observed
      traY activity. Since IS2 is absent in the wild-type plasmid, Fo lac, derepression
      and concomitant multipiliation may be due to the insertion of IS2 providing
      constitutive expression of the pED208 tra operon.

PMID- 2877971
TI  - Characterization of a bacteriocinogenic plasmid from Clostridium perfringens and
      molecular genetic analysis of the bacteriocin-encoding gene.
AB  - The bacteriocinogenic plasmid pIP404 from Clostridium perfringens was isolated
      and cloned in Escherichia coli, and its physical map was deduced. Expression of
      the bcn gene, encoding bacteriocin BCN5, is inducible by UV irradiation of C.
      perfringens and thus resembles the SOS-regulated bacteriocin genes of enteric
      bacteria. The location of bcn on pIP404 was established by a dot-blot procedure,
      using specific hybridization probes to analyze mRNA samples from induced and
      uninduced cultures. From the nucleotide sequence of its gene, the molecular
      weight of BCN5 was deduced to be 96,591, and a protein of this size was secreted
      by bacteriocin-producing cultures of C. perfringens. The primary structure of the
      protein suggests that it may function as an ionophore, since a hydrophobic
      domain, resembling those of the ionophoric colicins, is present at the COOH
      terminus. No bacteriocin activity could be detected in E. coli harboring plasmids
      bearing the bcn gene, even when the transcriptional and translational signals
      were replaced by those of lacZ. A possible explanation may be found in the
      unusual codon usage of the adenine-thymine-rich bcn gene, as this shows a
      preference for codons with a high adenine-plus-thymine content, especially in the
      wobble position. Many of the frequently used codons correspond to those
      recognized by minor tRNA species in E. coli. Consequently, bcn expression might
      be limited by tRNA availability in this bacterium.

PMID- 2877973
TI  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae start mutant carrying the cdc25 mutation is
      defective in activation of plasma membrane ATPase by glucose.
AB  - Activation of plasma membrane ATPase by the addition of glucose was examined in
      several cell division cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The start mutant
      carrying the cdc25 mutation was shown to be defective in ATPase activation at the
      restrictive temperature. Genetic analysis showed that lack of growth and
      defective activation of ATPase at the restrictive temperature were caused by the
      same mutation. It was also found that CDC25 does not map at the same locus as the
      structural gene of plasma membrane ATPase (PMA1). We conclude that the product of
      CDC25 controls the activation of ATPase.

PMID- 2877972
TI  - Identification of two new hemagglutinins of Escherichia coli, N-acetyl-D
      glucosamine-specific fimbriae and a blood group M-specific agglutinin, by cloning
      the corresponding genes in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - Genes encoding the Escherichia coli IH11165 hemagglutinins with specificity for
      terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and blood group M antigen, respectively, were
      cloned by a cosmid cloning procedure. A 22-kilobase-pair subclone expressed both
      hemagglutination specificities in the nonhemagglutinating E. coli HB101 recipient
      strain. Derivatives obtained by insertion and deletion mutagenesis expressed
      either one of the two hemagglutination specificities. Both agglutinins were
      purified; the agglutinin recognizing terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was
      associated with a new type of fimbria (G fimbria) with an apparent subunit
      molecular mass of 19.5 kilodaltons, whereas the blood group M agglutinin (M
      agglutinin) was nonfimbrial and had an apparent subunit mass of 21 kilodaltons.

PMID- 2877974
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase from Escherichia coli K-12: purification and
      properties.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) (EC 2.3.2.2) was purified from the periplasmic
      fraction of Escherichia coli K-12 to electrophoretic homogeneity. The final
      purification step, chromatofocusing, gave two protein peaks showing GGT activity
      (fractions A and B). The major heavy fraction (fraction A) consisted of two
      different subunits, with molecular weights of 39,200 and 22,000. The minor light
      fraction (fraction B) consisted of those with molecular weights of 38,600 and
      22,000. Fraction A catalyzes the hydrolysis and transpeptidation of all gamma
      glutamyl compounds tested, but it prefers basic amino acids and aromatic amino
      acids as acceptors. The apparent Km values for glutathione and gamma-glutamyl-p
      nitroanilide as gamma-glutamyl donors in the transpeptidation reaction were both
      35 microM, and those for glycylglycine and L-arginine as acceptors were 0.59 and
      0.21 M, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by some amino acids and by
      protease inhibitors and affinity-labeling reagents for GGT. The temperature
      stability of the purified GGT supports our hypothesis that E. coli GGT is
      synthesized only at lower temperature rather than that the synthesized GGT is
      degraded or inactivated at higher temperature.

PMID- 2877975
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase from Escherichia coli K-12: formation and
      localization.
AB  - Escherichia coli cells showed maximum activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      (EC 2.3.2.2) when they were grown at 20 degrees C, 14% of maximum activity at 37
      degrees C, and none at 43 degrees C. The enzyme activity of intact cells grown at
      20 degrees C was stably maintained after the temperature was changed to 45
      degrees C. The activity increased during the exponential phase, and maximum
      activity was found at stationary phase. Its intracellular localization in the
      periplasmic space was confirmed.

PMID- 2877976
TI  - Mania in adolescence.
AB  - The clinical features, treatment, and outcome of bipolar disorder in a
      consecutive series of 14 adolescent patients are described. Diagnostic confusion
      was common, although the clinical features were similar to those found in adult
      patients. Treatment response and short-term outcome seemed favorable. The
      findings are discussed in the light of current literature.

PMID- 2877977
TI  - Neuroleptic dose and the need for prophylactic anticholinergic drugs.

PMID- 2877978
TI  - Developmental changes of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and putative amino acid
      neurotransmitters in the organotypic culture of newborn mouse cerebellum.
AB  - The quantitative changes and metabolism of GABA and putative amino acid
      neurotransmitters during early developmental stages in the organotypic culture of
      newborn mouse cerebellum were examined by using the high-performance liquid
      chromatograph (HPLC) technique. D-[U-14C]Glucose was used as a precursor of amino
      acids. To analyze amino acid neurotransmitters, explants were incubated for 4
      weeks under standard conditions. The amount of GABA linearly increased from 8.7
      +/- 1.3 nmol/mg protein (2 days in vitro, 2 DIV) to 26.5 +/- 6.1 nmol/mg protein
      (15 DIV) and was saturated after that (24.0 +/- 3.6 nmol/mg protein at 30 DIV).
      During the period of GABA increase, the capability for GABA synthesis from
      [14C]glucose increased rapidly from 3.03 +/- 0.67 nCi/mg protein (2 DIV, 3 h
      incubation) to 9.32 +/- 1.34 nCi/mg protein (15 DIV, 3 h incubation). In the case
      of glutamic acid, a putative neurotransmitter of granule cell parallel fibers in
      the cerebellum, the amount in explants was nearly constant during incubation, in
      contrast with the fact that the amount in vivo gradually increased. However, the
      capability for glutamic acid synthesis from [14C]glucose increased from 10.80 +/-
      3.01 nCi/mg protein (2 DIV, 1 h incubation) to 27.62 +/- 4.71 nCi/mg protein (22
      DIV, 1 h incubation). In the case of taurine, found in abundance in fetal brain
      and supposed to play a specific role in the development and maturation of the
      central nervous system, the amount in explants decreased from 139.8 +/- 4.0
      nmol/mg protein (2 DIV) to 54.0 +/- 0.8 nmol/mg protein (30 DIV).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2877979
TI  - ADP binding to TF1 and its subunits induces ultraviolet spectral changes.
AB  - Adenine nucleotide binding sites on the coupling factor ATPase of thermophilic
      bacterium PS3 (TF1) were investigated by UV spectroscopy and by equilibrium
      dialysis. When ADP was mixed with TF1 in the presence and in the absence of Mg2+,
      an UV absorbance change was induced (t1/2 approximately 1 min) with a peak at
      about 278 nm and a trough at about 250 nm. Similar spectral changes were induced
      by ADP with the isolated beta subunits in the presence and in the absence of
      Mg2+, and with the isolated alpha subunits in the presence of Mg2+ although the
      magnitudes of the changes were different. From equilibrium dialysis measurement
      we identified two classes of nucleotide binding sites in TF1 in the presence of
      Mg2+, three high-affinity sites (Kd = 61 nM) and three low-affinity sites (Kd =
      87 microM). In the absence of Mg2+, TF1 has one high-affinity site (Kd less than
      10 nM) and five low-affinity sites (Kd = 100 microM). Moreover, we found a single
      Mg2+-dependent ADP binding site on the isolated alpha subunit and a single Mg2+
      independent ADP binding site on the isolated beta subunit. From the above
      observations, we concluded that the three Mg2+-dependent high-affinity sites for
      ADP are located on the alpha subunit in TF1 and that the single high-affinity
      site is located on one of the beta subunits in TF1 in the absence of Mg2+.

PMID- 2877980
TI  - Regulation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamoylase
      dihydroorotase gene expression in growing and arrested cells.
AB  - We have studied expression of the carbamoyl-P synthetase-aspartate
      transcarbamoylase-dihydroorotase (CAD) gene in growing or confluent Syrian
      hamster cells, and also in cells arrested by depriving them of serum or
      restimulated by adding fresh serum. In contrast to other biosynthetic enzymes
      such as dihydrofolate reductase, the amount of the CAD enzyme decreased very
      little when growth was arrested, as judged by the small change in aspartate
      transcarbamoylase activity. However, the level of CAD mRNA was about 10-fold
      lower in arrested cells than in growing cells. The rate of transcription of CAD,
      measured by the nuclear run-off technique, decreased roughly in parallel with the
      decrease in the steady-state level of the mRNA, suggesting that control of
      transcription is probably an important element in the overall regulation of CAD
      gene expression. Expression of a different gene which lies near the 5' end of CAD
      changed in parallel with that of CAD, but expression of two other genes in the
      same region was insensitive to the growth state of the cells. Therefore, control
      of gene expression as a function of growth was specific rather than a reflection
      of more general changes in chromatin structure in the vicinity of CAD.

PMID- 2877981
TI  - Cross-linking site in fibrinogen for alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor.
AB  - A plasma proteinase inhibitor, alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2PI), is cross
      linked with alpha chain of fibrin(ogen) by activated coagulation Factor XIII
      (plasma transglutaminase). alpha 2PI serves only as a glutamine substrate (amine
      acceptor) for activated Factor XIII in the cross-linking reaction, and the cross
      linking occurs between Gln-2 of the alpha 2PI molecule and a lysine residue
      (amine donor) of fibrin(ogen) alpha chain, whose position was investigated. alpha
      2PI and fibrinogen were reacted by activated Factor XIII. The resulting alpha 2PI
      fibrinogen A alpha chain complex was separated and subjected to two cycles of
      Edman degradation using phenyl isothiocyanate for the first cycle and
      dimethylaminoazobenzene-isothiocyanate for the second cycle. The aqueous phase
      after the cleavage stage of the second cycle, containing dimethylaminoazobenzene
      thiohydantoin-Gln cross-linked with A alpha chain, was subjected to CNBr
      fragmentation and tryptic digestion. Only one of the peptides was found to have
      the peak of absorbance at 420 nm, indicating the presence of
      dimethylaminoazobenzene-thiohydantoin-Gln in that peptide. The peptide was
      identified as corresponding to residues Asn-290-Arg-348 of A alpha chain by
      analyses of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition. The
      peptide contains a single lysine at position 303, indicating that Lys-303 of
      fibrinogen A alpha chain is the lysine residue that forms a cross-link with Gln-2
      of alpha 2PI.

PMID- 2877982
TI  - Covalent coupling of a resact analogue to guanylate cyclase.
AB  - GGGYG-resact (Gly-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Cys-Val-Thr-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Cys-Val-Gly-Gly-Gly
      Arg -Leu-NH2) was synthesized and shown to possess the same respiration
      stimulating activity and receptor-binding ability as resact. The incubation of
      intact sperm cells with radioiodinated peptide, 125I-GGGYG-resact, and the
      chemical cross-linking reagent, disuccinimidyl suberate, resulted in the
      appearance of a single, major radioactive band of apparent molecular weight
      160,000 (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The
      interaction was specific since 150 nM nonradioactive resact but not speract (200
      nM) blocked formation of the radioactive band. The radioactive, cross-linked
      protein co-migrated with 32P-labeled guanylate cyclase and could be
      immunoprecipitated with a polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits against the sperm
      guanylate cyclase. The incubation of intact cells with NH4Cl resulted in the
      partial dephosphorylation of guanylate cyclase and a change in its apparent
      molecular weight from 160,000 to 150,000; NH4Cl also caused the same conversion
      in the apparent molecular weight of the cross-linked protein. These data
      demonstrate that an analogue of resact can be covalently coupled to guanylate
      cyclase with the specificity predicted for the peptide receptor.

PMID- 2877983
TI  - Gentamicin nucleotidyltransferase. Stereochemical inversion at phosphorus in
      enzymatic 2'-deoxyadenylyl transfer to tobramycin.
AB  - Gentamicin nucleotidyltransferase-catalyzed reaction of (Sp)-[alpha-17O]dATP with
      tobramycin produced 2"-(2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-[17O]phosphoryl)tobramycin. The
      configuration at phosphorus in this product was shown to be Rp by chemical
      degradation to chiral [17O, 18O]dAMP using a stereochemically defined procedure,
      and determination of the configuration at phosphorus in this product. Periodate
      base treatment of 2"-(2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-[17O]phosphoryl)tobramycin followed by
      NaBH4 reduction produced (2-glyceryl)-[17O]dAMP, which upon snake venom
      phosphodiesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis in H(2)18O produced [17O,18O] dAMP. The
      configuration at phosphorus in this product was shown to be S by enzymatic
      phosphorylation to [17O,18O]dATP, adenylylcyclase (Bordetella pertussis)
      catalyzed cyclization to 3',5'-cyclic [17O,18O]dAMP, and 31P NMR analysis of the
      ethyl esters. Since snake venom phosphodiesterase-catalyzed hydrolyses proceed
      with retention of configuration at phosphorus, (Sp)-[17O,18O]dAMP must have been
      produced from (Rp)-(2-glyceryl)-[17O]dAMP; and since the chemical degradation to
      the latter compound did not involve cleavage of any bonds to phosphorus, the
      initial enzymatic product must have been (Rp)-2"-(2'-deoxyadenosine 5'
      [17O]phosphoryl)tobramycin. Therefore, nucleotidyl transfer catalyzed by
      gentamicin nucleotidyl-transferase proceeds with inversion of configuration at
      phosphorus, and the reaction mechanism involves an uneven number of
      phosphotransfer steps. Inasmuch as this is an uncomplicated two-substrate group
      transfer reaction, the mechanism probably involves direct nucleotidyl transfer
      from the nucleoside triphosphate to the aminoglycoside. The B. pertussis
      adenylylcyclase reaction was shown to proceed with inversion at phosphorus, as
      has been established for other adenylylcyclases.

PMID- 2877984
TI  - Regulation of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase and the
      chromosomal localization of the human gene.
AB  - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase was purified to
      homogeneity from rat liver cytoplasm. The active enzyme is a dimer composed of
      identical subunits of Mr = 53,000. The amino acid composition and the NH2
      terminal sequence are presented. Partial cDNA clones for the enzyme were isolated
      by screening of a rat liver lambda gt11 expression library with antibodies raised
      against the purified protein. The identity of the clones was confirmed by hybrid
      selection and translation. When rats were fed diets supplemented with
      cholesterol, cholestyramine, or cholestyramine plus mevinolin, the hepatic
      protein mass of cytoplasmic synthase, as determined by immunoblotting, was 25,
      160, and 1100%, respectively, of the mass observed in rats fed normal chow.
      Comparable changes in enzyme activity were observed. Approximately 9-fold
      increases in both HMG-CoA synthase mRNA mass and synthase mRNA activity were
      observed when control diets were supplemented with cholestyramine and mevinolin.
      When rats were fed these two drugs and then given mevalonolactone by stomach
      intubation, there was a 5-fold decrease of synthase mRNA within 3 h. These
      results indicate that cytoplasmic synthase regulation occurs primarily at the
      level of mRNA. This regulation is rapid and coordinate with that observed for HMG
      CoA reductase. The chromosomal localization of human HMG-CoA synthase was
      determined by examining a panel of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids with the rat
      cDNA probe. Interestingly, the synthase gene resides on human chromosome 5, which
      has previously been shown to contain the gene for HMG-CoA reductase. Regional
      mapping, performed by examination of a series of chromosome 5 deletion mutants
      and by in situ hybridization to human chromosomes indicates that the two genes
      are not tightly clustered.

PMID- 2877986
TI  - Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase. Purification, characterization, and
      radioimmunoassay.
AB  - The extracellular adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis was purified either
      as a free enzyme or as a complex with calmodulin. The purified enzyme has a
      specific activity of 1600 mumol of cAMP min-1 X mg-1 and exists under two
      molecular forms of 45 and 43 kDa which are apparently structurally related.
      Calmodulin increased considerably the resistance of adenylate cyclase to
      inactivation by trypsin. Although trypsin cleaved the adenylate cyclase
      calmodulin complex, the digested fragments remained associated by noncovalent
      interactions in an active conformation. Specific mouse anti-adenylate cyclase
      antibodies inhibit adenylate cyclase activity and were used to develop a specific
      radioimmunoassay that allows detection of as little as 5 ng of adenylate cyclase
      in culture supernatants.

PMID- 2877985
TI  - Somatostatin is targeted to the regulated secretory pathway of gonadotrophs in
      transgenic mice expressing a metallothionein-somatostatin gene.
AB  - The pituitaries of transgenic mice that express a metallothionein-somatostatin
      fusion gene contain high concentrations of somatostatin-14 exclusively in the
      gonadotrophic cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether
      somatostatin expressed from the foreign fusion gene enters the normal secretory
      pathway within these cells. Immuno-gold labeling of serial thin sections
      localized somatostatin to the secretory granules of gonadotropin-producing cells.
      The gonadotroph-specific hypophysiotropic factor, luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone caused a dose-dependent secretion of somatostatin when applied to primary
      pituitary cultures from these mice. Growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyrotropin
      releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing factor, and dopamine did not affect
      somatostatin secretion. These experiments demonstrate that a neurosecretory
      peptide encoded by a foreign gene can enter the regulated secretory pathway of
      pituitary cells from transgenic mice.

PMID- 2877987
TI  - Evidence for pyrroloquinolinequinone as the carbonyl cofactor in lysyl oxidase by
      absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - The present study investigated the possibility that pyrroloquinolinequinone
      (PQQ), an aromatic carbonyl recently indicated to be the carbonyl cofactor in
      bovine plasma amine oxidase, may also be present at the active site of lysyl
      oxidase. The absorption and resonance Raman spectra of the phenylhydrazones of
      bovine plasma amine oxidase, of peptides derived from the active site of bovine
      aorta lysyl oxidase, and of PQQ were very similar, indicating that the carbonyl
      cofactor of lysyl oxidase is PQQ or a compound which closely resembles PQQ.

PMID- 2877988
TI  - beta-Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by rat liver peroxisomes. A role
      for 2,4-dienoyl-coenzyme A reductase in peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
AB  - beta-Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids was studied with isolated solubilized
      or nonsolubilized peroxisomes or with perfused liver isolated from rats treated
      with clofibrate. gamma-Linolenic acid gave the higher rate of beta-oxidation,
      while arachidonic acid gave the slower rate of beta-oxidation. Other
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (including docosahexaenoic acid) were oxidized at
      rates which were similar to, or higher than, that observed with oleic acid.
      Experiments with 1-14C-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids demonstrated that
      these are chain-shortened when incubated with nonsolubilized peroxisomes.
      Spectrophotometric investigation of solubilized peroxisomal incubations showed
      that 2,4-dienoyl-CoA esters accumulated during peroxisomal beta-oxidation of
      fatty acids possessing double bond(s) at even-numbered carbon atoms. beta
      Oxidation of [1-14C]docosahexaenoic acid by isolated peroxisomes was markedly
      stimulated by added NADPH or isocitrate. This fatty acid also failed to cause
      acyl-CoA-dependent NADH generation with conditions of assay which facilitate this
      using other acyl-CoA esters. These findings suggest that 2,4-dienoyl-CoA
      reductase participation is essential during peroxisomal beta-oxidation if chain
      shortening is to proceed beyond a delta 4 double bond. Evidence obtained using
      arachidionoyl-CoA, [1-14C]arachidonic acid, and [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15
      3H]arachidonic acid suggests that peroxisomal beta-oxidation also can proceed
      beyond a double bond positioned at an odd-numbered carbon atom. Experiments with
      isolated perfused livers showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids also in the
      intact liver are substrates for peroxisomal beta-oxidation, as judged by
      increased levels of the catalase-H2O2 complex on infusion of polyunsaturated
      fatty acids.

PMID- 2877989
TI  - Biologically active, recombinant DNA in clathrin-coated vesicles isolated from
      rat livers after in vivo injection of liposome-encapsulated DNA.
AB  - DNA entrapped in liposomes containing lactosylceramide in the bilayers is found
      to be associated with clathrin-coated vesicles isolated from the rat livers after
      intravenous injection of these liposomes. The presence of the exogenous DNA in
      the coated vesicles was detected by Southern blotting. The amount of DNA present
      in the coated vesicles does not appear to vary up to 4 h after injection of the
      liposomes into the animals. The recognition of the lactosyl group present in the
      liposome by the galactose receptor present on the surface of the different liver
      cells may lead to their internalization in a way analogous to receptor-mediated
      endocytosis of various macromolecules. DNA present in the lumen of the coated
      vesicles is found to be biologically active as evidenced by its replication in
      bacterial cells and mouse fibroblasts.

PMID- 2877990
TI  - Characterization of covalently cross-linked pancreatic somatostatin receptors.
AB  - The receptor for somatostatin present in rat pancreatic plasma membranes was
      characterized by affinity labeling with [125I-Tyr11]somatostatin utilizing three
      different heterobifunctional cross-linking agents: N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxy
      succinimide, N-succinimidyl 6-(4-azido 2'-nitrophenylamine)hexanoate, and N
      hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-azido-benzoate. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed a broad band of
      Mr = 92,000 when any of the three cross-linkers was used; N-succinimidyl 6-(4
      azido 2'-nitrophenylamine), however, was most efficient. Labeling of the Mr =
      92,000 protein band was not affected by reducing agents but was sensitive to
      somatostatin and guanine nucleotides, particularly GTP gamma S, at concentrations
      which reduced binding to the receptor. The affinity-labeled protein could be
      solubilized completely with Zwittergent 3-12, partially with Triton X-100 and 3
      [(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid, and poorly with
      Zwittergent 3-08 and digitonin. When exposed to agarose-coupled lectins, the
      detergent solubilized, labeled Mr = 92,000 protein was completely adsorbed to
      wheat germ agglutinin, partially to ricin communis II, and not at all to
      concanavalin A or lotus or lentil lectin. The Mr = 92,000 protein bound to wheat
      germ agglutinin-agarose was not eluted by N-acetylglucosamine but was by
      triacetylchitotriose, providing a considerable purification of the somatostatin
      receptor. These data allow us to conclude that the somatostatin receptor is a
      monomeric glycoprotein with an Mr = 90,000 binding subunit which probably
      contains a polymeric arrangement of N-acetylglucosamine residues.

PMID- 2877991
TI  - Extended X-ray absorption fine structure of Mn2+ and Mn2+ X ATP complex bound to
      coupling factor 1 of the H+-ATPase from chloroplasts.
AB  - The spinach chloroplast ATPase, coupling factor 1, contains three tight Mn2+
      binding sites which interact cooperatively. The bound manganese coordinations
      were studied by x-ray absorption fine structure analysis. Mn2+ was found to be
      bound to the enzyme with an average Mn-O bond length of 2.15 +/- 0.15 A,
      significantly shorter than the 2.15 +/- 0.15 A of the Mn-O bond of the average
      first hydration shell for Mn2+ in aqueous solution. On adding ATP to the
      manganese-enzyme mixture, a tertiary complex of Mn2+ X ATP X enzyme was formed as
      indicated by the appearance of a second shell. Mn-P bond distances were estimated
      at 4.95 +/- 0.15 A in the tertiary Mn2+ X ATP X enzyme complex, which was
      considerably longer than the Mn-P bond distance of 3.36 +/- 0.15 A for the Mn2+ X
      ATP complex in aqueous solution. The Mn-P bond distance in the tertiary Mn2+ X
      ATP X enzyme complex decreased to 4.32 +/- 0.15 A when selenite, a potent
      effector of ATPase activity, was added. Based on these results, it is suggested
      that the tertiary complex is required for catalysis. The stimulation of ATP
      hydrolysis by anions such as selenite may be the result of shortening the
      distance between Mn2+ and the ATP phosphates in the enzyme active site.

PMID- 2877992
TI  - Interaction of the D-isomer of gamma-methylene glutamate with an active site
      thiol of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase.
AB  - gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase has a thiol group in the vicinity of its
      glutamate-binding site. During efforts to find a covalently bound inhibitor,
      interaction of the enzyme with gamma-methylene glutamate was examined because
      this analog of glutamate, which has an alpha,beta-unsaturated moiety, would be
      expected to bind at the glutamate site and might react with an active site thiol.
      gamma-Methylene glutamate, which is not a significant substrate, inhibits the
      enzyme competitively toward glutamate. Preincubation of the enzyme with gamma
      methylene DL-glutamate led to substantial inactivation which was dependent upon
      the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+; glutamate protected against inactivation.
      Inactivation was observed with the D-isomer of gamma-methylene glutamate, but not
      with the corresponding L-isomer. The inactivated enzyme contains close to 1 mol
      of gamma-methylene glutamate/mol of enzyme. Studies in which enzyme inactivated
      by treatment with [14C]gamma-methylene glutamate was hydrolyzed indicate that
      gamma-methylene glutamate reacts with an active site thiol.

PMID- 2877993
TI  - Compartment syndrome of the foot. A case report.

PMID- 2877994
TI  - Transferrin receptor polarity and recycling accuracy in "tight" and "leaky"
      strains of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - We have characterized the polarity of the transferrin receptor in the epithelial
      Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. The receptor is present in
      approximately 165,000 copies per cell, migrates as a diffuse band upon SDS gel
      electrophoresis with Mr 90,000, displays a dissociation constant for
      diferritransferrin at neutral pH of approximately 2 nM, and is active in
      essentially all of the cells of the population. Transferrin-mediated 55Fe uptake
      was used to measure the polarity of active transferrin receptors in filter-grown
      MDCK cells. The ratio of basolateral to apical receptors was approximately 800:1
      for the high resistance strain I MDCK cells (typically greater than 2,000 ohm X
      cm2) and approximately 300:1 for the lower resistance strain II cells (less than
      350 ohm X cm2). In combination with morphometric data this shows that a
      difference in resistance between these two strains is not reflected in a
      significant difference in cell surface polarity. We used the recycling of
      transferrin receptor in filter-grown MDCK cells to evaluate the accuracy of the
      sorting of a basolateral protein during endocytosis. Monitoring the amount of
      apically released 125I-labeled transferrin after application of 55Fe- and 125I
      labeled transferrin to the basolateral surface provided a sensitive assay of the
      accuracy of sorting during recycling of the receptor from endosomes to the plasma
      membrane. The accuracy of transferrin receptor sorting (greater than 99.88%)
      during a single cycle of transit between the endosome and the plasma membrane is
      sufficient to maintain the high level of polarity of the cell.

PMID- 2877996
TI  - Selective induction of tyrosine hydroxylase by cell-cell contact in bovine
      adrenal chromaffin cells is mimicked by plasma membranes.
AB  - As a first step towards the identification and purification of the molecule(s)
      that are involved in cell contact-mediated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) induction in
      cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, we have prepared plasma membranes
      (PM) from bovine adrenal medulla and tested their ability to mimick cell contact
      mediated TH induction in low density chromaffin cultures. PM indeed induced TH in
      a manner similar to that observed in high density cultures. The maximal TH
      induction reached by PM corresponded to 69% of that of high density cultures, and
      half-maximal TH induction was obtained with 12 micrograms of PM per ml of medium.
      The induction of TH by PM was blocked by alpha-amanitin as observed in high
      density cultures. Since acetylcholinesterase was neither induced in high density
      nor in PM-treated low density cultures, an induction of TH as a result of a
      general increase in protein synthesis was excluded. The cell contact molecule(s)
      appear to be intrinsic membrane proteins. They were not removed by high or low
      salt extraction, but solubilized by 50 mM octylglucoside. They were resistant to
      0.1% trypsin and heat denaturation but inactivated by 0.01% chymotrypsin. PM
      isolated from the adrenal cortex, kidney, and liver also induced TH in low
      density chromaffin cell cultures, although to a smaller extent than PM of the
      adrenal medulla. In contrast, muscle and erythrocyte PM were inactive. This shows
      that the cell contact molecule(s) are not restricted to the adrenal medulla, but
      are also present in some other but not all tissues.

PMID- 2877995
TI  - Chymotrypsin substrate analogues inhibit endocytosis of insulin and insulin
      receptors in adipocytes.
AB  - To explore the possible role of proteolytic step(s) in receptor-mediated
      endocytosis of insulin, the effects of inhibitors of various classes of proteases
      on the internalization process were studied in isolated rat adipocytes.
      Intracellular accumulation of receptor-bound 125I-insulin at 37 degrees C was
      quantitated after rapidly dissociating surface-bound insulin with an acidic
      buffer (pH 3.0). Of the 23 protease inhibitors tested, only chymotrypsin
      substrate analogues inhibited insulin internalization. Internalization was
      decreased 62-90% by five different chymotrypsin substrate analogues: N-acetyl-Tyr
      ethyl ester, N-acetyl-Phe ethyl ester, N-acetyl-Trp ethyl ester, benzoyl-Tyr
      ethyl ester, and benzoyl-Tyr amide. The effect of the substrate analogues in
      inhibiting insulin internalization was dose-dependent, reversible, and required
      the full structural complement of a chymotrypsin substrate analogue. Cell surface
      receptor number was unaltered at 12 degrees C. However, concomitant with their
      inhibition of insulin internalization at 37 degrees C, the chymotrypsin substrate
      analogues caused a marked increase (160-380%) in surface-bound insulin,
      indicating trapping of insulin-receptor complexes on the cell surface.
      Additionally, 1 mM N-acetyl-Tyr ethyl ester decreased overall insulin degradation
      by 15-20% and also prevented the chloroquine-mediated increase in intracellular
      insulin, further indicating that surface-bound insulin was prevented from
      reaching intracellular chloroquine-sensitive degradation sites. The
      internalization of insulin receptors that were photoaffinity labeled on the cell
      surface with B2(2-nitro-4-azidophenylacetyl)-des-PheB1-insulin was also inhibited
      70-90% by the five chymotrypsin substrate analogues, as determined by the effects
      of the analogues on the accumulation of trypsin-insensitive (intracellular) 440
      kD intact labeled receptors. In summary, these results show that chymotrypsin
      substrate analogues efficiently inhibit the internalization of insulin and
      insulin receptors in adipocytes and implicate a possible role for endogenous
      chymotrypsin-like enzyme(s) or related substances in receptor-mediated
      endocytosis of insulin.

PMID- 2877997
TI  - Cloned cell lines from a transplantable islet cell tumor are heterogeneous and
      express cholecystokinin in addition to islet hormones.
AB  - A liver metastasis (MSL) with a remarkable in vitro proliferation potential has
      been identified in an NEDH rat carrying a transplantable x-ray-induced islet cell
      tumor. Two insulin-secreting cell lines, MSL-G and MSL-H, with doubling times of
      3-5 d were established by repeated limiting dilution cloning. In vivo inoculation
      of MSL-G cells induced severe hypoglycemia caused by a small but highly
      heterogeneous tumor as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Whereas most cells
      stained for the islet hormones, insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, clustered
      cells were discovered to contain cholecystokinin (CCK). Additional in vitro
      limiting dilution cloning, followed by immunocytochemical characterization,
      clearly demonstrated the capacity of single cell clones to simultaneously express
      the same four hormones. Radioimmunoassays with a panel of site-specific antisera
      of culture supernatants and purified cell extracts showed the MSL-G2 cells to
      produce, store, and secrete readily detectable amounts of processed and
      unprocessed CCK. Gastrin was not detected while coexpression of glucagon and CCK
      were demonstrated. Mutant clones selected for resistance to 6-thioguanine
      (frequency, 2 X 10(-7] and checked for HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine)
      sensitivity retained the capacity for multi-hormone expression. We propose that
      the MSL tumor contains pluripotent endocrine stem cells. The MSL tumor and the
      MSL-G2 cells in particular will allow studies of not only CCK biosynthesis and
      processing but also of mechanisms involved in tumor and islet cell
      differentiation.

PMID- 2877999
TI  - Separation and determination of isopropamide iodide in pharmaceutical
      formulations by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A stability-indicating determination for isopropamide iodide, an anticholinergic
      quaternary ammonium drug, in several pharmaceutical dosage forms by reversed
      phase ion-pair liquid chromatography is reported. The use of eluents containing
      both an amine as well as an alkylsulphonate proved to be very efficient for
      separating and determining quaternary ammonium drugs and related other basic
      drugs: adequate selectivity, excellent peak shape and good reproducibility
      (coefficient of variation, 1-2%) were obtained in a short analysis time.

PMID- 2878000
TI  - Determination of temazepam and its major degradation products in soft gelatin
      capsules by isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2877998
TI  - Lymphoma Thy-1 glycoprotein is linked to the cytoskeleton via a 4.1-like protein.
AB  - In this study we have found that the phosphoprotein doublet of 68,000 and 65,000
      daltons (68/65 kD) in mouse T-lymphoma cells shares several structural and
      functional similarities with erythrocyte band 4.1. Our evidence for identifying
      the 68/65-kD doublet as a lymphoma 4.1-like protein is as follows: it displays an
      immunological cross-reactivity with anti-erythrocyte band 4.1 antibody; it
      exhibits a Svedberg unit of sedimentation coefficient of 4 S; it is
      phosphorylated in the presence of phorbol ester (phorbol-12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) and its phosphorylation requires Ca2+; it is
      phosphorylated primarily at serine residues; and it can bind directly to fodrin
      (a spectrin-like actin-binding protein). In addition, this lymphoma 4.1-like
      protein can be both colocalized and coisolated with the major T-lymphocyte
      specific glycoprotein, Thy-1 (gp 25). Therefore, all of these results strongly
      suggest that the lymphoma 4.1-like protein (68/65-kD doublet) may play a pivotal
      role in linking the Thy-1 (gp 25) glycoprotein to fodrin which, in turn, binds to
      the actin filaments that are responsible for recruiting Thy-1 antigens into cap
      structures.

PMID- 2878001
TI  - Conductometric monitoring of the amino acid oxidase reaction as a detector for
      high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The deamination of L-amino acids by L-amino acid oxidase, which creates a change
      in the ionic strength of an HPLC eluent, is used to allow conductometric
      detection of L-amino acids. An example separation is given, and the
      conductometric method is compared to other methods of amino acid detection in the
      area of detection limits. Suggestions are also given for using this principle to
      create detectors based on other class selective enzymes.

PMID- 2878002
TI  - Identification and differentiation of beta-blockers and their metabolites in
      urine by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A method for the identification and differentiation of beta-blockers and their
      metabolites in urine after acid hydrolysis is described. The acetylated extract
      is analysed by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An on-line
      computer allows rapid detection using ion chromatography with the ions of m/z 72,
      86, 98, 140, 151, 159, 200 and 335. The identity of positive signals in the
      reconstructed ion chromatogram is confirmed by a comparison of the stored entire
      mass spectra with the reference spectra. The ion chromatogram, the reference mass
      spectra and the gas chromatographic retention indices (OV-101) are documented.
      References for the quantitation of the single beta-blockers are cited.

PMID- 2878003
TI  - Highly sensitive assay of benzodiazepine antagonist in plasma by capillary gas
      chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection.
AB  - A selective and highly sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method was
      developed for the determination of a benzodiazepine antagonist in human plasma.
      The analytical procedure involved extraction of the compound and its internal
      standard from basified plasma with n-butyl chloride-dichloromethane and
      chromatography of the extract on a DB-5 fused-silica column (30 m X 0.25 mm
      I.D.), applying automated splitless injection and nitrogen- phosphorus detection.
      The limit of quantification was about 50 pg/ml, using a 1-ml plasma specimen. The
      mean inter-assay precision was 2.6% in the concentration range 0.5-10 ng/ml. The
      method was shown to be specific with respect to various benzodiazepines and their
      main metabolites. The practicability of the method was demonstrated by the
      analysis of more than 300 plasma samples from a dose proportionality study
      performed with human volunteers. Owing to its high sensitivity, the new method
      can be used to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters of the benzodiazepine antagonist
      in man after doses near the envisaged therapeutic intravenous dose of less than 1
      mg.

PMID- 2878005
TI  - High-performance fast affinity chromatographic purification of anti
      benzodiazepine antibodies.

PMID- 2878004
TI  - Determination of the new beta-blocker bisoprolol and of metoprolol, atenolol and
      propranolol in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - High-performance liquid chromatographic methods using fluorimetric detection have
      been developed for the determination in plasma and urine of bisoprolol, atenolol,
      metoprolol and propranolol. Bisoprolol, metoprolol and propranolol were extracted
      at alkaline pH with dichloromethane, atenolol with n-butanol-dichloromethane
      (25:75). After evaporation of the organic solvent the compounds were
      chromatographed on silica gel Si-60 columns (normal phase) using aqueous ammonium
      phosphate buffer (pH 4) containing 3-7% acetonitrile as eluent (method 1).
      Alternatively, the compounds were acetylated prior to chromatography on reversed
      phase columns (RP-8), using acetonitrile-water mixtures as eluents (method 2).
      The detection limit was 1-2 ng/ml in plasma and 10 ng/ml in urine for bisoprolol
      and metoprolol with either method. For atenolol the detection limit was 5 ng/ml
      in plasma or 50 ng/ml in urine (method 1), for propranolol 1 ng/ml in plasma
      (method 2).

PMID- 2878006
TI  - Liquid chromatography of reserpine and rescinnamine using electrochemical
      detection.

PMID- 2878007
TI  - Relationship between somatomedin-C and growth hormone levels in acromegaly: basal
      and dynamic evaluation.
AB  - The relationship between basal and stimulated plasma GH and somatomedin-C (SmC)
      levels in acromegalic patients was evaluated. The basal plasma SmC levels of 66
      patients were significantly correlated (P less than 0.01) with mean daily plasma
      GH levels, but not with the percent GH increase after GH-releasing hormone or TRH
      or the GH decrease after acute bromocriptine administration. Bromocriptine (7.5
      15 mg/day) administration for 9.2 +/- 0.9 (+/- SD) months in 20 patients
      significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased GH levels. SmC decreased significantly
      [from 9.8 +/- 1.9 to 5.1 +/- 0.7 U/ml (mean +/- SE)] only in the 10 patients who
      had the more marked GH inhibition. The administration of a somatostatin analog,
      SMS 201-995 (100 micrograms twice daily), to 12 patients for 16 weeks
      significantly decreased plasma GH and SmC levels beginning on the second day of
      therapy; normal SmC levels were achieved in 5 of 12 patients. Pituitary
      adenomectomy resulted in normal GH and SmC levels in 10 of 12 and 8 of 12
      patients, respectively. Our data indicate an overall dependency of plasma SmC
      levels on plasma GH levels in acromegaly, although similar GH levels may have
      differing somatomedin-stimulating activities. A derangement in the feedback
      mechanisms controlling GH secretion is indicated by the failure of elevated SmC
      levels to influence the GH responsiveness to releasing hormones. In evaluating
      pharmacological or surgical treatments of acromegaly, a single plasma SmC value
      can reliably replace several plasma GH determinations.

PMID- 2878008
TI  - Serum type III procollagen propeptide levels in acromegalic patients.
AB  - Serum type III procollagen propeptide (PIIIP) is a reliable index of tissue
      collagen synthesis. Since in acromegaly there is increased collagen production,
      we measured serum PIIIP in acromegalic patients before any treatment (basal),
      during medical treatment with the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995, and after
      pituitary adenomectomy. In all patients, serum GH and plasma somatomedin-C (SmC)
      levels were also measured. Basal serum PIIIP levels were significantly (P less
      than 0.01) higher in acromegalic patients (mean +/- SEM, 22.7 +/- 2.1 ng/ml) than
      in normal subjects (n = 30; 9.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml), and they were significantly
      correlated with plasma SmC values (r = 0.31; P less than 0.05). A significant (P
      less than 0.01) reduction in PIIIP levels occurred in patients treated with SMS
      201-995 or surgery (from 24.3 +/- 2.7 to 12.4 +/- 1 ng/ml) as well as in GH and
      SmC levels. The maximum percent decrease in serum PIIIP was significantly
      correlated with those in GH (r = 0.65; P less than 0.01) and SmC (r = 0.60; P
      less than 0.01). Serum PIIIP levels did not change in those patients in whom
      neither GH nor SmC were decreased by treatment. In conclusion, serum PIIIP levels
      are elevated in acromegalic patients, and they decline in parallel with GH and
      SmC during medical or surgical treatment. Serum PIIIP measurements may be useful
      in the evaluation of acromegalic patients to gain information on the biological
      activity of GH and in monitoring the course of the disease.

PMID- 2878009
TI  - The response of serum growth hormone levels to the long-acting somatostatin
      analog SMS 201-995 in acromegaly.
AB  - SMS 201-995 (SMS) is a long-acting analog of somatostatin. We studied the effect
      of SMS (50-100 micrograms, sc, every 8 h) on serum GH in five patients with
      acromegaly. Serum GH decreased significantly in four of the five patients 4 h
      after SMS treatment. In two of the four patients, this reduction was not
      sustained for 7 h, but sustained reduction to normal GH concentrations did occur
      in the two patients who had basal serum GH levels below 15 ng/ml. In the two
      patients whose responses were not sustained for 7 h, a higher dose of SMS did not
      cause sustained reduction in GH. SMS was well tolerated, except for one episode
      of elevated serum aminotransferase levels. These results indicate that SMS
      induced reductions in serum GH in patients with acromegaly are often not
      sustained despite SMS administration every 8 h and indicate that the insufficient
      duration of effect may limit its therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2878010
TI  - Impaired carboxylation of osteocalcin in warfarin-treated patients.
AB  - The total circulating osteocalcin and ratio of inactive (noncarboxylated; GLU) to
      active (carboxylated; GLA) form of circulating osteocalcin were measured in
      patients receiving long term warfarin treatment (n = 20), age-matched control
      patients not receiving warfarin treatment (n = 10), and normal subjects before
      and after the administration of 30 mg warfarin (n = 7). There was no significant
      difference in the total osteocalcin concentrations between the control patients
      and the patients receiving long term warfarin treatment, and it did not
      significantly change after warfarin ingestion in the normal subjects. The GLU/GLA
      ratio was significantly increased (P less than 0.002) in the patients receiving
      long term warfarin treatment compared with that in the control patients. There
      was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the GLU/GLA ratio after warfarin
      ingestion in the normal subjects. This study demonstrates that osteocalcin
      carboxylation in humans is a vitamin K-dependent process and that circulating
      osteocalcin is structurally altered by warfarin administration. This finding has
      pathophysiological implications for the fetal warfarin embryopathy syndrome, bone
      disease associated with chronic liver diseases, and possibly for osteoporosis, in
      which vitamin K deficiency has been implicated.

PMID- 2878012
TI  - Analysis of hospital-formulated oral liquid preparations by second derivative
      ultraviolet spectroscopy.
AB  - Second derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometric methods have been devised for
      the analysis of hospital-formulated oral liquid preparations. These rapid
      techniques are useful in the routine quality control of oral liquid formulations
      where direct spectrophotometric determination of the drug analyte is precluded by
      interference from formulation excipients and colouring agents. This report
      describes examples in which the active principles of a dipipanone mixture, a
      methadone mixture and an orphenadrine syrup were determined by derivative
      spectroscopy. In each case spectral interference from formulation excipients was
      abolished. The accuracy, precision and specificity of each method has been
      established.

PMID- 2878013
TI  - Hypercalcaemia in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: report of two cases.
AB  - Two young adults presenting with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) associated
      with hypercalcaemia and osteolytic lesions were both found to have T cell ALL.
      Hypercalcaemia is a rare feature of ALL and has not previously been related to T
      cell disease. Both cases, in some respects, resembled (age between 10 and 20
      years and low white cell count) the few other previously reported cases. In one
      of our cases increased concentrations of vitamin D3 seemed to have a role in the
      pathogenesis of the hypercalcaemia.

PMID- 2878011
TI  - The immunologic basis of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2878015
TI  - Drugs in exacerbation of psoriasis.
AB  - Drugs that have been associated with the precipitation or exacerbation of
      psoriasis include lithium, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agents, and
      antimalarials. The withdrawal of corticosteroids has been reported to activate
      pustular psoriasis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as indomethacin,
      have recently been reported to exacerbate psoriasis, although additional well
      controlled studies are still needed. Drugs used for treatment of psoriasis will
      sometimes cause a flare because of irritation, phototoxicity, or hypersensitivity
      reaction resulting in a Koebner phenomenon. Because psoriasis is a very complex
      disease and its activity is often unpredictable, clinical studies on adverse drug
      effects on psoriasis have been difficult to conduct. This review evaluates
      clinical, histologic, and biochemical evidence in the literature for drug
      associated onset or exacerbation of psoriasis.

PMID- 2878014
TI  - Synaptic relationships between neurons containing vasopressin, gastrin-releasing
      peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and glutamate decarboxylase
      immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: dual ultrastructural
      immunocytochemistry with gold-substituted silver peroxidase.
AB  - In order to examine the morphological substrates for neuronal connections between
      cells of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that contain
      immunoreactivity for different neurotransmitters, a double ultrastructural
      immunocytochemical analysis was used. For double immunostaining, the first
      neuroactive substance antigen was labeled with gold-substituted silver
      intensified peroxidase (GSSP), which results in a granular gold deposit of high
      electron and light opacity. The second antigen was labeled with peroxidase and a
      diaminobenzidine chromagen. The GSSP reaction product greatly increased the
      visibility of immunoreactive structures, with both light and electron microscopy.
      Intensification with the GSSP method worked at all depths of thick tissue
      sections as determined with analysis of immunostained sections cut perpendicular
      to their flat surface, and with analysis of thick 80-micron sections of brain
      tissue into which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been microinjected. On a
      nitrocellulose dot-blot comparison of different substrates for HRP, the GSSP
      intensification compared favorably with tetramethylbenzidine, but unlike
      tetramethylbenzidine, the GSSP was stable in a wide range of buffers. In addition
      to diaminobenzidine, the GSSP reaction was used to intensify and stabilize both
      the Hanker-Yates reagent and tetramethylbenzidine on the nitrocellulose model
      system. Through the use of the GSSP reaction, five new synaptic relationships in
      the suprachiasmatic nucleus were revealed. By increasing the sensitivity of the
      peroxidase method by silver-gold intensification, immunoreaction product could be
      found in dendrites at a greater distance from the perikaryon than in
      nonintensified material. Because of this greater sensitivity, the neuroactive
      substance contained in the cell of origin of a dendrite could sometimes be
      identified. Boutons immunoreactive for vasopressin-associated neurophysin were
      found to make synaptic contact with postsynaptic dendrites that also contained
      vasopressin-neurophysin immunoreactivity. Similarly, boutons containing gastrin
      releasing peptide immunoreactivity made synaptic contact with cells also
      exhibiting gastrin-releasing peptide immunoreactivity. Neurons stained with GSSP
      reaction product could be easily discriminated from those containing only HRP
      precipitated diaminobenzidine, allowing the simultaneous use of these two markers
      in the same 30-micron tissue section and subsequently in ultrathin sections for
      electron microscopy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878016
TI  - The effects of combined H1 and H2 histamine antagonists on alterations in nasal
      airflow resistance induced by topical histamine provocation.
AB  - A clinical trial was undertaken to assess the effects of oral H1 (diphenhydramine
      hydrochloride) and H2 (cimetidine) histamine blockade on nasal resistance induced
      by topical histamine. Ten adult volunteers were tested on two separate occasions.
      Their noses were pretreated by oral administration of either combined H1 and H2
      histamine antagonists or H1 antagonist and placebo. The nasal airflow resistive
      response to topical histamine was then determined. Combined histamine antagonism
      was significantly more effective in reducing the nasal resistive response to
      topical histamine than H1 antagonist alone (p less than 0.0001). Furthermore,
      ingestion of the oral H1 histamine antagonist, diphenhydramine hydrochloride,
      alone led to an increase in resistance of the unprovoked nose, whereas combined
      H1 and H2 antagonism did not lead to a significant change.

PMID- 2878017
TI  - Effect of afferent renal nerve stimulation on blood pressure, heart rate and
      noradrenergic activity in conscious rats.
AB  - The effects of electrical stimulation of afferent renal nerves on arterial
      pressure, heart rate, and alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disappearance of
      norepinephrine in the hypothalamus, contralateral kidney, intestine, and skeletal
      muscle were studied in conscious rats. There was a significant increase in
      arterial pressure in response to afferent renal nerve stimulation. There was no
      significant change in the turnover of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus.
      However, there was a significant increase in the turnover of norepinephrine in
      the skeletal muscle, a tendency toward an increase in the intestine, and no
      change in the contralateral kidney. These results indicate that activation of
      afferent renal nerve fibers does not change noradrenergic activity in the
      hypothalamus yet produces a differential sympathetic outflow. Secondly, the
      increased turnover of norepinephrine in skeletal muscle may be contributing to
      the increase in arterial pressure.

PMID- 2878019
TI  - [Dental application of titanium and its alloy].

PMID- 2878018
TI  - Inherited homeotic midfacial malformations in Burmese cats.
AB  - During the past three decades, Burmese cats have been selected for a shorter
      muzzle and a more rounded face. Recently there arose a line of these animals that
      consistently exhibit such a brachycephalic appearance; unfortunately,
      approximately 25% of these kittens are born with a neonatal lethal midfacial
      malformation. The abnormality is characterized by agenesis of all derivatives of
      the medial nasal prominence; lateral duplication of most derivatives of the
      maxillary process; including the canine teeth and whiskers fields; telencephalic
      meningoencephalocele; and secondary ocular degeneration. The anatomy, embryology,
      and pattern of inheritance of this unique midfacial malformation are described.

PMID- 2878020
TI  - Ectopic gastric mucosa in proximal esophagus. Its clinical significance and
      hormonal profile.
AB  - We have found 20 cases of ectopic gastric mucosa in the proximal esophagus. Five
      patients had symptoms, usually a burning sensation in the neck and/or dysphagia.
      We report the results of immunoperoxidase staining of this tissue for gastrin,
      somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and bombesin. In 85% of biopsy
      specimens tested, one or more polypeptides were present. Gastrin and bombesin
      were found more frequently in symptomatic patients, and somatostatin in
      asymptomatic patients. Chronic inflammatory changes were more frequent in
      symptomatic patients.

PMID- 2878021
TI  - Chromogranin A in the pancreatic islet: cellular and subcellular distribution.
AB  - Chromogranin A (CGA) is the major soluble protein within secretory vesicles of
      chromaffin cells. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against bovine CGA and
      characterized in two-dimensional immunoblots. Cellular and subcellular
      distribution of CGA in bovine pancreatic islet was investigated by
      immunocytochemistry. At the light microscopic level, CGA-like immunoreactivity
      was found in the same cells that react with antibodies against insulin, glucagon,
      and somatostatin. A minority of cells containing pancreatic polypeptide also
      showed faint immunostaining. At the ultrastructural level (protein A-gold
      technique), CGA-like immunoreactivity was confined exclusively to the secretory
      vesicles. Whereas the hormones were localized mainly in the central part of the
      secretory vesicles, CGA was present predominantly in the periphery. These
      findings indicate that a CGA-like protein is a regular constituent of the matrix
      of secretory vesicles in pancreatic endocrine cells.

PMID- 2878022
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of D-amino acid oxidase in the central clear
      matrix of rat kidney peroxisomes.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic localizations of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) in rat
      kidney was investigated using immunoenzyme and protein A-gold techniques. The
      enzyme was purified from rat kidney homogenate and its antibody was raised in
      rabbits. By Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis and immunoblot analysis with
      anti-(rat kidney DAO) immunoglobulin, the antibody was confirmed to be
      monospecific. The tissue sections (200 micron thick) of fixed rat kidney were
      embedded in Epon or Lowicryl K4M. Semi-thin sections were stained for DAO by the
      immunoenzyme technique after removal of epoxy resin for LM, and ultra-thin
      sections of Lowicryl-embedded material were labeled for DAO by the protein A-gold
      technique for EM. By LM, fine cytoplasmic granules of proximal tubule were
      stained exclusively. Among three segments of proximal tubules, and S2 and S3
      segments were heavily stained but the S1 segment only weakly so. By EM, gold
      particles indicating the antigenic sites for DAO were exclusively confined to
      peroxisomes. Within peroxisomes, the gold particles were localized in the central
      clear matrix but not in the peripheral tubular substructures. The results
      indicate that D-amino acid oxidase in rat kidney is present exclusively in
      peroxisomes in the proximal tubule and that within peroxisomes it is found only
      in central clear matrix and not in the peripheral tubular substructures.

PMID- 2878023
TI  - Role of the microbiologist in the management of patients with blood disorders.

PMID- 2878024
TI  - Hygiene for hydrotherapy pools.

PMID- 2878025
TI  - Contamination of intravenous infusion systems--the effect of changing
      administration sets.
AB  - Intravenous administration sets were changed at varying time intervals between
      every 24 h and 120 h in 387 patients. The rates of intraluminal contamination of
      the cannulae and of local inflammation were measured in relation to the time
      interval between changing sets. There was no correlation between phlebitis and
      intraluminal contamination, but a significant association was found between
      phlebitis and fever, infusion of potassium at greater than 10 mmol l-1, Venflon
      type 140 and infusion of blood or intralipid. No correlation was found between
      septicaemia and intraluminal contamination of the infusion systems. Contamination
      of cannulae increased slightly with time, but this was not statistically
      significant. We conclude that there will be no clinical benefit by daily changing
      of administration sets, compared with changing up to every fifth day.

PMID- 2878027
TI  - Serious postoperative infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci: an
      epidemiological and clinical study.
AB  - We have reviewed all 3577 nosocomial infections occurring at our institution over
      a 49-month period and found coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) associated
      with 297. Seventy-eight of 193 CNS tested for antibiotic sensitivity were
      multiple-drug resistant (MR-CNS). There were 19 well-documented serious
      postoperative CNS infections including nine ventricular, seven bloodstream and
      three peritoneal infections. Each was associated with an indwelling device and 11
      of the infections involved MR-CNS. Antibiotic therapy with or without removal of
      the device resulted in cure of all patients. Air samples taken during various
      surgical procedures frequently were positive for CNS but rarely revealed MR-CNS.
      Our results cause concern regarding current antibiotic prophylaxis regimens.

PMID- 2878026
TI  - Problems in the investigation of an apparent outbreak of coagulase-negative
      staphylococcal septicaemia following cardiac surgery.
AB  - Two hundred and twenty-six hospital staff and patients were investigated for the
      carriage of gentamicin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) during an
      apparent outbreak of infection after cardiac surgery. Of the four index strains
      from infected wounds, three were indistinguishable. The carriage of similar
      organisms was widespread, particularly among ITU staff (72%) and patients. Ninety
      one of the 296 gentamicin-resistant isolates were further investigated, and of
      these 33 were indistinguishable from index strains even with the use of
      specialized techniques. Our experience indicates that in outbreaks of infection
      caused by gentamicin-resistant CNS, resources should be focused on the
      interruption of transmission and prevention of introduction of these organisms to
      susceptible patients.

PMID- 2878028
TI  - The prediction of abdominal surgical wound infection: the value of an enrichment
      broth for initial culture of operative parietal swabs.
AB  - At the conclusion of 817 abdominal operations, duplicate swabs were taken from
      the subcutaneous tissues for microbiological examination; one swab was
      transported to the laboratory in Stuart's thioglycollate medium and the other
      immediately incubated in Robertson's cooked meat broth. The latter method
      resulted in significantly more isolations of potentially pathogenic bacteria than
      the former, (31% compared with 17%, P less than 0.001). Immediate culture in
      broth with subsequent subculture allowed more accurate prediction of patients at
      risk of wound infection; using this method we found a 1:3 likelihood of wound
      infection with a 5% chance of severe infection when a single pathogenic species
      was cultured, and a 1:2 likelihood of wound infection with a 10% chance of severe
      infection when two or more pathogenic species were cultured. Transport of swabs
      in thioglycollate medium, in contrast, detected fewer patients with parietal
      contamination and showed a 1:5 likelihood of wound infection when the swab was
      sterile and a 1:2 chance when one or more than one pathogenic species was
      cultured.

PMID- 2878029
TI  - Toewebs as a source of gram-negative bacilli.
AB  - The prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli on the toewebs was 8% in normal students,
      24% in hospital outpatients with suspected Tinea pedis, 41% in industrial workers
      wearing protective clothing and 58% in coal miners. Prevalence was greatest in
      those exposed to wet working conditions. In miners, the presence of Gram-negative
      bacilli was related to symptoms of itching/soreness and cracking/fissuring, and
      was negatively related to malodour, but this latter trend was reversed in
      outpatients and in industrial workers. The feet are a source of many 'enteric'
      and 'environmental' bacilli and could contribute to infection elsewhere than in
      the toewebs themselves.

PMID- 2878030
TI  - Single dose intra-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis during prostatectomy:
      gentamicin compared with cefotetan.
AB  - Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing prostatectomy were given a single
      dose of gentamicin or cefotetan intra-operatively. Both antibiotics afforded good
      protection against postoperative bacteriuria and septicaemic symptoms were fewer
      in those patients given cefotetan, although this difference was not statistically
      significant.

PMID- 2878032
TI  - The use of alcoholic paper wipes for routine hand cleansing: results of trials in
      two hospitals.
AB  - The use of alcoholic paper hand wipes by nursing staff was assessed in two
      trials. No significant changes in total viable counts from finger imprint samples
      were observed when wipes were used, but some decrease in samples positive for
      Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus was recorded. The wipes were found
      to be pleasant and convenient to use. It is concluded that wipes are an
      acceptable alternative to soap and water for routine hand cleansing.

PMID- 2878031
TI  - Antiseptic toxicity in wounds healing by secondary intention.
AB  - The effects of two commonly used antiseptics for chronic ulcer care, chloramine T
      and chlorhexidine, on the biochemical and histological parameters of healing have
      been examined. The antiseptics were compared with saline when applied to 10 mm
      skin defects on Sprague-Dawley rats. Chloramine T significantly delayed the
      production of collagen and prolonged the acute inflammatory response compared
      with saline. Chlorhexidine did not differ from saline. We conclude that
      hypochlorite antiseptics may adversely affect healing by secondary intention and
      the antibacterial and desloughing action of agents should be carefully balanced
      against their toxic effect.

PMID- 2878033
TI  - An outbreak of nosocomial cholera in a rural Bangladesh hospital.
AB  - At a time of year when Vibrio cholerae infection accounted for over 50% of
      admissions to a rural Bangladeshi diarrhoea treatment centre, 29% of 48 patients
      hospitalized with non-cholera diarrhoea developed nosocomial V. cholerae
      infection. During an investigation of the 8-week outbreak, only the severity of
      the non-cholera diarrhoea which prompted hospital admission emerged as an
      important risk factor for nosocomial infection; food, intravenous solutions, oral
      rehydration fluid, patient attendants and hospital personnel could not be
      implicated as transmission sources. Patients receiving antibiotics while
      hospitalized did not develop nosocomial infection. Antecedent non-cholera
      diarrhoea may represent an important risk factor in some cases of V. cholerae
      infection occurring in persons who reside in cholera-endemic areas where rates of
      non-cholera diarrhoea are also high.

PMID- 2878034
TI  - Randomized clinical trial of intra-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis of
      infection after neurosurgical procedures.
AB  - A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind and sequentially analysed clinical
      trial to determine the efficacy of intra-operative parenteral gentamicin and
      vancomycin (with streptomycin in the irrigating solution) in preventing infection
      at the operative site following neurosurgical procedures is described. Patients
      receiving prophylaxis had a significantly (P = 0.046) lower operative site
      infection rate (2/71 = 2.8%) than those receiving placebo (9/77 = 11.7%). This
      difference was most apparent during an epidemic, the source of which was not
      evident. Moreover, a total of 13 infections (two operative site, five pneumonia
      and six urinary tract) occurred among 12 patients receiving prophylaxis, whereas
      there was a total of 31 infections (nine operative site, nine pneumonia, 10
      urinary tract and three septicaemia) among 24 patients receiving placebo. A
      smaller quantity of antimicrobial drugs was administered postoperatively to
      patients receiving prophylaxis (3.96 'antibiotic-days' per patient) than to those
      receiving placebo (6.87 'antibiotic-days' per patient).

PMID- 2878035
TI  - An outbreak of gastroenteritis in a psycho-geriatric hospital associated with a
      small round structured virus.
AB  - An outbreak of gastroenteritis in a psycho-geriatric hospital is described. Small
      round structured viruses, morphologically similar to Norwalk agent, were seen in
      stool samples from four patients. Although the illness was mild, 67 patients and
      30 nurses on four wards were affected over a period of 4 weeks. Because of
      shortage of staff and isolation facilities, difficulty was experienced in
      introducing effective control measures.

PMID- 2878036
TI  - A study of some factors associated with wound infection.
AB  - Five hundred and four surgical patients were studied at Princess Basma Hospital,
      North Jordan, during the period April 1984-January 1985. The overall
      postoperative wound infection rate was 3.6%. In clean surgery 1.1% of wounds were
      infected and in potentially contaminated and contaminated surgery the infection
      rate was 3.3% and 18.5% respectively. Major organisms isolated from infected
      wounds were Staphylococcus aureus (55.5%), Escherichia coli (16.6%), Proteus
      vulgaris (11.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes and Aeromonas
      hydrophilia, each with 5.6%. Use of a wound drain, duration of operation and
      carriage of Staph. aureus by the patient were associated with a higher frequency
      of wound infection.

PMID- 2878037
TI  - Use of a simple exhaust fan to control airborne transmission of varicella zoster.

PMID- 2878038
TI  - Evaluation of the 'NUK-2000 Steam Steriliser', an alternative baby bottle
      disinfector.

PMID- 2878039
TI  - Use of 'Signal System' (Oxoid) for diagnosing infection in continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2878040
TI  - Aeromonas in hospital--methods of isolation.

PMID- 2878041
TI  - Movement of intravenous cannulae--flexible sidearm vs. fixed sideport.

PMID- 2878042
TI  - The antigenic analysis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome viruses in China
      by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Thirty-six strains of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus were
      isolated from patients and a number of host animals in various areas in China.
      They were analysed by an immunofluorescence test (IFAT) using 10 monoclonal
      antibodies (McAbs) specific for the HFRS virus; antigenic differences among the
      strains have been demonstrated. The HFRS virus strains revealed nine different
      reactions with the McAbs, showing that there are at least nine different
      antigenic determinants including group-, type- and strain-specific. Analysis of
      the results shows that antigenic differences among the HFRS virus strains are
      mainly related to differences in the host animals.

PMID- 2878043
TI  - Lymphoid bone marrow cultures can reconstitute heterogeneous B and T cell
      dependent responses in severe combined immunodeficient mice.
AB  - Long-term lymphoid bone marrow cultures (LBMC) produce B lymphocytes and their
      precursors for several months in vitro. To assess their differentiative potential
      and determine their capacity to function as immune effectors, cells from the
      cultures were transplanted into mice with severe combined immune deficiency
      disease (SCID). SCID mice are deficient in T and B lymphocytes and are serum
      immunoglobulin (Ig) negative, but grafts of normal lymphoid precursors can expand
      and differentiate in them, thereby restoring immunocompetence. The results of
      these studies indicate that cells from LBMC are able to reconstitute splenic B
      lymphocytes in the SCID mice. Upon in vivo transfer, LBMC cells secreted Ig that
      displayed isotype distribution and a pattern of heterogeneity comparable with
      normal BALB/c mice, as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The
      transplanted LBMC cells were functional, because reconstituted mice could respond
      to immunization with the T-independent antigen TNP-Ficoll. The results also
      indicate that cultured cells could reconstitute T cell activity in SCID mice.
      Splenocytes from approximately one-third of the recipients could generate a
      cytotoxic response to alloantigens after 5 days of sensitization in a mixed
      lymphocyte culture, and all reconstituted SCID mice could respond to immunization
      with the T cell-dependent antigen TNP-BSA. These results demonstrate that B
      cells, as well as T cell activity, are present in LBMC-reconstituted SCID mice,
      and show that LBMC cells have the capacity to mediate an immune response.

PMID- 2878044
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta is an important immunomodulatory protein for
      human B lymphocytes.
AB  - The growth and differentiation of B cells to immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells
      is regulated by a variety of soluble factors. This study presents data that
      support a role for transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in this regulatory
      process. B lymphocytes were shown to have high-affinity receptors for TGF-beta
      that were increased fivefold to sixfold after in vitro activation. The addition
      of picogram quantities of TGF-beta to B cell cultures suppressed factor
      dependent, interleukin 2 (IL 2) B cell proliferation and markedly suppressed
      factor-dependent (IL 2 or B cell differentiation factor) B cell Ig secretion. In
      contrast, the constitutive IgG production by an Epstein Barr virus-transformed B
      cell line was not modified by the presence of TGF-beta in culture. This cell line
      was found to lack high-affinity TGF-beta receptors. The degree of inhibition of B
      cell proliferation observed in in vitro cultures was found to be dependent not
      only on the concentration of TGF-beta added but also on the concentration of the
      growth stimulatory substance (IL 2) present. By increasing the IL 2
      concentrations in culture, the inhibition of proliferation induced by TGF-beta
      could be partially overcome. In contrast, the inhibition of Ig secretion induced
      by TGF-beta could not be overcome by a higher concentration of stimulatory
      factor, demonstrating that the suppression of B cell differentiation by TGF-beta
      is not due solely to its effects on proliferation. Furthermore, it was
      demonstrated that B lymphocytes secrete TGF-beta. Unactivated tonsillar B cells
      had detectable amounts of TGF-beta mRNA on Northern blot analysis, and B cell
      activation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan (SAC) resulted in a twofold to
      threefold increase in TGF-beta mRNA. Supernatants conditioned by unactivated B
      cells had small amounts of TGF-beta, SAC activation of the B cells resulted in a
      sixfold to sevenfold increase in the amount of TGF-beta present in the
      supernatants. Thus, B lymphocytes synthesize and secrete TGF-beta and express
      receptors for TGF-beta. The addition of exogenous TGF-beta to cultures of
      stimulated B cells inhibits subsequent proliferation and Ig secretion. TGF-beta
      may function as an autocrine growth inhibitor that limits B lymphocyte
      proliferation and ultimate differentiation.

PMID- 2878045
TI  - Expression of immunoglobulin lambda light chain by the promyelocytic cell line HL
      60.
AB  - The HL-60 cell line, established from a patient with acute promyelocytic
      leukemia, can be induced to undergo differentiation along the granulocyte or
      monocyte/macrophage line, depending on the particular inducer that is used. In
      this communication we provide evidence that HL-60 cells also have B lymphoid
      characteristics because by flow cytometry and clonal excess calculations, these
      cells are found to express immunoglobulin (Ig) lambda light chains on their
      surface. Furthermore, HL-60 cells contain poly(A)+ RNA that hybridizes with a DNA
      fragment encoding the constant region of Ig lambda chains and comigrates with
      lambda mRNA on RNA blots. Treatment of HL-60 cells with a phorbol ester that
      induces monocyte/macrophage differentiation resulted in the loss of surface Ig
      lambda chains and lambda RNA.

PMID- 2878047
TI  - Molecular mapping of murine I region recombinants. II. Crossing over in the E
      beta gene is restricted to a 4.5 kb stretch of DNA that excludes the beta 1 exon.
AB  - The crossing over in five murine I-region recombinants (Is/Ik) was studied by
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis after Southern blot
      hybridization by using I-region-specific probes. These recombinants included
      three recently developed strains, B10.ASR1, B10.ASR11, and B10.ASR12; and two
      strains B10.S(9R) and B10.HTT derived earlier. Although these recombinants were
      reciprocal in haplotype orientation to the three recombinants we reported
      recently, these too crossed over within the same 7 kb stretch of DNA in the E
      beta gene. This 7 kb stretch of DNA included the 3' half of the first intron, the
      beta 1 exon, the second intron, and the beta 2 exon. A comparison of the cDNA
      sequences of the two parental E beta alleles revealed that although the beta 2
      exons were identical, there were several nucleotide differences between the two
      beta 1 exons. This allowed us to determine the parental origin of the beta 1 exon
      in the recombinants at the level of transcription by using S1 nuclease mapping.
      Thus we were able to show that in each case the 3' portion of the first intron
      and the beta 1 exon were upstream from the site of crossover. All eight
      recombinants involving the k and s haplotypes now can be mapped within a 4.5 kb
      stretch of DNA, which includes only the beta 1-beta 2 intron and the beta 2 exon
      of the E beta gene. These findings imply that the I-E molecules expressed in
      these recombinants will probably have conserved sequences and therefore will
      exhibit identical I-E-restricted immune responses, despite the fact that crossing
      over could have occurred at different sites within the beta 1-beta 2 intron.

PMID- 2878046
TI  - Chromosomal location of the genes encoding complement components C5 and factor H
      in the mouse.
AB  - Complementary DNA probes corresponding to the factor H and C5 polypeptides have
      been used to determine the chromosomal localizations of these two complement
      components. Both probes revealed complex and polymorphic arrays of DNA fragments
      in Southern blot analysis of mouse genomic DNA. Following the distribution of
      these bands in panels of somatic cell hybrids carrying various combinations of
      mouse chromosomes on a constant rat or Chinese hamster background allowed the
      localization of the C5-associated fragments to proximal chromosome 2 and the
      localization of the factor H-associated fragments to chromosome 1 or chromosome
      3. Following the inheritance of DNA restriction fragment-length polymorphisms
      revealed by the probes in recombinant inbred mouse strains allowed the factor H
      associated fragments to be mapped to Sas-1 on chromosome 1, and the C5-associated
      fragments to be mapped to Hc. Analysis of three-point crosses, in turn, placed
      the latter locus 19 cM distal to Sd on chromosome 2. We have designated the two
      loci Cfh and C5, respectively. This genetic analysis raises the possibility that
      C5 and factor H are both encoded by complex loci composed of distinct structural
      and regulatory genes.

PMID- 2878048
TI  - Quantitation of tissue transglutaminase by a sandwich ELISA system.
AB  - A sandwich ELISA system has been developed to quantitate transglutaminase in
      human cell extracts. It utilizes affinity-purified rabbit anti-human
      transglutaminase as the capture antibody and a mouse monoclonal anti
      transglutaminase (Birckbichler et al., 1985) as the indicator antibody (together
      with peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse immunoglobulin). The sensitivity of the assay
      was less than 1.0 ng/mg cellular protein. Significantly higher concentrations of
      the enzyme were found in resting versus proliferating or transformed fibroblasts
      in good agreement with previous activity measurements. The levels of
      transglutaminase in normal T and B lymphocytes, malignant lymphoid cells and
      monocytes were also determined.

PMID- 2878049
TI  - Optimal methods for generating expanded lymphokine activated killer cells capable
      of reducing established murine tumors in vivo.
AB  - The systemic administration of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and
      recombinant interleukin-2 (RIL-2) is effective in reducing the number of
      established pulmonary and hepatic metastases from multiple murine tumors and has
      recently been shown to be effective in mediating the regression of metastatic
      cancer in humans as well. The generation of sufficient numbers of LAK cells for
      the effective therapy of human tumors remains a major obstacle to the widespread
      application of this immunotherapeutic approach. We have thus studied methods for
      the in vitro expansion of LAK cells effective in immunotherapy. Our previous
      studies used LAK cells generated in culture with RIL-2 for 3 days. LAK cells
      cultured in RIL-2 for 5 or 7 days were not significantly different from cells
      cultured for 3 days either in the number of cells obtained, their in vivo
      cytotoxicity or their in vivo therapeutic effectiveness. When day 3 LAK cells
      were transferred to fresh culture medium containing 1000 U/ml of RIL-2, a highly
      reproducible expansion of these cells was obtained. By day 5, cell numbers
      expanded 9.6 +/- 0.8-fold (mean +/- SEM; n = 36) and by day 8, cells expanded
      15.1 +/- 1.0-fold (n = 19). In 4 h 51Cr release assays against fresh tumor target
      cells, day 3 LAK cells had a mean of 13 lytic units/10(6) cells in 24
      experiments. Day 5 expanded LAK cells had a mean of 30 lytic units/10(6) cells in
      13 experiments (P less than 0.05 compared to day 3 LAK cells) and day 8 expanded
      LAK cells had a mean of 11 lytic units/10(6) cells in 6 experiments (P = NS
      compared to day 3 LAK cells) When day 5 and day 8 expanded LAK cells were infused
      in vivo with RIL-2, they were found to significantly reduce the number of
      experimentally induced pulmonary metastases as effectively as non-expanded
      conventional day 3 LAK cells. Similar findings were documented in experiments
      against hepatic metastases. These experiments demonstrate that LAK cells could
      expand a mean of 15-fold in vitro in RIL-2 and maintain their anti-tumor
      therapeutic effectiveness when adoptively transferred. These experiments suggest
      methods for generating increased numbers of cells for use in the adoptive
      immunotherapy of human cancers and may substantially reduce the need for repeated
      leukophereses of cancer patients undergoing this therapy.

PMID- 2878050
TI  - Distribution of Lambornella clarki (Ciliophora: Tetrahymenidae) and other
      mosquito parasites in California treeholes.

PMID- 2878051
TI  - Inhibitory effects of shale oils (Ichthyols) on the secretion of chemotactic
      leukotrienes from human leukocytes and on leukocyte migration.
AB  - Ichthyols are sulfated shale oils with well-known anti-inflammatory effects in
      dermatologic diseases. Their possible mechanisms of action were studied by
      measuring chemotactic factor release from peripheral human leukocytes in vitro.
      Ichthyols caused no release of such factors by themselves but inhibited ionophore
      induced release. After elution of the cell supernatants on reverse-phase high
      pressure liquid chromatography, followed by analysis of the fractions in the
      chemotaxis assay and the radioimmunoassay, Ichthyols caused a reduction of lipids
      at marker positions for leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 20-COOH-LTB4. The inhibition
      was also evident in the LTB4 radioimmunoassay, was dose- and time-dependent, and
      occurred in noncytotoxic concentrations of the agents. Ichthyols also inhibit the
      chemotactic response of neutrophils toward LTB4 and the unstimulated migration of
      cells. These inhibitory effects of Ichthyols on secretion of chemotactic
      arachidonate metabolites from leukocytes and on cell migration provide a
      plausible explanation for their anti-inflammatory activity.

PMID- 2878052
TI  - [Treatment of circulatory diseases: recent progress. 4. Cardiomyopathies].

PMID- 2878053
TI  - [Treatment of angina pectoris].

PMID- 2878054
TI  - [A clinico-pathological study of allergic granulomatous angitis--on our
      experience of three cases and literature review of 56 cases reported in Japan].

PMID- 2878055
TI  - Effects of histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on thyrotrophin secretion in
      the rat.
AB  - The effects of histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on the pituitary-thyroid
      axis were studied in normal and thyroxine (T4)-treated rats. Acute administration
      (120 min before the test) of the H2 antagonist cimetidine induced a significant
      (P less than 0.01) increase in the TSH response to TRH, whereas treatment with
      histamine (30 min before the test) or with the H1-receptor blocker
      diphenhydramine (120 min before the test) was without effect. Treatment with
      cimetidine or ranitidine (another H2-receptor antagonist) for 5 days induced a
      marked decrease in basal plasma TSH concentrations (P less than 0.01), with no
      changes in pituitary concentrations of TSH. Plasma prolactin concentrations were
      similarly decreased by cimetidine (P less than 0.01), though not by ranitidine.
      Neither antihistaminic altered pituitary prolactin concentrations. Despite
      decreasing basal concentrations of plasma TSH, cimetidine augmented the response
      to TRH above baseline values (P less than 0.01) in control rats as well as in
      animals with T4-induced suppression of plasma TSH. Administration of cimetidine
      or ranitidine for 5 days was followed by a reduced concentration of plasma T4 and
      triiodothyronine (T3) (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 respectively),
      perhaps as a result of the declining plasma TSH levels. These results provide the
      first evidence for the reduction of plasma TSH concentrations by H2-receptor
      blockers, and may indicate that histamine can physiologically regulate TSH and
      prolactin secretion through H2 receptors in the anterior pituitary.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878056
TI  - An in-situ isolated rat adrenal perfusion system for study of neurally mediated
      catecholamine secretion: effects of morphine, a Met-enkephalin analogue, and
      naloxone on catecholamine secretion.
AB  - An in-situ isolated rat adrenal perfusion technique has been devised to study the
      opioid control of neurally mediated adrenomedullary catecholamine release.
      Adrenomedullary catecholamine secretion was induced by electrical stimulation of
      the cut end of the left descending thoracic sympathetic chain on platinum
      electrodes. The half-maximal stimulatory potential (ED50) of the system was 8 V,
      20 Hz, with 300 microseconds pulse width. Basal release of catecholamine from the
      adrenal was constant using a perfusion flow rate of 100-300 microliter/min, but
      increased significantly with increasing perfusion temperature over the range 36
      38 degrees C. Following repetitive 30-s stimulation of the left thoracic
      sympathetic chain, and 3-min fraction collections, the total amount of
      catecholamine released per fraction remained within 80-100% of the maximum
      release for up to eight consecutive stimuli. The release of catecholamines was
      completely blocked by hexamethonium (0.1 mmol/l), but recovered to pre-blockade
      values within two further stimuli. Using the ED50 and the first three stimuli as
      control, the effects of morphine (10 nmol/l-l mmol/l), D-Ala2-MePhe4-Met
      enkephalin-(O5)-ol (DAMME; 10 nmol/l-0.1 mmol/l) and naloxone (10 nmol/l-10
      mumol/l) on the response to the next three stimuli were compared. Morphine, DAMME
      or naloxone did not significantly alter the amount of catecholamine released by
      this form of stimulation. Therefore in the rat, under the conditions used, there
      is no evidence for mu (mu) or delta (delta) opiate modulation of neurally
      mediated catecholamine release from the rat adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2878057
TI  - Somatostatin tonically inhibits growth hormone secretion in domestic fowl.
AB  - Passive immunization of immature chickens with sheep somatostatin (SRIF)
      antiserum promptly increased the basal plasma GH concentration and augmented TRH
      induced GH secretion. Although exogenous SRIF had no inhibitory effect on the
      basal GH concentration in untreated birds or birds pretreated with non-immune
      sheep serum, it suppressed the stimulatory effect of SRIF immunoneutralization on
      GH secretion. These results suggest that SRIF is physiologically involved in the
      control of GH secretion in birds, in which it appears to inhibit GH release
      tonically.

PMID- 2878058
TI  - Transcriptional organization of bovine papillomavirus type 4.
AB  - Seven virus-specific RNA transcripts have been identified in tumours induced by
      bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4). The RNAs measured 4.2, 3.6, 3.0, 2.8, 1.9,
      1.6 and 1.0 kilobases (kb). They were mapped on the viral genome by Northern blot
      hybridization to subgenomic probes, by cDNA hybridization to viral DNA fragments
      and by S1 analysis of unlabelled and 3' and 5' end-labelled DNA fragments. All
      the RNA species are transcribed from the same DNA strand, are polyadenylated and
      with the exception of the 1.0 kb RNA internally spliced. The 3.0, 1.9, 1.6 and
      1.0 kb RNAs share the same 3' polyadenylation site at nucleotide 4009 whereas the
      4.2 kb RNA and the 2.8 kb RNAs terminate near a polyadenylation site at
      nucleotide 7187. The 4.2 kb and the 2.8 kb RNAs are transcribed from the late
      open reading frames and encode the structural polypeptides; the 3.0, 1.9, 1.6 and
      1.0 kb RNAs are transcribed from the early open reading frames and are the
      transcripts involved in viral replication and cellular transformation.

PMID- 2878059
TI  - Complete sequence of the major nucleocapsid protein gene of human parainfluenza
      type 3 virus: comparison with other negative strand viruses.
AB  - The sequence of the major nucleocapsid protein (NP) mRNA and its encoded protein
      were deduced by sequencing a cDNA clone representing the complete mRNA. The cDNA
      sequence was confirmed by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of purified viral genomic
      RNA by primer extension using synthetic oligonucleotides. The NP mRNA contains
      1,641 nucleotides exclusive of poly(A) and encodes an NP protein of 515 amino
      acids. Alignment of the human parainfluenza type 3 virus (PF3) NP protein
      sequence with that of Sendai virus showed that the two proteins shared
      considerable sequence identity (58.8%). Additional comparisons provided highly
      significant statistical evidence that the PF3 NP protein sequence is related to
      those of measles and canine distemper viruses, but there was no evidence of
      relatedness with the nucleocapsid proteins of respiratory syncytial virus,
      influenza B virus, or vesicular stomatitis virus.

PMID- 2878060
TI  - Significance of postnatal mother-to-child transmission of human T-lymphotropic
      virus type-I on the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - In order to shed light on the mode of HTLV-I infection by mother-to-child
      transmission, we examined sera of school children in a highly endemic town on two
      separate occasions at a 6-year interval. The carrier rates in ages 15-17, 8.7 and
      2.1%, were significantly higher than that in ages 6-8, 1.7 and 0.4%, in studies.
      The latter survey showed a significantly lower carrier rate in each age group.
      Moreover, the carrier rates of those students born in 1965-1967 and 1968-1970
      were stable in the interval. The data suggested that carrier rates of children at
      certain ages are reflected by the date of birth rather than by age. A prospective
      survey of children born of carrier mothers found the overall carrier rate to be
      approximately 25%, which did not increase with their age. There was no sexual
      difference in the carrier rate of children: 5/25 in male and 9/34 in females (X2
      = 0.3). Carrier mothers could be separated into two groups: HTLV-I antigen
      positive mothers and negative mothers. Nine out of 19 antigen-positive mothers
      (47%) and 2 of 19 antigen-negative mothers (11%) had carrier children (X2 = 6.3).
      Twelve of 30 children born of antigen-positive carrier mothers (40%) were
      carriers, in contrast to 2 of 24 children (8%) of antigen-negative mothers (X2 =
      7.8). Furthermore, 12 of 14 carrier children (86%) were of antigen-positive
      mothers. This suggests that postnatal but early transmission of HTLV-I plays a
      significant role in the maintenance of HTLV-I endemy and the development of adult
      T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

PMID- 2878061
TI  - Increases in dopamine utilization in certain limbic dopamine terminal populations
      after a short period of intermittent exposure of male rats to cigarette smoke.
AB  - By means of a Walton smoke machine male rats were exposed to cigarette smoke from
      1 to 4 cigarettes. Dopamine (DA) levels and utilization in the telencephalon were
      measured by quantitative histofluorimetry in discrete DA nerve terminal systems
      of the neostriatum, nucleus accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium. Exposure to
      unfiltered but not to filtered (Cambridge glass fibre filter) cigarette smoke
      resulted in a dose-dependent increase in DA utilization in the diffuse types of
      DA nerve terminal systems in the anterior nucleus accumbens and the lateral
      posterior tuberculum olfactorium. After exposure to the smoke from 4 cigarettes
      also an increase in DA utilization was observed in the dotted type (also
      cholecystokinin [CCK] positive) of DA nerve terminals of the nucleus accumbens
      (posterior part). The DA utilization in various parts of the neostriatum and in
      the dotted type of DA nerve terminals in the medial posterior tuberculum
      olfactorium were unaffected by acute intermittent exposure to cigarette smoke.
      The DA levels in the various DA nerve terminal systems in neostriatum, nucleus
      accumbens and tuberculum olfactorium were unaffected with the exception of the
      dotted and CCK positive type of DA nerve terminals of the nucleus accumbens,
      where a small reduction of the DA stores was shown following acute intermittent
      exposure to smoke from 4 cigarettes. The effects induced by exposure to the
      cigarette smoke in the limbic DA terminals were counteracted by mecamylamine
      pretreatment. It is suggested that the nicotine component of the cigarette smoke
      via activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors can enhance DA release in
      discrete DA nerve terminal systems of the nucleus accumbens and tuberculum
      olfactorium. These actions may at least in part mediate the euphoria induced by
      inhalation of cigarette smoke.

PMID- 2878062
TI  - The pharmacological management of chronic pain in the paraplegic patient.

PMID- 2878063
TI  - New taxanes from Taxus brevifolia, 2.

PMID- 2878064
TI  - The choice of an initial antihypertensive agent.
AB  - With the current availability of a plethora not only of blood pressure-lowering
      medications but also of classes thereof and the concern that the long-term use of
      some of these may result in adverse effects which may offset their benefits has
      come the recognition of the importance of the choice of an initial
      antihypertensive agent. Indeed, the initially chosen medication will often be
      taken for the longest time. The purpose of this review is to consider nine of the
      major factors permitting a rational choice of medication: antihypertensive
      efficacy, mechanism of action, safety, patient acceptance (quality of life),
      cost, numbers of doses per day, need for laboratory follow-up, potential
      interactions with other drugs, and additional salutary effects. The question of
      the role of nondiuretic monotherapy is, of necessity, an integral component of
      this discussion. Preliminary data indicate that the use of this approach with
      some of the newer agents, including converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium
      channel blockers, constitutes excellent therapy, at least in certain patients.
      Finally, because one of the new approaches to antihypertensive therapy is
      comprehensive risk management, the effect of medication on the lipid profile is
      considered in some detail.

PMID- 2878065
TI  - Comparative tolerability of labetalol versus propranolol, atenolol, pindolol,
      metoprolol, and nadolol.
AB  - The side-effect profile of labetalol was assessed in 34 patients with mild to
      moderate essential hypertension who had previously experienced side effects
      during beta-blocker therapy. The most frequently reported beta-blocker side
      effects were fatigue, impotence, cold extremities, and depression. After
      discontinuing their previous beta-blocker for 4 weeks, labetalol was titrated
      (100-400 mg b.i.d.) to achieve blood pressure control. Twenty-seven of 34
      patients did not have a recurrence of a beta-blocker related side effect while
      receiving labetalol. The most common new side effect with labetalol was dizziness
      (3 patients). As judged by the attending physician and the patient, labetalol was
      better tolerated than conventional beta-blocker therapy in 30 of 34 patients
      (88%). Twenty-four of 34 patients (71%) preferred labetalol over previous
      therapy. Labetalol controlled blood pressure in 30 of 34 patients (88%). At equal
      antihypertensive doses, some side effects common to beta-blockers are seen less
      frequently with labetalol.

PMID- 2878066
TI  - Imaging of medullary thyroid carcinoma and hyperfunctioning adrenal medulla using
      iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine.
AB  - Scintigraphy with radiolabeled metaiodobenzylguanidine was performed in a patient
      with MEN Type IIa having a pheochromocytoma of the right adrenal gland,
      adrenomedullary hyperplasia of the left adrenal gland and a primary medullary
      thyroid carcinoma. The scintigraphic findings demonstrate visualization of all
      the above mentioned pathologies.

PMID- 2878067
TI  - Restructuring group meetings for effectiveness.
AB  - As hospital systems become more complex, health administrators spend more of
      their time facilitating group decision making. To have effective group management
      and active participation, group members must value a meeting, and the group
      should be able to address a large number of issues in an efficient manner. In one
      rapidly expanding health care system, a group meeting was evaluated in relation
      to the format and the value to group members. The meeting was then reorganized
      for optimal efficiency and an evaluation of the effect of the restructuring on
      the group's perception of the meeting was done.

PMID- 2878068
TI  - Pathogenesis of human primary hypertension: a new approach to the identification
      of causal factors and to therapy.
AB  - In chronic renovascular hypertension the amplifier properties of the
      hypertrophied heart and vessels contribute considerably more to the maintenance
      of the elevated blood pressure (BP) than the basic underlying cause. This must
      also occur in chronic primary hypertension. Accordingly, we hypothesized that
      after reversal of hypertrophy by antihypertensive medication the cause(s) of
      hypertension should be easier to detect during the redevelopment of hypertension
      once medication was stopped, than in the chronic phase of the disorder. We have
      studied three groups of patients with moderate to severe hypertension in whom BP
      was controlled for (1) 1 month (2) 1 year and (3) 15 months to 5 years. The rate
      of subsequent redevelopment of hypertension between the series was inversely
      related to the duration of therapy, which was mostly with beta-blockers and
      diuretics. Redevelopment of hypertension was slowest after obtaining regression
      of both vascular hypertrophy and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Preliminary
      findings suggest that sympathetic overactivity is present during the
      redevelopment phase in most patients. Our findings have suggested a new
      therapeutic strategy, where the effectiveness of non-pharmacological methods of
      controlling BP is enhanced by first causing regression of cardiovascular
      hypertrophy by drug treatment. Moderate regular exercise has proved to be an
      effective non-pharmacological antihypertensive method which has now maintained
      five patients at normal BP for 1 year, following an initial period of drug
      treatment.

PMID- 2878069
TI  - The response of plasma catecholamines to the vasodepression caused by beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - The 15-20% decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) seen in conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after the administration of a single dose
      of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists atenolol, betaxolol, oxprenolol, pindolol,
      propranolol or sotalol was not accompanied by an increase in plasma
      norepinephrine (NE) concentration. In marked contrast, plasma NE concentration
      increased by 50-75% when MAP was lowered at the same rate, and to the same extent
      with the vasodilator minoxidil. Atenolol, betaxolol and propranolol significantly
      suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA), whereas oxprenolol, pindolol and sotalol
      did not alter PRA significantly. Based on these observations, I conclude that
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists impair the normal baroreflexly-mediated increase in
      plasma NE concentration which occurs in response to a decrease in MAP and this
      sympatho-inhibitory effect does not require the suppression of renin release.

PMID- 2878070
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor in spontaneously hypertensive rats: concentration
      changes with the progression of hypertension and elevated formation of cyclic
      GMP.
AB  - As hypertension developed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the plasma
      concentration of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) increased whereas its tissue
      concentration in the atria decreased. These observations suggest that ANF is
      secreted from the atria in response to hypertension. Atrial natriuretic factor
      contents in the hypothalamus and pons decreased with ageing in Wistar-Kyoto rats
      (WKY) but not in SHR. The responses of various SHR tissues to the hypotensive,
      vasorelaxant and cyclic GMP generating effects of ANF were more pronounced than
      in corresponding WKY tissues. The number of ANF receptors was reduced without
      change in the affinity in aortic smooth muscle and adrenals of SHR with
      established hypertension. These findings suggest that the elevated sensitivity to
      ANF of blood pressure of SHR can be in part explained by the increased
      sensitivity to ANF of guanylate cyclase in the vascular wall of SHR.

PMID- 2878071
TI  - Receptor-mediated model relating anticonvulsant effect to brain levels of
      camazepam in the presence of its active metabolites.
AB  - In a displacement test using 3H-diazepam as a radioligand, the in vitro
      affinities of metabolites of camazepam (CZ) for the benzodiazepine receptors were
      1-50 times more potent than that of CZ. In contrast, only three metabolites
      (temazepam, oxazepam, and hydroxy CZ), as well as CZ itself, exhibited an in vivo
      affinity parallel to their ability to protect against pentylenetetrazole--induced
      clonic convulsion in rats. In addition, CZ and these active metabolites displaced
      the radioligand from their receptor sites in a concentration-dependent saturable
      manner, indicating the competitive bimolecular interaction of these molecules
      with their receptors. The percent anticonvulsant effect was a nonlinear, single
      valued function of the in vivo percent displacement of specific 3H-diazepam
      binding, independent of these displacers after i.v. dosing; this relationship
      could be approximated by the Hill equation. On the basis of these findings, a
      receptor-mediated model, including the Langmuir equation to describe the receptor
      binding-brain concentration relationship and the Hill equation to accommodate the
      anticonvulsant effect-receptor binding relationship, was constructed. This model
      was found to adequately relate the time course values of anticonvulsant effect
      and of brain levels of CZ and its active metabolites after oral administration.
      These results demonstrate that CZ and its active metabolites exert anticonvulsant
      effect by competitive binding to the benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2878072
TI  - [Peripheral axonic neuropathy during treatment with almitrine bismesylate
      (Vectarion). Possible role of wasting].

PMID- 2878073
TI  - Rapid neuroleptization.

PMID- 2878074
TI  - Immunology of allergic rhinitis, or a nose for treatment.

PMID- 2878075
TI  - Bioisosteric prototype design of biaryl imidazolyl and triazolyl competitive
      histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - The structural relationship of the competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist 3
      amino-5-(2-amino-4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (1) to the agonist histamine and to
      antagonists of the cimetidine type was explored by the design and synthesis of
      four series of bioisosterically designed prototypes. Biological data from these
      series was best interpreted as indicating a similarity between the imidazole
      moiety of histamine and cimetidine and the 2-amino-4-pyridyl moiety of 1. On the
      basis of this data, sequential replacement of 2-amino-4-pyridyl by 2
      [(dimethylamino)methyl]-5-furyl and 2-guanidino-4-triazolyl moieties led to a
      structurally more potent series of biaryl histamine H2-receptor antagonists. The
      best of these, 2-methyl-4-(2-guanidino-4-thiazolyl)imidazole (29, CP-57,361-1)
      was 120 times more potent as a histamine H2-receptor antagonist than 1.

PMID- 2878076
TI  - Synthetic 1,4-disubstituted-1,4-dihydro-5H-tetrazol-5-one derivatives of
      fentanyl: alfentanil (R 39209), a potent, extremely short-acting narcotic
      analgesic.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of N-1,4-disubstituted-1,4-dihydro-5H-tetrazol-5-one
      piperidinyl derivatives of fentanyl, carfentanil, and sufentanil is described.
      The 1-substituted tetrazolinones 2 were essentially prepared via the addition
      reaction of aluminium azide to isocyanates or acid chlorides in tetrahydrofuran.
      Alkylation of 2 under neutral or weakly basic conditions afforded almost
      exclusively the 1,4-disubstituted tetrazolinone isomer 3. N-Alkylation of the
      piperidine derivatives 4 with 3 in dimethylformamide yielded 9a-v. The
      morphinomimetic activity in rats, after intravenous injection of the compounds,
      was evaluated in the tail withdrawal reflex test. The fentanyl analogues 9a-c (R4
      = H) are inactive at the measured dose of 2.5 or 10 mg/kg (iv). For the
      carfentanil analogues (R4 = COOCH3) maximal narcotic activity is found when R1
      represents a lower alkyl group (9d-f) or a thienylethyl group (9n). The
      sufentanil analogues (R4 = CH2OCH3) show the same structure-activity relationship
      (SAR) profile as the carfentanil derivatives (R4 = COOCH3). The structural
      requirements for optimal activity are in good agreement with earlier observations
      in the series of 10-12. From the series the ethyl tetrazolinone derivative 9r,
      alfentanil (R 39209), was selected for clinical investigation. As an analgesic in
      rats, 9r is 140 times more potent than pethidine 15 and 72 times more potent than
      morphine 14. Alftentanil reaches its peak effect within 1 min after injection,
      and its duration of action is very short; at 2 times its MED50, 9r has a duration
      of action of 11 min. This duration is 30 min for 10 and 90 min for 14. Compared
      to 10, alfentanil 9r is about 4 times faster but 3 times shorter acting.
      Structurally, 9r shows most resemblance to sufentanil 12, since it differs only
      by substitution of a 4-ethyltetrazolinone ring for the thiophene ring. The
      considerable differences in their pharmacological profiles were explained in
      terms of marked variations in physicochemical and, hence, pharmacokinetic
      properties.

PMID- 2878077
TI  - Synthesis and renal vasodilator activity of some dopamine agonist 1-aryl-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diols: halogen and methyl analogues of
      fenoldopam.
AB  - Certain 6-halo-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepines were found to be
      potent D-1 dopamine agonists. The 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) analogues did not have
      central nervous system activity because their high polarity inhibited entry into
      the brain. However, these compounds were potent renal vasodilators. Fenoldopam,
      the 6-chloro analogue, is an especially significant member of the series, and its
      synthesis, pharmacology, and clinical properties have been studied extensively.
      The 6-methyl and 6-iodo congeners were potent renal vasodilators, but nonpotent
      partial D-1 agonists as measured by stimulation of rat caudate adenylate cyclase.
      A possible rationalization suggests different receptor reserves for these
      activities. The 9-substituted benzazepines were either inactive or of low potency
      as dopamine agonists, while the N-methyl analogues had significant antagonist
      potency as measured by inhibition of dopamine stimulation of rat caudate
      adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2878078
TI  - Synthesis and antiallergic activity of a novel series of 5-lipoxygenase
      inhibitors.
AB  - A series of novel substituted [[(phenoxymethyl)phenyl]amino]oxoalkanoic acid
      esters have been synthesized. These compounds were tested in vitro for their
      ability to inhibit the synthesis of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and
      leukotriene (LT) B4 from rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and in vivo as
      inhibitors ovalbumin- (OA) and LTD4-induced bronchospasm in the guinea pig.
      Compounds 5-12 and 25 had IC50's between 1 and 5.6 microM in the rat PMN 5
      lipoxygenase assay. Compounds 1, 3, and 16 inhibited OA-induced
      bronchoconstriction (61%, 64%, and 57%, respectively), but only 1 showed activity
      against LTD4-induced bronchoconstriction. When tested against LTD4-induced
      contraction of isolated guinea pig tracheal spiral strips, 1 was a competitive
      inhibitor with a pKB of 4.94.

PMID- 2878079
TI  - Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained somatostatin analogues with
      high potency and specificity for mu opioid receptors.
AB  - A series of cyclic, conformationally constrained peptides related to somatostatin
      were designed and synthesized in an effort to develop highly selective and potent
      peptides for the mu opioid receptor. The following new peptides were prepared and
      tested for their mu opioid receptor potency and selectively in rat brain binding
      assays: D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (2, CTOP); D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp
      Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (3, CTAP); D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Nle-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (4); D-Phe
      Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Pen-Thr-NH2 (5); D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Gly-Pen-Thr-NH2
      (6); D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (7); D-Tyr-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys
      Thr-OH (8); D-PhGly-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (9); and D-PhGly-Pen-Phe-D
      Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-OH (10). The most selective peptide, 2 (CTOP), displayed both
      high affinity (IC50 = 3.5 nM) and exceptional selectivity (IC50 delta/IC50 mu =
      4,000) for mu opioid receptors. Furthermore, 2 exhibited very low affinity for
      somatostatin receptors in the rat brain (IC50 greater than 24,000 nM), with an
      IC50 somatostatin/IC50 mu receptor selectivity of 8,750. These conformationally
      constrained cyclic peptides should provide new insight into the structural and
      conformational requirements for the mu opioid receptor and the physiological role
      of this receptor.

PMID- 2878081
TI  - Chemically stable homocinnamyl analogues of the leukotrienes: synthesis and
      preliminary biological evaluation.
AB  - The synthesis and biological characterization of a series of stable leukotriene
      analogues (2) are reported. They are derivatives of (5S,6R,7Z)-6-peptidyl-5
      hydroxy-9-phenyl-7-nonenoic acid, in which the phenyl group is variously
      substituted with a heptanyl, 2-heptenyl, or hexanyloxy chain (R1) and the peptide
      is either glutathionyl, cysteinylglycinyl, or cysteinyl. The most potent agonist
      is (5S,6R,7Z)-6-S-glutathionyl-5-hydroxy-9-(4-heptanylphenyl)-7 -nonenoic acid.
      This analogue has an EC50 value of 74.5 nM, in the presence of 1-serine borate
      (45 mM), on guinea pig tracheal spirals. The agonist activity of the
      cysteinylglycinyl- and the cysteinyl-substituted analogues was inhibited by FPL
      55712. Three of the analogues were weak leukotriene antagonists in vitro on
      guinea pig tracheal spirals. The most potent of these was (5S,6R,7Z)-6-S
      cysteinyl-5-hydroxy-9-(2-heptanylphenyl)-7-++ +nonenoic acid. At 10 microM, this
      analogue inhibited by 28% the contraction induced by 8 nM LTE4.

PMID- 2878080
TI  - 6,7-Dichloro-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline . A
      structurally novel beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent.
AB  - Replacement of the catecholic hydroxyl groups of the beta-adrenergic receptor
      agonist 6,7-dihydroxy-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
      (trimetoquinol) with chloro substituents results in a compound with marked beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist properties. This, therefore, parallels the similar
      transformation of the beta-adrenoreceptor agonist isoproterenol into the
      antagonist dichloroisoproterenol. In a test for inhibition of isoproterenol
      induced enhancement of the rate of contraction of spontaneously beating guinea
      pig atrial pairs the resultant 6,7-dichloro-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydroisoquinoline (6b) had a KB value of (6.7 +/- 2.3) X 10(-8) M. Although
      this is nearly 2 orders of magnitude less potent than propranolol (KB = 6.2 X 10(
      10) M in this test), this compound represents the prototype of a new class of
      beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, and unlike dichloroisoproterenol it is not a
      partial agonist. It has physicochemical properties, e.g., pKa and distribution
      and partition coefficients, that differ from the prototypic beta-blockers. These
      altered properties might impart advantageous tissue distribution and altered
      pharmacological properties to the new molecule. This new beta-adrenoreceptor
      antagonist is suggested to merit further study.

PMID- 2878082
TI  - A critical appraisal of recent drug research in mental retardation: the Coldwater
      studies.
AB  - This paper attempts to assess public and professional attitudes toward drug
      treatment in mental retardation and concludes that considerable sentiment has
      developed in recent years against the use of pharmacotherapy. A number of factors
      contributing to this prevailing attitude were identified and discussed. In
      particular, a series of investigations carried out by researchers at the
      Coldwater Regional Center for Developmental Disabilities (Michigan), which have
      had negative implications for drug treatment, were summarized. These studies have
      suggested that psychotropic drugs, especially the antipsychotics, may adversely
      affect clinical management of mentally retarded persons, depress learning
      performance, and interfere with the efficacy of reinforcement contingencies.
      However, certain features of these studies, such as the procedures for selecting
      subjects, the doses utilized and overall guiding philosophy, appear to limit
      their relevance. Balanced against these are a number of other investigations
      showing circumscribed positive clinical effects, a lack of interference with
      learning and little or no disruption of reinforcement contingencies. It was
      concluded that all-encompassing judgments about the value of pharmacotherapy in
      mentally retarded people are premature at this time. We suggested that a major
      objective of clinical drug research should be to look for enhancement of adaptive
      functioning by discovering appropriate subject-treatment combinations, while
      remaining vigilant for adverse effects.

PMID- 2878083
TI  - The effect of glutamate on hypoxic newborn rabbit heart.
AB  - Effects of glutamate on myocardial mechanical function and energy metabolism
      during 120 min of hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation were studied in the
      isolated arterially perfused newborn and adult rabbit hearts. The muscle was
      perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution or KH solution which contained 1 mM
      glutamate. Glutamate attenuated the effects of hypoxia on mechanical function and
      tissue ATP concentration, and enhanced the recovery of mechanical function and
      tissue ATP during reoxygenation. During hypoxia, glutamate increased tissue
      succinate and GTP with no change in total lactate and pyruvate production. Trace
      studies using 14C-glutamate and the tissue homogenate showed that hypoxia
      increased tissue succinate and inhibited TCA cycle. Additional glutamate produced
      more CO2 and TCA intermediates in both oxygenated and hypoxic mediums. These data
      indicate that glutamate increased the rate of ATP production in the hypoxic and
      reoxygenated heart. This study shows that the improvement of mechanical function
      and ATP formation in the hypoxic myocardium by glutamate was due to an increase
      in both oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation. The effect
      of glutamate on the ATP and GTP production in the newborn heart was not different
      from the adult.

PMID- 2878084
TI  - Infarct size pharmacology--where next?

PMID- 2878085
TI  - Beta blockers and infarct size.
AB  - Reduction of myocardial oxygen demand by beta blockers should be beneficial for
      treatment of the supply-demand imbalance of severe myocardial ischaemia leading
      to infarction. There is evidence that rate-pressure product, an index of
      myocardial oxygen demand, is an independent variable for determination of infarct
      size, and that reduction of rate-pressure product by beta blockers or by other
      means is beneficial. Although experimental evidence is conflicting, some animal
      studies have shown protection from beta blockers when a coronary artery is
      permanently occluded, while a majority of studies show protection when a
      temporary coronary artery occlusion is followed by reperfusion. Prevention of
      ventricular fibrillation due to coronary artery occlusion has been shown in
      animal studies. In patients with developing infarction, rate-pressure product is
      reduced by approximately 20% when a beta blocker is given intravenously, and
      cardiac metabolism, assessed by coronary sinus sampling, returns to a more normal
      "oxidative" pattern. Indirect indices of infarct size, namely serum enzyme
      release and precordial R wave loss are reduced in patients treated early with
      intravenous beta blockers compared with control patients. However there is no
      evidence that left ventricular function is preserved by beta blockers. Very large
      multicentre trials have shown reduction in mortality among treated patients by
      about 15% when an intravenous beta blocker is given, suggesting that routine use
      would save 1 life for every 100-200 patients treated.

PMID- 2878086
TI  - Beta blockers, hypertension, and blacks--is the answer really in?
AB  - It has been reported that beta blockers are not effective antihypertensives in
      black populations. A review of the literature revealed that, for the most part,
      studies drawing this conclusion were of small sample size, lacked controls, and
      did not represent the demographics of the US black population. The largest US
      study (Veterans Administration Cooperative Study) showed propranolol to be
      effective in at least one half of the black patients, with white patients
      responding better, but diuretics were more effective in both races. More recent
      studies show beta blockers with alpha-antagonistic properties to be effective in
      black hypertensives. The question is raised whether enough data have been
      analyzed to suggest these drugs are ineffective for black hypertensives.

PMID- 2878087
TI  - Factor XIII as a modulator of plasma fibronectin alterations during experimental
      bacteremia.
AB  - Fibronectin is found in plasma as well as in association with connective tissue
      and cell surfaces. Depletion of plasma fibronectin is often observed in septic
      trauma and burned patients, while experimental rats often manifest
      hyperfibronectinemia with sepsis. Since Factor XIII may influence the rate of
      clearance and deposition of plasma fibronectin into tissues, we evaluated the
      temporal changes in plasma fibronectin and plasma Factor XIII following
      bacteremia and RE blockade in rats in an attempt to understand the mechanism
      leading to elevation of fibronectin levels in bacteremic rats, which is distinct
      from that observed with RE blockade. Clearance of exogenously administered
      fibronectin after bacteremia was also determined. Rats received either saline,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 X 10(9) organisms), gelatinized RE test lipid emulsion
      (50 mg/100 gm B.W.), or emulsion followed by Pseudomonas. Plasma fibronectin and
      Factor XIII were determined at 0, 2, 24, and 48 hours post-blockade or
      bacteremia. At 24 and 48 hr following bacteremia alone or bacteremia after RE
      blockade, there was a significant elevation (p less than 0.05) of plasma
      fibronectin and a concomitant decrease (p less than 0.05) of plasma factor XIII
      activity. Extractable tissue fibronectin from liver and spleen was also increased
      at 24 and 48 hours following R.E. blockade plus bacteremia. In addition, the
      plasma clearance of human fibronectin was significantly prolonged (p less than
      0.05) following bacterial challenge. Infusion of activated Factor XIII (20
      units/rat) during a period of hyperfibronectinemia (908.0 +/- 55.1 micrograms/ml)
      resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in plasma fibronectin
      (548.5 +/- 49.9 micrograms/ml) within 30 min. Thus Factor XIII deficiency in rats
      with bacteremia may contribute to the elevation in plasma fibronectin by altering
      kinetics associated with the clearance of fibronectin from the blood.

PMID- 2878088
TI  - Reversal of postburn immunosuppression with low-dose polymyxin B.
AB  - In a randomized study of 28 patients with thermal injury, polymyxin B was
      administered intravenously in small doses to attempt to block the
      immunosuppressive effects of endotoxin. When compared with controls, treated
      patients showed a reduction in septic complications and death, but this reduction
      is not statistically significant at this time. In vitro measurements of
      lymphocyte function, however, indicate a statistically significant improvement in
      the T helper to suppressor ratio, and in the lymphocyte responsiveness to a
      number of bacterial antigens.

PMID- 2878089
TI  - Annulate lamellae and single-pore complexes in human spermatogonia.
AB  - Electron microscopic examination of non-neoplastic human testes revealed
      cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (AL) in all cell types within the seminiferous
      epithelium. Short lamellar profiles with low numbers of pores were found in
      spermatogonia and spermatocytes, while larger stacks of AL were seen in
      spermatids and Sertoli cells. Stacks of lamellae were closely associated with
      redundant nuclear envelope during late spermiogenesis. Residual bodies shed by
      the developing spermatozoa contained large number of lamellar-pore complexes. One
      cryptorchid testis was also examined. In this case the seminiferous epithelium
      consisted only of Sertoli cells with rare spermatogonia. AL were found in both
      cell types, with a similar morphology to those of the non-neoplastic testes. This
      study demonstrates that AL are expressed in all stages of spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2878090
TI  - A preferred region for integration of Friend murine leukemia virus in
      hematopoietic neoplasms is closely linked to the Int-2 oncogene.
AB  - Gene mapping experiments show that Fis-1, a preferred integration region for
      Friend murine leukemia virus in hematopoietic neoplasms, is extremely closely
      linked to Int-2, a preferred integration region for mouse mammary tumor virus in
      mammary carcinomas. Studies at the RNA and DNA level prove that these loci are
      distinct.

PMID- 2878091
TI  - Chromosomal localization of Emv-16 and Emv-17, two closely linked ecotropic
      proviruses of RF/J mice.
AB  - Emv-16 and Emv-17, the two closely linked ecotropic proviral loci of RF/J mice,
      have been mapped to chromosome 1 between leaden, ln, and the mouse engrailed
      homeo-box locus, En-1, by using recombinant inbred strains and conventional
      backcross analysis.

PMID- 2878093
TI  - Transmission of HTLV-II.

PMID- 2878092
TI  - Antisera to scrapie-associated fibril protein and prion protein decorate scrapie
      associated fibrils.
AB  - Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) are an infection-specific structure observed in
      the unconventional-agent diseases. Polyclonal antisera raised to scrapie proteins
      were used to test the antigenic relationship between purified fibrils and SAF
      isolated from non-protease-treated synaptosomal-mitochondrial preparations. The
      experimental design utilized fibrils from scrapie strain 263K-infected hamsters,
      scrapie strain 139A-infected mice, and scrapie strain ME7-infected mice.
      Preparations were examined by negative-stain immune electron microscopy and
      Western blot analysis of the polypeptides. Fibrils and polypeptides from each
      preparation reacted with a rabbit antiserum raised to each of the following:
      hamster 263K prion protein (PrP 27-30), hamster 263K SAF protein, and mouse ME7
      SAF protein. Immune electron microscopy and Western blot analysis revealed
      similar antigenic relationships among the three scrapie antisera. Thus, fibrils
      and polypeptides can be considered to be the same in each preparation. No
      reactivity of the fibrils was observed with antisera raised to Alzheimer
      neurofibrillary tangles or a synthetic peptide of cerebrovascular amyloid. Thus,
      the fibrils observed in purified preparations share structural and antigenic
      similarities plus biochemically related peptides with SAF present in non-protease
      treated preparations.

PMID- 2878094
TI  - A case of Takayasu's disease with ruptured carotid aneurysm.
AB  - Recently, a number of cases of Takayasu's disease having dilatative or aneurysmal
      lesions have been reported. Such lesions have come to be considered important
      manifestations of Takayasu's disease. A case, whose right common carotid artery
      perforated spontaneously and became a pseudoaneurysm, without any other stenotic
      lesion is presented with a review of the literature. Surgical treatment was
      performed successfully.

PMID- 2878095
TI  - [Nuclear DNA fluorocytophotometric analysis of leukemic cells in adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphomas (ATLL)].
AB  - The nuclear DNA content of the leukemic cells in six cases of ATLL and one of
      peripheral T-cell malignant lymphoma (PTML) were analyzed by
      fluorocytophotometry, simultaneously evaluating the nuclear shape and the longest
      nuclear axis (LNA). The leukemic cells, characterized by the nuclear shape and
      LNA, had a little hyperdiploid DNA content, and they belonged to GO/GI cells. The
      life span of the leukemic cells was suggested to be as short as two to three
      weeks or much longer than the survival time of the patients, evaluating the
      change of the LNA histogram under chemotherapy from the diagnosis up to the
      patients' death. One of the ATLLs, showing small leukemic cells and a clinical
      course of more than three years, might be a new entity, T-CLL-like ATLL.

PMID- 2878096
TI  - [The differential effect of dynorphin on dopamine and GABA uptake in cerebral
      ischemia].

PMID- 2878097
TI  - [Measurement of blood flow volume of the ocular muscles by the Xe-133 clearance
      method].

PMID- 2878099
TI  - Cholinergic modulation and effects of dynorphin on the non-adrenergic inhibitory
      potentials in the guinea-pig duodenum.
AB  - Cholinergic modulation and effects of dynorphin on the non-adrenergic non
      cholinergic inhibitory potentials (NANC i.p.s) in the longitudinal smooth muscle
      cells of the guinea-pig duodenum were studied intracellularly. Atropine (1.4 X
      10(-7)-1.4 X 10(-5) M) and scopolamine (3.3 X 10(-8)-3.3 X 10(-7) M) increased
      the amplitude of the evoked i.p.s while physostigmine (3.7 X 10(-7)-3.7 X 10(-6)
      M) and neostigmine (4.8 X 10(-8) M) decreased it. The frequency of the
      spontaneous action potentials in the longitudinal smooth muscle cells was
      increased by dynorphin (6 X 10(-8)-3 X 10(-7) M) without continuous membrane
      depolarization. The excitatory effect of dynorphin on the spontaneous electrical
      activity was not blocked by atropine (1.4 X 10(-6) M). Dynorphin (6 X 10(-8)-2.4
      X 10(-7) M) increased the amplitude of the i.p.s evoked in the presence of
      atropine (1.4 X 10(-7)-1.4 X 10(-6) M) and in the propranolol (3.9 X 10(-6) M)
      solution containing atropine while dynorphin decreased the amplitude of the i.p.s
      evoked in the absence of atropine. In the high calcium solution containing
      atropine, the amplitude of the i.p.s increased. Further increase in the amplitude
      of the i.p.s was observed by additively applied dynorphin. However, the amplitude
      of the i.p.s evoked in the high calcium solution without atropine was decreased
      by dynorphin. These results suggest the cholinergic inhibitory modulation on the
      NANC inhibitory nerves in the guinea-pig duodenum, the non-cholinergic excitatory
      action of dynorphin on the spontaneous electrical activity of the longitudinal
      smooth muscle and the excitatory action of dynorphin on the NANC inhibitory
      nerves in the presence of muscarinic blocking agents.

PMID- 2878098
TI  - Responses of arcuate neurons to some putative neurotransmitters in perfused rat
      hypothalamic slices: effects of in vivo and in vitro estrogen treatments.
AB  - The responses of neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) to gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA), glycine, serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) were
      examined in hypothalamic slices from ovariectomized rats either treated or
      untreated with estrogen. In estrogen-untreated preparations, spontaneous unit
      activity of the majority of neurons identified antidromically by the median
      eminence (ME) stimulation was depressed by GABA and glycine. When effective, 5-HT
      was predominantly excitatory and DA was predominantly inhibitory, while NE evoked
      both excitatory and inhibitory responses. The IS-SD block in evoked spikes was
      also occasionally observed following GABA and glycine perfusion. The
      responsiveness of unidentified neurons, which were not activated by the ME
      stimulation, to agents other than 5-HT did not differ from that of antidromically
      identified neurons. Responses of unidentified neurons to 5-HT were predominantly
      inhibitory. Subcutaneous injection of 20 micrograms of 17 beta-estradiol-benzoate
      2 days prior to the experiments did not significantly affect the responsiveness
      of both identified and unidentified neurons to GABA, 5-HT, DA, and NE.
      Contrarily, preincubation of slices in 17 beta-estradiol-containing medium (10
      nM) for 1 h significantly increased the responsiveness of unidentified, but not
      identified, neurons to the inhibitory action of NE. These results suggest that
      GABA, glycine, 5-HT, NE, and DA play some functional roles in controlling the
      excitability of tuberoinfundibular (TI) neurons in the ARC. It is also suggested
      that the negative feedback effect of estrogen is mediated, at least in part, by
      increased responsiveness of ARC neurons other than TI neurons to the inhibitory
      action of NE.

PMID- 2878100
TI  - Possible involvement of ganglionic blocking effects of diltiazem in regulation of
      blood pressure and heart rate of the rabbit.
AB  - Under pentobarbitone anesthesia, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were
      recorded in rabbits. The elevation in systemic blood pressure and increased heart
      rate induced by electrical stimulation of the right thoracic sympathetic nerve
      trunk were depressed by either an intravenous injection of diltiazem (300
      micrograms/kg) or by placing cotton pledgets soaked in 2 mM diltiazem solution
      onto the right stellate ganglion. These inhibiting effects of diltiazem were
      statistically significant with high sympathetic stimulation frequencies (10-20
      Hz), but not when lower frequencies (1-5 Hz) were used. On the other hand,
      hexamethonium (10 mg/kg i.v. or 100 mM applied topically) depressed
      cardiovascular responses to sympathetic stimulation over a wide range of
      frequencies (1-20 Hz). Present results reveal a frequency-dependent inhibition of
      ganglionic transmission by diltiazem, and suggest that diltiazem may depress
      excessive sympathetic activity without affecting normal ganglionic transmission.

PMID- 2878101
TI  - Effects of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on the firing of neurons in the
      rat A1 noradrenergic region.
AB  - Noradrenaline (NA), but not clonidine applied microiontophoretically, inhibited
      the firing of neurons in the rat A1 noradrenergic region, whereas intravenous
      clonidine dose-dependently inhibited their firing (ED50 = 18.3 micrograms/kg).
      The NA-induced inhibition was blocked by the beta-antagonist timolol, but not by
      the alpha-antagonists phentolamine or piperoxane. These results suggest that
      neurons in the A1 region possess beta-adrenoceptors rather than alpha
      adrenoceptors near their cell bodies, and that systemically administered
      clonidine acts indirectly on these cells.

PMID- 2878102
TI  - [Contractile function of the myocardium and central hemodynamics in acute
      myocardial infarct patients after a single intravenous injection of adrenergic
      beta receptor blockaders].
AB  - Cardiac hemodynamics and myocardial contractility were examined in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction during urgent aorto-coronary shunting with and
      without beta-adrenergic blockers. The beta-blockers were shown to have a
      protective effect, as reflected in a smaller myocardial strain owing to a
      decrease in heart rate, stroke and cardiac outputs, and pulmonary arterial blood
      pressure. Propranolol proved the most effective agent, whereas visken produced
      the smallest effect.

PMID- 2878103
TI  - [Current locally acting agents in the treatment of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2878104
TI  - [Pancreatic incretory function in the hypothalamic puberty syndrome].

PMID- 2878105
TI  - [Endorphin-, gastrin- and somatostatin-containing cells in the mucosa of the
      stomach and duodenum in duodenal ulcer and chronic gastritis].

PMID- 2878106
TI  - [Chemical sensitivity of the neurons of the medial vestibular nucleus to
      enkephalins, acetylcholine, GABA and L-glutamate].
AB  - The effect of enkephalins, morphine and some neurotransmitters on spontaneous and
      evoked activity of neurons of the medial vestibular nucleus was investigated. The
      evoked activity was produced by an adequate stimulation of the vestibular
      apparatus. It was shown that neurons of this nucleus were highly sensitive to
      enkephalins, morphine, acetyl choline, GABA and L-glutamate (approximately 80% of
      the nerve cells were inhibited or excited in response to the micro-iontophoretic
      application of these substances). It was found that activation and depression
      effects of opioid peptides and morphine occurred due to the stimulation of mu-
      and delta-opiate receptors. It can be concluded that enkephalins modulate
      cholinergic and glutamatergic synaptic transfer in the medial vestibular nucleus.
      Together with opiate receptors, they participate in the perception and processing
      of vestibular information at the level of neurons of this nucleus.

PMID- 2878107
TI  - [Functional evaluation of the musculoskeletal system under an autonomous life
      support regimen based on data on blood biochemical indices].
AB  - The functional state of the musculo-skeletal system of healthy male volunteers of
      three age groups (Group 1--19-21 years, n = 16; Group 2--25-43 years, n = 26;
      Group 3--48-59 years, n = 30) was evaluated. The subjects were kept in an
      enclosure for 30 days. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),
      alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), calcium, P1 were measured
      in blood. The test subjects of the three groups showed a decrease of CPK, LDH,
      AAT and creatinine. The correlation coefficient between the enzymes varied from
      0.64 to 1.00. By the end of the study alkaline phosphatase increased in the Group
      1 and 2 subjects and decreased in the Group 3 subjects. Calcium variations were
      less distinct. The Pi content declined significantly in the Group 3 subjects.
      Some of the Group 3 subjects who performed regular exercises during the study
      exhibited smaller decreases of CPK, LDH, AAT and greater stability of calcium and
      phosphorus.

PMID- 2878108
TI  - [Reasons for the formation of hydrogen sulfide in regenerated water].
AB  - The factors responsible for the formation of hydrogen sulphide in the water
      reclaimed from the atmospheric condensate were investigated. It was found that
      hydrogen sulphide developed in reclaimed water due to microorganisms which in the
      presence of inorganic sulphur (sodium thiosulphate) acquired the capacity to
      produce hydrogen sulphide, although normally they are not sulphur reducing. Among
      the microorganisms studied, E. coli showed the highest capacity (100%) and
      Streptococcus faecalis and Citrobacter freundii showed the lowest capacity (10
      20%) to produce hydrogen sulphide.

PMID- 2878109
TI  - [Characteristics of the formation of a microbial complex in the nutrient
      solutions of higher plants after the use of straw mineralization products].
AB  - The effect of a product of wheat straw mineralization, e. g. ecothole, on the
      formation of a microbial complex that is concomitant with lettuce plants during 7
      vegetations (i. e. 189 days) was investigated. The plants were grown by the
      subirrigation-aeroponic method on nutrient solutions that were not replaced
      throughout the study. It was found that in the course of lettuce ontogenesis the
      count of microorganisms, fungi and actinomycetes varied in the range 10(5) to
      10(6), 10(2) to 10(4) and 10(2) to 10(5) cells per ml solution, respectively.
      During all lettuce vegetations 19 bacterial species were isolated. During the
      first vegetation a stable microbial complex with predominant gram-negative
      bacteria developed. However, addition of ecothole caused an increase in the count
      of spore-forming bacteria, whereas in the control the count of nitrogen-fixing
      bacteria grew.

PMID- 2878110
TI  - [Biochemical aspects of the functioning of neurohumoral systems in long-term head
      down tilt hypokinesia].

PMID- 2878111
TI  - Brain amino acid abnormalities in pyruvate carboxylase deficiency.
AB  - Amino acids were measured in several regions of autopsied brain from an infant
      who died with congenital lactic acidosis due to pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
      (McKusick 26615), as well as in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of four
      living infants with this disorder. Glutamine content was greatly reduced in all
      brain regions, while glutamic acid and proline contents were elevated. The gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) content was normal in brain. Glutamine concentrations in
      CSF and plasma were also decreased in the living patients. Glutamine may serve as
      a pool to provide glutamate and GABA for use as neurotransmitters, and to provide
      alpha-ketoglutarate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle when oxaloacetate can no
      longer be formed directly from pyruvate.

PMID- 2878112
TI  - Lipid metabolism in biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency.

PMID- 2878113
TI  - Direct DNA analysis in family studies.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be followed through families to
      track the incidence of genetic disease. Either cloned genes or anonymous DNA
      fragments, closely linked to the disease locus, may be used. 10 mL of blood
      collected into EDTA provide an excellent source of DNA and the blood is suitable
      for up to 3 days. In addition to gene tracking, the gene mutation itself may be
      studied to determine whether there is a DNA deletion.

PMID- 2878114
TI  - Applications and limitations of direct DNA analysis in genetic prediction.
AB  - Direct analysis of DNA has enormous potential for improved carrier detection or
      exclusion and early prenatal diagnosis in monogenic diseases. The strategy
      adopted in practice is determined by the fact that in most diseases allelic
      genetic heterogeneity precludes elucidation of the mutation in all families. Gene
      tracking asks the question--has a relative or fetus inherited the same relevant
      chromosome region as a previously affected family member?--and requires a gene
      specific or closely linked DNA probe that reveals a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) in order to do a linkage study within the family. Gene
      tracking is independent of allelic heterogeneity in the disease, but is limited
      to those families in which key relatives are heterozygous for an RFLP.

PMID- 2878115
TI  - DNA analysis for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
AB  - We have utilized the Southern blotting technique to analyse genomic DNA from
      males with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency and their families. Using
      a nearly full-length human cDNA probe, we have identified 3 patients with
      deletions at this locus and have characterized 4 different restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms that can be used as linkage markers for the OTC mutation.
      These polymorphisms occur at sufficiently high frequencies so as to enable us to
      distinguish the two X-chromosomes in approximately 80% of OTC carriers. As a
      direct consequence of these findings, prenatal diagnosis and carrier assessment
      can be offered to a large fraction of families at risk for OTC deficiency.

PMID- 2878116
TI  - Molecular genetics of PKU.

PMID- 2878117
TI  - Diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and the 5' flanking polymorphism of the human
      insulin gene.
AB  - On the 5' side of the human insulin gene is a highly polymorphic locus containing
      2 major size classes of DNA restriction fragments which segregate in families as
      stable genetic elements. Fragments with an average size of about 600 base-pairs
      (bp) (the 'L-allele') seem to be a weak genetic marker for type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetes mellitus, whereas fragments of an average size of about 2500
      bp (the 'U-allele') have hitherto been associated with type 2 (non-insulin
      dependent) diabetes mellitus and diabetic hypertriglyceridaemia. Recent evidence
      does not confirm the association between the U-allele and type 2 diabetes. Our
      own studies suggest that the U-allele is a fairly strong marker for the
      development of atherosclerosis with a relative risk for U-carriers of 3.36. The U
      allele has not been associated with conventional cardiovascular risk factors such
      as body weight, blood pressure, or levels of blood glucose, triglycerides or
      lipoproteins. The putative functions of the polymorphic region in the aetiology
      of type 1 diabetes and atherosclerosis, and the relation of this region to other
      genetic markers for these disorders are not known.

PMID- 2878119
TI  - On the quantal hypothesis of neurotransmitter release: an explanation for the
      calcium dependence of the binomial parameters.
AB  - Results for quantal neurotransmitter release can be explained by assuming a
      binomial distribution with a population of N elements each with a probability p
      to release a quantum in a given trial. The binomial parameter N was unexpectedly
      observed to depend on external calcium concentration and (to a lesser extent) on
      the frequency of stimulation. This observation is explained here by the
      hypothesis that the release population is not homogeneous. It is shown that the
      same hypothesis can also account for other experimental findings. A possible
      cause for this inhomogeneity is suggested.

PMID- 2878118
TI  - Liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers of adrenergic agonists.
AB  - Many established and experimental adrenergic agonists are derivatives of 2
      aminoethanol with a phenol or catechol moiety in the 1-position. There is
      considerable interest in the stereochemical aspects of the actions of such chiral
      drugs. Surprisingly, however, little has been published on the chromatographic
      separation of the enantiomers of these compounds, and what has been published
      involved nearly exclusively capillary gas-liquid chromatography. In this report,
      the resolution of the racemates of ten adrenergic agents using reversed-phase
      liquid chromatography is described. The procedure is based on derivatizing the
      racemic mixture of each agent with the chiral reagent 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta
      D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate, followed by separation of the resulting
      diastereomers on octadecylsilane columns using methanol-aqueous ammonium acetate
      mixtures as mobile phase. Detection was at 254 nm. The separation of the
      enantiomers of norphenylephrine and of octopamine was less than complete; the
      resolution of the other agents, i.e., synephrine, N-ethylnorphenylephrine, p
      hydroxyephedrine, p-hydroxynorephedrine, metanephrine, normetanephrine,
      isoproterenol, and nordefrin, was complete. The derivative of (-)-isoproterenol
      eluted before that of its antipode. The procedure may be applicable to other
      similar agents.

PMID- 2878120
TI  - Note on an abnormality of the operator for the structural gene of the dopamine D1
      receptor as a possible partial cause of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2878121
TI  - Internal mammary artery grafting. Clinical results, patency rates, and long-term
      survival in 833 patients.
AB  - This report reviews 833 patients who underwent internal mammary artery grafting
      alone or with vein grafts between 1968 and 1981. Use of the internal mammary
      artery was indicated in young or middle-aged patients with the following
      characteristics: a significant lesion of the proximal left anterior descending
      artery or its diagonal branch alone (70.1%) or combined with diffuse
      atherosclerosis (19.9%) or a small caliber (3.4%); absent or unsuitable veins for
      grafting (5.5%); atherosclerosis or an aneurysm of the ascending aorta (0.6%);
      and failure of previous vein grafts (0.5%). The left anterior descending artery
      system was grafted by the left internal mammary artery in 53.2%, and the arterial
      graft was complimented by vein grafts in 2.6%. In 45.2% of the patients, grafts
      of the left anterior descending artery by the left internal mammary artery were
      supplemented by vein grafts to the right coronary artery (23.8%), to the
      circumflex artery (15.2%), or to both (6.2%). The overall operative mortality was
      2.2%. It rose to 16.7% with associated cardiac procedures and to 18.5% in
      patients who were in New York Heart Association Class IV. If these two high-risk
      categories of patients are excluded, the perioperative death rate in the
      remaining 750 was only 0.4%. Of the 815 patients who survived the perioperative
      period (mean 53.1 months follow-up), 63.1% were relieved of angina and 83.4% were
      in Class I or II of the New York Heart Association, as compared to 27.4% before
      the operation. At cardiac recatheterization (mean 18.9 months), 87.9% of the
      internal mammary artery grafts and 63.3% of the vein grafts were patent (p less
      than 0.05). The cumulative actuarial 10 year survival rate was 88.6% +/- 1.3%.

PMID- 2878122
TI  - Internal mammary artery graft.

PMID- 2878123
TI  - Human T cell hybridomas producing cytotoxic lymphokines: induction of lymphotoxin
      release and killer cell activity by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody or lectins and
      phorbol ester.
AB  - Human T cell hybrids were constructed between lectin-activated peripheral blood
      lymphocytes and CEM.TET1, a variant of the CEM T lymphoblastoid cell line.
      Hybrids were screened for their ability to produce cytotoxic lymphokines and
      interleukin-2 (IL-2) following lectin activation. Five hybrids were identified
      that released significant levels (greater than 75 units/ml) of cytotoxic activity
      that was detected on the murine L929 target cells; three hybrids were identified
      that produced IL-2. Cell surface phenotype of the T cell hybrids did not
      correlate with their ability to produce these lymphokines. The II-23 hybrid
      (CD3+;4+) produced an inducible cytotoxic activity that was fully neutralized by
      anti-lymphotoxin antibodies. The release of lymphotoxin (LT) rapidly attained
      maximum levels 12 hrs to 24 hrs after lectin activation; IL-2 production was
      maximum at 48 hrs. The induction of LT and IL-2 release required similar membrane
      stimulating agents. The phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in
      combination with phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A, were required for maximal
      release of LT and IL-2. Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies coupled to agarose, but
      not anti-T200-agarose, induced the release of high levels of LT and IL-2. Soluble
      anti-CD3 was not sufficient to induce IL-2 or LT release from the II-23 hybrid;
      however, soluble anti-CD3 combined with PMA was a strong stimulus for lymphotoxin
      and IL-2 release. The II-23 hybrid also functioned as a cytotoxic T cell line in
      a 51Chromium release assay. Induction of killer cell function required similar
      perturbation of Ti/CD3 complex. This human T cell hybrid line offers an inducible
      model system for the simultaneous study of the molecular events regulating the
      production of growth inhibitory/cytotoxic (LT) and growth promoting (IL-2)
      lymphokines and cytotoxic T cell function.

PMID- 2878124
TI  - Effects of T cell growth factor/interleukin II on prothymocytes.
AB  - The present report describes evidence to show that interleukin 2 (IL-2), in
      addition to its well known action as a second signal in mitogenic action on
      mature T cells, functions as a regulator of both proliferation and maturation of
      immature T lymphocytes. The present experiments extend previous observations
      indicating that immature thymocytes (Thy1+, L3T4-, Ly2-) are a target of IL-2
      action. IL-2 and thymosin fraction V but not interleukin 1 (IL-1) induce
      differentiation of prothymocytes (Thy1-, L3T4-, Ly2-) obtained from spleens of
      nude mice as measured by the acquisition of the Thy 1 marker. IL-2, but not
      thymosin fraction V and IL-1, modulates the proliferation of this cell
      population. The data indicate that IL-2 may exert a significant regulatory
      function in T cell ontogeny.

PMID- 2878125
TI  - Defective IL-2 production in patients with severe burns and sepsis.

PMID- 2878126
TI  - The hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 in Polish-American
      family.

PMID- 2878127
TI  - [Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in Graves disease. Usefulness of a
      radioreceptor assay].

PMID- 2878128
TI  - [Patient-controlled administration of analgesics--an alternative in intensive
      care].

PMID- 2878129
TI  - Serological markers in early stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection in
      haemophiliacs.
AB  - Immunoassays for human immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV Ag) and for antibody
      to HIV core and envelope (CIA-RA) were done on serial specimens from 40
      haemophiliacs who had become seropositive on screening by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HIV Ag was detectable in 9 subjects and antibodies
      to envelope in 11 subjects before ELISA seroconversion. The apparent sequence of
      markers is HIV Ag, antibody to envelope, then antibody to core. Antigenaemia
      could be detected as soon as 2 weeks after infection and lasted 3-5 months. 82%
      agreement was seen between CIA-RA and western blot; CIA was more sensitive to
      envelope antibody and western blot was more sensitive to core antibody.

PMID- 2878130
TI  - Principal results of the Medical Research Council's 8th acute myeloid leukaemia
      trial.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1983, 1127 patients with de-novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
      were entered into the Medical Research Council (MRC)'s 8th AML trial. All
      received the same induction therapy consisting of daunorubicin, cytarabine, and 6
      thioguanine--DAT (1 + 5). The 67% who entered complete remission were randomised
      to consolidation with two or six further courses of DAT. Adults under the age of
      55 were randomised for central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis with intrathecal
      cytarabine and methotrexate. Finally, those still in remission after 1 year of
      cytarabine and 6-thioguanine (AT) maintenance were randomised to receive either
      late intensification with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytarabine, and
      prednisolone (COAP) or continued AT. The median survival for the whole group was
      12 months; the median duration of first remission was 15 months, with relapse
      free survival at 5 years estimated at 18%. The factors most strongly associated
      with poor survival were performance status and age at presentation, but even
      among those over 60 years of age, half went into remission. Six courses of DAT
      consolidation gave a small advantage over two courses in reducing the number of
      late relapses but no significant survival advantage. Late intensification showed
      a marginally significant advantage over continued AT maintenance. The incidence
      of CNS relapse was low and unaffected by prophylaxis. The second remission rate
      varied from 10% when the first remission was shorter than 6 months to 61% when it
      had continued for more than 2 years. 40 patients received histocompatible
      allogeneic bone-marrow transplants in first remission. There was a high procedure
      related death rate, particularly among patients over 30 years of age. Thus,
      initially at least, the transplanted group had shorter survival than a comparable
      group of chemotherapy-treated patients. Treatment specifications remained
      unchanged throughout the trial but those enrolled in the later half of the trial
      had a better (p = 0.003) survival.

PMID- 2878131
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of atrial peptide infusion in heart failure.
AB  - The effect of a synthetic analogue of atrial natriuretic peptide (Ileu-ANP) on
      haemodynamic, hormonal, and electrolyte excretion indices was studied in 7
      patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Patients received in random order
      placebo or Ileu-ANP infusions (5 micrograms/min) for 4 h on 2 separate occasions,
      at least 1 week apart. Compared with placebo, Ileu-ANP caused significant
      reductions in mean systemic arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure,
      pulmonary diastolic pressure, and right atrial pressure. These changes were
      sustained for at least 2 h after infusion. Cardiac output increased from 6.2 to
      7.4 l/min at 60 min, then returned to pre-infusion levels. Despite considerable
      falls in systemic pressure there was no significant increase in heart rate or
      plasma noradrenaline. With Ileu-ANP infusion, plasma renin activity, angiotensin,
      arginine vasopressin, aldosterone, and cortisol values were not significantly
      different from placebo values. Plasma cortisol and aldosterone increased after
      stopping Ileu-ANP. Neither urine volume nor sodium excretion rate was
      significantly increased by Ileu-ANP.

PMID- 2878132
TI  - Removal and replacement of Tenckhoff catheter at a single operation: successful
      treatment of resistant peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - 8 episodes of persistent and 4 of recurrent bacterial peritonitis in 11 patients
      on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were treated successfully by
      the removal and immediate replacement of the Tenckhoff catheter. Intraperitoneal
      antibiotics, which had previously failed to produce clinical resolution of the
      peritonitis, were continued unchanged. Dialysate culture yielded Staphylococcus
      epidermidis (3 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (1 case), pseudomonas species (5
      cases), acinetobacter (1 case), and no growth in 2 cases. Clinical and
      microbiological resolution was achieved in all 12 cases within 36 h. CAPD
      continued uninterrupted in 10 cases. 1 patient required temporary haemodialysis
      for 6 weeks because of dialysate leakage and later restarted CAPD. 1 patient
      chose haemodialysis as his long-term treatment when his new catheter failed
      mechanically on the second postoperative day. Replacement of the Tenckhoff
      catheter at a single operation without interrupting CAPD reduces the demand which
      temporary haemodialysis of these patients makes on centre dialysis facilities and
      may preserve the peritoneal cavity for dialysis by preventing the formation of
      adhesions.

PMID- 2878133
TI  - Thunderclap headache: symptom of unruptured cerebral aneurysm.
AB  - Many patients with a ruptured berry aneurysm report an intense sentinel headache
      of sudden onset in the weeks before rupture. Such headaches have been attributed
      to a leak of blood, which implies that partial rupture has occurred. A case is
      reported of a patient who had severe headaches which seemed to be caused by an
      unruptured cerebral aneurysm, accompanied by diffuse cerebral vasospasm. Headache
      episodes with the thunderclap profile may require angiography for diagnosis even
      if the cerebrospinal fluid is bloodless.

PMID- 2878136
TI  - Assessment of airflow obstruction.

PMID- 2878135
TI  - NANC nerves in airways.

PMID- 2878134
TI  - Role of spinal noradrenergic system in transmission of pain in patients with
      spinal cord injury.
AB  - 15 patients with deafferentation pain due to spinal cord injury were investigated
      for a spinal mechanism of pain transmission. Epidural morphine 5 mg in 5 ml of
      water had an analgesic effect in 5 patients, 3 of whom also had pain relief with
      epidural clonidine. Epidural clonidine 150 micrograms in 5 ml of saline had an
      analgesic effect in 7 patients who did not respond to epidural morphine. Neither
      epidural morphine nor clonidine was effective in the other 3 patients, 2 of whom
      obtained relief with epidural buprenorphine 0.3 mg in 5 ml of saline. 1 patient
      did not find relief with any of the injections. These data suggest that a spinal
      noradrenergic system may be as important as the opioid system in the transmission
      of pain in patients with spinal cord injury.

PMID- 2878137
TI  - Infant botulism.

PMID- 2878138
TI  - Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 2878139
TI  - Say ninety-nine.

PMID- 2878140
TI  - Bowel flora and ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2878142
TI  - Gallstone disease--present and future.

PMID- 2878141
TI  - Primary health care in developing countries: overcoming operational, technical,
      and social barriers.

PMID- 2878143
TI  - Blue sclerae: a common sign of iron deficiency?
AB  - 169 hospital inpatients were studied to assess the association of blue sclerae
      with iron-deficiency anaemia. Three observers independently graded the signs of
      blue sclerae and mucosal pallor as absent, equivocal, definite, or striking. Blue
      sclerae were seen more often in patients with iron-deficiency anaemia (40/46,
      87%) than in those with other anaemias (2/28, 7%; p less than 0.001) or without
      anaemia (5/95, 5.3%; p less than 0.001). The specificity of blue sclerae in iron
      deficiency anaemia was 0.94 with a sensitivity of 0.87. By comparison, mucosal
      pallor was noted in only 30% of patients with iron-deficiency anaemia, with a
      specificity of 0.96 and a sensitivity of only 0.20 (p less than 0.001). The
      presence of blue sclerae was unaffected by age, sex, or colour of iris. Blue
      sclerae appear to be a good indicator of iron deficiency and should become a
      regular part of clinical examination.

PMID- 2878144
TI  - Is homeopathy a placebo response?

PMID- 2878145
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2878146
TI  - Foscarnet in fulminant hepatitis B.

PMID- 2878147
TI  - Heterogeneity of Escherichia coli J5 vaccines.

PMID- 2878148
TI  - Comparison of six methods of emergency ventilation.

PMID- 2878149
TI  - Non-penetrance in tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 2878150
TI  - Ataxic neuropathy due to ganglioneuronitis after probable acute human
      immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2878151
TI  - Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from cerebrospinal fluid of antibody
      positive virus carrier without neurological symptoms.

PMID- 2878153
TI  - Persistent neonatal chlamydial infection in a 6-year-old girl.

PMID- 2878152
TI  - Haemoglobin S and in vitro chloroquine susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum.

PMID- 2878154
TI  - Copper chelation and the neuro-ophthalmic toxicity of desferrioxamine.

PMID- 2878155
TI  - Toxicity of leukaemia therapy in children with Down syndrome.

PMID- 2878156
TI  - Driving after stroke.

PMID- 2878157
TI  - Informed consent.

PMID- 2878158
TI  - Policing the drug industry.

PMID- 2878159
TI  - Acute renal insufficiency after administration of low-osmolar contrast media.

PMID- 2878160
TI  - Dilutional hyponatraemia masquerading as subarachnoid haemorrhage.

PMID- 2878161
TI  - Hands and feet warming in hypothermia.

PMID- 2878162
TI  - Schwann cell expression of HLA-DR antigen in peripheral neuropathies.

PMID- 2878163
TI  - Class II MHC antigen expression in adrenal cortex.

PMID- 2878164
TI  - Nodal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2878165
TI  - Valproate toxicity and ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency.

PMID- 2878166
TI  - Hyperphenylalaninaemia in parenterally fed newborn babies.

PMID- 2878167
TI  - Diabetic ketoacidosis.

PMID- 2878168
TI  - Diabetes with kidney failure.

PMID- 2878169
TI  - Trimethoprim resistance.

PMID- 2878170
TI  - Genetic marker in apolipoprotein AI/CIII gene complex associated with
      hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2878171
TI  - Pregnancy rates after high intrauterine insemination of husband's spermatozoa or
      gamete intrafallopian transfer.

PMID- 2878172
TI  - Obstetric hysterectomy.

PMID- 2878173
TI  - Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis
      or pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Two anticoagulant regimens, similar except for the timing of warfarin therapy,
      were compared in patients with clinically submassive venous thromboembolism
      (VTE). Warfarin was begun after 7 days of continuous intravenous heparin infusion
      in group L (127 patients) or within 3 days (average 1 day) of starting heparin in
      group S (139 patients), with similar outcomes. The frequency of symptomatic VTE
      recurrence during the hospital stay was 4.7% in group L and 3.6% in group S, and
      that of symptomless new perfusion defects 8.5% in group L and 3.9% in group S. On
      routine iodine-125-fibrinogen leg scanning of patients presenting with distal
      thrombosis (in the calf, popliteal, or distal femoral veins) 3.6% of group S but
      no group L patients had symptomless proximal extension. The incidence of bleeding
      was similar with both regimens. Outpatient follow-up showed no excess recurrent
      VTE in either treatment group. Early warfarin treatment significantly shortened
      hospital stay by an average of 3.9 days (30%) in patients admitted solely because
      of VTE.

PMID- 2878174
TI  - Multicentre trial of ethamsylate for prevention of periventricular haemorrhage in
      very low birthweight infants.
AB  - The effectiveness of ethamsylate in the prevention of periventricular haemorrhage
      (PVH) in very low birthweight infants was evaluated by means of a multicentre,
      placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. In 330 infants without evidence of PVH on
      initial cranial ultrasound examination there was little difference between
      ethamsylate and placebo groups with respect to subependymal haemorrhage, but
      intraventricular and parenchymal haemorrhages developed in 30/162 infants (18.5%)
      in the treated group, compared with 50/168 (29.8%) in the control group (p less
      than 0.02). The incidence of intraventricular and parenchymal haemorrhage in
      survivors was 20/137 (14.6%) in the ethamsylate group and 37/146 (25.3%) in the
      controls (p less than 0.05). In 30 infants with evidence of PVH on the initial
      scan, ethamsylate treatment seemed to limit parenchymal extension. Analysis of
      the total cohort of 360 infants showed that the proportion of infants in whom an
      increase of two or more grades of severity of PVH was recorded during the trial
      was lower in the treated than in the placebo group (p less than 0.01). No adverse
      effects were attributed to ethamsylate therapy. The reported incidence of patent
      ductus arterious was lower in the treated than in the placebo group (p less than
      0.02). Mortality was similar in the two groups.

PMID- 2878175
TI  - Effect of two years of strict metabolic control on progression of incipient
      nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - 36 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who had 'Albustix'-negative
      urine but raised urinary albumin excretion (30 to 300 mg/24 h) were randomly
      assigned to either remaining on conventional insulin treatment or continuous
      subcutaneous insulin infusion and followed up for 2 years. The insulin-infusion
      group showed a significant, sustained improvement in metabolic control, with a
      median glycosylated haemoglobin of 7.2% (range 5.9-8.8), but there was no change
      in the conventional-treatment group (median 8.6%, range 7.2-13.4) (p less than
      0.001). Clinical diabetic nephropathy (a urinary albumin excretion rate above 300
      mg/24 h in at least two of three 24 h urine collections) developed in 5 patients
      in the conventional-treatment group, but not in the insulin-infusion group (p
      less than 0.05, two-tailed). Fractional albumin clearance (mean and range X 10(7]
      increased in the conventional-treatment group from 160 (35-468) to 360 (29-1580)
      and was unchanged in the insulin-infusion group (170 [31-608] before to 160 [26
      460] after) (p less than 0.05). Insulin infusion had an overall beneficial effect
      on the annual increase in urinary albumin excretion (p less than 0.05), and the
      mean glycosylated haemoglobin values correlated positively with annual change in
      albumin excretion (r = 0.57, p less than 0.0001). The diastolic blood pressure
      rose significantly in the conventional-treatment group (p less than 0.001), and
      annual change in mean blood pressure correlated with change in urinary albumin
      excretion (r = 0.49, p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2878176
TI  - Self-contained enzymic membrane immunoassay for detection of rotavirus antigen in
      clinical samples.
AB  - A self-contained enzymic membrane immunoassay (SCEMIA) system has been developed
      for the detection of viral antigens in clinical samples. The assay system makes
      use of antiviral antibodies bound to a nylon membrane, a flow-through washing
      procedure, and a clearly visible endpoint of the enzymic reaction. A SCEMIA
      system with antibodies against rotavirus detected rotavirus antigen, within 15
      min, in all faecal samples from children with gastroenteritis that were positive
      for antigen in a standard microplate enzyme immunoassay, which took 4 h to
      complete. In addition, the SCEMIA could detect rotavirus in faecal samples
      collected from infected individuals both before and after antigen could be
      detected by a standard immunoassay system. Rotavirus antigen was not detectable
      in control children who did not have evidence of rotavirus infection. SCEMIA
      systems are an accurate, rapid, and inexpensive means for the practical diagnosis
      of viral infections in human beings.

PMID- 2878177
TI  - Treatment of malignant endocrine pancreatic tumours with human leucocyte
      interferon.
AB  - 22 patients with advanced malignant endocrine pancreatic tumours were treated
      with human leucocyte interferon 3-6 X 10(6) IU per day. Objective responses (more
      than 50% reduction in tumour markers or tumour size) were seen in 7/7 with watery
      diarrhoea/hypokalaemia/achlorhydria syndrome, 3/4 with the Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome, 6/9 with "non-functioning" tumours, and 1 with a mixed tumour mainly
      producing somatostatin. The median duration of response was 8.5 months, and all
      responders improved clinically. Adverse effects seemed more tolerable than those
      of cytotoxic treatment.

PMID- 2878178
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma: a reversible hyperplasia.
AB  - Kaposi's sarcoma has many unusual features: for example, the pronounced male
      preponderance; its appearance in "crops" rather than as primary tumour with
      metastases; a substantial rate of spontaneous remission; the predictability of
      involved sites; the lack of aneuploidy; and the strong association with
      immunodeficiency. These features and other evidence suggest that it is not a
      malignant neoplasm but a benign, potentially controllable and reversible
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 2878179
TI  - Plasma exchange for neurological disorders.

PMID- 2878180
TI  - Yellow fever in Africa.

PMID- 2878181
TI  - Urinary incontinence in elderly patients.

PMID- 2878182
TI  - A long-term view of child psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2878183
TI  - Cerebral dominance and epilepsy surgery.

PMID- 2878184
TI  - Minimum size of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in the
      United States.
AB  - A new method based on the reported incubation period of transfusion-associated
      AIDS was used to estimate the number of AIDS cases likely to arise in the USA
      among those infected before 1986. Between 1986 and 1991 102,000 new cases are
      projected, with a total cumulative incidence of 135,000 AIDS cases. These
      estimates do not account for new infections after 1985 nor very long incubation
      periods and are thus the smallest numbers to be expected. Even if new infections
      can be effectively prevented, the epidemic will be five times larger than the
      number of cases observed so far.

PMID- 2878185
TI  - Should psychiatric patients be granted access to their hospital records?

PMID- 2878186
TI  - Body history.

PMID- 2878188
TI  - Erythropoietin treatment in anaemic patients on haemodialysis.

PMID- 2878187
TI  - 150th anniversary of the RMBF (Royal Medical Benevolent Fund).

PMID- 2878189
TI  - Isolation of swine-influenza-like A(H1N1) viruses from man in Europe, 1986.

PMID- 2878191
TI  - Captopril versus frusemide in moderate heart failure.

PMID- 2878190
TI  - Findings in four HTLV-IV seropositive women from West Africa.

PMID- 2878192
TI  - Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality.

PMID- 2878193
TI  - Colonoscopy and barium enemas.

PMID- 2878194
TI  - Cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography for prediction of outcome after perinatal
      asphyxia.

PMID- 2878195
TI  - Sudden infant death syndrome and inherited disorders of fat metabolism.

PMID- 2878196
TI  - Plasma aluminium and prolonged parenteral nutrition in infancy.

PMID- 2878197
TI  - Human papillomavirus in squamous carcinoma of anus.

PMID- 2878198
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer.

PMID- 2878199
TI  - Neural tube defects, sex ratios, and X inactivation.

PMID- 2878200
TI  - Biological basis for high-voltage-shock treatment for snakebite.

PMID- 2878201
TI  - Co-dergocrine.

PMID- 2878202
TI  - Retinoblastoma, melanoma, and pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2878203
TI  - Genetic haemochromatosis and thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2878204
TI  - Confidentiality of pre-employment health screening.

PMID- 2878205
TI  - Legal interference and clinical freedom.

PMID- 2878207
TI  - Awareness during anaesthesia.

PMID- 2878206
TI  - Contribution of fetal alcohol syndrome to mental retardation.

PMID- 2878208
TI  - Brain death.

PMID- 2878209
TI  - Diastolic versus systolic.

PMID- 2878210
TI  - Can seroconversion rates to hepatitis vaccine among healthy subjects be improved?

PMID- 2878211
TI  - Efficacy of Pasteur hepatitis B vaccine in medical students.

PMID- 2878212
TI  - Intradermal vaccination against hepatitis B.

PMID- 2878213
TI  - Salivary drug measurement: a cautionary tale.

PMID- 2878214
TI  - Haptenisation of serum proteins by acetaldehyde.

PMID- 2878215
TI  - Renal scarring and non-attaching Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2878216
TI  - Haloperidol-induced dystonia in cocaine addicts.

PMID- 2878217
TI  - Tumour information from needle biopsy.

PMID- 2878218
TI  - Campylobacter pyloridis infection as possible complication of weight loss
      therapy.

PMID- 2878219
TI  - Leukaemic relapse following Campath 1 treated bone marrow transplantation for
      leukaemia.

PMID- 2878220
TI  - Prevention of migrainous headaches by tamoxifen.

PMID- 2878221
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis in Africa.

PMID- 2878222
TI  - A doctor's inexperience is no defence to a claim for negligence.

PMID- 2878224
TI  - Coronary artery bypass graft failure--an autoimmune phenomenon?
AB  - Plasma anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) was measured in 83 patients having coronary
      artery bypass graft surgery and results were correlated with the incidence of
      early (1-2 weeks) and late (12 months) graft occlusion, as judged by angiography.
      There was an association between preoperative ACA level and the incidence of late
      graft occlusion in relation to both number of patients with an occlusion and
      number of distal anastomoses occluded. 8 of 15 patients (53.3%) whose maximum ACA
      level exceeded 4 SD of the mean of controls had a late graft occlusion. When the
      ACA titre was 2-4, 0-2, or less than 0 SD above the mean of the controls, the
      occlusion rates were 3 of 13 (23.1%), 3 of 33 (9.1%), and 1 of 15 (6.7%),
      respectively (p less than 0.03). The incidence of a postoperative rise in ACA
      level was higher in patients who had had a myocardial infarction in the past than
      in those with a history of angina only (chi 2 = 4.08, p less than 0.05). This
      observation supports the notion that one mechanism of ACA production is an immune
      response to myocardial injury. These results raise the further possibility that
      the ACA, or related antiphospholipid antibodies, may play a part in progressive
      coronary vessel disease.

PMID- 2878223
TI  - Islet-cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies in association with common viral
      infections.
AB  - The appearance of islet-cell antibodies (ICA) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA)
      was sought in a prospective study of subjects with acute infections (mumps,
      rubella, chickenpox, and measles) followed for 6 months. IAA appeared in many
      patients' serum samples after these acute infections, IgM-IAA being more
      prevalent than IgG-IAA; there was a particularly high incidence (81%) after
      chickenpox. ICA were detected in 2 subjects--in 1 after rubella and in the other
      after measles, but this patient had evidence of previous rubella and a strong
      autoimmune family history. ICA did not appear after mumps. It is postulated that
      viral infections may trigger the production of IgM-IAA by a common mechanism
      involving polyclonal immunocyte activation.

PMID- 2878225
TI  - Suicide attempts in hypo-oestrogenic phases of the menstrual cycle.
AB  - The phase of the menstrual cycle in women who had attempted suicide was
      determined by structured interview. 108 young women were investigated within 24 h
      of the attempt. Patients were grouped according to menstrual week and whether
      they used oral contraception (OC) (n = 73) or not (n = 35). In OC non-users
      suicide attempts were associated with low plasma oestradiol: they tended to
      happen during the first week of the menstrual cycle (42%) and after the fourth
      week (12%). Frequency of suicide attempts did not vary significantly during the
      menstrual cycle in OC users. In OC non-users, low oestradiol production may
      predispose to depression and attempted suicide.

PMID- 2878226
TI  - Cardiac pumping capability and prognosis in heart failure.
AB  - In 63 patients with severe acute or chronic heart failure maximum cardiac
      performance was determined by calculation of the maximum hydraulic power output
      achieved by the heart during dobutamine challenge. After one year, all but 3 of
      the 23 patients with maximum cardiac power output (Wmax) less than the normal
      resting value of 1 W had died of progressive heart failure. Of the 40 with Wmax
      more than 1 W, all but 4 (who died suddenly) survived longer than one year.
      Hydraulic power output is a clinically important measure of cardiac pumping
      performance and a maximum power output value below the normal resting value
      indicates that long-term survival is unlikely.

PMID- 2878228
TI  - Prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration observed by magnetic resonance in
      symptomless women.
AB  - 302 women aged 16-80 without symptoms of spinal disease had their lumbar
      intervertebral discs examined by magnetic resonance. The prevalence of one or
      more degenerate discs increased linearly with age but disc degeneration was
      already present in over one-third of women aged 21-40; these young women may
      prove to be at special risk of disc prolapse later in life. The high prevalence
      of symptomless disc degeneration must be taken into account when magnetic
      resonance is used for assessment of spinal symptoms.

PMID- 2878227
TI  - Raised serum levels of tumour necrosis factor in parasitic infections.
AB  - In a study of serum levels of endogenous tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in healthy
      people and patients with neoplastic or infectious disease, only patients with
      kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) and malaria were found to have a strikingly
      increased frequency of raised TNF levels (66.6% and 70.0%, respectively). 7.9% of
      samples from both healthy subjects and patients with neoplastic disease contained
      measurable TNF. The discovery of elevated TNF levels in the sera of patients with
      parasitic diseases suggests that this cytokine may play a part in host defences
      against parasitic infections.

PMID- 2878230
TI  - Reciprocal changes accompanying acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2878229
TI  - Prenatal screening for irregular blood group antibodies.

PMID- 2878231
TI  - Pituitary tumours and the empty sella syndrome.

PMID- 2878232
TI  - Pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis--still a sticky problem.

PMID- 2878233
TI  - Serodiagnosis of Candida infections.

PMID- 2878234
TI  - Climatic droplet keratopathy.

PMID- 2878235
TI  - Research on human embryos.

PMID- 2878236
TI  - Giving up smoking and the risk of heart attacks. A report from The British
      Regional Heart Study.
AB  - In a prospective study of 7735 middle-aged men, both current and ex-cigarette
      smokers had a risk of a major IHD event, within an average 6.2 years of
      screening, more than twice that in men who had never smoked cigarettes; men who
      had given up smoking more than 20 years ago still had an increased risk. This
      excess risk among ex-smokers is only to a small extent explained by their higher
      blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and body-mass index. An increased
      prevalence of IHD in men who had recently given up smoking also made a small
      contribution to excess risk. In both current and former cigarette smokers, the
      number of years a man had smoked cigarettes ("smoking-years") was the clearest
      indicator of IHD risk due to cigarettes. The major benefit of giving up smoking
      may lie in halting the accumulation of smoking years.

PMID- 2878237
TI  - Medical admissions in men: the risk among drinkers.
AB  - Information on alcohol consumption was elicited by the same method from men in a
      general population survey and from male medical inpatients in a hospital serving
      that population. A measure of risk controlling for age, the logarithm of the odds
      ratio, showed that for liver disorders, upper gastrointestinal disorders,
      myocardial infarction, other cardiovascular disorders, and respiratory disorders,
      rising consumption of alcohol was related to increased risk of hospital admission
      relative to abstention. The risk of admission for the remaining heterogeneous
      category of disorders was lower than that for abstention, perhaps reflecting the
      effect of chronic illness on drinking habits, and also suggesting that the link
      between alcohol consumption and medical diagnoses is not simply due to greater
      frankness about drinking in hospital inpatients.

PMID- 2878238
TI  - Organ procurement for children: the anencephalic fetus as donor.

PMID- 2878239
TI  - A sexist diagnosis?

PMID- 2878240
TI  - Appropriate technology following birth.

PMID- 2878241
TI  - Sleep disruption, calorie restriction, and biological markers for depression.

PMID- 2878242
TI  - Incubation period of fifth disease.

PMID- 2878243
TI  - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ischaemic feet.

PMID- 2878244
TI  - HIV-I and HIV-II double infection in Central African Republic.

PMID- 2878245
TI  - Lack of HIV infection and condom use in licensed prostitutes.

PMID- 2878246
TI  - Azidothymidine neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2878247
TI  - Paraplegia after intrathecal mitozantrone.

PMID- 2878248
TI  - Hypercholesterolaemia after administration of nicotine chewing gum.

PMID- 2878249
TI  - Bedside theophylline assay in severe acute asthma.

PMID- 2878250
TI  - Acceptability of prenatal diagnosis for retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 2878251
TI  - Attitudes to early diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease.

PMID- 2878252
TI  - Enalapril-induced nasal blockage.

PMID- 2878254
TI  - Mild atypia on cervical smear warrants further investigation.

PMID- 2878253
TI  - Changes in brain water in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2878255
TI  - Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and pregnancy.

PMID- 2878256
TI  - Is it necessary to deny patients with renal failure fruit-flavoured beverages?

PMID- 2878257
TI  - Serum aluminium levels in acute renal failure.

PMID- 2878258
TI  - Cyclosporin metabolites and nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2878259
TI  - Serological evidence against role for canine distemper virus in pathogenesis of
      Paget's disease of bone.

PMID- 2878260
TI  - Osteopenia in very low birthweight infants.

PMID- 2878261
TI  - Absence of antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis in London.

PMID- 2878262
TI  - Germs and joints.

PMID- 2878263
TI  - Peripheral symmetrical gangrene successfully treated with epoprostenol and tissue
      plasminogen activator.

PMID- 2878264
TI  - Successful induction with chemotherapy including teniposide in familial
      erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

PMID- 2878265
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies for rapid identification of Campylobacter pyloridis.

PMID- 2878266
TI  - Long term pathology of lung, eye, and other organs following acute exposure of
      rats to methyl isocyanate.

PMID- 2878267
TI  - Is steroid psychosis preventable by divided doses?

PMID- 2878268
TI  - Leukaemic relapse after Campath 1 treated bone marrow transplantation for
      leukaemia.

PMID- 2878270
TI  - Amoeba research and history.

PMID- 2878269
TI  - Hyperphenylalaninaemia in parenterally fed newborn babies.

PMID- 2878271
TI  - Non-endoscopic relief of oesophageal obstruction.

PMID- 2878272
TI  - Multicentre double-blind study of effect of intrathecally administered natural
      human fibroblast interferon on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-year multicentre study
      intrathecally administered natural human fibroblast interferon (IFN-B) was
      effective in reducing exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients with
      exacerbating/remitting disease. The mean reduction in exacerbation rate of 34
      patients who received IFN-B (recipients) was significantly greater during the
      study than that of 35 patients who received placebo (p less than 0.04). The
      prestudy exacerbation rates were comparable in recipients and controls, but the
      rate at the end of the study was significantly lower in recipients than in
      controls (p less than 0.001). IFN-B was given by nine or ten lumbar punctures
      over the first 6 months of the study, and patient observations continued for 2
      years. IFN-B was well tolerated in 95% of the recipients, and the side-effects
      experienced were clearly acceptable for the benefits achieved. Low doses of
      indomethacin reduced the toxicity of IFN-B and played an important role in
      successful double-blinding.

PMID- 2878273
TI  - Fine-catheter aspiration cytology of peritoneal cavity improves decision-making
      about difficult cases of acute abdominal pain.
AB  - Fine-catheter aspiration cytology of the peritoneal cavity was successfully
      undertaken in 25 of 27 hospital inpatients with acute abdominal pain because it
      was not clear whether they required urgent laparotomy. Cytological specimens were
      prepared by the cyto-sieve technique. The main test criterion was the percentage
      of neutrophils in the peritoneal cell sample. The decision before the test about
      urgent laparotomy was correct in 14 of the 27 patients, whereas the decision
      after the test was correct in 26 of the 27 patients (p = 0.001). 4 patients were
      saved unnecessary laparotomy and 8 further delay in laparotomy.

PMID- 2878274
TI  - Controlled trial of acupuncture for disabling breathlessness.
AB  - In a randomised controlled trial, twelve matched pairs of patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease received traditional Chinese acupuncture or placebo
      acupuncture. After three weeks' treatment the traditional-acupuncture group
      showed significantly greater benefit in terms of subjective scores of
      breathlessness and six-minute walking distance. Objective measures of lung
      function were unchanged in either group. Whether these differences are mediated
      by endogenous opiate and/or peptide release remains speculative.

PMID- 2878275
TI  - Attenuation of exercise-induced asthma by acupuncture.
AB  - A prospective randomised single-blind study of the effects of real and sham
      acupuncture on exercise-induced asthma was conducted in nineteen children. Forced
      expiratory flow in 1st second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak
      expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured throughout acupuncture and after
      treadmill exercise. Neither real nor sham acupuncture affected the basal
      bronchomotor tone but both, when applied 20 min before exercise, attenuated
      exercise induced asthma: mean maximum percentage falls in FEV1, FVC, and PEFR
      were 44.4%, 33.3%, and 49.5% without acupuncture; 23.8%, 15.8%, and 25.9% after
      real acupuncture; and 32.6%, 26.1%, and 34.3% after sham acupuncture. Real
      acupuncture provided better protection against exercise-induced asthma than did
      sham acupuncture (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2878276
TI  - A non-invasive method for measuring cardiac output: the effect of Christmas
      lunch.
AB  - Cardiac output was measured in ten patients at routine cardiac catheterisation
      and three patients with severe heart failure by means of a carbon dioxide
      rebreathing technique with a computer-assisted mass spectrometer and compared
      with cardiac output measured by thermodilution. There was a close correlation (r
      = 0.96, p less than 0.01) between the two methods. Cardiac output measured by the
      carbon dioxide rebreathing technique increased after a typical Christmas lunch by
      a mean of 1.6 1/min in a group of healthy volunteers.

PMID- 2878277
TI  - Paradoxical deterioration in lung function after nebulised salbutamol in wheezy
      infants.
AB  - In 13 infants with a history of wheezing, airways resistance and specific
      conductance worsened after administration of nebulised salbutamol (0.5 ml
      sabutamol respirator solution in 1.5 ml normal saline). This paradoxical
      bronchoconstriction was greatest at 5 min and lasted for up to 15 min. The
      nebulised solution was found to be acidic and hypo-osmolar, both of which
      properties have been linked to bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects, but
      even with an initially iso-osmolar solution osmolality increased with time of
      nebulisation because of evaporation.

PMID- 2878278
TI  - Acupuncture, asthma, and breathlessness.

PMID- 2878279
TI  - Screening for hearing impairment in the newborn.

PMID- 2878280
TI  - An unexpected new human virus.

PMID- 2878281
TI  - Physical activity in old age.

PMID- 2878283
TI  - Anti-oestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2878282
TI  - Penicillin prophylaxis for babies with sickle-cell disease.

PMID- 2878284
TI  - Not an annual bleat: the MRC annual report for 1985/86.

PMID- 2878286
TI  - Common-sense beliefs about illness: a mediating role for the doctor.
AB  - A great deal is said these days about how important it is for doctors to pay
      attention to the patient's beliefs about his or her disease. Better knowledge of
      such beliefs, it is argued, will enable the doctor to counter ignorance, enhance
      communication, and reduce non-compliance. The view advanced here is that the
      significance of patients' beliefs and their frequent resistance to rational
      correction will emerge only if they are seen as components in a process of
      "narrative reconstruction". It is suggested that the main difficulty is not
      ignorance but rather the fact that doctor and patient have different purposes:
      whereas the doctor's objective is to explain the aetiology of the disease, the
      patient may be more concerned to make sense of the disruption caused by the
      disease.

PMID- 2878285
TI  - Diagnosis: the need for demystification.

PMID- 2878287
TI  - Art in hospitals and for the disadvantaged in New York and London.

PMID- 2878289
TI  - Finding able minds in disabled bodies.

PMID- 2878288
TI  - Who's afraid of angina pectoris? Separating the symptom from the marker.
AB  - 100 cardiologists were asked for their views on the risk associated with an
      episode of exertional angina in patients with stable angina. 58% thought that
      such an episode carried some risk of permanent damage or death, and 78% advised
      their patients to avoid anginal pain. In contrast, exercise studies done during
      the evaluation of anti-anginal drugs indicate that exertional angina can be
      provoked frequently and repeatedly without apparent risk, and other studies have
      shown that repeated exercise to the onset of angina is not only safe but improves
      exercise tolerance. Epidemiological investigations suggest that sudden death and
      myocardial infarction do not commonly occur during exertion, and our knowledge of
      pathology indicates that both events are usually caused by acute coronary
      thrombosis. Many physicians seem to treat the symptom of angina because they are
      unduly motivated by fear of the underlying potentially fatal disease for which
      angina is a marker. Such an attitude will tend to cause undue anxiety among
      patients, will lead to unnecessary restriction of patients' activities, and may
      result in excessive invasive treatment of mild angina.

PMID- 2878291
TI  - Montaigne's insight: placebo effect and symptom anticipation are two sides of the
      same coin.

PMID- 2878290
TI  - The European exchange scheme for junior doctors in internal medicine. An exciting
      and successful experiment.

PMID- 2878292
TI  - Kouska's fallacy: the error of the divided denominator.
AB  - The significance of two normally independent findings in a single patient is
      often difficult to assess. One simple measure of the likelihood of random
      coincidence is the joint probability, based on the assumption that the findings
      are independent. Unfortunately, this technique is often used wrongly. The error
      is the division of an event into its components, followed by calculation of their
      joint probability. These two processes, used together, make the likelihood of a
      common event happening seem very improbable. This can be termed the error of the
      divided denominator, or Kouska's fallacy, after a fictional character who used
      this technique to disprove the existence of life.

PMID- 2878293
TI  - Attempted bone-marrow transplantation in a 17-week fetus.

PMID- 2878294
TI  - Complete response of congenital fibrosarcoma to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2878295
TI  - Community outbreak of multiresistant invasive Escherichia coli infection.

PMID- 2878296
TI  - Outbreak of non-menstrual fatal staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome in India.

PMID- 2878297
TI  - Soft-tissue sarcomas, malignant lymphomas, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure in Seveso.

PMID- 2878298
TI  - Recurrent parotitis with H2 receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2878299
TI  - Anti-IgM screening for HIV.

PMID- 2878301
TI  - Pre-S2 antibodies in hepatitis B.

PMID- 2878302
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine for police forces?

PMID- 2878303
TI  - Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 2878300
TI  - Fluid retention with nifedipine in antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2878305
TI  - Neonatal varicella infection.

PMID- 2878306
TI  - Future of Health Education Council.

PMID- 2878307
TI  - Population growth and resource allocation.

PMID- 2878304
TI  - Thunderclap headache and unruptured cerebral aneurysm.

PMID- 2878308
TI  - Legalising heroin.

PMID- 2878309
TI  - Conduct of research on amrinone.

PMID- 2878310
TI  - Death of a child in Africa.

PMID- 2878311
TI  - Post-partum haemorrhage is associated with poor housing, not multiparity, in
      Botswana.

PMID- 2878312
TI  - Comparison of human and rabbit brain thromboplastin in evaluation of haemostatic
      defect of liver disease.

PMID- 2878313
TI  - Prosthesis for malignant oesophago-respiratory fistula.

PMID- 2878314
TI  - Cerebral dominance and epilepsy surgery.

PMID- 2878315
TI  - A cure for Santa's sleep apnoea.

PMID- 2878316
TI  - Serotoninergic treatment of screaming and banging in dementia.

PMID- 2878317
TI  - Postvagotomy diarrhoea.

PMID- 2878318
TI  - Risk/benefit of heparin-dihydroergotamine thromboembolic prophylaxis.

PMID- 2878319
TI  - Heparin and mast cells.

PMID- 2878320
TI  - Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA at biopsy of gingival hyperplasia after cardiac
      transplantation.

PMID- 2878321
TI  - End-stage renal failure in diabetes.

PMID- 2878322
TI  - Examining the parents of children with tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 2878324
TI  - Simple system for central rewarming of hypothermic patients.

PMID- 2878323
TI  - Renewal of Tenckhoff catheters.

PMID- 2878325
TI  - Direct intraperitoneal insemination: first results confirmed.

PMID- 2878326
TI  - Borderline antibody response in initial stages of lymphocytic meningitis does not
      rule out borreliosis.

PMID- 2878327
TI  - Iron, akathisia, and antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2878328
TI  - Syphilis in the elderly.

PMID- 2878329
TI  - Unilateral fixed dilated pupil associated with nebulised ipratropium bromide.

PMID- 2878330
TI  - Italian smallpox of the sixteenth century.

PMID- 2878331
TI  - Activated clotting factors in haemophilia (1840)

PMID- 2878332
TI  - Screening siblings for inborn errors of fatty acid metabolism in families with a
      history of sudden infant death.

PMID- 2878333
TI  - [Somatostatin immunoreactive cells of Vater's ampulla and the peripapillary
      duodenum].

PMID- 2878334
TI  - Regulation of chicken pineal arylalkylamine-N-acetyl transferase by postsynaptic
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The present investigation sought to characterize the adrenergic inhibition of
      arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase in cultured chicken pineal glands.
      Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase, the melatonin rhythm generating enzyme,
      displays daily oscillations of activity that are driven by a circadian
      oscillator. Norepinephrine released at sympathetic nerve endings inhibits the
      enzyme and appears to play a role in maintaining a circadian rhythm of melatonin
      release. Chicken pineal glands were isolated in organ culture and the effects of
      adrenergic agents on the night time peak of N-acetyltransferase activity were
      studied. Norepinephrine and clonidine prevented 50 to 65% of the nocturnal rise
      of N-acetyltransferase activity. When applied at middark, norepinephrine and
      clonidine caused a 50 to 65% inhibition of N-acetyltransferase activity in 2
      hours. Dose-response studies indicated clonidine was 100 times more potent than
      norepinephrine or cirazoline at inhibiting N-acetyltransferase activity.
      Inhibition of N-acetyltransferase activity was also observed, at micromolar
      concentration with epinephrine, UK 14,304 and alpha-methylnorepinephrine but not
      with phenylephrine, isoproterenol or dopamine. Epinephrine and clonidine actions
      were antagonized by yohimbine but not by prazosin. Destruction of the presynaptic
      compartment by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy did not affect the
      clonidine-induced inhibition of N-acetyltransferase and its reversal by
      yohimbine. It is concluded that the adrenergic inhibition of N-acetyltransferase
      activity in chicken pineal gland probably occurs via stimulation of postsynaptic
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2878335
TI  - Effect of tyrosine administration on dopa accumulation in light- and dark-adapted
      retinas from normal and diabetic rats.
AB  - The interaction of tyrosine concentration and lighting on in vivo
      dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) accumulation rate was studied in retinas of normal
      and diabetic rats. In both groups of rats, dopa accumulation and in vitro
      hydroxylase activity were higher in retinas exposed to light than in those
      adapted to darkness. In light-adapted diabetic rats, though, retinal tyrosine
      level, dopa accumulation, and in vitro tyrosine hydroxylase activity were all
      below normal. In both normal and diabetic rats exposed to light, tyrosine
      injection raised retinal tyrosine concentrations and stimulated dopa
      accumulation. Injection of tyrosine into dark-adapted rats raised retinal
      tyrosine level but did not enhance dopa accumulation. Together, these results
      suggest that in vivo retinal amacrine cells will vary their dopa accumulation
      rate as a function of substrate supply, but only in the light, when tyrosine
      hydroxylase is activated. They further indicate that dopa accumulation rate
      remains sensitive to tyrosine supply in the light-activated diabetic retina.

PMID- 2878336
TI  - Existence of antiopiate systems as illustrated by MIF-1/Tyr-MIF-1.
AB  - Evidence is presented that the small peptides MIF-1/Tyr-MIF-1 are part of an
      endogenous antiopiate system that may function to balance the opiate system. We
      review the biological activity, behavioral activity, and functional effects of
      this proposed opiate antagonist system. In addition, we suggest, based on
      antinociceptive mechanisms, that the individual components of the antiopiate
      system might function differently from naloxone.

PMID- 2878337
TI  - A rapid and sensitive assay for tyrosine-3-monooxygenase based upon the release
      of 3H2O and adsorption of [3H]-tyrosine by charcoal.
AB  - A rapid, simple and sensitive assay has been developed for tyrosine-3
      monooxygenase, the enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in catecholamine
      biosynthesis. The assay is based upon the release of 3H2O from 3H-[3,5]-L
      tyrosine with adsorption of the isotopic substrate (and its metabolites) by an
      aqueous slurry of activated charcoal. This method routinely yields low blank
      values and is simpler than the procedure requiring the use of cation exchange
      columns to separate the isotopic substrate from the 3H2O formed during the
      hydroxylation reaction.

PMID- 2878338
TI  - Cerebral metabolism during cross-circulation in experimental hepatic failure in
      the pig.
AB  - The effect of hepatic assistance on cerebral metabolism was evaluated in a series
      using cross-circulation, anticipating increased efficiency of hepatic support.
      The experimental model for liver failure was pigs with totally devascularized
      liver. Cross-circulation with a normal sibling pig, cross-circulation with inflow
      in the donor directly into the portal vein and cross-perfusion with isolated
      perfused liver starting 20 h after elimination of liver function in the recipient
      and lasting for 3 h did not increase survival. Before cross-circulation in these
      three groups, the cerebral flow and oxygen uptake were decreased; during the
      cross-circulation a significant but temporary increase was found. In experiments
      with early and prolonged perfusion with isolated perfused liver no changes in
      cerebral flow, oxygen or glucose uptake were found, and these variables were
      still normal 6 h after termination of the perfusion. The survival time was
      significantly increased. In the control group a significant rise in blood and CSF
      ammonia was found with a mean CSF/blood ratio of 0.92. After cross-circulation,
      the CSF/blood ratio was 0.52 and 0.62, respectively, indicating a proportionally
      greater elimination of ammonia from the cerebrospinal fluid than from the blood.
      Cross-circulation did not significantly change the alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate
      or glutamine CSF concentrations. After prolonged cross-perfusion, the ammonia
      blood/CSF ratio was 0.24. It is concluded that by extended extracorporeal hepatic
      assistance it is possible to increase survival and to prevent changes in cerebral
      metabolism and ammonia accumulating in the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2878340
TI  - [Use of two new non-depolarizing muscle relaxants in renal transplantation].

PMID- 2878339
TI  - [New muscle relaxants--atracurium and vecuronium].

PMID- 2878341
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of vecuronium at the National Taiwan University Hospital].

PMID- 2878342
TI  - H2-receptor antagonists and gastric cancer.

PMID- 2878343
TI  - Adverse reactions and interactions with H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - Histamine H2-receptor antagonists have been used in the treatment of
      gastrointestinal diseases for more than a decade and during this period have
      become one of the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in the world. The
      deserved popularity of the H2-receptor antagonists reflects, in part, their
      therapeutic efficacy, which has revolutionised the treatment of peptic ulcer
      disease. An equally, or more, important reason for the widespread use of H2
      receptor antagonists is their remarkably low toxicity. We have attempted, in this
      review, to present a detailed account of the minor and more serious adverse
      reactions, while emphasising the low incidence of the former and the rarity of
      the latter. The toxicology of the H2-receptor antagonists is discussed under two
      main headings: adverse effects; and drug interactions. The latter category is
      potentially the more significant, since the frequent use of therapy with multiple
      drugs may give rise to drug interactions, some of which are serious and may even
      be lethal. These drug interactions occur especially in the gastrointestinal
      tract, the liver and the kidneys. Thus, the absorption of other drugs may be
      altered because the H2-receptor antagonists inhibit gastric secretion--an effect
      illustrated by ketoconazole, the absorption of which is reduced when given in
      combination with cimetidine. Very important drug interactions are caused by
      inhibition of the hepatic microsomal enzyme cytochrome P450 by some of the H2
      receptor antagonists. This effect appears to be related to the chemical structure
      of the individual H2-receptor antagonists and is not attributable to histamine H2
      receptor blockade. For example, cimetidine is a powerful inhibitor of cytochrome
      P450, while the interaction of ranitidine with this system is weaker.
      Consequently, cimetidine reduces the metabolism of many drugs which are normally
      degraded by phase I reactions, leading to potentially toxic plasma concentrations
      of therapeutic agents such as some oral anticoagulants, beta-blockers,
      anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines and xanthines. Some of the H2-receptor
      antagonists are actively secreted by the renal tubules and may thus compete with
      other drugs for cationic tubular transport mechanisms, resulting in reduced
      urinary excretion and hence potentially toxic plasma concentrations. This type of
      drug interaction has been reported after administration of both cimetidine and
      ranitidine with procainamide or quinidine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878345
TI  - Adverse effects associated with the newer inotropic agents.
AB  - The ideal inotropic agent should be available for both parenteral and oral
      administration and be potent and effective long term without significant adverse
      effects. In recent years, numerous new agents have been developed in an attempt
      to find a more potent, less toxic alternative to digoxin. beta-Agonists, while
      useful when given parenterally short term, appear to have their long term oral
      application limited by adverse effects and the development of tolerance. A number
      of other non-catecholamine agents, most of which have both inotropic and
      vasodilator actions, have also been studied. Adverse effects have been relatively
      frequent and occasionally severe. Of these newer agents none has yet been proven
      in clinical trials to be safe and effective in the long term.

PMID- 2878344
TI  - Adverse reactions to beta 2-agonist bronchodilators.
AB  - Beta 2-Agonists are safe and effective bronchodilator drugs. Their major adverse
      effects of skeletal muscle tremor, tachycardia and various metabolic effects are
      mediated by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and are reversible. Skeletal muscle
      tremor is the most frequent dose-limiting side effect. It may be reduced by
      commencing treatment with a low dose and if it persists another beta 2-agonist
      may be tried. Other side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and reduction in
      PaO2 are a serious potential problem in some susceptible asthmatics. However,
      they are infrequent or of a mild degree and are generally outweighed by the good
      control of asthma produced by beta 2-agonists. Side effects from beta 2-agonist
      therapy can be minimised by use of the inhaled route which selectively delivers
      the drug to the airways. Furthermore, selective tolerance develops to their side
      effects. The dose of a beta 2-agonist should be assessed on the basis of
      therapeutic effect and the level of tolerance to its side effects. Recommended
      doses of beta 2-agonists used for long term therapy do not cause clinically
      significant desensitisation of airway beta-adrenoceptors, although this may
      become a relevant problem in patients who are regularly receiving very high
      doses. Intravenous beta 2-agonists have a place in the treatment of severe asthma
      not responding to nebuliser therapy. In this life-threatening situation with
      severe airflow obstruction, monitoring of heart rate, PaO2, plasma potassium and
      the electrocardiogram should be mandatory and supplemental oxygen given so that
      serious adverse effects are presented.

PMID- 2878346
TI  - Adverse reactions and interactions with beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs.
AB  - beta-Blocking drugs are widely used throughout the world and serious adverse
      reactions are relatively uncommon. Most of those which do occur are
      pharmacologically predictable and may be avoided by ensuring that patients who
      are to be given beta-blockers do not have a predisposition to the development of
      bronchospasm, cardiac failure or peripheral ischaemia. In some situations, the
      use of a beta 1-selective blocking drug may reduce the risk of a severe adverse
      reaction, but there is little evidence that other ancillary properties such as
      partial agonist activity are of relevance in this context. Long term experience
      with many of the beta-blockers in current use suggests that unpredictable major
      adverse reactions such as the practolol oculomucocutaneous syndrome are unlikely
      to be repeated, although some of these drugs may be associated with immunological
      disturbances and some have been implicated in the development of retroperitoneal
      fibrosis. beta-Blocking drugs appear to be associated with a number of subjective
      side effects including muscle fatigue, peripheral coldness and some neurological
      symptoms. These side effects are highly subjective and are therefore difficult to
      quantify and it is not known whether they are of major importance in terms of
      their effect upon patients' overall well-being. It cannot be assumed that simply
      because such side effects can be elicited that they do, in fact, matter. However,
      because beta-blockers are often prescribed for patients who have no symptoms and
      for whom the benefits of therapy are generally small, such side effects would be
      of considerable importance if they had an overall effect upon quality of life.
      There are theoretical reasons to suppose that the incidence and severity of such
      side effects may be related to the ancillary properties of the individual drugs,
      but there is little evidence that parameters such as beta 1-selectivity, or
      partial agonist activity are clinically important determinants of the severity of
      these side effects. Lipophilicity, however, may be associated with an increased
      incidence of neurological symptoms. beta-Blocking drugs may cause a variety of
      metabolic disturbances including an increase in serum VLDL-cholesterol
      concentrations. However, long term studies have not shown that such disturbances
      are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, indicating that
      such metabolic changes may not be of major importance in practice. beta-Blocking
      drugs may be involved in a number of interactions with other drugs, but few of
      these have been shown to be of clinical significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2878347
TI  - Abnormal catecholamine metabolism in pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2878348
TI  - [Treatment of cancer pain has a special place. Basic principles of pain therapy
      in tumor patients].

PMID- 2878349
TI  - Further evaluation of an immunoprecipitation assay for TSH-receptor
      autoantibodies in Graves' disease.
AB  - In ten patients with untreated Graves' disease, quantitative titers of TSH
      receptor antibodies, as measured by a recently developed immunoprecipitation
      assay (IPA), were correlated with results obtained in three other methods and
      with the severity of the hyperthyroidism, as assessed by thyroid function tests.
      Nine patients were positive in the IPA, six in the TBII (TSH-binding inhibitor
      immunoglobulins), six in the TSI (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins), and seven
      in the TGI (thyroid-growth stimulating immunoglobulins) assay. Three patients
      were positive in all four assays. No correlation was found between the IPA values
      and the results obtained in the TBII, TSI, or TGI assays. There was a modest
      correlation between the TBII and TSI assays (r = .74, P less than 0.02). There
      was a modest but significant correlation between the IPA titers of TSH receptor
      antibodies and serum T3 concentration, both before treatment (r = .63, P less
      than 0.05) and during treatment (n = 5; r = .84, P less than 0.05). No
      correlation between the severity of the hyperthyroidism and TBII, TSI, or TGI
      assays was observed. Finally, TGI did not correlate with goiter size as estimated
      by palpation. These results suggest that the IPA may be useful in monitoring the
      immunologic activity of TSH receptor antibodies in patients with Graves' disease.
      They suggest further that the IPA detects a number of different subpopulations of
      TSH receptor antibodies, including TSI, TBII, and perhaps TGI. This property may
      be particularly useful in screening for monoclonal TSH receptor antibodies.

PMID- 2878351
TI  - Drugs for cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2878350
TI  - Establishment of an assay system for the detection of translated materials of T
      cell-replacing factor mRNA in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - We established an assay system for detecting T cell-replacing factor (TRF)
      activity of translated materials in Xenopus oocytes of poly (A)-positive mRNA
      extracted from a T cell hybrid cell line, B151K12 (B151) which constitutively
      produces TRF. Since it was difficult to detect TRF activity of the translated
      products of B151-mRNA, partly because of low TRF activities, we developed the
      following two systems. First, RNA was prepared from B151 cells stimulated with
      phorbol myristate acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 because such stimulations
      augmented TRF production by approximately three to five-fold. Second, interleukin
      2 (IL-2, 125 U/ml) was added to the culture of BCL1 cells to detect a small
      amount of TRF-active materials since IL-2 synergizes with a suboptimal dose of
      TRF to induce IgM secretion in TRF-responding BCL1 cells (chronic B cell leukemic
      cells). Here we describe TRF activity of translation products of B151-mRNA in
      Xenopus oocytes. B151-TRF mRNA was detected in the fractions sedimented between
      15 and 18S by analysis using sucrose density gradient centrifugation.

PMID- 2878352
TI  - Buspirone: a non-benzodiazepine for anxiety.

PMID- 2878353
TI  - [Neuroleptics and tranquilizers: indications and dangers].

PMID- 2878354
TI  - [Immunomodulation caused by histamine and H2 antagonists].

PMID- 2878355
TI  - [Takayasu arteritis].

PMID- 2878356
TI  - [Familial testicular tumors. Arguments for the effect of genetic factors].

PMID- 2878357
TI  - [H2 blockers in a new dosage form: effect on the endocrine system?].

PMID- 2878359
TI  - [Neuromas of the orofacial structures and the type 2-b multiple endocrine
      adenopathy syndrome].

PMID- 2878358
TI  - [Intraindividual comparison of 2 bisoprolol dosages in patients with essential
      hypertension].

PMID- 2878360
TI  - Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of eating disorders.

PMID- 2878361
TI  - Regulation of insulin mRNA abundance and adenylation: dependence on hormones and
      matrix substrata.
AB  - The insulin mRNA levels of rat insulinoma cell lines increased six- to eightfold,
      and the cells entered a transient state of growth arrest when they were cultured
      in serum-free, hormonally defined medium and on an extract of extracellular
      matrix derived from a basement membrane-secreting tumor line, EHS. Insulinoma
      cultures in growth arrest responded to glucose with a two- to threefold increase
      in insulin secretion associated with an insulin mRNA that contained a poly(A)
      tail that was 120 to 140 bases longer than normal.

PMID- 2878362
TI  - Sequences near the 3' secretion-specific polyadenylation site influence levels of
      secretion-specific and membrane-specific IgG2b mRNA in myeloma cells.
AB  - The expressed immunoglobulin gamma 2b (IgG2b) heavy-chain gene of 4T001 was
      cloned into the shuttle vector pSV2-gpt and transfected into myeloma J558L and
      lymphoma A20.2J. Northern blots indicated that the transfected gamma 2b gene was
      processed in a manner similar to the endogenous heavy chain in both lymphoma and
      myeloma cells. To identify sequences important for immunoglobulin mRNA
      processing, we constructed deletions around the secretion-specific
      polyadenylation site and introduced the deleted genes into J558L cells. The BAL
      deletion lacked 670 base pairs of intervening sequence between secreted and
      membrane regions; the Kpn deletion lacked 830 base pairs in this region. J558L
      cells transfected with either the entire gamma 2b gene or the delta BAL vector
      produced predominantly secretion-specific gamma 2b mRNA and protein. J558L cells
      transfected with the delta Kpn vector produced approximately equimolar amounts of
      secretion-specific and membrane-specific gamma 2b mRNA. Both 55,000-dalton
      secreted and 62,000-dalton putative surface IgG2b proteins were detected in the
      delta Kpn transfectants. We conclude that sequences absent in the Kpn deletion
      but present in the BAL deletion exert an important role in the production of
      secretion-specific mRNA. The Kpn deletion removes the normal site of cleavage and
      poly(A) addition, and it is possible that it is the absence of this site which
      changes the processing pattern. Alternatively, it is possible that sequences
      absent in the Kpn deletion but present in the BAL deletion function in regulating
      the production of predominantly secretion-specific mRNA in myeloma cells. The
      possible role of a highly conserved sequence found in this region is discussed.

PMID- 2878364
TI  - A single amino acid substitution in v-erbB confers a thermolabile phenotype to
      ts167 avian erythroblastosis virus-transformed erythroid cells.
AB  - A library of recombinant bacteriophage was prepared from ts167 avian
      erythroblastosis virus-transformed erythroid precursor cells (HD6), and
      integrated proviruses from three distinct genomic loci were isolated. A subclone
      of one of these proviruses (pAEV1) was shown to confer temperature-sensitive
      release from transformation of erythroid precursor cells in vitro. The predicted
      amino acid sequence of the v-erbB polypeptide from the mutant had a single amino
      acid change when compared with the wild-type parental virus. When the wild-type
      amino acid was introduced into the temperature-sensitive avian erythroblastosis
      virus provirus in pAEV1, all erythroid clones produced in vitro were
      phenotypically wild type. The mutation is a change from a histidine to an
      aspartic acid in the temperature-sensitive v-erbB polypeptide. It is located in
      the center of the tyrosine-specific protein kinase domain and corresponds to
      amino acid position 826 of the human epidermal growth factor receptor sequence.

PMID- 2878366
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis: HTLV-I antibodies in patients from the Seychelles.

PMID- 2878363
TI  - p185, a product of the neu proto-oncogene, is a receptorlike protein associated
      with tyrosine kinase activity.
AB  - The neu oncogene was originally identified in cell lines derived from rat
      neuroectodermal tumors. neu is related to but distinct from the c-erbB gene,
      which encodes the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. neu encodes a protein,
      designated p185, that is serologically related to the EGF receptor.
      Identification of the normal homolog of p185 encoded by the neu proto-oncogene
      enabled us to compare the product of the neu proto-oncogene with the mutated
      version specified by the neu oncogene and with the EGF receptor. The normal form
      of p185 was structurally similar to its transforming counterpart, indicating that
      activation of the neu oncogene did not cause major structural alterations in the
      gene product. Both normal and transforming forms of p185 were associated with
      tyrosine kinase activity, supporting the idea that normal p185 functions as a
      growth factor receptor. p185 differed both structurally and functionally from the
      EGF receptor. p185 and the EGF receptor had distinct electrophoretic mobilities
      when synthesized under normal culture conditions or in the presence of
      tunicamycin. EGF did not stimulate increased turnover of p185 and did not bind
      quantitatively to p185. A number of other growth factors failed to stimulate
      degradation of p185 or tyrosine phosphorylation of p185 and are therefore
      unlikely to be ligands for p185.

PMID- 2878367
TI  - Cancer chemotherapy. Progress in understanding multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2878365
TI  - Characterization of two atypical promoters and alternate mRNA processing in the
      mouse Thy-1.2 glycoprotein gene.
AB  - The promoter and 5' flanking region of the mouse Thy-1.2 glycoprotein gene were
      characterized by DNA sequencing, primer extension analysis, and deletion
      analysis. Transcriptional initiation sites were identified which corresponded to
      two separate exons upstream of the portion of the gene encoding the Thy-1.2
      glycoprotein. We demonstrated that the mouse Thy-1.2 gene was transcribed from
      two atypical promoters separated by 260 base pairs in the genomic sequence. These
      promoters contained neither TATAAG nor GGPyCCAATCT homologous sequences but
      defined a conserved nonamer CTCCCTGCT at -48 from each initiation site. Two Thy
      1.2 mRNA species of 1,835 and 1,939 nucleotides, differing in the 5' untranslated
      region of the mRNA, were thus transcribed from the single Thy-1.2 gene by mRNA
      splicing to the same downstream exon. Recombinant genomes in which the bacterial
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was expressed from either of the two Thy
      1.2 promoters demonstrated that each promoter functioned independently and did
      not direct cell-specific expression in lymphoid cells. The 5' flanking region of
      the Thy-1.2 gene upstream of -68 could be eliminated without altering cell-type
      specific expression. This suggests that regulatory elements responsible for
      tissue and developmental stage-specific expression of the Thy-1.2 gene are not
      present in the 5' flanking DNA but may reside downstream of the promoters.

PMID- 2878368
TI  - Homology between P-glycoprotein and a bacterial haemolysin transport protein
      suggests a model for multidrug resistance.
AB  - Increased expression of P-glycoprotein, a plasma membrane glycoprotein of
      relative molecular mass (Mr) 170,000 (170K), occurs in a wide variety of cell
      lines that exhibit pleiotropic resistance to unrelated drugs. The presence of P
      glycoprotein in human cancers refractory to chemotherapy suggests that tumour
      cells with multidrug resistance can arise during malignant progression. We have
      discovered striking homology between P-glycoprotein and the HlyB protein, a 66K
      Escherichia coli membrane protein required for the export of haemolysin (protein
      of Mr 107K). P-glycoprotein can be viewed as a tandem duplication of the HlyB
      protein. The hydropathy profiles of the two proteins are similar and reveal an
      extensive transmembrane region resembling those found in pore-forming plasma
      membrane proteins. The C-terminal region of P-glycoprotein and the HlyB protein
      contain sequences homologous to the nucleotide-binding domains of a group of
      closely related bacterial ATP-binding proteins. We propose a model for multidrug
      resistance in which P-glycoprotein functions as an energy-dependent export pump
      to reduce intracellular levels of anticancer drugs.

PMID- 2878369
TI  - A molecular gradient in early Drosophila embryos and its role in specifying the
      body pattern.
AB  - After fertilization, the protein products of the Drosophila homeobox gene caudal
      (cad) accumulate in a concentration gradient spanning the anteroposterior axis of
      the developing embryo. Mutations in the cad gene that reduce or eliminate the
      gradient cause abnormal zygotic expression of at least one segmentation gene
      (fushi tarazu) and alter the global body pattern.

PMID- 2878370
TI  - Cholinergic neurones acquire adrenergic neurotransmitters when transplanted into
      an embryo.
AB  - During development, cells become progressively restricted, until they reach their
      final phenotype. Differentiation was originally thought to be irreversible, but
      phenotypic plasticity has been observed in a variety of cell types, for example
      sympathetic neurones, the limb blastema and some glial cell types. A detailed
      description of the individual steps that lead to expression or reversal of
      phenotype is essential to understand the molecular events underlying cell
      differentiation. We examined whether ciliary neurones acquire adrenergic
      properties when exposed to a permissive embryonic environment. Cholinergic
      neurones were selectively labelled with a retrogradely transported marker and
      injected into chick embryos during active neural crest migration. Four to five
      days after injection, some of the labelled neurones were found in 'adrenergic
      sites' and had developed catecholamine histofluorescence. The cells had thus
      accumulated adrenergic neurotransmitters even after differentiation into
      cholinergic neurones. This result shows that neurotransmitter plasticity occurs
      in cholinergic neurones and suggests that the neurotransmitter phenotype can be
      modified by the embryonic environment.

PMID- 2878371
TI  - The correct activation of Antennapedia and bithorax complex genes requires the
      fushi tarazu gene.
AB  - In the Drosophila embryo the establishment and specification of metameric units
      depends upon the selective activation of the segmentation and the homoeotic
      selector genes. The former are necessary for establishing the appropriate number
      of metameric or parasegmental units, whereas the latter control the pathways of
      differentiation followed by particular parasegments. Classical embryological
      manipulations have show n that these processes must be closely coordinated during
      normal development. However, previous studies of pair-rule genes have led to the
      suggestion that the specification of segmental identity proceeds independently of
      the establishment of metameres as physical units. These apparently conflicting
      perspectives can be reconciled by envisaging a common maternally derived
      positional information system which is independently interpreted by the
      components of both processes. In the case of the partitioning process, the gap
      and pair-rule genes would be instrumental in translating this information,
      whereas the activation of the homeotic genes would be mediated via other
      intermediaries (see ref. 9 for review). It is difficult to see, however, how such
      a system could ensure the precise regulation of the tw o types of genes implicit
      in the final differentiated pattern. This difficulty has led to the suggestion
      that the segmentation mechanism must define the precise boundaries of selector
      gene expression. Here we confirm this suggestion and propose that the gene fushi
      tarazu plays a key role in this process, integrating the processes of metameric
      partitioning and regional specification in the Drosophila embryo.

PMID- 2878372
TI  - Effect of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on cholinergic transmission
      in guinea-pig isolated atria.
AB  - Evidence was sought for the existence on cholinergic nerve terminals in guinea
      pig atria of alpha-adrenoceptors subserving inhibition of acetylcholine release.
      The experiments were performed with atria which had been incubated with 3H
      choline and transmitter release was deduced from the efflux of radioactivity
      elicited by field stimulation. In preparations which had been incubated with 3H
      choline, field stimulation (60 pulses, 2 Hz) evoked release and radioactivity
      which was inhibited by 1.0 mumol/l noradrenaline, in the presence of propranolol
      (1.0 mumol/l), but was unaltered by clonidine (1.0 and 10.0 mumol/l). The
      inhibitory effect noradrenaline on the stimulation-induced efflux of
      radioactivity was blocked by idazoxan (0.3 mumol/l), and phentolamine (1.0
      mumol/l) but not by prazosin (0.3 mumol/l). In the presence of propranolol (1.0
      mumol/l), neither phentolamine (1.0 mumol/l), idazoxan (0.3 mumol/l) nor prazosin
      (0.3 mumol/l) had any effect on stimulation-induced efflux of radioactivity.
      Stimulation of the extrinsic vagus nerve of atrial preparations with trains of
      pulses at frequencies of 2, 4, 8, and 16 Hz produced graded decreases in the rate
      of atrial beating. The negative chronotropic responses to vagus stimulation were
      unaffected by noradrenaline (1.0 mumol/l) in the presence of propranolol (1.0
      mumol/l). These findings indicate that the release of acetylcholine from the
      cholinergic terminals in guinea-pig atria can be inhibited by a mechanism
      apparently involving prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors. However, under the
      experimental conditions used here the chronotropic responses of atria to
      stimulation of the extrinsic vagus nerve was not affected by activation of the
      prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors associated with the cholinergic terminals.

PMID- 2878373
TI  - Blockade of alpha 2-adrenoceptors permits the operation of otherwise silent
      opioid kappa-receptors at the sympathetic axons of rabbit jejunal arteries.
AB  - We sought for presynaptic, release-inhibiting opioid receptors at the
      postganglionic sympathetic axons innervating the jejunal arteries of rabbits.
      Evoked excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s; trains of 15 pulses at 1 Hz) as
      well as evoked overflow of tritium after preincubation with [3H]-noradrenaline
      (trains of 120 pulses at 1 Hz) were used to estimate transmitter release. In
      otherwise untreated tissues ethylketocyclazocine reduced neither the e.j.p.
      amplitudes nor the evoked overflow of tritium; [Met5]-enkephalin depressed the
      evoked overflow of tritium. Ethylketocyclazocine reduced e.j.p. amplitudes,
      however, in tissues exposed to either yohimbine, tolazoline or phentolamine, but
      not in tissues exposed to prazosin. Ethylketocyclazocine also depressed the
      evoked overflow of tritium when yohimbine was present. The inhibition produced by
      ethylketocyclazocine in the presence of yohimbine was antagonized by (-)-3
      furylmethyl)-alpha-noretazocine (MR 2266) but not by N,N-diallyl-Tyr-alpha
      aminoisobutyric acid-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-Phe-Leu-OH (ICI 174864). It is
      concluded that the sympathetic neurones of rabbit jejunal arteries possess
      presynaptic kappa-receptors in addition to the previously identified delta
      receptors. The kappa-receptors become operative only when presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptors have been blocked.

PMID- 2878376
TI  - [Bronchodilators: beta-sympathicomimetics].

PMID- 2878374
TI  - 3-Methoxytyramine accumulation: effects of typical neuroleptics and various
      atypical compounds.
AB  - The accumulation of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), the O-methylated metabolite of
      dopamine (DA), in rat striatum was used to assess the effects of drugs on
      dopaminergic activity. This was accomplished by pretreating rats with pargyline
      to completely inhibit 3-MT catabolism. Under the conditions used, 3-MT
      accumulation was linear over time for at least 90 minutes. Apomorphine and gamma
      butyrolactone, drugs which depress the activity of DA-containing neurons,
      decreased striatal 3-MT accumulation; whereas typical neuroleptics (haloperidol,
      fluphenazine, chlorpromazine), which increase the activity of DA-containing
      neurons, increased striatal 3-MT accumulation. In addition, a number of other
      drugs which block DA receptors and exert various atypical actions on dopaminergic
      functioning were examined. These "atypical" compounds (clozapine, buspirone,
      molindone) also increased striatal 3-MT accumulation, but were generally less
      potent than the typical neuroleptics examined. Moreover, the potencies of the
      typical neuroleptics and "atypical" compounds that were tested appear to be
      somewhat related to their affinities for D-2 DA receptors, as measured by their
      abilities to displace 3H-spiperone from rat striatal membrane preparations.
      Interestingly, this relationship was less evident when NaCl was omitted from the
      3H-spiperone binding assay buffer. The potential antipsychotic drugs, BW 234U and
      SCH 23390, were also investigated for their effects on 3-MT accumulation and 3H
      spiperone binding, and they were relatively inactive in both of these measures of
      dopaminergic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878375
TI  - Effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on the extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline
      in perfused rat hearts.
AB  - The effects of class I, II, III and IV antiarrhythmic drugs (as classified by
      Vaughan Williams 1974), tetrodotoxin and beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists on the
      extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline were examined in isolated rat hearts
      perfused with 3H-isoprenaline (1 mumol/l) and tropolone (100 mumol/l) for 30 min
      at a constant flow rate (6.5 ml/min) at 40 degrees C. Quinidine (class I),
      verapamil (IV), diltiazem (IV), dilazep (IV), nifedipine (IV), tetrodotoxin and
      butoxamine, at a concentration of 10 mumol/l, significantly decreased the
      extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline. The present study demonstrated that
      quinidine (class I) and all of the calcium channel blockers (class IV) had potent
      inhibitory effects on the extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline. The
      concentrations of these drugs needed for this decrease were nearly comparable to
      those needed to suppress isoprenaline-tropolone-induced ventricular fibrillation
      (Sono et al. 1985a). The antiarrhythmic effects of quinidine and calcium channel
      blockers in this experimental model may be partly due to a decrease in the
      extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline.

PMID- 2878377
TI  - Royal College of Nursing. Vital role.

PMID- 2878378
TI  - [Brain abscess: surgical or conservative treatment?].

PMID- 2878379
TI  - Behavioral changes persisting into adulthood after neonatal benzodiazepine
      administration in the rat.
AB  - The day after birth male pups of hooded Lister rats were randomly fostered to
      form experimental litters of eight. Within each litter pups were randomly
      assigned among the following groups: vehicle control; diazepam (1, 5 or 10
      mg/kg); lorazepam (0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2.5 mg/kg). Injections were given daily from
      day 1 until weaning at day 21. The pups were then tested as adults, from day 65.
      There were no effects of neonatal treatment when the pups were tested undrugged
      in 3 animal tests of anxiety, but in the social interaction test the neonatal
      diazepam treatment significantly reduced the anxiogenic effects of yohimbine. The
      neonatal diazepam treatment significantly enhanced the sedative effects of a
      challenge dose of chlordiazepoxide in the holeboard. Passive avoidance
      acquisition and retention were unaffected by the early treatment. Neonatal
      treatment with both benzodiazepines reduced the incidence of myoclonic jerks when
      the pups were challenged with pentylenetetrazole. Both neonatal treatments
      enhanced aggressive acts displayed when the residents were confronted with an
      intruder in their home-cages. However, when the rats that had been treated
      neonatally with lorazepam were themselves intruding into another's territory,
      they were significantly more submissive.

PMID- 2878380
TI  - Postmortem changes in the enzymes of GABA and glutamate metabolism in the
      cerebellum and forebrain of newborn and adult rats.
AB  - Postmortem changes in the activity of GDH, GAD, GABA-T, and GS in the adult
      forebrain and cerebellum and in the forebrain of newborns have been investigated.
      The activities of GDH, GAD, and GS were stable till 12 hr after death in both
      adult and young brain regions studied. The activity of GABA-T was stable till 30
      min postmortem, but declined progressively thereafter in both regions in adult,
      as well as in young forebrain.

PMID- 2878381
TI  - Genetic determination of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in mice.
AB  - An additive major gene effect is described for tyrosine hydroxylase activity in
      mouse corpus striatum (CS). Quantitative genetic analysis indicated the presence
      of a segregating Mendelian factor with robust additive effect in F2 generations
      derived from crossing two highly inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cJ,
      with intermediate (INT) and high (HI) TH activity in CS. Significant positive
      correlation was found between striatal and mesencephalic TH activity in the
      segregating generations, raising the possibility that a common single gene may
      express its effect through pleiotropy or linkage. Genetic preparations taking
      advantage of the major gene effect should serve well as animal models of DA
      mediated neuropsychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2878382
TI  - Choline and ethanolamine phosphotransferase activities in glomerular particles
      isolated from bovine cerebellar cortex.
AB  - Isolated cerebellar glomeruli provide a relatively homogeneous subcellular
      fraction, which can be used to study the biochemical events related to chemical
      transmission within a well-characterized central synapse. Choline and
      ethanolamine phosphotransferase activities were identified and partially
      characterized in this nerve ending preparation. Choline phosphotransferase
      associated with the glomerular particles required Mg2+, while ethanolamine
      phosphotransferase required Mn2+ for optimal activities. Both enzymes were
      inhibited by exogenous Ca2+. The apparent Vmax values were 35.9 and 10.0 nmol/hr
      per mg protein for the choline and ethanolamine phosphotransferases,
      respectively. The apparent Km value for the CDPcholine substrate was 28.6 microM,
      and the Km for CDPethanolamine was 8.3 microM. Neither enzyme responded to the
      various adenine nucleotides, neurotransmitters or neurotransmitter agonists
      tested. However, exposure of the glomerular particles to cytidine nucleotides
      inhibited ethanolamine phosphotransferase activity and stimulated choline
      phosphotransferase activity.

PMID- 2878383
TI  - Differential production of SRIF 14 and 28 by fetal rat hypothalamic cells
      enriched by velocity sedimentation.
AB  - Dispersed day-17 fetal rat hypothalamic cells have been enriched according to
      size by velocity sedimentation prior to culture, and the SRIF production by these
      enriched populations was compared with that of other enriched cell fractions and
      with mixed-cell cultures. Cultures of mixed cells produced 100-400 pg SRIF/10(6)
      cells/4 h over a period of 28 days. Total SRIF production by mixed cells was
      inversely proportional to seeding density over the range 0.25-1 X 10(6)
      cells/ml/well and SRIF 14 and 28 were secreted in a ratio of approximately 6:1.
      Although secretory rates by low cell densities remained higher than those by high
      cell densities, SRIF production decreased with time at all seeding densities (up
      to 21 days). Dispersed fetal hypothalamic cells were enriched according to size
      by allowing them to sediment over 4 h through a shallow gradient of BSA in
      culture medium and subsequent cell fractions developed widely differing
      morphologies in monolayer cultures. In contrast to mixed-cell cultures, SRIF
      production at 8 days by both large and small cells were directly proportional to
      initial seeding density. Furthermore, the smaller cells secreted very much less
      SRIF than the larger cells (100 pg/10(6) cells/4 h vs. 1,300 pg/10(6) cells/4 h),
      whereas there was little difference in overall SRIF content (350 pg/10(6) cells
      vs. 400 pg/10(6) cells). Characterisation by HPLC of the SRIF content and
      secretion of smaller cells revealed SRIF 14 to 28 ratios of 7:1 and 3:1,
      respectively. In contrast in the large cells, the ratio was 1:1 for both content
      and secretion. Therefore, these cell groups contain and secrete different
      proportions of these 2 molecular forms of SRIF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878384
TI  - Histaminergic stimulation of prolactin secretion mediated via H1- or H2
      receptors: dependence on routes of administration.
AB  - Controversy exists regarding the involvement of H1- or H2-receptors in the PRL
      releasing activity of histamine (HA). This could be due to differences in the
      route of administration of HA and histaminergic compounds. Therefore, we studied
      the effect on PRL secretion of HA and HA-agonists infused
      intracerebroventricularly (ICV) or systemically (IA) either alone or in
      combination with HA-antagonists in male rats. HA administered ICV as well as IA
      stimulated PRL secretion dose dependently. The stimulatory effect of ICV-infused
      HA was blocked by the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (CIM) and mimicked by the
      H2-receptor agonists 4-methylhistamine (4-MeHA) and dimaprit (DIM). In contrast,
      the H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine (MEP) enhanced the PRL-releasing effect of
      HA while the H1-receptor agonist 2-thiazolylethylamine (2-TEA) had no significant
      effect. The stimulatory effect of IA-infused HA was blocked by the H1-receptor
      antagonist MEP and mimicked by the H1-receptor agonist 2-TEA, whereas the H2
      receptor antagonist CIM enhanced the PRL-stimulatory effect of HA and the H2
      receptor agonist DIM was without effect. 4-MeHA stimulated PRL secretion, but
      this effect was unrelated to stimulation of H2-receptors. The effect of ICV
      administered HA was unaffected by IA infused antagonists and the effect of IA
      administered HA was not altered by ICV infused antagonists. HA had no effect on
      the PRL release from isolated adenohypophyses, and HA did not stimulate PRL
      secretion in pituitary stalk-sectioned rats following IA infusion. The findings
      indicate that HA administered ICV exerts its PRL releasing activity via H2
      receptors while HA administered IA stimulates PRL secretion via H1
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878386
TI  - On the presence of a nondopaminergic, peptidergic prolactin release-inhibiting
      factor in hypothalamic extracts of infantile rats.
AB  - Crude hypothalamic extracts prepared from brains of 1-day-old rats produced a
      dose-dependent inhibition of prolactin (Prl) release by adult male
      hemipituitaries, and to a lesser extent by hemipituitaries of adult
      ovariectomized (OVX), estrogen-primed rats. These extracts contained 6-fold lower
      levels of dopamine than adult hypothalami. The inhibitory effect of the adult
      hypothalamic extracts, contrary to infantile hypothalamic extracts could be
      blocked by spiroperidol. Digestion of the infantile hypothalamic extracts with
      pronase totally abolished their Prl release-inhibiting activity, indicating the
      peptidic nature of this inhibitory substance. In contrast to their effect on Prl
      release by hemipituitaries, infantile hypothalamic extracts stimulated Prl
      release from dispersed anterior pituitary cells of OVX estrogen-primed rats,
      pointing to the importance of estrogen in modulating prolactin release-inhibiting
      factor (PIF) activity and the possibility that the PIF receptor is trypsin
      sensitive.

PMID- 2878385
TI  - Direct, neuronal action of atrial natriuretic factor in the rat brain.
AB  - The present investigation assessed the ability of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
      to affect hypothalamic neuronal excitability. Single neurons in the rostral
      septal-preoptic area of the female rat brain were recorded extracellularly and
      tested for responsiveness to iontophoretically applied and/or pressure-ejected
      ANF. Neurons responsive to ANF were detected in the lateral septal nucleus, the
      lateral paraolfactory area, the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, and the
      medial preoptic area. The majority of neurons influenced by ANF (16 out of 18)
      exhibited a decrease in spontaneous firing rate during application of the
      peptide. In some cases, the inhibitory response outlasted the period of ANF
      application. When both iontophoretic and pressure ejection techniques were used
      to apply ANF to an individual neuron, the responses were similar. The results
      indicate that ANF is capable of modulating the membrane excitability of rat
      forebrain neurons and suggest that the peptide acts as a
      neuromodulator/neurotransmitter within the central nervous system.

PMID- 2878387
TI  - Influence of antipsychotics on presynaptic receptors modulating the release of
      dopamine in synaptosomes of the nucleus accumbens of rats.
AB  - The release of preloaded [3H]dopamine (DA) from superfused synaptosomes
      stimulated by 30 mM K+ was investigated in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Under
      conditions preventing the uptake of DA (presence of 40 microM cocaine) release of
      [3H]DA was inhibited by DA and apomorphine in a concentration-dependent manner
      (IC50s 0.65 and 0.3 microM, respectively). The maximal inhibitory effects of DA,
      as well as of apomorphine, were about 50% of the controls. The DA-induced
      inhibition was antagonized by antipsychotics completely; the rank order of
      antagonistic potencies was haloperidol greater than clozapine greater than
      sulpiride; methiothepine was ineffective. Furthermore, the K+-stimulated release
      of [3H]DA was inhibited by serotonin in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 =
      0.9 microM). This inhibitory effect was antagonized by methiothepine with a high
      efficiency, by clozapine and methysergide with moderate efficiencies; haloperidol
      and sulpiride were ineffective. The experimental system demonstrated appears to
      be suitable for characterizing the DA- and serotonin-antagonistic potencies of
      antipsychotics and other drugs on presynaptic autoreceptors as well as receptors
      modulating release of DA in the nucleus accumbens.

PMID- 2878388
TI  - Behavioral effects of centrally administered dynorphin and [D-ala2-D-leu]
      enkephalin (DADLE) in rats.
AB  - Dynorphin and [D-ala2-D-leu]enkephalin (DADLE) were administered directly into
      the cerebrolateral ventricles of rats and effects on various indices of
      sensorimotor function and retention of a passive avoidance task were measured.
      Dynorphin markedly suppressed exploratory motor activity and decreased
      responsiveness to an acoustic stimulus. Although increases in latency to respond
      to a noxious thermal stimulus were seen in rats after dynorphin, these changes
      were always associated with alterations in motor capacity. Injection of dynorphin
      immediately after a passive avoidance training trial had no significant effect on
      retention 1 week later. The physiological effects of DADLE were clearly different
      than those of dynorphin. DADLE produced a biphasic decrease followed by an
      increase in motor activity and an increased acoustic startle reactivity. DADLE
      had no effect on reactivity to a noxious thermal stimulus. Posttrial
      administration of DADLE significantly impaired retention of a step-through
      passive avoidance task 1 week after training. These data indicate different
      neurobiological roles for kappa and delta opiate receptors in the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2878389
TI  - Effects of temazepam on sleep quality and subsequent mental efficiency under
      normal sleeping conditions and following delayed sleep onset.
AB  - A group of 24 healthy, normal sleepers participated in 2 experiments. The 1st
      experiment was designed to investigate the effects of 2 nocte doses of temazepam
      on subjective sleep quality and performance next morning. In contrast to placebo
      or no-capsule conditions both temazepam 10 and 20 mg improved a number of
      assessments of sleep quality, although no residual effects on performance were
      detected. The 2nd experiment was designed to study the effects of temazepam 20 mg
      on daytime sleeping and subsequent performance following a simulated night shift.
      Compared to placebo, temazepam had favourable effects on the subjective duration
      and quality of daytime sleep, but had no overall beneficial or detrimental
      residual effects on performance.

PMID- 2878390
TI  - An analysis of the effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on
      evoked field potentials in the olfactory bulb.
AB  - The effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists on extracellular field
      potentials in the olfactory bulb produced by lateral olfactory tract stimulation
      were analysed in vivo. The compounds tested D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, L-(+)2
      amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, gamma-D-glutamylglycine, L-glutamic acid diethylester
      and cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid, were administered by brain dialysis. Of
      the compounds tested, only cis-2,3 piperidine-dicarboxylic acid and gamma-D
      glutamylglycine were able to suppress the synaptic excitation of granule cells.
      This pharmacological profile suggests the involvement of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptors. However, the suppression was accompanied by a reduction in the
      amplitude of the presynaptic volley. A second finding was that D-2-amino-5
      phosphono-valerate and gamma-D-glutamyl glycine attenuated granule cell mediated
      inhibition of mitral cells, suggesting the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      sensitive receptors. The possibility that mitral cells and that either
      centrifugal fibres, or an intrinsic olfactory bulb feedback loop might use an
      excitatory amino acid as its neurotransmitter is therefore discussed.

PMID- 2878391
TI  - Black widow spider venom-induced release of neurotransmitters: mammalian
      synaptosomes are stimulated by a unique venom component (alpha-latrotoxin),
      insect synaptosomes by multiple components.
AB  - Synaptosomes isolated from the rat brain corpus striatum and locust head and
      thoracic ganglia were loaded with radioactive neurotransmitter ([3H]dopamine and
      [3H]acetylcholine, respectively) and then treated with alpha-latrotoxin and other
      fractions (fractions C, D and E of Frontali et al.8) obtained by Sephadex G200
      column chromatography from black widow spider venom gland homogenates. As shown
      by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, alpha-latrotoxin
      is a high Mr protein, whereas fractions C-E are mixtures of several proteins,
      that include small amounts of contaminating alpha-latrotoxin (especially in
      fraction C). In rat synaptosomes alpha-latrotoxin induced massive
      neurotransmitter release, and some release was induced also by high
      concentrations of fractions C and D. These responses were blocked almost
      completely by a monospecific anti-alpha-latrotoxin serum, indicating that they
      were all due to alpha-latrotoxin. Release of [3H]acetylcholine from locust
      synaptosomes was induced by the various preparations investigated. alpha
      Latrotoxin was about 10-fold less potent in locust than in rat synaptosomes. The
      effects of fractions C-E tended to disappear with storage. The most active
      batches of fractions C and E were even more potent than alpha-latrotoxin, while
      the D fraction was approximately 5-fold less potent. The anti-alpha-latrotoxin
      antiserum inhibited part of the responses elicited by fractions C and E, but left
      fraction D almost unaffected. Release by D and E fractions was maintained even
      when Ca2+ was removed from the incubation medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2878392
TI  - Carrier diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy using restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms.
AB  - Molecular probes that are tightly linked to and flank the Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy (DMD) locus, have been used to characterize DMD mutations and diagnose
      female carriers. Deletions within the Xp21 region were identified for 8 of 71
      families studied. Using both DNA and CK studies, accurate (96 to 98%) carrier or
      noncarrier diagnoses were made for 51 of 75 females at risk in 24 families with a
      single affected male. DNA studies resulted in an alteration of predicted risk in
      40% of the cases. Recombinant diagnostic methods are useful for carrier detection
      in families with one or more affected males.

PMID- 2878393
TI  - Peripheral neuropathy in systemic vasculitis: clinical and electrophysiologic
      study of 22 patients.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with evidence of systemic vasculitis and peripheral
      neuropathy were clinically and electrophysiologically investigated in a
      retrospective study. Ten had a polyarteritis nodosa, 6 a probable polyarteritis
      nodosa, and 6 a Churg-Strauss syndrome. Nine patients presented clinically with
      mononeuropathy or mononeuropathy multiplex considered typical of ischemic
      involvement of peripheral nerve; nine had more diffuse neuropathy, two of them a
      symmetric polyneuropathy. EMG examination revealed more diffuse neuropathy than
      clinically predicted. Findings were of acute or subacute axonal neuropathy.

PMID- 2878394
TI  - [Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Natural history, diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2878395
TI  - Eseroline depresses the responses of dorsal horn neurons to C-fiber afferents in
      the spinal rat.
AB  - Eseroline not only has some structural features in common with morphine but also
      has a specific antinociceptive action like opioid drugs. The effects of eseroline
      on the responses of rat dorsal horn lamina V neurons to C-fiber-related noxious
      stimuli were investigated. The data obtained showed that 15 min after eseroline
      administration, the neuronal responses to C-fiber-related afferents were almost
      totally suppressed. Morphine was used as reference drug. The postulated action of
      eseroline on opioid receptors was confirmed by reversal of eseroline-driven cell
      activity after naloxone injection.

PMID- 2878396
TI  - Amygdaloid kindling increases enkephalin-like immunoreactivity but decreases
      dynorphin-A-like immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus.
AB  - The effects of amygdaloid kindling on the regional levels and distribution of
      enkephalin-like and dynorphin-A (DN)-like immunoreactivity (LI) were examined.
      One day after completion of kindling, radioimmunoassay revealed a 71% decrease in
      DN1-8-LI and a 43% increase in [Met5]-enkephalin-LI in the hippocampus.
      Immunostaining revealed a depletion of DN1-17-LI in the hippocampal mossy fiber
      pathway and an increase in [Leu5]-enkephalin-LI in the temporoammonic pathway.
      Four weeks after completion of kindling, the levels and immunostaining intensity
      of dynorphin and enkephalin in the hippocampus had returned to control values.

PMID- 2878397
TI  - Electrophysiological responses of human spinal neurons in culture.
AB  - Cell cultures were prepared from human fetal spinal cord and maintained in vitro
      for 30-100 days. Neurons were identified electrophysiologically by their ability
      to develop action potentials in response to intracellular depolarizing current
      pulses and in sister cultures by immunohistochemical and electron microscopic
      techniques. Extracellular applications of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine or
      histamine evoked hyperpolarizations which were associated with increases in
      membrane conductance. These data and the ultrastructural demonstrations of
      synapses suggest a functional differentiation of neurons in these cultures.

PMID- 2878398
TI  - D2 dopamine receptors associated with inhibition of dopamine release from rat
      neostriatum are independent of cyclic AMP.
AB  - The ability of the selective D2 dopamine (DA) receptor agonist bromocriptine to
      inhibit potassium-induced DA release from striatal slices was measured in rats,
      which had been unilaterally injected with kainic acid into the left striatum,
      with the aim of verifying whether the central nervous system contains DA
      receptors whose stimulation evokes intracellular events which do not involve
      cyclic AMP. It was found that increasing concentrations of bromocriptine
      inhibited the potassium-stimulated DA release from rat striatal slices of the
      kainic acid-treated side with the same potency as in control slices. On the
      contrary, bromocriptine and the selective D1 agonist SKF 82526 completely lost
      the ability to inhibit or stimulate, respectively, striatal adenylate cyclase
      activity from the lesioned side. Our conclusion asserts that inhibition of DA
      release from rat striatal slices is mediated by stimulation of D2 DA receptors
      which are fully operative in absence of both DA-stimulated and DA-inhibited
      adenylate cyclase activity. These data suggest that the intracellular events that
      follow D2 receptor stimulation in the nigrostriatal nerve terminals may be
      regulated by second messengers other than cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2878399
TI  - HR 375: a potential antipsychotic drug that interacts with dopamine D2 receptors
      and sigma-receptors in the brain.
AB  - The potential antipsychotic HR 375 (3-(4-(3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-propyl-piperazino-1
      yl-isoquinolino+ ++-hydrochloride) inhibited [3H]spiperone binding to dopamine D2
      receptors and (+)-[3H]SKF-10047 binding to sigma-receptors. The drug was,
      however, almost inactive in phencyclidine and mu-, kappa- and delta-opioid
      receptor binding assays. HR 375 inhibited binding of (+)-[3H]SKF-10047 to sigma
      sites in a competitive manner. The dissociation constant of (+)-[3H]SKF-10047
      binding to sigma-receptors was increased from 62 nM (47-91 nM) to 263 nM (204-370
      nM) in the presence of 33 nM HR 375. The number of binding sites (Bmax) was,
      however, not affected. It is concluded that the pharmacological properties of HR
      375, at least in part, may be attributable to its interaction with sigma
      receptors.

PMID- 2878400
TI  - The neurotoxicology of lead.
AB  - In the past six years, our research group has investigated the relationship
      between lead exposure and mental and behavioural development. This has been
      carried out through studies in children and animals. Earlier studies in children
      have shown that associations might be expected between environmental exposure to
      lead and various aspects of cognitive and behavioural development. Our study has
      examined and continues to examine, a cohort of children sub-divided into three
      groups according to the level of lead exposure during early 'in utero'
      development. Data amassed to date includes measurement of psychometric function
      and post natal development, together with biochemical measures of lead exposure.
      Assessment will continue through to early scholastic performance and will include
      measurement of deciduous tooth lead concentration as an integrated measure of
      long term exposure. In addition to these studies in children, a series of
      neurochemical studies have been carried out using a rat model of lead exposure.
      Data obtained from both our own neurochemical experiments and those of other
      groups indicate an extremely complex plethora of neurotoxic actions of lead.

PMID- 2878401
TI  - Central neurotransmitter disturbances underlying developmental neurotoxicological
      effects.
AB  - Transmission of information among neurons is of a chemical nature. The activity
      of the neurotransmitter in the brain is regulated by the spontaneous activity of
      neurotransmitter cell body and the sensitivity of both pre- and post-synaptic
      receptors. Neurotransmitters are present at very early stages of brain
      development; they do not only mediate the behavioral-physiological responses of
      the immature animal, but have trophic effects on the maturation of target neurons
      as well. Many centrally acting drugs which are frequently used also during
      pregnancy for the treatment of depression, hypertension, epilepsy, asthma,
      insomnia, hyperkinetism and other neurological and psychiatric disorders act
      directly on brain neurotransmitters (in particular monoamines) and behavioral
      states. Chronic administration of drugs acting on monoamines (such as clonidine,
      imipramine, alpha-methyl-Dopa, reserpine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, diazepam)
      disturb the spontaneous activity and behavioral state dependency of the
      monoaminergic cells, influences neurotransmitter turnover and change the
      sensitivity of both pre- and post-synaptic receptors. Sensory deprivation during
      a critical period of development is known to produce permanent effect on the
      brain; e.g., monocular deprivation during a particular period of development in a
      kitten leads to a rewiring of the connectivity in the visual system in the adult
      cat. Disturbances in neurotransmitter activity during early life will induce a
      comparable reorganization of the chemical structure of the adult brain.

PMID- 2878402
TI  - Nutrition classics. Lipids, June 1979 Volume 14, No. 6: Reproduction and survival
      of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed linolenic acid as the only source of
      essential fatty acids. By T.C. Yu, R.O. Sinnhuber, and J.D. Hendricks.

PMID- 2878403
TI  - Linolenate metabolism.

PMID- 2878404
TI  - OTC vs. Rx for coughs and colds.

PMID- 2878405
TI  - Dental phobia: a report of three cases.

PMID- 2878406
TI  - Guanylate cyclase activity in normal and neoplastic squamous epithelia from the
      upper aero-digestive tract.
AB  - Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) are suggested to participate in the regulation of
      cell growth and differentiation. Guanylate cyclase is the enzyme which catalyzes
      the synthesis of cGMP. The basal guanylate cyclase activity was slightly higher
      in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas than in normal mucosa, but was
      two-fold higher in papillomas. Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma did
      not show any increased basal activity. Stimulation with nitroprusside (NP)
      resulted in a 20% increased activity for normal mucosa and a 30% increase for
      poorly differentiated carcinomas, whereas enzyme prepared from well
      differentiated squamous carcinomas and papillomas showed a two-fold increase.

PMID- 2878408
TI  - [Practical problems of prognosis in neuroleptic therapy].

PMID- 2878407
TI  - [Management of undescended testis based on our studies].

PMID- 2878409
TI  - Expired ipecac syrup efficacy.
AB  - A controlled prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of expired ipecac syrup
      was conducted at two regional poison control centers in New England. During a 6
      month period, 200 study patients treated with expired ipecac syrup and 200
      control patients treated with unexpired ipecac syrup were evaluated. There were
      no statistical differences between the control and study groups in patient
      characteristics (age and sex) and product characteristics (general class, emetic
      potential, pretreatment, previously opened bottles, and manufacturer). In both
      control and study groups, emesis occurred in 100% of cases with 90% of patients
      vomiting with the first dose. The mean time to emesis was 24.7 minutes and 24.8
      minutes in the study and control groups, respectively. Expired preparations
      ranged from 1 month to greater than 4 years postexpiration, with the duration of
      expiration not altering the mean time to emesis. Mean time to emesis between the
      two groups was also not affected by manufacturer, pretreatment with milk, or
      whether the ipecac syrup bottle was previously opened. We conclude that expired
      ipecac syrup (up to 4 years postexpiration date) is an effective emetic.

PMID- 2878410
TI  - [Acute LAV/HTLV III infection].

PMID- 2878411
TI  - Presence of an EcoRI RFLP of the c-mos locus in normal and tumor tissue of
      esophageal cancer patients.

PMID- 2878412
TI  - XhoI polymorphism at the human pronatriodilatin (hPND) gene locus.

PMID- 2878413
TI  - TaqI polymorphism at the 3' end of the human pronatriodilatin gene (hPND).

PMID- 2878414
TI  - A three-allele RFLP recognised by an anonymous sequence localized to 3p14-p21
      [D3S11 (E41)].

PMID- 2878415
TI  - DraI RFLP in the human apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene complex.

PMID- 2878416
TI  - Anonymous genomic fragment co-amplified with c-Ki-ras 2 detects frequent
      polymorphism (pK42).

PMID- 2878417
TI  - Linkage arrangement in the vitellogenin gene family of Xenopus laevis as revealed
      by gene segregation analysis.
AB  - Using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) we have analyzed the
      segregation of alleles of the different vitellogenin genes of Xenopus laevis. The
      results demonstrate that the four genes whose expression is controlled by
      oestrogen, form two linkage groups. The genes A1, A2 and B1 are linked
      genetically whereas the fourth gene, the gene B2, segregates independently. The
      possible origin of this unexpected arrangement is discussed.

PMID- 2878418
TI  - Human cDNA probe detects RFLP on chromosome 12, OL 202 (HGM8 designated no.
      D12S9).

PMID- 2878419
TI  - An EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the KRAS2 locus on mouse
      chromosome 6.

PMID- 2878421
TI  - Isolation of a polymorphic DNA sequence (lambda EMBL3.287, D8S8) from chromosome
      8.

PMID- 2878420
TI  - Human atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) gene locus: BglI RFLP.

PMID- 2878422
TI  - Isolation of a polymorphic DNA sequence (lambda EMBL3.121, D14S12) from
      chromosome 14.

PMID- 2878423
TI  - RFLP detected by an X-linked cDNA encoding erythroid-potentiating activity/tissue
      inhibitor of metalloproteinase (EPA/TIMP).

PMID- 2878424
TI  - [Abdominal form of Takayasu disease].

PMID- 2878425
TI  - [Dynorphin as an analgesic for the dental pulp].

PMID- 2878426
TI  - [Neuromediator changes during cerebral aging. The effect of Ginkgo biloba
      extract].
AB  - Ginkgo biloba extract exerts a specific effect on the noradrenergic system and on
      beta-receptors. No variation was found in alpha 2-receptors and serotonin uptake.
      These findings provide the first evidence of central effects of a drug acting on
      cerebral ageing, connected specifically to reactivation of the noradrenergic
      system in the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2878428
TI  - [Metabolic control of insulinoma with a prolonged-action somatostatin agonist].

PMID- 2878427
TI  - [Neuromediator binding to receptors in the rat brain. The effect of chronic
      administration of Ginkgo biloba extract].
AB  - The present data confirm the results of others that post-synaptic receptor
      changes may contribute to the decline in brain cholinergic function in ageing and
      dementia. We have also shown that chronic oral treatment with an extract of
      Gingko biloba increases the apparent muscarinic receptor population in the
      hippocampus of the aged Fisher 344 rat. The possible effect on (3H) kainic acid
      binding to the kainate-excitatory amino acid site is also interesting because of
      the proposed association of neurodegenerative disease and excessive excitatory
      amino neurotransmission.

PMID- 2878430
TI  - Developmental regulation of glutamine synthetase and carbonic anhydrase II in
      neural retina.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (GS) is expressed in the neural retina only in Muller glia
      cells and is inducible with cortisol. A chicken genomic clone that contains at
      least part of the coding region for the GS enzyme was used to investigate
      developmental changes in the level of GS mRNA in embryonic chicken retina. A
      major GS transcript (approximately equal to 3 kilobases) detected by the probe
      begins to accumulate sharply on day 15 of embryonic development. When cortisol is
      prematurely supplied to early embryonic retina, it induces precocious
      accumulation of GS mRNA and of the GS enzyme. At later ages, these effects of
      cortisol are significantly greater, which suggests that competence to transcribe
      or stabilize GS mRNA in response to stimulation with cortisol increases with
      development. Carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) is expressed in early retina in all
      the cells, but it becomes later restricted to Muller glia. Using cloned CA-II
      cDNA, we detected a high level of CA-II mRNA in early retina, followed by a
      decline due to arrest of CA-II mRNA accumulation in differentiated neurons. As
      glia cells mature, CA-II mRNA and the enzyme increase to a new high level.
      Therefore, changes in CA-II gene expression during retina development reflect
      differentiation-dependent cell-type-specific control of CA-II mRNA accumulation.

PMID- 2878429
TI  - Lipid requirements for reconstitution of the proton-translocating complex of
      clathrin-coated vesicles.
AB  - We have recently reported the reconstitution of the clathrin-coated vesicle
      proton-translocating complex with liposomes prepared from ethanol-extracted crude
      bovine brain lipids. Reconstitution of proton pumping by the isolated proton
      ATPase has now been achieved with liposomes prepared from pure lipids. Optimal
      proton pumping, as assessed by ATP-generated acridine orange quenching and 32Pi
      ATP exchange, is achieved with liposomes prepared from phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and cholesterol at a weight ratio
      of 40:26.5:7.5:26, and a lipid-to-protein weight ratio of 200:1. Under such
      conditions, the extent of decrease of ATP-generated acridine orange quenching is
      150-fold greater than that of native clathrin-coated vesicles. Cholesterol is
      required to stabilize the proteoliposome. Phosphatidylserine, which is most
      effective in activating ATP-hydrolytic activity of the solubilized enzyme, is not
      obligatory for reconstitution of proton pumping.

PMID- 2878433
TI  - The susceptibility of Werner's syndrome and other human skin fibroblasts to SV40
      induced transformation and immortalization.
AB  - In attempts to transform and immortalize human cell cultures, skin fibroblasts
      from normal donors of different ages, from patients with the premature ageing
      diseases Werner's syndrome (WS) and progeria (PR), and from donors with the
      cancer-prone diseases ataxia telangiectasia (AT), Bloom's syndrome (BS) and
      Fanconi's anaemia (FA), were infected with SV40 virus and their growth monitored
      thereafter. Lesch-Nyhan (LN) fibroblasts were also infected. SV40-infected
      cultures from two normal and from WS, AT and LN donors attained a spectrum of
      transformed properties, high mitotic activity at confluence, presence of T
      antigen, anchorage independence and altered morphology. Most of these
      pretransformed cultures died in the crisis period. However, two cultures from the
      WS and LN patients survived the crisis period and have now been grown to more
      than 200 passages. For the LN culture the crisis period was at least 200 days.
      Both permanent lines retain the properties of pretransformed cells, but differ in
      their modal chromosome number and ability to grow in methionine-free medium. It
      can be concluded from these experiments that transformation by SV40 to permanent
      lines is a rare event in human skin fibroblasts, even when these cells were taken
      from patients predisposed to form cancers.

PMID- 2878432
TI  - Cognate homeo-box loci mapped on homologous human and mouse chromosomes.
AB  - The homeotic genes of Drosophila, which regulate pattern formation during larval
      development, contain a 180-base-pair DNA sequence termed the "homeo-box."
      Nucleotide sequence comparisons indicate that the homeo-box motif is highly
      conserved in a variety of motazoan species. As in Drosophila, homeo-box sequences
      of mammalian species are expressed in a temporal and tissue-specific pattern
      during embryogenesis. These observations suggest functional homologies between
      dipteran and mammalian homeo-box gene products. To identify possible
      relationships between homeo-box genes of mice and humans, we have compared the
      chromosomal location of homeo-box genes in these species. Using in situ
      hybridization and somatic cell genetic techniques, we have mapped the chromosome
      6-specific murine Hox-1 homolog to the region p14-p21 on human chromosome 7. We
      have also regionally mapped the murine Hox-3 locus to 15F1-3 and its human
      cognate to 12q11-q21. These comparative mapping data indicate that a syntenic
      relationship in mice and humans is maintained for all homeo-box loci examined to
      date. We suggest these regions represent evolutionarily conserved genomic domains
      encoding homologous protein products that function in regulating patterns of
      mammalian development.

PMID- 2878431
TI  - Use of nonisotopic M13 probes for genetic analysis: application to HLA class II
      loci.
AB  - Previously, DNA polymorphisms in the HLA gene cluster have been analyzed using
      radioactive probes in Southern blot experiments; the restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) revealed by this analysis are capable of subdividing HLA
      serological types. Here, we report the use of DNA probes labeled with
      biotinylated psoralen to provide nonisotopic detection of HLA class II RFLP
      patterns. These biotinylated probes contain cDNA sequences encoding the alpha and
      beta chains of DP, DQ, and DR HLA class II genes as inserts in M13 vectors. The
      recombinant M13 molecules are partially double-stranded with single-stranded HLA
      cDNA regions and contain biotinylated psoralen covalently linked to duplex DNA by
      UV irradiation. Following hybridization, the presence of biotinylated probe bound
      to target DNA is detected using a streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate,
      which converts the colorless substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine to a blue
      precipitate in less than 1 hr. The probe and detection system described here can
      detect single-copy genes in less than 0.5 microgram of total human DNA on
      Southern blots and generates the same specific RFLP patterns as do probes labeled
      with 32P by nick-translation. These biotinylated HLA class II probes have been
      applied to tissue typing for bone marrow transplantation and the study of insulin
      dependent diabetes susceptibility, revealing in each case relevant polymorphisms
      not detected by serologic typing.

PMID- 2878435
TI  - Minimal latency of calcium release in frog twitch muscle fibres.
AB  - Intracellular release of calcium in frog skeletal muscle fibres was monitored by
      the use of arsenazo III, in response to voltage clamped depolarizing pulses. A
      latency of a few milliseconds was evident between the onset of depolarization and
      the first detectable rise in the arsenazo-calcium signal, and this decreased
      logarithmically as the depolarization was increased. The minimal latency with
      strong depolarization (to +20 to +100 mV) was about 2 ms at 5 degrees C. This
      delay appears to be sufficiently long to be compatible with a chemically mediated
      coupling mechanism between depolarization and calcium release from the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2878434
TI  - New observations on the substructure of the active zone of brain synapses and
      motor endplates.
AB  - This study offers a new concept on the origin and function of the hitherto
      enigmatic presynaptic dense projections (dps) of neurons and motor endplates.
      After a deuterium oxide-albumin pretreatment (da), brain tissue and motor
      endplate of rat and frog reveal an intricate association of smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum (ser), microtubules (mts) and synaptic vesicles (sv) at the presynaptic
      grid-active zone of synapses. The ser entwines the mts, which are clothed in svs,
      and impinges directly onto the presynaptic membrane as sacs or 'tubular
      fibrillar' extensions. Since no dps are seen in these sections, whereas they do
      occur in conventionally processed material (i.e. without da pretreatment), it is
      suggested that the dps of conventional material may, in part, originate from
      improperly fixed ser at these points. Thus for the first time we demonstrate an
      in vivo system of ser which, because its 'finger' processes come into intimate
      contact with the presynaptic membrane, may be implicated in Ca2+ ion
      translocation, presumably out of the presynaptic bulb. Since no such tubular ser
      has been demonstrated in what are claimed to be sophisticated techniques (i.e.
      high-speed slam-freezing-freeze substitution) the actual sophistication of such
      methods is questioned.

PMID- 2878436
TI  - Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda): the dynamics of primary and repeated
      infection in outbred mice.
AB  - The population dynamics of Heligmosomoides polygyrus were studied in outbred male
      MF1 mice subject either to primary or repeated experimental infection. Little
      variability in susceptibility was observed between mice, but heterogeneity
      increased with both duration and intensity of primary infection; this result
      indicates that there are differences in parasite survival between hosts. The rate
      of parasite-induced host mortality was 4 X 10(-4) per parasite per host per
      parasite lifespan. The mortality rates of male and female larvae during their
      development in the intestinal wall were estimated as 0.033 and 0.021 per parasite
      per day respectively, and estimates of the expected lifespans of the adult male
      and female parasites in primary infection of 11.22 and 9.92 weeks were obtained.
      Approximately 40% of female worms were observed in copula at any one time,
      although this proportion was significantly depressed in hosts harbouring fewer
      than 50 parasites and during the first four weeks of infection. Parasite
      fecundity was markedly age-dependent; each female worm produced approximately
      31,000 eggs during its lifespan. No density dependence in either worm survival or
      fecundity in primary infection was apparent. The only detectable effect of worm
      density was in association with spatial distribution in the intestine; high
      levels of infection were associated with a posterior shift in the location of a
      proportion of the parasite population. Characterization of the dynamics of
      primary infection allowed predictions to be made about the expected dynamics of
      repeated infection. The comparison of predicted results and observed data
      revealed unequivocal epidemiological evidence for the density-dependent
      regulation of parasite population growth during repeated infection, affecting
      both parasite survival and parasite fecundity. The results also demonstrated the
      existence of two types of host individual in which the dynamics of repeated
      infection were markedly different. It is concluded that immunological differences
      between mice (possibly under genetic control) may be responsible for the observed
      effects; approximately 25% of MF1 mice seem unable to generate any protective
      immunity against H. polygyrus, whereas 75% become almost completely refractory to
      reinfection. This experimental system could be used for quantitative
      investigation of the impact of acquired immunity and genetic heterogeneity on
      helminth population dynamics. Both are of obvious relevance with respect to the
      control of infections of medical and veterinary significance.

PMID- 2878437
TI  - Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda): the influence of dietary protein on the
      dynamics of repeated infection.
AB  - The influence of the protein component in the diet of the host on the population
      dynamics of gastrointestinal helminth infection was studied by using a mouse-H.
      polygyrus experimental model. Mice fed a 2% (by mass) protein diet ad libitum
      maintained body weight during the experiment, but gained weight steadily when fed
      a diet containing 8% (by mass) protein. When repeatedly infected with 5, 10, 20
      or 40 larvae every 2 weeks, the mice fed the 2% (by mass) protein diet
      accumulated adult worms in direct proportion to exposure to the infective stages.
      Under similar infection regimes, mice fed an 8% (by mass) protein diet acquired a
      partly effective immunity to reinfection by the nematode. Acquired immunity was
      principally manifest as a reduction in the survival of adult worms, although a
      slight increase in the mortality rate and/or the development time of the tissue
      dwelling larval phase was observed. Worm fecundity per head was significantly
      depressed in hosts fed the 8% protein diet. In conclusion, in these experiments
      it is demonstrated that the nutritional status of the host can influence the
      population dynamics of helminth infection.

PMID- 2878439
TI  - A transmission delay and the effect of temperature at the triadic junction of
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - The coupling process at the triadic junctions in skeletal muscle fibres is
      characterized by a significant latency between the depolarization of the
      transverse tubular membrane and the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum. This time interval, the triadic delay, is sufficiently long to allow
      for the participation of a chemical process. The strong temperature dependence of
      the triadic delay (Q10 near 2.7) suggests that a sequence of chemical steps may
      link the electrical signal in the T-tubules to the opening of Ca channels in the
      terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2878438
TI  - The dynamics of the interaction between myosin subfragment 1 and pyrene-labelled
      thin filaments, from rabbit skeletal muscle.
AB  - We have used actin labelled in Cys-374 with N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide to monitor
      the dynamics and equilibria of the interaction between myosin subfragment 1 and
      the actin-troponin-tropomyosin complex in the presence of calcium. These results
      are compared with those obtained for pure actin and myosin subfragment 1. The
      sensitivity of this fluorescent label allowed us to measure the binding affinity
      of myosin subfragment 1 for actin directly by fluorescence titration. The
      affinity of subfragment 1 for actin is increased sixfold by troponin-tropomyosin
      in the presence of calcium. Kinetic studies of the interaction of subfragment 1
      and actin have revealed an isomerization of the actin-subfragment 1 complex from
      a state in which actin is weakly bound (Ka = 5.9 X 10(4) M-1) to a more tightly
      bound complex (Ka = 1.7 X 10(7) M-1) (Coates, Criddle & Geeves (1985) Biochem. J.
      232, 351). Results in the presence of troponin-tropomyosin show the same
      isomerization. The sixfold increase in affinity of subfragment 1 for actin is
      shown to be due to a decrease in the rate of dissociation of actin from the
      weakly bound complex.

PMID- 2878440
TI  - New directions in antihypertensive drug therapy.

PMID- 2878441
TI  - Nutritional and functional requirements for essential fatty acids.

PMID- 2878442
TI  - Biphasic effects of MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 on apomorphine-induced stereotypy in
      rats.
AB  - The effects of several doses of MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg,
      SC) on the stereotypic behavior induced by various doses (0.08, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and
      2.0 mg/kg, SC) of apomorphine (APO) were tested in rats. MIF-1 increased the
      stereotypic behavior induced by 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of APO, but decreased the
      stereotypic behavior induced by 2.0 mg/kg of APO. Tyr-MIF-1 showed a biphasic
      effect similar to that exerted by MIF-1. The results suggest that the type of
      response to MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 after APO is influenced by the activity of
      central dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2878443
TI  - Changes in brain catecholamine mechanisms following perinatal exposure to
      marihuana.
AB  - Adult female rats received daily oral doses of a crude marihuana extract (CME;
      equivalent to 20 mg/kg delta 9-THC) throughout gestation and lactation. The
      offspring were sacrificed at 10, 20, 40 or 60 days postpartum and tissue samples
      of cerebral cortex and striatum were dissected and assayed for alpha 1-adrenergic
      and D2-dopaminergic receptors, respectively, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
      The body weight at birth and 10 days of age was reduced as was brain weight at 10
      and 60 days of age in offspring exposed to CME. Perinatal exposure to CME reduced
      the binding capacity (Bmax) of D2 receptors in the striatum of 10 and 20-day-old
      offspring. The Bmax for alpha 1 receptors in the cerebral cortex was not altered
      at any age. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was significantly decreased in the
      striatum of 20 and 40-day-old offspring exposed to CME. The results indicate that
      chronic perinatal exposure to CME can selectively alter the development of
      specific catecholamine mechanisms in rat brain.

PMID- 2878444
TI  - Effects of cold-restraint stress on gastric ulceration and motility in rats.
AB  - The effects of stress by restraint at 4 degrees C for 2 hr and of drug treatment
      on gastric lesion formation and motor activities (contraction frequency,
      amplitude and tone) were studied in rats. Restraint at room temperature (22
      degrees C) produced a small ulcer index in the controls and did not significantly
      affect gastric motor activities; atropine and verapamil reduced but bethanechol
      increased gastric contractions under the same experimental conditions. Restraint
      at 4 degrees C markedly elevated the ulcer index. The frequency of gastric
      contractions was significantly increased in the first hr but the amplitude was
      depressed during the whole 2-hr observation period. Gastric tone initially fell
      but rose in the second hr of cold-restraint stress. Atropine and verapamil
      pretreatment prevented stress-induced ulcer formation and suppressed the
      frequency and amplitude of gastric contraction. Bethanechol stimulated both
      frequency and amplitude without significantly influencing stress ulcer size. It
      is unlikely that gastric hypermotility plays a major role in stress ulceration;
      the stomach smooth muscle-relaxing action of atropine and verapamil may
      contribute only partly to their antiulcer effects.

PMID- 2878445
TI  - Spontaneous chewing movements in rats during acute and chronic antipsychotic drug
      administration.
AB  - Single intraperitoneal doses of various antipsychotic drugs (clozapine 6, 12, 25
      mg/kg, sulpiride 100 mg/kg, haloperidol 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg, fluphenazine 0.5,
      1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) induced a depression of the spontaneous chewing movement (SCM)
      rate in rats during the first 6-8 hours. Haloperidol and fluphenazine elicited a
      rebound increase in SCM on day 2-5, while clozapine and sulpiride did not.
      Atropine (5 mg/kg) reduced the SCM rate. During chronic administration for 10
      months clozapine (50 mg/kg/day) caused no changes in the SCM rate. Sulpiride (120
      mg/kg/day) gave a marginal rise above control levels, while thioridazine (40
      mg/kg/day), chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg/day), fluphenazine (0.6 mg/kg/day) and
      haloperidol (0.4 mg/kg/day) produced highly significant increases in SCM rates.
      It is suggested that the present animal model may prove useful for monitoring the
      risk of tardive dyskinesia with individual drugs.

PMID- 2878446
TI  - Stimulatory effect of N-methyl aspartate on locomotor activity and transmitter
      release from rat nucleus accumbens.
AB  - N-Methyl-aspartate (NMA), an agonist at central glutamate receptors, elicited
      prolonged and intense locomotor activity when injected into the nucleus accumbens
      septi (NAS) in subconvulsive doses (3-10 micrograms bilaterally). This effect was
      antagonised by intra-accumbens injection of the specific NMA antagonist,
      aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV) in a dose (3.0 micrograms bilaterally) that was
      without intrinsic effect when given on its own. Intra-accumbens injection of APV
      also suppressed locomotor hyperactivity elicited by intra-accumbens injection of
      DA (50 micrograms bilaterally) in rats pretreated with nialamide. In vitro
      release of [3H]-acetylcholine in accumbens tissue slices was significantly
      increased in the presence of NMA (30 microM) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (15
      microM). Both effects were antagonised by APV (30 microM). Similar results were
      obtained with tissue slices of rat corpus striatum. These results suggest that
      locomotor stimulation by intra-accumbens NMA is mediated by an action on the
      mesolimbic dopaminergic neuron, either directly or via a cholinergic interneuron.
      In addition, activity at the glutamate synapse may be enhanced by the presence of
      DA affecting glutamate release and/or reuptake.

PMID- 2878447
TI  - Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.

PMID- 2878449
TI  - Structural studies of Rubisco from tobacco.
AB  - An electron density map of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase
      (Rubisco) from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) has been obtained by X-ray
      crystallography at a nominal resolution of 0.34 nm. Phases were determined by
      multiple isomorphous replacement with three heavy atom derivatives and then
      refined by solvent flattening. Rubisco is barrel-shaped, and has (422) symmetry.
      The fourfold axis runs down an open central channel, concentric with the barrel.
      The molecule measures 10.5 nm along the fourfold axis, and has a diameter of 13
      nm perpendicular to the fourfold axis at the widest point. The diameter of the
      central channel is 2.8 nm at the centre of the molecule, and 0.6 nm at its
      narrowest constriction. Portions of the polypeptide backbone of the promoter have
      been traced and some 127 residues have been assigned to 14 alpha-helices. The
      amino acid sequences of Rubisco from Rhodospirillum rubrum and from the large
      subunit of tobacco are sufficiently similar to suggest that the two chains are
      folded in the same general way.

PMID- 2878451
TI  - [Validity of post-proline splitting dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activities in the
      cerebrospinal fluid for neurologic and psychiatric diagnosis].
AB  - The dipeptidyl-peptidase activity of 650 liquores cerebrospinalis was obtained by
      means of the substrate Gly-Pro-NHNp (Gly-Pro-4-nitroanilid) at pHs of 5.5 and
      7.4. In comparison with a reference collective, the suitability of the method as
      a supplementary liquor parameter in neurological psychiatric diagnosis was
      examined. The introduction of the measurement at pH 7.4 can be particularly
      recommended for the distinguishing of bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis.

PMID- 2878448
TI  - Interaction, functional relations and evolution of large and small subunits in
      Rubisco from prokaryota and eukaryota.
AB  - In early biological evolution anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria may have been
      established through the acquisition of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
      oxygenase (Rubisco). The establishment of cyanobacteria may have followed and led
      to the production of atmospheric oxygen. It has been postulated that a
      unicellular cyanobacterium evolved to cyanelles which were evolutionary
      precursors of chloroplasts of both green and non-green algae. The latter probably
      diverged from ancestors of green algae as evidenced by the occurrence of large
      (L) and small (S) subunit genes for Rubisco in the chloroplast genome of the
      chromophytic algae Olisthodiscus luteus. In contrast, the gene for the S subunit
      was integrated into the nucleus in the evolution of green algae and higher
      plants. The evolutionary advantages of this integration are uncertain because the
      function of S subunits is unknown. Recently, two forms of Rubisco (L8 and L8S8)
      of almost equivalent carboxylase and oxygenase activity have been isolated from
      the photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum. This observation perpetuates the
      enigma of S subunit function. Current breakthroughs are imminent, however, in our
      understanding of the function of catalytic L subunits because of the application
      of deoxyoligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Especially interesting mutated
      Rubisco molecules may have either enhanced carboxylase activity or higher
      carboxylase:oxygenase ratios. Tests of expression, however, must await the
      insertion of modified genes into the nucleus and chloroplasts. Methodology to
      accomplish chloroplast transformation is as yet unavailable. Recently, we have
      obtained the first transformation of cyanobacteria by a colE1 plasmid. We regard
      this transformation as an appropriate model for chloroplast transformation.

PMID- 2878450
TI  - The effects of long-term isolation on physiology and behavior in male guinea
      pigs.
AB  - Studied were isolation induced effects in guinea pigs. Males (CM) living in two
      colonies (12 males, 12 females, each) were compared to males (IM) born in the
      colonies and kept isolated from their 2nd month of age. The findings were: At 19
      months of age CM showed higher testosterone and cortisol titers, higher adrenal
      tyrosine hydroxylase activities and higher seminal vesicles weights than IM.
      Body, spleen, and adrenal weights did not differ. Thus gonadal, adrenomedullary,
      and adrenocortical activities appear higher in CM. Adrenal functioning indicates
      that isolation per se is no more stressful than group living. At their 13th month
      of age CM and IM did not differ in their behaviors during a 1 hr open-field
      exposure. This is not considered to result from similar 'emotional temperaments'
      but rather from an inappropriate procedure to study 'emotionality' in adult
      guinea pigs. At their 14th month of age CM and IM were placed into the home cage
      of a male experienced fighter for 15 min. The agonistic encounters between the
      resident and CM occurred more frequently and were more escalated than between the
      resident and IM. IM may be a weaker stimulus for attack possibly due to a
      decreased production of androgen dependent pheromones as indicated by the
      decreased seminal vesicles weights. Eight IM placed into the colonies at their
      16th month of age lost 16.3 to 20.9% of their initial body weights. Three IM died
      within 8 days although they were not attacked by CM. The 5 surviving males gained
      low ranking social positions, showed a high degree of arousal and probably were
      not able to reproduce.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878452
TI  - [Changes in the health state of schizophrenic patients in neuroleptic therapy].
AB  - The state of health of 135 schizophrenic patients was examined during therapy
      with a nigrostriatal (Haloperidol) and a mesolimbic (Clozapin) neuroplegic drug,
      and compared with the situation during treatment without neuroplegics. Among the
      methods used was the state of health scale of von Zerssen; the neuroleptic
      threshold was tested using Haase's handwriting test. There was evidence that the
      patient's health was primarily affected, but individual differential treatment
      with neuroplegics produced a significant improvement in this important respect.
      Contrary to Haase, we noticed nothing to convince us of a link between the
      antipsychotic efficacy of the neuroplegics under investigation and the
      neuroleptic threshold.

PMID- 2878454
TI  - [Clinical aspects of benzodiazepines].
AB  - The wide therapeutic spectrum of benzodiazepines is well known. This is due to
      its neuropharmacological, e.g. anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic, muscle relaxing and
      anticonvulsant effects. The existence of an antidepressive effect could not be
      proven up till now. The anxiolytic and the hypnotic effects are considered as the
      most important events. But it has to be pointed out that the pharmacotherapy of
      anxiety is only one of the therapeutic approaches towards the problem. A way how
      to deal with anxiety and other problems could be well discussed and supported in
      Balint-groups, which are widely offered especially for those, who have not been
      trained in psychotherapy. Unfortunately a misuse of benzodiazepines is still
      widely existing. Especially after longer treatment the patients often become
      addicted to the drugs. Therefore we suggest a thorough consideration of these
      side effects before any long term treatment with benzodiazepines is decided.

PMID- 2878453
TI  - ["Soteria Bern." Initial experiences with a new milieu therapy for acutely
      schizophrenic patients].
AB  - The authors report first clinical experiences with 28 schizophrenic patients who
      were treated and socially rehabilitated by a specially selected team in a small,
      stimulus-protected, continuous, open and community-near environment (therapeutic
      community "Soteria Bern"). The therapeutic concept is based on the vulnerability-
      and information-processing hypothesis and on further psycho-, socio- and
      milieutherapeutic experiences with schizophrenics. Neuroleptic drugs were used in
      comparatively very small doses. With about 2/3 positive outcomes, the first
      results are encouraging. In a research project over several years they will be
      systematically compared with more traditional treatment strategies.

PMID- 2878455
TI  - Factors affecting TRH test results.

PMID- 2878457
TI  - The acute effects of ethanol on auditory event-related potentials.
AB  - The acute effects of ethanol on the ERPs evoked by auditory stimuli were
      investigated using 0 g/kg, 0.3 g/kg and 0.54 g/kg ethanol dose. Ethanol was
      administered to 13 subjects single blind and orally in 20% v/v orange juice. Each
      subject received one of the three doses at three separate testing sessions. The
      ERPs were monitored at Cz in the 10-20 system in an odd ball paradigm. At the
      0.54 g/kg ethanol level, an increase in latency was observed in the N1, P2, N2
      components under both stimuli type conditions. The latency and amplitude of the
      P3 component were affected by ethanol at both dose levels. The amplitude of P3
      was reduced and the latency increased in a dose-dependent manner. These
      characteristics of the P3 were observed under the target stimuli condition. The
      findings of the study suggested that stimulus attention, as reflected by N1
      amplitude, was affected at the moderate ethanol dose level while stimulus
      categorisation, as reflected by P3 latency, was affected at the low ethanol dose
      level, with increased effects at the moderate dose level.

PMID- 2878456
TI  - Does the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist 2-APH exhibit anxiolytic
      activity?
AB  - The activity of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (2-APH), an antagonist of the
      NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor, was tested in several animal models of
      anxiolytic activity in rats and mice and compared with the activity of the
      standard benzodiazepine anxiolytic, diazepam. 2-APH was effective, but about 100
      times less potent than diazepam in antagonising the suppressive effects of
      punishment on locomotor activity in the four-plate test in mice. 2-APH was also
      effective in enhancing exploration of the open, exposed arms of a plus maze,
      without altering exploration of the enclosed arms. Again 2-APH was about 100
      times less effective than diazepam. In contrast to diazepam, 2-APH was
      ineffective in antagonising the pro-punishment properties of the anxiogenic beta
      carboline DMCM in a modified four-plate test, and in antagonising the
      discriminative stimulus provided by pentylenetetrazol. These results are
      discussed in the context of the equivalence of the antagonism of excitatory
      mechanisms and the enhancement of inhibitory systems as anxiolytic treatments.

PMID- 2878458
TI  - Effects of centrally administered H2 antagonists in the behavioral despair test.
AB  - Injection of the histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist cimetidine into the lateral
      ventricles of mice produced a dose-related reduction in swimming in the
      behavioral despair test. This response can be attenuated by
      intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the histamine-1 (H1) receptor
      antagonist chlorpheniramine, or the H2 receptor agonist impromidine, given
      simultaneously with cimetidine. At doses which blocked cimetidine, neither
      chlorpheniramine nor impromidine alone had effects on swimming. A similar
      decrease in swimming behavior was also seen after ICV injections of the non
      imidazole H2 antagonist, BMY 25,368. This effect of BMY 25,368 was also
      attenuated by chlorpheniramine and impromidine. These results suggest that H1 and
      H2 receptors in the brain may mediate opposing behavioral effects.

PMID- 2878459
TI  - Reversal by alpha-2 agonists of diazepam withdrawal hyperactivity in rats.
AB  - Rats were made diazepam dependent by chronic treatment with daily injections of
      the drug, 20 mg/kg, IP, for 3 weeks. On abrupt termination of the drug, the
      animals showed withdrawal hyperactivity which was indicated by increased
      horizontal locomotion and vertical activity, and diarrhoea. The peak effect was
      seen 3 days after the withdrawal of diazepam. Effects of various alpha 2
      agonists, clonidine, guanfacine and B-HT 920, were studied on the diazepam
      withdrawal phenomena. Clonidine (100 micrograms/kg, IP) given twice a day at an
      interval of 12 h prevented both withdrawal-induced hyperactivity and diarrhoea.
      On the contrary, equimolar doses of guanfacine and B-HT 920 failed to reverse
      withdrawal-induced hyperactivity but attenuated the effect of diarrhoea. However,
      higher doses (500 micrograms/kg, IP) of guanfacine and B-HT 920 given twice a day
      at 12-h intervals were found to be effective. Pretreatment with yohimbine (1.5
      mg/kg, IP) reversed the protective effect of clonidine, indicating the
      involvement of alpha 2 receptors in the action of clonidine.

PMID- 2878460
TI  - Effects of zolpidem, a new imidazopyridine hypnotic, on the acquisition of
      conditioned fear in mice. Comparison with triazolam and CL 218,872.
AB  - Benzodiazepines and other compounds which act at benzodiazepine binding sites
      have been shown previously to attenuate the acquisition of conditioned fear in
      rodents when administered before the acquisition session, an effect which may
      parallel the disruption of human memory produced by anxiolytics and sedatives.
      Such an action is usually, but not invariably, produced by doses which have
      direct behavioural depressant effects. The present study was carried out to
      extend previous work by investigating the effects of the hypnotic benzodiazepine
      triazolam and the nonbenzodiazepines zolpidem and CL 218,872 on the acquisition
      of learned fear in mice. All these drugs reduced locomotor activity shortly after
      injection. They also produced disruptions of the acquisition of learned fear.
      Triazolam exerted behavioural effects similar to those found previously with
      other benzodiazepines, the does which disrupted the acquisition of conditioned
      fear being similar to, or lower than, the doses which depressed locomotion. In
      contrast, the results indicated that zolpidem was more potent at reducing
      locomotion than at interfering with fear conditioning, a result which may reflect
      the preferential sedative action of zolpidem.

PMID- 2878461
TI  - Changes in noradrenaline plasma levels and behavioural responses induced by
      benzodiazepine agonists with the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788.
AB  - Noradrenaline (NA) plasma levels were examined in 18 healthy volunteers on 2
      consecutive days after a single treatment with either lormetazepam (0.06 mg/kg)
      (LMZ group), flunitrazepam (0.03 mg/kg) (FNZ group) or placebo (PLA group) in
      combination with the benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist Ro 15-1788 (0.1 mg/kg).
      Behavioural responses (mood changes, anxiety) were also investigated in parallel.
      Both BZ decreased NA plasma levels to 50% of the basal values 10 min after the
      injection; administration of Ro 15-1788 15 min later reinstated NA plasma levels
      to basal values. A second administration of Ro 15-1788 (0.1 mg/kg) 24 h after BZ
      or PLA treatment increased NA plasma levels, estimated 10 min after the injection
      in both the LMZ- and the FNZ groups, but not in the PLA group. Behavioural
      responses measured under the same treatment also indicated minor anxiety
      responses followed by mood impairment. These data suggest that a stressful
      situation may be precipitated by the antagonist Ro 15-1788 24 h after a single BZ
      treatment, which resembles a withdrawal response, and increases NA plasma levels.

PMID- 2878462
TI  - Serum concentrations and clinical effect of zuclopenthixol in acutely disturbed,
      psychotic patients treated with zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo.
AB  - Zuclopenthixol acetate, 5%, in Viscoleo was administered IM to 19 acutely
      disturbed, psychotic patients in doses of 50-150 mg. Fifteen patients received
      one injection, whereas four of the patients had two or three injections, usually
      with intervals of 3 days. The zuclopenthixol concentrations in serum were
      measured in series of samples taken from each patient during a 3-day period
      following the injection. In patients given identical doses serum concentrations
      of about the same order were obtained. Significant and good correlations were
      found between dose and maximal serum concentration and between dose and area
      under the serum concentration curve. The average serum concentration curve
      obtained when adjusting the data to a 100 mg dose has a maximum of 41 ng/ml after
      about 36 h, decreasing to 15 ng/ml after 72 h. A dose of 50-150 mg zuclopenthixol
      acetate in Viscoleo appeared to be sufficient for controlling the symptoms for
      most acutely disturbed, psychotic patients. The frequency of side effects,
      including extrapyramidal reactions, was low and the adverse reactions mostly
      mild, indicating that the risks for severe complications generally might be
      minimal. With a rapid onset of action, few and mild side effects, good
      tolerability at the injection site, and a duration of effect of 2-3 days,
      zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo appears to offer advantages compared to
      conventional neuroleptic treatment in patients in whom an acute, calming effect
      is desired.

PMID- 2878463
TI  - Zuclopenthixol levels in serum and breast milk.
AB  - Breast milk and serum samples were obtained from six psychotic patients 3 days-10
      months after delivery. Five of the women were given zuclopenthixol PO daily, and
      one was given zuclopenthixol decanoate IM every 2 weeks. Zuclopenthixol was
      estimated in breast milk and serum by high performance liquid chromatography. The
      zuclopenthixol levels in milk were found to be 29% of the serum levels on
      average. Based on the drug levels found in milk, the daily dose to a suckling
      infant was estimated to be 0.5-5 micrograms zuclopenthixol, corresponding to a
      dose of 0.01-0.1 mg to an adult. It is not likely that such a low dose would
      cause any effects or side effects in the infant unless infants are very different
      from adults concerning metabolism or sensitivity to the drug. The suckling
      infants included in this study were apparently not influenced by the intake of
      zuclopenthixol with the milk.

PMID- 2878464
TI  - Hypotension-induced hypokalaemia in sheep.
AB  - Plasma K+ was measured in Merino ewes during 50-90 min periods of hypotension
      induced by sodium nitroprusside, isoprenaline, verapamil or nifedipine. Doses
      were adjusted to produce falls in systemic blood pressure of approximately 20
      mmHg. All of these drugs caused decreases in plasma K+ which could not be
      attributed to increased urinary excretion of K+. In all cases plasma renin
      activity increased during the hypotension. Plasma aldosterone concentration which
      was measured in some sodium nitroprusside experiments also increased during the
      hypotension. However, enhancement of the plasma renin activity and plasma
      aldosterone concentration responses by prior sodium depletion of the sheep by
      furosemide administration or suppression of the plasma renin activity and plasma
      aldosterone concentration responses by prior salt loading did not influence the
      magnitude of the hypotension-induced hypokalaemia.

PMID- 2878465
TI  - Psychiatric disorders: neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.

PMID- 2878466
TI  - Neurons with multiple messengers--distribution and possible functional
      significance.

PMID- 2878468
TI  - Animal models in psychiatric research.

PMID- 2878467
TI  - Synthesis, function, and degradation of catecholamine neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2878469
TI  - Cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease: cause or effect?

PMID- 2878470
TI  - Responses of neurons in isolated preparations of the mammalian central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2878472
TI  - [Value of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in the diagnosis of alcoholism].

PMID- 2878471
TI  - [Financial cost of the treatment of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2878474
TI  - [Use of the internal mammary artery as a free aortocoronary graft].

PMID- 2878475
TI  - [Bilateral temporomandibular dislocation. Drug induced?].

PMID- 2878476
TI  - [Takayasu's disease in Italy. Impact and clinico-diagnostic aspects].

PMID- 2878473
TI  - [Serum activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, adult and fetal forms in
      patients with compensated and decompensated forms of alcoholic cirrhosis].

PMID- 2878477
TI  - Central effects of N-allyl,N'-methyl-barbital and N-allylmethyprylon in mice.
AB  - Pharmacological activities (hypnotic, anticonvulsant and convulsant activities,
      acute toxicity and pentobarbital (PB) synergism) of N-allyl,N'-methyl derivatives
      of barbiturates and related N-allyl substituted compounds were studied in mice. N
      Allylhexobarbital (AHB), N-allylglutethimide (AGI) and N-allylmethyprylon (AMP)
      showed hypnotic activity. N-Allyl,N'-methyl derivatives of barbital (B),
      phenobarbital (PheB) and PB (AMB, AMPheB and AMPB), AHB and AMP exhibited
      anticonvulsant activity against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. AMP was
      the most potent agent among the allyl compounds tested in the protective effect
      against PTZ-induced seizures. N-Allyl, N'-methylallobarbital (AMAlloB) showed a
      weak convulsant activity at a dose of 640 mg/kg, i.p. All allyl compounds tested
      showed potentiation of the PB-induced sleep. AMB prolonged the PB-induced sleep
      30-fold as compared with the control. These results indicate that AMB, AMP and
      the other N-allyl compounds possess some depressant effects on the central
      nervous system.

PMID- 2878478
TI  - Some central effects of indenolol in experimental animals.
AB  - Indenolol, a relatively new beta-adrenergic blocking drug, was tested for its
      effect on the central nervous system. The parameters included its effects on
      spontaneous motor activity, conditioned avoidance response (CAR) acquisition,
      pentobarbitone hypnosis, amphetamine induced motor excitation, analgesic activity
      and rectal temperature in experimental animals. Indenolol was found to
      significantly decrease the spontaneous motor activity in mice and CAR acquisition
      in rats. It potentiated the pentobarbitone induced hypnosis and antagonized
      amphetamine induced excitatory behaviour in mice. It did not show a marked
      analgesic effect of its own but potentiated the analgesia induced by the
      subanalgesic dose of morphine. It also produced a significant hypothermic effect
      in mice. All the effects except on CAR acquisition were obtained in the dose of
      50-75 mg/kg body weight administered intraperitoneally. It enhanced CAR
      acquisition in the specific dose of 5 mg/kg. These observations indicate that
      indenolol possesses an anxiolytic effect similar to that reported for propranolol
      and some other beta-blocking drugs.

PMID- 2878479
TI  - [Acute aortic regurgitation due to Takayasu arteritis].

PMID- 2878480
TI  - Ventilatory responses of the rat to mild hypercapnic stimulation before and after
      almitrine bismesylate.
AB  - In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, hyperventilatory responses to rectangular
      mild hypercapnic normoxic gas mixtures inhalation were analysed. Hyperventilation
      dynamics were characterized by a logarithmic curve whose delay (T0) and half
      response time (T50-T0) were calculated. These values were established in
      nervously intact (IR), vagotomized (XT), surgically chemodenervated (CDN) rats
      and in IR-rats after almitrine bismesylate (ALM) pretreatment. In IR and XT-rats,
      T0 and T50 - T0 were larger after 0.5 and 1.0% CO2 step-changes than after 1.5%
      CO2 step-change (10 sec vs 2 sec for T0). In CDN rats, this 1.5% CO2
      hyperventilation was delayed, but this delay was shorter (5 sec) than in IR or XT
      rats inhalating 0.5 and 1.0% CO2. After ALM pretreatment, the amplitude of the
      ventilatory response to a same rise in PETCO2 was increased. T0 and T50 - T0
      during 0.5 and 1.0% CO2 step-changes became identical to the time values obtained
      with the 1.5% CO2 mixture in untreated rats. Variations in amplitude and dynamics
      of the ventilatory responses to CO2 provoked by ALM pretreatment may be explained
      by an increased sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors to CO2, T0 at the
      time of the weakest stimuli becoming equal to that observed for a higher
      hypercapnia and no longer different from the lung to carotid bodies circulation
      time. So, the delayed and smoothed responses to 0.5 and 1.0% CO2 in IR and XT
      rats were attributed to a PaCO2 too weak to stimulate the peripheral
      chemoreceptors. The latency and half response time were higher than in CDN rats
      due to a weaker induced difference in PETCO2. Hyperventilation dynamics changes
      induced by ALM allowed to differentiate between peripheral and central
      chemoreception in ventilatory control.

PMID- 2878481
TI  - [Autotransplant of a testicle: report of a case and review of the literature].

PMID- 2878482
TI  - [Asthma therapy today].

PMID- 2878483
TI  - [A new generation of H1-receptor antagonist antihistaminics].

PMID- 2878484
TI  - Salmonella subdural empyema in a patient with brain metastasis.

PMID- 2878485
TI  - [Buli from Shariakandi (1)].

PMID- 2878486
TI  - Localized polyarteritis nodosa: cases involving the lower extremities and the
      breast.
AB  - Two patients with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with nodules in the lower
      extremities and another patient with an unusual presentation of polyarteritis
      nodosa involving only the arteries of the breast are reported.

PMID- 2878487
TI  - Macrophage spreading inhibition test as an alternate method for in vitro
      assessment of cell-mediated immunity against Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - During cellular immune responses sensitized lymphocytes release a number of
      mediators collectively known as 'lymphokines'. The assaying of macrophage
      spreading inhibition (MSI) factor released by sensitized lymphocytes was employed
      as an alternative procedure for in vitro detection of cell-mediated immunity
      (CMI) in animals immunized with amoeba antigen preparation. The MSI test was
      compared with macrophage migration inhibition test. A well defined CMI was
      detectable in animals immunized by amoebic antigen in combination with Freund's
      complete adjuvant (FCA). Macrophage spreading was found greatly inhibited when
      peritoneal exudate cells from these animals were cultured in the presence of
      specific antigen. The optimal time for the development of typical reaction was 30
      min. Incubation for a longer time resulted in macrophage clumping.

PMID- 2878488
TI  - Evaluation of sinefungin for the treatment of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense
      infections in goats.
AB  - Caprine Trypanosoma (N.) congolense infections were treated with sinefungin, an
      antifungal antibiotic nucleoside. Single doses from 10 to 20 mg/kg bodyweight
      given intramuscularly were not curative for goats; single doses of 25 and 50
      mg/kg were toxic, and caused death. Five and 7.5 mg/kg administered twice daily
      over a three-day period, resulted in a cure in 2 animals, while 2 others
      relapsed. All animals relapsed when given a single daily dose of 5 or 7.5 mg/kg
      for 4 consecutive days. When such doses were given twice a day, they caused death
      in 50% of the goats and the remainder were cured. Raised serum urea levels
      indicated the severe nephrotoxic side-effects of sinefungin even at subcurative
      levels. Histopathological examinations revealed an acute tubulonephrosis.

PMID- 2878489
TI  - [Beta agonists in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency].

PMID- 2878491
TI  - Stem cell autografting for chronic granulocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2878490
TI  - Plasma somatostatin and plasma glucagon in long-term IDDM without residual B-cell
      function. No effect of different long-term metabolic control.
AB  - To further study the elevated plasma somatostatin (SRIF)--and reduced plasma
      glucagon concentrations found in IDDM patients without residual B-cell function
      compared to normal controls, we investigated 39 such patients, randomly assigned
      to three different insulin treatment regimens; conventional therapy with two
      injections a day (CTh), insulin pump (CSII) and multiple injections (MI), for 1
      year. They were given an arginine infusion (0.5 g/kg/20 min). The mean basal
      plasma SRIF values in the CTh, CSII and MI groups were 20.8 +/- 3.3, 18.6 +/- 1.8
      and 20.6 +/- 2.8 pmol/l and the mean basal plasma glucagon values were 30 +/-
      5.7, 19 +/- 2.3 and 27 +/- 4.7 pmol/l, respectively. Both SRIF and glucagon
      increased in all groups in relation to arginine infusion. For both hormones, the
      mean values were highest in the CTh group, lowest in the CSII group, although the
      differences were not significant. The mean HbA1 values for the last 3 months
      within the test were 10.0 +/- 0.5, 8.8 +/- 0.3 and 9.1 +/- 0.5%, respectively, in
      the same order as above. The CTh group had significantly higher HbA1 values than
      the CSII group (p less than 0.02). We conclude that small differences in long
      term blood glucose control are of inconsiderable importance for the islet
      hormonal response to arginine found in IDDM without B-cell function.

PMID- 2878492
TI  - [Hypertension management in practice, 1986].
AB  - Persons with persisting (at least 3 measurements over several weeks) borderline
      blood pressure elevation or established hypertension should always be instructed
      to follow general non-pharmacological measures. Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy
      is recommended in the following situations: in hypertensive emergencies,
      immediately; if the hypertension is not due to a surgically remediable cause, in
      patients with documented (at least 3 measurements) blood pressure elevation to
      diastolic values greater than 100 mm Hg; in patients with "mild" hypertension
      (diastolic up to 104 mm Hg) which does not decrease to less than 160/95 mm Hg
      following 3 to 6 months of treatment with general non-pharmacological measures;
      in persons with borderline blood pressure values (141-159/91-94 mm Hg) that
      persist following 6 to 12 months of general measures and only if they have severe
      additional cardiovascular risk factors; in patients with pronounced isolated
      systolic hypertension (greater than 180 mm Hg). In elderly patients who are frail
      or have evidence of advanced cardiovascular disease, dementia or other
      debilitating illnesses, blood pressure-lowering drugs should generally be
      reserved for diastolic blood pressure values consistently exceeding 110 mm Hg.
      There have recently been important new developments in antihypertensive
      pharmacotherapy. Two new pharmacological principles, the calcium entry blockers
      and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, have been introduced widely
      into practical hypertension treatment. On the other hand, concern has arisen that
      the conventional, thiazide-diuretic based therapy, despite its established
      beneficial influence on blood pressure and most cardiovascular complications, may
      not significantly improve or may sometimes even adversely affect coronary
      prognosis because of metabolic side effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878493
TI  - [Advances in neurology].

PMID- 2878494
TI  - NIMH review of fraud charge moves slowly.

PMID- 2878496
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: three episodes with different drugs.
AB  - This is an illustrative case of a patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
      whom we believe is the first described in the world's literature to have this
      syndrome on three occasions, each time after having received a different
      neuroleptic agent.

PMID- 2878495
TI  - Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive
      schizophrenics.
AB  - In postmortem studies of patients with schizophrenia, D2 dopamine receptors in
      the basal ganglia have been observed to be more numerous than in patients with no
      history of neurological or psychiatric disease. Because most patients with
      schizophrenia are treated with neuroleptic drugs that block D2 dopamine receptors
      in the caudate nucleus, it has been suggested that this increase in the number of
      receptors is a result of adaptation to these drugs rather than a biochemical
      abnormality intrinsic to schizophrenia. With positron emission tomography (PET),
      the D2 dopamine receptor density in the caudate nucleus of living human beings
      was measured in normal volunteers and in two groups of patients with
      schizophrenia--one group that had never been treated with neuroleptics and
      another group that had been treated with these drugs. D2 dopamine receptor
      densities in the caudate nucleus were higher in both groups of patients than in
      the normal volunteers. Thus, schizophrenia itself is associated with an increase
      in brain D2 dopamine receptor density.

PMID- 2878497
TI  - The association of neurofibromatosis, pheochromocytoma, and somatostatin-rich
      duodenal carcinoid tumor.
AB  - The association of neurofibromatosis and pheochromocytoma is well recognized;
      more recently, attention has been drawn to links between neurofibromatosis,
      pheochromocytoma, and ampullary somatostatin-rich carcinoid. Because of this
      association, the duodenum was explored during a recent laparotomy for resection
      of bilateral pheochromocytoma in a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease. A
      clinically unsuspected ampullary tumor was discovered; this proved to be in part
      a ganglioneuroma and in part a somatostatin-rich carcinoid. This paper presents
      full details of this carefully investigated and documented case and reviews the
      recent advances in this field. These studies lead us to conclude that: the
      clinical association of neurofibromatosis, pheochromocytoma, and D cell
      carcinoids ("somatostatinomas") of the ampullary region is confirmed; this
      association may be more common than has been previously thought, and the duodenum
      should be carefully examined in any patient with neurofibromatosis who undergoes
      laparotomy for pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2878498
TI  - Evidence for nongastrin-mediated somatostatin inhibition of parietal cell
      function.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF), a tetradecapeptide, has been reported to suppress gastrin
      release and hence inhibit acid secretion in vivo. This study was performed to
      determine whether SRIF has any direct effect on parietal cell (PC). Isolated
      gastric cells were prepared by collagenase digestion and calcium chelation of
      rabbit fundic mucosa. PC enrichment (75% +/- 5%) was accomplished by velocity
      sedimentation with an elutriator rotor. Acid, as assessed by the accumulation of
      14C-aminopyrine (AP) and macromolecular (intrinsic factor [IF]) secretion were
      used as markers of PC function. Cells were stimulated with histamine (H) (10(-6)
      mol/L). SRIF (10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/L) significantly inhibited H-stimulated 14C
      AP accumulation (p less than 0.05). Inhibition of H-stimulated IF release was
      less sensitive, occurring at 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/L (p less than 0.05), and loss
      of inhibition was observed at 10(-6) mol/L (p less than 0.05). These results
      demonstrate a direct inhibitory action of SRIF on PC secretion. The difference in
      inhibitory effect on IF and proton secretion is consistent with the postulation
      that SRIF may function at more than one site within the PC.

PMID- 2878499
TI  - Management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in patients with multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type I.
AB  - Treatment of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) in patients with multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I) is controversial. Unlike other patients with
      ZES who have a single tumor and in whom curative surgical resection is possible
      and desirable, patients with ZES and MEN I tend to have multiple pancreatic islet
      cell tumors. Therefore the chances for surgical cure are usually different. A
      retrospective review of 25 patients with ZES as a manifestation of MEN I seen at
      our institution between 1960 and 1984, an interval during which histamine type 2
      (H2) receptor antagonists were introduced, provided an opportunity to study this
      problem. Follow-up averaged 6 1/2 years. All patients diagnosed before 1979 (14
      patients) underwent surgical exploration. Ten patients (71%) had pancreatic
      procedures (five enucleation, four partial pancreatectomy, and one enucleation of
      multiple nodules with subsequent total pancreatectomy). None of these procedures
      was curative, and all patients required further medical and/or surgical therapy
      for peptic ulceration. Eighteen patients (72%) underwent gastric surgery. Seven
      patients had subtotal gastrectomy, five of whom required subsequent total
      gastrectomy. Thirteen patients ultimately had total gastrectomy. There were no
      immediate postoperative deaths. All patients with diagnoses since 1979 (11
      patients) had H2-antagonist therapy as primary treatment. No significant
      complications were associated with this approach during a mean treatment period
      of 26 months. Only one of these patients subsequently has required gastric
      surgery. The proved efficacy of H2 antagonists, coupled with the recognition of
      the diffuse nature of the pancreatic disease in these patients, has led to a
      change in the therapeutic approach over the period reviewed. H2-antagonist
      therapy should be the initial treatment of choice in patients with MEN I who have
      ZES.

PMID- 2878500
TI  - Use of a somatostatin analog (SMS 201-995) in the glucagonoma syndrome.
AB  - A long-acting somatostatin analog, SMS 201-995, is now available to treat the
      hormonal manifestations of islet cell tumors. We report its use in a patient with
      a metastatic glucagonoma refractory to conventional therapy. This patient, who
      was severely disabled by the rash of necrolytic migratory erythema and brittle
      diabetes mellitus, allowed us to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SMS 201-995
      and to gain insight into the origin of the rash. SMS 201-995 was administered
      subcutaneously (.05 mg twice a day). The rash improved markedly within 48 hours
      and was completely resolved within 1 week of treatment. Insulin requirements
      decreased from 90 U/day to zero during the first week of treatment. Corresponding
      to improvement in clinical symptoms circulating glucagon levels showed a marked
      decrease. There was no substantial change in plasma or urinary levels of zinc or
      in plasma amino acid levels. When SMS 201-995 was stopped, the rash recurred
      within 36 hours and it improved within 48 hours of readministration. The rash and
      diabetes have remained well controlled during 8 months of therapy but no change
      in tumor size has been seen on CT scan. The rapid changes in the rash related to
      the administration of SMS 201-995 indicate that the pathogenesis of necrolytic
      migratory erythema is probably due to circulating hyperglucagonemia or some other
      hormonal substance produced by the tumor.

PMID- 2878501
TI  - Heavy metal inhibition of carnitine acetyltransferase activity in human placental
      syncytiotrophoblast: possible site of action of HgCl2, CH3HgCl, and CdCl2.
AB  - The effect of the heavy metal toxicants HgCl2, CH3HgCl, and CdCl2 on the
      acetylating activity of membranous carnitine acetyltransferase (CarAc) in
      membrane vesicles from the maternal surface of human placental
      syncytiotrophoblast has been investigated. CarAc was inhibited by inorganic and
      organic mercury and cadmium. Carnitine acetylation was inhibited by as little as
      5 microM mercury, with complete inhibition at 50 microM inorganic and organic
      mercury. Inhibition by cadmium was incomplete (less than 60%) at 500 microM
      CdCl2. Kinetic studies using Hanes plots revealed a mixed type of inhibition of
      CarAc by the metals. Cysteine preincubation decreased the amount of inhibition of
      CarAc by the metals. These results indicate that the inhibition of CarAc by heavy
      metals occurs by binding of the sulfhydryl on the enzyme by the metals. This
      interaction may be a mechanism of the heavy metal-induced fetotoxicity.

PMID- 2878502
TI  - Validation of an in vivo developmental toxicity screen in the mouse.
AB  - A test system for identifying toxicity, including potential teratogenicity has
      been developed that is based on growth and viability of embryonic, fetal, and
      postnatal mice (J Toxicol Environ Health 10:541-550, 1982). To test the utility
      of this assay, a series of 55 compounds was administered to timed-pregnant
      ICR/SIM mice during organogenesis. The test compounds included known teratogens,
      known nonteratogens, and equivocal teratogens. They represented a wide variety of
      classes including pesticides, organic solvents, metals, steroids, nutrients, food
      additives, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, and pharmaceutical agents. A
      single dose level, at or near the level producing overt maternal toxicity in
      preliminary range-finding studies, was administered by gavage on gestation days 8
      through 12. Females were allowed to deliver; litter size and weight on the day of
      birth and 2 days postpartum were recorded, and stillborns were examined. Dams
      that had not given birth by gestation days 21 or 22 were killed and their uteri
      were examined. The results confirmed a strong correlation between reported
      teratogenic activity and embryo/fetal viability, and/or postnatal growth and
      viability. The results indicate that this test system is an effective, cost
      efficient means of prioritizing compounds for more detailed teratogenicity
      testing.

PMID- 2878504
TI  - Karyotype, growth, and cell cycle analysis of human embryonic palatal mesenchymal
      cells: relevance to the use of these cells in an in vitro teratogenicity
      screening assay.
AB  - Human embryonic palatal mesenchyme (HEPM) is an established cell line that is
      presently under investigation as an in vitro prescreening assay used to determine
      the teratogenic potential of chemicals. We describe here general growth
      characteristics, karyotype, and cell cycle analysis of these cells. HEPM cells
      had plating efficiencies of less than 95% and displayed notable contact growth
      inhibition following an exponential growth phase that lasted for approximately 6
      days. These cells had the diploid karyotype of a female human embryo. The
      chromosomal complement showed no dramatic change between passage 5 and 14. Flow
      cytofluorometry analysis using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse labeling and a
      direct immunofluorescence anti-BrdU FITC probe revealed that the total cell cycle
      transit time was approximately 22 hr: the duration of G1 was 12.2 hr, S was 6.1
      hr, and G2-M lasted for 3.7 hr. The results indicate that HEPM cells met the
      criteria regarding karyotype stability that were assumed by the National
      Toxicology Program of the USA.

PMID- 2878503
TI  - Teratogenic effects of the fungicide dinocap in the mouse.
AB  - The teratogenic potential of the fungicide dinocap was evaluated in CD-1 mice.
      Pregnant mice were dosed by intubation with dinocap in corn oil on gestation days
      7-16. Doses used were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg/day, based on day 6
      weight. Dams were killed on day 18, at which time fetuses were counted, weighed,
      and preserved for necropsy or skeletal examination. The highest dose killed 80%
      of the dams dosed, while 29% of the dams in the 80 mg/kg group died during
      dosing. There was no dose-related maternal mortality at lower doses. Net maternal
      weight gain was affected only at 80 mg/kg/day. There were no live fetuses at 120
      mg/kg/day. The number of live fetuses per litter was decreased and resorptions
      increased at 80 mg/kg. Dose-related decreases in gravid uterus weight and fetal
      weight were significant at all doses of dinocap. Cleft palate was found in
      fetuses at 5(1/234; 0.4%), 20(46/195; 23.6%), 40(140/185; 75.5%), and 80(63/85;
      74.1%) mg/kg/day. There was a dose-related increase in supernumerary ribs and a
      low frequency of exencephaly and umbilical hernia at high doses. This study shows
      that dinocap is teratogenic in the CD-1 mouse at doses well below those causing
      maternal toxicity.

PMID- 2878505
TI  - Failure of epoxide formation to influence carbamazepine-induced teratogenesis in
      a mouse model.
AB  - The teratogenic potential of the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine was determined
      following chronic oral administration in two inbred mouse strains (SWR/J and
      LM/Bc). The drug was administered in the animal's diet in concentrations
      equivalent to 0, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight, with treatment
      starting 2 wks prior to mating and continuing throughout gestation. Fetal
      examination failed to reveal a significant pattern of malformation in either
      strain at any treatment level. Levels of plasma carbamazepine and its metabolite,
      carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, were determined by high pressure liquid
      chromatography. There was no correlation with either of these compounds and the
      incidence of fetal abnormality. The inherent teratogenicity of carbamazepine is
      significantly lower than that of other anticonvulsant drugs that have been
      similarly tested in an animal model.

PMID- 2878506
TI  - Studies on the embryopathic effects of ethanolamine in Long-Evans rats:
      preferential embryopathy in pups contiguous with male siblings in utero.
AB  - The embryopathic effects of high doses of ethanolamine were evaluated in pregnant
      Long-Evans rats during the "critical period" or organogenesis. Ethanolamine was
      given by gavage at levels of 0, 500, 300, or 50 mg/kg/day (24%, 14.4%, or 2.4% of
      the LD50 value). Ethanolamine caused dose-dependent increases in intrauterine
      deaths, malformations, and intrauterine growth retardation. Embryolethality
      caused by 500 mg/kg of ethanolamine was not random: male pups contiguous to two
      male siblings (designated mMm) were almost quantitatively replaced by resorptions
      that were contiguous to two live male pups (designated mRm) (mMm pups constituted
      6.7% of control implants and decreased to only 0.9% of group II implants while
      mRm resorptions increased from 0.3% in controls to 5.6% in group II dams).
      Intrauterine growth retardation and increases in gross structural anomalies
      (considered indicative of depressed fetal growth) more severely affected male
      than female offspring at all dose levels. Pups of either sex who were contiguous
      to male siblings were more adversely affected than those offspring contiguous to
      one or more female siblings. As ethanolamine was given prior to the period of
      greatest fetal growth and fetal sex steroidogenesis, it is suggested that
      intrauterine levels of female sex steroids (estradiol) enhance fetal repair of
      cellular damage while testosterone inhibits fetal repair or exacerbates previous
      embryonic damage by some unknown mechanism. Such interaction furthers the concept
      that intrauterine position affects the endpoints of developmental toxicity, as
      expressed at parturition.

PMID- 2878507
TI  - The induction of supernumerary ribs in rodents: role of the maternal stress.
AB  - Increased incidences of supernumerary ribs (SNR) are a relatively common finding
      in standard teratology bioassays, and previous studies have indicated a possible
      correlation between their occurrence and general maternal stress. The present
      study describes the effects of immobilization stress on the induction of
      supernumerary ribs. To isolate the sensitive period of SNR induction, Sprague
      Dawley rats and CD-1 mice were treated with 300 and 1,500 mg/kg, respectively, of
      sodium salicylate on single days 7-11 of gestation. In the rat, day 10 was found
      to be the sensitive period of lumbar rib induction (32% SNR vs 10% on other days)
      while day 9 was critical in the mouse (71% SNR vs less than 29% on other days).
      In a second set of experiments, maternal stress was accomplished by restraining
      two groups of gravid females in the supine position for 12 hours on the
      predetermined sensitive day. One group was immobilized from 9 am to 9 pm, while
      the second group was restrained from 9 pm to 9 am. Concurrent controls were food
      and water deprived for similar periods. Additional untreated controls were also
      included. An increase in supernumerary ribs was noted in stressed mice but not in
      rats. The 9 am to 9 pm mouse group exhibited the highest increase in
      supernumerary ribs (41%) as well as significant incidences of fused ribs and
      exencephaly. A significant linear relationship between maternal weight loss
      during treatment and increases in supernumerary ribs was also noted. Results
      suggest that for some compounds, supernumerary ribs may be the indirect result of
      agent-induced, generalized maternal stress in the CD-1 mouse.

PMID- 2878508
TI  - Sirenomelia: analysis in the cadmium- and lead-treated golden hamster.
AB  - Sirenomelia, a fusion of the lower extremities, is believed to result from a
      median, bilateral symmetric defect of the caudal portion of the embryo at a very
      early stage in development. Anomalies of the gastrointestinal and urogenital
      systems are commonly associated with this malformation. Sirenomelia is not an
      embryo-lethal condition but typically is incompatible with postnatal life when
      combined with the associated malformations. In this study, intravenous treatment
      of hamsters with a combination of cadmium and lead on the morning of the eighth
      day of gestation resulted in 1.4, 22.2, and 35.6% of the viable fetuses
      displaying sirenomelia in litters recovered on days 15, 12, and 10 of gestation,
      respectively. With the exception of several fetuses with exencephaly, most
      structures cranial to the level of the umbilicus were normal. Caudal abdominal
      and pelvic structures were severely affected, with agenesis or dysgenesis of the
      kidneys, bladder, umbilical arteries, and external genitalia frequently noted.
      The administration of a combination of cadmium and lead has proven to be an
      effective and consistent means of inducing sirenomelia in the golden hamster.

PMID- 2878510
TI  - Changes in fibrinolytic capacity and lipoprotein pattern during long-term
      treatment with warfarin.

PMID- 2878509
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated teratogenesis and cell proliferation in the
      limbs and face of the chick embryo.
AB  - The susceptibility of the face region of the chick embryo to the teratogenic
      action of intraamniotically injected hydrocortisone contrasts with the resistance
      of the limbs to its action while at the same time their dysmorphogenesis may be
      induced by other agents. Since glucocorticoid receptors were shown to mediate
      face teratogenesis, their development was investigated in freshly dissected limb
      buds of 3-, 3.5-, and 4-day-old chick embryos in comparison with the face region.
      The specific binding of 3H-dexamethasone to molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid
      receptors was estimated by the dextran-coated charcoal method and complemented by
      cytologic analysis of mitotic activity in control and hydrocortisone-treated
      embryos. The glucocorticoid receptors were found in both organ anlagen already on
      day 3 when their concentration in femtomoles per microgram DNA was significantly
      higher in the face region. Accordingly, on day 3 intraamniotic hydrocortisone
      inhibited the mitotic activity in the face without affecting the developing
      limbs. On days 3.5 and 4 the concentration of glucocorticoid receptors was
      similar in both organ anlagen. Administration of hydrocortisone on day 4 induced
      mitotic depression in the face as well as in the limbs. However, the degree of
      inhibition appeared to be dependent upon the actual mitotic rate. In the face
      region where the mitotic activity culminated at that time, the inhibition was
      much deeper and longer-lasting than in the developing limbs characterized by
      continuous decrease of proliferation rate in controls. These findings are
      consistent with a view that glucocorticoid receptors are a prerequisite, but not
      the only factor in receptor-mediated teratogenesis.

PMID- 2878511
TI  - [Alcohol-related admissions to a department of internal medicine. The value of
      gamma GT as a screening method for heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol-related
      admissions].

PMID- 2878512
TI  - Reduced complexity of RFLP for HLA-DR typing by the use of a DR beta 3' cDNA
      probe.
AB  - The polymorphism of the HLA system has been defined by alloantisera, monoclonal
      antibodies, MLC reactivity, protein chemistry and RFLP patterns in DNA analysis.
      Typing for the alleles of HLA-DR at the DNA level as an additional typing
      technique is useful since any nucleated cell can be used. Moreover, it is not
      known whether the additional polymorphism found at the DNA level in an
      unambiguous serotype is of functional importance and thus needs to be included in
      HLA-DR typing. A main problem in DNA typing is the interpretation of the complex
      patterns in Southern blot analysis, especially in heterozygous individuals.
      Therefore we constructed subprobes from full length DR beta, DQ alpha and DQ beta
      cDNA to reduce the number of hybridizing fragments while retaining the
      discriminating capacity. The clearest differences among DR alleles have been
      found using the restriction enzyme PvuII and the subprobe containing the 3'
      untranslated region of the DR beta probe. Although further characterization is
      necessary to be able to type at the DNA level, the simplified patterns facilitate
      DNA typing in heterozygous individuals for a number of haplotypes. Interestingly,
      the number of fragments thus obtained corresponds with the number of genes
      described for DR1 to DRw8 haplotypes. Based upon the finding of common
      hybridizing patterns in DR3, DR5 and DRw6 it may be concluded that DR3, DR5 and
      DRw6 have been evolved from a common ancestor. For the same reason DR4, DR7 and
      DRw9 may have evolved in an identical way.

PMID- 2878513
TI  - Toxic cardiomyopathy: the effect of antipsychotic-antidepressant drugs and
      calcium on myocardial protein degradation and structural integrity.
AB  - In the nonrecirculating isolated perfused rat heart it has recently been
      described that basal myocardial protein degradation is suppressed by 30% within 5
      min of maximal beta-adrenergic receptor occupancy under 5 X 10(-7) M
      isoproterenol (Lockwood, 1985, Biochem. J. 231, 299-308). This adrenergic
      controlled proteolytic process presumably contributes to the well-known normal
      coordination of myocardial protein mass with functional demand. It is presently
      reported that elevated intracellular calcium is among the messengers that somehow
      suppress protein degradation. Acute elevation of extracellular calcium to a
      maximal concentration of 9.0 mM mimicked the simultaneous effects of
      isoproterenol on increasing inotropy and decreasing protein degradation, although
      this concentration was eventually lethal. Conversely, infusion of trifluoperazine
      (TFP), a calmodulin-blocking antipsychotic drug, caused stimulation of protein
      degradation above basal levels within 5 min. The stimulation of degradation by 30
      60% was transient at 5 X 10(-7) M and returned to the control level in 5-10 min.
      However, TFP produced massive irreversible release of amino acid peptides and
      proteins at 10(-5) M within 30 min, followed by grossly observable cell
      structural disruption and cell separation. The degradative stimulation caused by
      TFP was potentiated by lowering the normal 2.5-mM extracellular Ca2+
      concentration to 1.25 mM. Trifluoperazine at 10(-5) M caused longitudinal
      separation of myofibrils by disrupting lateral attachments between adjacent Z
      lines, leading to a loss of lateral myofibrillar registry followed by
      myofibrillar degeneration. Spot desmosomes were disrupted, leading to lateral
      cell separation; however, the fascia adherens region of the intercalated disks
      remained intact and cells maintained end-to-end attachment. Perfusion under the
      low extracellular Ca2+ concentration of 0.1 mM for 0.5 hr caused separation of
      the fascia adherens region and spot desmosomes of the intercalated disks as well
      as disruption of cytoplasmic myofibrils and other changes. Although the
      structural disorganization caused by perfusion with low (0.1 mM) Ca2+ were
      similar to those caused by TFP, cells also lost end to end attachment under low
      Ca2+. Amitriptyline (10(-5) M), thioridazine (10(-5) M), and calmidazolium (10(
      6) M) stimulated protein degradation and caused structural damage. It is
      speculated that the above Ca2+-related phenomena describe the mechanism of the
      well-known toxic cardiomyopathy resulting from overdoses of some of the
      antipsychotic-antidepressant drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878514
TI  - Immunodiagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides infections in
      Caucasian and aboriginal Australians.
AB  - The immunodiagnostic efficiency of an indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT) and
      in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responsiveness (cell mediated immunity test,
      CMIT) used to measure the immunological responses of individuals with known
      natural Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides infections, was studied
      under survey conditions. E. histolytica was common among Aborigines from
      Cherbourg, Kowanyama and Central Australia, but it was not found in Brisbane
      Caucasians. The protozoan was selected for the study because it was prevalent and
      purified antigen was commercially available. Immunodiagnosis for A. lumbricoides
      was made using an antigen prepared by affinity chromatography. Diagnosis based on
      frequency distribution of immunological data gave valid assessment of the number
      of infected individuals in each population studied.

PMID- 2878516
TI  - [Bilateral seminoma in cryptorchism].

PMID- 2878515
TI  - Effect of cyclosporine on islet xenograft survival in the BB/W rat.

PMID- 2878517
TI  - [Non-clostridial anaerobic infection in complicated cholecystitis].
AB  - Results of bacteriological investigations and treatment of 112 patients with
      complicated forms of acute cholecystitis are described. It was found that in
      complicated forms of acute cholecystitis an important part was played by
      associations of bacteria among which neclostridial anaerobes were of leading
      importance responsible for the aggravation of the inflammatory process and course
      of the postoperative period. The intracholedochal antibacterial therapy with
      Dioxidin in combination with antibiotics is thought to be expedient.

PMID- 2878518
TI  - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca and the treatment of canine colitis.

PMID- 2878519
TI  - Syrup of ipecac induced emesis: impact of fluids versus no fluids on time until
      emesis.

PMID- 2878520
TI  - Papain-induced changes in the guinea pig knee joint with special reference to
      cartilage healing.
AB  - The repair of articular cartilage following papain injection into the knee joint
      of the guinea pig was studied by light and electron microscopy, as well as by
      autoradiography using tritiated thymidine. Papain injection rapidly produced
      complete degradation of cartilage proteoglycan. Although a number of chondrocytes
      were also destroyed, the remaining chondrocytes showed mitotic cell division with
      resultant formation of cell clusters. Such chondrocytic regeneration, however,
      did not contribute significantly to the repair of cartilage tissue. On the other
      hand, mesenchymal cells proliferated from the transition zone and extended over
      the surface of the damaged cartilage. At the peripheral portion of the articular
      surface, they migrated and differentiated into chondrocytes with the formation of
      abundant intercellular matrix to produce hyaline cartilage. From these findings,
      it was apparent that mesenchymal cells in the transition zone were actively
      engaged in the repair of articular cartilage.

PMID- 2878521
TI  - Morphological alterations in distal and collecting tubules of the rat renal
      cortex after aminoglycoside administration at low doses.
AB  - Ultrastructural alterations in the cortical, distal and collecting tubules have
      been examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with various aminoglycosides
      in clinical use. Gentamicin, dibekacin (10 mg/kg X day), netilmicin, tobramycin
      (4 or 10 mg/kg X day) or amikacin (37.5 mg/kg X day) were administered
      intraperitoneally twice a day over different periods of time, extending from 4 to
      14 days. The kidney cortex was examined after 4, 7, 10 or 14 days of
      aminoglycoside administration by light (semithin sections) and electron
      microscopy. After 7 or more days of treatment, lysosomes in collecting tubular
      cells (and to a lesser extent in distal tubular cells) contained concentric
      lamellar material (myeloid bodies), an ultrastructural alteration typical of drug
      induced lysosomal phospholipidosis. Although this alteration appeared
      qualitatively similar to that observed in proximal tubular cells, it was less
      conspicuous and occurred later during treatment. In addition, distal tubular
      cells occasionally showed marked vacuolization and disruption of the basal cell
      architecture. The possible relationship between these alterations and the urine
      hypo-osmolality characteristic of aminoglycoside-induced renal dysfunction is
      discussed.

PMID- 2878522
TI  - S-100 protein expression in satellite and Schwann cells in neuroblastoma. An
      immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.
AB  - Immunohistochemical evidence has recently been provided that in the normal
      adrenal medulla as well as in autonomic ganglia, satellite cells and Schwann
      cells react with S-100 protein antiserum. In the light of these data, we
      investigated primary peripheral neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma to
      determine firstly whether both cell populations actually exist in the
      malignancies, using the definite criteria of electron microscopy for their
      identification, and secondly whether they express S-100 protein using on
      immunohistochemical technique and light microscopy. The results indicate that in
      both neuroblastoma variants, satellite and Schwann cells are present and
      specifically express the S-100 antigen.

PMID- 2878523
TI  - Effect of hyperoxia on liver necrosis induced by hepatotoxins.
AB  - We have tested the effects of hyperbaric oxygen on necrosis of rat liver induced
      by the administration of several toxins. The extent of liver necrosis was
      determined 24 h after the administration of the toxins by measurement of serum
      levels of alanine and aspartate amino-transferases and by histologic and
      ultrastructural analyses. Treatment with hyperbaric oxygen decreases carbon
      tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced necrosis in a manner dependent upon duration and
      pressure of oxygen exposure. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital diminishes
      this protective effect. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment before or immediately after
      CCl4 intoxication is protective. Loss of protection is rapid; hyperbaric oxygen
      treatment 6 h after CCl4 intoxication augments the liver necrosis. No delayed
      necrogenic effects of CCl4 are seen in the animals treated with hyperbaric oxygen
      immediately. Hyperbaric oxygen augments the liver necrosis induced by
      acetaminophen, bromobenzene, dimethylnitrosamine or thioacetamide. This augmented
      necrosis is averted by prolonged treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Hyperbaric
      oxygen has no effect on liver injury induced by galactosamine or
      lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that hyperoxia decreases the hepatic necrosis
      induced by compounds which undergo reductive biotransformation by the cytochrome
      P-450 monooxygenase system; hyperoxia augments the necrosis induced by compounds
      which undergo oxidative biotransformation by this system. Biotransformation of
      toxins appears to be nonspecifically inhibited by hyperoxic exposure of long
      duration.

PMID- 2878524
TI  - A comparative study of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of primates and
      rodents.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of
      man is distinct from that of laboratory animals, but it is not clear whether this
      is due to environmental or true species difference. We have made a comparative
      study of rats and baboons because, like rats, baboons are herbivorous and
      relatively unhygienic but they are phylogenetically much more closely related to
      man. The Peyer's patches of rats, baboons and man are morphologically very
      similar in all three species but phenotypically those of man and baboons are
      different to those of rats. Cells with irregular nuclei ("centrocyte-like" cells)
      surround the mantle zone in all three species. While these cells express surface
      IgD and IgM in rats, in man and baboons they express surface IgM or IgA. A
      population of immunoblasts which express cytoplasmic IgA are present in
      association with the high endothelial venules of rat Peyer's patches. These cells
      are not present to the same extent in man or baboons. This suggests that the
      events between the antigenic stimulation of Peyer's patches and the ultimate
      seeding of the lamina propria with IgA secreting plasma cells may be different in
      rodents and primates.

PMID- 2878526
TI  - The distribution and localization of the monoclonal antibody-defined antigen 19-9
      (CA19-9) in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. An immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - The carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is considered to be of great importance in
      the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and follow-up of human pancreatic
      carcinoma. CA19-9 antigen has been isolated and characterized as the
      oligosaccharide sialylazed lacto-N-fucopentaose II and a monoclonal antibody
      against CA19-9 is commercially available. In this immunochemical study we have
      examined the localisation and distribution of monoclonal anti-CA19-9 in
      pancreatic tissue obtained from 20 patients with a normal pancreas (lacking
      pancreatic tumour or evidence of inflammation), from 50 patients with chronic
      pancreatitis and from 50 patients with pancreatic carcinomas of various types. In
      the normal pancreas (free from tumour or inflammation) we found anti-CA19-9 to be
      localized in the branches of the pancreatic ducts with discontinuities
      predominantly at the apical surfaces of the lining epithelium. In chronic
      pancreatitis a continuous positive reaction was found in the small, medium and
      large ramifications of the pancreatic ducts. In ductal epithelium exhibiting
      mucoid transformation, a mosaic-like, discontinuous positive reaction was found,
      whereas in epithelium showing pseudopapillary and papillary hyperplasia a uniform
      positive reaction was obtained. Multilayered epithelium ("squamous metaplasia")
      was negative. The fluid content of any cysts present and the tubular
      accumulations found in chronic pancreatitis showed a positive reaction. The
      reaction in chronic pancreatitis differed from that in normal pancreas in its
      distribution but not in its intensity. All carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas
      showed intensely positive reaction in a very varied distribution whereas the
      anaplastic carcinomas gave a negative reaction. Whilst in chronic pancreatitis
      the binding of anti-CA19-9 was unimpressive and strictly localized, in exocrine
      pancreatic carcinomas binding was and strictly localized, in exocrine pancreatic
      carcinomas binding was very marked and diffuse in distribution. From this we
      conclude that malignant cells display a greater number of CA19-9 epitopes than
      cells in chronic pancreatitis. The difference can only be regarded as
      quantitative, since the immunohistochemical reaction does not allow qualitative
      discrimination between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma; CA19-9
      should not be therefore termed a "tumour marker". The glycoprotein nature of CA19
      9 was confirmed by sialidase and chemical desialylation.

PMID- 2878525
TI  - Glomerular sclerotic lesions in the rat. Histochemical analysis of their
      macromolecular and cellular composition.
AB  - The present study provides a histochemical analysis of the macromolecular and
      cellular composition of focal and segmental glomerular hyalinosis and sclerosis
      (FSGHS) in the rat with special reference to the different types of lipids
      present and to the participation of monocytes. FSGHS was induced in male Wistar
      rats by unilateral nephrectomy (UN) or puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)
      injections. Histochemical analysis of glomeruli with FSGHS in both models after
      20 weeks of proteinuria revealed massive deposits of lipids. These lipid
      accumulations were shown to consist mainly of free and esterified cholesterol;
      triglycerides and phospholipids were present in small amounts. Monocytes,
      identified by the alpha-naphthyl acetate method for non-specific esterase
      activity were scanty in glomeruli affected by FSGHS with an average glomerular
      count of 0.1 in UN- and 0.2 in PAN-treated rats. When present, no preferential
      localization of monocytes in the lesions was observed. The progressive glomerular
      damage occurring once the process of hyalinosis and sclerosis has started may be
      related to the paucity of "scavenging" monocytes. Cholesterol may be one of the
      substances involved in the development of these glomerular changes.

PMID- 2878527
TI  - Localization of endogenous lectins in normal human breast, benign breast lesions
      and mammary carcinomas.
AB  - Specific antisera against three mammalian beta-galactoside-specific lectins of
      apparent molecular weights 14.5 kDa, 18 kDa and 29 kDa have been used to localize
      these lectins in normal breast, and in benign and malignant mammary lesions. In
      normal breast tissue discrete localization of two lectins (Mrs 14.5 kDa and 18
      kDa) was demonstrated in fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, myoepithelial cells
      and capillary endothelium. Extracellular localization of one lectin (Mr 14.5 kDa)
      in collagen was apparent. The third lectin (Mr 29 kDa) labelled preferentially
      luminal cells and their secretory product. Two benign tumours (an analyzed
      fibroadenoma and a papilloma) revealed strong staining with two lectins (Mrs 18
      kDa and 29 kDa). Of the 24 mammary carcinomas examined, the lectin (Mr 14.5 kDa)
      was expressed by only occasional tumour cells, the lectin (Mr 18 kDa) occurred in
      many tumour cells and the lectin (Mr 29 kDa) labelled tumour cells in nearly all
      cases. The expression of these beta-galactoside-specific endogenous lectins
      therefore appears to be regulated differently in normal breast compared with
      mammary tumours.

PMID- 2878528
TI  - Histochemistry of small intestinal dysplasia in familial polyposis coli.
AB  - Biopsies of duodenal and ileal mucosa from patients with familial polyposis coli
      were studied. Areas of atypia were identified in the duodenum of six patients and
      in the ileum of three patients. Grade I atypia was characterized by crowding and
      elongation of cells and nuclei, a slight reduction in the number of goblet cells
      and the presence of a brush border; grade II atypia was further characterized by
      pseudo- or pluristratification of cells, a marked reduction in the number of
      goblet cells and the absence of a brush border. In areas of atypia, columnar
      cells often contained PAS-positive apical granules, which were diastase-resistant
      and unstained by alcian blue at any pH; the brush border, even where recognizable
      in haematoxylin-eosin and PAS-stained sections, was unreactive histochemically
      for alkaline phosphatase. Goblet cells were few in areas of atypia, but those
      present were regularly stained by PAS and alcian blue pH 2.6. Apical granules,
      similar in their histochemical characteristics to those observed in columnar
      cells in areas of atypia, were also found in otherwise normal mucosal areas, even
      in some patients with no overt areas of atypia in the biopsies studied. These
      granules have been interpreted as an abnormality, possibly preceding the onset of
      atypia. Hyperplasia of goblet cells, secreting mucins with the same staining
      pattern as in normal intestine, was found in some patients, either adjacent to
      areas of atypia or independent of them. Intervening columnar cells had a normal
      morphology, alkaline phosphatase-reactive brush borders and no sign of mucus
      secretion. This goblet cell hyperplasia has been interpreted as a reactive,
      nonspecific alteration of the mucosa.

PMID- 2878530
TI  - Spatial distribution of Langerhans' cells and T-lymphocyte subpopulations in
      human tympanic membrane and aural cholesteatoma.
AB  - Immunohistochemical analysis of human cholesteatoma matrices revealed the
      presence of Langerhans' cells and T-lymphocytes. Through cell-to-cell
      interaction, Langerhans' cells probably play a key role in skin-related
      disorders, including cholesteatomas. They probably originate from a mobile cell
      population of monocyte origin and migrate into and out of the body's lining.
      Their custodial function is often carried out in close relation with T
      lymphocytes. Monoclonal antibodies against Langerhans' cells and T-lymphocyte
      membrane receptors reveal the presence of these cell populations in cholesteatoma
      matrices but not in the tympanic membrane. Langerhans' cells and T-cell "traffic"
      through cholesteatomas are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis, natural
      course and recurrence of cholesteatomas. Through immunopathologic evaluation the
      clinical aggressiveness of a cholesteatoma may become predictable. It may even
      have consequences for the future handling of cholesteatomas.

PMID- 2878529
TI  - Immunoreactivity for S-100 protein in dendritic and in lymphocyte-like cells in
      human lymphoid tissues.
AB  - S-100 protein is an immunohistochemical marker for a subset of dendritic cells,
      the interdigitating reticulum cells (IDRCs), which are mainly located in T
      dependent areas of lymphoid tissues. In the present study we have investigated
      the distribution of S-100-positive cells in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and
      peripheral blood of normal subjects. Immunoreactivity for S-100 protein was
      demonstrated in large cells with dendritic morphology and in small lymphocyte
      like cells present in the lymph node paracortex, thymic medulla, splenic
      periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) and in peripheral blood. S-100-positive
      lymphocyte-like cells were frequently detected around high endothelial venules
      (HEV) and were present in numbers comparable to those of S-100-positive IDRCs.
      Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the existence of positive cells with lymphoid
      morphology and revealed that the intracellular distribution of the immunoreaction
      product was similar in lymphoid and dendritic cells. Further characterization of
      S-100-positive cells demonstrated that both lymphoid and dendritic cells were
      unreactive with a large panel of monocytic and macrophage markers.

PMID- 2878531
TI  - Ultracytochemistry of pancreatic damage induced by excess lysine.
AB  - The ultracytochemical changes induced in the pancreas by a single large dose of
      lysine (400 mg/100 g body weight) were studied in male Wistar rats of 7 weeks
      old. The first changes in the acinar cells were marked swelling of mitochondria
      with increase in their calcium content and decrease in their ATP content. Early
      calcium deposits seemed to occur in the matrices of swollen mitochondria and
      later various patterns occurred. These findings suggested that damage of the
      acinar cells by excess lysine resulted in breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane
      barrier to calcium as a very early abnormality, and that extracellular calcium
      then entered the mitochondrial matrices and inhibited mitochondrial function.
      Subsequently focal areas of the cytoplasm were degraded. Autophagic vacuoles
      appeared in these areas, and then acid phosphatase activity in their periphery as
      a result of fusion with lysosomes. The reaction of acid phosphatase was
      demonstrated in the locally degraded rough endoplasmic reticulum within or around
      autophagic vacuoles, suggesting that the endoplasmic reticulum as well as
      lysosomes participated in the intracellular degradation of cytoplasmic organelles
      in damaged acinar cells.

PMID- 2878532
TI  - Identification of fibronectins in peritoneal macrophages during the phagocytosis
      of Brucella. An immunocytochemical study by electron microscopy.
AB  - Fibronectin is a high-molecular-weight molecule whose opsonic properties favor
      the endocytosis of bacteria and particulate material. Using immunolabeling with
      anti-fibronectin IgGs coupled with peroxidase, we have looked for its
      localization in peritoneal macrophages from antigenically stimulated and
      nonstimulated mice. Ultrastructural location of fibronectin in macrophages sheds
      light on several points. It confirms that it is synthesized and secreted by mouse
      peritoneal macrophages. In addition, we found significant variability among the
      cells of a given population, and also between populations from stimulated and
      nonstimulated animals. Under certain conditions macrophages secrete an
      extracellular matrix whose aspect varies with the physiological conditions, but
      which generally consist of fibronectins either on a fibrillar network connecting
      the macrophages to one another or in an agglutinating extracellular cement.
      Endocytosis of Brucella by macrophages is accompanied by secretion of fibronectin
      inside endocytic vacuoles; this secretion contributes to the formation of an
      electron-dense material closely surrounding phagocytosed bacteria.

PMID- 2878533
TI  - Fatty degeneration in cultured hepatocytes. A new experimental model.
AB  - In co-cultures of adult rat hepatocytes and a neonatal rat liver cell line,
      severe fatty degeneration was induced by the addition of 50% rat serum. The light
      and electron microscopic patterns did not differ significantly from those of in
      vivo fatty degeneration and the changes were reversible on removal of the serum.
      The in vitro system is considered to simulate some forms of fatty degeneration of
      the liver and to be suitable for testing the effects of liver-protecting agents.

PMID- 2878534
TI  - Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by neoplastic cells of mullerian
      origin.
AB  - Immunocytochemical studies of malignant mixed Mullerian tumors revealed the
      presence of neoplastic cells showing strong immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary
      acidic protein, a protein specific for astrocytes, in 9 of 13 cases.
      Undifferentiated malignant tumor cells of endometrial stromal sarcoma and
      astrocytes in glioma of the uterus also demonstrate GFAP immunoreactivity. GFAP
      immunostaining in these neoplastic cells is highly specific and shows no cross
      reactivity with cytokeratin, actin, myoglobin, epithelial membrane antigen or
      factor VIII. It is postulated that the GFAP immunostaining within neoplastic
      cells of Mullerian origin may be a reflection of the phenotypic diversity of
      intermediate filament proteins that can be expressed by malignant neoplastic
      cells, that the polypeptides of GFAP may be heterogeneous, that there may be an
      ontogenic relationship between the cells of Mullerian origin and neuroectodermal
      cells, or that this may represent neometaplasia of Mullerian cells.

PMID- 2878535
TI  - Ultrastructure of amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome.
AB  - Amyloid fibrils in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down's
      syndrome were examined by light and electron microscopy. In addition, replicas of
      amyloid fibrils produced by a quick freezing method from the brain of a patient
      with Down's syndrome were examined by electron microscopy. The amyloid fibrils
      were shown to consist of hollow rods. These were composed of filaments arranged
      as a tightly coiled helix, each turn of which consisted of five globular
      subunits. This structure appears to be similar to the prion filament observed in
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). The possibility therefore arises that amyloid
      fibrils in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome may be related to the
      transmissible agents responsible for diseases such as CJD, kuru and Gerstmann
      Straussler Syndrome (GSS).

PMID- 2878536
TI  - [Humoral mechanisms of the action of galvanic current and ultrasound].

PMID- 2878537
TI  - Pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans--pneumonitis that evolved to a lung nodule.

PMID- 2878538
TI  - [Possibilities of psychological preparation for surgery in children and adults].
AB  - Research in the field of behavioural medicine concerning psychological
      preparation for surgery is beginning to focus on practical issues. In the first
      study sixty children between the ages of 4 and 8 received the usual medical
      preparation from the hospital staff. In addition, the patients of two treatment
      groups were provided with relevant information by presenting a photographic peer
      model, or received emotional support by a psychologically trained supervisor. The
      second study was designed to assess the anxiolytic effects on preoperative state
      anxiety in 40 adult in-patients by implementing a systematic desensitization
      program. As a main result the findings demonstrated the sensitizing effects of
      psychological preparation for surgery both in children and adults.
      Contraindications and resulting practical issues are discussed.

PMID- 2878539
TI  - [Depression and Parkinson syndrome].
AB  - Depressive mood is frequently associated with Parkinson's syndrome, but it may
      also occur as a precursor of this disease. As regards the subtypes of Parkinson's
      disease, the frequency of depressive states is significantly higher in the type
      dominated by akinesia and rigidity than in the type dominated by tremor. On the
      basis of biochemical changes, certain aspects of the depression can be
      successfully treated by substitution therapy: L-dopa medication may increase the
      reduced dopamine values in the striatum, thereby improving drive. Substitution
      with L-tryptophan raises the lowered serotonin values in the reticular formation,
      which may influence sleep disturbances. The changes of basic mood, however, which
      are characteristic of depression, such as cheerlessness and apathy, are the
      dopamine of antidepressive medication; only these drugs can re-establish the
      biochemical balance to a large extent.

PMID- 2878540
TI  - [Neurobiologic and pharmacologic studies on the pathogenesis of Parkinson
      disease].
AB  - Parkinson's disease is characterized especially by a degeneration of pigmented
      brain regions, like substantia nigra. These changes are accompanied by a variety
      of biochemical disturbances of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. Also the
      reduction of serotonin can be related to degenerative processes occurring in
      subareas of the raphe. Furthermore amino acid transmitters like GABA and a
      variety of peptidergic neuromodulators are changed. Additional cholinergic
      hypofunction due to degeneration of the nucleus basalis Meynert is able to impair
      the quality of life due to loss of intellectual capacity. A variety of
      biochemical mechanisms compensate for a long time the progression of neuronal
      loss. Modern treatment strategies (combined L-dopa therapy, dopaminergic
      agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, amantadine) are able to substitute the deficiency
      especially of the catecholamines. For the development of more causal therapies, a
      new animal model has been developed 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
      (MPTP) causes parkinsonism after peripheral administration and leads to
      denervation of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. It is the hope that this
      new model, which is described here in detail, will lead to decisive data
      underlying the cause of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2878542
TI  - [Plasma soldering--why?].

PMID- 2878541
TI  - [Significance of endothelial cells for the regulation of the tone of smooth
      muscle--formation of an endothelial, relaxing factor].
AB  - Vascular endothelium is not only a mechanical, non-thrombogenetic barrier in the
      blood vessel wall, but probably plays a substantial role in the regulation of
      vascular smooth muscle tone. Besides the ability to metabolize vasoactive
      compounds like catecholamines and angiotensins, endothelial cells possess an
      active biochemical machinery for the production of vasoactive compounds (e.g.
      prostacyclin). During recent years it has become apparent that a large variety of
      vasodilator compounds require intact endothelial cells to exert their relaxing
      action. These endothelium-dependent relaxations are not mediated by prostacyclin
      of endothelial origin, but by an unknown substance that is referred to as
      endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). EDRF is a chemically unstable humoral
      substance and has a biological half-life in the range of seconds. Although EDRF
      is not a prostaglandin or leukotriene, several findings suggest possible
      relationships of its production with the eicosanoid system. Both stimulation of
      phospholipase A2 and inhibition of lysolecithin acyltransferase induce the
      production of EDRF. This suggests that cleavage of phospholipids may be an
      important step in the formation of EDRF. EDRF-mediated vascular relaxations (like
      relaxations induced by nitrovasodilators) were found to be associated with
      increases in cyclic GMP in vascular smooth muscle. Endothelial cells produce a
      factor that directly stimulates the enzymatic activity of soluble guanylate
      cyclase. Several points of evidence indicate that this factor may be identical
      with EDRF. Thus the mechanism of action of the EDRF formed endogenously may be
      similar to that of nitrovasodilators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878543
TI  - [Sorption capacity of polystyrene plates used in immunoenzyme analysis].
AB  - The data indicating that the degree of sorption of the antigen onto the plate
      depends on the duration of this process are presented. As shown in this
      investigation, the lower the adsorption activity of the plates, the longer the
      process of the sensitization of plates with the antigen. The process of the
      sorption of the antigen onto the plates with low adsorption capacity may be
      accelerated by sensitizing the plates at different temperatures. Besides, the
      adsorption capacity of the plates was increased by ultraviolet irradiation.

PMID- 2878544
TI  - [Dengue hemorrhagic fever in the developing countries of southeast Asia].

PMID- 2878545
TI  - One-electron activation in ATP synthesis.

PMID- 2878546
TI  - Neurotransmitter uptake by the central nervous system of fresh-water mussel
      (Anodonta cygnea L): I. In vitro uptake of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline.
AB  - The accumulation of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline in the cerebral, pedal
      and visceral ganglia is mediated by a high-affinity (uptake 1) and a low-affinity
      (uptake 2) system. This uptake mechanism is dependent on time and temperature.
      The monoamine uptake systems in the cerebral, pedal and visceral ganglia are not
      identical. At low external serotonin concentration, the cerebral ganglia display
      twice the rate of uptake 1 as compared to the visceral and pedal ganglia.

PMID- 2878547
TI  - Neurotransmitter uptake by the central nervous system of fresh-water mussel
      (Anodonta cygnea L): II. Effects of various drugs, amines and ions.
AB  - The high-affinity uptakes of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline by the
      cerebral, pedal and visceral ganglia of fresh-water mussel were inhibited by the
      presence of other amines. Reserpine was the most potent inhibitor among the drugs
      tested. Chlorpromazine seemed to be a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake. It
      did not affect the accumulation of dopamine and noradrenaline. Ouabain had an
      inhibitory effect only at relatively high concentrations. Lack of sodium greatly
      diminished the rates of accumulation of serotonin and dopamine, but had less
      effect on the uptake of noradrenaline.

PMID- 2878548
TI  - A comparison of porcine and human thyroid tissue in the assay of thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulins.
AB  - The central role of Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI) in the pathogenesis
      of the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease has become generally accepted and a
      wide variety of assays for the detection of these antibodies has been developed.
      The dependence on the availability of human thyroid tissue makes most of these
      assays unsuitable for routine clinical use, a problem circumvented by the use of
      nonhuman thyroid tissue in some TSI assays. We therefore compared porcine and
      human thyroid tissue in a TSI assay based on in vitro cAMP generation. No major
      differences in within and between run variation were found and, with some notable
      exceptions, a reasonable correlation could be demonstrated between the results in
      both assays (R = 0.89, P less than 0.001). However, the sensitivity of the
      porcine TSI assay is only 60% of the estimated sensitivity of the human TSI
      assay. In spite of the practical advantages this porcine TSI assay, and possibly
      also other TSI assays using non-human thyroid tissue, cannot totally replace
      human TSI assays. The value of these assays in predicting the outcome of medical
      treatment of Graves' disease remains to be established.

PMID- 2878549
TI  - Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteinizing hormone and prolactin
      binding by testes of bilaterally cryptorchid rats.
AB  - This study investigates the ability of the testis in the cryptorchid state to
      bind luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (Prl). For this purpose, rats were
      made bilaterally cryptorchid at 21 days of age; sham-operated rats were used as
      controls. At 56 days, the animals were injected with saline or with increasing
      doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG: 1, 10 or 100 IU) and killed 8 or 24 h
      after injection. Cryptorchidism and injection of hCG did not alter plasma Prl
      levels. In cryptorchid rats, both LH and Prl binding expressed in pmol/testis
      were lower than in sham-operated controls (about 75% and 65%, respectively), but
      unchanged (LH binding) or increased (Prl binding) when expressed in pmol/g
      testis. In controls, 100 IU hCG induced a significant decrease in LH binding at
      24 h. Prl binding was also significantly lower in controls injected with 100 IU
      hCG than in those injected with 1 or 10 IU hCG, at 8 h. In cryptorchid rats
      injected with 100 IU hCG, the LH binding fell 8 h and 24 h after injection; at 24
      h, hCG reduced Prl binding. In conclusion, there was a considerable decrease in
      LH and Prl receptors in the abdominal testes. The negative regulation of these
      receptors in response to hCG was maintained, but at times and for doses which
      differed from those observed in scrotal testes.

PMID- 2878550
TI  - Cushing's syndrome and autonomous thyroid nodules, a variant of multiple
      endocrine neoplasia?
AB  - Over a 20 year period 4 of 40 (10%) female patients with Cushing' syndrome also
      had a solitary thyroid nodule. In 3 cases this was an autonomous 'hot' nodule. In
      the same population only one case of presumed Graves' disease was seen. It is
      postulated that the association of autonomous thyroid nodule and Cushing's
      syndrome may represent a variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia.

PMID- 2878551
TI  - Somatostatin plasma levels and biological effects following subcutaneous
      administration of somatostatin in man.
AB  - The rate at which somatostatin appears in the circulation after subcutaneous
      bolus injection and continuous administration by pump was determined in normal
      subjects by serial radioimmunoassays of immunoreactive somatostatin. Following a
      single subcutaneous injection of 250 micrograms, the somatostatin peak in plasma
      appeared after 5 min and had only a transient effect on insulin levels. During
      continuous administration, somatostatin reached levels able to reduce
      significantly insulin and glucagon. Somatostatin plasma levels exerting
      biological effects were observed during the subcutaneous administration of the
      peptide.

PMID- 2878552
TI  - The prevalence of immunological abnormalities in endemic simple goitre.
AB  - Thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins microsomal antibodies and antibodies
      against thyroglobulin were determined in patients with simple goitre (n = 20) and
      controls (n = 6) living in an iodine deficient area. In addition, lymphocytic
      infiltration of thyroid tissue, the amount of the various lymphocyte subsets (Leu
      4+, Leu 3a+, and Leu 2a+ T-cells as well as B1+ B cells) in the thyroid gland, as
      well as the expression of the histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR on thyrocytes and
      intrathyroidal T-lymphocytes were examined. Goitrous patients were subdivided
      into two groups according to their individual iodine supply estimated by iodine
      excretion values, and immunological parameters were compared between patients
      with low (group A, iodine excretion less than 70 micrograms/24 h) and with higher
      (group B, iodine excretion greater than 100 micrograms/24 h) iodine supply.
      Thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins and antithyroid antibodies were
      equally prevalent in the two patient groups, but were absent in controls.
      Lymphocytic infiltration of thyroid tissue was present to a comparable extent in
      patients of groups A and B, but to a distinctly lower degree in control persons.
      Intrathyroidal T-lymphocyte subsets did not differ between patients and controls.
      B-lymphocytes, germinal centres as well as DR+ thyrocytes were detected in
      goitrous patients of both groups, but never in control persons. Thus,
      immunological abnormalities frequently occur in patients with simple goitre and
      do not depend upon individual iodine supply.

PMID- 2878553
TI  - Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationship during cold acclimation in rats.
      Compensatory role of catecholamine for altered thyroid states.
AB  - Effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on catecholamine (CA) metabolism in the
      brain, adrenal glands, liver, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were studied in
      adult rats during cold acclimation. Hypothyroidism was induced by the
      administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) and hyperthyroidism by the injection of
      thyroxine (T4). After 2 weeks of treatment, they were exposed to cold (5 degrees
      C) and sacrificed after 1 or 4 weeks. Although the body weight gain of PTU
      treated rats were markedly impaired, the body temperature was maintained within
      normal range. They had increased cerebral dopamine, adrenal CA and BAT
      norepinephrine (NE) contents, enhanced cerebral tyrosine hydroxylase and adrenal
      dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities and elevated [3H]dihydroalprenolol
      (DHA) binding to liver plasma membranes (P less than 0.01 vs controls). T4
      treated rats showed an increased brain and adrenal CA only after cold exposure.
      The BAT NE content, DHA binding to liver plasma membranes, and [3H]guanosine
      diphosphate binding to BAT mitochondria were reduced by 30 to 50% from control
      values after 4 weeks of cold exposure. These results indicate that during cold
      acclimation, thyroid hormone deficiency is associated with an accelerated CA
      synthesis and release, which results in an enhanced BAT thermogenesis, and the
      hyperthyroid state suppresses CA release, hepatic DHA binding, and BAT heat
      production. Thus, there is a close metabolic interrelationship between thyroid
      hormone and CA during exposure to cold. CA appears to ameliorate thyroid hormone
      excess or deficiency.

PMID- 2878554
TI  - Prolactin (PRL) inhibiting substance in seminal plasma of infertile patients.
      Preliminary results.
AB  - The role of PRL in the control of the mechanisms of regulation of testicular
      function is still unclear. Indeed, hyperprolactinemia is usually associated with
      male hypofertility. Several studies have demonstrated that human seminal plasma
      (HSP) contains radioimmunoassayble PRL and than testis and prostate possess
      membrane receptors for PRL (Charreau et al. 1977; Aragona et al. 1977). Recently
      Demoulin and Franchimont have observed, in HSP, the presence of a substance
      capable of inhibiting PRL secretion by isolated rat pituitary cells (Demoulin et
      al. 1978). They abbreviated it SPIF (seminal plasma PRL inhibiting factor). The
      inhibition of PRL secretion was significant for concentrations equal to or higher
      than 4.2 l of HSP/ml of culture medium. This non steroidal substance is
      thermostable and trypsin resistant; the molecular weight is less than 10,000
      Daltons. In this work, we have compared the SPIF activity with basal levels of
      LH, FSH, PRL, Testosterone and, after stimulation, in the serum of patients
      affected with various fertility problems.

PMID- 2878556
TI  - Expression of dipeptidylaminopeptidase-IV in some human T and B cell lines.
AB  - The specificity of the expression of dipeptidylaminopeptidase-IV (DAP-IV) was
      examined in cells from leukemia patients and in 33 normal and leukemic human cell
      lines widely used in various studies. There was no correlation between DAP-IV
      activity and OKT4 positivity or maturation stage in T cells. In addition, DAP-IV
      was unexpectedly expressed by 4 B cell lines and 1 histiocytic lymphoma cell
      line, indicating either lack of specificity of DAP-IV or infidelity of gene
      expression under unnatural culture environment.

PMID- 2878557
TI  - Alterations in ornithine decarboxylase and transglutaminase activities in
      lymphocytes from untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.17) and
      transglutaminase (R-glutaminylpeptide: amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC
      2.3.2.13), enzymes implicated in the regulation of growth processes, were studied
      in lymphocytes from untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A
      marked increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity was found in lymphocytes from
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients when compared to normal human lymphocytes;
      in contrast, no transglutaminase activity was found in lymphocytes from untreated
      patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2878555
TI  - [In vivo evaluation of the effect of antacids and H2 receptor blockaders on the
      intragastric pH in gastric and duodenal ulcer].
AB  - The aim of this work is to establish the best treatment for patients with gastric
      and duodenal ulcer, by measuring the effects of antiacids and H2-receptor
      antagonists on gastric pH. 16 patients were studied: 9 of them had a duodenal
      ulcer, 2 a gastric ulcer and 5 had both. All the patients remained fasting and
      receiving no drug for 24 hrs. During this 24 hrs., a nasogastric tube was
      inserted into the stomach and the gastric content was obtained by aspiration each
      hour from 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. Three days after, each patient received a daily dose
      of 1 g of Cimetidine, and the whole procedure was repeated. The same was done
      with 300 mg of Ranitidine daily, 150 ml of Al-Mg antiacids daily, and at last,
      the same procedure was performed with the association of Ranitidine and Al-Mg
      antiacids at the mentioned dosage. For the statistical analysis of the data, the
      mean ordinate of the pH was used as a representative value of each individual's
      pH. Individual differences (pH with treatment minus pH without treatment) were
      obtained. The mean effect of each treatment was obtained averaging that
      differences. For comparison among different drugs, the same procedure was used.
      Student's paired t tests were performed in a signification level. The buffering
      capacity was measured in the following way: The percentage of the gastric
      secretion samples with pH equal or higher than 4 in each treatment and in the
      total number of patients was confronted with the results obtained in the same
      patients with no treatment. All the drugs were useful for buffering the gastric
      acidity, but in different intensity. The association of Ranitidine and Al-Mg
      antiacids showed to be the most efficient statistically when compared with
      Cimetidine and Al-Mg antiacids; no statistical difference appeared in the
      comparison with Ranitidine.

PMID- 2878558
TI  - Pretreatment technique for fast intubation with vecuronium: intubation conditions
      and unwanted effects.
AB  - In eighty patients 15 micrograms kg-1 of vecuronium was given 3 minutes before
      induction of anesthesia and 50 micrograms kg-1 was given at the time of
      induction. The trachea was intubated 60 seconds after the second dose. A wide
      spread of twitch depression was found. The 80 patients were divided into 4 groups
      retrospectively with respect to the degree of neuromuscular blockade during
      intubation. Tracheal intubation was performed when the mean twitch depression was
      48.8 +/- 11.8 (SD)% and the conditions were satisfactory in 89% of the cases.
      Intubating conditions were different significantly between the four sub-groups (p
      less than 0.01). Ptosis occurred in 77 patients, diplopia in 13 patients and
      dyspnea in 2 patients between the first injection of vecuronium and induction of
      anesthesia. The administration of vecuronium in divided doses gives satisfactory
      intubating conditions in the majority of the patients, but close observation
      between the priming dose and the induction of anesthesia is mandatory. The method
      is not considered suitable for obese and is probably not indicated in severely
      ill patients.

PMID- 2878559
TI  - Assessing the results of treatment of chronic heart failure.

PMID- 2878561
TI  - Limbic seizures induced by systemically applied kainic acid: how much kainic acid
      reaches the brain?

PMID- 2878560
TI  - Endogenous excitotoxins as possible mediators of ischemic and hypoglycemic brain
      damage.

PMID- 2878562
TI  - Excitatory amino acids and the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

PMID- 2878563
TI  - Homocysteic acid, an endogenous agonist of NMDA-receptor: release, neuroactivity
      and localization.

PMID- 2878564
TI  - Excitatory amino acid pathways in the brain.

PMID- 2878565
TI  - Cortical and subcortical afferents of the amygdaloid complex.

PMID- 2878567
TI  - Acidic excitatory amino acids and seizures: neurochemical interrelationships.

PMID- 2878566
TI  - Acidic peptides in brain: do they act at putative glutamatergic synapses?

PMID- 2878568
TI  - Excitatory amino acids and regenerative activity in cultured neurons.

PMID- 2878569
TI  - Evidence for the activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor during
      epileptiform discharge.

PMID- 2878570
TI  - Blockade by D-aminophosphonovalerate or Mg2+ of excitatory amino acid-induced
      responses on spinal motoneurons in vitro.

PMID- 2878571
TI  - Putative amino acid transmitters in the amygdala.

PMID- 2878572
TI  - Transition metal ions in epilepsy: an overview.

PMID- 2878573
TI  - Relationship of glutamic acid and zinc to kindling of the rat amygdala: afferent
      transmitter systems and excitability in a model of epilepsy.

PMID- 2878575
TI  - A survey of the anatomy of the hippocampal formation, with emphasis on the
      septotemporal organization of its intrinsic and extrinsic connections.

PMID- 2878574
TI  - On the role of seizure activity and endogenous excitatory amino acids in
      mediating seizure-associated hippocampal damage.

PMID- 2878577
TI  - Seizures and brain damage: are excitatory amino acids involved?

PMID- 2878576
TI  - Glutamate and anoxic neuronal death in vitro.

PMID- 2878578
TI  - Characterization of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors.

PMID- 2878579
TI  - Biochemical and behavioral studies of D1 dopamine receptors utilizing SCH 23390.

PMID- 2878581
TI  - Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis on Japanese encephalitis virus strains
      isolated in Japan and Thailand.
AB  - Genetic variation in Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus isolates from Japan and
      Thailand was examined by oligonucleotide fingerprints of the 42S genome RNA.
      Japanese isolates were rather similar to each other, as were the recent isolates
      from Thailand. However, recent Thai isolates were significantly different from
      recent Japanese isolates. From these results it was presumed that mutations and
      selections of the JE virus genome would have progressed independently in these
      geographically distant areas.

PMID- 2878580
TI  - The dopamine D1 receptor: biochemical and behavioral aspects.

PMID- 2878582
TI  - Characterization of the continuous green monkey spleen cell line 455.
AB  - A continuous line of adult green monkey spleen cells has been established and
      designated 455 (according to the number of animal). Cell suspension for primary
      explantation has been prepared by perfusion and disaggregation of the organ. The
      obtained culture, which consisted of fibroblast-like cells with chromosome modal
      number 60, underwent 25 passages followed by ageing and death (line 455 D). At
      passage level 13 in 2 culture flasks with 455 D cells, islets of polygonal cells
      had developed within 35 days; they gave rise to a continuous cell line with
      chromosome modal number 110 (designated line 455). Line 455 has a high
      proliferative activity but low demands on the composition of culture media and it
      can be easily passaged with the bovine serum at concentration of 1-5%. It is
      highly sensitive to a number of viruses. It is not contaminated with bacteria,
      fungi, mycoplasmas or viruses, it does not have a tumourigenic activity. Hence,
      it is a promising cellular model for virological studies, in particular, for
      preparation of inactivated vaccines along with Vero and 4647 cells. The line 455
      can be used for investigation of the problems of haemopoiesis and immunogenesis.

PMID- 2878583
TI  - Comparative studies on growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus types 0 and Asia 1
      in BHK-21 Razi cells.
AB  - Growth pattern of foot-and-mouth disease virus types 0 and Asia 1 in BHK-21 Razi
      cells was compared; while type 0 virus grew in high titre, Asia 1 virus was
      produced in low titre. Inhibition of host protein synthesis in type 0 virus
      infected cells was more pronounced than in Asia 1 virus-infected cells. Foot-and
      mouth disease virus type 0 infected cells showed higher lactic dehydrogenase
      activity when compared to Asia 1 virus. A significant decrease in virus yield was
      observed when Actinomycin D had been added at 50 micrograms/ml to infected cells.

PMID- 2878584
TI  - Detection of measles-specific IgM antibodies: comparison of 2-mercaptoethanol
      treatment, density gradient centrifugation, protein A-sepharose affinity
      chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and haemadsorption techniques.
AB  - The sensitivity, specificity and effectivity of 5 methods for detection of
      measles-specific IgM antibodies were compared. A total of 371 sera from non
      immunized as well as immunized measles patients was included into the study. The
      highest positive rate was achieved by the haemadsorption-immunosorbent (HIST)
      test. The density gradient (DG) centrifugation and the ion-exchange
      chromatography (IERCR) were 10-15% less effective. Protein A-Sepharose affinity
      chromatography (ACR) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) treatment showed positive
      results in the half of samples which had been positive in the HIST. The titres
      were in significant correlation (r = 0.90 to r = 0.8793 at P = 0.01). Specificity
      and reproducibility of the tests were good. Rheumatoid factor did not influence
      the results. In general, HIST was found as most sensitive and effective.

PMID- 2878585
TI  - Postinfection and postvaccination antirubella immunity.
AB  - Out of 1670 pregnant women contacts examined for antibodies to rubella virus,
      recent rubella infection was confirmed in 5.1% of subjects, 2.2% of which were
      symptomatic and 2.9% asymptomatic; 89.9% of tested women were seropositive. These
      results closely resembled those, obtained in serological surveys, carried out in
      Poland several times in the years 1969-82. Rubella antibodies were found in over
      90% of women in childbearing age, with HI antibody geometric mean titre (GMT)
      58.7-84.3 (depending on the epidemiologic situation). Especially high GMT--of 122
      -was detected in women of the 30-34 year age group after the rubella epidemic in
      1980/81, which showed the highest rubella morbidity of 5-9 year-old children.
      Reactogenicity and immune response in 10-13 year-old vaccinated girls were
      investigated. Seroconversion among seronegatives, among subjects with low
      antibody level (less than 1:20) and among seropositives with antibody titres 40
      or higher before vaccination occurred in 99.8%, 60% and 12.8% of cases,
      respectively. HI antibody GMT after immunization was 132.6-135, similar to GMT
      induced by naturally acquired infection in the women of 30-34 year age group
      after the rubella epidemic. The difference of GMT in vaccinated girls with joint
      symptoms (152) and without postvaccinal reactions (124) was statistically
      significant. Practical conclusions for rubella diagnostic and vaccination
      programmes based on the analogies and differences of antirubella immunity in
      infected pregnant women, in naturally infected children and adults, and in
      vaccinated subjects are discussed.

PMID- 2878586
TI  - Experimental pathogenesis of buffalo pox virus in rabbits: clinico-pathological
      studies.
AB  - Buffalo pox virus produced typical pock lesions on the skin of rabbits at the
      site of primary inoculation following an incubation period of 48-72 hr. Gross
      lesions in internal organs, characterized by focal or diffuse necrotic areas on
      lung, liver and spleen were seen from day 5 post-inoculation (p. i.). Isolated
      lesions of approximately 2 mm diameter appeared in skin, stomach, intestine and
      uterus from day 7 p. i. Histopathological changes, i. e. intra-alveolar and intra
      bronchial haemorrhages were seen in lungs and severe fatty changes were found in
      the liver. Multinuclear cells were detected in liver during recovery. Virus
      particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in skin, lung, liver and
      spleen lesions.

PMID- 2878587
TI  - Peculiarities of tick-borne encephalitis virus reproduction in Haemaphysalis
      inermis ticks and their explants.
AB  - Virological, electron microscopic and immunomorphological investigation on the
      reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Haemaphysalis inermis
      ticks and in tissue explants from nymphs during their metamorphosis revealed that
      the virus reproduced in the cells of different tissues and organs of ticks which
      were in different phases and stages of life cycle. During the eclipse phase of
      TBE virus persistence in ticks, when no virus could be demonstrated by
      infectivity assay, viral particles were detected by electron microscopy.

PMID- 2878588
TI  - Preparation and efficacy of antiherpes type 1 and 2 subunit vaccines.
AB  - DNA free antiherpes subunit vaccines were prepared from diploid human embryonic
      lung cells infected either with type 1 or type 2 herpes simplex viruses (HSV).
      Virion and membrane-bound virus-specific glycoproteins were solubilized with
      Nonidet P-40 and separated by ultracentrifugation. The antigenic properties of
      the vaccine were tested in guinea pigs. Antibody response was followed by virus
      neutralization and complement fixation. The vaccine itself was low-immunogenic,
      however its immunogenicity has considerably increased by usage of suitable
      adjuvants. In virus neutralization test higher antibody titre was found against
      homologous virus. The antibody response was related to protein content and to the
      frequency of vaccination.

PMID- 2878589
TI  - Avalon virus, Sakhalin group (Nairovirus, Bunyaviridae) from the seabird tick
      Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae White 1852 in France.
AB  - Nine strains of Avalon virus were isolated from Ixodes uriae ticks collected in
      the Cape Sizun seabird reserve, Brittany, from 1979 to 1985, during a
      longitudinal study of consequences of tick-borne infections for kittiwakes (Rissa
      tridactyla). Avalon virus strains isolated in France proved difficult to study
      owing to the weak infectious titres they exhibited in suckling mice or cultured
      cells. However, some interesting data concerning the ecology of virus infection
      and the morphology of the virions were obtained and are discussed.

PMID- 2878591
TI  - Peculiarities of Rickettsia prowazekii in the cell culture as revealed by
      cryoultramicrotomy.
AB  - Ultrastructure of Rickettsia prowazekii has been followed in L-929 cells 4 days
      post-infection (p.i.) by cryoultramicrotomy. Groups of rickettsiae were present
      in the cytoplasm outside of vacuoles forming microcolonies. The size of
      rickettsiae amounted to 400 X 700 nm, the average thickness of the cell wall was
      5 nm, that of periplasmic space and cytoplasmic membrane 14 and 6 nm,
      respectively. Within intracytoplasmic colonies the rickettsiae were tightly
      packed and their cell walls were closely adjacent to each other. No halo or
      capsule-like coating around them was detected. No ultrastructural details were
      observed in the light translucent spaces between cells. Marginal rickettsiae of
      the microcolonies were often in close contact with the host cell mitochondria.

PMID- 2878590
TI  - Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis on Japanese encephalitis virus strains after
      passage histories.
AB  - Genetic variation in Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus strains after various
      passage histories was examined by oligonucleotide fingerprints of the 42S genome
      RNA. The results indicated that genome changes occurred during passages of new
      virus isolates through cell lines or mouse brains, especially at earlier passage
      level in order to adapt quickly to different hosts. However, the changes were not
      sufficient to explain strain differences observed among fingerprints of various
      isolates.

PMID- 2878592
TI  - Some physical and chemical properties of Bhanja virus.
AB  - Bhanja virus is acid-labile, relatively thermostable, resistant to trypsin and
      heparin; a complete inactivation was achieved with chloramine B or formaldehyde,
      while phenol was ineffective, and UV radiation only partially effective.

PMID- 2878593
TI  - Isolation of enteroviruses from water.

PMID- 2878594
TI  - A symposium: Bevantolol--a new cardiovascular agent with a unique profile. April
      21, 1985, Geneva, Switzerland.

PMID- 2878595
TI  - Once- and twice-daily bevantolol for systemic hypertension using 24-hour
      ambulatory intraarterial blood pressure recording.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy of bevantolol, a selective beta 1-adrenoreceptor
      antagonist, was evaluated in 17 patients with essential hypertension, using
      continuous ambulatory intraarterial blood pressure (BP) monitoring. The study
      compared a twice-daily regimen (titrated dose of 200 to 600 mg/day) with the same
      amount given in a single daily dose. Within-patient comparisons of mean hourly
      systolic and diastolic BPs and heart rate showed a highly significant effect with
      twice-daily therapy (p less than 0.001) for all of the 24 hours. Similar
      significant results were obtained with a single morning dose. There was no
      difference between the pattern or extent of BP reduction with the 2 regimens. The
      decrease in BP after bevantolol persisted during the physiologic tests (rest,
      tilt, isometric and dynamic exercise). Four patients developed minor side effects
      with the single morning dose, and only 1 patient with the twice-daily regimen.
      These effects included tiredness, fatigue and dizziness. Unlike pure beta
      blocking agents, bevantolol controlled the early morning increase in BP, lending
      support to the belief that it possesses vasodilatory properties in addition to
      beta blockade. These results suggest that bevantolol may be useful as first-line
      therapy in a once-daily dosage for the treatment of essential hypertension.

PMID- 2878596
TI  - Renal hemodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bevantolol in patients with impaired
      renal function.
AB  - The effects of bevantolol on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate and
      the drug's pharmacokinetics were studied for 7 days in 18 patients (mean age 50
      years) with varying degrees of renal dysfunction. Patients were divided into 3
      groups: group 1 had a creatinine clearance of 50 to 80 ml/min, group 2, 20 to 49
      ml/min and group 3, less than 20 ml/min. After baseline inulin and
      paraaminohippuric acid clearance values were obtained, patients were given a
      single, 150-mg "priming" administration of bevantolol. The kinetics of the drug
      (including plasma drug levels, plasma half-life and plasma clearance) and its
      effects on renal function were observed for 24 hours. On days 4 to 6 of the
      study, patients received 150 mg of bevantolol twice daily, with only a single
      dose given on day 7. Bevantolol did not significantly affect either inulin or
      paraaminohippuric acid clearance in patients with differing degrees of renal
      function. In 50% of patients with a creatinine clearance of less than or equal to
      50 ml/min, both the half-life and maximum trough serum levels were higher than
      the ranges seen in healthy subjects. However, neither value appears to be
      clinically relevant because bevantolol has a wide therapeutic range. Renal
      impairment did not change the percentages of the bevantolol dosage excreted
      unchanged or as conjugated drug in the urine, and no toxic or active drug
      metabolites accumulated in the blood. From these results, it appears that
      bevantolol may be used safely in short-term therapy of patients with renal
      impairment.

PMID- 2878597
TI  - Comparison of bevantolol and atenolol for systemic hypertension.
AB  - In an international, randomized, double-blind trial involving 229 patients, 400
      mg of bevantolol was compared with 100 mg of atenolol (both in single daily
      doses) in the management of mild to moderate hypertension (diastolic blood
      pressure [BP] 95 to 115 mm Hg after a 4-week placebo washout period). Patients
      were then randomized to 12 weeks of treatment with either drug. Patients were
      evaluated at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks during the drug treatment period. Efficacy
      measurements were based on sitting and standing BP and heart rate. Adverse
      experiences were recorded on patient checklists, by spontaneous complaints and by
      12-lead electrocardiography and funduscopy. A subgroup of 104 patients had heart
      rate and BP determinations every 24 to 26 hours after drug ingestion. Overall
      results showed both drugs to be comparably effective; no real difference was
      shown after 12 weeks of treatment. Bevantolol caused a more gradual BP decrease
      than atenolol. Both regimens were associated with decreased heart rate (less
      marked with bevantolol, p less than 0.001). Data from the 24-hour assessment
      subgroup showed similar results for both drugs, with a somewhat lower decrease in
      BP for bevantolol, which persisted throughout the study. Both drugs lowered
      sitting BP; the decrease was significantly less with bevantolol after the second
      week of therapy. The mean number of adverse experiences was similar for both
      drugs; cardiovascular side effects were less frequent with bevantolol. Patients
      taking bevantolol showed a higher incidence of digestive system side effects.
      Bevantolol maintained a 24-hour antihypertensive effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878598
TI  - Usefulness of bevantolol for chronic, stable angina pectoris.
AB  - An objective assessment of the efficacy of bevantolol was performed in 21
      patients with chronic, stable angina using computer-assisted exercise testing and
      ambulatory ST-segment monitoring. Given once daily, 200 mg of bevantolol was
      compared with 200 mg of bevantolol given twice daily and with placebo, using a
      double-blind crossover technique. The mean exercise time with placebo was 7.4 +/-
      0.6 minutes; this increased to 10.6 +/- 0.9 minutes (p less than 0.001) with once
      daily bevantolol and to 9.4 +/- 0.9 minutes (p less than 0.001) with twice-daily
      bevantolol. The mean heart rate at rest was 80 +/- 3 beats/min with placebo; it
      decreased to 63 +/- 2 beats/min (p less than 0.001) with once-daily bevantolol
      and to 66 +/- 2 beats/min (p less than 0.001) with twice-daily bevantolol. The
      maximum exercise heart rate of 118 +/- 6 beats/min with placebo was reduced to 99
      +/- 4 beats/min (p less than 0.001) on once-daily and 101 +/- 4 beats/min (p less
      than 0.001) on twice-daily bevantolol. There was a corresponding decrease in the
      rate-pressure product. The corrected maximum ST-segment depression was reduced
      from 0.3 +/- 0.06 mm min-1 with placebo to 0.2 +/- 0.03 mm min-1 (p less than
      0.02) with once-daily and 0.2 +/- 0.04 mm min-1 (p less than 0.05) with twice
      daily bevantolol. The mean hourly ambulatory heart rate was significantly reduced
      for 21 hours with once-daily and 22 hours with twice-daily bevantolol. The lowest
      mean minimum heart rate was 55 beats/min during twice-daily treatment. The mean
      number of episodes of ST depression over 24 hours in lead CM5 was decreased from
      6.89 +/- 1.7 with placebo to 2.50 +/- 0.6 (p less than 0.001) with once-daily and
      to 3.72 +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.001) with twice-daily bevantolol. Three patients
      were withdrawn during the once-daily bevantolol regimen due to adverse
      experiences, and another patient was admitted for coronary artery bypass surgery
      after 25 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878599
TI  - Pharmacology of bevantolol hydrochloride.
AB  - Bevantolol is a cardioselective, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, devoid of
      intrinsic beta sympathomimetic activity and with weak membrane-stabilizing and
      local anesthetic properties. The 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino moiety,
      substituted on the side chain amine function, confers cardioselectivity, which
      has been confirmed by a number of experiments. In vitro, bevantolol demonstrated
      greater antagonism of atrial than tracheal responses to isoproterenol. In vivo,
      bevantolol preferentially inhibited isoproterenol-induced tachycardias in
      conscious and anesthetized dogs, compared with the nonselective agent
      propranolol. Conversely, its effect on blood pressure after isoproterenol was
      minimal compared with propranolol, reflecting its muted effect on beta 2
      peripheral receptors. A functional difference between bevantolol and propranolol
      was demonstrated in histamine-challenged guinea pigs. Bevantolol had little
      effect on the antiasthmatic effect of isoproterenol, whereas propranolol blocked
      it totally. Bevantolol's lack of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity was
      demonstrated in normal and reserpinized dogs, where it was devoid of intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity at doses up to 10 mg/kg. Similarly, intravenous doses of
      10 mg/kg had to be administered before direct myocardial depression occurred in
      the reserpinized animals. Metabolite 3, which is excreted in trace amounts in
      human urine, demonstrates intrinsic sympathomimetic activity when administered in
      pharmacologic doses to dogs; however, any clinical relevance remains to be
      established. Several laboratories have demonstrated that bevantolol interacts at
      alpha-adrenergic sites. These data require further investigation. The dose
      related antihypertensive effect of bevantolol has been demonstrated in
      spontaneously hypertensive and 2 kidney, 1 clip renal hypertensive rats. Animal
      experiments also suggest that bevantolol may be useful in angina: It caused a
      favorable redistribution of blood flow in dogs in which the left circumflex
      artery had been stenosed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878600
TI  - Effects of bevantolol and atenolol on symptoms, exercise tolerance and metabolic
      risk factors in angina pectoris.
AB  - To assess the effects of bevantolol on stable angina pectoris of effort and its
      impact on metabolic risk factors, a comparison study of this beta 1-blocking
      agent and atenolol was undertaken in 40 subjects (mean age 51 years). After a 4
      week, single-blind, placebo washout period, 12 men and 8 women were randomized to
      receive 150 mg of bevantolol twice daily and 12 men and 8 women to treatment with
      100 mg of atenolol once daily in a parallel, double-blind, 12-week treatment
      phase. Patients were assessed at weeks 2, 6 and 12 after bicycle exercise until
      angina or ST-segment depression greater than or equal to 0.15 mV appeared.
      Concentrations of cholesterol lipoproteins and 3 prostaglandin metabolites were
      determined. One patient receiving bevantolol was withdrawn from the study because
      of insufficient efficacy and 2 receiving atenolol were withdrawn because of side
      effects. After 2 weeks of therapy, significant decreases were seen in both groups
      in the number of angina attacks, mean sitting heart rate, systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure, mean maximum heart rate during exercise and mean double-product
      of systolic blood pressure and heart rate at the end of exercise. There was a
      trend toward significance in the increase of mean duration of exercise and total
      work performed with both agents, although these values were not statistically
      significant. Both high density lipoproteins and the ratio of high density
      lipoproteins to low density lipoproteins increased in the bevantolol group and
      decreased in the atenolol group. These changes were statistically significant at
      week 6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878601
TI  - Systemic and regional hemodynamic, antiarrhythmic and antiischemic effects of
      bevantolol in anesthetized pigs.
AB  - In doses of 0.5 to 3.0 mg/kg bevantolol caused dose-dependent decreases in
      cardiac output (10% to 35%), primarily due to negative chronotropic actions, as
      heart rate decreased by 10% to 25%. Stroke volume decreased after the highest
      dose (15%), due to a negative inotropic action (maximum left ventricular dP/dt
      decreased by 40%) and a mild vasoconstriction in systemic vascular beds.
      Decreases in perfusion of the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, stomach, muscles and
      adrenals were similar to those in cardiac output. However, blood flow to the
      brain and small intestine was not significantly affected. Bevantolol (0.5 or 1.5
      mg/kg IV) gave full protection against ventricular fibrillation during the first
      period (10 minutes) of proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery
      occlusion in the highest dose. After the third and last reperfusion period, 70%
      of these animals survived, while only 8% of the untreated and 15% of the animals
      treated with the lower dose survived. After permanent ligation of the LAD
      coronary artery at midpoint, bevantolol prevented ventricular fibrillation during
      the first phase of early ventricular arrhythmias but was unable to prevent it
      during the second phase of early arrhythmias. Administration of bevantolol (1.5
      mg/kg) to animals in which the LAD coronary artery blood flow was reduced to 35%
      of baseline did not improve transmural myocardial blood flow to the ischemic
      zone. However, the drug caused a redistribution in favor of the endocardial
      layers. The changes in flow were accompanied by a narrowing of the arterial
      coronary venous differences in pH and pCO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878602
TI  - Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of intravenous nisoldipine.
AB  - Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of the new dihydropyridine calcium
      antagonist nisoldipine were studied over a 30-minute period in 12 patients with
      angina pectoris. Previously instituted beta-blocker therapy was continued.
      Nisoldipine was administered in an intravenous bolus of 6 micrograms/kg over 3
      minutes. Heart rate increased as mean aortic pressure and systemic vascular
      resistance decreased in all patients. Cardiac output increased significantly,
      from 5.8 +/- 0.3 to 7.9 +/- 0.5 liters/min, 10 minutes after nisoldipine
      infusion. These trends were maintained over the 30-minute observation period.
      Coronary sinus blood flow increased from 103 +/- 11 to 139 +/- 13 ml/min
      immediately after nisoldipine, but had returned to the control level by 30
      minutes, as had the reduction in coronary vascular resistance. Myocardial oxygen
      consumption and heart rate-systolic blood pressure product did not change
      significantly. Nisoldipine is a potent peripheral and coronary vasodilator free
      of major myocardial depressant effects after acute intravenous administration.
      The systemic vasodilatory effects appear to outlast the coronary effects over 30
      minutes.

PMID- 2878603
TI  - Plasma branched-chain keto acids in burn patients.
AB  - Plasma branched-chain keto acids (BCKA) and glucose-alanine cycle-related
      substances were measured in venous and arterial blood following burn injury. It
      was found that the three BCKA diminished with a minimum on day 7 while pyruvate
      increased. Alanine and glutamate + glutamine also decreased but plasma branched
      chain amino acids (BCAA) did not vary. BCKA and gluconeogenic amino acids were
      liberated by peripheral tissues whereas BCAA were not. By analogy with the fate
      of alanine, a reduction in plasma BCKA associated with a high release by
      peripheral tissues might involve an increase in their hepatic metabolism. The
      BCKA would then give rise to ketone bodies used by the peripheral tissue. This
      step would complete the glucose-alanine cycle described by Cahill in
      hypercatabolic states where energy requirements are intense and similar to those
      found in burn injuries.

PMID- 2878604
TI  - Cancer chemotherapy-induced tubular nephrotoxicity evaluated by immunochemical
      determination of urinary adenosine deaminase binding protein.
AB  - The authors evaluated measurements of adenosine deaminase binding protein (ADB),
      a proximal renal tubular cell antigen, for detection of drug-induced tubular
      nephrotoxicity. Concentrations of ADB were determined immunochemically in serial
      urine specimens from 12 children who were receiving chemotherapy for malignant
      solid tumors. There was no indication of increased ADB excretion after
      administration of two nonnephrotoxic drugs, etoposide and doxorubicin, but in
      patients given the recognized nephrotoxins, cisplatin and methotrexate, or an
      investigational drug, ifosfamide, urinary concentrations of ADB increased greater
      than fivefold relative to baseline values. Increased ADB concentrations preceded
      cisplatin- or ifosfamide-induced elevations of serum creatinine. Results of the
      ADB assay correlated well with those obtained by enzymatic assays for N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase (r = 0.76 and 0.53; n = 142, P
      less than 0.001) and marginally with total proteinuria (r = 0.21; P less than
      0.02). Hence, serial ADB measurements may be useful in screening investigational
      drugs for acute subclinical nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2878606
TI  - Escalator injury in foreign countries.

PMID- 2878605
TI  - Acquired undescended testes.
AB  - Three cases of reascent of a previously unequivocally documented descended testis
      have been encountered. Chorionic gonadotropin treatment was initially attempted
      in each child and was successful in causing descent of the involved testis in
      one. The testes of the other two boys were successfully brought down surgically.
      Possible causes for testicular reascent are presented and the pertinent
      literature is reviewed. These cases illustrate the need for continued diligence
      and interval examination of the pediatric scrotum throughout childhood.

PMID- 2878607
TI  - Nizatidine: a new histamine receptor blocker in the treatment of active duodenal
      ulcers.
AB  - Forty-three patients with newly diagnosed duodenal ulcers were treated with a new
      histamine blocker, nizatidine, and with placebo. The incidence of complete
      endoscopic healing was 38, 74, and 82% in the nizatidine treated patients
      compared with 25, 37, and 50% in the placebo treated group after 2, 4, and 8 wk
      of treatment, respectively. Nizatidine was clearly more effective than placebo
      after 4 wk of treatment. The size of unhealed ulcers decreased more than 50% in
      62, 50, and 50% in the nizatidine treated groups versus 27, 25, and 40% in the
      placebo treated groups after 2, 4, and 8 wk of treatment, respectively. The
      difference between the two was not statistically significant for any given
      period. There was a significant correlation between day pain relief and ulcer
      healing in both treatment groups. Nizatidine significantly improved day pain
      relief only after 8 wk of treatment (p less than 0.01). No patient developed any
      side effects as a result of nizatidine treatment, except that the serum
      creatinine level rose from 1.05 to 1.1 mg/100 ml but still remained within the
      normal accepted range. This study demonstrated that nizatidine at 150 mg po bid
      could be effectively used in the treatment of duodenal ulcer disease.

PMID- 2878608
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis and ulcerative colitis.
AB  - This report describes a case of Takayasu's disease and ulcerative colitis
      occurring simultaneously in a 35-yr-old Sri Lankan woman. It is suggested that
      these two diseases may be immunologically related and the possible pathogenic
      mechanisms by which these two disorders may be associated are discussed.

PMID- 2878609
TI  - A fine structure physical map of the short arm of chromosome 5.
AB  - A series of somatic cell hybrids that retain abnormal chromosomes 5 from 11
      different persons with deletions or translocations involving 5p have been
      isolated. One hundred twenty DNA fragments isolated from a genomic library
      enriched for sequences from 5p were regionally localized by Southern blot
      analysis of the hybrid cell deletion mapping panel, including five DNA fragments
      that reveal restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The fine structure
      physical map of 5p together with the identification of additional polymorphic
      loci will facilitate the construction of a complete linkage map of this region.
      In addition, DNA fragments localized to a region near the 5p15.2-5p15.3 border,
      which appears to be the segment of 5p that is critical in producing the phenotype
      associated with the cri du chat syndrome when it is rendered hemizygous by
      deletion, will be useful in a molecular and DNA level analysis of this deletion
      syndrome.

PMID- 2878611
TI  - RFLP locus DXS42 is proximal to the locus for hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyltransferase.

PMID- 2878610
TI  - Molecular basis for HbH disease in Italy: geographical distribution of deletional
      and nondeletional alpha-thalassemia haplotypes.
AB  - We have investigated the molecular basis for HbH disease in 16 patients from
      Sardinia, and central and southern Italy. We have shown that HbH disease is
      produced by the interaction of at least 10 different deletional or nondeletional
      alpha-thalassemia haplotypes, some of which have been already described in the
      Mediterranean area (--Med,-(alpha)20.5,-alpha 3.7 type I,-alpha 3.7 type II,
      alpha 2 NcoI alpha 1, alpha 2 HphI alpha 1). Among the new mutations found in the
      course of our study, there is a complete deletion of the zeta-alpha cluster and
      three nondeletional determinants (alpha alpha T), affecting to various extents
      alpha-globin gene expression. The different alpha-thalassemia haplotypes are not
      evenly distributed throughout the country. Two alpha 0 determinants [-(alpha)20.5
      and the complete deletion of the zeta-alpha cluster] and four alpha +
      determinants (-alpha 3.7 type II, three nondeletional alpha alpha T mutations)
      are found exclusively in southern Italy.

PMID- 2878613
TI  - Pharmacologic management of obstructive lung disease. Current perspectives.
AB  - Pharmacotherapy of obstructive lung disease has improved both quantitatively and
      qualitatively in recent decades: quantitatively with improvements in adrenergic
      and methylxanthine drugs and qualitatively with the addition of new classes of
      drugs, such as steroids, cromolyn, and, most recently, anticholinergic agents.
      Management of airways disease is based upon several principles: near-normal
      airways function should be aimed for; long-term, systemic, moderate-to-high-dose
      corticosteroids should be avoided if at all possible; the judicious use of
      polypharmacy should be undertaken whenever necessary to provide effective
      treatment while minimizing drug side effects; and the therapeutic program for a
      given individual should be tailored to that patient's specific responses to
      various treatments. Available pharmacologic agents have varying efficacies and
      adverse effects. The various agents may be used in a number of combinations.

PMID- 2878612
TI  - Airway mucus membrane: effects of beta-adrenergic and anticholinergic
      stimulation.
AB  - Mucus hypersecretion and non-continuous clearance of tracheobronchial mucus
      contribute to airflow obstruction in several pulmonary disease entities.
      Bronchospasm, which is frequently associated with bronchial asthma, can present
      simultaneously with mucus transport abnormalities. Therapy designed to dilate
      airways may produce secondary effects, which are deleterious to effective
      transport of lung mucus. Sympathomimetic agents, such as beta-adrenergic
      agonists, reduce the tone of bronchial smooth muscle and enhance the flow of
      mucus within lung airways. Parasympatholytic agents also improve airflow in the
      lungs, but their effects at the mucus membrane of the airways may not be
      beneficial. Atropine, an anticholinergic agent, apparently has dose-dependent
      effects on human mucociliary function and, administered orally, can reduce large
      airway mucus transport. However, newer anticholinergic agents, such as
      ipratropium bromide, are effective bronchodilators and do not exhibit unfavorable
      effects on lung mucus transport in either subjects with normal mucus secretion or
      those with hypersecretory disease entities, such as bronchitis. In mildly
      symptomatic asthmatic patients, aerosolized ipratropium decreased airway
      obstruction without consistent positive or negative influence on lung mucociliary
      function.

PMID- 2878615
TI  - Clinical application of DNA analysis in a family with OTC deficiency.
AB  - We describe the clinical application of DNA restriction fragment analysis to the
      genetic evaluation of a family with a child deficient in ornithine
      transcarbamylase (OTC). The results of protein loading studies and the
      interpretation of the DNA haplotype profiles for the human OTC gene are reported.
      DNA restriction fragment analysis may be a reliable technique for the prenatal
      diagnosis of OTC deficiency and identification of obligate carriers of this gene.

PMID- 2878614
TI  - Cholinergic and neurogenic mechanisms in obstructive airways disease.
AB  - Although primary neural control of airway function is through parasympathetic
      pathways, more recent evidence indicates that there are important adrenergic and
      non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural mechanisms that may also influence
      respiratory function. The parasympathetic nervous system component includes
      neural receptors in the airways as well as afferent and efferent pathways that
      travel in the vagus nerves. Afferent vagal sensory receptors mediate the response
      to irritant or rapidly adapting receptor activation, Hering-Breuer, and the
      unmyelinated "C" fibers or "J" receptor pathways. The motor component of the
      parasympathetic nervous system has several important functions that regulate tone
      in normal system has several important functions that regulate tone in normal and
      obstructed airways. These pathways affect the following respiratory structures:
      bronchial smooth muscle; the mucociliary system; the larynx; and the nose.
      Finally, the parasympathetic nervous system may play a role in some species in
      the control of breathing and in the hyperpneic responses associated with airflow
      obstruction. In addition to cholinergic neural mechanisms, bronchomotor tone may
      also be influenced by adrenergic mechanisms and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      neural pathways. Although there is minimal innervation of the airways by the
      sympathetic nervous system, there is ample evidence that beta-adrenoreceptors are
      present on bronchial smooth muscle. Beta-receptor stimulation not only relaxes
      airway smooth muscle, but also inhibits mediator release from mast cells in the
      airways and may alter vascular permeability. Alpha-adrenoreceptors are found in
      human airways and stimulation of these receptors causes bronchoconstriction.
      Although the importance of alpha-adrenoreceptors has been questioned, recent
      evidence suggests that alpha stimulation may play a role in cold air- and
      exercise-induced asthma. Finally, non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves have
      been shown to cause relaxation of human airways in in vivo studies. There is
      increasing evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine
      methanol are the mediators of these responses. More recently, other neuropeptides
      (substance P, neurokinin A, and calcitonin gene-related peptide) have been
      localized in nerves in airways. These cause bronchoconstriction in vitro and may
      be released from afferent nerve terminals by an axon reflex. Although the precise
      role of these substances in controlling airway tone and bronchial secretions in
      humans is not fully understood, they may have important modulatory effects on the
      neural control of airway function.

PMID- 2878616
TI  - Metabolic myopathies.
AB  - Six glycogen storage diseases (resulting from deficiencies of acid maltase,
      phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate
      mutase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and one mitochondrial myopathy (cytochrome c
      oxidase deficiency) are reviewed to illustrate: clinical heterogeneity,
      biochemical heterogeneity, evidence for tissue-specific and developmentally
      controlled isozymes, and molecular genetic studies.

PMID- 2878617
TI  - A molecular approach to genetic counseling in the X-linked muscular dystrophies.
AB  - New molecular developments in our understanding of Duchenne and Becker muscular
      dystrophies are affecting the practical approach to genetic counseling, carrier
      detection, and prenatal prediction for these disorders. A plan of an
      investigation combining DNA and conventional techniques is outlined that is
      suitable for centers not actively engaged in molecular genetics research, based
      on the detection of molecular deletions, the most efficient use of multiple DNA
      polymorphisms, and the integration of this data with creatine kinase and pedigree
      information. Such an approach now allows accurate carrier detection for most
      women at risk as well as an acceptable degree of accuracy in prenatal detection
      for a proportion of carrier women.

PMID- 2878618
TI  - Lipid metabolism in xanthomatous skin of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
AB  - The authors studied xanthomatous skin in cholesterol-fed rabbits for changes in
      lipid content and in activities of enzymes regulating intracellular lipid
      content. After 80 days of hypercholesterolemic diet, xanthomas were widespread
      and changes in lipid metabolism were marked. In both tissue homogenates and cell
      membrane pellets, unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids increased 2-fold to
      6-fold, and cholesteryl esters increased about 30-fold. Tissue triglycerides,
      however, decreased to half the levels found in control skin. Cholesterol
      esterification rates, measured by activity of acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol
      acyltransferase, increased moderately to markedly; hydrolase activity against 4
      methylumbelliferyl oleate also increased at both acid and neutral pH, but
      hydrolase activity against cholesterol oleate increased only at acid pH. Thus,
      hypercholesterolemia caused striking increases in intracellular cholesterol
      esterification rates, increases in lipase activity at both neutral and acid pH,
      and increases in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity at acid pH. Increases in
      cholesterol-esterifying activity uniformly exceeded increases in cholesteryl
      ester hydrolytic activity in congruence with net accumulation of cholesteryl
      ester. Skin xanthoma grade, however, had no consistent relation to the
      cholesterol esterification rates. Instead, the enzyme data suggested that marked
      abnormalities of lipid metabolism are diffusely distributed through dermal tissue
      as a precondition for the focal emergence of xanthomas.

PMID- 2878619
TI  - Somatostatin potentiation of insulin-induced glucose uptake in normal
      individuals.
AB  - The ability of somatostatin (SRIF) to enhance insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
      was evaluated during clamp studies in normal individuals and patients with non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The results demonstrated that
      glucose uptake at insulin levels of approximately 100 microU/ml was significantly
      greater (P less than 0.001) in normal individuals in response to insulin plus
      SRIF as compared with insulin alone. In contrast, SRIF did not enhance insulin
      stimulated glucose uptake in patients with NIDDM. Measurements were also made of
      the relative ability of insulin as compared with insulin plus SRIF to suppress C
      peptide and glucagon concentrations during the clamp studies. The results of
      these experiments showed that SRIF did not potentiate the ability of insulin to
      suppress C-peptide concentrations in normal subjects but did in patients with
      NIDDM. However, plasma glucagon levels were reduced to a greater degree when SRIF
      was added to insulin in both normal and diabetic individuals.

PMID- 2878620
TI  - Mode of adrenergic and peptidergic inhibition of ion transport in flounder gill.
AB  - The mechanisms of inhibition of branchial ion transport by epinephrine and
      somatostatin were investigated in the isolated perfused gill preparation of
      seawater-adapted flounder Platichthys flesus. The electrogenic transepithelial
      potential recorded in gills perfused and bathed with identical salines was
      stimulated by glucagon, forskolin, or a cyclic adenosine 5' monophosphate (AMP)
      derivative, each administered at a concentration identified in preliminary
      experiments as being submaximally effective. The subsequent abilities of
      epinephrine and somatostatin to inhibit the stimulated potential were found to be
      dependent on the site of action of the stimulatory agent with respect to the
      formation of cyclic AMP. Thus the maximal adrenergic or peptidergic inhibition of
      the potential stimulated by exogenous cyclic AMP was significantly reduced
      compared with the maximal inhibition of the potential stimulated by either
      forskolin or glucagon. The data indicate dual modes of action by which
      epinephrine and somatostatin achieve maximal inhibition of branchial ion
      transport; a cyclic AMP-independent mechanism that is effective in the presence
      of cyclic AMP and an additional mechanism to inhibit cyclic AMP synthesis.

PMID- 2878621
TI  - Menstrual cycle and sensitivity of human fallopian tube to prostaglandins.
AB  - The shapes and frequencies of spontaneous contractions of circular muscle strips
      of the human oviduct differ during the menstrual cycles. However, under given
      conditions, the frequency and amplitude of the contractions were continuously
      reduced during perfusion with Krebs solution. In the presence of prostaglandin
      (PG) synthesis inhibitors or an antagonist, a gradual and continuous reduction
      was no longer observed, and low concentrations (10(-15)-10(-10) M) of PGE2
      markedly suppressed the amplitude and frequency of the spontaneous contractions.
      The highest sensitivity of smooth muscle cells to PGE2 was observed during the
      periovulatory phases. Spontaneous prepotentials followed by slow waves were
      observed, and the latter potentials triggered contraction of the tissue. PGE2
      (10(-14)-10(-12) M) inhibited, and PGF2 alpha (10(-9)-10(-7) M) enhanced the
      frequency of these slow waves. The amount of PGE series released from the tissues
      was twice of PGF series. These results suggest that endogenous prostaglandins
      play a physiological role in the transport of ovum in the human fallopian tube as
      a result of the regulation of spontaneous membrane and mechanical activities.

PMID- 2878622
TI  - Failure of buspirone to manage benzodiazepine withdrawal.
AB  - Fifteen patients with 146 cumulative years of tranquilizer use were withdrawn
      from their benzodiazepine (nine gradually and six abruptly), and buspirone, a new
      nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, was substituted. The addition of buspirone did not
      appear to lessen the intensity of the withdrawal state. This finding supports
      preclinical studies indicating that buspirone has no clinically significant
      benzodiazepine receptor activity.

PMID- 2878624
TI  - Do psychostimulants kindle panic disorder?

PMID- 2878623
TI  - Prevalence of misuse of prescribed benzodiazepines in patients with primary
      anxiety disorder or major depression.
AB  - Seventy-one patients with major depression or an anxiety disorder were treated
      with benzodiazepines. They were followed prospectively for evidence of misuse or
      abuse. There was no evidence of benzodiazepine abuse. Five patients (all with
      major depression) misused their benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2878625
TI  - Isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica isolates from asymptomatic carriers:
      use of gradient acrylamide gels.
AB  - A vertical polyacrylamide gradient gel (3% to 7%) was designed to facilitate the
      electrophoretic resolution and classification of isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba
      histolytica isolates. The following enzyme systems were used: phosphoglucomutase
      (PGM), hexokinase (HX), glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI), and malate
      dehydrogenase (ME). The modifications in the electrophoretic procedure and sample
      preparation allowed the reproducible comparison of enzyme patterns of axenic,
      monoxenic, and mixed cultures of E. histolytica isolated from humans. The clear
      distinction obtained in gradient polyacrylamide gels, between amebic isoenzyme
      bands and those from bacteria, renders this technique adequate for application to
      epidemiological studies where mixed cultures are used. The isoenzyme patterns of
      eight isolates from asymptomatic carriers, rigorously characterized by the
      absence of clinical, endoscopic, and serological findings were studied and
      compared with three well characterized pathogenic strains, cultured under axenic
      conditions. Our observations confirm the existence of distinct isoenzyme patterns
      for PGM, HX, and GPI in pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains, and reveal the
      consistent presence of more than one band for GPI. In addition, a previously
      undescribed band for GPI with an Rf of 0.64 in a carrier strain was found. The
      results suggest that while carriers usually harbor amebas with nonpathogenic
      isoenzyme patterns, pathogenic patterns also may be found in carriers.

PMID- 2878627
TI  - Experimental vertical transmission of Saint Louis encephalitis virus by Florida
      mosquitoes.
AB  - Vertical transmission of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus to F1 larval progeny
      was demonstrated in 8 species of mosquitoes which occur in Florida: Culex
      quinquefasciatus, Cx. nigripalpus, Cx. salinarius, Cx. restuans, Cx. opisthopus,
      Anopheles quadrimaculatus, An. albimanus, and Aedes taeniorhynchus. Relatively
      high rates of such transmission were observed in Ae. taeniorhynchus and vertical
      transmission to F1 adult progeny and venereal transmission from males to females
      also were demonstrated with this species. Larval rearing temperature affected
      transstadial transmission of the virus in Ae. taeniorhynchus, especially to the
      adult stage. Such transmission was observed with a larval rearing temperature of
      18 degrees C but not at 27 degrees C. Because of the abundance and distribution
      of Ae. taeniorhynchus in Florida, and the relatively high rates of vertical
      transmission of SLE virus observed in the present experiments, this mosquito
      species warrants further investigation as a possible overwintering host for the
      virus in that locality.

PMID- 2878626
TI  - Virus-vector-host relationships of Aedes stimulans and Jamestown Canyon virus in
      a northern Indiana enzootic focus.
AB  - Collections of hematophagous Diptera at the Kingsbury State Fish and Wildlife
      Area in northern Indiana between 1982 and 1984 yielded 118,972 mosquitoes from
      which 5 isolates of Jamestown Canyon virus and 3 isolates of trivittatus virus
      were obtained. All Jamestown Canyon isolates were from Aedes stimulans, including
      1 from a pool of newly emerged males and 2 from pools of newly emerged females.
      These 3 isolates suggest that Jamestown Canyon virus is transovarially
      transmitted by Ae. stimulans. All isolates of trivittatus virus came from pools
      of Ae. trivittatus. No isolates were obtained from greater than 4,000 tabanids
      collected along with the mosquitoes those years. Transmission trials with field
      collected newly emerged adult female Ae. stimulans demonstrated a mean midgut
      infection rate of 44%, a disseminated infection rate of 16%, and an oral
      transmission rate of 12% to suckling mice. Precipitin tests of field-collected
      bloodfed female mosquitoes indicated that white-tailed deer were the preferred
      host for numerous mosquito species including Ae. stimulans. The results of this
      study suggest that Ae. stimulans is a primary vector of Jamestown Canyon virus
      and that transovarial transmission is the probable overwintering mechanism for
      this California group virus.

PMID- 2878628
TI  - [Endocrine cells in uterine tumors].

PMID- 2878629
TI  - Testicular biopsy in children with leukemia and cryptorchidism: is confirmatory
      biopsy of undescended testis necessary?

PMID- 2878630
TI  - Potentiation of epidural opioids with epidural droperidol. A one year
      retrospective study.
AB  - During a period of one year, 119 patients with chronic pain received injections
      of opioids via a catheter inserted in the lumbar epidural space. Twenty-three
      patients (19%) showed evidence of tolerance and were given droperidol 1.25-5.0 mg
      epidurally. In 20 patients in this study, there was a significant reduction in
      the number of epidural opioid injections. Six patients complained of excessive
      sedation, which disappeared when the dose of droperidol was reduced, although
      this did not affect the analgesia. One patient given an accidental overdose of
      droperidol developed reversible Parkinsonism. It is concluded that epidural
      administration of the dopamine antagonist droperidol may be beneficial as
      supplementary medication to epidural opioids when tolerance develops.

PMID- 2878631
TI  - Recovery times following edrophonium and neostigmine reversal of pancuronium,
      atracurium, and vecuronium steady-state infusions.
AB  - The ability of edrophonium and neostigmine to antagonize nondepolarizing
      neuromuscular blockade produced by steady-state infusions of atracurium,
      pancuronium, and vecuronium was studied in 71 adult patients anesthetized with
      nitrous oxide and halothane. Infusion rates of blocking drugs were adjusted so
      that single twitch depression as measured by the evoked integrated EMG of the
      hypothenar muscles was kept at 10% of control. Two minutes after the termination
      of the infusion either edrophonium (0.75 mg/kg) or neostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) was
      administered. Single twitch depression and train-of-four (T4/T1) fade was
      recorded during the recovery period. T4/T1 fade ratios observed at 20 min
      postreversal were 0.80 (atracurium-edrophonium); 0.76 (vecuronium-edrophonium);
      0.44 (pancuronium-edrophonium); 0.95 (atracurium-neostigmine); 0.89 (vecuronium
      neostigmine); and 0.68 (pancuronium-neostigmine). Under conditions of this study
      neostigmine produced more rapid and complete recovery than did edrophonium.
      Although edrophonium produced adequate antagonism of atracurium if 20-30 min were
      allowed to elapse, edrophonium reversal of pancuronium was rarely acceptable even
      at 30 min. Increasing the dose of edrophonium to 1.0 mg/kg produced single twitch
      values of 0.90 at 5 min postreversal but did not increase the rate of recovery of
      the train-of-four fade ratio. Neostigmine reversal of pancuronium, on the other
      hand, generally produced T4/T1 ratios of greater than 0.70 in 20-30 min. Although
      the pattern of recovery seen after reversal of vecuronium was in general quite
      similar to that seen after atracurium, two patients in the vecuronium-edrophonium
      group showed delayed recovery and also failed to respond significantly to
      subsequent doses of neostigmine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878632
TI  - Effects of beta adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists in diabetics with
      symptoms of postural hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - Eleven patients with hyperadrenergic diabetic postural hypotension and vagal
      neuropathy were treated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with
      different beta-agonists and antagonists. A single dose of the beta 2-agonist
      terbutaline (5 mg) and the beta 1 + 2-agonist orciprenaline (10 mg) did not
      reduce the fall in systolic pressure on standing up, despite a significant
      increase in both supine and standing heart rates. The beta 1-antagonist with
      intrinsic sympathicomimetic activity (ISA) acebutolol (200 mg) and the beta 1
      antagonist metoprolol (50 mg) did not influence the fall in systolic pressure
      either, despite a significant decrease in supine and standing heart rates and
      disappearance of increase in heart rate on standing up. Only the beta 1 + 2
      antagonist propranolol and the beta 1 + 2-antagonist with ISA pindolol (5 mg)
      could significantly reduce or practically abolish the fall in systolic and
      diastolic pressure on standing up. This was accompanied by a slight decrease of
      heart rates and disappearance of difference between supine and standing heart
      rates, as seen with the other beta-antagonists. Thus, only beta 2-blockade
      reduced or abolished the fall in systolic pressure on standing up in our
      patients. These data were confirmed by a three-week crossover trial in 10 of
      these patients.

PMID- 2878633
TI  - [Evaluation of enzyme modules of the Beckman Astra 8].
AB  - We evaluated the analytical performances of the Beckman Astra 8 enzyme analyser
      which allows the determination of the 6 enzymes (creatine kinase, Aspartate
      aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl-transferase, lactate
      dehydrogenase, Alcaline Phosphatases), in a same serum sample with only two
      modules. We compared the results obtained in the healthy and pathological
      subject's sera with those given by a centrifugal analyser IL Multistat III
      (Delhomme) using reagents and temperature recommended by SFBC (Societe Francaise
      de Biologie Clinique). Instrument utilization is greatly helped by various alarms
      and diagnostic programmes. Results for emergency and routine determinations
      accord with those announced by the manufacturer and those required for a modern
      enzymatic analyzer.

PMID- 2878634
TI  - Prevalence of K88, K99, and 987P pili of Escherichia coli in neonatal pigs with
      enteric colibacillosis.
AB  - One hundred nineteen live neonatal pigs with diarrhea less than or equal to 2
      weeks old were euthanatized, and frozen sections of their ilea were submitted to
      an indirect fluorescent antibody technique to identify K88, K99, and 987P pili
      (also referred to as F-4, F-5, and F-6 pili, respectively) in Escherichia coli.
      Ten-centimeter ileal sections were used to determine numbers of lactose
      fermenting bacteria. Of 52 pigs in which E coli pili were found, 14 had K88
      (27%), 23 had K99 (44%), 13 had 987P (25%), and 2 had K88 and K99 simultaneously
      (4%). Numbers of lactose-fermenting bacteria were significantly (P less than or
      equal to 0.05) higher in pigs with piliated E coli than in pigs without piliated
      E coli. Results of this study indicated that piliated E coli are a major cause of
      enteric disease in neonatal swine in Michigan, and that in pigs less than or
      equal to 2 weeks of age, K99 was the most frequently encountered pilus antigen.

PMID- 2878635
TI  - Increase of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in neonatal Standardbred foals.
AB  - Serial blood samples were obtained from 16 Standardbred foals from time of birth
      to postpartum day 28. Sera were obtained and analyzed for gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate transaminase, and immunoglobulin (Ig) G.
      Presuckle colostrum from the respective mares of these foals was analyzed for GGT
      activity. Mean serum aspartate transaminase activities were significantly
      increased above presuckle values by postpartum hour 48 (P less than 0.01) and
      increased gradually over the first 14 days. Mean serum IgG concentrations were
      significantly greater than presuckle values by 5 hours after foals first suckled
      (P less than 0.01) and remained significantly increased during the 28-day
      sampling period. Serum GGT activity did not differ significantly over the period
      sampled. The SD were large, since there was a large degree of interindividual
      variation. Serum GGT activity in the foals was significantly increased over that
      in the mares throughout the period of the study. The profile of serum GGT
      activity over time in each foal did not show a pattern of change. There was no
      postsuckle increase in serum GGT activity nor a correlation between serum GGT
      activities and IgG concentrations at 24 hours after foals first suckled. Evidence
      was not obtained to support a colostric source of GGT involved in the increase of
      serum GGT activity in foals. Serum GGT activity seems to be increased in foals
      due to endogenous sources.

PMID- 2878636
TI  - Effects of the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, on asthmatic airway responses
      to muscarinic, histaminergic, and allergenic stimuli.

PMID- 2878637
TI  - Molecular genetics and T cells in autoimmunity.

PMID- 2878638
TI  - Absence of antibody to HTLV I and III in sera of Canadian patients with multiple
      sclerosis and chronic myelopathy.
AB  - Recently, elevated titers of antibody to HTLV I have been demonstrated in
      patients with tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis. We evaluated
      the possible role of human retroviruses HTLV I and III in Canadian patients with
      multiple sclerosis and chronic idiopathic myelopathy. Using sensitive enzyme
      immunoassays, we were unable to find antibody to either HTLV I or III in 201
      patients with multiple sclerosis, 29 patients with chronic myelopathy, 51
      patients with other neurological disorders, or 29 normal subjects. These data do
      not support a role for these viruses in the cause of sporadic multiple sclerosis
      and chronic myelopathy in a regionally based Canadian population, but do not
      exclude a role for other antigenically distinct retroviruses.

PMID- 2878639
TI  - A postmortem study of amino acid neurotransmitters in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Concentrations of putative neurotransmitter amino acids were measured in
      postmortem brains from 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 10 controls.
      Glutamate, aspartate, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and alanine levels
      were examined in 9 cortical regions, hippocampus, thalamus, and basal ganglia
      using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
      There were no significant alterations in aspartate, taurine, or alanine levels in
      any of the regions examined. Widespread significant reductions in cortical GABA
      concentrations were observed in the Alzheimer's brains, with the largest
      decreases in the temporal lobe. Overall values for glutamate concentrations in
      temporal and frontal cortices showed a significant 12% reduction in Alzheimer's
      brains, but the only individual cortical region showing a significant reduction
      in glutamate was the inferior temporal gyrus. These results suggest that gamma
      aminobutyric acidergic neurons in Alzheimer's cerebral cortex may be selectively
      vulnerable to the disease process.

PMID- 2878640
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of the interaction of cultures of Bordetella
      pertussis altered by antibiotic action with a human amniotic cell culture].
AB  - The adhesive properties of B. pertussis subjected to long-term subcultivation on
      nutrient media with antibiotics were studied with electron microscopy and it was
      shown that under the action of erythromycin the adhesive capacity of B. pertussis
      markedly decreased. Subcultivation on media with tetracycline did not lower the
      adhesive activity of B. pertussis. Changes in the adhesive properties of B.
      pertussis under the action of the antibiotics correlated with changes in
      toxicity, serovars and ultrastructure of the bacteria in the population.

PMID- 2878641
TI  - Effect of human milk folate binding protein on folate intestinal transport.
AB  - The present study examined the effect of human milk folate binding protein (FBP)
      on the intestinal transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3H4PteGlu). This was
      performed by examining the transport of radiolabeled 5-CH3H4PteGlu bound to FBP
      using everted sacs of rat intestine. In the jejunum at pH 6, transport of 27 nM
      bound 5-CH3H4PteGlu was linear with time for 30 min of incubation. Transport of
      13 nM bound 5-CH3H4PteGlu was higher in the jejunum than in the ileum at both pH
      6 (2.1 +/- 0.3 and 0.36 +/- 0.03 pmol/g wet wt/25 min, respectively) and pH 8
      (1.9 +/- 0.3 and 0.32 +/- 0.02 pmol/g wet wt/25 min, respectively). In the
      jejunum, transport of 13 nM bound 5-CH3H4PteGlu at pH 6 was less than transport
      of an equimolar concentration of free 5-CH3H4PteGlu (2.1 +/- 0.3 and 5.1 +/- 0.5
      pmol/g wet wt/25 min, respectively) but was similar at pH 8 (1.9 +/- 0.3 and 2.47
      +/- 0.3 pmol/g wet wt/25 min, respectively). In the ileum transport of bound and
      free 5-CH3H4PteGlu was similar at pH 6 (0.36 +/- 0.03) and 0.41 +/- 0.06 pmol/g
      wet wt/25 min, respectively) and pH 8 (0.32 +/- 0.02 and 0.43 +/- 0.1 pmol/g wet
      wt/25 min, respectively). The transport process of bound 5-CH3H4PteGlu in the
      jejunum was energy, temperature, and Na+ dependent, but not pH dependent, and was
      competitively inhibited by sulfasalazine. Ninety-two percent of the transport
      substrate that appeared in the serosal compartment following incubation with
      bound 5-CH3H4PteGlu was found to be free (unbound) 5-CH3H4PteGlu. These results
      show that human milk FBP decreases the rate of transport of 5-CH3H4PteGlu in the
      jejunum and suggest that FBP-bound 5-CH3H4PteGlu may utilize the same transport
      system as free 5-CH3H4PteGlu. The results also suggest a role for human milk FBP
      in regulating the nutritional bioavailability of folate.

PMID- 2878642
TI  - [Human cancers and viruses].
AB  - There is an increased amount of evidence to suggest that viruses play important
      roles in the development of certain types of human tumors. These include the
      hepatitis B virus in hepatocellular carcinoma, human papillomaviruses in cervical
      cancer, Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma,
      and human T-lymphotrophic virus in adult T cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia.
      These pieces of evidence have accumulated from both clinical and basic studies
      which have shown that these viruses are involved in some stage of the
      carcinogenic process. Because of the rapid development of techniques and
      knowledge of molecular biology, most of the gene structures of these viruses and
      their products have been identified. These results make it possible to understand
      more clearly the route of infection and have facilitated the production of
      vaccines, using DNA-recombinant techniques. A significant decrease in the
      incidence of these types of cancers is expected through prevention programs
      conducted throughout the general population against these viruses within 10 to 20
      years. These virus-related human cancers also provide us with a good opportunity
      to understand the basic mechanisms involved in the development of human cancers
      in general. In the present paper, these points are stressed in addition to
      describing the recent progress made in the study on virus-related human cancers.

PMID- 2878643
TI  - The effect of carbaryl and malathion in combination on gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase and glutathione S-alkyltransferase activity in vitro.

PMID- 2878644
TI  - Serum and synovial fluid levels of angiotensin converting enzyme in
      polyarthritis.
AB  - Serum levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 48), osteoarthritis (OA) (n = 11), ankylosing
      spondylitis (n = 24), psoriatic arthritis (n = 12), and Behcet's syndrome (n =
      20) were not significantly different from those of normal controls (n = 26).
      Synovial fluid ACE activity was lower in OA than in RA but was similar when
      corrected for protein levels. An increase in serum ACE concentration in patients
      with RA receiving captopril therapy is in agreement with previous results. There
      was some correlation of ACE with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C
      reactive protein (CRP) but not with clinical indices in captopril treated
      patients. It is suggested that the beneficial actions of captopril in the
      treatment of RA are not due to its activity as an ACE inhibitor, but more
      probably a result of captopril being an aliphatic thiol.

PMID- 2878646
TI  - Sulphasalazine hepatotoxicity: lack of a hypersensitivity response.

PMID- 2878647
TI  - Longitudinal study of diarrhoeal disease in a peri-urban community in Manaus
      (Amazon-Brazil).
AB  - A 20-month longitudinal study of diarrhoeal disease was carried out in a poor
      peri-urban community of Manaus (Amazon-Brazil), and the attack rate of this
      disease ranged from 0.2 to 4.8 episodes of diarrhoea per person per year. The age
      group most affected was 0 to 35 months old. A probable aetiological agent was
      identified in 68 of the 110 faecal samples collected. The most frequent
      enteropathogens isolated were enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Giardia
      lamblia. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was also isolated from stream-water and
      from flies collected inside a household.

PMID- 2878645
TI  - The abnormal cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus in rheumatoid
      arthritis is correlated with disease activity and occurs in other arthropathies.
AB  - The cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus as measured by the regression
      assay was found to be impaired in a group of patients with active rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA). When these patients responded clinically to treatment with
      sulphasalazine there was a concomitant increase in the strength of this virus
      specific T cell response. The suggestion of a correlation between disease
      activity and impairment in this immune response was borne out in studies of other
      groups of patients with RA. Thus six out of 10 hospitalised patients had abnormal
      regression compared with six out of 31 patients seen routinely as outpatients.
      Studies of patients with inflammatory arthropathies other than RA, however, also
      showed abnormal regression in four out of 16 patients. It is concluded that the
      impairment in the cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus in RA is
      influenced by disease activity, and that this abnormality is not a specific
      feature of rheumatoid disease.

PMID- 2878648
TI  - Fifteen years' experience with the internal mammary artery graft.
AB  - Initially, the internal mammary artery (IMA) was implanted into the myocardium,
      and 10 years later it was anastomosed directly to coronary arteries. Our
      experience with the IMA started with single attached grafts. To reduce injury to
      the pedicle and improve anastomotic accuracy, magnification, microsurgical
      techniques, and cardioplegia were introduced. After establishing excellent long
      term patency of the IMA and knowing of the high incidence of obstruction in
      saphenous vein grafts 7 to 10 years after operation, we hypothesized that
      multiple IMA coronary anastomoses could improve the long-term results of coronary
      artery bypass grafting. Bilateral IMA, sequential IMA, and IMA Y-grafts were used
      to increase the number of mammary coronary anastomoses to 3.1 per patient. Early
      clinical results and patency evaluations are encouraging. In our experience, the
      IMA has evolved from being implanted into the myocardium, to a single bypass
      graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery, and finally to being the
      bypass conduit of choice supplying blood to three or more obstructed coronary
      arteries or their branches.

PMID- 2878649
TI  - Selective inhibitory effect of the analog D5-F-TrP8-D-Cys14 somatostatin on the
      arginine induced release of insulin, growth hormone and glucagon, in normal human
      beings.

PMID- 2878650
TI  - Analogs of hypothalamic hormones. Present and future clinical applications.

PMID- 2878651
TI  - Electroencephalographic and behavioral changes produced by 5 beta progestins and
      its antagonism by 4-aminopyridine.

PMID- 2878652
TI  - [H2-antihistaminics. 31. 1,2,5-Triazine-2,4-diamines and -2,4,6-triamines with H2
      antagonistic activity].

PMID- 2878654
TI  - Effect of macular ablation on frequency and latency of motion-induced emesis in
      the squirrel monkey.
AB  - Three previously motion-emetic sensitive squirrel monkeys were rendered
      refractory to a standard motion-emetic regimen by a two-stage
      utriculosacculectomy procedure which preserved the cristae ampullares of
      semicircular canals. Three non-operated control squirrel monkeys tested on the
      same motion-emetic regimen time schedule as the operated animals remained motion
      emetic sensitive with regard to incidence, frequency, and latency of motion
      induced emetic responses. Following a sham surgical procedure (stapedectomy)
      performed on two of the latter animals and one additional new animal, the emetic
      incidence decreased from 100% to 89%, but the frequency and latency were not
      altered significantly.

PMID- 2878653
TI  - [Determination of phenazone distribution in the liver and spleen in the
      evaluation of the effect of alpha adrenergic blocking drugs in the rat].

PMID- 2878655
TI  - Use of drugs in cardiac rehabilitation.

PMID- 2878657
TI  - Uncoupler titrations in co-reconstituted systems do not discriminate between
      localized and delocalized mechanisms of photo-phosphorylation.

PMID- 2878658
TI  - Possibilities and problems in genomic diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      with molecular probes.
AB  - Selected families affected with Duchenne muscular dystrophy from an extensive
      pedigree analysis with linked restriction fragment length polymorphisms and
      creatine kinase estimations are compiled to demonstrate the various counselling
      situations for carrier determination and prenatal diagnosis. The creatine kinase
      determination suffers from approximately 30% false negative values in carrier
      determination. The DNA analysis is limited by the uninformativity of the DNA
      markers and the occurrence of meiotic crossovers between the particular
      restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern and the Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy locus. The use of markers bridging the Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      locus, such as 754 and C7, is presently best suited for this purpose but is
      applicable to only a relatively small number of cases. The use of the physically
      closer probe, pERT 87, is much more informative althrough it too recombines with
      the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. DNA analysis allows prenatal diagnosis for
      unaffected boys from the restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern
      confined to the healthy grandpaternal X-chromosome in cases where the carrier
      status of the mother is established or in doubt. As in the case of carrier
      determination, crossover events and uninformativity of restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms limit the feasibility of this approach.

PMID- 2878656
TI  - Formation of hexose 6-phosphates from lactate + pyruvate + glutamate by a cell
      free system from rat liver.
AB  - A cell-free system prepared from rat liver containing cytosol and mitochondria as
      well as a number of cofactors and gluconeogenic intermediates at near
      physiological concentrations was shown to form hexose 6-phosphates linearly from
      lactate + pyruvate + glutamate at a rate of 0.82 +/- 0.05 mumol/min per g of
      liver (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 8, 37 degrees C). The indicated rates were measured
      between 20 min and 60 min incubation time, when the system was near steady state.
      Experiments with either [1-14C]lactate or [U-14C]glutamate revealed that the
      incorporation of radioactive label into hexose 6-phosphates was proportional to
      the utilization of lactate + pyruvate and of glutamate during incubation and that
      both served as gluconeogenic substrates at a ratio of about 2:1. When the
      [ATP]/[ADP] ratio was lowered from 60 to 19 by addition of ATPase, the rate of
      hexose 6-phosphate formation fell to one-third. This decrease in gluconeogenic
      flux was mainly due to a decreased flow through the phosphoglycerate kinase step.
      Hexose 6-phosphate formation could also be decreased by increasing the ratio
      [NADH]/[NAD+], either by addition of ethanol or by increasing the initial
      concentration of lactate + pyruvate at a fixed ratio of 10:1. The observed
      inhibition was linked to a limitation in the availability of oxaloacetate for the
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction and to an increased formation of sn
      glycerol 3-phosphate. Finally, the rates of hexose 6-phosphate formation in
      incubations with cytosols from fed rats were only 50% of those observed with
      cytosols from animals starved for 48 h. One of the limiting steps was found to be
      the flow through the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase step.

PMID- 2878659
TI  - [Alanine aminopeptidases from small intestinal mucosa of dogs, rabbits and trout.
      I. Characterization of the "protease forms"].
AB  - Alanine aminopeptidases from the mucous membranes of the small intestines of dog,
      rabbit and trout were concentrated 200 fold in the case of dog and rabbit, and 15
      fold in the case of trout. The enzymes were analyzed with respect to substrate
      specificity, effector behaviour, optimum pH value, Michaelis constants and
      molecular weight. The values obtained for these enzymes are not consistent in all
      points with those found for alanine aminopeptidases isolated from the mucous
      membrane of human jejunum and ileum.

PMID- 2878660
TI  - [Alanine aminopeptidase from small intestinal mucosa of dogs, rabbits and trout.
      II. Behaviour of "detergent forms"].
AB  - Alanine aminopeptidases from the mucous membranes of the small intestines of dog,
      rabbit and trout were purified as detergent forms. The enzymes obtained were
      characterized with respect to substrate specificity, effector behaviour,
      Michaelis constants, molecular weight and temperature dependence. In comparison
      to data of the protease forms of the alanine aminopeptidases, differences could
      be demonstrated.

PMID- 2878661
TI  - Natural history of the retrovirus associated with a human leukemia.

PMID- 2878664
TI  - More on the homeobox.

PMID- 2878663
TI  - On the homeobox and its significance.

PMID- 2878662
TI  - Homeo box fever, extrapolation and developmental biology.

PMID- 2878665
TI  - Potentiation by reduced glutathione of adriamycin-stimulated lipid peroxidation
      in kidney microsomes.

PMID- 2878666
TI  - Synapsin I: a synaptic vesicle-associated neuronal phosphoprotein.

PMID- 2878668
TI  - High plasma protein binding as a parameter in the selection of betablockers for
      lactating women.

PMID- 2878667
TI  - Effect of five structurally diverse H2-receptor antagonists on drug metabolism.
AB  - Some H2-receptor antagonists can interact with the biotransformation of other
      drugs. This is due to their binding to cytochrome P-450. We tested the in vitro
      effects of 5 different H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine (C), oxmetidine (O),
      ranitidine (R), famotidine (F) and nizatidine (N) on arylhydrocarbon-hydroxylase,
      7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase and 7-ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase activity using
      liver microsomes from man as well as from untreated, phenobarbital and 3
      methylcholanthrene treated rats. In addition their binding to human microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 was evaluated. The in vivo effects of these antagonists were
      investigated on the hepatic elimination of diazepam in healthy volunteers. In
      vitro O was found to be the most effective inhibitor of the enzyme activities
      studied. C showed a clear inhibitory effect only with rat liver microsomes
      whereas the remaining drugs were more than 10 times less potent. The binding
      affinities of these antagonists showed a similar tendency: the Ks-values for O, C
      and R were 0.2, 0.9 and 5.1 mM, respectively; for F and N no binding up to 4 mM
      could be observed. However, in man, only C inhibited the hepatic elimination of
      diazepam by about 45% while R, O, N and F did not affect the pharmacokinetics of
      diazepam. Thus, it could be concluded from our studies that one cannot
      extrapolate in vitro data of the inhibitory potency of H2-receptor antagonists in
      every case to human in vivo drug metabolism.

PMID- 2878669
TI  - Antisecretory effects of two new histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - N-(3-[3-(1-Piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl)acetoxyaceta mide hydrochloride (Hoe
      760) and N-(3-[3-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl)glycolamine hydrochloride
      (Hoe 062) are highly specific H2-receptor antagonists. The compounds are
      equipotent after intragastrical or intravenous administration. The antagonists
      inhibited gastric acid secretion in the rat induced by all stimuli tested,
      carbachol, desglugastrin and histamine. In the Heidenhain pouch dog whose gastric
      acid secretion was stimulated by food or histamine the two receptor blockers
      proved to be 4-6 times more potent inhibitors than cimetidine.

PMID- 2878670
TI  - Neural basis of psychomotor stimulant and opiate reward: evidence suggesting the
      involvement of a common dopaminergic system.
AB  - Data are reviewed that suggest a common neural system may be involved in the
      rewarding properties of psychomotor stimulant and opiate drugs. This neural
      system corresponds to elements in the ventral tegmental dopamine system with cell
      bodies in the ventral tegmentum and axon terminals in the nucleus accumbens.
      Several lines of evidence have shown that psychomotor stimulant reward involves a
      drug action in the nucleus accumbens and that opiate reward involves a drug
      action in the ventral tegmentum. Activation of the ventral tegmental system at
      either synaptic element can produce reinforcement by an enhancement of
      dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. Although additional
      brain systems may be involved in the rewarding actions of these compounds, their
      ability to activate the ventral tegmental dopamine system appears to make an
      important contribution to their net reinforcing impact.

PMID- 2878671
TI  - Neurotransmitters, pathways and circuits as the neural substrates of self
      stimulation of the prefrontal cortex: facts and speculations.
AB  - Through a multidisciplinary approach considerable progress has been made in
      understanding the neural substrates of self-stimulation (SS) of the medial
      prefrontal cortex (MPC). Thus, neuroanatomical studies have revealed that
      intrinsic neurones in the MPC seem to be the central elements responsible for
      initiating and maintaining this phenomenon in this area of the brain.
      Complementary to this central finding are the electrophysiological and
      neurohistological data reviewed here, showing that neurones in the MPC are
      directly activated and have monosynaptic feed-back connections with neurones
      located in areas which also support SS. These findings have given rise to the
      hypothesis that several single feed-back pathways or single circuits exist
      between points of SS in the MPC and points of SS in other areas of the brain.
      This hypothesis implies that SS in a particular area would depend not only on the
      intrinsic local activity induced by the electrical stimulation but on the
      functional and specific activity of other nuclei in the brain. The fact that
      lesions of single circuits, which are apparently involved in SS of the MPC such
      as the medial prefrontal cortex-ventrotegmental area-medial prefrontal cortex and
      medial prefrontal cortex-n. dorsomedialis of the thalamus-medial prefrontal
      cortex, do not produce a permanent decrease of SS, together with the finding that
      transynaptic connections seem to exist between MPC and other areas of the brain,
      suggests further that a complex rather than several single independent circuits
      could be at the neural basis of SS of the MPC. If that were the case, then SS of
      the MPC would not only depend upon local and single feed-back activity but upon
      specific functional feed-back activity among the nuclei, which in turn have
      single feed-back connections with the MPC (see the concept of 'complex circuit'
      outlined in the section of Behavioural studies). On the basis of this hypothesis
      no permanent changes should be expected after lesions of single pathways since
      physiological and even anatomical compensation could be reached through the rest
      of the undamaged circuit. That terminals containing specific neurotransmitters
      exist in layers of the PC where electrodes for SS are located has been reviewed
      in this paper. Some of these neurotransmitters have been suggested to be part of
      the local substrates activated by SS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878672
TI  - A neuropharmacological study of the periventricular neural substrate involved in
      flight.
AB  - This paper reviews results obtained in experiments concerning the neurochemical
      characteristics of the substrate involved in the control of flight reactions and
      the induction of aversive effects in the rat. These experiments investigated the
      behavioural effects produced by microinjecting into the periaqueductal grey
      matter (PAG) or the medial hypothalamus (MH) compounds known to interfere with
      the functioning of some neurotransmitter systems known to exist in these
      structures. The data obtained show that: the activity of the substrate involved
      in the production of flight reactions is tonically inhibited by the release of
      GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid); the behavioural reactions produced by
      microinjecting GABA antagonists can be clearly distinguished, depending on
      whether such drugs were injected into the PAG or the MH, despite the fact that
      jumps were produced from either level; behavioural effects, comparable to some
      extent to those produced by microinjections of GABA antagonists, can be obtained
      by injecting drugs which act on non-GABAergic neurochemical substrates, namely
      opioidergic or cholinergic systems; and behavioural effects, comparable to those
      produced by injecting GABA antagonists into the PAG, can be obtained by injecting
      such drugs into various sites located in other parts of the tectum such as the
      inferior colliculus or adjacent structures.

PMID- 2878673
TI  - Flight induced by microinjection of D-tubocurarine or alpha-bungarotoxin into
      medial hypothalamus or periaqueductal gray matter: cholinergic or GABAergic
      mediation?
AB  - Microinjections of various doses (50-300 ng) of the nicotinic antagonist D
      tubocurarine (TUBO) into the rat's medial hypothalamus (MH) or dorsal
      periaqueductal gray (PAG) produced flight reactions characterized by jumps. Two
      different types of flight reactions were produced depending on whether the drug
      was injected into the MH or into the PAG. MH injections provoked an increase in
      both locomotor activity and rearing together with well-oriented jumps. PAG
      injections provoked either freezing reactions or running with explosive jumps,
      but no increase in rearing. In addition, the rat exhibited an asymmetry in
      responsiveness to tactile stimulation. These reactions also differed depending on
      whether the drug was injected into the dorsal or ventral PAG. Behavioral
      reactions similar to those produced by TUBO were also produced by microinjection
      of the GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline into the same brain sites. Among the
      4 putative cholinergic antagonists tested under the same conditions only alpha
      bungarotoxin produced effects that were qualitatively similar to those induced by
      D-tubocurarine or bicuculline. Gallamine and hemicholinium produced tremor when
      injected into sites located near the ventricular system at either the MH or the
      PAG level, while vocalizations were only produced by PAG injections.
      Hexamethonium produced no marked effect. The hypothesis that flight reactions
      induced by D-tubocurarine or alpha-bungarotoxin do not result from their
      antinicotinic action but rather from a direct effect on GABAergic transmission is
      discussed.

PMID- 2878674
TI  - Detection of TSH-binding inhibiting immunoglobulins in patients with Graves'
      disease and non toxic goiter.
AB  - The test of TSH-binding inhibiting antibodies is proving to be very useful for
      diagnosis and prognosis of hyperthyroidism. The aim of this investigation was to
      detect, with radioreceptor assay system, the incidence of TSH-binding inhibiting
      immunoglobulins (TIBAb) in our people. Therefore were examined sera of 19
      patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism (150 and 40, mean age 39.9 years, range 24
      62) and 9 patients with non toxic goiter (70, 20 mean age 46.6 years, range 25
      46) at the first assessment, during treatment along twelve months and after
      another four months at the end of drug management. 12/19 patients with Graves'
      syndrome were TIBAB positive (sensitivity 63%) before drug therapy. The
      prevalence of TIBAb in sera increased after therapy (14/19) but values at the end
      declined. Three patients (two with persistent high levels of TIBAb at the end of
      treatment) relapsed. TIBAb were negative in patients with non toxic goiter (and
      in all normal subjects).

PMID- 2878675
TI  - Early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: a randomised,
      double blind, placebo controlled comparison of recurrent ischaemia in patients
      treated with nifedipine or metoprolol or both. Report of The Holland
      Interuniversity Nifedipine/Metoprolol Trial (HINT) Research Group.
AB  - A multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial of nifedipine,
      metoprolol, and nifedipine and metoprolol combined was conducted in a group of
      338 patients with unstable angina not pretreated with a beta blocker and of
      nifedipine in 177 patients pretreated with a beta blocker. The main outcome event
      was recurrent ischaemia or myocardial infarction within 48 hours. Trial
      medication effects were expressed as ratios of event rates relative to placebo.
      In patients not pretreated with a beta blocker the event rate ratios with
      associated 95% confidence intervals were 1.15 (0.83, 1.64) for nifedipine, 0.76
      (0.49, 1.16) for metoprolol, and 0.80 (0.53, 1.19) for nifedipine and metoprolol
      combined. In patients already on a beta blocker the addition of nifedipine was
      beneficial (rate ratio 0.68 (0.47, 0.97). Equal numbers of patients developed
      myocardial infarction and reversible ischaemia. Most infarctions occurred early,
      within six hours of randomisation. In patients not already on a beta blocker the
      nifedipine rate ratio for infarction only was 1.51 (0.87, 2.74). These results
      suggest that in patients not on previous beta blockade metoprolol has a
      beneficial short term effect on unstable angina, that fixed combination with
      nifedipine provides no further gain, and that nifedipine may be detrimental. On
      the other hand, the addition of nifedipine to existing beta blockade when the
      patient's condition becomes unstable seems beneficial.

PMID- 2878676
TI  - Oral xamoterol in patients with sinoatrial disease.
AB  - Twelve patients with sinoatrial disease were assessed while on oral xamoterol
      (200 mg twice daily) and placebo by a double blind randomised, crossover trial
      that lasted four weeks. Nine of the patients had been referred for permanent
      pacing. Xamoterol produced favourable changes in the number of pauses and the
      mean heart rate in six patients. Another patient deteriorated on xamoterol. Six
      patients were started on long term xamoterol. Xamoterol produces short term
      electrocardiographic improvement in some, but not all, patients with symptomatic
      sinoatrial disease.

PMID- 2878677
TI  - Anaesthesia for heart transplantation. A retrospective study and review.
AB  - The anaesthetic records of 261 heart transplant recipients were reviewed. Data
      collected included demographic characteristics, physical status, results of
      preoperative cardiac catheterization studies, anaesthetics agents and incidences
      of complications which may have been related to anaesthetic management. Forty
      five patients received a volatile agent (methoxyflurane 31, enflurane 10,
      halothane 4) and 216 patients were anaesthetized with a high-dose narcotic
      technique (morphine 122, fentanyl 71, hydromorphone 14, meperidine 9).
      Hypotension and arrhythmias were correlated with use of volatile and narcotic
      anaesthetics, respectively. No mortality was associated with anaesthetic
      management.

PMID- 2878678
TI  - Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies on bufuralol in man.
AB  - Observations were made in eight subjects who exercised before and at 1, 2, 4, 6,
      8 and 24 h after the double-blind oral administration of placebo, bufuralol 7.5,
      15, 30, 60 and 120 mg and propranolol 40 and 160 mg. The exercise heart rate
      remained constant after placebo. Bufuralol 7.5 mg and propranolol 40 mg reduced
      exercise heart rate up to 6 and 8 h respectively after dosing but bufuralol 15,
      30, 60 and 120 mg and propranolol 160 mg were still active at 24 h. The lowest
      exercise heart rate occurred at 2 h after all active treatments. Bufuralol 60 and
      120 mg produced similar reduction in exercise tachycardia as propranolol 40 mg
      but less than propranolol 160 mg. Plasma levels of bufuralol and its two major
      metabolites were measured. The peak plasma concentrations of bufuralol occurred
      at 1.5 h after 7.5 mg and at 2 h after the other doses of bufuralol. In six
      subjects the plasma elimination half-life of bufuralol was 2.61 +/- 0.18 h and in
      the other three subjects 4.85 +/- 0.35 h. There was a corresponding longer time
      to peak concentration and plasma elimination half-life of the two metabolites in
      these three subjects. These findings show that bufuralol is a potent beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. It has a long duration of
      action and there is bimodal metabolism of the drug in man.

PMID- 2878679
TI  - The action of a dopamine (DA1) receptor agonist, fenoldopam in human vasculature
      in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate dopaminergic mechanisms in human
      vasculature using the selective vascular dopamine receptor agonist fenoldopam in
      vivo and in vitro. In vivo, forearm blood flow was measured plethysmographically
      and in vitro isolated rings of human blood vessels from a variety of sites were
      used for tissue bath studies. Intra-arterial fenoldopam markedly increased
      forearm blood flow, this effect was antagonised by (R) sulpiride, a vascular
      dopamine (DA1) antagonist, but not by metoclopramide, a neuronal (DA2)
      antagonist, or by guanethidine, an adrenergic neurone blocking agent. In vitro,
      fenoldopam relaxed preconstricted human renal, mesenteric and lumbar arteries,
      but not saphenous vein in a concentration dependent manner. (RS) sulpiride and
      SCH 23390 competitively antagonised this effect. These studies demonstrate the
      presence of a vasodilatory vascular dopamine receptor in man both in vivo and in
      vitro.

PMID- 2878681
TI  - Atypical angiomatosis in polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - Biopsies from an area of livedo reticularis and adjacent to a leg ulcer in a
      woman with polyarteritis nodosa showed florid angioendothelial proliferation
      simulating angiosarcoma. This angioproliferative reaction has not been described
      previously in polyarteritis nodosa. Its microscopic differentiation from
      angiosarcoma is important.

PMID- 2878680
TI  - A comparative study on the ventilatory and haemodynamic effects of xamoterol and
      atenolol in asthmatic patients.
AB  - The effects of single oral doses of atenolol 50 mg and xamoterol 200 mg (a
      recently developed partial beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist) on lung function, heart
      rate and blood pressure were investigated in 11 patients with asthma. Xamoterol
      caused a significant increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, which
      changes are consistent with the partial beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist activity of
      this drug. Atenolol induced a significant decrease in FEV1 and the forced vital
      capacity (FVC); there was a non-significant change in FEV1 and FVC after
      xamoterol. There was no significant difference between the effects of atenolol
      and xamoterol of FEV1 and FVC. Bronchospasm induced by atenolol 50 mg and
      xamoterol 200 mg was completely reversed by inhalation of the beta 2-adrenoceptor
      agonist terbutaline to a cumulative dose of 4.0 mg.

PMID- 2878683
TI  - Effect of light and calcium on cyclic GMP synthesis in rod outer segments of toad
      retina.
AB  - The rod outer segments of toad retina contain a guanylate cyclase activity of
      about 3 +/- 1 nmol of cGMP formed/min per mg protein. In darkness this value is
      largely independent of the Ca2+ concentration, although it is enhanced by light
      upon lowering the Ca2+ concentration from 10(-5) to 10(-8) M. The activating
      effect of light on cyclase at low Ca2+ concentrations is enlarged upon increasing
      the light intensity. With a flash of light bleaching 7 X 10(-2) percent of
      rhodopsin, cyclase activity increased by a factor of 30 when Ca2+ levels dropped
      from 10(-5) to 10(-8) M. In view of recent observations that shortly after a
      flash of light the calcium activity inside the photoreceptor cell decreases, it
      seems likely that Ca2+ plays a regulatory role on cGMP metabolism in visual
      excitation.

PMID- 2878682
TI  - Cold-labile hemolysin produced by limited proteolysis of theta-toxin from
      Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - A nicked toxin whose hemolytic activity is temperature dependent was obtained by
      limited proteolysis of theta-toxin (Mr 54,000) with subtilisin. The nicked toxin
      (C theta) is a complex of two fragments: the N-terminal fragment (Mr 15,000) with
      basic isoelectric point and the C-terminal fragment (Mr 39,000) with the single
      cysteinyl residue of the toxin whose reduced form is essential for the hemolytic
      activity. C theta hemolyzes erythrocytes only at temperatures above 25 degrees C,
      whereas the native toxin hemolyzes them even at 10 degrees C. At temperatures
      below 25 degrees C, C theta does not hemolyze them although it does bind to
      membrane cholesterol and although no distinct difference was observed between the
      secondary structure of C theta and that of native toxin. It was found that C
      theta binds to the cells only in a reversible manner at low temperature, while
      the native one binds irreversibly to the cells within 10 min, which explains the
      cold lability of C theta on hemolysis. The structural basis of the cold lability
      was discussed through comparison of C theta with another nicked derivative of
      theta-toxin that was also obtained.

PMID- 2878684
TI  - Mutation that affects pepN translation initiation in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Mutants altered in their expression of the hybrid pepN-lacZ gene have been
      selected for resistance to p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (a
      bacteriostatic compound that enters the cells via lac permease). A unique
      mutation decreasing the level of pepN expression to 9% of that of the wild type
      has been studied in detail. This mutation controls in cis the expression of the
      pepN gene. The pepN region from a pepN-lacZ gene fusion has been cloned and
      sequenced. Comparison of the mutant and wild type sequences indicates that the
      mutation lies between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (AGGT) and the initiation codon
      (AUG). This mutation is a T----C transition which might allow the formation of a
      stable secondary structure in the region of translation initiation thus
      decreasing the level of pepN expression.

PMID- 2878685
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 glutamine synthetase
      structural gene.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of the glnA gene, encoding the glutamine
      synthetase subunit of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, was established. This is the
      first Azospirillum gene sequenced. The gene encodes a 468 residue polypeptide of
      MW 51,917. The similarity coefficient (SAB) between the polypeptidic sequence of
      Azospirillum and Anabaena 7120, which is the only other glnA sequence available,
      is 58%. No significant homology with E. coli canonical and ntr promoters, or with
      the promoter region of the Anabaena glnA gene was found. When fused to an E. coli
      promoter, the gene could be translated in E. coli, despite a very biased codon
      usage and an atypical Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

PMID- 2878686
TI  - The tonoplast proton-translocating ATPase of higher plants as a third class of
      proton-pumps.
AB  - Taken together, all the data reported recently in the literature suggest that
      tonoplast ATPase belongs to a new class of proton pumps. To date, the most
      studied system is the proton-pumping ATPase from the tonoplast of Hevea latex.
      Its main characteristics are presented. It resembles the mitochondrial ATPase in
      its specificity, its substrate affinity, and its sensitivity to different
      inhibitors. However, for some aspects, it resembles the plasma membrane system in
      its response to other inhibitors tested (quercetin for example). It differs from
      both ATPases in its sensitivity to nitrate as well as by its molecular structure,
      i.e. a complex exhibiting a least 4 or 5 polypeptides. These results favor the
      existence of a third class of proton pumps, intermediate between the F1F0-class
      and the E1E2-class.

PMID- 2878687
TI  - Does a proton-pumping ATPase exist in the tonoplast?
AB  - In order to account for the accumulation of metabolites in plant vacuoles, the
      existence of a proton-pumping ATPase has been widely suggested in the literature.
      The demonstration of such a tonoplast-bound ATPase was merely based on the
      characterization of a nitrate-sensitive microsomal fraction. In some examples,
      this ATPase activity has been evidenced on vacuole preparations obtained under
      conditions which were criticized by Boller. The application of the reverse phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography method (RP-HPLC) to the simultaneous
      separation of adenine nucleotides, in the presence of tonoplast vesicles isolated
      from Catharanthus roseus, showed results not necessarily correlated with the
      ATPase hypothesis. Moreover, in light of the H+-quenching of quinacrine
      fluorescence observed during ATP hydrolysis by vacuoles or tonoplast vesicles,
      the existence of a proton-pumping ATPase may be questioned.

PMID- 2878688
TI  - The proton-pumps at the plasmalemma of Catharanthus roseus cells.
AB  - Cultured Catharanthus roseus cells exhibit transmembrane ferricyanide (FIC)
      reduction which is associated with a proton translocation and a decrease in the
      ATP content of the cells. The H+ efflux and the ATP consumption may be
      counteracted by vanadate, a specific inhibitor of the ATPase activity, and by
      Na2WO4 which prevents FIC reduction. From these data it is concluded that the
      redox chain could be coupled with ATP hydrolysis for electrogenic proton
      extrusion which may involve a redox control mechanism for the plasmamembrane
      ATPase.

PMID- 2878689
TI  - The acylphosphate present in chromaffin granule membrane preparations is not
      associated with the proton-pump.
AB  - Chromaffin granule membranes were incubated in the presence of low ATP
      concentrations, at low temperature. A phosphorylated compound was rapidly formed
      which was stable in 10% trichloroacetic acid at 0 degree C. The lability of this
      compound in the presence of hydroxylamine or hot trichloroacetic acid indicated
      an acylphosphate, i.e., an ATPase phosphointermediate. Vanadate but not N
      ethylmaleimide inhibited the formation of this derivative. Since the ATP
      dependent generation of a transmembrane potential in chromaffin granule vesicles
      by the H+-pump was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide but not by vanadate, the
      acylphosphate should not be associated with the H+-pump, i.e. ATPase I. We
      suggest that it is associated with ATPase II, an ATPase of unknown function
      present in chromaffin granule membrane preparations. This hypothesis is supported
      by the fact that ATPase II is vanadate sensitive and has a molecular mass of 140
      kDa, properties similar to those of the phosphorylated intermediate.

PMID- 2878690
TI  - Remote and recent memory in long-hospitalized chronic schizophrenics.
AB  - This study shows that chronic, long-hospitalized schizophrenics perform (tested
      by the Famous Events Questionnaire) at a higher level on remote memory than they
      do on word list recall. A post hoc, matched-tasks check suggested that this
      finding was not due to differences in the discriminating power of the tasks.
      Relative to normals, patients showed no differential performance on the three
      time periods (1973/74, 1979/80, 1984) represented in the remote memory
      questionnaire, thus giving no evidence for an amnesic gradient. The findings are
      discussed in relation to amnesia and dementia hypotheses in chronic
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2878691
TI  - Tranquillising memories: a review of the effects of benzodiazepines on human
      memory.
AB  - Studies from 1973 to 1985 of the effects of benzodiazepines on memory are
      summarised and reviewed. Anterograde amnesia appears a common effect of all
      benzodiazepines although its onset and duration vary with the particular
      benzodiazepine, its dose and route of administration. Memory impairments increase
      with task difficulty. There is some evidence that partial tolerance to amnesic
      effects develops with repeated doses of diazepam, but research with other
      benzodiazepines is inconclusive. Amnesia is in part a by-product of the sedative
      action of benzodiazepines, although these drugs may also have a specific effect
      of disrupting the consolidation of information in long-term memory. State
      dependent effects are partial and relatively small. Methodological problems are
      discussed and attention is drawn to the lack of repeated dose studies, of studies
      with patient populations and with anxious volunteers.

PMID- 2878693
TI  - Endometrial prostaglandin E2-binding sites in the pig: characterization and
      changes during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.
AB  - Because prostaglandins (PGs) are thought to mediate, in part, endometrial
      responses at implantation in a number of species and because pig conceptuses are
      capable of producing PGs, we have characterized the binding of [3H]PGE2 to
      endometrium obtained from pigs during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.
      Binding of [3H]PGE2 to a membrane preparation obtained from endometrium was
      temperature- and pH-dependent, and reversible. Pretreatment of the membrane
      preparation with proteolytic enzymes, phospholipase A2, or heat reduced
      subsequent specific binding of [3H]PGE2. PGE1 and PGE2 competed equally for
      binding, whereas relative cross-reactivity for other prostanoids and compounds
      tested was less than 5%. Scatchard analysis of specific binding suggested that
      two classes of binding sites were present, a high-affinity binding site with an
      apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately equal to 6 pM, and a lower
      affinity site with an apparent Kd of approximately equal to 3 nM. For the high
      affinity binding site, estimates of apparent Kd did not differ between days of
      the estrous cycle, but maximum binding capacity did change, being lowest on Day
      10 and highest on Days 0-5 of the cycle. For the lower-affinity binding site,
      estimates of the apparent Kd differed, being lowest on Day 10 and highest on Day
      15; numbers of binding sites were lowest on Day 5 and highest on Day 15.
      Estimates of these variables on Day 15 of pregnancy did not differ significantly
      from Day 15 of the cycle. These data are consistent with the presence of PGE
      receptors within the endometrium of the pig.

PMID- 2878692
TI  - Separate neural systems mediate the steroid-dependent and steroid-independent
      suppression of tonic luteinizing hormone secretion in the anestrous ewe.
AB  - In the ewe, two types of seasonal fluctuations in secretion of tonic luteinizing
      hormone (LH) have been described: a steroid-dependent change whereby estradiol
      gains the capacity to suppress LH pulse frequency in anestrus, and a steroid
      independent decrease in pulse frequency in ovariectomized animals during
      anestrus. We have proposed that the former reflects activation, in anestrus, of
      estradiol-sensitive catecholaminergic neurons that inhibit gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH). Three results reported here support this hypothesis: dopaminergic
      (pimozide) and alpha-adrenergic (phenoxybenzamine) antagonists increased LH in
      intact anestrous ewes without altering pituitary responses to GnRH; other
      dopaminergic (fluphenazine) and alpha-adrenergic (dibenamine) antagonists also
      increased LH in anestrus; agonists for dopaminergic (apomorphine) and alpha
      adrenergic (clonidine) receptors suppressed LH secretion in both seasons,
      suggesting that the appropriate receptors are present in breeding-season ewes. In
      contrast, catecholamines do not appear to mediate the steroid-independent
      suppression of pulse frequency; neither pimozide nor phenoxybenzamine increased
      LH pulse frequency in ovariectomized ewes during anestrus. When antagonists for 6
      other neurotransmitter receptors (muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic,
      GABAnergic, serotonergic, opioid, and beta-adrenergic) were tested in anestrus,
      only cyproheptadine, the serotonergic antagonist, increased pulse frequency in
      ovariectomized ewes. Cyproheptadine had no effect on frequency during the
      breeding season. On the basis of these results, we propose that the steroid
      dependent and -independent actions of anestrous photoperiod occur via
      catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons, respectively.

PMID- 2878694
TI  - A role for guanine ribonucleotides in the regulation of myeloid cell maturation.
AB  - We have shown previously that induced maturation of the human myeloid leukemia
      cell line, HL-60, is associated with a selective down-regulation of guanine
      ribonucleotide synthesis and depletion of intracellular guanosine triphosphate
      (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) pools. We showed, furthermore, that
      inhibitors of the enzyme, inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase, which
      catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step of guanylate synthesis from the central
      intermediate IMP, are potent inducers of myeloid maturation in these cells. We
      now show that induced maturation of HL-60 cells is prevented or impaired if
      intracellular concentrations of guanine ribonucleotides are maintained at high
      levels. HL-60 cells can utilize exogenous guanine and guanosine to maintain GTP
      and GDP pools through a salvage pathway that bypasses guanylate synthesis from
      IMP. Moreover, incubation of HL-60 cells with guanosine or guanine (10(-6) to 10(
      4) mol/L) prevents both the depletion of intracellular guanine ribonucleotides
      and the induction of myeloid maturation caused by the IMP dehydrogenase
      inhibitor, tiazofurin. These findings provide strong additional support for the
      concept that terminal myeloid differentiation is influenced by a guanine
      ribonucleotide-dependent regulatory system.

PMID- 2878695
TI  - Possible absence of common polymorphisms in coagulation factor IX gene in
      Japanese subjects.
AB  - Four distinct intragenic polymorphisms in the coagulation factor IX gene which
      have been reported to be important for family diagnosis of Caucasian hemophilia B
      were studied in 51 normal Japanese subjects (21 males and 30 females). High
      molecular-weight DNA prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes were digested
      with endonuclease, Ddel, Mspl, Taql or Xmnl, and were studied by Southern blot
      analysis with factor IX complementary DNA as a probe. None of the minor fragments
      produced by these enzymes was found in the normal Japanese DNA samples tested,
      although the probe detects minor allelic forms in control Caucasian DNA samples.
      Our data suggest that the frequent polymorphic sites found in Caucasians are
      possibly absent in the Japanese population.

PMID- 2878696
TI  - High sensitivity assay for the alpha 2 antagonist 6-chloro-3-methyl-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine and its desmethyl metabolite in plasma using gas
      chromatography mass spectrometry with ammonia/CCl4 chemical ionization.
AB  - A rapid and highly sensitive assay for quantifying the alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist SK&F 86466 and a desmethyl metabolite has been developed, using
      capillary column gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. This
      assay uses deuterium-labeled analogs of the analytes as internal standards, and
      has a lower limit of quantification of 100 pg ml-1. A novel reagent gas,
      consisting of carbon tetrachloride in anhydrous ammonia, was used to achieve
      maximal sensitivity.

PMID- 2878697
TI  - Medical treatment of pregnancy hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension is the single commonest cause of maternal mortality, but prompt and
      effective treatment with a variety of drugs, some more familiar than others, can
      reduce the risk of both maternal and fetal death.

PMID- 2878698
TI  - Analgesia for children.

PMID- 2878699
TI  - Subcortical dementia. Neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, and pathophysiology.
AB  - Subcortical dementia refers to a clinical syndrome characterised by slowing of
      cognition, memory disturbances, difficulty with complex intellectual tasks such
      as strategy generation and problem solving, visuospatial abnormalities, and
      disturbances of mood and affect. The syndrome was first described by Kinnier
      Wilson, but further progress in development of the concept has occurred only
      within the past ten years. Subcortical dementia occurs in degenerative
      extrapyramidal disorders and has also been identified in inflammatory,
      infectious, and vascular conditions. Histologic, metabolic, and neurochemical
      investigations implicate dysfunction primarily of subcortical neurotransmitter
      systems and subcortical structures or subcortical-frontal connections in the
      genesis of the syndrome. Subcortical dementia contrasts neuropsychologically and
      anatomically with disorders such as dementia of the Alzheimer type that affect
      primarily the cerebral cortex. The clinical characteristics of subcortical
      dementia reflect the interruption of fundamental functions (motivation, mood,
      timing, arousal) mediated by phylogenetically and ontogenetically early maturing
      structures.

PMID- 2878700
TI  - Interactions between procyclidine and neuroleptic drugs. Some pharmacological and
      clinical aspects.
AB  - Procyclidine was administered to 25 chronic psychotic inpatients, stabilised on
      chlorpromazine, haloperidol or fluphenazine decanoate injection. We observed a
      significant reduction in mean serum levels of all three neuroleptic drugs which
      was reversed on stopping procyclidine and was inversely correlated with mean
      serum procyclidine levels. No significant alterations occurred on the BPRS scores
      or in serum prolactin levels throughout the study in any of the three groups.
      Possible mechanisms of this interaction and its clinical relevance are discussed.

PMID- 2878701
TI  - A case of resistant schizophrenia.
AB  - In an era when it is generally believed that the acute symptoms of schizophrenia
      can be controlled pharmacologically, the case of a young man who has remained
      almost continuously floridly psychotic for 13 years, despite treatment, is
      disquieting. Conventional psychiatric treatment appears to be rendered impotent.
      It is in this context that it may be of interest to report a summary of the
      proceedings of a Special Problems Conference held at the Institute of Psychiatry
      on 18 February 1985 to discuss such a case.

PMID- 2878702
TI  - Peripheral gangrene associated with beta-blockade.

PMID- 2878703
TI  - Syrup of ipecacuanha: is it really useful?

PMID- 2878704
TI  - Glucose tolerance during long term treatment with a somatostatin analogue.
AB  - Seven patients with active acromegaly were treated with SMS 201-995, an analogue
      of somatostatin, for one year, the maximum dose being 100 micrograms three times
      a day. Three patients had impaired glucose tolerance before treatment, due to
      insulin resistance in two and insulin deficiency in one. In all patients
      treatment with the analogue slightly increased postprandial glucose
      concentrations and suppressed insulin concentrations for two to two and a half
      hours after each injection; growth hormone concentrations decreased progressively
      with treatment. The patient with impaired glucose tolerance due to insulin
      deficiency developed diabetes mellitus after four months' treatment; concomitant
      treatment with glibenclamide resulted in a decreased glucose concentration and
      increased insulin concentration. This analogue of somatostatin had only minor
      side effects on glucose tolerance in patients with acromegaly and may be used in
      patients with impaired glucose tolerance provided that glucose concentrations are
      monitored closely.

PMID- 2878706
TI  - Messenger RNA from insect nervous tissue induces expression of neuronal
      acetylcholine receptors in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - mRNA isolated from the nervous tissue of young insects microinjected in Xenopus
      oocytes induced the expression of alpha-toxin binding sites which were inserted
      into the surface membrane. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the
      coded receptor polypeptides were processed to the authentic size, and ion flux
      studies demonstrated that functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were
      produced and inserted into the oocyte membrane.

PMID- 2878705
TI  - Application of a closely linked polymorphism of restriction fragment length to
      counselling and prenatal testing in families with myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - The close genetic linkage between the loci for apolipoprotein CII (ApoC2) and
      myotonic dystrophy makes ApoC2 the closest fully validated marker for prediction
      of myotonic dystrophy. Application to genetic counselling and presymptomatic and
      prenatal prediction is reported in seven families with myotonic dystrophy,
      including one case in which the disorder was excluded prenatally. Only one of the
      families did not have members with ApoC2 genotypes that allowed prediction, but
      careful clinical study of older family members was found to be an important
      factor. ApoC2 typing of families with myotonic dystrophy should be of practical
      help both in prediction for asymptomatic relatives and for prenatal diagnosis in
      pregnancies of an affected parent.

PMID- 2878707
TI  - Estrogen induction of sexual behavior in female rats and synthesis of
      polyadenylated messenger RNA in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that estrogen stimulates sexual behavior by inducing
      transcription of polyadenylated messenger RNA, we studied the effects of
      cordycepin, an adenosine analog that disrupts polyadenylation, on the lordotic
      responses of ovariectomized female rats made sexually receptive with systemic
      injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P). Cordycepin inhibited
      lordosis when infused into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus within an
      hour before the females received EB; its effectiveness varied linearly with dose.
      It did not significantly alter sexual behavior when infused into the medial
      preoptic area. A dose of cordycepin that decreased lordosis when infused 1 h
      before injection of 0.5 microgram EB did not affect the behavior when infused 1 h
      before injection of 500 micrograms P. Cordycepin does not suppress behavior by
      blocking estrogen uptake since it did not alter estrogen accumulation by
      hypothalamic cell nuclei. Cordycepin inhibits ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis as
      well as polyadenylation. While this probably contributes to cordycepin's
      inhibitory effects on lordosis, it cannot fully account for them since a cytidine
      analog that inhibits rRNA synthesis without inhibiting polyadenylation did not
      mimic cordycepin's behavioral effects. Cordycepin may suppress synthesis of P
      receptors; however, this could not fully account for its behavioral effects since
      cordycepin also inhibited lordosis when the P receptor was bypassed by
      substituting methysergide for P. As assessed by protein synthesis
      autoradiography, cordycepin's effects are highly localized. The data support the
      notion that estrogen facilitates female sexual behavior by altering gene
      expression in the brain.

PMID- 2878710
TI  - Differences between the effects of noradrenaline and the beta-adrenoceptor
      agonist BRL 28410 in brown adipose tissue and hind limb of the anaesthetized rat.
AB  - In mature (450-600 g) 21 degrees C-acclimated male rats, anaesthetized with
      urethane, blood flow (measured by the radioactive microsphere technique) to brown
      adipose tissue (BAT) was determined during the infusion of the beta-adrenoceptor
      agonist BRL 28410 or noradrenaline bitartrate at doses chosen to give similar
      increases in whole body oxygen uptake. Blood flow to BAT during BRL 28410
      infusion was only about one third of that found during noradrenaline infusion
      although increases in whole body thermogenesis were similar (55 and 77% for BRL
      28410 and noradrenaline, respectively). This suggests that BAT may be less
      involved in the thermogenic response to BRL 28410 than to noradrenaline. In a
      separate experiment using slightly smaller rats (350-500 g) hind limb oxygen
      uptake was measured in situ using a venous bypass preparation. BRL 28410, at a
      dose having a maximum effect on whole body thermogenesis (53% increase), had no
      effect on oxygen delivery to the hind limb but significantly increased oxygen
      extraction by 33% (p less than 0.001). In contrast, noradrenaline, also at a dose
      that maximally increased whole body thermogenesis, led to a 35% decrease in
      oxygen delivery to the hind limb and no change in oxygen extraction. For the
      thermogenic beta-agonist BRL 28410 the hind limb, and presumably muscular tissue
      in general, may be contributing to thermogenesis.

PMID- 2878708
TI  - Presynaptic inhibitory effects of sotalol, propranolol, and acebutolol on
      noradrenaline release upon cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation in anesthetized
      dogs.
AB  - Effect of sotalol (STL) was compared with that of (+/-)-propranolol, (+)
      propranolol (PPL), and acebutolol (ABL) on noradrenaline (NA) release as measured
      in coronary sinus (CS) blood during postganglionic stimulation (2 Hz, 30 s) of
      the left cardiac sympathetic nerves in anesthetized dogs. In control dogs
      receiving saline, increasing responses of CS-NA concentration, mean CS blood
      flow, and CS-NA output to repetitive stimulation were relatively stable
      throughout a given experimental period. Both STL (1,2.5, and 5 mg/kg, i.v.) and
      (+/-)-PPL (0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) diminished the increased CS-NA concentration
      by approximately 35 (P less than 0.05) to 60% (P less than 0.01) in a dose
      dependent fashion. However, (+)-PPL (0.02-2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) and ABL (0.5-5 mg/kg,
      i.v.) did not significantly alter the increasing response of CS-NA concentration
      upon stimulation. STL, (+/-)-PPL, and ABL markedly inhibited the CS blood flow
      response to stimulation at all doses tested, while (+)-PPL did not significantly
      diminish the flow response even at the highest dose tested. Consequently, CS-NA
      output decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) in the presence of STL, (+/-)
      PPL, and ABL at all doses tested but not with (+)-PPL at any dose tested. The
      inhibitory effect of STL and (+/-)-PPL on the increasing response of CS-NA
      concentration upon stimulation could be related to their beta-blocking effect,
      which exerts presumably on postulated presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors, as (+)-PPL
      did not at all diminish the response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878709
TI  - Role of beta 2-adrenoceptors in the biological effect of autoimmune orchitis
      spleen cells.
AB  - Autoimmune orchitis induced an increment in beta 2-adrenoceptor populations in
      intact mouse spleen lymphocytes. Normal and autoimmune lymphocytes incubated with
      soterenol increased the mechanical response of isolated atria. Autoimmune cells
      were more effective than normal cells in inducing this response. Soterenol or
      spleen cells alone did not modify the contractility at the concentration used.
      Inhibitors of beta 2-adrenoceptors of spleen cells completely blunted the
      reaction between soterenol and lymphocytes, while when atria were exposed to
      butoxamine, mechanical activity induced by soterenol plus lymphocytes was not
      affected. Cell-free supernatants of lymphocytes exposed to soterenol elicited the
      reaction in the same way as soterenol-treated lymphocytes. Direct contact of
      cells with the assay organ was not necessary. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase on
      lymphocytes blocked the reaction of soterenol-treated lymphocytes on atria, while
      inhibitors of lipoxygenase(s) completely blocked the reaction of atria exposed to
      soterenol-stimulated lymphocytes or supernatants. These results suggest that
      soterenol reacts with beta 2-adrenoceptors of normal and autoimmune cells. From
      this reaction, soluble factors are released that in turn trigger stimulation of
      the atrial contractility as a consequence of the release of oxidative products of
      the lipoxygenase(s) pathway of arachidonic acid from atria. The high activity of
      atria in the presence of autoimmune spleen cells is probably related to the
      increment in number of beta 2-adrenoceptors of these cells.

PMID- 2878711
TI  - Animal models of Alzheimer's disease: behavior, pharmacology, transplants.
AB  - Physostigmine, oxotremorine, RS-86, and a combination of piracetam and lecithin,
      have all been studied in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Intravenous
      physostigmine produced a significant improvement in patients' ability to
      recognize words and particularly to distinguish words they had never seen before
      from words previously presented. A subgroup of Alzheimer's patients had a
      clinically meaningful improvement to treatment with oral physostigmine, with the
      degree of improvement correlating with the ability of oral physostigmine to
      increase the nocturnal secretion of cortisol. No statistically significant
      differences of piracetam or piracetam and lecithin, compared to placebo were
      noted, however, the ratio of red cell to plasma choline might be associated with
      treatment responsivity. The potential therapeutic efficacy of oxotremorine proved
      all but impossible to assess due to concomitant adverse effects, particularly
      dysphoria. Results with another cholinergic agonist, RS-86, will be reported.
      This drug appeared to be better tolerated than oxotremorine. Animals with a
      kianic acid induced cortical depletion of choline acetyltransferase were found to
      have a significant impairment in retention of a passive avoidance task, an
      abnormality that was readily reversible by physostigmine, oxotremorine and 4
      amino-pyridine. Cysteamine, a depletor of somatostatin, also produced a
      comparable deficit.

PMID- 2878712
TI  - Transmitter-replacement therapy in Alzheimer's disease using
      intracerebroventricular infusions of receptor agonists.
AB  - Neurotransmitter replacement therapy in Alzheimer's Disease is currently being
      attempted using bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) infused
      intracerebroventricularly with an Infusaid continuous infusion pump. The
      rationale of this therapy is based on the severe cortical pre-synaptic
      cholinergic deficit in the presence of relatively normal post-synaptic muscarinic
      receptor density. Patients are selected on the basis of strict clinical criteria
      at a functional stage 4 or 5 of Reisberg. A cortical biopsy at the time of pump
      and catheter implantation confirms the diagnosis by histological and biochemical
      examination. Pre-operative, post-operative and serial mental status assessments
      combined with functional ADL assessments monitor changes in behavior. A 6 months
      double-blind treatment period is done in every patient, who is then free to
      continue if he has improved on active treatment. This specific study is part of a
      multi-centre trial. Other therapeutic trials using somatostatin analogs, such as
      Sandostatin, could then be done. The biological effects of the latter compound
      are being studied currently in adult Green Vervet monkeys, prior to its use in
      Alzheimer patients. Furthermore autoradiography of bethanechol and peptides
      labeled with 14C administered in these animals by intracerebroventricular
      infusion will allow a better knowledge of their pharmacological site of action.

PMID- 2878713
TI  - Post-mortem neurochemical changes in Alzheimer's disease compared with normal
      ageing.
AB  - Selective neuronal degeneration with concomitant changes in neurotransmitter
      systems are features of both normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. There are,
      however, important neurochemical differences in cerebral cortex. Choline
      acetyltransferase declines with age in frontal cortex in contrast to the
      prominent change in the temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. The loss of
      somatostatin, and the recently reported reciprocal change in corticotropin
      releasing factor and receptors are not seen with ageing. However, age itself may
      have an important influence on the neurochemical deficits in Alzheimer's disease
      which are restricted in the older patients. The problems of post-mortem studies
      in the analysis of ageing and possible approaches to this are discussed.

PMID- 2878714
TI  - Neurotransmitter and receptor deficits in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - Multiple neurotransmitter systems are affected in senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer's type (SDAT). Among them, acetylcholine has been most studied. It is
      now well accepted that the activity of the enzyme, choline acetyltransferase
      (ChAT) is much decreased in various brain regions including the frontal and
      temporal cortices, hippocampus and nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbm) in SDAT.
      Cortical M2-muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors are also decreased but
      only in a certain proportion (30-40%) of SDAT patients. For other systems, it
      appears that cortical serotonin (5-HT)-type 2 receptor binding sites are
      decreased in SDAT. This diminution in 5-HT2 receptors correlates well with the
      decreased levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactive materials found in the
      cortex of SDAT patients. Cortical somatostatin receptor binding sites are
      decreased in about one third of SDAT patients. Finally, neuropeptide Y and
      neuropeptide Y receptor binding sites are distributed in areas enriched in
      cholinergic cell bodies and nerve fiber terminals and it would be of interest to
      determine possible involvement of this peptide in SDAT. Thus, it appears that
      multi-drug clinical trials should be considered for the treatment of SDAT.

PMID- 2878715
TI  - High resolution chromosome and DNA analysis in multiple endocrine neoplasia type
      II syndrome.
AB  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN-II or Sipple's syndrome) is an
      autosomal dominant disorder characterized by medullary thyroid cancers,
      pheochromocytomas, and parathyroid adenomas. A blind analysis of high resolution
      G-banded chromosomes was performed on blood specimens from eight MEN-II
      individuals from three unrelated families and six control subjects. Seven of
      eight MEN-II patients and one of six control subjects were determined to have a
      deletion at 20p12.2. These findings support the hypothesis that MEN-II patients
      have a 20p12.2 deletion (chi 2 = 6.99; p less than 0.01). Genomic DNA from seven
      of the eight MEN-II patients was studied using the DNA probe, D20S5, localized by
      in situ hybridization to 20p12. The probe binding site is not deleted in some MEN
      II patients, as demonstrated by the presence of two alleles detected as
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Thus, D20S5 does not hybridize to DNA
      sequences that are deleted based on cytogenetic analysis in MEN-II patients.

PMID- 2878716
TI  - Chromosome 13 instability and esterase D expression in an osteosarcoma cell line.
AB  - In order to assess the involvement of the 13q14 region in the development of
      osteosarcoma, both osteosarcoma tumor cells and normal tissue from a
      retinoblastoma patient previously used in restriction fragment length
      polymorphism studies, and sarcoma cells and normal fibroblasts from other tumor
      patients, have been investigated with respect to esterase D (E.C. 3.1.1.1)
      expression and chromosome pattern. In spite of an increased number of apparently
      normal chromosomes #13, a 50% reduction in esterase D activity in osteosarcoma
      cells from the retinoblastoma patient was observed. This suggests that loss of
      the RB1 gene or an OSRC gene closely linked to the ESD and RB1 gene loci is
      involved in the development of the osteosarcoma tumor. No reduction in esterase D
      expression was seen in four other sarcoma cell lines.

PMID- 2878717
TI  - Development of adult T-cell leukemia-like disease in African green monkey
      associated with clonal integration of simian T-cell leukemia virus type I.
AB  - Proviral integration of a simian retrovirus highly homologous to human T-cell
      leukemia virus type I was examined in cellular DNAs extracted from primary
      peripheral blood lymphocytes of 31 adult African green monkeys (Cercopithecus
      aethiops) that were seropositive for simian T-cell leukemia virus type I (STLV
      I). Among these monkeys, one case with overt leukemia, showing pleomorphic
      leukemia cells similar to those in human adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and five
      cases in a preleukemic state of ATL-like disease were found. Judging from the
      integration site of the provirus genome, primary lymphocytes of these leukemic or
      preleukemic cases contained monoclonally proliferated STLV-I-infected cells,
      whereas lymphocytes of other seropositive monkeys without hematological
      abnormalities were polyclonal, and those of seronegative monkeys did not contain
      the provirus. The restriction patterns with PstI ans SstI of most STLV-I
      proviruses were identical to those of the previous isolate from this species, but
      in three monkeys there was a deletion of one PstI site. From the correlation of
      the development of simian ATL-like disease with the monoclonal integration of the
      STLV-I provirus genome, it should be indicated that STLV-I has similar
      leukemogenicity to human T-cell leukemia virus type I, and so STLV-I infection in
      African green monkeys will be useful as an animal model of human ATL.

PMID- 2878718
TI  - Treatment of malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors with human leukocyte
      interferon.
AB  - Twelve patients with malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors refractory to
      cytotoxic treatment were treated with human leukocyte interferon im at daily
      doses of 3 X 10(6)-6 X 10(6) IU. Ten of 12 patients showed an objective response
      with a mean duration of 15.2 months, median, 11 months (range, 2-36+). All ten
      patients had a decrease in tumor markers and an objective reduction in tumor size
      was also noted in four. Improvement of clinical manifestations was seen in all
      cases with an objective response. Adverse effects, including influenza-like
      syndrome, reduction of blood cells, and chemical signs of liver dysfunction
      occurred, but were reversible or could be circumvented by dose reduction. One
      patient developed hypothyreosis on an autoimmune basis; another patient developed
      liver steatosis. Although the number of patients is small, the results are
      promising. Interferon therapy seems to be as potent as cytotoxic treatment but
      with far less side effects. This study indicates that further trials with
      interferon in patients with less advanced stages of malignant endocrine
      pancreatic tumor should be performed.

PMID- 2878719
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for taxol in human plasma and urine
      and pharmacokinetics in a phase I trial.
AB  - Taxol is a unique antineoplastic agent which appears to exert its cytotoxic
      action as a result of interference with microtubular structure and function.
      Clinical development of this drug will be facilitated by the availability of
      sensitive and specific methods for its quantitation in biological fluids. We have
      developed a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for taxol
      capable of detecting concentrations as low as 50 nM, which can be automated using
      readily available equipment. With this assay we have performed pharmacologic
      studies of taxol during the conduct of a phase I trial of this compound at The
      Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. Following a 60- to 360-minute infusion, the plasma
      disappearance is biexponential, with harmonic mean alpha half-life and beta half
      life values of 16.2 minutes and 6.4 hours, respectively. Volumes of distribution
      for the theoretical central compartment (VDc) and at steady state (VDss) were 8.6
      and 67.1 L/m2. Mean plasma clearance was 253 ml/minute/m2. Urinary clearance was
      29.3 ml/minute/m2 and 5.9% +/- 8.8% of the drug was identified in 48-hour urine
      collections. No metabolites have been identified. Over the 18-fold dose range
      studied, there was no evidence of nonlinearity or dose-dependent behavior. A
      rough correlation between area under the plasma disappearance curve and
      hematologic toxicity was observed.

PMID- 2878720
TI  - [Drug therapy of dilated cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2878721
TI  - [Neurohumoral mechanisms in the physiopathology of coronary occlusion].

PMID- 2878722
TI  - Pain control in dentistry: opioids and analgesic combinations.

PMID- 2878723
TI  - Subsidiary class III effects of beta blockers? A comparison of atenolol,
      metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol and sotalol.
AB  - The electrophysiological effects of various concentrations of atenolol,
      metoprolol, nadolol, D-oxprenolol, L-oxprenolol, and D, L-oxprenolol and D
      sotalol, L-sotalol, and D, L-sotalol were compared in rabbit right ventricular
      papillary muscle studied in vitro using intracellular microelectrodes. An
      assessment of the relative beta blocking effects of D-sotalol and D, L-sotalol
      against the inotropic action of isoprenaline was made in the same preparation. Of
      the drugs tested, only oxprenolol and sotalol showed prolongation of action
      potential duration and effective refractory period (class III action), with
      oxprenolol showing, in addition, depression of maximal upstroke velocity and the
      presence of post-repolarisation refractoriness (class I action). When contrasted
      at clinically relevant concentrations, only sotalol retained a class III effect,
      without any actions on variables related to fast inward current. The effects of
      oxprenolol and sotalol were not found to be stereospecific. The mechanical
      experiments indicate that, in this preparation, D-sotalol has approximately one
      fourteenth of the beta blocking potency of the racemic compound. It therefore
      merits further consideration as a useful alternative class III antiarrhythmic
      agent, which would be free from the side effects of beta receptor blocking
      treatment.

PMID- 2878724
TI  - Effects of beta blocking agents on the density of beta adrenoceptors and
      adenylate cyclase response in human myocardium: intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity favours receptor upregulation.
AB  - The density of beta adrenoceptors, the relative number of beta 1 and beta 2
      adrenoceptor subtypes, and adenylate cyclase activity were studied in
      preparations from atrial biopsy specimens of 32 patients with coronary heart
      disease. Six patients were not receiving beta blocking agents, whereas the others
      were treated with different beta blocking drugs (timolol, propranolol, pindolol,
      metoprolol, and atenolol). Clinical and haemodynamic variables were similar in
      the different groups of patients. Beta adrenoceptor density was 17% significantly
      lower in the non-treated group than in the groups treated with beta blocking
      drugs. Among these, the group treated with pindolol, a drug with intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity, had receptor densities that were 38% significantly
      higher than those treated with other beta blocking drugs and 51% significantly
      higher than the non-treated group. The relative numbers of beta 1 and beta 2
      adrenoceptor subtypes were very similar in the different groups (beta 1 receptors
      75-80%, beta 2 receptors 20-25%). A significant increase in the ratios of
      terbutaline stimulated to basal and terbutaline stimulated to isoproterenol
      stimulated adenylate cyclase activities was found in patients treated with beta 1
      selective blockers (metoprolol, atenolol), indicating that beta 1 selective drugs
      may improve beta 2 receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling. In contrast, pindolol
      caused a significant reduction in the ratio of terbutaline stimulated to
      isoproterenol stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, indicating that this drug
      may cause a reduction in beta 2 receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling efficacy.
      Thus treatment with beta blocking agents causes upregulation of human myocardial
      beta receptor density. Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity seems to favour
      receptor upregulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878725
TI  - Therapeutic rounds: neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2878727
TI  - Stress-related mucosal damage.
AB  - Stress-related mucosal damage (SRMD) of the upper gastrointestinal tract is being
      increasingly recognized in critically ill patients. Its precise pathogenesis is
      unknown. Acid is a prerequisite for the development of mucosal injury. However,
      mucosal defense factors that maintain the integrity of the gastric mucosal
      barrier are equally important. Therapy is directed toward reducing the
      intraluminal acid concentration. Since histamine H2-receptor antagonists became
      available in 1977, they have been used for the prevention and treatment of SRMD.
      They offer the potential for use as an effective parenteral as well as oral agent
      that could obviate the need for frequent antacid administration and eliminate
      some of the troublesome side effects that accompany an intensive antacid regimen.
      Although the beneficial effects of H2 blockers are probably related to their
      ability to inhibit acid secretion, recent evidence suggests that they may also
      act by mechanisms independent of their antisecretory effect. Numerous controlled
      studies have confirmed that cimetidine, being superior to placebo and equivalent
      to antacids, is effective therapy for SRMD. Sucralfate, a basic aluminum salt of
      sucrose octasulfate, has been shown to protect animal and human gastric mucosa
      from a variety of injurious agents. However, few clinical trials have evaluated
      the efficacy of sucralfate in SRMD. Exogenous prostaglandins also have been shown
      to protect gastric mucosa from a variety of insults. Although exogenous
      prostaglandins may work by augmenting mucosal defense mechanisms, most clinical
      studies have used antisecretory doses of prostaglandin drugs, making it difficult
      to discount the antisecretory component as being responsible for efficacy.

PMID- 2878726
TI  - Synergistic interaction between an H2-receptor antagonist and enprostil on 24
      hour intragastric pH, serum gastrin concentration, and tissue immunoperoxidase
      staining for gastrin, somatostatin, and serotonin in a patient with metastatic
      gastrinoma.
AB  - A 56-year-old woman newly diagnosed as having Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to a
      metastatic gastrinoma underwent 24-hour intragastric pH monitoring, serum gastrin
      (total, G-17 and G-34) measurements, and immunoperoxidase staining of duodenal,
      antral, and gastric body biopsies for gastrin, somatostatin, and serotonin.
      Determinations were made while the patient was given different doses of
      ranitidine, enprostil (a synthetic orally administered prostaglandin E2), or
      ranitidine plus enprostil. Following are the findings from this single-patient
      study: Intragastric pH was persistently low but varied in response to food when
      the patient was given ranitidine. Immunocytochemical staining of antral biopsies
      obtained before the patient was treated revealed a reduced number of cells
      containing G-17 and G-34 but an increase in the antral somatostatin-containing D
      cells. Treatment with 35 micrograms of enprostil BID plus 300 mg of ranitidine
      BID for two and 11 weeks was associated with an increased number of duodenal G
      cells, a decrease in antral D-cells, and a decrease in the number of antral
      serotonin-containing cells. Enprostil in a dosage of 35 or 70 micrograms BID had
      no effect on intragastric pH, but when enprostil was given in combination with
      ranitidine, postprandial and nocturnal intragastric alkalinity was accentuated
      along with a return of duodenal and antral G-cells and a loss of the antral D
      cell hyperplasia. Optimal pH control was achieved with 300 mg of ranitidine BID;
      more frequent dosing with ranitidine did not further increase intragastric pH.
      Both the total serum gastrin concentration and G-17 levels fluctuated in response
      to meals. The serum concentrations of total gastrin, G-17, and G-34 were reduced
      with enprostil and with ranitidine.

PMID- 2878729
TI  - Safety: cimetidine and concomitant theophylline or warfarin--drug interactions
      and their implications.
AB  - Theophylline and warfarin are two drugs whose interactions with cimetidine may
      have clinically significant effects. Therefore, recent efficacy studies comparing
      cimetidine 800 mg at bedtime (HS) with 300 mg QID included studies of
      interactions between cimetidine and these agents. Thirty healthy men were
      stratified into three age groups: 18 to 35, 36 to 53, and 54 to 70 years and were
      given 300 mg QID of anhydrous theophylline sustained-action tablets. When steady
      state was reached (nine days), cimetidine was begun concomitantly in a dosage of
      300 mg QID or 800 mg HS for ten days. Three days after cimetidine was started,
      morning and evening trough theophylline serum levels were monitored. The area
      under the theophylline serum level-time curve (AUC) was determined on days 5 and
      10 of the cimetidine regimen. Upon discontinuation of cimetidine, morning and
      evening trough serum theophylline levels were measured to determine when all
      subjects had returned to precimetidine steady-state conditions. A new baseline
      AUC was then obtained and concomitant administration of the alternate cimetidine
      regimen was started. Serum theophylline levels were measured as with the first
      cimetidine regimen. Theophylline was continued for an additional ten days with
      monitoring of trough levels, after the second cimetidine regimen was completed.
      AUC was measured after precimetidine steady-state conditions were reached. Steady
      state theophylline levels were increased less by the 800-mg HS cimetidine regimen
      than by the 300-mg QID regimen. Although both regimens significantly (P less than
      0.05) increased the theophylline AUC and maximum serum concentration (Cmax) in
      all age groups, the effect of cimetidine 800 mg HS was significantly less for all
      subject data combined and particularly for the oldest groups of subjects,
      indicating that the theophylline-cimetidine interaction is age-related. New
      theophylline steady-state levels were achieved by day 5 of concomitant cimetidine
      administration, and precimetidine theophylline serum trough levels, Cmax, and AUC
      were observed five days after discontinuation of both cimetidine regimens. The
      effects of the same two cimetidine regimens on the pharmacodynamics and
      pharmacokinetics of warfarin were also evaluated in 25 patients stabilized on
      anticoagulant therapy. The preliminary data indicate that patients with a
      baseline prothrombin time ratio (PTR) of less than 2.0 would not be expected to
      exceed a PTR greater than 2.5 after two weeks of concomitant administration of
      cimetidine at either dosage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878728
TI  - A dosage alternative for H2-receptor antagonists--constant infusion.
AB  - Control of gastric acid is accomplished either by buffering it with antacids or
      by preventing acid secretion with H2-receptor antagonists. Advantages of antacids
      are their rapid onset of action and the possibility of precisely titrating
      intragastric pH. In practice, however, they are cumbersome to use because they
      must be administered frequently (often hourly) and thus require excessive nursing
      time. In addition, their use often leads to undesirable side effects, such as
      diarrhea. Cimetidine and ranitidine are H2-receptor antagonists that differ
      primarily in their potency, ranitidine being four to ten times more potent than
      cimetidine. With either drug, the patient's intragastric pH falls below 5 by
      about the fourth hour after the dose. One way to avoid the peaks and valleys of
      acid secretory control is to use constant infusion. Infusion rates of 50 mg/hr of
      cimetidine preceded by loading doses of 300 mg of cimetidine often produce a
      constant intragastric pH above 5. It is essential that intragastric above 5. It
      is essential that intragastric pH be checked and infusion rates increased or
      antacids added if pH drops below 5. Bauer used constant infusion of cimetidine in
      patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. He found constant infusion more
      successful, but his end-point was merely to stabilize the patient before surgery.
      At UC Davis, we compared constant infusion with intermittent dosing (300 mg of
      cimetidine every six hours) in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with
      upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2878730
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for a magnocellular somatostatin cell group in the
      anterior paraventricular thalamus of the rat.
AB  - By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique a small group of large
      somatostatin-positive neurons is described in the subependymal area of the
      anterior paraventricular thalamus of the male rat. Retrograde-tracing experiments
      suggest that they project to areas outside the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2878731
TI  - [Experimental study on natural infection, biting and transovarial transmission of
      epidemic haemorrhagic fever virus in gamasid mites].

PMID- 2878732
TI  - [The microtiter agglutination test for detection of pertussis antibody using a
      stained bacterial suspension].

PMID- 2878733
TI  - A trans Golgi-derived exocytic coated vesicle can contain both newly synthesized
      cholinesterase and internalized transferrin.
AB  - We used a cholinesterase-mediated density shift protocol to investigate the
      movement of internalized transferrin (Tf) through endo- and exocytic coated
      vesicles (CVs) in the perfused rat liver. Upon internalization, exogenous 125I-Tf
      was found in endocytic CVs but not in cholinesterase-containing (i.e., exocytic)
      CVs (0-40 min). Between 1 and 2 hr, 125I-Tf began to appear in exocytic CVs. The
      origin of the exocytic CV was further investigated. After perfusion of the liver
      with asialotransferrin, the exocytic CVs were shown to contain resialylated Tf,
      indicating that the trans Golgi was the origin of this class of CVs. The
      resialylated Tf accumulated in the extracellular medium with kinetics very
      similar to the time course for appearance of Tf in cholinesterase-containing,
      exocytic CVs, suggesting that these CVs are directly involved in the transfer of
      material from the trans Golgi to the cell surface.

PMID- 2878734
TI  - [Substitution of fluphenazine decanoate with oxyprothepine decanoate in long-term
      maintenance therapy in schizophrenia].

PMID- 2878735
TI  - Intestinal absorption of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent nadolol. I. Comparison
      of absorption behavior of nadolol with those of other beta-blocking agents in
      rats.

PMID- 2878737
TI  - Biochemical aspects of the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs on
      mitochondria. VII. Effect on energy-linked reactions and on membrane potential.
AB  - Effects of the antiarrhythmic drugs (propranolol, perhexiline maleate,
      lidoflazine and iproveratril) on energy-linked reactions and on membrane
      potential were studied. Propranolol, perhexiline maleate and lidoflazine inhibit
      the ATPase activity of undamaged and broken mitochondria, and of submitochondrial
      particles. All drugs are inhibitors of either ATP-driven or of succinate-driven
      reduction of NADP+. The antiarrhythmics promote a decrease in the membrane
      potential upon energization of the mitochondrial membrane by alpha-ketoglutarate,
      succinate, or ATP. It was suggested that these drugs have a primary action on the
      mitochondrial membrane, thus altering the activities of membrane proteins
      (channels and enzymes).

PMID- 2878738
TI  - Subtypes of beta-adrenergic receptors in bovine coronary arteries.
AB  - Whether large coronary artery dilation induced by beta-adrenergic stimulation is
      mediated by beta 1- or beta 2-adrenergic receptors remains controversial. This
      problem is particularly difficult to address in vivo due to the concomitant
      increase in coronary blood flow with beta-adrenergic stimulation, which by itself
      can dilate large coronary arteries. To reconcile this problem, 5 calves were
      instrumented with intraaortic and intracoronary (i.c.) catheters, ultrasonic
      diameter transducers, Doppler flow transducers, and hydraulic occluders on the
      left circumflex coronary artery. Two to six weeks following surgery, beta
      adrenergic agonists were administered i.c. to avoid complicating systemic
      effects. Isoproterenol (0.0025 micrograms/kg, a beta 1 + beta 2-adrenergic
      agonist) increased coronary diameter (7.1 +/- 0.8% from 5.80 +/- 0.58 mm) (p less
      than 0.01). Similar increases (p less than 0.01) in coronary diameter occurred
      with prenalterol (0.4 micrograms/kg, beta 1-adrenergic agonist) (9.5 +/- 1.4%)
      and pirbuterol (0.25 micrograms/kg, beta 2-adrenergic agonist) (8.1 +/- 1.2%).
      When coronary blood flow was prevented from rising with the hydraulic
      constrictor, increases in coronary diameter to all three beta-adrenergic agonists
      were not attenuated. Large coronary artery dilation with prenalterol and
      pirbuterol was abolished with beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor blockade,
      respectively, while neither beta 1- nor beta 2-adrenergic blockade alone
      abolished the large coronary artery dilation with isoproterenol. To identify the
      predominant subtype of beta-adrenergic receptor, competitive inhibition curves
      utilizing 125I-cyanopindolol (125I-CYP) as the radiolabel versus isoproterenol,
      epinephrine, and norepinephrine were generated in membrane preparations from calf
      heart (predominant beta 1), calf lung (predominant beta 2) and calf coronary
      artery. The coronary artery membrane preparations demonstrated an intermediate
      pattern. Competition curves with selective beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor
      agonists and antagonists again demonstrated a pattern for coronary artery
      intermediate to that of heart and lung, further confirming the presence of both
      beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in large coronary arteries, with a ratio of
      beta 1: beta 2 of 1.5-2.0:1.0. Thus, large coronary arteries of the calf contain
      both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors identified utilizing ligand binding
      techniques, and stimulation of both receptor subtypes in the intact conscious
      animal results in large coronary artery dilation, independent of blood-flow
      mediated vasodilation.

PMID- 2878736
TI  - Fibrinogen and fibrin: biochemistry and pathophysiology.
AB  - Fibrinogen is a thrombin-coagulable glycoprotein occurring in the blood of
      vertebrates. The primary structure of the alpha, beta, and gamma polypeptide
      chains of human fibrinogen is known from amino acid and nucleic acid sequencing.
      The intact molecule has a trinodular, dimeric structure and is functionally
      bivalent. Thrombin cleaves short peptides from the amino termini of the alpha and
      beta chains exposing polymerization sites that are responsible for the formation
      of fibrin fibers and appearance of a clot. The major physiological function of
      fibrinogen is the formation of fibrin that binds together platelets and some
      plasma proteins in a hemostatic plug. In pathological situations, the network
      entraps large numbers of erythrocytes and leukocytes forming a thrombus that may
      occlude a blood vessel. Fibrinogen and fibrin are multifunctional proteins.
      Fibrinogen is indispensable for platelet aggregation; it also binds to several
      plasma proteins, however, the biological function of this interaction is not
      completely understood. Fibrin is an essential matrix for regulation of
      fibrinolysis and for facilitation of cell attachment in wound healing.

PMID- 2878739
TI  - [A cellulose acetate membrane counter immunoelectrophoresis test for
      identification of the host source of mosquito blood meals].

PMID- 2878740
TI  - [Inoculation of microfilariae of Brugia malayi into four species of mosquitoes].

PMID- 2878741
TI  - Central nervous system effects of beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs: the role of
      ancillary properties.
AB  - Among the side effects commonly reported with the use of beta-blockers are
      symptoms related to the central nervous system (CNS). In this study we compared
      the effects of four beta-blockers with different ancillary properties (atenolol,
      metoprolol, propranolol, and pindolol) and placebo on objective and subjective
      measures of CNS function in 30 healthy male subjects. All subjects were randomly
      assigned to a double-blind, placebo controlled, Latin-square design study in
      which five 1 week periods of drug or placebo administration were separated by 2
      week washout periods. Laboratory evaluations were conducted at the end of each
      treatment period, and included multistage exercise stress testing; questionnaire
      assessments of mood state, sexual function, and sleep habits; tests of
      psychomotor function; and overnight polysomnographic measures of sleep.
      Significant effects on sleep continuity were observed for each of the lipophilic
      drugs, as reflected in the number of awakenings (pindolol = 6.4 +/- 5.0;
      propranolol = 6.3 +/- 3.2; metoprolol = 7.2 +/- 4.7; atenolol = 3.6 +/- 2.9;
      placebo = 3.9 +/- 2.7) and time of wakefulness (pindolol = 20.6 +/- 27.0 min;
      propranolol = 15.5 +/- 23.0 min; metoprolol = 19.5 +/- 24.3 min; atenolol = 10.2
      +/- 11.6 min; placebo = 9.2 +/- 74.5 min). Only pindolol significantly affected
      rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time (pindolol = 54.5 +/- 21.9 min; placebo = 74.5
      +/- 74.5 min) and REM latency (pindolol = 175.0 +/- 60.7 min; placebo = 95.4 +/-
      43.8 min). Subjective reports of sleep similarly indicated increased wakefulness
      and greater restlessness with lipophilic beta-blockers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2878742
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of the beta 1-adrenoceptor partial agonist xamoterol in
      relation to plasma norepinephrine levels during exercise in patients with left
      ventricular dysfunction.
AB  - A new cardioselective beta 1-adrenoceptor partial agonist, xamoterol, has been
      developed for the treatment of heart failure, especially that associated with
      ischemic heart disease. To investigate the hemodynamic effect of xamoterol in
      relation to sympathetic nervous activity, hemodynamic variables and plasma
      norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured at rest and during three graded bicycle
      exercise tests before and after a single intravenous dose of 0.15 mg/kg xamoterol
      in 10 patients with mild-to-moderate left ventricular dysfunction. Plasma NE
      increased with increasing grade of exercise and a linear correlation between
      plasma NE and heart rate was observed at four time points (at rest and three
      exercise levels) before and after xamoterol. After administration of xamoterol,
      the slope of the regression line of plasma NE-heart rate relation was
      significantly less steep than that before drug. Predose and postdose regression
      lines crossed at 440 pg/ml of plasma NE. Similar effects were observed on the
      plasma NE-cardiac index and plasma NE-systolic blood pressure relations
      (regression lines crossed at 380 and 530 pg/ml of plasma NE, respectively). Thus,
      xamoterol had a dual agonist-antagonist effect in relation to plasma NE, and the
      crossover point lay approximately between 400 pg/ml and 500 pg/ml. This level of
      plasma NE was achieved at a low exercise level and at a heart rate of about 100
      beats/min. These results indicate that xamoterol has intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity comparable to relatively low sympathetic activity (400 to 500 pg/ml of
      plasma NE) and therefore acts as a beta 1-agonist when sympathetic nervous
      activity is below this level and as an antagonist when sympathetic activity is
      above this level.

PMID- 2878743
TI  - Rational therapies for hypertension. Is step 1 of stepped care archaic?

PMID- 2878744
TI  - In vitro studies upon the release of gamma-glutamyltransferase from human liver.
AB  - Samples of human liver have been incubated in different fluids for up to 48 h and
      the released gamma-glutamyltransferase studied by gel chromatography on Sephacryl
      S-300 and polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. When human liver is
      incubated in serum, most of the released enzyme is of high Mr (greater than
      1,000,000). Incubation in hepatic bile, or in a solution of
      glycochenodeoxycholate, results in the release of enzyme that is hydrophobic in
      nature and which reaggregates to a varying extent after the removal of bile
      salts. In contrast, incubation in saline, or in a solution of human albumin
      results in the release of a hydrophilic low Mr (about 120,000) form of the
      enzyme. These observations are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms for
      the release of these multiple forms.

PMID- 2878745
TI  - Effect of LHRH treatment on testicular descent and hormonal response in
      cryptorchidism.
AB  - In a double-blind placebo-controlled study in 49 boys with cryptorchidism the
      effect of intranasal synthetic LHRH was studied. After 8 weeks improvement in
      testicular location was found in 13 testes (37%), but this improvement was
      considered sufficient of only six testes. Placebo resulted in an improved
      location in 18% of the testes. The mean change in testicular position (expressed
      in cm) after LHRH therapy was slightly greater than after placebo but only in the
      squatting position did this difference reach significance. Aggressive behaviour
      was reported in 23% of the children treated with LHRH. A second LHRH course did
      not result in significant improvement in any of the patients. At follow-up
      reascent was frequently seen. The final results in unilateral cryptorchidism are
      poorer than those in bilateral cryptorchidism. LHRH therapy leads to higher
      plasma LH levels and a lower FSH in response to an intravenous LHRH test. In 15
      boys plasma testosterone levels rose above 0.4 nmol/l. We conclude that
      intranasal LHRH application has a limited value for the treatment of
      cryptorchidism but may be suitable as a diagnostic test.

PMID- 2878747
TI  - Effects of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in normal man.
AB  - Long-acting somatostatin analogues may be of benefit in certain hypersecretory
      endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders. The 24 h hormonal and metabolic
      profiles of six normal male subjects receiving a twice daily subcutaneous
      injection of one such analogue SMS 201-995, 50 micrograms, has been compared to
      that obtained following placebo injection. Spontaneous daytime peaks of GH
      secretion were delayed until 1400 h following SMS 201-995 but nocturnal and total
      24 h GH secretion were unaffected. The nocturnal rise in thyrotrophin was
      abolished by SMS 201-995 but thyroid function was unaffected. Insulin levels were
      suppressed following SMS 201-995 and the response to meals was inhibited. Glucose
      intolerance followed main meals. Glucagon levels were suppressed for up to 6 h.
      Circulating alanine levels were raised between 1200 h and 0600 h and there were
      intermittent elevations in lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate.
      Amino acid levels, including branched chain amino acids, were also increased. All
      six subjects suffered gastrointestinal side-effects. SMS 201-995, 50 micrograms,
      given twice daily shortly before meals does not suppress 24 h GH secretion, but
      demonstrates significant effects on metabolism and causes side effects in normal
      subjects.

PMID- 2878748
TI  - The sensitivity of growth hormone and prolactin secretion to the somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995 in patients with prolactinomas and acromegaly.
AB  - The somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 has recently been shown to be effective in
      suppressing GH secretion in most acromegalic patients. In the present study it
      was investigated whether PRL release in prolactinoma and acromegalic patients
      might also be sensitive to SMS 201-995 and whether co-secretion of PRL in
      acromegaly plays a role in determining the sensitivity of GH secretion to SMS 201
      995. The s.c. administration of 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 did not affect high
      plasma PRL levels in four microprolactinoma patients. Therapy of one of these
      patients for 3 d with 50 micrograms three times a day also did not affect PRL
      levels. The single administration of 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 in 22 acromegalic
      patients lowered plasma GH levels for 2-6 h to less than 5 micrograms/l in 14
      patients and to less than 50% of control values in 16 patients. In 18 of these 22
      patients the immunohistochemical picture of the pituitary tumour was known.
      Eleven patients had pure GH-containing tumours and in seven patients there were
      mixed GH/PRL-containing tumours. In two of these latter patients there was
      evidence for GH and PRL being secreted by the same tumour cells. The sensitivity
      of GH secretion to SMS 201-995 did not differ between the patients with pure GH
      or mixed GH/PRL-containing adenomas. Plasma PRL levels were not affected by SMS
      201-995 in the patients with pure GH-secreting tumours, but were significantly
      suppressed in four of the seven patients with mixed GH/PRL containing tumours.
      Chronic treatment for 16 weeks of one patient with a mixed GH/PRL-containing
      tumour with SMS 201-995 (100 micrograms three times a day) resulted in
      normalization of both the increased GH and PRL levels. It is concluded that SMS
      201-995 does not affect tumorous PRL secretion in patients with pure
      prolactinomas. In acromegalic patients with mixed GH/PRL-containing tumours PRL
      secretion in some patients is sensitive to SMS 201-995, making these patients
      good candidates for chronic treatment with the analogue. The simultaneous
      presence of PRL in the GH-secreting pituitary tumour or the presence of
      hyperprolactinaemia in acromegalics does not play a role in the sensitivity of GH
      secretion to the somatostatin analogue.

PMID- 2878746
TI  - Somatostatin and oxytocin infusion inhibits the rise of plasma beta-endorphin,
      beta-lipotrophin and cortisol induced by insulin hypoglycaemia.
AB  - The present study investigated the possible effect of somatostatin and oxytocin
      on the basal and stress-induced rise of beta-endorphin (beta-END), beta
      lipotrophin (beta-LPH) and cortisol in the human. For this purpose somatostatin
      (4.1 micrograms/min for 120 min or oxytocin (0.4 micrograms/min for 120 min) was
      infused into two different groups of seven healthy subjects; 30 min after the
      start of the infusion, placebo or insulin (0.1 IU/kg body weight, B.W.) was
      injected on two different days. In a third experimental step, an insulin
      tolerance test was performed during saline infusion to evaluate stress-related
      effects on the different hormonal secretions under basal conditions. Plasma
      levels of beta-END, beta-LPH and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay.
      Extraction and chromatographic procedures preceded the assay for beta-END and
      beta-LPH. Neither somatostatin nor oxytocin significantly modified basal plasma
      levels of beta-END, beta-LPH and cortisol. However these treatments blunted the
      rise of the three hormones seen at 45 and 60 min during insulin-induced
      hypoglycaemia (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that somatostatin and
      oxytocin may influence the beta-END, beta-LPH and cortisol increase induced by
      stress in humans, without affecting their basal secretion.

PMID- 2878750
TI  - A study into possible deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by the
      alleles of the hypervariable sequence in the region of the human insulin gene.
AB  - A number of studies have reported on possible relationships between a
      hypervariable sequence near the 5' end of the insulin gene and some common
      diseases. Control populations within these studies appear to disobey the Hardy
      Weinberg equilibrium. In this study we have ascertained the allele frequencies in
      181 random individuals. The chi-squared statistic comparing this population with
      a theoretical Hardy-Weinberg population was 0.61. This makes it unlikely that in
      the general population the Hardy-Weinberg rule is disobeyed. Possible reasons for
      the discrepancy between our study and the studies of others are discussed.

PMID- 2878749
TI  - Analysis of fragile X-mental retardation families using flanking polymorphic DNA
      probes.
AB  - Fragile-X mental retardation (FRAX-MR) is one of the more common X-linked
      disorders affecting 1 in 1,500 newborn males. This disease is characterized by
      the expression of fragile site in the region q27.3 of the X-chromosome of
      affected boys when their lymphocytes are cultured in folate deficient medium. In
      most patients there is macroorchidism postpubertally. The clinical diagnosis of
      carrier females based on the expression of fragile site in Xq27.3 is usually
      difficult and sometimes impossible. About half of the carrier females escape
      diagnosis by this method. Furthermore, prenatal diagnosis is not always feasible.
      Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and cloned DNA segments
      from the region Xq27-Xqter as probes, we have investigated Swedish families with
      FRAX-MR in three generations. Interesting observations, previously unreported to
      our knowledge, have been made in some patients and carrier mothers, using one of
      the probes which is localized to the distal end of Xq. The significance of these
      findings and the linkage of the disease locus to the different probes used in
      this study is presented.

PMID- 2878751
TI  - The cardiovascular effects of trimazosin and prazosin in the rabbit.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of trimazosin, a quinazoline derivative similar in
      structure to prazosin, were investigated and compared with prazosin in the
      rabbit. Radioligand binding to cerebral membranes showed that trimazosin has
      roughly 100-fold less affinity for the alpha 1-adrenoceptor. This was further
      supported by its lower pA2 derived from phenylephrine contractile responses in
      isolated thoracic aorta preparations. Trimazosin is less extensively distributed
      and has a lower clearance from whole blood than prazosin although their whole
      blood elimination half-lives are comparable. In addition, although it is a less
      potent alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist in vivo, its peripheral vascular depressor
      effect tends to be greater than prazosin. Trimazosin at the dose used and under
      the conditions of study did not reverse the peripheral pressor effect of
      angiotensin II or B-HT920 but at higher concentrations, unlike prazosin, it
      relaxed the K+ contracted thoracic aorta. In addition, following pharmacological
      autonomic blockade and treatment with prazosin in vivo, trimazosin caused a
      further depressor response. A similar though shorter lasting non-alpha 1-receptor
      mediated action was also observed with prazosin. 1-Hydroxytrimazosin (CP23445),
      the major metabolite of trimazosin in man, showed little affinity for either the
      alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptor from radioligand binding studies. In addition to
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonism, trimazosin may exert an additional direct
      vasodilator effect in rabbits.

PMID- 2878752
TI  - The histopathologic classification of cutaneous lymphomas.
AB  - A classification of malignant lymphomas has been formulated to identify distinct
      clinical groups of patients for future therapeutic trials. The unifying concept
      of primary cutaneous lymphomas as of either T- or B-cell origin does not conflict
      with the Working Formulation but encompasses its categories. This classification
      requires immunologic data in addition to morphologic assessment for accurate
      evaluation. Cytomorphologic subdivision of the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas does
      not have the same clinical significance as for the cutaneous B-cell lymphomas.
      However, the pattern of skin involvement in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
      (epidermotropic versus nonepidermotropic) does appear to be important clinically
      and should be included in future classifications.

PMID- 2878753
TI  - Pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a malignant disease whose behavior reflects its T
      cell lineage. The biologic characteristics of the disease are understandable when
      viewed from a perspective of normal T-cell-skin interactions. Thus, it is of no
      surprise that this malignancy of helper T lymphocytes usually demonstrates a
      remarkable affinity for the skin at the outset and that, coincident with
      decreased dependence upon this unique environment, the extent and aggressiveness
      of disease increases. Although the inciting event responsible for the development
      of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is unknown, a mechanism for local growth and distant
      expansion of malignant cells has been postulated in terms of IL-2-dependent and 
      independent growth phases. As our vision into the cellular and subcellular
      workings of this malignancy becomes more acute, specific therapeutic and
      preventive measures will emerge.

PMID- 2878754
TI  - Retroviruses and lymphoproliferative disease.
AB  - This article has provided an introduction to and a brief overview of recent
      developments in the investigation of retroviruses and their role in animal and
      human neoplasia. The sheer volume of new information concerning this subject is
      nearly overwhelming. We can only hope that this knowledge will eventually lead to
      major therapeutic advances.

PMID- 2878755
TI  - Clinical features of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - The distinctive clinical features and natural history of mycosis fungoides, an
      epidermotropic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, are presented. These
      findings are compared with certain non-mycosis fungoides T-cell lymphomas that
      occasionally occur in the skin. Clinical staging and evaluation of patients with
      cutaneous lesions including plaques, tumors, or erythroderma, with or without
      nodal involvement and disseminated disease, are considered. Associated disorders
      such as follicular mucinosis, actinic reticuloid, lymphomatoid papulosis, and
      secondary primary malignancies are also presented.

PMID- 2878756
TI  - [A case of syndrome malin with persistent cerebellar signs].

PMID- 2878757
TI  - Life-threatening complications of betamimetic therapy for preterm labor
      inhibition.
AB  - Betamimetic administration for inhibition of preterm labor can result in a number
      of severe complications for the mother. An understanding of clinical situations
      that increase the risk of complications and suggested treatment of adverse
      effects are discussed in this review.

PMID- 2878758
TI  - Clinical leukocyte phenotyping by laser flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies
      (immunocytometry) in renal transplantation.
AB  - Absolute levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were sequentially monitored
      by immunocytometry in 54 consecutive renal allograft recipients receiving
      azathioprine/prednisone (STD gp, N = 16) or cyclosporine with or without
      prednisone (CsA gp, N = 38), before and after transplantation. In the CsA group,
      but not in those receiving STD therapy, the mean absolute levels of all but OKT4+
      cells increased significantly with the duration of therapy. In both treatment
      groups (STD + CsA), the mean % delta OKT4/8 ratio increased from a prerejection
      quiescent value of 80 +/- 6% SE to a rejection value of 120 +/- 6% (P less than
      .001) and fell back to 77 +/- 6% (P less than .0005) in postrejection quiescence.
      The sensitivity and specificity of such an elevated ratio for rejection were
      84.4% and 88.6%, while positive and negative likelihood ratios were 7.40 and
      0.15, respectively. In rejection, concomitant immunopathology showed a
      predominance of OKT8+ cells in the graft with a mean T cell subset ratio of 0.8
      +/- 0.3 SE in renal biopsies compared to 2.0 +/- 0.3 for circulating cells (P
      less than .0125). Parallel donor-antigen-specific assay of lymphocyte-mediated
      cytotoxicity (LMC) became positive with graft rejection. Immunocytometry with
      normalization of sequential data in longitudinal analysis thus appears to be a
      valuable tool in immunologic laboratory monitoring of graft rejection.

PMID- 2878759
TI  - Case report: renovascular hypertension in Takayasu's disease treated by
      percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.
AB  - Systemic hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis is a common complication
      of Takayasu's disease. A case of Takayasu's disease is presented, in which
      hypertension was relieved by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of a
      unilateral renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 2878760
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - The pharmacologic treatment of the reversible elements of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease is discussed in this article. Discussion focuses on three
      classes of bronchodilator drugs--the sympathomimetic agents, the methylxanthines,
      and the anticholinergic agents. A section on corticosteroid use in patients with
      chronic airflow limitation is included. An integrated approach to pharmacotherapy
      is suggested that allows a treatment program to be designed to meet the needs of
      the individual patient.

PMID- 2878761
TI  - COPD: causes, treatment, and risk for lung cancer.

PMID- 2878762
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of headache disorders.

PMID- 2878763
TI  - New concepts in the management of asthma.

PMID- 2878764
TI  - Reduction of dental fear: psychophysiological correlates.
AB  - EMG, HR and SCR were continuously recorded during two Standardized Dental
      Examinations (SDE) of 15 dental phobics. Following the first SDE, the patients
      were assigned to two treatment groups, one receiving systematic desensitization
      followed by two separate amalgam restorations and one premedicated with Valium
      for the two restorations. The dentist rated the patients' behavior on a 5-point
      scale. Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was used prior to the first SDE and
      following the second SDE. The second SDE was conducted on a separate occasion
      following the second restoration. No significant correlations were found between
      any of the physiological measures and either the dentist's ratings or the second
      DAS or DAS change scores. Significant differences found between the two treatment
      groups on the dentist's ratings, second DAS, and change scores were not reflected
      by the physiological measures.

PMID- 2878765
TI  - Sex steroid binding protein from Bufo arenarum: further characterization.
AB  - The effects of temperature, pH, divalent cations, 2-mercaptoethanol (Et-SH), N
      ethylmaleimide (NEM), and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) on the
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding to sex steroid binding protein from Bufo
      arenarum (baSBP) were examined. The temperature curve indicated that the binding
      remained stable up to 50 degrees C and the pH curve showed maximum binding
      between pH 7 and 9. The incubations of baSBP with divalent cations, NEM and Et-SH
      demonstrated that baSBP require disulfides and sulfhydryl groups for steroid
      binding or to maintain an adequate protein conformation. On the other hand, PMSF
      had no effect on the binding, consequently, serine residues appear not to be
      involved in DHT binding to baSBP. These results indicate that baSBP has a
      behavior resembling that of human SBP.

PMID- 2878766
TI  - Transmural potential difference and short circuit current of chicken cecum in
      vitro.
AB  - The electrical parameters of the chicken cecum were studied in vitro, in birds
      fed a commercial NaCl-rich diet. The statistical analysis of data was carried out
      using a linear model-based method which enabled standardization of concomitant
      factors that could mask the interpretation of the results. Transmural potential
      difference (PD) decreased initially reaching stable values at 50 min between 7.9
      and 9.0 mV. Short-circuit current (Isc) was stable during incubation, with lower
      values in the medial (41.8 microA/cm2) than in the distal (58.1 microA/cm2)
      region of the cecum. The reduction of Na+ concentration in the incubation medium
      produced a fall in PD and Isc and both were ouabain and amiloride sensitive. This
      indicates that the current is largely carried by the net Na+ transport.

PMID- 2878767
TI  - Influence of diet on the storage, mobilization and utilization of energy reserves
      in trained and untrained rats.
AB  - The effect of the major dietary energy source (fat or carbohydrate) on some of
      the adaptations to physical training, particularly body composition and tissue
      glycogen concentrations, were studied in growing male Wistar rats. Resting liver
      glycogen concentrations were lower in both trained and sedentary rats fed a high
      fat diet compared to corresponding rats fed a high carbohydrate (low fat) diet.
      Trained rats on both diets had higher liver glycogen levels than corresponding
      sedentary controls. Resting gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentrations were not
      influenced by diet or training. Rates of liver and muscle glycogen depletion
      during a 60-min swim were lower in trained rats but were not influenced by diet.
      Significant interactions were noted between the dietary energy source and
      exercise training with respect to body weight gain, body fat content, liver
      weight and liver glycogen concentrations.

PMID- 2878768
TI  - Uric acid uptake in erythrocytes of beagle and dalmatian dogs.
AB  - Uric acid uptake by erythrocytes of Beagle and Dalmatian dogs has been measured,
      using (2-14C) uric acid. Uptake was characterized by a fast and a slow component.
      Urate uptake was inhibited by certain purine and pyrimidine derivatives and by
      anion transport inhibitors. It was dependent on intraerythrocyte glycolysis.
      Temperature only influenced uptake by the slow component (Q10 = 2.6). Urate
      uptake by the slow component is apparently due to the transport into the
      erythrocytes by facilitated diffusion (Km = 6.6 mmol/l, Vmax = 390 mumol/l/min),
      whereas the fast component exhibits an adsorption of urate on erythrocyte
      surface. No difference of urate uptake by erythrocytes of Beagle and Dalmatian
      dogs has been observed.

PMID- 2878769
TI  - Competition for cool nasal blood between trunk and brain in hyperthermic goats.
AB  - An influence of brain and trunk temperatures controlled independently of each
      other by means of artificial heat exchangers, on the intensity of natural
      selective brain cooling (SBC) was studied in 6 conscious goats. Intensity of SBC
      was markedly enhanced by increasing brain temperature. On the other hand, a rise
      of trunk temperature with the cerebral temperature clamped at 39 degrees C or 40
      degrees C, reduced SBC intensity in spite of a simultaneous increase in the
      respiratory evaporative heat loss. When brain temperature was clamped at 41
      degrees C, the magnitude of SBC was essentially independent of trunk temperature.
      These results suggest that during hyperthermia a competition exists between trunk
      and brain for cool nasal blood.

PMID- 2878770
TI  - Interrelationships among epidermal Na-K ATPase, developmental stage and length of
      Rana catesbeiana tadpoles.
AB  - Sodium and potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K ATPase) was
      extracted from the skin of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and adults. Using carefully
      staged tadpoles, it was noted that the enzyme level increases two or three stages
      before there is a perceptible potential difference generated across the skin. The
      level of non-ouabain-inhibitable ATPase remains constant throughout the life
      cycle. It was also concluded that Rana catesbeiana tadpoles cannot be reliably
      staged using length as a key trait.

PMID- 2878771
TI  - Changes in haematological parameters associated with capture and captivity of the
      marine teleost, Pleuronectes platessa L.
AB  - After capture by trawling, the blood parameters of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa
      L.) are perturbed for up to 5 days post-capture. Whole blood values recovered
      from an initial stress-induced haemoconcentration within 12 hr. There is a marked
      hyperglycaemia following capture: blood glucose concentration increased four-fold
      to 87.92 +/- 10.41 mg/100 ml (N = 6) after 12 hr and remained elevated for 3-4
      days before returning to normal values. Monovalent blood electrolytes (Na+, K+,
      Cl-) significantly increased during the initial stages post-capture (4-10 hr) but
      then recovered. The divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) similarly increased but for a
      longer period (24-72 hr). Liver and muscle glycogen concentrations were very
      variable during the recovery period. All blood parameters achieved stable values
      within 5 days of capture. This study provides comprehensive haematological data
      on post-trawl recovery and tank-acclimation in plaice, for up to 28 days
      following capture.

PMID- 2878772
TI  - Body composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) studied by neutron
      activation analysis.
AB  - This paper describes the measurement of whole body Ca, Cl, K, N, Na, O and P in
      Atlantic salmon parr, adults and kelts by neutron activation analysis (NAA). This
      technique is based on counting the specific gamma activity in samples which is
      present naturally or is produced by neutron irradiation. Body composition (fat,
      mineral, protein and water) are estimated from these data. NAA has advantages
      over chemical methods with the potential for in vivo measurements. Anthropogenic
      137Cs was found in sea-water (SW) salmon but not found in the freshwater (FW)
      stages (parr and kelts). Presence of this isotope in fish caught in FW indicates
      recent SW residence.

PMID- 2878773
TI  - Kidney clearance of D- and L-tryptophan by rats.
AB  - Renal clearances of D-tryptophan and of L-tryptophan by rats were compared. Both
      D- and L-tryptophan were reabsorbed by the rat kidney tubules very efficiently.
      Compared to the rapid excretion of D-tryptophan by the chick, the good retention
      of this isomer by the rat kidney might be responsible for its efficient
      utilization by rats.

PMID- 2878774
TI  - Changes in plasma phosphate with the stimulation of anaerobic metabolism in rats
      during hypoxic-anoxic states.
AB  - Exposure of rats to high altitude hypoxia causes a rapid decrease in plasma Pi:
      this change reached the maximum value after exposure to an altitude of 6000-7000
      m. Lactate increased markedly when rats were exposed to a high altitude, above
      5500-6000 m, although no increase in lactate was observed on exposure to an
      altitude below 5500 m. Highly anoxic conditions including cyanide and carbon
      monoxide poisoning cause a marked increase in inorganic phosphate (Pi) and
      lactate in plasma. Pi entering the intracellular spaces can be utilized as the
      substrate of oxidative phosphorylation during exposure to an altitude below 5500
      6000 m, and for glycolytic enhancement in rats exposed to an altitude above 6000
      m. The increase in plasma Pi may be explained by the inhibition of mitochondrial
      oxidation and the degradation of high energy phosphate compounds under highly
      anoxic conditions.

PMID- 2878776
TI  - Plasma ferritin and other parameters related to iron metabolism in piglets.
AB  - The evolution of mean plasma ferritin values, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma iron
      concentration and total plasma iron binding capacity were studied during the
      growth of piglets from 0 to 50 days. The results obtained point to a massive
      mobilization of iron from storage sites during the second and third weeks of life
      of these animals. Apart from plasma ferritin values and the total plasma iron
      binding capacity, the coefficient of utilization may be considered as another
      parameter to be taken into account upon evaluating iron deposits in piglets.

PMID- 2878775
TI  - The nature of thyrotropin stimulation of thyroid function in Japanese quail:
      prolonged thyrotropin exposure is necessary to increase thyroidal 125I uptake.
AB  - Single injections of thyrotropin (TSH) increase serum T4 and thyroidal 32P uptake
      but not thyroidal 125I uptake regardless of dosage, exposure time or age. Chronic
      TSH exposure, with 3 or more days of injection, does increase thyroidal 125I
      uptake. Studies using iodine (I) supplementation indicated that the increased
      thyroidal radioiodine uptakes seen with chronic TSH administration were not due
      to an I deficiency in the thyroid resulting from high hormone release. Labeled
      and unlabeled experiments comparing the effects of single vs. multiple injections
      of TSH were used to describe the effects of TSH on hormone release, hormone
      production and thyroidal I uptake.

PMID- 2878777
TI  - Epithalamus of the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus.
AB  - The epithalamus of embryonic, neonatal and adult nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus
      novemcinctus) was examined for evidence of pineal-like tissue. The evagination of
      the diencephalic roof (the anlage of the epiphysis) was not found in any
      embryonic specimens. In the adult brain, the epithalamus is dominated by the sub
      commissural organ (SCO) which is surrounded entirely by the posterior commissure.
      At the most caudal aspect of the SCO, previous investigators have observed pineal
      like tissue. Using pineal-specific staining techniques however, we found no
      evidence of this tissue. Because the armadillo produces melatonin in a rhythmic
      manner, exhibits exacting circadian rhythms, and shows altered rhythms when
      exposed to exogenous melatonin, we believe other organs, perhaps the retina or
      Harderian gland, must be involved in maintaining the coordinated melatonin titer.

PMID- 2878778
TI  - Somatostatin immunoneutralization affects plasma metabolite concentrations in the
      domestic fowl.
AB  - Young leghorn cockerels were injected with antiserum to somatostatin (anti-SRIF)
      and plasma glucose, free fatty acids and alpha-amino nitrogen concentrations
      determined. Plasma glucose concentrations increased rapidly after anti-SRIF and
      remained high for up to 2 hr. Two different antisera tested had hyperglycaemic
      activity. Plasma free fatty acids also increased rapidly after administration of
      the two different anti-SRIFs, and remained high for about 1 hr. Plasma alpha
      amino nitrogen increased during the first 30 min after anti-SRIF, then declined
      to levels significantly lower than control by 1-2 hr after injection. Anaesthesia
      reduced plasma concentrations of glucose and alpha-amino nitrogen, and also
      reduced the changes of these metabolites following anti-SRIF. The results show
      the importance of endogenous somatostatin in the regulation of plasma metabolite
      concentrations.

PMID- 2878779
TI  - Photoperiodic adjustment of thermal conductance in deer mice.
AB  - Seasonal changes in metabolic rate can be induced in mice held in thermal neutral
      (26-29 degrees C) ambient temperatures. The metabolic effect of winter
      photoperiod is a lower metabolic rate without compromise to metabolic reserve.
      Manipulations of photoperiod or melatonin backgrounds adjust the thermoregulatory
      setting for core temperature level and affect thermal conductance.

PMID- 2878780
TI  - Taste receptor mechanism of salts in frog and rat.
AB  - Salts carrying impermeable organic cations elicited large responses in the frog
      and rat taste nerves. Amiloride suppressed the responses of the frog and rat
      taste nerves to NaCl, KCl and the organic salts to a similar extent. The
      estimated equilibrium potentials for Na+ and K+ at the thresholds determined were
      more negative than the resting potentials of the taste cells. The results
      obtained suggest that the taste responses to salts including NaCl are not induced
      by entry of cations via apical membranes of taste cells.

PMID- 2878781
TI  - Effect of temperature on the seasonal production of testicular androgens, in
      vitro, by the lizard Tiliqua rugosa.
AB  - The effect of temperature on the seasonal production of testicular androgens, in
      vitro, was examined in the scincid lizard Tiliqua (Trachydosaurus) rugosa.
      Testicular tissue was incubated, in vitro, at various temperatures (18, 25, 32
      and 37 degrees C). Endogenous androgens, testosterone and epitestosterone, were
      measured by radioimmunoassay. Epitestosterone production was maximal at 37
      degrees C and minimal at 18 degrees C. There was no consistent effect of
      incubation temperature on testosterone production. Incubation temperature had no
      effect on the seasonal pattern of androgen production. The results suggest that
      temperature may play a part in the regulation of androgen biosynthesis in T.
      rugosa.

PMID- 2878782
TI  - Tolerance of chick embryos to low temperatures in reference to the heart rate.
AB  - Ten-day-old embryos were exposed to 28, 18 and 8 degrees C environments and their
      electrocardiograms (ECG) monitored. Embryos in 28 and 18 degrees C environments
      maintained a constant heart rate averaging 97 and 25 beats/min, respectively,
      followed by arrhythmias and cardiac arrest at 101 and 59 hr. Embryos in an 8
      degrees C environment went into cardiac arrest after 2-4 hr, but recovered 20 hr
      later upon rewarming to 38 degrees C. Six to 20-day-old embryos exposed to 8
      degrees C were examined for tolerance time after cardiac arrest. The younger the
      embryo the longer its tolerance to prolonged cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2878783
TI  - Activities of chitinase and protease and concentration of fluoride in the
      digestive tract of Antarctic fishes feeding on krill (Euphausia superba Dana).
AB  - Studies on the digestion of krill by Notothenia rossii marmorata, Notothenia
      neglecta, Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus showed that these
      Antarctic fish species are well equipped to feed on krill, as indicated by their
      high levels of chitinase and protease activity. Very high chitinolytic activities
      were determined in the stomach of the fish species. However, activities that were
      measured in intestine samples can be substantial, as well. Very strong protease
      activities were determined in samples of the stomach tissue and the intestinal
      contents. When krill were present in the guts, the concentrations of fluoride in
      the stomach and intestinal contents of N. rossii marmorata and Ch. gunnari were
      extremely high, while the tissues were practically devoid of fluoride.

PMID- 2878784
TI  - The effect of immunization against somatostatin on growth rates and growth
      hormone secretion in the chicken.
AB  - The effect of both active passive immunization against somatostatin on growth
      rate and growth hormone levels was studied in chickens. Passive immunization
      against somatostatin by administration of antiserum had no effect on rate of
      growth of chickens and no persistent effect on circulating growth hormone (GH)
      levels. In acute experiments, administration of anti-somatostatin serum caused a
      marked elevation of GH levels in chickens at both 4 and 8 weeks of age, but the
      relative stimulation was greater in the older birds. Active immunization against
      somatostatin significantly stimulated growth rate in chickens, but was not shown
      to have a clear effect on circulating GH levels. These data suggest that
      somatostatin control over GH secretion may not be fully developed in the chicken
      at 4 weeks of age, but that immuno-neutralization of somatostatin can produce an
      increase rate of growth in chickens similar to that seen in mammals.

PMID- 2878785
TI  - Intramitochondrial inclusions in the kidney of the pygmy mouse.
AB  - Intramitochondrial inclusions averaging 1000 A in diameter were observed in the
      cells of the proximal convoluted tubules in samples of kidneys from pygmy mice,
      Baiomys taylori. Electron microscopic study of unstained sections and
      mitochondrial fractions showed that these inclusions are lipid and found at a
      S.G. 1.37 in a linear sucrose gradient. Renal glycogen, inorganic phosphate and
      plasma sodium were significantly higher in the pygmy mouse and plasma calcium was
      lower, as compared with the laboratory mouse. We believe these intramitochondrial
      inclusions to be lipid which accumulates divalent cations, particularly calcium,
      which acts as a sodium pump allowing the pygmy mouse to conserve water and adapt
      to its environment.

PMID- 2878786
TI  - The thermal physiology of two sympatric treefrogs Hyla cinerea and Hyla
      chrysoscelis (Anura; Hylidae).
AB  - Metabolic rates, temperature acclimation, lipid deposition and temperature
      tolerance were investigated in two species of hylid treefrogs, the green treefrog
      (Hyla cinerea) and the coastal plain (Cope's) gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis).
      The rate of oxygen consumption at rest differed between the two species only at
      30 degrees C; there was no difference in respiratory metabolism at lower ambient
      temperatures. Hyla cinerea generally completed metabolic acclimation earlier than
      H. chrysoscelis, particularly at high temperatures; both species appeared to be
      fully acclimated in 6 days or less. The gray treefrog is less tolerant of high
      ambient temperatures than the green treefrog; mean upper lethal temperature was
      41.5 degrees C for Hyla chrysoscelis and 43.7 degrees C for H. cinerea.
      Metabolized energy was higher at high ambient temperatures (i.e. 29 degrees C)
      for H. chrysoscelis than H. cinerea, while the reverse was true at 19 degrees C.
      The coefficient of utilization (100 X metabolized energy/gross energy intake) did
      not vary significantly between species or within species over the ambient
      temperature range of 19-24 degrees C; H. chrysoscelis had a significantly higher
      efficiency at 29 degrees C. Lipid reserves were generally similar in the two
      species throughout the summer. Differences in behavior, seasonal variation in
      activity and timing of reproduction are all related to thermal physiology and may
      play a role in determining the distributional limits of the two species.

PMID- 2878787
TI  - Ontogeny of alpha-amylase circadian rhythms in rat parotid gland.
AB  - The content of alpha-amylase (alpha-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1.)
      and total soluble proteins of parotid glands (from rats exposed to a photoperiod
      of 14 hr light: 10 hr dark), have been determined every 2 or 3 hr over 24 hr
      periods in 15, 25 and 90-day-old rats. In 35-, 45- and 72-day-old rats,
      determinations were performed only at 0100 and 1400 hr. The alpha-amylase and
      total soluble protein contents from 90-day-old rats show a circadian variation,
      with a maximum value at 2200 hr and a minimum at 1400 hr. Parotids from 15- and
      25-day-old rats also show a circadian rhythm. The minimum value is recorded at
      0100 hr and the maximum at 1400 hr. At day 35 and after, there is an inversion of
      the amylase rhythm. In immature rats, it appears that alpha-amylase and soluble
      protein are under the influence of another synchronizer, whose timing is
      independent of that imposed by mastication of solid food.

PMID- 2878788
TI  - Elevated testosterone level in response to clomiphene in male Anolis
      carolinensis.
AB  - Anolis carolinensis were used as experimental models to study the short-term
      effects of the fertility drug, clomiphene citrate, on male squamate reproductive
      function. Daily injections of 10.0 micrograms of clomiphene induced an increase
      in plasma testosterone over a 5 day period. No change in testis mass or
      morphology was elicited over this time.

PMID- 2878789
TI  - Metabolism of exogenous androgens in rams and wethers: differential clearance
      rates.
AB  - The effect of the presence of the testes on the clearance rates of 5 and 50 mg of
      testosterone and androstenedione was examined in 8-month old rams and wethers.
      Castration did not affect (P greater than 0.10) the clearance of androstenedione
      or testosterone at the 5 mg dosage. Castration had an effect (P less than 0.05)
      on the clearance of 50 mg of androstenedione and testosterone. These data
      indicate that reproductive status has a differential effect on the metabolism of
      exogenously administered steroids.

PMID- 2878790
TI  - Effect of caging singly or in groups of different sizes on the thermogenic
      activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue in mice.
AB  - The effects on the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue of caging mice
      singly or in groups of different sizes has been investigated. At 23 degrees C the
      total cytochrome oxidase activity and the level of mitochondrial GDP binding were
      higher in mice caged singly than in mice caged in groups of three or six. At 4
      degrees C GDP binding and cytochrome oxidase activity were lower in mice caged in
      groups of two, three or six than in mice caged singly. The mitochondrial
      concentration of uncoupling protein was not clearly affected by the number of
      mice in each cage.

PMID- 2878791
TI  - Colloid osmotic pressure changes in human whole blood and separated plasma in
      vitro with changes in CO2 content and pH.
AB  - Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and pH were measured on the true plasma of human
      blood from five subjects tonometered with different concentrations of carbon
      dioxide. Measurements were also made on their separated plasma. COP (mmHg) of
      true plasma obtained from tonometered whole blood varied in proportion to the
      bicarbonate concentration (mEq/l): COP = 0.056 [HCO3-] + 23.3. In separated
      plasma, as CO2 concentration increased, COP decreased as pH decreased: COP = 1.99
      (pH) + 11.0. When the change in COP due to the change in pH was subtracted from
      the observed change of COP due to CO2 exposure of whole blood, the difference was
      the change of COP due to the shift of fluid between plasma and red cells: COP
      adjusted for pH = 0.131 [HCO3-] + 21.5. The COP values of tonometered whole blood
      and separated plasma are taken to be equal at a pH of 7.40 (at the mixed venous
      point). The change in COP, adjusted for pH, for a given change in pCO2 is in
      keeping with the amount of fluid shift calculated from the measured changes in
      hematocrit and plasma protein concentration. An error in a previous paper
      (Kakiuchi et al., J. appl. Physiol. 44, 474-478, 1978) had led to an
      overestimation of the COP change from the exposure of whole blood to CO2 in
      vitro.

PMID- 2878792
TI  - Analysis of drug-tubulin interaction by trypsin cleavage: comparison for
      colchicine, podophyllotoxin, griseofulvin, vinblastine and taxol.
AB  - Trypsin preferentially cleaves the alpha subunit of depolymerized tubulin or
      vinblastine induced aggregates (in which longitudinal interactions between
      tubulin molecules could take place). No cleavage was found for tubulin
      polymerized into microtubules (containing lateral and longitudinal tubulin
      interactions), in the presence of taxol. In the presence of colchicine or
      podophyllotoxin the alpha subunit was partially protected from proteolytic
      digestion. Trypsin digestion pattern varied upon the addition of different
      concentrations of griseofulvin. At the higher concentration used, in which
      microtubules assembly was inhibited, both tubulin subunits were cleaved.

PMID- 2878793
TI  - Regulation of intracellular protein turnover: covalent modification as a
      mechanism of marking proteins for degradation.

PMID- 2878794
TI  - The molecular genetics of human T cell leukemias and lymphomas.

PMID- 2878795
TI  - Mammalian cell transformation by a recombinant murine retrovirus containing the
      avian erythroblastosis virus erbB gene.

PMID- 2878796
TI  - Gonadotropin and androgen levels in patients operated upon for cryptorchidism.
AB  - 53 patients previously operated upon for cryptorchidism were examined seven years
      (range 2-18) after the operation. We measured serum levels of sex-hormone-binding
      globulin (SHBG), testosterone (T), free testosterone (free T),
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4 androstenedione (4-AD), and
      dehydroepiandrosteronesulphate (DHAS), and the gonadotropin luteinizing hormone
      (LH) and follicular hormone stimulating (FSH). Compared to normal controls, there
      were decreased levels of free testosterone and DHT and increased levels of SHBG
      and DHAS. The FSH levels were elevated and LH values low. No relationship was
      found between androgen and gonadotropin levels, suggesting that the normal feed
      back mechanism is malfunctioning. There were no hormonal differences between
      patients with previous unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism, although SHBG
      levels were higher in the former. We concluded that cryptorchidism is probably
      due to a defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and not to a primary defect in
      the testes.

PMID- 2878797
TI  - Evidence that PGE2 stimulates intestinal epithelial cell adenylate cyclase by a
      receptor-mediated mechanism.
AB  - These studies were performed to examine whether prostaglandin E2 stimulates
      intestinal epithelial secretion via a receptor-mediated or non-receptor-mediated
      activation of adenylate cyclase. Solubilization of epithelial cell adenylate
      cyclase with Lubrol PX, which separates the receptor moiety of the cyclase from
      the remainder of the complex, inhibited the prostaglandin E2 stimulation of the
      cyclase. A similar result was obtained with VIP, which activates adenylate
      cyclase via a receptor-mediated mechanism, whereas fluoride, gamma S-GTP, and
      forskolin, which activate the cyclase via non-receptor-mediated mechanisms, all
      stimulated solubilized adenylate cyclase. In addition, prostaglandin E2 and VIP
      both showed a dependence on GTP for adenylate cyclase stimulation while fluoride
      and forskolin did not. These data suggest that prostaglandin E2 activates
      intestinal mucosal adenylate cyclase by a receptor-mediated mechanism. The
      presence of such receptors lends support to the possibility that prostaglandins
      have a physiological role in the control of mucosal transport.

PMID- 2878799
TI  - Neural anatomy, chemistry and event-related brain potentials: an approach to
      understanding the substrates of mind.

PMID- 2878800
TI  - Neuroregulators and electrical activity: transmitter and modulator influence on
      the cortical cholinergic system.

PMID- 2878798
TI  - Fluoxetine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness.
AB  - Fluoxetine is a new antidepressant which enhances serotoninergic
      neurotransmission through potent and selective inhibition of neuronal reuptake of
      serotonin. Metabolism by N-desmethylation occurs in man yielding
      desmethylfluoxetine, which also inhibits serotonin reuptake. Both the parent
      compound and metabolite possess elimination half-lives of several days
      facilitating the maintenance of steady-state plasma concentrations during long
      term treatment. Fluoxetine has overall therapeutic efficacy comparable with
      imipramine, amitriptyline and doxepin in patients with unipolar depression
      treated for 5 to 6 weeks, although it may be less effective than tricyclic
      antidepressants in relieving sleep disorders in depressed patients. Geriatric
      patients also responded as well to fluoxetine as to doxepin. The symptomatic
      improvement in patients with unipolar depression during short term fluoxetine
      treatment has been satisfactorily maintained when therapy was extended for at
      least 6 months: the relapse rate was low and similar to that of imipramine.
      Preliminary data have shown that patients with bipolar depression gained similar
      therapeutic benefit from fluoxetine or imipramine. Other preliminary trials have
      indicated that fluoxetine may be useful in obsessive-compulsive disorders. Usual
      doses of fluoxetine cause significantly fewer anticholinergic-type side effects
      than tricyclic antidepressants. Nausea, nervousness and insomnia are the most
      frequently reported fluoxetine-related adverse effects, but these have usually
      not been severe. Therapeutic doses of fluoxetine do not affect cardiac conduction
      intervals in patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease and fluoxetine
      has been relatively safe in the small number of patients who have taken
      overdoses. It has not been clearly established whether some types of depression
      may respond more readily to fluoxetine than other antidepressants, and its
      overall therapeutic efficacy has not been compared with other second generation
      antidepressants. Thus, with its different and perhaps improved side effect
      profile compared with older tricyclic antidepressants, fluoxetine offers
      properties that could be used to advantage in many patients with depression.

PMID- 2878801
TI  - [Anticholinergics during neuroleptic treatment. Value and withdrawal].
AB  - In a study on 144 chronic psychotic patients treated with neuroleptics, the
      authors tried to define a therapeutic schedule for anti-cholinergic drugs use to
      control parkinsonism induced by anti-psychotic drugs. Systematic treatment by
      anti-cholinergic drugs seems to be useless, even dangerous, and, if they have to
      be employed, the treatment must not exceed six months. The authors emphasize and
      analyse through the literature, the problems of drug abuse, withdrawal and
      psychological dependence with anti-parkinsonian drugs and their neurochemical
      effects.

PMID- 2878802
TI  - The ischemic infarct pulp of traumatized teeth: a light and electron microscopic
      study.

PMID- 2878804
TI  - The value of computed tomography in the localization of undescended testes.
AB  - Eight patients with unilateral and four with bilateral (4) unpalpable testes were
      evaluated with CT for localization. All patients were later submitted to
      laparascopy and/or surgery and 13 cryptorchid testes and 3 atrophic or agenesic
      testes were found. CT detected correctly 11 of the cryptorchid testes - (85%)
      with one false positive and one false negative finding. In the three atrophic or
      agenesic testes, CT did not identify any image suspicious of being a testis, so
      there three were no false positive studies here. It is concluded that CT is an
      accurate noninvasive method for the preoperative detection of cryptorchid testes.

PMID- 2878803
TI  - Genetic and cytogenetic localisation of the homeo box containing genes on mouse
      chromosome 6 and human chromosome 7.
AB  - Probes from the m6 homeo box cluster were mapped to mouse chromosome 6 by somatic
      cell genetics, in situ hybridisation, and by a Mus spretus--Mus musculus
      backcross mapping system. In addition, the testis-specific homeo box containing
      cDNA, clone, HBT-1, has been mapped using the same back-cross system and the B X
      D recombinant inbred strain set. Close genetic and physical linkage between the
      m6 cluster and HBT-1 was demonstrated, positioning these sequences to the same
      local cluster of homeo box containing genes. The map location of this cluster
      between IgK and Tcrb coincides with the morphological mutation hypodactyly (Hd).
      Synteny has been observed between a region of mouse chromosome 6 and the long arm
      of human chromosome 7 encompassing the markers Cpa, Tcrb and Try-1. Here we
      localise human sequences hybridising to the mouse m6 probes to the short arm of
      chromosome 7, breaking the region of synteny.

PMID- 2878805
TI  - Taxol induces the formation of unusual arrays of cellular microtubules in
      colchicine-pretreated J774.2 cells.
AB  - Taxol is an antimitotic agent with the unique ability to induce the formation of
      parallel arrays of microtubules in cells. We have studied the effects of taxol on
      microtubule organization in the cultured macrophage-like cell line, J774.2, and
      shown that this novel reorganization of cellular microtubules is both a
      concentration-dependent and time-dependent phenomenon. In this paper, we have
      examined in detail the unusual microtubule arrays induced by taxol in colchicine
      pretreated cells. Interphase cells which are pretreated with the irreversible
      inhibitor, colchicine, and then treated with taxol form a single microtubule
      aster associated with the nucleus and numerous discrete sites of apparent
      microtubule nucleation scattered throughout the cytoplasm. One interesting
      possibility is that these structures represent nucleation sites for taxol-induced
      bundles, a result supporting the notion that taxol-induced microtubule arrays are
      organized assemblies at what are perhaps secondary organizing sites.

PMID- 2878806
TI  - The role of beta blockade in the limitation of infarct development.
AB  - This review article deals with the role of beta blockade in the limitation of
      infarct development. A large number of studies have reported that early
      administration of beta blockers limits infarct size in animals. In a few,
      however, these results were not reconfirmed. In man, several large randomized
      trials have shown that early administration of beta blockade limits infarct
      development judged from serum enzyme activity and ECG recordings. Delay time
      between the onset of symptoms and start of treatment is of major importance. It
      appears as though patients with a higher initial rate pressure product respond
      most favourably. Although these results are encouraging, the role of infarct
      limitation in relation to effects on early mortality, chest pain and arrhythmias
      have not been clearly defined.

PMID- 2878807
TI  - Can beta blockers limit myocardial infarct size?
AB  - The suggestion that beta blockers can reduce mortality is not in dispute, nor is
      the undoubted clinical value of this important group of drugs. What must however
      be questioned is whether these beneficial effects can be, or need be, explained
      by 'infarct size limitation'.

PMID- 2878808
TI  - Effects of high doses of insulin on regional blood flows during acute left
      ventricular failure in dogs.
AB  - This study describes the effects of high doses of insulin on systemic
      haemodynamics and regional blood flows during acute ischaemic heart failure in
      dogs. Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction was induced by embolization of the left
      main coronary artery, and was evidenced by a significant increase in LV end
      diastolic pressure and decrease in LVdP/dtmax and cardiac output. Measurements of
      femoral, renal, mesenteric and carotid blood flows showed a redistribution of
      cardiac output during failure. Femoral blood flow decreased to a greater extent
      than cardiac output, but carotid blood flow decreased in proportion to cardiac
      output, while mesenteric and renal blood flows were moderately reduced in
      relation to the decrease in cardiac output. Administration of 300 IU of fast
      acting insulin significantly improved the performance of the failing left
      ventricle. Cardiac output was raised to levels observed before failure. The
      greatest increases in peripheral flow occurred in the femoral and carotid
      vascular beds, while the least occurred in the mesenteric and renal vascular
      beds. These observations indicate that insulin at high dose levels significantly
      improves peripheral circulation by positive inotropic and vasodilatating effects.
      There was a tendency to favour femoral and carotid vascular flows, but not at the
      expense of renal and visceral flows. Beta receptor blockade blocked neither the
      systemic nor regional haemodynamic effects of insulin.

PMID- 2878810
TI  - Effects of beta-blocking agents on urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine during
      experimental hyperthyroidism in rats.
AB  - Beta-blocking agents are increasingly used as preoperative treatment of
      hyperthyroid patients. Relatively little is known about the effects of these
      drugs on metabolic alterations in hyperthyroidism. The aim of this investigation
      was to study the effects of two different beta-blocking agents on the urinary
      excretion of 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) during experimental hyperthyroidism in
      rats. Experimental hyperthyroidism was induced by daily intraperitoneal
      injections of triiodothyronine (T3; 100 micrograms/100 g body weight) for 3 days.
      Control animals were injected with corresponding volumes of solvent. Groups of
      rats received food enriched with metoprolol (8.8 mmol/kg of diet) or propranolol
      (3.3 mmol/kg of diet) or food without additions. Urinary 3-MH excretion was
      increased by about 40% during experimental hyperthyroidism. A similar increase of
      3-MH excretion was found in animals receiving T3 + metoprolol, whereas the
      excretion of 3-MH was reduced to control level in hyperthyroid rats receiving
      propranolol. No effects of metoprolol or propranolol on 3-MH excretion were found
      in control animals. Although the source of 3-MH cannot be exactly defined, the
      present results indicate that increased proteolysis in skeletal muscle and/or
      other tissues during experimental hyperthyroidism was reduced by propranolol.

PMID- 2878809
TI  - Beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists as inhibitors of lung vascular permeability to
      radiolabelled transferrin in the adult respiratory distress syndrome in man.
AB  - Increased lung vascular permeability leading to increased plasma protein
      extravasation and accumulation (PPA) is a characteristic feature of acute lung
      injury. Using a previously described technique, PPA was monitored in the lungs of
      patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)--an extreme example
      of acute lung injury in man. An external radiation probe detector was used to
      monitor the pulmonary accumulation of the plasma protein transferrin
      radiolabelled in-vivo with 113mIn. Ten patients with ARDS exhibiting increased
      PPA indices (greater than 1.0 x 10(-3)/min) were given an intravenous infusion of
      terbutaline (7 micrograms/kg) over 30 min. Of the four patients in whom the post
      drug PPA indices remained within the ARDS range, none survived, whilst five of
      the six patients in whom the post-drug PPA indices were reduced to below 1.0 x
      10(-3)/min survived. PPA indices prior to the administration of terbutaline were
      not significantly different between the survivor (n = 5) and non-survivor (n = 5)
      groups. There was a significant decrease in the PPA indices following terbutaline
      in survivors (p less than 0.01) but not in non-survivors. Thus beta-2-agonists in
      therapeutic doses can inhibit increased lung vascular permeability in man. These
      findings may have prognostic and therapeutic implications for beta-2-agonists in
      ARDS.

PMID- 2878811
TI  - Treatment of chronic urticaria with terfenadine and ranitidine. A randomized
      double-blind study in 45 patients.
AB  - 45 patients with chronic urticaria were randomized to double blind therapy with
      terfenadine an H1-antihistamine or ranitidine, an H2-antihistamine, or a
      combination of both drugs. The therapeutic response was assessed by diary scores.
      The primary effect variable was "itching". The inference-statistical evaluation
      of the patient scores showed varying therapeutic effects. The Type-I error was p
      = 0.015. Itching was reported to be significantly lower by patients receiving
      both drugs than by those who were given terfenadine alone, while ranitidine in
      monotherapy had no significant effect on itching. A similar trend was seen in
      assessment of the severity of weals, while the treatment regimens had no
      influence on swelling.

PMID- 2878812
TI  - Acute and subacute actions on human performance and interactions with diazepam of
      temelastine (SK&F93944) and diphenhydramine.
AB  - Thirteen healthy subjects participated in a combined acute and subacute double
      blind, cross-over trial of two H1-antihistamines diphenhydramine (DPH) and
      temelastine (SKF) against placebo. The doses were DPH 50 mg b.d. and SKF 100 mg
      b.d. Objective (digit symbol substitution, flicker fusion, Maddox wing,
      attention, tracking, choice reaction) and subjective (visual analogue scales,
      side-effects on questionnaire) tests were done on Days 1, 4 and 5, on each
      occasion before drug intake and after 90 min and 3 h. On Day 1 DPH caused clear
      sedation of unpleasant character and impaired flicker fusion, attention and digit
      symbol substitution. SKF shifted the VAS assessment "drowsy/alert" towards
      drowsiness at 90 min, without objective impairment. On Day 4 DPH reduced
      exophoria and impaired flicker fusion without subjective sedation. On Day 5,
      diazepam 0.3 mg/kg (DZ) given with the other drugs caused subjective sedation of
      pleasant character and impaired various functions in the objective tests. Neither
      SKF nor DPH increased the effects of DZ; DPH slightly counteracted the effect of
      DZ on exophoria. At home, SKF did not differ from placebo while DPH proved
      sedative. DPH did not improve sleep but caused dry mouth and blurred vision.
      Measurement of plasma levels of antihistamines on each test day revealed the
      development of tolerance to antihistamine-induced sedation. The concentration of
      DZ measured by bioassay was somewhat elevated in the presence of DPH. Since the
      majority of the performance tests were not influenced by temelastine, it appears
      to be an acceptable, novel H1-antihistamine for the treatment of allergic
      disorders.

PMID- 2878813
TI  - Stereo- and regioselectivity of hepatic oxidation in man--effect of the
      debrisoquine/sparteine phenotype on bufuralol hydroxylation.
AB  - The influence of the debrisoquine/sparteine-type of oxidation polymorphism on
      plasma bufuralol concentration and the pattern of urine metabolites was studied
      in extensive and poor metabolizer subjects. (+)- and (-)-bufuralol, and (+)- and
      (-)-OH-bufuralol in plasma were determined by enantioselective HPLC, and urinary
      bufuralol and its metabolites were assayed by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry. Three hours after administration of racemic bufuralol the plasma (
      )/(+) isomeric ratio for unchanged bufuralol was 1.84 in extensive metabolizers,
      indicating preferential clearance of the (+)-isomer through aliphatic 1'
      hydroxylation and glucuroconjugation, while the (-)-isomer was mainly eliminated
      by aromatic 4-hydroxylation. Poor metabolizers were characterized by impaired 1'-
      and 4-hydroxylation, with almost total abolition of the stereoselectivity of
      these reactions. The data strongly suggest that both 1'- and 4-hydroxylation are
      catalyzed by the same enzyme. These in vivo observations are in agreement with
      recent in vitro data obtained in human liver microsomes from phenotyped patients
      and support the concept of deficiency of a highly stereoselective cytochrome P
      450 isozyme as the cause of this polymorphism.

PMID- 2878814
TI  - Bopindolol versus metoprolol in hypertension.

PMID- 2878815
TI  - Increased responsiveness to stimulation of alpha- but not beta-adrenoceptors in
      the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster. Intact adenosine- and
      cholinoceptor-mediated isoprenaline antagonistic effect.
AB  - The effects of phenylephrine (in the presence of propranolol) or isoprenaline and
      of adenosine or carbachol (alone and in the presence of isoprenaline) were
      studied on the force of contraction in electrically driven papillary muscles
      isolated from the hearts of cardiomyopathic (strain BIO 8262) and age-matched,
      healthy Syrian hamsters. All experiments were performed in the so-called
      prenecrotic stage of the disorder within the first 30 days of life. Phenylephrine
      exerted a positive inotropic effect in all preparations from the cardiomyopathic
      hamsters. In contrast, in thirteen preparations from healthy Syrian hamsters,
      phenylephrine increased force of contraction in only four preparations. The
      positive inotropic effect of isoprenaline was similar in both cardiomyopathic and
      healthy Syrian hamsters. Adenosine and carbachol apparently reduced the
      isoprenaline-induced increase in force of contraction in both cardiomyopathic and
      healthy Syrian hamsters. We conclude that an increased responsiveness to alpha
      adrenergic stimulation occurs in the hearts of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters
      and may be related to the myocardial injury occurring in this syndrome. An
      increased responsiveness to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation or an impaired
      adenosine-mediated or cholinoceptor-mediated feedback inhibition is unlikely to
      play a role in the aetiology of this syndrome.

PMID- 2878816
TI  - Relative activities of SCH 23390 and its analogs in three tests for D1/DA1
      dopamine receptor antagonism.
AB  - Inhibitory activities of a series of analogs of SCH 23390 ((R)-(+)-7-chloro-8
      hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3- benzazepine) in which the 7
      chloro group was substituted by bromo, fluoro, methyl and methoxy groups,
      respectively, were compared in three tests for D1 and DA1 dopamine (DA) receptor
      antagonism: inhibition of DA-induced renal vasodilation in the anesthetized dog
      (DA1 receptor model), inhibition of DA-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the
      striatum of adult female rats (D1 receptor model) and displacement of [3H]SCH
      23390 in the striatal homogenates of male rats. In addition the D2 receptor
      affinity of each of the compounds chosen was assessed via displacement of
      [3H]spiperone binding from rat striatum. S-enantiomers of the Cl and CH3 analogs
      were 200- to 700-fold weaker than the respective R-enantiomers in all three
      tests. The activity of all the R-enantiomers was in the nanomolar range and
      varied no more than 8-fold in all three tests. The F analog in the ligand binding
      test was the only exception, which was 30-fold weaker than the C1 analog. All of
      the R-enantiomers studied showed much weaker affinity for the D2 receptor, as
      assessed by displacement of [3H]spiperone binding. Similar enantiomer selectivity
      and parallel affinities of the R-enantiomers in the prototype models for D1 and
      DA1 receptors strengthen the evidence in support of identity between the D1 and
      DA1 dopamine receptors. These results further indicate that displacement of SCH
      23390 in the ligand binding test reflects affinity of a compound for D1 and DA1
      dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2878817
TI  - (-)-Propranolol blocks the inhibition of serotonergic dorsal raphe cell firing by
      5-HT1A selective agonists.
AB  - The ability of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol to block the effects
      of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT1A-selective agonists on the spontaneous firing of
      serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons was assessed. During microiontophoretic
      application, (-)- but not (+)-propranolol rapidly and reversibly blocked the
      suppressant effects of the 5-HT1A-selective agonists ipsapirone (TVX Q 7821) and
      8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). However, (-)-propranolol was
      a relatively weak antagonist of 5-HT itself, suggesting that the endogenous
      neurotransmitter may have actions on dorsal raphe neurons in addition to those
      mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.

PMID- 2878818
TI  - Renal vasoconstrictive effect of kinins mediated by B1-kinin receptors.
AB  - The nature of the renal vascular actions of kinins, their dependence on
      prostaglandins and B1-kinin receptor responses were studied in functioning
      isolated perfused rat kidneys (IK). Lysylbradykinin (LBK), 0.28 and 0.7 microM,
      transiently decreased and then markedly increased the renal vascular resistance
      (RVR) in a sustained manner. Bradykinin (BK) at the same doses also had a
      transient vasorelaxant but not a sustained vasoconstrictive effect. The
      inactivation of LBK and BK by the IK did not account for the transient nature of
      their vasorelaxant effect. Indomethacin (5 microM) markedly blunted LBK-induced
      decrease but not increase in RVR. The B1-kinin receptor agonist desArg9-BK (0.4
      1.0 microM) did not decrease RVR but, as LBK, markedly increased RVR in a dose
      related manner. The B1-kinin receptor antagonist [Leu8]desArg9-BK had no effect
      on its own but inhibited the desArg9-BK-induced vasoconstriction in a
      stoichiometric manner. This antagonist at 4.0 microM also completely abolished
      the vasoconstrictive effect of 0.7 microM LBK, whereas it potentiated and
      prolonged its vasorelaxant effect. The results demonstrate that kinins,
      particularly LBK, have bimodal effects on the renal vascular resistance of the
      isolated perfused rat kidney. The vasorelaxant effect is at least partly mediated
      by prostaglandins whereas the vasoconstrictive effect of LBK and/or its renal
      metabolites has the typical character of a B1-kinin receptor response. It is
      postulated that B1-kinin receptor responses may be of importance in the
      generation and/or maintenance of renal vasoconstriction in disease states which
      lead to renal failure.

PMID- 2878819
TI  - Antagonism of the emetic action of xylazine by alpha-adrenoceptor blocking
      agents.
AB  - The intramuscular injection of xylazine (2 mg/kg) evoked vomiting in 81% of the
      dogs studied. Adrenoceptor antagonists showing alpha 2-blocking activity,
      yohimbine, tolazoline and phentolamine, antagonized the xylazine-induced vomiting
      in a dose-dependent manner. Of these antagonists, yohimbine was the most
      effective, since the maximal antagonistic effect was seen at 0.5 mg/kg yohimbine,
      a dose at which the other drugs had less or no effect. The adrenoceptor
      antagonists showing alpha 1-blocking activity, prazosin and phenoxybenzamine, at
      the doses studied did not prevent the emesis induced by xylazine. A beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol, was ineffective in reducing xylazine
      induced vomiting. The dopamine receptor antagonists, metoclopramide and
      domperidone, did not prevent xylazine-induced vomiting nor did yohimbine
      antagonize apomorphine-induced vomiting. The xylazine-induced vomiting was not
      prevented by atropine, naloxone or hexamethonium. These results indicate that the
      xylazine-induced vomiting is mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors and does not
      appear to involve beta-adrenoceptors, cholinoceptors, dopamine or opiate
      receptors in the emetic pathway.

PMID- 2878820
TI  - High affinity [3H]zolpidem binding in the rat brain: an imidazopyridine with
      agonist properties at central benzodiazepine receptors.
AB  - [3H]Zolpidem, a novel hypnotic drug possessing a chemical structure unrelated to
      that of benzodiazepine (BZD) was employed as a new ligand to determine its
      binding characteristics to membrane preparations of rat cerebral cortex and
      cerebellum. In both structures, the imidazopyridine [3H]zolpidem bound with high
      affinity to a single population of recognition sites. The cerebellum possessed a
      similar number of [3H]zolpidem and [3H]diazepam binding sites, while the cerebral
      cortex possessed a lower density of [3H]zolpidem than [3H]diazepam binding sites.
      In contrast to [3H]diazepam binding, [3H]zolpidem binding was not detectable in
      the spinal cord. In the cortex, BZDs had a similar potency to displace
      [3H]zolpidem and [3H]diazepam binding while non-BZDs were more potent to inhibit
      [3H] zolpidem binding than [3H]diazepam binding. The binding of [3H]zolpidem was
      enhanced by GABA to the same extent as [3H]diazepam binding. The increase in [3H]
      zolpidem binding caused by chloride ions was less pronounced than that in
      [3H]diazepam binding. It is concluded that [3H]zolpidem possesses selectivity for
      BZD receptors with the pharmacological characteristics and regional distribution
      of the BZD1 receptor subtype. [3H]Zolpidem as a radioligand offers a useful
      additional tool to study the mechanism of action of hypnotics acting through BZD
      receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2878821
TI  - Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N
      methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the rat retina: a re-examination using
      double labeling on semi-thin sections.
AB  - The precise morphology and distribution of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
      (PNMT)-immunoreactive cells has been observed and compared with the previously
      described tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells, in the rat retina. The
      PNMT-positive cells are small amacrine neurons, located either in the inner
      nuclear layer or in the ganglion-cell layer. They send processes mainly to the
      middle sublayer and to a lesser extent to the outermost sublayer of the inner
      plexiform layer. They resemble the small TH-positive bouquet cells described
      previously. In order to ascertain the relationship between PNMT-positive cells
      and TH-positive bouquet cells, a double immunohistochemical labeling technique,
      using anti-TH and anti-PNMT antisera, has been developed on semi-thin sections.
      The result of these experiments clearly indicate that the populations of TH
      positive cells and PNMT-positive (presumably epinephrinergic) cells are
      separated. The absence of TH enzyme in the PNMT-positive cells raises the
      question of the enzymatic activity of PNMT, which appears to be different from
      the classical pathway of catecholamine biosynthesis in the retina.

PMID- 2878822
TI  - Target organ destruction enhances recovery of choline acetyltransferase activity
      in adult rat sympathetic ganglia after denervation.
AB  - We studied the effect of destruction of the adrenergic neuronal population on the
      recovery of preganglionic choline acetyltransferase activity in adult rat
      sympathetic ganglia. To produce a partial destruction of the adrenergic system,
      rats were injected with guanethidine for 4 weeks; the preganglionic nerve to the
      superior cervical ganglion was then crushed and the guanethidine injections were
      continued for an additional 3 days to 6 weeks. To determine that the drug was
      effective, tyrosine hydroxylase activity was assessed; enzymic activity was
      reduced by 76% or more after guanethidine administration. In addition, electron
      microscopy studies showed that the number of principal cell-synaptic contacts and
      vesicle-containing varicosities were decreased by 90% after guanethidine
      administration. Those measures indicated the drug effectively destroyed the
      postsynaptic adrenergic neurons. In contrast, crushing the preganglionic nerve in
      animals not treated with guanethidine did not change tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity, suggesting minimal nonspecific damage to the ganglion as a result of
      the lesion. Choline acetyltransferase activity was measured as an index of
      presynaptic cholinergic integrity. After crush of the preganglionic nerve, there
      was a gradual recovery of ganglionic choline acetyltransferase activity in the
      saline-injected rats from 5% of control 3 days after the crush to 49% of control
      after 6 weeks. On the other hand, in the ganglia of rats administered
      guanethidine, there was a much enhanced recovery of choline acetyltransferase
      activity after the nerve crush compared with saline-injected animals; in the
      guanethidine-injected rats, the ganglionic choline acetyltransferase activity 3
      days and 6 weeks after the nerve crush was 15 and 96%, respectively, compared
      with the uncrushed side. These results demonstrate after destruction of the
      adrenergic target tissue, recovery of presynaptic choline acetyltransferase
      activity in the adult rat sympathetic ganglion can still occur after denervation;
      however, the mechanism(s) that controls the regeneration is altered, so that
      enzymic activity is enhanced.

PMID- 2878823
TI  - Population growth and economic development: two new U.S. perspectives.

PMID- 2878824
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cyclic and opened thioanalogues of
      piperoxan.
AB  - Three piperoxan analogues, derived from the opening of the benzodioxane ring
      and/or replacement of the oxygen atom with the less polar sulfur, were
      synthesized. The decrease of the alpha-blocking activity found for these
      compounds showed that the binding site of benzodioxane-like compounds does not
      accept the substitution with less polar groups.

PMID- 2878825
TI  - Transport of F1-ATPase subunit beta into mitochondria depends on both a membrane
      potential and nucleoside triphosphates.
AB  - Transport of cytoplasmically synthesized precursor proteins into or across the
      inner mitochondrial membrane requires a mitochondrial membrane potential. We have
      studied whether additional energy sources are also necessary for protein
      translocation. Reticulocyte lysate (containing radiolabelled precursor proteins)
      and mitochondria were depleted of ATP by pre-incubation with apyrase. A membrane
      potential was then established by the addition of substrates of the electron
      transport chain. Oligomycin was included to prevent dissipation of delta psi by
      the action of the F0F1-ATPase. Under these conditions, import of subunit beta of
      F1-ATPase (F1 beta) was inhibited. Addition of ATP or GTP restored import. When
      the membrane potential was destroyed, however, the import of F1 beta was
      completely inhibited even in the presence of ATP. We therefore conclude that the
      import of F1 beta depends on both nucleoside triphosphates and a membrane
      potential.

PMID- 2878826
TI  - Characterization of nucleotide-binding sites on the chloroplast coupling factor 1
      using two photolabile analogs.
AB  - Nucleotide-binding sites on the chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) have been
      probed using two photoreactive ADP analogs: 2-azido-ADP (2-N3-ADP) and 2',3'-O-(4
      benzoyl)benzoyl-ADP (Bz-ADP). Photolabeling of the isolated CF1 with 2-N3-ADP
      results in incorporation of the analog exclusively into the beta-subunit of the
      enzyme. The location of the nucleotide-binding site(s) within the beta-subunit of
      the CF1 was investigated using peptide mapping. Within the discrimination limits
      of this technique, it is concluded that the azido- and benzoyl-modified analogs
      both bind to the same conformation of the nucleotide-binding site(s) of soluble
      CF1. Bz-ADP, however, labels the binding site(s) on membrane-bound CF1 in a
      slightly different manner.

PMID- 2878827
TI  - Regulation of ATP hydrolase activity of the F0-F1 complex of rat-liver
      mitochondria during early hepatic regeneration.
AB  - Submitochondrial particles prepared from rat liver in the early phase of hepatic
      regeneration possess a reduced F1 content with respect to F0 in intact F0F1-H+
      ATPase complexes. Analysis of ATP hydrolysis showed a significant difference in
      both ESMP and isolated F1 with regard to the higher affinity Km values (Km,1)
      obtained from Eadie-Hofstee plots. Both ESMP and F1 from regenerating rat liver
      showed much lower apparent Km,1 values (0.04 and 0.03 mM, respectively) than the
      corresponding controls (0.08 mM for both ESMP and F1). Data presented here show
      that the residual F1 moieties have an altered kinetic pattern with regard to the
      competitive inhibitor adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate (K1 ESMP from
      regenerating rat liver = 0.67 microM, K1 ESMP from control rat liver = 2.03
      microM). This difference in affinity for [beta,gamma-imido]-ATP is also seen in
      isolated F1 (K1 regenerating rat liver = 0.04 microM, K1 control rat liver = 0.22
      microM). These data indicate that during the disruptive retrodifferential phase
      of hepatic regeneration, changes at the level of surviving F1 sectors of the F0
      F1 ATPase may play a physiological role in preventing ATP hydrolysis in vivo in
      the brief period of low delta microH+, induced by the presence of non-F1
      associated F0 proton-conducting pathways.

PMID- 2878828
TI  - Isolation of a cDNA for the rat heavy neurofilament polypeptide (NF-H).
AB  - We have isolated from a rat brain lambda gt11 expression library two overlapping
      cDNA clones of sizes 2.5 and 3.0 kb corresponding to the heavy neurofilament
      polypeptide (NF-H). The 2.5 kb insert apparently represents virtually the whole
      of the C-terminal tail, the 3.0 kb insert also encodes the conserved epitope for
      the monoclonal antibody, anti-IFA. The identity of the cDNAs was established by
      comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with the known partial amino acid
      sequence of porcine NF-H. A repeat peptide sequence that may be a
      multiphosphorylation site was identified in the C-terminal non-helical tail.

PMID- 2878829
TI  - [Assessment of the activities of the medical personnel in feldsher-midwife
      centers].

PMID- 2878830
TI  - [Prevention of dental diseases at a feldsher-midwife center].

PMID- 2878831
TI  - [In vitro study of the diffusion of metronidazole (Klion) in extracted teeth].

PMID- 2878832
TI  - Worldwide nursing: commonalities and differences.

PMID- 2878833
TI  - The impact of early medical technology on maternal mortality in late 19th century
      Sweden.
AB  - The prevention of fatal complications of childbirth is a priority of health care
      in the developing countries. This historical study of maternal deaths in Sweden
      analyses the decline in mortality between 1751-1900 and during this years
      maternal mortality was reduced by 76% whereas the female mortality dropped only
      by 33% The decline was especially pronounced during the period 1861-1900, when
      maternal mortality declined from 567 to 227 per 100,000 live births. The
      potential impact of medical technology was analysed by epidemiological methods
      for the period 1861-1900. The introduction of antiseptic technique was estimated
      to reduce septic maternal mortality 25-fold in lying-in hospitals and 2.7-fold in
      rural home deliveries, implying that 49% of the septic maternal deaths were thus
      "prevented". In addition, licensed midwives assisting at home deliveries were
      estimated to reduce non-septic mortality 5-fold, thus "preventing" 46% of the non
      septic maternal deaths. This could be one explanation why Sweden had a lower
      maternal mortality than the U.S. and the U.K. in the beginning of the 20th
      century.

PMID- 2878834
TI  - Severe hypoglycemia during pregnancy: its frequency and predisposing factors in
      diabetic women.
AB  - Severe hypoglycemic episodes, as defined as altered consciousness to the extent
      that self treatment is impossible, were sought prospectively in pregnant diabetic
      women. One or more episodes were found in none of 21 gestational onset, insulin
      requiring women during their 28 pregnancies but were present in 19 (33%) of the
      57 already insulin dependent (Type 1) women during 26 (36%) of their 72
      pregnancies. The most common predisposing factors included strict glucose
      control, anorexia, early morning hours (1200-0900), lack of an adrenergic
      response and time shortly before the next anticipated meal.

PMID- 2878835
TI  - Fetal heart monitoring and ultrasound in the management of placental abruption.
AB  - Three cases of placental abruption with the "pseudosinusoidal" fetal heart rate
      (FHR) pattern, a periodic late deceleration related to frequent uterine
      contractions are reported. This 'pseudosinusoidal' pattern is clearly not a true
      sinusoidal pattern. The fetal monitoring patterns of these patients are presented
      and discussed along with the use of ultrasound in the management of this
      condition. All infants were delivered by cesarean section with low Apgar scores
      at birth, but they soon recovered completely.

PMID- 2878836
TI  - Mortality associated with sterilization: preliminary results of an international
      collaborative observational study.
AB  - Sterilization is the contraceptive method most widely used worldwide, yet the
      case-fatality rate of deaths attributable to sterilization is not known. We used
      data collected from 1971-1979 from 28 countries by Family Health International to
      estimate case-fatality rates. We adjusted these rates for individuals lost to
      follow-up. Of 41,834 sterilizations, 23 resulted in deaths temporally associated
      with the procedure used. The adjusted attributable case-fatality rates were 13.4
      per 100,000 for interval procedures, 53.3 per 100,000 for postabortion
      procedures, and 43.4 per 100,000 sterilizations after vaginal delivery. Multiple
      factors contributed to the deaths, including pre-existing health problems,
      infection and anesthesia. Prevention of deaths resulting from sterilization
      depends on complete ascertainment of deaths associated with sterilization and
      careful investigation to determine preventable risk factors. We conclude that,
      overall, sterilization in these programs was conducted with very low attributable
      mortality.

PMID- 2878837
TI  - Preliminary experiment with computerized anamnesis in gynecology and reproductive
      health.
AB  - The Hospital of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of
      Campinas is implementing an Integrated Health Care Programme, whose objectives
      are early detection of risk factors of several diseases and the evaluation of the
      patient's reproductive health at the moment of the first visit to the Hospital.
      The initial results of this program encouraged us to try to apply it all to our
      own clientele. The present lack of material resources and qualified manpower
      leads us to concentrate all our attention on the patient's immediate complaints.
      This situation indicated to us that the only way to implement the program should
      be by means of a computerized questionnaire able to detect diseases and risk
      factors early. This paper presents the preliminary results of the application of
      computerized questionnaires to evaluate health risks. The authors conclude: The
      application of a computerized questionnaire met with very favorable reception by
      the clientele; In some segments of the population, the questionnaire can be
      answered by the patients in direct interaction with the computer; Programmes
      which evaluate risk factors need to be carefully revised before being put to use;
      The system operates on a relatively low cost basis, which could bring undeniable
      benefits to primary health care.

PMID- 2878838
TI  - Metabolic effects of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in long-term users: a
      cross-sectional study.
AB  - Oral glucose tolerance test and determination of insulin, cholesterol,
      triglycerides, total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT),
      serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase and cortisol in
      blood were performed on 57 Thai women who had used depot-medroxyprogesterone
      acetate (DMPA) for 5 years or more and 24 healthy non-DMPA users. Plasma insulin,
      alkaline phosphatase and morning cortisol levels were significantly higher in the
      DMPA users than in the non-users. There were no significant differences for other
      laboratory tests. The findings suggest some effects of DMPA on carbohydrate
      metabolism and liver function in long-term users.

PMID- 2878840
TI  - Expression of HLA class I and class II antigens in human choriocarcinoma cell
      lines.
AB  - Eight choriocarcinoma cell lines (6:gestational origin, 2:non-gestational origin)
      were studied by a radioimmune inhibition test using monoclonal antibodies for the
      expression of HLA class I and class II antigens. Levels of HLA class I antigens
      were very slight or nil. On the other hand, no HLA class II antigen was detected
      in any choriocarcinoma cell lines examined.

PMID- 2878839
TI  - Ripening of the cervix with prostaglandin E2-gel. A randomized study with a new
      ready-to-use compound of triacetin-prostaglandin-E2-gel.
AB  - A randomized study with a group of patients treated with a new ready-to-use
      triacetin-prostaglandin E2-gel compared to a non-treated group was conducted. The
      gel-treated group showed a distinct difference in cervical score after 12 h and
      ten patients were delivered during this period without further induction attempt
      compared to none in the control group. There was a significantly lower need for
      oxytocin stimulation in the treated group (P less than 0.0005), but there was no
      difference in the cesarean section rate or instrumental delivery rate. No side
      effects were seen. This new gel seems effective and safe.

PMID- 2878841
TI  - Perinatal factors in twin mortality in Nigeria.
AB  - The results of a retrospective study involving 622 twin-pairs born over an 18
      month period among 17,726 births at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital,
      Ilorin, Nigeria, are presented with particular reference to four variables:
      birthweight, presentation, parity, and intertwin delivery time interval. The
      twinning incidence was 35.1 per 1000. Monozygous and dizygous rates are 7 and 28
      per 1000, respectively. Overall perinatal mortality (PNM) was 15.5%. Mortality
      was higher in second than in first twin (19.5% vs. 11.6%), and consistently
      higher when divided into birthweight groups. Corrected PNM increased with breech
      presentations: 16.3% in breech:breech compared with 3.9% in vertex:vertex
      presentations. The twinning rate increased with parity; PNM is low in parity 1,
      of little variation in birth-ranks 2-5, and high in para 6 and above. Delivery of
      the second twin within 15 min seems optimal, giving a corrected PNM 3.6% in
      contrast to rates of 10.1%, 14.0% and 19.1%, respectively when delivery occurred
      between 16 and 30, 31 and 60 and greater than 60 min, respectively. Prevention of
      preterm delivery, increased use of cesarean section delivery for malpresentation,
      active management of delivery of second twin within an optimal time of 15 min,
      and family planning are suggested in order to decrease twin PNM.

PMID- 2878842
TI  - Continuous extraovular prostaglandin F2 alpha instillation for late pregnancy
      termination in patients with previous cesarean section delivery.
AB  - Late pregnancy termination by continuous extraovular instillation of
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was successfully performed in 13 patients
      with previous cesarean section (CS) delivery. The indications for pregnancy
      termination were intrauterine fetal demise in nine patients, social indications
      in two patients. Down's Syndrome in one patient and quadruplets pregnancy in one
      patient. One patient had a previous classical vertical cesarean section, two had
      two previous and one three previous low segment transverse (LST) cesarean
      sections. The other nine patients had one previous low segment transverse
      cesarean section. The instillation of prostaglandin solution was obtained by
      using a new double balloon catheter designed for extraovular pregnancy
      terminations. All patients aborted following the procedure with no complications.
      The instillation abortion time ranged from 5 1/2 to 20 h (mean 13.3 h).

PMID- 2878843
TI  - Non-vascular transplantation of the rabbit uterus.
AB  - Transplantation of the uterus may be an optimal solution in young hysterectomized
      patients, in women with agenesis of the uterus or in severe uterine anomalies. In
      the human model, attempted tubal and ovarian homografts have usually failed.
      Eighteen rabbits underwent unilateral non-vascular uterine transplantation. Four
      rabbits underwent total unilateral uterine autograft. Three uteri showed severe
      inflammation and necrosis 72 h, 1 week and 1 month postoperatively. Thereafter,
      the operative technique was modified to avoid contamination from the vagina and
      four rabbits underwent supravaginal unilateral non-vascular autograft. Three
      uteri had preserved endometrial and myometrial structure on relaparotomy. The
      following four rabbits underwent homotransplantation of the uterus and showed
      acute rejection of the transplant. Under cyclosporine therapy three
      homotransplanted rabbits developed pelvic abscesses while three other rabbits
      showed preserved myometrial and endometrial structures.

PMID- 2878844
TI  - The ontogeny and maintenance of adult symmetry properties in the ctenophore,
      Mnemiopsis mccradyi.
AB  - Ctenophores are biradially symmetrical animals. The body is composed of four
      identical quadrants which are organized along an oral-aboral axis. Most species
      have eight comb rows, two tentacles, and an apical organ (located on the aboral
      surface). During embryogenesis there is a fixed pattern of cleavage, a precocious
      specification of blastomere developmental potential, and an inability to regulate
      for portions of the embryo that have been removed. When blastomeres are separated
      at the two-cell stage each blastomere develops into a "half-animal" with four
      comb rows, one tentacle, and half an apical organ. In contrast, adult ctenophores
      regenerate readily. When an adult ctenophore is cut in half to produce "half
      animals," in most cases each half regenerates the missing half. In some cases,
      however, bisected animals remain as "half-animals" which repair the wound site
      but do not replace all of the missing structures. When animals are cut in half
      along the tentacular or esophageal axis at different stages of embryogenesis a
      transition period is detected when the capacity for adult regeneration begins.
      This transition occurs at the time when the formation of the apical organ is
      complete and comb row function becomes coordinated. Embryos bisected prior to
      this time remain as "half-animals" even after growing to large reproductive
      sizes, while animals bisected after the transition period usually regenerate the
      missing structures within 2-3 days. When adult "half-animals" (produced by
      bisection either before or after the transition period) are cut into "quarter
      pieces," the pieces regenerate to form either "half-animals" or whole animals.
      Thus, "half-animals" produced prior to the transition period--although they
      failed to undergo embryonic regulation--have not irreversibly lost the capacity
      to form whole animals if challenged to regenerate during adult stages. When
      aboral blastomeres destined to form the apical organ, tentacles, and comb rows
      are removed from early cleavage stages (prior to the transition period), the
      embryo does not form these structures at the appropriate time. However, the
      resulting deficient adults spontaneously form these structures from remaining
      blastomere lineages soon after hatching. These experiments suggest that as long
      as some quadrant-specific cells of the oral pole are present at the time of the
      transition period, the structures of that quadrant will be spontaneously replaced
      during the adult period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878845
TI  - The titration of clostridial toxoids and antisera in cell culture.
AB  - The practicability of cell culture titration methods for antigens and antitoxins
      derived from Clostridium perfringens, Cl. septicum and Cl. novyi was
      investigated. Toxin neutralization could not be demonstrated with Cl. perfringens
      filtrates but assays for antitoxin based on the use of cultures of Vero cells
      were practicable for Cl. novyi and Cl. septicum. In the case of the latter, the
      precision and reproducibility of the test was sufficient for quality control
      purposes.

PMID- 2878846
TI  - A mouse model to estimate the potency of the diphtheria component in combined
      vaccines.
AB  - A mouse model is presented to estimate the potency of the diphtheria component in
      combined vaccines. In addition, a simplified mouse test is suggested for routine
      potency control of diphtheria. It will be important to discuss this approach to
      replace the lethal challenge test in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2878847
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay for measuring Escherichia coli pilus antigens.
AB  - Quantitative enzyme-linked antibody centrifuge (ELAC) assays have been developed
      for measuring Escherichia coli adhesion pilus antigens K99, K88, 987P and F41 in
      E. coli bacterins used for protecting newborn animals against neonatal enteric
      colibacillosis. The test consists of reacting an alkaline phosphatase conjugate
      of specific pilus antigen antibody directly with dilutions of the bacterin on
      test and a standard reference bacterin. Following incubation the unbound
      conjugate is removed by two centrifugation steps and the bacteria with bound
      conjugate are reacted with substrate. The optical density is measured at 405 nm.
      Unknown samples are compared to a standard bacterin known to develop sufficient
      immunity in sows to provide protective levels of passive maternal immunity to
      their piglets. A relative potency (RP) value is calculated and used for
      standardizing bacterial concentrates and for final potency testing. The
      advantages to be realized are: shortening of the test period, specificity, and
      reduction in test animal usage.

PMID- 2878848
TI  - Somatostatin does not increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in humans.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) has been widely used in the study of in vivo carbohydrate
      metabolism to suppress pancreatic hormone secretion and thereby interrupt the
      glucoregulatory feedback loops between insulin, glucagon, and glucose. A critical
      assumption in the use of SRIF is that it has no effect on hepatic or peripheral
      glucose metabolism other than those mediated through the inhibition of hormone
      secretion. To assess whether doses of SRIF commonly used in human investigation
      have any effect on insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rates, we measured the
      rate in 6 normal subjects (mean fasting serum glucose level, 93 +/- 2 mg/dl)
      during euglycemic (approximately equal to 85 mg/dl) hyperinsulinemic (40 mU X m-2
      X min-1) clamp studies both with and without the concomitant infusion of SRIF
      (600 micrograms/hr). The steady-state insulin levels achieved were 85 +/- 6
      microU/ml and 74 +/- 8 microU/ml with and without SRIF, respectively (difference
      not significant). Glucose disposal rates between 120 and 180 min of the clamp
      were 7.11 +/- 0.10 and 7.35 +/- 0.10 mg X kg-1 X min-1 with and without SRIF,
      respectively (difference not significant). We concluded that in doses commonly
      used in human investigation, SRIF does not increase glucose disposal.

PMID- 2878849
TI  - Patterns of DNA distribution and neurohormone immunoreactivity in the tumour
      cells: tools for the histopathological assessment of gastro-intestinal
      carcinoids.
AB  - Modern immunohistochemical and DNA cytochemical analyses of gastro-intestinal
      carcinoids have yielded results that have increased our knowledge of the
      biological properties and the histogenesis of these theoretically and practically
      so fascinating kinds of neoplasm. Carcinoids in different anatomical
      localisations were found to show marked differences with regard to their
      neurohormone peptide immunoreactivity pattern and their ability to evoke clinical
      signs and symptoms of hormone overproduction. This can be of great help to the
      practising pathologist when he tries to predict the anatomical site of an unknown
      primary tumour from the results of this histopathological assessment of a
      metastatic nodule of a carcinoid. The DNA distribution pattern in the nuclei of
      carcinoid tumour cells is a tool in the histopathological assessment of the
      neoplasm that seems to be of some value in predicting the subsequent clinical
      course of the disease. This conclusion is based on the results of a pilot study
      of 8 cases of ileal carcinoids with liver and lymph node metastases. It was found
      that 4 cases with a rapidly progressive fatal disease had a higher proportion on
      non-diploid tumour cell nuclei than 4 cases still alive and at full work 5 years
      after the diagnosis of liver metastases. However, the number of aneuploid tumour
      cell nuclei was negligible in both groups.

PMID- 2878850
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the human insulin receptor
      gene in Japanese: its possible usefulness as a genetic marker.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human insulin receptor gene was
      analyzed with a 4.2 Kb cDNA probe in Japanese normal subjects and Type 2 (non
      insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Restriction endonuclease Rsa I digestion
      showed polymorphism of the human insulin receptor gene, with a band at 6.7 Kb,
      6.2 Kb or 3.6 Kb. The frequency of the 6.7 Kb band was less than that in
      Caucasians. Furthermore, 15% of all the Japanese subjects examined lacked a 3.6
      Kb band, which is commonly found in Caucasians. We have also detected restriction
      fragment length polymorphism in the human insulin receptor gene by Pvu II or Stu
      I digestion. Although no significant association of restriction fragment length
      polymorphism with Type 2 diabetes was found in the present study, our results
      suggest that the restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human insulin
      receptor gene varies among ethnic groups, and that the restriction fragment
      length polymorphism linked to the human insulin receptor gene might be a useful
      marker for the linkage study of the genes located close to the human insulin
      receptor gene on chromosome 19.

PMID- 2878851
TI  - Developmental regulation of the pathways of folate-receptor-mediated stimulation
      of cAMP and cGMP synthesis in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Recently, we demonstrated the presence of multiple folate-binding sites on the
      cell surface of Dictyostelium discoideum. These sites were divided into two major
      classes, with different ligand specificities (A and B). Each major class consists
      of several interconvertible subtypes. In the present report, the ability of 13
      folate analogs to activate both adenylate and guanylate cyclase in pre- as well
      as postaggregative cells is examined. The patterns of correlation between binding
      and activation data indicate that guanylate cyclase activation is mediated by the
      B-sites in both developmental stages (P less than 0.001). In postaggregative
      cells, adenylate cyclase also seems to be activated by the B-sites (P less than
      0.001). In contrast, adenylate cyclase activation in preaggregative cells was
      well correlated with the specificity of A-sites (P less than 0.01). Remarkably,
      the potencies of activation were less affected by molecular modifications than
      the binding affinities were, as suggested by a slope of 0.4 in a plot of K0.5
      values of activation vs. binding. This observation argues against the existence
      of a transduction mechanism in which the response is proportional to receptor
      occupancy. For the B-receptor, however, the degree of receptor occupancy appears
      to determine the response. The existence of folic acid antagonists is
      demonstrated, some of which are specific for either A-sites coupled to adenylate
      cyclase or for B-sites coupled to guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2878852
TI  - [Bile secretion in pregnancy].

PMID- 2878853
TI  - [New intracellular messengers for the action of hormones, neurotransmitters and
      several peptides in the digestive tract].

PMID- 2878854
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a case with jaundice].

PMID- 2878855
TI  - [Efficacy of adenine arabinoside (vidarabine) in the treatment of periarteritis
      nodosa associated with chronic active viral hepatitis B].

PMID- 2878856
TI  - Influence of chronic drug-induced achlorhydria by substituted benzimidazoles on
      the endocrine stomach in rats.
AB  - The release of gastric somatostatinlike immunoreactivity and gastrin was studied
      in rats with chronic achlorhydria induced by the substituted benzimidazole BY
      308. In vitro, stimulation of gastrin release by acetylcholine was slightly
      enhanced after 1 day of treatment but no further effects were observed compared
      to placebo controls. Four weeks of treatment evoked marked gastrin
      hypersecretion, which was atropine-resistant. Stimulation of gastrin release was
      inversely correlated to enhancement of basal gastrin levels. Chronic achlorhydria
      distinctly reduced somatostatin responses to isoproterenol, whereas potent
      stimulation was observed in controls. Treatment with BY 308 for 1 wk was
      associated with fully developed gastrin hypersecretion but isoproterenol
      stimulated somatostatin release was still unaffected. Hypergastrinemia
      accompanied by increased antral gastrin and reduced antral and fundic
      somatostatin concentrations was also found in vivo after 4 wk of treatment with
      BY 308. It is concluded that chronic achlorhydria not only enhances storage and
      secretion of gastrin but also diminishes the secretion and tissue stores of
      somatostatin; adaptive changes of the somatostatin cell occur, however, with a
      much longer delay.

PMID- 2878857
TI  - Escape of the response to a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in
      patients with VIPoma.
AB  - Two patients with severe secretory diarrhea due to metastatic vasoactive
      intestinal peptidoma were treated with a synthetic somatostatin analogue in an
      attempt to control the patients' vasoactive intestinal peptide-related symptoms.
      In both patients, a good initial response to this treatment could be
      demonstrated; not only did diarrhea subside but there was also a dramatic fall in
      vasoactive intestinal peptide plasma levels. However, after 11 and 4 days
      respectively, diarrhea recurred accompanied by a rise in vasoactive intestinal
      peptide plasma levels. In fact, under treatment with the somatostatin analogue
      and with natural somatostatin, a significant rebound state was observed regarding
      diarrhea as well as vasoactive intestinal peptide levels, which caused
      considerable difficulty in the clinical management in 1 patient. This patient had
      to undergo surgery. In the second patient, the responsiveness to somatostatin
      analogue returned a few days after discontinuation of the treatment, lasting,
      however, for a short period only. The possible mechanism of this escape and
      rebound with somatostatin treatment is discussed.

PMID- 2878858
TI  - [New knowledge about the endocrine regulatory system].

PMID- 2878859
TI  - Effect of azodisal sodium and sulphasalazine on ileostomy output of fluid and
      PGE2 and PGF2 alpha in subjects with a permanent ileostomy.
AB  - Azodisal sodium is a highly effective means of oral delivery of 5-amino-salicylic
      acid to the colonic mucosa. Administration of this drug to patients intolerant of
      sulphasalazine, however, occasionally results in liquid stools. In preliminary
      experiments, which comprised 10 healthy volunteers treated with colectomy for
      ulcerative colitis, ileostomy fluid output increased (p less than 0.001) during
      oral intake of azodisal sodium (1 g/day). In a double blind, placebo controlled
      crossover study, comprising eight similar volunteers, ileostomy fluid output
      increased (p less than 0.05) in a dose related manner during intake of azodisal
      sodium (1 g/day vs 2 g/day) compared with placebo or sulphasalazine (2 g/day).
      Concentrations of prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha in free ileal water determined by
      equilibrium in vivo dialysis of ileostomy contents decreased (p less than 0.05)
      during intake of azodisal sodium (2 g/day), whereas concentrations of PGE2 and
      the output of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and 'PGE2 + PGF2 alpha' remained unchanged. Thus
      increased formation of PGs is apparently not the cause of increased ileostomy
      fluid output associated with azodisalicylate intake.

PMID- 2878860
TI  - Changes in the gastric mucosa of the mouse associated with long lasting
      unsurmountable histamine H2 blockade.
AB  - The oral administration of loxtidine to mice at doses of 600, 250, and 50
      mg/kg/day for 746 days produced carcinoid tumours of the gastric fundus. The
      fundic mucosa also showed marked atypical hyperplasia with changes in foveolar
      cells similar to those seen in early incomplete metaplasia. These effects may be
      related to the prolonged achlorhydria produced by this potent unsurmountable
      histamine H2 receptor antagonist.

PMID- 2878861
TI  - [A study on the renal action of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in rats].
AB  - The present experiments were designed to study urine volume and urinary sodium
      excretion effects of beta-antagonists and beta-agonists with reference to beta 1-
      and beta 2-adrenoceptors in rats. The beta-antagonists used were atenolol as a
      selective beta 1-antagonist, butoxamine as a beta 2-antagonist and propranolol as
      a non-selective beta-antagonist. The beta-agonist used were salbutamol as a beta
      2-agonist and isoproterenol as a non-selective beta-agonist. Beta-antagonists
      increased the urine volume and urinary sodium excretion, but beta-agonists
      decreased the urine volume and urinary sodium excretion. With regards to these
      effects, atenolol increased the urine volume more than urinary sodium excretion,
      isoproterenol decreased the urine volume more than urinary sodium excretion, and
      salbutamol decreased the urinary sodium excretion more than urine volume. When
      beta-antagonists were infused with a beta-agonist, the original diuretic effects
      of these beta-antagonists were inhibited by the beta-agonist. In these effects,
      beta-antagonists infused with isoproterenol inhibited urine volume more than
      urinary sodium excretion, but beta-antagonists infused with salbutamol inhibited
      urinary sodium excretion more than urine volume. These results indicate that the
      urine volume is related to beta 1-adrenoceptors, while the urinary sodium
      excretion is related to beta 2-adrenoceptors, although there is no selectivity
      towards either beta 1-adrenoceptors or beta 2-adrenoceptors as far as diuresis or
      antidiuresis is concerned.

PMID- 2878862
TI  - [Long-term treatment of wide-angle glaucoma with the beta blocker levomoprolol:
      therapeutic effectiveness without side effects].

PMID- 2878864
TI  - [Security through experience. 4 decades of corticoid therapy].

PMID- 2878863
TI  - [Effect of various beta blockers on intraocular pressure and ventilation].

PMID- 2878865
TI  - Effect of adrenalectomy on the pancreas of db/db mice.
AB  - Adrenalectomy has been performed in the diabetic mouse and the islet
      immunohistochemistry studied. Adrenalectomy restored blood glucose to normal.
      Mean islet size of diabetic animals was larger than that of either
      adrenalectomized diabetic animals or of lean controls. Adrenalectomy restored the
      immunohistochemical appearance of the islets to normal when examined with anti
      insulin, anti-glucagon and anti-somatostatin antisera.

PMID- 2878866
TI  - Improvement of diabetes after treatment with somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in
      an acromegalic patient.
AB  - The beneficial effects of long acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in an
      acromegalic patient affected by severe diabetes mellitus are reported. Neither
      human insulin alone nor human insulin plus bromocriptine allowed satisfactory
      metabolic control though, with the latter treatment, virtually normal plasma GH
      levels were reached. Conversely, addition of SMS 201-995 to insulin treatment led
      to normalization of blood glucose. This result was obtained with a dose of SMS
      201-995 of 400 micrograms/day and only after 3 weeks of therapy.

PMID- 2878867
TI  - Portal venous flow in response to acute beta-blocker and vasodilatatory treatment
      in patients with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - The drugs currently under investigation in the prevention of recurrent
      gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis are likely to decrease the portal pressure
      by means of a primary reduction of portal blood flow. The hemodynamic effects of
      beta-blocking agents and vasodilatory drugs were noninvasively measured in eight
      patients with cirrhosis by means of pulsed echo-doppler equipment. Portal
      caliber, blood velocity and flow were recorded hourly after a single dose of
      propranolol (40 mg p.o.) or atenolol (100 mg p.o.), and every 5 min after
      treatment with isosorbide dinitrate (5 mg sublingually). The drugs were
      administered at random with an interval of 2 days or more. The portal caliber
      decreased after atenolol, but did not change after propranolol and isosorbide.
      The blood velocity decreased by 29 +/- 2% 3 hr after propranolol, by 26 +/- 2% 3
      hr after atenolol and by 31 +/- 3% 15 min after isosorbide. The portal blood flow
      decreased by 0.29 +/- 0.03 liters per min after propranolol, by 0.34 +/- 0.06
      after atenolol and by 0.26 +/- 0.03 after isosorbide, without any difference
      among the various treatments. beta-blockers and vasodilatory drugs have
      comparable effects on portal blood flow. beta 1-selective and nonselective beta
      blockers are similarly effective in keeping with the hypothesis that changes in
      portal blood flow are mainly due to the block of beta 1-receptors.

PMID- 2878869
TI  - Associations between restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected with a
      probe for human 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) and two clinical forms of 21-OH
      deficiency.
AB  - DNAs from unrelated healthy individuals and unrelated individuals affected with
      21-hydroxylase deficiency (congenital and late-onset adrenal hyperplasia) were
      digested with seven restriction enzymes and hybridized with a cDNA probe specific
      for human 21-hydroxylase genes. Associations were found between restriction
      fragments and the two forms of the disease: The late onset form is associated
      with a double dose of a 14 kb fragment generated by EcoRI and with a triple dose
      of a 3.2 kb fragment generated by Taq I in patients with HLA B14 haplotypes; The
      classical congenital form is negatively associated with the 14 kb fragment and
      with a 3.7 kb fragment generated by Taq I in patients with HLA Bw47 haplotypes. A
      3.2 kb Taq I fragment is negatively associated with the HLA B8 haplotypes. The
      other five enzymes tested give no polymorphisms or polymorphisms without
      correlation with the two forms of the disease.

PMID- 2878868
TI  - Localisation of the gene for Hunter syndrome on the long arm of X chromosome.
AB  - The localisation of the gene for Hunter syndrome (MPS II) has been studied in 11
      families using 12 polymorphic DNA markers, one on the short arm and the remaining
      11 located at various points on the long arm of the X chromosome. Lod scores for
      seven probes were uniformly negative for all values of theta; positive scores at
      values of theta = 0.10 or more were obtained for the five probes located most
      distally on the long arm (52A, F9C, DX13, St14-1, F8C). Current data suggest the
      most likely order of the loci to be: 52A, F9C, Hunter, DX13, St14-1, F8C-qter;
      the Hunter locus may thus be close to that for the fragile site at Xq27.

PMID- 2878870
TI  - A highly polymorphic locus on chromosome 16q revealed by a probe from a
      chromosome-specific cosmid library.
AB  - A cosmid library was constructed from genomic DNA of a human-mouse somatic cell
      hybrid containing an 11q-16q translocation chromosome as the only human DNA.
      Cosmids with human inserts were prehybridized with total human DNA and were
      screened to find probes that revealed highly polymorphic loci. From one such
      cosmid, CF33-79, a single-copy subclone was isolated which revealed an
      insertion/deletion polymorphism with at least 11 alleles and a PIC of 0.77. Using
      a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel, the subclone was mapped to chromosome 16. By
      in situ hybridization with the entire cosmid used as a probe, chromosomal
      localization was shown at 16q22----24.

PMID- 2878871
TI  - Alpha-thalassemia in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - A study of the distribution of alpha-thalassemia in Papua New Guinea (PNG) was
      carried out by DNA analysis. A total of 664 DNA samples were screened for alpha
      thalassemia 2 and alpha-thalassemia 1 caused respectively by either deletion of
      one or both of the duplicated alpha-globin genes. alpha-Thalassemia 2 was
      detected in high frequencies in coastal and lowland regions where malaria has
      been holo- to hyperendemic but in low frequencies in non-malarious highland
      regions. The highest frequency was observed in the north coast of PNG. The
      distribution of alpha-thalassemia 2 seems to be in accordance with other
      conditions such as ovalocytosis and G6PD deficiency which are also prevalent in
      this population, suggesting that they may interact in protection against malaria.
      However, it appears to be negatively correlated with beta-thalassemia and alpha
      thalassemia 1, the latter being extremely rare in this population. Analysis of
      the types and subtypes of the single alpha-globin gene deletion revealed a
      predominance of the -alpha 4.2 type in general, except in some regions in the
      south where the -alpha 3.7 type is prevalent. The -alpha 3.7 I subtype is the
      common form of the -alpha 3.7 deletion in the PNG mainland. The -alpha 3.7 III
      subtype, previously reported to be unique in Melanesians and Polynesians, was
      detected in an offshore island of PNG. However, this subtype is very rare in
      Melanesians from the PNG mainland.

PMID- 2878873
TI  - Origin of new mutations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Nine unrelated pedigrees in which Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was not
      present in more than one sibship were studied, using 6 DNA polymorphisms closely
      linked to the DMD gene. The reconstruction of grandparental haplotypes indicates
      the occurrence of at least three new mutations, two in grandpaternal chromosomes
      and one in a grandmaternal chromosome. Two additional (but less well documented)
      new mutations might have occurred respectively in a grandfather's and in a
      grandmother's chromosome, the latter being represented by a deletion mutation.
      The new mutations detected in this study therefore add to a total of either three
      or five out of nine apparently independent mutations present in pedigrees without
      recurrence of the disorder.

PMID- 2878874
TI  - [Neurinomas of the lingual mucosa as markers of internal malignant pathology. A
      clinical case of type 2B multiple endocrine neoplasms].

PMID- 2878872
TI  - Choroideremia: further evidence for assignment of the locus to Xq13-Xq21.
AB  - Choroideremia is an X-linked hereditary retinal dystrophy leading to blindness in
      early adulthood. RFLP analyses in three Danish families were consistent with
      close linkage between choroideremia and the locus DXYS1, located at Xq13-Xq21.
      Measurable linkage was found between choroideremia and DXS17, at Xq22.
      Furthermore, choroideremia was diagnosed in a boy with an interstitial deletion
      at Xq13-Xq21, strongly suggesting the assignment of the locus for choroideremia
      to this region of the X chromosome. The deletion also covered DXYS1, but did not
      include DXS17.

PMID- 2878875
TI  - Duodenal ulceration and the control of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2878876
TI  - Development of histamine H2-receptor antagonists and the pharmacology of
      ranitidine.

PMID- 2878877
TI  - Inaccuracy in the home use of automated blood pressure cuffs by hypertensive
      patients being treated with beta-blockers.

PMID- 2878878
TI  - Renal alpha 2-adrenergic receptors and hypertension.

PMID- 2878879
TI  - Role of renal alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - To identify a physiological role for renal alpha 2 adrenergic receptors, renal
      vascular and tubular responses to administration of graded frequencies of renal
      nerve stimulation or graded doses of adrenergic agonists were determined in
      anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive, Wistar-Kyoto, and Sprague-Dawley rats.
      Renal vasoconstrictor responses to renal nerve stimulation and alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptor agonists (norepinephrine, phenylephrine) were inhibited by an alpha 1
      adrenergic receptor antagonist (prazosin) but not by an alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptor antagonist (rauwolscine). A semilog plot of renal vasoconstrictor
      responses a fraction of control renal blood flow versus agonist dose (in
      nanograms) was linear with the slope, k, taken as the fractional decrease in
      renal blood flow per nanogram. The alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists
      (clonidine, guanabenz) produced minimal renal vasoconstrictor responses
      (fractional decrease in renal blood flow per nanogram: norepinephrine, 0.011;
      phenylephrine, 0.003; clonidine, 0.00087; guanabenz, 0.000037). The small renal
      vasoconstrictor responses to clonidine and guanabenz were more inhibited by
      rauwolscine than by prazosin. Low frequency renal nerve stimulation produced
      antidiuresis and antinatriuresis without decreasing glomerular filtration rate or
      renal blood flow. The antidiuretic and antinatriuretic responses were inhibited
      by prazosin but unaffected by rauwolscine. The magnitude of the renal vascular
      and tubular responses and their adrenergic receptor mediation were not different
      between spontaneously hypertensive, Wistar-Kyoto, and Sprague-Dawley
      rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878880
TI  - Role of sympathetic nervous system in hypotensive action of taurine in DOCA-salt
      rats.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that the antihypertensive effects of dietary taurine
      supplementation in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rats may be attributed
      to the suppression of sympathetic nervous system activity. In uninephrectomized
      rats treated with DOCA while receiving 1% NaCl solution for 2 weeks, systolic
      blood pressure was significantly increased as compared with that in control rats
      treated with vehicle suspension and tap water. Sympathetic nervous system
      activity was assessed by tissue norepinephrine turnover, which was determined
      from the rate of decline of tissue norepinephrine concentration after the
      administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a potent inhibitor of the rate
      limiting step of catecholamine synthesis. Cardiac and splenic norepinephrine
      turnover during either normal conditions or cold exposure (4 degrees C, 8 hours)
      were markedly increased in DOCA-salt rats as compared with control rats. Also,
      DOCA-salt rats had increased depressor response to hexamethonium bromide, a
      ganglion blocker. In contrast, supplementation of 1% taurine in DOCA-salt rats
      attenuated the development of the hypertension associated with the normalization
      of both the increased depressor response to ganglionic blockade and the
      accelerated cardiac and splenic norepinephrine turnover during either normal
      conditions or cold exposure. Taurine supplementation in control rats, however,
      had no effect on blood pressure or norepinephrine turnover during cold exposure.
      These results suggest that taurine supplementation suppresses sympathetic
      overactivity in DOCA-salt rats, thus leading to inhibition of the development of
      hypertension.

PMID- 2878881
TI  - Molecular basis for the pathological actions of Clostridium perfringens iota
      toxin.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens type E iota toxin is composed of two separate and
      independent polypeptide chains that act synergistically in mouse lethal assays.
      The light chain is an enzyme that mono(ADP-ribosyl)ates certain amino acids. The
      enzyme displays substantial activity when homopoly-L-arginine is used as a
      substrate, but it shows little activity when polyasparagine, polylysine or
      polyglutamic acid are used. In keeping with the properties of an ADP-ribosylating
      enzyme, the toxin possesses the following characteristics. It produces
      incorporation of radioactivity into polyarginine when adenine-labeled NAD is
      used, but radioactivity is not incorporated when nicotinamide-labeled NAD is
      used. Irrespective of labeling, enzymatic activity is accompanied by the release
      of free nicotinamide. After incorporation of ADP-ribose groups into polyarginine,
      enzymatic and chemical techniques can be used to release the incorporated
      material. Snake venom phosphodiesterase releases mainly AMP; hydroxylamine
      releases AMP and ADP-ribose. The heavy chain of iota toxin has little or no
      enzyme activity, and it does not substantially affect the enzyme activity of the
      light chain. The heavy chain may be a binding component that directs the toxin to
      vulnerable cells. The data suggest that iota toxin is a representative of a novel
      class of ADP-ribosylating toxins.

PMID- 2878882
TI  - Expression of Streptococcus sanguis antigens in Escherichia coli: cloning of a
      structural gene for adhesion fimbriae.
AB  - Chromosomal DNA from Streptococcus sanguis FW213 was partially digested with
      EcoRI and ligated into the positive-selection cloning vector pOP203(A2+). The
      ligation mixture was used to transform Escherichia coli K-12, and 4,500
      transformants were examined. The tetracycline-resistant colonies had inserts
      averaging 3.2 kilobases. The entire colony bank was screened by colony
      immunoassay with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against S. sanguis FW213 whole
      cells. Thirty recombinant colonies produced stable positive reactions of various
      intensities, indicating that S. sanguis antigens could be expressed in E. coli.
      Restriction endonuclease digestion of these clones suggested that 26 of the
      clones were unique. Only two clones, VT616 and VT618, gave positive reactions
      with fimbria-specific antisera. That the gene coding for the antigen was located
      on the plasmid was confirmed by demonstrating that the presence of the plasmid
      was linked to antigen production. Western immunoblot analyses of sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels showed that both clones produced
      a fimbrial peptide of Mr 30,000. The two recombinant plasmids were shown by
      Southern analysis and restriction mapping to contain the same 6-kilobase EcoRI
      fragment inserted in opposite orientations. Southern hybridization confirmed that
      this fragment is present in S. sanguis genomic DNA. The Mr 30,000 protein gene
      was expressed in both orientations, suggesting that the fimbrial promoter is
      located on the 6-kilobase fragment. These results show that at least one
      streptococcal fimbrial gene can be cloned and expressed in E. coli.

PMID- 2878883
TI  - Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase: isolation and purification by calmodulin
      sepharose 4B chromatography.
AB  - Purified preparations of adenylate cyclase were obtained from crude urea extracts
      of Bordetella pertussis by a one-step calmodulin affinity chromatography
      technique. Diluted extract was loaded onto the column and washed, and adenylate
      cyclase was eluted with 10mM EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)
      N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid]. A 104-fold purification was accomplished in one
      step. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the affinity
      purified adenylate cyclase was dissociated into one major protein band with an
      apparent molecular weight of 60,000 and a minor band at 200,000. The affinity
      purified adenylate cyclase was observed to have adenylate cyclase enzymatic
      activity which was activated by calmodulin, to bind 125I-calmodulin, and to be
      free of pertussis toxin as determined by in vivo and in vitro assays.

PMID- 2878885
TI  - Cloning of the filamentous hemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis and its
      expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis UT25 DNA was cloned into the kanamycin resistance gene of
      cosmid pCP13 to construct a genomic library in Escherichia coli LE392. One clone
      containing plasmid pDB441 expressed the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) as
      identified by protein immunoblots with the use of rabbit anti-B. pertussis
      antiserum, rabbit anti-FHA antiserum, and a monoclonal antibody to FHA. FHA is a
      protein of 220 to 210 kilodaltons, but the immunoreactive FHA, as expressed in E.
      coli, was larger than that expressed in B. pertussis, suggesting that there was a
      difference in the processing of this protein between these two bacteria. The fha
      gene was mapped to a 6.5-kilobase pair DNA fragment by the use of various
      restriction endonucleases. The kanamycin resistance gene of pCP13 was found to
      provide the promoter function but probably not the translation start signal for
      the fha gene. Conjugative transfer of pDB441 to B. pertussis BP353, a transposon
      Tn5-induced FHA mutant, increased the expression of the FHA over that seen with
      wild-type B. pertussis.

PMID- 2878884
TI  - Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase: effects of affinity-purified adenylate
      cyclase on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions.
AB  - Affinity-purified adenylate cyclase (AC) of Bordetella pertussis, free of
      contaminating pertussis toxin, was demonstrated to have biological effects on
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). AC at doses of 25 and 50 micrograms/ml
      increased intracellular cAMP levels in the phagocytes 7.6- to 23.5-fold,
      respectively, above basal levels. AC inhibited PMN chemiluminescence, chemotaxis,
      and superoxide production in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory dose for
      chemotaxis and chemiluminescence was 36.5 micrograms/ml; for superoxide
      generation it was 71.0 micrograms/ml. Although these PMN metabolic functions were
      impaired, no effect on phagocytic activity was observed.

PMID- 2878886
TI  - A membrane-associated neuraminidase in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.
AB  - Trophozoites of the parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica HM-1:IMSS possess a
      surface neuraminidase capable of liberating N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) from N
      acetylneuramin-lactose (alpha 2----3 or alpha 2----6) or mucin in their medium.
      The neuraminidase was found to be membrane associated, with more than 50% of the
      yield being recovered in the plasma membrane fraction. The neuraminidase specific
      activity of the plasma membrane fraction was six times that of internal membrane
      fraction enzyme. The optimum pH and temperature for this enzyme were 6.7 and 37
      degrees C, respectively. Neuraminidase activity was inhibited by ethylene glycol
      bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and the optimum Ca2+
      concentration was 2 mM. The microfilament disruptor cytochalasin D (30
      micrograms/ml) inhibited motility and neuraminidase activity of intact Entamoeba
      trophozoites. The cytochalasin D-induced loss of surface neuraminidase activity
      was explained in part by a redistribution of enzyme with a loss of plasma
      membrane enzyme and an increase in intracellular membrane enzyme. A qualitatively
      similar cytochalasin D effect was observed with two other membrane-associated
      enzymes, calcium-regulated ATPase and acid phosphatase. Membrane-associated
      enzyme was minimally affected by Triton X-100 and saponin. An N-acetylneuraminic
      acid aldolase, optimum pH, 7.4, was found in trophozoite homogenate supernatant
      fractions. NANA and NANA-containing compounds stimulated trophozoite-directed
      motility. This motility stimulation by NANA-containing compounds did not
      apparently require prior release of free NANA by the trophozoite surface
      neuraminidase. Entamoeba neuraminidase is one of a series of enzymes that may
      modify the mucus blanket and target cell surface and thereby play a role in the
      pathogenesis of amebiasis.

PMID- 2878887
TI  - Role of plasmid-encoded adherence factors in adhesion of enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells.
AB  - Plasmid-encoded adherence factors have been shown to be important for the full
      expression of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) pathogenicity and for EPEC
      adhesion to cultured HEp-2 cells. EPEC strain E2348 (O127) shows localized HEp-2
      cell adhesion and possesses a 60-megadalton plasmid, pMAR2. When E2348 is cured
      of pMAR2 it loses the ability to adhere to HEp-2 cells, while nonadherent E. coli
      K-12 strains P678-54 and HB101 acquire HEp-2 adhesiveness after they gain the
      plasmid. By electron microscopy, E2348 was seen to adhere to HEp-2 cells in a
      manner that closely resembled EPEC adhesion to intestinal mucosa; bacteria were
      intimately attached to projections of the apical HEp-2 cell membrane and caused
      localized destruction of microvilli. The plasmid-containing K-12 strains, on the
      other hand, did not show intimate attachment and there was no modification of
      cell surface architecture. It is concluded that plasmid pMAR2 codes for an
      adhesin, possibly fimbrial in nature, that promotes HEp-2 adhesion but that other
      chromosomally encoded factors are required for EPEC to achieve the characteristic
      mode of intimate cell attachment.

PMID- 2878888
TI  - Identification of a new fimbrial structure in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      (ETEC) serotype O148:H28 which adheres to human intestinal mucosa: a potentially
      new human ETEC colonization factor.
AB  - Three important fimbrial colonization factor antigens (CFAs) designated CFA/I,
      CFA/II, and E8775 were identified originally in some human enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains because of their mannose-resistant
      hemagglutination properties. To identify CFA, in strains lacking mannose
      resistant hemagglutination properties we exploited the ability of human ETEC
      strains to adhere to human proximal small intestinal mucosa. ETEC strain B7A
      (O148:H28) was selected for study because it belongs to an epidemiologically
      important serotype and does not produce a known CFA, and yet it is known to be
      pathogenic and cause diarrheal disease in human volunteers. Results of an human
      enterocyte adhesion assay indicated that some bacteria in cultures of B7A
      produced adhesive factors. To select for such bacteria, cultured human duodenal
      mucosal biopsy samples were infected with B7A for up to 12 h, after which time a
      large percentage of the mucosal surface became colonized by bacteria. A new
      fimbrial structure morphologically distinct from CFA/I, CFA/II, and E8775
      fimbriae and consisting of curly fibrils (approximately 3 nm in diameter) was
      readily identified when bacteria were subcultured from the mucosa and examined by
      electron microscopy. Identical fimbriae were produced by ETEC strain 1782-77 of
      the same serotype. Identification of these fimbriae only on bacteria subcultured
      from human intestinal mucosa strongly suggests that they promote mucosal adhesion
      of ETEC serotype O148:H28 and thus represent a potentially new human ETEC CFA.

PMID- 2878889
TI  - Ethnic composition, age and sex, together with location and standard of housing
      as determinants of HLTV-I infection in an urban Trinidadian community.
AB  - The presence of antibody to human T-cell leukaemia virus (HLTV-I) has been
      assessed in 2,143 men and women who represent 83% of all adults aged 35 to 69
      years resident in a defined urban community in Trinidad. Individuals of African
      descent had a higher sero-positivity rate (7.0%) than those originating from
      India (1.4%), Europe (0%) or of mixed descent (2.7%). Women were infected more
      frequently than men, and the prevalence of infection increased with age in both
      sexes. Sero-positivity rates were significantly increased in adults who lived in
      housing of poor quality (p less than 0.001) or close to water courses (p less
      than 0.025). These data and others raise the possibility that one route of HLTV-I
      transmission may be via insect vectors under particular domestic circumstances.

PMID- 2878890
TI  - Antibodies to HTLV-I in Nigerian blood-donors, their relatives and patients with
      leukaemias, lymphomas and other diseases.
AB  - Antibodies to HTLV-I have been detected in sera from 15 (2.0%) of 736 adult blood
      donors in Nigeria, in 4 (20.0%) of 20 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia,
      3 (10.0%) of 30 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, one of 12 with Burkitt's lymphoma
      and one of 7 with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The frequency of positivity was
      higher (3.6%) in the blood-donors from the guinea and wooded savanna of northern
      Nigeria than in those from the rain-forest and mangrove swamps of southern
      Nigeria (1.8% in Lagos and 0.7% in Calabar). Two of the 3 seropositive patients
      with lymphoma had clinical presentation and courses similar to those of Japanese
      and Caribbean patients with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma.

PMID- 2878891
TI  - Experimental inoculation of monkeys with autologous lymphoid cell lines
      immortalized by and producing human T-cell leukemia virus type-I.
AB  - Cynomolgus monkeys and squirrel monkeys were inoculated with autologous lymphoid
      cell lines immortalized by and producing human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV
      I) in order to serve as an animal model of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The
      autologous cell lines were established from peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (PBMC) from each monkey by co-cultivation with lethally irradiated MT-2 cells
      producing HTLV-I. All of these cell lines, which had monkey karyotypes, grew
      continuously without addition of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and expressed virus
      specific proteins of HTLV-I and IL-2 receptor. After inoculation with the
      autologous cell lines, specific antibodies against HTLV-I proteins could be
      detected in their plasma, and transformed HTLV-I-infected cells could be
      recovered from their peripheral blood for at least 6 months. However, no signs of
      ATL have been observed to data, i.e. 2 years after inoculation.

PMID- 2878892
TI  - Analysis of the inhibition of tumour metastasis by sulphated polysaccharides.
AB  - Lung metastases resulting from the intravenous (i.v.) injection of cells from the
      rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762 MAT were significantly reduced by a variety of
      sulphated polysaccharides, the most effective being heparin, fucoidan and
      Carrageenan lambda. Although all the inhibitory polysaccharides were
      anticoagulants, it is unlikely that anticoagulation is the total explanation of
      their antimetastatic effect because: (i) heparin preparations from 2 different
      suppliers, although exhibiting comparable anticoagulant activities, differed 10
      fold in their antimetastatic capability; (ii) certain sulphated polysaccharides
      consistently gave a 30% difference in the number of metastatic lesions, yet
      exhibited identical anticoagulant activity; and (iii) the entrapment of 13762 MAT
      cells in the lung was not impaired by heparin or fucoidan. It was more probable
      that the sulphated polysaccharides were interfering with the passaging of tumour
      cells across the capillary wall as heparin significantly inhibited metastasis
      when injected up to 3 hr after lodgement, and heparin and fucoidan caused a
      gradual loss of tumour cells from the lung which only became apparent greater
      than 1 hr following cell lodgement. The data did not eliminate the possibility
      that tumour cell adhesion to the endothelium occurred via sulphated
      polysaccharide recognition. A negative correlation existed between the sulphated
      polysaccharides that bound to the surface of the tumour cells and those that
      inhibited metastasis.

PMID- 2878893
TI  - The handwriting test as an aid to neuroleptic dosage.

PMID- 2878894
TI  - A biopsychosocial model of premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - The authors describe the application of a biopsychosocial model to premenstrual
      syndrome. In this model one assumes that premenstrual syndrome is the result of
      an interaction between biologic, psychologic, and social factors. A six-point
      approach to the evaluation of women with multiple premenstrual symptoms is also
      presented. Finally, the benefits of this model for the clinician and investigator
      are reviewed.

PMID- 2878895
TI  - Further data on the usefulness of combined high-dose estrogen and human
      menopausal gonadotropins for cervical factor.
AB  - We report here our series of seven patients treated for cervical infertility with
      combined high-dose conjugated estrogen and human menopausal gonadotropins. Nine
      of 11 treatment cycles (81.8%) were ovulatory, and 57.1% of treated patients
      conceived (three single pregnancies and one set of quadruplets). Criteria for
      selection of patients for this combined therapy are established.

PMID- 2878896
TI  - The possible role of Trichomonas vaginalis as a "vector" for the spread of other
      pathogens.

PMID- 2878897
TI  - The combined use of human menopausal gonadotropin and Parlodel (bromocriptine)
      for in vitro fertilization.
AB  - A successful pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
      in which bromocriptine was utilized for ovulation induction is reported.
      Suppression of transient hyperprolactinemia during induction of ovulation is
      suggested.

PMID- 2878898
TI  - Antifertility effects of a potent LH-RH antagonist in male and female rats.
AB  - The antifertility effects of the antagonistic analogue N-Ac-D-p-Cl-Phe1,2,D
      Trp3,D-Arg6,D-Ala10-LH-RH (ORG 30276) were investigated in male and female rats.
      Male rats were treated with ORG 30276 at doses of 10 micrograms/kg, 100
      micrograms/kg, or 1000 micrograms/kg per day for 60 days. The control rats were
      injected with the vehicle only. The treatment with the highest dose of the
      antagonist caused a significant decrease in the weights of the anterior
      pituitaries, testes, seminal vesicles, and ventral prostates and reduced serum
      and pituitary LH levels. The intermediate dose of the antagonist affected only
      seminal vesicle weights. The histology of the testes from the rats treated with
      the highest dose showed that the spermatogenesis was markedly depressed and did
      not advance beyond the stage of spermatocyte I; the interstitium showed cells of
      fibroblastic appearance. Twenty days after stopping treatment with the highest
      dose of the analogue there was a marked recovery of the weight of the testes,
      seminal vesicles, and ventral prostates. However, the animals were still
      infertile when caged with female rats. Sixty days after treatment the animals had
      recovered testicular function and fertility. The offspring were normal, with no
      evidence of genetic abnormalities. Female rats were injected with ORG 30276 at
      doses of 10 micrograms/kg, 100 micrograms/kg, or 1000 micrograms/kg per day for
      14 days. The treatment with ORG 30276 did not modify body weights, but anterior
      pituitary and uterine weights were significantly decreased in the group of rats
      treated with the highest dose of the antagonist. Ovarian weights were decreased
      significantly in all the three groups treated with ORG 30276.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878899
TI  - Inhibitory properties of several synthetic compounds towards human and goat
      acrosin, and trypsin.
AB  - Various synthetic inhibitors were tested for their inhibitory effects on highly
      purified human and goat acrosin. Bovine pancreatic trypsin was included for
      comparison. The molar concentrations causing 50% inhibition of the enzymes show
      that several guanidino compounds were highly active. The most active compound,
      ethyl-p-(6-guanidinohexanoyloxy) benzoate methane sulfonate (EGBM) produced 50%
      inhibition of human acrosin, goat acrosin, and trypsin at 5.0 X 10(-7), 8.4 X 10(
      7), and 6.5 X 10(-7) M concentrations, respectively. Ethyl-p-guanidinobenzoate
      had an eightfold higher inhibitory power towards trypsin than to human sperm
      acrosin. Results on the Ki determinations showed that EGBM possessed the highest
      antiacrosin and antitrypsin properties, indicating that the compound has very
      good potential as an antifertility agent.

PMID- 2878900
TI  - Frequency and size of atherosclerotic plaques in vasectomized diabetic monkeys.
AB  - Male rhesus monkeys were used to elucidate the combined effect of vasectomy and
      diabetes on frequency and size of atherosclerotic plaques. Four groups were made:
      in two, bilateral vasectomy was performed, and the other two were subjected to
      sham vasectomy. Half of the vasectomized and sham-vasectomized monkeys were made
      diabetic by intravenous injection of alloxan. The animals were observed for a
      period of one year. Clinical examination revealed bilateral cataract in 40% of
      the diabetic animals. Marked hyperglycemia along with significant increase of
      serum triglycerides and free fatty acids was noted in diabetic monkeys. Vasectomy
      per se did not alter serum lipid levels and overall atherosclerotic plaque score
      in nondiabetic monkeys. However, the combination of vasectomy with diabetic state
      led to significant increase of overall atherosclerotic plaque score in coronary
      and renal arteries.

PMID- 2878901
TI  - Modulatory effect of prostaglandin E2 on the immune response in mice, with
      special reference to anti-sperm immunity.
AB  - The intraperitoneal administration of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) considerably
      delayed the rejection of allogeneic skin grafts, both in the primary (first set)
      and secondary (second set) reaction, and inhibited the production of plaque
      forming cells after antigenic stimulation with sheep red blood cells. In
      addition, the treatment of mice with PgE2 during their immunization with
      allogeneic epididymal spermatozoa resulted in a markedly slower rejection of the
      following skin grafts from the donor's strain in comparison with the animals
      injected with spermatozoa only. Evidence was also found concerning the
      immunosuppressive effect of PgE2 on the humoral immune response against sperm
      antigens. The possible immunoregulatory role of PgE2 in the natural immune
      tolerance to sperm antigens is discussed.

PMID- 2878902
TI  - The effect of anti-inflammatory and rheumatoid disease modifying drugs on
      prolonged immune and non-immune inflammation in the six-day air pouch of rats.
AB  - The six-day air pouch model of synovitis in rats was used to study the effects of
      non-steroidal and anti-rheumatic drugs on cell accumulation and exudate
      formation. Inflammation was induced in the six-day air pouch either with the non
      immune irritant carrageenan or the immune irritant Bordetella pertussis.
      Indomethacin reduced cell accumulation and exudate formation in both models. In
      contrast levamisole and D-penicillamine were unable to reduce either parameter, D
      penicillamine actually producing at certain times a pro-inflammatory effect. The
      steroid dexamethasone caused the total inhibition of inflammatory exudate
      formation and cell accumulation. The six-day air pouch of rats may therefore be
      useful for the detection of agents which inhibit chronic inflammation.

PMID- 2878903
TI  - Neuroendocrine control of secretion in pancreatic and parotid gland acini and the
      role of Na+,K+-ATPase activity.
AB  - The results of our investigations into the localization of Na+,K+-pump activity
      in pancreatic and parotid acinar cells and the effects of hormones and
      neurotransmitters on pump turnover can be integrated with data on other aspects
      of stimulus-response coupling to construct models of the neurohumoral control of
      protein, fluid, and electrolyte secretion (Fig. 23). In both tissues, Ca2+ and
      cyclic AMP serve as intracellular messengers. In pancreatic acinar cells, the
      Ca2+-dependent pathway activated by the occupation of CCK or cholinergic
      receptors provides the primary stimulus for digestive enzyme secretion. Cyclic
      AMP plays a comparatively minor role; VIP and secretin are much less effective
      stimulators of protein secretion. Conversely, cyclic AMP levels in parotid acinar
      cells, which are modulated primarily through occupation of beta-adrenergic
      receptors, are a major determinant of enzyme secretion. Activation of the Ca2+
      dependent pathway by cholinergic or alpha-adrenergic agonists or substance P is
      less important. The presence of dual control processes in each gland suggests
      that the observed differences in effectiveness of cyclic AMP- versus Ca2+
      dependent secretagogues may reflect not different mechanisms, but rather a shift
      in the relative emphasis placed on each pathway. This emphasis could conceivably
      result from subtle variations in the interaction between cellular protein kinases
      and phosphatases and their phosphoprotein substrates. Electrolyte secretion, on
      the other hand, appears to involve both discrete and common entities. In
      pancreatic acinar cells from rodent species, cholinergic or CCK receptor
      occupancy elicits a Ca2+-dependent increase in the open-state probability of
      nonselective cation channels in the basolateral plasma membrane. The resultant
      influx of Na+ and efflux of K+ is most probably the factor which activates Na+,
      K+-pumps. Based on electron probe studies of the effects of cholinergic agonists
      on acinar cell Na+ and K+ contents discussed earlier, a transient reduction in
      the intracellular K+/Na+ ratio of up to 4-fold may occur. A shift of this
      magnitude in the cytoplasmic microenvironment of the Na+, K+-pump clearly would
      have a stimulatory influence (see discussion by Jorgensen, 1980). In addition,
      Ca2+ itself may have direct effects on Na+,K+-pump activity. Calcium at levels
      much above 1 microM progressively inhibits Na+,K+-ATPase activity (Tobin et al.,
      1973; Yingst and Polasek, 1985). In unstimulated guinea pig pancreatic acinar
      cells, Ca2+i measured by quin-2 fluorescence was 161 +/- 13 nM (Hootman et al.,
      1985a) which increased to a maximal concentration of 803 +/- 122 nM following CCh
      stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878904
TI  - The circumventricular organs of the mammalian brain with special reference to
      monoaminergic innervation.

PMID- 2878905
TI  - [Antirheumatic drug-induced damage of the gastroduodenal mucosa: approach to
      prevention].

PMID- 2878906
TI  - [Neurogenic mechanisms of skin circulation].

PMID- 2878907
TI  - [Pathogen-host relations in sexually transmitted diseases].
AB  - The host-parasite relationship between the major causative agents of sexually
      transmitted diseases, e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and
      Trichomonas vaginalis, and their target cells in the urogenital tract can
      generally be studied in suitable cell and organ cultures. Experience with N.
      gonorrhoeae predominantly gained from fallopian-tube organ cultures shows that
      there are several prerequisites for adherence as the first step of pathogenesis.
      They range from the type of bacterial pili to the type of epithelial cell. Later
      the function of these cells is damaged by subcellular toxins of a
      lipopolysaccharide nature. The cocci are phagocytosed, which eventually leads to
      definite (ultra-) structural alterations. These processes are not only described
      in detail but also compared with those found with other bacterial species and
      target cells. Possible predisposing factors in the host are also taken into
      account. Finally the need for investigating the effect of antibiotics on the host
      parasite relationship is stressed.

PMID- 2878908
TI  - Histamine in endocrine cells in the stomach. A survey of several species using a
      panel of histamine antibodies.
AB  - Antibodies to histamine were used to examine the localization of the amine in
      cells of the stomach and upper small intestine of a great variety of species,
      including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibia, reptiles (lizard), birds
      (chicken) and a large number of mammals. In all species gastric histamine was
      localized in endocrine cells (invariably found in the epithelium) and mast cells
      (usually with an extra-epithelial localization). The endocrine cells were
      identified as such by immunostaining with antibodies to chromogranin A and the
      mast cells were identified by toluidine blue staining. Histamine-immunoreactive
      endocrine cells were found almost exclusively in the acid-producing part of the
      stomach; only rarely were such cells observed in the pyloric gland area. They
      were fairly numerous in the gastric mucosa of the two subclasses of fish as well
      as in the amphibia and reptile species studied. Here, the majority of the
      histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells seemed to have contact with the gastric
      lumen (open type cells) and were located in the surface epithelium (certain fish
      only) or together with mucous neck cells at the bottom of the pits. In the
      chicken, histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were numerous and located
      peripherally in the deep compound glands. They were without contact with the
      lumen (closed type) and had long basal extensions ("paracrine" appearance),
      running close to the base of the oxyntic-peptic cells. In mammals, the number of
      histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells in the stomach varied greatly. They were
      particularly numerous in the rat and notably few in the dog, monkey and man. In
      all mammals, the histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were of the closed type
      and located basally in the oxyntic glands. They often had a "paracrine"
      appearance with long basal processes. Histamine-storing mast cells, finally, were
      few in both subclasses of fish as well as in the amphibian species and in the
      lizard. They were fairly numerous in chicken proventriculus (beneath the surface
      epithelium), few in the oxyntic mucosa of mouse, rat and hamster, moderate in
      number in hedgehog, guinea-pig, rabbit, pig and monkey, and numerous in cat, dog
      and man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2878909
TI  - Morphological changes of sensory CGRP-immunoreactive and sympathetic nerves in
      peripheral tissues following chronic denervation.
AB  - The morphological relationship between sensory and sympathetic nerves was studied
      in tissues of the eye and the oral cavity following chronic sympathetic or
      sensory denervation. Immunoreactivities for calcitonin gene-related peptide
      (CGRP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used as indexes to assess the changes
      of the two nerve populations after denervation. Following surgical sympathectomy,
      a marked increase of CGRP-containing fibres was seen in all tissues studied,
      while TH-imunoreactive fibres were totally depleated. Conversely, after capsaicin
      treatment, an increase of TH-immunoreactive nerves was found in the same tissues,
      concomitant with a sharp decrease of CGRP-immunoreactive nerves. These changes
      were particularly evident in iridial stroma and around blood vessels in all
      tissue, where sensory and sympathetic nerves have a closely overlapping
      distribution pattern. The altered proportion of sensory peptide- and
      catecholamine-containing nerves following sympathetic and sensory denervation
      suggest that there is a reciprocal trophic influence between the two nerve
      subsets, possibly with the intervention of neurotrophic substances such as nerve
      growth factor. These results indicate a close interaction between sensory
      peptidergic and sympathetic nervous systems in peripheral organs.

PMID- 2878910
TI  - Isolation and allelic polymorphism of cDNA clones and genomic clones of HLA-DP
      heavy and light chains.
AB  - From a human cDNA library constructed from consanguineous HLA-homozygous cell
      line AKIBA (HLA-A24, Bw52, DR2, Dw12, Cp63 Cp63: a new DP type), cDNA clones
      encoding the heavy and light chains of an HLA-DP Cp63 alloantigen were isolated
      and analyzed by restriction enzyme mapping and nucleotide sequence determination.
      Allelic comparisons of DP alpha and DP beta cDNA sequences showed that the amino
      acid sequence of the DP alpha chain was less polymorphic than that of the DP beta
      chain. In the DP beta chain, the polymorphic region was restricted to the beta 1
      domain. We also isolated and characterized 15 genomic phage clones spanning a 74
      kilobase (kb) pair of the DP region which were found to contain one DP alpha
      gene, one DP-like alpha gene, one DP beta gene, and one DP-like beta gene.
      Genomic blot analyses with different HLA-DP type cell lines using DP alpha cDNA
      as a probe revealed EcoRI fragment length polymorphism around the DP alpha gene.

PMID- 2878911
TI  - A rheumatology practice in a community-based medical school.

PMID- 2878912
TI  - Management of accessory nerve injury.

PMID- 2878913
TI  - In pursuit of professional freedom 2.

PMID- 2878915
TI  - Muscle biopsy in the evaluation of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO).

PMID- 2878914
TI  - 'Unstable angina'. Aetiologic and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2878916
TI  - Periarteritis nodosa with mononeuritis multiplex.

PMID- 2878917
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic analysis of elongation of type 1 fimbriae in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Using 10- and 20-nm-diameter gold particles conjugated to an antifimbrial
      monoclonal antibody, we analyzed the location of assembly of newly formed
      subunits on growing type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli. Fimbriae were removed
      from an E. coli K-12-derived strain, CSH50, by blending. Blended cells were
      allowed to regenerate their fimbriae in growth medium for approximately 25 min,
      after which they were labeled with a 20-nm-gold-monoclonal antibody probe.
      Continued outgrowth of these labeled fimbriae was allowed for additional time
      intervals, after which they were labeled with a 10-nm-gold-monoclonal antibody
      probe. The resulting fimbriae, double labeled with 10- and 20-nm-diameter gold
      particles, were examined in an electron microscope. The pattern of labeling on
      individual fimbrial organelles indicated morphologically that newly synthesized
      subunits are added to a growing organelle at its base.

PMID- 2878918
TI  - Changes in amino acid and nucleotide pools of Rhodospirillum rubrum during switch
      off of nitrogenase activity initiated by NH4+ or darkness.
AB  - Amino acid and nucleotide pools were measured in nitrogenase-containing
      Rhodospirillum rubrum cultures during NH4+- or dark-induced inactivation (switch
      off) of the Fe protein. A big increase in the glutamine pool size preceded NH4+
      switch-off of nitrogenase activity, but the glutamine pool remained unchanged
      during dark switch-off. Furthermore, methionine sulfoximine had no effect on the
      rate of dark switch-off, suggesting that glutamine plays no role in this process.
      In the absence of NH4+ azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamate synthate, raised
      glutamine pool levels sufficiently to initiate switch-off in vivo. While added
      NH4+ substantially increased the size of the nucleotide pools in N-limited cells,
      the kinetics of nucleotide synthesis were all similar and followed (rather than
      preceded) Fe protein inactivation. Darkness had little effect on nucleotide pool
      sizes. Glutamate pool sizes were also found to be important in NH4+ switch-off
      because of the role of this molecule as a glutamine precursor. Much of the
      diversity reported in the observations on NH4+ switch-off appears to be due to
      variations in glutamate pool sizes prior to the NH4+ shock. The nitrogen
      nutritional background is an important factor in determining whether darkness
      initiates nitrogenase switch-off; however, no link has yet been established
      between this and NH4+ (glutamine) switch-off.

PMID- 2878919
TI  - Morphogenetic expression of Bacteroides nodosus fimbriae in Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - Type 4 fimbriae are found in a range of pathogenic bacteria, including
      Bacteroides nodosus, Moraxella bovis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa. The structural subunits of these fimbriae all contain a highly
      conserved hydrophobic amino-terminal sequence preceding a variable hydrophilic
      carboxy-terminal region. We show here that recombinant P. aeruginosa cells
      containing the B. nodosus fimbrial subunit gene under the control of a strong
      promoter (pL, from bacteriophage lambda) produced large amounts of fimbriae that
      were structurally and antigenically indistinguishable from those produced by B.
      nodosus. This was demonstrated by fimbrial isolation and purification,
      electrophoretic and Western transfer analyses, and immunogold labeling and
      electron microscopy. These results suggest that type 4 fimbriated bacteria use a
      common mechanism for fimbrial assembly and that the structural subunits are
      interchangeable, thereby providing a basis for the development of multivalent
      vaccines.

PMID- 2878920
TI  - Characterization of the surface protein layers of the mosquito-pathogenic strains
      of Bacillus sphaericus.
AB  - The protein surface layers on the cell walls of mosquito-pathogenic and
      nonpathogenic Bacillus sphaericus strains were studied by structural,
      biochemical, and serological methods. The surface structure of two representative
      insect-pathogenic strains had the form of a delicate linear array with a repeat
      interval of 5 nm. This was distinctly different from the tetragonal array of the
      P-1 strain in spacing and arrangement. The surface layers were composed of acidic
      glycoproteins with molecular weights ranging from approximately 133,000 to
      155,000. Peptide mapping and serological analysis of the surface proteins
      revealed eight distinct groups among the pathogens. These groups were very
      similar to the groupings determined by flagellar-antigen serotyping and
      bacteriophage typing.

PMID- 2878921
TI  - Genes encoding the beta and epsilon subunits of the proton-translocating ATPase
      from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.
AB  - The genes encoding the beta (atpB) and epsilon (atpE) subunits of the ATPase from
      the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 were cloned, and their sequences
      were determined. atpB and atpE are each single-copy genes in the Anabaena genome.
      The two genes are separated by a 96-base-pair intergenic spacer and transcribed
      as a single mRNA of 2.3 kilobases that initiates approximately 200 base pairs
      upstream of the atpB coding region. The predicted translation product of atpB has
      81 and 68% amino acid identity with the corresponding proteins from spinach
      chloroplasts and Escherichia coli, respectively. The atpE gene product is less
      conserved, with 41 and 33% amino acid identity with the corresponding proteins
      from spinach chloroplasts and E. coli, respectively. The organization of the
      Anabaena atpB and atpE genes relative to adjacent genes differs from that of both
      E. coli and chloroplasts.

PMID- 2878922
TI  - Electrophoretic behavior of the H+-ATPase proteolipid from bovine heart
      mitochondria.
AB  - The proteolipid subunit of H+-ATPase was labeled by [14C]N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in bovine heart mitochondria. The radioactive labeling
      was followed using various systems of sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). When using discontinuous SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, U.K.,
      1970, Nature (London) 227, 680-685) a monomeric (Mr 7600 +/- 1500) and a dimeric
      form (Mr 17,800 +/- 1200) of the proteolipid were detected, while only the
      monomeric form was found on urea (8 M) containing gels (SDS-PAGE according to
      Laemmli; or Swank, R. T., and Munkers, K. D., 1971, Anal. Biochem. 39, 462-477).
      When using SDS-PAGE with Na-Pi buffer (Weber, K., and Osborn, M., 1969, J. Biol.
      Chem. 244, 4406-4442), only a dimeric form of the proteolipid (Mr 15,000 +/-
      1000) was detected. Experimental data indicate that the different patterns of
      proteolipid separation are related to the presence of the two distinct
      proteolipid conformations in the SDS solution.

PMID- 2878923
TI  - The interaction of phosphorylated oligosaccharides and lysosomal enzymes with
      bovine liver cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor.
AB  - We have analyzed the interaction of phosphorylated oligosaccharides and lysosomal
      enzymes with immobilized bovine liver cation-dependent mannose-6-P receptor.
      Oligosaccharides with phosphomonoesters were the only species that interacted
      with the receptor, and molecules with two phosphomonoesters showed the best
      binding. Lysosomal enzymes with several oligosaccharides containing only one
      phosphomonoester had a higher affinity for the receptor than did the isolated
      oligosaccharides, indicating the possible importance of multivalent interactions
      between weakly binding ligands and the receptor. The binding of a mixture of
      phosphorylated lysosomal enzymes to the cation-dependent Man-6-P receptor was
      markedly influenced by pH. At pH 6.3, almost all of the lysosomal enzymes bound
      to the receptor; whereas at pH 7.0-7.5, approximately one-third of the material
      passed through the column, one-third interacted weakly, and one-third bound
      tightly. The distribution of individual lysosomal enzyme activities was similar
      to that of the total material. The species of phosphorylated oligosaccharides
      present on the lysosomal enzymes which interacted poorly with the receptor were
      similar to those found on the tightly bound material and included species of
      oligosaccharides with two phosphomonoester groups. Isolated oligosaccharides of
      this type bound to the receptor over the entire pH range tested. These findings
      indicate that at neutral pH the phosphorylated oligosaccharides on some lysosomal
      enzyme molecules are oriented in a manner which makes them inaccessible to the
      binding site of the cation-dependent Man-6-P receptor. Since the same enzymes
      bind to the cation-independent Man-6-P receptor at neutral pH, at least a portion
      of the phosphomannosyl residues must be exposed. We conclude that small
      variations in the pH of the Golgi compartment where lysosomal enzymes bind to the
      receptors could potentially modulate the extent of binding to the two receptors.

PMID- 2878924
TI  - Glutamine synthetase isozymes in elasmobranch brain and liver tissues.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase is present as isozymic forms in the elasmobranchs Squalus
      acanthias (dogfish shark) and Dasyatis sabina (stingray). Subcellular
      fractionation of elasmobranch brain and liver tissue shows the enzyme to be
      predominantly cytosolic in the former tissue and mitochondrial in the latter. For
      the cytosolic brain enzyme, the subunit Mr equals 42,000 in the stingray and
      45,000 in the shark, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel
      electrophoresis/Western blotting. The subunit Mr = 45,000 and 47,000,
      respectively, for stingray and dogfish mitochondrial liver enzymes. Translation
      of total brain RNA from both species gives immunoprecipitable nascent peptides of
      the same size as their respective mature enzymes. However, in liver tissue,
      translation of glutamine synthetase mRNA yields peptides of higher Mr than that
      of the mature enzymes. In dogfish liver, Mr = 50,000 for the translation product
      and, in stingray liver, Mr = 48,000. This suggests that the translocation of the
      enzyme into liver mitochondria may be via a signal or leader sequence mechanism.
      The larger liver isozyme of elasmobranch glutamine synthetase is found in kidney
      where it is also known to be mitochondrial. The smaller cytosolic isozyme occurs
      in retina, heart, gill, and rectal gland tissue as well as in brain.

PMID- 2878925
TI  - A single mutation confers vanadate resistance to the plasma membrane H+-ATPase
      from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - A single-gene nuclear mutant has been selected from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces
      pombe for growth resistance to Dio-9, a plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibitor. From
      this mutant, called pma1, an ATPase activity has been purified. It contains a Mr
      = 100,000 major polypeptide which is phosphorylated by [gamma-32P] ATP. Proton
      pumping is not impaired since the isolated mutant ATPase is able, in
      reconstituted proteoliposomes, to quench the fluorescence of the delta pH probe 9
      amino-6-chloro-2-methoxy acridine. The isolated mutant ATPase is sensitive to Dio
      9 as well as to seven other plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibitors. The mutant H+
      ATPase activity tested in vitro is, however, insensitive to vanadate. Its Km for
      MgATP is modified and its ATPase specific activity is decreased. The pma1
      mutation decreases the rate of extracellular acidification induced by glucose
      when cells are incubated at pH 4.5 under nongrowing conditions. During growth,
      the intracellular mutant pH is more acid than the wild type one. The derepression
      by ammonia starvation of methionine transport is decreased in the mutant. The
      growth rate of pma1 mutants is reduced in minimal medium compared to rich medium,
      especially when combined to an auxotrophic mutation. It is concluded that the H+
      ATPase activity from yeast plasma membranes controls the intracellular pH as well
      as the derepression of amino acid, purine, and pyrimidine uptakes. The pma1
      mutation modifies several transport properties of the cells including those
      responsible for the uptake of Dio-9 and other inhibitors (Ulaszewski, S.,
      Coddington, A., and Goffeau, A. (1986) Curr. Genet. 10, 359-364).

PMID- 2878926
TI  - Sequences distal to the mitochondrial targeting sequences are necessary for the
      maturation of the F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor in mitochondria.
AB  - The beta-subunit of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase is synthesized as a precursor in
      the cytoplasm which is delivered through two bilayers bounding the mitochondria
      prior to its assembly with other proteins into a functional complex. In order to
      determine the role of the amino-terminal 50 residues of the precursor on its
      localization, maturation, and assembly, a set of deletions within this region of
      the ATP2 gene encoding the beta-subunit has been analyzed. These studies reveal
      that deletions between residue 10 of the F1 beta-presequence and residue 36 can
      still direct in vivo mitochondrial import and assembly of the mutant subunit into
      a functional complex. Deletions within ATP2 which contain less than the first 10
      residues of the precursor are not imported. Thus, the extreme amino terminus
      (about half of the transient presequence) of the F1 beta-subunit can direct its
      mitochondrial import. The wild-type F1 beta-subunit precursor is matured by the
      matrix-located metalloprotease at Lys19-Gln20; however, small in-frame deletions
      up to 17 residues distal to this site fail to be matured either in vitro or in
      vivo. This nonmatured F1 beta-subunit is also assembled into a functional enzyme
      and supports growth of its host on a nonfermentable carbon source. These data
      indicate that maturation of the F1 beta-subunit precursor is dependent on a
      protein sequence located distal to the proteolytic maturation site which is
      distinct from the mitochondrial targeting sequence.

PMID- 2878927
TI  - Biosynthetic thiolase from zoogloea ramigera. I. Preliminary characterization and
      analysis of proton transfer reaction.
AB  - The biosynthetic thiolase, from Zoogloea ramigera, involved in generation of
      acetoacetyl-CoA for poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis, has been prepared pure
      in quantity for initial structural characterization of this homotetrameric
      enzyme. Edman degradation provided the sequence of the NH2 terminal 25 residues
      and an active site cysteine-containing nonapeptide labeled on stoichiometric
      inactivation by iodoacetamide. Both sequences were used to align the encoding DNA
      sequence of the cloned gene as described in an accompanying paper. Synthetic
      analogs of acetoacetyl-S-CoA, modified in the CoA moiety, were prepared and
      tested, and acetoacetyl-S-pantetheine 11-pivalate 1 was shown to have a kcat/Km
      of 6.4 X 10(6) M-1 s-1, comparable to the kcat/Km of 2 X 10(7) M-1 s-1 for
      acetoacetyl-S-CoA. The pantetheine pivalate group facilitates nonaqueous
      synthetic manipulations and may be generally useful as a CoA replacement. We have
      also prepared the carba analog of 1, with CH2 replacing S, to yield a beta
      diketone analog 10 of acetoacetyl-S-CoA and the corresponding methyl ketone
      analog 9 of acetyl-S-CoA. These analogs have been used to prove the ability of Z.
      ramigera thiolase to catalyze proton abstraction from the C-2 methyl group of the
      acetyl portion of substrate in a transition state separate from C-C bond
      formation. NMR studies in D2O show exchange only when condensation is possible.
      Further studies with [2-3H]acetyl-CoA show there is neither pre-equilibrium
      washout nor detectable kH/kT expressed in turnover and provide no evidence for a
      discrete acetyl-CoA C-2 carbanion or a nonconcerted reaction.

PMID- 2878928
TI  - Biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera. II. Inactivation with haloacetyl
      CoA analogs.
AB  - The thiolase involved in biosynthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Zoogloea
      ramigera generates an acetyl-enzyme species during catalysis. Up to 0.86 [14C]
      acetyl eq/subunit of this homotetrameric enzyme is accumulated by acid
      precipitation in the presence of [14C]acetyl-CoA. Gel filtration of the same
      solutions produced only 7% acetyl-enzyme suggesting hydrolytic lability of the
      acetyl-enzyme during the 10-min isolation at 4 degrees C. In an effort to
      identify active site residues which may function as basic groups to deprotonate
      at C-2 of acetyl-CoA to generate the required nucleophilic equivalent in carbon
      carbon bond formation, we have prepared and tested haloacetyl-thioesters,
      oxoesters, and amides in the panthetheine pivalate series (Davis, J. T., Moore,
      R. N., Imperiali, B., Pratt, A. J., Kobayashi, K., Masamune, S., Sinskey, A. J.,
      and Walsh, C. T. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 82-89). The [14C]bromoacetyl-oxoester
      alkylatively inactivates thiolase irreversibly with stoichiometric incorporation
      of four labels/tetramer. Determination of amino acid composition of the
      radiolabeled tryptic peptide indicated trapping of Cys-89 (Peoples, O. P.,
      Masamune, S., Walsh, C. T., and Sinskey, A. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 97
      102), the same residue modified by iodoacetamide. When the bromoacetyl-thioester
      was used, inactivation was pH-dependent. The data are consistent with the
      competition of two processes, acylation, and alkylation. Direct (rather than
      secondary) alkylation of thiolase by the inactivator accounts for the significant
      14C incorporation into thiolase with the thioester labeled with [14C] in the
      pantetheine pivalate moiety. It appears likely that the haloacetyl analogs
      described herein should be generally useful for affinity labeling other enzymes
      using acetyl-CoA as a substrate.

PMID- 2878929
TI  - Biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera. III. Isolation and characterization
      of the structural gene.
AB  - The gene coding for the biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera has been
      isolated by using antibody screening methods to detect its expression in
      Escherichia coli under the transcriptional control of the lac promoter. We have
      located and determined the nucleotide sequence of the gene. The structural gene
      is 1173 nucleotides long and codes for a polypeptide of 391 amino acids; 282
      nucleotides 5' and 58 nucleotides 3' to the coding sequence are also reported. By
      comparing the amino acid sequence data predicted from the gene with data
      determined experimentally, we have derived the complete primary structure of
      thiolase. A catalytically essential cysteine is located at residue 89. The DNA
      sequence presented has a very high G/C content, 66.2%, typical of the Z. ramigera
      genome. In the coding region, this increases to 68.2% and is strongly reflected
      in the codon usage which demonstrates a strong preference for G or C in the third
      position. Examination of the 5'-flanking sequence establishes that the NH2
      terminal methionine is specified by an ATG codon, 7 nucleotides downstream from a
      Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

PMID- 2878930
TI  - Potassium-dependent assembly of coated pits: new coated pits form as planar
      clathrin lattices.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that when human fibroblasts are depleted of
      intracellular K+, coated pits disappear from the cell surface and the receptor
      mediated endocytosis of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is inhibited. We have now
      used the K+ depletion protocol to study several aspects of coated pit function.
      First, since coated pits rapidly form when K+-depleted fibroblasts are incubated
      in the presence of 10 mM KCl, we studied the sequence of assembly of coated pits
      as visualized in carbon-platinum replicas of inner membrane surfaces from cells
      that had been incubated in the presence of K+ for various times. New coated pits
      initially appeared as planar clathrin lattices that increased in size by the
      formation of polygons at the margin of the lattice. Once the lattice reached a
      critical size it invaginated to form coated vesicles. Second, we determined that
      LDL-ferritin can induce clustering of LDL receptors over noncoated membrane on
      the surface of K+-depleted fibroblasts; however, when these cells are
      subsequently incubated in the presence of K+, these clusters become associated
      with newly formed coated pits and are internalized. Finally, we determined that
      K+ depletion inhibits the assembly of coated pits, but that existing coated pits
      in K+-depleted cells are able to internalize LDL. These results suggest that the
      clathrin lattice of coated pits is actively involved in membrane shape change
      during endocytosis and that the structural proteins of the lattice are cyclically
      assembled and disassembled in the process.

PMID- 2878932
TI  - Hypothalamic releasing hormones: clinical possibilities.

PMID- 2878931
TI  - Characterization of endocytic compartments using the horseradish peroxidase
      diaminobenzidine density shift technique.
AB  - We have employed a modification of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      diaminobenzidine density shift technique of Courtoy et al. (J. Cell Biol., 1984,
      98:870-876) to examine the biochemical properties of the endosome. This organelle
      is involved in receptor recycling and the sorting of internalized receptor ligand
      complexes. Transferrin covalently bound to HRP was used to place peroxidase
      activity specifically within the endosome. The peroxidase-catalyzed
      polymerization of diaminobenzidine within these vesicles causes an increase in
      buoyant density, thus allowing them to be separated from other membranes. Using
      this technique we demonstrate that 125I-low density lipoprotein, 131I-epidermal
      growth factor, and Tf-HRP are internalized into the same endosome. We discovered
      that the diaminobenzidine reaction product "cross-links" the lumen of the
      vesicle, rendering vesicular components detergent insoluble. Furthermore, the
      reaction inactivates enzymatic activities associated with the endosome. Thus, the
      diaminobenzidine density shift procedure has limited usefulness in studies
      designed to isolate endosomal constituents. Nonetheless, we have found that the
      inactivation of enzymatic activities is confined to those endosomes that contain
      peroxidase. This selectivity allows us to define endosome-specific activities.

PMID- 2878933
TI  - Interleukin-2 receptors: biology and therapeutic potentials.

PMID- 2878934
TI  - Heterogeneity of Graves' immunoglobulin G: comparison of thyrotropin receptor
      antibodies in serum and in culture supernatants of lymphocytes transformed by
      Epstein-Barr virus infection.
AB  - It is well known that in patients with Graves' disease there is dissociation
      among values for TSH receptor antibodies such as TSH binding-inhibiting antibody
      (TBIAb) and thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb). This study was designed to
      compare TSH receptor antibodies in serum and in culture supernatants of
      lymphocytes transformed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. TBIAb was assayed
      using solubilized porcine thyroid membranes and TSAb using cultured porcine
      thyroid cells. Transformation of peripheral lymphocytes by EBV was performed in
      eight untreated hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease who had a clear
      dissociation between values for TBIAb and TSAb, even after multiple dilutions of
      serum. EBV-infected lymphocytes from a patient were distributed into the wells of
      4 24-well culture plates. After the first 4-week culture, the cells in each well
      positive for TBIAb and/or TSAb were further distributed to 12 wells and cultured
      for 2 weeks. In the supernatants of 372 wells of the second culture in the 8
      patients, 31 were positive for TBIAb, and 41 were positive for TSAb. Among the 76
      wells positive for TSH receptor antibodies, 72 wells (94.7%) were positive in
      only 1 assay. These results suggest that there are two types of TSH receptor
      antibodies, one having a single function (TBIAb or TSAb) and the other
      multifunctional (both), in Graves' patients. The incidence of the single
      functional type is much greater than that of the multifunctional type. We
      conclude, therefore, that the heterogeneity of Graves' immunoglobulin G is due
      mainly to multiple antibodies with a single function.

PMID- 2878935
TI  - Evidence for thyrotropin (TSH)-blocking activity in goitrous Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis with assays measuring inhibition of TSH receptor binding and TSH
      stimulated thyroid adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate responses/cell growth by
      immunoglobulins.
AB  - There are two forms of autoimmune thyroiditis that may cause hypothyroidism:
      autoimmune atrophic thyroiditis (primary idiopathic hypothyroidism or primary
      myxedema) and autoimmune goitrous thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease). Patients
      with the former have impalpable thyroid glands, and those with the latter have
      goiters. We studied TSH binding inhibitory immunoglobulins (TBII), TSH-stimulated
      cAMP response inhibitory immunoglobulins (TSII), and TSH-stimulated cell growth
      inhibitory immunoglobulins (TGII) in 42 patients with the former (group 1) and
      115 patients with the latter (group 2). Porcine thyroid cells in primary culture
      and rat thyroid cells in continuous culture (FRTL-5 cells) were used to study
      TSII and TGII activities, respectively; TSII was expressed as percent inhibition
      of 0.1 mU/ml TSH-stimulated cAMP response by the patient's immunoglobulin (IgG; 1
      mg/ml) during 2-h incubation, and TGII was expressed as percent inhibition of 10
      mU/ml TSH-stimulated [14C]thymidine incorporation by the patient's IgG (1 mg/ml)
      during 24-h incubation. The new findings in this report are: some patients in
      both groups had TBII, TSII, and/or TGII; the frequency of the presence of TBII,
      TSII, and TGII in the patients with autoimmune atrophic thyroiditis was higher
      than that in the patients with autoimmune goitrous thyroiditis, and TSII and TGII
      were significantly associated with autoimmune atrophic thyroiditis; no
      correlation was found between goiter size and TBII, TSII, or TGII activity; and
      there were good correlations between TBII, TSII, and TGII activities. We also
      found that TSH-stimulated thymidine incorporation was through cAMP production and
      that the inhibitory IgGs inhibited TSH-stimulated thymidine incorporation by
      decreasing cAMP production in FRTL-5 cells, but not in porcine or human thyroid
      cells.

PMID- 2878936
TI  - Thyroglobulin release-stimulating activity in immunoglobulin G from patients with
      Graves' disease studied by human thyroid cells in vitro.
AB  - The ability of TSH or immunoglobulin G (G-IgG) from untreated patients with
      hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease to stimulate thyroglobulin (Tg) release
      from human thyroid cells was studied. Thyroid tissue obtained from antithyroid
      drug-treated Graves' hyperthyroid patients was dispersed enzymatically and
      cultured in monolayers; medium was changed every 3 days. The cultured cells
      initially released large but declining amounts of Tg, independent of the presence
      of TSH (approximately 5 micrograms/dish on day 3 and approximately 1.5
      micrograms/dish on day 6). After 6 days, TSH had a dose-dependent stimulatory
      effect on Tg release, and the peak response occurred on day 15. G-IgG-induced Tg
      release was found on the 12th day of culture and was maximal on day 18. Thyroid
      cells cultured for 12 days in the absence of TSH responded to TSH and G-IgG in a
      time- and dose-dependent fashion. Using 12-day cultures, Tg release-stimulating
      activity (Tg-RSA) was tested using 5 mg/ml (7.5 mg/dish) G-IgGs from 20 patients
      and 72-h incubation. The Tg-RSA of individual patients varied. However,
      significant correlations were found between Tg-RSA values and serum Tg
      concentrations or Tg-RSA and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin activities. No
      correlation was found between Tg-RSA and TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin
      activities. These results suggest that Tg-RSA can be an indicator of abnormal IgG
      of hyperthyroid Graves' patients. Whether the activity is identical with thyroid
      stimulating activity remains to be clarified.

PMID- 2878938
TI  - Relationship of glucagon suppression by insulin and somatostatin to the ambient
      glucose concentration.
AB  - The glucagon-suppressing activity of insulin and somatostatin were compared at
      high and low glucose concentrations. In normal dogs made hyperglucagonemic by
      phloridzin pretreatment, insulin and somatostatin suppressed glucagon at rates of
      47 +/- 8 and 35 +/- 8%/h (NS), respectively, despite profound hypoglycemia. In
      severely hyperglycemic alloxan-diabetic dogs, insulin and somatostatin suppressed
      glucagon at rates of 48 +/- 13 and 54 +/- 6%/h, respectively, not different from
      the nondiabetic dogs. After phloridzin pretreatment to eliminate hyperglycemia in
      the diabetic dogs, insulin and somatostatin suppressed 51 +/- 8 and 31 +/- 10%/h
      (NS), respectively. Glucose infused in the phloridzin-pretreated insulin-deprived
      group suppressed glucagon only partially; insulin was required to reduce it
      further. We conclude that insulin and somatostatin suppress glucagon at similar
      rates irrespective of ambient glucose levels, and that diabetic hyperglucagonemia
      represents the summation of stimulation by insulin lack minus suppression by the
      associated hyperglycemia.

PMID- 2878937
TI  - Selective suppression of insulin-induced proliferation of cultured human hepatoma
      cells by somatostatin.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin (SRIF), insulin, and triiodothyronine (T3) on the
      growth of human hepatoma cells were investigated on the well-differentiated human
      hepatoma cell line Hep3B. Results showed that both insulin and T3 can stimulate
      cell growth of serum starved Hep3B cells at physiological concentrations. SRIF
      alone showed little growth-promoting activity. When added concurrently with
      insulin, however, SRIF suppressed the insulin-induced cell proliferation in a
      dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, SRIF had no inhibitory effect on T3
      induced cell proliferation. SRIF is labile in the medium, with a half-life of
      about 2 h during culture incubation. SRIF did not disturb the insulin binding to
      its surface receptors nor inhibit the insulin-dependent receptor kinase activity
      of Hep3B cells in vitro. These results suggest that postreceptor regulation may
      be involved. The selective suppression by SRIF of insulin-induced cell growth
      provides an unique approach to the study of insulin actions on proliferation of
      human hepatoma cells.

PMID- 2878939
TI  - Mapping the Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome to Xq24-q26 by use of restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - A molecular linkage analysis of four large families with the Lowe
      oculocerebrorenal syndrome (LS) provided a subregional localization of LS to the
      distal long arm of the X chromosome at Xq24-q26. Probes from two loci that
      identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and map to Xq24-q26
      showed no recombination with LS. A maximum likelihood recombination distance
      (theta) = 0.00 was obtained for DXS10 with the logarithm of the odds (lod) of
      6.450. For DXS42, theta = 0.00 with a lod of 5.087. Assignment of the gene or
      genes for LS to Xq24-q26 has the potential of improving carrier detection and
      providing prenatal diagnosis in families at risk for the disease.

PMID- 2878941
TI  - Basic pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol, a new highly beta 1-selective adrenoceptor
      antagonist.
AB  - The basic pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol were investigated in three independent
      studies involving 23 healthy volunteers. After administering 20 mg of 14C
      bisoprolol orally, mean elimination half-lives of 11 hours for the unchanged drug
      and 12 hours for total radioactivity were observed. The enteral absorption of
      bisoprolol was nearly complete. Fifty percent of the dose was eliminated renally
      as unchanged bisoprolol and the other 50% metabolically, with subsequent renal
      excretion of the metabolites. Less than 2% of the dose was recovered from the
      feces. Intraindividual comparison of the pharmacokinetic data measured after oral
      and intravenous administration of 10 mg bisoprolol to 12 subjects yielded an
      absolute bioavailability of 90%. Total and renal clearance were calculated as
      15.6 L/hr and 9.6 L/hr, respectively. The volume of distribution was 226 L.
      Concomitant food intake did not influence the bioavailability of bisoprolol.

PMID- 2878940
TI  - Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis associated with an immunoglobulin gamma 3
      restriction fragment length polymorphism.
AB  - Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been linked to the immunoglobulin G
      (Gm) markers as well as HLA-DR genes. We have used a genomic Ig gamma 1 probe
      which detects polymorphisms in the gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 3 and pseudogamma
      genes to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with MS. A
      negative association was found between a 5.9-kilobase (kb) Bst EII gamma 3
      fragment and MS. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA revealed the presence of
      this fragment in 84 of 140 (60.0%) controls, but in only 17 of 59 (28.8%) MS
      patients. The frequency of the fragment in 47 myasthenia gravis and 16 Graves'
      disease patients was similar to that in controls, 60.0 and 62.5%, respectively.

PMID- 2878942
TI  - Absence of response to histamine1 blockade in phencyclidine toxicity.

PMID- 2878943
TI  - The potentiating effect of restorative pin perforations on periodontal disease. A
      report of cases.

PMID- 2878944
TI  - Chemical interventions for pain.

PMID- 2878945
TI  - A comparison of treatment strategies for clients functionally impaired by extreme
      shyness and social avoidance.

PMID- 2878946
TI  - Central alpha 1-adrenergic and opiate systems in the control of the vagal tone in
      normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - In anesthetized, normotensive beta-blocked rats, the alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      blocking drug, AR-C 239 (300 micrograms/kg, i.v.) induced a bradycardic effect
      related to a central increase in the vagal tone. This bradycardia was inhibited
      by previous administration of naloxone, intravenously (1 mg/kg) or centrally (100
      micrograms/kg, i.c.) injected. Naloxone, by itself did not change the heart rate.
      In brainstem membranes from normotensive rats, AR-C 239 did not influence the
      stereoselective binding of [3H]naloxone. In spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats,
      naloxone peripherally or centrally administered did not influence the activation
      of the vagal tone induced by AR-C 239, in beta-blocked animals. These results
      suggest the possible involvement of opiate release in the AR-C 239-induced vagal
      bradycardia, in normotensive rats. They also afford new arguments for the
      existence of close interactions between central alpha-adrenergic and opiate
      systems in the cardiovascular regulation. The possible participation of kappa
      receptors in this effect is discussed. In addition, such an opiate mechanism
      triggered by central alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade seems to be either absent or
      inactive in SH rats.

PMID- 2878947
TI  - The immunohistochemical distribution of neuropeptide Y in lumbar pre- and
      paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the guinea pig.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY)- like immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres have
      been studied in normal and colchicine-treated ganglia of the caudal lumbar
      sympathetic chain (LSC) and the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) of the guinea
      pig. The great majority of noradrenergic ganglion cells in the LSC (defined as
      containing tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity), but less than 20% of those in
      the IMG, were NPY-positive. These proportions correspond well to the proportions
      of neurones that have been found to discharge phasically in electrophysiological
      experiments on the same ganglia. As noradrenergic terminals innervating blood
      vessels contain NPY, the data are consistent with the idea that phasic discharge
      is a characteristic of vasoconstrictor neurones.

PMID- 2878948
TI  - Short-term beta-adrenergic blockade decreases serum thyroglobulin in hyper- and
      euthyroid patients.
AB  - Cardioselective [Acebutolol (N = 10)] or noncardioselective [Oxprenolol (N = 9)]
      or [Pindolol (N = 9)] beta-adrenergic blockers were given to patients with
      suspected hyperthyroidism. Four h after start of the beta blockade median serum
      thyroglobulin (Tg) had decreased to 33 (range: 13-325) micrograms/l from 41
      (range: 12-333) micrograms/l before start in the acebutolol treated group (p less
      than 0.05). A significant decrease in serum Tg was also found in the oxprenolol
      treated group [before start: 45 (24-423) micrograms/l and after 4h: 43 (18-363)
      micrograms/l (p less than 0.01)] and in the pindolol-treated group [before start:
      154 (33-210) micrograms/l and after 4 h: 63 (19-157) micrograms/l (p less than
      0.05) treated groups. After 7 days treatment the decrease in serum Tg was
      significant [to 85 (34-182) micrograms/l (p less than 0.02)] only in the Pindolol
      treated group. It is suggested that both hemodynamic changes as well as
      interference with the intrathyroidal 12 S Tg to 19 S Tg dimerization might
      explain the changes in serum Tg during beta blockade. Knowledge of drug influence
      on serum thyroglobulin is important for the interpretation of variations found in
      patients where thyroglobulin is being used for diagnostic purposes.

PMID- 2878949
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase in rat liver during 3'-Me-DAB hepatocarcinogenesis:
      immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical study.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) in
      rat liver during 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB)
      hepatocarcinogenesis was investigated and compared with sites of gamma-GTP
      activity. Immunohistochemically, gamma-GTP was stained in the apical border of
      proliferating oval cells during the early stages of azo-dye carcinogen feeding.
      After 7 weeks, multiple hyperplastic nodules appeared in which gamma-GTP was
      localized in the bile canaliculi. In hepatoma tissues, positive staining for
      gamma-GTP was observed in the bile canaliculi-like spaces, on the cell membrane,
      and sometimes in the cytoplasm of malignant cells. Enzyme histochemical staining
      showed gamma-GTP activity to be present in almost the same areas as the
      immunoreactive gamma-GTP. However, some areas adjacent to hepatoma tissue showed
      immunohistochemically reactive protein but no enzyme activity. Immunoreactive
      gamma-GTP was present in all locations at which enzyme activity was seen. The
      present data suggest that an altered form of gamma-GTP might be present in
      tissues during 3'-Me-DAB hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2878950
TI  - Heterogeneous distribution of glutamine synthetase during rat liver development.
AB  - Two days before birth, immunohistochemical detection of glutamine synthetase
      already reveals a heterogeneous distribution pattern related to the vascular
      architecture of the liver. Only a small number of hepatocytes in the vicinity of
      the efferent venules show relatively high staining intensity. Before that age,
      only megakaryocytes show intense staining, while liver parenchyma is only faintly
      stained. The developmental profile of glutamine synthetase activity shows two
      periods of increasing enzyme activity: one in the perinatal period and one in the
      second and third postnatal week. Both periods are correlated with high levels of
      circulating corticosteroid hormones. Although the relative number of intensely
      stained hepatocytes increases during the first rise in enzyme activity, the
      second rise is correlated with a decreasing number of glutamine synthetase
      positive hepatocytes which, however, show a considerable increase in staining
      intensity. Carbamoylphosphate synthetase shows a homogeneous distribution pattern
      in the perinatal period. Conditions that lead during development to a relatively
      high level of glutamine synthetase expression in the pericentral compartment
      apparently originate before the appearance of conditions that lead to a
      relatively high level of carbamoylphosphate synthetase gene expression in the
      periportal compartment. Our results indicate that downstream localization of
      glutamine synthetase in liver acinus is essential from the perinatal period
      onwards, whereas reciprocal distribution of glutamine synthetase and
      carbamoylphosphate synthetase gene expression (that is found in adult rat liver)
      is not.

PMID- 2878951
TI  - Separate cell types that express two different forms of somatostatin in
      anglerfish islets can be immunohistochemically differentiated.
AB  - The somatostatin-related peptides somatostatin-14 (SS-14) and somatostatin-28
      (aSS-28) are synthesized at the C-terminal end of two separate pre-pro
      somatostatins in anglerfish pancreatic islets. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether these peptides are expressed in the same or different cell
      types. Antisera R141 and R293, which recognize the central region of SS-14 and
      the C-terminal region of aSS-28 ([Tyr7,Gly10] SS-14), respectively, were used in
      an immunohistochemical examination of anglerfish islets. The R293 antiserum
      labeled cells were distributed individually or in small clusters. These same
      cells, as well as a separate set of cells arranged in large clusters, were
      stained by the R141 antiserum. Pre-absorption of the R141 antiserum with
      [Tyr7,Gly10] SS-14 eliminated staining by R141 of only those cells also labeled
      by R293, whereas pre-absorption of R141 with SS-14 prevented all staining. Pre
      absorption of R293 with [Tyr7,Gly10] SS-14 eliminated all staining, whereas pre
      absorption with SS-14 had no effect on aSS-28-like immunoreactivity. These
      results suggest the existence of two separate cell types which express either SS
      14 or aSS-28. The cells that contained the somatostatin-related peptides were
      found to be distinct from those cells that contained insulin, glucagon, or
      anglerfish peptide Y. However, the cells stained by the R293 antiserum were
      distributed in close association with glucagon-containing cells. The implications
      of the existence of separate cell types which express SS-14 or aSS-28 are
      discussed with regard to processing of the biosynthetic precursors to these
      peptides.

PMID- 2878952
TI  - Differential immunolabeling for electron microscopy of diverse peptidergic
      neurons.
AB  - We describe a simple and reliable method for differential immunolabeling of pre-
      and post-synaptic signal peptides at the ultrastructural level. Hypothalamic
      tissues of rats, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, were cut on a Vibratome.
      Visualization of the immunolabeling of somatostatin (SRIH) and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was performed with avidin-biotin-peroxidase
      diaminobenzidine (DAB). The end product of the DAB to VIP was further silver
      intensified in a physical processing using silver nitrate, and the silver grains
      were finally substituted for gold. DAB-labeled SRIH fibers synapse on gold
      labeled VIP perikarya and dendrites in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

PMID- 2878953
TI  - Acute central and renal haemodynamic responses to tertatolol and propranolol in
      patients with arterial hypertension following head injury.
AB  - We compared the central and renal haemodynamic effects of tertatolol, a new non
      cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking drug without partial agonist activity,
      with those of an equipotent dosage of propranolol in two groups of 10 patients
      each with acute cerebral injury who had developed systemic hypertension. After
      tertatolol, 5 mg orally, mean arterial pressure was unchanged, heart rate
      decreased by 22% (P less than 0.01) and cardiac index by 24% (P less than 0.01),
      while renal blood flow remained unchanged (-5%, NS). After 160 mg propranolol
      orally, mean arterial pressure was unchanged, heart rate decreased by 12% (P less
      than 0.01), cardiac index by 16% (P less than 0.01) and renal blood flow by 17%
      (P less than 0.01). There was a moderate rise in norepinephrine levels after
      tertatolol only. Thus in this particular model of acute hypertension, tertatolol
      acted as a potent beta-blocking agent but differed from propranolol by preserving
      renal perfusion.

PMID- 2878954
TI  - Mild hypokalaemia is not a risk factor in treated hypertensives.
AB  - The possibility that hypokalaemia might increase the mortality of treated
      hypertensives in the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic has been examined by
      comparison of serum potassium in decedents and survivors and by calculation of
      age-adjusted mortality rates for patients grouped in quartiles of serum potassium
      measured at the last clinic visit. In this study, 3783 patients with non
      malignant hypertension were followed for an average of 6.5 years and of these
      1907 had one or more measurements of serum potassium during their last year of
      attendance. Serum potassium fell in 414 patients given diuretics with or without
      other drugs except beta-blockers. This fall was similar in those who died of
      ischaemic heart disease (3.71 mmol/l) and in those who survived (3.72 mmol/l).
      Serum potassium rose in 167 patients who received beta-blockers with or without
      other drugs except diuretics and fell slightly among 1326 patients taking other
      combinations of drugs. There were no significant differences in serum potassium
      between decedents and survivors in either of these treatment groups. Age-adjusted
      mortality in deaths per 1000 patient-years in the lowest quartile of serum
      potassium (less than 3.7 mmol/l) was 28.1 for men and 15.0 for women. Higher
      serum potassium was associated with slightly, but not significantly, higher
      mortality in both sexes. There was no relation between serum potassium and
      mortality in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, nor was there a relation
      when death due to ischaemic heart disease was considered separately. Failure of
      hypokalaemia to predict outcome was confirmed by univariate and multivariate
      analyses which included, in addition to potassium, assessment of cigarette
      smoking, initial blood urea and electrocardiographic findings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878955
TI  - Kinin metabolism in human nasal secretions during experimentally induced allergic
      rhinitis.
AB  - We have previously shown that both bradykinin and lysylbradykinin are generated
      in nasal secretions upon nasal challenge of allergic individuals with appropriate
      allergen and have suggested that these potent pro-inflammatory peptides may
      contribute to the pathogenesis of the allergic response. In this study we used a
      variety of synthetic substrates together with both thin layer and high
      performance liquid chromatography systems to examine the metabolism of these
      peptides in nasal secretions obtained by lavage. We now demonstrate that in
      addition to low levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme, nasal lavages contain an
      aminopeptidase activity that converts lysylbradykinin to bradykinin, and a
      carboxypeptidase that removes the C-terminal arginine from bradykinin and
      lysylbradykinin. The levels of all these activities are significantly increased
      after allergen challenge of allergic, but not nonallergic, individuals. The
      aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities present in post-challenge lavages
      from allergic individuals convert lysylbradykinin to intermediate products
      (bradykinin and des (Arg10) lysylbradykinin) and eventually to des (Arg9)
      bradykinin. The nasal carboxypeptidase was activated 475% by 0.1 mM CoCl2 and was
      inhibited by the carboxypeptidase N inhibitor, MERGETPA (D-L-mercaptomethyl-3
      guanidino-ethylthiopropanoic acid) (IC50 = 10 microM). The aminopeptidase
      activity was not affected by MERGETPA but was potently inhibited by amastatin and
      bestatin (IC50 = 0.05 microM and 3.0 microM, respectively). The activity of the
      aminopeptidase against its synthetic substrate was also inhibited by
      lysylbradykinin (IC50 = 50 microM). Both the carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase
      activities had neutral pH optima and were inhibited by o-phenanthroline, but were
      unaffected by inhibitors of neutral endopeptidases (phosphoramidon) or
      angiotensin-converting enzyme (Captopril). The Km of bradykinin for the nasal
      carboxypeptidase was 139 +/- 14 microM (n = 3). We conclude that during the
      allergic response, nasal secretions contain aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase
      activities that convert lysylbradykinin and bradykinin (B2 agonists) to des
      (Arg9) bradykinin (a B1 agonist). Because the nature of the kinin receptors in
      the nasal mucosa are currently unknown, it remains to be determined whether this
      metabolism results in the termination of biologic activity or the production of a
      biologically active moiety.

PMID- 2878956
TI  - The lpr gene is associated with resistance to engraftment by lymphoid but not
      erythroid stem cells from normal mice.
AB  - This study demonstrates cell lineage-specific resistance to engraftment involving
      lymphocytes but not erythrocytes by the spontaneously autoimmune MRL/lpr mouse
      strain. In these experiments, MRL/lpr mice were lethally irradiated (1000 R) and
      reconstituted with normal A-Thy bone marrow stem cells. Periodic analysis from 6
      wk to 6 mo posttransplantation demonstrated that the T and B cells of these
      chimeras were derived from the MRL/lpr host. However, in the same A-Thy---
      MRL/lpr chimeras, erythrocyte repopulation was completely of A-Thy donor origin.
      In contrast, control MRL/+ (congenic mice that differ from MRL/lpr at the lpr
      locus and do not develop accelerated autoimmune disease) recipients were
      successfully repopulated in both the lymphoid and erythroid compartments by the A
      Thy donor cells.

PMID- 2878957
TI  - Pathogenicity of Clostridium species with other bacteria in mixed infections.
AB  - The relationship of clostridial isolates with other bacteria in mixed infections
      was studied by means of a subcutaneous abscess model in mice. We used 26 isolates
      of seven clostridial species, two Bacteroides spp., eight Gram-positive
      facultative or anaerobic cocci and three enteric Gram-negative aerobic rods.
      Abscesses were induced by all seven Clostridium perfringens and three C.
      butyricum isolates and by some of the others. Selective antimicrobial therapy
      experiments showed that enteric Gram-negative rods were of equal or greater
      significance in the formation of abscesses than were clostridial strains in mixed
      infections. Enhancement or suppression of each component of the mixed infection
      was studied by comparing the number of each bacterium to its number when injected
      alone. Enhancement was observed mainly with C. perfringens in mixed infections.
      By contrast, other Clostridium spp. were less able to induce enhancement.
      Clostridium difficile and C. sporogenes often inhibited other bacterial species.
      This study demonstrated the synergistic and antagonistic relationship between
      clostridial species and other bacteria.

PMID- 2878958
TI  - [Spontaneous rupture of the kidney. Apropos of a case of Kussmaul-Meier
      panarteritis nodosa].
AB  - A patient with periarteritis nodosa presented with purely intra-abdominal
      visceral manifestations. This form of the affection, in the absence of
      subcutaneous granulomas allowing histologic examination, can be revealed only by
      celiac and renal angiography, results being pathognomonic. As a function of the
      organ involved the clinical picture can be dramatic, with rupture of
      parenchymatous organs affecting vital prognosis and requiring immediate surgery.

PMID- 2878959
TI  - Response of carcinogen-altered mouse epidermal cells to phorbol ester tumor
      promoters and calcium.
AB  - Primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells are induced to terminally differentiate
      when extracellular calcium levels are increased to more than 0.1 mM. After
      carcinogen treatment, cellular foci can be selected that resist this calcium
      signal to terminally differentiate. Calcium causes these foci to stratify;
      however, in contrast to normal epidermis, DNA-synthesizing cells in these foci
      are found in the suprabasal cell layers as well as in basal cells. Cell lines
      derived from these foci may be considered to be putative initiated cells. Three
      of these cell lines, designated 308, D, and F, have been characterized for their
      response to calcium and phorbol ester tumor promoters. The formation of cornified
      cells and the activity of epidermal transglutaminase were utilized as markers of
      epidermal differentiation. Neither calcium nor the tumor promoter 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) increased transglutaminase activity or
      cornification of any of the 3 lines. Proliferation was estimated by the
      [3H]thymidine labeling index, by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, and by
      a clonal growth assay. Unlike primary normal cultures, raising the calcium level
      of the medium did not markedly reduce the rate of proliferation of any of the 3
      cell lines. In 2 of the lines, line 308 and line D, proliferation increased in
      response to TPA exposure. In line F, [3H]thymidine incorporation in confluent
      cultures was inhibited by TPA, while in cells plated at clonal densities, TPA was
      cytotoxic at doses of 5 ng/ml or higher. If these calcium-resistant epidermal
      cell lines correspond to initiated cells, their lack of sensitivity to the
      induction of terminal differentiation by TPA could account for their growth
      relative to normal cells. Those lines that also respond to stimulation of
      proliferation by TPA to a greater extent than normal cells would have a further
      growth advantage.

PMID- 2878960
TI  - [Immunohistochemical studies of fetal and maternal endocrine pancreases during
      pregnancy and the puerperium in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats].
AB  - In order to clarify the influence of the diabetic state on the structure of
      maternal and fetal endocrine pancreases, the distribution of alpha, beta and
      delta cells in the islets of Langerhans (IL) was investigated by PAP methods in
      normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The size of the IL
      significantly increased during pregnancy and on day 14 of puerperium in normal
      and diabetic maternal rats. The total cell numbers of IL also increased during
      pregnancy but decreased in puerperium in both groups. Although the number of beta
      cells was reduced in STZ-treated rats, they could increase during pregnancy as in
      the normal group. The number of beta cells kept increasing in puerperium in the
      diabetic group, but not in the normal group. The number of alpha and delta cells
      in diabetic rats was greater than in normal rats but did not change remarkably
      during pregnancy and in puerperium. The IL of fetuses from diabetic mothers were
      slightly greater in size and number than those from normal mothers. The number of
      fetal beta cells from normal mothers was somewhat greater than that from diabetic
      mothers. The number of fetal alpha and delta cells from diabetic mothers was
      slightly greater than that from normal mothers. These findings, therefore,
      suggest that diabetic IL could adapt themselves to pregnancy-induced metabolic
      changes.

PMID- 2878961
TI  - [An autopsy case of polyarteritis nodosa associated with multiple cranial
      neuritis and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura].

PMID- 2878962
TI  - Effects of aldosterone on rat collecting tubule N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive
      adenosine triphosphatase.
AB  - Acidification in the collecting tubule is thought to be mediated by a proton
      translocating adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and is modulated by aldosterone.
      Using an enzymatic microassay, we measured N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive
      ATPase activity in isolated tubules obtained from control rats and rats receiving
      aldosterone by osmotic minipumps (5 micrograms/100 gm/day for 7 days). In control
      animals, enzyme activity was higher in cortical than in outer medullary
      collecting tubules (259 +/- 36 vs. 111 +/- 16 pmol/mm/hr, P less than 0.005,
      respectively). Prolonged aldosterone administration resulted in an increase in
      enzyme activity in the outer medullary collecting tubule (274 +/- 39 pmol/mm/hr,
      P less than 0.005), with no change in the cortical collecting tubule (255 +/- 47
      pmol/mm/hr). These findings suggest that prolonged enhancement of acidification
      by mineralocorticoids is mediated by different mechanisms in the two segments of
      the rat collecting tubule. Whereas in the outer medullary segment an increase in
      the activity of NEM-sensitive ATPase facilitates the chronic enhancement in
      acidification, high basal enzyme activity in the cortical segment and institution
      of favorable voltage condition by mineralocorticoid treatment may obviate the
      need to increase enzyme activity.

PMID- 2878963
TI  - Cholinergic agonist and antagonist drugs modulate the growth hormone response to
      growth hormone-releasing hormone in the rat: evidence for mediation by
      somatostatin.
AB  - Recently, data have been presented showing that muscarinic cholinergic agonists
      or antagonists can modulate, in opposite ways, GH-releasing hormone GHRH)-induced
      GH release in man. The aim of the present study was, first, to confirm these
      findings in the rat and, secondly, if confirmed, to investigate the mechanism(s)
      subserving the effect of cholinergic drugs. In adult male rats bearing chronic
      indwelling atrial cannulae, pretreatment with the cholinergic antagonists
      pirenzepine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or atropine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly reduced
      the rise in plasma GH induced by GHRH (2 micrograms/kg, i.v.), while pretreatment
      with the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine (3 mg/kg, i.v.) potentiated it. In rats
      with hypothalamic somatostatin (SRIF) depletion, i.e. rats with anterolateral
      deafferentation of the mediobasal hypothalamus or rats treated with cysteamine,
      the modulatory action of cholinergic drugs on the neuroendocrine effect of GHRH
      was completely lacking. In these two experimental models, an antiserum raised
      against SRIF failed to elicit a rise in plasma GH and measurement of hypothalamic
      SRIF content revealed a clear-cut reduction of the neuropeptide. Atropine (1
      mumol/l) and pilocarpine (1 mumol/l), added to pituitary cells in vitro, failed
      to alter GHRH-induced GH release. The present results indicate that muscarinic
      cholinergic agonists and antagonists modulate GHRH-induced GH release in the rat
      and suggest that the effect of cholinergic modulation takes place through SRIF.

PMID- 2878964
TI  - Impact of symbiotic algae on sea anemone metabolism: analysis by in vivo 31P
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - High-field pulsed Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
      was used to quantify the adenylate levels of sea anemones (Aiptasia pulchella)
      with and without symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium sp.). Animals were fed
      to repletion, then starved in darkness for up to six days before collection of in
      vivo NMR spectra. The host adenylate ratio of ATP: (ATP + ADP) declined
      significantly with increasing periods of starvation in both symbiotic and
      aposymbiotic hosts (P less than 0.05). However, the decline in the animal
      adenylate ratio was significantly more rapid in animals bearing symbiotic algae
      (P less than 0.05). This suggests that symbiotic algae in darkness cause more
      rapid depletion of host energy reserves, possibly by drawing on host pools of
      organic substrates. In vivo NMR spectroscopy was also used to evaluate the effect
      on A. pulchella of photosynthesis by zooxanthellae. Symbiotic anemones were fed
      to repletion, then starved under high irradiance (300 to 320 mu Ein m-2 s-1) or
      low irradiance (70 to 80 mu Ein m-2 s-1) conditions for up to five days. The host
      adenylate ratio declined significantly (P less than 0.01) with starvation under
      both treatments, but no significant difference was detected between treatments (P
      greater than 0.35). Blotted wet weight of anemones under high and low irradiance
      declined by 50% over eight days of starvation, but there was no significant
      difference in the rate of weight loss by anemones in the two treatments. There
      results suggest that translocation of photosynthate from symbiotic zooxanthellae
      does not significantly affect host adenylate ratio or have a sparing effect on
      host biomass during starvation in this symbiotic sea anemone.

PMID- 2878965
TI  - TSH receptor antibody in autoimmune thyroiditis and its clinical significance.

PMID- 2878966
TI  - The transfer of genes encoding production of mannose-resistant haemagglutinating
      fimbriae from uropathogenic enterobacteria.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty-seven bacterial strains, isolated from patients with
      urinary tract infections, were examined for the presence of plasmid-determined
      fimbrial adhesins. Ninety-nine strains were capable of producing mannose
      resistant haemagglutination. Seventeen of these strains possessed transferable
      resistance plasmids and 11 of these were also able to transfer the mannose
      resistant haemagglutination gene, suggesting that it was carried on the R plasmid
      or had been mobilized by it.

PMID- 2878967
TI  - Variation in the expression of pili and outer membrane protein by Neisseria
      meningitidis during the course of meningococcal infection.
AB  - The occurrence of antigenic shift during meningococcal infection has been
      investigated by comparison of paired isolates obtained from the blood,
      cerebrospinal fluid or nasopharynx of patients. Isolates from any individual
      produced identical DNA 'fingerprints' and showed stability in expression of both
      class 2 outer membrane protein and an antigen common to pathogenic Neisseria,
      confirming their origin as a single strain. One of the four strains examined
      produced variants which differed in the molecular mass of their class 5 outer
      membrane proteins. Three of the strains produced pili containing the epitope
      recognized by monoclonal antibody SM1 and two of these gave rise to variants
      which expressed pili of differing subunit molecular masses. The two variants of
      the remaining strain produced pilins lacking the common epitope detected by
      antibody SM1 but radioimmune precipitation with polyclonal anti-pilus antiserum
      revealed that variation in the molecular mass of the pilin expressed also
      occurred with this second class of pili. Antigenic variation in expression of
      both class 5 outer membrane proteins and pili therefore appears to be a common
      occurrence during meningococcal infection.

PMID- 2878968
TI  - Effects of immune colostrum on the expression of a K88 plasmid encoded
      determinant: role of plasmid stability and influence of phenotypic expression of
      K88 fimbriae.
AB  - Passaging of the K88-positive Escherichia coli strain CN6913 through synthetic
      medium containing immune colostrum gave rise to large numbers of K88-negative
      CN6913 variants. These K88-negative variants had all lost a single large plasmid
      known to encode the K88 genetic determinant. Four other large plasmids harboured
      by this strain were unaffected. Viable K88-positive and K88-negative variants of
      CN6913 accumulated at a similar rate in synthetic medium and in medium containing
      non-immune colostrum. In the presence of immune colostrum, viable cells of the
      K88-negative variant accumulated faster and to a greater extent in cultures than
      the K88-positive variant if incubated at 37 degrees C, which favours the
      phenotypic expression of K88. However, when similar cultures were incubated at 18
      degrees C, a temperature known to inhibit phenotypic expression of K88, the
      accumulation of viable cells of the two variants was strictly comparable in all
      media and no loss of plasmid or increase in K88-negative variants was observed.
      Cells containing a pBR322-based K88-encoding recombinant plasmid were also
      eliminated by immune colostrum whereas cells containing pBR322 were not. Plasmids
      encoding the K99 antigen were not readily eliminated from strains passaged
      through medium containing immune colostrum. K99-negative variants that were
      detected still harboured the K99-encoding plasmid.

PMID- 2878969
TI  - Characterization and cloning of two Rhizobium leguminosarum genes coding for
      glutamine synthetase activities.
AB  - We have demonstrated that Rhizobium leguminosarum strain LPR1105 contains a heat
      stable and a heat labile glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) activity similar to
      those described for other Rhizobiaceae. Most of the activity is heat stable when
      this strain is grown on glutamine as sole nitrogen source, but most is heat
      labile when grown on nitrate. Using a gene bank of R. leguminosarum DNA we have
      isolated two clones, which code for heat stable (p7D9) and heat labile (p4F7)
      glutamine synthetase activity, by complementing the glutamine auxotrophy of
      Klebsiella pneumoniae glnA mutants. Cross-hybridization of p7D9 with a fragment
      of the glnA gene of K. pneumoniae was observed, but no cross-hybridization
      between p7D9 and p4F7 was found. Since these two regions hybridize to genomic DNA
      of R. leguminosarum they are probably the structural genes for GSI and GSII, and
      the availability of these genes will make it possible to test this hypothesis.
      Clone p4F7 complements an ntrC+ but not an ntrC K. pneumoniae glnA mutant,
      suggesting that the ntrC gene is required for the complementation of the
      glutamine auxotrophy by this plasmid.

PMID- 2878970
TI  - Characterization of messenger RNAs of measles virus.
AB  - Ten different RNA species associated with measles virus were detected in virus
      infected cells. The largest RNA (no. 1) was considered to be genomic RNA and the
      other nine RNAs were found to have a methylated cap as well as a poly(A) tail.
      Northern blot hybridization indicated that RNAs no. 2 and 7 to 10 correspond to
      mRNAs encoding structural proteins, and that RNAs no. 3 to 6 are intermediate
      sized (IS)RNAs. The possibility that the ISRNAs represent defective interfering
      RNA or a precursor form of the mRNA seems to be unlikely since the amounts of IS
      RNAs did not increase after undiluted passages or decrease in a pulse-chase
      experiment. These results indicate that IS RNAs are readthrough transcripts of
      neighbouring cistrons.

PMID- 2878971
TI  - Persistent infection of rats with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus
      and their antibody responses.
AB  - Newborn (within 24 h after birth), 1-week-old and 6-week-old (adult) rats were
      inoculated with a Hantaan-related virus (B-1) and attempts were made to isolate
      the virus from various organs. Virus-specific antigens were detected in various
      organs of newborn rats. Moreover virus could be isolated from almost all their
      organs even 25 weeks after infection. In contrast, in rats infected at 6 weeks of
      age the virus could be isolated from various organs but its concentration
      decreased progressively with time. The levels of haemagglutination-inhibiting
      (HI) and neutralizing antibodies to B-1 virus in the sera were measured. In adult
      rats, HI antibodies were first detected 2 weeks after infection and their titre
      rose to a maximum after 5 weeks. On the other hand, in newborn rats the levels of
      antibodies remained low until 5 or 6 weeks after infection and started to
      increase to a high level more than 9 weeks after infection. Furthermore, in rats
      infected soon after birth IgM antibodies predominated for a long time and these
      antibodies also neutralized infectivity at a high level. These data suggest that
      the induction of a high titre of neutralizing antibodies mainly of the IgM type
      does not result in virus clearance in newborn rats and that cellular immunity may
      be important for virus clearance in vivo.

PMID- 2878972
TI  - Abundance in the embryonic brainstem of adrenaline during the absence of
      detectable tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
AB  - The activities of the catecholamine synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and the concentrations of the
      catecholamines and their respective metabolites, have been measured in the dorsal
      and ventral halves of the brainstem at various ages in the embryonic and adult
      rat. The activity of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in both parts of the
      brainstem at day 14 of gestation is at or greater than adult levels and
      thereafter displays relatively small variations during ontogeny. Tyrosine
      hydroxylase activity, in contrast, is undetectable at day 14 and increases
      slowly, achieving only 20-25% of adult values by day 18 of gestation. Adrenaline
      concentrations correlate well with the activity of phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase, showing a precocious development, whereas noradrenaline and
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) concentrations are more closely related
      to the enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase activity; at day 18 of gestation, for
      example, they are only 5 and 10%, respectively, of the adult values. The
      concentrations of the metabolites of noradrenaline and dopamine are suggestive of
      a high rate of turnover. These results confirm previous immunocytochemical
      evidence of a tardy appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in
      the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-positive perikarya of the embryonic
      medulla oblongata. In addition, the abundance of adrenaline in this area at early
      gestational stages strongly suggests that, despite the paucity of tyrosine
      hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is active in vivo and is
      utilizing a substrate other than noradrenaline. It is likely, however, that at
      later stages of gestation, when tyrosine hydroxylase is present at sufficient
      activity to supply noradrenaline, the conventional synthetic pathway for
      adrenaline formation comes into being.

PMID- 2878973
TI  - Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells by the cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP
      second messenger systems.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is
      subject to regulation by a variety of agents. Previous workers have found that
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and calcium-stimulated protein kinases
      activate tyrosine hydroxylase. We wanted to determine whether cyclic GMP might
      also be involved in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. We found
      that treatment of rat PC12 cells with sodium nitroprusside (an activator of
      guanylate cyclase), 8-bromocyclic GMP, forskolin (an activator of adenylate
      cyclase), and 8-bromocyclic AMP all produced an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity measured in vitro or an increased conversion of [14C]tyrosine to labeled
      catecholamine in situ. Sodium nitroprusside also increased the relative synthesis
      of cyclic GMP in these cells. In the presence of MgATP, both cyclic GMP and
      cyclic AMP increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in PC12 cell extracts. The
      heat-stable cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor failed to attenuate the
      activation produced in the presence of cyclic GMP. It eliminated the activation
      produced in the presence of cyclic AMP. Sodium nitroprusside also increased
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity in vitro in rat corpus striatal synaptosomes and
      bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. In all cases, the cyclic AMP-dependent
      activation of tyrosine hydroxylase was greater than that of the cyclic GMP
      dependent second messenger system. These results indicate that both cyclic GMP
      and cyclic AMP and their cognate protein kinases activate tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity in PC12 cells.

PMID- 2878974
TI  - Synaptosomal membrane-bound form of endopeptidase-24.15 generates Leu-enkephalin
      from dynorphin1-8, alpha- and beta-neoendorphin, and Met-enkephalin from Met
      enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8.
AB  - Brain contains a membrane-bound form of endopeptidase-24.15, a
      metalloendopeptidase predominantly associated with the soluble protein fraction
      of brain homogenates. Subcellular fractionation of the enzyme in rat brain showed
      that 20-25% of the total activity is associated with membrane fractions including
      synaptosomes. Solubilization of the enzyme from synaptosomal membranes required
      the use of detergents or treatment with trypsin. The specific activity of the
      enzyme in synaptosomal membranes measured with tertiary-butoxycarbonyl-Phe-Ala
      Ala-Phe-p-aminobenzoate as substrate was higher than that of endopeptidase-24.11
      ("enkephalinase"), a membrane-bound zinc-metalloendopeptidase believed to
      function in brain neuropeptide metabolism. Purified synaptosomal membranes
      converted efficiently dynorphin1-8, alpha- and beta-neoendorphin into leucine
      enkephalin and methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 into methionine enkephalin in
      the presence of captopril, bestatin, and N-[1-(R,S)-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]-Phe-p
      aminobenzoate, inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1),
      aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), and membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase (EC
      3.4.24.11), respectively. The conversion of enkephalin-containing peptides into
      enkephalins was virtually completely inhibited by N-[1-(R,S)-carboxy-2
      phenylethyl]-Ala-Ala-Phe-p-aminobenzoate, a specific active-site-directed
      inhibitor of endopeptidase-24.15, indicating that this enzyme was responsible for
      the observed interconversions. The data indicate that synaptosomal membranes
      contain enzymes that can potentially generate and degrade both leucine- and
      methionine-enkephalin.

PMID- 2878975
TI  - Cellular origins of cyclic GMP responses to excitatory amino acid receptor
      agonists in rat cerebellum in vitro.
AB  - Incubated slices and freshly dissociated cells from 8-day-old rat cerebellum were
      used to try to identify the cells that participate in the large increases in
      cyclic GMP levels that follow activation of excitatory amino acid receptors in
      this tissue. In the slices, cyclic GMP responses to L-glutamate and related
      excitants were unaffected by tetrodotoxin and could be replicated by the
      guanylate cyclase activator nitroprusside. Nitroprusside and the receptor
      agonists appeared to activate the same pool of the enzyme. Prior destruction of
      neuroblasts, deep nuclei, or Golgi neurones did not cause loss of responses to L
      glutamate. If granule cells were rendered necrotic, however, the cyclic GMP
      responses to all excitants tested were reduced by greater than or equal to 90%.
      Substantial losses of responses to veratridine and high K+ levels also occurred,
      but the nitroprusside-induced elevations were unaffected. In dissociated cell
      suspensions, the magnitude of responses to receptor agonists, but not those to
      nitroprusside, was markedly dependent on cell concentration. Responses to L
      glutamate were the same in cell suspensions that were Purkinje cell depleted and
      Purkinje cell enriched. It is concluded that granule cells are primarily involved
      in the cyclic GMP responses to excitatory amino acids but that the cyclic GMP
      accumulations occur elsewhere, probably in glial cells.

PMID- 2878976
TI  - Brain galactolipid content in a patient with pseudoarylsulfatase A deficiency and
      coincidental diffuse disseminated sclerosis, and in patients with metachromatic,
      adreno-, and other leukodystrophies.
AB  - A 4-year old boy died of diffuse disseminated sclerosis (DDS) of the brain and
      was found to have also pseudoarylsulfatase A deficiency (PASAD) with about 20%
      residual arylsulfatase A (ASA) and cerebroside sulfatase (CS) activity. The
      reexamination of lipids did not show any sulfatide accumulation in the patient's
      organ extracts. Although the residual CS activity in the patient's extracts was
      clearly demonstrable only after partial purification, it was concluded that this
      activity protects organ tissues from sulfatide accumulation in PASAD, since in
      sulfatide lipidosis (metachromatic leukodystrophy, MLD) no residual CS activity
      was detectable. The study of residual ASA activity in the patient's fibroblasts
      by gel electrofocusing resulted in an almost normal enzyme microheterogeneity.
      However, the detailed study of the brain galactolipids in the patient revealed an
      elevated ratio of sulfatide/galactocerebroside content, despite the decrease of
      both lipids. In tissues of other patients with severe demyelinating diseases
      different from DDS and MLD, this galactolipid ratio was also found to be
      increased, especially in three patients with adrenoleukodystrophy. A general
      mechanism of this anomaly in severe demyelination is considered.

PMID- 2878977
TI  - Rapid inactivation of brain glutamate decarboxylase by aspartate.
AB  - In the absence of its cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P), glutamate
      decarboxylase is rapidly inactivated by aspartate. Inactivation is a first-order
      process and the apparent rate constant is a simple saturation function of the
      concentration of aspartate. For the beta-form of the enzyme, the concentration of
      aspartate giving the half-maximal rate of inactivation is 6.1 +/- 1.3 mM and the
      maximal apparent rate constant is 1.02 +/- 0.09 min-1, which corresponds to a
      half-time of inactivation of 41 s. The rate of inactivation by aspartate is about
      25 times faster than inactivation by glutamate or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
      Inactivation is accompanied by a rapid conversion of holoenzyme to apoenzyme and
      is opposed by pyridoxal-P, suggesting that inactivation results from an
      alternative transamination of aspartate catalyzed by the enzyme, as previously
      observed with glutamate and GABA. Consistent with this mechanism pyridoxamine 5'
      phosphate, an expected transamination product, was formed when the enzyme was
      incubated with aspartate and pyridoxal-P. The rate of transamination relative to
      the rate of decarboxylation was much greater for aspartate than for glutamate.
      Apoenzyme formed by transamination of aspartate was reactivated with pyridoxal-P.
      In view of the high rate of inactivation, aspartate may affect the level of
      apoenzyme in brain.

PMID- 2878978
TI  - Effects of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on photoreceptor membrane
      currents.
AB  - Type B photoreceptors of the nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis receive
      excitatory synaptic potentials (EPSPs) whose frequency is controlled by potential
      changes of a neighboring cell known as the S optic ganglion cell which is thought
      to be electrically coupled to the presynaptic source of these EPSPs, the E optic
      ganglion cell. The frequency of the EPSPs increases when a conditioned stimulus
      (light) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (rotation) during acquisition of
      a Pavlovian conditioned response. The results of the present study are consistent
      with an adrenergic origin for these EPSPs. Noradrenergic agonists (greater than
      100 microM), norepinephrine and clonidine, only slightly depolarize the type B
      cell but clearly prolong its depolarizing response to light. Serotonin, by
      contrast, causes hyperpolarization of the type B cell's resting potential as well
      as after a light step. Clonidine reduces voltage-dependent outward K+ currents
      (IA, an early current, ICa2+-K+, a late Ca2+-dependent current) that control the
      type B cell's excitability (and thus its light response and membrane potential).
      These effects of clonidine are reduced or blocked by the alpha 2-receptor
      antagonist, yohimbine (0.5 microM), but not the alpha 1-blocker, prazosin. The
      same yohimbine concentration also blocked depolarizing synaptic excitation of the
      type B cell in response to depolarization of a simultaneously impaled S optic
      ganglion cell. Histochemical techniques (both the glyoxylic acid method of de la
      Torre and Surgeon and the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence or Falck-Hillarp
      method) demonstrated the presence of a biogenic amine(s) within a single neuron
      in each optic ganglion as well as three or four cells within the vicinity of
      previously identified visual interneurons. No serotonergic neurons were found
      within the optic ganglion or in proximity to visual interneurons. A clonidine
      like synaptic effect on type B cells, therefore, could amplify conditioning
      specific changes of membrane currents by increasing type B depolarization and
      possibly, as well, by elevating intracellular second messengers.

PMID- 2878979
TI  - Relationship between dopamine receptor occupation by spiperone and acetylcholine
      levels in the rat striatum after long-term haloperidol treatment depends on
      dopamine innervation.
AB  - The effect of chronic neuroleptic treatment on the relationship between the
      blockade of dopamine (DA) receptors by the neuroleptic drug spiperone and the
      decline in acetylcholine (ACh) levels was determined in the rat striatum in vivo.
      In rats, a unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway was produced with 6
      hydroxydopamine. The rats were treated for 6 weeks with haloperidol (twice a day
      at 1 mg kg-1). Partial and complete receptor occupation was determined with
      radioactive spiperone (a D2 antagonist), given in various doses of different
      specific activity 2 h before death. ACh, choline, and radioactivity contents were
      measured in the same striatum. Following long-term haloperidol treatment, an
      increase in the maximal number of binding sites for spiperone was found.
      Virtually identical negative (linear) correlations between striatal ACh content
      and the number of receptors occupied by spiperone were found in saline- or
      subchronic haloperidol-treated rats when DA innervation was intact. The slope of
      the line describing the decrease in ACh content per occupied receptor, however,
      was much lower in haloperidol-treated rats than in saline-treated animals. After
      lesioning of the dopaminergic pathway, there was no longer a correlation between
      the receptor occupation and ACh levels in the striatum. These results show that
      receptor occupation by a neuroleptic correlates highly with function only when
      dopaminergic innervation is intact. Also, it appears that there is no fixed
      number of striatal ACh molecules per DA receptor, and, finally, that in vivo
      receptor detection methods distinguish differences in receptor density (as do in
      vitro techniques).

PMID- 2878980
TI  - Dementia of the Alzheimer's type: changes in hippocampal L-[3H]glutamate binding.
AB  - Glutamate or a related excitatory amino acid is thought to be the major
      excitatory neurotransmitter of hippocampal afferents, intrinsic neurons, and
      efferents. We have used an autoradiographic technique to investigate the status
      of excitatory amino acid receptors in the hippocampal formation of patients dying
      with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). We examined L-[3H]glutamate binding to
      sections from the hippocampal formation of six patients dying of DAT and six
      patients without DAT and found marked reductions in total [3H]glutamate binding
      in all regions of hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex in DAT brains
      as compared to controls. When subtypes of excitatory amino acid receptors were
      assayed, it was found that binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive
      receptor was reduced by 75-87%, with the greatest loss found in stratum
      moleculare and stratum pyramidale of CA1. Binding to quisqualate (QA)-sensitive
      receptors was reduced by 45-69%. There were smaller reductions (21-46%) in GABAA
      receptors in DAT cases. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors assayed in adjacent
      sections of hippocampal formation were unchanged in DAT. Benzodiazepine receptors
      were reduced significantly only in parahippocampal cortex by 44%. These results
      suggest that glutamatergic neurotransmission within the hippocampal formation is
      likely to be severely impaired in Alzheimer's disease. Such impairment may
      account for some of the cognitive decline and memory deficits that characterize
      DAT.

PMID- 2878981
TI  - Heterogeneity of a cultured neoplastic glial line. Establishment and
      characterisation of six clones.
AB  - Six clones have been established from a tumorigenic glial cell line (VMDk P497)
      originally derived from a spontaneous mouse astrocytoma. The clones express
      dissimilar morphological, antigenic, kinetic and chromosomal properties, thereby
      indicating the heterogeneity of the parent culture line.

PMID- 2878982
TI  - Hypertension, antihypertensive drugs, and atherogenesis. Mechanisms and clinical
      implications.
AB  - This paper briefly reviews the current knowledge regarding the effects of
      hypertension and of antihypertensive drugs on the arterial wall and their
      possible influence on atherogenesis. The potential clinical implications of the
      experimental data are discussed, and the following recommendations are made
      regarding therapy of the hypertensive patient: 1) Management of associated
      hyperlipoproteinemia, even if mild, would appear to be essential in the
      hypertensive patient because hypertension does not appear to promote
      atherosclerosis appreciably when plasma cholesterol levels are low. 2) In the
      mild hypertensive with diastolic blood pressure from 90-95 mmHg without
      associated target-organ damage or other major risk factors, treatment of the
      hypertension should primarily be nonpharmacologic in nature. 3) Hypertensive
      subjects receiving antihypertensive drugs that can have an adverse effect on
      plasma lipoproteins should have plasma lipids monitored closely; if unfavorable
      effects occur, revision of therapy should be considered. 4) Major attempts should
      be made to reduce other risk factors as well, particularly smoking. 5) Because of
      inherent difficulties in reversing atherosclerosis, treatment of hypertension and
      other abnormal risk factors should be instituted early in life before severe
      disease has developed. Finally, research efforts should intensified to delineate
      the mechanisms by which hypertension and antihypertensive drugs affect the
      arterial wall and to develop new approaches for protection against arterial
      injury.

PMID- 2878983
TI  - Neuropeptides as regulators of consummatory behaviors.
AB  - The control of ingestive behavior involves a variety of neurotransmitters,
      including monoamines, peptides and amino acids. For the past decade many
      investigators have focused their research on the role that regulatory peptides
      play in eating behavior. Many peptides, including cholecystokinin, bombesin,
      calcitonin, corticotropin-releasing factor, neurotensin and somatostatin, have
      been reported to decrease the amount of food ingested by laboratory animals. In
      contrast, a relatively small number of peptides increase food intake. The present
      review describes the effects of these peptides on consummatory behaviors in
      various species and their sites of action.

PMID- 2878984
TI  - Folinic acid therapy in treatment of dihydropteridine reductase deficiency.
AB  - We gave folinic acid to three siblings, and to a fourth child, who have or had
      dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. The youngest began folinic acid
      therapy in addition to neurotransmitter precursors and a phenylalanine-restricted
      diet at age 2 months, and at 2 years of age has near normal development without
      evidence of neurologic impairment. His older brother began similar treatment at 5
      1/2 months of age, when early neurologic findings were evident. At age 6 years
      his mental retardation and neurologic impairment are less severe than reported in
      most patients with DHPR deficiency. Little improvement occurred in their sister,
      who first received treatment at 2 years of age, when she already had severe
      neurologic impairment. An unrelated boy with profound neurologic impairment
      showed subtle signs of improvement after he began treatment with folinic acid
      alone at age 9 years. These results provide evidence that folinic acid is
      important in the treatment of DHPR deficiency and, if begun early in infancy, may
      prevent irreversible neurologic damage. The mechanism of folinic acid action in
      DHPR deficiency may be to increase indirectly the synthesis of 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate.

PMID- 2878985
TI  - Correlation between polymorphic DNA haplotypes at phenylalanine hydroxylase locus
      and clinical phenotypes of phenylketonuria.
AB  - Eight polymorphic sites for seven restriction endonucleases have been reported at
      the human phenylalanine hydroxylase locus. The composite profile of the presence
      or absence for each of the eight polymorphic sites within an allele defines the
      haplotype of the corresponding allele. Twelve such haplotypes associated with
      normal and mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase alleles have been identified in 33
      Danish families with children with phenylketonuria. Of the 66 mutant alleles
      analyzed, 59 (89%) were associated with only four haplotypes. The identification
      of individual phenylalanine hydroxylase alleles by haplotype analysis enables
      correlation of the hyperphenylalaninemic phenotypes of the patients with their
      genotypes. Patients who were either homozygous or heterozygous for the mutant
      alleles of haplotypes 2 and 3 had a severe clinical course. Patients who had a
      mutant allele of either haplotype 1 or 4 usually had a less severe clinical
      phenotype. The recent demonstration that the mutation responsible for classic
      phenylketonuria associated with haplotype 3 is not present in mutant alleles of
      other haplotypes provides unambiguous evidence that there are multiple mutations
      in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and supports the hypothesis that different
      combinations of mutant alleles may be responsible for the clinical diversity of
      phenylketonuria.

PMID- 2878986
TI  - Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in a patient with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Skin disease is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Described
      herein is a child with ulcerative colitis and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa.
      Review of the literature suggests cutaneous polyarteritis must be considered as
      another skin lesion associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Cutaneous
      polyarteritis tends to run a chronic relapsing course independent of bowel
      disease, however.

PMID- 2878987
TI  - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with a renal gastrinoma in a child.
AB  - Renal gastrinoma has not been previously reported. A 12-year-old boy with
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was found to have a renal tumor. No other tumor was
      detectable by imaging techniques, and selective venous sampling for gastrin
      showed a significant renal vein to vena cava gradient. Nephrectomy was performed,
      and examination of the tumor showed typical histologic features of an endocrine
      tumor. G cells were apparent by electron microscopy, and immunoperoxidase
      staining for gastrin, neuron-specific enolase, and chromogranin were positive.
      The gastrin content was unusually low for gastrinomas: 128 pg/g. Following
      nephrectomy, fasting gastrin and secretin stimulation testing were normal. Basal
      acidity was reduced by 60% but remained elevated at 39 mmol H +/h (hydrogen ion
      per hour). We speculate that renal gastrinoma may be characterized by uniquely
      poor gastrin storage and that curative resection of all gastrinoma tissue may not
      necessarily be associated with immediate complete suppression of hyperacidity.

PMID- 2878988
TI  - Results of early thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma in children with
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.
AB  - Children with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) often develop medullary
      carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) or its precursor, C-cell hyperplasia. Survival
      results are improved if malignancy is diagnosed early from the results of plasma
      immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) measurement. The effect of early detection and
      thyroidectomy in children with MEN2 syndrome was determined by reviewing the
      experience between 1975 and 1985. Seventeen children with MEN2 who were 12 years
      old or younger underwent a total thyroidectomy for MCT or C-cell hyperplasia. iCT
      was measured in all patients preoperatively and postoperatively. Of the 17
      children, 14 (82%) had MEN2a and 3 (18%) had MEN2b. There were 14 (82%) female
      and three (18%) male patients; their mean age was 6.97 years (range 1.5 to 12
      years). In all patients, the diagnosis of MCT was made from initial elevated
      levels of iCT after stimulation with pentagastrin. Three patients had clinical
      evidence of disease preoperatively. All patients underwent a total thyroidectomy
      and lymph nodes were removed from the central zone; a neck dissection was
      performed in the three with clinically obvious disease. MCT with C-cell
      hyperplasia was found in 11 children and C-cell hyperplasia alone in six. Of the
      11 with carcinoma, eight had bilateral disease and three unilateral. Six children
      had bilateral C-cell hyperplasia. All 17 children were alive and feeling well at
      the time of this report; however, three had evidence of metastatic disease
      according to iCT measurements. None of the children had recurrent nerve injuries;
      one had evidence of hypoparathyroidism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2878989
TI  - A vacuum microbalance technique for studies on the wettability of powders.
AB  - A vacuum microbalance technique has been used to evaluate the wettability of
      powders. The rate of uptake, and equilibrium weight of uptake, of water vapour
      onto outgassed powder samples, of differing wettabilities, were determined at
      different known temperatures. Standard techniques of data analysis were used to
      establish the enthalpy, entropy and Gibb's free energy of the activation and
      adsorption processes. The values obtained appeared to be in the correct order of
      magnitude and those for activation clearly reflected the relative wettability of
      the powders. Tests for compensation demonstrated that with the exception of
      phenobarbitone, there was probably a common mechanism producing the adsorption.

PMID- 2878990
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered glutathione in the rat.
AB  - By means of an open two compartment model with a distribution and elimination
      phase, the pharmacokinetic properties of intravenously administered GSH (reduced
      glutathione) have been investigated in the rat. After a bolus injection of four
      various GSH doses (50 to 300 mumol kg-1), arterial plasma concentrations of GSH,
      GSSG (= oxidized glutathione), total thiols and soluble thiols minus GSH were
      elevated and then rapidly decreased nonexponentially. With increasing dose, the
      rate constant for drug elimination and plasma clearance increased from 0.84 to
      2.44 ml min-1 and the half-life of the elimination phase decreased from 52.4 to
      11.4 min. Both the apparent volume of distribution and the degree of penetration
      of GSH into the tissues were diminished with increasing dose (from 3.78 to 1.33
      litres kg-1 and from 6.00 to 0.51 as k12/k21, respectively). The data indicate
      that GSH is rapidly eliminated. This is mainly due to rapid oxidation in plasma
      rather than by increased tissue extraction or volume distribution. Thus plasma
      GSH levels appear to be quickly regulated by which the body may maintain
      concentrations within narrow physiological limits.

PMID- 2878991
TI  - An approach to reduce the number of skin samples in testing the transdermal
      permeation of drugs.
AB  - Although glyceryl trinitrate (GT) is a drug that easily permeates through skin,
      the variations in its transepidermal fluxes were high. The arithmetic mean of the
      GT flux (n = 31 skin samples from different individuals) was 16.5 micrograms cm-2
      h-1 with a standard deviation of 42%. The extreme values were 4.1 and 36.9
      micrograms cm-2 h-1, i.e. they differed by a factor of 9. Wide variations were
      also found for ephedrine, frusemide, caffeine, ethacrynic and benzoic acids and
      especially trospium chloride. All these fluxes were determined in an in-vitro
      permeation model at 32 degrees C using human epidermis. With the aim of
      standardizing epidermal preparations on their permeability, the extent to which
      the in-vitro GT fluxes through a human epidermal preparation correlate with those
      of other compounds was evaluated. The resulting standardization procedure
      consisted of two interactive parts: the correlation of the flux of a test
      substance with that of GT using epidermal samples from three donors and
      estimating the minimum, mean and maximum flux of the test compound and
      quantitation of the transepidermal permeation of the test compound with those
      standardized epidermal preparations by calculating the GT standard coefficient
      defined by the slope of the line derived from the relation between GT flux units
      and the corresponding flux from the test compound.

PMID- 2878992
TI  - Antihistamine-sensitive active vasodilatation in the perfused hindquarters of the
      rat.
AB  - The innervated, constant flow perfused hindquarters of the rat have been used to
      evaluate post-stimulation vasodilatation, which is a model of active reflex
      vasodilatation in this species. The vasodilatation resulting from lumbar
      sympathetic stimulation was dependent on stimulation frequency and duration.
      Maximal vasodilatation (16 +/- 2%) was at 8 Hz for 15 s, while markedly reduced
      vasodilatation was seen after stimulation for longer than 30 s at all frequencies
      tested. The vasodilatation was transient. Atropine (2.0 mg kg-1 i.v.) failed to
      attenuate post-stimulation vasodilatation at a time when hindquarter
      vasodilatation to i.a. acetylcholine had been abolished. The H1 antihistamine,
      tripelennamine (2.5 mg kg-1 i.v.) significantly reduced (77%) post-stimulation
      vasodilatation relative to controls at a time when hindquarter vasodilatation due
      to i.a. histamine was essentially abolished. Reactive hyperaemia is an unlikely
      cause of vasodilatation since it is not blocked by H1 antihistamines; 60 s post
      occlusion hyperaemia also, was not demonstrable. These data suggest that there is
      an active component of baroreceptor-mediated vasodilatation in the rat and that
      histamine, rather than acetylcholine, could be a mediator of this vasodilatation.

PMID- 2878994
TI  - Inhibitory effects of sympathomimetic drugs on cholinergically mediated
      contractions of guinea-pig isolated tracheal muscle.
AB  - The experiments examine the actions of sympathomimetic drugs on the responses
      evoked by electrical field stimulation or by acetylcholine in guinea-pig tracheal
      strip chains. Electrical field stimulation evoked contractions which were
      cholinergically mediated, in the presence of guanethidine (10 microM) and
      indomethacin (2 microM). All the sympathomimetic drugs tested caused a
      concentration-dependent reduction in the height of these contractions. Inhibitory
      effects of isoprenaline and terbutaline were largely prevented by propranolol (2
      microM) alone, whereas those of clonidine, oxymetazoline, lidamidine and WHR1370
      were prevented by yohimbine alone (2 microM). Treatments with both propranolol
      and yohimbine were required to prevent the inhibitory effects of noradrenaline,
      adrenaline and dopamine. Contractions evoked by exogenous acetylcholine (0.1-3
      microM) were also inhibited by all catecholamines and terbutaline, but not by
      clonidine, oxymetazoline, lidamidine and WHR1370. The inhibitory effects were
      antagonized by propranolol (2 microM) alone. The results suggest that in guinea
      pig isolated tracheal muscle, sympathomimetic drugs can inhibit cholinergic
      neurotransmission not only by postjunctional beta 2-adrenoceptors but also by
      prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2878993
TI  - Ketanserin potentiates the prejunctional inhibitory effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine
      on rat vas deferens.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) slightly inhibited the twitch contractions of rat vas
      deferens caused by single pulse field stimulation at 0.1 Hz. The inhibitory
      effect of 5-HT was much less in the epididymal portion than in the prostatic
      portion of the vas deferens. Ketanserin potentiated the prejunctional inhibitory
      effect of 5-HT and attenuated its stimulatory effect. This potentiation was
      observable only in the epididymal portion, of the vas deferens. Cyproheptadine
      and mianserin, but not methysergide, had essentially similar potentiating effects
      to those of ketanserin. These results suggest that the 5-HT receptor that
      mediates prejunctional inhibition is not of the 5-HT2 type, and that ketanserin
      acts by suppressing the 5-HT-induced stimulatory effect, which is possibly
      mediated by a postjunctional 5-HT2 receptor, thus unmasking the inhibitory effect
      of 5-HT.

PMID- 2878995
TI  - Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in rats of alpha-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4
      hydroxybenzylidene)-gamma-butyrolactone (KME-4), and its intestinal damage.
AB  - alpha-(3,5-Di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-gamma-butyrolactone (KME-4), an anti
      inflammatory drug, possesses analgesic activity in rat models. In the acetic acid
      induced writhing test, the oral ED50 values for KME-4, indomethacin, naproxen and
      ibuprofen were 5.2, 3.8, 7.0 and 18.6 mg kg-1, respectively, and the relative
      order of potency of these drugs correlated with their inhibitory effect on acetic
      acid-induced vascular permeability in rats. KME-4 also had analgesic activity in
      the tests of Randall-Selitto and adjuvant arthritic flexion, but the dose
      required was greater than that needed in the writhing test. KME-4 (10 mg kg-1 day
      1 orally) has a preventive effect against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, and
      its efficacy was more potent than indomethacin (2 mg kg-1 day-1) as judged from
      various parameters determined. When administered orally to rats once daily for 12
      days, KME-4 caused perforating ulceration of the small intestine but this action
      was less potent than the effect of indomethacin, naproxen and ibuprofen.

PMID- 2878996
TI  - Pharmacological actions of ICI 180080, a novel thromboxane receptor antagonist.
AB  - ICI 180080 (5(Z)-7-[2,2-dimethyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxan-cis-5-yl]
      heptenoic acid) potently inhibited contractions of rat and rabbit aortae and
      guinea-pig trachea elicited by 11,9-epoxymethano PGH2 (U-46619). This antagonism
      was selective because contractions of aortae to noradrenaline and 5
      hydroxytryptamine and trachea to histamine were not antagonized by ICI 180080.
      Schild analysis of data obtained from experiments on rabbit aortae indicated that
      this thromboxane receptor antagonism was competitive (pA2 = 7.50, slope = 1.07).
      Addition of ICI 180080 to human platelet-rich plasma caused dose-related
      inhibition of U-46619-induced platelet aggregation. This modification of platelet
      aggregation was not associated with inhibition of thromboxane synthetase, cyclo
      oxygenase or lipoxygenase. ICI 180080 did not modify the primary phase of ADP
      induced aggregation of human platelets neither did it affect the platelet
      inhibitory activity of prostacyclin. When dosed orally to anaesthetized guinea
      pigs, ICI 180080 (5-50 mg kg-1) caused dose-related inhibition of U-46619-evoked
      bronchoconstriction. We conclude that ICI 180080 is a potent, selective,
      competitive, orally active thromboxane antagonist.

PMID- 2878997
TI  - The degradation of temocillin, a 6 alpha-methoxypenicillin, and identification of
      the major degradation products.
AB  - Temocillin, 6 beta-(R,S-2'-carboxy-2'-thien-3-ylacetamido)-6 alpha
      methoxypenicillanic acid, shows good stability in mild aqueous acid or base; in
      stronger acid the methoxypenillic acid is formed whereas alkaline or enzyme
      hydrolysis results in the formation of the methoxypenicilloic acid and the C-5
      epimer.

PMID- 2878998
TI  - The pH-dependence of chloroquine uptake by phosphatidylcholine vesicles.
AB  - The pH-dependence of chloroquine uptake by phosphatidylcholine bilayered vesicles
      was investigated to examine the relative affinity of ionized and un-ionized
      chloroquine species to membrane bilayers. The results suggest that the neutral
      species and monocation are taken up by the bilayers but only the un-ionized
      species interacts significantly with the hydrocarbon interior.

PMID- 2878999
TI  - Direct measurements on individual microcapsule dissolution as a tool for
      determination of release mechanism.
AB  - A method is described for simultaneous microscopic observation of individual
      microcapsule core material dissolution together with quantitative measurement of
      the individual kinetics of release of the contents. These may be conductimetric
      in the case of ionized materials or spectrophotometric otherwise. This enables
      correlation of changes in core surface area during dissolution with kinetics.
      Surprisingly, both ethyl cellulose- and polymethacrylate-coated cores of
      potassium dichromate crystals, used as a model, showed localized internal
      dissolution universally, providing evidence of the exit of the salt via pores in
      the membrane, in spite of the kinetics being invariably zero order, as expected
      for individual microcapsules. The advantages of the method are presented.

PMID- 2879000
TI  - Evidence against VIP-involvement in neurogenic relaxations of the mouse
      anococcygeus muscle.
AB  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) antiserum, alpha-chymotrypsin, and
      repeated exposure to VIP markedly reduced relaxations of the mouse anococcygeus
      muscle to VIP but not to field stimulation. This evidence suggests that VIP does
      not mediate non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic relaxations in the mouse
      anococcygeus.

PMID- 2879001
TI  - The effect of digoxin-specific active immunization on digoxin toxicity and
      distribution in the guinea-pig.
AB  - In guinea-pigs intravenously infused with digoxin, prior immunization using a
      digoxin-human serum albumin conjugate increased by 3- and 2.4-fold, respectively,
      the digoxin doses causing the first signs of cardiotoxicity and death. At death,
      serum digoxin concentration was four times higher in immunized than in control
      animals. In the immunized guinea-pigs 50% of the serum digoxin was protein bound,
      presumably mainly to digoxin-specific antibodies, since in the controls the bound
      fraction was only 1-2%. Generally, tissue digoxin concentrations were not
      increased to the same extent as the lethal dose, and in the heart and lungs the
      increase was not significant. With cardiac (ventricle) subcellular fractions,
      there was no difference between control and immunized animals in the digoxin
      concentration of the 'microsomal' pellet. This subfraction contains the plasma
      membrane and the associated sodium pumps which are considered to be the sites at
      which the pharmacologically active digoxin binds. It seems likely, therefore,
      that the greater digoxin resistance in the immunized animals can be explained on
      the basis of reduced drug access to the site of action within the heart.

PMID- 2879002
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effect of acute and chronic amiodarone treatment in conscious
      rats.
AB  - The effect of amiodarone after acute and chronic pretreatment was studied in the
      early phase of arrhythmias induced by coronary artery ligation in conscious rats.
      Both acute and chronic amiodarone pretreatments improved survival during the
      first 20 min after coronary ligation. Only chronic amiodarone pretreatment
      reduced significantly the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. It was concluded
      that chronic amiodarone pretreatment seemed to be more effective than the acute
      one.

PMID- 2879003
TI  - Adrenal catecholamine concentration after chronic treatment with bromocriptine
      and haloperidol.
AB  - Adrenal catecholamine concentration was measured by HPLC with electrochemical
      detection in male rats after ten days of bromocriptine and haloperidol (0.05, 0.5
      and 5.0 mg kg-1) and vehicle (1.0 ml kg-1) treatments subcutaneously. There were
      four rats in each group. The results indicate that bromocriptine treatment
      significantly increased dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A)
      content in a dose-dependent manner. The NA/DA ratio was unchanged, but the A/NA
      ratio was significantly increased after treatments with two higher doses of the
      drug. Haloperidol treatment, on the other hand, had no significant effect on
      dopamine and a biphasic effect on adrenaline content. Noradrenaline concentration
      increased only after the lowest dose of the drug. There was no significant change
      in NA/DA or A/NA ratios in any group. The dopamine metabolite,
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), was not detected in any adrenal gland.

PMID- 2879004
TI  - Effects of sulphonylureas on spontaneous motility and induced contractions in rat
      isolated uterus.
AB  - To clarify the action of sulphonylureas on calcium, the effect of tolbutamide and
      glibenclamide has been investigated on a Ca-dependent process, the contractile
      activity of uterine smooth muscle. Both sulphonylureas antagonized the
      contractions evoked by CaCl2 in a non-competitive manner when the uterus was
      maintained in depolarizing solution and did not affect the spontaneous
      contractions of rat uterus. The capacity of tolbutamide and glibenclamide to
      relax vanadate-induced contraction of rat uterus in Ca-free medium suggests that
      sulphonylureas may have an intracellular site of action related to cytosolic free
      Ca levels, or effect a reduction in Ca action.

PMID- 2879005
TI  - The metabolism of atropine in man.
AB  - A metabolic pattern of atropine in man, based on the detection of radiolabelled
      products in urine by high performance liquid chromatography after administration
      of [3H]atropine sulphate to a normal volunteer is proposed. Noratropine (24%),
      atropine-N-oxide (equatorial isomer) (15%), tropine (2%) and tropic acid (3%)
      appear to be the major metabolites, while 50% of the administered dose is
      excreted as apparently unchanged atropine. No conjugates were detectable.
      Evidence that atropine is present as (+)-hyoscyamine was found, suggesting that
      stereoselective metabolism of atropine probably occurs.

PMID- 2879006
TI  - Evaluation of official instrumental methods for the determination of particulate
      matter contamination in large volume parenteral solutions.
AB  - The distribution pattern of particle contamination in nine different types of LV
      parenteral solutions and the possibility of correlating the counts made with two
      official instruments (Coulter Counter and HIAC) were studied. Two hundred
      containers of LV parenteral solutions (corresponding to 40 batches) produced in
      Italy, were sampled. Each bottle was submitted to HIAC and Coulter Counter
      countings, for particle sizes ranging between 2 and 25 micron. For about 50% of
      the products, the two straight lines that represent the distribution of particle
      contamination obtained with the two methods did not cross-over within the studied
      size range, the Coulter Counter counts always proving higher than the HIAC ones.
      In the other cases, the cross-over point of the two lines occurred at varying
      size levels. Statistical analysis of the results pointed to a relationship
      between the contamination values obtained with the two counting methods for sizes
      ranging between 2 and 5 micron, but there was no correlation for sizes equal to,
      or higher than, 10 micron. From the maximum contamination levels established by
      the BP and the FU IX for the HIAC method, the corresponding values were
      calculated for the Coulter Counter method. Similarly the values were calculated
      the HIAC method based on the maximum values set for the Coulter Counter.

PMID- 2879007
TI  - The components of Melissa officinalis L. that influence protein biosynthesis in
      vitro.
AB  - An investigation of an inhibiting activity of a substance(s) in a tanninless
      extract from Melissa officinalis leaves on protein biosynthesis in-vitro has been
      made. At least two components which inhibited protein biosynthesis were present
      in the extract; these were caffeic acid and an unidentified glycoside. Freshly
      prepared buffered solutions of caffeic acid inhibited protein biosynthesis less
      than solutions stored for several days at room temperature (20 degrees C). In
      this case derivatives of caffeic acid were formed, which may be responsible for
      the increase in the inhibitory effect of stored caffeic acid solution. An
      inhibitor, in the homogeneous state, was also isolated from the glycoside
      fraction of M. officinalis. Studies on the mechanism of the action of this
      inhibitor revealed its effect is to use the result of a direct interaction with
      elongation factor EF-2, and the blocking of the binding reaction of EF-2 with
      ribosomes.

PMID- 2879008
TI  - Non-isotopic spectrophotometric determination of the unbound fraction of drugs in
      serum.
AB  - A spectrophotometric method to measure the free fraction of highly-bound drugs in
      serum has been established for a range of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (NSAIDs) and for frusemide. Spectrophotometry is used to measure fractional
      transit of drug from a large volume of dialysate to a small volume of serum
      during dialysis to equilibrium. The method, which depends on the principle that
      drug transit from dialysate to serum is proportional to serum binding, requires
      neither isotopic drug preparations nor specific drug assays, is independent of
      extraction efficiency from the dialysate and requires no measurements from the
      serum compartment. Estimates of percent unbound fraction (% UF) for aspirin (6.0
      +/- 0.9%), phenylbutazone (0.9 +/- 0.2%), and frusemide (1.8 +/- 0.2%) were
      comparable with those obtained with 14C drug preparations. Values for % UF were
      determined for eleven additional NSAIDs. The method was valid for a four-fold
      change in serum: dialysate ratio. Kinetics of frusemide binding to serum were
      comparable using [14C]frusemide and the test method. This technique may have
      general application in establishing the % UF for substances that are extensively
      bound to serum proteins and for identifying sera that show abnormal binding.

PMID- 2879009
TI  - Effect of particle size and food on gastric residence time of non-disintegrating
      solids in beagle dogs.
AB  - The gastric residence times of various sizes of radio-opaque particles and
      tablets were measured in beagle dogs by X-ray, both in the fasted state and after
      a single meal. During the course of the studies, changes in intragastric pH were
      also monitored with a radiotelemetric pH sensor, the Heidelberg capsule. The
      gastric residence time increased with increasing particle size and with particles
      greater than or equal to 5 mm in diameter approached a plateau value both in the
      fasted state and after feeding. This value was about 7.5 h after feeding and
      about 1.5 h in the fasted state, and probably corresponded to the occurrence of
      the interdigestive migratory myoelectric complex (IMMC wave). The pH in the
      stomach was variable in the fasted state, but an abrupt pH increase (up to pH 6
      7) was observed during the emptying of larger tablets. In some instances this
      high pH in the stomach was maintained until the next IMMC wave occurred. The
      gastric emptying of larger tablets administered with food was also associated
      with an abrupt pH increase.

PMID- 2879010
TI  - Modification of electrical field stimulation-induced contractions in the guinea
      pig ileum by metoclopramide and ICS 205-930 depends on the integrity of the
      mucosa.
AB  - Contractions induced by electrical field stimulation of guinea-pig ileum
      longitudinal muscle strips were enhanced by metoclopramide and ICS 205-930 at
      concentrations similar to those required to antagonize at 5-hydroxytryptamine 'M'
      receptors. The enhancement of contraction was observed in intact ileum strips but
      was not recorded in the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparation or from
      the ileum with the mucosal layer removed. It is concluded that an intact mucosal
      layer is required for metoclopramide and ICS 205-930 to enhance electrical field
      stimulation-induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum.

PMID- 2879011
TI  - The effect of pH and concentration on alpha-methyldopa absorption in man.
AB  - An open crossover study of the absorption of alpha-methyldopa has been conducted
      in normal healthy adult male volunteers in whom a triple lumen perfusion tube had
      been placed. Three volunteers were perfused on separate occasions with 0.1 mM
      alpha-methyldopa at pH 4.5, 6.0 and 7.4. Three other volunteers were perfused on
      separate occasions with 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mM alpha-methyldopa at pH 6.0. Two
      additional subjects were perfused with 0.1 mM alpha-methyldopa at pH 6.0.
      Absorption was not a linear function of concentration above 1 mM alpha
      methyldopa. There was also a weak trend toward greater absorption near pH 6.0. At
      higher concentrations of drug in the perfusion solution (10 vs 1 mM), the free
      fraction of alpha-methyldopa in plasma samples was increased significantly. Thus,
      although absorption of alpha-methyldopa is more efficient at lower
      concentrations, bioavailability may not be substantially enhanced due to
      increased sulphation in the gut wall. Comparison of permeabilities with previous
      results from our laboratories suggests the rat is a good model for predicting the
      behaviour of alpha-methyldopa after its oral administration to man.

PMID- 2879012
TI  - Effects of various cephem antibiotics on ethanol metabolism and their structure
      activity relations.
AB  - The effects of various cephem antibiotics and related compounds on ethanol
      metabolism were studied in association with their chemical structures. In rats,
      cefoperazone, cefbuperazone, cefamandole, latamoxef, cefmetazole, cefotetan,
      cefmenoxime and cefminox which have the [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) thio] methyl
      group at position 3 of the cephem ring caused a significant increase in the blood
      acetaldehyde concentration. In the last three compounds, disulfiram-like activity
      was less potent than that evaluated in the preceding compounds. Cefazolin and
      ceftezole having a 1H-tetrazol group at position 7 also showed a disulfiram-like
      activity. A single administration of 1H-tetrazol also increased the blood
      acetaldehyde concentration. Both blood ethanol and acetaldehyde values were
      increased significantly on administration of these drugs. In beagle dogs,
      cefoperazone induced a less remarkable but much more sustained increase in the
      blood acetaldehyde. These results indicate that the 1H-tetrazol group, as well as
      the [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) thio] methyl group, is responsible for inducing
      a disulfiram-like action and that there is a difference in the potency of the
      disulfiram-like activity among the drugs having a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5
      yl)thio] methyl group at position 3 of the cephem ring in relation to those in
      which the side chain is substituted at position 7.

PMID- 2879013
TI  - Effects of antimalarial drugs on interleukin 1-induced cartilage proteoglycan
      degradation in-vitro.
AB  - Previous studies having shown that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could
      reduce interleukin 1 (IL-1)-induced cartilage degradation in-vitro, the effects
      of a range of antimalarial drugs on the cartilage proteoglycan degrading actions
      of porcine leucocyte (pI 4.8) alpha-interleukin 1 (syn. catabolin) have been
      examined using the standard bovine nasal cartilage culture system. The anti-IL-1
      effects in this system were specific to several aminoquinoline and aminoacridine
      analogues having a side chain with a tertiary amino group similar to that of
      chloroquine. Aminoquinoline compounds devoid of this side chain and the tertiary
      amino, as well as pyrimidines or biguanides with antimalarial activity were
      without effect. Mefloquine, the most potent of the compounds active against
      porcine alpha-IL-1, was only equipotent with chloroquine and its hydroxyanalogue
      against human recombinant alpha-IL-1. This suggests that there may be subtle
      differences in the receptors for these drugs and interleukins in bovine
      cartilage. The results provide further evidence for the specificity and utility
      of antimalarial drugs in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions,
      especially in relation to actions on IL-1.

PMID- 2879014
TI  - Rapid drug haptenization procedure: application to gentamicin and quinidine.
AB  - A rapid and simple drug conjugation procedure which utilizes the
      heterobifunctional reagent N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 6-(4'-azido-2'
      nitrophenylamino)hexanoate is described. With this protocol two drugs of diverse
      structure and solubility have been successfully haptenized. Rabbits immunized
      with these conjugates yielded drug-specific antibodies as judged by a solid phase
      radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, using this technique, no cross-reactivity could be
      detected. Such haptens also elicited an immune response in mice thus further
      extending their potential for the production of drug specific monoclonal
      antibodies.

PMID- 2879015
TI  - The effect of food on the bioavailability and kinetics of the anticancer drug
      amsacrine and a new analogue, N-5-dimethyl-9-[(2-methoxy-4
      methylsulphonylamino)phenylamino]-4 acridinecarboxamide in rabbits.
AB  - Both amsacrine and its analogue, N-5-dimethyl-9-[(2-methoxy-4-
      methylsulphonylamino)phenylamino]-4-acridinecarboxamide (CI-921) are absorbed
      from the gastrointestinal tract in rabbits. The mean bioavailability for
      amsacrine was 50% +/- 17 (s.d.) in non-fasting animals, and was significantly
      increased in fasting animals (mean, 90% +/- 10). The bioavailability for CI-921
      (mean, 26% +/- 11) in the non-fasting animal was significantly less than that
      found for amsacrine, but this difference disappeared in the fasting animal when
      the bioavailability of CI-921 was significantly increased to 69% +/- 23. Oral
      administration of both agents resulted in significantly prolonged elimination
      half-lives and mean residence times compared to the i.v. infusion, but no
      significant difference was observed in these parameters between the fasting and
      non-fasting state. This study suggests that oral dosing may be a possible
      alternative route for the administration of these anticancer agents.

PMID- 2879017
TI  - The affinity of some selective muscarinic receptor antagonists for the muscarinic
      receptor mediating endothelial-dependent relaxation of the rabbit and rat
      thoracic aorta.
AB  - The pKB values determined for pirenzepine, 4-DAMP, secoverine and gallamine
      against acetylcholine-mediated relaxant effects in rabbit aorta indicate that
      this muscarinic receptor closely resembles that which mediates contraction of non
      vascular smooth muscle. The results of the present study argue against the
      presence of a novel type of muscarinic receptor mediating endothelium-dependent
      relaxation.

PMID- 2879016
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine in the rat: effect of mefloquine.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of pyrimethamine have been
      determined in the rat. Following administration of pyrimethamine alone, drug
      concentrations declined biexponentially. By contrast, in the presence of
      mefloquine, the decline in pyrimethamine concentration more closely fitted a
      monoexponential pattern and the AUC0-6h for pyrimethamine was significantly
      reduced. Significantly more pyrimethamine was recovered from the livers but less
      from the lungs of the mefloquine-dosed rats compared with control. This study
      outlines a potentially clinically relevant drug interaction.

PMID- 2879018
TI  - Luminal acid in stress ulceration and the antiulcer action of verapamil in rat
      stomachs.
AB  - The role of luminal acid and the influence of the antisecretory action of
      verapamil in stress ulcer prevention in rat stomachs have been studied.
      Intraperitoneally injected verapamil, 4 mg kg-1, inhibited gastric acid secretion
      and ulcer formation, however, a 2 mg kg-1 dose, which did not significantly
      influence acid output, also had an antiulcer effect. Intraperitoneal injection of
      bethanechol, 1.2 or 3.6 mg kg-1, increased gastric acid output, but did not
      influence stress-induced ulcer formation. Oral administration of HCl, 25 or 50 mu
      equiv, aggravated stress ulceration in a dose-dependent manner; this lesion
      worsening effect was prevented by pretreatment with verapamil or bethanechol. The
      gastric luminal acid content in 2 h pylorus-ligated rats was similar in the
      groups given either bethanechol or HCl. These findings indicate that the
      antisecretory action of verapamil may not account for its antiulcer effect. It is
      suggested that endogenous and exogenous luminal acid may have different
      influences on stress ulcer formation.

PMID- 2879019
TI  - Tissue cholinesterase inhibition by propranolol and related drugs.
AB  - The effect of (+/-)-propranolol and some related drugs have been investigated on
      the cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity of heart and brain tissues of the rat.
      Brain homogenates hydrolysed more methacholine than benzoylcholine and the
      reverse was true for the heart tissue. In-vitro, (+/-)-, (+)- and (-)
      propranolol, as well as its quaternary analogue, UM-272, all significantly
      inhibited heart and brain ChE. Timolol and sotalol, however, were less potent. In
      vivo, (+/-)-propranolol (30 mumol kg-1) significantly inhibited brain ChE
      activity in rats when compared with saline controls. It is inferred that
      propranolol inhibits brain and heart ChE enzyme in a non-stereoselective manner
      and that this cholinomimetic action could be involved in the mediation of some of
      its therapeutic effects.

PMID- 2879020
TI  - The adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline, causes diuresis and
      saliuresis in the rat.
AB  - The diuretic and adenosine antagonist actions of two alkylxanthines have been
      compared in the conscious rat. 8-Phenyltheophylline (10 mg kg-1) antagonized
      adenosine-induced bradycardia in the rat for at least 3 h whereas enprofylline
      (10 mg kg-1) had no effect on this response. 8-Phenyltheophylline (10 mg kg-1)
      evoked diuresis and saliuresis in the rat whereas enprofylline (10 mg kg-1) had
      no effect on excretory parameters. These results indicate that the diuretic
      action of some alkylxanthines may be related to adenosine antagonism.

PMID- 2879022
TI  - Effect of adrenergic drugs on the isolated colon of Rhesus cynomolgus.
AB  - The effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and dopamine were studied
      on the longitudinal muscle of the ascending and descending colon of the rhesus
      monkey. All these drugs induced a relaxation of the preparation, dopamine being
      the less active agonist. The responses seem to be the result of beta 2
      adrenoceptor stimulation since their inhibition by practolol (beta 1) is weaker
      than their inhibition by propranolol (beta 1 and beta 2 dopaminergic). There is
      no evidence for the presence of dopaminergic receptors in this preparation.

PMID- 2879021
TI  - Inhibition of dimaprit- and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion in cats
      by the new histamine H2 antagonist, CM 57755.
AB  - The antisecretory effects of CM 57755, a new histamine-H2 receptor antagonist,
      have been compared with those of cimetidine on gastric acid secretion induced by
      intravenous infusions of dimaprit or pentagastrin into conscious cats with
      chronically implanted gastric fistulae. Intravenous infusion of CM 57755 induced
      a parallel shift to the right of the dimaprit dose-response curve. The potency of
      CM 57755 was comparable with that of cimetidine as shown by similar doses causing
      a 5-fold displacement to the right of the dimaprit dose-response curve (4.9 mumol
      kg-1 h-1 for CM 57755 and 4.7 mumol kg-1 h-1 for cimetidine). Unlike that with
      dimaprit, the acid secretion stimulated by increasing doses of pentagastrin was
      inhibited by CM 57755 with depression of the maximal effect, indicating non
      competitive antagonism. In a second series of experiments the time course of the
      anti-secretory action of intragastrically administered CM 57755 was studied from
      the gastric acid secretion induced by constant infusion of dimaprit. At
      equieffective doses, CM 57755 caused more sustained inhibition than cimetidine.

PMID- 2879023
TI  - Amethocaine-induced inhibition of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity.
AB  - Amethocaine (tetracaine) (1-10 microM) produces a concentration-dependent in
      vitro inhibition of mitochondrial membrane-bound MAO activity towards tyramine
      (18-84% in brain and 19-84% in liver) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (23-94% in
      brain and 20-100% in liver). At relatively higher concentrations (25-300 microM)
      of amethocaine, benzylamine oxidation is inhibited in brain (24-91%) and liver
      (29-100%). The extent of MAO inhibition is appreciably reduced when preincubation
      time of the enzyme with a low concentration (7.5 microM) of amethocaine is
      increased from zero to 45 min. This inhibition is reversible. The Km of MAO for
      tyramine is increased in brain (106-473%) and liver (121-352%) in the presence of
      amethocaine (2-7.5 microM) accompanied by a decrease in Vmax (21-51% in brain and
      18-57% in liver). Similarly the Km of MAO for 5-HT is increased to the extent of
      79-336% in brain and 51-225% in liver and the corresponding Vmax is decreased by
      35-55% and 39-74%, respectively, in the presence of 2-5 microM amethocaine. At
      relatively higher concentrations (25-100 microM), amethocaine increases the Km of
      MAO for benzylamine in brain (25-101%) and liver (26-85%) and decreases the Vmax
      by 28-64% and 32-63% in the respective tissues. Thus these results suggest that
      amethocaine preferentially inhibits MAO-A and the nature of inhibition is
      reversible and of mixed type.

PMID- 2879024
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effect of amperozide, a novel psychotropic compound with class III
      antiarrhythmic properties, on digoxin-induced arrhythmias in the guinea-pig.
AB  - Amperozide is a novel psychotropic compound with specific effect in limbic brain
      areas. Preliminary findings have also indicated an antiarrhythmic effect in
      vitro. Injections of saline, amperozide, melperone, thioridazine, bretylium or
      lignocaine, were given i.p. to anaesthetized guinea-pigs, which 10 min later were
      given digoxin s.c. to induce arrhythmia. In a series of control experiments none
      of these compounds caused arrhythmia in combination with the vehicle of digoxin.
      The time to arrhythmia was significantly prolonged after treatment with
      amperozide, melperone and bretylium compared with saline, but there were no
      differences between the treatments. The digoxin concentrations in plasma at death
      varied considerably within the groups and no statistical significance was found.

PMID- 2879025
TI  - Bioavailability of sustained release acetazolamide.

PMID- 2879026
TI  - British pharmaceutical conference 1986. Science proceedings. 123rd meeting,
      Jersey, September 22-25, 1986. Abstracts.

PMID- 2879027
TI  - Bovine anterior descending coronary artery possesses a homogeneous population of
      beta-1 adrenergic receptors.
AB  - Isolated vessel rings from the proximal and distal ends of the bovine anterior
      descending coronary artery were mounted in tissue baths for the measurement of
      isometric contraction. These rings were pre-exposed to phenoxybenzamine to block
      tissue catecholamine uptake and alpha adrenoceptors. They were then contracted
      with high potassium, and beta adrenergic agonist dose-relaxation response curves
      were obtained in the presence and absence of beta antagonists. The orders of
      agonist potency in the arterial rings were the same as that in spontaneously
      beating guinea pig atria: isoproterenol (ISO) greater than norepinephrine (NE)
      greater than fenoterol (FE) greater than salbutamol (SA) and differed from that
      in the guinea pig trachea: ISO greater than FE greater than SA greater than NE.
      Schild analysis yielded propranolol pA2 values in the coronary artery rings which
      did not differ between the four agonists studied or between the proximal and
      distal ends of the coronary artery. Similar results were obtained with practolol
      and butoxamine with the exception that in the case of butoxamine, a higher pA2
      value was obtained against ISO in the distal ring preparations. The practolol and
      butoxamine pA2 values in the artery rings matched the respective--log KB values
      obtained in the guinea pig atria using NE as the agonist but were the reverse of
      those obtained in the guinea pig trachea using either FE or SA as the agonist. It
      is concluded that the proximal and distal ends of the bovine anterior descending
      coronary artery possess a homogeneous population of beta-1 adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2879028
TI  - Alpha adrenoceptor regulation of coronary artery blood flow in normal and
      stenotic canine coronary arteries.
AB  - The response of systemic blood pressure, heart rate, lead II ECG and left
      circumflex (LCX) coronary artery blood flow to left cardiac sympathetic nerve
      stimulation was measured in pentobarbital-anesthetized, open chest, spinal
      transected and vagotomized dogs. After beta adrenoceptor blockade, left cardiac
      sympathetic nerve stimulation produced frequency dependent decreases in LCX blood
      flow. Selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor blockade with idazoxan produced a greater
      inhibition of this decrease in LCX blood flow than did selective alpha-1
      adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin. In an additional population of dogs which
      were similarly prepared but were not spinally transectioned or pretreated with a
      beta adrenoceptor antagonist, left cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation produced
      an increase in LCX blood flow in all animals which reached a maximum within 40
      sec, and then began to decline slowly. However, after beta adrenoceptor blockade,
      identical stimulation parameters produced only a decline in LCX blood flow which
      returned to the level of control resting blood flow by the end of the stimulation
      period. Both selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor blockade with idazoxan and selective
      alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin produced an inhibition of the LCX
      blood flow decrease provoked by left cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation in
      dogs pretreated with beta adrenoceptor antagonists. Idazoxan produced a slightly
      greater inhibition of the LCX blood flow decrease than did prazosin, suggesting a
      greater role for postjunctional vascular alpha-2 adrenoceptors in LCX blood flow
      regulation during cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation. The presence of a severe
      coronary artery stenosis reduced, but did not inhibit, the increase in LCX blood
      flow in response to cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879029
TI  - Down regulation of beta adrenergic receptors in S49 lymphoma cells induced by
      atypical agonists.
AB  - The ability of the atypical agonists celiprolol and pindolol to induce
      sequestration and down regulation of beta adrenergic receptors was investigated
      in S49 lymphoma cells. Sequestration was measured as the loss of binding sites
      for [3H]CGP-12177, a hydrophilic radioligand that binds only to surface beta
      adrenergic receptors at 6 degrees C. Down regulation was measured as the loss of
      binding sites for [125I]iodopindolol, a lipophilic radioligand which at 37
      degrees C binds to both surface and sequestered receptors. Pindolol and
      celiprolol do not stimulate adenylate cyclase in membranes from wild-type (WT)
      S49 cells or do they induce the sequestration of beta adrenergic receptors on
      intact cells. Incubation of WT S49 lymphoma cells with isoproterenol for 24 hr
      resulted in the loss of 75% of total cellular beta adrenergic receptors (down
      regulation). Exposure of WT S49 cells to pindolol or celiprolol for 24 hr
      resulted in the loss of approximately half of the total cellular beta adrenergic
      receptors. In mutant S49 cells [cyc- (variant of S49 lymphoma cells which lacks
      Ns activity) and UNC (variant of S49 lymphoma cells in which Ns is present but
      cannot interact with beta adrenergic receptors)] in which interaction of beta
      adrenergic receptors with the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding regulatory
      protein (Ns) does not occur, a 24 hr incubation with isoproterenol caused the
      loss of approximately half of the beta adrenergic receptors, whereas pindolol and
      celiprolol caused no change in the number of receptors. These results suggest
      that there are two mechanisms of down regulation of beta adrenergic receptors in
      S49 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879030
TI  - Modulation of the carrier-mediated transport of the Tyr-MIF-1 across the blood
      brain barrier by essential amino acids.
AB  - There is evidence that the carrier-mediated system capable of transporting small,
      N-tyrosinated peptides [e.g., Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (N-Tyr-MIF-1) and enkephalins]
      across the blood-brain barrier is modulated by intraventricularly administered
      leucine. This raises the possibility that the toxicity of amino acids on the
      central nervous system may be mediated in part by alterations in blood-brain
      barrier function. We further examined this action of leucine and extended the
      investigation to include other essential amino acids. High doses of leucine (30
      nM and 100 nM/mouse intraventricularly) were found to inhibit significantly
      transport of iodinated Tyr-MIF-1 out of the brain. Less consistently, a low dose
      of leucine (1.0 nM/mouse) stimulated transport. Kinetic analysis indicated that
      leucine produced an uncompetitive type of modulation, probably interacting with
      the carrier-ligand complex. Among the other amino acids studied, D-leucine
      inhibited transport at both 1 nM and 100 nM/mouse, but stimulated transport at
      0.1 nM/mouse. The only other significant changes occurred at the high (100 nM)
      dose of arginine, which stimulated, and methionine, which inhibited, transport.
      The possibility is proposed that derangements in amino acid metabolism might
      produce some of their effects on the central nervous system by modulating the
      blood-brain barrier transport systems for peptides and possibly other substances.

PMID- 2879031
TI  - Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor binding and contraction of rat caudal artery.
AB  - Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors were examined in rat caudal artery using radioligand
      binding of [125I]labeled BE 2254 (125IBE) and in vitro contraction measurements.
      125IBE bound rapidly and reversibly to a single class of high affinity binding
      sites in membrane preparations of caudal artery. Scatchard analysis gave an
      equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 110 pM and a density of binding sites
      of 115 fmol/mg of protein. Antagonists inhibited 125IBE binding and phenylephrine
      induced contractions competitively, with an order of potency of prazosin greater
      than ARC 239 greater than phentolamine greater than yohimbine. pA2 values for
      inhibition of phenylephrine-induced contraction correlated well with KD values
      for inhibition of specific 125IBE binding. A number of other full and partial
      agonists also caused contraction of caudal arteries with an order of potency of
      epinephrine greater than norepinephrine greater than phenylephrine greater than
      methoxamine. The order of potency of agonists and the potencies of antagonists
      suggests that the contractile responses of rat caudal artery were mediated by
      alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. The EC50 values of partial agonists in causing
      contraction correlated well with their KD values for inhibition of specific
      125IBE binding. However, the EC50 values for full agonists were 30 to 200 times
      lower than their KD values. Treatment of caudal arteries in vitro with 0.1 microM
      phenoxybenzamine for 10 min to inactivate alpha adrenergic receptors decreased
      both the potency of full agonists in causing contraction and the maximal
      contractile response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879033
TI  - Endothelial potentiation of relaxation response to beta adrenoceptor blocking
      agents.
AB  - A number of beta adrenergic blocking drugs were evaluated on ring preparations of
      endothelium intact and denuded segments of the rat aorta. The preparations were
      preconstricted under isometric conditions with an EC80 dose of phenylephrine.
      Labetalol (10(-7)-10(-5) M), MK-761 10(-7)-10(-5) M), timolol (10(-7)-10(-4) M)
      and propranolol (10(-6)-10(-4) M) relaxed both endothelium intact and denuded
      vessels in a dose-dependent manner. Spirendalol (2.8 X 10(-8)-8.1 X 10(-6) M), a
      specific beta-2 receptor antagonist and L643717 (1.8 X 10(-7)-3.6 X 10(-6) M), a
      specific beta-1 receptor antagonist did not elicit relaxation. Labetalol, MK-761,
      timolol and propranolol promoted relaxation only when vascular segments were
      preconstricted with phenylephrine or norepinephrine and failed to do so when
      prostaglandin F2 alpha or U46619 were used. This indicates a possible
      displacement of alpha adrenergic agonists with the beta antagonists. The degree
      of relaxation induced by labetalol, MK-761, timolol and propranolol was
      significantly less (P less than .05) when the endothelium was removed.
      Eicosatetraynoic acid (3.2 X 10(-5) M) significantly attenuated the relaxation
      response to labetalol, MK-761 and timolol in the intact but not in denuded
      vascular preparations. These studies suggest that some of the vascular effects of
      beta blockers may relate to the endothelium.

PMID- 2879032
TI  - Effects of chronic exposure to ethanol on the prostaglandin E1 receptor-mediated
      response and binding in a murine neuroblastoma clone (N1E-115).
AB  - With the use of cultured murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115), the authors
      studied the effects of chronic ethanol on prostaglandin E, (PGE1)-mediated cyclic
      AMP formation, adenylate cyclase activity and [3H]PGE1 binding. Whereas acute
      exposure of these cells to ethanol potentiates the PGE1 response, exposure of
      cells, for as little as 1 day, to 100 mM ethanol resulted in a diminished
      responsiveness to PGE1 compared with that in acutely treated cells. This apparent
      tolerance was well developed by day 4, and, by day 7, treated cells had a
      diminished response to PGE1 when assayed in the absence of ethanol. To achieve
      the same level of PGE1-mediated cyclic AMP synthesis as acutely exposed cells,
      chronically exposed cells required higher concentrations of ethanol. With 7 to 10
      days of treatment, there was a modest (10-13%) increase in basal, PGE1- and
      forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in membranous preparations, a 28
      to 40% increase in high-affinity [3H]PGE1 binding to membranes with no change in
      Kd or in the ability of 5'-guanylimidodiphosphate to reduce this binding and a
      155% increase in [3H]PGE1 binding to intact cells with no change in Kd. Thus,
      chronic exposure of N1E-115 cells to ethanol resulted in tolerance to its effects
      on the PGE1 receptor system, and this tolerance was accompanied by apparently
      paradoxical changes in PGE1-stimulated cyclic AMP synthesis and [3H]PGE1 binding.

PMID- 2879034
TI  - Dopamine1 receptor agonist and alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist effects of
      fenoldopam in rabbits.
AB  - Neurochemical and circulatory effects of fenoldopam were studied in pithed
      rabbits with electrically stimulated sympathetic outflow and in strips of the
      rabbit pulmonary artery. In pithed rabbits, fenoldopam (1-30 micrograms/kg/min)
      decreased the arterial blood pressure. Fenoldopam (3-30 microgram/kg/min) also
      increased the norepinephrine spillover rate (the rate at which endogenous
      norepinephrine enters into the plasma after having been released from
      postganglionic sympathetic nerves) and decreased the [3H]norepinephrine plasma
      clearance. The selective dopamine (DA)1 antagonist SCH 23390 (bolus injection of
      10 micrograms/kg followed by infusion of 2 micrograms/kg/hr) antagonized markedly
      and the DA2-selective antagonist domperidone (bolus injection of 200
      micrograms/kg followed by infusion of 50 micrograms/kg/hr) antagonized slightly
      the hypotensive effect. The increase in the norepinephrine spillover rate was
      enhanced after treatment with desipramine. Clonidine (0.3 microgram/kg/min)
      reduced the spillover of norepinephrine, and this effect was abolished by
      fenoldopam (30 micrograms/kg/min). In pulmonary artery strips preincubated with
      [3H]norepinephrine, fenoldopam (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) increased the electrically
      evoked overflow of tritium. The effect of fenoldopam (10(-6) M) was prevented in
      the presence of a supramaximal concentration of clonidine (10(-5) M). The results
      suggest that fenoldopam lowers blood pressure mainly by activation of vascular
      smooth muscle DA1 receptors. In addition, however, it blocks prejunctional alpha
      2 autoreceptors at postganglionic sympathetic axons.

PMID- 2879035
TI  - Mechanisms of action of acetylcholine in the guinea-pig cerebral cortex in vitro.
AB  - The mechanisms of action of acetylcholine (ACh) in the guinea-pig neocortex were
      investigated using intracellular recordings from layer V pyramidal cells of the
      anterior cingulate cortical slice. At resting membrane potential (Vm = -80 to -70
      mV), ACh application resulted in a barrage of excitatory and inhibitory post
      synaptic potentials (p.s.p.s) associated with a decrease in apparent input
      resistance (Ri). ACh, applied to pyramidal neurones depolarized to just below
      firing threshold (Vm = -65 to -55 mV), produced a short-latency hyperpolarization
      concomitant with p.s.p.s and a decrease in Ri, followed by a long-lasting (10 to
      greater than 60 s) depolarization and action potential generation. Both of these
      responses were also found in presumed pyramidal neurones of other cortical
      regions (sensorimotor and visual) and were blocked by muscarinic, but not
      nicotinic, antagonists. The ACh-induced hyperpolarization possessed an average
      reversal potential of -75.8 mV, similar to that for the hyperpolarizing response
      to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA; -72.4 mV) and for the i.p.s.p. generated by
      orthodromic stimulation (-69.6 mV). This cholinergic inhibitory response could be
      elicited by ACh applications at significantly greater distance from the cell than
      the slow depolarizing response. Blockade of GABAergic synaptic transmission with
      solution containing Mn2+ and low Ca2+, or by local application of tetrodotoxin
      (TTX), bicuculline or picrotoxin, abolished the ACh-induced inhibitory response
      but not the slow excitatory response. In TTX (or Mn2+, low Ca2+) the slow
      excitatory response possessed a minimum onset latency of 250 ms and was
      associated with a voltage-dependent increase in Ri. Application of ACh caused
      short-latency excitation associated with a decrease in Ri in eight neurones. The
      time course of this excitation was similar to that of the inhibition seen in
      pyramidal neurones. Seven of these neurones had action potentials with unusually
      brief durations, indicating that they were probably non-pyramidal cells. ACh
      blocked the slow after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) following a train of action
      potentials, occasionally reduced orthodromically evoked p.s.p.s, and had no
      effect on the width or maximum rate of rise or fall of the action potential. It
      is concluded that cholinergic inhibition of pyramidal neurones is mediated
      through a rapid muscarinic excitation of non-pyramidal cells, resulting in the
      release of GABA. In pyramidal cells ACh causes a relatively slow blockade of both
      a voltage-dependent hyperpolarizing conductance (M-current) which is most active
      at depolarized membrane potentials, and the Ca2+-activated K+ conductance
      underlying the a.h.p.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2879037
TI  - Effects of calcium and magnesium on transmitter release at Ia synapses of rat
      spinal motoneurones in vitro.
AB  - The lumbar spinal cord excised from neonatal rats was superfused with an
      oxygenated saline, and monosynaptic excitatory post-synaptic potentials
      (e.p.s.p.s) were recorded from the lumbar motoneurones following stimulation of
      muscle nerves of the hind leg. The amplitude of monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s increased
      with an increase in the external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o). In [Ca2+]o of 0.5
      2 mM, the relation between the e.p.s.p. amplitude and [Ca2+]o was linear with a
      slope of 1.6 on double logarithmic co-ordinates. An increase in [Mg2+]o in a
      range of 1-5 mM reduced the e.p.s.p. amplitude without affecting the slope of the
      relation between log e.p.s.p. amplitude and log [Ca2+]o, suggesting competitive
      interaction between Ca2+ and Mg2+. When [Ca2+]o was increased to 4-12 mM, the
      latency of monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s was prolonged, and the antidromic action
      potential failed to invade the cell body or initial segment of motoneurones.
      Under these conditions, the monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s were still present. It is
      concluded that at near-normal levels of [Ca2+]o the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on
      the e.p.s.p. amplitude are accounted for entirely by their competitive
      interaction for the probability of transmitter release without altering the mode
      of impulse propagation at central terminals of the Group Ia sensory fibres. It is
      suggested that impulses of Ia sensory fibres normally invade their terminals
      without intermittent blocks at their terminal branch points.

PMID- 2879036
TI  - Amino acid receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission in the cat red
      nucleus.
AB  - A study has been made of the effects of the selective N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), and the broad spectrum
      excitatory amino acid antagonists, gamma-D-glutamylglycine (gamma-DGG), gamma-D
      glutamylaminomethylsulphonate (GAMS), 4(p-chlorobenzoyl)-cis-piperazine-2, 3
      dicarboxylate (pCB-PzDA) and kynurenate, have been examined on excitation evoked
      on neurones in the magnocellular red nucleus (m.r.n.) of the anaesthetized cat by
      stimulation of the interpositus nucleus (i.p.n.) and sensorimotor cortex, and by
      ionophoresed excitant amino acid agonists. The profile of activity of the
      excitatory amino acid antagonists on m.r.n. neurones was similar to that
      described on neurones in other areas of the central nervous system. APV
      selectively depressed responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), whereas the
      broader spectrum antagonists reduced responses to kainate and quisqualate as well
      as to NMDA. Neuronal responses to L-glutamate and L-aspartate were depressed by
      all the antagonists tested. I.p.n.-evoked monosynaptic responses of m.r.n.
      neurones were reversibly reduced by the broad spectrum antagonists, but were
      unaffected by APV. Cortically evoked mono- and polysynaptic excitatory responses
      were reversibly depressed by APV and the broad spectrum antagonist, pCB-PzDA. The
      action of APV corresponded with its ability to antagonize responses to NMDA.
      However, the cortically evoked responses appeared to be more sensitive to the
      actions of pCB-PzDA than to those of APV, although the former is a less effective
      antagonist of NMDA-induced excitation compared with APV. APV depressed excitation
      induced by cortical stimuli and L-glutamate and L-aspartate. However, there was
      no obvious correlation between the actions of the broad spectrum amino acid
      antagonists on synaptically evoked responses and those induced by L-glutamate or
      L-aspartate on the few neurones tested. These results are consistent with an
      amino acid being the transmitter in the interposito-rubral and cortico-rubral
      excitatory pathways which interacts with non-NMDA and both NMDA and non-NMDA
      receptors respectively. However, the identity of the transmitter acting at these
      receptors remains to be determined.

PMID- 2879039
TI  - Discharge patterns of cervical sympathetic preganglionic neurones related to
      central respiratory drive in the rat.
AB  - The central respiratory-drive-related inputs to antidromically identified
      cervical sympathetic preganglionic neurones have been investigated, in the rat,
      using extracellular recording techniques, the ionophoretic application of an
      excitatory amino acid (glutamate) to increase their excitability, and phrenic
      nerve discharge as an indicator of central respiratory drive. Three distinct
      firing patterns of sympathetic preganglionic neurones are described: maximal
      discharge during phrenic nerve activity, maximal discharge during phrenic
      silence, and a firing pattern unrelated to phrenic nerve discharge. Both
      spontaneously active and glutamate-activated silent cervical sympathetic
      preganglionic neurones had similar, if not identical, firing patterns. The
      application of glutamate, using ionophoretic currents of up to 100 nA, did not
      disrupt central respiratory-drive-related discharge patterns indicating that
      these inputs are an important contribution in the regulation of the firing
      pattern of a proportion of sympathetic preganglionic neurones. On the basis of
      these observations it is proposed that some sympathetic preganglionic neurones
      may receive central respiratory drive potentials similar to those received by
      respiratory motoneurones.

PMID- 2879038
TI  - Correlation between long-term potentiation and release of endogenous amino acids
      from dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats.
AB  - The relationship between long-term potentiation (l.t.p.) and the release of
      endogenous amino acid transmitters has been investigated in the dentate gyrus of
      rats anaesthetized with urethane. The molecular layer was perfused with
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid using a push-pull cannula. The perfusate was
      collected and analysed for glutamate, aspartate, glycine, glutamine and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) using high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.)
      with fluorometric detection. Recording electrodes were attached to the cannula to
      enable responses evoked by test stimuli to the perforant path to be monitored in
      the molecular and cell body layers. Perfusion was continued for 3 h while test
      stimuli were delivered to the perforant path at 30 s intervals. In the control
      group (n = 8), no further stimulation was given. In a second group (n = 8), a
      single high-frequency train (250 Hz for 200 ms) was delivered at the end of the
      first hour to induce l.t.p. The average potentiation of the slope of the
      excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) 2 h later was 15%. In a third group
      (n = 8), the train to the perforant path was paired with a train to the
      commissural input to the dentate gyrus, a procedure which blocks the induction of
      l.t.p. In the potentiated group, there was an increase in the concentrations of
      glutamate and aspartate following the induction of l.t.p., relative to the
      decline seen in corresponding periods of the control group. This increase
      remained statistically significant for 1.5 h in the case of glutamate and for 45
      min in the case of aspartate. There were no l.t.p.-associated changes in the
      release of glutamine or glycine; there was an indication that l.t.p. may be
      associated with a decrease in the release of GABA. Increasing the frequency and
      intensity of perforant path activation resulted in enhanced concentrations of
      glutamate and aspartate in the perfusate; no such changes occurred when granule
      cells were activated antidromically. We discuss the origin of the relative
      increases in the concentration of glutamate and aspartate which are found in the
      perfusate following the induction of l.t.p. and conclude that the most likely
      source is a sustained increase in activity-dependent release of these amino acids
      from perforant path terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2879040
TI  - Effects of chloropyramine, dimethindene and diphenhydramine on transepithelial
      ion transport: studies in bovine tracheal epithelium and frog skin.
AB  - The effects on transepithelial ion transports of chloropyramine, dimetindene and
      diphenhydramine, which are three antagonists of H1-receptors of histamine, were
      examined in bovine tracheal epithelium and in frog skin. The short-circuit
      current I0 across bovine tracheal epithelium is the sum of active secretion of Cl
      and absorption of Na+. In this tissue, all three drugs induced a reversible,
      dose-related inhibition of I0, up to 100%. The concentrations giving 50% of
      maximal effect were 1.4 X 10(-4) M for chloropyramine, 2.0 X 10(-4) M for
      dimetindene and 2.5 X 10(-4) M for diphenhydramine. The effect was unrelated to
      the agonist binding site of H1-receptors of histamine, since it was not altered
      in the presence of 10(-3) M histamine. Experiments in which Na+ transport was
      selectively reduced by 5 X 10(-5) M amiloride, or in which Cl- transport was
      selectively abolished by 10(-3) M furosemide, 10(-4) M bumetanide or Cl- removal,
      indicated that Na+ and Cl- transports were equally affected by the drugs. The
      action of chloropyramine was composed of an early inhibition of Na+ and Cl-
      movements, followed by a slow recovery of Cl- secretion. In frog skin, each one
      of the three H1-antagonists modified the I0, following two main patterns of
      response, a stimulation at the lower concentrations tested, or an inhibition at
      higher concentrations. Dose-response relationships were obscured by a large
      variability in response of individual skins. These observations in bovine
      tracheal epithelium and frog skin suggest that H1-antagonists might alter the
      functioning of other epithelia as well.

PMID- 2879041
TI  - Metoclopramide in schizophrenia (an open study).

PMID- 2879042
TI  - [Unusual echographic aspects of hepatic distomiasis].
AB  - The authors report, a pediatric case of hepatic fascioliasis with an unusual
      ultrasonographic aspect; that is a hypoechoic intrahepatic nodule with an
      extrahepatic prolongation through a thickened capsule. This ultrasonographic
      appearance, which has not been reported in the literature to our knowledge, seems
      to reflect the parasite migration.

PMID- 2879043
TI  - An ecological study of Jamestown Canyon virus on the Delmarva Peninsula, with
      emphasis on its possible vector.

PMID- 2879044
TI  - Acquisition of a gene encoding mannose-resistant haemagglutinating fimbriae by a
      resistance plasmid during long-term urinary infection.
AB  - Urine was collected twice weekly from one patient during a 25-month period.
      Escherichia coli harbouring a resistance plasmid, pUK28, which confers
      trimethoprim, ampicillin, sulphamethoxazole, spectinomycin and streptomycin
      resistance was identified in the urine. Carriage of strains containing plasmid
      pUK28 was observed during three separate periods which totalled 16 months, even
      though the patient did not receive antibacterial drug therapy for most of that
      time. The plasmid was able to acquire the genes responsible for mannose-resistant
      haemagglutination and these genes were increasingly associated with the plasmid
      towards the end of the study period.

PMID- 2879045
TI  - Mosquito control by plankton management: the potential of indigestible green
      algae.
AB  - Most kinds of phytoplankton are good food for mosquito larvae. However, Culex,
      Aedes and Anopheles larvae fail to develop successfully in water where certain
      species of closely related green algae in the order Chlorococcales are the main
      source of food; apparently because the larvae are unable to digest them. Many
      species of Scenedesmus, Kirchneriella, Dactylococcus, Elakotothrix, Tetrallantos,
      Coelastrum, Selenastrum and Tetradesmus have this effect. These algae may offer a
      practical possibility for mosquito control when introduced into mosquito breeding
      habitats. Introduction of these algae could be assisted by simultaneous
      introduction of select filter-feeding zooplankton such as Daphnia.

PMID- 2879046
TI  - Fertility in cryptorchidism: further development of an experimental model.
AB  - Further development of an experimental model for evaluating fertility in
      cryptorchidism led to studies of unilateral cryptorchidism, endocrinological
      cryptorchidism, and the effects of treatment. The results demonstrate that rats
      with unilateral mechanical cryptorchidism have a significant diminution in the
      ability to impregnate females (impregnation rate, 45%) when compared with sham
      operated controls (84%) and rats undergoing unilateral orchiectomy (88%). In
      addition, we demonstrated that lower doses of estradiol caused cryptorchidism and
      resulted in infertility of approximately the same degree as higher doses
      (impregnation rates, 18% and 0%, respectively), but avoided obvious side effects.
      Treatment of estradiol-induced cryptorchidism with human chorionic gonadotropin
      resulted in testicular descent, but did not significantly improve the ability to
      bear offspring (10% with hCG vs. 0% without). Surgical orchiopexy after
      surgically induce mechanical cryptorchidism resulted in improved fertility (30%
      vs. 0%); however, the improvement was still significantly less than the control
      rate. In summary, this experimental model demonstrates the effects of various
      aspects of cryptorchidism and its treatment on fertility and can easily be
      adapted to evaluate important clinical problems.

PMID- 2879047
TI  - Prune belly syndrome: 35 years of experience.
AB  - Between 1949 and 1984, 50 children with the prune belly syndrome were treated at
      our institution. The modes of evaluation and treatment, and the long-term results
      are discussed.

PMID- 2879048
TI  - Nocturnal ulcer pain relief from tricyclic antidepressants.

PMID- 2879049
TI  - [Chemical structure of the bacterial cell surface].

PMID- 2879051
TI  - [Pertussis].

PMID- 2879050
TI  - [Adhesion and colonization of pathogens--special reference to enterotoxigenic E.
      coli].

PMID- 2879052
TI  - [Biochemical and histochemical studies on variant gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (GGT) in human gastric cancer].

PMID- 2879053
TI  - Activation of lateral vestibular nucleus neurons by iontophoretically applied
      phencyclidine.
AB  - Microiontophoretic studies were performed to elucidate the effects of
      phencyclidine (PCP) on neuronal activity in the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN)
      of cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Spikes elicited in the monosynaptic
      LVN neurons by vestibular nerve stimulation were not affected by iontophoretic
      application of PCP up to 100 nA, but they were blocked by atropine (30-50 nA). A
      dose-dependent increase in spontaneous firing during application of PCP was
      obtained in 11 of 15 monosynaptic neurons, in all of which firing was increased
      by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh). Simultaneous application of
      atropine completely inhibited the PCP- and ACh-induced increase in the firing
      without affecting the glutamate-induced firing. These results indicate that PCP
      acts on the LVN monosynaptic neurons receiving input from the vestibular nerve in
      a similar manner to ACh.

PMID- 2879054
TI  - Potentiation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in
      mice.
AB  - Several clinical papers have reported that beta-adrenoceptor antagonists were
      useful in the management of schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. The present
      study examined effects of beta-antagonists on haloperidol (HAL)-induced catalepsy
      using mice in order to study the relationship between beta-antagonists and
      central dopaminergic functions. Catalepsy was tested by the standard bar test 30
      min after intraperitoneal treatment of HAL. Beta-antagonists were administered
      subcutaneously just after HAL-treatment. Propranolol, alprenolol, oxprenolol and
      pindolol increased the incidence of catalepsy compared to HAL alone. Atenolol,
      not penetrating into the brain, and the sedative and hypnotic drug
      chlordiazepoxide did not potentiate it. These results suggest that the
      potentiation of HAL-catalepsy by beta-antagonists is based on their central
      action. Therefore, a central beta-receptor appears to be implicated in the
      regulation of the central dopaminergic functions.

PMID- 2879055
TI  - Cardiohemodynamic effects of nipradilol (K-351) in the dog: comparison with
      propranolol, nadolol and prazosin.
AB  - The cardiohemodynamic effects of nipradilol (K-351) were studied in comparison
      with those of propranolol, nadolol and prazosin in anesthetized, open-chest dogs.
      All drugs were administered intravenously. Nipradilol produced dose-dependent
      decreases in systemic blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), venous return (VR)
      and cardiac output (COP), but virtually no change in right atrial pressure (RAP).
      Propranolol decreased HR, tended to decrease VR and COP and increased RAP, but
      produced no change in systemic BP. Nadolol also decreased HR, VR and COP and
      increased RAP, but did not change systemic BP. Prazosin decreased systemic BP, VR
      and COP and tended to decrease RAP, but scarcely affected HR. After propranolol
      or nadolol, nipradilol failed to reduce HR, but still produced definite decreases
      in systemic BP, VR and COP and a slight decrease in RAP. After prazosin,
      nipradilol still produced decreases in systemic BP, HR, VR and COP. These results
      suggest that nipradilol decreases VR and COP mainly by increasing venous
      capacitance through direct venodilator action and in part by increasing
      resistance to VR through beta-adrenoceptor blockade. This effect also appears to
      be responsible for its hypotensive effect.

PMID- 2879056
TI  - Some profiles of transmucosal potential difference in rat stomach determined in
      situ with special reference to effects of timoprazole, a H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor.
AB  - Gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD) is referred to an index of
      function and integrity of the mucosa. The features of gastric PD were studied in
      association with gastric acid secretion. The gastric PD was measured at the
      forestomach, glandular portion and pylorus in the rat in in situ preparations.
      Secretagogues such as bethanechol (BeCh, 50 micrograms/kg, i.v.), tetragastrin
      (TG, 30 micrograms/kg, i.v.), and histamine (Hist, 10 mg/kg, s.c.) produced a
      decrease in PD at the three regions of the stomach. These PD reductions did not
      occur with the combined treatment with timoprazole (30 mg/kg, i.d.); a marked
      increase in PD was noted, especially, in the case of Hist plus timoprazole.
      Similarly, BeCh induced PD decrease was antagonized by atropine (30
      micrograms/kg, i.v.) and Hist induced PD decrease was attenuated by cimetidine
      (10 mg/kg, i.v.), while TG induced PD decrease was not affected by either of
      them. Of the antisecretory drugs, only cimetidine produced an increase in basal
      PD, probably via a mechanism unrelated to acid secretion. These results suggest
      that the PD decrease by each secretagogue seen at oxyntic and non-oxyntic gland
      regions of the stomach primarily originates from secretory activation of the
      parietal cells and that its action on function unrelated to acid secretion also
      exerts a minor influence on gastric PD.

PMID- 2879057
TI  - Pharmacological studies of 2-(3-(3-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-phenoxy)propylamino)-4
      (3H)-quinazolinone (NO-794), a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist.
AB  - The pharmacological profile of a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, 2-(3-(3-(1
      piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy)propylamino)-4 (3H)-quinazolinone (NO-794), was
      studied. NO-794 was a potent and selective histamine H2-receptor antagonist in
      the guinea-pig atria and gastric mucosal cells. NO-794 (1 X 10(-5) M) did not
      interact with H1-, muscarinic and beta 1-receptors. In guinea-pig atria,
      antagonism of NO-794 was unsurmountable. The onset of action of NO-794 was slow,
      and this antagonism was apparently irreversible not only on the guinea-pig atria
      but also on the gastric mucosal cells. In addition, NO-794 inhibited gastric acid
      secretion in pylorus ligated rats when administered intraduodenally. These
      results indicate that NO-794 is a powerful and unique histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist and may be useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2879058
TI  - Difference in mode of action of alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists on some vascular
      smooth muscles and efficacy.
AB  - Effect of YM-12617, a selective and potent alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist on
      dose-response curves of alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists, norepinephrine,
      phenylephrine and naphazoline, was tested in isolated rabbit vascular smooth
      muscles such as the femoral vein, portal vein and aorta. YM-12617 shifted the
      dose-response curves for norepinephrine and phenylephrine to the right and also
      declined the maximum response in the femoral vein, where norepinephrine and
      phenylephrine behaved as low efficacy agonists. Similar results were obtained on
      the curve of naphazoline in the portal vein, where the efficacy of naphazoline
      was low. However, the efficacies of norepinephrine, phenylephrine and naphazoline
      were high in the aorta. The dose-response curves for three alpha 1-agonists were
      shifted by YM-12617 in a parallel manner in the aorta. The curves of
      norepinephrine and phenylephrine were also shifted by YM-12617 in the portal
      vein, where the efficacies of both the alpha 1-agonists were high. The present
      results suggest that the mode of antagonism between the alpha 1-agonist and alpha
      1-antagonist is dependent on the efficacy of the alpha 1-agonist which depends
      upon the receptor-density in the organ used.

PMID- 2879059
TI  - Studies on responsiveness of hepatoma cells to catecholamines. III. Difference
      between the receptor-adenylate cyclase regulating systems in AH130 cells and
      cultured normal rat liver cells.
AB  - The responsiveness to three beta-adrenergic agonists, isoproterenol (IPN),
      epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) in AH13O cells was examined compared
      with that in normal rat liver cells which were cultured for 24 hr after
      collagenase digestion. As regards to the activation of adenylate cyclase in the
      cell homogenates, the relative affinity of the three agonists was in order of IPN
      greater than NE greater than Epi in AH130 cells and IPN greater than Epi greater
      than NE in cultured normal liver cells. While the efficacies of the three
      agonists were similar in cultured liver cells, those of NE and Epi were markedly
      lower than that of IPN in AH13O cells and were increased to the similar level of
      IPN by pretreatment with phentolamine, but not with prazosin. Clonidine inhibited
      the activation of adenylate cyclase by IPN in AH13O cells. When cells were
      preincubated with islet-activating protein (IAP), the activity of adenylate
      cyclase in the presence or absence of agonist in both cell lines increased. In
      IAP-treated AH13O cells, the efficacies of NE and Epi became close to that of
      IPN. Adenylate cyclase in IAP-treated AH13O cells was activated by GTP in a dose
      dependent manner, but that in IAP-treated cultured liver cells was not. In the
      presence of IPN, biphasic (activatory and inhibitory) effects of GTP on the
      cyclase were observed, and the inhibitory phase was eliminated by the IAP
      treatment in both cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879060
TI  - Endothelium-dependent changes in the response to vasoconstrictor substances of
      isolated dog mesenteric veins.
AB  - In dog mesenteric vein strips, contractions induced by histamine relative to
      those induced by 5 mM Ba++ were potentiated by removal of endothelium. The
      induced contractions were potentiated by AA861, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, and
      methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, to an appreciably greater extent
      in the strips with endothelium than in those with damaged endothelium.
      Indomethacin did not potentiate the contraction induced by histamine. Cimetidine
      potentiated the contraction in control strips and those without endothelium to a
      similar extent whereas chlorpheniramine suppressed the contraction. Contractile
      responses to acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin and prostaglandin (PG) F2
      alpha were not potentiated by removal of endothelium. It may be concluded that
      histamine activates histaminergic receptors, possibly H1 but not H2, in
      endothelial cells and results in a release of vasodilator substance produced by
      lipoxygenase, which accumulates cellular cyclic GMP and relaxes mesenteric veins.
      The H1 and H2 receptors in smooth muscle cells appear to be responsible for
      contractions and relaxations, respectively. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine,
      serotonin and PGF2 alpha do not seem to release vasodilator substances from
      endothelium in an amount sufficient to cause significant relaxations of venous
      smooth muscle.

PMID- 2879061
TI  - A beta-adrenergic partial agonist (befunolol) discriminates two different
      affinity sites.
AB  - Interactions of beta-adrenergic partial agonists with the beta-adrenoceptor were
      studied in isolated guinea-pig taenia caecum. The competitive inhibition curve
      for specific binding of a high concentration (50 nM) of [3H]-befunolol by
      befunolol showed a biphasic shape, although the curve for specific binding of a
      low concentration (1 nM) was monophasic. All the competitive inhibition curves
      for specific binding of [3H]-befunolol (1 nM and 50 nM) by isoprenaline and
      propranolol showed monophasic shapes. These results suggest that befunolol may be
      able to discriminate two different binding sites of the beta-adrenoceptor: the
      high affinity site and the low affinity site.

PMID- 2879062
TI  - [Receptive relaxation of the canine stomach].
AB  - Receptive relaxation of the stomach by feeding was studied in 5 conscious dogs by
      means of chronically implanted force transducers on the gastric body and antrum.
      It was found that only the gastric body but not antrum relaxed by feeding, and
      magnitude of the relaxation of the gastric body was linearly related to the
      volume (5, 10 and 20 g/kg) of test meals, given once or in multiple times.
      Secondly, in the study of pharmacological blockers, it was found that atropine,
      hexamethonium and phentolamine significantly inhibited relaxation, while naloxone
      and proglumide significantly suppressed relaxation in 3 dogs. Propranolol and
      domperidone did not influence on receptive relaxation. It is concluded that
      receptive relaxation of the stomach is mainly mediated through a cholinergic
      reflex, however, involvement of neurotransmitters other than acetlycholine is
      suggested in the regulation of receptive relaxation.

PMID- 2879063
TI  - Glucagon: a first-line drug for cardiotoxicity caused by beta blockade.

PMID- 2879064
TI  - Mechanisms of action of atrial natriuretic factor: clinical consequences.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) acts through specific receptors at its target
      tissues. Receptor-occupancy by ANF induces activation of particulate guanylate
      cyclase, increased cyclic GMP formation and also inhibition of adenylate cyclase
      which results in a decrease of cyclic AMP formation. These second messenger
      systems appear to mediate the effects of ANF in target tissues. Following
      receptor-mediated activation of particulate guanylate cyclase, cyclic GMP is
      extruded from the cells, which leads to elevated cyclic GMP levels in plasma and
      urine in man, whereas cyclic AMP levels remain unchanged. Since cyclic GMP has a
      much longer half-life than ANF, it is more sensitive as a marker for ANF release
      than ANF itself, which has a half-life of just a few minutes. Since cyclic GMP is
      excreted into urine, determinations of urine cyclic GMP can also allow
      conclusions about the ANF system when blood sampling is impractical. Thus, cyclic
      GMP and not cyclic AMP is a sensitive biological marker for ANF.

PMID- 2879065
TI  - Transmembrane signalling of atrial natriuretic peptide in rat renal
      juxtaglomerular cells.
AB  - Recently we have shown that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits renin
      release from isolated rat renal juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. ANP in general is
      thought to act on its target cells by the binding to specific membrane receptors.
      It is the objective of this contribution to summarize our present knowledge about
      the sequence of events by which the occupancy of ANP receptors could lead to an
      inhibition of renin release from juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. It was found that
      ANP did not affect the intracellular concentration of calcium. ANP led to a dose
      dependent increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic GMP and to a dose
      dependent decrease of cAMPi. Inhibition of renin release from the JG-cells by ANP
      was clearly correlated to the level of cGMPi and not to the level of cAMPi.
      Concerning the mechanism by which ANP causes a rise in cGMPi in JG-cells it was
      found that the effect of ANP on cGMPi was potentiated by the cGMP
      phosphodiesterase specific inhibitor M & B 22,948. This finding suggests that ANP
      enhances cGMPi by the stimulation of a guanylate cyclase rather than by the
      inhibition of a cGMP phosphodiesterase. Moreover, evidence was obtained that the
      effect of ANP on cGMP, was markedly attenuated after pretreatment of the JG-cells
      with pertussis toxin. Since pertussis toxin is considered to inactivate guanine
      nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins), this result could indicate that ANP
      receptors are coupled to a guanylate cyclase via a G-protein. Experimental
      evidence suggests that the G-protein in question might be the inhibitory unit
      (Ni) of the adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2879066
TI  - [Work Group of European Nurse Researchers and its conference on nursing research
      and care: the meeting at Helsinki].

PMID- 2879068
TI  - Examination of enzyme-altered foci with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aldehyde
      dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and other markers in
      methacrylate-embedded liver.
AB  - F344 Male rats weighting between 90 and 110 gm were given 90 ppm
      diethylnitrosamine in their drinking water for 5 weeks. Seven weeks after the
      administration of carcinogen was completed, the rats were sacrificed and sections
      of their livers were embedded in methacrylate. Serial sections 2 or 4 micron in
      thickness demonstrated the presence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acid
      phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, alkaline
      phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, DT diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase, and 5'-nucleotidase activity and glycogen. The use of 4-micron
      sections of methacrylate-embedded tissue allows the evaluation of many more
      phenotypic markers in serial sections than is currently possible with frozen
      sections.

PMID- 2879067
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the 5' end region of the human
      argininosuccinate synthetase gene.

PMID- 2879071
TI  - Patency of internal mammary artery grafts in no-flow situations.
AB  - We report two cases in which an internal mammary artery graft was found to be
      nonfunctional in the early postoperative period, but repeat catheterization at 6
      months revealed the graft to be patent. These two cases substantiate that closure
      of an internal mammary artery graft may be reversible.

PMID- 2879070
TI  - [Demonstration of anxiolytic action using "psychic" stress (stress caused by
      noise)].

PMID- 2879069
TI  - Direct versus reflex activation of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors in the chronotropic
      and inotropic effects of isoprenaline and prenalterol in the conscious dog.
AB  - The mechanisms by which isoprenaline and prenalterol increase heart rate and
      myocardial contractile force were investigated in conscious instrumented dogs.
      Isoprenaline (0.1 micrograms/kg/min/10 min) increased both heart rate (+98 +/-
      14%) and contractility (+36 +/- 5%) and decreased diastolic blood pressure. beta
      1-Adrenoceptor blockade abolished the isoprenaline induced increase in
      contractility whereas the induced tachycardia was reduced by approximately 50%.
      Either beta 2-blockade, which abolished the hypotensive effect of isoprenaline or
      ganglionic blockade, which abolished the isoprenaline-induced activation of sino
      aortic baroreflexes, strongly reduced (-67 +/- 8%) the isoprenaline-induced
      tachycardia but did not markedly alter the increase in contractility. However,
      the isoprenaline-induced increase in contractility was potentiated by
      methylatropine (+83 +/- 12%) whereas the simultaneous tachycardia was less marked
      than before methylatropine. In the same dogs, prenalterol (2 micrograms/kg/min/5
      min) increased contractility (+38 +/- 5%) to the same extent as isoprenaline but
      induced a lesser increase in heart rate (+23 +/- 3%) and had no effect on aortic
      pressure. These effects were not significantly modified by pretreatments with
      either ganglionic or beta 2-blockades but were abolished by beta 1-blockade.
      After methylatropine the prenalterol-induced increase in heart rate was not
      modified but the increase in contractility was potentiated (+63 +/- 11%). We
      conclude that whereas indirect activation of arterial baroreflexes through
      hypotension markedly contributes to the isoprenaline-induced increase in heart
      rate, the simultaneous increase in cardiac inotropism is only dependent upon
      direct beta 1-adrenoceptor activation by isoprenaline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879072
TI  - A bibliography of the leukaemias in Africa, 1904-1985.
AB  - A bibliography of leukaemias in Africa is presented from 1904 to 1985. The
      literature is listed chronologically and is classified geographically (north,
      south, east and west Africa) and by leukaemia type. The epidemiology of
      leukaemias in Africa is discussed briefly, especially as to the rarity of acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia under the age of four years, the frequency of chloroma,
      the young age of presentation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia, the frequency of
      chronic lymphatic leukaemia in adults, especially women, under 45 years in
      tropical Africa, and the frequency of infection by the human T-cell leukaemia
      lymphoma (or lymphotropic) virus type I and of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma.

PMID- 2879073
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in a patient with smoldering adult T-cell leukemia:
      evidence for a multistep pathogenesis.
AB  - A cytogenetic study was performed on peripheral blood cells from a patient with
      smoldering adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Four types of primary abnormal clones
      were found upon examination of a large number of karyotypically analysed cells
      cultured with and without phytohemagglutinin (PHA). However, human T-cell
      leukemia virus (HTLV) proviral DNA was confirmed to be monoclonal. This
      discrepancy can be explained by the hypothesis that these four primary abnormal
      clones were all derived from a leukemic clone with a normal karyotype and the
      same integration site of HTLV proviral DNA.

PMID- 2879074
TI  - Dissociation of interleukin-2-mediated cell proliferation and interleukin-2
      receptor upregulation in adult T-cell leukemia cells.
AB  - We studied cell proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor upregulation
      mediated by exogenous IL-2 in leukemic cells from adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
      patients to characterize some aspects of abnormal IL-2 receptor expression in
      ATL. Leukemic cells from 7 ATL patients examined showed no or very poor
      proliferative response to IL-2 though they expressed IL-2 receptors without any
      stimulation. In contrast, ATL leukemic cells cultured with IL-2 for 2 days
      expressed about twice as many IL-2 receptors as those of cells cultured without
      IL-2. Thus, in ATL leukemic cells, there seems to be a dissociation between the
      signal(s) for two different effects mediated by IL-2, cell proliferation and IL-2
      receptor upregulation.

PMID- 2879075
TI  - Physiopathological studies on granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
      and multi colony stimulating factor producing leukemia, L8313, induced by
      irradiation of C3H mice.
AB  - Radiation-induced L8313 leukemia bearing mice (L8313 mice) had marked
      granulocytosis with splenomegaly. Hemopoietic stem cells and progenitors
      increased in the spleen but not in the bone marrow. Spleen conditioned-medium and
      serum from L8313 mice induced the formation of granulocyte-macrophage colonies
      (CFU-GM), erythroid bursts (BFU-E) and mixed colonies (CFU-Mix). Bone marrow
      conditioned medium did not show such activity. A cell line (STIL-3) was
      established from the spleen cells of L8313 mice. Surface marker analysis showed
      that the established cells were suppressor T cell. The cells produced IL-3 and GM
      CSF in vitro, and induce essentially the same "leukemic" response in recipient
      mice. Inoculation of STIL-3 in diffusion chamber also induced leukemoid reaction,
      i.e. a marked granulocytosis with splenomegaly. Therefore, L8313 leukemia may be
      linked to an abnormality of growth and production of hemopoietic factors in
      hemopoietic regulatory cells.

PMID- 2879076
TI  - Quantitative autoradiography of transmitter binding sites with an image analyzer.
AB  - A computerized image processing system for quantitative receptor autoradiography
      on tritium-sensitive film is described. The method implements an image analyzer
      (IBAS 1 + 2) for the acquisition of an image which is evaluated with respect to
      the regional distribution of binding site densities by a small computer which is
      connected to a digitizer. Several methodological problems must be considered when
      using tritium-labelled compounds and an image analyzer. The use of tissue
      standards and shading procedures, the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio, the
      calibration of the system which establishes the non-linear relation between grey
      values and concentration of radioactivity, the contrast enhancement and the
      quenching problem are discussed. This method permits a quick and precise
      quantitative analysis of binding site distribution in receptor autoradiography.

PMID- 2879078
TI  - [Further development of the fibula-pro-tibia method in the treatment of tibial
      fractures and pseudarthrosis].

PMID- 2879077
TI  - Rapid method for micro-analysis of endogenous amino acid neurotransmitters in
      brain perfusates in the rat by isocratic HPLC-EC.
AB  - A simplified method is described for the isocratic analysis of endogenous amino
      acid neurotransmitters contained in brain perfusates by high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (EC). Pre-column o
      phthalaldehyde (OPA) tert-butylthiol derivatives of the amino acids were injected
      into a C18 3 microns column. After linear concentration curves for standard
      solutions were obtained, the content of 6 amino acid neurotransmitters was
      analyzed in push-pull perfusates obtained from the hypothalamus and cerebral
      cortex of the unrestrained rat. Each analysis which included the simultaneous
      quantification of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, taurine and
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was completed in less than 15 min. The
      sensitivity of the assay ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 pmol of each amino acid contained
      within a 20 microliters aliquot of each perfusion sample.

PMID- 2879079
TI  - [Experience with the treatment of fractures combined with vascular injuries].

PMID- 2879080
TI  - [Surgical management of mandibular fractures using metal plates].

PMID- 2879081
TI  - [Experience with the surgical management of os tibiale externum].

PMID- 2879082
TI  - [Reconstruction of flexor tendon injuries of unfavorable prognosis by
      transplantation of an autologous tendon-tendon sheath unit in the "no-man's land"
      of the hand].

PMID- 2879083
TI  - [Traffic injuries of pedestrians].

PMID- 2879084
TI  - [Vertebral osteomyelitis following gluteal abscess].

PMID- 2879086
TI  - [Primary multiple osteogenic sarcoma].

PMID- 2879085
TI  - [Benign bone tumor of rare localization causing a circulatory disorder in the
      lower extremity].

PMID- 2879087
TI  - [Fat necrosis, caused by seat belt injury, simulating breast cancer in a poly
      traumatized patient].

PMID- 2879088
TI  - [The first cases of femoral neck nailing in Hungary. In memoriam Laszlo
      Monszpart].

PMID- 2879089
TI  - [Unrecognized primary subcutaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon].

PMID- 2879091
TI  - The frequency of epilepsy preceding stroke. Case-control study in 230 patients.
AB  - In a case-control study, evidence of previous epilepsy was sought in 230
      consecutive patients under the age of 70 admitted to hospital with acute stroke.
      8 (4.5%) of the 176 patients having their first stroke were epileptic, compared
      with 1 (0.6%) of the matched controls. 6 of the 8 epileptics started their
      seizures after the age of 30 years. 5 (9.3%) of the 54 patients who had had a
      previous stroke were epileptic, compared with none of the control patients. The
      findings support the idea that otherwise clinically undetectable cerebrovascular
      disease may present with seizures and that these can be a warning sign for a
      future stroke.

PMID- 2879090
TI  - Laboratory testing on cerebrospinal fluid. A reappraisal.
AB  - 555 consecutive cases in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was sent for cell count
      were reviewed to determine which cerebrospinal-fluid tests affect diagnosis or
      therapy. Among 334 cases (60%) with a normal opening pressure, cell count, and
      protein, 1385 additional tests were done, but such tests were useful in only 3
      patients (0.9%) with multiple sclerosis. Among 148 consecutive cases of
      bacterial, chronic infectious, and malignant meningitis the opening pressure,
      cell count, or protein was abnormal in all but 3 (2 childhood bacterial
      meningitis and 1 cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome). If the opening pressure, cell count, and protein are
      normal, no additional CSF tests are needed in most instances; however, in
      immunocompromised patients and in those with possible multiple sclerosis or
      childhood bacterial meningitis additional tests may be indicated.

PMID- 2879092
TI  - Effect of radiotherapy on symptoms due to heterotopic marrow in beta
      thalassaemia.
AB  - 8 thalassaemic patients with complications due to pressure by heterotopic marrow
      on the spinal cord, the vertebral column, or the airways were given radiotherapy.
      Small doses of radiotherapy (10 to 26 Gy) relieved symptoms in all of them. 3 of
      the patients were followed-up radiographically. In 2 the mass of heterotopic
      marrow regressed completely and in the other partially.

PMID- 2879093
TI  - Enhancement of in-vitro human interleukin-1 production by sodium acetate.
AB  - Human blood monocytes were incubated in vitro in the presence of various
      concentrations of sodium acetate or sodium chloride or with medium alone.
      Intracellular and extracellular levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) were measured. The
      production of intracellular IL-1 and the release of extracellular IL-1 were
      higher in the presence of acetate than in the presence of chloride or in medium
      alone. The concentrations of acetate used were comparable to those encountered by
      blood monocytes on the surface of haemodialysis membranes. Since complications of
      peritoneal dialysis, such as loss of ultrafiltration and progressive fibrosis of
      the peritoneum, have been associated with the use of sodium acetate as the
      exchange-fluid buffer, these results suggest that the widespread use of sodium
      acetate as a buffer during haemodialysis may be contraindicated.

PMID- 2879094
TI  - Change and progress in uveitis.

PMID- 2879095
TI  - Man, dogs, and hydatid disease.

PMID- 2879096
TI  - Unexplained stillbirth.

PMID- 2879097
TI  - What has happened to carbohydrate intolerance following gastroenteritis?

PMID- 2879098
TI  - Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in premature infants.

PMID- 2879099
TI  - Sacral root stimulation for bladder control.

PMID- 2879100
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of health professionals in relation to AIDS.

PMID- 2879101
TI  - Very-low-dose hepatitis B vaccine in newborn infants: an economic option for
      control in endemic areas.
AB  - Three 1 microgram or 2 micrograms doses of Merck, Sharp and Dohme plasma vaccine
      were given to 119 infants of mothers negative for antibody to hepatitis B surface
      antigen (anti-HBs). Anti-HBs antibodies developed in 25/29 (86%) infants given 1
      microgram and in 86/90 (96%) given 2 micrograms doses. Levels of anti-HBs
      achieved by three 2 micrograms doses were similar to those that have been
      reported for conventional 10 micrograms doses. Similar levels were recorded from
      infants of anti-HBs-positive mothers, which suggests that maternal antibody does
      not interfere with the infant's immune response to low doses of vaccine. Three 2
      micrograms doses of vaccine in infancy produce satisfactory immunogenicity and
      make possible economic control of hepatitis B in endemic areas.

PMID- 2879102
TI  - Basic information that prescribers are not getting about drugs.

PMID- 2879103
TI  - Oral rehydration solution--too little or too much?

PMID- 2879104
TI  - Eligibility for thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In a district general hospital's coronary care unit (CCU) 197 patients with chest
      pain were admitted over a 6-month period and in 131 an acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) was confirmed. 67 (51%) were eligible for thrombolytic therapy,
      on criteria laid down for a trial of streptokinase. Criteria for thrombolysis
      were not fulfilled in 41 (31%) and 12 patients (9%) had contraindications. These
      results suggest that around half of all patients with AMI and about one-third of
      patients presenting with chest pain and admitted to a CCU would be suitable for
      thrombolytic therapy. These data do not support the view that such therapy may be
      applicable to only a small minority of patients with AMI.

PMID- 2879105
TI  - Clinical significance of tamoxifen withdrawal response.

PMID- 2879106
TI  - Goserelin therapy before surgery for uterine fibroids.

PMID- 2879107
TI  - Failure to provide a sample for breath alcohol analysis.

PMID- 2879108
TI  - Passive smoking and birthweight.

PMID- 2879109
TI  - Free radicals, lipid peroxidation, and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2879110
TI  - Parkinson's disease and pesticides.

PMID- 2879111
TI  - MPTP, selegiline, and parkinsonism.

PMID- 2879112
TI  - Teicoplanin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci.

PMID- 2879113
TI  - Recombination between Duchenne muscular dystrophy and DNA marker DXS164 (pERT87)

PMID- 2879114
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of eight commercial and one recombinant anti-HIV
      ELISA tests.

PMID- 2879115
TI  - Inhibition of HIV-induced cytopathogenicity in vitro by 3'-azido-2',3'
      dideoxyguanosine.

PMID- 2879116
TI  - Assessment of airflow obstruction.

PMID- 2879117
TI  - Diuretic abuse and idiopathic oedema.

PMID- 2879118
TI  - Peritonitis caused by slime-producing coagulase negative staphylococci in
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2879119
TI  - Vomiting and the migrating motor complex.

PMID- 2879120
TI  - Sleep after transmeridian flights.

PMID- 2879121
TI  - Leukaemic relapse after Campath 1-treated bone-marrow transplantation for
      leukaemia.

PMID- 2879122
TI  - 99mTc-HMPAO for labelling leucocytes in infection.

PMID- 2879123
TI  - Legal interference and clinical freedom.

PMID- 2879124
TI  - Patients reading their notes.

PMID- 2879125
TI  - Patients' rights and the Mental Health Act.

PMID- 2879126
TI  - Parents in the anaesthetic room.

PMID- 2879128
TI  - Urinary incontinence in elderly patients.

PMID- 2879127
TI  - Potential side-effects of erythropoietin.

PMID- 2879129
TI  - Brain death and cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2879130
TI  - Cerebral deficit after elective cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2879131
TI  - Cisapride in postoperative gastroparesis.

PMID- 2879132
TI  - Fatal liver failure in children on valproate.

PMID- 2879133
TI  - Akathisia and antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2879134
TI  - Valproate-induced inhibition of urea synthesis.

PMID- 2879135
TI  - Perinatal infection with cryptosporidium and failure to thrive.

PMID- 2879136
TI  - When should at-risk infants be boosted with hepatitis B vaccine?

PMID- 2879137
TI  - Can Doppler ultrasound predict outcome of post-asphyxial encephalopathy?

PMID- 2879139
TI  - GIFT in a district hospital.

PMID- 2879138
TI  - Treatment of growth-hormone deficiency with growth-hormone-releasing hormone.
AB  - 18 prepubertal growth-hormone (GH)-deficient children were treated with twice
      daily subcutaneous injections of a growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogue,
      GHRH (1-29) NH2. In 12 of the children the height velocity rose on GHRH
      treatment, and 8 were judged to have shown a worthwhile response to therapy in
      that their height velocities during the first 6 months of treatment increased by
      greater than 2 cm/yr (range 2.7-11.2 cm/yr). These 8 children have now been
      treated for 6 to 18 months and their increase in height velocity has been
      maintained. In the 14 patients who had previously received human GH (hGH) height
      velocity on hGH correlated with that on GHRH. 4 of these patients showed growth
      deceleration with GHRH, for unknown reasons. A pretreatment peak serum GH
      response of above 30 mU/l during an intravenous GHRH test was predictive of a
      good growth response to GHRH but a lower peak did not preclude a growth response.
      There was no consistent evidence of a priming or desensitisation effect of
      therapy on the GH responses to GHRH. Although anti-GHRH antibodies developed in
      14 patients, these did not seem to have adverse effects on either growth or the
      GH responses to GHRH. GHRH (1-29) NH2 therapy is an alternative to conventional
      hGH in the treatment of some GH-deficient children. Ideal dose regimens need to
      be established.

PMID- 2879140
TI  - Human parvovirus and rubella cross-reactions in specific IgM tests.

PMID- 2879141
TI  - Obstetric hysterectomy.

PMID- 2879142
TI  - Identification of cryptosporidium oocysts by monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2879144
TI  - Intrauterine insemination.

PMID- 2879143
TI  - Pericardial friction rubs in hepatorenal failure.

PMID- 2879146
TI  - Research on human embryos.

PMID- 2879145
TI  - Misuse of mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis in Zimbabwe.

PMID- 2879147
TI  - Antibody titres to a rough-mutant strain of Escherichia coli in patients
      undergoing allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. Evidence of a protective
      effect against graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - Much clinical and experimental evidence suggests that infection and graft-versus
      host disease (GvHD) are commonly associated as complications of bone-marrow
      transplantation (BMT). A likely basis for this association is the gram-negative
      faecal flora,the origin of many septicaemias and a source of bacterial endotoxin,
      which has potent immunostimulatory effects. A rough-mutant strain, Escherichia
      coli J5, has only core determinants in its endotoxin,and antibodies to E coli J5
      protect animals and human beings from the consequences of septic shock. Naturally
      occurring antibodies to E coli J5 ("anti-endotoxin") were assayed in serum from
      patients undergoing BMT, healthy controls, and patients with obstructive
      jaundice. BMT recipients had significantly lower titres than the other two
      groups. Furthermore, the titre of IgM class anti-J5 antibody was significantly
      associated with protection from GvHD.

PMID- 2879148
TI  - New focus of Chagas' disease in Mexico.

PMID- 2879149
TI  - Yellow fever and the traveller.

PMID- 2879150
TI  - Chloroquine for donated blood?

PMID- 2879151
TI  - Analgesics, agranulocytosis, and aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2879152
TI  - Brain damage after high-altitude climbs without oxygen.

PMID- 2879153
TI  - Digoxin-like immunoreactive factor and premature labour.

PMID- 2879155
TI  - Plasma exchange for cerebral lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2879154
TI  - Hepatic bile nucleation and gallstone disease.

PMID- 2879156
TI  - An investigation by the ABPI (Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry)

PMID- 2879157
TI  - Confidentiality and pre-employment health screening.

PMID- 2879158
TI  - Medicine in southern Sudan.

PMID- 2879160
TI  - Sleep deprivation, dieting, and depression markers.

PMID- 2879159
TI  - Percutaneous laser angioplasty with sapphire tip.

PMID- 2879161
TI  - Mother-to-child transmission in HTLV-I associated myelopathy.

PMID- 2879162
TI  - Non-endoscopic relief of oesophageal obstruction.

PMID- 2879163
TI  - Computerised tomographic scanning and staging of gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 2879164
TI  - Epidural clonidine.

PMID- 2879165
TI  - Abnormalities in children exposed to benzodiazepines in utero.

PMID- 2879166
TI  - Serum neuron-specific enolase may be raised in children with Wilms' tumour.

PMID- 2879167
TI  - Overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis in healthy adults years after splenectomy.

PMID- 2879168
TI  - Ocular cowpox.

PMID- 2879169
TI  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer in a non-IVF unit.

PMID- 2879170
TI  - Disappointing results with direct intraperitoneal insemination.

PMID- 2879171
TI  - Hair root DNA: a source of constitutional DNA in leukaemia.

PMID- 2879172
TI  - Roussel convicted of misleading promotion.

PMID- 2879173
TI  - Survival and renal function in untreated hypercalcaemia. Population-based cohort
      study with 14 years of follow-up.
AB  - 172 persons with mild to moderate hypercalcaemia were followed up for 14 years.
      Life-table analyses showed that, among persons aged 70 years or less at the time
      of detection of the hypercalcaemia, survival was lower in the hypercalcaemic
      group than in a normocalcaemic age and sex matched control group. No such
      difference was found among older persons. The lower survival was related to
      degree of hypercalcaemia, and this held true when systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure, serum glucose, serum uric acid, and serum cholesterol were taken into
      account in a multivariate analysis. The lower survival seemed to be due mainly to
      deaths from diseases of the circulatory organs. No person with normal renal
      function at the beginning of the study period had a more than marginally raised
      serum creatinine at follow-up.

PMID- 2879174
TI  - Randomised trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery:
      effects on the stress response.
AB  - In a randomised controlled trial, preterm babies undergoing ligation of a patent
      ductus arteriosus were given nitrous oxide and d-tubocurarine, with (n = 8) or
      without (n = 8) the addition of fentanyl (10 micrograms/kg intravenously) to the
      anaesthetic regimen. Major hormonal responses to surgery, as indicated by changes
      in plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucagon, aldosterone, corticosterone, 11
      deoxycorticosterone, and 11-deoxycortisol levels, in the insulin/glucagon, molar
      ratio, and in blood glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations were
      significantly greater in the non-fentanyl than in the fentanyl group. The urinary
      3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratios were significantly greater in the non
      fentanyl group on the second and third postoperative days. Compared with the
      fentanyl group, the non-fentanyl group had circulatory and metabolic
      complications postoperatively. The findings indicate that preterm babies mount a
      substantial stress response to surgery under anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and
      curare and that prevention of this response by fentanyl anaesthesia may be
      associated with an improved postoperative outcome.

PMID- 2879175
TI  - Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Correlation with direct
      estimation and changes after mannitol and dexamethasone.
AB  - Brain water content was measured in tissue samples taken at operation from 19
      patients with intrinsic cerebral tumours imaged preoperatively by magnetic
      resonance. A high correlation (r = 0.94, p less than 0.0001) between white matter
      water content and the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) enabled water content to
      be estimated from T1 to within 4%. 11 patients received dexamethasone and
      improved clinically but their T1, and thus brain water content, was unchanged an
      average of 6 days later. Intravenous infusion of 20% mannitol in 11 patients
      significantly reduced T1 in oedematous white matter and tumour within 15 min of
      administration, and by 30 min the T1 of oedematous white matter had fallen to a
      mean of 32.4 (SEM 7.1) ms, corresponding to a reduction in water content of 1.4
      (0.3)%.

PMID- 2879176
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis and reactive arthritis: the missing link.
AB  - Reactive inflammatory arthritis is a common sequel to sexually acquired non
      gonococcal genital-tract infection. Approximately 50% of cases are associated
      with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the genital tract, although conventional
      cultures of joint material are sterile. Synovium, synovial-fluid cells, or both,
      from eight patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA) and eight
      with knee effusions associated with other rheumatic diseases were examined by
      means of a fluorescein-labelled monoclonal antibody to C trachomatis ('Micro
      Trak'; Syva). Typical chlamydial elementary bodies were seen in joint material
      from five patients with SARA but in none of the controls. An inclusion-like
      cluster of elementary bodies was seen in one synovial biopsy sample. All five
      patients had high titres of serum chlamydial antibody. It is likely that the
      synovitis of SARA results directly from the presence of chlamydial elementary
      bodies in the joint.

PMID- 2879177
TI  - Common carotid ligation for intracranial aneurysm.

PMID- 2879178
TI  - Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence.

PMID- 2879179
TI  - Transdermal antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 2879180
TI  - Management of diffuse oesophageal spasm.

PMID- 2879181
TI  - Beyond the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2879182
TI  - Research on medical ethics.

PMID- 2879183
TI  - Is bone-marrow sampling necessary in patients with small-cell lung cancer?

PMID- 2879184
TI  - Mortality of doctors: do doctors benefit from their medical knowledge?
AB  - Official population and mortality statistics show that overall mortality of male
      doctors in Finland in 1971-80 was lower than that of all economically active men.
      Doctors had lower death rates from cardiovascular disease, tumours, other
      diseases, causes of death amenable to medical interventions, and accidents and
      violence, but not suicide. Except for tumours, mortality of male doctors was at
      the same level or higher than that of men in other professions. Risk of suicide
      was twice as high for male doctors as for other professions. The numbers of women
      doctors were too small for firm conclusions about their mortality to be drawn. It
      is concluded either that doctors do not use their professional knowledge and
      skills in a way that reduces their own mortality risk or that they are exposed to
      occupational hazards that cancel out such an effect. Possible hazards are more
      likely to be mental than physical or chemical.

PMID- 2879185
TI  - Measures of nutritional status. Survey of young children in north-east Brazil.
AB  - In 738 children aged under 5 from three communities in north-east Brazil,
      nutritional status was assessed by four means-weight for age, height for age,
      weight for height, and middle upper arm circumference (MUAC). As judged by weight
      for age, 43% of children were adequately nourished and only 2% were severely
      malnourished. Stunting (less than 85% height for age) was seen in 8% and wasting
      (less than 70% weight for height) in 1%. There was poor agreement between MUAC (a
      measure of wasting) and weight for height when the conventional cut-off points
      for MUAC were applied. Although agreement improved with new MUAC cut-off points
      the probability of correct diagnosis of wasting (sensitivity) remained low.
      Although height for age and weight for height were the most useful measures of
      nutritional status, MUAC may be the best available in famine victims and
      refugees.

PMID- 2879186
TI  - Is 24 h ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring useful in a district general
      hospital?
AB  - 53 of 61 patients successfully completed 24 h ambulatory monitoring of
      oesophageal pH. The indications were: symptoms suggestive of gastro-oesophageal
      reflux but with normal endoscopy (19 cases); atypical chest pain with normal
      endoscopy (21 cases); or respiratory symptoms possibly due to reflux (13 cases).
      A temporal association between abnormal reflux and the presenting symptoms was
      demonstrated in 25 patients (47%). 6 patients were shown to have respiratory
      symptoms after episodes of reflux which resolved on treatment of the reflux
      alone. Reflux occurring only in the erect posture was observed in some patients
      and may have been a manifestation of the irritable bowel syndrome. Reflux as a
      cause of symptoms was excluded in 14 patients. The procedure was well tolerated
      in most patients, simple to operate, and inexpensive.

PMID- 2879187
TI  - How reliable are commercial allergy tests?
AB  - The ability to diagnose allergic disease was studied in 9 fish-allergic and 9
      control subjects, who provided specimens of blood and hair for testing. All fish
      allergic subjects had previously been shown at Guy's Hospital to have a positive
      skin prick test to fish. The specimens were submitted as coded, duplicate samples
      to five laboratories which all offer a commercial service in carrying out
      diagnostic tests for allergy. All five laboratories were not only unable to
      diagnose fish allergy but also reported many allergies in apparently non-allergic
      subjects and provided inconsistent results on duplicate samples from the same
      subject.

PMID- 2879188
TI  - Is there a carrier state in pertussis?

PMID- 2879189
TI  - One-stage replacement of pacemaker generators.

PMID- 2879190
TI  - Citrate and salivary drug measurement.

PMID- 2879191
TI  - Treatment of malignant endocrine pancreatic tumours with human leucocyte
      interferon.

PMID- 2879192
TI  - Bovine reservoir for verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7.

PMID- 2879193
TI  - Significance of group B streptococci (Strep agalactiae) in children's urinary
      tract infection.

PMID- 2879194
TI  - Broad-complex tachycardia after intravenous cimetidine.

PMID- 2879195
TI  - [Radiation hazards].

PMID- 2879196
TI  - [Computerized tomography in pneumologic evaluation].

PMID- 2879197
TI  - [Assessment of prognosis in pulmonary sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2879198
TI  - [Insurability of hemophilia patients].

PMID- 2879199
TI  - [Therapeutic successes and prognostic criteria in acute leukemia].

PMID- 2879200
TI  - [Prognosis of disease conditions in intensive care in internal medicine].

PMID- 2879201
TI  - [A new cement-free hip endoprosthesis which can be fitted to the pertrochanteric
      bone marrow space].

PMID- 2879202
TI  - In vitro receptor specificity of the 5HT1A selective phenylpiperazine, LY165163.
AB  - LY165163, a ligand reported to be selective for the 5HT1A subtype of serotonin
      receptor, was examined for its ability to interact with 5HT2 receptors in the rat
      jugular vein and alpha-receptors in the rat aorta. In these smooth muscle
      preparations, no agonist activity of LY165163 occurred in concentrations up to
      10(-5) M. However, LY165163 was an antagonist of serotonin-induced contractions
      in the jugular vein and of norepinephrine-induced contractions in the rat aorta.
      The dissociation constant calculated for LY165163 at 5HT2 receptors in the rat
      jugular vein was 10(-8) M and at alpha-receptors in the rat aorta was 2 X 10(-7)
      M. Thus, LY165163 is a relatively potent antagonist at vascular 5HT2 sites and
      possesses appreciable affinity at alpha-receptors. Based on these data, the
      multiple receptor interactions of LY165163 must be taken into consideration when
      utilizing this agent as a probe for the 5HT1A subtype of serotonin receptor.

PMID- 2879203
TI  - 2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7) produces discriminative stimuli and
      anticonflict effects similar to diazepam.
AB  - The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, AP7, was evaluated in two
      animal test procedures known to be sensitive to the effects of diazepam. In rats
      trained to discriminate diazepam from vehicle, AP7 produced dose-dependent
      generalization to the diazepam interoceptive stimuli. This NMDA antagonist also
      increased the rates of conflict responding in a chronic test procedure used to
      identify compounds with potential anxiolytic effects. A comparison of AP7 with
      diazepam and two muscle relaxants (methocarbamol and baclofen) showed that
      excitatory amino acid antagonists (of the receptor site stimulated by NMDA)
      produce a muscle relaxant effect (drug discrimination) and may represent a new
      class of compounds for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders (conflict
      test).

PMID- 2879204
TI  - In vivo potencies of antipsychotic drugs in blocking alpha 1 noradrenergic and
      dopamine D2 receptors: implications for drug mechanisms of action.
AB  - In addition to being dopamine antagonists, all antipsychotic drugs are potent
      antagonists of alpha-1 noradrenergic receptors. Nevertheless, the contribution of
      alpha blockade to the clinical therapeutic effects of the antipsychotic drugs has
      never attracted extensive study. In particular, the relative alpha-1
      noradrenergic antagonist potency of antipsychotic drugs has rarely been
      determined in vivo during extended treatment, although such treatment would
      provide a better model of clinical drug effects than the determination of
      potencies in in vitro systems, such as assays of competition for binding sites in
      tissue homogenates, as is most often done. To estimate the physiological efficacy
      of antipsychotic drugs as dopamine and alpha adrenergic antagonists, we treated
      rats for four weeks with daily IP injections of the following antipsychotic
      drugs: Fluphenazine, 1 mg/kg; haloperidol, 1 mg/kg; chlorpromazine, 25 mg/kg;
      thioridazine, 25 mg/kg; and clozapine, 25 mg/kg. Effective antagonism should lead
      to an increase in density of the relevant receptors. After two drug-free days,
      rats were sacrificed and the affinity and density of dopamine D2 and alpha-1
      noradrenergic receptors were determined in striatum and brain exclusive of
      striatum, respectively. Alpha 1 noradrenergic receptor density but not dopamine
      receptor density was increased after all treatments. Thus, preliminary
      experiments with this in vivo model suggest that all antipsychotic drugs are
      effective antagonists at alpha 1 noradrenergic receptors, while not all are
      effective antagonists at dopamine D2 receptors.

PMID- 2879205
TI  - The brain is protected from nutrient excess.
AB  - Except for L-DOPA, treatment of patients with large doses of neurotransmitter
      precursors has not provided acceptable therapy for neurologic or psychiatric
      disorders. Indeed, neurophysiological effects generally have not followed changes
      in brain concentrations of the precursors or their products. A major reason for
      this ineffectiveness of precursor-loading may involve the very high metabolic
      activity of cerebrovascular endothelial cells, which can metabolize the precursor
      or its products before these reach the brain parenchyma. It is also noteworthy
      that studies purporting to examine the transport of precursors across the "blood
      brain barrier" actually may not measure transport as such but rather the
      disappearance of precursor from the blood. The metabolic effects of the
      endothelial cell barrier itself would have greatly influence such studies and,
      heretofore, have been ignored. Thus, transport indices calculated from such
      experiments may need re-evaluation. Even when nutrients (precursors) are present
      in the blood in such excess that they do traverse the endothelial "blood-brain
      barrier" and enter the brain's interstitial space, other mechanisms (e.g.,
      intraneuronal degradation) likely prevent these substances from exerting
      neurophysiological effects.

PMID- 2879206
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of oxazepam in the pigeon.
AB  - Five pigeons were trained to discriminate IM injections of oxazepam (4.0 mg/kg)
      from vehicle with responding maintained under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food
      delivery. Under test conditions, responding increased in a dose-dependent manner
      in all pigeons after the administration of other benzodiazepines including
      diazepam (0.01-1.0 mg/kg), temazepam (0.01-3.0 mg/kg), halazepam (0.1-56.0
      mg/kg), and midazolam (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) as well as the barbiturate pentobarbital
      (2.0-8.0 mg/kg) and the non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic CL 218,872 (1.0-8.0 mg/kg).
      At the higher doses of each of these compounds, over 80% of responding occurred
      on the oxazepam-appropriate key. Cocaine (0.5-4.0 mg/kg), bupropion (3.0-56.0
      mg/kg) and nortriptyline (3.0-56.0 mg/kg) failed to substitute for oxazepam even
      at doses that decreased rates of responding. The discriminative stimulus (DS)
      effects of the lowest doses of oxazepam and CL 218,872 that produced 100% drug
      appropriate responding were blocked by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788.
      This antagonism was reversed by increasing the dose of the agonists. The DS
      effects of diazepam were antagonized partially by Ro 15-1788 (3 of 5 pigeons),
      and the antagonism was reversed by higher doses of diazepam in two of these
      pigeons. The DS effects of pentobarbital were antagonized by Ro 15-1788 in 2 of 5
      pigeons, but the blockade was not reversed by higher pentobarbital doses.

PMID- 2879207
TI  - Effect of clofibric acid on the molecular species composition of diacyl
      glycerophosphocholine of rat liver microsomes.
AB  - The effect of administering p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric (clofibric) acid to rats on
      the molecular species composition of diacyl-glycerophosphocholine (GPC) of rat
      liver microsomes was studied. Microsomal choline glycerophospholipids were
      converted to 1,2-diradyl-3-acetylglycerol and were separated into molecular
      species by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Diacyl-GPC
      consisted of 17 different molecular species. The predominant species were
      arachidonoyl derivatives, such as 18:0-20:4 (22.2% of the total) and 16:0-20:4
      (22.0%). Administration of clofibric acid to rats caused a marked increase in
      16:0-18:1 species of diacyl-GPC from 8% to 30%, making these the predominant
      species of diacyl-GPC in clofibric acid-fed rats. Also, a significant decrease
      (50% of controls) in 18:0-18:2 and 18:0-20:4 species was observed, whereas the
      decrease in molecular species containing 16:0 at the 1-position such as 16:0-18:2
      and 16:0-20:4 was small (approximately 85% of control). The results show that
      clofibric acid caused marked changes in the molecular species composition of
      diacyl-GPC. The participation of 1-acyl-GPC acyltransferase and stearoyl-CoA
      desaturase in the regulation of the molecular species composition of diacyl-GPC
      is discussed.

PMID- 2879208
TI  - Effects of dietary linolenate on the fatty acid composition of brain lipids in
      rats.
AB  - Weanling male rats were fed hydrogenated coconut oil to induce essential fatty
      acid (EFA) deficiency. After 15 weeks, the rats were divided into six groups.
      Five groups were fed graded amounts of purified linolenate (18:3 omega 3) with a
      constant amount of linoleate (18:2 omega 6) for six weeks. Fatty acid composition
      was determined in brain lipids. Increasing dietary 18:3 omega 3 resulted in a
      decrease in arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6), docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 omega 6)
      and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 omega 6), whereas 18:2 omega 6 and eicosatrienoic
      acid (20:3 omega 6) were increased both in total lipids and phospholipids. These
      results suggest that dietary 18:3 omega 3 exerts its inhibitory effect mainly on
      the desaturation of 20:3 omega 6 to 20:4 omega 6 in brain lipids. Linolenate was
      undetectable in brain lipids from any dietary treatments. The levels of
      eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) in groups receiving dietary 18:3 omega 3
      were not different from that of the group receiving no 18:3 omega 3. These
      results indicate that, in the brain, 18:3 omega 3 is rapidly converted mainly to
      22:6 omega 3 without being accumulated and imply that dietary 18:3 omega 3 can
      modulate the level of precursor of diene prostaglandins (PG) but not that of
      triene PG in the rat brain.

PMID- 2879209
TI  - The influence of progressive hyperinsulinemia on duodenal calcium absorption in
      the rat.
AB  - Using an in situ loop technique, we studied the influence of moderate
      hyperinsulinemia on the bidirectional fluxes [lumen-to-plasma (LP), plasma-to
      lumen (PL)] and on the net absorption of calcium (Ca) in the duodenum of the rat.
      Under hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp conditions, three different steady-state
      plasma insulin levels (66 +/- 16, 187 +/- 13, 263 +/- 24 microU/mL) were
      maintained by intravenous (IV) infusion of either 20, 40, or 60 mU/h of insulin.
      LP flux and net Ca absorption (CaA) increased significantly under all, while the
      PL flux was not changed by any of the three insulin doses. Under 40 and 60 mU/h
      of IV insulin, the individual plasma insulin levels and LP fluxes were positively
      and significantly correlated, suggesting a dose-dependent action of insulin on
      duodenal CaA. No significant changes were seen in plasma somatostatinlike
      immunoreactivity (SLI), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and serum Ca, while serum
      inorganic phosphate (Pi) and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D levels fell with increasing
      doses of IV insulin. It is concluded for the rat that physiologic degrees of
      hyperinsulinemia enhance duodenal CaA by an as yet unknown mechanism, this action
      seems to be independent of PTH and, the role of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in this
      context is poorly understood.

PMID- 2879210
TI  - Changes in plasma growth hormone in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects during the
      glucose clamp.
AB  - A group of 22 newly diagnosed noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects and seven
      nondiabetic subjects underwent a glucose clamp at plasma glucose 100 mg/dL with
      insulin infusion rates of 1.0 and 10 mU/kg/min. During both insulin infusion
      rates, there was a sustained rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) above basal in 18
      of the 22 diabetic subjects. Basal GH values were 2.37 +/- 0.67 ng/mL, rising
      above basal during the lower insulin infusion (6.1 +/- 3.3 ng/mL, P = 0.05) with
      a further rise at the higher insulin level (8.58 +/- 2.0 ng/mL, P less than
      0.001). There was no rise in GH in any of the nondiabetic subjects. In neither
      group was there any rise above basal in cortisol, prolactin, glucagon, or
      somatostatin (SRIH). In a group of three nondiabetic subjects, a rise in GH
      similar to that seen in the diabetic group was induced by elevating the plasma
      glucose to 200 mg/dL for 60 minutes prior to the euglycemic clamp procedure.
      However, it is unlikely that changes in plasma glucose account totally for the
      changes in plasma GH described in the diabetic subjects since a rise in plasma GH
      was also seen in four diabetic subjects clamped at their fasting plasma glucose.
      We conclude that in newly diagnosed noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects there
      is a rise in plasma GH during the euglycemic clamp procedure, which may be due to
      both the prior lowering of plasma glucose and the high plasma insulin levels.

PMID- 2879211
TI  - Reverse tri-iodothyronine as part of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors.
AB  - Thyroid hormones affect alpha and beta adrenergic receptor number profoundly.
      Presynaptic and post synaptic alpha 2 adrenergic receptor number is decreased in
      hypothyroidism. Behavioural studies show decreased presynaptic alpha 2 adrenergic
      function in hypothyroidism and increased function in hyperthyroidism. Reverse tri
      iodothyronine (rT3) levels are also low in hypothyroidism and levels are high in
      hyperthyroidism induced by T4 administration. The present author has proposed
      that rT3 is incorporated into the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor where it provides
      the aromatic binding site. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) administration does not raise
      alpha 2 adrenergic receptor numbers above normal control values. This is
      consistent with the author's hypothesis as T3 cannot be converted to rT3. This
      paper describes how rT3 could provide the aromatic binding site for drugs that
      act on alpha 2 adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2879212
TI  - The vitamin C treatment of allergy and the normally unprimed state of antibodies.
AB  - I previously described that bowel tolerance (the amount that almost causes
      diarrhea) to oral ascorbic acid, increases in a person somewhat proportionally to
      the "toxicity" of his disease. Ascorbic acid ameliorates symptoms and sometimes
      cures certain diseases at high threshold levels near bowel tolerance. High
      concentrations of ascorbate cause the redox potential of the redox couple
      (ascorbate/dehydroascorbate, AA/DHA) to become reducing in diseased tissues.
      Allergic and sensitivity reactions are frequently ameliorated and sometimes
      completely blocked by massive doses of ascorbate. I now hypothesize that one
      mechanism in blocking of allergic symptoms is the reducing of the disulfide bonds
      between the chains in antibody molecules making their bonding antigen impossible.
      I further hypothesize that antibodies seek to match antigens only in areas where
      stray free radicals or a relatively oxidizing redox potential exists. The redox
      state of normal, healthy tissue does not allow for the bonding of antibodies to
      antigen. When antioxidant, free radical scavenging systems are overwhelmed,
      inflammatory, hypersensitivity, and "autoimmune" conditions may result.

PMID- 2879213
TI  - Further understanding of, and a new treatment for, "Irukandji" (Carukia barnesi)
      stings.
AB  - A brief analysis is presented of the large recorded numbers of swimmers who have
      been stung by the "Irukandji" (Carukia barnesi) jellyfish during the 1985-1986
      summer season in north Queensland, and the results are discussed. Many of the
      victims may suffer from symptoms of overstimulation of the sympathetic system,
      and hypertension is shown to be another complication of this syndrome. This
      hypertension seems to respond well to intravenously-administered phentolamine, an
      alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking drug. Phentolamine also reduces the excessive
      shaking and sweating that appears to be part of the "Irukandji syndrome".
      Diazepam relieves the anxiety which is part of the syndrome, but antihistamine
      agents and hydrocortisone seem to have no beneficial effect.

PMID- 2879214
TI  - Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence.

PMID- 2879216
TI  - [Neurohormonal relations between brain and gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2879215
TI  - Medical reality and political deceptions.

PMID- 2879218
TI  - [Dentomaxillofacial traumatology in the game of squash].

PMID- 2879217
TI  - [Frequently used beta-blockers and circulating thyroid hormones].

PMID- 2879219
TI  - [Role of blood flow in acute gastric lesion after hepatectomy and effect of
      prostaglandin I2 and H2-receptor antagonist].
AB  - In order to investigate the cause of gastric mucosal lesion following
      hepatectomy, changes of gastric, pancreatic and femoral arterial blood flow were
      measured in 70% hepatectomized rabbits. Following administration of 0.5
      microgram/kg of GRP, gastric blood flow increased to 120% of the basal level in
      the controls, but reached to only 107% of the basal level in the hepatectomized
      rabbits. Following hemorrhage of 10% of the total blood volume seven days after
      hepatectomy, blood flow decreased to 55% of the basal level in the stomach, 57%
      in the pancreas and 76% in the femoral artery. Although pancreatic blood flow
      recovered to 81% of the basal level, gastric blood flow remained low, 59% of the
      basal level, suggesting poor recovery of gastric blood flow as compared to
      pancreatic blood flow. Administration of PGI2 and ranitidine in hepatectomized
      rabbits with hemorrhage conferred a considerable degree of recovery of gastric
      blood flow in the PGI2 group (from 56% to 80%) and in the ranitidine group (from
      52% to 72%). Thus, disturbance of reaction and poor recovery of gastric blood
      flow following hemorrhage were indicated as important causes of acute gastric
      mucosal lesion associated with hepatectomy. Both PGI2 and ranitidine appeared to
      be effective for the maintenance of gastric blood flow after hepatectomy.

PMID- 2879220
TI  - [Effect of propranolol on intractable ascites following liver resection].
AB  - Hepatic and respiratory failure, common complications following liver resection
      for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially when it is combined with liver
      cirrhosis, can be overcome by careful management of the circulatory and
      respiratory systems. Another common complication is intractable ascites which
      resists conventional therapy, such as, diuretics and protein replacement. Here we
      report a case in which intractable ascites was successfully treated with
      propranolol. The patient, a 48-year-old man who underwent liver resection for HCC
      combined with cirrhosis, started to suffer from ascites about 1 week after
      surgery. Upon administration of propranolol (1 mg/kg/day) with furosemide, his
      body weight decreased 500 g/day, returning to the preoperative value in 2 weeks
      in parallel with the normalization of the PRA. No side effects were observed
      during the medication period. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, is
      thought to suppress renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the
      kidney by blocking its beta-adrenergic receptor, thus suppressing the entire
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. We concluded that propranolol is a
      promising drug for intractable ascites encountered with liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 2879221
TI  - Fine-structure analysis of the processing and polyadenylation region of the
      herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene by using linker scanning,
      internal deletion, and insertion mutations.
AB  - Most eucaryotic mRNAs are polyadenylated. In higher eucaryotes, the sequence
      AATAAA is located 7 to 30 base pairs (bp) upstream from the site of processing
      and polyadenylation and is a critical part of the signal for processing and
      polyadenylation. Efficient cleavage and polyadenylation also require sequences
      downstream of polyadenylation sites. The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine
      kinase (tk) gene contains two copies of the AATAAA hexanucleotide and a GT box
      (18 of 19 consecutive residues are G or T) previously shown to be required for
      efficient processing and polyadenylation of tk mRNA (C. N. Cole and T. P. Stacy,
      Mol. Cell. Biol., 5:2104-2113). To define further the sequence requirements for
      efficient polyadenylation, we prepared linker scanning, internal deletion, and
      small insertion mutations in the polyadenylation region of the tk gene. These
      mutations were analyzed by S1 nuclease protection analysis of cytoplasmic RNA
      isolated from transfected Cos-1 monkey kidney cells. When the proximal AATAAA was
      deleted, no tk mRNA polyadenylated in the normal region was detected, whereas
      replacement of the second AATAAA with an XbaI linker had no effect on
      polyadenylation. When various portions of the GT box were replaced with linker,
      the amount of tk mRNA produced was reduced to 23 to 82% of the normal amount, but
      polyadenylation in the normal region was never abolished. Thus, no single portion
      of the GT box was absolutely required. In some cases, extended transcripts,
      polyadenylated at a cryptic site within pBR322, were detected. A spacing of 6 bp
      between AATAAA and the GT box was too short for efficient processing and
      polyadenylation. A spacing of 30 bp appeared to work almost as efficiently as did
      the wild-type spacing of 18 bp. Taken together, these results indicate that
      efficient polyadenylation requires both AATAAA and downstream GT-rich sequences.
      In addition, processing and polyadenylation are affected both qualitatively and
      quantitatively by sequences at polyadenylation sites and at more distant
      locations.

PMID- 2879222
TI  - Multiple transcripts from the Antennapedia gene of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The structures of four major transcripts from the homeotic gene Antennapedia of
      Drosophila melanogaster were determined. These transcripts constitute two RNA
      classes, each class initiating from a unique promoter but sharing 3' exons.
      Within the shared sequences is a major open reading frame encoding a 378-amino
      acid protein as well as alternative polyadenylation sites. Although the RNA
      classes differ in their 5' sequences, both leaders contain many AUGs upstream of
      the major open reading frame. For the two RNA classes, neither gross tissue nor
      temporal specificity was observed. However, the second poly(A) site is preferred
      in neural tissue. The structural diversity of the RNAs is discussed in relation
      to biological functions of the Antennapedia locus.

PMID- 2879223
TI  - Structure of transcripts from the homeotic Antennapedia gene of Drosophila
      melanogaster: two promoters control the major protein-coding region.
AB  - The Antennapedia (Antp) homeotic gene of Drosophila melanogaster regulates
      segmental identity in the thorax. Loss of Antp function results in altered
      development of the embryonic thoracic segments or can cause legs to be
      transformed into antennae. Certain combinations of Antp recessive lethal alleles
      complement to permit normal development. The structure of the Antp gene, analyzed
      by sequencing cDNA clones and exons and by transcript mapping, revealed some of
      the basis for its genetic complexity. It has two promoters governing two nested
      transcription units, one unit 36 and one 103 kilobase pairs (kb) long. Both units
      incorporated the same protein-coding exons, all of which are located in the 3'
      most 13 kb of the gene. The two promoters resulted in the attachment of either of
      two long noncoding leader sequences (1.5 and 1.7 kb) to a 1.1-kb open reading
      frame. Both transcription units used the same pair of alternative polyadenylation
      sites 1.4 kb apart; the choice of sites was developmentally regulated. Some of
      the mutations that disrupt the larger transcription unit complemented a mutation
      affecting the smaller one. Dominant mutations that transform antennae into legs
      split the gene but left the coding exons intact. The encoded protein has
      unusually long runs of glutamine and a homeodomain near the C terminus.

PMID- 2879224
TI  - Differential amplification and disproportionate expression of five genes in three
      multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster lung cell lines.
AB  - At least five linked genes are amplified in the multidrug-resistant Chinese
      hamster ovary cell line CHRC5, selected with colchicine (A. M. Van der Bliek, T.
      Van der Velde-Koerts, V. Ling, and P. Borst, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1671-1678, 1986).
      We report here that only a subset of these, encoding the 170-kilodalton P
      glycoprotein, are consistently amplified in three different multidrug-resistant
      Chinese hamster lung cell lines, selected with vincristine, daunorubicin, or
      actinomycin D. Within each cell line, genomic sequences homologous to the P
      glycoprotein cDNA probe were amplified to different levels. The pattern of
      differential amplification was consistent with the presence of at least two and
      possibly three P-glycoprotein genes. In the actinomycin D-selected cell line,
      these genes were disproportionately overexpressed relative to the associated
      levels of amplification. These results underline a central role for P
      glycoprotein in multidrug resistance. In the daunorubicin-selected cell line,
      another, as yet uncharacterized, gene was amplified but disproportionately
      underexpressed. Its amplification was therefore fortuitous. We present a
      tentative map of the region in the hamster genome that is amplified in the
      multidrug-resistant cell lines which were analyzed.

PMID- 2879226
TI  - [Carnitine in the treatment of methylmalonic aciduria (MMA)].
AB  - Carnitine metabolism was studied and a therapeutic trial with L-carnitine was
      undertaken in 3 patients with methylmalonic aciduria. Prior to carnitine therapy,
      the concentration of free carnitine was diminished and the contribution of
      acylated carnitine to total carnitine was increased in both plasma and urine.
      During a metabolic crisis, in a patient the intravenous administration of L
      carnitine greatly increased, the urinary excretion of acylcarnitine and the
      plasma concentration of methylmalonic acid fell. In all 3 patients, the chronic
      oral administration of L-carnitine resulted in the normalisation of the plasma
      free carnitine concentrations and an increased urinary excretion of carnitine
      esters. One patient clearly showed clinical improvement under carnitine therapy.
      The administration of L-carnitine to patients with methylmalonic aciduria results
      in an increased elimination of toxic propionyl groups and thus to a regeneration
      of intramitochondrial CoA. In conjunction with appropriate dietary measures, this
      may improve the metabolic situation of these patients.

PMID- 2879227
TI  - Systemic hormones, neurotransmitters and brain development. International
      symposium. Berlin, September 12-14, 1985.

PMID- 2879225
TI  - A novel RNA in which the 5' end is generated by cleavage at the poly(A) site of
      immunoglobulin heavy-chain secreted mRNA.
AB  - We describe processed RNA species generated by cleavage at poly(A) sites in the
      immunoglobulin mu and gamma 2b heavy-chain transcription units. These "amputated
      transcripts" began at the first or "secreted" poly(A) site and ended at the
      second or "membrane" poly(A) site. Although they were polyadenylated and
      apparently spliced, they were largely restricted to the nucleus. Their existence
      confirms that the heavy-chain mRNAs are derived from RNA cleavage at alternative
      poly(A) sites.

PMID- 2879228
TI  - The development of prolactin, growth hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating
      hormone and monoaminergic systems in the rat.

PMID- 2879229
TI  - Hormone-dependent brain development and preventive medicine.

PMID- 2879230
TI  - Environment-dependent changes of neurotransmitter levels in the developing brain
      of rats.

PMID- 2879231
TI  - [Dental soldering. VI. Fitness accuracy of the soldering method with electrical
      tacking].

PMID- 2879232
TI  - [Purification and various properties of pyroglutamyl peptidase from Rothia
      dentocariosa].

PMID- 2879233
TI  - [Physical map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage phi kF77 genome. Localization of
      sites sensitive to restriction endonucleases].
AB  - A physical map of the P. aeruginosa bacteriophage phi kF77 has been constructed
      using the restriction endonucleases SalI, HindIII, EcoRI, EcoRV, MuI, XbaI, ClaI.
      The phi kF77 DNA is resistant to cleavage by the restriction endonucleases BamHI,
      BglII, HpaI, PstI, PvuII, SmaI, XhoI.

PMID- 2879234
TI  - [Characteristics of inheritance of restriction fragment polymorphisms for non
      transcribed spacers of human rRNA genes].
AB  - Inheritance of polymorphous restricts of nontranscribed spacer (NTS) located to
      the right from 3'-end of 28S rRNA gene has been studied in families. Single
      classes of NTS polymorphous fragments are presented in the genome by some tenths
      of copies and are inherited as a simple mendelian characteristic located on
      separate chromosomes.

PMID- 2879235
TI  - Short-term management of nesidioblastosis using the somatostatin analogue SMS 201
      995.

PMID- 2879236
TI  - Long-term treatment of an infant with nesidioblastosis using a somatostatin
      analogue.

PMID- 2879237
TI  - Brain neurotransmitters in dystonia.

PMID- 2879238
TI  - The SA Society of Radiation Therapists. Notes on the 10th National Congress.

PMID- 2879240
TI  - Anatomical and biochemical perspectives on opioid peptides.

PMID- 2879239
TI  - Dynorphin: specific binding to opiate receptors.

PMID- 2879241
TI  - New data from mammalian homoeobox-containing genes.

PMID- 2879242
TI  - The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone.
AB  - Hormone binding and localization of the c-erb-A protein suggest that it is a
      receptor for thyroid hormone, a nuclear protein that binds to DNA and activates
      transcription. In contrast, the product of the viral oncogene v-erb-A is
      defective in binding the hormone but is still located in the nucleus.

PMID- 2879243
TI  - The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor.
AB  - The cDNA sequence of human c-erb-A, the cellular counterpart of the viral
      oncogene v-erb-A, indicates that the protein encoded by the gene is related to
      the steroid hormone receptors. Binding studies with the protein show it to be a
      receptor for thyroid hormones.

PMID- 2879244
TI  - Homoeobox gene expression in mouse embryos varies with position by the primitive
      streak stage.
AB  - Pattern formation in animal development requires that genes be expressed
      differentially according to position in the sheets of cells that make up the
      early embryo. The homoeobox-containing genes of Drosophila are control genes
      active both in the establishment of a segmentation pattern and in the
      specification of segment identity. In situ hybridization experiments confirm that
      these genes are expressed in a segmentally-restricted manner and that their
      expression presages morphological differentiation of segmental structures.
      Homoeobox genes have recently been isolated from the mouse and have been shown to
      be expressed during mouse development. Using in situ hybridization, we show here
      that expression of the mouse homoeobox gene Mo-10 (ref. 7) is spatially
      restricted in the developing embryo and that localization of expression is
      already evident within the germ layers before their morphological
      differentiation. These findings support the suggestion that the homoeobox genes
      of mammals, like those of Drosophila, may be important in pattern formation.

PMID- 2879245
TI  - Differential and stage-related expression in embryonic tissues of a new human
      homoeobox gene.
AB  - The homoeobox is a 183 base-pair (bp) DNA sequence conserved in several
      Drosophila genes controlling segmentation and segment identity. Homoeobox
      sequences have been detected in the genome of species ranging from insects and
      anellids to vertebrates and homoeobox containing genes have been cloned from
      Xenopus, mouse and man. We recently isolated human homoeobox containing
      complementary DNA clones, that represent transcripts from four different human
      genes. One clone (HHO.c10) is selectively expressed in a 2.1 kilobase (kb)
      polyadenylated transcript in the spinal cord of human embryos and fetuses 5-10
      weeks after fertilization. We report the characterization of a second cDNA clone,
      termed HHO.c13, that represents a new homoeobox gene. This clone encodes a
      protein of 255 amino-acid residues, which includes a pentapeptide, upstream of
      the homoeo domain, conserved in other Drosophila, Xenopus, murine and human
      homoeobox genes. By Northern analysis HHO.c13 detects multiple embryonic
      transcripts, which are differentially expressed in spinal cord, brain, backbone
      rudiments, limb buds and heart in 5-9-week-old human embryos and fetuses, in a
      striking organ- and stage-specific pattern. These observations suggest that in
      early mammalian development homoeobox genes may exert a wide spectrum of control
      functions in a variety of organs and body parts, in addition to the spinal cord.

PMID- 2879247
TI  - Nomenclature for homoeobox-containing genes.

PMID- 2879246
TI  - In vivo protein-DNA interactions in a glucocorticoid response element require the
      presence of the hormone.
AB  - Transcriptional activation of gene expression by glucocorticoid hormones is
      mediated by the interaction of hormone-receptor complexes with specific DNA
      sequences called glucocorticoid responsive elements (GREs) (refs 1-3, see ref. 4
      for review). Deletion of this sequence abolishes glucocorticoid induction of
      transcription. According to a current model, activation of the cytoplasmic
      receptor protein by hormone binding leads to its increased affinity for and
      translocation to the nucleus. However, recent reports that the oestradiol and
      progesterone receptors are localized in the nucleus in the absence of steroid led
      us to examine whether the free receptor interacts in vivo with its DNA binding
      site in the absence of hormone binding. We used the genomic footprinting
      technique to show that changes in in vivo protein-DNA interactions within the
      GREs of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene (TAT) can be detected only after
      hormone treatment in hepatoma cells. Such changes are not detected in fibroblast
      cells, in which the TAT gene is not expressed. Many of the changes in
      dimethylsulphate reactivity observed in the living cell are also found in vitro
      using cloned DNA and a partially purified glucocorticoid receptor.

PMID- 2879248
TI  - Activation of a calcium-dependent photoprotein by chemical signalling through gap
      junctions.
AB  - In the hydrozoan coelenterate Obelia geniculata, epithelial cell action
      potentials trigger light emission from photocyte effector cells containing
      obelin, an endogenous calcium-activated photoprotein. As this luminescence is
      blocked by the removal of extracellular calcium it seemed likely that calcium
      entry via voltage-gated channels in the photocyte membrane would account for the
      light emission. However, no inward calcium current was detected in whole cell
      recordings from dissociated photocytes and depolarization of isolated photocytes
      produced no luminescence. In contrast, a voltage-dependent calcium current was
      recorded from non-luminescent support cells, and activation of this current
      triggered luminescence in an adjacent photocyte. Surprisingly, light emission was
      abolished when the gap junctions between the photocyte and support cell were
      blocked. We conclude that calcium entry into support cells leads to light
      emission from neighbouring photocytes via chemical signalling through
      intercellular gap junctions.

PMID- 2879249
TI  - Evidence against Ha-ras-1 involvement in sporadic and familial melanoma.
AB  - It was recently reported that different rare alleles at the Ha-ras-1 locus
      occurred at a significantly higher combined frequency in cancer patients than in
      an unaffected population. In particular, melanoma patients were reported to have
      a significantly higher frequency of such alleles. We have examined the frequency
      of rare Ha-ras-1 alleles in a large number of cases of sporadic melanoma. Our
      results indicate that the distribution of rare alleles in this population does
      not differ from that found in normal populations. Also, to test the hypothesis
      that a hereditary predisposition to melanoma could be inherited via an allele at
      the Ha-ras-1 locus, we examined the transmission of the segment of the short arm
      of chromosome 11 (11p) carrying the Ha-ras-1 locus in a number of families
      previously shown to exhibit a hereditary predisposition to melanoma and its
      precursor lesion, the dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS). Our genetic linkage
      results thus obtained strongly exclude the association of a predisposition to
      melanoma or the precursor lesion with the inheritance of the Ha-ras-1 locus or
      the segment of chromosome 11 on which it is located. These results imply that
      hereditary predisposition to melanoma is associated with genes other than the Ha
      ras-1 locus, contradicting the original suggestion of Krontiris et al., made on
      the basis of either an inadequate sample size or other misleading experimental
      factors.

PMID- 2879250
TI  - Autotransfusion in bilateral internal mammary artery bypass: cost effectiveness
      in the 1980s.

PMID- 2879251
TI  - LAV/HTLV-III and HTLV-I antibodies in hemodialysis patients.

PMID- 2879252
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Apropos of 13 cases observed in
      Lorraine].
AB  - Thirteen cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) have been observed
      in the Nancy area. Ten occurred during the summer of 1983 and three in April and
      May 1985. The clinical characteristics were in each case very typical: abrupt
      onset with high fever, myalgia, intense lumbar and abdominal pain, pulsatile
      headache, inflammatory syndrome, WBC count increase and thrombocytopenia. Acute
      renal failure occurred a few days later with oliguria (9 cases out of 13),
      massive proteinuria (9/13) and hematuria (6/13). All patients recovered without
      sequelae within 8-10 days. Renal biopsy performed in 8 patients showed slight
      tubular lesions with interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate, congestion and
      diffuse interstitial edema, and in 2 cases hemorrhagic extravasation. No
      glomerular lesions were observed. Clinical, histological and epidemiological
      characteristics of these 13 French cases are highly similar to those of the
      Scandinavian Nephropathia Epidemica reports. The epidemiology of HFRS remains
      unclear as do its pathophysiological mechanisms.

PMID- 2879253
TI  - The anterior periventricular hypothalamus is the site of somatostatin inhibition
      of its own release: an in vitro and immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The site of action of the inhibitory effect of somatostatin (SRIF) on its own
      release was studied by: (1) measuring SRIF release in vitro from tissue
      preparations containing either the proximal (periventricular hypothalamus) or the
      distal (median eminence) portions of the hypothalamic SRIF neurons, and (2)
      immunocytochemical investigation of the interconnections occurring between SRIF
      neuronal elements in these hypothalamic regions. In vitro, a biologically active,
      but noncross-reacting SRIF analog (D-Trp8 SRIF) in the RIA, inhibited 25 mM K+
      induced SRIF release from anterior periventricular hypothalamic tissues. The
      inhibitory effect of D-Trp8 SRIF was dose-dependent, maximal at 10(-7) M, and
      restricted to this anterior region, since median-eminence SRIF release was not
      modified by the presence of D-Trp8 SRIF. Additionally, LHRH release from anterior
      periventricular hypothalamus was unchanged in the presence of D-Trp8 SRIF. In the
      periventricular nucleus, perikarya and dendrites of labeled SRIF neurons showed
      frequent apposition of their limiting membranes. Classical synapses were also
      observed between SRIF-containing axonal processes and labeled perikarya or
      dendrites. Although membrane appositions between neighboring SRIF axons
      frequently occurred in the median eminence, no synaptic-like SRIF-SRIF
      connections could be detected at this level. The data demonstrate a direct
      inhibitory action of a SRIF agonist on the anterior periventricular hypothalamic
      release of the peptide. This effect correlates well with the occurrence of SRIF
      SRIF synapses in this region; suggesting that SRIF exerts a negative feedback in
      the control of its own release through autoreceptors located on the perikarya or
      dendrites of SRIF-containing neurons.

PMID- 2879255
TI  - Buspirone decreases the activity of serotonin-containing neurons in the dorsal
      raphe in freely-moving cats.
AB  - Buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic agent, produced a dose-dependent
      decrease in the activity of serotonin-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe
      nucleus of freely-moving cats. The response ranged from no significant change at
      doses of 0.05 mg/kg to a nearly total suppression of activity at 1 mg/kg. These
      data suggest that the anxiolytic properties of buspirone may be mediated, at
      least part, by an action on neurons in the dorsal raphe.

PMID- 2879254
TI  - Antistereotype effects of ceruletide and some neuroleptics differentiated by
      interactions with clonazepam, muscimol, scopolamine and clonidine.
AB  - Compulsive gnawing was produced in mice by administration of either
      methylphenidate or (after sensitizing pretreatment with the neuroleptic,
      tetflutixol) apomorphine. Drugs which antagonise stereotypy, such as ceruletide
      (CER, a sulphated decapeptide related to cholecystokinin octapeptide),
      haloperidol, zuclopenthixol and fluphenazine were applied in equipotent doses
      (reducing stereotypy by 80%). Clonazepam, muscimol, clonidine and scopolamine
      (but not methylscopolamine) antagonized to a different extent the antistereotype
      effect of ceruletide and the neuroleptics. The ED50s for clonazepam and other
      drugs, were determined; clonazepam had the greatest potency. Regarding the
      antagonism of the antistereotype effect, ceruletide was similar to but by no
      means congruent with haloperidol. The antagonism of the antistereotype effect was
      specific because other effects of ceruletide and cholecystokinin octapeptide
      (inhibition of exploratory rearing activity, ptosis, antinociception,
      hypothermia) were not antagonized by clonazepam and only weakly modified by
      scopolamine. Methylscopolamine was ineffective throughout, indicating a central
      site for the mechanism of the actions studied of scopolamine. In conclusion, the
      antistereotype effect of ceruletide is different from that of conventional
      neuroleptic drugs and functionally independent of other behavioural effects of
      the cholecystokinin-like peptides.

PMID- 2879256
TI  - Reticular elicitation of hippocampal slow waves: common effects of some
      anxiolytic drugs.
AB  - Anxiolytic drugs share many of the common behavioural effects of septal and
      hippocampal lesions in animals. Gray attributes this to changes which the
      anxiolytics produce in septal generation of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity.
      However, lesions of the dorsal ascending noradrenergic bundle reproduce this
      electrophysiological effect of the anxiolytics while only reproducing part of the
      behavioural profile of the anxiolytics. The present paper reports what appears to
      be a second common effect of anxiolytic drugs on the generation of hippocampal
      slow waves which could underlie their behavioural effects. Freely moving rats,
      previously implanted with electrodes, received high frequency electrical
      stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation to elicit hippocampal rhythmic
      slow activity. The frequency of the slow waves produced increased linearly with
      increasing stimulation intensity as has been reported previously. A barbiturate
      (amylobarbitone, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) and three benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, 5
      mg/kg; diazepam, 5 mg/kg; alprazolam, 1 mg/kg) all decreased the slope of the
      voltage-frequency function and decreased overall frequency of slow waves
      produced. Two antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol, 0.2 mg/kg; chlorpromazine, 2
      mg/kg) produced similar behavioural sedation to the anxiolytics but did not
      decrease either the slope of the voltage-frequency function nor the overall
      frequency of slow waves. The results show that these barbiturates and
      benzodiazepines produce a common reduction in the frequency of hippocampal
      rhythmical slow activity. Given the importance attached to slow waves in current
      theories of hippocampal function, it is possible that this electrophysiological
      effect could have some relation to the behavioural effects of these anxiolytic
      drugs. If the effect can be shown to generalize to other classes of anxiolytic
      drug it could reflect changes in the substrate for the common effects of
      anxiolytic drugs on behaviour.

PMID- 2879257
TI  - Multiple paragangliomas in neurofibromatosis: a new neuroendocrine neoplasia.
AB  - A pheochromocytoma, a glomus jugulare tumor, and multiple pulmonary
      paragangliomas were found in a patient with neurofibromatosis. We review the
      literature and add this case to the growing number of case reports of
      neurocutaneous disease in association with neuroendocrine tumors.

PMID- 2879258
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: low cerebral somatostatin levels correlate with impaired
      cognitive function and cortical metabolism.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in Alzheimer CSF was significantly lower than
      in that from age-matched controls. The degree of reduction correlated with
      indices of intellectual impairment and decline in cortical glucose utilization as
      determined by PET. There was a close association between reduction in CSF
      somatostatin and glucose hypometabolism in the parietal lobe. In postmortem
      cortical tissue from Alzheimer patients, somatostatin levels were lower in
      posterior parietal but not in anterior frontal cortex. Loss of somatostatin
      containing neurons, especially in the parietal association cortex, may be a
      critical determinant for Alzheimer dementia.

PMID- 2879259
TI  - Use of serum creatine kinase, pyruvate kinase, and genetic linkage for carrier
      detection in Duchenne and Becker dystrophy.
AB  - Carrier detection in Duchenne dystrophy (DD) and Becker dystrophy (BD) can be
      achieved with DNA probes that recognize restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs). In 22 families, we found that 16 of 23 females at risk for being DD or
      BD carriers could be provided with more definitive indications of carrier status
      beyond the use of creatine kinase/pyruvate kinase and pedigree analysis. RFLP
      analysis was not possible for six individuals despite potentially informative
      probes, because family members critical to the analysis were unavailable. In only
      one instance were all eight probes uninformative.

PMID- 2879260
TI  - [Surgical radiology in stenosis of the epiaortic vessels: percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty].

PMID- 2879261
TI  - [Somatostatin in the treatment of upper digestive hemorrhage. Experience and
      controversy].

PMID- 2879263
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity is absent from most perivascular
      noradrenergic axons in a marsupial, the brush-tailed possum.
AB  - Noradrenergic perivascular axons were demonstrated in all systemic arteries and
      veins of a marsupial, the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), by a
      catecholamine fluorescence procedure and with antisera directed against the
      catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (D beta H). Perivascular axons with neuropeptide Y-like
      immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) were not found in most systemic arteries and veins
      using antisera which recognize NPY and other members of the pancreatic
      polypeptide family in diverse vertebrate species. The exceptions were the renal,
      coeliac, main mesenteric and iliac arteries, where up to 50% of axons with TH-LI
      or D beta H-LI also showed NPY-LI with two of the 4 antisera used. No
      noradrenergic nerve cell bodies in thoracic sympathetic ganglia had NPY-LI,
      whilst 3% of noradrenergic nerve cell bodies in lumbar sympathetic chain ganglia
      had weak NPY-LI. This marsupial is the first vertebrate species found to date in
      which the majority of perivascular noradrenergic axons do not contain NPY-LI. If
      these axons contain an as yet unidentified neuropeptide, it is unlikely to be
      closely related to NPY.

PMID- 2879262
TI  - The ascending projections of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra,
      zona reticulata: a combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The efferent projections of the dopaminergic neurons in the zona reticulata of
      the substantia nigra were examined using a combined retrograde tracer
      immunohistochemical method. These dopamine (DA) neurons were found to project
      exclusively to striatal targets in a topographically defined fashion. The zona
      reticulata DA neurons do not innervate mesolimbic or mesocortical dopaminergic
      terminal fields, nor do they project to the superior colliculus or the
      ventromedial thalamic nucleus. These data suggest that the dopaminergic neurons
      of the zona reticulata represent a ventrally placed subset of the nigrostriatal
      DA cells of the pars compacta.

PMID- 2879264
TI  - Human fetal substantia nigra grafted to the dopamine-denervated striatum of
      immunosuppressed rats: evidence for functional reinnervation.
AB  - Human fetal substantia nigra tissue, obtained following therapeutic termination
      of first trimester pregnancies, was grafted to cavities overlying the striatum in
      ciclosporin-treated rats whose nigrostriatal dopamine system had been removed
      unilaterally by 6-hydroxydopamine. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry
      revealed large numbers of surviving human substantia nigra neurons that matured
      and formed TH-positive nerve fibers reinnervating the host rat striatum.
      Apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in grafted animals was reduced by 70-80%
      in optimal cases 3-5 months after grafting. Thus human fetal dopamine neurons can
      correct functional deficits in dopamine-denervated rat hosts.

PMID- 2879265
TI  - Evidence for a role of central type benzodiazepine receptors in the inhibition of
      the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced thyrotropin release from rat perifused
      pituitaries.
AB  - Several centrally active benzodiazepines (BZ) were tested for their ability to
      inhibit the TRH-induced secretion of TSH in vitro from perifused pituitaries.
      Diazepam, flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide (CDZ) and midazolam (10 nM) inhibited the
      TSH response to TRH (10 nM) by 33-50%, while medazepam, a prodrug having
      virtually no affinity for central BZ sites, did not. CDZ inhibition was reversed
      by Ro 15-1788, antagonist of the central type BZ binding sites, but not by PK
      11195, antagonist of the peripheral type. The data are consistent with an
      involvement of central type BZ receptor sites in the TSH-lowering effects of BZ
      in rats.

PMID- 2879267
TI  - Acute psychosis: day patient treatment using rapid neuroleptisation.

PMID- 2879266
TI  - Inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission with kynurenate reduces brain edema in
      neonatal anoxia.
AB  - Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters have been implicated in fostering brain
      edema and neuronal death in ischemia. As both of these processes are involved in
      nervous system damage during neonatal anoxia, the effect of blockade of cell
      excitation with kynurenate upon brain water was studied following anoxic-ischemic
      brain injury in neonatal rats. Such treatment attenuated brain edema immediately
      after, and 24 h following anoxia-ischemia.

PMID- 2879268
TI  - [Changes in bronchial blood flow and their role in fluid accumulation in
      experimental toxic pulmonary edema and ganglionic block].

PMID- 2879270
TI  - Pvu II RFLP at the human chromosome 1 alpha-L-fucosidase gene locus (FUCA1).

PMID- 2879269
TI  - K+ -stimulated Na+ transport in frog-skin epithelia.
AB  - Increasing [K+] from 2.5 mmol/l to 115 mmol/l on the serosal side of the frog
      skin produces a rapid decrease of short-circuit current (Isc) that is followed,
      within a few minutes, by a recovery of Isc to near or above its control value.
      After isolation of the epithelium by a procedure involving collagenase treatment
      and physical removal of the corium, increasing serosal [K+] still produced a
      depression of Isc but no significant recovery phase. By itself, collagenase
      treatment reduced but did not eliminate the recovery phase. The recovery phase
      was also markedly depressed by the beta-adrenergic blocker oxprenolol, but not by
      propranolol, atropine or indomethacin. Amiloride, given during the recovery
      phase, caused Isc to reverse to a small outward value. These results suggest that
      the recovery phase of Isc seen in the response to increased serosal [K+]
      represents an increase in Na+ influx through amiloride-sensitive channels which
      is triggered by the release of an intermediary agent, possibly a beta-adrenergic
      agonist, from some structure in the corium.

PMID- 2879271
TI  - A PvuII RFLP for the human liver arginase (ARG1) gene.

PMID- 2879272
TI  - A polymorphic SstI site within the human ets-1 gene in the 11q23 region.

PMID- 2879273
TI  - Nebulized beta-adrenergic agents in the treatment of acute pediatric asthma.

PMID- 2879274
TI  - Interaction of somatostatin with isolated cytosol from rabbit renal papilla.
AB  - Specific binding sites for somatostatin have been characterized in cytosolic
      fraction of rabbit renal papilla. The interaction of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin with
      cytosolic fraction was rapid, reversible, specific, saturable and dependent on
      temperature. At 25 degrees C the binding data were compatible with the existence
      of two classes of binding sites: a high-affinity class with a Kd = 57.7 nM and a
      low-affinity class with a Kd = 217.4 nM. Somatostatin binding sites exhibited a
      high degree of specificity since neuropeptides such as Leu-enkephalin,
      neurotensin, substance P, vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide behaved
      as ligands with null or very low affinity.

PMID- 2879275
TI  - Neurotoxin effects on oxytocin, vasopressin and somatostatin in discrete rat
      brain areas.
AB  - Monosodium-L-Glutamate (MSG) produces lesions to monoaminergic and peptidergic
      neurons in several brain areas. The present study examined the effect of neonatal
      MSG treatment on oxytocin (OXY), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and somatostatin
      (SRIF) concentrations in several discrete brain areas of adult rats. OXY
      increased in the suprachiasmatic and arcuate nuclei and median eminence (ME) and
      decreased in the paraventricular nucleus of MSG-treated rats. MSG treatment
      caused AVP to increase in the arcuate nucleus and ME and decrease in the
      supraoptic nucleus. SRIF decreased following neonatal MSG treatment in both the
      ME and neurointermediate pituitary lobe. The results demonstrate that the effects
      of neonatal MSG treatment on neuropeptide content are not just limited to the
      arcuate nucleus. Furthermore, taken together with previous results, the data
      suggest that these changes may be indicative of functional deficits in the
      neuronal activity of some of these peptidergic neurons which, in turn, may be
      responsible for the abnormal secretion of several pituitary hormones observed in
      MSG-treated animals.

PMID- 2879276
TI  - Opioid receptor binding profile of selected dermorphin-like peptides.
AB  - The receptor binding profile of a selected group of dermorphin-like peptides was
      determined and correlated with the results of the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and
      mouse vas deferens (MVD) bioassays and with the currently used antinociception
      tests in the rat. For the peptides with the characteristic dermorphin D-Ala2-Phe3
      Gly4 sequence, a linear negative correlation was found between the reciprocal of
      sodium shift and relative affinity for the mu-type opioid receptor. For the same
      peptides, a positive correlation was evidenced between relative potency on GPI
      and MVD and relative affinity for mu- and delta-type receptors, respectively.

PMID- 2879277
TI  - Effect of CCK-8 on basal and meal-stimulated somatostatin in the baboon.
AB  - We measured the ability of CCK-8 alone, a test meal alone, or a combination of
      the two, to increase peripheral plasma somatostatin levels in the baboon. Baboons
      received a five-minute intravenous infusion of either CCK-8 (1, 2, or 4
      micrograms/kg) or saline prior to a 30-minute meal. CCK-8 administration at all
      doses resulted in a significant rise of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      (SLI). In addition, ingestion of a meal following a control saline infusion
      resulted in a significant rise of plasma SLI. However, the meal-related rise in
      SLI was blunted by prior administration of CCK-8 at all doses, including a dose
      which did not significantly decrease meal size. CCK-8 administration at all doses
      also blunted the meal-related rise of plasma insulin and glucose. We conclude
      that the known ability of CCK-8 to inhibit gastric emptying, as well as to
      decrease meal size, may account for its suppression of the meal-related SLI
      release.

PMID- 2879278
TI  - Differential sensitivity of hypothalamic and medullary opiocortin and tyrosine
      hydroxylase neurons to the neurotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG).
AB  - The distribution of opiocortin- (OP-ir) and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive
      (TH-ir) perikarya was examined immunocytochemically in rats treated neonatally
      with the neurotoxin monosodium glutamate (MSG). While OP-ir and TH-ir perikarya
      were eliminated in the arcuate nucleus in treated animals, the OP-ir and TH-ir
      cell groups of the nucleus tractus solitarius and contiguous medullary regions
      were unaffected. This selective elimination of arcuate neurons permitted us to
      examine specifically the fiber projections of the medullary OP-ir perikarya in
      treated animals. This revealed a preferential distribution of delicate fibers
      originating in NTS, to discrete medullary and pontine areas. In control animals,
      these same terminal fields appeared to be more densely populated with an
      additional population of thicker OP-ir fibers, suggesting the possibility of a
      shared innervation of these brainstem regions by both hypothalamic and medullary
      OP-ir neurons.

PMID- 2879280
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in human brain.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) was examined in normal human forebrain,
      using thick vibratome cut sections. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method of
      immunocytochemistry revealed a widespread distribution of SRIF immunoreactive
      neurons and fibers throughout the septum, diencephalon and corpus striatum.
      Within the septum SRIF neurons and fibers were observed in the medial and lateral
      septal nuclei, the nucleus of the diagonal band, the nucleus accumbens and the
      bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. SRIF neurons and fibers were found in
      several hypothalamic and anterior thalamic nuclei as well as all regions of the
      corpus striatum. An interesting collection of SRIF immunoreactive neurons and
      processes were observed forming a wide band extending anteriorly from the lateral
      preoptic area through the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata
      posteriorly. This report on the localization of immunoreactive SRIF in the human
      forebrain extends previous anatomical findings and lends morphological support to
      recent biochemical studies.

PMID- 2879279
TI  - Peptide transmitters of primary sensory neurons: similar actions of tachykinins
      and bombesin-like peptides.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that two peptides, substance P (SP) and
      substance K (SK), are contained in a common prohormone--beta-preprotachykinin.
      Both peptides are cleaved from the prohormone and appear to coexist throughout
      the brain. This study evaluated the behavioral activity of SK and compared it to
      the activities of SP, bombesin (BN), and structurally related peptides. After
      intraspinal injection, all of the peptides induced "bite/scratch" behaviors,
      which differed in durations of action. The specific rank order of these durations
      of action were: BN greater than gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) = ranatensin (RT)
      greater than neuromedin B (NMB) greater than kassinin (KASS) = SK = SP and ranged
      from dose-dependent maxima of approximately 2 min (SP) to approximately 100 min
      (BN). To examine the possibility that differences in durations of action are due
      to differences in rates of proteolytic degradation, each peptide was incubated in
      spinal cord homogenates at 37 degrees C, and the degradation rates were monitored
      by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by bioassay. The lengths of incubation time
      required to produce approximately 90% degradation of peptide immunoreactivity
      varied across peptides from less than 5 min (SP) to more than 60 min (BN and RT).
      Degradation of bioactivity generally paralleled degradation of immunoreactivity.
      The results of this study suggest that durations of nociceptive effects produced
      by the peptides tested are due, in part, to their resistance to proteolytic
      degradation.

PMID- 2879281
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa and monocytic leukaemia.
AB  - A 67 year old man presented with a polyarteritis nodosa-like syndrome with renal,
      pulmonary joint and neurological involvement during the 'preleukaemic' stage of
      monocytic leukaemia. The association between these two conditions is discussed.

PMID- 2879282
TI  - The homeo domain of a murine protein binds 5' to its own homeo box.
AB  - Nuclear protein extracts from day 12.5 mouse embryos were used to study protein
      binding to DNA sequences 5' of the Hox 1.5 homeo box. Embryos of this
      developmental stage are known to express this gene. DNA binding protein blotting
      and retardation gel techniques show that murine embryonic nuclear proteins
      specifically bind a 753-base pair (bp) DNA fragment from the region upstream of
      the Hox 1.5 homeo box. A fusion protein containing the Hox 1.5 homeo domain
      constructed in lambda gt11 also binds the same 753-bp DNA fragment. Specific
      binding of the fusion protein to the upstream DNA fragment shows that the homeo
      box contains the sequences required for specific protein-DNA interactions, and
      the 753-bp fragment contains a homeo domain binding site. These results support
      the hypothesis that murine homeo boxes are DNA binding domains of proteins
      involved in the regulation of embryonic development.

PMID- 2879283
TI  - Genetic polymorphism and exon changes of the constant regions of the human T-cell
      rearranging gene gamma.
AB  - The genomic nucleotide sequences of the constant-region (C) genes of the human T
      cell rearranging gene gamma are given. These sequences show considerable allelic
      and nonallelic variation. Allelic variants exist at both C gamma 1 and C gamma 2
      loci in coding regions (as well as in restriction enzyme sites). Both C gamma
      genes are in the same transcriptional orientation. Moreover, the organization of
      the nonallelic C gamma genes reveals some interesting features: the C gamma 1
      gene, like the mouse C gamma gene, has three exons, whereas the C gamma 2 gene
      has four exons, including a duplicated second exon that would create a putative
      protein with an enlarged constant region. However, these two duplicated exons in
      C gamma 2 have lost the cysteine residue that is thought to be involved in the
      interchain disulfide bridge.

PMID- 2879284
TI  - Molecular studies of murine mutant BALB/c-H-2dm2 define a deletion of several
      class I genes including the entire H-2Ld gene.
AB  - Inbred mouse strains carrying spontaneous mutations in class I genes have been
      extremely informative in studies of the genetic mechanisms generating
      polymorphism in the major histocompatibility gene complex. In this report, we
      determine the molecular basis of the spontaneous loss mutation in BALB/c-H-2dm2
      mice, which were previously shown not to express Ld antigens while maintaining
      normal expression of two other class I antigens, Kd and Dd. We show BALB/c-H-2dm2
      mice do not transcribe detectable levels of Ld mRNA, indicating they do not
      produce a truncated Ld molecule as previously reported. Furthermore, in Southern
      blot comparisons using a series of low-copy genomic probes, the deletion was
      found to be approximately 140 kilobases and include the entire Ld gene along with
      three or more other class I genes mapping between Dd and Ld. These data represent
      direct genetic evidence for a spontaneous contraction in the genes encoding class
      I histocompatibility antigens, which in this case probably resulted from the
      misalignment of the 3' flanking regions of the Dd and Ld genes.

PMID- 2879286
TI  - Release of neuropeptides during intracellular stimulation of single identified
      Aplysia neurons in culture.
AB  - An important criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter is that
      it is released in an activity-dependent fashion. We have utilized cell culture of
      individual neurons of Aplysia to demonstrate the release of the neuropeptides
      SCPA and SCPB (small cardioactive peptides A and B). Neurons B1 and B2 were
      isolated from the buccal ganglion of Aplysia and maintained in cell culture. The
      cells grew new processes, which were immunoreactive to antibodies for the
      neuropeptide SCPB. These processes contained SCPA and SCPB that were detectable
      by bioassay on snail heart. The cells synthesized the SCPs from radiolabeled
      precursors and transported the peptides to their neurites. Single cells released
      SCPs in a calcium-dependent fashion upon intracellular electrical stimulation.
      Taken together, these results provide critical evidence that SCPs are
      neurotransmitters. The results also indicate that the cell culture of individual
      identified neurons can be used to investigate the release of peptides.

PMID- 2879285
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in monoaminergic neurons of rat brain.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody against the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor was used in
      combination with rabbit antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase,
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and 5-hydroxytryptamine to demonstrate
      strong glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in large numbers of central
      monoaminergic nerve cell bodies of the male rat. The receptor immunoreactivity
      was predominantly located in the nucleus, whereas the tyrosine hydroxylase,
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and 5-hydroxytryptamine were detected
      mainly in the cytoplasm. The vast majority of the noradrenergic nerve cell bodies
      of groups A1-A7 and of the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic cell bodies of groups B1-B9
      were found to contain strong glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity. The
      majority of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive nerve cells
      of the adrenergic cell groups C1-C3 and of the dorsal subnuclei of the nucleus
      tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata were also strongly immunoreactive for
      glucocorticoid receptor. In the midbrain dopaminergic groups A8-A10, moderately
      (A8, A9) to strongly (A10) glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive cells were
      found, ranging from 40 to 75% of the total population. In the hypothalamic
      dopaminergic cell groups, all the cells of groups A12 and A14, as well as the
      majority of the dopaminergic cells of the zona incerta (A13), were found to
      contain moderate to strong glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity, but none of
      the large dopaminergic cells of the posterior hypothalamus (A11) showed such
      immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2879288
TI  - Isolation of pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2 (Antho-RFamide), a neuropeptide from sea
      anemones.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay has been developed for peptides containing the carboxyl
      terminal sequence Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide). Using this radioimmunoassay and applying
      cation-exchange chromatography and HPLC, we have isolated an RFamide peptide from
      acetic acid extracts of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. Three
      different methods established that the structure of the Anthopleura RFamide
      peptide (Antho-RFamide) is pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2. Comparison of synthetic and
      natural Antho-RFamide and their enzymatic breakdown products on six different
      HPLC columns confirmed the structure of the sea anemone peptide. Using synthetic
      Antho-RFamide as a standard in our radioimmunoassay, we measured high
      concentrations (3.2 nmol/g wet weight) of this peptide in extracts of
      Anthopleura. It is proposed that Antho-RFamide is a transmitter at neuromuscular
      synapses in sea anemones.

PMID- 2879287
TI  - Hormonal modulation of the quantity and in situ activity of tyrosine hydroxylase
      in neurites of the median eminence.
AB  - The role of ovarian hormones in the control of the quantity and activity of
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOHase) in neurites of the median eminence of the rat was
      investigated. TyrOHase was quantified by an immunoblot assay using purified rat
      TyrOHase as the standard. Treatment of ovariectomized animals with progesterone,
      but not estradiol, resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of TyrOHase
      in the median eminence. The in situ activity of the enzyme was assayed by
      measuring the rate of synthesis of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), and the
      results were expressed as mol of dopa per hr per mol of TyrOHase. In animals
      treated with both estradiol and progesterone for 3 days, the in situ activity of
      TyrOHase in the median eminence was 114 +/- 13.5 (mean +/- SEM) compared to 26 +/
      4.7 for the controls. Estradiol or progesterone alone was much less effective
      than was the combination of estradiol and progesterone. To ascertain whether the
      effect of estradiol and progesterone on TyrOHase activity was reflected in the
      secretion of dopamine into hypophyseal portal blood, ovariectomized rats were
      treated for 3 days with both estradiol and progesterone or with the solvent
      vehicle. The concentration of dopamine in portal plasma of the hormone-treated
      animals was 1.93 +/- 0.533 ng/ml compared to 0.34 +/- 0.094 ng/ml in vehicle
      treated animals. We conclude that the quantity and in situ molar activity of
      TyrOHase in neurites of the median eminence as well as the secretion of dopamine
      from these neurites are modulated by the combined action of estradiol and
      progesterone.

PMID- 2879290
TI  - Interaction of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor, thyrotropin
      releasing hormone, and somatostatin on growth hormone release in chickens.
AB  - The effects of synthetic somatostatin (SRIF) on serum growth hormone (GH)
      concentrations stimulated by exogenous administration of synthetic thyrotropin
      releasing hormone (TRH) and/or human pancreatic GH-releasing factor (hpGRF) were
      investigated in 4-week-old cockerels. In addition, the additive effects of TRH
      and hpGRF on serum GH were examined. TRH and hpGRF, when given in combination
      intravenously, produced an additive effect on serum GH concentration that peaked
      10 min after the injection. The somatostatin did not significantly affect basal
      GH concentrations when given alone, but did significantly decrease the magnitude
      of the GH response to hpGRF. In contrast, SRIF did not significantly decrease the
      stimulatory effects of TRH on GH release. These results suggest that TRH and
      hpGRF are potent GH releasers in vivo and that their stimulating effects on GH
      release are additive, suggesting different mechanisms for their stimulation. The
      results obtained from the combination studies suggest that the main site of the
      stimulatory action of hpGRF is at the pituitary, and that SRIF significantly
      inhibited the rise in serum GH induced by a synthetic hpGRF, but not that induced
      by TRH.

PMID- 2879289
TI  - Differences in tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity characterize the
      mesostriatal innervation of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix at maturity.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase [TyrOHase, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, L-tyrosine,
      tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] is the
      rate-limiting enzyme in the synthetic pathway of catecholamines and is expressed
      by neurons containing dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. TyrOHase is
      present in high concentrations in the caudate nucleus and putamen, where nearly
      all of it is contained in axons of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathways. We
      have employed three different polyclonal antibodies directed against TyrOHase,
      one tested here for specificity by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, to
      reexamine the anatomic distribution of fibers expressing TyrOHase-like
      immunoreactivity in the striatum of mature human, monkey, and cat brains. The
      findings suggest that this distribution is distinctly inhomogeneous. The
      macroscopic compartments known as striosomes have low TyrOHase-like
      immunoreactivity relative to the surrounding extrastriosomal matrix. These
      observations add to evidence that dopaminergic modulation of neural processing in
      the mature striatum is organized in accordance with striosomal architecture and
      suggest that part of the mechanism for such differentiation may involve
      presynaptic differences in enzymatic regulation of dopamine content in and out of
      striosomes.

PMID- 2879291
TI  - Different changes of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue from spontaneously
      hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats after diets supplemented with linolenic
      or eicosapentaenoic acids.
AB  - In spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats of the Wistar-Kyoto
      (WKY) and Wistar-Schonwalde (WSCHOE) strain, diets supplemented with n-3 fatty
      acids of different chain length (alpha-linolenic acid, LNA--C 18:3, n-3 with
      linseed oil and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA--C 20:5, n-3 with cod liver oil) were
      fed over a period of 22 weeks. After the LNA-rich diet, among the long-chain n-3
      fatty acids EPA in epididymal adipose tissue remained unchanged, whereas
      docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) fell. The n-6 fatty acids
      linoleic (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) both appeared decreased. After the EPA
      rich diet, all n-3 fatty acids, i.e. not only EPA, DPA and DHA, but also LNA were
      augmented when compared with controls fed commercially available pellets. Among
      the n-6 fatty acids LA was extremely depressed, whereas AA appeared increased.
      The p/s-ratio was elevated after the LNA-rich diet, but decreased after the EPA
      rich diet. The data indicate a differential effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids of
      different chain length on the supply of other n-3 fatty acids, of LA and AA as
      well as on the p/s-ratio in adipose tissue of rats. Blood pressure was not
      influenced by either diet in either SHR or in both normotensive strains of rats.

PMID- 2879292
TI  - Slow desaturation and elongation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids as a
      rationale of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich diet to lower blood pressure and serum
      lipids in normal, hypertensive and hyperlipemic subjects.
AB  - In normal, hypertensive and hyperlipemic subjects, diets supplemented with
      linoleic acid (LA) or alpha-linolenic acid (LNA) resulted in an increase of the
      corresponding fatty acids in serum lipids. However, their C20-derivatives, the
      prostaglandin precursors arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),
      respectively, were not or only slightly augmented. On the other hand, an EPA-rich
      diet produced a marked increase of this fatty acid, especially in cholesterol
      esters. After this diet the decreases of blood pressure and serum lipids were
      more pronounced when compared with LA- and LNA-rich diets containing a 20-fold
      higher dose of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The slow formation of AA and EPA
      from LA and LNA seems to be a characteristic finding in humans, being different
      from preferred laboratory animals, for instance, rats. This observation was
      independent of the presence of risk factors, like arterial hypertension or
      hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP).

PMID- 2879293
TI  - Hypotensive effect in dogs and rats of intravenous injections of the alpha 1
      adrenoreceptor antagonist benoxathian.
AB  - The hypotensive effect of the alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist benoxathian has
      been evaluated in rats and dogs, in comparison to that evoked by WB 4101 and
      prazosin. In anaesthetized dogs, i.v. injection of benoxathian (25-100
      micrograms/kg), WB 4101 (5-25 micrograms/kg) and prazosin (50 micrograms/kg)
      produced an immediate fall in diastolic blood pressure, which reached a maximum
      at about 30 sec after drug administration. Whereas the hypotensive effect of
      prazosin persisted up to 3 hr following injection, the effect of both benoxathian
      and WB 4101 completely disappeared after 30-60 min. The hypotensive effect of
      benoxathian was dose-dependent. Pressor responses to i.v. noradrenaline (5
      micrograms/kg), adrenaline (5 micrograms/kg) and phenylephrine (20 micrograms/kg)
      were markedly inhibited (60-75%) by benoxathian (100 micrograms/kg) whilst the
      pressor response to angiotensin II (0.05 micrograms/kg) was not reduced, but
      indeed slightly increased. The hypotensive effect of benoxathian (100
      micrograms/kg) was abolished following pre-treatment with prazosin (50
      micrograms/kg) or hexamethonium (1000 micrograms/kg). In anaesthetized rats
      similar results were obtained although recovery in blood pressure from the
      initial drop after i.v. injection of the drugs was slower than in dogs.
      Benoxathian was slightly more toxic than WB 4101 in rats. In conclusion, present
      findings show that benoxathian causes a profound hypotensive effect in dogs and
      in rats through postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade; however its effect,
      as well as that of WB 4101, is shorter lasting than that of prazosin.

PMID- 2879294
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of some 1,4-benzodiazepines by use of orthogonal
      polynomials.
AB  - A direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of some 1,4
      benzodiazepines, namely, nitrazepam, prazepam and dipotassium chlorazepate, in
      the presence of their degradation products, is presented. The method depends upon
      the use of orthogonal polynomials, to eliminate interferences by degradation
      products to the absorption spectra of the intact drugs. The method was proved
      using synthetic mixtures of the intact drugs with their respective degradation
      products and its suitability to monitor for the stability of the drugs was
      demonstrated. The method has been applied to the determination of these drugs in
      dosage forms, with a coefficient of variation less than 2%.

PMID- 2879295
TI  - The structural characterization of beta-endorphin and related peptide hormones
      and neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2879296
TI  - Can changes in eye-contacts predict therapeutic outcome in schizophrenic patients
      undergoing neuroleptic treatment? Results of a preliminary study.
AB  - The proportion of interview time spent in eye-contacts was studied before the
      onset of and during neuroleptic treatment in a group of 24 male schizophrenic
      patients. A significant increase in eye-contacts after 14 days distinguished
      responders to neuroleptic treatment, while a tendency towards the same effect
      distinguished patients treated with haloperidol from those treated with perazine.
      Only in the subgroup of responders was there a significant relationship between
      increase in eye-contacts and reduction of psychopathologic symptoms, regardless
      of whether these values were compared for the same treatment days or whether
      early changes in eye-contacts were compared with final outcome of treatment after
      28 days. Since the patient subgroups were rather small, the results should still
      be considered preliminary. A prospective study including more parameters of
      visual interaction, a larger patient sample, and a longer observation period is
      required.

PMID- 2879297
TI  - Quantitative EEG, SPEM, and psychometric studies in schizophrenics before and
      during differential neuroleptic therapy.

PMID- 2879299
TI  - Phytochrome and the regulation of the expression of its genes.
AB  - In attempting to understand the mechanism of phytochrome action we are studying
      structural properties of the photoreceptor molecule and the autoregulation of
      expression of phytochrome genes. Run-off transcription assays in isolated nuclei
      from Avena indicate that phytochrome decreases the transcription of its own genes
      threefold in less than 15 min form Pfr formation. The extent of this decrease is
      insufficient to account for the observed 10- to 50-fold decrease in mature
      phytochrome mRNA levels, suggesting that enhanced degradation may also play a
      significant role in determining the level of this mRNA. Structural analysis of
      native phytochrome from Avena indicates that the molecule is an elongated dimer
      of 124 kDa monomers, each consisting of a globular, 74 kDa, NH2-terminal domain
      bearing the single chromophore at Cys-321, and a more open COOH-terminal domain
      that bears the dimerization site. Controlled proteolysis and binding of
      monoclonal antibodies to mapped epitopes has identified two regions, one in the 6
      10 kDa NH2-terminal segment and the other ca. 70 kDa from the NH2-terminus, that
      undergo photoconversion-induced conformational changes and are therefore
      candidates for involvement in the molecule's regulatory function. Comparison of
      the full-length amino acid sequences of Avena and Cucurbita phytochromes, derived
      from nucleotide sequence analysis, indicates overall homology of 65%. The most
      highly conserved regions are those immediately surrounding the chromophore
      attachment site, where 29 residues are invariant, and a hydrophobic region
      between residues 150 and 300, postulated to form a cavity containing the
      chromophore. In contrast, a strikingly lower level of homology exists at the COOH
      terminus of the polypeptide between residues 800 and 1128, indicating a possible
      lack of involvement of this region in phytochrome function.

PMID- 2879298
TI  - Auxin-regulated gene expression.
AB  - During the 1960s a wide range of studies provided an information base that led to
      the suggestion that auxin-regulated cell processes--especially cell elongation-
      may be mediated by auxin-regulated gene expression. Indirect evidence from our
      work, based on the influence of inhibitors of RNA synthesis (e.g. actinomycin D)
      and of protein synthesis (e.g. cycloheximide) on auxin-induced cell elongation,
      coupled with correlations of the influence of auxin on RNA synthesis and cell
      elongation, provided the basis for this suggestion. With the availability of
      techniques for DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybridization, mRNA isolation-translation, in
      vitro 2D gel analysis of the translation products, and ultimately the cloning by
      recombinant DNA technologies of genomic DNA and copy DNAs (cDNAs) made to
      poly(A)+ mRNAs, we and others have provided direct evidence for the influence of
      auxin on the expression of a few genes (i.e. poly(A)+ RNA levels). Our laboratory
      has provided evidence for auxin's both down-regulating and up-regulating the
      level of a few poly(A)+ mRNAs out of a population of about 4 X 10(4) sequences
      that are not significantly affected by auxin. In our studies on auxin-regulated
      cell elongation, two cDNA clones (pJCW1 and pJCW2) were isolated which
      corresponded to poly(A)+ mRNAs that responded during growth transitions in a way
      consistent with a potential role of their protein products in cell elongation.
      These mRNAs are most abundant in the elongating zone of the soybean hypocotyl.
      Upon excision and incubation in the absence of auxin, these mRNAs deplete in
      concert with a decreasing rate of cell elongation. Addition of auxin to the
      medium results in both increased levels of these mRNAs and enhanced rates of cell
      elongation. These mRNAs do not deplete if auxin is added to the medium at the
      onset of excised incubation, and cell elongation rates remain high. We have
      isolated and sequenced genomic clones that are homologous to these cDNAs. Of the
      two genes sequenced, both genes are members of small multigene families. There
      are regions of high amino acid homology even though the nucleotide sequences are
      sufficiently different in these regions for cross-hybridization of the clones not
      to be observed. More recently others, especially Guilfoyle's laboratory, have
      shown that auxin selectively and rapidly influences the level of certain mRNAs
      and proteins. We have worked on other gene systems such as ribosomal proteins and
      possible cell wall proteins that are responsive to auxin; again the nature of
      regulation of expression of these genes is not known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879300
TI  - Effects of soyasaponins on liver tyrosine aminotransferase activity induced by
      cortisone in adrenalectomized rats.

PMID- 2879301
TI  - Do neuroleptics prevent relapse? Clinical observations in a psychosocial
      rehabilitation program.

PMID- 2879302
TI  - Multiple forms of the D1 dopamine receptor: its linkage to adenylate cyclase and
      psychopharmacological effects.

PMID- 2879303
TI  - Structural analogs of SCH 23390 as discriminators of dopamine receptor subtypes:
      behavioral interactions between D-1 and D-2 agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 2879304
TI  - Biochemical and behavioral studies of D1 dopamine receptors utilizing SCH 23390.

PMID- 2879305
TI  - Molecular aspects of benzodiazepine receptor function.

PMID- 2879306
TI  - Suicidal potential in depression: focus on CSF monoamine and purine metabolites.

PMID- 2879308
TI  - Interpersonal and pharmacologic treatment in schizophrenia: a comparative study
      of new approaches.

PMID- 2879307
TI  - Nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics: insights into possible mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2879309
TI  - Medication, family psychoeducation, and social skills training: first year
      relapse results of a controlled study.

PMID- 2879310
TI  - Supersensitivity psychosis and tardive dyskinesia: a survey in schizophrenic
      outpatients.

PMID- 2879311
TI  - Associations among plasma prolactin levels, tardive dyskinesia, and paranoia in
      treated schizophrenics: relevance to supersensitivity psychosis.

PMID- 2879312
TI  - Basic and clinical studies of neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis and
      dyskinesia.

PMID- 2879313
TI  - Effects of drug washout on CSF monoamine and psychoendocrine variables.

PMID- 2879314
TI  - Anticholinergic prophylaxis in young adults treated with neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2879316
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for renovascular hypertension in arteritis:
      experience in China.
AB  - Forty-two patients with renovascular hypertension were treated with percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty. In 32, arteritis was the cause of the renovascular
      disease. Thirty of the 42 patients were followed for more than 6 months after
      angioplasty. Twenty-two of these 30 patients had arteritis; 19 of the 22 (86.4%)
      benefited from the angioplasty, compared with six of eight patients (75%) with
      atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia.

PMID- 2879315
TI  - Benzodiazepines in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2879317
TI  - CSF neurotransmitter markers in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - CSF neurotransmitter markers may reflect neurochemical alterations in Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). The best studied neurochemical deficit in AD is that of
      acetylcholine. Both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity have
      been reported to be reduced in some but not all studies of AD CSF. Studies of
      monoamine metabolites have also been controversial but most authors have found
      reduced concentrations of CSF HVA, lesser reductions in HIAA and no change in
      MHPG. CSF GABA concentrations have been found to be reduced in AD. Studies of CSF
      neuropeptides in AD have shown reduced concentrations of somatostatin and
      vasopressin, normal concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and
      either normal or decreased concentrations of beta-endorphin and corticotropin
      releasing factor. Although no individual CSF neurochemical markers are specific
      for AD it may be possible to develop a profile of several neurochemical markers
      which will have enhanced specificity.

PMID- 2879318
TI  - On the pathogenesis and therapy of dementia of the Alzheimer type: some
      neuropathological, biochemical, genetic and pharmacotherapeutic considerations.
AB  - The extensive literature on dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) testifies to the
      enormous progress achieved in the clinical and biochemical delineation of this
      disease. Newly developed laboratory and imaging techniques are also being applied
      to the diagnosis of DAT. Nevertheless, unequivoval diagnosis still relies
      primarily on morphological data from biopsy or autopsy. An overview is presented
      of major morphological changes occurring at different levels of organization in
      the central nervous system (CNS) in DAT. Currently formulated etiopathogenic
      hypotheses of DAT are reviewed and discussed in the context of morphological
      alterations. Some of the recombinant DNA methods, that are currently available
      for gene analysis, are described. Some approaches for studying Alzheimer specific
      genes using the above methods have been suggested. Finally, a critical overview
      of the current pharmacotherapeutic armamentarium used in DAT and senile dementia
      is presented. The efficacy, side effects, and the main mechanisms of action of
      the two categories of drug therapy -supposed etiopathogenic and symptomatic- are
      presented.

PMID- 2879319
TI  - Are the neurochemical and behavioral changes induced by lesions of the nucleus
      basalis in the rat a model of Alzheimer's disease?
AB  - A review of the work on the neurochemical, electroencephalographic and behavioral
      changes induced in the rat by lesions of the nucleus basalis is presented. The
      similarities and differences between the effects of the lesions and the
      neurochemical and clinical alterations characterizing senile dementia of
      Alzheimer type are pointed out. The decrease in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
      activity in the cortex following unilateral or bilateral electrolytic or
      neurotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis are described and compared with the
      decrease in ChAT activity found in the cortex and hippocampus of patients
      affected by senile dementia. At variance with the latter condition, in rats with
      lesions of the nucleus basalis a spontaneous recovery in cortical ChAT activity
      has been observed 3-6 months after the lesion. The lesions of the nucleus basalis
      decrease high affinity choline uptake activity which, however, undergoes a rapid
      recovery. Lesions also decrease spontaneous and drug-stimulated ACh release from
      the cerebral cortex. Transitory changes in the number of muscarinic binding sites
      have been reported in the cerebral cortex of the lesioned rats while a decrease
      in the number of muscarinic binding sites has generally been found in the
      cerebral cortex of patients with senile dementia. [3H] glutamate uptake in the
      striatum of the lesioned rats was not affected. In both lesioned rats and
      patients affected by senile dementia, a decrease of low voltage high frequency
      electrocortical activity has been reported. Unilateral and bilateral lesions of
      the nucleus basalis bring about an impairment of the acquisition of active and
      passive avoidance responses and of the rewarded alternation discriminatory tasks
      involving working memory and spatial memory. On the other hand, memory impairment
      is a typical symptom of senile dementia. In conclusion, the lesions of the
      nucleus basalis only partly mimic the complex clinical picture of senile dementia
      of Alzheimer type. They offer, nevertheless, a useful tool for understanding the
      critical role of the central cholinergic pathways in some of the cognitive
      processes and identifying potentially useful pharmacological treatments.

PMID- 2879321
TI  - [Association of a thoracic carcinoid tumor and hyperparathyroidism].

PMID- 2879320
TI  - [Analysis of developmental pattern of neurotransmitters and receptors using
      primary cultured neurons: with special reference to GABAergic neurons].

PMID- 2879322
TI  - [Study of the relative stability of urban mosquito breeding grounds on the basis
      of indices of diversity, equitableness and richness of species].

PMID- 2879324
TI  - [Therapy of epileptic psychoses].

PMID- 2879323
TI  - [Somatostatin. Massive upper digestive hemorrhage in portal hypertension. Results
      of a controlled study].

PMID- 2879325
TI  - Flumezapine, an antagonist of central dopamine and serotonin receptors.
AB  - Flumezapine, 7-fluoro-2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno[2,3- b]
      [1,5]benzodiazepine, antagonized the increases in serum corticosterone
      concentration caused by a serotonin agonist, quipazine, and by a dopamine
      agonist, pergolide, in rats. Flumezapine did not alter the elevation of serum
      corticosterone by a kappa opioid agonist, bremazocine. Flumezapine resembled but
      was more potent than clozapine and zotepine in blocking these effects of
      quipazine and pergolide, differing from spiperone and fluphenazine which were
      selective antagonists of pergolide and from metergoline and mianserin which were
      selective antagonists of quipazine. All of the antagonists had high affinity for
      5HT2 receptors as measured by radioligand-binding in vitro. Spiperone,
      fluphenazine, zotepine and flumezapine had high affinity for dopamine D2
      receptors as measured by radioligand-binding in vitro. The potency of the
      compounds in antagonizing the pergolide-induced elevation of serum corticosterone
      concentration matched their affinity for D2 receptors in vitro. There was poor
      correlation between the potency of the compounds in antagonizing the quipazine
      induced elevation of serum corticosterone concentration and their affinity for
      5HT2 receptors in vitro, possibly indicating that the receptor mediating the
      effect of quipazine is not identical to or exclusively the 5HT2 receptor. The
      results suggest that flumezapine is a potent blocker of dopamine D2 and of some
      serotonin receptors.

PMID- 2879326
TI  - Effects of corticosterone and metyrapone on gastrointestinal neurotransmitter
      enzyme activities.
AB  - Adrenal glucocorticoids have been shown to produce alterations in the enzymes
      which synthesize and degrade cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmitters
      in the central and peripheral nervous system. The present study examined the
      impact of altering plasma corticosterone levels via corticosterone or metyrapone
      ingestion, via the drinking water, on the developmental profile of choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in various gastrointestinal (GI) segments of
      rats. Three groups were studied: non-treated, corticosterone treated and
      metyrapone treated. Drug intake of pregnant (i.e., beginning on the 15th day of
      gestation), lactating and weaned rats was monitored until the male pups were
      sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35 and 50 days of age. Results showed that ChAT
      and TH activities peaked earlier in development in corticosterone treated rats as
      compared to non-treated and metyrapone treated rats. During the early postnatal
      period plasma corticosterone levels were inversely related to AChE and MAO
      activities in most GI segments. These results indicate that neurotransmitter
      enzyme activities in various GI segments are influenced by corticosterone during
      a critical period of development.

PMID- 2879327
TI  - Evaluation of alpha-adrenergic cardiac stimulation in anesthetized dogs: can this
      play a role in propranolol insensitive cardiostimulatory effects of celiprolol.
AB  - The role of alpha-adrenergic systems in modulating contractility and rate in the
      canine heart is not completely understood. This was evaluated by examining alpha
      agonists and antagonists in ganglionic- and beta-blocked, anesthetized dogs.
      Also, partial agonist effects of the beta-blocker celiprolol in the ganglionic
      blocked dog are insensitive to propranolol and may be mediated via alpha-2
      antagonism. Prazosin (0.3 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.3 mg/kg), celiprolol (3 mg/kg) and
      vehicle were administered to ganglionic-(mecamylamine 2 mg/kg) and beta
      adrenergic-(propranolol 1 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg/hr) blocked dogs. Clonidine (0.3 and
      3.0 micrograms/kg), phenylephrine (3 micrograms/kg) and norepinephrine (0.3
      microgram/kg) produced significant increases in arterial pressure with minimal
      chronotropic or inotropic effects. Celiprolol produced sustained increases in
      heart rate and contractile force of 15 +/- 3 beats/min and 33 +/- 7 percent (X +/
      SEM) without significant vascular alpha antagonism. Yohimbine, prazosin and
      vehicle were without significant chronotropic or inotropic effects. However,
      yohimbine and prazosin selectively reduced pressor responses to clonidine and
      phenylephrine, respectively. In further studies adding prazosin or phentolamine
      before treatment with celiprolol did not attenuate its effects on heart rate and
      contractility. These results do not support significant inotropic or chronotropic
      effects of alpha-adrenergic receptor modulation in anesthetized dogs. The cardiac
      stimulatory effects of celiprolol do not appear to be mediated via cardiac alpha
      receptors.

PMID- 2879328
TI  - Hexamethonium aerosol prevents pulmonary reflexes induced by cigarette smoke in
      dogs.
AB  - The reflexogenic respiratory responses to spontaneous inhalation of cigarette
      smoke (500-750 ml, 12-20% concentration) were studied in chloralose anesthetized
      dogs before and after hexamethonium aerosol, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, was
      administered into the lungs. In 11 of 13 dogs studied, reproducible responses of
      either apnea (n = 9) or rapid shallow breathing (n = 2) were elicited immediately
      after the first or second breath of smoke inhalation: apneic duration reached 398
      +/- 47% (mean +/- SEM) of the mean baseline expiratory duration. Pretreatment
      with hexamethonium aerosol (3-5 breaths, 10% concentration) completely abolished
      these immediate changes in breathing patterns, but did not significantly reduce
      the delayed hyperpnea induced by smoke inhalation. Hexamethonium aerosol alone
      did not cause any detectable systemic effects. To examine if a
      bronchoconstrictive effect of nicotine was involved, the response to cigarette
      smoke was also studied after bronchodilation was induced by isoproterenol aerosol
      (15 breaths, 0.5% concentration) in 6 of these dogs. However, neither immediate
      nor delayed responses to smoke inhalation was significantly affected. These
      results suggest that: (1) these immediate respiratory responses to smoke
      inhalation are elicited by a nicotine-induced stimulation of vagal sensory
      receptors in the lungs, and (2) bronchoconstriction is not responsible for
      causing these reflex effects.

PMID- 2879329
TI  - European general practice research workshop (EGPRW). Is international cooperation
      worth while?
AB  - General practice is a novice in the academic world. We need to stand together
      both nationally and internationally to establish general practice as a true
      academical discipline. To strengthen our credibility we have to do research of
      high quality. European General Practice Research Workshop (EGPRW) is a partly
      unformal international body with the aim "to encourage research, to foster and
      coordinate multinational studies, to exchange experiences and with it develop a
      validated international scientific base for general practice". The group was
      established November 1974 and the activities during its short existence are
      summarised and commented.

PMID- 2879330
TI  - In vivo and in vitro studies on the physiology of penile erection.

PMID- 2879331
TI  - [Electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial infarction of the right ventricle.
      Clinico-electrocardiographic correlations].

PMID- 2879332
TI  - [Repeat myocardial infarction and reinfarction. Clinical, developmental and
      peculiar anatomopathologic aspects].

PMID- 2879333
TI  - [Unusual forms of clinico-biological manifestations in the post-infarction
      syndrome (Dressler)].

PMID- 2879334
TI  - [Changes in plasma AGL during physical effort: effects of nifedipine, propranolol
      and a combination of propranolol and nifedipine on these changes].

PMID- 2879335
TI  - [Thoracic pain syndrome appearing after acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2879337
TI  - [Organization and efficiency of a unit for the management of arterial
      hypertension].

PMID- 2879336
TI  - [Electrocardiographic characteristics in alcoholic cardiomyopathies].

PMID- 2879338
TI  - [Vasodilators in decompensated chronic cor pulmonale].

PMID- 2879339
TI  - [Difficulties in the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic diagnosis of a
      case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with recurrent myocardial
      infarction and bifascicular block].

PMID- 2879341
TI  - [Forced microbial stimulation in respiratory infections].

PMID- 2879340
TI  - [Changes in platelet functions and blood coagulation in patients with
      bronchopulmonary cancer].

PMID- 2879342
TI  - [Pathology of cellular receptors].

PMID- 2879343
TI  - [Intentional drug poisoning from the epidemiological, emergency medical and
      therapeutic viewpoints].

PMID- 2879344
TI  - [Double-blind treatment of 49 cases of chronic multiple sclerosis using
      hyperbaric oxygen].
AB  - Forty nine patients with a chronic form of multiple sclerosis (MS) [progressive
      or stable] were treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HO) in a double blind trial.
      Patients were divided in three groups: the first group (group I) received a
      course of 2.3 ATA HO with diazepam (5 mg); the second group (group II) received a
      course of 2 ATA HO; the third group (group III) was the control group. Each
      patient breathed an adapted gaseous mixture in high pressure. Each patient
      received 20 sessions of this procedure during 4 weeks. Patients were evaluated
      with clinical, neurophysiological and immunological parameters. Clinical
      examination consisted in the evaluation of the Kurtzke's Disability Status Scale
      (DSS) and Functional Status Scale (FSS). This evaluation was done in the week
      before the procedure, the week following the treatment, then in the third and
      sixth month. The neurophysiological study was a comparative analysis from the
      variations of visual, somesthesic and brain stem auditory potentials. The
      immunological study was the analysis of the lymphocyte populations (OKT4/OKT8
      ratio). Each examination was carried out the week before, then the week following
      the procedure. We found no amelioration into three groups. Subjectively, some
      patients thought to be better, but this was true in the two treated groups (I,
      II) and in the control group (III). There was not an FSS significant variation.
      We also found no significant variation of evoked potentials and OKT4/OKT8 ratio.
      We observed some incidental effects of the treatment, particularly in group I, in
      which patients were treated with a higher pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879345
TI  - A randomized controlled trial of ampicillin plus sulbactam vs. gentamicin plus
      clindamycin in the treatment of intraabdominal infections: a preliminary report.
      Study Group of Intraabdominal Infections.
AB  - This is a preliminary report of a comparative study of sulbactam plus ampicillin
      (sulbactam/ampicillin) vs. gentamicin plus clindamycin (gentamicin/clindamycin)
      in surgically treated patients with intraabdominal infections. Among 46
      assessable patients in the sulbactam/ampicillin group, 40 were clinically cured
      or improved as compared with 36 of 37 patients in the gentamicin/clindamycin
      group. Among 40 microbiologically assessable patients in the sulbactam/ampicillin
      group, the pathogen was eradicated in 33 patients and partially eradicated in
      two, whereas eradication was recorded in 21 and partial eradication in 10 of the
      32 patients in the gentamicin/clindamycin group. Among 150 aerobic isolates, 14
      were resistant to sulbactam/ampicillin, 27 were resistant to
      gentamicin/clindamycin, and 85 were beta-lactamase producers. No resistance to
      sulbactam/ampicillin was found in 75 anaerobic isolates, whereas one anaerobic
      isolate was resistant to clindamycin. This preliminary report suggests that
      ampicillin/sulbactam is a useful nontoxic alterative to gentamicin/clindamycin in
      the treatment of intraabdominal infections.

PMID- 2879346
TI  - [Multiple endocrine adenomatosis types I and II].

PMID- 2879347
TI  - [Diagnosis and clinical course of periarteritis nodosa].
AB  - The clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedure and course under treatment in 10
      patients with polyarteritis nodosa are studied retrospectively. Clinically, 3
      patients showed peripheral arterial occlusive disease in the lower extremities. 3
      patients had evidence of preceding acute type B hepatitis. The diagnosis was
      confirmed by biopsy in 7 cases, by selective arteriography of the kidneys showing
      multiple small aneurysms in one case; in 2 patients the diagnosis was based upon
      the clinical findings only. Complete remission was achieved in 7 of 10 treated
      patients, in 5 patients with corticosteroids alone and in 2 patients with a
      combination of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. 4 patients died, one of them
      from vasculitis and 3 from other causes. 5-year survival for all patients was
      52%. The diagnostic value of arteriography, the clinical picture of polyarteritis
      nodosa with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and the association between
      hepatitis B infection and polyarteritis nodosa are discussed.

PMID- 2879348
TI  - [Hypothesis of the purinergic nerve].

PMID- 2879349
TI  - [Enzymic degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone].

PMID- 2879350
TI  - [Advances in neurobiological research on the spinal dorsal horn].

PMID- 2879351
TI  - [Role of the caudate nucleus in acupuncture analgesia].

PMID- 2879352
TI  - Decreased hippocampal inhibition and a selective loss of interneurons in
      experimental epilepsy.
AB  - The occurrence of seizure activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy or status
      epilepticus is often associated with a characteristic pattern of cell loss in the
      hippocampus. An experimental model that replicates this pattern of damage in
      normal animals by electrical stimulation of the afferent pathway to the
      hippocampus was developed to study changes in structure and function that occur
      as a result of repetitive seizures. Hippocampal granule cell seizure activity
      caused a persistent loss of recurrent inhibition and irreversibly damaged
      adjacent interneurons. Immunocytochemical staining revealed unexpectedly that
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neurons, thought to mediate inhibition
      in this region and predicted to be damaged by seizures, had survived. In
      contrast, there was a nearly complete loss of adjacent somatostatin-containing
      interneurons and mossy cells that may normally activate inhibitory neurons. These
      results suggest that the seizure-induced loss of a basket cell-activating system,
      rather than a loss of inhibitory basket cells themselves, may cause disinhibition
      and thereby play a role in the pathophysiology and pathology of the epileptic
      state.

PMID- 2879353
TI  - A new wave of enzymes for cleaving prohormones.

PMID- 2879354
TI  - Biological issues in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2879357
TI  - [Detoxification in benzodiazepine dependency].

PMID- 2879355
TI  - Brain barrier tissues: end organs for atriopeptins.
AB  - Little is known about the pathophysiology of cerebral edema and other
      disturbances of water balance that involve the barrier tissues at the interface
      of blood and brain. The present experiments show that these barrier tissues
      contain receptors and second messenger systems for atriopeptins, recently
      identified cardiac peptides involved in peripheral water regulation. They also
      show that atriopeptins can alter the rate of cerebrospinal fluid production.
      Because the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers are involved in
      normal water movements in the central nervous system, these studies suggest that
      brain barrier tissues may be important end organs for the atriopeptins and that
      atriopeptins could have therapeutic application to disorders of water balance in
      the central nervous system. An isolated, purified population of atriopeptin
      receptor cells, obtained from choroid epithelium, was used in these experiments.
      This cell population may provide a valuable model system for investigating the
      intracellular biochemical mechanisms through which atriopeptins exert their
      actions.

PMID- 2879356
TI  - Relationship of classification to biologic behavior of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - The classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) is an important factor in
      treatment. Most clinical protocols divide these tumors into two broad categories-
      indolent, or low-grade, and aggressive, or high-grade. Patients with low-grade
      NHLs usually have a relatively long survival, with or without the use of
      aggressive therapy. Although the tumors can be controlled with conventional
      chemotherapeutic approaches, they are rarely cured. Patients with high-grade
      tumors usually die within 1 to 2 years without therapy. However, with aggressive
      treatment, many patients can be cured if complete remissions can be sustained for
      at least 2 years. Several types of NHLs represent distinct clinicopathologic
      entities--lymphoblastic lymphoma, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, true
      histiocytic lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and hairy cell leukemia. Immunologic
      concepts are now used to classify NHLs. Identifying the cell of origin of a
      malignant lymphoma has important therapeutic implications, since malignant cells
      retain phenotypic and functional properties of their precursors. It is possible,
      therefore, to predict both the sites of involvement and the patterns of
      dissemination. Clinical applications are beginning to be developed. These include
      the use of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies coupled to a toxin, alpha
      interferon, and monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies. Human leukocyte interferon
      has been used experimentally to induce spontaneous regressions. Excellent results
      have been achieved so far only for patients with low-grade lymphomas.

PMID- 2879358
TI  - [Latest findings at the International Congress on AIDS in June 1986].

PMID- 2879359
TI  - Mastocytosis: one year's experience.
AB  - The diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis without urticaria pigmentosa has been made
      with increasing frequency since modern methods of histamine assay have been used
      clinically. We examined the incidence of urticaria-angioedema and mastocytosis
      over a recent 12-month period. Of 490 new patients we saw, 52 had urticaria
      angioedema, and ten had evidence of excess histamine +/- PGD2, with at least ten
      mast cells per high-power field on skin biopsy. The average age was approximately
      35 years; the male:female ratio was 1:4 for urticaria-angioedema and 1:2 for
      mastocytosis. Symptoms of mastocytosis included flushing, abdominal
      cramping/diarrhea, syncope, urticaria-angioedema, pruritus, and headache.
      Symptoms have typically been prevented by a combination of H1 and H2 antagonists,
      with addition of a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor in syncopal cases. Acute hypotension
      has responded to epinephrine.

PMID- 2879360
TI  - [Activities of feldsher-midwife centers].

PMID- 2879361
TI  - [Effectiveness of acupuncture and berotec aerosol in bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2879362
TI  - [Immunoregulatory lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with dilated and
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathies].
AB  - Forty patients with dilatation cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 30 patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were examined immunologically. Immunoregulatory
      lymphocytes (T1B) and their subpopulations (T helpers, T suppressors, natural
      killers--NK) were studied quantitatively and functionally. The patients with DCM
      showed inhibition of the number of T suppressors in part of the cases, attended
      by a decrease in non-specific (spontaneous) and mitogenin-induced suppressor
      activity, the lowering of the amount and activity of NK in the overwhelming
      majority of the cases. Study of the immunological characteristics in the patients
      with HCM did not reveal any substantial changes as compared to those in health.
      Immune disorders in the patients with DCM form the basis for conducting goal
      oriented immunocorrection.

PMID- 2879363
TI  - The degradation of bovine and human prothrombin by human polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte cathepsin G.
AB  - Cathepsin G, isolated from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, was found to
      effect rapid and specific degradation and biological inactivation of bovine and
      human prothrombin in the absence of calcium ions with the formation of two
      peptide fragments from the N-terminal end of the molecule. Polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate indicated that the
      molecular weights of the fragments were 5,000 and 17,500. Proteolysis of
      prothrombin by cathepsin G was inhibited by calcium ions. Leukocyte proteinases
      such as cathepsin G may be responsible for haemorrhagic disorders associated with
      myelocytic leukaemia and septicaemia.

PMID- 2879364
TI  - The antithrombotic in vivo effect of eterylate and dipyridamole in experimental
      thrombosis in mice.

PMID- 2879365
TI  - Effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on spermatogenesis in adult rats.
AB  - Oral administration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in doses of 250, 500,
      1000 and 2000 mg/kg to adult rats for 15 days caused a significant dose dependent
      decrease in the sperm count of the epididymal spermatozoa. The activity of gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was
      significantly increased in the animals of the treated groups. An increase in the
      activity of beta-glucuronidase and decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase
      was also observed at the highest dose of DEHP. The activity of sorbitol
      dehydrogenase (SDH) was found to be decreased in the animals exposed to 1000 and
      2000 mg/kg of DEHP. These results suggest that DEHP can affect spermatogenesis by
      altering the activities of the enzymes responsible for the maturation of sperms.
      The reduced number of sperms may be responsible for the antifertilic effects of
      DEHP.

PMID- 2879366
TI  - Changes in urinary and renal tubular enzymes caused by subchronic administration
      of ochratoxin A in rats.
AB  - The activities of 5 enzymes in urine and renal tubules were measured after
      administration to male Wistar rats of small doses of ochratoxin A (145
      micrograms/kg per day for 8-12 weeks, corresponding to 2 ppm in the feed) by
      intubation. These doses are in the range of natural contaminations found in food
      and feed. The enzymes examined were gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT),
      alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG). The doses employed caused
      increased enzymuria and lower activities of tubular enzymes after 1 week of
      feeding. This suggests tubular injury. The change of the enzyme activities in the
      urine and in the tubules appeared in a cyclic way (degeneration and
      regeneration). Phenylalanine (20 ppm) partially prevented this action of
      ochratoxin A. The p-[14C]aminohippurate accumulation was inhibited by 60% in the
      second week but returned to almost normal level 6 weeks after the beginning of
      the treatment, suggesting an adaptation of the organism or a substitution of
      damaged cells.

PMID- 2879367
TI  - Di-isopropylfluorophosphate induced antinociception and its interactions with
      opioid drugs in the rat.
AB  - The irreversible anticholinesterase, di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), was shown
      to be antinociceptive in the paw pressure test in rats only at doses where
      animals exhibited marked signs of anticholinesterase poisoning. At sub
      antinociceptive doses DFP potentiated the opioid drugs fentanyl and alfentanil
      but failed to alter morphine antinociception. These interactions differ from our
      previous studies using the hot plate test in mice and suggest that
      opioid/cholinergic interactions are species and test dependent.

PMID- 2879368
TI  - Metabolic changes in rat brain synaptosomes after exposure to sulfide in vivo.
AB  - The effects of exposure of rats to sulfide and the action of exogenous heme were
      studied in rat-brain synaptosomes. Exposure to sulfide impaired the respiration
      of synaptosomes which was reversed by heme (4 mg/kg body weight). Sodium sulfide
      caused partial inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine uptake,
      strongly inhibited veratridine-dependent release of these neurotransmitters and
      reduced veratridine-dependent changes in transmembrane electrical potential. Heme
      treatment did not reverse these changes.

PMID- 2879369
TI  - A new autoreactive monoclonal antibody specific for the Thy-1 antigen.
AB  - The present study describes the development of a new IgM monoclonal autoantibody
      reactive with the Thy-1 antigen. The C16-31 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was
      considered as autoreactive because it reacted with thymus cells of both the C3H
      and BALB/c strains, which were involved in the development of the antibody. The
      antibody was reactive with thymus cells in both immunofluorescent and cytotoxic
      tests. It also showed a weak immunofluorescent reactivity with peripheral T
      lymphocytes. The identification of the specificity detected by the C16-31 mAb as
      the Thy-1 antigen was based on the following criteria: C16-31 mAB displayed a
      preferential reactivity with Thy-1.2 bearing thymus cells, rather than with Thy
      1.1 bearing thymus cells. The tissue distribution of the antigen detected by the
      C16-31 antibody by direct tests and by direct tests and by adsorption experiments
      was in accordance with that characteristic for Thy-1. It was high on brain tissue
      and on thymus cells, and considerably lower on peripheral T-lymphocytes. Coating
      of thymocytes with C16-31 antibody blocked their reactivity with other monoclonal
      Thy-1 antibodies. Conversely, coating of thymus cells with rabbit anti-brain
      serum (RABR) inhibited the binding of C16-31. The C16-31 mAb differed from the
      Thy-1 autoantibodies described previously in its relatively strong reactivity
      with brain tissue and its considerably weaker reactivity with peripheral T
      lymphocytes. Moreover, C16-31 mAb showed a preferential allospecificity for Thy
      1.2, only in its reactivity with thymocytes. In contrast, it reacted equally well
      with brain tissue from either Thy-1.2 or Thy-1.1 mice.

PMID- 2879371
TI  - Laboratory observations on the toxicity of Swartzia madagascariensis
      (Leguminosae) extract to mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2879372
TI  - Isolation of viruses from mosquitoes of the Negev, Israel.
AB  - In a survey of the mosquito population of the Negev carried out between July 1982
      and September 1984, over 85,000 insects belonging to 10 species were tested for
      the presence of viruses. They yielded 91 virus isolates in C-6/36 mosquito cell
      cultures; 20 of the isolates were recovered also in Vero cell cultures and in
      suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally. Of the 20 isolates recovered in the
      vertebrate systems 17 were identified as Sindbis, and three as West Nile viruses.
      71 viruses which have been isolated only in mosquito cell cultures remain
      unidentified. Sindbis and West Nile arboviruses were isolated only from Culex
      pipiens and from Cx perexiguus, while the unidentified viruses were isolated from
      these and from five other mosquito species.

PMID- 2879370
TI  - Drug effects upon aqueous production.

PMID- 2879373
TI  - Transient hemopoietic stem cell engraftment after transplantation of HLA
      haploidentical, T-cell-depleted bone marrow.

PMID- 2879374
TI  - Correlation between tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in tumors and
      urinary catecholamine output in neuroblastoma patients.
AB  - The results of an immunocytochemical evaluation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      immunoreactivity in 30 neuroblastic tumors of infancy are reported. Although no
      correlations could be found between the immunoreactive pattern and the site of
      origin or the staging of the tumor, a positive relationship between the urinary
      catecholamine output and the density of TH-immunoreactive cells could be
      established. TH was mostly localized on the cytoplasm of the differentiating
      neuroblasts, whereas immature elements were rarely positive. Moreover, 2 stage
      IVS cases did not contain any TH immunoreactivity. The possible significance of
      this finding in the investigation of this form of neuroblastoma, which has a
      peculiar biological behavior, is considered.

PMID- 2879375
TI  - [Treatment of disorders in the lesser circulation following closed mitral
      commissurotomy by the combined use of cordanum and sodium nitroprusside].
AB  - The investigation of hemodynamics and gas composition of blood in 14 patients has
      shown that combination of cordanum and sodium nitroprusside is expedient for the
      improvement of hemodynamics in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2879376
TI  - Age-related peptide production by human thyroid C cells. An immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - C cells of thyroid are known to express a variety of products beside calcitonin.
      These include the peptides PDN21 (katacalcin), calcitonin-gene related peptide
      (CGRP), bombesin and somatostatin. The expression of these products has been
      investigated by immunohistochemistry of thyroid tissue in six age ranges from
      fetal to late adult life. PDN 21 was found to have co-expression with calcitonin.
      CGRP and bombesin both demonstrated an age-related increase in numbers and
      intensity of cells stained. Somatostatin immunoreactivity was limited to small
      numbers of cells.

PMID- 2879377
TI  - Antral gastrin-producing G-cells and somatostatin-producing D-cells in peptic
      ulcer.
AB  - The number of G cells and D cells per area unit and the G cell/D cell ratio was
      studied in control subjects and patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer. A great
      inter-individual variation in the population density of both types of cells was
      observed in the three groups studied. G cell density was significantly decreased
      in both duodenal and gastric ulcer patients, when compared with controls; whereas
      no difference in G cell density was seen between duodenal ulcer patients and
      gastric ulcer patients. However, D cell density was significantly decreased in
      duodenal ulcer patients when compared with control subjects and gastric ulcer
      patients. In this latter group, D cell density was also lower than in control
      subjects. A significant positive linear correlation between G cell number and D
      cell number was found in the three groups studied. The G cell/D cell ratio was
      significantly increased in duodenal and gastric ulcer patients when compared with
      controls. This was mainly due to a decrease in D cell numbers. It is concluded
      that a local deficit in antral D cells in patients with peptic ulcer may favor
      the pathogenesis of ulcer disease.

PMID- 2879378
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of immunoglobulin in B-cell lymphomas.
AB  - Subcellular localization of immunoglobulin (Ig) by immunoelectron microscopy was
      performed on 20 B-cell lymphomas of low- and high-grade malignancy. The
      efficiency in demonstrating Ig by pre-embedding technique depends on the
      antibodies used. F(ab')2 fragments of antibodies were more sensitive than both
      intact polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in detecting cytoplasmic Ig. With
      immunoelectron microscopy Ig could be demonstrated in all cell types of B-CLL and
      LP-immunocytoma, even in some of the small lymphocytes in B-CLL. Thus, the
      presence of intracytoplasmic Ig has no diagnostic relevance in differentiating B
      CLL from LP-immunocytoma. However, the amount of Ig in the tumor cells of LP
      immunocytoma seemed to be greater than in B-CLL. Centrocytic lymphoma and
      centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma could be differentiated by their different
      localization of Ig. In centrocytic lymphoma Ig was localized mainly on the
      surface membrane, whereas in centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma moderate amounts
      of Ig could be detected in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space
      of the centroblasts and in roughly one third of the centrocytes. In malignant
      lymphomas of high-grade malignancy (ML centroblastic, ML immunoblastic, and ML
      lymphoblastic) Ig was localized mainly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      sometimes in the perinuclear space.

PMID- 2879379
TI  - Cinemicrographic observations of cultured adrenocortical tumor cells. Dynamic
      responses to ACTH and cytochalasin B.
AB  - ACTH increases the basal steroidogenic activity of cultured adrenocortical tumor
      cells, whereas moderate-high doses of cytochalasin B (CB) inhibit both basal and
      ACTH-induced steroidogenesis. Previous ultrastructural studies have revealed that
      ACTH rearranges microfilaments in these adrenal cells, whereas CB causes
      microfilaments to aggregate into felt-like masses. It has been postulated that
      the ACTH effects may facilitate organelle motility and increase organelle
      interactions that are required for steroid biosynthesis, and that the CB-created
      "foci" may impede or prevent the organelle meetings. To shed light on these
      possibilities, we have employed 16 mm cinemicrography of unstimulated adrenal
      tumor cells and cells incubated for 1-2 h with ACTH (10 mU/ml), or low (10
      micrograms/ml), or high (50 micrograms/ml) doses of CB. ACTH caused initial
      increases in membrane ruffling and a "flurry" of particle (organelle) activity
      above that seen in unstimulated cells. The stimulated cells then retracted from
      each other and began their characteristic "rounding up" in response to the
      hormone. Particles appeared to move towards the nucleus, and in fully-rounded
      cells were extremely congested. Steroid production rose several fold above basal
      levels. CB10 produced slight-marked cell convexities, nearly stopped particle
      motility and inhibited steroid production moderately. CB50 produced an
      asymmetrical, spidery cell form, stopped membrane ruffling and particle motility
      and abolished steroidogenesis. After a washout of CB50, particle motility resumed
      nearly immediately. Our CB data indicate that associations between particles,
      presumably between mitochondria and various sources of cholesterol, are
      prerequisite for basal steroidogenesis in the adrenal tumor cells. In ACTH
      stimulated cells, increases in steroid output correspond with increased
      opportunities for particle associations. These opportunities appear to arise
      directly or indirectly from ACTH effects on microfilaments. The responses of
      microfilaments to the hormone may be particularly intense in tumorous forms. By
      these means, the cells may express their differentiated function, although their
      cytoplasm has a distinctly unspecialized appearance.

PMID- 2879380
TI  - Immunohistological patterns of non-neoplastic changes in the thymus in Myasthenia
      gravis.
AB  - Non-neoplastic thymuses from 20 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have been
      studied by routine stains on paraffin sections and by immunohistological methods
      on frozen sections using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against thymic
      epithelial cells, macrophages/reticulum cells, lymphoid cells and myoid cells.
      Three types of thymic histology in MG were distinguished: (1) thymitis with
      lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (11 cases), (2) thymitis with diffuse B-cell
      infiltration (5 cases) and (3) thymic atrophy (4 cases). Thymitis was more common
      in younger females and thymic atrophy in older patients. Both types of thymitis
      were associated with conspicuous structural disturbance of the thymic
      perivascular space (PVS) and medulla, characterized by a distinct enlargement of
      the PVS and disruption of the epithelium and reticulin fibre network at the
      medullary boundary, leading to fusion of the two compartments. The PVS and
      medulla contained a striking B-cell infiltration. Large well-developed germinal
      centers (GCs), showing the same cellular organization as in the peripheral
      lymphatic system, occurred in thymitis with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia,
      whereas thymitis with diffuse B-cell infiltration merely exhibited a few tiny
      lymphoid follicles, which could be demonstrated only by immunostaining of
      dendritic reticulum cells. In thymic atrophy a diffuse B-cell infiltration of the
      PVS and the medulla was also observed, but only minor alterations of the
      epithelial framework were seen. There was an increased number of interdigitating
      reticulum cells with variable expression of the T-6 antigen in all the thymuses
      examined, indicating an immune stimulation of the intrathymic T-cells. Myoid
      cells, the supposed target of the intrathymic immune reaction in MG, were found
      to be less frequent in thymic atrophy than in thymitis. This variable number of
      myoid cells may explain the different grades of immune stimulation and different
      types of histology seen in the thymus in MG.

PMID- 2879381
TI  - The suramin-treated rat as a model of mucopolysaccharidosis. Variation in the
      reversibility of biochemical and morphological changes among different organs.
AB  - We have examined the reversibility of the biochemical and pathological changes
      induced in the spleen, kidney and lung of the suramin-treated rat which we have
      previously proposed as a useful model of the human condition,
      mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). Rats were injected with a single intravenous dose of
      suramin (250 mg/kg) and allowed to survive for periods of up to 6 months. The
      organs were examined for suramin content, pathological changes, biochemical
      storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and for the blockage of the relevant
      hydrolytic enzymes. The extent and rate of suramin accumulation and the retention
      of the drug varied considerably between organs with the greatest concentration of
      suramin (4,000 micrograms/g) occurring in the kidney 2 weeks after injection.
      Suramin persisted at gradually decreasing levels in all organs for the duration
      of the experiment, remaining at the highest level (1,150 micrograms/g) in the
      kidney. The concentration of GAGs peaked 10-18 days after administration of the
      drug, in all organs. Within 6 months the level had returned to normal in the
      liver, spleen and lung, but remained elevated in the kidney. The activities of
      beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase were decreased in all organs at
      diminishing levels throughout the experiment. There was a significant increase in
      the activity of arylsulphatase B, except in the kidney, where the predominant
      effect was a reduction of activity. Recovery from the morphological changes was
      evident in all organs except the lung within 6 months of suramin administration.
      The reversibility of the biochemical and pathological changes in the various
      tissues is discussed and compared with the earlier results described for the
      liver (Rees et al. 1986) and the implications of using suramin for the treatment
      of human trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis and AIDS are considered.

PMID- 2879382
TI  - Amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF) in the pathogenesis of AA-amyloidosis in the
      hamster.
AB  - AA-amyloidosis was induced in hamsters receiving amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF)
      by daily subcutaneous injection with either an aged casein solution or casein
      supplemented with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both amyloid inducers gave similar
      results with respect to amyloid development in spleen, liver and kidneys and to
      serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations and plasma cathepsin D activities. AEF was
      isolated from amyloid-containing tissue by the method described by Hol et al.
      (1985), and amyloid-enhancing material was also extracted from isolated hamster
      amyloid fibrils by intensive sonification. This fibril-derived amyloid-enhancing
      material lacked typical green birefringence after staining with Congo red and
      appeared as amorphous material on electron microscopy. AEF shortened the pre
      amyloid phase for splenic and hepatic amyloid development and also the subsequent
      interval before renal amyloid deposition. This indicates that endogenous AEF,
      unlike passively transferred preformed AEF, is not distributed throughout the
      body and is probably generated at the site of amyloid deposition. Moreover, these
      results suggest that amyloid deposition in the kidneys, like that in the spleen
      and liver, involves an AEF-dependent pathway. Thus redistribution of amyloid is
      probably not an important cause of renal amyloid involvement. In addition to the
      reduction in the lag phase for splenic and hepatic amyloid deposition, AEF also
      speeds the changes in SAA concentration and plasma cathepsin D activity. This
      indicates that AEF accelerates rather than eliminates the pre-amyloid phase.

PMID- 2879383
TI  - Electron microscopic demonstration of intermediate cells in the healthy adult
      human pancreas.
AB  - Electron microscopic findings obtained from the pancreas of a healthy 26-year-old
      organ donor are reported. These findings suggest for the first time that
      intermediate cells (i.e. cells with morphological characteristics of exocrine
      acinar or ductal cells as well as endocrine islet cells) are present in the
      normal adult pancreas.

PMID- 2879384
TI  - [Psychophysiological and neurological aspects of the problem of fatigue in flight
      personnel].

PMID- 2879385
TI  - [Serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in metastatic
      malignant tumors].
AB  - Levels of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and total, alpha 2 and alpha 1-alkaline
      phosphatase versus dissemination pattern and survival time were studied in
      patients with stage III and IV tumors of various sites. No significant changes in
      the activity of the said enzymes were registered in cases of single hepatic
      metastasis and metastasis-free liver. A slight increase in the enzymes' activity
      was observed in patients with pronounced liver involvement within months 10-4
      before death. That was followed by a sharp and marked (3-4 times normal) rise in
      the levels during months 4-3. Changes in enzyme activity within the terminal 12
      months were described with the aid of polynoms on the basis of regression
      analysis. A correlation between liver mass and degree of rise in serum enzymes
      levels was established.

PMID- 2879386
TI  - [Neurohumoral system indices in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic
      nonspecific lung diseases with cor pulmonale].

PMID- 2879387
TI  - [Pathogenicity factors of Bacteroides (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2879388
TI  - [Silent abuse].
AB  - The rate of "silent abuse" is probably underestimated by the current esteem of
      1:200 in the general population. Because of the criterion of "silent
      inconspicuousness" most of the patients concerned elude statistical records. So
      much the more, however, they need medical attention. It is a highly urgent
      problem, involving individual as well as social medicine, and carrying the risk
      of massive damage to health, shortening of life expectancy and loss of ability to
      enjoy creativity and pleasure. The presenting symptoms are mainly headache, sleep
      disturbances and vegetative manifestations. The (over-)medication in use consists
      mainly of analgesics, tranquillizers and narcotics. The etiological background is
      made up (usually in close interdependency) of depression, external circumstances
      and neurotic development as well as a distinct type of personality (to be
      understood as the result of interaction between genetic and psychodynamic
      factors). Especially, there appears a personality structure according to the
      present ideal picture of achievement and order. Therefore, even from the medical
      point of view, hardly ever to be regarded as deviant or in need of therapy. In
      some cases out of this constellation arises a further enhancement of the
      mechanisms of abuse. Among rational objective measures we can propose: Increased
      information of the public and further special education of medical people,
      especially referring to rational therapy of depression and pain without the use
      of analgesics, furthermore, rational psychotherapeutic guidance; attempts at more
      specified and follow-up care of disaccustomed abusers; intensified public
      relation work in cooperation between medical doctors and politicians.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879389
TI  - [Effect of celiprolol and metoprolol on serum lipids in patients with various
      forms of hyperlipoproteinemia].
AB  - In a single-blind prospective study, patients with hyperlipoproteinemias of the
      types II a, II b or IV were examined for changes of their serum lipid levels
      under the treatment with 300 mg celiprolol or 200 mg metoprolol, respectively,
      for a period of 4 weeks. Celiprolol led to a reduction of serum triglycerides,
      while the total cholesterol level remained practically unchanged; the HDL
      cholesterol level rose from an average of 41.7 to 53.9 mg/dl (p less than or
      equal to 0.05). There was a slight increase of the LDL-cholesterol level and a
      significant decrease of the quotients between LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and
      between total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Metoprolol caused a slight
      increase of the serum triglycerides, the total cholesterol level remained
      unchanged, while the HDL-cholesterol level slightly increased from 56.7 to 59.3
      mg/dl. The level of LDL-cholesterol and the quotient between LDL-cholesterol and
      HDL-cholesterol decreased slightly. On the contrary, the quotient between total
      cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol remained practically unchanged. Celiprolol had a
      favourable influence on the serum lipid pattern, as far as the atherogenic risk
      is concerned.

PMID- 2879390
TI  - The metabolic fate of camazepam in rats.
AB  - The metabolites of camazepam in rat plasma were characterized by t.l.c., mass
      spectroscopy and n.m.r. spectroscopy as the mono- or di-desmethylated metabolites
      and the mono- or di-hydroxymethylated metabolites. The postulated metabolic
      pathways of camazepam involved stepwise series of desmethylations. The mono- and
      di-hydroxymethylated metabolites were found to be intermediates in
      desmethylation. Temazepam and oxazepam, metabolites of camazepam, were formed
      from the mono- or di-hydroxymethylated metabolites.

PMID- 2879392
TI  - Mode of action of nitrates with regard to vasodilatation and tolerance.
AB  - Nitrovasodilators relax vascular smooth muscle by one common mechanism, the
      activation of soluble guanylate cyclase leading to increased formation of cGMP.
      The considerable differences in potency between various nitrovasodilators appear,
      at least in part, to be due to the different pathways of their transformation
      into activators of guanylate cyclase such as nitrous oxide or nitrosothiol. Major
      differences were also found in the ability of these compounds to induce tolerance
      in isolated bovine coronary artery strips. Although the mechanism of tolerance
      development is still not clarified, it appears likely that cysteine deficiency
      may be responsible for this phenomenon since this thiol appears to be required
      for the transformation of certain nitrovasodilators (e.g. nitroglycerin) into
      stimulators of guanylate cyclase and also in the final step of activation of this
      enzyme.

PMID- 2879391
TI  - [Thiol-dependent activation of guanylate cyclase by organic nitrates].
AB  - Organic nitrates produce their pharmacological effect by an intracellular
      stimulation of the enzyme guanylate cyclase (E. C. 4.6.1.2). We could show that
      the stimulatory effect of organic nitrates on the activity of guanylate cyclase
      is strongly dependent on the number of nitrate residues per molecule. The EC50
      values found for the tetra-, tri- di-, and mononitrates differed from each other
      by the factor 4. In contrast to investigations carried out with the perfused
      isolated Langendorff heart there was no correlation between the lipophilicity of
      these substances and the EC50 in our guanylate cyclase preparation, as
      penetration of cell membranes is not required. Other authors have found that
      organic nitrates are able to activate the enzyme guanylate cyclase only in the
      presence of cysteine. There is general agreement in the literature that organic
      nitrates have to be cleaved before they become biologically active. During the
      transformation which takes place in the presence of cysteine or by means of
      enzymatic catalysis the nitric oxide radical is liberated as the essential
      stimulatory agent. We found a strict correlation between the liberation of nitric
      oxide from different organic nitrates (GTN, IMDN, IIDN, ISDN, IS-2-N, IS-5-N) and
      the degree of enzyme activation. The Ec50 values of the organic nitrates were
      calculated from the concentration response curves which were obtained with a
      guanylate cyclase preparation from rat liver in the presence of cysteine. The
      degradation of the organic nitrates was measured under the same conditions by
      means of HPLC. The amount of nitric oxide set free was calculated by using the
      velocity constants k of organic nitrate degradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879393
TI  - [In vitro study of the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic innervation of the rat and
      cat stomach].

PMID- 2879394
TI  - [Hormonal control of Sertoli cell function: effect of FSH, neurotransmitters and
      glucagon].

PMID- 2879395
TI  - [Changes in pharmacokinetics in aging and ways of correcting].

PMID- 2879396
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in the evaluation of subpopulations of immunoregulatory T
      cells in patients with atopic dermatitis].

PMID- 2879397
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of parameters of human oculomotor responses in a state of
      fatigue and in the presence of local brain lesions].
AB  - Difference between saccades of the right and left eyes (saccades asymmetry) was
      studied in man in the state of fatigue and following local brain lesions. It has
      been found that external and internal influences disturbing the brain blood
      supply evoke an asymmetry of oculogram signals, expressed in their divergence in
      phase, form and amplitude. A common asymmetry coefficient has been found, which
      points to already existent or beginning pathological shifts of the
      psychophysiological state.

PMID- 2879399
TI  - [Study of cortical neurons by the iontophoretic method controlled by neuronal
      activity].

PMID- 2879398
TI  - [Effect of neurohypophyseal peptides on the formation of a conditioned feeding
      reflex in the rat].
AB  - The influence of intraperitoneal injection of vasopressin (LVP), oxytocin (OXY)
      and their fragments (DGAVP, PLG) on the acquisition and extinction of conditioned
      food reflex was studied in rats. It was found that vasopressin and its fragments
      had a more pronounced specific effect on the higher nervous activity of the
      animals. This effect consisted in impairment of the performance of the
      conditioned food reflex while oxytocin had a tendency to improve its performance.
      On the ground of the obtained data it is suggested that administration of
      vasopressin may facilitate the memory function only under specific environmental
      conditions.

PMID- 2879400
TI  - Opsonin independent interaction of Klebsiella strains with human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Nine encapsulated Klebsiella strains with different types of fimbriation and
      their nonencapsulated mutants were tested for their stimulatory potency for human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the absence of opsonins. The luminol
      chemiluminescence assay was used for these experiments. It could be shown that
      the interaction between Klebsiella bacteria and human leukocytes is rather
      complex depending not only on the presence of capsules but also on the
      hydrophobicity of Klebsiella surface and on the type of fimbriation existing.

PMID- 2879401
TI  - [Reactogenic properties of a DTP vaccine with a reduced antigen dosage].
AB  - The reactogenic properties of batches of adsorbed DPT vaccine with the normal
      content of antigens and with the content of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
      reduced, respectively, to 10 Lf and 5 BU per immunization dose have been studied
      under the conditions of a controlled epidemiological trial. The reduced antigenic
      content of adsorbed DPT vaccine decreased the number of vaccinal reactions 1.8
      times, as well as the intensity of their manifestations.

PMID- 2879402
TI  - [Comparative immunologic effectiveness of variants of the DTP vaccine].
AB  - The immunological effectiveness of two batches of adsorbed DPT vaccine, the batch
      with the normal content of antigens (control) and the batch with the content of
      diphtheria and tetanus toxoids reduced to 20 Lf/ml and 5 BU/ml respectively (test
      batch), has been studied under the conditions of controlled trial. As a result,
      the reduction of the antigenic content of adsorbed DPT vaccine has been found to
      exert no negative influence on the immunological effectiveness of the diphtheria,
      tetanus, and pertussis components of this preparation under the conditions of the
      new immunization schedule.

PMID- 2879403
TI  - [Immune response to various antigenic preparations of Bordetella pertussis in
      whooping cough patients and convalescents studied by immunoenzyme analysis].
AB  - The content of antibodies to B. pertussis disintegrated cells, protein fraction
      and lipopolysaccharide in the blood of patients and convalescents has been
      studied. The study has revealed that in the blood sera of whooping cough patients
      the titers of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide considerably exceed the titers of
      antibodies to other antigenic fractions. The titers of IgM to lipopolysaccharide
      have been shown to exceed the titers of IgM to other fractions 1.5-2 times.

PMID- 2879404
TI  - [The epidemic process of diphtheria and pertussis with active immunization of a
      pediatric population].
AB  - The heterogeneity of humans in their immune response to the components of
      adsorbed DPT vaccine is shown. Improvements in the organizational forms of
      immunoprophylaxis are necessitated.

PMID- 2879405
TI  - Effect of C-protein and LC-light chains on actomyosin ATPase at various ionic
      strength and calcium levels.
AB  - Interrelation between the effects of C-protein and LC2-light chains on actin
      activated ATPase activity of skeletal muscle myosin has been investigated at
      various ionic strength (0.06-0.14) and free calcium levels (10(-4) M, 10(-8) M).
      The ATPase activity of AM reconstituted with column-purified myosin or partly
      purified myosin and non-regulated actin exhibits a pronounced dependence on ionic
      strength with maximum at I = 0.1. C-protein impurities (5 per cent) usually
      present in Minit can inhibit AM ATPase at every ionic strength assayed, without
      changing the character of this dependence. Actin-activated ATPase of the above
      myosins shows calcium sensitivity at every ionic strength studied. The partial
      removal of LC2 from Mcol results in a decrease of AM ATPase and in a
      disappearance of its calcium sensitivity. C-protein added to Mcol in a molar
      ratio of 1:1 inhibits considerably AM ATPase, reduces its sensitivity to ionic
      strength and abolishes its calcium sensitivity.

PMID- 2879406
TI  - Thiazinamium--induced oesophageal ulcerations.

PMID- 2879407
TI  - Attempts for light microscopical demonstration of guanylate cyclase activity in
      rat cerebellum.
AB  - Guanylate cyclase in rat cerebellum was investigated on the light microscopical
      level with guanylyl imidodiphosphate as substrate. Several attempts for
      activation of enzymatic activity and delimitation to other enzymes were made by
      sodium azide, aminophylline, sodium fluoride and dithioerythrole. The
      localization was similar but less strong compared to adenylate cyclase (Poeggel
      and Luppa 1984) and differs in behaviour to the above mentioned substances.
      Nucleotide pyrophosphatases seem to play an unimportant role in guanylyl
      imidodiphosphate conversion, while alkaline phosphatase is possibly of more
      importance. A light microscopical demonstration of guanylate cyclase by its
      enzymatic activity must be considered with caution. Main reasons are the low
      activity and therefore the great importance of interfering enzymes with high
      activities.

PMID- 2879409
TI  - Evidence of an estrogen-like effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on lysyl oxidase
      activity in the mouse cervix.
AB  - The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) on the lysyl oxidase activity in the
      mouse cervix was studied. Injection of animals ovariectomized 10 days before with
      1 mg DHA was followed 24 h later by an increase in enzyme activity, which
      remained unaltered for 48 h, returning to control values by 96 h after injection.
      At least 100 micrograms of DHA was required to increase enzyme activity; the
      maximum effect occurred with 1 mg of the steroid and was comparable to that of 1
      microgram estradiol-17 beta. These results demonstrate an estrogen-like effect of
      DHA on lysyl oxidase activity in mouse cervix. The onset of response was later
      and the duration of response was longer for DHA than for estradiol-17 beta.

PMID- 2879408
TI  - Comparative hydrolase cytochemistry of the mature guinea-pig and marmoset yolk
      sac with special reference to proteases.
AB  - Proteases and gamma-glutamyl transferase linked to plasma membranes, lysosomes
      and secretion granules were investigated cytochemically together with
      phosphatases, glycosidases and non-specific esterases in the mature guinea-pig
      and marmoset yolk sac. Species-independently, the yolk sac epithelial cells
      showed high activities of lysosomal proteases, glycosidases and non-specific
      esterases and phosphatases, whereas species-dependent patterns were found for
      plasma membrane proteases, gamma-glutamyl transferase and phosphatases.
      Furthermore, the guinea-pig yolk sac epithelium showed marked regional
      differences and that of both species intercellular differences, which allowed the
      subdivision of yolk sac epithelial cells in various types. The high activities of
      all lysosomal enzymes suggests their general importance for the yolk sac function
      in guinea-pigs and marmosets. The different equipment of the plasma membrane with
      proteases, gamma-glutamyl transferase and phosphatases indicates a more species
      specific physiological role of this part of the yolk sac epithelial cells.

PMID- 2879410
TI  - Cholinergic and dopaminergic alterations in the mouse central nervous system
      following acute trimethyltin exposure.
AB  - Male mice were given a single oral dose of 0, 1 or 3 mg/kg TMT-hydroxide and
      sacrificed 48 hrs, 1 and 2 weeks later. Brain areas were removed, dissected and
      frozen for later analysis of neurotransmitter receptor binding by filtration
      techniques and determination of concentrations of monoamines and their
      metabolites by HPLC/EC. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding was measured over
      a [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) concentration range of 0.02 to 2.0 nM. Two
      days after TMT treatment, affinity of [3H]-QNB binding in frontal cortex
      increased. Gradual return to control binding affinity was seen over the next 2
      weeks. The number of receptors decreased only at high dose after 1 week. In
      hippocampus, a similar increase was seen only at the 3 mg/kg dose after 1 and 2
      weeks. Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
      concentrations were significantly decreased in the caudate nucleus 2 weeks after
      TMT treatment; concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were unaltered, nor was there a change in
      dopamine receptors as measured by [3H]-spiroperidol binding in the caudate
      nucleus or frontal cortex. To determine if TMT altered monoamine turnover or
      metabolite efflux, mice were dosed with 0 or 3 mg/kg TMT; 2 weeks later,
      pargyline (75 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered and the mice sacrificed
      0, 30 and 60 min. later. Monoamines and their metabolites were measured in
      caudate nucleus. The HVA elimination rate was unchanged. The data suggests that
      the lower concentrations of dopamine metabolites observed 2 weeks after TMT
      treatment were due to a decrease in dopamine turnover. The decrease in muscarinic
      receptor affinity in frontal cortex and hippocampus and the decrease in the rate
      of dopamine turnover in the caudate nucleus indicate that these 2 systems are
      affected by TMT and may participate in the expression of its toxicity.

PMID- 2879411
TI  - Guanine nucleotides regulate both agonist and antagonist binding to cod brain
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The effect of guanine nucleotides on the binding of 3H-prazosin and its
      displacement by various agonists and antagonists were studied in membranes
      prepared from the cod brain. When cod brain membranes were maintained in a buffer
      containing 8 mM Mg2+, GTP (1 mM) was found to increase the specific binding of 3H
      prazosin Computer modelling 3H-prazosin saturation curves, suggested that the
      number of binding sites for 3H-prazosin was increased by 18 +/- 5% by GTP without
      affecting the affinity for 3H-prazosin (dissociation constant, Kd, 56 +/- 3 pM).
      Displacement of 3H-prazosin by adrenaline produced shallow displacement curves.
      Computer modelling these curves suggested that adrenaline bound to two sites -
      one high and one low affinity site - the Kd's being 0.14 +/- 0.03 (KH) and 7.6 +/
      0.5 microM (KL), respectively. When 1 mM GTP was present the displacement curves
      were shifted to the right and became steeper. Computer modelling these curves
      suggested that adrenaline now bound to only one low affinity site with a Kd of
      7.6 +/- 0.5 microM. When unlabelled prazosin was used to displace 3H-prazosin the
      displacement curves were uniphasic and steep, irrespective of whether GTP was
      present or not. Computer modelling these curves suggested that prazosin bound to
      only one site with a Kd of 68 +/- 11 pM. In the absence of Mg2+ and in the
      presence of EDTA (0.8 mM) the displacement curve of adrenaline became steeper and
      the effect of GTP was almost abolished. During these conditions the ability of
      GTP to enhance 3H-prazosin binding was also abolished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879412
TI  - Further studies of the mechanism behind scopolamine-induced reversal of
      antistereotypic and cataleptogenic effects of neuroleptics in rats.
AB  - Scopolamine is known to attenuate the amphetamine antagonistic and cataleptogenic
      effect of selective DA D-2 antagonists. To study further the influence of other
      receptor systems three approaches were taken: concomitant treatment with receptor
      blockers (scopolamine, prazosin and ketanserin) and a selective D-2 antagonist YM
      09151-2, testing of a neuroleptic droperidol, with mixed D-2, alpha 1 and 5-HT2
      antagonistic properties and testing a selective D-1 antagonist SCH 23390.
      Scopolamine markedly attenuated both effects of YM 09151-2 and droperidol. In
      contrast neither prazosin nor ketanserin influenced the effects of YM 09151-2.
      Furthermore, prazosin did not influence the interaction between scopolamine and
      YM 09151-2 in the tests of stereotypy and catalepsy. Scopolamine did not change
      the amphetamine antagonistic potency of SCH 23390, but decreased moderately its
      cataleptogenic potency. It is concluded that 5-HT2 and alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptor blockade are of minor importance in order to determine the sensitivity
      of a DA D-2 antagonist to the reversal induced by scopolamine. Thus, our earlier
      hypothesis, that DA D-1 receptor blockade is the main mechanism stabilizing these
      neuroleptic effects against scopolamine reversal, are further supported by the
      present experiments.

PMID- 2879413
TI  - Comparison of the effects of leaving needle, direct current electrical
      acupuncture, and low-frequency electrical acupuncture therapy.
AB  - During a 3 year period from 1978 to 1980, one hundred and seventeen patients who
      came to the Pain Clinic of the Department of Anesthesiology of the Osaka Medical
      College complaining of pain, were treated with leaving needle(LN), direct current
      electrical acupuncture (EAP), or low-frequency electrical acupuncture(LFEA). The
      immediate effects of these therapies were investigated in a period of 3 days
      after treatment, on the basis of the patient's subjective evaluation of his
      relief from pain on a scale of 10 before treatment. Appearance patterns of
      therapeutic effects of these therapies were divided into four types: persistent
      (therapeutic effects persist during the 3 day period immediately after
      treatment), downward (therapeutic effects gradually decrease immediately after
      treatment), upward (therapeutic effects gradually appear after treatment), and
      unaltered (therapeutic effects were fair or poor during the 3 days after
      treatment). In addition, it was seen that of the three therapies LFEA was the
      best one in producing a persistent therapeutic effect and a good rate of
      effectiveness in the first day immediately after treatment.

PMID- 2879414
TI  - Electrical stimulation of the celiac plexus for pain relief in chronic
      pancreatitis. A clinical note.
AB  - A patient with intractable abdominal pain due to chronic pancreatitis was
      successfully treated by direct electrical stimulation of the celiac plexus. The
      details of the procedure are presented. This simple innocuous technique could be
      of value in treating patients with pain due to chronic pancreatitis who would
      otherwise have a near normal life expectancy. Also, it can be used in patients
      suffering from cancer of the pancreas and upper abdominal viscera.

PMID- 2879415
TI  - Comparison between transcutaneous nerve stimulation analgesic effect and
      electroacupuncture analgesic effect in rabbits.
AB  - To compare Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation Analgesia (TNSA) with
      Electroacupuncture Analgesia (AA), we observed their effect and mechanism
      parallelly. The results are as follows: 1. Both TNSA and AA can produce
      significant current-dependent analgesia. The latency of AA is shorter than that
      of TNSA. 2. Under the present condition (lower-frequency, lower-intensity)
      naloxone can antagonize partly AA but not TNSA. 3. TNSA effect could be blocked
      partly by deep or intradermal injection of procaine into points. However, AA
      effect could be almost blocked completely by deep injection and not by
      intradermal injection of procaine.

PMID- 2879416
TI  - Electro-magnetic resonance phenomenon as a possible mechanism related to the "bi
      digital o-ring test molecular identification and localization method".
AB  - The author hypothesizes that the mechanism of the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test
      Molecular Identification and Localization Method" is due to an electro-magnetic
      wave resonance phenomenon between two identical substances having an identical
      resonance frequency and separated by a known distance. Such a hypothesis was
      tested and proved by using two identical sets of electro-magnetic resonance
      circuits, each consisting of a fixed inductance (L) and variable capacitance (C),
      in place of two identical substances or molecules. When one of the resonance
      circuits was connected or placed close to the body surface and when the frequency
      of the other resonance circuit was made identical to the one placed next to the
      body, a maximal weakening response of the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" was observed
      only when the axes of the coils of the two separate sets of resonance circuits
      were oriented perpendicular to each other; when the axes of the coils of the two
      separate sets of resonance circuits were oriented parallel to each other, no "Bi
      Digital O-Ring Test" weakening response was observed, even when both resonance
      circuits had an identical resonance frequency. The information about the
      molecular structure and quantity of any molecule is contained in the specific
      electro-magnetic field emitted by the particular molecule. These electro-magnetic
      waves, containing information about the particular substance, can be propagated
      through a metal wire, through a "concentrated electro-magnetic field projector,"
      or through a light beam with wavelength longer than green color (particularly a
      monochromatic, collimated light beam or soft laser beam). In the cases in which a
      light beam is used, the monochromatic light beam (including laser beam) acts as a
      very high frequency carrier of the electro-magnetic waves emitted from a
      particular substance placed near the source of the light beam or near the end of
      the light beam, and information on the molecular structure and amount of the
      substance is carried by the light beam (including laser beam) in both forward and
      backward directions (bi-directional propagation of information). Even reflected
      light from any molecule or substance in the visual field that reaches the eyes
      carries information on the substance to the eye ground, particularly when the
      individual is gazing at the substance; simultaneously, information on a substance
      not normally existing in the body that happens to be in the body is sent out from
      the eye ground in electro-magnetic waves to the object being gazed at by the
      individual.

PMID- 2879417
TI  - Sacral acupuncture for pain relief in labour: initial clinical experience in
      Nigerian women.
AB  - Sacral acupuncture was used for pain relief during labour in 30 pregnant Nigerian
      women. It produced clinically adequate analgesia in 19 women (63.3%). 6 women in
      this group (31.6%) reported that they had experienced no pain whatsoever
      throughout the period of labour and delivery (average duration - 8 hours). 11
      women (36.7%) had no pain relief and required pethidine injection when sacral
      acupuncture proved ineffective. 24 women (80%), including 5 who did not obtain
      relief, indicated their wish to have sacral acupuncture during their next
      confinement. 2 women (6.7%) objected to needling, 3 considered acupuncture
      useless while another 2 did not believe in it. The patients' cardio-respiratory
      functions and uterine contractions were not adversely affected. There were no
      untoward effects on the mothers or their neonates. The procedure was technically
      simple, the equipment light and cheap. The needles did not interfere with nursing
      or obstetric manouvres. The procedure was however time consuming. The results
      were inconsistent and unpredictable. Despite these limitations, the simplicity,
      cheapness and absence of physiological complications associated with the
      procedure, make it a worthwhile medical armament for pain relief in the Nigerian
      environment, with limited resources and specialized manpower.

PMID- 2879418
TI  - TENS treatment at home: dependence of the efficacy on frequency of use.
AB  - The papers of various authors on the efficacy of TENS (transcutaneous electric
      nerve stimulation) prompted an investigation to determine whether non-responders
      were in fact using the TENS equipment provided for home use correctly and for
      adequate periods. The principal factor in deciding on the investigation was the
      observation that when patients returned the equipment--because they failed to
      benefit--after having had it at home for a month or two, hardly any of the
      consumable material supplied had been used. In order to evaluate this observation
      quantitatively, TEN stimulators were handed out fitted with timing devices that
      clocked up the hours of operation. Of a total of 151 patients investigated, 86
      responded to TENS after regular use for several months. The remaining 65 patients
      failed to obtain adequate relief. An analysis of the meter records showed that
      only ten patients of this group had used TENS on a regular basis. Consideration
      should be given to means of improving patient compliance in the future.

PMID- 2879419
TI  - "Bi-digital o-ring test molecular identification and localization method" and its
      application in imaging of internal organs and malignant tumors as well as
      identification and localization of neurotransmitters and micro-organisms--Part 1.
AB  - Using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular Identification and Localization
      Method," one can identify and localize minute amounts of bioactive substances
      (including neurotransmitters), micro-organisms, toxic substances, or drugs, and,
      in addition, one can non-invasively image normal organs as well as screen for and
      image the distribution of specific types of cancer of specific internal organs
      without using any expensive instrumentation. One can also use this method to
      perform a qualitative analysis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and
      hormones on different parts of the imaged organs. The molecule or substance being
      investigated is compared with a minute amount of a pure control reference
      substance, and if the substance identical to the control reference substance
      exists, then the electro-magnetic waves emitted by the identical substance will
      produce an electro-magnetic resonance phenomenon with the electro-magnetic waves
      of identical resonance frequency emitted by the control reference substance, and
      this resonance phenomenon is hypothesized to be the basis of the "Bi-Digital O
      Ring Test Molecular Identification and Localization Method." The following
      substances have been used as control reference substances to identify and
      localize identical substances in vitro and in vivo: pure neurotransmitters (e.g.
      serotonin, beta-endorphin, methionine-enkephalin, norepinephrine, dopamine, L
      dopa, substance P, etc.), as well as L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine; cholesterol;
      steroid hormones (including aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, progesterone,
      testosterone, etc.); peptide hormones; microscopic slides of normal organs;
      microscopic slides of specific cancer cells of specific organs (e.g.
      adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas, adenocarcinoma of the descending
      colon, etc.); microscopic slides of pure micro-organisms; toxic substances (e.g.
      lead, mercury, KCN); drugs (including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
      antibiotics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, etc.); and antibodies
      against specific substances or micro-organisms. An intensive network of serotonin
      and L-tryptophan was discovered, by using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular
      Identification and Localization Method," in different parts of the body. In
      general, in painful areas, frequently serotonin is markedly reduced, L-tryptophan
      is markedly increased, and substance P is markedly increased, while in non
      painful areas, serotonin is markedly increased, L-tryptophan is markedly
      decreased, and substance P is markedly decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879420
TI  - Effect of severely alkali-treated casein on gastrointestinal transit and selected
      intestinal enzyme activities.
AB  - Alkaline treatment of proteins leads to chemical changes which alter the
      proteins' digestibility. Severely alkali-treated casein (0.2N NaOH, 80 degrees C,
      1 hour) in the diet reduces food intake and growth of young but not of adult
      Sprague Dawley rats. Gastrointestinal transit time is not reduced significantly
      in either young or adult rats. Food intake and growth rate are improved by amino
      acid supplementation. In this case, protein content and total leucine
      aminopeptidase activity are increased in the distal part of the small intestine
      whereas gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and maltase activities are increased in
      both the proximal and distal parts. Alkaline phosphatase activity remains
      unchanged. These intestinal adaptations differ from those observed in rats
      receiving a diet containing untreated casein and graded levels of a synthetic
      trypsin inhibitor. In the latter, protein digestibility remains high, gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase and also maltase activities are increased in the proximal
      and medial parts of the small intestine only. Intestinal adaptation in rats
      receiving alkali-treated casein does not result from a deficiency of pancreatic
      proteases activity. Ileal accumulation of undigested peptides from insufficient
      hydrolysis of alkali-treated casein may account for these mucosal adaptations.

PMID- 2879421
TI  - Can central-venous replace mixed-venous oxygen saturation measurements during
      anesthesia?

PMID- 2879422
TI  - [The spectrum of hangman's fracture].
AB  - The hangman's fracture is since Wood-Jones (1913) considered to be a pedicle
      fracture of the axial arch, combined with extensive lacerations of the
      intervertebral disk and the longitudinal ligaments in spine motion segment C2/3.
      In its mechanics it is ascribed to a non-physiological strain in the sagittal
      plane in particular due to added submental pressure. The various forms of strain
      which cause the phenomenon of the hangman's fracture are discussed in detail. In
      this context it appears that for the model conception chosen one must invariably
      also consider a rotary component. The definition of the pedicle fracture requires
      profound reexamination, since this topographic region manifests itself only from
      C3 onwards but not in the area of the axial arch. After the consideration of the
      location of the fracture plane the proposition is made to comply with clinical
      considerations instead and to define it as an intraarticular or extraarticular
      arch fracture. In the conclusion it is demonstrated in an exemplary manner that
      the monosegmental injury of the intervertebral disk and the longitudinal
      ligaments in the segment C2/3 considered to be typical need not be mandatory.
      However, if it is not present, injuries in the soft-tissue of the lower motion
      segments are to be expected.

PMID- 2879423
TI  - [First aid and transport in injuries of the spine].
AB  - Prognosis of lesions of the spine and spinal cord has greatly improved in recent
      years. It depends significantly and decisively on early recognition of such
      lesions and can be improved further by on-target immediate or early measures.
      Especially after traffic accidents, every unconscious person must be assumed to
      have suffered an injury of the spine until definite proof to the contrary.
      Appropriate measures must therefore be taken during rescue and transportation.

PMID- 2879424
TI  - [Rupture of the diaphragm--a frequently undetected injury].
AB  - Traumatic ruptures of the diaphragm are acquired separations of the diaphragm
      which are aetiologically divided into indirect and rare direct ruptures. The
      force required to produce indirect ruptures will usually lead to additional
      intraabdominal lesions of liver and spleen as well as to rib fractures and
      fractures at the lower extremity. Hence the sequels of these accompanying lesions
      are often prominent in the clinical pattern to such an extent that 50 to 70% of
      the diaphragmatic ruptures remain primarily unrecognised. Abdominal and/or
      cardiorespiratory signs and symptoms become manifest only if there is an
      evisceration. Hence surgical strategy in preoperatively identified diaphragmatic
      ruptures depends on the localisation of the rupture, on the severity of the
      accompanying lesions, and the time until surgical treatment can be effected.
      Depending on the type and severity of the accompanying lesions an average
      lethality of 33% must be taken into account in fresh diaphragmatic ruptures. In
      chronic uncomplicated eviscerations the operations lethality is about one per
      cent.

PMID- 2879425
TI  - [Treatment tactics in fractures of the midfoot].
AB  - Metatarsal fractures can occur as isolated lesions in combination with injuries
      of the ipsilateral tarsus, or in chain injuries of the lower extremity, or within
      a polytrauma. The choice of surgical or conservative therapy depends
      significantly on localisation and dislocation of the fracture (especially the
      involvement of the metatarsus I or V), as well as on the extent of the primary or
      expected soft part damage. From 1974 to 1984, 137 patients with metatarsal
      fractures were treated as in patients at the Accident Hospital in Tubingen. Three
      groups of diseases indicated for surgery are evident from an analysis of the
      courses of the disease: Metatarsal fractures in combination with an ipsilateral
      tarsus fracture or tarsus dislocation. Metatarsal serial fracture especially in
      involvement of metatarsus I and/or V. Dislocated tear fracture of the base of the
      fifth metatarsal bone. Preference is given to percutaneous Kirschner wiring from
      the head of the injured metatarsal bone. The tear fracture of the base of the
      metatarsal bone V is treated via traction bandage. These methods are generally
      technically simple and enable early functional treatment and partial weight
      bearing. In particular, immediate surgical treatment may not only favour
      reposition and retention, but may also limit damage of the soft parts.

PMID- 2879426
TI  - [Results of functional aftercare following surgically treated ruptures of the
      outer ligaments. A comparative study of aftercare by a lower leg walking cast or
      the Dr. Spring special shoe].
AB  - There is no doubt that primary suturing of the ruptured ankle ligament gives the
      best results regarding joint stability. However, there are differing views
      concerning the follow-up treatment. In particular, there are controversial
      opinions about the value of a special shoe by Dr. Spring during the
      rehabilitation phase. During the period April 1984 to July 1985 100 patients with
      rupture of the fibular ligament were treated operatively, 50 of whom were treated
      post-operatively with 14-day lying plaster of Paris followed by a further 14 days
      with the special shoe from Dr. Spring and 50 with a lower leg walking plaster of
      Paris. The results were compared over a period of 8 weeks, using objective
      criteria. The subjective impressions followed after at least 6 months. After 8
      weeks the mobility of the joint in dorsalflexion and pronation is similar in both
      groups; in plantar flexion and supination better mobility was seen after the
      plaster of Paris treatment. There was no significant difference in the duration
      of unfitness for work. Subjectively, there was a reduced tendency to swelling
      after the plaster of Paris treatment.

PMID- 2879427
TI  - [Fatigue fractures in the area of the hip joint in joggers].
AB  - An increased incidence of fatigue fractures of the lower extremities has been
      observed as a result of the jogging craze. The authors describe a fatigue
      fracture of the neck of the femur and a fracture dislocation (not described to
      date) of the hip joint with fracture of the posterior acetabular margin and
      avulsion of a femoral head fragment.

PMID- 2879428
TI  - [Indications for axis-correcting measures of the lower leg in massive malposition
      without adequate post-traumatic arthrosis in the knee and ankle joint].

PMID- 2879429
TI  - A determinant of stature: regulation of growth hormone secretion.

PMID- 2879430
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of ranitidine and cimetidine during acute myocardial
      ischaemia in anaesthetized dogs.
AB  - The effects of ranitidine and cimetidine on ventricular fibrillation threshold
      and haemodynamics were studied in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs subjected to
      acute coronary artery ligation. These drugs did not significantly change the
      ventricular fibrillation threshold nor haemodynamics before coronary artery
      ligation, except for remarkable haemodynamic depression by ranitidine 1 mg/kg.
      Ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery reduced the ventricular
      fibrillation threshold, decreased systemic and left ventricular pressures and
      myocardial contractility, and slightly increased heart rate. Pretreatment with
      ranitidine 0.25 or 1 mg/kg, or with cimetidine 2 mg/kg, significantly abolished
      the reductions in ventricular fibrillation threshold, but did not noticeably
      alter the haemodynamic changes. These findings further support the hypothesis
      that histamine release may contribute to the increased ventricular vulnerability
      resulting from acute myocardial ischaemia. However, the role of histamine in the
      haemodynamic responses to coronary artery ligation remains obscure.

PMID- 2879432
TI  - Fimbriae in Escherichia coli isolated from the small intestine of piglets.

PMID- 2879431
TI  - Inflammatory mechanisms in the Arthus reaction.

PMID- 2879433
TI  - Glaucoma.

PMID- 2879434
TI  - Illicit drugs and the athlete.

PMID- 2879435
TI  - The stress of hours of work.

PMID- 2879436
TI  - Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in patients on long-term gastric-tube feeding:
      estimation of linolenic acid and long-chain unsaturated n-3 fatty acid
      requirement in man.
AB  - Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency is described in four adults fed by gastric tube.
      In plasma and erythrocytes, total lipid 20:3n-9 was slightly increased but total
      n-6 fatty acids, arachidonic acid, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid were normal.
      Total n-3 fatty acids, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 were decreased in
      both plasma and erythrocytes. Patients had a slight but definite scaly
      dermatitis, which disappeared with essential fatty acids supplementation.
      Simultaneously, levels of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, 20:3n-9, and total
      n-3 fatty acids became normal while 18:2n-6, 20:3n-6, 20:4n-6, and total n-6
      acids were unchanged or slightly lowered. Estimated minimal daily requirement of
      linolenic acid and of long-chain unsaturated n-3 acids in adults is approximately
      0.2-0.3% and 0.1-0.2%, respectively, of total energy intake. Results suggest that
      conversion of linolenic acid to 22:6n-3 is increased in linolenic acid
      deficiency.

PMID- 2879437
TI  - Lactational and clear cell changes of the breast in nonlactating, nonpregnant
      women.
AB  - Secretory changes that occurred in the breasts of 32 women who were not pregnant
      or lactating were reviewed. These changes took two forms, with partial or
      complete involvement of one or more lobules. The more frequently occurring focal
      lactating effect was observed in 23 patients. The second form, a marked clearing
      of the cytoplasm within acinar cells, occurred in nine patients. Both patterns
      were present simultaneously in 2 of the 32 patients. Hormonal, anti-psychotic,
      and anti-hypertensive medications appear to correlate with the lactational
      change.

PMID- 2879438
TI  - Further linkage data on cystic fibrosis: the Utah Study.
AB  - We reported earlier complete linkage between cystic fibrosis and an RFLP of the
      met proto-oncogene revealed by the probe pmetH. Another clone, pmetD, detects
      another polymorphism with the TaqI restriction enzyme. Further linkage studies,
      now involving 22 families, have confirmed the tight linkage of cystic fibrosis to
      the MET and D7S8 loci. Significant allelic association was found between CF and
      allelic series defined by the pmetH probe.

PMID- 2879439
TI  - Linkage of DNA markers to cystic fibrosis in 26 families.
AB  - Two DNA markers, the met oncogene and the anonymous probe, pJ3.11, previously
      reported to be tightly linked to cystic fibrosis (CF), were used for linkage
      analysis in 26 families with two or more individuals affected with CF. A new high
      frequency polymorphism was identified using BanI and the pmetD probe. The results
      of linkage analysis were as follows: between met and CF, lod score of 18.2 at
      theta of .009; between pJ3.11 and CF, lod score of 12.1 at theta of 0; and
      between met and pJ3.11, lod score of 16.7 at theta of 0. These data indicate that
      most or all of CF is due to an abnormality at a single locus and that the DNA
      markers are useful for prenatal diagnosis and heterozygote detection within
      affected families.

PMID- 2879440
TI  - A linkage study of cystic fibrosis in extended multigenerational pedigrees.
AB  - The linkage of polymorphic DNA markers on chromosome 7 to cystic fibrosis (CF)
      was examined in two pedigrees and a number of smaller nuclear families. The
      pedigrees are multigenerational and together consist of more than 300 members
      including 30 affected individuals, while the nuclear families each have two
      generations and either two or three children with CF. Tight linkage was observed
      between the CF locus and the met oncogene locus theta = 0, zeta = 15.45), pJ3.11
      (theta = 0, zeta = 10.07), and 7C22 (theta = 0, zeta = 6.64) in both the
      pedigrees and nuclear families with no evidence for recombination between CF and
      any of the DNA markers. Weaker linkage between the CF locus and the locus for the
      serum enzyme activity marker paraoxonase (PON) was detected, theta = 0.18, zeta =
      0.76. The two pedigrees were sufficiently informative to detect significant
      linkage between CF and each of the three DNA markers previously shown to be
      tightly linked to the CF locus. These results establish a locus for CF in these
      pedigrees in the region of chromosome 7 nearest the three DNA markers met,
      pJ3.11, and 7C22 and are consistent with locus homogeneity for the defect causing
      CF in these populations and others that have been examined to date.

PMID- 2879441
TI  - Isolation and characterization of DNA probes from a flow-sorted human chromosome
      8 library that detect restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
AB  - We have used a recombinant DNA library constructed from flow-sorted human
      chromosome 8 as a source of single-copy human probes. These probes have been
      screened for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by hybridization to
      Southern transfers of genomic DNA from five unrelated individuals. We have
      detected six RFLPs distributed among four probes after screening 741 base pairs
      for restriction site variation. These RFLPs all behave as codominant Mendelian
      alleles. Two of the probes detect rare variants, while the other two detect RFLPs
      with PIC values of .36 and .16. Informative probes will be useful for the
      construction of a linkage map for chromosome 8 and for the localization of mutant
      alleles to this chromosome.

PMID- 2879442
TI  - RFLP analysis of HLA-DR and -DQ genes and their linkage relationships in the
      Pacific.
AB  - Human genomic DNA samples from Melanesians, Micronesians, and Caucasoids of known
      HLA-DR type were examined with cDNA probes for HLA-DR alpha, -DR beta, -DQ alpha,
      and -DQ beta chain genes. DR beta hybridizations with TaqI-digested DNA did not
      detect any new DR specificities in the Pacific. However, within the DR5
      specificity a common DNA subtype was found in Pacific Islanders that was not seen
      in Caucasoids. Altogether, four DNA subtypes of DR5 are described. With the DQ
      alpha and DQ beta probes, significantly more variation could be demonstrated
      between populations. For example, DR2 was associated with a DQ beta TaqI pattern
      in the Pacific that was very rare in Caucasoids and additional RFLP analysis with
      other enzymes showed that this pattern is probably associated with the Dw12
      subtype of DR2. DRw8-positive samples showed two different DQ alpha TaqI
      patterns, and these correlated with DQw1 and DQw3 specificities. DR alpha
      hybridizations with BglII-digested DNA also revealed different linkage
      relationships of the HLA-class II region genes between Pacific and Caucasoid
      specimens. The different population linkage disequilibrium relationships have
      permitted tentative assignment of TaqI fragments to either the DR beta 1 or DR
      beta 2 genes and are highly suggestive that the DQw1 specificity is encoded by
      the DQ alpha chain gene. This study shows the value of population comparisons in
      contributing to knowledge of the genetic organization of the genome.

PMID- 2879444
TI  - Calcium antagonists and the second drug for hypertensive therapy.
AB  - Calcium antagonist monotherapy is more effective in older patients and in those
      with low plasma renin activity, whereas beta blockers control blood pressure
      better in younger patients and in those with normal or high renin activity.
      Monotherapy with a calcium antagonist has been shown to result in the reduction
      of diastolic blood pressure to equal to or less than 95 mm Hg in more than 80
      percent of patients with essential hypertension. We investigated the
      antihypertensive efficacy of verapamil plus an angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitor and nifedipine plus a beta blocker in 24 patients (aged 41 to 68) with
      moderate to severe hypertension in whom monotherapy with a calcium antagonist had
      been ineffective. Blood pressure recorded in patients during the placebo period
      was 175 +/- 3/111 +/- 2 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Twelve patients received
      monotherapy with nifedipine (50.0 +/- 5.2 mg per day) and 12 others received
      verapamil (460 +/- 20 mg per day); neither treatment resulted in the reduction of
      diastolic blood pressure to less than 90 mm Hg. However, this goal was achieved
      when atenolol (89.5 +/- 25.7 mg per day) was added to the regimen of patients
      receiving nifedipine and enalapril (29.5 +/- 5.0 mg per day) was added to the
      regimen of those receiving verapamil; resultant blood pressures were 127 +/- 3/83
      +/- 2 mm Hg and 137 +/- 5/85 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively. It is suggested that in
      patients in whom hypertension is inadequately controlled by calcium antagonist
      monotherapy, counter-regulatory mechanisms can be blocked by the addition of a
      beta blocker or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor to the calcium
      antagonist regimen, resulting in greatly improved, simple, well-tolerated, and
      safe control of blood pressure.

PMID- 2879445
TI  - Neuroendocrine disorders of the gastroenteropancreatic system. Clinical
      applications of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. April 2-4, 1986, San
      Diego, California.

PMID- 2879443
TI  - Strategies in antihypertensive therapy: implications of the kidney.
AB  - Because we so rarely know the cause of hypertension, antihypertensive therapy
      remains empiric. However, certain principles of treatment are emerging; one of
      these concerns the critical role of the kidney in antihypertensive therapy.
      Whether or not the kidney is primarily responsible for hypertension in a patient,
      it is the patient's renal response to treatment that determines, to a major
      degree, an agent's efficacy. Vasodilators have been a conceptually attractive
      approach to the treatment of high blood pressure, because they decrease total
      peripheral resistance, which is considered to be the mechanism responsible for
      this condition in most patients. Nonspecific vasodilators exert a series of
      actions on the kidney--including profound sodium retention and reactive renin
      release--that limits therapeutic response. For reasons that are not yet clear,
      but are apparently related to specific action on calcium entry into vascular
      smooth muscle, endocrine function, and renal hemodynamics, calcium channel
      blocking agents, such as nifedipine, have an advantage in the treatment of
      hypertension. They cause little or no sodium retention; thus, the addition of a
      diuretic agent is not required. In fact, there is evidence that sodium loading in
      certain patients may potentiate the antihypertensive efficacy of these drugs. The
      renin-angiotensin system seems to be activated to a somewhat lesser degree by
      calcium channel blocking agents than it is by nonspecific vasodilators; in
      addition, these agents interfere with the actions of angiotensin on aldosterone
      release. Moreover, their dilator action on the renal blood supply favors sodium
      excretion. Nifedipine either has no effect on the renal blood supply or induces
      an increase in renal blood flow and maintains glomerular filtration rate, both of
      which combine to support the ensuing natriuresis.

PMID- 2879446
TI  - Neuroendocrine tumors. A European view.
AB  - A center in Belfast, Northern Ireland, has established a register for tumors of
      the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system. Carcinoid tumors occur most
      frequently. Of the non-carcinoid tumors, insulinomas, gastrinomas, and unknown
      types have the highest incidence, with other types being extremely rare. The
      potentially remediable nature of the tumors is stressed, and frequently a good
      quality of life can be experienced even in the presence of metastatic disease.
      The syndromes are probably underdiagnosed as they present with clinical features
      for which there are more common explanations, and appropriate diagnostic methods
      are therefore not used. The management of the syndromes is reviewed with
      particular emphasis on the treatment of patients with inoperable disease.
      Histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist therapy has made an impact in Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome, and streptozotocin and somatostatin analogues can control tumor
      growth and endocrine syndromes, respectively.

PMID- 2879447
TI  - Somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in the management of gastroenteropancreatic
      tumors and diarrhea syndromes.
AB  - SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin) was studied using low doses (50 to 100 micrograms)
      administered subcutaneously every 12 hours. A single 50-micrograms dose of SMS
      201-995 effectively controlled gastric acid and blood gastrin levels for 12 hours
      in three patients with benign gastrinomas and was useful in their perioperative
      management. Higher doses of the agent (500 to 800 micrograms per day) had no
      effect on metastases in one of two patients with metastatic gastrinoma. In the
      other patient, one tumor shrank but the other continued to grow after three
      months of treatment while serum gastrin levels did not change. Cultured
      metastatic tumor tissue from this patient released different forms of gastrin;
      growth rates varied, independent of uptake of SMS 201-995, and gastrin release
      increased. A neonate with nesidioblastosis maintained normal blood glucose levels
      while receiving SMS 201-995 therapy following a 95 percent pancreatic resection.
      In two elderly patients with organic hypoglycemia--one with a single benign
      adenoma and one with multiple adenomatosis--the somatostatin analogue did not
      prolong the hypoglycemia-free interval. In nine patients with carcinoid syndrome,
      flushing was uniformly controlled with 50 micrograms of SMS 201-995 administered
      every eight to 12 hours. One of the nine required exocrine pancreatic
      replacement. After six months of treatment, three of the nine had no change in
      tumor size and one had remission of symptoms and stopped treatment. In two
      patients with vipoma, SMS 201-995 controlled diarrhea and reduced levels of
      vasoactive intestinal peptide; tumor necrosis occurred in one patient. In a
      patient with diabetic diarrhea unresponsive to all treatments, SMS 201-995
      therapy controlled the diarrhea but did not interfere with control of the
      diabetes.

PMID- 2879448
TI  - Characterization of the in vivo and in vitro inhibition of gastrin secretion from
      gastrinoma by a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995).
AB  - Earlier experiments characterized the effect of SMS 201-995 on gastrin secretion
      from gastrinoma in vivo. The results showed that the somatostatin analogue
      inhibits basal as well as secretin- and calcium-stimulated gastrin secretion. The
      current study examined the effect of SMS 201-995 on gastrin secretion from
      gastrinoma in vitro. Gastrinoma cells were prepared in cell culture or acute cell
      dispersion to study basal gastrin release. In cell culture, SMS 201-995 at 10(-9)
      M, 10(-8) M, and 10(-7) M significantly stimulated gastrin secretion (basal
      medium gastrin, 157 +/- 7.9 pg/ml; with SMS 201-995 10(-9) M, 786 +/- 62 pg/ml;
      with SMS 201-995 10(-8) M, 569 +/- 72 pg/ml; and with SMS 201-995 10(-7) M, 258
      +/- 26 pg/ml). In contrast, in acute cell dispersion, the somatostatin analogue
      inhibited gastrin secretion (basal medium gastrin, 12.8 +/- 1.3 ng/ml; with SMS
      201-995 10(-9) M, 9.0 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; with SMS 201-995 10(-8) M, 8.4 +/- 1.5
      ng/ml; and with SMS 201-995 10(-7) M, 7.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). Gastrinoma cells were
      prepared in cell culture to study the effect of SMS 201-995 on gastrin secretion
      stimulated by secretin and by post-receptor increases in adenosine cyclic
      nucleotide. The somatostatin analogue inhibited gastrin secretion stimulated by
      secretin (10(-6) M) (797 +/- 48 pg/ml for secretin alone, compared with 396 +/-
      9.4 pg/ml for secretin plus SMS 201-995). SMS 201-995 did not inhibit gastrin
      secretion stimulated by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-7) M) (617 +/- 62 pg/ml for
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP alone, compared with 778 +/- 55 pg/ml for the two together).
      In vitro, SMS 201-995 inhibits basal gastrin secretion from gastrinoma prepared
      in acute cell dispersion, but not gastrinoma in cell culture, probably due to
      differences in basal secretory rates. The effect in vitro is less than that in
      vivo. SMS 201-995 does not inhibit postreceptor increases in adenosine
      nucleotide. This indirectly supports the hypothesis that SMS 201-995 acts in
      gastrinoma cells to inhibit gastrin secretion by inhibition of adenylate cyclase
      activity.

PMID- 2879449
TI  - Comparison of the effect of somatostatin and an analogue, SMS 201-995, on gastrin
      and insulin secretion from isolated perfused rat stomach and pancreas.
AB  - The effects of a somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, and somatostatin-14 on
      gastrin and insulin release from the isolated perfused rat stomach and pancreas
      were studied. Equipotent effects were observed on the inhibition of basal gastrin
      release from the stomach. SMS 201-995 was approximately 14 times less effective
      than somatostatin-14 (molar basis) in the pancreas. At a high glucose
      concentration (17.6 mM), neither the analogue nor the peptide inhibited insulin
      release, but at a glucose concentration of 8.8 mM, there was significant
      inhibition. In the presence of 10 mM arginine plus glucose at a concentration of
      either 8.8 or 17.6 mM, insulin secretion was reduced by both SMS 201-995 and
      somatostatin-14 to levels obtained with glucose alone. However, when gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide (10 ng/ml) in the presence of 8.8 mM glucose was used to
      stimulate insulin release, somatostatin-14 completely inhibited the
      insulinotropic action of gastric inhibitory polypeptide while SMS 201-995 was
      without effect. Studies with this analogue suggest that arginine and gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide stimulate insulin release via different mechanisms.

PMID- 2879450
TI  - Somatostatin: a peptide with unexpected physiologic activities.

PMID- 2879451
TI  - Treatment of postprandial hypotension with a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995).
AB  - A somatostatin analogue, compound SMS 201-995, was used to treat postprandial
      hypotension in a patient with autonomic neuropathy. Prior to treatment, the
      patient's mean blood pressure decreased 50 to 80 mm Hg after each meal, resulting
      in frequent loss of consciousness. Subcutaneous administration of low doses of
      compound SMS 201-995 (12 to 16 micrograms) prevented the postprandial
      hypotension. The therapeutic benefits of SMS 201-995 dissipated after a few
      hours, however, which made it necessary to administer the drug with each meal. No
      adverse effects of this agent were noted over a nine-month treatment period.
      Compound SMS 201-995 provided safe and effective therapy for postprandial
      hypotension.

PMID- 2879452
TI  - Effects of SMS 201-995 on intermediary metabolism and endocrine status in normal
      and diabetic humans.
AB  - The hormonal and metabolic effects of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 have
      been examined in normal and diabetic humans. When 50 micrograms of analogue was
      administered subcutaneously at 8 A.M. and 5:30 P.M., growth hormone secretion
      over 24 hours was not significantly affected, and the nocturnal growth hormone
      surge persisted in normal subjects and in type II diabetic patients. Insulin
      secretion was suppressed in both groups, but glucose tolerance deteriorated only
      in the normal subjects. Gastrointestinal side effects developed in both groups.
      Subcutaneous administration of 50 micrograms of SMS 201-995 at 11 P.M. decreased
      nocturnal growth hormone secretion (peak, 5 +/- 2 milliunits/liter versus 23 +/-
      6 milliunits/liter; p less than 0.01) in normal subjects. Postprandial
      circulating glucose and insulin levels the following day were unaffected by SMS
      201-995, and no side effects were observed. In type I diabetic patients receiving
      a variable rate insulin infusion overnight to maintain normoglycemia, SMS 201-995
      (50 micrograms) administered at 11 P.M. decreased insulin requirements for two to
      three hours after injection. Insulin sensitivity thereafter was unaffected
      despite suppression of growth hormone secretion. Alternative dosage regimens are
      necessary to suppress growth hormone release over 24 hours and to minimize side
      effects in type II diabetes. Administration of the analogue in the late evening
      suppresses growth hormone secretion overnight, but the "dawn phenomenon" persists
      in type I diabetic patients.

PMID- 2879454
TI  - Preferences and practices of Americans and their physicians in antihypertensive
      therapy.
AB  - In the summer of 1986, the Gallup Organization conducted two surveys, one of the
      physicians who treat hypertension and the other of patients who were receiving
      medications for hypertension. Objectives were to assess current patterns of
      treatment and the impact of cost on treatment for hypertension. Seventy percent
      of the patients report being prescribed medication immediately following the
      diagnosis of hypertension. Diuretics are the most frequently prescribed initial
      medication (76 percent of physicians), followed by beta blockers (44 percent of
      physicians). Physicians report recent trends, however, towards more use of beta
      blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and less use of diuretics.
      Only 59 percent of patients have insurance that covers medication, and about one
      in four patients report that paying for medications or physicians' fees is "very
      much" or "somewhat" of a problem. The costs of care are of concern to physicians
      as well as to patients.

PMID- 2879455
TI  - Essential hypertension: cost-effective evaluation and treatment.
AB  - The widespread prevalence of hypertension in the United States and the enormous
      expense and effort associated with its treatment necessitate a cost-conscious
      approach to evaluation and therapy. In the past, we have devoted too many
      resources to testing for rare diseases suspected of causing hypertension when it
      has been demonstrated that secondary causes are rare. Devoting resources to the
      effective treatment of essential hypertension itself should be a priority,
      because such treatment has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality
      associated with hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. Clinical and
      epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that treatment for hypertension should
      not be initiated unless diastolic blood pressure readings are 90 mm Hg or greater
      on three successive office visits. Treatment should be carried out in a step-wise
      fashion, using a non-pharmacologic approach only in situations in which
      hypertension is mild, target organ disease is absent, and compliance is
      favorable. Diuretics should be used as step-one drug therapy in most situations,
      because they are effective in the majority of patients, convenient to use, easy
      to titrate, and comparatively inexpensive. They do not cause salt and water
      retention, and side effects are usually minimal. When the use of diuretics is
      contraindicated, beta blockers are suitable alternatives, equally effective in
      most respects. When beta blockers or other non-diuretic drugs are used as step
      one therapy and an additional drug is needed, diuretics can be used
      advantageously in conjunction with the step-one drug.

PMID- 2879453
TI  - Role of a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in the treatment of
      acromegaly.
AB  - The beneficial effect of the long-acting analogue of somatostatin SMS 201-995 in
      the treatment of acromegaly is described in three cases, and current published
      experience is reviewed. A total of 64 patients from 10 series have received the
      drug from one to 25 months, usually in doses of 50-150 micrograms every eight
      hours by subcutaneous injection. Clinical and chemical improvement was observed
      in the majority of subjects but normal 24-hour serum growth hormone levels were
      achieved in no more than 35 percent of this group and possibly less. We have
      found that higher doses, up to 1,500 micrograms per day, which have generally
      been free of side effects, are sometimes required to normalize growth hormone
      secretion. A reduction of up to 33 percent in pituitary tumor size has been
      reported in more than half of the 27 cases studied from four groups. Clinically
      important side effects are infrequent, but diarrhea, usually transient, occurred
      in about 13 percent, with frank steatorrhea in 2 to 6 percent of cases.
      Alteration in carbohydrate metabolism, such as transient glucose intolerance at
      the start of therapy in non-diabetic acromegalic patients, and increased
      sensitivity to insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetic acromegalic
      patients, is common. Overall, SMS 201-995 appears to be a valuable new agent for
      the treatment of acromegaly, but long-term safety needs to be established.

PMID- 2879456
TI  - Therapeutic choice in the treatment of hypertension. Initial treatment of newly
      diagnosed hypertension and secular trends in the prescribing of antihypertensive
      medications for Medicaid patients.
AB  - A "stepped-care" approach has been widely recommended for more than 10 years as
      an empiric method for the treatment of hypertension. This approach encourages the
      use of diuretics or beta blockers as initial monotherapy for hypertension.
      Although these and other antihypertensive regimens tested in clinical trials have
      substantially reduced morbidity and mortality from cerebrovascular disease, their
      relative effectiveness in reducing the sequelae of coronary artery disease is not
      as well established. These findings, coupled with the development of new drug
      regimens, have led to a re-examination of the stepped-care guidelines. This re
      examination will stimulate increased interest in the therapeutic choices made by
      practicing physicians, particularly because the newer drugs are more costly than
      the traditional treatments. To address this question, we performed two specific
      studies, using data bases from Michigan and Tennessee Medicaid programs. The
      first study analyzed prescriptions for newly diagnosed cases of essential
      hypertension. The second study analyzed secular trends in the prescribing of
      antihypertensive regimens since that time. The data suggest that in 1982 and 1983
      (the time period under consideration in the first part of the study), physicians
      treating hypertension for Medicaid enrollees followed the stepped-care
      recommendations, the majority using diuretics as step-one monotherapy. The
      secular trend data in the second study showed a moderate decrease in the use of
      diuretics since 1983. There were marked increases in the use of newer
      antihypertensive medications such as calcium channel blockers and the angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Because the costs of the newer drugs are
      substantially higher, a shift to these drugs would significantly increase the
      cost of treating hypertension in this country. Prospective, controlled trials are
      necessary to ascertain if the increased costs of the newly developed drugs are
      justified by potential benefits.

PMID- 2879457
TI  - Disparate hemodynamic responses to mental challenge after antihypertensive
      therapy with beta blockers and calcium entry blockers.
AB  - The hemodynamic response to mental challenge was studied in 40 male outpatients
      with mild essential hypertension. The patients were treated randomly either with
      a beta adrenoreceptor blocker (oxprenolol) or with a calcium entry blocker
      (nitrendipine). Cardiovascular reactivity was evaluated with two different mental
      arithmetic tasks before and six months after treatment by continuously measuring
      systolic and diastolic pressure (ultrasonic Doppler device), heart rate
      (electrocardiography), and stoke volume (impedance cardiography). Patients in
      both treatment groups had equal decreases in arterial pressure and the same
      pressures at rest. In patients receiving calcium entry blockers, mental challenge
      provoked an increase in stroke volume and a decrease in total peripheral
      resistance similar to results in the pretreatment phase. In contrast, beta
      adrenoreceptor blockade reversed the hemodynamic response pattern to a distinct
      decrease in stroke volume (p less than or equal to 0.05) and an increase in total
      peripheral resistance (p less than or equal to 0.05). In addition, an attenuated
      heart rate response (p less than or equal to 0.01) and a larger increase in
      diastolic pressure (p less than or equal to 0.01) were found in the beta blocker
      group compared with the calcium entry blocker group. Although beta blockers and
      calcium blockers produce equal decreases in arterial pressure, beta blockers
      evoke an abnormal hemodynamic response to mental challenge, whereas calcium entry
      blockers preserve the physiologic reactivity pattern of the untreated state.

PMID- 2879458
TI  - Nebulized anticholinergic and sympathomimetic treatment of asthma and chronic
      obstructive airways disease in the emergency room.
AB  - The effectiveness of nebulized anticholinergic and sympathomimetic regimens was
      evaluated in a double-blind study of 199 patients with acute airways obstruction.
      Patients were assigned to one of three treatment regimens according to a
      randomized schedule: 0.5 mg of ipratropium bromide, 1.25 mg of fenoterol
      hydrobromide, and 0.5 mg of ipratropium plus 1.25 mg of fenoterol. In 148
      patients with acute exacerbations of asthma (mean one-second forced expiratory
      volume, 1.18 +/- 0.64 liters), all three regimens produced significant
      improvement in one-second forced expiratory volume (p less than 0.001). The
      greatest improvement followed treatment with the ipratropium-fenoterol
      combination (0.53 +/- 0.40 liters at 45 minutes; 0.57 +/- 0.51 liters at 90
      minutes) and was significantly greater than that following either ipratropium
      alone (p less than 0.001) or fenoterol alone (p less than 0.05). In 51 patients
      with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean one
      second forced expiratory volume, 0.67 +/- 0.29 liter), each regimen produced
      significant improvement in one-second forced expiratory volume at both 45 and 90
      minutes (for all, p less than 0.05), but there was no significant difference
      among the three treatment regimens. It is concluded that, in patients with acute
      asthma, combination therapy with sympathomimetic and anticholinergic agents is
      more efficacious than either one alone. In patients with acute exacerbations of
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, although either sympathomimetic or
      anticholinergic therapy provides bronchodilatation, no further benefit could be
      demonstrated from combination therapy.

PMID- 2879459
TI  - Frontiers in cardiology: Alpha blockade and coronary heart disease risk
      reduction. Symposium, Washington, D.C., September 16, 1986.

PMID- 2879460
TI  - Thiazide diuretics and selective alpha blockers: comparison of use in
      antihypertensive therapy, including possible differences in coronary heart
      disease risk reduction.
AB  - The results of several important clinical trials have confirmed the benefits of
      pharmacologic treatment in patients with hypertension. However, some issues
      concerning this type of treatment have yet to be resolved. For example, it has
      not been determined whether there are differences among antihypertensive agents
      with respect to their effects on mortality and morbidity or whether such effects
      are independent of the alterations in blood pressure resulting from the use of
      such agents. Thiazide diuretics, the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive
      drugs, were the first agents proven to be effective and practical for the
      widespread treatment of hypertension. Alpha blockers, also commonly prescribed
      antihypertensive drugs, provide equally effective blood pressure control to that
      of the thiazides, but with a very different metabolic profile. In this article,
      these drugs are compared for efficacy, side-effect profiles, metabolic effects,
      and potential for reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2879461
TI  - Comparison of effects on lipid metabolism of antihypertensive drugs with alpha-
      and beta-adrenergic antagonist properties.
AB  - Elevated blood cholesterol levels are a major cause of coronary heart disease.
      High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is regarded as a protective cholesterol
      fraction that is negatively associated with the incidence of coronary heart
      disease. Thus, the ratio of high-density lipoprotein to total cholesterol levels
      is an expression of the total atherogenicity--the higher the ratio, the lower the
      risk of coronary heart disease. There is a sharp contrast between alpha- and beta
      adrenergic blockers with regard to their effect on the profile of blood lipids.
      In most studies, alpha blockers increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      levels and decreased serum triglyceride levels. In addition, alpha blockers
      generally reduce total serum cholesterol levels. On the other hand, most beta
      blockers reduce serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increase
      serum triglyceride levels. European clinical trials recently investigated the
      effects of alpha blockers and beta blockers on blood lipids in a total of 104 and
      281 patients with hypertension, respectively. On the average, selective alpha
      blockade increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:total cholesterol
      ratio by 11.3 percent and reduced serum triglyceride levels by 11.4 percent. In
      contrast, the selective and nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers atenolol,
      metoprolol, and propranolol reduced that ratio by 11.7 percent and increased
      serum triglyceride levels by 25.8 percent. This difference between alpha and beta
      blockers may significantly influence the risk profile of coronary heart disease
      and should be given strong consideration when choosing drug therapy for
      hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2879462
TI  - Evolution of the clinical management of hypertension. Emerging role of "specific"
      vasodilators as initial therapy.
AB  - The primary hemodynamic hallmark of essential hypertension is elevated systemic
      vascular resistance that may be affected by increased sympathetic tone,
      activation of the renin-angiotensin system, or structural and cellular
      abnormalities (e.g., those involving calcium) of the blood vessel wall. The aim
      of therapy, therefore, is to reduce vascular tone through the use of a specific
      blocker of neurohormonal mechanisms or a nonspecific vasodilator. These agents
      are not equally effective in all patients. In comparing these drugs, the
      following issues are important: pathophysiology, patient demography, mechanism of
      drug action, long-term efficacy, and metabolic effects. Several studies have
      suggested that there is a response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in
      young and middle-aged patients, whereas in elderly patients there may be more of
      a response to calcium channel blockers. Alpha 1-adrenergic blockers, however,
      appear to be effective in all age groups. Calcium channel blockers and alpha 1
      adrenergic blockers generally are more effective in black patients than are
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Neither of these agents adversely
      affects serum potassium, glucose, or plasma lipid levels. In fact, data suggest
      that alpha 1-adrenergic blockers may reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      and triglyceride levels and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
      Unlike alpha-adrenergic blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,
      calcium channel blockers may produce a negative inotropic effect and improved
      cardiac diastolic relaxation. In addition to all of these factors, it is
      important that the agent selected as initial antihypertensive therapy be
      efficacious, have a favorable side-effects profile, and have no adverse
      influences on other risk factors.

PMID- 2879463
TI  - Recent advances in beta blockade. Therapeutic implications in hypertension.
      Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Tertatolol, 15th June, 1985,
      Milano, Italy.

PMID- 2879464
TI  - Tertatolol does not affect biochemical markers of atherosclerosis in normo- and
      hyperlipidemic hypertensive patients.
AB  - The effects of the beta-blocker tertatolol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins were
      studied in two groups of 10 normolipidemic (group I) and 10 hyperlipidemic (group
      II) hypertensive patients, for a period of 3 months. The efficacy of tertatolol
      was confirmed by a reduction in heart rate (HR), and in systolic (SBP) and
      diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, in the supine position and after 1 min in the
      upright position. Triglyceride (TG) levels were increased by treatment in both
      groups (+20% and +22%, respectively; p less than 0.05), as were VLDL levels (+16%
      and +24%, respectively) although the rise in the latter was not significant.
      There were no significant differences in levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL,
      or apoproteins A and A1 (APO A, APO A1). Total cholesterol (TC) levels were
      increased by treatment in group I (+10%; p = 0.050) and decreased in group II (
      9%, not significant), LDL-C being the principal fraction involved in these
      changes. There were no significant differences in levels of APO B. The ratio
      between TC and HDL-C levels remained unchanged. Given the current state of our
      knowledge concerning lipid markers for atherosclerosis, these results indicate
      that chronic administration of tertatolol may be considered devoid of
      'atherogenic' effects.

PMID- 2879465
TI  - Long-term experience with tertatolol in hypertension.
AB  - The long-term antihypertensive activity and acceptability of a new beta-blocking
      agent tertatolol (T) (5 mg once daily) was assessed in a 12-month (M0-M12) open
      study, in 110 out-patients (64 men, 46 women, mean age 53.5 +/- 1.0 years),
      presenting with stable placebo-resistant hypertension (HT) (95 less than or equal
      to diastolic blood pressure less than 130 mm Hg on 3 occasions during a 1-month
      placebo run-in period). To obtain normalization of blood pressure (BP), treatment
      was adapted as from M3, adding a combined thiazide- and potassium sparing
      diuretic (D) and, if necessary, the vasodilator dihydralazine (V). At M12, 93.6%
      of patients were controlled (supine diastolic BP less than 95 mm Hg) among whom
      72.7% under T monotherapy, 16.4% under double therapy (T + D) and 4.5% under
      triple therapy (T + D + V). Overall variations of BP were 26.4 mm Hg for SBP
      (from 171.7 +/- 1.6 to 145.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg; p less than 0.01) and 19.9 mm Hg for
      DBP (from 105.6 +/- 0.7 to 85.7 +/- 0.6 mm Hg; p less than 0.01). Under T
      monotherapy, reduction in diastolic BP occurred early (15.0 mm Hg at M1) and was
      sustained thereafter (19.5 mm Hg at M12); HT control was comparable in the 40- to
      60- and greater than 60-year-old age groups (respectively 67.6% and 74.1%) and
      higher in the less than 40-year-old group (100%). It also rose from 61.2% when
      initial diastolic BP was greater than 105 mm Hg to 82.0% when it was less than or
      equal to 105 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879466
TI  - Acute renal effects of beta-blockers.
AB  - The effects on renal function of a single dose of six different beta-blockers
      (atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol, acebutolol, nadolol, and pindolol) have been
      evaluated in 51 hypertensive patients with normal glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR). Most drugs, except pindolol, induce a 10-20% decrease in GFR and renal
      plasma flow, although differences in the magnitude and the pattern of this fall
      are evident. The fractional excretion of sodium is generally depressed by 20-40%.
      These data suggest a limited renal tolerance of most beta-blockers during acute
      administration, irrespective of their pharmacological characteristics.

PMID- 2879467
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of beta-blockade in hypertension. A critical review.

PMID- 2879468
TI  - Renal hemodynamic effects of tertatolol compared with those of propranolol in the
      conscious dog.
AB  - Experiments were performed in which the effects of two beta-blockers, tertatolol
      [dl-(hydroxy-2'-t-butyl-amino-3'-propyloxy)-8-thiochroman hydrochloride] and
      propranolol, on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal function
      were studied in the conscious sodium-replete dog. In all experiments renal
      function was evaluated from the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) assessed respectively by measurement of p-aminohippurate
      and creatinine clearances. These parameters were measured during two 30-min
      control periods, after which two further measurements were performed over a
      similar time period, after intravenous administration of either propranolol (0.5
      mg X kg-1; n = 8) or tertatolol (0.05 mg X kg-1; n = 8), these two doses being of
      equivalent beta-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. Administration of propranolol
      and tertatolol did not change MAP but induced a significant and comparable
      decrease in HR. After propranolol a significant decrease in ERPF was observed,
      without any change in GFR or sodium excretion. In contrast, administration of
      tertatolol resulted in no modification of ERPF, a slight but significant increase
      in GFR, and a significant increase in sodium and potassium excretion. These
      results suggest that tertatolol and propranolol though acting similarly on
      systemic parameters have different effects on renal hemodynamics in the conscious
      dog.

PMID- 2879469
TI  - Role of baroreflex activation in the regional hemodynamic effects of the beta
      blockers tertatolol and propranolol in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of the beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs tertatolol and propranolol on
      regional hemodynamics were compared in intact and sinoaortic denervated (SAD)
      conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Miniaturized Doppler flow probes
      were used for the continuous determination of changes in flows and resistances in
      the renal, mesenteric, and hindquarter vascular beds. In intact animals 5 mg/kg
      propranolol i.v. caused an initial increase and a later gradual fall in mean
      arterial blood pressure (MAP) and an early rise in all three resistances. In SAD
      rats the reduction in MAP occurred more readily and no increases in RR and MR
      were observed. RR even decreased significantly. 0.5 mg/kg tertatolol i.v. caused
      a similar change in MAP as did propranolol. In contrast, tertatolol increased
      resistance only in the hindquarter vascular bed, both in intact and SAD animals.
      These data show an important role of sinoaortic baroreflex activation in the
      early peripheral vasoconstriction caused by propranolol in conscious SHR.
      Moreover, the data suggest that tertatolol inhibits the sympathetic nervous
      system-mediated reflex vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2879470
TI  - Study of prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors in kidneys of normotensive and
      hypertensive rats using the new beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug tertatolol.
AB  - The prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors present in the isolated perfused kidney of
      normotensive rats (NR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared
      and the effects of tertatolol on these receptors were investigated. Kidneys of NR
      (Wistar + Wistar-Kyoto [WKY]) and SHR, were continuously perfused with Tyrode
      solution at constant flow and the changes in perfusion pressure were monitored.
      The constrictor responses to norepinephrine (2-8 X 10(-10) moles) were slightly
      but significantly decreased by isoproterenol (2 X 10(-7) M) to a similar degree
      in NR and SHR. Tertatolol (3 X 10(-7) M) did not alter the constriction caused by
      norepinephrine, but abolished the dilator response to isoproterenol. Electrical
      stimulation of renal nerves (8 Hz) evoked constrictions in both NR and SHR; these
      constrictor responses were augmented in the presence of isoproterenol (2 X 10(-7)
      M) to a similar extent in NR and SHR. In kidneys of NR and SHR, previously
      incubated with 3H norepinephrine, renal nerve electrical stimulation (6 Hz)
      evoked an overflow of the 3H transmitter. This overflow was enhanced by
      isoproterenol (2 X 10(-6) M) to a similar degree in NR and SHR. Both the
      augmented constrictor response and the augmented overflow of 3H norepinephrine
      caused by electrical stimulation in the presence of isoproterenol, were inhibited
      by tertatolol (3 X 10(-7) M). Our results show that the beta-receptor agonist
      isoproterenol evokes comparable effects at prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors in
      kidneys of NR and SHR; they also show that tertatolol is an inhibitor of pre- and
      postjunctional beta-adrenoceptors in the renal circulation of the rat.

PMID- 2879471
TI  - Tertatolol preserves renal perfusion in patients with arterial hypertension after
      head injury.
AB  - Tertatolol is a noncardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent without partial
      agonist activity. Its central and renal hemodynamic effects were compared to
      those of an equipotent dosage of propranolol in two groups of 10 patients each
      who developed arterial hypertension and a hyperdynamic circulatory state after
      head injury. After tertatolol, 5 mg orally, mean arterial blood pressure was
      unaffected, heart rate decreased by 22% (p less than 0.01) and cardiac index by
      24% (p less than 0.01) while renal blood flow remained unchanged (-5%; not
      significant) so that the renal fraction of cardiac index was increased by 22% (p
      less than 0.05). After propranolol, 160 mg orally, mean arterial blood pressure
      was not modified, heart rate decreased by 12% (p less than 0.01), cardiac index
      by 16% (p less than 0.01) and renal blood flow by 17% (p less than 0.01) so that
      the renal fraction of cardiac index remained unchanged (-3%; not significant).
      Tertatolol is a potent beta-blocking agent comparable to propranolol apart from
      the fact that it preserves renal perfusion; this peculiar effect is related to a
      redistribution of the reduced cardiac output to the benefit of the kidney.

PMID- 2879472
TI  - Renal hemodynamic effects of tertatolol in essential hypertension.
AB  - Tertatolol, a new beta-blocker, and propranolol, considered a reference beta
      blocker, were given orally (5 and 160 mg slow release, respectively) for 15 days
      to two groups of patients with essential hypertension in order to compare their
      effects on renal hemodynamics. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate,
      and erect plasma renin activity fell significantly in both groups while
      prostaglandin E2 urinary excretion was unchanged. Tertatolol administration
      produced increases in glomerular filtration rate, as shown by inulin clearance
      (+8.9%; p = 0.038) and renal plasma flow, as shown by paraaminohippurate
      clearance (+13.0%; p = 0.007). In contrast, propranolol administration resulted
      in a slight decrease in glomerular filtration rate (-2.8%; not significant) and a
      fall in renal plasma flow (-13.4%; p less than 0.001). Comparison between both
      treatments showed that glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were
      higher in the patients treated with tertatolol than in those treated with
      propranolol whereas filtration fraction was lower, which suggests that tertatolol
      causes a vasodilation of the glomerular afferent arteriole. These results
      demonstrate that in contrast to propranolol (160 mg), and despite both drugs
      exhibiting a comparable antihypertensive activity, tertatolol (5 mg) does not
      alter but even improves renal perfusion in hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2879473
TI  - Antihypertensive and renal effects of tertatolol, a new beta-blocking agent, in
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - Tertatolol, a new nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker, was administered to 11
      hypertensive patients in a short-term study. Systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure and heart rate were significantly decreased when compared to the placebo
      period: in spite of that glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were
      unchanged. The administration of metoclopramide (a dopaminergic receptor
      antagonist) caused a significant reduction of renal plasma flow and a significant
      rise of renal vascular resistances during placebo, but no change during
      tertatolol therapy. A possible interference of tertatolol on dopaminergic
      receptors is discussed as the mechanism responsible for the unmodified renal
      plasma flow despite the significant blood pressure lowering with tertatolol.

PMID- 2879474
TI  - Effects of tertatolol in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Chronic renal failure (CRF) is often associated with hypertension, as a cause or
      a consequence. We studied the changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR),
      renal function (as measured by creatinine clearance), and plasma renin activity
      (PRA) in 19 hypertensive patients with CRF before, during and after oral
      administration once a day for at least 30 days of 5 mg tertatolol, a new beta
      blocker. All patients were free of any antihypertensive medication for at least 1
      month before administration of tertatolol. The dose of tertatolol given in this
      study was the same as that commonly used in patients with normal renal function.
      From day 0 to day 30 of tertatolol, measurements in the supine position were as
      follows: systolic BP (SBP) decreased from 168.4 +/- 4.6 to 145.3 +/- 4.3 mm Hg (p
      less than 0.01); diastolic BP (DBP) decreased from 106.1 +/- 2.4 to 87.1 +/- 2.0
      mm Hg (p less than 0.01); HR decreased from 77.9 +/- 1.6 to 63.2 +/- 1.7 b.p.m.
      (p less than 0.01); PRA decreased from 1.816 +/- 0.521 to 1.052 +/- 0.323 ng/ml/h
      (p less than 0.01). Creatinine clearance remained stable: 37.1 +/- 4.1 versus
      37.1 +/- 4.7 ml/min/1.73 m2 (not significant). Similar results (for SBP, DBP, HR
      and PRA) were obtained in the erect position. It is concluded that tertatolol in
      hypertensive patients with CRF: significantly lowers BP and HR without excessive
      bradycardia, significantly lowers PRA, the most important decrease being observed
      for the highest initial PRA, does not alter renal function, and has a good
      clinical acceptability.

PMID- 2879475
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptor changes during tertatolol treatment in healthy
      volunteers: relevance for beta-blocking therapy.
AB  - Tertatolol is a new potent beta-blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity and lacking beta 1/beta 2 receptor subtype selectivity. Tertatolol was
      found in vitro to be a competitive inhibitor of beta-adrenergic receptors in
      competitive binding experiments. However, the density of beta-adrenergic
      receptors on intact human lymphocytes preincubated with tertatolol was reduced.
      When given at therapeutic doses (5 mg/day) to human volunteers, it induced a
      reduction in the number of beta-adrenergic receptors (Bmax) without any change in
      the affinity (KD) for intact lymphocytes (beta-adrenergic receptors were measured
      by the specific binding of 3H-CGP 12177). This effect was seen 7 h (-54%), 24 h (
      35%) and 48 h (-30%) after a single drug dose. A similar receptor reduction was
      observed 7 h (-42%), 24 h (-37%) and 48 h (-15%) after 14 daily doses of the
      drug. In parallel, the pharmacological efficacy of the drug was evident from the
      reduction in heart rate in supine and upright positions and after submaximal
      exercise; heart rate was reduced to the same extent after single or repeated drug
      doses. The reduction in receptor number correlated with the reduction in heart
      rate in both the supine (p less than 0.001) and upright (p less than 0.01)
      positions and after exercise (p less than 0.02). We conclude that tertatolol,
      besides competitively inhibiting beta-adrenergic receptors, induces a marked and
      lasting decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor number. This effect may be important
      for the beta-blocking effects of this drug.

PMID- 2879476
TI  - Choosing the right dose for beta-blocker treatment of hypertension: experience
      with tertatolol.
AB  - The determination of the optimum dosage for antihypertensive therapy, i.e. the
      unit dose and the administration frequency, remains one of the least discussed
      subjects. For beta-blockers as well as for other drugs, this determination is
      mainly based on the dose-effectiveness curve, the top of which corresponds to the
      right dose. Thus, a wide range of doses should be tested, and this as early as
      possible during drug development. The first step is to assess the optimum beta
      blocking dose in healthy volunteers during phase I studies. These dose-response
      studies are usually performed according to a cross-over design. Among the many
      techniques proposed for assessing the effects of beta-blockers in man,
      isoprenaline and dynamic exercise tests are the most commonly used. The second
      step is to make use of the previous results to find the right dose for
      hypertensive patients in phase II studies. However, many individual factors which
      can influence the blood pressure response should be kept in mind, especially the
      initial blood pressure level. The choice of the design is generally based on the
      need to have repeated administration in order to obtain optimum control of the
      hypertension. Therefore, the cross-over design, although theoretically the best
      one, is rarely used on account of its practical and ethical problems. In
      contrast, the parallel design, with random assignment of treatments, is suitable
      to most experimental situations. Very different in nature, the stepped dose
      design stems from an ethical and practical approach of dose finding and thus is
      also widely used. Finally, correct measurement techniques of blood pressure are
      required.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879478
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on the arterial vasculature in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - The effect of beta-blockade was studied in 3 different kinds of human
      hypertension: borderline, sustained and isolated systolic hypertension. Young
      patients with borderline hypertension had a similar decrease in cardiac output
      with both nonselective and selective beta-blockade. Only nonselective beta
      blockade decreased brachial artery blood flow and increased forearm vascular
      resistance. In patients with sustained essential hypertension, chronic
      administration of 2 nonselective beta-blockers, propranolol and pindolol, caused
      a similar significant decrease in blood pressure with different effects on
      forearm circulation. Pindolol produced a significant vasodilation of both large
      and small arteries of the forearm while propranolol did not. In patients with
      isolated systolic hypertension, short-term beta-adrenergic blockade with
      propranolol had different effects according to age. In younger patients,
      propranolol significantly decreased systolic pressure with a concomitant increase
      in rapid ventricular ejection. In older patients, a lack of systolic pressure
      reduction was observed with an increase in total peripheral resistance and a
      decrease in systemic arterial compliance. The results suggested that beta
      adrenergic blockade in hypertension may affect blood vessels with different
      effects, according to age, to the characteristics of hypertension and to the
      specific properties of the beta-blocking agent. The vascular effects involve not
      only resistive vessels but also large arteries.

PMID- 2879477
TI  - Antihypertensive effects of tertatolol: 3-month comparative study against
      acebutolol.
AB  - Thirty-two hypertensive patients (mean age 52.9 +/- 1.7 years) with a supine
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 95 and 130 mm Hg (mean 104.3 +/- 0.8)
      received, following a randomized allocation, either tertatolol 5 mg (n = 16) or
      acebutolol 400 mg (n = 16) in a single daily dose. The 2 drugs were administered
      during a 3-month treatment period (from day 0 to day 90) in a single-blind
      fashion. At rest (n = 32), the decrease of supine systolic blood pressure (SBP)
      reached 27.3 mm Hg after 1 month of tertatolol treatment (from day 0 to day 30; p
      less than 0.01); there was a further decrease of 5.1 mm Hg from day 30 (D30) to
      day 90 (D90) (NS). The corresponding decreases after acebutolol treatment reached
      respectively 22.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and 5.7 mm Hg (p less than 0.05).
      Similar results were observed in the upright position. The decrease of supine DBP
      reached 14.0 mm Hg in patients treated with tertatolol from D0 to D30 (p less
      than 0.01); a further decrease of 2.9 mm Hg occurred from D30 to D90 (NS). The
      corresponding decreases in patients administered acebutolol reached respectively
      7.6 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and 5.2 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). Similar results
      were observed in the upright position. On submaximal exercise (ergometric
      bicycle; n = 18), the decrease of SBP reached respectively 31.3 mm Hg during
      tertatolol treatment from D0 to D30 (p less than 0.01) and 8.8 mm Hg from D30 to
      D90 (NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879479
TI  - Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy following treatment with beta-blockers:
      experience with tertatolol.
AB  - Hypertrophy in response to increasing blood pressure in primary hypertension
      leads to important functional consequences for the left ventricle. In fact, the
      progression of hypertensive heart disease, from an adaptive left ventricular
      hypertrophy with compensated ventricular function to severe hypertrophy with left
      ventricular failure, has been long thought to be related to the severity and
      duration of hypertension. Antihypertensive treatment seems to prevent or minimize
      the occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy, but questions arise as to whether
      this therapy is also able to restore normal hemodynamic conditions, or at least
      to minimize the hemodynamic abnormalities. This review aims at summarizing
      current knowledge on the effects of the antihypertensive treatment with beta
      blockers, including tertatolol, on hypertension-induced left ventricular
      hypertrophy. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular changes
      associated with hypertension are discussed. A decrease in left ventricular wall
      thickness as well as in left ventricular mass has been reported in most of the
      studies performed with different types of beta-adrenergic blocking agents. The
      extent of this reduction seems to be related not only to the fall in systemic
      blood pressure, but also to a decrease in sympathetic stimulation. With regard to
      the functional consequences of hypertension, the reversal of left ventricular
      hypertrophy following antihypertensive treatment with beta-blockers is usually
      associated with an improvement in left ventricular performance. This phenomenon
      can hardly be ascribed to the direct effects of beta-blocking agents. It is more
      likely to be related to the concomitant reduction in the afterload and to the
      improved left ventricular compliance, associated with a decrease in left
      ventricular wall thickness.

PMID- 2879481
TI  - Hypofrontality in schizophrenia as assessed by PET.

PMID- 2879482
TI  - Behavioral and neurochemical changes in pups prenatally exposed to
      methamphetamine.
AB  - Behavioral and neurochemical changes were examined in pups after repeated
      prenatal treatment with methamphetamine (MAP). MAP-pretreated pups showed
      decreased total motor activity with increased vertical activity. The reactivity
      to sound stimuli in MAP-pups differed from that in controls, suggesting impaired
      reactivity to the surroundings. No difference was found in development of the
      circadian rhythm of motor activity between MAP- and control pups. No behavioral
      sensitization to MAP was found in MAP-pups, regardless of the repeated prenatal
      exposure to MAP. This finding suggests that there is a certain developmental
      stage of the brain that is critical for long-term sensitization to dopamine
      agonists due to chronic MAP administration. Coincident with this, no change was
      found in the striatal catecholamine concentrations in MAP-pups. Radioreceptor
      assaying of various neurotransmitter receptors showed a significant decrease in
      the Bmax of 3H-spiperone binding in the frontal cortex of MAP-pups. These
      findings suggest that prenatal treatment with MAP produces impaired reactivity to
      the surroundings, in which the hyperserotonergic state of the frontal cortex may
      play an important role.

PMID- 2879480
TI  - Multiple peroxisomal enzymatic deficiency disorders. A comparative biochemical
      and morphologic study of Zellweger cerebrohepatorenal syndrome and neonatal
      adrenoleukodystrophy.
AB  - Biologic, morphologic, and biochemical investigations performed in 2 patients
      demonstrate multiple peroxisomal deficiencies in the cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
      of Zellweger (CHRS) and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD). Very long chain
      fatty acids, abnormal bile acids, including bile acid precursors (di- and
      trihydroxycoprostanoic acids), and C29-dicarboxylic acid accumulated in plasma in
      both patients. Generalized hyperaminoaciduria was also present. Peroxisomes could
      not be detected in CHRS liver and kidney; however, in the NALD patient, small and
      sparse cytoplasmic bodies resembling altered peroxisomes were found in
      hepatocytes. Hepatocellular and Kupffer cell lysosomes were engorged with
      ferritin and contained clefts and trilaminar structures believed to represent
      very long chain fatty acids. Enzymatic deficiencies reflected the peroxisomal
      defects. Hepatic glycolate oxidase and palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activities were
      deficient. No particle-bound catalase was found in cultured fibroblasts, and
      ether glycerolipid (plasmalogen) biosynthesis was markedly reduced.
      Administration of phenobarbital and clofibrate, an agent that induces peroxisomal
      proliferation and enzymatic activities, to the NALD patient did not bring about
      any changes in plasma metabolites, liver peroxisome population, or oxidizing
      activities.

PMID- 2879483
TI  - Analysis of sialidase and N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase substrate
      specificity by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive assay by high-performance liquid chromatography for
      determination of the activity and substrate specificity of sialidase (EC
      3.2.1.18) and N-acetylneuraminate lyase (EC 4.1.3.3) is described. Sialic acids
      were separated on a strong anion-exchange resin using 0.75 mM sodium sulfate as
      elution medium. This method allows the determination of a minimum amount of 200
      pg (0.6 pmol) of sialic acid. Usually the enzyme mixtures were directly applied
      to the column without prior purification of substrates and products. The action
      of sialidase was studied either by the decrease of sialyllactose concentration or
      by the amount of sialic acid liberated. The relative hydrolysis rates of N
      acetylneuraminyl-alpha(2-3)-lactose, N-glycolylneuraminyl-alpha(2-3)-lactose, N
      acetylneuraminyl-alpha(2-6)-lactose, N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminyl-alpha(2-3)
      lactose, and N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminyl-alpha(2-3)-lactose by Vibrio cholerae
      sialidase were 100, 88, 25, 12, and 0, respectively. The activity of N
      acetylneuraminate lyase from Clostridium perfringens was determined by measuring
      the rate of disappearance of sialic acids or the formation of acylmannosamines,
      which is possible in the same chromatogram. Relative cleavage rates of N
      acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic
      acid, N-acetyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid, and N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid
      were found to be 100, 67, 24, 3, and 0, respectively. Comparison of the substrate
      specificities shows that substituents on the neuraminic acid molecule influence
      the reactions of both enzymes in a similar way.

PMID- 2879484
TI  - Direct assay for phosphotransacetylase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple and specific assay to measure the activity of two coenzyme A derivative
      processing enzymes, i.e., phosphotransacetylase (EC 2.3.1.8) and acetyl-coenzyme
      A carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2), is described. The assay is based on the HPLC analysis
      of the short-chain coenzyme A derivatives formed by the enzymatic reaction, viz.,
      acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. For this purpose, ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC
      conditions are optimized. Furthermore, the influence of several variables on the
      enzyme reaction is studied in order to get maximum activity. Due to its short
      analysis time, good selectivity, and chromatogram information, HPLC proves to be
      an excellent method for the assay of these enzymes.

PMID- 2879485
TI  - Adaptation of a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase assay to microtiter plates.
AB  - A kinetic assay for measuring gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity has
      been adapted to microtiter plates and an automated microtiter plate reader. This
      method permits the simultaneous analysis of enzyme activity in a large number of
      samples incubated with the chromogenic GGT substrate gamma-glutamyl-p
      nitroanilide. A major advantage of this assay over previously reported methods is
      the substantial reduction in the time needed for measuring sample enzyme
      activity. In addition, reduction of the total assay volume to 0.28 ml conserves
      both sample and reagents. This method has been calibrated at 23 degrees C using
      purified GGT, and used to analyze GGT activity in human sera. The assay is
      sensitive over a range of 3-200 U/liter.

PMID- 2879486
TI  - Analysis of aspartate and glutamate in human cerebrospinal fluid by high
      performance liquid chromatography with automated precolumn derivatization.
AB  - A method is described for the analysis of the neuroexcitatory amino acids,
      aspartate and glutamate, in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by reverse-phase,
      high-performance liquid chromatography. Fluorescent isoindole derivatives of the
      amino acids were prepared by reacting the amino acids with ortho-phthalaldehyde
      in an automated, precolumn procedure. Chromatographic conditions were developed
      that resolve the isoindole derivatives of aspartate and glutamate from those of
      at least 10 unidentified components of CSF. Amino acids were reliably quantified
      in 5-microliter samples of CSF, and deproteinization of the specimens was not
      required. Furthermore, it was found that deproteinization by precipitation with
      strong acid can lead to artifactually high measurements of glutamate. The
      concentrations of free aspartate and glutamate in lumbar CSF from 15
      neurologically normal children were 0.30 +/- 0.11 and 0.48 +/- 0.26 microM (mean
      +/- SD), respectively. The value for glutamate is considerably lower than has
      been reported in any previous study of human CSF.

PMID- 2879487
TI  - Treatment of allergic rhinitis with a new long-acting H1 receptor antagonist:
      astemizole.

PMID- 2879488
TI  - A clinical trial using syrup of ipecac and activated charcoal concurrently.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted to determine if the emetic effects of syrup of
      ipecac are preserved when activated charcoal is administered prior to emesis. Ten
      overdose patients who fulfilled the entrance criteria for the study were
      administered 60 mL syrup of ipecac by a nasogastric tube followed immediately by
      500 mL of tap water. Ten minutes after the ipecac was administered, an aqueous
      slurry of 50 g activated charcoal diluted to 500 mL was instilled down the
      nasogastric tube and the tube was removed. Emetic response and time to emesis
      were recorded. Thirty minutes after emesis subsided, a second dose of 50 g
      activated charcoal (with sorbitol) was administered orally. Emetic responses were
      noted in all ten patients. The patients averaged 3.7 emetic episodes. Emesis
      commenced in an average of 13.8 minutes from the start of ipecac administration
      and concluded in an average of 45.9 minutes. These results in patients are
      similar to those observed in a previously reported volunteer group similarly
      treated. This protocol allows early administration of activated charcoal while
      preserving the emetic properties of syrup of ipecac in the patients treated.

PMID- 2879489
TI  - Terfenadine (Seldane) is a potent and selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist
      in asthmatic airways.
AB  - Terfenadine (Seldane) is a new, highly potent H1 histamine receptor antagonist
      that in clinically effective doses is free of side effects. Because the low
      potency and specificity of many H1 receptor antagonists have made it difficult to
      define the precise role of histamine as a bronchoconstrictor mediator in asthma
      we have used terfenadine to define the degree and selectivity of H1 blockade that
      can be achieved in asthmatic airways. In a double-blind study, 9 asthmatic
      patients received placebo or terfenadine 60, 120, and 180 mg on separate days
      followed 3 h later by bronchial provocation with increasing concentrations of
      either histamine or methacholine. Terfenadine at 60, 120, and 180 mg produced
      significant bronchodilation with increases in FEV1 above baseline of 9.0, 9.5,
      and 10%, respectively (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01). All
      3 doses of terfenadine displaced the histamine-FEV1 concentration response curves
      in a parallel fashion to the right in all subjects. When the degree of protection
      against histamine is expressed as a concentration ratio, terfenadine 60, 120, and
      180 mg displaced the response curves by factors of 14.8 +/- 4.6, 22.9 +/- 6.7,
      and 34.3 +/- 8.4. In contrast to its effect on histamine-induced
      bronchoconstriction, terfenadine failed to protect the airways against the
      constrictor effect of inhaled methacholine. Thus, terfenadine is a much more
      potent and selective H1 receptor antagonist in asthmatic airways than previously
      available antihistamines and should provide a powerful tool to define the
      contribution of histamine as a bronchoconstrictor mediator in asthma.

PMID- 2879490
TI  - Interpretations of voltammetry in vivo using dialyzed perfusion.

PMID- 2879491
TI  - Development of push-pull systems for perfusion of anatomically distinct regions
      of the brain of the awake animal.

PMID- 2879492
TI  - The use of in vivo voltammetry to investigate functional recovery with
      transplants and neurotransmitter interactions in the rat brain.

PMID- 2879493
TI  - Microcomputer-controlled voltammetry in the analysis of transmitter release in
      rat brain.
AB  - Microcomputer-based linear sweep voltammetry with carbon-paste electrodes has the
      following features: Subtraction of the background current produces a voltammogram
      with three well-resolved peaks: an ascorbate signal reflecting excitatory amino
      acid release; a uric acid signal that may be related to purine metabolism; and an
      HVA signal that is an index of dopamine release under certain conditions.
      Voltammograms from up to eight electrodes (for example, four electrodes in two
      rats or two electrodes in four rats) can be recorded simultaneously together with
      motor activity for each rat over extended periods. Electrodes remain stable over
      periods of many weeks as measured by the constancy of the mean peak height in a
      24-hr period. Microcomputers in voltammetry provide flexibility of all recording
      parameters and a wide variety of methods of analysis. The combination of stable
      electrodes and the ability to monitor over extended periods means that
      interactions between transmitters in different brain regions and their relation
      to physiological processes can be studied.

PMID- 2879494
TI  - Electrochemical measurements in brain extracellular fluid space.

PMID- 2879495
TI  - Amino acid profiles in cortex of conscious rat: recent studies and future
      perspectives.

PMID- 2879496
TI  - Electrochemistry in vivo: application to CNS pharmacology.

PMID- 2879497
TI  - The relative roles of neuronal activity and direct presynaptic mechanisms in
      controlling the release of dopamine from the cat caudate nucleus.

PMID- 2879499
TI  - Developmental genetics of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes.

PMID- 2879498
TI  - Hormonal modulation of key hepatic regulatory enzymes in the
      gluconeogenic/glycolytic pathway.

PMID- 2879500
TI  - The relationship between structure and function for and the regulation of the
      enzymes of fatty acid synthesis.

PMID- 2879501
TI  - Molecular basis for the hormonal regulation of the tyrosine aminotransferase and
      tryptophan oxygenase genes.

PMID- 2879502
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasms of IIb type].

PMID- 2879503
TI  - [The coronary hypertensive: therapeutic principles].
AB  - Since arterial hypertension is one the main risk factors of coronary
      atherosclerosis, the association hypertension-coronary disease is a frequent one.
      Moreover, arterial hypertension aggravates the coronary disease and this
      association is therefore of very poor prognosis. However, this prognosis seems to
      improve with early and adapted treatment based largely at this time on beta
      blockers and calcium inhibitors.

PMID- 2879504
TI  - [Current therapeutic concepts in the treatment of myocardial ischemia. Current
      and future drugs].
AB  - If myocardial ischemia always results from an imbalance between the needs and
      supplies in oxygen of the myocardium cells, the physiopathology of this process
      seems today infinitely more complex than the mere diminution or interruption of
      the output in a coronary artery. The extension of atheromatous lesions, the
      platelets aggregation, thrombosis, the coronary spasm, the release of products
      from the arachidonic cascade, the reactivity of the vascular endothelium, the
      profibrinolytic activity of the tissues are many of the intricate factors
      inducing myocardial ischemia. Cellular alterations, of which some are triggered
      by the release of oxygenated free radicals, lead then to an irreversible
      necrosis. The medications used until now in the treatment of angina are oxygen
      scavengers and research goes on in this direction with vaso-dilators beta
      blockers, prolonged action nitro-compounds (nicorandil) or nitro-compounds with
      an action reinforced by N-acetyl-cysteine, bradycardiac derivates of alinidine
      and the new calcium antagonists dihydropyridine. However, the new
      physiopathological concepts of ischemia have opened new directions for the
      research: products which modify the arachidonic cascade by increase of synthesis
      or release of PGI2 (nafazatrom, defibrotide), by inhibition of TXA2 synthesis or
      blocking of TXA2 receptors, and similar products of PGI2 (iloprost); thrombolytic
      agents more specific of thrombin (PTA) or fibrinolysis activators (defibrotide),
      and anticoagulants with extended action; chelating agents of oxygenated free
      radicals (peroxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) or xanthine oxidase
      inhibitors; platelets anti-aggregates like ticlopidine which blocks the platelets
      receptors to fibrinogen, or inhibitors of the synthesis of pro-aggregating
      agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879505
TI  - Proteinuria following trauma.
AB  - Thirteen trauma patients admitted to a major injuries unit were classified
      according to their injury severity. Urinary excretion of total protein, albumin
      and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity were assessed over the following
      6 days. All patients showed an initial glomerular and tubular proteinuria during
      the first 24 h which subsided by the second post-trauma day. The excretion of
      total protein and albumin was positively correlated with injury severity. Those
      patients with the severest injuries showed a marked recurrent total proteinuria
      around days 3 to 4 post-trauma which exhibited features of a tubular lesion. The
      recurrent proteinuria peak coincided with peak levels of serum c-reactive protein
      (CRP).

PMID- 2879506
TI  - The hypokalaemia of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2879507
TI  - [Discovery, anatomical mapping and biosynthesis of various families of endogenous
      opioid peptides].
AB  - The endogenous opioid peptides all contain the enkephalin sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly
      Phe (-Met/-Leu at their amino-terminus. Three distinct families of these peptides
      (beta-endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins) are present in different neuronal
      pathways within the central nervous system. Molecular genetics have shown that
      these three families of opioid peptides are derived from three distinct
      precursors. Pro-opiomelanocortin gives rise to the endorphins, as well as
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the melanotropic hormones (MSH's). Met
      enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin and the related heptapeptide Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7
      and octapeptide Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 are derived from proenkephalin. The
      third family is derived from prodynorphin and includes dynorphin A, dynorphin B
      (also known as rimorphin) and alpha- and beta-neo-endorphin. The structures of
      the genes coding for these precursors are similar, suggesting the possibility of
      one common ancestral gene. At the present time the main question concerns the
      physiological significance of such a great diversity of endogenous opioid
      peptides.

PMID- 2879508
TI  - Phenotypic modification of human glioma and non-small cell lung carcinoma by
      glucocorticoids and other agents.
AB  - Glucocorticoids are cytostatic for human glioma grown at a high cell density in
      cell culture. The effect is not cytotoxic, appears to involve a modification of
      the cell surface, and has been detected with methyl prednisolone, dexamethasone,
      and beta-methasone. Glucocorticoids were also found to reduce malignancy
      associated properties (plasminogen activator and endothelial mitogenesis) and
      enhance differentiation (glutamyl synthetase activity and high affinity GABA
      uptake). Cytostasis was also seen at high cell densities in non-small cell lung
      carcinoma with a concomitant reduction in plasminogen activator activity and
      endothelial mitogenesis. Preliminary data on surfactant production in A549 cells
      suggests that the repression of malignancy-associated properties is accompanied
      by an increase in cell differentiation. Treatment of the WIL adenocarcinoma gown
      as a xenograft in nude mice caused total cessation of growth and massive central
      necrosis in the tumor.

PMID- 2879509
TI  - Rhodamine 123 and flow cytometry to monitor the cytotoxic actions of nucleoside
      analogues in nondividing human lymphocytes.
AB  - We used human lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of normal individuals to
      compare the cytolytic actions of 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2-Cl-dAdo) and 9
      beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G). Membrane integrity was ascertained by
      flow cytometric quantification of the cells' uptake of the fluorescent
      mitochondria-specific probe rhodamine 123. Addition of 10 microM ara-G to
      lymphocyte cultures led to a progressive decline in the number of cells that
      could assimilate rhodamine 123, and after 2 days exposure to drug less than 50%
      of the cells showed normal staining compared to untreated cells. 2-Cl-dAdo had
      similar cytotoxic effects at a 0.1 microM concentration. Under the same
      conditions trypan blue revealed only a 10-20% toxic effect by these drugs. Using
      rhodamine 123 in combination with the vital stain propidium iodide, we found that
      90% of the cells with abnormal rhodamine 123 uptake also stained with propidium
      iodide. The changes in membrane permeability to fluorescent dyes correlated with
      the loss of lymphocyte ability to respond to the plant mitogen
      phytohemagglutinin. Our data indicate that rhodamine 123 is a more sensitive
      probe than trypan blue for ascertaining early loss of the membrane integrity of
      dying lymphocytes. Combined with flow cytometry, rhodamine 123 uptake represents
      a simple and rapid method for identifying the important biochemical events
      associated with the cytocidal and cytostatic effect of drugs against normal and
      leukemic cells.

PMID- 2879510
TI  - Adenosine deaminase complexing protein in cancer studies.
AB  - ADCP is a dimeric glycoprotein of about 200KD, for which the physiological role
      is still obscure. This protein occurs mainly in a membrane bound form in various
      human tissues. In this paper we review the current literature on ADCP in cancer
      studies. Soluble ADCP was described to be consistently decreased or absent in
      cancers of lung, liver, kidney and colon. These findings could not be confirmed
      by immunohistochemical and quantitative biochemical studies in a series of
      colorectal-, prostatic-, and renal carcinomas. Only in a third of these tumors a
      decrease could be demonstrated, whereas in the other cases unaltered or even
      increased amounts were observed. However, in virally transformed human
      fibroblasts a consistent decrease or complete absence of ADCP was seen, while
      primary fibroblasts were found to contain high amounts of this protein. Recently,
      the use of ADCP as a differentiation marker in colonic cancer has been advocated.
      Furthermore the presence of ADCP in the serum of renal adenocarcinoma patients
      was found to be indicative of a better chance of five year survival. These
      studies suggest that ADCP may be a differentiation marker useful for
      immunohistochemical characterization of colonic and renal carcinomas as well as a
      serum marker useful for follow-up studies of these types of cancer, analogous to
      CEA. Finally, ADCP has been found to be selectively expressed by certain T-cell
      subsets and henceforth may be useful in the studies on leukemias.

PMID- 2879511
TI  - Escherichia coli H+-ATPase: loss of the carboxyl terminal region of the gamma
      subunit causes defective assembly of the F1 portion.
AB  - Mutant genes for the gamma subunit of H+-translocating ATPase (H+-ATPase) were
      cloned from eight different strains of Escherichia coli isolated in this
      laboratory. Determination of their nucleotide sequences revealed that they are
      amber nonsense mutations: a Gln codon at position 15, 158, 227, 262, and 270,
      respectively, was replaced by a termination codon in these strains. As terminal
      Met is missing in the gamma subunit, these results indicate that these strains
      are capable of synthesizing fragments of gamma subunits of 13, 156, 225, 260, and
      268 amino acid residues, respectively. Studies on the properties of membranes of
      these strains suggested the importance of the region between Gln 269 and the
      carboxyl terminus (residue 286) for forming a stable F1 complex with ATPase
      activity and the region between Gln 226 and Gln 261 for normal interaction of F1
      with F0. The sequence from Gln 261 to Gln 269 also seemed to be important for
      stability of F1 assembly on the membranes. The high frequency of the nonsense
      mutations suggested that the number of essential residues is limited in this
      subunit. Comparison of the homologies of the amino acid sequences of the gamma
      subunits from four different sources confirmed this notion: 19% of amino acid
      residues are identically conserved in these four strains, and the conserved
      regions are the amino terminal and carboxyl terminal regions.

PMID- 2879512
TI  - The involvement of catalytic site thiol groups in the activation of soluble
      guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside.
AB  - Sodium nitroprusside, a potent activator of soluble guanylate cyclase,
      potentiated mixed disulfide formation between cystine, a potent inhibitor of the
      cyclase, and enzyme purified from rat lung. Incubation of soluble guanylate
      cyclase with nitroprusside and [35S]cystine resulted in a twofold increase in
      protein-bound radioactivity compared to incubations in the absence of
      nitroprusside. Purified enzyme preincubated with nitroprusside and then gel
      filtered (activated enzyme) was activated 10- to 20-fold compared to guanylate
      cyclase preincubated in the absence of nitroprusside and similarly processed
      (nonactivated enzyme). This activation was completely reversed by subsequent
      incubation at 37 degrees C (activation-reversed enzyme). Incorporation of
      [35S]cystine into guanylate cyclase was increased twofold with activated enzyme,
      while no difference was observed with activation-reversed enzyme, compared to
      nonactivated enzyme. Cystine decreased the activity of nonactivated and
      activation-reversed enzyme about 40% while it completely inhibited activated
      guanylate cyclase. Mg+2- or Mn+2-GTP inhibited the incorporation of [35S]cystine
      into nonactivated or activated guanylate cyclase. Also, diamide, a potent thiol
      oxidant that converts juxtaposed sulfhydryls to disulfides, completely blocked
      incorporation of [35S]cystine into nonactivated or activated guanylate cyclase.
      These data indicate that activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitroprusside
      results in an increased availability of protein sulfhydryl groups for mixed
      disulfide formation with cystine. Protection against mixed disulfide formation
      with diamide or substrate suggests that these groups exist as two or more
      juxtaposed sulfhydryl groups at the active site or a site on the enzyme that
      regulates catalytic activity. Differential inhibition by mixed disulfide
      formation of nonactivated and activated enzyme suggests a mechanism for
      amplification of the on-off signal for soluble guanylate cyclase within cells.

PMID- 2879513
TI  - [A case of adult T cell leukemia treated with a new chemotherapeutic agent,
      KM2210].
AB  - A 58-year-old man, born in Nagasaki prefecture, was admitted to our hospital
      because of anorexia and general fatigue on November 22, 1984. Hepatosplenomegaly
      was found without skin eruption. The blood examination on admission revealed
      leukocytosis (50,800/microliter) and atypical lymphocytes with hyperlobulated
      nuclei. He had hypercalcemia, and hepatic and renal damage. A diagnosis of adult
      T cell leukemia (ATL) in the acute stage was made. Treatment with KM2210, a
      conjugate of chlorambucil and estradiol, was started, and his peripheral
      leukocytes decreased gradually reaching, 19,700/microliter by the end of this
      medication. His leukocyte count continued to decrease after discontinuation of
      KM2210 and reached a nadir of 4,700/microliter. Hepatosplenomegaly and
      hypercalcemia also improved. About one month later, recurrence of the disease
      occurred and he was again treated with KM2210. Although the second course of the
      KM2210 therapy was also successful in relieving hepatosplenomegaly and
      leukocytosis, it proved impossible to ameliorate his poor condition and he died
      of DIC. Our case suggests that KM2210 has a remarkable cytotoxic effect against
      ATL cells even in the acute stage but the optimal schedule of treatment with this
      new drug should be established in order to obtain more satisfactory therapeutic
      results.

PMID- 2879514
TI  - Aortic valve replacement for acute Takayasu's disease.
AB  - A patient with aortic insufficiency secondary to Takayasu's disease who was
      treated by aortic valve replacement during active aortic inflammation is
      described. The patient remains well 29 months postoperatively with minor
      additional treatment. A review of aortic insufficiency in Takayasu's disease is
      presented.

PMID- 2879515
TI  - Vein graft failure and selection of conduits for coronary artery bypass
      operations.

PMID- 2879517
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Madagascar. First seroepidemiologic
      survey of rat populations].

PMID- 2879516
TI  - [Arbovirus-vector-vertebrate cycles in Madagascan forests].

PMID- 2879518
TI  - Morphine-like analgesics and convulsive threshold for pentetrazole in dogs.
AB  - In dogs, the influence of morphine (1 mg/kg i.m.), fentanyl (10 and 30
      micrograms/kg i.v.), meperidine (6 mg/kg i.m.), and pentazocine (3 mg/kg i.m.) on
      the pentetrazole seizure threshold was studied. Pentetrazole was infused i.v. at
      a rate of 10 mg/kg per min up to the first generalized myoclonic jerk. The
      analgesic treatments lowered the seizure threshold considerably in 5 out of 6
      dogs, and fentanyl and pentazocine led to an increased incidence of clonic-tonic
      seizures after the end of the pentetrazole infusion.

PMID- 2879519
TI  - The potentiation of morphine-withdrawal jumping by clonidine is antagonized by m
      chlorophenylpiperazine and not by haloperidol.
AB  - Administration of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) to morphine-dependent rats induced a
      strong withdrawal syndrome consisting of body shakes, escape jumping and various
      autonomic signs. Clonidine (750 micrograms/kg s.c.) had a dual action on naloxone
      precipitated withdrawal symptoms in rats: a suppressive action on body shakes and
      a potentiating action on jumping. Both actions were found to be mediated by alpha
      2-receptors which generally are responsible for sedative effects. Therefore, the
      action of alpha 2-agonists such as clonidine and azepexole was studied more
      extensively. Since both serotonergic and dopaminergic systems have been suggested
      to be involved in morphine-withdrawal jumping, the interaction of clonidine and
      azepexole with serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs was studied. Neither
      haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) nor the benzamides sulpiride (40 mg/kg p.o.) and
      metoclopramide (8 mg/kg i.p.) affected the jumping potentiated by the alpha 2
      agonists. However, the serotonin-agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (2.5 mg/kg
      i.p.) suppressed the effects of clonidine. Precipitation of jumping in morphine
      dependent animals was more effective using bremazocine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.). This
      effect again could be potentiated by clonidine (750 micrograms/kg s.c.). A low
      dose of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (0.03 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the clonidine
      effect without affecting the basal jumping response. The data suggest that
      clonidine potentiates naloxone-precipitated jumping by decreasing serotonergic
      output while the administration of m-chlorophenylpiperazine can counteract this
      lack of serotonergic activity.

PMID- 2879520
TI  - [Malignant arterial hypertension in periarteritis nodosa. Incidence,
      clinicobiologic parameters and prognosis based on a series of 165 cases].
AB  - The authors studied clinical and biological data occurring in 165 patients
      observed during 23 years and afflicted with polyarteritis nodosa. Hypertension
      was present in 52 patients (31.5%) and seven of them suffered from malignant
      hypertension (4%). Mean age of patients (6 male, 1 female), with malignant
      hypertension was 38 +/- years old. Mean follow up was 49 +/- 28 months including
      26 +/- 21 months after discontinuation of treatment of polyarteritis nodosa.
      Malignant hypertension occurred during the first year of evolution of
      polyarteritis nodosa. Renal insufficiency was present in 5 of 7 patients.
      Proteinuria was greater than 1 gr/d in 4 cases. Renal arteriography was performed
      in 6 patients and showed in every case renal ischemia and microaneurysms in five.
      In 4 patients measurements of plasma renin activity and of aldosterone were
      obtained. A stimulation of those hormones was demonstrated. Some symptoms of
      polyarteritis nodosa were present with a high incidence in case of malignant
      hypertension: digestive signs (6/7), orchitis (3/6). HBs antigen was present in 6
      cases and hepatitis in 5. Captopril was effective in every case, alone or
      associated with other treatments. Follow up of hypertension went from 8 months to
      4 years. At present time 6 patients are alive and one is lost of follow up. A
      treatment is necessary in 6 of 7 patients. Creatininemia is greater than 300
      micromol/l in 4 patients. A successful kidney transplantation was performed in
      one case. Our study shows a close relation between malignant hypertension
      observed in polyarteritis nodosa, vascular nephropathy, digestive and urologic
      signs. Hepatitis B virus could be responsible of those manifestations.

PMID- 2879521
TI  - [Effect of the thymus on the development of genetic hypertension in the Lyons
      strain rat (LH)].
AB  - The aim of this work was to determine the part played by the thymus in the
      development genetic hypertension. This study was conducted in the genetically
      hypertensive rats (LH) of the lyon strain and their two simultaneously selected
      controls: the normotensive (LN) and low blood pressure (LL) rats. Systolic blood
      pressure (SBP) and immunological characteristics were investigated in sham
      operated and neonatally thymectomized rats of the 3 strains. At 5 weeks of age,
      sham-operated LH rats exhibited a higher SBP (122 +/- 4 mmHg) than LN (111 +/- 2
      mmHg) and LL (100 +/- 2 mmHg) controls. White blood cell numbers and percentage
      of circulating lymphocytes, thymus histology as well as T cells and T subsets
      percentages in that organ did not significantly differ within the 3 strains. On
      the contrary, in the animals of the 3 strains, a positive relationship could be
      established between the SBP and the proliferative response of the splenocytes to
      Pokeweed-Mitogen (r = 0.93; N = 30; p less than 0.001) or to Concanavalin A (r =
      0.42; n = 30; p less than 0.05). After neonatal thymectomy the SBP of LH rats was
      more markedly decrease than that of LN and LL rats and established as follows:
      103 +/- 2 mmHg; 102 +/- 2 mmHg; 97 +/- 2 mmHg for LH, LN and LL respectively. 21
      weeks after thymectomy the SBP remained significantly decrease in LH rats only
      160 +/- 5 mmHg vs 177 +/- 6 mmHg in sham-operated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879522
TI  - [Behavioral features of the fetus, the neonate and the infant caused by maternal
      neurotropic drug ingestion. Feto-infantile pharmaco and iatrogenic
      etiopathology].

PMID- 2879523
TI  - Prolonged pharmacologic activity of neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2879524
TI  - [Polyarteritis nodosa: report of a case with angiographic study].
AB  - A case of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) in a 54 year-old man is presented. The
      clinical picture showed a 6-month history of mixed sensorimotor distal
      symmetrical polyneuropathy in all limbs together with anorexia, weight loss,
      fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, mild fever and hypertension. The laboratory studies
      showed leucocytosis, elevated ESR, positive HBsAg and presence of cryoglobulins.
      Selective renal, celiac and mesenteric angiography was performed by femoral
      approach and has showed innumerable aneurysms most of them in hepatic and renal
      circulation. After about two weeks death has occurred. A brief discussion is done
      on clinical aspects of PAN pointing out the importance of HBsAg determination on
      etiopathogenesis and angiographic study on diagnosis.

PMID- 2879525
TI  - Synthesis and secretion of protein by hepatocytes entrapped within calcium
      alginate.
AB  - The ability of entrapped hepatocytes to secrete plasma proteins was examined for
      the purpose of developing a biological artificial liver. Hepatocytes were
      isolated from adult rat liver by perfusion with collagenase. Isolated hepatocytes
      were entrapped within calcium alginate. The entrapped cells induced tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) in the presence of dexamethasone and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP
      and retained the ability to induce TAT for 7 days. Moreover, entrapped cells
      could synthesize and secrete a biologically active form of coagulation Factor II,
      prothrombin. Two plasma proteins, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and
      cholinesterase, were also secreted into the medium. Thus, hepatocytes within
      calcium alginate showed liver-specific characteristics, and these activities were
      almost comparable with those of monolayer-cultured cells.

PMID- 2879526
TI  - Sandwich enzyme-immunoassay for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV in the serum of
      people with oral cancer.
AB  - A highly-sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for serum dipeptidyl
      aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) was developed; its level in sera of patients with oral
      cancer [1.50 +/- 0.35(SD)mg/l serum] was significantly lower than in normal
      subjects [2.27 +/- 0.77(SD)mg/l serum].

PMID- 2879527
TI  - The pathogenicity and cultural characteristics of virulent, intermediate and
      benign strains of Bacteroides nodosus causing ovine foot-rot.
AB  - The relationship between the cultural and biochemical characteristics of 22
      strains of Bacteroides nodosus and their virulence for sheep was examined.
      Virulent, intermediate and benign strains were recognised. Although there was
      some relationship between virulence and colony morphology on hoof medium with 4%
      agar, colonies of one virulent and 4 intermediate strains resembled those of
      benign strains. However, on hoof medium with 2% agar and on blood Euonagar,
      colonies of this virulent and one intermediate strain differed from each other
      and the other 3 intermediate strains, which in turn differed from the benign. The
      degree of piliation, as assessed by electron microscopy, was not a reliable
      indicator of virulence in strains not possessing a beaded colony type. Together,
      the results of colony morphology and proteolytic tests such as zymogram,
      degrading proteinase and elastin-agar tests allowed better discrimination of
      virulent and benign strains. Intermediate strains generally possessed virulent
      protease activity. In strains with benign zymogram patterns, activity bands 2 and
      3 were more labile than in strains with virulent patterns. The addition of CaCl2
      to the culture medium resulted in greater stability of proteolytic activity,
      particularly with benign strains, and prevented the disappearance of protease
      activity in the band 5 position in virulent, intermediate and benign strains
      during prolonged incubation. There were slight differences in the sodium dodecyl
      sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of outer membrane
      proteins of some benign strains but those of intermediate category resembled
      virulent strains. There was some relationship between the apparent Mr of the
      pilin monomer on SDS-PAGE gels and serogroup specificity.

PMID- 2879528
TI  - Characterisation and quantitation of pilus antigens of Moraxella bovis by ELISA.
AB  - Hyperimmune serums raised in rabbits to purified pili from 9 Australian and 2
      American strains of Moraxella bovis from infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
      (IBK) affected herds were used to study the degree of binding between
      combinations of antigen and antiserum in a conventional enzyme linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the aid of appropriate absorption tests major
      antigenic differences among pili were found permitting 6 distinct serogroups to
      be recognised. Further, production of specific antiserums to representative
      strains of each serogroup in goats facilitated the development of a double
      antibody sandwich ELISA which could be used to quantitate pilus expression of a
      given strain of M. bovis, or to differentiate pilus serogroups of 22 strains of
      M. bovis obtained from a total of 12 Australian herds. Most isolates were found
      to belong to serogroups designated IV and V. One strain from the United States of
      America showed total homology with Australian serogroup IV while the other showed
      some cross-reactivity with serogroups V and VI.

PMID- 2879529
TI  - The safe use of high dose neuroleptics in a psychiatric intensive care unit.
AB  - A review of the use of high dose neuroleptics in the management of acute
      psychoses in a psychiatric intensive care unit confirms the previously reported
      safety of such regimes. The risk of extreme unwanted effects, such as cardiac
      arrest and sudden death, was considerably less than the risk of suicide as an
      inpatient. Although high doses of neuroleptics appear to be relatively safe,
      there is no advantage, in terms of the length of admission required in the
      intensive care unit, in using a dose of neuroleptic above the equivalent of 60-80
      mg of haloperidol in any one 24-hour period.

PMID- 2879530
TI  - The role of acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation in the control of mammary
      gland fatty acid synthesis during the starvation and re-feeding of lactating
      rats.
AB  - Activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase during incubation of crude extracts of
      lactating rat mammary gland with Mg2+ and citrate can be blocked by NaF,
      suggesting that it represents a dephosphorylation of the enzyme. The greater
      extent of activation in extracts from 24 h-starved rats (200%) compared with fed
      controls (70%) implies that the decrease in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in
      response to 24 h starvation may involve increased phosphorylation of the enzyme.
      Acetyl-CoA carboxylase was purified from the mammary glands of lactating rats in
      the presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors by avidin-Sepharose
      chromatography. Starvation of the rats for 24 h increased the concentration of
      citrate giving half-maximal activation by 75%, and decreased the Vmax. of the
      purified enzyme by 73%. This was associated with an increase in the alkali-labile
      phosphate content from 3.3 +/- 0.2 to 4.5 +/- 0.4 mol/mol of enzyme subunit.
      Starvation of lactating rats for 6 h, or short-term insulin deficiency induced by
      streptozotocin injection, did not effect the kinetic parameters or the phosphate
      content of acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified from mammary glands. The effects of 24
      h starvation on the kinetic parameters and phosphate content of the purified
      enzyme were completely reversed by re-feeding for only 2.5 h. This effect was
      blocked if the animals were injected with streptozotocin before re-feeding,
      suggesting that the increase in plasma insulin that occurs on re-feeding was
      responsible for the activation of the enzyme. The effects of re-feeding 24 h
      starved rats on the kinetic parameters and phosphate content of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase could be mimicked by treating enzyme purified from 24 h-starved rats
      with protein phosphatase-2A in vitro. Our results suggest that, in mammary glands
      of 24 h-starved lactating rats, insulin brings about a dephosphorylation of
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase in vivo, which may be at least partly responsible for the
      reactivation of mammary lipogenesis in response to re-feeding.

PMID- 2879531
TI  - Differential effect of cis-platinum (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) on regulation
      of liver and kidney haem and haemoprotein metabolism. Possible involvement of
      gamma-glutamyl-cycle enzymes.
AB  - The treatment of rats with cis-platinum (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) for 1, 3
      or 7 days elicited vastly different responses in the liver and the kidney in
      activities of enzymes of haem-metabolism pathway and gamma-glutamyl-cycle
      enzymes. The differences resided in the magnitude, direction and the time course
      of responses. In general, the liver was by far less severely affected, and when a
      response was elicited, it displayed an earlier onset (1-3 days), with a return to
      normal at 7 days. In the kidney, however, the effects were notable after 3 days
      of treatment, and became more pronounced at 7 days. Specifically, the activity of
      5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and contents of cytochrome P-450 and the
      microsomal haem were decreased in the liver. In contrast, in the kidney,
      cytochrome P-450 and haem concentrations were significantly increased, with no
      change in ALA synthetase activity. The increase in the kidney haem content
      appeared to reflect an increased formation of haem, as suggested by the elevated
      activity of ferrochelatase and the concomitant decrease in tissue porphyrin
      levels. In the kidney, a time-dependent and pronounced inhibition of activities
      of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione
      production, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, the first enzyme in glutathione
      breakdown, were observed. The enzyme activities, 7 days after treatment, were
      only 40 and 60% of the control values respectively. In contrast, these enzyme
      activities were not affected in the liver. Complexing cis-platinum with cysteine
      considerably intensified the entire spectrum of effects of cis-platinum in the
      kidney. Notably, cytochrome P-450 concentration and haem oxygenase activity were
      increased to about 3.5 and 6 times the control values, respectively. gamma
      Glutamylcysteine synthetase activity was decreased to less than 20% of the
      control. It is suggested that the differential effectiveness of cis-platinum in
      the liver and the kidney in alternating haem metabolism is related to the vast
      differences which exist between these organs in the activities of gamma-glutamyl
      cycle enzymes. It is further suggested that this may promote the formation in the
      kidney, but not in the liver, of a cis-platinum-cysteine complex that is more
      stable, and thus biologically more effective, than the parent compound.

PMID- 2879532
TI  - Differential tissue expression of the glutathione transferase multigene family.
AB  - The content of GSH transferase mRNAs in poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from
      eight rat tissues was examined by immunoprecipitation of cell-free translation
      products and by Northern blotting. Considerable tissue-specific distribution and
      heterogeneity of immunoprecipitable GSH transferase subunits 1 and 2 synthesized
      in vitro was observed. These results were confirmed by Northern blotting using a
      32P-labelled subunit 1 cDNA probe. The same probe, used in a Southern blot
      analysis of genomic DNA, provided confirmation that GSH transferase subunits 1
      and 2 comprise a multigenic family in the rat. The results show that the
      selection of cDNA clones coding for chosen subunits can be made easier by making
      use of qualitative and quantitative tissue differences in GSH transferase mRNAs.

PMID- 2879534
TI  - The stimulation of glycogenolysis in isolated hepatocytes by opioid peptides.
AB  - The opioid peptides [Leu]enkephalin and dynorphin-(1-13) were shown to enhance
      glycogen breakdown when added directly to hepatocytes. This was the result of a
      concerted effect on the enzymes of glycogen metabolism, with a stimulation of
      glycogen phosphorylase activity and a simultaneous decrease in glycogen synthase
      I activity. The latter only became significant when the enzyme was activated by
      incubating the cells in presence of 20 mM- or 40 mM-glucose. The effect of the
      opioid peptides was independent of an increase in cyclic AMP or any change in the
      activity ratio of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and was abolished by
      depleting the cells of Ca2+. Both [Leu]enkephalin and dynorphin-(1-13) produced a
      significant decrease in cyclic AMP formation, suggesting that in liver, as in
      neuronal tissue, they may act by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity.

PMID- 2879533
TI  - Effects of adrenalectomy before weaning and short- or long-term glucocorticoid
      administration on the genetically obese Zucker rat.
AB  - Intact obese rats were hyperinsulinaemic, had higher rates of whole-body fatty
      acid synthesis, higher activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and tyrosine
      aminotransferase and a higher hepatic glycogen concentration than intact lean
      animals. Adrenalectomy abolished all these factors of the obese phenotype.
      Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with corticosterone for 24 h increased the
      rate of whole-body fatty acid synthesis to the same extent in both phenotypes,
      but caused a larger increase in glycogen concentration, tyrosine aminotransferase
      activity and plasma insulin concentration in obese rats.

PMID- 2879535
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against rat kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase show
      species and tissue specificity.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against rat kidney gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT). All five antibodies immunoprecipitate enzyme activity from
      solubilized kidney brush-border membranes, but not from hepatocellular carcinoma
      membranes. Three of the antibodies react immunohistochemically with brush-border
      membranes in sections of adult rat kidney, but none of the antibodies cross-react
      with sections of guinea-pig, mouse or marmoset kidney or with untreated or
      carcinogen-treated rat liver. The antibodies do not recognize GGT in foetal-rat
      kidney and react poorly with kidney from 2-year-old rat. They do react with
      tubules trapped within mesenchymal kidney tumours induced by dimethylnitrosamine,
      but epithelial tumours, which are GGT-positive (although much less so than normal
      kidney), are not immunoreactive.

PMID- 2879536
TI  - Induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in utero by anti-insulin agents.
AB  - The hepatic enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase, normally expressed in very low
      amounts until shortly after birth, is prematurely induced in foetal rats made
      diabetic by the administration of streptozotocin in utero. Similarly, the enzyme
      is precociously induced in foetuses if the circulating insulin concentration is
      artificially decreased by the administration of anti-insulin serum. These
      observations support the proposal that the natural decrease in plasma insulin,
      known to occur at birth, is a major contributor to the postnatal induction of
      tyrosine aminotransferase.

PMID- 2879538
TI  - Identification of a novel Mr = 76-kDa form of beta-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The structure of the human beta-adrenergic receptor in purified basal membranes
      of human placental syncytiotrophoblast was probed using photoaffinity labeling.
      Basal membranes display a high specific activity of receptors (4-5 pmol/mg
      protein) and possess both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors subtypes.
      Autoradiography of membranes that were incubated with the beta-adrenergic
      antagonist [125I]iodoazidobenzylpindolol, photolyzed and then subjected to sodium
      dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, identified four radiolabeled
      peptides, Mr = 65-kDa, 54-kDa, 43-kDa and a novel higher molecular weight 76-kDa
      form of the receptor. Photoaffinity labeling of each of these four peptides
      displayed the pharmacological properties expected for true beta-adrenergic
      receptors. The 76-kDa photoaffinity labeled receptor peptide observed in human
      placenta basal membranes has not been reported elsewhere. Competition studies
      with the beta1-selective ligand CGP-20712A demonstrate that the photoaffinity
      labeled receptor peptides are composed of both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic
      receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2879537
TI  - Proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase of chromaffin-granule membranes.
      The active site is in the largest (70 kDa) subunit.
AB  - The proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) of bovine chromaffin
      granules contains up to five different polypeptides. Its activity is inhibited by
      N-ethylmaleimide, and ATP protects the enzyme from inhibition. After treatment of
      membranes with N-[2-3H]ethylmaleimide, only one polypeptide is strongly
      radiolabelled: this is the largest (70 kDa) subunit of the proton-translocating
      ATPase. This subunit therefore contains the ATP-hydrolysing site. Two-dimensional
      electrophoresis reveals heterogeneity in this polypeptide.

PMID- 2879540
TI  - Enhancer binding proteins predicted by informational spectrum method.
AB  - Enhancer sequences analysed using the informational spectrum method (ISM) show a
      characteristic frequency at .0488. It has been shown that the characteristic
      frequency for some DNA binding proteins overlaps the characteristic frequency of
      their target DNA sequences. We suggest here that two types of proteins,
      homeoproteins and the glucocorticoid receptors, might bind to enhancer sequences.

PMID- 2879539
TI  - Agents inducing high Mg2+-ATPase activity of isolated coupling factor 1 from
      spinach chloroplasts.
AB  - Conditions are reported under which purified coupling factor 1 (CF1) from spinach
      chloroplasts exhibits Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of about 120 mumoles/min/mg
      protein. It is shown that CF1, partially activated by treatment with heat and
      dithiothreitol (DTT), can be further activated by octyl glucoside. The Mg2+
      dependent ATPase activity increases linearly as a function of the concentration
      of octyl glucoside from about 20 mumoles/min/mg protein in the absence of
      detergent to 120 mumoles/min/mg protein in the presence 15 mM octyl glucoside.
      This concentration is below the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the
      detergent, indicating that the monomeric form is responsible for the activation.
      Without treatment with heat and DTT, the Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of CF1 is
      virtually zero, but can be stimulated by octyl glucoside. In this case, however,
      only concentrations around CMC give a substantial increase in activity (about 50
      mumoles/min/mg at 28 mM octyl glucoside). Concentrations higher than CMC inhibit
      both latent and heat-activated CF1.

PMID- 2879541
TI  - Close association between clathrin and the hydrophobic domain of boundary
      membranes in brain endocytic vesicles.
AB  - Purified bovine brain clathrin binds readily, in a pH-dependent fashion, to
      protein-free phospholipid bilayers. The association is tight and leads to inter
      bilayer fusion, however, photolabeling studies using the amphiphilic
      photoreactive glycolipid 12-(4-azido-2-nitrophenoxy)stearoyl[1-14C]glucosamine
      provide no evidence for direct insertion of clathrin into the central,
      hydrophobic domain of of these target membranes. In contrast, similar
      photolabeling studies of isolated, intact clathrin-coated vesicles show that, in
      these structures, clathrin is readily accessible to a probe which is known to
      reside preferentially within the hydrophobic domain of the membrane. The results
      are consistent with a natural requirement, by clathrin, for accessory proteins in
      order to effect membrane penetration.

PMID- 2879542
TI  - The identification of two subcellular sites for cleavage of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase propeptide.
AB  - In order to determine the subcellular site(s) of rat renal gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase propeptide cleavage labeled immunoprecipitates were
      obtained from preparations of either intracellular membranes or brush border
      membrane vesicles. Heterodimer accounts for 25% of the label associated with
      transpeptidase in intracellular membranes from 5 to 40 min postinjection of
      [35S]methionine, consistent with a cotranslational cleavage of propeptide in the
      endoplasmic reticulum. Labeled propeptide and heterodimer appear in the brush
      border membrane fraction between 20-30 min postinjection and accumulate for 1 h
      and 4h, respectively. Subsequently, the propeptide disappears with a half-life of
      1 h while the heterodimer is relatively stable. These results confirm our
      previous proposal for two distinct subcellular sites for transpeptidase
      propeptide cleavage (Capraro, M.A. and Hughey, R.P. (1983) FEBS Lett. 157, 139
      143).

PMID- 2879543
TI  - Translation of messenger RNA of pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase in a cell-free
      system.
AB  - In vitro synthesis of D-amino acid oxidase [D-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase
      (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.3], one of the peroxisomal flavin enzymes, was performed
      using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system in order to elucidate the biosynthetic
      pathway of the enzyme. The apparent molecular weight of the synthesized enzyme
      protein was the same as that of D-amino acid oxidase purified from pig kidney. On
      the other hand, the enzyme protein was not detectable when a wheat germ lysate
      system was used for the translation. Denaturation of pig kidney poly(A)+ RNA with
      methylmercury hydroxide prior to the translation was found to enhance the
      synthesis of the enzyme protein. These results suggest a tight conformational
      structure of the mRNA used.

PMID- 2879544
TI  - Sulfasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled  trial.
AB  - Sulfasalazine (SSZ), 3 gm daily, was compared with placebo for treatment of
      rheumatoid arthritis, in a 15-week randomized, parallel, double-blind trial.
      Joint tenderness and swelling, morning stiffness, grip strength, and pain score
      all showed significantly more improvement with SSZ than with placebo. Adverse
      effects, particularly gastrointestinal reactions, led to withdrawal from the
      study of 28% of the patients who had been receiving SSZ, but these effects were
      all readily reversible and not life-threatening. These results confirm previous
      findings that suppression of rheumatoid synovitis may be induced by SSZ, within 2
      months after full maintenance doses are reached.

PMID- 2879545
TI  - Role of alcohol, glucose intolerance and obesity in hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - From a primary health screening 631 subjects with serum triglycerides greater
      than or equal to 4.0 mmol/l were investigated for underlying factors for
      hypertriglyceridemia. Obesity, glucose intolerance, or suspected high alcohol
      consumption were associated in 84.5% if the definitions were: Actual/ideal weight
      (A/I) greater than or equal to 1.2 (obesity), blood glucose in the fasting state
      or after 120 min of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) greater than or equal
      to 7.0 mmol/l (glucose intolerance), and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) greater
      than or equal to 1.0 mu kat/l (suspected high alcohol consumption). Ninety-seven
      percent were associated if also those with positive alcohol anamnesis or with A/I
      1.06-1.19, blood glucose after 120 min of an OGTT 6.5-6.99, or GGT 0.8-0.99 were
      included.

PMID- 2879546
TI  - [Postoperative drug control of pain].

PMID- 2879547
TI  - [Gastrointestinal endocrine cells during the treatment of duodenal ulcer patients
      with the new peptide preparation dalargin].

PMID- 2879548
TI  - A comparison of female and male drivers arrested on suspicion of driving under
      the influence of alcohol or drugs.

PMID- 2879549
TI  - [Effect of a new H2 receptor antagonist, famotidine, on gastric secretion].

PMID- 2879550
TI  - Lymphocyte gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in ataxia-telangiectasia.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) is a membrane-bound enzyme, that catalyzes
      gamma-glutamyl transfer from gamma-glutamyl compounds to amino acid and peptide
      acceptors. One of the most important clinical findings about ataxia
      telangiectasia (A-T), a multisystemic and autosomal-recessive disease, is
      dysfunction of the immune system. In this study, the activity of GGTP was
      determined in the lymphocytes from patients with A-T. Lymphocyte GGTP activity in
      A-T patients was found to be significantly lower than that of control lymphocytes
      (P less than 0.001). This change may be due to the abnormality in the membrane of
      lymphocytes of A-T patients.

PMID- 2879551
TI  - Harvey-ras oncogene restriction fragment alleles in familial melanoma kindreds.
AB  - Unique and uncommon BamHI allelic restriction fragments of the Ha-ras locus have
      been reported in the genomes of patients with cancer and of three affected
      members of a familial melanoma kindred (Krontiris et al., 1986). Analysis of the
      BamHI and Msp/HpaII restriction fragments of peripheral blood leucocyte DNA from
      the members of two families with hereditary melanoma (HM)/familial dysplastic
      naevus syndrome (DNS) revealed that the only Ha-ras allele common to four
      affected members of one kindred and two from a second kindred, was the 6.7kb
      allele which is found in 66% of the normal population. This allele was found
      equally in affected and non-affected family members, and in one affected case was
      inherited from an unaffected homozygous parent. It was absent in two affected
      sisters in a third kindred. In the first kindred the karyotype of all three
      melanoma sufferers was 46XX 9qh+, while six unaffected members had a normal
      karyotype. BamHI polymorphism of the Ha-ras gene does not identify the affected
      members in the HM/DNS families studied.

PMID- 2879552
TI  - NMR analysis and sequence of toxin II from the sea anemone Radianthus
      paumotensis.
AB  - Toxin II from Radianthus paumotensis (RpII) has been investigated by high
      resolution NMR and chemical sequencing methods. Resonance assignments have been
      obtained for this protein by the sequential approach. NMR assignments could not
      be made consistent with the previously reported primary sequence for this
      protein, and chemical methods have been used to determine a sequence with which
      the NMR data are consistent. Analysis of the 2D NOE spectra shows that the
      protein secondary structure is comprised of two sequences of beta-sheet, probably
      joined into a distorted continuous sheet, connected by turns and extended loops,
      without any regular alpha-helical segments. The residues previously implicated in
      activity in this class of proteins, D8 and R13, occur in a loop region.

PMID- 2879553
TI  - Purification and characterization of a molecular weight 100,000 coat protein from
      coated vesicles obtained from bovine brain.
AB  - A protein designated as a 100-kDa protein on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gel electrophoresis was purified from coated vesicles obtained from bovine brain,
      with uncoated vesicles as starting material. Two gel filtration steps, one
      involving 0.5 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, pH 8.0, buffer, and the other
      0.01 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, pH 8.0, and 3 M urea buffer, were
      employed. The purified protein has a native molecular weight of 114,000 as
      determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. Circular dichroism data showed
      that the protein has 28% helical structure, 29% beta-structure, and 15% beta
      turns, and the rest is random coil. Addition of the purified protein to clathrin
      results in the polymerization of clathrin to homogeneous size baskets of
      sedimentation velocity 150 S. A scan of the Coomassie Blue stained
      electrophoresis gels of the polymerized baskets shows that, for every clathrin
      trimer, there is approximately one 100-kDa protein molecule.

PMID- 2879554
TI  - Assessment of a ternary model for the binding of agonists to neurohumoral
      receptors.
AB  - A frequently cited variant of the "mobile receptor" hypothesis has been examined
      for its ability to describe the binding of agonists at neurohumoral receptors
      that operate via a guanylyl nucleotide binding protein. The model involves a
      reversible association between the receptor (R) and the G protein (G). Agonists
      (A) bind with different affinity to R and to the RG complex; similarly, G
      differentiates between R and the AR complex. Theoretical binding curves
      calculated according to the model have been analyzed in terms of the Hill
      equation and as a mixture of independent and noninteracting sites. The model is
      shown to be compatible in some respects with reported data on the binding of
      agonists to the beta-adrenergic receptor but not to the muscarinic cholinergic or
      D2 dopaminergic receptors. It is difficult to reconcile with the reported effects
      of guanylyl nucleotides, magnesium, and N-ethylmaleimide on the binding of
      agonists at any neurohumoral receptor.

PMID- 2879555
TI  - Conformation change of tRNAGlu in the complex with glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is
      required for the specific binding of L-glutamate.
AB  - The binding of Thermus thermophilus glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) with T.
      thermophilus tRNAGlu, Escherichia coli tRNAGlu, and amino acids was studied by
      fluorescence measurements. In the absence of tRNAGlu, GluRS binds with D
      glutamate as well as L-glutamate. However, in the presence of E. coli tRNAGlu,
      GluRS binds specifically with L-glutamate. The KCl effects on the Michaelis
      constants (Km) for tRNAGlu, L-glutamate, and ATP were studied for the
      aminoacylation of the homologous tRNAGlu and heterologous tRNAGlu species. As the
      KCl concentration is raised from 0 to 100 mM, the Km value for L-glutamate in the
      heterologous system is remarkably increased whereas the Km value for L-glutamate
      in the homologous system is only slightly increased. The circular dichroism
      analyses were made mainly of the bands due to the 2-thiouridine derivatives of
      tRNAGlu in the complex. The conformation change of T. thermophilus tRNAGlu upon
      complex formation with GluRS is not affected by addition of KCl. In contrast, the
      heterologous tRNAGlu X GluRS complex is in an equilibrium of two forms that
      depends on KCl concentration. The predominant form at low KCl concentration is
      closely related to the small Km value for L-glutamate. In this form of the
      complex, the conformation of tRNAGlu is appreciably different from that of free
      molecule. Accordingly, such a conformation change of tRNAGlu in the complex with
      GluRS is required for the specific binding of L-glutamate as the substrate.

PMID- 2879556
TI  - Reaction energetics of a mutant triosephosphate isomerase in which the active
      site glutamate has been changed to aspartate.
AB  - The essential catalytic base at the active site of the glycolytic enzyme
      triosephosphate isomerase is the carboxylate group of Glu-165, which directly
      abstracts either the 1-pro-R proton of dihydroxyacetone phosphate or the 2-proton
      of (R)-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield the cis-enediol intermediate. Using
      the methods of site-directed mutagenesis, we have replaced Glu-165 by Asp. The
      three enzymes chicken isomerase from chicken muscle, wild-type chicken isomerase
      expressed in Escherichia coli, and mutant (Glu-165 to Asp) chicken isomerase
      expressed in E. coli have each been purified to homogeneity. The specific
      catalytic activities of the two wild-type isomerases are identical, while the
      specific activity of the mutant enzyme is reduced by a factor of about 1000. The
      observed kinetic differences do not derive from a change in mechanism in which
      the aspartate of the mutant enzyme acts as a general base through an intervening
      water molecule, because the D2O solvent isotope effects and the stoichiometries
      of inactivation with bromohydroxyacetone phosphate are identical for the wild
      type and mutant enzymes. Using the range of isotopic experiments that were used
      to delineate the free-energy profile of the wild-type chicken enzyme, we here
      derive the complete energetics of the reaction catalyzed by the mutant protein.
      Comparison of the reaction energetics for the wild-type and mutant isomerases
      shows that only the free energies of the transition states for the two
      enolization steps have been seriously affected. Each of the proton abstraction
      steps is about 1000-fold slower in the mutant enzyme. Evidently, the excision of
      a methylene group from the side chain of the essential glutamate has little
      effect on the free energies of the intermediate states but dramatically reduces
      the stabilities of the transition states for the chemical steps in the catalyzed
      reaction.

PMID- 2879557
TI  - Glutamic acid-149 is important for enzymatic activity of yeast inorganic
      pyrophosphatase.
AB  - Modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) with 1
      ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide is known to lead to a loss of
      enzymatic activity, the rate of which is decreased in the presence of ligands
      binding to the active site [Cooperman, B. S., & Chiu, N. Y. (1973) Biochemistry
      12, 1676-1682; Heitman, P., & Uhlig, H. J. (1974) Acta Biol. Med. Ger. 32, 565
      594]. In this work we show that, when such inactivation is carried out in the
      presence of [14C]glycine ethyl ester (GEE), GEE is covalently incorporated into
      PPase, incorporation into the most highly labeled tryptic peptide is site
      specific, as evidenced by the reduction of such incorporation in the presence of
      the active site ligands Zn2+ and Pi, the extent of formation of this specifically
      labeled peptide correlates with the fractional loss of PPase activity, and the
      specifically labeled peptide corresponds to residues 145-153 and the position of
      incorporation within this peptide is Glu-149. The significance of our findings
      for the location of the active site and for the catalytic mechanism of PPase is
      briefly considered in the light of the 3-A X-ray crystallographic structure of
      Arutyunyun and his colleagues [Arutyunyun, E. G., et al. (1981) Dokl. Akad. Nauk
      SSSR 258, 1481-1485; Kuranova, I. P., et al. (1983) Bioorg. Khim. 9, 1611-1919;
      Terzyan, S. S., et al. (1984) Bioorg. Khim. 10, 1469-1482].

PMID- 2879558
TI  - Regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by ADP-ribosylation.
AB  - Because of certain similarities between acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and tubulin,
      and the recent demonstration of the ADP-ribosylation of tubulin by cholera toxin,
      we have investigated a potential role for ADP-ribosylation in the regulation of
      ACC activity. Incubation of purified rat liver ACC with cholera toxin in the
      presence of millimolar concentrations of [adenylate-32P]NAD results in a time
      dependent incorporation of ADP-ribose into ACC of greater than 2 mol/mol of
      enzyme subunit, accompanied by a marked inactivation of enzyme activity. This
      effect is not mimicked by pertussis toxin, ADP-ribose, or ribose 5-phosphate.
      Incubation of labeled ACC with snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline
      hydrolysis release 32P-products tentatively identified by high-performance liquid
      chromatography as 5'-[32P]AMP and [32P]ADP-ribose, respectively. These data are
      consistent with a mono-ADP-ribosylation of ACC catalyzed by cholera toxin.
      Phosphodiesterase treatment of inactivated ACC partially restores enzyme
      activity. The effects of ADP-ribosylation of ACC are expressed both as a decrease
      in the enzyme Vmax and as an increase in the apparent Ka for citrate. These
      results suggest that ACC might be a substrate for endogenous ADP
      ribosyltransferases and that this covalent modification could be an important
      regulatory mechanism for the modulation of fatty acid synthesis in vivo.

PMID- 2879559
TI  - Agonist interactions at hepatic alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptors: affinity
      state regulation by guanine nucleotides and temperature.
AB  - We investigated the binding characteristics of agonists to alpha 1- and beta
      adrenergic receptors of intact liver cells, broken rat liver cell membranes, and
      detergent-solubilized preparations under varying experimental conditions,
      focusing on the different "states" of the receptor for agonists and the
      regulation of these states by temperature and guanine nucleotides. While only low
      affinity binding of agonists to both receptor subtypes was evident in studies
      performed at 37 degrees C with solubilized preparations, biphasic competition
      curves for agonists were observed in both intact cells and membrane preparations;
      the majority of sites were of low affinity. In membrane preparations, the
      nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue Gpp(NH)p caused a rightward shift of agonist
      competition curves and a loss of high-affinity binding. These results are
      consistent with the involvement of guanine nucleotide binding proteins in both
      alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic transduction pathways. When competition studies were
      performed at 4 degrees C, receptor sites existed predominantly in the high
      affinity configuration, in intact cells and membranes, as well as in soluble
      preparations. In contrast to the studies conducted at 37 degrees C, no Gpp(NH)p
      induced conversion to the lower affinity state could be demonstrated in studies
      performed with membrane preparations at 4 degrees C. Thus, the high-affinity
      state of alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptors is stabilized at 4 degrees C in
      intact cells, membranes, and soluble preparations. After incubations had been
      performed at 37 degrees C, high-affinity binding of agonists could not be
      restored by subsequent incubation at 4 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879560
TI  - Activation of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase by the carboxyl-terminal
      tryptic fragment of calmodulin.
AB  - Highly purified tryptic fragments of calmodulin were tested for their ability to
      stimulate adenylate cyclase activity of Bordetella pertussis spheroplast
      membranes and were compared to their activities on brain Ca2+/calmodulin
      dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. The C-terminal fragment,
      consisting of residues 78-148, was a full agonist for the cyclase with 0.1-0.15
      the potency of calmodulin but did not stimulate phosphodiesterase. Fragments 1
      77, 1-90, and 107-148 stimulated adenylate cyclase (and not phosphodiesterase) at
      low potency; this was not due to calmodulin contamination, but contamination by
      fragment 78-148 could not be excluded with certainty. An adduct of
      norchlorpromazine isothiocyanate and calmodulin showed full agonist activity for
      adenylate cyclase at 0.01-0.02 the potency of calmodulin. Stimulation of
      adenylate cyclase by a number of the fragments occurred in the absence of Ca2+,
      but stimulator potency was enhanced 20-60-fold in its presence. The similarity of
      Ca2+ requirements of fragment 78-148 and calmodulin suggests that occupancy of
      the two C-terminal Ca2+ binding sites of calmodulin accounts for most of the Ca2+
      enhancement of calmodulin stimulation of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2879561
TI  - Location of lysine-beta 162 in mitochondrial F1-adenosinetriphosphatase.
AB  - The quenching of the fluorescence of bovine heart F1-adenosinetriphosphatase
      labeled specifically at its essential Lys-beta 162 with 7-chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3
      benzoxadiazole (N-NBD-F1) by 2',3'-O-(2,4,6
      trinitrocyclohexadienylidene)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP) has been
      studied. Analysis of the fluorescence data in the presence of 1 mM ATP shows that
      the dissociation constant of TNP-ATP from its first binding site in the
      covalently labeled enzyme is 250-fold lower than that of ATP, which it replaces
      in pH 7.0 buffer containing 25% glycerol, and that this binding causes a 54%
      quenching of the fluorescence of the N-NBD label due to energy transfer to the
      weakly fluorescent TNP-ATP molecule. Computation based on the observed quenching
      gives a distance of 25.6 +/- 0.4 A between the NBD label and the chromophore of
      the bound TNP-ATP molecule. Since the distance between the chromophore and the
      farthest O atom of the bound TNP-ATP is about 16 A, it seems quite likely that
      the epsilon-amino group of Lys-beta 162 is near the gamma-phosphate group of the
      TNP-ATP bound at the catalytic site. Similar measurements in the presence of 1 mM
      ADP show that the replacement of ADP at the catalytic site by TNP-ATP causes a
      49% quenching of the fluorescence of the N-NBD label, which gives a distance of
      26.5 +/- 0.4 A between the label and the chromophore of the bound TNP-ATP
      molecule.

PMID- 2879562
TI  - Geometric isomers of covalently labeled mitochondrial F1-adenosinetriphosphatase
      with different properties.
AB  - Two geometric isomers of covalently labeled F1-adenosinetriphosphatase (F1
      ATPase) have been prepared by reaction with 7-chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
      (NBD-Cl): a directly labeled product denoted by O-beta'-NBD-F1 and an indirectly
      prepared product denoted by 0-beta'-NBD-F1. The normal isomer O-beta'-NBD-F1 is
      highly inhibited, and its label can be removed by 20 microM N-acetyl-L-cysteine
      (AC) at the expected rate with dr/dn approximately equal to -1, where n is the
      molar ratio of the label to F1 and r is the ratio of the ATPase activity of the
      labeled enzyme to that of the unlabeled control enzyme. But O-beta"-NBD-F1 is
      almost fully active, and its label can be removed by 20 microM AC at much slower
      rates with dr/dn approximately equal to 0. Cleavage of either isomer with pepsin
      and subsequent amino acid analysis of the isolated radioactive polypeptides show
      that the label is attached to Tyr-beta 311 in both isomers. At pH 9 the label in
      O-beta'-NBD-F1 spontaneously transfers from Tyr-beta 311 to the presumably nearby
      Lys-beta 162 in the dark with a half-time of 1/2 h, but the label in O-beta"-NBD
      F1 does not transfer under the same conditions. The existence of geometric
      isomers of O-NBD-F1 with contrastingly different properties invalidates models
      for F1 with three equivalent beta subunits but is consistent with the model based
      on one principal catalytic beta' subunit and two auxiliary beta" subunits. A
      possible mechanism for promoting the catalytic efficiency of beta' through
      protein conformation change induced by ATP and/or ADP is suggested.

PMID- 2879564
TI  - 6-Thiocyanatoflavins and 6-mercaptoflavins as active-site probes of
      flavoproteins.
AB  - 6-Thiocyanatoflavins have been found to be susceptible to nucleophilic
      displacement reactions with sulfite and thiols, yielding respectively the 6-S-SO3
      -flavin and 6-mercaptoflavin, with rate constants at pH 7.0, 20 degrees C, of 55
      M-1 min-1 for sulfite and 1000 M-1 min-1 for dithiothreitol. The 6-SCN-flavin
      binds tightly to riboflavin-binding protein as the riboflavin derivative, to
      apoflavodoxin, apo-lactate oxidase, and apo-Old Yellow Enzyme as the FMN
      derivative, and to apo-D-amino acid oxidase as the FAD derivative. The riboflavin
      binding protein derivative is inaccessible to dithiothreitol attack, and the
      lactate oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase derivatives show only limited
      accessibility. However, the flavodoxin and Old Yellow Enzyme derivatives react
      readily with dithiothreitol, indicating that the flavin 6-position is exposed to
      solvent in these proteins. The lactate oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase
      derivatives convert slowly but spontaneously to the 6-mercaptoflavin enzyme forms
      in the absence of any added thiol, indicating the presence of a thiol residue in
      the flavin binding site of these proteins. The reaction rates have been
      investigated of 6-mercaptoflavins with iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide, methyl
      methanethiosulfonate, H2O2, and m-chloroperbenzoate, in both the free and protein
      bound state. The results confirm the conclusions drawn from the studies with 6
      SCN-flavins described above and from 6-N3-flavins [Massey, V., Ghisla, S., &
      Yagi, K. (1986) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. The spectral
      properties of the protein-bound 6-mercaptoflavin vary widely among the five
      proteins studied and show stabilization of the neutral flavin with flavodoxin and
      riboflavin-binding protein and of the anionic species by Old Yellow Enzyme,
      lactate oxidase, and D-amino acid oxidase. In the case of the latter two enzymes,
      the stabilization appears to be due to interaction of the negatively charged
      flavin with a positively charged protein residue located near the flavin
      pyrimidine ring. This positively charged residue appears to be responsible also
      for the strong stabilization of the two-electron oxidation state of the
      mercaptoflavin as the 6-S-oxide. With the other flavoproteins studied this
      oxidation level is stabilized as the 6-sulfenic acid or 6-sulfenate.

PMID- 2879563
TI  - 6-Azido- and 6-aminoflavins as active-site probes of flavin enzymes.
AB  - 6-Azidoflavins have been bound to the apoproteins of five representative
      flavoproteins and their properties, before and after light irradiation, compared
      with those of the same proteins containing the appropriate 6-aminoflavin. In the
      dark the 6-azidoflavoproteins are quite stable, except for L-lactate oxidase,
      where spontaneous conversion to the 6-amino-FMN enzyme occurs slowly at pH 7. 6
      Azido-FMN Old Yellow Enzyme is converted to the 6-amino-FMN enzyme by aerobic
      turnover with NADPH, and 6-azido-FAD D-amino acid oxidase is converted to the 6
      amino-FAD enzyme by treatment with D-alanine. Light irradiation of 6
      azidoriboflavin bound to riboflavin-binding protein does not result in any
      covalent fixation of the flavin to the protein. Light irradiation of 6-azido-FMN
      flavodoxin gives only a small amount of covalent linkage. In contrast, 6-azido
      FMN Old Yellow Enzyme undergoes a very facile light-induced change, in which
      approximately 50% of the flavin is attached in a stable covalent linkage to the
      protein. The resulting flavoprotein form has lost the ability to bind phenols, a
      distinctive characteristic of the native enzyme; it does, however, bind NADPH,
      but the latter cannot reduce the covalently bound flavin. 6-Azido-FAD D-amino
      acid oxidase also undergoes a facile light modification, in which almost
      quantitative fixation of the flavin to the protein takes place. The resulting
      flavoprotein cannot bind benzoate, an active-site ligand for the native enzyme,
      nor is it reduced anaerobically by D-alanine. The covalent linkage is fairly
      labile and is destroyed on denaturation of the protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879565
TI  - Escherichia coli F1 ATPase is reversibly inhibited by intra- and intersubunit
      crosslinking: an approach to assess rotational catalysis.
AB  - Reaction of the multisubunit F1 ATPase from Escherichia coli (EF1) with a
      bifunctional cleavable crosslinker, 3,3'-dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) (DSP),
      has been used to explore the possibility that during catalysis a rotational
      movement of catalytic subunits relative to noncatalytic subunits occurs. The
      premise is that such rotational catalysis is tenable if intersubunit crosslinking
      of a major subunit with one of the minor subunits inhibits the enzyme activity
      and if upon cleavage of the crosslinks, the enzyme regains activity. The results
      presented in this paper show that crosslinking of about 5-6 reactive groups on
      EF1 with DSP is accompanied by a loss of 2/3 of the enzyme activity. Both intra-
      and intersubunit crosslinks are formed. The most prominent intersubunit
      crosslinks are those of gamma and delta subunits with the alpha subunit. Nearly
      complete recovery of activity can be attained by cleaving the disulfide bond in
      the crosslinker with dithiothreitol. Because the chemical modification of enzyme
      groups remains after the crosslinker is cleaved, the loss in activity before
      cleavage can be ascribed to conformational restraints. The results show that
      catalysis by the EF1 ATPase is highly sensitive to the restrictions of
      crosslinking, and are consistent with the view that catalysis is accompanied by
      appreciable movements of the major subunits with respect to the minor subunits,
      as suggested for rotational catalysis.

PMID- 2879566
TI  - Amino acid substitutions in the epsilon-subunit of the F1F0-ATPase of Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - A mutant strain of Escherichia coli was isolated in which Gly-48 of the mature
      epsilon-subunit of the energy-transducing adenosine triphosphatase was replaced
      by Asp. This amino acid substitution caused inhibition of ATPase activity (about
      70%), loss of ATP-dependent proton translocation and lowered oxidative
      phosphorylation, but did not affect proton translocation through the F0. Purified
      F1-ATPase from the mutant strain bound to stripped membranes with the same
      affinity as the normal F1-ATPase. Partial revertant strains were isolated in
      which Pro-47 of the epsilon-subunit was replaced by Ser or Thr. Pro-47 and Gly-48
      are predicted to be residues 2 and 3 in a Type II beta-turn and the Gly-48 to Asp
      substitution is predicted to cause a change from a Type II to a Type I or III
      beta-turn. Space-filling models of the beta-turn (residues 46-49) in the normal,
      mutant and partial revertant epsilon-subunits indicate that the peptide oxygen
      between Pro-47 and Gly-48 is in a different position to the peptide oxygen
      between Pro-47 and Asp-48 and that the substitution of Pro-47 by either Ser or
      Thr restores an oxygen close to the original position. It is suggested that the
      peptide oxygen between Pro-47 and Gly-48 of the epsilon-subunit is involved
      either structurally in inter-subunit H-bonding or directly in proton movements
      through the F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2879567
TI  - On the mechanism of linolenic acid inhibition in Photosystem II.
AB  - Recent studies in our laboratory have reexamined the interaction of the
      unsaturated fatty acid, linolenic acid, with Photosystem II and have documented
      two principal regions of inhibition: one associated with the donor complex
      (Signal 2f or D1) to the reaction center, and the other located on the reducing
      side between pheophytin and Qa (Golbeck, J.H. and Warden, J.T. (1984) Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 767, 263-271). A further characterization of fatty acid inhibition
      of secondary electron transport in Photosystem II at room and cryogenic
      temperatures is presented in this paper. These studies demonstrate that linolenic
      acid, and related fatty acid analogs, eliminate the transient absorption increase
      at 320 nm, attributed to Qa-; abolish the production, either chemically or
      photochemically, of the ESR signal (Q-Fe) associated with the bound quinone
      acceptor, Qa-; and prevent the photooxidation of Signal 2(1t)(D1) at cryogenic
      temperature. Linolenic-acid-treated samples are characterized by a high initial
      fluorescence yield (Fi) equivalent to the maximum level of fluorescence (Fmax);
      however, the spin-polarized triplet, associated with the reaction-center electron
      donor, P-680, is observed only in inhibited samples that have been prereduced
      with sodium dithionite. These results suggest the presence of an additional
      acceptor intermediate between pheophytin and Qa. The donor-assisted
      photoaccumulation of pheophytin anion in Photosystem II particles, as monitored
      by the decline of fluorescence yield, is inhibited by linolenic acid. Redox
      titrations of the fluorescence yield in control and inhibited preparations
      demonstrate that the midpoint potential for the primary acceptor for Photosystem
      II is insensitive to the fatty acid (Em approximately -583 mV) and thus indicate
      that primary photochemistry is functional during linolenic-acid inhibition. These
      data are consistent with the hypothesis that unsaturated fatty acids inhibit
      secondary electron transport in Photosystem II via displacement of endogenous
      quinone from quinone-binding peptides.

PMID- 2879568
TI  - The antioxidant activity of haptoglobin towards haemoglobin-stimulated lipid
      peroxidation.
AB  - Haemoglobin stimulates the peroxidation of lipids in two discernable phases. The
      first phase is inhibited by binding haemoglobin to the protein haptoglobin. The
      second phase is stimulated by complexable iron released from the haemoglobin
      molecule during the process of lipid peroxidation. This latter peroxidation is
      inhibitable by transferrin and the iron chelator desferrioxamine. Heat-denatured
      haemoglobin and haemin both stimulated lipid peroxidation but this is not
      inhibitable by haptoglobin. It is suggested that the haptoglobins play an
      important antioxidant role in vivo by preventing iron-stimulated formation of
      oxygen radicals.

PMID- 2879569
TI  - Metabolism of opioid peptides by cerebral microvascular aminopeptidase M.
AB  - Aminopeptidase M (EC 3.4.11.2), which can degrade low molecular weight opioid
      peptides, has been reported in both peripheral vasculature and in the CNS. Thus,
      we have studied the metabolism of opioid peptides by membrane-bound
      aminopeptidase M derived from cerebral microvessels of hog and rabbit. Both hog
      and rabbit microvessels were found to contain membrane-bound aminopeptidase M. At
      neutral pH, microvessels preferentially degraded low molecular weight opioid
      peptides by hydrolysis of the N-terminal Tyr1-Gly2 bond. Degradation was
      inhibited by amastatin (I50 = 0.2 microM) and bestatin (10 microM), but not by a
      number of other peptidase inhibitors including captopril and phosphoramidon.
      Rates of degradation were highest for the shorter peptides (Met5- and Leu5
      enkephalin) whereas beta-endorphin was nearly completely resistant to N-terminal
      hydrolysis. Km values for the microvascular aminopeptidase also decreased
      significantly with increasing peptide length (Km = 91.3 +/- 4.9 and 28.9 +/- 3.5
      microM for Met5-enkephalin and Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7, respectively). Peptides
      known to be present within or in close proximity to cerebral vessels (e.g.,
      neurotensin and substance P) competitively inhibited enkephalin degradation (Ki =
      20.4 +/- 2.5 and 7.9 +/- 1.6 microM, respectively). These data suggest that
      cerebral microvascular aminopeptidase M may play a role in vivo in modulating
      peptide-mediated local cerebral blood flow, and in preventing circulating
      enkephalins from crossing the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2879570
TI  - Lipids associated with tissue transglutaminase.
AB  - A substantial amount of lipids (cholesterol and its esters, mono-, di- and
      triacylglycerols, free fatty acids and the phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine
      and phosphatidylinositol) was found associated with tissue transglutaminase
      purified to apparent homogeneity from guinea pig liver. Removal of lipids results
      in an increased tendency of the enzyme for self-association and a decreased
      stability. Lauric acid was detected following hydroxylamine treatment of the
      enzyme, suggesting the occurrence of a fatty acid-type, covalent,
      posttranslational modification of transglutaminase. The results provide support
      for the idea that part of tissue transglutaminase may be localized in the cell
      membrane.

PMID- 2879571
TI  - Fetal cardiovascular and breathing movement responses to endogenous opiates.
AB  - Endogenous opiates have been shown to alter cardiopulmonary activity in a variety
      of animal models. The present investigation in fetal sheep evaluate the response
      of heart rate, blood pressure and breathing movements (FBM) to central nervous
      and intravenous meth-enkephalin and beta-endorphin. Marked bradycardia was noted
      within 3-5 s of intravenous meth-enkephalin administration and lasted less than
      10-15 s. An 84.8 +/- 19.0% prolongation in cardiac cycle length was observed
      after 20 nmol/kg meth-enkephalin (p less than 0.02). In contrast, there was no
      significant change in heart rate following 2-50 nmol/kg beta-endorphin. The meth
      enkephalin-induced slowing of heart rate was virtually eliminated by autonomic
      blockade with atropine or hexamethonium but merely partially blunted by naloxone.
      FBM were not altered by intravenous administration of either opiate. However,
      both meth-enkephalin and beta-endorphin produced a dramatic increase in FBM
      following injection into the cisterna magna. Prior to opioid administration, FBM
      were noted 11 +/- 1.4% of the time. Intracisternal opiates resulted in a 43.9 +/-
      10.1% incidence of FBM for up to 60 min. Parasympathetic blockade with atropine
      had no effect on the pattern of FBM following intracisternal opiate
      administration whereas naloxone terminated the increased respiratory activity
      within 1 min. These data suggest a potential role for endogenous opiates in the
      modulation of fetal cardiorespiratory function.

PMID- 2879572
TI  - [Effect of morphine on the sensitivity of cerebral cortical neurons to
      acetylcholine].
AB  - Sensitivity of sensorimotor cortical neurons to microiontophoretically applied
      morphine and acetylcholine has been studied in the experiments on unanesthetized
      rabbits. The predominant reaction to morphine and acetylcholine was decrease and
      increase in the rate of neuronal impulse activity, respectively. There was no
      correlation in the responses to morphine and acetylcholine. Atropine failed to
      influence the morphine effect. When both drugs are simultaneously applied to
      neurons, morphine decreases both excitatory and inhibitory responses to
      acetylcholine. This effect of morphine may occur in the case when the drug is
      applied in doses which do not change spontaneous neuronal activity. On the
      contrary, excitatory effect of glutamic acid decreased only when morphine was
      applied in doses causing local anesthetic effect and decreasing background
      neuronal activity. It is suggested that morphine can exercise a modulating
      influence on choline receptors of cortical neurons.

PMID- 2879573
TI  - [Effect of anxiolytics--buspirone and diazepam--on the prolactin, thyrotropin and
      cortisol content of the blood in the green monkey].
AB  - The influence of two anxiolytics--diazepam and buspirone--on prolactin,
      thyrotrophin and cortisol levels in green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) plasma
      was studied 30 min following i/m injection. Diazepam at 1 mg/kg decreased
      prolactin and cortisol levels by 30-50% compared to the control animals.
      Buspirone at 2.5-10 mg/kg induced a 7-10-fold increase in prolactin level but did
      not change cortisol and thyrotrophin concentration. Buspirone analog--Mj 138-05
      at 10 mg/kg produced a 2-3-fold increase in plasma prolactin content in some
      animals, while at a dose of 5 mg/kg it exerted no detectable effect. Possible
      neurochemical mechanisms of the effects observed are discussed.

PMID- 2879574
TI  - [Increased content of nucleotide sequences in transcriptionally active DNA and
      poly(A)+-mRNA of the rat liver and a rise in its translation activity as affected
      by inducers].
AB  - Cortisol and 3'-methyl-4-dimethyl-amino-azobenzene induce an increase in the
      content of repeated sequences (RS) in transcriptionally active (TA) DNA, while
      the content of respective RS in potentially active DNA fractions enriched with
      regulatory regions of the genome decreases. RS content in induced poly A+-mRNA
      also rises, as determined by the nature of hybridization of respective c DNA with
      total DNA. The translation of induced poly A+-mRNA rises essentially, with the
      qualitative distinctions in in vitro synthesized protein product spectrum being
      absent. Inducible RS with unstable chromatine conformation are thought to provide
      a universal system of rapid response of the genetic apparatus to extreme
      situations, serving as transcription intensifiers in TA DNA and as translation
      intensifiers in induced poly A+-mRNA.

PMID- 2879576
TI  - [High interindividual polymorphism in restriction fragment length and copy number
      of the TURI family of moderate human DNA repetitions].
AB  - A human DNA library has been searched for moderate repetitive sequences.
      Southern's blot analysis of one of the selected clones, which we have termed
      pTURI-6, has shown a high interindividual restriction fragment length and copy
      polymorphism. TURI-6 clone can serve as an efficient molecular marker for the
      identification of interindividual distinctions.

PMID- 2879575
TI  - [GABA metabolism and the formation of a sensorimotor cortex evoked potential in
      the presence of excess zinc ions].
AB  - Changes in GABA content, the enzymatic activity of its metabolism and the
      formation of sensorimotor cortical evoked potential (EP) were studied following
      long-term ZnCl2 administration. It has been established that a single ZnCl2
      injection at a dose of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg was accompanied by an increase in the
      amplitude of sensorimotor cortical EP, though GABA accumulation in this brain
      structure was observed. This might account for the prolongation of the period of
      the potential appearance. Long-term (for 7, 14, 21 days) ZnCl2 administration at
      a dose of 0.1 mg/kg produced a sharp depression in the potential appearance and
      an increase in GABA content by 50% with the enhancement of glutamate
      decarboxylase activity and the attenuation of GABA-transaminase activity.

PMID- 2879578
TI  - [Effect of regulator cells induced by the influenza virus in adoptive transfer].
AB  - The protective effect of humoral and cellular immunity factors on experimental
      mouse influenza infection was studied in combination with a simultaneous analysis
      of the functional activity in the regulatory lymphocytes of donor mice. The
      efficacy of adoptive defense of recipient mice, that is the intensity of immune
      reactions in their organisms, was found to depend on the concrete functional
      state of donor mouse transferring cells. The exact time of activation of T-helper
      cells open certain prospects for the concrete pathogenetically grounded drug
      therapy.

PMID- 2879579
TI  - Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and myeloid cell maturation.
AB  - In previous studies of purine ribonucleotide metabolism in the human myeloid
      leukemia cell line HL-60, we observed that there is a down-regulation of guanine
      ribonucleotide biosynthesis from the central intermediate, inosine monophosphate
      (IMP) and a depletion of intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine
      diphosphate (GDP) pools that occur during the induced maturation of these cells.
      We also found that inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the
      first step of guanylate synthesis from IMP, are potent inducers of HL-60
      maturation. Because of these observations we specifically investigated the
      activity of IMP dehydrogenase in HL-60 cells and in a new inducible human myeloid
      leukemia cell line, RDFD2-25, both during maintenance culture and during induced
      maturation of the cells. Enzyme activity was examined directly in cell extracts
      with a radiometric assay that measures free 3H2O formed from [2-3H] IMP during
      the conversion of IMP to XMP. Uninduced HL-60 and RDFD2 cells in maintenance
      culture were found to have high levels of IMPD activity (5.2 to 5.7 pmol IMP
      metabolized/10(7) cells/min) compared with normal neutrophils and monocytes that
      had been purified from blood (less than 1.5 pmol IMP metabolized/10(7)
      cells/min). However, when HL-60 and RDFD2-25 cells were induced to mature with
      retinoic acid (10(-6) mol/L), dimethylformamide (6 X 10(-2) mol/L), or a known
      IMPD inhibitor, tiazofurin (10(-6) mol/L), IMPD activity in the cells fell by 51%
      to 80% within three to six hours. These changes in IMPD activity preceded
      detectable functional and antigenic maturation of the cells by at least 12 hours
      and were not temporally related to changes in cellular proliferation. These
      findings are consistent with the concept that the regulation of myeloid cell
      maturation may be influenced by intracellular concentrations of guanine
      ribonucleotides because IMP dehydrogenase activity is known to be rate limiting
      for the production of these nucleotides.

PMID- 2879577
TI  - [Possible approaches to an analysis of the heterogeneous response of the
      transcription complex to cholinergic actions].
AB  - The accumulation of tyrosine-aminotransferase (TAT) as a marker of the individual
      gene activation was studied in the rat tissue after the administration of
      cholinomimetics and cholinolytics in order to elucidate the relations between
      cholinoreceptor functional state and the genetic apparatus. The regulation of TAT
      synthesis was found to be controlled by both cholinomimetic concentration and the
      density of cholinoreceptors in hepatocytes. Transsynaptic regulation of TAT
      activity was shown to be different in the brain and liver. It is suggested that
      the approaches discussed might be useful for the analysis of the relationship
      between cholinoreceptor state and the regulation of biochemical functions of
      target cells.

PMID- 2879580
TI  - Mixed chimerism and restriction fragment length polymorphism.

PMID- 2879581
TI  - Lysosomal arylsulfatases A and B from horse blood leukocytes: purification and
      physico-chemical properties.
AB  - Lysosomal arylsulfatases A and B (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolases, EC 3.1.6.1) from
      horse leukocytes were purified about 680-fold and 70-fold, respectively, starting
      from a crude extract of the azurophil and specific granules of leukocytes, by
      affinity, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Purified arylsulfatase
      A displayed anomalous kinetics, a pH optimum at 5.2, an isoelectric point at 4.3,
      and a Km value for p-nitrocatechol sulfate (pNCS) of 0.37 mM. This enzyme was
      found to exist in two association states depending on pH: a high molecular weight
      form at pH 5.0 and a low molecular weight form at pH 7.5. Arylsulfatase B
      displayed normal kinetics, a pH optimum at 5.8, two isoelectric points at pH 8.6
      and 8.9, and a Km value for pNCS of 3.38 mM. The thermostability of the two
      enzymes was different: arylsulfatase B was found to be more stable than
      arylsulfatase A. Arylsulfatase A was inhibited by sulfate, sulfite, silver,
      magnesium, manganese and calcium ions and arylsulfatase B by chloride, sulfate,
      sulfite and silver ions.

PMID- 2879582
TI  - Processing of phobic stimuli.
AB  - The hypothesis tested in the present experiments is that phobics show poor
      focused attention for phobic stimuli. A test of the hypothesis was undertaken
      using spider phobics' performance in a recognition memory task involving dead
      spiders as an index of processing. The first experiment confirmed the hypothesis
      of poorer processing of spider stimuli in phobics, but only for big spiders on a
      post hoc division of spider stimuli. These were interpreted as being the more
      arousing. There was also a tendency for desensitization to improve spider
      recognition. The second experiment investigated recognition memory under
      'ordinary' and 'elaborated' processing conditions, but the hypothesis of poorer
      spider recognition in phobics was confirmed only in a post hoc correlational
      analysis for the elaborated processing condition. The hypothesis is related to
      findings that long-term benefit from exposure treatments is facilitated by
      focused attention.

PMID- 2879583
TI  - Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus activity in northern Colombia during April
      and May 1983.

PMID- 2879584
TI  - Prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors in rabbit pulmonary artery and mouse atria:
      effect of alpha-adrenoceptor blockade and phosphodiesterase inhibition.
AB  - In rabbit isolated pulmonary artery previously incubated with [3H]-noradrenaline,
      isoprenaline (0.3 microM) had no effect on the stimulation-induced outflow of
      radioactivity. However, if the phosphodiesterase inhibitor ICI 63,197 (30 microM)
      or the alpha-adrenoceptor blocker phentolamine (1 microM) was present, then
      isoprenaline significantly enhanced the stimulation-induced outflow, an effect
      blocked by propranolol (0.1 microM). ICI 63,197 (30 microM) but not phentolamine
      significantly enhanced the stimulation-induced outflow of radioactivity. In mouse
      isolated atria previously incubated with [3H]-noradrenaline and stimulated at a
      frequency of 10 Hz, isoprenaline had no effect on the stimulation-induced outflow
      of radioactivity; this is in contrast to its release-enhancing effects at
      stimulation frequencies of 4 Hz and 2 Hz. The facilitation of stimulation-induced
      outflow by isoprenaline at 4 Hz was blocked by propranolol (0.08 microM) which,
      by itself, had no effect on the stimulation-induced outflow. At a stimulation
      frequency of 2 Hz in mouse atria the facilitatory effect of isoprenaline (0.01
      microM) was significantly greater in the presence of ICI 63,197 (30 microM)
      which, by itself, had no effect on the stimulation-induced outflow. Similarly,
      the facilitatory effect of isoprenaline was significantly greater in the presence
      of phentolamine (1 microM) but, in this case, phentolamine significantly enhanced
      the stimulation-induced outflow. These results suggest that facilitatory
      prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors are present in both rabbit pulmonary artery and
      mouse atria. The effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor ICI 63,197 suggest
      that they are linked to adenylate cyclase in both tissues and we propose that the
      ability of phentolamine to facilitate the release and enhance the effect of
      isoprenaline may be due to the blockade of alpha-adrenoceptor inhibition of
      adenylate cyclase. This latter proposition needs further investigation.

PMID- 2879585
TI  - Pharmacological studies with SK&F 93944 (temelastine), a novel histamine H1
      receptor antagonist with negligible ability to penetrate the central nervous
      system.
AB  - SK&F 93944 (temelastine), a novel histamine H1-receptor antagonist, has been
      studied in a variety of in vitro and in vivo test systems. SK&F 93944 was a
      competitive antagonist of histamine-induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum with
      a pA2 of 9.55 and a weak, non-competitive, inhibitor of the effects of histamine
      on guinea-pig atrium. In anaesthetized guinea-pigs SK&F 93944 displaced histamine
      bronchoconstriction dose-response curves at doses which had negligible effects on
      histamine tachycardia. In anaesthetized cats SK&F 93944 antagonized depressor
      responses to the histamine H1-receptor agonists, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine and
      betahistine, at doses which had no effects on responses to the histamine H2
      receptor agonist, dimaprit. Oral pretreatment with SK&F 93944 in conscious rats
      and guinea-pigs afforded protection versus the response to intradermal histamine
      injection. Comparative studies in each of the test systems showed that SK&F 93944
      was of comparable or significantly greater potency than the standard compound,
      mepyramine. SK&F 93944 was found to be a weak, non-competitive antagonist of
      carbachol on the guinea-pig ileum but was devoid of measurable anticholinergic
      activity in vivo. Studies on the penetration of [14C]-SK&F 93944, labelled either
      in the isocytosine ring or in the butyl chain, showed that brain concentrations
      were very low when compared with the steady-state blood concentrations. In
      contrast, brain concentrations of [3H]-mepyramine exceeded blood concentrations
      by a factor of approximately 3. SK&F 93944 may have an advantage over classical
      histamine H1-receptor antagonists in that it is likely to be devoid of untoward
      effects on the central nervous system.

PMID- 2879586
TI  - Adrenoceptor blocking properties of atropine-like agents anisodamine and
      anisodine on brain and cardiovascular tissues of rats.
AB  - The cholinoceptor antagonists anisodamine and anisodine are widely used in the
      People's Republic of China for the management of acute circulatory shock but the
      mechanism of their beneficial effects is not fully known; we therefore
      investigated if these agents possessed adrenoceptor blocking properties. The
      antagonistic effect of anisodamine and anisodine against the specific binding of
      the alpha 1-adrenoceptor ligand [3H]-WB-4101 to cardiac and brain tissue membrane
      preparations and against the effects of phenylephrine on isolated aortic strips
      and left atria of rats were compared with classical muscarinic receptor and
      adrenoceptor blocking agents. Both anisodamine and anisodine possessed alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking properties; the order of potency of various agents in
      displacing the binding of [3H]-WB-4101 to receptors and in antagonizing the
      effects of phenylephrine on aortic strips and left atria was: prazosin greater
      than atropine greater than anisodamine greater than scopolamine greater than
      anisodine. It is concluded that both anisodamine and to a lesser extent anisodine
      possess alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking properties; this antagonistic activity of
      anisodamine may contribute to its salutary effects on the microcirculation.
      However, it is unlikely that anisodine produces a significant adrenoceptor
      blockade in the clinically used dose-range.

PMID- 2879587
TI  - Studies on the stereoisomers of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in conscious A-V
      blocked dogs.
AB  - Atrial and ventricular chronotropic effects of the individual stereoisomers of
      propranolol, pindolol, metoprolol and penbutolol were studied in conscious dogs
      with chronic atrio-ventricular (A-V) block. Ventricular beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking activity was assessed for all drugs against isoprenaline under the same
      experimental conditions. At low doses, the stereoisomers of propranolol and
      penbutolol decreased atrial rate, whereas those of pindolol and metoprolol
      produced an increase. At higher doses, all drugs increased atrial rate. All drugs
      decreased ventricular rate dose-dependently except (+)-pindolol. Relative
      ventricular beta-blocking potencies of the (-)-isomers of propranolol, pindolol,
      metoprolol and penbutolol were respectively 38, 21, greater than 43 and 31 times
      higher than those of their corresponding (+)-isomers. In addition, beta-blocking
      potencies of (-)- and (+)-pindolol were respectively 60 and 120 times higher,
      those of (-)- and (+)-penbutolol 7 and 8 times higher and those of (-)- and (+)
      metoprolol 4 and greater than 4 times weaker than those of (-)- and (+)
      propranolol. At comparable levels of ventricular beta-adrenoceptor blockade, (-)
      pindolol and (-)-metoprolol were more potent in producing ventricular bradycardia
      than their respective (+)-isomers, whereas (-)- and (+)-propranolol and (-)- and
      (+)-penbutolol were equiactive. In addition, regardless of which isomer was being
      studied, the order of ventricular bradycardiac potencies, at comparable levels of
      beta-adrenoceptor blockade, was metoprolol greater than propranolol greater than
      penbutolol greater than pindolol. In addition, regardless of which isomer was
      being studied, the order of ventricular bradycardiac potencies, at comparable
      levels of beta-adrenoceptor blockade, was metoprolol > propranolol > penbutolol
      >pindolol. 5 These results show that antagonism of beta-adrenoceptors in the
      ventricle is at least partly responsible for the ventricular bradycardiac effect
      produced by these drugs, but also that some other factor, apparently distinct
      from the membrane stabilizing activity, is involved, suggesting the existence of
      some other as yet unknown pharmacological property of the beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking drugs, especially evident in metoprolol. Finally, these results
      demonstrate that the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity exhibited by some of
      these drugs attenuate their bradycardiac effect.

PMID- 2879588
TI  - Glutamate-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in isolated
      hippocampal neurones.
AB  - A system for real-time quantitative monitoring of intracellular free calcium ion
      concentration ([Ca2+]i) on a single cell basis was developed by the combination
      of a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2, a fluorescence microscope, a video-camera
      and photometrical devices. It was applied to rat individual hippocampal neurones
      under culture for detection of L-glutamate-induced alterations in the [Ca2+]i
      level. L-Glutamate (0.01-100 microM) induced a dose-dependent elevation of the
      [Ca2+]i. The [Ca2+]i in the rat hippocampal neurone was found to be around 30 nM
      in the resting state, and was increased up to 500 nM by the application of 100
      microM L-glutamate. N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate and quisqualate in a
      concentration of 10 microM also increased the [Ca2+]i level in the same single
      neurone, but their efficacy varied between individual cells. The L-glutamate
      induced [Ca2+]i elevation was abolished after removal of extracellular Ca2+ and
      was much reduced by Mg2+ (3 mM). The increase was, however, still observed in a
      Na+-free medium. The L-glutamate-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was not affected
      substantially after treatment with nitrendipine (10 microM) which blocked the
      increase in [Ca2+]i induced by an isotonic high KCl-medium (50 mM). The present
      results suggest that the L-glutamate-induced [Ca2+]i elevation in the hippocampal
      neurone is due to an influx of Ca2+ through both L-glutamate receptor-coupled and
      voltage-sensitive ionic channels.

PMID- 2879589
TI  - Mode of action of (-)-pindolol on feline and human myocardium.
AB  - (-)-Pindolol antagonized competitively and to a similar extent the positive
      inotropic effects of both (-)-noradrenaline and (-)-adrenaline in human
      ventricular preparations. An equilibrium dissociation constant KD (-log mol 1(-1)
      = pKD) of 9.2-9.3 was estimated regardless of disease present or agonist used. (
      )-Pindolol antagonized competitively the positive inotropic effects of (-)
      adrenaline more than those of (-)-noradrenaline in human atrial preparations. pKD
      values of (-)-pindolol were 9.6 against (-)-adrenaline and 9.1 against (-)
      noradrenaline. The results are consistent with a moderate selectivity of (-)
      pindolol for beta 2-compared to beta 1-adrenoceptors in human atrium. (-)
      Pindolol competed with [3H]-(-)-bupranolol with a pKD of 9.4 for beta
      adrenoceptors of human ventricle. Positive inotropic effects of (-)-pindolol were
      not detected on human atrium or ventricle in a concentration range of 1-1000 nmol
      1(-1). The affinity of (-)-pindolol estimated for human myocardial beta
      adrenoceptors, its moderate beta 2-selectivity and its lack of intrinsic activity
      for contractile force agreed with similar characteristics in other species. (-)
      Pindolol caused marked positive chronotropic effects in kitten right atria with
      an intrinsic activity of 0.5 with respect to catecholamines. On kitten left atria
      it caused only weak positive inotropic effects with an intrinsic activity of 0.1.
      (-)-Pindolol (0.6-6000 nmol-1) did not cause positive inotropic effects in kitten
      papillary muscle. The concentration-effect curve for (-)-pindolol on kitten right
      and left atria was biphasic. Its positive chronotropic and inotropic effects were
      not blocked by methysergide, suggesting that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-receptors
      were not involved. Low concentrations of antagonists selective for beta 1- and
      beta 2-adrenoceptors blocked the high sensitivity component but not the low
      sensitivity component of the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects. The
      biphasic nature of the positive chronotropic effects of (-)-pindolol in kitten
      agreed with previous observations made on guinea-pig right atria and support the
      concept that 3 receptors in the sinoatrial pacemaker contribute to these
      chronotropic effects: beta 1, beta 2 and a low-affinity receptor for (-)-pindolol
      which is neither beta 1 nor beta 2. The partial agonistic activity of (-)
      pindolol in the heart appears to be mainly (kitten) or completely (man)
      restricted to the sinoatrial pacemaker.

PMID- 2879590
TI  - A new class of potent centrally acting muscle relaxants: pharmacology of
      oxazolidinones in rat decerebrate rigidity.
AB  - The severity of anaemic decerebrate rigidity was quantitatively determined by
      measuring the frequency of electromyographic potentials in the rat. Some
      oxazolidinones markedly reduced the severity of this decerebrate rigidity in a
      dose-dependent manner, (4S,5R)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-3- [3-(perhydroazepin-1
      yl)propyl]-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-on e (MLV-6976) being the most potent. In
      addition to the oxazolidinones, an aminoalcohol derivative, (1RS,2SR)-5-methyl-1
      phenyl-2-(3-piperidinopropylamino )hexan-1-ol (MLV-5860) also reduced the rat
      decerebrate rigidity. In the oxazolidinone series, the optical isomers with
      absolute configuration (S) at the 4-position were more potent than the
      corresponding (4R)-isomers, while there was no significant difference in their
      LD50 values. Normal rats and mice receiving MLV-6976 at doses which reduced
      decerebrate rigidity showed no behavioural changes, impairment of motor
      coordination only appearing at extremely high doses. MLV-6976 and its derivatives
      did not affect spinal reflex potentials in cats. MLV-6976 reduced the severity of
      harmaline-induced tremor in mice in a dose-dependent manner, but slightly
      augmented tremorine-induced tremor. The frequency of the spike discharges induced
      by iontophoretically applied glutamate was reduced by MLV-6976 in a dose
      dependent manner in rat cortical neurones. The amplitude of miniature endplate
      potentials of the rat diaphragm was decreased by MLV-6976 only at concentrations
      greater than 0.1 mM. It is concluded that MLV-6976 acts on the brainstem or/and
      higher levels of the brain rather than on the spinal cord or the peripheral
      nervous system to reduce the excessive activities of the nervous system.

PMID- 2879591
TI  - Effects of calcium channel antagonists on action potential conduction and
      transmitter release in the guinea-pig vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of the Ca2+ channel antagonists amlodipine, cobalt, diltiazem,
      nifedipine and verapamil and the local anaesthetic lignocaine were investigated
      on action potential conduction in and on evoked transmitter release from
      sympathetic nerves in the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens. Transmitter release
      was investigated by measurement of evoked (trains of pulses at 1 and 2 Hz, 0.1
      0.5 ms supramaximal voltage) excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) using
      microelectrodes; tension was recorded simultaneously; tritium [3H] overflow from
      vasa preincubated (37 degrees C, 30 min) in Krebs solution containing either [3H]
      noradrenaline (NA, 25 microCi ml-1, 2 X 10(-6) M NA) or [3H]-adenosine (50
      microCi ml-1, 1 X 10(-6) M adenosine). Amlodipine (0.5-2 X 10(-4) M), verapamil
      (0.5-2 X 10(-4) M), diltiazem (1-8 X 10(-4) M), lignocaine (0.1-2 X 10(-3) M) and
      cobalt (2-6 X 10(-2) M) in descending order of potency, but not nifedipine (1-5 X
      10(-3) M), increased the latency and inhibited, then abolished, the amplitude and
      number of action potentials in a concentration-dependent manner. Amlodipine (0.5
      1 X 10(-4) M), verapamil (1-2 X 10(-4) M), diltiazem (1-5 X 10(-4) M) and cobalt
      (1 X 10(-3) M), in descending order of potency, but not nifedipine (5 X 10(-4)
      M), inhibited then abolished evoked e.j.ps in a concentration-dependent manner.
      Cobalt inhibited e.j.ps at a lower concentration than that (2-6 X 10(-2) M)
      required to block action potential conduction. In unstimulated tissues, the
      resting [3H] overflow following preincubation with [3H]-NA consisted largely of 4
      hydroxy 3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA), 4-hydroxy 3-methoxy phenylglycol (MOPEG),
      3,4 dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) and NA; stimulated tissues (300 pulses at 20
      Hz, 0.5 ms supramaximal voltage) released mainly NA. Verapamil (0.1-1 X 10(-4)
      M), amlodipine (0.05-1 X 10(-4) M) and nifedipine (1-5 X 10(-4) M), but not
      cobalt (2 X 10(-3) M), increased, significantly, the resting overflow of 3H
      comprising mainly DOPEG. Cobalt (2 X 10(-3) M) inhibited, significantly, the
      stimulation-evoked overflow of 3H. Verapamil (1 X 10(-4) M) had little effect on
      the resting overflow of 3H following preincubation with [3H]-adenosine. Diltiazem
      (5 X 10(-4) M) and cobalt (2 X 10(-3) M) both inhibited evoked 3H overflow.
      Nifedipine (5 X 10(-4) M) was ineffective. 6 The effectiveness of Ca2+ channel
      antagonists at pre- and postjunctional sites differ; the results are discussed in
      terms of the selectivity of these drugs for each site and their differential
      effects on transmitter release.

PMID- 2879594
TI  - Postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the vascular system of the
      herring gull, Larus argentatus.
AB  - The nature of the vascular alpha-adrenoceptors has been studied in the herring
      gull, Larus argentatus. In the anaesthetized herring gull, both phenylephrine and
      clonidine elicited dose-dependent increases in arterial blood pressure. The alpha
      1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin was a better antagonist of phenylephrine than
      were the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine and rauwolscine. Yohimbine
      and rauwolscine were better antagonists of clonidine than was prazosin. The
      maximum response to phenylephrine, but not clonidine, was lower in reserpine
      treated birds, indicating that phenylephrine in high doses liberates endogenous
      catecholamines, which contribute to the effect. It is concluded that the herring
      gull possesses postsynaptic, vascular alpha-adrenoceptors, of both the alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-subtypes, similar to those found in mammals.

PMID- 2879592
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor involvement in catecholamine-induced hyperglycaemia in
      conscious fasted rabbits.
AB  - In conscious fasted rabbits an intravenous infusion of phenylephrine (20
      micrograms kg-1 min-1) induced hyperglycaemia. The increase in blood glucose was
      accompanied by a modest increase in insulin secretion and a reduction of liver
      glycogen. Muscle glycogen and blood lactate levels were not altered by treatment
      with phenylephrine. Prazosin, 1 mg kg-1 s.c., partially attenuated phenylephrine
      induced hyperglycaemia. Phenoxybenzamine infusion (16.6 micrograms kg-1 min-1)
      for 15 min suppressed the increase in blood glucose and the reduction in liver
      glycogen evoked by phenylephrine. This alpha-adrenoceptor blocker also clearly
      attenuated the blood glucose elevation observed on infusing adrenaline at 0.3
      microgram kg-1 min-1. Blockade by phenoxybenzamine of phenylephrine- and
      adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemia was not accompanied by a significant increase
      in immunoreactive insulin plasma levels. Yohimbine infused at a rate of 20
      micrograms kg-1 min-1, also completely blocked phenylephrine-induced
      hyperglycaemia. This suppressor effect was accompanied by a marked rebound in
      insulin secretion. It is concluded that in normal fasted rabbits stimulation of
      alpha-adrenoceptors induces hyperglycaemia. The increase in blood glucose depends
      mainly on liver glycogenolysis and inhibition of insulin secretion. Separate
      blockade of each component suffices to reduce alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated
      hyperglycaemia.

PMID- 2879593
TI  - The effects of alfentanil and selected narcotic analgesics on the rate of action
      potential discharge of medullary respiratory neurones in anaesthetized rats.
AB  - The effects of intravenous injections of alfentanil, fentanyl, phenoperidine or
      morphine on respiratory and peak inspiratory air flow rate, the diaphragm
      electromyogram (EMG), the activity recorded extracellularly from respiratory
      neurones located in the ventral respiratory group and the cardiovascular system
      were examined in anaesthetized rats. Alfentanil produced dose-dependent changes
      in peripheral and central respiratory parameters, which were prevented by
      naloxone pretreatment. Minimal effects were produced on the cardiovascular
      system. The bradypnoea was principally due to a prolongation of the inspiratory
      phase and was accompanied by a comparable decrease in the peak inspiratory air
      flow rate. Alfentanil prolonged the discharge duration of inspiratory neurones
      such that it still maintained a strict phase correlation with the diaphragm EMG,
      but changes in firing frequency were inconsistent and negligible. The action on
      expiratory neuronal discharge was analogous to that on inspiratory neuronal
      discharge but delayed in onset. Hypotension produced by morphine limited the dose
      used but the respiratory responses to morphine and other selected narcotic
      analgesics were otherwise similar to that of alfentanil, differing mainly in time
      course and magnitude. From the respiratory parameters assessed, the order of
      duration of effect was morphine greater than phenoperidine greater than fentanyl
      greater than alfentanil and the relative potencies were 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 and 1
      respectively. The selective prolongation of inspiration and the immediate action
      on inspiratory neurones suggests that systemically administered narcotic
      analgesics may alter the mechanisms within the central respiratory rhythm
      generator which determine the cessation of inspiration.

PMID- 2879595
TI  - A comparison between mechanisms of action of different nicotinic blocking agents
      on rat submandibular ganglia.
AB  - The blocking properties of tubocurarine, decamethonium, hexamethonium and
      trimetaphan on nicotinic agonists applied by repetitive ionophoretic pulses were
      examined in rat submandibular ganglion cells using a two-microelectrode voltage
      clamp technique at 30 degrees C. Hexamethonium, a proposed slowly dissociating,
      open-channel blocker at concentrations of 2-20 microM did not produce a 'use
      dependent' run-down of responses, but its antagonism was clearly dependent on
      membrane potential. The voltage-dependent reduction of agonist response by
      hexamethonium was not dependent on the nature of agonist used. Similar results
      were obtained with acetylcholine (ACh) and carbamylcholine (CCh) ionophoresis.
      (+)-Tubocurarine (5 microM) and decamethonium (10 microM) produced 'use
      dependent' run-down of agonist responses which became more pronounced at higher
      frequency and as the cell was hyperpolarized, consistent with open-channel
      blockade. In contrast, trimetaphan (2.5 microM), a receptor antagonist did not
      cause 'use-dependent' run-down of responses. Hence, the antagonism produced by
      hexamethonium, unlike tubocurarine and decamethonium, could not be accounted for
      in terms of open-channel blockade but requires an alternative mechanism, the
      nature of which is discussed.

PMID- 2879596
TI  - Evidence against VIP as the inhibitory transmitter in non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic nerves supplying the longitudinal muscle of the mouse colon.
AB  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) had two types of effects on the longitudinal
      muscle of the mouse distal colon. At low concentrations (10(-8) M) VIP induced a
      contraction which seemed to be related to the production of prostaglandins as it
      was abolished after preincubation with indomethacin (10(-6) M). At higher
      concentrations (3 X 10(-8) and 10(-7) M) VIP induced relaxations which developed
      slowly and were related to stimulation of the adenylate cyclase activity of the
      smooth muscle cells. There is no evidence that VIP is the non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic transmitter released by electrical stimulation in this preparation
      and responsible for rapid relaxation of the smooth muscle.

PMID- 2879597
TI  - Nicotinic antagonists produce differing amounts of tetanic fade in the isolated
      diaphragm of the rat.
AB  - The effects of nicotine antagonists on single twitches, trains of four twitches
      and tetanic contractions of the isolated diaphragm of the rat were examined.
      Different drugs were found to produce different amounts of tetanic fade relative
      to depression of twitch tension. The order of activity from most able, to least
      able to produce fade was: hexamethonium greater than
      trimetaphan=atracurium=tubocurarine greater than pancuronium greater than
      erabutoxin b. The effect of erabutoxin b was distinctive for its almost complete
      lack of tetanic fade. 3,4-Diaminopyridine increased tetanic fade produced by
      tubocurarine, atracurium and hexamethonium, but not that produced by erabutoxin
      b. It is concluded that nicotinic antagonists act at more than one site at the
      neuromuscular junction. Assuming block of the postjunctional acetylcholine
      receptor produces tension depression, a second or third site must be involved in
      producing tetanic fade. The possibility that tetanic fade results from block of
      the ion channel associated with the postjunctional acetylcholine receptor or from
      the block of a prejunctional nicotinic receptor is discussed.

PMID- 2879598
TI  - Cryptorchidism: an apparent substantial increase since 1960. John Radcliffe
      Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group.
AB  - A total of 1849 boys born to mothers resident in a defined area around Oxford
      were examined for cryptorchidism. Those born in hospital were examined at birth
      and again after three months if cryptorchid at the earlier examination. The
      incidence of cryptorchidism at three months adjusted to the birthweight
      distribution of England and Wales was 1.58%. By comparison, in a very similar
      study conducted around 1960 the incidence was 0.96%. Hence the cryptorchidism
      rate had apparently increased by 65% over the two decades, which contrasted with
      the twofold increase in the national orchidopexy rate. The proportion of boys
      undergoing orchidopexy appeared consistently to be roughly twice the proportion
      of boys with an undescended testis at 3 months of age. The increase in
      cryptorchidism and disparity with the rate of orchidopexy are not easily
      explained and are the subjects of continuing study.

PMID- 2879599
TI  - Macrocytic anaemia in patients treated with sulphasalazine for rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 2879600
TI  - Relapse of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2879601
TI  - Treatment of common minor ailments.

PMID- 2879603
TI  - Failure of carbachol to influence the release of somatostatin from slices of rat
      cerebral cortex.
AB  - A [K+]-related, Ca2+-dependent efflux of immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) from
      superfused slices of rat cerebral cortex has been observed; this release
      paralleled the release of both [14C]noradrenaline and [14C]GABA. However IRS
      release in this preparation was not stimulated by the muscarinic agonist
      carbachol at low (10 microM) or high (500 microM) concentrations. Furthermore,
      100 or 500 microM carbachol did not affect the IRS efflux from rat cortex slices
      incubated in the presence of 12, 25 or 53 mM K+.

PMID- 2879602
TI  - Characterization of Na+-dependent binding sites of [3H]glutamate in synaptic
      membranes from rat brain.
AB  - Some biochemical characteristics of Na+-dependent binding of [3H]L-glutamic acid
      (Glu) were studied using crude synaptic membrane preparations from the rat brain
      as compared with Na+-independent binding. In vitro addition of sodium chloride (1
      100 mM) exhibited a significant enhancement of [3H]Glu binding to synaptic
      membranes in a concentration-dependent manner independent of the incubation
      temperature employed (2 or 30 degrees C). In contrast, sodium acetate elicited a
      concentration-dependent augmentation of the binding at 2 degrees C to a
      significantly greater extent than that found at 30 degrees C. It was found that
      the binding found in the presence of 100 mM sodium acetate reached its maximal
      value within 10 min of incubation followed by a rapid decline up to 60 min at 30
      degrees C, while gradually increasing up to 60 min at 2 degrees C. The Na+
      independent basal binding was significantly activated by the alteration of
      incubation temperature from 2 to 30 degrees C and reached equilibrium within 10
      min of incubation at both incubation temperatures. The Na+-dependent binding was
      more promptly attenuated by the addition of excess of non-radioactive Glu (1 mM)
      at 30 degrees C than that at 2 degrees C, whereas the Na+-independent binding was
      greatly suppressed by the addition at 2 degrees C in comparison with that at 30
      degrees C. Quisqualic acid induced a considerably less-potent inhibition of the
      Na+-dependent binding than that of the Na+-independent binding. Neither N-methyl
      D-aspartic acid nor kainic acid had such a significant effect on each
      binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879605
TI  - Functional recovery in a rat model of Parkinson's disease following
      transplantation of cultured human sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Rats subjected to a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesion of the
      nigrostriatal dopamine pathway were given transplants of cultured fetal human
      sympathetic neurons. Amphetamine-induced turning behavior in these rats was
      reversed by the transplants after 1.5-4.5 months. The presence of transplanted
      neurons and their processes was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for tyrosine
      hydroxylase.

PMID- 2879604
TI  - Biochemical evidence for an interaction between adrenaline and noradrenaline
      neurons in the rat brainstem.
AB  - In this study, we sought to determine if there was an interaction between the C2
      adrenaline-containing (A) neurons of the rat medulla oblongata and the
      noradrenaline-containing (NA) cell bodies of the locus coeruleus (LC). For this
      purpose, the biochemical response of the NA cell bodies of the LC after a lesion
      of the C2 region was studied by using as markers the in vitro activities of the
      catecholamine synthesizing enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). An increase
      in TH activity, not associated with any change in DBH or PNMT activity, was found
      in the LC (+104%, P less than 0.001) 4 days after a bilateral electrolytic lesion
      (3 mA for 5 s) of the C2 region. Conversely, the electrolytic lesioning of the
      neighboring A2 region of NA neurons did not modify the TH activity of the LC.
      These results suggest the existence of an ascending adrenergic inhibitory control
      of the NA cell bodies of the LC.

PMID- 2879606
TI  - Antagonists of glutaminergic neurotransmission block retinotectal transmission in
      goldfish.
AB  - The hypothesis that excitatory retinotectal transmission is mediated primarily by
      a glutamate or glutamate-related transmitter-receptor system was examined by
      recording extracellular field potentials in isolated sections of goldfish tectum
      while stimulating the optic tract and applying antagonists of excitatory amino
      acid (EAA) neurotransmission via the tissue bath. Three antagonists of EAA
      receptors produced greater than 90% reduction in the postsynaptic components of
      these evoked potentials. In order of potency, these were (with the concentrations
      that produced 50% block): kynurenic acid (0.15 mM), gamma-D-glutamylglycine (0.33
      mM), and cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (0.47 mM). All 3 log concentration
      effect curves were parallel, symmetrically sigmoidal, and somewhat steeper than
      non-cooperative single-site binding isotherms. All antagonist actions stabilized
      within 15 min and were completely reversible. An EAA antagonist potent and
      selective for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of receptor, 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate, had little or no effect in either normal, low [Ca2+]/high
      [Mg2+], or Mg2+-free media. These data indicate that an excitatory amino acid
      receptor not of the NMDA subtype plays an essential role in fast excitatory
      retinotectal transmission, and would be most consistent with the mediation of
      most or all excitatory retinotectal transmission by a single class and subtype of
      glutamate receptor.

PMID- 2879607
TI  - Release of met-enkephalin from rat striatal slices: effect of amphetamine and
      fipexide.
AB  - The release of Met-enkephalin immunoreactive material (ME-IR) from rat striatal
      slices is affected by exposure to amphetamine and fipexide (chloro-4-phenoxy)-2
      acetyl-1-(methylene-dioxy 3, 4-benzyl-4-piperazine) a psychostimulant drug with
      mild dopaminomimetic activity. Both amphetamine and fipexide inhibited in vitro
      the release of ME-IR. The same effect was observed after in vivo acute
      administration and is also maintained after chronic treatment. The action of
      fipexide and amphetamine is still present after reserpine pretreatment. The
      results indicate that fipexide may facilitate dopamine neurotransmission by
      inhibition of an enkephalinergic inhibitory feed-back circuit.

PMID- 2879608
TI  - Glutamate receptor agonists release [3H]GABA preferentially from horizontal
      cells.
AB  - A total of 5-6 different cell types in vertebrate retinas accumulate [3H]gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA). In frog retina, specific populations of cells in the
      horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cell layers are labeled autoradiographically
      after a 15-min in vitro incubation with [3H]GABA. Cells which may be bipolar or
      interplexiform cells are also labeled. Similar autoradiographic patterns are
      observed in chick retina except for the absence of labeled bipolar or
      interplexiform cells. In rat retinas, [3H]GABA uptake is limited primarily to
      Muller and amacrine cells. Depolarizing glutamate receptor agonists (glutamate,
      aspartate and kainic acid) applied in an in vitro perfusion system, stimulated
      massive release of [3H]GABA from frog and chick retina but not from rat retina.
      Under these conditions, autoradiographic labeling of horizontal cells was
      virtually depleted, while labeling of other cell types remained robust. In
      contrast, potassium caused release of the label from all 3 types of retina, and
      loss of autoradiographic labeling occurred uniformly in all cell types. We
      conclude that [3H]GABA-accumulating horizontal cells possess depolarizing
      glutamate receptors and that activation of these receptors leads to a release of
      GABA stores. On the other hand, Muller cells and the various subclasses of
      [3H]GABA-accumulating amacrine, bipolar and/or interplexiform cells, do not
      release GABA in response to glutamate receptor stimulation and thus appear to be
      relatively insensitive to excitatory amino acids.

PMID- 2879609
TI  - Release of growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin during perifusion of
      anterior pituitary and preoptic-medial basal hypothalamus from male and female
      rats.
AB  - These experiments were designed to determine whether it is possible using in
      vitro perifusion to identify a sex difference in anterior pituitary (AP) release
      of growth hormone (GH) and, if so, to determine whether this difference is
      correlated with a sex difference in hypothalamic release or content of
      somatostatin (SRIF). Age-matched rats of both sexes were decapitated at
      approximately 09.00 h, and blood was collected for determination of non-stress
      plasma concentrations of GH. Each pituitary was rapidly removed and prepared for
      perifusion of the AP, and each preoptic-medial basal hypothalamus (PO-MBH) was
      removed and placed in a separate perifusion chamber. The effluent fractions from
      perifused APs were assayed for GH and prolactin (Prl), and those from PO-MBH
      blocks were assayed for SRIF. Non-stress plasma GH concentrations were similar in
      males and females. During perifusion, baseline GH release was higher (P less than
      0.001) from male than from female APs. Release of GH from the APs of both sexes
      was similarly inhibited (P less than 0.001) by a 1-h administration of SRIF (10(
      7) M), and high K+ (50 mM) caused larger (P less than 0.05) GH responses from
      male than from female APs. In contrast, baseline Prl release was higher (P less
      than 0.01) from female than from male glands, and Prl release was not affected by
      SRIF. Male and female PO-MBH tissues showed similar baseline release of SRIF and
      similar responses to high K+. After perifusion, GH content and concentration were
      higher in APs from males than from females, but SRIF content in the perifused
      male and female PO-MBH tissues was similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879610
TI  - Anxiolytic activity of an endogenous adrenal steroid.
AB  - The A-ring reduced metabolite of deoxycorticosterone, 3 alpha, 5 alpha
      tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) was recently shown to act at the gamma
      aminobutyric acid receptor-chloride ion channel complex in rat brain. The
      behavioral profile of THDOC was investigated using two animal models of anxiety,
      the two-chambered mouse exploration test and the lick suppression conflict test.
      THDOC showed anxiolytic activity in both animal models, with an anxiolytic dose
      range, 5-15 mg/kg i.p., separable from the sedative dose range, above 20-30 mg/kg
      i.p.

PMID- 2879611
TI  - Regulation of the concentration of dynorphin A1-8 in the striatonigral pathway by
      the dopaminergic system.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore the dopaminergic control of the
      striatonigral dynorphin system by measuring the levels of dynorphin A1-8-like
      immunoreactivity (DN-LI) after repeated injections of a dopaminergic receptor
      agonist or antagonist. Seven daily injections of different doses of apomorphine
      (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a significant dose-related increase of
      DN-LI in the striatum (26, 34, 63, 85% over control at each corresponding dose).
      Similar increases were observed in the substantia nigra (22, 52, 50 and 62% over
      control). In another experiment, rats received 5 mg/kg of apomorphine for 1, 3,
      and 7 days. There was a significant time-related increase in DN-LI both in the
      striatum (37, 50 and 85% over control at each corresponding period) and in the
      substantial nigra (32, 78 and 62%). Repeated administration of haloperidol (1
      mg/kg, i.p.) failed to change the striatal level of DN-LI, but, when given at the
      same time as apomorphine, significantly attenuated the effect of apomorphine.
      These results suggest that dopamine exerts a modulatory influence on the
      metabolism of dynorphin in the striatonigral pathway.

PMID- 2879612
TI  - Stimulation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin and dynorphin release by corticotropin
      releasing factor (in vitro).
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) at doses of 10(-12)-10(-8) M significantly
      stimulated the release of beta-endorphin and dynorphin from superfused rat
      hypothalamic slices. These effects were shown to be mediated by the CRF receptor
      since they were antagonized by the CRF receptor antagonist alpha-helical CRF9-41
      (10(-6) M). The two opioid peptides showed different time courses of response and
      in the case of beta-endorphin, an attenuation of the response upon continued
      exposure to CRF was observed.

PMID- 2879613
TI  - Density and distribution of NMDA receptors in the human hippocampus in
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - We examined the distribution and density of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      displaceable L-[3H]glutamate binding sites in human hippocampal samples obtained
      postmortem from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and from age-matched controls.
      Binding to NMDA receptors was stable for at least 72 h postmortem, and the
      pharmacological profile corresponded to that described using electrophysiology.
      NMDA receptors were concentrated in the terminal fields of major hippocampal
      pathways including the perforant path, Schaffer collaterals and the hippocampal
      output to the subiculum, all of which are proposed to use an excitatory amino
      acid transmitter. Little if any change in hippocampal receptor density was
      observed in AD patients compared to age-matched controls except in one case where
      major hippocampal cell loss occurred. The distribution of NMDA receptors did,
      however, correspond to the predilection for neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary
      tangles in hippocampal subfields.

PMID- 2879614
TI  - Effect of food deprivation on opioid receptor binding in the brain of lean and
      fatty Zucker rats.
AB  - The effect of food deprivation on opioid receptor binding was studied in 6 brain
      regions of lean and fatty Zucker rats; using [3H]dynorphin A. There was no
      significant difference between lean and fatty rats fed ad libitum in binding
      parameters for any regions studied. Food deprivation increased Bmax and/or Kd for
      cortex, midbrain and striatum of lean rats, and the former two regions of fatty
      rats. These results suggest that food deprivation may influence opioid receptor
      binding in lean and fatty Zucker rats.

PMID- 2879615
TI  - Survival and growth of fetal catecholamine neurons transplanted into primate
      brain.
AB  - Dopamine and norepinephrine neuroblasts of the ventral mesencephalon,
      hypothalamus, and dorsolateral pons were transplanted from fetal African green
      monkeys into multiple brain sites in adult (host) African green monkeys. Tissue
      was grafted from both early and late gestational age fetuses. Immunohistochemical
      analysis, with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of catecholamine
      containing neurons, showed large numbers of transplanted catecholamine neurons in
      host cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and lateral ventricles up to 69 days after
      transplantation. Serial reconstructions revealed extensive outgrowth of neuronal
      processes from large numbers of transplanted neurons as well as expansion of the
      size of transplanted (solid) grafts of fetal brain tissue in the host brain. Some
      grafts extended from the caudate nucleus into the adjacent lateral ventricles or
      from the cerebral cortex into the underlying corpus callosum and ventricle. There
      were dense networks of varicose fibers emanating from the tyrosine hydroxylase
      positive neurons within intraparenchymal and intraventricular grafts. The size
      and shape of transplanted neurons retained characteristics common to
      catecholaminergic neurons from the dissected regions of fetal brain. Thus, a
      variety of fetal, catecholamine-containing neurons survive transplantation to
      primate brain and produce extensive neuritic outgrowths. Moreover, rejection of
      transplanted tissue was not apparent. These findings provide essential
      information on nerve cell grafting in a species closely related to humans as a
      prerequisite in the consideration of neural transplants as therapeutic measures
      in neurological disease.

PMID- 2879616
TI  - Binding of Tyr-MIF-1 to isolated brain capillaries.
AB  - Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-amide) and the enkephalins have previously been shown
      with in vivo studies to be transported out of the brain by a saturable, carrier
      mediated system. The possibility that this transport system occurs at the level
      of the endothelial cells was tested by measuring the ability of isolated brain
      capillaries to bind radioiodinated Tyr-MIF-1. The binding of labeled Tyr-MIF-1
      was displaced by unlabeled Tyr-MIF-1 (50% inhibition at 1.5 X 10(-6) M) and by
      nonradioactive (I127) iodinated Tyr-MIF-1, but not by tyrosine, MIF-1 (Pro-Leu
      Gly-amide), Tyr-Pro, or D-Tyr-MIF-1. This pattern of inhibition is similar to
      that found for the in vivo transport of Tyr-MIF-1 out of the brain. Tyr-MIF-1 did
      not appear to be bound by albumin or degraded by cells aged 3-7 days at 4 degrees
      C. These results suggest that the transport system previously described in vivo
      for Tyr-MIF-1 and the enkephalins may be associated with the brain endothelial
      cells.

PMID- 2879617
TI  - Improved prognosis during and after myocardial infarction: a plea for an
      integrated and stratified approach.
AB  - Immediately after the first signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction are
      detected, its prognosis is determined by the size of the area at risk, the
      availability of collaterals and the time at which interventions are carried out.
      Preservation of as much myocardial tissue as possible is the key issue. Relief of
      obstruction of the thrombosed nutrient artery and reperfusion of the myocardium
      in jeopardy within 4 hours after onset of symptoms can lead to limitation of the
      ultimate infarct size, maintained ventricular function and a marked reduction of
      the first year mortality. Early supportive therapy with beta-blockade and calcium
      antagonists may enhance this effect. Recent data published on 533 patients
      randomized to either a reperfusion strategy or to conventional therapy, combined
      with those from the recent literature on thrombolysis and early beta blockade,
      provide the basis for this point of view. Once infarction is unavoidable and in
      the process of consolidation, supportive therapy is recommended. This still can
      change the outcome by timely correction of electrical instability, normalization
      of afterload and heart-rate, and the avoidance of secondary complications such as
      peripheral thrombosis. To determine the best course after recovery from the
      infarction, a symptom limited bicycle stress test, radionuclide ventriculography
      and 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiogram at the time of discharge were compared
      in predicting one year survival in 351 hospital survivors. A history of previous
      myocardial infarction or of heart failure during the current episode proved to be
      the strongest clinical predictor of early death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879618
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade and class III antiarrhythmic activity combined:
      hemodynamic and electrophysiological effects of melperone in the dog.
AB  - Melperone has been found to possess vasodilating and slight positive inotropic
      properties in addition to its class III antiarrhythmic action. To determine
      whether some of these effects might be related to an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking
      action of melperone, phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg) was given as a 2-h infusion to
      12 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. In addition, six of the dogs were given
      atenolol 0.5 mg/kg i.v. After a 1-h stabilizing period, melperone (0.5, 2.5, and
      12.5 mg/kg) was given i.v. in cumulative doses to both series of dogs. In the
      presence of alpha-blockade as well as combined alpha- and beta-blockade, atrial,
      atrioventricular (AV) nodal, and ventricular refractoriness increased and heart
      rate and AV nodal conduction time decreased, as previously reported after
      addition of melperone alone. A slight increase in left ventricular (dP/dt)max
      occurred after the addition of melperone (2.5 mg/kg) in the presence of alpha-
      and beta-blockade, but only after the highest dose of melperone were small
      decreases in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance induced. The present
      study indicates that melperone combines the properties of class III
      antiarrhythmic action, slight positive inotropy, and alpha-adrenoceptor mediated
      vasodilation.

PMID- 2879619
TI  - Desensitization of the vascular contractile response to cumulative doses of alpha
      2-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Contractile responses to single or cumulative doses of alpha-adrenoceptor
      agonists were compared in the tail artery and the saphenous vein of the rat. In
      the rat tail artery, there were no differences in the dose-response relationships
      to noradrenaline, methoxamine, and KCl whether the agonists were applied as
      single or cumulative doses. However, the responses to single doses of clonidine
      and B-HT 920 were significantly larger than similar doses applied cumulatively.
      In the rat saphenous vein, responses to single doses of noradrenaline, clonidine,
      and B-HT 920 were also significantly larger than the corresponding cumulative
      doses. However, there was no difference in the responses to KCl. It was suggested
      that desensitization of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in these vessels may result in the
      diminished responses to cumulative doses of the agonists. Desensitization
      appeared to be specific to alpha 2-adrenoceptors, since the effect was not
      observed in responses mediated by the alpha 1-adrenoceptors and KCl.

PMID- 2879620
TI  - Neuroleptic potentiation of serum TCA levels is uncommon.

PMID- 2879621
TI  - Chromosomal location of human P-glycoprotein gene sequences.
AB  - Nonresponse to chemotherapy may result from the acquisition of multidrug
      resistance by malignant cells. Overexpression of the 170,000 dalton cell surface
      P-glycoprotein is associated with this phenotype and this appears to result from
      amplification of a multigene family coding for this protein. A cDNA encoding a
      conserved portion of P-glycoprotein has been cloned from hamster cells, and this
      was used in the present study to localize human P-glycoprotein gene sequences to
      chromosome 7q36.

PMID- 2879622
TI  - Effects of microtubule inhibitors on etoposide accumulation and DNA damage in
      human K562 cells in vitro.
AB  - The effects of microtubule inhibitors on cellular accumulation of 4'
      demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9-(4,6-O-ethylidine-beta-D-glu copyranoside) (VP-16)
      and subsequent epipodophyllotoxin-induced DNA single-strand breaks were
      investigated in human leukemia K562 cells. At concentrations of 0.05-20 microM,
      vinblastine, vincristine, and maytansine similarly increased the steady-state
      cell concentration of VP-16 (2.5 microM) up to 2-fold. Following removal of
      extracellular vinblastine, the elevation of cell VP-16 was maintained through an
      additional 55-min incubation period. Washing cells free of extracellular VP-16
      resulted in a nonexchangeable (or bound) component comprising 15-17% of the VP-16
      concentration found before removal of extracellular drug. In cells incubated with
      VP-16 alone, removal of extracellular drug resulted in less than 5% cell
      retention of drug. At vinblastine concentrations of 0.05-0.2 microM, the increase
      in cell VP-16 was due to a progressive increase in nonexchangeable VP-16. At
      greater vinblastine concentrations, up to 10 microM, there was no further
      increase in nonexchangeable VP-16 but there was a 1.6-fold increase in the
      exchangeable (or free) concentration of VP-16. Similar elevation of both
      nonexchangeable and exchangeable VP-16 by 10 microM vincristine and maytansine
      was observed; however, 50-100 microM podophyllotoxin or taxol was required for
      comparable elevation of exchangeable drug with no increase of nonexchangeable VP
      16. Elevation of exchangeable VP-16 in the presence of vinblastine was due to
      inhibition of the unidirectional efflux of this epipodophyllotoxin with a 69%
      decline in the rate constant for efflux. There were no effects of vinblastine on
      VP-16 influx. There was no enhancement of DNA single-strand break frequency when
      cells were incubated with 2.5 microM VP-16 and 0.2 microM vinblastine, a
      concentration of the Vinca alkaloid that increased only nonexchangeable VP-16. VP
      16-induced DNA damage was enhanced by vinblastine concentrations above 0.5
      microM, concentrations that elevated exchangeable VP-16, with a maximum doubling
      of radiation equivalent single-strand break frequency observed with 20 microM
      vinblastine, consistent with the maximum elevation of cell VP-16 with 20 microM
      Vinca alkaloid. These results indicate that vinblastine and other microtubule
      inhibitors elevate cell VP-16 by inhibition of the efflux of exchangeable drug
      and by increasing the level of nonexchangeable drug. Potentiation of VP-16
      induced DNA damage is observed only at microtubule inhibitor concentrations which
      elevate exchangeable VP-16.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2879623
TI  - Induction of "innocent bystander" cytotoxicity in nonimmune mice by adoptive
      transfer of L3T4+ Lyt-1+2- mammary tumor immune T-cells.
AB  - Spleen cells from BALB/c mice, bearing a syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma,
      nonspecifically lyse xenogeneic target cells following in vitro reexposure to
      mammary tumor-associated antigens. The effectors of this reaction have been shown
      to be Thy-1+ Lyt-1+2+ nylon-adherent cells. Tumor-immune spleen cells are also
      able to induce nonimmune spleen cells to express nonspecific cytotoxicity.
      Studies were undertaken to determine whether this inducer activity is mediated by
      the effector population or by a functionally distinct subset. Cell separation
      studies demonstrated that the inducers and effectors of innocent bystander
      cytotoxicity can be separated based upon the property of adherence to nylon wool.
      Further examination of the nylon-nonadherent inducer population indicated that
      the phenotype is L3T4 + Lyt-1+2-. By flow cytometry the inducer subset was shown
      to express a higher density of Thy 1 antigen than that expressed by the cytotoxic
      effectors. When adult thymectomized mice were implanted with mammary tumors,
      nonspecific effectors were not generated. In contrast, spleen cells from the same
      experimental animals were able to induce nonspecific cytotoxicity in normal mice
      following adoptive transfer of their spleen cells. Thus, these data support the
      conclusion that during the course of mammary tumor growth, at least two
      functionally and phenotypically distinct cell populations interact for the
      expression of "innocent bystander" cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2879624
TI  - Identification and partial characterization of a Mr 40,000 nucleolar antigen
      associated with cell proliferation.
AB  - The present study reports the identification and partial characterization of a
      novel Mr 40,000 nucleolar antigen (P40) by monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal
      antibodies to this protein were obtained when a nucleolar protein extract
      separated from the immunodominant protein C23 was used to immunize BALB/c mice;
      12 hybridoma clones produced antibodies to this protein. P40 was not detected in
      normal human kidney, liver, and leukocytes but was readily demonstrable in a
      variety of human malignant tissues. This newly identified P40 antigen differs in
      its specific nucleolar localization from cyclin (proliferating cell nuclear
      antigen), a Mr 35,000 antigen which is largely in the nucleoplasm. In addition,
      cyclin appears in the nucleolus in S-phase; P40 appears in the nucleolus 6 h
      after refeeding serum-starved HeLa cells.

PMID- 2879625
TI  - Effects of rat strain, diet composition, and phenobarbital on hepatic gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase histochemistry and on the induction of altered hepatocyte
      foci and hepatic tumors by diethylnitrosamine.
AB  - To extend our ongoing characterization of modulatory influences on hepatic
      tumorigenesis, we examined effects of rat strain (Sprague-Dawley versus Fischer),
      diet composition (semipurified diet versus standard nonpurified laboratory chow),
      and dietary phenobarbital on the production of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (GGT)-positive hepatocyte foci and hepatic tumors initiated by
      diethylnitrosamine. In addition to GGT-positive foci, we observed, under certain
      conditions, the appearance of extensive hepatic GGT staining not associated with
      focal lesions. This elevated nonfocal GGT was found in rats of both strains fed
      the nonpurified rather than the purified diet, but the level of staining was
      higher in Fischer than in Sprague-Dawley rats. Enhancement of this nonfocal
      staining by dietary phenobarbital appeared insignificant. By comparison,
      frequencies of GGT-positive foci were generally higher in rats fed the
      semipurified rather than the nonpurified diet, and the frequencies of GGT
      positive foci were invariably higher in Sprague-Dawley than in Fischer rats.
      Moreover, dietary phenobarbital generally enhanced focus production. Assessments
      of focus and tumor yields among these experimental groups showed that differences
      in focus frequencies did not correspond closely to differences in subsequent
      tumor formation. These results document the need to consider the influences of
      diet and rat strain on experimental end points in designing protocols for
      hepatocarcinogenesis studies, especially those involving GGT histochemistry. The
      data also raise questions about the mechanistic relevance of GGT induction to
      hepatocarcinogenesis and support our prior evidence against the putative lineal
      relationship between foci and tumors.

PMID- 2879626
TI  - Ifosfamide-induced subclinical tubular nephrotoxicity despite mesna.
AB  - We monitored acute tubular damage in 16 patients who received a 5-day course of
      ifosfamide (1.6 g/m2/day) and mesna (1.2 g/m2/day) therapy. Urinary
      concentrations of alanine aminopeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and
      total protein increased in every patient, but the extent of tubular toxicity
      varied widely among patients. Evidence of toxicity was greatest in patients whose
      tumors involved the kidneys. The time course of enzymuria and proteinuria
      indicated tubular cell necrosis. We observed this acute toxic effect despite the
      administration of sufficient mesna to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis. Urinary
      marker concentrations returned towards pre-dose levels, and there were no
      increases in serum creatinine concentrations measured 3 weeks after treatment.

PMID- 2879628
TI  - Contingent negative variation and efficacy of beta-blocking agents in migraine.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with common migraine underwent contingent negative
      variation (CNV) recordings before receiving prophylactic beta-blocker treatment
      with either metoprolol (27 patients) or propranolol (6 patients) at mean daily
      dosages of 110 mg and 122 mg, respectively. After 3 months the therapeutic
      efficacy of the beta-blocker was assessed in each patient by means of a global
      severity score and compared with the initial CNV recordings. The mean clinical
      improvement was 62%. A significant positive correlation was found between CNV
      amplitude before prophylaxis and the clinical response to beta-blockers: patients
      with higher CNV tended to respond better to therapy. Eight of 10 patients with a
      CNV amplitude higher than -25 microV had a more than 50% reduction of the
      severity score--that is, a good or excellent response to the beta-blocking agent-
      whereas only 2 of 9 patients with an amplitude lower than -20 microV had a good
      response.

PMID- 2879627
TI  - Effects of adrenergic and muscarinic receptor stimulation on serum potassium
      concentrations and myocardial electrical stability.
AB  - The influence of adrenergic and muscarinic receptor activation on cardiac
      electrical stability and on serum potassium concentrations was studied in 23
      anaesthetised dogs. The ventricular fibrillation threshold was assessed using the
      single stimulus technique. Adrenaline (1.0 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) caused a
      brief rise and a subsequent prolonged fall in serum potassium concentration,
      which was accompanied by a decline in ventricular fibrillation threshold when
      baroreceptor activation was prevented. After pretreatment with the beta1
      adrenoceptor blocking agent metoprolol (0.5 mg X kg-1), adrenaline did not alter
      vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation but still elicited hypokalaemia. In
      contrast, selective beta2 adrenoceptor blockade (ICI 118551, 100 micrograms X kg
      1) prevented the adrenaline induced lowering of serum potassium concentration but
      not of ventricular vulnerability. Muscarinic receptor activation by methacholine
      (3.0 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) had no effect on serum potassium concentration
      but increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold by 30%. When methacholine
      was administered concomitantly with adrenaline the decline in serum potassium
      concentration persisted, but the increase in ventricular vulnerability was
      completely prevented. It is concluded that in the normal canine myocardium
      adrenaline produces an increase in vulnerability that is mediated through beta 1
      adrenoceptors and that the beta 2 adrenoceptor mediated hypokalaemia is
      dissociated from electrophysiological effects of adrenaline. Parasympathetic
      nervous system activation does not influence serum potassium concentrations but
      opposes the effects of adrenaline on susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2879629
TI  - Efficacy of beta-blockers in migraine. A critical review.
AB  - Five double-blind trials of the prophylactic treatment of migraine with beta
      blockers were reviewed critically with regard to problem investigated, design,
      "blindness" of patient, side effects, statistical validity, and conclusions. The
      initial use of a "responder-finding" period may limit the validity of results
      from a subsequent double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study because it may
      impair "blindness". A d-propranolol versus racemic propranolol versus placebo
      study was reanalysed with conventional statistical methods, which showed that d
      propranolol had no significant effect. In a multicentre study including 96
      patients calculation of 95% confidence limits demonstrated that timolol and
      propranolol are equally effective in common migraine prophylaxis. Metopropolol
      and propranolol were apparently equally effective in 34 patients, but the
      calculation of confidence limits showed that a larger study is needed to confirm
      this conclusion. A group comparison study with three doses of nadolol and placebo
      lacked statistical evaluation of the results, thereby making it impossible to
      draw a conclusion about the efficacy of nadolol. It is concluded that there are
      considerable methodological problems in published papers on beta-blocker and
      migraine.

PMID- 2879630
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blockade, platelets, and rheologic factors.
AB  - Alterations in platelet function and other hemorheologic factors have been
      reported to occur in patients with migraine. The prophylactic treatment of
      migraine with beta blockers is at present well established, and non-selective as
      well as beta 1-selective beta blockers exert an effect. The aim of this
      presentation is to summarize how beta blockers, depending on their receptor
      selectivity, modulate platelet function and hemorheologic factors. We conclude
      that non-selective beta blockade increases factors, such as platelet
      aggregability, and decreases fibrinolytic activity compared with beta 1-selective
      blockade with metoprolol. These differences do not reflect on their migraine
      prophylactic effect and indicate that alterations in platelet function are not a
      primary cause of migraine: rather, they are epiphenomena.

PMID- 2879631
TI  - Beta-adrenergic effects on cerebral circulation.
AB  - Noradrenaline, adrenaline, and isoprenaline were infused intracarotidly and the
      regional cerebral blood flow measured with the intracarotid injection-stationary
      detector method in patients undergoing carotid angiography. No effect was seen,
      and beta blockade with intracarotid propranolol also had no effect. The
      adrenergic effects on cerebral blood vessels are probably neurogenic, and
      circulating adrenergic agonists and antagonists are unlikely to play a role.
      Pertubations of adrenergic substances in blood are therefore unlikely to be
      important in migraine pathophysiology.

PMID- 2879632
TI  - Beta blockers and the central nervous system.
AB  - The exact mechanism of action of beta blockers in migraine remains undetermined.
      An effect on the central nervous system (CNS) might be a factor. The evidence
      from the literature indicates that the anatomical and chemical targets for these
      drugs are present in the mammalian brain, that they readily penetrate the brain,
      and that they may modify CNS functions. The present study shows that psychomotor
      tests and contingent negative variation (CNV), an event related slow cerebral
      potential, both of which are abnormal in untreated migraineurs, tend to normalize
      after treatment with the beta blocker metoprolol. Moreover, a strong positive
      correlation was found between the amplitude of CNV and the clinical efficacy of
      beta blockers in migraineurs. One might hypothesize that a hyperactive central
      catecholaminergic state in migraine might be the common denominator between
      reduced performance on psychomotor testing and enhanced CNV. It remains to be
      determined whether this is due to hyperactivity of catecholaminergic neurons or
      to hypersensitivity of catecholamine receptors.

PMID- 2879633
TI  - Clinical aspects of beta-blockade.
AB  - beta-Blocking drugs have no or only a partial beta-agonistic activity (ISA).
      Since they all bind to beta receptors, they act as competitive inhibitors of the
      endogenous catecholamines. In addition to this common effect, the beta-blocking
      drugs also have other properties that may be clinically important, such as extent
      of beta 1 selectivity, ISA, and lipophilicity. The importance of these properties
      in the clinical setting is reviewed.

PMID- 2879634
TI  - Migraine and beta-blockade: modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission.
AB  - The pathophysiology of both classical and common migraine is still not
      understood, and there is controversy as to whether the origin is vascular,
      neuronal, or both. Although the mechanism for the prophylactic effect of beta
      blockers in migraine has not been elucidated yet, the therapeutic action of beta
      1-blockers and non-selective beta-blockers devoid of intrinsic activity is well
      established by many controlled trials. Mainly on the basis of data from animal
      experiments, the possible role of central beta-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms
      involved in the control of the activity of noradrenergic neurons will be
      discussed with reference to migraine.

PMID- 2879635
TI  - The transforming growth factor-beta system, a complex pattern of cross-reactive
      ligands and receptors.
AB  - A new homodimer form of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), TGF-beta 2,
      has been identified in porcine blood platelets. TGF-beta 2 is homologous to
      ordinary TGF-beta (TGF-beta 1), which is also present in platelets. TGF-beta 1.2,
      a heterodimer containing one TGF-beta 1 chain and one TGF-beta 2 chain, has also
      been isolated. TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 interact differently with a family of
      receptors in target cells. A 280 kd receptor displays high affinity for both TGF
      beta 1 and TGF-beta 2. Occupancy of this receptor by TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2
      correlates with the ability of these TGF-beta s to inhibit cell proliferation. In
      contrast, 65 kd and 85 kd receptors have high affinity for TGF-beta 1 but lower
      affinity for TGF-beta 2. The existence of distinct forms of TGF-beta that
      interact differently with a family of TGF-beta receptors could provide
      flexibility to the regulation of tissue growth and differentiation by the TGF
      beta system.

PMID- 2879636
TI  - Evidence that transforming growth factor-beta is a hormonally regulated negative
      growth factor in human breast cancer cells.
AB  - The hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 secretes transforming
      growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which can be detected in the culture medium in a
      biologically active form. These polypeptides compete with human platelet-derived
      TGF-beta for binding to its receptor, are biologically active in TGF-beta
      specific growth assays, and are recognized and inactivated by TGF-beta-specific
      antibodies. Secretion of active TGF-beta is induced 8 to 27-fold under treatment
      of MCF-7 cells with growth inhibitory concentrations of antiestrogens.
      Antiestrogen-induced TGF-beta from MCF-7 cells inhibits the growth of an estrogen
      receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line in coculture experiments; growth
      inhibition is reversed with anti-TGF-beta antibodies. We conclude that in MCF-7
      cells, TGF-beta is a hormonally regulated growth inhibitor with possible
      autocrine and paracrine functions in breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2879637
TI  - Splice commitment dictates neuron-specific alternative RNA processing in
      calcitonin/CGRP gene expression.
AB  - The calcitonin/CGRP gene is a complex transcription unit in which developmentally
      regulated cell-specific alternative RNA processing results in the production of
      CGRP mRNA in neurons, and of calcitonin mRNA in thyroid C cells. Alternative
      poly(A) site selection and exon splicing lead to the production of these
      alternative mature transcripts. The wild-type and a series of mutated
      calcitonin/CGRP genes were expressed in heterologous cell types, which produced
      predominantly calcitonin or CGRP mRNA. The results of these studies suggest that
      neurons express machinery or a factor that determines a specific alternative
      splicing pathway and consequently its associated alternative poly(A) site
      selection. It is hypothesized that a splice commitment regulatory factor might
      modulate pre-mRNA secondary structure, revealing a cryptic splice site required
      to generate CGRP mRNA in the brain.

PMID- 2879638
TI  - Regulatory effects of mast cells on lymphoid cells: the role of histamine type 1
      receptors in the interaction between mast cells, helper T cells and natural
      suppressor cells.
AB  - We have investigated the role of mast cells as modulators of lymphocyte function
      because the mast cells are concentrated in the areas of lymphoid storage; they
      are dependent upon T-cell growth factor for their proliferation; and they appear
      to be the principle if not sole storage site for histamine. We have tested the
      influence of mast cells on the proliferation of alloreactive cloned helper T
      cells, mixed leukocyte reactions, and the suppressive capacity of natural
      suppressor cells. We used an IL-3-dependent mast cell line that at high numbers
      (greater than 10(5)) suppressed and at low numbers (10(3) to 6 X 10(4)) augmented
      the proliferation of TH cells. Addition of histamine to cocultures enhanced the
      mast cell mediated proliferation of TH cells without directly affecting the
      helper cells. The action of histamine appeared to be mediated with H1 type
      receptors on these mast cells. Pretreatment of natural suppressor cells with
      supernatants from mast cell enhanced their suppressive capability. Here too,
      histamines enhanced suppression by the NS cell via histamine type 1 receptors on
      the natural suppressor cells. Our data suggest that mast cells may be a major
      modulator of the lymphoid cell immune function and demonstrate a role of
      histamine type 1 receptors in the interaction between mast cells, helper T cells,
      and natural suppressor cells.

PMID- 2879639
TI  - The influence of dexamethasone treatment on the lymphoid and stromal composition
      of the mouse thymus: a flowcytometric and immunohistological analysis.
AB  - The effect of injection of a range of doses of dexamethasone on the distribution
      of T-cell subpopulations and stromal cells in the thymus of BALB/c mice was
      investigated with flowcytometry and immunohistology. To this purpose we used
      monoclonal antibodies directed to the T-cell differentiation antigens Thy-1,
      T200, Lyt-1, Lyt-2, T4, MEL-14, and monoclonal antibodies directed to various
      classes of stromal cells. Injection of dexamethasone in increasing doses of 5-130
      mg/kg body weight gradually leads to a depletion of the cortical thymocyte
      population, i.e., bright Thy-1 + ve, dull T-200 + ve, bright Lyt-2 + ve, and
      bright T4 + ve cells. These cortical cells are very dull MEL-14 + and express
      variable numbers of Lyt-1 molecules. Also the medulla is affected by
      dexamethasone although to a lesser extent. Dexamethasone injection at 130 mg/kg
      selects for a dull Thy-1 + ve, bright T-200 + ve, and bright Lyt-1 + ve medullary
      population. These cells are either T4 + ve Lyt-2-ve or T4-ve Lyt-2 + ve. Under
      these conditions, MEL-14 + ve cells were no longer present in the cortex but
      accumulated in medullary perivascular spaces. Staining of sequential sections
      showed that this particular subpopulation has a typical "helper" phenotype. This
      observation provides strong evidence that perivascular compartments are an exit
      pathway for emigrating T cells. The medullary population contains a
      phenotypically distinct, dexamethasone-sensitive subpopulation. This conclusion
      is based on two findings: 130 mg/kg dexamethasone depletes the thymus of all but
      4% of the thymocytes, which form a much smaller subpopulation than the population
      of dull Thy-1 + ve cells (amounting to 15% of the total thymocytes). The medulla
      contains a subpopulation of dull Lyt-2 + ve cells, which are resistant to 20
      mg/kg dexamethasone, but depleted by 130 mg/kg. Dexamethasone also has a severe
      effect on thymic nonlymphoid cells. Even at low doses, dexamethasone induces TR4
      + ve cortical epithelial-reticular cells to become spherical ("nurse cell-like")
      structures, depleted of lymphoid cells. These stromal cells no longer express MHC
      antigens in a membrane-bound fashion. In contrast, the medullary epithelial cells
      appear morphologically unaffected even at a dexamethasone dose of 130 mg/kg.

PMID- 2879640
TI  - Phenotypic characterization of murine lymphokine-activated killer cells.
AB  - Short-term culture of murine lymphocytes in interleukin 2 (IL-2), in the absence
      of any priming antigen, has been shown to result in the differentiation of an
      activated killer cell population capable of potent cytotoxic activity against
      tumor cells. The progenitor and lineage of these lymphokine activated killer
      cells (LAK) remains controversial. The present study was initiated to combine
      both complement-mediated depletion and flow cytometry to examine the cell surface
      membrane markers on murine LAK precursors and effectors. Selective depletion of
      antigen-positive cells from the precursor or effector population followed by
      functional assays demonstrates that the LAK effector is derived from a non-thymus
      processed cell (Thy-1 negative). Paradoxically, the effector acquires Thy-1
      expression in parallel to the IL-2 induced acquisition of killer cell effector
      function. These studies clearly show that both precursor and effector cells
      express the "NK-associated" Qa 5 and asialo GM-1 surface antigens. Mature
      effectors, but not the precursors, exhibit both Lyt-2 and the "NK-associated" NK
      1.1 cell surface marker. Our flow cytometric analyses of murine spleen cells
      activated in rIL-2 have identified a distinct large, granular cell population
      which contains the LAK effector. This population, which can be readily discerned
      using light scattering properties with a flow cytometer, demonstrates both
      quantitative and qualitative changes in cell surface antigen expression.

PMID- 2879641
TI  - Polarized microtubule gliding and particle saltations produced by soluble factors
      from sea urchin eggs and embryos.
AB  - In this report, we describe an in vitro system for analyzing microtubule-based
      movements in supernatants of sea urchin egg and embryo homogenates. Using video
      enhanced DIC microscopy, we have observed bidirectional saltatory particle
      movements on native taxol-stabilized microtubules assembled in low speed
      supernatants of Lytechinus egg homogenates, and gliding of these microtubules
      across a glass surface. A high speed supernatant of soluble proteins, depleted of
      organelles, microtubules, and their associated proteins supports the gliding of
      exogenous microtubules and translocation of polystyrene beads along these
      microtubules. The direction of microtubule gliding has been determined directly
      by observation of the gliding of flagellar axonemes in which the (+) and (-) ends
      could be distinguished by biased polar growth of microtubules off the ends.
      Microtubule gliding is toward the (-) end of the microtubule, is ATP sensitive,
      and inhibited only by high concentrations of vanadate. These characteristics
      suggest that the transport complex responsible for microtubule gliding in S2 is
      kinesin-like. The implications of these molecular interactions for mitosis and
      other motile events are discussed.

PMID- 2879642
TI  - [Changes in dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in the serum of patients with
      uterine cervix carcinoma before and after therapy].

PMID- 2879644
TI  - [Anxiolytics in 1984].

PMID- 2879643
TI  - [The effect of oxyprothepine decanoate, lithium and cyproterone acetate on
      deviant sexual behavior].

PMID- 2879645
TI  - [Captopril in the therapy of resistant hypertension in a child with periarteritis
      nodosa].

PMID- 2879646
TI  - [Serological data on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Southeast Asia].
AB  - Using an indirect immunofluorescent test with Hantaan 76-118 and Puumala strains
      as antigens, antibodies against haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome viruses
      were found for the first time in human in Laos and Viet-Nam and confirmed the
      previously published results in Thailand. These results suggest the existence of
      an Hantaan-related virus in these countries.

PMID- 2879647
TI  - [Intestinal parasitic diseases of school children in the Republic of Niger].
AB  - Coprologic surveys realized in schoolchildren in a few western areas of the
      Republic of Niger provided the following results. Concerning protozoa, the
      prevalence of amebiasis-infestation is strong in all the studies areas,
      giardiasis is more frequent in dry areas. As for the helminths, Hymenolepsis nana
      is met everywhere, the prevalence of ancylostomiasis decreases gradually from the
      south to the north and the endemic area of Schistosoma mansoni is limited to the
      extreme south of the country. The other helminthiasis are rare.

PMID- 2879648
TI  - Influence of dietary fat and selenium in initiation and promotion of aflatoxin B1
      induced preneoplastic foci in rat liver.
AB  - Aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci were
      quantified in rats fed different levels of fat and selenium during either
      initiation or early promotion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 12
      groups. One of six experimental diets were fed to groups 1-6 prior to and during
      aflatoxin B1 exposure (initiation, weeks 1-4.5) and to groups 7-12 during weeks
      4.5-15 (promotion). The six experimental diets contained 2 or 20% corn oil, each
      with either less than 0.02, 0.15 or 2.5 (or 1.9) p.p.m. selenium. When not fed
      the experimental diets, rats were fed a modified AIN-76A diet. In groups 1-6,
      0.03% phenobarbital was added as a promoter to the AIN-76A diet. Individual and
      interactive effects of selenium and fat were dependent on the stage of
      carcinogenesis. High dietary fat fed with either less than 0.02 or 0.15 p.p.m.
      selenium during initiation resulted in a significant increase in the number and
      size of foci when compared with low fat groups. In rats fed 20% fat and 2.5
      p.p.m. selenium during initiation, preneoplastic development was reduced below
      all low fat groups. In contrast, selenium status but not dietary fat level
      influenced focal formation during promotion. Rats fed less than 0.02 p.p.m.
      selenium had a significantly greater percentage of liver section occupied by foci
      than rats fed either 0.15 or 1.9 p.p.m. selenium. Feeding 1.9 p.p.m. selenium
      during promotion did not afford greater protection above the 0.15 p.p.m. level.
      Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity at week 15 was significantly diminished
      in animals fed less than 0.02 p.p.m. selenium during promotion. Feeding 1.9
      p.p.m. selenium when compared with 0.15 p.p.m. did not result in a consistent
      increase in enzyme activity. Although differences were observed in growth due to
      dietary treatment, there were no significant correlations between preneoplastic
      foci and body weight, food consumption or food efficiency. These findings
      indicate an interaction between dietary fat and selenium during initiation, but
      not during early promotion. Furthermore, dietary selenium and fat may function by
      different mechanisms at different stages of carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2879649
TI  - Sequential histochemical and morphometric studies on preneoplastic and neoplastic
      lesions induced in rat colon by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.
AB  - The sequential histochemical changes during colon carcinogenesis were studied in
      male Sprague-Dawley rats given 16 weekly subcutaneous injections of 15 mg 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine per kg body wt and serially killed at regular intervals.
      Cryostat sections were used to study the mucus content of the colonic mucosa with
      the periodic acid Schiff's reaction, and enzyme histochemical methods were
      applied to investigate the activity of some key enzymes of carbohydrate
      metabolism at different stages of carcinogenesis. Enlarged mucus-rich crypts with
      a marked hypercellularity (149% of control as determined morphometrically)
      appearing very early during carcinogenic treatment revealed almost normal
      activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      (G6PDH) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Hyperbasophilic
      crypts lacking mucus production were observed later and showed a loss of G6Pase,
      but marked increase of G6PDH and GAPDH activity. Mucus-rich signet ring cell
      carcinomas showed the same enzymatic pattern as the mucus-rich crypts, whereas
      mucus-free adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas revealed a loss of
      G6Pase and highly increased G6PDH and GAPDH activities. The results showed that
      focal changes in polysaccharide content and in the activity of some enzymes of
      carbohydrate metabolism, as observed in various organs, also accompany the
      carcinogenic process in the colon. This supports the concept that aberrations in
      carbohydrate metabolism play an important role during the process of
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2879650
TI  - Comparative effects of smooth and rough Pasteurella hemolytica
      lipopolysaccharides on arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, serotonin, and histamine in
      calves.
AB  - Effect of IV infusions of smooth and rough Pasteurella hemolytica
      lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 24 ng/kg/min for 500 min) on circulating levels of
      arachidonic acid, prostaglandins (PG), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), histamine, and
      serotonin in calves was evaluated. Both smooth and rough LPS had no effects on
      plasma PGE but caused maximal increases in arachidonic acid, TxB2, and PGF2 alpha
      at 1 hr and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha at 3 hr of infusion, respectively. The increases in
      arachidonic acid and its metabolites were greater and more prolonged for smooth
      LPS than for rough LPS. Although both rough and smooth LPS increased plasma
      serotonin transiently at 25 min of infusion, only rough LPS decreased serotonin
      in the later period of endotoxemia. In contrast, smooth, but not rough, LPS
      decreased plasma histamine during endotoxemia. These results indicate that during
      endotoxemia there is increased PG and TxA2 synthesis secondary to marked
      arachidonic acid release into circulation. The data also demonstrate that smooth
      and rough LPS differ in their abilities to release histamine, serotonin, and
      eicosanoids. These effects might be due to differences in the in vivo mechanisms
      of action of smooth and rough LPS and may partly explain the differential potency
      of smooth and rough LPS in producing pathophysiological changes.

PMID- 2879652
TI  - [Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2879651
TI  - [In vitro effect of tinidazole on Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2879653
TI  - Analytical chemistry at the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad in Los Angeles, 1984.
AB  - The equipment, methods, logistics, and results of doping-control analyses for the
      1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games are discussed in this article. Within 15 days,
      1510 different urine specimens underwent 9440 screening analyses by a combination
      of gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, "high-performance"
      liquid chromatography, and radioimmunoassay. These tests covered more than 200
      different drugs and metabolites, including psychomotor stimulants,
      sympathomimetic amines, central nervous system stimulants, narcotic analgesics,
      and anabolic steroids. The results are summarized by class of drug. Less than 2%
      of the samples were found to contain a banned drug.

PMID- 2879654
TI  - Carrier detection in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a review of current issues and
      approaches.
AB  - The clinical chemistry laboratory has traditionally played a passive role in the
      application of technology to diagnostic interpretation. Recent developments offer
      the clinical laboratorian a renewed potential to enter the patient care arena as
      a consultant. Our lack of understanding of the disease processes in the muscular
      dystrophies places emphasis on prevention through carrier detection. This review
      summarizes the clinical progress of the disease, our present understanding of the
      genetics that control the mode of inheritance of the disease, and the analytical
      approaches to carrier detection, including their advantages and limitations.
      Recent advances allow the examination of the genetic material itself instead of
      concentrating on the phenotypic expression of biochemical abnormalities.

PMID- 2879655
TI  - Neuropeptide Y in multiple endocrine neoplasia: release during surgery for
      phaeochromocytoma.
AB  - High plasma concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were found in a patient with
      bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytomas and medullary thyroid carcinoma associated
      with MEN IIa (32 pmol/l, normal less than 3.5 pmol/l). Both adrenal tumours
      contained and secreted NPY. Manipulation at operation produced a remarkable
      increase in plasma NPY concentrations (peak = 1631 pmol/l) coinciding with
      increases in plasma levels of catecholamines and arterial pressure. NPY was also
      shown to be present in thyroid tumour tissue: the concentration of NPY in tumour
      was 50-fold higher (0.9 nmol/g vs 0.004 nmol/g) than in adjacent normal thyroid
      tissue. It is possible that NPY from some phaeochromocytomas may contribute to
      hypertension during surgery.

PMID- 2879656
TI  - Effective long-term treatment of acromegaly with a long-acting somatostatin
      analogue (SMS 201-995).
AB  - Nine acromegalic patients, six previously untreated, were studied before and
      after 3-15 months of treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201
      995; 100 micrograms injected s.c. three times daily). During treatment, the mean
      (+/- SEM) 24-h GH concentration fell from 82 +/- 22 mIU/l to 33 +/- 7 mIU/l (P
      less than 0.001), and eight of the 9 patients showed a reduction of at least 50%
      in GH levels in the fasting state and/or during a glucose tolerance test. There
      was a significant 30% fall in serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor
      (IGF-1) with SMS. All patients showed rapid clinical improvement, with diminished
      sweating and headaches, and reduction in skinfold thickness, hand volumes and
      finger size. Computer tomographic scanning of the pituitary in eight patients
      showed no change in the size of the pituitary tumour during treatment. The only
      side-effects of SMS noted were transient abdominal discomfort and loose stools in
      two patients on initiating therapy. Although fasting plasma glucose concentration
      did not change during treatment (5.4 +/- 0.3 vs 5.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/l), mean 24-h
      plasma glucose concentration was higher with SMS (6.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/l vs 6.0 +/-
      0.4 mmol/l; P less than 0.02). Mean 24-h plasma insulin concentration fell from
      87 +/- 11 mIU/l before treatment to 39 +/- 6 mIU/l during treatment (P less than
      0.005). No change in other anterior pituitary hormones was observed. SMS appears
      to be a safe, rapidly effective, long-term treatment for certain patients with
      acromegaly.

PMID- 2879657
TI  - Marfan syndrome: exclusion of genetic linkage to the COL1A2 gene.
AB  - Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue. Individuals from
      one large family with this disorder were genotyped for COL1A2 gene associated
      RFLPs. Our results demonstrated that the COL1A2 gene, encoding the proa2(I)
      collagen chain, segregated independently of the phenotype and it is therefore
      excluded as the mutant locus in this family.

PMID- 2879658
TI  - Immunoglobulin synthesis in myelodysplastic syndromes: normal B-cell and
      immunoregulatory T-cell functions.
AB  - Peripheral blood cells from patients with myelodysplastic syndromes were assayed
      for B-cell and immunoregulatory T-cell functions. The B/T cell ratio in
      myelodysplastic patients (n = 11) was significantly higher than in controls (n =
      12). These patients had a reduction in total T-cell (OKT3+) frequency and in T
      cell subset (OKT4+/OKT8+) ratios. The response of patients' cells to both
      pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced, but patients' B
      cells responded normally to stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan (SAC).
      The levels of IgG and IgM detected in 7-day culture supernatants of PWM
      stimulated patient and control cells were similar. Normal B-cell and
      immunoregulatory T-cell functions were subsequently demonstrated in allogeneic co
      culture combinations of enriched T and B cells from patients and controls. The
      data presented indicate that the frequent infections of myelodysplastic patients
      are not causally related to impaired humoral mechanisms. The data also favor the
      possibility that the stem cell disorder in these syndromes is functionally
      expressed at a subsequent stage to the lymphoid differentiation pathway.

PMID- 2879659
TI  - Effects of selective and non-selective beta-blockers on the alanine and free
      fatty acid responses to glucagon challenge in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Hypoglycemia is frequently reported in hemodialysis patients on propranolol. The
      effects of beta-blockers on the glucose, alanine and free fatty acid responses to
      glucagon challenge (2 mg) in fourteen hemodialysis patients were studied.
      Patients on propranolol had impaired glycemic response while those on metoprolol
      had decreased response only before dialysis. There was a significant negative
      correlation between propranolol level (log-transformed) and glycemic responses,
      suggesting that propranolol has direct effect on the latter. Hemodialysis
      patients had fasting alanine levels comparable to those of normal subjects. After
      glucagon challenge, the decrements in alanine level had no consistent
      relationship to the impaired glycemic response. Thus suppression of
      gluconeogenesis is unlikely to be the prime cause of propranolol-induced
      hypoglycemia. The basal free fatty acid levels were significantly lower among
      hemodialysis patients on propranolol. This limited availability of free fatty
      acid as well as the inhibitory effect on hepatic glucagon-stimulated glucose
      output may contribute to the predisposition to hypoglycemia in dialysis patients
      given propranolol. The results suggest that metoprolol has less interference on
      energy substrate supply in hemodialysis patients under fasting conditions.

PMID- 2879660
TI  - Fatal outcome of aortocoronary bypass grafting in a 62-year-old man with
      unsuspected coronary arteritis.
AB  - A 62-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with unstable angina. The coronary
      arteriography showed the occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and
      other stenotic lesions. The patient underwent an aortocoronary bypass operation,
      but unfortunately he did not survive. Surprisingly, the necropsy revealed him to
      be affected by an inflammatory process, involving the aorta and the coronary
      arteries. According to the clinical history and examination, the findings at
      necropsy and the histologic picture, the diagnosis of Takayasu's arteritis
      appears the most probable. Coronary arteritis has to be considered as a possible
      etiology of ischemic symptoms also in subjects who appear affected by typical
      atherosclerotic ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2879661
TI  - [Experimental cerebral ischemia effects of fatty acid in Mongolian gerbils].

PMID- 2879662
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esmolol administered as an intravenous
      bolus.
AB  - Esmolol is a new ultra-short-acting beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent that
      may be useful in the treatment of patients with heart disease. We gave esmolol as
      an intravenous bolus injection (over 30 seconds) to 12 healthy men in a dose
      ranging study; each subject received two doses. Our dosing schedule began with 30
      mg in the first subject and ended with 100 mg and 150 mg in the final four
      subjects. We measured blood esmolol concentration, PR interval, QRS duration, QTc
      interval, cardiac cycle, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure.
      Esmolol doses of 150 mg produced blood esmolol concentrations of 0.868 to 1.47
      micrograms/ml. The peak PR interval recorded after esmolol was significantly
      longer than the control PR interval in four subjects who received 100 and 150 mg
      doses (192 +/- 7.9 msec vs. 177 +/- 10.6 msec; P = 0.00002). Peak prolongation of
      the PR interval was recorded 6 to 10 minutes after the bolus, at which time blood
      esmolol concentrations were negligible. Esmolol did not consistently affect any
      other pharmacodynamic variable. Giving esmolol as an intravenous bolus injection
      may be a simple alternative to loading and maintenance infusion in some clinical
      settings.

PMID- 2879663
TI  - Enhancement of specific [3H]ouabain binding and ouabain sensitive 86rubidium
      influx in intact human lymphocytes by a dialysable factor in human and fetal calf
      serum.
AB  - We have measured specific [3H]ouabain binding and ouabain sensitive 86rubidium
      influx in intact human lymphocytes incubated for up to 7 days in media containing
      different concentrations of fetal calf serum and human serum. Incubation for
      periods of up to 7 days with fetal calf serum and human serum produced increases
      in both specific [3H]ouabain binding and ouabain sensitive 86rubidium influx that
      were dependent on concentration and time. Neither specific [3H]ouabain binding
      nor ouabain sensitive 86rubidium influx was altered when dialysed serum was used,
      suggesting that both fetal calf serum and human serum contain a dialysable factor
      or factors which stimulate specific [3H]ouabain binding and ouabain sensitive
      86rubidium influx in intact human lymphocytes. To further elucidate the
      mechanisms underlying these changes we also measured the activity of two other
      enzymes of the lymphocyte plasma membrane, 5'-nucleotidase and gamma
      glutamyltransferase, the uptake of [3H]thymidine by the intact cells, and the
      effects of cycloheximide, puromycin, and anisomycin, inhibitors of protein
      synthesis. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase was increased after incubation of the
      lymphocytes in fetal calf serum for 72 h, but the activity of gamma
      glutamyltransferase was not changed, suggesting some selectivity of the
      stimulatory effect. Measurements of [3H]thymidine uptake by the lymphocytes
      showed that the major part of the observed changes in specific [3H]ouabain
      binding and ouabain sensitive 86rubidium influx was not attributable to
      transformation of the lymphocytes to lymphoblasts. All three inhibitors of
      protein synthesis prevented the increase in specific [3H]ouabain binding due to
      fetal calf serum.

PMID- 2879664
TI  - [Systems of pain control as a rationale for drug therapy].

PMID- 2879665
TI  - [Clinico-experimental evaluation of clotiazepam on the monitoring status in type
      I diabetes mellitus with regard to hypoglycemia].

PMID- 2879667
TI  - Environmental and sanitary conditions after a cyclone in Tonga.

PMID- 2879666
TI  - A comprehensive treatment program for schizophrenia and chronic mental illness.
AB  - The failure of deinstitutionalization and the community mental health movement to
      improve the treatment of chronic psychiatric patients, particularly
      schizophrenics, is described. Problems with the current treatment paradigm
      include unrealistic expectations concerning the rehabilitative effects of
      antipsychotic medications, inadequate funding of the community mental health
      system, and the predominance of the "infectious disease model," rather than the
      more appropriate "chronic disease model" of mental illness. A model for the
      comprehensive treatment of chronic mental illness is proposed that includes:
      treatment, rehabilitation, social services, and continuity of care. The need for
      an integrated community approach to rehabilitating chronic psychiatric patients
      is stressed, and some of the specific ingredients essential to such a program are
      identified.

PMID- 2879668
TI  - A revision of current data and views on membrane hydrolysis and transport in the
      mammalian small intestine based on a comparison of techniques of chronic and
      acute experiments: experimental re-investigation and critical review.
AB  - Literature data and the results of our investigations using both generally
      accepted and original perfusion techniques of the isolated loop of the rat small
      intestine in in vivo experiments are reviewed. Significant differences in the
      functioning of the small intestine under conditions of acute and chronic
      experiments are revealed. It has been established that in chronic experiments as
      compared to acute ones: (a) the absorption of glucose, galactose, fructose and
      glycine is 2-5 times higher; (b) Kt as well as Jmax values of the transport of
      these nutrients differ considerably; (c) Na+-independent mechanism of glucose and
      glycine transport predominates; (d) higher rates of membrane hydrolysis and more
      effective interactions between enzyme and transport systems of the enterocyte
      brush border membranes are observed; (e) functional characteristics of the small
      intestine affected by various experimental factors are more stable. The
      conclusion is made that it is necessary to revise current views of the scale and
      regularities of digestive-transport processes in the small intestine under
      physiological conditions. The importance of the suggested approaches for general
      and comparative physiology and biochemistry is discussed.

PMID- 2879669
TI  - Circulation during hypoxia in birds.
AB  - The effects of hypoxia on the avian cardiovascular system are reviewed. The avian
      cardiovascular system seems well adapted to deal with the stress of hypoxia. In
      general, birds are remarkably tolerant of hypoxia, with some species being
      capable of performing vigorous exercise at extreme altitude. During hypoxia at
      rest, the circulation maintains arterial pressure, increases cardiac output, and
      redistributes blood flow so oxygen delivery to the heart and brain is maintained.
      During exercise, further adjustments are required, since exercising muscle has
      large oxygen requirements. The mechanisms responsible for producing these
      circulatory changes are largely unknown. The transport steps that limit O2
      delivery during hypoxia are also poorly understood.

PMID- 2879670
TI  - Ontogenetical aspects of nutritional requirements in fish.
AB  - Changes in morphology i.e. "metamorphosis", mode of respiration, allometric
      growth of organs, mode of swimming and efficiency of biochemical pathways are
      briefly reviewed. It is suggested that these processes form the basis for
      progressive changes in nutrient requirements involving formation and development
      of several organs, systems and function. Digestive tract morphology changes
      during ontogenesis and aspects of fish metabolism, protein synthesis rate and
      body growth rate are interconnected and an attempt is made to explain these
      processes so as to understand the specificity of larval and juvenile fish
      nutrient requirements as compared to subadults. Protein and amino acid
      requirements given the body mass perspective and the generalization of the
      protein maintenance requirement in protein requirements for maximum growth was
      estimated to amount to 5-20%. Several cases of amino acid deficiency symptoms
      showed strong dependence on fish weight (age), but even most numerous studies on
      salmonids are lacking complete research throughout the life history of one
      species in defined nutritional and environmental conditions. Larval and juvenile
      fish have reduced capacity of catabolic adaptability and this fact links them to
      strictly carnivorous mammals. An attempt is made, for the first time, to relate
      amino acid needs of fish to young and/or carnivorous mammals. Vitamin
      requirements of fish are reviewed, taking into account the relationship between
      body size and time of the first appearance of deficiency symptoms. These are
      virtually no studies on vitamin requirements in larval warm-water fishes and very
      few on first feeding salmonids. The same applies to the vitamin need in
      reproductory fish. Fatty acid deficiencies manifest themselves faster in juvenile
      fish, but larval fish might require separate classes of lipids,
      phosphatidylcholine, in the diet to develop and grow at all. It seems that the
      studies on nutrient requirements have so far not used an ontogenetical
      perspective, but evidence given throughout this work argues that it would be
      worthwhile.

PMID- 2879671
TI  - Response of Japanese quail to hemorrhagic stress after exposure to microwave
      radiation during embryogeny.
AB  - Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave
      microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4 mW/g)
      during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, hematologic changes in
      response to an acute hemorrhage were measured in exposed and nonexposed (control)
      juveniles and adults of both sexes. Reticulocyte numbers and percentages were
      depressed below control numbers at 24 hr postphlebotomy in exposed adult females.
      Lymphocyte numbers were depressed below control levels at 24 hr postphlebotomy in
      exposed juvenile and adult males. At 72 hr heterophil numbers were depressed in
      exposed juvenile and adult males. These data suggest that microwave irradiation
      during embryogeny affects the ability of Japanese quail to recover from an acute
      and voluminous hemorrhage and that these radiation effects are small.

PMID- 2879672
TI  - Influence of a "cafeteria" diet on heat production during postnatal development
      of the rat.
AB  - Despite different food availability for pregnant rats, the maternal diet had no
      effect on the weight of the pups at birth. There were no differences in
      thermogenesis during lactation in pups from dams that received cafeteria diet
      during pregnancy and after parturition. Both groups of pups grew faster than
      controls with, however, indistinguishable thermogenesis rates for all pups. After
      weaning, relative heat production decreased in all groups, even though cafeteria
      rats showed higher rates than the controls. The higher availability of energetic
      substrates resulted in increased growth in pups, but only after weaning was the
      heat output enhanced.

PMID- 2879673
TI  - Plasma osmolality, urine composition and tissue water content of the toad Bufo
      viridis Laur. in nature and under controlled laboratory conditions.
AB  - The compositions of plasma and urine were studied in toads (Bufo viridis) which
      were collected from three locations in Israel, and compared with toads which were
      kept under constant laboratory conditions for nearly 2 years. Plasma osmolality
      was rather constant (over 310 mOsm kg-1 H2O) during the whole year in the active
      toads. Urea was the most variable osmolyte in the plasma, and accounted for the
      higher osmolality in southern population. Urine osmolality fluctuated in a
      circannual fashion both in freshly captured and in the toads under constant
      laboratory conditions. Water content of the tissues was constant throughout the
      year, independent of the plasma osmolality. It is concluded that high plasma urea
      concentration and the excretory system (kidneys and the urinary bladder) are
      important in sustaining constant plasma osmolality in active toads. Both
      mechanisms change annually and form the basis for the high terrestriality of this
      species.

PMID- 2879674
TI  - Comparative studies of the responses of two strains of rats to an essential fatty
      acid deficient diet.
AB  - A comparative study of two strains of rats to an EFA deficient diet was
      conducted. Parameters of insulin status in BHE and Sprague-Dawley rats were
      measured. No differences in growth were observed. The strains differed in their
      hepatic and adipose tissue response to insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation
      and conversion to fatty acids. Hepatic tissue from EFA deficient BHE rats
      converted more glucose to fatty acid under the influence of insulin than their
      controls while diet had no effect on glucose oxidation. Hepatic tissue from EFA
      deficient Sprague-Dawley rats oxidized more glucose than their controls but diet
      did not affect fatty acid synthesis. A reverse of these strain and diet
      differences was observed in adipose tissue. These results suggest that the
      genetic heritage of the rat may determine the type of response to EFA deficiency.

PMID- 2879675
TI  - Hepatic bile and pancreatic exocrine secretions evoked by gastrointestinal
      peptides in sheep.
AB  - The secretory response of hepatic bile and exocrine pancreas to gastrointestinal
      peptides has been studied in chronically cannulated sheep. Pancreatic juice flow
      and protein output were evoked dose dependently by intraportal injection of
      secretin, CCK-8, caerulein, VIP and neurotensin. However, biliary secretion was
      evoked by only secretin. Biliary and pancreatic exocrine secretions were enhanced
      by delivered gastric juice into the duodenum as followed by the increased plasma
      concentration of immunoreactive secretin (IRS). Results suggest that secretin is
      the major peptide that regulates pancreatic exocrine secretion and hepatic bile
      production in the sheep.

PMID- 2879676
TI  - Development of the gestational plasma hypoaminoacidemia in the rat.
AB  - The development of the gestational hypoaminoacidemia and the changes in amino
      acid blood compartmentation have been studied in virgin, 9 day, 12 day and 15 day
      pregnant rats. The drop of plasma amino acid levels is a rapid phenomenon which
      takes place between the 9th and the 12th day of pregnancy. It is mainly accounted
      for by gluconeogenic amino acids. Pregnant rats have lower plasma/cell amino acid
      ratios than virgin rats. Nine day pregnant rats have lower ratios than controls
      because of an important increase in the amino acid content of the cell fraction.
      Twelve and 15 day pregnant rats have lower ratios than controls because of the
      important drop in plasma levels, since cell content is similar to controls and
      lower than 9 day pregnant rats.

PMID- 2879677
TI  - The effect of acclimatization on blood flow and its distribution in normothermic
      and hyperthermic domestic fowl.
AB  - Blood flow and its distribution was examined in summer and winter acclimatized
      normothermic and hyperthermic domestic hens. A clear trend of season on
      normothermic blood flow distribution was not noted; however, a significant
      tendency towards increased flow in summer was recorded. In 22 out of 28 organs or
      tissues examined, blood flow was lower in winter than in summer: pectoral muscle,
      adrenal and jejunum winter to summer ratios were 36, 64 and 76%, respectively (P
      less than 0.05). During hyperthermia, blood flow to visceral organ decreased in
      both groups; in summer this reduction was less severe in parts of the digestive
      system and more pronounced in parts of the reproductive system.

PMID- 2879678
TI  - In vitro studies on the release of cortisol from interrenal tissue in trout
      (Salmo gairdneri)--II. Action of changes in extracellular electrolytes.
AB  - Secretion of cortisol by the interrenal tissue of the trout Salmo gairdneri was
      studied in vitro by a perifusion method in relation to the effects of electrolyte
      concentrations in the medium. An increase in osmotic pressure (produced by adding
      mannitol or NaCl) induced an immediate, but brief augmentation in cortisol
      release. Suppression of Na+ had no effect while its reintroduction in the medium
      led to stimulation of hormone release. By contrast, a sharp peak was obtained
      whenever Cl- concentration was dropped (by 50 mM fractions). These opposite
      effects of Na+ and Cl- when they vary independently of each other is interpreted
      with regard to osmoregulation and acid-base regulation. Raising K+ even to high
      levels (up to 20 mM) produced no change. The absence of Ca2+ had no obvious
      effect while its addition induced an immediate peak of cortisol release. In
      addition, external Ca2+ proved necessary for the action of ACTH to occur. These
      results establish that cortisol release in trout may be directly affected by
      changes in electrolyte concentrations in the extracellular space.

PMID- 2879679
TI  - The short-term effect of prolactin on the active Na transport system of the
      tadpole skin during metamorphosis.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) induced a transient increase in active Na transport measured as
      the short circuit current (SCC) of the tadpole skin. Increase in SCC by PRL
      accelerated as the stage advanced between stages XXII and XXV. Prolactin caused
      two types of effect on the electric parameters of the active Na transport. In
      type I, it increased both the electromotive force of the active Na current (ENa)
      and the resistance to the active Na current (RNa). In type II, it decreased both
      ENa and RNa. A second application of PRL had no effect on SCC; that is,
      desensitization to PRL was observed.

PMID- 2879681
TI  - A comparison of three methods for determining the concentration of rat urine.
AB  - The concentrations of 78 rat urines were compared using osmometry, refractometry
      and test strips for specific gravity. Test strip specific gravity values are a
      guide to urine concentration; where small changes of urine concentration are
      expected, the test strips should not be a replacement for more accurate methods
      such as osmometry.

PMID- 2879680
TI  - Streptozotocin treated bullfrogs fail to develop insulin deficiency.
AB  - Adult Rana catesbeiana and premetamorphic tadpoles were injected with
      streptozotocin (200-1000 mg/kg, IP). Serum glucose and serum and pancreatic
      insulin-like immunoreactivity (ILI) were determined at various post injection
      intervals. Pancreatic beta islet histology or immunocytochemistry was also
      observed. Bullfrog adults became mildly hyperglycemic after streptozotocin
      injection but did not develop insulin deficiency. Hyperglycemic frogs had
      slightly elevated serum ILI concentrations and had pancreatic ILI comparable to
      that of the controls; hyperglycemic frog islets appeared indistinguishable from
      control islets. Tadpoles did not respond to streptozotocin.

PMID- 2879682
TI  - Bioenergetic benefits of huddling by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).
AB  - Both short photoperiod and communal social living conserve metabolic energy by
      deer mice held in thermal neutral ambient temperatures. Initial socialization was
      energetically more costly than solitary living, but huddling behaviors reduced
      thermal conductance and mass specific metabolic rate by 30% within 5 days. While
      short photoperiod reduced metabolic energy expenditure by decreasing
      thermoregulatory demand, huddling mediated behavioral conservation was achieved
      with hyperthermic core temperatures.

PMID- 2879683
TI  - Environmentally-related changes in red cell levels of ionic modulators of
      hemoglobin-O2 affinity in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.
AB  - Hemoglobin content, plasma and red cell levels of chloride and magnesium and
      molar ion:hemoglobin ratios were examined in trout acclimatized to eight
      combinations of two treatment levels of temperature (5, 20 degrees C), O2
      availability (less than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 75% saturation)
      and photoperiod (16L:8D, 8L:16D). Increases in hemoglobin content were associated
      with exposure to higher temperature, abbreviated daylength and hypoxia, with
      hypoxia greater than photoperiod greater than temperature. Under nominal "summer"
      conditions (20 degrees C, hypoxia, 16L:8D) photoperiodic influence was apparently
      masked by hypoxic and thermal effects. Temperature was the principal determinant
      of plasma and cellular chloride levels as well as [Cl:Hb]. O2 availability and
      photoperiod had little effect. Temperature was also the primary factor
      influencing magnesium, with hypoxia exerting a lesser influence. Photoperiod
      effects were negligible. With increased temperature and reduced O2 availability,
      plasma magnesium increased white cell magnesium levels and [Mg:Hb] declined.
      These observations suggest that with normal seasonal changes in environmental
      conditions, temperature-induced increases in the O2 requirements of summer trout
      are probably accompanied by increases in blood O2-carrying capacity and
      reductions in hemoglobin-O2 affinity with consequent increases in O2 delivery to
      tissues.

PMID- 2879684
TI  - Characterization of the changes in the state of aggregation induced by ligand
      binding in the hemoglobin system of a primitive vertebrate, the hagfish
      Eptatretus cirrhatus.
AB  - Hemoglobin (Hb) from the hagfish, Eptatretus cirrhatus, is composed of subunits
      of approx. 20,000 mol. wt. Aggregation of the deoxy subunits occurred,
      particularly at low pH and at high protein concentration. Oxygen equilibrium
      studies indicated slight cooperativity and the presence of a small, phosphate
      independent Bohr effect. Equilibrium properties were protein concentration
      dependent indicating an oxygen-linked dissociation in the millimolar
      concentration range. Kinetic studies indicated a dimer to monomer transition in
      the micromolar concentration range. The ligand-binding character of hagfish Hb
      was similar to that of lampreys, but was governed by different kinetic and
      equilibrium parameters.

PMID- 2879685
TI  - Effects of furazolidone on some reproductive hormones during oestrous cycle in
      the goat.
AB  - In non-pregnant goat luteolysis is characterized by a decline in peripheral
      plasma progesterone level and increased peripheral plasma concentrations of
      testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Daily oral doses of
      furazolidone (80 mg/kg) between days 10 and 16 delayed luteolysis and suppressed
      both the decline in progesterone concentrations and the increase in T and DHT
      level.

PMID- 2879686
TI  - Is there functional cholinergic innervation in the frog duodenum (Rana
      catesbeiana)?
AB  - To determine if functional cholinergic innervation occurs in the frog duodenum or
      not, the effects of exogenous acetylcholine and electrical transmural
      stimulation, the contractile activity of an acid extract from the frog duodenum,
      and the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the wall of the
      frog duodenum were investigated. Acetylcholine caused non-sustained contraction
      in a dose-dependent manner (100 nM-1 mM). The ED50 value was 17 +/- 2.4 microM.
      Atropine (500 nM) shifted the dose-response curve for acetylcholine parallel to
      the right. Transmural stimulation of the frog duodenum caused frequency-dependent
      (0.5-50 Hz) contraction which was not decreased by atropine (500 nM) at all. The
      acid extract from the frog duodenum caused contraction of a longitudinal muscle
      strip of guinea-pig ileum but atropine (500 nM) had no significant effect on the
      contraction. Only a little AChE activity was found in Auerbach's plexus of the
      frog duodenum compared with that of the rat ileum. These results suggest that a
      cholinergic nerve is present in the frog duodenum but its physiological
      significance is very small.

PMID- 2879688
TI  - A comparative study of salivary secretion by parotid and mandibular glands of
      anaesthetized Capra hircus: effect of pilocarpine.
AB  - A study was made of basal secretion and the effect of the infusion of pilocarpine
      on the flow and composition of saliva in the parotid and mandibular glands of the
      anaesthetized lactating goat. In the parotid gland there was a basal flow (1.6 +/
      0.29 microliter/min) which was not present in the mandibular gland. There is a
      statistically significant dose-effect relationship between pilocarpine and
      salivary flow in both glands. Salival composition and its variation with respect
      to the flow of saliva did not conform to either of the two glands to an exclusive
      monogastric or ruminant model.

PMID- 2879687
TI  - Relative zinc-binding activities of ligands in the cytosol of rat small
      intestine.
AB  - Relative zinc-binding activities of high-molecular-weight zinc-binding ligand
      (HMW-ZBL), metallothionein (MT) and low-molecular-weight zinc-binding ligand (LMW
      ZBL) in the cytosols of rat small intestines under various experimental
      conditions were examined. Zinc-binding activities of MT decreased and those of
      LMW-ZBL increased in the intestinal cytosols from most of the experimental rat
      groups after incubating at 37 degrees C for 2 hr. The relative zinc-binding
      activity of MT increased with increasing doses of injected zinc and decreased
      with orally-administered zinc. Isolated MT did not lose zinc-binding activity
      during incubation at 37 degrees C for 48 hr, but moved from the MT eluting peak
      to the LMW-ZBL eluting peak after 1 week.

PMID- 2879689
TI  - De novo biosynthesis of prostaglandins by the Australian field cricket,
      Teleogryllus commodus.
AB  - The accumulation and metabolism of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids by testes
      from the Australian field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, are described. Testes
      accumulated a substantial proportion (about 16%) of label from radioactive
      C20:3n6 that was injected into the haemocoel. Fifty percent of the label
      accumulated by testes was associated with the phospholipid fraction, whereas in
      the remainder of the body 30% was incorporated into the phospholipid fraction.
      Prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2 and F2 alpha were quantified in extracts of the testes
      of adult insects by radioimmunoassay. Label from injected radioactive C18:2n6,
      C20:3n6 and C20:4n6 was recovered as prostaglandins PGE and PGF. The
      radioactivity from C18:2n6 that was recovered as PGE1 and PGF1 alpha indicated
      elongation/desaturation to C20:3n6 followed by conversion to PG. Since C18:2n6 is
      readily formed from acetate in T. commodus, these findings indicate the de novo
      biosynthesis of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostaglandins by this
      species.

PMID- 2879690
TI  - Effects of a perfluorocarbon emulsion, Fluosol-DA, on rat lymphoid tissue and
      immunological competence.
AB  - The effects of administration of low doses (5 or 10 ml/kg body wt) of the
      proprietary perfluorocarbon emulsion blood substitute, Fluosol-DA 20%, on rat
      lymphoid tissue and antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) have
      been studied. Spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were significantly heavier
      at eight days after injection of Fluosol, whereas liver and thymus weights were
      unchanged. The mean plasma antibody titre to sheep red blood cells was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in animals injected intraperitoneally
      with both doses of Fluosol-DA before immunization. These results show that there
      are differences in the uptake of perfluorochemicals by certain rat lymphoid
      tissues and that immunological competence can be altered following administration
      of such materials.

PMID- 2879691
TI  - Effects of capsaicin on molluscan neurons: an intracellular study.
AB  - Effects of capsaicin (CAP) on membrane properties and action potentials (AP) were
      studied (30-300 microM, at 22 degrees C, pH 7.4) in Helix and Aplysia neurons.
      CAP (100-300 microM) depolarized the cell membrane and increased the slope
      resistance. The neuronal firing increased and/or the spike threshold decreased.
      CAP differentially affected the APs generated in A- and B-cells in Helix or S-
      and F-cells in Aplysia. Plateau-like prolongation of the APs with a concomitant
      increase of the hump duration was observed in A-cells, while a significant
      prolongation of the spike duration was at 90% repolarization time in B-cells. The
      electrophysiological changes proved to be similar when CAP acted in homologous
      Helix and Aplysia neurons, but were less pronounced in the latter animal. CAP
      decreased the rate of rise and the rate of fall of the APs and shortened the
      action potential duration (APD) in Na-free (TEA) solution. CAP-induced events
      were dose-dependent and reversible.

PMID- 2879692
TI  - Effects of capsaicin on molluscan neurons: a voltage clamp study.
AB  - The effects of capsaicin (CAP) on membrane ionic currents of identified and non
      identified neurons were investigated by use of the single electrode clamp (SEC).
      CAP (300 microM, 22 degrees C, pH 7.4) caused a 25-50% reduction of the inward
      current and a 50-80% reduction of the outward current in normal or Na-free (Tris)
      solution. The Na current (INa) was moderately decreased (about 10%) in LPa2
      neuron, but a 50% reduction of the peak Ca current (ICa) was observed. The action
      of CAP on ICa varied from cell to cell but an enhanced inactivation of the fast
      calcium current was found in all neurons studied. CAP (150 microM, 10 min) highly
      attenuated the long-lasting component of the inward current in LPa2 recorded in
      Na-free (TEA) Ba solutions. CAP attenuated the fast outward current (IA) and
      voltage-dependent outward current (IK) in 100 and 300 microM concentrations for
      the half blocking dose (ID50) in LPa2 neuron, respectively. CAP decreased the
      slow outward tail currents but hardly influenced the leakage current (IL). We
      suggest that the acute action of CAP coupled with a series of events in the
      neuronal membrane can modify the conductance via electrically excitable calcium,
      potassium and sodium channels differentially.

PMID- 2879694
TI  - A rapid method for the evaluation of nerve conduction blocking compounds.
AB  - A simple and easily accessible cockroach nerve preparation is described. Afferent
      potentials elicited by electric stimulation of the cercus showed remarkable
      stability, providing a fairly adequate background for pharmacological
      experimentation. Type I and type II pyrethroids were tested on the nerve
      preparation, and the results were compared with toxicity data obtained on the
      same species. Blockade of nerve conduction showed positive correlation (r =
      0.804) with lethal effects. The preparation would be useful for determining
      neuronal point of attack of test compounds and the study of pyrethroids.

PMID- 2879695
TI  - Seasonal change and sex difference in drug-metabolizing activity in frog liver
      microsomes.
AB  - The drug-metabolizing activities (aminopyrine N-demethylase and p-nitroanisole O
      demethylase activities) have been measured at monthly intervals throughout the
      year in liver microsomes of male and female Japanese bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana.
      The aminopyrine N-demethylase activity based on cytochrome P-450 of both sexes
      was significantly higher in May-July (spring-summer) than in August-October
      (summer-autumn). On the contrary, the p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity based
      on cytochrome P-450 of males was significantly higher in July-October (summer
      autumn) than in May-June (spring). However, there was no seasonal changes in the
      O-demethylase activity in females. There were significant differences between
      males and females in the N-demethylase activity in August-October and in the O
      demethylase activity in May-June (or July-October).

PMID- 2879693
TI  - Influence of calcium lack and nifedipine on carbachol-, potassium- and quinine
      induced contractions of the lizard isolated rectum.
AB  - In the lizard isolated rectum, carbachol-, KCl- and quinine-induced contractions
      were reversibly inhibited by calcium withdrawal. Quinine-induced contractions
      were more sensitive to calcium lack than were those elicited by carbachol or KCl.
      Nifedipine inhibited contractile responses induced by all three agonists, but
      more readily blocked quinine- and carbachol- than KCl-induced contractile
      responses. It is suggested that extracellular calcium influx stimulated by
      carbachol, KCl and quinine occurs via different pathways, and that
      differentiation of calcium channels exists in lizard smooth muscle.

PMID- 2879696
TI  - Persistence of weight gain and hibernation onset in juvenile thirteen-lined
      ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) in spite of long-term
      administration of naloxone.
AB  - Sexual differences in body weight of juvenile thirteen-lined ground squirrels
      (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) were significant (P less than 0.05) at all weeks
      of age except weeks 0-4, 6, 7, 9, 20 and 24. Hibernation onset between sexes did
      not differ significantly. Naloxone administration did not alter weight gain nor
      onset of hibernation when compared to saline controls.

PMID- 2879697
TI  - Effects of varying inducer type and dose on hepatic monooxygenase activities in
      the mountain vole Microtus montanus.
AB  - Hepatic monooxygenase activities of the mountain vole, Microtus montanus, were
      measured after i.p. injections of phenobarbital, B-naphthoflavone and Aroclor
      1254 at doses ranging from 5 to 80 mg/kg. The results showed that mountain voles
      differed in their induction of hepatic monooxygenase activity relative to other
      rodents. The results also suggest substrate specificity in the detection of
      enzymatic induction and the importance of considering effects of varying inducer
      doses on hepatic monooxygenases.

PMID- 2879698
TI  - Histamine-induced hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia in the laying hen.
AB  - The effects of histamine on plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and total calcium
      values were studied in laying hens during egg formation and in non-laying hens.
      Histamine induced hyperphosphatemia and slight hypocalcemia during eggshell
      calcification, whereas the most pronounced hypocalcemia was observed during the
      early stages of egg formation. The histamine-induced hyperphosphatemia was
      completely inhibited by cimetidine but only partly by promethazine. However, the
      histamine-induced hypocalcemia was totally inhibited by cimetidine and
      promethazine.

PMID- 2879699
TI  - Propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid hyperlipidemic chick: a model for clofibrate
      induced toxicity.
AB  - An animal model for clinically observed clofibrate (p-chlorophenoxy isobutyrate,
      CPIB)-induced toxicity has been tested. It is demonstrated that propylthiouracil
      induced hypothyroid-hyperlipidemic chick develops severe toxic manifestations
      following clofibrate administration. Toxic symptoms are characterized by
      listlessness, drowziness, and extreme muscular weakness. This is associated with
      elevation of blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, uric acid and glutamic
      oxaloacetic transaminase. Histological examination of muscle specimen from chicks
      exhibiting toxic syndrome showed degeneration and vacuolization of muscle fibers.
      The biochemical and histological changes observed are quite similar to those
      reported in clinical practice in some patients given clofibrate. It is suggested
      that this chick model could be used to investigate the biochemical basis of
      clofibrate toxicity.

PMID- 2879700
TI  - Phospholipid dependency of carp brain and liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase.
AB  - The effects of lipid-protein interactions on carp brain and liver mitochondrial
      MAO with respect to substrate and inhibitor preference, thermostability and
      Arrhenius parameters were studied and compared. Treatment with phospholipase A2,
      C or D decreased MAO activities towards 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), beta
      phenylethylamine and tyramine similarly, accompanied by great changes in their
      apparent affinities for MAO, but not by changes in Vmax values. Minimum
      phospholipid binding to mitochondria might be essential for enzyme activity.
      Among these activities, 5-HT deamination was the most sensitive to the changes in
      mitochondrial phospholipids and bulk lipid phase transition (fluidity).
      Sensitivity of MAO to clorgyline or l-deprenyl was not affected by these
      phospholipase treatments. Of the phospholipids tested, only phosphatidylinositol
      significantly activated MAO activity towards 5-HT in both intact and
      phospholipase-treated mitochondria.

PMID- 2879701
TI  - Phosphorus and fluorine NMR examination of the anesthetized newt (Notopthalamus
      viridescens).
AB  - We have examined newts by 19F-NMR using the anesthetic halothane as a probe and
      in another set of experiments taken 31P-NMR spectra under similar conditions. The
      spectra were recorded from the animal's tail. The water soluble 31P-NMR signals
      point to little difference between anesthetized and unanesthetized newts except
      for the potential disappearance of two pools of inorganic phosphate in the
      anesthetized animals. The 19F spectra show two anesthetic populations in the tail
      which the phosphorus spectra suggest arise from populations of halothane in
      muscle and in lipid.

PMID- 2879703
TI  - Cholinergic antagonists in a solitary wasp venom.
AB  - The venom of the solitary wasp Philanthus triangulum contains a cholinergic
      antagonist of the nicotinic receptor of the rectus abdominis muscle of the frog,
      Xenopus laevis. The venom of African P. triangulum contains two different
      cholinergic factors, a competitive and a non-competitive antagonist. The venom of
      the European P. triangulum may not contain a competitive antagonist of the
      nicotinic receptor of X. laevis, but only a very strong non-competitive
      antagonist. The possible non-synonymity of both groups of P. triangulum is
      discussed.

PMID- 2879702
TI  - Antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde, glutathione and methemoglobin
      concentrations in channel catfish exposed to DEF and n-butyl mercaptan.
AB  - Indicators of free-radical or oxidant-mediated responses were quantified in
      channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, exposed to the organophosphorus herbicide
      DEF and its metabolite, n-butyl mercaptan (nBM). The activities of the
      antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and
      catalase did not vary significantly with toxicant or dose. The concentrations of
      reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) did not vary significantly
      with toxicant or dose. The percentage of methemoglobin increased in the nBM
      exposed fish with dose, up to 16.5% of total hemoglobin. The DEF-exposed catfish
      had no significant increases in methemoglobin compared to controls.

PMID- 2879704
TI  - Effect of dieldrin injection on the level of certain amino acids and some enzymes
      in rat brain.
AB  - The present investigation revealed the effect of the organochlorine insecticide
      dieldrin at the dose level 0.25 LD50 at different time intervals on the
      concentration of 11 rat brain amino acids, on the activities of glutamic
      oxyacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GpT) and
      cholinesterase. The study was also extended to include the total protein content
      during the tested periods. The daily injection of dieldrin caused a marked
      decrease in the levels of glutamic acid, glutamine and taurine and an increase in
      the levels of aspartic acid, asparagine, GABA, glycine, lysine, serine, alanine
      and histidine. However, the maximal increase and decrease were recorded for most
      of the tested amino acids at the end of the tested period. The activity of the
      transaminases increased significantly. The recorded values of GOT were usually
      higher than GPT. Cholinesterase activity was inhibited thoroughly during all the
      experimental periods. Total protein content was decreased in the experiment; the
      minimal value was given 3 days after the injection.

PMID- 2879705
TI  - Hormones with adrenocorticotropic and opiate-like activities from the carp
      (Cyprinus carpio) pituitary.
AB  - Carp (Cyprinus carpio) pituitary acetone powder was extracted with a mixture of
      water, hydrochloric acid and acetone. An acid acetone powder was formed by adding
      the pituitary extract into a large volume of chilled acetone and subsequently
      recovering the precipitate. The powder was subjected to ion exchange
      chromatography on CM cellulose. Fractions adsorbed on the ion exchanger exhibited
      ACTH-like activity as evidenced in the ability to stimulate lipolysis in isolated
      hamster adipocytes and corticosterone production in isolated rat adrenal
      decapsular cells and also in cross-reactivity in an ACTH-specific
      radioimmunoassay. A portion of the ACTH-like bioactivity and immunoactivity was
      unadsorbed on the ion exchanger. Opiate-like activity in opiate receptor binding
      assay, employing [3H]D-ala2-D-leu5 enkephalin or [3H]naloxone as ligand, also
      resided in fractions adsorbed on CM cellulose. The data indicate a separation of
      ACTH-like and opiate-like activities, and the presence of opiate-like molecules
      with different affinities of binding to mu and delta opiate receptors.

PMID- 2879706
TI  - Hydrolysis and protection from hydrolysis of circulating enkephalins.

PMID- 2879707
TI  - Detection of two TaqI polymorphisms in the VTR region of the human HRAS1
      oncogene.
AB  - Restriction enzyme analysis of the variable tandem repetition (VTR) region of the
      human HRAS1 oncogene revealed two TaqI polymorphisms. The first polymorphism
      overlaps that detected with MspI/HpaII restriction enzymes and is due to a
      variable number of repeat units which form the VTR region at the 3' end of the
      oncogene. The second polymorphism appears to be due to two new TaqI restriction
      sites created within the VTR region itself. This novel polymorphism was detected
      in 26 of 145 human DNA samples and was found to segregate in a Mendelian fashion.

PMID- 2879708
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic agents on hypokalemia.

PMID- 2879709
TI  - Pathological renal changes in epidemic hemorrhagic fever accompanied by chronic
      renal failure in one case.

PMID- 2879710
TI  - Cytogenetic studies of T-leukemia and lymphoma cell lines (MT-1 and HUT-102).
      Finding of an early duplication region.

PMID- 2879712
TI  - Some biological properties of virus strains isolated from hemorrhagic fever
      patients with renal syndrome.

PMID- 2879711
TI  - Clinical significance of hepatoma-specific band of serum gamma-glutamyl
      transferase.

PMID- 2879713
TI  - [Sports: a means of orodental prevention].

PMID- 2879714
TI  - [Clinical use of hematopoietic stem cells from fetal livers].

PMID- 2879715
TI  - [Epidemiologic studies of the role of cats in the transmission of hemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)].

PMID- 2879716
TI  - Effect of somatostatin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on cholecystokinin
      induced gallbladder emptying.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin (0.05 and 1.5 micrograms/kg/hr) and of thyrotropin
      releasing hormone (0.1 and 1.0 microgram/kg/hr) on cholecystokinin-induced
      gallbladder emptying was studied in healthy volunteers by means of real-time
      ultrasonography. In addition, the action of increasing doses (0.05, 0.15, 0.45,
      and 1.35 micrograms/kg/hr) of somatostatin on resting gallbladder volume was also
      evaluated. Somatostatin, at the dose of 0.05 microgram/kg/hr (shown to produce
      blood levels similar to those measured after a meal) significantly inhibited the
      gallbladder contraction in response to cholecystokinin. Kinetic analysis showed
      that the interaction of somatostatin and cholecystokinin is of the noncompetitive
      type. The higher dose of the peptide (1.5 microgram/kg/hr) completely suppressed
      cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder contraction. In experiments carried out using
      somatostatin alone, a progressive increase in gallbladder volume in response to
      increasing doses of peptide was observed. The administration of either dose of
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone did not affect gallbladder emptying in any of the
      subjects studied. It is concluded that somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of
      cholecystokinin action on the gallbladder. The clear effectiveness of a very low,
      presumably physiological, dose indicates that somatostatin may play a
      physiological role in the regulation of gallbladder motor activity and provides
      further evidence that the peptide may act as a true hormone in man. Thyrotropin
      releasing hormone does not seem to affect gallbladder motility, at least under
      the experimental conditions of the present study.

PMID- 2879717
TI  - Gastric acid, plasma gastrin, and somatostatin responses to feeding and exogenous
      gastrin alone and in combination in conscious cats.
AB  - Meat in the stomach or duodenum potentiates pentagastrin-induced acid secretion
      in cats, presumably by a humoral mechanism. In the present study on cats, a meat
      meal significantly augmented the maximal acid response from a Heidenhain pouch
      (HP) to pentagastrin or to human synthetic gastrin I by 31 and 30%, respectively.
      The maximal HP acid response to pentagastrin was augmented also by peptone
      instilled into the stomach through a gastric fistula. Intravenous infusion of
      amino acids stimulated acid secretion but did not augment the maximal acid
      response to pentagastrin. The plasma concentrations of gastrin and somatostatin
      increased during infusion of pentagastrin and gastrin I and were not further
      altered by simultaneous feeding. The present results indicate that the mechanism
      for potentiation of gastrin-induced acid secretion is of physiological
      significance, since feeding augmented also the acid response to heptadecapeptide
      gastrin, the only gastrin secreted from the antrum and duodenum in cats. The
      potentiation of acid secretion is not dependent on the vagal excitation induced
      by oral feeding, since potentiation was demonstrated also by intragastric peptone
      instillation. The mechanism for the potentiation is not due to absorbed amino
      acids or a decrease of plasma somatostatin.

PMID- 2879718
TI  - A complication of SASP therapy: hair loss.

PMID- 2879719
TI  - [Choice of beta-blocking agents].

PMID- 2879720
TI  - [Treatment of insomnia].

PMID- 2879721
TI  - [Clinical value of the determination of TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulins
      (TBII) by a radioreceptor assay].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical value of a commercial
      kit for determination of TBII. The study consisted of 50 patients with untreated
      Graves' disease, 21 patients with Graves' disease before und during medical
      therapy, 18 patients after finishing medical therapy and 10 patients after
      surgical treatment. Besides these, 41 patients with other thyroid diseases and 36
      patients without any thyroid disorder were included. In 47 (94%) of 50 patients
      with untreated Graves' disease TBII were detectable in serum using a TSH-standard
      curve. Binding activities exceeding 10 U/l TSH equivalents were regarded as
      positive. In other thyroid diseases TBII were negative with the exception of 3 of
      22 patient with autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. After 12 months of
      antithyroid drug treatment of 19 patients the incidence of positive antibody
      findings was 26%. During follow-up after medical therapy (1-9 years) 7 of 18
      patients had increased TBII in correlation with clinical and functional findings.
      The determination of TBII by TRAK-Assay proved to be a sensitive and specific
      method. The assay can be used to differentiate between hyperthyroidism of
      autoimmune or non-immunogenic origin. Even so this method seems to be helpful for
      the follow-up under medical treatment of patients with Graves' disease.

PMID- 2879722
TI  - Elevated somatostatin in pancreatic islets of adrenalectomized dogs.
AB  - We have observed both hyperglucagonemia and hypoinsulinemia in adrenalectomized
      (Adx) dogs. To determine whether these hormonal alterations are related to
      changes in distribution of islet hormones in the pancreas, we examined the
      concentration and total mass of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin in the head,
      body, and tail of the pancreas by immunoassay and immunocytochemistry. We studied
      6 normal dogs, 5 Adx dogs deprived of cortisol for 24 h (Adx I) and 5 for 48-72 h
      (Adx II). In normal dogs, single and double immunocytochemical staining showed
      that, in contrast to some other species, B (insulin) cells are mostly in the
      central region of islet, whereas A (glucagon) and D (somatostatin) cells are
      distributed randomly. This topographic distribution was not altered by
      adrenalectomy. In normal dogs, insulin concentration (micrograms per g) and total
      mass (micrograms) were higher in the tail (174 +/- 22, 2001 +/- 396) and body
      (165 +/- 22, 2850 +/- 600) than in the head (91 +/- 17, 668 +/- 156) of pancreas.
      Glucagon concentration (micrograms per g) and total mass (micrograms) were 17 +/-
      2, 178 +/- 17 in the tail; 9.5 +/- 2, 158 +/- 32 in the body, and negligible
      (0.78 +/- 0.32, 7 +/- 3) in the head, whereas somatostatin concentration
      (micrograms per g) and total mass (micrograms) were 0.58 +/- 0.26, 4.20 +/- 1.5
      in the T, 0.23 +/- 0.10, 3.9 +/- 1.6 in the B, and 0.22 +/- 0.05, 1.8 +/- 0.6 in
      the H. The striking finding was that adrenalectomy caused large increases in
      somatostatin in all three regions of pancreas in both Adx I and Adx II. The total
      mass of somatostatin in Adx I and Adx II increased 4-fold in the tail (P less
      than 0.02-0.005), 5-fold in the body (P less than 0.01-0.001), and 7-9-fold in
      the head (P less than 0.05-0.005) and concentration increased 6-fold in the body
      (P less than 0.005) and 7- to 8-fold in the head (P less than 0.01-0.001). There
      were no significant changes in the content of insulin and glucagon after
      adrenalectomy. Plasma concentration of glucagon increased by 50% in Adx I (P less
      than 0.005) and 70% in Adx II (P less than 0.02), insulin decreased by 39% (P
      less than 0.005), 23% (NS), respectively, and somatostatin increased by 258% (P
      less than 0.001) in Adx II. Thus the adrenal glands appear to play an important
      role in regulation of the content of somatostatin in pancreatic islets.

PMID- 2879723
TI  - Expression of the prodynorphin gene in male and female mammalian reproductive
      tissues.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that opioid peptides may be involved in modulating the
      hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis at a variety of levels in both males and
      females. We report here the presence of mRNA coding for the opioid peptide
      precursor prodynorphin in rat ovary, uterus, and testis. Expression of this
      opioid peptide precursor gene is compared to expression of two other opioid
      peptide precursor genes, proenkephalin and proopiomelanocortin, in mammalian
      reproductive tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals that in the rat
      testis, prodynorphin-derived peptides are present in Leydig cells. The
      distribution of dynorphin immunoreactivity in various reproductive tissues was
      determined. Male reproductive tissues of the rat, rabbit, and guinea pig as well
      as rat ovary and uterus all contain detectable levels of dynorphin
      immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that prodynorphin-derived peptides
      may exert paracrine and/or autocrine effects in mammalian reproductive tissues.

PMID- 2879724
TI  - Effect of human growth hormone-releasing hormone on the release of dynorphin-like
      immunoreactivity, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone from rat
      adenohypophysis in vitro.
AB  - The effect of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) on the release of the endogenous opioid
      dynorphin from rat adenohypophysis was investigated in vitro. Rat anterior
      pituitary quarters were incubated in vitro, and hormone release into the
      incubation medium was measured by RIAs. Human pancreatic GHRH [hpGHRH-(1-44)] as
      well as human Leu27,Gly45-GHRH [GHRH-(1-45)] enhanced the secretion of dynorphin
      A1-13-like immunoreactivity (Dyn A1-13-IR) in a concentration-dependent manner.
      The concentrations of hpGHRH-(1-44) that stimulated the release of Dyn A1-13-IR
      were about 100-fold higher than those that enhanced GH secretion. GH release
      induced by hpGHRH-(1-44) was blocked by somatostatin (IC50, approximately 10 nM)
      without affecting hpGHRH-(1-44)-induced release of Dyn A1-13-IR. GH release was
      elicited by prostaglandin E2, while Dyn A1-13-IR secretion remained unchanged. At
      concentrations that enhanced Dyn A1-13-IR release, hpGHRH-(1-44) also elicited LH
      and FSH secretion. The LHRH antagonist D-pGlu1, D-Phe2,D-Trp3,6-LHRH blocked the
      secretion of Dyn A1-13-IR, LH, and FSH induced by hpGHRH-(1-44), whereas the LHRH
      antagonist did not influence the simultaneous GH release elicited by hpGHRH-(1
      44). A possible direct effect of GHRH on the LHRH receptor was examined in
      radioligand binding studies using iodinated D-Ala6, des-Gly10-LHRH ethylamide
      (LHRH-A). The binding of [125I]iodo-LHRH-A to rat anterior pituitary membranes
      was completely displaced by hpGHRH-(1-44) and GHRH-(1-45). The deduced apparent
      dissociation constants were about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of LHRH
      A, but were close to those concentrations that enhanced Dyn A1-13-IR release. We
      conclude that GHRH-induced release of Dyn A1-13-IR is unrelated to GH release.
      High concentrations of GHRH may interact directly with LHRH receptors on
      gonadotrophs and thereby enhance the release of LH, FSH, and Dyn A1-13-IR.

PMID- 2879725
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor: production and growth stimulation in cultured
      adrenal cortex cells.
AB  - Cultured bovine adrenal cortex cells express the basic fibroblast growth factor
      (bFGF) gene and contain, but under normal conditions apparently do not release,
      bFGF. However, once released, bFGF can stimulate proliferation of the cells,
      indicating that it could act as a self-stimulating growth factor for adrenal
      cortex cells. It is conceivable that the intracellular bFGF is released upon
      injury of the adrenal cortex and that it may be involved in the subsequent tissue
      repair mechanisms by stimulating the proliferation of adrenal cortical and
      vascular endothelial cells.

PMID- 2879726
TI  - Microtubules and the gonadotropic regulation of granulosa cell steroidogenesis.
AB  - The involvement of microtubules in the gonadotropic regulation of granulosa cell
      steroidogenesis was assessed at the preantral (E2-cells) and antral (PMS-cells)
      stages of follicular development. The influence of agents that alter microtubule
      tubulin equilibrium on basal and FSH-stimulated progesterone production was
      determined in vitro and compared with that on microtubule integrity and
      organization using immunofluorescence. Basal and FSH-stimulated progesterone
      production was approximately 2-fold higher in PMS-cells than in E2 cells.
      Colchicine and nocodazole, two agents that depolymerize microtubules,
      significantly stimulated progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one
      production in PMS-cells. Although progesterone production by E2-cells was
      increased by nocodazole, the amount produced was considerably less than that
      produced by PMS-cells. FSH-stimulated progesterone biosynthesis was reduced by
      colchicine and nocodazole in both cell types. Taxol, an agent that stabilizes
      microtubules, markedly reduced FSH-stimulated progesterone production in both E2-
      and PMS-cells, but failed to exert a comparable effect on basal steroid
      production. A close association existed between the concentrations of colchicine,
      nocodazole, and taxol that altered basal and/or FSH-stimulated steroidogenesis
      and those that affected microtubule organization and/or distribution. Whereas
      granulosa cells appeared flattened with numerous cytoplasmic processes after 24 h
      of culture in medium alone, they were almost spherical and devoid of projections
      after culture with these agents. FSH-stimulated cells also occupied less area
      than controls, although cytoplasmic processes were present. These findings
      indicate an involvement of microtubules in the regulation of granulosa cell
      steroidogenesis. It is proposed that one of their roles is to facilitate the
      movement of cholesterol from lipid droplets to mitochondria, possibly by bringing
      these cellular inclusions closer together.

PMID- 2879727
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated induction of glutamine synthetase in skeletal
      muscle cells in vitro.
AB  - We studied the regulation by glucocorticoids of glutamine synthetase in L6 muscle
      cells in culture. Glutamine synthetase activity was strikingly enhanced by
      dexamethasone. The dexamethasone-mediated induction of glutamine synthetase
      activity was blocked by RU38486 [11 beta-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)17 beta-hydroxy
      17 alpha-(prop-1-ynyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one], a glucocorticoid antagonist,
      indicating the involvement of intracellular glucocorticoid receptors in the
      induction process. RU38486 alone was without effect. Northern blot analysis
      revealed that dexamethasone-mediated enhancement of glutamine synthetase activity
      involves increased levels of glutamine synthetase mRNA. Increased enzyme activity
      was specific for glucocorticoids; other steroid hormones were essentially without
      effect. The induction of glutamine synthetase was selective, in that glutaminase
      activity was not induced by dexamethasone treatment of L6 cells. Thus,
      glucocorticoids regulate the expression of glutamine synthetase mRNA in cultured
      muscle cells via interaction with intracellular receptors. Such regulation may be
      relevant to control of glutamine production by muscle.

PMID- 2879729
TI  - Serum leucine aminopeptidase for monitoring viral infections with plasmacytoid
      reaction.
AB  - Analysis of data on 9 cases with active cytomegalovirus infection in patients
      with kidney grafts showed a positive association of serum leucine aminopeptidase
      activity concentration with the appearance of plasmacytoid lymphocytes in blood.
      Additional studies indicate that like the liver, the lymphocytes contain leucine
      aminopeptidase in relatively large quantities and that this enzyme is increased
      about 3-fold in plasmacytoid lymphocytes when compared with the activity in
      normal lymphocytes. In contrast, the 'hepatic' enzyme alanine aminotransferase is
      practically absent in both lymphocytes and plasmacytoid cells. Therefore, the
      difference in serum between the relative increases of leucine aminopeptidase and
      alanine aminotransferase may be attributed to proliferating plasmacytoid
      lymphocytes. Earlier observations on a large number of cases of acute viral
      hepatitis A or B lend credence to this assumption. However, in this disease, the
      serum enzyme changes reflect the much greater involvement of the liver and the
      relatively slight, but significant, proliferation of plasmacytoid lymphocytes.
      Our hypothesis is confirmed by the recent observation of 3 cases of acute EBV
      infection (infectious mononucleosis) in otherwise healthy individuals showing
      greatly elevated leucine aminopeptidase in contrast to normal or slightly raised
      alanine aminotransferase in serum.

PMID- 2879728
TI  - Thyroid status influences rat serum but not brain TRH pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase
      activities.
AB  - Serum and brain cytosol contains pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase activity that
      converts TRH to His-ProNH2 (TRH PAPase). Whereas serum TRH PAPase has specificity
      for TRH, this is not the case for brain cytosol PAPase. Recent reports indicate
      that a brain membrane fraction contains TRH PAPase that is specific for TRH and
      has a remarkable similarity to serum TRH PAPase. In the present studies, a method
      for measuring serum TRH PAPase activity and the activities of the membrane and
      cytosol brain TRH PAPase enzymes are described. The effect of thyroid status on
      these different TRH PAPase activities was determined. In hypothyroid rats serum
      TRH PAPase activity was decreased, whereas in rats treated with
      supraphysiological doses of T4 it was increased. In contrast, the cytosolic and
      the membrane TRH PAPase enzymes in brain were not affected by thyroid status. It
      is concluded that the membrane-associated brain TRH PAPase differs from the serum
      TRH PAPase in terms of its response to thyroid hormone. In addition, the
      previously reported effects of thyroid status on rat serum TRH degrading activity
      are explained by the finding that thyroid hormone increases serum TRH PAPase
      activity.

PMID- 2879730
TI  - Epidemiological features of 5009 cases of equine cryptorchism.
AB  - Data from 16 North American veterinary university teaching facilities, 5009
      cryptorchid horses, were analysed using relative risk methodology. In five breeds
      (Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Morgan, Tennessee Walking horse and Arabian),
      cryptorchism was diagnosed significantly (P less than 0.05) less frequently than
      expected by their representation in the hospital population. Three breeds,
      (Percheron, American Saddle horse and American Quarterhorse), plus ponies (as a
      group) and crossbred horses were significantly over-represented within the
      series. The over-representation of Quarter-horses was evident at each veterinary
      teaching facility. Other developmental defects and testicular tumours diagnosed
      in cryptorchid horses were presented. Analysis of the frequency of diagnosis of
      second anomalies among cryptorchids showed testicular hypoplasia to occur
      significantly more often, and inguinal and umbilical hernias less often, than
      expected (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2879731
TI  - Fecal colonization with pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli in neonates as a risk
      factor for pyelonephritis.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the properties of fecal P-fimbriated
      Escherichia coli strains in neonates and to relate these characteristics to the
      later development of acute pyelonephritis. In a 2 1/2 year prospective study of
      the children admitted to a particular neonatal ward, 113 children were found to
      be fecally colonized with a P-fimbriated Escherichia coli strain. However, only
      one of these children developed pyelonephritis from this strain during the first
      year of life. The combined results of serotyping, biochemical phenotyping and
      determination of outer membrane protein pattern as clonal characterization
      suggested that only 26 of the P-fimbriated strains belonged to a
      pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli clone. It is concluded that the risk of a
      child colonized with an Escherichia coli strain belonging to such a clone of
      developing pyelonephritis, as calculated in this study, is about 4%.

PMID- 2879732
TI  - Comparison of specimen transport systems for Bordetella pertussis.

PMID- 2879733
TI  - Effects of single oral doses of bisoprolol and atenolol on airway function in
      nonasthmatic chronic obstructive lung disease and angina pectoris.
AB  - A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover investigation in 12
      patients with non-asthmatic chronic obstructive lung disease and co-existing
      stable angina pectoris was done to compare two beta 1-selective adrenoceptor
      blocking agents, atenolol 100 mg and bisoprolol 20 mg. Systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR) as well as airway resistance (AWR,
      and less frequently forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and intrathoracic gas
      volume (ITGV) were measured in the sitting position before and at various times
      up to 24 h after drug intake. During the first 4 h both beta-blockers produced a
      significant reduction in HR in comparison to placebo (p less than 0.01). Atenolol
      100 mg significantly increased AWR relative to placebo and bisoprolol (p less
      than 0.05). After 24 h, a significant reduction in HR (p less than 0.01) could
      only be demonstrated after bisoprolol, whereas atenolol alone led to a
      significant elevation in AWR relative to placebo and bisoprolol (p less than
      0.05) at that time. It is concluded that bisoprolol appears to have a high degree
      of beta 1-selectivity, thus providing a wide split between beta 1- and beta 2
      adrenoceptor blockade. Bisoprolol in its therapeutic dose range is expected to be
      relatively safe as regards bronchoconstriction in patients suffering both from
      hypertension and/or angina pectoris and chronic obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 2879734
TI  - The assessment of the beta-blocking activity of urapidil: a new method.
AB  - Urapidil is an antihypertensive vasodilator agent whose pharmacological action in
      man has not yet been fully defined. We have assessed the beta blocking activity
      of urapidil 15 mg and 30 mg i.v. in a single blind study of 10 healthy male
      volunteers. Urapidil at plasma concentrations in the same range as those shown to
      have antihypertensive affect did not significantly attenuate the chronotropic
      effect of isoproterenol. Propranolol 5 mg iv, the positive control, significantly
      shifted the isoproterenol dose-response curve to the right. We describe a new
      method of analyzing incomplete dose response curves whereby a linear terminal
      segment can be reproducibly defined.

PMID- 2879735
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of betaxolol in middle aged patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of betaxolol was studied in 8 middle-aged (40-60 years)
      subjects after oral (20 mg) and intravenous (10 mg) administration. The principal
      parameters were almost identical to those observed in young healthy volunteers.
      The recommended therapeutic regimen, a single daily dose of 20 mg, appears well
      suited for middle aged, hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2879736
TI  - Pharmacologic evaluation of loratadine (SCH 29851), chlorpheniramine and placebo.
AB  - The antihistaminic effect of loratadine (160 mg) was compared in twenty-four
      normal male volunteers to chlorpheniramine maleate (4 mg) and placebo in a double
      blinded 3-way cross-over study of latin square design. After receiving single
      oral doses of each medication, the wheal response to serial 0.1 ml intradermal
      histamine (2 micrograms) and saline (control) injections were recorded over a 24
      h period. The calculated wheal areas were compared to base-line measurements. The
      results were analyzed by analysis of variance. Loratadine exhibited a more
      pronounced inhibition of histamine wheal formation than placebo or
      chlorpheniramine maleate (p less than 0.003). In contrast to chlorpheniramine
      maleate which had a duration of action of only 3 h, loratadine inhibited the
      response for the entire observation period between 1 and 24 h post-dose. Although
      sedation was observed less frequently with loratadine (Placebo, n = 2;
      chlorpheniramine, n = 3; and loratadine, n = 1), the relative incidence were not
      statistically significant.

PMID- 2879737
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to a nuclear protein (PCNA/cyclin) associated with DNA
      replication.
AB  - Two hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear
      antigen. (PNCA)/cyclin were generated from spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized
      with purified PCNA from rabbit thymus. The specificity of the monoclonal
      antibodies (19A2 and 19F4) was established by showing that they reacted in enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with purified PCNA. Furthermore, they reacted
      in one-dimensional (ID) gel immunoblots with a 36 kD polypeptide which also
      reacted with human autoantibodies from lupus patients. Both monoclonals also
      recognized the nuclear polypeptide cyclin in two-dimensional (2D) gel immunoblots
      of HeLa cell proteins. Epitopes recognized by 19A2 and 19F4 were analysed by
      competitive inhibition test using a modified ELISA. The data suggested that the
      epitopes were closely related, but not identical. The data with human auto
      antibodies were more difficult to interpret, although it suggested that some
      human anti-PCNA may share epitopes with 19A2 and 19F4, but in addition recognize
      different epitopes on the PCNA molecule.

PMID- 2879738
TI  - Bombesin-induced hypothermia: possible involvement of cholinergic and
      dopaminergic receptors in the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The thermal responses of rats which were pretreated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
      to deplete hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine, 6-hydroxydopamine to deplete
      hypothalamic catecholamines, phentolamine and propranolol to inhibit adrenergic
      receptors, haloperidol to inhibit dopamine receptors, or atropine to inhibit
      cholinergic receptors, to intrahypothalamic administration of bombesin were
      compared with those of control rats. The bombesin-induced hypothermia was
      attenuated by pretreatment of the rats with either hypothalamic dopamine
      depletion or receptor blockade, or hypothalamic cholinergic receptor blockade.
      The reduction in the bombesin-induced hypothermia in the treated rats was due to
      the reduction of metabolic and vasomotor response. The data indicate that
      bombesin may act on hypothalamic dopamine and/or cholinergic receptor mechanisms
      to induce hypothermia by promoting a reduction in metabolic heat production and
      an enhancement in heat loss in rats.

PMID- 2879739
TI  - Effect of adriamycin on electron transport in rat heart, liver, and tumor
      mitochondria.
AB  - The effect of Adriamycin on mitochondria of the rat heart, liver, and Ehrlich
      ascites tumor mitochondria has been evaluated. The results may be summarized as
      follows: Adriamycin reduces both ADP- and FCCP-stimulated respiration, inhibits
      oxidative phosphorylation, decreases mitochondrial ATP-ase activity, and affects
      the redox state of respiratory carriers. These alterations are common to all
      types of mitochondria tested with almost similar patterns. However, the severe
      cardiotoxicity of the drug cannot be ascribed only to an effect on mitochondrial
      energy-yielding processes. The addition of hexokinase to phosphorylating heart
      mitochondria does not increase the sensitivity of succinate oxidation to
      Adriamycin. Experiments to determine the site of action were not able to detect a
      specific point of attack. It is conceivable, therefore, that the modifications
      induced by Adriamycin on the functional parameters of mitochondria may be
      ascribed to alterations of the physical state of some components of the inner
      mitochondrial membrane, e.g., lipids, which regulate the kinetic properties of
      the membrane-associated enzymes.

PMID- 2879740
TI  - Synthesis of 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives. Potential antihypertensive agents.
      II.
AB  - Several 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives have been synthesized and pharmacologically
      investigated. Some of them exhibited a marked antihypertensive activity on
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2879741
TI  - Oestrogen-induced expression of oncogenes in the immature rat uterus.
AB  - 4 h after a single precocious administration of oestrogen there was a
      considerable but short-lived surge in the uterine levels of myc-encoded
      polyadenylated mRNA. This was followed by a further peak 28 h after hormone
      administration. The expression of rasHa showed a totally different time course
      with a build up of hybridizable message that peaked 8 h after oestrogen
      administration.

PMID- 2879742
TI  - Membrane translocation and insertion of NH2-terminally anchored gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase require a signal recognition particle.
AB  - The two subunits of the renal brush border enzyme, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (EC 2.3.2.2), are derived from a single-chain propeptide. The membrane-spanning
      domain consists of a hydrophobic sequence near its NH2-terminus and the protein
      is oriented with its NH2-terminus on the cytoplasmic side. The enzyme is
      synthesized without a cleavable signal sequence. Translocation and insertion of
      this enzyme have been shown to be dependent on the signal recognition particle
      and presumably require the same translocation machinery that other secretory and
      membrane proteins use for these processes.

PMID- 2879744
TI  - Steady-state rate of F1-ATPase turnover during ATP hydrolysis by the single
      catalytic site.
AB  - Under the conditions of ATP regeneration and molar excess of nucleotide-depleted
      F1-ATPase the enzyme catalyses steady-state ATP hydrolysis by the single
      catalytic site. Values of Km = 10(-8) M and Vm = 0.05 s-1 for the single-site
      catalysis have been determined. ADP release limits single-site ATP hydrolysis
      under steady-state conditions. The equilibrium constant for ATP hydrolysis at the
      F1-ATPase catalytic site is less than or equal to 0.7.

PMID- 2879743
TI  - Carbon flux through citric acid cycle pathways in perfused heart by 13C NMR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Mathematical models of the TCA cycle derived previously for 14C tracer studies
      have been extended to 13C NMR to measure the 13C fractional enrichment of [2
      13C]acetyl-CoA entering the cycle and the relative activities of the oxidative
      versus anaplerotic pathways. The analysis is based upon the steady-state
      enrichment of 13C into the glutamate carbons. Hearts perfused with [2-13C]acetate
      show low but significant activity of the anaplerotic pathways. Activation of two
      different anaplerotic pathways is demonstrated by addition of unlabeled
      propionate or pyruvate to hearts perfused with [2-13C]acetate. In each case, the
      amount of [2-13C]acetate being oxidized and the relative carbon flux through
      anaplerotic versus oxidative pathways are evaluated.

PMID- 2879745
TI  - Primary structure of the biotin-binding site of chicken liver acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase.
AB  - Limited proteolysis of chicken liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase by staphylococcal
      serine proteinase yielded a fragment of 31 kDa which contained the biotinyl
      active site. This polypeptide was purified by preparative polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and characterized. The complete amino acid sequence of this
      polypeptide has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA
      complementary to the chicken liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA. A highly
      conserved sequence of Met-Lys-Met was found in the biotin-binding site.
      Appreciable homology was observed among the sequences in close vicinity of the
      biotin sites of chicken liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase and other biotin-dependent
      carboxylases including biotin carboxyl carrier protein of Escherichia coli acetyl
      CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2879746
TI  - Catecholaminergic primary sensory neurons: autonomic targets and mechanisms of
      transmitter regulation.
AB  - Contrary to traditional teaching, mammalian primary sensory neurons may express
      catecholaminergic (CA) neurotransmitter characteristics in vivo. Sensory neurons
      in the nodose, petrosal, and dorsal root ganglia of rats express tyrosine
      hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in CA biosynthesis, and formaldehyde
      induced CA fluorescence, in addition to other CA traits. These findings suggest
      that catecholamines may function as sensory as well as autonomic motor (e.g.,
      sympathetic) neurotransmitters. Most CA cells in the petrosal ganglion project
      peripherally to the carotid body, which indicates a striking correlation between
      CA expression in sensory neurons and the pattern of sensory innervation. Inasmuch
      as petrosal ganglion afferents make synaptic contact with chemoreceptive glomus
      cells in the carotid body, it is likely that CA sensory neurons in the ganglion
      transmit chemoreceptor information to the brain stem. Comparison with sympathetic
      neurons indicates that some mechanisms of CA regulation, such as altered activity
      of tyrosine hydroxylase in response to depolarizing stimuli, are shared among
      sensory and traditional CA populations. Other mechanisms, including trophic
      regulation, appear to be distinct. Therefore, despite expression of common
      phenotypic traits, CA expression in diverse populations of peripheral neurons is
      not necessarily associated with a common repertoire of regulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 2879747
TI  - [Organization of alcohol abuse care at feldsher and midwife centers].

PMID- 2879748
TI  - [The localization and release of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP) in the bovine adrenal medulla].
AB  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), originally isolated from the porcine
      small intestine, is known to be widely distributed throughout the body including
      the central and peripheral nervous systems in various species. In the present
      study, we demonstrated the existence, subcellular distribution and mode of
      release of VIP-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) in the bovine adrenal medulla by
      radioimmunoassay. In tissue extracts from fresh bovine adrenal medulla, a
      considerable amount of VIP-LI (101.1 +/- 24.3 ng/g wet weight) was detected, and
      its concentration was about 100 times and 30 times higher than those of
      neurotensin-LI and somatostatin-LI, respectively, on a molar basis. On
      chromatographic analysis, the majority of adrenal VIP-LI was comfirmed to have
      the same molecular size as synthetic VIP, and a small peak of macromolecular VIP
      LI corresponding to pro-VIP was also found. In studies using a retrograde venous
      perfusion system of the bovine adrenal gland, marked releases of both VIP-LI and
      catecholamine (CA) were observed immediately after the infusion of potassium
      solution of a concentration of 56 mM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Ba2+ (2 mM) also
      stimulated the releases of VIP-LI and CA from the adrenal gland Carbachol (10(
      4)M) stimulated CA secretion as much as high potassium and Ba2+, but the
      magnitude of VIP-LI release was lower. The subcellular distribution of VIP in the
      adrenal medulla was investigated by a method of differential centrifugation and
      discontinuous density gradient. VIP-LI was mainly found in mitochondrial
      fraction, which contain mitochondria and synaptosome, while little was found in
      highly purified chromaffine granule fraction. These results suggest that VIP in
      the adrenal gland is mainly localized in the splanchnic nerve endings and may
      play a role as neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2879749
TI  - [Effect of prostaglandins on collagen synthesis in rabbit ovarian follicles
      during the ovulatory process].
AB  - Collagen fibers in the ovarian follicle undergo drastic changes at ovulation due
      to the preovulatory increase of collagenolytic activities. The collagen synthesis
      in ovaries, however, has not been elucidated yet. To clarify the regulatory role
      of prostaglandins (PGs) in collagen synthesis of the follicular wall in relation
      to the ovulatory process, we measured prolyl hydroxylase (PH), as well as lysyl
      oxidase (LO) activity and the content of hydroxyproline (Hyp) in ovarian
      follicles of the rabbits treated by hCG, hCG/indomethacin (IM) and hCG/IM/various
      PGs. The experimental groups consisted of; 1) untreat control group 2) ovulatory
      group receiving hCG 3) non-ovulatory group given PGs 4) ovulatory group given hCG
      and PGs 5) group in which hCG-induced ovulation was inhibited by IM (4 mg/kg) 6)
      group in which IM-inhibited ovulation was recovered by PGF2 alpha (1.5 mg/kg) 7)
      group in which IM-inhibited ovulation was not restored by PGE1 (0.1 mg/kg) and
      PGE2 (0.7 mg/kg). The peak activities of PH and LO in ovarian follicles were
      observed at 12-13 hr after hCG injection, namely, immediately after ovulation.
      Significant changes of these activities after hCG administration were specific to
      the ovaries. PH activity in the ovaries was suppressed by the administration of
      IM, but LO activity was not significantly suppressed. In the hCG/IM/PGF2 alpha
      treated ovulatory rabbits (Group 6), PH activity recovered to nearly the level of
      the hCG-treated rabbits (Group 2). By addition of PGE2, ovulation did not recover
      but PH activity was restored to about 70% of the hCG-treated rabbits. PGE1 did
      not have any effect on the reversal of ovulation-blockage or restoration of PH
      activity. The amount of Hyp after hCG administration tended to decrease from 6 hr
      to 10 hr but was significantly increased from 10 hr to 13 hr. This increase of
      Hyp after ovulation significantly correlated with the increase of PH and LO
      activities. In the hCG/IM/PGF2 alpha-treated rabbits (Group 6), the changes of
      Hyp were similar to those the hCG-treated rabbits (Group 2). In conclusion,
      collagen synthetic activity, found to be regulated by PH and LO activities in the
      ovarian follicles, was activated after follicle rupture, resulting in
      reconstruction of collagen fibers, and PGs play an important role in the
      ovulatory process by modifying collagen synthesis.

PMID- 2879750
TI  - [The joining of dental solder. Gold is still the sustaining element].

PMID- 2879751
TI  - Drugs in dentistry. Antihistamines.

PMID- 2879752
TI  - Antianxiety properties of lormetazepam. A double-blind crossover trial versus
      diazepam.
AB  - A double-blind crossover trial was carried out to compare the anxiolytic activity
      of lormetazepam vs diazepam. After 1 week of placebo, the drugs were administered
      for 4 weeks (10 drops twice daily) to 10 subjects with anxiety disorders. Each
      patient received either lormetazepam or diazepam and modifications of symptoms
      were evaluated through a series of tests at various intervals (days 0, 8, 16, 24,
      32 and 40 of the study). Both drugs proved to be effective and significantly
      superior to placebo. They were both well tolerated.

PMID- 2879753
TI  - Effects of dopamine and somatostatin on phorbol ester-stimulated prolactin and
      growth hormone secretion.
AB  - Incubation of cultured ovine pituitary cells with the tumor-promoting phorbol
      ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) (0.1-100 nM), caused a dose
      related stimulation of both growth hormone (ED50 approximately 4 nM) and
      prolactin (ED50 approximately 14 nM) secretion. Stimulation by TPA (100 nM)
      produced a substantial 10-fold increase in growth hormone with a smaller, 2-fold
      rise in prolactin secretion over 30 min; significant effects on the release of
      both hormones occurred within 2 min. Treatment with TPA also produced a small,
      time- and concentration-dependent rise in cellular cyclic AMP content which
      reached, at maximum, a level 20-30% over basal values. Non-tumor-promoting
      phorbol esters did not stimulate the secretion of either growth hormone or
      prolactin. In the presence of TPA (10 nM), dopamine (1-1000 nM) suppressed
      prolactin secretion to a level close to that observed for maximal inhibition of
      unstimulated cells. At high concentrations (0.1-1.0 microM) dopamine also
      partially attenuated (by 43%) the TPA-induced stimulation of growth hormone
      secretion. Somatostatin (0.01-1.0 microM) completely inhibited the substantial
      (approximately 9-fold) TPA-induced stimulation of growth hormone secretion
      (inhibitory ED50 approximately 47 nM), and also suppressed TPA-stimulated
      prolactin secretion to the control level. Our results suggest that activation of
      protein kinase-C may be involved in the stimulatory regulation of both growth
      hormone and prolactin secretion in sheep pituitary cells. Failure of TPA to
      attenuate the inhibitory activity of dopamine and somatostatin suggests that
      inhibitory regulation occurs at, or beyond, the point in the secretory process
      regulated by protein kinase-C.

PMID- 2879754
TI  - The use of a tyrosine-hydroxylase cDNA probe to study the neurotransmitter
      plasticity of rat sympathetic neurons in culture.
AB  - We have compared quantitatively the effects of muscle-conditioned medium (CM) and
      elevated K+ concentration (40 mM) on the enzymatic activity of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) and on TH-mRNA levels in primary cultures of rat sympathetic
      neurons. Northern blot analysis of RNA from cultured neurons with a 32P-labeled
      rat TH-cDNA probe was performed. The probe hybridized strongly with a single RNA
      species of 1.9 kb, similar in size to the TH-mRNA from PC12 pheochromocytoma
      cells. In agreement with earlier data both CM and a partially purified factor
      from CM increased choline acetyltransferase activity up to 200-fold and depressed
      TH activity by 2- to 7-fold in cultured sympathetic neurons. These effects were
      accompanied by a decrease in TH-mRNA level, which correlated with the decrease in
      TH activity. On the other hand, a culture medium supplemented with 40 mM KCl
      caused a 1.5- to 5-fold increase in TH activity, which was accompanied by an
      increase in TH-mRNA level of the same order of magnitude. As a working
      hypothesis, we suggest that CM and neuronal depolarization control the
      transcription of the TH gene in an antagonistic manner.

PMID- 2879755
TI  - Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms of 5'-flanking region of insulin I gene
      in BB and other rat strains. Absence of association with IDDM.
AB  - Because the 5'-flanking hypervariable region of the human insulin gene may be
      associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we examined the
      spontaneously diabetic BB rat and other rat strains for polymorphisms of the two
      rat insulin genes, the localization of such polymorphisms, and their possible
      association with IDDM. By use of restriction-fragment-length polymorphism
      analysis, we found that the transcribed portion of the insulin I gene, its 3'
      flanking region, and the insulin II gene were not polymorphic. However, four
      alleles of the insulin I gene were identified, two of which (IA and IB) were
      found in BB rats. Alleles IA and IB varied in their 5'-flanking regions, yet
      neither was associated with IDDM in the BB rat.

PMID- 2879756
TI  - Hormone release from pancreatic islets perfused from venous side.
AB  - Directional blood flow in pancreatic islets may be important for regulation of
      islet hormone release. We therefore perfused an isolated canine pancreas via the
      celiac artery (arterial perfusion) and then via the portal vein (venous
      perfusion) in the same pancreas. Basal insulin and glucagon levels and their rate
      of release in response to 10 mM arginine, 11 mM glucose, 500 pg/ml somatostatin,
      or 500 pg/ml glucagon were similar under both conditions. However, the inhibition
      of glucagon release due to somatostatin and its recovery after the cessation of
      somatostatin infusion was poor in the case of venous perfusion. The basal
      somatostatin level and its release in response to 10 mM arginine, 11 mM glucose,
      and 500 pg/ml glucagon during venous perfusion was significantly higher than that
      during arterial perfusion. From these results, it is speculated that the
      directional blood flow in pancreatic islets may not be essential for regulation
      of hormone release from the canine pancreas or that such directionality does not
      exist in canine pancreatic islets, and that a considerable portion of released
      somatostatin may be taken up by the pancreas located downstream--probably in the
      exocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2879757
TI  - Role of hyperglucagonemia in maintenance of increased rates of hepatic glucose
      output in type II diabetics.
AB  - Elevated rates of basal hepatic glucose output (bHGO) are significantly
      correlated with the fasting serum glucose (FSG) level in subjects with non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This observation suggests that bHGO
      is a major determinant of the severity of the diabetic state in these subjects.
      In addition, basal glucagon levels (bGL) are higher in these diabetics than in
      control subjects, despite the concurrent basal hyperglycemia and
      hyperinsulinemia, two factors known to suppress glucagon secretion. Although bGL
      is responsible for sustaining two-thirds of bHGO in normal humans, its role in
      sustaining elevated rates of bHGO in NIDDM has not been previously defined. To
      this end, we have studied 13 normal and 10 NIDDM subjects; mean FSG levels were
      90 +/- 2 and 262 +/- 21 mg/dl, respectively (P less than .001). The mean fasting
      serum insulin and glucagon levels were higher in the diabetics than in the
      controls: 17 +/- 2 vs. 9 +/- 1 microU/ml (P less than .01) and 208 +/- 37 vs. 104
      +/- 15 pg/ml (P less than .01), respectively. On separate days, HGO was assessed
      isotopically (with 3-[3H]glucose) in the basal state and during infusion of
      somatostatin (SRIF) (600 micrograms/h) alone and in conjunction with replacement
      infusions of glucose and insulin. The results demonstrate that bHGO is higher in
      diabetics than in controls (145 +/- 12 vs. 89 +/- 3 mg X m-2 X min-1, P less than
      .01); during infusion of SRIF alone, HGO was suppressed by 25% (P less than .05)
      and 34% (P less than .05) of the basal value in controls and diabetics,
      respectively; when the studies were repeated with glucose levels held constant at
      or near the FSG level by the glucose-clamp technique, the pattern and degree of
      HGO suppression was similar to that obtained by infusion of SRIF alone; during
      isolated glucagon deficiency (SRIF + insulin, 5 mU X m-2 min-1, with serum
      glucose maintained at basal level), HGO was suppressed by 71 +/- 8% of the basal
      value in controls (P less than .001) and by 58 +/- 7% in diabetics (P less than
      .001); and when isolated glucagon deficiency with similar hyperglycemia was
      created in control subjects, HGO was suppressed by 87% of the basal
      value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879759
TI  - Mechanical properties and soldering of some cobalt base metal alloys.

PMID- 2879758
TI  - Similar dose responsiveness of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to
      glucagon in vivo.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine whether the dose-dependent effect of
      glucagon on gluconeogenesis parallels its effect on hepatic glycogenolysis in
      conscious overnight-fasted dogs. Endogenous insulin and glucagon secretion were
      inhibited by somatostatin (0.8 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and intraportal
      replacement infusions of insulin (213 +/- 28 microU X kg-1 X min-1) and glucagon
      (0.65 ng X kg-1 X min-1) were given to maintain basal hormone concentrations for
      2 h (12 +/- 2 microU/ml and 108 +/- 23 pg/ml, respectively). The glucagon
      infusion was then increased 2-, 4-, 8-, or 12-fold for 3 h, whereas the rate of
      insulin infusion was left unchanged. Glucose production (GP) was determined with
      3-[3H]glucose, and gluconeogenesis (GNG) was assessed with tracer (U-[14C]alanine
      conversion to [14C]glucose) and arteriovenous difference (hepatic fractional
      extraction of alanine, FEA) techniques. Increases in plasma glucagon of 53 +/- 8,
      199 +/- 48, 402 +/- 28, and 697 +/- 149 pg/ml resulted in initial (15-30 min)
      increases in GP of 1.1 +/- 0.4 (N = 4), 4.9 +/- 0.5 (N = 4), 6.5 +/- 0.6 (N = 6),
      and 7.7 +/- 1.4 (N = 4) mg X kg-1 X min-1, respectively; increases in GNG
      (approximately 3 h) of 48 +/- 19, 151 +/- 50, 161 +/- 25, and 157 +/- 7%,
      respectively; and increases in FEA (3 h) of 0.14 +/- 0.07, 0.37 +/- 0.05, 0.42 +/
      0.04, and 0.40 +/- 0.17, respectively. In conclusion, GNG and glycogenolysis
      were similarly sensitive to stimulation by glucagon in vivo, and the dose
      response curves were markedly parallel.

PMID- 2879760
TI  - Soldering of dental alloys under vacuum by IR-heating.

PMID- 2879761
TI  - [The prospects for using endogenous modulators of functions and processes].

PMID- 2879762
TI  - [Variability of the heart rhythm during mental work of varying intensity].

PMID- 2879763
TI  - [Histologic aspect of the human gastric mucosa: relation to gastrin and
      somatostatin cells and the intraluminal secretion of these peptides].
AB  - Fifty-eight subjects including controls, patients with duodenal ulcer, non
      operated or treated with a superselective vagotomy underwent endoscopic fundic
      and antral biopsies. Histologic classification of the two mucosae was performed.
      We examined the relationship between the histologic grade of gastritis in the two
      mucosae, then between the histologic aspect of the antral mucosa and antral
      gastrin-and somatostatin-cell densities, the basal intraluminal secretion of
      gastrin and somatostatin. There was a significant correlation between the
      histologic aspect of fundic or antral mucosa and the age of patients, except in
      the case of vagotomized patients. Fundic and antral histologic patterns were also
      correlated in each patient, except for vagotomized. Gastrin and somatostatin cell
      densities showed no variation in function of the degree of inflammation of non
      atrophic gastritis. These cell densities showed a tendency to decrease in
      atrophic gastritis, especially when intestinal metaplasia was present.
      Intraluminal gastrin secretion was increased in patients with mild atrophic
      gastritis (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.02) in comparison with those whose
      histology was roughly normal. It was also increased in severe atrophic gastritis.
      The highest intraluminal secretion of somatostatin was observed in patients with
      mild atrophic gastritis while this secretion fell noticeably in those showing
      severe atrophic gastritis, as compared to the other groups. This work seems to
      suggest a relationship between intraluminal peptides and the evolution of
      gastritis. While results are still preliminary, they do not indicate that these
      peptides, thus released, play any pathophysiologic role.

PMID- 2879764
TI  - [Effect of nonselective beta-adrenergic actions on rat megakaryocytes and
      thrombocytes].

PMID- 2879765
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of urotensin II in anesthetized and pithed rats.
AB  - Gillichthys urotensin II (GUII; 1.5-150 nmol kg-1) reduced blood pressure in
      anesthetized rats, diastolic pressure being reduced to a greater extent than
      systolic. The effect was slow in onset (peak at 4-5 min) and longlasting (up to
      60 min), and was accompanied by a reflex tachycardia. The hypotension was not
      blocked by propranolol or by mepyramine. In pithed rats, GUII (150 nmol kg-1)
      reduced the pressor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, noradrenaline,
      and Arg-vasopressin. Somatostatin (150 nmol kg-1) had no effect on the
      sympathetic pressor response but reduced heart rate. It is concluded that GUII is
      a vasodilator in the rat, an action not shared with somatostatin.

PMID- 2879766
TI  - Somatostatin-28(1-14) immunoneutralization stimulates growth hormone secretion in
      fowl.
AB  - Immunoneutralization of endogenous somatostatin (SRIF)-28(1-14) by the
      intravenous or intramuscular administration of a specific antiserum promptly
      enhanced the growth hormone (GH) concentration in the plasma of 4 to 8-week-old
      cockerels. The magnitude of the GH response was related to the volume of
      antiserum administered. The release of GH from chicken pituitary glands incubated
      with intact hypothalami was increased in the presence of anti-SRIF-28(1-14).
      These results suggest that SRIF-28(1-14)-like peptides are physiologically
      involved in the control of GH secretion in chickens, in which they may tonically
      inhibit GH release.

PMID- 2879767
TI  - Somatostatin and altered medium osmotic pressure elicit rapid changes in
      prolactin release from the rostral pars distalis of the tilapia, Oreochromis
      mossambicus, in vitro.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) cells in the rostral pars distalis of the tilapia Oreochromis
      mossambicus respond to somatostatin (SRIF) and reduced medium osmotic pressure
      within 10-20 min of exposure during perifusion incubation. Pieces of rostral pars
      distalis tissue were removed from freshwater-adapted tilapia and were
      preincubated in [3H]leucine in static culture (355 m phi smolal) for 48 hr.
      Following preincubation, they were placed in the perifusion apparatus and
      baseline release was established for 3 hr in hyperosmotic medium (355 m phi
      smolal). Exposure to hyposmotic medium (280 m phi smolal) resulted in a rapid and
      steep rise in the release of [3H]PRL, which remained elevated for more than 2 hr.
      When SRIF was added simultaneously with hyposmotic medium, the rise in PRL
      release normally initiated by reduced osmotic pressure was prevented.
      Somatostatin also quickly reduced release that had been previously elevated by
      exposure to hyposmotic medium. The time course of these changes suggests that
      SRIF and altered osmotic pressure act on PRL secretion in at least partial
      independence of effects which they may have on PRL synthesis in the tilapia
      pituitary.

PMID- 2879768
TI  - Studies on the regulation of growth hormone release from the proximal pars
      distalis of male tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, in vitro.
AB  - The in vitro effects of several factors, including cortisol, somatostatin (SRIF),
      and medium osmotic pressure, on growth hormone (GH) release from the tilapia
      pituitary were examined in relation to fish size. Spontaneous GH release from the
      proximal pars distalis (PPD) of approximately 60-g fish was significantly less
      than that from tissue of fish weighing either approximately 120 or approximately
      280 g when incubated in 340 m phi smolal medium. While GH content of the PPD
      cultures (tissue + medium measured by densitometry) increased consistently with
      fish size, GH concentration (per microgram of tissue protein) was variable, being
      highest in 120-g fish and lowest in 280-g fish. Moreover, GH concentration was
      not related to GH release. Fish size also appeared to be important in the
      responsiveness of GH cells to stimulation by cortisol (Nishioka et al., 1985) and
      by increased osmotic pressure. In cultures of PPD from approximately 60-g fish,
      in which spontaneous release was relatively low, cortisol and increased medium
      osmotic pressure significantly enhanced release. Cortisol and hyperosmotic medium
      were without significant effect, however, on GH release from PPD of approximately
      120-g fish, which showed high spontaneous release. In contrast, SRIF, a potent
      inhibitor of GH secretion, was effective in lowering GH release regardless of
      fish size. Nevertheless, SRIF was apparently more effective in inhibiting GH
      release from tissue of 60-g fish than from tissue of 120-g fish. Our data suggest
      that GH secretion may be augmented when smaller tilapia (approximately 60 g) are
      transferred to seawater, a situation in which blood cortisol and osmotic pressure
      would presumably be elevated.

PMID- 2879769
TI  - Prevalence and associations of apolipoprotein A-I linked DNA polymorphisms:
      results from a population study.
AB  - Subjects from a geographically defined population were screened for restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms linked to the apolipoprotein A-I (apoaA-I) gene
      locus. The polymorphic DNA fragments detected with an apoA-I cDNA probe after
      digestion with the restriction endonucleases Sac I (S1 and S2 alleles), Msp I (M1
      and M2 alleles), or Pst I (P1 and P2 alleles) were used to define polymorphic
      haplotypes. The uncommon S2M1 haplotype was present in the leukocyte genomic DNAs
      of 6 of 22 (27%) subjects with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
      levels in the lowest decile, in contrast to none of the 20 subjects with HDL-C
      levels in the highest decile. With repeat determinations of the HDL-C levels 10
      years later, the levels of the subjects in the low decile group with the S1M1
      haplotype had regressed toward the population mean, while the regression was much
      less substantial for the S2M1 group. The mean triglyceride (TG) level in low HDL
      C subjects with the S2M1 haplotype was also higher than in those without it (295
      vs 246 mg/dl), although not all of those with the S2M1 pattern were
      hypertriglyceridemic. The prevalence of the P2 allele was increased in a series
      of men with angiographically confirmed premature coronary artery disease (CAD)
      (P2 present in 7 of 43) as compared to a group of age-matched controls without
      CAD (1 of 36). There was no difference between these groups in the prevalence of
      the S2 allele. These results suggest that a particular pattern of apoA-I linked
      genetic polymorphisms is associated with lower HDL-C levels. This type of
      analysis will be useful in studies of the epidemiology of abnormal lipid states
      and may eventually provide a genetic marker to identify those at risk can be
      effectively instituted.

PMID- 2879771
TI  - Molecular cloning of nit-2, a regulatory gene required for nitrogen metabolite
      repression in Neurospora crassa.
AB  - We used an efficient sib-selection procedure to isolate a cosmid clone that
      complemented a mutated nit-2 gene of Neurospora crassa. Restriction fragment
      length polymorphism mapping indicated that the cosmid DNA insert was derived from
      linkage group IL, between 5S rDNA locus 12 and mt, the region of the N. crassa
      genome that contains nit-2. We conclude that the cosmid carries the nit-2 gene.

PMID- 2879770
TI  - Possible derivation of the laboratory mouse genome from multiple wild Mus
      species.
AB  - Laboratory strains of mice are thought to be derived from wild populations of Mus
      domesticus. Many instances of non-domesticus genetic information fixed in these
      strains have been described, however, and the amount of strain-to-strain genetic
      variation exceeds that found in wild domesticus populations. In order to estimate
      the extent of the non-domesticus contribution to laboratory mouse genomes, and to
      determine whether it could account for observed variation, we have used computer
      simulations to investigate the properties of genetically marked chromosomal
      segments and the distribution of residual allogenicity at various times during
      inbreeding. A locus or chromosomal segment is allogenic if it is unfixed within a
      lineage at a given time. The odds of fixation of a foreign chromosome segment are
      predicted to be an exponentially decreasing function of its length. The median
      segment length is predicted to be 17 centimorgans. Available data for markers of
      chromosomes 1, 9 and 12 in recombinant inbred strain sets conform to these
      predictions. Together, the results suggest that introgression of non-domesticus
      chromosomes and segregation of residual allogenicity are sufficient to account
      for the genetic diversity observed among inbred mouse strains and substrains.

PMID- 2879772
TI  - Sequence of glutamine synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium and implications for
      the protein structure.
AB  - To aid in the interpretation of the 3.5 A resolution electron density map of
      glutamine synthetase (GS) from Salmonella typhimurium, the nucleotide sequence of
      the gene coding for this enzyme has been determined. The predicted sequence of
      468 amino acids (Mr = 51,628) has been compared to the sequence and sequence
      fragments reported by others for GS of Anabaena and Escherichia coli. The
      homology between the pairs of sequences is sufficiently strong to suggest that
      the overall three-dimensional structures of the three GS are similar. The
      predicted positions of alpha helices are in moderately good agreement with the
      electron-density map.

PMID- 2879773
TI  - Managing hypertension in chronic renal disease.
AB  - Hypertension is very common in the elderly patient with renal insufficiency and
      may be primary or secondary to the kidney disease. In these patients,
      hypertension is usually associated with an increase in peripheral vascular
      resistance and salt sensitivity (the latter related to the degree of renal
      failure.) Therapy should be tailored to the individual patient, particularly when
      the elevated blood pressure and renal insufficiency are associated with other
      significant medical problems. Most of the drugs used in younger hypertensives may
      be used in the elderly patient with renal insufficiency, but in general, starting
      and maintenance doses should be lower because of the greater sensitivity due to
      age and/or the renal failure. The goal in the elderly hypertensive patient with
      renal failure is similar to that in other hypertensive patients: blood pressure
      should be brought to 140/90 mm Hg or lower. In the elderly patient with resistant
      hypertension or who manifests a decrease in kidney function as blood pressure is
      lowered, an effort must be made to look for associated renovascular disease.

PMID- 2879775
TI  - [The June (1986) Plenum of the USSR Central Committee and the objectives of
      public health science in the RSFSR].

PMID- 2879774
TI  - Interactions of oral antibiotics and common chronic medications.
AB  - Geriatric patients often require precise dose titration of certain drugs for
      effective, non-toxic treatment of chronic disease. When short-term antibiotic
      therapy is required, an oral antibiotic that would minimally disrupt a finely
      tuned chronic drug regimen would be most appropriate. Chronic medication
      antibiotic interactions are potentially more common with the use of erythromycin,
      tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. Clinicians should use care, and monitor for drug
      interactions when these agents are combined with chronically used drugs such as
      theophylline, warfarin, or carbamazepine.

PMID- 2879777
TI  - [Beta-adrenergic blockers and depression].

PMID- 2879776
TI  - Effects of somatocrinin and a somatostatin antiserum on body and organ growth in
      the rat.
AB  - Chronic treatment with rGRF for 14 days with or without a specific antibody
      against somatostatin-14 were performed on 24-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats.
      Serum GH concentrations were significantly increased at the time of sacrifice
      while growth was not affected. rGRF, possibly through its effect on GH release,
      stimulated lung and kidney weights, increasing water content of the latter.
      Muscle and testes remained insensitive to GRF while the heart showed signs of
      reduced growth. Liver growth responded positively to the combined rGRF and ASS
      treatments whereas the pancreas exhibited loss of weight; on both of these
      organs, GH may act directly. The increased weights of gastric fundus and duodenum
      may result from an indirect action of GH on serum levels of gastrointestinal
      hormones such as gastrin. The results of this study stress the specific response
      of each organ to increased GH serum levels and indicate that their respective
      growth control factors cannot be generalized.

PMID- 2879778
TI  - [Interaction between digoxin, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and other
      cardiac drugs].

PMID- 2879779
TI  - [Cryptorchidism in monozygotic twins].

PMID- 2879780
TI  - Common forefoot problems in runners.
AB  - Forefoot injuries constitute a significant portion of the problems that affect
      runners. With the increasing popularity of recreational running, more emphasis on
      the treatment of specific running injuries has surfaced. For the orthopaedic
      surgeon interested in treating runners, a thorough understanding of foot anatomy,
      biomechanics, shoes, orthotics, running surfaces, and conservative and surgical
      treatment options is mandatory. Runners place high demands on their feet and
      therefore require careful evaluation prior to embarking on a specific treatment
      course. This article represents a current overview of common problems affecting
      the forefoot of recreational and world-class runners. Treatment plans are based
      on the senior author's experience in the care of runners over the past 14 years.

PMID- 2879781
TI  - [Hypertension and heart failure--treatment with enalapril. Results of
      international studies on clinical applications].

PMID- 2879782
TI  - Nocturnal acid suppression with a new H2 receptor antagonist--nizatidine.
AB  - To determine the potential efficacy of bedtime doses of the new furan H2 receptor
      antagonist nizatidine in the suppression of nocturnal acid secretion, this
      randomized, crossover, single-blind study was performed in 10 healthy male
      subjects. The actions of a single bedtime (21:00 hour) dose of the H2 receptor
      antagonists nizatidine (150 mg and 300 mg), ranitidine (300 mg) and cimetidine
      (800 mg), as well as placebo on nocturnal gastric acid and volume secretion
      (01:00 to 07:00 hours, and on overall 24 hour H+ ion concentration were studied.
      Compared with placebo, night-time (23:00 to 07:00 hours) H+ ion concentration was
      reduced by 70, 79, 95, and 76% (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.01). Nocturnal
      acid secretion, too, was significantly lower for the H2 blockers than for placebo
      (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.01). A significant reduction in night-time
      gastric volume secretion was observed in the hourly intervals from 04:00 to 07:00
      hours and in total volume in the whole 6 hours period (p less than 0.05-p less
      than 0.01). Nizatidine 300 mg nocte, ranitidine and cimetidine significantly
      decreased H+ concentration for only 1 hour (08:00 to 09:00 hours, p less than
      0.05-p less than 0.01) during the subsequent daytime period (08:00 to 13:00
      hours). Since no significant pharmacodynamic differences between nizatidine 300
      mg nocte, cimetidine 800 mg nocte and ranitidine 300 mg nocte were observed, it
      may be concluded that at the doses employed, these three H2-blockers will all be
      similarly effective in the acute therapy of peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2879783
TI  - Luminal leakage of HCO3 in chronic antral erosions.
AB  - Gastric bicarbonate content has been determined, under basal conditions, in ten
      patients with chronic antral erosions, and in ten healthy controls. The former
      group showed a significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than normal luminal
      concentration of HCO3. After medical treatment gastric bicarbonate content
      returned to normal in patients showing endoscopic healing, but not in subjects
      with persisting erosions. It is suggested that in chronic antral erosions,
      extensive disruption of mucosal integrity leads to passive leakage of bicarbonate
      into the gastric lumen.

PMID- 2879784
TI  - Biosynthesis of pancreatic islet hormones.
AB  - We have outlined the various strategies used to characterize the precursors of
      three pancreatic islet hormones--somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and VIP. In
      each case, isolation of the cDNA clones was facilitated by the use of
      gastrointestinal tissues that were extremely rich in specific mRNA.
      Characterization of the structures of the precursors is clearly only the first
      step in understanding the regulation of pancreatic hormone biosynthesis. It is
      likely that the availability of the cDNA clones will allow us to define the
      actual mechanisms underlying hormone production within the pancreas.

PMID- 2879785
TI  - Lithium in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2879786
TI  - Association between type of medication instruction and patients' knowledge, side
      effects, and compliance.
AB  - The authors measured knowledge about medication and its side effects, impact of
      side effects, and compliance in 30 chronic outpatients before and after they
      participated in two instruction sessions about their medication held one month
      apart. Instruction consisted of a verbal or a written and verbal presentation and
      minimum or maximum information about side effects. All patients' medication
      knowledge increased after both sessions. Those on high doses of neuroleptics
      given verbal and written information gained significantly more medication
      knowledge than those given only verbal information. After instruction, more
      patients knew about specific side effects, including tardive dyskinesia, and both
      patients given only verbal instruction and those given minimum information about
      side effects had fewer problems with side effects. Instruction did not affect
      compliance.

PMID- 2879787
TI  - Overcoming institutional and community resistance to a tardive dyskinesia
      management program.
AB  - A growing body of research has examined psychiatry's previously hesitant response
      to the problem of tardive dyskinesia, but little has been said about resistance
      among institutions and communities to managing tardive dyskinesia. This paper
      describes how staff of a tardive dyskinesia management program overcame such
      resistance in both an inpatient and an outpatient setting and implemented tardive
      dyskinesia guidelines promulgated by an American Psychiatric Association task
      force in 1979. Through educational and liaison activities, the program staff
      overcame the fears of nurses and community sponsors of outpatients about reducing
      or withdrawing patients' neuroleptic medication. Implementation of the program
      required strong support from the hospital administration and an increase in
      communication between the various services and outpatient programs treating
      patients with tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2879788
TI  - Association of a DNA polymorphism in the apolipoprotein C-III gene with diverse
      hyperlipidaemic phenotypes.
AB  - We found an increased prevalence of an Sst-1 restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP), localized to the apolipoprotein C-III gene, in lipid clinic
      patients with diverse hyperlipidaemic phenotypes. Studies on a normolipidaemic
      control population confirmed previous reports of differing frequencies of the
      RFLP in different racial groups. Reexamination of the patient data, taking into
      account racial composition, provided further support for an association of the
      Sst-1 RFLP with primary hypercholesterolaemia, type III hyperlipoproteinaemia, as
      well as with hypertriglyceridaemia as had previously been observed. These results
      suggest that the Sst-1 site is linked to a gene defect with a minor or subtle
      phenotypic effect which enhances the expression of a co-existent major monogenic
      defect of lipoprotein transport.

PMID- 2879789
TI  - Functional and molecular studies of V genes expressed in autoantibodies.

PMID- 2879790
TI  - Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. Prevalence and relationship to
      pathophysiologic variables.
AB  - In less than a decade since development of echocardiographic measurement of left
      ventricular muscle mass, studies using this technique have provided considerable
      information about the prevalence and pathophysiology of left ventricular
      hypertrophy in human hypertension. Increased left ventricular mass has been found
      in a significant minority of patients with systemic hypertension, with the exact
      prevalence dependent both on how a population is selected and on the sex, race,
      and possibly age composition of its members. All published studies have reported
      that left ventricular hypertrophy is more closely related to blood pressure
      recorded in the patient's natural setting during normal activity or exercise
      whether measured by portable recorder or home manometer-than to blood pressure
      measured by the physician. In addition, studies indicate that the classic
      hypertensive abnormalities of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and
      increased peripheral resistance are interrelated, while left ventricular
      hypertrophy is absent in a subgroup of patients with mild essential hypertension
      who exhibit high cardiac output and evidence of supernormal myocardial
      contractility. Conversely, the left ventricular functional response to exercise
      is inversely related to the degree of hypertrophy. High levels of blood
      viscosity, which would tend to blunt the reduction in peripheral resistance
      expected during sleep or exercise, have also been associated with left
      ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension.
      Echocardiographic studies have provided evidence both for and against the
      hypothesis that activity of the sympathetic or reninangiotensin systems plays a
      direct role in causing hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy. These findings
      demonstrate the useful role that echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular
      structure and function may play in hypertension research.

PMID- 2879791
TI  - Characterization of genes encoding type 1 fimbriae of Klebsiella pneumoniae,
      Salmonella typhimurium, and Serratia marcescens.
AB  - With a minicell system, the organization of genes encoding type 1 fimbriae of
      Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens was
      determined. In all cases multiple gene products were necessary for the phenotypic
      expression of fimbriae; thus fimbrial expression in these strains is similar to
      that in Escherichia coli. The type 1 fimbrial subunit gene was detected by the
      ability of its product to react with specific antiserum. At least six genes were
      found to be involved in the expression of type 1 fimbriae by S. typhimurium, and
      at least four genes constituted the fimbrial gene cluster of K. pneumoniae. In
      the case of S. marcescens, a minimum of three detectable polypeptides was
      required for the production of fimbriae. Also, a gene probe consisting in part of
      nucleotide sequences from the E. coli fimbrial subunit gene hybridized to a
      discrete DNA fragment derived from the plasmid encoding K. pneumoniae fimbriae.
      Such a fragment was assumed to contain a gene encoding the structural component
      of the type 1 fimbriae. Each of the three cloned systems encoded a number of
      polypeptides which varied in size; thus, the organization and molecular weight of
      fimbrial accessory proteins of each genus were not identical.

PMID- 2879792
TI  - Distribution of type 1 and P pili on uropathogenic Escherichia coli O6.
AB  - The distribution of type 1 and P pili on individual cells of an O6 uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli strain, 6260, was determined immunologically with pilus-specific
      monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron
      microscopy. Variations in pilus expression under different culture conditions
      were monitored with an indirect immunofluorescence assay; 63% of piliated cells
      expressed type 1 pili when grown on agar at 37 degrees C versus 14 to 38% when
      grown in broth at 37 degrees C. In contrast, generally fewer cells with P pili
      (18 to 44%) were detected on agar than when grown in broth (up to 86%). Both type
      1 and P pili were absent from cells cultured at 20 degrees C. Immunogold and
      immunofluorescence double labeling techniques with monoclonal antibodies 11-2 and
      91-1 were used to study subpopulations of cells with type 1 and P pili; 39 to 41%
      of the piliated cells demonstrated only type 1 pili, and 12 to 16% of the cells
      showed only P pili. The immunogold method proved more sensitive than the
      immunofluorescence technique for detecting subpopulations expressing both pili
      types simultaneously, 19 versus 7%. We observed variations between type 1 and P
      pili, both in expression on individual cells and in the distribution of
      subpopulations of cells.

PMID- 2879793
TI  - Malaria transmission-blocking immunity induced by natural infections of
      Plasmodium vivax in humans.
AB  - Immunity to malarial infections in human populations is known to affect the
      development of the asexual blood stages of the parasites in the human host and to
      be capable of conferring significant protection against morbidity and mortality
      due to the disease. In this study we show that during acute infection with
      Plasmodium vivax malaria, one of the two main malarial pathogens of humans, most
      individuals also develop immunity that suppresses the infectivity of the sexual
      stages of the parasite to mosquitoes. The immunity is antibody mediated and is
      directed against the parasites in the mosquito midgut shortly after ingestion of
      blood by a mosquito. This immunity could be expected to have significant effects
      on the natural transmission of P. vivax malaria.

PMID- 2879794
TI  - Relationship of type 1 pilus expression in Escherichia coli to ascending urinary
      tract infections in mice.
AB  - The role of type 1 pili and P adhesins during the in vivo growth of Escherichia
      coli inoculated into the urethras of BALB/c mice was studied. Strains which
      produced type 1 pili when grown in broth but lost this trait when grown on agar
      (regulated variants) were tested. Broth-grown organisms colonized the bladder of
      every animal tested, with counts of 10(3) to 10(4) viable organisms recovered
      from bladder homogenates. Agar-grown organisms gave lower rates of infection and
      the number of viable organisms recovered from bladders was significantly reduced.
      The degree of inoculum piliation influenced bladder colonization in a direct way:
      as piliation increased, the number of bacteria recovered from bladders also
      increased. After intraurethral inoculation, all of the bladders and 44% of the
      kidneys were colonized on day 1, and by day 5, 94% of the bladders and 16% of the
      kidneys were positive. Hemagglutination titers remained high for the bladder
      isolates, but the organisms colonizing the kidneys became significantly less
      piliated with time. Bacteriuria was unrelated to bladder or renal colonization.
      Strains that demonstrated random phase variation of type 1 pili during growth on
      agar produced similar colonizations of the urinary tract with broth- and agar
      grown inocula. Strains that produced only P adhesins were less effective in
      colonizing the urinary tract than were type 1 piliated organisms. Other strains
      which did not produce pili only minimally colonized the bladder. The results
      suggest that type 1 pili play an essential role in ascending infections of the
      urinary tract.

PMID- 2879795
TI  - Adherence to human colonocytes of an Escherichia coli strain isolated from severe
      infantile enteritis: molecular and ultrastructural studies of a fibrillar
      adhesin.
AB  - Escherichia coli 469-3 (O21:H-) was isolated from a child with severe enteritis.
      Ultrastructural analysis of the surface of the strain indicated the presence of
      very fine fimbriae which mediated mannose-resistant hemagglutination of human
      blood and caused the bacteria to adhere to human epithelial cell lines and to
      brush borders of isolated human colonic, but not duodenal, enterocytes. A cosmid
      library of total DNA of the strain, expressed in laboratory strains of E. coli,
      was screened by a rapid hemadsorption method, and a number of positive clones
      were identified. Restriction endonuclease fragments specifying mannose-resistant
      adherence were subcloned from the cosmid DNA of a strongly hemagglutinating clone
      in a plasmid vector. The identity of the adhesin was confirmed by biochemical,
      electron-microscopic, and immunological comparisons with the adhesin synthesized
      by the clinical isolate. It comprised a high-molecular-weight aggregate of a
      14,000-dalton subunit protein which bound antiserum raised against the mannose
      resistant adhesin of strain 469-3. The adhesin was synthesized by both the clone
      and the parental strain at growth temperatures above 18 degrees C but by only a
      fraction of the cells in a pure culture, although all the bacteria which adhered
      to human cells expressed the protein.

PMID- 2879797
TI  - Mechanism of antianaphylactic action of beta-agonists in allergic inflammation of
      air pouch type in rats.
AB  - Using an experimental model of allergic inflammation of air pouch type in rats,
      the mechanism of antiallergic action of beta-agonists was examined. In this model
      an immediate increase in vascular permeability and histamine level in the pouch
      fluid was observed after injecting the antigen (azobenzene arsonate-conjugated
      acetyl bovine serum albumin) solution into the preformed air pouch on the back of
      the sensitized rats. The same type of reaction was inducible by injecting anti
      rat IgE into the preformed air pouch, but not IgG2a. This fact indicates that the
      immediate increase in vascular permeability and histamine level is an IgE
      mediated anaphylactic reaction. When beta-agonists such as isoproterenol,
      procaterol and salbutamol were injected into the air pouch together with the
      antigen, the anaphylactic increase in vascular permeability was suppressed dose
      dependently without concomitant decrease in histamine level in the pouch fluid.
      In contrast, disodium cromoglycate, an inhibitor of degranulation of mast cells,
      the anaphylactic vascular permeability increase was suppressed in parallel with a
      decrease of the histamine level. Propranolol, a beta-antagonist, counteracted the
      effect of beta-agonists. Serotonin-induced vascular permeability was also
      suppressed dose-dependently by treatment with beta-agonists. Furthermore,
      vascular permeability in the postanaphylactic phase of the present experimental
      model was also suppressed by isoproterenol. These results indicate that beta
      agonists exert their antiallergic effect by inhibiting the reactivity of local
      vasculature to chemical mediators released from mast cells.

PMID- 2879796
TI  - A plasmid of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is required for
      expression of a new fimbrial antigen and for adhesion to epithelial cells.
AB  - Of 14 strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from patients with hemorrhagic
      colitis or hemolytic uremic syndrome that were examined for fimbriae, the
      presence of plasmids, and the ability to adhere to intestinal cells, 13 possessed
      a 60-megadalton plasmid and were fimbriated as assessed by electron microscopy.
      These strains adhered to Henle 407 intestinal cells but not to HEp-2 cells or
      erythrocytes. Three strains were cured of the plasmid and thereafter failed to
      express fimbriae and lost the ability to adhere to intestinal cells. Conversely,
      E. coli K-12 transformed with the 60-megadalton plasmid from each of the three
      strains produced fimbriae and was able to adhere to intestinal cells. A single
      fimbrial subunit of 16 kilodaltons was observed when purified fimbriae from the
      transformants and from the 60-megadalton plasmid-containing E. coli O157:H7
      strains were disaggregated and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Antisera raised against one preparation of the purified
      fimbriae reacted strongly with 12 of 14 O157:H7 isolates in an agglutination
      assay and with purified fimbrial preparations from five E. coli O157:H7 strains
      in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

PMID- 2879798
TI  - Regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in multiple sclerosis by
      central nervous system hormones.
AB  - Using oligodendrocytes from primary brain cultures as targets in an antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, we have examined the effects of
      insulin and histamine on killer cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other
      neurological disease (OND) controls compared to normal healthy controls. The
      effects were shown to be specific for effectors by preincubation experiments. MS
      patients' ADCC to primary oligodendrocytes was depressed, but could be boosted to
      normal control levels by histamine binding to the H1 receptor. Significant
      elevation of MS ADCC by cimetidine alone suggested that endogenous histamine
      production and H2 receptor binding could be mediating a suppressive effect on MS
      ADCC to oligodendrocytes. In addition, MS ADCC could be boosted significantly by
      insulin. MS killer cells were more sensitive in vitro to the boosting effects of
      both histamine and insulin than either OND or normal controls, both in dose
      response and magnitude of the increased ADCC.

PMID- 2879799
TI  - Changes in the volume and histology of retractile testes in prepubertal boys.
AB  - Testicular development was studied in prepubertal boys with retractile testes.
      Testicular volume, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the number of
      spermatogonia in the tubules were decreased in cases of unilateral retractile
      testis, when compared with values for the contralateral normally descended
      testis. On the other hand, in patients with a unilateral retractile testis and
      contralateral inguinal testis, there was no difference in the developmental
      parameters between the two testes. These results suggest that the retractile
      testis has developmental failures characteristic of a cryptorchid testis and
      therefore requires orchiopexy.

PMID- 2879801
TI  - Intratesticular factors and testosterone secretion: the effect of treatment with
      ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) and the induction of seminiferous tubule damage.
AB  - The role of seminiferous tubule dysfunction in regulating the levels of a factor
      (or factors) in testicular interstitial fluid (IF) which stimulates Leydig cell
      testosterone secretion in vitro, was assessed by injecting rats with the Leydig
      cell toxin, EDS. Within 72 h of treatment EDS destroyed the Leydig cells and
      concomitantly reduced IF testosterone to undetectable levels. This was associated
      with nearly a 2-fold increase (P less than 0.001) in levels of the IF-factor(s)
      as judged by the enhancement of hCG-stimulated testosterone production (= IF
      bioactivity). By 3 weeks, and thereafter up to 10 weeks post-EDS, Leydig cells
      regenerated within the testis, and testosterone levels returned to control
      values, but IF-bioactivity remained significantly increased. The latter was
      associated with seminiferous tubule dysfunction as indicated initially by
      testicular morphology, raised serum levels of FSH and reduced testicular weight.
      For animals with normal testosterone levels, there was a significant negative
      correlation (r = -0.57, N = 46; P less than 0.001) between testicular weight and
      IF bioactivity. A similar increase in IF bioactivity in the presence of normal
      testosterone levels was observed in rats in which patchy severe seminiferous
      tubule damage had been induced by short-term cryptorchidism. It is concluded
      that, in addition to testosterone, seminiferous tubule function may dictate the
      intratesticular levels of the testosterone-stimulating factor(s) in IF.

PMID- 2879800
TI  - Regulation of interstitial cell function by seminiferous tubules in intact and
      cryptorchid rats.
AB  - The effects of experimental cryptorchidism on seminiferous tubule secretions and
      interstitial cell testosterone production were studied in vitro. Spent media
      obtained from incubations of seminiferous tubules (SMST) from cryptorchid rats
      caused a significant increase in testosterone production when added to
      interstitial cells isolated from intact rats. The previously noticed inhibitory
      activity of the SMST from stages VIII-XI of the spermatogenic epithelial cycle
      gradually disappeared after the induction of experimental cryptorchidism. SMST
      obtained from both sham-operated or cryptorchid rats stimulated basal
      testosterone production when added to interstitial cells from cryptorchid rats.
      SMST from rats had been cryptorchid for 7, 14 and 28 days stimulated testosterone
      production when added to interstitial cells prepared from intact animals.
      Seminiferous tubules from cryptorchid rats therefore appear to be the source of a
      heat stable, trypsin-resistant factor with an apparent molecular weight of
      between 5000 and 10,000 daltons which stimulates testosterone production when
      added to interstitial cells in vitro. Its activity could not be blocked by an LRH
      antagonist. This factor enhances both basal and LH-stimulated secretion of
      testosterone in contrast to the inhibitory activity which involves only a partial
      blockade of LH-dependent steroidogenesis.

PMID- 2879802
TI  - Age and first experience with psychoactive drugs.
AB  - By utilizing the Gutman Scaling technique and by plotting acquisition curves, a
      number of different patterns of involvement with different psychoactive drugs
      were discerned. A stable, sequential, and cumulative hierarchy of experience with
      drugs was found to be established at age 15, but different peak years exist for
      trying different drugs. It was also found that drug use may be cumulative for
      some drugs and not for others. Special emphasis has been given to discussing the
      research implications that have arisen from the present study.

PMID- 2879803
TI  - Neuroendocrine effects of setoperone: a new neuroleptic drug.
AB  - Setoperone (R 52245), a serotonin S2 and dopamine D2 receptor blocker, was tested
      on eight healthy male volunteers, receiving 5 or 40 mg orally, in order to assess
      the modifications of plasma prolactin levels, as an index of receptor blocking
      activity. Both doses significantly increased plasma levels, confirming the
      dopamine blocking activity. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown serotonin S2
      receptor blockade and lysergic acid diethylamide antagonist activity. Setoperone
      is proposed as a possible new neuroleptic drug.

PMID- 2879805
TI  - Failure of a combined anti-histamine and anti-leukotriene treatment to suppress
      passive anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig.
AB  - Ovalbumin was used to trigger passive systemic anaphylactic shock in guinea-pigs
      treated with serum provided by actively sensitized animals. Shock was
      characterized by bronchoconstriction and hypotension, accompanied by leukopenia
      and moderate thrombocytopenia. Neither aspirin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, FPL
      55712, a peptido-leukotriene antagonist, nor their combination interfered with
      shock, under conditions where the selective histamine antagonist mepyramine, up
      to 20 micrograms/kg, suppressed bronchoconstriction. When the animals were
      treated with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, mepyramine lost its
      activity, even if combined with aspirin and FPL 55712. Lungs provided by the
      sensitized animals secreted histamine and formed thromboxane A2 when challenged
      with ovalbumin, but failed to do so when the lungs were collected after systemic
      shock; demonstrating that in vivo desensitization involves direct effects on the
      lungs. Parenchyma lung strips from the sensitized animals and lung strips and
      trachea from non-sensitized animals placed together in an organ bath contracted
      when exposed to the antigen in presence of mepyramine. The contraction of the
      sensitized strips was not affected by FPL 55712 nor by the lipoxygenase
      inhibitors nordihydroguarietic acid and BW755c, but the responses of the non
      sensitized tissues were suppressed, demonstrating that, apart from peptido
      leukotrienes, parenchyma lung strips from passively sensitized animals generate a
      leukotriene and histamine-independent contracting activity. Histamine and peptido
      leukotrienes do not account for the totality of passive anaphylactic shock in the
      guinea-pig.

PMID- 2879806
TI  - Lymphomatoid papulosis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease:
      diseases of activated helper T cells?

PMID- 2879804
TI  - The effect of cyclophosphamide in vivo on the expression of lymphocyte markers,
      detected by monoclonal antibodies, in the rat.
AB  - Surface markers on lymphocytes from the thymus, lymph node and spleen of the rat
      were examined in single cell suspensions using a panel of monoclonal antibodies.
      These were used particularly to investigate Pan T, TH (T-helper), TS/C (T
      suppressor-cytotoxic) and Ia antigens. The expression of these markers in rats
      treated with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg body weight) was
      followed for 3 weeks after treatment. Maximum changes were detected at 3 days and
      recovery took up to 3 weeks to near completion. Comparison was made with
      histological observations of the effect of CY on these organs. At 3 days, the
      thymus showed maximum weight loss and gross cortical depletion. This associated
      with significant drop in the expression of the TS/C marker on small and large
      lymphocytes. Regeneration of the cortex, beginning at 7 days, was associated with
      the presence of many large pyroninophilic cells. This was accompanied by an
      increase in the expression of the TS/C marker on both small and large
      lymphocytes. The mesenteric lymph node showed marked depletion of the B-cell
      areas at 3 days. There was also a significant drop in TS/C and Ia expression and
      a marked rise in Pan T and TH. TS/C expression recovered rapidly with a rebound
      at 7 days. However, the expression of Pan T and TH did not return to normal until
      21 days. In the spleen there was a similar decrease in the lymphocytes populating
      the B-cell areas at 3 and 7 days with an increase in the expression of Pan T and
      TH, and a decrease in the expression of Ia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879807
TI  - Influence of amino acid, somatostatin and somatostatin-glucagon infusion on
      resting metabolic rate, assessed by indirect calorimetry, in normal non-obese
      subjects.

PMID- 2879808
TI  - Autoimmune diseases of the peripheral cornea.

PMID- 2879809
TI  - Biological aspects of depression: a review of the etiology and mechanisms of
      action and clinical assessment of antidepressants.

PMID- 2879811
TI  - [Regulation of the secretion of gastrointestinal peptide hormones].

PMID- 2879810
TI  - [Is there a sensible use for somatostatin in gastroenterology?].

PMID- 2879812
TI  - Beta-blockers and the patient with bronchial disease.

PMID- 2879813
TI  - Salivary and blood levels of neuroleptics during outpatient maintenance
      treatment.

PMID- 2879814
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2879816
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants.

PMID- 2879815
TI  - New polymorphisms of HLA-B27 and other B locus antigens detected by RFLP using a
      locus-specific probe.
AB  - Genomic DNA from 46 B27+ ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, or normal
      individuals was digested with Taq I and probed, in Southern blots, with the HLA-B
      locus specific probe, EI7. Four restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP),
      2.5, 3.4, 3.8 and 4.0 or 8.0 kb, were observed for the B27 gene. In Caucasians,
      one of the B27 variants (2.5 kb) was more frequent in normals and almost never
      appeared in patients, suggesting a trend that is not yet statistically
      significant. In the course of defining the B27 polymorphisms, three and two RFLP,
      respectively, were also found for the B18 and B44 genes.

PMID- 2879817
TI  - Predicting residency performance.

PMID- 2879818
TI  - In search of an exit.

PMID- 2879819
TI  - More on influenza A and pneumonitis.

PMID- 2879820
TI  - Coping with the stress of malpractice litigation.

PMID- 2879821
TI  - Intracoronary streptokinase and fatal cerebellar hemorrhage.

PMID- 2879822
TI  - A consideration in evaluation of short stature. Cohen syndrome.

PMID- 2879823
TI  - The viewbox. Computed tomography.

PMID- 2879824
TI  - Kynurenic acid and gamma-D-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid suppress the compound
      action potential of the auditory nerve.
AB  - Kynurenic acid and gamma-D-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid, two excitatory amino
      acid antagonists, were perfused through the guinea pig cochlea while monitoring
      various cochlear potentials. Both drugs (0.6-10 mM) reduced the magnitude of the
      compound action potential (CAP) of the cochlear nerve without much effect on
      other potentials. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the hair
      cell transmitter is an excitatory amino acid, possibly L-glutamate.

PMID- 2879825
TI  - Effects of almitrine on genioglossal and diaphragmatic electromyograms.
AB  - We previously demonstrated dose-dependent increases in both hypoglossal and
      phrenic electroneurograms after almitrine in anesthetized, paralyzed, and
      vagotomized cats. We have now investigated the effect of this peripheral
      chemoreceptor stimulant on diaphragmatic and genioglossal (GG, an upper airway
      maintaining muscle) electromyograms in five unanesthetized, chronically
      instrumented, spontaneously breathing adult cats during slow-wave sleep. In 12
      studies almitrine doses of 1.0-6.0 mg/kg increased inspired minute ventilation
      (VI), frequency (f), and tidal volume (VT) and decreased expiratory time (TE).
      However, almitrine doses as high as 6.0 mg/kg failed to augment phasic
      inspiratory GG activity. To determine why almitrine induced phasic inspiratory
      upper airway activity in anesthetized, vagotomized cats but not in sleeping cats,
      additional studies were performed. In four dose-response studies in three
      pentobarbital-anesthetized cats, almitrine, 1.0-6.0 mg/kg, did not produce phasic
      inspiratory GG activity. Almitrine did induce phasic inspiratory GG activity in
      two of three studies in three vagotomized, tracheostomized, alpha-chloralose
      urethan-anesthetized cats. These results suggest that almitrine would not be
      useful in obstructive sleep apnea, yet because almitrine markedly increased VI,
      f, and VT and decreased TE in unanesthetized sleeping cats the drug may be
      effective in patients who lack normal central neural respiratory drive, such as
      the preterm infant.

PMID- 2879827
TI  - Thin layer chromatographic identification of phenothiazine derivative drugs:
      interlaboratory study.
AB  - A thin layer chromatographic method for the identification of phenothiazine
      derivative drugs was studied collaboratively by 8 laboratories. Twenty
      phenothiazine drugs were examined by each collaborator. The identification scheme
      depends on the color of the sprayed spots and the Rf values relative to the Rf of
      chlorpromazine (RCHL) in 4 solvent systems. In 98.13% of the cases, a correct
      identification could be made; the remaining drugs were reduced to a choice
      between pairs of phenothiazines. With respect to chlorpromazine, the data showed
      a significant decrease in variability of RCHL values compared with Rf values in
      the 4 solvent systems.

PMID- 2879826
TI  - Synthesis of barbituric acid derivatives and their effect on survival of
      functional hepatocytes from adult rats in primary culture.
AB  - Ten barbituric acid (BA) derivatives were synthesized and tested for their
      potency for supporting survival of functional hepatocytes from adult rats in
      primary culture. Of the 10 BA derivatives, 7 compounds (C-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and
      10) efficiently supported hepatocyte survival for at least 2 wks in primary
      culture. Especially C-5, 6, and 9 showed excellent efficiency for such action.
      The optimum concentrations of the BA derivatives for observing the morphological
      and biochemical effects differed from each other. The maintenance of hepatocytes
      was attained only in the continuous presence of the BA derivatives in the medium.
      The morphologic features of hepatocytes surviving in the presence of the BA
      derivatives resembled those of hepatocytes 24 h after inoculation. The surviving
      hepatocytes secreted remarkably large amounts of albumin into the culture media.
      Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activity was higher in the 1-wk-old cultures
      treated with C-5, 6, and 9 than in the freshly isolated hepatocytes. The addition
      of dexamethasone (10 microM) caused a 1.7 to 2.1-fold induction in TAT activity.
      The basal levels of TAT activity and the induction rates increased in the
      cultures treated with C-5 and 6 from Week 1 to 2 of primary culture.

PMID- 2879828
TI  - Teichoic acid-containing muropeptides from Streptococcus pneumoniae as substrates
      for the pneumococcal autolysin.
AB  - Pneumococcal cell walls in which the normal phosphorylcholine component of the
      wall teichoic acids is replaced with phosphorylethanolamine cannot absorb the
      homologous autolytic enzyme and are completely resistant to autolytic degradation
      (S. Giudicelli and A. Tomasz, J. Bacteriol. 158:1188-1190, 1984). We have now
      isolated and characterized soluble teichoic acid-containing muropeptides from
      such cell walls and tested them as substrates for the pneumococcal autolytic
      enzyme. Both choline- and ethanolamine-containing muropeptides were hydrolyzed to
      the same extent by the enzyme. Furthermore, free choline concentrations that
      totally inhibited the digestion of pneumococcal cell walls in vivo and in vitro
      were without effect when the soluble substrates were used.

PMID- 2879829
TI  - Involvement of glutamate in the respiratory metabolism of Bradyrhizobium
      japonicum bacteroids.
AB  - Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids were isolated anaerobically and supplied with
      14C-labeled succinate, malate, aspartate, or glutamate for periods of up to 60
      min in the presence of myoglobin to control the O2 concentration. Succinate and
      malate were absorbed about twice as rapidly as glutamate and aspartate.
      Conversion of substrate to CO2 was most rapid for malate, followed by succinate,
      glutamate, and aspartate. When CO2 production was expressed as a proportion of
      total carbon taken up, malate was still the most rapidly respired substrate, with
      68% of the label absorbed converted to CO2. The comparable values for succinate,
      glutamate, and aspartate were 37, 50, and 38%, respectively. Considering the fate
      of labeled substrate not respired, greater than 95% of absorbed glutamate
      remained as glutamate in the bacteroids. In contrast, from 39 to 66% of the
      absorbed succinate, malate, or aspartate was converted to glutamate. An increase
      in the rate of CO2 formation from labeled substrates after 20 min appeared to
      coincide with a maximum accumulation of label in glutamate. The results indicate
      the presence of a substantial glutamate pool in bacteroids and the involvement of
      glutamate in the respiratory metabolism of bacteroids.

PMID- 2879830
TI  - Identification and characterization of genes determining receptor binding and
      pilus length of Escherichia coli type 1 pili.
AB  - We describe the identification and characterization of two genes and their gene
      products responsible for determining receptor binding and pilus length in type 1
      piliated Escherichia coli. One gene, pilE, conferred the ability of piliated
      cells to agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes. The other gene, pilF, determined
      pilus length, in that mutants having lesions in pilF had very long pili. The two
      genes were detected after Tn5 mutagenesis of a cloned segment of DNA that
      normally complemented a pilE lesion in the chromosome. Thus, lesions in pilE or
      pilF on the cloned segment resulted in mutants having the PilE- phenotype
      (piliated but unable to agglutinate erythrocytes). Introduction of the plasmid
      encoded mutant alleles of pilE and pilF into the chromosome followed by electron
      microscopic examination of the mutants showed that only lesions in pilF conferred
      the striking increase in pilus length. Mutations in pilF could be complemented in
      trans by the original cloned segment to produce cells with parental-length pili.
      Minicell transcription and translation of the cloned pilE and pilF genes having
      representative Tn5 insertion mutations showed that the pilE gene product was a
      protein of ca. 31 kilodaltons and that the pilF gene product was a protein of ca.
      18 kilodaltons. We believe that the pilF gene product may act as a competitive
      inhibitor of pilus polymerization. Thus, pilus length may be controlled by the
      ratio of pilin to pilF gene product present within the cell.

PMID- 2879831
TI  - Inhibition of adhesive activity of K88 fibrillae by peptides derived from the K88
      adhesin.
AB  - A cyanogen bromide fragment derived from the K88ab adhesin inhibited the
      hemagglutinating activity of K88 fibrillae. Smaller fragments which inhibited the
      adherence of K88 fibrillae to erythrocytes or to intestinal epithelial cells were
      obtained by digestion of K88ab fibrillae with alpha-chymotrypsin. Active peptides
      were isolated from the digestion mixture and identified as Ser-Leu-Phe and Ala
      Ile-Phe. Both tripeptides correspond to the peptide stretches Ser-148-Leu-Phe-150
      and Ala-156-Ile-Phe-158, respectively, which are part of conserved regions in the
      primary structure of the K88 variants ab, ac, and ad. The isolated tripeptides
      inhibited the hemagglutinating activity of purified K88 fibrillae in the 1 to 5
      microM range, while adherence of the fibrillae to intestinal epithelial cell
      brush borders was inhibited in the 10 to 50 microM range. Furthermore, the
      tripeptides were capable of eluting attached bacteria from agglutinated
      erythrocytes. The inhibitory activity of the isolated peptides was confirmed by
      testing various synthetic peptides for their ability to inhibit the interaction
      of the different K88 variants with various species of erythrocytes. The
      significance of these findings for the localization of the receptor-binding
      domain is discussed.

PMID- 2879832
TI  - Effect of clorazepate on depressed mood in anxious patients.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of clorazepate in the treatment of 189
      patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder was conducted to evaluate
      the efficacy of an anxiolytic on the depressed-mood component of anxiety.
      Clorazepate-treated patients with concomitant high levels of depressed mood,
      defined as a score of 60 or above on the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS),
      showed significant improvement of anxiety symptomatology, as measured by the
      Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and of
      depressed mood, as measured by the SDS, compared with placebo-treated patients
      (all p values less than .01).

PMID- 2879833
TI  - Phosphorylation state of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. I. Linear inverse
      relationship to activity ratios at different citrate concentrations.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and its associated kinase have been purified to
      homogeneity from rat liver and, together with the catalytic subunit of liver
      protein phosphatase, used to study the effect of phosphorylation on the
      carboxylase activity. Phosphatase increases the carboxylase activity, whereas the
      kinase decreases it. A linear inverse relationship (correlation coefficient =
      0.98) exists between phosphate incorporated by the kinase and the specific
      activity. The kinetics of activation by citrate show an increased Ka and a
      decreased Vmax for carboxylase preparations with increasing levels of phosphate.
      On this basis an enzymic test was devised for phosphate incorporated by the
      kinase. Thus the ratio of activities at 0 and 2 mM citrate is inversely
      proportional to the phosphate incorporated (correlation coefficient = -0.95),
      with 0.8 mol of P incorporated per mol of subunit decreasing the activity ratio
      from 0.5 to 0. This activity ratio method has an inherent internal control which
      makes it suitable for determining the level of protein-bound phosphate affecting
      the carboxylase activity in crude tissue extracts, and hence it should be useful
      for physiological studies. Tryptic maps of carboxylase labeled with radioactive
      phosphate by the carboxylase kinase indicate that the slightly less than 1 mol of
      P/mol of subunit is distributed equally between two peptides, whereas cAMP
      dependent protein kinase phosphorylates these two sites and a third which may not
      affect activity.

PMID- 2879834
TI  - Phosphorylation state of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. II. Variation with
      nutritional condition.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase from liver exhibits a linear inverse relationship between
      the ratio of enzymic activities at 0 and 2 mM citrate and the extent of
      phosphorylation by its kinase, and this citrate activity ratio method was used to
      examine the effect of nutritional conditions on the phosphorylation state of the
      enzyme. This method showed that the calculated phosphorylation state, being the
      extent of phosphorylation at sites accessible to carboxylase kinase, was highest
      in the livers of starved rats, lower in those fed normally, and lower still in
      starved rats which had been refed for 48 h on a fat-free diet. The actual values
      were 0.44, 0.26, and 0 mol of P/subunit, respectively, provided that liver
      samples were frozen rapidly to liquid nitrogen temperatures and extracted with
      stopping buffers at temperatures well below freezing. Normal homogenization with
      stopping buffers (containing inhibitors for protein kinases and phosphatases)
      resulted in much higher calculated phosphorylation states. The effect of
      nutritional conditions on the phosphorylation state as estimated reported above
      was confirmed by purifying the carboxylase from livers of rats, measuring the
      amount of phosphate which could be incorporated by carboxylase kinase, and
      comparing this with the phosphorylation state calculated from the citrate
      activity ratio method or the specific activity. Furthermore, treatment with
      protein phosphatase of carboxylase from starved rats resulted in the largest
      increase in specific activity, that from the starved/refed rats in the least.
      Finally, the effects of hyperglycemia on carboxylase and phosphorylase
      characteristics in the livers of intact rats were ascertained by taking liver
      samples and preparing crude extracts by the rapid freezing method described
      above. Hyperglycemia caused a rapid increase in the activity of the carboxylase
      and a rapid decrease in its putative phosphorylation state as measured by the
      citrate activity ratio method. Phosphorylase was also dephosphorylated, as
      indicated by a decrease in phosphorylase a activity. We conclude that the citrate
      activity ratio method is a valid test for the phosphorylation state of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase in crude extracts of tissue.

PMID- 2879836
TI  - Developmental regulation of trypanosome mitochondrial gene expression.
AB  - Mitochondrial respiratory activities in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei
      are developmentally regulated. The trypanosomes in the mammalian bloodstream
      derive ATP entirely from glycolysis. The trypanosomes found in the midgut of the
      insect vector or in culture at 26 degrees C have fully functional mitochondria
      with cytochrome-mediated respiration. In this paper, we show that the steady
      state levels of the 9 S and 12 S mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are 30-fold
      lower in an early developmental stage in the mammal, the slender forms, relative
      to the levels in the stumpy trypanosomes, a later developmental stage in the
      mammalian infection. Transcripts from three other mitochondrial genes, cytochrome
      b and subunits I and II of cytochrome oxidase, are undetectable in the slender
      trypanosomes and increase in the stumpy trypanosomes to levels approaching those
      in trypanosomes from 26 degrees C cultures. Transcription of other mitochondrial
      genes, including NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 5, is unregulated during trypanosome
      development. These results show that the level of some mitochondrial transcripts
      is developmentally regulated in bloodstream trypanosomes and suggest that the
      stumpy bloodstream trypanosomes accumulate mitochondrial transcripts prior to
      development of a functional mitochondrion. These results also show that the
      developmental activation of mitochondrial activities at 26 degrees C is not
      controlled at the level of mitochondrial transcription.

PMID- 2879835
TI  - Transcriptional analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the
      tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus after estrogen
      treatment.
AB  - The tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat
      hypothalamus project to the median eminence and release dopamine from the axon
      terminals into the portal vessels. The released dopamine is transported to the
      anterior pituitary and acts to inhibit the release of prolactin from lactotrophs.
      About 50% of the tuberoinfundibular neurons have been shown to have estrogen
      receptors, and several research groups have shown that estrogen treatment affects
      dopamine release. Our interest is to determine, using an in vitro run-on
      transcription assay, whether acute estrogen treatment modulates the expression of
      the gene encoding for the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine biosynthesis,
      tyrosine hydroxylase, in a manner parallel to the values reported for dopamine
      turnover. We found that after 20 min of estrogen treatment in a 3-week
      ovariectomized rat that tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription decreased to 40%
      of control and continued to decrease after an hour of estrogen to 5% of control.
      After 4 days of estrogen, tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription increased but
      was only about 70% of control. In contrast to the bimodal change in tyrosine
      hydroxylase gene transcription in response to acute estrogen, we were only able
      to detect a change in the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA after 2 weeks of
      estrogen treatment, when a 2-fold decrease was observed. Similar results for
      dopamine turnover, as compared to tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription, have
      been reported by others in that 3 h after a single estrogen benzoate injection,
      dopamine turnover was decreased, while after 3 days there was not a significant
      change. Therefore, it seems that the changes in tyrosine hydroxylase gene
      transcription after acute estrogen treatment qualitatively parallel the values
      reported for dopamine turnover, suggesting that the rate of transcription may be
      an index of neural stimulation.

PMID- 2879837
TI  - Identification of a substrate site for liver transglutaminase on the
      aminopropeptide of type III collagen.
AB  - The aminopropeptide of type III collagen incorporates [3H]putrescine in the
      presence of liver transglutaminase, and the change in incorporation with
      concentration indicates one binding site on each of the Mr = 15,000 subunits of
      the peptide. At low concentrations the incorporation was comparable to that of
      dimethyl casein and much greater than actin or fibrinogen. Cleavage and Edman
      degradation of the aminopropeptide identified the major putrescine-binding site
      as glutamine in position 14. The surrounding amino acid sequence (Leu-Gly-Gln
      Ser) shows homology with some synthetic peptide substrates of transglutaminase.

PMID- 2879838
TI  - Short-term metabolic fate of [13N]ammonia in rat liver in vivo.
AB  - The short-term metabolic fate of [13N]ammonia in the livers of adult male,
      anesthetized rats was determined. Following a bolus injection of tracer
      quantities of [13N]ammonia into the portal vein, the single pass extraction was
      approximately 93%, in good agreement with the portal-hepatic vein difference of
      approximately 90%. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of
      deproteinized liver samples indicated that labeled nitrogen is exchanged rapidly
      among components of: mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate
      dehydrogenase reactions and cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine
      aminotransferase reactions (t1/2 for the exchange of label toward equilibrium is
      on the order of seconds). Comparison of specific activities of glutamate and
      ammonia suggests that at 5 s most labeled glutamate was mitochondrial, whereas at
      60 s approximately 93% was cytosolic; this change is presumably brought about by
      the combined action of the mitochondrial and cytosolic aspartate
      aminotransferases and the aspartate carrier of the malate-aspartate shuttle.
      Specific activity measurements of glutamate, alanine, and aspartate are in accord
      with the proposal by Williamson et al. (Williamson, D.H., Lopes-Vieira, O., and
      Walker, B. (1967) Biochem. J. 104, 497-502) that the components of the aspartate
      aminotransferase reaction are in thermodynamic equilibrium, whereas the
      components of the alanine aminotransferase reaction are in equilibrium but
      compartmented in the rat liver. Despite considerable label in citrulline at early
      time points, no radioactivity (less than or equal to 0.25% of the total) was
      detected in carbamyl phosphate, suggesting very efficient conversion to
      citrulline with little free carbamyl phosphate accumulating in the mitochondria.
      Our data also show that some portal vein-derived ammonia is metabolized to
      glutamine in the rat liver, but the amount is small (approximately 7% of that
      metabolized to urea) in part because liver glutamine synthetase is located in a
      small population of perivenous cells "downstream" from the urea cycle-containing
      periportal cells. Finally, no tracer evidence could be found for the
      participation of the purine nucleotide cycle in ammonia production from
      aspartate. The present work continues to emphasize the usefulness of [13N]ammonia
      for short-term metabolic studies under truly tracer conditions, particularly when
      turnover times are on the order of seconds.

PMID- 2879839
TI  - Intracellular distribution of mammalian stress proteins. Effects of cytoskeletal
      specific agents.
AB  - Following a brief period of heat stress, the two highly conserved mammalian
      stress proteins, hsp68 and 70, were examined with respect to their intracellular
      locations. In four independent cell lines, hsp68 and 70 were found to partition
      into both Triton X-100-soluble and insoluble fractions as assessed by two
      dimensional gel analysis of newly synthesized polypeptides, whereas a fifth cell
      line showed these proteins only in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction. In
      addition, a previously described cell fractionation technique was utilized to
      gain information regarding the segregation of the two major mammalian stress
      proteins, hsp68 and 70, into distinct biochemically and morphologically
      characterized subcellular compartments of PtK2-epithelial cells. Two cytoskeletal
      specific agents, taxol and colchicine, were also probed for their effects on the
      disposition of these polypeptides. Under our conditions of acute heat exposure,
      hsp68, 70 and their isoforms were globally distributed in all subcellular
      fractions examined, with a few notable exceptions in drug-treated cells.
      Colchicine, a microtubule-depolymerizing drug, inhibited the association of hsp68
      and its variants with the double-detergent-extractable labile "cytoskeleton,"
      whereas taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, in some manner, facilitated the
      transit of hsp68 and its isovariants from a cytoplasmic to nuclear domain. Degree
      of cell density is a factor which influences the synthesis of various
      cytoskeletal proteins; therefore, we studied the effect of cell confluency on the
      disposition of mammalian stress proteins hsp68 and 70 in human FS-4 fibroblasts.
      In confluent cultures, where cell-cell contact was maximal, we observed the
      appearance of a previously undetected polypeptide which was not found in sparsely
      populated cultures. This protein may represent a post-translationally modified
      isoform of a preexisting heat shock protein, or perhaps, a novel stress protein.

PMID- 2879840
TI  - Inactivation of pea seed glutamine synthetase by the toxin, tabtoxinine-beta
      lactam.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase of plants is the physiological target of tabtoxinine-beta
      lactam, a toxin produced by several disease-causing pathovars of Pseudomonas
      syringae. This toxin, a unique amino acid, is an active site-directed,
      irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase from pea. ATP is required for
      inactivation. Neither ADP, AMP, nor adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma
      methylene)triphosphate (AMP-PCP) supports inactivation. Adenyl-5'-yl
      imidophosphate (AMP-PNP) is slowly hydrolyzed by glutamine synthetase to produce
      adenyl-5'-yl phosphoramidate (AMP-PN) and inorganic phosphate as identified by
      31P NMR spectroscopic analysis. AMP-PNP also supports a slow inactivation of
      glutamine synthetase by tabtoxinine-beta-lactam. These data are consistent with
      gamma-phosphate transfer being involved in the inactivation. Completely
      inactivated glutamine synthetase has 0.9 mumol of toxin bound/mumol of subunit.
      One mumol of ATP is bound per mumol of subunit of glutamine synthetase in the
      absence of either the toxin or another active site-directed inhibitor, methionine
      sulfoximine; whereas, a 2nd mumol of either [alpha- or gamma-32P]ATP is bound per
      mumol of subunit when glutamine synthetase is incubated in the presence of either
      toxin or methionine sulfoximine until all enzyme activity is lost. These data
      suggest that the gamma-phosphate hydrolyzed from ATP during inactivation remains
      with the enzyme-inhibitor complex, as well as the ADP. The open chain form,
      tabtoxinine, was neither a reversible nor an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine
      synthetase, suggesting that the beta-lactam ring is necessary for inhibition. The
      inactivation of glutamine synthetase with tabtoxinine-beta-lactam is pseudo-first
      order when done in buffer containing 15% (v/v) ethylene glycol. The rate constant
      for this reaction is 3 X 10(-2) S-1, and the Ki for the toxin is 1 mM. Removal of
      the ethylene glycol from the buffer allows the reaction to proceed in a non-first
      order manner with the apparent rate constant decreasing with time. As the enzyme
      is inactivated in these conditions, the binding affinity for the toxin appears to
      decrease, while the Km observed for glutamate does not change.

PMID- 2879841
TI  - Chemical modification and labeling of glutamate residues at the
      stilbenedisulfonate site of human red blood cell band 3 protein.
AB  - A new method has been developed for the chemical modification and labeling of
      carboxyl groups in proteins. Carboxyl groups are activated with Woodward's
      reagent K (N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium 3'-sulfonate), and the adducts are reduced
      with [3H]BH4. The method has been applied to the anion transport protein of the
      human red blood cell (band 3). Woodward's reagent K is a reasonably potent
      inhibitor of band 3-mediated anion transport; a 5-min exposure of intact cells to
      2 mM reagent at pH 6.5 produces 80% inhibition of transport. The inhibition is a
      consequence of modification of residues that can be protected by 4,4'
      dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate. Treatment of intact cells with Woodward's
      reagent K followed by B3H4 causes extensive labeling of band 3, with minimal
      labeling of intracellular proteins such as spectrin. Proteolytic digestion of the
      labeled protein reveals that both the 60- and the 35-kDa chymotryptic fragments
      are labeled and that the labeling of each is inhibitable by stilbenedisulfonate.
      If the reduction is performed at neutral pH the major labeled product is the
      primary alcohol corresponding to the original carboxylic acid. Liquid
      chromatography of acid hydrolysates of labeled affinity-purified band 3 shows
      that glutamate but not aspartate residues have been converted into the hydroxyl
      derivative. This is the first demonstration of the conversion of a glutamate
      carboxyl group to an alcohol in a protein. The labeling experiments reveal that
      there are two glutamate residues that are sufficiently close to the
      stilbenedisulfonate site for their labeling to be blocked by 4,4'
      diisothiocyanodihydrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate and 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'
      disulfonate.

PMID- 2879842
TI  - Characterization of thrombospondin as a substrate for factor XIII
      transglutaminase.
AB  - Thrombin activation of platelets induces the release of a high molecular weight
      glycoprotein, thrombospondin. On treatment with factor XIII transglutaminase and
      [3H]putrescine, thrombospondin undergoes specific incorporation of this labeled
      amine, with 2-3 mol of putrescine being incorporated per mol of thrombospondin.
      Analysis of plasmin digests of [3H]putrescine-thrombospondin showed that the Mr
      53,000-core peptide contains the glutamine site for amine incorporation. In the
      absence of amine substrate, thrombospondin was found to provide both donor
      (glutamine) and acceptor (lysine) sites for intermolecular cross-links by factors
      XIIIa, and high molecular weight protein complexes were formed. Homopolymers of
      thrombospondin were also observed by electron microscopy. Thrombin-cleaved
      thrombospondin has more cross-linking sites accessible for [3H]putrescine
      incorporation or for cross-linkage to itself than does the uncleaved native
      protein. Examination of thrombospondin cross-linkage in the presence of other
      protein substrates (fibronectin, collagen, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor)
      for factor XIIIa, resulted in reduced thrombospondin polymer formation. Electron
      microscopy and autoradiography of fibrin clots formed in the presence of 125I
      thrombospondin showed an association of thrombospondin with fibrin fibrils.
      However, confirmation that this association involves covalent epsilon-(gamma
      glutamyl)lysyl cross-links between thrombospondin and fibrin was not obtained.

PMID- 2879843
TI  - Glucagon gene transcription in an islet cell line is regulated via a protein
      kinase C-activated pathway.
AB  - Proglucagon is a polyprotein precursor containing not only glucagon and
      glicentin, but glucagon-like peptides-I and -II and an intervening peptide (IP
      II). The glucagon gene is expressed in both pancreatic islets and neuroendocrine
      L-cells of the gastrointestinal tract. We have recently cloned an islet cell line
      from a rat pancreatic islet cell tumour that simultaneously expresses the
      glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and angiotensinogen genes. We investigated the
      potential role of "second messenger" pathways in the regulation of glucagon gene
      expression. Both the tumor promoter agent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and a
      diacylglycerol analog, 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol, induced a 2.7- and 2.5-fold
      increase in steady-state glucagon mRNA levels at 24 h, respectively. The increase
      was progressive up to 24 h and was specific for glucagon mRNA; the insulin and
      somatostatin mRNA levels remained unchanged. An inactive phorbol ester, 4 beta
      phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, was without effect. The glucagon mRNA increase
      induced by PMA was mediated through an increase in glucagon gene transcription
      reaching maximal stimulation at 30-60 min. Glucagon mRNA half-life was similar in
      both control and PMA-treated cells, approximating 12 h. The stimulation of
      glucagon gene transcription was accompanied by a corresponding 3-fold increase in
      proglucagon biosynthesis. Neither dibutyryl cAMP nor glucocorticoids affected
      glucagon mRNA levels, while inducing a 5-fold increase in somatostatin mRNA
      levels and 4.8-fold stimulation in angiotensinogen mRNA at 24 h, respectively. We
      conclude that expression of the glucagon gene in this islet cell line is
      regulated at the level of transcription through a protein kinase C
      (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme)-activated pathway.

PMID- 2879844
TI  - Identification of a guanosine triphosphate-binding site on guinea pig liver
      transglutaminase. Role of GTP and calcium ions in modulating activity.
AB  - Guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) was found to inhibit guinea pig liver
      transglutaminase activity as measured by [3H]putrescine incorporation into
      casein. GDP and GTP-gamma-S also inhibited enzyme activity (GTP-gamma-S greater
      than GTP greater than GDP). Kinetic studies showed that GTP acted as a
      reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor and that CaCl2 partially reversed GTP
      inhibition. GTP also inhibited rat liver and adult bovine aortic endothelial cell
      transglutaminase, but did not inhibit Factor XIIIa activity. Guanosine
      monophosphate (GMP), cyclic GMP, and polyguanylic acid did not inhibit enzyme
      activity. Guinea pig liver transglutaminase adsorbed well to GTP-agarose affinity
      columns, but not to CTP-agarose columns, and the binding was inhibited by the
      presence of calcium ions. Specific binding of GTP to transglutaminase was
      demonstrated by photoaffinity labeling with 8-azidoguanosine 5'-[gamma-32P]
      triphosphate, which was inhibited by the presence of GTP or CaCl2. GTP inhibited
      trypsin proteolysis of guinea pig liver transglutaminase without affecting the
      trypsin proteolysis of chromogenic substrates. Proteolytic protection was
      reversed by the addition of calcium. This study demonstrates that GTP binds to
      transglutaminase and that both GTP and calcium ions function in concert to
      regulate transglutaminase structure and function.

PMID- 2879845
TI  - Microtubule-acting drugs lead to the nonpolarized delivery of the influenza
      hemagglutinin to the cell surface of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - The synchronized directed transfer of the envelope glycoproteins of the influenza
      and vesicular stomatitis viruses from the Golgi apparatus to the apical and
      basolateral surfaces, respectively, of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)
      cells can be achieved using temperature-sensitive mutant viruses and appropriate
      temperature shift protocols (Rindler, M. J., I. E. Ivanov, H. Plesken, and D. D.
      Sabatini, 1985, J. Cell Biol., 100:136-151). The microtubule-depolymerizing
      agents colchicine and nocodazole, as well as the microtubule assembly-promoting
      drug taxol, were found to interfere with the normal polarized delivery and
      exclusive segregation of hemagglutinin (HA) to the apical surface but not with
      the delivery and initial accumulation of G on the basolateral surface.
      Immunofluorescence analysis of permeabilized monolayers of influenza-infected
      MDCK cells treated with the microtubule-acting drugs demonstrated the presence of
      substantial amounts of HA protein on both the apical and basolateral surfaces.
      Moreover, in cells infected with the wild-type influenza virus, particles budded
      from both surfaces. Viral counts in electron micrographs showed that
      approximately 40% of the released viral particles accumulated in the
      intercellular spaces or were trapped between the cell and monolayer and the
      collagen support as compared to less than 1% on the basolateral surface of
      untreated infected cells. The effect of the microtubule inhibitors was not a
      result of a rapid redistribution of glycoprotein molecules initially delivered to
      the apical surface since a redistribution was not observed when the inhibitors
      were added to the cells after the HA was permitted to reach the apical surface at
      the permissive temperature and the synthesis of new HA was inhibited with
      cycloheximide. The altered segregation of the HA protein that occurs may result
      from the dispersal of the Golgi apparatus induced by the inhibitors or from the
      disruption of putative microtubules containing tracks that could direct vesicles
      from the trans Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. Since the vesicular
      stomatitis virus G protein is basolaterally segregated even when the Golgi
      elements are dispersed and hypothetical tracks disrupted, it appears that the two
      viral envelope glycoproteins are segregated by fundamentally different mechanisms
      and that the apical surface may be incapable of accepting vesicles carrying the G
      protein.

PMID- 2879846
TI  - Microtubules containing acetylated alpha-tubulin in mammalian cells in culture.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of microtubules containing acetylated alpha-tubulin
      in mammalian cells in culture was analyzed with 6-11B-1, a monoclonal antibody
      specific for acetylated alpha-tubulin. Cultures of 3T3, HeLa, and PtK2 cells were
      grown on coverslips and observed by immunofluorescence microscopy after double
      staining by 6-11B-1 and B-5-1-2, a monoclonal antibody specific for all alpha
      tubulins. The antibody 6-11B-1 binds to primary cilia, centrioles, mitotic
      spindles, midbodies, and to subsets of cytoplasmic microtubules in 3T3 and HeLa
      cells, but not in PtK2 cells. These observations confirm that the acetylation of
      alpha-tubulin is a modification occurring in different microtubule structures and
      in a variety of eukaryotic cells. Some features of the acetylation of cytoplasmic
      microtubules of mammalian cells are also described here. First, acetylated alpha
      tubulin is present in microtubules that, under depolymerizing conditions, are
      more stable than the majority of cytoplasmic microtubules. In addition to the
      specific microtubule frameworks already mentioned, cytoplasmic microtubules
      resistant to nocodazole or colchicine, but not cold-resistant microtubules,
      contain more acetylated alpha-tubulin than the rest of cellular microtubules.
      Second, the alpha-tubulin in all cytoplasmic microtubules of 3T3 and HeLa cells
      becomes acetylated in the presence of taxol, a drug that stabilizes microtubules.
      Third, acetylation and deacetylation of cytoplasmic microtubules are reversible
      in cells released from exposure to 0 degrees C or antimitotic drugs. Fourth, the
      epitope recognized by the antibody 6-11B-1 is not absolutely necessary for cell
      growth and division. This epitope is absent in PtK2 cells. The acetylation of
      alpha-tubulin could regulate the presence of microtubules in specific
      intracellular spaces by selective stabilization.

PMID- 2879847
TI  - Topography of cell wall lytic enzyme in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: form and
      location of the stored enzyme in vegetative cell and gamete.
AB  - Chlamydomonas lytic enzyme of the cell wall (gamete wall-autolysin) is
      responsible for shedding of cell walls during mating of opposite mating-type
      gametes. This paper reports some topographic aspects of lytic enzyme in cells.
      Both vegetative and gametic cells contain the same wall lytic enzyme. The
      purified enzyme is a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of 67 kD by gel
      filtration and 62 kD by SDS PAGE, and is sensitive to metal ion chelators and SH
      blocking agents. These properties are the same as those of the gamete wall
      autolysin released into the medium by mating gametes. However, the storage form
      of the enzyme proves to be quite different between the two cell types. In
      vegetative cells, the lytic enzyme is found in an insoluble form in cell
      homogenates and activity is released into the soluble fraction only by sonicating
      the homogenates or freeze-thawing the cells, whereas gametes always yield lytic
      activity in the soluble fractions of cell homogenates. When vegetative cells are
      starved for nitrogen, the storage form of enzyme shifts from its vegetative state
      to gametic state in parallel with the acquisition of mating ability. Adding
      nitrogen to gametes converts it to the vegetative state concurrently with the
      loss of mating ability. We also show that protoplasts obtained by treatment of
      vegetative cells or gametes with exogenously added enzyme have little activity of
      enzyme in the cell homogenates, suggesting that lytic enzyme is stored outside
      the plasmalemma. When the de-walled gametes or gametes of the wall-deficient
      mutant, cw-15, of opposite mating types are mixed together, they mate normally
      but the release of lytic enzyme into the medium is practically negligible. When
      the de-walled vegetative cells are incubated, the lytic enzyme is again
      accumulated in the cells after the wall regeneration is almost complete.

PMID- 2879848
TI  - Intracellular distribution of active and inactive transglutaminase in stimulated
      cultured C6 glioma cells.
AB  - The cellular distribution of active and inactive transglutaminase (TGase) was
      studied in C6 glioma cells before and during stimulation by a serum-containing
      medium. The activity of the enzyme was determined in the soluble and insoluble
      fractions obtained by freezing and thawing the cells, followed by centrifugation
      at 12,000g for 5 min. In the soluble fractions, the activity of TGase decreased
      2.5 h post-stimulation and increased after 5 and 8 h. In the corresponding
      insoluble fractions, no significant changes in the activity of the enzyme were
      noted up to 8 h after stimulating the cells with fresh medium. An immunological
      approach was next used to determine the quantity of TGase antigen during the
      stimulation of the cultured glioma cells. In the soluble fraction, the quantity
      of the antigen decreases significantly at 2.5, 5, and 8 h. In contrast, in the
      insoluble fraction, a significant increase in TGase antigen was detected 8 h
      after the addition of fresh medium. Cycloheximide completely inhibited the
      increase in the quantity of TGase antigen in the insoluble fraction, 8 h post
      stimulation, while actinomycin D caused a partial inhibition. Trypsin,
      neuraminidase, or Sendai viruses increased the activity of TGase significantly,
      when added to nonstimulated cells. Trypsin had no effect on TGase activity when
      added to the cells 2 h after stimulation with a serum-containing medium. These
      findings suggest that an inactive form of the enzyme is present in the insoluble
      cellular fraction. A model has been proposed to explain the variations in TGase
      activity, its distribution and translocation during cellular stimulation.

PMID- 2879849
TI  - Effect of taxol on first and second meiotic spindle formation in oocytes of the
      surf clam, Spisula solidissima.
AB  - The effect of taxol on first and second meiotic spindle formation was examined in
      oocytes of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima, by immunofluorescence staining
      with anti-tubulin antibody. The first meiotic spindle appeared to form as in
      untreated control cells. However, the spindle did not migrate toward the
      periphery of taxol-activated oocytes, resulting in blockage of the formation of
      the first polar body. In spite of inhibited microtubule depolymerization and
      failure of spindle disappearance, the pole separation in telophase that is
      typical of this material began at the same time as in untreated cells.
      Polymerization of the second spindle microtubules onto the spindle persisting
      from the first meiosis led to the formation of a triple form of spindle connected
      at the poles of each other. The subsequent emergence of ring-shaped microtubule
      containing structures in mature activated eggs was not affected by taxol. The
      mechanism of meiotic spindle formation thus seemsto be different from that in
      mitosis, where taxol has been shown to block spindle formation completely.

PMID- 2879850
TI  - Reversibility of hemodynamic hypofrontality in schizophrenia.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in 51 young schizophrenics. A
      significant decrease of CBF was seen in frontal and prefrontal regions
      (hypofrontal pattern) in chronic patients whose disease had evolved for more than
      2 years and who were in remission. This hypofrontal pattern was reversible, as it
      disappeared during exacerbation of the disease. In 10 patients who had not been
      treated with neuroleptics for several weeks, we found a dopaminergic
      hypersensitivity in the frontal lobes, as a weak dose of piribedil restored near
      normal frontality. This may reflect either the role of neuroleptic washout or a
      primitive dopaminergic depletion, as proposed by some authors in the chronic form
      of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2879851
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonists increase lung liquid clearance in anesthetized sheep.
AB  - We did experiments to determine whether beta-adrenergic agonists increase lung
      liquid clearance in anesthetized ventilated adult sheep and, if so, whether the
      increase is mediated by beta receptors and what mechanism is involved. We
      instilled 100 ml of autologous serum either alone or with a beta-adrenergic
      agonist (terbutaline, 10(-5) M, or epinephrine, 5.5 X 10(-6) M) into one lower
      lobe. After 4 h both terbutaline and epinephrine increased lung liquid clearance.
      The increase in lung liquid clearance was inhibited when propranolol (a beta
      blocker) or amiloride (a sodium channel blocker) was added to the terbutaline.
      Increased clearance was not explained by changes in pulmonary hemodynamics,
      pulmonary blood flow, or lung lymph flow. We conclude that beta-adrenergic
      agonists increase lung liquid clearance in anesthetized intact adult sheep. This
      increase is mediated through beta receptors and probably depends on increased
      active transport of sodium across the alveolar barrier.

PMID- 2879852
TI  - Multipotential phenotypic expression of genes encoding peptide hormones in rat
      insulinoma cell lines.
AB  - The developmental origin of the four phenotypically distinct hormone-producing
      islet cells (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide) is unclear.
      To investigate the potential for phenotypic differentiation of islet cells, we
      prepared several clonal cell lines from a radiation-induced rat islet tumor and
      analyzed them for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin gene expression by cDNA
      hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and radioimmunoassay. We found expression of
      all three genes in the tumor and in the parental cell line and mixed variable
      phenotypes in the clonal lines derived from the parental line. We also observed
      the ectopic expression of the angiotensinogen gene in the tumor and the cell
      lines. The relative levels of hormonal gene expression differed among the cell
      lines but remained fixed during continuous passage. The three islet hormone mRNAs
      were larger compared to the pancreas owing to longer poly(A) tracts. These
      observations indicate that neoplastic islet cells retain the potential to
      differentiate into hormone-specific cellular phenotypes and may mimic
      developmental pathways of the pancreatic islets.

PMID- 2879853
TI  - Hepatic glucagon metabolism. Correlation of hormone processing by isolated canine
      hepatocytes with glucagon metabolism in man and in the dog.
AB  - We have found that canine and rat hepatocytes convert (125I)iodoTyr10-glucagon to
      a peptide metabolite lacking the NH2-terminal three residues of the hormone. The
      peptide is released into the cell incubation medium and its formation is
      unaffected by a variety of lysosomotropic or other agents. Use of specific
      radioimmunoassays and gel filtration demonstrated in both normal subjects and in
      chronic renal failure patients a plasma peptide having the properties of the
      hormone fragment identified by cell studies. Studies of the dog revealed a
      positive gradient of the fragment across the liver and no differential gradient
      of the fragment and glucagon across the kidney. We conclude that the glucagon
      fragment arises from the cell-mediated processing of the hormone on a superficial
      aspect of the hepatocyte, the glucagon fragment identified during experiments in
      vitro represents the cognate of a peptide formed during the hepatic metabolism of
      glucagon in vivo, and measurement of the fragment by COOH-terminal
      radioimmunoassays could lead to an understimulation of hepatic glucagon
      extraction.

PMID- 2879854
TI  - Importance of the route of intravenous glucose delivery to hepatic glucose
      balance in the conscious dog.
AB  - To assess the importance of the route of glucose delivery in determining net
      hepatic glucose balance (NHGB) eight conscious overnight-fasted dogs were given
      glucose via the portal or a peripheral vein. NHGB was measured using the
      arteriovenous difference technique during a control and two 90-min glucose
      infusion periods. The sequence of infusions was randomized. Insulin and glucagon
      were held at constant basal levels using somatostatin and intraportal insulin and
      glucagon infusions during the control, portal, and peripheral glucose infusion
      periods (7 +/- 1, 7 +/- 1, 7 +/- 1 microU/ml; 100 +/- 3, 101 +/- 6, 101 +/- 3
      pg/ml, respectively). In the three periods the hepatic blood flow, glucose
      infusion rate, arterial glucose level, hepatic glucose load, arterial-portal
      glucose difference and NHGB were 37 +/- 1, 34 +/- 1, 32 +/- 3 ml/kg per min; 0 +/
      0, 4.51 +/- 0.57, 4.23 +/- 0.34 mg/kg per min; 101 +/- 5, 200 +/- 15, 217 +/- 13
      mg/dl; 28.5 +/- 3.5, 57.2 +/- 6.7, 54.0 +/- 6.4 mg/kg per min; +2 +/- 1, -22 +/-
      3, +4 +/- 1 mg/dl; and 2.22 +/- 0.28, -1.41 +/- 0.31, and 0.08 +/- 0.23 mg/kg per
      min, respectively. Thus when glucose was delivered via a peripheral vein the
      liver did not take up glucose but when a similar glucose load was delivered
      intraportally the liver took up 32% (P less than 0.01) of it. In conclusion
      portal glucose delivery provides a signal important for the normal hepatic
      peripheral distribution of a glucose load.

PMID- 2879855
TI  - Physicians' attitudes toward pain in children.
AB  - Physicians' attitudes toward pain in children were assessed in an attempt to
      explain why adults are administered more analgesics than children while in the
      hospital. A survey was conducted of all pediatricians, family practitioners, and
      surgeons in Hartford. Fifty-seven percent of the sample responded (112/195).
      Seventy-five percent of the sample felt that children experienced adult-like pain
      by age 2. Thirty-eight percent of the physicians were somewhat or significantly
      concerned about the risk of addiction when using narcotics in their young
      patients. Pediatricians were significantly more likely than surgeons or family
      practitioners to see younger children as having adult-like pain and to prescribe
      analgesics for children at an earlier age. Many other attitudinal differences
      were also related to specialty. Other demographic variables (age, sex, mode of
      practice, and personal experience with pain) had little effect on attitudes.
      These findings suggest possible explanations for the discrepancy between child
      and adult analgesic prescribing practices.

PMID- 2879857
TI  - Benzodiazepine use in psychiatrically hospitalized elderly patients.

PMID- 2879856
TI  - The effect of neuroleptics and other psychotropic drugs on negative symptoms in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - It has been hypothesized that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related
      to structural brain abnormalities and respond poorly to treatment with
      neuroleptics and other drugs since they are persistent, if not irreversible.
      Because this issue has important clinical and theoretical implications, the
      authors reviewed the relevant literature on the effect of neuroleptics, L-dopa,
      and other psychotropic agents on these symptoms. Contrary to the above
      conclusions, several large scale, controlled studies of the therapeutic effects
      of conventional neuroleptics have reported clinically relevant improvement in
      negative symptoms in a significant proportion of schizophrenics. The improvement
      tended to occur early in the course of treatment and was most notable in those
      patients with relatively shorter durations of illness. A specific class of
      neuroleptic drugs not studied in these earlier large scale trials, the
      diphenylbutylpiperidines, has been suggested to be particularly likely to
      ameliorate negative symptoms, possibly because of their significant calcium
      channel blocking action. A review of the clinical studies comparing this group of
      neuroleptics with those from different classes supports the suggestion that they
      can produce greater improvement in anergia and emotional withdrawal. Six open and
      four controlled trials of L-dopa treatment of negative symptoms with L-dopa alone
      or in combination with neuroleptics. As with neuroleptics alone, improvement
      tended to be greater in those with a shorter duration of illness. The available
      evidence suggests that negative symptoms, at least in less chronic schizophrenic
      patients, may be partially responsive to currently available pharmacological
      intervention in a significant proportion of schizophrenics.

PMID- 2879858
TI  - Post-partum psychoses and the dexamethasone suppression test.
AB  - The hypothesis that post-partum psychoses are predominantly mixed affective
      disorders was tested by administering the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) to
      seven puerperal psychotics, six puerperal depressives and comparison groups of
      non-puerperal psychotic and depressed women. The hypothesis received support from
      the finding that two-third of the puerperal patients had positive DSTs versus one
      third of similar non-puerperal patients. An 80% rate of positive DSTs in 19
      normal women 5 days post-partum, however, suggested this was an invalid
      interpretation of this finding, particularly as the majority of these tests
      returned to normal when repeated several weeks later.

PMID- 2879859
TI  - Classification of anxiety disorders: a critique of DSM-III.

PMID- 2879860
TI  - Dentistry on stamps.

PMID- 2879861
TI  - The physics, pathophysiology, and management of high velocity gunshot wounds.
AB  - The authors report on a gunshot wound of the foot with subsequent infection and
      nonunion. The pathophysiology of a gunshot wound is discussed with special
      emphasis on the temporary cavity and permanent cavity produced, and how this
      affects skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone. The prognosis of a given
      wound is also determined by a thorough examination of the bullet design, its
      velocity, and potential for tissue disruption. Proper management of the wound is
      discussed relative to debridement technique and surgical care. Four principles of
      management for gunshot wounds include recognition or diagnosis, reduction,
      retention or immobilization, and restoration of function. Some of the pitfalls
      are discussed including inadequate assessment of the wound relating to its extent
      and mismanagement.

PMID- 2879862
TI  - Collagenous colitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Manifestations of a single disease?
AB  - A 66-year-old man developed chronic watery diarrhea and progressive dyspnea over
      1-year. Colonic biopsy revealed a thickened subepithelial collagen layer
      consistent with collagenous colitis; open lung biopsy revealed pulmonary
      fibrosis. Only one previous report links extraintestinal manifestations to
      collagenous colitis. Although the patient had been taking sulfasalazine, the case
      supports the idea that collagenous colitis, like inflammatory bowel disease, is
      part of a systemic disorder.

PMID- 2879863
TI  - Efficacy of fish larvivore, Gambusia affinis for the control of mosquito breeding
      in wells in semi-urban areas near Delhi.

PMID- 2879864
TI  - Integrated approach to the management of pain. A National Institutes of Health
      consensus report synopsis.

PMID- 2879865
TI  - Specific inhibition of hybrid resistance in F1 hybrid mice pretreated with parent
      strain spleen cells. I. Induction of a nylon-adherent, Thy-1+Lyt-1+2- suppressor
      cell.
AB  - Hybrid resistance, which is observed in certain strain combinations when parent
      strain bone marrow cells are grafted into lethally irradiated F1 hybrids, can be
      specifically overcome by the i.v. injection, 1 wk before the graft, of spleen
      cells syngeneic with the bone marrow graft. This phenomenon is due to a
      suppressor mechanism, induced in the spleen of the F1 hybrid by the injection of
      parent-strain spleen cells and mediated by a nylon-adherent Thy-1+Lyt-1+2- cell
      population of hybrid origin, because hybrid resistance can be inhibited by the
      transfer into a normal B6D2F1 of nylon-adherent Thy-1+Lyt-1+2- spleen cells from
      B6D2F1 mice pretreated with B6 spleen cells 1 wk earlier (B6-pretreated B6D2F1);
      spleen cells from B6-pretreated B6D2F1 mice not depleted of their nylon-adherent
      subpopulation cannot restore hybrid resistance when they are injected into a
      B6D2F1 rendered nonresistant by split-dose irradiation; and spleen cells from
      normal B6D2F1 mice cannot restore hybrid resistance when they are injected into
      B6-pretreated B6D2F1 hybrids. The suppressor cells specifically inhibit
      resistance against bone marrow cells syngeneic with the spleen cells used for
      pretreatment, because transfer of nylon-adherent B6-pretreated B6D2F1 spleen
      cells into a normal B6D2F1 does not enhance syngeneic B6D2F1 or parent-strain D2
      bone marrow growth, and when injected into normal B6D2F1 hybrids, nylon-adherent
      spleen cells from B6D2F1 mice pretreated with D2 spleen cells 1 wk earlier (D2
      pretreated B6D2F1) are not able to transfer the inhibition of hybrid resistance
      against B6 bone marrow cells. Moreover, the activity of the suppressor cells
      depends on the genetic environment of the hybrid host mice, because nylon
      adherent B6-pretreated B6D2F1 spleen cells injected into normal B6C3F1 hybrids do
      not transfer an inhibition of hybrid resistance, and when injected into B6C3F1
      hosts previously rendered nonresistant by split-dose irradiation, spleen cells
      from B6-pretreated B6D2F1 mice can, in contrast, transfer hybrid resistance.

PMID- 2879866
TI  - Cell kinetics in the fetal mouse thymus: precursor cell input, proliferation, and
      emigration.
AB  - The entry and differentiation of lymphoid precursor cells (LPC) in grafted mouse
      fetal thymuses and the emigration of explants thymocytes has been followed in a
      system in which donor and host lymphocytes could be distinguished on the basis of
      Thy-1 expression. It appears that LPC that invade the fetal mouse thymus between
      10 and 13 days rapidly differentiate into Thy-1 positive thymocytes, giving rise
      to all of the lymphoid populations of both cortical and medullary locations until
      approximately the end of the first week after birth. Lymphoid precursor cells
      that enter the fetal thymus after 13 days of fetal life only differentiate into
      Thy-1 positive lymphocytes 6 or 7 days after birth, when they give rise to a
      second generation of thymocytes that grows exponentially and completely replaces
      the first generation in approximately 8 days. All cells leaving the thymus during
      the first 2 wk of life appear to be derived from the first wave of precursors.

PMID- 2879867
TI  - The localization of the antibody response in milk or bile depends on the nature
      of the antigen.
AB  - Immunization in the Peyer's patches of rats with horse spleen ferritin or
      Escherichia coli 06 carrying type 1 pili resulted in an IgA antibody response
      detected in milk and bile and an IgG and IgM antibody response in serum, milk,
      and bile. The IgA antibody response to type 1 pili was as a mean 5.0-fold higher
      in milk than in bile. In contrast IgA antibody activity to 06 LPS was as a mean
      6.3-fold higher in bile than in milk. The IgA antibodies to ferritin were
      randomly distributed between milk and bile. The IgG and IgM antibody activity to
      all three antigens studied were higher in the milk than in the bile. The
      secretory antibody response could be transferred from immunized rats to
      unimmunized rats with mesenteric lymph node cells (MLN) taken from donor rats 4
      days after immunization in the Peyer's patches. IgA antibodies to pili and
      ferritin appeared solely in the milk of the recipients, whereas IgA antibodies to
      the 06 LPS only appeared in the bile. The ratios serum:milk and serum:bile for
      the IgG and IgM antibodies indicated an antigen-specific direction of homing with
      local production of these two isotypes primarily in the mammary gland. Antibody
      forming cells of the IgA class could not be detected in the MLN on the day the
      cells were transferred. It is concluded that the difference seen in antibody
      distribution between milk and bile is not due to dissemination of antigen, but
      instead a result of different homing or expansion at the mucosal-glandular site
      dependent on the antigen specificity of the migrating cells.

PMID- 2879868
TI  - Limited diversity and selection of rearranged gamma genes in polyclonal T cells.
AB  - The role of a T gamma gene product in the immune response is not known. To
      investigate the participation of the T gamma gene in functional T cells, we
      estimated its variable (V gamma) gene diversity among mature polyclonal T cells
      and assayed for in vivo selection of rearranged V gamma genes during the immune
      response. In this study, we present evidence that functionally mature, normal
      human T cells have rearranged their T gamma genes but display a limited range of
      gene rearrangement choices. In contrast to clonal T cell neoplasms, an invariant
      array of seven T gamma gene rearrangements was found to be proportionately
      distributed within normal polyclonal T cell populations, as well as in benign
      polyclonal T cell proliferations incited by a wide variety of pathological
      conditions. Findings presented here indicate that the likelihood of rearrangement
      of each human V gamma gene may be fixed. Lack of selection of V gamma genes
      during the mature T cell immune response implies a limited role of any single V
      gamma gene at this stage of T cell development.

PMID- 2879869
TI  - Genomic DNA encoding rabbit T cell receptor beta-chains: isotypes and allotypes
      of C beta.
AB  - We have discovered sequence differences in DNA encoding the first exon of rabbit
      T cell receptor beta-chains from unrelated rabbits that probably reflect allelic
      C beta 1 allotypes. Rabbit I was from a colony bred to maintain the K1-expression
      mutation Basilea, and rabbit II was from a colony bred to maintain the K1b9
      allotype. Genomic DNA from rabbits I and II also exhibit restriction fragment
      length polymorphism of C beta on Southern blots. In addition, several different
      restriction enzyme digests of DNA from rabbit I give three bands, whereas DNA
      from rabbit II gives two when probed with C beta. An approximately 14-kb cloned
      genomic DNA fragment from rabbit I has two copies of C beta exon 1 and a 6-kb
      fragment has a third copy, suggesting that rabbit I has three different C beta
      genes. The DNA sequence of a germ-line genomic DNA fragment encoding the first
      exon of the beta-chain constant region from rabbit I also has an open reading
      frame encoding 140 amino acids immediately 5' of the C beta sequence. A
      corresponding sequence had previously been found in a cDNA clone from the second
      rabbit (rabbit II).

PMID- 2879870
TI  - Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. II. Delineation of distinct murine LAK
      precursor subpopulations.
AB  - Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells can lyse a number of tumor target cells
      regardless of whether the tumors are natural killer (NK) sensitive or resistant.
      LAK can also lyse autologous lymphoblasts that have been modified with 2,4,6
      trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). In this study, we examined the surface
      markers of murine LAK precursors. It was found that depletion of Thy 1- or Lyt 2
      bearing precursor cells abolished the ability of spleen cells to generate LAK
      against TNBS-self, but had no effect on the generation of LAK against tumor
      cells. Depletion of asialo-GM1 (AGM1)-bearing precursors abolished the generation
      of LAK against all target cells tested. Normal spleen cells were fractionated on
      a Percoll density gradient and two fractions were examined: fraction (Fxn) 3,
      which is enriched for NK activity but depleted of the ability to generate
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and Fxn 5, which had no NK activity but was
      enriched for the ability to generate CTL. Both fractions were capable of
      generating LAK, although Fxn 5 required a relatively larger amount of interleukin
      2 (IL 2). Upon examination of the surface markers of LAK precursors in these
      fractions it was found that the precursors in Fxn 3 giving rise to LAK against
      tumors were Thy-1-, Lyt-2-, AGM1+, whereas the precursors in Fxn 5 were Thy-1+,
      Lyt-2+, AGM1+. The precursors generating LAK against TNBS-self were Thy-1+, Lyt
      2+, AGM1+ in both fractions. The time kinetics of LAK generation in both
      fractions were different, with Fxn 3 showing much earlier kinetics. These data
      delineate at least two different LAK precursors defined by their buoyant density,
      by their surface markers, and by their susceptible target cells. These data also
      may resolve the confusion in the literature regarding the phenotype of LAK
      precursors.

PMID- 2879872
TI  - Coordinated multicenter study of norfloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
      treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infections. The Urinary Tract Infection
      Study Group.
AB  - In a coordinated, double-blind multicenter trial among general practitioners,
      2,255 consecutive patients with symptoms suggesting urinary tract infection were
      screened; 886 were randomized to receive 200 mg of norfloxacin (333 patients),
      400 mg of norfloxacin (335), or 160 mg/800 mg of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
      (TMP-SMZ; 218) twice daily for seven days. We analyzed bacteriologic efficacy for
      252, 240, and 141 of the patients receiving 200 mg of norfloxacin, 400 mg of
      norfloxacin, or TMP-SMZ, respectively. The short-term efficacy was 97.5%-98.6%,
      and the accumulated efficacy was 87.9%-88.8%. In patients with complicated
      infections and in men, the efficacy for the group receiving 200 mg of norfloxacin
      was lower than that for the other groups. In patients with recurrent infection,
      bacterial elimination was greater for those receiving TMP-SMZ. Significantly
      fewer adverse reactions occurred in patients receiving norfloxacin than in those
      treated with TMP-SMZ. The 200-mg dosage of norfloxacin seemed to cause fewer side
      effects than the 400-mg dosage.

PMID- 2879871
TI  - Effect of cyclophosphamide on T-lymphocyte marker expression in T-cell areas of
      some lymphoid organs of the rat.
AB  - Surface markers on rat lymphocytes from thymus and T-cell areas of lymph node,
      spleen and Peyer's patches were examined in histological sections after one
      single dose of Cyclophosphamide (CY, 100 mg/kg body weight). A panel of
      monoclonal antibodies was used: W3/13, W3/25 and OX8 to investigate Pan T, TH and
      Ts/c marker expressions respectively. Ts/c marker expression showed a marked and
      significant reduction in both thymus and lymph node lymphocytes 3 days after CY
      treatment. This was followed by return to normal in the thymus and a significant
      rebound increase in the lymph node by day 7 after treatment. This Ts/c marker
      expression in both the spleen and Peyer's patches showed a significant increase
      on both day 3 and 7 after CY treatment. Mast cells were observed in large numbers
      in the thymus and lymph node but not in the spleen and Peyer's patches. TH marker
      expression was increased significantly in lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's
      patches. No change was observed in Pan T marker expression in any of the tissues
      at any of the times examined.

PMID- 2879874
TI  - Epidemiology of nephropathia epidemica in Sweden.
AB  - A comprehensive study of nephropathia epidemica (NE), caused by Puumala virus,
      was conducted in Sweden. Human sera from residents of various regions of Sweden
      were examined for antibody to Puumala virus, and the incidence of NE was
      determined. Small mammals were captured at locations throughout Sweden and were
      examined for antibody to Puumala virus and for antigen. The human serosurvey
      found the highest prevalence rates and the highest incidence rates in northern
      Sweden. The bank vole was found to be the most-abundant rodent, as well as the
      species most frequently positive for antibody. Antibody-positive voles were
      restricted to the northern two-thirds of the country, an area corresponding to
      that where most human disease was noted. These results suggest that the bank vole
      is the principal host of Puumala virus in Sweden and clearly establish the region
      near 64 degrees N as highly endemic for NE in humans.

PMID- 2879873
TI  - Comparison of clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and penicillin
      for efficacy in prevention of experimental gas gangrene due to Clostridium
      perfringens.
AB  - Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens is associated with significant
      mortality and morbidity in spite of penicillin treatment. Although prompt
      surgical debridement has been established as the primary therapeutic objective,
      additional studies are needed for determination of the optimal antimicrobial
      therapy. In a mouse model of gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens,
      clindamycin, metronidazole, rifampin, and tetracycline were all more efficacious
      than penicillin (P less than .05). Survival of penicillin-treated mice was not
      significantly better than that of untreated controls in spite of serum levels
      that ranged up to 77-1,800 micrograms/ml. Responses to metronidazole were highly
      dose dependent. For example, 60% of mice survived after 75 mg of
      metronidazole/kg, but only 10% survived after 19 mg/kg. In contrast, clindamycin
      was highly effective over a broad dosing range (8.6-86 mg/kg). The efficacy of
      all antibiotics was reduced if treatment was delayed or larger inocula of
      bacteria were used.

PMID- 2879875
TI  - [Search for possible routes of vertical infection of adult T-cell leukemia virus
      (ATLV): evidence of viral transmission from mother to child].
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in Japan is remarkably concentrated in adult T-cell
      leukemia virus (ATLV)-endemic areas and this limited distribution and other
      epidemiological analysis have strongly suggested the possibility of familial
      spreading of ATLV. I am interested in whether ATLV can be transmitted from mother
      to child and the possible routes of vertical infection of ATLV. I report here the
      results of a study on them. The results were as follows: No ATLV antigen-positive
      cells were detected at birth or 1, 3 or 6 months after birth. However, at later
      stages, the viral antigen-bearing cells became detectable. In 19 of 23 infants
      examined, the ATLV-positive cells were detected at 9 to 36 months after birth.
      The titers of antibodies to ATLV in the pairs of samples from mothers and their
      infants at birth were virtually equal, as expected. After birth, the titer of
      maternally derived antibody in all infants decreased gradually, and it
      disappeared within 3 to 9 months. However, ATLV-antibody reappeared in 12 of 24
      infants examined, being detected after 12 months old. Further, it was shown that
      all breast milk samples derived from 12 seropositive mothers contained the ATLV
      which was capable of being transmitted to peripheral leukocytes of neonates.

PMID- 2879876
TI  - [Increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level and muscle symptoms during beta
      blocker therapy].

PMID- 2879877
TI  - Computer applications in intravenous anaesthetic administration.
AB  - The place of computerization in intravenous anaesthesia delivery: Although total
      intravenous anaesthesia may have advantages over inhalational anaesthesia in
      certain circumstances, it has drawbacks from the point of view of feedback
      control. The ideal agent is not available, although di-isopropylphenol holds
      promise. There is an undefinable end-point. Inadequate dosage produces the
      extremely unpleasant phenomenon of intra-operative awareness. Future
      developments, it seems, should include the development of suitable intravenous
      agents and transducers of anaesthetic depth, rather than increasingly complicated
      control systems. It is extremely unlikely that a computer will replace the
      anaesthetist in the foreseeable future. The anaesthetist is still required for,
      amongst other things, specifying the desired depth of anaesthesia and varying it
      during the operation, and for responding to unforeseen crises. It may be hoped
      that, by liberating the anaesthetist from those tasks which can be automated,
      more time can be devoted to patient monitoring and other aspects of anaesthetic
      care, thereby improving patient safety. There is an undoubted place for
      computerized delivery of anaesthesia in teaching (particularly teaching
      pharmacokinetic principles) and in research (for standardization of anaesthetic
      depth).

PMID- 2879878
TI  - Beta blockers and the neutrophil.

PMID- 2879879
TI  - Educating family physicians to care for the chronically mentally ill.
AB  - More than 50 percent of the chronically mentally ill receive their medical,
      psychiatric, and social support services from primary care physicians in the
      general health sector. Despite this high level of involvement with these
      patients, the majority of family physicians consider their training in the
      management of patients with mental disorders to be inadequate. This paper
      describes six categories of critical competencies that should be included in the
      mental health curricula of family physician training programs: therapeutic
      attitudes and skills, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, functional
      assessment, psychopharmacology, management of emergencies, and psychosocial
      treatments. It outlines the manner in which specific competencies could be
      incorporated in medical school, in family practice residency training, and in
      postgraduate continuing medical education as well as the specific elements
      included in each. The discussion is based on the assumption that more effective
      participation by family physicians in the treatment of chronic psychiatric
      illness requires active attention throughout the continuum of medical education.

PMID- 2879880
TI  - Depression, parkinsonian symptoms, and negative symptoms in schizophrenics
      treated with neuroleptics.
AB  - To determine whether depression and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism confound the
      clinical assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenics, we evaluated 45
      outpatient schizophrenics for depression, parkinsonian symptoms, and negative
      symptoms using standard clinical rating scales. Neuroleptic and anticholinergic
      dose and plasma activity were also determined. Associations between negative
      symptoms and these clinical and drug variables were examined using a multivariate
      statistical model. Negative symptoms were significantly correlated with several
      parkinsonian symptoms, some vegetative features of depression, and with
      anticholinergic dose. No significant correlations were found between negative
      symptoms and cognitive features of depression, or neuroleptic and anticholinergic
      plasma activity. These findings suggest that assessment criteria for negative
      symptoms, depression, and drug-induced parkinsonism overlap in treated
      schizophrenics. Strategies for differentiating these clinical syndromes are
      discussed.

PMID- 2879882
TI  - The placebo effect in agoraphobia.
AB  - This paper presents two sets of data that suggests a weak but specific placebo
      response in agoraphobia. First, analyses in 20 agoraphobic patients given single
      blind placebo over a 2-week period, without the customary confound of
      instructions for exposure to phobic situations, revealed a statistically
      significant reduction in panic and phobic symptoms. However, symptoms remained in
      the moderate to severe range and functioning was virtually unchanged. Second,
      comparisons between six agoraphobic patients receiving double-blind placebo and
      six others receiving "no pills," matched for age, sex and exposure treatment,
      revealed a significant placebo effect over an 8-week period. Implications for
      clinical research are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2879881
TI  - The aftermath of rape. Profiles of immediate and delayed treatment seekers.
AB  - Seventy-eight sexual assault victims who sought treatment within 1 month of their
      assaults were compared with 40 victims who delayed seeking treatment.
      Demographic, rape situation, and psychiatric history characteristics were
      examined as were postrape symptom profiles and responses to treatment. More of
      the delayed treatment seekers were raped by a "friend," and fewer used physical
      means to defend themselves against the assailant. With respect to symptomatology,
      delayed treatment seekers reported considerable rape-related distress and were
      more anxious and significantly more fearful than were recent rape victims.
      Implications for clinical practice and for the tailoring of services for victims
      of sexual assault are suggested.

PMID- 2879883
TI  - Differential action of bromocriptine on nigrostriatal versus mesolimbic
      dopaminergic neurons.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to compare the abilities of the dopaminergic
      agonists apomorphine, bromocriptine, and lergotrile to inhibit the synthesis of
      dopamine (DA) in terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic DA neurons. The in
      vivo synthesis of DA was estimated by measuring the rate of accumulation of
      dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in terminals of nigrostriatal (striatum) and
      mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle) neurons 30 min after the
      administration of NSD 1015, a decarboxylase inhibitor. The activation of DA
      autoreceptors in these regions was evaluated by measuring the abilities of the DA
      agonists to inhibit DA synthesis in brain regions of rats pretreated with gamma
      butyrolactone (GBL). Apomorphine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg for 45 min) and bromocriptine
      (0.1-10 mg/kg for 90 min) produced dose-dependent decreases in the rate of DA
      synthesis in all three brain regions of both vehicle- and GBL-treated rats. A
      time course of the effects of the highest dose of bromocriptine (10 mg/kg),
      however, demonstrated dramatic regional differences in the ability of this drug
      to inhibit DA synthesis in saline-versus GBL-pretreated rats. Bromocriptine
      inhibited the GBL-induced increase in DA synthesis for 6 hours in all regions
      examined. In the striatum of saline-treated rats the decrease in DA synthesis was
      evident only at 1.5 hours after bromocriptine administration, while in the
      nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle DA synthesis remained inhibited for 6
      hours. By contrast, lergotrile reduced DA synthesis to a similar extent in all
      three regions for at least 6 hours in both vehicle- and GBL-treated rats. These
      results suggest that there is no regional difference in the ability of
      bromocriptine to inhibit DA synthesis via DA autoreceptor mechanisms, but there
      appear to be differences in postsynaptic DA receptor-mediated mechanisms which
      regulate nigrostriatal versus mesolimbic DA neurons.

PMID- 2879884
TI  - Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor binding in cerebral cortex: competition studies
      with [3H]prazosin and [3H]idazoxan.
AB  - The tritiated adrenergic antagonists prazosin ([3H]PRZ) and idazoxan ([3H]IDA, or
      RX-781094) bind specifically and with high affinity in membrane preparations from
      cerebral cortex to alpha-1- and alpha-2-adrenoceptors respectively. Saturation
      experiments, performed to determine the density of receptors (Bmax; maximum
      binding capacity) and the dissociation constant (Kd 25 degrees C), were analyzed
      by the methods of Eadie and Hofstee, iterative modelling, and the procedure of
      Hill. The pharmacologic properties and specificity of the labelling was verified
      by displacement experiments using alpha-adrenergic antagonists and agonists. The
      antagonist drugs showed the following order of potency to displace [3H]prazosin:
      prazosin much greater than phentolamine much greater than corynanthine greater
      than pyrextramine much greater than yohimbine much greater than piperoxan greater
      than benextramine greater than idazoxan; for the agonists: clonidine much greater
      than (-)-noradrenaline much greater than (-)-adrenaline much greater than
      phenylephrine, while other drugs, such as (-)-propranolol, dopamine, (-)
      isoproterenol and serotonin only competed with the alpha-1-ligand at
      concentrations above 20 microM. The alpha 2-sites labelled by [3H]idazoxan were
      characterized by the antagonist displacement sequence idazoxan much greater than
      phentolamine greater than yohimbine = greater than piperoxan much greater than
      pyrextramine much greater than benextramine much greater than prazosin much
      greater than corynanthine. The agonists order of potency to compete with
      [3H]idazoxan was clonidine much greater than phenylephrine = greater than (-)
      adrenaline greater than (-)-noradrenaline, and for other related drugs it was (-)
      propranolol much greater than dopamine much greater than serotonin greater than (
      )-isoproterenol. These competition experiments clearly showed two
      pharmacologically distinct sites, but question the relative specificity of some
      of the adrenergic drugs.

PMID- 2879885
TI  - Day-night rhythm of rat pineal tyrosine hydroxylase activity as determined by
      HPLC with amperometric detection.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the rat pineal gland was measured by means of
      HPLC determination of the amount of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine formed. Enzyme
      activity showed a clear day-night rhythm, paralleling that of plasma melatonin
      levels in the same animals, with values being high during the dark period
      apparently because of changes in Vmax. In animals maintained under constant
      illumination for 3 days, tyrosine hydroxylase activity and plasma melatonin level
      rhythms were completely abolished, a result indicating that both are under
      photoperiodic control.

PMID- 2879886
TI  - Posttranslational protein modification by polyamines in intact and regenerating
      nerves.
AB  - A 150,000-g supernatant from axoplasm of the giant axon of the stellate nerve of
      the squid and from rat sciatic and goldfish optic nerves was found to be able to
      incorporate covalently [3H]putrescine and [3H]spermidine into an exogenous
      protein (N,N'-dimethylcasein). Incorporation of radioactivity was inhibited by
      CuSO4, a specific inhibitor of transglutaminases, the enzymes mediating these
      reactions in other tissues. Analysis of pH and temperature range and enzyme
      kinetics displayed characteristics predicted for transglutaminase-mediated
      reactions. Transglutaminase activity increased during regeneration of both
      vertebrate nerves, but greater activity was found in segments of nerve containing
      no intact axons than in either intact segments or in segments containing
      regenerating axons. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of endogenous modified
      proteins (in the absence of N,N'-dimethylcasein) showed labeling of 18-, 46- and
      200-kilodalton proteins by both [3H]putrescine and [3H]spermidine. Analysis of
      the protein-bound radioactivity from intact and regenerating rat sciatic nerves
      demonstrated it to be predominantly in the form of the parent radioactive
      polyamine. These experiments demonstrate the covalent modification of proteins by
      polyamines at low levels in squid axoplasm and at relatively higher levels in rat
      sciatic and goldfish optic nerves. In the latter two cases, the activity of these
      modification reactions may be due in part to the modification of axonal proteins,
      but the majority of the activity occurs in nonneuronal cells of the nerve.

PMID- 2879888
TI  - In vivo studies on the extracellular, and veratrine-releasable, pools of
      endogenous amino acids in the rat striatum: effects of corticostriatal
      deafferentation and kainic acid lesion.
AB  - The effects of corticostriatal deafferentation (decortication) and destruction of
      intrinsic neurons (intrastriatal kainate injection) on the extracellular
      concentration, and veratrine-releasable pools, of endogenous amino acids in the
      rat striatum were examined using the in vivo brain dialysis technique.
      Intracellular amino acid content was also determined. Decortication reduced
      selectively intra- and extracellular levels of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate
      (Asp). Extracellular changes were more pronounced than those in tissue content.
      gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine (Tau), and phosphoethanolamine (PEA)
      levels were not affected, whereas nonneuroactive amino acids were increased at 1
      week but not at 1 month post-lesion. The intracellular pool of Glu and Asp was
      also reduced in kainate-lesioned striata. However, extracellular levels of these
      compounds were not affected significantly by this treatment. The tissue content
      of all other amino acids was decreased, the most prominent change being in the
      concentration of GABA. Extracellular GABA concentration was also reduced
      dramatically, whereas the concentrations of noneuroactive amino acids were
      increased to varying degrees. These data suggest that transmitter pools of
      neuroactive amino acids are an important supply for their extracellular pools.
      Lesion-induced alterations in nonneuroactive amino acids are discussed with
      regard to the loss of metabolic pools, glial reactivity, and changes in blood
      brain barrier transport. Veratrine induced a massive release of neuroactive amino
      acids such as Glu, Asp, GABA, and Tau into the extracellular fluid, and a delayed
      increase in PEA. Extracellular levels of neuroactive amino acids were raised
      slightly. Decortication reduced, selectively, the amounts of Glu and Asp released
      by veratrine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879887
TI  - Active site studies on a narrow-specificity thyroliberin-hydrolysing
      pyroglutamate aminopeptidase purified from synaptosomal membrane of guinea-pig
      brain.
AB  - The effect of protein-modifying reagents on the activity of a purified
      preparation of a thyroliberin-hydrolysing pyroglutamate aminopeptidase,
      solubilised from synaptosomal membranes of guinea-pig brain by treatment with
      papain, was investigated. The results indicated that tyrosine, histidine,
      arginine, and possibly lysine residues were necessary for expression of catalytic
      activity and that these tyrosine, histidine, and arginine residues were probably
      located at the active site of the enzyme. Cysteine, serine, glutamate, and
      aspartate residues were not involved in the expression of catalytic activity.

PMID- 2879890
TI  - The acute effect of ammonium acetate on levels of amino acids in the intact and
      decorticated rat neostriatum.
AB  - Unilateral frontal cortex ablations were performed in rats so that the glutamate
      terminals in the ipsilateral rostral neostriatum were removed. At 1 or 7 days
      later, intraperitoneal injections of ammonium acetate induced different changes
      in amino acid concentrations in the intact and deafferentated neostriatum. After
      1 day, the level of glutamate decreased only in the intact side, whereas that of
      glutamine increased and that of aspartate decreased to the same extent on both
      sides following ammonia injection. After 7 days, the glutamate level decreased
      more in the intact than the decorticated side in both nonconvulsing and
      convulsing rats. The concentration of alanine increased most in the intact
      neostriatum, whereas glutamine levels increased and aspartate levels decreased to
      the same extent on both sides in nonconvulsing and convulsing rats. The results
      indicate that ammonia has a more pronounced effect on neuronal than glial
      glutamate pools.

PMID- 2879889
TI  - Cellular origins of endogenous amino acids released into the extracellular fluid
      of the rat striatum during severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
AB  - The effect of severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the extracellular levels of
      endogenous amino acids in the rat striatum was examined using the brain
      microdialysis technique. A characteristic pattern of alterations consisting of a
      9-12-fold increase in aspartate (Asp), and more moderate increases in glutamate
      (Glu), taurine (Tau), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was noted following
      cessation of electroencephalographic activity (isoelectricity). Glutamine (Gln)
      levels were reduced both during and after the isoelectric period and there was a
      delayed increase in extracellular phosphoethanolamine (PEA) content. The effects
      of decortication and excitotoxin lesions on the severe hypoglycemia-evoked efflux
      of endogenous amino acids in the striatum were also examined. Decortication
      reduced the release of Glu and Asp both 1 week and 1 month post-lesion. The
      efflux of other neuroactive amino acids was not affected significantly. In
      contrast, GABA, Tau, and PEA efflux was attenuated in kainate-lesioned striata.
      Glu and Asp release was also reduced under these conditions, and a smaller
      decrease in extracellular Gln was noted. These data suggest that GABA, Glu, and
      Asp are released primarily from their transmitter pools during severe
      hypoglycemia. The releasable pools of Tau and PEA appear to be located in kainate
      sensitive striatal neurons. The significance of these results is discussed with
      regard to the excitotoxic theory of hypoglycemic cell death.

PMID- 2879891
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, biopterin, and neopterin in the
      brains of normal controls and patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type.
AB  - The activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, and the
      concentrations of the biopterin cofactor and the precursor neopterin were
      measured in 14 regions of postmortem brains from four histologically verified
      patients of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and eight histologically
      normal controls. Neopterin concentrations were measured in the human brain for
      the first time. The activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase
      in the brains of patients with SDAT were significantly reduced in the substantia
      nigra and in the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, locus ceruleus, and
      substantia nigra, respectively. The concentrations of total biopterin in the
      brains of patients with SDAT were significantly reduced in the putamen and
      substantia nigra, but the total neopterin concentrations did not change
      significantly. These results suggest that the reduction in biogenic amines in
      SDAT might be related to reductions in biosynthetic enzymes associated with
      biogenic amines, due to destruction of monoaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2879892
TI  - Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase purified from rat pheochromocytoma was phosphorylated and
      activated by purified cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase as well as by cyclic
      AMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. The extent of activation was
      correlated with the degree of phosphate incorporated into the enzyme. Comparable
      stoichiometric ratios (0.6 mol phosphate/mol tyrosine hydroxylase subunit) were
      obtained at maximal concentrations of either cyclic AMP-dependent or cyclic GMP
      dependent protein kinases. The enzymes appeared to mediate the phosphorylation of
      the same residue based on the observation that incorporation was not increased
      when both enzymes were present. The major tryptic phosphopeptide obtained from
      tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated by each protein kinase exhibited an identical
      retention time following HPLC. The purified phosphopeptides also exhibited
      identical isoelectric points. These data provide support for the notion that the
      protein kinases are phosphorylating the same residue of tyrosine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2879894
TI  - Somatostatin and Alzheimer's disease: a hypothesis.
AB  - Recent data suggest a disturbance of some brain somatostatin neurons in
      Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, some endocrine activities known to be regulated by
      somatostatin, such as growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating-hormone, somatomedins,
      as well as insulin and glucose metabolism, also seem to be affected in some
      patients. It is speculated that these changes are due to a global CNS and
      endocrine somatostatin defect in Alzheimer's disease and that the described
      endocrine imbalance may indirectly be responsible for at least part of the CNS
      pathology.

PMID- 2879893
TI  - Magnesium ions inhibit the stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by
      endogenous excitatory amino acids in primary cultures of cerebellar granule
      cells.
AB  - Omission of Mg2+ from the incubation buffer results in a six- to eightfold
      increase in [3H]inositol-1-phosphate ([3H]Ins-1-P) accumulation in primary
      cultures of cerebellar granule cells at 7-9 days in vitro. This increase is
      reversed by low concentrations of 2-amino-5-phosphono-valerate (APV), a result
      indicating that the absence of Mg2+ facilitates the activation of a specific
      receptor by the endogenous excitatory amino acids (presumably L-glutamate and L
      aspartate) released from the granule cells. The absence of Mg2+ also potentiates
      the action of exogenously applied N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), L-glutamate, L
      aspartate, and kainate. In contrast, the action of quisqualate is virtually
      unaffected by Mg2+ and is resistant to APV inhibition. Addition of the
      depolarizing agent veratridine enhances the accumulation of [3H]Ins-1-P also in
      Mg2+-containing buffer. The action of veratridine is antagonized by APV, a result
      suggesting that, under depolarized conditions, the NMDA receptor can be activated
      by the endogenously released excitatory amino acids, despite the presence of
      Mg2+. Accordingly, in the presence of Mg2+, veratridine potentiates the action of
      exogenously applied NMDA but does not facilitate the action of quisqualate.

PMID- 2879895
TI  - Newly synthesized catalytic and regulatory components of adenylate cyclase are
      expressed in neurites of cultured sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Forskolin- and guanine nucleotide-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were
      measured in microdissected sections of neurites from small explants and in
      dispersed cell cultures of sympathetic ganglion neurons to determine whether a
      competent system for regulated formation of cAMP, consisting of both catalytic
      units of adenylate cyclase and regulatory GTP binding proteins, is synthesized
      during neurite outgrowth and where it is distributed in the neuron. An increase
      in both guanine nucleotide- and forskolin-dependent activity of adenylate cyclase
      occurred concomitantly with neurite outgrowth and was directly proportional to
      neurite length. Separate analysis of adenylate cyclase activity in explant cell
      bodies or neurites showed that the increased activity was localized entirely in
      the neurites, while activity in the cell bodies remained virtually constant
      during growth. Concentric sections of neurites of approximately 500 microns
      width, which contained similar volumes of neurites as determined with the
      indicator BCECF (Rink et al., 1982), produced similar levels of cAMP, indicating
      an even distribution of adenylate cyclase in the neurites. Cell bodies, when
      stimulated by GTP gamma S, produced 236 +/- 46 attomol cAMP/min (30 degrees
      C)/cell body and an additional 52.6 +/- 20 attomol cAMP/min (30 degrees C)/neuron
      were produced with each day of neurite growth (approximately 400 microns).
      Assuming a turnover number of 2000 min-1, cell bodies and neurites were
      calculated to contain similar densities of catalytic unit molecules on their
      surface (9-28 molecules/micron 2). An abundant GTP binding protein, detected by
      ADP-ribosylation with pertussis toxin, was also widely distributed in the
      neuron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879896
TI  - The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in primate
      neocortex is widespread but regionally specific.
AB  - An antiserum directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an enzyme involved in
      dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis, was used to visualize axons
      immunohistochemically in monkey neocortex. Labeled fibers were distributed
      throughout the entire neocortex, but they had striking patterns of regional and
      laminar specialization. For example, primary motor cortex contained the greatest
      density of TH-labeled fibers, whereas primary sensory regions were sparsely
      innervated. Marked heterogeneity of fiber density was also present among the
      association regions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. In addition,
      the laminar pattern of innervation in a given region was correlated with its
      fiber density. Sparsely innervated regions had labeled fibers only in layer I and
      sometimes layer VI. In regions of intermediate density, labeled fibers tended to
      be located in layers I-superficial III and layers V-VI, whereas in densely
      innervated motor cortex TH-immunoreactive fibers were present in all cortical
      layers. Comparison of these distribution patterns with those produced by an
      antiserum directed against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker of
      neocortical noradrenergic axons, revealed marked differences. DBH-immunoreactive
      fibers were observed in some cortical locations where few or no TH-labeled fibers
      were present. In other regions, the density of TH-immunoreactive processes far
      exceeded that of DBH-labeled fibers. These findings indicate that nearly all of
      the immunoreactive fibers revealed by this anti-TH antiserum are dopaminergic.
      This interpretation was further supported by lesions of the ascending
      noradrenergic fibers in the brain stem, which reduced DBH immunoreactivity, but
      not TH immunoreactivity, in neocortex. The distinctive innervation patterns of TH
      immunoreactive fibers suggest a functional specialization of the dopaminergic
      projections to primate neocortex.

PMID- 2879897
TI  - Production, characterization, and immunohistochemical application of monoclonal
      antibodies to glutaminase purified from rat brain.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were produced against phosphate-activated glutaminase (EC
      3.5.1.2) as a marker for glutamatergic neurons: The enzyme was purified 1000-fold
      from rat brain mitochondria with a recovery of 27%. Upon SDS-PAGE the purified
      enzyme showed a single band up to 1.7 micrograms after the silver staining at
      molecular weight 62,000. Two monoclonal antibodies (IgMs) were produced; these
      absorbed more than 90% of glutaminase activity in rat brain homogenate. In
      immunoblotting after PAGE of the homogenate, the antibodies recognized only 1
      protein band at the same position as that of the purified enzyme. Thus, the
      antibodies are specific and sufficient markers for glutaminase. Many neuronal
      cells in the rat brain were labeled immunohistochemically with these antibodies,
      but non-neuronal elements such as glial cells and vessels were not. Intense
      labeling was consistently observed in putative glutamatergic neurons such as
      pyramidal cells of layers V and VI in the cerebral neocortex. Intense staining
      was also seen in possible mossy fiber endings in the granular layer of the
      cerebellar cortex and in neurons giving off mossy fibers such as those in the
      pontine nuclei, pontine tegmental reticular nucleus of Bechterew, lateral
      reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata, and external cuneate nucleus.

PMID- 2879898
TI  - Excitatory amino acid receptors coupled with guanylate cyclase in primary
      cultures of cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - Primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells have been used in pharmacologically
      and functionally characterizing excitatory amino acid recognition sites coupled
      with guanylate cyclase. When granule cells were incubated in physiological
      culture conditions (Locke's solution, pH 7.4), only kainate and, to a lesser
      extent, L-glutamate increased cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels. Under these conditions, L
      aspartate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and quisqualate were inactive. When
      granule cells were incubated in the absence of extracellular Mg2+ or in the
      presence of the depolarizing agent veratrine, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and NMDA
      became as effective as kainate in enhancing cGMP formation. The action of kainate
      was preferentially antagonized by 2,3-cis-piperidindicarboxylate, whereas the
      action of L-glutamate was preferentially antagonized by (+/-)2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate. These data suggest that 2 different excitatory amino acid
      recognition sites (activated by kainate or by L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and NMDA,
      respectively) are coupled with guanylate cyclase in primary cultures of
      cerebellar granule cells: While the coupling of the recognition site for kainate
      with guanylate cyclase operates under resting conditions and in the presence of
      Mg2+, the coupling of the recognition site for L-glutamate, L-aspartate, and NMDA
      with guanylate cyclase requires depolarizing conditions or the absence of
      extracellular Mg2+.

PMID- 2879900
TI  - Recombinant DNA and the physician.

PMID- 2879899
TI  - Diets varying in linoleic and linolenic acid content alter liver plasma membrane
      lipid composition and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets varying in fatty acid composition for 24
      d. Liver plasma membranes were isolated, and the effect of diet on phospholipid
      fatty acyl tail composition and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity
      was measured. Dietary linolenic acid influenced membrane phospholipid fatty acid
      composition and altered the effect of different dietary levels of linoleic acid
      on membrane composition. At low dietary intakes of linolenic acid, membrane fatty
      acids derived from linolenic acid increased as dietary intake of C18:2(9,12)
      increased. At high dietary linolenic acid levels membrane content of fatty acids
      derived from linolenic acid decreased as dietary intake of linoleic acid
      increased. Glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity decreased at high
      levels of both dietary linoleic acid and linolenic acid. These observations
      suggest that dietary balance between linoleic and linolenic acids has a role in
      plasma membrane composition and may control glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase
      activity.

PMID- 2879901
TI  - Receptor-mediated pharmacodynamics of prednisolone in the rat.
AB  - A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model describing receptor-mediated effects of
      prednisolone is presented. The basis of the model is the generally accepted
      mechanism of action of steroid hormones in which corticosteroids bind to
      cytosolic receptors forming steroid-receptor complexes, which are activated and
      translocated into the nucleus. There the complexes associate with specific DNA
      sequences and modulate the rate of transcription of DNA into specific RNAs that
      code for the synthesis of proteins that elicit biological responses.
      Prednisolone, 5 or 50 mg/kg, was administered intravenously to adrenalectomized
      rats. Total plasma, free plasma, CBG-free plasma, and liver prednisolone
      concentrations were measured simultaneously with free hepatic cytosolic
      glucocorticoid receptor concentrations and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT)
      activity of the liver as a function of time. The association/dissociation
      kinetics of prednisolone binding to the glucocorticoid receptor were measured
      separately in vitro at 37 degrees C. Total plasma, free plasma, and CBG-free
      plasma prednisolone concentrations could be used equally well in the model to
      account for the time course of receptor concentrations and TAT activity. However,
      use of liver steroid concentrations resulted in an overestimation of receptor
      depletion. Steroid concentrations in plasma increased 20 to 30-fold with a
      tenfold increase in dose, but receptor occupancy and TAT activity over time
      increased about threefold. While prednisolone pharmacokinetics were dose
      dependent, parameters describing receptor kinetics and TAT activity were constant
      at each prednisolone dose. The major determinants of receptor-mediated
      glucocorticoid activity are confirmed to be the availability of the receptor,
      drug-receptor dissociation rate, and corticosteroid persistence in the biophase.

PMID- 2879902
TI  - Characterization and inhibition of mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase activity in human
      liver microsomes.
AB  - The in vivo metabolism in humans of the anticonvulsant mephenytoin exhibits
      stereoselectivity as well as genetic polymorphism of the 4-hydroxylation pathway.
      The characteristics of the involved cytochrome P-450 isozyme are, however, not
      known completely. Accordingly, the ability of human liver microsomes to
      metabolize mephenytoin and its enantiomers was investigated in vitro, and the
      ability of related anticonvulsants and other compounds to inhibit 4-hydroxylation
      was studied. Marked stereoselectivity was observed in the conversion of S
      mephenytoin to its 4-hydroxy metabolite, but N-demethylation was essentially
      similar for both enantiomers. The intrinsic clearance (Vmax/Km) for 4
      hydroxymephenytoin formation showed an almost 10-fold range in five livers and
      was 150- to 1000-fold greater than that for N-demethylation. Competitive
      inhibition of 4-hydroxylation was observed with ethotoin, mephobarbital,
      methsuximide and phensuximide, but not other commonly used anticonvulsants such
      as ethosuximide, phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone. However, synthetic N
      alkyl analogs of the latter compounds were found to be inhibitory. An aryl
      residue alpha to the carbonyl carbon of an N-alkyl lactam in a 5- or 6-membered
      ring, therefore, appears to be a minimal requirement for strong interaction with
      the 4-hydroxylase. Warfarin, but not diazepam, ketoconazole or
      iodochlorohydroxyquin, were also competitive inhibitors, but at much higher
      concentrations than the anticonvulsants. Competitive inhibition at concentrations
      similar to the Km of 4-hydroxymephenytoin formation (30-350 microM) may indicate
      that the isozyme is involved in the metabolism of the substrates under
      consideration and, therefore, their in vivo metabolism may be regulated to some
      extent by the same genetic factor(s) that determine mephenytoin's
      biotransformation.

PMID- 2879903
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of spinal alpha adrenoceptors related to blood
      pressure control in rats.
AB  - The effects of various alpha adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists injected into
      the spinal subarachnoid space on blood pressure and heart rate were investigated
      in pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats. A dose-dependent decrease in blood
      pressure and heart rate was induced by intrathecal injections of clonidine (0.3-3
      micrograms), at the T6-T7 level. Guanabenz (3-30 micrograms) and an azepine
      derivative B-HT 920 (1-3 micrograms) also reduced blood pressure and heart rate.
      In contrast, an imidazolidine derivative St 587 (10 micrograms) was ineffective.
      The clonidine-induced hypotensive effect was antagonized by yohimbine but not by
      prazosin. Yohimbine (3-10 micrograms) alone caused an increase in blood pressure
      and heart rate while only a weak hypotenion occurred with prazosin (10
      micrograms). Pretreatment with intrathecal 6-hydroxydopamine (50 micrograms X 2)
      did not impair the hypotensive action of clonidine (1 microgram) whereas the
      hypertensive effect of yohimbine was reduced markedly by this treatment. When
      injected i.v. or intrathecally at the C1-C2 level, clonidine (1 microgram)
      produced only a slight decrease in blood pressure. It is concluded that, in rat
      spinal cord, alpha-2 adrenoceptors located postsynaptically are involved in blood
      pressure control. Endogenous catecholamines, especially norepinephrine in the
      spinal cord seem to activate tonically the alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2879904
TI  - Renal toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein and enzymuria in rats.
AB  - The mechanism of cadmium metallothionein (Cd-MT)-induced renal toxicity was
      studied in rats using urinary enzyme excretion as a marker for cellular damage.
      Animals were injected with either saline or Zn (20 mg of Zn as ZnSO4/kg b.wt.) at
      0.5, 4 or 24 hr before injection of Cd-MT (0.3 mg of Cd as Cd-MT/kg b.wt. i.p.).
      Activities of two brush border enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma
      glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT), and a lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase (NAG), were measured in 24-hr urine collections. Urinary
      excretion of all three enzymes was increased significantly after Cd-MT injection.
      Both ALP and GGT excretions reached a maximum at 24 hr whereas NAG excretion
      reached peak values at 48 hr after Cd-MT injection. The excretion of all three
      enzymes decreased to the control level by the 3rd day. Zn pretreatment alone had
      no effect on urinary enzyme excretion. Pretreatment with Zn salts at 0.5 and 2 hr
      before Cd-MT injection did not show any difference in the urinary excretion of
      the enzymes as compared with the saline-treated controls. However, injection of
      Zn salts at 24 hr before Cd-MT injection resulted in a significant decrease in
      the excretion of the lysosomal enzyme NAG whereas both ALP and GGT excretions
      were unchanged. Extensive proximal tubular damage was observed morphologically in
      all the rats injected with Cd-MT, but the cellular damage was less in rats
      pretreated with Zn sulfate 24 hr before Cd-MT injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879905
TI  - Effect of dopamine receptor activation on ganglionic transmission and cyclic AMP
      levels in the stellate ganglia and renal arteries of the dog.
AB  - By using selective dopamine (DA) receptor agonists and antagonists, we have
      demonstrated previously the presence of DA-2- and DA-1-like DA receptors in the
      stellate ganglia of the dog. Activation of either DA-2- or DA-1-like receptors by
      quinpirole or fenoldopam, respectively, leads to inhibition of ganglionic
      transmission. In the present study we have examined the involvement of DA
      receptor subtypes in the action of DA on ganglionic transmission. Inasmuch as
      stimulation of DA receptors is linked to the activation (DA-1) or inhibition (DA
      2) of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, we have also measured the accumulation of
      cyclic AMP (cAMP) for biochemical characterization of ganglionic DA receptors. In
      isolated stellate ganglia treated with phentolamine and propranolol, DA caused
      concentration-dependent inhibition of ganglionic transmission as evidenced by
      reductions in the amplitude of the evoked postganglionic compound action
      potentials. The inhibitory effect of DA on ganglionic transmission was
      antagonized by both the DA-1 receptor antagonist, R-sulpiride, and the DA-2
      receptor antagonist, S-sulpiride. However, the more potent and selective DA-1
      receptor antagonist, SCH-23390, failed to antagonize the DA-induced inhibition of
      ganglionic transmission. Isolated stellate ganglia were also utilized for the
      measurement of cAMP. Neither DA nor the selective DA-1 receptor agonist,
      fenoldopam, caused any significant changes in cAMP, suggesting the lack of an
      adenylate cyclase-linked DA-1 receptor in the ganglia. On the other hand, beta
      adrenoceptor activation by isoproterenol produced a 3-fold increase in cAMP
      content of the stellate ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879907
TI  - Behavioral effects of the beta-carboline derivatives ZK 93423 and ZK 91296 in
      squirrel monkeys: comparison with lorazepam and suriclone.
AB  - Behavioral effects of the beta-carboline derivatives ZK 93423 (6-benzyloxy-4
      methoxymethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester) and ZK 91296 (5
      benzyloxy-4-methoxymethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester) were
      compared with those of lorazepam and suriclone in squirrel monkeys. Two groups of
      monkeys were trained to respond under a fixed-interval schedule of food
      presentation. In one group, responding was suppressed (punished) by superimposing
      a fixed-ratio schedule of response-produced electric shock. Dose-effect curves
      were determined for all drugs by administering single doses i.m. 15 min before
      the start of the fixed-interval schedule. Low and intermediate doses of ZK 93423
      (0.03-0.3 mg/kg), ZK 91296 (0.3-10.0 mg/kg), lorazepam (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and
      suriclone (0.003-0.03 mg/kg) produced dose-related increases in the rates of both
      suppressed and nonsuppressed responding. The increases in response rates normally
      produced by maximally effective doses of ZK 93423, ZK 91296, lorazepam or
      suriclone were eliminated when the drugs were given in combination with the
      benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. Although many beta-carboline derivatives
      have been found to act as "inverse agonists" at benzodiazepine recognition sites,
      the present results show that ZK 93423 and ZK 91296 have clear benzodiazepine
      like (agonist) effects on schedule-controlled behavior in squirrel monkeys.

PMID- 2879906
TI  - Specialization in beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor distribution in veins of the
      rabbit face: relationship to myogenic tone and sympathetic nerve innervation.
AB  - Studies were performed on several superficial veins from the rabbit face to
      examine the relationship between beta adrenoceptor subtype distribution,
      intrinsic myogenic tone and sympathetic nerve innervation. Experiments using
      selective beta adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists indicate that the dorsal
      nasal and angularis oculi veins possess a homogeneous population of beta-2
      adrenoceptors. Sympathetic nerve stimulation in these segments results only in
      contraction mediated through postjunctional alpha adrenoceptors. These segments
      are devoid of intrinsic myogenic tone. In the facial vein, of which both veins
      are tributaries, both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors are found. Studies with the
      beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, betaxolol, and beta-2 adrenoceptor antagonist,
      ICI 118,551, indicate that the prominent relaxation observed in this tissue to
      sympathetic nerve stimulation is mediated through postjunctional beta-1
      adrenoceptors. At physiological temperatures, the facial vein possesses a marked
      intrinsic myogenic tone that is inhibited by this beta-1 adrenoceptor-mediated
      sympathetic activity. Considering the anatomical relationship between these
      vessels and the unique association between beta adrenoceptor subtype, intrinsic
      myogenic tone and sympathetic innervation, it is possible that facial blood
      redistribution in the rabbit can be markedly affected by sympathetic nerve
      stimulation. Such a process could have an important role in cranial
      thermoregulation.

PMID- 2879908
TI  - Phencyclidine selectively inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced hippocampal
      [3H]norepinephrine release.
AB  - We have reported previously that phencyclidine (PCP) antagonizes N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA)-induced release of dopamine and acetylcholine from slices of rat
      striatum and nucleus accumbens. In the present experiments, we examined the
      effect of PCP on NMDA and kainic acid (KA)-induced release of [3H]norepinephrine
      (NE) from superfused rat hippocampal slices. NMDA and KA stimulated the efflux of
      NE with EC50 values of 192 and 245 microM, respectively. The presence of 1.2 mM
      MgCl2 in the buffer abolished NMDA-induced release but had little effect on KA
      induced release. PCP inhibited the release of [3H]NE induced by 100 microM NMDA
      with an IC50 of 46 nM, but had no effect on the release of NE stimulated by 300
      microM KA. 2-Aminophosphonovalerate antagonized NMDA-induced release, producing a
      parallel shift to the right in the concentration-response curve. However, PCP
      shifted the concentration-response curve to the right in a nonparallel fashion.
      Drugs with PCP-like properties, such as dexoxadrol and cyclazocine, inhibited
      NMDA-induced release, whereas related drugs such as levoxadrol,
      ethylketocyclazocine and morphine, which are not PCP-like, had no effect. These
      data suggest that PCP is a potent, selective, noncompetitive inhibitor of amino
      acid-induced [3H]NE release and that this action of PCP is mediated through the
      PCP/sigma receptor.

PMID- 2879909
TI  - Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine in rabbit blood vessels: activation of alpha
      adrenoceptors in rabbit thoracic aorta.
AB  - Experiments were carried out to identify the receptors mediating the contraction
      of the rabbit thoracic aorta to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Isolated aortic rings
      were mounted in tissue baths for the measurement of isometric contraction and 5
      HT dose-response curves were obtained in the presence and absence of receptor
      antagonists. Prazosin, 1 X 10(-7) M, or 30-min pretreatment with 1 X 10(-5) M
      benextramine had no effect on the contractile response of aorta to 5-HT up to 1 X
      10(-5) M, whereas 2 brom-D-lysergic acid diethylamide, 1 X 10(-7) M, shifted the
      5-HT dose-response curve far to the right. Alpha receptor blockade with either
      prazosin or benextramine in the presence of 2 brom-D-lysergic acid diethylamide
      produced a greater blockade than that caused by 2 brom-D-lysergic acid
      diethylamide alone. When 5-HT dose-response curves were extended to 1 X 10(-3) M,
      three phases were identified. The first, a dose-related contraction, was mediated
      exclusively by serotonergic receptors. The second, a relaxation to approximately
      40% of maximum, occurred at 1 X 10(-5) M and appeared to result from the rapid
      development of tachyphylaxis. The third phase was a dose-related contraction to
      concentrations of 5-HT above 1 X 10(-5) M and was inhibited by either prazosin or
      pretreatment with benextramine. Similar results were obtained in aortic rings
      from reserpine-pretreated rabbits. It is concluded that the contractile response
      to concentrations of 5-HT below 1 X 10(-5) M is mediated exclusively by
      serotonergic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2879910
TI  - Phorbol ester inhibits bradykinin-stimulated inositol trisphosphate formation and
      calcium mobilization in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells.
AB  - In neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells, bradykinin (BK) receptor
      stimulation leads to phosphoinositide hydrolysis, formation of inositol
      phosphates and mobilization of intracellular calcium. Treatment of the cells with
      12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) suppressed the spike phase of
      increases in intracellular calcium concentration. In radioligand binding studies,
      TPA treatment did not interfere with [3H]BK specific binding to intact cells or
      to cell membranes. The ability of guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate to promote the
      conversion of the high affinity sites of the BK receptors into a low affinity
      sites was unaffected by TPA. TPA treatment showed the dose-dependent,
      noncompetitive inhibition of BK-stimulated formation of inositol trisphosphate.
      In the membrane preparations from TPA-treated cells, guanosine 5'-(3-O
      thio)triphosphate-stimulated inositol trisphosphate formation was inhibited by
      50%. These data indicate that TPA exerts its inhibitory action on BK responses at
      the sites of guanine nucleotide-binding protein or phospholipase C or both.

PMID- 2879912
TI  - Synthesis of 2-(4-substituted-1-piperazinyl)benzimidazoles as H1-antihistaminic
      agents.
AB  - A series of 2-(4-substituted-1-(homo)piperazinyl)benzimidazoles was prepared and
      tested for H1-antihistaminic activity in vitro and in vivo. Most of the compounds
      showed antihistaminic activity and some of the 1-[2-(substituted-oxy)ethyl]
      derivatives exhibited potent activity. In a structure-activity comparison it was
      found that the oxygen atom in the 2-(substituted-oxy)ethyl group at the 1
      position of the benzimidazole nucleus played an important role for potent
      antihistaminic activity, especially in vivo. One of the most potent compounds, 1
      (2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole (69), was 39 times
      more potent than chlorpheniramine maleate in H1-antihistaminic activity in vivo
      and was selected for clinical evaluation. The structure of compound 69 is of
      interest because it provides only a single aromatic unit linked through a chain
      to a basic nitrogen, while most H1-antihistaminic agents have structures that
      comprise a double-aromatic unit linked through a chain to a basic tertiary amino
      group.

PMID- 2879911
TI  - Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin immunoreactive perikarya in preaortic ganglia
      projecting to the rat ovary.
AB  - Postganglionic perikarya in preaortic ganglia projecting to the ovary of the rat
      were identified utilizing the retrograde fluorescent tracer, true blue. Ovarian
      perikarya were subsequently examined for neuropeptide Y and somatostatin
      immunoreactivity. True blue-labelled ovarian postganglionic perikarya were
      distributed in the coeliac ganglion and in smaller ganglia located at the origins
      of the renal and ovarian arteries. In the coeliac ganglia, 74.4 +/- 18.8% of true
      blue-labelled ovarian perikarya were immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y while 37.4
      +/- 9.6% were immunoreactive to somatostatin. In the inferior smaller ganglia,
      72.2 +/- 18.7% and 2.2 +/- 2.2% of the true blue-labelled ovarian perikarya were
      immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y and somatostatin respectively. It is suggested
      that neuropeptide Y and somatostatin participate in the modulation of ovarian
      function.

PMID- 2879913
TI  - Two stereoisomeric imidazoline derivatives: synthesis and optical and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor activities.
AB  - Two eight-step pathways for synthesizing the stereoisomeric compounds (-)-2-[1
      (2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-2-imidazoline hydrochloride ("levlofexidine"
      hydrochloride; (-)-lofexidine hydrochloride) and (+)-2-[1-(2,6
      dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-2-imidazoline hydrochloride ("dexlofexidine"
      hydrochloride; (+)-lofexidine hydrochloride) and the optical resolution of (+/-)
      lofexidine are described. (-)-Lofexidine, a stereoselective alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonist, due to its center of asymmetry, is demonstrated to be a potent drug for
      the treatment of hypertension (doses 0.561 microgram/kg) and to have the highest
      affinity and a concentration dependency for alpha 2-adrenoceptors in direct
      binding studies (0.36 nmol/L). (+)-Lofexidine is 10 times less potent.

PMID- 2879914
TI  - Peptides as receptor selectivity modulators of opiate pharmacophores.
AB  - In an effort to investigate whether "address" segments of endogenous opioid
      peptides, which are responsible for modulating receptor selectivity, also could
      modulate the selectivity of opioid alkaloid pharmacophores, we have synthesized
      analogues of leucine-enkephalin and dynorphin in which the N-terminal dipeptide
      "message" sequence has been replaced by oxymorphone or naltrexone. A hydrazone
      group was employed as a linkage between the alkaloids and peptides. The binding
      data for mu, kappa, and delta receptors indicate that peptide portions of the
      analogues can modulate the receptor selectivity of the attached alkaloid
      pharmacophores. The selectivity for different opioid receptor types depends on a
      balance between the affinities of the message and address components. In cases
      where these components have comparable receptor affinities, the address can
      significantly shift selectivity by increasing affinity to one receptor type while
      reducing affinity to other types. When the message component has high affinity
      for a particular receptor type, the modulatory role of the address is expressed
      mainly by reducing the affinity of the ligand for other opioid receptor types.

PMID- 2879915
TI  - 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine derivatives with antianaphylactic, antibronchospastic,
      and mast cell stabilizing activities.
AB  - New 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine derivatives were synthesized and tested as
      inhibitors of the reaginic passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat (PCA), of the
      histamine-induced bronchospasm in the guinea pig, and of the rat mesenteric mast
      cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80. On the basis of test results, a
      series of N-(substituted phenyl)-omega-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]alkanamides
      was prepared. The nature of substituents at the anilide ring strongly influenced
      mast cell stabilizing activity, whereas it was less determining in the case of
      the other two tests. No clear correlation between the most common physicochemical
      parameters (pi, sigma, Vw volume) of substituents and activity could be detected.
      With regard to the position of substituents at the anilide ring, the rank order
      of potency, in the PCA and bronchoconstriction tests, was para greater than meta
      greater than ortho. Introduction of substituents in the 1-(2
      pyridinyl)piperazinyl moiety of the N-(substituted phenyl)propanamide derivatives
      hardly affected activity, or the effect was deleterious. Some of the new
      compounds exhibited a simultaneous remarkable activity in all the three assays
      employed.

PMID- 2879916
TI  - Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 4. 1-(aminomethyl)phthalans:
      synthesis and pharmacological consequences of the phthalan ring oxygen atom.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of 1-(aminomethyl)phthalans 1b is reported. The
      radioligand binding to alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors and the in vitro
      pharmacology in alpha 1 (rabbit aorta) and alpha 2 (phenoxybenzamine-pretreated
      dog saphenous vein) tissues were determined and were compared to the activity of
      the corresponding 1-(aminomethyl)indans. The activity of this series of phthalans
      was found to be consistent with the electrostatic repulsion hypothesis that was
      used to design the parent indan (ERBCOP) compounds. The effect of the phthalan
      ring oxygenation was to somewhat improve alpha 1-receptor potency relative to the
      6-ERBCOP indans without having a general effect on the alpha 2-receptor potency.
      We conclude from the overall pattern of activity that while the norepinephrine
      type beta-hydroxyl group may be beneficial for binding to the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor, it is not required for strong binding to or full stimulation of the
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptor, provided that the conformational mobility associated
      with the phenylethylamine is restricted and maintained in a favorable
      conformation for receptor interaction.

PMID- 2879917
TI  - N-(heterocyclic alkyl)pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxamides as orally active
      antiallergy agents.
AB  - A series of N-(heterocyclic alkyl)pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxamides were
      evaluated for their ability to antagonize slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
      (SRS-A) induced contractions of guinea pig ilea and to inhibit thromboxane
      synthase in vitro. The results indicated that those pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8
      carboxamides bearing a branched-chain alkyl moiety in the 2-position and a four
      to six atom linear chain between a 3- or 4-substituted pyridine or a 1
      substituted imidazole ring and the carboxamide nitrogen atom showed the best
      combination of potencies in the two assays. Several of these compounds were found
      to be orally active inhibitors of LTE4-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea
      pig and LTE4-induced skin wheal formation in the rat. One of the most potent
      analogues, 2-(1-methyl-ethyl)-N-(1H-imidazol-1-ylbutyl)-11-oxo-11H-pyrido [2,1
      b]quinazoline-8-carboxamide (36), was selected for extensive pharmacological
      investigation. It was found that this compound was not a specific inhibitor of
      LTE4-induced symptomatology, but exhibited more general activity by inhibiting
      bronchospasm in guinea pigs induced by LTC4, LTD4, PAF, and histamine and skin
      wheal formation in rats and guinea pigs induced by LTC4, LTD4, and PAF. In
      addition, 36 was orally active in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay,
      suggesting that it also exhibits mediator release inhibitory activity. On the
      basis of the overall pharmacological profile of 36 and its closely related
      analogues, it was concluded that these compounds may be useful for the treatment
      of asthma.

PMID- 2879918
TI  - Synthetic analogues of tetrahydrobiopterin with cofactor activity for aromatic
      amino acid hydroxylases.
AB  - Tetrahydrobiopterin (THB) analogues with 6-alkoxymethyl substituents, 3a-j, where
      the substituents were straight- and branched-chain alkyl ranging from methyl to
      octyl, have been synthesized by the Taylor method from pyrazine ortho amino
      nitriles by guanidine cyclization, hydrolysis in aqueous NaOH, and catalytic
      hydrogenation over Pt in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The best of these compounds,
      3b, is an excellent cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase
      (V = 154% of THB), and tryptophan hydroxylase, does not destablize the binding of
      substrate (Kmtyr = 23 microM), and is recycled by dihydropteridine reductase (V =
      419% of THB). The compounds are being evaluated as cofactor replacements in
      biopterin-deficiency diseases.

PMID- 2879919
TI  - 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolines. 1. 2-[4-(1,4-benzodioxan-2
      ylcarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl] derivatives as alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists and
      antihypertensive agents.
AB  - A series of 4-amino-2-[4-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylcarbonyl)piperazin-1 -yl]-6, 7
      dimethoxyquinazoline derivatives was synthesized for evaluation as alpha
      antagonists and antihypertensive agents. Most compounds displayed high (nM)
      binding affinity for alpha 1-adrenoceptors with no significant activity at alpha
      2-sites. Selective antagonism of the alpha 1-mediated vasoconstrictor effects of
      norepinephrine is also characteristic of the series. Structure-activity
      relationships for alpha 1-adrenoceptor affinity are presented, and structural
      similarity between the 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline nucleus and
      norepinephrine is established. An alpha 1-receptor model is presented in which
      charge-reinforced hydrogen bonding is important for binding of both antagonist
      and agonist molecules. Antihypertensive activity was evaluated after oral
      administration (5 mg/kg) to spontaneously hypertensive rats, and several
      compounds displayed similar efficacy to prazosin when assessed after 6 h. On the
      basis of alpha 1-adrenoceptor affinity/selectivity in vitro and duration of
      antihypertensive action in vivo, compound 1 (doxazosin) was selected for further
      evaluation and is currently progressing through phase III clinical trials.

PMID- 2879920
TI  - 5-fluoro- and 8-fluorotrimetoquinol: selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - The 5-fluoro and 8-fluoro analogues of trimetoquinol, TMQ, have been synthesized
      and evaluated for beta 2- and beta 1-adrenoceptor activity in guinea pig trachea
      and atria, respectively. The fluoro analogues of TMQ maintained potent beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonist activity but had reduced beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist
      activity. The changes in beta 1-activity of these compounds were correlated to
      differences in phenolic pKa's. The beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor actions of 2
      and 3 were blocked in a competitive manner by propranolol. The enhanced beta
      2/beta 1 selectivity for the analogues was found to be 8-fluoro analogue 3
      greater than 5-fluoro analogue 2 greater than trimetoquinol (1).

PMID- 2879921
TI  - Paternal inheritance of translocation chromosomes in a t(X;21) patient with X
      linked muscular dystrophy.
AB  - A number of DNA probes from the short arm of the X chromosome have been used to
      study the inheritance of the translocation chromosomes in a girl with an X;
      autosome translocation and muscular dystrophy. The two translocation chromosomes
      were found to be derived from the father's single normal X chromosome, ruling out
      maternal inheritance of a pre-existent mutation and enhancing the concept that
      the de novo translocation is responsible for the dystrophic phenotype.

PMID- 2879922
TI  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy in one of monozygotic twin girls.
AB  - Monozygotic twin girls are reported, one of whom has the typical clinical
      features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy despite a normal female karyotype.
      Although certain features of the biopsy were atypical, the clinical diagnosis was
      supported by persistent markedly raised blood creatine kinase levels and findings
      typical of DMD on electromyography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analysis
      of an X linked DNA polymorphism in 16 independent somatic cell hybrids made
      between cells derived from each girl and a mouse line suggest that in one twin
      only the maternal X chromosome is active, whereas in the other the active X was
      paternally derived. More data are needed to exclude sampling error. These
      preliminary experimental results support the hypothesis that both girls are
      heterozygous for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. X inactivation, by chance, resulted
      in two contrasting cell masses with different active X chromosomes. This
      segregation was followed by, and may even have resulted in, twinning into a
      female pair, one normal and one with the full clinical features of the disease.

PMID- 2879923
TI  - Molecular deletion analysis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Study of 165 unrelated patients with X linked muscular dystrophy (117 with
      Duchenne and 48 with Becker dystrophy) has shown nine Duchenne cases (8% of the
      total) where a molecular deletion was detected using probes pERT87 or XJ1.1. No
      cytogenetic abnormalities were detectable in this unselected series of patients
      and no clear clinical or other differences were found between deletion and non
      deletion cases. No deletions were found in the 48 Becker patients. Analysis of
      the families allowed unequivocal identification carrier status in females
      hemizygous for the deleted allele. Since some of the deletions were detected with
      only one of the two probes, it is important that both pERT87 and XJ1.1 are used
      when studying patients for molecular deletions.

PMID- 2879924
TI  - Localisation of Xp21 meiotic exchange points in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      families.
AB  - The inheritance of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in 25 families was studied with 13
      X chromosome specific cloned DNA fragments from 10 loci in and surrounding Xp21.
      When multiple probes were informative, the meiotic exchange points for each
      meiosis were located in individual families. Neither genetic nor physical
      evidence indicates an unusually high recombination rate across Xp21 in these 25
      families.

PMID- 2879925
TI  - Linkage studies in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies.
AB  - We have studied the inheritance of four cloned DNA sequences which recognise
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms on the short arm of the X chromosome in
      families with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We have confirmed linkage
      of two probe loci to the disease loci and have combined our results with those
      previously published to give a maximum lod score of 11.642 at a recombination
      fraction of 0.15 for DXS41 (probe 99.6), and a maximum lod of 15.84 at a
      recombination fraction of 0.15 for DXS84 (probe 754). Linkage of these diseases
      to the loci defined by the pERT87 probes and probe pXJ1.1 has also been studied,
      giving maximum lod scores of 8.634 and 5.118 at recombination fractions of 0.02
      and 0.00 respectively. The information obtained using these polymorphic DNA
      markers, combined with pedigree and CK data, can be used to give more accurate
      genetic counselling to women at risk in Becker and Duchenne families.

PMID- 2879927
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by DNA analysis.
AB  - Linkage studies have been carried out in 20 families segregating for Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy and eight prenatal diagnoses performed, including six first
      trimester diagnoses and one twin pregnancy. The results of the restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis suggest that not all the possible
      RFLPs need to be used and a strategy for carrier detection studies is proposed.

PMID- 2879926
TI  - Linkage analysis of polymorphisms within the DNA fragment XJ cloned from the
      breakpoint of an X;21 translocation associated with X linked muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Cloning of a DNA segment including the translocation breakpoint in a female with
      an X;21 translocation and X linked muscular dystrophy has led to identification
      of three subclones which detect polymorphic markers. The alleles of these
      markers, XJ1 X 1, XJ1 X 2, and XJ2 X 2, are in strong linkage disequilibrium.
      Linkage analysis in 31 families with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy has
      shown recombination within the XJ segment in one case, and recombination of DMD
      with both the XJ segment and the pERT87 segment in a second, but has revealed no
      recombination between the XJ and pERT87 segments. The XJ markers increase the
      proportion of DMD and BMD families that are informative for carrier detection and
      prenatal diagnosis, but in view of the risk of recombination they must be used
      with caution. The site(s) of the DMD mutation(s) relative to the XJ and pERT87
      markers, and the detailed molecular structure of the DMD region, remain to be
      determined.

PMID- 2879928
TI  - Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis in X linked muscular dystrophy using
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - With the aim of offering carrier detection, genetic counselling, and prenatal
      diagnosis to as many families with Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular
      dystrophy as possible, we used available DNA probes to determine the usefulness
      of the RFLP approach. We report in detail the risks calculated using Bayesian
      theory and combining pedigree and creatine kinase (CK) data with information
      derived from the RFLP studies. To date we have analysed members of 28 DMD
      families (10 familial, 18 sporadic) and six BMD families (four familial, two
      sporadic) with the closely linked pERT probes 87-1, 87-8, and 87-15 (DXS164). In
      addition, key members of all families were analysed with probes D2 (DXS43), C7
      (DXS28), 754 (DXS84), and L1 X 28 (DXS7). Of the 97 females at risk of being
      carriers (not including 26 obligate carriers), the RFLP results were compatible
      with carriership in 22 and not in 51. In 24 females (including 17 mothers of
      sporadic cases), no information regarding carriership was derived from the RFLP
      studies. There was no disagreement between pedigree information, clearly raised
      CK values, and DNA studies. Of 52 obligate or possible carriers under the age of
      45, prenatal diagnosis is possible in 49. Prenatal diagnostic RFLP studies have
      so far been done in three women. In one sporadic DMD family and one BMD family
      with three affected males the probands showed a deletion involving the three
      pERT87 subclones used. Experience derived from these families indicates that in
      our society genetic counselling in X linked muscular dystrophy is received with
      approval or even enthusiasm in spite of the 5% error estimate that we have quoted
      for pERT87 derived results.

PMID- 2879929
TI  - DNA probe analysis for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy: a standard diagnostic procedure.
AB  - Thirteen marker loci localised on the short arm of the X chromosome are available
      for use in genetic studies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This large
      number of probes detecting about 20 RFLPs encouraged us to set up a standard
      procedure using a sequence of selected probes and restriction enzymes for the
      diagnosis of DMD families. The application of DNA probe analysis for carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis, involving 61 pedigrees of both familial and
      isolated cases, has yielded the following results. Carrier detection using
      flanking markers was possible in more than 75% of the cases (104 out of 136
      females) with a reliability of better than 98%. Prenatal diagnosis was possible
      in 95% of the cases (65 out of 68 proven carriers or women at risk). Twenty-three
      prenatal diagnoses were performed on male fetuses; 13 appeared to have a low risk
      for DMD (less than 1%) and thus the pregnancies continued. Seven have since come
      to term and the male infants have normal CK levels. The genetic distances of the
      loci relative to the DMD locus and their order on the short arm of the X
      chromosome were deduced from our total DMD family material and are not
      significantly different from those reported earlier. For 754 (DXS84) we found a
      genetic distance of 5 cM with a lod score of +12.4 and 95% confidence limits
      between 2 and 12 cM. Similar data were obtained for pERT87 (DXS164), suggesting
      that in our family material both loci are tightly linked. Multiply informative
      recombination showed that both 754 and pERT87 map proximal to the DMD mutations
      in the cases studied. The high frequency of DMD mutations and its relation to the
      observed instability in this part of the genome will be discussed. Unequal
      crossing over is proposed as one of the mechanisms contributing to the high
      mutation frequency.

PMID- 2879930
TI  - A register based system for gene tracking in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - A total of 102 families with Duchenne muscular dystrophy has been studied with
      linked DNA polymorphisms as an aid to estimating carrier risks for female
      relatives. Early work using probes RC8, L1.28, and pXUT23 gave very little
      clinically useful information because of the high recombination rates between
      these probes and Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the low proportion of women who
      were heterozygous. Clinically useful results were obtained using probes 99-6,
      754, and particularly pERT87. Examples are given of deductions which can be made
      using these probes. The importance of a genetic register is stressed as a tool
      for long term contact with the families and other professionals.

PMID- 2879931
TI  - Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy: localisation to Xq27.3----qter confirmed by
      linkage to the factor VIII gene.
AB  - Two families with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD) have been studied with
      DNA markers mapping to Xq27.3----qter. No recombination was observed in 11 phase
      known meioses informative for the factor VIII gene (F8C) and eight phase known
      meioses informative for DXS15 (DX13), giving maximum lod scores of 3.50 and 2.50
      respectively at a recombination fraction of zero. DXS52 (St14) showed one
      recombinant in 12 phase known meioses giving a maximum lod score of 2.62 at a
      recombination fraction of 0.07. These results map EMD to the distal end of the
      long arm of the X chromosome and are an important step in the development of
      tests for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2879932
TI  - Linkage analysis using multiple Xq DNA polymorphisms in normal families, families
      with the fragile X syndrome, and other families with X linked conditions.
AB  - Multipoint linkage analysis was undertaken with eight Xq cloned DNA sequences
      which identify one or more restriction fragment length polymorphisms in 26
      families. These families comprise seven phase known normal families with three or
      more males in the third generation, seven families segregating for haemophilia B,
      one large family with dyskeratosis congenita, and 11 families with the fragile X
      syndrome. Phase known meioses informative for three or more loci supported the
      order centromere--DXYS1--DXS107--DXS102, DXS51--F9--FRAXA--DXS15, DXS52, F8-
      Xqter in each group of families studied. One of the normal families was
      segregating for protan colour blindness and showed a phase known recombination
      which would support the order centromere--F9--DXS52--CBP--Xqter. With the
      exception of DXYS1, all of these sequences have been localised to Xq27----qter by
      in situ hybridisation or hybridisation to Xq fragment panels, and on this basis
      should lie within 20 cM of one another. No recombination was observed between the
      sequences localised to Xq28, namely DXS52, F8, and DXS15 (between DXS15 and DXS52
      Z = 12.25 at theta = 0 with confidence limits of 0 to 5 cM). However, an excess
      of recombination was apparent in the region of FRAXA with maximal lod scores as
      follows: F9 versus FRAXA (Z = 2.05, theta = 0.19), DXS52 versus FRAXA (Z = 1.85,
      theta = 0.26), and DXS15 versus FRAXA (Z = 1.33, theta = 0.27). No consistent
      differences were observed in the frequency of recombination when families with
      the fragile X syndrome were compared with normal families or families segregating
      for other X linked conditions. These results are compared with other published
      work and support the conclusion that although measurable linkage exists between
      these flanking markers and FRAXA, the intervals as measured by the frequency of
      meiotic recombination will seriously limit their clinical usefulness.

PMID- 2879934
TI  - DNA polymorphisms of the human alpha 1 antitrypsin gene in normal subjects and in
      patients with pulmonary emphysema.
AB  - Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency predisposes subjects to developing pulmonary
      emphysema and childhood liver cirrhosis. We have studied restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the alpha 1 antitrypsin gene in a normal
      population and a group of patients with pulmonary emphysema. We have identified
      five RFLPs with eight restriction enzymes. The most frequent polymorphisms have
      been detected with the enzymes MspI, PstI, and TaqI at frequencies of 46.8%,
      6.4%, and 5.0% respectively in the group of normal subjects.

PMID- 2879933
TI  - High resolution gene mapping of the human alpha globin locus.
AB  - A combination of polymorphic DNA markers, cytogenetic analysis, and in situ
      hybridisation has been used for the high resolution assignment of the human alpha
      globin gene cluster on chromosome 16. Multiallelic DNA probes from within the
      alpha globin cluster were used to determine the number of copies of this locus in
      three cell lines containing trisomies of the short arm of chromosome 16 and one
      with a familial inversion, inv(16). The breakpoints in these rearrangements flank
      the alpha globin locus and locate a shortest region of overlap to 16p13.1. A
      meiotic crossover was also localised to this band. In situ hybridisation of
      biotinylated DNA probes to normal and inverted chromosomes 16
      [inv(16)(p13.1;q22)] showed hybridisation sites at opposite ends of the
      chromosomes, consistent with this regional localisation.

PMID- 2879936
TI  - Structure of F-pili: reassessment of the symmetry.
AB  - Reassessment of the X-ray fibre diffraction patterns of F-pili using a more
      accurate subunit molecular weight suggests that subunits in F-pili are related by
      a fivefold rotation axis around the pilus axis. The identity of this fivefold
      symmetry with the fivefold rotation axis that relates the subunits in fd
      bacteriophage supports a simple model for tip-to-tip adsorption of bacteriophage
      to pili.

PMID- 2879935
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency and estimates of fetal risk
      for disease.
AB  - Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency is one of the most common metabolic disorders,
      frequently associated with obstructive lung disease and occasionally with
      childhood liver cirrhosis. Prenatal diagnosis of this deficiency has been
      accomplished using a DNA polymorphism detected by the restriction enzyme AvaII. A
      unique haplotype of DNA fragments is observed in deficient (PI type ZZ) subjects.
      Diagnosis is therefore possible directly from fetal tissue, unlike other prenatal
      diagnoses using linkage of a DNA polymorphism within a specific family. This
      approach must be modified for rare deficiency alleles of alpha 1 antitrypsin (PI*
      Mmalton, PI* Mdurate, and PI*QO or null). Knowledge of risk of severe disease in
      the fetus is important for the application of prenatal diagnosis. From the
      limited data available to date, the risk for a given PI ZZ fetus to develop
      severe liver disease has been estimated at 13% where a previous PI ZZ sib had no
      liver disease or liver disease which resolved during early childhood, and a risk
      of 40% where a previous PI ZZ sib had developed severe liver disease.

PMID- 2879937
TI  - Alpha adrenoceptors--an overview.
AB  - The realisation that transmitter noradrenaline modulated its own release through
      a pre-junctionally located alpha-adrenoceptor operated control mechanism
      explained several paradoxical phenomena and raised exciting therapeutic
      possibilities. Characterisation of the pre- and post-junctional effects of
      agonists and antagonists led to the conclusion that pre- and post-junctional
      alpha-adrenoceptors differed in receptor structure and alpha-adrenoceptors were
      sub-divided into alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. It was subsequently shown
      that in addition to the differences in receptor structure the biochemical
      mechanisms of signal transduction were entirely different in the case of each sub
      type of adrenoceptor. It has been hypothesised that automodulation of transmitter
      noradrenaline release occurs between neighbouring varicosities in densely
      innervated organs and as a consequence ensures that homogeneity in tissue
      noradrenaline concentration is achieved. In the heart the loss of such
      automodulation could result in inhomogeneity in transmitter concentration and
      under certain circumstances favour re-entry phenomena and arrhythmogenesis. There
      is now a large body of evidence documenting the presence of post-junctional alpha
      1-adrenoceptors in the mammalian heart. Recent experimental work strongly
      supports the concept that enhanced alpha 1-adrenoceptor responsiveness plays a
      primary pathophysiological role in the genesis of malignant dysrhythmias induced
      by catecholamines during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonists have been shown to be effective in restoring sinus
      rhythm after such arrhythmias have been experimentally induced. It is anticipated
      that alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists possessing potent antiarrhythmic activity
      and causing minimal changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure, will
      become available and be employed to ascertain whether or not the animal results
      translate to man.

PMID- 2879938
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of left ventricular heart
      failure--an analysis of their role in systolic and diastolic dysfunction.
AB  - Alpha-adrenoceptor (alpha-AR) mechanisms may contribute to systolic and diastolic
      dysfunction of the left ventricle. Centrally acting alpha 2-AR agonist drugs,
      including methyldopa, clonidine, and guanabenz, activate brainstem alpha 2-AR and
      this activation results in a decrease in overall sympathetic tone and an increase
      in parasympathetic tone. Peripherally acting alpha 1-AR antagonists, such as
      prazosin, inhibit the actions of catecholamines at post-synaptic receptor sites.
      Heart failure is characterized by hyperactivity of sympathetic pathways and
      parasympathetic withdrawal. In this situation, alpha 2-agonists reduce
      sympathetic activity and improve hemodynamic parameters of cardiac function; both
      acute and chronic administration of alpha 2-AR have been demonstrated to reduce
      serum catecholamine levels, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure, and to
      improve exercise performance. Diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle is
      characterized by a marked decrease in ventricular compliance, often a result of
      hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy; the end result is an increase in
      left ventricular filling pressure and pulmonary venous pressure. Treatment with
      alpha 2-AR, by decreasing sympathetic tone and blood pressure, and alpha 1-AR
      antagonists, by reducing blood pressure and by directly inhibiting the actions of
      catecholamines at alpha 1-AR, may produce a reduction in the degree of
      ventricular hypertrophy and improve diastolic performance of the left ventricle.
      Thus, therapeutic intervention in heart failure with either alpha 2-AR agonists
      or alpha 1-AR antagonists may favorably modulate these alterations in sympathetic
      tone and improve ventricular function.

PMID- 2879939
TI  - Alpha adrenoceptors and arrhythmias.

PMID- 2879940
TI  - Alpha adrenergic receptor mechanism: biochemical events.
AB  - Immediate post-receptor events following alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation in
      cardiac ventricular muscle are still largely unknown. Since membrane redox
      systems appear to be present in cell plasma membranes and may be involved in
      trans-sarcolemma electron efflux, the possibility that Ca2+ inflow was controlled
      by electron efflux was explored. Electron efflux was measured by monitoring the
      rate of reduction of extracellular ferricyanide (a non-permeant anion) and
      compared with changes in contractility of the perfused heart as an indirect
      assessment of altered cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Alpha-agonists
      significantly increased the rate of ferricyanide reduction by approx. 42%.
      Activation was dose- and time-dependent and closely accompanied changes in
      contractility either when the alpha-agonist was added or removed. Perfusion of
      the heart with sufficient Ca2+ chelating agent to prevent beating, did not affect
      the rate of ferricyanide reduction, but amplified the stimulatory effect of
      methoxamine on this rate. Kinetic assessment indicated that alpha-agonists led to
      an increase in the number of electron efflux sites in the ventricular sarcolemma.
      Neither diacyl glycerol nor the Ca2+ ionophone A23187 or a combination of the two
      had any effect on electron efflux rates. It is proposed that alpha-adrenoceptor
      stimulation promotes Ca2+ entry into the heart cell by directly activating the
      rate of electron efflux. An accompanying outward release of protons from
      localized regions of the sarcolemma (Ca2+ channels?) may then facilitate a 1-for
      2 inward movement of Ca2+.

PMID- 2879941
TI  - Medical services provided to 2,394 patients at methadone programs in three
      states.
AB  - The type and amount of medical services provided to 2,394 patients in methadone
      maintenance programs in three states was studied. Data were obtained from on-site
      confidential interviews with the entire treatment staff at seven programs. It was
      found that there were marked differences in the number and type of medical staff.
      Thus, there was ten times more coverage by physicians at some programs than
      others. In general, there were notable differences in the treatment staff
      available. Comparable variations among the programs were found with respect to
      the actual provision of medical services. Thus, the number of patients seen by
      the medical staff on a weekly basis varied from a high of 185 patients to a low
      of 36 patients. Similarly, the proportion of each program's patients receiving
      medical treatment per week varied from 53 to 14 percent. Reasons for those
      variations in medical services are considered.

PMID- 2879943
TI  - The presence of intersexuality in patients with advanced hypospadias and
      undescended gonads.
AB  - We studied 20 patients with advanced degrees of hypospadias and undescended
      testes for the presence of an intersex disorder. A comprehensive clinical,
      cytogenetic, endocrinological and surgical evaluation was performed. All patients
      were found to have an intersex disorder, including 10 with male
      pseudohermaphroditism and 10 with a gonadal/genetic intersex disorder. In the
      latter group 4 patients had mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 3 had dysgenetic male
      pseudohermaphroditism, 1 had the 46XX male syndrome, 1 had true hermaphroditism
      and 1 had Klinefelter's syndrome. Genetic and gonadal intersex disorders were
      more frequent in patients with a unilateral undescended testis and perineal
      hypospadias.

PMID- 2879942
TI  - Adenovirus-dependent changes in cell membrane permeability: role of Na+, K+
      ATPase.
AB  - Adenovirus-dependent release of choline phosphate from KB cells at pH 6.0 was
      partially blocked by ouabain. In K+-containing medium, maximum inhibition of
      release was obtained by 10(-5) M ouabain and half-maximal inhibition was achieved
      by about 0.5 X 10(-6)M ouabain. Ouabain did not block either the binding or the
      uptake of adenovirus by KB cells. Without K+, about 25% of cell-associated
      choline phosphate was released by adenovirus, whereas with 1 mM K+ about 50% was
      released. This activation by K+ was blocked by 0.1 mM ouabain. HeLa cells behaved
      like KB cells, but a mutant of HeLa cells resistant to ouabain (D98-OR) released
      much lower amounts of choline phosphate in response to human adenovirus type 2
      (Ad2). Wild-type D98-OR cells bound nearly the same amount of adenovirus as did
      normal HeLa cells. Ad2 also increased the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase in KB cells,
      with maximum activation at 50 micrograms of Ad2 per ml. In D98-OR cells, Ad2
      failed to activate Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Ad2-dependent lysis of endocytic
      vesicles (receptosomes) was assayed by measuring Ad2-dependent enhancement of
      epidermal growth factor-Pseudomonas exotoxin toxicity. This action of adenovirus
      was increased when K+ was present in the medium. Under the conditions used, K+
      had no effect on the amount of Ad2 or epidermal growth factor taken up by the
      cells. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that Ad2-dependent cellular
      efflux of choline phosphate and adenovirus-dependent lysis of receptosomes may
      require Na+,K+-ATPase activity.

PMID- 2879944
TI  - Carcinoid tumor of undescended testis.
AB  - Carcinoid tumor of the testis is rare and its histogenesis is controversial. We
      report a case of carcinoid tumor in an undescended testis with electron
      microscopic evidence of neurosecretory granules.

PMID- 2879945
TI  - Cell-specific ribosomal DNA spacer variability in human urothelial carcinoma
      cultures.
AB  - Length variation of a ribosomal DNA "spacer" region in four chromosomally
      characterized transitional cell carcinoma cultures was analyzed by restriction
      endonuclease cleavage and Southern blotting. Cell lines with relative karyotypic
      conservation, such as UM-UC-2 (modal chromosome number 48, four marker
      chromosomes) demonstrate little change in the genetically regulated pattern of
      rDNA spacer length polymorphisms (7.6, 6.7 and 6.0 kilobases) which may be found
      in normal cells. Cell lines with more aberrant karyotypes, such as UM-UC-3 (modal
      chromosome number 86, 12 marker chromosomes) and UM-UC-4 (modal number 51, ten
      marker chromosomes) show fewer ribosomal DNA length variants (7.6, 6.7 kilobases
      for the former, 7.6 kilobases for the latter), consistent with relaxed
      constraints on the drive for ribosomal gene homogeneity through inter and
      intrachromosomal exchange. Uncharacterized rDNA length variants of low copy
      number were observed in cell lines with many marker chromosomes. Analysis of
      repetitive DNA structure provides an additional criterion for tumor diagnosis and
      staging, and a characterized series of tumor cell lines may provide a useful
      system for understanding repetitive DNA evolution.

PMID- 2879946
TI  - [Endotracheal intubation using vecuronium bromide during pentazocine-diazepam-N2O
      anesthesia].

PMID- 2879947
TI  - [Anesthetic management of a patient with Russell-Silver syndrome].

PMID- 2879948
TI  - [Serological study of the antibody to the adult T-cell leukemia-virus-associated
      antigen in various hematological diseases].
AB  - A serological study of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-virus-associated antigen
      (anti-HTLV-I antibody) was made in 170 cases of various hematological diseases at
      Shikoku Cancer Center Hospital. The titer of anti-HTLV-I antibody was determined
      by indirect immunofluorescence using the MT-2 cell line. Two of two patients with
      ATL were positive for antibody. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, six of 18 cases of T
      cell phenotype were positive (33%), while two of 29 cases of B-cell phenotype
      were antibody-positive (7%). Some cases of leukemia and aplastic anemia, who had
      received multiple blood transfusions, were found to be seropositive. Our results
      suggest that anti-HTLV-I antibody may be related to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with T
      cell phenotype as well as ATL.

PMID- 2879949
TI  - [Follow-up of lymphocyte morphology and detection of human T-cell leukemia virus
      type-I (HTLV-I) proviral DNA in HTLV-I carriers].

PMID- 2879950
TI  - [Clinical significance of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)-associated antigens (ATLA),
      anti-ATLA antibody and adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV)/human T-cell leukemia
      virus type-I (HTLV-I) proviral DNA in ATL, adult T-cell malignant lymphoma (AT
      ML) and Hodgkin's disease in Kagoshima district].

PMID- 2879951
TI  - Effects of a new antihypertensive agent, SGB-1534, on rat platelet aggregation.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine the antiplatelet activity of SGB-1534,
      3-[2-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2,4(1H, 3H)- quinazolinedione
      monohydrochloride, compared with prazosin, ketanserin and aspirin. The
      equihypotensive doses of SGB-1534, prazosin and ketanserin were administered
      orally to rats; and 1 hr later, their effects on collagen-induced platelet
      aggregation, compared with those of aspirin, were examined under ex vivo
      conditions. The bleeding time was determined by using the tail transection
      method. SGB-1534 (10 mg/kg) as well as ketanserin (3 and 10 mg/kg) and aspirin
      (10 mg/kg) effectively inhibited the platelet aggregation; and in addition, they
      significantly prolonged bleeding times. Prazosin in doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg did
      not affect either the aggregation or bleeding times. Whereas 10(-4) M aspirin
      significantly inhibited the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat platelets,
      SGB-1534, prazosin and ketanserin even in considerably high concentrations (10(
      4) or 10(-3) M) did not affect the MDA production and the cyclic AMP levels in
      the platelets. In isolated rat femoral arteries, SGB-1534, prazosin and
      ketanserin antagonized the contractile response to phenylephrine with pA2 values
      of approximately 10.06, 10.39 and 7.71, respectively. Also, SGB-1534 and
      ketanserin attenuated the contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with
      pA2 values of 6.36 and 9.53, respectively, while prazosin had no antagonistic
      effects on 5-HT-induced contraction.

PMID- 2879952
TI  - A difference in mode of antagonism between optical isomers of a potent selective
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker (YM-12617) and norepinephrine in isolated rabbit
      iris dilator and aorta.
AB  - Optical isomers of YM-12617, a potent and selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker,
      were tested on the rabbit iris dilator and aorta. The order of potency was R(-)
      isomer greater than racemate greater than S(+)-isomer. The R(-)-isomer and
      racemate behaved as an essentially irreversible antagonist to norepinephrine in
      the iris dilator where the efficacy of norepinephrine was small, although the
      S(+)-isomer was a competitive antagonist. These drugs behaved as a competitive
      antagonist of norepinephrine in the aorta where the efficacy of norepinephrine
      was large.

PMID- 2879953
TI  - [Viskaldix for treatment of patients with moderate arterial hypertension.
      Comparative estimation of hemodynamic changes during treatment with Viskaldix and
      Stresson].

PMID- 2879954
TI  - [Long Q-T syndrome].

PMID- 2879956
TI  - [Surgical treatment of post-burn deformities of the dorsum of the foot and ankle
      joint].

PMID- 2879955
TI  - [Somatostatin in the prevention and treatment of complications following
      pancreatic operations].

PMID- 2879957
TI  - [Vascular effect and intraocular pressure-reducing effect of beta blockers].
AB  - A study was conducted to investigate the influence of a vasodilating beta
      receptor blocking substance on IOP in eyes with open-angle glaucoma. The study
      proceeded from the hypothesis that throttling of the production of aqueous humor
      by beta blockers and reduction of intraocular pressure is caused by
      vasoconstriction of the afferent vessels. The authors found that the degree of
      reduction of intraocular pressure corresponded to the effect of beta blockers
      routinely applied in glaucoma therapy. However, the duration of the effect was
      shorter. The above-mentioned hypothesis would thus seem to be disproved.

PMID- 2879958
TI  - Thyroid-stimulating antibodies in patients with long-term remission of Graves'
      hyperthyroidism.
AB  - The persistence of TSH receptor antibodies in Graves' disease despite the
      remission of hyperthyroidism has been described. Our study was designed to
      evaluate whether this extends to functionally active stimulators of the thyroid,
      since the occurrence of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) in a euthyroid
      patient could well have important implications on our understanding of the
      pathogenetic role of such autoantibodies. Forty-four patients with a previous
      history of Graves' hyperthyroidism were reexamined after having been in long
      lasting remission for 3 to 35 years (mean 8 years). Of the patients 16 had been
      treated by radioiodine, 17 by surgery, and 11 exclusively by antithyroid drugs.
      The determination of TSAb was based on T3 release from thyroid tissue in vitro to
      document the final response to these immunoglobulins. TSH-binding inhibiting
      immunoglobulins (TBII) were evaluated by a radioreceptor assay. TSAb were highly
      elevated in three of the 44 patients. These three patients showed a normal TSH
      response to i.v. TRH, suffered from endocrine ophthalmopathy, and had been
      treated by radioiodine for hyperthyroidism. TBII were found positive in seven
      patients including the three patients mentioned. The majority of patients
      positive for TSAb or TBII had been treated by radioiodine and none exclusively by
      antithyroid drugs. In conclusion, not only TBII but also T3 release-stimulating
      antibodies may occur in a minority of patients with long-term remission of
      Graves' hyperthyroidism. However, an absence of hyperthyroidism in these patients
      despite the presence of such thyroid stimulators seems to be only possible in
      association with a lack of functional responsiveness of the target organ due to
      previous administration of destructive therapies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2879959
TI  - Influence of beta-blocker coadministration on the kinetics of isosorbide
      mononitrate and dinitrate.
AB  - The influence of beta-blocker coadministration on the kinetics of oral isosorbide
      5-mononitrate (ISMN) and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) was studied in healthy
      volunteers. In the first study, 12 subjects ingested 20 mg ISMN on three
      occasions: in the control state, during coadministration of metipranolol (20 mg 3
      times daily), or during metoprolol (100 mg twice daily). There were no
      significant differences among the three phases in peak serum ISMN concentration
      (470 ng/ml), the time of peak (0.6 h after dose), elimination half-life (4.5 h),
      or oral clearance (142 ml/min). In the second study, 10 subjects received 20 mg
      ISDN in the control state and again during coadministration of propranolol (80 mg
      3 times daily). There were no differences between the two phases in peak serum
      ISDN concentration (20 ng/ml) or the time of peak (0.6 h). Propranolol increased,
      although not significantly, ISDN clearance (16.5 vs 12.3 L/min, P less than 0.1),
      and had no effect on total area under the curve for ISMN, the major metabolite of
      ISDN. Thus, therapeutic doses of these beta-blockers have a minimal influence on
      the kinetics of single doses of ISMN or ISDN in healthy individuals.

PMID- 2879962
TI  - [Diagnosis of the pseudoperitoneal syndrome].

PMID- 2879960
TI  - Influence of propranolol coadministration or cigarette smoking on the kinetics of
      desmethyldiazepam following intravenous clorazepate.
AB  - The influence of propranolol coadministration or of cigarette smoking on the
      kinetics of desmethyldiazepam following a single 20-mg intravenous dose of
      clorazepate dipotassium was evaluated in healthy volunteers. In Study One,
      intravenous clorazepate was given once in the control condition, and again during
      coadministration of propranolol, 80 mg twice daily. Compliance with the
      prescribed propranolol regimen was verified by measurement of serum propranolol
      concentrations (mean, 37 ng/ml). In control vs propranolol treatment conditions,
      there was no significant difference in desmethyldiazepam volume of distribution
      (1.27 vs 1.23 liters/kg) or in free fraction in serum (1.83 vs 1.80% unbound).
      There was a small although statistically significant prolongation of
      desmethyldiazepam half-life (55 vs 61 h, P less than 0.05) and reduction in
      clearance (0.281 vs 0.247 ml/min/kg, P less than 0.02) attributable to
      propranolol. In Study Two, desmethyldiazepam kinetics were compared in eight
      cigarette smokers (mean, 19 cigarettes/day) and in 11 nonsmoking controls matched
      for age, sex, and body weight. There was no significant difference between
      controls and cigarette smokers in desmethyldiazepam volume of distribution (1.29
      vs 1.34 liters/kg), elimination half-life (55 vs 59 h), clearance (0.284 vs 0.276
      ml/min/kg), or free fraction in serum (1.96 vs 1.92% unbound). Thus, propranolol
      slightly although significantly impairs the clearance of desmethyldiazepam and
      prolongs its half-life. Cigarette smoking has no apparent influence on
      desmethyldiazepam kinetics.

PMID- 2879961
TI  - Treatment of hypertension. Patterns of drug utilization in a metropolitan
      population.
AB  - In the Munich Blood Pressure Study (MBS), a cross-sectional study (MBS I) with
      follow-up (MBS II) of a random sample of 3,198 citizens aged 30-69 (response
      rate, 69.3%), treatment and control of hypertension were examined. Of the actual
      hypertensives 59% (221) in MBS II (373) were on drug treatment and about two
      thirds (150) of those being treated had controlled blood pressure (BP). Women's
      BP was better controlled than men's. Of the 221 treated hypertensives 85% (188)
      received types of drugs or drug combinations which were in accordance with the
      recommendations of the German Hypertension League. However, this did not apply to
      the prescribed dosages of the various drugs. Of the treated hypertensives 52%
      were either on a diuretic, on a beta-blocker, or on a combination of both drugs.
      Rauwolfia alkaloids combined with a diuretic were given to 27%. In 79% of the
      participants who had received a beta-blocker either alone or in combination with
      other antihypertensive agents and who still had high BP values, the prescribed
      beta-blocker dosage was below the recommended daily dose. Fatigue was the most
      frequently reported symptom, possibly attributable to antihypertensive drug
      treatment. Electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy were found
      less frequently in controlled hypertensives, in comparison to treated but
      uncontrolled hypertensives or untreated hypertensives.

PMID- 2879963
TI  - [Hormonal function of the pancreatic insular apparatus in patients with chronic
      alcoholism].

PMID- 2879964
TI  - [Derivation of the working equations of a CO2-CO-H2O-H2-N2 gas mixture for the
      cathode space of an electrolyzer with solid electrolyte taking into account its
      oxygen extraction].
AB  - Equations of thermodynamic equilibrium of the gas mixture CO2-CO--H2O-H2--N2 for
      the cathode space of the electrolyzer containing a solid electrolyte with
      extracted oxygen taken into consideration were derived. Equilibrium partial gas
      pressures, thermal effect of reactions, theoretical voltage of dissociation (the
      system of equations included 11 unknown parameters) were determined. These
      parameters are functions of temperature, total pressure of the gas mixture,
      initial gas composition, and the coefficient characterizing the degree of oxygen
      transfer from the cathode cell to the anode cell of the electrolyzer.

PMID- 2879966
TI  - HTLV: the family of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses and their role in leukemia
      and AIDS.
AB  - Since 1980 four members of a new retrovirus family called the human T
      lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I to -IV) have been discovered and to a large extent
      characterised. Important common features of these viruses are: transmission by
      sexual contact or blood, tropism for the T4-lymphocyte and the effects of a viral
      transactivating gene (tat). They differ in their pathogenic effects, HTLV-I and 
      II being associated with lymphoproliferative malignancies, while HTLV-III is
      cytopathic and associated with immunosuppression. HTLV-IV is, apparently, not
      directly highly pathogenic for man. An African origin for this family of viruses
      is suggested by recent isolations of similar (STLV-I and -III) viruses in Old
      World primates. Prospects for the possible development of a cross-reactive
      vaccine have increased since the demonstration of highly conserved DNA sequences
      in the envelope region of several divergent HTLV-III strains.

PMID- 2879965
TI  - Biochemical analysis of intact fibroblasts from two cases with methylmalonic
      acidaemia.

PMID- 2879967
TI  - Effect of medazepam on benzodiazepine receptors in brain of mice with isolation
      syndrome.
AB  - The effect of medazepam in a model of isolation aggression in mice was studied
      according to Yen et al. It was established that the mean effective dose of
      medazepam was 250 micrograms/kg and the therapeutic index (LD50:ED50) 6200. The
      simultaneous biochemical investigations showed a reduction of the affinity and
      number of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain of aggressive animals. Medazepam
      10 mg/kg p.o. led to the restoration of the number of benzodiazepine receptors at
      a single and 10-day treatment.

PMID- 2879968
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in two cohorts of homosexual men:
      neutralising sera and association of anti-gag antibody with prognosis.
AB  - Sequential sera from 48 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type
      I (HIV-I) were examined over 36 months for the presence of neutralising
      antibodies, and for specific anti-gag (p24) and anti-env (gp41) antibodies to HIV
      I. Results were interpreted in terms of clinical outcome during the period 1982/3
      to 1985/6. HIV-I-infected subjects who remained symptom-free, by comparison with
      those who manifested AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC), had a significantly
      higher titre of anti-p24 antibodies throughout the 3 years, as measured by
      competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoprecipitation. The
      symptomless subjects also showed a trend towards an increasing neutralising
      antibody titre with time. There was no relation between anti-gp41 titre and
      clinical outcome, nor an independent relation between anti-p24 and neutralising
      titre. A lower or falling titre of anti-p24 antibody was associated significantly
      with clinical progression, up to 27 months before development of AIDS/ARC.

PMID- 2879969
TI  - Effect of monounsaturated fatty acids versus complex carbohydrates on high
      density lipoproteins in healthy men and women.
AB  - The effects of two strictly controlled diets, one rich in complex carbohydrates,
      the other rich in olive oil, on serum lipids were studied in healthy men and
      women. Serum cholesterol levels fell on average by 0.44 mmol/l in the
      carbohydrate group and 0.46 mmol/l in the olive oil group. HDL cholesterol levels
      fell by 0.19 mmol/l in the carbohydrate group and rose by 0.03 mmol/l in the
      olive oil group. Serum triglycerides rose by 0.19 mmol/l in the carbohydrate
      group and fell by 0.06 mmol/l in the olive oil group. The changes in both HDL and
      triglycerides were larger in men than in women. These results clearly show that
      the olive-oil-rich diet, unlike the complex-carbohydrate-rich diet, caused a
      specific fall in non-HDL cholesterol while leaving serum triglyceride levels
      virtually unchanged.

PMID- 2879970
TI  - Inadequacy of chlorproguanil 20 mg per week as chemoprophylaxis for falciparum
      malaria in Kenya.
AB  - After treatment with chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, 118 school
      children aged 6 to 10 years living near the Kenyan coast were enrolled in a
      malaria chemoprophylaxis study and followed up for 20 weeks. Children were
      randomly assigned to receive either chlorproguanil 20 mg weekly (n = 78) or
      placebo (n = 37). The attack rate of Plasmodium falciparum infection was 42% in
      chlorproguanil recipients (39.8 episodes per 1000 person-weeks of prophylaxis)
      and 73% in placebo recipients (69.2 episodes per 1000 person-weeks, p less than
      0.02). Sensitivity tests on 36 isolates successfully cultured in vitro showed
      that all 21 isolates from chloroproguanil recipients were resistant to
      dihydrofolate-reductase inhibitors, whereas only 3 of 15 isolates from the
      placebo group were resistant (p less than 10(-6)). Chlorproguanil in a weekly
      adult dose of 40 mg does not provide adequate prophylaxis against P falciparum in
      Kenya, probably because drug levels between doses fall below those required to
      suppress parasites resistant to dihydrofolate-reductase inhibitors.

PMID- 2879971
TI  - Lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 2 in AIDS and AIDS-related complex.
      Clinical and virological features in four patients.
AB  - Lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 2 (HIV 2) was isolated from 3 patients with
      AIDS and 1 with AIDS-related complex. Clinical features were similar to those in
      patients infected with HIV 1. Viral isolates were characterised by hybridisation
      with HIV 1 and HIV 2 DNA probes. HIV 1 and HIV 2 serological studies were
      performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot, and
      radioimmunoprecipitation assay. HIV 2 IgG antibodies were detected in all sera.
      The molecular weights of the most representative HIV 2 proteins were determined
      by immunoblot. Cross-reactivity was restricted to HIV 1 and HIV 2 core proteins.
      In all 4 patients the neurotropism of HIV 2 was demonstrated by virus isolation
      from the cerebrospinal fluid and/or by evidence of intrathecal HIV 2 IgG
      synthesis. All sera were antibody negative by HIV 1 ELISA. An assay specific for
      HIV 2 is needed for screening of blood donations and for diagnosis and
      seroepidemiological study of HIV 2 infection.

PMID- 2879973
TI  - Detection of a multidrug resistant phenotype in acute non-lymphoblastic
      leukaemia.
AB  - Most adult patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL) relapse with
      drug resistance. Overexpression of a plasma membrane protein, P-glycoprotein,
      correlates with multidrug resistance in human and animal cell lines. We have
      detected a multidrug resistance phenotype in two patients with drug resistant
      ANLL by an immunocytochemical assay using a monoclonal antibody to P
      glycoprotein. Sequential analysis of peripheral blood samples from both patients
      showed a progressive increase in both the intensity of staining and the
      proportion of leukaemic cells that bound antibody as the disease progressed. The
      assay is simple, and may have prognostic and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2879972
TI  - Response of human-immunodeficiency-virus-associated neurological disease to 3'
      azido-3'-deoxythymidine.
AB  - Four patients with human-immuno-deficiency-virus-associated neurological disease
      were treated with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT). Three (two with chronic
      dementia, and one with chronic dementia and peripheral neuropathy) improved as
      assessed by clinical examination, psychometric tests, nerve conduction studies,
      and/or positron emission tomography; there was no improvement in the fourth
      patient who presented with paraplegia. These results support the hypothesis that
      certain AIDS-virus-associated neurological abnormalities are reversible by
      antiretroviral chemotherapy.

PMID- 2879975
TI  - Iron deficiency--time for a community campaign?

PMID- 2879974
TI  - Cholinergic treatment in Alzheimer's disease: encouraging results.

PMID- 2879976
TI  - Involuntary movement and bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 2879977
TI  - Chronic diarrhoea in children--a nutritional disease.

PMID- 2879978
TI  - The chemoreceptor trigger zone revisited.

PMID- 2879979
TI  - Clinical guidelines, medical litigation, and the current medical defence system.
AB  - The introduction into National Health Service medical practice of guidelines
      designed to achieve more effective use of clinical resources is likely to
      encounter opposition owing to the increasing fear of litigation amongst
      clinicians. Hospital doctors are unusual amongst salaried professionals in being
      required to bear the cost of indemnity insurance themselves. The advantages for
      doctors commonly attributed to this arrangement are insubstantial. A system of no
      fault compensation is unlikely to be implemented in this country in the
      foreseeable future. If guidelines are to achieve wide acceptability amongst
      clinicians, health authorities must accept full legal and financial
      responsibility for the actions of doctors in their employment, as they currently
      do for other health service staff.

PMID- 2879980
TI  - Violence and victims. The contribution of victimology to forensic psychiatry.

PMID- 2879981
TI  - Comparison of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz strains of measles vaccine given by
      aerosol or subcutaneous injection.
AB  - The serological response to measles vaccine was tested in Bangladesh in groups of
      infants aged 4-6 months who received equal doses of Edmonston-Zagreb or Schwarz
      vaccine by subcutaneous injection or by aerosol. Seroconversion (as measured by
      the haemagglutination test) occurred in 62% of infants receiving Edmonston-Zagreb
      strain by injection compared with only 37% of those receiving Schwarz strain.
      Seroconversion occurred in 35% of those given Edmonston-Zagreb and 34% of those
      given Schwarz vaccine by aerosol. Edmonston-Zagreb strain appears more effective
      than Schwarz vaccine in this population and further studies are indicated in
      other populations where early measles immunisation is desirable.

PMID- 2879983
TI  - Short-term cyclosporin and meshed allograft in burns.

PMID- 2879982
TI  - Successful treatment of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection with
      recombinant interleukin-2.

PMID- 2879984
TI  - Serum cholesterol and mortality rates.

PMID- 2879985
TI  - Treatment of acute renal failure, symmetrical peripheral gangrene, and
      septicaemia with plasma exchange and epoprostenol.

PMID- 2879986
TI  - Necropsy findings in HTLV-I associated myelopathy.

PMID- 2879987
TI  - Chronic urticaria associated with coeliac disease.

PMID- 2879988
TI  - Exercise-induced stridor.

PMID- 2879989
TI  - Cell lineage in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2879990
TI  - Oral contraceptive interaction with cyclosporin.

PMID- 2879992
TI  - Diagnostic significance of quantitative determination of HIV antibody specific
      for envelope and core proteins.

PMID- 2879991
TI  - Peptide T in treatment of AIDS.

PMID- 2879993
TI  - Drug addiction and fear of AIDS.

PMID- 2879994
TI  - Prevalence of HIV infection in risk groups in Tamilnadu, India.

PMID- 2879996
TI  - Asthma.

PMID- 2879995
TI  - Acyclovir in prophylaxis and perinatal varicella.

PMID- 2879997
TI  - Nursing requirements for children's inpatient care.

PMID- 2879998
TI  - Psychiatric patients and their notes.

PMID- 2879999
TI  - Fatty acid beta-oxidation defects and sudden infant death.

PMID- 2880000
TI  - Streptococcus bovis bacteraemia and its association with alimentary-tract
      neoplasm.

PMID- 2880001
TI  - Amoebic research.

PMID- 2880002
TI  - Water-borne outbreak of Campylobacter laridis-associated gastroenteritis.

PMID- 2880003
TI  - "Aberrant" MHC class II expression in epithelia.

PMID- 2880005
TI  - Human parvovirus infections in France 1984-86.

PMID- 2880004
TI  - Toscana virus infection in United States citizen returning from Italy.

PMID- 2880006
TI  - Lathyrism.

PMID- 2880007
TI  - Mesna and total body irradiation.

PMID- 2880008
TI  - Lyme borreliosis and multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2880009
TI  - Human papillomavirus DNA in bronchial squamous cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2880010
TI  - Low-dose hepatitis B vaccine immunisation in children.

PMID- 2880011
TI  - Patient's risk of hepatitis B infection from medical staff.

PMID- 2880012
TI  - Treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with 7S-immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2880013
TI  - Diagnostic delay due to chlorophyll in oral rehydration solution.

PMID- 2880014
TI  - Griseofulvin teratology, including two thoracopagus conjoined twins.

PMID- 2880016
TI  - Congenital dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. A novel orthostatic syndrome.
AB  - A woman was referred with severe orthostatic hypotension at the age of 21.
      Ptosis, skeletal muscle hypotonia, and recurrent hypoglycaemia had been noticed
      in early childhood. There was noradrenergic denervation and adrenomedullary
      failure but baroreflex afferents, cholinergic innervation, and adrenocortical
      function were intact. Noradrenaline and adrenaline were undetectable in plasma,
      urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but dopamine was 7-fold to 12-fold normal
      in plasma, 4-fold normal in urine, and 20-fold normal in CSF. Measurements of
      catecholamine metabolites showed further evidence for impairment of noradrenaline
      and adrenaline biosynthesis due to deficient dopamine-beta-hydroxylation.
      Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was undetectable in plasma and CSF. Physiological and
      pharmacological stimuli of sympathetic neurotransmitter release caused increases
      in plasma dopamine rather than plasma noradrenaline.

PMID- 2880015
TI  - Linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids in adipose tissue and platelets and risk of
      coronary heart disease.
AB  - The relation between the fatty-acid composition of adipose tissue and platelet
      membranes and the estimated relative risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) was
      examined in a case-control study of new angina pectoris (AP) and first acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI). There were progressive inverse relations between
      adipose linoleic acid and platelet-membrane eicosapentaenoic acid and the
      estimated relative risk of AP. These relations were statistically independent of
      each other and traditional CHD risk factors. For AMI there was a progressive
      inverse relation between adipose linoleic acid and the estimated relative risk,
      but it was confounded by smoking habit. Smokers consume less linoleic acid than
      non-smokers. Although eicosapentaenoic acid in platelet membranes was lower in
      AMI patients than in controls, this difference was not significant. The estimated
      proportionate increase in risk of AP, independent of other CHD risk factors, was
      1.2 (1.1-1.3) for a 1% decrease in linoleic acid or a 0.1% decrease in
      eicosapentaenoic acid.

PMID- 2880017
TI  - Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in high-risk pregnancy. Randomised
      controlled trial.
AB  - 300 patients at high fetal risk (mean gestational age 34 wk) were randomised to a
      group for antenatal doppler umbilical artery waveform studies and a control
      group. The timing of delivery was similar in the control and doppler-report
      available groups overall. However, in the report group obstetricians allowed the
      pregnancies of those not selected for elective delivery to continue longer. There
      was no difference in the rates for elective delivery (induction of labour or
      caesarean section) in the two groups, whereas among those who went into labour
      (induced or spontaneous) emergency caesarean section was more frequent in the
      control group (23%) than in the report group (13%). Fetal distress in labour was
      also more common in the control group. Babies from the control group spent longer
      in neonatal intensive care (level 3) and needed more respiratory support than did
      those in the report group. The findings indicate that the availability of doppler
      studies leads to better obstetrical decision making.

PMID- 2880018
TI  - Growth failure and growth-hormone deficiency after treatment for acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AB  - In a study of 77 children who had been treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
      (ALL) with an LSA2L2 (Memorial Sloan-Kettering) chemotherapy protocol plus
      radiotherapy (24 Gy) as cranial prophylaxis, growth was examined 3.0-9.5 years
      after diagnosis. The children's growth slowed and they crossed height percentiles
      towards the end of or after treatment. The Z-score, which reflects the deviation
      of height measurements from the population mean, was used to assess height
      change. The mean Z-score was 0.16 at diagnosis, -0.30 2 years later, -0.71 4
      years later, and -1.37 6 years later. Height for age had fallen by more than 1
      standard deviation of the population mean in 32% of survivors 4 years after
      diagnosis and in 71% 6 years after diagnosis. Younger children and those tall for
      age at diagnosis were more severely affected. Growth-hormone (GH) response to
      standard provocation tests was measured in 46 patients; 30 had partial or
      complete GH deficiency. Mean pulsatile GH secretion was low in the 34 patients
      tested. Cranial irradiation is probably the most important causative factor in
      the development of GH deficiency in survivors of ALL.

PMID- 2880019
TI  - Dengue virus isolation by antibody-dependent enhancement of infectivity in
      macrophages.
AB  - Acute-phase serum samples collected during an outbreak of dengue fever and dengue
      haemorrhagic fever in Penang, Malaysia, were tested by a method involving
      antibody-dependent enhancement of infectivity in the mouse macrophage-like cell
      line, P388D1. 58 of 71 (81.7%) serologically positive cases yielded virus.

PMID- 2880020
TI  - Kawasaki disease: a novel feline virus transmitted by fleas?

PMID- 2880022
TI  - A sound approach to the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

PMID- 2880023
TI  - Metabolic bone disease of prematurity.

PMID- 2880021
TI  - Management of orthostatic hypotension.

PMID- 2880024
TI  - Rumination.

PMID- 2880025
TI  - Infections of the dural venous sinuses.

PMID- 2880026
TI  - Health services for inner London.

PMID- 2880027
TI  - Introducing medicine to tomorrow's doctors.

PMID- 2880029
TI  - Histiocytosis syndromes in children. Writing Group of the Histiocyte Society.

PMID- 2880028
TI  - The "epidemic" of anorexia nervosa: another medical myth?
AB  - Examination of data on patients admitted to psychiatric facilities in England in
      1972-81, inclusive, with a main diagnosis of anorexia nervosa showed that first
      admissions for women rose significantly with time--age-period-cohort analysis
      showed that this was due entirely to an increase in the number of young women in
      the population rather than to an increase in risk of morbidity. There were
      significant increases with time in the readmission rates for both sexes. For the
      women, these were due to a complex interrelation between age, period, and cohort
      effects. This rising readmission rate may have contributed to the widely held
      impression that the incidence of anorexia nervosa has risen sharply.

PMID- 2880030
TI  - Cold-related deaths in some developed countries.

PMID- 2880031
TI  - Acyclovir in accelerated phase of Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

PMID- 2880032
TI  - Prostaglandins, smoking, and duodenal ulcers.

PMID- 2880033
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of choroid plexus cysts.

PMID- 2880034
TI  - Tubal ovum transfer: a Catholic-approved alternative to in-vitro fertilisation.

PMID- 2880035
TI  - Carboplatin and neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2880036
TI  - Non-invasive measurement of cardiac output.

PMID- 2880037
TI  - Prophylactic role for antibodies to Escherichia coli J5.

PMID- 2880038
TI  - Haemofiltration in management of patients with acute renal failure complicated by
      raised intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2880039
TI  - Permanent brain damage after cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2880040
TI  - Prostatic cancer, butchers, and androgens.

PMID- 2880041
TI  - Nutritional approach to oesophageal cancer in Scotland.

PMID- 2880042
TI  - Suicide attempts and the menstrual cycle.

PMID- 2880043
TI  - Postviral fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2880044
TI  - Asthma and other obstructive lung diseases.

PMID- 2880045
TI  - Ergotism as complication of thromboembolic prophylaxis with heparin
      dihydroergotamine.

PMID- 2880046
TI  - Graft-versus-leukaemia effect of graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2880047
TI  - Refuseniks and UK/USSR medical cooperation.

PMID- 2880048
TI  - Access to personal medical records.

PMID- 2880049
TI  - Samples for breath alcohol analysis.

PMID- 2880050
TI  - Serum acid proteolytic activity in Reye syndrome.

PMID- 2880051
TI  - Clinical justification for cerebrospinal fluid investigation.

PMID- 2880052
TI  - Pancreatic stone protein, protein X, and thread protein.

PMID- 2880054
TI  - AIDS and health-care workers.

PMID- 2880053
TI  - HIV-2 infection in two homosexual men in France.

PMID- 2880055
TI  - Peripheral neuropathy after heatstroke.

PMID- 2880056
TI  - Transtelephonic monitoring of patients with implanted neurostimulators.

PMID- 2880057
TI  - First-degree atrioventricular block induced by oral cimetidine.

PMID- 2880058
TI  - Allergy testing.

PMID- 2880059
TI  - Whole blood exchange as treatment for legionellosis.

PMID- 2880060
TI  - Unexplained stillbirth.

PMID- 2880061
TI  - Family with neuromuscular disorder where mode of inheritance was resolved by RFLP
      analysis.

PMID- 2880062
TI  - Achievement of thrombolysis at home in cases of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2880063
TI  - First picture of erythema infectiosum?

PMID- 2880065
TI  - Will all addicted pregnant women have their babies taken into care?

PMID- 2880064
TI  - Removal and replacement of Tenckhoff catheters.

PMID- 2880066
TI  - Oral ciprofloxacin compared with conventional intravenous treatment for
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in adults with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - 40 adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were admitted to hospital with acute
      exacerbations of infection associated with isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      from sputum. The patients were randomly allocated (20 per group) to receive
      intravenous azlocillin 5 g and gentamicin 80 mg, or oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg.
      Both treatments were given three times a day for 10 days. The patients were
      assessed on days 1 and 10, and at 6 weeks. There was a significant improvement in
      lung function between days 1 and 10 in both groups (p less than 0.001).
      Significant improvement was maintained at 6 weeks after ciprofloxacin but not in
      the intravenous group. Improvement after ciprofloxacin was superior at day 10.
      Sputum weight decreased in both groups (p less than 0.001). Patient-recorded
      symptoms also improved in both groups. There was no serious toxicity or side
      effects. Drug resistant organisms were isolated no more frequently after
      ciprofloxacin than after intravenous therapy. 17 of the ciprofloxacin-treated
      patients said they preferred oral treatment to intravenous therapy. Oral
      ciprofloxacin is a useful short-term treatment for patients with CF who are
      infected with Ps aeruginosa.

PMID- 2880067
TI  - Autoimmunity to insulin receptor and hypoglycaemia in patient with Hodgkin's
      disease.
AB  - A 76-year-old man with fasting hypoglycaemia had impaired in-vitro binding of
      insulin to erythrocyte receptors. The immunoglobulin fraction of his plasma
      inhibited binding of insulin to normal donor erythrocytes in vitro.
      Autoantibodies may have stimulated the insulin receptor and produced
      hypoglycaemia. Hodgkin's disease developed and may have induced the autoimmunity.
      The hypoglycaemia did not respond to plasmapheresis or azathioprine alone, but it
      remitted after the addition of prednisolone, and the erythrocyte receptor binding
      of insulin became normal.

PMID- 2880070
TI  - Immunoregulation and prognosis in myeloma.
AB  - In patients in the plateau phase of myeloma, expression of the light-chain
      isotype concordant with the malignant paraprotein on peripheral-blood lymphocytes
      is suppressed. This light-chain-isotype suppression (LCIS) is lost when the
      disease becomes progressive. LCIS is identified by quantifying kappa and lambda
      cells in peripheral blood in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. In 27 patients
      presenting with myeloma, the prognosis was significantly better for patients with
      LCIS at presentation than for those without. Bone-marrow mononuclear cells,
      studied in 7 patients with myeloma and LCIS in peripheral blood, did not show
      LCIS.

PMID- 2880068
TI  - Hypoglycaemia due to an insulin-receptor antibody in Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Severe fasting hypoglycaemia developed in a patient with Hodgkin's disease after
      many courses of chemotherapy. Her serum contained a factor which stimulated
      glucose uptake by rat adipocytes, and this factor was found in the immunoglobulin
      fraction. The serum also displaced insulin bound to human erythrocytes and both
      precipitated and phosphorylated insulin receptors extracted from human placenta.
      The insulin-like substance is probably an antibody to the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2880069
TI  - Effect of a ginkgolide mixture (BN 52063) in antagonising skin and platelet
      responses to platelet activating factor in man.
AB  - Antagonism of the effects of platelet activating factor (PAF) by the ginkgolide
      mixture BN 52063 was assessed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover
      study in 6 normal subjects. Weal and flare responses to 400 ng PAF, examined 2 h
      after ingestion of BN 52063 (80 mg, 120 mg) were inhibited in a dose-related
      manner. After 120 mg the flare area was reduced by a mean 62.4% (p less than
      0.005) and the weal volume by a mean 60% (p less than 0.05). Both doses of BN
      52063 significantly inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich
      plasma (p less than 0.001). In vitro, BN 52063 inhibited PAF-induced but not ADP
      induced platelet aggregation. Thus BN 52063 seems to be an antagonist of PAF in
      man.

PMID- 2880071
TI  - Maternal health in subsaharan Africa.

PMID- 2880073
TI  - The forgotten people.

PMID- 2880072
TI  - Pharmaceutical funds for clinical research: a mixed blessing.

PMID- 2880074
TI  - Allopurinol for calcium oxalate stones?

PMID- 2880075
TI  - HIV seroepidemiology.

PMID- 2880076
TI  - Emerging pattern of Lyme disease in the United Kingdom and Irish Republic.
AB  - In the past year there have been 68 cases of Lyme disease in the United Kingdom
      and Republic of Ireland. 41 patients had erythema chronicum migrans, and 8 of
      them had associated neurological disease. 13 further patients presented with
      neurological disease without a preceding skin lesion. Myocarditis was present in
      1 patient. Ixodes ricinus was confirmed as the vector for Lyme disease. In two
      areas deer were found to be infected by Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative
      organism of Lyme disease. 86% of 45 deer sera tested had significant antibody
      titres against B burgdorferi.

PMID- 2880077
TI  - Back pain--a presentation of metastatic testicular germ cell tumours.
AB  - 9 patients (21%) from a total of 42 young men with testicular germ cell
      malignancy had back pain as a major presenting symptom; 2 had back pain without
      unilateral testicular enlargement. Time to correct diagnosis from first visit to
      a doctor was significantly longer in those with back pain than in those with
      testicular symptoms. All patients with back pain had para-aortic node metastases.
      Young men with back pain should be examined for testicular disease and should
      also be asked about past testicular abnormalities.

PMID- 2880078
TI  - The Canadian community hospital.

PMID- 2880079
TI  - Diltiazem for tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2880080
TI  - Tardive dystonia: which way do schizophrenics twist?

PMID- 2880081
TI  - Significance of isolated yolk sac visualised by ultrasonography.

PMID- 2880082
TI  - Intrauterine insemination.

PMID- 2880083
TI  - Prednisolone pharmacokinetics and steroid psychosis.

PMID- 2880085
TI  - Testing cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2880084
TI  - Bethanecol chloride in treatment of stuttering.

PMID- 2880087
TI  - Fine-catheter aspiration and the acute abdomen.

PMID- 2880088
TI  - Giving up smoking and converting to pipe or cigars.

PMID- 2880086
TI  - Consumption of quinine hydrochloride in tonic water.

PMID- 2880089
TI  - Human gene cloning and disease analysis.

PMID- 2880090
TI  - Recombination between Duchenne and pERT87 variants.

PMID- 2880091
TI  - Dietary lipopolysaccharides as arthritogenic antigen?

PMID- 2880092
TI  - Control of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2880093
TI  - Systemic candidiasis.

PMID- 2880094
TI  - Which spatula for cervical cytology?

PMID- 2880095
TI  - Ecological treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

PMID- 2880096
TI  - Investigating hypomagnesaemia.

PMID- 2880097
TI  - HLA antigens and germ-cell tumours.

PMID- 2880098
TI  - Standardising the anti-cardiolipin antibody test.

PMID- 2880099
TI  - Advertising claims and the Medicines Act.

PMID- 2880100
TI  - Diagnostic process.

PMID- 2880101
TI  - Body history.

PMID- 2880103
TI  - Viral cause of Kaposi's sarcoma?

PMID- 2880102
TI  - RFLP for linkage analysis of fragile X syndrome.

PMID- 2880105
TI  - Neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin as markers for AIDS.

PMID- 2880104
TI  - Methimazole antagonises HLA-DR3 suppression of AIDS.

PMID- 2880106
TI  - Inactivation of human immunodeficiency, herpes simplex, and vaccinia viruses by
      sodium oxychlorosene.

PMID- 2880108
TI  - Delayed diagnosis of pneumococcal sepsis post-splenectomy.

PMID- 2880107
TI  - Genetic haemochromatosis and congenital spherocytosis.

PMID- 2880109
TI  - Differential diagnosis in child sexual abuse.

PMID- 2880110
TI  - Care of the newborn in developing countries.

PMID- 2880111
TI  - Enzymological diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 by measurement of hepatic
      alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase activity.
AB  - A deficiency of activity of the peroxisomal enzyme alanine:glyoxylate
      aminotransferase (AGT,EC 2.6.1.44)has been found in the livers of six patients
      with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH), including three in whom the tissue was
      obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy. AGT activity, assayed in unfractionated
      liver tissue, ranged from 11 to 47% of the mean control value, and appeared to be
      related to the clinical severity of PH and to several biochemical variables which
      indicate the degree of pathophysiological derangement. There was no difference
      between patients and controls in the activities of glutamate: glyoxylate
      aminotransferase (GGT, EC 2.6.1.4) or catalase (EC 1.11.1.6). In the five most
      severe cases residual AGT activity could be largely accounted for by the
      crossover from another enzyme, presumably GGT. PH can be diagnosed using
      percutaneous hepatic needle biopsy and assay of AGT, whose activity may be useful
      in determining the prognosis and likely severity of the disease.

PMID- 2880112
TI  - Characterisation of a new subgroup of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis by
      autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen.
AB  - Autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen (SLA) were detected in 23 patients
      with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) but not in 502 patients with
      various other hepatic and non-hepatic disorders or 165 healthy blood donors. Anti
      SLA-positive serum samples were negative for antinuclear and liver-kidney
      microsomal antibodies, markers of two subgroups of autoimmune-type CAH, 6 anti
      SLA-positive patients were negative for all autoantibodies sought. Most of the
      anti-SLA-positive patients were young women (2 men, 21 women; mean age 37 years)
      with hypergammaglobulinaemia (mean 3.2 g/l, range 1.8-5.3 g/l); 18 of the 23
      patients had received immunosuppressive treatment and all responded well. Anti
      SLA titres declined during therapy, corresponding to disease activity. Anti-SLA
      cannot be detected by immunofluorescence. SLA is not organ-specific or species
      specific, but the highest concentrations were found in liver and kidney. Anti-SLA
      autoantibodies characterise a third subgroup of autoimmune-type CAH and will
      allow a better differentiation of HBsAg-negative CAH which has therapeutic
      consequences.

PMID- 2880113
TI  - Long-term survival in haemodialysis patients.
AB  - Survival rates and causes of death were analysed for 177 patients who started
      dialysis between 1970 and 1975. 99 patients survived 5 years of treatment, and at
      this stage 74 had functioning transplants; thereafter, only 4 changed between
      treatment by dialysis and transplantation. For patients surviving for 5 years
      those treated by dialysis and those treated by transplantation had a similar
      probability (+/- standard error) of surviving to 10 years (0.84 +/- 0.07 v 0.82
      +/- 0.04), but the probability of surviving to 15 years was lower for dialysis
      patients than for transplant patients (0.31 +/- 0.14 v 0.63 +/- 0.08; p less than
      0.05). Infection, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, was an important cause
      of late mortality in dialysis patients.

PMID- 2880116
TI  - Autologous bone-marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2880114
TI  - Effect of oestrogen and testosterone implants on psychological disorders in the
      climacteric.
AB  - In a double-blind trial oestradiol, oestradiol/testosterone, or placebo implants
      were assessed for their effects on psychological symptoms in women attending a
      menopause clinic. After two months, women receiving active treatment scored
      better than the placebo group on a self-rating scale of distress, on anxiety, and
      on depression (p less than 0.05). Postmenopausal but not perimenopausal women
      improved after placebo, and at 4 months the scores in the three groups no longer
      differed significantly.

PMID- 2880115
TI  - Rapid and safe termination of supraventricular tachycardia in children by
      adenosine.
AB  - Adenosine (0.05-0.25 mg/kg intravenously) successfully terminated resistant
      supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in three seriously ill newborn infants and one
      older child. Termination of tachycardia was achieved in each case within 20 s.
      Adenosine, unlike many other anti-arrhythmic agents, has no substantial negative
      inotropic effect under these circumstances and may become the drug of choice in
      haemodynamically compromised children with SVT. However, it has no value in
      prophylaxis against recurrent SVT.

PMID- 2880117
TI  - Haemorrhagic cystitis after radiotherapy.

PMID- 2880118
TI  - Vitamin D supplementation in the elderly.

PMID- 2880119
TI  - Diazepam binding inhibitor.

PMID- 2880120
TI  - Tourette syndrome.

PMID- 2880121
TI  - Future hunger?

PMID- 2880122
TI  - Causes of death in diabetic patients with impaired renal function. An audit of a
      hospital diabetic clinic population.
AB  - Of over 2000 diabetic patients whose serum creatinine had been measured
      regularly, 107 died between January, 1983, and March, 1985, and 27 (median age at
      death 66 years) had renal impairment (serum creatinine over 130 mumol/l). Cause
      of death was determined from clinical and necropsy data. 11 died of
      cardiovascular disease and 10 of causes unrelated to cardiac or renal disease; in
      only 6 was renal impairment the main cause of death. All 6 had severe physical
      and/or social disabilities and 2 were over the age of 75. Median serum creatinine
      in patients who died was 269 mumol/l (range 135-1135 mumol/l) and exceeded 500
      mumol/l in only 5. Of the few patients who would have received RRT under a more
      liberal dialysis policy, all had severe physical disabilities.

PMID- 2880123
TI  - Respiratory allergy to inhaled bat guano.
AB  - In the Sudan many asthmatic patients attribute their symptoms to inhalation of
      bat droppings. Design of the roofs of many Sudanese buildings allows black bats
      to roost; guano drops through cracks in the ceiling into the rooms below where it
      can be inhaled and cause allergic respiratory disorders. Seven atopic patients
      seen at Sennar Hospital with bat-related case-histories were investigated. Six
      had bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis and one had asthma alone. Extracts of
      yellow hairy bat, black bat, and bat droppings were made. All seven patients had
      a positive skin prick test and specific IgE antibodies (RAST) to bat droppings.
      Three patients also had a positive RAST to both yellow and black bats and one
      patient to yellow bat. Droppings are probably the major allergen source in bat
      related respiratory allergy.

PMID- 2880124
TI  - European accelerator for radiotherapy with charged ions.

PMID- 2880125
TI  - Tardive myoclonus.

PMID- 2880126
TI  - Tetrahydroaminoacridine and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2880127
TI  - Cautions about condoms in prevention of AIDS.

PMID- 2880128
TI  - Sleep deprivation, dieting, and depression markers.

PMID- 2880129
TI  - Anti-HIV testing on urgent specimens.

PMID- 2880131
TI  - Dietary protein restriction in chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2880130
TI  - Efficacy of five enzyme immunoassays for antibody to HIV in detecting antibody to
      HTLV-IV.

PMID- 2880132
TI  - Heterosexuals importing HIV from Africa.

PMID- 2880133
TI  - Direct intraperitoneal insemination.

PMID- 2880134
TI  - Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene.

PMID- 2880135
TI  - Intrathecal interferon, indomethacin, and multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2880136
TI  - Acetaldehyde-modified albumin as hepatotoxic factor.

PMID- 2880137
TI  - Intrathecal mitozantrone.

PMID- 2880138
TI  - Legal interference and clinical freedom.

PMID- 2880139
TI  - Ethics of tissue typing on live organ donors.

PMID- 2880140
TI  - Teicoplanin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci.

PMID- 2880141
TI  - Rabbit (to replace human) brain material in anticoagulant control.

PMID- 2880142
TI  - Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in twin sisters: monozygous but not identical.

PMID- 2880143
TI  - CSF lactate in falciparum malaria patients.

PMID- 2880144
TI  - Percutaneous laser angioplasty with sapphire tips.

PMID- 2880145
TI  - Corneal transplant in boy with nephropathic cystinosis.

PMID- 2880146
TI  - Gastroenteritis due to Kanagawa negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

PMID- 2880147
TI  - 24-hour monitoring of oesophageal pH in outpatients.

PMID- 2880148
TI  - Parkinsonism and industrial chemicals.

PMID- 2880149
TI  - False positive identifications of Escherichia coli O157.

PMID- 2880150
TI  - Prostaglandins for peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2880151
TI  - Corticotropin releasing factor in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2880152
TI  - Holiday balcony falls resulting in spinal cord injury.

PMID- 2880153
TI  - Mycobacteria in sputum and soil ingestion.

PMID- 2880154
TI  - Blue sclerae and iron deficiency in general practice.

PMID- 2880155
TI  - Digoxin-like immunoreactive factor, corticotropin-releasing factor, and
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2880156
TI  - Acute nephritis complicating Milroy's disease.

PMID- 2880157
TI  - Cardiac output and Christmas lunch.

PMID- 2880158
TI  - Human papillomavirus DNA and oral mucosa.

PMID- 2880159
TI  - "Serious professional misconduct" in relation to private treatment of drug
      dependence.

PMID- 2880160
TI  - Risk factors for seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus among male
      homosexuals. Results from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AB  - 2507 homosexual men who were seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      at enrollment were followed for six months to elucidate risk factors for
      seroconversion to HIV. 95 (3.8%) seroconverted. Of men who did not engage in
      receptive anal intercourse within six months before baseline and in the six-month
      follow-up period, only 0.5% (3/646) seroconverted to HIV. By contrast, of men who
      engaged in receptive anal intercourse with two or more partners during each of
      these successive six-month intervals, 10.6% (58/548) seroconverted. No HIV
      seroconversions occurred in 220 homosexual men who did not practise receptive or
      insertive anal intercourse within twelve months before the follow-up visit. On
      multivariate analysis receptive anal intercourse was the only significant risk
      factor for seroconversion to HIV, the risk ratio increasing from 3-fold for one
      partner to 18-fold for five or more partners. Furthermore, data for the two
      successive six-month periods show that men who reduced or stopped the practice of
      receptive anal intercourse significantly lowered their risk of seroconversion to
      3.2% and 1.8%, respectively. Receptive anal intercourse accounted for nearly all
      new HIV infections among the homosexual men enrolled in this study, and the
      hazards of this practice need to be emphasised in community educational projects.

PMID- 2880161
TI  - Double-blind multicentre comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine in the treatment
      of reflux oesophagitis.
AB  - Omeprazole 60 mg once daily was compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in an
      endoscopically-controlled, double-blind randomised trial in 51 outpatients with
      erosive or ulcerative reflux oesophagitis (grade 2 or 3). Endoscopy was repeated
      after 4 weeks and, in the absence of healing, again after 8 weeks. Symptoms were
      assessed before entry and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Patients who were unhealed
      after 8 weeks were blindly switched to the other drug and treatment was continued
      for another 4 to 8 weeks. The healing rate (change to grade 0 or 1 oesophagitis)
      after 4 weeks was 19 of 25 patients treated with omeprazole and 7 of 26 patients
      treated with ranitidine (p = 0.002). The corresponding figures after 8 weeks were
      22 of 25 and 10 of 26 (p = 0.001). The higher healing rate with omeprazole was
      reflected in a significantly faster and stronger improvement of reflux symptoms.
      13 patients, who were unhealed after 8 weeks on ranitidine, were healed after
      switching treatment. Healing was achieved in 1 of 3 patients who were switched to
      ranitidine. There were no adverse events or changes in laboratory variables of
      clinical importance. Omeprazole is superior to ranitidine in the short-term
      treatment of reflux oesophagitis.

PMID- 2880162
TI  - Effect of indomethacin on arterial oxygenation in critically ill patients with
      severe bacterial pneumonia.
AB  - The effect of indomethacin (1 mg/kg) on gas exchange was studied in ten patients
      with hypoxaemic respiratory failure precipitated by bacterial pneumonia. Mean
      arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) improved significantly (79 +/- 16 mm Hg to 98 +/-
      20 mm Hg) but the response varied between patients: five showed substantial
      responses (27-42 mm Hg), three lesser responses (7-9 mm Hg), and two no response.
      Similar changes were found in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and the ratio
      of PaO2 to fractional inspired oxygen concentration. In two responders studied
      further, PaO2 had fallen to baseline values 4-6 h later and a repeat indomethacin
      challenge again increased PaO2 by greater than 25 mm Hg with concomitant changes
      in pulmonary shunt. There were no significant changes in the other gas-exchange
      or haemodynamic variables measured and there was no clear reason for the
      variability in response to indomethacin. These results suggest a role for
      products of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in the
      pathogenesis of hypoxaemia in patients with severe bacterial pneumonia.

PMID- 2880163
TI  - Association between tumour necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients
      with meningococcal disease.
AB  - Serum samples taken on admission from 79 patients with meningococcal meningitis,
      septicaemia, or both, were examined in a highly sensitive bioassay for tumour
      necrosis factor (TNF). TNF was detected in samples from 10 of 11 patients who
      died but from only 8 of 68 survivors. All 5 patients with serum TNF levels over
      440 units/ml (corresponding to 0.1 ng/ml recombinant TNF) died.

PMID- 2880164
TI  - Intestinal toxicoinfection by Clostridium botulinum type F in an adult. Case
      associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - A 27-year-old man with type F botulism (classification undetermined) had two
      episodes of botulinum toxaemia with identification of botulinum toxin and
      Clostridium botulinum organisms in faecal specimens during a three-month stay in
      hospital. Between these clinical episodes neither toxin nor Cl botulinum could be
      demonstrated. The illness was severe with quadriplegia, respiratory
      insufficiency, and bowel paralysis. In addition the patient had sensory
      abnormalities and a raised protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. The results
      demonstrate for the first time in detail an intestinal colonisation with and
      multiplication of C botulinum organisms and in-vivo production of toxin in an
      adult. The clinical findings at first pointed to Guillain-Barre syndrome, and it
      is suggested that patients with this syndrome should be examined for botulinum
      toxin in serum and for toxin and organisms in stool.

PMID- 2880166
TI  - Screening for drugs of abuse.

PMID- 2880165
TI  - Rapid, easy, and economical screening test for antibodies to human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - A new dot enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with a conserved portion of the envelope
      protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as antigen has been designed
      for use in areas with few laboratory facilities and by personnel with little
      laboratory experience. Sera were tested in 263 subjects who had AIDS or AIDS
      related complex or were at-risk or not-at-risk of AIDS from the USA, Africa, and
      Asia/Oceania. The dot EIA was 100% sensitive in the American subjects, and there
      were only 2 false negatives in the others, both of which were negative by
      commercial EIA. The test is simple to perform, economical, rapid (30 min), and
      stable.

PMID- 2880168
TI  - The practice of blood transfusion.

PMID- 2880169
TI  - Monkeypox in Africa: future health hazard or public health nuisance?

PMID- 2880167
TI  - Ill-treatment of children.

PMID- 2880170
TI  - Lactate transporter defect: a new disease of muscle?

PMID- 2880171
TI  - Calcium supplements: does the milkman know best?

PMID- 2880172
TI  - The challenge of malaria vaccine: trials and tribulations.

PMID- 2880173
TI  - Recovery from physical disability after stroke: normal patterns as a basis for
      evaluation.
AB  - In 368 patients with residual hemiplegia after stroke, monitoring of recovery
      over eight weeks showed a distinct time-related pattern. Patterns of this sort
      could provide useful baselines in various conditions entailing physical
      disability, allowing comparison of individual scores with the average for that
      phase of the illness, the setting of precise goals, and the examination of
      factors that influence recovery.

PMID- 2880174
TI  - The Shadow-Line in surgery.

PMID- 2880175
TI  - Infant carrying, breast feeding, and mother-infant relations.

PMID- 2880176
TI  - Bat rabies in Denmark.

PMID- 2880177
TI  - Decrease in acute hepatitis B incidence in England and Wales in 1985-86.

PMID- 2880178
TI  - Long-term follow-up after bone-marrow transplantation in acute lymphoblastic
      leukaemia.

PMID- 2880179
TI  - Simplified cooling bed for heatstroke.

PMID- 2880180
TI  - Conservative treatment of ectopic pregnancy by transvaginal aspiration under
      sonographic control and methotrexate injection.

PMID- 2880181
TI  - Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality.

PMID- 2880182
TI  - Ultrastructure of liver in inherited disorders of fat oxidation.

PMID- 2880183
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2880184
TI  - Chromosome 21q21 sublocalisation of gene encoding beta-amyloid peptide in
      cerebral vessels and neuritic (senile) plaques of people with Alzheimer disease
      and Down syndrome.

PMID- 2880185
TI  - Vascular malformations and hypogammaglobulinaemia.

PMID- 2880186
TI  - Never on a Sunday: programming for IVF-ET and GIFT.

PMID- 2880188
TI  - Diagnosis: the need for demystification.

PMID- 2880187
TI  - Ultrasound-guided peritoneal oocyte and sperm transfer (POST)

PMID- 2880189
TI  - Fitness for anaesthesia: who decides?

PMID- 2880190
TI  - Acupuncture.

PMID- 2880191
TI  - AIDS and obstetrics.

PMID- 2880192
TI  - Cold-related deaths in Britain.

PMID- 2880193
TI  - Prescribing iron to combat deprivation.

PMID- 2880194
TI  - HIV-1 and HIV-2 double infection in French homosexual male with AIDS-related
      complex (Paris, 1985)

PMID- 2880195
TI  - Allergy testing.

PMID- 2880196
TI  - Parathyroid hormone, electrolytes, and blood pressure.

PMID- 2880197
TI  - Valproate hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2880198
TI  - Gold-induced leucopenia may predict a similar adverse reaction to sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2880199
TI  - Encephalopathy with rapid infusion ifosfamide/mesna.

PMID- 2880200
TI  - Exacerbation of rheumatoid synovitis by iron-dextran infusion.

PMID- 2880201
TI  - Does Down syndrome support homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis?

PMID- 2880202
TI  - Allergy in cystic fibrosis nurses to pancreatic extract.

PMID- 2880204
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin in anaemic patients on haemodialysis.

PMID- 2880203
TI  - Mesothelioma in manufacturers of asbestos-containing cigarette filters.

PMID- 2880205
TI  - IgM serology for rubella and human parvovirus B19.

PMID- 2880206
TI  - Misoprostol, smoking, and duodenal ulcer healing rates.

PMID- 2880207
TI  - Non-endoscopic relief of oesophageal obstruction.

PMID- 2880208
TI  - Isotonic methotrimeprazine by continuous infusion in terminal cancer care.

PMID- 2880210
TI  - Strict metabolic control and diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2880209
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of Bartter syndrome.

PMID- 2880211
TI  - Three-year ban by GMC upheld: possibility of revocation or variation on petition
      by doctor during sentence.

PMID- 2880212
TI  - Damages awarded for 25% loss of chance of full recovery.

PMID- 2880213
TI  - Immunotherapy versus chemotherapy in localised cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AB  - In a randomised trial a combination vaccine consisting of live BCG together with
      killed leishmania promastigotes was compared with a standard antimonial regimen
      in 94 patients with localised cutaneous leishmaniasis. Three vaccinations over 32
      weeks gave a similar cure rate (94%) to three 20-day courses of meglumine
      antimonate. In the immunotherapy group side-effects were few (5.8%) and slight
      whereas in the chemotherapy group they were frequent (52.4%) and often serious.
      Immunotherapy is a low-cost, low-risk alternative to chemotherapy in localised
      cutaneous leishmaniasis, applicable by primary health services in rural areas.

PMID- 2880214
TI  - Double-blind randomised trial of intravenous glycerol in acute stroke.
AB  - The effects of intravenous glycerol in elderly patients with recent onset of
      acute ischaemic stroke were evaluated in a double-blind randomised controlled
      trial. 173 patients received either 500 ml of a 10% solution of glycerol in
      physiological saline or 500 ml of physiological saline administered intravenously
      over 4 h daily for 6 consecutive days. The number of deaths within the first week
      was 10 (12%) in the glycerol group versus 26 (30%) in the controls. Subsequent
      mortality up to 12 months was similar in the two groups and a survival analysis
      confirmed a beneficial effect of treatment (p less than 0.02). The neurological
      and functional recovery of survivors, their length of hospital stay, and the
      proportion able to return to live in their own home were similar in the two
      groups. The improvement in survival time with glycerol was achieved without
      serious adverse effects and without an increase in the proportion of survivors
      with severe residual disability.

PMID- 2880215
TI  - Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses type III (HIV) and type IV in
      Ivory Coast.
AB  - Serological investigations in the Ivory Coast indicate that, despite the rarity
      of overt acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) is widely prevalent. So also is human T-lymphotropic virus type IV (HTLV
      IV). The highest rates of HIV and HTLV-IV seropositivity were observed in female
      prostitutes. These findings suggest that, like HIV, HTLV-IV can be transmitted by
      heterosexual contact, and that the mobility of prostitutes may be an important
      factor in spread of the retroviruses in Africa. The incidence of HIV-associated
      AIDS in the Ivory Coast is likely to rise sharply in the next few years.

PMID- 2880216
TI  - Increased frequency of Epstein-Barr virus excretion in patients with new daily
      persistent headaches.
AB  - In a case-control study 27 (84%) of 32 patients with new daily persistent
      headaches (NDPH) and 8 (25%) of 32 controls had evidence of Epstein-Barr virus
      (EBV) "active" infection, as demonstrated by EBV excretion and/or early antigen
      titre above 1:32. 20 (62%) patients and 4 (12%) controls were excreting EBV in
      the oropharynx, as determined by a dot hybridisation assay. The mean titre of IgG
      antibodies to early antigen was significantly higher in patients than controls.
      EBV reactivation may be important in the pathogenesis of NDPH. Alternatively,
      patients with NDPH may be unusually prone to EBV reactivation.

PMID- 2880217
TI  - Antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in West-Indian-born UK residents
      with spastic paraparesis.
AB  - Of 13 West-Indian-born UK residents with spastic paraparesis of unknown cause, 11
      were tested for serum antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and all
      were positive. Their magnetic resonance imaging scans were normal or showed only
      minor abnormalities in the brain, and the spinal cord was normal in the 5
      investigated. Of 48 patients with multiple sclerosis, mainly caucasian, none had
      antibody to HTLV-1 in the blood.

PMID- 2880219
TI  - Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2880218
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin, previous third-party transfusion, and pregnancy on
      antibody development after donor-specific transfusion before renal
      transplantation.
AB  - Non-cytotoxic and cytotoxic antibodies were sought after donor-specific
      transfusion (DST) in 12 potential renal transplant recipients given concomitant
      cyclosporin therapy and 13 given DST alone. Non-cytotoxic antibodies, which have
      been shown to develop after third-party transfusion and to be associated with
      successful transplantation, developed after DST whether or not cyclosporin was
      given. Donor and panel reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies developed relatively
      infrequently after DST with or without cyclosporin. Donor-specific sensitisation
      occurred only in patients who were multiparous or had over 10 third-party
      transfusions. Non-cytotoxic Fc-receptor-blocking antibodies may play a part in
      the improved survival of one-haplotype-mismatched transplants pretreated with
      DST.

PMID- 2880220
TI  - Epilepsy--la belle indifference?

PMID- 2880222
TI  - Total ischaemic burden.

PMID- 2880221
TI  - Doubts about the value of maintenance lithium.

PMID- 2880223
TI  - The dominance of salt in manufactured food in the sodium intake of affluent
      societies.
AB  - Statistical analyses suggest that 25-50% of the salt intake of Western
      populations is derived from the discretionary use of cooking and table salt. Yet
      direct estimates of discretionary salt use by a lithium technique show that in
      one community in Britain this source contributed only 15% to total intake. The
      estimates of discretionary salt use in Finland, the United States, and Britain
      have been exaggerated because salt losses in cooking water were not considered.
      Only about a quarter of cooking salt actually enters the consumed food; allowance
      for this in statistical calculations makes data on dietary intake similar to
      those assessed from urinary sodium excretion. Daily salt intake in Britain
      averages about 10.7 g for adult men and 8.0 g for women, figures similar to those
      from countries in northern Europe. The natural salt content of food provides
      about 10% intake, the remaining 75% being derived from salt added by
      manufacturers; drinking water provides a negligible amount. Any programme for
      reducing the salt consumption of a population should therefore concentrate
      primarily on a reduction in the salt used during food processing.

PMID- 2880224
TI  - Which treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in second remission?
AB  - The best therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) who have
      an initial bone marrow relapse and subsequently achieve second remission is
      controversial. Some findings suggest that bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is
      better than chemotherapy whereas others do not. An analysis of 871 children
      treated by BMT or chemotherapy showed that outcome was correlated with risk
      factors at diagnosis and with length of first remission. BMT seemed superior in
      patients who relapsed within 18 months of first remission while on maintenance
      chemotherapy. BMT was not demonstrably superior in patients who relapsed more
      than 18 months after first remission. The choice of treatment in childhood ALL
      must be based on prognostic variables at diagnosis and on the circumstances of
      the relapse.

PMID- 2880225
TI  - Appraisal of intradermal immunisation against hepatitis B.

PMID- 2880226
TI  - Immunosuppression in the treatment of insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes.

PMID- 2880227
TI  - Rett's syndrome: a variant of Heller's dementia?

PMID- 2880228
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in family
      with sudden infant death.

PMID- 2880229
TI  - Detection of Haemophilus influenzae with monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2880230
TI  - Occult blood and faecal leucocyte tests in acute infectious diarrhoea in
      children.

PMID- 2880231
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis in doxylamine overdose.

PMID- 2880232
TI  - Lyme arthritis.

PMID- 2880233
TI  - Methysergide and retroperitoneal fibrosis.

PMID- 2880234
TI  - Prognosis of drug-induced Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2880235
TI  - Tetrahydroaminoacridine and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2880236
TI  - Place of aspiration cytology and the acute abdomen.

PMID- 2880237
TI  - Interference in commercial assays for thyrotropin.

PMID- 2880238
TI  - AIDS in a child without antibody to HIV.

PMID- 2880239
TI  - Health professionals' attitudes to AIDS and occupational risk.

PMID- 2880240
TI  - Decline of antibody reactivity to HIV core protein secondary to increased
      production of HIV antigen.

PMID- 2880241
TI  - Male contraception involving testosterone supplementation: possible increased
      risks of prostate cancer?

PMID- 2880243
TI  - Medical services in Gaza.

PMID- 2880242
TI  - Detection of factor VIII and IX inhibitors after first exposure to heat-treated
      concentrates.

PMID- 2880244
TI  - Medicines control in Switzerland.

PMID- 2880245
TI  - Recruitment to inpatient trials of antidepressants.

PMID- 2880246
TI  - Medical devices and consumer protection.

PMID- 2880247
TI  - Mortality and morbidity of long-term haemodialysis.

PMID- 2880248
TI  - Butchers and prostate cancer.

PMID- 2880249
TI  - Hearing loss and vibration-induced white finger.

PMID- 2880250
TI  - Predicting relapse in stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumours of the testis.

PMID- 2880252
TI  - Chloroquine and platelets.

PMID- 2880251
TI  - Assessment of possible drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in a pregnant
      traveller with sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2880253
TI  - Prevalence of amoebic antibody in population affected by epidemic non-A, non-B
      hepatitis.

PMID- 2880254
TI  - Treatment of systemic nocardiosis.

PMID- 2880255
TI  - Graft-versus-leukaemia activity associated with cytomegalovirus antibody positive
      bone marrow donors in acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2880256
TI  - Interpretation of creatinine clearance.

PMID- 2880257
TI  - [Management of injuries of the distal tibia and foot].
AB  - The complex injury of the foot requires immediate decisions. At first the
      question of vital danger and amputation should be ruled out. The criteria for the
      conservation of the extremity will be shown. For the most severely injured,
      primary amputation is indicated, since all attempts of preservation in this group
      hardly survived. The two-step amputation is recommended: i.e. "Guillotine"
      amputation in the acute phase and muscle plastic stump formation in the
      regeneration phase. Important principles of treatment are: immediate anatomic
      reduction and retention of fractures and unstable joints, open wound treatment,
      delayed closure and reconstructive plastic intervention. A planned "second-look"
      operation is obligatory.

PMID- 2880258
TI  - [Use of the mammary artery in coronary revascularization].
AB  - From August 1983 through December 1985 1088 patients underwent coronary surgery.
      406 (37%) received a single or bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) graft with
      single or sequential anastomoses. The youngest patient was 6 years old, the
      oldest 75, with a mean age of 55.7 years. A total of 672 IMA anastomoses was
      constructed. In addition 348 patients received 610 saphenous vein grafts. 83% of
      the IMA were anastomosed to the LAD and its branches, 12% to the circumflex and
      5% to the right coronary artery. 4 patients (0.98%) died postoperatively, 402
      survived and are free of angina. In our experience the IMA can be used routinely
      with low operative risk and good results.

PMID- 2880259
TI  - [Indications for immediate and delayed amputation in severe soft tissue and
      skeletal injuries of the distal tibia].
AB  - Primary amputation of the lower extremity has become rare in the last years due
      to the advances in rigid fixation of the bone, plastic and microsurgical
      techniques and aseptic surgery. Primary amputation is indicated in the presence
      of non-reconstructable lesions of vessels and/or nerves, secondary amputations
      when vascular, neural or septic complications occur.

PMID- 2880260
TI  - [Macro- and microreplantations of the lower leg and foot].
AB  - Amputations suitable for replantation in the distal lower leg and foot are
      seldom. There is no indication if shortening will exceed 5 cm or loss of
      sensitivity is to be expected. Forefood and toe replantations are to be seen
      predominantly under aesthetic points of view. Satisfactory results in 10 own
      cases could be achieved if indications for lower leg replantations were limited
      to guillotine-type amputations, children and some bilateral lesions. Polytrauma
      as a rule is not a good indication.

PMID- 2880261
TI  - [Therapeutic concepts in neurologic damage following severe soft tissue and bone
      injuries of the distal lower leg and foot].
AB  - In less than 1% of the cases nervous lesions after severe lower leg lesions
      demand surgical treatment: Neurosurgical Clinic: 28 reconstructive interventions
      on the lower leg, however, 362 on the forearm in 15 years; Clinic of Accident
      Surgery: 264 severest lower leg- and foot-injuries, among them only two nervous
      lesions. The n. peronaeus is more frequently affected than the n. tibialis. Even
      if continuity of the nerve is maintained, endoneural bleeding and internal
      ruptures can lead to extensive axonal lesions. The kind of nervous lesion
      (neurapraxia, axonotmesia, neurotmesia) should be clarified during the first
      three months, if possible, since it determines the prognosis as well as the kind
      of operative treatment during the first six months.

PMID- 2880262
TI  - [Post-traumatic osteitis following severe soft tissue and skeletal injuries of
      the distal lower leg and foot].
AB  - Complications after severe soft tissue- and skeletal injuries of the distal lower
      leg and foot are frequent. The incidence of infection is outlined on the basis of
      the AO-Documentation-Center in Berne. In case of infection, necrotic tissue must
      be eliminated and stability of the fracture has to be maintained. Cancellous bone
      grafts as well as microvascular plastics should only be considered in the
      presence of a well vascularized fracture-bed. The benefit of antibiotics and
      disinfectants and the interrelation between infection and allergy to implants are
      discussed.

PMID- 2880263
TI  - [Local reconstructive possibilities following infections of the lower leg and
      foot].
AB  - Basic rule: slough removal, treatment of infection, closure of the defect.
      Already existing infection: antiseptic solutions, rarely or never antibiotics.
      Measurement of wound pH (pH 6-8). According to indications, split thickness skin
      graft, in large defects mesh-graft. Reverdin grafts only in poorly healing
      wounds. For preparation of defect closure, silicone foam is very effective. If
      bone is exposed, we still use cross leg flaps and myocutaneous flaps besides more
      modern methods of plastic surgery. Distant flaps, like tube flaps from the
      abdomen have only historical interest.

PMID- 2880265
TI  - [Free tissue transfer].
AB  - The free flap transfer has his place in situations were regional flaps-
      especially pedicled muscle flaps--are not available. This is especially true for
      the medial and distal third of the lower limb. Another important indication is in
      infected situations, where we can put the muscle, for example from the free
      myocutaneous flaps in the infected bone area. At the sole of the foot and the
      heel we see a special indication, because we can restore by the free tissue
      transfer sensibility. This means in our opinion a good precaution for
      reulceration. By the use of a two-team approach the primary long operation time
      could be cut down up to two to four hours. By simplifying the whole procedure we
      also could achieve a high success rate of 93.5% in 345 cases which we operated
      since 1974. In the last two years we did not have any necroses in 94 cases.
      Therefore we think that nowadays the indication for free flap transfer in the
      soft tissue reconstruction at the lower extremity and the foot has to be widened.

PMID- 2880264
TI  - [Transposition plasty].
AB  - Severe soft tissue and bone injuries are at the lower leg area a special problem
      for reconstruction. Only a limited number of local tissue transfer methods is
      available especially in the distal lower leg. Fasciocutaneous flaps, muscle
      transposition and myocutaneous flaps are available to solve some of the problems.
      The indication, validity and local topographical use is discussed, early and
      aggressive debridement and early covering of soft tissue defects with the
      appropriate flaps is the best way to avoid infection and more damage.

PMID- 2880266
TI  - [Indications for corrective operations for maintaining function in post-traumatic
      deformities of the distal lower leg and foot].
AB  - Reconstruction surgery in posttraumatic deformities in the lower leg and the foot
      is indicated under different aspects: restoration of function, improvement of
      prognosis, improvement of function and melioration of physical appearance.
      Technically effective surgical means are available to date, such as: metaphyseal
      closing and opening wedge osteotomies, diaphyseal step-cut osteotomies,
      diaphyseal and metaphyseal displacement osteotomies, lengthening osteotomy,
      external fixation, revision of infections, joint revisions, scar revisions, nerve
      revisions, plastic skin operations.

PMID- 2880267
TI  - [Severe soft tissue and bone injuries of the distal lower leg and foot:
      indications for arthrodesis or joint replacement].
AB  - The results of ankle joint arthroplasty are disencouraging. Replacement is only
      justified, when there is no infect or instability and axial deviations below 20%.
      After fusion in 80% release of pain, more than 50% unlimited walking and only 10%
      the severe walking restriction is seen. Therefore this treatment can be
      recommended in posttraumatic tarsal osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2880268
TI  - [Rehabilitation].
AB  - When serious injuries of the soft tissue and bone of the distal crus are not
      totally cured, orthesis and walking-sticks may bring relief in rehabilitation.
      Defects after recovery seldom need to be treated by orthesis or orthopaedic
      shoes. In most cases orthopedic additives to normal shoes can compensate
      malposition of the bone or lost function of the joint.

PMID- 2880269
TI  - [Differences in the neuromuscular blockade of the larynx and thenar muscles
      following relaxation with vecuronium].
AB  - To objectivate the clinical impression of different neuromuscular depression in
      the larynx- and limb-musculature, an attempt was made in 5 patients to quantify
      laryngeal muscle relaxation by electromyographic recordings of evoked responses
      from the vocalis muscle during endolaryngeal microsurgery. Mechanographic and
      evoked electromyographic recordings of the thenar muscles were obtained
      simultaneously. Nearly total suppression of evoked responses at the peripheral
      muscle site was observed after a bolus dose of either 60 micrograms/kg or 100
      micrograms/kg of the nondepolarising muscle relaxant Vecuronium. However, the
      vocalis muscle was not blocked completely. The neuromuscular depression ranged
      from 61 to 92% depending on the dose. In no case was the recommended intubating
      dose (ED 95) of 60 micrograms/kg sufficient for complete relaxation of the
      vocalis muscle. The present results do not support that the extent and/or time
      course of intrinsic laryngeal muscle relaxation correlates with peripheral
      neuromuscular depression in a quantitative manner. The different degree of
      relaxation achieved by Vecuronium in the hand and larynx is probably due to their
      different content of acetylcholine receptors.

PMID- 2880270
TI  - Chagasic IgG modifies the activity of sarcolemmal ATPases through a beta
      adrenergic mechanism.
AB  - The effect of anti beta adrenoceptor IgG from chagasic sera upon Ca2+-ATPase and
      Na++K+-ATPase of myocardial membrane was studied. Chagasic IgG stimulated Ca2+
      ATPase and inhibited Na++K+-ATPase activities. Both enzymatic effects of the IgG
      could be prevented after beta adrenoceptor blockade or after the absorption of
      chagasic IgG with turkey red blood cells. Isoproterenol acted similarly. These
      results provide information concerning to the biochemical mechanism, by which an
      antibody, known to activate adenylate cyclase system coupled to cardiac beta
      adrenoceptor, produces stimulation of myocardial contractility.

PMID- 2880271
TI  - Hepatic clearance of somatostatin and gastrin-releasing peptide.
AB  - In order to examine hepatic clearance of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides,
      rat livers were perfused in situ, and radiolabelled somatostatin (S-14, S-28),
      gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP-14, GRP-27), and vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP) were injected into the portal vein and hepatic venous effluent was
      collected. S-14 and S-28 were not affected significantly by hepatic transit: 91.6
      +/- 2.8% (SEM) of S-14 and 95.9 +/- 2.2% of S-28 were recovered, and neither
      peptide was degraded by hepatic transit, as determined by immunoprecipitation and
      gel chromatography. GRP-14 and GRP-27 were also not affected by hepatic transit:
      91.5 +/- 1.6% of GRP-14 and 94.4 +/- 2.4% of GRP-27 were recovered intact. In
      contrast, when radiolabelled VIP was infused into the portal vein, 56.7 +/- 7.4%
      of injected labelled VIP appeared in the hepatic venous effluent, of which only
      33.5 +/- 1.2% was intact peptide. Results of these studies indicate that enteric
      VIP released into the splanchnic/portal circulation is cleared by hepatic
      transit. However, somatostatin and GRP peptides appear to traverse the liver
      intact and could potentially produce systemic biological effects.

PMID- 2880272
TI  - Pharmacological studies of somatostatin and somatostatin-analogues: therapeutic
      advances and perspectives.
AB  - This article is aimed at reviewing and analyzing studies that are related to the
      possible therapeutic use of a potent and ubiquitously-distributed hormone--somato
      statin (SS-14), and its analogues. Administration of these substances has
      provided beneficial effects in treating acromegaly, gastro-intestinal hemorrhagic
      and hypersecretory disorders, acute pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and certain
      types of cancer. Further studies with SS-14-analogues might provide new therapies
      for treating certain life-threatening disorders of man.

PMID- 2880273
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates rat gastric somatostatin release in
      vitro.
AB  - The influence of rat calcitonin gene-related peptide (rCGRP) on the secretion of
      gastric somatostatin and gastrin was studied in vitro using the isolated,
      vascularly perfused rat stomach preparation. rCGRP stimulated somatostatin
      secretion dose-dependently reaching 3-fold stimulation at 1 microM. The kinetics
      of somatostatin response were characterized by a sharp increase in the initial
      phase of rCGRP perfusion followed by sustained elevated levels. Gastrin secretion
      was moderately suppressed at 1 nM to 100 nM CGRP. Somatostatin responses to half
      maximal stimulation with 100 nM CGRP were not affected by concomitant perfusion
      of atropine, propranolol, and tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that increases in
      somatostatin release in response to CGRP are probably due to a direct effect on
      the gastric somatostatin-producing D-cell and may be important for the potent
      acid-inhibitory activity of CGRP.

PMID- 2880275
TI  - [Neuroleptic parkinsonism].

PMID- 2880274
TI  - Neuromelanin: a role in MPTP-induced neurotoxicity.
AB  - Methylphenyltetrahydropyridine (MPTP) selectively destroys melanin-containing
      neurons in the substantia nigra of humans and other primates.
      Methylphenylpyridine (MPP+), an active metabolite of MPTP, which is accumulated
      intraneuronally by the catecholamine uptake system, binds with high affinity to
      neuromelanin. MPP+ bound intracellularly to neuromelanin may be released
      gradually, resulting in damage to the neurons of the substantia nigra.
      Chloroquine, a drug which blocks MPP+ binding to neuromelanin, can protect
      monkeys from MPTP neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2880276
TI  - [Biliary excretion of enzymes in rats].

PMID- 2880277
TI  - Basal glucose homeostasis with and without fixed concentrations of glucagon and
      insulin.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the basal steady
      state could be maintained with fixed concentrations of glucagon and insulin. To
      this end, arterial plasma glucose concentrations and peripheral glucose uptake
      (using the forearm technique) were compared in healthy men (age 19 to 23 years)
      in the normal postabsorptive state and after suppression of endogenous pancreatic
      secretion. Two groups (A and B), each consisting of four men, were studied. In
      group A, the study comprised a control period (I) of 40 minutes followed by a
      test period (II) of 180 minutes during which normal pancreatic secretion was
      maintained throughout. In group B, the study comprised a control period (I) of 40
      minutes, a stabilization period (II) of 120 minutes, and a test period (III) of
      120 minutes. After the control period with normal pancreatic secretion, a new
      steady state with fixed hormone concentrations was established during the first
      90 minutes of period II using simultaneous infusions of somatostatin (250
      micrograms/h), insulin (0.15 mU/kg/min) and glucagon, the latter being adjusted
      to maintain a stable arterial glucose level similar to the preceding control
      concentration. Thereafter, without further adjustment of the glucagon infusion
      rate, observations were continued during period III to assess the maintenance of
      the steady state. In group A, the range of variation in arterial glucose
      concentrations during periods I and II was 4.0 +/- 0.9 and 6.5 +/- 1.3 mg/dL,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880278
TI  - Development of a method to determine autonomic nervous system function in the
      rat.
AB  - A noninvasive method to evaluate autonomic nervous system (ANS) function in
      animals is needed for studies of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. These studies
      modified the RR-variation test, used to test diabetic ANS function in humans, and
      applied it to rats. Permanent wire electrodes were implanted in the chest wall of
      a rat. ECG complexes were obtained by connecting the electrodes to leads going to
      an impedence pneumograph and high gain coupler. This information was then
      converted into square waves by a trigger unit and recorded on magnetic tape for
      subsequent analysis by computer. Recordings were at least 60 seconds long, of
      which 30 seconds was used for analysis. In order to establish autonomic
      influence, RR-variation was measured before and after application of
      pharmacologic agents. Directly decreasing parasympathetic tone with atropine (20
      mg/kg, n = 6) increased heart rate (P less than 0.001) and decreased RR-variation
      (P less than 0.05). Directly decreasing beta adrenergic tone with propranolol (10
      mg/kg, n = 7) decreased heart rate (P less than 0.01) but had no effect on RR
      variation (NS). Stimulation of the beta adrenergic receptors (isoproterenol, 0.1
      mg/kg, n = 5) increased heart rate (P less than 0.01) but decreased RR-variation
      (P less than 0.01). Increasing parasympathetic tone reflexly with alpha-1
      adrenergic receptor stimulation (phenylephrine, 1 mg/kg, n = 7) decreased heart
      rate (P less than 0.05) and increased RR-variation (P less than 0.025). The
      responses to phenylephrine could be blocked by parasympathetic blockade.
      Phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg, n = 7) caused an increase in heart rate (P less than
      0.001) and a decrease in RR-variation (P less than 0.01). The responses to
      phentolamine could be blocked by beta adrenergic receptor blockade.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880281
TI  - Drugs for asthma.

PMID- 2880280
TI  - Cloning of the ARO3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its regulation.
AB  - Regulation of the two isozymes of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7phosphate
      synthase (DAHP synthase; EC 4.1.2.15) encoded by the genes ARO3 and ARO4 of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Both genes were shown to respond equally
      well to the general control of amino acid biosynthesis. Strains with mutations in
      these two genes were obtained by selecting first for a single aro3 mutation and
      afterwards for a double aro3 aro4 mutation. Gene ARO3, coding for the
      phenylalanine-dependent isozyme of DAHP synthase was cloned on the 2 micron
      multicopy vector pJDB207 by complementation of mutation aro3-1 in yeast. The ARO3
      gene, carried originally on a 9.6 kb BamHI fragment (plasmid pME541A), was
      subcloned on a 1.9 kb HindIII-XbaI fragment (plasmid pME543). A transcript of
      about 1.5 kb was shown to proceed from the HindIII towards the XbaI site.
      Expression from the 9.6 kb as well as from the 1.9 kb fragment was normal on a
      multicopy vector, since in both cases DAHP synthase levels of about 50-fold the
      wild-type level were observed.

PMID- 2880282
TI  - Famotidine (Pepcid).

PMID- 2880279
TI  - The ATP synthase subunit 9 gene of Aspergillus nidulans: sequence and
      transcription.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the Aspergillus nidulans nuclear
      gene oliC31, which encodes subunit 9 of mitochondrial ATP synthase. The open
      reading frame contains no introns and specifies a predicted protein of 143 amino
      acids comprising a pre-sequence of 62 residues and a mature protein of 81
      residues. The amino acid homology with the equivalent Neurospora crassa protein
      is 50% for the pre-sequence and 80% for the mature protein. A comparison with
      this and other imported mitochondrial proteins has revealed conserved regions
      which may be important for transport or subsequent processing. Multiple
      transcription initiation and polyadenylation sites have been identified. The
      promoter region of the oliC31 gene is characterised by long pyrimidine-rich
      tracts preceding the transcription initiation sites.

PMID- 2880283
TI  - [Double-blind comparison of fixed combination preparations of a beta blocker and
      a diuretic and beta blocker, a diuretic and hydralazine in patients with coronary
      heart disease and arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2880284
TI  - Comparison of agonist-induced changes in beta- and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors
      of DDT1 MF-2 cells.
AB  - Agonist-induced changes in beta- and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors (BARs and AARs)
      were compared in the DDT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cell line. During equilibrium
      competition binding assays with intact cells at 37 degrees, agonists induced
      conversion of both BARs and AARs from a native form with high affinity for
      agonists to a form with much lower affinity for agonists. The native high
      affinity form of both receptors could be detected either in short-time
      competition binding assays at 37 degrees or in equilibrium competition binding
      assays on ice. Conversion to the low affinity form was nearly complete for BARs,
      but only about half of the AARs were converted to the low affinity form. For
      BARs, the high affinity form of the receptor observed in short-time assays with
      intact cells was similar to that observed in membrane preparations, whereas for
      AARs this form exhibited much higher affinity than was seen in membrane assays.
      None of these changes were observed during competition binding assays with
      antagonists. Both short-time competition binding assays with hydrophilic
      competing ligands and sucrose density gradient centrifugation assays were
      consistent with the occurrence of agonist-induced internalization of BARs. These
      same assays for AARs were consistent with the presence of some AARs in an
      intracellular compartment in the native state, but no agonist-induced increases
      in intracellular AARs were detected. During more prolonged exposure (13 hr) to
      agonists, about 80% down-regulation of BARs occurred, whereas only about 20% down
      regulation of AARs was detected. These results may indicate that internalization
      and down-regulation are not involved in conversion of these receptors to the low
      affinity form observed in intact cell binding assays.

PMID- 2880285
TI  - Shallow agonist competition binding curves for beta-adrenergic receptors: the
      role of tight agonist binding.
AB  - The beta 2-adrenergic receptors of bovine trapezius muscle membranes demonstrate
      tight agonist binding as a result of the formation of complexes between agonists,
      receptors, and Ns. Preincubation of the membranes with (-)-isoproterenol
      (followed by washing) causes a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in the
      number of radioligand-binding sites to a plateau value of 41.5 +/- 4%. The
      affinity of the remaining sites for the radioligand (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol is
      unchanged. This decrease is stable under radioligand binding conditions but is
      readily reversed in the presence of GTP. The isoproterenol/(-)
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol competition binding curves are shallow. Such a phenomenon
      is usually interpreted in terms of two interconvertible affinity states of the
      receptor: the high affinity state reflecting the coupling of the agonist X
      receptor complex to Ns and the low affinity state not interacting with Ns.
      However, the competition curves undergo time-dependent shifts to the left. This
      apparent non-equilibrium can be explained by a model in which tight agonist
      binding to part of the receptor population is included. The usual computerized
      interpretation of the competition binding curves do not allow the correct
      evaluation of agonist binding parameters in the presence of tight agonist
      binding.

PMID- 2880286
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor turnover in adipose tissue and kidney: irreversible
      blockade of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors by benextramine.
AB  - The recovery of post- and extrasynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-binding sites
      was studied in vivo in male golden hamsters after treatment with an irreversible
      alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist benextramine, a tetramine disulfide that possesses
      a high affinity for alpha 2-binding sites. The kidney alpha 2-adrenergic receptor
      number was measured with [3H]yohimbine, whereas [3H]clonidine was used for fat
      cell and brain membrane alpha 2-binding site identification. Benextramine
      treatment of fat cell, kidney, and brain membranes reduced or completely
      suppressed, in an irreversible manner, [3H] clonidine and [3H]yohimbine binding
      without modifying adenosine (A1-receptor) and beta-adrenergic receptor sites.
      This irreversible binding was also found 1 and 2 hr after intraperitoneal
      administration of benextramine to the hamsters. Although it bound irreversibly to
      peripheral and central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on isolated membranes,
      benextramine was unable to cross the blood-brain barrier of the hamster at the
      concentrations used (10-20 mg/kg). After the irreversible blockade, alpha 2
      binding sites reappeared in kidney and adipose tissue following a monoexponential
      time course. Recovery of binding sites was more rapid in kidney than in adipose
      tissue; the half-lives of the receptor were 31 and 46 hr, respectively in the
      tissues. The rates of receptor production were 1.5 and 1.8 fmol/mg of protein/hr
      in kidney and adipose tissue. Reappearance of alpha 2-binding sites was
      associated with a rapid recovery of function (antilipolytic potencies of alpha 2
      agonists) in fat cells inasmuch as occupancy of 15% of [3H]clonidine-binding
      sites was sufficient to promote 40% inhibition of lipolysis. Benextramine is a
      useful tool to estimate turnover of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors under normal and
      pathological situations using the approach described in the present paper.

PMID- 2880287
TI  - Comparison of the effect of eleven beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in perturbing
      lipid membrane: an ESR spectroscopy study.
AB  - The perturbation effect of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs atenolol,
      propranolol, practolol, oxprenolol, doberol, pronethanol, metipranolol,
      alprenolol, Ko-1124, pindolol, and exaprolol on rat brain lipid membrane was
      investigated by ESR spectroscopy using the spin probe method. Using stearic acids
      spin labeled at the 5th, 12th, and 16th positions, it was found that lipophilic
      drugs disorder the membrane and their effect is about 5-10 times higher at the
      16th carbon membrane depth than at the 5th depth. Exaprolol induced nonlamellar
      phases in the bovine brain lipid membrane as detected by 31P NMR spectroscopy.
      The relative potencies of the drugs at 10 mmol/liter concentration to disorder
      the lipid membrane at the 16th carbon depth were in the order: exaprolol greater
      than alprenolol approximately equal to propranolol greater than metipranolol
      approximately equal to doberol greater than control sample greater than pindolol
      approximately equal to practolol approximately equal to atenolol. This order
      qualitatively corresponds with some of their nonspecific biological membrane
      activities but is not related to their beta-adrenoceptor blocking potencies. The
      inequality of the membrane perturbation propensities of the drugs indicates that
      they perturb the lipid membrane in a structure-dependent manner, i.e., that each
      induces a specific rather than a nonspecific membrane perturbation.

PMID- 2880289
TI  - The epidemiology of human retrovirus-associated illnesses.

PMID- 2880288
TI  - [Linear elastic compliance of orthodontic wires].

PMID- 2880290
TI  - [Repression of the synthesis and allosteric inhibition of 3-deoxy-D
      arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase in facultative methylotrophic bacterium
      Pseudomonas sp. M].
AB  - The synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate-synthase has been
      shown to be repressed by tyrosine and phenylalanine in the cells of facultative
      methylotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas sp. M. Activity of the enzyme is subjected to
      allosteric inhibition by tyrosine, tryptophane, anthranylate and phenylpyruvate.

PMID- 2880291
TI  - A mutation in the human glucocerebrosidase gene in neuronopathic Gaucher's
      disease.
AB  - To search for a genetic marker for type 2 Gaucher's disease (acute neuronopathic
      form), we compared the nucleotide sequence of a cloned glucocerebrosidase gene
      from a patient with Gaucher's disease with a normal gene. We found only a single
      base substitution (T----C) in exon X. This mutation results in the substitution
      of proline for leucine in position number 444 and produces a new cleavage site
      for the NciI restriction endonuclease. We analyzed NciI enzymatic digests of
      genomic DNA from 20 patients with type 1, 5 with type 2, and 11 with type 3
      Gaucher's disease, and 29 normal controls for a restriction-fragment-length
      polymorphism (RFLP). Four of 5 patients with type 2 disease and all 11 with type
      3 disease had at least one allele with the mutation. Two of 5 patients with type
      2 disease and 7 of 11 with type 3 were homozygous for this mutation. Only 4 of 20
      patients with type 1 Gaucher's disease had the mutant allele and were
      heterozygous for it. None of the 29 normal controls had the mutant allele. The
      high frequency of this mutation (444leucine----proline) in patients with
      neuronopathic Gaucher's disease, detectable by the NciI RFLP, may be of value in
      the identification of patients who will have the neurologic sequelae of Gaucher's
      disease.

PMID- 2880292
TI  - Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture.
AB  - To assess the risk of hip fracture associated with the use of four classes of
      psychotropic drugs, we performed a case-control study of 1021 patients with hip
      fractures and 5606 controls among elderly Medicaid enrollees. Persons treated
      with hypnotics-anxiolytics having short (less than or equal to 24 hours)
      elimination half-lives had no increased risk of hip fracture. By contrast, a
      significantly increased risk was associated with current use of hypnotics
      anxiolytics having long (greater than 24 hours) elimination half-lives (odds
      ratio, 1.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.4), tricyclic
      antidepressants (odds ratio, 1.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.8),
      and antipsychotics (odds ratio, 2.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.6).
      The risk increased in relation to the doses of drugs in these three classes. An
      analysis for possible confounding by dementia did not alter the results. Previous
      but noncurrent use of drugs in these classes conferred no increase in risk.
      Although a cause-and-effect relation was not proved, these data support the
      hypothesis that the sedative and autonomic effects of psychotropic drugs increase
      the risk of falling and fractures in elderly persons. The results suggest the
      need for studies of this association in other populations and for evaluation of
      newer psychotropic drugs with fewer undesirable sedative and autonomic effects.

PMID- 2880293
TI  - Carrier detection in X-linked agammaglobulinemia by analysis of X-chromosome
      inactivation.
AB  - We used a recently developed strategy to analyze patterns of X-chromosome
      inactivation in human cell populations in order to study female members of
      families with X-linked agammaglobulinemia--i.e., to detect the carrier state and
      to test the hypothesis that the disorder results from a defect intrinsic in the
      development of B cells. According to this strategy, recombinant-DNA probes
      simultaneously detect restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms and patterns of
      methylation of X-chromosome genes. Random X-inactivation patterns were observed
      in isolated peripheral-blood granulocytes, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes of
      women who were not carriers. In contrast, one of the two X chromosomes was
      preferentially active in the peripheral B cells, but not the T cells or
      granulocytes, of three carriers of the disorder. This observation strongly
      supports the hypothesis that X-linked agammaglobulinemia results from an
      intrinsic defect in B-cell development. Moreover, the analysis described here can
      be used for direct identification of carriers in families with this disease.

PMID- 2880294
TI  - Efficacy of amoxicillin with and without decongestant-antihistamine for otitis
      media with effusion in children. Results of a double-blind, randomized trial.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 518 infants and
      children who had otitis media with effusion ("secretory" otitis media), we
      evaluated the efficacy of a two-week course of amoxicillin (40 mg per kilogram of
      body weight per day) with and without a four-week course of an oral decongestant
      antihistamine combination. Among the 474 subjects who were evaluated at the four
      week end point, the rate of resolution of middle-ear effusion was twice as high
      in those treated with amoxicillin, either with or without the decongestant
      antihistamine, as in those who received placebo (P less than 0.001), but 69.8
      percent of the amoxicillin-treated subjects still had effusion. Among both the
      amoxicillin-treated subjects and the placebo-treated subjects, resolution was
      more likely in those with initially unilateral effusion, in those who had had
      effusion for eight weeks or less, and in those without an upper respiratory tract
      infection at the four-week end point. Side effects were reported more often in
      subjects who received decongestant-antihistamine than in those who did not. Among
      the subjects without effusion at the four-week end point, recurrent effusion
      developed in approximately half those in both the amoxicillin and placebo groups
      during the subsequent three months. We conclude that in infants and children with
      otitis media with effusion, amoxicillin treatment increases to some extent the
      likelihood of resolution.

PMID- 2880295
TI  - New application for DNA polymorphism.

PMID- 2880296
TI  - Monosomy 7 in granulocytes and monocytes in myelodysplastic syndrome.
AB  - Monosomy for all or part of chromosome 7 in bone marrow mitoses of some patients
      with myelodysplastic syndrome or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia has been
      associated with a defect in granulocyte function. To study which blood-cell
      lineages are affected by the monosomy, we used chromosome 7-specific DNA probes
      in Southern blotting experiments on DNA derived from specific cell fractions
      isolated from the blood of five patients. As judged by the presence or absence of
      two different alleles for restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms, lymphocytes
      of all five patients were shown to have two different chromosomes 7. Granulocytes
      were affected by the chromosomal abnormality in four patients (No. 1, 2, 4, and
      5) and unaffected in one (No. 3). Chemotaxis was normal in Patient 3 and impaired
      in Patients 4 and 5. Monocytes were affected by the monosomy in two of three
      patients (No. 2 and 3) and mainly unaffected in one (No. 1). Thus, the
      granulocytes and monocytes were affected differently in different patients. We
      conclude that mature blood cells are derived from abnormal progenitors and that
      there may be heterogeneity in the involvement of different cell lineages in
      different patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia. There is an association between DNA loss and functional impairment.

PMID- 2880297
TI  - Quisqualate receptors are specifically involved in cerebellar synaptic
      plasticity.
AB  - Long-term modification of transmission efficacy at synapses is the cellular basis
      of memory and learning. A special type of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum
      was postulated theoretically, and has since been verified. Each cerebellar
      Purkinje cell (PC) receives two distinct excitatory inputs, one from parallel
      fibres (PFs) and the other from a climbing fibre (CF). When these two types of
      inputs are conjunctively activated, PF-PC transmission undergoes long-term
      depression (LTD). Accumulated evidence suggests that LTD plays a role in the
      motor learning processes of the cerebellum. At the molecular level, LTD appears
      to be caused by desensitization of receptor molecules in PC dendrites towards the
      PF neurotransmitter, presumably L-glutamate (Glu). Glu receptors are
      heterogeneous and can be divided into several subtypes. In this study, we
      compared the potency of several Glu agonists in inducing LTD and found a highly
      selective dependency of LTD on the quisqualate(QA)-selective subtype of Glu
      receptors.

PMID- 2880298
TI  - Woman's AIDS death in Japan produces shock waves.

PMID- 2880299
TI  - Dopamine enhances excitatory amino acid-gated conductances in cultured retinal
      horizontal cells.
AB  - In the teleost retina, cone horizontal cells receive extensive innervation from
      dopaminergic interplexiform cells, and possess dopamine receptors whose
      activation stimulates adenylate cyclase. Exogenously applied dopamine modifies
      several aspects of horizontal cell activity in the intact retina, including the
      responsiveness of these neurons to light and the strength of electrical coupling
      between them. We have used whole-cell voltage clamp methods to examine whether
      dopamine can alter the light-responsiveness of horizontal cells by changing their
      sensitivity to the neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptors. We report
      that dopamine and cyclic AMP, although having little direct effect on resting
      membrane conductance, greatly enhance ionic conductances gated by kainate, an
      agonist of the transmitter released by the photoreceptors, and by L-glutamate,
      the agent proposed to be the photoreceptor transmitter. Our results provide the
      first direct evidence for dopaminergic regulation of excitatory amino-acid
      neurotransmission in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest a possible
      mechanism to explain the reduction in the responsiveness of horizontal cells
      observed when retinas are treated with dopamine.

PMID- 2880300
TI  - A new type of glutamate receptor linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism.
AB  - Receptors for excitatory amino acids in the mammalian central nervous system are
      classified into three major subtypes, ones which prefer N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA), quisqualate (QA), or kainate (KA) as type agonists respectively. These
      receptors are considered to mediate fast postsynaptic potentials by activating
      ion channels directly (ionotropic type). Recently it was reported that exposure
      of mammalian brain cells to glutamate (Glu) or its analogues causes enhanced
      hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, but it is not clear whether the enhanced
      hydrolysis is the cause or effect of physiological responses. Membrane
      depolarization or Ca2+ influx, which can result from Glu receptor activation, can
      induce enhanced hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids. We have characterized the
      functional properties of two types of excitatory amino-acid responses, those
      activated by QA (or Glu) and those activated by KA, induced in Xenopus oocytes
      injected with rat-brain messenger RNA. We report evidence for a new type of Glu
      receptor, which prefers QA as agonist, and which directly activates inositol
      phospholipid metabolism through interaction with GTP-binding regulatory proteins
      (Gi or Go), leading to the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and
      mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. This QA/Glu reaction is inhibited by islet
      activating protein (IAP, pertussis toxin), but was not blocked by Joro spider
      toxin (JSTX), a specific blocker of traditional ionotropic QA/Glu receptors.

PMID- 2880301
TI  - Pleiotropic loss of activation pathways in a T-cell receptor alpha-chain deletion
      variant of a cytolytic T-cell clone.
AB  - Untransformed T-cell clones maintained in culture are dependent on signals
      transmitted through their antigen receptors (Ti; alpha and beta chains associated
      with the CD3 molecules) for growth and effector function. For cytolytic T cells
      (CTL), Ti stimulation also activates the killing machinery and induces synthesis
      of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) messenger RNA and IFN-gamma secretion. The Thy-1
      molecule, expressed on all murine cells of the T-cell lineage, has been suggested
      to function in transmembrane signalling, based on the ability of some anti-Thy-1
      monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to activate T cells. Recently, it was suggested that
      Thy-1 could function as a signal-transduction molecule when expressed in B-cell
      lymphomas after transfection of the gene, leading to speculation that the
      molecule was part of an activation pathway independent of the Ti/CD3 structures.
      Here we report the immunoselection of a variant CTL clone which has lost
      expression of mRNA for the alpha-chain of the Ti. The Ti- variant was defective
      in lectin-mediated activation whether measured by increase in intracytoplasmic
      Ca2+, CTL effector function or IFN-gamma synthesis. The variant, which expressed
      normal levels of Thy-1, was also unresponsive to Thy-1 mAb activation as measured
      by IFN-gamma secretion, whereas it responded to calcium ionophore plus phorbol
      ester. These results indicate that in a non-transformed, functional mature T
      cell, Thy-1 mediated signalling is not an alternative to, but might depend on
      elements associated with the Ti/CD3-mediated T-cell activation pathway.

PMID- 2880302
TI  - (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232: central stimulants acting as preferential dopamine
      autoreceptor antagonists.
AB  - The biochemical and behavioral effects of the putative dopamine autoreceptor
      antagonists cis-(+)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propylamino)tetralin, (+)-AJ 76 and
      cis-(+)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, (+)-UH 232, were
      evaluated in various in vivo models in rats. Both compounds produced a marked
      elevation in brain dopamine synthesis and turnover with only slight effects on
      the synthesis and turnover of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline being noted. (+)
      AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 also failed to antagonize the decrease in cortical
      noradrenaline synthesis rate caused by the alpha 2 agonist clonidine. The
      apomorphine-induced decrease in dopamine synthesis rate in gamma-butyrolactone
      (GBL) treated animals was completely blocked by (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 but not
      by d-amphetamine or methylphenidate. In activity experiments using habituated
      animals, (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 produced locomotor stimulation and weak
      stereotypies and antagonized the sedative effects of low doses of apomorphine.
      Locomotor hyperactivity induced by apomorphine or the dopamine agonist DiPr-5,6
      ADTN was antagonized by (+)-UH 232 and to a lesser degree by (+)-AJ 76. The
      locomotor hyperactivity produced by (+)-AJ 76, (+)-UH 232 and methylphenidate was
      completely prevented by reserpine pretreatment and partially blocked by the
      tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-MT), whereas d
      amphetamine-induced hyperactivity was only antagonized by alpha-MT pretreatment.
      It is concluded that (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 produce behavioral stimulation via
      a preferential antagonism on central dopamine autoreceptors, an action different
      from that of all known stimulants including apomorphine, d-amphetamine and
      methylphenidate. (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 possess but weak antagonistic effects
      on postsynaptic dopamine receptors and only the latter compound is able to induce
      sedation in rats.

PMID- 2880304
TI  - [Depot neuroleptic agents].

PMID- 2880303
TI  - Evidence for a receptor mediated action of norepinephrine distinct from alpha-
      and beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The mode of action of (-) norepinephrine (NE) and UK-14,304-18 has been
      investigated using the cholinergically-evoked 'twitch' response of the
      electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum. St 587 and benextramine were employed
      as antagonists. St 587 acted as a competitive antagonist toward UK-14,304-18,
      yielding an apparent pA2 value of 7.3. In contrast, St 587 failed to act
      competitively toward NE. Similarly, benextramine (1 X 10(-5) mol/l) blocked the
      inhibitory responses to UK-14,304-18 but was considerably less active toward NE.
      Remaining responses to NE after benextramine were not antagonized by St 587, even
      at a concentration of 3 X 10(-5) mol/l. It is postulated that NE acts to inhibit
      the 'twitch' response be evoking two different receptor-mediated events: 1.
      agonism at the alpha 2-adrenoceptor and 2. agonism at a site which is distinct
      from the alpha- and beta-subtypes. In the concentrations studied, UK-14,304-18,
      St 587 and benextramine are postulated to lack affinity for the proposed site.
      The effect of NE and UK-14,304-18 was also investigated on the contractile
      responses to exogenously applied histamine. These experiments were done in the
      presence of muscarinic cholinergic and adrenoceptor blockade. NE inhibited
      responses to histamine but UK-14,304-18 was inactive. Furthermore, the inhibitory
      action of NE was stereoselective with the (-) form being 25 times more potent
      than the (+) enantiomer. These findings suggest the presence of a receptor site
      for NE which is distinct from cholinergic mechanisms and established alpha and
      beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2880305
TI  - Effects of iontophoretic application of trimethyltin on spontaneous neuronal
      activity in mouse hippocampal slices.
AB  - Changes in spontaneous activity in various regions of mouse hippocampal slices
      were observed following iontophoretic application of trimethyltin (TMT). TMT (0.5
      mM) dissolved in 0.15 M NaCl and ejected in 30 sec periods from four barrel
      micropipettes using anodal ejection currents (3-28 nA) produced dose dependent
      increases in the spontaneous activity of 67.6% of the 34 dentate gyrus cells
      tested. Seventy percent of the 25 CA3 cells tested displayed prolonged (30-200
      sec) decreases in activity. The majority of CA1 and CA2 cells examined also
      displayed a decrease in firing rate. Repeated applications of TMT produced
      increased variability in spontaneous firing rates in all regions tested. When
      slices were maintained in a low Ca++, high Co++ perfusion fluid to inhibit
      synaptic activity, the TMT induced increase of dentate gyrus cell firing rate was
      not observed. The results demonstrate that direct application of TMT produces
      immediate changes in hippocampal cell activity that is specific for certain
      regions. Significant increases in firing rate were only observed in the dentate
      gyrus and these effects were calcium dependent.

PMID- 2880306
TI  - Effect of cholinergic antagonists on basal and osmotically stimulated vasopressin
      release in compartmentalized hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explants.
AB  - The effects of cholinergic antagonists on vasopressin (VP) release were studied
      in an organ-cultured, compartmentalized, rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system
      which allows selective application of stimuli to either hypothalamus or pituitary
      without disrupting axonal connections. Release of vasopressin from the
      neurohypophysis was measured by radioimmunoassay. Hexamethonium (10(-5) M) and
      atropine (5 X 10(-5) M) were tested both alone and in combination with
      hypothalamic osmotic stimulation (+ 15 mosm/kg H2O). In hypothalamus, neither
      hexamethonium nor atropine had any effect on basal VP release from pituitary.
      Hexamethonium, but not atropine, prevented the increase in VP release produced by
      increased osmolality of the hypothalamus side culture medium. In contrast,
      hexamethonium had no effect when applied to pituitary side, whereas atropine
      suppressed both basal and osmotically stimulated VP release. Atropine had no
      effect on basal or KCl-induced VP release in detached neural lobes. Acetylcholine
      (Ach) (10(-5) M) to pituitary plus simultaneous, hypothalamic stimulation
      (osmotic or 10(-5) M Ach) did not increase VP release above the hypothalamic
      stimulus alone. The results support a role for a hypothalamic excitatory
      nicotinic mechanism in osmoregulation. The presence of a muscarinic mechanism
      affecting VP release in pituitary was reconfirmed, but the data did not support
      the hypothesis that Ach stimulates VP release in pituitary by a presynaptic
      facilitatory mechanism.

PMID- 2880308
TI  - Hypothalamic involvement in the hyperglycemia and satiety actions of somatostatin
      in rats.
AB  - To determine whether the anorexic and the hyperglycemia actions of somatostatin
      were mediated through the hypothalamic nuclei, rats were infused with
      somatostatin and normal saline through previously implanted hypothalamic
      cannulae. Administration of somatostatin (0.5-1.5 microgram in 1.0 microliter)
      into the lateral hypothalamus, but not the ventromedial or the anterior
      hypothalamus, caused a reduction in food consumption without affecting relative
      water intake (or water-to-food ratio) in conscious rats in a freely moving state.
      On the other hand, administration of somatostatin into the lateral hypothalamus,
      but not the anterior or the ventromedial hypothalamus, caused an increase in
      blood glucose level in rats. This hyperglycemia was antagonized by vagotomy, but
      not by spinal transection or adrenalectomy. The data indicate that the lateral
      hypothalamus is the most sensitive site of the somatostatin-induced anorexia and
      the action of somatostatin on the lateral hypothalamus-vagus efferent activity is
      also a possible mechanism mediating hyperglycemia in rats.

PMID- 2880307
TI  - Thyroidectomy and central catecholamine neurons of the male rat. Evidence for the
      existence of an inhibitory dopaminergic mechanism in the external layer of the
      median eminence and for a facilitatory noradrenergic mechanism in the
      paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus regulating TSH secretion.
AB  - Using the Falck-Hillarp methodology in combination with quantitative
      microfluorimetry, catecholamine (CA) levels and utilization in discrete
      hypothalamic CA nerve terminal systems in the male rat have been analyzed 24 h,
      1, 2 and 4 weeks following thyroidectomy as well as after T3 or T4 restitution
      therapy 4 weeks after thyroidectomy. By means of high pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels and
      utilization 4 weeks after thyroidectomy have been analyzed in various brain
      regions. Triiodothyronine treatment (10 micrograms/kg, s.c., twice daily during
      10 days) of 4-week athyroidic rats increased serum T3 levels, but not T4 serum
      levels. Thyroxine treatment (36 micrograms/kg, s.c., twice daily during 10 days)
      of 4-week athyroidic rats increased serum T4 levels and the T3 levels were found
      to be even slightly higher than those found in normal animals. Triiodothyronine
      or T4 restitution therapy reversed the changes induced by thyroidectomy on the
      anterior pituitary hormones (TSH, prolactin and growth hormone) and
      corticosterone secretion. It is suggested that removal of thyroid hormones may be
      responsible for the changes in the anterior pituitary hormones and corticosterone
      secretions. In the quantitative microfluorimetrical analysis 24 h, 1, 2 and 4
      weeks after thyroidectomy, decreases in DA levels and utilization and increases
      in NA levels and utilization were found in the lateral palisade zone (LPZ) of the
      median eminence and in the parvocellular and magnocellular parts of the
      paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PA), respectively. In addition, 1-,2- and 4
      week decreases were found in DA levels and turnover in the medial palisade zone
      (MPZ) as well as in NA turnover in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DM) and
      in the 'border zone' (BZ) between the medial and lateral hypothalamus ventral to
      the fornix. In the HPLC analysis it could be demonstrated that 4 weeks after
      thyroidectomy decreases in DA levels and utilization in the mediobasal
      hypothalamus and increases in DA levels as well as NA levels and utilization in
      the hypothalamus had developed. The T3 or T4 restitution therapies after 4 weeks
      of thyroidectomy counteracted the effects on CA levels and utilization in all
      hypothalamic CA nerve terminal systems except for the reduced NA utilization
      found in the DM following 4 weeks after thyroidectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2880309
TI  - The computer as a stereotactic surgical instrument.
AB  - We have developed methodology and stereotactic software for an operating room
      computer and imaging system. Patients undergo preoperative CT, MR and DSA imaging
      with their heads fixed in a stereotactic headholder. Localization systems attach
      to the headholder during the studies to create reference marks for computer
      transformation of points and volumes into three-dimensional stereotactic space.
      At the operating room computer console, the surgeon selects target points,
      avascular trajectories and tumour boundaries for volume reconstruction. Surgical
      approaches are simulated and target coordinates calculated. During surgery, the
      computer interactively monitors the position of stereotactically directed
      surgical instruments in relationship to the resident database along any viewing
      angle and conveniently superimposes the multiple data sources. We have found this
      system useful to provide rapid data acquisition and retrieval, accurate target
      point calculations, lesion volume reconstructions, and a convenient ability to
      reformat data from multiple sources in a manner useful to the surgeon and
      beneficial to the patient.

PMID- 2880310
TI  - The effects of etomidate in the cat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of
      brain ischaemia. An experimental study.
AB  - The effects of etomidate on focal cerebral ischaemia following transorbital
      occlusion of the cat middle cerebral artery were investigated. Etomidate had no
      effect on CBF before or after onset of ischaemia by comparison with controls, but
      caused a greater fall in CBF in cats with high preocclusion or initial ischaemic
      CBF than in those in which CBF was lower. There were more sustained rises in Kp
      on SG. The established flow threshold for water accumulation was lost; more gyri
      with CBF above and fewer gyri with CBF below the flow threshold accumulated
      water. The relationship between mean occlusion CBF and in vitro GABA uptake was
      lost; uptakes from MG were lower and from SG and EG higher than expected. In the
      ischaemic penumbra there was a trend towards reduction in CBF, disruption of ion
      homeostasis and cerebral oedema formation, whilst in areas of lower flow there
      was some recovery of GABA uptake and less cerebral oedema following
      administration of etomidate.

PMID- 2880311
TI  - Initiation and propagation of lipid peroxidation in cerebral infarction models.
      Experimental studies.
AB  - The possibility that cerebral ischaemia or cerebral hypoxia may initiate a series
      of free radical reactions in brain lipid constituents was explored by measuring
      sequential changes in chemiluminescence (CL) and electron spin resonance (ESR)
      during hypoxia or ischaemia load. Brain hypoxia was induced by means of arterial
      hypoxaemia (PaO2 17-22 mmHg), normocapnia (PaCO2 28-38 mmHg) and normotension
      (MABP 100-140 mmHg). To obtain lowered PaO2, 4% O2-96% N2 mixed gas was used for
      artificial ventilation. Spin trapping technique was used in ESR measurement and
      applied to the detection of free radicals generated in the ischaemic brain
      homogenate of three-vessel occlusion rat model (global highly ischaemic model
      with basilar artery coagulation and bilateral carotid artery clipping).
      Chemiluminescence (CL) began to rise in hypoxic or ischaemic loading and
      indicates high amounts at an early period of post-hypoxic or ischaemic state. The
      CL spectroanalysis by wavelength showed five peaks at 480 nm, 520-530 nm, 570 nm,
      620-640 nm and 680-700 nm in both hypoxic and ischaemic brain. ESR measurement
      revealed the PBN (phenyl-t-butyl nitrone) trapped radical, which has hyperfine
      splitting constants of AN = 16.2-16.5 G and AH beta = 3.6-3.8 G in ischaemia
      model. An analysis of sequential change of PBN adduct intensity shows a peak at
      30 min of ischaemic loading and a marked increase in the recirculation period.
      Preservation of ATP and marked lactic acidosis were seen in the 5 min hypoxic
      loading, elsewhere depletion of ATP and marked lactic acidosis were seen in the 5
      min, 30 min ischaemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880312
TI  - Treatment of blow-out fracture.
AB  - Fifteen patients with blow-out fractures were treated in this series. Two
      patients were treated conservatively and the thirteen others were treated
      surgically with the transorbital approach. An infraorbital or medial orbital skin
      incision was made. The periosteum was dissected and entrapment of orbital fat
      tissue and muscle were resolved. The floor and/or medial wall were reinforced
      with tantalum mesh (Codman). The operative results were good in 12 patients and
      fair in one patient, who retained some diplopia. The tantalum mesh is easy to
      handle and strong enough to reinforce the orbital wall. It can be seen on plain
      skull film and makes little artifact on CT scan. This mesh is good material for
      repairing blow-out fractures.

PMID- 2880313
TI  - Total excision of spinal lipomas using CO2 laser at low power. Experimental and
      clinical observations.
AB  - Total excision of spinal lipomas (SL) is difficult because of the intimate
      adhesion between the fibro-adipose tissue and the neural structures. Radical
      surgery in SL can provoke nervous lesions; therefore many authors recommend only
      partial excision as a means of decompression. Nevertheless the role of traction
      or tethering of the spinal cord in all spinal disraphism, including SL, is known
      to be very important in determining the clinical picture. So partial removal of
      SL cannot be effective in releasing the tethered cord. The use of a CO2 laser at
      low power (3-5 W) permitted radical surgery without any neural damage and
      complications in 2 adult patients with large, not well capsulated SL. These
      patients were previously operated on by the same surgeon with conventional
      microsurgical techniques for partial excision. After CO2 laser surgery there was
      significant improvement of the clinical pictures, the follow-up being
      respectively 24 and 36 months. This clinical experience was performed after a CO2
      laser had successfully been used in an experimental model in rats simulating a
      condition of SL. Using power of 3-5 W was not sufficient to attain an immediate
      vaporization, but the adipose tissue first changed into a transparent liquid
      across which it was possible to recognize the interfaces between the neural
      structures and the adipose tissue.

PMID- 2880314
TI  - Cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide in carotid artery disease.
      Enhancement of side-to-side CBF asymmetry indicates critically reduced perfusion
      pressure.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow (CBF), measured with a mobile 10 detector unit and non
      invasive Xenon-133 technique, was investigated before and after cerebral
      vasodilation with acetazolamide (Diamox) in 78 patients prior to carotid
      endarterectomy. The change in side-to-side CBF asymmetry from baseline to Diamox
      study, the Diamox asymmetry enhancement, was compared with the intraoperatively
      measured cerebral perfusion pressures. Asymmetry enhancement exceeded the
      methodological variation in 14 patients, 13 of whom had a perfusion pressure
      below 65 mmHg. Insignificant asymmetry enhancement was found in 64 patients: 52
      with unilateral and 12 with bilateral disease. Of these two and four patients,
      respectively, had perfusion pressures below 65 mmHg. Enhancement of CBF asymmetry
      following a potent cerebral vasodilator stimulus is a reliable predictor, in
      unilateral carotid artery disease, of critically reduced cerebral perfusion
      pressure.

PMID- 2880315
TI  - Measurement of cerebral blood flow by intravenous xenon-133 technique and a
      mobile system. Reproducibility using the Obrist model compared to total curve
      analysis.
AB  - The recent development of a mobile 10 detector unit, using i.v. Xenon-133
      technique, has made it possible to perform repeated bedside measurements of
      cerebral blood flow (CBF). Test-retest studies were carried out in 38
      atherosclerotic subjects, in order to evaluate the reproducibility of CBF level
      and side-to-side asymmetry. Data were analysed according to the Obrist model and
      the results compared with those obtained using a model correcting for the air
      passage artifact. Reproducibility was of the same order of magnitude as reported
      using stationary equipment. The side-to-side CBF asymmetry was considerably more
      reproducible than CBF level. Using a single detector instead of five regional
      values averaged as the hemispheric flow increased standard deviation of CBF level
      by 10-20%, while the variation in asymmetry was doubled. In optimal measuring
      conditions the two models revealed no significant differences, but in low flow
      situations the artifact model yielded significantly more stable results. The
      present apparatus, equipped with 3-5 detectors covering each hemisphere, offers
      the opportunity of performing serial CBF measurements in situations not otherwise
      feasible.

PMID- 2880316
TI  - Prevention of symptomatic vasospasm after SAH by constant venous infusion of
      nimodipine.
AB  - Sixty-one patients with SAH due to rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, classified in
      Grades I to IV according to Hunt and Hess, received a constant venous infusion of
      Nimodipine in a dose of 2mg/h for at least 14 days, followed by an oral
      administration of 60 mg/6 h for at least 4 days. Patients admitted after the 6th
      day of SAH, patients with SAH but without aneurysm on the angiogram and patients
      in Grade V were excluded. Mortality in 30 patients of Grades I-II was 3.3%, in 31
      patients of Grades III-IV 42%. In the latter group 1 patient died due to cerebral
      vasospasm. Transient vasospasm occurred in 2 patients of Grades I-II. Recovery
      was complete in both cases. Thus, incidence of cerebral vasospasm was 4.9%, the
      incidence of poor-outcome-vasospasm even only 1.6%. The syndrome of cerebral
      vasospasm seems to be more than only constriction of cerebral vessels. The
      deleterious effects of Ca2+ shift into vascular cells and into neural cells which
      causes irreversible damage are discussed. Early administration of a specific
      'cerebral' calcium antagonist like Nimodipine after SAH will prevent the
      intracellular Ca2+ overloading, thus protecting the neural cells and preventing
      Ca2+-induced smooth-muscle contraction of cerebral vessels, which encourages
      ischaemic deficits after SAH. The preventive use of Nimodipine has markedly
      reduced the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm in our clinic.

PMID- 2880317
TI  - [H2 antagonists and the heart].
AB  - The large scale use of drugs that block tissue histamine receptors (H1 and H2)
      creates the problem of possible side effects due to the inhibition of the
      physiological role of histamine on certain systems and/or the direct action of
      histamine receptor blockers. In the case of H2 antagonists the effects on the
      heart so far reported are few but are considered important since they suggest the
      presence of physiological mechanisms that are as yet imperfectly understood. The
      literature on the cardiac effects of cimetidine and ranitidine is reviewed and
      the extent of the effect of the two drugs is outlined on the basis of an analysis
      of cases presented, experimental protocols and the various hypotheses put
      forward. Apart from the speculative interest of the study, a possible
      predisposition to the cardiac effects of cimetidine and ranitidine is identified
      in patients with major basal pathologies or in critical conditions. On the basis
      of the large numbers treated worldwide and the sporadic reports of cardiac
      effects it is concluded that the drugs are very easily handled even from the
      viewpoint of cardiac effects.

PMID- 2880318
TI  - Excitatory amino acids and intracellular pH in motoneurons of the isolated frog
      spinal cord.
AB  - Double-barrelled pH-sensitive micro-electrodes were used to measure changes of
      intracellular and extracellular pH in and around motoneurons of the isolated frog
      spinal cord during application of excitatory amino acids. It was found that N
      methyl-D-aspartate, quisqualate and kainate produced a concentration-dependent
      intracellular acidification. Extracellularly, triphasic pH changes (acid-alkaline
      acid going pH transients) were observed during the action of these amino acids.
      The possible significance of such pH changes for the physiological and
      pathophysiological effects of excitatory amino acids are discussed.

PMID- 2880319
TI  - The effects of buspirone on sleep in the rat.
AB  - Buspirone is a novel anxiolytic compound that does not produce the sedation often
      associated with the use of benzodiazepines. The present study evaluated the
      effects of this anxiolytic on sleep in rats surgically prepared for long-term
      recordings. Buspirone, at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.p., produced a significant increase
      in total wake time (P less than 0.05) compared with drug-free controls. At a dose
      of 10 mg/kg i.p., rats displayed altered sleep patterns with the most significant
      effects observed in the first third of recording period. These animals displayed
      increased wakefulness (P less than 0.001), decreased non-REM sleep (P less than
      0.001), and an obliteration of REM sleep (P less than 0.02). These data support
      the suggestion that the clinically useful anxiolytic buspirone, unlike the
      benzodiazepines, does not induce sleep.

PMID- 2880320
TI  - Monoamine oxidase activity in chick cerebral microvessels.
AB  - In chick brain microvessels, monoamine oxidase activity using catecholamines
      (dopamine and noradrenaline) and indoleamines (serotonin and tryptamine) as
      substrates was higher than that measured in synaptosomes and free mitochondria.
      In contrast, phenylalkyamines such as tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were more
      deaminated in free mitochondria and synaptosomes than in microvessels. These
      results suggest that the activity of monoamine oxidase towards neurotransmitter
      amines in microvessels should be considered as a site of inactivation of these
      neurotransmitters in the chick brain parenchyma.

PMID- 2880321
TI  - 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) but not 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons in cultures
      of dissociated rat mesencephalic neurons.
AB  - Dopaminergic neurons were studied in cultures of dissociated cells from the
      ventral mesencephalon of fetal rat embryos (gestational day E15-16). After a week
      of growth, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridinium (MPP+) was added to the growth medium for 24 h. Dopaminergic
      neurons were then visualized with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry
      or catecholamine (CA) cytofluorescence. Concentrations of MPTP in the range of 10
      to 100 microM obliterated CA fluorescence without affecting the number of TH
      positive neurons. At concentrations greater than 100 microM, MPTP decreased the
      number of TH-positive neurons as well as the number of all other cell types. MPP+
      (0.1-10.0 microM) produced a decrease in the number of TH-positive neurons
      without decreasing the total number of all cell types. The findings indicate that
      MPP+ but not MPTP is able to selectively destroy rat dopaminergic neurons in our
      cultures. The selective toxicity of MPP+ for dopaminergic neurons was partially
      prevented by pretreatment and co-incubation with mazindol (a selective inhibitor
      of dopamine uptake) but not by desipramine or deprenil, in confirmation of the
      notion that MPP+ enters dopaminergic neurons by the specific uptake mechanism for
      dopamine.

PMID- 2880323
TI  - Australian Neuroscience Proceedings. Abstracts of the seventh meeting of the
      Australian Neuroscience Society. Newcastle, Australia, February 3-5, 1987.

PMID- 2880322
TI  - 2-Oxo-[14C]glutarate is taken up by glutamatergic nerve terminals in the rat
      striatum.
AB  - High affinity uptake of [14C]glutamate into rat striatal synaptosomes was reduced
      by 33% after bilateral cortical ablation. The lesion had no effect on striatal
      [14C]GABA uptake, but reduced 2-oxo-[14C]glutarate uptake by 67%. The results
      demonstrate the existence of a high-affinity uptake site for 2-oxoglutarate on
      glutamatergic nerve terminals and support the contention that this Krebs cycle
      intermediate may be used to replenish the neuronal pool of neurotransmitter
      glutamate. 2-Oxo-[14C]glutarate uptake may serve as a selective marker for
      glutamatergic neurones.

PMID- 2880324
TI  - Differentiation of the Ca2+-stimulated binding from the Cl- -dependent binding of
      [3H]glutamate in synaptic membranes from rat brain.
AB  - The effect of Ca2+ as well as Cl- ions on [3H]glutamate (Glu) binding was re
      examined using rat brain synaptic membranes frozen at -80 degrees C in 0.32 M
      sucrose. The inclusion of 20 mM ammonium chloride or 20 mM ammonium chloride plus
      2.5 mM calcium acetate disclosed the Cl- -dependent binding or Ca2+-stimulated
      binding even at 2 min after the initiation of incubation at 30 degrees C and each
      binding reached a plateau within 30 min. In contrast, the binding reached its
      maximal value within 10 min followed by a progressive decline up to 60 min in the
      presence of 100 mM sodium acetate. Scatchard analysis revealed that Cl- as well
      as Cl-/Ca2+ ions invariably caused a significant increment of the number of
      binding sites without altering their affinity, whereas Na+ ions induced a
      prominent increment of the density of binding sites with a concomitant lowering
      of their affinity. DL-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid selectively abolished the
      Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated bindings without significantly affecting the
      basal or Na+-dependent binding. Quisqualic acid induced a profound inhibition of
      both Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated bindings, to a significantly greater
      extent than that of the basal and Na+-dependent bindings. D-Aspartic acid
      exhibited a potent inhibition of the Na+-dependent binding with a significantly
      less potent displacement of the basal, Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated
      bindings. An inhibitor of anion transport, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'
      disulfonic acid (DIDS), not only eliminated the Cl- -dependent binding, but also
      completely abolished the Ca2+-stimulated binding. Scatchard analysis revealed
      that DIDS (0.1 mM) prevented the Cl- - and Cl-/Ca2+-induced increment of the
      density of binding sites with no significant change of their affinity.
      Pretreatment of the membranes with hydrophilic SH-reactive agents such as N
      ethylmaleimide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) invariably resulted in a
      more sensitive inhibition of the Ca2+-stimulated binding than that of the Cl- 
      dependent binding, while hydrophobic reagent p-chloromercuribenzoic acid produced
      a similarly potent elimination of the Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated
      bindings. Calcium-stimulated binding was also found to be sensitively diminished
      by dithiothreitol and dithioerythritol as compared with the Cl- -dependent
      binding. In vitro addition of L-ascorbic acid (10(-6)-10(-3) M) attenuated the
      Ca2+-stimulated binding to a significantly greater extent than the inhibition of
      the Cl- -dependent binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2880325
TI  - A protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms of
      neuroleptic drugs.
AB  - The incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms in persons taking neuroleptic
      medications is reported in a majority of patients and can be a contributing
      factor to non-compliance with prescribed regimens. This protocol was developed to
      assist the nurse practitioner in assessing and treating these symptoms as well as
      aiding in determining when to consult and/or refer a patient for further
      treatment and follow-up.

PMID- 2880327
TI  - The efficacy of sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2880328
TI  - Prescriptions, OTC medications affect worker performance, safety.

PMID- 2880326
TI  - Neurotransmitters, anxiety and benzodiazepines: a behavioral review.
AB  - The possible involvement of serotonin, GABA and opioid peptides in anxiety and in
      the mechanism of action of benzodiazepine tranquilizers have recently been the
      subjects of intensive biochemical, neurophysiological and behavioral research.
      The present review examines the behavioral evidence, viewing anxiety and
      benzodiazepine action as far as possible separately. Four behavioral paradigms of
      experimental anxiety or "conflict behaviors" are described and assessed for
      soundness with some practical considerations. The functional significance and
      pharmacology of benzodiazepine receptors are discussed, and the cases for a
      number of putative endogenous ligands are examined. Conflict behavior is
      attenuated by drugs which reduce functional serotonin activity and enhanced by
      serotonin agonists, but there is little evidence to implicate serotonin in
      benzodiazepine action. GABA antagonists both intensify conflict and reduce
      benzodiazepine effects, but evidence of the reverse effects with GABA agonists is
      more equivocal. The interpretation of behavioral effects of opiate agonists and
      antagonists and their interactions with benzodiazepines is hindered by their
      actions on motivational systems other than anxiety, and evidence for an important
      role of opioid peptides is only suggestive. Some promising lines for future
      research are indicated.

PMID- 2880329
TI  - [Abscesses of the anterior cranial fossa from data of the Otolaryngological
      Clinic, Medical Academy, in Poznan 1964-1984].

PMID- 2880330
TI  - Active suppression of interleukin 2 secretion in mice infected with Trypanosoma
      brucei AnTat 1.1.E.
AB  - Impairment of T cell proliferation in mice infected with the pleomorphic
      Trypanosoma brucei AnTat 1.1 E clone was found not to be related to a depletion
      of T cells or to an absence of functional accessory cells, but rather to an
      active suppression of interleukin 2 (IL-2) production. Lymph node cells derived
      from infected mice failed to produce IL-2 following Con A stimulation, whereas an
      exogenous supply of recombinant IL-2 could restore the impairment of the mitogen
      (Con A)-induced proliferative responses. Furthermore, lymph node cells derived
      from infected mice suppressed both secondary T-cell proliferative responses and
      IL-2 secretion, indicating that the trypanosome-induced suppression is mediated
      by a suppressive cell which interferes at the level of IL-2 secretion.

PMID- 2880331
TI  - Protection of mice against intestinal amoebiasis with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum
      and Listeria monocytogenes.
AB  - Treatment with Corynebacterium parvum or BCG, or infection with live Listeria
      monocytogenes was found to protect mice against subsequent infection with
      Entamoeba histolytica. Complete protection was obtained in mice treated with
      10(7) (colony forming units) of BCG but not with 10(5). Partial protection was
      achieved with 10(6) of BCG. These data provide evidence that non-specific
      immunity plays an important role in the host defense against amoebic infection.

PMID- 2880332
TI  - Biological factors in prepubertal major depression.

PMID- 2880333
TI  - [Comparative effects of somatostatin and ranitidine on gastric function in
      children with hyperchlorhydria].

PMID- 2880334
TI  - Mood, memory, and motor performance and the severity of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that the features of tardive dyskinesia were
      associated with motor slowing, memory impairment, and depressive apathy all of
      which are considered to characterize the so-called subcortical dementias. In a
      sample of 48 psychiatric patients all fulfilling research criteria for tardive
      dyskinesia and without other signs of organic illness age-independent
      correlations were observed between severity of orofacial dyskinesia and measures
      of memory, motor performance and mood providing some empirical support for the
      hypothesis.

PMID- 2880335
TI  - [Collection of circulating stem cells during remission after chemotherapy in
      acute leukemia].
AB  - The level of circulating myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-G), considered to be a
      good index of the quantity of circulating hemopoietic stem cells, was measured in
      the peripheral blood of 5 patients with acute leukemia as they entered first
      remission. High levels of circulating CFU-G were found in 4 of these 5 patients,
      depending on the intensity and the number of courses of induction chemotherapy.
      Repeated cytaphereses were done on 3 of these patients in order to collect and to
      cryopreserve circulating stem cells, to be used later for autologous
      transplantation. We propose a model which calculates the number of cytaphereses
      sufficient to obtain a level of 10(5) CFU-G/kg of weight, considered necessary to
      achieve a good hemopoietic reconstitution after transplantation.

PMID- 2880338
TI  - A standard for dorsal-plantar and lateral radiographic projections of the feet.
AB  - Several attempts have been made to persuade physicians to establish standardized
      projections of foot radiographs. However, standards have not been widely
      accepted. Further advancement toward quantification of deformity and surgical
      criteria is delayed due to a lack of universally accepted technique. Procedures
      for obtaining two precise projections of the foot are described.

PMID- 2880337
TI  - Linkage of tyrosine hydroxylase to four other markers on the short arm of
      chromosome 11.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis; the
      gene has previously been cloned and localised to the short arm of chromosome 11.
      Because of the interest in tyrosine hydroxylase as a candidate gene for manic
      depressive psychosis and other affective disorders, we carried out family studies
      to determine the linkage of tyrosine hydroxylase with insulin, beta-globin,
      D11S12 and Harvey-ras 1, members of a linkage group which has previously been
      localised to 11p. Using DNA from the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain
      (CEPH) and from two large British pedigrees, we show that tyrosine hydroxylase is
      closely linked to these four loci (z = 7.36, theta = 0.04 for linkage to insulin)
      and suggest a gene order based on multipoint mapping.

PMID- 2880336
TI  - The maintenance of methylation-free islands in transgenic mice.
AB  - The Thy-1 gene is expressed in a tissue- and stage-specific pattern and has a
      typical 1.6kb methylation-free island (MFI) covering about 600bp upstream and
      downstream of the two alternative first exons. By microinjection of a mouse Thy
      1.1/human Thy-1 gene into fertilized eggs, we were able to show that the MFI is
      restored in the transgenic mice. The flanking sequence became methylated, but the
      MFI remains unmethylated in all tissues of transgenic mice at different
      developmental stages tested, irrespective of the site of expression of the gene.
      There is one exception, in extra-embryonal tissues of 14.5 day embryos a small
      percentage of the islands were methylated. We conclude that maintenance of the
      MFI is regulated by cis-acting sequences present within the gene, and indicates
      that the unmethylated state of the islands is consistent with a necessary but not
      sufficient condition for expression of the gene.

PMID- 2880339
TI  - Reconstruction of soft tissue injuries of the foot and ankle with microsurgical
      techniques.
AB  - Microsurgical reconstruction for injuries of the foot and ankle includes, in
      addition to repair of small nerves, vessels, and tendons, coverage of soft tissue
      defects. Local transpositional and island pedicle flaps are ideal when available
      and adequate. The choice of free vascularized flaps is based on its potential
      durability, contour, bulk, and appearance. Thin cutaneous flaps, fascial flaps,
      and muscle flaps covered with split thickness skin grafts are appropriate in
      specific areas. Neurosensory flaps and methods of reinnervation may have a place
      in extensively denervated feet. Good postoperative pedorthic care aids in the
      final outcome.

PMID- 2880340
TI  - Allergic rhinitis. A useful guide to diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Patients presenting with typical signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis may
      respond to avoidance of allergens and to medications for symptomatic relief.
      Treatment may include antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn sodium, and/or
      topical nasal steroids. Patients whose symptoms are refractory to these
      therapeutic measures should be referred to an allergist for further evaluation
      and consideration for possible allergen immunotherapy.

PMID- 2880342
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of classical phenylketonuria by linked restriction fragment
      length polymorphism analysis.
AB  - Since the isolation of a recombinant containing a cDNA sequence for human
      phenylalanine hydroxylase (hPH) (Woo et al., 1983; Speer et al., 1986) prenatal
      diagnosis by linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs) has become
      possible for families in which phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs (Lidsky et al.,
      1985a). We describe here the application of a Hind III three-allele RFLP in a
      single family, which allowed the prenatal diagnosis of an affected fetus.

PMID- 2880341
TI  - Comparison of the effects of atenolol, sotalol and labetalol on muscle blood flow
      in man.
AB  - A double-blind study of the effect of three beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
      (beta-blockers) on exercise muscle blood flow (MBF) in 14 normotensive volunteers
      was carried out. MBF was measured by the xenon-133 clearance technique. MBF was
      not altered by placebo, sotalol or labetalol. Atenolol significantly reduced MBF
      compared with placebo, sotalol and labetalol. We conclude that sotalol and
      labetalol may be more useful than conventional beta-blockers for treatment of
      hypertension or angina in association with peripheral vascular disease.

PMID- 2880343
TI  - Purification of human erythrocyte transglutaminase by immunoaffinity
      chromatography.
AB  - Human erythrocyte transglutaminase was purified using a reusable immunoaffinity
      column prepared from a monoclonal antibody described previously (Birckbichler et
      al., Hybridoma, 4, 179-186, 1985). The purified TGase was catalytically active
      and exhibited a single band of apparent Mr = 85,000 on SDS-PAGE and Western
      blotting. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was determined. The amino
      terminus was blocked, and the carboxy-terminal residue appeared to be isoleucine.

PMID- 2880344
TI  - [Biliary fistula: possible value of somatostatin].

PMID- 2880345
TI  - [Salazosulfapyridine responsible of eosinophilic pneumonia].

PMID- 2880346
TI  - The nature of neuroendocrine abnormalities in depression: a controversial issue
      in contemporary psychiatry.
AB  - Neuroendocrine abnormalities in depression have been regarded, by many authors,
      as relatively specific markers of nosological subtypes of the disorder, e.g.
      primary vs. secondary, endogenous vs. non-endogenous or unipolar vs. bipolar
      depression. They should reflect the same changes in central neurotransmitters
      (e.g. noradrenergic insufficiency and/or cholinergic hyperactivity) that were
      hypothesized as the cause of clinical symptoms. This view is challenged on the
      basis of our own neuroendocrine investigations in 317 psychiatric patients and
      103 normal controls. According to these studies the abnormalities are
      nosologically rather unspecific. They are induced by a large variety of factors,
      e.g. emotional stress associated with the clinical symptomatology, weight loss
      due to malnutrition as a consequence of reduced appetite, medication and drug
      withdrawal. Stress-induced hypercortisolism appears to be the most common
      abnormality that may trigger other neuroendocrine dysfunctions, such as a blunted
      TSH response to TRH. Differences in neuroendocrine abnormalities of depressives
      are probably due to variations in the manifold factors influencing the hormonal
      axes involved, to temporal changes in hormonal patterns (e.g. one abnormality
      triggering another) and to individual differences in the basic activity and the
      responsiveness of the various axes.

PMID- 2880348
TI  - On the spatial spread of rabies among foxes.
AB  - We present a simple model for the spatial spread of rabies among foxes and use it
      to quantify its progress in England if rabies were introduced. The model is based
      on the known ecology of fox behaviour and on the assumption that the main vector
      for the spread of the disease is the rabid fox. Known data and facts are used to
      determine real parameter values involved in the model. We calculate the speed of
      propagation of the epizootic front, the threshold for the existence of an
      epidemic, the period and distance apart of the subsequent cyclical epidemics
      which follow the main front, and finally we quantify a means for control of the
      spatial spread of the disease. By way of illustration we use the model to
      determine the progress of rabies up through the southern part of England if it
      were introduced near Southampton. Estimates for the current fox density in
      England were used in the simulations. These suggest that the disease would reach
      Manchester within about 3.5 years, moving at speeds as high as 100 km per year in
      the central region. The model further indicates that although it might seem that
      the disease had disappeared after the wave had passed it would reappear in the
      south of England after just over 6 years and at periodic times after that. We
      consider the possibility of stopping the spread of the disease by creating a
      rabies 'break' ahead of the front through vaccination to reduce the population to
      a level below the threshold for an epidemic to exist. Based on parameter values
      relevant to England, we estimate its minimum width to be about 15 km. The model
      suggests that vaccination has considerable advantages over severe culling.

PMID- 2880349
TI  - Hormonal regulation of glutamine synthetase in the retina: role of cell
      interactions.

PMID- 2880347
TI  - Activation of growth factor secretion in tumorigenic states of breast cancer
      induced by 17 beta-estradiol or v-Ha-ras oncogene.
AB  - The MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line responds to estrogen stimulation in vitro
      by increased secretion of growth factors and proliferation and in vivo by tumor
      formation in the nude mouse. To test a possible role of growth factor secretion
      in expression of the tumorigenic phenotype, we stably transfected MCF-7 cells
      with the v-Ha-ras oncogene to produce the MCF-7ras cell line. The MCF-7ras cell
      line was tumorigenic in the absence of estrogens and secreted 3- to 5-fold
      elevated levels of a high molecular weight form of a type alpha transforming
      growth factor-like growth factor, type beta transforming growth factor, and
      insulin-like growth factor I. MCF-7ras cells, in contrast to MCF-7, were less
      sensitive to further growth stimulation by estrogen, type alpha transforming
      growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor I and showed little change in
      receptor levels for these hormones. Conditioned medium from MCF-7ras cells as
      well as two of its component growth factors (insulin-like growth factor I and
      type alpha transforming growth factor) replaced estrogen in stimulating MCF-7
      colony formation in vitro. A coordinate increase in growth factor secretion by
      human breast cancer may contribute to its escape from estrogen dependence.

PMID- 2880350
TI  - Affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor predicts neuroleptic potency in decreasing
      the speed of an internal clock.
AB  - For each of five neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pimozide, promazine,
      and spiroperidol), the dose required to produce a rightward horizontal shift of
      15-20% for psychophysical bisection functions that relate the percentage of long
      responses to signal duration was determined in rats for two different signal
      ranges (2-8 sec and 4-16 sec). Affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor (from in
      vitro studies) predicted neuroleptic potency in producing the criterion shift of
      the timing functions, whereas affinity for other aminergic receptors (D1, D3, the
      alpha-noradrenergic receptor, S1, and S2) did not. The conclusion is that
      dopamine D2 receptors play a major role in determining the rate of temporal
      integration for time estimation.

PMID- 2880351
TI  - Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in mice.
AB  - The effects of magnesium excesses resulting from daily injections of magnesium
      chloride (MgCl2) were examined on offensive behavior in a resident-intruder
      situation. Male mice tested 5 min post-injection of 15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg
      exhibited a significantly greater number of attacks and threats than saline
      controls; while in mice injected with 125 mg/kg threat and attack behaviors were
      decreased. No tolerance developed to this decrease which persisted throughout the
      15 day injection period. Tolerance to the aggression enhancing effects developed
      in the 30 mg/kg group which returned to normal by Day 4 and in the 15 mg/kg group
      which returned to normal by Day 15. Two weeks following the last injection, all
      groups performed equally. When mice were tested prior to daily injections on Days
      4, 8, and 15 in a second experiment, there were no MgCl2 dose differences in
      threat or attack behavior, thus there was no cumulative effect of MgCl2 on
      behavior. These data and our previous data showing that MgCl2 deficiencies reduce
      offensive aggression suggest an inverted U-shape function to magnesium's
      influence on behavior. Since aggression has been linked to the neurotransmitters
      dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and magnesium has been shown to be an
      important cofactor in the activity of these neurotransmitters, it is possible
      that the effects seen here are related to changes in one or more of these
      systems.

PMID- 2880353
TI  - Quantitative aspects of the ecology of biological invasions.

PMID- 2880352
TI  - Interactions of Tyr-MIF-1 at opiate receptor sites.
AB  - Binding of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) to mu and delta opiate receptors was
      compared with other putative opiate antagonist peptides by displacement of
      iodinated ligands selective for mu (DAGO, FK33824, and morphiceptin) and delta
      (DPDPE) receptors. Tyr-MIF-1 and ACTH (1-24 and 1-39) inhibited binding of 125I
      DAGO with IC50's of about 1 microM. FMRF-NH2 was about an order of magnitude
      weaker while CCK-8 and MIF-1 failed to inhibit 50% of binding at concentrations
      up to 100 microM. Morphiceptin, Tyr-MIF-1, and ACTH were less potent but more
      efficacious than DAGO, FK33824, morphine, or naloxone in inhibiting the binding
      of 125I-morphiceptin. Tyr-MIF-1 appeared to have a more selective action at
      opiate receptors than ACTH; in contrast to their effects at 125I-DAGO-labeled
      sites, morphiceptin and Tyr-MIF-1 inhibited less than 50% of 125I-DPDPE binding
      at concentrations up to 10 and 50 microM, while ACTH 1-39 and 1-24 inhibited more
      than 80% of the binding at 2.5 and 5 microM, respectively. The results indicate
      that at relatively high concentrations Tyr-MIF-1, like ACTH, can affect binding
      to the opiate receptor, but unlike ACTH, binding of Tyr-MIF-1 appears relatively
      selective for the mu site.

PMID- 2880354
TI  - The invasion, persistence and spread of infectious diseases within animal and
      plant communities.
AB  - Recent theoretical and empirical studies of the population biology of infectious
      diseases have helped to improve our understanding of the major factors that
      influence the three phases of a successful invasion, namely initial
      establishment, persistence in the longer term and spread to other host
      communities. Of central importance in all three phases is the magnitude of the
      basic reproductive rate or transmission potential of the parasite. The value of
      this parameter is determined by a variety of biological properties of the
      association between an individual parasite and its host and the interaction
      between their populations. The recent epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) in North America and Europe is employed to illustrate the factors
      that promote disease establishment and spread. The frequency distribution of the
      number of different sexual partners per unit of time within homosexual
      communities is shown to be of central importance with respect to future trends in
      the incidence of AIDS. Broader aspects of pathogen invasion are examined by
      reference to simple mathematical models of three species associations, which
      mirror parasite introduction into resident predator-prey, host-parasite and
      competitive interactions. Many outcomes are possible, depending on the values of
      the numerous parameters that influence multi-species population interactions.
      Pathogen invasion is shown to have far-reaching implications for the structure
      and stability of ecological communities.

PMID- 2880355
TI  - The establishment and spread of myxomatosis and its effect on rabbit populations.
AB  - The establishment of myxomatosis, the spread of the disease and its effects on
      rabbit populations in Australia and in Britain are briefly reviewed. Though the
      disease is endemic, with regular outbreaks in most rabbit populations, its effect
      is now much less dramatic than previously. Recent epidemiological studies have
      shown that the rate of spread of infection, the proportion of rabbits infected
      and the proportion dying from the disease are very much smaller than recorded in
      earlier outbreaks. The reasons for these changes are discussed, and the
      epidemiology of the disease in Britain is compared with that in Australia.

PMID- 2880356
TI  - [Remarks on the classification status of endogenous psychoses].

PMID- 2880357
TI  - [Attempt at neurobiochemical confirmation of the Leonard classification of
      psychoses].

PMID- 2880358
TI  - [Effect of long-term neuroleptic medication on the course of phasic and remittent
      subclasses of endogenous psychoses].

PMID- 2880359
TI  - The concept of noise.
AB  - "Noise" is a term we are using to describe a complex and distressing aspect of
      the bodily and cognitive experience of many very ill psychiatric patients. By
      "noise," we mean an internally experienced state of crowding and confusion
      created by a variety of stimuli, the quantity, intensity and unpredictability of
      which make it difficult for individuals so afflicted to tolerate and organize
      their experience. Attempts to do so may only add to confusion and psychotic
      phenomena.

PMID- 2880360
TI  - Neuroleptic bioavailability, psychosocial factors, and clinical status: a 1-year
      study of schizophrenic outpatients after dose reduction.
AB  - Serum neuroleptic levels, prolactin levels, and clinical state were assessed for
      1 year in 29 schizophrenic outpatients whose clinically determined neuroleptic
      dose had been reduced by 50%. Fifty-five percent of the subjects remained stable.
      Neuroleptic dose did not differ between relapsed and stable patients. Serum
      prolactin (PRL) assessed 2 weeks after dose reduction and mean PRL after
      reduction were significantly lower among relapsers. Serum neuroleptic levels were
      significantly lower for relapsers in patients on haloperidol. Among relapsers,
      there were no serum PRL or neuroleptic level differences between stable periods
      and the relapse episode. Among patients with relatively low neuroleptic
      bioavailability, relapsers reported lower levels of social activity and had
      social networks that were less enjoyable, more aversive, and less helpful than
      those of stable patients.

PMID- 2880361
TI  - Comparison of two groups of tardive dyskinesia patients.

PMID- 2880362
TI  - Effect of different neuroleptics in tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism. A video
      controlled multicenter study with chlorprothixene, perphenazine, haloperidol and
      haloperidol + biperiden. Nordic Dyskinesia Study Group.
AB  - Thirty-three chronic psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) were
      included in a video-controlled multicenter study of the effect of
      chlorprothixene, perphenazine, haloperidol and haloperidol + biperiden in TD and
      parkinsonism. The drugs were given in a cross-over design in randomized order in
      dosages equipotent to the earlier neuroleptic treatment and administered for
      periods of 6 months with 6-week placebo periods before and after. A total of 55
      treatment periods were completed; only seven patients were able to go through all
      three treatment phases (= 96 weeks). Perphenazine (20.5 mg/day), haloperidol (5.5
      mg/day), and haloperidol (11 mg/day) + biperiden (7 mg/day) induced a moderate
      suppression of TD and at the same time produced a corresponding aggravation in
      parkinsonism. Chlorprothixene (142 mg/day) had only a slight TD reducing effect
      and did not change parkinsonism. Thus the TD suppressing effect was inversely
      related to the parkinsonian-inducing effect of the neuroleptics. Following
      withdrawal of the drugs, TD increased in some cases and decreased in others
      compared to the pretreatment level. No significant correlation was found between
      the intensity of the withdrawal TD and either drugs or preceding parkinsonism or
      TD suppression. Only in a subgroup of seven patients who consecutively received
      all three neuroleptics, perphenazine, but not haloperidol and chlorprothixene,
      produced a post-treatment aggravation which was correlated to the parkinsonsim
      and TD suppression during treatment. Independent of the neuroleptic given, the TD
      intensity increased significantly from the first to the third placebo period.
      This suggests that drug holidays are inappropriate to prevent TD
      induction/aggravation.

PMID- 2880363
TI  - Effects of H1-receptor antagonists on responding punished by histamine injection
      or electric shock presentation in squirrel monkeys.
AB  - Squirrel monkeys were trained to press a key under a two-component schedule of
      food presentation. In the presence of either green or red stimulus lights, the
      30th response produced a food pellet (fixed-ratio schedule). During the red
      stimulus lights (punishment component), the first response of each fixed ratio
      produced either an IV injection of histamine (100.0 micrograms/kg/inj) or a brief
      electric shock (3.0 mA). Responding was selectively suppressed in either
      punishment component. Presession IM administration of chlorpheniramine (0.1 and
      0.3 mg/kg), diphenhydramine (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg), or pyrilamine (0.1 and 0.3
      mg/kg) increased rates of responding punished by histamine but not those punished
      by electric shock. Presession administration of promethazine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) or
      tripelennamine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) also increased rates of responding punished by
      histamine in all subjects and response rates punished by electric shock in one of
      three subjects. Chlordiazepoxide (3.0-56.0 mg/kg) increased rates of responding
      punished by either histamine or electric shock. These results suggest that the
      punishing effects of histamine injection are mediated by H1 receptors and that H1
      receptor antagonists increase rates of responding suppressed by punishment only
      under limited conditions including those in which histamine is the punishing
      stimulus.

PMID- 2880365
TI  - [Plasma welding, why?].

PMID- 2880364
TI  - Modification of the radioreceptor assay technique for estimation of serum
      neuroleptic drug levels leads to improved precision and sensitivity.
AB  - This report describes a series of modifications in the radioreceptor assay
      procedure for monitoring of serum neuroleptic levels which resulted in a
      substantial increase in precision and in a higher sensitivity than is the case
      with existing assays. The use of a dopamine receptor preparation from pig
      striatum yielded a lower limit of sensitivity for haloperidol of 0.08 ng/ml, when
      0.5 ml serum was used in the assay; the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of
      variation were 3 and 9%, respectively. The relative antipsychotic potency of
      various neuroleptics correlated with their optimal daily dosage. Anticonvulsants
      (carbamazepine, phenytoin, barbiturates), anxiolytics (diazepam, bromazepam), as
      well as other drugs or hormones such as lithium, chloral hydrate, L-tryptophan or
      L-thyroxine did not interfere with the assay. Simultaneous determination of
      haloperidol by the radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay in serum showed good
      correlation (r = 0.994). Good correlation was also noted between the average
      optimal clinical daily dose of the neuroleptics and their affinity to the
      dopamine receptor of the porcine striatum (r = 0.891). Cross-laboratory
      assessment indicated good correlation between the estimation of haloperidol by a
      dopamine receptor preparation from bovine caudata and porcine striata (r =
      0.830). The sensitivity of the present assay was improved about 30-fold compared
      to those previously reported.

PMID- 2880366
TI  - Infarct size--can it be measured or modified in humans?
AB  - Despite more than 15 years of intensive experimental and clinical research in the
      general area of limiting infarct size, no treatment has been shown to be so
      efficacious and relatively free of side effects that its routine use can be
      recommended. In addition, there is no ideal means of measuring infarct size as
      yet. However, considerable progress has been made in understanding mechanisms
      responsible for irreversible cellular injury and in identifying factors and
      anatomic alterations responsible for or contributing to the development of
      transmural (Q wave) and non-transmural (non-Q wave) myocardial infarcts.
      Interventions are available that are capable of causing rapid coronary
      thrombolysis, and techniques are becoming available tht have increasing power to
      size myocardial infarcts and estimate both segmental and ventricular function.
      Experimental studies have also suggested a potential benefit from a combination
      of reperfusion therapy with selected pharmacologic intervention in reducing
      infarct size and preserving ventricular function. It seems likely that this
      general area will remain an intensive area of clinical research in the immediate
      future.

PMID- 2880367
TI  - Brain neurotransmitters and the development and maintenance of experimental
      hypertension.

PMID- 2880368
TI  - The effect and usefulness of early intravenous beta blockade in acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2880369
TI  - Mechanisms underlying sensitivity to organophosphorus anticholinesterase
      compounds.

PMID- 2880370
TI  - [Use of nifedipine in patients with advanced arteriosclerotic cardiopathy].

PMID- 2880371
TI  - Radiology in the Mediterranean countries.

PMID- 2880372
TI  - [Cervico-thoracic sympathectomy in severe frostbite of the upper extremities].

PMID- 2880373
TI  - [Serum lipids and gamma-glutamyltransferase in acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2880374
TI  - [Beta agonist action and function of cyclic AMP in human].

PMID- 2880375
TI  - [Effects of several beta 1-selective blockers on the pressor response of the
      adrenalectomized, pithed rats to electrical stimulations of the spinal nerves].

PMID- 2880376
TI  - [The diabetic foot].

PMID- 2880377
TI  - [Endomorphins and nociception].
AB  - Since the discovery of Met- and Leu-enkephalin (Hughes and Kosterlitz, in 1975)
      about 20 opioid peptides including beta-endorphin, enkephalins and dynorphins
      have been identified in the central nervous system. Multiple opiate receptors:
      mu, delta, kappa, etc, with distinct pharmacological characteristics and regional
      distributions are present in the CNS, which may correspond to the heterogeneity
      of opioid peptides. Although both endomorphins and opiate receptors have been
      found in all areas directly involved in nociception, pharmacological,
      electrophysiological and most biochemical investigations have not demonstrated so
      far that endomorphinergic neurones play a role in the control of pain. As
      emphasized in this review, only the measurement of endomorphin release directly
      in the CNS has allowed the demonstration that some endomorphinergic neurones,
      notably those containing Met-enkephalin in the spinal cord, can be activated by
      noxious stimuli. However, the characteristics of this activation depend on both
      the nature of the stimulus (chemical, mechanical or thermal) and the body area
      where it is applied. The functional significance of such "pain"--induced
      activation of spinal enkephalinergic neurones is still speculative.

PMID- 2880378
TI  - [11 cases of neuropathy induced by almitrine, of which one had optic neuropathy].
AB  - The only etiologic factor retained in 11 patients with sensory or sensory-motor
      neuropathy was almitrine therapy. In one patient there was in addition an optic
      neuropathy. The reduction in visual acuity in this patient coincided with the
      onset of the sensory-motor neuropathy of lower limbs after treatment with 100
      mg/day of almitrine over a 2-year period. No other metabolic, inflammatory,
      toxic, vascular or immunologic cause was found. There was a moderate chronic
      respiratory insufficiency. Visual recuperation started one month after the arrest
      of almitrine treatment and was satisfactory 7 months later. The other 10 patients
      had neuropathy of limbs without visual disorders. Neuromuscular biopsy in one
      case showed lesions to be of the axonal type.

PMID- 2880380
TI  - Infrared advanced technology: simplified soldering and glazing procedure.

PMID- 2880379
TI  - [Idiopathic localized paroxysmal hyperhidrosis. Treatment with clonidine].
AB  - Paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis is a rare sign of a disorder of the autonomic
      nervous system. It has been reported in association with peripheral nerve, spinal
      cord and hypothalamic lesions and in some cases the etiology is unidentified. We
      present 12 cases of idiopathic paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis and discuss the
      therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of clonidine which is a specific
      central nervous system alpha 2--adrenergic receptor agonist.

PMID- 2880381
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa in and elderly female.

PMID- 2880383
TI  - Effect of glutathione and N-acetylcysteine on hepatocellular modifications
      induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene.
AB  - The exposure of rats to a dietary regimen containing 2-acetylaminofluorene
      induces a sequence of hepatocellular alterations leading to the development of
      preneoplastic nodules. Groups of 2-acetylaminofluorene-treated rats were given
      glutathione or N-acetylcysteine to evaluate the effects of these different thiols
      on the sequence of events that originate transformed cells. It is well known that
      intracellular thiols protect biological macromolecules from scavenging free
      radicals and electrophilic compounds produced by the metabolism of chemical
      agents. Male Wistar rats were maintained on a feeding regimen containing 0.05% 2
      acetylaminofluorene. The diet of 2 groups of 2-acetylaminofluorene-treated
      animals was supplemented with either 0.1% glutathione or N-acetylcysteine. The
      effects in the liver of the exogenously supplied thiols during 2
      acetylaminofluorene treatment were assessed evaluating DNA damage, glutathione
      levels, activity of marker enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase, gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase, and glutathione-S-transferase, survival rates, and
      development of salivary gland tumors. Our results demonstrate that the mortality
      due to 2-acetylaminofluorene exposure was reduced or completely abolished by
      thiols and that the development of salivary gland tumors was inhibited.
      Exogenously supplied thiols significantly reduced DNA damage as assessed by
      alkaline elution. At the doses employed, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine induce
      early stimulation of glutathione-S-transferase, had little effect on the loss of
      glucose-6-phosphatase activity and scanty influence on the net increase in gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase activity.

PMID- 2880382
TI  - Phenotypic characterization of 3H-thymidine incorporating cells in rheumatoid
      arthritis synovial membrane.
AB  - Tritiated-thymidine incorporating cells in synovial tissue samples from ten
      patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied by
      combining two techniques. Tritiated-thymidine-labelled cells were seen in
      autoradiography and simultaneously the subtype of them was determined with
      immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibodies. Tritiated-thymidine
      labelled cells comprised 0.8 +/- 0.4% of all the inflammatory cells in RA
      synovial membrane. Of all 3H-thymidine-labelled cells 34 +/- 17% were positive
      for OKT8 and 19 +/- 8% for OKT4 monoclonal antibodies. OKM1-positive cells
      comprised 7 +/- 3% of all 3H-thymidine labelled cells, whereas only a few (3 +/-
      4%) of them were positive for pan-B monoclonal antibody. This study emphasizes
      the importance of activated OKT8 lymphocytes in RA synovial membrane.

PMID- 2880384
TI  - Further studies on the tumor-initiating activity of the beta-blocker DL-ZAMI
      1305.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initiating activity of the
      hepatocarcinogen beta-blocker DL-1-(2-nitro-3-methyl-phenoxy)-3-tert-butylamino
      propan-2-ol (DL-ZAMI 1305) by the initiation-promotion protocol of Pereira.
      Female Wistar rats were given a single dose 150 mg/kg of body weight of DL-ZAMI
      1305 by gavage 24 hours before or 24 hours after partial hepatectomy. One week
      later rats were given phenobarbital (0.05%) in the diet for a period of 7 weeks.
      DL-ZAMI 1305-treatment resulted in the appearance of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      foci and of other preneoplastic lesions in all animals. Preneoplastic lesions
      were also present in a fraction of DL-ZAMI 1305-treated animals not subjected to
      partial hepatectomy, whether given or not phenobarbital. Results obtained in a
      separate experiment demonstrated that DL-ZAMI 1305-treatment inhibits cell
      proliferation and induces DNA damage in the regenerating rat liver. The results
      of this study clearly demonstrated that the beta-blocker DL-ZAMI 1305 is an
      initiating carcinogen for the liver of female Wistar rats.

PMID- 2880385
TI  - [Prevention of recurrent hemorrhage caused by rupture of esophageal varices in
      cirrhotic patients].

PMID- 2880386
TI  - Humoral mediation of the development of the mammalian nervous system.
AB  - The application of the new ideas advanced by modern neuroscience research, mainly
      those about the neuronal plasticity and the extrinsic influences able to modify
      the behaviour of the neuronal populations, to the ontogenetic evolution of the
      nervous system, have conducted to the elaboration of the concept of the humoral
      mediation of the brain development. Data sustaining this concept come from at
      least four areas of investigations, referring to the influences which the
      endocrine glands (thyroid, gonads, adrenals, hypophysis and pineal),
      neurotransmitters and the "growth factors" exert on the in vivo and in vitro
      development of the nervous system. These data are synthetically presented in the
      present paper, a special attention being paid to the pineal gland and its
      hormones, due to the personal research of the author in this field. All these
      researches support some fascinating hypotheses regarding the future of this
      extremely controversed field of the neuroscience, hypotheses that are presented
      in the final chapter of the paper.

PMID- 2880387
TI  - Vector competence experiments with Rocio virus and three mosquito species from
      the epidemic zone in Brazil.

PMID- 2880388
TI  - [The activity of Culicidae mosquitoes in plain forests and an epidemiological
      profile of several environments in the Ribeira Valley, Sao Paulo, Brazil].

PMID- 2880389
TI  - Exogenous serotonin and histamine-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion in
      dogs.
AB  - The effects of serotonin on histamine-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin
      secretion were evaluated in conscious dogs with a gastric fistula. Histamine
      stimulated the acid secretion dose-dependently, whereas pepsin secretion was
      decreased by the high doses of histamine. The acid secretion was inhibited
      slightly by serotonin, with a maximum of 42% with a dose of 10 micrograms/kg/min.
      The pepsin secretion was only decreased non-significantly by serotonin, 10-15
      micrograms/kg/min. The acid inhibition was counteracted by beta-adrenergic
      antagonists (propranolol, atenolol) and methysergide (serotonergic antagonist).
      The dose-response analysis showed inhibition of a competitive type. In
      conclusion, serotonin inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion via
      serotonergic receptors and beta-adrenoceptors, whereas pepsin secretion is
      unaffected.

PMID- 2880390
TI  - Adrenergic influence on gallbladder function in experimental cholecystitis.
AB  - In experimental cholecystitis a net secretion of fluid to the gallbladder lumen
      is seen in animals with morphological signs of acute inflammation. This fluid
      secretion, which increases the intraluminal pressure in the obstructed
      gallbladder, is suggested to be influenced by non-cholinergic intramural
      gallbladder nerves activated by prostaglandins. In the present study in vivo we
      show that this fluid secretion, measured by a perfusion technique, is markedly
      inhibited by electrical activation of the splanchnic nerves that contain
      adrenergic fibres to the gallbladder and by intravenous administration of an
      alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, demonstrating that this fluid secretion can be
      modulated by activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. In patients with an
      obstructed gallbladder outlet, inhibition of this secretion may reduce
      gallbladder distension and thus relieve biliary pain. The results suggest that
      pharmacological activation of adrenergic mechanisms could be useful in the
      treatment of cholecystitis and biliary pain.

PMID- 2880392
TI  - Thoughts on the treatment of schizophrenia.
AB  - The author contends that the clinical relationship is the foundation for treating
      the person with schizophrenia. However, the models and scientific data available
      to the clinician have been limited by prevailing ideologies. Despite important
      contributions from interpersonal, pharmacologic, and rehabilitation treatment
      perspectives, each has curtailed the range of clinical observation and the
      capacity for integration of treatments. Even recent advances in clinical science
      methodology have contributed to a short fall in treatment knowledge. The author
      espouses a broad medical model for defining the range of data and integration of
      techniques relevant to therapeutics. He views phenomenology as the crucial
      concept for clinical exploration, and contrasts this approach with the
      shallowness of purely descriptive approaches on the one hand and the distortion
      imposed by theoretical presentiments of psychotherapy on the other. Continuity of
      care and integration of therapies can emerge from phenomenology in the context of
      the clinical relationship.

PMID- 2880391
TI  - T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and T-cell lymphoma-leukaemia:
      heterogeneity and anomalous cell markers.
AB  - We studied cell surface markers in 8 men with T-cell chronic lymphocytic
      leukaemia, using fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and a cell
      analyser/sorter. 1 patient's cells had a T-suppressor/cytolytic phenotype (T4-,
      T8+) and in 3 patients the phenotype was a T-helper cell (T4+, T8-) as described
      in retrovirus-associated adult T-cell lymphoma-leukaemia. In 4 patients, the cell
      phenotype was anomalous, with both helper and suppressor antigenic markers (T4+,
      T8+). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was positive in 1 of the 4 cases with
      dual markers. Clinical features and cytological characteristics, including cell
      size and the density of T8 antigen on the cell surface, showed no obvious
      correlation with the immunophenotypes, but study of additional cases is needed to
      evaluate this further.

PMID- 2880393
TI  - Applications of experimental psychopathology in psychiatric rehabilitation.
AB  - Persons with schizophrenia show deficits in basic psychological functions such as
      attention, perception, and cognition. Remediation of these deficits by direct
      training may facilitate the effectiveness of neuroleptic medications, social
      skills training, and family therapy. In the vulnerability-stress model of
      schizophrenia, persons with schizophrenia may have lower thresholds for
      disorganization that contribute to vulnerability. Stress increases arousal, which
      brings many competing responses to the same strength, leading to intrusion of
      inappropriate responses. Interventions that reduce arousal and lower the
      strengths of competing responses should reduce psychological deficits. Arousal
      reducing, attentional, and cognitive interventions are appropriate for the
      prodromal, acute, and chronic stages of schizophrenic disorders. Laboratory-based
      assessment and ongoing measurement of basic psychological deficits in
      schizophrenia are keys to the development and validation of multimodal
      psychiatric rehabilitation.

PMID- 2880394
TI  - Social learning for chronic mental inpatients.
AB  - With chronic institutionalized psychiatric patients, an intensive social learning
      program resulted in greater increases in adaptive functioning, reductions in
      bizarre behavior, less prescribed medication, and over 98 percent of patients
      being successfully discharged into the community. The social-learning program was
      more cost-effective than custodial hospital care, and nonprofessional staff were
      able to apply the treatment with a high degree of competence. Especially
      effective elements of the social-learning program included integrated procedures
      emphasizing the acquisition of patient skills and the reduction of bizarre,
      inappropriate behavior; a token economy structure; and consistent pacing and
      generalization training. More recent research in the area has sought to identify
      the remediative aspects of social-learning programs, to specify patient variables
      that are related to improvement in a token economy, and to offer patients more
      specialized interventions (e.g., social skills training) in conjunction with a
      standard token economy. With the demonstrated and operationalized efficacy of
      social-learning procedures, the rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients
      has become more feasible.

PMID- 2880395
TI  - [The long QT syndrome: importance of phonocardiography and ergometry].
AB  - The chronological relationship between the S2 of the phonocardiogram and the T
      wave of the ECG, and the behaviour of the QT and QTc intervals, have been
      investigated in two cases of idiopathic long QT syndrome (LQTS) at rest and
      during effort. At rest and during effort with heart rates (HR) under 120/min, the
      S2 is always abnormal before the end of the T wave where the QTc interval is
      generally prolonged, but is sometimes within normal range (less than or equal to
      440 msec). In cases where the QTc interval falls within normal range, the use of
      Bazett's formula to calculate the QTc interval may mislead and cause the
      existence of LQTS to be overlooked. Study of the chronological relationship
      (timing) between S2 and T wave is a reliable method of detecting LQTS even with a
      normal QTc interval. During ergometer exercise, if we observe (as in our two
      cases) not only a normal acceleration of the HR but a shortening and even a
      normalization of the QTc interval, therapeutic abstention (betablockers) may be
      recommended in asymptomatic LQTS. It is concluded that (1) in LQTS at rest and
      with HR under 120/min, S2 is always abnormal before the end of the T wave, (2)
      study of the timing S2/T wave is a reliable method of detecting the existence of
      LQTS even with a normal QTc interval, (3) in asymptomatic LQTS where the QTc
      interval shortens or falls within normal range during effort with S2 appearing at
      the end of the T wave, as reported in our first case, therapeutic abstention
      (betablockers) may be recommended.

PMID- 2880396
TI  - Studies on glutamine synthetase from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var.
      jinggangensis.
AB  - Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. jinggangensis produces validamycin, an important
      antibiotic used in agriculture. It was found that there was a positive
      correlation between the specific activity of mycelial glutamine synthetase (GS)
      and validamycin biosynthesis in our laboratory. So, in this paper, the
      purification, characteristics and regulatory properties of GS are reported. The
      native enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 530,000 and was composed of
      12 identical subunits, each 43,000. Electronic microscopic examination of
      preparations negatively stained disclosed that the subunits were arranged in two
      hexagonal rings that lay one on top of the other in a face-to-face fashion. Mg2+
      or Mn2+ was absolutely needed as cofactor for GS activity. The enzyme activity
      was regulated by feedback inhibition and cumulative feedback inhibition. In
      addition, it was also regulated through a covalent modification, adenylylation
      and deadenylylation, suggesting that the covalent modification of GS exists not
      only in Gram-negative bacteria but also in some Gram-positive bacteria.

PMID- 2880397
TI  - Tetrahydroprotoberberine--a new chemical type of antagonist of dopamine
      receptors.
AB  - In rats lesioned by unilateral micro-injection of 6-OHDA into substantia nigra,
      the apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation and the amphetamine-induced
      ipsilateral rotation were antagonized by THB, l-THP and haloperidol. Scopolamine
      reversed the antagonistic effect of THB against amphetamine. Thus, THB and l-THP
      exhibited the DA-receptor antagonistic property which was similar to that of
      haloperidol. l-SPD (10 mg/kg), however, only antagonized the amphetamine
      challenged rotational response, while it could not antagonize, but potentiate,
      the apomorphine-challenged rotational response. So, l-SPD might be a partial
      agonistic antagonist of DA-receptors, and its effect was more potent than that of
      THB and l-THP. l-SPD would be ascertained further in clinic trial. From these
      results and others, the authors suggest that THPB is a new chemical type of
      antagonist of brain DA-receptors.

PMID- 2880398
TI  - A sequence in M13 phage detects hypervariable minisatellites in human and animal
      DNA.
AB  - The term "DNA fingerprint" has been used to describe the extensive restriction
      fragment length polymorphism associated with hypervariable minisatellites present
      in the human genome. Until now, it was necessary to hybridize Southern blots to
      specific probes cloned from human genomic DNA in order to obtain individual
      specific restriction patterns. The present study describes the surprising finding
      that the insert-free, wild-type M13 bacteriophage detects hypervariable
      minisatellites in human and in animal DNA, provided no competitor DNA is used
      during hybridization. The effective sequence in M13 was traced to two clusters of
      15-base pair repeats within the protein III gene of the bacteriophage. This
      unexpected use of M13 renders the DNA fingerprinting technology more readily
      available to molecular biology laboratories.

PMID- 2880399
TI  - The genetic defect causing familial Alzheimer's disease maps on chromosome 21.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the
      elderly. Several families have been described in which Alzheimer's disease is
      caused by an autosomal dominant gene defect. The chromosomal location of this
      defective gene has been discovered by using genetic linkage to DNA markers on
      chromosome 21. The localization on chromosome 21 provides an explanation for the
      occurrence of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in Down syndrome. Isolation and
      characterization of the gene at this locus may yield new insights into the nature
      of the defect causing familial Alzheimer's disease and possibly, into the
      etiology of all forms of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2880400
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium between a marker on the LDL receptor and high cholesterol
      levels.

PMID- 2880401
TI  - Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the 5' hypervariable region of the
      insulin gene in two South African Indian families.
AB  - The hypervariable region 5' to the human insulin gene has been characterised in
      two South African Indian families, each having two generations of individuals
      affected with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Southern blot
      analysis, with the restriction endonuclease Pvu II and plasmid phins 310 as a
      probe, was used. In family 1, class 1 alleles (0.87, 0.79, 0.72 and 0.68 kilobase
      (kb)) were found at this locus but no linkage with NIDDM was shown. In family 2 a
      class 3 (2.51 kb) and two class 1 alleles (0.89, 0.76) were found. The 0.89 kb
      allele appears to be segregating with NIDDM in this family.

PMID- 2880402
TI  - [Prospectives on the use of urinary enzymes in oncology and radiotherapy].

PMID- 2880404
TI  - Informed consent for the use of antipsychotic medications: one standard for all?

PMID- 2880405
TI  - [Residual effects on the equilibrium of 3 hypnotics (loprazolam, flunitrazepam,
      triazolam) assessed by spectrum analysis of postural oscillations].

PMID- 2880403
TI  - Molecular aspects of murine systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2880406
TI  - [Desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors at the bronchopulmonary level].

PMID- 2880407
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in blood platelets, plasma and leucocytes.

PMID- 2880408
TI  - [Essential linolenic fatty acid deficiency. Patients on long-term gastric tube
      feeding].

PMID- 2880409
TI  - [The Tavistock conferences on group relationships. A different training for
      leadership and organization].

PMID- 2880410
TI  - An overview of the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the HLA-D region:
      its application to individual D-, DR- typing by computerized analyses.
AB  - HLA-D/DR alleles as defined by cellular and serological typing can also be
      identified by biochemical methods. The Southern blot technique provides an
      additional typing facility which can be applied to DNA obtained from any source
      of nucleated cells. The polymorphism revealed by Southern blot analyses, the so
      called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), depends upon the
      restriction enzyme and cDNA probes used. To identify HLA-DR specificities a
      protocol was developed based on the use of the results of southern blot analyses
      with several restriction enzymes and cDNA probes within a panel of HLA-D/DR
      homozygous cells representing the DR1 to DRw8 alleles. First, hybridizations with
      the 3' untranslated sequence of the DR beta cDNA probe, after digestion of the
      DNA with PvuII (PvuII-DR beta 3') allows the selective identification of DR1, DR2
      and DRw8; DR3, DR5 and DRw6 are found as one group as well as DR4 and DR7 as
      another. Second, TaqI-DQ alpha hybridization allows the splitting of DRw6-Dw18,
      DRw6-Dw19 and DRw6-Dw9 from the DR3, DR5 and DRw6 group. The other alleles DR3,
      DR4, DR5, DRw6-Dw16 and DR7 are revealed by dehybridization and rehybridization
      of the blot with a DR beta cDNA probe. This protocol was used to test whether in
      a panel of 30 randomly chosen individuals the HLA-DR typing could be performed.
      The results were highly concordant to the serotyping. Furthermore by adding the
      Pst-DR beta and TaqI-DQ alpha RFLPs, most of the MLC defined Dw specificities
      could also be identified. An overview of the specific fragments described here
      has been summarized in matrices which can be used as references for DNA-typing in
      computerized analyses.

PMID- 2880411
TI  - Regional differences of responses to adrenoceptor agonists in isolated and
      perfused canine coronary arteries.
AB  - Regional differences of the responses to adrenoceptor agonists were investigated
      in isolated canine coronary arteries by use of a cannula inserting method.
      Acetylcholine induced a dose-dependent vasodilation. Norepinephrine and
      epinephrine produced a vasoconstriction followed by a strong vasodilation in
      large coronary arteries and only a weak vasodilation in small coronary arteries.
      Phenylephrine (a selective alpha-1 agonist) induced a strong vasoconstriction in
      both arteries. The threshold dose and ED50 value for phenylephrine in small
      coronary arteries were much larger than those in large coronary arteries,
      although the vasoconstrictions by KCl and prostaglandin F2 alpha were not
      different between in large and small coronary arteries. Clonidine and xylazine
      (selective alpha-2 agonists) produced a slight vasoconstriction but not dose
      dependently and a vasodilation with extremely large doses. ED50 value of
      vasodilation for salbutamol (a selective beta-2 agonist) was approximately 80
      times greater than that for isoproterenol (a non-selective beta-agonist) in large
      coronary arteries, but was approximately 20 times in small coronary arteries. The
      maximal dilator response to salbutamol was about the same as that to
      isoproterenol in small coronary arteries, whereas it was much smaller than that
      to isoproterenol in large coronary arteries. These results suggest that
      adrenoceptors are heterogeneous according to the distance from the coronary
      orifice in canine epicardial coronary arteries.

PMID- 2880412
TI  - Plasma somatostatin response in normal and gastrectomized subjects.
AB  - The present work was undertaken to investigate a possible contribution of the
      stomach to plasma concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in
      humans. For this purpose, plasma SLI responses were determined in previously
      gastrectomized subjects during lipid-heparin induced elevation of plasma free
      fatty acids (FFA), which gave a consistent rise of plasma SLI in normal controls.
      Fasting plasma SLI levels in both the subjects with antral and total gastrectomy
      did not differ from the values in normal controls. Acute elevation of plasma FFA
      resulted in about 5-fold increase of plasma SLI above basal level in the
      controls. In contrast, in both the gastrectomy groups there was no significant
      rise in plasma SLI, despite a comparable elevation of plasma FFA levels. In
      conclusion, these findings demonstrate that the stomach, probably the antral
      region of the stomach, accounts for the most part of increase of plasma SLI when
      hyperfatty-acidemia is induced and suggest that following the stimulation by
      nutrients the stomach makes a greater contribution to plasma SLI levels than does
      the pancreas or extragastric intestinal tract in humans.

PMID- 2880413
TI  - Preparation of a toxic derivative of sea anemone toxin II from Anemonia sulcata
      which has peroxidase activity.
AB  - Sea anemone toxin II (ATX II) is a useful tool for investigation of sodium
      channels in excitable membranes. Coupling of ATX II with microperoxidase, a heme
      octapeptide, is described. The isolated cross-linked product possesses both toxic
      and peroxidase activity. The lowest concentration of the modified toxin that
      affects the action potential and the membrane currents in single cardiac myocytes
      is 16 nM. The enzymatically active ATX II derivative may be useful for
      biochemical applications and as a non-radioactive tracer for electron microscopy
      studies of excitable tissue.

PMID- 2880415
TI  - [Seasonal variations of dental injuries].

PMID- 2880414
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockade after stroke. A preliminary closed cohort study.
AB  - To collect background data for a prospective clinical trial of beta-blocking
      agents in the prevention of deaths after stroke, the long-term prognosis in 60
      patients discharged from a stroke unit on beta-blocker therapy was compared with
      the outcome in 60 matched patients with stroke but without beta-blockers.
      Matching included sex, age, type of stroke, and presence or absence of
      hypertension and cardiac failure. Thirteen patients (22%) in the beta-blocker
      group died during a median followup of 41 months. Of the 60 patients not on beta
      blockade at discharge, 21 (35%) died during a median followup of 36 months. By
      life-table technique and log-rank test, the relative risk for death was 0.60:1.00
      (p = 0.14). During followup, 12 recurrent strokes were observed in patients on
      beta-blockers and 19 in patients without beta-blockers (relative risk 0.57:1.00;
      p = 0.12). It appeared that the reduction in mortality could only marginally be
      ascribed to fewer deaths from myocardial infarction; other causes of death were
      also less frequent in beta-blocker-treated patients. The results emphasize that
      supplementary information on the effect of beta-blocking agents on mortality
      after stroke is needed before a larger trial of beta-blocker therapy in patients
      with manifest cerebrovascular disease can be initiated.

PMID- 2880416
TI  - In vitro colonization of thymic primordia by adult bone marrow cells: light
      scatter profile and separation by flow cytometry.
AB  - Adult mouse bone marrow showed a reproducible scatter profile on low angle vs.
      right angle scatter by flow cytometry and it was possible to sort cells from
      different regions of the profile. The colonization of the third pharyngeal pouch
      in vitro was used as a test of thymocyte precursors. Alleles of the Thy-1 surface
      antigen, as well as the nuclear chromatin pattern of the ichthyosis mutant, were
      used to monitor chimerism. Thymus-colonizing cells were found in one region of
      the scatter profile, and these cells were negative for Thy-1 and Ia markers.

PMID- 2880417
TI  - Presence of cells with argyrophil granules in normal, hyperplastic, and
      neoplastic endometrium.
AB  - Cells with argyrophil granules were searched for in 131 consecutive specimens
      obtained from endometrial curettage. Particular care was taken with the fixation
      methods to avoid a false positivity to the silver impregnation according to
      Grimelius. We did not consider the grossly argyrophilic positivity on the
      cellular apex or of the whole cytoplasm, which was partially reduced by diastase
      digestion and probably due to the presence of glycogen and secretory
      mucoproteins. Cells with thin argyrophilic granules similar to those observed in
      endocrine APUD cells were present among glandular cells and/or among stromal
      cells in 15 of 131 examined specimens. They concerned 5 cases of proliferative
      endometrium, 3 of secretive endometrium, 5 of hyperplasia, and 2 of carcinoma. In
      8 of the 15 cases with argyrophilic cells, immunohistochemical studies with the
      PAP method showed cells with the presence of FSH, S-100 protein, somatostatin,
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE).
      The significance and origin of these cells in normal and neoplastic endometrium
      are discussed.

PMID- 2880418
TI  - [Treatment of uncontrollable consumption of opioids in chronic pancreatitis. A
      model used in 17 consecutive patients].

PMID- 2880419
TI  - Effects of high pressure on the release of excitatory amino acids by brain
      synaptosomes.
AB  - Excitatory amino acid antagonists have been shown to protect against the
      hyperexcitability associated with exposure to high pressure. This suggests that
      these excitatory neurotransmitter substances may play a role in the development
      of the symptoms of high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS). Using a superfusion
      technique, we investigated the effect of exposure to 67.7 ATA of pressure on the
      release of aspartate and glutamic acid by isolated presynaptic nerve terminals
      from the guinea pig cerebral cortex. Pressure exposure was found to significantly
      increase the depolarization-induced release of aspartate by these synaptosomes.
      On the other hand, compression to 67.7 ATA had no effect on glutamic acid
      release. These findings suggest that increased aspartate release may be a
      contributing factor in the etiology of HPNS.

PMID- 2880420
TI  - [Anesthesiologic aspects of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)].
AB  - Anesthesiological considerations are discussed on the basis of the limited
      literature available and our own experience with more than 2000 ESWL treatments.
      Guidelines concerning anesthesia technique and ESWL treatment of renal and
      ureteral stones are outlined and compared to our own results and those in the
      literature. The following techniques are discussed: intubation anesthesia with
      halogenated carbohydrogens (Fluothane, Ethrane), intubation anesthesia with
      Fluothane/Ethrane plus opiates, neuroleptic anesthesia, catheter peridural
      anesthesia (lumbar/thoracic), opiate analgesia and high frequency jet
      ventilation.

PMID- 2880421
TI  - Preliminary characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from pigs with
      diarrhoea in Venezuela.
AB  - The aetiology of neonatal porcine diarrhoea was studied in 15 different herds
      located in the north-western region of Venezuela. Of 56 strains of Escherichia
      coli analyzed, 16 (28.6%) were shown to produce heat-stable (STa) enterotoxin, as
      detected by infant mouse assay. Only four of these STa+ isolates also possessed
      the K88 pilus antigen, two were 987P+ and none possessed the K99 antigen, leaving
      10 STa+ samples in which no pilus antigen was identified. Among the 40 STa
      negative samples were six K88+ specimens, one K99+, four 987P+, one which reacted
      as K88+ + K99+ and one K88+ + 987P+. Considering as pathogenic any strain showing
      at least one of the characters studied, pathogenic E. coli were detected with an
      overall frequency of 42.9%, being more prevalent during the second week of life.
      An electrophoretic analysis of the plasmid content of the field isolates of E.
      coli, revealed the presence of numerous species of extrachromosomal DNA, although
      no direction association could be made between a particular plasmid and any of
      the pathogenic characteristics identified. Results of Southern blot analysis
      indicate that the STa enterotoxin was preferentially encoded within an endemic
      plasmid of 4.9 Md. Other plasmids present in the E. coli isolates could be
      related to antibiotic resistance. With the exception of one strain, all E. coli
      isolates were resistant to more than one of the nine drugs tested; multiresistant
      E. coli were frequently isolated, including four strains which were resistant to
      seven antibiotics.

PMID- 2880422
TI  - Features of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains of porcine origin that
      express K88 and 987P fimbrial antigens.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains of porcine origin express K88 and 987P pilus-antigens in
      vitro. This study reports their enterotoxin producing ability, serological
      features and plasmid content. The bipiliated strains were enterotoxigenic and all
      contained a large plasmid of uniform size.

PMID- 2880423
TI  - [With gratitude in my heart].

PMID- 2880424
TI  - Effect of human immunoglobulin preparations on experimental Bordetella pertussis
      infection in mice.
AB  - The effects of four kinds of human immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous
      use [pH-4-treated (IG-100), polyethyleneglycol-treated (PEG-G), sulfonated (S-G)
      and pepsin-treated (Pep-G)] on intracerebral (i.c.) Bordetella pertussis
      infection in mice, and on B. pertussis vaccine-induced leukocytosis-promoting
      factor (LPF) and histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) were compared with those of
      human immunoglobulin preparation for intramuscular use (GGN). A prophylactic
      potential against i.c. B. pertussis challenge was demonstrated in IG-100, PEG-G
      and GGN. A prophylactic potential was also demonstrated in S-G and Pep-G,
      although to a lesser extent. Neutralizing activity for LPF was in the following
      order: GGN = IG-100 = PEG-G greater than S-G = Pep-G; for HSF it was as follows:
      IG-100 greater than PEG-G greater than GGN = S-G greater than Pep-G. There were
      no significant differences in antibody titers of the various preparations against
      B. pertussis antigens. These results suggest that the Fc part of the
      immunoglobulin molecule is important for protecting against i.c. B. pertussis
      infection and for neutralizing B. pertussis toxins.

PMID- 2880425
TI  - [Drug therapy of chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases--current status of 5
      aminosalicylic acid].
AB  - Assessment of the nature, location and extent of the disease, disease activity
      and the intestinal and extraintestinal complications and manifestations is an
      essential prerequisite in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
      Corticosteroids, sulfasalazine (SASP) and rectal administration of 5
      aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) are effective in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
      Oral 5-ASA in the form of a slow-release preparation is probably also effective.
      Rectal SASP or 5-ASA in addition to corticosteroids is indicated in distal
      colitis. In severe pancolitis oral or intravenous corticosteroids are required,
      whilst in less severe forms SASP or 5-ASA can be used. However, the safety of 5
      ASA over longer treatment periods has yet to be verified. Surgery is indicated in
      colitis refractory to maximal treatment over several months. Apart from
      parenteral or enteral nutrition, treatment with prednisolone is effective in
      acute exacerbations of Crohn's disease. SASP is possibly effective in colonic
      disease. The role of 5-ASA has yet to be defined. A prednisolone-induced
      remission can be maintained by means of low doses of prednisolone. SASP is
      probably not effective, whilst with 5-ASA conclusive data are missing.
      Metronidazole and azathioprin are considered to be reserve drugs and can be used
      in the treatment of fistulae or in order to cut down the dosage of prednisolone
      during remission. Substitution with vitamins and trace elements is necessary in a
      large number of patients with Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2880427
TI  - [Experimental sleep induction: physical and cognitive-emotional variations of
      psychological fatigue during a short daytime nap].

PMID- 2880426
TI  - [New aspects of senile and presenile dementia].
AB  - Problems of research in dementia are presented. It is a matter both of structural
      disturbances in the texture of conditions which impair the texture of conditions
      of possible functions, as well as of actual functional disturbances of the brain.
      The numerous etiological and diagnostic aspects resulting from this show
      distinctly that the dementia does not exist. In the numerous dementias which
      appear as diseases of higher age, the distinction between true old age diseases
      (Alzheimer, Pick, progressive glial dystrophy) and the cerebrovascular dementias
      (multi-infarct-dementia, Binswanger's disease) is of importance. The
      classification of dementias may be carried out both by descriptive
      neuropathological criteria and by functional neuropathological criteria. This is
      demonstrated by way of examples.

PMID- 2880428
TI  - [Tularemia--report of 2 cases without detectable contact with animals].

PMID- 2880429
TI  - [Hiob syndrome. A case report of multiple endocrine neoplasia].
AB  - It is reported on a now 48-year-old male with a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN
      I). The most impressive symptomatology issued from a relapsing organic
      hyperinsulinism the cause of which were multiple islet cell tumours. Up to now
      the hyperparathyroidism was not mastered by the removal of two adenomas of the
      parathyroid gland. As third fact in this clinical picture, called also Hiob
      syndrome, the hypophyseal manifestation developed in form of a space occupation
      with a hypersomatotropism, the course and final clarification of which are still
      open.

PMID- 2880430
TI  - [Functional characterization of luminal enterocyte membranes of the small
      intestine mucosa using isolated brush border membranes].
AB  - Atrophy of the small intestinal mucosa is functionally characterized by a
      reduction in non-electrolyte transport in vivo. In order to elucidate the
      cellular defect being responsible for this malabsorption, we have studied the Na+
      dependent D-glucose accumulation as well as the activities of aminopeptidase M
      and maltase in brush border membrane vesicles prepared from jejunal self-emptying
      blind loops and corresponding intestinal segments of sham-operated control rats.
      Membrane vesicles from atrophic mucosa did not show any differences in D-glucose
      uptake or in enzyme activities when compared with those derived from normal
      intestine. Thus it is unlikely that the impaired non-electrolyte absorption in
      the atrophic mucosa in vivo is due to a defect in cellular transport processes.
      It is more probable that the functional impairment is the result of the
      diminished absorptive surface in this pathophysiological condition.

PMID- 2880431
TI  - [Treatment of urticaria with the new H1 antihistaminic astemizole--with special
      reference to the time of onset of effect and maximum effect].
AB  - 20 patients, 12 suffering from chronic urticaria, 2 from acute urticaria, 1 from
      pressure urticaria, 2 from cold urticaria and 3 from urticaria factitia were
      treated in an open pilot study with the new H1-antihistamine Astemizole. The
      dosage was in all cases 1 X 10 mg per day. The onset of action as well as the
      efficacy maximum were registered. Astemizole proved in this study to be a very
      effective antihistamine being able to achieve good results even in hard to cure
      cases like cold urticaria. On the 1. day 35% of the patients had noticed an onset
      of action. 75% of the patients had an onset of action within the first 2 days.
      The efficacy maximum was achieved within the first 2 days in 60% of the patients.

PMID- 2880432
TI  - [Clinical significance of computerized tomography of the posterior area of the
      foot].
AB  - Computertomographic examinations of the hindfoot in the frontal and horizontal
      view will show us morphological findings, which we could not see with
      conventional X-ray-technique. Out of these findings we are able to control our
      operative reconstruction as well as late changes in bone healing. The horizontal
      view will show us the osseous structures of the talus and calcaneus as well as of
      the navicular and cuboid bone, as it is necessary for preoperative evaluation of
      the hindfoot.

PMID- 2880434
TI  - [Early stages and course of Wegener's granulomatosis].

PMID- 2880433
TI  - [Organization and suprabulbar control of the baroreceptor reflex arch].

PMID- 2880435
TI  - [Comparative study of the pharmacological properties of sultopride sulpiride and
      other antipsychotic drugs: influence of sultopride, sulpiride and other
      antipsychotic drugs on spontaneous locomotor activity and changes in locomotor
      activity induced by apomorphine and clonidine in mice].
AB  - To elucidate pharmacological properties of sultopride and sulpiride, their
      effects on spontaneous locomotor activity, apomorphine-induced hyper- and
      hypoactivity, and clonidine-induced hypoactivity in mice were examined by use of
      a photocell activity meter in comparison with the effects of other antipsychotic
      drugs. Sultopride did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity, whereas it
      potentiated apomorphine-induced hyperactivity at low doses and inhibited it at
      high doses. Sultopride also dose-dependently antagonized apomorphine-induced
      hypoactivity at limited doses. By contrast, sulpiride, in a wide range of doses,
      exhibited enhancement of apomorphine-induced hyperactivity and antagonization of
      apomorphine-induced hypoactivity. Furthermore, the activities of sulpiride were
      more potent than those of sultopride. Haloperidol and chlorpromazine inhibited
      spontaneous locomotor activity and apomorphine-induced hyperactivity and slightly
      antagonized apomorphine-induced hypoactivity. Pimozide increased spontaneous
      locomotor activity but inhibited it at high doses, while also potentiating
      apomorphine-induced hyperactivity at small doses and inhibiting it at large
      doses. Pimozide did not markedly affect apomorphine-induced hypoactivity. None of
      the drugs studied except for imipramine and yohimbine affected clonidine-induced
      hypoactivity. These results indicate that sultopride has somewhat different
      pharmacological properties from those of sulpiride and other antipsychotic drugs.
      These results also suggest that sultopride would have good therapeutic efficacy
      in schizophrenic disorders.

PMID- 2880437
TI  - [Covering soft tissue defects of the foot with a free microvascular flap].

PMID- 2880438
TI  - A case of multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 1.
AB  - A case of pituitary adenoma associated with pancreatic islet cell tumor is
      presented. A 29-year-old man with symptoms of confusion and abnormal behaviour
      was admitted to the neurosurgical department. He was diagnosed as suffering from
      multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) type 1. Screening of his family members
      revealed that his mother had high levels of gastrin, glucagon and parathormone
      and his father had a high level of gastrin. The pituitary adenoma and pancreatic
      tumor were removed satisfactorily. Family members as well as the patient should
      be checked periodically.

PMID- 2880436
TI  - [Renal dipeptidylpeptidase IV excretion in drug-induced kidney changes].
AB  - The course of the excretion of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DP IV)-alanine
      aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase and total protein with the urine was
      investigated during the treatment of 11 patients with pyelonephritis with
      gentamicin, after application of a renal radiographic contrast medium in 7
      patients with arterial hypertension and after regional perfusion of an extremity
      in 10 patients with malignant melanoma. In the reference group in male test
      persons with 147.0 nmol/s X l a higher DP IV activity in the urine was recognized
      than in the female test persons (100.0 nmol/s X l). After application of the
      drugs a rhythmically intermitting increased excretion of all enzymes mentioned
      develops. The study confirms the usuability of the DP IV-activity for
      enzymological investigations of the urine.

PMID- 2880439
TI  - [Treatment of Tourette syndrome].
AB  - A total of 150 patients with Tourette's syndrome were treated by different
      neurotropic drugs. A conclusion has been made that pimozide (orap) is the drug of
      choice in the treatment of this syndrome. In cases of drug resistance the author
      recommends the use of cholinolytic comatose therapy. Long-acting neuroleptics
      have also been effective.

PMID- 2880440
TI  - [Clinical and experimental studies of the role of neuromediator systems in the
      pathogenesis of neurosis and neurosis-like states].
AB  - Clinical studies revealed a significant increase in the peripheral blood levels
      of noradrenaline in patients with different forms of neurosis and neurosis-like
      states as compared to control subjects as well as heterogeneous or unidirectional
      but differently pronounced changes in blood levels of acetylcholine and
      adrenaline. Comparison of the clinical findings with the results of dynamic
      assays for peripheral levels of acetylcholine and catecholamine in dogs exposed
      to special psychogenic and physiogenic impacts has helped to form an
      understanding about some common mechanisms of the formation of neuroses and
      neurosis-like states. The authors emphasize the consistency of neuromediator
      shifts in the blood of patients and the possibility of using this parameter for
      the differential diagnosis of various forms of neurotic disturbances at the
      initial stage of the disease.

PMID- 2880441
TI  - [Adjustment of the skin and soft tissues in the area of the foot, calf and thigh
      amputation stump].

PMID- 2880442
TI  - Comparison of two tests to recognize or exclude 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in
      prepubertal children.
AB  - Plasma testosterone (T, nmol/l) and dihydrotestosterone (DTH, nmol/l) were
      measured in 54 children and young adults with male pseudohermaphroditism (46XY,
      no defect of steroid biosynthesis) 4 h after im injection of testosterone
      propionate (25 mg/m2, group 1, N = 18), or before and 2, 4 and 6 days after hCG
      (5000 IU/m2 im, group 2, N = 36). The response to hCG was also studied in 5
      control children (unilateral cryptorchidism, group 3) and that to testosterone
      propionate in a gonadectomized child with confirmed 5 alpha-reductase deficiency.
      Mean T (133.1 +/- 14.0, SEM) and DHT (17.1 +/- 2.6) in group 1 were higher than
      in group 2 (17.3 +/- 2.1 and 2.9 +/- 0.4), but there was not significant
      difference in the T/DHT ratios (group 1: 10.7 +/- 2.0; group 2: 7.2 +/- 0.6).
      Following testosterone-propionate, there was a negative correlation of T with age
      (r = -0.723). After hCG, T and DHT were lower in the prepubertal children than in
      those under 2 or over 10 years, and the T/DHT-ratio rose with age. Two children
      from group 1 had a T/DHT-ratio above 18, but urinary
      aetiocholanolone/androsterone (Ae/A) ratios were normal. In the child with 5
      alpha-reductase deficiency, the T/DHT ratio was 60, and the urinary Ae/A ratio
      high. We concluded that the two tests are suitable for confirming or excluding 5
      alpha-reductase deficiency in prepubertal children, in whom basal DHT is too low
      for evaluation, but that physiological age-related changes in 5 alpha-reductase
      activity have to be taken into consideration.

PMID- 2880443
TI  - Parathyroid hormone release in vitro in hyperparathyroidism associated with
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
AB  - Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
      (MEN-1) exhibits a different picture regarding its propensity for recurrence
      compared with sporadic primary HPT. In order to shed further light on the MEN-1
      syndrome an investigation in vitro was made of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release
      of dispersed parathyroid cell from 11 patients with parathyroid hyperplasia
      associated with MEN-1, 10 patients with single parathyroid adenomas, and 10
      preparations of normal bovine parathyroid glands. The two patient groups had the
      same average serum calcium value prior to surgery. Immunoreactive concentrations
      of PTH were measured after 2-h incubations at extracellular calcium
      concentrations of 0.5-3.0 mmol/l. Compared with the normal bovine parathyroid
      cells, the cells of the MEN-1 patients had a reduced calcium sensitivity of the
      PTH release and secreted smaller amounts of hormone at both low and high
      extracellular calcium concentrations. A similar abnormality of the PTH release
      was found for the cells of the hyperplastic and adenomatous parathyroid glands.
      Although individual parathyroid glands were investigated in only three MEN-1
      patients, the results suggested the secretory regulation to be less defective in
      the small glands of each patient. It is concluded that in patient groups matched
      for serum calcium, the parathyroid tissue of MEN-1 patients has an abnormality of
      the PTH release similar to that of parathyroid adenomas.

PMID- 2880445
TI  - Transmission of HTLV-1 by blood transfusion in an ATL-non-endemic area.

PMID- 2880444
TI  - Dynorphin-(1-13) is a potent in vivo suppressor of vasopressin levels in the rat.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular administration of dynorphin-(1-13) inhibits dose
      dependently plasma vasopressin level in normal as well as in water-deprived rats,
      whereas systemic (subcutaneous) administration of this opioid peptide is
      ineffective in this respect. Simultaneous subcutaneous, but not
      intracerebroventricular, administration of naloxone prevents the suppressive
      effect of dynorphin-(1-13) on plasma vasopressin levels.

PMID- 2880446
TI  - Benzodiazepines and neuromuscular blocking drugs in patients.
AB  - The interaction between four benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam
      and midazolam) and two nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs (vecuronium
      and atracurium) was investigated in 113 patients during general anaesthesia.
      Neuromuscular function was monitored by recording the mechanical twitch tension
      of the adductor pollicis muscle of the thumb in response to ulnar nerve
      stimulation with single supramaximal stimuli of 0.2 ms at 0.1 Hz. In the first
      group of patients a benzodiazepine (diazepam 20 mg, lorazepam 5 mg, lormetazepam
      2 mg or midazolam 15 mg), was injected i.v. 15 min before a single bolus of
      vecuronium 45 micrograms kg-1. In the second group of patients suxamethonium 1 mg
      kg-1 was given for endotracheal intubation, and 30 min later the patients
      received atracurium 200 micrograms kg-1. Fifteen min before injection of
      atracurium one of the same benzodiazepines as in the first group was injected
      i.v. Comparisons were made with control patients receiving thiopentone. Neither
      benzodiazepine caused significant potentiation of neuromuscular blocking agents
      in comparison with control. With midazolam, however, the duration to 25% and to
      75% recovery of the twitch height after vecuronium was significantly longer than
      with diazepam. The time to 25% recovery of the twitch height after atracurium was
      significantly longer in patients receiving midazolam than in those receiving
      diazepam. The recovery index was not influenced by the four benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2880447
TI  - Oral temazepam as a premedicant in elderly general surgical patients.
AB  - In elderly, general surgical patients, oral temazepam 20 mg given in a soft
      gelatin capsule proved to be a useful light premedicant when given before spinal
      anaesthesia. In comparison with placebo, it caused preoperative subjective
      sedation, prevented an increase in heart rate and decreased serum cortisol, but
      not serum antidiuretic hormone levels. However, simple devices (linear analogue
      scale, Maddox wing test, critical flicker fusion apparatus) appeared to be quite
      ineffective in differentiating the clinical effects of temazepam from those of
      placebo. Temazepam given in a soft gelatin capsule to patients in the supine
      position had a reasonably fast gastrointestinal absorption, but its blood-lumbar
      cerebrospinal fluid penetration rate appeared to be quite slow.

PMID- 2880448
TI  - Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity and ammonia production in a
      nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium.
AB  - A glutamate auxotroph was obtained in Nostoc muscorum by induced mutagenesis with
      nitrosoguanidine. The metabolic pathway leading to glutamate synthesis was traced
      by selecting several enzymes. The strain was found to be lacking glutamate
      dehydrogenase. Other enzymes, however, were normal in their activity including
      isocitric dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. Nitrogen
      metabolism of the auxotroph and wild type was compared. The strain released
      exceedingly high amounts of ammonium in the medium.

PMID- 2880449
TI  - [The interactions between dihydroetorphine, L-tetrahydropalmatine, B-7601 and
      diazepam].

PMID- 2880451
TI  - Effect of prolonged treatment with neuroleptics on dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor
      density in corpus striatum of mice.
AB  - The effects of long-term treatment with neuroleptics on D-1 and D-2 receptor
      parameters in corpus striatum were studied in mice. Mice were treated daily for
      12 days with the selective D-1 antagonist, the benzazepine SCH 23390, the mixed D
      1/D-2 antagonist zuclopenthixol or the selective D-2 antagonist haloperidol.
      Three days after withdrawal Bmax and KD for 3H-SCH 23390 binding to D-1 receptors
      and 3H-spiperone binding to D-2 receptors were determined. The study showed that
      the density of D-2 receptors increased after haloperidol whereas no changes were
      seen after SCH 23390 or zuclopenthixol. No changes in D-1 receptor density were
      seen after either treatment. The results are in full agreement with published
      behavioural results where haloperidol induces tolerance whereas SCH 23390 or
      zuclopenthixol do not. Some changes in KD values were seen. The cause and meaning
      of these changes await further investigation.

PMID- 2880450
TI  - Actions of 1,1,1-trichloroethane on the cAMP metabolism in mouse brain.
AB  - Inhalation or intraperitoneal administration of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE)
      increased the cAMP content in the brain stem in a dose-related and time-dependent
      fashion. TCE had no effect on the cAMP level in the cerebellum and hippocampus,
      but slightly reduced that in the cerebral cortex. Following intraperitoneal
      administration of TCE the activity of norepinephrine- and F- -activated adenylate
      cyclase (AC) in a brain stem homogenate was enhanced, while the serotonin
      stimulated AC activity was decreased. Neither the basal AC activity nor the
      guanine nucleotide- and forskolin-activated enzyme was affected by TCE. TCE had
      no effect on the soluble cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase activity. It is
      suggested that the increased cAMP content in the brain stem induced by TCE may be
      mediated via adrenoreceptor interaction with the guanine nucleotide-binding
      regulatory component, resulting in activation of the catalytic unit of the
      adenylate cyclase and thereby an increase in the cAMP level.

PMID- 2880452
TI  - Circadian variations in the acute toxicity of adrenoceptor blocking agents in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2880453
TI  - In vivo analysis of alpha-adrenoceptors in pial veins of cats.

PMID- 2880454
TI  - Beta-receptor-mediated vasodilation in cerebral arteries of the pig.

PMID- 2880455
TI  - Vagal and splanchnic neural influences on gastric and duodenal bicarbonate
      secretions. An experimental study in the cat.
AB  - HCO3(-)-secretion by the gastroduodenal epithelium is probably an important
      factor in the mucosal defence against luminal H+. The aim of this study was to
      establish the existence of autonomic nervous influence on gastroduodenal HCO3(-)
      secretion and to present some pharmacological characteristics. Experiments were
      performed on chloralosed cats with ligated adrenals. The vagal nerves were cut at
      the cervical level and arranged for electrical stimulation. The sympathetic
      splanchnic nerves were either cut or left intact. A gastric perfusion technique
      was developed which allowed simultaneous measurements of gastric motility and H+
      and HCO3(-)-secretions, the latter being estimated from measurements of pH and
      pCO2 in the perfusate (isotonic NaCl). This technique was evaluated both ex vivo
      and in vivo. A distal segment of the duodenum was cannulated in situ and the
      lumen was perfused with recirculating isotonic NaCl. HCO3(-)-secretion into the
      perfusate was titrated by the pH-stat technique. Stimulation of the vagal nerves
      increased gastric and duodenal HCO3(-)-secretions and these responses were
      blocked completely by hexamethonium and partly inhibited by atropine. Vagally
      induced increases in gastric and duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion were inhibited by: an
      intact splanchnic nerve supply, peripheral stimulation of the cut splanchnic
      nerves, and alpha-2-adrenoceptor stimulation with clonidine. In animals with
      intact splanchnic nerve supplies, the administration of the adrenolytic agent
      guanethidine or the alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine revealed increases
      in gastric and duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion in response to vagal stimulation.
      Neither the alpha-1-adrenoceptor blocker prazosin nor the beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist propranolol had any such effect. Furthermore, the inhibition of
      vagally induced gastric and duodenal HCO3(-)-secretion by splanchnic nerve
      stimulation or clonidine treatment was blocked by yohimbine. It can be concluded
      that peripheral autonomic nerves influence both gastric and duodenal HCO3(-)
      secretion. The vagal nerves convey an excitatory pathway involving nicotinic, as
      well as muscarinic, cholinoceptor-mediated transmission. Furthermore, the present
      data suggest the existence of a sympatho-inhibitory mechanism for which the
      primary point of action involves alpha-2-adrenoceptors, presumably at a neural
      site.

PMID- 2880456
TI  - [Effect of various catecholaminergic receptor agonists and blockaders on ethanol
      induced/sleep and hypothermia in mice].

PMID- 2880457
TI  - Remoxipride in schizophrenia. A preliminary report.
AB  - Remoxipride, a substituted benzamide with preferential action on mesolimbic
      dopaminergic brain functions, was investigated in an open study in 10
      schizophrenic patients. After 1 week with placebo, patients received remoxipride
      in a increasing doses from 150 to maximal 450 mg daily for 6 weeks. In six
      patients a clinically relevant reduction of psychotic symptomatology as assessed
      with the BPRS was observed. Few adverse effects were noted; extrapyramidal
      symptoms, if present, decreased during treatment, while the reported side effects
      were only mild. No consistent changes in plasma levels of prolactin and HVA were
      found.

PMID- 2880458
TI  - Oxypertine in tardive dyskinesia: a long-term controlled study.
AB  - A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oxypertine in tardive
      dyskinesia is described. Results suggest that any beneficial effect noticed
      initially is not sustained. When this effect is compared with the time course of
      development of supersensitivity after neuroleptics as reported in the literature,
      it becomes apparent that the drug, despite its different mechanism of action,
      behaves like any other conventional neuroleptic. On the basis of the findings,
      the authors feel that all proposed anti-dyskinetic drugs should be subjected to
      longer, controlled trials to prove their clinical efficacy.

PMID- 2880460
TI  - An experimental evaluation of the euphoric properties of antiparkinson drugs on
      psychotic patients.
AB  - Seven psychotic inpatients (two women and five men) aged between 18 and 74 years,
      treated with neuroleptic and antiparkinson drugs, participated in a double-blind
      study with 1/3 DDD (Defined Daily Dose) of procyclidine, orphenadrine, or
      trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride against placebo. Euphoric effects were scored on a
      self-rating scale and extrapyramidal side-effects on the Simpson-Angus rating
      scale at drug administration and 1, 3 and 6 h thereafter. With regard to euphoric
      effect, there was a significant (P less than 0.02) difference between start and
      end point (0 and 6 h) for placebo but not for the active antiparkinson drugs.
      There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal side-effects. No preference
      of drug was found, and it was not possible to recognize the patient's own drug
      among the tested drugs. Side-effects from the antiparkinson drugs were also
      measured prior to the administration. Five patients did not return to their
      earlier antiparkinson drugs after the study.

PMID- 2880459
TI  - Bromazepam and lorazepam in generalized anxiety: a placebo-controlled study with
      measurement of drug plasma concentrations.
AB  - Sixty outpatients with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety were randomly assigned
      to 4 weeks of treatment with bromazepam, lorazepam or placebo, following a 1-week
      placebo washout period. There was no significant difference in the anxiolytic
      effects of bromazepam and lorazepam, both of which were superior to placebo.
      However, lorazepam-treated patients tended to have a more depressed mood than
      those treated with bromazepam. Drug-treated patients had consistently less
      cognitive impairment than those treated with placebo, the difference being
      statistically significant (P less than .05) in the case of bromazepam. The most
      frequent side-effects reported with each drug were drowsiness, which tended to
      subside with time, and depression, which tended to emerge toward the end of the 4
      week period. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.64) between age and
      bromazepam plasma concentration per unit dose, adjusted for weight, and a
      negative correlation (r = -0.50) between weight and lorazepam plasma
      concentration per unit dose, adjusted for age.

PMID- 2880461
TI  - Myocardial infarction--coronary care.

PMID- 2880462
TI  - Myocardial infarction--secondary prevention.

PMID- 2880463
TI  - Angina pectoris--medical treatment.

PMID- 2880464
TI  - P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in adults with renal scarring and pyelonephritis.
AB  - The commonest organism in urinary tract infections (UTI) is Escherichia coli.
      Pyelonephritogenic E.coli strains possess P-fimbriae which firmly attach to
      uroepithelial cells by recognition of a carbohydrate structure, alpha-D-Galp-(1
      4)-beta-D-Galp, which is confined within all glycosphingolipids related to the
      human P-blood group antigens. Several investigators have studied virulence
      properties of E.coli and host resistance in relation to UTI. Uroepithelial cells
      from children and women with recurrent UTI have an increased capacity to bind
      E.coli. In contrast to previous studies the present one deals with patients with
      renal scarring, who constitute the major risk group among patients with UTI. P
      fimbriae mediated binding to uroepithelial cells was studied and the risk of
      recurrent UTI in patients with renal scarring was determined. Ninety per cent of
      the E.coli isolates from female patients with acute non-obstructive
      pyelonephritis in this study possess P-fimbriae (I). The fecal E.coli colonies
      obtained from these patients were P-fimbriated in 55% compared to 11% of the
      fecal E.coli colonies from healthy controls. The P-blood group distribution in 56
      female patients with renal scarring and a history of febrile UTI was the same as
      in a control group of 39 healthy subjects (II). A history of recurrent and/or
      early infections did not increase the percentage of the P1 blood group phenotype.
      Forty-nine female patients with renal scarring were prospectively investigated
      for the incidence of symptomatic UTI in relation to fecal colonization with P
      fimbriated E.coli (III). Fifty-three per cent of the patients had altogether 65
      episodes of symptomatic UTI during the three-year follow-up (0.036 infections per
      month). Eight patients (16%) had nine attacks of acute pyelonephritis and 4/5 of
      the tested E.coli strains from these patients were P-fimbriated. No relationship
      was demonstrated between the presence of P-fimbriated E.coli in the fecal flora
      and the development of subsequent acute pyelonephritis. The binding of P
      fimbriated E.coli to uroepithelial cells from 19 female patients with renal
      scarring was studied with the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis
      (IV). The uroepithelial cells from the patients with renal scarring exhibited a
      significantly higher binding capacity (p less than 0.01) than uroepithelial cells
      from healthy controls. Furthermore, uroepithelial cells from the patients with
      renal scarring and kidney insufficiency had a higher availability of P-fimbriae
      receptors on their uroepithelial cells than cells obtained from patients with
      renal scarring and normal renal function (r = -0.75, p less than 0.001)
      (V).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2880465
TI  - Implication of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in acupuncture.
AB  - This voluminous nucleus extends from the upper part of the medulla oblongata to
      the 4th cervical segment of the spinal cord. This topography puts it in relation
      with numerous other spinal and cerebral centers = ventral and dorsal horns of the
      spinal cord, including spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve, nucleus solitarius,
      motor dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, reticular formation, etc... Even if the
      longitudinal aspect of this nucleus is not uniform, it must be pointed out that
      the three branches of the trigeminal nerve are represented along this course
      through the trigeminal spinal tract. These relations explain the straight
      reciprocal action of the nerve areas of the trigeminal branches with the first
      four cervical nerves and the related autonomic links. These direct elementary
      reflexes may explain: many referred symptoms; etiologic or triggering factors of
      neuralgias in the entire cervico-cephalic region; the treatment of the cervico
      cephalic diseases (of cerebrospinal or autonomic type) by stimulation of the
      various cervico-cephalic structures: acupuncture points, articular manipulations,
      massages, etc... an important part of auriculopuncture effects; the possibility
      to use points localized in various nerve areas to get the same action.

PMID- 2880466
TI  - Bio-electrical brain relations of pain and acupuncture effects on EEG spectral
      analysis in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Pain description and objective evaluation is difficult. In the last few years, a
      number of neuro-physiological methods have been used in the study of pain and
      acupuncture analgesia. EEG spectral analysis allows the description and objective
      quantification of brain bio-electrical activity changes. The present study aims
      at evaluating ischemic experimental pain, electroacupuncture (EA) and ischemic
      pain following EA on EEG spectral analysis in healthy volunteers.

PMID- 2880467
TI  - A comparison of laser acupuncture versus placebo in radicular and pseudoradicular
      pain syndromes as recorded by subjective responses of patients.
AB  - In a prospective randomized single blind cross over study the analgesic effects
      of laser irradiation on acupuncture points and a mock laser treatment (placebo)
      were compared in a sample of 21 patients suffering from radicular and
      pseudoradicular pain syndromes. Subjective pain levels were recorded on a visual
      verbal analogue pain rating scale before and after laser treatment and placebo
      along with the duration of any effects on pain observed. Mean pain levels after
      laser treatment were statistically significantly lower than after placebo (p less
      than 0.001, t-test). In the cross over section laser treatment was more effective
      than placebo in 20 out of 21 patients and pain relief lasted longer after laser
      treatment in 18 out of 21 patients.

PMID- 2880468
TI  - Omura's "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" as a guide to acupuncture treatment.
AB  - Omura's "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" is a valuable aid in the search for the site of
      pathology. We may use it also to confirm the acupuncture points to be used for
      treatment. This test provides excellent opportunity to test the immediate and
      long term results of our treatment, too.

PMID- 2880469
TI  - Re-evaluation of the classical acupuncture concept of meridians in Oriental
      medicine by the new method of detecting meridian-like network connected to
      internal organs using "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test".
AB  - "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" has been successfully applied clinically as one of the
      simplest non-invasive, safe early diagnostic methods as well as localizing
      specific substances and neuro transmitters and tissues by the " 'Bi-Digital O
      Ring Test' Molecular Identification and Localization Method". Using the method
      most of the internal organs it becomes possible to image the outline of most of
      the internal organs on most of the body surface without exposing the patient to
      undesirable radiation of X-Ray or strong magnetic field. While imaging outline of
      the internal organs the author found that from the surface of each organ, lines
      or networks of lines extending to the other parts of the body. Such a line
      closely resembled classically well known lines of meridians of major internal
      organs in Oriental medicine which author named meridian-like network of each
      internal organ. Each internal organ's meridian-like network usually can be imaged
      using microscopic slide of tissue or tissue itself. However, entire part of the
      small intestine meridian in the arm can also be imaged by heart tissue. For
      example "spleen meridian" has been considered to represent mainly pancreas of the
      western medical concept and this was also confirmed by the fact that using
      microscopic slide of pancreas or dessicated tissue of the pancreas well-known
      spleen meridian-like network can be imaged. The author also confirmed some of the
      description of the direction of the meridian and direction of the in reference to
      the direction of the insertion of the acupuncture needle. The width of the line
      of this meridian-like network was usually within one or two millimeters and one
      millimeter outside of the line do not have the same characteristics. This
      meridian-like network seems to be specialized channel which can propagate some
      type of information in electro-magnetic field to regulate some of the body
      functions throughout the body which is difficult to explain in current western
      medical anatomical concept.

PMID- 2880470
TI  - The application of "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" in the diagnosis and treatment of
      urinary tract infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
AB  - "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" was used as the basis to diagnose abnormality in the
      urinary bladder, to detect the presence of infection, to choose the effective
      antibiotic for therapy, to follow up patients after treatment and to evaluate the
      therapeutic effect. Confirmation of urinary tract infection was done by using the
      "Bacturcult" urine culture system. This study of 45 patients reveals the value of
      "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" in the early and inexpensive diagnosis and treatment of
      urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2880471
TI  - Practical clinical application of the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test in the diagnosis,
      treatment and follow-up of tuberculosis & parasitic infection.
AB  - Using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test in three clinical cases where standard Western
      diagnostic methods were not satisfactory; successful diagnosis and treatment were
      made non-invasively, quickly and inexpensively with the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test.
      The three cases are as follows: Tuberculosis of the urinary tract; Pleural
      tuberculosis; Possible parasitic infection of the liver.

PMID- 2880472
TI  - Critical evaluation of Koryo Sooji Chim (Korean hand acupuncture) diagnosis by
      application of the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test.
AB  - The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test has been shown to be one of the most simple, non
      invasive early diagnostic methods, and its molecular and tissue identification
      method as well as food and drug compatibility test were applied for critical
      evaluation of Korean hand acupuncture diagnosis and treatment. The Bi-Digital O
      Ring Test confirmed the general validity of the concept of the Korean hand
      acupuncture diagnostic & therapeutic method. Omura's Bi-Digital O-Ring Test
      Malignant Tumor Identification Method, using microscopic slides of special types
      of malignant tissue of given internal organs was also found to be applicable to
      the organ representation areas of the hands and fingers.

PMID- 2880473
TI  - Acupuncture in the anesthetic management of eye surgery.
AB  - A study was conducted on twenty-four patients who underwent surgery for retinal
      detachment as to the clinical effect of acupuncture from the viewpoints of
      anesthetic dose, intraoperative changes in blood pressure and heart rate,
      postoperative analgesic state, nausea and vomiting. The patients were divided
      into two groups: group A, eleven patients receiving neuroleptanesthesia combined
      with acupuncture analgesia and group N, thirteen patients receiving usual
      neuroleptanesthesia without acupuncture. A significant difference was found in
      the dose of fentanyl, used as the narcotic, between group A (0.11 mg) and group N
      (0.48 mg). No difference was noted in blood pressure between the two groups, but
      it was high in group N in the postoperative period. There was no difference in
      heart rate between the two groups. Two patients from group A and five from group
      N required analgesics in the postoperative period. Nausea and vomiting were
      encountered in one patient in group A and three in group N. Therefore, it would
      seem that anesthesia in combination with acupuncture is capable of reducing the
      required dose of narcotic and offering more comfortable postoperative conditions
      than usual anesthesia alone.

PMID- 2880474
TI  - No synergism between metoclopramide and acupuncture in chronic pain.
AB  - Metoclopramide has in previous studies been found to be synergic with acupuncture
      analgesia both in the laboratory and in the clinics. In the present study no
      synergism could be shown when patients with chronic pain were treated with
      acupuncture.

PMID- 2880475
TI  - The 2nd International Symposium on Acupuncture & Electro-therapeutics. October 16
      19, 1986, New York City. Program and abstracts.

PMID- 2880476
TI  - Regulation of hepatic ammonia metabolism: the intercellular glutamine cycle.
AB  - In the liver acinus, urea synthesis and glutaminase activity are predominantly
      localized in the periportal area, whereas glutamine synthetase activity is
      perivenous. Because ammonium ions at low concentrations are effectively removed
      by glutamine synthetase, but not by urea synthesis, the two pathways of ammonia
      detoxication in the liver acinus represent the sequence of a low-affinity, but
      high-capacity system (ureogenesis) and a perivenous high-affinity system
      (glutamine synthesis). In agreement with these findings, obtained in experiments
      with the metabolically and structurally intact perfused rat liver, perivenous
      glutamine synthesis was almost completely inhibited after induction of perivenous
      liver cell necrosis by carbon tetrachloride, whereas periportal urea synthesis
      was not affected. The structural and functional organization of hepatic ammonium
      and glutamine metabolism and the metabolic interactions of different subacinar
      hepatocyte populations provide a new understanding of hepatic nitrogen metabolism
      under physiological and pathological conditions. Periportal glutaminase and
      perivenous glutamine synthetase are simultaneously active, resulting in an
      intercellular (as opposed to intracellular) glutamine cycle, being under complex
      metabolic and hormonal control. The intercellular glutamine cycle provides an
      effective means for almost complete conversion of portal ammonium ions into urea
      without accompanying net glutamine formation. This is achieved by additional
      substrate feeding into the urea cycle by the glutaminase reaction, both pathways
      being localized in the periportal compartment, and the perivenous resynthesis of
      glutamine from ammonium ions which escaped periportal urea synthesis. This
      complete conversion of portal ammonium ions into urea by means of glutamine
      cycling represents the situation of a well-balanced pH homeostasis. Because urea
      synthesis, in contrast to glutamine synthesis, is a major pathway for removal of
      bicarbonate, the switching of hepatic ammonium detoxication from urea synthesis
      to glutamine synthesis in acidosis points to an important role of the liver in
      maintaining pH homeostasis. The acid-base-induced changes of the route of hepatic
      ammonium detoxication and therefore bicarbonate removal are performed by the
      regulatory properties of the enzymes of the intercellular glutamine cycle.

PMID- 2880477
TI  - Mechanism of action of glutathione-dependent enzymes.

PMID- 2880478
TI  - Active kallikrein, preprokallikrein, and kallikrein-inhibitor complex.
AB  - Active kallikreins isolated from various exocrine and endocrine tissues were
      identified by a monoclonal antibody in Western blot analyses to be approximately
      38,000 dalton proteins. Kallikreins isolated from rat pancreas, kidney,
      submandibular gland, brain, spleen and urine were indistinguishable with respect
      to molecular weight and immunological characteristics. Preprokallikreins were
      synthesized in a cell-free translation system directed by mRNAs and
      immunoprecipitated by affinity-purified kallikrein antibody. Analysis of the
      precipitates by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a approximately
      37,000 dalton polypeptide in kidney, brain and submandibular gland translation
      products. This 37,000 dalton kallikrein precursor was hybrid-arrested by a
      kallikrein cDNA encoding tissue kallikrein which was isolated from a rat
      submandibular gland cDNA library. The immunoprecipitates of products directed by
      pancreatic mRNA showed a major protein with Mr of approximately 30,000. An
      endogenous approximately 92,000 dalton component in rat urine and kidney was also
      identified by a monoclonal antibody to tissue kallikrein and represents a
      kallikrein-inhibitor complex. These results indicate that tissue kallikreins can
      be initially synthesized as 37,000 or 30,000 dalton prepropeptides and then
      converted into a 38,000 dalton active form by proteolytic processing and
      glycosylation. The active kallikrein is capable of binding to an inhibitor to
      form a 92,000 dalton complex.

PMID- 2880479
TI  - Regulation of parotid kallikrein secretion-role of the alpha 2- and beta
      adrenergic system.
AB  - The effects of pharmacologically induced alterations of alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta
      adrenergic system on kallikrein secretion - measured as amidolytic activity - in
      rat parotid gland were tested in vivo. Beta and alpha 1/2-adrenergic stimulation
      (Orciprenaline, alpha-methylnorepinephrine) caused a comparably significant
      increase of parotid kallikrein secretion. Alpha 2-receptor blockade (yohimbine)
      but not the alpha 1-antagonist prazosin, partly abolished the effect of alpha
      methylnorepinephrine. The effects of the alpha 1-adreno-receptor agonist
      norfenephrine on kallikrein secretion were significantly lower compared to alpha
      1/2-adreno-receptor-stimulation.

PMID- 2880480
TI  - Kinins, receptors, antagonists.
AB  - Kinins are potent myotropic agents acting on a variety of smooth muscle
      preparations: isolated arteries, veins, intestines, tracheae, urinary bladders,
      uteri, etc. In these tissues, kinins activate at least two different receptor
      types, B1 and B2. B1 and B2 receptors for kinins have been identified by
      measuring the order of potency of agonists and the affinities of specific and
      competitive antagonists. Results of pharmacological studies have been confirmed
      by several investigators using binding assays with labelled bradykinin (BK) or
      desArg9BK. Antagonists for kinins active on B1 and B2 receptors have been
      identified. Anti-B1 antagonists are specific, competitive and fairly potent: anti
      B2 antagonists have been identified among compounds primarily developed as anti
      tachykinins: these compounds are non-specific, non-competitive and rather weak.
      They however may provide interesting new pharmacological tools, active against
      both kinins and tachykinins, two groups of endogenous peptides involved in the
      inflammatory process. The type (direct, indirect) and the site (endothelial cell,
      smooth muscle fiber, autonomic nerve endings) of action of kinins in isolated
      vessels have been investigated. The results of various studies indicate that
      kinins do not act on the sympathetic nerve terminals of isolated organs in
      contrast with other peptides. Kinins do not promote the release of histamine or
      of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine from isolated arteries and veins. Kinins are equally
      active in the presence and absence of indomethacin (an inhibitor of
      cyclooxygenase) or of BW 755C (an inhibitor of lipoxygenase) in some organs,
      while the actions of kinins on other organs are reduced to a variable extent by
      these inhibitors. In general, B1 receptor systems do not depend on the activation
      of arachidonic acid, while B2 receptor systems do: activation of the arachidonic
      acid cascade may be a feature of B2 receptors. Stimulant effects of kinins on
      arterial or venous vessels are independent on the endothelium, while the relaxant
      effect on the dog carotid artery occurs only in vessels with intact endothelium.
      The mechanism of action of kinins and tachykinins appears to be different from
      that of acetylcholine, since the peptides effects are not influenced by BW 755C
      and ETYA, two inhibitors of lipooxygenase that reduce significantly the effect of
      acetylcholine.

PMID- 2880481
TI  - 3H-bradykinin binding site localization in guinea pig urinary system.
AB  - Bradykinin (BK) causes vasodilation and increases free water and sodium excretion
      in the kidney and stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the ureter and bladder.
      Several proposed sites of action for BK include the renal medullary collecting
      duct, renal blood vessels and the ureter and bladder smooth muscle. This study
      employs 3H-BK autoradiography to localize the sites of BK action. 3H-BK binding
      sites in the kidney are localized in the medullary interstitium where BK may
      produce prostaglandins which mediate its blood flow, natriuretic and diuretic
      effects. 3H-BK binding sites in the ureter and bladder are localized in the
      lamina propria below the basal epithelial layer and absent over the muscle layers
      suggesting an indirect action on urinary tract smooth muscle.

PMID- 2880482
TI  - The action of peptides and proteases on the arachidonate cascade of human and rat
      platelets.
AB  - The arachidonate cascade of human or rat platelets were found to be modified by
      peptides (bradykinin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, Asp1-Val5-angiotensin II
      amide, somatostatin) and proteases (trypsin, kallikrein). The lipoxygenase
      pathway was not altered by angiotensin I, angiotensin II, trypsin and kallikrein,
      while the synthesis some of the cyclooxygenase products was selectively changed
      by these substances. Bradykinin and somatostatin resulted in an attenuated
      formation of 12-HPETE and 12-HETE - U shape dose response curve, at the same time
      the synthesis of cyclooxygenase metabolites was increased - bell shape dose
      response curve. Asp1-Val5-angiotensin II-amide increased the synthesis of
      lipoxygenase products and diminished the formation of TxB2. At the same time this
      peptide selectively induced the enzymatic release of PGD2 from platelets. These
      peptides and proteolytic enzymes might have physiologic significance in the "Ying
      Yang" balance in one hand between lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase metabolites and
      on the other between the proaggregatory and antiaggregatory substances released
      from platelets.

PMID- 2880483
TI  - Enhancement of vascular permeability upon serratial infection: activation of
      Hageman factor--kallikrein--kinin cascade.
AB  - A zinc dependent serratial 56K protease caused enhancement of vascular
      permeability followed by edema formation when injected into the guinea pig
      peripheral cornea, the subconjunctival space, or the skin. Because this
      enhancement was not affected by antihistamine, involvement of the kinin
      generating system in this permeability enhancement was investigated. The 56K
      protease induced permeability much greater extent than that by bradykinin on
      weight basis, and more so on molar basis. The phenomenon was inhibited by soybean
      trypsin inhibitor, a well known inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, and also by corn
      trypsin inhibitor, which is the best inhibitor of the activated Hageman factor.
      In vitro experiments using numbers of synthetic peptide substrates, the 56K
      protease exhibited a similar substrate specificity to that of plasma kallikrein.
      Kallikrein is a known endogenous activator of Hageman factor. The enhancement by
      56K protease was greatly augmented by inhibition of kininase II with Glu-Trp-Arg
      Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro-OH (SQ 20,881), suggesting generation of bradykinin. Thus,
      these results indicate that the enhancement of vascular permeability induced by
      the 56K protease is caused by an activation of Hageman factor by 56K protease
      followed by subsequent activation of cascade amplification, and resulted in kinin
      generation in vivo.

PMID- 2880484
TI  - The fimbrial adhesins of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2880485
TI  - Eicosanoids in relation with LHRH secretion.

PMID- 2880486
TI  - [Urinary NAG and gamma-GTP activities as indicators of CDDP renal toxicity:
      effect of fosfomycin on CDDP renal toxicity].
AB  - Using urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activities as the indicator of renal toxicity, the
      effect of fosfomycin (FOM) on cisdichlorodiamineplatinum (CDDP) renal toxicity
      was studied in 10 patients with urological malignant tumors. Regimen of
      chemotherapy was daily 20 mg of CDDP and 800 mg of administered by drip infusion
      for 5 days and 40 mg of adriamycin injected in one-push on day 1. FOM was not
      used at 1st cure. At 2nd cure, daily 2 g X 2 of FOM was administered for eleven
      days from the day before CDDP administration. Urinary NAG and gamma-GTP were
      measured for eleven days continuously in both 1st and 2nd cure. Effect of FOM on
      CDDP renal toxicity was discussed by comparison of the urinary NAG and gamma-GTP
      activities between 1st and 2nd cure. The results showed that urinary NAG and
      gamma-GTP activities following CDDP administration were deeply influenced by
      these activities before CDDP administration and the combined therapy of FOM had
      tendency to reduce CDDP renal toxicity when urinary NAG and gamma-GTP activities
      before CDDP administration were in the normal range.

PMID- 2880487
TI  - [Neurogenic bladder with pituitary adenoma: report of two cases].
AB  - Two cases of neurogenic bladder with pituitary adenoma are reported. The
      pituitary adenomas produced excessive GH (growth hormone). The etiology of the
      neurogenic bladder was not identified by X-ray examination or any other tests.
      Urodynamic study, however, indicated a functional cause of neurogenic bladder.
      Case 1 was a 55-year-old male, who had a relatively small pituitary adenoma with
      mild symptoms. Urologically, there was complete urinary retention. Cystometrogram
      showed a flaccid pattern, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in sphincter-EMG and ice
      water test was negative. Case 2 was a 67-year-old female, who had a large
      pituitary adenoma and severe symptoms. Cystometrogram showed an almost normal
      pattern, however, there was detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and ice water test was
      negative. We suggested that the neuropeptide takes some part in the
      pathophysiologic cause of neurogenic bladder.

PMID- 2880488
TI  - Akathisia: the syndrome of motor restlessness.
AB  - Akathisia is a common but frequently unrecognized complication of antipsychotic
      medication. Affected individuals report an inner discomfort which they attempt to
      relieve by increased motor activity. This disorder often causes dramatic changes
      in behavior which may be misinterpreted as signs that more, rather than less,
      medication is required. Diphenhydramine therapy is often effective in new-onset
      akathisia. Anticholinergic agents may also be of value.

PMID- 2880489
TI  - Expectations of coronary artery surgery.
AB  - Coronary bypass surgery is now a well-established treatment for coronary artery
      disease. There is still controversy as to when surgery should be recommended.
      Taking into account a patient's age, coronary anatomy, degree of ischemia and
      left ventricular function, one can use available data to define the expectations
      for bypass surgery with reasonable accuracy. If important ischemia is present and
      the coronary anatomy is favorable, bypass surgery should improve the patient's
      quality of life and may significantly enhance survival.

PMID- 2880490
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction in post infarct patient possibly through beta blocker
      induced coronary artery spasm.

PMID- 2880491
TI  - Genetic regulation of apolipoproteins.

PMID- 2880492
TI  - The kidney and antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - To a large degree, modern antihypertensive therapy has evolved from the
      development of agents that act as vasodilators but, for one reason or another,
      avoid the disadvantages of the nonspecific vasodilators. This review examines the
      impact of antihypertensive agents on renal perfusion and function and relates it
      to their efficacy in reducing high blood pressure. Special attention is given to
      beta-adrenergic blocking agents that have a minimal impact on the kidney,
      converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and dopamine analogs. Also
      reviewed are the functional abnormalities involving the renal blood supply in
      essential hypertension, the role of newer pharmacologic agents in therapy and the
      nature and extent of reactive responses that often limit the response to
      therapeutic agents.

PMID- 2880493
TI  - Exercise and antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - The effects of exercise on central hemodynamic mechanisms and the changes induced
      by treatment have been studied invasively in approximately 500 men with essential
      hypertension. In patients with mild hypertension, the increase in blood pressure
      (BP) during dynamic exercise is similar to that seen in normal subjects, but in
      patients with severe hypertension it is steeper. During dynamic exercise total
      peripheral resistance is increased in all categories of hypertensive patients,
      including young subjects with apparently "normal" resistance at rest. The
      increase in stroke volume in transition from rest to exercise is subnormal,
      probably reflecting increased stiffness in the left ventricle. Static exercise
      causes dramatic increase in systolic as well as diastolic BP. Most
      antihypertensive agents control BP similarly during exercise and at rest. The
      hemodynamic mechanisms, however, differ greatly. The beta blockers induce a long
      term reduction in cardiac output, muscle blood flow and, frequently, endurance
      capacity. In contrast, alpha-receptor blockers, calcium antagonists and
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors all reduce total peripheral resistance
      and do not decrease blood flow. Increase in endurance time has been reported with
      long-term calcium antagonist treatment. It would seem logical to select an
      antihypertensive drug that does not reduce exercise capacity when treating
      physically active patients with mild and moderate hypertension.

PMID- 2880494
TI  - Role of calcium antagonists in systemic hypertension.
AB  - Despite the physiologic rationale of their use in hypertension, traditional
      vasodilators such as hydralazine and minoxidil are often relegated to the second
      and, more often, to the third and fourth steps of step-care programs. Although
      they are powerful blood pressure-lowering agents, they cause tachycardia,
      excessive renin stimulation and sodium retention, and cannot be used as the only
      antihypertensive agent. The characteristics of the antihypertensive action of
      calcium antagonists make them suitable for monotherapy. Indeed, all calcium
      antagonists, while effectively lowering blood pressure through vasodilation,
      either do not affect heart rate (verapamil and its analogs) or cause a moderate
      and transient heart rate increase (dihydropyridine compounds). Dihydropyridines
      also possess a natriuretic effect, probably due to inhibition of tubular sodium
      transport. The natriuretic effect is evident during the first 2 days of
      administration, but a small negative sodium balance persists for at least 1 week.
      There is no increase in body weight or fluid volumes with long-term
      administration of calcium antagonists with a marked acute natriuretic response,
      such as dihydropyridines, and those antagonists with a very moderate immediate
      natriuretic response, such as verapamil. All calcium antagonists, therefore,
      appear capable of preventing the sodium and water retention that vasodilatation
      would otherwise entail. More liberal step-care guidelines are now possible to
      find the agent most suitable for the individual patient. In these guidelines,
      calcium antagonists, as well as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, are
      considered as possible first-choice agents along with diuretics and beta
      blockers.

PMID- 2880495
TI  - Interaction between two calcium antagonists and two beta blockers in conscious
      rabbits: hemodynamic consequences of differing cardiodepressant properties.
AB  - The interaction between beta-adrenoreceptor blockers and calcium antagonists may
      occasionally be dangerous. The effects of the new calcium antagonist PN 200-110
      (isradipine) were compared with those of verapamil in 3 groups of conscious
      rabbits pretreated with either pindolol 0.3 mg/kg, propranolol 1 mg/kg
      intravenously or placebo. Each animal received PN 200-110 (0.01, 0.03 and 0.1
      mg/kg) and 2 or more days later verapamil (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg). The calcium
      antagonists were given to lower mean blood pressure to the same extent as in the
      placebo group. This blood pressure effect remained unchanged after pretreatment
      with pindolol or propranolol. Both PIN 200-110 and verapamil increased heart rate
      to the same extent as in the placebo group. Both beta blockers blunted the effect
      of PN 200-110 on heart rate but converted the verapamil-induced tachycardia to
      bradycardia. Propranolol blunted the PN 200-110-induced increase in cardiac
      output and total peripheral conductance, whereas the high verapamil dose
      decreased cardiac output and caused peripheral vasoconstriction in propranolol
      pretreated animals. Thus, both agents lowered blood pressure by peripheral
      vasodilatation in the placebo group, after beta blockade; however, the mechanism
      of the verapamil-induced blood pressure decrease changed from pure vasodilation
      to a decrease in cardiac output, i.e., cardiac depression. Verapamil but not PN
      200-110 prolonged the PQ interval, especially in animals who had received beta
      blockade. Most differences in the interaction were attributable to differences
      between the 2 calcium antagonists; the differences between the beta blockers were
      small and in favor of pindolol.

PMID- 2880496
TI  - Calcium antagonists for chronic stable angina pectoris.
AB  - Stable angina pectoris classically occurs on exertion or in response to other
      well-defined stress, and can be treated successfully, both in regard to symptoms
      and ability to undertake more exertion, with available calcium antagonists.
      Numerous reports suggest that response to calcium antagonists is similar to that
      with beta-adrenergic blockers, although the latter tend to show somewhat greater
      efficacy. Advantages in favor of calcium antagonists include the relative freedom
      from side effects that may occur with beta-adrenergic antagonists; the 2 types of
      substances can be combined usefully and given to the vast majority of patients
      requiring medication for angina. Left ventricular failure is a relative
      contraindication to both calcium antagonists and beta-adrenergic blockers, and
      thus to the combination. With calcium antagonists, however, the negative
      inotropic effects are often balanced by the associated peripheral vasodilatation.
      Where medical management of chronic stable angina is considered, calcium
      antagonists offer a reasonable alternative to beta blockers, and the use of the
      combination is highly effective, more so than either substance alone.

PMID- 2880497
TI  - Spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias in patients at increased risk
      for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction: consecutive ambulatory
      electrocardiographic recordings of 88 patients.
AB  - The Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study, sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and
      Blood Institute, is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind trial
      designed to identify patients having 10 or more ventricular premature complexes
      (VPCs) per hour within 6 to 60 days of acute myocardial infarction. The present
      investigation selected patients after acute myocardial infarction who had
      ambulatory electrocardiographic qualifying arrhythmia for CAPS. An additional
      baseline electrocardiogram was recorded before enrollment in the study to assess
      baseline spontaneous variability of VPCs. A total of 88 patients (15 women, 73
      men, aged 57 +/- 10 years) were studied. The 43 patients (49%) receiving beta
      blocking drugs were included because the dose was not altered between the 2
      consecutive electrocardiographic recordings. This investigation shows that a 95%
      reduction in VPCs is required to document a significant drug effect rather than
      variability alone if 1 day of control and 1 day of treatment electrocardiographic
      recording are compared. Similarly, based on 1 day of electrocardiographic
      recording before and after antiarrhythmic therapy, 1,780% increase in VPC
      frequency is required to establish "arrhythmia aggravation" from an
      antiarrhythmic drug rather than from variability alone based on a 95% confidence
      interval. Variability of ventricular arrhythmias is independent of left
      ventricular function, whereas patients taking beta-blocking therapy tend to have
      greater VPC variability (p = 0.052), even though VPC frequencies were lower (59
      +/- 19 vs 138 +/- 31 VPCs/hour, p less than 0.006) than those not taking beta
      blocking drugs.

PMID- 2880499
TI  - Pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells give rise to osteoclasts.
AB  - Osteopetrosis in the ia (incisors absent) rat is the result of reduced bone
      resorption due to abnormal osteoclasts. The mutant osteoclasts lack a ruffled
      border--the membrane specialization involved in osteolysis. Studies in the ia
      mutant have shown that when pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells from normal
      littermates are transplanted into ia recipients, normal osteoclasts are formed
      and the skeletal sclerosis is eventually cured. The present study was conducted
      to provide evidence for the mechanism of the cure. Do the transplanted stem cells
      provide a helper function, i.e. secrete soluble factor(s) which transform pre
      existing osteoclasts, or do they fuse with each other or pre-existing
      osteoclasts, or do they fuse with each other or pre-existing osteoclasts to form
      functional osteoclasts? Using the procedures described by Gold-schneider and co
      workers, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), pluripotent hemopoietic
      stem cells were isolated from normal rat bone marrow, labeled with saturated
      FITC, and injected intravenously into irradiated ia rats. After 48 hr, the
      recipients' long bones were removed and split longitudinally, and the endosteal
      surface was scraped. The resulting cellular suspension containing osteoclasts was
      examined by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescing mononuclear
      cells of donor origin that had homed to the bone marrow demonstrated moderate
      cytoplasmic fluorescence. Approximately 30% of the osteoclasts observed
      demonstrated light cytoplasmic fluorescence. When cellular pools incapable of
      curing osteopetrosis (thymocytes) were labeled and injected into ia recipients,
      no labeled osteoclasts were observed. These studies indicated that pluripotent
      hemopoietic stem cells, when transplanted into ia hosts, fuse with each other and
      differentiate into osteoclasts or fuse with pre-existing osteoclasts.

PMID- 2880500
TI  - Attention deficit disorder is a chronic problem.

PMID- 2880498
TI  - Carvedilol for systemic hypertension.
AB  - Twenty-four-hour profiles of intraarterial ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and
      heart rate were significantly reduced by administration of carvedilol, a new beta
      blocking drug with vasodilating properties. Twelve patients were given
      carvedilol, 25 mg twice daily for 2 weeks; the dose was then increased to 50 mg
      twice daily if the target BP was not achieved. After 4 weeks of therapy, mean
      daytime reduction in BP was 25 +/- 3 mm Hg systolic and 19 +/- 3 mm Hg diastolic
      and mean reduction in heart rate was 22 +/- 3 beats/min. BP at the peak of
      isometric exercise and during dynamic exercise was also significantly reduced.
      Radionuclide measurements showed that left ventricular ejection fraction was not
      affected by treatment, but there was a significant reduction in systolic and
      diastolic volumes. The drug was well tolerated. This clinical trial suggests that
      carvedilol will be a useful first-line drug for treatment of essential
      hypertension, and its vasodilating action may have a more favorable effect on
      left ventricular function than conventional beta-blocking drugs.

PMID- 2880501
TI  - Regional residency cooperatives.

PMID- 2880502
TI  - Mortality experience of amosite asbestos factory workers: dose-response
      relationships 5 to 40 years after onset of short-term work exposure.
AB  - A cohort of 820 men in a Paterson, New Jersey, amosite asbestos factory which
      began work during 1941-1945 was observed from 5 to 40 years after start of work.
      Most of the cohort had limited duration of work experience (days, weeks, months),
      though some men worked for several years until the factory closed in 1954. With
      white males of New Jersey as the control population, Standardized Mortality
      Ratios (SMRs) of 500 are evident for the cohort for lung cancer and for
      noninfectious pulmonary diseases (including asbestosis), while being almost 300
      for total cancer and about 170 for all causes of death. A statistically
      significant SMR of almost 200 is seen for colon-rectum cancer. Mesothelioma
      incidence initially shows a strong relationship with advancing time since onset
      of exposure and then tails off. The main concern of the study is with dose
      response patterns. Response is measured by the mortality for relevant causes of
      death, while the direct asbestos dosage was measured in two ways. One way was the
      length of time worked in the factory and the other was the individual's
      accumulated fiber exposure, calculated by multiplying the aforementioned length
      of time worked by the estimated fiber exposures associated with the particular
      job that the worker had in the factory. Whichever measure of dosage is used, it
      was found that, in general, the lower the dose, the longer it took for adverse
      mortality to become evident and, also, the smaller the magnitude of that adverse
      mortality.

PMID- 2880503
TI  - New therapeutic modalities for the treatment of elderly patients with ischemic
      heart disease.
AB  - In developing a treatment plan for elderly patients with ischemic heart disease,
      it is important to appreciate that the pathophysiologic process and aging
      influence the type of response produced by various drugs. The aging process also
      alters the way drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated. Each of these
      variables must be considered in deciding which drugs should be used and how they
      should be administered.

PMID- 2880505
TI  - Coronary angioplasty of internal mammary artery graft.
AB  - The internal mammary artery is being increasingly utilized as a conduit for
      coronary artery bypass operations. Early stenosis of the mammary artery due to
      either surgical technique or early graft atherosclerosis is a problem that
      requires repeated bypass operations, with increased morbidity and mortality.
      Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty appears to be an attractive
      therapeutic modality in the treatment of internal mammary artery graft stenosis
      and may be accomplished easily by either the femoral or brachial approach.
      Further follow-up studies are required to validate the long-term results of
      angioplasty of internal mammary artery grafts.

PMID- 2880504
TI  - Screening for alcohol abuse using the CAGE questionnaire.
AB  - A prospective study of 518 patients admitted to the orthopedic and medical
      services of a community-based teaching hospital during a six-month period was
      performed to test the hypothesis that a short, easily administered questionnaire
      would improve the detection rate by physicians of alcohol abuse. The CAGE
      questionnaire--a mnemonic for attempts to cut back on drinking, being annoyed at
      criticisms about drinking, feeling guilty about drinking, and using alcohol as an
      eye opener--was utilized as a screening instrument. The mean corpuscular volume
      of red blood cells, liver transaminase levels, and the gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase level were also evaluated as screening tests. The presence or
      absence of alcoholism and alcohol abuse for a consecutive sample of CAGE-negative
      patients and all patients answering "yes" to one or more of the CAGE questions
      was established through the administration of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening
      Test, a detailed chart review, and analysis of quantity of alcohol consumed.
      Diagnostic criteria were those described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
      III. The prevalence of alcohol abuse was 20 percent. The mean corpuscular volume,
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase value, and liver transaminase levels were very
      insensitive as screening tests. In contrast, the CAGE questionnaire had a
      sensitivity of 85 percent and a specificity of 89 percent. Only 63 percent of the
      alcoholic subjects and alcohol abusers were detected by their physicians, and in
      only 24 percent of these cases did a physician address the problem with the
      patient. The CAGE questionnaire is a simple, sensitive, and specific screening
      test for alcohol abusers.

PMID- 2880506
TI  - Association between Takayasu's arteritis and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2880507
TI  - Prenatal detection of intestinal obstructions, aneuploidy syndromes, and cystic
      fibrosis by microvillar enzyme assays (disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, and
      glutamyltransferase) in amniotic fluid.
AB  - Microvillar enzymes (disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma
      glutamyltransferase) were assayed in amniotic fluid from pregnancies with normal
      and abnormal fetuses to determine their specificity and reliability for the
      prenatal detection of intestinal obstructions and cystic fibrosis. All fetuses
      with imperforate anus, duodenal atresia, jejuno-ileal atresia, multiple
      intestinal atresia, or other forms of intestinal obstructions, with or without
      associated ventral wall defect or aneuploidy syndrome, showed diminished
      microvillar enzyme activities below the normal range of control amniotic fluid
      samples. The exclusively intestinal hydrolases maltase, sucrase, palatinase, and
      alkaline phosphatase were the most reliable and sensitive markers to detect
      intestinal obstructions whereas more widely distributed trehalase and gamma
      glutamyltransferase activities were less sensitive. The combination of intestinal
      disaccharidase maltase, sucrase or palatinase and ALP assays is more accurate for
      prenatal diagnosis of CF than a combination of intestinal ALP and GGTF assays.

PMID- 2880508
TI  - Drug strategies for airflow obstruction.

PMID- 2880509
TI  - Glutamine metabolism in rat skeletal muscle wounded with lambda-carrageenan.
AB  - Wounding with lambda-carrageenan results in a marked decrease in the
      intracellular-free glutamine content of rat skeletal muscle. The potential
      mechanisms for this finding, including alterations in glutamine release,
      glutamine utilization, and glutamine synthesis, were investigated in rats under
      pentobarbital anesthesia. Wounding did not increase glutamine release from muscle
      during incubation or isolated hindlimb perfusion. Wounded muscle utilized more
      glutamine than nonwounded muscle, as measured both by the production of [14C]O2
      and of -glutamate from labeled glutamine. Maximal glutamine synthetase activity
      was increased by wounding. The increase in glutamine synthetase activity in
      wounded muscle was prevented by adrenalectomy and restored by replacement doses
      of corticosterone in wounded adrenalectomized animals. The decrease in muscle
      free glutamine induced by wounding is therefore not mediated by an increase in
      the release of this amino acid, nor by a reduction in the tissue capacity for
      glutamine synthesis, but by an increase in glutamine utilization at the site of
      injury. This difference is apparently determined by the utilization of glutamine
      by the cellular components of the inflammatory infiltrate, which were shown to be
      capable of active glutaminolysis.

PMID- 2880510
TI  - Acute metabolic effects of adrenergic agents in swine.
AB  - A pig model in vivo was used to confirm the unique specificity for stimulation of
      porcine adipose tissue lipolysis by norepinephrine analogues in vitro. Plasma
      free fatty acid and blood glycerol concentrations were monitored as probable
      indicators of adipose tissue lipolysis. Plasma glucose and lactate
      concentrations, blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored also.
      Norepinephrine analogues were infused intravenously. Several compounds,
      classified as either beta 1- or beta 2-adrenergic agonists, that stimulated
      lipolysis in vitro also increased plasma free fatty acid and blood glycerol
      concentrations in vivo. Tazolol (beta 1) and quinterenol (beta 2) did not
      stimulate lipolysis in vitro and likewise did not elevate plasma free fatty acid
      or blood glycerol concentrations in vivo. Clenbuterol and zinterol did not
      stimulate lipolysis in vitro but elevated plasma free fatty acid concentrations
      in vivo, implying indirect effects. Isoproterenol stimulation of plasma free
      fatty acid and blood glycerol concentrations in vivo was antagonized by
      propranolol, implying the beta-adrenergic nature of the receptors. Infusion of
      purported beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic antagonists suggested control of
      lipolysis in vivo predominantly by beta 1-adrenergic receptors; however, because
      the results in vitro do not indicate this specificity, differential
      pharmacodynamics of the antagonists are suggested rather than designation of
      receptor subtypes. There was no evidence for alpha-adrenergic mediated inhibition
      of adipose tissue lipolysis in vivo, confirming observations in vitro.

PMID- 2880511
TI  - Transport of acidic amino acids by human jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - This study characterizes the transport of radiolabeled acidic amino acids into
      brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from human jejunum. The uptakes of L
      glutamic, L-aspartic, and D-aspartic acids were stimulated by a Na+ gradient
      (extravesicular greater than intravesicular). Concentrative uptake (resulting in
      an "overshoot" phenomenon) of these dicarboxylic amino acids occurred when there
      was an outward K+ gradient (intravesicular greater than extravesicular). In
      addition, increasing K+ gradients (0-100 mM) resulted in enhanced uptake of L
      glutamic acid. This K+ requirement is somewhat specific as Rb+ and Cs+ could
      enhance uptake to a limited extent, whereas Li+ and choline+ showed no
      enhancement. The presence of a K+ gradient did not affect the affinity of the
      carrier system for L-glutamic acid but it did increase the Vmax. The presence of
      extravesicular anions having differing membrane permeabilities did not alter L
      glutamic acid uptake indicating an absence of an effect of membrane potential on
      the transport process. Finally, the human transport system for L-glutamic acid
      appears to be specific for acidic amino acids as demonstrated by inhibition
      studies. Our studies demonstrate a transport system in human jejunum specific for
      acidic amino acids that is energized by an inward Na+ gradient and an outward K+
      gradient.

PMID- 2880512
TI  - Vagal cold block in area postrema-lesioned dogs: interaction of vasopressin and
      sympathetic nervous system.
AB  - This study evaluated the interaction between arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the
      sympathetic nervous system (SNS) during bilateral vagal cold block (BVB) and the
      arterial baroreflex response to phenylephrine (PE) and exogenous AVP in conscious
      sham-operated (sham) and area postrema (AP)-lesioned mongrel dogs. The
      hemodynamic responses to ganglionic blockade (GB) and the vascular (V1) AVP
      receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP (AVPX) were similar in sham and AP
      lesioned dogs. Elimination of the AVP pressor system by AVPX in sham dogs did not
      alter the pressor response to BVB, whereas subsequent blockade of the SNS by GB
      abolished the response to BVB. When GB was first imposed, however, it alone
      eliminated only 55% of the pressor response to BVB, whereas subsequent AVPX
      eliminated the remaining pressor response to BVB. In contrast, in AP-lesioned
      dogs, AVPX alone substantially reduced the pressor response to BVB. Additionally,
      the apparent contribution of each pressor system to the response to BVB was not
      enhanced in the absence of the other system, as had been seen in the sham dogs.
      These data indicate that during interruption of vagal afferent activity, reflexly
      released AVP appears to limit the reflex activation of the SNS. This interaction
      of AVP with the cardiopulmonary reflex is eliminated following ablation of the
      area postrema. Infusion studies with PE and AVP indicate that AVP significantly
      augments baroreflex inhibition of heart rate when compared with PE. Ablation of
      the area postrema did not alter the arterial pressure-heart rate relationship
      obtained with PE but eliminated the augmented response to AVP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880513
TI  - Renal metabolism of amino acids in vivo: studies on serine and glycine fluxes.
AB  - The pathway of serine synthesis by the rat kidney has been investigated in vivo
      by measuring the net flux in the presence and absence of specific inhibitors of
      the glycine cleavage system, phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase. In normal animals serine release was 705 +/- 187 nmol X
      min-1 X animal-1, whereas glycine uptake was only 28% of this value. Inhibition
      of the glycine cleavage system (cysteamine infusion) resulted in a reversal of
      glycine flux with no change in serine production. In similar experiments with
      mercaptopicolinate serine release was decreased by 55% with no change in glycine
      removal. AT-125, a potent inhibitor of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, had no
      effect on renal serine and glycine fluxes. In chronically acidotic rats serine
      synthesis was unchanged, but there were significant increases in the uptake of
      glutamine (fourfold) and glycine (2.5-fold). Infusion of cysteamine into these
      animals caused a 50% decrease in serine release with a significant reversal of
      the glycine flux. Infusion of mercaptopicolinate had effects similar to those
      observed in normal animals. These results show that renal serine synthesis can
      occur by both the phosphorylated-intermediate pathway and serine
      hydroxymethyltransferase in vivo. Furthermore, they demonstrate that glycine can
      contribute significantly to ammoniagenesis during acidosis.

PMID- 2880514
TI  - Effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation on regional coronary blood flow.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve
      stimulation on regional coronary blood flow following beta-blockade. In 17
      anesthetized dogs treated with propranolol (2 mg/kg iv) regional myocardial
      perfusion was measured (microspheres) during control and during stimulation of
      the ventrolateral, ventromedial, or recurrent cardiac nerve (8-10 V, 4-ms pulses
      at 10 Hz for 30 s). Ventrolateral nerve stimulation produced 25.5 +/- 3.4 and
      23.5 +/- 3.1% (mean +/- SE) decreases in coronary blood flow in the posterior and
      lateral quadrants of the left ventricle. These changes were significantly greater
      than the 8.5 +/- 2.9, 11.5 +/- 3.0, and 3.7 +/- 2.8% decreases in the anterior
      and septal left ventricle and right ventricle, respectively (P less than 0.01).
      Ventromedial nerve stimulation produced 18.6 +/- 2.8, 15.4 +/- 2.8, and 10.1 +/-
      3.2% decreases in flow in the anterior, septal, and lateral left ventricle,
      respectively. These changes were significantly greater than the 5.3 +/- 3.8 and
      9.9 +/- 3.6% decrease in the posterior left ventricle and right ventricle (P less
      than 0.01). Recurrent cardiac nerve stimulation produced 16.4 +/- 2.1, 15.6 +/-
      2.2, and 13.6 +/- 2.5% decreases in flow in the anterior and septal left
      ventricle and right ventricle, respectively. These changes were significantly
      greater than the 5.2 +/- 3.2 and 5.4 +/- 3.0% changes in the posterior and
      lateral quadrants (P less than 0.01). Ventrolateral nerve stimulation resulted in
      a small but significant increase in the endocardial-to-epicardial blood flow
      ratio in the posterolateral left ventricle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880515
TI  - Cardiovascular and endocrine response to hemorrhage after alpha 1-blockade in
      lambs and ewes.
AB  - To evaluate the role of the alpha 1-adrenergic system in the response to
      hemorrhage during development, lambs and adult sheep were chronically
      catheterized and hemorrhaged after pretreatment with prazosin or vehicle. The
      adults became markedly more hypotensive after alpha 1-blockade and hemorrhage
      than after vehicle and hemorrhage (26.1 +/- 4 vs. 10.7 +/- 2%, P less than
      0.0001), whereas the lambs were no more hypotensive when hemorrhaged after
      prazosin (21.5 +/- 3.2 vs. 23.1 +/- 4.4%, P greater than 0.05). In the adults and
      the lambs, hemorrhage produced elevations in plasma renin activity and arginine
      vasopressin. However, after prazosin, the adults had a far greater increase in
      arginine vasopressin levels than after vehicle treatment (1,970 +/- 820 vs. 320
      +/- 273%).

PMID- 2880516
TI  - Clonidine in neuroleptic-induced akathisia.
AB  - Six hospitalized patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia were treated with
      clonidine under single-blind conditions. Akathisia and anxiety at maximum
      clonidine dose were significantly lower than at baseline, although it was
      difficult to differentiate specific therapeutic effects from sedation.

PMID- 2880517
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia: a serious side effect?

PMID- 2880518
TI  - Lithium and extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2880519
TI  - The endocrine cells of the digestive tract. General concepts and historic
      perspective.
AB  - The chromaffin cells of the digestive mucosa were discovered by Heidenhain in
      1870, long before the hormone concept was formulated. Following the discovery of
      the first hormone, secretin, by Bayliss and Starling in 1902, the study of the
      cells producing such messengers acquired new impetus. After Masson, in 1914,
      showed that the digestive chromaffin cells were argentaffin and suggested their
      endocrine nature, a series of technological advances led to the gradual
      characterization of diverse cell types, their classification, and the discovery
      of their function. Histochemistry, including silver impregnations, fluorescence
      microscopy, and aniline stains, exposed the complexity of the digestive endocrine
      cells. Electron microscopy provided structural markers for their characterization
      and the basis for the formulation of the first universally accepted
      classifications. Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry contributed
      to the understanding of the function of many of these cells, thus opening the way
      for modern classifications. Many unsolved problems still remain. These include
      the existence of cells without defined function, of chemical messengers without
      known cell of origin, and the presence of multiple messengers in some cell types.
      Answers are expected to emerge from further application of immunocytochemistry
      and from the introduction of modern approaches, such as in-situ hybridization
      histochemistry.

PMID- 2880520
TI  - Hyperplastic lesions of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells.
AB  - A substantial body of knowledge is presently available on the morphologic,
      histochemical, ultrastructural, and functional characteristics of both the normal
      endocrine cell population of the gut and their related endocrine tumors. In
      contrast to this, we have only recently begun to recognize the existence of
      hyperplastic proliferations of various endocrine cell types, and information is
      therefore steadily accumulating on the morphologic criteria for their
      recognition, their clinicopathologic correlates and the clinical relevance of
      this morphologic finding. Hyperplastic proliferations of various endocrine cell
      types most often develop as a secondary phenomenon in a variety of clinical
      situations, and may modify the clinical course of the associated condition in a
      manner that underscores the functional interrelationships these endocrine cells
      have not only with each other but with other cell types as well. However, similar
      proliferations may also occur as a primary event (e.g. primary antral G-cell
      hyperplasia) and give rise to clinical and biochemical features attributable to
      the overproduction of their specific hormonal product (e.g. Zollinger-Ellison
      Syndrome, type I). This communication provides a broad overview of the current
      state of our knowledge of hyperplastic lesions of a variety of gut endocrine cell
      types in humans, their pathophysiologic significance, their relationship (if any)
      to the subsequent development of endocrine tumors (i.e. the hyperplasia-neoplasia
      sequence), and the utility of certain experimental models for the study of such
      proliferations in a variety of animal species.

PMID- 2880521
TI  - Arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes collected during and after the 1982-1983
      epizootic of western equine encephalitis in Argentina.
AB  - Mosquitoes were collected in Santa Fe and Rio Negro provinces, Argentina, in 1982
      1983 during a western equine encephalitis (WEE) epizootic. Totals of 153,084
      mosquitoes from Santa Fe Province and 484 from Rio Negro Province were tested for
      virus in 2,351 pools. Seventeen virus strains were isolated, all from Santa Fe
      collections, as follows: 4 WEE, 6 Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 1 St. Louis
      encephalitis, 2 Antequera, 1 Maguari, 1 Melao, 1 new vesiculovirus (Calchaqui),
      and 1 Gamboa. The WEE virus isolates were from Aedes albifasciatus, Anopheles
      albitarsis, Mansonia species, and Psorophora pallescens. Collections during the
      spring and summer (1983-1984) following the epizootic yielded 49,707 mosquitoes
      from Santa Fe, 15,961 from Rio Negro, and 2,019 from Chubut provinces. Twenty-two
      virus strains were isolated, all from Santa Fe mosquitoes, as follows: 3 strains
      of SLE virus and 19 strains of Turlock (TUR) virus. All but one of the TUR virus
      isolates appear to have come from mosquitoes that engorged on a viremic chicken
      following entry into a bait trap. The vector relationships of each virus isolated
      during and after the WEE epizootic are discussed.

PMID- 2880523
TI  - Conventional and coming laboratory markers of alcoholism and heavy drinking.

PMID- 2880522
TI  - A newly recognized vesiculovirus, Calchaqui virus, and subtypes of Melao and
      Maguari viruses from Argentina, with serologic evidence for infections of humans
      and horses.
AB  - In 1983, 17 virus strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected during an
      outbreak of western equine encephalitis in Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Strains
      of western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis
      encephalitis, and Antequera viruses were isolated, as were several bunyaviruses
      of the California and Bunyamwera serogroups and a new vesiculovirus. Complement
      fixation and neutralization tests were used to identify the California serogroup
      virus as a subtype of Melao virus, the Bunyamwera serogroup virus as a subtype of
      both Maguari and Playas viruses, and the vesiculovirus as a newly recognized
      agent for which the name Calchaqui virus is proposed. A limited serosurvey of
      horses and humans in Santa Fe Province and horses from the adjacent Santiago del
      Estero Province was performed to determine the prevalence of neutralizing
      antibody to the subtypes of Melao and Maguari viruses and to Calchaqui virus. The
      high prevalence of antibodies to these three agents indicates the need for
      further studies of their disease potential in horses, because they are closely
      related to several other viruses that are known equine pathogens.

PMID- 2880524
TI  - Vecuronium and phaeochromocytoma. A report of two cases using different modes of
      administration.
AB  - Two patients presenting for removal of phaeochromocytoma are described.
      Vecuronium was used to provide neuromuscular blockade by two different methods of
      administration: an infusion and a large bolus dose. Both gave satisfactory
      results and we suggest that vecuronium may be the neuromuscular blocking agent of
      choice for patients with phaeochromocytoma.

PMID- 2880525
TI  - [The pharmacodynamics of vecuronium on the musculature of the vocal cords and the
      ball of the thumb. Preliminary report].
AB  - During endolaryngeal microsurgery, an attempt was made to quantify laryngeal
      muscle relaxation by electromyographic recording of evoked responses from the
      vocal cord musculature in 5 patients. Both mechanographic and electromyographic
      recordings from the adductor pollicis were obtained simultaneously. Following a
      bolus dose of vecuronium (60 micrograms/kg, n = 3, and 100 micrograms/kg, n = 2),
      nearly total (97%-100%) suppression of evoked responses at the peripheral muscle
      site was observed; the vocal cords, however, did not show complete neuromuscular
      (nm) blockade, but rather varying degrees of nm depression ranging from 61%-92%.
      The present results clearly show that quantitative information as to duration and
      degree of neuromuscular depression in the vocal musculature may be obtained by
      electromyographic recordings of evoked potentials in the clinical setting; it is
      impossible however, to quantitatively estimate the extent of intrinsic laryngeal
      muscle relaxation from peripheral nm depression. The pharmacodynamic differences
      observed might be due to the varying acetylcholine receptor density of the muscle
      groups studied.

PMID- 2880526
TI  - Radiation inactivation probe of membrane-bound enzymes: gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase, aminopeptidase N, and sucrase.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), aminopeptidase N (AP-N), and sucrase in
      purified rabbit intestinal brush border membrane vesicles were irradiated in situ
      at -135 degrees C using high energy electrons. Surviving activities of the
      enzymes were measured as a function of radiation dose, and the functional unit
      target sizes (corresponding to carbohydrate-free polypeptides) were determined
      using target analysis. The in situ functional unit sizes were GGT 59 kDa, AP-N 59
      kDa, and sucrase 63 kDa. Together with biochemical data determined previously, it
      is concluded that the noncovalently attached large (approximately 40 kDa) and
      small (approximately 25 kDa) subunits of GGT are both required for catalytic
      activity. Furthermore, these data suggest that (i) the membrane-bound form of AP
      N consists of one or more noncovalently attached subunits of 59 kDa, each of
      which is enzymatically active; and (ii) in situ sucrase activity is associated
      with a subunit of 63 kDa which is noncovalently attached within the sucrase
      isomaltase complex.

PMID- 2880527
TI  - Selectivity and sensitivity improvements at perfluorinated ionomer/cellulose
      acetate bilayer electrodes.

PMID- 2880528
TI  - Distribution of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in male reproductive system of rats
      and its age-related changes.
AB  - The present study is designed to investigate localization of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) in male reproductive organs and its age-related
      changes using Wistar rats aged 2 to 15 weeks. Histochemically, gamma-GTP activity
      was detected intensively in epithelial cells of epididymides and seminal vesicles
      and weakly in those of anterior prostates, but not in testes under the present
      conditions. Biochemically, the highest gamma-GTP activity was found in epididymal
      head portions. The order of the activity was epididymides (head greater than body
      greater than tail), seminal vesicles, prostates and testes. The activity
      increases with sexual maturation in epididymides and seminal vesicles, but not in
      prostates. Since gamma-GTP is an enzyme involved in the incorporation of amino
      acids, the present findings suggest that not only epididymides but also seminal
      vesicles possess uptake mechanisms for amino acids.

PMID- 2880529
TI  - The neuromuscular blocking effect of vecuronium on the human diaphragm.
AB  - This study compares the neuromuscular blocking effect of vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg)
      on the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis in nine anesthetized patients.
      Monitoring of the diaphragm consisted of measurement of the transdiaphragmatic
      pressure after bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation. Onset time for neuromuscular
      blockade of the diaphragm was 1.6 +/- 0.3 min (+/-SD) compared to 2.5 +/- 0.3 min
      in the adductor pollicis (P less than 0.001). The diaphragm recovered earlier and
      more rapidly than the adductor pollicis. The twitch height (TH) returned to 25%
      of its control value after 27 +/- 8 min for the diaphragm, compared to 41 +/- 11
      min for the adductor pollicis (P less than 0.01). Complete TH recovery was
      achieved after 49 +/- 14 min for the diaphragm and after 74 +/- 22 min for the
      adductor pollicis (P less than 0.01). The recovery index of 12 +/- 4 min for the
      diaphragm was significantly shorter (P less than 0.05) than for the adductor
      pollicis (20 +/- 9 min.) We conclude that monitoring of peripheral muscles in
      anesthetized patients given vecuronium provides adequate information about the
      degree of paralysis of the diaphragm.

PMID- 2880530
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of esmolol in chronically beta-blocked patients undergoing
      aortocoronary bypass surgery.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of esmolol were studied in 40 patients scheduled for
      elective coronary artery surgery to determine whether the administration of
      esmolol in chronically beta-blocked patients would result in additional
      attenuation of sympathetically mediated hemodynamic stress responses to noxious
      stimuli. Patients were randomly assigned to receive IV infusions of esmolol or 5%
      dextrose in water (D5W). All received their regular dose of beta-adrenergic
      blocker within 6 hr of surgery and were anesthetized with diazepam, pancuronium,
      and enflurane. Increases (greater than 25% above baseline) in systolic blood
      pressure were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Esmolol was started before
      induction of anesthesia and continued until 5 min after maximal sternal spread.
      There were no statistically significant differences between the esmolol and
      control groups in any hemodynamic parameter during induction, intubation, skin
      incision, and sternotomy. Only at 5 min after maximal sternal spread was there a
      statistically significant lower systolic blood pressure in the esmolol-treated
      group. However the incidence and magnitude of SNP use in the control group was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) greater. Thus, the lower blood pressure, in the
      absence of changes in systemic vascular resistance, cardiac index, heart rate,
      and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure points toward a decrease in myocardial
      contractility, suggesting that the addition of esmolol to chronically used beta
      blockers resulted in an additional negative inotropic effect. We conclude that in
      patients with coronary artery disease in whom chronic beta-blocker therapy is
      continued until the time of surgery, esmolol does not further attenuate the heart
      rate response but does attenuate the increase in blood pressure.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880531
TI  - Prolonged neuromuscular paralysis with vecuronium in a patient with polymyositis.

PMID- 2880532
TI  - Direct effects of H2-receptor antagonists on airway smooth muscle and on
      responses mediated by H1- and H2-receptors.
AB  - Because it has been suggested that histamine H2-receptor antagonists may worsen
      airway constriction in asthmatic patients, we investigated the comparative
      effects of three histamine H2-receptor antagonists on guinea pig tracheal smooth
      muscle in vitro. When tested against resting tone, cimetidine, ranitidine and
      famotidine produced dose-related relaxation with pD2 values (negative log of ED50
      for relaxation) (+/- SE, n; eq 5) of 3.20 +/- 0.04, 2.95 +/- 0.16 and 2.97 +/-
      0.14, respectively. Concentrations that were below threshold for relaxation, did
      not elicit contraction. However, when the preparations were precontracted with
      histamine (10(-5)M), dose-response curves for relaxation were shifted to the
      right, and low-concentrations of all three histamine H2-antagonists augmented
      histamine-induced tone. When preparations were pretreated with cimetidine (10(-6)
      to 10(-4) M) and then tested for sensitivity to histamine, dose-response curves
      for histamine-induced contraction were shifted to the left (potentiated). These
      results provide further evidence for a modulatory effect of airway H2-receptors
      on the contractile response to histamine. In addition, since the concentrations
      associated with potentiation of histamine-induced contraction were about the same
      for all three H2-receptor antagonists (greater than or equal to 10(-5) M), our
      studies suggest a greater likelihood of airway constriction for the less potent
      H2-receptor antagonists that must be administered in higher clinical doses.

PMID- 2880533
TI  - [The cardiovascular system and adrenergic inhibition].

PMID- 2880534
TI  - Acute titration and chronic follow-up with captopril in hypertension. A one-year
      safety profile on combination therapy with captopril and a diuretic.
AB  - The present study examines acute titration with captopril and chronic follow-up
      data on captopril and a diuretic in patients with all forms of hypertension.
      Captopril was initiated in those patients in whom previous antihypertensive
      agents either failed to control high blood pressure or produced adverse
      reactions. Acute titration was done in 88 patients in whom average diastolic
      blood pressure was equal to or more than 95 mm Hg. Initial titration dosage was
      decided on the basis of initial blood pressure recordings. During initial
      titration, 5 patients received 12.5 mg, 51 received 25 mg, 28 received 50 mg, and
      the remaining 4 received 100 mg of captopril. Post-captopril blood pressure data
      were normalized by using pre-captopril data as 100% for each patient. The blood
      pressure-lowering effect of captopril on both systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure in all 88 patients was statistically significant (p less than 0.05),
      within forty-five minutes of captopril administration irrespective of the doses.
      No adverse reactions were seen during the acute titration. After the initial
      titration, in all 88 patients a diuretic was added to obtain a synergistic
      effect. Eleven patients were dropped from the study, for they could not follow
      the requirements of the protocol. In 77 patients the data for a one-year safety
      profile with captopril and diuretic were available. There were no overall
      significant statistical changes in serial white blood cell count, serum
      potassium, and serum creatinine values in those 77 patients. In 31 patients the
      initial and maintenance dosage of captopril and the diuretic remained unaltered
      for one year. Post-captopril blood pressure and heart rate data were normalized,
      pre-captopril data being considered as 100% in those 31 patients. The blood
      pressure data following captopril and a diuretic therapy compared with the pre
      captopril data were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) throughout the
      study period. However, no significant changes in heart rates were observed during
      the study period. In all other patients, diuretic therapy was continued
      throughout the study period. In 6 severely hypertensive patients, an additional
      beta-blocker was needed for further control of high blood pressure. In 3 severe
      hypertensives with renal failure, besides a diuretic and a beta-blocker,
      minoxidil was needed to normalize their high blood pressure. In 4 of 77 patients,
      verapamil was used for treatment of either vasospastic angina or paroxsysmal
      supraventricular arrhythmia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2880535
TI  - Platelet function in patients admitted with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
AB  - Platelet function and thromboxane A2 release were measured in 71 patients
      admitted to a coronary care unit with a provisional diagnosis of acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI). All measurements were carried out within twenty-four hours of
      admission. Of these, 35 patients had the diagnosis of AMI confirmed. The
      remainder (n = 36), who did not have AMI (NMI), were divided into two groups:
      those (n = 18) with an unequivocal history of previous vascular disease and those
      without vascular disease (n = 18). Platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
      release were significantly increased in the AMI group when compared with those in
      the NMI without vascular disease group or a healthy control group with similar
      age and sex distribution. Aggregation and TXA2 release in the NMI patients with
      vascular disease were greater than those in controls and did not differ
      significantly from those in the AMI group. Patients in the AMI or NMI with
      vascular disease groups who were taking beta-blockers or calcium channel
      antagonists at the time of admission showed significantly less platelet
      aggregation than those who were not taking these drugs. Heparin, added in vitro
      at therapeutic concentrations, induced significantly more aggregation in patients
      in the AMI and NMI with vascular disease groups than in the NMI without vascular
      disease group. We conclude that: platelets obtained from patients with AMI are
      hyperaggregable and release more TXA2; platelets from patients with significant
      vascular disease are hyperaggregable, even in the absence of AMI, although they
      are not as hyperaggregable as those from AMI; treatment with nifedipine and beta
      blockers protects these patients from platelet hyperaggregability; heparin
      induces significant aggregation of platelets from patients with AMI and NMI with
      vascular disease. These observations are of importance in considering the
      pathogenesis and treatment of AMI and ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2880536
TI  - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Jamaica and its relation to adult T-cell leukemia
      lymphoma.
AB  - Of 95 patients consecutively diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 52 (55%) had
      antibodies to human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus, type I. Antibody positivity
      was strongly associated with skin involvement, leukemia, and hypercalcemia (p
      less than 0.02). Two patients had systemic opportunistic infections. Neither
      meningeal nor lung infiltration was detected, and lymph node infiltration was
      diffuse in all patients. Of 36 patients who received immunophenotypic
      classifications, 30 had diseases that affected the T-cell system, and the cells
      of all tested patients with these diseases showed the helper/inducer (T4)
      phenotype. Twenty-seven of these thirty-six patients were found to have adult T
      cell leukemia-lymphoma, and of the 27, 24 had antibodies to HTLV-I. The median
      duration of survival in patients with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma was 17
      weeks, but a subgroup of 9 patients had indolent courses and a median survival of
      81 weeks, which suggests that the disease has differing expression with courses
      that range from smoldering and indolent to acute and rapidly fatal. Hypercalcemia
      was the most important prognostic determinant of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma.

PMID- 2880537
TI  - Amyl and butyl nitrites and telangiectasia in homosexual men.

PMID- 2880538
TI  - [Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes of primary bronchial cancers].

PMID- 2880539
TI  - [Role of corticoids, immunosuppressive agents and plasma exchange in the
      treatment of systemic necrotizing angiitis].

PMID- 2880540
TI  - [Depersonalization, Cotard's syndrome and tendency toward mania under
      benzodiazepine (apropos of 2 case reports)].

PMID- 2880541
TI  - [Systematized treatment of patients hospitalized with anorexia nervosa].
AB  - In-patients with anorexia nervosa are generally treated by two behavioral
      techniques such as desensitization and operant conditioning. In this work,
      functional analysis enables a better clinical description of the disorders
      allowing more specific therapeutic measures. Three patients have been treated
      according to this procedure. Return to normal of many behavior disorders like
      quantitative and qualitative restriction of food intake, vomiting and bulimia,
      has been confirmed by self evaluating measurement. The authors discuss the
      persistence of body image disturbances, and the need for the association of a
      cognitive approach.

PMID- 2880542
TI  - [Efficacy of low doses of atypical neuroleptics (benzamides) in defect states].
AB  - Recently many authors have hypothesized that the desinhibitory property of some
      neuroleptics at low doses might be related to the activation of the dopaminergic
      system and that, on the contrary, the overactivity of dopaminergic functions
      could underly the productive symptoms of some schizophrenic states. In order to
      test this bipolar hypothesis two independent controlled studies were set up using
      the same new benzamide compound (amisulpride) at different doses in the opposite
      forms of schizophrenia. According to the results of these studies there are
      evidences to sustain the assertion that amisulpride at low doses is efficient in
      negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as poverty of ideation, flattening of
      affect, inattention, asociality and that the same compound at high doses is also
      efficient in productive forms of schizophrenia. Whether this bipolar activity is
      due to the play of different kinds of receptors according to the dosage used, or
      is due to the dopaminergic blockade in different brain areas related to the
      dosage remains a problem to be solved.

PMID- 2880543
TI  - [The role of a mediator object in the initial analytic therapy of psychotics].

PMID- 2880545
TI  - Technology assessment at the National Institute of Child Health and Human
      Development: an alternative model.

PMID- 2880544
TI  - Application of molecular and somatic cell genetics to the study of chromosome 21.
AB  - An extra copy of human chromosome 21 has been known for over twenty years to be
      the chromosomal abnormality in Down's syndrome; however, the biochemical and
      molecular basis governing expression of the phenotype is still poorly understood.
      Using the methods of somatic cell and molecular genetics, we have been studying
      genes and DNA sequences on chromosome 21 by constructing hamster/human hybrids
      containing a whole or partial chromosome 21 and assigning their locations on the
      chromosome. In particular, a family of repetitive sequences, some having only a
      few thousand copies in the human genome, have been used as cloned DNA markers to
      define deletions in these somatic cell hybrids. We have shown that this approach
      can significantly improve the resolution of fine chromosomal structures over the
      conventional cytogenetic analysis. The rationale behind this approach is the
      observation that a repetitive sequence probe often forms multiple bands after
      hybridizing to a Southern blot of digested hybrid DNA, and the band pattern
      appears to be unique for each human chromosome. Therefore, each band (sequence)
      can be assigned to a particular region of human chromosome 21 by comparing the
      band patterns from hybrids containing different portions of the chromosome.
      Results presented here showed that a 0.58-kb repetitive sequence probe can be
      used to identify deletions, translocations, and other more complicated
      rearrangements of chromosome 21 seen in patients with abnormalities of this
      chromosome. The advantage of using such a repetitive sequence probe over a unique
      sequence is that it can serve both as a repetitive sequence defining multiple
      sites (multiple bands on a Southern blot) in the genome and at the same time
      serve as a unique sequence defining a particular site (individual band). For the
      detection of deletions and other rearrangements, especially in small chromosomes
      such as 21, it is the former property that makes it very efficient in the initial
      assignment of a chromosome location.

PMID- 2880546
TI  - Technology transfer: lessons from experience--the communication process.

PMID- 2880547
TI  - Intravenous anesthesia and jet ventilation for laser microlaryngeal surgery.
AB  - Competition between otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists for the limited space
      of the airway results in compromised control for both concerns. The surgeon
      desires an unobstructed view, whereas the anesthesiologist must ensure adequate
      ventilation. The drawbacks of standard methods include inadequate airways,
      inadequate visualization, and operating room contamination from inspired gases.
      Since 1984, we have developed a technique utilizing jet ventilation delivered
      through a metal delivery system providing a relatively safe, ignition-free
      environment. A total intravenous anesthetic technique is used to avoid any
      environmental contamination. The newer short acting, high potency narcotic,
      sufentanil citrate, combined with a short acting muscle relaxant, atracurium
      besylate or vecuronium bromide, have made this technique an ideal one for our
      needs. The pulse oximeter provides an invaluable margin of safety. This technique
      has been employed in 36 microlaryngeal procedures performed on 21 patients with a
      uniformly smooth perioperative course and only one complication. The technique,
      possible pitfalls, and applications are discussed.

PMID- 2880548
TI  - [Phyto-ecological map of the larval breeding place of mosquitoes in mangrove
      swamps of Guadeloupe (supplementary note)].

PMID- 2880549
TI  - [Digestive manifestations in a patient with type-IIB multiple endocrine
      neoplasms].
AB  - The IIB or third type of multiple endocrine neoplasia is a very uncommon
      hereditary disease. It includes a digestive ganglioneuromatosis, a typical
      dysmorphia, a medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) sometimes a pheochromocytoma and
      seldom a hyperparathyroidism. We report a Men IIB case in a 19 years old patient
      who had been suffering from severe constipation and afflicted with a megacolon,
      known since early infancy. Diagnosis was documented by discovering a colonic
      ganglioneuromatosis and a MTC. A complete thyroidectomy was performed but
      cervical node metastasis were already present. The ganglioneuromatosis usually
      affects the whole alimentary tract, but megacolon although not regularly found
      occurs most frequently. Awareness of the diagnosis is easier when patients have
      big lips, eyelids, tongue (due to mucosal neuromas) and marfanoid habitus. The
      prognosis depends upon the MTC. It occurs early in the life, is often bilateral
      and has a trend to become uncontrollable in the young adult. The pheochromocytoma
      is often latent and affects only half of patients. The etiopathogeny of this
      disease still remains unknown. Family inquiry may help to an earlier diagnosis
      and therefore to a better prognosis.

PMID- 2880550
TI  - Effect of glutathione on alterations of liver DNA structure and metabolic
      activities induced in vivo by 2-acetylaminofluorene.
AB  - The effect on liver tissue of glutathione administration to rats treated for 7-14
      days with 2-acetylaminofluorene was investigated. The DNA damage induced by the
      hepatotoxic agent and evaluated by the alkaline elution technique was
      significantly reduced by glutathione. Furthermore, GSH administration maintained
      liver GSH level, prevented the increase in alkaline phosphatase and reduced the
      decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity. GSH did not significantly influence
      the increase in gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and glutathione-S-transferase
      activities.

PMID- 2880551
TI  - Visual ecology of biting flies.
AB  - Many of the similarities in visual ecology between the Nematocera and Brachycera
      and within the Cyclorrhapha may reflect the evolution of blood-feeding in these
      groups. In Nematocera and Brachycera, blood-feeding is thought to have evolved
      from predatory or nectar-feeding behavior (138). Only females feed on hosts, and
      association with hosts generally occurs when hosts are close to the aquatic or
      semiaquatic habitats of the immatures. Flies feed on nectar, make appetitive
      flights, disperse, or migrate prior to blood-feeding, and then oviposit in water.
      Many species are nocturnal or crepuscular. In Cyclorrhapha, flies are closely
      associated with hosts. They may have arisen from compost-feeding flies that
      developed a larval dependence on vertebrate-produced microhabitats. Both sexes
      blood-feed, and mating occurs on or near hosts. Flies generally emerge in the
      proximity of hosts and maintain close contact with them. These species are
      diurnal, and their visual systems are well developed. Comparisons between closely
      related blood-feeding and non-blood-feeding species may provide insight into the
      visual ecology of blood-feeding species. Despite the different origins of
      hematophagy, there appears to be a convergence of morphology and behavior that is
      related to ecology rather than to phylogenetic relationships. This is clearly
      seen in host-location strategies by tsetse and tabanids. Even within groups such
      as mosquitoes, species that are active at the same time of day and in the same
      habitat have more in common than closely related species in different habitats.
      For this reason, an ecological review would be more cohesive than this
      phylogenetic discussion. However, because of the disproportionate amount of
      literature on a small number of groups, the phylogenetic approach is the most
      practical for this subject. However, this review does point out the great need
      for research on the less well-studied groups and behaviors.

PMID- 2880552
TI  - Physiology of osmoregulation in mosquitoes.

PMID- 2880553
TI  - Role of saliva in blood-feeding by arthropods.

PMID- 2880554
TI  - Advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus/vector research.

PMID- 2880555
TI  - Homeotic genes and the homeobox.

PMID- 2880556
TI  - Genetics of human cancer.
AB  - Study of hereditary cancer in humans has revealed new mechanisms in
      carcinogenesis. In particular, a new class of cancer gene, recessive in
      oncogenesis, accounts for dominantly transmitted predisposition to some cancers,
      and may play a primary role in the nonhereditary forms of most cancers.
      Comparison of polymorphic markers in lymphocytes and tumors has permitted the in
      vivo observation of somatic events that lead to genetic recombination. The tissue
      specificities of these recessive cancer genes suggest that their normal alleles,
      like those of oncogenes, play important roles in normal development.

PMID- 2880557
TI  - The conjugation system of F, the fertility factor of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2880558
TI  - Pre-mRNA splicing.

PMID- 2880559
TI  - The evolution of multigene families: human haptoglobin genes.

PMID- 2880561
TI  - Properties of digitonin-solubilized calmodulin-dependent guanylate cyclase from
      the plasma membranes of Tetrahymena pyriformis NT-1 cells.
AB  - Calmodulin-dependent guanylate cyclase from Tetrahymena plasma membranes was
      solubilized in about a 22% yield by using digitonin in the presence of 0.2 mM
      CaCl2 and 20% glycerol. The detergent, when present in the assay at
      concentrations above 0.05%, diminished the basal and calmodulin-stimulated
      activity of the enzyme. Guanylate cyclase solubilized with digitonin was eluted
      from DEAE-cellulose with 200 mM KCl in a yield of 50%. Properties of the
      solubilized enzyme were similar to those of the native membrane-bound enzyme. The
      Kms for Mg-GTP and Mn-GTP were 140 and 30 microM, respectively. The enzyme
      required Mn2+ for maximum activity, the relative activity in the presence of Mg2+
      being 30% of the activity with Mn2+. The solubilized enzyme retained the ability
      to be activated by calmodulin, with its extent being reduced as compared to the
      membrane-bound enzyme. The presence of a Ca2+-dependent calmodulin-binding site
      on the solubilized enzyme was shown by the Ca2+-dependent retention of the enzyme
      on a calmodulin-Sepharose-4B column.

PMID- 2880560
TI  - Modulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase:
      implications for insulin regulation.
AB  - The activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty
      acid biosynthesis, can be regulated by both adenine and guanine nucleotides in
      vitro. We have employed two inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase, ribavarin and
      tiazofurin, to investigate a possible role for intracellular nucleotides in ACC
      regulation in rat adipocytes. Ribavarin, but not tiazofurin, leads to a profound
      time-dependent inhibition of ACC activity that is associated with a decrease in
      both intracellular ATP and GTP. This inactivating effect is largely reversed with
      guanosine, accompanied by increases in both ATP and GTP levels. Epinephrine
      mediated inactivation of ACC in intact cells is not altered by ribavarin
      incubation. However, in these experiments, insulin-mediated activation is
      observed only after ribavarin-induced inhibition of the enzyme. These data
      suggest that nucleotides may modulate ACC activity and influence is regulation by
      insulin in intact cells. The possible mechanisms underlying the insulin
      activation of ACC and the role of intracellular nucleotides in insulin action are
      discussed.

PMID- 2880562
TI  - Effect of a high-fat diet with partially hydrogenated fish oil on long-chain
      fatty acid metabolizing enzymes in subcellular fractions of rat liver.
AB  - Hepatic metabolism of long-chain fatty acids were studied in young male rats fed
      a semisynthetic diet containing 20% (w/w) partially hydrogenated fish oil
      (PHFO)2, with or without 2% (w/w) linoleic acid. The enzymic activities involved
      in the formation and breakdown of long-chain acyl-CoA were both increased in the
      animals fed the semisynthetic diet, compared to pellet-fed control animals. Thus,
      the specific palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity increased slightly in both the
      mitochondrial (1.4-fold) and the microsomal (1.6-fold) fractions. In the
      peroxisome-enriched fraction the activity was increased (about 2.6-fold) only on
      addition of linoleic acid to the diet. The data are consistent with an increased
      catabolism of long-chain fatty acids by a peroxisomal and a mitochondrial
      pathway. Thus, the total carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity increased 2-fold
      in the mitochondrial fraction, and was partly prevented by added linoleic acid.
      Peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity was also increased (about 7-fold) in livers
      of PHFO-fed rats, but did not change when linoleic acid was added. The PHFO-fed
      rats also revealed elevated capacity for hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA in both the
      mitochondrial (2.4-fold) and the cytosolic (2.0-fold) fractions and the latter
      was almost completely and selectively prevented by added linoleic acid. The s
      values of mitochondria and peroxisomes varied with the dietary regime, and some
      of the observed changes in the specific activities of the fatty acid metabolizing
      enzymes with multiple subcellular localization can be explained as an effect of
      changes in the s values of the organelles. Thus, the s value of mitochondria
      increased 1.8-fold as a result of PHFO feeding, but was fully prevented by
      linoleic acid in the diet. On the other hand, the s values of peroxisomes
      decreased by about 50% on feeding a PHFO diet, and by about 25% with added
      linoleic acid.

PMID- 2880563
TI  - A hexameric form of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
AB  - As isolated by our recently developed large-scale procedure, the Neurospora
      plasma membrane H+-ATPase exists as a homogeneous, oligomeric complex of 105,000
      Da monomers with a molecular mass equivalent to a spherical protein of about 1
      million Da, as judged by its behavior during chromatography on calibrated columns
      of Sepharose CL-6B and CL-4B. Treatment of this complex with the nonionic
      detergent, Tween 20, followed by Sepharose column chromatography in the presence
      of this detergent produces particles with an apparent molecular mass reduced by
      100-300 kDa, and, importantly, when the isolated complex is treated with Tween 20
      and then subjected to Sepharose chromatography in the absence of detergent, fully
      viable, largely detergent-free, homogeneous particles with a molecular mass
      equivalent to a spherical protein of 670,000 Da are formed. As assessed by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, treatment of the particles
      isolated in the presence of Tween 20 with glutaraldehyde progressively yields
      dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and hexamers of the 105,000-Da monomer,
      with the expected precursor-product relationships, but no species larger than a
      hexamer is formed. These results thus strongly indicate that these particles are
      hexamers of 105,000-Da monomers. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking experiments with the
      ca. 1 million- and 670,000-Da particles indicate that they too are hexamers,
      suggesting that the differences in the apparent sizes of the three types of
      particles are most likely due to bound detergents. Possible implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2880565
TI  - Inhibition of the proton pumping ATPases of yeast and oat root plasma membranes
      by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
AB  - The inhibition of the proton-pumping ATPases of yeast and oat root plasma
      membranes by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) can be correlated with the covalent
      incorporation of the inhibitor. Full inhibition of the yeast enzyme required the
      incorporation of about 1 mol DCCD/mol of the ATPase polypeptide of 100 kDa. A
      kinetic study of the interaction of DCCD with the yeast and oat ATPases indicates
      a second-order rate constant of about 500 M-1 min-1 and a stoichiometry of 1 mol
      DCCD/mol of enzyme, in agreement with the amount of DCCD incorporated by the
      yeast enzyme. It is proposed that DCCD reacts with a single carboxylic group
      present in a hydrophobic region of these proton-pumping ATPases and which could
      participate in proton binding and transport.

PMID- 2880564
TI  - Interaction among substrates, inhibitors and Mn2+ bound to glutamine synthetase
      as studied by NMR relaxation rate measurements.
AB  - The interaction of Mn2+ with the substrate glutamate and several transition state
      analog inhibitors of glutamine synthetase has been studied. With Mn2+ bound to
      the tight binding site, the frequency and temperature dependence of the
      paramagnetic contribution to solvent water proton relaxation rates demonstrate
      changes in the structure of the metal ion environment induced by substrate or
      inhibitor binding. The water proton relaxation rate data also show differences in
      the metal ion environment in the presence of glutamate compared to methionine
      sulfoximine, a structural analog of an intermediate in the reaction mechanism.
      Additionally, the distance between the metal ion and the phosphorus atom of an
      inhibitor, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, was estimated (approximately 5 A)
      using NMR measurements. These data are in accord with our recent hypothesis that
      the role of the metal ion is to stabilize the tetrahedral adduct formed on the
      reaction pathway.

PMID- 2880566
TI  - Inactivation of enzymes and oxidative modification of proteins by stimulated
      neutrophils.
AB  - Differentiated, stimulated HL-60 cells and freshly isolated, stimulated
      neutrophils inactivate glutamine synthetase (L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP
      forming), EC 6.3.1.2) either inside or outside of Escherichia coli. Stimulated
      neutrophils also inactivate at least four endogenous enzymes which are
      inactivated by mixed-function oxidation (MFO) systems in vitro (L. Fucci, C.N.
      Oliver, M.J. Coon, and E.R. Stadtman (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 1521
      1525). The inactivation of glutamine synthetase by stimulated neutrophils
      exhibits characteristics similar to those previously described using both enzymic
      and nonenzymic MFO systems (R.L. Levine, C.N. Oliver, R.M. Fulks, and E.R.
      Stadtman (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2120-2124). Although the reaction
      occurs in the absence of Fe(III), it is stimulated by added Fe (III).
      Inactivation required molecular oxygen and is partially inhibited by Mn(II),
      catalase, superoxide dismutase, and metal chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic
      acid and o-phenanthroline. Both the kinetics and the extent of glutamine
      synthetase inactivation differ when neutrophils are stimulated with phorbol
      esters compared with formylated peptides. Glutamine synthetase inactivation
      catalyzed by MFO systems is accompanied by the formation of protein carbonyl
      derivatives which form stable hydrazones when treated with 2,4
      dinitrophenylhydrazine. Multiple carbonyl derivatives are formed in the soluble
      protein fraction of stimulated neutrophils and these derivatives collectively
      exhibit an absorbance spectrum similar to that of glutamine synthetase
      inactivated by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 MFO system (K. Nakamura, C.N.
      Oliver, and E.R. Stadtman (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 240, 319-329).

PMID- 2880568
TI  - [Pharmacotherapy of essential hypertension].

PMID- 2880567
TI  - On the interaction between anthralin and mitochondria: a revision.
AB  - Anthralin is an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation at concentrations found in
      vivo. ADP-stimulated oxygen consumption is diminished. Consequently, the rate of
      ATP synthesis is reduced and mitochondrial ATP content declines. Neither the
      isolated ATPase (F1F0-ATPase), nor the mitochondrial membrane-bound ATPase are
      influenced by the drug. Respiration under resting conditions is not affected. The
      experimental data unequivocally indicate that anthralin is not an uncoupler of
      oxidative phosphorylation, as previously stated. Furthermore, the interpretation
      that respiratory deficiency induced in yeast strains by anthralin is a
      consequence of petite mutations has to be reconsidered. Under in vivo conditions,
      anthralin inhibits respiration per se. Our experiments, including the electron
      spin resonance spectroscopy, reveal that anthralin alters mitochondrial membrane
      structure and function simultaneously. A redox or free-radical mediated step may
      be involved. In consequence, inhibition of ATP production occurs which may become
      the limiting factor for increased cellular metabolism in psoriasis.

PMID- 2880569
TI  - [Antihypertensive therapy in pregnancy].

PMID- 2880570
TI  - [Round table: Current aspects of drug therapy in pregnancy and labor exemplified
      by tocolysis at the clinic and in general practice].

PMID- 2880571
TI  - Surgical treatment of Takayasu's disease.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients (mean age: 33 years) with Takayasu's disease were observed
      over the past 8 years. Among these patients, 33 had surgical intervention with a
      mean follow-up of 4 years. Lesions of the aortic arch were the most common (29
      patients, 69 lesions) and frequently were associated with lesions in another site
      as well. However, in this group of patients, the infrequent presence of signs of
      cerebral vascular insufficiency limited the number of suitable surgical
      candidates to 14 patients. Lesions of the renal arteries were noted in 25
      patients (37 lesions) and were associated with coarctation of the
      thoracoabdominal aorta in 12 patients. In contrast to lesions of the aortic arch,
      the presence of severe hypertension was a frequent indication for surgery in
      Takayasu's disease. Twenty-one patients had operation. Twenty of 21 patients were
      considered cured or improved of hypertension. The one patient who received no
      benefit was the only operative death of the study. In conclusion, although
      Takayasu's disease is progressive and the life expectancy is foreshortened,
      hypertension secondary to aortic and renal artery lesions is a frequent and
      important indication for aggressive operative treatment.

PMID- 2880572
TI  - [Aortic insufficiency in certain so-called systemic diseases].
AB  - The authors present a retrospective study of all the patient followed up for
      systemic disease in the rheumatology Department of Bichat hospital between 1975
      and 1984 in whom aortic regurgitation developed. Only rare or previously
      undescribed associations were retained: two MacDuffie syndromes, one adult form
      of Still's disease, one Takayashu's disease, one association of rheumatoid
      arthritis and Takayashu's disease, one rheumatoid arthritis, one Cogan's syndrome
      and two cases of disseminated lupus erythematosis. The authors use these cases
      and a review of the literature to discuss the possible physiopathological
      mechanisms of the aortic regurgitation. This study confirms the value of regular
      clinical cardiovascular examination with echocardiography in cases with
      progressive symptoms. The evolution of the vascular disease seems to be more or
      less parallel to that of the systemic disease and in a significant number of
      cases it becomes sufficiently severe to become the main clinical problem. In our
      series, there was one sudden death, one death due to cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
      and three patients required aortic valve replacement.

PMID- 2880573
TI  - Temperature and oxygen regulated expression of a glutamine synthetase gene from
      Vibrio alginolyticus cloned in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (GS) synthesis in Vibrio alginolyticus was regulated by
      temperature, oxygen and nitrogen levels. A GS gene, glnA from V. alginolyticus
      was cloned on a 5.67 kb insert in the recombinant plasmid pRM210, which enabled
      Escherichia coli glnA, ntrB, ntrC deletion mutants to utilize (NH4)2SO4 as a sole
      source of nitrogen. The V. alginolyticus glnA gene was expressed from a
      regulatory region contained within the cloned fragment. V. alginolyticus glnA
      expression from pRM210 was subject to regulation by temperature, oxygen and
      nitrogen levels. GS specific activity in an E. coli wild-type strain was not
      affected by temperature or oxygen. pRM211 was a deletion derivative of pRM210 and
      GS production by pRM211 was not regulated by temperature, oxygen or nitrogen
      levels in E. coli.

PMID- 2880575
TI  - Interaction of calcium antagonists with beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents.
AB  - Responsiveness to verapamil, the best studied calcium antagonist, was examined in
      cardiac preparations of rabbits pretreated with beta-adrenoceptor blockers
      (propranolol 2 mg/kg or oxprenolol 4 mg/kg s.c.) twice daily for either one or
      six weeks. Using this dose-regimen, the degree of cardiac beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade in conscious rabbits was substantial and similar for propranolol and
      oxprenolol. When administered for one week, neither propranolol nor oxprenolol
      affected to any marked extent the electrical and mechanical response to
      verapamil, diltiazem or fendiline in tissues isolated from various parts of the
      heart. In contrast, pretreatment with propranolol for six weeks resulted in a
      significant aggravation of the negative inotropic effect of verapamil in both
      atrial and ventricular muscle, and the verapamil-induced delay in atrio
      ventricular and intra-ventricular conduction also became more pronounced. The
      same long-term administration of oxprenolol, one of the beta-blockers with
      "intrinsic" sympathomimetic activity, did not alter the atrial or ventricular
      contractile response to verapamil and did not significantly increase the
      lengthening of atrio-ventricular conduction time occurring in the presence of
      verapamil. It is concluded that from the point of view of adverse direct cardiac
      interactions with verapamil prolonged administration of oxprenolol appears to be
      less dangerous than chronic treatment with propranolol. It is also assumed that
      in those cases in which acute administration of verapamil may be necessary,
      concomitant chronic blockade of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors is less dangerous if
      drugs known to possess not only beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties, but also
      some "intrinsic" sympathomimetic activity are applied.

PMID- 2880574
TI  - Relationship between nitrogen assimilation and cephalosporin synthesis in
      Streptomyces clavuligerus.
AB  - The levels of three enzymes of the beta-lactam antibiotic pathway and overall
      cephalosporin production were subject to nitrogen source repression in
      Streptomyces clavuligerus. The specific activities of isopenicillin N synthetase
      ("cyclase") and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase ("expandase") measured during
      the exponential phase depended on the nitrogen source employed, following a
      pattern that roughly correlated with the corresponding antibiotic production. The
      effects on isopenicillin N epimerase ("epimerase") activities were less marked
      than those on the cyclase and expandase. Production of cephalosporins and
      enzymatic activities were not related to the growth rate of the cultures.
      Glutamate, glutamine and alanine inhibited production when added to resting cell
      systems, while lysine and alpha-aminoadipate were stimulatory. No clear
      relationship could be drawn between cephalosporin production or beta-lactam
      synthetase activities and the activities of enzymes of ammonium assimilation
      (glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and alanine dehydrogenase). The
      intracellular pools of free glutamine, alanine and ammonium were the only ones
      markedly affected by the nitrogen source in the wild type and mutants, but these
      amino acids did not seem to play an obvious role as intracellular mediators of
      nitrogen control.

PMID- 2880576
TI  - Genome variation among varicella-zoster virus isolates derived from different
      individuals and from the same individuals.
AB  - We have used 12 restriction enzymes to analyse the DNA of 24 clinical isolates of
      VZV derived from 12 patients in order to compare isolates derived from different
      individuals and derived serially from the same individual. As reported
      previously, only a small proportion of the isolates differed with respect to the
      presence or absence of restriction sites. However, we found that the size of DNA
      fragments generated from all the isolates derived from different patients varied
      in any of four regions, one of which was first recognized in this study. In one
      case, where multiple isolates recovered from the same individual were analysed,
      each was distinguished from the others not only by differences in the variable
      regions but also by the presence or absence of a restriction site in a
      nonvariable region. This suggests that multiple strains of VZV can be present in
      the same human host.

PMID- 2880577
TI  - Immunogenicity of an Escherichia coli multivalent pilus vaccine in chickens.
AB  - Immunogenicity of an oil-emulsified Escherichia coli multivalent pilus vaccine
      was evaluated in 4-week-old chickens. The vaccine contained 180 micrograms of
      pilus protein from each of serotypes O1 and O78 and 170 micrograms of pilus
      protein from serotype O2. Chickens were vaccinated twice subcutaneously at 4 and
      6 weeks old and challenged via the posterior thoracic air sac with E. coli
      serotype O1, O2, or O78 2 weeks after the last vaccination. Unvaccinated
      challenged chickens suffered 8% to 26% mortality; no vaccinated chickens died.
      Vaccinated chickens had very mild gross lesions in the air sacs, livers, and
      pericardial sacs and eliminated E. coli more efficiently than the unvaccinated
      challenged chickens. The results showed that a multivalent pilus vaccine protects
      chickens against active respiratory infection.

PMID- 2880578
TI  - Biological and immunological characterization of pili of Escherichia coli
      serotypes O1, O2, and O78 pathogenic to poultry.
AB  - Pili of Escherichia coli serotypes O1, O2, and O78 pathogenic to poultry were
      isolated and purified by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Each serotype
      expressed only one type of pilus. The pili of the three serotypes had similar
      densities and were morphologically similar by electron microscopy. Sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, however, showed that they were
      slightly different in subunit molecular mass. Slide agglutination,
      immunodiffusion, and immunoblot tests were used to test for antigenic
      relationships between these pili and reference pili. Pili of serotype O78 were
      type 1, but pili of serotypes O1 and O2 were not, as once believed. However, pili
      of serotype O2 reacted positively with anti-type 1 serum in immunoblot assay,
      suggesting the presence of some common antigenic epitopes among these pili.

PMID- 2880579
TI  - Neural control of gene expression in skeletal muscle. Calcium-sequestering
      proteins in developing and chronically stimulated rabbit skeletal muscles.
AB  - Tissue contents of the sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (Ca2+ +Mg2+-dependent
      ATPase), of calsequestrin and of parvalbumin were immunochemically quantified in
      homogenates of fast- and slow-twitch muscles of embryonic, maturing and adult
      rabbits. Unlike parvalbumin, Ca2+-ATPase and calsequestrin were expressed in
      embryonic muscles. Presumptive fast-twitch muscles displayed higher contents of
      these two proteins than did presumptive slow-twitch muscles. Calsequestrin
      steeply increased before birth and reached adult values in the two muscle types 4
      days after birth. The main increase in Ca2+-ATPase occurred during the first 2
      weeks after birth. Denervation of postnatal fast- and slow-twitch muscles
      decreased calsequestrin to amounts typical of embryonic muscle and suppressed
      further increases of Ca2+-ATPase. Denervation caused slight decreases in Ca2+
      ATPase in adult fast-twitch, but not in slow-twitch, muscles, whereas
      calsequestrin was greatly decreased in both. Chronic low-frequency stimulation
      induced a rapid decrease in parvalbumin in fast-twitch muscle, which was preceded
      by a drastic decrease in the amount of its polyadenylated RNA translatable in
      vitro. Tissue amounts of Ca2+-ATPase and calsequestrin were essentially unaltered
      up to periods of 52 days stimulation. These results indicate that in fast- and
      slow-twitch muscles different basal amounts of Ca2+-ATPase and calsequestrin are
      expressed independent of innervation, but that neuromuscular activity has a
      modulatory effect. Conversely, the expression of parvalbumin is greatly enhanced
      by phasic, and drastically decreased by tonic, motor-neuron activity.

PMID- 2880580
TI  - Regulation of early enzymes of ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - In order to determine the regulation mechanisms of ergosterol biosynthesis in
      yeast, we developed growth conditions leading to high or limiting ergosterol
      levels in wild type and sterol-auxotrophic mutant strains. An excess of sterol is
      obtained in anaerobic sterol-supplemented cultures of mutant and wild type
      strains. A low sterol level is obtained in aerobic growth conditions in mutant
      strains cultured with optimal sterol supplementation and in wild type strain
      deprived of pantothenic acid, as well as in anaerobic cultures without sterol
      supplementation. Measurements of the specific activities of acetoacetyl-CoA
      thiolase, HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) synthase and HMG-CoA reductase
      (the first three enzymes of the pathway), show that in cells deprived of
      ergosterol, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA synthase are generally
      increased. In an excess of ergosterol, in anaerobiosis, the same enzymes are
      strongly decreased. A 5-10-fold decrease is observed for acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase
      and HMG-CoA synthase. In contrast, HMG-CoA reductase is only slightly affected by
      these conditions. These results show that ergosterol could regulate its own
      synthesis, at least partially, by repression of the first two enzymes of the
      pathway. Our results also show that exogenous sterols, even if strongly
      incorporated by auxotrophic mutant cells, cannot suppress enzyme activities in
      aerobic growth conditions. Measurement of specific enzyme activities in mutant
      cells also revealed that farnesyl pyrophosphate thwarts the enhancement of the
      activities of the two first enzymes.

PMID- 2880581
TI  - Changes in the plasma membrane ATPase activity in relationship to cell
      proliferation in Dictyostelium.
AB  - The plasma membrane ATPase activity of Dictyostelium amoebae increases ca 2.5
      fold from non dividing stationary phase cells to synchronously growing cells.
      This increase in ATPase activity takes place during the three hours lag period
      that precede the cell division after diluting stationary cells into fresh medium
      and is prevented by cycloheximide. No differences in the Km for ATP or in the
      optimal pH for activity were observed in kinetic studies carried out with
      purified plasma membranes from stationary and proliferating cells.

PMID- 2880582
TI  - Biosynthesis of porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase.
AB  - The biosynthesis of a porcine kidney peroxisomal enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase (EC
      1.4.3.3., DAO), was investigated. Pig kidney mRNA as well as free and membrane
      bound polysomes were used to investigate in vitro protein synthesis using a
      rabbit reticulocyte lysate. mRNA and free polysomes, but not membrane-bound
      polysomes, directed the synthesis of DAO. To examine the in vivo synthesis of the
      enzyme, a pig kidney cell line (LLC-PK1) was biosynthetically labelled. Both the
      in vitro and in vivo synthesized DAO had the same molecular weight, 38,000, as
      that of the purified enzyme. These results indicate strongly that DAO is
      synthesized on free ribosomes and transferred to the interior of peroxisomes
      without any proteolytic modification.

PMID- 2880583
TI  - The mdr1 gene, responsible for multidrug-resistance, codes for P-glycoprotein.
AB  - The development of simultaneous resistance to multiple drugs in cultured cells
      occurs after selection for resistance to single agents. This multidrug-resistance
      phenotype is thought to mimic multidrug-resistance in human tumors treated with
      chemotherapy. Both the expression of a membrane protein, termed P170 or P
      glycoprotein, and the expression of a cloned DNA fragment, termed mdr1, have been
      shown independently to be associated with multidrug-resistance in cultured cells.
      In this work, we show that human KB carcinoma cells which express the mdr1 gene
      also express P-glycoprotein, and that cDNAs encoding P-glycoprotein cross
      hybridize with mdr1 cDNAs. Thus, the mdr1 gene codes for P-glycoprotein.

PMID- 2880584
TI  - Stimulation by a tumor-promoting phorbol ester of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity
      in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) in hepatocytes from meal-fed rats was
      activated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in a time- and concentration
      dependent fashion. This activation can account for the PMA-induced stimulation of
      de novo fatty acid synthesis. Purified rat-liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase was found
      to be phosphorylated and activated by protein kinase C, thus providing a possible
      mechanism for the metabolic action of PMA in intact hepatocytes.

PMID- 2880585
TI  - A fluorescent derivative of the oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein
      (acrylodan-OSCP). Evidence for polarity changes in the environment of CYS118 of
      OSCP upon binding to mitochondrial F1.
AB  - The fluorescent probe, 6-acryloyl-2-dimethylaminonaphtalene (acrylodan) was
      reacted with the oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP). Acrylodan
      bound covalently to the single cysteinyl residue of the protein. Acrylodan-OSCP
      was fully competent in conferring oligomycin sensitivity to the mitochondrial F0
      F1 ATPase complex. The fluorescence emission peak of acrylodan-OSCP was blue
      shifted compared to that of an acrylodan-mercaptoethanol adduct, which means that
      acrylodan experiences a hydrophobic environment in OSCP. Binding of acrylodan
      OSCP to the isolated F1 was accompanied by a red shift of fluorescence. It was
      achieved in less than 1 s at 25 degrees C. The titration curve revealed one high
      affinity OSCP binding site per F1. Acrylodan-OSCP appears to be an interesting
      tool for studying the dynamics of structural changes within the mitochondrial
      ATPase complex.

PMID- 2880586
TI  - Inhibition of alpha 1-adrenergic responsiveness in intact cells by a new,
      irreversible receptor antagonist.
AB  - A novel alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist, 1-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2
      quinazolinyl)-4-(2-bicyclo [2.2.2] octa-2,5-dienylcarbonyl) piperazine, was
      synthesized and shown to potently block alpha 1-adrenoceptor-induced Ca2+
      mobilization in intact rat parotid acinar cells. Irreversible inhibition was
      complete in less than 5 min. This alkylating prazosin derivative blocked Ca2+
      release (IC50 approximately 5 X 10(-10)M) and [3H]-prazosin membrane binding
      (IC50 approximately 3 X 10(-10)M) in a concentration dependent fashion and
      increased the EC50 of epinephrine for Ca2+ efflux by approximately 35 fold. The
      agent however had no effect on muscarinic receptor-induced Ca2+ mobilization, or
      beta-adrenoreceptor-induced protein secretion, from cells. These findings suggest
      that this irreversible alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist will be a valuable tool
      in probing alpha 1-adrenoreceptor function and metabolism in intact cells.

PMID- 2880587
TI  - Independent bindings of Mn2+ and Mg2+ to the active site of B. cereus glutamine
      synthetase.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase purified from Bacillus cereus IFO 3131 was modified by
      iodoacetamide and the ATP analog 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA). Only
      Mg2+-dependent activity was inactivated by iodoacetamide, whereas only Mn2+
      dependent activity was inactivated by FSBA. When iodoacetamide-treated enzyme was
      reacted with FSBA, Mn2+-dependent activity was also inactivated. Mg2+ plus Mn2+
      dependent activity was inactivated in any case. The results suggested that the
      binding sites of Mn2+ and Mg2+ are separate from each other in the active site of
      B. cereus glutamine synthetase and that bindings of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to each site
      are required for normal activity in vivo.

PMID- 2880588
TI  - Solubilization of novel binding sites for [3H]glutamate in rat adrenal.
AB  - [3H]Glutamate binding sites were solubilized from the rat adrenal glands by
      treatment of the membranous homogenate preparations with various detergents. The
      binding in solubilized preparations was dependent on the incubation temperature
      and incubation time, and reached an equilibrium within 40 min of incubation at 30
      degrees C. Scatchard analysis revealed that the binding sites consisted of a
      single component with a Kd of 0.15 microM and a Bmax of 35.9 pmoles/mg protein,
      respectively. The binding was significantly displaced by L-isomers of the
      structure-related compounds, but not by D-isomers. Quisqualic acid exhibited a
      concentration-dependent inhibition of the binding, whereas neither N-methyl-D
      aspartic acid nor kainic acid elicited such a prominent diminution. These results
      suggest that the rat adrenal indeed contains novel binding sites for the central
      neurotransmitter candidate.

PMID- 2880589
TI  - Neuronal/lymphoid membrane glycoprotein MRC OX-2 is a member of the
      immunoglobulin superfamily with a light-chain-like structure.
AB  - The MRC OX-2 antigen is a membrane glycoprotein of about 45,000 Mr present on rat
      neurons, thymocytes, B cells, follicular dendritic cells, endothelium and smooth
      muscle. Sequence of cDNA clones indicates it is a member of the Ig superfamily
      containing 248 amino acids organized like an Ig light chain with a V-like domain
      and a C-like domain followed by a transmembrane and cytoplasmic sections. There
      is a sequence with homologies with J-regions but analysis of the gene for human
      OX-2 shows that this is part of the V-domain exon and there is not a separate J
      region exon as in the T cell receptor or Ig chains. The relationship of OX-2 to
      the other Ig-related neuronal/thymocyte antigen Thy-1 and the evolution of the Ig
      superfamily are discussed.

PMID- 2880590
TI  - Effect of dexamethasone on cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism of 2
      acetylaminofluorene in cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) to its six oxidative metabolites
      has been used to investigate the effect of dexamethasone on cytochrome P-450
      activity in cultured rat hepatocytes. In control hepatocytes the metabolism of
      AAF to its 1-, 5-, 7-, 9- and N-hydroxylated metabolites rapidly declined in
      culture over the first 24 hr while 3-hydroxylation remained relatively constant.
      These activities either remained unchanged or increased slightly during the next
      48 hr in culture. The addition of dexamethasone (100 nM) to the culture medium
      had little effect in arresting the initial decline but by 72 hr the 7-, 5- and 3
      hydroxylations increased to values 2.5, 16 and 21 times the respective 24-hr
      values. The inductive effect of dexamethasone on the 3- and 5-hydroxylations of
      AAF was maximal at 100 nM whereas the 7-hydroxylation increased linearly as a
      function of the dexamethasone concentration up to 1 microM. Cortisol and
      corticosterone and the non-glucocorticoids fluoxymesterone and methyltestosterone
      induced a pattern of AAF metabolism resembling that in dexamethasone-treated
      cultures, suggesting that a range of steroids not restricted to glucocorticoids
      may induce multiple cytochrome P-450 isozymes via related mechanisms.
      Pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile induced only the 7-hydroxylation of AAF
      probably reflecting induction of cytochrome P-450p. While dexamethasone was a
      strong inducer of the 3- and 5-hydroxylations of AAF in hepatocyte culture, assay
      of these activities in freshly isolated cells after in vivo treatment with
      dexamethasone showed a strong induction of 7-hydroxylation but only small effects
      on 3- and 5-hydroxylations. Indeed the profile of AAF metabolism induced in
      culture by dexamethasone resembles more closely the profile induced by 3
      methylcholanthrene in vivo. These data suggest that factors yet to be identified
      strongly influence the steroid-induced pattern of cytochrome P-450 gene
      expression.

PMID- 2880591
TI  - Two beta-adrenergic pharmacophores on the same molecule. A set of agonist
      antagonist combinations.
AB  - A series of compounds containing combinations of one or two pharmacophores of the
      agonist type (isoproterenol) or the antagonist type (propranolol or alprenolol)
      on the same molecule were prepared. The pharmacophores were connected by a
      derivative of polyethylene glycol with an average length of six atoms (carbon and
      oxygen). Furthermore, compounds containing two alprenolol residues, separated by
      chains of average lengths of 70 or 145 atoms, were synthesized. The abilities of
      these compounds to interact with beta-adrenoceptors of rat heart and lung tissues
      were examined by measuring the following parameters: competitive binding with
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol, activation of adenylate cyclase, and inhibition of
      isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase. The affinity of the compound with two
      isoproterenol pharmacophores for receptor was about the same as that with one
      isoproterenol pharmacophore and between 30 and 200 times weaker than that of (+/
      )isoproterenol. Both mono- and bis-pharmacophore compounds partially stimulated
      catecholamine sensitive adenylate cyclase and at high concentrations inhibited
      the stimulation produced by (-)isoproterenol. The affinity of the compound with
      antagonist (propranolol) and agonist (isoproterenol) pharmacophores on the same
      molecule was intermediate between that of propranolol and isoproterenol. The
      compound was only able to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. Compounds
      containing two antagonist (alprenolol) pharmacophores bound to receptors with
      affinities from an order of magnitude lower to about equal to that of the
      compound containing one pharmacophore. When membranes were preincubated with
      compounds containing two antagonist pharmacophores and then washed extensively,
      there were persistent effects of all of these compounds on the binding constants
      of [3H]dihydroalprenolol. All of these compounds were only able to inhibit
      adenylate cyclase activity and none exhibited any subtype selectivity at beta
      adrenoceptors. The results suggest that, in the beta-adrenergic system, compounds
      with agonist and antagonist substituents on the same molecule exhibit properties
      of the substituent with the higher affinity for beta-adrenoceptor, and no agonist
      activity is evident when two antagonist pharmacophores are linked on the same
      molecule. All of the above results may be explained without recourse to cross
      linking of beta-adrenoceptors with two pharmacophores, a phenomenon cited in
      similar studies of receptors for opiates and gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

PMID- 2880592
TI  - Effects of thiazinamium chloride and other antihistamines on phosphatidylcholine
      secretion in rat type II pneumocyte cultures.
AB  - Thiazinamium chloride (TCl) stimulated phosphatidylcholine secretion in cultures
      of adult rat type II pneumocytes in a concentration-dependent manner in the range
      10(-9)-10(-6) M. At the optimal concentration, secretion was stimulated by 46%
      which is approximately half the stimulatory effect of the beta-agonists
      terbutaline and isoproterenol. TCl did not increase the rate of choline
      incorporation into cellular phosphatidylcholine or of lactate dehydrogenase
      release so its effect on secretion was not secondary to phosphatidylcholine
      synthesis or cell injury. Since TCl has antihistaminic properties, we examined
      the effects of other antihistamines. The H-1 antagonists promethazine, which is
      structurally similar to thiazinamium, and pyrilamine, which has a different
      structure, also stimulated secretion but the H-2 antagonist, cimetidine, did not.
      The effects of TCl and pyrilamine were additive to those of terbutaline,
      suggesting that the mechanisms of action of the antihistamines and the beta
      agonist were different. Although we were unable to demonstrate an inhibitory
      effect of histamine itself on either basal or terbutaline-stimulated
      phosphatidylcholine secretion, it is possible that histamine plays a regulatory
      role in lung surfactant secretion.

PMID- 2880593
TI  - Concomitant induction of cytosolic but not microsomal epoxide hydrolase with
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation by various hypolipidemic compounds.
AB  - The effects of two cholesterol-lowering (probucol and 1-benzyl-imidazole), three
      triglyceride- and cholesterol-lowering (clofibrate, tiadenol and fenofibrate) and
      one triglyceride-lowering (acetylsalicylic acid) compounds on the specific
      activities of two lipid-metabolizing enzymes (cyanide-insensitive peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase) and two xenobiotic metabolizing
      enzymes (cytosolic (cEH) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEHb] from the livers
      of male Fischer F-344 rats were investigated. With the exception of probucol and
      acetylsalicylic acid, all compounds tested caused a dose-dependent hepatomegaly.
      Taken on a weight basis fenofibrate was the most effective inducer, causing a 20
      fold induction of peroxisomal beta-oxidation, a 13-fold induction of cEH activity
      and a 16-fold induction of palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity. The other compounds
      with triglyceride-lowering activity also induced cEH as well as peroxisomal beta
      oxidation and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity. The potency of each individual
      drug was similar for induction of cEH activity as compared with that of
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity, but very
      dissimilar for mEHb, which upon treatment with any of the triglyceride-lowering
      compounds was either not or only minimally (less than 1.5-fold) induced. 1
      Benzylimidazole possessing exclusively cholesterol-lowering activity increased
      mEHb much more than either cEH or peroxisomal beta-oxidation. The absence of an
      enhancement of cEH activity in in vitro studies confirmed that the increase in
      enzyme activity by the test compounds is not caused by activation. cEH activity
      was also induced in the kidney but only about 2-fold by fenofibrate, tiadenol and
      acetylsalicylic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880594
TI  - Cardiovascular effect of sparteine in anaesthetized dogs with and without
      blockade of cardiac autonomic nerves.
AB  - L-Sparteine sulfate (sparteine, 3 mg/kg) was injected intravenously over 3 min in
      12 anaesthetized dogs in order to evaluate the inotropic effect of this
      antiarrhythmic drug on the heart in intact organisms. There was a discrete
      decline in left ventricular dP/dtmax which was transient within 9 min. No
      influence could be detected on right ventricular pressure rise velocity. Aortic
      pressure increased by about 15% and a parallel increase in left ventricular
      enddiastolic pressure was observed. Heart rate was slightly diminished.
      Pharmacological blockade of cardiac autonomic nerves did not influence
      considerably the effect of sparteine. Pretreatment with captopril and
      phentolamine did not abolish the vasoconstrictive property which was also present
      in a reserpine pretreated dog. Sparteine shows no pronounced inotropic effect in
      the heart in situ. It increases arterial blood pressure by direct vascular
      constriction.

PMID- 2880595
TI  - [Synthesis and H2-antagonistic action of N,N-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5
      diamine. 30. H2-antihistaminics].
AB  - The semicarbazides 1 and 5a-c were transformed in high yields into the biureas
      3a, b and the thiobiureas 10a-c and 11a-c by addition to appropriate
      iso(thio)cyanates and subsequently cyclisized to the N,N'-substituted 1,3,4
      oxadiazole-2,5-diamines by means of elimination of water or hydrogen sulphide.
      The synthesized compounds were tested for H2-antagonistic activity at the
      isolated spontaneously beating guinea-pig atrium, where especially 4a, b and 12c
      showed pronounced H2-antagonistic action.

PMID- 2880596
TI  - [The action of various doses of the new imidazole H2-receptor antagonist
      etintidine on intragastric acidity in man].
AB  - The chemical structure of etintidine differs from that of cimetidine by the
      addition of an ethinyl group to the terminal methyl group of the side chain. We
      investigated the influence of etintidine 300 or 400 mg b.d. and of etintidine 300
      or 600 mg nocte, cimetidine 800 mg nocte versus placebo in two different double
      blind randomized cross-over studies on 24-h intragastric acidity and nocturnal
      volume and acid secretion (12:00 midnight to 6:00 a.m.) in 12 and 8 healthy male
      volunteers, respectively. 5-10 ml of gastric contents were aspirated hourly via a
      nasogastric tube. The pH of the samples was determined using a glass electrode.
      The results were expressed in terms of H+-activity (mmol/l). Etintidine 300 or
      400 mg b.d. reduced day- and nighttime acidity by 53 and 60% or 41 and 41%,
      respectively. Nocturnal acid secretion (mmol/l) was inhibited by 38 and 42%,
      resp. Etintidine 300 or 600 mg nocte and cimetidine 800 mg nocte (9:00 p.m.)
      lowered nocturnal intragastric acidity by 69, 84 and 79%, resp. Daytime
      inhibition was not observed. Our results suggest, that 1. etintidine 300 and 400
      mg b.d. are equipotent in promoting peptic ulcer healing and 2. that this new
      imidazole H2-receptor antagonist is also effective in a single bedtime dose.

PMID- 2880597
TI  - Serum apolipoprotein A-II as a marker of change in alcohol intake in male
      drinkers.
AB  - The relative usefulness of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the
      HDL components, apolipoproteins A-I and A-II (Apo A-I and Apo A-II), as
      prospective markers of change in alcohol intake was compared to gamma-glutamyl
      transferase (gamma GT) and erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in a
      controlled crossover trial of 46 moderate male drinkers whose alcohol intake was
      reduced by approximately 80% for six weeks by the substitution of their normal
      drinking habits for a low alcohol content beer only. Only serum Apo A-II levels
      correlated significantly with self-reported alcohol intake at the commencement of
      the study (r = 0.46; P less than 0.001). All five indices fell significantly with
      reduction of alcohol intake. The change in these indices between normal and low
      alcohol intake periods correlated directly with change in alcohol intake, the
      highest correlation being with delta Apo A-II (r = 0.72; P less than 0.001).
      Using discriminant analysis this variable was found to achieve an accuracy of 96%
      in classifying subjects into the correct drinking category (either normal or low
      alcohol intake). The relative percentages for the other variables were delta Apo
      A-I 78%, delta HDL-C 82%, delta gamma GT 78% and delta MCV 76%. We conclude that
      Apo A-II may prove a valuable marker of alcohol intake in cross-sectional
      epidemiological studies, while delta Apo A-II may be a sensitive marker of change
      in alcohol intake in the prospective management of the heavy drinker.

PMID- 2880598
TI  - The biological role of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic neuropeptides.

PMID- 2880599
TI  - [Seroepidemiologic data on viral infections (HTLV-I and LAV/HTLV-III) in the
      Caribbean region and intertropical Africa].
AB  - Since two years our laboratory is involved in the sero-epidemiology of
      retroviruses in Martinique, French Guiana and Equatorial Africa. French West
      Indies is an endemic area for HTLV-I with 3 to 5% positivity in blood donors.
      Such a prevalence increases with age in the general population, reaching 30%
      after 60 years of age. Data are given here regarding hematological and
      neurological syndromes observed in Martinique and associated with HTLV-I.
      Furthermore, we recently discovered an association between HTLV-I and the neuro
      myelopathy named endemic Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Such an association has
      been confirmed in Jamaica, South West Japan and Ivory coast. French West Indies
      appeared quite free of LAV/HTLV-III in 1983/1984 but AIDS cases have been
      increasingly diagnosed in 1985. Recent data (early 1986) from the Blood
      Transfusion Center in Martinique (Dr. N. Monplaisir) indicate that 0.45% of blood
      donors have LAV/HTLV-III antibodies, as detected by the ELISA test. We present
      here a comparative view of preliminary prevalence data for LAV/HTLV-III in
      different areas of Equatorial Africa.

PMID- 2880600
TI  - Memory stages and brain asymmetry in chick learning.
AB  - Stages of formation of memory and the roles of different forebrain structures in
      memory formation were investigated by injecting various agents into the brains of
      chicks close to the time of peck-avoidance training. With L-glutamate injected
      bilaterally into the hyperstriatum 5 min pretraining, retention was good 1 min
      posttraining but significantly impaired at 5 min and each subsequent time point
      from 10 min to 24 hr. With ouabain, retention declined more slowly, showing
      significant impairment at 15 min and thereafter. With any of three protein
      synthesis inhibitors (anisomycin, cycloheximide, or emetine), retention was still
      good 60 min posttraining but significantly impaired at 90 min. The three time
      courses of decline of retention are consistent with hypotheses of three
      sequentially dependent stages of memory formation. Glutamate, ouabain, and
      emetine were found to affect only a restricted volume of tissue. Any of these
      three agents induced amnesia when injected into the left (but not the right)
      medial hyperstriatum ventrale or into the right (but not the left) lateral
      neostriatum; so it appears that both structures are required for formation of
      memory. Agents that are specific for a presumed stage of memory formation and
      whose action is restricted spatially should help reveal the roles of different
      brain structures in different stages of memory formation.

PMID- 2880601
TI  - [Regional and time-sequential changes in amino acid neurotransmitters after focal
      cerebral ischemia in the rat].
AB  - Focal brain lesion is known to induce changes of blood flow and glucose
      metabolism in the areas other than the lesioned part itself. A well known example
      of this remote effect is so called diaschisis. To clarify the role of
      neurotransmitters in this phenomenon, amino acid neurotransmitters were measured
      in rat basal ganglia after middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the same ischemia
      model, blood flow and glucose metabolism have been reported to increase in the
      ipsilateral substantia nigra and globus pallidus in the postischemia period. Our
      results showed that GABA and aspartate were reduced in ipsilateral substantia
      nigra and globus pallidus from the 3rd day on, with glutamate level showing no
      significant change. In the contralateral substantia nigra, GABA increased
      significantly from the 1st day through the 28th day, whereas glutamate or
      aspartate showed no significant change. The same, although less pronounced,
      tendency was observed in the contralateral globus pallidus. In contralateral
      striatum, GABA increased only during the 1st week. These results may be
      interpreted as follows. GABA and aspartate were reduced in ipsilateral substantia
      nigra and globus pallidus due to the afferent pathway interruption caused by
      focal ischemia. The reduction of inhibitory GABA probably set neurons in these
      nuclei in a relatively activated state, resulting in the elevation of glucose
      metabolism and blood flow. Increment of GABA in contralateral substantia nigra
      and globus pallidus can be attributed to a compensation for the reduction inn
      ipsilateral nuclei, because the increment was observed even in a chronic phase.
      This hitherto unknown phenomenon will raise an interesting problem as to the
      plasticity of the damaged brain.

PMID- 2880602
TI  - Accurate detection of triple vessel disease in patients with exercise induced ST
      segment depression after infarction.
AB  - The severity of coronary artery disease is an important determinant of prognosis
      after acute myocardial infarction. The ability of a symptom limited exercise test
      to predict the presence of triple vessel disease was assessed in 221 patients
      three weeks after infarction. Coronary angiography was performed in patients with
      exercise induced ST segment depression. The presence of ST segment depression
      alone was poorly indicative of triple vessel disease; however, some specific
      features of ST segment changes on exercise were of predictive value. Downsloping
      ST segment configuration alone or horizontal ST segment depression associated
      with an early onset and a late recovery time after exercise correctly identified
      30 (90%) of 33 patients with triple vessel disease whereas it incorrectly
      identified only 6 (15%) of 39 patients with single and double vessel disease. An
      abnormal blood pressure response was also predictive. In patients with ST segment
      depression after infarction triple vessel disease can be detected accurately by a
      combination of the electrocardiographic and haemodynamic variables attained on
      exercise.

PMID- 2880603
TI  - Immediate haemodynamic effects of a novel partial agonist, beta 1-adrenoceptor
      blocking drug ICI 141,292 after intravenous administration to healthy young
      volunteers and patients with ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - ICI 141,292 is a new beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking drug. The beta 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonistic effect of ICI 141,292 was examined in a double-blind, randomised
      crossover study in eight healthy young volunteers and compared with atenolol.
      Three doses of ICI 141,292 (1, 2 and 4 mg) and atenolol 5 mg were administered
      intravenously. The attenuation in exercise induced tachycardia varied between
      16.0 and 21.2% (P less than 0.01). A significant reduction in blood pressure
      could be demonstrated following all three doses of ICI 141,292 and atenolol
      during exercise. At rest in the sitting position HR decreased approximately 8%
      following all three doses of ICI 141,292 and 14.9% after atenolol 5 mg. No
      changes in blood pressure were observed under resting conditions after any of the
      drugs. In six patients with ischaemic heart disease the intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity following intravenous administration of four sequential doses (0.5, 0.5,
      1.0 and 2.0 mg) of ICI 141,292 was examined. HR decreased 7% (P less than 0.05)
      following ICI 141,292 1 mg with no further decrease following the succeeding
      doses. Cardiac output decreased 5.2% (P less than 0.05) following a cumulative
      dose of 4 mg. No significant changes were observed in mean arterial blood
      pressure, stroke volume or total peripheral resistance whereas an increase in
      supine resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 3.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.05)
      could be demonstrated. ICI 141,292 seems to be a potent (at least five times as
      potent as atenolol) beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking agent possessing moderate
      intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

PMID- 2880605
TI  - Possible involvement of the 29 kDa protein in H+-ATPase in the action of cationic
      uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Effect of the (o-phenanthroline)2-Cu2+
      complex as a cationic uncoupler.
AB  - The divalent cation (o-phenanthroline)2-Cu2+ complex was found to uncouple
      oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Its uncoupling activity depended on
      inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the incubation medium, and was inhibited by the SH
      reagent N-ethylmaleimide, and retarded by ATP. The uncoupling by the (o
      phenanthroline)2-Cu2+ complex was suggested to be due to its modification of
      sulfhydryl groups in the 29 kDa protein in H+-ATPase.

PMID- 2880606
TI  - Engineering of the active site of human lysozyme: conversion of aspartic acid 53
      to glutamic acid and tyrosine 63 to tryptophan or phenylalanine.
AB  - Three human lysozymes containing a mutation either at Asp-53 to Glu or at Tyr-63
      to Trp or Phe were synthesized and examined for their immunological and
      enzymatical activities in comparison with the native one. All mutants were
      immunologically indistinguishable from native human lysozyme. The [Trp63] and
      [Phe63] mutants catalysed the hydrolysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell wall
      and glycol chitin effectively, while the [Glu53] mutant displayed very low
      activity toward M. lysodeikticus cells and no detectable activity toward glycol
      chitin.

PMID- 2880604
TI  - Testicular cancer and antecedent diseases.
AB  - A case-control study of the aetiology of testicular cancer was conducted using
      information obtained by interview and from case-notes of 259 cases with
      testicular cancer and two sets of control patients -238 men with diagnoses other
      than testicular cancer attending the same radiotherapy centres as those attended
      by the cases, and 251 hospital in-patients not attending radiotherapy
      departments. Logistic regression analyses were performed, after stratifying by
      age and region of residence, to estimate the relative risks (RRs) associated with
      various aspects of prior medical history. The risk of testicular cancer was found
      to be raised for men with a history of cryptorchidism (RR based on comparison
      with all controls = 6.3; P less than 0.001), inguinal hernia (RR = 1.6; P =
      0.14), mumps orchitis (RR = 12.7; P = 0.006), atopy (RR = 1.8; P = 0.03), and
      meningitis (RR = 3.0; P = 0.21). Inguinal herniorrhaphy before the age of 15
      years was particularly a risk factor for seminoma, whereas the relative risks
      were similar for seminoma and teratoma for the other factors. The results add to
      the growing evidence that congenital abnormalities involving the process of
      testicular descent and closure of the processus vaginalis are risk factors for
      testicular cancer, and that some types of testicular damage later in life may
      also be important. The findings of associations with previous atopy and certain
      infections suggest a possible second aetiological mechanism - that immunological
      abnormalities may be associated with an increased risk of testis cancer.

PMID- 2880607
TI  - Regulation of Dictyostelium discoideum adenylate cyclase by manganese and
      adenosine analogs.
AB  - Adenylate cyclase is the critical enzyme in the chemotactic signal relay
      mechanism of the slime mold amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. However, few
      studies examining the regulation of this enzyme have been performed in vitro due
      to the instability of enzyme activity in crude lysates. For studies presented in
      this communication, a membrane preparation has been isolated that exhibits a high
      specific activity adenylate cyclase that is stable during storage at -70 degrees
      C and under assay conditions at 27 degrees C. The enzyme was activated by
      micromolar concentrations of MnCl2. GTP and its non-hydrolyzable analog,
      guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate, inhibited the enzyme non
      competitively in the presence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+. However, this inhibition
      was more pronounced in the presence of Mn2+. Since guanylate cyclase activity in
      the D. discoideum membranes was less than 10% of the adenylate cyclase activity,
      there could not be a significant contribution by guanylate cyclase toward the
      production of cyclic AMP. Experiments indicate that D. discoideum adenylate
      cyclase was also regulated by adenosine analogs. The enzyme was inhibited by
      2',5'-dideoxyadenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine and inhibition was augmented by the
      presence of Mn2+. However, the inhibition was not entirely consistent with that
      which would be expected for the P-site of eukaryotic systems because some purine
      modified adenosine analogs also inhibited the enzyme. Guanine nucleotides had no
      effect on the inhibition by either purine-modified or ribose-modified adenosine
      analogs. The binding of cyclic AMP to its receptor on the D. discoideum membranes
      was not affected by either MnCl2 or adenosine analogs.

PMID- 2880608
TI  - Beta 2-adrenergic regulation of prostaglandin D2 receptor in rabbit platelets.
AB  - [3H]Prostaglandin D2 binding to rabbit platelets was increased by about 150% in
      the presence of beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol. The isoproterenol
      induced potentiation of the [3H]prostaglandin D2 binding gave a bell-shaped dose
      response relationship (maximum response at 3 X 10(-8) M) in a stereospecific
      manner. Similar and moderate potentiation was obtained with terbutaline. On the
      other hand, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists such as alprenolol, propranolol and
      butoxamine (beta 2-specific) had no potentiating effect on [3H]prostaglandin D2
      binding; rather, they abolished the isoproterenol-induced increase of
      [3H]prostaglandin D2 binding. The beta 1-specific antagonist, metoprolol, did not
      have any effect. Rabbit platelets were found to possess one [3H]prostaglandin D2
      binding site (Kd = 6 X 10(-7) M, Bmax = 787 fmol/mg protein). In the presence of
      isoproterenol at 3 X 10(-8) M, Bmax was increased with unaltering Kd value.
      Isoproterenol did not increase [3H]prostaglandin E1, [3H]prostaglandin E2 and
      [3H]prostaglandin F2 alpha bindings to platelets. The potential effect of
      isoproterenol was mimicked by forskolin, theophylline, dibutyryl cyclic AMP,
      prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin I2, but it was abolished by 2', 5'
      dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, indicating that elevated
      level of cyclic AMP may be available for the induction of the increase of
      [3H]prostaglandin D2 binding. Prostaglandin D2-induced cyclic AMP synthesis and
      antiaggregation activity were also augmented in the presence of isoproterenol.
      These results suggest a beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated cyclic AMP-dependent
      mechanism for the regulation of prostaglandin D2 receptor binding in rabbit
      platelets.

PMID- 2880609
TI  - Microtubule disruption enhances prostaglandin E2 production in osteoblastic
      cells.
AB  - Prostaglandins have been implicated in the response of bone to mechanical
      stimuli. To explore the potential role of the cytoskeleton in the control of
      prostaglandin production, we examined the effect of cytoskeleton disrupting
      agents on arachidonic acid metabolism in rat calvaria osteoblastic cells. We
      found that microtubule disrupting agents increase prostaglandin E production 4-5
      fold. Stimulation was first detectable at 4 h and rose sharply between 4 and 8 h.
      2 h exposure to 1 microM colchicine was sufficient to produce the maximum effect.
      Cytochalasin B at concentrations which caused marked shape changes had no effect
      on prostaglandin E production or on its stimulation by colchicine. Taxol, a
      stabilizer of microtubules, reduced the colchicine effect. The increase in
      prostaglandin E production was associated with enhanced conversion of arachidonic
      acid to prostaglandin E2 rather than enhanced release of arachidonic acid from
      phospholipids. This increase in enzymatic activity was not abolished by
      cycloheximide treatment at concentrations which inhibited 90% of protein
      synthesis in the cells.

PMID- 2880611
TI  - Sperm maturation in human semen: role of transglutaminase-mediated reactions.
AB  - A Ca2+-dependent, transglutaminase-like activity has been detected both free in
      the human seminal plasma and bound on the spermatozoon surface. A marked
      variability of the two enzymatic activities in the semen of different normal
      subjects was observed; but limited changes occurred in various ejaculates of the
      same individual. Moreover, we report evidence of the ability of several seminal
      plasma proteins to act as acyl donor substrates for endogenous transglutaminase,
      whereas human ejaculated spermatozoa have been shown to possess polyamine-binding
      sites specifically involved in transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions. It is
      postulated that semen transglutaminase may play a role in suppressing sperm
      antigenicity and in the male gamete's acquiring biological features of a fully
      differentiated and fertile cell.

PMID- 2880610
TI  - Biological markers in panic states: lactate-induced panic and mitral valve
      prolapse.
AB  - Anxious patients, and more specifically, patients experiencing panic attacks, are
      thought to have a significant biological component to their illness. This study
      looks at two promising biological markers associated with this patient population
      mitral valve prolapse and lactate-induced panic. We present our findings, which
      further characterize clinical and biological aspects of these two markers.

PMID- 2880612
TI  - The effect of diffusion on the trapping of membrane-bound receptors by localized
      coated pits.
AB  - Localized coated pits are considered in the primary steps of receptor-mediated
      endocytosis. According to the pit reinsertion mechanism, we have modified our
      previous kinetic model and studied the effect of diffusion on the trapping rate
      constant (k+). Using experimental data for low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      receptors on fibroblast cells, we found that the binding of receptors to coated
      pits is not totally diffusion controlled. For example, the process is less than
      78% diffusion controlled if receptors are not allowed to escape the coated pits.
      However, due to the large uncertainties in the experimental parameters, a
      diffusion-controlled process cannot be ruled out. The greatest differences
      between localized and random reinsertion were found when the escaping rate
      constant (k-) is much greater than the rate constant for invagination of the pits
      (lambda 1). Under this condition, k+ for localized reinsertion is no less than
      39% diffusion controlled, while k+ for random reinsertion shows no diffusion
      effect at all.

PMID- 2880613
TI  - [Muscarinic agonists do not alter the process of spontaneous quantum secretion of
      the mediator from motor nerve endings in the frog].
AB  - The action of carbacholine (Cch) and muscarinic agonists--methylfurmethide,
      oxotremorine, metacholine, L- and D-F-2268 isomers on spontaneous quantum
      transmitter release was investigated in experiments on the frog sartorius muscle
      of R. temporaria. Cch decreased the frequency of miniature and plate potentials
      (mEEP) by 48%. The muscarinic agonists at a wide concentration range had no
      effect on mEEP frequency both in normal ionic medium and with potassium
      concentration increase to 10 mmol/l. The data obtained confirm the assumption
      that the inhibitory action of Cch on spontaneous transmitter release is unrelated
      to its muscarinic activity. It was concluded that muscarinic cholinoreceptors
      controlling spontaneous transmitter release are absent in the frog motor nerve
      terminals.

PMID- 2880614
TI  - Factor XIII A is synthesized and expressed on the surface of U937 cells and
      alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Factor XIII A subunit was detected in U937 cells and human alveolar macrophages
      by immunohistology and Western blotting. U937 cells synthesize factor XIII A
      subunit de novo under serum-free, platelet-free conditions, as indicated by 35S
      methionine labeling and immunoprecipitation. Thrombin-dependent activity was
      demonstrated to account for 98% of the total transglutaminase activity in U937
      cells (1.5 micrograms per 0.5 X 10(6) cells/mL). Intact U937 cells and alveolar
      macrophages and homogenates from these cells cross-linked fibrin to form gamma
      gamma and alpha-polymers. Factor XIII A was detected on the surface of intact
      U937 cells and macrophages by flow cytometry and 125I-labeling and
      immunoprecipitation. Cell surface expression of factor XIII A was augmented in
      the presence of several soluble macrophage activators; however, no concurrent
      increase in its biosynthesis was observed. The presence and cell surface
      expression of factor XIII A subunit within macrophages suggest new pathways by
      which these cells may function in clotting and in the remodeling of the
      extracellular matrix during inflammation and wound healing.

PMID- 2880615
TI  - Factor XIIIa formation promoted by complexing of alpha-thrombin, fibrin, and
      plasma factor XIII.
AB  - Fibrin polymers (des A,B fibrinogen) reduced the concentration of alpha-thrombin
      required for 50% activation of plasma factor XIII (a2b2 tetramer) by
      approximately 100-fold. In the presence of fibrin, the amount of gamma-thrombin
      required for activation was not affected. Catalytically inactive i-Pr2P- and D
      Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2-alpha-thrombin were found to inhibit over 95% of the activation
      by alpha-thrombin in the presence of fibrin. Unlike plasma factor XIII, the
      concentration of alpha-thrombin required for 50% activation of platelet factor
      XIII (a2 dimer) was lower, and the activation was not enhanced by fibrin.
      However, when the a2 platelet factor XIII was incubated with purified b-chains,
      the alpha- and gamma-thrombin concentrations required for activation increased
      tenfold and reached levels similar to those required for activation of the plasma
      factor XIII. When fibrin was present, the alpha-thrombin concentrations needed
      for activation of the a2b2 complexes were reduced, and the presence of fibrin had
      no effect on gamma-thrombin cleavage of the a2b2 complexes. Therefore, the b
      chains must inhibit a-chain cleavage by alpha-thrombin in the absence of fibrin.
      These results imply that the formation of a cocomplex involving alpha-thrombin,
      fibrin, and plasma factor XIII causes some conformational change in plasma factor
      XIII such that the b-chains no longer inhibit cleavage of the a-chains.

PMID- 2880616
TI  - Molecular analysis of interferon-induced suppression of Philadelphia chromosome
      in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Treatment with recombinant human interferon alpha-A (Roferon-A) is associated
      with stable suppression of the population of cells that display the Philadelphia
      (Ph1) chromosome in some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as
      defined by cytogenetic analysis. Southern blot analyses employing a 3' breakpoint
      cluster region (bcr) probe (Pr-1) were performed to confirm a complete
      suppression of the Ph1+ chromosome-positive clone of cells at the DNA level. The
      complete disappearance of rearranged restriction fragments of the bcr gene, which
      were a characteristic of the disease prior to Roferon-A therapy, was accompanied
      by the restoration of normal bone marrow and achievement of durable ongoing
      complete remission for 9 and 6 months, respectively, in two patients with
      Philadelphia-positive (Ph1+) CML. Molecular analysis is a valuable probe for
      monitoring the clinical course of disease in patients with Ph1+ CML.

PMID- 2880617
TI  - Aminogram of mouse skeletal muscle: deviations in response to repeated
      hexachlorophene treatment.

PMID- 2880618
TI  - Syrup of ipecacuanha: is it really useful?

PMID- 2880619
TI  - Treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2880620
TI  - Macrocytic anaemia in patients treated with sulphasalazine for rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 2880621
TI  - Interactions between noradrenaline and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in the
      superior mesenteric arterial bed of the rat.
AB  - Interactions between alpha 2-agonists and noradrenaline vasoconstrictor responses
      were studied in the superior mesenteric arterial bed of the rat by use of
      perfusion both in situ with blood and in vitro with Krebs-Henseleit solution.
      Xylazine (1.9 X 10(-6) mol) administered into the perfusion circuit reduced the
      maximum response to noradrenaline in the in situ preparation by 35% and decreased
      the pD50 for noradrenaline from 8.5 +/- 0.01 to 7.9 +/- 0.13 (n = 7). Yohimbine
      (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) gave a small parallel shift in the noradrenaline log dose
      response curve and prevented the reduction in the maximum response by subsequent
      administration of xylazine. In vitro, xylazine (1.9 X 10(-6) mol) also gave a
      long-lasting reduction of 37% in the maximum response but did not affect the mid
      point sensitivity to noradrenaline. Yohimbine (10(-6) M) did not change either of
      these effects. Clonidine (1.9 X 10(-6) mol) did not affect the maximum response
      to noradrenaline in vitro but did reduce the pD50 from 7.72 +/- 0.17 to 6.9 +/-
      0.17 (n = 6). Yohimbine did not change these effects. Guanfacine (1.8 X 10(-6)
      mol) had no effect on the sensitivity of the in vitro preparation to
      noradrenaline but did reduce the maximum response by 20%. Yohimbine (10(-6)M)
      prevented the depression of the maximum response. It is concluded xylazine and
      clonidine interfere with noradrenaline induced vasoconstriction only to a limited
      extent through their interaction with alpha 2-adrenoceptors and that some other,
      as yet uncharacterized mechanism which may be activated by their aryl amidine
      structure, is responsible for their in vitro effects.

PMID- 2880622
TI  - Triazolodiazepines: dissociation of their Paf (platelet activating factor)
      antagonistic and CNS activity.
AB  - The relationship between the activity of thieno- or benzo-triazolodiazepines on
      platelet-activating factor (Paf)-induced effects and on the CNS (central nervous
      system) was studied in vitro and in vivo. Brotizolam and triazolam inhibited Paf
      induced human platelet aggregation. The IC50 -values were 0.54 and 7.6 microM,
      respectively. This inhibitory effect was not blocked by the specific central-type
      benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonist, Ro 15-1788, or the specific peripheral-type BDZ
      ligand, Ro 5-4846. These BDZ ligands also showed an inhibitory effect on Paf
      induced platelet aggregation (IC50 = 200 and 560 microM, respectively). Ro 15
      1788 or Ro 5-4846 in combination with brotizolam or triazolam enhanced the Paf
      inhibitory effect of these triazolodiazepines. In guinea-pigs, Ro 15-1788, 100 mg
      kg-1 p.o. and 10 mg kg-1 i.v. completely inhibited the hypnogenic effect of 10 mg
      kg-1 p.o. and 1 mg kg-1 i.v. of brotizolam, respectively. Similar results were
      obtained with triazolam but at higher doses. In anaesthetized guinea-pigs, a dose
      of 100 mg kg-1 p.o. of Ro 15-1788 did not inhibit bronchoconstriction and
      hypotension caused by Paf (30 ng kg-1 min-1 i.v.). The combination of brotizolam
      (10 mg kg-1 p.o.) or triazolam (200 mg kg-1 p.o.) with this BDZ antagonist (100
      and 400 mg kg-1 p.o., respectively) did not affect the Paf inhibitory activity of
      these triazolodiazepines. These results show that the Paf antagonistic properties
      of the triazolodiazepine can be dissociated from their CNS activity. It is
      conceivable that compounds of this structural type could be the forerunners of a
      novel series of potent Paf antagonists.

PMID- 2880623
TI  - The effect of nicotine on motoneurones of the immature rat spinal cord in vitro.
AB  - Nicotine [(-)-nicotine di(+)-tartrate 1-50 microM] produced depolarization of
      motoneurones as recorded from ventral roots of immature (1-5 day old) rat
      hemisected spinal cord preparations. This action of nicotine was accompanied by
      marked desensitization which persisted for at least 2 h following a 2 min
      application. Ventral roots sectioned from the spinal cord, which were sensitive
      to glycine, failed to respond to nicotine. Blockade of regenerative electrical
      activity with tetrodotoxin produced a mean reduction of 39% in the response to 10
      microM nicotine. In order to avoid desensitization, blocking agents were tested
      for their ability to suppress the initial response to a 2 min application of 10
      microM nicotine (0.58 mV +/- 0.07 s.e. mean, 21 preparations) in 4 or more naive
      preparations. Responses to nicotine (10 microM) were significantly reduced by 10
      microM hexamethonium and were abolished by 250 microM hexamethonium but were
      resistant to the following antagonists:- atropine (1 microM), phentolamine (2
      microM), strychnine (10 microM), kynurenic acid (2 mM) and a mixture of
      bicuculline (50 microM) and picrotoxin (50 microM). It is concluded that the
      depolarizing responses to nicotine may be due to the presence of nicotinic
      receptors either on the motoneurone membrane or on nerve terminals adjacent to
      motoneurones which release an unidentified neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2880625
TI  - Nicotine cue in rats: effects of central administration of ganglion-blocking
      drugs.
AB  - In rats trained to discriminate nicotine from saline, a single intraventricular
      injection of a small dose of the quaternary ganglion-blocking drug
      chlorisondamine blocked the response to nicotine for four weeks. pentolinium was
      only weakly active and hexamethonium was inactive as a nicotine antagonist under
      the conditions used, even in doses that were just below those producing myoclonic
      jerks. Chlorisondamine had no blocking effect in rats trained to discriminate the
      non-nicotinic drugs midazolam or morphine from saline. Intraventricular
      injections of chlorisondamine have a specific and unusually persistent nicotine
      blocking action, the mechanism of which requires further investigation.

PMID- 2880624
TI  - Paf-acether-induced death in mice: involvement of arachidonate metabolites and
      beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - Intravenous Paf-acether (Paf, 15-80 micrograms kg-1) killed conscious Swiss mice
      in a dose-dependent manner, without causing platelet aggregation in the lung
      microvasculature, or pulmonary oedema. Propranolol (0.01-10 mg kg-1, i.p.)
      potentiated the effects of an LD20 of Paf dose-dependently, while the beta 1
      adrenoceptor selective antagonist, metoprolol, was three orders of magnitude less
      potent in this respect. Salbutamol (1 mg kg-1, i.p.) provided complete protection
      against an LD80 of Paf. High doses of indomethacin, aspirin, benoxaprofen and FPL
      55712 given i.p. failed to inhibit the effects of an LD80 of Paf, while BW 755C
      (50-100 mg kg-1) exerted a dose-dependent protection and benzydamine (50 mg kg-1)
      and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (200 mg kg-1) were partially active. Dexamethasone
      (1-5 mg kg-1, s.c.) exerted a dose-dependent protection, when administered at
      least 4 h before Paf. In mice anaesthetized with urethane, Paf (1-30 micrograms
      kg-1) produced hypotension which was not clearly dose-related. The effects of the
      highest dose were also tested on the resistance of the lungs to inflation and
      found to produce bronchoconstriction. It may be concluded that pharmacological
      manipulation of beta 2-adrenoceptors modulates Paf-induced death in mice, while
      arachidonate metabolites of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway and peptidoleukotrienes
      do not appear to be involved. However, lipoxygenase products, distinct from
      peptidoleukotrienes, may play a role in this phenomenon. It is suggested that
      bronchoconstriction, probably associated with cardiovascular effects, is a major
      determinant of the acute toxicity of Paf in mice.

PMID- 2880626
TI  - 1,4-Dithiothreitol-induced changes in histamine H1-agonist efficacy and affinity
      in the longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The effect of 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) on histamine H1-receptor agonist affinity
      and efficacy has been investigated in longitudinal muscle strips of guinea-pig
      ileum. Exposure of ileal smooth muscle to DTT significantly increased the maximal
      responses to the partial agonists SKF71473 and DE-2PEA, indicative of an increase
      in agonist efficacy. This effect was paralleled by a small decrease in EC50
      values. In contrast, DTT produced a parallel displacement of the concentration
      response curve to the full agonist histamine in the same muscle strips. Studies
      in which phenoxybenzamine and benzilylcholine mustard were used to reduce the
      maximum response to histamine suggested that DTT altered both agonist affinity
      and efficacy. The affinity constant for histamine, calculated by the method of
      Furchgott & Bursztyn (1967), increased by 2.7 fold in the presence of DTT.
      Furthermore, agonist efficacy also appeared to increase in the presence of DTT
      since the maximum response to histamine following phenoxybenzamine treatment
      increased on application of DTT. [3H]-mepyramine binding studies confirmed that
      DTT increased agonist affinity. DTT produced a significant parallel shift to the
      left of the displacement curves for histamine, 2-methylhistamine, 2
      pyridylethylamine and 2-thiazolylethylamine. The results of this study therefore
      suggest that DTT potentiates H1-receptor-mediated contractile activity in guinea
      pig ileum by increasing both agonist efficacy and affinity.

PMID- 2880629
TI  - Follow-up of agoraphobic patients treated with exposure in vivo or applied
      relaxation.
AB  - The present study describes the results of a 7-month and a 15-month follow-up of
      32 agoraphobic patients treated with exposure in vivo or applied relaxation.
      During the follow-up period, all patients were given self-exposure instructions.
      Assessments were made in three response systems--subjective-cognitive,
      behavioural, and physiological--at the follow-up points. The study showed overall
      maintenance of treatment results in all three response systems for exposure
      treated patients. For applied relaxation/self-exposure, there was a relapse on
      delta heart-rate at 7 months for physiologically reactive patients, but the
      improvement was regained at the 15 month follow-up. Furthermore, a large
      proportion of the total improvement occurred during the follow-up period: 36% and
      22% for exposure and applied relaxation/self-exposure respectively. The
      proportion of patients reaching a clinically significant improvement was 50% at
      the end of treatment and 66% at the 15 month follow-up.

PMID- 2880628
TI  - Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists on cardiac output and its regional
      distribution in the pithed rat.
AB  - Cardiac output, its distribution and tissue blood flows were determined with
      tracer microspheres in pithed rats during pressor responses elicited by either
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists (cirazoline, phenylephrine) or alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonists (xylaxine, B-HT 933). Two doses were used for each of cirazoline and B
      HT 933 and phenylephrine was investigated in the presence of propranolol (3 mg kg
      1). The rats were pithed under halothane anaesthesia. Cardiac output was
      increased by xylazine, the higher dose of B-HT 933 and phenylephrine. Heart rate
      was increased by phenylephrine and the higher doses of both cirazoline and B-HT
      933. Stroke volume was greater in those groups given xylazine, phenylephrine and
      the higher dose of B-HT 933 but was decreased in those animals given the higher
      dose of cirazoline. Both alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists increased the number of
      microspheres trapped in the lungs and the proportion of the cardiac output
      passing through the hepatic artery but decreased that flowing through the spleen
      and gastrointestinal tract. The higher dose of B-HT 933 also decreased the
      fraction of cardiac output flowing to the kidneys but kidney blood flow was
      maintained as a result of the increased cardiac output. Also, this treatment
      reduced blood flow in the epididimal fat pads. Both alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists
      increased the fraction of cardiac output received by the coronary vasculature but
      the only other effect on distribution common to these agents was an increase in
      the percentage of the cardiac output passing to the hepatic artery. Cirazoline
      decreased the proportion of cardiac output distributed to the gastrointestinal
      tract and spleen but the total fraction of cardiac output passing to the
      hepatosplanchnic region was maintained as a result of the increase to the hepatic
      artery. Cirazoline markedly reduced the proportion of the cardiac output received
      by the kidneys and absolute flow in these organs was only 1.4% of control after
      the higher dose of this agonist but flow at the lower dose was maintained by the
      higher cardiac output. It is concluded that there is a significant contribution
      to the pressor responses elicited by alpha-agonists resulting from an alpha
      adrenoceptor-mediated increase in cardiac output that may result from greater
      heart rates or stroke volumes. Also, there is a differential distribution of
      alpha-receptor subtypes throughout the vasculature which is especially noticeable
      in the kidneys.

PMID- 2880627
TI  - Lack of involvement of alpha-adrenoceptors in sympathetic neural vasoconstriction
      in the hindquarters of the rabbit.
AB  - The hypothesis that sympathetic nerves in arterial blood vessels activate
      excitatory receptors distinct from alpha-adrenoceptors was investigated in vivo
      in the rabbit. In anaesthetized, ganglion-blocked rabbits, graded stimulation of
      the lumbar sympathetic nerve chains caused graded hind limb vasoconstriction. The
      responses to single pulses and short trains of stimuli were unaffected by
      benextramine (10 mg kg-1) and the longer trains were enhanced. Phenoxybenzamine
      (5 mg kg-1) slightly reduced the responses to short trains of stimuli and did not
      affect the responses to long trains. The dose-response curve to intra-arterial
      noradrenaline (after beta-adrenoceptor blockade) was shifted rightwards about ten
      fold by benextramine (10 mg kg-1) and by phenoxybenzamine (5 mg kg-1). In
      conscious rabbits the vasoconstriction caused by the nasopharyngeal reflex
      initiated by smoke inhalation was unaffected by benextramine (10 mg kg-1). Small
      mesenteric arteries (less than 250 microns) taken from untreated rabbits
      responded to noradrenaline with a threshold concentration of about 1 microM.
      Similar tissues from benextramine (10 mg kg-1)-treated rabbits were unresponsive
      to noradrenaline at concentrations up to 300 microM. However, these tissues were
      able to respond to potassium and angiotensin II. Aortic ring segments taken from
      the same rabbits were only about ten fold less sensitive to noradrenaline than
      segments from control rabbits. These results are in accord with the hypothesis
      that sympathetic nerves activate non-alpha-receptors in the vasculature of the
      rabbit.

PMID- 2880630
TI  - Late onset involuntary movements in chronic schizophrenia: relationship of
      'tardive' dyskinesia to intellectual impairment and negative symptoms.
AB  - Intellectual impairment, negative symptoms, and medication history were assessed
      in chronic schizophrenic patients with and without abnormal involuntary movements
      (tardive dyskinesia). Patients with involuntary movements had received neither
      longer nor more intensive treatment with neuroleptics or anticholinergics.
      However, the presence or absence of involuntary movements was prominently
      associated with the presence or absence of intellectual impairment/negative
      symptoms; these features are characteristic of the defect state/type II syndrome
      of schizophrenia, in which structural abnormalities of the brain may be over
      represented. The role of subtle organic changes in conferring vulnerability to
      the emergence of such involuntary movements should be re-evaluated.

PMID- 2880631
TI  - The Nithsdale schizophrenia survey. V. Follow-up of tardive dyskinesia at 3 1/2
      years.
AB  - The point-prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenics from a discrete
      geographical area (Nithsdale, in Dumfries and Galloway Region) in 1981, 1982, and
      1984 was 31%, 27%, and 30% respectively. This suggests that the prevalence of
      tardive dyskinesia in a community of schizophrenics has reached a plateau. In 12%
      of patients there was persistent dyskinesia, i.e. abnormal involuntary movements
      were present at all three assessments. Persistent dyskinesia was more common in
      older patients. The severity of tardive dyskinesia fluctuated between assessments
      in 41% of patients, indicating that it is only a transient feature in some cases.

PMID- 2880632
TI  - Sulphasalazine alone or in combination with D-penicillamine in rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Thirty patients (22 women) with active rheumatoid arthritis participated in an
      open study of 6 months' treatment with either enteric-coated sulphasalazine
      (SASP) or SASP plus D-penicillamine (DPA). Patients were assessed at regular
      intervals using a number of clinical and biochemical tests designed to detect
      specific antirheumatic activity. There were significant improvements in clinical
      and laboratory variables with both regimens consistent with second-line activity.
      Improvements were greater and more numerous with combination therapy. At the end
      of the trial period, there were nine 'responders' in the SASP/DPA group but only
      six in the SASP group. Neither efficacy nor toxicity could be related to patient
      acetylator status. Nausea and dyspepsia were frequent problems with both
      treatment regimens but dysgeusia and thrombocytopenia were confined to the
      SASP/DPA group. Study withdrawals were twice as common with combination therapy.
      These results suggest that a combination of SASP and DPA is more potent than SASP
      alone but at the expense of poorer patient tolerance.

PMID- 2880633
TI  - Perforated duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2880634
TI  - The distribution of neurotransmitter-specific cells and fibers in the
      anteroventral periventricular nucleus: implications for the control of
      gonadotropin secretion in the rat.
AB  - The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv), which lies in the
      periventricular zone of the preoptic region, is critical for normal phasic
      gonadotropin secretion since lesions of this nucleus abolish the progesterone
      induced surge of luteinizing hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, block
      ovulation, and induce persistent vaginal estrus in female rats. However, very
      little is known about the neurotransmitter-specific pathways associated with this
      nucleus. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of biochemically
      specific cells and fibers within the AVPv and adjacent regions by using an
      indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5-HT), dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY),
      cholecystokinin-8 (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P
      (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin
      releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),
      oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH1-24), alpha
      melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Our findings indicate that both cells and
      fibers containing these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed
      in and around the AVPv in accordance with the cytoarchitectonic organization of
      this part of the preoptic region. The AVPv itself appears to receive strong
      inputs from SP-, VAS-, CCK-, and SS-containing pathways, whereas the highest
      densities of L-ENK-, NT-, 5-HT-, NPY-, and DBH-immunoreactive fibers were found
      in the cell-sparse zone just lateral to the AVPv. The suprachiasmatic preoptic
      nucleus (PSCh), a small group of cells located ventral to the AVPv just dorsal to
      the optic chiasm, contained high densities of alpha-MSH- and ACTH-immunoreactive
      fibers, as well as substantial numbers of fibers containing catecholamines or
      NPY. In contrast, a dense plexus of VAS-stained fibers was distributed fairly
      evenly throughout the AVPv and PSCh. Numerous L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies,
      and moderate numbers of CCK-, NT-, and CRF-stained cell bodies were found in the
      AVPv. The PSCh contained many TH-stained cells (presumably dopaminergic), in
      addition to a moderate number of CCK-containing cell bodies, while a high density
      of NT- and CRF-stained cells were found in the cell-sparse zone lateral to the
      AVPv, in addition to several CCK-, SP-, VIP-, and TH-containing cells.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2880635
TI  - Is glycine an inhibitory transmitter in rat lateral horn cells?
AB  - Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and evoked IPSPs were
      recorded from a portion of lateral horn cells situated in thin transverse
      thoracolumbar spinal cord slices removed from neonatal rats. The IPSPs were
      reduced by hyperpolarization and inverted at membrane potentials between -65 and 
      75 mV. Strychnine but not bicuculline reversibly eliminated the IPSPs. The
      hyperpolarizations elicited by exogenously applied glycine exhibited
      electrophysiological and pharmacological characteristics similar to that of
      IPSPs. The results are consistent with the suggestion that glycine mediates an
      IPSP in a population of lateral horn cells.

PMID- 2880636
TI  - Are Ca2+-dependent proteases really responsible for Cl(-)-dependent and Ca2+
      stimulated binding of [3H]glutamate in rat brain?
AB  - The role of Ca2+ ions in [3H]glutamate binding was re-examined using synaptic
      membranous preparations obtained from the rat brain. In vitro addition (0.1-5 mM)
      of calcium chloride exhibited a profound enhancement of the binding in a
      temperature-dependent manner, whereas that of calcium acetate had no significant
      effect on the binding independently of the incubation temperature. Calcium
      acetate elicited a significantly additional stimulation of the Cl(-)-induced and
      temperature-dependent facilitation of the binding. The augmentation by these two
      ions was invariably eliminated by the addition of an antagonist for the anion
      channels including picrotoxinin as well as of inhibitors of anion transport such
      as ethacrynic acid and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. L
      Aspartate exerted a more potent inhibitory action on the Cl(-)-dependent binding
      and Cl(-)-dependent and Ca2+-stimulated binding, than D-aspartate. The latter two
      bindings were selectively abolished by an agonist (quisqualic acid) and an
      antagonist (DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid) for central glutamate receptors,
      respectively. It was also found that pretreatment of the membranes with calcium
      acetate resulted in a complete abolishment of the Ca2+-stimulated binding with a
      concomitant stimulation of the Cl(-)-dependent binding, which invariably occurred
      independently of the preincubation temperature (2 or 30 degrees C). No
      significant alteration was detected in the basal binding following the latter
      pretreatment. None of various protease inhibitors such as leupeptin, antipain,
      chymostatin and pepstatin induced a significant alteration in the basal, Cl(-)
      dependent, Ca2+-stimulated and Na+-dependent bindings of [3H]glutamate,
      respectively. These results suggest that Ca2+ ions may elicit their stimulatory
      action on the Cl(-)-dependent binding of [3H]glutamate even in the absence of Cl-
      ions added through the temperature-independent and apparently irreversible
      interaction with the anion transport carriers rather than the direct action on
      the binding sites of the ligand. The evidence presented here also suggests that
      the widely held view that Ca2+-dependent proteases are responsible for the
      exhibition of Cl(-)-dependent and Ca2+-stimulated binding of [3H]glutamate may
      need to be re-evaluated.

PMID- 2880637
TI  - Stimulation of both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors appears necessary for full
      expression of postsynaptic effects of dopamine agonists: a neurophysiological
      study.
AB  - The abilities of 4 dopamine agonists to inhibit the tonic single unit activity of
      substantia nigra dopamine neurons and stimulate tonic activity of globus pallidus
      neurons were compared to study the agonists' effects on pre- and postsynaptic
      dopamine receptors, respectively. The agonists studied were apomorphine and
      pergolide, which interact with both D1 and D2 receptors, and the selective D2
      agonists quinpirole and RU 24926. Drugs were administered systemically. The 4
      dopamine agonists were equipotent and equiefficacious at inhibiting the firing
      rates of dopamine neurons. In contrast, their effects on pallidal cells were not
      identical; apomorphine and pergolide induced significantly greater increases in
      pallidal cell activity than did quinpirole and RU 24926. In addition,
      pretreatment with a small dose of quinpirole did not attenuate the excitatory
      effect of apomorphine on globus pallidus cell activity, as low doses of
      apomorphine have previously been shown to do. Possible mechanisms underlying the
      differences in efficacy between the non-selective and D2 selective dopamine
      agonists in the globus pallidus were investigated. Coadministering quinpirole
      with apomorphine did not significantly attenuate the effect of apomorphine,
      suggesting that quinpirole is not a partial agonist at postsynaptic dopamine
      receptors. In addition, prazosin pretreatment did not attenuate the stimulatory
      effect of pergolide on firing rates of pallidal cells, indicating that the
      greater efficacy of the non-selective agonists was not due to concurrent
      stimulation of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors and dopamine receptors. However, the
      effect of quinpirole on pallidal cell activity was significantly potentiated by
      pretreatment with the D1 agonist RS-SKF 38393 but not its inactive enantiomer S
      SKF 38393. These results suggest that concurrent D1 and D2 receptor stimulation
      may be necessary for the full expression of postsynaptic receptor-mediated
      effects of dopamine and dopamine agonists in the basal ganglia.

PMID- 2880638
TI  - Biochemical evidence for glutamate and/or aspartate as neurotransmitters in
      fibers from the visual cortex to the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus
      (pulvinar) in rats.
AB  - The effects of visual cortex ablation on several neurotransmitter parameters in
      the lateral thalamic nucleus (pulvinar) in rats have been investigated. We found
      a 57% decrease in high affinity uptake of D-[3H]aspartate in the pulvinar after
      ablation of the ipsilateral visual cortex. The KCl-evoked release of exogenous D
      [3H]aspartate and endogenous glutamate were decreased by 33 and 37%,
      respectively. Moreover, the contents of endogenous glutamate and aspartate were
      decreased by 35%, each. The glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase
      activities and the contents of other amino acids were not affected by the lesion.
      Our biochemical data indicate that glutamate and/or aspartate may be transmitters
      in the fibers from visual cortex to pulvinar in rats.

PMID- 2880639
TI  - Glutamate and picrotoxin injections into the preoptic basal forebrain initiate
      locomotion in the anesthetized rat.
AB  - This study determined the locomotor effects of glutamate and picrotoxin
      injections and electrical stimulation in the preoptic basal forebrain. Male rats,
      anesthetized with Nembutal, were held in a stereotaxic apparatus such that
      stepping rotated a wheel. Cathodal stimulation (0.5-ms pulses, 50-Hz frequency,
      10-s train, less than 100 microA) was applied through a 30-gauge stainless-steel,
      insulated cannula to find locomotor sites. Glutamate (20 mM or 2 M) or picrotoxin
      (100 or 200 ng) were injected in volumes of 0.2 or 0.1 microliter of saline at a
      rate of 1 microliter/5 min. Electrical stimulation elicited locomotion
      (principally hindlimbs) in 32 sites which included the lateral and medial
      preoptic areas and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). Stimulation in
      23 sites, most in the BST and septal area, failed to produce locomotion. Stepping
      was elicited by glutamate and electrical stimulation in 15 sites. Glutamate was
      ineffective at 21 sites, at 6 of these sites electrical stimulation was
      effective. Longer bouts of locomotion were produced by 20 nM glutamate.
      Picrotoxin produced more intense and prolonged locomotion than glutamate. It was
      effective in 15 sites, at 12 of which electrical stimulation was also effective.
      At some ventral sites, picrotoxin-elicited stepping was continuous, at others it
      appeared in bursts of 5-20 s duration. At dorsal sites, the locomotor bursts were
      punctuated by episodes of pelvic flexion. Picrotoxin was ineffective at 12 sites,
      7 of which were effective with electrical stimulation. These results indicate
      that activity of neurons in the preoptic basal forebrain can initiate locomotion.

PMID- 2880640
TI  - Progesterone alters GABA and glutamate responsiveness: a possible mechanism for
      its anxiolytic action.
AB  - In this study, the neuromodulatory effects of progesterone were tested in an
      intact neuronal circuit of a model extrahypothalamic CNS area. Spontaneous
      discharge and responses of single cerebellar Purkinje neurons to
      microiontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate were
      monitored before, during and after either systemic injection, at physiologic
      doses, or local application of the steroid. By both means of administration,
      progesterone significantly enhanced inhibitory responses of Purkinje cells to
      GABA and suppressed glutamate excitation within 3-10 min post-steroid. These
      results are consistent with the anxiolytic actions of the steroid.

PMID- 2880642
TI  - Electrophysiological and pharmacological actions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate
      intracellularly studied in cultured chick cerebellar neurons.
AB  - The electrophysiological and pharmacological actions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate
      (NAAG) in cultured chick cerebellar neurons were intracellularly investigated in
      comparison with L-aspartate (ASP) and L-glutamate (GLU). Iontophoretically
      applied NAAG dose-dependently induced depolarizations associated with increases
      in spike discharge and changes in membrane conductance. Relative excitatory
      potencies seemed to be GLU greater than ASP greater than or equal to NAAG. The
      voltage-dependent increase in input resistance observable in the presence of Mg
      ions was most notable for ASP, moderate for NAAG and least for GLU. The reversal
      potential of NAAG-induced depolarization was at about 0 mV and similar to that
      for ASP or GLU, indicating primary concern of Na+/K+-conductances to the NAAG
      action. Mg ions depressed the actions of ASP and NAAG more strongly than the GLU
      action. 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) and D-alpha-aminoadipate antagonized
      the actions of ASP and NAAG more effectively than the GLU action. 2-Amino-4
      phosphonobutyrate (APB) and glutamic acid diethylester showed rather non
      selective antagonisms to NAAG, ASP and GLU. These results suggest that NAAG is
      excitatory to cultured chick cerebellar neurons and functionally resembles ASP or
      is intermediate between ASP and GLU, and may also support the suggested candidacy
      of NAAG for a neurotransmitter in the CNS.

PMID- 2880643
TI  - Alterations in responsiveness of noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats.
AB  - Locus coeruleus may have a function in central blood pressure regulation and
      possibly in the pathogenesis of hypertension. In keeping with this notion, we
      have recently shown that deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive
      rats demonstrate a greater increase in blood pressure induced by locus coeruleus
      stimulation than control animals. In an attempt to elucidate the underlying
      mechanisms leading to this alteration in responsiveness of the locus coeruleus,
      the sensitivity of noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus to the
      transmitter candidates, epinephrine and glutamate, was investigated in DOCA
      prehypertensive (3 days post-DOCA), DOCA chronic hypertensive (6-8 weeks post
      DOCA) and control rats using conventional microiontophoretic and single cell
      recording techniques. Iontophoretically applied epinephrine produced a current
      dependent decrease in spontaneous firing rate of all noradrenergic neurons in
      both DOCA-treated and control rats. Locus coeruleus neurons of DOCA-treated rats
      at 3 days and 6-8 weeks were less sensitive to epinephrine than those of control
      rats and the magnitude of the depression in spontaneous firing rate was less. By
      contrast, iontophoretic applications of glutamate produced an increase in
      activity of all noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons. However, there was minimal
      difference in glutamate sensitivity between neurons of DOCA and control rats.
      Since the changes in epinephrine sensitivity are apparent not only in the chronic
      stage but also in the prehypertensive stage, our findings suggest a potential
      role of the adrenergic input to the locus coeruleus in the pathogenesis of DOCA
      hypertension.

PMID- 2880641
TI  - Binding characteristics of [3H]opioid ligands to active opioid binding sites
      solubilized from rat brain membranes by glycodeoxycholate and NaCl: the recovery
      of binding activity by dilution.
AB  - This paper describes the binding properties of [3H]peptidergic opioid ligands to
      binding sites solubilized from rat brain membranes by the treatment with 0.125%
      sodium glycodeoxycholate and 1 M NaCl. The highest amount of the specific binding
      of [3H]-[D-Ala2-, Met5]enkephalinamide was obtainable when 10-fold diluted
      solubilized preparations were incubated in the presence of 0.1 mM MnCl2 and 100
      mM NaCl at 0 degree C (on ice) for 3 h. With this assay condition, the
      significant binding of following [3H]opioid ligands, which have been thought to
      be selective for receptor types, was also observed: [3H]-[D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly
      ol5]enkephalin (mu-type), [3H]-[D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin (delta-type) and
      [3H]dynorphin1-9 (kappa-type). The number of binding sites in solubilized
      preparations for each [3H]ligand corresponded to 40-50% recovery of original
      membrane-bound binding sites. The Scatchard plot of the concentration-saturation
      binding curve showed only one class of binding sites, with a high affinity for
      each [3H]ligand. Apparent dissociation constants between solubilized receptors
      and [3H]ligands were the same as membrane-bound ones, but the ligand specificity
      for each receptor-type, which was examined by binding inhibition tests with
      unlabeled ligands, decreased. Present results indicate that heterogeneous opioid
      receptors in rat brain membranes seem to be transformed into less heterogeneous
      forms through the treatment with glycodeoxycholate and NaCl and the dilution
      process.

PMID- 2880644
TI  - Increased enkephalin and dynorphin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of seizure
      sensitive Mongolian gerbils.
AB  - Radioimmunochemistry (RIA) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) were used to measure
      proenkephalin and prodynorphin peptides in the brain of a genetic model of
      epilepsy, the seizure-sensitive (SS) Mongolian gerbil. Brain levels of both
      [Met5]- or [Leu5]-enkephalin (ME-LI) and dynorphin A1-8 and dynorphin A1-17 (DN
      LI) like immunoreactivity were increased in the hippocampal region of the SS
      gerbil. However, ME-LI and DN-LI did not follow the same patterns. ME-LI was
      significantly increased in the SS gerbils (post-seizure) compared to SR gerbils
      while ME-LI in SS (preseizure) gerbils was not significantly different from SR
      gerbils. DN-LI was significantly increased in the hippocampal region of both SS
      (preseizure) and SS (postseizure) gerbils compared to SR gerbils. These results
      strongly imply differences in the regulation of proenkephalin and prodynorphin
      metabolism in the Mongolian gerbil. The differences in metabolic regulation may
      signal fundamentally different roles of these opioid peptides in the modulation
      of seizure activity in this animal.

PMID- 2880645
TI  - Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by immunoneutralization of endogenous brain
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that intracisternal (i.c.), but not intravenous
      administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), an endogenous tripeptide
      (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2), produces a time-, dose-dependent and vagus-mediated
      stimulation of acid secretion in rats. This study was designed to test the
      hypothesis that endogenous brain TRH plays a role in regulation of acid secretion
      in the pylorus-ligation model. In confirmation of previous reports, i.c. TRH (1
      microgram) significantly (P less than 0.01) stimulated gastric acid output,
      gastric secretory volume and decreased gastric intraluminal pH.
      Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of TRH antiserum (anti-TRH) 30 min
      prior to pyloric occlusion significantly reduced acid output, secretory volume
      and raised gastric pH. This inhibitory gastric acid secretory response to i.c.v.
      anti-TRH appears to be specific since i.c.v. infusion of normal rabbit serum or
      antisera raised against neurotensin (NT), Leu-enkephalin (L-enk), gonadotropin
      releasing hormone (GnRH), somatostatin (SRIF) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating
      hormone (alpha-MSH) were without measurable effect. The findings of this study
      indicate that endogenous brain TRH, but not NT, L-enk, GnRH, SRIF or alpha-MSH
      plays a physiological role in regulation of acid secretion.

PMID- 2880646
TI  - Glutamine synthetase and energy metabolism enzymes in cultivated chick neurons
      and astrocytes: modulation by serum and hydrocortisone.
AB  - Primary cultures of astroglial cells and of neurons obtained from chick embryos
      were grown in culture medium with and without serum added. The expression of
      glutamine synthetase (GS) in the cultured nerve cells was investigated
      immunocytochemically and biochemically. The cellular localization of GS in
      cerebellar tissue sections and in cerebral cortex of chick embryos was
      investigated by immunohistochemical staining. In tissue sections the enzyme is
      only present in astrocytes and their processes; neurons and their structures do
      not express the enzyme. In contrast, in pure neuronal primary cultures, a high
      level of GS was detected by biochemical and immunochemical methods. Thus, our
      results clearly indicate the presence of GS in pure neuronal cell cultures and
      its absence in this type of cells in vivo. Removal of serum from the culture
      medium enhanced GS levels in primary astrocyte cultures, but was without effect
      on GS activity in neurons. Addition of calf serum to the culture medium induces a
      two-fold increase of cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in neurons by
      increasing specifically the M subunit containing isoenzymes. The sensitivity of
      chick astroglial cells and neurons toward the GS inducing effect of
      hydrocortisone and modulation of its effect by serum was also investigated.
      Differences in the sensitivity of the two types of nerve cells in culture toward
      the GS inducing effect of hydrocortisone, and the effect of serum could be
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2880647
TI  - [Precurarization: comparison between gallamine and vecuronium administered before
      suxamethonium].

PMID- 2880648
TI  - Mechanisms of drug interactions of interest to dentists.

PMID- 2880650
TI  - False-positive results of confirmatory testing for antibody to HIV-I.

PMID- 2880649
TI  - Asthma: 2. Trends in pharmacologic therapy.
AB  - The most reasonable first therapy for ambulatory asthmatic patients is regular
      use of a selective beta 2-adrenoreceptor agonist administered with a metered-dose
      inhaler. When asthma is of more than mild severity, a second agent that acts
      through a different pharmacologic pathway is added. Although theophylline has
      traditionally been this second agent, recent concerns about its safety have
      prompted increasing use of inhalational agents such as corticosteroids,
      anticholinergics and mast cell stabilizers as appropriate second-line therapy.
      The use of such combination regimens and newer strategies such as high-dose
      inhaled corticosteroid therapy will reduce the proportion of patients who require
      systemic corticosteroid therapy for adequate control of asthma. The use of
      combination inhalational therapy also has a role in the management of asthma in
      the emergency department, the combination of a nebulized adrenoreceptor agonist
      and a nebulized anticholinergic being more effective than either agent alone in
      acute, severe asthma. The role of newer xanthine derivatives, antihistamines,
      calcium channel blockers and selective anti-inflammatory agents remains
      investigational.

PMID- 2880651
TI  - Principles of fracture management in children.

PMID- 2880652
TI  - Epiphyseal injuries of the foot and ankle.
AB  - A thorough knowledge of functional growth plate anatomy and physiology is
      essential to proper management of epiphyseal foot and ankle injuries. The ability
      to classify foot and ankle fractures according to the Salter-Harris anatomic and
      radiographic classification provides useful prognostic information that may
      affect treatment. The Dias-Tachdjian mechanistic classification system for
      pediatric ankle fractures provides useful information about the extent of osseous
      and soft tissue injury and the best method of closed reduction and correlates
      well with the Lauge-Hansen system, which is widely used for adult ankle
      fractures. Most epiphyseal foot fractures involve the metatarsals or phalanges
      and can usually be managed with closed reduction. Considerable spontaneous
      correction of deformity can be expected in the younger child (under age 10
      years), but one should be aware that sagittal plane and rotational malalignment
      of the metatarsal heads may cause significant problems. Salter-Harris type I and
      II fractures of the ankle can usually be managed with closed reduction. Salter
      Harris type III and IV ankle fractures with greater than 2 mm of displacement
      require open reduction and internal fixation. One must also have a high index of
      suspicion for juvenile Tillaux and triplane transitional fractures that may not
      be obvious on plain radiographs. Although these fractures usually do not produce
      significant limb-length discrepancies, they are intra-articular fractures and
      ankle joint arthritis can result. Finally, younger children (under age 10 years)
      have a better prognosis for spontaneous correction of nongrowth arrest-induced
      deformities but a much poorer prognosis with growth arrest injuries than do older
      children, in whom growth arrest does not usually cause a significant problem. All
      children with growth plate injuries should be followed at regular intervals for
      at least 2 years or to skeletal maturity in the case of physeal disturbance.
      Treatment of epiphyseal fractures of the foot and ankle must be individualized
      but should always be based upon a thorough knowledge of anatomy, bone growth
      physiology, classification, potential pitfalls, and prognosis.

PMID- 2880653
TI  - Chemical restraint.
AB  - There are clinical and medico-legal implications to the forced administration of
      neuroleptic medication to actively resisting, aggressive psychiatric patients.
      However, there is little information on how frequently this occurs. This survey
      of its incidence on an acute admission ward demonstrates that "chemical
      restraint" as defined, is uncommon, considering the characteristics of this
      patient population. It is nearly always a response to threatened or actual
      violence towards others. The survey discovered, unexpectedly, that there were
      considerable differences in the actual measures used and in drug doses used
      during the event, between two wards of the same treatment unit. A prospective
      study might correlate the different patterns with degree of success, as well as
      address other questions, the resolution of which would lead to better quality of
      care.

PMID- 2880654
TI  - Cyproheptadine and drug-induced anorgasmia.

PMID- 2880655
TI  - Recombinant interferon beta and gamma in the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is one of the most difficult diseases to treat
      because of severe underlying immune deficiency and metabolic disturbance.
      Interferon has potent antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating
      properties, and therefore, this may be a good agent to treat such immune
      deficient patients with peripheral T-cell leukemia. During a period from April
      1984 to August 1985, six patients were treated with interferon-beta (IFN-beta),
      and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was given to five patients. Three patients
      achieved partial remission by IFN-beta administration with a response duration of
      1, 1.5, and 12 months respectively, whereas one complete remission and two
      partial responses were experienced by IFN-gamma treatment with 4, 4, and 2 months
      of response. Side effects of IFN-beta were similar to those of IFN-gamma
      including fever, chills, fatigue, mild hematologic depression, and transient
      hepatic enzyme abnormalities. These promising results warrant further well
      designed clinical trials including combination with other agents or modalities of
      treatment.

PMID- 2880656
TI  - Hypercalcemia and osteoclast proliferation in adult T-cell leukemia.
AB  - Eighteen autopsy cases of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) were investigated
      clinicopathologically. Thirteen of the patients had hypercalcemia during their
      clinical course. Nine of the thirteen had a high level of serum calcium at the
      terminal stage, even after extensive chemotherapy. Microscopic examination of the
      bone revealed proliferation of osteoclasts and bone resorption in eight patients.
      No osteoclast proliferation or bone resorption was found in the other nine
      normocalcemic patients. The infiltration of ATL cells was observed in only two
      patients--one was hypercalcemic and the other, normocalcemic. The factors
      affecting the serum calcium level were examined in two hypercalcemic patients.
      Hypercalcemia could not be accounted for by parathyroid hormone or prostaglandins
      E levels, which were in the normal range, or by 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D, which were low. Our findings are consistent with the
      mechanism proposed by several investigators, that the malignant T-lymphocytes
      produced an osteoclast-activating-factor-like substance that caused osteoclast
      proliferation and hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2880657
TI  - Observations on predicted brain influx rates of neurotransmitter precursors.
      Effects of tumor, operative stress with tumor removal, and postoperative TPN of
      varying amino acid compositions.
AB  - Effects of tumor, operative stress and tumor removal, and postoperative TPN of
      varying amino acid compositions on brain levels of tryptophan or tyrosine as
      predicted by their brain influx rates were studied in normals and in malnourished
      cancer patients. Concentrations of the large neutral amino acids (LNAA) were
      determined in patients before and after tumor removal, and in postoperative
      patients before and after receiving either a standard TPN solution (STD-TPN), or
      a branched-chain amino acid solution (BCAA-TPN). The LNAA were altered in all
      groups versus normals. Brain influx rates showed the following: in preoperative
      patients, predicted brain tryptophan levels were below normal (P less than
      0.001), whereas tyrosine levels were within or above normal; no significant
      differences between pre- and postoperative tryptophan or tyrosine levels;
      postoperative STD-TPN did not change predicted brain tryptophan concentration
      from preinfusion values, but BCAA-TPN decreased it (P less than 0.001),
      underscoring the common transport carrier; and preinfusion predicted brain
      tyrosine levels were decreased (P less than 0.001) by both types of TPN
      solutions. These results imply low substrate levels for brain serotonin and
      catecholamine synthesis, possibly affecting functions dependent on their control.

PMID- 2880658
TI  - Detection of SSEA-1 on human renal tumors.
AB  - Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) was localized on paraffin embedded,
      formalin fixed specimens of human renal tumors by immunoperoxidase staining using
      a monoclonal antibody. Of 19 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) samples tested, 12 were
      positive for SSEA-1; SSEA-1 was also found on distinct elements in two samples of
      Wilms' tumor. No correlation was found between expression of SSEA-1, and RCC
      morphology or pattern of growth. Because SSEA-1 is found on proximal tubules in
      the normal kidney, these results support the hypothesis that RCC arises from the
      cells of the proximal tubule. Furthermore, since greater than 60% of the RCCs
      examined expressed SSEA-1, this antigen may prove to be a useful target for
      immunolocation or therapy of metastatic RCC.

PMID- 2880659
TI  - Phenotypic modulation during tumorigenesis by clones of transformed rat liver
      epithelial cells.
AB  - From nine clonal subpopulations (strains) of chemically transformed cultured rat
      hepatic epithelial cells which were tumorigenic when implanted into 1-day-old
      isogeneic rats, a cell line was reestablished from each tumor and the cellular
      properties of the tumor-derived cell lines were compared to those of the
      corresponding progenitor cells that were implanted to produce the tumors. In
      seven of eight instances, the cellular DNA content of the tumor-derived cells was
      virtually identical to the DNA content of the respective progenitor cells, but in
      one case the tumor cells had twice as much DNA as did their progenitor cells.
      During the development of tumors in vivo, other cellular phenotypic properties
      often underwent considerable, but variable changes. These changes included the
      activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, the growth properties on plastic
      surfaces, and the expression of LDH isozymes. Although there was a relative
      enhancement in the ability of most of the tumor-derived cells to proliferate or
      to form colonies in calcium-poor medium, several tumor-derived cell lines had
      very low colony-forming efficiencies in media containing either normal or low
      levels of calcium. The most consistent association between phenotypes expressed
      in vitro and tumorigenicity was the ability of cells to form colonies in soft
      agar; all tumor-derived lines expressed this phenotype, and with some of them
      this phenotype was acquired only during the process of tumor formation in vivo.
      These results demonstrate that further phenotypic and genotypic alterations may
      occur in vivo during tumor formation by chemically transformed cultured cells
      following their implantation into isogeneic animals; and some of the alterations
      that occur in vivo may be necessary for the complete expression of
      tumorigenicity. Although anchorage-independent growth capacity cannot be used to
      predict the tumorigenicity of clones of rat liver epithelial cells chemically
      transformed in vitro, this growth property appears to be invariably induced prior
      to or during the formation of tumors in vivo by these cells.

PMID- 2880660
TI  - Direct inhibitory effects of somatostatin (analogues) on the growth of human
      breast cancer cells.
AB  - Various hormones and growth factors are involved in the growth regulation of
      breast (tumor) cells. In this report we show for the first time that an analogue
      of the neuropeptide somatostatin (Sandostatin) can also influence the
      proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), namely, in an inhibitory
      fashion. With respect to dose-response relationship a bell-shaped curve was
      observed with the maximal inhibition of tumor cell growth at a sharply defined
      amount of Sandostatin (10 nM). The same effects were found with the natural
      hormone somatostatin-14 and another analogue (CGP 15-425). These results,
      together with the observation that high affinity binding sites for an iodinated
      derivative of Sandostatin are present in MCF-7 cells, support the conclusion that
      somatostatin and analogues act directly on breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2880661
TI  - Cell surface sialylation of two human tumor cell lines and its correlation with
      their platelet-activating activity.
AB  - The relationship between cell surface sialylation and platelet-activating
      activity was studied in two tumor cell lines of human origin, the SKNMC
      neuroblastoma line and the U87MG glioblastoma line. Their platelet-activating
      activity was evaluated in two different experimental systems, one that measures
      platelet aggregation and the other that quantifies platelet thrombus formation on
      vascular subendothelium under flow conditions. Our results demonstrate that, for
      the SKNMC line, the loss of 30% of surface sialic acid induced a significant
      reduction in its platelet-activating capacity. Upon recultivation desialylated
      SKNMC cells did not regenerate surface sialic acid and did not restore their
      initial values of platelet aggregation and platelet thrombus formation.
      Conversely, removal of 35% sialic acid from the surface of U87MG cells did not
      affect their pattern of platelet activation in either system tested. These
      results demonstrate that there is a correlation between cell surface sialylation
      and the capacity of SKNMC cells to activate platelets. The lack of effect of
      desialylation on U87MG-induced platelet activation indicates that different
      surface components may be the modulators of the interactions of these tumor cells
      with platelets. Our results support the hypothesis that heterologous mechanisms
      regulate platelet-tumor cell interactions and that tumor cell sialic acid may be
      only one of the aspects involved in such interactions.

PMID- 2880662
TI  - Influence of precursors on brain GABA level.

PMID- 2880663
TI  - Comparison of the immediate effects of two beta-blocking drugs: a nonselective
      and a cardioselective with modest ISA in exercise-induced angina.
AB  - To compare the effects of two beta-blocking drugs: a nonselective (propranolol)
      and a cardioselective with modest intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (visacor),
      24 patients with stable angina pectoris performed a control exercise (without
      medication) on a bicycle ergometer (increments of 30 W every 3 min), and
      thereafter were randomized to receive either propranolol (40 mg t.i.d.) or
      visacor (200 mg once daily) for a 48-hour double-blind trial. The 2 groups on
      control exercise were similar with regard to their exercise tolerance: 7.6 +/-
      2.3 versus 7.1 +/- 1.4 min (NS) and the behavior of heart rate, systolic,
      diastolic blood pressure and double product, at rest and during exercise. They
      exercised on the 2nd day 2 h after the intake of propranolol or visacor. In the
      12 patients randomized to propranolol, heart rate, systolic and diastolic
      pressures, double product were significantly reduced at rest, compared with
      control exercise: 67 +/- 8 versus 81 +/- 10 beats/min (p less than 0.01), 132 +/-
      20 versus 146 +/- 21 mm Hg (p less than 0.02), 80 +/- 8 versus 88 +/- 10 mm Hg (p
      less than 0.02), 8,828 +/- 1,927 versus 11,863 +/- 2,138 mm Hg X min-1 (p less
      than 0.001), respectively. On the contrary, in the 12 patients randomized to
      visacor, these parameters at rest were less modified and only heart rate was
      significantly decreased: 71 +/- 9 versus 81 +/- 11 beats/min (p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880664
TI  - Spironolactone in the management of congestive cardiac failure: a review.

PMID- 2880665
TI  - Serum potassium and body weight during treatment with two fixed combinations of
      beta-blockers and diuretics in hypertensive patients: a controlled study.
AB  - Two fixed combinations of beta-blockers and diuretics, penbutolol plus furosemide
      and pindolol plus clopamide, were compared with respect to efficacy, safety, and
      tolerability in hypertensive out-patients. The two preparations were equally
      effective in reducing blood pressure when given as a single daily dose. Doubling
      the dosage for those patients who responded poorly did not improve therapeutic
      response. The group treated with pindolol-clopamide had a significant increase in
      mean body weight and a substantial decrease in serum potassium concentrations. No
      direct relationship between these findings could be demonstrated, but the loss of
      potassium would be an important consideration when treating patients who are
      particularly vulnerable to the consequences of hypokalemia.

PMID- 2880666
TI  - Analgesics in the management of acute pain.

PMID- 2880667
TI  - Segregation of FMRF amide-immunoreactive efferent fibers from NPY-immunoreactive
      amacrine cells in goldfish retina.
AB  - Immunocytochemical studies were conducted on goldfish to determine whether a
      retinal efferent fiber system, immunoreactive to the tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe
      NH2 (FMRFamide), might contain instead a substance similar to one of the 36-amino
      acid pancreatic polypeptides, the C-terminus of which is similar to FMRFamide.
      Our results demonstrate the presence of two separate peptidergic systems, one
      containing FMRFamide-like, and the other pancreatic polypeptide-like peptides.
      Antisera to FMRF amide reveal the efferent fibers, whose axons exit the optic
      nerve and terminate in layer 1 of the inner plexiform layer, as previously
      described. Antisera to porcine neuropeptide Y, and to avian and bovine pancreatic
      polypeptides label a sparse population of putative amacrine cell bodies and a
      dense fiber plexus in layers 1, 3, and 5 of the inner plexiform layer. Based on
      intensity of staining, this amacrine cell peptide appears to be most similar to
      neuropeptide-Y. Radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical staining of retinas in
      which the efferent fiber peptide was depleted by optic nerve crush confirm in
      large part the observation that the two peptide systems are distinct. However,
      there is some cross-recognition of the FMRF amide-like tissue antigen by
      pancreatic polypeptide antibodies. Double-label studies with antisera to tyrosine
      hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y indicate that the pancreatic polypeptide antigen
      is not co-localized with catecholamines.

PMID- 2880669
TI  - Total occlusion of the abdominal aorta in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis:
      the importance of lower rib notching in the differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2880668
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization and spatial relation to the adenohypophysis of a
      somatostatin-like and a corticotropin-releasing factor-like peptide in the brain
      of four amphibian species.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) - and corticotropin-releasing factor
      (CRF)-like - immunoreactive material was studied in the brain of four amphibian
      species (Ambystoma mexicanum, Pleurodeles waltlii, Xenopus laevis, Rana
      ridibunda) by use of immunocytochemistry. A wide network of SRIF-immunoreactive
      fibers and numerous perikarya were observed in all amphibians examined, with a
      dense accumulation of nerve endings in the external layer of the median eminence
      (ELME). In the representatives of the four amphibian species the CRF-like system
      was more circumscribed. Immunoreactive perikarya were present in the preoptic
      area, mainly in a ventrobasal position, and in the interpeduncular nucleus. The
      tract running along the ventral part of the tuber cinereum ends in the ELME
      facing the rostroventral lobe of the pars distalis that contains corticotrophs.
      CRF fibers were scarce or absent in the neural lobe. In all species studied in
      the present work, CRF fibers end in the area of the ELME close to the pituitary
      lobe containing corticotrophs. This correlation is similar to that reported for
      the Japanese quail and several teleosts.

PMID- 2880670
TI  - A large inverted duplication allows homologous recombination between chromosomes
      heterozygous for the proximal t complex inversion.
AB  - We have examined the molecular organization of a region of mouse chromosome 17
      that allows homologous recombination between wild-type and t haplotype
      chromosomes across a large inversion. We have used a combination of genetic
      mapping of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, molecular characterization
      of cloned regions isolated on overlapping cosmids, and subchromosomal restriction
      mapping using the pulsed field gel technique. Our analyses show that the wild
      type form of chromosome 17 contains an inverted duplication of an element of at
      least 650 kb that is present in only one copy in the t haplotype form. Two
      chromosomes, th45 and tAE5, arose by homologous recombination across the element
      that is present in both chromosomal variants in the same orientation.

PMID- 2880671
TI  - [Densitometric determination of desacetylmetipranolol in blood plasma].

PMID- 2880672
TI  - [Treatment of hemorrhage of the upper gastro-intestinal tract with the Chinese
      drug hai huang san. Analysis of 50 cases].

PMID- 2880673
TI  - [Our experience in the treatment of gastroduodenal hemorrhage with somatostatin].
AB  - Somatostatin, a pituitary hormone with an inhibitory action on gastric secretion,
      has improved the therapeutic approach to the treatment of the hemorrhagic
      complications accompanying gastroduodenal ulcer. The authors report on their
      experience "in doppio cieco" with 84 patients, 53 of whom treated with
      somatostatin and 31 with cimetidine, the respective success rates being 96.6% and
      90.32% in the two treatment groups. It was also noted that the somatostatin
      treated group showed earlier arrest of hemorrhage and a lower blood transfusion
      requirement.

PMID- 2880674
TI  - [Cryptorchism and surgery].
AB  - Many different anatomical situations are observed by pediatric surgeons during
      the surgical procedure for cryptorchidism at any age. The authors propose an easy
      anatomical classification: type I seems to be a small trouble of the process of
      migration and to be more a disturbed fixation. Type III results from a big
      disturbed wolfian duct process. Type II is intermediary. A series of 102
      cryptorchidism operated upon at the Pediatric Surgical depart. Children's
      Hospital Paris, were studied according to this classification and collorated with
      histopathological study. The correlation is significative. The authors suggest
      that this protocol of surgical description could be agreed by a lot of Pediatric
      surgeons, whatever be the age of patient at operation, in the purpose to allow a
      longitudinal study from initial anatomical disorders to spermogram and at last to
      bring a response to the unanswered question: what, when and how, a cryptorchidism
      has to be cured.

PMID- 2880675
TI  - [Spleno-gonadal fusion. Apropos of 3 case reports].
AB  - Splenogonadal fusion is a very rare congenital anomaly, usually diagnosed during
      operation for other surgical conditions as inguinal during operation for other
      surgical conditions as inguinal hernia, testicular tumor, cryptorchism or
      epididymitis and discontinuous. In first form exists a link of splenic and
      connective-fibrous tissue between spleen and testicle. This string runs above the
      bowels, then through an inguinal canal and joins the testicle or surrounds the
      gonad. Surgical treatment consists of cutting of the cord from spleen and
      separating from albugineals coat of testicle. In discontinuous form numerous
      tubercles of splenic tissue situated near gonad are confirmed. Three own cases
      are presented. First case concerns a 4 year-old boy with diagnosis: tumor of
      testicle and left inguinal hernia. Splenic tissue surrounded testicle and
      separated it from epididymis. An attempt of separation of these masses from the
      testicle was unsuccessful and hemicastration was performed and removed 17 cm long
      cord attached to the spleen. There was no union between testicle and epididymis
      on micro- and macroscopic examination. Second case refers to a 8 year-old boy
      with left-sides cryptorchidism. During an operation 7 cm long string like rosary
      was removed. Last case: 12 year-old boy was treated with diagnosis of tumor of
      spermatic cord and suspicion of spleno-gonadal fusion. A 15 cm long string
      connecting upper pole of testicle and spleen was amputated. The embryology, the
      diagnosis and the treatment are discussed in both cases.

PMID- 2880676
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of mucoviscidosis: biochemical technics and studies of
      affected fetuses].
AB  - The prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is based on microvillar enzymes values
      in amniotic fluid taken by amniocentesis at precisely the 17-18 weeks gestation
      age (15-16 weeks developmental age). In pregnancies with a cystic fibrosis
      affected fetus the values of the enzymes are depressed. Since microvillar enzymes
      are normal constituents of amniotic fluid, it is important 1. to have highly
      reproducible techniques and 2. to determine the range of the normal values and
      their variations in relation to the development of the fetus. Prenatal diagnosis
      was performed in more than 200 pregnancies with a 1 in 4 risk of cystic fibrosis
      and was based on significant modifications of 6 amniotic fluid enzymes values:
      gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase (total and
      isoenzymes). Normal outcome was predicted in 135 pregnancies reaching term, 133
      babies were normal and 2 were affected. On the basis of significantly abnormal
      enzymatic values an affected fetus was predicted in 57 pregnancies, 3 went to
      term, the infants were affected, 54 were terminated and the diagnosis of cystic
      fibrosis was confirmed in the examined fetuses. The decrease in amniotic fluid
      microvillar enzymes values is the result of an obstruction of the terminal ileum.
      Fetuses affected with cystic fibrosis developed an intestinal obstruction around
      the 15th week of developmental age which can be seen by ultrasound scanning in
      about fifty per cent of the cases. This obstruction persists in some fetuses and
      leads to a meconium ileus at birth.

PMID- 2880679
TI  - Medical therapy for silent myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2880677
TI  - Carboplatin (CBDCA), iproplatin (CHIP), and high dose cisplatin in hypertonic
      saline evaluated for tubular nephrotoxicity.
AB  - We compared the acute tubular nephrotoxicity of three platinum compounds in
      children and adults with solid tumors by monitoring the urinary excretion of
      alanine aminopeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and total protein.
      Cisplatin (100 mg/m2) was administered with mannitol, or at a twofold larger
      total dosage (50 mg/m2 per day for 4 days) in a 3% saline infusion. Carboplatin
      (300 mg/m2) was administered in combination with 5-fluorouracil, and iproplatin
      was administered in dosages ranging from 216 to 388 mg/m2. Enzymuria and
      proteinuria induced by cisplatin at a total dosage of 200 mg/m2 on a divided
      schedule did not significantly differ from that observed for the single 100 mg/m2
      dose. Enzymuria and proteinuria induced by carboplatin and iproplatin were
      significantly less than that for cisplatin; however, one patient developed
      chronic tubular damage after three courses of carboplatin, and the acute tubular
      toxicity of iproplatin in one of 15 patients was exceptional. Our findings
      support the value of administering cisplatin in hypertonic saline on a divided
      schedule as a strategy to reduce acute tubular damage. Although carboplatin and
      iproplatin are less nephrotoxic than cisplatin, occasionally patients experience
      subclinical acute or chronic tubular damage that may lead to overt nephrotoxicity
      with continued therapy.

PMID- 2880678
TI  - Automaticity, triggered activity, and responses to adrenergic stimulation in cat
      subendocardial Purkinje fibers after healing of myocardial infarction.
AB  - We studied automaticity, triggered activity, and responses to alpha- and beta
      adrenergic stimulation in subendocardial Purkinje fibers overlying healed infarct
      scars (infarct preparation) and from remote normal zones (noninfarct preparation)
      of cat left ventricles. The preparations were studied 2 to 4 months after
      ligation of multiple distal tributaries of the left anterior descending and
      circumflex arteries. Subendocardial Purkinje fibers from corresponding areas of
      normal hearts served as control samples (control preparation). Transmembrane
      action potential characteristics and rates of automaticity (spontaneous phase 4
      depolarization) did not differ among control, noninfarct, and infarct
      preparations. However, overdrive at cycle lengths of less than 400 msec
      suppressed automaticity to a greater degree in Purkinje fibers of infarct
      preparations than those of control and noninfarct preparations. Changes in
      automatic rate during superfusion with isoproterenol (10(-10)M to 10(-6)M) were
      not different among the three groups of preparations, but exposure to
      phenylephrine (10(-9)M to 10(-5)M) in the presence of 5 X 10(-7)M propranolol
      reduced the automatic rate to a greater degree in Purkinje fibers of infarct
      preparations than those of control or noninfarct preparations. Triggered activity
      arising from delayed afterdepolarizations was recorded in 10 of 29 infarct
      preparations (34%), but not in 12 control and 10 noninfarct preparations. These
      afterpotentials were augmented by increasing extracellular Ca++ concentration,
      10(-7)M isoproterenol, and 10(-5)M phenylephrine in the presence of 5 X 10(-7)M
      propranolol. We conclude that Purkinje fibers overlying healed infarct scars have
      altered physiology of spontaneous automaticity, enhanced responses to alpha
      adrenergic interventions, and a tendency to triggered activity, and that both
      alpha- and beta-adrenergic effects may result in worsening of arrhythmias by
      augmentation of afterpotentials in healed myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2880680
TI  - Alanine aminopeptidase in serum: automated optimized assay, and effects of age,
      sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption in a selected population.
AB  - In the diagnosis of chronic (as opposed to acute) liver diseases, combinations of
      indicators are needed to improve specificity. Alanine aminopeptidase (AAP;
      microsomal aminopeptidase, EC 3.4.11.2) activity in serum reportedly is a very
      sensitive indicator of intrahepatic cholestasis and biliary obstruction; it is
      also particularly useful in diagnosing chronic liver disease when combined with
      an indicator of hepatocyte damage such as aspartate aminotransferase or alanine
      aminotransferase. We optimized the assay of AAP in serum, automated the assay by
      using a centrifugal analyzer, then used this automated assay to determine
      activity in 202 individuals, ages one to 73 years. The preliminary results were
      analyzed in terms of the effects of age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption on
      AAP activity in serum. Striking sex-related differences were observed: AAP
      activity in males declined 2.5 times more rapidly with age than did that in
      females; indeed, activity in adult females remained essentially constant.
      Moreover, AAP values were higher in men who smoked than in those who did not, the
      difference being of borderline significance by analysis of covariance (p =
      0.0865) but significant by partial correlations (p = 0.02). No similar
      differences were seen for women smokers and non-smokers. When the effects of
      other variables were held constant, alcohol consumption alone did not
      significantly correlate with AAP activity in men or women.

PMID- 2880681
TI  - Thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin in patients with Graves' disease.
      Measurement and relationship to numeric abnormality of T cells.

PMID- 2880682
TI  - Immunoglobulin heavy chain switch region restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms are associated with renal disease.
AB  - We describe here, to our knowledge for the first time, associations between
      polymorphisms at the genomic DNA level in the immunoglobulin gene region and
      renal diseases which lead to chronic renal failure. Recent studies have shown
      that protein polymorphisms, present in immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains (Gm
      allotypes) are associated with certain forms of renal disease and with end stage
      renal failure per se. To investigate this association at the DNA level we have
      used probes which recognize Ig heavy chain genes and this report describes
      results obtained with one of these, the S mu switch region probe. With the
      restriction endonuclease Sst 1 (or the isoschizomer; Sac I) a number of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) can be obtained which are
      recognized by this probe and there is a highly significant association between
      certain of these and renal disease. This is the first report of Ig switch region
      polymorphisms being associated with disease, yet our results suggest that S mu
      RFLP are more closely linked to renal disease than Ig protein polymorphisms.

PMID- 2880683
TI  - Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) synthesis by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)
      stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from Graves' disease (GD) patients.
AB  - Lymphocytes from freshly diagnosed untreated GD patients can be induced to
      produce in-vitro IgG, and more precisely TSI in the presence of PWM, a T cell
      dependent polyclonal activator of B cells. TSI were measured from days 8 to 41 of
      culture, using a functional cAMP production assay, after the deposition of
      culture supernatants on HTEC. Spontaneous or PWM induced IgG synthesis was
      optimal on day 28 of culture for GD MNC, with amounts of IgG in PWM stimulated GD
      culture supernatants twice those found in unstimulated GD MNC. Moreover only PWM
      stimulated GD MNC produce IgG which induce cAMP production by cultured HTEC, with
      a significant correlation between in-vitro IgG and cAMP levels.

PMID- 2880684
TI  - Comparative effects of calcium-channel blockers and beta-adrenergic blocker on
      early diastolic time intervals and A-wave ratio in patients with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - To compare the effects of calcium-channel blockers with those of beta-adrenergic
      blockers in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), diastolic time
      intervals (IIA-O time, from the second heart sound to the O point of
      apexcardiogram, IIA-MVO time, from IIA to the mitral valve opening, and MVO-O
      time, from the MVO to the O point of apexcardiogram), and A-wave ratio measured
      from apexcardiogram were evaluated before and after more than three months of
      treatment. In both groups, heart rate significantly decreased after treatment.
      The IIA-MVO time was not affected by either drug. The IIA-O and the MVO-O times
      were significantly shortened by calcium-channel blockers (from 234.6 +/- 77.4 ms
      to 204.6 +/- 39.2 ms; p less than 0.01, and from 133.1 +/- 66.4 ms to 100.3 +/-
      34.0 ms; p less than 0.01, respectively). However, they were not affected by beta
      adrenergic blocker. A-wave ratio significantly decreased after calcium-channel
      blockers (from 18.0 +/- 9.8% to 13.7 +/- 7.3%; p less than 0.01) and beta
      adrenergic blocker (from 21.7 +/- 12.6% to 17.2 +/- 8.0%; p less than 0.01). From
      these observations, it is suggested tht calcium-channel blockers improved the
      early diastolic filling rate, whereas beta-adrenergic blocker did not affect it.
      It is concluded that the effects of calcium-channel blockers and beta-adrengergic
      blocker on early diastolic time intervals were different in patients with HCM.

PMID- 2880685
TI  - Therapeutic trends in the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction
      (1975-1984): the Worcester Heart Attack Study.
AB  - As part of an ongoing community-wide study of time trends in the incidence and
      case-fatality rates of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction
      (MI) in all 16 Worcester, Massachusetts, metropolitan hospitals during the years
      1975, 1978, 1981, and 1984, changes over time in the therapeutic management of
      3263 patients with validated acute myocardial infarction were examined. Beta
      blocker (21%, 1975; 52%, 1984) and nitrate (56%, 1975; 93%, 1984) therapy use
      increased dramatically over time. Use of antiplatelet agents was inconsistent
      over time, while use of digoxin remained stable, being used in approximately 40%
      of all patients over the four periods studied. Use of antiarrhythmic medications
      other than lidocaine decreased consistently over time (31%, 1975; 22%, 1984).
      Lidocaine use increased between 1975 (31%) and 1978 (52%) and then leveled off to
      being used in approximately 45% of hospitalized patients with acute MI in 1981
      and 1984. A variety of demographic (e.g., age, sex, teaching hospital) and
      clinical characteristics (e.g., MI order, MI type, MI location, peak CPK
      findings, occurrence of acute clinical complications) were also associated with
      the use of these therapies for the combined study periods. The results of this
      population-based study suggest considerable changes over time in the therapeutic
      management of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and of
      numerous patient demographic and clinical factors associated with their use.

PMID- 2880686
TI  - Systemic mastocytosis: management of an unusual case with histamine (H1 and H2)
      antagonists and cyclooxygenase inhibition.
AB  - A patient with urticaria pigmentosa and systemic mastocytosis developed
      hypotension following indomethacin administration. He then developed further
      episodes not related to indomethacin. Based upon the experience of others with
      the management of patients with systemic mastocytosis who showed exceptional
      reaction to cyclooxygenase inhibition, it was decided to treat him with H1 and H2
      blockade followed by aspirin, another cyclooxygenase inhibitor. The procedure was
      carried out under careful observation with cardiac monitoring. After 160 mg of
      aspirin, he developed hypotension, tachycardia, and flushing accompanied by
      difficulty of breathing and headache. A vasoconstrictor drug (levarterenol) was
      administered. The patient's symptoms subsided, and after 1 hour aspirin was again
      administered, this time with no side effects. The dosage was increased to 975 mg
      every 6 hours, and he has had no further hypotensive episodes on this regime for
      2 years. Cyclooxygenase inhibition, combined with H1 and H2 blockade, is an
      effective treatment for this condition, but for these patients initiation of
      aspirin therapy should be carried out with extreme care.

PMID- 2880687
TI  - The effect of acetaminophen on the disposition of fenoldopam: competition for
      sulfation.
AB  - Both fenoldopam and acetaminophen undergo conjugation with sulfate in humans. The
      present study was undertaken to determine if a metabolic interaction exists
      between these two compounds in humans. Twelve healthy male volunteers
      participated in a single-dose crossover study with 100 mg fenoldopam (capsule)
      alone or in combination with 1000 mg acetaminophen. The effects of chronic
      acetaminophen dosing (1000 mg three times/day for 7 days) on a single 100 mg
      tablet of fenoldopam were studied in a second crossover study in seven additional
      volunteers. Concomitant dosing with fenoldopam with acetaminophen resulted in
      increases in peak fenoldopam plasma concentration and AUC after both single (+32%
      and +50%, respectively) and chronic (+73% and +66%, respectively) acetaminophen
      dosing. Decreases in peak plasma concentrations and AUC for fenoldopam's sulfated
      metabolites were seen in both studies. These findings indicate a metabolic basis
      for the interaction between fenoldopam and acetaminophen, presumably through a
      competition for inorganic sulfate.

PMID- 2880688
TI  - The effect of fenoldopam, a dopaminergic agonist, on renal hemodynamics.
AB  - Fenoldopam, a dopaminergic agonist, was administered intravenously to 18 healthy
      male subjects in doses ranging from 0.025 to 1.0 microgram/kg/min for 2 hours.
      Three subjects were studied in a three-way crossover of fenoldopam at doses of
      0.025, 0.10, and 0.50 microgram/kg/min. Fenoldopam decreased diastolic blood
      pressure and increased pulse rate without changing systolic blood pressure.
      Fenoldopam produced dose-related increases in para-aminohippuric acid clearance
      up to 75% at the 0.50 microgram/kg/min dose. This increase in renal blood flow
      was accompanied by increases in urine volume, water, and solute excretion;
      glomerular filtration rate was unchanged. Doses greater than 0.25
      microgram/kg/min caused flushing and nasal congestion. The dopamine receptor
      antagonist metoclopramide (0.1 mg/kg/hr) did not block the systemic hemodynamic
      effects of fenoldopam but attenuated the increase in para-aminohippuric acid
      clearance. Fenoldopam plasma levels achieved steady state between 30 and 120
      minutes after the start of the infusion and were linear with respect to infusion
      rate. Our findings show that intravenous fenoldopam causes systemic arteriolar
      vasodilation, accompanied by renal vasodilation and increased sodium excretion.

PMID- 2880690
TI  - Differences between somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 with respect to their
      biological effects in healthy humans and acromegalics.
AB  - In order to compare the effects of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) with those of
      somatostatin-14 (SS-14) in humans, we administered both compounds randomly in 5
      healthy persons and 3 patients with active acromegaly. Blood glucose, growth
      hormone, insulin, glucagon, TSH, FSH, LH and prolactin were estimated after
      arginine, TRH and LHRH stimulation in the normals and without stimulation in the
      acromegalics. Both substances were administered in doses of 25, 50, 200 and 250
      micrograms. Our results indicate that SS-28 is at least 5 times more potent in
      man than SS-14 as far as inhibition of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon and
      prolactin secretion is concerned. On the other hand SS-28 is at least 2 times
      more potent than SS-14 in the inhibition of TSH, FSH and LH. If this difference
      in potency is calculated on the basis of equimolarity, the action of SS-28
      becomes even much greater. According to these findings, SS-28 appears to be
      either the main hormone and SS-14 a fragment of it with a lesser degree of
      biologic activity, or the prohormone with special properties.

PMID- 2880689
TI  - Effects of indenolol on blood pressure, lower limb blood flow, adrenergic
      reflexes, and plasma renin activity.
AB  - The antihypertensive effects of indenolol, a new not-cardioselective beta
      blocking agent, were evaluated in patients with WHO grades I and II essential
      hypertension (range 160/95 to 200/115 mm Hg) in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled study after acute (12 patients) and 2-week treatment (seven patients).
      Indenolol (30 to 120 mg) reduced blood pressure in a dose-dependent fashion.
      Maximum reduction was 26 mm Hg for systolic and 17 mm Hg for diastolic pressure.
      Hypotensive activity commenced within 10 minutes, peaked in 60 minutes, and
      persisted for about 7 hours. Lower limb vascular resistance (strain-gauge
      plethysmography) was significantly lowered, thus suggesting an intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity. Heart rate was progressively reduced at 30 and 60 mg
      without any additional effect at 120 mg. Indenolol did not alter adrenergic
      reflexes (standing, cold application, and hand-grip) and did not induce any side
      effect. In conclusion, indenolol possesses an antihypertensive activity
      associated with reduction of vascular resistance.

PMID- 2880691
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis--a special form of the aortic arch syndrome. Manifestations
      of a chronical type III.
AB  - The case of a 45-year-old woman with arteritis of Takayasu's type is reported.
      This disease belongs to the inflammatory diseases of the aortic arch and
      sometimes shows extensive calcifications of the arterial system. The diagnosis is
      based on typical anamnesis and characteristic clinical symptoms, as well as on
      radiologic findings. The clinical signs depend on the extension of the disease.
      The literature about this rare disease is discussed.

PMID- 2880692
TI  - Oral absorption of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995: theoretical and
      practical implications.
AB  - Oral administration of SMS 201-995 (SMS), a subcutaneously injectable
      somatostatin analogue, was investigated in five healthy volunteers, who drank 2
      mg of SMS with 75 g of glucose. Mean maximal plasma SMS concentrations after the
      2 mg oral dose were comparable with those after subcutaneous injection of 50
      micrograms, although the peak was delayed (90 vs 15 min). Biological activity of
      absorbed SMS was shown by significant and lasting suppression of plasma insulin
      concentrations, resulting in significant hyperglycaemia at 90 and 120 min
      compared with the control study. The feasibility of oral administration of SMS
      may extend its use in the treatment of acromegaly and gut endocrine tumours.
      Other peptide hormone analogues, structurally 'protected' against enzymatic
      degradation, may also be active orally and thus be useful therapeutically.

PMID- 2880693
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis: a pathogenetic role for cytotoxic T lymphocytes?
AB  - Takayasu's arteritis is an inflammatory panarteritis of unknown aetiology
      affecting large elastic arteries. We examined a segment of abnormal common
      carotid artery removed at by-pass surgery from a 23-year-old man with typical
      angiographic features of Takayasu's arteritis. Using monoclonal antibodies we
      were able to demonstrate marked infiltration of the arterial wall with OKT8
      positive lymphocytes (suppressor/cytotoxic cells) but not with OKT4 positive
      lymphocytes (helper cells). Studies of circulating lymphocytes showed increased
      numbers of "activated" cells and increased in vitro cytotoxicity against cultured
      human umbilical cord endothelial cells, compared to normal lymphocytes. Cellular
      immunological mechanisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of
      Takayasu's arteritis, possibly through the direct action of cytotoxic T cells on
      large elastic arteries.

PMID- 2880694
TI  - Pipothiazine palmitate: a versatile, sustained-action neuroleptic in psychiatric
      practice.
AB  - A study lasting 1 year assessed the effectiveness and tolerance of depot
      neuroleptic treatment with pipothiazine palmitate in 52 patients suffering from
      schizophrenia or related conditions (17 acute and 35 chronic). A 100 mg dose was
      given to 31 patients and 50 mg to 21 patients: 40 patients received injections 4
      weekly, 8 patients 3-weekly and 4 patients 2-weekly. Duration of treatment ranged
      from 3 to 12 months, involving a total of 347 patient-months. The significant
      improvement produced by pipothiazine palmitate as shown by patient assessment,
      based on the Parkside Behaviour Rating Scale (p less than 0.05), a Hamilton-based
      affect scale (p less than 0.05) and a global rating scale of affect and
      psychomotor activity (p less than 0.01). Most target symptoms were relieved. A
      particularly favourable affective response was noted. The incidence of adverse
      reactions was low and did not present major problems; 6 cases of dystonic
      reaction were seen, but dealt with promptly and effectively.

PMID- 2880695
TI  - [Humoral immune responses to stages of Brugia pahangi in experimentally infected
      rats].
AB  - In the present experiment, Sprague-Dawley rats were inoculated with Brugia
      pahangi, a lymphatic dwelling filarial parasite. Each rat received 100 third
      stage larvae (L3) of B. pahangi freshly harvested from Aedes togoi. Rats in the
      control group were injected with saline. After inoculation, tail vein blood was
      collected from each rat at 2-week intervals. The immune responses of the infected
      rats to B. pahangi were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). Four types of antigen were prepared from different stages of B. pahangi.
      The antigen extracts were prepared from microfilaria, L3, and male and female
      adult worms by homogenization, eight times of freezing and thawing, and
      centrifugation at 11,000 X g for 45 min at 4 degrees C. Aliquots of supernatant
      extracts were stored at -20 degrees C. These antigens were adjusted to the same
      concentration of their protein contents and employed in the ELISA test. Serial
      serum dilutions were made to determine the concentrations of stage-specific
      antibodies in each serum sample collected during the infection course.
      Microfilaria specific antibodies appeared in the blood of infected rats at the
      6th week of infection. Peak titer was observed at the 10th week. Subsequently, a
      gradual decrease was seen in the following month. Serum antibody titers against
      L3 and adult antigens rised since the 4th week and reached to the peak at 14th
      week. The exist of common antigens shared by the mature adults and infective
      larvae were detected by the ELISA and conformed by disc gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2880696
TI  - [Dengue vector density survey in Liuchiu, Pintung, Taiwan].
AB  - The first outbreak of dengue in Taiwan in 35 years was recorded in the summer of
      1981 in Liuchiu, Pintung, a small offshore island of southern Taiwan. An
      investigation team visited the affected area during the period of 14-17 October
      1981 and collected 8,641 mosquito larvae, of which 4,432 were Aedes aegypti and
      4,182 were Ae. albopictus. The house index, container index and Breteau index
      were 44.2, 23.9 and 73.0 for Ae. aegypti and 41.3, 17.0 and 51.9 for Ae.
      albopictus, respectively. Both species of mosquitoes are peridomestic breeders,
      with larvae found in water-holding containers in or outside houses. Ae.
      albopictus is indigenous, but Ae. aegypti may be of recent introduction to the
      island. As the two species are closely related, the larvae of both species were
      found co-existent in only 2.3% of positive containers. This supports the
      hypothesis of the "competitive exclusion principle", i.e., competition is
      possibly occurring on this island.

PMID- 2880697
TI  - [A new instrument for preparing the mammary artery for coronary
      revascularization].

PMID- 2880698
TI  - Modelling prey-predator cycles using hemipteran predators of mosquito larvae for
      reducing world-wide mosquito-borne disease incidence.
AB  - Diplonychus indicus is an aquatic hemipterous bug known to be a voracious
      predator of dipteran larvae, among others, and to show a selective predation for
      mosquito larvae when exposed to a mixed prey diet. A datum consisted of the
      percentage of the fourth instar of (25) culicine mosquitoes killed by the bug.
      Data around the clock, published earlier (from starved adult males of this bug),
      reanalyzed by single cosinor, reveal a circasemidian rhythm (p = 0.004). This
      result prompts the recommendation of studying the time structure of prey-predator
      cycles further to evaluate the merits or demerits of introducing the bug in the
      field with the aim of reducing worldwide mosquito-borne disease incidence.

PMID- 2880699
TI  - Causes of changes in brain noradrenaline systems and later effects on responses
      to social stressors in rhesus monkeys: the cascade hypothesis.
AB  - Disruption of social attachments in social primates produces a protest-despair
      response. In rhesus monkeys, the response is probably adaptive in the feral
      environment, although the despair stage resembles human depression in many
      respects. The severity of the response varies between individuals and is affected
      by deprivation of certain classes of social stimuli during development. Social
      deprivation is associated with differences in the concentrations of noradrenaline
      (NA) in cerebrospinal fluid and in responses to agents that affect catecholamine
      systems. Thus, early rearing conditions and pre-existing genetic or perinatal
      differences between monkeys can have long-term effects on the response to social
      separation, and NA system release and/or receptor mechanisms are involved. NA
      systems appear to mediate adaptation to the environment from the level of
      perception to reorganization of neural tissue. Adaptation to the social
      environment may involve a cascade of changes that begins with behavioural coping
      attempts and terminates in structural reorganization of regions of the cerebral
      cortex. Processes at each level occur within environmentally appropriate but
      neurobiologically constrained time-frames. The cerebral NA system may be an
      adaptive mechanism that can fail or be damaged. Behavioural changes caused by
      such damage or failure would be manifested by inappropriate responses to
      environmental contingencies and inability to change behaviour to adapt to the
      prevailing environment. These features of NA system disorder could be common to
      depression and several other forms of human psychopathology.

PMID- 2880700
TI  - [Clinical use of island skin-flaps].

PMID- 2880701
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic system in the modulation of pancreatic A and B cell function in
      normal rats.
AB  - The role of the alpha-adrenergic system in the control of pancreatic A and B cell
      function was investigated in an isolated perfused rat pancreas model. Two
      experimental procedures were performed. In the first one we evaluated the effects
      of two distinct concentrations (10(-8) M and 10(-7) M) of five adrenergic
      substances, with varying degrees of potency on the alpha-adrenergic presynaptic
      receptor, on insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) release induced by arginine (20 mM)
      plus glucose (6.6 mM). In the second procedure we studied the effects of the two
      alpha-blocking agents yohimbine (alpha 2-blocker) and prazosin (alpha 1-blocker)
      at 10(-7) M on epinephrine-modulated IRI and IRG response to the same combined
      metabolic stimulus. The inhibitory activity on basal and metabolically induced
      IRI secretion of the agonists was superimposable on their potency on the
      presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Similarly, the alpha 1-blocking agent
      prazosin was less effective than the alpha 2-blocker yohimbine in counteracting
      the inhibitory effects of epinephrine on basal and arginine plus glucose-induced
      insulin release. The alpha-cell activity was clearly stimulated by epinephrine,
      whereas selective alpha-adrenergic drugs showed no significant action on IRG
      secretion. Both alpha-blockers were ineffective on basal IRG release, while they
      had some potentiating effect on the epinephrine-induced glucagon release in basal
      state and during the metabolic stimulus, without a significant difference between
      the two drugs. We conclude that, at least in the isolated perfused rat pancreas,
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors are involved in the inhibition of IRI release
      induced by catecholamines. On the contrary, the alpha-adrenergic system does not
      seem to play an essential role in the regulation of IRG secretion; the
      potentiation of the epinephrine-induced stimulation of A cell function by the
      alpha-adrenergic blockade could be accounted for by a greater availability of the
      catecholamine at the beta-receptor binding sites.

PMID- 2880702
TI  - Changes in glucagon do not play an essential role in the glucoregulatory
      responses to mild hyperinsulinemia in dogs.
AB  - To examine whether an increase in the glucagon concentration is essential for
      restoring hepatic glucose output following moderate decrements in blood glucose,
      we used isotope dilution techniques in trained conscious dogs (n = 5) to measure
      glucose production (Ra) and glucose utilization (Rd) during mild hyperinsulinemia
      (19 +/- 1 mU/l). In Study A, when insulin was infused to raise plasma insulin
      (IRI) from 13 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 1 mU/l, basal glucose (93 +/- 3 mg/dl) fell at a
      rate of 0.37 +/- 0.06 mg/dl/min over 30 min. Ra fell from 2.8 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min
      by 0.5 +/- 0.1 mg/kg/min at 20 min (P less than 0.05), but recovered to baseline
      by 30 min; glucagon (IRG) fell transiently but returned to baseline by 45 min. In
      Study B, endogenous secretion of IRI and IRG was suppressed by infusion of
      somatostatin (0.2 microgram/kg/min), while peripheral concentrations were
      maintained constant by replacing glucagon (0.65 ng/kg/min) and insulin (0.225
      mU/kg/min). Steady-state baseline plasma IRI, IRG, glucose and glucose turnover
      rates were similar to Study A; hyperinsulinemia was then induced as in Study A.
      Glucose fell by 0.78 +/- 0.19 mg/dl/min over 30 min and, as in Study A, Ra
      decreased transiently, but recovered to baseline by 30 min. The restoration of Ra
      occurred in study B despite constant IRG, and preceded later increments in
      cortisol and catecholamines at 60-90 min. Thus, in both studies A and B, Ra
      recovered to baseline without an increase in IRG and before the onset of
      significant hypoglycemia (glucose 83 +/- 1 and 70 +/- 1 mg/dl).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880703
TI  - [Selective blocking of parasympathetic ganglia].

PMID- 2880704
TI  - [Comparison of famotidine and ranitidine in duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2880705
TI  - Rational use of analgesics in the treatment of the rheumatic disorders.
AB  - To the average arthritic patient, pain relief is usually his or her first
      priority in treatment. Thus, analgesics still have a part to play in the
      treatment of most arthritic conditions, even though the non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have the major therapeutic role in most cases. In the
      treatment of acute gout, the NSAIDs are the most important, and simple analgesics
      are relatively unimportant, but in the treatment of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis
      and other arthropathies, analgesics taken as and if required to cover the more
      painful periods of a day do have a role, usually in conjunction with NSAIDs and
      other agents. In general, the simple analgesics are better tolerated than the
      NSAIDs and less likely to produce gastrointestinal irritation. Although many
      clinicians consider that simple analgesics have little part to play in the
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthropathies, the
      patient often takes them without the physician's knowledge, in addition to the
      prescribed treatment. Some recently introduced analgesics bridge the gap between
      the simple analgesics and the more potent potentially addictive drugs such as
      pethidine and morphine, which are only indicated in extremely painful crises or
      after traumatic episodes and surgical operations.

PMID- 2880706
TI  - [Mucosal neuromas of the lips and tongue. Early symptoms of multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type IIb].

PMID- 2880707
TI  - [Possibilities for influencing the antiedemic effect of glycerol and a glycerol
      and hydroxyethylrutoside combination by adrenergic antagonists in experimental
      brain edema].

PMID- 2880708
TI  - [Effect of nutrition on small intestine gamma-glutamyltransferase in rats].

PMID- 2880709
TI  - [Sensitivity of rat hepatocytes to phenobarbital after a single dose of N
      nitrosodiethylamine in the embryonal and postnatal period or after partial
      hepatectomy].
AB  - For the hepatocarcinogenesis initiation one-fold N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDENA)
      action upon the livers of embryos and of the 4-weeks rats, before or after
      partial hepatectomy was used. Phenobarbital and repeated partial hepatectomies
      were used as the promotive factors. The promotion effect was evaluated by the
      quantity and size of hyperplastic liver nodules, where gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase activity was revealed. It was determined, that NDENA
      affected rat liver cells in the embryonic period or at the age of 4 weeks after
      single partial hepatectomy proved to be more sensitive to the action of
      promoters.

PMID- 2880710
TI  - Benzodiazepines and memory.
AB  - Many anecdotal cases have been reported in the literature of dramatic memory
      impairment after benzodiazepine intake, raising psychobiological, pharmacological
      and forensic issues. This paper reviews some methodological difficulties
      encountered in human studies assessing memory function after benzodiazepine
      intake and the main results of these studies. Subjects studied are seldom
      insomniacs and the memory tests generally utilized are far from real-life
      situations. All benzodiazepines at some doses produce decrement in memory
      performance (anterograde amnesia) with a retrograde facilitation of retrieval,
      for the tasks learned before benzodiazepine intake. The mechanism of
      benzodiazepine induced amnesia is far from clear, but it has been shown that long
      term memory deficit could be the result of failure of memory consolidation due to
      rapid sleep onset (less than 5 minutes) after memory test performance during the
      night awakening (Roth et al. 1984). Many questions remain partially or totally
      unanswered: Is amnesia a specific effect of benzodiazepines? What are their other
      effects on cognitive functions? Which attitude to have towards a patient when the
      physician should prescribe a benzodiazepine?

PMID- 2880711
TI  - [History and pharmacology of trazodone].
AB  - Trazodone, a non-tricyclic molecule, represents the first of a new generation of
      antidepressants. It is currently marketed in a number of European countries, in
      the United States and in Latin America. The pharmacological and biochemical data,
      the mechanism of action and the preferential indications of trazodone are
      presented and compared to those of imipramine and other tricyclics. Unlike
      imipramine, trazodone inhibits the adrenergic system. The two molecules have anti
      nociceptive properties, similar effects on the serotoninergic system and, after
      repeated administrations, they both reduce the density of beta-receptors. The
      clinical implications of the alpha-blocking activity of trazodone are reported.
      Trazodone is preferable to tricyclic anti-depressants in the treatment of
      depression in elderly subjects in general, and especially when they present
      closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, tremor or cardiovascular problems
      due to hyperactivity of the adrenergic system, as well as in organic depressions
      and in depression secondary to schizophrenia, alcoholism and in patients with
      Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2880712
TI  - Carcinogenicity of by-products of disinfection in mouse and rat liver.
AB  - By-products of disinfection were tested for initiating and/or promoting activity
      in rat liver by using the rat liver foci bioassay. The assay uses an increased
      incidence of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci (GGT foci) as an
      indicator of carcinogenicity. The by-products of disinfection, including
      chloramine, halogenated humic acids, halogenated ethanes, halogenated
      acetonitriles, halogenated methanes, halogenated ethylenes, and N-Cl-piperidine,
      did not initiate GGT foci, which would indicate that they are not capable of
      initiating carcinogenesis. Chloroform and halogenated benzenes were tested in
      this assay for their ability to promote the occurrence of GGT foci and tumors
      initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DENA). Chloroform (1800 ppm in the drinking
      water) either had no effect or inhibited the occurrence of GGT foci when
      administered subsequent to a single dose of DENA. However, when the chloroform
      was administered in drinking water concurrently with weekly doses of DENA, it
      enhanced the formation of liver tumors. Of 20 halogenated benzenes tested, only
      1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene promoted the occurrence of DENA
      initiated GGT foci. Thus in rat liver, the tested by-products of drinking water
      disinfection did not demonstrate tumor-initiating activity, although a few
      appeared to possess tumor-promoting activity. Chloroform was also tested for
      tumor-promoting activity in 15-day-old Swiss mice initiated with ethylnitrosourea
      (ENU). At weaning they started to receive either 1800 ppm chloroform or 500 ppm
      sodium phenobarbital (the positive control for tumor promotion) in their drinking
      water. The mice continued to receive either chloroform or phenobarbital until 51
      weeks of age and were sacrificed at 52 weeks of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2880713
TI  - Trichloroacetic acid effects on rat liver peroxisomes and enzyme-altered foci.
AB  - The initiating and promoting effects of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were
      investigated using a rat hepatic enzyme-altered foci bioassay. The experimental
      protocol used has been shown to induce gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)
      positive foci in hepatic tissue following an initiating dose with a genotoxic
      carcinogen. Twenty-four hours following 2/3 partial hepatectomy, rats received
      either a single oral dose (1500 mg/kg) or 5000 ppm TCA in drinking water for 10,
      20, or 30 days. Two weeks after the end of TCA exposure, the rats were promoted
      for 3 or 6 months with 500 ppm phenobarbital in drinking water. TCA failed to
      induce GGT-positive foci using this initiation protocol. In addition, groups of
      2/3 partially hepatectomized rats were initiated with a single oral dose of
      diethylnitrosamine (10 mg/kg) and then administered 50, 500, or 5000 ppm TCA
      drinking water. In this promotion protocol, TCA exposure resulted in a
      significant increase in the number of GGT-positive foci. The ability of TCA to
      stimulate peroxisomal-dependent palmitoyl-coenzyme A oxidation was also
      investigated. Only the 5000 ppm TCA treatment within the promotion protocol
      resulted in a significant, although minor, stimulation of peroxisomal enzyme
      activity. The findings support the hypothesis that TCA may possess weak promoting
      activity in the rat liver.

PMID- 2880715
TI  - Taxol affects both the microtubular arrays of heliozoan axonemes and their
      microtubule-organizing center.
AB  - Short and long-term effects of the antitumor drug taxol on the microtubular
      axonemes and on the microtubule-organizing centroplast of the centrolhelidian
      Heterophrys marina have been investigated. Short-term treatment reveals that
      general aspects of cell structure remain substantially unaffected and that
      additional microtubule (MT) assembly in individual axonemes is accompanied by
      disassembly in others. However, the interaction between MTs, via cross-bridging
      associated proteins, is seriously affected as indicated by the numerous softly
      bent axopods with disturbed arrays of the normally hexagonal pattern.
      Stabilization of MTs becomes evident by the reexpansion of axopods during low
      temperature incubation and also by the rapid inhibition of the saltatory movement
      of the extrusive organelles. Rapidly reexpanding axonemes of cells incubated at
      higher temperatures and in high taxol concentrations arise asymmetrically from
      the microtubule-organizing centrosomal structure (centroplast) and form a single
      thick and thorn-like axopodium, indicating a certain disarrangement of the
      centrally located microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), which obviously is
      severely damaged after long-term treatment. With increasing disorganization of
      the centroplast's structure, these cells reveal themselves unable to sustain
      their regular microtubular axonemal cytoskeleton. Paradoxically, polymerization
      of free microtubules from the tubulin pool does not take place. Instead,
      paracrystalline arrays of twisted filaments appear within the cytoplasm. It is
      concluded that heliozoan MTs can only persist if stabilized by additional
      factors, such as permanent interaction with the intact centroplast, and that even
      in the presence of taxol, MTs unattached to such an MTOC will be intrinsically
      unstable.

PMID- 2880714
TI  - Anchoring of membrane proteins via phosphatidylinositol is deficient in two
      classes of Thy-1 negative mutant lymphoma cells.
AB  - Recent evidence shows that mature Thy-1 glycoprotein lacks amino acids 113-143
      predicted from the cDNA sequence and is anchored to the plasma membrane by a
      phosphatidylinositol-containing glycolipid attached to amino acid 112. Previously
      characterized Thy-1-deficient mutant lymphoma lines of complementation classes A
      and E were analysed. They make detergent binding Thy-1 precursors but, in
      contrast to wild-type, the detergent binding moiety cannot be removed by
      phospholipase C. Moreover, tryptophan which only occurs at position 124 is
      incorporated into mutant but not parental Thy-1. This suggests that the mutants
      make a Thy-1 precursor of 143 amino acids but fail to replace its C-terminal end
      by a glycolipid anchor.

PMID- 2880716
TI  - Angina pectoris early after myocardial infarction: clinical experience of the
      multicentre post-infarction program.
AB  - In the Multicenter Post Infarction Program, 33% of 867 patients had early angina
      pectoris, i.e. angina between 2 days and hospital discharge 17 +/- 9 days after
      infarction. Early post-infarction angina was not significantly associated with
      cardiac death during 2.5 years of follow-up whereas both ventricular arrhythmias
      and left ventricular dysfunction were strongly and independently related to
      subsequent mortality. After myocardial infarction, there is no significant
      association between early angina pectoris and either ventricular arrhythmias or
      systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. However, patients with
      early post-infarction angina were one-and-a-half times as likely to be
      rehospitalized and two-and-a-half times as likely to experience recurrent non
      fatal myocardial infarction during the year after myocardial infarction. Exercise
      angina pectoris was associated with subsequent mortality but not with recurrent
      non-fatal myocardial infarction. ST segment depression greater than or equal to 1
      mm or greater than or equal to 2 mm during exercise was not significantly
      associated with either subsequent death or non-fatal myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2880717
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blockade in the treatment of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2880718
TI  - Tolerability and antiarrhythmic efficacy of disopyramide compared to lignocaine
      in selected patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In a randomized open study with intravenous lignocaine and disopyramide in
      patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction and ventricular premature
      contractions the occurrence of cardiac events, adverse reactions, withdrawals and
      arrhythmias were compared. Of the total 68 patients included in the study, 33
      were randomized to disopyramide and 35 to lignocaine treatment. The treatment was
      given for 24 hours or until withdrawal due to occurrence of serious cardiac
      events or side-effects possibly related to the drugs. Sustained ventricular
      tachycardia occurred in one patient in each treatment group. 15 per cent of the
      patients treated with disopyramide and 14 per cent of the patients treated with
      lignocaine were withdrawn because of adverse reactions. Withdrawals due to
      depressed left ventricular function and sinoatrial and atrioventricular
      conduction disturbances were not different in the two treatment groups. However,
      more patients treated with lignocaine had supraventricular arrhythmias compared
      to disopyramide. Significantly more patients treated with disopyramide obtained
      complete abolition of premature ventricular contractions on Holter recordings
      compared to lignocaine treatment (P less than 0.001). The results indicate that
      disopyramide and lignocaine can be used alternatively in the treatment of
      ventricular arrhythmias in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2880719
TI  - Lack of clinically significant beta-blocking effect of propafenone.
AB  - To study possible beta-blocking effects of propafenone, a class 1c antiarrhythmic
      agent, electrocardiographic variables were studied at rest and during exercise.
      Forty-two patients with symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias were included. In 31
      patients, exercise electrocardiograms before and after propafenone were available
      for study. The mean dose of propafenone was 603 mg for all 42 patients, 585 mg
      for patients undergoing exercise testing (range 450-1200). At rest, the PR
      interval, duration of P wave and QRS complex changed significantly without any
      change in the resting heart rate and QTc interval. During exercise there were no
      changes after propafenone in peak heart rate, PR interval, QTc interval, duration
      of exercise, or blood pressure. We conclude that, while class I effects are
      evident both at rest and after exercise, no clinically significant beta-blocking
      effects of propafenone could be demonstrated either at rest or during exercise.

PMID- 2880720
TI  - Testing with growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF(1-29)NH2) and somatomedin C
      measurements for the evaluation of growth hormone deficiency.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) responses to GRF (1 microgram/kg BW i.v.) were investigated.
      Comparison between GRF(1-40) and GRF(1-29)NH2 in 11 young adult volunteers gave
      identical results. One hundred and thirty-one children and adolescents (45 with
      idiopathic GHD) were tested with GRF (1-29)NH2. The maximal GH levels (max GH) in
      response to GRF during the 120 min test period were found suitable to
      characterize the response. In cases without GHD no correlation to age, sex and
      pubertal development was observed. A maximal GH level of above 10 ng/ml was found
      to be normal. In 3 out of 86 children without GHD (one with Turner syndrome; two
      with simple obesity) max GH fell short of 10 ng/ml, while 11 of 45 cases with GHD
      exceeded this margin. In GHD, max GH was inversely correlated with age. There was
      no difference in max GH between groups with or without perinatal pathology as a
      presumed cause of GHD. GH levels to GRF were positively correlated with maximal
      GH level during sleep in GHD, but not correlated with responses seen to insulin
      or arginine. The value of GRF testing for the confirmation of GHD is discussed in
      the light of other GH stimulatory tests and basal somatomedin C measurements. It
      is suggested that the combination of testing with GRF and the determination of a
      basal SmC level offers a safe and convenient way to diagnose GHD in clinically
      suspected cases, though in some cases further diagnostic tests may be needed.

PMID- 2880721
TI  - Renal function in cystic fibrosis: proteinuria and enzymuria before and after
      tobramycin therapy.
AB  - Proteinuria and enzymuria were measured in 27 patients with Cystic Fibrosis
      before and after tobramycin therapy. Prior to treatment, kidney function was
      normal in 23 patients. Four patients showed a pathological proteinuria and two
      haematuria. Renal biopsy in one patient showed segmental basement membrane
      alterations on electron microscopy; there were no immunoglobulin deposits. During
      intravenous therapy with tobramycin (10 mg/kg per day) and azlocillin (100 mg/kg
      per day) mean urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion rose six
      fold and mean urinary alaninaminopeptidase excretion increased ten-fold. After
      cessation of therapy, enzymuria rapidly returned to pretreatment values in all 14
      patients. Aerosol tobramycin therapy in four patients did not affect urinary
      excretion of NAG. It can be concluded that tobramycin did not cause persistent
      renal damage in our patients, whether given intravenously or as an aerosol.

PMID- 2880722
TI  - Beta-blocking effect and pharmacokinetics of pindolol in young and elderly
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and beta-blocking effect of pindolol has been compared in 20
      patients with essential hypertension (WHO Stage I), 10 below 25 years of age and
      10 older than 60 years. Each patient received pindolol 10 mg p.o. once a day for
      5 days. The area under the curve (AUC) of pindolol was larger in the old than in
      the young patients both on the first (p less than 0.05) and the fifth (p less
      than 0.01) days. The AUC of pindolol was 14% higher on the fifth day compared to
      the first day in the elderly group, indicating minor accumulation at steady
      state. There was no change in AUC in the young patients. Endogenous creatinine
      clearance was lower in the old (80 +/- 9 ml/min) than in the young patients (150
      +/- 45 ml/min). The beta-blocking effect did not differ between the groups at 2 h
      after administration of pindolol on Days 1 or 5. However, 24 h after the first
      and fifth doses approximately 60% of the beta-blockade persisted in the old group
      whereas 17 and 19% of the beta-blockade, respectively, persisted in the young
      group; the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p less
      than 0.01). The most probable explanation for the more sustained beta-blocking
      effect in the elderly is the physiologically decrease in renal function, which
      results in a more sustained plasma level of pindolol in those patients.

PMID- 2880723
TI  - Importance of oxidative polymorphism and levomepromazine treatment on the steady
      state blood concentrations of clomipramine and its major metabolites.
AB  - The relationship between the debrisoquine oxidation status and the metabolism of
      clomipramine was studied in nine healthy volunteers (five rapid hydroxylators,
      three slow hydroxylators and one of intermediate status). The hydroxylation of
      clomipramine and demethylclomipramine were found to covary with that of
      debrisoquine, whereas demethylation of clomipramine seemed to be independent of
      the debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype. The steady-state blood concentrations
      of clomipramine and its three main metabolites were measured in 122 depressed
      patients. Thirteen patients who concomitantly received a neuroleptic tended to
      have higher levels of demethylclomipramine and clomipramine, whereas the levels
      of the hydroxylated metabolites were hardly affected. Benzodiazepine co
      administration did not modify the pharmacokinetics of clomipramine. The results
      suggest that benzodiazepines rather than levomepromazine should be used in
      depressed patients with anxiety and/or agitation in combination with the
      antidepressant treatment.

PMID- 2880724
TI  - T11TS, the cell surface molecule binding to the "erythrocyte receptor" of T
      lymphocytes: cellular distribution, purification to homogeneity and biochemical
      properties.
AB  - T11 target structure (T11TS) is a sheep cell surface glycoprotein that binds to
      the E receptor of human and sheep T lymphocytes. Here we report that T11TS has a
      broad tissue distribution, including mature and immature hematopoietic cells,
      vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. The density of T11TS expression was
      determined by Scatchard analysis with radiolabeled anti-T11TS monoclonal
      antibody. Red blood cells bound 10,000, and leukocytes bound 4000 to 23,000
      antibody molecules per cell. T11TS was purified to homogeneity by immune-affinity
      and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and
      some of its biochemical properties were determined. T11TS is an acidic (pI 4.5)
      membrane glycoprotein that binds to concanavalin A. It has 2 or 3 N
      glycosidically linked carbohydrate side chains of the mature phenotype, no O
      linked sugars, and an apparent mol. mass of 42 kDa (glycosylated) and 32 kDa
      (deglycosylated). The anti-T11TS monoclonal antibody L180/1, which blocks binding
      of sheep red blood cells to CD2, recognizes a protein determinant on T11TS. These
      findings are discussed with respect to the possible function of the CD2-T11TS
      system as a set of complementary cell interaction molecules involved in T cell
      activation.

PMID- 2880725
TI  - Purification and N-terminal amino acid sequence of the human T lymphocyte CD2
      (T11) surface antigen.
AB  - CD2 (the sheep erythrocyte receptor) is a surface antigen of human T lymphocytes.
      A role for CD2 in T cell function has been implicated from the observation that
      antibodies against CD2 are capable of transmitting both positive and negative
      signals for cell growth. Biochemically, the molecule has been identified as a
      broad band on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels of about 50-58
      kDa. This communication demonstrates that CD2 contains N-linked carbohydrate as
      endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F digestion reduced its apparent mol. mass to a
      compact band of 40 kDa. CD2 was purified from the T leukemia cell line J6 by
      immunoaffinity chromatography and preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE). Four bands of 52, 54, 56 and 58 kDa could be
      distinguished in the immunoaffinity-purified protein which formed a broad zone on
      SDS-PAGE extending from about 45 to 58 kDa. Preparative SDS-PAGE yielded a
      product suitable for determining the N-terminal amino acid sequence. Assignments
      were made for the first 26 (excluding the 23rd) residues and the sequence
      identified a novel polypeptide.

PMID- 2880726
TI  - Antiarrhythmic activity of flestolol, a novel ultra-short-acting beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist, in the dog.
AB  - The antiarrhythmic activity of flestolol, an ultra-short acting beta-adrenergic
      blocker lacking appreciable local anesthetic activity, was examined in several
      different canine ventricular arrhythmia models. Flestolol, at steady state
      infusions of 1-1,000 micrograms/kg per min, was generally ineffective in
      reversing either ouabain-induced or delayed ischemia-induced (24 h Harris dog)
      ventricular tachycardia. However, flestolol (1, 10 and 100 micrograms/kg per min)
      produced a dose-dependent decrease in l-norepinephrine (5 micrograms/kg i.v.)
      induced ventricular tachycardia in the 5-6 day old Harris dog; the effect of 100
      micrograms/kg per min flestolol, 94% suppression of norepinephrine-induced
      ventricular tachycardia, was completely reversed 60 min after termination of
      flestolol infusion. In pentobarbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs with
      pretreatment heart rates greater than or equal to 145 beats/min, flestolol (10
      micrograms/kg per min) reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation
      resulting from abrupt coronary artery occlusion compared to placebo-treated
      controls (15% or 2/13 vs. 70% or 7/10, respectively). These results demonstrate
      that flestolol has an antiarrhythmic profile consistent with its lack of local
      anesthetic activity and its ultra-short duration of beta-blockade.

PMID- 2880727
TI  - Characterization of adrenoceptor mechanisms in isolated guinea-pig uterine
      arteries.
AB  - The adrenoceptors of the guinea-pig uterine artery were characterized
      pharmacologically. Circular segments of the artery, approximately 2 mm long, and
      with an external diameter of 250 micron, were mounted in miniaturized tissue
      baths. Noradrenaline, methoxamine and phenylephrine (concentrations ranging from
      10 nM to 1 mM), in the presence of propranolol (0.1 microM) and cocaine (1
      microM), induced concentration-dependent contractions of the arterial segments.
      Clonidine (10 nM to 0.1 mM) was less effective in producing contraction of the
      vessel. Prazosin (10 nM to 1 microM) antagonized noradrenaline-induced
      contractions; its pA2 was 7.68. Rauwolscine (10 nM to 1 microM) had no effect on
      noradrenaline-induced contractions. Isoprenaline (10 nM to 0.1 mM) in the
      presence of prazosin (1 microM) and cocaine (1 microM) had no relaxant effect on
      arteries contracted submaximally by prostaglandin F2 alpha (5 microM). Cocaine or
      normetanephrine treatment did not influence the noradrenaline-induced
      contractions. It is concluded that in guinea-pig uterine arteries, amine-induced
      contractions are mediated predominantly by alpha 1-adrenoceptors and that in this
      arterial preparation, relaxant beta-adrenoceptor effects and neuronal or
      extraneuronal uptake are of minor if any importance.

PMID- 2880729
TI  - Somatostatin: an inhibitory parasympathetic transmitter in the human heart?

PMID- 2880728
TI  - Effects of blockade of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors on vasoconstrictor
      responses to single and twin pulse stimulation in rat tail artery.
AB  - Perfused/superfused proximal segments of Sprague-Dawley rat tail artery were
      stimulated at supramaximal voltage with two 1 ms square wave pulses. The pulse
      interval was either 10 or 20 s. With either interval the response to each pulse
      was similar, amounting to about 20 mm Hg increase in perfusion pressure. Prazosin
      (0.1 nM) approximately halved the response to both pulses whereas idazoxan (30
      nM) was without effect. With an interval of 10 s, cocaine (4 microM) greatly
      increased the response to the first but not to the second pulse; in the presence
      of cocaine, prazosin (1 nM) again reduced both responses whereas idazoxan (30 nM)
      reduced the response to the first pulse but increased the response to the second.
      With an interval of 20 s, cocaine increased the responses to both pulses to a
      similar degree; in the presence of cocaine, idazoxan reduced the responses to
      both pulses. The results suggest that in rat tail artery, inhibition of the
      neuronal uptake process is required if noradrenaline released after stimulation
      with a single pulse is to reach smooth muscle alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and if
      feedback inhibition is to persist for more than 10 s.

PMID- 2880730
TI  - Intracerebroventricular morphine produces diuresis 24 h after previous
      dynorphin/morphine treatment.
AB  - The effect of dynorphin A-(1-13) on morphine-induced urine output was studied in
      the rat. The previous simultaneous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of
      dynorphin (20 micrograms/rat) and morphine (20 micrograms/rat) altered the
      response of rat given morphine (20 micrograms/rat) 24 h later, producing a 3-fold
      increase in urine output. In contrast, previous injection of dynorphin or
      morphine alone had no effect.

PMID- 2880732
TI  - Comparative beta-blocking activities and electrophysiologic actions of racemic
      sotalol and its optical isomers in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The relative activities of d-, 1- and racemic-sotalol were studied in two series
      of anesthetized dogs. Estimates of relative beta-adrenergic blocking potency were
      based upon the ability of the compounds to antagonize isoproterenol-elicited
      increases in heart rate and decreases in diastolic blood pressure. On a molar
      basis, d-sotalol displayed 1/12-1/14th and 1-sotalol 1.6-3.2 X the potency of the
      racemic parent drug as beta-antagonists. His bundle electrogram (HBE)
      measurements, surface ECG recordings and the extra stimulus technique at a
      constant pacing cycle length were utilized to assess the comparative effects of
      sotalol and its optical isomers on cardiac conduction and refractoriness. At i.v.
      doses spanning equiactive beta-blocking levels, d- (1, 4, 16 mg X kg-1), 1-
      (0.25, 1, 4 mg X kg-1) or dl-sotalol (0.5, 2, 8 mg X kg-1) caused dose-dependent
      increases in ventricular and, to an even greater extent, atrial refractoriness.
      The mean plasma drug concentrations (Cp) attained with these doses were: d
      sotalol 9.5, 44 and 267 nmol X l-1; 1-sotalol 9.6, 16 and 66 nmol X l-1; and dl
      sotalol 5.4, 23 and 106 nmol X l-1. The relative mg potency from greatest to
      least was 1-sotalol greater than dl-sotalol greater than d-sotalol in prolonging
      the ventricular effective refractory period (V-ERP); the mean increases above
      control at the highest dose of each were 58 +/- 4, 47 +/- 6 and 38 +/- 3 ms,
      respectively. At those same dose levels, atrial refractoriness (A-ERP) was
      maximally elevated 49 +/- 11, 82 +/- 5 and 104 +/- 10 ms by 1-, dl- and d
      sotalol, respectively. These increases in refractoriness occurred without
      alterations in atrial, His-Purkinje or ventricular conduction velocity; however,
      all three forms of sotalol significantly reduced AV nodal conduction. At the dose
      multiples studied, the effects on this variable (AH interval) were greatest
      following 1-sotalol (20-60 ms) or racemic sotalol (20-57 ms) and least following
      the d-isomer (7-43 ms). The profile of effects observed with d-sotalol is that of
      an agent with Class III electrophysiologic effects and weak beta-adrenergic
      blocking properties.

PMID- 2880731
TI  - Neurophysiological effects of buspirone and isapirone in the hippocampus:
      comparison with 5-hydroxytryptamine.
AB  - The neurophysiological effects of two novel anxiolytic compounds, buspirone and
      isapirone (TVX Q 7821), were compared with those of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on
      the population spike in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. Micromolar
      concentrations of the two drugs mimicked the inhibitory effect of 5-HT but unlike
      5-HT they did not produce any significant excitation. In slices in which 5-HT was
      purely excitatory, there was a marked reduction in the inhibitory response to
      these agents. The effect of isapirone was antagonised by spiperone. These results
      suggest that buspirone and isapirone are agonists for 5-HT1A receptors in the
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2880733
TI  - Prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors modulate stimulation-evoked norepinephrine
      release in rabbit lateral saphenous vein.
AB  - Segments of rabbit lateral saphenous vein prelabelled with [3H]noradrenaline were
      perfused and superfused with physiological salt solution. Tritium overflow evoked
      by transmural nerve stimulation (3 Hz for 2 min) was abolished by tetrodotoxin (1
      microM). The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist UK 14,304 inhibited
      stimulation-evoked 3H-overflow in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50
      of 71 nM. In contrast, the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist B-HT 933 had no effect on
      3H-overflow in concentrations up to 10 microM. The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists idazoxan and SKF 86466, as well as the non-selective alpha-antagonist
      phentolamine, facilitated the nerve stimulation evoked 3H-overflow, with an order
      of potency of idazoxan greater than or equal to phentolamine greater than SK&F
      86466. Prazosin (100 nM) had little effect on 3H-overflow. These findings suggest
      that stimulation-evoked neurotransmitter release is modulated via prejunctional
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2880734
TI  - Anxiolytic action of CGS 9896 on mouse exploratory behavior.
AB  - A new non-benzodiazepine compound proposed as a non-sedating anxiolytic was
      tested in the mouse exploratory model of anxiety. CGS 9896 significantly
      increased the number of light dark transitions at doses beginning at 7.5 mg/kg
      i.p. Analysis of general locomotor activity at these doses revealed no change in
      spontaneous motor activity in a photocell equipped activity monitor. Pretreatment
      with the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, Ro15-1788, 10 mg/kg i.p., blocked
      the increase in light dark transitions produced by CGS 9896. These data support
      the interpretation that CGS 9896 acts as an anxiolytic through the benzodiazepine
      receptor, and appears to have no sedating properties within the anxiolytic dose
      range.

PMID- 2880735
TI  - Effects of the enantiomers of MDA, MDMA and related analogues on [3H]serotonin
      and [3H]dopamine release from superfused rat brain slices.
AB  - The primary amines 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5
      yl)-2-butanamine (BDB) were measured for efficacy in release of [3H]serotonin (5
      HT) from rat hippocampal slices, and release of [3H]dopamine (DA) from rat
      caudate nucleus slices. The N-methyl derivatives of MDA and BDB, MDMA and MBDB,
      respectively, and the optical antipodes of these four agents were compared in
      this paradigm. All of the test compounds demonstrated a similar efficacy of [3H]5
      HT release in the micromolar concentration range. No significant
      stereoselectivity was seen in measurements of 5-HT release. However, striking
      differences were found between the test compounds when [3H]DA release was
      studied. N-methylation of racemic MDA resulted in a decreased ability to release
      DA, while side chain extension from alpha-methyl to alpha-ethyl completely
      abolished this activity. Stereoselectivity for the S-(+)-isomers of MDA and MDMA
      was also demonstrated in the DA release studies. Correlation of these biochemical
      findings with human subjective reports indicates that serotonin release may play
      a more important role in the mechanism of action than does dopamine release.

PMID- 2880736
TI  - Antidepressant administration has a differential effect on rat brain alpha 2
      adrenoceptor sensitivity to agonists and antagonists.
AB  - The aim of this study was to characterize the action of antidepressants on rat
      brain alpha 2-adrenoceptor function by examining their effect on the yohimbine
      sensitive component of the cAMP response to adrenoceptor agonists. Using a
      prelabeling technique for measuring cAMP accumulation, it was found that chronic
      (2 weeks) administration of antidepressants increased the potency of yohimbine,
      an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, to inhibit norepinephrine-stimulated cAMP
      accumulation in rat brain cerebral cortical slices. In contrast, antidepressant
      treatment decreased the ability of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist 6
      fluoronorepinephrine to augment isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The
      results suggest that antidepressants alter rat brain alpha 2-adrenergic function
      by shifting the receptor to antagonist-preferring state. Such an effect may
      contribute to the change in noradrenoceptor responsiveness that is characteristic
      of antidepressant administration.

PMID- 2880737
TI  - Effects of 5-HT1A selective anxiolytics on lordosis behavior: interactions with
      progesterone.
AB  - Ipsapirone and gepirone, but not buspirone, facilitated lordosis in estrogen
      treated rats, whereas all three drugs inhibited this behavior in rats treated
      with estrogen and progesterone. When administered at higher doses, ipsapirone,
      gepirone and buspirone inhibited lordosis in rats treated with either estrogen or
      estrogen and progesterone. These data are consistent with the proposal that 5
      HT1A receptors mediate lordosis-inhibiting effects of 5-HT, and further suggest
      that some 5-HT1A agonists may facilitate lordosis by activity at autoreceptors.
      Finally, these data show that progesterone may modulate activity at 5-HT1A
      receptors.

PMID- 2880738
TI  - Modulation of agonist and antagonist interactions at kidney alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      by nucleotides and metal ions.
AB  - In order to characterize putative high- and low-affinity states of the renal
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor, binding sites for the selective antagonist radioligand
      [3H]prazosin were examined in washed membranes prepared from rat renal cortex and
      medulla. Norepinephrine competition curves at [3H]prazosin sites were biphasic
      and were best fit by a two-site model. Na+ and GTP selectively decreased the
      proportion of sites exhibiting a high affinity for norepinephrine. In contrast,
      Mg2+ facilitated high-affinity interactions of norepinephrine at the renal alpha
      1-receptor. Guanine nucleotides and Na+ increased the affinity of some
      antagonists [( 3H]prazosin, WB-4101), but not others (phentolamine). Mg2+ again
      had opposite effects. The effects of ions and nucleotides on both agonist and
      antagonist interactions were concentration-dependent. The order of potencies for
      monovalent cations (Na+ greater than Li+ much greater than K+), divalent cations
      (Mn2+ greater than Mg2+) and nucleotides (Gpp (NH)p, GTP much greater than GMP,
      ATP) were similar to those reported for cyclase-coupled receptor systems.
      However, unlike other divalent cations Ca2+ decreased both agonist and antagonist
      binding, possibly due to a Ca2+-sensitive proteinase. Receptor binding properties
      were similar in renal cortex and medulla. Renal alpha 1-receptor sites appear to
      display high- and low-affinity states with respect to agonists, and the
      equilibrium between these states may be modulated by guanine nucleotides and mono
      and divalent metal ions. Some antagonists appear to bind preferentially to sites
      with low agonist affinity, and this effect is probably independent of retained
      endogenous catecholamines.

PMID- 2880739
TI  - Changes in membrane potential and phosphoinositides during alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      stimulation in smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia caeci.
AB  - The effect of a submaximal concentration of adrenaline (3-5 microM) was studied
      in taenia caeci smooth muscle cells. Membrane potential hyperpolarization was
      observed in intact muscle preparations and this response could be separated into
      two phases, depending on the state of a membrane-bound calcium compartment. The
      effect of alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation was also measured by [3H]inositol
      incorporation into phospholipid and inositol phosphate fractions of taenia cell
      suspensions both in the absence and presence of 2.5 mM extracellular calcium. In
      the absence of extracellular calcium the inositol phospholipids increased within
      15 s after stimulation, followed by enhanced inositol phosphates. With calcium
      present there was a biphasic increase in the phosphatidylinositol 4,5
      bisphosphate (PIP2) fraction with a simultaneous release of inositol phosphates.
      Lithium ions affected the incorporation of label into the lipids but not into the
      inositol phosphate fractions. These findings suggest that, in taenia caeci cells,
      alpha 1-adrenergic-induced membrane hyperpolarization resulting in muscle
      relaxation is associated with changes in the PIP2 content.

PMID- 2880740
TI  - Ketanserin blocks alpha 1-adrenoceptors of porcine vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - The effect of ketanserin on alpha-adrenoceptors was studied in membrane
      preparations of the porcine aorta using [3H]prazosin and [3H]yohimbine binding
      assays to identify alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Ketanserin bound to alpha
      adrenoceptors and the Ki value of ketanserin for alpha 1-adrenoceptors was 8.3
      nM, a value practically equal to that of phentolamine (Ki = 7.2 nM). The Ki value
      of ketanserin for alpha 2-adrenoceptors was 3.3 microM. Thus, at the doses
      prescribed clinically, ketanserin blocks alpha 1- but not alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      of porcine vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 2880741
TI  - Different toxicity of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on the
      nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways.
AB  - The influence of MPTP (30 mg/kg X 2) on dopamine content and tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity in striatal, limbic and cortical areas of C-57/B16 mice was studied.
      General dopamine depletion was observed 24 h after the treatment, but 30 days
      after administration recovery was complete in all but the striatum. At 24 h,
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity was decreased only in striatum. It is proposed that
      MPTP acts differently in striatum and in other dopaminergic areas.

PMID- 2880742
TI  - Serum constituents and liver photomicrographs of wild Suncus murinus in the south
      of Taiwan.
AB  - Serum constituents and liver of the wild male suncus as well as of those bred and
      fed in our laboratory were examined serologically and histologically. The
      following results were obtained: The serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase,
      gamma-glutamyl transaminase, inorganic phosphate, blood urea nitrogen,
      creatinine, uric acid, and zinc turbidity test levels of wild suncus were higher
      than those of 4 and 8 week old fed suncus. The total cholesterol level of wild
      suncus was lower than those of 4 and 8 week old fed suncus. In wild suncus, the
      total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels were higher, and the Ca and albumin
      levels were lower than those of 4 week old fed suncus. However, no significant
      differences were observed between the wild and the 8 week old fed suncus.
      Although the alkaline phosphatese and thymol turbidity test levels of wild suncus
      were larger than those of 8 week old fed suncus, no significant differences were
      observed between the wild and the 4 week old fed suncus. The histological study
      revealed the presence of fatty droplets in only 2 of the 67 wild suncus examined
      while fatty droplets (grade +) were observed in almost all the fed suncus. In one
      case of the wild suncus, moderate round cell infiltration in interlobular
      connective tissue was found.

PMID- 2880743
TI  - The effect of lysine acetylsalicylate on somatostatin inhibition of insulin
      secretion induced by arginine.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of somatostatin (SRIF) on immunoreactive insulin release
      and on many other hormonal secretions has been widely studied in both animal and
      man. However, the mechanism by which SRIF acts on these functions remains poorly
      defined. Aim of this study is to determine the inhibitory effect of SRIF on
      insulin secretion induced by arginine after the administration of lysine
      acetylsalicylate (LAS) in a dose which inhibits the endogenous synthesis of
      prostaglandins. Ten healthy informed volunteer subjects were studied. Four
      studies were carried out in randomized order, each one separated by a three day
      interval. The first study was a test of arginine (25 g i.v. in 30 min). The
      second study was a test of arginine with SRIF infusion (150 micrograms bolus
      followed by 100 micrograms/h for 120 min). The third study was a test of arginine
      with an infusion of SRIF and LAS (66 mg/min for 120 min). The fourth study was a
      test of arginine with LAS infusion. Plasma insulin levels were determined by
      radioimmunoassay. After arginine administration the typical biphasic insulin
      response was observed with a precocious peak at 3 min and a late peak at 30 min.
      This response is not significantly modified under LAS infusion. With the infusion
      of SRIF at a dose of 100 micrograms/hr after arginine administration only a very
      modest insulin response was observed. The addition of LAS does not modify the
      inhibitory effect of SRIF on insulin secretion induced by arginine. This result
      demonstrates that the inhibitory action of SRIF on the secretion of insulin is
      not dependent upon the activation of the endocellular prostaglandin system.

PMID- 2880744
TI  - Effects of neuroleptics administered to lactating rats on the behavioral
      development of offspring.
AB  - Effects of diazepam (DZP) and haloperidol (HAL) given to nursing mothers from the
      day after delivery to weaning on the behavioral development of their pups were
      investigated. Weight gain in the pups of mothers that received these drugs did
      not differ from that in the control pups. Male and female pups exposed to HAL
      through the milk showed an increase of aggressive behavior (attacking and pinning
      play) when examined within the social unit of the colony at 4 weeks of age.
      Although an age-related decrease in this play was observed in the pups of all
      groups at 7 weeks of age, HAL exposed male and female pups or DZP exposed female
      pups showed this play more frequently than control pups. At 5 weeks of age, male
      and female pups exposed to DZP or HAL showed an increase in central ambulation of
      open-field, in spite of no change in total ambulation. Female pups exposed to DZP
      or HAL showed an increase of rearing. Female pups exposed to DZP or HAL took more
      time to reach the goal and made more errors in the maze test at 13-15 weeks of
      age. Male pups exposed to DZP or HAL showed a decrease in the number of complete
      mounts. Female pups exposed to DZP or HAL showed a decrease in the number of
      complete lordoses and an increase in the number of defensive behavior. These
      results indicate that neuroleptics administered to the dams appear to modify the
      functioning development of the brain in their offspring.

PMID- 2880745
TI  - Bovine lens neutral proteinase preferentially hydrolyses oxidatively modified
      glutamine synthetase.

PMID- 2880746
TI  - Bulk enrichment of transplantable hemopoietic stem cell subsets from
      lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine spleen.
AB  - Counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE) in combination with density flotation
      centrifugation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting on wheat-germ agglutinin
      FITC(WGA)-binding cells within the light-scatter "blast window" were used
      consecutively to enrich pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) in bulk from
      lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse spleen. The medium-to-strong WGA + ve
      fraction contained 3.10(6) cells isolated from 3-4 X 10(9) spleen cells, with an
      average of 126% day-12 CFU-S and 65% day-8 CFU-S as calculated on the basis of
      their seeding fraction, suggesting that virtually all cells represented in vivo
      macroscopic colony formers. In view of the large differences reported elsewhere
      between stem cell subsets differing in reconstitutive capacity and secondary stem
      cell generation ability, we also studied various isolated cell fractions with
      respect to spleen colony formation, radioprotective ability, and spleen- and
      marrow- repopulating ability. Day-8 and day-12 CFU-S copurified when isolated by
      CCE. Cells from a fraction with high affinity for WGA were most highly enriched
      for their radioprotective ability (RPA) and their ability to repopulate the
      cellularity of the spleen and femur of irradiated recipients. This fraction
      contained virtually pure day-12 CFU-S. However, the ability to generate secondary
      day-12 CFU-S and CFU-GM in irradiated organs was enriched most in the medium WGA
      + ve cell fraction. MRA and SRA, according to the latter criteria, could
      therefore be partly separated from day-12 CFU-S and RPA on the basis of affinity
      for WGA. The data strongly suggest that at least part of all day-12 CFU-S have a
      high potential to proliferate and differentiate into mature progeny, but a
      relatively low self-renewal ability, and may therefore not be representative of
      the genuine stem cell.

PMID- 2880747
TI  - Theophylline in maintenance treatment of chronic asthma: concentration-dependent
      additional effect to beta 2-agonist therapy.
AB  - The effect of long-term treatment with theophylline was studied in 20 chronic
      asthmatic patients receiving oral and inhaled beta 2-agonists. In a double-blind,
      randomized cross-over fashion during three consecutive 6-week periods, the
      patients received theophylline in individually adjusted dosages or placebo to
      obtain plasma concentrations of 25-45 mumol/l, 50-85 mumol/l and 0, respectively.
      PEF, beta 2-aerosol consumption, symptom scores and side-effects were recorded
      daily. The addition of theophylline caused a significant further bronchodilating
      effect. There was, however, a large interindividual variation in response to
      additional theophylline and only half of the subjects were responders. Those
      responding had increased therapeutic efficacy from a steady-state concentration
      in the range of 50-85 mumol/l compared to the lower concentration. The responders
      had, on average, more pronounced air-flow obstruction. The incidence of adverse
      reactions increased with increasing concentrations of theophylline.

PMID- 2880749
TI  - [Complex approach to evaluating the antipsychotic properties of neuroleptics
      modeled on fenamine sterotypy in cats].
AB  - It was shown that the ability of neuroleptics to cause the high-amplitude wave
      bursts in sensorimotor cortex in cats with phenamine stereotypy may indicate
      antipsychotic properties of the drugs whereas suppression of motor automatism
      largely testifies to their extrapyramidal effects.

PMID- 2880748
TI  - Influence of substratum on the retrograde response of the rat superior cervical
      ganglion in vitro.
AB  - To study the role of the substratum on the retrograde response of injured
      peripheral noradrenergic neurons, embryonic rat superior cervical ganglia were
      grown in vitro on four different substrata: collagen, poly-D-lysine, fibronectin,
      or tissue culture plastic. The rate and pattern of neurite outgrowth were
      determined for a 2-week period following injury with explantation. In addition,
      changes in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the neurotransmitter enzyme that
      has been shown to be altered during the retrograde response, was measured. The
      pattern and rate of neurite outgrowth varied directly with the ability of the
      neuronal growth cone to adhere to the underlying substratum. On poly-D-lysine and
      collagen, neurites grew as individual processes with extensive branching, whereas
      on plastic and fibronectin there was little branching and marked neurite
      fasciculation. The rate of neurite elongation on poly-D-lysine (0.75 mm/day) was
      faster than on collagen (.53 mm/day), fibronectin (0.33 mm/day), or plastic (0.15
      mm/day). On plastic, neurons of the superior cervical ganglion showed a severe
      and prolonged retrograde response as characterized by a reversible decrease in
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity to 28% of control which persisted until the 10th
      day in culture. In contrast, on collagen, there was a smaller, but still
      significant, decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity to 73% of control which
      lasted only 5 to 6 days. On poly-D-lysine, there was no measureable change in the
      activity of that enzyme after injury. These studies provide quantitative evidence
      showing an important role of the microenvironment, and in particular the
      extracellular matrix, in determining the ability of neurons to respond
      successfully to injury.

PMID- 2880750
TI  - [Prediction of the parameters of the accumulation of 1,4-benzodiazepine
      derivatives in the body of mice based on their excretory kinetics].
AB  - Kinetics of 14C-7-bromo-5-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (I)
      excretion from the mouse body following a single and long-term administration of
      the compound was studied. It was shown that kinetics of excretion of total
      radioactive material in the urine and feces is a sum of monoexponential
      processes. Prediction of the compound accumulation in the mouse body during its
      long-term administration was performed. Parameters of accumulation of the
      compound, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and phenazepam were compared. Significant,
      reciprocally compensated changes in relative efficacy and the rate of excretion
      of total radioactivity in the urine and feces during a long-term administration
      were noted. It is recommended to take into consideration the events studied at a
      chronic administration of derivatives of 1,4-benzodiazepine.

PMID- 2880751
TI  - Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange in the absence of proton gradient by the H+-ATPase
      from yeast plasma membranes.
AB  - Purified soluble H+-ATPase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe catalyzes a Pi in
      equilibrium ATP exchange in the absence of a H+ gradient. When the pH of the
      assay medium is raised from 5.5 to 8.0 there is a decrease of the ATPase activity
      and an increase of the rate of Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange. At pH 7.0 the
      addition of the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (20%, v/v) promotes a decrease
      of ATPase activity and an increase of the Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange
      reaction. The effect of the organic solvent on the Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange
      is related to a decrease of the apparent Km for Pi.

PMID- 2880752
TI  - [Participation of neuromediators in neuronal mechanisms of attention and
      perception of visual information in food-getting behavior].
AB  - A directed visual attention of the cat towards the site of reinforcement entailed
      an increase of the firing rate of the visual cortex' neurons. Neurotransmitters
      applied microiontophoretically altered the firing rate within time intervals
      corresponding to the level of visual attention and perception of visual stimulus.

PMID- 2880753
TI  - [Effects of various pancreatic secretagogues on somatostatin binding to rat
      pancreatic acinar cell plasma membranes].
AB  - The effects of pretreatment with pancreatic secretagogues and subsequently
      activated cellular events on [125I-Tyr1] somatostatin binding to acinar membranes
      were studied. Pretreatment of pancreatic acini with bombesin at increasing
      concentrations for 120 min reduced labeled somatostatin binding to the acinar
      membranes in a dose-dependent fashion with a maximal reduction of binding at 10(
      8)M bombesin (44.3 +/- 1.8% of control). The maximal inhibition of labeled
      somatostatin binding by pretreatment with bombesin was almost comparable to that
      with COOH-terminal octapeptide cholecystokinin (CCK8) or carbamylcholine
      (carbachol). Furthermore, pretreatment of acini with vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP) as well as secretin resulted in a small, but significant decrease
      of subsequent labeled somatostatin binding. In addition, adenosine 3', 5' cyclic
      nucleotide derivatives or a phosphodiesterase inhibitor mimicked the effect of
      VIP or secretin. The effect of simultaneous pretreatment of acini with VIP and
      carbachol on subsequent labeled somatostatin binding appeared to be almost equal
      to the calculated additive value for each peptide. These results suggest that the
      binding of somatostatin to its receptors in the pancreatic acini may be regulated
      via two functionally distinct pathways.

PMID- 2880754
TI  - Atypical lichen planus associated with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - A case is reported of a patient known to have ulcerative colitis who developed
      atypical lichen planus. This did not resolve when the patient discontinued
      sulphasalazine treatment but became more extensive within 48 h of an exacerbation
      of colitis. This case supports the view that there may be an association between
      ulcerative colitis and lichen planus.

PMID- 2880756
TI  - Advanced abdominal pregnancy in Muhimbili Medical Centre, Tanzania.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted at Muhimbili Medical Centre (MMC) over a 2-year
      period on 16 patients with advanced abdominocyesis. The incidence of 1 in 3259
      deliveries was higher than that of previous years. Infertility prior to index
      pregnancy was a significant antecedent factor (P less than 0.001). The most
      consistent symptom both in early and late pregnancy was abdominal pain.
      Difficulty in fetal palpation and abnormal lies were the most significant signs.
      The sensitivity of clinical suspicion was 68%, ultrasound 85% and X-ray diagnosis
      93%. Sepsis was the leading maternal complication, especially when the placenta
      was left in situ. Perinatal mortality was 87.5% and maternal mortality was 6.4%.
      Abdominal pregnancy remains a diagnostic challenge and certain aspects of fetal
      mortality are ill-understood. Early diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy can be
      improved upon by more detailed history taking, a high index of suspicion and
      meticulous interpretation of sonographic and radiological signs. It is suggested
      that the placenta be removed except in the rarest trying cases and that pregnancy
      be terminated on diagnosis.

PMID- 2880755
TI  - Prevention of postoperative infection in cesarean section after rupture of the
      membranes.
AB  - Patients having a cesarean section more than 6 h after rupture of the membranes
      constitute a high risk group for postoperative infections. Two such groups were
      studied. Patients were given either cefuroxime 1.5 g every 8th hour for 24 h
      followed by cefadroxil 0.5 g twice daily for 6 days or received no medication.
      The infection rate was significantly reduced in the treatment group as compared
      to the control group (15% vs. 48%). Non-infected patients had a significantly
      shorter stay in hospital (8 days vs. 12 days). Combined use of these drugs for
      prevention of post-cesarean infection has not previously been reported. No side
      effects of the antibiotic prophylaxis were reported.

PMID- 2880757
TI  - Reproductive performance after eclampsia.
AB  - Eclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy in Ibadan, although its long term
      effects on subsequent pregnancies is unknown. In a prospective study of 64 women
      who had eclampsia in their previous pregnancies and were followed up in their
      current pregnancies, 15.6% of them had recurrent eclampsia, in spite of optimal
      antenatal care. Of the 18 patients with diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg 22.2%
      or over at booking had antepartum or intrapartum eclampsia as compared with only
      2.2% of 46 patients with diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg at
      booking. This finding was statistically significant (P less than 0.01), showing
      that the diastolic blood pressure at booking can be a measure of the potential
      for developing eclampsia because of the possibility of residual hypertension on
      which pre-eclampsia may be superimposed. Similarly, there was a significant
      association (P less than 0.05) between the birthweight of the babies and the
      diastolic blood pressure at booking, and may be a measure of the effect of
      vascular effect of pre-eclampsia on the placenta. However, there was no
      difference in the perinatal mortality rate in this study and the overall hospital
      figures in spite of the high risk pregnancies being managed. It was concluded,
      therefore, that the outcome of these pregnancies would depend much on the
      standard of antenatal care provided for the patients.

PMID- 2880758
TI  - Determination of trace and bulk elements in plasma and erythrocytes of healthy
      pregnant women by PIXE method.
AB  - Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis of blood samples from healthy
      pregnant women was carried out. Elements S, Ca, P, K, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Rb and Br
      were detected, in red blood cells while S, Ca, P. K, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Br in
      the plasma. The concentrations of Ca, K and Br were found to be stable throughout
      pregnancy, others exhibited significant alterations. The importance of macro- and
      microelement metabolisms during pregnancy and their role in the intrauterine
      development is summarized.

PMID- 2880759
TI  - Determination of trace and bulk elements in plasma and erythrocytes of diabetic
      pregnant women by PIXE method.
AB  - Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) analysis of blood samples from diabetic
      pregnant women was carried out. Elements S, Ca, P, K, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Rb and Br
      were detected in red blood cells, while S, Ca, P, K, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Br in
      the plasma. The concentrations of P, S, Ni, Cu were found to be higher, while
      those of K, Fe, and Zn were lower in diabetic plasma than in controls.
      Significantly higher concentrations were measured for P, S, Cl, Fe, Zn and Rb in
      diabetic erythrocytes compared to normals. Statistical evaluation of the results
      also indicated significant alteration in the changes of concentrations throughout
      the pregnancy. Diabetes also resulted in changes in most of the correlations
      observed in normal pregnancy between the concentrations of elements.

PMID- 2880760
TI  - Rapid regression through bromocriptine therapy of a suprasellar extending
      prolactinoma during pregnancy.
AB  - A 29-year-old woman is described who presented with amenorrhea and galactorrhea
      with a large prolactinoma which regressed on bromocriptine therapy. Treatment
      with bromocriptine was stopped when pregnancy was diagnosed but 6 weeks later the
      prolactinoma had regrown with suprasellar extension and lateral invasion of the
      cavernous sinus. When treatment with bromocriptine was reinstituted symptoms
      subsided within 24 h and serum prolactin concentrations fell from 54,000 mM/l to
      2800 mU/l within 5 days and 500 mU/l 2 days after that. Pregnancy proceeded
      without complications and she entered spontaneous labor at term and delivered a
      healthy baby. One year after delivery, on treatment with bromocriptine, her serum
      prolactin concentration remains within the normal range and the CT scan shows
      persistence of a small prolactinoma, confined to the pituitary fossa.
      Bromocriptine should be the primary treatment for prolactinomas regardless of
      tumor size and may be safely stopped when pregnancy is desired. If pituitary
      tumor complications occur during pregnancy, reintroduction of treatment with
      bromocriptine should again be the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2880761
TI  - Time to conception after IUD removal: importance of duration of use, IUD type,
      pelvic inflammatory disease and age.
AB  - Some investigations of IUD use have demonstrated impaired ability to become
      pregnant after removal, while others have not. None of these studies, however,
      have adequately considered such potentially influencing variables as age and a
      history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). To study the effect of length of
      IUD use, IUD type and the modifying influences of age and PID history on time
      required to conceive, we followed women trying to become pregnant after removal
      of their IUD. Five hundred forty women in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia who were first
      fitted with an IUD between 1964 and 1972 and had their IUD removed in order to
      become pregnant were followed through 1980. We found no relationship between the
      duration of IUD use or type of IUD used, but increasing age and a history of PID
      each decreased the monthly probability of conception. These findings, along with
      other recent work, indicate that IUDs are a safe and efficacious contraceptive
      for women at low risk for sexually transmitted diseases.

PMID- 2880762
TI  - Hospital deaths in a high risk obstetric population: Karawa, Zaire.
AB  - Three thousand four hundred thirteen consecutive deliveries at a rural hospital
      in Zaire are examined. 85% of patients had goiters and 5% were cretins. Twenty
      maternal deaths occurred, or 5.9 per 1000 deliveries. Risk factors for maternal
      death included late presentation, advanced age (greater than or equal to 35
      years), no education and presence of goiter or cretinism. Ninety percent of women
      who died were in critical condition at admission, 45% had labored greater than or
      equal to 48 h and 70% had uterine rupture.

PMID- 2880763
TI  - Twin birth weight discordancy in Nigeria.
AB  - The perinatal outcomes for 56 birth-weight discordant twin pairs among 622 total
      twin deliveries that occurred over an 18-month period at the University of Ilorin
      Teaching Hospital are analyzed. The incidence of twin birth-size discordancy was
      9%. Mean birth-weight (kg) was 2.78 +/- 0.5 for the heavier twin and 1.90 +/- 0.5
      for the smaller twin, with a mean intra-pair birth-weight difference of 0.88 kg
      (31.7% of the heavier twin). Perinatal mortality in the smaller infants was
      increased above the mean for all twin births. There were no perinatal deaths
      among the heavier infants. Discordant twinning was associated with high parity
      and a disproportionate increase of unlike-sex pairs. These observations suggest
      the preponderance of discordancy in dizygotic twinning. Increased awareness and
      surveillance for discrepant twin pairs are suggested in order to improve
      perinatal outcome.

PMID- 2880764
TI  - Ovarian function immediately after the menarche.
AB  - Estrone and pregnanediol-glucuronide values of early morning urine samples
      collected from young girls in the perimenarche were determined by
      radioimmunological technique. A total of 58 teenage girls started collecting
      urine samples after their menarche at various times. Of these, 9 completed
      collection within 100 days of the onset of the first menstrual period. In 3
      cases, insignificant changes in estrone and pregnanediol levels were noted.
      Normal estrone values were found in 3 cases together with pregnanediol levels
      suggestive of ovulation. In 2 further cases the possibility of ovulation without
      follicular release was suggested. The results indicate that ovarian activity is
      unpredictable immediately following the menarche. Between very low levels of
      sexual steroid hormone production and those normally observed in adult females,
      all transitional values could be found.

PMID- 2880765
TI  - Surgical emergencies of the uterine adnexae during pregnancy.
AB  - During the 5-year period 1976-1980, seven cases of emergent surgical disease of
      the adnexae during pregnancy were encountered. The incidence of 1:1832 deliveries
      approximated that of appendicitis (1:1603 deliveries) during the same period.
      There were three cases of adnexal torsion, two ruptured ovarian cysts with
      hemorrhage, one heterotopic pregnancy, and one ruptured endometrioma. The right
      side was more commonly the site of the pathology, and abdominal pain the only
      consistent presenting symptom. Fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis were
      inconsistent findings. Culdocentesis was positive in two cases. Four desired
      pregnancies were carried successfully to term postoperatively. Surgical
      emergencies of the adnexae will be encountered during pregnancy more commonly
      than is generally recognized. Aspects of obstetric management are described. If
      prompt surgical intervention is undertaken in pregnancy when the clinical picture
      suggests an acute abdomen, a satisfactory outcome can be expected.

PMID- 2880766
TI  - Selective screening for cancer of the cervix uteri in South Indian women.
AB  - In India, the need exists for a scheme of selective screening for women at high
      risk of developing cervical carcinoma. In this study, the incidence of abnormal
      cervical cytology amongst 500 pregnant south Indian women (gravida 3, para 2 or
      more) who were booked under the Post Partum Programme of the Government of India
      was compared to that of 200 primi and second gravidas from the same out patient
      clinic population. Abnormal cytology was detected in 3.6% of the women in the
      study group which was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that in the
      control (0.5%), indicating that the former are at higher risk of developing
      cervical cancer. Within the study group, abnormal cytology was not found to
      correlate with increasing age and gravidity or with any clinical parameter. The
      study and follow up could be carried out using existing facilities and manpower.
      Using existing personnel involved in the Post Partum Programme, a follow up rate
      of 67% could be achieved from among women with abnormal cervical cytology. The
      cost-effectiveness of this scheme of selective screening is borne out by the
      extremely modest additional cost incurred.

PMID- 2880767
TI  - Comparison of preventive use of metronidazole and ampicillin in women with a
      history of pelvic inflammatory disease undergoing first-trimester abortion.
AB  - In a double-blind controlled trial the efficacy of prophylactic metronidazole and
      pivampicillin to women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
      undergoing first-trimester abortion was assessed. Thirty-eight women received
      pivampicillin tablets 350 mg and 43 women metronidazole tablets 400 mg, given 1 h
      before and 4 and 8 h after the abortion. In the pivampicillin group 5 women
      (13.1%) and in the metronidazole group 8 women (18.6%) developed post-abortal
      PID, a non-significant difference (P greater than 0.05). The number of hospital
      days and amounts of antibiotics were not significantly different in the two
      treatment groups (all P-values greater than 0.05). Women with a history of PID
      were found to be at risk of contracting postabortal PID.

PMID- 2880768
TI  - Poor prognostic value of the basal fetal heart rate as observed during antenatal
      monitoring.
AB  - The basal fetal heart rate, accelerations, decelerations and amplitude and
      frequency of variation were scored in positive stress tests of 146 and in
      suspicious recordings of 296 patients. Positive tests scored lower for
      accelerations, decelerations and amplitude and frequency of variation but not for
      the basal heart rate. When the outcome was poor, as characterized by low 5-min
      Apgar score and intrauterine growth retardation, it was reflected by all
      parameters of the fetal heart rate pattern except for the basal heart rate.

PMID- 2880769
TI  - Yugoslavian experience with the contraceptive sponge.
AB  - A trial of the contraceptive sponge was conducted at two clinics (403 subjects)
      in Yugoslavia. Women were periodically followed up for 1 year. The 1-year method
      pregnancy rate (life-table) was 5.6 per 100 women. Rates of other events leading
      to discontinuation of sponge use were similarly low. There were no serious
      complications. The results of the study show that the contraceptive sponge may be
      successfully used by a population of women with limited experience with the use
      of vaginal contraceptive methods.

PMID- 2880770
TI  - The effect of an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and desogestrel
      on hair growth and hormonal parameters of hirsute women.
AB  - A group of 22 hirsute women was treated with a combination of 0.030 mg of
      ethinylestradiol and 0.150 mg of desogestrel (EE-DG) for 6 or 12 months. After 6
      months the hair growth was decreased in 17 patients. There was a significant
      decrease in testosterone/sex hormone binding globulin (T/SHBG) ratio and serum
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels. The changes in the hirsutism and
      the T/SHBG ratio showed correlation (rho 0.36, P less than 0.05). The patient
      groups with the best and the poorest clinical response differed in terms of
      summed changes in the T/SHBG ratio and DHEAS. These findings suggest that the
      therapeutic effect of the EE-DG is based on combined changes in the related
      hormone levels.

PMID- 2880772
TI  - Transcatheter embolization of pelvic arteries as the safest method for postpartum
      hemorrhage.
AB  - Two cases of intractable postpartum hemorrhage could be controlled by Gelfoam
      embolization via an angiographic catheter. The data presented here indicate that
      transcatheter embolization for postpartum hemorrhage is a safe and effective
      method compared to surgical ligation of the injured artery.

PMID- 2880771
TI  - Acute rupture of an ovarian pregnancy associated with a negative serum B-HCG.
AB  - A case of acute rupture of an ovarian pregnancy in which Beta Subunit of human
      chorionic gonadotropin was negative is presented. This is the first case known in
      the literature. Clinical and laboratory aspects of ovarian pregnancy are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2880773
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy presenting as intermittent rectal bleeding and anemia. A case
      report.
AB  - A case report is presented of a patient with anemia and intermittent rectal
      hemorrhage caused by a tubal pregnancy eroding into the rectum. A search through
      the clinical literature on ectopic gestation reveals the rarity of such an
      occurrence.

PMID- 2880774
TI  - Tubal pregnancy with patent tube diagnosed by hysterosalpingography.
AB  - A demonstration of patent tube usually excludes the presence of tubal pregnancy.
      In the reported case tubal patency was demonstrated by hysterosalpingography in
      the presence of 6 weeks tubal pregnancy.

PMID- 2880775
TI  - Regulation of hepatic glutamine metabolism.

PMID- 2880777
TI  - Effect of prostaglandin PGE2 on alcohol-induced ulceration in the rat colon.
AB  - The effect of pretreatment with topical prostaglandin E2, prednisolone and
      sulphasalazine in experimental colitis has been examined in the rat colon. Only
      prostaglandin E2 treatment significantly reduced mucosal ulceration. Long-term
      exposure of the rat colon to topical ethanol produced some of the histological
      changes seen in human colitis.

PMID- 2880776
TI  - Cytoplasmic reorganization during the resumption of meiosis in cultured
      preovulatory rat oocytes.
AB  - Changes in organelle topography and microtubule configuration have been studied
      during the resumption and progression of meiosis in cultured preovulatory rat
      oocytes. Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was reversibly inhibited by dibutyryl
      cAMP (DcAMP) or nocodazole, a microtubule-disrupting agent. The microtubule
      stabilizing agent taxol did not inhibit GVBD, but did impair further maturation.
      The migration of acidic organelles and chromatin in living oocytes was analyzed
      using the vital stains acridine orange and Hoechst 33258, respectively. Germinal
      vesicle stage oocytes undergo perinuclear aggregation of acidic organelles during
      GVBD and these organelles subsequently disperse into the cell cortex as the first
      meiotic spindle migrates to the oocyte periphery. DcAMP and nocodazole block the
      perinuclear aggregation of acidic organelles, whereas, in taxol-treated oocytes,
      organelle aggregation and GVBD occur but the dispersion of acidic organelles was
      arrested. Dose-response studies on the effects of nocodazole showed that GVBD was
      generally retarded and that a 50% inhibition of GVBD was achieved at
      concentrations in excess of 1.0 microM. Concentrations of taxol at 10 microM or
      above effectively inhibited both chromatin condensation and meiotic spindle
      formation. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with anti-tubulin antibodies
      revealed dissolution of microtubules with 1.0 microM nocodazole. Taxol had little
      effect on microtubule organization in germinal vesicle or chromatin condensation
      stage oocytes; however, when oocytes that had formed first meiotic spindles were
      treated with taxol, numerous microtubule asters appeared which were
      preferentially associated with the oocyte cortex. The changes in organelle
      topography, microtubule configuration, and drug sensitivity are discussed with
      respect to the regulation of cytoplasmic reorganization during the meiotic
      maturation of rat preovulatory oocytes.

PMID- 2880779
TI  - [Psychophysiologic aspect of regulating dyadic interpersonal interaction].

PMID- 2880778
TI  - Differential effect of growth factors on growth stimulation and phenotypic
      stability of glutamine-synthetase-positive and -negative hepatocytes in primary
      culture.
AB  - In rat liver parenchyma, two subpopulations of hepatocytes can be distinguished
      by the absence or presence of the marker enzyme, glutamine synthetase (GS).
      Hepatocytes in the perivenous zone immediately adjacent to the hepatic venules in
      the liver acinus are positive for GS. Using autoradiography in combination with
      immunocytochemistry, the response of these two hepatocyte populations (GS
      positive and GS negative) to a variety of growth factors (defined compounds or
      complex stimuli) was investigated in vitro. Irrespective of the individual growth
      promoting activity (which varied considerably), all stimuli led to much higher
      labeling indices in GS-negative cells as compared to GS-positive cells. In GS
      negative cells, the strongest effect was exerted by serum obtained from partially
      hepatectomized rats (labeling index, 67%) and the conditioned media of JM1 and
      JM2 hepatoma cells (63%-82%), followed by a combination of insulin and either
      norepinephrine (46%) or epidermal growth factor (EGF; 42%). In contrast, serum
      had the weakest influence on GS-positive cells (0.3%), while the other potent
      stimuli enhanced the labeling index of these cells by between 6% and 15% within
      48 h. The percentage of labeled nuclei was higher in mononucleated than in
      binucleated GS-positive hepatocytes. The time course of thymidine incorporation
      was also different for the two subpopulations. Under all growth-promoting
      conditions, the stimulation of GS-negative cells peaked between 72 and 96 h,
      while it increased continuously in GS-positive cells for at least 120 h,
      particularly in the case of serum. In proliferating cultures, both the absolute
      and the relative number of GS-positive hepatocytes decreased, while no such
      effect was found in various nonproliferating control cultures maintained at low
      and high cell density. Similar results were found for GS activity. In contrast,
      the hormonal induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) was not affected. It is
      suggested that these differences in the growth response of GS-positive and 
      negative cells contribute to the acinar gradient in hepatocyte proliferation that
      occurs during liver regeneration. Furthermore, the striking phenotypic
      instability of GS-positive cells that have undergone DNA synthesis and mitosis
      supports the hypothesis that cellular reprogramming depends on passage through
      the cell cycle.

PMID- 2880780
TI  - Plasma levels of gastrin, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity
      during pregnancy and lactation in dogs.
AB  - Plasma levels of gastrinlike, somatostatinlike, and cholecystokininlike
      immunoreactivity were determined by radioimmunoassay in peripheral blood from 11
      beagles during pregnancy and in response to suckling during lactation.
      Cholecystokinin was determined in pooled and in individual plasma samples after
      separation of cholecystokinin and gastrin by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Gastrin and somatostatin levels were significantly increased
      during the 8-wk-long dog pregnancy; peak values were recorded in week 7 and week
      4, respectively. The cholecystokinin level rose and peaked at week 3, and
      remained elevated. In response to suckling, maternal gastrin levels rose
      significantly when tested in week 1 and 3 of lactation. Somatostatin levels did
      not respond significantly to suckling, but basal levels were elevated in week 1
      compared to week 3 of lactation. Cholecystokinin rose in response to suckling
      both in week 1 and 3 of lactation. We suggest that the increased levels of
      gastrointestinal hormones during pregnancy and lactation may serve to increase
      digestive and anabolic capacity.

PMID- 2880781
TI  - Inhibition of growth hormone secretion in anaesthetized fowl: hypothalamic
      participation.
AB  - Sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia lowered the circulating growth hormone (GH)
      concentration in immature chickens and reduced basal and stimulated pituitary GH
      release in vitro. The immunoneutralization of endogenous somatostatin (SRIF), by
      passive SRIF immunization, overcame the inhibitory effect of anaesthesia on basal
      GH secretion in vivo, but had no direct effects on GH release in vitro. However,
      while SRIF immunization restored the resting GH concentration in the
      anaesthetized birds, it increased greatly the GH level in conscious birds. These
      results therefore suggest that the inhibition of GH secretion in anaesthetized
      birds may be partly SRIF-mediated, although a suppression of hypothalamic
      stimulation may also be involved.

PMID- 2880782
TI  - [Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy].

PMID- 2880783
TI  - [Neurochemical and endocrine changes in the premenopausal and post-menopausal
      period].

PMID- 2880784
TI  - [Subdural empyema caused by hematogenous spread].

PMID- 2880786
TI  - [Modern concepts in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. International
      symposium. Munich, 27-28 November 1986. Abstracts].

PMID- 2880785
TI  - The relationship of injuries of the leg, foot, and ankle to proximal thigh
      strength in athletes.
AB  - Rehabilitation programs designed to restore leg, ankle, and foot function
      following injury frequently ignore the proximal muscles. During athletics, these
      knee, hip, and trunk muscles derive much of their functional power from the foot
      and ankle. They also serve to integrate distal segment motions into a total
      movement pattern such as jumping, running, or kicking. The linkage system, which
      is a theoretical concept, describes the normal biomechanical and physiological
      interactions between proximal and distal musculoskeletal structures.
      Immobilization or injury of distal segments interrupts the normal generation,
      summation, and transmission of muscular forces across joints. Adequate measures
      must be taken to properly assess proximal structures for weakness and tightness
      and to prescribe specific exercises to prevent the migration of the effects of
      injury away from the involved segment.

PMID- 2880787
TI  - [A case of malignant neuroleptic syndrome with rhabdomyolysis and a therapeutic
      trial using physostigmine].
AB  - We report the case of a 22-year-old schizophrenic patient who developed a
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome under treatment with Benperidol, Levomepromazin
      and Biperiden. Clinical signs were: fever, rigidity, altered consciousness and
      rhabdomyolysis of hip-abductors. Intravenous injection of physostigmine led to
      clearing of consciousness, whereas there seemed to be no impact on fever and
      rigidity.

PMID- 2880788
TI  - [Effects of alcohol consumption on blood pressure levels in Hisayama residents.
      Part 2. Relationship between time-related changes in blood pressure and those in
      levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase].

PMID- 2880789
TI  - [Rat lymphoid cell lines producing human T cell leukemia virus-I].
AB  - Cocultivation of spleen cells, lymph node cells, and thymocytes of female Wistar
      King-Aptekman rats with short-term cultured male adult T cell leukemia (ATL)
      cells in the presence of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BudR) resulted in the
      establishment of rat lymphoid cell lines, TARS-1, TARL-2, and TART-1. Cytogenic
      analysis of the three cell lines showed a female rat karyotype with 42
      chromosomes. The surface phenotypes of TARS-1 and TART-1 were those of rat T
      cells. TARL-2 was only positive for rat Ia and leukocyte common antigens and
      brain associated T antigen. The cell lines continuously produced a type C
      retrovirus, human T cell leukemia virus-I (HTLV-I) and expressed ATL-associated
      antigens. By using monoclonal antibodies for rat IL-2 receptors, FACS analysis
      demonstrated that three rat T cell lines unequivocally expressed rat IL-2
      receptor. TARS-1 and TART-1 but not TARL-2 were transplantable into newborn
      syngeneic rats and nude mice. By injecting MMC-treated TARS-1 into newborn
      syngeneic rats, HTLV-I carrier rats were obtained which showed gradual increase
      of anti-ATLA antibody titer by aging. No evidence of leukemia nor malignant
      lymphoma were observed in those carrier rats. Adult rats immunized with these rat
      cell lines produced antibodies specific for HTLV-I. The biochemical analysis of
      the antigen that reacted with rat sera revealed that they are the HTLV-I specific
      polypeptides, p28, p24, p19 and p15.

PMID- 2880790
TI  - Further characterization of thyrotropin-displacing-activity (TDA): evidence of
      restricted heterogeneity.
AB  - For further characterization immunoglobulins G (IgG) of 14 patients with Graves'
      disease were fractionated on Protein A bound Sepharose. Sufficiently enriched IgG
      subclasses were obtained despite incomplete separation. TSH displacing activity
      (TDA) was not homogeneously distributed in the subclasses, however IgG1 was most
      predominant in TDA followed by IgG3, IgG2 being essentially inactive. In two
      subjects TDA in whole IgG gave positive results in subclasses after
      fractionation, thus providing evidence, that it would be theoretically possible
      to move sensitivity of the method close to 100% after subfractionation. TDA was
      not enriched together with thyroid cell antibodies. We conclude from these
      results that TDA-IgG is characterized by restricted heterogeneity notwithstanding
      the incomplete separation of the IgG-subclasses.

PMID- 2880791
TI  - Clinical and pathologic features of polyarteritis nodosa and its renal-limited
      variant: primary crescentic and necrotizing glomerulonephritis.
AB  - This study supports the concept that primary necrotizing and crescentic
      glomerulonephritis is a kidney-limited form of polyarteritis nodosa. Thirty-four
      patients with necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis were divided into
      three groups based on the presence or absence of systemic vasculitis as
      determined by clinical or histologic criteria. Laboratory studies demonstrated
      elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates, anemia, mild eosinophilia, hematuria,
      and proteinuria in patients in each group; there were no significant differences
      in these data between the groups, however. Complement levels and antinuclear
      antibody screens were normal. Mean serum creatinine levels were markedly elevated
      but fell by a factor of two following therapy. There was a higher morbidity in
      the patients with kidney-limited disease. This was attributable to a higher
      percentage of these patients' having no symptoms and presenting for medical care
      only after they were in chronic renal failure. Most patients not experiencing
      chronic renal failure were treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone, which
      seemed effective in this retrospective study.

PMID- 2880792
TI  - A simple DNA diagnostic method for human genetic disorders.
AB  - A fast, reliable, and simple technique for detecting point mutations in
      unfractionated human DNA has been developed. Oligonucleotide probes complementary
      to either sickle- or normal beta-globin DNA are labeled by primer extension and
      hybridized to DNA applied to nitrocellulose paper in a dot-blot format. A short
      hybridization time (about 1 h) and low probe concentration (about 1 nM) yield low
      background and high specificity. Double-blind trials show 100% agreement with
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA from normal,
      sickle, and heterozygous subjects.

PMID- 2880793
TI  - Localization of a human heat-shock HSP 70 gene sequence to chromosome 6 and
      detection of two other loci by somatic-cell hybrid and restriction fragment
      length polymorphism analysis.
AB  - The human 70 kdalton heat-shock protein (HSP 70) is a member of a multigene
      family which is expressed in response to various physiological stresses including
      elevated temperatures. Using a cloned genomic HSP 70 DNA sequence we demonstrate
      by somatic cell hybrid and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      analyses that there are a minimum of three distinct HSP 70 loci in the human
      genome, one of which is located on chromosome 6.

PMID- 2880794
TI  - Regional localization and characterization of a DNA segment on the long arm of
      chromosome 21.
AB  - A human genomic DNA fragment, pAM37 (HGM8; D21S22), was mapped to chromosome
      21q2.1-q2.21 by in situ hybridization. This segment is therefore situated on the
      boundary of the "pathological region" of Down syndrome. A genomic restriction map
      encompassing 35 kb of chromosome 21 was derived and two restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were mapped and characterized. A homologous sequence
      was detected in the mouse genome but no homologous RNA was detected in a range of
      human tissues. This DNA segment will contribute to the linkage mapping of
      chromosome 21 and will facilitate delineation of the pathological region of Down
      syndrome.

PMID- 2880795
TI  - [Effect of applications of TPA for GGT-positive foci during DMBA-induced cheek
      pouch carcinogenesis of the hamster].

PMID- 2880796
TI  - Synthetic sulpholipopolysaccharides: novel adjuvants for humoral immune
      responses.
AB  - Referring to the strong immunostimulating activity of combinations of lipophilic
      agents and dextran sulphate, conjugates with chemical determinants of both types
      of adjuvants were synthesized and then examined for immunostimulatory
      capabilities in mice. Saturated fatty acids with varying chain lengths and
      sulphate groups were coupled covalently at defined ratios to the polysaccharide
      Ficoll (MW 400,000). Chemical analysis of 60 of the sulpholipopolysaccharides
      synthesized revealed that the number of sulphate groups per monosaccharide unit
      varied from 0 to 1.6, and the number of lipid groups from 0 to 0.8. Adjuvanticity
      of these conjugates for the humoral immune response was determined using sheep
      red blood cells (SRBC) and dinitrophenyl-haptenated bovine serum albumin (DNP
      BSA) as antigens. Five days after intraperitoneal injection of adjuvant and
      antigen, the numbers of direct anti-SRBC plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen
      were determined. Anti-DNP antibody titres were measured from 1 to 4 weeks after
      immunization. PFC responses to 2 X 10(6) SRBC were augmented up to a 100-fold by
      conjugates of Ficoll and sulphate (sulphopolysaccharides: SPs) or lipid groups
      (lipopolysaccharides: LPs). Introduction of low or moderate numbers of lipid
      groups in SPs reduced adjuvanticity. Adjuvant activity of
      sulpholipopolysaccharides (SLPs) with varying sulphate and high lipid content
      depended on the sulphate contents and the chain length of the lipids. Sulphate
      reduced adjuvanticity of the SLPs, and the number of sulphate groups required for
      complete annihilation increased with the chain length of the lipid. LPs and SLPs,
      including conjugates that did not enhance anti-SRBC PFC responses, augmented
      serum antibody responses to DNP-BSA while SPs were hardly effective.

PMID- 2880797
TI  - Mapping of the mouse Ly-6, Xp-14, and Gdc-1 loci to chromosome 15.
AB  - The Ly-6 locus is now regarded as a gene complex consisting of at least five
      closely linked loci (Ly-6A-Ly-6E) whose polymorphic products are identified by
      monoclonal antibodies and distinguished by different tissue distributions. Ly-6
      has been assigned by other investigators to chromosome (Chr) 9 (linked to Thy-1)
      or to Chr 2. We report that the Ly-6 gene complex, together with the Xp-14 and
      Gdc-1 loci, is situated on Chr 15 linked to Gpt-1. These new linkage data are
      derived from four sources: (1) three separate crosses that failed to demonstrate
      linkage of Ly-6 to either Thy-1 on Chr 9 or to any of five genes present on Chr
      2; (2) the NXSM recombinant inbred strains, which suggested the linkage of Ly-6
      and Xp-14 to Gpt-1 on Chr 15; (3) several Gpt-1 and Gdc-1 congenic strains that
      confirmed the assignment of Ly-6 and Xp-14 to Chr 15; and (4) backcrosses that
      further confirmed the linkage of Ly-6, Gpt-1, Gdc-1, and Xp-14, the probable gene
      order being Gpt-1/Ly-6-Xp-14-Gdc-1.

PMID- 2880798
TI  - A mutant lymphoma cell line with a defective Thy-1 glycoprotein gene.
AB  - We characterized a mutant T-cell lymphoma line selected for the inability to
      express the Thy-1 glycoprotein. This cell line is a member of the D
      complementation class of Thy-1- somatic cell mutants, and it lacks detectable
      cell-surface Thy-1.1 glycoprotein and detectable cytoplasmic Thy-1 mRNA. Southern
      blot analysis using a number of probes isolated from the cloned Thy-1.2 gene
      demonstrated that, in the mutant, one copy of the Thy-1 gene is absent from the
      genome and the other has undergone rearrangement. This rearrangement results from
      a deletion of the 5' portion of the gene removing the first two alternate exons
      and promoters and a portion of the second intron. The deletion breakpoint within
      the mutant Thy-1 gene was localized to within 400 nucleotides by Southern blot
      analysis. The breakpoint is near two classes of mouse repetitive elements-a mouse
      B1-family repetitive element and a simple repetitive sequence-suggesting a
      mechanism of rearrangement leading to the mutation. Southern blot analysis
      demonstrated that two closely linked molecular markers on chromosome 9 are
      unaltered, demonstrating that the deletion in this mutant cell line is
      subchromosomal.

PMID- 2880800
TI  - Identification of a new HLA-B7-associated C21-hydroxylase deficiency gene by
      restriction enzyme length polymorphism.

PMID- 2880799
TI  - Analysis of the equine lymphocyte antigen system by Southern blot hybridization.
AB  - Fourteen Standardbred horses homozygous for one of six equine lymphocyte antigen
      (ELA) specificities (A1, A3, A4, A5, A6, or A10) were analyzed by Southern blot
      hybridization using DNA probes derived from the mouse major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC). Total genomic DNA from peripheral lymphocytes was digested with
      the restriction enzymes Hind III, Pvu II, or Eco RI. Twenty-three to thirty-three
      bands were generated for individual horses with the class I cDNA probe. The
      resulting band patterns revealed 12-14 nonpolymorphic fragments, which is
      consistent with the highly conserved Qa/Tla genes seen in other species. The
      remaining 10-19 bands displayed significant polymorphism; no two animals had
      identical band patterns when studied with all three enzymes. The polymorphism was
      markedly decreased between animals of the same ELA serotypes. Unique bands were
      identified in both A1 horses and all four A6 animals. Pvu II digestions of
      lymphocyte DNA were hybridized with mouse MHC class II probes. A cDNA probe for
      the E alpha gene revealed only a single nonpolymorphic band. In contrast, a cDNA
      probe for the H-2 A alpha locus displayed three to five strong bands in each
      animal with polymorphism that was most pronounced between horses of different ELA
      serotypes. Genomic DNA probes for A beta and E beta genes both revealed multiple
      polymorphic bands. However, cross-hybridization between these two probes
      prevented distinction between A beta and E beta equivalent loci. The reduced
      polymorphism evident within ELA specificities is consistent with the concept that
      the equine lymphocyte antigen system includes two families of closely linked MHC
      genes.

PMID- 2880802
TI  - In vivo effect of histamine & acetylcholine on the virulence of Entamoeba
      histolytica.

PMID- 2880801
TI  - HLA-D/DR-BON: a new biochemically and cellularly defined polymorphism
      indistinguishable by RFLP from DR1.

PMID- 2880803
TI  - Segmental action of epidural narcotics.

PMID- 2880804
TI  - Is beta 1-antagonism essential for the antihypertensive action of beta-blockers?
AB  - Both nonselective beta-blockers and beta 1-selective blockers are effective
      antihypertensive agents. beta 1-Blockade generally is considered to be
      responsible for their antihypertensive action, whereas beta 2-blockade is
      regarded as undesirable. These common assumptions notwithstanding, the mechanism
      by which beta-blockers lower blood pressure remains unknown. To examine the
      possibility that beta 2-blockade may contribute to the antihypertensive action of
      beta-blocker therapy, we studied the cardiovascular effects of compound ICI
      118551, a beta 2-selective blocker. First, we showed that 50 mg t.i.d. orally is
      a beta 2-selective dose. In contrast to propranolol, 80 mg t.i.d., or atenolol,
      100 mg once a day, 50 mg of ICI 118551 t.i.d. failed to block beta 1-mediated
      inotropic stimulation and stimulation of renin by isoproterenol. We then
      performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with mild
      essential hypertension to compare this compound with propranolol, 80 mg t.i.d.,
      and showed that ICI 118551 significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure. This antihypertensive effect was demonstrated by direct as well as by
      indirect blood pressure measurements. Thus, contrary to prevailing thought, beta
      2-blockade has an antihypertensive effect independent of, and distinct from, beta
      1-blockade.

PMID- 2880805
TI  - Investigation of some effects of levamisole on dog blood pressure.
AB  - The effects of levamisole were investigated on the blood pressure of
      anaesthetized dog. Levamisole (0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg) elicited a biphasic effect, an
      initial brief depressor response followed by a pressor response. The pressor
      response was dose-related and was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. The residual
      depressor response was blocked by propranolol. Repeated administration of a high
      dose of levamisole produced tachyphylaxis. The pressor response to levamisole was
      not modified by either reserpinization, acute bilateral adrenalectomy or
      pretreatment with cocaine, whereas pretreatment with dexamethasone, nialamide or
      pyroaallol shifted the dose-response curve to the right. Levamisole potentiated
      the pressor responses to noradrenaline, angiotensin and acetylcholine. The
      effects of levamisole are ascribed to inhibition of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O
      methyl transferase, catecholamine uptake2 mechanism and cholinesterase.

PMID- 2880806
TI  - Stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative metabolism by type 1
      pili from Escherichia coli.
AB  - We compared the degree to which Escherichia coli phase variants which do (T1P+ E.
      coli) or do not (T1P- E. coli) express type 1 pili (T1P) stimulate human
      polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) oxidative activity. Unopsonized T1P+ E. coli
      stimulated the release of 0.20 to 0.24 nmol of H2O2 per 10(6) PMN per min and the
      consumption of 1.4 to 4.0 nmol of O2 per 10(6) PMN per min; no measurable PMN
      oxidative activity was stimulated by unopsonized T1P- E. coli. In the presence of
      serum opsonins, T1P+ E. coli stimulated the release of 1.12 to 1.16 nmol of H2O2
      per 10(6) PMN per min and the consumption of 5.0 to 6.0 nmol of O2 per 10(6) PMN
      per min, whereas T1P- E. coli stimulated the release of 0.42 to 0.43 nmol of H2O2
      per 10(6) PMN per min and the consumption of 0.6 to 2.0 nmol of O2 per 10(6) PMN
      per min. Although unaggregated T1P did not stimulate PMN, latex beads coated with
      T1P (T1P-latex) stimulated alpha-methylmannoside-inhibitable, opsonin-independent
      PMN oxidative activity. The activity stimulated by either T1P+ E. coli or T1P
      latex was susceptible to inhibition by cytochalasin B. Latex particles coated
      with bovine serum albumin or mannose-resistant pili did not stimulate PMN. These
      data indicate that T1P+ E. coli stimulate PMN oxidative metabolism more
      effectively than do T1P- E. coli and that a similar PMN oxidative response
      follows cellular stimulation by either unopsonized T1P+ or opsonized T1P- E.
      coli. Furthermore, T1P-latex faithfully mimics the ability of T1P+ E. coli to
      stimulate PMN oxidative metabolism. Such particles may be useful in further
      analyses of cellular responses to T1P+ E. coli.

PMID- 2880807
TI  - F41 pili as protective antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that produce
      F41, K99, or both pilus antigens.
AB  - Pigs suckling dams that have been vaccinated with pilus antigen are protected
      against challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains that
      express the same pilus antigen. However, some ETEC strains express more than one
      pilus antigen. Pregnant swine were vaccinated either with E. coli HB101 that
      harbored a recombinant plasmid coding for F41 expression (F41+) or with the HB101
      parent strain that carries the pHC79 vector (F41-). Suckling pigs born to
      vaccinated dams were challenged with ETEC that expressed either K99, F41, or both
      pilus antigens. Production of F41 in vivo was demonstrated by immunofluorescence
      assay of sections of ileum and by seroconversion against F41 antigen by pigs
      challenged with F41+ and K99+ F41+ ETEC strains. The F41+ vaccine protected
      against challenge with an F41+ ETEC strain. In contrast, F41+ vaccination did not
      protect against challenge with K99+ or K99+ F41+ ETEC strains. The F41- vaccine
      did not protect against challenge with any strain used. The results indicate that
      K99+ F41+ ETEC strains produce F41 antigen in the small intestine during disease
      and that F41+ vaccination can be a protective antigen if the challenge strain
      expresses only F41 antigen, but that F41+ vaccination may not protect against
      strains that produce both K99 and F41 antigens.

PMID- 2880809
TI  - Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis.

PMID- 2880808
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesins for tracheobronchial mucin.
AB  - Mucins of the tracheobronchial tree are preferential sites for adherence and
      colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They possess specific receptors for this
      organism that have amino sugars as their principal constituents. Since mucins
      probably reflect the receptors on the cellular surfaces, we hypothesized that the
      bacterial adhesins previously shown to mediate the binding of P. aeruginosa to
      cells would also mediate bacterial binding to mucins. We therefore tested the
      roles of the exopolysaccharide from mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa and pili from
      nonmucoid strains to see whether they are indeed the adhesins for mucins. Using a
      microtiter plate assay of adherence to mucins, we demonstrated that the mucoid
      exopolysaccharide bound to mucins and enhanced the adherence of mucoid strains to
      this substance. Antibodies raised against the exopolysaccharide from a single
      mucoid strain inhibited the adherence of all mucoid strains tested. Purified pili
      from nonmucoid strains inhibited the binding of nonmucoid strains but not of
      mucoid strains. Inhibition of adherence by antibody to pili was quite specific,
      antibody being able to inhibit only the binding of the homologous nonmucoid
      strain. These data support our previous observations with tracheal cells,
      confirming the similarity of the adhesins for respiratory tract cells and the
      mucins which cover them.

PMID- 2880810
TI  - Renal hemodynamic changes after beta-blocker-diuretic combination therapy in
      azotemic hypertensive patients.
AB  - The effects of beta-blocker therapy with either nadolol or propranolol were
      compared during therapy with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 50 mg b.i.d. on
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), effective
      renal blood flow (ERBF), blood pressure, and heart rate in 22 patients with
      essential hypertension and mild to moderate renal insufficiency. The clearances
      of inulin and para-aminohippurate (PAH) were used to estimate renal hemodynamic
      measurements. These parameters were determined after 2 weeks of HCTZ plus placebo
      and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the addition of beta-blocker to HCTZ. Significant
      reductions in blood pressure and heart rate were seen, but no significant
      reduction of renal hemodynamics were seen with either beta-blocker-HCTZ
      combination. Since 50% of the patients in each drug group were either Black or
      White, hemodynamic data were also analyzed by race. One month after beta-blocker
      addition there was a slight reduction of GFR in both Whites (47 +/- 6 vs. 40 +/-
      5 ml/min, p greater than .05) and Blacks (44 +/- 5 vs. 40 +/- 6 ml/min, p less
      than .05). By month 6, GFR in Whites rose to 57 +/- 9 ml/min, whereas in Blacks
      it fell significantly to 36 +/- 6 ml/min (p less than .01). Similarly, at month
      1, ERBF declined by 12% and 13% in Whites and Blacks, respectively. However, at
      month 6, ERBF rose by 28% in Whites and remained 11% lower in Blacks, p less than
      .05. In summary, in the group as a whole neither beta-blocker significantly
      altered renal hemodynamics when added to HCTZ therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2880811
TI  - Suanzaorentang versus diazepam: a controlled double-blind study in anxiety.
AB  - The ancient Chinese remedy Suanzaorentang was originally described in Kin-Kue-Yao
      Lueh for patients with weakness, irritability and insomnia. In our preliminary
      observations on suanzaorentang, it seemed to be a promising anxiolytic remedy. A
      controlled comparative double-blind clinical trial was set up to assess the
      anxiolytic effect of suanzaorentang. Suanzaorentang (250 mg t.i.d.) and diazepam
      (2 mg t.i.d.) had almost the same anxiolytic effect. However, suanzaorentang, but
      not diazepam, improved the psychomotor performance during the daytime. No
      significant subjective side effects were observed during treatment with
      suanzaorentang. All laboratory tests, including liver function tests (serum SGOT,
      SGPT, albumin, globulin, bilirubin), renal function tests (BUN, serum
      creatinine), electrolyte balances (serum K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca++), serum cholesterol
      triglyceride-HDL-c, thyroid function test (serum T4), chest P-A X-ray film, blood
      urine-stool routine examinations (BUS routines), were unaltered after one week's
      administration of the compound.

PMID- 2880812
TI  - Pelvic inflammatory disease, laparoscopy, and the expenditure of health care
      dollars.

PMID- 2880813
TI  - Usefulness of double-puncture laparoscopy in the infertility work-up.
AB  - This retrospective study confirms that laparoscopy should be performed early in
      the infertility investigation when pelvic pathology is suspected. If performed,
      the procedure should be via the double-puncture technique. Otherwise, it should
      be done when the rest of the tests have proven to be within normal limits and
      there is only the possibility of peritoneal involvement (i.e., pelvic adhesions
      or pelvic endometriosis). Our impression is that the single-puncture technique
      seriously compromises the physician's ability to assess pelvic pathology
      adequately.

PMID- 2880814
TI  - Low-dose spironolactone in the treatment of female hirsutism.
AB  - Twelve women, 11 with hirsutism and one with alopecia areata, were treated with
      low-dose spironolactone (50 mg daily) from the 4th until the 22nd cycle day over
      12 consecutive menstrual cycles. Eight hirsute women observed a favorable effect
      on hirsutism in 3 to 8 months, and hair loss ceased in the one patient with
      alopecia areata. No significant side effects occurred. Low-dose spironolactone
      decreased the concentration of total and free testosterone and elevated the
      concentration of prolactin on the 10th cycle day, while LH, FSH, estradiol,
      progesterone, DHEAS, SHBG, and cortisol levels remained unchanged. The plasma
      aldosterone concentration increased significantly during the treatment, although
      serum potassium and sodium concentrations remained unchanged. Low-dose
      spironolactone is, thus, safe and effective in the treatment of hirsutism. It
      seems to be useful as an initial or alternative treatment.

PMID- 2880815
TI  - The reproductive performance of women before and after metroplasty.
AB  - Nineteen women with congenital uterine anomalies underwent metroplasty. Prior to
      surgical correction of the uterine malformation, 44 of their 45 (98%) pregnancies
      had ended with a spontaneous abortion, and no woman had a living child. Following
      metroplasty, only 4 of 18 (22%) pregnancies aborted, and 12 of the 14 (86%) women
      attempting pregnancy had a living child. There were no unusual intraoperative or
      postoperative complications. Metroplasty procedures can be performed safely, and
      are associated with excellent reproductive outcomes.

PMID- 2880817
TI  - Familial 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis.
AB  - Two sisters, ages 18 and 25, presented with primary amenorrhea and underwent
      clinical, hormonal, cytogenetic, and pathologic evaluation. Both were of normal
      stature and lacking of somatic stigmata. Both patients had normal 46,XX karyotype
      on peripheral blood. Streak gonads were seen in both patients and a rather scanty
      number of primordial follicles was found in one patient. FSH, LH, and urinary
      estrogens were consistent with streak gonad syndrome. Autosomal recessive
      inheritance has been suggested in familial aggregates with XX gonadal dysgenesis.

PMID- 2880816
TI  - Hormone study in a case of Klinefelter syndrome with an isochromosome Xq.
AB  - We investigated the endocrine function of a patient with Klinefelter syndrome in
      which the extra chromosome was an isochromosome Xq. This man was azoospermic but
      with normal secondary sex characteristics; smallness of the testes was the only
      abnormal physical finding. High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, 70 mIU/mL) and
      moderately elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, 40 mIU/mL) were found; the FSH and
      LH response to LH-RH was exaggerated. Androgen and estrogen levels were normal.
      The insulin test (measure of glycemia, growth hormone, and corticol) and the test
      with TRH (measure of TSH and prolactin) gave normal results. We conclude that the
      presence of additional long arms of the X chromosome is sufficient to cause
      Klinefelter syndrome and that the presence of two extra Xq does not intensify the
      degree of androgenic insufficiency.

PMID- 2880819
TI  - Induction of ovulation in polycystic ovary: human menopausal gonadotropin or
      human urinary follicle stimulating hormone?
AB  - One group of 21 and one group of 22 anovulatory women with polycystic ovaries
      (PCO) underwent induction of ovulation with human urinary follicle stimulating
      hormone (HU-FSH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and human menopausal
      gonadotropin (HMG)/HCG, respectively. No statistically significant differences in
      ovulation rate were found between patients treated with HU-FSH (95.2%) and those
      treated with HMG (100%). Eight (38.1%) and 11 (50.0%) patients conceived, six
      (28.5%) and eight (36.3%) delivered, and two (9.5%) and three (13.6%) aborted
      with HU-FSH and HMG, respectively. No multiple pregnancies occurred. Serum 17
      beta-estradiol (E2) levels and the number of maturing follicles prior to HCG
      injection were significantly higher with HU-FSH than HMG, while there were no
      differences in the diameter of the dominant follicle before HCG. Ovarian
      hyperstimulations were discovered more frequently after HU-FSH/HCG (40%) than
      HMG/HCG treatments (22.2%). These data do not confirm an effective advantage in
      the use of HU-FSH in ovulation induction in cases of PCO.

PMID- 2880818
TI  - Sperm antibodies and human leukocyte antigens in couples with early spontaneous
      abortions.
AB  - Twenty-six couples with two or more early spontaneous abortions and 53 couples
      with recently proven fertility (control group) were typed for human leukocyte
      antigens (HLA) of A and B loci and screened for the presence of cytotoxic and
      hemagglutinating antibodies to sperm. Eighteen other couples with two or more
      abortions were tested for sperm antibodies alone. Both partners in 24 of 44 (54%)
      aborting couples were positive (titers of greater than or equal to 32), whereas
      the control group had sperm antibodies in the negative range (titers of 0 to 16;
      P less than .0001). Thirty-one husbands (70%) and 24 wives (54%) were positive
      for sperm antibodies in the study group. Sharing of HLA-A and/or -B antigens
      between partners was similar in the control and study groups. Fourteen of 26
      (54%) couples with two or more abortions did not share HLA-A and/or -B antigens,
      in contrast to 14 of 53 (26%) in the control fertile group (P less than .02).
      Antigenic frequencies of HLA-B7 singly and in combination with HLA-B35 were
      increased in females in the aborting but not in the fertile control group (P less
      than .001). The combined incidence of HLA-B7, -B8, and -B35 in both partners was
      significantly higher in the aborting couples as contrasted with the control
      group. It is suggested that the presence of sperm antibodies is associated with
      early pregnancy wastage. Histocompatibility antigens B7 and B35 may play a role
      through their association with sperm antibodies and early spontaneous abortions.

PMID- 2880821
TI  - The structural specificity of carbohydrate in the initiation of rat sperm
      motility.
AB  - Mammalian spermatozoa are stored in the cauda epididymis (CE) in a quiescent
      state and become motile when diluted with seminal plasma upon ejaculation. The
      structural specificity of a variety of sugars and sugar derivatives as diluents
      that are capable of initiating a transition of CE spermatozoa from the quiescent
      to the actively motile state was examined. It was found that monosaccharides,
      except those containing less than five-carbon skeletons, were good motility
      initiators; a trisaccharide tested showed reduced activity. The initiation
      activity was also independent of the structural stereospecificity and the
      nutritional value of the sugar. Based on these observations, a mechanism
      involving a receptor which handles sugar transport or sugar recognition in a
      transport process is proposed to be responsible for generating a signal that
      triggers CE spermatozoal motility.

PMID- 2880820
TI  - Studies on the constancy of transudated and locally produced proteins in human
      seminal plasma.
AB  - An overall constancy in the total protein profile of human seminal plasma (HSP)
      as determined by gel filtration chromatography and high-resolution
      electrophoresis was found in six healthy volunteers. Thirteen different proteins
      were identified by double immunodiffusion in five individual HSP samples each
      previously subjected to gel filtration. It was also found that comparatively
      large amounts of yet unidentified low-molecular-weight (less than 12,000)
      compounds occurred in all HSP samples. Of eight specific proteins in consecutive
      samples collected from one individual, large intra-individual variations were
      found in some of the proteins. The largest variations (about 100%), for both
      concentration and total amount, were noted for alpha 1-antitrypsin, transferrin,
      IgA, and secretory IgA. Albumin and lactoferrin were rather stable and varied
      less than 20% between samples. It is suggested that HSP-albumin may be used as a
      reliable marker of transudation of serum proteins to the genital tract. Likewise,
      lactoferrin could be used as a marker for the secretion of seminal vesicle
      proteins, since it reflects the functional status of these glands.

PMID- 2880822
TI  - Clinical, endocrine, roentgenographic, and immune characterization of
      hyperprolactinemic women.
AB  - Seventy-one hyperprolactinemic women were analyzed for medical history,
      gonadotropin and ovarian hormonal levels, and prolactin (PRL) responsiveness to
      benserazide. Sellar tomography was then performed on a yearly basis for 3 years
      in all women, computerized coronal and sagittal tomography in 54 of them. Under
      basal conditions, 30 women had roentgenographic evidence of pituitary adenoma; at
      the end of the follow-up period, such evidence was seen in 44. Amenorrhea, steady
      PRL levels, a low LH/FSH ratio, a longer duration of the disease, and low serum
      progesterone levels were more common in women with a final diagnosis of pituitary
      adenoma than in those with a persistently normal sella. The benserazide test for
      PRL release had yielded abnormal results since the beginning in all the 44 women
      with final roentgenographic evidence of pituitary adenoma, and in about half of
      the patients with persistently normal aspect of the sella; autoantibodies towards
      the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, and gastric parietal cells were found in
      3, 2, and 3 patients, respectively. No autoantibodies towards the adrenal gland
      or the islets of Langerhans were ever found in any cases. These data show that a
      fair proportion of hyperprolactinemic women have a (micro)adenoma, which becomes
      apparent over a relatively short period of time. Amenorrhea and steadily raised
      PRL levels are more common in these women. The benserazide test seems to be
      adequate for predicting which women will eventually develop a
      roentgenographically detectable adenoma. Autoimmunity does not seem to be
      involved in the pathogenesis of hyperprolactinemia and/or pituitary adenoma.

PMID- 2880824
TI  - [Abuse of and dependence on benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2880825
TI  - [Abuse of and dependence on sedatives and hypnotics].

PMID- 2880826
TI  - [Doping].

PMID- 2880823
TI  - Enzyme activities of human seminal plasma having different states of coagulation.
AB  - Aminopeptidase, a chymotrypsin-like enzyme, and alpha-d-glucosidase activites of
      human seminal plasma were compared amongst four groups of human ejaculates,
      classified according to initial state of coagulation, i.e., coagulated, fully
      gelled, partly gelled, and liquid. Liquefaction times of liquid and partly gelled
      groups were significantly lower than those of the other two groups.
      Aminopeptidase was significantly higher in liquid and partly gelled groups in
      comparison with that of coagulated and fully gelled ejaculates. Activities of the
      other two enzymes did not differ significantly among the four semen groups.

PMID- 2880827
TI  - Polymorphic DNA markers genetically linked to disease-causing genes: a review.

PMID- 2880828
TI  - [Immunologic phenotyping of cutaneous lymphomas].
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against lymphoid cell-associated antigens have contributed
      substantially to our understanding of cutaneous lymphomas. The distribution and
      function of the most important T- and B-cell antigens are summarized and their
      expression on cutaneous lymphomas is discussed. Monoclonal antibodies can provide
      a valuable diagnostic approach to supplement routine histology, especially in
      histologically doubtful cases.

PMID- 2880829
TI  - Psychotherapeutic, licit, and illicit use of drugs among adolescents. An
      epidemiological perspective.
AB  - Using data from an ongoing series of large national surveys of American high
      school seniors, levels and trends in the use of a number of classes of drugs are
      reported for the decade 1975-1985. Among the classes included are the medically
      supervised and the illicit use of the major psychotherapeutic drugs; the use of
      illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, and heroin; and the use
      of cigarettes and alcohol. Physicians' prescriptions to adolescents for minor
      tranquilizers, barbiturates, and amphetamines are found to have changed over the
      decade, with considerably fewer seniors reporting such prescriptions today. The
      prevalence of prescribed opiate-type drugs remains unchanged. The illicit use of
      these psychotherapeutics has changed in similar ways, and the hypothesis that
      there is some causal connection between medically supervised use and non
      medically supervised use is explored and given some substantiation. Nearly all of
      the illicitly used drugs have shown some decline in popularity during the past
      five years, with cocaine use being the notable exception. Alcohol use remained
      stable at high levels until very recently. Cigarette smoking showed some
      important declines in the middle of the decade but has since leveled out.

PMID- 2880830
TI  - Inbred and mutant mice and rats available in Japan with unique contributions to
      cancer research.

PMID- 2880831
TI  - Antibodies to human immuno-deficiency virus and human T-cell leukemia virus type
      I in Japanese patients with hematologic malignancies.
AB  - One thousand six hundred and seventy-four blood samples drawn between January
      1980 and April 1986 from 1454 Japanese, including 251 leukemia, 409 lymphoma, 76
      adult T-cell leukemia and 25 benign lymphadenitis patients, were tested for
      antibodies to HIV and HTLV-I. No patient with lymphadenitis or lymphoma
      associated with HIV infection was found. In 87 patients with acute and chronic
      leukemias who had received multiple transfusions, 8 were positive for anti-HTLV-I
      antibody after blood transfusions amounting to 115 units, on average, while no
      patient was positive for anti-HIV antibody. Overall, no sample was positive for
      anti-HIV antibody, whereas 153 (10.5%) were positive for anti-HTLV-I antibody.
      These results indicate that the transmission of HIV by blood transfusions is far
      less prevalent than that of HTLV-I in Tokyo at present.

PMID- 2880832
TI  - Hematologic abnormalities similar to the preleukemic state of adult T-cell
      leukemia in African green monkeys naturally infected with simian T-cell leukemia
      virus.
AB  - Studies were made of the hematologic features of 23 adult African green monkeys
      (Cercopithecus aethiops) naturally infected with simian T-cell leukemia virus
      (STLV), which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus type I. None of
      the STLV-infected monkeys showed any clinical signs, but their absolute
      lymphocyte count and percentage of atypical lymphocytes were significantly higher
      than those of uninfected monkeys. Three STLV-infected monkeys had especially high
      percentages of atypical lymphocytes. Most of the atypical lymphocytes were small-
      or medium-sized lymphocytes with a lobulate or convoluted nucleus, and were very
      similar to the leukemic cells in human cases of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL),
      while other atypical cells were large lymphoblastoid cells. Both types of
      atypical cells were positive for Leu2a and Tac antigens, and expressed STLV
      antigen after short-term culture. These findings suggested the presence of a
      preleukemic state in these STLV-infected monkeys similar to that seen in human
      ATL, and indicated the value of this natural infection system as an animal model
      of ATL in humans.

PMID- 2880833
TI  - Effect of sodium butyrate on primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Sodium butyrate, at millimolar concentrations, seems to mediate or initiate
      multiple effects on many mammalian cells in culture. Although many transformed
      cell lines respond to butyrate treatment with acquisition of normal cellular
      characteristics, the effect of butyrate on a normal cell type, the parenchymal
      hepatocyte, has not been studied. Serum-free primary cultures of adult rat
      hepatocytes maintain many adult characteristics, yet after several days in
      culture a loss of adult characteristics occurs while fetal characteristics are
      often reexpressed. Therefore, we investigated whether butyrate treatment would
      improve the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of cultured hepatocytes.
      Exposure to 5 mM butyrate for 3 d did not affect hepatocyte viability or
      morphology but retarded the progressive decline in cytochrome P-450 levels and 5'
      nucleotidase activity. The spontaneous increase in alkaline phosphatase activity
      was reduced and the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase was inhibited after 3
      d in culture. The fetal liver characteristic, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, was
      not affected by butyrate treatment. Results of this study suggest that butyrate
      represents a nontoxic compound capable of improving the maintenance of cell
      culture characteristics of adult rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 2880834
TI  - DL-7-azatryptophan and citrulline metabolism in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.
      strain 1F.
AB  - An alternative route for the primary assimilation of ammonia proceeds via
      glutamine synthetase-carbamyl phosphate synthetase and its inherent glutaminase
      activity in Anabaena sp. strain 1F, a marine filamentous, heterocystous
      cyanobacterium. Evidence for the presence of this possible alternative route to
      glutamate was provided by the use of amino acid analogs as specific enzyme
      inhibitors, enzymological studies, and radioistopic labeling experiments. The
      amino acid pool patterns of continuous cultures of Anabaena sp. strain 1F were
      markedly influenced by the nitrogen source. A relatively high concentration of
      glutamate was maintained in the amino acid pools of all cultures irrespective of
      the nitrogen source, reflecting the central role of glutamate in nitrogen
      metabolism. The addition of 1.0 microM azaserine increased the intracellular
      pools of glutamate and glutamine. All attempts to detect any enzymatic activity
      for glutamate synthase by measuring the formation of L-[14C]glutamate from 2-keto
      [1-14C]glutarate and glutamine failed. The addition of 10 microM DL-7
      azatryptophan caused a transient accumulation of intracellular citrulline and
      alanine which was not affected by the presence of chloramphenicol. The in vitro
      activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase and glutaminase increased severalfold
      in the presence of azatryptophan. Results from radioisotopic labeling experiments
      with [14C]bicarbonate and L-[1-14C]ornithine also indicated that citrulline was
      formed via carbamyl phosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase. In
      addition to its effects on nitrogen metabolism, azatryptophan also affected
      carbon metabolism by inhibiting photosynthetic carbon assimilation and
      photosynthetic oxygen evolution.

PMID- 2880835
TI  - Enterobacterial fimbriae.

PMID- 2880837
TI  - ECT as a treatment alternative for patients with symptoms of neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome.
AB  - The use of ECT as a treatment alternative in a clinical situation in which it is
      difficult to determine whether the patient is suffering from neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome (NMS) or an evolving catatonic state is investigated. Fourteen
      cases from the literature are reviewed and 3 new cases are presented. In 6 cases,
      ECT was rapidly effective in treating symptoms of NMS, but cardiac arrhythmias
      were reported in 4 cases. There was no evidence of malignant hyperthermia (MH) in
      patients receiving succinylcholine, suggesting that an association between NMS
      and MH may not be clinically relevant in patients being treated with ECT.

PMID- 2880838
TI  - Aggressive behavior in Huntington's disease: treatment with propranolol.
AB  - Episodic aggressive behavior that responded poorly to neuroleptics was reduced by
      a carefully titrated dose of propranolol in three patients with advanced
      Huntington's disease. The optimal doses were 180, 30, and 30 mg/day,
      respectively.

PMID- 2880836
TI  - Regulation of nitrogenase activity by oxygen in Azospirillum brasilense and
      Azospirillum lipoferum.
AB  - The nitrogenase activity of the microaerophilic bacteria Azospirillum brasilense
      and A. lipoferum was completely inhibited by 2.0 kPa of oxygen (approximately
      0.02 atm of O2) in equilibrium with the solution. The activity could be partially
      recovered at optimal oxygen concentrations of 0.2 kPa. In contrast to the NH4+
      switch off, no covalent modification of the nitrogenase reductase (Fe protein)
      was involved, as demonstrated by Western-blotting and 32P-labeling experiments.
      However, the inhibition of the nitrogenase activity under anaerobic conditions
      was correlated with covalent modification of the Fe protein. In contrast to the
      NH4+ switch off, no increase in the cellular glutamine pool and no modification
      of the glutamine synthetase occurred under anaerobic switch-off conditions.
      Therefore, a redox signal, independent of the nitrogen control of the cell, may
      trigger the covalent modification of the nitrogenase reductase of A. brasilense
      and A. lipoferum.

PMID- 2880839
TI  - Comparative efficacy of long-acting depot and oral neuroleptic medications in
      preventing schizophrenic recidivism.
AB  - Two health service data bases provided data on the use of neuroleptic medications
      in the maintenance therapy of schizophrenic patients in the Canadian province of
      Saskatchewan. The pattern of prescribing medication appeared to be influenced by
      the bed-to-population ratio. For 1235 discharged schizophrenic patients, the 2
      year rehospitalization rate (56%) was higher than expected. Although oral
      maintenance therapy predominated, patients maintained on long-acting depot
      neuroleptic medication had a significantly lower (p less than .05)
      rehospitalization rate than those on oral preparations. The highest
      rehospitalization rate was found among patients prescribed combined depot and
      oral preparations, confirming the ineffectiveness of combined medication. Using
      data bases avoided the sampling bias inherent in prospective controlled trials
      and provided a complementary epidemiologic dimension to the study of maintenance
      neuroleptic therapy of schizophrenia under normal treatment conditions.

PMID- 2880840
TI  - Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on the peroxisomal enzyme activities of
      Tetrahymena pyriformis.
AB  - The effects of unsaturated fatty acids on the activities of peroxisomal enzymes
      of Tetrahymena pyriformis were investigated. When saturated fatty acids and the
      corresponding unsaturated fatty acids (C18) were added to the culture medium at
      0.05%, the activities of peroxisomal enzymes [fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FAO),
      carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT), isocitrate lyase (ICL), and malate synthase
      (MS)] were significantly increased. The order of effectiveness was linoleic acid
      greater than oleic acid greater than stearic acid. However, alpha-linolenic acid
      and gamma-linolenic acid at the same concentration were lethal to the cells. The
      inhibitory effect on growth disappeared upon addition of an antioxidant, alpha
      tocopherol. Lipid peroxides derived from unsaturated fatty acids induced marked
      cell lysis. In the presence of a low concentration (0.005%) of linolenic acid the
      production of lipid peroxide was lower and no inhibitory effect on the growth was
      observed, while the activities of peroxisomal enzymes participating in lipid
      metabolism and that of catalase were significantly increased. These results
      indicate that the peroxisomal enzyme systems related to the beta-oxidations of
      fatty acids and the glyoxylate cycle are regulated by unsaturated long-chain
      fatty acids, including linolenic acid, at low concentrations, as well as by
      saturated fatty acid in the medium.

PMID- 2880842
TI  - Purification of a protease from Escherichia coli with specificity for oxidized
      glutamine synthetase.
AB  - A soluble Escherichia coli protease has been identified and purified to
      homogeneity. The protease cleaves glutamine synthetase which has been modified by
      mixed function oxidation; native glutamine synthetase is not a substrate. Using
      [14C]glutamine synthetase as a substrate (prepared by growing E. coli on 14C
      labeled amino acids), protease activity was assayed by determining the release of
      trichloroacetic acid-soluble material. The pure protease cleaves glutamine
      synthetase near the carboxyl terminus yielding 4,500 and 47,000 Mr products. The
      characteristics of this enzyme distinguish it from proteases previously purified
      from E. coli. These characteristics include a molecular weight of 75,000,
      alkaline pH optimum, lack of inhibition by serine protease inhibitors, and the
      ability to degrade insulin and casein. Oxidation of glutamine synthetase and
      other enzymes can be catalyzed by a variety of mixed function oxidase systems
      from bacterial and mammalian sources. Mixed function oxidation may be a "signal"
      or "marker" which consigns a protein for proteolytic degradation. Susceptibility
      to oxidation is subject to metabolic regulation, thereby providing control of
      proteolytic turnover. Isolation of a protease specific for modified glutamine
      synthetase provides the enzymatic basis for the specificity of this scheme.

PMID- 2880841
TI  - Stable structure of thermophilic proton ATPase beta subunit.
AB  - F1-ATPase is the major enzyme for ATP synthesis in mitochondria, chloroplasts,
      and bacterial plasma membranes. F1-ATPase obtained from thermophilic bacterium
      PS3 (TF1) is the only ATPase which can be reconstituted from its primary
      structure. Its beta subunit constitutes the catalytic site, and is capable of
      forming hybrid F1's with E. coli alpha and gamma subunits. Since the stability of
      TF1 resides in its primary structure, we cloned a gene coding for TF1, and the
      primary structure of the beta subunit was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of
      the gene to compare the sequence with those of beta's of three major categories
      of F1's; prokaryotic membranes, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. The following
      results were obtained. Homology: The primary structure of the TF1 beta subunit
      (473 residues, Mr = 51,995.6) showed 89.3% homology with 270 residues which are
      identical in the beta subunits from human mitochondria, spinach chloroplasts, and
      E. coli. It contained regions homologous to several nucleotide-binding proteins.
      Secondary structure: The deduced alpha-helical (30.1%) and beta-sheet (22.3%)
      contents were consistent with those determined from the circular dichroism
      spectra. Residues forming reverse turns (Gly and Pro) were highly conserved among
      the F1 beta subunits. Substituted residues and stability of TF1: We compared the
      amino acid sequence of the TF1 beta subunit with those of the other F1 beta
      subunits mentioned above. The observed substitutions in the thermophilic subunit
      increased its propensities to form secondary structures, and its external
      polarity to form tertiary structure. Codon usage: The codon usage of the TF1 beta
      gene was found to be unique. The changes in codons that achieved these amino acid
      substitutions were much larger than those caused by minimal mutations, and the
      third letters of the optimal codons were either guanine or cytosine, except in
      codons for Gln, Lys, and Glu.

PMID- 2880843
TI  - Catalytic properties of the F1-adenosine triphosphatase from Escherichia coli K
      12 and its genetic variants as revealed by 18O exchanges.
AB  - We have examined intermediate Pi-water oxygen exchange during [gamma-18O]ATP
      hydrolysis by the F1 adenosine triphosphatase from Escherichia coli K-12. Water
      oxygen incorporation into each Pi released was increased as ATP concentration was
      lowered as observed previously for the same reaction catalyzed by the enzyme from
      eukaryotic sources. Heterogeneous distributions of 18O in product Pi were
      produced by coexisting epsilon subunit-replete and epsilon subunit-depleted
      enzyme molecules. The epsilon-replete enzyme showed a much higher probability for
      oxygen exchange. These data imply that the epsilon subunit inhibits net ATP
      hydrolysis by imposing conformational constraints which reduce the cooperative
      conformational interactions that promote ADP and Pi release. Four enzyme variants
      altered in alpha or beta subunit structure with reduced net hydrolytic activity
      showed sharply increased oxygen exchange during ATP hydrolysis. Heterogeneity was
      apparent in the 18O distribution of the product Pi, however. That behavior could
      reflect hindered conformational interactions and/or increased affinity of the
      alpha 3 beta 3 gamma delta complex for the epsilon subunit. In contrast, enzyme
      from mutant uncA401 showed very little oxygen exchange accompanying hydrolysis of
      20 microM ATP. This is the only enzyme so far reported with this unusual
      property. Its rate limitation appears to be in the hydrolytic rather than the
      product release step of the catalytic sequence.

PMID- 2880844
TI  - Adaptation of skeletal muscle to increased contractile activity. Expression
      nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins.
AB  - An increase in mitochondrial biogenesis in mammalian cells requires a coordinated
      increase in the expression of a number of nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial
      proteins. To examine the regulatory mechanisms involved, we used specific anti
      sense RNA probes to estimate the cellular concentrations of mRNA transcripts of
      two such nuclear genes in rabbit tibialis anterior muscles subjected in vivo to
      10-21 days of indirect electrical stimulation. The unstimulated contralateral
      muscle in the same animals provided a base line for comparison. Change in
      expression of mitochondrial proteins was assessed in terms of the enzymatic
      capacity of citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase, which increased 2.1-fold
      after 10 days and 5.5- and 4.1-fold, respectively, after 21 days of stimulation.
      As a proportion of total cellular RNA, messenger RNA encoding subunit beta of F1
      ATPase increased 2.2-fold over control levels after 10 days and 2.3-fold after 21
      days; mRNA encoding subunit VIC of cytochrome oxidase increased 1.3-fold and 1.9
      fold over control levels after stimulation for 10 and 21 days, respectively.
      These changes were not attributable to nonspecific effects of stimulation on all
      mRNA transcripts, since aldolase A mRNA decreased to 26% of control levels after
      21 days of stimulation. Furthermore, mRNA transcripts from these nuclear genes
      encoding mitochondrial proteins did not increase to the same extent as mRNA
      transcripts of mitochondrial genes such as cytochrome b, which increased 5.9-fold
      after 21 days of stimulation. We conclude that the increase in mitochondrial
      biogenesis induced by electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle is supported by
      pretranslational regulation of expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial
      proteins. There are, however, indications that translational or post
      translational regulatory events may also be involved.

PMID- 2880845
TI  - Studies of the mechanism of glutamine synthetase utilizing pH-dependent behavior
      in catalysis and binding.
AB  - The pKa values of enzyme groups of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase which
      affect catalysis and/or substrate binding were determined by measuring the pH
      dependence of Vmax and V/K. Analysis of these data revealed that two enzyme
      groups are required for catalysis with apparent pKa values of approximately 7.1
      and 8.2. The binding of ATP is essentially independent of pH in the range studied
      while the substrate ammonia must be deprotonated for the catalytic reaction.
      Using methylamine and hydroxylamine in place of ammonia, the pKa value of the
      deprotonated amine substrate as expressed in the V/K profiles was shifted to a
      lower pKa value for hydroxylamine and a higher pKa value for methylamine. These
      data indicate that the amine substrate must be deprotonated for binding.
      Hydroxylamine is at least as good a substrate as ammonia judged by the kinetic
      parameters whereas methylamine is a poor substrate as expressed in both the V and
      V/K values. Glutamate binding was determined by monitoring fluorescence changes
      of the enzyme and the data indicate that a protonated residue (pKa = 8.3 +/- 0.2)
      is required for glutamate binding. Chemical modification by reductive methylation
      with HCHO indicated that the group involved in glutamate binding most likely is a
      lysine residue. In addition, the Ki value for the transition state analog, L-3
      amino-3-carboxy-propanesulfonamide was measured as a function of pH and the
      results indicate that an enzyme residue must be protonated (pKa = 8.2 +/- 0.1) to
      assist in binding. A mechanism for the reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase
      is proposed from the kinetic data acquired herein. A salt bridge is formed
      between the gamma-phosphate group of ATP and an enzyme group prior to attack by
      the gamma-carboxyl of glutamate on ATP to form gamma-glutamyl phosphate. The
      amine substrate subsequently attacks gamma-glutamyl phosphate resulting in
      formation of the tetrahedral adduct before phosphate release. A base on the
      enzyme assists in the deprotonation of ammonia during its attack on gamma
      glutamyl phosphate or after the protonated carbinol amine is formed. Based on the
      kinetic data with the three amine substrates, catalysis is not rate-limiting
      through the pH range 6-9.

PMID- 2880846
TI  - A mutation of the c subunit of the Escherichia coli proton-translocating ATPase
      that suppresses the effects of a mutant b subunit.
AB  - A mutation of the b subunit of the Escherichia coli proton-translocating ATPase
      and mutations in the gene for the a subunit that suppress its effects have been
      previously described (Kumamoto, C., and Simoni, R. D. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261,
      10037-10042). In this paper, we describe the characterization of a new mutation
      that partially suppresses the effects of the original b mutation. The new
      suppressor mutation causes the substitution of serine for alanine at position 62
      of the c subunit. Biochemical studies of double mutants, carrying both b and c
      mutations, demonstrate that the c mutation partially restores the function of the
      enzyme complex.

PMID- 2880847
TI  - Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Functional regions and a structural model
      of the enzyme.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase has been
      determined by degradation and alignment of peptides obtained from tryptic and
      staphylococcal digestions and the cleavage with cyanogen bromide and consisted of
      416 amino acid residues. All of the tryptic peptides of lecithin:cholesterol
      acyltransferase were isolated and sequenced. Peptides resulting from digestion by
      staphylococcal protease, cyanogen bromide cleavage, or the combination of the two
      methods were employed to find overlapping segments. The N terminus of human
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase was determined to be phenylalanine by
      sequencing the whole protein up to 40 residues while the C terminus was
      identified as glutamic acid through carboxypeptidase Y cleavage. Cys50 and Cys74
      and Cys313 and Cys356 were identified as the two disulfide bridges while the free
      sulfhydryl groups were located at positions 31 and 184. The N-glycosylated sites
      of the protein were assigned to asparagines at positions 20, 84, 272, and 384.
      The active site of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase was identified as serine
      on position 181 according to its homology with other serine-type esterases which
      have a common structure of glycine-variable amino acid-active serine-variable
      amino acid-glycine (Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly) with the variable amino acids disrupting the
      homology. No long internal repeats or homologies with apolipoproteins were found.
      The secondary structure is consistent with the results of predictive algorithms.
      A simple model of the enzyme is proposed on the basis of available chemical data
      and predictive methods.

PMID- 2880848
TI  - Study of the nucleotide binding site of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
      plasma membrane H+-ATPase using formycin triphosphate-terbium complex.
AB  - The plasma membrane of yeasts contains an H+-ATPase similar to the other cation
      transport ATPases of eukaryotic organisms. This enzyme has been purified and
      shows H+ transport in reconstituted vesicles. In the presence of Mg2+, formycin
      triphosphate (FTP) is hydrolyzed by the H+-ATPase and supports H+ transport. When
      combined with terbium ion, FTP (Tb-FTP) and ATP (Tb-ATP) are no longer
      hydrolyzed. Competition between Mg-ATP and Tb-FTP for ATP hydrolysis indicates
      that terbium-associated nucleotides bind to the catalytic site of the H+-ATPase.
      The fluorescent properties of the Tb-FTP complex were used to study the active
      site of the H+-ATPase. Fluorescence of Tb-FTP is greatly enhanced upon binding
      into the nucleotide site of H+-ATPase with a dissociation constant of 1 microM.
      Tb-ATP, Tb-ADP, and Tb-ITP are competitive inhibitors of Tb-FTP binding with Ki =
      4.5, 5.0, and 6.0 microM, respectively. Binding of Tb-FTP is observed only in the
      presence of an excess of Tb3+ with an activation constant Ka = 25 microM for
      Tb3+. Analysis of the data reveals that the sites for Tb-FTP and Tb3+ binding are
      independent entities. In standard conditions these sites would be occupied by Mg
      ATP and Mg2+, respectively. These findings suggest an important regulatory role
      of divalent cations on the activity of H+-ATPase. Replacement of H2O by D2O in
      the medium suggests the existence of two types of nucleotide binding sites
      differing by the hydration state of the Tb3+ ion in the bound Tb-FTP complex.

PMID- 2880849
TI  - Modulation of microtubule assembly and stability by phosphatidylinositol action
      on microtubule-associated protein-2.
AB  - Exposure of elongating (or assembled) bovine brain microtubules to
      phosphatidylinositol leads to polymerization arrest (or disassembly). The
      efficiency of phosphatidylinositol far exceeds the action of related
      phospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, 1,2
      diacylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, or phosphatidic acid.
      Phosphatidylinositol increases the apparent critical concentration for assembly,
      and the inhibitory effect of phosphatidylinositol on polymerization is reversed
      at higher concentrations of microtubule-associated proteins (MAP)s. Taxol- and
      glycerol-treated microtubules are insensitive to the destabilizing action of
      phosphatidylinositol; centrifugation and subsequent gel electrophoresis of such
      samples revealed that both MAP-2a and MAP-2b were selectively desorbed. Likewise,
      the desorption of MAP-2 was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy
      using primary antibodies directed toward tubulin and MAP-2. The instability of
      microtubules exposed to phosphatidylinositol appears to be related to the MAP-2
      content.

PMID- 2880850
TI  - Adenine nucleotide binding sites on beef heart F1-ATPase. Asymmetry and subunit
      location.
AB  - Previously we have shown that beef heart mitochondrial F1 contains a total of six
      adenine nucleotide binding sites. Three "catalytic" sites exchange bound ligand
      rapidly during hydrolysis of MgATP, whereas three "noncatalytic" sites do not.
      The noncatalytic sites behave asymmetrically in that a single site releases bound
      ligand upon precipitation of F1 with ammonium sulfate. In the present study, we
      find this same site to be the only noncatalytic site that undergoes rapid
      exchange of bound ligand when F1 is incubated in the presence of EDTA at pH 8.0.
      Following 1000 catalytic turnovers/F1, the site retains the unique capacity for
      EDTA-induced exchange, indicating that the asymmetric determinants are permanent
      and that the three noncatalytic sites on soluble F1 do not pass through
      equivalent states during catalysis. Measurements of the rate of ligand binding at
      the unique noncatalytic site show that uncomplexed nucleotide binds
      preferentially. At pH 7.5, in the presence of Mg2+, the rate constant for ADP
      binding is 9 X 10(3) M-1 s-1 and for dissociation is 4 X 10(-4) s-1 to give a Kd
      = 50 nM. The rate of dissociation is 10 times faster in the presence of EDTA or
      during MgATP hydrolysis, and it increases rapidly at pH below 7. EDTA-induced
      exchange is inhibited by Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ but not by Ca2+ and is
      unaffected by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide modification. The unique noncatalytic site
      binds 2-azido-ADP. Photolysis results in the labeling of the beta subunit.
      Photolabeling of a single high-affinity catalytic site under conditions for uni
      site catalysis also results in the labeling of beta, but a different pattern of
      labeled peptides is obtained in proteolytic digests. The results demonstrate the
      presence of two different nucleotide binding domains on the beta subunit of
      mitochondrial F1.

PMID- 2880852
TI  - Evidence for medetomidine as a selective and potent agonist at alpha 2
      adrenoreceptors.
AB  - The activity on alpha-adrenoreceptors of medetomidine ((+/-)-4-(alpha,2,3
      trimethylbenzyl)imidazole), an alpha-methyl derivative of detomidine, has been
      characterized in vivo and in vitro using detomidine, MPV 207, MPV 295, azepexole,
      clonidine and xylazine for reference purposes. Medetomidine (1-100 micrograms/kg
      i.v.) was a hypotensive and bradycardic compound in anaesthetized rats.
      Furthermore, it induced vasopressor (PD50 1.7 microgram/kg) and sympatho
      inhibitory (ID50 1.6 microgram/kg) actions in pithed rats, the effects being
      antagonized by idazoxan (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) but not by prazosin (0.1 mg/kg i.v.).
      Medetomidine (30-300 micrograms/kg i.m.) had an alpha 2-adrenoreceptor mediated
      sedative effect on chicks. Medetomidine was, overall, more potent than
      detomidine, MPV 207, clonidine, xylazine, MPV 295 or azepexole in central
      (sedation in the chick) and peripheral (cardiac presynaptic in the pithed rat)
      actions on alpha 2-adrenoreceptors. Clonidine had, however, about an equal
      potency to medetomidine in the vascular smooth muscle of the pithed rat. Like
      detomidine and MPV 295, medetomidine had no agonistic activity in the rat aortic
      ring, but high concentrations antagonized methoxamine-induced contractions,
      giving a pA2 value of 5.68 for alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonism. The overall
      lipophilicity (log P') of medetomidine in the octanol/buffer (pH 7.4, 24-26
      degrees C, HPLC technique) was 2.80. In summary, the experimental data suggest
      that medetomidine is a lipophilic compound with selective alpha 2-adrenoreceptor
      stimulating properties and high potency. It may, therefore, prove to be a
      suitable pharmacologic tool for interventions in alpha 2-adrenoreceptor mediated
      effects in the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2880851
TI  - The clathrin coat assembly polypeptide complex. Autophosphorylation and assembly
      activities.
AB  - A 50-kDa polypeptide that is rapidly phosphorylated on addition of [gamma-32P]ATP
      to isolated clathrin-coated vesicles is shown here to be identical to the 50-kDa
      component (AP50) of the clathrin assembly protein (AP), a complex that promotes
      the assembly of clathrin coat structures under physiological conditions of pH and
      ionic strength. Phosphorylation of the AP50 occurred readily at 0 degrees C,
      almost exclusively on a threonyl residue(s). This reaction is attributable to
      autophosphorylation, since the AP50 was able to covalently incorporate 32P from
      [gamma-32P]ATP after separation by either one- or two-dimensional sodium dodecyl
      sulfate gel electrophoresis. Kinetic studies in solution were consistent with an
      intramolecular phosphorylation event; in addition, a concentration-dependent
      increase in AP50 phosphorylation was observed that may reflect intermolecular AP
      AP activation of autophosphorylation. The phosphorylated AP50 was resistant to
      several inorganic phosphatases tested but was a substrate for protein
      phosphatases 1 and 2A, suggesting that a physiological phosphorylation
      dephosphorylation cycle may exist. The phosphorylation state of the AP50 did not
      affect the ability of the AP to promote in vitro clathrin coat assembly. These
      and other data suggest that unique structural domains of the assembly protein are
      responsible for assembly (the 100-kDa components) and autophosphorylation (the
      AP50) and that the latter may be active as a protein kinase in the intact cell.

PMID- 2880854
TI  - The effect of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists on the inhibition of pendular
      movements of rabbit ileum produced by periarterial sympathetic nerve stimulation
      and some sympathomimetic amines.
AB  - The effects of propranolol and of the selective beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoreceptor
      blocking drugs atenolol and ICI 118,551 were determined on the inhibitory
      responses of isolated segments of rabbit ileum to noradrenaline, isoprenaline and
      salbutamol and to periarterial sympathetic nerve stimulation. Responses to
      isoprenaline (0.04-10.24 microM) and salbutamol (1.4-89.6 microM) were blocked by
      propranolol in concentrations up to 5.0 and 12.8 microM, respectively. Responses
      to sympathetic nerve stimulation were reduced but responses to noradrenaline
      (0.03-1.92 microM) were unaffected by propranolol in concentrations up to 10.0
      and 5.0 microM, respectively. Atenolol in concentrations up to 30.0 microM
      blocked responses to isoprenaline (0.04-2.56 microM) but did not affect responses
      to noradrenaline, salbutamol or sympathetic nerve stimulation in concentrations
      up to 3.0, 3.0 and 1.0 microM, respectively. However, when responses to
      noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation were reduced by phentolamine (1.0
      microM), atenolol then produced further reductions. Responses to isoprenaline
      (0.04-2.56 microM) and salbutamol (1.4-89.6 microM) were blocked by ICI 118,551
      in concentrations up to 0.5 microM. Responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation
      were reduced but responses to noradrenaline were unaffected by ICI 118,551 in
      concentrations up to 0.01 and 0.3 microM, respectively. Salbutamol (0.1 microM)
      increased the inhibitory response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and this
      effect was blocked by ICI 118,551 (0.01 microM). It was concluded that blockade
      of beta 2-adrenoreceptors, presumably located on sympathetic nerve terminals,
      decreases the release of transmitter noradrenaline and that blockade of beta 1
      adrenoreceptors, presumably located in longitudinal smooth muscle cells, reduces
      the response to transmitter noradrenaline when alpha-adrenoreceptors are also
      blocked.

PMID- 2880853
TI  - Positive chronotropic responses to cardiac alpha 1-adrenoreceptor activation in
      the pithed rat.
AB  - Adrenaline (0.1-10 micrograms/kg), noradrenaline (0.1-10 micrograms/kg) and
      phenylephrine (1-100 micrograms/kg) acted on both cardiac alpha 1- and beta
      adrenoreceptors to induce positive chronotropic responses in the pithed rat. When
      beta-adrenoreceptors were blocked by propranolol (1 mg/kg), the residual
      chronotropic responses were due to activation of alpha 1-adrenoreceptors since
      they were significantly reduced by prazosin (10-100 micrograms/kg). Methoxamine
      (10-300 micrograms/kg) acted solely on cardiac alpha 1-adrenoreceptors to induce
      positive chronotropic responses which were abolished by prazosin (10-100
      micrograms/kg) alone, as has been demonstrated previously for amidephrine. The
      rank order of potency for eliciting the positive chronotropic response to alpha 1
      adrenoreceptor activation was adrenaline greater than noradrenaline greater than
      phenylephrine greater than methoxamine. The positive chronotropic responses to
      adrenaline (3-10 micrograms/kg), noradrenaline (3-10 micrograms/kg) and
      phenylephrine (30-100 micrograms/kg) produced by activating alpha 1
      adrenoreceptors had a slower time course than did the chronotropic responses
      produced by activation of beta-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2880855
TI  - Rapid and sensitive determination of ethotoin as well as carbamazepine,
      phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone in human serum.

PMID- 2880856
TI  - Determination of metipranolol and desacetylmetipranolol in aqueous humor of
      rabbit eye by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.

PMID- 2880857
TI  - Rapid and simple determination of alprenolol in serum.

PMID- 2880858
TI  - On-line low-level radiometric detection of [14C]remoxipride in liquid
      chromatographic effluents. Application to urine samples.
AB  - A method for on-line radiometric detection in liquid chromatography (LC) is
      described that permits the detection of low levels of radioactivity in LC
      effluents by using solvent segmentation and storage of the segmented effluent in
      a capillary storage loop. The object of the method is to make the flow-rate in
      the on-line radioactivity monitor (and hence the mean residence time in the
      monitor) independent of the separation process. Therefore, after storage of the
      complete chromatogram, the segmented effluent is led through the monitor at flow
      rates that can be chosen according to the residence time desired for accurate and
      precise radioactivity determination. In this system, it is possible to use a flow
      cell volume small enough to preserve the chromatographic integrity, while
      maintaining the possibility of increasing the counting time. Tests have been
      performed on the reproducibility of 14C detection and the influence of the flow
      rate through the monitor on the standard deviation in 14C peak area and, thus, on
      the detection limit, using 14C-labelled remoxipride. As an application, analyses
      of urine samples for [14C]remoxipride and one of its potential metabolites are
      reported.

PMID- 2880859
TI  - Determination of falintolol, a new aliphatic beta-adrenergic antagonist, in whole
      blood by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection: geometric isomers
      resolution.
AB  - Falintolol oxalate, a new beta-adrenergic antagonist, is characterized by the
      presence of an oxime function and exists in a racemic form as a mixture of syn-
      and anti- isomers in a ratio of about 8:2. This article describes a selective gas
      chromatographic method for the resolution of the geometric isomers and the
      quantitation of the drug. The unchanged falintolol and internal standard, a
      related compound, are separated from blood by a solvent extraction under alkaline
      conditions, and then the drug is derivatized. The heptafluorobutyric derivatives
      are chromatographed on an SE-30 capillary quartz column and detected with a
      nickel-63 electron-capture detector. Because the syn- and anti- isomers of
      falintolol display comparable chromatographic responses, the sum of the two
      geometrical isomers is used for the quantitation of falintolol in blood. This
      method allows small serial blood samples in conscious rats, and 0.05 microgram of
      falintolol/0.1 mL of blood can be routinely determined. A calibration curve is
      prepared for the blood extracts. Linearity is observed in the study range (0.05
      to 1 microgram/0.1 mL of blood). No interference by endogenous substances is
      observed. The procedure is applied successfully to drug absorption in rats when
      repeated oral doses are administered.

PMID- 2880860
TI  - Use of [3H]cortivazol to characterize glucocorticoid receptors in a dexamethasone
      resistant human leukemic cell line.
AB  - ICR 27 is a mutant derived from the glucocorticoid-sensitive human leukemic cell
      line CEM C7 that has been characterized as glucocorticoid receptor negative based
      on its ability to specifically bind [3H]dexamethasone ([3H]DEX). We used the
      pyrazolosteroid [3H]cortivazol ([3H]CVZ) to determine whether ICR 27 cells
      actually contain glucocorticoid receptors and, if so, whether these receptors can
      mediate physiological effects. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]CVZ to
      cytosol from ICR 27 cells was consistent with a single class of receptors of
      uniform affinity (0.7 nM). Cytosolic [3H]CVZ complexes had a sedimentation
      coefficient of 4.6S on linear sucrose gradients and eluted from DEAE-cellulose
      columns at a potassium phosphate concentration of 250 mM. CVZ also competed with
      [3H]DEX mesylate for binding to a 96,000 mol wt protein. Incubation of ICR 27
      cells with CVZ caused 50% growth inhibition and 50% maximal induction of
      glutamine synthetase activity at concentrations of 20 and 35 nM, respectively.
      Elution profiles of [3H]CVZ complexes from DEAE-cellulose columns showed that
      complexes formed upon thermal activation were relatively unstable, and little or
      no increase in binding of [3H]CVZ-receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose was
      observed. Thus, [3H]CVZ identifies functional glucocorticoid receptors in a cell
      line previously described as DEX resistant. Although the binding of [3H]CVZ to
      activated receptors in vitro appears unstable, high concentrations of CVZ may
      facilitate stabilization of activated complexes that can mediate both anabolic
      and catabolic effects.

PMID- 2880861
TI  - Medical treatment of acromegaly with SMS 201-995, a somatostatin analog: a
      comparison with bromocriptine.
AB  - We studied the effects of acute and chronic sc administration of SMS 201-995
      (SMS), a long-acting somatostatin analog, in acromegalic patients. The results
      were compared with those obtained in the same patients treated with oral
      bromocriptine (Brc). A single dose of 50 micrograms SMS administered to 28
      patients induced a more rapid, greater, and more prolonged reduction in plasma GH
      levels than did 2.5 mg Brc. Chronic treatment [60-330 days; mean 208 +/- 23 (+/-
      SEM)] with SMS (100-300 micrograms/day) induced in 16 patients a significantly
      greater decrease in mean plasma GH and somatomedin-C levels than did 20 mg Brc.
      Combined treatment with the 2 agents had an additional effect. The clinical and
      metabolic parameters of acromegaly dramatically improved in all patients whose
      plasma GH and somatomedin-C levels decreased even if they were not normalized by
      SMS. Reduction in tumor size occurred in 3 of the 10 patients examined by
      computed tomography before and during SMS treatment. We conclude that SMS is more
      effective than Brc and that the 2 drugs may be complementary in the medical
      treatment of acromegaly.

PMID- 2880862
TI  - Differences in the opioid control of luteinizing hormone secretion between
      pathological and iatrogenic hyperprolactinemic states.
AB  - The cause of the amenorrhea that occurs in patients with hyperprolactinemia is
      unknown. The involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in the inhibition of GnRH
      release as a central factor leading to the hypogonadotropic state has been
      recently described. This study analyzed the LH response to opiate receptor
      blockade by naloxone (4 mg, iv) in groups of subjects with amenorrhea due to
      hyperprolactinemia of different etiologies. Patients presenting with a PRL
      secreting pituitary adenoma (n = 7), idiopathic hyperprolactinemia (n = 9), or
      hyperprolactinemia during pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia (n = 5)
      were studied. Furthermore, to evaluate whether high circulating PRL levels
      influence the activity of the opioid system after the menopause, a group of seven
      postmenopausal subjects was tested before and 1 week after the administration of
      metoclopramide (10 mg, three times a day), a dopamine receptor antagonist. Normal
      premenopausal women (n = 6) served as controls. Naloxone significantly increased
      plasma LH levels in both prolactinoma and idiopathic hyperprolactinemic patients
      (P less than 0.01 vs. basal and placebo). In neither of those groups was a
      significant correlation found between the plasma LH response to naloxone and
      basal plasma PRL levels. In contrast to pathological hyperprolactinemia, blockade
      of opiate receptors did not significantly change LH secretion in either
      amenorrheic women with pharmacologically induced hyperprolactinemia or
      postmenopausal women. These results suggest that the effect of hyperprolactinemia
      on opioid modulation of LH secretion is related to the nature of the
      hyperprolactinemic state, supporting the existence of increased opioid inhibition
      of LH levels in pathological hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2880863
TI  - Phorbol ester and phospholipase C-induced growth hormone secretion from pituitary
      somatotroph adenoma cells in culture: effects of somatostatin, bromocriptine, and
      pertussis toxin.
AB  - To clarify the role of the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
      (PIP2) in GH secretion in human somatotrophs and the effects of inhibitors of GH
      secretion on this mechanism, we studied the effects of 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate (TPA) and phospholipase C (Plase C) on GH secretion and the interactions
      of somatostatin (SRIH), bromocriptine, and pertussis toxin (IAP) with TPA or
      Plase C, using human GH-secreting pituitary adenoma cells in culture. SRIH (10(
      9)-10(-7) M) inhibited and TPA (10(-10)-10(-8) M) and Plase C (0.125-1.0 U/mL)
      stimulated GH secretion. SRIH (10(-9)-10(-7) M) inhibited GH release induced by
      TPA (10(-8) M) or Plase C (1.0 U/mL). Bromocriptine (10(-8) M) also inhibited 10(
      8) M TPA-induced GH secretion. When adenoma cells were treated with 100 ng/mL IAP
      for 24 h, basal and TPA-induced GH secretion rates did not change. However, the
      inhibitory effects of SRIH (10(-8) M) or bromocriptine (10(-8) M) on basal and
      10(-8) M TPA-stimulated GH secretion were attenuated. In addition, IAP reduced GH
      secretion induced by 0.5 U/mL Plase C, while SRIH inhibition of Plase C-evoked GH
      release was diminished by IAP. We conclude that the hydrolysis of PIP2 by Plase
      C, which causes activation of protein kinase C by 1,2-diacylglycerol and Ca2+
      mobilization by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, is a physiological intracellular
      mechanism leading to GH secretion in human somatotrophs; SRIH inhibits GH
      secretion mediated by this mechanism, and bromocriptine blocks at least protein
      kinase C-mediated GH release; the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein
      (Ni) is involved in these inhibitory effects of SRIH and bromocriptine; and Ni
      modulates the breakdown of PIP2 by Plase C.

PMID- 2880865
TI  - Intrathyroidal T cell clones from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.
AB  - We cloned activated T cells from thyroid tissue of patients with autoimmune
      thyroid disease. After separation on 40% Percoll gradients, T cells were cultured
      for 2-7 days with T cell growth factor (interleukin 2; 20 U/mL) and cloned by
      limiting dilution (0.3 cells/well) in the presence of irradiated autologous
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMC; 10,000/well) as feeder cells. Fifty
      seven clones were successfully expanded and tested for reactivity, cytotoxicity,
      helper/suppressor function, and phenotype. In the reactivity assays clones were
      tested for responses to autologous and allogeneic PMC, thyroid cells, human
      thyroglobulin (hTg), and microsomal antigen. Two distinct patterns of functional
      T cell clones emerged from these characterization studies. Seventy-five percent
      of T cell clones recovered from Graves' disease thyroid tissue (n = 21) were of
      helper-induced (CD4+/4B4+) phenotype, and most were effective immunoglobulin
      helper clones. Fifty percent of Graves' T cell clones responded to autologous
      PMC, and 33% had a proliferative response to autologous thyroid cells. No
      cytotoxic clones were derived from Graves' thyroid tissue. By contrast,
      intrathyroidal T cell clones from patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (n = 36)
      were 59% suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8+) phenotype, 17% suppressed immunoglobulin
      secretion, and 55% were cytotoxic to allogeneic blast cells. Fifty-five percent
      of clones also responded to autologous PMC, and one clone was nonspecifically
      autocytotoxic. In the thyroid antigen proliferation assays 11% of thyroiditis
      clones reacted to human thyroglobulin, but none responded to microsomal antigen.
      Two clones were cytotoxic to autologous but not allogeneic thyroid cells. These
      data demonstrate that the majority of intrathyroidal T cells in autoimmune
      thyroid disease are autoreactive. However, small numbers of thyroid-specific T
      cell clones are present within the thyroid of such patients; they are principally
      helper-inducer T cells in Graves' disease thyroid and cytotoxic T cells in
      autoimmune thyroiditis.

PMID- 2880864
TI  - Diurnal patterns of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in hypothalamic
      amenorrhea: reproducibility and responses to opiate blockade and an alpha 2
      adrenergic agonist.
AB  - The pattern of pulsatile GnRH secretion is abnormal in some women with
      hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) consequent to previous exercise or weight loss. Both
      diminished frequency pulsatile LH secretion, and by inference GnRH secretion, and
      normal LH pulsatility have been reported. We assessed whether the patterns of
      GnRH secretion varied with time by measuring plasma LH every 15 or 20 min for 24
      h on 1-3 occasions during a 10-month period in 14 women with HA (a total of 24
      studies). During the day, mean LH pulse frequency [1.0 +/- 0.1 (+/- SE) pulses/8
      h] was lower than that in normal women in the early follicular phase of their
      cycles (5.1 +/- 0.6), and the frequency in individual HA patients was lower than
      early follicular phase values in 16 of 17 studies. The slow daytime LH pulse
      frequency also was a consistent finding, in that the values in repeat studies
      varied by less than 2 pulses/8 h in all but 1 patient. LH pulse frequency (2.0 +/
      0.4 pulses/8 h) was higher and more variable during sleep, and normal early
      follicular phase frequencies were found in 20% of patients with HA. The
      mechanisms whereby GnRH pulse frequency is reduced are not known. alpha
      Adrenergic agonist drugs stimulate GnRH pulsatile secretion in rodents, but
      administration of the alpha 2-agonist clonidine (0.15 mg, orally, at 0800 and
      2000 h) did not increase the frequency of LH pulses in 7 women (1.7 +/- 0.4
      pulses/8 h). In contrast, administration of naloxone (1 mg/m2 X h, iv) for 8 h
      during the day to 14 patients, increased LH pulse frequency (3.3 +/- 0.5 pulses/8
      h). In 8 of these 14 women, LH pulse frequency (4.9 +/- 0.4 pulses/8 h) increased
      into the range found during the normal early follicular phase, while in the other
      6 women pulse frequency was not significantly increased (1.4 +/- 0.4 pulses/8 h).
      Plasma estradiol levels were similar in naloxone-responsive and unresponsive
      women, but spontaneous LH pulse frequency was higher at night in naloxone
      responsive patients (2.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.3 pulses/8 h). The presence of
      nocturnal LH pulses did not predict responsiveness to naloxone, however, and LH
      pulse frequency was less than 2 pulses/8 h in 4 of the women who responded to
      naloxone. These data indicate that slow frequency GnRH secretion is a common
      finding during the day in women with HA. GnRH secretion is more variable at
      night, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in reducing pulsatile GnRH
      secretion are less effective during sleep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2880867
TI  - Receptor-specific agglutination tests for detection of bacteria that bind
      globoseries glycolipids.
AB  - Specific binding to the globoseries of glycolipid receptors explains the
      adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to host cells. The minimal receptor
      disaccharide Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta [galactose alpha (1----4)galactose beta] is
      recognized by most attaching clinical isolates. However, wild-type isolates can
      express adhesins with several different receptor specificities. Bioassays do not
      permit separate analysis of each receptor specificity, since the target cells
      contain multiple potentially receptor-active molecules. In this study, bacterial
      adhesins were analyzed by using receptors immobilized into latex beads in one of
      two ways. In one way, di- and trisaccharides were covalently linked via a spacer
      arm to latex beads coupled with bovine serum albumin. In the other way, receptor
      active glycolipids were coated onto the bovine serum albumin-latex beads. The
      latex beads were subsequently used for agglutination by using type strains with
      known receptor specificity. The composition was optimized regarding receptor
      structure and size of latex beads. Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta was as active as the
      trisaccharide derivative Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta 1----3glucose or Gal alpha 1---
      4Gal beta 1----3glucosamine. Among the natural glycolipids tested,
      globotetraosylceramide was the most active. Subsequently, the sensitivity and
      specificity of the Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-latex and globotetraosylceramide
      latex reagents were compared for 733 E. coli urinary isolates. Hemagglutination
      of human erythrocytes was used as the positive standard. No significant
      difference in the specificity or sensitivity of the latex reagents was found; the
      sensitivity ranged from 86%, when isolates agglutinating human erythrocytes of
      blood groups P1 and p were included, to 93%, when those isolates agglutinating
      erythrocytes of blood group p were excluded. These reagents provide tools for
      bacterial identification in patients with urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2880866
TI  - Monoclonal antibody passive hemagglutination and capture enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays for direct detection and quantitation of F41 and K99
      fimbrial antigens in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Production of diarrhea in neonatal calves by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      depends on its ability to attach to the epithelial cells of the intestine via
      surface adhesins called pili or fimbriae and to secrete enterotoxins. The most
      important of these fimbriae are designated K99 and F41. We produced and
      characterized a murine monoclonal antibody specific to F41. This monoclonal
      antibody and a K99-specific monoclonal antibody were used to develop sensitive
      and specific passive hemagglutination and capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assays (ELISAs) for detection and quantitation of F41 and K99 antigens in E. coli
      cultures and culture supernatants. The capture ELISA systems exhibited excellent
      sensitivity and specificity, whereas the passive hemagglutination systems
      appeared to be oversensitive. The ability of the capture ELISAs to detect K99 and
      F41 fimbrial antigens in fecal specimens from calves was evaluated. Fimbrial
      antigens were detected in six of six specimens from scouring calves but not in
      four of four specimens from nonscouring calves.

PMID- 2880868
TI  - Binding to galactose alpha 1----4galactose beta-containing receptors as potential
      diagnostic tool in urinary tract infection.
AB  - The diagnosis of urinary tract infection is based largely on quantitative urine
      cultures. The usefulness of qualitative information about the virulence of the
      infecting bacteria remains undefined. Ability to attach to human uroepithelial
      cells is one characteristic of the pyelonephritogenic clones, as well as a
      virulence factor per se. The identification of host cell receptors for attaching
      bacteria has permitted the construction of agglutination tests for simple
      detection of bacterial binding properties. In the present study, the reactivity
      with Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-latex [galactose alpha (1----4)galactose beta
      latex] and globotetraosylceramide-latex was analyzed for strains from patients
      with acute pyelonephritis (n = 135), acute cystitis (n = 121), and asymptomatic
      bacteriuria (n = 119) and from the fecal flora of healthy children (n = 120) and
      compared with agglutination of human blood group P1 and p, as well as guinea pig,
      erythrocytes. The reactivity by bioassay and the receptor-specific assays were
      significantly correlated. The frequency of positive reactions among the
      pyelonephritis isolates was 78.5% with the globotetraosylceramide-latex reagent,
      compared with 41% for the cystitis isolates, 25% for the asymptomatic bacteriuria
      isolates, and 13% for the fecal isolates. The combination of bioassays and
      receptor-specific assays increased the resolution of adhesins. Thus, adhesins
      reacting with human p erythrocytes frequently were coexpressed with Gal alpha 1--
      -4Gal beta-specific adhesins. The receptor-specific assays provide a refined
      reagent to resolve bacterial binding specificities, as well as a potential tool
      for clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2880871
TI  - Recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry--review II. Histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists.
AB  - The concept of histamine receptors is outlined and the rationale for the
      synthesis of H2-antagonists presented. Structure-activity relationships among
      these compounds are described and aspects of absorption, distribution and
      elimination discussed with particular reference to cimetidine and ranitidine.
      Oxmetidine, lupitidine and loxtidine are also considered. Methods for the
      analysis of these drugs in body fluids are presented followed by a discussion of
      their toxicology. Volunteer and patient studies are also surveyed.

PMID- 2880869
TI  - Leukocytes from four patients with complete or partial Leu-CAM deficiency contain
      the common beta-subunit precursor and beta-subunit messenger RNA.
AB  - Deficiency of a family of three leukocyte adhesion molecules (Leu-CAM) is
      associated with recurrent and life-threatening bacterial infections in man. Each
      of the three antigens, Mo1, LFA-1, and Leu M5 has a distinct alpha subunit
      noncovalently associated with a common beta subunit that appears to be required
      for the expression of these antigens on the cell surface. To investigate the
      molecular basis of Leu-CAM deficiency, we studied leukocytes from four unrelated
      patients suffering from complete or partial Leu-CAM deficiency using
      immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled proteins, RNA extraction, and
      Northern blot analysis. We found that B cells from all four patients synthesized
      a normal sized beta subunit precursor that either failed to "mature" or matured
      only partially to the membrane expressed form. B cells from all four patients
      also had a single normal sized beta subunit mRNA of approximately 3.4 kb. Leu-CAM
      deficiency, in these unrelated patients, is not due to the absence of the beta
      chain gene or to aberrant splicing of its mRNA and are consistent with a
      defective beta subunit gene resulting in abnormal posttranslational processing of
      the synthesized molecule.

PMID- 2880873
TI  - Gepirone in anxiety: a pilot study.
AB  - Ten patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder were treated, after a
      single-blind placebo washout week, with the nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic gepirone
      in a 6-week open label trial. Mean Hamilton Anxiety scores improved from 24.8 to
      7.1 (p less than 0.01). Other physician- and patient-rated scales showed
      comparable improvement on a mean maximal dose of 41 mg of gepirone. The
      medication appeared to be nonsedating and well tolerated. The anxiolytic effect
      of the medication was very marked in several cases, and gepirone appears to have
      promise as an anxiolytic agent.

PMID- 2880872
TI  - A comparison of buspirone and placebo in relieving benzodiazepine withdrawal
      symptoms.
AB  - Buspirone is a new antianxiety compound of a totally new type which may avoid the
      dependence problems of its predecessors. This study was designed to evaluate any
      possible cross-tolerance to the benzodiazepines. Twenty-four outpatients on long
      term therapeutic dose benzodiazepine treatment, who wished to discontinue
      treatment, were allocated randomly to placebo substitution or buspirone
      substitution and then withdrawal over a total of 10 weeks. Assessments were made
      at weekly intervals. Of the 24 patients entered into the trial, 13 received
      buspirone and 11 placebo. Only five of the buspirone and six of the placebo
      patients successfully completed withdrawal. Some anxiolytic action of buspirone
      was detected, but it was insufficient to materially assist the withdrawal. No
      evidence was found that buspirone was cross-tolerant to the benzodiazepines. It
      was concluded that buspirone does not help benzodiazepine withdrawal and does not
      suppress benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms.

PMID- 2880870
TI  - Stimulation of gastrin release by bombesin and canine gastrin-releasing peptides.
      Studies with isolated canine G cells in primary culture.
AB  - Bombesin, a polypeptide derived from frog skin, has been shown to stimulate
      gastrin release from the gastric antrum in vivo and in vitro. To elucidate the
      mechanisms of this effect, we developed a method to culture isolated and enriched
      G cells from canine stomach. After digestion of antral mucosa with collagenase
      and EDTA, dispersed cells were fractionated by counterflow elutriation then
      cultured on a collagen support. Bombesin and three molecular forms of canine
      gastrin-releasing peptides all stimulated gastrin release from G cells in a dose
      dependent manner. The effect of bombesin was suppressed by somatostatin and
      potentiated by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10(-3) M) but not by carbachol (10(-6) M).
      Extracellular calcium depletion attenuated the stimulation of gastrin release by
      bombesin but not by forskolin. These findings suggest that the bombesin family
      peptides directly activate G cells through calcium-dependent mechanisms to cause
      gastrin release.

PMID- 2880874
TI  - Autism: the treatment of aggressive behaviors.
AB  - Eight consecutive cases of adults with the diagnosis of early infantile autism
      and who were treated with a betablocker are presented. Each had been on various
      and multiple drug, educational, and behavioral regimens to help control
      aggressive and self-abusive behavior. Most had been institutionalized from an
      early age, and a broad range of IQs and speech capacities are represented.
      Results show the betablockers to have a remarkable effect potentiating measurable
      diminution in previously intractable aggressive behavior and in many cases the
      decrease or withdrawal of their neuroleptic.

PMID- 2880875
TI  - A view from the Nation's courts.

PMID- 2880876
TI  - Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome and the opioid system.

PMID- 2880877
TI  - Is there a presynaptic tardive dyskinesia?

PMID- 2880878
TI  - Effects of small doses of bromazepam on pupillary function and on flicker
      perception in normal subjects.

PMID- 2880879
TI  - Comparison of met-enkephalin-, dynorphin A-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive
      neurons in the cat and rat spinal cords: I. Lumbar cord.
AB  - This study compared the distribution of methionine enkephalin-, dynorphin A 1-8-,
      and neurotensin-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya in laminae I and IV-VII of selected
      segments of lumbar spinal cord of cat(L5) and rat(4). Immunoreactive neurons for
      each peptide were found throughout the dorsal horn and dorsal lamina VII but were
      quantified only within laminae I and IV-VII. In lamina I, both large (greater
      than 20 micron) and small (less than 20 micron) IR neurons were identified. Large
      IR neurons for each peptide in both species resembled Waldeyer neurons studied by
      Golgi stain and were outnumbered by small IR neurons. Comparison among the
      laminae of the distribution of met-enkephalin IR neurons showed a similar pattern
      in the two species with the majority of IR neurons (greater than 65%) in laminae
      V and VI. Differences in laminar distribution occurred between species for the
      other peptides. Dynorphin IR neurons were greatest in number in lamina V in rat
      but greatest in number in laminae I and V in cat. Neurotensin IR neurons occurred
      predominantly in cat lamina I but were nearly equal in density in rat laminae I
      and VI. The topographic distribution of each peptide in laminae V and VI was
      similar between the two species with IR neurons occurring laterally in lamina V
      and more medially in lamina VI. Comparisons between species of the numbers of IR
      neurons/segment indicated distinct relationships for each peptide. The number of
      met-enkephalin IR neurons in laminae of cat L5 was generally two times greater
      than the number of IR neurons in the same laminae of rat L4, except in laminae I
      and IV, where the numbers were nearly equal. In contrast, the number of dynorphin
      IR neurons in cat laminae was generally one-half the number in rat, except in
      lamina I, where the number in cat was two times greater than rat. A high degree
      of variability occurred in laminar comparisons of neurotensin IR neurons.
      Neurotensin IR neurons in lamina I of cat outnumbered those of rat 2:1, but in
      laminae IV-VII, the ratio of cat to rat IR neurons varied from 1:1 to 1:20. The
      met-enkephalin, dynorphin, and neurotensin IR neurons quantified in this study
      may be interneurons or may serve as projection neurons to brainstem and/or
      thalamic nuclei. The observed differences in distribution may be relevant to
      differences in spinal cord physiology in the two species.

PMID- 2880880
TI  - Distribution of opiate receptor subtypes and enkephalin and dynorphin
      immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of squirrel, guinea pig, rat, and hamster.
AB  - The distribution of enkephalin and dynorphin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus
      of four rodent species (gray squirrel, guinea pig, rat, and hamster) is compared
      with the pattern of opiate receptor subtypes (mu, delta, and kappa). The
      distribution of opioid peptides is fairly consistent in the anterior hippocampus
      of these four species. Intense immunoreactivity for dynorphin and enkephalin is
      found in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the mossy fiber system. Occasional
      immunoreactive processes are seen in the dentate molecular layer and scattered
      throughout the CA1 and CA3 fields. In the rat and hamster, an additional plexus
      of enkephalinergic fibers straddles both sides of the hippocampal fissure. Cells
      immunoreactive for both opioid peptides are located in and just superficial to
      the dentate granule cell layer. Opiate receptors are variably distributed in
      these rodent species. In the squirrel, guinea pig, and hamster, mu and kappa
      binding is dense in the stratum lucidum of CA3 and the molecular layer of the
      dentate gyrus. In the rat, dense mu and kappa binding is localized within and
      adjacent to the pyramidal and granule cell layers. Delta receptor patterns show
      additional species differences. In the rat, the delta distribution is similar to
      the mu and kappa patterns. In the other species, the delta binding pattern is
      generally the inverse of the mu/kappa pattern: most areas of the hippocampus are
      enriched in delta sites, whereas the stratum lucidum and the pyramidal cell layer
      are receptor-sparse. Thus, the stratum lucidum--site of dense terminations of
      mossy fibers containing opioid peptides--is characterized by selectively sparse
      delta receptors in four species and by selectively dense kappa receptors in three
      species. The three receptor subtypes, taken either individually or together and
      compared to the peptides, are more variably and more widely distributed
      throughout the hippocampus and fail to show a correspondence with opioid-peptide
      containing terminals. The mismatches suggest that receptor locations and
      densities are organized without relation to the sites of relevant transmitter
      release.

PMID- 2880881
TI  - Area postrema of the goldfish, Carassius auratus: ultrastructure, fiber
      connections, and immunocytochemistry.
AB  - The area postrema in goldfish is a dorsal midline structure in the caudal medulla
      spanning the level of the obex. As in other vertebrates, the sinus capillaries of
      the area postrema in goldfish are fenestrated. In goldfish, however, the area
      postrema is organized in a unique laminar fashion; from superficial to deep:
      meninx, vasculature, palisade layer, cell body layer, and ventral neuropil layer.
      Virtually all of the neurons of the area postrema exhibit tyrosine hydroxylase
      like immunoreactivity. Each immunoreactive neuron is essentially bipolar, with a
      short apical dendrite extending dorsally to reach the external basal lamina of
      the capillaries and a basal dendrite reaching into the subjacent layer of
      neuropil. The apical dendrites have no synaptic specializations and probably
      function as interoceptors detecting blood-borne chemicals that leak out of the
      fenestrated capillaries. The basal dendrites receive synaptic input both within
      the neuropil of the area postrema and in the commissural nucleus of Cajal into
      which they extend. Primary afferent fibers of the subdiaphragmatic branches of
      the vagus nerve terminate within the area postrema and commissural nucleus. Thus
      the neurons of the area postrema may serve not only as direct chemoreceptive
      interoceptors but may also receive input from other visceral afferent systems.

PMID- 2880882
TI  - [Standardization and reproducibility of gas chromatographic research on the
      cellular fatty acids of microorganisms].

PMID- 2880883
TI  - Problematic gagging: principles of treatment.
AB  - The causes of problematic gagging are discussed and a behavioral method for its
      treatment is recommended. Four case studies illustrating the application of this
      approach are presented.

PMID- 2880885
TI  - Effect of terfenadine on methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma.
AB  - The dose-response effect of nonsedating H1 histamine-receptor antagonist,
      terfenadine, administered orally in single doses, was studied on methacholine
      induced bronchoconstriction in nine patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma in a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. The doses of terfenadine used
      were 60 mg, 120 mg, and 180 mg, producing small but significant bronchodilator
      effect with all three doses at 2 hours. This response was still present at 4
      hours. However, the provocative dose causing a 20% fall in FEV1 for methacholine
      was unaffected by all three doses of terfenadine. The bronchodilator response
      induced by antihistamines, including terfenadine, suggests an increased resting
      tone mediated by the constant presence of free histamine in the vicinity of H1
      receptors in the airways and that methacholine acts directly on the airway
      muscarinic receptors and is not involved in local histamine release.

PMID- 2880884
TI  - Chronic renal and neurohumoral effects of the calcium entry blocker nisoldipine
      in patients with congestive heart failure.
AB  - Nisoldipine, a calcium entry blocker, was given to 10 patients with congestive
      heart failure. During a 2 month follow-up period, 7 of the 10 patients were
      readmitted with pulmonary edema; daily furosemide doses were increased (128 +/-
      87 to 192 +/- 135 mg/day, p less than 0.01), and plasma creatinine increased (1.5
      +/- 0.5 to 1.8 +/- 0.6 mg/dl, p less than 0.05) (all values mean +/- SD). Despite
      this unfavorable clinical course, nisoldipine caused some beneficial chronic (1
      month) hemodynamic effects. It decreased systemic vascular resistance (from 1,781
      +/- 229 to 1,306 +/- 345 dynes X s X cm-5, p less than 0.01), decreased mean
      arterial pressure (from 88 +/- 0 to 74 +/- 4 mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and
      increased stroke volume index (from 27 +/- 6 to 33 +/- 9 ml/min per m2, p less
      than 0.02). Heart rate, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and stroke work index
      did not change. However, nisoldipine's chronic renal and neurohumoral effects
      were not as favorable. These were assessed during a 5 hour water load (15 ml/kg
      body weight of 5% dextrose in water) and compared with the effects of a water
      load before therapy. Nisoldipine did not change creatinine clearance or sodium
      excretion, but decreased water excretion (from 58 +/- 35 to 46 +/- 40% of water
      load in 5 hours). Over this 5 hour study, mean plasma vasopressin was also higher
      with nisoldipine (1.9 +/- 2.3 versus 2.7 +/- 3.2 pg/ml, p less than 0.05), but
      mean plasma aldosterone was lower (67 +/- 31 to 47 +/- 27 mg/dl, p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880886
TI  - Natural food constituents and food additives: the pharmacologic connection.

PMID- 2880887
TI  - Neuroleptics and the elderly.

PMID- 2880889
TI  - [Cerebrovascular complications in obstetrics and beta mimetic drugs].
AB  - The authors report a new case of a cerebro-vascular accident following the
      stopping of an infusion of a beta-mimetic drug to inhibit uterine contractions.
      The clinical symptomatology and the spontaneous recovery (over more than 6
      months) makes it correct to call this pathological condition "an acute cerebral
      vascular disorder of a benign nature". It is not known how the cerebral vessels
      were affected by the beta-mimetic drugs.

PMID- 2880888
TI  - Direct evidence that pancuronium and gallamine enhance the release of
      norepinephrine from the atrial sympathetic nerve by inhibiting prejunctional
      muscarinic receptors.
AB  - The effect of different non-depolarizing muscle relaxants (gallamine,
      pancuronium, vecuronium, D-tubocurarine) on [3H]norepinephrine release in
      response to electrical stimulation was studied in isolated guinea-pig atrium.
      High pressure liquid chromatography combined with electrochemical and
      radiochemical detection revealed that the released radioactivity was mainly in
      the form of [3H]norepinephrine release. Oxotremorine, a pure muscarinic agonist,
      reduced the release of tritium. Gallamine and pancuronium, like atropine,
      prevented the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine. D-Tubocurarine and vecuronium
      had no such effect. These findings indicate that gallamine and pancuronium exert
      a presynaptic antimuscarinic, atropine-like effect, by inhibiting muscarinic
      receptors located on the axon terminals of sympathetic neurons thereby enhancing
      norepinephrine release. It is suggested that this phenomenon might play some role
      in tachycardia observed during surgical anaesthesia when gallamine or pancuronium
      have been administered.

PMID- 2880891
TI  - Labeling of structural elements at the ventral plasma membrane of fibroblasts
      with the immunogold technique.
AB  - We investigated the organization of two structural elements (microfilaments and
      clathrin coated structures) at the ventral plasma membrane in fibroblasts. The
      methods employed included exposure of the inner face of the ventral plasma
      membrane by lysis-squirting, labeling the exposed structures with specific
      antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold, and platinum-carbon replica
      techniques. The results demonstrate that this regimen combines good
      ultrastructural preservation with unambiguous identification of structural
      elements associated with the plasma membrane. This method is therefore reliable
      and can be generally used to explore in detail the ultrastructural organization
      of the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2880890
TI  - Enzymatic histochemistry of mouse kidney in plastic.
AB  - Two-micrometer sections of methacrylate-embedded kidney were used to investigate
      the enzymatic activities of mouse kidney where the proximal tubule and Bowman's
      capsule from the same corpuscle were viewed in the same section. Alkaline
      phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, N
      acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate
      esterase, and adenosine triphosphatase activities were observed in the proximal
      tubule, but only 5'-nucleotidase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and alkaline
      phosphatase were observed in the squamous portion of the parietal epithelium of
      Bowman's capsule. The use of methacrylate-embedded tissue allowed more precise
      localization of enzymatic activity than is possible with most frozen sections.
      This may provide interesting applications not only for characterization of kidney
      diseases but also for characterization of other normal and abnormal tissues.

PMID- 2880892
TI  - The public health function: responsibility for control of infection in hospitals.

PMID- 2880893
TI  - Hospital epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizes the respiratory tract of most older patients
      with cystic fibrosis. The means by which these bacteria are acquired and the risk
      for patient-to-patient spread among subjects with cystic fibrosis are poorly
      understood. We studied the spread of Ps. aeruginosa within a hospital
      environment. Pseudomonas was rarely recovered from the inanimate environment
      surrounding patients with cystic fibrosis or from hand or rectal cultures of
      patients who were colonized in the oropharynx. There was transient cross
      colonization with Ps. aeruginosa between patients with cystic fibrosis sharing a
      hospital room in three of seven pairs studied. In all cases the "new" isolate was
      recoverable only once and was not found during a 2-year follow-up. Three of four
      sibling pairs with cystic fibrosis shared the same Ps. aeruginosa serotype(s).
      The risk of sustained cross-colonization by Ps. aeruginosa between patients with
      cystic fibrosis appears to be minimal, except under conditions of prolonged close
      contact.

PMID- 2880894
TI  - A surface test for virucidal activity of disinfectants: preliminary study with
      herpes virus.
AB  - A test was developed to assess the surface activity of disinfectants against
      dried viral preparations. In this preliminary study a variety of disinfectants
      was tested against herpes virus. The results showed that 2% alkaline
      glutaraldehyde and 70% ethanol or isopropanol were effective in 1 min.
      Hypochlorite solutions (2500 ppm av. Cl2) were effective in 5 min, but povidone
      iodine (10%) was slower in action and a clear soluble phenol showed uncertain
      activity at 5 and 10 min. High concentrations of alcohols (above 95%), two
      quaternary ammonium compounds and 0.5% aqueous chlorhexidine showed little
      activity in 10 min.

PMID- 2880896
TI  - Acute hepatitis B following gynaecological surgery.

PMID- 2880895
TI  - The effect of handcream on the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine gluconate.
AB  - A series of handwashing experiments compared the residual effect on Escherichia
      coli of non-medicated soap, chlorhexidine detergent followed by an anionic
      handcream, chlorhexidine detergent followed by a non-ionic handcream and
      chlorhexidine detergent alone. Handcreams containing an anionic emulsifying agent
      reduced the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine.

PMID- 2880897
TI  - A study of the prevalence of markers of hepatitis B infection in hospital staff.
AB  - Five hundred and sixty-one members of the nursing, dental and junior medical
      staff of a teaching hospital were tested for serological evidence of hepatitis B
      infection using the markers HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Overall marker
      prevalence rates, indicating both current and past infections, were: dental staff
      1.1%; nursing staff 3.2%; junior medical staff 6.0%. These results reflect
      relative risk of occupational exposure.

PMID- 2880898
TI  - Group JK coryneform bacteria.

PMID- 2880899
TI  - The risk of infection with hepatitis B virus in relation to length of hospital
      employment.
AB  - A sero-epidemiological study was carried out on a representative sample of
      employees of the Hospital Clinico 'San Cecilio' in an attempt to quantify the
      influence of the time spent working in the hospital on the risk of becoming
      infected by hepatitis B virus. The results show that the rate of infection by HBV
      is directly proportional to the length of employment in the hospital, with a
      probability of infection between 0.6% and 1.4% for each working year.

PMID- 2880900
TI  - Resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in hospital patients.
AB  - Patients admitted to a district general hospital for general surgery were
      examined on admission and at weekly intervals for carriage of Staphylococcus
      aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in the anterior nares. Thirty
      two of 100 patients were colonized with CNS resistant to three or more
      antibiotics on admission to hospital. Two weeks later, 16 of 22 patients who
      remained in hospital carried resistant CNS; in 11 of these 16 patients the
      resistant strain was selected or acquired while the patient was in hospital.

PMID- 2880901
TI  - An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection in a neonatal intensive care unit.
AB  - During a period of 2 weeks Campylobacter jejuni infection was diagnosed in seven
      infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. An identical serotype of Camp. jejuni
      was found in five of the cases. Investigations suggested that a common source of
      infection or infection acquired from mothers during delivery were unlikely. The
      dates of onset and the common serotype indicate that the outbreak may have been
      caused by person-to-person spread.

PMID- 2880902
TI  - The international spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - A genetic analysis of representative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      (MRSA) being isolated in London and Dublin hospitals has demonstrated that the
      epidemic strains from two London hospitals are different from the Dublin strains,
      but indistinguishable from the epidemic strains of eastern Australia. The
      possibility that some strains of MRSA are more likely than others to spread
      within hospitals is discussed.

PMID- 2880903
TI  - Does instillation of chlorhexidine into the bladder of catheterized geriatric
      patients help reduce bacteriuria?
AB  - A randomized prospective trial compared the effect on the bacterial flora of the
      urine of the instillation of chlorhexidine or of normal saline into the bladder
      of two groups of elderly patients with indwelling urinary catheters. There was no
      reduction in urinary bacterial count in either group of patients.

PMID- 2880904
TI  - An outbreak of rotavirus infection in a geriatric hospital.
AB  - We describe an outbreak of rotavirus infection in a geriatric hospital. The
      outbreak lasted for 6 weeks, and affected 14 patients of 68 at risk. Diarrhoea
      was the main symptom, lasting only 1 day in most patients. Rising or high
      rotavirus antibody titres were demonstrated in six patients. Of 96 staff only one
      member was infected.

PMID- 2880905
TI  - Diagnostic amniocentesis and bacteraemia.
AB  - Thirty antenatal patients with intact membranes were studied to determine the
      incidence of bacteraemia induced by transabdominal amniocentesis. No bacteraemias
      were detected following the procedure. Antibiotic prophylaxis is probably not
      warranted for immunocompetent hospitalized patients undergoing amniocentesis.

PMID- 2880906
TI  - Hot air electric hand driers compared with paper towels for potential spread of
      airborne bacteria.
AB  - Hot air hand driers are increasingly used in both public areas and hospitals, but
      there is little literature on their bacteriology. Four units were examined by
      comparing the bacterial aerosols released from hands during use by sets of twelve
      subjects with those released by paper towels. Tests on two units also included
      hand imprints on agar plates for detection of residual bacteria. No significant
      difference between aerosols liberated by towels and driers were observed for two
      units, while the other two generated significantly fewer aerosols than towels.
      Impression plates revealed similar numbers of bacteria on the hands after drying
      by either method. Hot air hand driers appear safe from a bacteriological
      viewpoint.

PMID- 2880907
TI  - The primordial MRSA?

PMID- 2880908
TI  - Guidelines for the control of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus.

PMID- 2880909
TI  - Sterility of incontinence pads and sheets.

PMID- 2880910
TI  - Possible transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by expressed
      human breast milk.

PMID- 2880911
TI  - Mechanism of action of a new prostaglandin antihypertensive, viprostol [CL 115
      347; (dl)-15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16(alpha/beta)-vinyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl
      ester]: (II). Effects on the adrenergic nervous system.
AB  - Viprostol [(dl)-15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16(alpha/beta)-vinyl-prostaglandin E2 methyl
      ester; CL 115 347] is a new orally and transdermally active antihypertensive
      agent that exerts its major antihypertensive action by vasodilation. The present
      studies were conducted to examine its effects on the adrenergic nervous system.
      In cats, viprostol did not inhibit renal sympathetic nerve discharge (RSND)
      monitored at the postganglionic region, indicating that nerve transmission or
      conduction was not blocked at the ganglion or the pre- or postganglionic fibres.
      In cat nictitating membrane preparations in situ, viprostol partially blocked the
      membrane contractile response to exogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine, as
      well as to electrical stimulation of pre- and postganglionic fibres. In
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), viprostol partially blocked the
      vasopressor response of exogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine specifically
      without influencing that of angiotensin II. All these suggest that viprostol
      produced weak alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Viprostol did not antagonize the
      tachycardia induced by stimulation of the discrete segments at C7-T1 (cardio
      accelerator) of the spinal cord in pithed SHR, suggesting that viprostol did not
      activate the presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. Viprostol significantly inhibited
      the increase in blood pressure induced by electrical stimulation of the spinal
      cord at T7-T9 in pithed SHR, probably due to postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor
      blockade. In conclusion, viprostol produced weak, but statistically significant
      alpha-adrenoceptor blockade which may contribute partially to its
      antihypertensive action.

PMID- 2880912
TI  - HLA-DP and HLA-DO genes in presumptive HLA-identical siblings: structural and
      functional identification of allelic variation.
AB  - We analyzed HLA class II genomic polymorphisms in three families in which bone
      marrow transplantation was performed between individuals presumed to be HLA
      identical, but in which unexplained mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity was
      observed. These families were characterized by classical HLA serology, MLC, and
      DP typing. In each family, a pair of "HLA-identical" siblings demonstrated a
      small proliferative response in bidirectional MLC. Southern blotting analysis
      performed with cDNA probes for DQ alpha, DP alpha, and DP beta identified DP
      genomic differences in each case. Hybridization of Bgl II-digested genomic DNA
      with a DP alpha cDNA probe revealed three prominent polymorphic fragments (7.7,
      5.8, and 3.7 kb), which discriminated between presumptive identical siblings and
      indicated crossover events within HLA. Similarly, hybridization of SstI-digested
      genomic DNA with a DP beta cDNA probe, although resulting in a more complex
      pattern, identified DP genomic disparity between the presumed HLA identical
      siblings. Hybridization of SstI-digested DNA from two families with evidence of
      DP recombination was performed by using an oligonucleotide probe specific for the
      newly described HLA class II gene DO beta. Two major polymorphic fragments, at
      6.2 and 3.3 kb, segregated in these families and localized the crossovers
      flanking the DO beta gene between the DQ and DP loci. The contribution of the
      antigenic differences marked by these HLA DP and DO DNA polymorphisms to
      allorecognition in MLR and in graft-vs-host disease are discussed.

PMID- 2880913
TI  - Immunoaffinity chromatography utilizing monoclonal antibodies. Factors which
      influence antigen-binding capacity.
AB  - Differences in antigen-binding capacity of a monoclonal antibody coupled to
      Sepharose under varying conditions were explored. The extent of cyanogen bromide
      activation, and the pH of the coupling reaction had a profound effect upon the
      rate of antibody coupling, but only small differences in antigen-binding capacity
      were observed if the antibody coupling reaction was terminated when 80-90% of the
      antibody was covalently coupled to Sepharose. However, if antibody was incubated
      with activated resin until 100% coupling was attained, the antigen-binding
      capacity of the resulting immunoadsorbent decreased significantly. Monoclonal
      antibody coupled to Sepharose via an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester linkage and
      approximately half the antigen-binding capacity of antibody coupled by CNBr
      activation. Concentrations of monoclonal antibodies as high as 13 mg/ml of packed
      resin could be used without noticeable steric hindrance.

PMID- 2880914
TI  - Isolation of the MHC genes encoding the tumour-specific class I antigens
      expressed on a murine fibrosarcoma.
AB  - The C3H UV-induced fibrosarcoma, 1591, is highly immunogenic and, therefore, is
      readily rejected when transplanted into immunocompetent syngeneic recipients.
      Previous analysis of 1591 with tumour-specific or H-2-reactive monoclonal
      antibodies revealed that this antigenicity might be due to the expression of two
      novel class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. In this report we
      describe the molecular cloning and initial characterization of three genes which
      account for all of the unique serological class I reactivities observed on this
      tumour. These include two distinct, but highly conserved, H-2L-like genes, and a
      third gene the product of which bears determinants which are characteristic of
      both the tumour and of class I products of the H-2k haplotype. Moreover, each of
      these genes contains a polymorphic restriction enzyme fragment which is detected
      in the class I sequences of 1591 relative to normal C3H tissue. Since the
      expression of these polymorphic class I sequences is relevant to the
      immunogenicity of 1591, the mutational events by which these genes were generated
      may be significant to the immunobiology of this tumour.

PMID- 2880915
TI  - Loss of polymorphic restriction fragments of class I and class II MHC genes in a
      malignant melanoma.
AB  - DNAs from human malignant melanoma cells and autologous peripheral blood
      lymphocytes were evaluated by Southern blot analysis with probes for class I and
      II HLA genes. DNA of melanoma cells digested with PvuII, EcoRI and BglI and
      hybridized with a DR beta probe showed a loss of several fragments when compared
      with DNA from lymphocytes. The same DNAs were not distinguishable when hybridized
      with a DQ beta probe. Analysis of melanoma and autologous lymphocyte DNAs from
      the same patient with a class I cDNA, after digestion with several endonucleases,
      revealed a further loss of fragments in melanoma cells. Comparison of restriction
      fragment patterns of melanoma and lymphocytes with those of homozygous,
      serologically-typed cell lines indicated that melanoma cells have lost fragments
      diagnostic of DR2 and A1 antigens. A densitometric analysis of signals of several
      oncogenes in comparison with that of DR indicated that a duplication of the
      remaining DR allele had occurred in melanoma cells.

PMID- 2880916
TI  - Cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium gordonae.
AB  - A case of cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium gordonae and other reports of
      extrapulmonary infection due to this organism are reviewed. This case confirms
      the pathogenic potential of M. gordonae which must now be included among the
      scotochromogens capable of causing cutaneous disease. Isolates of this organism
      should be tested against a full range of antimicrobial agents since traditional
      antituberculous therapy may be of limited efficacy. Pending the results of in
      vitro susceptibility testing, amikacin, ethambutol, rifampicin and co-trimoxazole
      are suggested as empirical therapy for infections caused by this organism.

PMID- 2880917
TI  - Simultaneous infections with human T cell leukemia virus type I and the human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Four adults form four separate households were found to have simultaneous
      retroviral infections with human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These individuals were seropositive for the HTLV-I
      env transmembrane protein p21E, and all had antibodies to the HTLV-I core
      polypeptide p24. All four patients also had antibodies to the HIV env
      transmembrane polypeptide p41E and to the HIV core polypeptide p24. HTLV-I was
      isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of all four individuals, and both
      viruses were isolated from two of them. Evidence of HIV transmission was noted in
      the family contacts. Eight of 10 children of these four adults were seropositive
      for HIV, presumably because of perinatal transmission from infected mothers. Two
      of five spouses of these adults were examined; these spouses had antibodies to
      HIV and were positive for virus. No evidence of HTLV-I transmission was noted in
      these families.

PMID- 2880919
TI  - You and malpractice stress. IV: The office staff's perspective.

PMID- 2880918
TI  - Secretion of somatostatin and its physiologic function.
AB  - Somatostatin, initially described as a growth hormone release-inhibitory peptide
      14 amino acids in length, has been shown to be one of a family of related
      peptides. It is ubiquitous in distribution and versatile as a paracrine factor
      with a potentially important role in the regulation of gut, pancreatic, and
      nervous system function in addition to its well-recognized influence on the
      pituitary secretion of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. With the
      development of new super agonists, it has become possible to manipulate the
      endocrine milieu, to modify gut, pancreatic, and pituitary function, and in the
      case of several diseases such as acromegaly, intractable diarrhea, and carcinoid,
      to make a significant advance in therapy.

PMID- 2880920
TI  - Effect of nutrition and immunization against somatostatin on growth and insulin
      like growth factors in sheep.
AB  - The effect of immunizing against somatostatin (SRIF), with SRIF conjugated to
      bovine thyroglobulin, was examined in cross-bred sheep fed either cut pasture or
      lucerne pellets. Plasma concentrations of GH were unaffected by SRIF
      immunization, but were lower in pellet-fed sheep. Plasma concentrations of
      insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) increased after immunization in sheep on
      both diets. Pasture-fed sheep had lower plasma concentrations of IGF-I than those
      on pellets. Sheep showed a small increase in growth rate in response to
      immunization. Immunization had no effect on carcass composition and did not
      affect plasma concentrations of IGF-II, free fatty acids or glucose. The results
      show that even though SRIF immunization increases plasma concentrations of IGF-I,
      it does not necessarily result in a large increase in growth rate.

PMID- 2880921
TI  - Somatostatin partially reverses desensitization of somatotrophs induced by growth
      hormone-releasing factor.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin on GH-releasing factor (GRF)-induced desensitization
      of somatotrophs was studied in vitro. Primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary
      cells pretreated for 4 or 18 h with GRF(1-40) (100 nmol/l) showed a 50% or
      greater reduction in maximal GH release when rechallenged with 10 nmol GRF/l.
      Rechallenge GRF dose-response curves were either very flat, making accurate
      measurement of the dose giving 50% maximum stimulation (ED50) impossible, or the
      ED50 concentration was increased from 0.3 nmol/l (untreated) to 2 nmol/l (GRF
      pretreated). Although GRF pretreatment reduced cellular GH content by 40-50%,
      correction for this did not restore GRF responsiveness measured in terms of
      maximal GRF-stimulated/unstimulated GH release (maximal/basal ratio), or the GRF
      ED50 concentration. Maximal/basal GH release per 4 h from GRF-pretreated cells
      was reduced when cells were rechallenged with forskolin (5 mumol/l) or calcium
      ionophore (A23187; 10 mumol/l), to the same extent as when rechallenged with 10
      nmol GRF/l. Although this might be explained by a reduction in the pool of
      releasable GH, an alternative explanation is that pretreatment with GRF d
      disrupts the GH release mechanism(s) at a common step(s) beyond cyclic AMP
      generation and Ca2+ influx. Co-incubation of cells with somatostatin and GRF (100
      nmol/l) partially reversed the desensitizing action of GRF during both 4- and 18
      h pretreatments in a dose-dependent manner, with 1 mumol somatostatin/l being
      most effective. Maximal GRF (100 nmol/1-stimulated/basal GH release was 4.4 +/-
      1.0 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = four experiments), 1.55 +/- 0.09 and 2.43 +/- 0.1 for
      control, GRF-pretreated (4 h) and GRF plus somatostatin-pretreated cells
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2880922
TI  - Influence of the cryptorchid testis on the regeneration of rat Leydig cells after
      administration of ethane dimethane sulphonate.
AB  - Leydig cells were selectively eliminated from the testis by treatment with the
      cytotoxin, ethane dimethane sulphonate. Rats were then made unilaterally
      cryptorchid and the morphological and functional response of the interstitial
      tissue in abdominal compared with scrotal testes was examined for up to 8 weeks.
      Regeneration of new Leydig cells occurred more rapidly in the interstitial tissue
      of abdominally cryptorchid testes compared with the interstitial tissue of
      contralateral scrotal testes. More rapid recovery of Leydig cells was coincident
      with significant increases in the bioactivity of a local factor(s), collected
      from interstitial fluid of cryptorchid testes, which stimulated testosterone
      production by isolated Leydig cells in vitro. These results support the theory
      that the production of a local factor(s) plays a role in the regeneration of
      Leydig cells and is affected by damage to the seminiferous epithelium.

PMID- 2880923
TI  - Induction of cystine transport activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Uptake of cystine was investigated in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The rates of
      the uptake of cystine in resident macrophages or macrophages elicited by some
      irritants were very low, but a drastic increase was observed when the cells were
      cultured in vitro. This increase was time-dependent and required protein
      synthesis. In macrophages elicited by thioglycollate broth, the rate of the
      uptake of cystine increased by about 40-fold after 16 h in culture. Contrary to
      the uptake of cystine, the rates of uptake of some neutral amino acids did not
      change markedly during culture. We characterized the induced activity of the
      cystine uptake in macrophages elicited by thioglycollate broth. Cystine was taken
      up in an Na+-independent and pH-sensitive manner, and the uptake was potently
      inhibited by extracellular glutamate and the analogous anionic amino acids, but
      not by aspartate. The activity of the glutamate uptake was also induced during
      the culture in a way similar to that of cystine uptake, and the uptake of
      glutamate was potently inhibited by cystine. From these results we concluded that
      the uptake of cystine and glutamate in macrophages was mostly mediated by a
      single transport system similar to the ones previously reported in human
      fibroblasts and some other cells. As a consequence of the induction of the
      activity of the cystine uptake, glutathione levels in macrophages doubled during
      culture, and a thiol compound, presumably cysteine, was released into the culture
      medium and accumulated there. When the macrophages were cultured hypoxically, the
      induction of the cystine uptake activity was markedly depressed, suggesting an
      involvement of oxygen in the induction.

PMID- 2880924
TI  - [Determination of enzyme activities in urine of patients with calcium oxalate
      calculi].
AB  - The catalytic activity of lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase,
      alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
      has been measured in 24 h urines of patients with a calcium oxalate calculus (9
      men, 11 women) and has been compared with those of a reference collective (11
      men, 10 women). The diagnostic sensitivity and the diagnostic specificity have
      been calculated according to four different discrimination methods in which the
      diagnostic sensitivity lies between 65% and 100%, the diagnostic specificity
      between 72% and 100%. Within the reference group there was a correlation between
      the excretion of the three brush-border enzymes, whereas within the group of
      patients only a correlation between gamma-glutamyltransferase and N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase was observed. From this pathophysiological conclusions can be
      drawn.

PMID- 2880925
TI  - Antihistamine-decongestants and acute otitis media.

PMID- 2880926
TI  - Long-term effect of radioiodine therapy on the thyroid antibodies in the patients
      of Graves' disease with postirradiation hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2880927
TI  - Violent behavior in schizophrenic inpatients.
AB  - We undertook a retrospective survey of assaultive behavior in 140 psychiatric
      inpatient research volunteers who had not previously responded well to
      neuroleptic treatment. Forty-one of 97 patients with schizophrenia became
      assaultive during their hospitalization, whereas only four of 43 patients with
      other diagnoses became assaultive (p less than .0001). Most assaults were not a
      significant threat to the attacked person, but a small number were highly
      dangerous. Assaultive patients were significantly younger, and a greater
      proportion had a previous history of violence, compared with nonassaultive
      patients. A previous history of violent behavior was linked to more previous
      hospitalizations, indicating that such behavior might be associated with a poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 2880928
TI  - Efflux of putative transmitters from superfused rat brain slices induced by low
      chloride ion concentrations.
AB  - Slices of rat cerebral cortex, preloaded with [14C]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      and either [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or [3H]noradrenaline, were superfused
      with media in which varying concentrations of Cl- had been replaced with other
      monovalent anions. Rapid reduction of [Cl-], by superfusion with media containing
      instead the impermeant anions propionate, isethionate, gluconate, or methyl
      sulphate, caused increases in the efflux of tritiated biogenic amines, but the
      increase in that of [14C]-GABA was not significant. The increased efflux of [3H]5
      HT evoked by superfusion with low Cl- levels when propionate was the replacement
      anion, was transient and was linearly related to the log[Cl-]-1. It was not
      affected by removal of Ca2+ or by addition of 10 mM Mg2+ and was delayed but not
      abolished by tetrodotoxin. The low Cl(-)-evoked efflux of [3H]5-HT was not
      affected by pretreatment with neuronal reuptake blockers but was inhibited by
      picrotoxin, strychnine, and 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2-disulphonic
      acid and was enhanced by glycine. Muscimol and GABA were without effect. These
      observations are taken to indicate that the efflux of biogenic amines is brought
      about by terminal depolarisation due to outward movement of Cl- in low chloride
      containing media. They are of relevance to other physiological and
      pharmacological studies in which anion concentrations are manipulated and suggest
      that the anion-evoked release phenomenon may provide a model for the analysis of
      Cl(-)-dependent mechanisms in nerve terminals.

PMID- 2880929
TI  - Selective inhibition of synaptosomal gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake by
      triethyllead: role of energy transduction and chloride ion.
AB  - Triethyllead (TEL) is a CNS neurotoxin producing bizarre neurobehavioral changes.
      The principal objective of this study was to determine if TEL-induced defects in
      energy metabolism were responsible for the inhibition of synaptosomal Na+
      dependent high-affinity uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). A dose
      dependent inhibition of GABA uptake (ID50 = 10 microM TEL) was found during 30-s
      incubations. Uptake of glutamate was more resistant to the inhibitory effects of
      TEL. A TEL-induced Cl(-)-dependent synaptosomal deficit of ATP was observed. Such
      deficit in high-energy phosphate was time-dependent and did not occur in the
      absence of Cl- or as early as 30 s. Inhibition of GABA uptake, on the other hand,
      was a Cl(-)-independent phenomenon and was observed at as early as 30 s. TEL was
      not competitive with Na+ or GABA itself, as the effects of TEL were not overcome
      with high [Na+] or [GABA]. These results indicate that the locus of TEL
      inhibition of GABA uptake is not a Cl(-)-dependent event and does not involve a
      perturbed transmembrane electrochemical gradient, due to either an observed
      mitochondrial defect or an inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase directly.

PMID- 2880931
TI  - Brain endo-oligopeptidase A, a putative enkephalin converting enzyme.
AB  - Endo-oligopeptidase A, highly purified from the cytosol fraction of bovine brain
      by immunoaffinity chromatography, has been characterized as a thiol
      endopeptidase. This enzyme, known to hydrolyze the Phe5-Ser6 bond of bradykinin
      and the Arg8-Arg9 bond of neurotensin, has been shown to produce, by a single
      cleavage, Leu5-enkephalin or Met5-enkephalin from small enkephalin-containing
      peptides. Enkephalin formation could be inhibited in a concentration-dependent
      manner by the alternative substrate bradykinin. The optimal substrate size was
      found to be eight to 13 amino acids, with enkephalin the only product released
      from precursors in which this sequence is immediately followed by a pair of basic
      residues. However, the specificity constants (kcat/Km) obtained for endo
      oligopeptidase A hydrolysis of bradykinin, neurotensin, and dynorphin B are of
      the same order, a result indicating that the substrate amino acid sequence is not
      the only factor determining the cleavage site of this enzyme.

PMID- 2880930
TI  - L-phenylalanyl-L-glutamate-stimulated, chloride-dependent glutamate binding
      represents glutamate sequestration mediated by an exchange system.
AB  - Stimulation of glutamate binding by the dipeptide L-phenylalanyl-L-glutamate (Phe
      Glu) was inhibited by the peptidase inhibitor bestatin, suggesting that the
      stimulation was caused by glutamate liberated from the dipeptide and not by the
      dipeptide itself. It further suggests that this form of glutamate binding should
      be reinterpreted as glutamate sequestration and that stimulation of binding both
      by dipeptides and after preincubation with high concentrations of glutamate is
      likely to be due to counterflow accumulation. Several other criteria indicate
      that most of glutamate binding stimulated by chloride represents glutamate
      sequestration: Binding is reduced when the osmolarity of the incubation medium is
      increased, when membranes incubated with [3H]glutamate are lysed before
      filtration, and when membranes are made permeable by transient exposure to
      saponin. Moreover, dissociation of bound glutamate after a 100-fold dilution of
      the incubation medium is accelerated about 50 times by the addition of glutamate
      to the dilution medium. This result would be anomalous if glutamate were bound to
      a receptor site; it suggests instead that glutamate is transported in and out of
      membrane vesicles by a transport system that preferentially mediates exchange
      between internal and external glutamate. Glutamate binding contains a component
      of glutamate sequestration even when measured in the absence of chloride.
      Sequestration is adequately abolished only after treating membranes with
      detergents; even extensive lysis, sonication, and freezing/thawing may be
      insufficient.

PMID- 2880932
TI  - Modulatory effect of dopamine on high-affinity glutamate uptake in the rat
      striatum.
AB  - In vivo electrical stimulation of the frontal cortical areas was found to enhance
      sodium-dependent high-affinity glutamate uptake (HAGU) measured in rat striatal
      homogenates. This activating effect was counteracted by in vivo administration of
      apomorphine and by in vitro addition of dopamine (DA; 10(-8) M) in the incubation
      medium, and potentiated by in vivo haloperidol administration. At the doses used,
      the dopaminergic compounds had no effect on basal HAGU. alpha-Methylparatyrosine
      pretreatment was found to enhance slightly basal HAGU as well as the activating
      effects of cortical stimulation. Interestingly enough, lesion of dopaminergic
      neurons by substantia nigra injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not cause
      any significant change either in basal HAGU or in the effect of cortical
      stimulation. Measurement of DA effects in vitro in experiments combined with in
      vivo manipulations of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal and corticostriatal systems
      showed that the capacity of DA to inhibit striatal HAGU depends directly on the
      level of the uptake activation reached over basal value. These results suggest
      that under physiological conditions, the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
      exerts a modulatory presynaptic action on corticostriatal glutamatergic
      transmission, counteracting increasing glutamatergic activity. In the case of
      chronic DA depletion induced by 6-OHDA, striatal adaptations may occur modifying
      the mechanisms acting at corticostriatal nerve terminal level.

PMID- 2880933
TI  - Somatostatin neurons in the small intestine of the guinea pig: a light and
      electron microscopic immunocytochemical study combined with nerve lesion
      experiments by laser irradiation.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurons are present in both the myenteric and
      the submucous plexuses of the small intestine of the guinea pig. Dense
      varicosities of immunopositive nerve fibres surround the ganglionic cells, some
      of which also display somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Immunoelectron
      microscopy demonstrated axo-somatic synapse formation between the somatostatin
      immunoreactive neuronal elements. Nerve lesion experiments using argon laser
      irradiation showed that most of the somatostatin-like immunoreactive fibres of
      the myenteric plexus were directed anally, whereas those of the submucous plexus
      had no directional polarity.

PMID- 2880934
TI  - The behaviour of OKT3-, OKT4- and OKT8-positive cells during phases of elevated
      spontaneous chemiluminescence activity (CL-A) in multiple sclerosis patients. A
      serial study.
AB  - The chemiluminescence activity (CL-A; synonym = burst activity, BA) and the
      percentage of OKT3-, OKT4- and OKT8-positive peripheral blood cells were serially
      examined in four control persons and in eight patients with multiple sclerosis.
      When the OKT values obtained in phases of increased CL-A (clinical remission)
      were compared with those of the control group, the percentage of OKT3-positive
      cells was reduced (P = 0.014), and that of OKT4-positive cells increased (P =
      0.014); there were no significant changes in the percentage of OKT8-positive
      cells (P = 0.171). After the CL-A had returned to normal values, the OKT4
      positive cells remained elevated (P = 0.029), whereas the OKT3- (P = 0.342) and
      OKT8-positive cells (P = 0.443) showed no significant changes. When in the same
      patients, phases of increased CL-A were compared with phases in which values were
      not elevated, a reduced percentage of OKT3-positive cells was found in phases
      with increased CL-A (P = 0.031); however, the OKT4-positive and OKT8-positive
      cells did not differ significantly (P = 0.156 and 0.281).

PMID- 2880935
TI  - Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in relation to dopamine-induced long-term
      enhancement (LTE) of muscarinic depolarization in the rabbit superior cervical
      ganglion.
AB  - Dopamine (DA) induction of the long-term enhancement (LTE) of the slow muscarinic
      depolarizing response to methacholine (MCh), equivalent to the slow EPSP (S
      EPSP), was previously found to be mimicked by exogenous cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the
      rabbit superior cervical ganglion (SCG). DA-induced LTE of the S-EPSP was shown
      to be depressed by some DA antagonists. We now show that DA (15 microM), its
      analog, 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN), and a D2
      receptor antagonist, metoclopramide, each can induce both LTE of MCh
      depolarization and an increase in ganglionic cAMP. Conversely, antagonists of DA
      induced LTE also depress DA-induced rises in cAMP; these antagonists include
      haloperidol (1 microM), both (+) and (-) enantiomers of butaclamol (0.7-7
      microM), flupenthixol (1 microM), and (+)-R-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl
      5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-o l (SCH-23390) (7 microM). The selective D2
      antagonists sulpiride (10 microM) and domperidone (10 microM) affect neither DA
      action. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (alpha-methyl-norepinephrine and clonidine)
      produce no LTE; alpha-antagonist dihydroergotamine (35 microM) does not affect
      either DA action, although it can completely block the hyperpolarizing response
      to DA or other catecholamines. Beta-antagonist propranolol (5 microM) partially
      depresses DA-induced rises in cAMP but has no effect on the DA-induced LTE.
      (Butaclamol and propranolol in combination can completely block the cAMP rise
      induced by DA.) Beta-agonist isoproterenol can induce appreciable LTE of MCh
      depolarization, but this LTE is not depressed by propranolol (10 microM).
      Isoproterenol can elicit a substantial rise in cAMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2880936
TI  - The toxic effects of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion on cholinergic cells in
      the chicken retina.
AB  - The chicken retina has been used to examine the toxicity of a highly reactive
      chemical analog of choline, ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (ECMA).
      Following a single intravitreal injection, retinas were analyzed biochemically
      for CAT and AChE activities, and GABA, glycine, and dopamine levels. Retinas were
      also examined using histofluorescence for dopamine histochemistry, for AChE, and
      immunohistochemistry with antibodies to CAT, tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA, 5-HT,
      Leu-enkephalin, and somatostatin. A dose of 50 nmol ECMA caused a prolonged 70%
      depletion of CAT activity and a 40% depletion of AChE activity. The other
      biochemical parameters were unchanged. This result corresponds to the
      morphological finding that 2 populations of cholinergic cells were destroyed and
      that the AChE activity associated with their terminal arbors was lost. A third
      population of cholinergic cells, located towards the middle of the inner nuclear
      layer, was resistant to the toxic effects of ECMA. The other cell types, except
      for somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and photoreceptors, which showed transient
      effects, were unaffected. ECMA therefore appears to be a highly specific toxin
      for cholinergic cells in the retina.

PMID- 2880937
TI  - Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture.
AB  - The central neurotoxicity of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate
      has been postulated to participate in the pathogenesis of the neuronal cell loss
      associated with several neurological disease states, but the complexity of the
      intact nervous system has impeded detailed analysis of the phenomenon. In the
      present study, glutamate neurotoxicity was studied with novel precision in
      dissociated cell cultures prepared from the fetal mouse neocortex. Brief exposure
      to glutamate was found to produce morphological changes in mature cortical
      neurons beginning as quickly as 90 sec after exposure, followed by widespread
      neuronal degeneration over the next hours. Quantitative dose-toxicity study
      suggested an ED50 of 50-100 microM for a 5 min exposure to glutamate. Immature
      cortical neurons and glia were not injured by such exposures to glutamate. Uptake
      processes probably do not limit GNT in culture, as the uptake inhibitor
      dihydrokainate did not potentiate GNT. Possibly reflecting the lack of uptake
      limitation, glutamate was found to be actually more potent than kainate as a
      neurotoxin in these cultures, a dramatic reversal of the in vivo potency rank
      order. Some neurons regularly survived brief glutamate exposure; these possibly
      glutamate-resistant neurons had electrophysiologic properties, including
      chemosensitivity to glutamate, that were grossly similar to those of the original
      population.

PMID- 2880938
TI  - Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity.
AB  - The cellular mechanisms by which excess exposure to the excitatory
      neurotransmitter glutamate can produce neuronal injury are unknown. More than a
      decade ago it was hypothesized that glutamate neurotoxicity (GNT) is a direct
      consequence of excessive neuronal excitation ("excitotoxicity" hypothesis); more
      recently, it has been hypothesized that a Ca influx triggered by glutamate
      exposure might mediate GNT (Ca hypothesis). A basic test to discriminate between
      these hypotheses would be to determine the dependence of GNT on the extracellular
      ionic environment. The excitotoxicity hypothesis predicts that GNT should depend
      critically on the presence of extracellular Na, since that ion appears to mediate
      glutamate neuroexcitation in the CNS; the Ca hypothesis predicts that GNT should
      depend critically on the presence of extracellular Ca. The focus of the present
      experiments was to determine the effects of several alterations in the
      extracellular ionic environment upon the serial morphologic changes that occur
      after mouse neocortical neurons in cell culture receive toxic exposure to
      glutamate. The results suggest that GNT in cortical neurons can be separated into
      2 components distinguishable on the basis of differences in time course and ionic
      dependence. The first component, marked by neuronal swelling, occurs early, is
      dependent on extracellular Na and Cl, can be mimicked by high K, and is thus
      possibly "excitotoxic." The second component, marked by gradual neuronal
      disintegration, occurs late, is dependent on extracellular Ca, can be mimicked by
      A23187, and is thus possibly mediated by a transmembrane influx of Ca. While
      either component alone is ultimately capable of producing irreversible neuronal
      injury, the Ca-dependent mechanism predominates at lower exposures to glutamate.
      Glutamate exposure likely leads to a Ca influx both through glutamate-activated
      cation channels and through voltage-dependent Ca channels activated by membrane
      depolarization. Addition of 20 mM Mg, however, did not substantially block GNT;
      this finding, together with the observation that GNT is largely preserved in
      sodium-free solution, supports the notion that the activation of voltage
      dependent Ca channels may not be required for lethal Ca entry. The possibility
      that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may play a dominant role in mediating
      glutamate-induced lethal Ca influx is discussed.

PMID- 2880939
TI  - Synaptic functions in rat sympathetic neurons in microcultures. IV. Nonadrenergic
      excitation of cardiac myocytes and the variety of multiple-transmitter states.
AB  - In the first 3 papers of this series (Furshpan et al., 1986a, b; Potter et al.,
      1986), a sensitive microculture procedure was used to show that sympathetic
      principal neurons, dissociated from newborn or adult superior cervical ganglia
      and grown singly on cardiac myocytes, display adrenergic, cholinergic, and
      purinergic functions, sometimes in isolation but more often in combination. In
      this paper we describe additional effects on cardiac myocytes evoked by these
      neurons; the effects were excitatory and insensitive to adrenergic blocking
      agents (and to agents that block the inhibitory effects of acetylcholine and
      purines). In some of these microcultures, evidence consistent with secretion of
      serotonin was obtained; the nonadrenergic excitatory effect was diminished or
      abolished by serotonin blockers or reserpine. Further evidence for serotonergic
      transmission is presented in the accompanying paper by Sah and Matsumoto (1987).
      In other cases, an as-yet-unidentified agent "X" also produced a nonadrenergic
      excitation. The X effect characteristically required a prolonged train of
      neuronal impulses, had a time course of 50-200 sec, and was insensitive to agents
      that affected the other transmitters, including serotonin. In addition, we
      discuss 2 remarkable features of the transmitter repertoire of the microcultured
      sympathetic neurons: expression of the several transmitters in a variety of
      combinations, including at-least-quadruple function, and expression of the
      transmitters within a particular combination in varying relative strengths. The
      result is a diversity of transmitter release greater than that previously
      reported for vertebrate or invertebrate neurons.

PMID- 2880940
TI  - Proctolin in identified serotonergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic neurons in
      the lobster, Homarus americanus.
AB  - In order to explore the functions of the peptide proctolin in the lobster nervous
      system, 3 classes of neurons showing proctolin-like immunocytochemical staining
      were selected for study. These neurons were identified on the basis of
      physiological and/or morphological criteria, isolated by dissections, and
      analyzed with biochemical methods to determine whether they contained authentic
      proctolin and which classical neurotransmitters coexisted with the peptide. Pairs
      of large proctolin-immunoreactive neurons in fifth thoracic and first abdominal
      ganglia were identified as serotonin-immunoreactive neurons (Beltz and Kravitz,
      1983, 1987) by staining serial sections of the ganglia alternately with the 2
      antisera. Physiologically identified cells, dissected from the ganglia and
      analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), contained
      approximately 20 microM proctolin and 0.5 mM serotonin. A large proctolin
      immunoreactive neuron in the circumesophageal ganglion was identified as the
      lobster homolog of a dopaminergic neurosecretory cell found in other crustaceans
      (Cooke and Goldstone, 1970). The large lobster cell stained with antityrosine
      hydroxylase antiserum, and synthesized 3H-dopamine from 3H-tyrosine. Dissected
      cell bodies, analyzed by HPLC, contained approximately 25 microM proctolin.
      Proctolin-immunoreactive sensory neurons were identified as large stained fibers
      that terminated in sensory dendrites of the oval organ mechanoreceptor in the
      scaphognathite (Pasztor, 1979; Pasztor and Bush, 1982). The largest sensory fiber
      was isolated for biochemical studies. It synthesized 3H-acetylcholine from 3H
      choline and, by HPLC analysis, was found to contain approximately 3 microM
      proctolin. Thus, proctolin coexists with different conventional transmitters in
      several classes of identified lobster neurons. Investigations of the actions of
      proctolin in these different contexts should contribute to a more complete
      understanding of the diverse functions of neuropeptides and their roles as
      cotransmitters.

PMID- 2880941
TI  - Development of neurotransmitter metabolism in embryos of the leech Haementeria
      ghilianii.
AB  - We have investigated the development of neurotransmitter metabolism in embryos of
      the glossiphoniid leech Haementeria ghilianii. The neurotransmitter content of
      dissected embryonic tissues was measured by means of radioenzymatic assays, while
      the presence of neurotransmitters in individual identified neurons was detected
      by means of immunocytochemical and monoamine histofluorescence techniques. The
      capacity for synthesis of neurotransmitters was measured by incubating dissected
      embryonic tissues in radiolabeled neurotransmitter precursors. A specific
      neurotransmitter uptake system present in some neurons was detected by means of
      an autoradiographic technique. At an early stage of development of the nervous
      system, when most neurons are just beginning process outgrowth, the nerve cord
      acquires the capacity to synthesize ACh, 5-HT, and GABA from their immediate
      precursors, and contains ACh. Moreover, 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons and neurons
      that are capable of GABA uptake can be identified. Dopamine-containing neurons
      are first detected by their histofluorescence at a slightly later stage, after
      process outgrowth is under way. As development continues, the content of and
      capacity for synthesis of these neurotransmitters increase, as does the number of
      neurons capable of GABA uptake. During the earlier stages of development, ACh
      content exceeds 5-HT content, which in turn exceeds dopamine content. By the end
      of embryogenesis, however, 5-HT and dopamine contents have greatly increased
      relative to ACh content, with 5-HT content exceeding ACh content by a factor of
      2. Of the neurotransmitters thus far studied, 5-HT is present in the highest
      amount in the juvenile and adult nerve cord. Our results indicate that in the
      development of the leech nervous system neurotransmitter metabolism is one of the
      first neuronal characters to differentiate and that the subsequent levels of the
      different neurotransmitters are differentially regulated.

PMID- 2880942
TI  - MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): proceedings of the conference. May 17
      18, 1986, Oakland, California.

PMID- 2880943
TI  - The background and chemistry of MDMA.

PMID- 2880944
TI  - Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic
      hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens.

PMID- 2880945
TI  - The biology of human information processing.

PMID- 2880946
TI  - Subjective reports of the effects of MDMA in a clinical setting.

PMID- 2880947
TI  - Meetings at the edge with Adam: a man for all seasons?

PMID- 2880948
TI  - The psychological and physiological effects of MDMA on normal volunteers.
AB  - The experimental subjects were older than the average general population, more
      educated and considerably experienced in drug use. They considered themselves to
      have benefited by their MDMA experience, with no evidence of harm. There were
      moderate, consistent biochemical, cardiovascular and neurobehavioral changes
      within normal limits that peaked between one and two hours following ingestion,
      returning to predrug levels within 24 hours. This experimental situation produced
      no observed or reported psychological or physiological damage, either during the
      24-hour study period or during the three-month follow-up period. While the
      subjects are not typical of the general population, the findings support the
      general impression among knowledgeable professionals that MDMA is reasonably
      safe, produces positive mood changes in users, does not cause negative problems
      (if used sparingly and episodically) and is without evidence of abuse. Certainly,
      any drug that causes ataxia, elevates blood pressure and pulse is potentially
      unsafe. One can say little about safety when effects and side effects are studied
      for only 24 hours and then a blood cytology is obtained after three months. In
      this study, safety must exclude long-term toxicity. Not enough is known about
      MDMA's long-range effects other than information from random anecdotal evidence
      supplied by a few clinicians plus self-reports by unselected and unsupervised
      users. From the information presented here, one can only say that MDMA, at the
      doses tested, has remarkably consistent and predictable psychological effects
      that are transient and free of clinically apparent major toxicity. The
      experimental subjects believed that MDMA is both safe and beneficial, but there
      is insufficient evidence to accurately judge either the drug's potential harm or
      benefit.

PMID- 2880950
TI  - MDMA. Nonmedical use and intoxication.

PMID- 2880949
TI  - MDMA. The dark side of ecstasy.

PMID- 2880951
TI  - MDMA and human sexual function.

PMID- 2880952
TI  - Some considerations on the prevalence of MDMA use.

PMID- 2880953
TI  - MDMA on the street: Analysis Anonymous.

PMID- 2880954
TI  - Controls over the manufacture of MDMA.

PMID- 2880955
TI  - MDMA reconsidered.

PMID- 2880956
TI  - Juvenile Graves disease: usefulness and limitations of thyrotropin receptor
      antibody determinations.
AB  - Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) were measured in serum from 49 patients
      with active and inactive juvenile Graves disease, and the results were compared
      with values from control subjects and patients with Hashimoto disease. With a
      thyrotropin binding inhibition immunoglobulin (TBII) assay, TRAb were found in
      serum from 25 (93%) of 27 patients with untreated, active Graves disease. The
      TRAb values remained positive in 20 (72%) of 29 patients during the first 6
      months of antithyroid therapy and in 13 (54%) of 24 patients during the second 6
      months. After discontinuation of antithyroid therapy, 15 patients experienced 18
      episodes of relapse of thyrotoxicosis; during relapse TRAb values were positive
      in all but one patient. Among 19 patients who remained clinically and
      biochemically euthyroid after cessation of antithyroid therapy, TRAb were not
      detected in 28 (78%) of 36 serum specimens. Of the eight positive values from six
      patients, no antiidiotypic antibodies were found, and thyroid stimulating
      immunoglobulins (TSI) were not detected in four specimens. The TRAb determination
      correctly predicted the subsequent clinical course in 26 (72%) of 36 patients.
      Furthermore, TRAb values and results of triiodothyronine suppression tests were
      in agreement in 27 of 36 patients, or 75% of the time. TSI were present in serum
      from only 19 (73%) of 26 patients with active disease; however, TSI were negative
      in all patients with inactive Graves disease. During the management of Graves
      disease, TRAb measurements by TBII determinations are valuable in the diagnosis
      of active disease, assist in the decision to discontinue antithyroid drug
      therapy, and are useful as the T3 suppression test to predict the clinical course
      of the disease. The TSI measurement is most useful to determine the activity of
      the disease when TRAb values are positive in a euthyroid patient.

PMID- 2880957
TI  - The nature of the oil phase and the release of solutes from multiple (w/o/w)
      emulsions.
AB  - The effect of the nature of the oil phase of w/o/w emulsions stabilized by
      interfacial complexation between span 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) and albumin has
      been studied. The long-term stability of the systems has been assessed by
      photomicrography and by measuring the quantity of an internal marker (NaCl)
      remaining entrapped with time. The number of multiple oil drops and the diameters
      of the internal aqueous droplets were determined over 6 weeks, and the amounts of
      NaCl entrapped over the same period were followed. There were no significant
      changes in w/o/w emulsions prepared with a range of hydrocarbons (octane,
      dodecane, hexadecane, toluene and cyclohexane), indicating stable multiple
      emulsions. The release of NaCl and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) separately entrapped in
      the internal aqueous phase of w/o/w emulsions was measured. Diffusion of the un
      ionized species of 5-FU across the oil phase or through localized thin oil
      lamellae is the primary transport mechanism. In the presence of surface active
      agents, water is solubilized in inverse micelles which would possess the ability
      to solubilize other water-soluble components, such as NaCl and 5-FU. The mixed
      inverse micellar units of Span 80 and polysorbate (Tween) 80 therefore act as
      solute carriers across the liquid hydrocarbon membrane separating the two aqueous
      phases of the emulsions. The main factor in determining the differences in rates
      of release from the hydrocarbon emulsions appears to be the droplet size of the
      internal aqueous phase.

PMID- 2880958
TI  - Ultrasonically mediated solute permeation through polymer barriers.
AB  - The effects of ultrasound on the permeation of benzoic acid through
      polydimethylsiloxane, and hydrocortisone through cellulose was investigated.
      Ultrasonic irradiation resulted in a 23% increase in the permeability coefficient
      of hydrocortisone in a cellulose film. A 14% increase in permeability coefficient
      was observed for benzoic acid in a polydimethylsiloxane film. The effects of
      ultrasound on stagnant aqueous diffusion layers, membrane-solution interfacial
      temperature, membrane integrity, and diffusant stability were investigated. These
      factors were not responsible for the observed increases in permeability.

PMID- 2880959
TI  - A platelet-aggregating and hypotensive phospholipid isolated from bovine brain.
AB  - A phospholipid that differs from known active lipids and causes potent platelet
      aggregation and weak hypotension has been isolated from bovine brain. Its
      platelet aggregating effect on heparinized platelet-rich plasma from rabbits, was
      at a threshold concentration of about 0.2 nmol ml-1 as phosphorus. The effect was
      inhibited by CV-3988. The phospholipid was converted by diazomethane treatment to
      another active lipid that caused short-term hypotension, but not platelet
      aggregation, rather it inhibited the aggregation of rabbit heparinized platelets
      induced by platelet-activating factor.

PMID- 2880960
TI  - Antipyrine kinetics following partial blood exchange with Fluosol-DA in the rat.
AB  - The effects of partial blood exchange with Fluosol-DA on hepatic microsomal
      oxidative metabolism have been studied in the rat. Antipyrine clearance (Cl) was
      used as an in-vivo measure of the activity of the mixed function oxidase system.
      Rats were partially exchanged with Fluosol-DA and dosed with antipyrine at
      selected time intervals following exchange. No change in antipyrine Cl was
      observed at 0.5 h, but there was a statistically significant decrease at 24 h and
      then an increase by more than 50% relative to control at 48 and 72 h. These data
      indicate that the effects of Fluosol-DA on hepatic function are time-dependent
      and that Fluosol-DA has the potential both to inhibit and to enhance hepatic
      metabolism. The possibility of altered hepatic metabolism should be considered
      when patients transfused with Fluosol-DA are given drugs primarily metabolized by
      the mixed function oxidase system.

PMID- 2880961
TI  - Comparison of bioavailability in man of tamoxifen after oral and rectal
      administration.
AB  - The bioavailability of tamoxifen from 40 mg suppositories was tested in six male
      volunteers and compared with that of tamoxifen (Nolvadex) tablets. Plasma
      concentrations of tamoxifen and its major metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and N
      desmethyltamoxifen, were measured by extraction from plasma obtained at different
      times after administration, separated by HPLC, converted on-line to fluorescent
      phenanthrene derivatives and quantified with a fluorescence detector. The mean
      relative bioavailability from the suppositories was 28%; the addition of a
      surfactive agent diminished the bioavailability to 13%. Simulation of repeated
      administration of 40 mg suppositories suggests a mean steady state plasma
      concentration for tamoxifen of approximately 70 ng ml-1, i.e. 30% of the steady
      state value after simulated oral administration. Rectal administration of
      tamoxifen leads to a lower bioavailability than that by oral administration and
      therefore cannot be recommended when used in equivalent doses.

PMID- 2880962
TI  - The use of [3H]vasopressin for in-vivo studies of controlled delivery from an
      Accurel/collodion device in the Brattleboro rat.
AB  - Accurel polypropylene/collodion controlled drug-delivery devices containing 22
      micrograms [3H]vasopressin (VP) were implanted s.c. in VP-deficient Brattleboro
      rats. This caused a decrease in their urine production for at least 50 days, at
      which time the Accurel device was removed. Release of VP was followed by
      measurements of tritium radioactivity and by radioimmunoassay of VP in the urine.
      These parameters showed a constant pattern during the whole period. After re
      implantation of the Accurel devices in another group of Brattleboro rats, release
      of VP continued to give the same level of urine production as during the last
      period of the first implantation. It is concluded that release of VP in-vivo is
      not influenced by encapsulation of the Accurel polymer by connective tissue, or
      that adaptation of the kidney adds to the maintenance of the urine production at
      this low level. In-vivo release rate is calculated to be about 1% of the original
      load each day. The in-vitro release in a flow cell system appeared to produce the
      same release rate which indicates that these data have a predictive value for the
      in-vivo situation.

PMID- 2880963
TI  - Investigation of the antimuscarinic and other actions of proadifen in-vitro.
AB  - The possibility that proadifen (SKF 525A) antagonizes endothelium-dependent
      relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) in isolated blood vessel preparations via a
      muscarinic receptor blocking action has been investigated. In phenylephrine
      contracted rat isolated aortic ring preparations (with endothelium), proadifen
      (10-100 microM) shifts ACh relaxant curves to the right without affecting the
      maximal response, yet endothelium-dependent relaxations to ATP are unaffected. At
      lower concentrations, proadifen (1-10 microM) antagonizes negative inotropic
      responses to ACh and ATP in guinea-pig left atria, antagonizes contractile
      responses to ACh and elevated [K+] in guinea-pig ileal preparations, displaces (
      )-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate from muscarinic binding sites in membrane
      homogenates of guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and reduces contractile
      responses to elevated [K+] in rat aortic ring preparations. It is concluded that
      proadifen may possess complex interactions with muscarinic receptors and Ca2+
      entry blocking properties in concentrations 10-100 times lower than those
      reported to inhibit cytochrome P450-catalysed reactions.

PMID- 2880965
TI  - [3H]SCH 23390 identifies D-1 binding sites in rat striatum and other brain areas.
AB  - The specific in-vitro binding of [3H]SCH 23390 has been characterized and its use
      in the identification of D-1 sites in various brain regions examined. At a single
      ligand concentration (0.4 nM) the specific binding of [3H]SCH 23390 to striatal
      membranes was routinely 98% of total binding as defined using 10(-5) M cis
      flupenthixol. Specific binding at 37 degrees C reached equilibrium at 15 min and
      was reversible with a t1/2 for dissociation of 14 min. Specific binding of
      [3H]SCH 23390 over a range of concentrations (0.01-3.5 nM) was saturable (Bmax 73
      pmol g tissue-1) of high affinity (Kd 0.36 nM) and to a single population of
      binding sites. Specifically bound [3H]SCH 23390 (0.4 M) was stereo selectively
      displaced by the isomers of butaclamol and flupenthixol but not by the D-2
      selective antagonist, sulpiride. 5-HT, noradrenaline and cinanserin caused little
      or no displacement. Specific binding of [3H]SCH 22390 (0.4 nM; as defined using
      10(-5) M cis-flupenthixol) showed marked regional variation. Specific binding was
      highest in the striatum; high levels were also observed in the mesolimbic area
      and substantia nigra. Lower specific binding was found in the frontal cortex and
      superior colliculus with the lowest levels in cerebellar preparations. The
      inclusion of 3 X 10(-7) M cinanserin did not alter the extent of specific binding
      observed in any brain region. The properties of [3H]SCH 23390 suggest it to be an
      excellent ligand for identification of D-1 sites in a variety of brain regions.

PMID- 2880964
TI  - Calculated and actual changes in beta-adrenoceptor number associated with
      increases in rat and guinea-pig cardiac sensitivity.
AB  - Chronic catecholamine depletion induced by reserpine pretreatment of rats, or 6
      hydroxydopamine pretreatment of guinea-pigs, resulted in an enhanced sensitivity
      of isolated papillary muscles to isoprenaline. This hypersensitivity was
      accompanied by 1.41-(rats) and 1.52-fold (guinea-pigs) increases in the number of
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites, without changes in binding affinity. An
      equation was derived for calculation of increases in receptor number. Application
      of this showed that substantially greater increases in receptor number were
      required (2.32- to 4.04-fold) to account for the degree of supersensitivity
      observed.

PMID- 2880966
TI  - N-formylpenicillamine and penicillamine as degradation products of penicillins in
      solution.
AB  - The degradation of several penicillins in unbuffered aqueous solution produces N
      formylpenicillamine, in some cases in high yield. Very little or no penicillamine
      is formed under these conditions. N-Formylpenicillamine was produced from
      benzylpenicillin at pH values between 2.5 and 7, with a maximum yield of 30% at
      pH 5, whereas penicillamine was produced only at pH 5 or below in a yield of less
      than 1%. Benzylpenicillenic acid at pH 5 gave a 20% yield of N
      formylpenicillamine and no penicillamine whereas benzylpenicilloic, penilloic and
      penillic acids gave no N-formylpenicillamine and a small amount of penicillamine.

PMID- 2880967
TI  - Determination of cotinine in biological fluids of non-smokers by packed column
      gas-liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method is described for the analysis of cotinine in plasma, saliva and urine
      using packed-column gas-liquid chromatography, which is sufficiently sensitive
      and reproducible for quantitative study of the low levels resulting from exposure
      of non-smokers to other people's smoke. The lower limit of detection of cotinine
      in these fluids was 100 pg ml-1. The coefficient of variation over the range 0.25
      to 2.0 ng ml-1 averaged 7.7%. In a sample of 85 non-smokers the concentrations of
      cotinine in plasma correlated 0.82 with those in urine and saliva, while the
      correlation between the saliva and urine concentrations was 0.91. Saliva cotinine
      concentrations were quantitatively related to passive exposure to parental
      smoking in a population study of 569 non-smoking schoolchildren.

PMID- 2880968
TI  - Acute effect of nicotine on the striatal dopaminergic system in the rat.
AB  - The acute effects of nicotine (1.5 mg kg-1 day-1) on the striatal dopaminergic
      system have been examined in the rat. Twenty-four hours after nicotine treatment,
      spontaneous locomotor activity in response to apomorphine or (+)-amphetamine and
      the binding of [3H]spiperone to striatal particulates were determined.
      Pretreatment of nicotine did not alter the characteristics of [3H]spiperone
      binding to striatal dopamine receptors. The nicotine treatment did not affect the
      apomorphine-induced locomotor activity, however, the (+)-amphetamine-stimulated
      locomotor activity was attenuated. These results suggest that nicotine acutely
      alters the presynaptic dopaminergic activity without significantly affecting the
      postsynaptic dopaminergic function.

PMID- 2880969
TI  - The effect of sodium deoxycholate given by gavage with heparin on the histology
      of the intestinal mucosa of the rat.
AB  - To gain direct insight into the mechanism of sodium deoxycholate (DOC)-induced
      enhancement of gastroenteral heparin absorption in rats, we performed light and
      electron microscopic examination of the mucosa of the small intestine of animals
      treated orally with DOC, heparin or DOC plus heparin. The sole morphological
      change observed after DOC and DOC plus heparin administration was a marked
      reduction in the length and distribution of glycocalyx filaments on the
      microvilli of epithelial cells. The morphological picture had reverted to normal
      after 24 h, when the promotion of enteral heparin absorption by DOC is greatly
      reduced. Thus, we suggest that DOC may promote the enteral absorption of heparin
      in rats by affecting some as yet unidentified barrier mechanism requiring
      glycocalyx integrity.

PMID- 2880970
TI  - On the binding of cinmetacin and indomethacin to human serum albumin.
AB  - The binding of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and
      cinmetacin, to human serum albumin was studied by dynamic dialysis at 37 degrees
      C and pH 7.4. Cinmetacin is bound more than indomethacin. The affinity constant
      for the primary binding site is 4.28 X 10(6) M-1 for cinmetacin and 1.4 X 10(6) M
      1 for indomethacin. The protein binding of indomethacin is decreased in the
      presence of cinmetacin.

PMID- 2880971
TI  - Disposition of aprophen in rats.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of [14C]aprophen and its distribution were determined after
      intravenous administration to rats. The drug was distributed rapidly with a t1/2
      (alpha) of 4 min to highly perfused organs like the brain, kidney and adrenals.
      An elimination phase was apparent 10 min after injection with a t1/2 (beta) of
      23.5 min. The high plasma clearance of the drug was due both to a large volume of
      distribution and to a high metabolic rate. Aprophen could be hydrolysed to
      diphenylpropionic acid and diethylaminoethanol in-vivo and in-vitro.
      Diethylaminoethanol competed with [3H]QNB binding to muscarinic receptors of
      N4TG1 cells, whereas diphenylpropionic acid did not. The lower plasma
      concentrations and lower binding activity of diethylaminoethanol compared with
      aprophen indicate that unchanged aprophen is largely responsible for the in-vivo
      actions.

PMID- 2880972
TI  - Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of clonazepam in mice: no concurrent
      change in plasma concentration.
AB  - Clonazepam was administered for 10 or more days on three different dose regimens
      (0.5, 0.25 and 0.08 mg kg-1 twice daily) to mice given pentetrazol by slow
      intravenous infusion. Plasma concentrations of clonazepam were assayed by high
      performance liquid chromatography. Tolerance developed to the anticonvulsant
      effect of clonazepam at all doses but was incomplete and could be overcome by
      increasing the dose. With the 0.5 and 0.25 mg kg-1 regimens there was no
      significant change in the drug plasma concentrations during development of
      tolerance; on the lowest dose, levels were below the limits of accurate
      detection. Anticonvulsant tolerance does not seem to be the result of a
      disturbance in clonazepam metabolism.

PMID- 2880973
TI  - Functional evidence for altered activity of GABAergic receptors following chronic
      desipramine treatment in rats.
AB  - The antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazol[5,4
      c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) or (+/-)-baclofen, measured as reaction time of rats placed
      on a plate heated to 55 degrees C, was assessed after a single or the last
      repeated (18 consecutive days) dose (5 mg kg-1 once daily) of subcutaneous
      desipramine. Baclofen (10 mg kg-1)-induced antinociception was reduced by acute
      and unaffected by chronic desipramine treatment. On the contrary, THIP (20 mg kg
      1)-induced antinociception was unaffected by acute and reduced by chronic
      desipramine.

PMID- 2880974
TI  - Early inflammatory response to carrageenan in the pleural cavity and paw of rats
      with altered body temperature.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) migration and oedema induced by carrageenan in
      the pleural cavity and paw, respectively, of rats made hyper- or hypothermic by
      physical and chemical means have been investigated. In rats placed in a warm
      environment to produce a rise in body temperature, carrageenan caused a moderate
      but significant increase in PMNL migration compared with the control animals.
      Opposite effects were obtained with hypothermic animals kept in a cold
      environment. While hyperthermia produced by amphetamine did not alter the PMNL
      migration, chlorpromazine-induced hypothermia caused a fall in the number of
      these cells present in the pleural cavity following carrageenan. Both hyper- and
      hypothermias, whether induced by physical or chemical means, inhibited the
      carrageenan paw oedema. The observed changes in the PMNL numbers in the pleural
      cavity did not reflect their numbers in the peripheral circulation. Results
      indicate that while a rise or a fall in body temperature may have opposite
      effects on PMNL migration, in carrageenan inflammation both conditions inhibit
      oedema formation.

PMID- 2880975
TI  - The influence of degradable starch microspheres on liver uptake of 5-fluorouracil
      after hepatic artery injection in the rat.
AB  - The effect of degradable starch microspheres (DSM) on the distribution of 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) after hepatic artery injection was studied in normal rats.
      Carbon-14-labelled 5-FU was injected separately or together with DSM into the
      hepatic artery. Radioactivity was measured in liver tissue, bile, peripheral
      blood, and urine. When microspheres were added, the liver uptake of 5-FU was
      increased; its peak concentration in peripheral blood decreased, as did the early
      urinary excretion of radioactivity. The addition of degradable starch
      microspheres to hepatic artery injections of cytostatic drugs might be of value
      in increasing the drug concentration in tumour tissue and reducing systemic
      toxicity.

PMID- 2880976
TI  - Some factors affecting the release of imipramine from gel-precipitated aluminium
      hydroxide spheres.
AB  - Changing the pH of the dissolution medium has been found to affect the release of
      imipramine from gel-precipitated aluminium hydroxide spheres. Release from
      unwashed, unheated spheres into solutions of pH 1.2 was controlled by dissolution
      of the gel matrix, whereas that into solutions of pH 3 and pH 5 appeared to be
      under diffusion control. The liberation of drug from unwashed, heated spheres
      into the media of higher pH exhibited more complex kinetics. Washed spheres
      failed to release significant amounts of imipramine into the solutions of pH 3
      and 5. Changing the ionic strength of the media had little effect on drug
      release. These phenomena have been explained with reference to model theories of
      the precipitation and ageing of aluminum hydroxide gels and their pH-solubility
      profiles.

PMID- 2880977
TI  - Changes in glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes in human erythrocytes and
      lymphocytes with age.
AB  - The levels of glutathione (GSH) and the activities of glutathione S-transferases
      (GST) and glutathione reductase (GSR) in human erythrocytes and lymphocytes were
      determined in three age groups (5-12, 25-40, 65-83 years). The levels of GSH in
      lymphocytes increased with age, however, its levels in erythrocytes reached a
      maximum in the middle age group. The activity of GST in erythrocytes and
      lymphocytes changed as a function of age in a pattern similar to the changes
      found for GSH levels. GSR activity increased from young to middle age in both
      erythrocytes and lymphocytes, but decreased again in the old age group.

PMID- 2880978
TI  - Identification of two metabolites of the cholinesterase reactivator HI-6 isolated
      from rat urine.
AB  - Two metabolites, isolated from the urine of rats given the cholinesterase
      reactivator HI-6 intravenously, still contained quaternary nitrogen atoms and
      therefore could not be extracted from aqueous solutions by organic solvents. Both
      metabolites were isolated by preparative high performance liquid chromatography
      and were identified using mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, infrared
      spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectrometry. The structures were confirmed by in-vitro preparation of the
      compounds. both metabolites contained 2-pyridone moieties. One had an intact
      pyridinium-aldoxime moiety, and therefore could still be therapeutically active.
      The excretion of unchanged HI-6 together with the two identified metabolites does
      not provide for a 100% mass balance, indicating that in the rat, other, as yet
      unidentified, metabolites must be formed.

PMID- 2880979
TI  - In-vivo studies of amphotericin B liposomes derived from proliposomes: effect of
      formulation on toxicity and tissue disposition of the drug in mice.
AB  - The repeat dose toxicity of various liposomal formulations containing
      amphotericin B has been determined in mice. In general, small liposomes (e.g. 100
      150 nm) were found to be more toxic than their large counterparts (e.g. about
      2000 nm). However, the repeat dose toxicity of small liposomes could be
      diminished substantially by the inclusion of sterol (i.e. ergosterol) into the
      liposomal membranes. Tissue accumulation studies of amphotericin B after repeat
      dosing may be a useful adjunct to formulation development.

PMID- 2880980
TI  - Central dopamine receptors and their role in digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity in
      the dog.
AB  - The role of the dopaminergic system in digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity has been
      examined. Specific dopaminergic agonists and antagonists were administered into
      the ventriculocisternal system of pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs before
      systemic administration of digoxin. Pretreatment with apomorphine, a specific
      dopamine agonist, did not significantly alter the arrhythmogenic or lethal doses
      of digoxin. However, the digoxin-induce increase in CSF noradrenaline was
      decreased significantly in apomorphine-pretreated animals. Pretreatment with
      pimozide, a specific dopamine antagonist, significantly decreased the
      arrhythmogenic dose of digoxin but did not alter the lethal dose. As with
      apomorphine, pimozide-pretreated animals accumulated significantly less
      noradrenaline in CSF compared with control dogs. These results suggest that
      dopamine receptors are not directly related to the cardiotoxic actions of
      digoxin. However, dopaminergic receptors may influence the balance of central
      catecholaminergic systems that influence the peripheral cardiovascular system.

PMID- 2880981
TI  - Experimental pharmacological study of moroxybrate, a hypolipidaemic,
      antithrombotic, antiatheromatous agent.
AB  - Moroxybrate, a drug obtained by the reaction of clofibric acid with moroxydine, a
      biguanide with practically no effect on carbohydrate metabolism, has been
      examined for its effects on blood lipids, fibrinogen, in-vitro platelet
      aggregation, and also on experimental atherosclerotic lesions obtained by feeding
      the rabbits a diet containing 1% cholesterol. At the same dose, moroxybrate has
      an effect at least equal to those of clofibrate and moroxydine alone, on the
      lipidic parameters and haemostasis in rat and rabbit. The combination of these
      actions together with an effect on the prevention of experimental atherosclerosis
      lesions in the rabbit suggests moroxybrate should be examined for its effects in
      ischaemic cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2880982
TI  - The antagonistic effect of morphine on rhein-stimulated fluid, electrolyte and
      glucose movements in guinea-pig perfused colon.
AB  - Rhein (1,8-dihydroxy-3-carboxyanthraquinone), in a concentration of 6 X 10(-4)M,
      inhibits water absorption from the colon and causes a net transfer of fluid and
      electrolyte into the intestinal lumen. Morphine (4 X 10(-4)M) counteracted the
      water and electrolyte secretion. Prior perfusion with morphine protected the
      large intestine from the laxative effect of a rhein perfusion. Differences in
      absorption rate of 99mTc-EDTA, a poorly absorbable marker, were found, as
      morphine caused nearly all radioactive compound to be retained in the colon,
      while rhein significantly facilitated the transfer of marker from colon through
      mucosal barrier to blood. The route followed by the 99mTc-EDTA complex was not
      the same as that followed by water, suggesting that 99mTc-EDTA travels by a
      paracellular route. Morphine counteracted the inhibition of Na+ absorption caused
      by rhein and antagonized the massive loss of K+ incurred by the presence of rhein
      in the colon. Cl- absorption is reversed to secretion in the presence of rhein
      while normal values were restored by morphine. Neither the HCO-3 content nor the
      pH were affected by either drug. Active absorption of glucose was completely
      blocked in the presence of rhein; the block could be antagonized by morphine.

PMID- 2880983
TI  - Solubilization kinetics of n-alkanes by a non-ionic surfactant.
AB  - The rates of solubilization of a homologous series of n-alkanes (CnH2n + 2; n = 8
      16) into micellar solutions of n-dodecyl hexaoxyethylene glycol ether (C12E6)
      have been measured at 298 K. A mechanism involving a micellar dissociation
      association process previously proposed was found to give an adequate description
      of the data. Proportionality between the micellar solubilization capacity in the
      kinetic process and that found at equilibrium could be inferred for such a series
      of solubilizates which have the same locus of solubilization and packing
      requirements.

PMID- 2880984
TI  - The effect of polycarbophil on the gastric emptying of pellets.
AB  - The influence of the putative bioadhesive, polycarbophil, on the gastric emptying
      of a pellet formulation, has been investigated in three fasted subjects. The
      pellets were radiolabelled with technetium-99m. Gastric emptying was measured
      using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. The pellets emptied from the stomach
      rapidly and in an exponential manner. Polycarbophil did not retard the gastric
      emptying of the pellets.

PMID- 2880985
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of ampicillin and its metabolites in human
      urine by postcolumn alkaline degradation.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the
      determination of ampicillin (I) and its metabolites [5R,6R)-penicilloate (II),
      the (5S,6R)-epimer (III), and piperazine-2,5-dione (IV)) in human urine. The
      assay was based on the measurement of the absorbance at 300 nm following the
      postcolumn alkaline degradation with 0.75 M sodium hydroxide, 2 X 10(-3) M
      mercuric chloride, and 1 X 10(-2) M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt
      in solution. The limits of accurate determination were 0.5 microgram mL-1 for I,
      2.0 microgram mL-1 for II and III, and 1.0 microgram mL-1 for IV in neat urine
      samples with a 10 microL injection. At concentrations of compounds I-IV of 5
      micrograms mL-1, within- and between-run precisions were 1.10-4.03% and 0.93
      2.34%, respectively. The urinary levels of I and its metabolites were quantified
      by the proposed method.

PMID- 2880986
TI  - A quantitative assessment of the reactivity of the fatty alcohols with cetrimide
      using immersion calorimetry.
AB  - The reactivity of the fatty alcohols with cetrimide has been quantitatively
      assessed using immersion calorimetry. In all cases the reaction was endothermic
      i.e. it had a positive enthalpy. For the n-alcohols the reactivity, as evaluated
      by the rate of enthalpy change, decreased with increasing chain length although
      branching on the tetradecanol and hexadecanol resulted in a higher reactivity.
      Adding 1-octadecanol to 1-hexadecanol resulted in an increased reactivity rising
      to a maximum for mixtures containing 20-40% w/w 1-octadecanol. The results have
      been interpreted in terms of the polymorphic form of the alcohol.

PMID- 2880987
TI  - Lipid vehicles for intestinal lymphatic drug absorption.
AB  - The lipoprotein fractions in mesenteric lymph were monitored following
      intraduodenal administration of arachis oil and oleic, linoleic and linolenic
      fatty acids to rats. An increase in the chylomicron fraction, but not the VLDL or
      LDL fraction, was observed with each lipid. The greater the degree of
      unsaturation of the fatty acid, the more rapid the onset of chylomicron
      synthesis. The administration of linoleic acid and arachis oil produced the
      highest concentration of chylomicrons in the lymph. These results reflect
      differences in the rate of absorption and biochemical metabolism of the lipids
      and have implications for the selection of vehicles for the delivery of drugs by
      the lymphatic route.

PMID- 2880988
TI  - The topical anti-inflammatory effects of a topical preparation of meclofenamic
      acid on carrageenan-induced footpad swelling in mice.
AB  - A topical preparation of meclofenamic acid (Meclomen) was tested for anti
      inflammatory activity in a murine model of carrageenan footpad oedema. The
      preparation significantly inhibited swelling when applied to the carrageenan
      injected paw. Maximum inhibition was observed 4-5 h after carrageenan injection.
      The topical effects could not be attributed to systemic absorption because the
      preparation was more inhibitory when applied topically to the carrageenan
      injected paw than to a distant site or orally.

PMID- 2880990
TI  - Effects of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) on aggregation of human blood platelets.
AB  - The effects were examined of the universal solvent dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) on
      human platelet aggregatory activity, in-vitro, of the endogenous mediators ADP,
      adrenaline, arachidonic acid, collagen and PAF-acether which are believed to play
      important roles in cardiovascular diseases in man. DMSO inhibited aggregation
      induced by all of the mediators in the order ADP greater than adrenaline =
      arachidonic acid = PAF-acether greater than collagen. Since DMSO is widely used
      as a solvent for drug substances, an awareness of its intrinsic activity in any
      such evaluations is essential.

PMID- 2880991
TI  - The effect of digoxin dosage on the digoxin-quinidine interaction in the bile
      duct-cannulated rat.
AB  - Pretreating anaesthetized bile duct-cannulated rats with 9 mg kg-1 quinidine
      significantly decreased the cumulative biliary excretion of digoxin and its
      metabolites after 10 or 100 micrograms kg-1 [3H]digoxin, although the effect was
      more marked in animals receiving the high dose of digoxin. In contrast, however,
      although quinidine pretreatment raised plasma radioactivity levels by 50-80% in
      animals given the higher dose of digoxin, no significant effect on circulating
      plasma levels was observed in rats receiving 10 micrograms kg-1 digoxin.
      Generally, quinidine had no statistically significant effect on other aspects of
      digoxin disposition, although with both digoxin doses there were trends towards a
      reduction in the direct intestinal secretion and urinary excretion of digoxin
      derived radioactivity with an increase in tissue levels of radioactivity (apart
      from the small intestine wall where concentrations were reduced). The
      radioactivity in the bile after 100 or 10 micrograms kg-1 digoxin comprised about
      25 and 33% of digoxin and digoxigenin bis-digitoxoside, respectively, as well as
      appreciable amounts of the monodigitoxoside and a highly polar component. This
      metabolite profile was unaffected by quinidine. The influence of cardiac
      glycoside dosage shown by the present work indicates that the digoxin-quinidine
      interaction and possibly analogous interactions involving other cardiac
      glycosides, may not always be readily detectable from plasma concentration data.

PMID- 2880989
TI  - Effects of microiontophoretic pentobarbitone on conditioned inhibitions mediated
      by GABA-A receptors in the cuneate nucleus of the rat in-vivo.
AB  - We have studied the effects of microiontophoretic sodium pentobarbitone on the
      conditioned inhibition of the negative potential (N-wave) evoked in the cuneate
      nucleus of the rat bv electrical stimulation (5 V, 0.2 ms, 0.5 Hz) of the
      ipsilateral forepaw. Five- or seven-barelled micropipettes were used, the tip
      being placed at a depth of 600-900 micron below the dorsal surface of the medulla
      oblongata. The conditioned inhibition was elicited by a previous identical
      stimulus. When the interval between the stimuli is shorter than about 40 ms
      (short duration) the inhibition is thought to be mediated by gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA), acting on GABA-A receptors. When it is longer (long duration
      conditioned inhibition) GABA-A receptors are not thought to be involved.
      Microiontophoretic sodium pentobarbitone potentiated both short (15 ms) and long
      (45 ms) duration conditioned inhibitions. The effect was current-dependent and
      appeared whether or not the first N-wave was depressed. Microiontophoretic
      application of (-)-bicuculline methiodide (a GABA-A antagonist) reduced the
      potentiation by pentobarbitone up to the basal inhibition when the interval
      between the stimuli was 45 ms or longer and to a greater extent when it was 30 ms
      or shorter. It seems likely that pentobarbitone prolongs the GABA-ergic mechanism
      which produces the short duration inhibition, making it visible with long
      stimulus intervals, super-imposed upon the normal long duration conditioned
      inhibition which is not potentiated by local pentobarbitone.

PMID- 2880992
TI  - Evidence for spare alpha 1-adrenoceptors for the accumulation of inositol
      phosphates in smooth muscle.
AB  - The accumulation of inositol phosphates (IP) in smooth muscle from rat vas
      deferens and caudal artery was maximally increased 3- to 4-fold in response to
      exposure of the tissues to 100 microM noradrenaline. Clonidine (up to 3 mM) was a
      partial agonist. Pretreatment of the tissues with the irreversible alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine (0.3-10 microM) shifted the
      noradrenaline concentration-response curve to the right before depressing the
      maximum. The maximum of the clonidine concentration-response curve was depressed
      without significant change in the EC50 by the same treatment. These data, which
      are most easily interpreted as demonstrating the presence of a receptor reserve
      for IP accumulation, are discussed.

PMID- 2880993
TI  - Inhibition of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity by S-(+)-apomorphine:
      comparison with the action of R-(-)-apomorphine.

PMID- 2880994
TI  - A highly sensitive HPLC method for the assay of propantheline used to measure its
      uptake by rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles.
AB  - A simple, sensitive, high-performance liquid chromatographic method for
      propantheline has been developed. Propantheline was quantitatively hydrolysed
      into xanthene-9-carboxylic acid in neutral or alkaline medium and the hydrolysate
      assayed by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This method
      measured to 2 pmol per injection and was used to investigate the uptake of the
      drug by rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Propantheline was highly
      bound to the membrane and this binding was inhibited to varying extents by
      several quaternary ammonium compounds. Mepenzolate and methylbenactyzium
      inhibited it significantly, and neostigmine, butylscopolamine and N
      methylnicotinamide inhibited it moderately. Choline, acetylcholine and thiamine
      had no effect.

PMID- 2880995
TI  - Structural-equation models of current drug use: are appropriate models so
      simple(x)?
AB  - The simplex and common-factor models of drug use were compared using maximum
      likelihood estimation of latent variable structural models in two samples: a
      sample of 226 high school students, using ratio-scale measures of current drug
      use, and a sample of 310 industrial workers and 811 college students, using
      ordinal-scale measures of current drug use. Latent variables of alcohol,
      marijuana, enhancer hard drugs, and dampener hard drugs were specified in a
      series of structural models. Contrary to previous findings with cumulative drug
      use data, the common-factor model provided a more acceptable representation of
      the observed current-use data than did the simplex model in both samples. In
      addition, the similarity of results across both of these samples supports recent
      contentions by Huba and Bentler (1982) that quantitatively measured variables are
      not necessarily superior to qualitative, ordinal indicators in latent variable
      models of drug use.

PMID- 2880996
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as serous otitis media in a patient receiving
      hyposensitization therapy.
AB  - Polyarteritis nodosa was diagnosed in a patient one year after an episode of
      severe serous otitis media and 2 1/2 years after initiation of a 23 month course
      of hyposensitization therapy for nonseasonal rhinitis. Relationships among
      immunotherapy, otitis media and polyarteritis nodosa merit emphasis because their
      recognition may lead to early diagnosis.

PMID- 2880998
TI  - Transmission studies in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) with disseminated Rift
      Valley fever virus infections.

PMID- 2880997
TI  - Cholestasis and fatal agranulocytosis complicating sulfasalazine therapy: case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - A 55-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis in overlap with polymyositis
      received sulfasalazine for control of synovitis. Cholestatic jaundice, fever,
      urticaria and agranulocytosis developed after 20 days of treatment and culminated
      in fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to Legionella pneumophila.
      The increasing use of sulfasalazine in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis
      mandates that the clinician be aware of this idiosyncratic drug reaction.

PMID- 2880999
TI  - Hypersensitivity reactions and hematologic changes in sheep exposed to mosquito
      (Diptera: Culicidae) feeding.

PMID- 2881000
TI  - Ecological evidence against vertical transmission of eastern equine encephalitis
      virus by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Delmarva Peninsula, USA.

PMID- 2881001
TI  - Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in canine prostate: biochemical and functional
      correlations.
AB  - The sympathetic innervation of human prostate adenomas has been previously
      demonstrated using fluorescence microscopy and in vitro isometric studies. A
      clinical implication of these observations is that bladder outlet obstruction in
      men with benign prostatic hypertrophy may be subject to pharmacologic
      manipulation using adrenergic drugs. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated
      the efficacy of alpha adrenergic antagonists for symptomatic BPH. We have
      previously characterized the alpha1 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors in the human
      prostate using [3H]prazosin and [3H]rauwolscine, respectively. The mean alpha1
      and alpha2 receptor densities in the adenomas studied were equivalent. The effect
      of alpha2 adrenergic drugs on prostatic urethral pressure has not been examined
      in the human or in an animal model. In this study a canine model was used to
      define the effect of alpha2 drugs on prostatic urethral pressure. Intravenous
      administration of clonidine, a selective alpha2 agonist, resulted in a dose
      dependent increase in prostatic urethral pressure. The maximal increase in
      urethral pressure ranged between 18 to 30 cm. H2O. The maximal response to
      clonidine was approximately 50% less than the response to epinephrine, indicating
      that clonidine acts as a partial agonist. Pretreatment with yohimbine, a
      selective alpha2 adrenergic antagonist, abolished the effects of clonidine and
      epinephrine. The alpha2 adrenergic receptors were then studied in the canine
      prostates using [3H]rauwolscine. The equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd,
      ranged between 0.68 to 1.80 nM and the receptor density ranged between 14.8 to
      69.3 fmol./mg. protein. The receptor density was homogeneous in specimens
      obtained from the proximal, midportion, and distal canine prostate suggesting
      that the effect of alpha2 drugs is not sphincter mediated. These in vitro and in
      vivo studies provide the basis for investigating the effects of alpha2
      antagonists in men with symptomatic BPH.

PMID- 2881002
TI  - 'Eve' and 'Ecstasy'. A report of five deaths associated with the use of MDEA and
      MDMA.
AB  - 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy"), a synthetic analogue of 3,4
      methylenedioxyamphetamine, has been the center of recent debate over its
      potential for abuse vs its use as a psychotherapeutic agent. Following its
      emergency classification in Schedule 1 by the Drug Enforcement Administration in
      1985, 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, "Eve") has appeared as MDMA's legal
      replacement. MDMA is thought to be safe by recreational users and by
      psychotherapists who support its use. The details of five deaths associated with
      the use of MDMA and MDEA are reported. In three patients, MDMA or MDEA may have
      contributed to death by the induction of arrhythmias in individuals with
      underlying natural disease. In another patient, use of MDMA preceded an episode
      of bizarre and risky behavior that resulted in accidental death. In another
      patient, MDMA was thought to be the immediate cause of death. Death as a
      consequence of the use of these drugs appears to be rare, but it does occur; this
      outcome may be more common in individuals with underlying cardiac disease.

PMID- 2881003
TI  - [Abnormalities in chromosome 12 of T cell malignancies].

PMID- 2881004
TI  - [Smoldering ATL appeared in the course of collagen disease-like symptoms.
      Followed by the crisis and death].

PMID- 2881005
TI  - [Clinical studies on hematological malignancies accompanied by hypercalcemia].

PMID- 2881006
TI  - [Detection of anti-ATLA (adult T-cell leukemia-cell associated antigen)
      antibodies using both indirect immunofluorescence method and particle
      agglutination test].

PMID- 2881007
TI  - [Successful operation of gastric and lung cancer in adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2881008
TI  - [Structure of the human T-lymphotropic virus and biological function-
      transformation and cytopathic effect].

PMID- 2881010
TI  - [Abnormal lymphocytes in HTLV infections and its clinical significance].

PMID- 2881009
TI  - [Relation between characteristics and physiopathology of adult T-cell leukemia
      cells].

PMID- 2881011
TI  - [Mechanism of tumorigenesis by the HTLV-I virus].

PMID- 2881012
TI  - [Clinical statistics of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV carriers].

PMID- 2881013
TI  - [Cellular immunity in adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2881014
TI  - [Problems of blood transfusion with positive anti-ATLA antibodies].

PMID- 2881015
TI  - [Mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-I].

PMID- 2881016
TI  - [Development of a vaccine for adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2881017
TI  - Important role of adrenergic function in the development of analgesic tolerance
      to morphine in mice.
AB  - The involvement of a catecholaminergic mechanism in the production of morphine
      analgesia and the development of tolerance to the effect has been suggested.
      Here, using various adrenergic blockers, the role of adrenergic function in the
      mechanism was examined. Phentolamine (alpha 1 + alpha 2-blocker, 10, 1 and 0.5
      mg/kg), prazosin (alpha 1-blocker, 0.1 and 0.02 mg/kg), propranolol (beta 1 +
      beta 2-blocker, 10, 1 and 0.5 mg/kg), metoprolol (beta 1-blocker, 10 and 1 mg/kg)
      did not affect morphine analgesia, but dose-dependently suppressed the
      development of tolerance to morphine. Yohimbine (alpha 2-blocker, 5 and 1 mg/kg)
      dose-dependently antagonized morphine analgesia in naive animals and delayed the
      development of tolerance to morphine. Pindolol (beta 1 + beta 2-blocker but is
      devoid of membrane stabilizing activity) suppressed the development of tolerance
      to morphine analgesia; however, d-propranolol, which possesses membrane
      stabilizing activity but lacks beta-blocking activity, could not prevent the
      development of tolerance. Thus, the suppressive effect of propranolol on the
      development of tolerance is not due to membrane stabilizing properties. Not only
      the non-selective adrenergic blockers, phentolamine and propranolol, but also the
      selective blockers of each receptor subtype, prazosin and metoprolol, suppressed
      the development of tolerance. This fact may suggest the importance of the
      equilibrated state of adrenergic functions in the mechanism for the development
      of tolerance to morphine.

PMID- 2881018
TI  - Contractile effects of jellyfish toxin extracted from Carybdea rastonii on
      isolated rabbit aorta.
AB  - Effects of the toxic component of jellyfish (Carybdea rastonii) (pCrTX) on the
      smooth muscle tension of isolated rabbit thoracic aorta were examined. pCrTX, at
      concentrations higher than 10(-7) g/ml, caused slowly developing tension that
      reached its maximum after about 1 hr. This contraction was partially inhibited by
      pretreatment of the tissue with phentolamine (5 X 10(-6) M) or indomethacin (10(
      5) M). The contraction induced by pCrTX was partially inhibited by nicardipine
      (10(-7) M) and markedly augmented by Bay k8644 (10(-6) M). In low-Na+ solution,
      the rate of rise of the pCrTX-induced contraction was significantly reduced.
      Removal of external Ca2+ inhibited the pCrTX-induced contraction by about 30%,
      while chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, prenylamine and papaverine (10(-4) M)
      completely inhibited the contraction. pCrTX itself did not cause any contraction
      in saponin-skinned smooth muscle and had no effect on the Ca2+-induced
      contractile tension. It has been reported that pCrTX-induced contraction is
      attributable to the release of endogenous catecholamines and also to the increase
      in Ca2+ influx in smooth muscle (Azuma et al., 1986). The present results
      confirmed the previous suggestion and further suggested that a portion of the
      contraction is due to release of prostaglandin(s) and also to the direct effect
      on smooth muscle which is not dependent on Ca2+ influx.

PMID- 2881019
TI  - [Changes in serum proteins including antibodies and chemical mediators during the
      dual asthmatic response].

PMID- 2881020
TI  - Getah virus isolations from mosquitoes in an enzootic area in Japan.

PMID- 2881021
TI  - Getah virus isolations from mosquitoes collected at two horse habitations in the
      western areas of Japan.

PMID- 2881022
TI  - Use of emetic, adsorbent, and cathartic agents in acute drug overdose.

PMID- 2881024
TI  - [Experience with the treatment of infectious-toxic shock in patients with
      hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome].

PMID- 2881025
TI  - [Concentration of somatotropic and thyrotropic hormones in the plasma of patients
      with hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome and persons who have sustained
      such an illness].

PMID- 2881026
TI  - The integrated effect of adrenergic blockade on glucose, fatty acid, and glycerol
      kinetics: responses in the basal state and during hormonal control with
      somatostatin-hormonal infusion.
AB  - We have used primed constant infusions of [1-13C]palmitic acid, [2-3H]glycerol,
      and [U-14C]glucose to evaluate the response of glucose and fat kinetics to alpha
      or beta adrenergic blockade in conscious dogs. The response of each blocking
      agent was evaluated both with and without control of the glucoregulatory
      hormones. When hormones were controlled, somatostatin and metyrapone were infused
      to block hormonal secretion, and insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol
      were replaced at basal physiological rates. alpha blockade (beta stimulation) did
      not influence glucose production or oxidation, but it did decrease glucose
      clearance when hormones were controlled. Clearance did not decrease during
      blockade when hormones were not controlled, presumably because of the resulting
      increase in the plasma insulin concentration. Glucose production, plasma glucose
      concentration, and glucose oxidation all increased with beta blockade (alpha
      stimulation). alpha blockade (beta stimulation) resulted in an increase in
      lipolysis, whereas beta blockade (alpha stimulation) resulted in a decrease in
      lipolysis. In neither case, however, did FFA oxidation change. We conclude that
      (a) the predominant effect of unopposed stimulation is the stimulation of
      lipolysis, whereas unopposed alpha stimulation inhibits lipolysis. Direct effects
      of either alpha or beta stimulation on glucose kinetics are less dramatic, but
      both alpha and beta stimulation decrease glucose clearance.

PMID- 2881027
TI  - [Pharmacology of the venous system].
AB  - The presence of alpha 1-receptors has been demonstrated in numerous venous
      fragments for various animal models. On the other hand, the presence of alpha 2
      receptors in the saphenous of the dog is a matter of debate. Beta 2-receptors are
      activated by isoproterenol, noradrenaline and adrenaline in precontracted veins
      (part of the facial vein of the rabbit may be an exception). Preferential
      blocking by atenolol of beta 1-receptors in the jugular veins of the rat suggests
      that these receptors may mediate vasodilation. The saphenous veins of the dog
      provide the only example where specific dopaminergic receptors have been noted
      following partial antagonism with haloperidol. The vasoconstrictive action of
      acetylcholine has been seen in venous segments of numerous species and indicates
      the presence of muscarinic receptors. The existence of angiotensin receptors can
      be postulated despite the weak and inconstant in vitro and in vivo (the dorsal
      cerebral sinus in the dog excepted) reactions observed and the use of a non
      specific antagonist. The same is true for bradykinin and vasopressin. The marked
      vasoconstrictive action of serotonin on all veins studied is evidence for the
      presence of receptors. The nature of the antagonists is subject to some
      divergence of opinion. Nevertheless, D tryptamine muscular receptors (or 5 HT2)
      can be identified due to the lack of morphine-mediated response and the efficacy
      of methysergide. The presence of a third type of serotoninergic receptor has only
      been reported once, following observations of vasodilation in the sheep. H1
      receptors are involved in histamine-mediated vasoconstriction. The presence of H2
      receptors which mediate vasodilation in precontracted veins remains hypothetical.
      Prostaglandins exhibit different efficacies in producing contraction in isolated
      veins; PGF2 alpha is more efficacious than PGE1 and PGE2. Prostacyclin induces
      contraction of human saphenous veins in a dose-dependent manner. PGE2 and
      particularly PGE1 can induce relaxation in precontracted veins, as is also true
      for prostacyclin. Receptors for these prostaglandins must exist at the post
      junctional level. P2-receptors mediate transmission of the vasoconstrictive
      action of various purine derivatives.

PMID- 2881023
TI  - Prophylaxis of first variceal hemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Prophylaxis of bleeding from esophageal varices is a very tempting concept at
      first glance, especially under the assumption of a high mortality associated with
      first variceal hemorrhage. Up to now four different measures have been tried for
      prophylaxis: portacaval shunt operation, devascularization procedures,
      sclerotherapy, and drugs. With the exception of portacaval shunts, ongoing
      controlled trials show a weak trend toward reduction of variceal bleeding and
      prolongation of survival in selected patients with compensated cirrhosis and
      large varices. However, prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding must still be
      regarded as experimental and should be restricted to controlled clinical studies.

PMID- 2881028
TI  - [Current data on insulin secretion and its regulation].
AB  - Glucose is the main stimulator and physiological regulator of insulin secretion.
      The great sensitivity of the B cell to glucose variations between 1 g/l (5.5 mM)
      and 3 g/l (16.6 mM) and its rapid response ensure the constant adaptation of its
      secretion to plasma glucose level. The cellular mechanisms involved in insulin
      response can be schematically represented in three stages: The first stage is the
      recognition of the insulinotropic agent. In the case of glucose, this involves
      its metabolism. The second one is the coupling of the recognition process to
      activation of the effector system and implies a series of intracellular signals.
      Coupling factors include metabolites and cofactors, ions, cyclic AMP,
      polyphosphoinositides. The result of all these cellular events is the increase in
      cytosolic Ca2+ and the activation of protein-kinases: Ca2+-calmodulin-, cAMP- and
      Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinases. The last stage corresponds to a
      mechanical one, involving granule migration and extrusion. The polymerization of
      microtubules associated with contraction of microfilaments would cause granule
      movement. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases would play a major role.
      While glucose is the main stimulator of insulin secretion, numerous factors can
      influence it. The regulation of this secretion is essentially under the control
      of three classes of elements: nutrients, hormones and neurotransmitters. As to
      stimulation of insulin secretion by nutrients, it seems to be secondary to an
      increase in intracellular metabolism. However it must be underlined that the
      insulin secretory effect of most nutrients requires the presence of glucose which
      is consequently a permissive factor. A number of gastrointestinal and pancreatic
      hormones stimulate, in presence of glucose, insulin secretion and play an
      essential role during food intake, which results in a better fitting of insulin
      secretion to energy supply. The term "incretin" designates a hormonal transmitter
      between the gastrointestinal tract and the B cell; the "incretin" factors are
      included in what is termed enteroinsular axis. Of the gastrointestinal hormones,
      GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) appears to play the most important
      physiological role in potentiating the insulin secretory effect of glucose.
      Pancreatic glucagon potentiates the effect of glucose too; it is difficult to
      distinguish between its endocrine and paracrine role. The pancreatic B cell is
      under neural regulation. The cholinergic system stimulates insulin secretion and
      the B cell is fitted with receptors of muscarinic type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2881029
TI  - Effects of an extract of khat (Catha edulis) on the toad heart.
AB  - The effects of acute and chronic administration of an extract of Catha edulis on
      the heart of the toad were investigated. ECG and ventricular action potential
      were recorded simultaneously from the surface of the heart of spinal pithed toads
      before and after administration of different doses of khat extract. Acute
      treatment resulted in a dose-dependent chronotropic effect and an increase in the
      amplitude of ventricular action potential. Chronic treatment on the other hand
      resulted in a negative chronotropic effect and a reduction in the amplitude of
      ventricular action potential. The observed responses are explained on the basis
      of the catecholamine releasing effect of components of khat extract.

PMID- 2881030
TI  - Alteration of dopamine receptors in the caudate nucleus and the putamen in
      schizophrenic brain.
AB  - Neuroleptic binding to human caudate and putamen was investigated in seven
      patients with schizophrenia and compared to matched normal controls. [3H]
      spiperone was used as a ligand for the binding studies and previous drug
      treatment was recorded. There was a statistically significant increase in maximal
      specific binding and in dissociation constants for [3H]-spiperone in the brains
      of schizophrenics in both brain regions studied. Long term as well as recent
      neuroleptic treatment both appeared to be associated with increases of Bmax and
      Kd of [3H]-spiperone.

PMID- 2881031
TI  - [Lymphotropic retroviruses of human T lymphocytes: T lymphocyte leukemia-lymphoma
      of the adult and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].

PMID- 2881032
TI  - Analgesic drug therapy in cancer pain: principles and practice.
AB  - Drug therapy represents the mainstay of treatment for patients with cancer pain.
      Non-narcotic, narcotic, and adjuvant analgesics are the commonly used agents. The
      choice of a specific analgesic drug regimen is dependent on the type of pain and
      its severity, and the drug must be titrated to the individual needs of the
      patient.

PMID- 2881033
TI  - Continuous intravenous infusion of opioid drugs.
AB  - Continuous intravenous infusion of opioid drugs is a widely accepted alternative
      approach to the management of cancer pain. This review critically evaluates the
      safety and efficacy of the technique and proffers guidelines for management based
      on the available literature and clinical experience.

PMID- 2881034
TI  - Role of epidural and intrathecal narcotics and peptides in the management of
      cancer pain.
AB  - The spinal administration of opioids may provide analgesia of long duration to
      patients with bilateral or midline lower abdominal or pelvic cancer pain.
      However, cross-tolerance to orally and parenterally administered narcotics and
      the rapid development of tolerance to spinal narcotics have limited their
      usefulness. Opioids have extensive distribution in the CSF and plasma when
      administered into the epidural or intrathecal space, and delivery of drug to
      brain stem sites may account for many of the toxic and therapeutic effects of
      spinal opioids. Further clinical and pharmacokinetic studies are required to
      provide the information regarding: the optimal opioids for use as spinal
      analgesics; equieffective dose ratios of spinal opioids in comparison to
      parenteral or oral opioids; strategies useful to forestall the development of
      tolerance of spinally administered opioids; the analgesic efficacy of this
      therapy in opioid-tolerant patients; and the role of spinally administered
      nonopioid analgesics in the management of cancer pain in the tolerant patient.
      These questions will need resolution before this therapy can be recommended for
      routine use in the management of cancer pain.

PMID- 2881035
TI  - Antitumor and antinociceptive approaches to control cancer pain.
AB  - Patients with cancer pain often present with specific clinical syndromes that
      allow specific anti-tumor approaches. If these approaches are not feasible,
      neurosurgical procedures for pain relief should be considered. The major
      advantage of neurosurgical procedures is freedom from the excessive side effects
      of narcotic therapy. The most durable pain procedure is cordotomy, while
      intraspinal narcotics offer a rational treatment alternative in selected
      patients. Spinal and plexopathy syndromes that are amenable to more specific anti
      tumor therapy should be looked for, since newer surgical approaches offer the
      prospect of both pain relief and tumor control.

PMID- 2881036
TI  - [2 international multicenter studies. Early treatment with beta blockaders in
      acute chest pain reduces the risk of definitive development of myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 2881037
TI  - Anaesthetic-induced increase in ionised calcium in blood mononuclear cells from
      malignant hyperthermia patients.
AB  - The cytoplasmic concentration of ionised calcium, [Ca2+]i, is believed to be
      altered by agents that induce a malignant hyperthermia (MH) crisis in susceptible
      individuals. MH patients were identified by the halothane and halothane/caffeine
      contracture tests done in isolated muscle biopsy specimens. [Ca2+]i was measured
      in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MH patients and controls by
      means of the fluorescent calcium ion indicator quin2. In the absence of halothane
      there was no significant difference in [Ca2+]i in cells from normal and MH
      patients. Addition of halothane (4 microliter/ml) significantly increased [Ca2+]i
      in cells from MH patients but not in controls. The halothane-induced increase in
      [Ca2+]i required extracellular calcium ions. This is the first evidence of the
      mechanism of action of halothane in cells of MH patients; the differential effect
      of halothane on [Ca2+]i might constitute the basis for a non-invasive screening
      test for MH.

PMID- 2881038
TI  - Vitamin E supplementation reduces frequency of periventricular haemorrhage in
      very preterm babies.
AB  - 231 babies, born at less than or equal to 32 weeks' gestation were enrolled in a
      randomised, controlled trial to assess the efficacy of vitamin E (dl-alpha
      tocopherol acetate) in the prevention of periventricular haemorrhage. Daily
      supplementation with 20 mg/kg vitamin E intramuscularly during the first 3 days
      of life was associated with a rise in plasma vitamin E concentration and a
      reduction in hydrogen peroxide haemolysis of red blood cells in vitro. Among
      babies without haemorrhage on entry to the trial (n = 210), supplemented babies
      had a lower frequency of intraventricular haemorrhage than controls (8.8% v
      34.3%; p less than 0.005) and a lower combined frequency of intraventricular and
      parenchymal haemorrhage (10.8% v 40.7%; p less than 0.0001) on the final
      ultrasound brain scan. This protective effect was observed in both inborn and
      referred babies but was stronger in the former. Supplementation had no effect on
      mortality, but among survivors fewer supplemented babies than controls had
      intraventricular or parenchymal haemorrhage (10.7% v 32.6%; p less than 0.001).
      Possibly, vitamin E scavenges free radicals generated during ischaemic injury of
      the subependymal region and thereby limits tissue damage and the extent of
      periventricular haemorrhage on reperfusion.

PMID- 2881039
TI  - Herpes-virus immunity and acute graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - The influence of pretransplant herpes-virus antibodies in 126 marrow-graft
      recipients and their HLA-identical (A, B, C, DR) sibling donors on the incidence
      of grades II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was studied in relation to
      previously reported risk factors for GVHD. Logistic regression procedures were
      used to control for confounding factors. Increasing donor age (odds ratio 3.7 per
      decade; p = 0.02) and donor seronegativity for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; odds
      ratio 10.1; p = 0.005) were associated with a high incidence of GVHD. Total
      rather than selective gastrointestinal decontamination (odds ratio 0.1; p =
      0.004), donor seronegativity for herpes simplex virus (HSV; odds ratio 0.1; p =
      0.003), and recipient EBV-seronegativity (odds ratio 0.05; p = 0.002) were
      associated with a low incidence of GVHD. Pretransplant EBV and HSV serology may
      thus contribute substantially to the estimation of the risk for GVHD.

PMID- 2881040
TI  - Haemolytic transfusion reactions due to HLA antibodies. A prospective study
      combining red-cell serology with investigations of chromium-51-labelled red-cell
      kinetics.
AB  - In a prospective study to see whether HLA sensitisation is associated with
      increased red-blood-cell (RBC) destruction after HLA-incompatible transfusion,
      chromium-51-labelled RBC survival and site of sequestration were monitored in
      nine patients in whom HLA antibodies had developed after RBC transfusions. The
      donors selected were compatible in ABO and RBC-specific antigen systems but
      mismatched for the HLA antigen in question. Haemolytic transfusion reactions
      occurred in all four patients who received HLA-B7-incompatible RBC. A direct
      radioimmune anti-IgG test became positive, Cr51-RBC survival was very short
      (22.3, 36.9, 41.4, and 44.0 days), and excess sequestration in the spleen was
      measured. There was a rise in serum lactic dehydrogenase and a fall in
      haptoglobin. HLA-B7 antibody was detected in the eluate prepared from RBC
      collected after transfusion. A similar reaction was found in only one further
      patient, caused by an HLA-A2 incompatibility. No indications of immune-mediated
      RBC sequestration were discernible after transfusion of HLA-B7-compatible RBC in
      one of the patients who had shown a reaction with HLA-B7-incompatible blood, nor
      in any of the other patients who received HLA-B7-compatible RBC. The haemolytic
      transfusion reactions could not be anticipated by conventional crossmatch
      procedures, nor by the measurement of the Cr51-RBC survival 1 h after
      transfusion.

PMID- 2881042
TI  - Progressive systemic sclerosis: autoimmune arteriopathy.
AB  - In a case of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), widespread deposition of IgM
      was found in the media and internal elastic lamina of small muscular arteries.
      IgA and C3 were also found in some vessels. Antibody eluted from the kidney bound
      to smooth muscle and elastica of small arteries. These findings suggest that PSS
      is a vasculopathy which is mediated by complement-fixing antibodies.

PMID- 2881043
TI  - Food irradiation.

PMID- 2881041
TI  - Serological response to the hepatitis delta virus in hepatitis D.
AB  - Sera from 74 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive individuals, who presented with
      acute hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection which ran a self-limited course in 58
      and progressed to chronicity in 16, were tested over time for HDV markers. In
      self-limited disease the serum pattern varied from early HD-antigenaemia followed
      by IgM and IgG anti-HD seroconversion, to the appearance of IgM and IgG anti-HD
      without antigenaemia, or the isolated expression of either the IgM or the IgG
      antibody. The typical case of IgM anti-HD was transient and appeared with a mean
      delay of 10-15 days from admission in the different serological subgroups. The
      IgG antibody usually developed several weeks later during convalescence. In
      contrast, patients with disease destined to become chronic had a brisk IgM
      antibody response and IgG anti-HD was detectable with a mean delay of 15 days;
      generally, the IgM and the IgG antibody persisted over the follow-up time. IgM
      antibody to HDV is often the only serological test positive in the clinical stage
      of hepatitis D and repeated testing for this marker is necessary to diagnose
      acute HDV co-infection. The serological follow-up provides important prognostic
      information: waning of IgM confirms resolution of HDV infection, persistence
      predicts chronicity.

PMID- 2881044
TI  - Colposcopy today.

PMID- 2881046
TI  - The known and the unknown about dengue fever.

PMID- 2881045
TI  - Report with confidence.

PMID- 2881047
TI  - A mockery of health promotion.

PMID- 2881048
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism: increased risk of neonatal morbidity results in
      delayed treatment.
AB  - In a population-based screen of 617,913 infants, primary congenital
      hypothyroidism (CH) was confirmed in 100 children. 32 of the 100 infants with CH
      had an additional defect or complication. In the group with CH the rates of
      congenital heart disease, non-cardiac malformations, respiratory distress
      syndrome, and death were higher than in the general population of the same age.
      Black infants were less likely than whites to have CH, but were at twice the risk
      of additional impairment. Infants with CH who had an additional complication were
      screened (12.7 vs 4.8 days) and treated (32.4 vs 19.7 days) significantly later
      than those infants with isolated CH. Congenital malformations and neonatal
      complications should not be reasons for deferring screening for CH.

PMID- 2881051
TI  - Human genetics: fragile sites still a mystery.

PMID- 2881050
TI  - Confidence intervals.

PMID- 2881052
TI  - Dementia and Parkinson's disease associated with diffuse cortical Lewy bodies.

PMID- 2881049
TI  - Evaluation of a clinical case-definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in
      Africa.
AB  - A provisional clinical case-definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for use in Africa was
      tested on 174 inpatients at Mama Yemo Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire. In this hospital
      population with a 34% infection rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the
      clinical case-definition had a specificity of 90%, a sensitivity of 59%, and a
      predictive value of 74% for HIV seropositivity. These results support the use of
      the WHO clinical definition for AIDS in Africa. However, since HIV prevalence and
      disease expression vary, similar evaluations should be carried out in different
      regions.

PMID- 2881053
TI  - Pseudorabies in man.

PMID- 2881054
TI  - Intravenous streptokinase given within 0-4 hours of onset of myocardial
      infarction reduced mortality in ISIS-2.

PMID- 2881055
TI  - Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality.

PMID- 2881056
TI  - Statistical analysis of lipid research clinics program.

PMID- 2881057
TI  - Focus of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in southern Mauritania.

PMID- 2881058
TI  - Viability of autologous bone marrow.

PMID- 2881059
TI  - Amoebae research.

PMID- 2881060
TI  - Antibiotic levels in bronchopulmonary tissue.

PMID- 2881061
TI  - Detection of skin nodules in onchocerciasis by ultrasound scans.

PMID- 2881062
TI  - Cerebral dominance, handedness, and epilepsy.

PMID- 2881063
TI  - Diabetic complications in end-stage diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2881064
TI  - Plasma exchange for cerebral lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2881065
TI  - Histiocytosis in baby with delayed cord separation.

PMID- 2881067
TI  - Risk factors in oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 2881068
TI  - Vitamin E and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2881066
TI  - Antioestrogen therapy of pure mesenchymal tumour.

PMID- 2881070
TI  - Differential diagnosis in child sexual abuse.

PMID- 2881069
TI  - Treatment of drug addiction.

PMID- 2881071
TI  - Community campaign for iron deficiency.

PMID- 2881072
TI  - Early diagnosis in hereditary retinoblastoma by detection of molecular deletions
      at gene locus.

PMID- 2881073
TI  - Post-mortem recognition of inherited metabolic disorders from specific
      acylcarnitines in tissue in cases of sudden infant death.

PMID- 2881074
TI  - Screening for malignant phenylketonuria.

PMID- 2881075
TI  - Echocardiography in systemic sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2881076
TI  - Monoclonal marker that predicts early recurrence of breast cancer.

PMID- 2881077
TI  - Adrenal suppression after long-term exposure to occupational corticosteroids
      followed by rapid recovery.

PMID- 2881078
TI  - Back pain and testicular germ cell tumours.

PMID- 2881080
TI  - Mesna and total body irradiation.

PMID- 2881079
TI  - Acute renal failure after topical application of carbon tetrachloride.

PMID- 2881081
TI  - Skin reactions to long-term transdermal clonidine.

PMID- 2881082
TI  - Risk of stroke in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Estimates of the risk of stroke for men with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation
      were obtained from two large cohort studies--the Whitehall Study of London Civil
      Servants and the British Regional Heart Study. The first cohort provided an
      estimated relative risk of stroke of 6.9 compared with controls. This increased
      risk confirms that of the other prospective estimate, 5.6, found in the
      Framingham study. In the second cohort only one of the men at risk had a stroke,
      and the risk estimate did not differ significantly from unity. The absolute rates
      of stroke in both cohorts were lower than those reported in the Framingham study,
      implying a lesser potential benefit from preventive measures. These lower rates
      should be considered in the planning of trials. The risk of stroke was
      significantly associated with raised systolic or diastolic blood pressure but not
      with age or coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2881083
TI  - Yersinia infection and acute abdominal pain.
AB  - In 194 patients presenting with acute abdominal pain from whom sequential serum
      samples were taken, the frequency of yersiniosis, established serologically, was
      significantly higher (23%) than in 320 control subjects (2%). Yersiniosis
      occurred in 31% of patients with acute appendicitis. Acute-phase serum samples
      only, obtained in a further 307 patients, yielded a falsely low frequency of
      yersiniosis (4%). Y pseudotuberculosis was five times more common than Y
      enterocolitica, and Y pseudotuberculosis type IV was the most common serotype,
      accounting for 43% of Yersinia infections. Yersinia may play a more important
      part in the aetiology of acute abdominal pain, and particularly acute
      appendicitis, than has been previously appreciated. Antibody titres to both Y
      enterocolitica and Y pseudotuberculosis frequently rise late in infections
      causing abdominal pain. Consequently analysis of acute-phase serum samples alone
      leads to underdiagnosis of yersiniosis.

PMID- 2881084
TI  - Increased platelet Na+-H+ exchange rates in essential hypertension: application
      of a novel test.
AB  - Enhanced sodium-proton exchange may play a role in the pathogenesis of
      hypertension. Na+-H+ exchange was measured indirectly in platelets as the rate of
      amiloride-sensitive and sodium-dependent volume gain of cells suspended in sodium
      propionate; the cytoplasmic acidification induced by the permeant propionic acid
      activated the exchanger and the volume changes coupled to Na+ uptake were
      measured by cell sizing with a Coulter counter and 'Channelyzer'. The test was
      rapid, simple, and reproducible. 20 normotensives; 8 normotensives with a family
      history of hypertension; 15 patients with essential hypertension receiving
      medication; and 7 hypertensives who had not received any antihypertensive drugs
      were studied. The exchange rate constants of these groups were (mean [SE] in s-1
      X 10(-3)) 13.1 (0.6); 15.5 (0.7); 18.4 (0.9); and 25.6 (2.8), respectively. The
      differences between hypertensives and normotensives were significant. Measurement
      of sodium-proton exchange in platelets may help to clarify the pathogenesis of
      hypertension.

PMID- 2881085
TI  - Diagnosis of cervical neoplasia by the estimation of octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid.
AB  - Exfoliated cells from the precancerous cervix have an increased concentration of
      octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, a diene-conjugated isomer of linoleic acid. A high
      performance liquid chromatographic method which measures both has been automated.
      It may form the basis of a sensitive diagnostic test.

PMID- 2881086
TI  - Breast cancer screening.

PMID- 2881087
TI  - Should all patients with retinoblastoma be screened for chromosome deletions?

PMID- 2881089
TI  - Somatosensory potentials and cervical cord disease.

PMID- 2881088
TI  - Management of behaviour problems in children with mental handicap.

PMID- 2881090
TI  - The controlled clinical trial: consensus?

PMID- 2881091
TI  - Caesarean section for dystocia: a comparison of practices in two countries.
AB  - Retrospective data collected from the medical records of 1040 low-risk
      nulliparous obstetric patients presenting for delivery in a general community
      hospital in Ireland and a comparable one in the United States showed a
      significantly higher rate of caesarean section for dystocia or abnormal labour in
      the American hospital--a discrepancy which was not easily explained by
      differences in patient characteristics (eg, maternal age, known risk factors,
      birthweight). Acceleration of labour with oxytocin was significantly more common
      in the Irish group, and average duration of labour was shorter. No advantage to
      the infant, as measured by the Apgar score, resulted from the greater use of
      caesarean section for dystocia.

PMID- 2881092
TI  - Experience with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

PMID- 2881093
TI  - Crisis at Christmas 1986.
AB  - Of 100 men and women interviewed at Crisis at Christmas, 34 were actively
      psychotic, and 12 of these had had no contact with psychiatric services. Of those
      also answering as to whether or not they had been in prison, 25 (81%) replied in
      the affirmative, including 1 who had been in Broadmoor for attempted murder. In
      the combined group of 46 who either had had previous psychiatric admissions or
      were actively psychotic, 32 (78%) admitted to having been to prison (2 declined
      to answer), which was significantly in excess of the figure (42%) for those with
      no serious psychopathology and no previous psychiatric history. About a third of
      those interviewed were not receiving their benefit entitlement, the proportions
      being similar for those with and without a history of psychiatric illness. These
      results show a deterioration since last year's survey.

PMID- 2881094
TI  - Cancer near nuclear installations.

PMID- 2881095
TI  - Multiresistant invasive Escherichia coli infection in south London.

PMID- 2881096
TI  - Lyme borreliosis in Belgium.

PMID- 2881097
TI  - Diphtheria revaccination of adults.

PMID- 2881098
TI  - Acetazolamide interferes with theophylline assay.

PMID- 2881099
TI  - Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2881100
TI  - Morbidity of hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2881101
TI  - N-myc oncogene amplification and catecholamine metabolism in children with
      neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2881103
TI  - Metabolic bone disease of prematurity.

PMID- 2881102
TI  - Rabbit (to replace human) brain material in anticoagulant control.

PMID- 2881104
TI  - Media for isolating Shigella.

PMID- 2881105
TI  - Recombination within DXS52 (ST14) locus in family with haemophilia A.

PMID- 2881106
TI  - Birth sex ratios and prostatic cancer in butchers.

PMID- 2881107
TI  - Sphygmomanometer bladder length and measurement of blood pressure in children.

PMID- 2881108
TI  - Doppler flow velocity in anterior cerebral artery for prediction of outcome after
      perinatal asphyxia.

PMID- 2881109
TI  - Increased serum ferritin levels in adult Still's disease.

PMID- 2881110
TI  - Obstetric emergency hysterectomy?

PMID- 2881111
TI  - Prognosis of women with human papillomavirus DNA in normal tissue distal to
      invasive cervical and vulval cancer.

PMID- 2881112
TI  - Advertising in antenatal clinics.

PMID- 2881113
TI  - Training for blood transfusion.

PMID- 2881115
TI  - HIV antigen detection in routine blood donor screening.

PMID- 2881114
TI  - HIV antigen testing.

PMID- 2881116
TI  - HIV antigenaemia in acute HIV infection.

PMID- 2881117
TI  - Detection of HIV antigens in eluates from whole blood collected on filterpaper.

PMID- 2881118
TI  - Condoms and AIDS prevention.

PMID- 2881119
TI  - Psychological disturbances in idiopathic oedema.

PMID- 2881120
TI  - Perforation of superior vena cava by indwelling central venous catheters.

PMID- 2881121
TI  - Overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis post-splenectomy.

PMID- 2881122
TI  - Radiosensitization after busulphan.

PMID- 2881123
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone in brain tumour patients.

PMID- 2881124
TI  - Chlorproguanil chemoprophylaxis for falciparum malaria in Kenya.

PMID- 2881125
TI  - In-vitro chloroquine and mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria.

PMID- 2881126
TI  - Acute hypoadrenalism and hepatotoxicity after treatment with ketoconazole.

PMID- 2881127
TI  - Spinal level analgesia after morphine overdose?

PMID- 2881128
TI  - An action by putative father and unborn fetus to prevent termination.

PMID- 2881129
TI  - Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure.
AB  - To investigate whether the lower the blood pressure (BP) the better the prognosis
      for the patient with moderate-to-severe hypertension, an assessment was made of
      902 patients who received the beta 1-selective beta-blocker atenolol (median dose
      100 mg a day), either alone or with other antihypertensive agents, for up to 10
      years (mean 6.1). 91 died, 40 from myocardial infarction, 21 from stroke, and 30
      from other causes. Initial BP was a poor predictor of mortality from myocardial
      infarction, whereas treated systolic blood pressure (SBP) was a strong predictor.
      There was a J-shaped relation, confined to those with evidence of ischaemic heart
      disease, between frequency of death from myocardial infarction and treated DBP
      (phase V); the frequency was lowest at treated DBP of 85-90 mm Hg and rose with
      treated DBP on either side of this range.

PMID- 2881130
TI  - Cyclosporin treatment with conversion after three months versus conventional
      immunosuppression in renal allograft recipients.
AB  - In a prospective randomised trial, 72 recipients of cadaver renal allografts
      received cyclosporin for 3 months followed by azathioprine and prednisone
      (cyclosporin group), and 71 received azathioprine and prednisone from the day of
      transplantation (conventional group). Graft survival was better in the
      cyclosporin group at 3 months and 1 year (93% and 80%) than in the conventional
      group (83% and 70%). This was not a significant difference. The incidence of
      acute rejection episodes in the first 3 months was significantly lower in the
      cyclosporin group (35% versus 77%, p less than 0.00001), as was the number of
      grafts lost because of immunological failure (1 versus 10, p less than 0.02).
      After conversion, renal function improved. Only 5 patients had acute rejection
      after conversion. These episodes were easily reversible in all cases and did not
      lead to graft loss. The numbers of grafts lost after conversion were similar in
      the two groups. Conversion of cyclosporin to azathioprine 3 months after renal
      transplantation is a safe procedure that obviates the long-term toxic effects of
      cyclosporin.

PMID- 2881131
TI  - Cyclosporin conversion versus conventional immunosuppression: long-term follow-up
      and histological evaluation.
AB  - 129 patients who received a cadaver renal transplant entered a randomised
      prospective trial of cyclosporin for 3 months with conversion to azathioprine and
      prednisolone compared with conventional therapy of azathioprine and prednisolone.
      In the 64 patients who received cyclosporin, actuarial patient survival was 92%,
      and actuarial graft survival was 72% and 67% at 1 and 4 years after
      transplantation. Graft survival was significantly better (p less than 0.03) than
      in the 65 patients who received conventional therapy, in whom actuarial patient
      survival was 94%, and actuarial graft survival was 59% and 47% at 1 and 4 years.
      Renal function and other side-effects improved quickly after conversion with the
      better renal function maintained throughout follow-up. Renal biopsies at 90 days
      and 1 year in all patients did not show consistent improvement after conversion
      from cyclosporin in the histological features that might be attributable to
      cyclosporin toxicity. After conversion, 32% of the patients had acute rejection,
      generally within 30 days. 1 graft was lost to early acute rejection after
      conversion and another was lost 3 months later from acute-on-chronic rejection. A
      total of 8 grafts were lost to chronic rejection in the cyclosporin-treated group
      and 6 in the conventional group. The improvement in renal function obtained with
      this protocol of short-term cyclosporin with conversion to azathioprine and
      prednisolone has to be balanced against the risk of acute rejection and even loss
      of the graft after conversion.

PMID- 2881132
TI  - Antibiotic elimination of group-B streptococci in urine in prevention of preterm
      labour.
AB  - The presence of group-B streptococci in the urine of pregnant women seems to be
      associated with preterm labour. Urine samples from 4122 women at 27-31 weeks'
      gestation were examined for bacteria. Group-B streptococci were found in the
      urine of 69 women. In a double-blind, controlled study these patients were given
      either penicillin (10(6) IU three times daily for 6 days; 37 patients) or placebo
      (32 patients). The rates of primary rupture of the membranes (11% v 53%; p less
      than 0.001) and preterm labour (5.4% v 38%; p less than 0.002) were significantly
      lower in the penicillin group than in the placebo group. These results suggest
      that treatment and follow-up to prevent recolonisation in pregnant women with
      group-B streptococci in the urine may reduce the frequency of preterm labour in
      these patients.

PMID- 2881134
TI  - Serum reactivity to human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type I proteins in
      patients with large granular lymphocytic leukaemia.
AB  - To investigate the possibility that the recently recognised syndrome, leukaemia
      of large granular lymphocytes, could be associated with human T-cell
      leukaemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I), sera from 12 patients with this type of
      leukaemia were tested by the use of western-blot techniques for IgG antibodies to
      proteins related to human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I). Sera
      from 6 patients, including 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, reacted with p19
      or p24 retroviral proteins or both. In contrast, no sample from 32 patients with
      uncomplicated rheumatoid arthritis, 27 with Felty's syndrome, 11 with other
      connective tissue disorders, or 21 normal individuals reacted with HTLV-I. The
      results suggest that leukaemia of large granular lymphocytes may be associated
      with a retrovirus related to HTLV-I.

PMID- 2881133
TI  - Identification of placental protein 14 as an immunosuppressive factor in human
      reproduction.
AB  - Extracts of human decidual tissue obtained in the first trimester of pregnancy
      showed potent suppressive activity in mixed lymphocyte cultures. These extracts
      contained substantial amounts of the decidual protein PP14. Purified PP14 also
      exhibited in vitro immunosuppressive activity, and such activity in decidual
      extract and purified PP14 preparations was removed by treatment with a monoclonal
      anti-PP14 antibody-based immunoadsorbent. PP14 was present in seminal plasma,
      which also exhibited immunosuppressive activity that could be reduced, but not
      removed, by the immunoadsorbent. PP14 may be an important immunomodulator in the
      human reproductive system.

PMID- 2881135
TI  - Prevention of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2881136
TI  - Geriatric consultation teams.

PMID- 2881137
TI  - Thallium poisoning in Guyana--a national crisis.

PMID- 2881139
TI  - Who should treat Hodgkin's disease--and where?

PMID- 2881138
TI  - The solitary brain tumour.

PMID- 2881140
TI  - An appraisal of the epidemic rise of coronary heart disease and its decline.
AB  - Epidemiologists have used mortality statistics to demonstrate a sharp rise in the
      incidence of coronary heart disease in several countries since the turn of the
      century and a decline in some countries since the late 1960s. However, increased
      longevity, changes in coding and diagnostic practices, and familiarity with the
      clinical and pathological features of the disease make the increase largely
      spurious. Diagnostic errors in certified causes of death in general, and coronary
      heart disease in particular, indicate that vital statistics are too unreliable
      for determining whether there has been an increase and a subsequent decline in
      the incidence of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2881141
TI  - What follows diagnosis by computed tomography of solitary brain tumour? Audit of
      one year's experience in South East Scotland.
AB  - The referral rate to neurosurgeons after diagnosis by computed tomography (CT) of
      solitary brain tumour (SBT) was audited for South East Scotland in 1985. 142
      patients had SBT diagnosed by CT, but histological confirmation by biopsy or open
      operation was sought in only 67. Among these the CT diagnosis of glioma proved to
      be incorrect in 3 of 44 cases and that of solitary metastasis in 4 of 8 cases.
      Since CT diagnosis of SBT is not fully reliable, biopsy should be considered in
      all cases.

PMID- 2881142
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after travelling in Africa: an epidemiological
      study in seventeen Caucasian patients.
AB  - Seventeen Caucasian patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      contracted after long stays in Africa are reported. Central Africa was concerned
      in all cases. Men are particularly exposed to AIDS whatever their occupation.
      This study suggests that the risk of contracting AIDS in Africa is high; the
      transmission of the virus was related to sexual contact, particularly with
      prostitutes, in Africa in most of the cases. It suggests also that Caucasians who
      travel in Africa spread the virus throughout the world by means of their
      heterosexual relations.

PMID- 2881143
TI  - Rationing health care.

PMID- 2881145
TI  - Caesarean delivery of the second twin.

PMID- 2881144
TI  - Chronic drainage of fetal pulmonary cyst.

PMID- 2881146
TI  - Nicotinamide may extend remission phase in insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2881148
TI  - Anal appearances and child sex abuse.

PMID- 2881147
TI  - Safety of and necessity for needle biopsy of liver tumours.

PMID- 2881149
TI  - Blood pressure monitoring at home for rapid opioid withdrawal with clonidine and
      naltrexone.

PMID- 2881150
TI  - Testing cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2881151
TI  - Olfactory detection and recognition in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2881152
TI  - Symptomatic hypocalcaemia after treatment with high-dose aminohydroxypropylidene
      diphosphonate.

PMID- 2881153
TI  - Effect of ethamsylate on cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2881154
TI  - Choline increases acetylcholine release.

PMID- 2881155
TI  - Dementia in Parkinson's disease in association with diffuse Lewy body disease.

PMID- 2881156
TI  - Timing of levodopa therapy: evidence from MPTP-treated primates.

PMID- 2881157
TI  - 24-hour monitoring of oesophageal pH in outpatients.

PMID- 2881158
TI  - Modern genetics and neuromuscular disorders.

PMID- 2881159
TI  - Gene location in Tourette syndrome.

PMID- 2881160
TI  - HLA-DR2 and rapid-eye-movement sleep latency: failure to replicate.

PMID- 2881161
TI  - In-utero exposure to benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2881162
TI  - No change in corrected beta 2-microglobulin concentration after cuprophane
      haemodialysis.

PMID- 2881163
TI  - Ethanol patch test for low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2881164
TI  - Diagnosis: the need for demystification.

PMID- 2881165
TI  - HIV infection among high-risk pregnant women.

PMID- 2881166
TI  - Delayed and defective anti-HIV IgM response in infants.

PMID- 2881167
TI  - Blood donor screening by Wellcome anti-HIV kits.

PMID- 2881168
TI  - Interpretation of isolated HIV anti-p24 reactivity in Western blot analysis.

PMID- 2881169
TI  - Screening for anti-HIV.

PMID- 2881171
TI  - Fatty acid pattern and ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 2881170
TI  - Dexamethasone and increased intracranial echogenicity.

PMID- 2881173
TI  - Immunosuppression and type I diabetes.

PMID- 2881172
TI  - Management of hyperphosphataemia in renal dialysis patients.

PMID- 2881175
TI  - Adulteration of homoeopathic remedies.

PMID- 2881176
TI  - Death associated with hyperventilation.

PMID- 2881174
TI  - Trimethylaminuria (fish-odour syndrome): an inborn error of oxidative metabolism.

PMID- 2881177
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2881178
TI  - Prevention of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2881179
TI  - Pregnancy following sterilisation: two cases fail.

PMID- 2881180
TI  - The blood pressure effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists injected in the
      medullary site of action of clonidine: the nucleus reticularis lateralis.
AB  - We administered a series of alpha-blocking drugs to the nucleus reticularis
      lateralis (NRL) of the medulla oblongata, the main site for the hypotensive
      action of clonidine. These experiments were performed on pentobarbital
      anaesthetized cats. Drugs were injected through a needle which was
      stereotaxically inserted. Prazosin (6 nmol) was hypertensive (MBP = +25 +/- 8%),
      corynanthine had no effect and AR-C239 (7 nmol), another alpha 1-blocker, was
      hypotensive (MBP = -16 +/- 3.5%). The alpha 2-blockers, yohimbine and idaxozan,
      were hypotensive. The blood pressure effects of alpha-blocking drugs directly
      microinjected in the nucleus reticularis lateralis cannot be simply related to
      their selectivity for a particular subtype of alpha-receptors.

PMID- 2881181
TI  - Effects of exercise and ethanol on liver mitochondrial function.
AB  - Rates of ADP stimulated respiration for various substrates were determined in
      mitochondria isolated from the livers of female Sprague-Dawley rats following 8
      weeks of treatment with daily swimming, ethanol consumption, or both. All rats
      were fed an American Institute of Nutrition (AIN) type liquid diet with the
      ethanol treated rats receiving 35% of the calories as ethanol. Chronic exposure
      to ethanol depressed both state 3 respiration with glutamate as a substrate and
      cytochrome oxidase activity. Respiratory control ratios and P:O ratios, however,
      were unaffected by the ethanol exposure. Exercise alone had no effect on hepatic
      mitochondrial function. There were also no significant alterations in oxidative
      function of hepatic mitochondria from rats which were endurance-trained by
      swimming while receiving the ethanol diet. This lack of alteration in
      mitochondrial function was in spite of the fact that these rats consumed an
      identical amount of ethanol as those which incurred mitochondrial dysfunction.
      These results indicate that regular exercise has the potential to attenuate the
      ethanol induced decline in hepatic mitochondria.

PMID- 2881182
TI  - Effect of the alpha 2-blocker DG-5128 on insulin and somatostatin release from
      the isolated perfused rat pancreas.
AB  - 2[2-(4.5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenylethyl] pyridine dihydrochloride
      sesquihydrate (DG-5128) is an alpha 2-specific-adrenergic antagonist. We have
      studied the effect of DG-5128 on insulin and somatostatin release from the
      isolated perfused rat pancrease. DG-5128 stimulated somatostatin and insulin
      release not only at a low glucose concentration but also at a high glucose
      concentration. These findings suggest that an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor plays
      an important role in the regulation of insulin and somatostatin secretion.

PMID- 2881183
TI  - Effect of dual beta-blockade and calcium antagonism on endurance performance.
AB  - The effect of oral clinically used doses of propranolol, atenolol, nifedipine,
      propranolol + nifedipine, and atenolol + nifedipine on endurance performance and
      ventilatory responses to graded treadmill testing was studied in 12 healthy
      physically active men. Maximal exercise duration was reduced by propranolol
      (8.5%, P less than 0.001) and its combination with nifedipine (11.1%, P less than
      0.001), and to a lesser degree by atenolol (3.2%, 0.05 less than P less than
      0.1), nifedipine (2.1%, P less than 0.05), and atenolol + nifedipine (3.9%, P
      less than 0.01). Exercise duration and heart rate (HR) and ventilatory responses
      to maximal exercise were equivalent with a beta-blocker and its combination with
      nifedipine. At submaximal exercise, beta-blockade reduced the HR and oxygen
      uptake, nifedipine accentuated the HR but did not alter ventilation, and all
      drugs modified the relative oxygen uptake corresponding to 85% of the maximal HR.
      Physiologic responses to submaximal exercise during combination therapy were
      similar to those during beta-blockade alone. This study concludes that, in
      physically active men, nifedipine induces a small impairment of maximal
      performance, but does not accentuate the reduction in effort tolerance resulting
      from beta-blockade. Furthermore, HR and ventilatory responses to exercise during
      combined beta-blockade and calcium antagonism can be predicted from those during
      beta-blockade alone.

PMID- 2881184
TI  - Predicting plantar fasciitis in runners.
AB  - Ninety-one runners were studied to determine whether specific variables were
      indicative of runners who had suffered with plantar fasciitis either presently or
      formerly vs runners who had never suffered with plantar fasciitis. Each runner
      was asked to complete a running history, was subjected to several anatomical
      measurements, and was asked to run on a treadmill in both a barefoot and shoe
      condition at a speed of 3.35 mps (8 min mile pace). Factor coefficients were used
      in a discriminant function analysis which revealed that, when group membership
      was predicted, 63% of the runners could be correctly assigned to their group.
      Considering that 76% of the control group was correctly predicted, it was
      concluded that the predictor variables were able to correctly predict membership
      of the control group, but not able to correctly predict the presently or formerly
      injured sufferers of plantar fasciitis.

PMID- 2881185
TI  - Detection of metabolites in rabbit brain by 13C NMR spectroscopy following
      administration of [1-13C]glucose.
AB  - 1H-decoupled 13C NMR spectra (20.2 MHz) of the living rabbit brain were collected
      with a surface coil following the intravenous infusion of [1-13C]glucose. Within
      15 min of infusion, the alpha and beta anomers of glucose were detected and,
      shortly thereafter, the carbon atoms at positions C4, C3, and C2 of glutamate
      and(or) glutamine. After reductions of inspired oxygen from 30 to 5%, lactate C3
      was detected. The intensity of the lactate resonance rose progressively during
      hypoxia and later fell during recovery with oxygen. The 13C fractional isotopic
      enrichment of arterial blood glucose was measured by 1H NMR providing information
      on the rate and extent of blood glucose labeling.

PMID- 2881186
TI  - Comparison of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase
      activities for evaluation of microangiopathy in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The activities of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and alanine
      aminopeptidase (AAP) were measured in 207 diabetic patients and 57 healthy
      controls, and the relationship of these enzymes to different stages of diabetic
      microangiopathy was studied. Diabetics with clinical proteinuria had higher
      urinary NAG and AAP (17.7 +/- 1.9 and 42.8 +/- 4.9 U/g creatinine, mean +/- SE,
      respectively) than healthy controls (1.8 +/- 0.1 and 10.0 +/- 0.4) or diabetics
      without proteinuria. Among diabetics without proteinuria, NAG excretion in those
      with retinopathy was slightly higher than in those without (6.4 +/- 0.5 v 5.4 +/-
      0.4), and AAP in those with retinopathy was significantly higher than in those
      without (23.0 +/- 1.5 v 17.4 +/- 0.8, P less than 0.01). Urinary albumin measured
      by radioimmunoassay and lysozyme in diabetics with retinopathy but without
      proteinuria was higher than those without retinopathy (P less than 0.001 and P
      less than 0.01). The increase in albumin was the greatest in diabetics with long
      duration of the disease (greater than or equal to 8 years); however, NAG and AAP
      increased more significantly in those with high hemoglobin A1c than in patients
      with long duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881187
TI  - Determination of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase activities in cells of
      the immune system.

PMID- 2881188
TI  - Purification of brain microtubules and microtubule-associated protein 1 using
      taxol.

PMID- 2881189
TI  - Purification of microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins from sea urchin
      eggs and cultured mammalian cells using taxol, and use of exogenous taxol
      stabilized brain microtubules for purifying microtubule-associated proteins.

PMID- 2881190
TI  - Isolation of sea urchin spindles and cytasters.

PMID- 2881191
TI  - Viewing single microtubules by video light microscopy.

PMID- 2881192
TI  - Drugs for migraine.

PMID- 2881194
TI  - [Sensitivity of different species and different larval stages of mosquitoes to
      bacterial preparations].

PMID- 2881193
TI  - Hydrophobic adherence and phase variation in Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - The hydrophobicity of Bordetella pertussis was assayed by measuring the ability
      of cells in suspension to adhere to a polystyrene surface. The quantity of
      adhered bacteria was measured by the binding of enzyme-conjugated anti B.
      pertussis antibodies. Hydrophobic adherence of non-pathogenic variant strains was
      about 20% of that exhibited by pathogenic strains. Hydrophobicity was a stable
      trait as it did not change with passaging or storage. Assays of a series of
      characterized stable variants suggested that the Filamentous Hemagglutinin (FHA)
      is the cell surface moiety responsible for hydrophobic adherence in B. pertussis.

PMID- 2881195
TI  - [Changes in hormonal counter-regulation following insulin-induced hypoglycemia
      with simultaneous administration of the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995].

PMID- 2881196
TI  - Expression of hamster P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance in DNA-mediated
      transformants of mouse LTA cells.
AB  - The overexpression of a plasma membrane glycoprotein, P-glycoprotein, is strongly
      correlated with the expression of multidrug resistance. This phenotype
      (frequently observed in cell lines selected for resistance to a single drug) is
      characterized by cross resistance to many drugs, some of which are used in cancer
      chemotherapy. In the present study we showed that DNA-mediated transformants of
      mouse LTA cells with DNA from multidrug-resistant hamster cells acquired the
      multidrug resistance phenotype, that the transformants contained hamster P
      glycoprotein DNA sequences, that these sequences were amplified whereas the
      recipient mouse P-glycoprotein sequences remained at wild-type levels, and that
      the overexpressed P-glycoprotein in these cells was of hamster origin.
      Furthermore, we showed that the hamster P-glycoprotein sequences were transfected
      independently of a group of genes that were originally coamplified and linked
      within a 1-megabase-pair region in the donor hamster genome. These data indicate
      that the high expression of P-glycoprotein is the only alteration required to
      mediate multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2881199
TI  - [Circulating somatostatin concentrations in childhood. Studies in normal weight
      and obese children and patients with growth hormone deficiency].
AB  - At present in childhood there is only few information about the importance
      concerning circulating somatostatin concentrations. We therefore investigated the
      plasma somatostatin response to a mixed meal, an oral glucose load, pentagastrin
      injection and insulin hypoglycemia in normal weight and obese children and
      patients with growth hormone deficiency. Results in normal weight children: 1.
      Following a 800 kcal mixed meal (50% carbohydrate, 35% protein, 15% fet) peak
      values of plasma somatostatin were reached within 30-180 min (37.6 +/- 4.2 pg/ml
      vs. 58.5 +/- 3.4 pg/ml; p less than 0.05) in 6 children. 2. In response to oral
      glucose load of 1.75 g/kg bw glucose no alterations of plasma somatostatin levels
      were observed in 13 children 3. Injection of 6 micrograms/kg bw pentagastrin s.c.
      in 10 children resulted in maximal increase of somatostatin concentrations
      between 5 and 15 min (32.0 +/- 4.5 pg/ml vs. 69.1 +/- 7.4 pg/ml; p less than
      0.01). 4. Injection of 0.1 IU/kg bw insulin in 7 children induced hypoglycemia
      and stimulated peak values of plasma somatostatin within 15-60 min (32.0 +/- 6.6
      pg/ml vs. 57.4 +/- 6.4 pg/ml; p less than 0.01). - Results in obese children:
      Following mixed meal ingestion in 7 obese children plasma somatostatin response
      was comparable to controls. Although integrated insulin response over 180 min was
      higher in this group (9694 +/- 1363 microU/ml vs. 5054 +/- 651 microU/ml; p less
      than 0.05) the integrated somatostatin response (9038 +/- 1852 pg/ml) did not
      differ from controls (8614 +/- 876 pg/ml). After oral glucose load no changes in
      circulating somatostatin concentrations were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2881198
TI  - [Enzymuria and kidney diseases in childhood].
AB  - Urinary enzyme excretion and proteinuria were studied in 316 children with
      different underlying diseases. Activities on N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and
      alanine aminopeptidase decreased progressively with age in the urine of 66
      healthy prematures, newborns, infants or children. In 51 children with nephrotic
      syndrome, tubulopathies or chronic renal failure, excretion of NAG and AAP rose 3
      to 30 fold. Contrary to molecular weight dependent protein analysis,
      determination of enzymuria did not allow to differentiate between glomerular and
      tubular disorders. After renal transplantation, 31 out of 52 children had a
      pathological enzymuria. NAG and AAP were more frequently elevated during
      treatment with cyclosporine A (21/29), than with azathioprine (10/23). The
      influence of nephrotoxic drugs upon enzymuria was documented in 14 children with
      cystic fibrosis or septicaemia treated with tobramycin. Activities of NAG and AAP
      rose transiently, whereas proteinuria remained almost unchanged. Only three out
      of 45 children receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy for juvenile
      rheumatoid arthritis or spondylarthritis showed a pathological increase in
      enzymuria. Mean urinary NAG and AAP excretion in 154 children with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus were not different from controls and were unrelated
      to either duration of disease or HbA1 concentration. The determinations of
      urinary enzymes as non-invasive tests of renal integrity in medicine and
      toxicology provide a very sensitive indicator of renal damage. The assays of NAG
      and AAP have proven to be most valuable; however, due to a lack of specificity
      for the type and origin of renal dysfunction, these urinary enzyme assays are
      most useful when carried out in conjunction with electrophoretic analyses of
      proteinuria.

PMID- 2881197
TI  - Different functional domains of the adenovirus E1A gene are involved in
      regulation of host cell cycle products.
AB  - We have analyzed the cell cycle effects that different domains of the adenovirus
      E1A proteins have on quiescent primary BRK cells. Studies with deletion mutants
      that in combination removed all but the N-terminal 85 amino acids common to both
      the 12S and 13S proteins suggest that this region may be sufficient for the
      induction of synthesis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the stimulation
      of DNA synthesis. A second domain also common to the N-terminal exon of the 12S
      and 13S proteins was required for the induction of mitosis and stimulation of
      proliferation of primary BRK cells. A virus containing a mutation in this region
      was still able to stimulate DNA synthesis efficiently. A third domain, unique to
      the 13S protein, was required for the accelerated activation of the cellular
      thymidylate synthase gene in a manner similar to the 13S-dependent stimulation of
      adenovirus early region genes.

PMID- 2881200
TI  - [Electric potential of soldered gold crown bridges in the mouth].

PMID- 2881201
TI  - The nature of radiation-induced mutations at the white locus of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - X-Ray- and neutron-induced mutations at the white locus of Drosophila
      melanogaster were used to study the nature of radiation-induced genetic damage.
      Genetic analysis showed the presence of multi-locus deficiencies in 15 out of 31
      X-ray mutants and in 26 out of 35 mutants induced by neutrons. The DNA from 11 X
      ray and 4 neutron mutants, which were not multi-locus deficiencies, was analyzed
      by Southern blot-hybridization. Deletions were observed in 2 X-ray and 1 neutron
      mutant. In combination with cytogenetic techniques, chromosomal rearrangements
      affecting the white locus (translocations, inversions, etc.) were identified in 3
      X-ray and in 2 neutron mutants. A hot-spot for translocation breakpoints was
      identified in the left arm of the third chromosome. 5 X-ray mutants, which
      apparently did not contain large deletions, were subjected to further analysis by
      the nuclease S1 protection method, after cloning of the white gene. In 4 mutants
      a small deletion could indeed be detected in this way. Thus it seems that by far
      the main part of X-ray- and neutron-induced white mutants have arisen through
      large changes in the white gene, especially deletions.

PMID- 2881202
TI  - Formation of a highly mutagenic diazo compound from the bamethan-nitrite
      reaction.
AB  - A variety of cardiovascular drugs were treated with 10 equivalent amounts of
      nitrite in acidic solutions. Among 18 drugs, a preparation of bamethan [1-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)-1-hydroxy-2-butylaminoethane] showed strikingly high mutagenicity
      by this treatment toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. Treatment
      of bamethan with an equivalent amount of nitrite gave N-nitrosobamethan I which
      was not mutagenic. However, treatment of bamethan with 4 equivalent amounts of
      nitrite afforded a highly mutagenic compound II, which was identified as 3-diazo
      N-nitrosobamethan by its physicochemical analysis and chemical properties.
      Specific mutagenic activity of II was 9200 His+ revertants/mu mole toward TA98
      and 8060 His+ revertants/mu mole toward TA100. Addition of microsomal system
      little affected the activity. Bamethan is administrated orally during long period
      for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It is noted that this drug can produce
      the highly mutagenic diazo compound by reaction with nitrite which is present in
      digestive tracts.

PMID- 2881204
TI  - Absence of mutagenic activity of benorylate, paracetamol and aspirin in the
      Salmonella/mammalian microsome test.
AB  - Benorylate and its two major hydrolysis products, paracetamol and aspirin were
      examined for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome screening test.
      The compounds were tested in 6 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535, TA1537,
      TA1538, TA100, TA97 and TA98) in the presence and absence of a rat-liver
      microsome activation system. Benorylate did not show evidence of mutagenic
      activity in the 6 strains tested with or without metabolic activation at
      concentrations ranging from 0.006 to 3 mg per plate. Paracetamol and aspirin
      likewise did not show any evidence of mutagenic activity at concentrations
      ranging from 0.1 to 50 mg per plate for the former and 0.01 to 50 mg per plate
      for the latter.

PMID- 2881203
TI  - Glutathione mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA100: dependence on a single
      enzyme, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.
AB  - Glutathione was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 in the presence
      of purified mammalian gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Glutathione disulfide, gamma
      glutamyl glutamic acid, and S-methyl-glutathione were not mutagenic under the
      same conditions. Glutathione-mediated, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-dependent
      mutagenesis of TA100 cells was inhibited by serine-borate complex, a known gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase inhibitor, and potentiated by glycylglycine, a known gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase enhancer. It is concluded that this enzyme is necessary
      and sufficient to activate glutathione to a mutagen.

PMID- 2881205
TI  - Antiamebic antibodies in homosexual men.

PMID- 2881206
TI  - Reversibility of catecholamine-induced dilated cardiomyopathy in a child with a
      pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2881207
TI  - The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface
      receptor.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a widespread functional disturbance of
      the human brain. Fibrillar amyloid proteins are deposited inside neurons as
      neurofibrillary tangles and extracellularly as amyloid plaque cores and in blood
      vessels. The major protein subunit (A4) of the amyloid fibril of tangles, plaques
      and blood vessel deposits is an insoluble, highly aggregating small polypeptide
      of relative molecular mass 4,500. The same polypeptide is also deposited in the
      brains of aged individuals with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). We have argued
      previously that the A4 protein is of neuronal origin and is the cleavage product
      of a larger precursor protein. To identify this precursor, we have now isolated
      and sequenced an apparently full-length complementary DNA clone coding for the A4
      polypeptide. The predicted precursor consists of 695 residues and contains
      features characteristic of glycosylated cell-surface receptors. This sequence,
      together with the localization of its gene on chromosome 21, suggests that the
      cerebral amyloid deposited in Alzheimer's disease and aged Down's syndrome is
      caused by aberrant catabolism of a cell-surface receptor.

PMID- 2881208
TI  - Molecular genetics of the mind.

PMID- 2881209
TI  - Bipolar affective disorders linked to DNA markers on chromosome 11.
AB  - An analysis of the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in an
      Old Order Amish pedigree has made it possible to localize a dominant gene
      conferring a strong predisposition to manic depressive disease to the tip of the
      short arm of chromosome 11.

PMID- 2881210
TI  - Molecular genetic evidence for heterogeneity in manic depression.
AB  - Manic depression is a severe cyclic mental illness that can be unipolar or
      bipolar and has a lifetime risk of approximately 7 per 1,000 in most populations.
      Families with multiple cases of manic depression have been described that are
      compatible with both autosomal dominant and X-linked modes of genetic
      transmission. Psychoactive antidepressant and stimulant drugs that help to
      ameliorate depression and mania are thought to act by affecting catecholamine
      neurotransmitter systems such as adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, amongst
      others. Mutations affecting the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, which encodes the
      rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of these three neurotransmitters, might
      therefore be responsible for causing the manic depressive phenotype. We have
      studied three Icelandic kindreds amongst whom it appears that a single autosomal
      dominant disease allele is segregating. In these families there were 44 cases
      amongst 73 individuals at risk. Genetic linkage studies were carried out using
      clones encoding tyrosine hydroxylase the variable portion of the Harvey-ras-1
      (HRAS1) locus and the variable region of the insulin gene (INS). All three
      markers are closely linked on chromosome 11 and were used to observe the
      segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the three
      affected kindreds. We found no evidence for linkage to these markers in any of
      the three families. In contrast, Gerhard et al. found linkage between manic
      depression and HRAS1 in a single large Amish kindred. We conclude that there is
      genetic heterogeneity of linkage in manic depression. Therefore mutations at
      different loci are responsible for the manic depressive phenotype in the Amish
      and in Iceland.

PMID- 2881211
TI  - Ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor involves its rhodopsin-like core.
AB  - Recently the genes for several hormone receptors that interact with guanine
      nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) have been cloned, including the hamster
      beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR), a human beta AR, the turkey erythrocyte
      beta AR and the porcine muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (MAR). All these
      receptors share some amino-acid homology with rhodopsin, particularly in 7
      hydrophobic stretches of residues that are believed to represent transmembrane
      helices. To determine whether differences in ligand specificity result from the
      divergence in the sequences of the hydrophilic regions of these receptors, we
      have expressed in mammalian cells genes for the wild-type hamster and human beta
      AR proteins, and a series of deletion mutant genes of the hamster beta 2AR. The
      pharmacology of the expressed receptors indicates that most of the hydrophilic
      residues are not directly involved in the binding of agonists or antagonists to
      the receptor. In addition, we have identified a mutant receptor that has high
      agonist affinity but does not couple to adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2881212
TI  - Linkage of an X-chromosome cleft palate gene.
AB  - Many congenital malformations, such as cleft palate and neural tube defects, have
      a multifactorial origin involving both environmental and genetic factors.
      Conditions such as these may be exclusively monogenic, polygenic or
      environmental, but in most cases both genetic and environmental factors are
      involved. This study describes the sub-chromosomal localization of a single gene
      defect causing cleft palate and ankyloglossia (tongue-tied) in a large Icelandic
      family. This defect is a model for the analysis of other neural-crest
      malformations that show a more complex multifactorial inheritance pattern.

PMID- 2881213
TI  - Homozygotes for Huntington's disease.
AB  - Careful comparison of symptomatic individuals with normal controls has revealed
      the primary biochemical abnormality in many human genetic diseases, particularly
      recessive disorders. This strategy has proved less successful for most human
      disorders which are not recessive, and where a single copy of the aberrant gene
      has clinically significant effects even though the normal gene product is
      present. An alternative approach that eliminates the impediment of a normal
      protein in affected individuals is to study homozygotes for the mutant allele.
      For virtually all dominant human disorders in which homozygotes have been
      described, symptoms have been significantly more severe in the homozygote than in
      the heterozygote. Thus, these disorders do not conform to the classical
      definition of dominance which states that homozygotes and heterozygotes for a
      defect are phenotypically indistinguishable. Instead, they display incomplete
      dominance, indicating that the normal allele may play a role in ameliorating the
      disease process. The D4S10 locus, defined by the probe G8 and linked to the gene
      for Huntington's disease (HD), has permitted us to identify individuals with a
      high probability of being homozygous for this autosomal dominant
      neurodegenerative disorder. These homozygotes do not differ in clinical
      expression or course from typical HD heterozygotes. HD appears to be the first
      human disease of genetically documented homozygosity that displays complete
      phenotypic dominance.

PMID- 2881214
TI  - A genetic pathway for the specification of the vulval cell lineages of
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Twenty-three genes have been assigned to particular steps in a genetic pathway
      for the specification of the vulval cell lineages of the nematode Caenorhabditis
      elegans. Mutations in most of these genes cause homoeotic transformations in the
      fates of individual cells, suggesting that these lineages may be specified by a
      series of decisions that distinguish between alternative cell fates. Fifteen of
      the genes function in a system involved in the intracellular response to the
      extracellular signal that induces vulval formation.

PMID- 2881215
TI  - Release of [3H]acetylcholine from a modified rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm
      preparation.
AB  - Two different preparations of the rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm (whole nerve
      muscle preparation, end-plate preparation) were used for studying synthesis and
      release of radioactive acetylcholine in the absence and presence of
      cholinesterase inhibitors. When the whole nerve-muscle preparation (110-180 mg)
      was incubated with [3H]choline, only small amounts of radioactive acetylcholine
      were synthesized within the tissue. Electrical nerve stimulation of the whole
      nerve-muscle preparation produced no increase in tritium outflow. Incubation of
      the end-plate preparation (16-29 mg) which was obtained after removal of most of
      the muscle mass led to the formation of large amounts of [3H]acetylcholine.
      Synthesis depended on nerve activity and increased 13-fold during a high loading
      stimulation (50 Hz), as compared to the synthesis at rest. In a denervated end
      plate preparation the formation of [3H]acetylcholine was reduced to 4% of the
      control preparation. Electrical nerve stimulation of the end-plate preparation
      produced a release of tritium that could be attributed entirely to the release of
      [3H]acetylcholine. The stimulated tritium efflux was completely suppressed in a
      calcium-free medium or in the presence of tetrodotoxin (300 nM). Release could
      even be detected during a short train of 50 pulses (5 Hz) with a fractional
      release of about 0.04% of the [3H]acetylcholine tissue content per pulse. It is
      concluded that the large muscle mass interferes with nerve labelling by a
      reduction of the [3H]choline supply to the nerve terminals when the whole nerve
      muscle preparation is used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881216
TI  - Presynaptic nicotine receptors mediating a positive feed-back on transmitter
      release from the rat phrenic nerve.
AB  - The effects of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) and of nicotine receptor
      antagonists on [3H]acetylcholine release from the rat phrenic nerve preincubated
      with [3H]choline were investigated in the absence and presence of cholinesterase
      inhibitors (presynaptic effects). Additionally, the effects of hexamethonium and
      tubocurarine on the muscle contraction of the indirectly stimulated diaphragm
      were examined (postsynaptic effects). DMPP (1-30 microM) increased (76-92%),
      whereas hexamethonium (0.001-1 mM) and tubocurarine (1-10 microM) decreased (52
      60%) the release of [3H]acetylcholine following a train of 100 pulses at 5 Hz.
      The release caused by a longer train (750 pulses at 5 Hz) was only slightly
      affected by DMPP and tubocurarine. In the presence of neostigmine (10 microM)
      neither tubocurarine nor DMPP significantly modulated the evoked
      [3H]acetylcholine release. High DMPP concentrations (10 and 30 microM) enhanced
      the evoked release only when the pretreatment interval was reduced from 15 min to
      20 s. Tubocurarine and hexamethonium concentration-dependently inhibited the end
      organ response. Hexamethonium was 250-fold more potent on presynaptic than on
      postsynaptic nicotine receptors. It is concluded that the motor nerve terminals
      are endowed with presynaptic nicotine receptors. These autoreceptors mediate a
      positive feed-back mechanism that can be triggered by previously released
      endogenous acetylcholine. Receptor desensitization can be produced by high
      agonist concentrations (endogenous or exogenous agonists) and is probably one
      mechanism to limit the autofacilitatory process. The presynaptic receptors appear
      to differ in their pharmacological properties from the postsynaptic receptors.

PMID- 2881217
TI  - Some pharmacological properties of Wy 27127 a more selective alpha 2:alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist than idazoxan in vitro.
AB  - Wy 27127 and idazoxan were approximately equipotent as antagonists at alpha 2
      adrenoceptors as estimated by their ability to block clonidine-induced inhibition
      of electrically-evoked contractions of the rat isolated vas deferens. Idazoxan
      was seven times as potent as Wy 27127, as an antagonist at alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      as indicated by blockade of methoxamine-induced contractions of the rat isolated
      anococcygeus muscle. Thus, the alpha 2:alpha 1 selectivity ratio, as calculated
      from these tests was 407 for Wy 27127 and 76 for idazoxan. Wy 27127 and idazoxan
      were equipotent in enhancing stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium from rabbit
      isolated pulmonary arteries preloaded with [3H]-noradrenaline as expected for
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists. At higher concentrations both compounds reduced
      the stimulation-evoked contraction of the pulmonary artery but idazoxan was 15
      times as potent as Wy 27127 in this respect. Neither compound had marked
      antagonist actions at 5-hydroxytryptamine (D), muscarinic, presynaptic dopamine
      or histamine (H1) receptors or at beta 1-adrenoceptors. Thus, idazoxan and Wy
      27127 were equipotent alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists in vitro, however, the
      alpha 2:alpha 1 selectivity of Wy 27127 was considerably greater than that of
      idazoxan by virtue of weaker alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonism.

PMID- 2881220
TI  - [Possibilities and impossibilities in the treatment of young children with CARA].

PMID- 2881221
TI  - [The course of the first schizophrenic illness. A 5-year catamnesis].

PMID- 2881218
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor activity of arylalkylimidazoles is improved by alpha
      methylation and impaired by alpha-hydroxylation.
AB  - To investigate the effects of hydroxyl and methyl substitution of the alkyl
      bridge bond on the alpha-adrenoceptor activity of arylalkylimidazole derivatives,
      the cardiovascular effects of the molecules were studied in anaesthetized and
      pithed rats. The compounds studied were 4(5)-substituted imidazole derivatives
      with a methano, ethano or etheno bridge between the imidazole and the 2-, 2,3- or
      2,6-methyl substituted phenyl rings. The hypotensive and bradycardic activities
      of the molecules in the anaesthetized rat were always reduced by alpha
      hydroxylation and usually augmented by alpha-methylation of the bridge between
      the imidazole and phenyl rings. Hydroxylation was associated with a consistent,
      marked decrease in vasopressor and sympatho-inhibitory activity in the
      cardiovascular system of the pithed rat, but a methyl moiety as a "bulky
      substituent" in the alpha-position of the alkyl bridge did not decrease but even
      caused an increase in alpha-adrenoceptor activity in this test system. The
      detrimental effect of alpha-hydroxylation of the compounds at alpha 1- and alpha
      2-adrenoceptors supports the notion that the interaction of the imidazoles at
      alpha-adrenoceptor is different from that of the classical, noradrenaline-like
      phenethylamines. The results also suggest that the alkyl bridge between the
      phenyl and imidazole rings of the imidazoles may contribute directly to the
      binding process.

PMID- 2881219
TI  - The effect of age on the sensitivity of pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors
      to agonists and antagonists in the rat.
AB  - Age-related changes in presynaptic alpha-2 and postsynaptic alpha-1 adrenoceptors
      have been determined using the rat isolated vas deferens and the thoracic aorta,
      respectively. The IC50 values of clonidine, B-HT 933 and UK 14,304 for inhibition
      of the electrically evoked contractions of the vas deferens were significantly
      higher in 50 week old rats when compared with rats of 5 weeks. Similarly, EC50
      values for the contraction of the thoracic aorta by noradrenaline, methoxamine
      and phenylephrine were significantly increased in 50 week old rats compared with
      5 week old rats. No age-related changes in the potency of the selective alpha-2
      adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine and Wy 26392 were detected in the vas
      deferens. Similarly, there were no age-related changes in the alpha-1
      adrenoceptor antagonist potency of indoramin or prazosin on the aorta. The
      results of the present study suggest that the potency of both alpha-1 and alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonists, as measured by their respective EC and IC50 values
      decreases with increasing age.

PMID- 2881223
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for a sex difference in neural regulation of
      prolactin secretion in rats.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) secretion patterns were determined in freely moving male and
      female rats chronically fitted with electrodes in the sexually dimorphic
      component of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the median eminence (ME),
      together with a chronic atrial blood sampling catheter. Electrodes made of
      stainless steel or platinum-iridium were implanted bilaterally. Female rats with
      4 electrodes in the ME exhibited an attenuated surge of PRL secretion on
      proestrus (injured group), rats with 2 electrodes in the ME had a normal
      proestrous surge (intact group). Basal PRL levels were not different between the
      two groups. Stimulation (100-Hz voltage pulses, 0.2 ms width, 10 s on/5 s off,
      total duration 25 min) did not produce lesions. Evidence is presented that
      experimentation was performed without stress. Electrical stimulation applied to
      the MPOA increased PRL secretion in males, decreased PRL secretion in proestrous
      females and was without effect in conscious or anesthetized diestrous females.
      Electrical stimulation applied to different locations of the ME was without
      effect in male and diestrous female rats; it reduced PRL secretion in proestrous
      females. These data demonstrate that the MPOA has a sexually differentiated
      function in the regulation of PRL secretion. The data do not provide evidence for
      a sexual dimorphism in prolactin-inhibiting factor and prolactin-releasing factor
      activity in the ME.

PMID- 2881222
TI  - Release studies related to the neurotransmitter role of glutamate in the
      cerebellum: an overview.

PMID- 2881225
TI  - Computed tomographic myelography in spinal subdural empyema.

PMID- 2881224
TI  - The effect of mu, delta, kappa and epsilon opioid receptor agonists on heart rate
      and blood pressure of the pithed rat.
AB  - Opioid peptides and opioid receptors are found in the hearts of various species.
      Opioid peptides were also shown to modulate norepinephrine inducing changes in
      atrial rate, in vitro. Since we have recently shown a predominance of kappa and
      delta receptors in the rat atria, we found it of interest to study the role of
      highly selective opioid agonists on spontaneous and sympathetically stimulated
      heart rate. The pithed, artificially ventillated rat was used in these studies. D
      Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADL), was used as an delta-agonist, D-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly
      ol5-enkephalin (DAGO) as a highly selective mu-agonist; Dynorphin A (1-17) as a
      kappa-agonist and beta-endorphin (beta-END) as a mixed epsilon-delta-mu agonist.
      Naloxone was used as an opiate antagonist. None of the above opioid peptides
      changed the basal blood pressure and heart rate at 1-100 nmol/kg except Dyn A-(1
      17) which produced a brief depressor response (-15 +/- 2 mmHg, p less than 0.01).
      Stimulation of the spinal cord (50 v, 1 msec, 1 Hz, 30 sec) produced consistant
      pressor and cardiac accelerating responses. None of the opioid peptides studied
      blocked or enhanced the increase in blood pressure or heart rate produced by
      spinal cord stimulation. The depressor effect of the high dose of Dyn A-(1-17)
      was not blocked by naloxone. These results suggest that mu, delta or kappa opioid
      receptors in the rat heart have no role in the regulation of basal or
      sympathetically driven heart rate. Our data also suggest no role for these opioid
      receptors in modulation of basal arterial tone or norepinephrine-induced
      arteriolar constriction.

PMID- 2881226
TI  - Quantification of immunogold labelling reveals enrichment of glutamate in mossy
      and parallel fibre terminals in cat cerebellum.
AB  - The glutamate immunoreactivity of different cell populations was compared
      quantitatively in the cerebellar cortex of cat, using an antiserum raised against
      glutamate coupled to bovine serum albumin by glutaraldehyde. Neuronal and glial
      processes were identified on serial electron microscopic sections which were
      processed by a postembedding immunogold procedure. The surface density of
      colloidal gold particles was used for statistical comparison of the relative
      levels of glutamate in cell populations, or in different parts of the same
      population. The terminals of mossy and parallel fibres had significantly higher
      levels of glutamate immunoreactivity than Golgi cell terminals, granule cell
      dendritic digits, Purkinje cell dendrites or dendritic spines. Golgi cell
      terminals were identified by their position and GABA immunoreactivity as revealed
      by immunogold in serial sections. The dendritic digits of the putative
      glutamatergic granule cells had significantly higher glutamate immunoreactivity
      than did Purkinje cell dendrites and dendritic spines. Glial cell processes in
      the molecular layer had lower level of glutamate immunoreactivity than any of the
      neuronal processes. The results demonstrate that the highest levels of glutamate
      immunoreactivity occur in mossy and parallel fibre presynaptic terminals that are
      known to have an excitatory effect. This supports previous suggestions that
      glutamate may be a transmitter at these synapses. The measurement of the levels
      of putative amino acid transmitters in identified neuronal populations, or in
      different parts of the same population, could have wide applications in studies
      on the chemical neuroanatomy of the nervous system.

PMID- 2881227
TI  - In vivo presynaptic control of dopamine release in the cat caudate nucleus--II.
      Facilitatory or inhibitory influence of L-glutamate.
AB  - The local effects of various concentrations of L-glutamate (from 10(-8) M up to
      10(-3) M) on the release of [3H]dopamine synthesized continuously from
      [3H]tyrosine were examined in the caudate nucleus of halothane-anaesthetized cats
      implanted with push-pull cannulae. When used at a concentration of 10(-8) M or
      10(-7) M, L-glutamate stimulated the release of [3H]dopamine from nerve terminals
      of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. This effect was still observed in the
      presence of tetrodotoxin (5 X 10(-7) M) but it was antagonized by 2-amino 6
      trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole (PK 26124) (10(-5) M), an antagonist dopamine
      nerve terminals. While no significant change in the release of [3H]dopamine was
      observed with 10(-6) M L-glutamate, higher concentrations (from 10(-5) M to 10(
      3) M) of the amino acid produced a long-lasting reduction in the [3H]transmitter
      release. This latter effect was also antagonized by PK 26124 (10(-5) M) but,
      unlike that observed with 10(-8) M L-glutamate, it did not persist in the
      presence of tetrodotoxin (5 X 10(-7) M). On the contrary, a marked stimulation of
      the release of [3H]dopamine was seen in the presence of this neurotoxin. The
      reduction in the release of [3H]dopamine produced by 10(-4) M L-glutamate was
      also antagonized by bicuculline (10(-5) M) and moreover a marked stimulation of
      [3H]dopamine release took place in the presence of this gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) antagonist. Therefore, high concentrations of L-glutamate exerted an
      inhibitory presynaptic control on [3H]dopamine release which seemed to be
      indirect and mediated partly by GABAergic neurons. Since a sustained reduction in
      the spontaneous release of [3H]dopamine was seen in the presence of PK 26124, the
      corticostriatal glutamatergic neurons appeared to exert a tonic facilitatory
      presynaptic influence on dopamine release. This effect was important since it
      represented 40% of the tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of the [3H]transmitter. The
      direct (stimulatory) and indirect (inhibitory) presynaptic controls on dopamine
      release mediated by corticostriatal glutamatergic fibres are discussed in light
      of previous findings and of the anatomical organization of the caudate nucleus.

PMID- 2881228
TI  - In vivo presynaptic control of dopamine release in the cat caudate nucleus--III.
      Further evidence for the implication of corticostriatal glutamatergic neurons.
AB  - In confirmation of previous results, experiments in halothane-anaesthetized cats
      implanted with push-pull cannulae showed that the unilateral application of GABA
      (10(-5) M for 30 min) into the left thalamic motor nuclei (either ventralis
      medialis, or ventralis lateralis) markedly stimulated the release of [3H]dopamine
      continuously synthesized from [3H]tyrosine in both caudate nuclei and in the
      contralateral substantia nigra. Three types of experiments confirmed that the
      changes in [3H]dopamine release evoked in both caudate nuclei resulted from a
      presynaptic facilitation mediated by the bilateral corticostriatal glutamatergic
      projection: The constant delivery of 2-amino 6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole (PK
      26124) (10(-5) M) to the left caudate nucleus prevented the increased release of
      [3H]DA evoked by application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (10(-5)M) into
      ventralis medialis-ventralis lateralis while an enhanced release of [3H]dopamine
      still occurred in the contralateral caudate nucleus. Since PK 26124 is an
      antagonist of glutamatergic transmission, the presynaptic facilitation may
      involve glutamatergic neurons. Single unit recordings of dopamine cells in the
      contralateral substantia nigra indicated that the increased release of
      [3H]dopamine from dendrites evoked by the application of GABA (10(-5)M) into
      ventralis medialis-ventralis lateralis was associated with a reduction in the
      firing rate of dopamine cells. Thus, the enhanced release of [3H]dopamine in the
      contralateral caudate nucleus may involve a presynaptic facilitatory process.
      Finally, the unilateral lesion of the sensory motor cortex made prior to the
      superfusion of caudate nucleus with [3H]tyrosine prevented the responses evoked
      in the two caudate nuclei by the application of GABA (10(-4) M) into ventralis
      medialis-ventralis lateralis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881229
TI  - Effects of intracerebroventricular AF64A administration on cholinergic,
      serotoninergic and catecholaminergic circuitry in rat dorsal hippocampus.
AB  - Five nmol ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion, a potential cholinotoxin was
      administered bilaterally into the cerebral ventricles of male rats at coordinates
      A -1.5, L +/- 1.5 and V -4.0 mm. The dorsal hippocampi were processed for choline
      acetyltransferase, serotonin or tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry 7 days
      after the injection to determine the specificity of the effect of the drug.
      Intrinsic choline acetyltransferase positive cells were also found after
      treatment, while the overall staining of fibres decreased. No change was observed
      in staining for either serotonin or tyrosine hydroxylase. Using the electron
      microscope, degenerating nerve terminals, with recognizable synaptic
      specializations were encountered, most frequently in stratum oriens and
      occasionally, degenerated CA3 pyramidal cells were observed. These findings are
      consistent with the neurochemical data obtained in parallel experiments with the
      morphological study in which it was found that acetylcholine content of the
      hippocampus was reduced by 73.4% 7 days after ethylcholine mustard aziridinium
      ion treatment, while dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin levels were
      unaffected. Furthermore, the morphological studies indicate that ethylcholine
      mustard aziridinium ion can exert selective effects on the cholinergic system of
      dorsal hippocampus without significantly altering its cytoarchitecture.

PMID- 2881230
TI  - [Association between medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and pathology of the
      parathyroid glands. Pathogenetic significance, diagnosis and treatment in a
      series of 13 patients].

PMID- 2881231
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia: a case study.

PMID- 2881233
TI  - Abstracts of the eight annual conference of the Hong Kong Society of
      Neurosciences. Hong Kong, September 4-5, 1986.

PMID- 2881234
TI  - Abstracts of the fifth meeting of the Brain Research Association. Edinburgh,
      Scotland, U.K., March 29-April 1, 1987.

PMID- 2881232
TI  - Excitatory amino acid receptors and ischemic brain damage in the rat.
AB  - The excitatory amino acid glutamate has been suggested to be an important
      mediator of the selective CA1 hippocampal damage which follows transient cerebral
      ischemia. In order to evaluate the possible involvement of altered glutamate
      receptor regulation in the expression of the delayed neuronal necrosis following
      ischemia, we have determined the density of glutamate receptor subtypes in the
      rat hippocampus following transient ischemia. We report a transient reversible
      decrease in [3H]AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid)
      binding sites (presumably representing quisqualate receptors) followed by a long
      term loss of binding at 2 days postischemia which precedes neuronal loss. In
      contrast, no change was noted in the N-methyl-D-aspartate or kainic acid binding
      sites over this time period.

PMID- 2881235
TI  - Lead nitrate induced changes in the brain constituents of the freshwater fish
      Clarias batrachus (L).
AB  - Exposure of C batrachus to 5 ppm lead nitrate for 150 days resulted in the
      significant elevation of brain histamine and serotonin content, but Gamma
      aminobutyric acid level showed a decrease. Lead significantly reduced the brain
      monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity. In addition, lead
      significantly lowered the brain lipid, cholesterol, protein and ascorbic acid
      contents. These findings suggest that lead significantly impairs the brain
      neurotransmitter function.

PMID- 2881236
TI  - The effect of trimethyltin on three glutamergic and gabaergic transmitter
      parameters in vitro: high affinity uptake, release and receptor binding.
AB  - The effects of trimethyltin (TMT) on high-affinity uptake, release and sodium
      independent binding of glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were
      studied in vitro in homogenates of hippocampal tissue. TMT (50 micron) increased
      the release of glutamic acid from synaptosomes in the resting state (5 mM K+),
      whereas the release of GABA was only slightly affected. High affinity uptake of
      glutamate was inhibited by TMT in the same concentration range as release. The
      uptake of GABA was only affected by TMT-concentrations from 500 micron to 5 mM.
      The sodium independent binding of both glutamate and GABA, usually assumed to be
      binding to receptor sites, were inhibited with 50 microM or more TMT in the
      incubation medium. The results indicate that TMT can interfere with several
      different events of the neurotransmission process in the central nervous system
      at concentrations which can be obtained in the brain of rats after a sublethal
      dose of the compound.

PMID- 2881237
TI  - Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in adult women.

PMID- 2881238
TI  - T-cell leukaemia not confirmed.

PMID- 2881239
TI  - [Peptidases of oral Streptococci--II. Purification and characterization of
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV from Streptococcus salivarius HHT].

PMID- 2881240
TI  - [Microbiologic diagnosis of whooping cough at public health offices in West
      Germany--results of a survey].

PMID- 2881242
TI  - [Abnormalities of testis-epididymis fusion associated with undescended testis].

PMID- 2881241
TI  - Mucocutaneous pigmented spots and oral myxomas: the oral manifestations of the
      complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity.
AB  - The complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity is a
      recently recognized syndrome, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The
      most serious component of the disorder is cardiac myxoma, which has caused the
      death of one fourth of the affected patients and serious disability in an equal
      number. It is, therefore, important to recognize patients at risk from the
      syndrome and, in particular, to test them for cardiac myxoma. Fortunately, in
      many patients the myxoma complex has a clearly visible marker: mucocutaneous
      pigmentation. Among 58 patients with the syndrome, spotty facial pigmentation was
      present in 36 (62%), and 29 (50%) of these also had pigmented spots on their
      lips. This type and distribution of pigmentation should be a clue to the possible
      presence of the complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine
      overactivity, and patients thus affected should be referred for further
      investigation. Oral cavity myxoma(s) occurred in four patients with the syndrome.

PMID- 2881243
TI  - [Effect of blockade of adrenergic beta receptors on the development of disorders
      of cardio- and hemodynamics in shock of immunologic origin].

PMID- 2881244
TI  - Spermatic venography in undescended testes.
AB  - In patients with undescended testes the demonstration of the pampiniform plexus
      (i.e. venous network surrounding the testis) by selective retrograde contrast
      filling of the internal spermatic vein gives exact information about the
      existence and localization of the gonadal tissue. Especially with small
      hypoplastic testes and/or an intraabdominal position of the gonad the results of
      this technique are superior to those of ultrasound and computed tomography. The
      venographic information often helps to reduce the extent of the surgical
      exploration, most of all in those cases in which after an ineffective first
      procedure a second operation is planned. Venography can be done on an outpatient
      basis in children from an age of about 6 years upwards without general anesthesia
      and serious complications. Personal experiences with the spermatic venography in
      11 patients (age: 7-32 years) with 18 undescended testes are demonstrated.
      Comparing the roentgenologic and surgical findings in 7 patients with 12 explored
      veins the results corresponded completely in 75%. In the remaining cases
      roentgenologic demonstration of one of the testicular veins with its pampinifom
      plexus suggested important information about the localization of the
      contralateral testis, surgically confirmed later.

PMID- 2881245
TI  - Acetoacetyl CoA thiolase deficiency presenting as ketotic hypoglycemia.
AB  - We report two children who presented with hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis in
      whom acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.9) measured in fibroblast homogenates was
      deficient. Deficiency of this enzyme is normally associated with urinary
      excretion of 2-methylacetoacetate and in one child the urinary excretion of 2
      methylacetoacetate, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate, and tiglylglycine was raised. By
      contrast, in the other child, the urinary excretion of these metabolites was very
      low even during ketoacidosis and following an isoleucine load. We suggest that
      this could be due to deficiency of the extrahepatic isoenzyme, a defect that may
      be responsible for some of the cases of "ketotic hypoglycemia."

PMID- 2881246
TI  - Measles virus in the cerebrospinal fluid in postvaccination immunosuppressive
      measles encephalopathy.

PMID- 2881247
TI  - Phosphate transport across the basolateral membrane from rat kidney cortex:
      sodium-dependence?
AB  - Basolateral membrane vesicles were isolated from rat renal proximal tubules by a
      Percoll-centrifugation method. Transport of phosphate could be stimulated by a
      sodium gradient but transport of D-glucose was not or only slightly affected by
      sodium. The Percoll-basolateral membrane fraction showed sodium-independent trans
      stimulation of phosphate by itself. To test whether sodium stimulation of
      phosphate transport is influenced by the crosscontamination of basolateral with
      brush border membranes, the basolateral membrane fraction obtained by the Percoll
      method was applied to free-flow electrophoresis for further purification. Thereby
      a separation of basolateral from brush border marker enzymes was obtained. It was
      possible to correlate net sodium-dependent phosphate transport with the brush
      border marker enzyme activity. ATP-dependent calcium uptake and cytochalasin B
      sensitive, sodium-independent D-glucose uptake followed basolateral, whereas
      phlorizin sensitive, sodium-dependent D-glucose followed brush border marker
      enzymes. Sodium dependent phosphate uptake was inhibited by D-glucose, this
      inhibition was released by phlorizin. It is concluded that the sodium-dependent
      phosphate uptake present in the Percoll-basolateral membrane fraction is due to
      crosscontamination with brush border membranes and that phosphate translocation
      across the basolateral membrane is carrier-mediated and sodium-independent.

PMID- 2881248
TI  - Proton pump activity and Mg-ATPase activity in rat kidney cortex brushborder
      membranes: effect of 'proton ATPase' inhibitors.
AB  - In order to further characterize the ATP driven proton pump present in the
      luminal membrane of the renal proximal tubule, brushborder membranes were
      isolated from rat kidney cortex and the effect of various proton ATPase
      inhibitors on intravesicular ATP hydrolysis in sealed brushborder membrane
      vesicles and on Mg-ATPase activity in permeabilized brushborder membranes was
      investigated. The protonophor induced intravesicular ATP hydrolysis (ATP driven
      proton pump) was inhibited by DCCD and filipin but not by diethylstilbestrol and
      duramycin. All four compounds decreased Mg-ATPase activity, the two former
      inhibited the ATPase activity with a lower potency than the proton pump. NEM--up
      to 10 mM--and orthovanadate did not affect intravesicular ATP hydrolysis nor Mg
      ATPase activity. From the relative sensitivity of the proton pump and the Mg
      ATPase activity to the inhibitors it is concluded that about 35% of the Mg-ATPase
      activity found in the brushborder membrane can be attributed to the ATP-driven
      proton pump. Furthermore, the results obtained with NEM and duramycin suggest
      that the brushborder membrane proton pump has different properties than the
      proton pump in clathrin-coated vesicles or endosomes. The results presented above
      raise the possibility that the brushborder membrane proton pump is predominantly
      involved in acid secretion by the proximal convoluted tubule whereas the proton
      pump in clathrin-coated vesicles may be predominantly involved in the endocytosis
      of larger peptides and proteins.

PMID- 2881250
TI  - [Enterocutaneous intestinal fistulas. Results with traditional and new
      therapeutic principles].

PMID- 2881249
TI  - Ammoniagenesis catalyzed by hippurate-activated gamma-glutamyltransferase in the
      lumen of the proximal tubule. A microperfusion study in rat kidney in vivo.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) is located in the brushborder membrane of
      the proximal tubule where the catalytic site of the enzyme faces the lumen. The
      (phosphate-independent) glutaminase activity of gamma-GT in vitro is activated by
      hippurate. In order to investigate glutamine deamidation in the tubule lumen in
      vivo, 14C-L-glutamine-containing solutions were continuously microperfused
      through sections of the proximal convoluted tubule in vivo and in situ. D
      aspartate and L-phenylalanine (10 mmol/l, each) were added to the perfusate in
      order keep the reabsorption of L-glutamine as such low and to block reabsorption
      of any glutamate possibly formed, respectively. Intraluminal formation of
      glutamate from glutamine in the absence of hippurate is small. In presence of 10
      mmol/l hippurate, 5%-70% of the recovered 14C-activity was 14C-glutamate at an
      initial 14C-L-glutamine concentration of 1 mmol/l. The respective absolute rate
      (+/- SEM) of glutamate formation, i.e., 36 +/- 5 pmol X s-1 X m-1, was increased
      1.4-fold at an initial L-glutamine concentration of 3 mmol/l, but dropped to one
      third at initially 0.3 mmol/l. A rough estimate of the apparent kinetic constants
      resulted in a Km of 0.58 (0.19-0.97) mmol/l and a Vmax of 56 (40-93) pmol X s-1 X
      m-1. Deamidation of glutamine occurred also in the absence of L-phenylalanine.
      Acivicin (AT 125), a gamma-GT inhibitor, completely blocked glutamate formation.
      Endogenous hippurate concentrations determined by free flow micropuncture and
      HPLC were 0.16 mmol/l in the late proximal convolution, 0.6 mmol/l in the early
      distal convolution, and 4.9 mmol/l in the final urine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2881251
TI  - RFLP detected at the 8924 locus by a thyroglobulin cDNA probe.

PMID- 2881252
TI  - A frequent Pvu II RFLP of the human gastrin releasing peptide gene.

PMID- 2881253
TI  - A RFLP associated with the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR).

PMID- 2881254
TI  - An anonymous genomic clone that detects a frequent RFLP adjacent to the D4S10
      (G8) marker and Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2881255
TI  - RFLPs associated with pMC1, an anonymous single copy clone from the short arm of
      chromosome 19 [HGM8 assignment no. D19S14].

PMID- 2881256
TI  - AvaII polymorphism in the human LDL receptor gene.

PMID- 2881257
TI  - An Eco R1 polymorphism of a human platelet factor 4 (PF4) gene.

PMID- 2881258
TI  - BanI dimorphic site in the third intron of the human apolipoprotein AI gene (Apo
      A1).

PMID- 2881259
TI  - A high frequency RFLP identified by an anonymous single copy genomic clone at
      13q14.1-13q14.2 [HGM8 assignment no. D13S22].

PMID- 2881261
TI  - A high-frequency RFLP at the human liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase
      locus.

PMID- 2881262
TI  - Isolation of an anonymous single copy probe D4S66 (E24) from chromosome 4
      associated with a three allele RFLP.

PMID- 2881260
TI  - Length mutations in human mitochondrial DNA: direct sequencing of enzymatically
      amplified DNA.
AB  - A specific segment of mitochondrial DNA from 18 people was examined by two
      methods of direct DNA sequencing. This segment includes a small noncoding region
      (V) shown before by restriction analysis to exhibit length polymorphism. All 11
      of the human mtDNAs previously reported to have a deletion in this region proved
      to lack one of the two adjacent copies of a 9-base-pair sequence normally present
      in human mtDNAs. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this deletion occurred only
      once during the evolution of modern types of human mtDNA and that it will be a
      valuable anthropological marker for peoples of East Asian origin. The one human
      mtDNA reported to have an addition in region V differs from the wild type by two
      mutations in the first copy of the 9-base-pair sequence: one transition and an
      addition of four cytosines, thereby producing a run of 11 cytosines. One of the
      direct DNA sequencing methods uses a single oligonucleotide primer to facilitate
      dideoxy sequencing from purified mtDNA templates. The second, more successful,
      method first amplifies this mtDNA segment enzymatically with two flanking primers
      (the "polymerase chain reaction") and then uses a third primer for DNA
      sequencing. This latter method, which works on the DNA extracted from small
      amounts of blood as well as on purified mtDNA, is shown to be a rapid means of
      defining sequence variants without purifying and cloning the same DNA segment
      from many individuals.

PMID- 2881263
TI  - New RFLPs at the DXS164 (pERT 87-8) locus in the black population.

PMID- 2881264
TI  - RFLP for the human erb-A1 gene.

PMID- 2881265
TI  - RFLP for pHM20 (D2S12), an anonymous DNA sequence localised to 2p23-2pter.

PMID- 2881266
TI  - p380-8A 1.8 SaSs, a single copy clone 5' of c-myc at 8q24 which recognizes an
      SstI polymorphism.

PMID- 2881267
TI  - PvuII RFLP inside the human estrogen receptor gene.

PMID- 2881269
TI  - Isolation of a DNA sequence (lambda EMBL3.123, D4S64) from chromosome 4 showing a
      BglII polymorphism.

PMID- 2881268
TI  - Isolation of a polymorphic DNA sequence (lambda EMBL3.303, D2S14) from chromosome
      2.

PMID- 2881270
TI  - RFLP identified by the anonymous DNA segment OL VII A8 at 18q11 (HGM8 no. D18S7).

PMID- 2881271
TI  - Human apolipoprotein CI (ApoC1) gene locus: BglI dimorphic site.

PMID- 2881272
TI  - A highly polymorphic locus in 5p15.2-5p15.3 (213-274EC) revealed by an anonymous
      single copy DNA fragment.

PMID- 2881273
TI  - A HindIII RFLP for the HPRT pseudogene on chromosome 3 (HPRTP1).

PMID- 2881274
TI  - Two TaqI RFLPs in the human von Willebrand factor gene.

PMID- 2881275
TI  - A 5' flanking region of the metallothionein, MT2A, gene identifies two moderately
      frequent RFLPs.

PMID- 2881276
TI  - Isolation of polymorphic DNA fragments from human chromosome 4.
AB  - We have identified and characterized 40 DNA probes detecting restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP) on human chromosome 4. Single copy human clones were
      isolated from a bacteriophage library enriched for chromosome 4 sequences. Each
      clone was hybridized to somatic cell hybrid DNAs for verification of its species
      and chromosomal origin and for regional localization. Sequences specific for
      chromosome 4 were tested for their ability to detect RFLPs in human DNA and their
      potential utility as genetic markers was assessed. Approximately 263,000 base
      pairs or 0.13% of the chromosome was screened for sequence variation. The
      estimate of heterozygosity calculated from this large body of data, H = 0.0021,
      indicates that the degree of sequence variation on chromosome 4 is comparable to
      other autosomes. The characterization of these 40 markers has tripled the number
      of polymorphic loci available for linkage studies on chromosome 4, making it
      feasible to begin construction of a detailed linkage map that will span the
      entire chromosome.

PMID- 2881278
TI  - RFLPs for the human erythrocyte membrane glycophorin C gene.

PMID- 2881277
TI  - Rat prostatic binding protein: the complete sequence of the C2 gene and its
      flanking regions.
AB  - The complete sequence (2879 bp) of the androgen-controlled rat prostatic binding
      protein C2 gene and 1023 bp of the 5'- and 2127 bp of the 3'-flanking regions
      have been determined. The gene contains three exons (93, 203 and 147 bp) and two
      introns (1630 and 806 bp). It is flanked by two homopurine-homopyrimidine
      stretches of 55 and 131 nucleotides respectively, located at positions -405 and
      4151. These sequences are remarkably sensitive towards S1-nuclease, indicating an
      altered DNA conformation under superhelical stress. Several palindromes and dyad
      structures are observed in the 5'-upstream region of the gene and at position 
      457, and 80% homology to the consensus sequence of a glucocorticoid receptor
      binding site is found.

PMID- 2881279
TI  - Mouse skeletal alpha actin has limited restriction fragment length polymorphism
      and is not a member of the human 1q-mouse distal chromosome 1 syntatic group.

PMID- 2881280
TI  - RFLP detected with a 5'-bcr-gene-sequence (HGM8 provisional no. D22S11).

PMID- 2881281
TI  - Human apolipoprotein CI (apoC1) gene locus: DraI dimorphic site.

PMID- 2881282
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactase and maltase activity in the intestinal
      mucosa of children with chronic diarrhea].

PMID- 2881284
TI  - [Methods of determining gamma-glutamyltransferase].

PMID- 2881283
TI  - Pancreatic islets in older patients with cystic fibrosis with and without
      diabetes mellitus: morphometric and immunocytologic studies.
AB  - Forty patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), including 34 who died above age 10
      years without having developed clinical diabetes mellitus and 6 who died with
      both cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus, were studied. The mean age of the
      female patients with CF but not diabetes was 15.8 +/- 5.6 years; of males without
      diabetes, 17.2 +/- 6.4 years; of female patients with CF and diabetes mellitus,
      20.2 +/- 6.9 years; and of males with CF and diabetes, 21.3 +/- 6.6 years. The
      mean number of pancreatic islets in microscopic sections for patients with cystic
      fibrosis but not diabetes was 4.18 +/- 2.76/mm2, and the value for patients with
      both cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus was 2.61 +/- 2.07/mm2. The lowest
      density of pancreatic islets (1.69 +/- 0.48/mm2) for cystic fibrosis was found in
      patients with the latest-stage pathologic lesion. Nesidioblastosis (presence of
      ductuloinsular complexes) was identified in 14 of 38 cystic fibrosis patients,
      both with and without diabetes mellitus. The pancreatic islets of both diabetic
      and nondiabetic patients with CF showed hypertrophy; the mean volume of the three
      largest pancreatic islets for CF only was 0.0117 +/- 0.00657 mm3 and that for
      cystic fibrosis and diabetes was 0.00795 +/- 0.00599 mm3, both values being
      larger than normal. Ratios of the amounts of islet endocrine cells, A cells, B
      cells, and D cells, were determined by peroxidase--anti-peroxidase labeled
      antibody staining. The B cells composed 43.0% of endocrine cell mass in cystic
      fibrosis alone and 30.1% in cystic fibrosis with diabetes mellitus, which were
      lower than normal proportions. The D cell values, 11.9% in cystic fibrosis and
      15.1% in cystic fibrosis with diabetes mellitus, on the other hand, were greater
      than normal ratios.

PMID- 2881285
TI  - [APUD cells in the respiratory system of humans and animals: morphologic study].

PMID- 2881286
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in Takayashu's disease].

PMID- 2881287
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in central France. Epidemiological data].

PMID- 2881288
TI  - [Interactions of thyrotropin and prostaglandins E2 with receptors and their
      effect on the cAMP levels in human thyroid tissue].
AB  - A study was made of the interactions of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and TTH with
      receptors and their effect on the cAMP level using thyroid tissue obtained
      suboperatively from patients with nodular euthyroid goiter and diffuse toxic
      goiter. There was no significant difference in the kinetic characteristics of TTH
      receptor interaction in euthyroid and thyrotoxic thyroid tissue. At the same time
      in thyrotoxicosis there was a decrease in the pool of free receptors to 3H-PGE2,
      probably, determined by a rise of the formation of receptor complexes with
      endogenous PGE2 whose content in thyrotoxic tissue was raised. In thyrotoxic
      thyroid tissue the PGE2 effect maintained in the presence of a decrease in the
      stimulating TTH action on the cAMP level.

PMID- 2881289
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists as antidepressants: the search for selectivity.

PMID- 2881290
TI  - Chronic neuroleptic effects on dopamine neuron activity: a model for predicting
      therapeutic efficacy and side effects?

PMID- 2881291
TI  - Effect of neuroleptics on the schizophrenic syndrome.

PMID- 2881292
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors causing variability in response to
      neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2881293
TI  - Correlating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines: problems
      and assumptions.

PMID- 2881294
TI  - Comparative pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2881295
TI  - Clinical studies of "specific" anxiolytics as therapeutic agents.

PMID- 2881296
TI  - Treatment of nitrosamine-induced pancreatic tumors in hamsters with analogs of
      somatostatin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was induced in female Syrian golden hamsters by
      injecting N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) once a week at a dose of 10 mg per
      kg of body weight for 18 weeks. Hamsters were then treated with somatostatin
      analog D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2 (RC-160) or with [6-D
      tryptophan]luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [( D-Trp6]LH-RH) delayed
      delivery systems. Microcapsules of somatostatin analog RC-160, designed to
      release a dose of 5 micrograms/day, were injected twice a month and microcapsules
      of [D-Trp6]LH-RH, calculated to liberate 25 micrograms per day, once a month.
      After 18 weeks of BOP administration, the hamsters were divided into three groups
      of 10-20 animals each. Group I consisted of untreated controls, group II was
      injected with RC-160, and group III was injected with [D-Trp6]LH-RH. A striking
      decrease in tumor weight and volume was obtained in animals treated with [D
      Trp6]LH-RH or with the somatostatin analog RC-160. After 45 days of treatment
      with either analog, the survival rate was significantly higher in groups II and
      III (70%), as compared with the control group (35%). The studies, done by light
      microscopy, high-resolution microscopy, and electron microscopy, showed a
      decrease in the total number of cancer cells and changes in the epithelium,
      connective tissue, and cellular organelles in groups II and III treated with the
      hypothalamic analogs as compared to controls. These results in female hamsters
      with induced ductal pancreatic tumors confirm and extend our findings, obtained
      in male animals with transplanted tumors, that [D-Trp6]LH-RH and somatostatin
      analogs inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancers.

PMID- 2881297
TI  - The Thy-1 antigen exhibits rapid lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane of
      rodent lymphoid cells and fibroblasts.
AB  - Thy-1 is a plasma membrane protein, but its primary structure lacks the typical
      membrane-spanning sequence. Recent studies revealed that a glycophospholipid is
      covalently bound to the carboxyl terminus, suggesting that the protein is
      integrated into the plasma membrane by this lipid moiety. Lateral diffusion of
      Thy-1 was measured in mouse thymocytes, lymphoma cells, and fibroblasts by the
      fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. Thy-1 was labeled with
      rhodamine-conjugated anti-Thy-1 monoclonal antibodies. Diffusion coefficients of
      2-4 X 10(-9) cm2/sec were obtained for the antigen-antibody complex in all the
      cell types. About 50% of the Thy-1 was mobile. The diffusion coefficient for the
      mobile fraction of Thy-1 is considerably larger than the diffusion coefficients
      of many other plasma membrane proteins. Rather, the diffusion coefficient of Thy
      1 is similar to those of lipid analogs embedded in the same membrane, providing
      strong support for the suggested lipid anchoring of this antigen.

PMID- 2881298
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated sensitization of forskolin-stimulated cyclic
      AMP production.
AB  - Preincubation of HT29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells with alpha 2-adrenergic
      agonists resulted in a 10- to 20-fold increase in forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP
      production as compared to cells preincubated without agonist. Similar results
      were obtained using either a [3H]adenine prelabeling assay or a cyclic AMP
      radioimmunoassay to measure cyclic AMP levels. This phenomenon, which is termed
      sensitization, is alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated and rapid in onset and
      reversal. Yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-selective antagonist, blocked
      norepinephrine-induced sensitization, whereas prazosin (alpha 1-adrenergic) and
      sotalol (beta-adrenergic) did not. The time for half-maximal sensitization was 5
      min and the half-time for reversal was 10 min. Only a 2-fold sensitization of
      cyclic AMP production stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide was observed,
      indicating that sensitization is relatively selective for forskolin.
      Sensitization reflects an increased production of cyclic AMP and not a decreased
      degradation of cyclic AMP, since incubation with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
      and forskolin did not mimic sensitization. Increasing the levels of cyclic AMP
      during the preincubation (using a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) had no effect on
      sensitization, indicating that sensitization is not caused by decreased cyclic
      AMP levels during the preincubation. This rapid and dramatic sensitization of
      forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production is a previously unreported effect that
      can be added to the growing list of alpha 2-adrenergic responses that are not
      mediated by a decrease in cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2881299
TI  - The yeast PHO5 promoter: phosphate-control elements and sequences mediating mRNA
      start-site selection.
AB  - Transcription of PHO5 is strongly regulated in response to the level of inorganic
      phosphate (Pi) present in the growth medium. We have identified elements required
      for PHO5 expression by analyzing small deletions in the PHO5 promoter on
      chromosome II. The results reveal three functionally different components of the
      PHO5 promoter: regulatory regions, a "TATA" element, and specific mRNA initiation
      sites. The regulatory regions contain related 19-base-pair (bp) dyad sequences
      acting as phosphate-controlled upstream activation sites (UASpS). These UASpS
      mediate the transcriptional activation of PHO5 observed in low Pi conditions. The
      unlinked but coordinately regulated PHO11 promoter contains a single copy of an
      almost identical dyad sequence, suggesting that there is a common regulatory UASp
      for both genes. A TATA element is absolutely required for detectable PHO5
      transcription. Specific purine-pyrimidine motifs (RRYRR) (R = purine and Y =
      pyrimidine) serve as PHO5 mRNA initiation sites, but only if they lie 55-110 bp
      downstream of a functional TATA element. Such an "initiation window" is not found
      in higher eukaryotes and implies mechanistic differences in the transcription
      machineries between yeast and higher eukaryotes.

PMID- 2881300
TI  - Immunochemical studies of fibroblasts from patients with methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
      apoenzyme deficiency: detection of a mutation interfering with mitochondrial
      import.
AB  - Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (2-methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase, EC 5.4.99.2) is
      a mitochondrial enzyme whose deficiency in man leads to several biochemically and
      clinically heterogenous++ forms of methylmalonic acidemia. Intact fibroblasts
      from 21 patients with mutase apoenzyme deficiency have been pulse-labeled with
      [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine to determine how amounts of newly synthesized
      mutase recovered from these cells by immunoprecipitation compare with the amounts
      of steady-state crossreacting material previously determined. Ten lines (3 mut-,
      7 mut 0 ), previously shown to have detectable steady-state crossreacting
      material, had amounts of newly synthesized mutase that varied from similar (7
      lines) to considerably greater than (3 lines) the steady-state amounts. Of 11
      lines that had no detectable steady-state crossreacting material, 6 had no
      detectable newly synthesized mutase, and 5 had amounts of mutase ranging from
      just detectable to almost half that of control. This result suggests that, at
      least for this latter group, one effect of the mutation in the mutase gene is to
      reduce the stability of the mutase protein. We examined fibroblasts from 48
      patients with mutase apoenzyme deficiency to determine the sizes of the mature
      mutase subunit and the mutase precursor accumulated in the presence of the
      mitochondrial transport inhibitor rhodamine 6G. Of the 38 lines that had
      detectable newly synthesized mutase, only 2, lines 437 and 552, showed a pattern
      different from that generated by the normal precursor and mature subunits. Line
      437 had two immunoprecipitable precursor proteins in the presence of rhodamine,
      each of which appeared to be transported and processed in the cells to produce
      two distinct mature proteins. Line 552 also had two anti-mutase reactive proteins
      in the presence of rhodamine, but each was smaller than the normal mature subunit
      and neither appeared to be proteolytically processed. The defect in line 552 is
      almost certainly an amino-terminal deletion that removes the leader peptide
      necessary for proper uptake and cleavage of the mutase precursor; this represents
      a clear example of a natural human mutation that interferes with mitochondrial
      transport of a protein.

PMID- 2881301
TI  - Foot-and-mouth disease--one of the remaining great plagues.

PMID- 2881303
TI  - End-stopped cells and binocular depth discrimination in the striate cortex of
      cats.
AB  - Proposals concerning neural mechanisms for binocular depth discrimination have
      been criticized on the grounds that only striate cells with a preferred stimulus
      orientation not too far from the vertical can make significant horizontal
      disparity discriminations. We investigated this claim by preparing a two
      dimensional array of position-disparity response profiles to moving light and
      dark bars from each of 18 cells in the simple family. From these arrays, it was
      possible to reconstruct disparity response profiles along any axis across the
      receptive field, irrespective of the cell's optimal stimulus orientation. This
      analysis showed that cells with a predominantly excitatory binocular response (N
      = 10) can make precise horizontal disparity discriminations, independent of their
      optimal stimulus orientation, provided that they are sufficiently end stopped.
      End-free cells, on the other hand, are effective for horizontal disparity
      discriminations only if their preferred orientation are near the vertical. Nearly
      all striate cells we examined were end-stopped to some degree and nearly half had
      an end inhibition sufficient to reduce the monocular response from the dominant
      eye to half its maximal amplitude. Cells having a predominantly inhibitory
      disparity response profile of the symmetric type (N = 8) have an inhibitory
      profile along every axis across the receptive field. An outline is given of a
      neural mechanism for the determination of absolute viewing distance based on the
      sensitivities of striate cells to vertical retinal-image disparities.

PMID- 2881302
TI  - Stereoscopic mechanisms: binocular responses of the striate cells of cats to
      moving light and dark bars.
AB  - New knowledge concerning the internal structure and response properties of the
      receptive fields of striate cells calls for a fresh appraisal of their binocular
      interactions in the interest of a better understanding of the neural mechanisms
      underlying binocular depth discrimination. Binocular position-disparity response
      profiles were recorded from 71 simple and B-cells in response to moving light and
      dark bars. Predominantly excitatory (PE) cells (N = 48) had disparity response
      profiles that were spatially closely similar to their respective monocular
      responses. In addition, the centrally located excitatory subregions were flanked
      on one or both sides by non-specific inhibitory regions. PE cells with a
      preferred stimulus orientation within 30 degrees of the vertical (N = 17) showed
      binocular facilitations with maximal values that were always more than twice
      (mean 3.3) the sum of the two monocular responses to the same stimuli and
      generally greater than the facilitations shown by cells with orientations more
      than 30 degrees from the vertical (N = 29; mean 2.2 times the sum of the
      respective monocular responses). The strength of the binocular facilitation
      depended on the stimulus contrast, the facilitation decreasing with increasing
      contrast. The receptive-field disparity distribution of the 31 PE cells capable
      of making significant horizontal disparity discriminations has standard
      deviations of 0.37 degrees and 0.40 degrees, respectively. Predominantly
      inhibitory cells (PI) (N = 23) showed two basic types of disparity response
      profile: symmetric (N = 17) and asymmetric (N = 6). Uncertainty regarding the
      precise location of the binocular fixation point in the anaesthetized and
      paralysed preparation made it difficult to categorize PI cells adequately.

PMID- 2881304
TI  - Factors responsible for a karyotypic polymorphism in the common shrew, Sorex
      araneus.
AB  - A Robertsonian karyotypic polymorphism in the common shrew in the Oxford area,
      first described in the 1950s, was re-examined. The polymorphism involves
      chromosome arm combinations kq, no and pr (characteristic of the Oxford
      karyotypic race), ko (characteristic of the Hermitage karyotypic race) and jl
      (found in both races). The polymorphism for jl was sporadic along a north-south
      transect through the Oxford area, with the frequency of the twin-acrocentric
      morph never exceeding 10%. The frequency of the Oxford race-specific metacentrics
      decreased and the frequency of the Hermitage race-specific metacentric ko
      increased from north to south along the transect. At a latitudinal grid reference
      of about 180 km, there was a high frequency of individuals with chromosome arms
      k, n, o and q in the ancestral acrocentric state. This was coincident with the
      area of occurrence of ko-kq and ko-no Oxford-Hermitage hybrids. Such hybrids are
      double Robertsonian heterozygotes with monobrachial homology and are likely to
      suffer reduced fertility in consequence. It is proposed that this is a source of
      selection against the monobrachial hybrids and hence results in an increase in
      frequency of the acrocentric morphs. This scheme goes some way to explain the
      clines of polymorphism for arm combinations kq, no and ko, but it is suggested
      that other selective factors are involved. It cannot explain the cline of
      polymorphism for pr, which is in general terms similar to that for kq and no, but
      is more shallow and centred further north.

PMID- 2881305
TI  - Measures of cooperativity in the binding of ligands to proteins and their
      relation to non-additivity in protein-protein interactions.
AB  - The analogy between cooperativity in the binding of ligands to proteins and non
      additivity in protein-protein interactions is demonstrated and discussed in terms
      of the Wong and the Hill coefficients. A measure of non-additivity, the
      interaction constant, is rigorously derived for four thermodynamic cycles,
      involving the binding of small molecules to proteins and protein association. It
      is the reciprocal of the 'defect factor' of Laskowski et al. in Proteinase
      inhibitors: medical and biological aspects (ed. N. Katunuma et al.), pp. 55-68
      (1983), and its logarithm is the Wong measure of cooperativity. These three
      measures are thus here given a common theoretical basis. The Hill coefficient for
      an asymmetric dimer that binds two different ligands which do not compete for the
      same site, at 50% saturation of each site, is derived. It is shown to be a
      function of the interaction constant and of the fraction of protein to which
      ligand is bound at both sites. These relations for protein-ligand interactions
      are then discussed in the context of non-additivity in protein-protein
      interactions.

PMID- 2881307
TI  - A model to account for the elastic element in muscle crossbridges in terms of a
      bending myosin rod.
AB  - We advance a structural model to account for the rapid elastic element seen in
      mechanical transient experiments on vertebrate skeletal muscle (A.F. Huxley &
      Simmons 1971 Nature, Lond. 233, 533-538). In contrast to other crossbridge
      models, ours does not envisage a myosin rod made up of two rigid portions
      connected by a hinge, but rather a gradually bending rod portion connecting the
      heads to the thick filament shaft. We propose that, in relaxed muscle, the
      subfragment 2 (S2) portion of the myosin rod is bound to the thick filament shaft
      by ionic interactions analogous to those between the light meromyosin (LMM)
      portions of the rod that constitute the body of the shaft. These interactions
      probably involve the alternating zones of positive and negative charge seen in
      myosin rod amino acid sequences. As the crossbridge cycle that generates tension
      begins, we propose that part of S2 detaches from the thick filament shaft and
      bends to enable the myosin head to attach to actin. When tension develops in the
      crossbridge, the S2 is straightened and more of it becomes detached from the
      shaft so that the junction between S2 and the myosin heads moves 3-4 nm axially.
      As tension declines at the end of the crossbridge stroke, we propose that S2
      rebinds to the thick filament shaft and that this provides the restoring force to
      return the junction of the heads and S2 to its original axial position. Thus this
      movement would have the characteristics of an elastic element; detailed
      calculations indicate that it would have properties similar to those observed
      experimentally. Furthermore, this model can account for the radial attractive
      force seen in rigor and in contracting muscle, the decrease in stiffness when
      interfilament spacing is increased in skinned muscle, and the increased rate of
      proteolysis observed at the S2-LMM junction in contracting muscle.

PMID- 2881306
TI  - Cone connections of the horizontal cells of the rhesus monkey's retina.
AB  - The presence in the rhesus monkey's retina of a second morphological type of
      horizontal cell (H2), described by Kolb et al. (1980), is confirmed. Both types
      of cell are here further described. Their cone connections are quantified and
      compared with those of mammals and other vertebrates. The dendrites and axons of
      the H2 type of cell contact only cones as do the dendrites of the H1 cell
      (originally described by Polyak (1941)) which has an axon contacting only rods.
      The dendrites of foveal H2 cells contact between 11 and 14 cones; those of H1
      contact 7. The number of cones that each type of cell contacts increases with
      increasing distance from the fovea, so that, by 5-6 mm eccentricity, H2-type
      cells synapse with between 20 and 30 cones, and the H1 cells with 12-15. The
      qualitatively estimated coverage factors of each are 3 or 4; every cone synapses
      with more than one of both types. Neither type of horizontal cell makes
      chromatically specific connections that are anatomically recognizable, unlike the
      situation in some teleostean and turtle retinae. Individual horizontal cells,
      particularly those connected to foveal cones, may have different ratios of
      chromatic input. At equivalent eccentricities, up to about 6 mm from the fovea,
      the dendritic fields of H2 horizontal cells are about twice the size of H1 cells
      and contact about twice the number of cones. These relative differences are
      closely similar to those of the cat's horizontal cells and it is suggested that
      they are a basic feature of most placental mammals. The organization of foveal
      cone fibres within Henle's layer is described. The distribution of primate cone
      telodendria, gap junctions and synapses in the outer plexiform layer are briefly
      reviewed and compared with those of other vertebrate retinae.

PMID- 2881308
TI  - Vision of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) in air and water.
AB  - Refractive states measured by retinoscopy and photorefraction indicate that the
      eyes of the Humboldt penguin, Spheniscus humboldti, are approximately emmetropic
      in air and water. Extensive myopia in air, as predicted by earlier authors and by
      a recent anatomical study, is non-existent. Photorefractive measurements of the
      refractive state, in water, of the Humboldt penguin indicate that it can
      accommodate sufficiently to make up the loss of the refractive power of the
      cornea. The cornea of the Humboldt penguin is flattened relative to the overall
      size of the eye. In all these respects (corneal flattening, and accommodation in
      air and water) the eyes of Humboldt penguins are like those of gentoo,
      (Pygoscelis papua), rockhopper (Eudyptes crestatus), Magellanic (Spheniscus
      magellanicus), and king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica).

PMID- 2881309
TI  - Quipazine-metoclopramide inhibition of CB-154-induced prolactin suppression in
      rats: neurotransmitter-metabolite correlations.
AB  - The ability of quipazine and metoclopramide to protect rats from CB-154-induced
      suppression of serum prolactin concentrations was studied. These drugs affect
      whole brain concentrations of dopamine and serotonin, and their major metabolites
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.
      Serum prolactin concentrations have been correlated with the concentrations of
      the neurotransmitters and their respective metabolites. Differences in the
      metabolite/precursor ratios have been used to compare turnover rates of the
      neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Increased turnover of dopamine and
      decreased turnover of serotonin correlate with elevated prolactin concentrations
      for quipazine and metoclopramide administered together. The combination of
      quipazine and metoclopramide protects rats against CB-154-induced prolactin
      suppression better than either of the drugs given alone. This study suggests that
      a quipazine-metoclopramide regimen may have therapeutic potential for combating
      ergotlike fescue and other similar toxicities observed in cattle grazing on
      endophyte-infected pasture grasses.

PMID- 2881310
TI  - The effects of gastrin, epidermal growth factor, and somatostatin on DNA
      synthesis in a small intestinal crypt cell line (IEC-6).
AB  - Exposure of IEC-6 cells for 24 hr to either gastrin (50-500 ng/ml) or EGF (100
      500 ng/ml) significantly stimulated (100-165%) the rate of [3H]thymidine
      incorporation into DNA (referred to as DNA synthesis) when compared with the
      corresponding basal levels. Somatostatin (10-500 ng/ml) produced no apparent
      change in DNA synthesis in IEC cells. On the other hand, somatostatin completely
      inhibited the EGF-induced rise in DNA synthesis. The gastrin-mediated stimulation
      in DNA synthesis was not affected by somatostatin. The rate of DNA synthesis in
      IEC cells in the presence of both gastrin and EGF was found to be greater
      (additive) than that caused by either of the peptides alone. A similar but less
      dramatic change in the actual number of cells (assessment of cell replication)
      was observed when the IEC cells were exposed for 24 hr to gastrin, EGF, and
      somatostatin, either alone or in combination. Whereas gastrin (250 ng/ml) and EGF
      (250 ng/ml) by themselves increased the number of cells significantly by 29 and
      37%, respectively, together they caused a 72% stimulation, when compared with the
      basal levels. Somatostatin by itself caused no apparent change in IEC cell
      population, but it significantly inhibited the EGF- but not the gastrin-induced
      stimulation in IEC cell replication. It is concluded that both gastrin and EGF
      exert a direct proliferative effect on IEC cells, and the EGF action is regulated
      by somatostatin.

PMID- 2881311
TI  - Cephalic sensory pathways in the central nervous system of larval Manduca sexta
      (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae).
AB  - Central projections of neurons innervating sensory structures on the head of
      larval Manduca sexta were traced by using methods of anterograde cobalt
      diffusion. Regions of the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum in the brain receive
      input from the antenna, labrum, maxilla, labial palps, hypopharynx and other
      unidentified regions of the buccal cavity. Antennal, maxillary and labial inputs
      project to the larval antennal centre (LAC) of the deutocerebrum. Stemmatal
      neurons and a few antennal neurons project into the protocerebrum. The
      suboesophageal ganglion (SEG) receives input from mechanosensory neurons in all
      parts of the head and its sensory appendages. Some mechanosensory neurons project
      further to the first thoracic ganglion. In addition to receiving input from
      chemosensory neurons of the maxilla, the SEG may also receive chemosensory input
      from epipharyngeal sensilla of the labrum.

PMID- 2881312
TI  - [A conversation with Grazyna Jankowska. Interview by Krystyna Serafin].

PMID- 2881313
TI  - Psychotropic drug use in Italy: national trends and regional differences.
AB  - Psychotropic drug sales data for Italy were examined for the years 1975-84. The
      principal findings were of more-or-less consistent annual increases in sales of
      antidepressants, minor tranquillizers and, to a lesser extent, of neuroleptics.
      These trends are interpreted in the context of the characteristics of the Italian
      National Health Service (NHS), and in relation to findings from psychotropic drug
      utilization studies in other Western countries. Regional differences in
      psychotropic drug sales for 1983/4 were also examined. Marked differences were
      found and, in general, levels of use were higher in North/Central Italy than in
      the South. Factors influencing regional differences were explored using
      regression analysis. Regional NHS expenditure (excluding that on drugs) was found
      to influence strongly the sales of all categories of psychotropic drug, whereas
      there was also a marked urban greater than rural difference in the sales of
      tranquillizers.

PMID- 2881314
TI  - Naloxone blocks the effects of chlordiazepoxide on acquisition but not
      performance of differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL).
AB  - The opiate antagonist naloxone can completely or partially reverse the effects of
      the benzodiazepines on appetitive behaviours and conflict tasks involving
      electric shook. If naloxone changes the anxiolytic action of the benzodiazepines
      it should theoretically, be effective in tasks employing nonreward as well as
      those employing shock. We tested naloxone and chlordiazepoxide on acquisition and
      performance of a nonreward task, DRL. With both continuous administration during
      acquisition of DRL, and intermittent administration during stable performance,
      chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg IP) increased burst responding and shifted the peak of
      the inter-response time (IRT) distribution curve to shorter IRTs. Naloxone (3
      mg/kg IP) blocked the effects of chlordiazepoxide on acquisition of DRL. Naloxone
      (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg IP) did not change the effects of chlordiazepoxide on well
      learned performance of the DRL schedule. These results show that endogenous
      opiates could mediate some but not all of the actions of the benzodiazepines.
      They also suggest that state-dependent and "truly anxiolytic" effects of the
      benzodiazepines (McNaughton 1985) may have different pharmacological substrates.

PMID- 2881315
TI  - Naloxone fails to block the effects of chlordiazepoxide on acquisition and
      performance of successive discrimination.
AB  - Naloxone reduces the effects of chlordiazepoxide on punishment and on acquisition
      of differential reinforcement of low rates of response. The present experiments
      tested whether naloxone also reduces the effects of chlordiazepoxide on a second
      type of nonreward schedule--successive discrimination. Rats were tested on a
      variable interval baseline of responding for food with signalled intrusion
      periods when food was no longer available. Naloxone (3 mg/kg IP) failed to change
      the effects of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg IP) on either acquisition or performance
      of this successive discrimination. DRL and successive discrimination differ both
      in their timing of events and their use of explicit visual stimuli. If these or
      similar parametric differences account for the present results they considerably
      weaken conventional accounts of the control of behaviour by reward omission.

PMID- 2881317
TI  - The status of late-onset vacuous chewing/perioral movements during long-term
      neuroleptic treatment in rodents: tardive dyskinesia or dystonia?

PMID- 2881316
TI  - Transient supression by stress of haloperidol induced catalepsy by the activation
      of the adrenal medulla.
AB  - Rats were injected with haloperidol (0.5-1.0 mg X kg-1). When the catalepsy score
      was almost maximal (60 s, measured by the bar-test), the rats were handled,
      exposed to cold (3 degrees C) or immobilized. After each of these stress
      procedures the catalepsy was significantly reduced. Handling of adrenalectomized
      rats gave no such reduction. Infusion of adrenaline (10 nmol X kg-1, given in 15
      s), in contrast to that of isoprenaline and phenylephrine (both the same
      concentration as adrenaline) also reduced the haloperidol induced catalepsy.
      These findings indicate that neuroleptic catalepsy in rats is not only mediated
      through central but also through peripheral mechanisms, e.g. by the adrenal
      medulla.

PMID- 2881318
TI  - The interoceptive discriminative stimuli induced by the novel putative anxiolytic
      TVX Q 7821: behavioral evidence for the specific involvement of serotonin 5-HT1A
      receptors.
AB  - TVX Q 7821 is active in several behavioral models of anxiety in animals and has a
      high selective affinity for brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in binding assays.
      In order to determine if interaction with 5-HT1A receptors is important for some
      of the behavioral effects of this compound, 11 rats were trained to reliably
      discriminate the interoceptive stimuli induced by TVX Q 7821 (10 mg/kg, IP) from
      those of saline. Following discrimination acquisition, TVX Q 7821 administration
      resulted in drug-appropriate responding with an ED50 of 1.5 mg/kg, as did other
      substances with high affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor: 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, ED50 = 0.16 mg/kg), 5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine (5-OMe-DMT, ED50 = 2.5 mg/kg), and buspirone (ED50 = 5.4
      mg/kg). Anxiolytics not acting via the 5-HT1A receptor, like diazepam and
      pentobarbital, did not induce full TVX Q 7821-appropriate responses. In addition,
      non-selective 5-HT agonists and antagonists such as bufotenin, quipazine, and
      methysergide, as well as substances with high affinity for the 5-HT1B receptor (m
      trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, TFMPP; 5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4
      yl)-1H-indole succinate, RU 24969) did not substitute for TVX Q 7821. These data
      support a selective 5-HT1A mechanism of action in vivo for TVX Q 7821 and
      indicate the suitability of TVX Q 7821 for the investigation of behavioral
      correlates of the 5-HT1A receptor.

PMID- 2881319
TI  - Haloperidol-induced emotional defecation: a possible model for neuroleptic
      anxiety syndrome.
AB  - The neuroleptic haloperidol was found to produce increased defecation in
      laboratory rats when tested in well habituated environments. It is well known
      that haloperidol induces catalepsy through antagonism of striatal dopaminergic
      receptor mechanisms. When another cataleptic agent, morphine, was tested, no
      significant increases in defectation were detected. Another study focused on the
      possible role of peripheral dopamine receptor sites within the gastrointestinal
      tract on neuroleptic-induced defecation. When the peripheral dopamine receptor
      antagonist domperidone was tested, no significant differences in fecal
      elimination were recorded. Thus, it appeared that the cataleptic state per se, or
      the peripheral effects of haloperidol did not seem to be responsible for the
      increased defecation. Defection is often used as an index of emotionality. The
      fact that this measure increased following administration of a major tranquilizer
      suggested the need to study more directly the relationship of this phenomenon of
      defecation with the affective state of the animal. In a control study it was
      found that the antianxiety agent benzodiazepam did not by itself influence
      defecation. However, those animals which were pre-injected with diazepam followed
      by haloperidol did not show increased defecation. Thus under certain
      circumstances, normal rats given haloperidol show "emotional defecation" which
      seems to reflect increased anxiety. This finding may serve as a basis for the
      development of an animal model for some of the atypical side effects of major
      tranquilizers, such as akathisia, dysphoria, and neuroleptic anxiety syndrome.

PMID- 2881320
TI  - Double blind controlled trials of cholecystokinin octapeptide in neuroleptic
      refractory schizophrenia.
AB  - A group of 14 schizophrenics who remained symptomatic after neuroleptic treatment
      received either 0.02 mcg/kg CCK-8 or saline placebo intravenously. Thereafter, 13
      received the alternative infusion as a crossover treatment. A second group of 16
      such patients received 0.04 mcg/kg CCK-8 or saline intravenously and, thereafter,
      14 of these received the alternative infusion as a crossover treatment.
      Psychopathology was rated prior to, 2-3 h post, and on days 3, 5 and 7 after each
      infusion. Ratings consisted of the BPRS, the Abrams and Taylor Scale for
      Emotional Blunting, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and a Schneiderian "Positive"
      symptom scale abstracted from the President State Examination. Parallel groups
      and cross over design analyses failed to show efficacy for CCK-8.

PMID- 2881321
TI  - [Ammonia content of the brain, liver and blood of rats in radiation injury].
AB  - The neuroparalytic syndrome induced by ammonia was compared with the X-radiation
      induced cerebral syndrome. It is suggested that the accumulation of ammonia in
      the brain and liver of rats is one of the reasons for the similarity of the
      studied syndromes. The fact that ammonia is bound by glutamic acid indicates that
      the latter is involved in the mechanisms of ammonia utilization and in the
      radioprotective properties manifestation.

PMID- 2881322
TI  - Current management of inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Since the etiology and cure for inflammatory bowel disease remain elusive,
      treatment is still largely empiric. The major goals of therapy include control of
      bowel inflammation and alleviation of symptoms. Careful attention must be
      directed toward special problems when appropriate, such as short bowel syndrome,
      perianal disease, extraintestinal disease manifestations, and cancer
      surveillance. Standard and new forms of medical therapy and the approach to
      special problems will be discussed.

PMID- 2881323
TI  - Pharmacological aspects of visceral sensory receptors.

PMID- 2881324
TI  - Transmitter circuits in the vertebrate retina.

PMID- 2881326
TI  - Pharmacology and biochemistry of neurotensin receptors.

PMID- 2881325
TI  - Treatment of duodenal ulcer.
AB  - Although gastric acidity is essential for the development of DU, the pathogenesis
      is more complex and includes an imbalance in the "defending" forces, mainly in
      mucous secretion, prostaglandin and bicarbonate synthesis and cell turnover. The
      new drugs available for inhibition of acid secretion, ulcer isolation and
      cytoprotection make it possible to attack the problem from different sites. The
      decision of which drug to choose should take into account side effects, drug
      interactions, cost and recurrence.

PMID- 2881327
TI  - Proceedings of the 1985 annual meeting of the Israeli Physiological and
      Pharmacological Society.

PMID- 2881328
TI  - Phorbol ester enhances calcium influx, protein phosphorylation and
      neurotransmitter release in cultured brain neurons.

PMID- 2881329
TI  - [Sale of drugs without medical prescription in pharmacies of the city of Sao
      Paulo].

PMID- 2881330
TI  - [Comparative study between vecuronium bromide and pancuronium].

PMID- 2881331
TI  - [Controversies over the staged treatment of essential arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2881332
TI  - [Current problems in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2881333
TI  - [Current developments in the treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 2881334
TI  - [Etiology of viral respiratory infections in adults. Clinical considerations and
      therapeutic directions. A study of 100 cases].

PMID- 2881335
TI  - [The risk of chronicity in acute viral hepatitis. A study of 1614 convalescents
      followed for a year after hospitalization].

PMID- 2881336
TI  - [Sensitivity and resistance to dietary salt restriction in patients with
      essential arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2881337
TI  - [Immunomodulatory effect of Freund's incomplete adjuvant in patients with
      incipient forms of rheumatoid polyarthritis].

PMID- 2881338
TI  - [Treatment of schizophrenia with powerful neuroleptics].

PMID- 2881339
TI  - [Neuro-immunology. A new branch of neurology].

PMID- 2881340
TI  - Structural and functional studies of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
AB  - Preliminary studies with PET-scanner and nuclear magnetic resonnance have shown
      no abnormalities in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Estimation of homovanillic
      acid, the main metabolic of dopamine, in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      Gilles de la Tourette disease suggests that brain dopaminergic receptors are
      hypersensitive. Such an hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors is in agreement
      with the clinical improvement of patients treated with neuroleptic drugs. The
      study with PET-scanner presented here suggests the existence of a neuronal
      hypofunction in some striatal and corticolimbic area in patients.

PMID- 2881341
TI  - Neuropharmacology of tics.
AB  - In pharmacological treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome neuroleptic
      (antipsychotic) drugs have been the most effective. This has led to the
      hypothesis of a relative dopaminergic overactivity in the brain. Animal studies
      with neuroleptic drugs different in their affinity to different dopamine areas as
      well as studies with drugs different in their selectivity to different receptors
      have, however, not shown direct correlations to the clinical response in the
      treatment of hyperkinetic syndromes. There is a trend that drugs with high
      affinity to striatal D2-receptors might be the most potent. Other attempts to
      change brain dopamine in different ways using cholinergic, GABAergic, and
      peptidergic drugs have given rather poor clinical results. The apparent
      importance of brain dopamine in a whole range of neuropsychiatric diseases may be
      due to the central role of basal dopaminergic areas as a relay station for a lot
      of neuronal pathways.

PMID- 2881342
TI  - [The 3% potassium hydroxide test, an alternative to gram staining. II].

PMID- 2881343
TI  - Morphine: the benefits are worth the risks.

PMID- 2881344
TI  - Mechanisms of action of antisecretory drugs. Studies on isolated canine fundic
      mucosal cells.
AB  - Cellular mechanisms underlying the actions of antisecretory agents were studied
      with dispersed canine fundic cells; aminopyrine accumulation monitored parietal
      cell (PC) function. Canine PC have pharmacologically typical histamine (H) H2 and
      muscarinic (M) receptors. PC also have gastrin (G) receptors, which were
      selectively blocked by gastrin/CCK antagonists. Potentiating interactions
      occurred between secretagogues, one of the components of the interdependency
      between regulatory pathways. Prostaglandins (PG) E2 inhibited H-stimulated PC
      function. Treatment of PC with pertussis toxin (PT), which inactivates the
      inhibitory GTP-binding protein of adenylate cyclase (Gi), markedly reduced PG
      inhibition, indicating PG action via Gi. PC function can also be directly
      inhibited by H+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, such as omeprazole. When canine mucosal
      cells were studied, stimulatory G and inhibitory M receptors were present on
      fundic somatostatin (S) cells. Histamine was localized to canine fundic mast
      cells, which lacked G or M receptors, a conclusion that may not pertain to fundic
      histamine cells in other species. Nonparietal cell receptors may be important
      modulators of the regulation of acid secretion.

PMID- 2881345
TI  - Future opportunities for drug therapy in peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Attempts to develop antisecretory agents showing a significant increase in
      potency and duration of action over currently available H2 antagonists have had
      to contend with the problem of gastric tumour induction during long-term toxicity
      testing in rats, and their clinical future is currently uncertain. A number of
      potential pharmacological approaches to ulcer therapy, unrelated to inhibition of
      acid secretion, can be identified upon which to base the search for new antiulcer
      drugs. Whether such agents are a commercially attractive proposition is
      debatable, given the disappointing early clinical experience with prostaglandins
      in acute healing studies together with the established efficacy and safety of
      cimetidine and ranitidine. Indeed it is difficult to foresee any agent
      challenging the dominance of H2 blockers during this century. By analogy with
      beta adrenoceptor antagonists, it is likely that new developments will take the
      form of some additions to the H2 range, improved formulations, additional
      indications, and possibly combination therapies with other drugs. Future research
      must address the different aetiologies of gastric and duodenal ulcer and other
      acid-peptic conditions as well as attempting to cure the disease rather than
      simply heal the ulcer. Advances in fields traditionally unrelated to peptic ulcer
      research such as growth regulation, vascular disorders, and inflammation may well
      provide the most profitable basis for longer-term drug research. Finally, animal
      toxicity studies with second generation antisecretory agents have inadvertently
      focused attention on gastric cancer, a disease where the need for new drugs is
      unquestionable.

PMID- 2881346
TI  - Clinical perspectives of drugs inhibiting acid secretion: histamine H2
      antagonists.
AB  - The present report shows that the following statement is correct: 'Uncomplicated
      peptic ulcer is best treated with a strongly acting histamine antagonist given
      once daily with dinner for 4 weeks and by abstention from smoking'.

PMID- 2881347
TI  - Present status and future perspectives of muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AB  - Conventional anticholinergics (better called muscarinic antagonists) do not
      differentiate between subtypes of muscarinic receptors and cause unpleasant side
      effects in peptic ulcer treatment. Pirenzepine, the first M1-receptor antagonist,
      has more selective inhibitory properties on oxyntic gastric glands and
      accelerates healing rates in peptic ulcer. Pirenzepine and H2-receptor
      antagonists interact synergistically on parietal cell function; their combination
      seems to be of therapeutic advantage in defined indications. Telenzepine, a
      pirenzepine analogue with a modified tricycle and M1-receptor selectivity, is
      about 10 to 25 times more potent than pirenzepine in reducing basal and
      stimulated gastric acid secretion in man. In patients with duodenal ulcer 3 mg
      telenzepine nocte seems to be as effective as 50 mg pirenzepine twice daily in
      regard to ulcer healing and pain relief. Another pirenzepine analogue with a
      modified side-chain (AF-DX 116) proved to be cardioselective in animal
      pharmacology, and was characterized as an M2-receptor antagonist. This might be
      an important step for a more profound understanding of structure-activity
      relationships of muscarinic receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2881348
TI  - Effect of acid inhibition on the growth of parietal cells.
AB  - Studies in the rat have shown that prolonged inhibition of acid secretion by high
      doses of a histamine H2 antagonist is followed by a 20-30% increase in the number
      of parietal cells, and that this is paralleled by an augmentation of the maximum
      acid output. A similar effect has been shown after prolonged acid neutralization
      with high doses of an antacid. These trophic effects are not unexpected. An
      increase in gastric pH is followed by gastrin release, and the parietal cell mass
      may be augmented by repeated exogenous administration of gastrin or by endogenous
      hypergastrinaemia following surgery. To further evaluate whether a direct
      correlation exists between the magnitude of drug-induced hypergastrinaemia and
      parietal cell hyperplasia, rats were treated for 24 days with two acid inhibitors
      which differ markedly in the degree of acid inhibition and acute or chronic
      gastrin release. Six animals each were treated with either omeprazole (40
      mumol/kg once daily), or atropine (3 mg/kg twice daily), or omeprazole combined
      with atropine or with placebo. On day 24, plasma gastrin was elevated more than
      10-fold in both groups of rats treated with omeprazole but not in animals given
      atropine alone. As compared to placebo treatment, total parietal cell volume was
      significantly higher in animals treated with atropine (102 +/- 9 mm3 versus 140
      +/- 18 mm3), but was unchanged in the other two groups. These studies demonstrate
      that marked prolonged drug-induced hypergastrinaemia does not necessarily exert
      trophic effects on parietal cells. Furthermore, the finding that omeprazole
      abolishes the effect of atropine suggests that omeprazole interferes with trophic
      actions on parietal cells.

PMID- 2881349
TI  - The functional architecture of the retina.

PMID- 2881350
TI  - Arginine vasopressin as a thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - Although hypothyroidism (with concomitant increased levels of thyroid-stimulating
      hormone) has been associated with elevated plasma vasopressin, the role that
      vasopressin plays in controlling thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion from the
      adenohypophysis is not understood. In two in vitro pituitary cell systems,
      vasopressin caused a specific and dose-related release of thyroid-stimulating
      hormone from cells that was equal in potency to that elicited by thyrotropin
      releasing hormone, the primary acknowledged regulator of thyroid-stimulating
      hormone release. When injected into the hypothalamus, however, vasopressin
      specifically inhibited the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thus,
      vasopressin may exert differential regulatory effects on thyroid-stimulating
      hormone secretion in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

PMID- 2881351
TI  - Polyphosphoinositide research updated.

PMID- 2881352
TI  - Coexistence of guanylate cyclase and atrial natriuretic factor receptor in a 180
      kD protein.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a peptide hormone that is released from atria
      and regulates a number of physiological processes, including steroidogenesis in
      adrenal cortex and testes. The parallel stimulation of membrane guanylate cyclase
      and corticosterone production in isolated fasciculata cells of rat adrenal cortex
      has supported the hypothesis of a mediatory role for cyclic guanosine
      monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in signal transduction. A novel particulate guanylate
      cyclase tightly coupled with ANF receptor was purified approximately 273,000-fold
      by two-step affinity chromatography. The enzyme had a molecular size of 180
      kilodaltons and was acidic in nature with a pI of 4.7. Its specific activity was
      1800 nanomoles of cyclic GMP formed per minute per milligram of protein. The
      purified enzyme bound ANF with a specific binding activity of 4.01 nanomoles per
      milligram of protein, a value that is close to the theoretical binding activity
      of 5.55 nanomoles per milligram of protein for 1 mole of the ligand binding 1
      mole of the receptor protein. These results indicate that the guanylate cyclase
      coupled ANF receptor exists in a 180-kilodalton protein of rat adrenocortical
      carcinoma and represent a step toward the elucidation of the basic mechanism of
      cyclic GMP-mediated transmembrane signal transduction in response to a hormone.

PMID- 2881353
TI  - Region-specific expression of two mouse homeo box genes.
AB  - Mammalian homeo box genes have been identified on the basis of sequence homology
      to Drosophila homeotic and segmentation genes. These studies examine the
      distribution of transcripts from two mouse homeo box genes, Hox-2.1 and Hox-3.1,
      throughout the latter third of prenatal development. Transcripts from these genes
      are regionally localized along the rostro-caudal axis of the developing central
      nervous system, yielding expression patterns very similar to patterns of
      Drosophila homeotic gene expression.

PMID- 2881355
TI  - NIMH finds a case of "serious misconduct".

PMID- 2881354
TI  - F-actin and microtubule suspensions as indeterminate fluids.
AB  - The viscosity of F-actin and microtubule suspensions has been measured as a
      function of shear rate with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. At shear rates of less
      than 1.0 per second the viscosity of suspensions of these two structural proteins
      is inversely proportional to shear rate. These results are consistent with
      previous in vivo measurements of the viscosity of cytoplasm. This power law
      implies that shear stress is independent of shear rate; that is, shear stress is
      a constant at all shear rates less than 1.0 per second. Thus the flow profile of
      these fluids is indeterminate, or nearly so. This flow property may explain
      several aspects of intracellular motility in living cells. Possible explanations
      for this flow property are based on a recent model for semidilute suspensions of
      rigid rods or a classical friction model for liquid crystals.

PMID- 2881356
TI  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome--an overview.

PMID- 2881357
TI  - [Frequency as the cardinal determinant for electroacupuncture analgesia to be
      reversed by opioid antagonists].

PMID- 2881358
TI  - [Sermion].

PMID- 2881359
TI  - Bacterial adherence and urinary tract infection.
AB  - Bacterial adherence is important in the initiation of disease of the respiratory,
      gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts. This article reviews the mechanisms by
      which it occurs and presents specific examples of its importance in urinary tract
      infections.

PMID- 2881361
TI  - Studies in dental sedation and anaesthesia.

PMID- 2881360
TI  - Thiamine deficiency in black male hostel-dwellers. The need for thiamine
      supplementation of sorghum beer.
AB  - Some indices of nutrition have been examined in hostel- and non-hostel-dwelling
      groups of industrially employed black males. Hostel-dwellers in the large
      metropolitan areas have to prepare their own food and many are accustomed to
      excessive alcohol intake, especially of sorghum beer. In the two groups studied,
      blood levels of vitamin B12, folate, pyridoxal and albumin were similar, but
      erythrocyte thiamine levels were significantly lower in the hostel-dwellers.
      Although the proportion of subjects with elevated levels of gamma
      glutamyltransferase, an index of alcoholic liver disease, was similar in the two
      groups, thiamine-deficient hostel-dwellers had a greater proportion of elevated
      values suggesting that thiamine deficiency was related to both inadequate diet
      and excessive alcohol consumption. Fortification of sorghum beer with thiamine
      might prevent or reduce thiamine deficiency in this group. The cost would not
      materially affect the price of the beer.

PMID- 2881362
TI  - [Changes in cerebral and central hemodynamics in response to hypotensive therapy
      of patients with essential hypertension and different types of circulation].
AB  - A study of indices of the cerebral and central hemodynamics in 122 patients with
      essential hypertension revealed differences in indices of the cerebral blood flow
      depending on the initial hemodynamic type. It was shown that the assessment of
      initial indices of the central hemodynamics makes it possible to achieve more
      favorable hemodynamic rearrangement, and an analysis of the cerebral hemodynamics
      -to foresee the inclusion of drugs correcting the cerebral blood flow in
      multimodality antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2881363
TI  - [Prolonged use of beta-blockers in patients with essential hypertension and
      different degrees of severity of left ventricular hypertrophy].
AB  - The paper is concerned with analysis of the results of therapy with beta-blockers
      of different classes of 56 patients (over 2.5-3 yrs) with essential hypertension
      and analysis of the time course of the structural-functional states of the left
      ventricular myocardium with various degree of expression of left ventricular
      hypertrophy (LVH). The patients were divided into 3 groups: the 1st group--14
      persons (the left ventricular myocardial mass/LVMM/up to 150 g); the 2nd group-
      19 persons (the LVMM up to 200 g); the 3rd group--23 persons (the LVMM over 200
      g). Patients in all the groups showed a significant decrease in BP from 19/15 up
      to 26/22% (p less than 0.001), the cardiac index (CI) from 14.4 up to 18.5% (p
      less than 0.001), and HR from 16.5 to 19.1% (p less than 0.001). The stroke index
      (SI) did not change significantly. The total peripheral vascular resistance
      (TPVR) in all the groups showed a tendency to a decrease, in the 3rd group only
      it decreased significantly. In the patients of the 1st and 2nd groups end
      systolic sizes (ESS) increased by 4.1 and 3.1% (p less than 0.05) and volumes
      (ESV) by 9.7 and 7.4% (p less than 0.05), and in the 3rd group a tendency to a
      decrease was observed. End-diastolic sizes and volumes in all the groups did not
      change significantly. The myocardial contractility index (VCF) decreased
      significantly in the 1st and 2nd groups of patients. The value of intramyocardial
      tension ("sigma max") decreased in all the groups from 15 to 20% (p less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881364
TI  - Enhancement of cytogenetic damage by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase in
      human lymphocytes exposed to antineoplastics in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The effect of benzamide (B) and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) on sister chromatid
      exchanges (SCEs) and cell kinetics induced in vitro by melphalan (MELPH) or
      thiotepa (THIO) was studied in normal human lymphocytes. The combined treatments
      with either MELPH or THIO plus B or 3-AB showed the potentiating ability on SCE
      rates and the ability to induce cell division delays of the latter chemicals. In
      a combined in vivo and in vitro study, lymphocytes taken from six cancer patients
      who had been given cytoxan by injection 2 hr before and then treated with
      theophylline (THEOPH) or B or 3-AB in vitro were found to have synergistically
      increased exchange rates and cell division delays. The frequency of SCEs in the
      patients own lymphocytes with and without exposure to inhibitor of Poly(ADP
      ribose) polymerase (P(ADPR)polymerase) was determined before the cytostatic
      therapy and was used as a control for later comparison in each individual case.
      These results further substantiate the use of this approach for detecting the
      induction of cytogenetic damage concerning controlled mutagen human exposure in
      combined in vivo and in vitro studies. Chemically induced cytotoxicity manifested
      as an alteration (division delay) in cell kinetics and as synergistic DNA damage
      by cytostatics and inhibitors of P(ADPR)polymerase may be of use in the treatment
      of human cancer.

PMID- 2881365
TI  - Expression of the major heat shock protein (hsp 70) family during early mouse
      embryo development.
AB  - Stress or heat shock proteins (hsp) are synthesized by most cells in response to
      adverse environmental conditions. In mammalian cells, the major proteins
      synthesized in response to stress have relative molecular weights (Mr) in the
      range of 68 to 74 kilodaltons (kD) and are encoded by a small multi-gene family
      collectively referred to as hsp 70 genes. In unfertilized mouse eggs, no members
      of the hsp 70 family appear to be synthesized under normal or stressful (heat
      shock) conditions. At the two-cell stage, two proteins with Mr = 74 kD and Mr =
      70 kD are expressed as a consequence of developmentally activated transcription
      of these hsp 70 genes. No stress-induced synthesis in response to heat shock is
      observed at this stage. At the eight-cell stage, constitutive synthesis of the 70
      kD protein continues, but, as in the two-cell embryo, no heat shock induced
      synthesis of a novel heat shock protein is observed. By the blastocyst stage,
      however, an inducible protein with Mr = 68 kD is synthesized in response to heat
      shock in addition to constitutive synthesis of the 70-kD protein. The
      constitutively synthesized cognate proteins are coded for by a set of mRNAs about
      2,000 nucleotides in length. The induced hsp 68 proteins are coded for by mRNAs
      of larger size (about 2,600 nucleotides). Only the smaller mRNA class is
      detectable on Northern blots of RNA extracted from control or heat shock cleavage
      stage embryos and control blastocysts. As predicted from protein synthetic
      studies, both classes are resolved in RNA preparations derived from heat-shocked
      blastocysts.

PMID- 2881366
TI  - The direct-acting mutagenicity of nitroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles in Salmonella
      typhimurium.
AB  - A series of nitroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives was investigated for direct
      acting mutagenic potency with the Salmonella assay. All of the nine derivatives
      tested were mutagenic. The compounds induced predominantly base displacements
      resulting in frame-shift mutations. The mutagenic activity did not require the S9
      fraction but was largely dependent on "classical" bacterial nitroreductase. The
      primary basis of the mutagenic activity of nitroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles appears
      to be a reduction of the nitro-function to the corresponding hydroxylamine.
      Mutagenicity seems to be paralleled by an increase of the nitro groups:
      dinitroderivatives were more active than nitroderivatives. Other electrophiles
      and sterically constrained nitro groups could account for differences in
      genotoxicity.

PMID- 2881367
TI  - Developmental effects of chemicals and the heat shock response in Drosophila
      cells.
AB  - Exposure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to heat shock (hyperthermia) or to a
      number of diverse environmental stresses such as teratogens, anoxia, and
      inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation results in the enhanced synthesis of a
      number of proteins which have been previously referred to as heat shock proteins
      (hsps). More recently, in view of the diverse types of agents that can induce
      these proteins, they have also been referred to as stress proteins. This
      phenomenon is one of the most basic regulatory mechanisms in living organisms.
      Exposure of Drosophila embryos, larvae, or pupae to these types of stresses also
      results in a variety of developmental abnormalities in the ensuing adult.
      Although the function(s) of these heat shock proteins has yet to be determined,
      they are widely thought to play an important role in cell survival and protection
      following some types of environmental stress. In our laboratory, we have
      developed an in vitro assay for detecting agents that act as teratogens,
      utilizing Drosophila embryonic cultures. Drosophila embryonic cells differentiate
      in vitro to a number of functional cell types including myotubes and ganglia. A
      number of drugs that have been shown to act as teratogens in mammals have also
      been found to inhibit muscle and/or neuron differentiation in Drosophila
      embryonic cultures. We have examined, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the
      effects of such teratogens on protein synthesis in Drosophila embryonic cells.
      Inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation correlates well with the
      induction of two proteins of about 20 kilodaltons. These are identical to two of
      the heat shock proteins (hsp 23, 22) as shown by electrophoretic mobilities and
      peptide mapping by partial proteolysis. Heat shock and other treatments such as
      exposure to some of the metal ions and ether induces the entire set of seven
      major heat shock proteins in the Drosophila embryonic cells. Dose-response
      studies of several teratogens show a correlation between the degree of inhibition
      of differentiation and the level of induction of hsps. Since heat shock proteins
      have been suggested as possibly serving a protecting role, our present studies
      are aimed at identifying the role of hsps in teratogenesis and investigating the
      differential regulation of heat shock genes in response to different external
      stimuli.

PMID- 2881368
TI  - Relationship between ossification and body weight of the CD-1 mouse fetus exposed
      in utero to anticonvulsant drugs.
AB  - The anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine, Na valproate, and phenytoin have been
      suspected as a cause of human congenital defects. The malformations produced may
      include cleft lip and/or palate, heart defects, skeletal defects, and low body
      weights. Since the toxic effects of these anticonvulsant drugs manifest
      themselves in terms of fetal growth retardation, evaluation of the state of
      ossification attained in the fetus is important. In the present study, pregnant
      CD-1 mice received on gestational days 8-16 an oral dose of 375, 563, 938 mg/kg
      of carbamazepine; or 225, 338, 563 mg/kg of Na valproate; or 50, 75, 125 mg/kg of
      phenytoin. These groups were compared to two control groups. On day 17, the dams
      were killed by cervical dislocation and one-third of the live fetuses were
      weighed and fixed for skeletal examination. Photographs were taken of the fore-
      and hindlimb skeletons. From these photographs, the length and width measurement
      of ossified regions of the humerus and femur were determined using a Zeiss Video
      Plan Morphometrics Computer. Of the three anticonvulsant drugs studied, the
      greatest correlation between reduced fetal weights and retarded ossification of
      the long bones was phenytoin at the 125 mg/kg dosage. Our results also showed
      that long bone ossification, when compared to the fetal weight, indicated that 59
      66% of variability in weight is predictable by bone measurements.

PMID- 2881369
TI  - Malformations induced in cultured rat embryos by enzymically generated active
      oxygen species.
AB  - Day 9.5 rat embryos were exposed in culture to xanthine/xanthine oxidase
      generated active oxygen species. Growth and development were assessed after 46 hr
      of culture. The treatment induced abnormalities of the neural suture, the
      severity of which increased in a dose-related manner with the concentration of
      substrate or enzyme. Glutathione (10 mM) or catalase (50 micrograms/ml) either
      partially or completely abolished the effects of xanthine/xanthine oxidase,
      whereas the addition of superoxide dismutase (50 micrograms/ml) or
      desferrioxamine (1mM) did not reduce the number of malformed embryos. These
      findings suggest that hydrogen peroxide and/or hydroxyl radicals are responsible
      for the effects of xanthine and xanthine oxidase.

PMID- 2881370
TI  - The heat-shock response in vivo: experimental induction during mammalian
      organogenesis.
AB  - According to the embryonic stress hypothesis of teratogenesis, anatomical
      malformation can be the consequence of the induction of a heat-shock response
      (HSR) in the embryo at some critical stage during the determination or
      differentiation of organs. This hypothesis states that a teratogen is any agent
      that is capable of inducing a HSR and that can reach the developing embryo. As a
      first step in determining whether the hypothesis is tenable, it was necessary to
      determine whether the embryo in fact is capable of making the HSR during the
      period of organogenesis. Pregnant mice were treated with two classical inducers
      of the HSR, one a physical and the other a chemical agent--namely, hyperthermia
      and sodium arsenite. The embryos, while still in the living mouse, responded with
      heat-shock protein induction, as did control bone marrow.

PMID- 2881371
TI  - Hyperthermia as a teratogen: a review of experimental studies and their clinical
      significance.
AB  - Although hyperthermia is teratogenic in birds, all the common laboratory animals,
      farm animals, and primates and satisfies defined criteria as a teratogen, its
      study as a human teratogen has been neglected. Homeothermic animals, including
      humans, can experience body temperature elevations induced by febrile infections,
      heavy exercise and hot environments which exceed the thresholds (1.5-2.5 degrees
      C elevation) which are known to cause a syndrome of embryonic resorptions,
      abortions, and malformations in experimental animals. Hyperthermia is
      particularly damaging to the central nervous system, and if a threshold exposure
      occurs at the appropriate stages of embryonic development, exencephaly,
      anencephaly, encephalocoele, micrencephaly, microphthalmia, neurogenic talipes,
      and arthrogryposis can be produced in a high proportion of exposed embryos, the
      incidence and type of defect depending on the species and strain within species,
      the stage of development, and the severity of hyperthermic exposure. Other
      defects which can be induced experimentally include exomphalos, hypoplasia of
      toes and teeth, renal agenesis, vertebral anomalies, maxillary hypoplasia, facial
      clefting, cataract, coloboma, and heart and vascular defects. Proliferating cells
      are particularly sensitive to temperature elevations, resulting in arrest of
      mitotic activity and immediate death of cells in mitosis with threshold
      elevations (1.5-2.5 degrees C) and delayed death of cells probably in S phase
      with higher elevations (3.5 degrees C). In general, lower temperature elevations
      (2.5 degrees C) require longer durations of elevation to cause defects than a
      simple spike at a higher elevation (4.5 degrees C). The death of cells is largely
      confined to the brain and in the day 21 guinea pig embryo to the alar regions of
      the brain. Cell death probably accounts for most of the defects in the central
      nervous system, but microvascular disturbances leading to leakage, oedema and
      haemorrhage, placental necrosis, and infarction are other known effects of
      hyperthermia; and these are probably involved in the pathogenesis of many defects
      of the heart, limbs, kidneys, and body wall. Recent experiments have demonstrated
      protection of rat embryos in culture against a known teratogenic exposure by a
      brief nonteratogenic exposure given at least 15 min earlier. This protection is
      associated with the synthesis of heat-shock proteins, and temporary arrest of the
      cell proliferative cycle. Hyperthermia appears to be capable of causing
      congenital defects in all species and may act alone or synergistically with other
      agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2881372
TI  - [Persons with known alcohol problems. Screening procedures for alcohol
      consumption].

PMID- 2881373
TI  - [Undescended testis. The results of 392 patients surgically treated with a
      standardized method].

PMID- 2881374
TI  - [The empty scrotum. Etiology, assessment and treatment].

PMID- 2881375
TI  - [Kallman's syndrome].

PMID- 2881376
TI  - [Malignancy, fertility and undescended testis. Report of a patient with cancer of
      a solitary testis, and a review of the literature].

PMID- 2881377
TI  - [Orchiopexy. Principles and technics].

PMID- 2881378
TI  - [Intraoperative findings in 111 orchipexies].

PMID- 2881379
TI  - [Polyarteritis nodosa].
AB  - With reference to sixteen cases of polyarteritis nodosa (seven dogs, two cats,
      two goats, three pigs, two cattle), current views regarding classification,
      aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease are discussed. Polyartertis nodosa is
      not a disease entity, but rather a symptom that may be associated with various
      forms of disease and may vary in pathogenesis. The clinical picture depends upon
      the localisation of the vasculitis. Toxic agents and various viruses may be
      directly responsible for the vascular lesions. In addition, genetic, autoimmune
      and allergic factors may be implicated. The immunological pathogenesis is
      illustrated with reference to the serum sickness model.

PMID- 2881381
TI  - Circadian variations in hepatic glutathione content, gamma-glutamylcysteine
      synthetase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities in mice.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to determine if the circadian variations previously
      observed in hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations also occurred in the
      associated enzymatic activities involved in the synthesis (gamma-glutamylcysteine
      synthetase) and degradation (gamma-glutamyl transferase) of glutathione using
      male CF-1 mice. All parameters were measured at four hour intervals over a 24-h
      period under normal (L: 0600-1800 h) and reversed (L: 1800-0600 h) lighting
      schedules. Circadian rhythms were found in each parameter under both lighting
      schedules. With GSH content, the rhythms' peak occurred at 0200 h and the nadir
      at 1400 h under the normal lighting schedule and was reversed (peak: 1800 h;
      nadir; 0600 h) under reversed lighting. The enzymatic activities also varied in a
      circadian manner with a phase shift in the peak and nadir occurring with a change
      in lighting schedule. Liver weight varied in a circadian manner under both
      lighting schedules with greatest weights occurring at the end of the dark phase.
      These data show that not only does GSH content vary in a circadian manner but
      that associated enzyme activities do as well. However, the hepatic enzyme
      activities did not correlate well with the GSH rhythm and, thus, do not provide a
      mechanistic rationale for the GSH rhythm.

PMID- 2881380
TI  - HLA-DQ heterogeneity among HLA-DRw11(5) haplotypes.
AB  - Class II molecular variation among a panel of ten HLA-DRw11(5) homozygous cell
      lines (HCL) was investigated by analysis of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms in genomic DNA. Hybridization of Bgl II, Hind III, and Taq I
      digested cellular DNA with DQ alpha and DQ beta cDNA probes identified a
      clustering of characteristic polymorphisms. Considerable diversity was observed
      between the HLA-DRw11(5), DQw3 positive haplotypes studied, as well as compared
      to a DRw11(5), DQw1 positive haplotype. In contrast to the observed DQ genomic
      variability, hybridization with a DR beta probe revealed relatively limited
      diversity. The molecular heterogeneity seen by genomic restriction fragment
      analysis illustrates the presence of genomic polymorphisms, particularly within
      HLA-DQ-related genes among a family of DRw11(5)-related haplotypes.

PMID- 2881383
TI  - Development and structure of the scientific program of the Eleventh Congress.

PMID- 2881382
TI  - Use of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms to document marrow
      engraftment and mixed hematopoietic chimerism following bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - We have studied the feasibility of using DNA restriction fragment-length
      polymorphisms (RFLP) to study marrow engraftment in 27 patients after allogeneic
      bone marrow transplantation, and have compared these results with those obtained
      using red blood cell antigens, cytogenetics, and immunoglobulin allotypes. Using
      highly polymorphic DNA probes, we have documented stable chronic mixed
      hematopoietic chimerism, have identified transient mixed chimeras, have excluded
      mixed chimerism with high probability in retrospective studies even when a
      pretransplant DNA sample was not available, have documented marrow engraftment in
      the early posttransplant period, and have studied the origin of leukemic cells in
      patients with recurrent disease. We have evaluated the advantages and
      disadvantages of several genetic markers and have developed tentative statements
      concerning the prognosis of patients with mixed chimerism. We conclude that DNA
      RFLP are powerful and practical genetic markers in bone marrow transplantation
      studies and that further studies of mixed hematopoietic chimerism are warranted.

PMID- 2881384
TI  - Association of restriction fragment-length polymorphisms with major
      histocompatibility complex class II phenotypes in white and black individuals.

PMID- 2881385
TI  - Prediction of risk factors in acute tubular necrosis following cadaver kidney
      transplantation.

PMID- 2881387
TI  - [Bacterial adhesion caused by fimbrial adhesins].

PMID- 2881386
TI  - Mucinous breast carcinomas with abundant intracytoplasmic mucin and
      neuroendocrine features: light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - Eight mucinous carcinomas of the breast were studied by light microscopy and
      immunohistochemistry; one was studied by electron microscopy. All 8 cases had
      abundant, relatively clear cytoplasm that contained mucin. Cells were argyrophil
      positive and argentaffin negative. Eight cases were positive for neuron specific
      enolase (NSE), 5 cases for serotonin, 1 case for serotonin and somatostatin and 2
      cases for serotonin, somatostatin, and gastrin. None had clinical evidence of
      abnormal neuroendocrine function. Three patients had axillary lymph node
      metastases. Only 1 of 5 patients in whom there was clinical followup died of her
      disease. Electron microscopy of one case showed abundant intracytoplasmic and
      extracellular mucin, round and pleomorphic dense-core granules, numerous cell
      processes, and aggregates of intermediate filaments. These cases expand the
      histologic spectrum of breast carcinomas which may show neuroendocrine
      differentiation.

PMID- 2881388
TI  - [MAO inhibitors and anesthesia].

PMID- 2881389
TI  - AIDS Transmission.

PMID- 2881390
TI  - Acetylated low-density lipoprotein is endocytosed through coated pits by rat
      peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - The surface distribution of the scavenger receptors for acetylated low-density
      lipoprotein (acetyl-LDL) and their endocytic behavior were studied by the direct
      immunoperoxidase method using monomeric conjugates of horseradish peroxidase with
      Fab' antibody raised against LDL. The receptors were demonstrated to be
      distributed diffusely on the surface membrane of cultured peritoneal macrophages,
      with preferential localization in coated pit regions. With temperature shift from
      4 degrees C to 37 degrees C, acetyl-LDL bound to the surface membrane rapidly
      disappeared, but became detectable in coated vesicles or lysosomes. Further
      incubation in the presence of acetyl-LDL revealed lipid vacuoles devoid of a
      limiting membrane in the cytoplasm, transforming macrophages into typical foam
      cells. These data suggest that the binding of acetyl-LDL to its receptors
      triggers the clustering of the receptors into the coated pit regions through
      which acetyl-LDL is endocytosed by coated vesicles to be degraded in lysosomes
      with subsequent intracellular accumulation of cholesterol esters.

PMID- 2881391
TI  - Contact smear cytologic preparations of organ culture explant tissue.
AB  - The effects of cytologic sampling by contact-smear on the viability and
      morphology of epithelial tissues maintained as explants in organ culture were
      studied. Tracheal and pancreatic tissues from Syrian golden hamsters were
      maintained for 30 days in culture, and sampled cytologically at weekly intervals.
      Analysis of sequential Papanicolaou-stained smears demonstrates that explant
      tissues can be evaluated cytologically over time in vitro without apparent
      effects on either the tissue viability, histochemistry or morphology. Microscopic
      examination further reveals that cellular samples retain diagnostically
      significant cytomorphologic features of the in vivo tissues. These observations
      indicate that this technique is useful for understanding the long-term response
      to carcinogens of epithelial tissue maintained in explant organ culture.

PMID- 2881392
TI  - Effects of nicotine on phenotypic modulation and initiation of DNA synthesis in
      cultured arterial smooth muscle cells.
AB  - During the early stages of atherogenesis, as well as during in vitro cultivation,
      smooth muscle cells modulate from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. This
      process includes the loss of myofilaments and the formation of an extensive rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and a large Golgi complex; it leads to decreased
      contractility and the commencement of cell growth and secretion of extracellular
      matrix components. In this paper, the effects of nicotine on adult rat arterial
      smooth muscle cells cultivated in vitro were studied by transmission electron
      microscopy and 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The results show that the drug
      speeded the initial rate of transition of the cells from contractile to synthetic
      phenotype in primary culture. Further, it stimulated the initiation of DNA
      synthesis in growth-arrested secondary cultures. Its effect was independent of
      other mitogens and additive to that of serum. The influences of nicotine, both on
      the modulation of the smooth muscle phenotype and the initiation of DNA
      synthesis, occurred at concentrations lower than those obtained in the blood
      after smoking and could contribute to the role of smoking as a risk factor for
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2881393
TI  - In vitro labeling and tissue autoradiography of splenomegaly associated with
      portal hypertension.
AB  - Sinus hyperplasia occurring in the congestive splenomegaly associated with portal
      hypertension is a interesting model of steady-state hyperplasia in an adult
      tissue. In vitro labeling of human splenic tissue with 3H-thymidine and the
      demonstration of S-phase cells by autoradiography was performed to investigate
      the proliferative activity of sinus-lining and cordal reticular cells in
      congestive splenomegaly compared with that in the normal spleen. The labeling
      index (%) of sinus-lining cells after 2 h incubation was 0.07 +/- 0.02 in the
      normal spleen and 0.26 +/- 0.03 in congestive splenomegaly (t = 4.553, P less
      than 0.005, n = 11). This result indicated that sinus-lining cells have a long
      life span and that their proliferative activity is increased in congestive
      splenomegaly. On the other hand, the labeling of cordal reticular cells and
      arterial and venous endothelial cells was sparse or absent in both congestive
      splenomegaly controls, and these cells do not appear to be involved in sinus
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 2881394
TI  - Stereological estimates of nuclear volume correlated with histopathological
      grading and prognosis of bladder tumour.
AB  - The aim of this retrospective study is to provide morphometric data which make
      grading of urinary bladder tumours objective and reproducible by stereological
      estimation of nuclear volume using the principle of estimating of the volume of
      particles of arbitrary shape. The study includes 92 specimens: 12 from normal
      bladder mucosa, and 80 from bladder tumours (15 grade I, 45 grade II, 19 grade
      III and one grade IV according to Bergkvist et al. 1965). After standard
      fixation, embedding, sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining, an unbiased
      estimate of the mean volume of nuclei sampled with a change proportional to the
      volume: (Formula: see text) was calculated. Here l0 is the length of the
      intercept through a test point hitting a nucleus measured in a random direction
      through the test point. The weighted means of nuclear volume in bladder tumours
      are spread over a wide range and show a strong correlation with the Bergkvist
      grade. Moreover, the relationship between the weighted mean volume of nuclei in
      bladder tumours and the prognosis is very good. Only one of 35 patients with a
      mean nuclear volume below 300 micron 3 died of bladder cancer whereas 18 of 19
      patients with a mean nuclear volume above 500 micron 3 developed invasives
      tumours or died of their disease. This simple and fast estimate of nuclear volume
      seems to provide objective data of high prognostic value.

PMID- 2881396
TI  - Organisation of collagen fibrils in tendon: changes induced by an anabolic
      steroid. I. Functional and ultrastructural studies.
AB  - The organisation of tendon collagen fibrils has been studied by electron
      microscopy after treatment with an anabolic steroid hormone in a short-term and a
      long-term study. The effect of anabolic steroids is of interest because of their
      use in competitive sports and in clinical therapy. In a functional experimental
      model the unexpected occurrence of dysplastic as well as ruptured and dissociated
      collagen fibrils was revealed. The striking time-dependent collagen dysplasia and
      other pathological findings strongly suggest that in mice anabolic steroid
      treatment predisposes to tendon rupture especially when the animals are
      exercised. The possible underlying mode of action of anabolic steroid hormone on
      connective tissue is discussed.

PMID- 2881397
TI  - Organisation of collagen fibrils in tendon: changes induced by an anabolic
      steroid. II. A morphometric and stereologic analysis.
AB  - Morphometric and stereologic analysis of the organisation of collagen fibrils in
      tendon tissue after a treatment with an anabolic steroid hormone allowed the
      following observations: In a short-term study stereological data revealed a
      potent accumulation of collagen fibrils in the extra-cellular matrix after the
      administration of an anabolic steroid. Compared with controls, the anabolic
      steroid significantly increased the number of dysplastic collagen fibrils
      dependent on duration of treatment. Inter- and intrafibrillary dysplastic
      collagen fibrils possess characteristic diameter distributions which differ
      considerably from those of normal collagen fibrils. The functional significance
      of the changes in mean diameter, diameter distribution, numerical density and
      volume fraction of collagen fibrils in tendons following hormone treatment may be
      relevant to the use of these drugs in clinical practice and in competitive
      sports.

PMID- 2881395
TI  - Inhibiting effect of plasma from normal and tumour bearing mice on the mitotic
      rate of regenerating liver.
AB  - Plasma from normal mice and from mice bearing the ES2 transplantable malignant
      tumour was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.01 ml/g body weight in
      partially hepatectomized mice. Control animals were injected with a solution of
      sodium citrate in saline. The recipients were killed at the first (14:00 hours/48
      h). These times are the time of day and the number of h after partial hepatectomy
      and second (14:00 hours/72 h) peak times after partial hepatectomy. The number of
      colchicine metaphases per 1000 nuclei was determined for hepatocytes and litoral
      cells. A different effect was obtained with plasma from tumour-bearing compared
      with normal mice. Plasma from both sources when injected 26 h after partial
      hepatectomy (16:00 hours/26 h) inhibited the mitotic activity of hepatocytes at
      the next peak of regenerative activity (14:00 hours/48 h). The plasma from tumour
      bearing mice also inhibited the peak on the following day (14:00 hours/72 h),
      whereas plasma from normal mice had no inhibitory effect and, indeed, a
      compensatory wave was observed at this time. Furthermore, plasma from tumour
      bearing mice also showed an inhibitory effect at the first peak (14:00 hours/48
      h) when injected at the time of partial hepatectomy (14:00 hours/00 h) or at 22 h
      before partial hepatectomy (16:00 hours/-22 h) whereas the injection of plasma
      from normal mice at these times had no inhibitory effect. In the litoral cells
      the injection of plasma from tumour-bearing mice made 22 h before hepatectomy
      (16:00 hours/-22 h) led to a stimulation of mitotic activity which was controlled
      at 14:00 hours/48 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881398
TI  - Identification and analysis of Ebola virus messenger RNA.
AB  - Six messenger RNA species of Ebola virus were identified in infected Vero E6
      cells. Virion RNA hybridizes to each of the mRNAs, confirming that Ebola virus
      possesses a negative-stranded RNA genome. The mRNAs are monocristronic
      transcripts, are synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D, and are
      polyadenylated. In vitro translation of mRNA preparations results in the
      synthesis of five authentic viral proteins and a putative unglycosylated form of
      the glycoprotein, demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with virus-specific
      antisera and SDS-PAGE. No mRNA species was detected for the polymerase (L
      protein) gene.

PMID- 2881399
TI  - [Effect of loading with Naftusia mineral water on the endocrine cells of the
      antral portion of the stomach].

PMID- 2881400
TI  - [Schizophrenia and the minimal brain dysfunction syndrome].

PMID- 2881402
TI  - [Pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias involving autonomic transmitters].
AB  - In general cardiac arrhythmias of different types and origins may be attributed
      to only a few basic electrophysiological effects. These are: changes in impulse
      formation, in impulse conduction, and/or in refractoriness. Autonomic
      transmitters are able to exert these effects on the heart and may therefore also
      induce or support cardiac arrhythmias. The stimulation of sympathetic nerves to
      the heart (transmitter noradrenaline) enhances via adrenergic beta-receptors the
      formation of impulses in nomotopic and heterotopic pacemakers by increasing the
      slope of their slow diastolic depolarizations. In principle identical effects are
      exerted by noradrenaline on abnormal ectopic pacemakers. Moreover, so-called
      triggered activity resulting from early or delayed after-depolarizations may be
      induced by sympathetic activation. In the normal atrial or ventricular myocardium
      as well as in the specialized ventricular conducting system the sympathetic
      transmitters are without direct influence on the conduction velocity. However, in
      the AV node, conduction velocity is markedly increased by noradrenaline. In the
      depolarized myocardium noradrenaline favours the generation of slowly propagated
      responses and may thus help to induce arrhythmias due to reentry. The refractory
      period is shortened by noradrenaline in the working myocardium and in the
      specialized conducting system. The described effects of noradrenaline are
      attributed to an increase of the slow inward current (Isi) carried by Ca2+ and
      Na+ ions. Moreover, a shift of the activation kinetics of the pacemaker current
      (If) to more positive potentials is discussed. Under the influence of beta
      receptor blockers, certain effects of noradrenaline may be unmasked which are
      mediated by adrenergic alpha receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881401
TI  - [Prevention of stress ulcer in intensive care patients].
AB  - Critically ill patients are prone to stress-induced ulcerations in the upper
      gastrointestinal tract, which might lead to life-threatening bleeding. Therefore,
      an effective stress ulcer prophylaxis is absolutely indicated and H2-blocking
      agents, anticholinergics, antacids, sucralfate, enteral nutrition and
      prostaglandin E analoges are recommended. H2-blocking agents seem to provide
      effective prophylaxis, but severe side effects seem to limit their application.
      Most of all, as they are less effective as antacids and as they cause
      considerable costs. Additionally H2-blocking agents elevate gastric pH, thereby
      favouring microbic colonisation of gastric juice. Microorganism from gastric
      juice may reach the tracheobronchial system and lead to nosocomial pneumonias.
      The contaminated gastric juice may also be considered as endogenous source for
      sepsis and entero-colitis. The anticholinergic agent pirenzepine does not
      increase gastric pH and seems to be effective in neurological and neurosurgical
      intensive care patients. Antacids are effective in stress ulcer bleeding
      prophylaxis, but favour bacterial overgrowth, are badly tolerated by patients and
      cause a high amount of nursing time. Sucralfate seems to be as effective as
      antacids, is better tolerated and does not elevate gastric pH. The remaining
      acidity of gastric juice blocks bacterial contamination. After all, the smallest
      costs of effective stress ulcer prophylaxis, makes sucralfate to the medicament
      of first choice. However, in severely ill patients, a combined stress ulcer
      prophylaxis with two or more agents seems to be necessary.

PMID- 2881403
TI  - [Principles of neuronal information storage. Theories, methodology, experiments].

PMID- 2881404
TI  - [Significance of hormones for sex specific brain differentiation and
      teratopsychophysiogenesis].

PMID- 2881405
TI  - Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type--current concepts and prospects.

PMID- 2881406
TI  - [Electrophysiologic parameters for objectifying the processes of behavioral
      regulation in psychophysiology].

PMID- 2881407
TI  - [Psychophysiology and occupational medicine].

PMID- 2881408
TI  - [Psychophysiologic indications of mental stress using acral impedance
      plethysmography].

PMID- 2881409
TI  - [The P300 component of the event-related brain potential as an indicator of the
      psychophysics of cognitive processes].

PMID- 2881410
TI  - [Effect of variable significance identification on the P300 components of the
      event-related brain potential].

PMID- 2881411
TI  - [Viral tumor markers].

PMID- 2881412
TI  - [Treatment of discoordination of labor activity with the beta-adrenomimetic
      alupent].

PMID- 2881413
TI  - [Gastroduodenal ulcer--changes in surgical therapy by long-term drug treatment].
AB  - Routine use of H2 receptor blockers has helped to reduce the rate of selective
      vagotomies and has brought down the range of surgical ulcer patients. For peptic
      ulcer therapeutic medication has proved to be superior to surgery. Various
      studies were evaluated and have brought into focus questions of decision-making
      between medicamentous and surgical treatment of ulcer. Therapeutic approaches are
      recommended for emergency treatment of bleeding duodenal ulcer and recurrent
      ulcer.

PMID- 2881414
TI  - [Use of the immunomodulator levamisole in the complex treatment of juvenile
      schizophrenics with an unfavorable course].
AB  - The authors investigated the effect of the immunostimulant levamisole on the
      immunological reactivity of schizophrenics and the resultant decrease in the
      therapeutic resistance of these patients toward psychotropic therapy. Thirteen
      patients with juvenile malignant continuously progressive schizophrenia were
      studied, using a double blind design of examination. The number of suppressor T
      cells in patients treated with levamisole increased from 16.6% to 22.8% (p less
      than 0.001) which was not observed in patients on placebo. It has been
      demonstrated that the immunological parameters in patients with juvenile
      malignant continually progressive schizophrenia can be fully recovered. Yet, the
      changes observed in the clinical picture were heterogeneous and unremarkable. The
      experimental findings suggest that the use of levamisole may be more effective in
      patients with less progressive forms of the disease.

PMID- 2881415
TI  - Synthesis of glutamate and aspartate in rat brain synaptosomes.
AB  - ATP and glutamine are the sources of endogenous ammonia in rat brain
      synaptosomes. The amount of endogenous ammonia formed from exogenous ATP is not
      sufficient to assure the maximum rate of aspartate and glutamate accumulation in
      the synaptosomes utilizing pyruvate + malate. Addition of exogenous NH4+ or
      depolarization of synaptosome plasma membranes with high K+ concentration led to
      a twofold increase in the rate of accumulation of these amino acids. This
      indicates that both exogenous and endogenous NH4+ is involved in the synthesis of
      aspartate and glutamate in nerve terminals. Accumulation of glutamate was
      stimulated by aminooxyacetate and inhibited by haloperidol which indicates that
      NH4+ is bound in the reaction catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase. Endogenous
      oxaloacetate derived from pyruvate metabolism was the substrate for synthesis of
      aspartate. Additive inhibition of aspartate accumulation by fluorocitrate and (-)
      hydroxyacetate shows that, in addition to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the
      reaction catalysed by ATP-citrate lyase serves in the synaptosomes as another
      source of oxaloacetate.

PMID- 2881416
TI  - The effect of fetectomy on prostaglandin receptors of the rat myometrium.
AB  - It has been postulated that intrauterine volume plays a role in the timing of
      parturition. In previous studies we found that the onset of parturition in the
      rat was associated with significant increases in the concentration of receptors
      for PGF2 alpha in the myometrium. To determine the effect of intrauterine volume
      on the concentrations of this myometrial receptor, we compared receptor levels in
      pregnant and fetectomized horns from unilaterally fetectomized pregnant rats near
      the time of parturition (n = 3). Myometria from pregnant horns contained
      substantially greater concentration of protein than did those from the
      contralateral fetectomized horns. The amounts of receptors per horn for PGF2
      alpha were about 3 times greater in myometria from pregnant horns than in those
      from fetectomized horns. However, near term the concentration of receptors per
      protein contents was the same in pregnant and fetectomized horns. These results
      suggest that uterine stretch causes hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the myometrium
      being indicative of more protein per pregnant than fetectomized horns. However,
      the rise in the concentration of receptors for PGF2 alpha about the time of
      labour appears to be induced by hormonal and not by physical factors.

PMID- 2881417
TI  - Modifications of liver enzymes during heparin therapy.

PMID- 2881418
TI  - Glucose intolerance in thyrotoxicosis roles of insulin, glucagon and
      somatostatin.
AB  - The responses in plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and somatostatin to
      an oral glucose load were studied in 10 thyrotoxic patients and 10 matched
      euthyroid controls. The thyrotoxic patients had higher mean fasting plasma
      glucose (P less than 0.05) and responded to oral glucose with an earlier peak at
      30 min which was higher than the corresponding glucose level in the controls (P
      less than 0.05). Impaired glucose tolerance was found in 3 patients. Fasting
      insulin and C-peptide levels were normal in the thyrotoxic patients when
      corrected for the higher glucose levels. Following glucose ingestion, there was
      no significant difference between the areas under the insulin or C-peptide curves
      in patients and controls, but Seltzer's insulinogenic index was reduced in the
      patients (P less than 0.01) suggesting an impaired pancreatic B-cell response to
      oral glucose. Mean basal glucagon was normal in the thyrotoxic patients. However,
      while in the controls plasma glucagon became suppressed following glucose
      ingestion (P less than 0.0001), no significant suppression was found in the
      patients. In the thyrotoxic patients, mean basal somatostatin was normal, but the
      area under the somatostatin curve following glucose ingestion was significantly
      increased (P less than 0.02). Our findings suggest that decreased glucagon
      suppression and impaired insulin response after glucose ingestion are involved in
      glucose intolerance in thyrotoxicosis. Enhanced somatostatin responses to oral
      glucose in thyrotoxicosis may have contributed to the observed impairment in
      pancreatic B-cell responsiveness.

PMID- 2881419
TI  - Pre-operative treatment of 5 acromegalics with a somatostatin analogue: endocrine
      and clinical observations.
AB  - Five acromegalic patients were treated preoperatively over a period of 1-4 weeks
      with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. The patients received daily 3 X 100
      micrograms of SMS 201-995 subcutaneously. This schedule resulted in a rapid
      improvement of the clinical symptoms in 4 out of 5 patients. In these same
      patients plasma growth hormone concentrations decreased markedly. However, only
      in one patient were growth hormone concentrations normalized. Plasma IGF I, which
      was elevated in all patients, was normalized only in this same patient. Tumour
      volume as determined by thin section CT-scans decreased only in one case by 17%.
      All tumours appeared extraordinarily soft upon operation. Conventional light
      microscopy showed no difference between tumours of SMS-pre-treated and untreated
      patients. Ultrastructural investigation showed the usual heterogeneity.

PMID- 2881421
TI  - [Effects of cobalamin analogues produced by reaction between OHB12 and ascorbic
      acid upon absorption, plasma transport, organ distribution and B12 dependent
      enzymes].

PMID- 2881422
TI  - Effect of a spirocyclic cyclodipeptide derivate of MIF on passive avoidance
      behavior and amnesia in rats.
AB  - Cyclo (1-amino-1-cyclopentane-carbonyl-L-alanyl)-c(Acp-Ala), a derivative of MIF
      (prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide) affected passive avoidance behavior of rats when
      administered at different phases of the step-through type of experimental
      paradigm. c(Acp-Ala) given s.c. or orally in a 1 mg/kg dose increased avoidance
      latencies not only when administered before, or immediately after the shock trial
      but also when given before the pretraining trial, i.e. at the first exposure of
      animals to the experimental situation without shock treatment. The notion is
      discussed, that it is the influence of c(Acp-Ala) on processing of information
      received during the pretraining trial that manifests itself in the facilitation
      of avoidance response. The drug appears to have a long-term action since it was
      active when given 20 h before the pretraining trial or the shock trial or the
      test of retention. c(Acp-Ala) when administered immediately after the shock
      trial, attenuated amnesia in rats induced by electroconvulsive shock (ECS).

PMID- 2881420
TI  - Naloxone enhances the increase in plasma growth hormone induced by alpha 2
      adrenergic stimulation in healthy males.
AB  - There is evidence that the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine interacts with
      the opioid system. In the present investigations, the effect of naloxone on the
      increase in plasma GH induced by clonidine and the more specific alpha 2-agonist
      guanfacine was studied in man. In a single-blind study, five healthy males
      received in randomized order either the preservatives in the naloxone preparation
      (control) or naloxone at two different doses (10 or 100 micrograms/kg) followed
      by an infusion of either diluted preservatives or naloxone (5 or 50 micrograms X
      kg-1 X h-1, respectively). Fifteen min after the bolus dose, clonidine (3
      micrograms/kg) or guanfacine (15 micrograms/kg) was infused over 10 min in a
      single-blind order. Both clonidine and guanfacine induced an increase in plasma
      GH (P less than 0.05). Pre-treatment with naloxone at the higher dosage resulted
      in an enhanced (P less than 0.05) GH response to clonidine and guanfacine,
      respectively, whereas the lower dosage of naloxone was without effect. The
      increase in plasma GH did not correlate with basal mean arterial blood pressure,
      nor with the changes in mean arterial blood pressure induced by clonidine or
      guanfacine. These results indicate that the increase in plasma GH induced by
      alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation in normotensive subjects involves opioid receptors
      with moderate sensitivity to naloxone.

PMID- 2881423
TI  - Alfentanil as an adjuvant of balanced anaesthesia for tonsillectomy in adults.
AB  - In a double-blind study, 80 adult patients, undergoing tonsillectomy, were
      randomly allocated to one of the four groups: d-tubocurarine (d-Tc) 50
      micrograms/kg+alfentanil (Alf) 20 micrograms/kg, d-Tc 50 micrograms/kg+Alf 50
      micrograms/kg, Alf 10 micrograms/kg+Alf 20 micrograms/kg, Alf 10
      micrograms/kg+Alf 50 micrograms/kg. The first drug was given 2 min before
      thiopental and the second drug 1 min before inserting the mouth gag. Intubation
      was facilitated with suxamethonium. Anaesthesia was maintained with 70% nitrous
      oxide in oxygen and peripheral muscle relaxation during operation with
      vecuronium. For analysis of the induction characteristics, both d-Tc-pretreatment
      groups were treated together and compared with the results of the Alf
      pretreatment groups. Muscle fasciculations occurred in 20% in the d-Tc group and
      in 70% in the Alf group. Neither d-tubocurarine nor alfentanil prevented the
      cardiovascular intubation response. Cardiovascular responses to the placement of
      the mouth gag occurred only in the lower-dose alfentanil groups. ECG changes
      during operation occurred in 25-45% of the patients. The most common ECG change
      was junctional rhythm. The operating conditions were good in 65-80% of the
      patients. The mean recovery score (0-10) ranged from 9.3 to 9.7 between the
      groups. The incidence of nausea ranged from 20-30% and that of vomiting from 10
      25% between the groups. Bleeding from the operation site occurred in 20-30% of
      the patients. None of the patients needed sutures to stop the bleeding.

PMID- 2881424
TI  - Neurotransmitter glutamate: its clinical importance.
AB  - Excitatory amino acid glutamate has several important functions in the mammalian
      central nervous system (CNS). This review focuses on the transmitter role of
      glutamate and discusses anatomical and pharmacological data of clinical
      neurological relevance. Experimental and clinical conditions which have been
      associated with altered content, uptake, membrane binding or release of glutamate
      in the CNS are discussed. Such conditions include, epilepsy, disorders of the
      basal ganglia, cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, metabolic
      encephalopathies, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and cerebellar ataxias, amino
      acidopathies, mental and other neurological disorders. With the exception of a
      few fibre systems, it is very difficult to differentiate between glutamate and
      aspartate as CNS transmitters. The term glutamate is, thus, used in the sense
      glutamate and/or aspartate unless specifically stated.

PMID- 2881425
TI  - Lymphocyte subset abnormalities in patients with spasmodic torticollis.
AB  - The aetiology of spasmodic torticollis is unknown but the patients form a
      heterogeneous group among which are cases apparently precipitated by a viral
      illness and others associated with autoimmune disease. We therefore decided to
      investigate the immunoregulatory lymphocyte subsets in our 11 cases. A
      significant decrease of both helper and suppressor lymphocytes was identified in
      the group, together with in vitro evidence of depressed suppressor cell function.
      Disturbance of the immune response may play a role in this puzzling disorder.

PMID- 2881427
TI  - Rating scales for states for anxiety, depression, mania and schizophrenia. A
      multiaxial approach.
AB  - Rating scales are considered to be an efficient instrument in the assessment of
      treatment effect, and during the last 25 years a number of rating scales has been
      constructed for measuring states of anxiety, depression, mania and schizophrenia.
      The paper describes some of the most frequently used scales. Time has come to
      coordinate the existing rating scales and to agree upon common operational
      definitions in the judgement of psychopathological symptoms. Basic practical
      guidelines to be used in both clinical practice and research are given.

PMID- 2881426
TI  - Specific chromosomal abnormalities characterize four established cell lines
      derived from malignant human gliomas.
AB  - The four permanent human glioma-derived cell lines reported here are the first
      such lines for which the karyotypes have been followed from the original biopsies
      through the establishment of the lines in culture. Although ploidy changes were
      seen, each line retained either distinctive marker chromosomes or the overall
      original chromosomal distribution allowing the origin of each line to be
      established with certainty. D-263 MG expresses glial fibrillary acidic protein,
      all lines except D-245 MG are tumorigenic in athymic mice, and each line displays
      a unique pattern with respect to in vitro growth parameters and expression of
      biochemically defined markers, oncofetal antigens and lymphoid-associated
      markers. D-245 MG and D-259 MG are able to grow in the absence of supplemental
      glutamine; glutamine synthetase was detected in these cell lines both by
      immunocytochemistry and by direct assay. Thus, the four permanent human glioma
      derived cell lines described here are representative of glioma lines in their
      general characteristics. D-259 MG retains numerous double minute chromosomes
      (DMs), D-263 MG contains two marker chromosomes with breaks in 9p, and D-247 MG
      and D-245 MG with stemlines containing 96 and 89 chromosomes contain eight and
      six normal copies (respectively) of chromosome No. 7. The retention in these four
      cell lines of the most common chromosomal abnormalities seen in biopsies of
      malignant human gliomas provides the opportunity to investigate the meaning of
      these specific chromosomal changes.

PMID- 2881428
TI  - Combination of psychotherapy and drugs in the treatment of neurosis. A controlled
      comparison of bromazepam and thioridazine.
AB  - Eighty out-patients with neurotic disorders were studied in an integrated
      treatment model combining psychotherapy and psychotropics in a "conjoint marital
      therapy" setting. The spouses, who seemed a healthy group, were used as
      reporters, as controls and as participants in the psychotherapy. The
      pharmacological trial was a double-blind, cross-over study, comparing bromazepam
      and thioridazine after a placebo period. Bromazepam was more effective in
      controlling different anxiety symptoms and demonstrated more potent activating
      properties than thioridazine. Hostility symptoms, however, responded better to
      thioridazine. These findings were confirmed by ratings performed by patients,
      spouses and the investigator. Differences in drug preference and drop-out rate
      showed the same tendency. Nine weeks' continuous treatment did not change the
      differences found in the cross-over study. No pharmacological rebound symptoms
      were observed after drug withdrawal. The personality of the spouses was related
      to the outcome in the patients. Moreover, there was an obvious positive
      interaction between the psychotherapy given and the drug treatment.

PMID- 2881429
TI  - [Intratubular calcifications in cryptorchism. Histochemical, morphometric and
      microanalytical study].

PMID- 2881430
TI  - Peptides associated with eggs: mechanisms of interaction with spermatozoa.
AB  - Speract (Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly), a peptide obtained from the
      culture medium of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs, stimulates the respiration
      and motility of S. purpuratus spermatozoa under appropriate conditions. Resact
      (Cys-Val-Thr-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Cys-Val-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-LeuNH2), a peptide obtained
      from Arbacia punctulata eggs also stimulates the metabolism and motility of A.
      punctulata spermatozoa, however, it fails to stimulate S. purpuratus spermatozoa.
      Early biochemical responses of the spermatozoa to the egg peptides include a net
      H+ efflux and elevations of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP concentrations. In
      addition, in A. punctulata spermatozoa, a major plasma membrane protein is
      modified in response to resact such that its apparent molecular weight shifts
      from 160,000 to 150,000. If cells are incubated with 32P, the 160,000 molecular
      weight form of the protein becomes radiolabeled; subsequent addition of resact
      causes a rapid loss of 32P from the protein. The plasma membrane protein appears
      to be the enzyme, guanylate cyclase; coincident with the shift in apparent
      molecular weight, enzyme activity decreases by as much as 90%. Since speract
      fails to cause these responses in A. punctulata, it can be concluded that the
      events are receptor-mediated.

PMID- 2881432
TI  - [25 years of Alpine skiing. In retrospect--the development and management of
      tibial fractures].
AB  - Due to the advancement in the development of ski, technique, equipment and
      improvement of the slopes in the last decades, there has been a change in the
      type, form and location of fractures of the lower leg. In a 25 year follow-up at
      the department of traumatology of the University of Innsbruck we analysed the
      winter months of the year 1960/61, 1970/71, 1980/81 and the year 1984/85. A
      shifting of the localization of injuries towards the upper part of the body has
      been found. There is no doubt that because of the development of modern ski
      bindings lower-leg fractures have decreased significantly with adults. At the age
      between 11 and 15 years there has been no proportional change in the frequency of
      injuries. The operative treatment has increased in number in comparison with the
      conservatively treated fractures.

PMID- 2881431
TI  - Dephosphorylation of sea urchin sperm guanylate cyclase during fertilization.
AB  - Exposure of Arbacia punctulata spermatozoa to solubilized egg jelly results in
      the immediate dephosphorylation (within 3 sec) of an abundant 160,000 dalton (160
      kDa) sperm membrane protein, and a simultaneous increase in its electrophoretic
      mobility to 150 kDa. The sperm phosphoprotein has been identified as guanylate
      cyclase. Correlated with the mobility shift of the cyclase is a decrease in its
      enzymatic activity. In this paper we will briefly review the work on the sperm
      guanylate cyclase, present new data on the role of ion fluxes in the control of
      its dephosphorylation, and discuss what role the dephosphorylation might play in
      successful sperm-egg interaction.

PMID- 2881433
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of frostbite].
AB  - Pathophysiology, clinical picture with grading and in some cases controversial
      possibilities of treatment are described. We report on our experience in
      treatment of 21 cases of frostbite on hands and feet. Widening by DSA of the
      diagnostic spectrum of late sequelae is emphasized.

PMID- 2881434
TI  - [Interwoven wire suture with fascia lata-plasty in the treatment of subcutaneous
      rupture of the Achilles tendon--an obsolete method?].
AB  - Lately there has been an increased incidence of rupture of the Achilles tendon
      following the general increase in mass sports. Surgery is the treatment of
      choice, and various methods are being described. We have been using the wire
      suture method with fascia lata plasty for more then twenty years. The rate of
      infection is 3.8% and that of rerupture 1.2%, figures that correspond to those
      stated for other surgical methods. Moreover, 87% of the patients were very
      satisfied with the result of the operation; they are fit for work without any
      restriction, and some of them even practise their sports activities as before.
      For this reason we consider that wire suturing with fascia lata plasty is by no
      means obsolete in the treatment of rupture of the Achilles tendon.

PMID- 2881435
TI  - [Rupture of the pes anserinus--a rare concomitant injury in anteromedial
      instability of the knee joint].
AB  - We report about a case of rupture of the pes anserinus insertion causing an
      anteriormedial knee instability grade () without rupture of the anterior cruciate
      ligament. This case demonstrates that a grade ()-instability can be caused
      without rupture of the cruciate ligaments just by the rupture of a so called
      "dynamic stabilisator" like the pes anserinus.

PMID- 2881436
TI  - [Segmental fracture of the tibia].
AB  - Segmental fractures of the leg, though rare, often imply serious complications.
      We present a concept of management which considers the impaired circulation to
      fracture fragments. In our opinion plate osteosynthesis and medullary nailing
      should remain the exception; closed methods have priority. In open fractures
      external fixation devices are preferred.

PMID- 2881437
TI  - [Surgical treatment of recurrent ventral dislocation of the shoulder using the
      Weber rotation osteotomy].
AB  - There are different procedures for surgical treatment of a recidivating ventral
      dislocation of the shoulder. In our hospital the rotatory osteotomy according to
      Weber proved good; in accordance with the findings it can be combined with other
      procedures. The surgical procedures and our results are explained. In our
      opinion, this surgical treatment will effect, besides known results (rotation of
      head defect to lateral), an essential stabilisation of the joint, by means of
      strain exercised on M. infraspinatus and the upper part of M. teres minor.

PMID- 2881438
TI  - [Ileus in enterothorax caused by right-sided rupture of the diaphragm. A case
      report].
AB  - The case described in this article shows an almost typical course with blunt
      abdominal trauma that occurred a long time ago, a primarily recognized but not
      surgically treated rupture of the diaphragm on the right side, and subsequently
      developing intestinal signs with recidivating attacks of jaundice caused by
      displacement of the liver with kinking of the bile duct. The relatively rare late
      complication of a right-sided enterothorax with ileus makes this a remarkable
      case and underlines once again the need for immediate or at least early surgery
      to avoid late complications.

PMID- 2881439
TI  - [Pathologic fracture of the navicular bone].

PMID- 2881440
TI  - Management of the common cold.

PMID- 2881441
TI  - Autoradiographic distributions of neurotransmitter receptors in the human brains
      of Parkinson's disease and primate models of MPTP-induced parkinsonism.

PMID- 2881442
TI  - Ro 16-6491: a new reversible and highly selective MAO-B inhibitor protects mice
      from the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP.

PMID- 2881443
TI  - MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the common marmoset: behavioral and biochemical
      effects.

PMID- 2881444
TI  - Biochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2881445
TI  - Progressive supranuclear palsy: anatomoclinical and biochemical considerations.

PMID- 2881447
TI  - Cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2881446
TI  - Movement disorders in patients with coexistent neuroleptic-induced tremor and
      tardive dyskinesia: EMG and pharmacological study.

PMID- 2881449
TI  - Transmitter receptor alterations in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2881448
TI  - Clinical and neurochemical consequences of neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis
      of Meynert in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2881450
TI  - Mechanism of action of L-leucyl-glycinamide and its effect on Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - PLG potentiates the action of levodopa in 6-OH-DA-treated rats. PLG plus levodopa
      is more effective than levodopa alone. PLG-treated rats have a decreased
      concentration of Leu-enkephalin in the caudate nucleus as compared with the
      control. Preliminary results of using PLG (400 mg/day) for 10 days for treating
      PD are satisfactory. The mode of action of PLG with relation to dopamine
      enkephalin interaction is discussed.

PMID- 2881451
TI  - Ultrastructural chemoanatomy of the basal ganglia: an overview.

PMID- 2881452
TI  - Dopaminergic-peptidergic interactions in extrapyramidal disorders: a review of
      the clinical evidence.

PMID- 2881453
TI  - Chronotropic cardiac effects of histamine in the conscious dog with chronic
      atrioventricular block: interactions with the autonomic nervous system.
AB  - Chronotropic effects of histamine and dimaprit were studied in the conscious dog
      with chronic atrioventricular block. Histamine at 0.2-5 micrograms/kg and
      dimaprit at equimolar doses (i.e. 0.25-6.25 micrograms/kg) increased atrial rate
      dose-relatedly. Blockade of muscarinic receptors reduced these effects and
      simultaneous blockade of muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors abolished them.
      Histamine and dimaprit moderately increased ventricular rate. Blockade of
      muscarinic receptors did not modify these effects, but blockade of beta
      adrenoceptors with or without simultaneous blockade of muscarinic receptors
      suppressed them. After blockade of beta-adrenoceptors, histamine and more rarely
      dimaprit sometimes decreased atrial and ventricular rates. These effects were
      prevented by additional muscarinic blockade. Histamine and dimaprit lowered mean
      blood pressure to the same degree before and after each antagonist. The positive
      chronotropic effects of histamine and dimaprit, at these doses, are probably
      reflex responses to their hypotensive effects. The negative chronotropic effects
      of histamine after pindolol are due to muscarinic receptor activation. No
      evidence was found to implicate histamine-specific receptors in any of the
      chronotropic effects of histamine and dimaprit.

PMID- 2881455
TI  - Pharmacology of the novel H2 antagonist famotidine: in vitro studies.
AB  - The novel antiulcer drug famotidine was found to be a potent and selective
      inhibitor of histamine H2 receptors. Its activity on different parameters
      involving H2 receptors was higher than that of other compounds of the family: pA2
      values were 8.33, 7.86 and 7.83 in the guinea pig atria, guinea pig papillary
      muscle and isolated rat gastric secretion, respectively. Apart from quantitative
      differences, famotidine differed from the other compounds, since it caused a
      competitive antagonism only at low concentrations and an unsurmountable
      antagonism at higher concentrations. The duration of the inhibitory action on the
      "in vitro" gastric secretion resembled that of cimetidine and ranitidine.
      Famotidine was highly effective (approximately 10 times as potent as ranitidine)
      also on the rat uterus (unsurmountable antagonism) and on the guinea pig
      gallbladder (pA2 value = 7.71). Famotidine was apparently devoid of non-specific
      effects concerning the gastrointestinal motility even at very high concentrations
      (10(-4) M). In this respect, famotidine appeared to be more selective than
      cimetidine and ranitidine at the H2 receptor level. The high potency, the
      peculiarity of the antagonism and the lack of side-effects on a number of
      isolated preparations, indicate this H2 antagonist as a very peculiar member of
      the group.

PMID- 2881454
TI  - H2-receptor antagonist and gastric acid antisecretory properties of Wy-45,662.
AB  - Investigations were carried out to delineate the biological activity of Wy
      45,662, a new H2-receptor antagonist. In the pylorus-ligated rat after
      intraduodenal administration, total acid output (TAO) over 4 hours was inhibited
      by Wy-45,662 with an ED50 of 0.3 mg/kg as compared to ranitidine (ED50 = 7 mg/kg)
      and cimetidine (ED50 = 12 mg/kg); i.v. or i.m. administration increased Wy
      45,662's potency 10-fold. In dogs with innervated gastric pouches Wy-45,662
      inhibited food-stimulated TAO with ED50's of 0.35 mg/kg (p.o.), 0.045 mg/kg
      (i.v.) and 0.065 mg/kg (i.m.); cimetidine (ED50 = 6 mg/kg p.o.) and ranitidine
      (ED50 = 1 mg/kg p.o.) were less potent. Wy-45,662 also inhibited pentagastrin- or
      histamine-stimulated acid secretion in the conscious fistula rat. In vitro, Wy
      45,662 antagonized the histamine-stimulated a) positive chronotropism in guinea
      pig atria and b) [14C]aminopyrine uptake by rat gastric mucosal cells, confirming
      its H2-receptor antagonist properties.

PMID- 2881456
TI  - Inhibitory effect of famotidine on cat gastric secretion.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of the novel H2 receptor antagonist famotidine was studied
      in conscious gastric fistula cats against dimaprit-induced hypersecretion, in
      comparison with ranitidine. On the secretory plateau induced by dimaprit (2 mumol
      kg-1 h-1) famotidine (0.05-0.2 mumol kg-1 i.v.) exerted a dose-dependent
      inhibitory effect, being approximately 4.5 times as potent as ranitidine (ID50
      values were 0.067 +/- 0.015 and 0.30 +/- 0.025 mumol kg-1 for famotidine and
      ranitidine, respectively). No significant differences were found between the two
      drugs, as for the time-course of the inhibitory effect. Famotidine (0.01-0.32
      mumol kg-1 h-1) caused a parallel displacement of the dose-response curve to
      dimaprit to the right, without reducing the maximum response to the stimulant,
      thus behaving as a competitive antagonist, like ranitidine. pA2 values for
      famotidine and ranitidine were 7.95 and 6.92, respectively. In the same range of
      doses famotidine dose-dependently reduced also the secretory response to
      histamine. From these data it was concluded that famotidine is a potent histamine
      H2 receptor antagonist in the cat gastric mucosa; moreover, conversely from "in
      vitro" data, the antagonism was surmountable even at the highest doses tested. In
      vivo experiment, therefore, did not reveal any particular feature of this
      compound, apart from the undoubtedly high potency, in comparison with other
      members of the family.

PMID- 2881458
TI  - Beta-agonists can depress oxidative metabolism of alveolar macrophages.

PMID- 2881457
TI  - Role of T lymphocytes in murine collagen induced arthritis.

PMID- 2881459
TI  - Disturbance of mice tracheal beta-adrenoceptor and cholinergic receptor function
      by Bordetella pertussis and its cell wall components.

PMID- 2881460
TI  - [Transglutaminase in the swine lens].

PMID- 2881462
TI  - [Intracavernous injection of etilefrine hydrochloride in iatrogenic priapism].
AB  - Intracavernous injection of etilefrine hydrochloride (1 or 2 mg) was performed on
      four patients with fully erected penis after intracavernous injection of 40 mg of
      papaverine hydrochloride. One case needed three injections of etilefrine
      hydrochloride (1 mg), but the erection disappeared in the other three cases
      within 10 minutes after a single injection of 2 mg of etilefrine hydrochloride.
      The injection resulted in complete detumescence and relief of the erection in all
      cases. These observations strongly suggest that the intracavernous injection of
      etilefrine hydrochloride is effective in treating not only iatrogenic priapism
      but also priapism due to other etiologies. Also, it might be useful to control
      erection time after intracavernous injection therapy for impotence.

PMID- 2881461
TI  - [A comparative double-blind trial of HSR-902 and butylscopolamine bromide for
      relieving colic in ureteral stone patients].
AB  - The clinical efficacy and safety of HSR-902 (tiquidium bromide, Thiaton) in
      patients with spastic pain caused by ureteral stones were evaluated in a double
      blind comparative trial. A daily dose of 30 mg HSR-902 or 60 mg butylscopolamine
      bromide as a control drug was orally administered for 7 days. With either drug
      marked improvement of spastic pain was observed. The time to obtain relief from
      spastic pain and utility rating were significantly more excellent with HSR-902
      than with butylscopolamine bromide. With all other parameters used no significant
      difference was observed between the two drugs. Mild adverse effects such as
      abdominal discomfort and constipation were observed in 2 of the 87 cases in the
      butylscopolamine bromide group but none of the 83 cases in the HSR-902 group.
      Taking efficacy and safety of the treatment into consideration, no significant
      difference was observed in usefulness between the two drugs, and we were able to
      confirm the usefulness of HSR-902 for relief from spastic pain caused by ureteral
      stones.

PMID- 2881463
TI  - BLV receptor activity in plasma membranes from tumorous lymph nodes of BLV
      infected cows.
AB  - Plasma membranes of cells from lymph nodes of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV)-free
      cattle and of cells from tumorous lymph nodes of BLV-infected cattle have been
      investigated for their reactivity with iodine labelled BLV antigens gp51 and p24.
      It has been found that only the plasma membranes from cells of tumorous lymph
      nodes bound gp51 and p24. The binding could be abolished by addition of
      nonlabelled antigens. It has been calculated from Scatchard plot analysis that
      10(5) molecules of gp51 or 10(4) molecules of p24 can be bound per tumour cell.
      The findings led to the conclusion that tumour cells of BLV-infected cattle are
      endowed with receptors for the BLV antigens gp51 and p24.

PMID- 2881464
TI  - Demonstration of a thymus cell tumour in BLV-infected cattle.
AB  - Occurrence of thymus cell tumours was followed in cattle with enzootic leukosis
      using a thymus-specific antiserum. Among 32 tumorous lymph nodes investigated,
      one could be identified as a thymus cell tumour. In the DNA extract from this
      tumorous lymph node BLV-specific sequences have been demonstrated. This finding
      disproved the hitherto assumption that BLV-induced lymph node tumours of cattle
      were derived exclusively from B-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2881465
TI  - Propagation of hepatitis A virus in human diploid fibroblast cells.
AB  - Human hepatitis A virus (HAV) was propagated in human diploid fibroblast cultures
      (2BS cells) in vitro. Replication of the virus was followed by immunofluorescent
      staining (IF), indirect ELISA, and by immune electron microscopy. When 2BS cells
      were inoculated with faecal extracts containing HAV, synthesis of hepatitis A
      antigen (HAAg) could be detected in the cytoplasm by IF. Its concentration
      reached a maximum at four weeks post-inoculation. Measured by solid-phase
      indirect ELISA, the positive/negative (P/N) ratio for HAAg reached values of up
      to 7.7. The identity of newly synthesized virus particles with HAV was
      established by immune electron microscopy, IF-blocking, and neutralization with
      human convalescent serum. Infected cells showed no signs of a specific cytopathic
      effect. Two of the virus strains propagated in 2BS cells may prove useful as a
      source of antigen for serologic tests; one of them might be a candidate strain
      for HAV vaccine.

PMID- 2881467
TI  - Coxsackievirus B4 heterogeneity: effect of passage on neutralization and
      mortality.
AB  - We have compared two CB4 isolates for virulence, tissue tropism, and antigenic
      drift using monoclonal antibodies. Both isolates replicated in C57B1/6 and Balb/c
      mice. The human isolate Edwards, recovered from a fatal case of
      encephalohepatomyocarditis, produced lethal infection in adult animals. Lethal
      infections were associated with high viral titers in visceral organs but not with
      the presence of specific neutralizing epitopes. Virulence seemed stable upon
      passage, and also the avirulent JVB isolate retained its phenotype. Mock
      infection and recovery experiments demonstrated the stability of these
      characteristics. Neither the tissue from which the virus was isolated nor the
      cell line used in isolation significantly reduced virulence. However, antigenic
      variation among isolates was abundant. Thus, the set of monoclonal antibodies
      employed here may not be appropriate positive markers for virulence. This study
      suggests that CB4 virulence is stable upon extended in vitro passage and limited
      in vivo passage and that isolation site and method may not select for or against
      virulence. It is therefore possible that laboratory adapted strains of CB4,
      although antigenically different from freshly isolated specimens, may still
      retain these properties responsible for virulence present in low passage isolates
      and may be, with regard to virulence, very similar to freshly isolated specimens.

PMID- 2881466
TI  - Focus assay for varicella-zoster virus in human embryo cells stained with
      immunoperoxidase method.
AB  - Rapid titration of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in human embryonic fibroblasts
      (HEF) based on staining of virus-infected cells by indirect immunoperoxidase
      technique (IPA) is described. Cell monolayers were grown in wells of plastic
      plates (two different diameters). Foci of virus-infected cells as revealed by IPA
      could be counted either 48 hr post-infection, if cell-associated virus (VZV
      infected cells) was used as inoculum, or 72 hr p. i. if cell-free virus was used.
      A linear relationship was observed between virus dilution and number of foci. The
      first virus was detected 12 hr p. i., the highest titre at 36 hr, when cytopathic
      effect (CPE) involved about 50% of the monolayer.

PMID- 2881468
TI  - Application of enzyme immunoassay on infected cells (EIA-IC) for arboviruses.
AB  - Comparative titrations of alpha-, flavi- and Bunyamwera viruses were made by EIA
      IC and according to cytopathic effect (CPE). Specific enzymatic reactions
      appeared earlier and in higher titres than CPE. The titres of dengue type 1,
      Mayaro, Powassan and Langat viruses measured by EIA-IC were comparable to those
      measured by intracerebral inoculation of mice. The cross-reactivity testing of
      EIA-IC among alphaviruses (Chikungunya, Sindbis and Mayaro), flaviviruses
      (Japanese encephalitis, Murray valley encephalitis, Kunjin, West Nile, yellow
      fever and louping ill, Powassan, Langat) and Bunyamwera arboviruses using
      polyclonal immune ascitic fluids confirmed the high specificity of EIA-IC.
      Homologous reactions mostly showed higher titres than heterologous ones. No cross
      reactivity was seen between alpha-, flavi- and bunyaviruses, among the three
      alphaviruses, between mosquito-borne and tick-borne flaviviruses, or between JE
      complex and YF viruses. However, a cross-reactivity to different extent was
      observed among the four JE complex viruses and among louping ill, Powassan and
      Langat viruses. The results of EIA-IC cross tests showed that this method can
      distinguish togavirus group- or species-specific antigens, more precisely than
      conventional ELISA.

PMID- 2881469
TI  - Ultrastructure of Rickettsia sibirica during interaction with the host cell.
AB  - Rickettsia sibirica (strain Netsvetaev) was found within large translucent spaces
      in the cytoplasm of L-929 cell monolayer cultures on day 6 postinfection (p.i.).
      These rickettsiae were rod shaped 0.3 X 10 microns in size encircled by a halo of
      up to 200 nm wide corresponding to a capsule-like coat. Directly on the cell wall
      was a 12 nm thick microcapsule in which subunit structures with 12 nm thick
      spacing could be recognized. The cell wall membrane was 14 nm thick with a wider
      internal layer occasionally in a section found split into two electron-dense
      lamels; the internal layer corresponded to peptidoglycan. The periplasmic space
      with an average thickness of 5 nm separated the cell wall from a 7 nm thick
      cytoplasmic membrane. The ultrastructure of R. sibirica was similar to that of
      other rickettsiae, although the capsule-like coat was thicker than in spotted
      fever (SF) group rickettsiae.

PMID- 2881470
TI  - Onset and duration of immunity in guinea pigs and mice induced with different Q
      fever vaccines.
AB  - Protective effects of different types of Q fever vaccines, namely untreated
      Coxiella burnetii phase I cells (Cb I) or Cb I cells treated with chloroform
      methanol (CM) mixture (Cb I-CM) and of a Q fever chemovaccine obtained by
      trichloroacetic acid extraction (TCAE) from intact Cb I cells, were compared in
      mice and guinea pigs at different intervals after intraperitoneal (i.p.) or
      subcutaneous (s.c.) immunizations. The highest degree of protection at all
      intervals studied was achieved with Cb I cells, irrespective of the route of
      immunization and i.p. or aerosol challenge. This vaccine exerted a protective
      effect in guinea pigs and mice as early as after one or two weeks post
      immunization, the effect lasting for at least 40 weeks in mice (i.p. challenge)
      and 12 months in guinea pigs (aerosol challenge). Addition of small amount of Cb
      I cells to TCAE increased resistance of guinea pigs to aerosol challenge. Degree,
      onset and duration of protection to either type of virulent challenge afforded by
      Cb I-CM cells and TCAE was similar, but when compared with that of Cb I cells it
      was lower, started later (from the 2nd week in guinea pigs and the 3rd week in
      mice), and in mice it lasted for a shorter period (20 weeks only). The resistance
      to virulent challenge in guinea pigs did not depend on the levels of
      microagglutination (MA) antibodies and in mice it was reflected by delayed type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and adoptively transferred splenocytes, rather
      than by MA antibody titres and passive transfer of immune sera to recipient
      mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881471
TI  - Measles virus-induced mononuclear leukocyte adherence inhibition: effect of some
      drugs influencing arachidonic acid metabolic pathways.
AB  - Effect of some drugs influencing arachidonic acid metabolic pathways upon the
      measles virus-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition was investigated in multiple
      sclerosis patients and in the control group. The drugs used were natrium
      salicylate, ethanol, and phenidon(1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidon). Statistically
      significant differences were proved between multiple sclerosis patients and
      controls using phenidon, a drug inhibiting both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase
      pathways of the arachidonic acid metabolism. The results obtained provide
      suggestion on participation of arachidonic acid metabolism in the measles virus
      induced leukocyte adherence inhibition phenomenon and in its alterations in
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2881472
TI  - Phenotypic mixing between vesicular stomatitis and Uukuniemi viruses.
AB  - The population of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) which reproduced in cells
      preinfected with Uukuniemi virus (UUK) contained a proportion of VSV (UUK)
      pseudotypes. The virions containing the VSV genome were resistant to anti-VSV
      serum and neutralized with anti-UUK serum. In addition to previous reports on
      phenotypic mixing of different families of enveloped viruses, the combination of
      rhabdovirus surface antigen with bunyavirus genome is described.

PMID- 2881473
TI  - Distribution of mouse cytomegalovirus in organs of white mice experimentally
      infected by natural route.
AB  - One, 10, 21-day-old and adult mice were inoculated by peroral and/or intranasal
      routes with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). In animals surviving generalized
      infection, the virus could be demonstrated in salivary glands up to 123 days
      postinfection (p.i.). In mouse females which had eaten their infected and
      diseased offspring, the virus was detectable in salivary glands up to day 121,
      p.i. On day 16 p.i., the virus was present in salivary glands, lungs and kidneys
      of mice of different age groups, but no virus was recovered from their Gasserian
      ganglia. These results were compared with those obtained after infection with
      murine alpha herpesvirus.

PMID- 2881474
TI  - Tubular structures in cells of cucumovirus-infected Nicotiana glutinosa leaves.
AB  - Peculiar tubular structures about 250 nm in diameter were found in cells of
      Nicotiana glutinosa leaves infected with a cucumovirus strain isolated from field
      grown tobacco in southwest Slovakia.

PMID- 2881475
TI  - Persistence of coxsackie A13 virus in Balb/c mice with T-cell deficit.

PMID- 2881476
TI  - Use of concanavalin A treated PS cell cultures for the detection and assay of
      Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes.

PMID- 2881477
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.
AB  - Insomnia is a disorder of initiation and maintenance of sleep that results in
      daytime somnolence. The differential diagnosis of the various forms of insomnia
      is based primarily on the history, including information from the sleeping
      partner. The possibility of underlying depression or sleep apnea must be given
      consideration in every patient with insomnia, because inappropriate therapy may
      be dangerous in these instances. In general, the benzodiazepines have supplanted
      the traditional hypnotics in the treatment of insomnia.

PMID- 2881478
TI  - Effects of beta blockade on systolic and diastolic left ventricular function at
      rest and during exercise in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris.
AB  - This study examined the effects of beta blockade with betaxolol, a
      cardioselective, lipid-soluble, beta-adrenergic-blocking agent, on rest and
      exercise systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in 15 patients, aged 40
      to 70 years (mean = 52), with chronic stable angina pectoris. Each patient
      underwent three upright exercise studies at identical workloads; the first was a
      baseline study, the second was done 3 hours after a single oral dose, and the
      third was obtained after chronic therapy for 2 weeks. Beta blockade was evident
      by significant decreases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic
      blood pressure at rest and during exercise (p less than 0.04). Although there
      were no significant changes (at rest or during exercise) in mean left ventricular
      ejection fraction and peak filling rate, individual variations were seen after 3
      hours and 2 weeks of therapy. During chronic therapy, the peak filling rate
      increased in three patients, decreased in five, and remained unchanged in seven.
      Also, discordant changes in systolic and diastolic functions were seen at rest
      and during exercise during both acute and chronic therapy. Thus, although acute
      and chronic beta blockade produces no significant changes in mean measurements of
      diastolic and systolic left ventricular performance, individual variations and
      discordant results are seen in many patients. The acute effects are generally
      consistent with the chronic effects, but exceptions are present.

PMID- 2881479
TI  - Usefulness of isoproterenol facilitation of ventricular tachycardia induction
      during extrastimulus testing in predicting effective chronic therapy with beta
      adrenergic blockade.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that programmed extrastimulus testing (PES) during
      isoproterenol infusion facilitates induction of clinical ventricular tachycardia
      (VT) in some patients. This study attempts to determine if VT inducible only
      during isoproterenol infusion predicts suppression of VT with chronic oral beta
      adrenergic blockade. Nine patients, aged 23 to 77 years, with symptomatic VT or
      syncope not necessarily provoked by exercise or stress were evaluated.
      Extrastimuli did not induce VT in any patient. However, during isoproterenol
      infusion (1 to 4 micrograms/min), all patients had reproducibly inducible VT
      corresponding to their spontaneously occurring VT (recordings available in 7
      patients). Coupling intervals inducing tachycardia during isoproterenol were
      similar to intervals that did not induce VT without isoproterenol. No patient had
      VT with isoproterenol infusion alone (without extrastimuli). In only 4 of 8
      patients who underwent exercise tests while not taking medications was VT
      provoked. With propranolol therapy (160 mg/day) or its equivalent, only 1 patient
      had recurrent symptoms during a mean follow-up of 39 months (range 23 to 52). VT
      inducible with extrastimuli only during isoproterenol infusion predicts that oral
      beta-adrenergic blockade will prevent spontaneous VT or syncope long term. These
      data suggest that occurrence of VT in some patients depends on premature
      depolarizations in the setting of beta-adrenergic influence.

PMID- 2881480
TI  - Effects of a new vasodilating beta-blocking drug, carvedilol, on left ventricular
      function in stable angina pectoris.
AB  - The effects of a new vasodilating beta-blocking drug, carvedilol, were studied in
      20 patients with chronic stable angina using a single-blind, placebo-controlled
      protocol. Two doses of carvedilol, 25 mg twice daily and 50 mg twice daily, were
      compared with placebo using analysis of variance. The study design consisted of 2
      weekly phases of initial placebo followed by carvedilol, 25 mg twice daily and
      then 50 mg twice daily, and a second placebo period. Supine rest and exercise
      radionuclide ventriculography was performed at the end of each phase. Carvedilol
      produced a significant dose-related reduction in rest and exercise heart rate and
      blood pressure (p less than 0.01 to less than 0.0001). Ejection fraction at rest
      increased significantly, from a mean (+/- standard error) of 53 +/- 3% with
      placebo to 58 +/- 3% with carvedilol, 50 mg twice daily, but no improvement was
      noted in ejection fraction on exercise. Relative, counts-based end-systolic and
      end-diastolic volumes were significantly reduced at rest (p less than 0.001).
      Rest peak filling rate index, first-third filling fraction and ejection rate
      index increased significantly with carvedilol. A dose-related change was observed
      with rest ejection fraction, peak filling rate index and ejection rate index.
      Exercise-induced ST-segment depression improved significantly with both doses of
      carvedilol compared with placebo. Carvedilol was well tolerated and produced
      significant hemodynamic improvement. This salutary effect on left ventricular
      function may confer advantages in long-term treatment of patients with chronic
      stable angina.

PMID- 2881481
TI  - Comparison of esmolol and nitroprusside for acute post-cardiac surgical
      hypertension.
AB  - Because acute systemic hypertension early after cardiac surgery has been linked
      to catecholamine elevation, an open-label, randomized, crossover study was
      performed to compare the efficacy of esmolol, a new ultra-short-acting
      intravenous beta-blocking agent, to nitroprusside, the standard therapy.
      Controlled drug infusions to maximal dosage (esmolol, 300 micrograms/kg/min, and
      nitroprusside, 10 micrograms/kg/min) were titrated to achieve at least a 15%
      reduction in systolic pressure. The blood pressure (BP) endpoint was achieved
      with esmolol (within 29 +/- 14 minutes) in 18 of 20 patients (90%), compared with
      19 of 20 (95%) with nitroprusside infusion (within 21 +/- 15 minutes, difference
      not significant [NS]). Systolic BP decreased from 170 +/- 13 to 136 +/- 12 mm Hg
      (mean +/- standard deviation) with esmolol and from 170 +/- 13 to 141 +/- 13 mm
      Hg with nitroprusside infusion (both p less than 0.05). Diastolic BP was reduced
      from 71 +/- 12 to 64 +/- 11 mm Hg with esmolol and from 71 +/- 12 to 52 +/- 13 mm
      Hg with nitroprusside infusion (both p less than 0.05). Esmolol infusion resulted
      in decreased heart rate, cardiac index and stroke volume index and increased
      right atrial pressure (all p less than 0.05), whereas nitroprusside infusion
      resulted in increased heart rate and cardiac index and decreased right atrial
      pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance (p
      less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881482
TI  - Effects of soy polysaccharide on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon,
      pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, and triglyceride in obese diabetic
      patients.
AB  - The effect of soy polysaccharide on postprandial plasma glucose levels was
      examined in a crossover experiment involving seven obese noninsulin dependent
      maturity-onset diabetic patients fed a standard meal without or with 10 g of this
      fiber source. Postprandial concentrations of plasma insulin, glucagon, pancreatic
      polypeptide, and somatostatin were measured to explore the mechanism of action.
      The effect on plasma triglyceride levels was also studied. Supplementation of soy
      polysaccharide significantly enhanced return of serum glucose levels towards
      fasting level during the latter half of the meal test. Addition of soy
      polysaccharide had no effect on plasma insulin levels but appeared (p greater
      than 0.05) to lessen postprandial increases in glucagon and pancreatic
      polypeptide levels while it raised somatostatin levels. Soy polysaccharide
      significantly reduced the rise of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels. The
      changes in plasma glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin levels may
      have been instrumental in the observed postprandial glucose and triglyceride
      effects.

PMID- 2881483
TI  - Combined cyclophosphamide and corticosteroid-induced remission in severe
      glomerulopathy associated with systemic vasculitis.
AB  - Three patients with systemic vasculitis and severe renal disease as major
      manifestations are reported. In 2 cases, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
      presented as oliguric renal failure. In the third case, the clinical picture was
      severe nephrotic syndrome with decreased renal function. Combined
      cyclophosphamide and corticosteroid treatment resulted in dramatic improvement of
      renal function and remission of nephrotic syndrome. In 2 cases, histological
      improvement was documented by repeated kidney biopsy. The optimal duration of
      cyclophosphamide therapy has to be determined.

PMID- 2881484
TI  - Intracellular calcium during beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 2881485
TI  - Selective suppression of hepatic glucose output by human proinsulin in the dog.
AB  - By using the euglycemic glucose-clamp technique we have observed the effects of
      comparable low dose proinsulin and insulin infusions on isotopically determined
      glucose turnover in 20 anesthetized dogs. In each animal somatostatin (SRIF)
      infusion was used to suppress endogenous pancreatic hormone secretion and basal
      glucagon was replaced. Peripheral proinsulin (0.083 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1)
      and insulin (350 microU X kg-1 X min-1) levels 15- to 20-fold higher than insulin
      on a molar basis, based on previous observations that proinsulin has only 5-10%
      the biologic potency of insulin. Three groups of infusion studies were performed:
      SRIF and glucagon (n = 5); SRIF, glucagon, and proinsulin (n = 10); and SRIF,
      glucagon, and insulin (n = 5). The mean serum proinsulin level of 2.43 +/- 0.36
      pmol/ml achieved represented a 17-fold excess compared with the mean serum
      insulin level of 0.14 +/- 0.03 pmol (20 +/- 4 microU/ml). At these
      concentrations, both hormones reduced hepatic glucose production rates by
      approximately 50% to 2.0 +/- 0.2 mg X kg-1 X min-1 and 1.8 +/- 0.5 mg X kg-1 X
      min-1, respectively. In contrast, proinsulin failed to stimulate peripheral
      glucose utilization, whereas insulin led to a 2.0 +/- 0.3 mg X kg-1 X min-1
      increment (approximately 50% increase) in glucose uptake (P less than 0.05). Thus
      at low infusion rates proinsulin exerts its effect predominantly by suppressing
      hepatic glucose production without measurable stimulation of peripheral glucose
      disposal. In contrast, for a comparable degree of hepatic glucose output
      suppression, insulin also significantly stimulates glucose disposal.

PMID- 2881486
TI  - Transport epithelial characteristics of cultured bovine pituitary follicular
      cells.
AB  - Confluent monolayers of polygonal epithelioid cells were obtained from
      enzymatically and mechanically dispersed bovine anterior pituitaries (AP) and
      pars tuberali (PT). The ultrastructure of the cells composing the monolayer was
      consistent with the follicular or folliculostellate cells (FC) of the pituitary,
      i.e., lack of secretory granules; formation of follicles in culture;
      interdigitations with neighboring cells with numerous tight junctions; presence
      of extensive microfilaments; and sparse rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
      apparatus. Culture media from monolayers of first passage cultures contained
      little if any of the AP hormones' luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and ACTH.
      Shortly after reaching confluency, regions of the monolayer bulge away from the
      surface of the culture dish to form domes. Dome formation has been described only
      with cultures of cells that function as transport epithelia in vivo. FC cultured
      on polycarbonate filters were placed in Ussing chambers. A transepithelial
      potential difference of approximately 1.1 mV and a resistance greater than 300
      omega cm2 were detectable 4-5 days after plating. The short-circuit current (Isc)
      was decreased 70% by amiloride applied to the mucosal surface and further
      decreased by the addition of ouabain at the serosal surface. The beta-adrenergic
      agonist isoproterenol increased the Isc and this action was prevented by a beta
      antagonist. These observations indicate that pituitary FC in culture behave as a
      transport epithelium. Considering the organization of FC in the AP and PT, they
      suggest a regulatory role for FC in the maintenance of the ionic composition of
      the interstitial fluid of the pituitary gland.

PMID- 2881487
TI  - Biological activity of progastrin posttranslational processing intermediates.
AB  - We recently identified carboxyl-terminally extended progastrin posttranslational
      processing intermediates in G cells of the gastric antrum and demonstrated that
      they are cosecreted with gastrin. To determine the physiological significance of
      these intermediates, we examined the biological activity of two synthetic gastrin
      precursor analogues that correspond to hexagastrin with carboxyl-terminal
      extensions, Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-Gly (GL-7) and Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-Gly
      Arg-Arg (GL-9) on gastric parietal and D cells isolated from canine fundic
      mucosa. Both analogues were as efficacious as gastrin heptadecapeptide in
      displacing 125I-[Leu15]gastrin from binding sites on the two cell types and in
      stimulating [14C]aminopyrine uptake by parietal cells and somatostatin release
      from D cells. However, both analogues were 10(4)- to 10(5)-fold less potent than
      gastrin heptadecapeptide in these activities. Our results indicate that
      progastrin processing intermediates do not have physiologically relevant actions
      under normal circumstances and support the notion that carboxyl-terminally
      amidated peptides such as gastrin require the amide moiety for biological
      activity.

PMID- 2881488
TI  - Electrical stimulation in perifornical lateral hypothalamus decreases coronary
      blood flow in cats.
AB  - Based on evidence implicating the central nervous system in the regulation of
      coronary vascular resistance and the knowledge that the hypothalamus is a central
      site for integration of cardiovascular control, studies were undertaken to
      determine if electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus produced coronary
      vasoconstriction. In anesthetized cats, following beta-adrenergic receptor
      blockade, stimulation in perifornical lateral hypothalamus produced a transient
      decrease in coronary blood flow velocity (30 +/- 5%), a small pressor effect (7
      +/- 2 mmHg), and an initial decrease in hindquarter blood flow velocity (51 +/-
      5%). The decrease in coronary flow velocity, which had an onset latency of 1-3 s
      and a duration of 5-15 s, was abolished by ipsilateral stellate ganglionectomy
      and by intravenous and intracoronary prazosin. The coronary vasoconstriction
      produced by hypothalamic stimulation was not different from that produced by
      cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation. These results suggest that electrical
      stimulation of a hypothalamic site produces an alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated
      decrease in coronary blood flow that is unmasked by beta-adrenergic receptor
      blockade, requires the integrity of ipsilateral cardiac sympathetic innervation,
      and mimics the coronary response to cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation.

PMID- 2881489
TI  - Effects of dopamine in the renal vascular bed of fetal, newborn, and adult sheep.
AB  - The renal hemodynamic response to renal arterial dopamine infusions was compared
      in unanesthetized fetal (129-137 days gestation, full term 145 days), newborn,
      and adult sheep. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged
      during intrarenal dopamine infusions. Dopamine produced dose-related decreases in
      mean renal blood flow velocity in all three groups. When compared with adult
      sheep fetal sheep were slightly more sensitive to the vasoconstrictive effects of
      dopamine ED50 (mean effective dose ratio: fetus/ED50 adult = 0.368 +/- 0.047, P
      less than 0.05). Increases in mean renal blood flow velocity were not seen at any
      dose given (1-16 micrograms/kg body wt in fetuses, 2-32 micrograms/kg body wt in
      newborns and adults) until dopamine was infused during alpha- and beta
      adrenoceptor blockade. The largest mean increase in renal flow velocity was 13 +/
      3, 16 +/- 3, and 17 +/- 4% in fetal, newborn, and adult sheep, respectively. cis
      Flupentixol inhibited the vasodilation. This study demonstrates the presence of
      renal vasodilation following renal arterial dopamine infusions in fetal, newborn,
      and adult sheep when renal alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors are blocked. Vasodilator
      responses are similar in all three groups, and increases in renal blood flow
      velocity are small compared with that of other experimental models.

PMID- 2881490
TI  - Acute central effects of L-glutamate in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Microinjections of L-glutamate (10(-10) to 2 X 10(-8) mol/kg) into the nucleus of
      tractus solitarii produced a dose-dependent increase in mean arterial pressure
      and a decrease in heart rate. L-Glutamate-induced hypertension was prevented by
      spinal transection and pretreatment with atropine (1 mg/kg iv) reversed the
      bradycardia. L-Glutamate also produced a dose-dependent increase in mean arterial
      pressure when injected intravenously and into the cisterna magna, but the dose
      effect curves were shifted to the right. Finally, pretreatment with hexamethonium
      (30 mg/kg iv) abolished the hypertension resulting from intravenous injections of
      L-glutamate. These data demonstrate that the nucleus of tractus solitarii may
      play a determinant role in the central pressor effects of L-glutamate. In
      addition, we demonstrated that this hypertension was due to a central sympathetic
      stimulation and that the autonomic nervous system also mediated the pressor
      effects of intravenous L-glutamate.

PMID- 2881491
TI  - Aortic baroreceptor reflexes are mediated by NMDA receptors in caudal
      ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify central nervous system pathways and
      synaptic receptors that participate in baroreflex control of arterial pressure.
      Microinjections of excitatory amino acids into the caudal ventrolateral medulla
      (CVM) of anesthetized rats evoked depressor responses analogous to baroreceptor
      reflexes. Functional inactivation of CVM neurons produced by microinjection of
      the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist muscimol completely abolished
      baroreflex-mediated decreases in arterial pressure elicited by electrical
      stimulation of the aortic nerve and markedly reduced depressor responses produced
      by the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate. In contrast, selective blockade of N
      methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in the CVM abolished synaptically
      mediated depressor responses evoked by aortic nerve stimulation but not those
      elicited by L-glutamate, kainic acid, or quisqualic acid injected at the same
      site. These results indicate that the CVM contains an obligatory synapse in the
      central aortic baroreflex pathway; neural transmission of aortic baroreceptor
      information in the CVM is mediated by activation of NMDA receptors; and the
      neurotransmitter released at CVM synapses may be an excitatory amino acid.

PMID- 2881492
TI  - A biopsychosocial approach to treating patients with affective disorders.
AB  - The authors describe the development of an affective disorders consultation
      service that implemented a biopsychosocial model of subspecialty consultation
      within a university-affiliated community mental health center. They
      retrospectively analyzed the first 2 years of consultations, assessing the
      process of consultation and examining patterns of consultee inquiries and
      consultation recommendations. Consultants recommended combined
      psychopharmacologic and psychodynamic therapies for most patients and found
      psychodynamic psychotherapy strikingly overlooked by consultees, all of whom were
      psychiatrists or other mental health professionals. This evaluation documents the
      psychiatric consultees' deemphasis of the biopsychosocial perspective in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 2881493
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced akathisia treated with pindolol.

PMID- 2881494
TI  - Priapism treated with benztropine.

PMID- 2881495
TI  - Neuroleptics, prolactin, and osteoporosis.

PMID- 2881496
TI  - Dystonia, neuroleptic dose, and anticholinergic drugs.

PMID- 2881497
TI  - Drug interactions in surgical patients.
AB  - Drug interactions, defined as when the administration of a single substance
      (drug, nutrient, or tobacco) modifies the response to a drug, occur relatively
      frequently in surgical patients and may result in increased morbidity and
      lengthened hospital stay. Drug interactions also account for some instances of
      drug ineffectiveness or exaggerated pharmacologic response. There are many types
      of drug interactions. However, most of them are related to altered drug
      pharmacokinetic properties, where there are alterations in drug absorption,
      distribution, metabolism, or elimination; or altered drug pharmacodynamic
      actions, where two agents may have synergistic, additive, or antagonistic
      pharmacologic effects. The term, drug interaction, usually refers to pairs of
      drug substances administered concurrently, but more than two agents may be
      involved. When patients are taking a large number of different medications, there
      may be multiple drug interactions with additive or antagonistic effects, the
      overall effects of which are difficult to predict. There are hundreds of reported
      drug interactions, and some may be of important clinical consequence. In surgical
      patients, the majority of drug interactions involve histamine-2 blockers
      (particularly cimetidine), digoxin, warfarin, or a variety of agents that may be
      administered during anesthesia. Recognition of the potential for adverse drug
      interactions is of primary importance in minimizing their effects. Usually,
      potentially interacting drugs may be administered concurrently as long as
      appropriate patient or laboratory assessments are performed. For some agents,
      such as digoxin or theophylline, serum drug concentrations may aid in the
      avoidance of adverse drug interactions.

PMID- 2881498
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blockade and suxamethonium-induced rise in plasma potassium.
AB  - The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on the suxamethonium-induced rise in
      arterial plasma potassium were studied in patients who presented for open heart
      surgery. No potentiation of the immediate rise in plasma potassium was observed.

PMID- 2881499
TI  - Bradycardia associated with the use of vecuronium. A comparative study with
      pancuronium with and without glycopyrronium.
AB  - One hundred and twenty patients undergoing anaesthesia for elective surgery
      received either pancuronium or vecuronium for muscle relaxation. Within each of
      these two groups, half were given glycopyrronium and the remainder an inert
      placebo. The incidence of bradycardia or bradydysrhythmias was higher in the
      group having vecuronium compared with those given pancuronium. Glycopyrronium
      afforded protection against undesirable vagal activity.

PMID- 2881500
TI  - Vecuronium--a variable dose technique.
AB  - Vecuronium was administered to patients in doses of 100, 150, 200 and 250
      micrograms/kg and the duration of action recorded by noting the time to recovery
      of the first twitch in a train-of-four to 10% of the control twitch. The recovery
      times ranged from a mean of 28.4 minutes (100 micrograms/kg) to 72.4 minutes (250
      micrograms/kg). It is suggested that for operations of medium to long duration
      the use of a large initial bolus dose of vecuronium is a technique with
      advantages over the use of an infusion or frequent incremental doses.

PMID- 2881501
TI  - [Initial experience with preorally administered dipotassium clorazepate and
      tilidine-naloxone in extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy].
AB  - After 70 treatments with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), using a
      combination of dipotassiumclorazepate p.o. 12 h before treatment and tilidin
      naloxon 45 min before ESWL, 56 patients reported to be painfree or only minor,
      well-tolerable pain. Informed consent was obtained in all patients for this pilot
      study, leaving the possibility of further pain medication. 7 patients asked for
      an additional analgesic (fentanyl) and another 7 patients required a sedative
      (midazolam). No further anesthesiologic procedures were necessary. Nausea was
      observed in one patient as a possible side-effect of tilidin. To confirm these
      preliminary results, a prospective randomized study is currently conducted.

PMID- 2881503
TI  - Venoconstrictor agents mobilize blood from different sources and increase
      intrathoracic filling during epidural anesthesia in supine humans.
AB  - The authors studied the effects of dihydroergotamine (DHE) and etilefrine
      hydrochloride (E) on the regional distribution of 99mTc-marked erythrocytes
      during epidural anesthesia in eight supine men to determine if vasoactive agents
      with venoconstrictor action would enhance cardiac filling during epidural
      anesthesia. Radioactivity was recorded with a gamma camera, and its distribution
      determined in the thorax, abdomen, and limbs. Arterial and central venous
      pressure, heart rate, and calf volume by plethysmography were measured. During
      epidural anesthesia with a sensory block up to T4/5, DHE (7.5 micrograms/kg)
      reduced the radioactivity, i.e., blood volume, in both the innervated (-5.9 +/-
      3.5%) and denervated muscle/skin (-16.9 +/- 7%) regions, and increased it in both
      the intrathoracic (+7.0 +/- 2.3%), and splanchnic vasculature (+4.2 +/- 3.2). In
      contrast, E (6 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) decreased the blood volume most
      markedly in the splanchnic region (-5.4 +/- 0.7%) and increased it in the thorax
      (+2 +/- 0.6%). All these changes were statistically significant. The combined
      effects were estimated to be equivalent to a transfusion of nearly 1.01 of blood.
      Both drugs reversed the hypotensive action of epidural anesthesia. During
      epidural anesthesia, DHE preferentially constricted the capacitance vessels in
      skeletal muscle and skin irrespective of the state of innervation, whereas E
      preferentially constricted the splanchnic vasculature. In the doses used, the two
      agents replenished in an additive fashion the central circulation during epidural
      anesthesia.

PMID- 2881502
TI  - The endocrine cells of the digestive system: amines, peptides, and modes of
      action.
AB  - The endocrine cells of the digestive system (entero-endocrine cells of gastro
      intestinal epithelia and Langerhans' islets of the pancreas) and the chemical
      messengers produced by them constitute a complicated and complex system. The
      physiological function of this system is the regulation of all processes related
      to digestion and resorption, and to homeostasis of carbohydrate metabolism. Using
      morphological and histochemical features of this cellular community, the present
      review deals with amines and amine metabolism, polypeptides and their
      immunohistochemical identification, and with the modes of action of enteric and
      pancreatic hormones. Special attention is paid to the significance of amine
      precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD), to immunohistochemical methodology
      and the interpretation of immunohistochemical findings, and to local regulatory
      mechanisms, especially paracrinia. Finally, unifying concepts for the integration
      of these cells and similar endocrine cells of other organs into a common system
      are considered.

PMID- 2881504
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of esmolol in anesthetized patients receiving chronic beta
      blocker therapy.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of esmolol, a new, ultra-short-acting beta adrenergic
      blocking drug, were studied in 19 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery.
      Esmolol was administered as a continuous infusion, and blood concentrations were
      measured at intervals up to 40 min after discontinuation of the infusion. In all
      patients, a bi-exponential equation best described the esmolol concentration-
      time curve. Half-lives for the distribution and elimination phases were 1.34 +/-
      0.77 min and 9.9 +/- 4.55 min (mean +/- SD), respectively. The mean values for V
      beta and V epsilon were 1.9 +/- 1.24 l X kg-1 and 0.41 +/- 0.31 l X kg-1,
      respectively, and the total clearance was 128 +/- 41 ml X kg-1 X min-1.

PMID- 2881505
TI  - The role of an ultra short-acting adrenergic blocker (esmolol) in patients
      undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

PMID- 2881506
TI  - Polymorphism and inheritance of swine small intestinal receptors mediating
      adhesion of three serological variants of Escherichia coli-producing K88 pilus
      antigen.
AB  - Brush borders, enterocytes, or both preparations obtained from the small
      intestine of 345 pedigreed pigs, carrying components of seven breeds, were tested
      by adhesion assay in vitro with 6-32 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains,
      each expressing one of the three K88 pilus antigens, K88ab, K88ac and K88ad. With
      few exceptions, all pigs were classified as belonging to one of four adhesion
      phenotypes: I I--corresponding to K88ab(-),ac(-),ad(-); II--K88ab(-),ac(-),ad(+);
      III--K88ab(+),ac(+),ad(-); and IV--K88ab(+),ac(+),ad(+). The non-adhering
      phenotype I was found to be the most frequent among the pigs tested, with the
      exception of one commercial herd, and this phenotype seems to be inherited as a
      recessive trait. The remaining three phenotypes are adhering, or are susceptible
      to adherence by one K88 variant, K88ad (phenotype II), by two variants, K88ab, ac
      (phenotype III), or by all three K88 variants, K88ab,ac,ad (phenotype IV).
      Phenotype II was found to be at low frequency, whereas III and IV occurred with
      similar frequencies. While the prevailing phenomenon was the bacterial adhesion
      to all, or none, of the brush borders, some pigs exhibited both adhering and non
      adhering brush borders, a mixed adherence phenotype. Preliminary segregation
      data, obtained from the F1 generation, seem to indicate that phenotypes III and
      IV correspond to two haplotypes with genes at two or three closely linked loci
      respectively. An alternative hypothesis is that the phenotypes III and IV are
      expressions of alleles at a single locus, each allele specifying a receptor able
      to bind two or three different serological types of K88 E. coli.

PMID- 2881507
TI  - Clinical profile of astemizole. A survey of 50 double-blind trials.
AB  - From clinical-pharmacologic and clinical data involving over 2,800 patients,
      astemizole appears to be a very effective and well-tolerated antihistamine. It is
      superior to placebo and commonly used antihistamines for the relief of rhinitis,
      particularly rhinorrhea and sneezing. It has a pronounced effect on ocular
      itching and lacrimation in conjunctivitis and on pruritus and wheals in
      urticaria. This superiority is due to a very specific, almost complete and
      sustained histamine H1-blockade. The clinical data confirm the experimental data
      in relation to its lack of sedative effects.

PMID- 2881508
TI  - [Drug-induced extrapyramidal syndrome].

PMID- 2881509
TI  - [Cutaneo-systemic necrotizing vasculitis occurring during desensitization].
AB  - The authors report a case of cutaneo-systemic necrotizing vasculitis,
      predominantly affecting the skin and digestive tract, observed in an asthmatic
      patient undergoing desensitization with Graminaceae pollen extract and mite
      enriched house dust. Vasculitis developed 22 months after the first injections,
      became autonomous after the end of treatment and responded well to systemic
      corticosteroid therapy in daily doses of 1 mg/kg. The patient was followed up for
      8 months during which the vasculitis did not recur, despite reduction in steroid
      dosage. Reports of necrotizing vasculitis occurring during desensitization seem
      to be very rare. They raise the problem of whether specific immunotherapy plays a
      role in the pathogenesis of vasculitis. Most of the characteristics that emerged
      from the cases previously published are concordant with those found in our
      patient: the interval between the first injections and the initial symptoms
      varied from 45 days to 8 years; in every case the condition followed its own
      course after the injections were discontinued; most patients were being
      desensitized to several allergens; the cutaneous symptoms were pronounced,
      eosinophilia was moderate and hepatitis B serology was constantly negative. The
      few prospective studies aimed at determining, by different methods, the levels of
      circulating immune complexes (CIC) have given conflicting results. Atopic
      subjects have high CIC levels, but these do not seem to be influenced by
      desensitization. The nature of the CIC remains unknown, and the various
      suggestions put forward (cross-reaction between blocking IgG and auto-antibodies,
      CIC [blocking IgG, anti-idiotype antibodies]) require confirmation, although the
      hypothesis of pathogenic CIC (allergen, blocking IgG) is unlikely to be
      correct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881510
TI  - Somatostatin in the treatment of persisting pancreatic fistula--a report of two
      cases.
AB  - In two patients with persisting pancreatic fistula not responding to conventional
      treatment, definitive closure of the fistula was achieved when somatostatin was
      added to the treatment.

PMID- 2881511
TI  - [Somatostatin and regulation of the secretion of growth hormone].
AB  - GH secretory bursts are due to the combination of a pulsatile GRF release and a
      decreased Somatostatin secretion in hypophysial portal blood. In the intermediary
      periods, low plasma GH levels depend on the tonic release of hypothalamic
      Somatostatin. Experimental studies suggest that alterations in hypothalamic
      Somatostatin are involved in changes of GH secretion observed under physiological
      (foetal life, aging, stress), pharmacological (beta-blocking agents) and
      physiopathological conditions (starvation, obesity, diabetes). The Somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995 induces a long-lasting inhibition of GH secretion and may be
      useful in the treatment of acromegalic patients.

PMID- 2881512
TI  - Myelopathies and retroviral infections.

PMID- 2881513
TI  - Chronic progressive myelopathy associated with elevated antibodies to human T
      lymphotropic virus type I and adult T-cell leukemialike cells.
AB  - Six adult patients had a chronic progressive myelopathy that possessed the
      following features: high antibody titers to human T-lymphotropic virus type I
      (HTLV-I) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); predominantly upper motor neuron
      disorder, symmetrical, with mild sensory and bladder disturbances; and presence
      of adult T-cell leukemia-like cells in both peripheral blood and CSF. We refer to
      this entity as HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM). Electrophoretic studies of
      immunoglobulin G in CSF using Western blot analysis characteristically
      demonstrated p24 and p32 bands. Rates of intra-blood-brain barrier synthesis were
      determined and found increased in the patients with HAM. Corticosteroid treatment
      produced clinical improvement in all of 4 patients. A retrospective survey of CSF
      samples was carried out in 287 patients with neurological disorders, and 6
      additional patients with HAM were identified.

PMID- 2881514
TI  - Spinal cord stimulation affects the central mechanisms of regulation of heart
      rate.
AB  - The effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on heart rate (HR) was studied in 25
      patients without cardiological symptoms, who were undergoing SCS for various
      reasons. HR at rest significantly decreased during SCS. Physiological and
      pharmacological maneuvers of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation or
      blockade before and during SCS indicate that SCS interferes with the central
      mechanisms of regulation of HR mainly by inducing a functional sympathectomy, and
      that such an effect is mediated by an action on spinal cord ascending fibers.

PMID- 2881515
TI  - APUD-like cells in the primitive gut of a 27 day old human embryo.
AB  - A 27 +/- 1 days old human embryo arising from an ectopic pregnancy was incubated
      with 3,4, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to investigate whether cells of the
      gut primordium have at this early stage of development, the ability to take up
      the amine precursors. We could observe that a few cells exhibiting greenish
      fluorescence were located in the epithelium wall of the fore gut. Most of them
      were situated in contact with the basal lamina and possessed a long apical
      process extending over towards the gut lumen. The uptake of amine precursor, the
      morphology and the location of these cells strongly suggest that they represent
      the gut endocrine precursor cells of the human embryo.

PMID- 2881516
TI  - [Polymorphism of restriction fragments, their use and animal selection].

PMID- 2881517
TI  - Mechanistic studies on the "bronchosparing" activity of celiprolol, a
      cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.
AB  - In some animal models, celiprolol, a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, has been reported to relax bronchial smooth muscle, an activity
      unique for this class of compound. Mechanistic studies with isolated cat tracheal
      rings and peripheral lung strips from guinea-pigs indicated that this relaxing
      activity could not be explained by competitive antagonism of serotonin receptors,
      beta- or alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, or histamine1-, leukotriene- or
      prostaglandin F2 alpha-receptors. Furthermore, this activity could not be
      explained by stimulation of beta-adrenergic or histamine2-receptors, nor can it
      be explained by a nonselective relaxing activity such as via the inhibition of
      cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Serotonin-induced contractions of isolated
      tracheal rings seem to involve a secondary process which could be the unmasking
      of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. It is this secondary process which appears to be
      affected by celiprolol; i.e. celiprolol could be a weak but selective antagonist
      of alpha 2-adrenoceptors associated with serotonin receptors.

PMID- 2881518
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic agonist and alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist activity of
      ergotamine and dihydroergotamine in rats.
AB  - The effect of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine on peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors
      was examined in pithed rats. The pressor response to ergot alkaloids was reduced
      competitively by yohimbine but not by prazosin or methysergide. These results
      show that the vasoconstriction induced by ergot alkaloids is mediated by alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. Ergot alkaloids decreased the tachycardia elicited by stimulation
      of the cardioaccelerator sympathetic nerves, this effect being antagonized by
      yohimbine. The pressor response to (-)-phenylephrine was reduced by ergot
      alkaloids, suggesting competitive antagonism. It is suggested that in the pithed
      rat both ergotamine and dihydroergotamine act at the periphery as competitive
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockers and partial alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists.

PMID- 2881519
TI  - Celiprolol, a compound possessing weak alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist properties
      in the dog.
AB  - Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of celiprolol on alpha-adrenergic
      stimulation of dog saphenous vein rings (postsynaptic effect) and on
      catecholamine outflow from the dog coronary circulation during sympathetic nerve
      stimulation in vivo (presynaptic effect). In venous rings, celiprolol, 10(-6) to
      10(-4) M, shifted the concentration-response curve to BHT 920 in a concentration
      related manner, but had no effect on the response to methoxamine at
      concentrations less than 10(-4) M. During continuous stimulation of the right
      stellate ganglion, celiprolol, 1-10 mg/kg i.v., increased the catecholamine
      concentration in the coronary sinus, while decreasing heart rate. In contrast,
      propranolol did not affect catecholamine concentration but decreased heart rate,
      rauwolscine increased both catecholamine concentration and heart rate, and
      clonidine decreased both catecholamine concentration and heart rate. These
      results are consistent with the hypothesis that celiprolol possesses weak alpha 2
      antagonist properties in addition to its beta 1-blocking activity.

PMID- 2881520
TI  - Effects of pentazocine on the guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The pA2 values for pentazocine-Ach, pentazocine-5HT and pentazocine-histamine
      antagonism on the guinea-pig ileum were found to be 8.0, 7.92 and 7.08,
      respectively. When the effects of a constant dose of pentazocine on equipotent
      doses of Ach, histamine, 5HT, and nicotine were studied, its anti-5HT and anti
      Ach activities were found to be equal and about 6.3 times higher than its
      antihistamine activity but 0.68 times lower than its anti-nicotine activity. The
      antihistamine activity of pheniramine was found to be 794 times that of
      pentazocine while the anti-Ach activity of atropine, the anti-5HT activity of
      cyproheptadine and the anti-nicotine activity of hexamethonium were 20, 10 and
      2.2 times, respectively, higher than that of pentazocine.

PMID- 2881521
TI  - Vascular responses of isolated canine and simian femoral arteries and veins to
      alpha-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Using isolated, perfused canine and simian femoral veins and arteries,
      vasoconstrictor responses to 6 alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and to potassium
      chloride were compared. The order of potencies of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists for
      inducing constriction was in canine arteries: epinephrine greater than
      norepinephrine = phenylephrine much greater than clonidine much greater than
      tyramine much greater than xylazine, in simian arteries: epinephrine greater than
      norepinephrine greater than phenylephrine greater than clonidine much greater
      than tyramine greater than or equal to xylazine, in canine veins: epinephrine
      greater than norepinephrine greater than phenylephrine greater than clonidine
      greater than or equal to xylazine much greater than tyramine, and in simian
      veins: norepinephrine = epinephrine greater than phenylephrine greater than
      clonidine greater than xylazine much greater than tyramine. A selective alpha 2
      agonist, xylazine, did not induce any significant constrictor response in canine
      arteries, indicating a lack of alpha 2-adrenoceptors, but it induced significant
      constriction in 3 other vessels. In simian femoral arteries and veins dose
      response curves to each agonist were steeper than in canine vessels and potassium
      chloride induced much greater vasoconstriction than in canine vessels, indicating
      high sensitivity to extracellular calcium concentrations in simian vessels. The
      cannula inserting method would be useful for investigating pharmacological
      responses of isolated arteries and veins.

PMID- 2881522
TI  - Enhancement of morphine-induced hyperactivity by antihistaminic drugs in mice.
AB  - Three histamine H1-receptor antagonists, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine and
      tripelennamine, were tested alone or in combination with morphine on locomotor
      activity in C57BL/6 mice. All three antihistaminics, at some dosage levels,
      slightly increased activity when given alone, but strongly enhanced morphine
      induced hyperactivity. The results demonstrate that locomotor activity represents
      a useful test to evidence stimulatory effects of antihistaminic-opiate
      combinations.

PMID- 2881523
TI  - Update on rifampin drug interactions.
AB  - Rifampin, a potent inducer of the hepatic microsomal system, has been shown to
      cause clinically important interactions when combined with other drugs, including
      oral anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, digitoxin, methadone hydrochloride,
      sulfonylureas, and barbiturates. Additional literature on previously described
      interactions has been published recently on quinidine, glucocorticoids, digoxin,
      and theophylline. New rifampin interactions have been described for cyclosporine,
      ketoconazole, chloramphenicol, beta-blockers, verapamil, and phenytoin. These
      interactions seem to be of clinical significance.

PMID- 2881524
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in the treatment of hypertension. Choices based
      on pharmacological properties and patient characteristics.
AB  - Drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors have become one of the most widely
      used classes of drugs to treat hypertension. This review puts the use of beta
      blockers as monotherapy for hypertension in perspective and provides reasons for
      choosing among the several beta-blockers available. The major reasons for
      discriminating within this class of drugs are related to differences in
      concomitant clinical conditions, differences in patient responses, and intrinsic
      differences among the beta-blockers. These differences relate to special
      properties such as beta-agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity),
      beta 1-selectivity, and concomitant alpha-blockade, as well as differences in
      side effect profiles, excretion characteristics, and length of action of the
      various drugs.

PMID- 2881525
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia (necrotizing enteritis) in suckling
      pigs. 1. Study of the experimental production of disease by Clostridium
      perfringens type C poisoning and infection (experimental set-up, clinical
      aspects, pathological findings)].

PMID- 2881526
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia (necrotizing enteritis) in suckling
      pigs. 2. Light and electron microscopic studies of the pathology and pathogenesis
      of experimental Clostridium perfringens type C toxin poisoning].

PMID- 2881527
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia (necrotizing enteritis) of suckling
      pigs. 3. Light and electron microscopic studies of the pathology and pathogenesis
      of experimental Clostridium perfringens type C infection].

PMID- 2881529
TI  - Graded exercise testing early after myocardial revascularization surgery.
AB  - The response to early graded exercise testing (GXT) was studied in 227 patients
      at a mean of 15.3 days after myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS). GXT
      followed a modified Bruce protocol without multiples of resting energy
      expenditure (MET) restrictions and a target heart rate (HR) of 90% of age
      predicted maximal HR. The decision as to precisely when to administer the GXT
      after surgery was made on an individual case basis by the cardiovascular surgeon
      and the attending cardiologist. For the data analysis, patients were grouped
      according to the number of days the GXT was administered after surgery: group 1,
      7 to 14 days (n = 164); group 2, 15 to 28 days (n = 46); and group 3, greater
      than 28 days (n = 17). The use of beta blockers was also determined on an
      individual case basis by the attending cardiologist rather than on a random
      basis. Ninety-seven of the 227 patients were on beta blockers. Ventricular
      ectopic activity (VEA), ST-segment changes (STTC), peak HR, peak systolic blood
      pressure (SBP), peak rate-pressure product (RPP), and peak METs were assessed
      during exercise. No major complications occurred during testing. Approximately
      two thirds (67.4%) of the tests were terminated voluntarily by the patient, and
      22.5% were stopped by the attending physician. Only 10.1% of the subjects reached
      the target HR. Chi-square analysis failed to reveal any association between time
      of testing after surgery and either STTC or VEA. Analysis of variance failed to
      reveal any effects of group or beta blocker on peak METs attained during GXT;
      however, patients not using beta blocker medication attained higher peak HR, SBP,
      and RPP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881528
TI  - The use of psychostimulants in general psychiatry. A reconsideration.
AB  - A half century after the introduction of amphetamine sulfate (benzedrine), there
      remains active interest in the use of the major psychostimulants (ie,
      methylphenidate hydrochloride and pemoline) for the treatment of psychiatric
      disorders. In the absence of any recent review of the literature on the clinical
      uses of psychostimulants, we assessed the existing data on the adult psychiatric
      indications for these agents. Generally, the existing studies are old and
      inadequate. However, there is some evidence to support the judicious use of
      psychostimulants in selected clinical instances of several adult psychiatric
      syndromes.

PMID- 2881530
TI  - Testicular atrophy induced by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: changes in histology,
      cell specific enzyme activities and zinc concentrations in rat testis.
AB  - Daily administration of 2g/kg/day di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) to immature
      rats was found to cause testicular atrophy and reduce zinc concentration.
      Specific activities of testicular enzymes associated with postmeiotic
      spermatogenic cells, such as lactate dehydrogenase isozyme-X, hyaluronidase and
      sorbitol dehydrogenase, were lower than those of control by day 10, coincident
      with degeneration of spermatogenic cells. The specific activities of enzymes
      associated with premeiotic spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells or interstitial
      cells (beta-glucuronidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and malate
      dehydrogenase) were higher than those of control by day 10. The specific
      activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldolase, zinc containing enzymes,
      increased after DEHP treatment in spite of the decrease in zinc concentration in
      the testis. In conclusion, changes in several testicular cell-specific enzymes
      appear to be useful biochemical markers of testicular injury induced by
      testicular toxicants such as DEHP. However, these changes occurred after or
      simultaneous with massive histological or morphological changes rather than prior
      to such changes.

PMID- 2881532
TI  - Epileptiform abnormalities discovered on electroencephalographic screening of
      psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - The results of electroencephalographic screening of 3225 inpatients from a
      community general hospital psychiatric service were reviewed. When patients with
      a prior diagnosis of epilepsy were excluded, epileptiform abnormalities were
      discovered in 2.6% of patients. Patients younger than age 25 years and patients
      with a diagnostic impression of anorexia nervosa, recent barbiturate abuse, or
      nonpsychotic explosive behavior were significantly more likely to have
      epileptiform abnormalities. The use of certain therapeutic agents was associated
      with a significant excess of epileptiform abnormalities in patients aged 25 years
      and older. The most frequently encountered epileptiform abnormalities were
      photoconvulsive responses. Focal temporal epileptiform abnormalities were
      detected in only four patients without a prior diagnosis of epilepsy. The
      diagnosis of epilepsy on the basis of a primarily psychiatric presentation and
      the discovery of epileptiform abnormalities on electroencephalographic screening
      should be approached with caution.

PMID- 2881531
TI  - The use of apolipoprotein CII as a genetic marker for myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - In five families we have confirmed the close linkage between the genes for
      myotonic dystrophy and apolipoprotein CII. The total maximum lod (log of the
      odds) score was 3.32 at 0 recombination. We demonstrate that the use of a Ban I
      restriction site polymorphism for apolipoprotein CII adds additional useful
      information when combined with the more commonly used Taq I polymorphism. The
      potential practical clinical use of these markers for the prenatal diagnosis of
      myotonic dystrophy is demonstrated.

PMID- 2881533
TI  - Congestive heart failure from betaxolol. Case report.

PMID- 2881534
TI  - Orchiopexy.

PMID- 2881535
TI  - Infectious disease in Antarctica and its relation to aerospace medicine: a
      review.
AB  - In many aspects, an Antarctic Station provides parallels to the environments
      encountered in space exploration, particularly with reference to infectious
      disease. In both instances, small groups of people live in isolation for long
      periods of time in a functionally sterile atmosphere. Therefore, studies of
      infectious disease in Antarctica should provide important insights into the
      experiences to be expected in spaceflight. This paper presents a summary of the
      information on the infectious and immunologic aspects of isolation derived over
      the years from research in Antarctica.

PMID- 2881536
TI  - Covalently bound pyrroloquinoline quinone is the organic prosthetic group in
      human placental lysyl oxidase.
AB  - Treatment of purified human placental lysyl oxidase with 2,4
      dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) resulted in a large spectral change and inhibition
      of enzyme activity. Proteolytic degradation of the derivatized enzyme yielded
      only one single coloured product, which was spectrally and chromatographically
      identical with the C-5 hydrazone of PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) and DNPH.
      Since this represents the first example of a PQQ-containing enzyme in man,
      possible implications of the finding are discussed.

PMID- 2881537
TI  - Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP content and rate of lipogenesis in mammary
      acini in vitro.
AB  - Relationships between the cyclic AMP content, the rate of lipogenesis and the
      activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in acini prepared from lactating rat mammary
      tissue were investigated by exposing them to agents that increase their cyclic
      AMP content in the presence or absence of insulin. The dose-dependent inhibition
      of lipogenesis by theophylline in acini isolated from fed rats was highly
      correlated with the induced increases in acinar cyclic AMP content. Cyclic AMP of
      acini from 24 h-starved lactating rats was more sensitive in its response to
      theophylline than that in acini from fed animals. Neither forskolin nor a mixture
      of isoprenaline and Ro 7-2956 were able significantly to change either the rate
      of lipogenesis or the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in acini from fed rats
      when added to incubations in vitro, in spite of the large increases in cyclic AMP
      concentration produced by these agents. Insulin was without effect on the
      activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and on either the basal or isoprenaline
      stimulated cyclic AMP content of acini. These results are discussed in terms of
      the possibility that the rate of lipogenesis and the cyclic AMP content in
      mammary acini can vary independently of one another and of the activity of acetyl
      CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2881538
TI  - Evidence that activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by insulin in adipocytes is
      mediated by a low-Mr effector and not by increased phosphorylation.
AB  - The activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (measured in a crude supernatant
      fraction) caused by insulin treatment of adipocytes was completely unaffected by
      the addition of a large amount of highly purified protein phosphatase to the
      supernatant fraction. Under the same conditions the inhibition of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase by adrenaline was totally reversed. Experiments with 32P-labelled
      adipocytes showed that insulin increased the total phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase from 2.7 to 3.5 molecules of phosphate/240 kDa subunit, and confirmed
      that this increase was partially accounted for by phosphorylation within a
      specific peptide (the 'I-site' peptide). Protein phosphatase treatment of the
      crude supernatant fractions removed over 80% of the 32P radioactivity from the
      enzyme and removed all detectable radioactivity from the I-site peptide. The
      effect of insulin on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, but not the effect on
      phosphorylation, was lost on purification of the enzyme on avidin-Sepharose. The
      effect on enzyme activity was also lost if crude supernatant fractions were
      subjected to rapid gel filtration after treatment under conditions of high ionic
      strength, similar to those used in the avidin-Sepharose procedure. These results
      show that, although insulin does increase the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase at a specific site, this does not cause enzyme activation. They
      suggest instead that activation of the enzyme by insulin is mediated by a tightly
      bound low-Mr effector which dissociates from the enzyme at high ionic strength.

PMID- 2881539
TI  - Muscarinic-agonist and guanine nucleotide activation of polyphosphoinositide
      phosphodiesterase in isolated islet-cell membranes.
AB  - Stimulated hydrolysis of the inositol phospholipids phosphatidylinositol 4
      phosphate (PtdIns4P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]
      was investigated by studying the phosphoinositides produced in a suspended
      preparation of plasma membranes by transference of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP. At
      basal Ca2+ concentration (calculated free Ca2+, 150 nM) phospholipid hydrolysis
      was stimulated either by the muscarinic agonists carbamoylcholine and bethanecol
      or by the addition of the non-hydrolysable analogue of GTP, guanosine 5'-[beta
      gamma-imido]triphosphate [p(NH)ppG]. GTP was without effect on basal hyrolysis.
      Both GTP and p(NH)ppG enhanced the rapid (within 10 s) hydrolysis of PtdIns4P and
      PtdIns(4,5)P2 induced by carbamoylcholine in a dose-dependent manner. A rightward
      shift in the competition curve of carbamoylcholine for bound L-[3H]quinuclidinyl
      benzilate was seen on addition of GTP or p(NH)ppG (100 microM) under
      phosphorylating conditions. Pretreatment of intact islet cells with Bordetella
      pertussis toxin, islet-activating protein (IAP) or treatment of membranes with
      IAP under conditions which elicited ADP-ribosylation of a protein of Mr 41,000
      was without effect on muscarinic binding, phosphoinositide phosphorylation or
      subsequent hydrolysis by carbamoylcholine. The findings indicate the involvement
      of a GTP-binding protein in the coupling of the muscarinic receptor to
      phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the islet cell and suggest that this is distinct
      from the GTP-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase which is
      covalently modified by IAP.

PMID- 2881541
TI  - Effect of tryptic calmodulin fragments on guanylate cyclase activity from
      Paramecium tetraurelia.
AB  - Tryptic bovine brain calmodulin fragments 1-77 or 1-106 reactivated La
      inactivated ciliary guanylate cyclase from Paramecium dose-dependently up to 60%.
      They were 20-fold less potent compared to bovine brain calmodulin. Fragment 78
      148 was even less active. Concomitant addition of fragments 1-77 and 78-148 had
      no additive effect. Genetically engineered calmodulin lacking a blocked amino
      terminus and trimethyllysine at position 115 reactivated La-treated guanylate
      cyclase as good as bovine brain calmodulin. After detergent solubilization of La
      inactivated guanylate cyclase intact bovine brain calmodulin and calmodulin
      fragments 1-77 and 78-148 were equipotent. 80% Reactivation was obtained with 40
      microM of either fragment.

PMID- 2881542
TI  - Sulfated oligosaccharides in human lysosomal enzymes.
AB  - Cathepsin D, arylsulfatase A and the alpha-chain of beta-hexosaminidase are
      synthesized in human fibroblasts as sulfated polypeptides. The sulfate is added
      posttranslationally. Its half-life is less than one-tenth of that of the
      respective polypeptide chains. The sulfate residues were found on asparagine
      linked oligosaccharides sensitive to endoglycosidase F and peptide: N-glycosidase
      F and resistant to endoglycosidase H. Inhibition of formation of complex type
      oligosaccharides by 1-deoxy-manno-nojirimycin prevented sulfation, indicating
      that the sulfate residues were added to complex type oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2881540
TI  - Biosynthesis of intestinal microvillar proteins. Processing of N-linked
      carbohydrate is not required for surface expression.
AB  - Castanospermine, an inhibitor of glucosidase I, the initial enzyme in the
      trimming of N-linked carbohydrate, was used to study the importance of
      carbohydrate processing in the biosynthesis of microvillar enzymes in organ
      cultured pig intestinal explants. For aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2),
      aminopeptidase A (EC 3.4.11.7), sucrase-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.48-10) and maltase
      glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.20), castanospermine caused the formation of novel
      transient forms of higher Mr than corresponding controls, indicating a blocked
      removal of glucose residues. For the first three enzymes, the 'mature' (Golgi
      processed) forms were similar in size to or slightly smaller than corresponding
      controls and were, as shown for aminopeptidase N, endoglycosidase-H-sensitive,
      evidence of a blocked attachment of complex sugars. Maltase-glucoamylase did not
      undergo conversion into a 'mature' form, suggesting that, unlike other
      microvillar enzymes, it does not receive post-translational O-linked
      carbohydrate. Castanospermine suppressed the synthesis of the four enzymes, but
      did not block their transport to the microvillar membrane, showing that
      processing of N-linked carbohydrate is not required for microvillar expression.
      The proteinase inhibitor leupeptin partially restored the suppressed synthesis,
      indicating that the majority of the wrongly processed enzymes, probably because
      of conformational instability, become degraded soon after synthesis rather than
      being transported to the microvillar membrane.

PMID- 2881543
TI  - Human prepro atrial natriuretic factors 26-55, 56-92, and 104-123 increase renal
      guanylate cyclase activity.
AB  - Human prepro atrial natriuretic factors 26-55, 56-92, and 104-123 as well as
      human atrial natriuretic factor (4-28) in the present investigation increased
      renal cortical and medullary cyclic GMP levels and maximally enhanced particulate
      guanylate cyclase activity [E.C. 4.6.1.2] two-fold in whole kidney homogenates,
      renal cortical and medullary membranes, and in isolated distal nephrons at their
      1 microM concentrations. Dose-response relationships revealed that the half
      maximal [ED50] activation of guanylate cyclase was at their 10 nM concentrations
      in rat, rabbit, and dog kidneys. Both human atrial natriuretic factor and the
      prepro factors decreased adenylate cyclase activity. These results suggest that
      prepro factors 26-55, 56-92, 104-123 may also be functionally active.

PMID- 2881544
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide elicits activation of bovine pulmonary arterial soluble
      guanylate cyclase by a mechanism associated with its metabolism by catalase.
AB  - Guanylate cyclase activity in the soluble extract of bovine pulmonary arteries is
      activated by hydrogen peroxide generated by glucose oxidase only in the presence
      of catalase. This mechanism of guanylate cyclase activation is not blocked by
      scavengers for superoxide anion or hydroxyl radical, but is selectively inhibited
      by methylene blue, inactivation of catalase and ethanol. The time dependency of
      increases in guanylate cyclase activity in the presence of peroxides that are
      substrates for catalase are associated with the spectral detection of compound I,
      a species of catalase formed during the metabolism of peroxide. Thus, activation
      of soluble guanylate cyclase appears to be elicited by compound I of catalase or
      by a mediator generated by this species.

PMID- 2881545
TI  - Effects of DJ-7141, a new alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, on catecholamine
      secretion from isolated bovine adrenal medullary cells.
AB  - The effects of a newly synthesized alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist (an imidazole
      derivative, DJ-7141) on catecholamine secretion from isolated bovine adrenal
      medullary cells were examined. DJ-7141 did not affect basal catecholamine
      secretion, but inhibited catecholamine secretion induced by stimulation of the
      nicotinic ACh receptor. This inhibitory effect of DJ-7141 was less than that of
      clonidine, another alpha 2-agonist. DJ-7141 also inhibited [45Ca]2+ uptake by the
      cells induced by nicotinic stimulation. DJ-7141 did not affect catecholamine
      secretion induced by high K+ concentration. Its inhibitory effect on nicotine
      induced catecholamine secretion was not restored by increase in either the
      nicotine or Ca2+ concentration of the medium, suggesting that it interfered with
      the coupling between nicotinic ACh receptor stimulation and Ca2+-channel
      activation. The inhibitory effect of DJ-7141 seemed to be independent of its
      effect on alpha 2-adrenoceptors, because its effect was not antagonized by the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine and DG-5128, which both had no effect
      on either basal or nicotine-induced catecholamine secretion.

PMID- 2881546
TI  - REV 2871 (CHBZ): a potent antiallergic agent with a novel mechanism of action.
      II. Studies on the mechanism of action.
AB  - REV 2871 (CHBZ) was taken up by rat mast cells and human leukocytes in a specific
      and saturable manner. The compound can be hydrolyzed by a granule-associated
      enzyme in the mast cell to an ionic metabolite (REV 3579) whose in vitro profile
      is identical to that of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). REV 3579, although
      achieving millimolar concentrations inside cells incubated with CHBZ, was not
      itself taken up by rat mast cells or human leukocytes. The unusual in vitro
      activity of CHBZ is postulated to arise from the fact that it is a prodrug for
      delivering a DSCG-like drug to the interior of a secretory cell. The internalized
      drug apparently exerts a more general and longer-lived inhibition of the
      secretory process than it can by acting on exterior membrane receptors. CHBZ thus
      represents a novel drug for studying anaphylactic responses in vitro.

PMID- 2881547
TI  - Effect of glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine on rat embryonic
      development in vitro.
AB  - The intracellular thiol glutathione has many functions within cells including
      protection against xenobiotic and oxidative damage, and a role in protein and DNA
      synthesis and amino acid transport. Consequently, glutathione might be an
      important substance for normal growth and development. In this study the extent
      of glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine, an agent which depletes
      glutathione by inhibiting its synthesis, and the subsequent effects of the
      depletion on rat embryonic growth and development were assessed. Day 10.5 rat
      embryos were cultured in rat serum medium in the presence of L-buthionine-S,R
      sulfoximine (0.01 to 2.0 mM) and examined for viability, malformations, growth
      and development 45 hr later. The glutathione concentrations of the cultured
      embryos and their yolk sacs were also determined. Exposure to buthionine
      sulfoximine produced marked and significant (P less than or equal to 0.05)
      depletion of glutathione at a buthionine sulfoximine concentration of 0.10 mM in
      the embryos and 0.05 mM in the yolk sacs. Exposure to 1 mM buthionine sulfoximine
      depleted glutathione to less than 7% of control in both of these tissues. None of
      the concentrations of buthionine sulfoximine tested had a significant effect on
      embryo viability; however, buthionine sulfoximine caused a significant (P less
      than or equal to 0.05) incidence of malformed embryos at concentrations of 0.25,
      0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM. The types of defects induced by buthionine sulfoximine were
      blebs of the maxillary or nasal processes, prosencephalon or forelimb buds, small
      or misshapen heads, small prosencephalons and swollen hind brains, and tail
      defects. Embryonic growth was the most sensitive, of the variables assessed, to
      the effects of buthionine sulfoximine. Significant (P less than or equal to 0.05)
      growth retardation was observed at buthionine sulfoximine concentrations as low
      as 0.01 mM. At 2.0 mM buthionine sulfoximine, the yolk sac diameter, embryo crown
      rump length, head length, number of somites and morphological score were reduced
      to 65, 72, 77, 90 and 80% of control levels respectively. We propose that the
      embryotoxic effects of buthionine sulfoximine are due to glutathione depletion
      and, consequently, that a certain basal level of endogenous glutathione is
      essential to allow for normal development.

PMID- 2881548
TI  - Prizidilol. Metabolism by cytochrome P-450 and acetyltransferase.
AB  - The hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzyme system bound and metabolized the
      experimental drug prizidilol. Prizidilol bound to two distinct sites on
      cytochrome P-450. At low concentrations (less than ca 20 microM), prizidilol
      bound to the substrate binding site of the enzyme and produced a Type I
      difference spectrum. At higher concentrations (25-190 microM), prizidilol bound
      to the oxygen binding site of the enzyme and produced a type II difference
      spectrum. Prizidilol stimulated hepatic microsomal CO-inhibitable NADPH
      oxidation. Prizidilol metabolism by hepatic microsomes assessed by prizidilol
      disappearance was inhibited by CO:O2 (80:20; v/v), SKF 525-A and metyrapone.
      Prizidilol disappearance was monitored using a newly developed TLC assay for
      prizidilol following derivatization with quinolin-3-al. The apparent binding
      constants (Ks), maximum extents of binding (delta Amax), Michaelis constants (Km)
      and maximum velocities (Vmax) for the interaction of prizidilol with hepatic
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 were assessed in rats pretreated or not with the
      inducing agents phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone and pregnenolone-16 alpha
      carbonitrile. For the differently pretreated rats the apparent Ks values for the
      type I site and the type II site and the apparent Km were ca 3 microM, 150 microM
      and 2 microM, respectively. Apparent Vmax values varied from 20 to 70 pmol per
      min per mg microsomal protein. The observed effects of induction on the apparent
      equilibrium constants and maximum extents of binding and metabolism of prizidilol
      indicate that the forms of cytochrome P-450 induced by phenobarbital,
      pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile or beta-naphthoflavone do not play a major
      role in the metabolism of prizidilol. Prizidilol was also metabolized by hepatic
      cytosolic N-acetyltransferase. The apparent Km values for prizidilol and acetyl
      CoA were 0.8 and 22 microM. Apparent Vmax values were 50 and ca 2 pmol per min
      per mg protein for partially purified transferase and cytosol, respectively. It
      is concluded that the rates of oxidation and acetylation of this drug would be
      expected to be relatively low, being limited by low apparent Vmax values for both
      oxidation and acetylation.

PMID- 2881550
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism for the T cell receptor alpha and beta
      chain genes in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2881549
TI  - In vitro and in vivo neurochemical effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on
      striatal monoaminergic systems in the rat brain.
AB  - A single high dose of methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a psychedelic agent,
      produced a rapid and persistent depletion of striatal indoles similar to that
      observed following administration of the serotonergic neurotoxin p
      chloroamphetamine. The drug had little effect on dopaminergic variables. Like p
      chloroamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine was found to be a relatively
      selective agent for inducing [3H]serotonin release in vitro. The serotonin uptake
      inhibitor, citalopram, blocked both [3H]serotonin release in vitro and striatal
      serotonin depletion in vivo, indicating that both processes were carrier
      dependent. In vivo comparisons of the stereoisomers of
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine indicated two phases of serotonin depletion similar
      to those reported for p-chloroamphetamine. Although both the (+)- and (-)
      stereoisomers produced an acute (3 hr) decrease in striatal indoles, the long
      term effects of the drug showed stereoselectivity in that the (+)-enantiomer
      produced the most dramatic serotonin depletion. Comparison of the effects of the
      stereoisomers of methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its n-desmethyl analog,
      methylenedioxyamphetamine, on [3H]serotonin and [3H]dopamine release in vitro
      showed the (+)-enantiomer of both drugs to be the more potent releasing agent. In
      spite of its reported lack of hallucinogenic activity,
      (+)methylenedioxyamphetamine was found to be of a potency similar to that of
      (+)methylenedioxymethamphetamine in inducing [3H]serotonin release in vitro. The
      results are discussed in terms of the neurochemical similarities between
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine as well as the proposed
      role of serotonin release in the behavioral effects of
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine.

PMID- 2881552
TI  - Lymphotropic viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell lymphotropic
      virus-I (HTLV-I)/adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV), and HTLV-III/human immune
      deficiency virus (HIV) as etiological agents of malignant lymphoma and immune
      deficiency.
AB  - The ubiquitous, DNA herpesvirus, EBV, has B cell tropism and the geographically
      restricted RNA retrovirus, ATLV/HTLV-I has T cell tropism. Clinical descriptions
      by Burkitt and Takatsuki led to discovery of these viruses which infect silently
      early in life; however, ATLV is also transmitted to a spouse or by blood
      transfusion. In normal seropositive persons both viruses infect only 1 in about
      10,000 B or T cells, respectively. EBV is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma,
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and infectious mononucleosis. ATLV is associated with
      adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and smoldering T cell lymphoma. EBV infects
      polyclonally and is controlled by multiple cellular and humoral control
      mechanisms. Escape from immune surveillance as in immune deficient African
      children with malaria, males with x-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, organ
      transplant recipients, and AIDS patients permits conversion from polyclonal to
      oligoclonal and finally, monoclonal malignancy. T cell immune defects permit
      proliferation of cells which undergo molecular and/or cytogenetic alterations. In
      contrast to EBV, which is integrated and nonintegrated in B cells, ATLV is
      monoclonally integrated. Viral transforming proteins and immune suppressive
      substances are produced. Immune deficiency in silent carriers of ATLV and in
      those with smoldering ATL suggest that immune surveillance deters emergence of
      ATL. Prevention of primary infection by vaccination against these lymphotropic
      viruses, and use of immunotherapy and antiviral drugs may potentially retard
      conversion of infected B or T cells to monoclonal malignancy.

PMID- 2881551
TI  - Toxicity of MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) considered for relevance to
      hazards of MDMA (Ecstasy) abuse.
AB  - Despite a paucity of data on its animal pharmacology and toxicology, MDMA
      [Ecstasy, XTC, ADAM; (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine] was introduced as
      an "underground" (FDA-unapproved) adjunct to psychotherapy in the late 1970's and
      early 1980's, in addition to its use as a recreational drug. Analysis of the
      limited experimental literature indicates that LD50's for MDMA in five species by
      several routes of administration tend to predict a significant human toxicity.
      MDMA was either equally toxic or slightly to moderately less toxic than its close
      congener, MDA, (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine. It is suggested that
      extrapolation of the pharmacologic/toxicologic data available for MDA to MDMA
      should be assumed to be valid until disproven. Recently published canine data
      describe physiologic disturbances caused by acute overdosage of MDA, and also
      indicate the utility of chlorpromazine as an antidote preventing fatalities
      associated with severe hyperthermia, lactacidemia, hypertension and tachycardia.
      The toxicology of MDMA warrants further direct study in view of its continuing
      illegal distribution.

PMID- 2881553
TI  - Process of immortalization by Epstein-Barr virus and oncogenic conversion of the
      immortalized cells.
AB  - Transcription of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) genome during immortalization of tonsil
      lymphocytes was studied. Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA was Northern blot hybridized
      with 32P-labeled cloned EBV fragments. A 5.1 kb band was detected by
      hybridization with BamHI-H, -F, -K, -A and het fragments. The implication of this
      finding is discussed. DNA obtained from cells established from a colony of
      immortalized tonsil lymphocytes in 0.4% soft agar was found to transform NIH 3T3
      cells. The transformed cells were able to induce tumor in nude mice, although the
      originally established lymphocytes from the colony did not. This may indicate
      that a certain population of EBV immortalized cells may contain a potentially
      oncogenic gene which can function as an oncogene in NIH 3T3 cells.

PMID- 2881554
TI  - Transmission of adult T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) through blood transfusion
      and its prevention.
AB  - Cell-associated transmission of adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV/HTLV-I)
      suggested early in a follow-up study on recipients of blood has been supported
      with the latest results of an extended follow-up. Approximately 10(8) lymphocytes
      of blood donors carrying the antibodies against ATLV seemed to be necessary for
      the infection through blood transfusion. The infection transmitted by transfusion
      is now almost completely prevented by eliminating blood units that have been
      derived from blood donors having antibodies to ATLV/HTLV-I.

PMID- 2881555
TI  - Seroepidemiology of adult T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I/ATLV): origin of virus
      carriers in Japan.
AB  - There are two large clusters of HTLV-I/ATLV carriers in the world. One large
      endemic area could be Africa, but available information is not yet sufficient to
      prove this. The other definitely large endemic area is Japan. Much smaller
      endemic areas and sporadic cases of the virus-carriers have been found in many
      parts of the world, including the Caribbean basin and Taiwan. Where did ATL virus
      carriers in Japan come from? From seroepidemiological studies, it is postulated
      that the carriers originated among Jomon people, who were the earliest
      inhabitants of Japan in 300 to 10,000 B.C. or earlier.

PMID- 2881556
TI  - Retroviral etiology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by severe
      immunological defects resulting in opportunistic infections and malignancies. A
      novel human retrovirus, known under the terms of LAV, HTLV-III, ARV or as a human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been defined as the infectious agent
      responsible for the induction of the immunologic disorders in AIDS. However, two
      recent lines of evidence, reviewed in this article, complicate the etiological
      picture of AIDS: the HIV family appears to consist of a great number of diverse,
      and perhaps diversifying in vivo, members that exhibit different molecular and
      biological properties; the human retrovirus family may contain yet another
      distinct class of member viruses that resemble HIV morphologically and
      structurally but may differ in their pathogenicity. Our understanding of the
      retroviral etiology of AIDS may be far from complete.

PMID- 2881557
TI  - Structure of HTLV and its biological function in leukemogenesis of adult T-cell
      leukemia.
AB  - There is a high homology of nucleotide sequence between 3' two-thirds of the X
      (or pX) regions of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-I, and of HTLV-II.
      Monoclonal antibody against p41 coded from X-IV, an open reading frame of X
      region of HTLV-I, was established. Two proteins coded by Xb, one of the open
      reading frames in X region of HTLV-II, were newly identified as p24 and p26. The
      expression of X protein of HTLV-II in the reconstituted mouse embryonal carcinoma
      cell line, which shows myoblastic morphology, reverted the morphology to that of
      the original embryonal carcinoma cells. This suggests that the function of X
      protein is to disturb the regulation of cell lineage determination.
      Leukemogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is also considered to consist of
      multisteps, in which HTLV-I constitutes one step, other factors also being
      involved. Even the role of HTLV-I factor could be similarly played by other
      factor(s). In agreement with this hypothesis, there are patients with ATL without
      associated HTLV-I.

PMID- 2881558
TI  - [Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA of patients with mitochondrial
      cytopathy].

PMID- 2881559
TI  - Receptor-mediated endocytosis: concepts emerging from the LDL receptor system.

PMID- 2881560
TI  - Generation of polarity during Caulobacter cell differentiation.

PMID- 2881561
TI  - Spatial programming of gene expression in early Drosophila embryogenesis.

PMID- 2881563
TI  - Oral sedation with temazepam: a practical alternative for use in dentistry?

PMID- 2881562
TI  - [Recent advances in biochemical studies of dementia in the elderly].

PMID- 2881564
TI  - Adverse effects of opioid analgesic drugs.
AB  - Opioids were available in clinical practice since before the birth of modern
      anaesthesia--Seturner isolated morphine in 1806. They have a record of safety
      which is reflected in their high therapeutic ratios, especially the synthetic
      opioids introduced recently (table III). The most serious immediate adverse
      effect, respiratory depression, is a predictable effect related closely to
      analgesia. It is fortunate for anaesthetists who use opioids regularly, that
      recognition and treatment of respiratory problems are an integral part of their
      craft and that opioid antagonists are effective in reversing respiratory
      depression.

PMID- 2881565
TI  - Effects of atracurium and vecuronium on the latency and the duration of the
      negative deflection of the evoked compound action potential of the adductor
      pollicis.
AB  - The effect of atracurium or vecuronium on the depolarization phase of the evoked
      compound action potential of the adductor pollicis has been investigated in 30
      adult patients. Patients were studied using single supramaximal stimulation of
      the ulnar nerve at the wrist. The evoked compound action potential was measured
      over the adductor pollicis muscle. When blockade by atracurium exceeded 80%, a
      significant decrease in latency was recorded (P less than 0.05). There was no
      significant change in latency after vecuronium. During the onset of blockade,
      depression of the amplitude of the evoked compound action potential was
      associated with a prolongation of its duration (P less than 0.05). The mean
      maximum increase in the negative deflection time was found to be similar after
      atracurium and after vecuronium. However, this phase was prolonged to a greater
      extent for a given degree of amplitude depression during the onset of blockade by
      atracurium (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2881566
TI  - Changes in the power spectrum of the evoked compound action potential of the
      adductor pollicis with the onset of neuromuscular blockade.
AB  - The effects of neuromuscular blockade by atracurium and vecuronium on the power
      spectrum of the evoked compound action potential (ECAP) of the adductor pollicis
      were investigated in 30 adult patients undergoing elective surgery. The changes
      in amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) of the ECAP were measured. Ten
      patients received an ED95 (0.23 mg kg-1) of atracurium and 10 received an ED95
      (0.055 mg kg-1) of vecuronium. The remaining 10 patients did not receive any
      neuromuscular blocking drug, and were monitored for 6 min to exclude any time
      related changes in the ECAP. Neuromuscular blockade produced a decrease in total
      power and a shift towards lower frequencies. This was reflected in a decrease in
      the MPF in those patients receiving atracurium or vecuronium. There was no
      significant difference (P less than 0.05) between the atracurium and vecuronium
      groups in the magnitude of the change in MPF. These findings suggest that the
      previously reported increase in the duration of the negative deflection of the
      ECAP is predominantly the result of a change in its frequency components.

PMID- 2881567
TI  - Tubocurarine and pancuronium inhibit evoked release of acetylcholine from the
      mouse hemidiaphragm preparation.
AB  - Using a sensitive radioactive method that measures selectively the evoked release
      of acetylcholine, it was demonstrated that, when stimulating at 50 Hz,
      tubocurarine or pancuronium 2 X 10(-5) mol litre-1 or hexamethonium 10(-3) mol
      litre-1 significantly decreased the evoked release of acetylcholine in the mouse
      in vitro phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation.

PMID- 2881568
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of vecuronium, pancuronium and atracurium in patients with
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - Thirty patients with ischaemic heart disease scheduled for coronary artery bypass
      grafting were randomly allocated to three equal groups. Following morphine,
      hyoscine and pentobarbitone premedication, anaesthesia was induced with diazepam
      0.3 mg kg-1. Five minutes later neuromuscular blockade was induced with
      pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1, vecuronium 0.1 mg-1 or atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1, followed
      after 6 min by fentanyl 25 micrograms kg-1. Pancuronium and atracurium caused
      significant increases in heart rate, while vecuronium induced little change.
      Systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly from 1515 dyn s cm-5 to 1200
      dyn s cm-5 following atracurium. Cardiac index was increased transiently in the
      atracurium group, but a more sustained increase was observed following
      pancuronium. Nine patients in the atracurium group showed skin flushing and one
      developed skin weals.

PMID- 2881569
TI  - Alcohol and alcohol problems research 13. U.S.S.R.

PMID- 2881570
TI  - Khat: scientific knowledge and policy issues.

PMID- 2881571
TI  - Alcohol use among khat (Catha) chewers in Kenya.

PMID- 2881572
TI  - The respiratory effects of oral ethyl loflazepate in volunteers.
AB  - A volunteer study was undertaken to assess the respiratory effects of ethyl
      loflazepate, a new benzodiazepine, and to correlate these with plasma
      concentrations of the active metabolites. Twelve volunteers were given placebo, 2
      mg ethyl loflazepate, and 6 mg ethyl loflazepate on separate occasions.
      Respiration and plasma metabolite levels were assessed hourly for 8 h and at 24
      h. The 6 mg ethyl loflazepate treatment produced a significant decrease (P less
      than 0.02) in the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide at 5 h. However this did
      not equate with a peak in plasma metabolite concentrations which were maintained
      at a plateau level from 4 to 24 h.

PMID- 2881573
TI  - Differential effects of the anxiolytic drugs, diazepam and buspirone, on memory
      function.
AB  - The effects of the anxiolytic drugs diazepam (5 mg) or buspirone (5 or 10 mg)
      were studied in comparison with placebo on memory function in 39 subjects
      diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Neither drug altered the immediate
      recall of a list of 16 nouns or impaired digit span, a second test of immediate
      memory. Diazepam selectively impaired the recall of nouns after a 20 min delay
      when compared with placebo. In contrast, neither dose of buspirone altered the
      delayed recall of the word list. The implications of such different effects of
      anxiolytic drugs on memory function for the clinical treatment of anxiety are
      discussed.

PMID- 2881574
TI  - Acute and subchronic effects of Org 2305 and diazepam on psychomotor performance
      in man.
AB  - Three doses (15, 30 and 60 mg) of Org 2305 (O 15, O 30 and O 60 respectively), a
      novel anxiolytic drug chemically related to mianserin, were compared with placebo
      and 15 mg diazepam (DZ) on human psychomotor performance in a double-blind, cross
      over study with 15 healthy volunteers. Objective measurements (choice reaction,
      tracking, flicker fusion, Maddox wing, digit symbol substitution, memory recall)
      and subjective assessments (visual analogue scales) were done at baseline and 2
      and 13 h after the first dose. This testing procedure was repeated on day 7 when
      administering the seventh consecutive daily night-time dose. After the first dose
      O 15 did not differ from placebo and O 30 rarely differed from placebo. O 60
      impaired various objective functions similarly to, or less than DZ. Subjectively,
      DZ and O 60 were felt as sedative. During subchronic treatment, DZ caused some
      impairment of baseline due to accumulation of bioassayable benzodiazepines, but
      significant responses to the last DZ dose were less than those to the first dose.
      DZ but not O 60 was reported to have caused lethargy and clumsiness during
      subchronic treatment. In the doses used Org 2305 impaired psychomotor performance
      less than diazepam did. A dose of 60 mg Org 2305 may offer some advantage over 15
      mg diazepam, provided that their anxiolytic effects are about similar.

PMID- 2881575
TI  - The effect of topical dimethindene maleate on weal reactions.
AB  - The topical effect of the histamine H1-receptor antagonist dimethindene maleate
      on the wealing response to intradermal histamine, compound 48/80 and house dust
      mite antigen was studied in 16 subjects using a double-blind procedure. The mean
      reduction in weal area +/- s.e. mean was 44% +/- 13%, 43% +/- 13% and 31% +/- 13%
      for histamine, 48/80 and antigen respectively. We conclude that dimethindene
      maleate is a moderately potent H1-receptor antagonist, and that the inhibition of
      the 48/80 and house dust mite induced weals is accounted for by the
      antihistaminic effect of dimethindene maleate.

PMID- 2881576
TI  - Ligand binding studies of the F1 moiety of rat liver ATP synthase: implications
      about the enzyme's structure and mechanism.
AB  - F1-ATPase of rat liver was examined for its capacity to interact with both metal
      ions and nucleotides and for the effect of covalent ATPase inhibitors on these
      interactions. As isolated, rat liver F1 contains about 2 mol of Mg2+/mol of F1, 1
      mol of which can be removed or exchanged. The remaining mole of Mg2+ per mole of
      F1 remains very tightly associated with F1 and is recovered in the alpha gamma
      fraction after cold denaturation. Rat liver F1 also contains as isolated a nearly
      equivalent amount of nucleotide (approximately 1.7 mol/mol of F1) which is
      readily removed by incubation at room temperature followed by column
      centrifugation. The "2 Mg2+ enzyme" binds almost 3 mol of 5'-adenylyl
      imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP)/mol of F1 in the presence or absence of added divalent
      cation. When divalent cation is present as Co2+, an equivalent activator to Mg2+
      in the ATPase reaction, 1 mol of F1 binds 3 mol of both AMP-PNP and Co2+. under
      these conditions, the very tight Mg2+ site remains loaded, the exchangeable Mg2+
      site is replaced with AMP-PNPCo, and two additional AMP-PNPCo sites are filled.
      At this point, ADP can be loaded onto the enzyme as a fourth nucleotide at a site
      separate and distinct from the AMP-PNP sites. Significantly, rat liver F1
      contains only a single readily detectable ADP binding site in the presence or
      absence of divalent cation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881577
TI  - Inhibition of protein cross-linking in Ca2+-enriched human erythrocytes and
      activated platelets.
AB  - Treatment of human erythrocytes with Ca2+, in the presence of ionophore A23187,
      causes the formation of high molecular weight (greater than 10(6)) membrane
      protein polymers. This phenomenon, known to involve cross-linking of essentially
      all of the band 4.1 and 2.1 (ankyrin) proteins, as well as some spectrin, band 3,
      and hemoglobin molecules, could be prevented by preincubating the cells with a
      noncompetitive inhibitor of intrinsic transglutaminase, 2-[3
      (diallylamino)propionyl]benzothiophene, at concentrations of about (3-6) X 10(-4)
      M. The compound also eliminated the proteolytic breakdown of the two major
      transmembrane proteins band 3 and glycophorin, which would otherwise occur during
      the Ca2+ loading of fresh human red cells. In addition, the inhibitor effectively
      blocked the formation of a cross-linked protein polymer in thrombin-activated
      human platelets.

PMID- 2881578
TI  - Interaction between the oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein and the F0
      sector of the mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase complex: cooperative effect
      of the F1 sector.
AB  - Beef heart mitchondrial oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) labeled
      with [14C]-N-ethylmaleimide ([14C]OSCP) at the only cysteine residue, Cys-118,
      present in the sequence [Ovchinnikov, Y. A., Modyanov, N. N., Grinkevich, V. A.,
      Aldanova, N. A., Trubetskaya, O. E., Nazimov, I.V., Hundal, T., & Ernster, L.
      (1984) FEBS Lett. 166, 19-22] exhibits full biological activity in a
      reconstituted F0-F1 system [Dupuis, A., Issartel, J. P., Lunardi, J., Satre, M.,
      & Vignais, P. V. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 728-733]. The binding parameters of
      [14C]OSCP with respect to the F0 sector of submitochondrial particles largely
      depleted of F1 and OSCP (AUA particles) have been explored. In the absence of
      added F1, a limited number of high-affinity OSCP binding sites were detected in
      the AUA particles (20-40 pmol/mg of particles); under these conditions, the low
      affinity binding sites for OSCP were essentially not saturable. Addition of F1 to
      the particles promoted high-affinity binding for OSCP, with an apparent Kd of 5
      nM, a value 16 times lower than the Kd relative to the binding of OSCP to F1 in
      the absence of particles. Saturation of the F1 and OSCP binding sites of AUA
      particles was attained with about 200 pmol of both F1 and OSCP added per
      milligram of particles. The oligomycin-dependent inhibition of F1-ATPase bound to
      AUA particles was assayed as a function of bound OSCP. At subsaturating
      concentrations of F1, the dose-effect curves were rectilinear until inhibition of
      ATPase activity by oligomycin was virtually complete, and maximal inhibition was
      obtained for an OSCP to F1 ratio of 1 (mol/mol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881579
TI  - Effects of glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones on regulatory enzymes of fatty
      acid synthesis and glycogen metabolism in developing fetal rat lung.
AB  - Although glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones are known to act synergistically to
      stimulate surfactant production, they have opposite effects on other parameters
      of fetal lung maturation. We recently reported that the developmental increases
      in de novo fatty acid synthesis and glycogen accumulation in fetal rat lung were
      accelerated by dexamethasone but prevented by triiodothyronine and that the
      dexamethasone-induced increases were diminished when the two hormones were
      administered together. We have now examined the effects of maternal
      administration of these hormones on activities of enzymes of lung fatty acid
      synthesis and glycogen metabolism in the rat. There was a developmental increase
      in fatty-acid synthase activity between 19 and 21 days gestation. This activity
      was increased by dexamethasone but decreased by triiodothyronine. When the two
      hormones were administered together the stimulatory effect of dexamethasone was
      decreased from 56% to 29%. The stimulatory effect on fatty-acid synthase was also
      observed in fetal lung explants cultured in the presence of dexamethasone. This
      shows that the effect of the hormone was directly on the fetal lung.
      Dexamethasone had no effect on liver fatty-acid synthase. There was a
      developmental decrease in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity but it was not affected
      by the hormones. These data show that the developmental and hormone-induced
      changes in fetal lung de novo fatty acid synthesis are mediated by fatty-acid
      synthase. Although there were developmental changes in fetal lung 6
      phosphofructokinase, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activities,
      these enzymes were not affected by the hormones.

PMID- 2881580
TI  - Inhibition of purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase by propranolol and other
      beta-adrenergic blockers in vitro.
AB  - Numerous clinical studies have shown that propranolol administration causes
      hypertriglyceridemia and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein in man. Although
      these findings have been attributed to diminution of triacylglycerol-rich
      lipoprotein catabolism by lipoprotein lipase, biochemical studies of the effects
      of propranolol on lipoprotein lipase activity in vitro have not been previously
      reported. We purified lipoprotein lipase from raw bovine skimmed milk and
      examined the effect of propranolol using as substrate phospholipid-stabilized,
      triolein emulsions containing purified human apolipoprotein C-II. These studies
      demonstrate that propranolol inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity. The inhibition
      was found to be noncompetitive with a Ki for propranolol of 0.55 mM. In addition,
      propranolol was shown to bind to phospholipid-stabilized triolein emulsions
      reaching local concentrations at the particle surface many times higher than its
      bulk concentration. Metoprolol, timolol and practolol, which are less hydrophobic
      than propranolol, were less inhibitory. Atenolol was the weakest inhibitor of
      purified bovine lipoprotein lipase in vitro.

PMID- 2881581
TI  - Induction of cellular transglutaminase biosynthesis by sodium butyrate.
AB  - Cellular transglutaminase activity was induced in simian virus-transformed human
      embryonic lung fibroblasts (WI-38 VA13A) by sodium butyrate. The level of enzyme
      activity approached a maximum by 6 days; 9-11-fold higher in the presence of
      sodium butyrate (1 mM) than in its absence. The observed increases in cellular
      transglutaminase activity could be entirely accounted for by equivalent increases
      in the levels of enzyme protein measured by inhibition enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Sodium butyrate also increased the rate of enzyme synthesis,
      but had no effect on the rate of cellular transglutaminase degradation. The
      increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis was matched by an increased level of
      translatable transglutaminase mRNA as measured in a cell-free translation system.
      Our results suggest that sodium butyrate regulates cellular transglutaminase at
      the pretranslational level.

PMID- 2881582
TI  - Adaptations of neurotransmitter synthesis to chronic hypoxia in cell culture.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase are widely held to be rate
      limiting for the synthesis of the catecholamines and serotonin, respectively.
      Both enzymes are oxygen-requiring and kinetic properties suggest that oxygen
      availability may limit synthesis of these neurotransmitters in the brain. Using
      pheochromocytoma cells as a cell culture model for catecholamine synthesis, and
      neuroblastoma cells as a model for serotonin synthesis, enzyme activity was
      measured under control and hypoxic conditions. Both tyrosine hydroxylase and
      tryptophan hydroxylase activity increased substantially with chronic exposure but
      not with acute exposure. In the case of tyrosine hydroxylase, increased enzyme
      content with hypoxia accounts for increased activity. This suggests a mechanism
      for the maintenance of neurotransmitter synthesis with chronic hypoxia.
      Measurement of intracellular metabolites revealed no change in dopamine or
      norepinephrine in hypoxic pheochromocytoma cells, consistent with a simple
      adaptive mechanism. However, in neuroblastoma cells, hypoxia was associated with
      an increase in serotonin concentration. The reasons for this are still unclear.

PMID- 2881583
TI  - Regulation of intestinal mucosa guanylate cyclase by hemin, heme and
      protoporphyrin IX.
AB  - Mg2+-dependent activity of intestinal brush border guanylate cyclase was
      stimulated 4-5-fold by 50-100 microM hemin. Higher concentrations were
      inhibitory. In the presence of 25% dimethyl sulfoxide, which stimulated activity
      9-times, 50 microM hemin further increased activity 1.7-fold. However, when
      activity was stimulated 32-fold by the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin,
      or 26-fold by Lubrol PX, hemin produced only concentration-dependent inhibition.
      The first type of activation was more sensitive to hemin than the second.
      Reduction of hemin by dithiothreitol eliminated stimulation of basal activity,
      while inhibition of Lubrol PX-stimulated activity remained. Protoporphyrin IX
      also had no effect on basal activity, however, it inhibited enterotoxin- and
      Lubrol PX-stimulated activities similarly, but only to half the extent of hemin.
      Substitution of Mn2+ for Mg2+ elevated basal activity 15-fold, and this Mn2+
      dependent activity was inhibited by hemin. Mn2+-dependent activity was stimulated
      (43%) by enterotoxin, however, the stimulated activity was more sensitive to
      hemin inhibition than the basal Mn2+-dependent activity and both inhibition
      curves were congruent above 50 microM hemin. Hemin inhibition of Lubrol PX
      stimulated activity was much less with Mn2+ than with Mg2+. These results were
      interpreted as suggesting two sites of hemin inhibition; on an inhibitory
      regulator and on the enzyme. We also found that the secretory effect of
      enterotoxin in the suckling mouse bioassay was reduced 56% by the oral
      administration of hemin.

PMID- 2881584
TI  - Receptor-mediated responses of plasma membranes isolated from Lytechinus pictus
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Speract (Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly), a peptide obtained from eggs,
      has been shown to bind to a plasma membrane receptor of Lytechinus pictus
      spermatozoa. Here, we show that the addition of speract to intact cells caused
      the appearance of a new protein-staining band (Mr = 140,000) on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels; concomitantly, a protein of apparent molecular
      weight (Mr) 150,000 disappeared. Guanylate cyclase activity also decreased
      approximately 50% after the addition of speract to intact cells. Plasma membranes
      were subsequently prepared from spermatozoa in the presence of fluoride at pH
      6.0, conditions that resulted in retention of the speract receptor and the Mr
      150,000 protein. Addition of speract to the membranes resulted in a disappearance
      of the Mr 150,000 protein and the appearance of a Mr 140,000 protein. Coincident
      with the apparent change in molecular weight, guanylate cyclase activity
      decreased 30% at maximal speract concentrations. A physiological event that
      occurs in the intact cell in response to speract can now be reproduced in
      isolated plasma membranes; it should, therefore, now be possible to define the
      molecular events that occur as a result of speract: receptor interaction.

PMID- 2881585
TI  - [Significance of the dopamine-blocking and m-choline-blocking components in the
      antiapomorphine action of neuroleptics].
AB  - In experiments on rats and mice the correlation between the ability of
      neuroleptics to antagonize apomorphine induced stereotypy and to block central
      dopamine and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors was studied. The analysis showed
      significant correlation (v = 0.76; P less than 0.05) between antistereotypic
      effects of drugs and their ability to inhibit 3H-spiperone binding to rat
      striated tissue. However, no correlation was found between antistereotypic effect
      of neuroleptics and their ability to block 3H-quinuclidinyl benzylate binding or
      arecoline-induced tremor.

PMID- 2881586
TI  - [Modelling of malignant lymphoma in rabbits using primate oncogenic viruses.
      Preliminary report].
AB  - Inoculation of rabbits with permanent B-cell line cultures obtained from
      Stumptailed Macaques M. arctoides (MAL) which contain lymphotropic herpesvirus
      and C-type particles has led to the development of generalized lymphomas. The
      lymphoma cells had rabbit karyotype and did not contain surface an cytoplasmic
      immunoglobulins. Permanent suspension of lymphoid cell line independent of growth
      factors was obtained from rabbit lymphoma. The serum of a rabbit with lymphoma
      transmitted from another rabbit with MAL-induced lymphoma did not react with
      virus-negative human Raji cells when tested in immunofluorescence. But this serum
      reacted positively with cytoplasmic antigens of simian 594S-F9 cells (producing
      lymphotropic herpesvirus and two types of retroviruses, namely, endogenous C-type
      and HTLV-I-like) and human C91-PL cells (producing HTLV-I). The results obtained
      demonstrated high oncogenicity of the viruses produced by simian permanent
      cellular MAL lines for rabbits.

PMID- 2881587
TI  - Increased susceptibility of peripheral mononuclear cells of leukemic patients to
      HTLV-I infection in vitro.
AB  - Peripheral mononuclear cells (MNC) collected from 12 healthy donors and 44
      leukemic patients at various stages of the disease were tested for natural killer
      (NK) activity and for their susceptibility to HTLV-I infection in vitro, measured
      in terms of percentage of p19 positive cells. MNC from leukemic donors at any
      stage of leukemia (ie, onset or relapse, ON/REL; complete remission or off
      therapy, CR/OT donors) were highly susceptible to HTLV-I infection. This was true
      for acute leukemias of lymphoblastic (ALL) or nonlymphoblastic (ANLL) type. MNC
      of ON/REL patients were more susceptible to HTLV-I than those of CR/OT donors. In
      addition, leukemic blasts were more rapidly infected (ie, within five to seven
      days) than the HTLV-I-susceptible normal cord-blood lymphocytes. However, the
      presence of circulating blasts was not essential to virus susceptibility, since
      CR/OT MNC, presumably free of leukemic blasts, were still more susceptible to
      HTLV-I than normal cells. Basal NK function of MNC from leukemic patients was
      significantly lower than that detectable in healthy controls. However, no
      correlation was found between susceptibility to HTLV-I infection and NK activity.

PMID- 2881588
TI  - Mother-to-offspring transmission of human T cell leukemia virus type I in
      rabbits.
AB  - We studied the mode of natural transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I
      (HTLV-I) in rabbits. Four virus-infected rabbits (2 males and 2 females) were
      individually mated with 4 noninfected rabbits. Two virus-infected females mated
      with noninfected males gave birth to 7 offspring, and 2 noninfected females mated
      with infected males delivered 5 offspring. Four of the seven offspring born to
      the virus-infected mothers seroconverted for HTLV-I when aged 6 to 13 weeks with
      antibody titers of 1:40 to 1:160. None of the five offspring born to the
      noninfected mothers became seropositive during the observation period of 6
      months, however. Peripheral lymphocytes were cultured with T cell growth factor,
      and HTLV-I-carrying lymphoid cell lines were established from the four
      seroconverted rabbits. All four cell lines were of T cells positive for Ia
      antigens. In addition, none of five newborn rabbits killed immediately after
      birth to a virus-infected rabbit was infected with HTLV-I. These findings provide
      an experimental support for the milkborne transmission of HTLV-I from mother to
      child in humans and indicate that the virus is tropic for T cells in rabbits as
      well.

PMID- 2881589
TI  - Chromosome aberrations and clinical features of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma
      not associated with human T cell leukemia virus type I.
AB  - Chromosome aberrations and clinical features of three patients with adult T cell
      leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) not associated with human T cell leukemia virus type I
      (HTLV-I) are described. From their clinical features, two patients were diagnosed
      as acute type and one patient was diagnosed as chronic type, which later
      converted to acute crisis. Clonal and many chromosomal abnormalities were
      observed before therapy in the two acute type cases and at relapse in the chronic
      type case. Karyotype aberrations, including trisomy 3, trisomy 7, trisomy 21,
      del(6)(q21), del(10)(p13), 14q11 translocation, and loss of X chromosome, all of
      which are frequently found in HTLV-I associated ATL, were also seen in these
      cases of HTLV-I-negative ATL.

PMID- 2881591
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa and familial Mediterranean fever.
AB  - A 22-year-old familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patient was hospitalized for
      continuous fever, myalgia, hypertension, vertigo and a petechial rash. Laboratory
      findings revealed hyperglobulinaemia, thrombocytosis and a leukaemoid reaction.
      While on steroid therapy the patient sustained a haemorrhage into a renal
      aneurysm which responded to gel foam embolization. After 12 months of follow-up
      his condition remained stable under treatment with cyclophosphamide, prednisone
      and antihypertensive medications. This case provides the fourth example of
      polyarteritis nodosa associated with FMF.

PMID- 2881592
TI  - GRF neurons in the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-containing neuronal system was
      immunohistochemically studied in the rat hypothalamus. The immunolabeled cell
      bodies were determined by intraventricular administration of colchicine 24 h
      before killing. In intact animals, the neurons appeared in the ventral portion of
      the arcuate nucleus (group 1) and in the area surrounding the ventromedial
      nucleus (group 2). Most of the cell bodies also indicated immunoreactivity for
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The immunoreactive fibers accumulated showing a
      palisade arrangement in the external layer of the median eminence. The rats
      treated neonatally with monosodium glutamate revealed group 2 neurons and a few
      immunoreactive fibers in the median eminence. Half-anterolateral deafferentation
      of the medial basal hypothalamus, which was performed to isolate group 1 neurons
      or both group 1 and 2 neurons from the other brain parts, did not remarkably
      affect the appearance of the fibers in the median eminence. However, the
      perikarya were hypertrophic and strongly immunolabeled for GRF and TH. It is
      concluded that the fibers containing GRF in the median eminence derive mostly
      from group 1 neurons, and that the neurons may be regulated by an inhibitory
      mechanism by other neurons on the outside of the deafferented hypothalamic
      islands. GRF synthesized in group 2 neurons may act on other neurons as a
      neurotransmitter-like substance.

PMID- 2881590
TI  - Effect of exogenous 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid on cardiac anaphylaxis.
AB  - The effects of infusions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (6 X 10(-8) mol min-1 and
      15 X 10(-8) mol min-1) on the coronary constriction and the release of
      immunoreactive sulphidopeptide-leukotrienes (SP-LT), thromboxane B2(TXB2) and 6
      keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha) from perfused anaphylactic guinea-pig
      hearts were investigated. EPA dose-dependently inhibited the profound early
      coronary flow reduction after antigen injection. The less pronounced late phase
      of anaphylactic coronary flow reduction was, however, not significantly affected.
      EPA (15 X 10(-8) mol min-1) significantly shortened the average duration of
      antigen-induced arrhythmias. EPA dose-dependently decreased release of
      immunoreactive TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha from anaphylactic guinea-pig hearts.
      Release of immunoreactive SP-LT was dose-dependently increased after antigen
      challenge in the presence of EPA. Inhibiton of the release of SP-LT by the
      lipoxygenase inhibitor esculetin (1 X 10(-7) mol min-1) was accompanied by a
      significant attenuation of flow reduction during the late phase of anaphylactic
      vasoconstriction. Reversed phase h.p.l.c. of perfusates from anaphylactic guinea
      pig hearts revealed immunoreactivity comigrating with authentic leukotriene C4
      (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4. In perfusates from hearts treated with EPA infusions,
      additional immunoreactivity was detected comigrating with LTC5, LTD5 and LTE5. In
      addition to immunoreactivity migrating with LTB4, as observed in control heart
      perfusates, in perfusates from EPA-treated hearts, a second peak was observed,
      which coincides with the retention time described for LTB5. Exogenous LTC5 (1 X
      10(-12) mol min-1 and 20 X 10(-12) mol min-1) induced dose-dependent reductions
      of coronary flow and was found to be a slightly weaker constrictor than LTC4, but
      no significant differences were observed. Coronary vasoconstriction elicited by
      infusion of exogenous LTC4 (20 X 10(-12) mol min-1) was dose-dependently
      inhibited by infusions of EPA. However, the negative inotropic effect of LTC4
      remained unaffected. Thus, in the isolated anaphylactic heart of the guinea-pig
      exogenous EPA was effectively metabolized via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway whereas
      the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism was found to
      be inhibited. The results are in agreement with the suggestion that cyclo
      oxygenase products are mediators of the early phase of the anaphylactic coronary
      constriction, while vasoconstrictor SP-LT are involved in the later phase.
      However, in spite of enhanced release of SP-LT, EPA infusion did not result in
      increased coronary constriction. Considering the fact that EPA antagonizes LTC4
      induced coronary constriction, it seems possible, that EPA might act as a
      functional antagonist of vasoconstrictor eicosanoids including EPA-derived SP-LT.

PMID- 2881593
TI  - Catecholamine innervation of LH-RH neurons: a developmental study.
AB  - Catecholamine innervation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) cell
      subtypes in rats was investigated over development using double label, light
      microscopic immunocytochemistry. Similar results were observed in both sexes. The
      number of catecholamine-apposed sLH-RH cells remained constant, while the number
      of catecholamine-apposed iLH-RH cells increased as a function of age. These
      results suggest that LH-RH cell subtypes are differentially innervated and
      support the hypothesis that the development of iLH-RH cells represent newly
      innervated surfaces which are related to changes in the processing of incoming
      information relevant to reproductive maturation.

PMID- 2881594
TI  - Evidence that the cultured multipolar neurons of the lower brainstem of SHR and
      WKY rats differ significantly in the mode of responses to catecholamines.
AB  - By using cultures of 6 types of dissociated neurons from the lower brainstem of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, we analyzed
      differences in the mode of response of the cultured neurons to 9 kinds of
      peptides and 7 kinds of neurotransmitters, and obtained evidence that there is a
      significant difference in the mode of response of multipolar neurons to
      catecholamines; dominantly facilitation in SHR, but dominantly inhibition in WKY
      rats.

PMID- 2881596
TI  - Acromelic acid, a novel excitatory amino acid from a poisonous mushroom: effects
      on the crayfish neuromuscular junction.
AB  - A novel amino acid, acromelic acid, which is one of kainoids isolated from a
      poisonous mushroom, markedly depolarizes the crayfish opener muscle fiber in a
      dose-dependent manner, its potency being much greater than that of kainoids such
      as kainic or domoic acid. Moreover, acrolemic acid markedly potentiates the
      glutamate response, in spite of the fact that it reduces the quisqualate response
      in a dose-dependent manner. The amplitude of excitatory junctional potentials was
      slightly reduced by acromelic acid.

PMID- 2881595
TI  - GABA-gated chloride ion influx and receptor binding studies in C57BL6J and DBA2J
      mice.
AB  - GABA-gated chloride ion influx was measured in brain 'microsac' preparations of
      young (20-22-day-old) and older (40-42-day-old) C57BL6J and DBA2J mice. The young
      DBA2J mice are susceptible to audiogenic seizures. GABA sensitivity was reduced
      in young DBA2J mice as compared to age-matched C57BL6J mice or older mice of
      either strain. Age and strain differences in ligand binding to
      GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex and glutamate receptor could not account for
      this finding. These results provide evidence for a defect in GABA-gated chloride
      ion influx in audiogenic seizure-susceptible DBA2J mice.

PMID- 2881597
TI  - Increased in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat telencephalon produced by
      self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area.
AB  - Changes in the activity of dopaminergic neurons associated with intracranial self
      stimulation of the ventral tegmentum were assessed by measuring the accumulation
      of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after inhibition of aromatic amino acid
      decarboxylase by NSD-1015. When compared to implanted unstimulated controls, DOPA
      concentrations were elevated significantly in the nucleus accumbens, striatum and
      olfactory tubercle in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the electrode, after a 30 min
      session of self-stimulation. The concentration of DOPA in the contralateral
      nucleus accumbens and striatum did not differ from control levels, although
      relative to control values it was significantly increased in the contralateral
      olfactory tubercle. A similar analysis of in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      in these brain regions following a 30 min session of lever pressing for food
      reward on a fixed-ratio (FR-8) schedule failed to reveal any significant changes
      relative to control subjects. These results are consistent with a role for
      dopamine in brain-stimulation reward obtained from electrical stimulation of the
      ventral tegmental area but do not provide evidence for dopaminergic mediation of
      the rewarding properties of food.

PMID- 2881598
TI  - Multiple Cl(-)-independent binding sites for the excitatory amino acids:
      glutamate, aspartate and cysteine sulfinate in rat brain membranes.
AB  - As we have recently reported that Cl(-)-dependent glutamate (GLU) binding
      reflects GLU accumulation into membrane vesicles, the characteristics, kinetics
      and pharmacological specificities of L-[3H]glutamate (L-[3H]GLU) binding to crude
      rat brain synaptic membranes, were investigated in Cl(-)-free medium. L-[3H]GLU
      binding was systematically compared to that of L-[3H]cysteine sulfinate (L
      [3H]CSA) and L-[3H]ASP), two other putative excitatory amino acids. A high
      affinity site was determined for each of these radioactive ligands (L-[3H]GLU: Kd
      = 0.14 microM, Bm = 3.4 pmol/mg protein; L-[3H]CSA: Kd = 0.07 microM, Bm = 2.2
      pmol/mg protein; L-[3H]ASP: Kd = 5.8 microM, Bm = 31.2 pmol/mg protein). The
      pharmacological specificity of these Cl(-)-independent binding sites indicate the
      existence of at least 3 distinct high affinity sites, all different from the Cl(
      )-dependent GLU binding 'site': one having a similar affinity for GLU and CSA, a
      second one preferring CSA, and a third one preferring ASP. Among the large
      quantity of structural analogs of the neuroexcitatory amino acids tested, only
      endogenous compounds (GLU, ASP and CSA) (except hydroxylamine-o-sulfate) were
      able to interact efficiently. No inhibition by classical agonists and antagonists
      (such as N-methyl-D-aspartate, quisqualate, kainate, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate,
      or 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate) was found. In addition to their high specificity,
      these Cl(-)-independent sites possess most other biochemical characteristics of
      receptor proteins.

PMID- 2881600
TI  - Spinal antinociceptive action of three representative opioid peptides in frogs.
AB  - Spinal administration of low doses of dynorphin, beta-endorphin or Met-enkephalin
      produces a potent, dose-dependent increase in the nociceptive threshold in the
      unanesthetized frog, Rana pipiens. Nociceptive thresholds were determined by
      using the acetic acid test, previously shown to be a sensitive indicator of
      antinociception in this amphibian species. Of particular interest, spinally
      administered dynorphin produces a potent antinociception in frogs without any
      signs of motor dysfunction seen after spinally administered dynorphin in
      mammalian species.

PMID- 2881599
TI  - Immunocytochemical localizations of cytosolic and mitochondrial glutamic
      oxaloacetic transaminase isozymes in rat primary sensory neurons as a marker for
      the glutamate neuronal system.
AB  - The localization of cytosolic (s-) and mitochondrial (m-) glutamic oxaloacetic
      transaminase (GOT) was examined in the rat trigeminal, jugular and dorsal root
      ganglia by means of an indirect immunofluorescence method using antibodies
      specific for s- and m-GOT. Staining of s-GOT-like immunoreactivity was seen in
      giant, large, medium and small cells in these ganglia. On the other hand, m-GOT
      like immunoreactivity was not seen in them. The distribution of GOT suggests that
      glutamate may be a transmitter released from primary sensory neurons.

PMID- 2881601
TI  - [3H]AMPA binding to glutamate receptor subpopulations in rat brain.
AB  - The glutamate analog (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic
      acid (AMPA), displaced 11% of the binding of L-[3H]glutamate to rat brain
      membranes, amounting to 22% of the specific binding displaceable by excess non
      radioactive glutamate. AMPA-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate binding was additive with
      that displaced by kainic acid (1 microM) plus N-methyl-D-aspartate (10 microM)
      when low concentrations of non-radioactive AMPA (1 microM) were employed to
      determine non-specific background, but partially overlapped when higher
      concentration of AMPA (100 microM) were used. [3H]AMPA binding was 21% specific
      (displaceable by non-radioactive 0.1 mM AMPA) in sodium-, calcium- and chloride
      free buffer, but increased to over 30% in the presence of 0.1 M chloride. AMPA
      sensitive glutamate binding and AMPA binding were both stimulated dramatically by
      thiocyanate and by several other anions. [3H]AMPA binding activity was resistant
      to freezing and thawing, optimal at 0-4 degrees C, and detectable at slightly
      reduced levels by filtration assays and in tissue section autoradiography. AMPA
      showed a heterogeneous affinity in displacement of L-[3H]glutamate, and [3H]AMPA
      binding showed heterogeneity with respect to AMPA, quisqualate, and glutamic acid
      diethyl ester. Scatchard plots gave a best fit for two sites with Kd values of 28
      and 500 nM and Bmax values of 200 and 1800 fmol/mg protein, respectively.
      [3H]AMPA was inhibited by quisqualate (IC50 = 60 nM), L-glutamate (2 microM),
      (RS)-3-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[5,4-c]-pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (7
      HPCA, 5 microM), kainic acid (20 microM) and glutamic acid diethyl ester (21
      microM) but insensitive to L-aspartate, ibotenic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, (RS)
      2-amino-phosphonobutyric acid and (RS)-2-amino-phosphonovaleric acid. This is
      consistent with labeling of a quisqualate-specific subpopulation of glutamate
      receptors. The high affinity (28 nM) and intermediate affinity (0.5 microM) AMPA
      sites had similar pharmacological specificity and brain regional distribution as
      determined by autoradiography. The latter revealed high densities of [3H]AMPA
      binding in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex; stratum pyramidale,
      stratum radiatum, and stratum oriens of the hippocampus; and stratum moleculare
      of the dentate gyrus. Within the cerebellum, higher densities of binding were
      observed in the molecular layer than in the granule cell layer. In many regions,
      [3H]AMPA binding had a similar distribution to that of L-[3H]glutamate binding
      displaced by AMPA (1 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2881602
TI  - RU38486 blocks the steroid regulation of transmitter choice in cultured rat
      sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - Sympathetic neurones grown in tissue culture change phenotype from adrenergic to
      cholinergic due to a factor released by non-neuronal cells. Glucocorticosteroids
      prevent the production of this factor by non-neuronal cells and hence prevent the
      change in phenotype. Conventional steroid antagonists, however, fail to block
      this effect. We report here that the steroid antagonist RU38486 is effective in
      preventing the action of corticosterone on cultured sympathetic ganglia and hence
      may be a useful in vivo tool to study the steroid regulation of development.

PMID- 2881603
TI  - Selective loss of monoaminergic neurons in weaver mutant mice--an
      immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry and quantitative light microscopic
      analysis of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental
      area, and the locus coeruleus of weaver mutant mice at 12 and 15 weeks of age and
      unaffected controls revealed a decrease in the number of TH-positive neurons in
      the substantia nigra of weaver mice, but no change in cell numbers in the ventral
      tegmental area and locus coeruleus. Furthermore, the 15-week-old mutants showed a
      significant cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta compared with the 12
      week-old group. Thus, the weaver mutant may provide a good model for studying the
      mechanisms of selective dopaminergic cell loss.

PMID- 2881604
TI  - Somatostatin and calcitonin stimulate neurite regeneration of molluscan neurons
      in vitro.
AB  - Isolated neurons from the gastropod Physella heterostropha fail to regenerate
      their neurites if cultured in defined medium in the absence of growth factors. A
      significant number of cultured neurons extend neurites if they are cultured in
      brain-conditioned or hemocyte-conditioned medium. Synthetic somatostatin and
      salmon calcitonin also stimulate neurite regeneration in a dose-dependent manner.
      Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasotocin, and eledoisin fail to promote
      neurite outgrowth. It is concluded that, like other molluscan neurons, isolated
      neurons from Physella require the presence of factors that are released by brain
      tissue or are present in the hemolymph, and that somatostatin and calcitonin can,
      in part, substitute for the endogenous neurite-regenerating activities.

PMID- 2881605
TI  - Phorbol esters enhance transmitter release in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - Phorbol esters enhance synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampal slice
      preparation most likely by acting at a presynaptic locus. To more directly
      examine the actions of phorbol esters on neurotransmitter release we have
      measured their effects on the occurrence of spontaneous postsynaptic potentials
      as well as on the potassium stimulated release of endogenous glutamate. Both
      measures of transmitter release were increased by phorbol esters suggesting a
      functional or regulatory role for protein kinase C in controlling the release of
      neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS.

PMID- 2881606
TI  - Urinary bladder intramural neurones: an electrophysiological study utilizing a
      tissue culture preparation.
AB  - An enzymic dispersion technique was used to free the intramural ganglia from
      their usual close association with the other components of the urinary bladder
      wall. The isolated ganglia obtained were viable and could be kept in culture for
      several weeks. The development of the cultures was monitored by phase-contrast
      microscopy and their electrophysiological properties were investigated using
      intracellular recording techniques. Neurones could be visually identified after 2
      3 days in culture; cell groups contained from 2-50 neurones. Three types of
      spontaneous activity were seen: small changes in membrane potential and action
      potentials, and slow oscillatory conductance changes. These events were not
      blocked by hexamethonium but were abolished by hyperpolarizing current. Most
      neurones spiked without adaptation to direct stimulation; in a few cells the
      train of spikes was damped out. No neurones generated long
      afterhyperpolarizations. Indirect stimulation produced responses in the ganglia
      which are consistent with synaptic activity. Summation of inputs was
      demonstrated. These results provide evidence for local intraganglionic circuits
      since the ganglia or neurone groups are unequivocally extrinsically denervated.
      It was concluded that the intramural ganglia have the capacity to integrate
      preganglionic input and the question of whether or not they might mediate reflex
      activity is raised.

PMID- 2881608
TI  - Dextrorphan and dextromethorphan attenuate glutamate neurotoxicity.
AB  - The dextrorotatory morphinan opioid, dextrorphan, which has recently been
      reported to block the excitation of cortical neurons by N-methyl-D-aspartate, was
      found at 10-100 microM concentrations to attenuate both morphological and
      chemical evidence of glutamate neurotoxicity in murine neocortical cell cultures;
      a similar effect was found with its methyl ester derivative, dextromethorphan.
      Given other data suggesting that glutamate neurotoxicity may participate in the
      pathogenesis of the central neuronal loss associated with certain human
      neurological diseases, the present observations raise the possibility that these
      clinically tested opioids, or related compounds, may eventually prove to have
      some clinical therapeutic utility.

PMID- 2881607
TI  - Spinal monoamine mediation of stimulation-produced antinociception from the
      lateral hypothalamus.
AB  - Stimulation-produced antinociception can be evoked from a wide variety of sites
      in the brain, including the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The present study, in rats
      lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital, examined descending inhibition of the
      nociceptive tail flick (TF) reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in
      the LH and the neurotransmitter(s), at the level of the lumbar enlargement,
      mediating the inhibition. Systematic tracking studies demonstrated that
      stimulation in the diencephalon dorsal to the hypothalamus did not reliably
      inhibit the TF reflex. Inhibition of the TF reflex was produced, however,
      throughout the hypothalamus at intensities of stimulation typically between 50
      and 200 microA. The area requiring low intensities of stimulation (50-100 microA)
      to inhibit the TF reflex was a diffuse region of the LH, inferior to the
      mammillothalamic tract and internal capsule, medial to the supraoptic decussation
      and including the medial forebrain bundle. Microinjections of S-glutamate (100
      mM, 0.5 microliter) in the LH did not inhibit the TF reflex, suggesting that
      activation of fibers of passage by stimulation was responsible for inhibition of
      the TF reflex produced from the LH. The intrathecal administration of
      pharmacologic antagonists (15-30 micrograms; naloxone, methysergide,
      phentolamine, prazosin or yohimbine) revealed that the alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonists phentolamine and yohimbine produced the greatest increases in
      stimulation thresholds in the LH for inhibition of the TF reflex (83.7% and
      89.8%, respectively). The intrathecal administration of methysergide produced a
      lesser, but statistically significant 11% increase in the stimulation threshold
      for inhibition of the TF reflex. These results indicate that spinal alpha 2
      adrenoceptors primarily mediate the descending inhibition of the TF reflex
      produced by electrical stimulation in the LH.

PMID- 2881610
TI  - Increase in glutamate sensitivity of subthalamic nucleus neurons following
      bilateral decortication: a microiontophoretic study in the rat.
AB  - Responses of subthalamic neurons (STN) to the iontophoretic application of
      glutamate (Glu), acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA were studied in rats 2 or 3 weeks
      following bilateral decortication, and were compared to those obtained in normal
      animals. All the cells recorded in lesioned rats showed a decrease in their
      spontaneous firing rate. They also proved to be significantly more sensitive to
      the excitatory action of Glu, although their responsiveness to ACh or GABA was
      not modified.

PMID- 2881609
TI  - Postnatal development of neurons containing both catecholaminergic and GABAergic
      traits in the rat main olfactory bulb.
AB  - Postnatal development of catecholaminergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      ergic neurons in the periglomerular region of the rat main olfactory bulb was
      studied immunohistochemically using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),
      glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA. TH-like immunoreactive neurons almost
      always contained GABA-like immunoreactivity in the first postnatal week, but
      about 10% of them did not contain GABA-like immunoreactivity in older animals.

PMID- 2881611
TI  - Multiple types of neurotransmitter binding sites in the rat neuroblastoma B 50
      cell line. I. Characterization and binding affinity changes during various
      differentiation paradigms.
AB  - In this study, it is shown that the neuroblastoma B 50 cell line of rat central
      nervous system origin possesses both adrenergic and cholinergic binding sites.
      The adrenergic binding site population comprises a major alpha 1-adrenergic
      component (using [3H]prazosin as ligand; KD = 0.55 nM; 19.3 fmol/mg protein), and
      a minor beta-adrenergic species (KD = 0.45 nM; 3.4 fmol/mg protein using
      [125I]cyanopindolol as ligand). The cholinergic binding site is of a muscarinic
      type. Binding studies with quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB) indicate the presence of
      two binding sites with different affinities. This is supported by competition
      studies with agonists. However, in view of this unusual binding behavior of the
      antagonist, the possibility of a one-site model for QNB is also considered and
      affords the following parameters: KD = 0.247 nM, Bmax = 29.6 fmoles/mg protein.
      When the cells are induced to differentiate with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP)
      or high extracellular calcium, all of these binding sites undergo a variety of
      changes in their affinities for their respective ligands. Db-cAMP increases the
      affinity of the alpha 1-site for prazosin while high extracellular calcium lowers
      it. In both cases the number of binding sites remains unchanged. The affinity of
      the beta-adrenergic component is markedly enhanced upon induction of
      differentiation with either extracellular calcium or/and db-cAMP. Finally, the
      muscarinic cholinergic binding sites exhibit a decrease in receptor number upon
      db-cAMP treatment and an apparent loss of one of the binding sites upon calcium
      treatment. The significance of these affinity changes is discussed for each type
      of binding site.

PMID- 2881612
TI  - Multiple types of neurotransmitter binding sites in the rat neuroblastoma B 50
      cell line. II. Response of second messenger systems to physiological stimuli in
      proliferating and differentiated cells.
AB  - The functionality of the alpha 1-, beta-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic
      binding sites of neuroblastoma B 50 is investigated under proliferating and
      differentiating conditions. In proliferating cells, the stimulation of the alpha
      1-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic binding sites by their respective
      agonists causes an increase in both extracellular calcium association with the
      cells and phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover; effects usually associated with
      functional receptors. When the cells are induced to differentiate morphologically
      with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP), extracellular calcium or a combination of
      both, the activity of the muscarinic receptor-coupled PI turnover is strictly
      correlated with the binding affinity of the receptor. This is not the case for
      the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation of PI turnover. The latter result,
      however, may be explained in terms of the intrinsic properties of the inducing
      agents used to cause neurite extension. The stimulation of the beta-adrenergic
      binding site with isoproterenol in proliferating cells, both with and without a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor present, does not result in cellular cAMP
      accumulation. In morphologically differentiated cells, only the db-cAMP-induced
      state exhibits an increase in [3H]adenosine incorporation into cellular cAMP upon
      isoproterenol stimulation. This happens only in the presence of a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The data presented in this study are discussed in
      terms of the affinity of the receptors for their respective ligands and in terms
      of the intrinsic properties of the inducing agents.

PMID- 2881614
TI  - Genetic determination of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity in mice.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity data obtained from hypothalamic tissue samples
      of highly inbred mouse strains with known differences in their mesencephalic TH
      activity (BALB/cJ, C57BL/6ByJ, CXBI/ByJ), F1 hybrids and F2 generations were
      subjected to quantitative genetic analysis. No differences were observed between
      C57BL/6ByJ and CXBI/ByJ strains, but highly significant differences were found in
      hypothalamic TH activity between BALB/cJ and C57BL/6ByJ strains. Segregating
      genetic factors could not be detected in the replicate (C57BL/6ByJ X CXBI/ByJ) F2
      generations, while the presence of segregating genetic units was indicated in the
      (C57BL/6ByJ X BALB/cJ)F2 population. Estimation of minimum number of genes and
      Elston's non-parametric one-locus test reveal that more genes are responsible for
      strain differences of TH activity in the hypothalamus compared to the
      dopaminergic areas of the mesotelencephalon. The results indicate that the
      heterogeneity of the catecholamine neuronal populations and terminal fields in
      the hypothalamus is reflected by the complex nature of the genetic control of TH
      activity in this brain region.

PMID- 2881613
TI  - Gliogenesis in the embryonic avian optic tectum: neuronal-glial interactions
      influence astroglial phenotype maturation.
AB  - We have analyzed the development of neuroglial cells in the chick optic tectum
      under 3 sets of developmental conditions to assess the role of heterotypic cell
      cell interactions in gliogenesis. Immunochemical and biochemical methods were
      employed to measure and localize the expression of the glial markers glutamine
      synthetase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, carbonic anhydrase-C
      and myelin basic protein as functions of development in situ and in aggregation
      and monolayer cultures of dissociated embryonic tissue. The results showed that
      certain astroglial cells can be recognized as early as day 9 of development in
      situ. Oligodendroglial development manifests several days later and the full
      range of glial subtypes are not evident until nearly the time of hatching.
      Culture of 7-day embryonic tectum cells either in aggregates or in monolayer
      cultures failed to yield definitive oligodendroglia. Fibrous astroglia, as
      defined by glutamine synthetase and glial fibrillary acidic protein, developed
      well in both culturing systems. However, as previously noted in the embryonic
      neural retina system, glutamine synthetase expression was marked dependent on
      neuronal-glial associations.

PMID- 2881615
TI  - Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of somatostatin binding sites in discrete
      areas of rat forebrain.
AB  - Somatostatin has been localized in several hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic
      brain regions where it may function as a classical neurotransmitter or as a
      modulator of neural activity. In the present study, somatostatin binding sites
      were studied by incubation of coronal sections of rat forebrain with 125I-Tyr1
      somatostatin, Ultrofilm autoradiography, computerized microdensitometry and
      comparison with 125I standards. Highest concentrations of somatostatin binding
      sites (fmol/mg protein) were found in the claustrum (151), basolateral nucleus of
      the amygdala (90), deep layers of the cerebral cortex (61), lateral olfactory
      nuclei (58), CA1 and CA2 areas of hippocampus (57), medial and lateral septal
      nuclei (54), and the medial habenula (44). Scatchard analysis of individual
      forebrain areas with high densities of somatostatin binding sites was also
      performed. Regulation of brain somatostatin binding sites may be studied as one
      approach to examining the involvement of central somatostatin pathways in various
      physiological and behavioral states.

PMID- 2881616
TI  - [Effect of forskolin and VIP on the release of somatostatin and the cAMP content
      of cultured rat diencephalon neurons].
AB  - Forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, stimulates somatostatin
      release in dispersed fetal diencephalic cells in culture (10 j). It was found
      that concentrations ranging from 10(-8) M to 10(-4) M increase the release of
      somatostatin in a dose-dependent manner, as well as the formation of
      intracellular cyclic AMP. Furthermore, VIP (10(-6) M) which produces a
      significant (p less than 0.03) elevation of SRIF release at 30 min of incubation,
      also induces a prompt increase of intracellular cyclic AMP (10 min). These
      results suggest that VIP could stimulate the somatostatin release through a
      cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism.

PMID- 2881617
TI  - [Oral premedication with bromazepam and lorazepam].

PMID- 2881618
TI  - Cytogenetic studies on patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies were carried out on stimulated lymphocyte cultures of
      patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Of 32 patients studied, seven
      had a hereditary carcinoma, and five had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and
      two had type 2B. Neither a constitutional chromosome abnormality nor an increase
      in chromosomal breakage were detected in these patients.

PMID- 2881619
TI  - Clarification of the chromosomal assignment of the human P-glycoprotein/mdr1
      gene: possible coincidence with the cystic fibrosis and c-met oncogene.

PMID- 2881620
TI  - Verapamil reversal of vincristine resistance and cross-resistance patterns of
      vincristine-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The phenotypic properties of a large number of low-level vincristine (VCR)
      resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines have been studied. In particular, we
      examined the correlation between the reversal of VCR resistance by verapamil
      (VRP) and cross-resistance patterns to other drugs. Cross resistance to other
      vinca alkaloids developed in parallel with VCR resistance. Doxorubicin resistance
      was observed in many of the cell lines, occurring even at the lowest levels of
      VCR resistance. Increased sensitivity to taxol (TAX) was a feature of half of the
      lines tested and there was no increased resistance to 5-fluorouracil or
      chlorambucil. Two main groups of mutants have been identified: (a) those that are
      thought to be membrane mutants which are cross-resistant to TAX and whose VCR
      resistance is reversible by VRP; and (b) those that appear to be tubulin mutants,
      which have increased sensitivity to TAX and resistance to VCR in the presence of
      VRP. It was not possible to distinguish between the different mechanisms of low
      level resistance by drug accumulation studies in unsupplemented medium. However,
      VCR accumulation in the presence of VRP did correlate with the cross-resistance
      results.

PMID- 2881621
TI  - Effects produced by SCN- and thioglycolate on isolated nematocysts of Pelagia
      noctiluca.

PMID- 2881623
TI  - Excitation of neurons in the canine area postrema by prostaglandins.
AB  - The effects of prostaglandins on electrical activity of neurons in the canine
      area postrema were studied using the techniques of extracellular recording with
      iontophoresis. Excitatory responses were obtained upon application of
      prostaglandins A1, B1, B2, E1, F1 alpha, and F2 alpha in between 24 and 50% of
      the cells studied. The excitation was very similar in pattern to that observed to
      apomorphine, biogenic amines, and several neuropeptides in that it had a
      relatively long latency, low maimal frequency, and prolonged duration. Since the
      area postrema is known to play a central receptive role in initiating emesis to
      circulating toxins, these results suggest that prostaglandins may play a role in
      the initiation of some forms of emesis.

PMID- 2881622
TI  - Electrophysiological actions of somatostatin (SRIF) in hippocampus: an in vitro
      study.
AB  - The electrophysiological actions of somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibiting
      factor; SRIF) were investigated in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation.
      Intracellular recordings were obtained from pyramidal neurons in area CA1 in
      slices of hippocampus from guinea pigs and rabbits. Somatostatin, applied via
      micropressure ejection to CA1 pyramidal-cell somata, was primarily excitatory.
      The effects, however, were quite variable, with nearly all cells displaying
      pronounced tachyphylaxis. A majority of cells was depolarized by SRIF, but
      hyperpolarizations or biphasic depolarization/hyperpolarization responses were
      also recorded. Only minimal conductance changes were associated with the SRIF
      induced voltage changes. Depletion of SRIF, by injection of the intact animal
      with cysteamine several hours before preparing slices, resulted in no obvious
      abnormalities in hippocampal slice electrophysiology. Our results obtained with
      application of exogenous SRIF are consistent with the concept that SRIF acts as
      an excitatory neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in hippocampus. However, our
      attempts to demonstrate endogenous SRIF action have thus far been unsuccessful.

PMID- 2881624
TI  - Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the
      tyrosine aminotransferase gene.
AB  - Two glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) located 2.5 kb upstream of the
      transcription initiation site of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene were
      identified by gene transfer experiments and shown to bind to purified
      glucocorticoid receptor. Although the proximal GRE has no inherent capacity by
      itself to stimulate transcription, when present in conjunction with the distal
      GRE, this element synergistically enhances glucocorticoid induction of gene
      expression. Cooperativity of the two GREs is maintained when they are transposed
      upstream of a heterologous promoter. An oligonucleotide of 22 bp representing the
      distal GRE is sufficient to confer glucocorticoid inducibility. As evidenced by
      the mapping of DNAase I hypersensitive sites, local alterations in the structure
      of chromatin at the GREs take place as a consequence of hormonal treatment.

PMID- 2881626
TI  - [Takayasu's arteritis. Course of ophthalmological signs after vascular graft.
      Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2881625
TI  - A comparison of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist potency of labetalol with those of
      sympathomimetic drugs, and the role of alpha-receptors in pharmacological actions
      of these drugs on tracheal smooth muscles in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2881627
TI  - Inconsistent effects of all-trans retinoic acid on different clones of chemically
      transformed rat liver epithelial cells.
AB  - The effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on the growth and biochemical
      properties of five clonal strains of neoplastically transformed rat liver
      epithelial cells were studied. These cell strains were derived clonally from a
      single line of normal diploid rat liver epithelial cells that had been
      transformed by treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The results
      show that RA induces inconsistent alterations in selected phenotypic properties
      of these five different cell strains. Retinoic acid either depressed, enhanced or
      produced no effect on the colony-forming ability in soft agar, on the activity of
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, on the amount of cell-associated fibronectin, and
      on the binding capacity of 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF). The only
      consistent correlation observed among cell strains was between the cellular
      ability to grow in soft agar and the amount of cell-associated fibronectin.
      Enhancement of anchorage-independent growth by retinoic acid was not mediated
      through changes in the number of EGF receptors. Our data demonstrate that the
      responses to retinoic acid of clonal subpopulations of chemically transformed rat
      liver epithelial cells are inconsistent, even when the clonal subpopulations are
      derived from a common precursor.

PMID- 2881628
TI  - Persistent effect of a low dose of preadministered diethylnitrosamine on the
      induction of enzyme-altered foci in rat liver.
AB  - The effect of a low dose of preadministered diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on the
      induction of enzyme-altered foci in the livers of male full-grown Fischer 344
      rats was studied. As a pretreatment, DEN at a dose of 10 mg/kg body wt was
      injected i.p. At various times after DEN pretreatment a complete initiation,
      consisting of administration of the same dose of DEN by the same route in rats
      subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH), was performed, followed by application of
      selection pressure. Enzyme-altered foci stained with gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      (gamma-GTP) and glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) were then
      assayed. Decreases in the numbers and areas of foci in the rats which received
      saline + PH 14 or 28 days after DEN pretreatment were observed in comparison with
      rats which received saline + PH immediately after DEN. On the other hand, the
      numbers and areas of foci were not decreased in rats which received the complete
      initiation, consisting of DEN + PH, at various times after DEN pretreatment when
      compared with rats which received these at the same time as the DEN pretreatment.
      This persistent effect of DEN pretreatment on the complete initiation lasted up
      to 182 days after the time of DEN pretreatment. In this experiment, GST-P was
      found to be a more sensitive marker for the detection of putative preneoplastic
      liver-cell foci than gamma-GTP.

PMID- 2881629
TI  - Inhibition by pentachlorophenol of the initiating and promoting activities of 1'
      hydroxysafrole for the formation of enzyme-altered foci and tumors in rat liver.
AB  - The hepatocarcinogen 1'-hydroxysafrole (HOS) exhibited weak initiating activity
      and strong promoting activity for the induction of enzyme-altered foci and tumors
      in rat liver. Thus, administration of a single dose of HOS to rats 18 h after a
      70% hepatectomy, followed by administration of phenobarbital (PB) in the diet for
      6 months, induced a low, but statistically significant, number of foci of enzyme
      altered cells. This treatment did not result in gross liver tumors, even when the
      PB treatment was continued for 16 months. Large numbers of enzyme-altered foci
      developed when HOS was administered in the diet at levels of 0.05-0.25% to rats
      previously administered a single dose of N,N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) 24 h after
      a 70% hepatectomy. Similarly, rats given a single dose of DEN 24 h after a
      partial hepatectomy and then fed 0.10 or 0.25% of HOS in the diet for 10 months
      developed a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas. In the absence of
      pretreatment with DEN, dietary administration for at least 4 months of 0.10 or
      0.25% of HOS induced significant numbers of enzyme-altered foci; these data and
      liver tumor induction by continuous feeding of HOS, in the absence of
      pretreatment with DEN, provide additional evidence for an initiating, as well as
      a promoting, activity of HOS in rat liver. Concurrent administration of the
      hepatic sulfotransferase inhibitor pentachlorophenol with HOS in each of the
      above assays almost completely inhibited the initiating and promoting activities
      of HOS for the formation of enzyme-altered foci and tumors; these data strongly
      suggest that both the initiating and promoting activities are mediated by the
      sulfuric acid ester, 1'-sulfooxysafrole. HOS also exhibited initiating activity
      in adult mouse liver. Thus, dietary administration of 0.25% of HOS for only 1
      month, followed by administration of the hepatic tumor promoter 1,4-bis[2-(3,5
      dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene resulted in a high incidence and multiplicity of
      hepatomas by 10 months. In the absence of the promoter, administration of HOS for
      only 1 month induced no hepatomas; 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene
      alone induced only a low incidence. In mice not given the promoter, continuous
      administration of HOS for 3-6 months was required for hepatoma development by 16
      months.

PMID- 2881630
TI  - Effect of a long-acting analogue of somatostatin, SMS 201-995, on the development
      of intestinal tumours in azoxymethane-treated rats.
AB  - The effect of daily parenteral administration of a long-acting analogue of
      somatostatin (SMS 201-995) on the development of intestinal tumours and the rate
      of crypt cell proliferation in azoxymethane-treated rats has been studied. SMS
      201-995 had no significant effect on the number of colonic tumours induced. In
      the duodenum, SMS 201-995 administration was associated with a change in the
      number of tumours from 1.4/rat in saline-treated animals to 2.4/rat in animals
      treated for the last third of the study and 2.8/rat in animals treated with SMS
      for the entire duration of the study (P less than 0.02). SMS had no significant
      effect on the rate of cell proliferation in the duodenum, ileum or colon. The
      inhibition of release of gastrointestinal trophic hormones by this analogue of
      somatostatin thus does not appear to reduce the number of tumours in the
      intestine of azoxymethane-treated rats.

PMID- 2881631
TI  - The clonal nature of carcinogen-induced altered foci of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase expression in rat liver.
AB  - The clonality of tumors has been convincingly established. Because it is
      generally accepted that tumor formation involves a number of steps, it is
      important to determine which if any of the precursors of tumors are clonal. A
      series of chimeric rats produced between congenic strains by morulae aggregation
      were used to establish the cellular composition of foci of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GTP; E.C. 2.3.2.2) expression in liver following initiation
      with N-nitrosodiethylamine and promotion with phenobarbital. The chimeras were
      produced between congenic rat strains (PVG and PVG-RT1a) genetically
      distinguished by alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
      Monoclonal antibodies directed to distinctive class I MHC alloantigens were used
      to detect patterns of mosaicism in the animals. The parental genotypes present in
      most visceral tissues could be easily distinguished by our method. Analysis of
      499 enzyme-altered foci revealed that 474 were comprised solely of either PVG
      RT1a or PVG cells. Some apparent mixture of cells from the two lineages was
      observed in 25 lesions, most of which were very small. The observed pattern of
      distortion of normal patch distribution clearly indicated the expanding and
      clonal nature of these lesions.

PMID- 2881632
TI  - Autoradiographic studies on in vivo covalent binding of N-hydroxy-2
      acetylaminofluorene in rat liver containing gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive
      foci. The effect of the sulfation-inhibitor pentachlorophenol.
AB  - The role of sulfation in the covalent binding of [ring-3H]-N-hydroxy-2
      acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) in rat liver containing gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase-positive (GGT+) foci was studied in vivo by
      autoradiography. GGT+ foci were induced by initiation with diethylnitrosamine,
      followed by a selection protocol consisting of a 2-week exposure to 2
      aminofluorene in the drinking water and a single administration of CCl4. Both
      surrounding ('normal') liver tissue and, to a lesser extent, GGT+ foci covalently
      bound N-OH-AAF, administered 10 days after selection. The sulfation inhibitor,
      pentachlorophenol (PCP), reduced the covalent binding of N-OH-AAF in cells
      surrounding the foci. However, PCP had no effect on binding of radiolabel in GGT+
      foci. Thus, reduced sulfotransferase activity may contribute to the resistance of
      GGT+ preneoplastic lesions to carcinogen cytotoxicity. The results suggest also,
      that cells in GGT+ foci are able to bind N-OH-AAF covalently by a
      sulfotransferase-independent pathway.

PMID- 2881633
TI  - Effects of separate and combined treatments with gamma radiation and
      diethylnitrosamine in neonatal rats on the induction of altered hepatocyte foci
      and hepatic tumors.
AB  - To characterize the effects of combined treatments with gamma radiation and
      diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on the induction of histochemically detectable altered
      hepatocyte foci and hepatic tumors, we assessed the yields of these lesions in
      the livers of 150-day-old rats that had been treated neonatally with a single
      dose of gamma radiation (75 rad, whole body) and i.p.-injected DEN (0.15 mumol/g
      body wt), either separately or in combination. The combined treatments involved
      the administration of the two stimuli in both possible sequences, with the
      interval between treatments set at 1 h. The focus population was examined for two
      histochemical markers (elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT(+)] and iron
      exclusion [FE(-)], giving rise to three detectable focus phenotypes, i.e. GGT(+)
      foci, FE(-) foci, and GGT(+), FE(-) foci. Frequencies of the three phenotypes
      were quantitated through the use of serial frozen sectioning techniques and
      computer-assisted image analysis. GGT(+) focus induction was synergistically
      enhanced by the combined treatment irrespective of the order in which the two
      stimuli were administered; the remaining two phenotypes did not show such
      enhancement. The magnitude of the GGT(+) focus response was significantly greater
      when the treatment sequence was gamma----DEN as opposed to DEN----gamma. Tumor
      yields in rats receiving combined gamma--DEN treatment were similar to those in
      rats receiving the DEN alone, irrespective of the gamma--DEN treatment sequence.
      These results suggest that phenotypically distinguishable lesions, including foci
      with different histochemical marker patterns and tumors, originate from specific
      types of damage at different genetic loci and are developmentally independent;
      and the expression of the GGT(+) marker per se in altered hepatocyte foci is not
      a reliable index of incipient hepatic neoplasia.

PMID- 2881635
TI  - Long-term nitroglycerin treatment: effect on direct and endothelium-mediated
      large coronary artery dilation in conscious dogs.
AB  - We examined the effect of nitroglycerin (GTN) tolerance on an important
      determinant of nitrate-antianginal action, large coronary artery dilation, in 11
      chronically instrumented conscious dogs. In addition, endothelium-mediated
      coronary artery dilation was studied because this shares a common dilator pathway
      with the nitrates, i.e., activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. With long-term
      GTN (1.5 micrograms/kg/min iv for 5 days) the diameters of the left circumflex
      and anterior descending coronary arteries showed an initial increase of 8.2 +/-
      0.3% and 10.8 +/- 0.9%, respectively, returning to control levels by the second
      to third day of treatment. On days 4 and 5, the dose-response relations for GTN
      induced epicardial artery dilation were shifted (p less than .01) to 17- to 20
      fold higher doses. However, there was no attenuation of epicardial artery
      dilation induced by SIN-1 (n = 7), another activator of guanylate cyclase, or of
      endothelium-mediated dilation assessed both as flow-dependent dilation (n = 7)
      and as direct intra-arterial acetylcholine-induced dilation (n = 4). In addition,
      there was no clear tolerance to the peripheral vascular actions of GTN
      responsible for reflex tachycardia and increased coronary flow. We conclude that
      a moderate degree of nitrate tolerance to epicardial artery dilation does not
      affect the responsiveness to other exogenous or endogenous activators of
      guanylate cyclase. However, this tolerance to epicardial artery dilation,
      together with the maintenance of peripheral vascular actions that can induce
      reflex tachycardia, result in a potentially unfavorable balance of GTN effects.

PMID- 2881634
TI  - Increased sensitivity of the denervated transplanted human heart to isoprenaline
      both before and after beta-adrenergic blockade.
AB  - It is not known whether surgical denervation leads to increased beta-receptor
      sensitivity after human cardiac transplantation. We assessed cardiac beta
      receptor sensitivity by studying the heart rate response to isoprenaline of the
      denervated donor heart as compared with the innervated recipient heart in eight
      patients who underwent heterotopic cardiac transplantation and in six patients
      with orthotopic transplantation. Changes in the donor and recipient hearts seen
      in these 14 patients were further compared with those seen in 10 normal
      volunteers. Incremental intravenous infusion of isoprenaline (5, 10, and 15
      ng/kg/min) raised heart rate to a greater extent in the donor compared with the
      recipient hearts in the eight patients who had heterotopic grafts (slopes
      [beats/min/ng/kg]: donor = +2.26, recipient = +1.59; p less than .01). In
      addition, the donor hearts of the transplant patients were more sensitive than
      hearts of the normal volunteers (slopes: donor = +2.26, normal = +0.94; p less
      than .01). The changes in the two groups of donor hearts were similar (slopes:
      orthotopic = +2.24, heterotopic = +2.27; NS). The recipient hearts in the
      patients with heterotopic transplants were more sensitive than the hearts of the
      normal volunteers (p less than .05), suggesting that the observed differences in
      isoprenaline sensitivity in the patients with heterotopic grafts were not caused
      by a decreased sensitivity of the recipient heart. After beta-blockade, the heart
      rate responses to isoprenaline were attenuated to the same extent in denervated
      and innervated hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881637
TI  - Genetic heterogeneity in X-linked agammaglobulinemia complicates carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis.
AB  - X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a severe antibody deficiency disease
      reflecting an arrest of B lymphocyte differentiation at the level of precursor B
      cells. The disease is inherited in an X-linked recessive mode. In a single eight
      generation pedigree the XLA gene was mapped to the Xq21.3-Xq22 area of the X
      chromosome. The data establish close linkage of the XLA locus to the DXS17
      restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) marker locus (the lod score
      exceeding 6 at phi = 0). A series of RFLP markers around the DXS17 locus provided
      an RFLP haplotype of use in genetic counselling within this pedigree. In one
      other pedigree a phenotypically identical disease was inherited but was
      accompanied by a high frequency of recombination with the DXS17 locus, which made
      localisation of the gene at the DXS17 locus highly unlikely (lod score less than 
      3). This genetic heterogeneity complicates genetic counselling within particular
      pedigrees, especially when the localization of the XLA gene involved in those
      pedigrees has not been established.

PMID- 2881636
TI  - Pseudodeficiency of arylsulfatase A: a counseling dilemma.
AB  - Arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency is the cause of early and late onset
      metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Low ASA levels are detected in some healthy
      individuals who are pseudodeficient (PD). PD individuals can be distinguished,
      because PD fibroblasts hydrolyze 14C-sulfatide at similar rates to normal
      fibroblasts. This has also been demonstrated in amniocytes and chorionic villi
      (CV). The genetic basis for PD is not clearly understood and is most likely
      heterogeneous with respect to allelic mutations of the ASA gene. It is
      hypothesized that the PD phenotype can either be due to PD/PD or PD/MLD
      genotypes, only the latter representing a potential risk to offspring. We report
      an unusual family where two siblings, both carriers of the classic late infantile
      MLD allele, are married to unrelated PD individuals. One couple has two PD
      offspring; their "at risk" status, due to the lack of an affected offspring is in
      question. The other couple terminated a fetus determined to be affected with a
      "MLD variant", most likely a compound heterozygote. Cautions prenatal counseling
      of PD families is essential. The population frequency of the PD phenotype is
      unknown.

PMID- 2881638
TI  - HTLV-I antibody and cell-mediated immunity status in sickle cell anemia.
AB  - Patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) had an abnormal susceptibility to
      infections. In Martinique (French West Indies), a human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
      virus type I (HTLV-I) endemic area, we found that 17 (10%) of 173 SCA patients
      had antibodies to HTLV-I. The possible relationship between HTLV-I seropositivity
      and altered immunity was studied in 13 SCA patients with HTLV-I antibodies
      compared with 13 matched SCA patients without HTLV-I antibodies. The
      immunological results, as evaluated by the T-cell subsets analysis, the
      lymphocyte proliferation responses analyzed after activation with concanavalin A,
      phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen, and the natural killer activity were not
      statistically different in these two groups of patients (SCA HTLV-I positive vs
      SCA HTLV-I negative). These data suggest that HTLV-I infection did not result in
      a major alteration of cellular immunity in this population.

PMID- 2881639
TI  - [Neurotransmitter abnormalities in the dementia of Alzheimer type].

PMID- 2881640
TI  - Further studies of plasma protease inhibitors in the hedgehog, Erinaceus
      europaeus; collagenase, papain and plasmin inhibitors.
AB  - Hedgehog plasma was separated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, the fractions
      resolved by electrophoresis and the electrophoretograms characterized for
      collagenase, papain and plasmin inhibiting activities with the high mol. wt
      substrate casein. The three inhibitors previously identified as alpha 2-, alpha 2
      beta- and beta-macroglobulins were found to inhibit all three proteases. These
      were the only collagenase inhibitors found in plasma. Hedgehog alpha 2
      chymotrypsin inhibitor and beta-protease inhibitor were both found to also
      inhibit papain. Three new inhibitors specific for papain (gamma-, alpha 2- and
      alpha 1-cysteine protease inhibitors) and one for plasmin (alpha 2-antiplasmin)
      were also found, bringing the number of protease inhibitors in hedgehog plasma to
      14. Immunological cross-reactivity as studied by immunoelectrophoresis showed
      homology between hedgehog alpha 2-macroglobulin and rat murinoglobulin I and
      between hedgehog alpha 2-antithrombin and rat antithrombin III.

PMID- 2881641
TI  - Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer: effects on calcium absorption across rat
      duodenum.
AB  - The effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers on calcium transport across rat
      duodenum was investigated. Intracellular calcium accumulation measured after 24
      hr and 3 days of cysteamine injection showed a significant increase (P less than
      0.001) in the duodenal strips isolated after 3 days with no change noticed in
      those isolated after 24 hr, although the morphological changes in both were very
      similar. The relationship between increasing calcium concentration in the
      incubation medium and intracellular calcium concentration is a saturable process
      that conforms to the Michaelis-Menten type of kinetics. The average maximal flux
      (Vmax) increased from 8.93 nmole/hr-gdw in normal to 12.5 nmole/hr-gdw in 3-day
      ulcerated rats, with no apparent change in the Michaelis constant (Kt) (0.8 mM).
      Unidirectional influx of calcium across the mucosal membrane was significantly
      increased (P less than 0.001) in 3-day-ulcerated duodenum suggesting that the
      increase in calcium transport could be due to the activation of the active step
      at the mucosal border.

PMID- 2881642
TI  - Respiratory function of a unit of blood volume in the Little Auk (Plautus alle)
      and the arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea).
AB  - The indices of red blood were determined in nestlings and adults of Plautus alle
      and adults of Sterna paradisaea. All measured parameters varied significantly,
      but the amount of Hb per unit area of erythrocytes did not change over the
      nestling development of P. alle. In adult P. alle, S. paradisaea and 12 compared
      species of birds from the temperate zone, the amount of Hb per unit area of
      erythrocytes was very close. The mechanism determining the level of the
      respiratory function of a unit blood volume in birds is similar, but differs from
      that in mammals.

PMID- 2881643
TI  - The effect of the internal Na concentration on the electrogenicity of the insulin
      stimulated Na,K-pump in frog skeletal muscles.
AB  - Insulin induced a hyperpolarization of the membrane by stimulating the Na,K-pump
      in frog skeletal muscles. The Na,K-pump activity was dependent on the internal Na
      concentration. As the internal Na concentration was raised from 5 mmol/kg muscle
      water to 18 mmol/kg muscle water, the magnitude of the insulin-induced increase
      in the ouabain-sensitive Na efflux (an index of the Na,K-pump activity) rose by 5
      fold and the magnitude of the insulin-induced hyperpolarization rose by 8.5-fold.
      On the other hand, the specific membrane resistance was not significantly changed
      by a rise in the internal Na concentration. The Na/K coupling of the Na,K-pump
      was calculated at low, normal or high internal Na concentration by using the
      values of the insulin-induced changes in the ouabain-sensitive Na efflux and the
      membrane potential. As a result of the calculation, it was suggested that in frog
      skeletal muscles the Na/K coupling would increase with a rise of the internal Na
      concentration.

PMID- 2881644
TI  - Influence of triiodothyronine and growth hormone on growth of dwarf and normal
      chickens: interactions of hormones and genotype.
AB  - The effects of dietary triiodothyronine (T3), injections of a preparation of
      growth hormone (GH) (purified from chicken pituitary tissue) and their
      combination on growth were investigated in three lines of chickens. The three
      lines were the Cornell K strain (K) (a single Comb White Leghorn strain), the
      Cornell K strain hemizygous for the sex-linked dwarfing gene (SLD), and the
      Cornell K strain homozygous recessive for the autosomal dwarfing gene (ADW). A
      dietary T3 treatment by genotype interaction was observed. Dietary T3 (0.1 ppm)
      decreased growth in the K line, tended to decrease growth in the ADW line while
      it tended to increase growth in the SLD line. Chicken growth hormone (100
      micrograms/kg body wt) alone did not affect growth in any of the lines studied.
      There was, however, a GH treatment by T3 treatment interaction. Chicken GH
      overcame the growth-depressing effects of T3 in the K and ADW lines while it
      tended to promote growth in T3 treated SLD birds. Dwarf (SLD) chickens had higher
      basal circulating GH concentrations, lower circulating immunoreactive somatomedin
      C concentrations, and lower circulating T3 concentrations than the K or ADW
      chickens.

PMID- 2881645
TI  - The effect of hypophysectomy on chloride balance in young-of-the-year bowfin,
      Amia calva.
AB  - The effect of hypophysectomy on chloride balance was examined in young-of-the
      year bowfin, Amia calva. Hypophysectomy resulted in decreased serum and total
      body chloride levels but not in serum and total body sodium levels.
      Hypophysectomy resulted in decreased chloride influx with no effect on chloride
      efflux or sodium fluxes. Prolactin therapy reversed the effect of hypophysectomy
      on electrolyte balance but caused a significant reduction in serum protein.

PMID- 2881646
TI  - Comparative effects of angiotensin II on osmotic water permeability in the toad
      (Bufo arenarum).
AB  - The possible relationship between the renin-angiotensin system and water balance
      in the toad Bufo arenarum has been indirectly explored. A positive correlation
      was found between the hydrosmotic response of ventral pelvic toad skin to
      angiotensin II (A II) and some age indicators (body weight, snout-urostyle length
      or head width). A different hydrosmotic response for oxytocin and isoproterenol
      (but not for A II) was found between four cutaneous regions of toad body. We
      conclude that A II may not be directly involved in the regulation of water
      balance mediated by water absorption across the skin of Bufo arenarum toads.

PMID- 2881647
TI  - Rat corticotropin, insulin and thyroid hormone levels during the acute phase
      response to inflammation.
AB  - Circulating levels of corticotropin, thyroid hormones and insulin were measured
      in rats at various times after turpentine-induced inflammation. Corticotropin
      increased rapidly showing a biphasic response with a four-fold increase at about
      6-8 hr after inflammation and a 10-fold increase at 10 hr after inflammation. The
      response of insulin to inflammation was slower than corticotropin and the
      magnitude of the increase was smaller. Insulin increased by three-fold at 20 hr
      after inflammation. Thyroid hormone levels were depressed by turpentine
      inflammation. Levels fell after 4 hr and remained at low levels throughout.
      Administration of a cytokine preparation to rats also caused depressed thyroxine
      levels at short intervals after administration. However, levels increased at
      longer intervals after administration. This suggests that, like corticotropin and
      insulin, thyroid hormone levels could be under the control of immunotransmitters
      during the acute phase response.

PMID- 2881648
TI  - Occurrence of magnetic material in teleosts.
AB  - Fishes representing the main groups of teleosts have been investigated for
      magnetic material by susceptibility measurements. All the investigated species
      contain magnetic material. Bone samples from the skull and the vertebral column
      contain magnetic particles which yield a saturation magnetization in the range
      10(-4) emu g-1 to 10(-3) emu g-1 in a sample. The localization of the
      magnetization is diffuse within the tissues connected to the bone. There are no
      significant differences between the amounts of magnetic material that are found
      in migrating or more stationary species.

PMID- 2881649
TI  - Accumulation of amino acids and glucose in isolated epitheliocytes from the small
      intestine of chickens depending on both breed and sex.
AB  - In an experiment with chickens breed differences were established in accumulation
      of 14C-lysine, methionine and glycine, as well as intra-line differences in
      glycine accumulation in intestinal epitheliocytes from Plymouth Rock chickens.
      Differences were found in both methionine and glycine accumulation, between B
      line and four-line hybrids as well. Methionine accumulation in epitheliocytes
      from the small intestine of male chickens was higher than in female chickens from
      A line, higher than accumulation of tryptophane in both A and C lines and
      accumulation of glucose in D line. In male chickens of four-line hybrid, glycine
      accumulation was higher than in females.

PMID- 2881650
TI  - Induction of rat muscle carbonic anhydrase by denervation demonstrated with
      immunofluorescence.
AB  - Immunofluorescence microscopy of carbonic anhydrase III (CA III) was performed on
      sections of rat anterior tibialis (AT), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and
      soleus after denervation. In contralateral control muscles, CAIII was located
      only in type I fibres whereas following the operation, CAIII was markedly induced
      in type II fibers of all the muscles, most strikingly in EDL.

PMID- 2881651
TI  - A histochemical characterization of muscle fiber types in the avian M. stapedius.
AB  - The muscle fiber types and sizes in the M. stapedius (middle ear muscle) of the
      domestic chicken, Gallus gallus were determined histochemically on the basis of
      their reactions to myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase), succinic
      dehydrogenase and NADH diaphorase. Only type II fibers were identified at pH 9.4
      and 4.2. At pH 4.6 three levels of activity were seen: high, intermediate and
      low. With the staining techniques three subtypes of fibers for oxidative enzymes,
      Types II1 (highly glycolytic), II12 (intermediately glycolytic and lipolytic) and
      II123 (highly lipolytic) were identified. Fiber diameter was also measured for
      the different fiber types. The average fiber diameter was around 20 micron for
      each fiber type. Although similar in size, the fiber types were markedly
      different in their histochemical properties. These findings plus those of earlier
      physiological studies suggest that the M. stapedius of G. gallus is a fast
      twitch, muscle with fibers of similar diameter showing mainly fatigue resistance
      characteristics.

PMID- 2881652
TI  - The effect of thyroxine on the oxygen consumption of the ocellated skink,
      Chalcides ocellatus (Forskal).
AB  - Acutely administered thyroxine caused significant increase in the whole body rate
      of oxygen consumption of C. ocellatus at temperatures between 4 and 25 degrees C.
      No significant increase in the oxygen consumption was observed over the voluntary
      body temperature range of 30-40 degrees C.

PMID- 2881653
TI  - Some biological activities of recombinant DNA-derived growth hormone on plasma
      metabolite concentrations in domestic fowl.
AB  - The biological activity of recombinant-DNA-derived chicken growth hormone (rcGH)
      has been examined in young broiler cockerels, by determining its effects on
      plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids and alpha-amino nitrogen. A
      single injection of rcGH increased plasma glucose, which remained high for
      several hours, whereas daily treatment with rcGH for 1 week had no effect on
      basal plasma glucose concentrations but blunted the glucose response to a further
      rcGH challenge. Plasma free fatty acids were also promptly increased following
      acute rcGH treatment, and chronic exposure to rcGH again attenuated this
      response. The effects of rcGH on plasma alpha-amino nitrogen were more variable.
      The stress of repeated blood sampling tended to reduce alpha-amino nitrogen, and
      after rcGH, an increase relative to vehicle-injected controls was seen in both
      acute and chronically-treated birds. These data suggest that rcGH has both
      hyperglycaemic and lipolytic activity in chickens, and may also increase amino
      acid availability.

PMID- 2881654
TI  - Carp maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin but not carp vitellogenic gonadotropin
      or salmon maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin stimulates testosterone production
      by rat Leydig cells in vitro.
AB  - Carp (Cyprinus carpio) maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin, prepared from the
      fraction of pituitary extract adsorbed on Con A-Sepharose (Con A II) and
      subsequently adsorbed on CM-cellulose (Whatman CM-52), stimulated testosterone
      production by isolated rat Leydig cells. The fraction of carp pituitary extract
      unadsorbed on the immobilized lectin (Con A I) with a mol. wt of 30,000, which
      had previously been shown to contain vitellogenic gonadotropin, was devoid of
      steroidogenic activity. Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) pituitary Con A I and Con A II
      fractions containing vitellogenic and maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin
      respectively did not enhance steroidogenesis in the same assay system. The
      results indicated that carp maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin resembled
      mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH) in its chromatographic behavior on Con A
      Sepharose and CM-cellulose and also in its steroidogenic activity in rat Leydig
      cells. However, not all teleost maturational-ovulatory gonadotropins are LH-like:
      the salmon hormone is a notable exception. The data further supports the
      distinctiveness of carp vitellogenic gonadotropin and maturational-ovulatory
      gonadotropin.

PMID- 2881655
TI  - Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of sea-water.
AB  - Research on laboratory rats confirmed that drinking sea-water when dehydrated,
      was not beneficial and caused impaired renal function. When the concentration of
      sea-water in the drinking water is gradually increased there is a gradual
      increase in water uptake and corresponding urine excretion. At 50% sea-water the
      maximum uptake and excretion is reached. Following this there is a decline in
      appetite, water uptake and urine secretion. When on 100% sea-water, the
      creatinine clearances were greater than on tap water, while urine/plasma
      osmolalities (U/P) averaged 7. The only higher U/P was found in animals drinking
      sea-water when dehydrated, i.e. a U/P of 11. The urea metabolism appears to be
      suited to either the need to conserve body water, up to 50% sea-water, or to
      guarantee an adequate urine production, from 50% sea-water to pure sea-water. It
      is suggested that when a man is stranded at sea it is not advisable to drink all
      the fresh water and then be compelled to drink sea-water when dehydrated. It is
      better to slowly increase the sea-water uptake. This will prolong the time before
      sea-water needs to be drunk and result in only minor metabolic changes. Return to
      fresh water will be followed by an immediate return to normal homeostasis.

PMID- 2881656
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on D-galactose transport across the small intestine of
      rats.
AB  - Somatostatin was found to diminish control and theophylline-treated tissue sugar
      accumulation as well as control and also to diminish theophylline mucosal to
      serosal D-galactose fluxes. When Na+ was removed from the bath solution, sugar
      transport was unaltered by the presence of somatostatin. The same results were
      obtained with phlorizin in the medium. These results seem to suggest that the
      action of somatostatin is restricted to the Na+-dependent sugar carrier located
      on the brush border of the intestinal epithelium.

PMID- 2881657
TI  - Effects of increased energy expenditure on weight gain and adiposity in the LA
      corpulent rat.
AB  - Groups of lean or pre-obese LA/N-cp rats were subjected to a program of vigorous
      exercise (less than 4 hr/day) or remained sedentary from 6 weeks until 12 weeks
      of age. Sedentary pre-obese rats gained weight twice as rapidly as sedentary lean
      rats. Exercise treatment resulted in greater decrements in body wt in obese than
      in lean rats, but did not result in absolute weight loss in either group. At 12
      weeks of age, fat pad weights in principle depots were 10-15 times greater in
      corpulent than in lean rats and were significantly smaller in the exercised
      groups of both phenotypes, and corresponded with lower relative adiposity
      compared to corresponding sedentary groups. Heart weights were greater in
      corpulent than lean, while gastrocnemius muscle weights were similar in both
      phenotypes. Exercise was without effect on the weight of either muscle tissue in
      either phenotype. Interscapular brown adipose tissue weights and the IBAT:BW
      ratio were greater in obese than in lean rats. IBAT weights were lower in
      exercised than sedentary rats of either phenotype, but the IBAT:BW ratio was
      lower only in the obese exercised rats. In sedentary rats, L-alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activity were greater in obese
      than lean, and exercise treatment resulted in increased L-alpha-glycerophosphate
      dehydrogenase and malic enzyme only in lean rats. These results are consistent
      with a redistribution of energy expenditure from energy storing to energy
      dissipating pathways following vigorous exercise, resulting in slowed rates of
      weight gain and body fat accretion in both lean and obese animals, with the most
      significant decrements among pre-obese rats.

PMID- 2881658
TI  - Rhythmical jaw movements and lateral ponto-medullary reticular neurons in rats.
AB  - Neuronal activity in the lateral reticular formation was investigated in urethane
      anesthetized rats. Stimulation of anterior and posterior cortical areas induced
      two types of rhythmical jaw movements (RJM). The effects of stimulation of these
      cortical areas, the peripheral nerves, and the trigeminal motor nucleus on these
      neurons and their activity during the RJM were analyzed. The smallest percentage
      of neurons receiving anterior cortical input received peripheral input, and most
      neurons with posterior cortical input received peripheral input. Sixty per cent
      of reticular neurons showed the rhythmical firing closely related to the RJM.
      Therefore, these neurons may participate in masticatory pattern formation.

PMID- 2881659
TI  - Plasma corticosterone in chicks reared under several lighting schedules.
AB  - Plasma corticosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay in 6-7-week-old male
      broiler type chicks, reared under several carefully controlled lighting regimes.
      When subjects were grouped by photoperiod of rearing, chicks reared in darkness
      had significantly lower hormone levels than diurnal controls, or than subjects
      reared in continuous light. Around-the-clock sampling revealed a diurnal
      corticosterone rhythm, with high daytime levels and lower night-time levels. This
      rhythm appeared to be retained in constant light, although phase shifted or free
      running. Neither analysis by light intensity level nor by lights on/lights off
      status at the time of blood sampling revealed differences in plasma
      corticosterone between the experimental groups which could be attributed to these
      factors.

PMID- 2881660
TI  - Hemoglobin transition in the anuran Pelodytes punctatus.
AB  - In the anuran Pelodytes punctatus the larval hemoglobin produces five
      electrophoretic bands. In the premetamorphic period, two other bands appear which
      are typical of the adult. They gradually substitute the larval bands completely
      as in other anurans. The pathway of the hemoglobin shift indicates that the
      synthesis of the adult fractions does not depend on the thyroid hormones for its
      activation, whereas the disappearance of the larval fractions depends on the
      destruction of the "larval" red blood cell line. As in other species of anurans
      which are considered primitive, the hemoglobinic change of Pelodytes punctatus
      starts earlier and develops slower than in other more evolved anurans. In normal
      developing specimens of Pelodytes punctatus the change in the hemoglobin
      fractions occurs very slowly and finishes 4 weeks after the metamorphosis,
      whereas in "hibernated" specimens the rate of change is higher and it ends
      earlier, probably as a consequence in the retarded larvae, of the increased
      sensibility of the hemopoietic tissues to the metamorphosis factors.

PMID- 2881661
TI  - Anaerobic metabolism in fowl embryos during normal incubation.
AB  - Lactate concentration in blood, liver, yolk, amniotic and allantoic fluid and
      blood pyruvate was measured in embryos in the final week of incubation. Blood
      lactate was low up to day 18. The blood lactate/pyruvate ratio and liver lactate
      increased from day 19 until hatching. From day 14 to 19, lactate concentration in
      amniotic fluid remained constant, it increased 2-fold in yolk and 10-fold in
      allantoic fluid. There was only a 48% net accumulation of lactate in the three
      cavities. In conclusion, fowl embryos do not turn to anaerobic metabolism until
      the hatching process starts on day 19.

PMID- 2881662
TI  - On the status of the study of invertebrate neurons in tissue culture--phyla
      Mollusca and Annelida.
AB  - The utilization of tissue culture in neurobiological studies is discussed for all
      phyla phylogenetically preceding Phylum Arthropoda. Only two phyla, Mollusca and
      Annelida, are represented in such studies. The members of Phylum Mollusca which
      have been so investigated are Aplysia, Helisoma and Lymnaea. The mollusc Aplysia
      has been used to investigate several processes, including neurosecretion,
      synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis. Helisoma was employed to study factors
      regulating neurite growth and the specificity of synapse formation; mechanisms of
      neurite growth were investigated in the snail Lymnaea. The only member of Phylum
      Annelida involved in appropriate studies has been the leech Hirudo. This organism
      was used to investigate axonal regeneration and synaptic mechanisms.

PMID- 2881663
TI  - Plasma glucagon and energy substrate responses of domestic fowl to treadmill
      exercise.
AB  - Exercise-induced alterations in the concentrations of plasma glucagon-like
      immunoreactivity (GLI), plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose and
      lactate were measured in separate groups of male and female domestic fowl. There
      were only small changes in blood glucose and lactate concentrations but plasma
      FFA and GLI rose by up to 450 and 200% respectively. There was evidence that the
      GLI response was stronger at higher exercise intensities. It is suggested that
      the mobilization of FFA for use as energy substrates by the working muscles may
      be stimulated by the enhanced secretion of glucagon.

PMID- 2881664
TI  - Water metabolism in free-ranging pine voles (Microtus pinetorum).
AB  - Rates of body water turnover in free-ranging pine voles exceeded those reported
      for a large number of similarly sized mammals. Concentrations of urine obtained
      from free-ranging pine voles were significantly lower than values published for
      other free-ranging mammals and also for laboratory-maintained members of this
      species. Rates of body water turnover in this species were not correlated with
      seasonal changes in soil temperatures.

PMID- 2881665
TI  - Effect of salt depletion on sodium concentration in serum and urine of Bufo
      chilensis. Evidences for increased levels of neurohypophysial principles in their
      plasma.
AB  - Salt-depleted toads Bufo chilensis were compared with animals maintained in NaCl
      solution and a control group with respect to Na+ content in serum and urine.
      Plasma hydro-osmotic activity of the animals was measured by increased water
      transfer across the isolated urinary bladder of the frog (Caudiverbera
      caudiverbera). Sodium in serum is not affected by pre-adaptation in distilled
      water. Urine Na+ is markedly reduced. Plasma from depleted animals increases
      water transfer across the isolated urinary bladder. Immersion in NaCl solution
      did not have this effect. An increase in neurohypophysial hormones in the blood
      of the animals is postulated.

PMID- 2881666
TI  - Respiration and lactate production in isolated frog skeletal muscle: effects of
      passive stretch.
AB  - The effects of varying degrees of passive stretch on in vitro oxygen consumption
      and intracellular lactate efflux have been investigated in paired recti abdomini
      muscles from small male frogs. Oxygen consumption [mm3 (STP)/mg (dry wt)/hr] was
      found to be linearly related to load (r = 0.98), increasing from 1.57 +/- 0.11
      (SE) at 2 g to 2.30 +/- 0.18 at 10 g, 2.89 +/- 0.16 at 20 g and 3.26 +/- 0.21 at
      30 g. Lactate released into the medium [microM/g (dry wt)/hr] was inversely
      related to load (r = -0.52), increasing initially from 36.84 +/- 3.28 (SE) at 2 g
      to 108.55 +/- 12.9 at 10 g, then abruptly decreasing with additional loading
      (18.10 +/- 2.60 at 20 g and 11.71 +/- 2.80 at 30 g). Results suggest that as
      stretch-related oxidative energy metabolism increases, there is a lessening
      dependence on anaerobic energy-yielding processes.

PMID- 2881667
TI  - Pancreatic hormones in the nonhibernating and hibernating golden mantled ground
      squirrel.
AB  - The effects of hibernation on pancreatic insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and
      pancreatic polypeptide was investigated in the golden mantled ground squirrel
      (Citellus lateralis). During hibernation, pancreatic organ weight decreased to
      57% of the nonhibernating weight. The content of all four pancreatic hormones
      during hibernation was significantly reduced. The concentrations of insulin,
      pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin, but not of glucagon, were significantly
      reduced during hibernation. The maintenance of the pancreatic glucagon
      concentration during hibernation may be related to its role in counter-regulation
      and carbohydrate homeostasis during fasting.

PMID- 2881668
TI  - Absorption of electrolytes and water by the jejunum and colon in milk-fed lambs.
AB  - Net absorption of electrolytes (Na, Cl, K, Ca) and water from ligated loops was
      studied at various intestinal sites in milk-fed lambs. The unidirectional fluxes
      of Na across the intestinal mucosa were also investigated using 22Na. Net Na and
      water absorption in the mid-jejunum were about two-fold higher than in the
      proximal and distal jejunum and the colon descendens. With the exception of the
      proximal jejunum, Na and Cl absorption did not differ significantly. The
      unidirectional Na fluxes in both directions were much higher in the proximal and
      mid-jejunum than in the distal jejunum and colon descendens. K was also absorbed
      most efficiently from the mid-jejunum. In the colon descendens mean net K
      absorption was about zero. Ca absorption in the upper and mid-jejunum exceeded
      that of the distal jejunum and colon descendens, where the values were close to
      zero. The results show that in the whole jejunum of young milk-fed lambs net
      absorptive fluxes of Na, Cl, K, Ca and water occur, whereas the colon descendens
      appears to play a role only in Na, Cl and water absorption.

PMID- 2881669
TI  - Comparison of red and white muscle wet weight changed by age, denervation and
      morbid states.
AB  - [Na]i, [K]i and wet weight of the extensor digitrum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL)
      muscles of 9- and 52-week-old rats were measured for 7 days after sectioning of
      the sciatic nerve. The changes in wet weight of the EDL and SOL muscles of rats
      over 52 weeks and those of morbid state rats were also measured. There was no
      significant difference in wet weights between the EDL and SOL muscles in infant
      rats, but the EDL muscle became much heavier than the SOL muscle with aging. The
      decrease in rate of growth of wet weight of the EDL and SOL muscles caused by
      denervation, was greater in young rats than in mature rats. In addition, the rate
      of decrease was greater in the SOL muscles than in the EDL muscles in both young
      and mature rats. The [Na]i increased while [K]i was decreased by denervation, and
      the net Na+ increase and the net K+ loss were greater in young rats than in
      mature rats. The changing rate was more remarkable in the EDL muscles than in the
      SOL muscles throughout the aging process. During DOCA treatment over 4 weeks, the
      decrease of muscle wet weight was greater in the EDL muscles. The mechanisms
      which serve to maintain normal muscle wet weight in the SOL muscle after
      denervation or treatment with DOCA, were discussed.

PMID- 2881670
TI  - Patterns of spontaneous unit preoptic neurosecretory cell discharges in the
      rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.
AB  - Extracellular antidromic potentials recorded from the neurosecretory cell body
      were characterized by the following criteria: constant latency, the ability to
      follow a high frequency rate of stimulation and the collision test. The latency
      of the antidromic potentials ranged from 12 to 24 ms (17.46 +/- 3.10 SD) which
      gave a mean conduction velocity of 0.19 m/s, typical of unmyelinated nerve
      fibers. Two components could be clearly distinguished in the antidromic
      potential. A small "A" spike which showed constant latency and a large "B" spike
      with a variable latency and amplitude. A delay of 6.5 ms between the two spikes
      could occur and sometimes the "B" spike was blocked leaving only the "A" spike.
      Four patterns of spontaneous activity seem to emerge: Type I (26% of units, M +/-
      SD = 0.77 +/- 0.32 sp/s) corresponds to a slow and irregular pattern of activity;
      Type II (28% of units, M = 1.58 +/- 0.47 sp/s) is hard to classify and may be
      related to an irregular bursting pattern of activity; Type III (28% of units, M =
      2.59 +/- 1.19 sp/s) corresponds to a continuous pattern of activity; Type IV (18%
      of units) represents a rhythmic pattern of activity with an active phase of about
      3 min (M = 2.42 +/- 0.90 min), a silent phase of about 4 min (M = 3.89 +/- 3.02
      min) and a maximal frequency of unit discharge in the range 2-18 sp/s. No
      statistical differences exist for the mean dorsal aortic pressure (DAP) between
      the four types of neurosecretory cell activity.

PMID- 2881671
TI  - Insulin metabolism and its effect on blood electrolytes and glucose in the turkey
      hen.
AB  - Insulin half-life (T1/2) was determined to be similar between egg-laying and non
      laying turkey hens, averaging 7.5 vs 8.7 min, respectively. Infused insulin
      lowered plasma glucose 25% in both groups although the time course of each
      response was different. Circulating phosphorous decreased 30 min following
      insulin treatment and returned to preinjection concentrations at the end of
      sampling. Insulin initiated immediate decreases in plasma calcium and magnesium.
      It is evident that insulin is involved in electrolyte metabolism as well as
      glucose metabolism in birds.

PMID- 2881672
TI  - Metabolic alterations induced by hypoxia in the tortoise heart. Comparison
      between spongy and compact myocardium.
AB  - Experiments were performed to check the tolerance to severe hypoxia of the tissue
      layers (compact and spongy) of the tortoise heart. The animals were subjected to
      hypoxia (7% O2) at 18 degrees C, 28 degrees C and 38 degrees C for 30, 6 and 2 hr
      respectively, or to anoxia for 30 hr at 18 degrees C and 2 hr at 38 degrees C. At
      18 degrees C the metabolic alterations caused by a 30 hr hypoxia were mild
      whereas at 28 degrees C and 38 degrees C the cardiac glycogen was depleted,
      lactate had accumulated and the phosphate creatine and ATP content had decreased.
      The extent of these metabolic changes was similar in the compact and in the
      spongy layers of the heart.

PMID- 2881673
TI  - Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of sleep in the desert iguana,
      Dipsosaurus dorsalis Hallowell.
AB  - The circadian behavior of the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, was
      investigated on the basis of behavioral observation and electrophysiological
      recording. D. dorsalis adequately complies with accepted criteria for both
      behavioral sleep and paradoxical sleep. At 20 degrees C, 12% of the photophase is
      spent in sleep, 95% of the scotophase is spent in sleep. Paradoxical sleep occurs
      at all times of the year, but only at temperatures of 20 and 30 degrees C.
      Amounts of behavioral sleep are affected by both temperature and time of year.
      Total sleep increases with decreased day length and decreased temperature.
      Daytime sleep increases with decreased temperature.

PMID- 2881674
TI  - Insulin-induced changes in membrane potential and 3-O-methylglucose uptake at
      various external K concentrations in frog skeletal muscle.
AB  - Insulin induced a hyperpolarization of the membrane and stimulated the 3-O
      methylglucose (3-O-MG) uptake in frog skeletal muscle. In the present study, the
      relationship between the insulin-induced changes in the membrane potential and
      the 3-O-MG uptake was investigated. The stimulatory action of insulin on the 3-O
      MG uptake was mediated by two different mechanisms. One of them was dependent on
      the change in the membrane potential and the other was independent of the change
      in the membrane potential. Both values of the insulin-induced changes in the
      membrane potential and the 3-O-MG uptake were diminished by increasing the
      external K concentration. One of the causes for the diminution of the 3-O-MG
      uptake with a rise of the external K concentration would be the decrease in the
      magnitude of the insulin-induced hyperpolarization.

PMID- 2881675
TI  - Nutritional requirements for maintenance of body weight and fat deposition in the
      long-distance migratory garden warbler, Sylvia borin (Boddaert).
AB  - Intake of food, protein, fat and carbohydrates and their fecal output and the
      birds' weights were recorded during different feeding trials with specific
      nutrient reduced diets in the old-world long-distance migratory garden warbler.
      The birds' body weights were affected by low dietary protein as well as low
      dietary fat levels. Low dietary protein and fat levels were associated with
      significant changes in daily gross and net food intake and in the efficiency of
      food and nutrient utilization. Birds fed on diets with low nutrient levels for an
      extended length of time recovered in weight after an initial weight loss. They
      obviously compensated the restricted nutrient levels primarily by increasing the
      daily food intake and by changing the efficiency of food and nutrient
      utilization. Effects of restricted dietary nutrient levels on body weight and
      adaptation depended on the previous composition of the food. The average daily
      net fat intake was much higher than the average daily net protein intake, both
      for maintenance of a constant body weight and for successful regain of weight.
      The data were further discussed with respect to the role of a fruit diet in
      omnivorous passerine birds.

PMID- 2881676
TI  - Barium spikes are generated in the spines of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum.
AB  - In the presence of calcium, Ba2+ ions, at concentrations as low as 1-2 mM, block
      the action potentials (a.p.'s) elicited by the electrical stimulation of the
      primary spines of Diadema antillarum. Lower concentrations of barium (0.1 mM)
      potentiate the a.p.'s recorded from spines equilibrated with Ca-Free artificial
      sea water (ASW). Exposure of the spines to a saturated solution of EDTA in Ca
      free, unbuffered ASW reversibly blocks their electrical activity. Spines blocked
      by EDTA continue to generate a.p.'s following their equilibration with Ca-free
      ASW containing 1 mM of Ba2+ ions. The time course of the a.p.'s recorded from
      spines equilibrated with normal ASW is only slightly affected by the combined
      action of 15 mM of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 5 mM of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP).
      In contrast, the duration of the a.p.'s recorded from spines blocked by EDTA and
      placed in 1 mM barium is markedly increased by the combined actions of TEA and 4
      AP at the above concentrations. We conclude that the Ca-channels of the neurites
      present in Diadema spines are not, at least qualitatively, an exception with
      regard to their permeation by Ba2+. The blocking action of low concentrations of
      these ions, particularly in the presence of calcium, may be explained by the
      extremely high surface to volume ratio prevailing in neurites with a diameter of
      only less than 0.1-0.3 micron.

PMID- 2881677
TI  - Induction of adrenocortical special zone in the male possum (Trichosurus
      vulpecula).
AB  - The induction of adrenocortical special zone (S.Z.) by gonadotrophin
      administration was studied in male brush tailed possums. Castrated males injected
      with porcine FSH (NIH-FSH-P2) formed well developed S.Z.s, varying in sizes from
      5-20% of the gland's volume. Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) was
      ineffective. From adrenal homogenates of FSH treated possums incubated with [3H]
      progesterone the major conversion products were 5 beta-reduced steroid
      metabolites (72%) and cortisol (4%). The conversion products from adrenals of
      saline and PMSG treated males were cortisol and corticosterone (65%). Of the ten
      untreated castrates, one had a well developed S.Z. and two had S.Z.s at an early
      stage of development. Significant 5 beta-reduction of [3H]progesterone was only
      found in one animal. The plasma FSH concentrations were in intact males 317 +/-
      41 ng rat FSH ml-1 (mean +/- SEM) and in castrates 769 +/- 64. The possible
      reasons for the lack of spontaneous S.Z. formation in intact males are discussed.

PMID- 2881678
TI  - Differential effects of two bile salts on ion transport characteristics of
      teleost intestine.
AB  - The effects of a dihydroxy and a trihydroxy bile salt on the Na+- and Cl(-)
      absorbing, goby posterior intestine are quite different. Taurochenodeoxycholate,
      a dihydroxy bile salt, increases tissue permeability to Cl-, primarily by opening
      the paracellular shunt pathway. The trihydroxy bile salt taurocholate lacks these
      effects and may, in fact, decrease tissue permeability. In light of the general
      structural similarity of these two molecules, a detergent action is considered
      unlikely and, instead, a more specific (perhaps receptor-mediated) mechanism is
      suggested.

PMID- 2881679
TI  - Glucose oxidation and oxygen consumption of isolated guinea pig and muskrat
      hearts.
AB  - Glucose in Krebs-Henseleit buffer was presented to isolated Langendorff perfused
      muskrat and guinea pig hearts that were paced at 240 beats/min. Glucose uptake
      (amount removed from the perfusion fluid) was 3 times greater in the muskrat
      hearts than in the guinea pig heart. Glucose oxidation (amount converted to CO2)
      and oxygen consumption did not differ in the hearts of the two species. When
      glucose is the only exogenous substrate, isolated muskrat hearts extract more
      glucose than guinea pig hearts but oxidize similar amounts of glucose and have a
      similar myocardial oxygen consumption.

PMID- 2881680
TI  - Thyroid response to ovine thyrotropin challenge in cortisol- and dexamethasone
      treated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.
AB  - Cortisol or dexamethasone, administered to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the
      form of intraperitoneal "implants" suspended in hydrogenated coconut oil, had no
      apparent effect on plasma total thyroid hormone levels, or plasma T3/T4 ratios.
      The duration of the ovine TSH-stimulated surge in plasma T4 levels was decreased
      and increased in fish given cortisol and dexamethasone "implants" respectively;
      plasma T3 levels were not affected by TSH stimulation. The level of steroids
      administered in the cortisol "implants" elicited a moderate increase in plasma
      cortisol levels, whereas plasma cortisol levels in the dexamethasone-treated fish
      were suppressed. The altered levels of plasma cortisol had no apparent effect on
      HSI, hepatic glycogen or hepatic lipid content.

PMID- 2881681
TI  - Serum iron, serum ferritin and tissue ferritin during development in ducks.
AB  - Serum ferritin and tissue ferritin from kidney, heart, small intestine, spleen
      and liver from ducks during development from 16 to 112 days of age were measured
      by radioimmunoassay using rabbit anti-duck liver ferritin antibodies and goat
      second antibody. Serum iron concentration and tissue ferritin iron content are
      given. Serum ferritin concentration, tissue ferritin and ferritin iron content
      increase gradually during development. The decrease in all these parameters at 8
      weeks of age might be due to molting.

PMID- 2881682
TI  - Epithelial and pillar cell replacement in gills of juvenile trout, Salmo
      gairdneri Richardson.
AB  - Young rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) were injected intraperitoneally
      with tritiated thymidine, and killed at intervals between 2 hr and 16 days after
      inoculation. Labelled epithelial cells were first detected autoradiographically
      along the base of gill lamellae. Epithelial cells proliferated here and then
      migrated toward the tips of the lamellae. Uniform labelling along the length of
      the filaments at the base of lamellae indicated that cells were dividing at a
      constant rate. Transverse sections of filaments showed that epithelial
      proliferation was also uniform across the base of the lamellae. The interior of
      the lamellae often had labelled pillar cells, indicating that these cells also
      divide. The high intensity of the label in animals killed 16 days after
      inoculation with tritiated thymidine suggests that division probably occurs
      slowly, less than once every 16 days.

PMID- 2881683
TI  - Effects of metamorphosis on water permeability of skin in the salamander,
      Ambystoma tigrinum.
AB  - Developmentally associated changes in the pressure driven water permeability of
      the skin of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum were measured at 20 degrees C in
      neotenic (gilled), transitional, and fully transformed adults. Mean values for
      the hydraulic conductivity of the skin (Lp, X 10(-5) cm.sec-1.ATM-1) were,
      respectively, 1.54, 0.54 and 0.13. This nearly 12-fold decrease in the H2O
      permeability coincides with the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life and
      may be related to the changing role of the skin in water conservation. The
      increase in hydraulic conductivity is opposite to the decrease in H2O diffusion
      rates reported by others. We suggest a theoretical basis for the apparently
      conflicting results.

PMID- 2881684
TI  - Effects of passive stretch on growth and regression of muscle from chickens of
      various ages.
AB  - A non-invasive procedure was used to determine the effect of animal age on the
      growth response of muscle to passive stretch. Stretch increased patagialis muscle
      weight 61% in 6-week-old chicks and 34% in 10-month-old chicks, 28-month-old
      animals had an 18% loss of muscle mass during passive stretch. Removal of the
      stretch stimulus was followed by a rapid return of patagialis weight to control
      values in 6-week and 10-month animals, while muscle size of 28-month-old animals
      had not returned to control levels by 22 days, following removal of the stretch.
      The stretch-induced changes in muscle wet weight could, in part, be attributed to
      changes in muscle protein. Total muscle DNA content increased during rapid growth
      in 6-week- and 10-month-old chickens, and returned to control levels during
      muscle regression. Muscle hydroxyproline content increased in parallel with
      increases in muscle mass but did not return to control levels during muscle
      regression in 6-week-old animals. Results of the present study indicate that
      there was an effect of animal age on stretch-induced hypertrophy and regression
      of the patagialis muscle.

PMID- 2881685
TI  - The effect of various ambient ammonia concentrations on the nitrogen metabolism
      of carp fry (Cyprinus carpio L.).
AB  - Authors studied how 125, 375 and 625 micrograms/l amounts of NH4Cl added to the
      water influenced the ammonia excretion of carp fry with an average weight of 2.4
      g, compared to the control. During the course of the experiments the NH4N
      concentration, the pH and the temperature were measured for three days, twice
      daily. On the basis of our results the threshold concentration exerting harmful
      effects on the ammonia household of carp fry (disturbing the normal rate of
      metabolism in the fishes and decreasing their growth rate) is between 125 and 375
      micrograms/l. NH4H (50-100 micrograms/l NH3). The ammonia concentrations
      exceeding 375 micrograms/l NH4+ (and 100 micrograms/l NH3, respectively) can be
      regarded as undesirable and harmful in frybreeding fish ponds. With regard to the
      ambient ammonia, a daily cycle developed in the excretion of ammonia: contrary to
      the control, a minimum in ammonia excretion was measured in the morning, while a
      maximum was measured in the afternoon.

PMID- 2881686
TI  - Comparison of the ability of seven gonadotropin preparations from different
      mammalian sources to interact with the adenylyl cyclase system in corpora lutea
      from rabbits and rats.
AB  - The effects of guanine nucleotides and magnesium (Mg2+) on the interaction of
      seven different gonadotropin preparations with their rabbit and rat luteal
      receptors were studied and compared to the ability of these gonadotropins to
      stimulate luteal adenylyl cyclase activity. In both the rabbit and rat, human
      chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human luteinizing hormone (hLH) were less
      efficacious than the other gonadotropin preparations in stimulating luteal
      adenylyl cyclase activity and thus behaved as partial agonists. Addition of 2 mM
      MgCl2 increased the affinity of the rat luteal receptors for all seven
      gonadotropins tested, while in the rabbit Mg2+ increased the affinities for
      porcine, bovine, ovine, rat and rabbit LH but did not significantly alter the
      affinities for hCG or hLH. In no instance did the addition of 100 microM GTP
      alter the affinity of the receptor from that observed in the absence or presence
      of Mg2+. A positive correlation existed for both species between the Kd values
      calculated from binding experiments and the Kact values obtained in adenylyl
      cyclase assays suggesting that the specific gonadotropin-binding sites present in
      rabbit and rat luteal membranes represent receptors which mediate the stimulatory
      effect of LH. The magnitude of the Mg2+-induced increase in affinity of a given
      gonadotropin preparation for its receptor was correlated with the efficacy with
      which that gonadotropin stimulated luteal adenylyl cyclase activity in both the
      rabbit and rat.

PMID- 2881687
TI  - Haematological correlates of burrowing in Ctenomys.
AB  - Haematological parameters related to O2 transport and regulation of acid-base
      equilibrium were determined for two species of Ctenomys. The oxygen capacity
      values of Ctenomys blood are similar to those of other fossorial mammals.
      Ctenomys blood has almost half the number of red blood cells of Rattus blood but
      the amount of Hb in each blood cell is 2-2.5 times higher. Blood pH is within
      typical mammalian values. Concentration of inorganic phosphate is higher in
      Ctenomys than in rats while bicarbonate and protein values are within typical
      mammalian range.

PMID- 2881688
TI  - Effect of caponization on central nervous system monoamines in the Japanese
      quail.
AB  - Depletion of brain regional norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) after alpha methyl
      paratyrosine (AMT), and serotonin (5HT) were measured in intact and caponized
      adult male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Telencephalon,
      diencephalon, and cerebellum DA was depleted by AMT treatment, but brain stem was
      not affected. AMT-induced depletion of NE was greatest in telencephalon,
      diencephalon, and brain stem of capons. Neither caponization nor AMT affected
      brain regional 5HT. The results from this work indicate that caponization will
      affect catecholamine dynamics in brain regions other than the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2881690
TI  - Agonistic behavior and neurochemistry in grouped Japanese quail.
AB  - Aggressive behavior and whole brain neurochemistry were measured in stable and
      unstable pairs of male Coturnix coturnix japonica. Aggressive pecking peaked on
      day 5 of the daily regrouping regime and returned to a basal level on day 14.
      Aggressive behavior was associated with increased brain norepinephrine (NE),
      dopamine (DA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in unstable pairs. Habituation (12
      15 days) and DA response to daily regrouping and inanition were inversely related
      in unstable and stable pairs respectively. Normal whole brain NE increases were
      attenuated in unstable pairs.

PMID- 2881689
TI  - Manifestations of social stress in grouped Japanese quail.
AB  - Physiological manifestations of social stress in stable and unstable (resident
      and visitor) pairs of adult male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were
      compared after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of regrouping. Unstable pairs had reduced
      body and relative testes (mg/100 g) weights. Plasma cholesterol was increased
      significantly in unstable pairs, and adrenal cholesterol was reduced
      significantly by daily regrouping of unstable pairs. Twelve consecutive days of
      ACTH treatment (2, 4 or 8 IU/100 g body wt given intramuscularly) to birds in
      stable pairs induced a decrease in body and relative testes weights. The results
      were similar to those found in birds subjected to daily regrouping.

PMID- 2881691
TI  - Reduced noradrenaline turnover in brown adipose tissue of lactating rats.
AB  - Brown adipose tissue properties as well as noradrenaline turnover in the tissue
      were determined in 15-day lactating rats and virgin controls. Brown adipose
      tissue thermogenic activity was reduced in lactating rats as shown by a decrease
      in weight, cytochrome oxidase activity and mitochondrial GDP-binding. The
      noradrenaline turnover rate was lower in brown adipose tissue from lactating
      rats. It is suggested that diminished sympathetic activity in brown adipose
      tissue may be a major cause of the reduced tissue thermogenic activity during
      lactation.

PMID- 2881692
TI  - Sensitivity to electricity in the catfish, Parasilurus asotus.
AB  - The Japanese catfish (Parasilurus asotus) responded in its respiratory reflex to
      weak electric field not less sensitively than Gymnarchus niloticus. A sensitivity
      peak was found at about 1-30 Hz. The threshold voltage gradient of the
      electroreceptive system was determined to be about 0.05 microV/cm. High
      sensitivity to electric field fluctuating in low frequency being common to
      Siluriformes, the role of the sensory systems may be common beyond the difference
      of habitats among species.

PMID- 2881693
TI  - Effects of hydrostatic pressure per se (101 ATA) on energetic processes in fish.
AB  - Nucleotides concentrations (ATP, ADP, AMP) have been measured in brain and muscle
      of eels exposed to 101 ATA of hydrostatic pressure (HP) for 3 hr. Survival times
      (ST) and oxygen arterial content (CaO2) have been measured in trouts exposed to
      HP = 101 ATA. The results show that at HP = 101 ATA, AMP increases (P less than
      0.05) and ATP decreases (-12%; NS) in muscle but are not modified in brain; ST
      values are similar in normoxic and hyperoxic conditions, and CaO2 are similar at
      1 ATA and 101 ATA of HP. It is concluded that HP tends to decrease aerobic
      production of energy. This phenomenon is not due to a failure in O2 transport
      from ambient medium to the cell but to a possible perturbation of the aerobic
      cellular processes leading to energy production (Krebs cycle and/or respiratory
      chain coupled to oxidative phosphorylation.

PMID- 2881695
TI  - Carbachol contracture of stomach smooth muscle of the newt in calcium-free
      solution.
AB  - A small muscle preparation of stomach circular muscle of the newt responded to
      carbachol (CCh) with a phasic contracture. At 20 degrees C, in Ca-free Ringer
      solution (+1 mM EGTA), the amplitude of CCh contracture was very rapidly
      inhibited to less than 10% of that in normal Ringer solution (1.8 mM Ca). The
      amplitude of this CCh contracture was markedly enhanced with increasing [K]0. CCh
      contracture in Ca-free Ringer solution was also enhanced after K contracture was
      induced once in the presence of 1.8 mM Ca, followed by soaking in normal Ringer
      solution. The amplitude of this enhanced CCh contracture persisted up to about 5
      min, following rapid decrease to about 70%, and then gradually decreased to a
      steady level in Ca-free Ringer solution. This decrease in amplitude was prevented
      by increasing [K]0 during soaking in Ca-free solution; even when the temperature
      was elevated from 20 to 35 degrees C during the periods of soaking in Ca-free
      solution, CCh contracture was inhibited only by about 20% in Ca-free high K
      solution, whereas in Ca-free or Ca-free low Na (Tris) Ringer solution it was
      inhibited by more than 50%.

PMID- 2881694
TI  - The isolation and characterisation of a putative adipocyte precursor cell type
      from the white adipose tissue of the chicken (Gallus domesticus).
AB  - The conditions of isolation and culture of a chicken adipose stromal-derived cell
      strain are described and compared with chicken lung fibroblasts in vitro. The
      stromal cells accumulated intracellular lipid during the post-confluency culture
      period, this being by contrast with lung fibroblasts. Much higher levels of
      intracellular lipid were accumulated by the stromal cells when whole chicken
      serum or chicken plasma lipoproteins were added to the culture medium.
      Lipoprotein lipase activity emerged in stromal cells maintained post confluency.
      This activity was absent from pre-confluent stromal cells and pre- and post
      confluent fibroblasts. The incorporation of 14C-acetate, 3H-oleic acid and 14C
      glucose into lipids by the stromal cells exhibited a pattern compatible with a
      concerted shift in the metabolism of the cells towards lipid storage,
      particularly in the form of triacylglycerols derived from exogenous fatty acids.
      It is proposed that, in common with the mammalian species previously studied, the
      white adipose tissue of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) contains a cell type with
      properties which allow its preliminary identification as an adipocyte precursor
      cell capable of adipose conversion in vitro. The confirmation of this proposition
      is amenable to further investigation.

PMID- 2881696
TI  - Calcium loading properties of carbachol-sensitive calcium store in calcium
      depleted stomach smooth muscle of the newt.
AB  - The amount of carbachol (CCh)-sensitive Ca store, which was loaded during Ca
      contracture in Ca-depleted stomach smooth muscle of the newt, was estimated from
      the amplitude of the CCh contracture induced in Ca-free high K solution. This
      store was loaded to nearly maximum level by simultaneous application of 2.8 X 10(
      6)M Ca and 113.5 mM K, while Ca contracture induced at this time was less than
      10% in amplitude of control (1.8 mM Ca). When the loading was interrupted after 5
      sec of 1.8 mM Ca application, the amplitude of Ca contracture reached nearly its
      maximum, while the loading of the store was only about 30% of that after 90 sec.
      Contracture induced by Ca-free high K solution immediately after the brief (10
      sec) exposure of the muscle to 1.8 mM Ca was about 50% that of K contracture,
      while little Ca was observed to be loaded. The [K]0-Ca contracture tension
      relation and the [K]0-Ca loading relation showed sigmoid and linear
      characteristics, respectively.

PMID- 2881697
TI  - Amino acids, including neurotransmitter candidates, in a hair cell-enriched
      fraction from the lateral line of Xenopus laevis.
AB  - A hair cell-enriched neuromast fraction from the lateral line of Xenopus laevis
      was compared with adjacent tactile organ and epidermis for content of primary
      amine-containing components. Of 32 components quantitated by cation-exchange HPLC
      with fluorescence detection of orthophthalaldehyde adducts, L-alpha-amino adipic
      acid, O-phosphoethanolamine, L-alpha-glycerophosphorylethanolamine, O-phospho-L
      serine, and L-lysine were elevated in concentration in the neuromast relative to
      the tactile organ an/or epidermis. L-Aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-glutamic
      acid, and taurine were present at higher levels in the tactile organ or epidermis
      than in the neuromast. Taurine was found in only trace amounts in the neuromast.
      The tactile organ and epidermis contained at least 3 unidentified primary amine
      components that were absent or reduced in amount in the neuromast. This study
      demonstrates that the epidermally-derived, hair cell-containing neuromast of the
      lateral line of Xenopus laevis is different in molecular composition from
      surrounding epidermally-derived tissue. Such differences may reflect specialized
      mechanoreceptive function.

PMID- 2881698
TI  - A comparison of intestinal permeability between humans and three common
      laboratory animals.
AB  - Intestinal permeability of humans and three species of experimental animals was
      assessed by the oral administration of the three non-metabolizable sugars:
      lactulose, rhamnose and mannitol and collecting all the urine produced in a
      specified time. The total percentage recovery of the permeability markers was
      determined by high performance liquid chromatographic assays of urinary aliquots.
      The permeability of the human gut to mannitol was substantially greater than that
      of rats, guinea pigs, or hamsters (18-, 6- and 29-fold increases, respectively).
      The permeability to lactulose in humans was somewhat less than that found in
      guinea pigs (P less than 0.05), but three times greater than that found in rats
      or hamsters (P less than 0.001). Human rhamnose permeability was substantially
      greater than that of rats, guinea pigs or hamsters (6-, 2.5-, and 7-fold
      increases, respectively). The results suggest that the permeability of the human
      gut to probe molecules is considerably different from that of three common
      laboratory rodents, but is closest to that of guinea pigs. Possible species
      differences in the physiological factors which control permeability are
      discussed.

PMID- 2881699
TI  - Hematology of Japanese quail selected for high or low serum corticosterone
      responses to complex stressors.
AB  - Blood was collected from random-bred male Coturnix coturnix japonica and from
      quail selected genetically for high or low serum corticosterone responses to
      complex stressors after chronic exposure to short daily photoperiods and after
      exposure to long photoperiods. When compared to the low response quail, high
      response quail exhibited increased mean cellular hemoglobin values, reticulocyte
      numbers and heterophil percentages, and decreased monocyte and eosinophil numbers
      after exposure to long photoperiods. The data indicate that these corticosterone
      response lines can be partitioned by their hematological responses to
      photoperiodic manipulation.

PMID- 2881700
TI  - Reticulocyte numbers in Japanese quail chicks.
AB  - Erythrocyte parameters in Coturnix coturnix japonica were evaluated daily during
      the first 2 weeks after hatching. Nadirs in total circulating erythrocyte
      numbers, hematocrit percentages, and hemoglobin concentrations were found during
      the first 5 days posthatch. Reticulocytosis from 4 to 9 days posthatch
      ameliorated these nadirs until 12 days posthatch, when secondary nadirs appeared.
      Erythropoiesis was indicated by reticulocytosis when hemoglobin levels decreased.
      Reticulocyte maturation was indicated from 3 to 6 days after the onset of
      erythropoiesis by the predominance of mature erythrocytes in circulation.

PMID- 2881701
TI  - Tyrosine aminotransferase of chicken liver: purification and properties.
AB  - Tyrosine aminotransferase has been purified from chicken liver to homogeneity by
      a 5-step procedure. The resultant enzyme preparation has a specific activity (256
      units activity/mg protein) comparable to results published for the enzyme
      purified from rat liver and represented an overall recovery of 35-40%. In terms
      of structure (native and subunit molecular weights, immunological reactivity, and
      kinetic parameters) (apparent Michaelis constants for L-tyrosine and 2
      oxoglutarate, oxoacid specificity, pH optimum) the purified enzyme from chicken
      liver exhibits remarkable similarities to tyrosine amino-transferase from rat
      liver.

PMID- 2881702
TI  - Displacement of zinc and copper from copper-induced metallothionein by cadmium
      and by mercury: in vivo and ex vivo studies.
AB  - The in vitro affinity of metals for metallothionein (MT) is Zn less than Cd less
      than Cu less than Hg. In a previous study Cd(II) and Hg(II) displaced Zn(II) from
      rat hepatic Zn7-MT in vivo and ex vivo (Day et al., 1984, Chem. Biol. Interact.
      50, 159-174). The ability of Cd(II) or Hg(II) to displace Zn(II) and/or Cu(II)
      from metallothionein in copper-preinduced rat liver (Zn, Cu-MT) was assessed.
      Cd(II) and Hg(II) can displace zinc from (Zn, Cu)-MT both in vivo and ex vivo.
      The in vitro displacement of copper from MT by Hg(II) was not confirmed in vivo
      and ex vivo. Cd(II) treatment did not alter copper levels in (Zn, Cu)-MT, as
      expected. Hg(II) treatment, however, did not decrease copper levels in MT, but
      rather increased them. The sum of the copper increase and mercury incorporation
      into MT matched the zinc decrease under in vivo conditions and actually exceeded
      the zinc decrease under ex vivo conditions. Short-term exposure of rat liver to
      exogenous metals can result in incorporation of these metals into MT by
      displacement of zinc from pre-existing MT. Displacement of copper from pre
      existing MT by mercury, as predicted by in vitro experiments, was not confirmed
      under the conditions of our in vivo and ex vivo experiments. This result is
      explainable based on the differing affinities and/or preferences of the two metal
      clusters in MT.

PMID- 2881703
TI  - Biochemical evidence for cholinergic involvement in the Limulus brain.
AB  - The transport of [3H]choline by the corpora pedunculata of the circumoesophageal
      ring gland (brain) of Limulus polyphemus was studied. Corpora pedunculata slices
      were incubated individually in Chao's solution containing 0.01 microM [3H]choline
      at room temperature (25 +/- 2 degrees C) and readily accumulated the radiolabel
      from the extracellular environment. The corpora pedunculata uptake of [3H]choline
      was linear over 60 min. The kinetic analysis indicated the existence of dual
      uptake systems for choline within the corpora pedunculata, a high affinity
      choline uptake process (Km = 0.54 microM and Vmax = 0.037 pmoles/mg/min) and a
      low affinity process (Km = 137 microM and Vmax = 6.3 pmoles/mg/min). The high
      affinity choline transport system was dependent on sodium ions and was inhibited
      by micromolar concentrations of hemicholinium-3. The pre-exposure of the corpora
      pedunculata to Chao's solution containing 90 mM potassium for 15 min resulted in
      a 24% increase in the velocity of the high affinity choline uptake process (Vmax
      = 0.046 pmoles/mg/min). The 90 mM potassium Chao's pretreatment stimulated a
      substantial increase in the synthesis of [3H]acetylcholine by the corpora
      pedunculata. The results suggest that the high affinity choline uptake process
      within the Limulus corpora pedunculata is associated with the synthesis of the
      transmitter acetylcholine, presumably within cholinergic terminals in this
      tissue.

PMID- 2881704
TI  - Effect of quinidine and tetrodotoxin on the activation of non-adrenergic nerves
      in guinea-pig trachealis muscle.
AB  - Activation of non-adrenergic neurones in guinea-pig trachealis muscle was
      accomplished by electrical field stimulation and by the neurotoxin aconitine, in
      the presence of atropine and propranolol. Aconitine (10(-5) M) activated non
      adrenergic neurones more slowly, but was as efficacious as supramaximal field
      stimulation (70 V, 1 msec, 1-100 Hz), producing 70-80% of the maximal relaxation
      to forskolin or theophylline. Quinidine (3 X 10(-5) M-3 X 10(-4) M) and
      tetrodotoxin (5 X 10(-9) M-3 X 10(-6) M) blocked relaxations to aconitine and
      field stimulation, without affecting smooth muscle relaxant responses to
      forskolin. The results suggest that the non-adrenergic inhibitory effects of
      quinidine are related to its presynaptic local anaesthetic actions, rather than
      to postsynaptic receptor blockade of the non-adrenergic inhibitory
      neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2881705
TI  - A comparative study of high affinity choline uptake and choline utilization in
      cholinergic and non-cholinergic tissues.
AB  - Comparative studies of [3H]choline accumulation were done in the Limulus corpora
      pedunculata, abdominal ganglia and cardiac ganglion. Dual uptake processes for
      choline were found in all three tissues. In acute experiments, the corpora
      pedunculata high affinity choline uptake system showed exclusive sensitivity to
      ouabain. Prolonged exposure to ouabain revealed that the HAChUS of all three
      tissues were significantly inhibited. The metabolism of [3H]choline transported
      via the high affinity process in the three tissues was studied. [3H]Acetylcholine
      was a major product of the [3H]choline taken up by the corpora pedunculata and
      the abdominal ganglia. Phosphorylcholine was the major product seen in cardiac
      ganglion extracts and occurred in significant proportions in abdominal ganglia
      extracts. [3H]Acetylcholine was not detected in cardiac ganglion extracts.
      Treatment with either lithium chloride or hemicholinium-3 markedly inhibited high
      affinity uptake of [3H]choline in all three tissues.

PMID- 2881706
TI  - Dieldrin transformation to photodieldrin in liver and kidney of broiler.
AB  - Dieldrin, a potent residual insecticide and common contaminant of the
      environment, is metabolized in liver and kidney of broiler to photodieldrin, a
      photoisomer of dieldrin. This metabolite has by gas-liquid chromatography
      (g.l.c.) analysis a retention time different to the aldrin. The analysis by thin
      layer chromatography (t.l.c.) of metabolite shows an Rf of 0.37. The i.r. (infra
      red) spectrum shows the band corresponding to the epoxide ring (800-1300 cm-1)
      and does not show the characteristics bands of C = O (1800 cm-1) and ClC = CCl
      (1600 cm-1).

PMID- 2881708
TI  - Distribution of selenium in marine animals: relationship to diet.
AB  - The chemical form of selenium in the muscle tissues of marine animals in relation
      to diet has been examined. Inorganic selenium concentrations in all muscle
      tissues were below the detection limits of the analytical method employed (0.001
      mg/kg). Selenium was found to be associated in all tissues predominantly with
      insoluble proteins. Lipid-soluble and ethanol-soluble selenium constituted less
      than 18% of the selenium present in tissues and was independent of diet.

PMID- 2881707
TI  - Localization and synthesis of monoamines in regions of Limax CNS controlling
      feeding behavior.
AB  - Localization and synthesis of dopamine and serotonin in the cerebral and buccal
      ganglia of Limax maximus were studied. A combination of fluorescence
      histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and microchemical analysis showed that both
      amines were localized to particular cell groups and fiber tracts within and
      between the two sets of ganglia. Since these ganglia control feeding behavior,
      which is readily modified by associative learning, these studies have direct
      bearing on analysis of both motor control and learning mechanisms.

PMID- 2881709
TI  - The action of two classes of pyrethroids on the inhibition of brain Na-Ca and Ca
      + Mg ATP hydrolyzing activities of the American cockroach.
AB  - Ca2+-stimulated ATP hydrolyzing activities (i.e. Na-Ca ATP hydrolysis and Ca + Mg
      ATP hydrolysis) measured in cockroach brain tissue were highly sensitive to the
      action of pyrethroid insecticides under in vitro conditions. Non-cyano-containing
      pyrethroids inhibited Na-Ca ATP hydrolysis to a greater extent than their cyano
      containing counterparts. The reverse is true for pyrethroid action on Ca + Mg ATP
      hydrolysis. Nonmitochondrial Ca + Mg ATP hydrolysis of disrupted synaptosomes was
      the most sensitive activity examined. Ca2+-stimulated ATP hydrolyzing activities
      were inhibited in cockroaches poisoned by permethrin in vivo. In vivo poisoning
      occurred in the presence of a similar amount of bound [14C]permethrin which had
      been determined to cause a substantial amount of inhibition to Ca2+-stimulated
      ATP hydrolyzing activities in vitro.

PMID- 2881710
TI  - Copper absorption in sheep.
AB  - Female sheep were used to determine the regions of the gastrointestinal tract
      able to absorb Cu. Copper was absorbed from the abomasum, small intestine and
      colon, but not from the rumen-reticulum or caecum. In vitro studies indicated
      that Cu uptake was linearly related to the Cu concentration. Copper complexed to
      histidine, lysine or glutamine was absorbed in a similar manner to ionic Cu and
      at a similar rate. In vitro Cu uptake was not affected by ouabain, rotenone,
      oligomycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol fluoride or zinc. The in vitro data show that lumen
      to-mucosal cell Cu transfer has kinetics reflecting simple diffusion rather than
      a saturable, energy-dependent process.

PMID- 2881711
TI  - Effect of mosquito killer insecticides on freshwater mussels.
AB  - The effect of four insecticides (Fyfanon, K-Othrin, Unitox 7 and Unitox 20) was
      investigated on the freshwater mussels Anodonta cygnea L., Anodonta anatina L.
      and Unio pictorum L. The studies were performed in hard water (total salinity of
      310 mg/l). The LC50 values for 24, 48, 72, 96 hr and 7 days were determined with
      a static test at 22 degrees C. All the three mussel species proved to be
      extremely tolerant against the insecticides tested. The effect of sublethal
      concentrations of these insecticides on the periodic activity of the mussels was
      also analyzed, comparing the changes of the active and resting periods. In a
      concentration of 0.1 microliter/l, all the four insecticides affected the
      periodic activity of U. pictorum, whereas in A. anatina three of them (Fyfanon, K
      Othrin and Unitox 7) and in A. cygnea two of them (K-Othrin and Unitox 7) evoked
      alterations. This concentration is lower by three to five orders than those of
      the LC50 values of 96 hr.

PMID- 2881712
TI  - Inhibition of trout (Salmo gairdneri R.) PBG-synthase by some metal ions (Mg2+,
      Pb2+, Zn2+).
AB  - The effect of metal ions on the activity of trout kidney and liver PBG-synthase
      was investigated. Heavy metals inhibited the kidney enzyme in a complex manner.
      Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of liver activity by Pb2+ (Ki = 1.3 mM) was
      consistent with non-competitive inhibition, whereas Zn2+ (Ki = 1.3 mM) and Mg2+
      (Ki = 3.5 mM) were competitive inhibitors.

PMID- 2881713
TI  - Acute toxicity of copper to mediterranean dogfish.
AB  - Acute copper toxicity to dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) was determined. Median
      lethal concentrations (LC50) for 24 and 48 hr were respectively 16 and 4 mg/l.
      These results are compared with those for zinc in dogfish and with the values for
      copper toxicity in several teleosts obtained by other authors.

PMID- 2881714
TI  - Metabolism of some carcinogenic aromatic amines in four species of marine
      sponges.
AB  - Postmitochondrial fractions from marine sponges Geodia cydonium, Tethya
      aurantium, Verongia aerophoba and Pellina semitubulosa activate precarcinogenic
      aromatic amine 2-aminoanthracene, but not precarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene, to Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 mutagens. All four
      sponge species lack a benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activity, but possesses the
      enzyme activity whose characteristics (selective activation of aromatic amines,
      NADPH-dependency, pH optimum at 8.4) are similar to FAD-containing monooxygenase.
      Tethya postmitochondrial fraction possesses an UDP-glucuronyl transferase
      activity which catalyzes the conjugation of a considerable part of metabolized 2
      acetylamino [9-14C]fluorene to water soluble glucuronides. The possible
      ecological significance of exuded aromatic amine metabolites as well as the
      significance of the presence of the selective potential for the activation of
      aromatic amines to mutagens among sponges for our understanding of the fate and
      effects of carcinogens in the marine environment are discussed.

PMID- 2881715
TI  - Metabolism of copper and zinc in the liver and bone of the perinatal guinea-pig.
AB  - Hepatic copper concentration in the guinea-pig increased markedly during the
      second-half of gestation, attaining a maximum shortly after birth; thereafter,
      concentration declined rapidly during the neonatal period. Changes in perinatal
      hepatic copper concentrations paralleled the binding of copper to a cytosolic
      metallothionein-like component, and the loss of hepatic copper in the neonates
      coincided with increases in serum copper concentrations. Zinc concentrations of
      the perinatal liver were low and showed no dramatic developmental changes. The
      humerus showed striking increases in zinc concentration with gestational age,
      attaining peak concentration before term and a marked depletion of tissue zinc
      during the neonatal period.

PMID- 2881716
TI  - Intestinal uptake and retention of copper in the suckling rat, Rattus rattus--IV.
      Mechanisms of intestinal copper accumulation.
AB  - Copper-67, administered either parenterally or via the maternal milk, accumulates
      principally in the intestine and liver of the 6-day-old pup. Most of the 67Cu in
      the soluble fraction of the intestine is associated with the heterogeneous Cu
      complex, which is located predominantly in the ileum. The rates of uptake and
      loss of 67Cu in the liver and intestine indicate that enterohepatic circulation
      of Cu in the neonate is appreciable. Whilst the concentration of Cu in the bile
      of the 13-day-old pup is high (16-fold greater than that in the adult male rat),
      translocation of Cu from both the liver and duodenum to the ileum probably occurs
      via the blood, rather than by the reabsorption of biliary Cu. Although the Cu
      complex normally seems to be retained within the distal intestine until the
      enterocytes are desquamated, Cu in this form is utilized when the Cu-intake of
      the neonate is restricted.

PMID- 2881718
TI  - The role of the nervous system in algae-induced gamete release by Mytilus
      californianus.
AB  - Algae-induced spawning in M. californianus was associated with an increase in
      dopamine in the visceral ganglia and a decrease in serotonin in the pedal
      ganglia. Lesioning studies indicate that nervous communication between the pedal
      and visceral ganglia plays a major role in gamete release.

PMID- 2881717
TI  - The uptake and storage of iron and lead in cells of the crayfish (Orconectes
      propinquus) hepatopancreas and antennal gland.
AB  - The heavy metals iron and lead are taken up and metabolized in a similar manner
      by the crayfish hepatopancreas, but only lead appears to enter cells of the
      antennal gland (green gland). Iron, on the other hand, which apparently is not
      taken up by the antennal gland cells following systemic injections of low doses
      (0.05 mg), exerts striking alterations in cell ultrastructure after pericardial
      injections of massive doses (0.5 mg). Electron microscopic examination and atomic
      absorption spectrophotometric analyses of the hepatopancreas and antennal glands
      of iron-injected crayfish revealed that iron was selectively stored in metal
      containing vacuoles of R- and F-cells in the hepatopancreatic cells, where it
      accumulated in concentrations that were toxic to these cells. High doses of iron
      caused alterations in the ultrastructural morphology of the cells of the antennal
      glands, although no accumulation of iron was apparent. Lead was similarly stored
      in metal-containing vacuoles of the cells of the hepatopancreas of lead-injected
      crayfish, but also accumulated in high concentrations (prior to being excreted)
      in vacuoles, cytoplasmic bodies and vesicles in the cells of the antennal gland.
      In contrast, lead in high concentrations was relatively non-toxic to any of these
      cells, suggesting that crayfish were more efficient in detoxifying and
      eliminating lead than iron.

PMID- 2881719
TI  - Oxygen uptake and gill morphological alterations in Procambarus clarkii (Girard)
      after sublethal exposure to lead.
AB  - The effects of sublethal lead concentrations on the oxygen uptake in whole
      animals and excised gill of Procambarus clarkii, as well as the gill
      morphological alterations, were investigated. Oxygen uptake rates of whole
      crayfish showed a great variability and decreased as the lead concentration
      increased. Significant differences were not found (ANOVA, P greater than 0.05).
      Oxygen consumption of excised gills decreased significantly as the lead
      concentration increased (P less than 0.01). Macroscopic and microscopic
      observations of the gill filaments of crayfish treated with 200 mg Pb/l indicated
      a general disorganization. The filaments showed the apices rounded and they
      appeared grossly blackened.

PMID- 2881720
TI  - Injections of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone affect pineal serotonin,
      melatonin and N-acetyltransferase activity.
AB  - To determine if exogenously administered alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
      (alpha-MSH) affects nighttime pineal N-acetyltransferase activity, pineal levels
      of 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin and melatonin, and plasma prolactin levels,
      adult male hamsters were injected at 1900 hr (lights out 2000-0600 hr) with two
      doses of the peptide and killed at 0300 hr. The low dose of alpha-MSH (200 ng)
      produced a significant fall in pineal serotonin, pineal NAT activity and plasma
      prolactin values. The high dose of the peptide (20 micrograms) increased
      circulating prolactin titers and pineal serotonin levels and caused a concomitant
      decrease in pineal melatonin levels.

PMID- 2881721
TI  - Serotonin induced protein phosphorylation in the Aplysia eye.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) increases the phosphorylation of two low molecular weight
      phosphoproteins of 23,000 and 15,000 daltons molecular weight and decreases the
      phosphorylation of a 20,000 dalton phosphoprotein in the isolated Aplysia eye.
      The cAMP analog 8-benzylthio cAMP increases and decreases the phosphorylation of
      the 23,000 and 20,000 dalton 5-HT sensitive phosphoproteins, respectively. The
      effect of 5-HT on protein phosphorylation is not affected by the phase of the
      circadian rhythm of spontaneous compound action potentials generated in the eye.

PMID- 2881722
TI  - A comparison of some effects of phosphine, hydrogen cyanide and anoxia in the
      lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae).
AB  - The effects of phosphine, hydrogen cyanide and anoxia on levels of ATP, pyruvate
      and lactate in Rhyzopertha dominica are compared. The effect of phosphine on
      anaerobiosis is not directly comparable either with HCN or anoxia. Reduction of
      catalase by feeding 3 amino 1,2,4 triazole does not enhance the toxicity of
      phosphine in treated insects.

PMID- 2881723
TI  - The mercury-203 method for evaluating metallothioneins: interference by copper,
      mercury, oxygen, silver and selenium.
AB  - Metallothioneins are low molecular weight proteins rich in sulfhydryl groups
      (cysteinyl) which readily bind various heavy metal cations, e.g. cadmium, copper,
      gold, mercury, silver and zinc. Mercury has a particular affinity for sulfhydryl
      groups and mercury-203 has been used as the basis of a rapid, sensitive,
      radiometric assay for metallothionein. The potential of 16 metals and oxygen for
      interfering with this test was examined. The mercury-203 test appears to be
      sensitive to the presence of copper, mercury, oxygen, selenium and silver.

PMID- 2881724
TI  - Induction of anionic glutathione transferases in rat liver by propylthiouracil.
AB  - The treatment of rats with propylthiouracil (PTU) resulted in an induction of not
      only cationic but also anionic glutathione (GSH) transferases. DE-52 column
      chromatography of the anionic GSH transferases divided into five main peaks (I
      V). Peaks I-IV had a high activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB).
      Peak V, which is a new form of the enzyme, showed high activity to ethacrynic
      acid. PTU induced peaks I and V, whereas phenobarbital increased the activity of
      only peak I.

PMID- 2881725
TI  - The effect of lactic acid and the volatile fatty acids on the aggregation
      behavior of Periplaneta americana (L.).
AB  - Young larvae of Periplaneta americana (L.) are attracted to filter paper wetted
      with 10(-2)-10(-3)% solutions of butyric acid. Other volatile fatty acids and
      lactic acid, as well as other organic and inorganic acids, are repellent to
      larvae at high concentrations, and ineffective at low.

PMID- 2881726
TI  - Biological action of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi.
      Studies in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The capacity of 54 different pyrazolo(3,4-d) or (4,3-d)pyrimidine derivatives to
      inhibit Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote and trypomastigote multiplication, and for
      some of them its chemotherapeutic activity, was evaluated. Six pyrazolo(3,4
      d)pyrimidines showed inhibitory activity against epimastigote forms, 4
      aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine being the most active, 5-fold more so than 4
      hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)-pyrimidine. Neither compound was active against freshly
      isolated trypomastigotes, suggesting biochemical differences between culture and
      bloodstream forms of T. cruzi. On both epimastigote and trypomastigote forms, 7
      amino-3-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo-(4,3-d)pyrimidine (FoA) was about 2-fold
      more active than 7-hydroxy-3-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo-(4,3-d)pyrimidine
      (FoB); however, when tested on T. cruzi-infected mice, only FoB exhibited
      significant chemotherapeutic activity. Previous results suggest that, except for
      FoB and FoA: (a) pyrazolopyrimidine insensitivity is trypomastigote-specific and
      (b) drug-insensitivity is lost when trypomastigotes transform into epimastigotes
      and vice versa.

PMID- 2881727
TI  - Effects of halothane on feeding motor activity in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.
AB  - Snails exposed to the general anaesthetic halothane show an increase in biting
      plus mouthing movements. Perfusion of the isolated CNS with halothane leads to a
      period of increased spiking activity, followed by suppression of activity in
      identified feeding motoneurones in the buccal ganglia. Synaptic inputs to
      motoneurones from interneurones of the buccal feeding pattern generator are
      differentially affected. Possible mechanisms underlying the generation of
      motoneuronal bursting in the presence of halothane are examined.

PMID- 2881728
TI  - Plasma uric acid levels in ethanol-fed turkey poults treated with allopurinol.
AB  - Plasma uric acid levels were determined in ethanol-fed poults following
      administration of allopurinol. In young poults, allopurinol at a dose of 50 mg/kg
      significantly depressed plasma uric acid levels 6 hr post-dosing. At 11 hr post
      dosing, plasma uric acid levels were significantly elevated in the allopurinol
      treated poults when compared with control poults. During a period of ethanol
      abstinence, allopurinol at a dose of 40 mg/kg significantly depressed plasma uric
      acid levels up to 8 hr post-dosing. At a dose of 30 mg/kg, plasma uric acid
      levels were similar to control values at 4 and 6 hr post-dosing. Data suggest
      that plasma uric acid levels can be depressed in ethanol poults when allopurinol
      is administered every 8 hr at a dose of 40-50 mg/kg of body weight.

PMID- 2881729
TI  - Evaluation of allopurinol as a cardioprotectant in ethanol-fed turkey poults.
AB  - Cardioprotectant effects of allopurinol were investigated in ethanol-fed poults
      during induction of cardiomyopathy and during a period of ethanol abstinence. In
      young poults fed ethanol, allopurinol has an additive effect on depression of
      growth but has little or no effect on caloric consumption. Allopurinol
      significantly depresses heart weight and heart weight to body weight ratios in
      young poults. In poults 5 weeks and older, allopurinol depresses significantly
      body weight and caloric consumption. Although allopurinol depresses heart weight
      in older poults, it appears to have little or no effect on heart weight to body
      weight ratios. Cardioprotective effect of allopurinol is more apparent during the
      inductive process than during the recovery phase.

PMID- 2881730
TI  - Effects of vagotomy on circulating levels of catecholamines and corticosterone in
      the pigeon.
AB  - The effects of bilateral cervical vagotomy on the blood levels of corticosterone,
      and catecholamines, adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA), in pigeons, were
      studied. Plasma levels of corticosterone and NA were found to be significantly
      higher and of A lower, in the vagotomized (VgX) pigeons as compared to their sham
      operated (VgS) controls. These changes in VgX pigeons are explained as caused
      mainly by the lack of the vagal tone.

PMID- 2881731
TI  - Glutathione transferases in aquatic and terrestrial animals from nine phyla.
AB  - Glutathione transferase (GST) was present in 71 of 72 animal species/stages
      representing nine phyla when measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB).
      Our hypothesis that all animals have GST was not falsified. Transferase activity
      towards ethacrynic acid (ETHA) was present in species from all phyla
      investigated, but some animals seem to be without this activity. Activity towards
      1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) was less developed in aquatic animals than in
      terrestrial ones. The amount of protein binding to GSH-affinity gel matrix was
      rather uniform, ranging between 0.3 and 0.7% of soluble protein in homogenates of
      widely diverse animal species, thus being less variable than the enzyme activity.
      Transferases active towards DCNB did not bind at all or were less firmly bound to
      the GSH-affinity gel than the activity towards CDNB or ETHA. Fractionation was
      obtained by using a gradient of GSH. With SDS-electrophoresis it was demonstrated
      that the proteins with affinity to GSH had monomers in the MW-range 21.500
      29.000. Hydra attenuata had one band (MW = 25,000); all other sources gave a
      complex pattern with up to six bands. It is concluded that GSTs are
      characteristic major constituents of animal cells, probably with some common
      basic function. Mutant forms able to aid detoxication are retained in the
      phylogenesis when they increase the fitness of the animal.

PMID- 2881732
TI  - Effects of cadmium and zinc on steroid metabolism and steroid level in the sea
      star Asterias rubens L.
AB  - Steroid metabolism was studied in gonads and pyloric caeca of male and female sea
      stars which had been exposed to cadmium or zinc for 3 weeks. Steroid metabolism
      had increased in animals exposed to heavy metals. Significant increase of the
      enzyme activity was observed for 17 alpha-hydroxylase in the pyloric caeca of
      female animals exposed to zinc (pregnenolone----17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone) or
      cadmium (progesterone----17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone), for 17 beta
      hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase in the gonads of female animals
      (dehydroepiandrosterone----androstenediol) and in pyloric caeca of male animals
      (androstenedione----testosterone) after exposure to cadmium, and for 5 alpha
      reductase (progesterone----5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione) in ovaries of cadmium
      exposed sea star. There is some evidence that pregnenolone metabolism in male and
      female animals is affected by zinc in a different way. The effect of cadmium on
      the esterification of androstenedione differed highly significantly among male
      and female animals. It was concluded that the main way of entrance of cadmium
      into sea stars is via the surrounding medium and not via the food consumed.
      Testosterone and progesterone levels in, respectively, gonads of female and
      pyloric caeca of male sea stars which had been exposed to cadmium were
      significantly higher than the corresponding values in control animals. The effect
      of zinc exposure on testosterone level in pyloric caeca is significantly
      different for both sexes. Cadmium interacts directly with the esterification of
      testosterone, strongly stimulating this process. Cadmium stimulates the
      production of testosterone by action at the level of the biosynthesis of 17 beta
      hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase.

PMID- 2881733
TI  - Effects of forskolin, isoproterenol and lithium ions on leucophores of a teleost,
      Oryzias latipes: evidence for involvement of adenylate cyclase in pigment
      dispersion response.
AB  - Forskolin, a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, induced a dose-dependent and
      reversible dispersion of pigment within fish leucophores. Li+, known as an
      inhibitor of the enzyme, depressed pigment-dispersion response of leucophores to
      either forskolin or isoproterenol, inducing an aggregation of pigment within the
      cells. These results indicate that Li+ acted on the cells through inhibition of
      forskolin- or isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The results
      suggest that adenylate cyclase is involved in the pigment-dispersion response of
      leucophores and that cAMP acts as a second messenger in the response.

PMID- 2881734
TI  - The influence of cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin on
      pancreatic and biliary secretion in laying hens.
AB  - White Leghorn hens, 14-29 weeks old, were surgically fitted with cannulas for
      collecting pancreatic and biliary secretions, and a jugular cannula for
      continuous infusion of either cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP), or secretin. As compared to secretory levels during saline
      infusion, CCK significantly stimulated biliary flow and biliverdin concentration
      in bile; VIP significantly depressed biliverdin concentration but enhanced
      bicarbonate secretion in both pancreatic and biliary secretions, and also
      increased total pancreatic flow. Secretin depressed biliary flow and increased
      pancreatic bicarbonate release. The principal hormonal regulator of biliary
      secretion appears to be CCK, and that of pancreatic secretion to be VIP.

PMID- 2881736
TI  - Dementia. AMA Council on Scientific Affairs.

PMID- 2881735
TI  - Misinformation regarding behavior therapy.

PMID- 2881737
TI  - Venomous coelenterates.

PMID- 2881738
TI  - Campylobacter infection masquerading as ulcerative colitis.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman noted erythematous tender nodules on her extremities and
      temporal areas while being treated for Campylobacter-positive colitis. Histologic
      examination showed groups of inflammatory cells in the subcutaneous tissue and
      dermis around pilosebaceous follicles and sweat glands. The diagnosis of
      nonspecific, chronic dermatitis and panniculitis was made. The cutaneous lesions
      improved with the administration of tetracycline, Azulfidine, and
      adrenocorticotropic hormone, after which a negative culture for Campylobacter was
      obtained. Campylobacter colitis may stimulate ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2881739
TI  - Direct visualization of the sites of DNA methylation in human, and mosquito
      chromosomes.
AB  - Human and mosquito fixed chromosomes were digested with restriction endonucleases
      that are inhibited by the presence of 5-methylcytosine in their restriction sites
      (Hha I, Hin PI, Hpa II), and with endonucleases for which cleavage is less
      dependent on the state of methylation (Taq I, Msp I). Methylation-dependent
      enzymes extracted low DNA amounts from human chromosomes, while methylation
      independent enzymes extracted moderate to high amounts of DNA. After DNA
      demethylation with 5-azacytidine the isoschizomers Hpa II (methylation-dependent)
      and Msp I (methylation-independent) extracted 12-fold and 1.4-fold amounts of DNA
      from human chromosomes, respectively. These findings indicate that human DNA has
      a high concentration of Hpa II and Msp I restriction sites (CCGG), and that the
      internal C of this sequence is methylated in most cases, while the external
      cytosine is methylated less often. All the enzymes tested released moderate
      amounts of DNA from mosquito chromosomes whether or not the DNA was demethylated
      with 5-azacytidine. Hpa II induced banding in the centromere chromosome regions.
      After demethylation with 5-azacytidine this banding disappeared. Mosquito DNA has
      therefore, moderate to high frequencies of nonmethylated CpG duplets. The only
      exception is the centromeric DNA, in which the high levels of C methylation
      present produce cleavage by Hpa II and the appearance of banding. Centromere
      regions of human chromosomes 1 have a moderately low concentration of Hpa II-Msp
      I restriction sites.

PMID- 2881740
TI  - Evolution of Y chromosomal lampbrush loop DNA sequences of Drosophila.
AB  - The evolutionary conservation of Y chromosomal DNA sequences of Drosophila hydei
      in different species of the genus Drosophila was studied by in situ hybridization
      and on genomic DNA blots of restriction enzyme digested DNA. We demonstrated that
      Y specific DNA sequences, which form major parts of lampbrush loops related to
      the male fertility genes, are only retained in a few closely related species
      during evolution. Other Y chromosomal DNA sequences, also present in lampbrush
      loops but with homology to autosomal and X chromosomal locations, were found in
      distant species. We propose a model for the evolution of the Y chromosomal
      lampbrush loops.

PMID- 2881741
TI  - Significance of eosinophil and mast cell counts in rectal mucosa in ulcerative
      colitis. A prospective controlled study.
AB  - Eosinophil and mast cell counts were done in 44 patients with active ulcerative
      colitis, 10 patients with ulcerative colitis in remission, and 44 matched
      subjects with functional bowel disorder. Mean (+/- SD) rectal eosinophil counts
      (EC) per unit area were significantly high (P less than 0.01) in active
      ulcerative colitis (5.80 +/- 5.49) as compared with inactive disease (2.81 +/-
      2.19) or controls (3.01 +/- 1.67). Eosinophil count was not significantly
      different in the acute stage between responder (6.36 +/- 5.95) and nonresponders
      (5.1 +/- 5.84) to medical treatment and was thus of little discriminatory and
      prognostic value. Mean (+/- SD) EC was reduced from 6.36 +/- 5.95 to 3.91 +/-
      3.19 in responders after four weeks of medical treatment. There was little change
      in the EC with treatment in nonresponders. No correlation was seen between tissue
      eosinophils and clinical severity of ulcerative colitis. Mast cell count was not
      significantly different between patients with active ulcerative colitis, inactive
      disease, and controls and thus had little diagnostic or prognostic value. It can
      be concluded therefore, that EC in the rectal mucosa indicated activity but not
      severity of ulcerative colitis. A reduction in EC possibly indicated remission.
      Rectal EC, however, cannot correctly prognosticate the treatment response and
      outcome of the disease.

PMID- 2881742
TI  - Bovine and human cDNA sequences encoding a putative benzodiazepine receptor
      ligand.
AB  - cDNAs containing the entire coding sequence of endozepine, a putative ligand of
      the benzodiazepine receptor, were isolated from bovine and human cDNA libraries.
      These libraries were constructed using a novel oligonucleotide adapter molecule
      that allowed us to combine the use of G/C tailing with the preservation of the
      unique Eco RI site in the vector, lambda gt10. The amino acid sequences derived
      from these cDNA clones are identical to those previously determined for the
      purified proteins and are homologous to a related rat protein termed diazepam
      binding inhibitor. The endozepine proteins are highly conserved, as illustrated
      by the finding that the nucleotide sequences of the coding regions are 93%
      conserved between the bovine and human forms. Analysis of these sequences
      indicates that endozepine is not, as expected, derived from a precursor molecule
      containing a transient signal peptide. Moreover, Northern analyses using the
      cloned cDNAs as hybridization probes indicate that the 650-nucleotide endozepine
      mRNA is expressed in a number of peripheral tissues in addition to brain. These
      observations may be consistent with a recent report describing the presence in
      peripheral tissues of benzodiazepine receptors on the outer mitochondrial
      membrane (Anholt et al., 1986). In addition to the endozepine cDNAs, we also
      isolated a bovine cDNA clone which encodes a larger protein, a portion of which
      is homologous to endozepine. This related protein may be synthesized in a
      precursor form containing putative signal peptide and membrane-spanning domains.

PMID- 2881743
TI  - [The role of steric characteristics of the gangliolytic molecule in its
      interaction with cholinoreceptor].

PMID- 2881744
TI  - Bromobenzene metabolism in the rat and guinea pig.
AB  - The metabolism of bromobenzene was studied in the rat and guinea pig with respect
      to three considerations: the dose and species dependence of 3-bromophenol
      excretion; the formation of methylthio analogs of dihydrodiols and catechols; and
      the identification of acidic bivalent sulfur metabolites. In the guinea pig, 3
      bromophenol was the major monohydric phenolic metabolite under conditions of both
      relatively low and relatively high dosage. In the rat, 3-bromophenol and 4
      bromophenol were formed in approximately equal amounts. 2-Bromophenol was a minor
      metabolite in both species. Methylthio analogs of dihydrodiols were found as
      guinea pig, but not rat, metabolites. Two
      di(methylthio)dihydroxytetrahydrobromobenzene metabolites were excreted by the
      rat but not by the guinea pig. These methylthio compounds have not been reported
      in earlier studies of bromobenzene metabolism. In the guinea pig, the acidic
      urinary metabolites were a mercaptoacetate, a mercaptolactate, and a
      mercapturate. In the rat, the acidic metabolites were a mercapturic acid and
      premercapturic acids. This species difference in urinary acids indicates a
      difference in acetylation/deacetylation processes for cysteine conjugates.

PMID- 2881745
TI  - Disposition and biotransformation of quinpirole, a new D-2 dopamine agonist
      antihypertensive agent, in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.
AB  - The disposition and metabolism of quinpirole were studied in rats, mice, dogs,
      and monkeys. A single 2 mg/kg dose of 14C-quinpirole was administered orally to
      rats, mice, and monkeys. Dogs were given a single 0.2 mg/kg iv dose of 14C
      quinpirole. Of the dose administered, 75-96% was recovered in the urine within 72
      hr, with the majority being excreted during the first 24 hr. Peak plasma
      concentrations of radioactivity and quinpirole were coincident and were observed
      within 0.25 hr in rodents and at 2 hr in monkeys. Unchanged quinpirole accounted
      for 0.9%, 36%, and 69% respectively. Biotransformation of quinpirole was compared
      by quantitating the urinary metabolites by HPLC. The percentage of the
      radioactivity in urine representing unchanged drug was determined for each
      species: monkey (3%), dog (13%), mouse (40%), and rat (57%). The majority of 14C
      quinpirole was shown to be biotransformed in rats, mice, and monkeys through
      common metabolic pathways but to various extents. Most metabolites resulted from
      structural alterations (N-dealkylation, lactam formation, omega and omega-1
      hydroxylation) that centered around the piperidine ring portion of the molecule.
      These metabolites were less important in dogs. The major metabolic pathway in
      dogs involved hydroxylation of a methylene carbon adjacent to the pyrazole
      nucleus of quinpirole followed by O-glucuronidation. Evidence of metabolism of
      the pyrazole moiety was found in the isolation of an N-glucuronide conjugate of
      quinpirole from monkey urine.

PMID- 2881746
TI  - Characterization of the induction of cytosolic and microsomal epoxide hydrolases
      by 2-ethylhexanoic acid in mouse liver.
AB  - When mice were exposed to 1% 2-ethylhexanoic acid in the diet, cytosolic and
      microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.3) activities were increased maximally (2
      2.5- and 0.5-1-fold, respectively) after 3 days. Immunochemical quantitation of
      these enzymes indicated that the process involved was a true induction in both
      cases. Maximal levels of peroxisome proliferation (as indicated by carnitine
      acetyltransferase activity) were obtained after 7 days of exposure. All three of
      these activities returned to control levels within 4 days after termination of
      the treatment. The liver somatic index was slightly increased after 4 days of
      administration of 1% 2-ethylhexanoic acid, but the protein contents of the
      "mitochondrial," microsomal, and cytosolic fractions were unaffected. The
      activity of peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA beta-oxidation was increased 2-fold,
      whereas peroxisomal catalase activity was unaffected. Exposure to 2-ethylhexanoic
      acid also increased cytochrome oxidase activity, suggesting an effect on
      mitochondria. Other parameters of detoxication--i.e. total microsomal cytochrome
      P-450 content, cytosolic glutathione transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene, and the "cytosolic" epoxide hydrolase activity localized in the
      "mitochondrial" fraction--were not affected by 4 days of treatment with 1% 2
      ethylhexanoic acid.

PMID- 2881747
TI  - Mechanisms of lidocaine kinetics in the isolated perfused rat liver. I. Effects
      of continuous infusion.
AB  - The mechanisms of time-related reduction in lidocaine clearance were studied
      using a "one-pass" perfused rat liver system. Lidocaine was infused continuously
      for a period up to 150 min (concentration ranged from 9.6 to 278 microM). The
      time required for lidocaine to achieve steady state in the effluent ranged from
      20 to 90 min. Analysis of material balance suggested that capacity-limited tissue
      binding was partially responsible for determining the time to steady state. The
      characteristic rise of monoethylglycinexylidide to a maximum within 5 min and
      decline to a stable level during constant lidocaine infusion suggested that the
      deethylation pathway may be partly deactivated. This observation could be the
      major determinant for the time-dependent effects of lidocaine elimination.
      Saturation of metabolism, mainly hydroxylation, and product inhibition by
      monoethylglycinexylidide did not reduce the extraction of lidocaine
      significantly. The dose-related reduction in lidocaine elimination is believed to
      have little contribution to the time effects of lidocaine.

PMID- 2881748
TI  - Deacetylation of diltiazem by rat liver.
AB  - The enzyme system mediating the hydrolysis of the calcium antagonist diltiazem to
      give deacetyldiltiazem was characterized in the rat. Tissue distribution studies
      showed that the highest level of activity was mainly localized in the microsomal
      fraction of the liver. Some activity was also detected in the red blood cells.
      The kinetics of the enzymatic reaction demonstrated that the formation of
      deacetyldiltiazem increased linearly with time up to 60 min and with protein
      content up to 7.8 mg. Apparent Km and Vmax values calculated from a Lineweaver
      Burk plot were 0.17 X 10(-3) M and 0.013 mumol/mg of protein/min. Mercuric
      chloride, silver nitrate, and cupric chloride at concentrations of 0.6 X 10(-3) M
      decreased the diltiazem deacetylase activity to 47%, 24%, and 19%, respectively,
      as compared to control incubations. At a concentration of 6.7 X 10(-8) M, cadmium
      sulfate decreased the hydrolysis of diltiazem by 40%, whereas cobaltous sulfate
      at concentrations of 10(-3) M did not affect the deacetylation activity. The
      hydrolysis reaction was depressed by the organophosphorus compounds, bis-p
      nitrophenylphosphate and diisopropyl fluorophosphate to 31% and 0%, respectively,
      at concentrations of 10(-6) M. Eserine sulfate at a concentration of 2.2 X 10(-4)
      M, and disulfiram and aspirin at concentrations of 10(-3) M decreased the
      diltiazem deacetylase activity to 17%, 71%, and 79%, respectively. Rifampicin and
      phenacetin at concentrations of 10(-3) M did not inhibit the hydrolysis reaction.
      In vivo pretreatment of the rats with phenobarbital increased the in vitro
      diltiazem deacetylase activity 3.2-fold, whereas 3-methylcholanthrene did not
      affect the enzymatic hydrolysis of diltiazem.

PMID- 2881749
TI  - Plasma concentration-response relationship for cimetidine inhibition of drug
      metabolism in the rat.
AB  - Cimetidine inhibition of antipyrine elimination has been studied in the rat over
      a range of steady state cimetidine concentrations. Cimetidine is a potent
      inhibitor of antipyrine metabolism with a concentration of about 1.25 mg/liter
      causing a 50% decrease in the total plasma clearance of antipyrine. The degree of
      inhibition of antipyrine clearance caused by cimetidine is dependent upon its
      plasma concentration, but the relationship is not linear. The formation
      clearances of all antipyrine metabolites measured--3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, 4
      hydroxyantipyrine, and norantipyrine--are inhibited by cimetidine at all
      concentrations used. The susceptibility of the different metabolites to
      cimetidine inhibition does vary. The renal clearance of antipyrine was also
      decreased by cimetidine by an unknown mechanism. Analysis of the individual
      formation clearances suggests that the inhibition of oxidative metabolism due to
      cimetidine is caused by its binding to two classes of enzyme sites--a high
      affinity, low capacity and a low affinity, high capacity site. These two
      different sites would appear to be responsible for the production of different
      metabolites of antipyrine. The true nature of the selectivity of cimetidine
      inhibition of antipyrine metabolism is apparent from the formation clearances but
      not from the urinary metabolite patterns.

PMID- 2881750
TI  - Comparison of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate concentrations in tissues
      from different laboratory animals.

PMID- 2881751
TI  - Influence of age on intrinsic clearance of bupivacaine and its reduction by
      cimetidine in elderly male rats.

PMID- 2881752
TI  - Effect of surgery on serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and serum
      protein binding of DL-propranolol in phenobarbital-treated and untreated rats.

PMID- 2881753
TI  - Mechanisms of lidocaine kinetics in the isolated perfused rat liver. II. Kinetics
      of steady state elimination.
AB  - The steady state kinetics of lidocaine and its metabolites were modeled using
      nonlinear elimination pathways for multiple enzymes. The main metabolites,
      monoethylglycinexylidide and 3-hydroxy-lidocaine, were infused in the absence of
      lidocaine to measure the kinetic parameters for secondary elimination. Data from
      continuous perfusion of lidocaine in the isolated perfused rat liver at
      concentrations ranging from 9.6 to 278 microM (N = 16) were used to calculate the
      kinetic parameters for formation of the main metabolites. The elimination of
      lidocaine in the liver was approximated by the well stirred model. The whole
      liver study gave higher elimination rates than were predicted from microsomal
      studies. The major pathways for elimination of lidocaine in the rat were
      deethylation and hydroxylation, and subsequent elimination along these pathways
      accounted for the poor material balance at low dosage levels. The observed
      competitive inhibition of hydroxylation was in agreement with the predictions of
      the model.

PMID- 2881754
TI  - Mechanisms of lidocaine kinetics in the isolated perfused rat liver. III.
      Evaluation of liver models for time-dependent behavior.
AB  - Three models for the elimination of lidocaine in the isolated perfused rat liver
      were used to simulate the time course of both lidocaine and its metabolites in a
      single-pass perfusion system: well stirred, parallel tube, and a two-compartment
      model to test the effects of enzyme heterogeneity. All models included multiple
      enzymes and multiple metabolic pathways, as well as varying degrees of tissue
      binding. Although the well stirred and parallel tube models gave qualitatively
      different results, neither model predicted that the concentration of
      monoethylglycinexylidide would pass through a maximum and then decline to a lower
      steady state value, as observed in continuous perfusion experiments. Although
      each of the three models tested would give reasonable agreement with steady state
      observations, the test of the time-dependent behavior of both lidocaine and
      monoethylglycinexylidide was more discriminating. Each model gave characteristic
      predictions for the time course of the metabolites.

PMID- 2881755
TI  - The series-compartment model for hepatic elimination.
AB  - An empirical model is presented for hepatic elimination of substrates which
      treats the liver as a series of compartments. The number of compartments serves
      as an adjustable parameter and determines the effect of changes in blood flow on
      elimination. By allowing variable dependence of clearance on blood flow, the
      model serves as a bridge between the extreme cases of venous equilibrium (the
      "well-stirred" model) and the "parallel-tube" model. The adjustable parameter in
      the model can be determined by measuring the clearance at different rates of
      blood flow, or at different extents of binding of the substrate to blood
      components. Examples are given for steady state elimination of several different
      substrates with linear and nonlinear elimination kinetics.

PMID- 2881756
TI  - Microsomal metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio jacobaea. Isolation
      and quantification of 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine and N
      oxides by high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The metabolism in vitro of four pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the poisonous plant
      Senecio jacobaea was studied. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids jacobine, jacoline,
      senecionine, and seneciphylline, all macrocyclic diesters of retronecine, were
      incubated with rat liver microsomes. Analysis of incubation extracts by HPLC with
      a PRP-1 reverse phase styrene-divinylbenzene resin column revealed the presence
      of two major metabolites, 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-l-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine
      and an N-oxide derivative. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm the structure of
      metabolites isolated by preparative HPLC using the PRP-1 column and a C-8 reverse
      phase column. Quantitative HPLC analysis using the PRP-1 column allowed the
      comparison of the rates of formation of the dihydropyrrolizine derivative and N
      oxides from the four alkaloids.

PMID- 2881757
TI  - The formation of procainamide hydroxylamine by rat and human liver microsomes.
AB  - A method is described, using HPLC and electrochemical detection, which permits
      the direct quantitation of procainamide hydroxylamine. Procainamide hydroxylamine
      was formed from procainamide by hepatic microsomes from both rat and human, with
      rat microsomes showing higher apparent formation rates. The apparent Km for
      formation of procainamide hydroxylamine was 0.044 mM for rat liver microsomes,
      with an apparent Vmax of 2.81 nmol/min/mg of protein. Estimates of Km from three
      human microsomal samples were 6.29, 2.89, and 6.88 mM. Vmax estimates were 0.31,
      0.74, and 0.74 nmol/min/mg of protein, respectively, roughly an order of
      magnitude less than that observed for the rat. Microsomal formation in both
      species was inhibited by boiling the microsomes, eliminating NADPH from the
      incubation system, by preincubation with SKF 525A, cimetidine, or n-octylamine,
      or by gassing the microsomal incubation mixture with carbon monoxide. These
      observations suggest that procainamide hydroxylamine formation is cytochrome P
      450 mediated. Procainamide hydroxylamine could not be detected in the blood of
      rats treated with a single dose of procainamide, 100 mg/kg, po. One potential
      reason for the inability to detect this metabolite in blood is indicated by the
      rapid disappearance in vitro of procainamide hydroxylamine added to whole blood.
      Most of this disappearance appears to be due to an interaction with hemoglobin.

PMID- 2881759
TI  - Effect of diffusional barriers on drug and metabolite kinetics.
AB  - Previous experimental and simulation studies have alluded to the presence of a
      diffusional barrier for enalaprilat, the polar, dicarboxylic acid metabolite of
      enalapril, entering hepatocytes. The present study examined the roles of
      diffusional clearances of drug and metabolite on the distribution and elimination
      characteristics in liver. The hepatic intrinsic clearances for enalapril (26.1
      ml/min) and enalaprilat (0.7 ml/min), found in a previous study, were used for
      simulation because, along with their given diffusional clearances (75 and 2
      ml/min, respectively), they yielded a high extraction ratio for drug (E = 0.86)
      and a poor extraction ratio for the preformed metabolite (E = 0.05). While
      maintaining the intrinsic clearances and hepatic blood flow rate (10 ml/min)
      constant, only drug and metabolite diffusional clearances were altered. The liver
      was modeled as three (blood, liver tissue, and bile) compartments, with blood
      flowing into sinusoids of uniform length L. Blood (sinusoidal) and tissue
      concentrations of drug and generated and preformed metabolites, at any point x
      along L and under linear kinetic conditions, were approximated numerically by
      computer simulations and expressed as the length-averaged or mean concentrations.
      The factors underlying drug and metabolite (preformed and generated)
      concentrations, hepatic clearances and elimination rates, and their
      interrelationships were illustrated graphically, emphasizing the roles of
      diffusional clearances for drug and metabolite on their spatial distributions and
      elimination in liver.

PMID- 2881758
TI  - Studies on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 4-chlorodiphenyl ether in rats.
AB  - The metabolic disposition of 14C-labeled 4-chlorodiphenyl ether ([14C]4-CDE) was
      examined in rats following iv administration of a single dose (850 nmol/kg).
      [14C]4-CDE decayed rapidly from the blood since no unchanged [14C]4-CDE was
      detected in the blood beyond 2 hr after [14C]4-CDE administration. The
      dispositional kinetics of [14C]4-CDE in rats were best described by a two
      compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Total radioactivity was excreted slowly
      from rats; about 41% and 33% of the administered dose were excreted into the
      urine and feces, respectively, within 1 week after chemical administration. About
      5% of the total radioactivity administered to rats was excreted into the bile in
      1 hr. The bulk of the radioactivity in the excreta was due to the presence of
      [14C]4-CDE metabolites. 14C-labeled 4'-hydroxy-4-CDE was the major metabolite and
      accounted for at least 90% of the radioactivity in the urine. The metabolic
      conversion of [14C]4-CDE to 14C-labeled 4'-hydroxy-4-CDE was corroborated by in
      vitro studies with liver microsomes of rats. In addition, [14C]4-CDE was
      converted by liver microsomes to reactive metabolites which bound irreversibly to
      microsomal protein. An arene oxide is suggested as the intermediate metabolite in
      the biotransformation of [14C]4-CDE by rats.

PMID- 2881760
TI  - Cytochrome P-450 isozymes 2 and 5 in rabbit lung and liver. Comparisons of
      structure and inducibility.
AB  - Rabbit cytochrome P-450 isozymes 2 and 5 were purified from pulmonary and hepatic
      microsomal preparations. Purification of isozyme 5 was monitored by
      immunochemical methods so that contamination by isozymes 2, 4, and 6 could be
      avoided. Partial proteolysis of hepatic and pulmonary isozyme 5 showed minor
      differences in peptide formation when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and visualized by the
      silver staining method. In contrast, identical patterns were observed when the
      peptides were transferred to nitrocellulose paper and visualized
      immunochemically. The differences observed between the results obtained with the
      two methods was apparently caused by differences in small amounts of contaminants
      present in both preparations. HPLC profiles of peptides formed by treatment of
      pulmonary and hepatic isozyme 5 with trypsin appeared to be the same. In
      addition, it was found that the pulmonary and hepatic isozymes had identical
      sequences for the first 20 NH2-terminal amino acids. Three distinct fractions of
      hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozyme 2 were obtained when chromatography on DEAE
      cellulose was used as the final step in the purification procedure. In contrast,
      only a single fraction of purified pulmonary isozyme 2 was isolated by the same
      method. Analysis of the pulmonary and three hepatic preparations of isozyme 2 by
      partial proteolysis and visualization of peptides by silver staining or
      immunoblotting showed no differences. Analysis of tryptic digests by HPLC also
      produced the same results for each of the four preparations. The first 24 NH2
      terminal amino acids were identical for all four preparations of isozyme
      2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881761
TI  - Extrahepatic expression of N-acetylator genotype in the inbred hamster.
AB  - The genetic control of S-acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA)-dependent N-acetyltransferase
      activity (EC 2.3.1.5) was investigated in liver, intestine, kidney, and lung
      cytosols derived from homozygous rapid acetylator (Bio. 87.20), heterozygous
      acetylator (Bio. 87.20 X 82.73/H F1), and homozygous slow acetylator (Bio.
      82.73/H) Syrian inbred hamsters. AcCoA-dependent N-acetyltransferase activity was
      highest in hepatic cytosol, followed by intestine, kidney, and lung cytosol. In
      each of these tissues, cytosolic N-acetyltransferase exhibited an acetylator
      genotype-dependent activity with highest levels in homozygous rapid, intermediate
      levels in heterozygous F1 progeny, and lowest levels in homozygous slow
      acetylators. The ratio of N-acetyltransferase activity between acetylator
      genotypes was in general substrate dependent but not tissue dependent. Acetylator
      genotype-dependent N-acetyltransferase activity differences were highest for p
      aminobenzoic acid, followed by p-aminosalicylic acid, 2-aminofluorene, and beta
      naphthylamine. Expression of isoniazid N-acetyltransferase activity in each
      tissue was acetylator genotype independent. Determination of Michaelis-Menten
      kinetic constants in each tissue suggested that p-aminobenzoic acid N
      acetyltransferase activity was acetylator genotype-dependent because of catalysis
      by an isozyme(s) that is both an apparent Km and a Vmax variant. In contrast, the
      acetylator genotype-independent expression of isoniazid N-acetyltransferase
      activity in each tissue appeared to result from a common isozyme(s) present in
      each tissue with equivalent kinetic constants in the two phenotypes. These data
      suggest that acetylator genotype-dependent expression of AcCoA-dependent N
      acetyltransferase activity in extrahepatic tissues may play an important role in
      hereditary predisposition to toxicity and/or carcinogenesis in extrahepatic
      organs following exposure to arylamine drugs and foreign chemicals.

PMID- 2881762
TI  - Metabolism of the beta-carbolines, harmine and harmol, by liver microsomes from
      phenobarbitone- or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice. Identification and
      quantitation of two novel harmine metabolites.
AB  - This study extends an investigation of the metabolism of the beta-carbolines,
      harmine and harmol, by untreated, phenobarbitone-induced, or 3-methylcholanthrene
      (MC)-induced mouse liver microsomes to identify two MC-inducible metabolites of
      harmine and to quantitate their rates of formation using 3H-labeled substrate. An
      HPLC system was devised to separate harmine and its metabolites. The major
      metabolite with MC-induced microsomes was identified by mass spectroscopy and by
      NMR to be 6-hydroxy-7-methoxyharman and was produced at an initial reaction rate
      of 11 nmol/min/mg of microsomal protein (27-fold induction). The other novel
      metabolite, 3- or 4-hydroxy-7-methoxyharman (the position of the hydroxyl group
      could not be definitively assigned by NMR) was produced at an initial reaction
      rate of 3.8 nmol/min/mg of microsomal protein (32-fold induction) which was
      similar to the rate of formation of the other metabolite, harmol, determined
      previously. All three metabolites were further metabolized to unidentified
      metabolites. Protein binding of [3H]harmine and [3H]harmol was measured and shown
      to be metabolism dependent. It was also noted that the alkali conditions used for
      optimal extraction stimulated the protein binding.

PMID- 2881763
TI  - Stereochemical aspects of the glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed conjugations of
      alkyl halides.
AB  - (R,S)-2-iodooctane and (R,S)-2-bromooctane were found to be substrates for the
      glutathione S-transferases from rat liver. The conjugation reactions of the
      enantiomeric 2-halooctanes and glutathione were found to proceed with inversion
      of configuration at the chiral carbon of the substrate. Selective titration of
      the free cysteine residues of the glutathione S-transferases provided no
      observable effect on the stereochemical course of these conjugation reactions. No
      evidence for substrate stereoselectivity was observed. The diastereomeric S-(2
      octyl)glutathiones were produced in approximately equal amounts from racemic 2
      halooctane substrates. With S-(+)-2-iodooctane as the electrophilic substrate, a
      biphasic double reciprocal plot of glutathione concentration vs. initial velocity
      of product formation was observed suggesting complex kinetics. The S-2
      octylglutathione diastereomers were found to be potent inhibitors of the
      glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
      These results provide support for a single displacement mechanism for the
      conjugation of 2-halooctanes and glutathione catalyzed by the glutathione S
      transferases with product inhibition at low glutathione concentrations.

PMID- 2881765
TI  - Microbial transformation of the antihistamine pyrilamine maleate. Formation of
      potential mammalian metabolites.
AB  - Fourteen fungi were found to metabolize pyrilamine (2-[(2-dimethylaminoethyl)(p
      methoxybenzyl)amino]pyridine). Two Cunninghamella elegans strains transformed
      essentially all of the pyrilamine added after 144 hr. After 48 hr of incubation,
      C. elegans ATCC 9245 metabolized 76% of the antihistamine into methylene chloride
      extractable pyrilamine metabolites. These organic-soluble metabolites were
      isolated by HPLC and the major metabolites were characterized by comparison of
      their chromatographic, mass, and 1H-NMR spectral properties with those of
      authentic compounds. The major metabolite was identified as 2-[(2
      dimethyloxyaminoethyl)(p-methoxybenzyl)amino]pyridine (N-oxide derivative of
      pyrilamine). Other metabolites identified were 2-[(2-dimethylaminoethyl)(p
      hydroxybenzyl)amino]pyridine, 2-[(2-methylaminoethyl)(p
      methoxybenzyl)amino]pyridine, and 2-[(2-methylaminoethyl)(p
      hydroxybenzyl)amino]pyridine. These metabolites represent O-demethylated, N
      demethylated, and O- and N-demethylated derivatives of pyrilamine, respectively.
      The mutagenic activities of the N-oxide and the N- and O-dealkylated pyrilamine
      derivatives, and pyrilamine maleate were measured by reversion of Salmonella
      typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102. Pyrilamine maleate and the
      three microbial metabolites showed no appreciable mutagenic activity in any of
      the S. typhimurium tester strains. The metabolism of pyrilamine by 12 other
      filamentous fungi and yeast strains was much less when compared to C. elegans and
      ranged from 3.8% to 12.2%. The fungal metabolism of pyrilamine may be useful in
      predicting results of mammalian metabolism and in readily providing sufficient
      quantities of metabolites for further toxicological studies.

PMID- 2881764
TI  - Comparative metabolism and disposition of 1-chloro- and 3-chloro-2-methylpropene
      in rats and mice.
AB  - A recent 2-year carcinogenicity study found that gavage administration of 3
      chloro-2-methylpropene (CMP), containing 5% 1-chloro-2-methylpropene
      (dimethylvinyl chloride, DMVC), caused forestomach neoplasms in rats and mice.
      Similar chronic studies revealed that DMVC caused forestomach neoplasms in both
      rats and mice; neoplasms of the nasal and oral cavities were observed in rats but
      not in mice. In the current studies we have investigated the metabolic basis of
      these differences. Daily doses of 150 mg/kg of 2-[14C]DMVC or 2-[14C]CMP were
      administered to rats for 1, 2, or 4 consecutive days. One daily dose of 150 mg/kg
      of DMVC was administered to mice. Both DMVC and CMP were rapidly metabolized;
      however, CMP was cleared at a slightly lower rate. Rats exhaled approximately 25
      and 10% of the DMVC and CMP as CO2, respectively. Mice exhaled 25% of the DMVC as
      CO2. Rats expired 30% of the administered DMVC unchanged in the 24 hr after
      dosing compared to only 7% of the administered CMP. Mice expired 5% of the
      administered DMVC in the same time period. This observation may explain the
      occurrence of tumors in the nasal and oral cavities of rats treated with DMVC but
      not in rats treated with CMP or in mice treated with DMVC in 2-year
      carcinogenicity studies. The 24-hr urinary excretion in rats was 35% of the
      administered DMVC compared to 58% of CMP. Mice excreted 47% of the administered
      DMVC in 24 hr in the urine. An unusual urinary metabolite of DMVC, 2-amino-6
      methyl-4-thia-5-heptene-1,7-dioic acid, was identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2881766
TI  - Toxicology of tremorgenic mycotoxins, fumitremorgin A and B.

PMID- 2881767
TI  - A review of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of emesis, gastric lavage and
      single and repeated doses of charcoal in overdose patients.

PMID- 2881768
TI  - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as a selective indicator of ochratoxin A
      induced nephropathy.

PMID- 2881769
TI  - Evaluation of nephrotoxicity using isolated nephron segments.

PMID- 2881770
TI  - The use of kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1) to study aminoglycoside
      nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2881771
TI  - Postnatal alterations in cerebellar GABA content, GABA uptake and morphology
      following exposure to carbon monoxide early in development.
AB  - Rats were exposed to either 0, 75, 150 or 300 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) from the
      day of conception until 10 days after birth. Exposure to CO resulted in
      significant deficits in cerebellar weight and deficits in total cerebellar
      content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) among rats at 10 days and 21 days after
      birth. Total cerebellar high-affinity 3H-GABA uptake was decreased among rats
      exposed to 300 ppm at 21 days of age, while total high-affinity 3H-glutamate
      uptake was unaffected. Moreover, cerebella of rats exposed to 300 ppm had fewer
      fissures, although major fissures were of normal depth, when examined
      histologically at 21 days of age. These results identify developmental processes
      involving GABAergic neuronal maturation and foliation of the cerebellum as
      vulnerable to early CO exposure.

PMID- 2881772
TI  - [Modification of orocecal transit time of salazosulfapyridine by atropine and
      metoclopramide in healthy probands].
AB  - The first appearance of sulpharyridine in plasma was investigated in nine healthy
      informed male volunteers. In a three way crossover design 6 g salazopyrin alone,
      together with metoclopramide (0.3 mg/kg i.m.) or atropine (0.01 mg/kg i.m.) were
      given. Sulphapyridine appears in the blood at the (means +/- S means) 6.2 h +/-
      0.8 h (range: 3-11 h) in controls. Together with metoclopramide the first
      appearance is 3.6 h +/- 0.7 h (range: 2-8 h) and together with atropine these
      values are 8.1 +/- 0.8 h (range: 6-12 h). The differences are significant with p
      less than 0.05. The results show the pharmacological modification of motility in
      the gastrointestinal tract and in consequence the usefulness of salazopyridine to
      determine the transit time.

PMID- 2881773
TI  - Mechanisms of calcitonin-induced growth hormone (GH) suppression: roles of
      somatostatin and GH-releasing factor.
AB  - Calcitonin (CT) binds to specific receptors in the hypothalamus and has been
      localized in the pituitary, suggesting a potential neuroendocrine role for this
      peptide. We and others have previously shown that CT given centrally markedly
      suppresses pulsatile GH secretion. However, the mechanism mediating this response
      remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we assessed the involvement of
      the two hypothalamic GH-regulatory peptides, somatostatin (SRIF) and GH-releasing
      factor (GRF), using a combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques. Six-hour GH
      secretory profiles were obtained from eight groups of freely moving rats bearing
      chronic intracerebroventricular (icv) and intraatrial cannulae. In four groups,
      salmon (s) CT (250 ng/10 microliters) was administered icv, whereas the remaining
      four groups received either normal saline (NS) icv or sCT iv. Central injection
      of sCT caused a severe suppression in amplitude of spontaneous GH pulses compared
      to NS icv-treated control rats, whereas the same dose of sCT iv had no
      significant effect. Passive immunization of sCT icv-injected rats with a specific
      antiserum to SRIF failed to restore the amplitude of GH pulses to normal values.
      In addition, in vitro basal and 50 mM K+-stimulated SRIF release from incubated
      hypothalamic fragments was not altered by sCT in doses ranging from 10(-10) to
      10(-6) M. The iv administration of a bolus of rat GRF (1-29)NH2 (1 microgram) 1 h
      after sCT icv injection also failed to augment plasma GH levels compared to sCT
      iv-treated rats (16.6 +/- 10.0 vs. 326.6 +/- 63.6 ng/ml; P less than 0.001) and
      NS icv controls (407.2 +/- 145.4 ng/ml; P less than 0.01). Blood calcium levels
      decreased similarly 1 h after iv and icv sCT administration. These results
      demonstrate that: sCT inhibits pulsatile GH secretion via a central nervous
      system site of action, GH suppression induced by sCT is apparently not due solely
      to increased hypothalamic SRIF release, and centrally administered sCT produces
      an acute loss of responsiveness of somatotrophs to GRF, which can be dissociated
      from peripheral blood calcium levels.

PMID- 2881774
TI  - Protein degradation in skeletal muscle during experimental hyperthyroidism in
      rats and the effect of beta-blocking agents.
AB  - beta-Blocking agents are increasingly used in the management of hyperthyroid
      patients. The effect of this treatment on increased muscle protein breakdown in
      the hyperthyroid state is not known. In the present study, experimental
      hyperthyroidism was induced in rats by daily ip injections of T3 (100
      micrograms/100 g BW) during a 10-day period. Control animals received
      corresponding volumes of solvent. In groups of rats the selective beta-1-blocking
      agent metoprolol or the nonselective beta-blocker propranolol was infused by
      miniosmotic pumps implanted sc on the backs of the animals. Protein degradation
      was measured in incubated intact soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles by
      determining tyrosine release into the incubation medium. The protein degradation
      rate in incubated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles was increased by
      50-60% during T3 treatment. Metoprolol or propranolol did not influence muscle
      protein breakdown in either T3-treated or control animals. The results suggest
      that T3-induced increased muscle proteolysis is not mediated by beta-receptors,
      and muscle weakness and wasting in hyperthyroidism might not be affected by beta
      blockers.

PMID- 2881775
TI  - Pharmacological manipulations of alpha-adrenoceptors in the infant rat and
      effects on growth hormone secretion. Study of the underlying mechanisms of
      action.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate whether in infant rats, as in adult rats,
      the brain adrenergic mechanisms regulate plasma GH levels and, if so, to
      determine the contribution of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and/or somatostatin
      (SS) pathways. In 10-day-old rats, activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors by
      clonidine (CLO) was effective to stimulate GH release starting from 50
      micrograms/kg ip and up to 450 micrograms/kg ip, though no dose-related effect
      was evident. Conversely, alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade by yohimbine (YOH, 10
      mg/kg, ip) decreased baseline GH levels. Administration of methoxamine (METHOX,
      10 micrograms/rat, ip), a alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, significantly reduced
      plasma GH concentrations, while prazosin (5 mg/kg BW, ip), a specific alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist, stimulated plasma GH secretion. Administration of an
      anti-SS serum (SS-ab, 300 microliters, ip) induced a significant rise in plasma
      GH levels, while administration of an anti-GHRH serum (GHRH-ab, 100 microliters,
      ip) was associated with a striking fall in GH levels. In rats pretreated with SS
      ab, administration of CLO induced a further rise in plasma GH levels. GHRH-ab
      significantly reduced plasma GH levels, and this effect was not altered by
      subsequent CLO administration. Administration of SS-ab and YOH resulted in plasma
      GH levels intermediate between those of rats treated with SS-ab alone or YOH
      alone, while pretreatment with GHRH-ab induced a lowering of plasma GH greater
      than when YOH was given alone. in rats pretreated with SS-ab, the GH-lowering
      effect of METHOX was completely lacking, while GHRH-ab and METHOX induced a
      lowering of plasma GH similar to that ensuing after METHOX alone or GHRH-ab
      alone. Administration of prazosin in rats pretreated with SS-ab did not elicit
      any further rise in plasma GH, while combined administration with GHRH-ab
      elicited a GH-lowering effect comparable to that elicited by GHRH-ab alone. These
      data demonstrate that in the infant rat: brain adrenergic mechanisms involved in
      the neural regulation of GH secretion are operative; different neuropeptide
      mechanisms mediate the effect of activation or inhibition of alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. In particular, activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors stimulates GH
      secretion via endogenous GHRH release, although a mechanism operating to inhibit
      hypothalamic SS release cannot be excluded; stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      is inhibitory to GH secretion exclusively via an increased release of
      hypothalamic SS.

PMID- 2881776
TI  - Somatostatin-14-like antigenic sites in fixed islet D-cells are unaltered by
      cysteamine: a quantitative electron microscopic immunocytochemical evaluation.
AB  - Exposure of somatostatin cells to cysteamine (CSH) produces a marked reduction in
      somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity (S-14 LI) in cell extracts. In the present
      study we have evaluated the effects of CSH on S-14-like sites in fixed islet D
      cells using immunofluorescence and quantitative electron microscopic
      immunocytochemistry. Monolayer cultures of rat islet cells exposed to CSH (10 mM)
      for 1 h and subsequently extracted in 1 M acetic acid exhibited a severe
      reduction in S-14 LI from 6.6 +/- 0.48 to 0.7 +/- 0.06 ng/dish. CSH-induced
      reduction in S-14 LI persisted when cells were fixed in Zamboni's solution for 16
      h and subsequently extracted and assayed. By immunofluorescence, however, the
      relative numbers of somatostatin-positive cells as well as the fluorescent
      intensity were identical in control and CSH-treated cells. CSH did not produce
      any identifiable abnormality in the ultrastructural appearance of D-cells.
      Protein A-gold labeling of the islet cells showed a uniform distribution of gold
      particles in both control and CSH-treated cultures. The density of gold particles
      over D-cell secretory granules from CSH-exposed cultures (36.6 +/- 3.5
      particles/micron2) was not different from that in control D-cell granules (42.2
      +/- 5.9 particles/micron2). These data clearly indicate that despite a profound
      reduction by CSH of S-14 LI in tissue extracts, there is no detectable decrease
      in the same antigenic sites in tissue sections when assessed
      immunocytochemically.

PMID- 2881777
TI  - Control of aldosterone production by angiotensin II is mediated by two guanine
      nucleotide regulatory proteins.
AB  - The involvement of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins in the steroidogenic
      response of the adrenal glomerulosa to angiotensin II (AII) was investigated by
      analyzing the effects of Bordetella pertussis toxin (PT) on several aspects of
      AII action. These included receptor binding, stimulation of aldosterone
      production and GTPase activity, inhibition of cAMP production, and attenuation of
      the aldosterone response at high angiotensin concentrations. Pretreatment of
      glomerulosa cells with PT abolished the inhibitory effects of both AII and
      somatostatin (SRIF) on ACTH-stimulated cAMP production. Under the same incubation
      conditions, the stimulation of aldosterone secretion by submaximal and maximal
      steroidogenic concentrations of AII was completely unaffected by the toxin.
      However, the attenuation of steroid responses seen with supramaximal
      concentrations of AII was abolished. In addition, the ability of SRIF to inhibit
      AII-stimulated steroid production was markedly reduced by PT treatment. The
      binding of [125I]AII to high affinity sites in intact cells and particulate
      fractions, and modulation of the binding by guanine nucleotides, were unaffected
      by toxin pretreatment, even under conditions where a 40-41K protein was
      completely ADP ribosylated. In contrast, the toxin substantially diminished the
      binding of [125I]Tyr0-SRIF to SRIF receptors in glomerulosa cells (by 50% after 5
      h and by 90% after 20 h). These results indicate that Ni or a similar protein
      probably mediates the inhibition of cAMP formation by AII and the attenuation of
      the steroid response by high concentrations of AII as well as the inhibitory
      actions of SRIF in the adrenal glomerulosa cell. Furthermore, the lack of effect
      of PT on AII binding and stimulation of GTPase activity suggests the existence of
      an additional pertussis-insensitive guanine nucleotide-regulatory protein that is
      activated by lower concentrations of AII and mediates the stimulation of
      aldosterone production.

PMID- 2881778
TI  - [Thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulins G in thyroid gland cells in
      patients with Graves-Basedow disease. Clinical studies].

PMID- 2881779
TI  - [Thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulins G in thyroid gland cells in
      patients with Graves-Basedow disease. II. Various methodologic aspects of their
      analysis].

PMID- 2881780
TI  - Introduction of human chromosome 11 via microcell transfer controls tumorigenic
      expression of HeLa cells.
AB  - Both tumorigenic segregant HeLa X human fibroblast hybrids and tumorigenic HeLa
      (D98/AH-2) cells can be converted to a non-tumorigenic state following
      introduction of a single copy of a fibroblast t(X;11) chromosome. The
      translocated chromosome contains approximately 95% of the 11 chromosome and the
      q26-qter portion of the X chromosome which contains the hypoxanthine guanine
      phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene. Introduction of a human X chromosome has
      no effect on tumorigenic expression. Suppression of tumorigenicity is relieved by
      selecting cells which have lost the t(X;11) chromosome by growth in medium
      containing 6-thioguanine (6-TG). Further, reintroduction of the t(X;11)
      chromosome into tumorigenic 6TGR cells again suppresses tumorigenicity. Thus, the
      introduction of a single copy of a human chromosome 11 is sufficient to
      completely suppress the tumorigenic phenotype of HeLa cells and is suggestive of
      the presence of tumor-suppressor gene(s) on this chromosome.

PMID- 2881781
TI  - Sequence conservation in the protein coding and intron regions of the engrailed
      transcription unit.
AB  - Engrailed (en) is a gene involved in proper segmentation of the Drosophila
      embryo. The predicted en protein contains a homeodomain and regions rich in
      polyalanine, polyglutamine, polyglutamate/aspartate and serine. We have taken an
      evolutionary approach to define which regions may be of fundamental importance by
      examining the D. virilis genomic sequence homologous to the D. melanogaster en
      primary transcription unit. Sequence homology begins at the first ATG of a long
      open reading frame yielding proteins of 584 and 552 amino acids for the D.
      virilis and D. melanogaster proteins, respectively. The predicted amino acid
      sequence can be divided into conserved and non-conserved domains. The C-terminal
      30% of the protein (which includes the homeodomain) is completely conserved. In
      the N-terminal 70% of the protein, the overall conservation is 71%, but non
      conservative amino acid changes occur in clusters and there are short stretches
      of highly conserved sequence. A region rich in glutamate and aspartate is
      conserved and has homology to an 18-amino acid sequence present in members of the
      myc family of proteins. Major differences in the size of the two proteins occur
      in regions of non-conserved repeated sequences. In the introns of the engrailed
      transcription units there are long stretches of conservation, suggesting this DNA
      may be of functional importance.

PMID- 2881783
TI  - Processing and metabolism of neuropeptides.

PMID- 2881782
TI  - Yeast mitochondrial ATPase subunit 8, normally a mitochondrial gene product,
      expressed in vitro and imported back into the organelle.
AB  - Subunit 8 of yeast mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase is a proteolipid made on
      mitochondrial ribosomes and inserted directly into the inner membrane for
      assembly with the other F0 membrane-sector components. We have investigated the
      possibility of expressing this extremely hydrophobic, mitochondrially encoded
      protein outside the organelle and directing its import back into mitochondria
      using a suitable N-terminal targeting presequence. This report describes the
      successful import in vitro of ATPase subunit 8 proteolipid into yeast
      mitochondria when fused to the targeting sequence derived from the precursor of
      Neurospora crassa ATPase subunit 9. The predicted cleavage site of matrix
      protease was correctly recognized in the fusion protein. A targeting sequence
      from the precursor of yeast cytochrome oxidase subunit VI was unable to direct
      the subunit 8 proteolipid into mitochondria. The proteolipid subunit 8 exhibited
      a strong tendency to embed itself in mitochondrial membranes, which interfered
      with its ability to be properly imported when part of a synthetic precursor.

PMID- 2881784
TI  - Studies on Mg2+-dependent ATPase in bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. With
      special reference to the effect of inhibitors and energy coupling.
AB  - The Mg2+-ATPase activities of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules were studied in
      highly purified preparations of granule ghosts and in intact organelles. The
      overall ATPase activity (150-250 nmol ADP min-1 mg-1) of the granule ghost
      preparations was inhibited less than 5% by the bathophenanthroline chelate of
      Fe(II), a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial F1-ATPase. This small inhibition can
      be accounted for by a very minor contamination with mitochondria or mitochondrial
      fragments. The overall ATPase activity of native granule ghosts was inhibited
      about 75% by N-ethylmaleimide, with half-maximal inhibition at about 20 microM.
      The titration curve was slightly shifted towards higher concentrations as
      compared to the inhibition curve for the proton pump activity, which was
      completely inhibited at 25 microM. N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibited the
      overall ATPase activity by 75-80% at 1.1 mumol/mg protein, a concentration that
      completely abolished the proton pump activity. Low concentrations (10 microM) of
      vanadate inhibited the overall ATPase activity by about 15% but had no effect on
      the proton pump activity, which was partly inhibited only at higher vanadate
      concentrations. Our attempts to assign a function to the vanadate-sensitive and N
      ethylmaleimide-insensitive ATPase have so far been unsuccessful. In particular,
      our assay for ATP diphosphohydrolase activity was negative, although the
      chromaffin granule ghosts revealed a low Mg2+-ADPase activity (11.8 nmol AMP min
      1 mg-1 protein). In intact chromaffin granules the specific Mg2+-ATPase activity
      (50-70 nmol ADP min-1 mg-1) was stimulated 2-fold by uncouplers, as compared to
      1.6-1.7-fold in granule ghosts. The degree of energy coupling was rather
      independent of the external pH (6.5 less than pH less than 8.0) and temperature
      (20-45 degrees C). As expected, partial inhibition (about 15%) of the overall
      ATPase activity by 10 microM vanadate increased the ATPase control ratio. ADP was
      found to be a potent inhibitor of the proton pump activity with MgATP as the
      substrate, and the effect can partly be explained by a competitive type of
      inhibition of the hydrolytic reaction. This effect of ADP explains some of the
      kinetic data reported for MgATP-dependent (H+-ATPase-dependent) reactions in this
      organelle, notably the energy-dependent accumulation and storage of
      catecholamines.

PMID- 2881785
TI  - Unstable angina revisited once more.

PMID- 2881786
TI  - Adrenaline infusion evokes increased thromboxane B2 production by platelets in
      healthy men: the effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - The effects of direct adrenergic stimulation, achieved by 60-min adrenaline
      infusion (0.1-0.2 microgram kg-1 min-1), on thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production by
      platelets in whole blood ex vivo and on ADP-induced platelet aggregation were
      studied in seven healthy male volunteers. The effects of two beta-adrenergic
      blocking agents, pindolol and practolol, on the adrenaline-induced changes were
      furthermore analyzed. Adrenaline administration resulted in an about ten-fold
      elevation in plasma adrenaline, and an about three-fold increase in TxB2
      production by platelets at 30 min of infusion. The increased TxB2 production
      persisted throughout the entire adrenaline infusion, and up to 30 min of
      postinfusion period (recovery). Pindolol blunted markedly the effects of
      adrenaline on platelet TxB2 production, whereas practolol seemed to have only a
      weak effect. The sensitivity of platelets to ADP-induced aggregation did not
      change during the 60 min of adrenaline infusion. However, at 60 min of recovery
      the platelets showed a significantly increased sensitivity to ADP.
      Correspondingly, pindolol treatment did not affect platelet sensitivity during
      the infusion period, but at 60 min of recovery it had caused a significantly
      decreased sensitivity of platelets to ADP-stimulation. Plasma-free fatty acids
      increased markedly during the adrenaline infusion. This increase was totally
      blocked by pindolol, but only partly by practolol. The present results
      demonstrate that adrenaline, at plasma levels seen for example, in complicated
      myocardial infarction, stimulates platelet TxB2 production and increases the
      sensitivity of platelets to ADP after the infusion. Pindolol, but not practolol,
      inhibits these adrenaline-induced changes in platelet behaviour.

PMID- 2881787
TI  - Stimulation of hepatic efflux and turnover of glutathione by methionine in the
      rat.
AB  - The effect on hepatic glutathione (GSH) turnover of transpeptidation of substrate
      amino acids by gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was evaluated in intact rats. The
      infusion of 5 mmol kg-1 of L-methionine, L-cysteine and glycylglycine promptly
      stimulated hepatic GSH turnover as measured by acetaminophen probe analysis. This
      stimulation was abolished by pretreatment of the animals with inhibitors of GGT.
      Glycine and phenylalanine, two amino acids that are poor substrates for
      transpeptidation by GGT, had no effect on GSH turnover. A methionine load led to
      a decrease in hepatic GSH from 6.40 +/- 0.6 to 4.1 +/- 0.4 mumol g-1 and
      significantly increased the plasma clearance of GSH from 4.76 +/- 0.09 to 6.05 +/
      0.36 ml min-1 100g bw-1. In the in situ perfused rat liver increasing
      concentrations of methionine in the perfusate stimulated the efflux of GSH from
      19.5 nmol min-1 g liver-1 without added methionine to 34.1 and 56.3 nmol min-1 g
      liver-1 at 0.1 and 1.0 mM methionine, respectively. We conclude that the
      administration of amino acids or dipeptides that are good substrates for
      transpeptidation by GGT increases hepatic turnover of GSH. The stimulation of
      sinusoidal efflux of GSH by methionine indicates that an increased efflux is
      responsible for the increased rate of turnover of hepatic GSH. The associated
      increase in the plasma clearance of GSH suggests that by increasing the efflux of
      GSH the liver may provide more GSH for the extracellular transpeptidation of
      substrate amino acids.

PMID- 2881788
TI  - Acute systemic and renal haemodynamic effects and long-term antihypertensive
      action of cadralazine in patients pretreated with beta-blockers and diuretics.
AB  - The antihypertensive effects of the hydralazine-related compound cadralazine (2
      (3-[6-(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylamino]pyridazinyl)ethyl carbazate, ISF 2469), were
      investigated in 16 patients with primary hypertension concurrently treated with
      beta-blockers and diuretics. The protocol included a double-blind placebo
      controlled haemodynamic evaluation after the first tablet and two 4-week double
      blind placebo controlled cross-over periods followed by an open evaluation during
      2 months. Cadralazine induced a moderate, prolonged fall in blood pressure that
      was associated with vasodilatation and slight increases in cardiac output (dye
      dilution) and heart rate. Renal plasma flow (PAH) and glomerular filtration rate
      (51Cr-EDTA) were not significantly influenced, but the filtration fraction was
      reduced. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline rose, whereas
      plasma renin activity was unchanged. The haemodynamic parameters were not
      correlated with the plasma concentrations of cadralazine. During chronic
      cadralazine treatment the supine blood pressure was significantly lower than
      during the double-blind placebo phase (160/93 vs 174/102 mmHg). The compound was
      generally well tolerated but the body weight increased slightly (1.1 kg),
      probably because of fluid retention. Several patients who had previously
      experienced side effects with hydralazine, including one with hydralazine
      syndrome, tolerated cadralazine well. This suggests that cadralazine does not
      cross-react with hydralazine.

PMID- 2881789
TI  - Mediation of the discriminative stimulus properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) by the putative 5-HT1A receptor.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate the putative 5-HT1A
      receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) from saline
      in a 2-lever operant drug discrimination paradigm. The 8-OH-DPAT cue was found to
      be highly selective; neither the 5-HT receptor agonists, quipazine, LSD, MK 212
      and RU 24969, the 5-HT releasing agent, p-chloroamphetamine, nor the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, were able to substitute for 8-OH-DPAT in tests
      of generalization. In contrast, both buspirone and TVX Q 7821, which like 8-OH
      DPAT have high affinity and selectivity for the 5-HT1A recognition site,
      generalized to the 8-OH-DPAT cue in a dose-dependent manner. The discriminative
      stimulus properties of 8-OH-DPAT were not antagonized by the 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonist, ketanserin, or the selective beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists, betaxolol and ICI 118.551, indicating that neither 5-HT2 receptors,
      nor beta-adrenoceptors play a significant role in the behaviour. However, the 8
      OH-DPAT cue was antagonized stereoselectively by pindolol and alprenolol, which
      have relatively high affinity and stereoselectivity for 5-HT1, but not 5-HT2,
      recognition sites. Similarly, the capacity of TVX Q 7821 to generalize to the 8
      OH-DPAT cue could be blocked by pindolol. In view of the fact that 8-OH-DPAT has
      negligible affinity for the 5-HT1B site, the above results are consistent with
      its discriminative stimulus properties being mediated by the putative 5-HT1A
      receptor. Moreover, agonist activity at central 5-HT1A receptors may be an
      important mechanism contributing to the anxiolytic properties of buspirone and
      TVX Q 7821.

PMID- 2881790
TI  - Evidence for low brain penetration by the H1-receptor antagonist temelastine
      (SK&F 93944).
AB  - Competition by the potent selective H1-receptor antagonist temelastine (SK & F
      93944) with [3H]mepyramine binding to mouse cortex H1-receptors has been measured
      in vitro and vivo. The data were compared with that obtained using the classical
      H1-receptor antagonists mepyramine and promethazine and indicated that
      temelastine has relatively low ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier
      compared with the latter two compounds. These studies also revealed that
      temelastine has relatively low affinity for mouse cortex H1-receptors compared
      with its affinity for H1-receptors in guinea-pig ileum and cortex, suggesting
      that it may be a useful compound with which to investigate potential H1-receptor
      tissue and species-related differences.

PMID- 2881791
TI  - The antinociceptive effects of prostaglandin antagonists in the rat.
AB  - This study examined the antinociceptive effects of two prostaglandin antagonists,
      SC-25469 and SC-19220 in the rat. SC-25469 and SC-19220 inhibited acetic acid
      induced writhing with ED50 s of 6.9 and 6.8 mg/kg p.o., respectively. When
      compared to other analgesics, the rank order of potency in the writhing test was
      morphine greater than pentazocine = U-50,488 greater than SC-25469 = SC-19220
      greater than ibuprofen greater than aspirin greater than acetaminophen. SC-25469
      (150 and 300 mg/kg p.o.) and SC-19220 (50-300 mg/kg p.o.) also suppressed the
      behavioral response to s.c. injection of formalin, as did aspirin (50-150 mg/kg
      p.o.), ibuprofen (25-100 mg/kg p.o.) and acetaminophen (300 mg/kg p.o.). However,
      the suppression was not of the magnitude observed after administration of
      morphine (ED50: 0.9 mg/kg s.c.), pentazocine (ED50: 2.4 mg/kg s.c.) or U-50,488
      (ED50: 0.8 mg/kg s.c.). This study demonstrates the antinociceptive properties of
      prostaglandin antagonists in two distinct tests of nociception.

PMID- 2881792
TI  - Comparison of L-[3H]glutamate, D-[3H]aspartate, DL-[3H]AP5 and [3H]NMDA as
      ligands for NMDA receptors in crude postsynaptic densities from rat brain.
AB  - L-[3H]Glutamate, D-[3H]aspartate, DL-[3H]2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5) and
      [3H]N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were evaluated as radioligands using postsynaptic
      density (PSD) preparations from rat brain. L[3H]Glutamate had the highest
      affinity and greatest percentage specific binding, followed by D-[3H]aspartate
      greater than DL-[3H]AP5 greater than [3H]NMDA. The pharmacological specificity of
      the binding of each radioligand indicated an interaction with NMDA-preferring
      receptors, the order of potency of displacing compounds tested being L-glutamate
      greater than D-aspartate greater than D-AP5 greater than DL-AP5 greater than
      ibotenate greater than NMDLA greater than quisqualate. For L-[3H]glutamate, the
      data revealed an interaction with two sites, the major one having NMDA receptor
      characteristics and the minor one resembling the quisqualate-preferring receptor.
      Against L-[3H]glutamate binding, quisqualate showed a two-component inhibition
      profile with an affinity of 25 microM at the NMDA site and 0.19 microM at the
      quisqualate site. Thus, by using several radioligands possessing activity at NMDA
      receptors, we confirm that an NMDA receptor binding site is present in crude
      PSDs. Although it is less selective than D-[3H]aspartate, DL-[3H]AP5 and
      [3H]NMDA, L-[3H]glutamate remains, by virtue of its high affinity, the ligand of
      choice for the study of NMDA receptors in preparations where such sites
      predominate.

PMID- 2881793
TI  - Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of 1-(2-pyridinyl)-piperazine (1
      PmP) in the interaction of buspirone or gepirone with noradrenergic systems.
AB  - We investigated in mice the effects of one of the principal metabolites of
      buspirone and gepirone, 1-(2-pyridinyl)-piperazine (1-PmP), on hypothermia and
      reduced locomotion induced by clonidine (0.25 and 0.06 mg/kg, respectively),
      tests related to brain alpha-adrenergic function. Both effects were antagonized
      dose dependently by 1-PmP (1-16 mg/kg i.p.). Moreover, pretreatment with
      proadifen (50 mg/kg) prevented the reversal by buspirone and gepirone of
      clonidine-induced hypothermia. This suggests that 1-PmP could be responsible for
      some of the apparent noradrenergic effects of buspirone and gepirone.

PMID- 2881794
TI  - Characterization of soluble bradykinin receptor-like binding sites.
AB  - Bradykinin (BK) receptor-like binding sites were solubilized from a particulate
      fraction of bovine uterine myometrium (BUM) using the zwitterionic detergent 3
      [(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS). Scatchard
      analysis of [125I-Tyr1]kallidin (T1K) binding revealed a single class of soluble
      binding sites with KD = 0.35 nM and Bmax = 0.13 pmol/mg protein. The soluble
      binding sites exhibited a kinin-binding specificity comparable to that of the
      particulate BUM receptor-like sites. Soluble T1K binding association kinetics
      were first-order at the four T1K concentrations examined. A plot of the pseudo
      first order rate constant (Kobs) versus T1K concentration was linear, and values
      for the association (k1) and dissociation (k-1) rate constants were obtained.
      These rate constants yielded a kinetically derived equilibrium dissociation
      constant (KD = 0.64 nM) which was comparable to that obtained by Scatchard
      analysis. Biphasic dissociation of bound T1K was resolved into rapid and slow
      dissociation phases. The rate constant (k-1) of the rapid dissociation phase was
      comparable to the dissociation rate constant determined in association
      experiments. A biphasic loss of soluble T1K binding activity was observed with
      storage at 10 degrees C.

PMID- 2881795
TI  - Inotropic effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide and somatostatin on the human right atrium in vitro.
AB  - Inotropic responses to calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha-CGRP), substance P,
      neurokinin A, capsaicin, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
      and somatostatin (Som, 14 and 28 were analysed using the isolated, electrically
      driven auricle of the human right atrium. alpha-CGRP and VIP stimulated atrial
      contractility concentration dependently. alpha-CGRP was about 10-fold more potent
      than noradrenaline (NA) as an inotropic agent. Phentolamine plus metoprolol
      decreased the atrial response to NA significantly while the alpha-CGRP effect
      remained unchanged. Som did not influence the basal contractility of the atria,
      which, however, was inhibited by acetylcholine (ACh). ACh, Som 14 and Som 28
      inhibited the NA-induced stimulation of atrial contractility, whereby Som 28 was
      more potent than Som 14. The inhibitory effects of ACh were completely blocked by
      atropine which did not influence the response to Som. Capsaicin, substance P,
      neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the NPY fragments 1-19 and 26-36 did not
      induce any changes in contractility of the electrically driven human atrium. The
      present results suggest that some of the recently discovered neuropeptides (alpha
      CGRP, VIP and Som) could be of importance in the regulation of cardiac
      contractility in man.

PMID- 2881796
TI  - Neurotransmitter levels in the hypothalamus during postnatal development of rats.
AB  - The content of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA) and serotonin
      (5-HT) in the rat hypothalamus was determined at four hours time interval during
      24 hours period at the age of 12, 23, 27 and 75 days. It was found that the
      content of NE in the hypothalamus is low in 12 day-old rats, and during the
      postnatal period a gradual increase of NE was noted. The content of E in the
      hypothalamus is low in 12- to 27-day-old rats and an important increase was found
      in adult animals. The high values of DA and 5-HT concentration were found in the
      hypothalamus of 12-day-old rats and a transient decrease of 5-HT and DA at the
      age of 23 days was noted, further an important increase of the content of both
      neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus was demonstrated later in life. The
      presence of circadian rhythm of hypothalamic NE, E, DA and 5-HT content was found
      in 12-, 23-, 27-day-old and in adult rats overfed or underfed during the suckling
      period. However, no significant correlation was observed between the NE and E
      levels in the hypothalamus and the diurnal fluctuations of plasma corticosterone
      concentrations. In adult animals an inverse correlation between the plasma
      corticosterone level and hypothalamic 5-HT content was noted. In young 12- and 23
      day-old rats the correlation between 5-HT in the hypothalamus and corticosterone
      in the plasma was positive. These results indicate that the shift of peak in
      plasma corticosterone levels during postnatal ontogenesis of rats observed in
      previous experiments is not dependent on the changes in diurnal fluctuation of
      hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations.

PMID- 2881797
TI  - Occurrence of calcitonin, somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, and
      carcinoembryonic antigen in two sisters suffering from familial thyroid medullary
      carcinoma.
AB  - The presence of calcitonin, somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and
      carcinoembryonic antigen in tumor tissues (surgically obtained) and identified by
      the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, is reported in two sisters suffering
      from familial thyroid medullary carcinoma. C-cell hyperplasia occurred in both
      individuals. Preoperatively, both patients had elevated calcitonin serum levels
      (290 pM, 991.8 ng/l), and carcinoembryonic antigen (60 micrograms/l). No ACTH or
      thyroglobulin immunoreactivity could be found in the tumor tissue. After
      thyroidectomy, 131I-treatment and percutaneous radiation, somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity and carcinoembryonic antigen plasma levels were in the normal
      range, whereas calcitonin was still elevated. It is proposed that calcitonin,
      somatostatin, and carcinoembryonic antigen are produced by the thyroid medullary
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2881798
TI  - Possible windborne spread of myxomatosis to England in 1953.
AB  - An analysis of the meterological conditions showed that the first outbreaks of
      myxomatosis in S.E. England in 1953 could have resulted from wind carriage of
      insects infected with myxoma virus from northern France. South-easterly winds on
      the night 11-12 August would have carried the insects 120-160 km from the
      Departements of Nord, Pas de Calais and Somme across the English Channel to near
      Edenbridge, Kent. The flight would have taken 6.5-8.5 h at wind speeds of 15-22
      km h-1. On the night 11-12 August, temperatures increased with height (inversion)
      up to 500 m; at ground level temperature was around 19 degrees C and at 500 m was
      25 degrees C. Insects would have travelled up to the top of the inversion
      arriving on 12 August as the inversion declined. Two or possibly three
      generations of infection would have taken place before the disease was seen
      around the middle of September 1953. The most likely insect was the mosquito
      Anopheles atroparvus which breeds along the coastal marshes of England and
      northern France and which has been shown experimentally and in the field to
      transmit myxoma virus mechanically.

PMID- 2881799
TI  - The effect of levobunolol on aqueous humor dynamics.
AB  - We evaluated the acute effects of installation of 0.5% levobunolol on aqueous
      humor dynamics in a double-masked study in 18 patients with ocular hypertension.
      Aqueous flow was measured by fluorophotometry and total outflow facility by
      tonography. Aqueous flow decreased approximately 29% in the eyes treated with
      levobunolol. Total outflow facility and episcleral venous pressure measurements
      were similar in levobunolol-treated eyes and contralateral eyes treated with
      vehicle. A 36% decrease in intraocular pressure was observed in the levobunolol
      treated eyes and a slight intraocular pressure reduction was seen in the vehicle
      treated eyes. The results of this study indicate that, similar to timolol,
      levobunolol lowers intraocular pressure primarily by decreasing aqueous humour
      production.

PMID- 2881800
TI  - Initial nociceptive sensitization in carrageenin-induced rat paw inflammation is
      dependent on amine autacoid mechanisms: electrophysiological and behavioural
      evidence obtained with a quaternary antihistamine, thiazinamium.
AB  - We have studied the ability of a quaternary antihistamine, thiazinamium, to
      inhibit the nociceptive sensitization that occurs early, during the first hour,
      following intraplantar injection of the polysaccharide carrageenin in the rat.
      Parallel studies were performed with an electrophysiological model (changes in
      responsiveness of ventro-basal thalamic cells driven by noxious stimulation of
      the paws), and a behavioural test (changes in threshold stimulus necessary to
      elicit vocalization by gradually increased pressure to the paws). When
      thiazinamium was given intravenously 10 min before carrageenin, no sensitization
      due to inflammation was found in either test. By contrast, when thiazinamium was
      administered 20 min after carrageenin, there was a clear sensitization in both
      tests that did not differ from that found in animals not treated with the
      antagonist. Paw oedema was also slightly decreased by pretreatment with
      thiazinamium. These results suggests that early inflammatory sensitization of
      peripheral nociceptors is mainly dependent on an initial release of histamine
      (and/or serotonin, since thiazinamium could also have some antiserotoninergic
      activity).

PMID- 2881801
TI  - Brain tissue transplantation in neonatal rats prevents a lesion-induced syndrome
      of adipsia, aphagia and akinesia.
AB  - Previous experiments have proven brain tissue transplantation effective in
      reversing lesion-induced behavioral deficits in mature rats. This study reversed
      the usual experimental paradigm, so that fetal substantia nigra was transplanted
      into intact neonatal rats and allowed to mature in the host brain. Upon
      maturation substantia nigra lesions were made bilaterally to reveal the
      functional contribution of the transplanted tissue. In control animals these
      lesions depleted striatal dopamine, producing rigidity, poverty of movement and
      abnormal posture comparable to Parkinson's disease in the human; cessation of
      feeding and drinking led to progressive weight loss and death. In contrast, fetal
      substantia nigra transplanted into the neonatal rat became well-integrated in the
      host brain and was shown to protect the animal from this syndrome produced by
      subsequent substantia nigra lesions. We suggest that transplantation in these
      neonatal rats was performed during a crucial period of synaptogenesis, an
      environment particularly favorable to host-transplant interaction.

PMID- 2881803
TI  - Glutamate-like immunoreactive structures in primary sensory neurons in the rat
      detected by a specific antiserum against glutamate.
AB  - We found that large cells in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia contained
      glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Immunoreactive neurons were not detected in the
      superior cervical or pterygopalatine ganglia. These findings indicated that
      glutamate is a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator of large cells of sensory
      ganglia.

PMID- 2881802
TI  - Reduced excitatory effect of kainic acid on rat CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons
      following destruction of the mossy projection with colchicine.
AB  - Rats were injected unilaterally with colchicine in the dentate gyrus of the
      dorsal hippocampus. Two weeks later, under urethane anesthesia, extracellular
      recordings were obtained on both sides from pyramidal neurons of the CA1 and of
      the CA3 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. Microiontophoresis was used to assess
      the responsiveness of these neurons to kainate, glutamate and ibotenate. The
      colchicine injection produced a nearly complete destruction of the granule cells
      of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus and of their mossy fiber projections to CA3
      without apparently affecting other hippocampal neurons. On the lesioned side, the
      potency of kainate in activating CA3 pyramidal neurons was reduced by 94%
      compared to the same neurons on the intact side. However, the excitatory effect
      of glutamate was unchanged and that of ibotenate only slightly reduced. Kainate
      was 80 times more potent in activating CA3 than CA1 pyramidal neurons on the
      intact side, whereas this ratio had dropped to 2.6 on the lesioned side. The
      selective decrease of the effectiveness of kainate in activating CA3 pyramidal
      neurons following the colchicine lesion suggests that this amino acid, but not
      glutamate and ibotenate, produces most of its excitatory effect in the intact CA3
      region by releasing (an) excitatory neurotransmitter(s) from mossy fibers
      terminals, the nature of which remains to be identified.

PMID- 2881804
TI  - Recording of mouse ventral tegmental area dopamine-containing neurons.
AB  - We examined the electrophysiologic and pharmacologic properties of dopamine
      containing ventral tegmental area neurons in the mouse using extracellular single
      unit recording techniques in both chloral hydrate-anesthetized mice and in vitro
      mouse midbrain slices. In vivo the ventral tegmental area neurons had long
      duration action potentials (2 to 5 ms) and discharged at 1 to 9 spikes/s with
      either a decremental burst pattern or a regular pattern. Systemic administration
      of the dopamine agonist, apomorphine, decreased their firing rate, and the
      dopamine receptor blocker, haloperidol, reversed this effect. Similarly, systemic
      administration of the dopamine-releasing agent, d-amphetamine, suppressed their
      discharge rate, an effect blocked by pretreatment of the animals with alpha
      methyl-p-tyrosine. When recorded in vitro from midbrain slices, ventral tegmental
      area neurons showed electrophysiologic properties similar to those found in vivo;
      however, the neurons recorded in vitro fired at a significantly faster rate and
      their firing pattern tended to be more pacemaker-like, especially when recordings
      were made in an incubation medium that blocked synaptic transmission (i.e., low
      calcium/high magnesium). The activity of most of these neurons was suppressed by
      addition of apomorphine to the incubation medium, an effect reversed by
      haloperidol. Pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine produced no significant
      change in the discharge pattern or rate for cells recorded in vitro. These data
      indicate that mouse ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in vivo exhibit the
      same electrophysiologic and pharmacologic properties as do rat and cat dopamine
      containing neurons and that in vitro they fire with pacemaker regularity in a low
      calcium/high-magnesium medium. The in vitro preparation offers an approach to
      examining the fundamental properties of ventral tegmental area dopamine
      containing neurons in the absence of afferent inputs.

PMID- 2881805
TI  - Effect of cysteamine on cytosolic somatostatin binding sites in rabbit duodenal
      mucosa.
AB  - Administration of cysteamine in rabbits elicited a rapid depletion of both
      duodenal mucosa and plasma somatostatin. A significant reduction was observed
      within 5 min, returning toward control values by 150 min. The depletion of
      somatostatin was associated with an increase in the binding capacity and a
      decrease in the affinity of both high- and low-affinity binding sites present in
      cytosol of duodenal mucosa. Incubation of cytosolic fraction from control rabbits
      with 1 mM cysteamine did not modify somatostatin binding. Furthermore, addition
      of cysteamine at the time of binding assay did not affect the integrity of 125I
      Tyr11-somatostatin. It is concluded that in vivo administration of cysteamine to
      rabbits depletes both duodenal mucosa and plasma somatostatin and leads to up
      regulation of duodenal somatostatin binding sites.

PMID- 2881806
TI  - A quantitative analysis of the metabolic pathways of hepatic glucose synthesis in
      vivo with 13C-labeled substrates.
AB  - A quantitative analysis of the major metabolic pathways of hepatic glucose
      synthesis in fasted rats was conducted. [2-13C]Acetate was administered
      intraintestinally into awake fasted rats. 13C NMR and GC-MS analysis were used to
      quantitate the isotopic enrichments of glutamate, glutamine, lactate, alanine and
      the newly synthesized liver glucose. By measuring the ratio of carbon atoms in
      glutamate molecules derived from acetyl-CoA to carbon atoms in the glucose
      molecule derived from oxaloacetate and gluconeogenic substrates, such as lactate
      and alanine, the relative activities of the Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis were
      quantified. Our results indicate that the percentage of glucose carbons
      originating by 'metabolic exchange' with the oxaloacetate pool, via the Krebs
      cycle, is less than 7%.

PMID- 2881807
TI  - Amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS. Relationships between net uptake and
      exchange in rat brain synaptosomes.
AB  - Carefully isolated, metabolically competent rat brain synaptosomes accumulate
      acidic amino acid neurotransmitters down to very low external levels. This
      supports the suggestion that nerve endings are involved in terminating
      transmission at the synapses and in maintaining low levels of these molecules in
      the external environment in the brain. At saturating levels of acidic amino
      acids, the rate of inward and outward movements of the Na+-amino acid complex
      (exchange) is much faster than the net uptake. The transmembrane gradients of
      aspartate and glutamate approach each other under all conditions explored which
      indicates that these two amino acids share the same transport system.

PMID- 2881808
TI  - Regulatory role of the ATPase inhibitor protein on proton conduction by
      mitochondrial H+-ATPase complex.
AB  - This study shows that the natural inhibitor protein of mitochondrial H+-ATPase
      complex (IF1) inhibits, in addition to the catalytic activity, the proton
      conductivity of the complex. The inhibition of ATPase activity by IF1 is less
      effective in the purified F1 than in submitochondrial particles where F1 is bound
      to F0. No inhibition of H+ conductivity by F0 is observed in F1-depleted
      particles.

PMID- 2881809
TI  - Effects of organic solvents and orthophosphate on the ATPase activity of F1
      ATPase.
AB  - The ATPase activity of soluble F1 ATPase of mitochondria is activated by Pi. The
      concentration of Pi required for half-maximal activation decreases from a value
      higher than 50 mM to about 1 mM Pi when one of the organic solvents dimethyl
      sulfoxide (15 to 30%), methanol (7.5 to 15%) or ethylene glycol (10 to 30%) is
      added to the assay medium. This effect is observed in the presence of MgCl2 but
      not in the presence of CaCl2.

PMID- 2881810
TI  - Mode of inhibition of sodium azide on H+-ATPase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Sodium azide inhibited multi-site (steady-state) ATPase activity of E. coli F1
      more than 90%, but did not affect uni-site (single-site) ATPase activity. Thus
      azide inhibited multi-site ATPase activity by lowering catalytic cooperativity.
      Consistent with this observation, azide changed the ligand-induced fluorescence
      response of aurovertin bound to F1.

PMID- 2881811
TI  - The molecular basis of the inherited deficiency of androsterone UDP
      glucuronyltransferase in Wistar rats.
AB  - A major UDP-glucuronyltransferase isoenzyme in rat liver (51 kDa), corresponding
      to androsterone glucuronidating activity, has been identified by immunoblot
      analysis. This isoenzyme is absent from Wistar rats exhibiting the low
      androsterone (LA) UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity exhibiting the low
      androsterone (LA) UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity phenotype. Northern blot
      analysis of total RNA from normal and androsterone glucuronidation deficient
      Wistar rats demonstrated that the mRNA encoding this protein was not synthesised.
      Differences in restriction fragment length observed on Southern blotting of
      genomic DNA from LA Wistar rats indicate that this inherited deficiency is the
      result of a deletion in the androsterone UDP-glucuronyltransferase gene.

PMID- 2881813
TI  - Ontogeny of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF)
      in the hypothalamus of the sheep.
AB  - Using the immunoperoxidase method, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)
      and somatostatin (SRIF) were demonstrated in the hypothalamus of fetal sheep.
      Both hormones were found in the perikarya at about day 60 of fetal life, i.e., at
      the end of the first half of pregnancy. Immunoreactive LHRH (irLHRH) perikarya
      were situated in the vicinity of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
      (OVLT), i.e., in the medial preoptic nucleus and in the nucleus of the diagonal
      band of Broca. They were scattered and generally sparse in these areas. In the
      earliest stages of fetal life (60, 75, 90 days of gestation) irSRIF perikarya
      grouped in the ventromedial nucleus and in the lateral preoptic nucleus, were
      very numerous. In the oldest fetuses (120 and 135 days of gestation) they had
      disappeared from these nuclei but could be found in some extrahypothalamic
      regions--the amygdala, septo-olfactory area and sometimes in the anterior
      periventricular zone of the hypothalamus. Neither irLHRH nor irSRIF material were
      stored in the nerve terminals of the external layer of the median eminence (ME)
      before day 75 of gestation. In all developmental stages examined, irLHRH material
      in the ME was very scarce whereas irSRIF material very aboundant.

PMID- 2881812
TI  - When to operate on open angle glaucoma.
AB  - The aim of treatment in primary angle glaucoma should be to reduce the
      intraocular pressure throughout the 24 hours to a level where no damage is done
      to the optic nerve head, thus preventing any field defect. Open angle glaucoma as
      it is presently defined requires a significantly raised intraocular pressure to
      be associated with detectable changes in the optic nerve and a consequent visual
      field defect. The goal is therefore unattainable whilst this definition remains.
      The best that can be achieved is to reduce the intraocular pressure to such a
      level that no further disc damage occurs. Unfortunately, because there is no
      method of measuring the intraocular pressure over 24 hours, large diurnal rises
      of pressure may well remain undetected, producing irreparable damage to the disc.
      Furthermore, significant nerve fibre loss occurs before any field defect is
      detected even by the most sophisticated testing techniques and some patients
      develop field defects in spite of normal intraocular pressures. Treatment
      therefore is largely empirical, relying on the coarse assessment of visual
      fields, intermittent measurements of intraocular pressure and the clinical
      observation of the optic nerve head. Chronic open angle glaucoma is a disastrous,
      insidious disease destructive to the optic nerve head. It is difficult to
      diagnose before serious damage has occurred and it is difficult to monitor once
      it has been discovered. Medical therapy was successful in preventing field loss
      in one third of patients when the medication was given infrequently and in low
      dosage. Higher dosages were poorly tolerated and the drugs were often not taken
      by the patient. No advantage was obtained by increasing the strength and
      frequency of the medication because any improvement was transient.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881814
TI  - Fixed eruption to sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2881815
TI  - A molecular genetic approach to the study of catecholamines.

PMID- 2881816
TI  - Molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation.
AB  - The experiments described in this paper may perhaps point the way towards a
      reaction mechanism for oxidative phosphorylation. However, we are not yet in a
      position to write a detailed chemical equation, supported by experimental
      evidence, for the mechanism of ATP synthesis. Continued pursuit of some of the
      implications of these experiments will be very much dependent on information
      presently unavailable. For example, it would be of great value to have three
      dimensional X-ray crystal structures for F0 as well as F1. It will also be
      important to know the pathway of proton translocation through the ATPase complex.
      We shall surely require entirely new experimental tools to probe many of these
      questions.

PMID- 2881817
TI  - Distribution and activation of protein kinase C in the rat testis tissue.
AB  - The distribution and role of the calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent
      protein kinase C (PK-C) was studied in rat testis. When testis tissue was
      homogenized in the presence of 2 mmol/l EDTA and EGTA, the majority (greater than
      70%) of the PK-C activity was soluble, the rest was released from the particulate
      fraction by solubilization with 0.3% Triton X-100. Without chelating agents the
      soluble PK-C activity was undetectable, and only partially recovered from
      solubilized membranes. Preincubation of the tissue with the tumor-promoting
      phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 10(-7) mol/l)
      translocated PK-C to the membranes, and the majority of this activity was
      recovered by solubilization. Mobility of testicular soluble PK-C activity in HPLC
      DEAE cellulose chromatography was similar to that of the brain enzyme. This
      single step purified testicular PK-C activity 140-fold. The specific activity and
      subcellular distribution of PK-C was similar in whole testis tissue and separated
      seminiferous tubules (160-210 pmol 32P X mg protein-1 X min-1 in the soluble and
      particulate fractions), but 2- to 3-fold higher in purified Leydig cells.
      However, the majority of total testicular PK-C activity appeared to be of tubular
      origin. Unilateral cryptorchidism for 1 week reduced PK-C of the abdominal testis
      by 50%, and the activity of dissected seminiferous tubules varied according to
      the epithelial wave. Both findings suggest that the bulk of the activity resides
      in the seminiferous epithelium. Involvement of PK-C in Leydig cell function was
      demonstrated using the TPA, which at 10(-7) mol/l inhibited basal cAMP production
      by 50% (P less than 0.01) but increased that of testosterone by 2- to 3-fold (P
      less than 0.01). On the other hand, when incubated with hCG, TPA inhibited both
      cAMP and testosterone production; the ED50s of hCG stimulation increased 4- to 10
      fold with both parameters. It is concluded that PK-C activity is present in both
      the seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells, and is involved in the regulation of
      these testicular compartments. Its total activity and subcellular distribution
      are at variance according to the functional state and endocrine milieu of the
      testis.

PMID- 2881818
TI  - Differentiation of prospective mouse pancreatic islet cells during development in
      vitro and during regeneration.
AB  - The pancreatic islets of mouse embryos are comprised of four different endocrine
      cell types and of cells containing a hormone (i.e., glucagon) and a catecholamine
      enzyme (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) which appear sequentially during development in
      vivo. The presence of TH in glucagon cells, however, is transient, since adult
      pancreatic A cells do not express the enzyme. In this study we sought to
      determine whether the endocrine precursor cells are primed to differentiate and
      express catecholamine enzymes during their maturation following a predetermined
      sequence or whether these processes are regulated by environmental cues. To
      answer this question, we used immunocytochemical procedures to examine the
      differentiation of pancreatic rudiments removed from E11 mouse embryos and
      maintained in culture and of pancreases that regenerated in vitro from E11
      pancreatic ducts. We found that although all the endocrine cell types
      differentiate in the gland in culture, the sequence of their appearance is
      different from that in vivo, suggesting that the timing of differentiation may be
      regulated by environmental factors. We also found that, in vitro, the pancreas
      contains TH-glucagon cells, indicating that the expression of the enzyme by
      pancreatic A cells is independent of factors present in vivo. Moreover, the fact
      that the TH-glucagon cells also differentiate during pancreatic regeneration
      suggests that the expression of the enzyme may be a characteristic stage of
      endocrine cell precursors during maturation.

PMID- 2881819
TI  - Lack of adjuvant effect of the pertussis component on IPV DTP-polio vaccine in
      children.
AB  - On day 0, four groups of children (3 to 6 months old) randomly received IPV alone
      or IPV + pertussis, or IPV + DP, or IPV + DTP. At days 28 and 56, all the
      children received the same IPV + DTP vaccine. Polio neutralizing and diphtheria
      antibodies were determined at days 0, 28 and 56. No adjuvant and even some
      inhibitory effect of pertussis was observed at days 28 and 56 on mean polio
      antibody titers. These results are compared to those observed with diphtheria.

PMID- 2881820
TI  - Use of a combined DTP-polio vaccine in a reduced schedule.
AB  - A five-year serologic follow-up and a four-year monitoring of the polio and
      pertussis morbidity in an area immunized with a 2 + 1 dose schedule of a combined
      DTP-Po vaccine have shown that: the individual protection against polio measured
      by the presence of neutralizing antibody persists at a very adequate level five
      years after the first booster; after three years of a steady high proportion of
      children with pertussis antibody, a considerable drop is observed and in about
      28% of individuals agglutinin levels of less than 1:20 were found five years
      after booster; the community protection against paralytic poliomyelitis and
      pertussis is satisfactory up to four years after the introduction of the program.
      Continuation of immunization with a 2 + 1 dose schedule at a maximal coverage and
      close seroepidemiologic surveillance are necessary in order to draw definite
      conclusions, because of the potentially strong impact of very dynamic ecological
      factors present in our geopolitical area upon the agent-host interrelationship.

PMID- 2881822
TI  - Comparative study of rat-paw oedema tests for assessing reactivity of B.
      pertussis-containing combined vaccines.
AB  - Two volumetric (electrocapacity plethysmography and mercury volumetry) and two
      linear methods (a new type of scale and a calliper rule) for rat-paw oedema
      measurement used in local reactivity of combined vaccines containing a B.
      pertussis component were compared. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the
      methods was tested on a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and a toxic
      pertussis suspension. The linear methods proved more adequate for measuring small
      and chiefly unidirectionally (vertically) progressing oedemas.

PMID- 2881821
TI  - Simultaneous administration of diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis/polio vaccine and
      hepatitis B vaccine in a simplified immunization programme.
AB  - In most developing countries hepatitis B virus is endemic and prevention has to
      be carried out early in life and on a mass scale. In these regions, simultaneous
      administration of multiple antigens is normal practice. We have therefore,
      investigated the interaction of hepatitis B vaccine with DTP-Polio vaccine.
      Studies include the immune response post one and two injections to diphtheria and
      tetanus toxoid, pertussis and hepatitis B surface antigen. The vaccines were
      given simultaneously or not at a 6 months interval. The immune response to HBsAg
      vaccine and DTP-Polio vaccine injected simultaneously was equal to the immune
      response observed after administration of vaccines alone. Moreover, no adverse
      reactions were noted. This trial also demonstrated that immunization with two
      doses of DTP-Polio vaccine, containing 30 Lf of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids,
      at a 6 months interval is sufficient to obtain a very good immune response.

PMID- 2881823
TI  - Antral gastrin and somatostatin cell populations in rats after chronic
      administration of histamine.
AB  - Variations in the size of the antral G and D cell populations under the effect of
      chronic stimulation of acid secretion with histamine were investigated in male
      Wistar rats. Osmotic minipumps delivering either 0.9% saline or histamine
      dihydrochloride (4.5 mg/kg/h) were implanted subcutaneously in gastric-fistula
      rats. Gastric secretion was collected prior to the implantation of the pump,
      after 7 days and after 14 days. Total antral G and D cell numbers and the G/D
      ratio were estimated at the end of the experiment. Administration of histamine
      during 14 days did not induce significant changes in the number of either G or D
      cells in the antrum despite a 3-fold increase in acid secretion.

PMID- 2881824
TI  - Autonomic nervous control of fundic secretion of somatostatin and antral
      secretion of gastrin and somatostatin in pigs.
AB  - By selective catheterization of gastric veins, we studied the secretion of
      gastrin and somatostatin from the antrum and of somatostatin from the gastric
      fundus-corpus region in anaesthetized pigs with or without acute adrenalectomy.
      The secretion was studied during electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves and
      the splanchnic nerves and simultaneous irrigation of gastric lumen with fluids of
      high, low, and neutral pH. The corpus-fundus somatostatin response to vagal
      stimulation was biphasic with a short-lasting initial increase followed by a
      lasting inhibition, which was little influenced by intraluminal pH or
      adrenalectomy. In pigs with intact adrenals, antral somatostatin secretion was
      increased by vagal stimulation, whereas in adrenalectomized pigs, the effect was
      inhibitory. The vagally induced inhibition was abolished when the intragastric pH
      was kept at pH 2. The antral gastrin secretion was strongly stimulated by vagal
      stimulation. The magnitude of the secretory response was inversely related to the
      pre-stimulatory somatostatin levels, but not to the nerve stimulation responses.
      Splanchnic stimulation increased arterial blood pressure and gastric blood flow,
      but had inconsistent effects on somatostatin and gastrin secretion.

PMID- 2881826
TI  - Alterations in serum gastrin levels and antral G- and D-cell population following
      corticosteroid administration. RIA and immunocytochemical long-term study in
      guinea pigs.
AB  - Fourteen guinea pigs were given prednisolone daily for 20 days and 11 for 40
      days. Another 20 formed the two control groups. Short-term prednisolone treatment
      significantly increased serum gastrin levels and antral G-cell population as
      compared to the control group. The same parameters significantly decreased
      following 40 days of prednisolone treatment as compared to the group of short
      term prednisolone treatment. Forty days of prednisolone treatment significantly
      increased antral D-cell population as compared to the control and short-term
      prednisolone treatment groups. It is concluded that hypergastrinaemia and antral
      G-cell hyperplasia following corticosteroid administration is temporary and is
      accompanied by antral D-cell hyperplasia.

PMID- 2881825
TI  - Somatostatin effect on rectal muscle in human healthy volunteers.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin on the rectal muscle has been studied in 15 healthy
      volunteers who received on 2 separate days and in a random order a continuous 1
      hour infusion somatostatin (250 micrograms initially as an intravenous bolus and
      then 250 micrograms/h via infusion) or placebo (saline 0.15 M). Our results show
      that somatostatin significantly reduces the rectal basal tone after 30 and 50 min
      of infusion without modifying the rectal distensibility. Although they were
      obtained through a pharmacological increase of plasma somatostatin levels, these
      data suggest that somatostatin could play a part in the reservoir function of the
      rectum.

PMID- 2881827
TI  - [New frontiers in human genetics and their implications].

PMID- 2881828
TI  - [Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and their effects on mitochondrial
      function].

PMID- 2881829
TI  - [Beta-blockers and digestive hemorrhages].

PMID- 2881830
TI  - Effects of somatostatin on gallbladder emptying.
AB  - Because approximately 80% of reported patients with somatostatinomas have
      gallstones, this study was performed to determine the effects of exogenous
      somatostatin on gallbladder emptying responses to liquid and solid meals, direct
      cholinergic stimulation by bethanechol, indirect cholinergic stimulation by sham
      feeding, and intravenously administered octapeptide of cholecystokinin.
      Gallbladder emptying was quantitated using 99mTc-HIDA and a gamma-camera on line
      to a digital computer. Somatostatin, administered at a dosage of 7 micrograms/kg
      X h, prevented the gallbladder emptying responses to both test meals, sham
      feeding, and bethanechol. The maximal gallbladder emptying response to
      octapeptide of cholecystokinin at 5.0 ng/kg X min was reduced from 93.2% +/- 4.8%
      to 57.1% +/- 9.9% (p less than 0.01) and to octapeptide of cholecystokinin at 0.5
      ng/kg X min from 91.3% +/- 5.3% to 14.8% +/- 4.2% (p less than 0.01). These
      findings suggest that somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of gallbladder emptying
      in humans. This may be an important factor in the development of gallstones in
      patients with somatostatinomas.

PMID- 2881831
TI  - Effects of monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin on somatostatin-induced and
      intestinal fat-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion in the rat.
AB  - Cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin, designated S10 and
      S20, have recently been generated. The purpose of the present
      immunoneutralization study was to examine the ability of these antibodies to
      block the inhibitory effect of exogenous somatostatin on meal-stimulated gastric
      acid secretion in the innervated rat stomach and to use these antibodies as
      probes to determine if somatostatin is involved in intestinal fat-induced
      inhibition of gastric acid secretion. The plateau acid secretory response to a
      liver extract meal in this model was 28 +/- 2 mu Eq/30 min. Intravenous infusion
      of somatostatin at 2.0 micrograms/kg X h or intraduodenal oleic acid at 1.2 ml/h
      reduced this response to 12 +/- 1 and 14 +/- 1 mu Eq/30 min, respectively. The
      antibodies were given intravenously 1 h before the meal and either somatostatin
      or intraduodenal oleic acid infusion. S10 preinfusion returned the plateau meal
      responses to the levels seen with the meal alone: 25 +/- 4 and 26 +/- 1 mu Eq/30
      min, respectively. S20 preinfusion had no effect, the responses being 14 +/- 1
      and 16 +/- 1 mu Eq/30 min, respectively. These results demonstrate successful
      binding of exogenous somatostatin by S10 in vivo and reversal of intestinal fat
      induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion by S10 preinfusion. It is concluded
      that the mechanism whereby fat in the small intestine inhibits gastric acid
      secretion may involve the release of somatostatin.

PMID- 2881832
TI  - Reduction of food intake by fencamfamine in rats.
AB  - Fencamfamine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg, i.p. single dose) reduced the food intake in a dose
      effect relationship. The dose needed for the 50% inhibition of food intake (ID50)
      was 7.3 mg/kg. Fencamfamine-induced anorexia in rats (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) was
      followed by hyperactivity, stereotypy or both. Pretreatment with haloperidol
      antagonized the anoretic effect induced by fencamfamine. These findings suggest
      that the activation of central dopaminergic systems involved in feeding
      regulation may be responsible for the anoretic effect of fencamfamine and that
      this effect is associated with other central stimulant effects.

PMID- 2881833
TI  - Partial agonists at guinea-pig atrial beta-adrenoceptors display relaxation
      responses in the guinea-pig ileum independent of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation.
AB  - The beta-adrenoceptor mediated responses of oxyfedrine, ritodrine, tazolol,
      prenalterol, salbutamol and carteolol were examined on guinea-pig left and right
      atrial and ileal preparations. All agonists tested in left and right atrial
      preparations were partial agonists relative to isoprenaline. All agonists with
      the exception of salbutamol, which appeared a full agonist, produced relaxation
      responses significantly greater than isoprenaline in ileal preparations. The
      response to ritodrine in the ileum was not influenced by practolol, in a
      concentration which antagonized the responses of ritodrine in the right atria.
      The response of the ileum to beta-adrenoceptor antagonists of varying
      lipophyllicity was examined. Propranolol and pindolol both produced relaxation
      responses relative to their lipophyllicities. No relaxation was observed to
      atenolol, which exhibits very low lipophyllicity. It is concluded that beta
      adrenoceptor agonists exhibit a substantial relaxation of guinea-pig ileum that
      is independent of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation.

PMID- 2881834
TI  - Influence of oxypangam upon the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase, the NAD
      content and the ADPR transferase activity in several organs of the rat.
AB  - Oxypangam is a substance applied therapeutically against a number of diseases,
      such as chronic liver damages, angina pectoris, and psychosomatic disturbances.
      The mode of action of oxypangam has not yet conclusively been described. The only
      well-known properties of this substance are its intensive methylating and
      lipolytic effects. The present paper serves to elucidate the influence of
      oxypangam on the induction of the tyrosine aminotransferase, on the NAD content
      and on the activity of the ADPR transferase in the liver. Our studies showed that
      in normal animals, increasing doses of oxypangam support the induction of
      tyrosine aminotransferase. Up to a concentration of 100 mg/kg oxypangam enhances
      also the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by tryptophan. In both cases,
      however, it does not work in adrenalectomized animals. Under the influence of
      oxypangam the NAD content of the liver remained unchanged, while the activity of
      the ADPR transferase was influenced only slightly.

PMID- 2881835
TI  - Involvement of noradrenergic systems in the effects of conditioning stimulation
      of the lower brain stem on the lumbar spinal reflex in rats.
AB  - The effects of conditioning stimulation at various positions in the pons and the
      medulla on the lumbar spinal monosynaptic reflex (MSR) were examined in rats. The
      conditioning stimulation facilitated the MSR. Facilitation with long latency was
      completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine, chlorpromazine or haloperidol.
      Phenoxybenzamine and chlorpromazine inhibited the MSR. Haloperidol, on the other
      hand, augmented the MSR, and this effect became more potent after the brain stem
      had been transected at the upper part of the medulla oblongata. These results
      suggest that pontine noradreneric systems have a facilitatory influence on the
      MSR via alpha-adrenoceptors, and that alpha-blockers exert an inhibitory effect
      on the MSR by blocking these receptors.

PMID- 2881836
TI  - Neurotransmitters in "the smoke reflex" in rabbits.
AB  - An acute form of "stress-analgesia" is evoked by allowing the smoke of a
      cigarette to envelope the nostrils of unanaesthetized rabbits. The response
      consists of an immediate and generalized arrest of spontaneous movements,
      including respiration and expiration, reduced muscular tone, and unresponsiveness
      to pinching. This motor "paralysis" is accompanied by a profound bradycardia.
      Attempts have been made to identify the neurotransmitters involved in "the smoke
      reflex" by the intervention of antagonists and psychopharmaca. The bradycardia
      was selectively blocked by atropine, leaving the somatomotor inhibition
      unaltered. All components of the response were abolished by approximately 60% by
      clonidine and by 40% by the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline, both of which
      are known to attenuate the release of noradrenaline as agonsits of alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. Yohimbine blocked the clonidine effect. Naloxone (1-2 mg/kg), p
      chlorphenylalanine and dexamethasone failed to influence the reflex response,
      suggesting that opiate, serotonergic and ACTH-systems do not play a critical
      role. The same applied to the benzodiazepine chlordiapoxide. The results suggest
      that this acute stress-induced analgesia is mediated via a noradrenergic system.
      The relationship of the smoke reflex to "the fear paralysis reflex", a possible
      trigger mechanism for the sudden infant death syndrome, is discussed.

PMID- 2881837
TI  - (+/-)-1-[[2-(3,4-Dimethoxphenyl)ethyl]amino]-3-(3-methylphenoxy)-2- propanol
      hydrochloride (bevantolol, NC-1400) as a beta 1-selective adrenoceptor blocker
      with alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking activity.
AB  - Blocking activities of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors by (+/-)-1-[[2-(3,4
      dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl]amino]-3-(3-methylphenoxy)-2 -propanol hydrochloride (NC
      1400) were tested on the isolated muscles, comparing with those of labetalol and
      atenolol. In blocking the beta 1-adrenoceptor, NC-1400 was slightly more potent
      than labetalol and atenolol. NC-1400 was about 1/10th as potent as labetalol and
      about ten times as potent as atenolol in blocking the beta 2-receptor. NC-1400
      was beta 1-adrenoceptor selective. NC-1400 was about 1/30th as potent as
      labetalol in blocking the alpha 1-receptor. NC-1400 did not interact with the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor in concentrations up to 10(-5) M. The present results
      indicate that NC-1400 is the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor blocker with some
      blocking activity of alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2881838
TI  - Immunolocalization of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin
      in the pancreatic islets of the possum, Trichosurus vulpecula.
AB  - Antibodies to insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and somatostatin
      were used in the immunofluorescence procedure to demonstrate localization of the
      four hormones in cells of the pancreatic islets of the brushtailed possum,
      Trichosurus vulpecula. Most pancreatic islets revealed some differences in the
      topographical distribution and cell number of each endocrine cell type. Insulin
      immunoreactive cells were observed in most islets where they occurred as groups
      of cells peripherally and within the islet. In several islets glucagon cells were
      the predominant cell population and were distributed peripherally as well as
      centrally. Pancreatic polypeptide cells were fewer in number and usually occurred
      as single cells within the islet. Cells immunoreactive to antisomatostatin serum
      were observed in varying numbers in the peripheral and central regions of the
      islet. The present immunofluorescence study demonstrates differences in the
      topographical distribution of the four major pancreatic hormones between a
      marsupial species and several of the eutherian mammals.

PMID- 2881839
TI  - Somatostatin-like peptide and regeneration capacities in planarians.
AB  - The presence of a neuropeptide immunologically related to somatostatin (SRIF) has
      been investigated in the neurosecretory cells of two regenerating planarian
      species (Dugesia lugubris and Dendrocoelum lacteum). A correlation has been shown
      between the discharge of the SRIF-like-immunoreactive cells during the first
      hours after amputation and the capacity to regenerate, and between the
      persistence of numerous positive cells and the lack of regeneration. These
      results suggest that somatostatin might play a regulatory (inhibitory) role on
      the cellular proliferation which leads to the blastema edification.

PMID- 2881840
TI  - Secretagogues for pancreatic hormone release in the channel catfish (Ictalurus
      punctatus).
AB  - We investigated the effect of several potential carbohydrate secretagogues, amino
      acids, a ketoacid, and potassium chloride on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
      release from the in vitro perfused Brockmann body of channel catfish (Ictalurus
      punctatus). Mannose (15 mM) stimulated the release of insulin and somatostatin.
      Fructose (30 mM) induced only a small and transient release of somatostatin.
      Galactose (15 mM) was not a secretagogue. Likewise, glyceraldehyde failed to
      stimulate hormone release. Among the amino acids newly tested, alanine and
      leucine, and also alpha-ketoisocaproic acid were without effect. A high
      concentration of potassium (25 mEq/liter) induced a pronounced release of insulin
      and glucagon and a moderate release of somatostatin. In conclusion, a striking
      similarity exists between catfish and higher vertebrates in their pancreatic
      endocrine response to hexoses; on the other hand, the catfish Brockmann body
      appears to respond only to a few of the common stimuli of pancreatic hormone
      release in mammals.

PMID- 2881841
TI  - Growth hormone secretion from chicken adenohypophyseal cells in primary culture:
      effects of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor, thyrotropin
      releasing hormone, and somatostatin on growth hormone release.
AB  - A primary culture of chicken adenohypophyseal cells has been developed to study
      the regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion. Following collagenase
      dispersion, cells were exposed for 2 hr to vehicle (control) or test agents.
      Human pancreatic (tumor) growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF) and rat
      hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor stimulated GH release to similar
      levels. GH release was increased by the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
      Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) alone did not influence GH release; however,
      TRH plus hpGRF together exerted a synergistic (greater than additive) effect,
      increasing GH release by 100 to 300% over the sum of the values for each
      secretagogue acting alone. These relationships between TRH and hpGRF were further
      examined in cultured cells exposed to secretagogues for two consecutive 2-hr
      incubations. TRH pretreatment enhanced subsequent hpGRF-stimulated GH release by
      about 80% over that obtained if no secretagogue was present during the first
      incubation. In other experiments, somatostatin (SRIF) alone did not alter GH
      secretion. However, SRIF reduced hpGRF-stimulated GH release to levels found in
      controls. Furthermore, GH release stimulated by the presence of both TRH and
      hpGRF was lowered to control values by SRIF. The results of these studies
      demonstrate that a primary culture of chicken adenohypophyseal cells is a useful
      model for the study of GH secretion. Indeed, these results suggest that TRH and
      hpGRF regulate GH secretion by mechanisms which are not identical.

PMID- 2881842
TI  - Characterization of melanin concentrating hormone in teleost hypothalamus.
AB  - Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) is a heptadecapeptide isolated from chum
      salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) pituitaries. The peptide has been isolated from whole
      brain extract at a low yield of 1.2 micrograms/1300 brains. MCH activity in the
      hypothalamus was characterised by in vitro scale bioassay and radioimmunoassay.
      Specificity of these assay systems was examined with neurotransmitters such as
      epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, hypothalamic hormones such as
      somatostatin, isotocin, Arg-vasotocin, oxytocin, and Arg-vasopressin, and salmon
      prolactin and its chymotryptic peptide or salmon PRL176-187. Among them only
      salmon PRL176-187 exhibited weak activities in both assays. The neurotransmitters
      were 10(4) to 10(5) times less potent than MCH in the bioassay. MCH
      concentrations in a pituitary and a hypothalamus were estimated as 5300 +/- 750
      ng (ca. 106 micrograms/g) and 48 +/- 9.5 ng (ca. 1.6 micrograms/g), respectively,
      by radioimmunoassay. Lysyl endopeptidase digestion of the hypothalamic extract
      resulted in a significant increase of biological activity as well as of
      immunoreactivity. Gel filtration of the hypothalamic extract and subsequent
      enzymatic digestion revealed that the fractions at higher molecular weight were
      contributory to the increase in the activities.

PMID- 2881843
TI  - Use of P-element-mediated transformation to identify the molecular basis of
      naturally occurring variants affecting Adh expression in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The purpose of the work reported here is to identify the molecular basis of the
      difference in level of expression between the polymorphic Slow and Fast alcohol
      dehydrogenase (Adh) alleles in Drosophila melanogaster. Previous studies have
      shown that Fast lines typically have a two- to threefold higher activity level
      than Slow lines and they also have a substantially higher level of ADH-protein
      (estimated immunologically). The results of a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism study in relation to ADH activity variation had previously suggested
      that the difference in Adh expression between allozymes might not be due entirely
      to the amino acid replacement substitution, but could be due in part to linkage
      disequilibrium with a regulatory site polymorphism. Here we describe an approach
      that makes use of P-element-mediated transformation in order to identify the
      nucleotide substitution(s) responsible for this difference in ADH level. This
      approach consists of generating recombinants in vitro between Adh region clones
      derived from a typical Slow/Fast pair of alleles and then testing for the effects
      of particular restriction fragments on expression in vivo by transformation.
      Using this approach, the effect on both ADH activity and ADH-protein level
      clearly maps to a 2.3-kb restriction fragment that includes all of the Adh coding
      sequence and some intron and 3' flanking sequence, but excludes all of the 5'
      flanking sequence of the distal (adult) transcriptional unit. Comparison of
      Kreitman's DNA sequences for this fragment from several Slow and Fast alleles
      showing the typical difference in activity level shows that only three nucleotide
      substitutions distinguish all Fast from all Slow alleles. Thus, it is likely that
      one or more of these substitutions causes the major difference in Adh expression
      between allozymic classes. One of these substitutions is, of course, the
      Slow/Fast amino acid replacement substitution (at 1490) while the other two are
      nearby third position silent substitutions (at 1443 and 1527). A quantitative
      analysis of variation among transformant stocks shows that the P-element
      transformation approach can be used to localize even relatively small effects on
      gene expression (on the order of 20%).

PMID- 2881844
TI  - A plasmid vector for cloning and expression of gene segments: expression of an
      HTLV-I envelope gene segment.
AB  - We describe a cloning-expression vector system for selecting DNA fragments
      containing open reading frames (ORFs) and expressing them as beta-galactosidase
      (beta Gal) hybrid fusion proteins. The plasmid vector, pWS50, utilizes the very
      strong and easily regulated bacteriophage lambda promoter pL, and the efficient
      translation initiation signals of the N-terminal segment of the lambda cII gene.
      Fused distally to and out of translational phase with cII is the E. coli lacZ
      gene, lacking its own transcriptional and translational initiating signals. A
      unique restriction enzyme site (NruI) is located between the upstream regulatory
      sequences and the lacZ gene, which provides a cloning site for the insertion of
      blunt ended DNA fragments. In addition, there are two other unique restriction
      sites (NheI and BamHI) located in this region which can also be used as closing
      sites. If a DNA fragment does not contain any translation termination codons
      (i.e., an ORF), and is inserted correctly into the vector, the translational
      reading frame between cII and lacZ can be restored. Colonies containing these
      recombinants can be easily screened as LacZ+ on lactose indicator media. The beta
      galactosidase fusion proteins produced from the LacZ+ recombinants are identified
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels by their large size and high level
      of production. To test the ORF cloning-expression system, a segment of the human
      T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I envelope gene was cloned and expressed at high
      levels. The envelope-beta Gal fusion protein was recognized by antibodies in
      serum from a patient with adult T-cell leukemia.

PMID- 2881845
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of papain-encoding cDNA.
AB  - Messenger RNA extracted from Carica papaya fruit was converted to cDNA and cloned
      into the PstI restriction site of plasmid pBR322. Subclones of the approximately
      1.4-kb fragment were sequenced. The nucleotide sequence matched that expected,
      based on the amino acid (aa) sequence for papain, with the following exceptions:
      at aa positions 47, 118 and 135 the codon for glutamate was found instead of
      glutamine; at aa position 169 the codon for asparagine was found instead of
      glycine; at aa positions 86-88, a difference in the order of the aa codons was
      observed, namely tyr-pro-tyr instead of the published pro-tyr-tyr. The upstream
      sequence revealed that papain is probably synthesized with a 133-aa prosegment,
      suggesting that the enzyme is synthesized as an inactive zymogen. The downstream
      segment revealed an unusual (AT)9AGAA sequence beginning 26 bp from the double
      TGA stop codon.

PMID- 2881846
TI  - A 'Southern Cross' method for the analysis of genome organization and the
      localization of transcription units.
AB  - A 'Southern Cross' hybridization method is described which permits the rapid
      restriction mapping of DNA molecules, up to 40 kb in size, for at least ten
      enzymes in a single operation. The procedure allows the full set of 32P-end
      labelled fragments derived from one restriction enzyme digest to intersect and
      attempt to hybridize to the gel-separated fragments of as many as ten unlabelled
      digests immobilized on parallel sheets of filter paper. A two-dimensional array
      of hybridization spots is revealed on each recipient paper, indicating which
      radioactive and non-radioactive DNA fragments have sequences in common. A
      restriction map can then be directly and simply deduced from the matrix of
      hybridization spots in each cross-blot. The method affords advantages over other
      procedures for obtaining restriction maps in terms of the time required, the
      number of restriction enzymes that can be mapped, and the potential for
      eliminating ambiguity. It is also sufficiently sensitive to detect DNA
      rearrangements and restriction-site polymorphisms in moderately complex genomes.
      Furthermore, the procedure is applicable to other aspects of the study of genome
      organization: for example, the exon and intron areas of a segment of cloned
      genomic DNA can be identified by cross-hybridizing a set of radioactive
      restriction fragments from the genomic clone against immobilized RNA from a cell
      type of interest.

PMID- 2881847
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase deduced from the
      cDNA sequence.
AB  - Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) catalyzes the rate-determining reaction in the
      metabolism of ethanol. We report here the complete nucleotide sequence of a cDNA
      encoding rat liver ADH, and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the protein.
      The rat enzyme contains a cluster of aa substitutions and an aa insertion in the
      region between aa residues 111 and 118, which is near the intron-exon junction
      reported for the human ADH gene. It also contains an additional cysteine in the
      highly variable region from aa residues 108-125 which may account for the unusual
      lability of rat ADH compared with ADH from other species.

PMID- 2881848
TI  - Managing the elderly patient with both hypertension and pulmonary disease.
AB  - Older patients with both hypertension and pulmonary disease pose a challenge to
      the physician. Satisfactory blood-pressure control must be achieved without
      exacerbating the concomitant pulmonary disease. Diuretics may interfere with
      mucus production and cause acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities. The beta
      adrenergic blocking agents should be avoided because of their risk of inducing
      bronchospasm. If a beta blocker must be used, it should be combined with an alpha
      and beta-adrenergic blocker, or an agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
      or beta 1 selectivity. The direct and indirect vasodilators may be used safely in
      these patients, but the risk of worsening any underlying coronary artery disease
      must be kept in mind when prescribing either hydralazine or minoxidil. The
      calcium channel blockers and ACE-inhibitors have the best safety record in
      treating the elderly who have hypertension and COPD. For these patients, the
      calcium channel blockers offer the advantage of simultaneous therapy of coronary
      artery disease, whereas hypertensive patients with congestive heart failure would
      be more likely to benefit from an ACE-inhibitor. The ability to treat
      hypertension without precipitating unwanted adverse reactions or dangerous side
      effects is one of the arts of medicine. Fortunately, the range of drugs available
      to today's physician allows safe and efficacious treatment of the elderly patient
      who has both hypertension and pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2881851
TI  - Beta-thalassaemia in Campania: frequency of mutation identified by RSA I
      restriction enzyme: diagnostic aspects.

PMID- 2881850
TI  - Effect of intragastric pH on antral gastrin and somatostatin release in
      anaesthetised, atropinised duodenal ulcer patients and controls.
AB  - The synchronous change in the antral release of gastrin and somatostatin into a
      vein draining the stomach was studied during acidic and alkaline intragastric pH
      in six anaesthetised duodenal ulcer patients and six controls after
      atropinisation. No differences in the basal secretion of gastrin and somatostatin
      were observed among the two groups. Alkaline as well as acidic intragastric pH
      had no effect on the antral release of somatostatin in duodenal ulcer patients
      and controls. In contrast, alkaline intragastric pH was associated with a
      significantly higher antral gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients than in
      controls. Acidic intragastric pH was associated with a significantly smaller
      inhibition of antral gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients than in controls.
      These results suggest that atropinised anaesthetised duodenal patients release
      gastrin abnormally in the presence of acidic or alkaline intragastric pH and that
      any inverse relationship between antral gastrin and somatostatin release is
      uncoupled under these conditions.

PMID- 2881849
TI  - Effect of sulphasalazine and its metabolites on the generation of reactive oxygen
      species.
AB  - The relative in vitro anti-oxidant efficacy of sulphasalazine
      (salicylazosulphapyridine, SASP) and its metabolites (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5
      ASA; sulphapyridine, SP) was examined by studying their effects on the generation
      of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using zymosan-stimulated polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes (PMNs) and a cell free, xanthine-xanthine oxidase system.
      Salicylazosulphapyridine, 5-ASA, and SP showed anti-oxidant effects to the
      various degrees. In particular, production of OH, which is one of the most potent
      reactive oxygen species, was remarkably suppressed by 5-ASA dose relatedly. These
      findings suggest that SASP and its metabolites play an important role in the
      inhibition of respiratory bursts. As the potent products of the respiratory burst
      by polymorphonuclear leucocytes are thought to be important inflammatory
      mediators, suppression of toxic reactive oxygen species generation by these
      agents may partly explain the therapeutic efficacy of SASP in ulcerative colitis,
      which is characterised by an acute mucosal inflammation dominated by
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes accumulation.

PMID- 2881852
TI  - [Cardioprotective properties of beta-blockers in patients after myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 2881853
TI  - [Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action of terazosin].
AB  - alpha-Adrenoceptor blocking activities and vascular relaxation activities of
      terazosin, a new antihypertensive agent, were studied. Terazosin had no effect on
      Ba2+, serotonin, angiotensin II and Ca2+ induced contractions in the isolated rat
      aorta. Terazosin competitively inhibited norepinephrine (NE) and phenylephrine
      (PE) induced contractions of the isolated rat aorta, and their pA2 values were
      9.28 and 8.74, respectively. The potency of terazosin in the NE induced
      contraction was about 0.11, 8 and 176 times more than prazosin, phentolamine and
      yohimbine, respectively. The potency of terazosin in the PE induced contraction
      was about 0.09, 6 and 60 times more than prazosin, phentolamine and yohimbine.
      Terazosin (i.v.) competitively inhibited the PE induced pressor response. The
      "pA2" values of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blocking activity was 5.22, and
      its potency was about 0.05, 5 and 62.5 times more than prazosin, phentolamine and
      yohimbine, respectively. Terazosin (0.3 mg/kg, i.v. or less) did not show any
      significant effect on clonidine induced bradycardia during electrical stimulation
      of cardiac sympathetic nerve, whereas prazosin (0.3 mg/kg), phentolamine (0.1
      mg/kg) and yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg) antagonized the effect of clonidine by 37%,
      80.6% and 63.3%, respectively. Terazosin, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg, p.o., antagonized the
      PE (3 micrograms/kg, i.v.) induced pressor response in conscious unrestrained
      rats. This effect lasted for 8 hr in the case of 0.3 mg/kg and lasted for 12 hr
      in the case of 1 mg/kg. Thus, it is strong suggested that the antihypertensive
      effect of terazosin is based on the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blocking
      action.

PMID- 2881855
TI  - [Disorders of fat metabolism and atherosclerosis--prevention and therapeutic
      measures].

PMID- 2881857
TI  - [Phased therapy and prognosis of peptic ulcer: a workshop. Nuremberg, 7-9 March
      1986. Proceedings].

PMID- 2881854
TI  - [Pharmacological studies of MO-8282, a new antidepressant].
AB  - We investigated the pharmacological characteristics of MO-8282 as a novel
      antidepressant. MO-8282 inhibited the specific binding of 3H-clonidine to cerebro
      cortical membrane fractions from rats about five times more potently than
      mianserin, and it competed with clonidine in the twitch response of the isolated
      guinea-pig ileum under field stimulation. The results indicated that MO-8282
      possessed alpha 2-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. MO-8282 in a dose of 30
      mg/kg (p.o.) showed no inhibition against the uptake of noradrenaline, dopamine
      and serotonin in the rat brain, whereas mianserin inhibited the uptake of
      serotonin specifically. MO-8282, similar to mianserin, had no effect on
      spontaneous release of 3H-noradrenaline and slightly stimulated the release of 3H
      serotonin from the rat cerebrocortical synaptosome. The turnover rate of
      noradrenaline in rat brain was accelerated by administration of MO-8282 (30
      mg/kg) for 15 days; however, that of dopamine and serotonin was not affected. The
      above findings indicate that MO-8282, unlike tricyclic antidepressants, mainly
      exerts alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking action on the central noradrenergic system,
      similar to mianserin. In addition, the fact that MO-8282 unlike mianserin showed
      no inhibition against uptake of serotonin in brain suggests that the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blocking of MO-8282 is more specific and potent than that of
      mianserin.

PMID- 2881856
TI  - [Peptic ulcer--new trends].

PMID- 2881858
TI  - [Factors influencing duodenal and stomach ulcer. Favorable and unfavorable
      conditions for incidence, healing, recurrence and prognosis].

PMID- 2881859
TI  - [Protection of the gastric mucosa].

PMID- 2881860
TI  - [Status of antacids in ulcer therapy].

PMID- 2881861
TI  - [H2 blockers and acute peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2881862
TI  - [The vagus nerve and ulcer disease].

PMID- 2881863
TI  - [New prostaglandin derivatives--progress in ulcer therapy?].

PMID- 2881864
TI  - [Will anti-ulcer drugs soon differ only in their side effects?].

PMID- 2881866
TI  - [Combination possibilities in ulcer therapy].

PMID- 2881865
TI  - [Magaldrate compared to ranitidine. The healing rate of stomach ulcer using
      magaldrate (100 mmol/d) versus ranitidine (300 mg/d)].

PMID- 2881867
TI  - [Psychotherapy of peptic ulcer? Expectations and reality].

PMID- 2881868
TI  - [Long-term drug therapy of peptic ulcer disease. A current review of the status
      of various anti-ulcer drugs].

PMID- 2881869
TI  - [Staged therapy of peptic ulcer. Remarks on therapeutic programs].

PMID- 2881870
TI  - [The dopamine receptor. Target of various diseases].

PMID- 2881871
TI  - [Findings in the treatment of allergy].

PMID- 2881872
TI  - Mechanisms involved in the depleting effect of cysteamine on pancreatic
      somatostatin.
AB  - We investigated the effects of cysteamine on the pancreatic islet hormones and
      found that pancreatic somatostatin contents depleted 60 min after the oral
      administration of cysteamine (300 mg/kg) to rats, yet the insulin and glucagon
      contents remained unchanged. When pancreatic islets isolated by collagenase
      digestion were incubated for 60 min in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing
      0.1, 1, or 10 mM cysteamine, cysteamine dose-dependently decreased the
      somatostatin content, however, only a high concentration (10 mM) decreased the
      insulin level, and cysteamine exerted no effect on the glucagon content. The
      islet hormones (synthetic somatostatin-14, synthetic somatostatin-28, extracted
      pork insulin and extracted pork glucagon) were incubated for 60 min with
      cysteamine (0.1, 1, or 10 mM) and somatostatin-14 was found to be markedly
      decreased by 1 mM cysteamine. Pork insulin but not pork glucagon was dose
      dependently decreased by 0.1-10 mM cysteamine. Cysteamine, 0.1-1 mM, did not
      interfere with the radio-immunoassay system for somatostatin or insulin, although
      10 mM cysteamine did so. This compound exerted no effect on the radioimmunoassay
      system for glucagon. Our studies support earlier findings that cysteamine
      administered to experimental animals plays a role of relatively specific depletor
      of somatostatin. The possibility that the depletion of somatostatin is in part
      due to the remarkable sensitivity of the intracellular compartments of the D
      cells to the drug and in part due to the remarkable sensitivity of the molecular
      structure of somatostatin has to be considered.

PMID- 2881873
TI  - The relationship of endocrine cells, dysplasia and carcinoembryonic antigen in
      Barrett's mucosa to adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus.
AB  - This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and characteristic hormonal
      profile of endocrine cells in Barrett's mucosa and to determine to what extent
      this profile was shared by endocrine cells of adenocarcinomas arising therefrom.
      In addition, lower oesophageal carcinomas, not associated with columnar
      metaplasia, were examined to see if they exhibited a different hormonal profile.
      The patients studied comprised 43 who had had multiple oesophageal biopsies. 35
      who had had oesophagogastric resection for adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's
      mucosa and 26 in whom the resection showed no metaplastic epithelium adjacent to
      tumour. Argyrophil cells were present in 90% of biopsies and resections of
      Barrett's mucosa combined, irrespective of the histological type of metaplastic
      epithelium. By immunocytochemistry the most frequently identified substance in
      mucosal endocrine cells was serotonin (82%) followed by somatostatin (54%),
      secretin (22%) and pancreatic polypeptide (17%). Gastrin, bombesin,
      cholecystokinin, ACTH and substance P were not identified in metaplastic mucosa
      in any case. The difference in expression of serotonin by endocrine cells of
      tumours arising in Barrett's mucosa (31%) and those not (3.8%) was statistically
      significant (P less than 0.0186). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was demonstrated
      in 60% of oesophageal carcinomas, both endocrine positive and endocrine negative.
      Focal CEA expression was seen in 4.6% of biopsies and 14% of Barrett's mucosa
      adjacent to tumour. These results indicate a higher prevalence of endocrine cells
      in Barrett's mucosa than hitherto documented and suggest that serotonin may be a
      useful marker in distinguishing between primary oesophageal and putative gastric
      cancers at the gastro-oesophageal junction. The identification of CEA in
      oesophageal columnar epithelium is of little value in predicting the development
      of malignancy.

PMID- 2881875
TI  - [An approach to hygienic standards of learning work loads for students].

PMID- 2881874
TI  - Polyadenylated and nonadenylated messenger RNA and androgen control of sexual
      behavior and scent marking in male gerbils.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that testosterone stimulates masculine social behaviors by
      inducing transcription of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), we studied the
      effects of cordycepin, an adenosine analog that preferentially impairs synthesis
      of polyadenylated mRNA. When infused into the medial preoptic area of castrated
      male gerbils an hour before they received systemic injections of testosterone
      propionate, cordycepin almost completely blocked recovery of sexual behavior but
      did not affect recovery of scent marking. In gerbils given saline infusions, both
      behaviors were restored. When treatments were reversed, sexual activity resumed
      in males previously exposed to cordycepin and declined in males now receiving the
      drug. Cordycepin also blocked reinstatement of sexual behavior by the two major
      metabolites of testosterone, estradiol and dihydrotestosterone. Thus it does not
      suppress sexual behavior simply by suppressing synthesis of aromatase or 5 alpha
      reductase. Again, cordycepin had no effect on scent marking although this
      behavior is sensitive to other drugs that inhibit transcription or translation.
      The data suggest that testosterone may stimulate sexual behavior and scent
      marking, respectively, by inducing transcription of polyadenylated and
      nonadenylated mRNAs.

PMID- 2881876
TI  - [A case report of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I].

PMID- 2881877
TI  - Localization and cloning of Xp21 deletion breakpoints involved in muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - Twenty-nine deletion breakpoints were mapped in 220 kb of the DXS164 locus
      relative to potential exons of the Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy gene.
      Four deletion junction fragments were isolated to acquire outlying Xp21 loci on
      both the terminal and centromere side of the DXS164 locus. The junction loci were
      used for chromosome walking, searches for DNA polymorphisms, and mapping against
      deletion and translocation breakpoints. Forty-four unrelated deletions were
      analyzed using the junction loci as hybridization probes to map the endpoints
      between cloned Xp21 loci. DNA polymorphisms from the DXS164 and junction loci
      were used to follow the segregation of a mutation in a family that represents a
      recombinant. Both the physical and genetic data point to a very large size for
      this X-linked muscular dystrophy locus.

PMID- 2881878
TI  - A common restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human apolipoprotein E
      gene and its relationship to type III hyperlipidaemia.
AB  - We report a common DNA polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene detected
      with the enzyme HpaI. In an individual who is heterozygous for the polymorphism,
      two hybridising fragments of DNA, one of 50 kb (the H1 allele) and one of 20 kb
      (the H2 allele) are detected. In 54 controls the frequency of the rare allele is
      0.38 (PIC value 0.36). We have also studied the frequency of the polymorphism in
      normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic individuals whose apo E protein typing is
      known. In 39 individuals with type III hyperlipidaemia and the apo E phenotype
      E2E2, the frequency of the H2 allele is 0.97. In contrast, the frequency of the
      H2 allele in normolipidaemic individuals with the E2E2 phenotype is closer to
      that found in the general population. Possible explanations for this are
      discussed.

PMID- 2881881
TI  - Root surface caries symposium.

PMID- 2881879
TI  - DNA polymorphic patterns and haplotype arrangements of the apo A-1, apo C-III,
      apo A-IV gene cluster in different ethnic groups.
AB  - The allelic frequency of five different restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) in the A-1, C-III, A-IV gene region has been determined in Caucasians,
      Negroes, Indian Asians, and Japanese. The polymorphic sites are with Taq-1 at the
      5' end of the A-1 gene, with Msp-1 in the third intron of the A-1 gene, with Pst
      1 in the intergenic sequence between the A-1 and C-III genes, with Sst-1 in the
      3' non-coding region of the C-III gene, and with Pvu-II in the third intron of
      the C-III gene. The alleles identified by three of the RFLPs showed large
      differences in frequency amongst the races, especially between Caucasians and non
      Caucasians. Alleles of the Msp-1 polymorphism and Sst-1 polymorphism, which were
      rare in Caucasians (frequencies 0.03 and 0.01), were more common in Japanese
      (frequencies 0.37 and 0.35), Indian Asians (frequencies 0.37 and 0.26), and
      Negroes (frequencies 0.31 and 0.31). In contrast with a Pvu-II polymorphism one
      allele was rare in Japanese and in Indian Asians (frequency 0.01) but more common
      in Caucasians (frequency 0.11). Linkage disequilibrium was evident between some
      of the alleles and a total of seven haplotypes were identified among the
      different races.

PMID- 2881880
TI  - Three-point linkage analysis employing C3 and 19cen markers assigns the myotonic
      dystrophy gene to 19q.
AB  - In seven large families with myotonic dystrophy (DM) comprising 102 individuals,
      linkage studies were performed employing restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms in the complement component 3 gene and the 19cen C banding
      heteromorphism as genetic markers. Three-point linkage analysis excludes DM from
      the 19cen-C3 segment and strongly supports its assignment to the proximal long
      arm of chromosome 19.

PMID- 2881882
TI  - The use of multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms in prenatal risk
      estimation. II. Conditional risk distributions.
AB  - Although analytical procedures for multiple marker risk estimation are now well
      established, we still lack a unified optimal procedure for deciding which family
      members to examine and which markers to use. Towards this goal, the application
      of conditional risk distributions is developed, along with a suggested statistic
      for judging the utility of a marker. The conditional risk distribution depends on
      what knowledge has already been obtained about the pedigree, and indicates the
      expected outcome of risk estimates after another marker is examined. Population
      genetic aspects including haplotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium, family
      size and pedigree structure and the statistical confidence in the linkage map all
      influence the optimal strategy for multiple marker risk estimation.

PMID- 2881883
TI  - A new polymorphic marker of the T-cell antigen receptor alpha chain genes in man.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphism of the unrearranged T-cell antigen
      receptor (Tcr) alpha chain gene was investigated. Taq I digests, when probed with
      a Tcr alpha chain cDNA probe, revealed polymorphic bands of 7.0, 2.0, and 1.4 kb,
      due to variations around the C alpha gene, and the V gene cluster. Family studies
      confirmed the segregation of these polymorphic bands as allelic markers. These
      polymorphisms provide a new marker for the analysis of genetic variation of the
      Tcr alpha chain, and the influence of variation of the Tcr genes on the immune
      response.

PMID- 2881884
TI  - Polymorphisms of DQ beta genes in HLA-DR4 haplotypes from healthy and diabetic
      individuals.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of DQ beta was assessed in a
      panel of control and insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) patients who were
      serologically typed as HLA-DR4 homozygotes or HLA-DR3, DR4 heterozygotes.
      Digestions of genomic DNA with Bam HI, Bgl II, Pst I, Xba I, and Hind III
      revealed a total of 15 RFLPs in the panel of 71 HLA-DR4 chromosomes. These RFLPs
      were organized into six allelic groups on the basis of segregation analysis in
      families. Complete RFLP haplotypes for the 5 restriction enzymes could be
      constructed for 42 of the HLA-DR4 chromosomes. This analysis revealed 18 RFLP
      haplotypes of DQ beta associated with the DR4 chromosomes tested. Two of these
      haplotypes, designated DQ3.DR4. a and DQ3.DR4.b, accounted for over 50% of the
      DR4 chromosomes analyzed. These two haplotypes were antithetical for the RFLPs
      detected by all five enzymes, indicating that they represent very distinct forms
      of DQ beta. The remaining 16 haplotypes were infrequent or unique and were
      closely related to either a DQ3.DR4.a or DQ3.DR4.b. Two of the RFLPs detected, a
      5.8 kb Bgl II fragment and a 10.5 kb Bam HI fragment, had increased frequencies
      in disease-associated chromosomes. However, none of the RFLPs we detected
      exhibited a statistically significant increase in IDD or control populations. In
      contrast, the DQ3.DR4.b DQ beta haplotype was significantly decreased in IDD
      associated DR4 chromosomes (P = 0.04). These results suggest that the DQ3.DR4.b
      DQ beta allele may be protective for the development of IDD.

PMID- 2881885
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism at the HLA-C locus.
AB  - We have used the HLA-C-specific DNA probe pC250 to investigate restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the HLA-C locus. Genomic Southern blot
      hybridization included DNA prepared from a panel of homozygous typing cells
      representing serological specificities Cw1 to Cw8 and also from samples
      representing Cw blanks. Although many restriction nucleases failed to reveal any
      polymorphism, RFLPs were evident with Taq I, Pvu II, Bst XI, Nde I, and Nci I in
      addition to the previously reported Eco RI. In the case of Bst XI, a unique RFLP
      defined a subset of serologically defined Cw blanks. Comparison of RFLP sizes
      with restriction fragment lengths obtained from the known HLA-Cw3 gene sequence
      permitted the localization of intragenic C locus RFLPs and the identification of
      a variable Taq I site in the second intron, a variable Nci I site near the end of
      the fourth exon, and a variable Pvu II site in the fifth intron.

PMID- 2881886
TI  - Human immunoglobulin variable region genes: a new VH sequence used to detect
      polymorphism.
AB  - A human heavy chain variable region subgroup III pseudogene (HV3.3) was isolated,
      characterized, and sequenced. When HV3.3 was hybridized to Southern blots of
      human DNA, two potentially informative polymorphic bands, resulting from 2.7 kb
      Hind III (HH2.7) and 7.3 kb Eco RI (HE7.3) fragments, were detected with
      frequencies of 0.553 and 0.606, respectively. These polymorphic bands showed
      Mendelian segregation in families and appeared to be in tight linkage
      disequilibrium with each other (chi 2(1) = 24.91, P less than 0.001). Evidence
      from sibling-pair data indicated linkage of the Hind III polymorphic band to
      constant region allotypic and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers.
      Bands representing alternative forms of the polymorphic restriction sites were
      not detected for either HH2.7 or HE7.3. This indicates either that the
      alternative fragments comigrate with homologous fragments resulting from
      conserved restriction sites, or that the polymorphism is due to a gene
      duplication or deletion. No band segregating with HH2.7 was found in separate
      digests using eight other enzymes. Although this indicates that a major deletion
      or unlikely, it does not exclude the possibility of a gene deletion or
      duplication affecting the intergenic region(s) of one or more homologous genes.
      Whatever the precise explanation, these findings support the hypothesis that
      there is polymorphic variation of VH gene repertoires in man.

PMID- 2881887
TI  - Human immunoglobulin variable region genes: V kappa polymorphisms suggest
      variation in V-gene repertoires.
AB  - The present study characterizes four potentially informative polymorphic bands of
      5.2, 2.3, 1.9, and 1.2 kb, detected by Southern blot hybridization of Eco RI
      digests of human DNA using HK101/80 (an immunoglobulin V kappa I probe). These
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) show Mendelian segregation and
      they are linked to each other and to Km(1), the allotypic marker on the kappa
      constant region. There is strong linkage disequilibrium between the 2.3 and 1.2
      kb polymorphisms. A 0.7 kb Pst I polymorphic band and a 2.9 kb Sac I polymorphic
      band were also identified; the latter may reflect a region of tandem repeats in
      the V kappa region. No bands representing the alternative forms of any of the
      polymorphic restriction sites were identified. This implies either that genes are
      missing from the V kappa repertoire or that such bands are hidden because of
      comigration of fragments due to conservation of restriction sites. Evidence for
      comigration of fragments was obtained from independent V kappa clones and
      suggests that dark bands on Southern blots of Pst I digests must often represent
      several superimposed genes which have conserved restriction sites. The
      demonstration of RFLP within the V kappa region provides circumstantial evidence
      for polymorphic variation in the repertoire of V kappa structural genes. The RFLP
      reported here should be useful as genetic markers in future studies on the immune
      response and disease susceptibility in man.

PMID- 2881888
TI  - Mouse candidiasis. II. Host responses are T-cell dependent and regulated by genes
      in the major histocompatibility complex.
AB  - Administration of a Thy-1.2-specific monoclonal antibody to BALB/c mice resulted
      in a significant decrease in the efficiency of clearance of Candida albicans from
      the spleen. The rate of clearance of organisms from the spleen of congenic mice
      was determined by genes in the major histocompatibility complex, as was the
      magnitude of the inflammatory response in the popliteal lymph node after footpad
      immunization. These results formally demonstrate the involvement of T cells in
      host responses to primary candida infection.

PMID- 2881889
TI  - Polymorphism and mapping of the complement gene C4 in the rat.

PMID- 2881890
TI  - The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the small intestine of some
      species of animals at different stages of growth.
AB  - The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP), the key enzyme of gamma
      glutamyl cycle, was studied in the intestine of new born, suckling and adult
      animals (rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits). In all the four species, the
      activity of GTP was greater in new borns than in adults. The activity was highest
      in rats and almost negligible in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2881891
TI  - The effect of protein deficiency on the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      in the small intestine of rats.

PMID- 2881892
TI  - Distribution of specific DNA sequences among pathogenic and commensal Neisseria
      species.
AB  - Several traits, including pili and the outer membrane proteins P.II and H.8, have
      been associated with pathogenic Neisseria species. We examined several Neisseria
      species for DNA sequence homology to cloned pilin, P.II, and H.8 genes. Strains
      of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis showed hybridization to all of these
      genes. Commensal strains showed little hybridization to any of these genes.
      Strains of N. lactamica and N. cinerea showed intermediate patterns of
      hybridization. Generally, organisms that expressed a given trait showed DNA
      homology to the corresponding cloned gene. However, we observed pili on some
      commensal strains that did not show hybridization to the cloned gonococcal pilin
      gene.

PMID- 2881894
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies to probe subunit- and polymer-specific epitopes of
      987P fimbriae of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The relationship between the structure and biological function of 987P fimbriae
      of a strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (O9:K103:H-) from piglets was
      investigated. A set of four monoclonal antibodies was prepared from the spleen
      cells of mice immunized with isolated 987P fimbriae. Antibodies E11, D5, and C3,
      but not G10, reacted in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with 987P fimbriae
      bearing E. coli. Electron microscopy showed that E11 and D5 reacted in a discrete
      periodic pattern forming a spiral motif along the length of the fimbriae. The
      results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were in agreement with these
      results; antibodies E11 and D5 reacted at a high dilution (1:12,000) with native
      fimbriae on the surface of E. coli, whereas antibody C3 reacted at an
      intermediate dilution (1:3,000) and G10 failed to react at all (less than 1:250).
      In contrast, C3 and G10 reacted at a dilution of 1:3,276,000 with the fimbrial
      subunits derived by treating the isolated fimbriae with 6 M guanidine
      hydrochloride, whereas E11 and D5 reacted with the subunits at much lower
      dilutions of 1:800 and 1:6,400, respectively. Moreover, fimbriae reassembled from
      the subunits regained reactivity with antibodies D5 and E11, indicating that
      these antibodies are directed against quaternary conformational epitopes. Only
      the three antibodies (D5, E11, and C3) that recognized epitopes accessible on
      intact fimbriae were able to efficiently block the adhesion of 987P fimbriated E.
      coli to piglet enterocytes. These results indicate that certain epitopes of 987P
      fimbriae are dependent on quaternary structural conformation, whereas others are
      present on monomeric subunits; some of the latter appear to remain accessible on
      fully assembled fimbriae.

PMID- 2881893
TI  - Purification and characterization of serotype 6 fimbriae from Bordetella
      pertussis and comparison of their properties with serotype 2 fimbriae.
AB  - Fimbriae were removed from Bordetella pertussis (serotype 1.3.6) by mechanical
      shearing and purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, pH-dependent
      precipitation at pH 7.4, followed by two successive extractions of the
      precipitated fimbriae with 4 M urea. By electron microscopy, the precipitated
      fimbriae appeared as aggregated bundles of long, relatively straight filaments
      which were disaggregated to individual flexuous filaments at pH 10.5. These
      purified fimbriae were identified as serotype 6 agglutinogens, since antibody to
      the purified fimbriae agglutinated B. pertussis strains serotyped as 1.3.6,
      1.2.3.6, or 1.2.3.4.6 but did not agglutinate strains of serotype 1.2.3.4, 1.2.3,
      or 1.3. In contrast, antibody to serotype 2 fimbriae only agglutinated B.
      pertussis strains containing serotype 2 agglutinogen. Purified type 6 and 2
      fimbriae were found to be weakly cross-reactive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay, using polyclonal antibody to each type of fimbria. In an immunoblot assay,
      polyclonal antibodies to a 22,000-dalton subunit of fimbriae from B.
      bronchiseptica reacted strongly with the type 2 fimbrial subunit of B. pertussis,
      but only weakly with the type 6 subunit. When subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the protein subunit of the type 6 fimbriae
      migrated with a molecular weight of 21,500, whereas the type 2 fimbrial subunit
      had a molecular weight of 22,000. The two types of subunits had similar amino
      acid compositions and showed amino-terminal sequence homology in 15 of 21 amino
      acids. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the B. pertussis fimbriae were
      distinct from those reported for fimbriae from other gram-negative bacteria.
      Neither the type 6 nor the type 2 fimbriae caused hemagglutination when assayed
      with several types of erythrocytes.

PMID- 2881896
TI  - Plasma gamma glutamyltransferase levels during rifampicin therapy for
      tuberculosis.
AB  - A possible effect of rifampicin enzyme induction on microsomally derived plasma
      gamma glutamyltransferase (gamma GT) during treatment for tuberculosis patients
      with spinal bone disease and pulmonary or lymph node involvement was studied. Of
      10 patients with bone disease 5 had raised levels prior to therapy (greater than
      60 IU/l) and none were alcohol consumers. Gamma GT is not known to be present in
      bone and this probably represents an indirect effect on the liver. Changes in
      gamma GT in the first 2 months of rifampicin/isoniazid treatment were variable
      and will not serve as an index of response to therapy. Of 69 patients with lung
      or lymph node disease 15 had raised levels during treatment and 9 had a high
      alcohol intake, when the alcohol group were excluded there was no significant
      difference from controls who had completed treatment (p greater than 0.1). We
      conclude that plasma gamma GT, a standard clinical estimation of liver
      dysfunction, is a useful index of suspicion for alcoholics among the tuberculous
      group but the disease itself can produce similar levels. It did not reflect the
      known hepatic microsomal inducing properties of rifampicin and thus differs from
      the anticonvulsant model. Clinical value would be enhanced if specific liver
      isoenzymes in plasma were identified which separated tissue injury, enzyme
      induction and the effect of extrahepatic infection on the liver.

PMID- 2881895
TI  - Membrane glycoproteins of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes that act as
      receptors for mannose-specific Escherichia coli.
AB  - Type 1 fimbriated (mannose-specific) Escherichia coli cells bind to mannose
      residues on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN); this leads to phagocytosis
      of the bacteria. To identify the mannose-containing receptors on the PMN, the
      cells were surface labeled with 125I and lysed in 0.5% Nonidet P-40, and the
      lysate was fractionated by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose-bound
      fimbriae. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and autoradiography of the material eluted from the column with 500 mM methyl
      alpha-mannoside revealed two radioactive bands of Mr 70,000 to 80,000 (gp70-80)
      and 100,000 (gp100). Another weak band of Mr 150,000 (gp150) was observed after
      prolonged exposure of the gel. Upon blotting of the glycoproteins separated by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and overlaying of the blots with concanavalin
      A, gp150 appeared as the major band. Membrane preparations of the PMN were
      enriched in gp70-80, gp100, and gp150, in comparison with the cell homogenates,
      further suggesting that these glycoproteins are surface components. Fractionation
      of the membrane preparations on the immobilized fimbriae followed by concanavalin
      A overlay of blots of the methyl-alpha-mannoside-eluted material revealed that
      gp150 was the major component in this fraction. The eluted fraction, obtained
      from a cell lysate (4.4 micrograms/ml), inhibited by 70% the agglutination of
      yeasts by the intact bacteria. Our results suggest that the three surface
      glycoproteins isolated by us serve as receptors for mannose-specific E. coli on
      PMN and may be involved in the lectin-mediated phagocytosis of the bacteria.

PMID- 2881897
TI  - Evaluation of a new bronchodilating compound (broxaterol) administered as a
      pressurized aerosol.
AB  - The bronchodilating activity and the tolerability of a new beta 2-agonist,
      broxaterol hydrochloride, administered in single doses of 200 and 400 micrograms
      as pressurized aerosol were studied in 12 adult patients with reversible airway
      obstruction, taking placebo as a control. A double-blind three-way cross-over
      design using a series of randomly chosen latin squares was employed. FVC, FEV1,
      MMEF, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured immediately before and 7.5,
      15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after each treatment. Our results show that
      broxaterol is an effective bronchodilating drug with a dose-related activity. The
      areas under the curves of the changes in FVC, FEV1, and MMEF after the 400
      micrograms dose were found to be significantly greater as compared to the 200
      micrograms dose. Both broxaterol doses produced significant increases in all the
      spirometric indices already at the first measurement, i.e., 7.5 min after
      treatment. Broxaterol 400 micrograms induced significant increases in FVC, FEV1,
      and MMEF through at least 4 h. The tolerability of the new compound was good.

PMID- 2881898
TI  - Interactions of dihydroergotamine with etilefrine in human leg veins in vitro and
      in situ.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to provide evidence for an interaction of
      dihydroergotamine (DHE) and etilefrine (Et) with regard to their constrictor
      effect on human leg veins both in vitro and in situ. In isolated strips of the
      femoral vein, DHE exerted a concentration-dependent sustained contraction which
      also continued after washing out the preparation. Et induced a reversible
      contraction of the strip at considerably higher concentrations as compared to DHE
      and noradrenaline. When DHE (0.01 mumol/l) and Et (6 mumol/l) were simultaneously
      applied, there was only an additive venoconstrictor effect. The influence of DHE
      and Et on the compliance of dorsal foot veins was studied in 14 male volunteers
      by means of a variable differential transformer. In the short-term experiment, an
      oral dose of 10 mg DHE was ineffective, whereas after the subcutaneous injection
      of 1 mg DHE a significant venoconstrictor effect was observed. Et, orally given
      in a dose of 10 mg, was also ineffective, while 20 mg Et caused a short-lasting
      effect which could not be augmented by the concurrent intake of 10 mg DHE. When
      10 mg Et were administered 30 or 60 min after a single oral dose of 10 mg DHE, a
      distinct venoconstrictor effect occurred. These findings suggest that no
      pharmacodynamic synergism of the two drugs can be expected when DHE and Et
      directly act on the veins. The augmentation of the venoconstrictor in situ effect
      of Et after pretreating the volunteers with DHE could result from an amelioration
      of the oral bioavailability of Et by DHE, i.e., from a pharmacokinetic
      interaction of the two drugs.

PMID- 2881899
TI  - Labetalol in the treatment of angina pectoris.
AB  - The present review shows that labetalol has many advantageous properties in the
      treatment of patients suffering from angina pectoris with or without
      hypertension. These patients respond with vasoconstriction to a variety of
      internal and external influences. The selective alpha 1-blocking component in
      addition to the non-selective beta-blockade of labetalol attenuates the increased
      coronary vascular resistance and improves coronary haemodynamics especially under
      stress in a manner which should be favourable in myocardial ischaemia. In
      addition, the alpha 1-blocking component may prevent different kinds of
      arrhythmias generated by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. Labetalol has no effect
      on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, plasma electrolyte
      concentrations, glucose tolerance, lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system, uric acid levels, or on platelet aggregation.
      Intravenously administrated labetalol has proved to be effective in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction, especially if associated with hypertension. In order
      to avoid postural hypotension, oral treatment should be started with a low dose
      of 100 mg twice daily. The usual dosage in patients without hypertension is 200
      mg twice daily, but in patients with hypertension doses up to 1200 mg or even
      more have been used. In low doses up to 400 mg daily, the unwanted effects are
      few and often self-limited. High doses can cause side effects related to both
      beta- and alpha-blocking properties of labetalol. As an antianginal agent
      labetalol has proved to be at least as effective as selective or non-selective
      beta-blockers.

PMID- 2881900
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade and calcium antagonism, alone and in
      combination, on thermoregulation during prolonged exercise.
AB  - The effect of clinically used doses of propranolol, atenolol, nifedipine,
      propranolol plus nifedipine, and atenolol plus nifedipine on thermoregulatory
      responses of 11 healthy men was studied during 2-h block-stepping in heat. Drug
      intervention did not alter ventilation during exercise. In contrast, propranolol
      and atenolol produced equivalent reductions in exercise tachycardia, implying a
      similar level of beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade. The heart rate response to
      exercise was unaffected by nifedipine and during dual beta-adrenoceptor blockade
      and calcium antagonism was equivalent to that with beta-adrenoceptor blockade
      alone. While rectal temperature rises were not modified by drug ingestion,
      propranolol and, to a lesser degree, atenolol and combination therapy, but not
      nifedipine alone, attenuated skin temperature rises. Moreover, although atenolol,
      nifedipine, and their combination did not alter sweating, propranolol and its
      combination with nifedipine enhanced sweating during the 1st and 2nd h of
      exercise. This study concludes that nifedipine does not modify thermoregulation
      during exercise and allows for greater confidence of its use during cardiac
      rehabilitation. Furthermore, the present data confirm that propranolol does
      enhance sweating during exercise and demonstrate that this effect is not mediated
      simply by an earlier onset of rapid sweating nor abolished by concomitant calcium
      antagonism.

PMID- 2881901
TI  - Comparison of continuous and intermittent multistage maximal exercise testing
      during beta-adrenoceptor blockade in physically active men.
AB  - Cardiorespiratory responses of 11 healthy males were studied, with placebo and
      propranolol, during a continuous and an intermittent multistage maximal treadmill
      test. With placebo, equivalent maximal heart rates were attained for the
      disparate test modes, and the intermittent protocol yielded a slightly higher
      (2%, P less than 0.01) maximal O2 consumption. In contrast, during beta
      adrenoceptor blockade, higher maximal heart rates (5.1%, P less than 0.01) and O2
      consumptions (4.4%, P less than 0.02) were reached with intermittent compared
      with continuous testing. Values were, however, markedly lower (P less than 0.001)
      for both protocols than with placebo. These results demonstrate that the precise
      degree of attenuation of maximal heart rate and O2 consumption observed in
      physically active persons receiving propranolol is partly dependent upon the
      actual test protocol utilized. Furthermore, the present data suggest an advantage
      for intermittent testing when accurate evaluation of the maximal
      cardiorespiratory capacity is desired in such individuals.

PMID- 2881902
TI  - Ecstacy: a review of MDMA and MDA.
AB  - The Drug Enforcement Administration classified the drug
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, also known as Ecstacy, as a Schedule I
      controlled substance on July 1, 1985. The controversy surrounding the
      classification of MDMA is related to the question of its efficacy as an adjunct
      to psychotherapy and the larger issue of how to regulate the production and use
      of designer drugs. The authors review the literature on MDMA and its predecessor,
      MDA, a substance that differs from MDMA by one methyl group.

PMID- 2881903
TI  - Molecular characterization of 125I decay and X-ray-induced HPRT mutants in CHO
      cells.
AB  - The predominant initial lesion induced by 125I decay in DNa is a double-strand
      DNA break comprising a 'mini deletion' of up to several base pairs (bp). However,
      Southern analysis of the structure of 125I decay-induced HPRT mutants in Chinese
      hamster ovary cells revealed that most of the mutants are deletions of thousands
      of bps. A similar predominance of substantial deletions was also found in X-ray
      induced mutants.

PMID- 2881905
TI  - Human amoebiasis: cultivation and experimental transmission in animals.
AB  - In vitro cultivation was carried out on an initial strain of Entamoeba
      histolytica from human source. Dysphasic medium was used and concentrations of
      horse serum and antibiotic varied in response to developments. Experimental
      infection of dogs, rabbits and mice was carried. Except for the controls, all
      animals were orally infected and monitored until the experiment was terminated.
      Parasitaemia became evident as from the 6th day in dogs experimentally infected
      and until about the 20th day when lower parasitaemia were obtained.
      Characteristic erosions were observed at autopsy. The tests in rabbits and mice
      showed that the strain used in this experiment was virulent. This paper
      highlights both the virulent nature of this parasite on other animals and its
      zoonotic potential.

PMID- 2881904
TI  - Radioactive colloidal gold as a tool to quantify extravasation of macromolecules
      in the rat cremaster muscle.
AB  - Since previously described simple methods were too insensitive to quantify the
      extent of microvascular permeability increase in the rat cremaster muscle, we
      applied a new quantitative technique using radioactive colloidal gold (198Au) as
      the macromolecular tracer. Dose-response effects on microvascular permeability
      were found with increasing doses of subscrotally injected serotonin or histamine.
      The presence of colloidal gold particles in the subendothelial space of the
      postcapillary venules, as verified ultrastructurally, indicated endothelial
      permeation of the tracer macromolecules. The increased permeability elicited by
      serotonin was inhibited in a dose-dependent way by serotonin receptor antagonists
      (potency: methysergide greater than or equal to ketanserin = ritanserin greater
      than cinanserin), suggesting the presence of functional S2-serotonergic receptors
      on postcapillary venular endothelial cells. A dose-related inhibition of the
      histamine-induced extravasation was seen with the H1 antagonists astemizole and
      azatidine (astemizole greater than azatidine); the H2 antagonists cimetidine and
      ranitidine had no inhibitory effect. The radioactive colloidal gold technique is
      a sensitive and reliable tool for pharmacological experiments aimed at
      investigating the extravasation phenomenon in small tissue samples such as the
      rat cremaster muscle.

PMID- 2881906
TI  - Beta-thalassemia: analysis of mRNA precursors of a mutant human globin gene with
      defective splicing using peripheral blood nucleated red blood cells.
AB  - Studies on the effects of thalassemic mutations on gene function in vivo have
      clinical as well as scientific implications. Usually these studies have been
      performed on nucleated red blood cell (RBC) precursors normally present in bone
      marrow. Many patients with beta-thalassemia are splenectomized and may have high
      levels of nucleated RBC, orthochromatic normoblasts, in their peripheral blood (1
      5% of total RBC). The possibility of exploiting these cells instead of bone
      marrow as a source for nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA for expression studies was
      investigated. A simple procedure was developed for enrichment for normoblasts in
      blood samples withdrawn from patients prior to transfusion. Globin transcripts
      were analyzed in RNA purified from 12 patients. Unspliced precursor beta-mRNA
      molecules were observed in a patient with beta o-thalassemia, homozygous for a
      mutation at the 5' IVS2 splice site of the beta-globin gene. Detailed analyses
      showed that his mature beta-mRNA was larger than normal, and that a cryptic 5'
      splice site, approximately 50 nucleotides downstream from the normal one, was
      utilized. We conclude that peripheral blood can be used as a reliable source of
      RNA for the analysis of the effects of beta-thalassemia mutations on gene
      expression and the relationship to the clinical condition. Moreover, this
      procedure facilitates the comparison of in vivo gene expression with the results
      obtained from DNA transfection experiments with cloned beta-thalassemia genes.

PMID- 2881907
TI  - Certification for medical assistants.

PMID- 2881908
TI  - Contract vigilance.

PMID- 2881909
TI  - Peritonitis and small bowel obstruction.

PMID- 2881910
TI  - Aortic coarctation with complete occlusion.

PMID- 2881911
TI  - Pleural placement of the Swan-Ganz catheter.

PMID- 2881912
TI  - IMJ interview: Medicine meets the media.

PMID- 2881913
TI  - Midline scrotal ablation technique for unilateral cryptorchid castration in
      horses.
AB  - Thirty-nine unilateral cryptorchid horses were castrated, using a midline scrotal
      ablation technique. This approach was satisfactory to access both inguinal rings,
      to eliminate the need for 2 incisions, and to allow for completion of the surgery
      by primary closure. These horses recovered from surgery with few complications,
      returned to work promptly, and had excellent cosmetic results.

PMID- 2881914
TI  - Retrovirus produced by a lymphoid cell line from an infant with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - A lymphoid cell line CK-a was established from peripheral blood of an infant with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia of non-T, non-B cell type with mediastinal tumor.
      The CK-a cells were positive for surface immunoglobulins, Epstein-Barr virus
      specific nuclear antigen, HLA-DR and Leu 12 antigens, and negative for sheep
      erythrocyte-rosette-receptor, and Leu 1, 2, 3 and 4 antigens. Budding particles
      were detected in electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of the CK-a cells. In
      the culture media of CK-a cells, particles with a buoyant density of 1.16 g/ml
      and labeled with [3H]uridine and [35S]methionine but not with [3H]thymidine were
      found to carry reverse transcriptase activity which preferred Mg2+ to Mn2+.
      Enveloped particles of 80 to 120 nm in diameter were detected in the fractions at
      1.16 g/ml by electron microscopy. Thus, the particles had properties compatible
      with a definition of Retroviridae, and were tentatively named CK virus (CKV). The
      genome size of CKV RNA determined by agarose-acrylamide composite gel
      electrophoresis was 6.1 +/- 0.2 kb. Immune electroblotting assay detected
      antibody reactive with a CKV protein with a molecular weight of 67,000 in the
      serum of the patient, but not in sera of an adult T cell leukemia patient and
      healthy controls. No syncytia were formed by mixed cultures of CK-a and XC cells.

PMID- 2881915
TI  - Differences in adhesiveness among type 1 fimbriate strains of Enterobacteriaceae
      revealed by an in vitro HEp2 cell adhesion model.
AB  - Ten type 1 fimbriate strains of Enterobacteriaceae were examined in an in vitro
      adhesion assay with HEp2 epithelial cells. The range of HEp2 cell adhesiveness,
      which was characteristic for each strain, was affected by motility, type 1
      fimbriation and production of mannose sensitive haemagglutinin. Nevertheless, not
      all type 1 fimbriate strains adhered well in this model. The findings are
      discussed with regard to the possibility that different type 1 fimbriate
      enterobacteria, though all are mannose sensitive, recognize different mannose
      containing receptors present or available on the surfaces of the HEp2 cells.

PMID- 2881916
TI  - Nonuniform effects of histamine on small pulmonary vessels in cats.
AB  - In in vivo cat lung, using an X-ray TV system, we analyzed responses in internal
      diameter (ID), flow velocity, and volume flow of arteries and veins (100-500
      microns ID) to histamine (8-15 micrograms/kg iv) under three conditions. With
      histamine alone, three types of ID response (constriction, dilatation, and no
      change) occurred in parallel-arranged arteries. Relative frequency and magnitude
      of constriction were maximum in arteries of 300-400 micron ID, whereas those of
      dilatation were maximum in arteries of 100-200 micron ID. In veins, relatively
      uniform constriction occurred. Under H2-blockade, histamine caused greater
      constriction than that with histamine alone in arteries and veins of 300-500
      micron ID. Under beta-blockade, with histamine, ID of all vessels decreased
      significantly below the ID sizes under the above two conditions, and no
      dilatation occurred. In two parallel arteries that showed opposite ID changes to
      histamine, flow velocity increased, but volume flow decreased in a constricted
      artery while it increased in a dilated one. Those data indicated that, with
      histamine, qualitatively and quantitatively nonuniform ID response was induced in
      both parallel- and series-arranged small pulmonary arteries and, in turn,
      produced heterogeneous flow distribution. Factors to cause the nonuniformity may
      be partly explained by difference in density of H2- and beta-receptors in
      vascular walls.

PMID- 2881917
TI  - Parasympathetic involvement in PAF-induced contraction in canine trachealis in
      vivo.
AB  - We studied the contractile response elicited by platelet-activating factor (PAF)
      administered intra-arterially into the tracheal circulation of 34 dogs in vivo. A
      method that avoided tachyphylaxis encountered in prior investigations was
      developed for isometric measurement of multiple dose-response effects. PAF was a
      very potent contractile agent; active tension was elicited with 10(-11) mol ia
      PAF. To determine the mechanism by which contraction was induced, dose-response
      curves were generated in groups of five animals each treated with either 0.5
      mg/kg (approximately 1.5 X 10(-5) mol) iv + 10(-3) mg/kg (3 X 10(-8) mol) ia
      atropine, 5 mg/kg iv indomethacin (INDO), or 7.5 mg/kg iv hexamethonium (HEX).
      After pretreatment with atropine, contraction still was elicited with 10(-11) mol
      ia PAF. However, maximal contraction was only 16.2 +/- 2.74 g/cm (vs. 35.7 +/-
      5.74 g/cm for untreated controls; P less than 0.02). The dose at which maximal
      contraction was elicited after atropine was 10(-7) mol ia (vs. 1.9 X 10(-9) mol
      for controls; P less than 0.001). Pretreatment with INDO caused minimal
      attenuation, and HEX had no effect on the response elicited by ia PAF. We
      demonstrate a method for assessing the effects of PAF in central airways that
      avoids tachyphylaxis and permits dose-response studies in the same animal. We
      also demonstrate that PAF is an extremely potent mediator that elicits tracheal
      smooth muscle contraction at least in part by postganglionic activation of
      parasympathetic nerves. A direct contractile effect of PAF which is not related
      to secretion of products of the cyclooxygenase pathway is also suggested.

PMID- 2881919
TI  - Identification of Tn4451 and Tn4452, chloramphenicol resistance transposons from
      Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - The recombinant plasmids pJIR45 and pJIR97 contain the chloramphenicol resistance
      determinants derived from the Clostridium perfringens R plasmids pIP401 and
      pJIR27, respectively. Escherichia coli cultures which harbored these recombinant
      plasmids rapidly became chloramphenicol sensitive when grown in the absence of
      chloramphenicol. The loss of resistance was associated with the loss of 6.2
      kilobase (kb) segments from both plasmids. Detailed restriction analysis of E.
      coli- and C. perfringens-derived deletion plasmids indicated that deletion of
      these segments was essentially precise. Transposition of the 6.2-kb segments was
      demonstrated by cloning the determinants into a temperature-sensitive plasmid,
      curing the recombinant plasmids, and selecting chloramphenicol-resistant, plasmid
      free clones. Southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal DNA isolated from
      these recA E. coli clones indicated that the 6.2-kb segments had transposed to
      different sites on the chromosome. Heteroduplex analysis and restriction mapping
      indicated that the transposons, Tn4451 (pIP401) and Tn4452 (pJIR27), were closely
      related and did not contain large inverted or directly repeated sequences. These
      transposons represent the first transposable elements from the clostridia to be
      identified and characterized.

PMID- 2881918
TI  - Identification and characterization of the Rhizobium meliloti ntrC gene: R.
      meliloti has separate regulatory pathways for activation of nitrogen fixation
      genes in free-living and symbiotic cells.
AB  - We show here that Rhizobium meliloti, the nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont of alfalfa
      (Medicago sativa), has a regulatory gene that is structurally homologous to
      previously characterized ntrC genes in enteric bacteria. DNA sequence analysis
      showed that R. meliloti ntrC is homologous to previously sequenced ntrC genes
      from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Parasponia) and that an ntrB
      like gene is situated directly upstream from R. meliloti ntrC. Similar to its
      counterparts in K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, R. meliloti ntrC is expressed
      when the cells are grown in nitrogen-limiting media. In addition, R. meliloti
      ntrC is required for growth on media containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen
      source and for the ex planta transcription of several R. meliloti nif genes. On
      the other hand, root nodules elicited by R. meliloti ntrC mutants fix nitrogen as
      well as nodules elicited by wild-type R. meliloti. These latter results indicate
      that R. meliloti has separate regulatory pathways for activating nif gene
      expression ex planta and during symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

PMID- 2881921
TI  - Strain and species identification by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in
      the ribosomal DNA repeat of Candida species.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have been
      shown to be a useful criterion for distinguishing among various isolates of
      Candida albicans. In a sample of 12 clinical isolates, we found six different
      classes based on variations in the fragments produced from genomic DNA by EcoRI
      and visualized after Southern transfer by being probed with a plasmid containing
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae rDNA. Some of the classes appeared to be heterozygous at
      the rDNA locus. Similar digestion of other Candida species showed that each could
      be identified on the basis of its restriction patterns. Since these are highly
      reiterated genes, the differences were apparent on ethidium bromide-stained gels;
      Southern transfers were not necessary. EcoRI restriction maps of the rDNA of C.
      albicans, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, and C. guilliermondii were determined.

PMID- 2881920
TI  - Ammonium and methylammonium transport in Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
AB  - Rhodobacter sphaeroides maintained intracellular ammonium pools of 1.1 to 2.6 mM
      during growth in several fixed nitrogen sources as well as during diazotrophic
      growth. Addition of 0.15 mM NH4+ to washed, nitrogen-free cell suspensions was
      followed by linear uptake of NH4+ from the medium and transient formation of
      intracellular pools of 0.9 to 1.5 mM NH4+. Transport of NH4+ was shown to be
      independent of assimilation by glutamine synthetase because intracellular pools
      of over 1 mM represented NH4+ concentration gradients of at least 100-fold across
      the cytoplasmic membrane. Ammonium pools of over 1 mM were also found in non
      growing cell suspensions in nitrogen-free medium after glutamine synthetase was
      inhibited with methionine sulfoximine. In NH4+-free cell suspensions,
      methylammonium (14CH3NH3+) was taken up rapidly, and intracellular concentrations
      of 0.4 to 0.5 mM were maintained. The 14CH3NH3+ pool was not affected by
      methionine sulfoximine. Unlike NH4+ uptake, 14CH3NH3+ uptake in nitrogen-free
      cell suspensions was repressed by growth in NH4+. These results suggest that R.
      sphaeroides may produce an NH4+-specific transport system in addition to the
      NH4+/14CH3NH3+ transporter. This second transporter is able to produce normal
      size NH4+ pools but has very little affinity for 14CH3NH3+ and is not repressed
      by growth in high concentrations of NH4+.

PMID- 2881922
TI  - Cloning and expression of a type 1 fimbrial subunit of Actinomyces viscosus T14V.
AB  - The type 1 fimbriae of Actinomyces viscosus mediate the adherence of this
      organism to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite. The gene encoding a putative subunit
      of this fimbrial adhesin was cloned in Escherichia coli, and its product was
      examined. A. viscosus T14V chromosomal DNA was partially restricted with Sau3AI
      and cloned into E. coli JM109 by using the plasmid vector pUC13. Two clones, each
      containing a different DNA insert with a common 4.1-kilobase region, reacted in
      colony immunoassays with specific polyclonal as well as monoclonal antibodies
      directed against A. viscosus T14V type 1 fimbriae. Western blot analysis revealed
      the expression of a 65-kilodalton protein that migrated slightly behind an
      antigenically similar protein from native type 1 fimbriae. Deletion analysis
      showed that the gene encoding the cloned protein was localized on a 1.9-kilobase
      PstI-BamHI fragment and that transcription was dependent on the lac promoter of
      the vector. The cloned fimbrial protein was purified from the E. coli cytoplasmic
      fraction by ion-exchange, immunoaffinity, and gel permeation chromatography.
      Rabbit antibodies prepared against the cloned protein and against purified A.
      viscosus type 1 fimbriae gave similar patterns with partially dissociated type 1
      fimbriae after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      immunoblotting. The data therefore provide evidence that the gene cloned encodes
      a subunit of this fimbrial adhesin.

PMID- 2881923
TI  - Serum neuroleptic levels, prolactin levels, and relapse: a two-year study of
      schizophrenic outpatients.
AB  - For 2 years serum neuroleptic levels, prolactin levels, and clinical states were
      assessed in 105 male schizophrenic outpatients every 6 months. The patients were
      taking a variety of neuroleptics at clinically determined fixed doses. Those who
      had psychotic symptoms at 50% or more of their visits attained serum levels of
      neuroleptics and prolactin well within or above the range observed in the
      remitted patients. Neuroleptic and prolactin levels did not discriminate patients
      who relapsed from those who did not relapse. In the remitted patients who
      relapsed at least once during the study period, neuroleptic and prolactin serum
      levels were lower before the relapse episodes than before the stable periods.

PMID- 2881925
TI  - The glycophospholipid anchor of Thy-1. Biosynthetic labeling experiments with
      wild-type and class E Thy-1 negative lymphomas.
AB  - The Thy-1 antigen of the surface of lymphocytes and neurons is anchored to the
      plasma membrane via a glycophospholipid moiety. In contrast, the Thy-1
      synthesized by the class E Thy-1 negative mutant lymphoma is secreted as a
      hydrophilic species. The present investigation uses the approach of biosynthetic
      labeling to investigate further the structure of the intracellular Thy-1 of wild
      type cells and the secreted Thy-1 of these mutant cells. In the wild-type cells,
      Thy-1 can be labeled with [3H] mannose, [3H]galactose, [3H]fucose,
      [3H]ethanolamine, and [3H]palmitic acid. In the latter two cases the label is
      recovered almost exclusively in a detergent-binding Pronase fragment of the
      protein. The incorporated label is in the form of [3H]ethanolamine, or
      [3H]palmitate and stearate, respectively. Reductive methylation of
      biosynthetically labeled Thy-1 and a nonradioactive sample of Thy-1 shows that
      [3H]ethanolamine is incorporated equally into two residues of ethanolamine, only
      one of which has a free amino group. A single residue of glucosamine with a free
      amino group is also detected. Each of the sugar precursors is incorporated with
      extensive conservation of chemical identity. In the class E cells, each of the
      labeled sugars but neither [3H]ethanolamine nor [3H]palmitate is incorporated
      into Thy-1. The anchor moiety therefore appears to be entirely missing, although
      N-linked oligosaccharide processing is essentially normal. We postulate that the
      anchor deficiency in the mutant cells results from a biosynthetic lesion.

PMID- 2881924
TI  - Location of a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-reactive glutamate residue in the
      Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
AB  - The proton pump (H+-ATPase) found in the plasma membrane of the fungus Neurospora
      crassa is inactivated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). Kinetic and labeling
      experiments have suggested that inactivation at 0 degrees C results from the
      covalent attachment of DCCD to a single site in the Mr = 100,000 catalytic
      subunit (Sussman, M. R., and Slayman, C. W. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 1839
      1843). In the present study, when [14C]DCCD-labeled enzyme was treated with the
      cleavage reagent, N-bromosuccinimide, a single major radioactive peptide fragment
      migrating at about Mr = 5,300 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis was produced. The fragment was coupled to glass beads and
      partially sequenced by automated solid-phase Edman degradation at the amino
      terminus and at an internal tryptic cleavage site. By comparison to the DNA
      derived amino acid sequence for the entire Mr = 100,000 polypeptide (Hager, K.,
      and Slayman, C. W. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 7693-7697), the
      fragment has been identified as arising by cleavage at tyrosine 100 and
      tryptophan 141. Covalently incorporated [14C]DCCD was released at a position
      corresponding to glutamate 129. The DCCD-reactive glutamate is located in the
      middle of the first of eight predicted transmembrane sequences. When the sequence
      surrounding the DCCD site is compared to that surrounding the DCCD-reactive
      residue of two other proton pumps, the F0F1-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase, no
      homology is apparent apart from an abundance of hydrophobic amino acids.

PMID- 2881926
TI  - Cell-specific processing of preprosomatostatin in cultured neuroendocrine cells.
AB  - We have previously found that preprosomatostatin is processed accurately to both
      somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 in pituitary gonadotrophs of transgenic mice.
      The foreign somatostatin peptides have been shown to enter the regulated
      secretory pathway of these cells. To determine whether accurate
      preprosomatostatin processing can occur in any neuroendocrine cell, we introduced
      preprosomatostatin cDNA expression vectors into several different neuroendocrine
      cell lines. We found that prosomatostatin was cleaved efficiently to somatostatin
      14 and somatostatin-28 in RIN 5F and AtT20 cells, but not in GH4 or PC12 cells.
      The ability of a particular cell type to process prosomatostatin did not
      correlate with cellular storage capacity and was independent of the level of
      biosynthesis of the precursor. These data suggest that prosomatostatin processing
      requires specific pathways which are present in some neuroendocrine cells, but
      not in others.

PMID- 2881927
TI  - The biosynthesis of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam. Use of specifically 13C-labeled
      glucose and 13C NMR spectroscopy to identify its biosynthetic precursors.
AB  - Tabtoxinine-beta-lactam, an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase is
      produced by several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. We have examined
      tabtoxinine-beta-lactam biosynthesis, an important and poorly characterized step
      in pathogenesis caused by this organism. We have identified the biosynthetic
      precursors of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam by incorporating 13C from specifically 13C
      labeled D-glucose precursors and determining the labeling pattern using 13C NMR
      spectroscopy. Tabtoxinine-beta-lactam is generated by combining a 4-carbon
      fragment, a 2-carbon fragment, and a single carbon. The 4-carbon fragment arises
      from aspartic acid, and the 2-carbon unit is donated from carbons 2 and 3 of
      pyruvate. The 6-carbon backbone of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam arises from the
      condensation of fragments from aspartate and pyruvate, probably using reactions
      analogous to the initial steps in the pathway of lysine biosynthesis.

PMID- 2881928
TI  - P1-(5'-adenosyl)-P2-N-(2-mercaptoethyl)diphosphoramidate. An affinity reagent for
      demonstrating the presence of Tyr-beta 311 at the hydrolytic site of F1-ATPase.
AB  - The compound P1-(5'-adenosyl)-P2-N-(2-mercaptoethyl)diphosphoramidate (AMEDA) was
      synthesized as an ATP analogue for in situ reaction with the 4-nitro-2,1,3
      [14C]benzoxadiazolyl group (NBD) in the labeled F1-ATPase (F1). AMEDA was found
      to reactivate O-[14C]NBD-F1 via a dual-path mechanism. The principal path
      involves the binding of AMEDA at a site in F1 with Kd = 14.5 microM and
      subsequent reaction with the [14C]NBD label. The second slower path involves the
      direct biomolecular reaction of AMEDA with the radioactive label on F1. The rate
      of reactivation of O-[14C]NBD-F1 by AMEDA was decreased by ADP or ATP which
      competes with the ATP analogue for binding to the labeled enzyme. The reaction
      product was found to contain one adenine group, two phosphate groups, and one
      [14C]NBD label per molecule as expected from the structure of the compound AMEDA
      [14C]NBD. Purified AMEDA-[14C]NBD was found to bind to unlabeled F1 with Kd = 2
      microM. These observations demonstrate the in situ reaction of bound AMEDA with
      the nearby [14C]NBD label attached to Tyr-beta 311 and support the assumed
      presence of Tyr-beta 311 near the phosphate groups of ATP bound at the hydrolytic
      site of F1-ATPase. The possible locations of Tyr-beta 364, His-beta 427, and Tyr
      beta 345 relative to Tyr-beta 311 in F1 are discussed, and the validity of the
      previously proposed model for F1-ATPase with one hydrolytic site assisted by two
      auxiliary sites is examined and compared with that of the widely accepted
      alternating sites model.

PMID- 2881929
TI  - Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate releases Ca2+ from vacuolar membrane vesicles of oat
      roots.
AB  - In plant cells, transient changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels can modulate
      numerous developmental processes. Ca2+ is accumulated in the vacuole via a
      H+/Ca2+ antiport system that is energized by the tonoplast H+-pumping ATPase.
      Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3), but not inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, myo
      inositol 1-phosphate, or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, caused a transient reduction
      of Ca2+ levels in tonoplast vesicles. The decrease was dependent on InsP3
      concentration (Km apparent = 0.6 microM). The InsP3-induced Ca2+ release was
      blocked by the Ca2+ antagonist, 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5
      trimethoxybenzoate-HCl. These results suggest that the vacuolar membrane is one
      target site for InsP3 action and that InsP3 may operate as a second messenger in
      the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ in plant cells.

PMID- 2881931
TI  - Antitoxin in human pertussis immune globulins.
AB  - The level of antitoxin i.e. neutralizing antibodies to pertussis toxin, or
      lymphocytosis promoting factor, was determined in six pertussis immune globulin
      preparations from different manufactures. A comparison with antitoxin levels
      after natural pertussis disease in adults showed that pertussis immune globulins
      did not contain more antitoxin than convalescent phase sera, i.e. they had very
      low antitoxin content for specific immune globulins. Agglutinin and anti-FHA
      titres were relatively higher in immune globulins, probably reflecting a
      difference between the antibody response elicited by whole cell vaccines used for
      hyperimmunization in immune globulin production and by natural disease. The low
      antitoxin content of currently available pertussis immune globulin preparations
      could explain the inefficacy or conflicting results obtained with these products
      in prophylaxis and therapy of whooping cough.

PMID- 2881930
TI  - Removal of lipopolysaccharide from acellular Bordetella pertussis vaccine by
      detergent treatment.
AB  - Protective antigen was extracted from Bordetella pertussis cells with 1.0 M NaCl
      and precipitated with ammonium sulfate, 20-40% saturation (designated fraction
      15A-1B). The protective antigen was purified further by detergent (Emulphogene
      BC720) treatment and adsorption to aluminum hydroxide gel (designated fraction
      15A-108A). Compared with B. pertussis vaccine and fraction 15A-1B, fraction 15A
      108A retained protective activity as assessed by the mouse protection test, but
      had reduced protein and markedly reduced endotoxin content. Fraction 15A-108A
      also had reduced leukocytosis-promoting, histamine sensitizing splenomegaly
      inducing, and adjuvant activities. Emulphogene treatment provided a relatively
      simple method for removing endotoxin from a potential acellular B. pertussis
      vaccine.

PMID- 2881932
TI  - The detoxification of Bordetella pertussis with glutaraldehyde.
AB  - To improve the whole-cell pertussis vaccine we have studied the inactivation of
      the biological properties characteristic of Bordetella pertussis phase I
      bacteria, i.e. histamine-sensitizing, lymphocytosis-promoting and mouse
      protective activities, by treating a concentrated bacterial suspension with
      various concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Under the experimental conditions,
      treatment with 10 mM glutaraldehyde at 37 degrees C for 30 min resulted in a
      marked reduction of the toxic activities without grossly diminishing the
      protective potency. Further tests were performed on the stability of the
      protective potency, on the agglutinin production in mice, and on the freedom from
      abnormal toxicity in guinea-pigs.

PMID- 2881933
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). A report of
      six cases with review of the literature.
AB  - Chromosomal studies were performed on six patients with adult T-cell leukemia
      (ATL). Structural abnormalities of chromosome 3 were the most common. In one case
      a complete loss of the short arm of chromosome 10 (10 p-) was noted while in
      another case a balanced translocation involving chromosome 10p and 4q was found.
      These abnormalities have not been previously reported. After reviewing the
      literature, it was concluded that chromosomes 3, 6, 10, 13, 14, and X were most
      frequently involved in abnormalities. Specific and consistent chromosomal
      abnormalities were noted in each study. Therefore, it is hypothesised that the
      mutation rate for this virus may be higher than first expected. Furthermore, the
      relative consistency of heterogeneous findings in different localities may
      reflect a geographic clustering of specific chromosomal abnormalities which may
      in turn be related to specific and geographically associated viral mutations. To
      support these suggestions not only are more cytogenetic data required but a
      molecular evaluation of these patients must be carried out to establish a
      relationship, if any, between genetic abnormalities and the epidemiology of ATL.

PMID- 2881934
TI  - 100-kD coated vesicle proteins: molecular heterogeneity and intracellular
      distribution studied with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Proteins with molecular weights of around 100,000 (designated 100K) are found in
      all coated vesicles. Five monoclonal antibodies have been raised against the
      major 100K proteins of bovine brain coated vesicles, which migrate on SDS gels as
      three closely spaced bands. One antibody stains the middle band (band B), two
      stain both upper and lower bands (bands A and C), and two stain the lower band
      (band C) only. Thus, the polypeptides in bands A and C are related (but not
      identical), a result confirmed by NH2-terminal sequencing. Other tissues were
      found to express proteins corresponding to, and co-migrating with, bands B and C
      but not band A. Only the two antibodies that recognize both A and C stained fixed
      and permeabilized tissue culture cells; they both showed a punctate pattern in
      the plane of the plasma membrane. Double labeling with anti-clathrin antibodies
      confirmed that the dots correspond to coated pits and vesicles. However,
      perinuclear staining seen with anti-clathrin, corresponding to Golgi-derived
      coated vesicles, was conspicuously absent with the two monoclonal antibodies.
      Affinity-purified polyclonal antisera against the 100K proteins, reported
      earlier, gave perinuclear as well as punctate staining; these included one
      antiserum which gave mainly perinuclear staining (Robinson, M. S., and B. M. F.
      Pearse, 1986, J. Cell Biol., 102:48-54). Thus, different 100K proteins appear to
      be found in different membrane compartments. Since the 100K proteins are thought
      to lie between clathrin and the membrane proteins of the vesicle, these results
      may help to explain how different membrane proteins can be sorted into coated
      vesicles in different parts of the cell.

PMID- 2881935
TI  - Management of patients after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2881936
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for azatadine in human urine.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantitative
      determination of azatadine and a base (1 M sodium hydroxide) hydrolyzable
      conjugate of azatadine in human urine has been developed. Reversed-phase
      separation of azatadine and the internal standard, 8-chloroazatadine, was
      accomplished on a 300 X 3.9 mm I.D. mu Bondapak CN column. Following liquid
      liquid extraction from urine, azatadine was quantitatively determined by UV
      detection at 214 nm. No interferences were observed in the extracts obtained from
      drug-free urine. Detector response (peak area ratio) was linear from 10 to 2500
      ng/ml. This method has been shown to provide accurate and precise determinations
      of the unchanged and hydrolyzed drug in human urine, following the twice daily
      oral administration (1-2 mg) of azatadine maleate.

PMID- 2881937
TI  - Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 5
      aminosalicylic acid and acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid in serum.

PMID- 2881938
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of
      carvedilol and its desmethyl metabolite in body fluids.

PMID- 2881939
TI  - Highly sensitive determination of 2-hydroxy-N-(3-[m-(1-piperidinylmethyl)
      phenoxy]propyl)acetamide (desacetyl TZU-0460) in rat plasma by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2881940
TI  - Detection of dengue virus RNA using nucleic acid hybridization.
AB  - Conditions for using slot-blot nucleic acid hybridization to quantitatively
      detect dengue-2 virus using a radiolabelled cDNA probe, pVV17, were determined.
      As little as 11 plaque-forming units of virus were detected using a hybridization
      mixture without formamide and performing the test at 70 degrees C. While
      predominantly serotype-specific using stringent (65 degrees C) washing
      conditions, the probe detected all four dengue virus serotypes using astringent
      (28 degrees C) washing conditions. No significant qualitative differences were
      detected using Thai dengue-2 viruses isolated over a 10-year period. High
      titered, anti-flavivirus antibodies blocked virus detection by an antigen
      capture, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay or by intrathoracic inoculation of
      Toxorhyncites mosquitoes, but not by nucleic acid hybridization. The appearance
      of virus-specified RNA coincided with the detection of antigen in infected C6/36
      (Aedes albopictus) cells by immunofluorescence, or in cell culture supernatants
      by the antigen capture method. The method has potential as a diagnostic tool for
      identifying dengue viruses in clinical and field specimens.

PMID- 2881941
TI  - Predictors of tardive dyskinesia: results of a cross-sectional study in an
      outpatient population.
AB  - A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify predictors of tardive
      dyskinesia (TD) in a group of 180 psychiatric outpatients maintained on
      neuroleptic medications. The estimated prevalence of this involuntary movement
      disorder was 33% in the total study population. Using multiple logistic
      regression, we found that TD was independently related to five factors: being 55
      yr of age and older; being male; using depot (injectable) neuroleptics; having 6
      or more years of neuroleptic exposure; and having less than 6 months of
      psychiatric hospitalization. In addition, the effect of depot medication was much
      greater in white males than it was in other race-sex groups. We observed no other
      interaction effects between pairs of predictor variables, nor did we find
      significant independent effects of race, denture use, DSM III diagnosis, current
      neuroleptic dose and potency, percent time on neuroleptics, and recent use of
      antiparkinsonian drugs or lithium. This study is serving as a pilot investigation
      for a large prospective incidence study that has already begun among patients at
      risk of developing TD in the same source population.

PMID- 2881942
TI  - In vivo regulation of non-insulin-mediated and insulin-mediated glucose uptake by
      epinephrine.
AB  - In vivo glucose uptake (Rd) occurs via two mechanisms: 1) insulin-mediated
      glucose uptake (IMGU), which occurs in insulin-sensitive tissues, and 2)
      noninsulin-mediated glucose uptake (NIMGU), which occurs in both insulin
      sensitive and insulin-insensitive tissues. Thus, in the postabsorptive (basal)
      state Rd = IMGU + NIMGU. To determine whether these two pathways for in vivo
      glucose disposal are regulated independently, we studied the effect of stress
      levels of epinephrine (EPI) on IMGU and NIMGU in seven normal men after an
      overnight fast. To study NIMGU, somatostatin (600 micrograms/hr) was infused to
      suppress endogenous insulin secretion, and glucose turnover was measured
      isotopically while the serum glucose level was clamped at about 200 mg/dL for 240
      min. Separate studies were done during the infusion of saline or EPI (0.2
      microgram/kg X min). The final 120 min of each study were used for data analysis.
      Under these conditions insulin action is absent and Rd = NIMGU. NIMGU was 210 +/-
      15 (+/- SEM) and 200 +/- 17 mg/min during saline and EPI treatment, respectively
      (P = NS). Therefore, EPI has no ability to modulate NIMGU. To measure the effect
      of EPI on Rd, hyperglycemic (200 mg/dL) hyperinsulinemic clamp (30 mU/M2 X min)
      studies were performed during the infusion of saline and EPI. EPI decreased Rd by
      46 +/- 6% (751 +/- 85 to 405 +/- 43 mg/min; P less than 0.01). When the effect of
      EPI on IMGU (Rd - NIMGU) was considered separately, the inhibitory effect of EPI
      was more potent, as indicated by a 61 +/- 12% decrease in IMGU. In conclusion, 1)
      EPI inhibits IMGU, but has no effect on NIMGU; 2) when NIMGU is taken into
      account, EPI has a more potent ability to inhibit IMGU than previously found; and
      3) the systems responsible for NIMGU and IMGU are independently regulated.

PMID- 2881943
TI  - Hyperglucagonemia increases resting metabolic rate in man during insulin
      deficiency.
AB  - The physiological significance of the hyperglucagonemia that occurs in patients
      with many catabolic conditions is unclear. The effect of hyperglucagonemia on
      resting metabolic rate (RMR) was studied in six normal subjects. Infusion of
      somatostatin (SRIH; 500 micrograms/h for 210 min) resulted in a 5-fold decrease
      in plasma C-peptide and a 2-fold decrease in plasma insulin and glucagon
      concentrations, but did not change RMR significantly. When glucagon (0.2
      micrograms/kg X h), was infused with SRIH (500 micrograms/h for 210 min), the
      decreases in plasma C-peptide and insulin were similar to that during the
      infusion of SRIH alone, but plasma glucagon increased from 160 +/- 24 (+/- SEM)
      to 560 +/- 80 pg/mL (P less than 0.001). There was a significant increase in RMR
      during the entire period (210 min) of glucagon infusion (P less than 0.01).
      During the last hour of the glucagon plus SRIH infusion, the RMR was 1.38 +/-
      0.10 Cal/min, which was 15% higher than the preinfusion RMR (1.19 +/- 0.10
      Cal/min; P less than 0.01) and 14% higher than the RMR during the same period
      when SRIH alone was infused (1.21 +/- 0.11 Cal/min; P less than 0.01). When SRIH
      and glucagon were infused, protein oxidation (calculated from urinary nitrogen
      loss) was 52 +/- 5 mg/min, 29% higher than when SRIH alone was infused (40 +/- 5
      mg/min; P less than 0.05). These results indicate that hyperglucagonemia during
      insulin deficiency results in an increase in energy expenditure, which may
      contribute to the catabolic state in many conditions.

PMID- 2881944
TI  - Renal response to intravenous somatostatin in insulin-dependent diabetic patients
      and normal subjects.
AB  - The acute effects of iv somatostatin (SRIH; 100 micrograms/h) on the urinary flow
      (Uvol), effective renal plasma flow (RPF), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
      were compared with those of a control infusion of 0.15 M NaCl in nine insulin
      dependent diabetic (IDD) patients of less than 10 yr disease duration and six
      normal subjects (NS). RPF and GFR were measured using a standard primed constant
      isotope infusion of [125I]iodohippurate and [51Cr]chromium EDTA. Uvol, RPF, and
      GFR were measured during 20-min clearance periods. During the NaCl infusion mean
      Uvol, RPF, and GFR were 14.1 +/- 0.2 (+/- SEM), 708 +/- 4, and 150 +/- 1 mL/min
      in the IDD group and 12.7 +/- 0.4, 568 +/- 5, and 110 +/- 2 mL/min in the NS
      group, respectively. In the IDD patients Uvol, RPF, and GFR decreased from 16.6
      +/- 1.8, 670 +/- 30, 146 +/- 4 mL/min pre-SRIH to 9.2 +/- 1 (P less than 0.001),
      553 +/- 25 (P less than 0.001), and 130 +/- 5 (P less than 0.001) mL/min,
      respectively, at 120 min during the SRIH infusion. Similarly, in the NS group
      mean Uvol, RPF, and GFR were 14.2 +/- 0.6, 552 +/- 15, and 112 +/- 5 mL/min pre
      SRIH and decreased to 7.4 +/- 0.6 (P less than 0.001), 422 +/- 7 (P less than
      0.001), and 93 +/- 3 (P less than 0.001) mL/min, respectively, after 120 min of
      the SRIH infusion. SRIH, therefore, had a profound effect on renal function in
      both IDD patients and NS, resulting in a reduction in RPF, GFR, and, as a
      consequence, Uvol.

PMID- 2881945
TI  - Inhibition of memory in the chick using a monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibody.
AB  - One-day-old chicks trained on a single trial passive avoidance task were
      administered a monoclonal anti-chick Thy-1 antibody, either intracranially or
      subcutaneously, at various times before and after learning and retention tested
      at various times post-learning. This procedure resulted in profound amnesia when
      anti-Thy-1 antibody was administered immediately before learning (5 min) in the
      case of the subcutaneous injections or 5 min before until 5 min after the
      learning process with intracranial injections. Antibody administered at other
      times, either before or after learning had little or no effect on retention.
      Retention levels were normal until 50 min post-learning, then declined sharply
      and remained at control levels for the duration of the test period. Chicks
      injected with anti-chick cerebellum or anti-rat Thy-1 antibodies showed no
      evidence of amnesia for the concentration of the antibodies used.

PMID- 2881946
TI  - Loop transplant.

PMID- 2881947
TI  - Molecular cloning of a polymorphic DNA endonuclease fragment associates insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus with HLA-DQ.
AB  - A BamHI 3.7-kilobase (kb) fragment detected by an HLA-DQ beta-chain complementary
      DNA (cDNA) probe and negatively associated with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM) was cloned and sequenced to localize the polymorphism to BamHI
      sites in intervening sequences of an HLA-DQ beta-chain gene. A probe of the first
      intervening sequence (IVS 1) showed the BamHI 3.7-kb fragment in 6 of 17 HLA
      DR3/4 controls but in 0 of 13 DR-identical IDDM patients. All IDDM patients (13
      of 13) had BamHI fragments of 12 and 4 kb, detected in 9 of 17 controls (P less
      than 0.02). The simple restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern of the
      IVS 1 probe was exploited by comparing 113 IDDM patients with 177 healthy
      controls to show increased prevalences in IDDM of the 12-kb (P less than 0.0001)
      and 4-kb (P less than 0.0001) fragments. In IDDM patients younger than 20 yr at
      onset, 98% were 12- and/or 4-kb positive, compared with 63% of controls (P less
      than 0.0001), giving a relative risk of 91.8 for individuals with both fragments.
      The 12-kb fragment was linked to HLA-DR4, and the 4-kb fragment to HLA-DR3. Both
      serologic markers were split and a non-DR3/non-DR4 IDDM patient was 4-kb
      positive. HLA-DQ seems therefore closer, than HLA-DR, to an IDDM susceptibility
      gene.

PMID- 2881948
TI  - Vagal regulation of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion in vitro in the
      rat.
AB  - Using a new in vitro procedure of the isolated perfused rat pancreas with vagal
      innervation, electrical vagal stimulation produced an increase in both insulin
      and glucagon secretion in proportion to the pulse frequency, but an inhibition in
      somatostatin release. When atropine was infused, both insulin and glucagon
      responses to vagal stimulation were partially suppressed, whereas somatostatin
      release was enhanced. In the presence of hexamethonium, vagal stimulation failed
      to affect insulin, glucagon, or somatostatin secretion. Propranolol partially
      blocked both insulin and glucagon responses but did not influence somatostatin
      response. Phentolamine had no significant effect on release of hormones.
      Simultaneous administration of propranolol and phentolamine tended to inhibit
      both insulin and glucagon responses to vagal stimulation. These findings suggest
      that not only a cholinergic but also a noncholinergic neuron may be involved in
      vagal regulation of pancreatic hormone secretion and that these neurons may be
      under the control of preganglionic vagal fibers via nicotinic receptors.

PMID- 2881951
TI  - Distribution of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the
      diencephalon of the pigeon (Columba livia domestica).
AB  - The distribution of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cell bodies and
      fibers in the diencephalon has been investigated with immunohistological
      techniques in the pigeon. The results suggest that TH is present in a number of
      morphologically distinct neuronal systems. Preoptic and hypothalamic TH neurons
      were subdivided into a medial periventricular and a lateral group. The medial
      group starts with a rostral collection of small cells in the preoptic region. A
      significantly larger collection of TH neurons occupies the paraventricular
      nucleus (PVN) (stratum cellulare internum) and mainly consists of large
      multipolar cells. Further caudally, the main concentration of cells is in the
      hypothalamic posteromedial and the periventricular regions of the
      tuberoinfundibular (arcuate) nucleus. No TH neuron was found in the ventral and
      lateral parts of the tuberoinfundibular region, suggesting that the prominent
      tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system described in mammals is absent in the
      pigeon. This further substantiated by the relative scarcity of TH immunoreactive
      fibers and varicosities in the neurohemal zone of the median eminence (ME). The
      caudalmost components of the medial group appear to be continuous with the large
      population of TH neurons distributed in the midline of the mesencephalon.
      Tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunopositive cells have not been found in the
      paraventricular organ. The lateral group consists of TH neurons loosely arranged
      in the lateral hypothalamus, including regions of the supraoptic nucleus and
      hypothalamic posterolateral nucleus. Tyrosine-hydroxylase containing neurons vary
      widely in size, shape, and dendritic arborization in each diencephalic region.
      However, it is possible to distinguish two main cell types. Small bipolar neurons
      with two simple arborizing dendrites were concentrated in the medial
      periventricular system. The second type of cell is large, multipolar with four to
      five branching dendrites. This latter cell type occurs mainly in the lateral
      system and in the PVN. Major fiber bundles containing TH immunoreactivity were
      identified in the lateral and periventricular hypothalamus. The paraventricular
      organ and the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis contained the densest
      arborization of fibers and varicosities. In the ME, dense innervation was found
      in the subependymal layer. Dense arborizations of TH positive fibers and
      varicosities were located in the septal nuclei and the paleostriatum augmentatum.

PMID- 2881950
TI  - Age related variations of serum concentrations of normally occurring IgG
      antibodies to Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - In studies using indirect immunofluorescence IgG antibodies to Clostridium
      perfringens were found in sera from healthy adults. Sera from 236 healthy
      children were examined. The normally occurring IgG antibodies to C perfringens
      were found to have an age related variation. Preliminary data suggest that they
      are not correlated to C perfringens alpha toxin. The antigen(s) against which the
      antibodies are directed is/are probably part of the cell wall, but its/their
      exact nature is not known.

PMID- 2881949
TI  - Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) variants and carrier detection analyzed by DNA
      probes.
AB  - We have used two strategies to study 14 hemophilia B families from 11 kindreds
      for possible carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. First, we sequentially
      used the Factor IX probes (sequentially with restriction enzymes Taq I, Xmn I,
      and Dde I), and the linked probes p45h (Taq I), p45d (Pst I), and 52a (Taq I) for
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Second, we searched for
      useful variant Taq I digestion fragments using the Factor IX complementary DNA.
      Two separate new Taq I variants in exon VIII were identified. Using both
      strategies, 11 of 14 families (from 9 of 11 kindreds) were informative for
      further studies. In five kindreds studied in detail, the carrier status of all 11
      at risk females was determined and prenatal diagnosis could be offered to the
      offsprings of each of the six carriers identified. Thus, in this study, we have
      identified a higher proportion of informative families than has previously been
      reported.

PMID- 2881952
TI  - Linear cutaneous neuromas (dermatoneurie en stries): a limited phakomatosis with
      striated pigmentation corresponding to cutaneous hyperneury (featuring multiple
      endocrine neoplasia syndrome?).
AB  - A 60-year-old woman developed a progressive linear pigmentation on the trunk.
      Skin biopsy demonstrated an increase in the number and size of neural fibers in
      the dermis. Clinical and paraclinical investigations of this unusual disease
      showed findings similar to the hereditary type of Sipple syndrome (multiple
      endocrine neoplasia syndrome, Type 2b). Such findings as Marfanoid habitus,
      abnormal electromyography and hypertrophy of the corneal nerves suggest that our
      patient's disease and Sipple syndrome are identical. However, such other symptoms
      of Sipple syndrome as presence of endocrine tumors are absent. Questions of long
      term prognosis and physiopathogenicity are raised, since no nerve growth factor
      was detected in this patient. The name of linear cutaneous neuromas is suggested
      for the patient's lesions, and a possible association with the pigmentation and
      cutaneous neuromas of the MEN 2b syndrome.

PMID- 2881953
TI  - Surface densities of murine Ia+ dendritic epidermal cells (Ia+DECs) and Thy-1+
      dendritic epidermal cells (Thy-1+DECs) in relationship to aging and ultraviolet B
      (UVB) radiation.

PMID- 2881954
TI  - Properties of partially purified mouse epidermal transglutaminase.

PMID- 2881955
TI  - A comparative immunohistochemical study of adult T cell leukemia and cutaneous T
      cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2881956
TI  - Hemodynamic and hormonal abnormalities in canine aortic coarctation at rest and
      during exercise.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the hemodynamic and hormonal consequences of
      aortic coarctation at rest and during treadmill exercise. Twelve normal adult
      dogs served as controls. In eight dogs coarctation was created within 1 week of
      birth by banding the aorta just proximal to the ductus ligament, thereby fixing
      luminal diameter at 1 to 2 mm. Studies were performed 18 months after operation.
      Vascular pressures were monitored proximal and distal to the coarctation, cardiac
      output and regional blood flow were evaluated with radioactive microspheres and
      blood samples were collected for determination of hormone levels and blood gases.
      At rest, systolic pressure in the proximal aorta was 130 +/- 12 mm Hg (mean +/-
      SD) in the control group and 167 +/- 16 mm Hg in dogs with coarctation (p less
      than 0.01). During exercise at a level that doubled heart rate and cardiac index,
      mean aortic pressure increased by 11 and 31% (p less than 0.01) in the control
      and the coarctation group, respectively. Mean distal aortic pressure increased by
      8% during exercise in control dogs but decreased by 29% in dogs with coarctation.
      Exercise decreased flow to the kidneys and the large intestine in the coarctation
      group. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were greater in the coarctation group
      than in control dogs at rest; during exercise, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine
      and renin activity increased in both groups, but to a greater degree in the group
      with coarctation. These results confirm an abnormality in renal and gut perfusion
      in experimental coarctation and suggest that this may be related to a decline in
      perfusion pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881957
TI  - Infections complicating puncture wounds of the foot.
AB  - Pedal puncture wounds are a relatively common injury seen predominantly during
      the warm weather months and in children. Although most of these injuries heal
      completely with no sequelae, up to 10% may become infected and produce late
      complications. Of these, osteomyelitis caused by P. aeruginosa is the most
      devastating, and it may progress to bone destruction that will require extensive
      surgical debridement. If instituted early, adequate primary care usually provides
      the best chance of prevention of these infections.

PMID- 2881958
TI  - Effects of long-term medical treatment with cimetidine and bethanechol in
      patients with esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.
AB  - To evaluate long-term medical therapy in patients with Barrett's esophagus, six
      patients were studied before and after long-term therapy with cimetidine for a
      mean period of 11.7 months. Some patients also received bethanechol. All had
      severe symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux resistant to intensive antacid
      therapy, specialized columnar epithelium by biopsy, and endoscopic evidence of
      severe inflammation. Esophageal manometry documented a hypotensive lower
      esophageal sphincter in three patients and low peristaltic amplitude in the
      distal esophagus in four. Treatment was begun with cimetidine, 300 mg orally four
      times daily. If symptoms did not totally abate, bethanechol, 25 mg orally four
      times daily, was added. Cimetidine completely relieved or dramatically reduced
      symptoms in all patients. Adding bethanechol produced further symptomatic
      improvement in three of four patients. After initial dilatation in the two
      patients with strictures, there was no recurrence. Endoscopic evidence of
      inflammation resolved completely in four patients and was markedly improved in
      two. Treatment with both drugs was well tolerated by all patients. The abnormally
      placed squamo-columnar junction did not regress during follow-up.

PMID- 2881959
TI  - Coronary artery spasm. Part II.
AB  - Coronary artery spasm can occur in several settings, often combined with coronary
      artery disease and thrombosis. Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers are
      primary treatment modalities. The role of alpha-blocking agents remains
      unconfirmed.

PMID- 2881960
TI  - Pharmacological treatment of panic disorder.
AB  - Panic disorder has recently been recognized as a distinct sub-type of anxiety
      which may occur with or without phobic avoidance. Controlled prospective trials
      have demonstrated the efficacy of the tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine
      oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of this disorder. The use of benzodiazepines
      and beta-blockers has been more controversial. Some preliminary studies assessing
      other pharmacological agents are available. Methodological problems limit the
      conclusions which may be drawn from available data.

PMID- 2881961
TI  - Amnesic and anxiolytic effects of intravenous diazepam in dental anxiety.
AB  - The effects of intravenous administration of diazepam (average 20 mg) on
      learning, performance and mood were assessed in dental patients. These patients
      required sedation due to excessive anxiety in a dental situation, or because they
      were to undergo stressful surgery. On a verbal learning task, subjects recalled
      and recognized significantly fewer words from a list presented after drug
      administration than from a list presented prior to drug administration, when
      tested at the end of the treatment period. When tested after treatment, subjects
      recognised few of a series of picture postcards that had been presented to them
      during the course of treatment. Subjects showed no significant impairments after
      diazepam treatment on digit-symbol substitution, symbol copying or number
      cancellation tasks compared to pre-treatment scores; however, there was a small
      but significant reduction in the number of finger-taps made. Mood-rating scales
      showed significant increases in sedation and well-being after diazepam treatment
      compared to pre-treatment scores, and also a significant reduction in anxiety
      levels. This study shows that the amnesic effects of diazepam are present in a
      "real-life" stress situation.

PMID- 2881962
TI  - Drug delivery to the brain by central infusion: clinical application in patients
      with Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2881963
TI  - The use of hypnotics and anxiolytics in the elderly.
AB  - Anxiety and insomnia are prevalent conditions in the elderly, and anxiolytics and
      hypnotic drugs are commonly used. Pharmacokinetic variables--absorption,
      distribution, metabolism and elimination--are all altered to a greater or lesser
      extent. As a general rule, the elderly are more sensitive to psychotropic drug
      actions than younger patients. This is particularly so in the over 80s. The
      elderly tend to suffer from physical conditions which may cause insomnia and
      anxiety, and medication for those physical complaints may interact with
      psychotropic medication. In the treatment of insomnia, short- or intermediate
      acting benzodiazepines are preferable to long-acting compounds which tend to
      accumulate and produce confusional states and ataxia. Similarly, the benefit/risk
      ratio for anxiolytics is least in the elderly. Compounds of intermediate half
      life and no active metabolites, such as oxazepam, are preferable. Anxiety
      syndromes occurring in other contexts, e.g. dementia may be better treated with
      low doses of antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2881965
TI  - Depot antipsychotics in practice. Their role in schizophrenia and related
      psychoses.

PMID- 2881964
TI  - A treatment trial with an analog of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (DN-1417) and
      des-tyrosine-gamma-endorphin in schizophrenia.
AB  - Clinical prospects of an analog of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (DN-1417) and
      des-tyrosine-gamma-endorphin (DT gamma E) in schizophrenia were examined by using
      the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the electroencephalogram (EEG).
      Twelve inpatients with chronic schizophrenia were administered fixed doses of
      neuroleptics throughout the study. Six patients were treated with DN-1417 (DN
      1417 group), and the remaining 6 patients with DT gamma E (DY gamma E group). One
      mg/day of DN-1417 or DT gamma E was given intramuscularly for 2 consecutive weeks
      followed by 1 week of no drug treatment. In the DN-1417 group, both total BPRS
      scores and scores on hallucinatory behaviour and unusual thought content
      decreased in the first and third weeks. The power values of alpha and beta
      activities from the frontal area increased in the first and third weeks, whereas
      an increase in alpha activity and a decrease of high-fast beta activity from the
      occipital area were obtained during the study. On the other hand, the DT gamma E
      group failed to show either a decrease in BPRS scores or any remarkable EEG
      changes except for a slight decrease in beta activity. These results suggest that
      the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are improved by DN-1417 treatment, and
      that the alterations in BPRS scores coincide with changes in the frontal EEG.

PMID- 2881966
TI  - Modified responses to recipient and donor B cells by genetically donor T cells
      from human haploidentical bone marrow chimeras.
AB  - After administration of haploidentical stem cells to infants with severe combined
      immunodeficiency disease (SCID), mature T cells of donor karyotype appear later
      in the recipient without causing graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). To investigate the
      effect of the host microenvironment on these genetically donor T cells, mixed
      leukocyte cultures were carried out. Unfractionated mononuclear cells (MNC) from
      eight infants with SCID immunologically reconstituted by haploidentical bone
      marrow stem cells responded in the same pattern as MNC from non-chimeric
      individuals to autologous and allogeneic irradiated MNC, even though they
      contained all genetically donor T cells and all genetically patient B cells and
      monocytes. This included surprisingly vigorous proliferative responses of the
      patients' MNC to the original donors' irradiated MNC. This autoreactivity could
      be detected as soon as T cell function appeared post-transplantation and appeared
      to increase with time. It could be blocked by the addition of monoclonal
      antibodies to HLA Class II antigens. Responses of most patients' MNC were similar
      whether stimulated by irradiated MNC from the donor or non-donor parent or by
      those from unrelated normal controls. Purified genetically donor T cells that had
      matured from stem cells in the patient's microenvironment responded vigorously to
      purified donor B cells. These same cells responded much less to patient B cells.
      In six cases, such genetically donor T cells responded less to patient B cells
      than fresh donor T cells did to donor B cells in the autologous mixed leukocyte
      response. By contrast, T cells of donor karyotype from three of the patients
      responded more vigorously to donor B cells than fresh donor T cells did. Thus,
      genetically donor T lymphocytes that had matured from stem cells in the recipient
      microenvironment behaved differently from those that had matured in the donor.
      The hyporesponsiveness of genetically donor T cells from the patient to patient B
      cells does not appear to be due to T suppressor cells.

PMID- 2881967
TI  - Deficiency of the C3b/C4b receptor (CR1) of erythrocytes in systemic lupus
      erythematosus: analysis of the stability of the defect and of a restriction
      fragment length polymorphism of the CR1 gene.
AB  - The role of genetic factors in controlling CR1 quantitative expression on
      erythrocytes (E) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was
      reexamined by determining the temporal stability of CR1 numbers and the frequency
      of a CR1 genomic restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The mean number
      of binding sites/(E) for Yz-1 monoclonal anti-CR1 correlated with the number of
      sites for polyclonal anti-CR1 that had been determined 2 to 4 yr previously in 18
      normal persons (p less than 0.001), 18 patients (p less than 0.001), and 28
      relatives (p less than 0.001), indicating that CR1 sites/E was a stable
      characteristic in all three groups. The mean number of Yz-1 sites/E was 281 +/-
      34 (+/- SEM) in 28 probands with SLE and 457 +/- 21 in 93 relatives, both
      determinations being less than that for 100 normal persons, 553 +/- 21 (p less
      than 0.002). Thirty-six patients and 51 normal individuals were also assessed for
      the presence of the 7.4 kb and 6.9 kb HindIII CR1 allelic restriction fragments
      that correlate with high and low expression, respectively, of CR1 on E. The
      distribution of patients differed from normal (p less than 0.05), with a smaller
      proportion being homozygous for the 7.4 kb allele. In addition, the mean numbers
      of Yz-1 sites/E for patients and relatives who were homozygous (p less than 0.02)
      and heterozygous (p less than 0.05) for the 7.4 kb allele were significantly
      lower than those for normal persons matched for the HindIII RFLP, suggesting the
      existence of additional heritable factors that decrease CR1 expression. The
      stability over time of the CR1 deficiency among patients, the finding of
      decreased CR1 number among an expanded group of relatives, the altered frequency
      among patients of CR1 alleles defined by the HindIII RFLP, and the decreased
      expression of CR1 on E among patients and relatives compared with normal
      individuals having the same HindIII RFLP indicate a role for genetic factors in
      CR1 deficiency in SLE.

PMID- 2881968
TI  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: treatment with recombinant alpha
      interferon.

PMID- 2881969
TI  - Issues in drug management. Part I. Antidepressants and chronic nonmalignant pain:
      a review.

PMID- 2881970
TI  - [Effects of uterine contraction and a beta-stimulant on placental and fetal brain
      blood flow in correlation with fetal heart rate changes].
AB  - The effects of uterine contraction on placental and fetal brain blood flow in
      correlation with fetal heart rate change and also beta-stimulant on placental and
      fetal brain blood flow during late deceleration were studied in late pregnant
      rabbits. We determined the fetal heart rate (FHR) and placental and fetal brain
      blood flow by a thermocouple method under urethane anesthesia. Fetuses exposed to
      a more than 30% decrease in placental blood flow by uterine contraction developed
      more than 20% bradycardia and also a significant decrease in fetal brain blood
      flow. There are a significant relationship between the decrease in FHR and fetal
      brain blood flow. beta-stimulant administered to the mother suffering from
      already severely hypoxic fetal bradycardia increased FHR in accordance with the
      increase in the placental blood flow and moreover there was recovery from
      decreased fetal brain blood flow.

PMID- 2881971
TI  - [A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type IIb].

PMID- 2881972
TI  - [Genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in Duchenne myopathy: yesterday, today
      and tomorrow].
AB  - The coming of molecular biology has greatly modified the concept of genetic
      counselling and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The most
      important stages of the genetic counselling are reported: estimate of the risk
      and carrier detection. This heterozygote detection is now possible in a few cases
      owing to polymorphic DNA markers recently identified that are genetically linked
      to the DMD gene locus and detected with probes. An analysis of foetal DNA is also
      possible and allows us to consider prenatal diagnosis of this affection. This
      study is yet limited by two impediments: on one hand low rate of informative
      families, on the other hand use of markers that are not very closely linked to
      DMD involving recombinations and risks of errors. The solution of these problems
      is in the use of linked DNA markers with the best polymorphism flanking the
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. Finally the authors report the necessity of
      strict collaboration systems between clinical experts, geneticists, biologists
      and informaticians.

PMID- 2881973
TI  - Guillain-Barre syndrome and other neurologic syndromes in hepatitis A, B, and non
      A, non-B.
AB  - Guillain-Barre syndrome and other neurologic syndromes occur rarely as
      complications of viral hepatitis, although a causal association has not been
      established. Seven cases of serologically documented hepatitis A have been
      reported with Guillain-Barre syndrome; all recovered, with mild neurologic
      residua in four. Eight cases of serologically documented acute hepatitis B have
      been reported with Guillain-Barre syndrome; all recovered, with mild neurologic
      residua in two. In one case, immune complexes of hepatitis B surface antigen and
      its antibody were present in the cerebrospinal fluid. Other neurologic syndromes
      have also been reported in patients with serologically defined viral hepatitis,
      including mononeuritis, auditory neuritis, and seizures. Chronic hepatitis B and
      mononeuritis multiplex are found together in 31-54% of patients with
      periarteritis nodosa. The mechanisms for these associations are unknown, but may
      include direct cytotoxicity of the virus or immune-mediated damage. Vasculitis of
      the vasa nervorum plays an intermediate role in at least some cases.

PMID- 2881974
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a disabling reaction to neuroleptic drugs
      recently discussed in psychiatric literature in Europe, Japan, and the United
      States. It is rare but potentially fatal and is more likely to occur in men,
      especially young men, than in women. The cause is unknown, but dopamine depletion
      in the brain is suspected. Treatment usually begins by withdrawing the
      neuroleptics and then providing supportive therapy for the usual symptoms of high
      fever, muscular rigidity, labile blood pressure, and tachycardia. The Neuroleptic
      Malignant Syndrome usually lasts two to three weeks.

PMID- 2881975
TI  - Personality of panic disorder alcohol abusers.
AB  - Seventeen (28%) of 61 panic disorder patients in a drug treatment study were
      retrospectively found to have a history of alcoholism (none had abused alcohol in
      the past year), More men than women had a history of alcohol abuse (p less than
      .03). Alcohol patients were less independent and less able to recognize
      appropriate social cues on personality testing. There was significant improvement
      in general anxiety for the drug treatment and nonalcoholic placebo group but not
      for the alcohol placebo group. This indicates a superior response to supportive
      therapy for general anxiety in the placebo group without an alcohol abuse history
      compared with the placebo group with an alcohol abuse history.

PMID- 2881976
TI  - Characterization of binding of 3H-SCH 23390 to dopamine D-1 receptors.
      Correlation to other D-1 and D-2 measures and effect of selective lesions.
AB  - The binding of 3H-SCH 23390 to membranes from rat and mouse brain tissue has been
      investigated. The binding was saturable and reached equilibrium after 60 minutes.
      Nonspecific binding was low. Association and dissociation rates were Mg++
      sensitive. In almost all respects the binding of 3H-SCH 23390 was comparable to
      the binding of 3H-piflutixol and 3H-cis(Z)-flupentixol. The density of binding
      sites in striatum was greater than in limbic structures which in turn was greater
      than in frontal cortex. The density of binding sites in these structures were
      comparable with those of 3H-piflutixol and 3H-cis(Z)-flupenthixol, 2-3 times
      higher than the D-2-receptor density. Whereas an increase was seen in 3H-SCH
      23390 binding. The binding was decreased approximately 72% 3 weeks after
      unilateral kainic acid lesion whereas that of 3H-spiperone was only decreased
      56%. Finally, the affinities of neuroleptics to the 3H-SCH 23390-binding sites
      correlated to the affinities to 3H-piflutixol-binding sites and to the effects on
      DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Agonist competition curves were shallow and the
      data best fit a two-site model composed of a high and a low affinity component.
      Thus, 3H-SCH 23390 is regarded as a highly selective ligand for brain dopamine D
      1 receptors in vitro.

PMID- 2881977
TI  - Lack of effect of chronic carbamazepine on brain somatostatin in the rat.
AB  - We investigated the effects of chronic carbamazepine treatment in rats on brain
      somatostatin. Following 12 days of carbamazepine treatment, no changes in
      somatostatin levels were found in any of the brain areas examined which included:
      amygdala, hippocampus, caudate-putamen, median eminence, arcuate nucleus, nucleus
      accumbens, nucleus interstitialis of the stria terminalis, nucleus
      periventricularis, parietal cortex, and occipital cortex. Thus, carbamazepine in
      low doses does not affect basal levels of brain somatostatin in the rat, in
      contrast to the previous reports of decreased somatostatin in the cerebrospinal
      fluid of affectively ill patients.

PMID- 2881978
TI  - Active site chemistry of lysyl oxidase.
AB  - The bimolecular reduction of the Cu(II)-based enzyme lysyl oxidase with two
      inorganic reductants, tris bipyridylchromium(II) and (1,3,6,8,10,13,16,19)
      octaazabicyclo (6,6,6)eicosanecobalt(II) has been examined at various ionic
      strength and [H+] conditions. The electrochemical properties of the enzyme have
      also been examined. The results show that Cu(II) is the redox site in the enzyme
      and has E 1/2 = 0.05 +/- 0.005 V against SCE. The observed rate constants, kobs,
      for the reduction of the enzyme by either Cr(bpy)32+ or Co(sep)2+ at any
      concentration of the reductant increased with the ionic strength of the medium.
      The ionic strength dependence of kobs has been analyzed in terms of the charge of
      the active site being 1 +.

PMID- 2881979
TI  - Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid binding by the anxiolytic beta-carbolines
      ZK 93423 and ZK 91296.
AB  - The effects of two anxiolytic beta-carboline derivatives, ZK 93423 and ZK 91296,
      on the binding of gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) to brain membrane
      preparations from rat cerebral cortex were examined. ZK 93423 concentration
      dependently enhanced the specific binding of [3H]GABA, with a maximal increase of
      45% above control at a 50 microM concentration. A less pronounced increase was
      induced by diazepam and by the partial agonist ZK 91296. Scatchard plot analysis
      revealed that the effect of ZK 93423 was due to an increase in the total number
      of high- and low-affinity GABA binding sites. The action of ZK 93423 was mediated
      by benzodiazepine recognition sites since it was blocked by the benzodiazepine
      antagonists Ro 15-1788 and ZK 93426 at concentrations that failed to modify
      [3H]GABA binding on their own. Moreover the stimulatory effect of ZK 93423 on
      [3H]GABA binding was also blocked by the beta-carboline inverse agonist ethyl
      beta-carboline-3-carboxylate. These results are consistent with the view that ZK
      93423 and ZK 91296, similarly to benzodiazepines, exert their pharmacological
      effects by enhancing the GABAergic transmission at the level of the
      GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex.

PMID- 2881981
TI  - Both short- and long-term effects of nerve growth factor on tyrosine hydroxylase
      in calf adrenal chromaffin cells are blocked by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase
      inhibitors.
AB  - We have previously shown that primary cultures of calf chromaffin cells respond
      to nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment with a selective induction of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), which takes 48 h to be manifested. In the present study, we
      report that short exposure of calf chromaffin cells to NGF (5-60 min) results in
      TH activation, which involves a change in the Vmax of the enzyme with no change
      in the number of enzyme molecules, similar to an effect that has been previously
      reported in PC12 cells. This activation is markedly potentiated when the
      chromaffin cells are plated on a laminin substrate, such that after 5 min of NGF
      exposure, there is an approximately fourfold increase in the TH activity. Both
      short-term activation and long-term TH induction brought about by NGF treatment
      are blocked by 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine and other drugs that act as S
      adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase inhibitors to block methylation by end
      product inhibition. These drugs did not inhibit cyclic AMP-mediated TH activation
      or increases in the levels of TH. However, measurements of the degree of blockade
      of methylation in cells treated with these drugs, taken together with conceptual
      information regarding the nonregulatory nature of methylation in eukaryotic
      cells, were not consistent with inhibition of methylation as the crucial effect
      of the drugs to block the effects of NGF. Nonetheless, since SAH hydrolase
      inhibitors selectively inhibited NGF-mediated effects, and not comparable effects
      triggered by other stimuli, these compounds provide useful tools in future
      studies of the biochemical signalling mechanism of NGF.

PMID- 2881980
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase is activated and phosphorylated on different sites in rat
      pheochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with phorbol ester and forskolin.
AB  - Incubation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells with 4 beta-phorbol-12 beta
      myristate-13 alpha-acetate (PMA), an activator of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent
      protein kinase (protein kinase C), or forskolin, an activator of adenylate
      cyclase, is associated with increased activity and enhanced phosphorylation of
      tyrosine hydroxylase. Neither the activation nor increased phosphorylation of
      tyrosine hydroxylase produced by PMA is dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Both
      activation and phosphorylation of the enzyme by PMA are inhibited by pretreatment
      of the cells with trifluoperazine (TFP). Treatment of PC12 cells with 1-oleoyl-2
      acetylglycerol also leads to increases in the phosphorylation and enzymatic
      activity of tyrosine hydroxylase; 1,2-diolein and 1,3-diolein are ineffective.
      The effects of forskolin on the activation and phosphorylation of the enzyme are
      independent of Ca2+ and are not inhibited by TFP. Forskolin elicits an increase
      in cyclic AMP levels in PC12 cells. The increases in both cyclic AMP content and
      the enzymatic activity and phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase following
      exposure of PC12 cells to different concentrations of forskolin are closely
      correlated. In contrast, cyclic AMP levels do not increase in cells treated with
      PMA. Tryptic digestion of the phosphorylated enzyme isolated from untreated cells
      yields four phosphopeptides separable by HPLC. Incubation of the cells in the
      presence of the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin increases the phosphorylation of three
      of these tryptic peptides. However, in cells treated with either PMA or
      forskolin, there is an increase in the phosphorylation of only one of these
      peptides derived from tyrosine hydroxylase. The peptide phosphorylated in PMA
      treated cells is different from that phosphorylated in forskolin-treated cells.
      The latter peptide is identical to the peptide phosphorylated in dibutyryl cyclic
      AMP-treated cells. These results indicate that tyrosine hydroxylase is activated
      and phosphorylated on different sites in PC12 cells exposed to PMA and forskolin
      and that phosphorylation of either of these sites is associated with activation
      of tyrosine hydroxylase. The results further suggest that cyclic AMP-dependent
      and Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinases may play a role in the regulation
      of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells.

PMID- 2881982
TI  - Effect of free malonate on the utilization of glutamate by rat brain
      mitochondria.
AB  - Malonate is an effective inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase in preparations
      from brain and other organs. This property was reexamined in isolated rat brain
      mitochondria during incubation with L-glutamate. The biosynthesis of aspartate
      was determined by a standard spectrofluorometric method and a radiometric
      technique. The latter was suitable for aspartate assay after very brief
      incubations of mitochondria with glutamate. At a concentration of 1 mM or higher,
      malonate totally inhibited aspartate biosynthesis. At 0.2 mM, the inhibitory
      effect was still present. It is thus possible that the natural concentration of
      free malonate in adult rat brain of 192 nmol/g wet weight exerts an effect on
      citric acid cycle reactions in vivo. The inhibition of glutamate utilization by
      malonate was readily overcome by the addition of malate which provided
      oxaloacetate for the transamination of glutamate. The reaction was accompanied by
      the accumulation of 2-oxoglutarate. The metabolism of glutamate was also blocked
      by inclusion of arsenite and gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid but again added
      malate allowed transamination to resume. When arsenite and gamma-vinyl-gamma
      aminobutyric acid were present, the role of malonate as an inhibitor of malate
      entry into the mitochondrial interior could be determined without considering the
      inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase. The apparent Km and Vmax values for
      uninhibited malate entry were 0.01 mM and 100 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively.
      Malonate was a competitive inhibitor of malate transport (Ki = 0.75 mM).

PMID- 2881983
TI  - Adrenocortical steroids modify neurotransmitter-stimulated cyclic AMP
      accumulation in the hippocampus and limbic brain of the rat.
AB  - Glucocorticoid hormones are known to affect limbic system structures that have
      high levels of specific receptors for glucocorticoids, especially the hippocampus
      (HIPP). To understand how glucocorticoids may affect synaptic transmission, we
      have tested the effects of adrenal removal and glucocorticoid replacement on
      neurotransmitter-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in brain slices from the rat
      limbic system. Adrenalectomy (ADX) caused an enhancement of vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP)-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in HIPP, amygdala (AMYG), and
      septum (SEP). In HIPP, ADX increased the cyclic AMP response to isoproterenol
      (ISOP) and decreased the response to histamine (HIST). In the AMYG and SEP, ADX
      did not affect significantly the action of ISOP, but ADX did decrease the
      response to HIST in AMYG. Administration of dexamethasone or corticosterone
      reversed the effects of ADX on cyclic AMP accumulation in the HIPP. The
      dexamethasone action on VIP-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation takes place within
      48 h and is most apparent in the mid-range of the VIP dose-response curve. These
      results demonstrate that glucocorticoids regulate neurotransmitter-stimulated
      cyclic AMP generation in a fashion that is specific, both for the
      neurotransmitter involved and for the brain regions affected.

PMID- 2881984
TI  - Glutamate deficits in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2881985
TI  - Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type without neocortical neurofibrillary
      tangles.
AB  - Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) is typified pathologically by
      neuritic plaques (NP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the neocortex and
      hippocampus. However, in a large series of cases (60) over age 74 a significant
      minority (30%) lacked neocortical tangles. In order to determine if these latter
      cases (Group B) otherwise differ from the majority which have both neocortical
      plaques and tangles (Group A), various clinical and neuropathological parameters
      were measured for both groups and the results compared. The following indices
      were examined: degree of dementia, rate of progression of dementia, age at death,
      brain weight, cerebral hemispheric weight, cortical cell counts from the frontal,
      temporal, and parietal lobes, the number of neocortical NP, the number of
      hippocampal NP and NFT, and the levels of neocortical choline acetyltransferase
      and somatostatin. The two groups showed no statistically significant differences
      in any of these categories except for increased numbers of neocortical NP in
      Group A in midfrontal and superior temporal regions. However, cases in Group A
      showed greater pathologic abnormality in nearly every parameter, albeit without
      attaining statistical significance. We conclude that SDAT with neocortical NFT is
      the same disease as SDAT without them, although the presence of such tangles is
      associated with a tendency towards greater severity.

PMID- 2881987
TI  - Population response of midbrain dopaminergic neurons to neuroleptics: further
      studies on time course and nondopaminergic neuronal influences.
AB  - In the present study, we examined the effects of the cholecystokinin receptor
      antagonist, proglumide, on the depolarization-induced inactivation of A9 and A10
      dopaminergic neurons produced by repeated administration of a classical
      antipsychotic drug (dopamine receptor antagonist). In addition, we studied the
      nature of the effects of acute (1-48 hr) and long-term (7 month) treatment with
      the butyrophenone neuroleptic haloperidol on both the basal firing rate and
      population response of dopamine-containing neurons in these 2 regions. Acute oral
      administration of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) results, within 1 hr of administration,
      in an increase in both the firing rate and number of spontaneously active
      dopamine neurons encountered in both A9 and A10 regions. These effects of a
      single treatment persist for a minimum of 6 hr and, with respect to firing rate,
      are not completely normalized for at least 24 hr. In contrast, 7 month continuous
      treatment with haloperidol reduces the number of spontaneously active DA neurons
      encountered in both regions in a manner similar to that observed at 21 d. This
      effect is inferred to be due to the induction of depolarization-induced
      inactivation of these neurons, since the acute administration of the normally
      hyperpolarizing, direct-acting dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine (64
      micrograms/kg) immediately reverses this reduced number of cells per track to
      near control levels. This effect appears to be dependent on the continued
      presence of haloperidol since, when animals treated for 7 months are sampled 14 d
      after the cessation of drug administration, spontaneous activity is no different
      from that observed in age-matched controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881986
TI  - The NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate blocks stimulus train
      induced epileptogenesis but not epileptiform bursting in the rat hippocampal
      slice.
AB  - The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in producing stimulus train
      induced bursting (STIB) was examined in area CA3 of the rat hippocampus.
      Extracellular recordings were made from the CA3 pyramidal cell layer. Bursting
      was induced by trains of electrical stimuli delivered to the stratum radiatum of
      CA3, or by bath application of NMDA. The specific NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2
      amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) was then bath applied to test its ability to
      block STIB and NMDA activated bursting. A dose-response relation for NMDA
      activation indicated that bath application of 1 and 5 microM NMDA had little or
      no effect on the response to a paired stimulus pulse (triggered response) and did
      not induce spontaneous bursting. Ten micromolar NMDA induced strong triggered and
      spontaneous bursting during the application of NMDA in 72% of the slices. Fifty
      to one hundred micromolar NMDA caused the abolition of the excitatory
      postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and orthodromic population spike and the decrease
      or abolition of the antidromic population spike. In the normal medium wash
      following 10 microM NMDA, those slices that produced triggered and spontaneous
      bursting in 10 microM NMDA underwent an early phase of decreased excitability in
      which spontaneous bursting occurred in only 6% of the slices that were bursting
      in NMDA. Later in the wash spontaneous bursting began occurring in half of the
      slices that were bursting in NMDA, and the excitability of the triggered bursts
      increased slightly. The ability of the NMDA receptor antagonist APV to block NMDA
      activated bursting was tested. Bath application of 100 or 200 microM APV alone
      caused little change in the normal triggered response. When 10 microM NMDA was
      added to the APV solution, there was little or no change in the triggered
      response, and no spontaneous bursting occurred. However, when 100 or 500 APV was
      added to the NMDA solution after NMDA burst activation had occurred, triggered
      bursting was reduced, but not blocked, although spontaneous bursting was blocked.
      In those slices that continued bursting after the washout of NMDA, bath
      application of 100 or 500 microM APV reduced, but did not block, triggered
      bursting. Spontaneous bursting continued in all slices. The ability of APV to
      block the induction of bursting by trains of electrical stimuli was then
      tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2881988
TI  - Peptidergic modulation of neuronal circuitry controlling feeding in Aplysia.
AB  - We examined the effects of 3 neuropeptides and the bioactive amine 5-HT on
      identified motoneurons (B15 and B16) and interneurons (B4, B5) involved in the
      control of feeding behavior in Aplysia californica. The application of egg-laying
      hormone (ELH), small cardioactive peptide b (SCPb), and 5-HT elicits distinct
      patterns of synaptically induced bursting in the neurons, while PheMetArgPheamide
      (FMRFamide) inhibits firing due to synaptic activity. Repetitive IPSPs recorded
      in B15 and B16 are induced by 5-HT and SCPb and inhibited by FMRFamide. The
      substances also may act directly: In solutions that block synaptic transmission
      SCPb excites B15, ELH excites B16, 5-HT excites B15, B16, and B4, and FMRFamide
      both inhibits B15 and B16 and excites B4. We suggest that the output of a buccal
      ganglion central pattern generator may be modulated to produce distinct patterns
      of motoneuron activity by these candidate transmitters. We also noted differences
      in the intrinsic properties of the 2 motoneurons. B15 contains SCPb
      immunoreactivity while B16 does not. This finding suggests that B15 may be the
      source for the SCPb immunoreactivity previously found at the ARC muscle and that
      SCPb may be acting in an autocrine mode. Also, B15 has a significantly lower
      resting potential than B16 and contains a large transient outward (Ia-like)
      current. The candidate transmitters act by exciting or inhibiting elements at
      every level within the hierarchically organized motor system that controls
      feeding. This expands the diversity of behavioral repertoires that may be
      elicited from a particular neural circuit.

PMID- 2881989
TI  - Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus using depolarizing current pulses as
      the conditioning stimulus to single volley synaptic potentials.
AB  - The conditions responsible for the associative properties of long-term
      potentiation (LTP) were examined in the CA1 region of the hippocampal slice
      preparation. Intracellularly recorded EPSPs resulting from single-volley
      stimulation at low frequency (0.15-0.1 Hz) in the stratum radiatum or oriens were
      paired with depolarizing current pulses (50-100 msec) injected through the
      recording microelectrode. It is shown that these EPSPs, when paired with pulses
      of sufficient magnitude, become potentiated. This potentiation generally reached
      a peak after 20-30 pairing events and could outlast the conditioning period by
      more than 1 hr. It was specific to the paired input, was blocked by 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (APV) and was largely blocked by prior homosynaptic
      tetanization (and vice versa). In experiments performed with picrotoxin (PTX) in
      the bath, EPSPs were potentiated using 2-4 nA current pulses, with somewhat
      higher values in normal solution. The effective current pulses, in both normal
      and PTX solution, produced a repetitive spike discharge of 7-11 spikes (per 100
      msec), and within this range, higher frequencies were associated with larger
      potentiations. However, since similar degrees of EPSP potentiation were observed
      following blockade of spike activity by intracellular QX-314, spike activity was
      not the primary conditioning factor. For the potentiation to appear, the EPSP had
      to occur together with the current pulse or precede it by less than about 100
      msec. No potentiation was observed when the EPSP immediately succeeded the pulse.
      The results suggest that the cooperativity aspect of LTP is related to a need for
      sufficient postsynaptic depolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2881990
TI  - Modulation of the flavin-containing monooxygenase in guinea pigs by ascorbic acid
      and food restriction.
AB  - Modulation of the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) by varying the ascorbic
      acid and food intake was investigated. Hepatic activity of the FMO in ascorbic
      acid-deficient guinea pigs fed a restricted amount of diet which resulted in a 10
      15% body weight loss, was 17% of that in animals fed restricted amounts of the
      adequate diet. FMO hepatic activity in ascorbic acid-supplemented guinea pigs on
      a food-restricted regimen was 176% of that found in animals fed the adequate diet
      ad libitum. This increase in activity was not related to stress. Alteration in
      the activity of this important drug-metabolizing enzyme system by a combination
      of ascorbic acid deficiency and reduced food intake could potentially alter the
      rate of metabolism of a great variety of pharmaceutical drugs and environmental
      chemicals.

PMID- 2881991
TI  - The neurohistochemistry of neuroregulators in the dental pulp.

PMID- 2881992
TI  - Pain relief for the pediatric surgical patient.
AB  - Modern techniques available for the relief of pain following major surgical
      procedures or trauma in childhood receive scant attention in pediatric surgical
      textbooks. A range of options for pain relief have been offered to children in
      our hospital, which include: regional analgesia; appropriate use of intermittent
      intramuscular narcotic injections; and variable-rate intravenous narcotic
      infusions. Since 1982 regional analgesia has been used in more than 2,000
      patients following operations on the penis and in the inguinoscrotal region. Two
      hundred forty five children with fractured femora have been managed using femoral
      nerve blocks. Intermittent intramuscular narcotic injections are the most common
      method of pain relief. However, the variable nature of children's pain frequently
      results in an unsatisfactory outcome. Variable-rate intravenous narcotic
      infusions were introduced in 1982 and the first 155 infusions in 144 patients
      have been analyzed. The protocol and method of administration are described along
      with the dosage and problems encountered during the introduction of the
      technique. It has now been employed postoperatively in 242 more patients and many
      infusions have been commenced in the emergency department, intensive care, and
      neonatal units bringing the total number of infusions to more than 600.
      Assessment of effective pain relief has been made on the basis of observation and
      comment by parents and patients and by medical and nursing staff. The steady
      increase in demand for the use of this technique is an index of its value. It is
      concluded that there is a real need to improve pain relief for children by better
      education of medical and nursing staff and inclusion of this important subject in
      pediatric surgical text books.

PMID- 2881993
TI  - Depressant action of oxybutynin on the contractility of intestinal and urinary
      tract smooth muscle.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in-vitro using segments of guinea-pig ileum, taenia
      caeci, ureter and detrusor. In the ileum, oxybutynin (30, 100 nM) competitively
      antagonized acetylcholine-induced contractions but did not alter those induced by
      histamine. Higher concentrations of oxybutynin (up to 10 microM) induced a non
      competitive depression of responses to both agonists and caused a parallel shift
      to the right of the Ca2+-induced contractions in taenia caeci strips bathed in a
      Ca2+-free, high-K+ medium. In the ureter, oxybutynin (1-10 microM) impaired
      rhythmic muscular contractions in normal medium and after CaCl2 addition in Ca2+
      free medium. Similarly to verapamil (10, 30 microM), oxybutynin (10, 30 microM)
      depressed both the cholinergic and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic components of
      the electrically-induced contractions of detrusor strips. It is concluded that
      oxybutynin has anticholinergic properties and, at higher concentrations, exerts a
      direct spasmolytic activity possibly mediated by blockade of the transmembrane
      Ca2+ fluxes responsible for smooth muscle contraction.

PMID- 2881994
TI  - Adrenergic receptor subtype activation by (+)-, (-)- and (+/-)-norephedrine in
      the pithed rat.
AB  - The ability of (+/-)-norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine) and its component
      isomers, (+)-and (-)-norephedrine, to activate adrenergic receptor subtypes in
      the cardiovascular system of the urethane/chloralose-anaesthetized pithed rat has
      been investigated. At all adrenoceptor subtypes, (-)-norephedrine was the most
      potent agonist followed by (+/-)- then (+)-norephedrine. The greatest activity
      was observed at the alpha 1-receptor, with little activity observed at either
      beta 1 or beta 2-adrenoceptors. Reserpinization shifted the (-)-norephedrine dose
      response curve slightly to the right, indicating that only a minor portion of its
      activity is due to the release of stored endogenous catecholamines. These results
      suggest that most of the cardiovascular activity of the compounds is through the
      direct activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2881995
TI  - Sodium nitroprusside: pharmacological aspects of its interaction with
      hydroxocobalamin and thiosulphate.
AB  - Hydroxocobalamin (HOCb), when mixed with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a 10:1 or
      1:1 molar ratio and injected (i.v.) into the anaesthetized rat, prolonged the
      depressor response to SNP by 25-50%, but did not affect the degree of blood
      pressure lowering. Both the 'onset' and 'offset' components of the response were
      prolonged. Injecting [14C]SNP along with a 10-fold molar excess of HOCb resulted
      in a 2- to 3-fold elevation of plasma radioactivity which was maintained during
      the first 10 min of a 40 min experimental period. These effects of HOCb on the
      pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of SNP are probably due to complex
      formation between the two compounds. Sodium thiosulphate (ST) added to SNP (12:1
      molar ratio) had no effect on the depressor response to SNP. This mixing of ST
      and SNP had a less-marked influence on the plasma [14C] SNP-derived radioactivity
      than occurred with HOCb. There was no initial elevation of radioactivity, but the
      levels were raised by 50-60% at 4, 6 and 10 min. Since the depressor response to
      SNP was unaffected by ST, it is presumed that the higher concentrations of
      radioactivity were due to inactive degradation products rather than the active
      species itself.

PMID- 2881996
TI  - Differences in the promotion mechanism of the colonic absorption of antipyrine,
      phenol red and cefmetazole.
AB  - The promotion of antipyrine, phenol red and cefmetazole absorption by sodium
      ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-Na) as a paracellular promoter, diethyl maleate
      (DEM) as a transcellular promoter, and sodium taurocholate (TC-Na), whose
      promotion mechanism is still unclear, has been investigated by the rat in-situ
      colonic loop technique. All these promoters increased AP absorption and water
      influx from the lumen to the blood. Ouabain treatment suppressed the increase in
      antipyrine absorption and water influx induced by TC-Na and EDTA-Na, but did not
      modify the enhancing effect of DEM. Thus, the promotion mechanism of TC-Na may be
      similar to that of EDTA-Na. Phenol red and cefmetazole absorption were increased
      by TC-Na and EDTA-Na but not by DEM. Accordingly, phenol red and cefmetazole
      absorption appears to be promoted via paracellular but not transcellular routes.
      The collection of blood for plasma samples reduced the influx of water which had
      been increased by TC-Na or EDTA-Na. Consequently, the enhancement in antipyrine
      plasma concentration by these promoters was reduced to the control level. The
      inhibitory mechanism for this is discussed on the basis of the blood-flow
      limitation of antipyrine and water absorption.

PMID- 2881998
TI  - Erythrocyte binding of cephalosporins.
AB  - A rapid sample preparation and HPLC technique was used to study the erythrocyte
      binding properties of six cephalosporins at therapeutic concentrations. The
      negligible red blood cell partition coefficients indicated that only small
      amounts of the cephalosporins were taken up by the blood cells at all drug
      concentrations. Thus, plasma concentrations were about twice as high as the
      respective blood concentrations. Blood/plasma ratios solely depended on the
      haematocrit and were independent of the extent of protein binding.

PMID- 2881997
TI  - Does brain 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid reflect dopamine release?
AB  - After sulpiride (75 mg kg-1) administration, a significant increase in dopamine,
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) occurred in
      the rat striatum. No attenuation in the sulpiride-induced dopamine and DOPAC
      increase was seen in the striatum from rats previously treated with benztropine
      (25 mg kg-1). On the other hand, in the benztropine + sulpiride-treated group,
      HVA levels were significantly lower compared with those of rats to which only
      sulpiride had been given. The results presented suggest that under appropriate
      conditions, as when sulpiride is used, dopamine can be deaminated before its
      release has occurred.

PMID- 2881999
TI  - Inhibitory effect of phenothiazines on the binding of [3H]perazine to alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein.
AB  - A system is described which allows the determination of the affinity constant of
      unlabelled drugs to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) by displacing
      [3H]perazine from the binding protein with equilibrium dialysis. All drugs
      investigated appear to bind to only one site at the alpha 1-AGP molecule. From
      experiments, in which the chemical structure of the displacers was varied, the
      fragment 21-31 of the amino acid sequence appears to be a candidate for
      hydrophobic interactions. The glutamic acids 177 and 178 of the alpha 1-AGP
      molecule could be involved in ionic interactions with the side chain of
      phenothiazine derivatives. The relevance of alpha 1-AGP for drug binding,
      distribution, and the possible reasons for insufficient correlation between
      psychotropic plasma concentration and therapeutic response is discussed.

PMID- 2882000
TI  - The effect of phenylpentenyl-khatamines on the release of radioactivity from rat
      striatal tissue prelabelled with [3H]dopamine.
AB  - The CNS-stimulating properties of leaves of the khat shrub (Catha edulis,
      Celastraceae) are presumed to be due mainly to (-)-cathinone, a phenylpropylamine
      alkaloid that has been shown to have an amphetamine-like releasing effect at
      physiological catecholamine storage sites. Recently, several phenylpentenylamine
      alkaloids have been identified in khat leaves, and these have been evaluated, in
      vitro, in the present study for their ability to induce release of radioactivity
      from [3H]dopamine-prelabelled rat striatal tissue. It was found that the
      phenylpentenylamines have a weak releasing effect, and are therefore considered
      unlikely to play an important role in the stimulating properties of khat leaves.

PMID- 2882001
TI  - Effect of lapachol, a naphthaquinone isolated from Tectona grandis, on
      experimental peptic ulcer and gastric secretion.
AB  - Lapachol, a naphthaquinone isolated from the roots of Tectona grandis given at a
      dose of 5 mg kg-1 p.o. twice daily for 3 days was found to have an anti
      ulcerogenic effect on subsequently induced experimental gastric and duodenal
      ulcers in rats and guinea-pigs. Its action appears to be associated with an
      effect on the protein content of gastric juice, and it reversed aspirin-induced
      changes in peptic activity, protein and sialic acid.

PMID- 2882002
TI  - Anticholinergic activity of the dopamine receptor agonist, TL-68 (N,N-dipropyl-2
      aminotetralin).
AB  - The anticholinergic properties of a dopamine receptor agonist, a non-hydroxylated
      derivative of N,N-dipropylaminotetralin (TL-68), were evaluated using the guinea
      pig isolated tracheal strip and rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. TL-68
      competitively antagonized carbachol-induced contractions in guinea-pig trachea
      with a pA2 value of 5.88 +/- 0.05. In the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm
      preparation, TL-68 was found to be inactive in blocking nicotinic cholinergic
      receptors.

PMID- 2882003
TI  - The anticoagulant activity of some selected warfarin analogues.
AB  - The anticoagulant activities of 6-, 7-, 8-, 4'-hydroxy, 6-chloro- and 6
      bromowarfarin were determined in rabbits after intraperitoneal administration of
      16.2 mumol kg-1 over 96 h. Substitution on the 4-hydroxycoumarin moiety resulted
      in reduction of the anticoagulant activity. 6-Chlorowarfarin was more potent than
      6-bromowarfarin suggesting that the molecular size of 4-hydroxycoumarin moiety
      may be crucial for biological activity.

PMID- 2882004
TI  - Influence of water deprivation on the disposition of paracetamol.
AB  - The effect of acute (96 h) water deprivation on the disposition of paracetamol
      (acetaminophen) has been examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma and urinary
      concentrations of the drug and its two major metabolites, the glucuronide and
      sulphate, were determined by a sensitive and specific high performance liquid
      chromatographic assay. Following an intravenous dose of 100 mg kg-1 of
      paracetamol, no significant changes were found in the elimination rate constant
      (k), the mean residence time (MRT), total plasma clearance (Cl) and the apparent
      volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss). However, rats deprived of water for
      96 h excreted a larger percentage of the administered dose as the glucuronide
      conjugate (15.3 vs 7.9%) and a smaller percentage as unchanged paracetamol (7.3
      vs 20.7%) in the urine. In addition, there was a significant two-fold increase in
      the partial metabolic clearance to paracetamol glucuronide. Water deprivation
      also led to a significant reduction in the renal clearance of paracetamol
      accompanied by an increase in the renal clearance of the glucuronide.

PMID- 2882005
TI  - Temporal changes in bupivacaine kinetics.
AB  - The chronokinetics of bupivacaine have been examined in the mouse. Different
      groups of adult male NMRI mice maintained under controlled environmental
      conditions received a single intraperitoneal injection of bupivacaine (20 mg kg
      1) at one of four different fixed time points in a 24 h period i.e. 10:00, 16:00,
      22:00 and 04:00 h. Blood samples were taken 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 3, 4 and 6 h
      after drug administration and total serum levels of bupivacaine were determined
      by a gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Statistically
      significant temporal changes were found in the following pharmacokinetic
      parameters: highest Cmax value = 0.900 +/- 0.080 micrograms mL-1 at 22:00 h
      (amplitude, maximum-minimum/mean X 100, is 64%); highest Cmax/Tmax ratio = 3.596
      +/- 0.339 at 22:00 h (amplitude = 85%); highest beta elimination half-life, T1/2
      beta, = 3.950 +/- 0.246 h at 22:00 h (amplitude = 35%); area under concentration
      curve (AUC infinity 0) was not found to be significantly different among the
      hours of administration. The temporal kinetic changes demonstrated suggest a
      possible circadian difference in bupivacaine efficacy and/or toxicity.

PMID- 2882006
TI  - Salivary secretion of paracetamol in man.
AB  - Plasma and saliva paracetamol levels were measured by HPLC in ten healthy
      volunteers who took a therapeutic dose after an overnight fast. Salivary levels
      of the drug were consistently and significantly higher than those in plasma for
      the first 50 min after oral ingestion, but saliva and plasma levels correlated
      closely during the elimination phase. There was a highly significant correlation
      between the AUC 0-alpha calculated from saliva and plasma paracetamol
      concentration-time curves. The elevated saliva/plasma ratio for the first 50 min
      was not due to loss of paracetamol from plasma during sample preparation, binding
      to plasma protein or adsorption to the buccal mucosa. Administration of
      probenecid in an attempt to block possible active secretion of paracetamol into
      saliva did not significantly alter the saliva/plasma concentration ratio for the
      first 50 min, but did significantly reduce this ratio in the time period 125-360
      min. The experimental data conformed to a recently proposed model in which
      elevated saliva/plasma ratios during the early stages following oral ingestion
      were related to ongoing absorption into the arterial system.

PMID- 2882007
TI  - Evaluation of electrical conductivity-temperature curves using a mathematical
      model: temperature-dependent changes during thawing of frozen aqueous
      pharmaceuticals.
AB  - The information contained in the electrical conductivity curves of
      pharmaceuticals measured as a function of temperature can be represented by a
      small set of parameters. This is achieved by approximating the electrical
      conductivity curve as a number of consecutive steps, using a suitable empirical
      model. The three parameters describing each step are: transition temperature,
      slope factor and step height. The validity of the calculated transition
      temperatures was established by applying the model to electrical conductivity
      curves measured on aqueous solutions of KCl, NaCl and on a KCl-NaCl mixture. It
      appears that the transition temperatures calculated for these inorganic salts are
      in good agreement with the respective eutectic temperatures reported in the
      literature. Subsequently, the method was applied to the corticosteroids
      prednisolone sodium succinate and prednisolone disodium phosphate. The
      mathematical model yields a satisfactory fit for both experimental conductivity
      curves. The actual consequences of freeze-drying an aqueous solution of
      prednisolone sodium succinate below and above the respective transition
      temperatures calculated are discussed in relation to the experimental
      conductivity data.

PMID- 2882009
TI  - The in-vitro metabolism of [14C]pentobarbitone and [14C]phenobarbitone by hamster
      liver microsomes.
AB  - The metabolism of [14C]pentobarbitone and [14C]phenobarbitone has been
      reinvestigated using an in-vitro hepatic microsomal system (Syrian hamsters,
      Aroclor 1254 induction). The incubation system was routinely supplemented with
      EDTA (1 mM) and a substrate concentration study revealed the metabolism of
      [14C]pentobarbitone to be concentration-dependent, with the greatest overall
      metabolism (greater than 50%) occurring at 0.054 mumol per 3.5 mL. With
      [14C]phenobarbitone as substrate, overall metabolism was extremely low (3%) and
      independent of substrate concentration. Addition of further cofactors to the
      incubation mixture at 20 min intervals over an extended period resulted in almost
      complete metabolism of [14C]pentobarbitone (100 min), 3'-hydroxypentobarbitone
      and 3'-oxopentobarbitone being identified as metabolites together with many
      minor, unidentified products. With [14C]phenobarbitone as the substrate, cofactor
      addition up to 120 min resulted in 8% overall metabolism; p-hydroxyphenobarbitone
      was identified as a product of metabolism; other minor products were
      unidentified. The metabolism studies failed to produce a metabolite having the
      properties of the N-hydroxylated product of either [14C]pentobarbitone or
      [14C]phenobarbitone within the detection limits available (0.02% of 0.5 mumol per
      incubate).

PMID- 2882008
TI  - Plasma protein binding-lipophilicity relationships: interspecies comparison of
      some organic acids.
AB  - Relationships between plasma protein binding of 11 organic acids (benzoic and
      phenylacetic acid derivatives) and their lipophilicity were studied in man,
      rabbits, rats and mice. For description, the relationship fu = 1/(1 + aDb) was
      developed, where fu is the fraction of the unbound drug in plasma, D is the
      partition coefficient octanol/water and a and b are parameters. While the value
      of the parameter a is widely different in interspecies comparison, the value of
      the parameter b is very close in all species studied and is approximately equal
      to 1. The model used allows the simple calculation of the extent of plasma
      binding of structurally similar drugs from their lipophilicity, or conversion of
      the extent of plasma binding from one species to another.

PMID- 2882010
TI  - Influence of solvent on the availability of testosterone propionate from oily,
      intramuscular injections in the rat.
AB  - The suggestion that the biological response to an oily intramuscular injection of
      testosterone ester is regulated by rapid accumulation of the steroid in body fat,
      followed by a slow release, has been tested by comparing the release rates of 14C
      labelled testosterone propionate from different solvents following intramuscular
      injection into rats. Disappearance from the injection site was rectilinearly
      related to in-vitro partition coefficients, but elimination of radioactivity in
      urine and faeces was significantly longer, and the same for all four solvents.
      Testosterone and testosterone propionate were found in equal concentration in
      body fat, 2 and 3 days after injection, but their concentrations were too low to
      form an effective depot. It is suggested that the delay in release, and the
      independence of the delay on the nature of the solvent is a consequence of
      biliary recycling of testosterone.

PMID- 2882012
TI  - The use of large pinch graft technique in a traumatic foot wound. A case report.

PMID- 2882011
TI  - Fate of haem after parenteral administration of haem arginate to rabbits.
AB  - Rabbits were injected either intravenously or intramuscularly with [14C]haem
      arginate and [59Fe]haem arginate (haem 5 mg kg-1). The main part (80%) of AUCINF
      of labelled haem was associated with the beta-phase, T1/2 being about 6 h. Only
      1% of the haem dose had been taken up by the red blood cells. In contrast, the
      iron moiety from the haem molecule was effectively utilized. Thirty days post
      injection of [59Fe]haem arginate, 40% of the dose after intravenous injection and
      60% after intramuscular injection was circulating with the red cells.
      Radioactivity was shown to concentrate in the liver, where haem is mainly
      metabolized and eliminated. An accumulation of haem in the adrenals was also
      evident. Haem itself did not concentrate in the bone marrow, and a negligible
      amount of radioactivity was recovered from brain, implying a poor penetration of
      the blood brain barrier.

PMID- 2882013
TI  - Renal effects of selective alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in
      conscious, normotensive rats.
AB  - The effects of the selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, cirazoline, and the
      selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, B-HT 933, were assessed on renal
      hemodynamics and on water and solute excretion in conscious, chronically
      instrumented rats. Infusion (i.v.) of equipressor doses of cirazoline and B-HT
      933, 0.04 and 4 mg/kg/hr, respectively, decreased renal plasma flow without
      changing glomerular filtration rate. Cirazoline infusion did not affect urinary
      excretion of water, electrolytes or total solutes. In marked contrast, B-HT 933
      increased urine flow and sodium excretion significantly (P less than .01) but did
      not significantly alter potassium and urea excretion. Urine osmolality decreased
      to hyposmotic levels (from 613 +/- 86 to 172 +/- 8 mOsmol/kg of H2O) during the
      infusion of B-HT 933, suggesting a possible interaction between the alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonist and the vasopressin system. This diuretic action of the
      selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist was also observed after the i.v. infusion
      of a subpressor dose (0.4 mg/kg/hr) of B-HT 933. In rats treated with the
      ganglionic blocker, hexamethonium (10 mg/kg i.v.), the B-HT 933-induced diuresis
      was not affected, confirming an action in the periphery, possibly at the level of
      the kidney. These results suggest that stimulation of renal alpha-2 adrenoceptors
      in conscious, euvolumic rats modulates the reabsorption of water and sodium at
      the site of the renal nephron.

PMID- 2882015
TI  - Pharmacologic evaluation of a cyclic somatostatin analog with antagonist activity
      at mu opioid receptors in vitro.
AB  - The cyclic somatostatin analog D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2(CTP) was
      evaluated for agonist and opioid antagonist actions and receptor selectivity in
      two bioassays: electrically stimulated guinea pig isolated ileum (GPI) and mouse
      isolated vas deferens (MVD). CTP (100, 300, 1000 nM) produced concentration
      dependent antagonism of the mu agonist [Me-Phe3,D-Pro4]morphiceptin (PL017) in
      both the GPI and MVD. Schild analysis of the interactions between CTP and PL017
      indicated competitive antagonism between these peptides (Schild slope GPI -0.97
      +/- 0.16, Schild slope MVD -1.4 +/- 0.4), and also suggested that the mu
      receptors in the two tissues are not different (pA2 GPI 7.1 +/- 0.17, pA2 MVD 6.9
      +/- 0.16). The effects of the delta selective agonist [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin
      in the MVD were not antagonized by CTP. Likewise, in the GPI, CTP did not
      antagonize the kappa agonist (trans-3-4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1
      pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)benzenea cetamine (U50, 488H). In comparison, naloxone
      antagonized both PL017 and U50,488H in the GPI, as well as [D-Pen2,D
      Pen5]enkephalin and PL017 in the MVD. In the MVD, CTP also exerted weak
      somatostatin-like actions (35% maximal inhibition) that could not be demonstrated
      in somatostatin-tolerant tissues. It also showed inhibitory actions at very high
      concentrations (3000 and 10,000 nM) that were blocked by both naloxone and the
      delta antagonist N,N-diallyl-Tyr-AIB-AIB-Phe-Leu-OH (ICI 174,864). ICI 174,864
      antagonized [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin in the MVD, but did not affect PL017. These
      results indicate that CTP is a selective mu receptor antagonist in
      vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882016
TI  - Systemic and regional hemodynamic characterization of alpha-1 and alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonists in pithed rats.
AB  - In pithed rats, blood pressure dose-response curves to i.v. cirazoline,
      methoxamine and phenylephrine (full alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonists) exhibited
      higher maxima than those to B-HT 920, M-7, UK-14,304 (full alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      agonists) and indanidine (Sgd 101/75: partial alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist). For
      an 80 mm Hg increase in blood pressure, full alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonists
      enhanced total peripheral, renal and mesenteric vascular resistances
      significantly more than alpha-2 adrenoceptor stimulants or indanidine. In
      contrast, all compounds produced a similar degree of hindquarter
      vasoconstriction, suggesting that both types of alpha adrenoceptors have the same
      functional importance in this skeletal muscle vascular bed. Application of a
      multivariate discriminant analysis to the drug-induced changes in the total
      peripheral and mesenteric vascular resistances associated with a pressor effect
      of 80 mm Hg allowed their assignment to two distinct groups corresponding to the
      full alpha-1 and the full alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists plus indanidine. All
      investigated compounds in low doses increased cardiac output, which returned to
      base-line values after high doses of alpha-1 but plateaued after high doses of
      alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists or indanidine. alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonists
      decreased whereas alpha-2 stimulants and indanidine successively increased and
      then decreased renal blood flow. Finally, all investigated compounds increased
      hindquarter blood flow at low doses but decreased it at high doses. The ratios of
      the doses of cirazoline required to produce a 100% rise in systemic and local
      vascular resistances in the presence or in the absence of prazosin were of
      similar magnitude. This was also true for M-7 when studied in the presence or in
      the absence of yohimbine. These findings suggest pharmacological identity within
      alpha-1 as well as within alpha-2 adrenoceptor populations in all investigated
      vascular beds. Finally, the calcium entry blocker diltiazem did not affect the
      increases in systemic and regional resistances evoked by cirazoline but depressed
      profoundly the effects of M-7 and indanidine. In conclusion, full alpha-1 and
      alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists can be discriminated easily on the basis of their
      systemic and regional hemodynamics in the pithed rat. That the hemodynamic
      effects of the partial alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist indanidine are similar to
      those of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and susceptible to calcium channel
      blockade suggests that the alpha-1 adrenoceptors stimulated by this drug have the
      same coupling modality as alpha-2 adrenoceptors and share with the latter the
      same functional expression when stimulated.

PMID- 2882014
TI  - CPP, a selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type receptor antagonist:
      characterization in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - 3-(2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) was synthesized as a
      rigid analog of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate, a previously known antagonist at
      the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) preferring, or NMDA-type, of excitatory amino
      acid receptor. CPP was found to be a potent, selective and competitive antagonist
      of NMDA-type receptors. CPP antagonized with an IC50 of 8 muM [3H]ACh release
      which was evoked from rat striatal brain slices by NMDA (50 muM). In contrast,
      the release of [3H]ACh evoked by elevated KCI was not inhibited by CPP even at a
      concentration of 100 muM. The antagonism by CPP of NMDA-evoked [3H]ACh release
      was competitive, with a pA2 of 5.66 for CPP, compared with a pA2 value of 5.22
      for 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate. CPP affected neither the uptake of L
      [3H]glutamate nor the inhibition by aconitine of L-[3H]glutamate uptake,
      suggesting a lack of membrane-stabilizing or local anesthetic effects, and also
      suggesting that CPP itself may not be taken up through the L-glutamate membrane
      transporter. Moreover, [3H] CPP was not accumulated by synaptosomes (P2 fraction)
      which avidly accumulate L-[3H]glutamate, supporting the concept that this NMDA
      type receptor antagonist acts at an NMDA-type receptor on the external surface of
      the plasma membrane. CPP (10 muM) failed to interact with any of 21 other
      putative neurotransmitter receptors including alpha-[3H]amino-3-hydroxy-5
      methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid binding (quisqualate-type receptor) and
      [3H]kainate binding (kainate-type receptor). Audiogenic convulsions in DBA/2 mice
      were blocked by CPP (ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg i.p.) as were NMDA-induced seizures in CF-1
      mice (ED50 = 1.9 mg/kg i.p.). In both strains, CPP impaired the traction reflex
      at higher doses (ED50 = 6.8 mg/kg and 6.1 mg/kg and 6.1 mg/kg i.p. for DBA/2 and
      CF-1, respectively). The traction reflex impairment by CPP may be due to muscle
      relaxant effects of the compound, an explanation supported by the finding that
      CPP reduced muscle tone as assessed by electromyogram measurement in animals
      whose muscle tone had been increased by opiate administration. Finally,
      cerebellar cyclic GMP levels, known to be sensitive to neurotransmission via NMDA
      type receptors, were decreased by CPP (ED50 = 4.7 mg/kg i.p.) in mice. In
      conclusion, based upon the competitive antagonism by CPP of NMDA-evoked [3H] ACh
      release in vitro and the antagonism of NMDA-induced convulsions in vivo, the data
      presented are consistent with competitive antagonism of NMDA-type receptors.

PMID- 2882017
TI  - Comparative study of phenothiazine derivatives on monoamine metabolism--direct
      correlation between the concentrations of drugs and monoamine metabolites in the
      brain.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics (distribution and elimination) and pharmacodynamics
      (biochemical effects on monoamine systems) of phenothiazines including the novel
      compound, E-0663 (10-[3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl)-propyl]-2-trifluoromethyl
      phenothiazine), in the central nervous system were investigated concurrently in
      mice using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
      The elimination rate of E-0663 from the brain was longer than that of the
      classical compounds, chlorpromazine, perphenazine and triflupromazine. The
      phenothiazine (0.01-100 mumol/kg i.v.) increased the metabolites of
      catecholamines. Direct correlation analysis was applied to the intracerebral
      concentrations of the drugs and monoamine-related substances. Significant
      correlations were observed between the concentrations of drugs and dopamine
      metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid). The relative
      potency of the drugs for the effect on the extraneuronal process was promethazine
      less than chlorpromazine less than E-0663 less than triflupromazine less than
      perphenazine by covariance analysis. On the other hand, noradrenaline metabolite
      (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol) also revealed a significant
      correlation, and the potency was highest in the case of E-0663. These results
      suggest that E-0663 possessed different pharmacokinetic profiles and a different
      spectrum in its action on monoamine metabolism from classical phenothiazines. The
      method described here is simple for comparing the real potency and is useful as a
      new approach in the biochemical pharmacology of centrally acting drugs.

PMID- 2882018
TI  - Differences in synaptic efficacy at neuromuscular junctions in frog twitch
      muscles.
AB  - A comparison was made of neuromuscular junctions in cutaneous pectoris and
      cutaneous dorsi muscles of Rana pipiens in order to study mechanisms controlling
      synaptic efficacy. Other than a small difference in junctional size, the two
      muscles were structurally and functionally very similar. Despite these
      similarities, cutaneous pectoris junctions had substantially higher synaptic
      safety margins. With intracellular recording, it was apparent that the difference
      in safety margin was due to a large difference in transmitter release. In low
      Ca2+ solutions, levels of evoked and spontaneous release were 4 times higher in
      the cutaneous pectoris. When corrected for differences in nerve terminal size at
      identified junctions, there remained a 3-fold difference in evoked release and a
      6-fold difference in spontaneous release per unit terminal length. Differences in
      normal Ringer solution were 1.8- and 2.5-fold for evoked and spontaneous release,
      respectively. There was no simple relationship between synaptic efficacy and the
      total amount of nerve terminal supported by each motoneurone in different frog
      muscles. We concluded that there can be large differences in synaptic efficacy
      without correlated structural differences visible with the light microscope.

PMID- 2882021
TI  - Your CE topic this month (No. 21). Current angina treatment.

PMID- 2882019
TI  - The probability of quantal secretion along visualized terminal branches at
      amphibian (Bufo marinus) neuromuscular synapses.
AB  - The number of quanta secreted from selected sites along terminal branches at toad
      (Bufo marinus) neuromuscular junctions was determined. Terminal branches were
      visualized by prior staining with the fluorescent dye, 3-3
      Diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide (DiOC2(5)); neither impulse conduction nor
      quantal release were affected by DiOC2(5) at concentrations less than 10 microM.
      The evoked quantal release recorded with an extracellular micro-electrode (me) at
      different sites along the length of terminal branches was determined in an
      external calcium concentration, [Ca]o, of 0.35-0.45 mM. For short branches (40-80
      microns), me remained approximately constant for over 60% of the branches; for
      the rest, me declined approximately exponentially with an average length constant
      of 17 +/- 2 microns (mean +/- S.E. of mean). For both medium (81-120 microns) and
      long branches (121-160 microns), me declined in nearly all cases approximately
      exponentially with length constants of 39 +/- 5 and 54 +/- 8 microns
      respectively. These changes in me were observed at synapses having a wide range
      of terminal branching patterns. Some DiOC2(5)-stained branches possessed
      discontinuous cholinesterase staining. In general, me declined along these
      branches in the same way as along DiOC2(5)-stained branches with continuous
      cholinesterase staining. It is suggested that because of the decline in me along
      most medium and long terminal branches, many release sites have a very low
      probability for secretion in low [Ca]o. Release sites near the point of nerve
      entry, which have a relatively high probability, therefore make the main
      contribution to secretion recorded with an intracellular micro-electrode. As a
      consequence, transmitter secretion from the whole terminal does not fluctuate
      from impulse to impulse as much as expected if there were a large number of
      release sites, each with a low probability of secretion. Transmitter secretion
      then follows binomial rather than Poisson statistics.

PMID- 2882020
TI  - Properties of rat medial septal neurones recorded in vitro.
AB  - Activity of neurones of the rat medial septal nucleus (m.s.) was recorded in in
      vitro slice preparations. The recorded population could be divided into low (less
      than 30 M omega)- and high-input-resistance (greater than 30 M omega) neurones.
      The high-resistance neurones tended to fire spontaneous action potentials and
      post-synaptic potentials. Some of the spontaneously active cells fired
      rhythmically at rates of 2-10 Hz. The rhythmicity disappeared following
      hyperpolarization of the recorded cell. The cells could fire repetitive Ca2+
      spikes in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and intracellular Cs+. Cd2+ blocked
      this rhythmicity. Most of the m.s. cells had a non-linear voltage-current
      relation in both the hyperpolarizing and depolarizing directions. Hyperpolarizing
      rectification was selectively blocked by extracellular Cs+ whereas depolarizing
      rectification could be blocked by TTX. A recovery from hyperpolarization was
      associated in many cells with a transient depolarization (anodal break (a.b.)
      potential). A 20 ms 15 mV hyperpolarization could trigger an a.b. potential. The
      a.b. potential was reduced by TTX and Cs+ but not by Cd2+ or Mn2+. Depolarization
      of quiescent neurones triggered action potential discharges. A common pattern of
      discharge was a burst of two spikes which kept a fairly constant interspike
      interval. The second spike in a doublet could not follow a rate of 10 Hz
      depolarizing current pulses. It was also sensitive to topical application of
      Cd2+. It is therefore suggested that Ca2+ might be involved in the generation of
      the doublet. Long depolarizing current pulses produced trains of action
      potentials, showing little accommodation and little after-hyperpolarization,
      indicating that these cells possess little Ca2+-dependent K+ current. Many cells
      emitted spontaneous post-synaptic potentials at high rates. These could be
      blocked by picrotoxin. Stimulation of the lateral septal (l.s.) nucleus produced
      a Cl-dependent i.p.s.p. The i.p.s.p. was blocked by picrotoxin. Topical
      application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) produced a marked Cl(-)-dependent
      increase in conductance. It is suggested that l.s. projects a GABA-mediated
      inhibitory connexion to the m.s. Acetylcholine (ACh) depolarized m.s. neurones
      and caused an increase in input resistance. The response was present in TTX or
      Cd2+-containing medium. Atropine blocked responses to ACh. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) hyperpolarized m.s. neurones in a manner consistent with an increase in K+
      conductance. The effects of 5-HT were seen in TTX- and Cd2+-treated m.s.
      slices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2882022
TI  - Tensile strength of postceramic solder joints with a palladium-silver alloy.

PMID- 2882023
TI  - Electrocortical spectrum power effects of different classes of neuroleptics in
      rats.
AB  - In freely moving rats the effects on behaviour and ECoG spectrum power of
      different classes of neuroleptics (phenothiazines, butyrophenones and benzamides)
      after systemic and intraventricular administration were studied. Chlorpromazine
      and haloperidol given systemically or microinjected into the third cerebral
      ventricle produced behavioural and ECoG slow-wave sleep (SWS) accompanied by a
      significant increase in ECoG total voltage power as well as in the lower
      frequency bands; haloperidol was found to be more powerful in inducing
      behavioural and SWS. In contrast, equimolar doses of 1-sulpiride given
      systemically or higher doses microinjected into the third cerebral ventricle did
      not produce significant behavioural and ECoG changes. Thus, the present
      experiments confirm that neuroleptic drugs may possess a different ECoG profile
      depending on their structure and provide further evidence concerning the role
      played by dopaminergic mechanisms in the control of sleep-arousal.

PMID- 2882024
TI  - Lymphocytotoxins in vasculitis. Correlation with clinical manifestations and
      laboratory variables.
AB  - Twenty-eight of 53 patients with various types of vasculitis were found to have
      cold reacting lymphocytotoxins (LCT). LCT were cytotoxic to both peripheral blood
      B and T cells as well as to OKT4 and OKT8 subpopulations. The interaction with
      the B cells was more pronounced than with the T cells as shown by reactivity with
      the former at higher serum dilutions than with the latter. Similar results were
      obtained with eluates from the unseparated lymphocytes and from B or from T
      cells. Partial purification of LCT demonstrated that they belong to the IgM
      class. LCT correlated with the level of circulating immune complexes as
      determined by the fluid phase C1q binding assay, but they did not correlate with
      the level of immunoglobulins, complement or antinuclear factors. The presence of
      LCT correlated significantly with the activity but not with the disease duration
      or the number of involved organs. Correlation of LCT with the activity of
      vasculitis implies that these cytotoxins may have a pathogenetic role and perhaps
      may serve as a marker for disease activity.

PMID- 2882025
TI  - Affinity labels for beta-adrenoceptors: preparation and properties of alkylating
      beta-blockers derived from indole.
AB  - New alkylating ligands derived from indole with high affinity for beta
      adrenoceptors were synthesized and their properties examined. N8-(Bromoacetyl)-N1
      [3-(4-indolyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]-(Z)-1,8-dia mino-p- menthane (8) and its N1,N8
      isomer (9) were prepared by the reaction of bromoacetyl bromide with a product of
      the condensation of 4-indolyl glycidyl ether with (Z)-1,8-diamino-p-menthane. A
      similar reaction employing 2-cyano-4-indolyl glycidyl ether yielded the
      respective cyano derivatives 10 and 11. Apparent affinities (Ki, M) for beta
      adrenoceptors on membrane preparations from rat heart and lung were 4.6 X 10(-10)
      and 1.34 X 10(-9) for 8, 2.3 X 10(-8) and 4.5 X 10(-9) for 9, 6.1 X 10(-10) and
      1.49 X 10(-9) for 10, and 1.83 X 10(-9) and 2.78 X 10(-9) for 11, respectively.
      When membranes were preincubated with the above ligands (1 X 10(-8) M, 30 min, 30
      degrees C) and then washed extensively, reduction in the concentration of
      specific binding sites of [3H]dihydroalprenolol ranged from 7% to 76% and there
      was no change in KD of the remaining binding sites. (+/-)-Alprenolol and (-)
      isoproterenol, but not (+)-isoproterenol, when included with the alkylating
      ligands in the preincubation mixtures, prevented the reduction in concentration
      of [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites. Compounds 8-11 alone did not stimulate
      adenylate cyclase activity in rat heart homogenates. However, these compounds
      inhibited (-)-isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity with Ki values
      ranging between 5 X 10(-9) and 60 X 10(-9) M. These results suggest that high
      affinity irreversible beta-adrenergic antagonists were obtained that may be
      useful for in vivo studies of beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2882026
TI  - Role of the (acyloxy)methyl moiety in eliciting the adrenergic beta-blocking
      activity of 3-(acyloxy)propanolamines.
AB  - Some totally aliphatic 3-(acyloxy)propanolamines were synthesized with the aim of
      testing whether beta-blocking activity could be obtained from this class of
      drugs, even in the absence of an aromatic group. The significant and, in most
      cases, competitive beta-blocking activity shown by the compounds under
      examination, together with the results of a theoretical study in which their
      reactivity was compared with that of other adrenergic beta-blocking drugs, seems
      to confirm a hypothesis previously advanced on the basis of knowledge about the
      action mechanism of adrenergic beta-blocking drugs and of the results of
      structural studies. It was also possible to suggest some considerations about the
      role played by the (acyloxy)methyl portion of 3-(acyloxy)propanolamines in
      eliciting their adrenergic beta-blocking activity.

PMID- 2882027
TI  - Protracted severe immune dysregulation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass: a
      predisposing etiologic factor in blood transfusion-related AIDS?
AB  - A large percentage of patients with blood transfusion related AIDS received their
      transfusion during cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. We
      hypothesized that the procedure of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients
      undergoing cardiac surgery might be associated with severe immune dysregulation
      and hence predispose this group in particular to the acquisition of blood
      transfusion transmitted AIDS. T-cell subset enumeration and their ratio (T4/T8)
      and T-cell function (local GVH reaction) were serially studied before, during,
      and 1 and 6 days after surgery in 15 patients undergoing cardiac surgery
      requiring CPB, in 10 patients undergoing cancer resections (CA), and 11 patients
      without cancer undergoing elective, non-cardiac general surgical procedures
      (GEN). Compared to the preoperative values, a significant decline (p less than
      0.002) in T4/T8 ratios occurred during CPB (1.63 +/- 0.80 vs 2.55 +/- 0.95),
      during CA (1.26 +/- 0.71 vs 1.81 +/- 0.72), and during GEN procedures (1.18 +/-
      0.59 vs 1.64 +/- 0.68). T4, T8, and T4/T8 ratios returned to preoperative values
      in both the CA and GEN groups by the first postoperative day; in contrast, T4/T8
      ratios remained significantly depressed (p less than 0.05) in CPB patients on the
      first and also on the sixth postoperative days when compared to preoperative
      values. This sustained depression in T4/T8 ratios is attributable to a
      significant increase in the proportion of T8 (suppressor cell) subset in the CPB
      patients which persisted through the sixth postoperative day. In contrast, in CA
      and GEN, the proportion of T8 subset returned to the preoperative level by the
      sixth postoperative day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882029
TI  - American Academy of Implant Dentistry Research Foundation. 1st Annual Symposium.
      Implant dentistry forefront, '85.

PMID- 2882030
TI  - Laboratory study on the mosquito larvicidal properties of leaf and seed extract
      of the plant Agave americana.
AB  - Experiments on the leaf extract tested against three mosquito species led to 100%
      mortality of stage 4 Anopheles, Aedes and Culex larvae at a concentration of
      0.08% within 24-48 h, whereas 100% mortality of stage 1 larvae occurred at lower
      concentrations: 0.0032% for Aedes aegypti, 0.016% for Culex quinquefasciatus and
      0.08% for Anopheles stephensi, and was more rapid. At the end of 24 h, the
      highest dilution of the seed extract studied (1:200) produces a larval mortality
      of 100% for Anopheles and Aedes and 56% for Culex spp., when 4th instar larvae
      were exposed at room temperature. The comparative mortality in the control group
      was negligible. One hundred per cent mortality of Anopheles larvae took place by
      the end of 10 h, and of Aedes larvae by 17 h, at a dilution of 1:200 with water.

PMID- 2882031
TI  - Polyorchidism discovered as testicular torsion associated with an undescended
      atrophic contralateral testis: a surgical solution.
AB  - We report a case of polyorchidism presenting as torsion of the supernumerary
      testis associated with an undescended atrophic contralateral testis. Biopsies of
      both descended testes revealed a normal histological pattern with active
      spermatogenesis. After the testicular torsion was corrected, one of the
      supernumerary testes was placed in the contralateral empty hemiscrotum and the
      undescended atrophic testis was removed. The aesthetic and functional results
      were excellent.

PMID- 2882032
TI  - Akathisia and head and body rocking in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2882028
TI  - H+-ATPases from mitochondria, plasma membranes, and vacuoles of fungal cells.

PMID- 2882033
TI  - Ventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with psychological stress. The role of the
      sympathetic nervous system.
AB  - Psychological stress has been reported to be a risk factor for sudden cardiac
      death in individuals both with and without underlying structural heart disease.
      From a group of 80 patients presenting with life-threatening ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia, six were identified without underlying structural heart disease.
      Five of these six patients experienced marked psychological stress. Each of these
      five patients underwent arrhythmia evaluation, demonstrating recurrent rapid
      monomorphic ventricular tachycardia related to changes in tone of the sympathetic
      nervous system. Subsequently, solitary beta-adrenergic blocker therapy was given
      to each patient. During therapy, four of the five patients had a marked reduction
      of both arrhythmia and symptoms during a follow-up ranging from 29 to 49 (mean,
      38) months.

PMID- 2882034
TI  - [The effect of pancuronium and vecuronium on isolated tracheal smooth muscle of
      the guinea pig].

PMID- 2882035
TI  - [The effects of pancuronium and vecuronium on urinary catecholamine excretion
      during upper abdominal surgery].

PMID- 2882036
TI  - [Pretreatment dose of vecuronium and its effect on succinylcholine-induced
      fasciculations and neuromuscular blockade].

PMID- 2882037
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia IIA found at autopsy.
AB  - A case is presented of a 32-year-old black female who died from adult respiratory
      distress syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. At autopsy she
      was found to have typical multiple endocrine neoplasia IIA, a combination of
      medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma and
      nodular hyperplasia of the parathyroid.

PMID- 2882038
TI  - [New technology in immuno-serological tests].

PMID- 2882039
TI  - [Serum immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in patients with hematological
      disorders].

PMID- 2882040
TI  - [Somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive cortical neurons in senile
      dementia of Alzheimer type].

PMID- 2882041
TI  - Isolation of DNA clones revealing restriction fragment length polymorphisms in
      the human genome.

PMID- 2882042
TI  - [Role stress and fatigue in Japanese middle managers].
AB  - Forty-nine middle managerial personnel in a local government office near Tokyo
      provided data with respect to the moderating effects of satisfaction variables on
      the relationship between role stress (including role conflict, role ambiguity and
      role overload) and fatigue. Using the moderated regression technique for data
      analysis, it was found that the relationships between both role conflict and
      ambiguity and fatigue were moderated by the managers' satisfaction with the job,
      itself. Even those who experienced role overload did not report fatigue or
      dissatisfaction. Implications of these findings for future research, job
      management and avoidance of stress are discussed.

PMID- 2882043
TI  - [Information transmission and mechanism of receptors in smooth muscle].

PMID- 2882045
TI  - [Pharmacotherapy in the prevention of ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2882044
TI  - Enzyme pathology of human mesotheliomas.
AB  - In samples of 16 surgically resected mesotheliomas arising from the pleura of the
      human lung, 6 enzymes from different metabolic pathways, DNA, and mitotic
      frequency were quantified. The mesotheliomas, irrespective of cell type or grade,
      showed lower gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) concentration than 36 of the 38
      pulmonary adenocarcinomas. The mean concentration of this enzyme in the 15
      mesotheliomas was an eighth of that in the 56 carcinomas, whereas their DNA
      content was similar. The quantitative correlation of thymidine kinase (TK),
      uridine kinase (UK), and phosphoserine phosphatase to mitotic frequency was
      highly significant for mesotheliomas, as well as for carcinomas. As estimated
      from their TK [and its recently established quantitative correlation to volume
      doubling time (DT)], the DT of the 16 mesotheliomas ranged from 50 to over 700
      days, with a somewhat longer median than the median for pulmonary carcinomas.
      Subject survival, though shortest for the 2 sarcomatous mesothelioma cases,
      varied over an overlapping range for mesotheliomas with epithelial or mixed cell
      type. The biopsy samples' TK and UK concentrations, however, showed a significant
      inverse correlation with months of survival after diagnosis. Survival time after
      the first appearance of symptoms decreased linearly (on log scales) with TK
      concentration (P less than .001) over the 14 cases. The results of this first
      quantitative study of a spectrum of biochemical constituents of mesotheliomas
      identify GGT as an enzyme whose measurement guards against mistaking
      mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas for one another and show that the TK
      concentrations of these mesothelioma samples bear a highly significant, inverse
      correlation to the postdiagnosis survival time of the individual subjects.

PMID- 2882047
TI  - The effects of somatostatin and SMS 201-995 on experimentally-induced
      pancreatitis and endotoxaemia in rats and on monocyte activity in patients with
      cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

PMID- 2882046
TI  - [Metipranolol 0.1% and pilocarpine 2% as a fixed combination compared to each
      substance alone in the treatment of glaucoma. A controlled, randomized clinical
      study comparing the intraindividual effects and tolerance].
AB  - A fixed combination of pilocarpine 2% and metipranolol 0.1% was found to have a
      better pressure-lowering effect than pilocarpine 2% alone or metipranolol 0.1%
      alone, as well as being tolerated well, both subjectively and objectively. In
      many cases only the fixed combination was successful in lowering intraocular
      pressure to tolerable values.

PMID- 2882048
TI  - Interaction between opiates and somatostatin and their role in vagally-induced
      acid secretion.

PMID- 2882049
TI  - Clinical effect of dopamine on incidence of peptic ulceration.
AB  - Dopamine and its agonists diminish gastric acid secretion and exert a protective
      effect on experimentally induced peptic ulcers in rats. For treatment of peptic
      ulcer disease in man, dopamine and dopamine antagonists have been recommended,
      but clear evidence is not yet available. To answer the question of whether
      dopamine has any protective effect regarding peptic ulcer formation in man,
      autopsy reports were evaluated for the incidence of acute peptic ulcerations
      before and after the introduction of dopamine as a common drug in intensive care
      units. The analysis showed no change in ulcer incidence, i.e., our retrospective
      study demonstrated no ulceroprotective action of dopamine in critically ill
      patients.

PMID- 2882050
TI  - Anti-ulcer drugs in antisecretory doses for "cytoprotection" in arthritic
      patients?
AB  - Gastric injury and dyspepsia are major side-effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
      or most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSADs) which cause either gastric
      ulcerations or gastroduodenal erosions. There is only a limited number of trials
      in which the possibility of preventing or treating gastric lesions due to those
      drugs have been studied in man. This paper reviews trials in which H2-receptor
      antagonists, pirenzepine and prostaglandins have been investigated. - Pirenzepine
      given in antisecretory doses seems to improve gastrointestinal symptoms induced
      by ASA or NSADs. Cimetidine and misoprostol might prevent fecal blood loss.
      Gastroduodenal lesions might be prevented by pirenzepine, misoprostol and
      enprostil. It might be possible that cimetidine or ranitidine heal NSAD-induced
      peptic ulcers better than placebo in arthritic patients who stop the ingestion of
      NSADs. - All over the results of the cited trials are inconclusive, since the
      number of patients studied were too small and the design of almost all trials was
      incomparable. Furthermore, all cited studies do not correspond to Robert's
      concept of "cytoprotection", since H2-blockers, pirenzepine and prostaglandins
      have been applied in antisecretory doses in man.

PMID- 2882051
TI  - Cytoprotective properties of somatostatins.
AB  - Secretion of many hormones is inhibited by regular cyclic somatostatin-14. Since
      additional cytoprotective properties of this hormone have been described, the
      question arises of whether analogs of somatostatin with increased endocrine
      activity may also exert increased cytoprotective activity. It could be shown that
      the endocrine and the cytoprotective property of somatostatin-14 must have
      different modes of action. In analogs of somatostatin with increased endocrine
      activity the cytoprotective effect is also increased. A maximal increase in the
      cytoprotective effect of certain analogs of somatostatin is accompanied by a loss
      of endocrine activity.

PMID- 2882052
TI  - Influence of somatostatin on galactosamine-induced liver injury.

PMID- 2882053
TI  - Somatostatin analogs with improved oral bioavailability.
AB  - Cyclic hexapeptide analogs of somatostatin with insulin, glucagon, and growth
      hormone (GH) release inhibitory potencies of 50-200 times those of somatostatin
      have been synthesized. Replacement of the Phe-7 residue with histidine has
      resulted in increased oral bioavailability and duration of action. Metabolic
      degradation of L-Trp containing analogs upon oral administration has also been
      overcome by incorporation of histidine. The all L-amino acid containing analog
      cyclo(NMePhe-His-Trp-Lys-Val-Ala) shows oral bioavailability comparable to D-Trp
      containing analogs.

PMID- 2882054
TI  - Common structural features for cytoprotection activities of somatostatin,
      antamanide and related peptides.

PMID- 2882055
TI  - Prevention of phalloidin-induced lesions on isolated rat hepatocytes by novel
      synthetic analogues of somatostatin.
AB  - Exposure of freshly isolated hepatocytes to phalloidin produced blebs on their
      surfaces: this phenomenon was time- and dose-dependent and irreversible. When
      hepatocytes were pretreated with somatostatin or with some of its synthetic
      analogues, formation of blebs was dramatically reduced. This cytoprotective
      effect was dose-dependent: the dose-response profiles enabled the determination
      of the CD50 values, i.e., the concentrations of analogues that yielded 50%
      cytoprotection. The analogues with sequences of amino acids in the retro form,
      compared to those in somatostatin-14, exhibited higher cytoprotection; the retro
      hexapeptide, cyclo(-Phe-Thr-Lys-D-Trp-Phe-D-Pro-), was 27 times more active than
      somatostatin-14. Specificity of cytoprotection was examined by pretreating
      hepatocytes with biologically active peptide hormones prior to exposure to
      phalloidin. On a molar basis, prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone possessed
      activity comparable to that of somatostatin-14, whereas glucagon was twice as
      active. Insulin, vitamin A and propranolol exercised less than 10% protection.
      The synthetic analogues of somatostatin are potent protective agents against cell
      lesions induced by phalloidin. Formation of blebs on hepatocytes by toxins and
      their prevention by agents of interest may serve as a suitable morphological
      assay for screening of cytotoxicity and cytoprotection.

PMID- 2882057
TI  - Protection against duodenal ulceration by somatostatins.
AB  - The purpose of our investigation was to study the effect of two somatostatin
      analogs (SMS 201-995 and 008) on duodenal ulcer disease induced by cysteamine in
      rats. Male Wistar rats were given cysteamine (28 mg/100 g body wt.) by rubber
      stomach tube three times in a single day. All animals of the test group were
      injected subcutaneously either with SMS 201-995 in different doses or with 008.
      On the 3rd day stomach, duodenum, and adrenal glands were macroscopically
      examined for lesions (duodenal ulceration, gastrointestinal bleeding, adrenal
      hemorrhage). Our results showed a dose-dependent effect of SMS 201-995 on the
      mortality, incidence, and intensity of cysteamine-induced duodenal lesions in
      rats. The incidence and the intensity of gastrointestinal bleeding and adrenal
      hemorrhage were also dose-dependently reduced by SMS 201-995. There was no
      definite effect of 008 on the mortality, incidence, or intensity of cysteamine
      induced duodenal ulceration.

PMID- 2882056
TI  - Molecular aspects of cytoprotection by modified somatostatins.
AB  - Somatostatin and cyclic modifications of this molecule inhibit the development of
      protrusions on the surface of isolated hepatocytes in presence of phalloidin.
      This prevention of phalloidin injury is caused by competitive inhibition of the
      phallotoxin uptake. Transport inhibition is not a hormonal effect of
      somatostatin. The concentrations needed are in the micromolar range. The most
      protective somatostatin modifications lack hormonal activity (GH release).
      Somatostatin and its analogs are substrates of a hepatocellular transporter which
      also translocates other cyclopeptides, among them phalloidin, antamanide, and
      several organic anions, such as iodipamide and fusidic acid. Physiological
      substrates of this multispecific transport system are bile acids. The protection
      of phallotoxin injury by somatostatin is a specific mechanism only representative
      for liver cells. No other cell contains the above multispecific transporter.

PMID- 2882058
TI  - Gastric mucosal protection by somatostatins.
AB  - Somatostatin and somatostatin derivatives were tested for their ability to
      prevent gastric hemorrhagic erosions induced by ethanol. The somatostatin
      analogues were cyclohexapeptides with the rearranged amino acids 7-14 of
      somatostatin (S-14): Phe-Thr-Lys(Z)-Trp-Phe-D-Pro(I), Phe-Thr-Lys-Trp-Phe-D
      Pro(II), Phe-Thr-Lys-D-Trp-Phe-Tyr(III) and Tyr-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe(IV). In
      Spraque-Dawley rats receiving ethanol alone, the lesions involved 18.1 +/- 3.2%
      of the glandular stomach while after S- 14 (10(-7) mol/rat) the lesioned area was
      reduced to 6.3 +/- 1.1% (p less than 0.05). Peptide I and peptide II (doses 10(
      7) -10(-9) mol/rat) decreased the area of erosions to less than 5%. Peptide III
      was less active and peptide IV was inactive. In rats with chronic gastric fistula
      S- 14 and peptide II decreased the cysteamine-stimulated acid secretion without
      affecting the pepsin output. We also continuously measured the intraluminal pH in
      the stomach of Wistar rats which develop gastric erosions after subcutaneous
      injection of cysteamine. The erosions were reduced by S- 14 or SMS while the
      intraluminal pH did not change under the influence of cysteamine or the
      combination of cysteamine plus S- 14 or SMS. Thus some of the peptides derived
      from S- 14 exert prominent gastric mucosal protection without influencing gastric
      secretion.

PMID- 2882059
TI  - [New possibilities of heterozygote detection of hemophilia A].
AB  - Hemophilia A is the most common inherited bleeding disorder in man. The recent
      isolation of the hemophilia gene has led to the identification of an intragenic
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) which can be used for segregation
      analysis in families at risk for carrying the disease. In addition, a tightly
      linked extragenic RFLP can also be used for these analyses. In this paper, we
      exemplify the usefulness of DNA analysis in genetic counseling of families at
      risk for hemophilia A. Although DNA analysis allows carrier detection in the
      majority of families, bioassays are still required for accurate diagnosis when
      DNA analysis is not informative.

PMID- 2882060
TI  - Influence of chronic omeprazole treatment on gastric endocrine function.
AB  - The influence of a 4-week treatment with the substituted benzimidazole omeprazole
      (20 mg daily) or placebo on gastric endocrine function was tested in healthy male
      volunteers. Compared with placebo-treated subjects basal serum gastrin levels
      were slightly but significantly increased after treatment with omeprazole from 10
      to 22 pg/ml (medians; P less than 0.05) but returned to pretreatment values after
      2 weeks recovery (9 pg/ml). Antral gastrin tissue concentration increased and was
      still elevated after recovery; however, antral gastrin concentrations also
      increased in placebo controls, and increments immediately after cessation of
      omeprazole treatment (2.58 micrograms/g; median) were not significantly over
      control values (1.92 micrograms/g; P greater than 0.1). Postprandial gastrin
      release, basal and food-stimulated insulin release, antral somatostatin
      concentration, and volume densities of antral G and D cells were unaffected. It
      is concluded that, due to incomplete inhibition of gastric acid secretion at the
      omeprazole dose studied, only slight effects on the endocrine stomach are to be
      expected after 4 weeks of administration of omeprazole.

PMID- 2882061
TI  - [Antacids and muscarinic and histamine H2 receptor blockaders in the treatment of
      peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2882062
TI  - [Experiences with interdisciplinary round-table conferences on the topic of
      interdisciplinary activities. Only constant effort will lead to the target].

PMID- 2882064
TI  - A case of wound botulism.

PMID- 2882063
TI  - Prions causing nervous system degeneration.

PMID- 2882066
TI  - [Effects of acute and chronic treatment with an adrenergic alpha receptor
      agonist, LE S3341, on the rate of catecholamine turnover in various peripheral
      organs and brain structures in the rat].
AB  - The turnover of catecholamines (CA) in some peripheral tissues and various areas
      of the rat brain was estimated by measuring the amine depletion after inhibition
      of their biosynthesis by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT). Acute or chronic
      treatment with S3341 (3mg/kg i.p.) reduced NA turnover in submaxillary glands,
      brain stem and rest of the brain but had no effect on NA turnover in the
      hypothalamus. The dopamine (DA) levels were unaltered following chronic S3341
      treatment but the alpha-MPT induced disappearance of DA was significantly
      retarded in the striatum and rest of the brain. The results of the present study
      demonstrate that no tolerance to the effect of S3341 on brain CA turnover
      develops during chronic drug administration. The central biochemical effects of
      S3341 appear different from those of other agonists of central alpha 2
      adrenoceptors such as clonidine.

PMID- 2882065
TI  - [Anti-cerebral edema properties of PEG 300 in triethyltin poisoning].
AB  - The polyethylene glycols (PEG) frequently used as solvents of non hydrosoluble
      molecules present toxic and pharmacodynamic properties. The effect of PEG 300 (10
      ml/kg) on the modifications of the central nervous system (CNS) previously
      induced by a subchronic intoxication with triethyltin salt (TEE) (2 mg/kg p.o.
      for 5 days) has been studied in rat. The following parameters are recorded:
      measure of brain edema, concentration of the aminergic neurotransmitters in four
      different brain areas, neurological status, behaviour, mortality. The PEG 300
      antagonizes or reduces some of the effects of the TEE: edema, behavioral
      disturbances, mortality. On the opposite, no change in the amines and their
      metabolites induced modifications is observed. This selective antagonism towards
      some of the components of TEE brain toxicity brings more information on
      pharmacological properties of this solvent and opens a discussion on the role of
      neurotransmitters on brain edema.

PMID- 2882067
TI  - Expression of the HT462 antigen on fresh leukemic T cells and on cells of HTLV-I
      infected lines.
AB  - We have examined expression of antigens defined by HT462 monoclonal antibody
      (mAb), together with other HTLV-I related antigens using phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate treated leukemic mature T cells. Thirteen patients with adult T-cell
      leukemia (ATL), 3 patients in remission states of ATL and 5 patients with non-ATL
      were examined. All ATL cells expressed the HT462 antigen, however cells from
      patients in remission did not express the HT462 antigen. A low percentage of
      cells from 2 out of 5 patients with non-ATL mature leukemic T cells expressed the
      HT462 antigen, although these cells did not express other HTLV-I related
      antigens. Cells of HTLV-I infected human cell lines expressed the HT462 antigen.
      Three HTLV-I infected rat cell lines (TARS-1, TART-1, TARL-2) did not express the
      HT462 antigen, although cells of these lines expressed other HTLV-I related
      antigens. Characterization of the HT462 antigen by strip radioimmunoassay based
      on western blotting technique using cell lysates of HUT102 cells revealed two
      additional bands (p68, p35) together with previously reported proteins (gp52,
      p42). Only p68 was seen in western blots using cell lysates of the rat cell
      lines. These findings further suggest that the HT462 antigen is a cellular
      component induced in virus transformed human cells and not a virus encoded
      protein.

PMID- 2882068
TI  - Quantitative analysis of cytotoxicity induced by HTLV-I carrying cells against a
      human lymphoblastoid cell line, Molt-4.
AB  - Co-cultivation of HTLV-I carrying cells and virus-free lymphoid cells resulted in
      the cytopathic effect and cytotoxicity of the latter cells. Microscopically,
      these phenomena were observed as early as 2 h as the appearance of multinuclear
      giant cells and ballooning cells with striking resemblance with cytopathic
      changes induced by HTLV-III. When the cytopathic effect and cytotoxicity of the
      target cells by HTLV-I carrying cells were assayed by 51Cr-release assay system,
      these phenomena were quantitatively analysed and the cytotoxic activity was
      observed generally in HTLV-I positive cells. Virally induced cytotoxicity was
      inhibited by plasma of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients specifically.
      Cytotoxic activity of HTLV-I positive cell lines was correlated with HTLV-I
      antigen expression of them. HTLV-I negative cell lines did not express
      cytotoxicity significantly.

PMID- 2882069
TI  - [Treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis with Taurolin Gel].

PMID- 2882070
TI  - [Evaluation of the management of multiple injuries in our hospital].

PMID- 2882071
TI  - [Surgical management of pathological fractures of the humerus].

PMID- 2882072
TI  - [Treatment of pillion fractures of the tibia].

PMID- 2882074
TI  - [Evaluation of operations on hallux rigidus performed by the author].

PMID- 2882073
TI  - [Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas of the arm].

PMID- 2882075
TI  - [Changes in the inequality of the length of extremities after varus osteotomy of
      the femur in Perthes disease].

PMID- 2882076
TI  - [Restoration of the opposition of the thumb by transfer of the musculus extensor
      indicis proprius tendon].

PMID- 2882078
TI  - [Management of a comminuted forearm fracture using an external fixation device].

PMID- 2882077
TI  - [Diagnosis and successful treatment of a closed rupture of the pulmonary artery].

PMID- 2882079
TI  - [Plate osteosynthesis of a double ring fracture of the pelvis].

PMID- 2882080
TI  - [Spondylolysis in osteopetrosis].

PMID- 2882082
TI  - Regular alcohol use raises blood pressure in treated hypertensive subjects. A
      randomised controlled trial.
AB  - 44 men with treated essential hypertension who were moderate to heavy drinkers
      took part in a randomised, controlled, crossover trial of the effects of alcohol
      intake on blood pressure. Usual antihypertensive treatment was maintained
      throughout 6 weeks of normal drinking and 6 weeks of drinking only a low-alcohol
      beer. Self-reported changes in alcohol consumption (mean [SEM] from 452 [30] ml
      ethanol/week during normal drinking to 64 [8] ml/week while drinking the low
      alcohol beer) were confirmed by biochemical measurements. Mean systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower during the last 2 weeks of the
      low-alcohol period than during the normal-alcohol period, the mean difference in
      the supine readings being 5.0 (1.4) and 3.0 (0.9) mm Hg, respectively. Regression
      analysis suggested that reduction in alcohol intake contributed to the fall in
      both systolic and diastolic blood pressures independently of changes in weight.
      Thus, curtailing alcohol intake may lead to improved blood-pressure control and
      may reduce the need for antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 2882081
TI  - Deposits of eosinophil granule proteins in cardiac tissues of patients with
      eosinophilic endomyocardial disease.
AB  - Eosinophilic endomyocardial disease is a complication of the hypereosinophilic
      syndrome and of several other disorders associated with high blood eosinophil
      counts. Eosinophil granule proteins may be involved in the development of these
      lesions. This multi-centre study investigated whether these proteins could be
      demonstrated within the cardiac tissues of eighteen patients with eosinophilic
      endomyocardial disease. Serial sections of tissue taken at necropsy or at cardiac
      biopsy were stained for eosinophil major basic protein by indirect
      immunofluorescence and for eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil protein-X, and
      activated eosinophils by means of alkaline-phosphatase-linked monoclonal
      antibodies. Activated eosinophils and secreted eosinophil granule proteins were
      most evident within the necrotic and later stage thrombotic lesions and were
      found mainly within the areas of acute tissue damage in the endocardium and in
      the walls of small blood vessels. These findings suggest that eosinophil granule
      proteins are involved in cardiac injury, producing muscle damage and vascular
      injury which lead to the development of endomyocardial fibrosis.

PMID- 2882083
TI  - Double-blind controlled trial of single-dose treatment with bovine surfactant in
      severe hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - In a double-blind clinical trial the effects of a single dose of reconstituted
      bovine surfactant ('Surfactant TA') were assessed in 30 premature infants
      (birthweight 751-1750 g) with severe hyaline membrane disease. 17 infants had a
      sonicated saline suspension of 100 mg/kg surfactant phospholipid instilled into
      the trachea at 5.0 (SD 0.7) hours of age and 13 infants received saline by the
      same route at 4.3 (1.1) hours of age. In the surfactant-treated group there was
      early improvement in oxygenation and ventilation. Haemodynamically significant
      patent ductus arteriosus occurred more often in the surfactant group;
      pneumothorax and pulmonary interstitial emphysema occurred less often. The
      combined incidence of death and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia was
      significantly lower in the surfactant group (3/17) than in the placebo group
      (9/13).

PMID- 2882084
TI  - Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and
      changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in London.
AB  - The prevalence of antibody against human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), which
      rose among British homosexual/bisexual men attending a London sexually
      transmitted-disease clinic from 3.7% (4/107) in March, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in
      July, 1984, was 18.1% (17/94) in April/May 1985, 24.5% (61/249) in January, 1986,
      and 25.3% (25/99) in November/December, 1986. This slower rise in anti-HIV
      prevalence coincided with a fall in the annual gonorrhoea rate from 15.3% in 1982
      to 5.1% in the first half of 1986 in the same male homosexual clinic population.
      Over the same period a reduction in the number of sexual partners and a change to
      safer sexual practices has been documented among homosexual and bisexual men
      taking part in a prospective study of the natural history of HIV infection. These
      data support the value of continuing preventive efforts to control viral spread
      in the absence of an effective vaccine or therapy.

PMID- 2882086
TI  - Neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2882085
TI  - Evidence that the gene for tuberous sclerosis is on chromosome 9.
AB  - Linkage analysis was undertaken in nineteen families with tuberous sclerosis by
      use of 26 polymorphic markers. All affected members fulfilled strict diagnostic
      criteria and unaffected members were rigorously investigated to confirm their
      status. Maximum lod scores were 1.20 for adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) at zero
      recombination and 3.85 for the ABO blood group at zero recombination (confidence
      limits 0-0.10). These findings support the assignment of the gene for tuberous
      sclerosis to the distal long arm of chromosome 9.

PMID- 2882087
TI  - Midwives of the future.

PMID- 2882088
TI  - Administration of drugs by the buccal route.

PMID- 2882089
TI  - Skull x-rays after head injury--the final word?

PMID- 2882090
TI  - The safe motherhood initiative: a call to action.

PMID- 2882092
TI  - Reporting obstetric ultrasound.

PMID- 2882091
TI  - Prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community.
AB  - A prospective one-year study of community pneumonia was conducted in Nottingham.
      236 of 251 episodes of pneumonia (defined as an acute lower respiratory tract
      infection, for which antibiotics were prescribed, associated with new focal signs
      on examination of the chest) were investigated. Acute radiographic changes were
      present in 93 (39%). A pathogen was identified in 129 (55%) episodes, with
      Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and influenza viruses those
      most frequently identified. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was uncommon and infection with
      Legionella pneumophila was found in only 1 episode. Hospital admission was
      required in 52 (22%) episodes. 7 patients died (3%), all but one of the deaths
      occurring in patients who had been admitted to hospital. Pneumonia in the
      community is common but few people die of it. Initial antibiotic therapy should
      always cover S pneumoniae and H influenzae.

PMID- 2882093
TI  - Japan's search for international guidelines on rights of mental patients.

PMID- 2882094
TI  - Maintenance lithium.

PMID- 2882095
TI  - Combination treatment for falciparum prophylaxis.

PMID- 2882096
TI  - Lyme disease in Europe and North America.

PMID- 2882097
TI  - Severe encephalopathy associated with Lyme disease.

PMID- 2882098
TI  - Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi and localised scleroderma.

PMID- 2882099
TI  - Parvovirus B19 associated with fetal abnormality.

PMID- 2882100
TI  - Serological definition of new subgroup of patients with autoimmune chronic active
      hepatitis.

PMID- 2882101
TI  - Antibodies to liver cytoplasmic protein complex in chronic hepatic disease.

PMID- 2882102
TI  - Legionnaires' disease: reduction in risks associated with foaming in evaporative
      cooling towers.

PMID- 2882104
TI  - Trials in acute stroke.

PMID- 2882103
TI  - European collaborative trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart
      disease.

PMID- 2882105
TI  - HTLV-I-related agent and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in married couple.

PMID- 2882106
TI  - Diabetics and renal failure.

PMID- 2882107
TI  - Oocyte donation and gamete intrafallopian transfer as treatment for premature
      ovarian failure.

PMID- 2882108
TI  - Simplified treatment for ovum donation.

PMID- 2882109
TI  - HIV-2/LAV-2 in Portuguese man with AIDS (Paris, 1978) who had served in Angola in
      1968-74.

PMID- 2882110
TI  - Memory for anaesthesia.

PMID- 2882111
TI  - Long incubation period for HIV-2 infection.

PMID- 2882112
TI  - Factor VIII and IX inhibitors after exposure to heat-treated concentrates.

PMID- 2882113
TI  - Quarantine method for preparation of safe factor VIII blood products.

PMID- 2882114
TI  - Salt in processed and home-cooked food.

PMID- 2882115
TI  - Colposcopy.

PMID- 2882116
TI  - Early-onset and late-onset pneumonias in intensive care units.

PMID- 2882117
TI  - Maternal health in Third World.

PMID- 2882118
TI  - Syringe exchange programme for drug addicts.

PMID- 2882119
TI  - Drug treatment policy.

PMID- 2882120
TI  - Congenital dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency.

PMID- 2882122
TI  - Sex steroid implants and psychological disorders of the climacteric.

PMID- 2882121
TI  - Insulin-receptor antibody and hypoglycaemia associated with Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2882123
TI  - Fatty acid saturation index in peripheral blood cell membranes of AIDS patients.

PMID- 2882124
TI  - Interaction between warfarin and miconazole oral gel.

PMID- 2882125
TI  - Control of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2882126
TI  - Edmund Biernacki and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

PMID- 2882127
TI  - No fault compensation based on patient insurance.

PMID- 2882128
TI  - Damages for stillborn child.

PMID- 2882129
TI  - HPV 16 DNA in normal and malignant cervical epithelium: implications for the
      aetiology and behaviour of cervical neoplasia.
AB  - Southern blot hybridisation showed that cervical cancer biopsy specimens from 31
      of 47 (66%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 52-80%) patients contained HPV 16
      homologous DNA sequences, with evidence of integration of viral genome into host
      cell chromosomes in 7. Normal ectocervical biopsies from 9 of 26 (35%, 95% CI 16
      53%) control women contained HPV 16 DNA, and none showed evidence of integration.
      HPV 16 DNA positivity did not correlate with marital or sexual history, parity,
      use of oral contraceptives, or smoking habits in cases or controls, or with
      outcome of treatment in cases. HPV 16 DNA positivity was found less frequently
      with age less than 40 years old than with age greater than 40 in both cases (p
      less than 0.05) and controls (p less than 0.01). After age-adjustment there was
      no significant difference between cases and controls in frequency with which HPV
      16 DNA was found. These data suggest that the association between HPV 16 and
      cervical neoplasia is age-mediated and that the presence of the viral genome may
      not always warrant intervention.

PMID- 2882130
TI  - Hypoglycaemia in African children with severe malaria.
AB  - Hypoglycaemia, defined as a plasma glucose concentration below 2.2 mmol/l,
      developed in 15 of 47 prospectively studied Gambian children with severe
      chloroquine-sensitive falciparum malaria. 5 of these hypoglycaemic children died
      compared with 1 in the normoglycaemic group (p = 0.02). In contrast to previous
      observations in quinine-treated adults, in whom hypoglycaemia was associated with
      hyperinsulinaemia, plasma concentrations of insulin were appropriately low and
      plasma ketones were high. Raised plasma concentrations of lactate and alanine
      suggested impairment of hepatic gluconeogenesis. In African children,
      hypoglycaemia is an important and treatable manifestation of severe malaria and
      is unrelated to antimalarial treatment.

PMID- 2882131
TI  - Does growth hormone cause relapse of brain tumours?
AB  - Tumour relapse rates in 14 patients with medulloblastoma, 8 with glioma, 2 with
      ependymoma, 6 with leukaemia, and 1 with T-cell lymphoma who received growth
      hormone (GH) treatment for growth failure secondary to cranial irradiation were
      compared with rates among patients treated with radical radiotherapy for the same
      types of tumour. Five relapses (in 5 patients) occurred (1 optic nerve glioma, 2
      medulloblastomas, and 2 ependymomas), three during and two after completion of GH
      treatment. Patients with medulloblastoma and ependymoma who relapsed were older
      at tumour diagnosis, underweight at the start of GH therapy, and entered puberty
      later than similar relapse-free patients. The late relapse rate of
      medulloblastoma and glioma was unaltered by GH therapy. Ependymoma carries a poor
      prognosis, and of the 4 late survivors, the 2 who received GH relapsed. No
      leukaemic relapse has been associated with GH treatment. The findings indicate
      that GH therapy does not increase the relapse rate of medulloblastoma, glioma,
      and leukaemia.

PMID- 2882132
TI  - Use of enzyme-linked synthetic DNA in diagnosis of falciparum malaria.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum contains a family of 21-base-long repetitive DNA sequences
      in its genome. A 21-base synthetic DNA oligomer, formerly labelled with
      phosphorus-32 for autoradiographic detection of P falciparum DNA, was covalently
      coupled to alkaline phosphatase for histochemical detection. The conjugate (PFR1
      AP) detected purified P falciparum DNA with a sensitivity and specificity equal
      to that of 32P-labelled probes after 2-day exposures. PFR1-AP did not detect host
      DNA or DNA of other Plasmodium species. In African blood specimens PFR1-AP
      specifically detected P falciparum infections of 100 parasites/microliter. This
      sensitive, rapid, nonisotopic probe will allow more widespread use of DNA
      hybridisation in the diagnosis of malaria.

PMID- 2882133
TI  - Association of alkaline phosphatase with an autoantigen recognised by circulating
      anti-neutrophil antibodies in systemic vasculitis.
AB  - A solid phase radioimmunoassay has been developed to detect circulating
      autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens in systemic vasculitis. After
      fractionation of these antigens by size, with gel filtration high performance
      liquid chromatography, sera from patients with clinically different forms of
      systemic vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyarteritis
      (MP), showed contrasting specificities of binding. WG sera bound to 100, 6.2, and
      1.8 kD components, whereas MP sera bound only to the 100 kD component, allowing
      immunological distinction between the syndromes. The 100 kD component recognised
      by both WG and MP sera also showed alkaline phosphatase activity. Further
      evidence for this association was obtained by direct binding experiments between
      systemic vasculitis sera and calf-intestinal or human neutrophil alkaline
      phosphatase and by the cross-reactivity of W8, a monoclonal antibody raised to a
      neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantigen, with various preparations of the enzyme.

PMID- 2882134
TI  - Medical student numbers and medical manpower.

PMID- 2882135
TI  - The Health Divide: Swan-song of the Health Education Council.

PMID- 2882136
TI  - Human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer: a fresh look at the evidence.

PMID- 2882138
TI  - Why suture the peritoneum?

PMID- 2882137
TI  - Assessing respiratory disablement.

PMID- 2882139
TI  - Risk of AIDS after herpes zoster.
AB  - In a closed internal medicine practice for homosexual men in Central Manhattan
      herpes zoster developed in 112 men between 1980 and mid-1986. In these patients
      the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was high: Kaplan-Meier
      survival analysis indicated cumulative incidences of AIDS of 22.8% within 2 years
      after herpes zoster, 45.5% within 4 years, and an estimated 72.8% after 6 years.
      Severity of zoster (relative risk, RR = 4.6), degree of pain (RR = 3.4), and
      zoster of the cranial or cervical dermatomes (RR = 2.2) were all associated with
      a poor outcome. Oral thrush, oral hairy leucoplakia, amoebiasis, and superficial
      (tinea) fungal infections also indicated an increased risk of AIDS among zoster
      patients. Oral thrush and oral hairy leucoplakia manifestations were diagnosed an
      average of 1.2 and 1.1 years, respectively, after the diagnosis of herpes zoster;
      thus zoster is an early indicator of an impaired immunity. Herpes zoster can be
      used as a predictor of AIDS and in AIDS risk groups should be regarded as a poor
      prognostic sign.

PMID- 2882140
TI  - Hindbrain hernia headache.
AB  - In six patients with episodic, severe, and disabling headaches with specific
      characteristics and in whom clinical examination and CT scanning were normal the
      symptoms were due to hindbrain herniation into the foramen magnum with resulting
      craniospinal pressure dissociation. This syndrome may be recognised by eliciting
      the typical history. In all patients myelography showed hindbrain herniation or
      Arnold-Chiari deformity and surgical decompression of the foramen magnum produced
      complete resolution of the headaches.

PMID- 2882141
TI  - Public health function.

PMID- 2882142
TI  - Can pertussis be eradicated by vaccination?

PMID- 2882143
TI  - Human parvovirus B19 infections in United Kingdom 1984-86.

PMID- 2882144
TI  - Month of birth and prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases later in life.

PMID- 2882145
TI  - Measures of nutritional status.

PMID- 2882146
TI  - Rett syndrome: disintegration not dementia.

PMID- 2882147
TI  - Spinal hyperostosis and etretinate.

PMID- 2882149
TI  - Epilepsy preceding stroke.

PMID- 2882150
TI  - Post-stroke depression and recovery after stroke.

PMID- 2882148
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide producing tumour contains high density of
      somatostatin receptors.

PMID- 2882151
TI  - Stroke and atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2882152
TI  - Ichthyosis resolving after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2882153
TI  - Bat rabies and the UK.

PMID- 2882154
TI  - Lactate transporter defect.

PMID- 2882155
TI  - Donor-specific transfusion and antibody response.

PMID- 2882156
TI  - Preventing oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 2882157
TI  - Adulteration of "street" heroin with chloroquine.

PMID- 2882158
TI  - Drug abuse.

PMID- 2882159
TI  - Using confidence intervals.

PMID- 2882160
TI  - Syringes for diabetics.

PMID- 2882161
TI  - Certificate in transfusion medicine.

PMID- 2882162
TI  - Clinical pharmacology and geriatrics.

PMID- 2882163
TI  - Calcium supplements and osteoporosis.

PMID- 2882164
TI  - Incidence of colonic lesions in Streptococcus bovis and enterococcal
      endocarditis.

PMID- 2882166
TI  - Colposcopy.

PMID- 2882165
TI  - Management of mildly abnormal cervical smears.

PMID- 2882167
TI  - Ciprofloxacin resistance.

PMID- 2882168
TI  - Anaesthesia and surgery in children.

PMID- 2882169
TI  - Genetics of tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 2882170
TI  - Trends in anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2882171
TI  - Birth after cryopreservation of unfertilized oocytes.

PMID- 2882172
TI  - Screening for HIV during pregnancy.

PMID- 2882173
TI  - Active management of labour.

PMID- 2882174
TI  - Diltiazem and internal anal sphincter.

PMID- 2882175
TI  - Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukaemia and histiocytosis syndromes in children.

PMID- 2882176
TI  - Malignant disorders and long-term survival in haemodialysis patients.

PMID- 2882177
TI  - Indomethacin and arterial oxygenation in critically ill patients with severe
      bacterial pneumonia.

PMID- 2882178
TI  - Court of Appeal agrees to sterilisation of 17-year-old mentally handicapped girl
      under wardship jurisdiction.

PMID- 2882179
TI  - C-myc proto-oncogene expression and prognosis in early carcinoma of the uterine
      cervix.
AB  - Expression of the c-myc gene was studied by northern blot and slot blot
      hybridisation in 72 specimens of stage I or II squamous cell carcinoma of the
      uterine cervix. In 25 of the 72 tumours c-myc proto-oncogene was overexpressed
      (ie, at levels 4-20 times higher than in normal tissues). Patients whose tumours
      showed c-myc overexpression had an eight-fold greater incidence of early relapse
      than the other patients (p = 0.001). The 18-month relapse-free survival rates
      were, respectively, 49% and 90% for these two groups of patients.

PMID- 2882180
TI  - Effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on survival of patients with myelodysplastic
      syndrome.
AB  - A randomised therapeutic trial of 13-cis-retinoic acid was carried out in 70
      patients with myelodysplastic syndrome having 5% or fewer marrow blast cells.
      Among non-sideroblastic patients the 1-year survival in the treated group was
      77%, compared with 36% in the control group. There were too few deaths among
      patients with sideroblastic anaemia to allow any effect of therapy on survival to
      be evaluated.

PMID- 2882181
TI  - Absence of diabetes in a rural West African population with a high
      carbohydrate/cassava diet.
AB  - 1028 (99%) of the 1038 inhabitants of the West African village of Agbave and a
      random sample of 353 (12.4%) of the population of 2850 in Kati, another West
      African village, were screened for diabetes. Also recorded were their
      anthropometric data, dietary habits, possession of antibodies to malaria, and
      serum IgG concentrations. About 85% of the study population consumed cassava root
      at least once a day. The mean (SD) capillary random blood glucose concentration
      was 5.1 (1.1) mmol/l in men and 5.1 (0.6) in women. The mean (SD) body mass index
      was 20.2 (1.8) in men and 20.7 (2.3) in women. The mean blood glucose was similar
      whether cassava was consumed once daily, more than once daily, or less than once
      daily. None of the 1381 subjects examined had diabetes. This finding suggests
      that a high carbohydrate/cassava intake (84% of a mean daily supply of 1916
      calories) combined with a low protein consumption (8% of caloric supply) does not
      cause diabetes. This does not support the World Health Organisation hypothesis
      that malnutrition-related diabetes exists, at least not in this West African
      rural population.

PMID- 2882182
TI  - Value of visual evoked response and oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid in
      diagnosis of spinal multiple sclerosis.
AB  - To assess the predictive value of prolongation of visual evoked response (VER)
      plus the presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the
      diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients with isolated cord lesions, the
      false-positive rate for the two tests combined was determined by a prospective
      analysis of 42 patients with a structural spinal cord lesion. The false-positive
      rate for the combination of VER and CSF abnormalities was zero, but the
      individual false-positive rates were 10% for VER and 12% for CSF protein
      oligoclonal bands. According to Bayes' theorem, and taking into account the false
      positive rates of the tests in the population studied and the prevalence of MS
      and the true-positive rates for the tests as derived from published reports,
      abnormalities of VER and CSF protein together gave a probability of MS of 100%.
      However, if only either the VER or the CSF were abnormal, the probability of MS
      was 44% or 49%, respectively. An abnormal result for both tests thus indicates a
      sufficiently high probability of MS to exclude myelography, but a positive result
      in only one test warrants the procedure.

PMID- 2882183
TI  - Hepatic glutathione S-transferase release after halothane anaesthesia: open
      randomised comparison with isoflurane.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) are a more
      sensitive measure of acute hepatic damage than aminotransferase activity. Plasma
      GST concentrations have been measured by radioimmunoassay in an open randomised
      study after halothane or isoflurane anaesthesia. The concentration of GST was
      significantly increased after anaesthesia in patients who received halothane in
      30% oxygen/70% nitrous oxide (n = 37) and in patients who received halothane in
      100% oxygen (n = 17). The frequency of abnormal GST concentrations, defined as 4
      micrograms/l or more, was 35% and 24%, respectively. GST concentrations usually
      reached a peak 3-6 h after the end of anaesthesia. In 17 patients who received
      isoflurane in 30% oxygen/70% nitrous oxide, there was no significant rise in GST
      concentration and no patient had a concentration above 4 micrograms/l. No patient
      in any of the groups had a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase. In
      clinically identical situations, anaesthesia with halothane but not isoflurane
      leads to demonstrable impairment of hepatocellular integrity.

PMID- 2882184
TI  - Immune donors can protect marrow-transplant recipients from severe
      cytomegalovirus infections.
AB  - To study the importance of transferred immunity against cytomegalovirus (CMV) in
      allogeneic, HLA-matched, T-cell-depleted bone-marrow transplantation, the
      incidence, severity, and outcome of CMV infections were studied in 40 CMV
      seropositive recipients in relation to the donors' immunity against CMV. There
      was no significant difference in the incidence of CMV infections between
      recipients of seropositive (n = 27) and seronegative (n = 13) marrow. However,
      the incidence of CMV pneumonitis (8/13 compared with 4/27; p less than 0.001) and
      the mortality attributable to CMV infection (6/13 compared with 1/27, p less than
      0.01) were significantly greater in the group with seronegative donors than in
      those with seropositive donors. Multivariate regression analysis showed that
      recipients of seronegative marrow had a fifteen-fold greater risk of CMV
      pneumonitis and a fifty-fold increase in risk of a fatal CMV infection than
      recipients of seropositive marrow. Thus, after T-cell depletion CMV-seropositive
      marrow protects seropositive recipients against severe CMV infections; whenever
      possible, therefore, such recipients should be given marrow from seropositive
      donors. Ultimately, active immunisation of CMV-seronegative donors might help to
      protect seropositive recipients of T-cell-depleted marrow transplants against
      severe CMV infections.

PMID- 2882186
TI  - Pen-sized digital 30-second blood glucose meter.

PMID- 2882187
TI  - Erythropoietin.

PMID- 2882185
TI  - Local prostaglandin F2 alpha injection for termination of ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - In nine women with unruptured ectopic pregnancy, prostaglandin F2 alpha was
      injected under laparoscopic control into the affected oviduct and in eight
      patients also into the ovary containing the corpus luteum. Termination of the
      pregnancy was achieved in all cases (in one at the second attempt), without
      complications. Fertility after this procedure needs to be compared with that
      after conventional surgery.

PMID- 2882188
TI  - The bran wagon.

PMID- 2882189
TI  - Government's response on prison medical service.

PMID- 2882190
TI  - Down with waiting lists and times.

PMID- 2882191
TI  - Outcome of RDS survivors.

PMID- 2882192
TI  - Bone-marrow transplantation in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first
      and second remission.
AB  - Bone-marrow transplantation has been used in patients with acute lymphoblastic
      leukaemia (ALL) thought to be at high risk of relapse if managed with
      chemotherapy. Data from 444 ALL patients with one or more high-risk features at
      diagnosis were analysed to evaluate outcome after HLA-identical bone-marrow
      transplantation during first or during second remission. The 4-year actuarial
      probability of leukaemia-free survival was 45% (95% confidence interval 36-54%)
      for transplants in first remission compared with 22% (15-29%) for those in second
      remission (p less than 0.0002). The 4-year probabilities of relapse were 26% (14
      38%) and 56% (45-67%) respectively (p less than 0.0001). For high-risk ALL,
      transplantation in first remission had clearly superior results to
      transplantation in second remission. Further studies are needed to determine
      whether patients with high-risk ALL should receive transplants during first
      remission or should initially receive chemotherapy, with transplantation being
      reserved for patients who relapse.

PMID- 2882193
TI  - Variations in avoidable mortality and variations in health care resources.
AB  - It has been proposed that the effectiveness of medical treatment should be
      measured by mortality from specified diseases for which death is apparently
      avoidable given appropriate medical intervention. Unfortunately, that proposal
      was not supported by direct analysis of the relation between health care
      resources and avoidable mortality--an analysis which is essential for
      establishing the validity of avoidable mortality as an indicator of the outcome
      of health care. Thus the proposal does not yet have any basis, theoretical or
      practical. A more realistic but still oversimple model is now proposed. With
      presently available data, however, the validity of avoidable mortality is
      unlikely to be established, even by this model.

PMID- 2882194
TI  - Health care systems in Greece.

PMID- 2882195
TI  - The anatomy of large inpatient waiting lists.
AB  - A survey of 31,224 patients on 33 of the largest inpatient surgical waiting lists
      in Wales and the West Midlands was undertaken in 1986. 19% of the patients were
      older than 64 years and over 90% lived within their district of treatment or in
      an adjacent district. Patients awaiting operations for hernia, varicose veins,
      arthroscopy, cataract, tonsils and adenoids, or sterilisation made up 45% of the
      lists. 45% of patients had already waited over a year for treatment, and it was
      evident that many of the lists had not been properly reviewed.

PMID- 2882196
TI  - Waiting lists: a surgeon's response.

PMID- 2882197
TI  - Defective video displays, shields, and skin problems.

PMID- 2882199
TI  - Statistical analysis of Lipid Research Clinics Program.

PMID- 2882198
TI  - Serological comparisons of approaches to polio vaccination in the Gambia.

PMID- 2882200
TI  - Tetanus and altitude.

PMID- 2882201
TI  - Acupuncture for respiratory disease.

PMID- 2882202
TI  - Hospital-acquired Acinetobacter baumanii pneumonitis.

PMID- 2882203
TI  - Chronic malnutrition and deciduous dental caries in Peruvian children.

PMID- 2882204
TI  - Unexpected lesson from Chernobyl.

PMID- 2882205
TI  - Long-term vaginal carriage of Chlamydia?

PMID- 2882206
TI  - Trophoblast cells and maternal blood.

PMID- 2882207
TI  - Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 2882208
TI  - Treatment for panic.

PMID- 2882209
TI  - Topical cyclosporin and psoriasis.

PMID- 2882211
TI  - Routine tests for HIV antigen.

PMID- 2882210
TI  - Prolonged survival and late presentation of vertically transmitted HIV infection
      in childhood.

PMID- 2882212
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and smooth periventricular high-signal areas.

PMID- 2882213
TI  - Coeliac disease and allergic manifestations.

PMID- 2882214
TI  - Transmission of Toscana virus by sandflies in Italy.

PMID- 2882215
TI  - Blood dyscrasias and the relative safety of non-narcotic analgesics.

PMID- 2882216
TI  - Food irradiation.

PMID- 2882217
TI  - Medical devices and consumer protection.

PMID- 2882218
TI  - Drug information for patients.

PMID- 2882219
TI  - Confidentiality of pre-employment health screening.

PMID- 2882221
TI  - Do patients see visions that talk?

PMID- 2882220
TI  - Crisis at Christmas.

PMID- 2882222
TI  - Pancreatic graft failure due to pelvic examination.

PMID- 2882223
TI  - Combined risk factors and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2882224
TI  - Laboratory testing on cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2882225
TI  - Measures of nutrition.

PMID- 2882226
TI  - Prostate cancer and androgens.

PMID- 2882227
TI  - Haloperidol metabolism and antipsychotic effect in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2882228
TI  - Measured and predicted creatinine clearance.

PMID- 2882229
TI  - Serological markers for delta hepatitis.

PMID- 2882230
TI  - Surrogacy, adoption, and custody.

PMID- 2882231
TI  - Central obesity and coronary heart disease in men.
AB  - The relation between central body fat distribution, determined by measurement of
      subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF), and the development of definite coronary
      heart disease (CHD) was examined after 12 years of follow-up in a cohort of 7692
      men who participated in the Honolulu Heart Program. The risk of incident coronary
      events was directly related to SSF. Compared with men in the lowest tertile of
      SSF, those in the middle tertile experienced a 70% excess of definite CHD. For
      those in the highest tertile, the excess more than doubled. For a given level of
      body mass index (BMI), SSF remains a significant and independent predictor of
      definite CHD, even after adjustment for age, total cholesterol, glucose,
      triglycerides, hypertensive status, and cigarette smoking. In contrast, the
      independent effect of BMI was not significant after adjustment for SSF. Thus
      centrally obese individuals are at increased risk of CHD, independent of BMI.

PMID- 2882232
TI  - Periurethral enterobacterial carriage preceding urinary infection.
AB  - The periurethral enterobacterial flora was identified before infective episodes
      in 56 patients with recurrent urinary infection. There were 91 episodes of
      infection, with colonisation by aerobic gram-negative bacilli in 60. In only 31
      (34%) episodes were patients colonised with the infective strain. In 31 episodes
      there was no colonisation of the perineum and in 29 there was heterologous
      colonisation. In another group of 54 women investigated during an enterobacterial
      infection of the urine there was colonisation with the infecting organism in 55
      (86%) of 64 episodes; in 2 there was no colonisation; and 7 (11%) were associated
      with a heterologous strain. Women who have recurrent urinary infections are
      susceptible to perineal and periurethral colonisation with gram-negative bacteria
      but the infection need not be with the colonising enterobacteria.

PMID- 2882233
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for trypsinogen in neonatal
      screening for cystic fibrosis.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with monoclonal antibodies against human trypsinogen
      in neonatal blood-spots has been evaluated for screening for neonatal cystic
      fibrosis (CF). In a retrospective study, 36 of 39 CF samples were distinguished
      from controls matched for age and storage time. 7 infants with CF were detected
      in 16,500 infants screened in a prospective study. The EIA is quicker and less
      labour intensive than conventional assays for the detection of immunoreactive
      trypsin and may have further advantages of specificity and sensitivity for
      monitoring the release of pancreatic zymogens in CF.

PMID- 2882234
TI  - Comparison of endotracheal and peripheral intravenous adrenaline in cardiac
      arrest. Is the endotracheal route reliable?
AB  - Twelve patients presenting to an accident and emergency department in asystolic
      cardiac arrest were randomly allocated to treatment with endotracheal adrenaline
      (five patients) or peripheral intravenous adrenaline (seven patients). Femoral
      artery blood samples were taken for assay of adrenaline and noradrenaline. After
      intravenous adrenaline there was a good clinical and biochemical response, but
      after endotracheal adrenaline there was no change in serum adrenaline and no
      measurable clinical response. The endotracheal route of adrenaline administration
      is not reliable in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2882235
TI  - Proteolipid identified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in plasma of a patient
      with borderline ovarian tumour.
AB  - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can identify abnormal lipoproteins in the
      plasma of patients with premalignant and malignant tumours. Proteolipid
      complexes, 8-11 nm and 25-28 nm in size, were isolated from the plasma of a
      patient with a borderline ovarian tumour. These complexes, which generated a
      characteristically long MRS T2 relaxation value (greater than 400 ms), were
      disrupted by ribonuclease. None of the conventional lipoproteins had a T2 value
      above 160 ms. Chemical analysis of the proteolipid complexes showed a 20%
      glycolipid component, and MRS identified a fucosylated molecule as the origin of
      the long T2 value. 9 months after resection of all tumour, a visible lipoprotein
      band, possibly lipoprotein (a), persisted in the plasma but neither the long T2
      relaxation value nor the 8-11 nm or 25-28 nm particles were present. The long T2
      relaxation value in the MRS profile, found in isolated proteolipid and
      unfractionated plasma and serum of other patients with carcinoma of the ovary and
      colon, provides a non-invasive method of assaying for cancer.

PMID- 2882237
TI  - New fibreoptic cardiac catheter.

PMID- 2882236
TI  - Is ursodeoxycholic acid an effective treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis?
AB  - The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, 13-15 mg/kg body weight daily) were
      prospectively evaluated in fifteen patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).
      The mean concentration of UDCA in serum expressed as the percentage of total bile
      acids rose from 0% at baseline to 58% (SEM 9%) after 2 years' treatment, whereas
      total serum bile acid levels did not change significantly. The proportion of
      patients with pruritus necessitating the use of cholestyramine was significantly
      lower at 2 years than at baseline. Standard liver function tests improved in all
      the patients. At 2 years the average activities of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase,
      alkaline phosphatases, and alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin levels were
      reduced (respectively 78%, 65%, 68%, and 36% of pretreatment values). In three
      patients who agreed to interrupt the ingestion of UDCA for 3 months after 2
      years' treatment there was clear deterioration in liver function tests, which
      again improved after reinstitution of UDCA. These results suggest that long-term
      UDCA might be a safe and effective treatment for PBC, but a randomised,
      controlled, double-blind trial is urgently needed.

PMID- 2882238
TI  - Gene amplification in malignancy.

PMID- 2882239
TI  - Diagnosis: logic and psycho-logic.

PMID- 2882240
TI  - Forgotten symptoms and primitive signs.

PMID- 2882242
TI  - Advice about milk for infants and young children.

PMID- 2882241
TI  - Eurohealth: Europe against cancer.

PMID- 2882243
TI  - Transient traumatic quadriplegia.

PMID- 2882244
TI  - Diagnosis and management of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis. Report of a working party of the British Society for Antimicrobial
      Chemotherapy.

PMID- 2882245
TI  - The diagnosing mind.

PMID- 2882246
TI  - Inverse technology and medical education.

PMID- 2882248
TI  - Cancer near nuclear installations.

PMID- 2882247
TI  - Should travellers to Asia be vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis?

PMID- 2882249
TI  - Chernobyl and cancer epidemiology.

PMID- 2882251
TI  - Acupuncture and asthma.

PMID- 2882250
TI  - Epidural blood patch does not prevent headache after lumbar puncture.

PMID- 2882252
TI  - Fatal rhabdomyolysis in marathon runner.

PMID- 2882253
TI  - A sexist diagnosis.

PMID- 2882254
TI  - Cromoglycate for Cogan's syndrome.

PMID- 2882255
TI  - Variations in avoidable mortality and variations in health care.

PMID- 2882256
TI  - Breast cancer screening.

PMID- 2882257
TI  - Bed-nets and malaria suppression.

PMID- 2882258
TI  - Long-term results of prophylactic cefazolin versus placebo in total hip
      replacement.

PMID- 2882259
TI  - Tobacco chewer's pseudopalsy.

PMID- 2882260
TI  - Immune responses and allograft rejection.

PMID- 2882261
TI  - Dementia in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2882262
TI  - Wardrop-Landry-Guillain-Barre-Strohl.

PMID- 2882263
TI  - Tetrahydroaminoacridine and the central anticholinergic syndrome.

PMID- 2882264
TI  - Eicosapentaenoic acid in fat.

PMID- 2882265
TI  - Back pain and testicular germ cell tumours.

PMID- 2882266
TI  - Bodybuilder's psychosis.

PMID- 2882267
TI  - European medical exchanges: London/Utrecht.

PMID- 2882268
TI  - Shared records and patient care.

PMID- 2882269
TI  - Student numbers and manpower.

PMID- 2882270
TI  - Heart attacks and lowered blood pressure.

PMID- 2882272
TI  - Maintenance lithium.

PMID- 2882271
TI  - Everyday management of affective disorders.

PMID- 2882273
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2882274
TI  - Chorionic villus sampling followed by genetic amniocentesis and septic shock.

PMID- 2882275
TI  - Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and pregnancy.

PMID- 2882276
TI  - HIV-2 (West Germany, 1984)

PMID- 2882277
TI  - HIV-2 in UK.

PMID- 2882278
TI  - HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Italian AIDS/ARC patients.

PMID- 2882279
TI  - Methysergide and retroperitoneal fibrosis.

PMID- 2882281
TI  - Diagnosis of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2882280
TI  - Colorectal cancer in spouses of colorectal cancer patients and controls.

PMID- 2882282
TI  - Subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine and lisuride in the treatment of
      parkinsonian on-off fluctuations.

PMID- 2882283
TI  - Convertible automobile touring and seasonal allergies.

PMID- 2882284
TI  - Deafness with enalapril and prescription event monitoring.

PMID- 2882286
TI  - Thallium and A Pale Horse.

PMID- 2882285
TI  - Sulindac and cough induced by converting enzyme inhibitors.

PMID- 2882287
TI  - Iatrogenic crime: criminal behaviour in patients receiving drug treatment.

PMID- 2882288
TI  - Effect of a single oral dose of prednisolone in acute childhood asthma.
AB  - 140 children of 184 with acute asthma entered a randomised double-blind trial of
      oral prednisolone (n = 67) compared with placebo (n = 73) administered soon after
      admission. The dose of prednisolone was 30 mg in children under 5, otherwise 60
      mg. All children also received salbutamol. All had moderate or severe dyspnoea.
      Initial evaluation was similar for both groups. On reassessment after a few hours
      20 children in the prednisolone group were fit for discharge compared with only 2
      in the placebo group. There were no early reattendances. Children remaining in
      hospital had a shorter median duration of stay and were less likely to require
      further steroid therapy if they had initially received prednisolone. In acute
      asthma the prompt use of a single dose of oral prednisolone can reduce morbidity
      and the need for hospital care.

PMID- 2882289
TI  - Protection against severe rotavirus diarrhoea by rhesus rotavirus vaccine in
      Venezuelan infants.
AB  - The efficacy of the rhesus rotavirus vaccine candidate MMU-18006 was evaluated in
      a longitudinal double-blind field trial in Caracas, Venezuela. 247 infants aged 1
      10 months were studied and followed for up to 1 year (201 completed the 1-year
      surveillance): 123 received a dose of 10(4) plaque-forming units of the vaccine
      orally and 124 received placebo. 21 episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea were
      detected, 16 in the controls and 5 in the vaccines: vaccine efficacy against any
      rotavirus diarrhoea was thus 68%. In the 1-5-month-old group the vaccine efficacy
      was 93%; only 1 episode of rotavirus diarrhoea was detected in 68 vaccinees and
      15 such illnesses were observed in 65 controls (p less than 0.0001). For the
      entire study group vaccine efficacy was 100% against the most severe rotavirus
      diarrhoeal episodes.

PMID- 2882290
TI  - Cell-mediated immunity to a synthetic gliadin peptide resembling a sequence from
      adenovirus 12.
AB  - Cell-mediated immunity to a synthetic peptide, which has a 12-residue sequence
      from A-gliadin analogous to part of an early-region protein (Elb) from adenovirus
      12, was investigated in patients with coeliac disease, healthy subjects, and
      disease controls by means of an indirect leucocyte-migration-inhibition assay.
      Patients with coeliac disease being treated with a gluten-free diet showed a
      significantly greater response than healthy subjects (p less than 0.001) or
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease. This cellular immune response was
      dependent on antigen concentration and was not present in untreated coeliac
      patients.

PMID- 2882291
TI  - T-cell inducers of suppressor lymphocytes control liver-directed autoreactivity.
AB  - The sensitisation of helper T cells of patients with autoimmune chronic active
      hepatitis to a liver-cell membrane-expressed asialoglycoprotein receptor protein
      is shown to be associated with a defect of T cells that specifically induce
      suppressor lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are found in an activated state in the
      peripheral blood of healthy people and may form part of an immunoregulatory
      network which actively prevents autoimmunity.

PMID- 2882292
TI  - Stroke risk in patients with carotid stenosis.
AB  - In 242 neurologically symptomless patients with at least one non-occlusive
      carotid stenosis on ultrasonography (continuous wave doppler and echotomography-B
      mode imaging) 171 carotids showed 0-50% stenosis, 150 showed 50-75% stenosis, and
      78 showed more than 75% stenosis. The mean follow-up was 29.4 months, with stroke
      and death as end points. Of the 56 deaths 2 were causally linked to a stroke
      (crude annual mortality index 9.57%). Of the 10 strokes 7 were judged to be
      infarctions in carotid territory. 7 out of 20 patients with transient ischaemic
      attacks (TIA) had ischaemic symptoms definitely related to carotid territory. The
      crude annual indices of specific stroke or TIA were 0.45% for nonstenotic
      carotid, 0.23% for 0-50% stenosis, 2.48% for 50-75% stenosis, and 1.71% for 75
      99% stenosis. Stenoses of greater than 50% were associated with more ischaemic
      events than were lesser degrees of narrowing (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2882293
TI  - Mismatched double-stranded RNA (ampligen) reduces concentration of zidovudine
      (azidothymidine) required for in-vitro inhibition of human immunodeficiency
      virus.
AB  - 'Ampligen', a non-toxic, mismatched polymer of double-stranded RNA with antiviral
      and immunomodulatory activities reduced the concentration of zidovudine
      (azidothymidine, AZT; 'Retrovir', Wellcome) required for inhibitory activity
      against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. At the higher doses of AZT
      tested, the virustatic activity observed seemed to have a synergistic virustatic
      relation with ampligen. Thus, combined therapy with ampligen and AZT can be
      expected to be more beneficial than AZT alone to patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex since AZT regimens that
      seem to be clinically effective are associated with considerable toxicity.

PMID- 2882295
TI  - Portable unit for nursing infants in the prone position.

PMID- 2882294
TI  - Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with gamma interferon.
AB  - In an open, randomised study, 18 patients with clinically definite, relapsing
      remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) received 1 microgram, 30 micrograms, or 1000
      micrograms doses of recombinant gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), given by
      intravenous infusion twice a week for four weeks. 7 patients had exacerbations
      during treatment. This exacerbation rate, compared retrospectively with the
      pretreatment rate and prospectively with the post-treatment rate, was
      significantly greater than expected. Exacerbations were not precipitated by fever
      or other dose-dependent side-effects. A concomitant increase in circulating
      monocytes bearing class II (HLA-DR) surface antigen suggested that the attacks
      induced during treatment were immunologically mediated. IFN-gamma is unsuitable
      for treatment of MS.

PMID- 2882296
TI  - Whither meta-analysis?

PMID- 2882297
TI  - Postgraduate and continuing education in need of orchestration.

PMID- 2882298
TI  - Beta-blockers and lipophilicity.

PMID- 2882299
TI  - Copper and the infant.

PMID- 2882300
TI  - Across-study evaluation of association between steroid dose and bolus steroids
      and avascular necrosis of bone.
AB  - Studies investigating steroid dose and avascular necrosis of bone (AVN) have
      found either a weak association or none at all. This quantitative review of
      published studies has evaluated the effects of steroid dose and bolus steroids on
      the risk of AVN. 22 papers with sufficient information for analysis were
      identified. The mean steroid dose for the cohort was plotted against the
      percentage in whom AVN developed. Total dose was divided into non-bolus (oral)
      and bolus dose, and doses 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after beginning steroids were
      tested separately for their association with AVN risk. There was a strong
      correlation between daily total dose and AVN rate (r = 0.61-0.80). Oral dose was
      strongly correlated with AVN rate (r = 0.70-0.86), but bolus dose was not
      associated with AVN risk. This strong association between AVN and steroid dose
      contrasts with the weak relations found in case-control studies from individual
      centres in which cases and controls received similar steroid regimens and
      therefore did not differ greatly in steroid dose. The method of deriving a single
      exposure level per study and comparing the amount of exposure across studies may
      be useful in assessing whether a drug's toxicity is dose dependent.

PMID- 2882301
TI  - Cholecystectomy and large bowel cancer.
AB  - The records of 5898 patients with colorectal cancer and 27,687 controls were
      examined for previous cholecystectomy. The estimated relative risks (and 95%
      confidence intervals) of development of any cancer of the large bowel and cancer
      of the right colon after cholecystectomy were 1.0 (0.8-1.2) and 1.1 (0.8-1.5) in
      women and 1.1 (0.9-1.5) and 1.2 (0.8-1.9) in men, respectively. Although these
      data do not rule out a small increase in risk, it is proposed that the
      association found in some other studies is, at least in part, an artifact.
      Intense diagnostic effort and treatment aimed at mild abdominal symptoms,
      encouraged by some patients and some medical care settings, could increase the
      detection and removal of gallstones and the early detection of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2882302
TI  - Elective surgery for small abdominal aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 2882303
TI  - Surrogate testing for non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 2882304
TI  - Enhanced enzyme immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen.

PMID- 2882305
TI  - Oestrogen modulators and clear cell carcinoma of vagina.

PMID- 2882307
TI  - Malabsorption of cyclosporin in renal transplant recipient with Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2882306
TI  - Alpha-tocopherol in tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2882309
TI  - Caesarean section in Ireland and the USA.

PMID- 2882308
TI  - Myelosuppression after methotrexate, mitozantrone, and mitomycin C for treatment
      of advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2882310
TI  - Light-chain isotype-associated B cell suppression in multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2882311
TI  - Successful births after ovum donation.

PMID- 2882312
TI  - Cyclosporin conversion in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2882313
TI  - Reporting obstetric ultrasound.

PMID- 2882314
TI  - Who should treat Hodgkin's disease?

PMID- 2882315
TI  - Sugar and health.

PMID- 2882316
TI  - Wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS patient treated with zidovudine.

PMID- 2882317
TI  - HIV and HBV infection in drug abusers in Glasgow.

PMID- 2882318
TI  - Syringe exchange.

PMID- 2882319
TI  - AIDS and strongyloidiasis in Africa.

PMID- 2882320
TI  - Scintigraphic detection of rhabdomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2882322
TI  - Diabetics and renal failure.

PMID- 2882321
TI  - Screening for HIV antibody during pregnancy.

PMID- 2882323
TI  - Strict metabolic control and progression of incipient diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2882324
TI  - Systemic absorption from hydrocortisone foam enema in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2882325
TI  - Dural sinus thrombosis.

PMID- 2882326
TI  - Valproate inhibition of urea synthesis.

PMID- 2882327
TI  - Ventricular arrhythmias despite an apparently correctly placed Hickman-Broviac
      catheter.

PMID- 2882328
TI  - Sciatic-like referred pain after rubberband haemorrhoidal ligation.

PMID- 2882329
TI  - Alcohol and hypertension.

PMID- 2882330
TI  - Death associated with hyperventilation.

PMID- 2882331
TI  - Beta 2-microglobulin and haemodialysis.

PMID- 2882332
TI  - Carbimazole and breastfeeding.

PMID- 2882333
TI  - Safety of intravenous immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2882334
TI  - Release of atrial natriuretic peptide during pregnancy and immediate puerperium.

PMID- 2882335
TI  - Failure to detect multiresistant Escherichia coli in Bristol.

PMID- 2882336
TI  - Yersinia and iron.

PMID- 2882337
TI  - Trazodone/tryptophan for aggressive behaviour.

PMID- 2882338
TI  - More on the history of the ESR.

PMID- 2882339
TI  - Effectiveness of low-dose heparin in prevention of myocardial reinfarction.
AB  - 728 patients aged 50-75 years who had had Q-wave myocardial infarction 6-18
      months previously were enrolled in a randomised, multicentre trial of low-dose
      heparin in prevention of reinfarction. The control group (365 patients) received
      their study centres' usual therapy; the heparin group (363 patients) also
      received subcutaneous calcium heparin (12,500 IU daily). Mean (SD) follow-up was
      708 (265) days in the heparin group and 687 (251) in the control group. The
      reinfarction rate was 63% lower in the heparin than in the control group (4/303,
      1.32% v 13/365, 3.56%). The difference in cumulative reinfarction rate between
      the groups was significant by both drug-efficacy (chi 2 = 3.99, p less than 0.05)
      and intention-to-treat analysis (chi 2 = 3.84, p = 0.05). Heparin treatment
      reduced the cumulative general mortality rates by 48% on drug-efficacy analysis
      (chi 2 = 3.88, p less than 0.05) and by 34% on intention-to-treat analysis (chi 2
      = 2.05, not significant). Cardiovascular mortality was also reduced (33%) but not
      significantly. However, fatal events attributable to thromboembolism (fatal
      reinfarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism) were significantly less frequent in the
      heparin than in the control group (1 v 7, p less than 0.05). 60 patients (16.5%)
      discontinued heparin treatment, but only 23 patients (6.3%) stopped because of
      side-effects. Low-dose heparin appears to be effective, safe, well tolerated, and
      free from haemorrhagic risk for the prevention of myocardial reinfarction.

PMID- 2882340
TI  - Maternal oxygen therapy for intrauterine growth retardation.
AB  - Humidified oxygen (55%) was administered continuously through a face mask to 5
      patients whose pregnancies (4 singleton and 1 twin) were all complicated by
      severe intrauterine growth retardation, oligohydramnios, high blood-flow
      impedance in the fetal aorta and umbilical artery, and low mean blood-velocity in
      the fetal thoracic aorta. All the fetuses were hypoxic and 2 were acidotic. After
      maternal hyperoxygenation, the fetal pO2 increased to within or near the normal
      range, and resulted in a sustained increase in the mean blood-velocity in the
      fetal thoracic aorta. 5 fetuses survived with minimum neonatal morbidity. The
      effect of maternal hyperoxygenation on the fetal pO2 in such cases may prove to
      be a useful method of assessing placental function and guiding management.

PMID- 2882341
TI  - Evidence for an immune response to HLA class I antigens in the vanishing-bileduct
      syndrome after liver transplantation.
AB  - The relation between donor and recipient status for HLA class I and II antigens
      in 62 patients undergoing liver transplantation was examined with particular
      reference to a well-defined variant of chronic rejection, the vanishing-bileduct
      (VBD) syndrome. A complete mismatch for class I antigens was more common in those
      with the VBD syndrome than in those with normal graft function or chronic graft
      malfunction unrelated to the syndrome (p less than 0.025). In contrast, a
      complete mismatch for class II antigens was considerably less common in those
      with the VBD syndrome than in those without (p less than 0.02). The association
      of a complete mismatch for class I and a partial or complete match for class II
      antigens with the VBD syndrome was highly significant (p less than 0.0005). These
      findings support the hypothesis that in the VBD syndrome both class I antigen
      expression on bileduct epithelium and immunological interaction at the level of
      class II antigens are required for the rejection process to occur. In addition,
      high-titre donor-specific antibodies to class I antigen, which were present in 6
      of 14 of those with the VBD syndrome but in none of those without (p less than
      0.0005), may be involved in the pathogenesis of bileduct damage.

PMID- 2882342
TI  - Neurological complications following liver transplantation.
AB  - 17 (33%) of 52 patients who underwent 56 consecutive orthotopic liver transplants
      had serious neurological complications postoperatively. The commonest
      complication was fits, which occurred in 13 (25%) patients. 50% of patients had
      their onset of fits within the first week. In 3 patients the fits were associated
      with postoperative metabolic encephalopathy and fatal progressive neurological
      deterioration. In some patients the evidence implicating cyclosporin in the
      development of fits is strong. In others factors such as electrolyte
      disturbances, steroid treatment for graft rejection, and cerebral infarction may
      have contributed to the development of the fits. Phenytoin controlled the fits in
      10 out of 13 patients. Other neurological complications included 1 case of
      central pontine myelinolysis, 1 of cerebral abscess, and 4 of non-encephalopathic
      psychosis.

PMID- 2882343
TI  - Is cancer a macrophage-mediated autoaggressive disease?
AB  - As part of their physiological functions macrophages secrete various products
      that influence tissue environment. They can also secrete tumour growth promoting
      substances and it is highly probable that they help to establish tumour
      supporting fibrovascular stroma. Macrophages may fuse with other cells (including
      neoplastic cells) and many malignant properties of these hybrids or of their
      progeny may be maintained by the macrophage genome. In addition processes that
      occur after fusion might be important in inducing malignant transformation,
      especially when fusion has occurred with initiated cells. Superficial spreading
      melanoma is an example that is in keeping with the hypothesis of cell fusion.

PMID- 2882344
TI  - Another clinical test for congenital dislocation of the hip.

PMID- 2882346
TI  - Non-convulsive status epilepticus.

PMID- 2882347
TI  - Non-specific chest pain.

PMID- 2882348
TI  - Is there a place for hysteroscopy in prenatal and intrapartum diagnosis?

PMID- 2882345
TI  - Zidovudine (AZT)

PMID- 2882349
TI  - Clinical electrophysiology can pinpoint pathology in the visual pathway.

PMID- 2882350
TI  - Postpartum thyroiditis.

PMID- 2882351
TI  - Prognosis in the irritable bowel syndrome: a 5-year prospective study.
AB  - To establish the short-term and long-term results of current treatment of
      irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 104 patients were studied prospectively. All
      patients were treated similarly and the results were assessed after a few weeks
      and then after at least 5 years. IBS can be diagnosed more easily than has been
      suggested--72% of this series were correctly diagnosed by their referring doctor,
      and only 12% required radiological studies to exclude organic disease. The
      response to treatment was considerably better than expected, possibly because of
      the more aggressive use of high-fibre diets and bulking agents. Thus, 85% of
      patients were rendered virtually symptom-free in the short term, and 68% were
      still virtually symptom-free 5 years later. The response to treatment was better
      in men than in women, in those with constipation than with diarrhoea, when the
      symptoms had initially been triggered by an episode of acute diarrhoea, and in
      patients with a relatively short history. With a few simple investigations,
      sympathetic explanation, and appropriate treatment, most patients with IBS have a
      good prognosis.

PMID- 2882352
TI  - Association of Metsovo lung and pleural mesothelioma with exposure to tremolite
      containing whitewash.
AB  - Pleural thickening, bilateral pleural hyalinised plaques, and restrictive lung
      function are found among inhabitants of four small villages in northwestern
      Greece. Transbronchial biopsy samples from patients with disease contained
      tremolite fibres. Malignant pleural mesothelioma has now been reported in these
      villages and accounts for approximately 1% of the total mortality from 1981 to
      1985. The principal whitewash once used in this area is predominantly asbestiform
      tremolite. The fibre is identical in every respect to fibres found in the lung
      tissues of people with Metsovo lung. The membrane activity of this tremolite is
      greater than that of the commercially used asbestiform amphiboles amosite and
      crocidolite. This measure of cytotoxicity lends further support to the hypothesis
      that this fibre is the agent of Metsovo lung and mesothelioma.

PMID- 2882353
TI  - Reduction of redundant hospital stay through controlled intervention.
AB  - With the aim of reducing redundant hospital stay through controlled intervention,
      preset criteria for inpatient care were applied on a medical ward. The proportion
      of unjustified hospital stay days fell by 52.6% and the average length of stay on
      the experimental ward declined from 6.3 days to 4.6 days. On a control medical
      ward there was practically no change. At one-month follow-up, patients from the
      two wards did not differ in death rate, readmission rate, or subjective
      evaluation of health status.

PMID- 2882354
TI  - Possible role of pestiviruses in microcephaly.

PMID- 2882355
TI  - Influenza vaccination with adjuvant RU41740 in the elderly.

PMID- 2882356
TI  - Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water.

PMID- 2882357
TI  - Excretion of atypical oocysts by patients with cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 2882358
TI  - Reduction of ectopic pregnancy by injection under ultrasound control.

PMID- 2882359
TI  - Sphygmomanometer bladder length.

PMID- 2882360
TI  - Skull X-rays after head injury.

PMID- 2882361
TI  - Persistent gallbladder carriage of Salmonella typhi.

PMID- 2882362
TI  - Horse reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi?

PMID- 2882364
TI  - Buccal and topical nitroglycerin.

PMID- 2882363
TI  - Sepsis and indomethacin failure in premature infants with symptomatic patent
      ductus arteriosus.

PMID- 2882365
TI  - Fine-catheter aspiration cytology and the acute abdomen.

PMID- 2882366
TI  - New radiological manifestation of Texidor's twinge.

PMID- 2882367
TI  - Dopamine receptor asymmetry in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2882368
TI  - Clinical pharmacology and geriatrics.

PMID- 2882369
TI  - Monitoring drug advertisements.

PMID- 2882370
TI  - Medical care for the homeless.

PMID- 2882371
TI  - Abdominal deliveries in Third World.

PMID- 2882372
TI  - Journals.

PMID- 2882373
TI  - Screening for breast cancer.

PMID- 2882374
TI  - Bran.

PMID- 2882375
TI  - HIV and onset of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2882376
TI  - Changes in sexual behaviour and incidence of gonorrhoea.

PMID- 2882378
TI  - HIV transmission and skin grafts.

PMID- 2882377
TI  - Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in the perinatal period.

PMID- 2882379
TI  - Olive oil and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2882380
TI  - Portal vein gas and sepsis after administration of OKT3.

PMID- 2882381
TI  - Safety of liver biopsy.

PMID- 2882382
TI  - Cardiac parasympathetic impairment in gastrointestinal Chagas' disease.

PMID- 2882383
TI  - Mass proguanil prophylaxis.

PMID- 2882384
TI  - Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.

PMID- 2882385
TI  - Ifosfamide/mesna encephalopathy.

PMID- 2882386
TI  - Serum octadeca-9-11 dienoic acid concentrations in primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2882387
TI  - Angio-oedema and monosodium glutamate.

PMID- 2882388
TI  - Dengue-specific IgM and dengue haemorrhagic fever/shock.

PMID- 2882389
TI  - [Epidemiology, etiology and prognosis of liver cirrhosis. Studies on a selected
      patient sample of 356 patients (1970-1979)].

PMID- 2882390
TI  - [Primary liver cell carcinoma].

PMID- 2882391
TI  - [Drug dependence and suicide. Studies using forensic medicine records and patient
      histories].

PMID- 2882393
TI  - [Suicide in psychological shock. Problems of forensic life insurance assessment
      of sudden suicides].

PMID- 2882392
TI  - [Autoimmune liver diseases. Diagnosis, prognosis and therapy].

PMID- 2882394
TI  - [Fatal peroral poisoning by morphine. Post-traumatic suicide or accident in
      chronic drug abuse].

PMID- 2882395
TI  - Beta-adrenergic ([3H] CGP-12177) receptors are elevated in slices of soleus
      muscle from CHE 147 dystrophic hamsters.
AB  - We have utilized a muscle slice technique to compare the ontogeny of cell surface
      beta-adrenergic receptor binding in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
      muscles of male Golden Syrian (GS) and Canadian Hybrid Farms 147 (CHF 147)
      dystrophic hamsters. Binding of the beta-adrenergic antagonist, [3H] CGP-12177
      (CGP), to GS muscle slices was reversible, saturable, stereospecific and of high
      affinity. Bmax was higher in the soleus (2.57 +/- .12 fmol/mg wet wt) than in the
      EDL (1.6 +/- .17 fmol/mg wet wt) of adult animals while affinities were similar
      (0.35 +/- .06 and 0.24 +/- .04 nM respectively). No differences in binding
      characteristics were seen in EDL of GS compared to CHF 147 animals. In soleus
      slices frm GS hamsters, Bmax was highest at 16 days of age (5.72 +/- 0.26
      fmol/mg), decreased between 16 and 29 days and remained constant until 300 days
      (2.51 +/- 0.52 fmol/mg). In dystrophic soleus slices, Bmax was also higher at 16
      days than at any other age but receptor number decreased gradually, remaining
      higher than in GS until 90 days of age (p less than 0.05). The failure of beta
      adrenergic receptor number to decrease at a normal rate may be implicated in the
      pathogenesis of hamster polymyopathy.

PMID- 2882396
TI  - Age related changes of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and L-alanine
      aminopeptidase in mouse kidney, urine and plasma.
AB  - Age and sex dependent differences of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and L
      alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) activities in kidney, urine and plasma of male and
      female mice were studied. The sex difference in NAG activity appeared between 27
      and 38 days of age with the manifestation of significant differences in body
      weight and kidney growth. NAG activity in male kidneys was 3-fold that in females
      and its urinary level in mature males was over 10-fold higher. Androgenic
      regulation was found not only in the NAG contents in the kidneys and in the
      urinary excretion but also in the plasma NAG level, which showed higher in
      females. On the other hand, AAP activity in kidney, urine and plasma did not show
      much sex differences. Age related changes in AAP activity were not found except
      in the kidney and marked androgenic regulation was also not found in AAP. These
      results indicate that NAG and AAP, which are both urinary enzymes used as
      indicators of renal lesions, may be regulated differently.

PMID- 2882397
TI  - Stimulation of dopamine synthesis and activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by
      phorbol diesters in rat striatum.
AB  - In rat striatal synaptosomes, 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and 4
      beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), two activators of Ca2+-phospholipid
      dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) increased dopamine (DA) synthesis
      measured by following the release of 14CO2 from L-[1-14C] tyrosine. Maximal
      stimulation (21-28% increase of basal rate) was produced by 0.5 microM PMA and 1
      microM PDBu. 4 beta-Phorbol and 4 beta-phorbol 13-acetate, which are not
      activators of protein kinase C, were ineffective at 1 microM. PMA did not change
      the release of 14CO2 from L-[1-14C]DOPA. Addition of 1 mM EGTA to a Ca2+-free
      incubation medium failed to affect PMA stimulation. KC1 (60 mM) enhanced DA
      synthesis by 25%. Exposure of synaptosomes to either PMA or PDBu prior to KC1
      addition resulted in a more than additive increase (80-100%) of DA synthesis. A
      similar synergistic effect was observed when the phorbol diesters were combined
      with either veratridine or d-amphetamine but not with forskolin and dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP. Pretreatment of striatal synaptosomes with phorbol diesters produced
      an activation on of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) associated with a 60% increase of
      the Vmax and a decrease of the Km for the pterine cofactor 6-methyl-5,6,7,8
      tetrahydropterin. These results indicate that protein kinase C participates in
      the regulation of striatal TH in situ and that its activation may act
      synergistically with DA releasing agents in stimulating DA synthesis.

PMID- 2882398
TI  - Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate enhances electrically stimulated neuromessenger release
      from rat dorsal hippocampal slices in vitro.
AB  - The protein kinase C activator 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) enhanced the
      electrically stimulated release of radiolabelled noradrenaline (NA),
      acetylcholine (ACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) from dorsal hippocampal slices
      of the rat in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. 4 alpha-Phorbol 12,13
      didecanoate did not have an effect on the electrically stimulated release of any
      of the neuromessengers. Carbachol, which when present in the superfusion medium
      alone inhibited [14C]ACh release, significantly reduced the effect of PDB on the
      release of this neuromessenger. In the presence of either clonidine or
      [Leu5]enkephalin, which by themselves inhibited the electrically stimulated
      release of [3H]NA, the effect of PDB was significantly reduced. The enhancing
      effects of yohimbine and PDB on the electrically stimulated release of [3H]NA
      were additive. In all three cases, thus, the net effects of PDB were of a similar
      magnitude, whether the various compounds were present or not. Taken together, the
      present data suggest that the diacylglycerol/protein kinase C pathway is involved
      in the stimulus-evoked release of NA, ACh and 5-HT from dorsal hippocampal nerve
      terminals. Protein kinase C seems not to be involved in the modulation of the
      release of NA via presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors and delta-opioid receptors
      and in that of ACh via presynaptic ACh receptors in that brain region.

PMID- 2882399
TI  - Binaltorphimine and nor-binaltorphimine, potent and selective kappa-opioid
      receptor antagonists.
AB  - The opioid antagonist activities of two bivalent ligands, BNI and nor-BNI, have
      been evaluated in smooth muscle preparations and in mice. Both ligands are highly
      potent and selective as kappa opioid receptor antagonists, with relatively feeble
      blocking activity at mu and delta opioid receptors. BNI and nor-BNI represent the
      first highly selective kappa opioid receptor antagonists and should be of great
      utility as molecular probes for identifying the interaction of agonist ligands
      with kappa opioid receptors in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2882400
TI  - Association between the behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine:
      hemispheric asymmetry study.
AB  - Effects of amphetamine on concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine and
      serotonin in several monoamine-containing cell body and terminal regions were
      examined left and right separately in rats. Results suggest that amphetamine
      reduced the L-R asymmetry of most of these measures, and this effect is more
      significant in the cell body than in the terminal regions. Behaviorally,
      amphetamine also decreased L-R asymmetry of the spontaneous turning behavior in
      rats and this latter effect is most closely associated with the reductions of
      dopamine and norepinephrine asymmetries in the substantia nigra and reduction of
      norepinephrine asymmetry in the locus coeruleus.

PMID- 2882401
TI  - Effects of beta-chlornaltrexamine on food intake, body weight and opioid-induced
      feeding.
AB  - beta-Chlornaltrexamine (beta-CNA) is a non-equilibrium opioid receptor antagonist
      which alkylates and inactivates opioid receptors. Because opioid peptides are
      thought to contribute to the regulation of food intake, we examined the effects
      of intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of beta-CNA on the food intake and
      body weight of male rats. We also tested the ability of beta-CNA to block food
      intake stimulated by selective agonists of kappa, mu and delta opioid receptors:
      dynorphin A2 (DYN), Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol (DAGO), and [(D-Ser2,Leu5]
      enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET). Treatment with beta-CNA caused a long-term (2-4 days)
      reduction in daily food intake and a concomitant reduction in body weight. An
      additional experiment indicated that the weight loss after beta-CNA treatment
      could be completely accounted for by the reduction in intake. beta-CNA treatment
      also abolished or greatly attenuated the feeding effects of DAGO, DSLET and DYN,
      even when these peptides were tested 26 hours after beta-CNA administration. The
      long duration of the effects of beta-CNA suggests that this compound will be a
      useful pharmacological tool in further study of the opioid feeding system.

PMID- 2882403
TI  - [The tasks of optometry offices].

PMID- 2882402
TI  - Inhibitory effect of norepinephrine on immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing
      factor release from the rat hypothalamus in vitro.
AB  - Effects of catecholamines on immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (I
      CRF) release from the rat hypothalamus were examined using a rat hypothalamic
      perifusion system and a rat CRF RIA in vitro. Norepinephrine had a potent
      inhibitory effect on I-CRF release in a dose-dependent manner at 0.1 nM-1 microM
      concentrations, but dopamine did not. This inhibitory effect of norepinephrine
      was completely blocked by propranolol, but only partially blocked by
      phentolamine. Isoproterenol also had a potent inhibitory effect at 0.01-100 nM
      concentrations, and a high dose of phenylephrine (10 nM) inhibited I-CRF release.
      Clonidine did not influence I-CRF release. These results suggest that
      norepinephrine inhibits I-CRF release mainly through the beta-adrenergic receptor
      and partially through the alpha 1-receptor.

PMID- 2882404
TI  - Classical and late-onset forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-OH
      deficiency reveal different alterations in the C4/21-OH gene region.
AB  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is due to defective adrenal cortisol
      biosynthesis. In most cases, deficiency of a P 450-C21 specific steroid
      hydroxylase impairing cortisol synthesis has been found. The disease is HLA
      linked, and on clinical grounds it can be divided into two major forms, the
      classical and the non-classical type. Here, evidence is presented that the
      classical and the non-classical forms of CAH caused by 21-OH deficiency are due
      to different genetic alterations in the C4/21-OH gene region. In most cases of
      classical CAH associated with the HLA-Bw47 antigen, a specific and selective loss
      of the 21-OH B gene was observed with some interesting exceptions. Alterations in
      the 21-OH gene region in the non-classical forms of CAH, patients either HLA-B14;
      DR1 homo- or heterozygous, are different. Our data indicate the possibility of
      gene conversion events in this genomic region in non-classical CAH.

PMID- 2882405
TI  - Selective beta 1-adrenergic receptor-blockade with atenolol enhances growth
      hormone releasing hormone and mediated growth hormone release in man.
AB  - The growth hormone (GH) responses to a single bolus injection of the growth
      hormone releasing hormone (GRH) were examined in the basal state and in the
      presence of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents of different specificity in
      ten normal men. During a constant five-hour infusion of 56 micrograms/min of
      propranolol (nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor-blocker) in seven subjects
      studied, there was a significant augmentation of the GH release in response to
      exogenous GRH compared to the GH response during saline infusion, as measured by
      the peak serum GH concentrations after GRH (P = 0.019) and the integrated GH
      values (P = 0.019). A similar significant enhancement of GH responses to
      exogenous GRH as compared to the control day was observed with the specific beta
      1-adrenergic receptor-blocker atenolol in all seven subjects studied (four of
      whom also participated in the propranolol study). Both the peak GH response to a
      GRH bolus and the integrated GH values were significantly greater with atenolol
      (P = 0.019 for both). There was no difference in serum GH concentrations after
      beta-adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs during a three-hour sampling period
      before GRH administration compared to placebo. Our results support the concept
      that beta-adrenergic receptors may modulate either the release or action of
      hypothalamic somatostatin in the control of GH secretion in man. We suggest the
      effect is mediated by specific beta 1-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2882406
TI  - Reduction of a metal or disulfide bond associated with the receptor: a general
      hypothesis for the mechanism of action of adrenergic agents.
AB  - Epinephrine and norepinephrine have been found to reduce Fe3+-heme to Fe2+-heme.
      Evaluation of the influence of these and structurally similar compounds on heme
      reduction and platelet aggregation led to the concept that epinephrine may exert
      its effects on platelets by first binding to a receptor and then reducing a
      nearby membrane heme group to transmit its agonist stimulus. Similar to alpha
      adrenergic agonists, we now report that beta agonists can reduce heme.
      Multiplying 1/kd for receptor binding for each agonist times the reduction of
      heme at 1.5 X 10(-4)M agonist gives a figure for each drug which closely
      parallels the potency of these drugs on beta 1 agonists (r = 0.994) and on beta 2
      agonists (r = 0.853). Epinephrine and isoproterenol were also found to reduce
      heme in cytochrome c providing evidence that this mechanism could work well in an
      intact protein. The results are supportive of the hypothesis that all adrenergic
      agonists first bind to a membrane receptor and then reduce a heme or similar
      metal group to transmit the activating signal.

PMID- 2882407
TI  - Reduction of a disulfide bond by beta-adrenergic agonists: evidence in support of
      a general "reductive activation" hypothesis for the mechanism of action of
      adrenergic agents.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic agonists, but not antagonists, were found to reduce the disulfide
      bond of 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). The extent of DTNB reduction
      was proportional to the intrinsic activity for these agonists. The results
      suggest a novel mechanism for transmission of the signal when a beta-adrenergic
      agonist occupies its receptor. We proposed that beta-adrenergic agonists exert
      their effects to activate the adenylate cyclase by reducing a disulfide bond in
      the receptor (R) or guanyl nucleotide binding protein (G) component of the
      adenylate cyclase complex leading to tight binding of GTP to G and activation of
      G.

PMID- 2882408
TI  - [Development of a prognostic index in Crohn disease].

PMID- 2882409
TI  - Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity that involve production of calmodulin
      sensitive adenylate cyclases.

PMID- 2882410
TI  - Binding of two anthranilic acid derivatives to human albumin, erythrocytes, and
      lipoproteins: evidence for glafenic acid high affinity binding.
AB  - The binding of two anthranilic acid derivatives, glafenic and floctafenic acids,
      to human erythrocytes and plasma proteins has been investigated in vitro by
      equilibrium dialysis. Despite their close chemical structures it was shown that
      the binding of the two compounds to serum albumin, lipoproteins, and erythrocytes
      was dramatically different both in quality and quantity. Using various techniques
      including fluorometry and circular dichroism, it was shown that glafenic acid
      binds to the human serum albumin (HSA) warfarin/azapropazone site and that
      floctafenic acid binds to both warfarin/azapropazone and benzodiazepine sites.
      Glafenic acid is strongly bound to HSA with n = 1, k = 2.4 X 10(6) liters/mol and
      to erythrocytes with N = 12.4 mumol/liter, K = 1.7 X 10(6) liters/mol.
      Floctafenic acid is bound with a weaker affinity to HSA, n = 2, k = 0.3 X 10(6)
      liters/mol and to erythrocytes, N = 2900 mumol/liter and K = 0.007 X 10(6)
      liters/mol.

PMID- 2882411
TI  - Accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in slices of rat cerebral cortex
      induced by alpha-adrenergic agonists. I. Responses to methoxamine and
      norepinephrine in adult and neonatal tissue.
AB  - The effects of adrenergic agonists and adenosine on the accumulation of adenosine
      3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) were examined in cerebral cortical slices from
      adult and neonatal rats. Methoxamine (10 to 100 microM) produced up to a two-fold
      increase in tissue from adult animals only in the presence of optimal
      concentrations of adenosine (40 to 100 microM), but had no effect in neonatal
      tissue. Such responses were inhibited more readily by prazosin than by yohimbine,
      but the reverse was true for responses to norepinephrine; when tested without the
      addition of adenosine, however, responses to norepinephrine were somewhat more
      sensitive to prazosin. Under the latter conditions, norepinephrine induced about
      twice as much increase in cyclic AMP as did isoproterenol in adult tissue. While
      always prevented by alpha-adrenergic antagonists, the greater efficacy of
      norepinephrine was eliminated by methylxanthines only in some instances, but
      never in tissue from animals known to be less than 60 days of age. At 11 to 15
      days of age, responses to norepinephrine were more than fourfold those to
      isoproterenol, even in the presence of methylxanthines, and were completely
      suppressed by propranolol. Responses to isoproterenol were enhanced when tested
      in the presence of adenosine, especially in neonatal tissue. The results suggest
      that both endogenous adenosine and age-related phenomena may account for some of
      the discrepancies among earlier studies. Moreover, they indicate that several
      populations of alpha-adrenergic receptors may be involved in responses to
      adrenergic agonists in rat cerebral cortical tissue.

PMID- 2882412
TI  - Accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in slices of rat cerebral cortex
      induced by alpha-adrenergic agonists. II. Studies on mechanisms underlying the
      interaction with adenosine.
AB  - Incubation of slices of rat cerebral cortex with the calcium ionophore A23187
      produced small increases in the accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
      (cyclic AMP). While low concentrations of Ca2+ ions (e.g., 200 microM) were
      sometimes necessary, the presence of adenosine (e.g., 50 microM) was essential;
      no effect of ionophore was observed when isoproterenol or isobutylmethylxanthine
      was substituted for adenosine. These results are consistent with the previously
      advanced hypothesis that stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors in this issue
      may cause calcium mobilization and thereby produce a calmodulin-mediated
      stimulation of adenylate cyclase. However, there is no apparent explanation for
      the requirement for adenosine. In addition, the possibility that additional
      mechanisms may be operating was suggested by experiments in which the
      incorporation of 3H-adenine into cyclic AMP was examined under steady-state
      conditions. While brief exposure to 3H-adenine after maximal adenosine- or
      isoproterenol-induced accumulations had been achieved led to small increases in
      the specific activity of cyclic AMP, the combination of norepinephrine and
      adenosine (plus propranolol) produced substantial decreases in the specific
      activity of cyclic AMP. Since the rate of incorporation of radioactivity did not
      keep pace with the expansion of the cyclic AMP pool, it is possible that
      norepinephrine also caused some reduction in the rate of cyclic AMP degradation
      under these conditions. Other interpretations of these results are discussed.

PMID- 2882413
TI  - Ontogeny of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate metabolism in guinea pig cerebral
      cortex. II. Development of responses to L-glutamate in the presence of adenosine
      or histamine.
AB  - The effects of L-glutamate and other dicarboxylic amino acids on the accumulation
      of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in slices of cerebral cortex from
      strain 2 guinea pigs were examined using tissue from animals at 39 days gestation
      to 7 days after birth. Responses to glutamate were inhibited completely by
      adenosine deaminase or theophylline unless histamine was present. When tested in
      the presence of adenosine, glutamate increased cyclic AMP accumulation up to 10
      fold at 39 days gestation; the response was maximal at 52 days gestation, and
      both the efficacy and potency of glutamate declined thereafter. While the effects
      of glutamate were smaller in the presence of histamine plus theophylline, the
      developmental pattern was similar to that in the presence of adenosine. The
      relative potencies of D-aspartate, kainate, and alpha-methyl-DL-glutamate were
      much greater in fetal than in adult tissue. Glutamic acid diethyl ester, N-acetyl
      glutamate or 2,3-diaminopropionate had no effect in fetal tissue either in the
      presence or absence of glutamate. Responses to glutamate in adult tissue were
      much more dependent upon the presence of calcium ions than were those in fetal
      tissue. It was concluded that responses to glutamate involve mechanisms that
      differ in fetal and adult tissue.

PMID- 2882414
TI  - Expression of mouse histone genes: transcription into 3' intergenic DNA and
      cryptic processing sites downstream from the 3' end of the H3 gene.
AB  - Introduction of the mouse histone H3.1 gene into tk- mouse L cells by
      cotransfection with the herpesvirus thymidine kinase gene resulted in the
      production of two mRNAs from the transfected gene, one with a normal 3' end and
      the other one with a longer 3'-untranslated region, ending at site X, which was
      poly(A)+. In contrast, the endogenous histone H3.1 gene only produced a single
      mRNA. The cryptic poly(A)+ site was only used when the histone H3.1 gene was
      transfected. To localize possible downstream cryptic processing sites, the
      hairpin loop at the end of the histone gene was deleted and the resulting
      deletions were introduced into L cells. Two major mRNAs were produced from this
      gene, one ending at site X and the major one ending at site Y, which was located
      150 nucleotides before site X. Transcription extended downstream of site X
      efficiently in the endogenous gene, as judged by the extent of transcription of
      downstream sequences in isolated nuclei. Transcription extended downstream of
      site X in the transfected gene because the placement of a normal histone 3' end
      downstream of site X resulted in transcripts that ended at site X and longer
      transcripts that ended with the new histone 3' end. These results indicate that
      transcription may normally proceed a substantial distance past the hairpin loop
      (greater than 500 bases). The formation of the different 3' ends in these
      transfected genes was due to competition between different processing mechanisms.

PMID- 2882415
TI  - Tissue-specific regulation of avian glutamine synthetase expression during
      development and in response to glucocorticoid hormones.
AB  - We have isolated a glutamine synthetase cDNA clone derived from chicken retinal
      RNA. The clone detects a 3.2-kilobase RNA in chicken retina, liver, and brain,
      based on Northern blotting analysis. The dramatic developmental rise observed for
      the retinal enzyme, assayed as glutamyl transferase activity, is accompanied by a
      corresponding rise in this RNA. Injection of hydrocortisone 21-phosphate into the
      yolk sac of day 10 embryos produces an increase in retinal glutamine synthetase
      mRNA and glutamyl transferase activity, assayed 4 days after injection. An
      increase in glutamine synthetase mRNA is also observed within 2 h of incubation
      of retinal organ cultures with hydrocortisone. Moreover, incubation of these
      cultures with cycloheximide at a concentration that inhibits protein synthesis by
      93% affects neither the basal level nor the hydrocortisone-mediated induction of
      glutamine synthetase mRNA. Although expression of this RNA is developmentally
      regulated in the brain, steroid hormone injection does not result in a
      substantial induction. Hepatic glutamine synthetase mRNA is expressed
      constitutively between embryonic day 10 and 6 days after hatching and is also not
      hormone inducible. Southern blotting data with chicken DNA digested with EcoRI,
      HindIII, and BamHI are best interpreted in terms of the cDNA clone detecting only
      one gene. If so, several cell-type-specific regulatory mechanisms must function
      to modulate expression of this gene during development.

PMID- 2882418
TI  - Genetic linkage in neurologic diseases.

PMID- 2882416
TI  - Translational control of ribosomal protein synthesis during early Dictyostelium
      discoideum development.
AB  - Throughout the developmental program of Dictyostelium discoideum there are
      substantial changes in the rates of both ribosome utilization and rRNA
      transcription and processing. We examined the regulation of ribosomal protein (r
      protein) gene expression and found that, at the start of development, expression
      of these genes was drastically and specifically reduced by a block to
      translational initiation. An apparently separate event signals a sudden decrease
      in the relative amount of r-protein mRNA at about 10 h of development, a time
      when aggregated amoebae are forming tight cell-cell contacts. For the first 9 h
      of development, the relative amount of r-protein mRNA remained essentially
      unchanged and comparable to levels detected in growing cells. While the r-protein
      mRNAs were almost fully loaded on polysomes during vegetative growth, they were
      specifically excluded from polysomes at the start of development. The
      translational block was not the result of irreversible structural changes which
      inactivate the r-protein mRNAs since they remained translatable both in vitro, in
      wheat germ extracts, and in vivo, where they were recruited onto polysomes in the
      presence of the elongation inhibitor cycloheximide. In addition, precise
      measurements of poly(A) tail lengths on individual hybrid-selected mRNA species
      showed that there is no difference in the poly(A) tail length of r-protein mRNA
      isolated from growing cells and 1-h developing cells. Therefore, changes in
      translational efficiency cannot be attributed to cleavage of poly(A) tails.

PMID- 2882419
TI  - Fatal familial insomnia and dysautonomia.

PMID- 2882417
TI  - Molecular analysis of human muscular dystrophies.
AB  - The ability to map disease loci using restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) identified by DNA probes has revolutionized molecular genetics. Duchenne
      and Becker muscular dystrophies have been shown to be localized within the same
      very small region of Xp21 on the human X chromosome. The mutation itself should
      soon be identified at the DNA level, which will permit a detailed analysis of the
      molecular defect at the biochemical level. Rapid progress has also been made in
      the study of myotonic dystrophy on chromosome 19. DNA markers closely linked to
      the mutant locus have been identified, making antenatal diagnosis possible in
      informative families. Autosomal recessive muscular dystrophies are more difficult
      to study, but the means to localize even these mutations is being developed. The
      next decade should prove to be an exciting one for those involved in the
      molecular analysis and clinical management of human muscular dystrophies.

PMID- 2882420
TI  - Comparison of medical and surgical treatment for unstable angina pectoris.
      Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study.
AB  - We conducted a multicenter, randomized, prospective study comparing medical
      therapy alone with coronary-artery bypass surgery plus medical therapy in 468 men
      with unstable angina pectoris. Patients were entered in the study from June 1,
      1976, to June 30, 1982. Among those assigned to surgery who received bypass
      grafts, operative mortality was 4.1 percent. Arteriography performed after one
      year of follow-up revealed that 74.8 percent of the grafts studied were patent.
      The cumulative rate of crossover from medical to surgical therapy after two years
      was 34 percent; the operative mortality among patients crossed over was 10.3
      percent. Nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred in 11.7 percent of the patients
      treated surgically and 12.2 percent of those treated medically (no significant
      difference). Most of the nonfatal myocardial infarctions in the surgical group
      occurred in the perioperative period. Overall, the two-year survival rate
      computed by life-table analysis did not differ between the two groups. However,
      the curves reflecting mortality as a function of left ventricular ejection
      fraction were significantly different (P = 0.03); surgery was associated with a
      significantly reduced mortality among patients with lower ejection fractions. We
      conclude that patients with unstable angina pectoris have a similar outcome after
      two years whether they receive medical therapy alone or coronary bypass surgery
      plus medical therapy. However, patients with reduced left ventricular ejection
      fractions may have a better two-year survival rate after coronary bypass surgery.

PMID- 2882421
TI  - DNA replication: many strands converge.

PMID- 2882422
TI  - The cell-cycle regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for SV40
      DNA replication in vitro.
AB  - Cell-free extracts prepared from human 293 cells, supplemented with purified SV40
      large-T antigen, support replication of plasmids containing the SV40 origin of
      DNA replication. A cellular protein (Mr approximately 36,000) that is required
      for efficient SV40 DNA synthesis in vitro has been purified from these extracts.
      This protein is recognized by human autoantibodies and is identified as the cell
      cycle regulated protein known as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or
      cyclin.

PMID- 2882423
TI  - Cyclin/PCNA is the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-delta.
AB  - Identification of the cellular proteins whose expression is regulated during the
      cell cycle in normal cells is essential for understanding the mechanisms involved
      in the control of cell proliferation. A nuclear protein called cyclin of relative
      molecular mass 36,000 (Mr 36K), whose synthesis correlates with the proliferative
      state of the cell, has been identified in several cell types of human, mouse,
      hamster and avian origin. The rate of cyclin synthesis is very low in quiescent
      cells and increases several fold after serum stimulation shortly before DNA
      synthesis. Immunofluorescence and autoradiography studies have shown that the
      nuclear staining patterns of cyclin during S phase have a sequential order of
      appearance and a clear correlation can be found between DNA synthesis and cyclin
      positive nuclei. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin have
      many common properties and it has been shown that these two are identical.
      Recently a protein which is required by DNA polymerase-delta for its catalytic
      activity with templates having low primer/template ratios has been isolated from
      calf thymus. We report here that cyclin and the auxiliary protein of DNA
      polymerase-delta are identical.

PMID- 2882424
TI  - Functional identity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and a DNA polymerase
      delta auxiliary protein.
AB  - The mechanism of replication of the simian virus 40 (SV40) genome closely
      resembles that of cellular chromosomes, thereby providing an excellent model
      system for examining the enzymatic requirements for DNA replication. Only one
      viral gene product, the large tumour antigen (large-T antigen), is required for
      viral replication, so the majority of replication enzymes must be cellular.
      Indeed, a number of enzymatic activities associated with replication and the S
      phase of the cell cycle are induced upon SV40 infection. Cell-free extracts
      derived from human cells, when supplemented with immunopurified SV40 large-T
      antigen support efficient replication of plasmids that contain the SV40 origin of
      DNA replication. Using this system, a cellular protein of relative molecular mass
      36,000 (Mr = 36K) that is required for the elongation stage of SV40 DNA
      replication in vitro has been purified and identified as a known cell-cycle
      regulated protein, alternatively called the proliferating cell nuclear antigen
      (PCNA) or cyclin. It was noticed that, in its physical characteristics, PCNA
      closely resembles a protein that regulates the activity of calf thymus DNA
      polymerase-delta. Here we show that PCNA and the polymerase-delta auxiliary
      protein have similar electrophoretic behaviour and are both recognized by anti
      PCNA human autoantibodies. More importantly, both proteins are functionally
      equivalent; they stimulate SV40 DNA replication in vitro and increase the
      processivity of calf thymus DNA polymerase-delta. These results implicate a novel
      animal cell DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase-delta, in the elongation stage of
      replicative DNA synthesis in vitro.

PMID- 2882425
TI  - Cell biology. Cyclins in meiosis and mitosis.

PMID- 2882426
TI  - Relationship between the nerve action potential and transmitter release from
      sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals.
AB  - At the skeletal neuromuscular junction, electrophysiological methods have
      provided much useful information about the mechanisms involved in the release of
      transmitter. At the autonomic neuroeffector junction it has not been possible to
      carry out similar studies. Here we report a method of extracellular recording
      which allows simultaneous measurement of both the nerve action potential and
      transmitter release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals. We have
      confirmed that release is intermittent, but the importance of this new approach
      is that the relationship between the nerve terminal action potential and
      transmitter release can be studied unambiguously for the first time. Thus we are
      able to show unequivocally that intermittence is caused by a low probability of
      release in the invaded varicosity and not by failure of the action potential to
      invade the varicosity.

PMID- 2882427
TI  - Activation of NMDA receptors blocks GABAergic inhibition in an in vitro model of
      epilepsy.
AB  - The application of tetanic electrical stimuli to the stratum radiatum fibre
      pathway in the hippocampus in vitro produces an NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
      receptor-dependent enhancement of synaptic efficacy. Repeated application of such
      stimuli produces a progressive enhancement of synaptic efficacy leading to the
      genesis of spontaneous and stimulation-evoked epileptiform discharges. We have
      used this in vitro approach to explore the cellular mechanisms which underlie the
      kindling model of epilepsy. Kindling of the stratum radiatum fibre pathway in
      vitro induced a progressive, long-lasting reduction of both spontaneous and
      stimulation-evoked GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated) inhibitory
      postsynaptic potentials (i.p.s.ps). The reduction of i.p.s.ps by kindling was
      associated with a profound decrease in the sensitivity of CA1 pyramidal neurons
      to ionophoretically applied GABA and an increase in sensitivity to NMDA. The
      reduction of i.p.s.ps and GABA sensitivity was prevented by kindling in the
      presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV).
      These results demonstrate that kindling-like stimulus patterns produce a
      reduction of GABAergic inhibition in the hippocampus resulting from a stimulus
      induced postsynaptic activation of NMDA receptors. The modulation of GABAergic
      inhibition by NMDA receptors may cause the synaptic plasticity which underlies
      the kindling model of epilepsy.

PMID- 2882428
TI  - A single human gene encoding multiple tyrosine hydroxylases with different
      predicted functional characteristics.
AB  - Catecholaminergic systems in discrete regions of the brain are thought to be
      important in affective psychoses, learning and memory, reinforcement and sleep
      wake cycle regulation. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the first enzyme in the
      pathway of catecholamine synthesis. Its importance is reflected in the diversity
      of the mechanisms that have been described which control its activity; TH levels
      vary both during development and as a function of the activity of the nervous
      system. Recently, we deduced the complete amino-acid sequence of rat TH from a
      complementary DNA clone encoding a functional enzyme. Here we demonstrate that,
      in man, TH molecules are encoded by at least three distinct messenger RNAs. The
      expression of these mRNAs varies in different parts of the nervous system. The
      sequence differences observed are confined to the 5' termini of the messengers
      and involve alternative splicing events. This variation has clear functional
      consequences for each putative form of the enzyme and could represent a novel
      means of regulating catecholamine levels in normal and pathological neurons.

PMID- 2882429
TI  - Differences between the neuronal handling of 3H-7- and 3H-7,8-(-)noradrenaline:
      implications for the release of the labelled neurotransmitter by nerve
      stimulation.
AB  - Neighbouring rabbit aortic strips were exposed to a tracer concentration of 3H-7-
      or 3H-7,8-(-)noradrenaline (bearing 30-35% of its label in position 8) and to 0.5
      mumol/l unlabelled (-)noradrenaline for 60 min and then washed in amine-free
      Krebs solution. Catechol-O-methyl transferase and extraneuronal amine uptake were
      inhibited throughout. After 114 min of wash-out, the tissue contained less
      tritium when loaded with 3H-7-(-)noradrenaline than when loaded with 3H-7,8-(
      )noradrenaline, and the fractional rate of loss of tritium was greater for the
      former than for the latter tissues. In the presence of cocaine (to prevent
      neuronal re-uptake), the same percentage of tissue tritium was released by nerve
      stimulation (six consecutive periods of stimulation at 1 Hz for 5 min each) in
      spite of the above difference between tissue tritium levels of the two
      differently labelled amines. In the absence of cocaine, a higher percentage of
      tissue tritium was released by nerve stimulation (1 or 3 Hz, 5 min each) for 3H-7
      than 3H-7,8-(-)noradrenaline. Unchanged 3H-(-)noradrenaline amounted to 35% of
      tritium in the stimulation-evoked overflow for 3H-7- and to 50% for 3H-7,8-(
      )noradrenaline (frequency of stimulation, 1 Hz). When monoamine oxidase (MAO) was
      inhibited, no differences were observed between the neuronal handling of 3H-7-
      and 3H-7,8-(-)noradrenaline, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882430
TI  - [Drugs in migraine].

PMID- 2882431
TI  - [Migraine: diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapy].

PMID- 2882432
TI  - An integrative hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis and progression of
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Observations, in Alzheimer's disease, in the pattern of nerve cell damage and
      loss, the pathology, microchemistry and immunology of senile plaques and
      neurofibrillary tangles and alterations in blood vessels are drawn together into
      a hypothesis that attempts to explain the pathogenesis and progression of the
      disorder. At the heart of this hypothesis lies a defect in blood brain barrier
      function and/or structure within the cerebral cortex and this defect may be the
      cause of the cerebral vessel amyloidosis common in many patients with Alzheimer's
      disease. Age-related alterations in blood brain barrier allow for damage to nerve
      terminals and limited formation of senile plaques within cerebral cortex;
      neurofibrillary tangles are formed within cortical and subcortical nerve cells
      which project to or near damaged vessels/senile plaques. Uptake of "neurotoxin"
      at affected terminals and retrograde transport to perikarya causes
      neurofibrillary tangles to be formed; their accumulation leads to perikaryal
      changes culminating in cell death and loss. Loss of cells in cortically
      projecting areas of subcortex such as nucleus basalis, locus caeruleus and dorsal
      raphe, which terminate on cerebral vessels, causes further blood brain barrier
      dysfunction, new plaque formation and continued cell loss in cortex and
      subcortex. Once started, such a process could be self-perpetuating and the
      initial site of damage could lie within the amygdala/hippocampus with putative
      pathogenic agent accessing the brain via the olfactory pathways.

PMID- 2882433
TI  - Commentaries: The nose, aluminosilicates and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2882434
TI  - Hypophysectomy increases TYR-MIF-1-like immunoreactivity in rat plasma.
AB  - Complex interactions of the pituitary, hypothalamus, and pineal involving MIF-1
      (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) were shown many years ago. One of the largest changes consisted
      of increased amounts of an MIF-1-like material in the plasma of hypophysectomized
      rats as measured by the skin lightening of darkened frogs. The present study used
      radioimmunoassay to measure immunoreactive Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) in
      intact, hypophysectomized, pinealectomized, and superior cervical
      ganglionectomized (SCG) rats. Samples were collected every 4 h for 24 h. Plasma
      concentrations of Tyr-MIF-1-like immunoreactivity were higher in
      hypophysectomized rats and lower in pinealectomized rats than in the intact or
      SCG groups, which were not reliably different from each other. In most groups,
      the highest plasma concentrations appeared to occur about 04.00 h, a time at
      which brain concentrations of Tyr-MIF-1-like immunoreactivity were low. However,
      no diurnal rhythm in plasma was seen in the pinealectomized rats. At none of the
      times did brain concentrations of immunoreactive peptide differ among the four
      groups. By high-performance liquid chromatography of plasma, the main peak of
      immunoreactivity was found to elute at the same position as Tyr-MIF-1, supporting
      the natural occurrence of this tetrapeptide. Thus, this study demonstrates that
      the concentration of immunoreactive Tyr-MIF-1 in plasma is increased by
      hypophysectomy.

PMID- 2882435
TI  - Dopaminergic and cholinergic influences on the growth hormone response to growth
      hormone-releasing hormone in man.
AB  - It is well established that compounds that modify dopaminergic and cholinergic
      activity in man may induce changes in circulating growth hormone (GH). We have,
      therefore, investigated the effect of a dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, and a
      dopamine antagonist, domperidone, as well as a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist,
      pirenzepine, on the GH response to an analogue of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) in
      normal male subjects. GHRH(1-29)NH2 induced a rise in serum GH that was augmented
      by bromocriptine, antagonized by pirenzepine, but was unaltered by domperidone.
      As this dose of GHRH(1-29) NH2 has been shown to be maximally stimulatory to GH
      release, it is suggested that there are dopamine stimulatory and cholinergic
      inhibitory receptors to GH release independent of GHRH in man.

PMID- 2882436
TI  - Involvement of the locus coeruleus in the potentiation of the quipazine-induced
      head-twitch response by diazepam and beta-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Head-twitching in rats induced by quipazine was reduced by bilateral lesions of
      the locus coeruleus (LC) produced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Both beta 1-and beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonists potentiated the head-twitch induced by quipazine in sham
      operated controls. Lesions of the locus coeruleus increased the responses to the
      beta 1-adrenoceptor agonists, prenalterol and dobutamine, but reduced the
      response to the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists, salbutamol and procaterol. Diazepam
      (0.25 mg/kg) also potentiated the response to quipazine and this was reversed to
      inhibition by lesions of the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that the beta
      1-adrenoceptors involved are postsynaptic and the beta 2-adrenoceptors are
      presynaptic to neurones of the locus coeruleus and indicate a dual action of
      diazepam on the head-twitch induced by quipazine. Possible mechanisms for these
      effects are discussed.

PMID- 2882437
TI  - Effects of glutaminase inhibition on release of endogenous glutamic acid.
AB  - The effects of four inhibitors of glutamine hydrolysis on synaptosomes derived
      from several regions of the brain were studied. The calcium-specific release of
      endogenous glutamic acid was determined in the presence of varying concentrations
      of 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON), N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM), 2-chloroadenosine (2
      CA) or haloperidol. Both DON and NEM reduced the calcium-specific release in a
      concentration-dependent manner, equally in all regions tested. 2-Chloroadenosine
      also decreased release and the effect was most evident in the amygdala. As
      reported earlier, haloperidol blocked release of glutamic acid only in the
      amygdala. In synaptosomes from the amygdala, both DON and NEM failed to affect
      the calcium-specific release of aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine or serotonin at
      concentrations which reduced release of glutamate by 50%; NEM, but not DON,
      elevated the release of dopamine. Dopamine itself affected neither the release of
      glutamate nor its blockade by haloperidol even in extremely large concentrations.

PMID- 2882439
TI  - Selective beta-antagonists are equally and highly potent at 5-HT sites in the rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and various tryptamine-related drugs were
      equi-potent to known beta-antagonists in competition experiments of 125Iodo
      cyanopindolol binding in the rat hippocampus. IC50 values for all the tryptamine
      related drugs (5,7-DHT, 5-MT, 5-MEO, DMT) were very similar to those obtained for
      (-)-propranolol, (+/-)-cyanopindolol, zinterol and atenolol and were all in the
      nanomolar range. Saturation experiments demonstrated that in the rat hippocampus,
      a subpopulation of serotonin recognition sites comprised 50% of 125I-CYP binding.
      The KD was 140 +/- 30 pM and the Bmax was 71 +/- 7 fmole/mg protein. This
      suggests that 125I-CYP binding studies for the quantitation of beta-adrenergic
      receptors should be re-evaluated and caution should be exercised in the choice of
      the displacing agent for the definition of non-specific binding. (+/-)
      [125Iodo]cyanopindolol (I-CYP) has been used as a radioligand which binds with
      high affinity and specificity to beta-adrenoceptors (Engel, Hoyer, Berthold and
      Wagner, 1981). The reported low dissociation constant (27-40 pM) of 125I-CYP for
      beta-adrenoceptors in various tissues, in combination with its high specific
      radioactivity (2175 Ci mmole-1) allowed binding studies to be carried out with
      low protein and ligand concentrations. These factors have established 125I-CYP as
      the choice ligand for the quantitation of beta-adrenoceptors in our laboratory
      (Edwards and Henn, 1985).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882438
TI  - Effects of dihydrokainic acid on extracellular amino acids and neuronal
      excitability in the in vivo rat hippocampus.
AB  - The effect of inhibition of the high-affinity uptake of glutamate on the
      extracellular concentration of amino acids and on neuronal excitability was
      studied in vivo in the hippocampus of the rat. The dentate gyrus or CA1 field
      were perfused through a dialytrode with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate or dihydrokainic
      acid solutions. The spontaneous electrical activity and evoked field potentials
      were recorded concomitantly at dendritic or somatic levels. The results showed
      that with dihydrokainic acid: the extracellular concentrations of both glutamate
      and taurine were markedly increased in both areas of the hippocampus, the
      response of taurine being greater in CA1, while other amino acids were
      unaffected; in the dentate gyrus, the field excitatory postsynaptic potential was
      decreased while the population spikes were augmented, indicating an increased
      excitability of the neuronal population. In CA1, both the excitatory postsynaptic
      potential and spikes were reduced in amplitude. These results indicate that
      changes in the extracellular concentration of endogenous glutamate influences
      excitability of the tissue and that inhibition of the uptake processes for
      putative amino acid neurotransmitters increases the postsynaptic action of
      synaptically-released endogenous amino acids.

PMID- 2882440
TI  - Effect of pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions on somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity in rat cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Somatostatin is a neuropeptide that in several experimental models of epilepsy
      has been suggested to modulate epileptic activity. The purpose of the present
      study was to investigate the role of somatostatin in seizure phenomena. We
      measured the somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) by radioimmunoassay of the
      cisternal CSF of rats. A polyethylene cannula had before-hand been inserted into
      the cisterna magna. Thereafter seizures were induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ).
      The nonconvulsive group of rats received a single subconvulsive dose of PTZ (30
      mg/kg, i.p.). This group of rats exhibited only clonic jerks but not generalized
      clonic-tonic convulsion (GC). The CSF samples were taken 2 and 10 minutes after
      the jerks began. The convulsive group of rats received a single convulsive dose
      of PTZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.), and each of those animals had GC. From those rats the
      CSF samples were collected 5, 30, and 60 minutes and 4 and 24 h after the GC
      began. The values were compared with the SLI levels in controls, from which CSF
      was collected 10 minutes after injection of 0.9% NaCl. In the convulsion group
      the SLI levels increased 241% (p less than 0.01) five minutes after GC and
      returned to control level in 30 minutes. In the nonconvulsion group, where the
      rats expressed only jerks but not GC, SLI levels remained constant. These data
      suggest that somatostatin is released into CSF after the generalized clonic-tonic
      phase of the PTZ-induced convulsion.

PMID- 2882441
TI  - Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase activity in human cerebrospinal fluid decreases with
      age.
AB  - The activity of pyroglutamate aminopeptidase, the major enzyme catalyzing
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) metabolism in human CSF, decreased with age.
      This decrement is not due to age-dependent appearance of any enzyme inhibitor in
      CSF. The results of these studies underline the importance of using age-matched
      controls in assessing abnormalities of TRH metabolism in CSF during disease
      states.

PMID- 2882442
TI  - Neuromediator sensitivity of neurons of reticular formation and orbital cortex in
      fasted and fed rabbits.

PMID- 2882444
TI  - Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus: induction and increased glutamate
      release are blocked by D(-)aminophosphonovalerate.
AB  - D(-)Aminophosphonovalerate, a specific antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate
      subtype of glutamate receptor, was perfused through a push-pull cannula into the
      dentate gyrus of rats anaesthetized with urethan in order to observe its effect
      on the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation and on the increase in
      release of endogenous glutamate associated with long-term potentiation. The
      amplitude of the population spike evoked by single test shocks to the perforant
      path was significantly depressed by 100 microM D(-)aminophosphonovalerate, but
      there was a minimal effect on the slope of the population excitatory postsynaptic
      potential, or on the concentration of glutamate released into the perfusate. A
      brief high-intensity tetanus given to the perforant path while D(-)aminophosphono
      valerate was being perfused failed to induce long-term potentiation or the
      sustained increase in glutamate release associated with long-term potentiation.
      Short-term post-tetanic potentiation was not affected. After wash-out of D(
      )aminophosphonovalerate, a second high-frequency train produced both long-term
      potentiation and an increase in glutamate release which was sustained for the
      subsequent 1 h period of observation. D(-)Aminophosphonovalerate did not suppress
      long-term potentiation once it had been induced. D(-)Aminophosphonovalerate (100
      microM) did not itself affect in vivo release of glutamate. However, in a
      separate series of in vitro experiments, D(-)aminophosphonovalerate at
      concentrations of 50 microM and above was found to depress the Ca2+ -dependent,
      K+-stimulated release of preloaded [14C]-glutamate from dentate slices.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882443
TI  - A detailed mapping of dopamine D-2 receptors in rat central nervous system by
      autoradiography with [125I]iodosulpride.
AB  - The benzamide derivative [125I]iodosulpride was used to generate light
      microscopic autoradiograms on sections of rat brain and spinal cord. Sites
      specifically labelled by [125I]iodosulpride over a low background correspond to
      dopamine D-2 receptors as shown by their pharmacology established by
      densitometric analysis of 11 typical areas from autoradiograms generated in the
      presence of five dopamine-competing agents. An atlas of D-2 receptors was
      established using 1 horizontal, 6 sagittal and 30 frontal sections, the latter
      serially prepared at 0.5-1 mm intervals. Labelled areas were identified by
      comparison with corresponding, classically stained sections. When their density,
      rated according to an arbitrary scale, was then compared to that previously
      reported for dopamine innervation, evaluated from distributional maps of dopamine
      histofluorescence or tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, three situations were
      found. In areas corresponding to cells of origin and established projection
      fields of the mesostriatal, mesolimbocortical, diencephalospinal and
      periglomerular systems the density of D-2 receptors generally paralleled that of
      dopamine innervation. D-2 receptors in substantia nigra (pars compacta or
      reticulata) and ventral tegmental area were strongly reduced after injections of
      the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle, suggesting
      their major localization on dendrites and perikarya of dopamine neurons. Most
      other described dopamine cell group areas also contained D-2 receptors. In
      contrast many areas without established dopamine innervation contained D-2
      receptors, sometimes in high density. This was the case for large areas of the
      cerebral cortex (layers I-III and V-VI) outside the established projection fields
      of the mesocortical system, the cerebellum (moleculare layer and dense patches
      within lobule 9), the hippocampal formation (lacunosum moleculare layer), several
      septal, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, large tectal areas, numerous brainstem
      areas (including cranial nerve nuclei), etc. This situation might correspond to
      areas with minor and still undetected dopamine innervation or to a localization
      of D-2 receptors on cells (or cell parts) not receiving dopamine inputs. Finally
      several well-established dopaminergic areas did not reveal any D-2 receptor
      labelling. This was particularly the case in the hypothalamus (areas of origin or
      termination of the tuberohypophyseal and incertohypothalamic dopamine systems)
      but also in the hippocampal formation (alveus, fimbria, hilus dentate gyrus),
      amygdaloid complex (anterior, basolateral, medial nuclei).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2882446
TI  - Region-specific loss of glutamate innervation in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Synaptosomal D-aspartate has been used as a marker for glutamate neurons in
      control and in postmortem Alzheimer's disease brains. This technique shows a
      marked (60%) decrease of the glutamate uptake site in cortical and hippocampal
      regions. There were no significant changes in subcortical regions. We interpret
      these results as indicating loss of, or damage to, cortical glutamatergic
      innervation. These losses probably represent the biochemical correlate of
      pyramidal neuron damage in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2882445
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide facilitates the late component of the 5
      hydroxytryptamine-induced discharge in the cat superior cervical ganglion.
AB  - The intra-arterial administration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP, 1-10
      micrograms, i.a.) to the cat superior cervical ganglion facilitated or unmasked
      the late component but not the early component of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT,
      0.5-50 micrograms, i.a.)-induced postganglionic discharge. The facilitation
      occurred in acutely and chronically decentralized ganglia. The early and late 5
      HT discharges were blocked by MDL-72222, a 5-HT antagonist, but not by
      cholinergic antagonists. These data together with previous observations indicate
      that VIP selectively facilitates slow cholinergic and non-cholinergic excitatory
      mechanisms in autonomic ganglia.

PMID- 2882447
TI  - Excitatory amino acids increase glycogen phosphorylase activity in the rat spinal
      cord.
AB  - Glycogen phosphorylase is present in nervous tissue in an active and inactive
      form. Using a histochemical technique, an investigation into which putative
      neurotransmitters have the capacity to modify the activity of the enzyme, has
      been performed on the rat spinal cord. Intrathecal injections of L-glutamate and
      L-aspartate elevate glycogen phosphorylase activity in the dorsal horn, while
      substance P has no effect and only high doses of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      increase the enzyme activity. In addition the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
      antagonist, 5-amino-phosphonovaleric acid was found to block the elevation of
      glycogen phosphorylase activity in the dorsal horn produced by the peripheral
      activation of chemo-sensitive primary afferents. Excitatory amino-acid
      neurotransmitters can therefore, acting via second messengers and protein
      kinases, modify glycogen metabolism in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2882448
TI  - Subchronic haloperidol and sulpiride treatment induces region-specific changes in
      tissue levels of putative amino acid transmitters in rat brain.
AB  - The effect of 10 days treatment with haloperidol (0.5 or 2 mg/kg/day) or
      sulpiride (10 or 100 mg/kg/day) on regional brain tissue levels of GABA,
      glutamate, aspartate and glutamine was studied in the rat. The GABA levels were
      increased in the nucleus (nuc.) accumbens and striatum by haloperidol, but not by
      sulpiride. The glutamate and glutamine levels were increased in the nuc.
      accumbens by both drugs. The aspartate levels were increased in the nuc.
      accumbens by sulpiride. Tissue levels of all 4 amino acids studied remained
      unchanged in the substantia nigra following the drug treatment. These results
      indicate that dopaminergic activity has a region-specific influence on the
      utilization of aspartate, glutamate and GABA in rat brain.

PMID- 2882449
TI  - Neuroendocrine and sympathoadrenal response to anesthetics and related drugs.

PMID- 2882450
TI  - Biochemical mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity of methylmercury.
AB  - Methylmercury has been designated a "behavioral teratogen" because of its ability
      to evoke abnormalities in the absence of gross morphological damage to the
      developing brain. Recent work indicates that exposure to doses of methylmercury
      associated with neurobehavioral actions causes early alterations in brain
      ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme whose activity is related to the coordination
      of cellular maturation. These effects are followed by regionally-targeted
      perturbation of cell replication and differentiation, indicated by measurements
      of nucleic acid and protein synthesis and levels. Neurobehavioral disturbances
      are associated with postnatal alterations in synaptogenesis and synaptic
      activity, as exemplified by studies in catecholaminergic pathways. Thus,
      methylmercury alters neurotransmitter uptake and turnover in presynaptic
      terminals, as well as development of postsynaptic adrenergic receptor binding
      sites. These changes result in aberrant signal transmission across the synapse,
      with consequent effects on synaptic function and ultimately on the communication
      of trophic developmental signals which ordinarily pass from neuron to target
      tissue. Although the specific linkages among the various biochemical effects of
      developmental exposure to methylmercury remain to be elucidated, studies of this
      type can serve as a model with which to understand the subcellular mechanisms
      underlying behavioral teratogenesis.

PMID- 2882452
TI  - Giving meperidine for pain: should it be so mechanical?

PMID- 2882451
TI  - Slow-acting anti-rheumatic drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis is a disorder that frequently can be controlled with a
      program of physical therapy, rest and therapeutic doses of aspirin or another
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication. However, some patients' diseases are
      not controlled on this regimen. These patients are candidates for therapy with
      slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs. This article discusses the indications for use
      of these medications as well as the potential benefits and adverse drug reactions
      commonly associated with their use.

PMID- 2882453
TI  - Synthesis of the Congress' work and future perspectives.

PMID- 2882454
TI  - Mitogenic factor for T inducer/helper cells in Entamoeba histolytica extracts.

PMID- 2882455
TI  - Clinical significance of determination of urinary proteins in epidemic
      hemorrhagic fever.

PMID- 2882456
TI  - Hereditary cataract. Perspective for prenatal screening.
AB  - The possibility that defects in lenticular proteins are one cause of hereditary
      cataract is discussed. Possible mutant loci for such proteins can be detected by
      linkage to restriction fragment length polymorphisms within or around these loci.
      In a family in which a Coppock cataract occurs, close linkage between the locus
      for this cataract and the gamma-crystallin gene cluster was found. The
      restriction fragment length polymorphism within the gamma-crystallin gene family
      is sufficiently informative to allow prenatal diagnosis of this disease within
      this family.

PMID- 2882457
TI  - A genetic linkage study of choroideremia.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-two members of 15 choroideremia families have been used in
      a genetic linkage study of choroideremia (TCD) using four DNA probes situated on
      the X chromosome. Linkage was analysed using DNA probes DXS14 (p58-1), DXYS1 (pDP
      34), DXS178 (p212) and DXS177 (lambda 2.7). Statistically significant linkage was
      demonstrated with DXYS1 (theta = 0.00, lod 4.95), in agreement with the findings
      of Nussbaum et al. (1985). Evidence consistent with loose linkage to TCD was also
      found with DXS14 (theta = 0.31, lod 0.23), DXS178 (theta = 0.18, lod 1.41) and
      DXS177 (theta = 0.27, lod 0.20). The results suggest that TCD is located in the
      region Xq13-q21. Probe DXYS1 is likely to prove useful in the prenatal diagnosis
      of this condition.

PMID- 2882458
TI  - Choroideremia in interstitial deletion of the X chromosome.
AB  - An earlier reported family with a deletion of the proximal long arm of the X
      chromosome was reinvestigated with special attention to the presence of
      choroideremia. Two females were identified as carriers of choroideremia while a
      tapeto-retinal dystrophy was ascertained in a mentally retarded boy. RFLP
      analysis revealed that the interstitial deletion covered the locus DXYS1 and not
      DXS17. Chromosome studies indicated a deletion within the Xq21 area.

PMID- 2882459
TI  - Is written informed consent needed for antipsychotics?

PMID- 2882460
TI  - [Surgical aspects of hormone therapy in cryptorchism].
AB  - 46 boys were sent for operation and have been treated primary with LH-RH nasal
      spray. Only 5 boys (10.9%) achieved permanent scrotal position. (Follow up time
      15.8 months). Nevertheless we could see during hormonal treatment clinical
      improvement of testicular position in 46.8%. Partial mobilisation can improve the
      result of the operation. Enlargement of hypoplastic genitalia is a positive side
      effect of hormonal therapy. Poor results from hormonal therapy have boys with
      congenital anomalies as hypoplastic genitalia, intraabdominal or intracanalicular
      position of testis and combinations with other malformations. Better results from
      hormonal therapy have testes in a low position with normal developed external
      genitalia.

PMID- 2882461
TI  - Comparative inflammatory reactions in mice and hamsters to Entamoeba histolytica.

PMID- 2882463
TI  - [SIN-1 interactions with the generation of cyclic nucleotides and arachidonate
      oxide metabolites in the uterine muscle].
AB  - In the uterine smooth muscle, SIN-1 stimulated cGMP accumulation independently of
      the presence of Ca2+ and activated the soluble form of guanylate-cyclase through
      mechanisms apparently similar to those involved in the stimulations evoked by NO
      containing compounds. These activations appear different from those induced by
      hydroperoxy-unsaturated fatty acids and which contribute to the carbachol
      mediated cGMP accumulation. SIN-1 did not influence the rise in cAMP of the
      biosynthesis of PG1(2) and 12-HETE due to exogenous arachidonic acid. By
      contrast, SIN-1 markedly inhibited the increased synthesis of PG1(2) induced by
      the ionophore A23187 which was due to a prior, Ca2+-dependent, liberation of
      endogenous arachidonic acid. The data suggests an interference of SIN-1 with the
      generation and/or the expression of the Ca2+ signal.

PMID- 2882462
TI  - [Comparison of the effects of SIN-1, sodium nitroprusside and nitrate derivatives
      on the inhibition of blood platelet aggregation and activation of soluble
      platelet guanylate-cyclase].
AB  - We compared the effects of various nitrates, sodium nitroprusside (SNP),
      molsidomine, and its bioactive metabolite SIN-1, on platelet aggregation and on
      the activity of soluble guanylate-cyclase from human platelets. SIN-1 and SNP
      proved to be potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation and activated soluble
      guanylate-cyclase in contrast to nitrates and molsidomine which produced weak
      inhibition of aggregation and failed to activate soluble guanylate-cyclase. These
      results suggest a correlation between these products' inhibitory effect on
      aggregation and activation of guanylate-cyclase.

PMID- 2882464
TI  - [Pathophysiology of the nervous system].

PMID- 2882465
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of pertussis: the state of the art.

PMID- 2882466
TI  - Influence of isoproterenol on plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide
      and plasma vasopressin in the anesthetized rabbit.
AB  - Changes in levels of plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (IR-ANP)
      were measured in response to administration of isoproterenol in the anesthetized,
      vagotomized rabbit. A dose-dependent increase in plasma IR-ANP was seen in
      response to 10 min isoproterenol infusions between 0.1 and 10.0
      micrograms/kg/min. The time course of these responses showed the maximum levels
      of IR-ANP to be attained 10 min after the cessation of infusion. In rabbits in
      which plasma vasopressin (AVP) levels were also measured, the maximum levels of
      AVP were attained during the infusion period. There was no correlation between
      levels of AVP and IR-ANP suggesting that AVP released into the plasma did not
      affect directly the release of IR-ANP. The changes in IR-ANP in response to
      isoproterenol were significantly reduced in rabbits which had been administered
      the beta-1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, atenolol. In six rabbits in which the
      vagi remained intact, the increases in IR-ANP were reduced and became significant
      only with 10 micrograms/kg/min isoproterenol infusion. The results demonstrate
      that isoproterenol infusion increases the level of plasma IR-ANP in the
      anesthetized rabbit and suggest that this is through an effect on the heart
      rather than on peripheral vessels.

PMID- 2882467
TI  - Tight linkage of glnA and a putative regulatory gene in Rhizobium leguminosarum.
AB  - Rhizobium leguminosarum, biovar viceae, strain RCC1001 contains two glutamine
      synthetase activities, GSI and GSII. We report here the identification of glnA,
      the structural gene for GSI. A 2 kb fragment of DNA was shown to complement the
      Gln- phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae glnA mutant strains. DNA sequence
      analysis revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 469 codons specifying a
      polypeptide of 52,040 daltons. Its deduced amino acid sequence was found to be
      highly homologous to other glutamine synthetase sequences. This ORF was expressed
      in Escherichia coli minicells and the corresponding polypeptide reacted with an
      antiserum raised against GSI. Upstream of glnA we found an ORF of 111 codons
      (ORF111) preceded by the consensus sequence for an ntrA-dependent promoter.
      Minicells experiments showed a protein band, with a molecular weight in good
      agreement with that (10,469) deduced from the nucleotide sequence. On the basis
      of homology studies we discuss the possibility that the product of ORF111 is
      equivalent to the PII protein of E. coli and plays a similar role in regulation
      of nitrogen metabolism.

PMID- 2882468
TI  - Correlation of the physical and genetic maps in the lin-12 region of
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - We describe the assembly of a set of overlapping clones from the lin-12 III
      chromosomal region that spans approximately 600 kb, and the identification of two
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms, eP6 and eP7, that flank the lin-12
      locus. A comparison of the physical map and the genetic map yields approximate
      measurements of 930 kb/map unit for the eP6--lin-12 interval and 830 kb/map unit
      for the lin-12--eP7 interval. We interpret these values as supporting the
      proposal that the apparent clustering of genes observed for C. elegans autosomes
      results from decreased recombination frequency in clusters and not from nonrandom
      distribution of genes on the physical map.

PMID- 2882470
TI  - Bgl II polymorphic site upstream to the human complement component C4A gene.

PMID- 2882471
TI  - An anonymous single copy genomic probe (D8S9) (CW1) detects RFLP on chromosome 8.

PMID- 2882469
TI  - Identification and cell type specificity of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene
      promoter.
AB  - Genomic DNA encoding the rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene was isolated from a
      lambda phage library using a nick-translated fragment from a cDNA clone for rat
      TH. We have determined the initiation site for TH RNA synthesis and have
      sequenced 1100 bases of the primary transcript and 5' flanking region. The 5' end
      of the transcript is the same in several rat tissues in which TH is expressed as
      well as in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC). RNA prepared from PC cells that had
      been stimulated with dexamethasone also mapped to the same transcription start
      site. Sequence upstream from the initiation site contains the canonical TATA box,
      but no apparent CAAT box. When a portion of the 5' flanking region of the TH gene
      (-773 to + 27) is fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, it
      promotes expression of CAT in pheochromocytoma cells and GH4 cells, but not in
      two neural tumour lines, RT4-D and B103, nor in several non neural cell lines.
      This suggests that this region of the TH gene has features that confer tissue
      restricted expression on the TH promoter.

PMID- 2882472
TI  - A TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the Hox-2.1 locus cosegregates
      with the Dlb-1 locus on mouse chromosome 11.

PMID- 2882473
TI  - Human cDNA probe (OL11) detects RFLP on chromosome 12 (D12S10).

PMID- 2882475
TI  - Frequent RFLP recognised by an anonymous sequence localised to 11q13 - q14
      [D11S.3.7.(E79)].

PMID- 2882474
TI  - Human cDNA probe (cCW147) detects RFLP on chromosome 5 (D5S9).

PMID- 2882476
TI  - Mapping of DNA markers close to the fragile site on the human X chromosome at
      Xq27.3.
AB  - We report the identification of a new RFLP detected by the DNA probe MN12, which
      is linked to both the fragile site on the X chromosome at Xq27.3 and the highly
      polymorphic locus detected by St14 (DXS52). In situ mapping confirms the
      localisation of MN12 distal to the fragile site. A detailed physical analysis of
      this region of the X chromosome using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis has shown
      that MN12, St14 and DX13 (DXS15) are physically linked within a region of 470kb.
      A long range restriction map around the MN12 locus reveals at least two candidate
      HTF islands, suggesting the existence of expressed sequences in this region.

PMID- 2882477
TI  - The complete nucleotide sequence of the glnALG operon of Escherichia coli K12.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the E. coli glnALG operon has been determined. The
      glnL (ntrB) and glnG (ntrC) genes present a high homology, at the nucleotide and
      aminoacid levels, with the corresponding genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The
      predicted aminoacid sequence for glutamine synthetase allowed us to locate some
      of the enzyme domains. The structure of this operon is discussed.

PMID- 2882478
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the 5S ribosomal RNA of Actinia equina and Sepia
      officinalis.

PMID- 2882480
TI  - A single copy subclone, p1-101, from cosmid 3-3B, defines three RFLPs on 10pter
      q23 [HGM9 no. D10S4].

PMID- 2882479
TI  - Human LDL receptor gene: two ApaLI RFLPs.

PMID- 2882482
TI  - Presence of a Hind III polymorphism in the J alpha region of the human TcR-alpha
      locus.

PMID- 2882481
TI  - Two RFLPs identified by an anonymous sequence (D7S19) (pTS119) from chromosome 7.

PMID- 2882483
TI  - A PvuII RFLP detected in the human prion protein (PrP) gene.

PMID- 2882484
TI  - Isolation of a polymorphic DNA sequence pJSB11 (D19S16) from the human chromosome
      19cen-q13.2 region linked to the myotonic dystrophy (DM) gene.

PMID- 2882485
TI  - A locus at 19cen-19q13.2 (D19S15) containing three RFLPs linked to myotonic
      dystrophy (DM) is recognized by probe pJSB6.

PMID- 2882486
TI  - PstI RFLP in the human hexosaminidase (HEXB) gene on chromosome 5.

PMID- 2882488
TI  - Bgl II RFLP recognized by a human IRBP cDNA localized to chromosome 10.

PMID- 2882487
TI  - A BamHI RFLP at the Pim-1 locus on mouse chromosome 17.

PMID- 2882489
TI  - Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of rat PCNA/cyclin cDNA.
AB  - The 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen' (PCNA), also known as cyclin,
      accumulates in the nuclei of dividing and transformed cells and reacts with
      autoantibodies from certain lupus patients. A full-length cDNA (1195 bp) clone
      encoding PCNA/cyclin was isolated from rat thymocyte cDNA library. The nucleotide
      sequence reveals an open reading frame of 783 nucleotides coding for 28.7 kD
      protein. The predicted amino acid sequence and composition are in excellent
      agreement with the published protein data of rabbit PCNA. We report the entire
      nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and complete amino acid sequence for rat
      PCNA/cyclin.

PMID- 2882490
TI  - A most primitive primodial gene as a building block of the genes for the
      adenylate kinase, F1-ATPase subunits (epsilon and gamma), aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetase, and core enzyme subunits.
AB  - Internal homology units of F1-ATPase epsilon and gamma subunits were searched by
      computer-aided methods. The epsilon in E. coli (EC) and maize chloroplast (Ch1)
      was found to consist of three homologous domains, named domains I, II and III
      (amino acids 1-47, 48-95 and 96-139 for EC). The gamma in E. coli was
      demonstrated to have at least six homologous domains, tentatively named here
      domains I-III and V-VII (I = aa 1-23, II = 26-69, III = 71-112, V = 150-192, VI =
      196-242, VII = 285-329), with leaving a region IV (113-149) unclassified.
      Adenylate kinases (AK's) in pig and E. coli were found to have three internal
      homology units, named I, I' and II (I = aa 1-47, I' = 48-79, II = 80-124 for
      pig). Statistical evaluations and dot matrix analyses at both base and amino acid
      sequence levels have confirmed that all of these repeating units, being about 46
      amino acids long, are homologous with one another. Of these, epsilon III, II,
      gamma VII and AK II domains were most conservative and some of them showed
      homology to core enzyme alpha and an internal repeating unit of tryptophanyl-tRNA
      synthetase (Trp-RS). Thus these homology unit-encoding gene segments must be
      relics of a primodial gene.

PMID- 2882491
TI  - Circular dichroism analyses of tRNA X protein interactions.
AB  - The interactions of tRNA species with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and polypeptide
      chain elongation factor Tu from Thermus thermophilus HB8 were studied by the
      analyses mainly of the circular dichroism band of 2-thioribothymidine in position
      54 of T. thermophilus tRNA species.

PMID- 2882492
TI  - Initial management of adolescent overdoses.
AB  - A retrospective study of pediatric patients presenting to a community hospital
      emergency department with acute intentional toxidromes was conducted. The
      characteristics of these patients and their initial medical management were
      reviewed. Forty-six patients were included in this study with 35 recreational
      overdoses and 11 suicide attempts or gestures. The mean age of these patients was
      15.8 (range 10 to 18 years). The most commonly abused substance was ethanol,
      followed in frequency by benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Initial management
      centered on active airway management, gastrointestinal decontamination, and
      extended observation. Ten patients were intubated, lavaged, extubated, and
      subsequently discharged from the emergency department. Only one patient required
      hospital admission. The value of toxicologic screens, emergency department
      endotracheal intubations, gastric lavage, and charcoal/cathartic therapy is
      discussed.

PMID- 2882493
TI  - Inhibitory influences of MIF-1 (PLG) and Tyr-MIF-1 (YPLG) on aggression and
      defeat-induced analgesia in mice.
AB  - The effects of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (MIF-1, PLG), tyrosine-prolyl-leucyl
      glycinamide (Tyr-MIF-1, YPLG) and the exogenous opiate antagonist, naloxone, on
      aggressive interactions and defeat-induced analgesia were examined in male mice.
      All three substances reduced the number of bites required to obtain defeat in
      subordinate mice during aggressive encounters, as well as blocking subsequent
      defeat-induced analgesia. Tyr-MIF-1 had significantly greater inhibitory effects
      than MIF. These results suggest that both MIF and Tyr-MIF-1 may function as
      endogenous opioid antagonists and have inhibitory influences on aggression, with
      the antagonistic effects of Tyr-MIF-1 being more potent than those of MIF-1.

PMID- 2882494
TI  - Influence of centrally administered peptides on ear withdrawal from heat in the
      rabbit.
AB  - Certain neuropeptides previously linked to stress and implicated in CNS control
      of analgesia/algesia were tested using a recently developed analgesiometric
      model, the rabbit ear-withdrawal test. The latency to ear withdrawal increased in
      a dose-related manner after beta-endorphin was injected intracerebroventricularly
      (IVC). Intermediate doses (0.5 and 1.0 micrograms) of adrenocorticotropic hormone
      (ACTH) caused hyperalgesia as indicated by decreases in latency. Corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF, 0.5 and 1.0 micrograms) also caused significant
      hyperalgesia late in the testing period. alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone
      (alpha-MSH, 0.25-2.0 micrograms), a molecule that shares the first 13 amino acid
      sequence with ACTH, and somatostatin (0.25-2.0 micrograms), caused no significant
      change in latency. However, 1.0 microgram doses of each peptide antagonized the
      analgesic effect of beta-endorphin (1.0 microgram) in the following order of
      potency: ACTH = alpha-MSH greater than CRF greater than somatostatin. The results
      support the idea that CNS peptides that are released during stress can exert
      opposing actions on acute pain, even though they may cause little effect alone.

PMID- 2882495
TI  - Characterization of pancreatic somatostatin binding sites with a 125I
      somatostatin 28 analog.
AB  - Somatostatin binding to guinea pig pancreatic acinar cell plasma membranes was
      characterized with an iodinated stable analog of somatostatin 28 (S28): 125I
      [Leu8,DTrp22,Tyr25]S28. The binding was highly dependent on calcium ions. In 0.2
      mM free Ca2+ medium, binding at 37 degrees C was saturable, slowly reversible and
      exhibited a single class of high affinity binding sites (KD = 0.05 +/- 0.01 nM,
      Bmax = 157 +/- 33 fmol/mg protein). Dissociation of bound radioactivity occurred
      with biphasic kinetics. Rate of dissociation increased when dissociation was
      measured at a time before equilibrium binding was reached. In 30 nM free Ca2+
      medium, binding affinity and maximal binding capacity were decreased by about 4
      fold. Decreasing calcium concentrations increased the amount of rapidly
      dissociating form of the receptor. Somatostatin 14 antagonist, Des AA1,2[AzaAla4
      5,DTrp8, Phe12-13]-somatostatin was active at the membrane level in inhibiting
      the binding. We conclude that using 125I-[Leu8,DTrp22,Tyr25]S28 as radioligand
      allows us to characterize a population of specific somatostatin receptors which
      are not different from those we previously described with the radioligand 125I
      [Tyr11]-somatostatin. Somatostatin receptors could exist in two interconvertible
      forms. Calcium ions are an essential component in the regulation of the
      conformational change of somatostatin receptors.

PMID- 2882496
TI  - Cutaneous changes associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease often begins during adolescence, but may affect
      younger children. Associated skin lesions are not uncommon. Occasionally,
      cutaneous alterations may precede the onset of signs or symptoms of the
      gastrointestinal disorder. Erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum are the most
      common associated specific skin changes, but numerous others may be found.
      Although the skin condition often responds to treatment of the bowel, it may
      require additional therapy.

PMID- 2882497
TI  - [Pain and neuroregulators].

PMID- 2882498
TI  - Postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors in human superficial epigastric arteries and
      veins.
AB  - A pharmacological characterization of the postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors in
      human superficial epigastric artery and vein was performed, using several alpha
      adrenoceptor subtype selective agonists, and the antagonists prazosin (alpha 1)
      and rauwolscine (alpha 2). In the arteries prazosin fulfilled the criteria for a
      competitive antagonism in concentrations 10(-9)-10(-7) M, giving a pA2-value of
      9.17 in the Schild plot. Rauwolscine in concentrations 10(-8)-10(-6) M caused
      less pronounced but significant dextral shifts of the noradrenaline (NA)
      concentration-response curves. In the veins rauwolscine behaved like a
      competitive antagonist (10(-8)-10(-7) M). The pA2-value was 9.16. Prazosin 10(-9)
      M displaced the NA concentration-response curve, but higher concentrations (10(
      8) and 10(-7) M) caused no further displacement. Prazosin reduced the Emax-values
      in the veins. In the arteries the rank order of potency for the agonists was:
      cirazoline (alpha 1) greater than NA greater than naphazoline (alpha 2) greater
      than guanfacine (alpha 2) greater than phenylephrine (alpha 1). The intrinsic
      activities of clonidine (alpha 2), ST 587 (alpha 1), B-HT 920 (alpha 2) and B-HT
      933 (alpha 2) were too low to allow meaningful comparisons to be made. The rank
      order of potency in the veins was: NA greater than clonidine (alpha 2) greater
      than naphazoline (alpha 2) greater than guanfacine (alpha 2) greater than
      phenylephrine (alpha 1) greater than B-HT 920 (alpha 2) greater than cirazoline
      (alpha 1) greater than B-HT 933 (alpha 2). The intrinsic activity of ST 587 was
      low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882499
TI  - [Fetal alcoholism. A biological marker, gamma-glutamyltransferase].

PMID- 2882500
TI  - [A case of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with periarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2882501
TI  - Effects of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade on plasma
      insulin levels in the mouse.
AB  - Stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors is known to inhibit insulin secretion under a
      variety of conditions. In this study, the question of whether these alpha
      adrenoceptors are of the alpha 1- or the alpha 2-subtype was investigated in the
      mouse. The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (0.05-50 nmol/kg) was
      found to markedly inhibit the insulin secretory response to both glucose and the
      cholinergic agonist carbachol. This inhibition of insulin secretion was
      counteracted by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (2.6 mumol/kg), but
      not by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (2.6 mumol/kg). In contrast,
      the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (0.05-50 nmol/kg) did not affect
      the insulin secretory response to either glucose or carbachol. Moreover, both
      yohimbine and prazosin increased basal plasma insulin levels. It is concluded
      that alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade is followed by enhancement of
      basal plasma insulin levels in the mouse, whereas alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulation but not alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation impairs the insulin
      secretory response to glucose and carbachol.

PMID- 2882502
TI  - Effect of circulating somatostatin on exocrine pancreatic secretion in conscious
      dogs.
AB  - We determined the effects of exogenous somatostatin-14 (100 and 200 ng/kg/h;
      mimicking postprandial somatostatin concentrations) on pancreatic responses to a
      background infusion of secretion in combination with graded doses of CCK-8 in
      conscious dogs with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulas. The lower dose of
      somatostatin-14 (S-14), which produced S-14 plasma levels lower than measured
      after a meal, did not change basal or stimulated pancreatic secretion. The upper
      dose of S-14, which produced plasma S-14 concentrations slightly above the
      postprandial range, caused inhibition of pancreatic fluid and protein secretion
      to low doses of CCK-8 (p less than 0.05). The inhibition was surmountable with
      higher doses of CCK-8. We interpret these data as indicating that circulating S
      14 is not an important hormonal regulator of exocrine pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 2882504
TI  - Effects of bethanechol on the pancreas in antrectomized and normal rats.
AB  - The effect of chronic administration of bethanechol and pentagastrin on the
      pancreas was examined. Rats were either antrectomized or subjected to a sham
      operation. Three weeks after surgery, rats received a daily intraperitoneal
      injection of either bethanechol (12 mg/kg) or pentagastrin (250 micrograms/kg)
      for 14 days. The fasting serum gastrin after bethanechol treatment increased to
      1.89 times that of controls treated with saline. Although antrectomy decreased
      fasting serum gastrin to approximately 40% of controls, serum gastrin increased
      by 2.17 times that of the antrectomized rats and 1.37 times that of controls in
      the bethanechol group. After 14 days of bethanechol treatment, weight and amylase
      in the pancreas increased significantly compared with control; DNA and protein
      also increased 1.3 and 1.5 times that of control. The increase in DNA and
      pancreatic weight indicated that hyperplasia was the predominant mechanism. The
      pancreas showed atrophy in antrectomized rats but this was reversed by both
      bethanechol and pentagastrin. The results indicate that either endogenous gastric
      or extragastric gastrin release by cholinergic stimuli may have an important role
      in the regulation of pancreatic growth.

PMID- 2882503
TI  - Somatostatin analog-induced remission of necrolytic migratory erythema without
      changes in plasma glucagon concentration.
AB  - A 41-year-old woman with metastatic glucagonoma and the characteristic disabling
      rash, necrolytic migratory erythema, was treated with a synthetic somatostatin
      analog while waiting to undergo curative surgical resection. Plasma glucagon
      concentration (1,500-3,300 pg/ml, normal less than 200) remained elevated during
      analog therapy as the rash cleared. Only with surgical resection (partial
      pancreatectomy and partial hepatectomy) did glucagon levels return to normal. The
      therapeutic benefit caused by the analog in this syndrome differs from that in
      other endocrine tumor syndromes such as pancreatic cholera, carcinoid, or
      gastrinoma where circulating levels of tumor-produced agents are suppressed in
      conjunction with control of symptoms.

PMID- 2882505
TI  - Differential regulation of a Thy-1 gene in transgenic mice.
AB  - We have generated Thy-1.1-transgenic Thy-1.2 mice to study the developmental
      expression of the Thy-1 gene in detail by transcriptional and immunological
      methods. In brain, the expression of the injected gene was identical to that of
      the endogenous gene in a tissue- and development-specific manner. In lymphoid
      tissue, the transferred gene was also expressed correctly in the early phases of
      T-cell lineage development; however, as the T cells matured, the transcription of
      the transferred gene, but not the endogenous gene, was suppressed. This result
      shows that different regulatory elements are used to express the Thy-1 gene in
      early and late lymphoid development.

PMID- 2882506
TI  - Purification and subunit composition of atrial natriuretic peptide receptor.
AB  - A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was purified 2700-fold, to
      apparent homogeneity, from cultured bovine aortic smooth muscle cells by affinity
      chromatography. The native ANP receptor has a molecular weight of 125,000 as
      determined by both metrizamide gradient centrifugation and nonreducing
      NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With 125I-labeled ANP as ligand, the
      purified receptor bound a maximum of 5.70 nmol of ligand per mg of protein and
      the dissociation constant was 4.0 X 10(-10)M. Upon treatment with 10 mM
      dithiothreitol, the purified receptor migrated as a single band at Mr 60,500 in
      NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These findings show that the
      holoreceptor for ANP in vascular tissue is composed of two subunits of identical
      apparent molecular weight, presumably linked by a disulfide bridge(s).

PMID- 2882509
TI  - Detailed ordering of markers localizing to the Xq26-Xqter region of the human X
      chromosome by the use of an interspecific Mus spretus mouse cross.
AB  - Five probes localizing to the Xq26-Xqter region of the human X chromosome have
      been genetically mapped on the mouse X chromosome using an interspecific cross
      involving Mus spretus to a contiguous region lying proximally to the Tabby (Ta)
      locus. Pedigree and recombinational analysis establish the marker order as being
      Hprt-FIX-c11-G6PD-St14-1. The size of this contiguous region is such that the X
      linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) mouse mutation probably maps within this segment.
      This in turn suggests that it is highly improbable that the mouse mdx locus
      represents a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). It is, however,
      compatible with the idea that this mutation may correspond in man to Emery
      Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. The high frequency of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms found in this interspecific system for all the human cross-reacting
      probes examined up until now, using only a limited number of restriction enzymes,
      suggests that the Mus spretus mapping system may be of great potential value for
      establishing the linkage relationships existing in man when conserved chromosomal
      regions are concerned and human/mouse cross-reacting probes are available or can
      be obtained.

PMID- 2882507
TI  - Cloning and sequence of the human nuclear protein cyclin: homology with DNA
      binding proteins.
AB  - A full-length cDNA clone for the human nuclear protein cyclin has been isolated
      by using polyclonal antibodies and sequenced. The sequence predicts a protein of
      261 amino acids (Mr 29,261) with a high content of acidic (41, aspartic and
      glutamic acids) versus basic (24, lysine and arginine) amino acids. The identity
      of the cDNA clone was confirmed by in vitro hybrid-arrested translation of cyclin
      mRNA. Blot-hybridization analysis of mouse 3T3 and human MOLT-4 cell RNA revealed
      a mRNA species of approximately the same size as the cDNA insert. Expression of
      cyclin mRNA was undetectable or very low in quiescent cells, increasing after 8
      10 hr of serum stimulation. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea in serum
      stimulated cells did not affect the increase in cyclin mRNA but inhibited 90% the
      expression of H3 mRNA. These results suggest that expression of cyclin and
      histone mRNAs are controlled by different mechanisms. A region of the cyclin
      sequence shows a significant homology with the putative DNA binding site of
      several proteins, specially with the transcriptional-regulator cAMP-binding
      protein of Escherichia coli, suggesting that cyclin could play a similar role in
      eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2882508
TI  - A genetic analysis of extinction: trans-regulation of 16 liver-specific genes in
      hepatoma-fibroblast hybrid cells.
AB  - Hybrid cells formed by fusing different cell types generally fail to express the
      tissue-specific products of either parent, a phenomenon termed extinction. We
      have investigated the generality of this effect by assaying hepatoma-fibroblast
      hybrids for expression of 16 different liver-specific mRNAs. Fourteen of the
      mRNAs failed to accumulate in karyotypically complete hybrid clones, and
      quantitative measurements indicated that steady-state mRNA levels were depressed
      by a factor of at least 500-1000. However, all 14 liver-specific mRNAs were
      reexpressed in the hybrids following fibroblast chromosome loss. These data
      indicate that expression of whole sets of tissue-specific genes is affected in
      trans in intertypic hybrids and suggest that negative regulation of heterologous
      functions may be common form of gene control.

PMID- 2882511
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the HLA-DP subregion and correlations
      to HLA-DP phenotypes.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the class II HLA-DP
      subregion of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans has been
      unraveled by Southern blotting using DP alpha and DP beta probes in a study of 46
      unrelated individuals with known HLA-DP types. Contrary to earlier preliminary
      findings with a limited number of enzymes, the RFLP appears to be quite extensive
      both with the DP beta (14 different DNA markers defined by individual fragments
      or clusters thereof) and the DP alpha (8 markers) probes, especially when enzymes
      recognizing only four base pairs were used. A few markers were absolutely or
      strongly associated with individual DP antigens, whereas most were associated
      with two or more DP antigens as defined by primed lymphocyte typing. Thus,
      Southern blotting seems feasible for typing for most DP determinants by specific
      fragments or subtraction between the various more broadly reactive DNA markers,
      and the RFLP provides further information on the DP subregion in addition to that
      provided by primed lymphocyte typing. In two recombinant families, the DP beta
      and DP alpha DNA markers segregated with DP antigens, whereas the DR beta, DQ
      beta, DQ alpha, and DX alpha markers followed the DR and DQ antigens.

PMID- 2882510
TI  - Murine Ly-6 multigene family is located on chromosome 15.
AB  - Murine Ly-6-encoded molecules play an important role in the antigen-independent
      activation of lymphocytes. We have described the cloning of a cDNA encoding the
      protein component of an Ly-6 molecule. Hybridization studies indicated that this
      cDNA identified multiple DNA fragments on Southern blots. The banding pattern
      exhibits a restriction fragment length polymorphism from mice bearing either the
      Ly-6a or the Ly-6b allele. We have employed three independent chromosomal mapping
      techniques, somatic cell hybrids, in situ hybridization, and strain distribution
      pattern analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism of DNA from
      recombinant inbred lines, to ascertain the chromosomal origins of these bands. We
      report that all members of the Ly-6 multigene family are tightly linked on
      chromosome 15 and have been regionalized by in situ hybridization analysis to
      band 15E on the distal portion of this chromosome. Linkage analysis has indicated
      that the Ly-6 genes are located within 1 map unit of Env-54 (a retroviral
      envelope restriction fragment length polymorphism probe), 3 map units from ins-1,
      (insulin-related gene), and 4 map units from the protooncogene c-sis. The
      possible involvement of the Ly-6 lymphocyte activation and differentiation
      antigen genes in chromosome 15-related lymphoid malignancies is discussed.

PMID- 2882512
TI  - The gene encoding the epsilon subunit of the T3/T-cell receptor complex maps to
      chromosome 11 in humans and to chromosome 9 in mice.
AB  - The T3 complex is composed of three polypeptide chains that are both structurally
      and functionally associated with the receptor for antigen on the surface of human
      T lymphocytes. In a series of experiments utilizing both somatic cell hybrids and
      chromosomal hybridization in situ, the genes encoding two members of the human T3
      complex, T3-delta and T3-epsilon, were found to reside on the long arm of
      chromosome 11 in band q23. The murine T3-epsilon gene was localized to chromosome
      9. The location of the T3-delta and T3-epsilon genes with respect to the Hu-ets-1
      gene, which is also located in 11q23, is discussed. Recent assignments of several
      genes, preferentially expressed in human cells of hematopoietic and
      neuroectodermal origins, to band q23 of human chromosome 11 and the murine
      equivalents to murine chromosome 9 may define a conserved gene cluster important
      in cell proliferation and differentiation.

PMID- 2882513
TI  - Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the central nervous system
      visualized by in situ hybridization.
AB  - A rat tyrosine hydroxylase [TyrOHase; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine,
      tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating); EC 1.14.16.2] cDNA
      probe was used for in situ hybridization studies on histological sections through
      the locus coeruleus, substantia nigra, and the ventral tegmental area of the rat
      brain. Experimental conditions were established that yielded no background and no
      signal when pBR322 was used as a control probe. Using the tyrosine hydroxylase
      probe, we ascertained the specificity of the labeling over catecholaminergic
      cells by denervation experiments and comparison of the hybridization pattern with
      that of immunoreactivity. The use of 35S-labeled probe enabled the hybridization
      signal to be resolved at the cellular level. A single injection of reserpine into
      the rat led to an increase of the intensity of the autoradiographic signal over
      the locus coeruleus area, confirming an RNA gel blot analysis. The potential of
      in situ hybridization to analyze patterns of modulation of gene activity as a
      result of nervous activity is discussed.

PMID- 2882514
TI  - The congenital goiter mutation is linked to the thyroglobulin gene in the mouse.
AB  - Rat thyroglobulin (TG) cDNA clones were used to identify DNA restriction fragment
      variants among inbred mouse strains. One of these variants was shown to be
      closely linked to the recessive mutation congenital goiter (cog), which had
      previously been mapped to mouse chromosome 15. These results indicate that the
      structural gene for thyroglobulin is on chromosome 15 and suggest that a mutation
      at the site of the TG gene is the basis of the cog defect. No differences were
      observed between cog/cog and +/+ DNA in Southern blots using TG cDNA probes
      corresponding to 88% of the coding sequences, suggesting that the cog mutation is
      not due to a large deletion of this portion of the gene. Neither was there any
      obvious qualitative or quantitative difference between mutant and normal TG mRNA
      as judged by blot hybridization of electrophoretically fractionated thyroid RNAs.
      The thyroglobulin gene locus (Tgn) was mapped near the glutamic-pyruvic
      transaminase isoenzyme locus Gpt-1. The Tgn locus is syntenic with the c-myc
      protooncogene locus (Myc) in the mouse as in the rat and man.

PMID- 2882515
TI  - Mapping the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome.
AB  - The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome is triggered by Epstein-Barr virus
      infection and results in fatal mononucleosis, immunodeficiency, and
      lymphoproliferative disorders. This study shows that the mutation responsible for
      X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome is genetically linked to a restriction
      fragment length polymorphism detected with the DXS42 probe (from Xq24-q27). The
      most likely recombination frequency between the loci is 4%, and the associated
      logarithm of the odds is 5.26. Haplotype analysis using flanking restriction
      fragment length polymorphism markers indicates that the locus for X-linked
      lymphoproliferative syndrome is distal to probe DXS42 but proximal to probe DXS99
      (from Xq26-q27). It is now possible to predict which members of a family with X
      linked lymphoproliferative syndrome are carrier females and to diagnose the
      syndrome prenatally.

PMID- 2882516
TI  - Specific binding of atrial natriuretic factor in brain microvessels.
AB  - Cerebral capillaries constitute the blood-brain barrier. Studies of specific
      receptors (neurotransmitters or hormones) located on this structure can be
      performed by means of radioligand-binding techniques on isolated brain
      microvessels. We examined on pure bovine cerebral microvessel preparations the
      binding of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), using 125I-labeled ANF. Saturation
      and competition experiments demonstrated the presence of a single class of ANF
      binding sites with high affinity (dissociation constant, approximately 10(-10) M)
      and with a binding capacity of 58 fmol/mg of protein. The binding of 125I-labeled
      ANF to brain microvessels is specific, reversible, and time dependent, as is
      shown by association-dissociation experiments. The demonstration of specific ANF
      binding sites on brain microvessels supposes a physiological role of ANF on brain
      microvasculature. The coexistence of ANF and angiotensin II receptors on this
      cerebrovascular tissue suggests that the two circulating peptides may act as
      mutual antagonists in the regulation of brain microcirculation and/or blood-brain
      barrier function.

PMID- 2882517
TI  - Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells belong to the T-cell lineage.
AB  - The murine epidermis contains a population of dendritic, Thy-1+ cells (Thy-1+
      DEC). Although it is now clear that these cells are of bone marrow origin,
      extensive morphological, histochemical, and cell-membrane marker studies have not
      definitively placed them in any known hematopoietic differentiation pathway.
      Based on the observation that Thy-1+ DEC can be propagated in vitro with Con A
      and interleukin 2, we have established three cell lines (Tehy 184, Tehy 245, and
      Yety 245) that can be continuously grown in medium with lectin-lymphokine-rich
      culture supernatants of rat spleen cells. With the exception of the loss of
      reactivity with anti-asialo-GM1 antibodies (Tehy 184 and Tehy 245) and the gain
      of interleukin 2 receptor expression, the cultured cell lines bear the same
      surface characteristics as freshly isolated Thy-1+ DEC: Thy-1+, Ly-5+, Lyt-1-,
      Lyt-2-, L3T4-, Ia-, sIg-. Using Southern and RNA gel blot analysis, we now
      demonstrate that these Thy-1+ DEC-derived cell lines exhibit various patterns of
      rearrangements in the gene complexes encoding the T-cell receptor (related) beta
      and gamma chains and contain mature and/or incomplete transcripts from the T-cell
      receptor alpha- and beta-chain genes, as well as transcripts from the receptor
      related gamma-chain genes. Tehy 184 cells, the only cells containing both mature
      alpha- and beta-chain transcripts, react positively with the F23.1 monoclonal
      antibody, which recognizes the product of a subset of T-cell receptor beta-chain
      variable region gene segments. This antibody precipitates a surface protein of 84
      88 kDa from these cells that after reduction separates into two 40- to 44-kDa
      chains, characteristic of Ti alpha/beta heterodimers. These data strongly suggest
      that Thy-1+ DEC belong to the T-cell lineage and point to the epidermis as a site
      either of immature thymocyte migration or of extrathymic T-cell differentiation.

PMID- 2882518
TI  - The first external domain of the nonobese diabetic mouse class II I-A beta chain
      is unique.
AB  - The nonobese diabetic mouse is recognized as an important animal model for human
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. One of the components of susceptibility to
      this disease has been mapped to the major histocompatibility complex. In this
      study, full-length cDNA clones encoding the I-A alpha and beta chains from the
      nonobese diabetic mouse have been isolated and sequenced. They are identical to
      the sequences previously determined from the H-2d haplotype except for the
      sequence encoding the first external domain, the leader peptide, and the 5'
      untranslated region of the I-A beta chain molecule. Most strikingly, there are
      five consecutive nucleotide substitutions which lead to two radical amino acid
      changes in a region that is conserved between human and mouse. We suggest that
      the unique structure of the first external I-A beta chain domain is a major
      determinant in the disease susceptibility that maps to the major
      histocompatibility complex of the nonobese diabetic mouse.

PMID- 2882519
TI  - Human peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency.
AB  - We investigated the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system in liver from a patient
      with clinical features similar to those in the cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger)
      syndrome and with elevated levels in body fluids of very-long-chain fatty acids
      and intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids. The peroxisomal beta
      oxidation of fatty acids, measured as the cyanide-insensitive formation of
      [14C]acetyl units from [14C]palmitoyl-CoA, was very low in the patient (less than
      10% of the values in control subjects). Immunoblotting experiments using
      antibodies to peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes indicated that peroxisomal 3
      oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (acyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.16) was
      deficient. Addition of purified rat-liver peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase to a
      reaction mixture containing liver homogenate from the patient restored
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation. We conclude that the deficiency of peroxisomal 3
      oxoacyl-CoA thiolase is responsible for the very low peroxisomal beta-oxidation
      activity and for the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids and
      intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Furthermore, the finding that
      both very-long-chain fatty acids and abnormal bile acids accumulate in this
      patient suggests that a single peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase is involved in
      the oxidative chain shortening of both very-long-chain fatty acids and the
      coprostanoic acids.

PMID- 2882521
TI  - Component deficiencies. 3. The second component.

PMID- 2882522
TI  - Adsorption of benzodiazepines on charcoal and its correlation with in vitro and
      in vivo data.

PMID- 2882520
TI  - Superactive octapeptide somatostatin analogs containing tryptophan at position 1.
AB  - We synthesized a series of octapeptide analogs of somatostatin, containing N
      terminal tryptophan or another amino acid followed by the hexapeptide sequences
      Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys or Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys and a C-terminal
      threoninamide or tryptophanamide. After purification by HPLC, the inhibitory
      activities of these analogs on the release of growth hormone (somatotropin) in
      rats were determined in vivo. The eight octapeptides with an N-terminal
      tryptophan residue were found to have a greater inhibitory effect than
      somatostatin. The most potent of these analogs, D-Trp-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys
      Thr-NH2, was 94.3 times more active than somatostatin. The other analogs, in
      order of decreasing potency, were Ac-Trp-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH2, D
      Trp(For)-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH2, D-Trp-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr
      NH2, Ac-Trp(For)-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH2, Ac-Trp-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val
      Cys-Thr-NH2, D-Trp-Cys-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Trp-NH2, and D-Trp-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys
      Val-Cys-Trp-NH2. The growth hormone inhibitory activity of these analogs was from
      53.7 to 11.6 times greater than that of somatostatin. The octapeptides containing
      D- or L-tryptophan at the N-terminus, phenylalanine at position 3, and threonine
      at position 6 exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on growth hormone release
      than that of the analogs with tyrosine and valine at positions 3 and 6,
      respectively. Substitution of D-tryptophan for D-phenylalanine at the N-terminus
      in the octapeptide containing phenylalanine in the third, threonine in the sixth,
      and threoninamide in the C-terminal position also increased the growth hormone
      release inhibitory activity. Time-course assay showed that D-Trp-Cys-Phe-D-Trp
      Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH2 (RC-98-I), in a dose of 1 microgram/kg of body weight,
      inhibited the release of growth hormone for at least 3 hr. In view of their high
      activity and prolonged duration of action, some of these analogs could be useful
      clinically.

PMID- 2882523
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonists reduce spontaneous motor activity through either beta 1
      or beta 2 receptors.
AB  - In mice, the clenbuterol-induced decrease in spontaneous motor activity was
      antagonized by IPS-339 (beta 2 antagonist) but not by betaxolol (beta 1
      antagonist), whereas the isoproterenol-induced decrease in spontaneous motor
      activity was completely antagonized by betaxolol and only partially by IPS-339.
      It can be concluded that the clenbuterol-induced decrease in spontaneous motor
      activity is of the beta 2-type, whereas that induced by isoproterenol is
      essentially of the beta 1 type. In addition, chronic treatment with clenbuterol
      induced a tachyphylaxis to the effect of clenbuterol but not of isoproterenol.
      After chronic administration of tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine and
      desipramine) the number of cortical beta 1 adrenergic receptors decreased without
      impairing the clenbuterol-induced decrease in spontaneous motor activity. We
      conclude that beta 2 adrenergic receptors mediate the clenbuterol-induced
      decrease in spontaneous motor activity and the tachyphylaxis to this effect after
      chronic treatment.

PMID- 2882524
TI  - A new method for screening anxiolytic drugs in rats.
AB  - In order to evaluate the anxiolytic action of drugs, a simple experimental
      procedure using a corridor-type runway was designed. In this apparatus, five food
      pellets were set in a row on a plastic platform. Rats with one day food
      deprivation take a food pellet and then usually return to the start box. The time
      required to take 5 pellets (total time) and the number of returns were recorded.
      Diazepam (DZP) at 1-3.2 mg/kg and zopiclone (ZOP) at 10 mg/kg caused decreases in
      both parameters. These effects were blocked by the benzodiazepine receptor
      blocker, Ro15-1788, at 10 mg/kg. However, tracazolate failed to produce any
      change in both parameters. Haloperidol and imipramine prolonged the total time
      while reducing the number of returns. In contrast to DZP and ZOP, pentetrazol,
      well known to possess an anxiogenic effect, prolonged the total time. These
      results suggest that decreases in both the total time and the number of returns
      produced by DZP and ZOP may be related to their anxiolytic action which is
      mediated by a benzodiazepine receptor. Therefore, this procedure would be a
      simple and selective method for detecting benzodiazepine-type anxiolytics.

PMID- 2882525
TI  - Ocular pharmacokinetics of dapiprazole.
AB  - Dapiprazole is a drug having specific alpha 1 adrenergic blocking properties.
      Following topical instillation on the eye, it crosses the corneal epithelium
      reaching high concentrations in the ocular tissue and producing a prompt miotic
      and hypotensive effect. The high concentration ratio between ciliary bodies and
      iris versus aqueous humor suggests a peculiar affinity for these structures
      containing adrenoceptors of the alpha type. The very low concentrations in the
      plasma, as compared to those after systemic administration, and in the fellow eye
      indicate that the systemic absorption is negligible.

PMID- 2882526
TI  - Verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine inhibit vascular responses to noradrenaline,
      acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in human saphenous vein.
AB  - Verapamil (0.02-2 microM), diltiazem (0.22-8.14 microM) and nifedipine (0.29-8.96
      microM) produced concentration-dependent relaxation of human isolated saphenous
      vein. Based on the EC50 values of the calcium entry blockers, verapamil (relative
      potency = 1) was 7 and 5 times as potent as nifedipine and diltiazem,
      respectively, in producing relaxation of the human saphenous vein. In addition,
      verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine inhibited the vascular responses (i.e.
      contractions) produced by noradrenaline (0.03-36 microM), acetylcholine (0.05-55
      microM) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (0.02-25 microM) and to KCl (10-100 mM). It was
      concluded that verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine relaxed the human isolated
      saphenous vein, verapamil being more potent than diltiazem or nifedipine, and
      modified the vascular response to vasoconstrictor agents, e.g. noradrenaline,
      acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and KCl. Thus verapamil, diltiazem and
      nifedipine may inhibit calcium influx through both potential and receptor
      operated calcium ion channels.

PMID- 2882527
TI  - Effect of xamoterol, a beta 1-adrenoceptor partial agonist, on myocardial pH
      decreased by coronary occlusion in dogs.
AB  - The effect of xamoterol on ischemic myocardial pH was examined in dogs. Partial
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) decreased
      myocardial pH from 7.52-7.63 to 6.80-6.85. Xamoterol was injected intravenously
      30 min after LAD occlusion that lasted for 90 min. Xamoterol (30 or 70
      micrograms/kg) increased the myocardial pH that had been decreased by partial
      occlusion, the degree of pH increase being greater with 30 micrograms/kg than
      with 70 micrograms/kg, but at the dose of 200 micrograms/kg it did not increase.
      In the nonischemic normal heart, xamoterol (30 or 70 micrograms/kg, i.v.) had no
      marked effect on hemodynamic parameters, but the drug (200 micrograms/kg, i.v.)
      increased contractile force and heart rate with a transient decrease of
      myocardial pH. It is concluded that only the small dose (30 or 70 micrograms/kg)
      of xamoterol is effective in restoring the myocardial pH that has been decreased
      by partial occlusion of the LAD.

PMID- 2882528
TI  - Phospholipases in snake venoms and their effects on nerve and muscle.

PMID- 2882529
TI  - Biochemistry and physiology of brain ammonia.

PMID- 2882530
TI  - Effects of various soyasaponins on liver tyrosine aminotransferase activity
      induced by cortisone in adrenalectomized rats.

PMID- 2882531
TI  - Adolescents with learning problems.
AB  - The adolescent with learning problems presents a multifaceted diagnostic and
      therapeutic challenge to the primary care clinician. The adolescent failing in
      school often manifests secondary affective symptoms that tend to obscure
      underlying developmental deficits. Inadequate educational experiences, family
      stress, environmental deprivation, and preoccupation with nonacademic sources of
      gratification can further cloud the picture. Efforts at remediation must overcome
      the tendency of medical and school professionals, parents, and students
      themselves to be overly pessimistic about the long-term outcome. With the
      knowledge of the common causes of school failure and developmental dysfunction in
      this age group, the general physician can reach a reasonable diagnosis, develop a
      functional profile of strengths and weaknesses, and collaborate with parents,
      educators, and the adolescent to effect a comprehensive management plan. The
      physician's ongoing involvement can be a very important factor stimulating the
      school to continue to evaluate an individual student's needs and abilities.
      Parents may need assistance to recognize their child's own strengths and to help
      the child utilize them appropriately. If the adolescent is helped to see that he
      or she can make important contributions to society within the spectrum of his or
      her talents, then the clinician has played a crucial role in the development of a
      potentially happy and successful adult.

PMID- 2882532
TI  - [A quantitative analysis of the EEG changes during the administration of
      medazepam and diazepam--a comparison of the results analyzed by the wave form
      recognition method and the FFT method].

PMID- 2882533
TI  - Seroepidemiology of adult T-cell leukemia virus infection and analysis of sero
      positive cases in Taiwan.
AB  - For a seroepidemiologic study of adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV) infection in
      Taiwan, the gelatin particle agglutination technique and the indirect
      immunofluorescence method were used for anti-ATLV titration. Sporadic sero
      positive cases were found all over the Taiwan districts except among the
      aborigines (0/947). Sero-positive rates ranged from 0 to 5.6% (except ATL family)
      and a total of 48 cases were found in 3682 Han-Chinese. Among them 9 cases were
      newly found in family surveys, and 39 cases were observed in random samples. As
      an average positive rate was 1.0%, by calculation about 80,000 sero-positive
      cases are supposed to be present in Taiwan. A most remarkable feature of the sero
      positive cases was the high rate in couples. Various patterns of sero-positive
      cases existed in pedigrees. Anti-ATLV positive sera of Chinese living in Taiwan
      and Japanese were compared by immunoprecipitation and there was no difference
      between them. The possible infection route from Japan to Taiwan is discussed.

PMID- 2882534
TI  - Suanzaorentang, and anxiolytic Chinese medicine, affects the central adrenergic
      and serotonergic systems in rats.
AB  - Previously, we found that the ancient Chinese remedy of Suanzaorentang was a
      promising anxiolytic drug (Chen and Hsieh, 1985; Chen and Hsieh, 1985a). We also
      found that Suanzaorentang decreased the turnover rate of central monoamines and
      central catecholaminergic activity (Hsieh, et al., 1986). In this study, we found
      that 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induced decrease in locomotor activity was
      significantly antagonized by Suanzaorentang, p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA)
      induced increase in locomotor activity was significantly inhibited by
      Suanzaorentang, Suanzaorentang had no significant effects on baclofen, muscimol,
      aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) and thiosemicarbazide induced changes in locomotor
      activity, Suanzaorentang significantly decreased vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in
      striatum and hippocampus, homovanillic acid (HVA) in hippocampus and 5
      hydroxyindol acetic acid (5-HIAA) in striatum and hypothalamus, Suanzaorentang
      significantly reversed the alpha-methyltyrosine (alpha-MT) produced decrease in
      DA concentrations in striatum and hippocampus, and (6) Suanzaorentang
      significantly reversed the p-CPA produced decrease in 5-HT concentrations on
      amygdala. These facts implied that Suanzaorentang might decrease the serotonergic
      activity but have no significant effect on GABAergic activity. The main locus of
      action might be in the limbic system.

PMID- 2882535
TI  - Lithium distribution in mania: plasma and red blood cell lithium, clinical state,
      and monoamine metabolites during lithium treatment.
AB  - We examined red blood cell (RBC) and plasma lithium concentrations and RBC/plasma
      lithium ratios in 14 manic patients during lithium treatment as part of the
      National Institute of Mental Health's Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology
      of Depression, Biological Studies. All of the lithium measures increased during
      treatment, especially RBC lithium. There were positive correlations between the
      RBC lithium concentration and the RBC/plasma lithium ratio and their maximal
      values in a single-dose pharmacokinetic experiment before treatment. After 5 and
      16 days of treatment, patients with good subsequent outcome had higher RBC/plasma
      lithium ratios than did patients with poor outcome. Early in treatment, there was
      a negative correlation between lithium concentrations and severity of mania.
      During treatment, there was a negative correlation between RBC lithium and
      urinary MHPG excretion. There was a positive correlation between RBC or plasma
      lithium during the first few days of treatment and subsequent reduction in
      norepinephrine excretion during treatment. At 3 weeks, there were negative
      correlations between reductions in catecholamine measures and lithium
      concentrations. These data suggest that there are changes in the sensitivity of
      behavior and catecholamine function to lithium during treatment. RBC
      concentrations of lithium appear to be a potentially useful indicator of its
      behavioral and neurochemical effects.

PMID- 2882536
TI  - Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: a theory of homosexuality
      heterosexuality.

PMID- 2882537
TI  - Self-injection of d,1-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the baboon.
AB  - MDMA (d,1-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine HCl; "ecstasy") self-injection (0.1
      3.2 mg/kg/injection) was examined in baboons under conditions in which baseline
      responding was maintained by intravenous injections of cocaine HCl (0.32
      mg/kg/injection). Drug was available under a FR 160-response schedule of
      intravenous injection. Each drug injection was followed by a 3-h time out
      allowing a maximum of eight injections per day. MDMA or MDMA vehicle (saline) was
      substituted for cocaine for a period of 14 or more days followed by a return to
      the cocaine baseline. MDMA (0.32-3.2 mg/kg/inj) maintained more injections and
      higher responses rates than were maintained by saline. The maximal number of
      injections maintained by MDMA and the maximal response rate maintained by MDMA
      were less than those maintained under baseline conditions with cocaine. The
      highest dose of MDMA tested maintained a cyclic pattern of self-injection, i.e.,
      days of high numbers of injections intermixed with days of low numbers of
      injections. At the highest dose of MDMA tested, concurrent food maintained
      behavior was suppressed to an extent that food intake was also decreased.

PMID- 2882539
TI  - A simple and rapid method for assessing similarities among directly observable
      behavioral effects of drugs: PCP-like effects of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate in
      rats.
AB  - Directly observable behavioral effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5) (10-1,000 mg/kg IP, 0.18
      5.6 mumol/rat ICV) and of phencyclidine (PCP) (3.2-56 mg/kg IP, 0.032-3.2 mg/rat
      ICV), ketamine (10-100 mg/kg), amphetamine (1-18 mg/kg), apomorphine (0.1-5.6
      mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (1-100 mg/kg), and pentobarbital (3.2-56 mg/kg) were
      studied in rats. Pharmacologically specific results were obtained rapidly and
      reliably, using a cumulative dosing procedure. Cluster analysis grouped the drug
      treatments, on the basis of their similarities in producing different behavioral
      activities, into three main clusters; characteristically, stimulant drugs
      (amphetamine, apomorphine) produced sniffing and gnawing; PCP-like drugs (PCP,
      ketamine) produced locomotion, sniffing, swaying and falling; sedative drugs
      (pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide) produced loss of righting. The behavioral
      effects of ICV administration of AP5 were more similar to the effects of PCP-like
      drugs than to the effects of either stimulant or sedative drugs, thus supporting
      the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of PCP-like drugs may result from
      reduced neurotransmission at excitatory synapses utilizing NMDA preferring
      receptors. The present procedure is simple, rapid and may provide a useful
      approach in the classification of behaviorally active drugs.

PMID- 2882538
TI  - Possible neuronal mechanisms involved in neurotensin-induced catalepsy in mice.
AB  - The neuronal mechanisms of neurotensin (NT)-induced catalepsy were investigated
      in mice. NT administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0
      micrograms) produced catalepsy in a dose-dependent fashion. A significant effect
      was observed at 2.0 micrograms and a maximal effect 2-3 h after injection. The NT
      induced catalepsy was inhibited by pretreatment with atropine, trihexyphenidyl or
      biperiden (each drug, 0.8-5.0 mg/kg, IP), anticholinergic drugs, and L-DOPA (100,
      200 mg/kg, IP). However, the catalepsy was not significantly antagonized by p
      chlorphenylalanine (300 mg/kg X 3 days, IP) or methysergide (5, 10 mg/kg, IP),
      antiserotonergic drugs, and was not potentiated by the GABAergic drugs,
      aminooxyacetic acid (25 mg/kg, IP) or muscimol (1 mg/kg, IP). In addition, the NT
      induced catalepsy was dose-dependently reduced by antihistamines, such as
      diphenhydramine (0.8-10 mg/kg, IP) and tripelennamine (0.4-5.0 mg/kg, IP) and was
      potentiated after treatment with histidine (250, 500 mg/kg, IP), a precursor of
      brain histamine. NT-induced catalepsy was also reduced by ICV pretreatment with
      diphenhydramine (1-5 micrograms/rat), a H1 antagonist, but not by cimetidine (5,
      20 micrograms/rat), a H2 antagonist. These findings suggest that the catalepsy
      induced by NT may involve not only central cholinergic and dopaminergic
      mechanisms but also a histaminergic mechanism mediated via H1-histamine
      receptors, and seems to differ from the catalepsy induced by neuroleptics.

PMID- 2882541
TI  - Enhanced stereotyped response to apomorphine after chronic D-1 blockade with SCH
      23390.
AB  - Rats were treated for 21 days with the selective D-1 blocker SCH 23390 (0.1 mg/kg
      SC). Threshold doses of apomorphine for hypermotility (0.15 mg/kg SC) and for
      stereotyped response (0.25 mg/kg SC) were given 7, 21, 35, and 77 days after
      discontinuation of the chronic treatment. The rats always showed enhanced
      stereotyped response to the higher dose of apomorphine but never any change in
      their motility response to the lower dose of dopamine agonist. This finding may
      represent a behavioral correlate of the reported supersensitivity of D-1
      receptors induced by SCH 23390.

PMID- 2882542
TI  - Delusional depression: phenomenology and response to treatment.
AB  - In this retrospective study demographic and clinical characteristics, personality
      traits, family psychiatric history and response to treatment were compared in 55
      delusional and 40 nondelusional hospitalized patients who met DSM-III criteria
      for major depression. Male delusional depressives had a greater frequency of
      delusional ideas at the index episode than female delusionals. Delusional
      depressives had a greater frequency of family history for alcoholism, a smaller
      frequency of previous depressive episodes and tended to respond more favorably to
      treatment with electroconvulsive therapy or tricyclic antidepressants combined
      with neuroleptics than to antidepressants alone. The findings and the
      implications arising from them are discussed.

PMID- 2882540
TI  - Yawning is elicited by D2 dopamine agonists but is blocked by the D1 antagonist,
      SCH 23390.
AB  - The subtype of dopamine (DA) receptors mediating the yawning response to DA
      agonists was determined in rats. Yawning was elicited both by the mixed D1-D2
      agonist apomorphine and by the specific D2 agonist LY 171555, but not by the
      selective D1 agonist SKF 38393. Both apomorphine- and LY 171555-induced yawning
      were antagonized not only by the selective D2 antagonist sulpiride but,
      unexpectedly, also by the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390. The results suggest
      that DA receptors mediating the yawning response are of the D2 type, and that
      these receptors are connected with D1 receptors in such a way that the blockade
      of the latter results in the functional inactivation of the former.

PMID- 2882543
TI  - Cognitive disturbances in chronic schizophrenia: formal thought disorder and
      basic symptoms.
AB  - We investigated 37 chronic schizophrenic patients with two objective rating
      scales (AMDP and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; BPRS) and compared the
      questioned symptoms with the Frankfurter Beschwerde Fragebogen (FBF), a
      questionnaire for subjective complaints which are close to the uncharacteristic
      'basic' symptoms of schizophrenic patients. It was pointed out that the questions
      in the FBF relate mainly to uncharacteristic symptoms like disturbances of
      perception, concentration, attention, perceiving, and memory. These subjective
      symptoms of the FBF show a few correlations with the AMDP/BPRS rating. The total
      score of the FBF gave no further information about social functioning of patients
      with cognitive disturbances.

PMID- 2882544
TI  - Use of benzodiazepines in a coronary care unit.

PMID- 2882545
TI  - Esmolol: a novel ultra-short acting beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent.

PMID- 2882546
TI  - Coexistence of neuronal messengers: a new principle in chemical transmission.
      Proceedings of the Marcus Wallenberg Symposium. Stockholm, 26-28 June, 1985.

PMID- 2882547
TI  - Transmitter status in cultured sympathetic principal neurons: plasticity, graded
      expression and diversity.

PMID- 2882548
TI  - Impulse activity differentially regulates co-localized transmitters by altering
      messenger RNA levels.

PMID- 2882549
TI  - Coexistence during ontogeny and transplantation.

PMID- 2882550
TI  - Chemical signalling in the nervous system.

PMID- 2882551
TI  - Multiple chemical messengers in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons.

PMID- 2882552
TI  - Purines and cotransmitters in adrenergic and cholinergic neurones.

PMID- 2882553
TI  - Chemical coding of enteric neurons.

PMID- 2882554
TI  - Multiple co-existence of peptides and classical transmitters in peripheral
      autonomic and sensory neurons--functional and pharmacological implications.

PMID- 2882555
TI  - The diffuse neuroendocrine system: peptides, amines, placodes and the APUD
      theory.

PMID- 2882556
TI  - On the possible roles of noradrenaline, adenosine 5'-triphosphate and
      neuropeptide Y as sympathetic cotransmitters in the mouse vas deferens.

PMID- 2882557
TI  - Chemical transmission and Dale's principle.

PMID- 2882558
TI  - Functional consequences of coexistence of classical and peptide
      neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2882559
TI  - Coexistence of neuronal messengers--an overview.

PMID- 2882560
TI  - Coexistence of neuronal messengers and molecular selection.

PMID- 2882561
TI  - Convergence of small molecule and peptide transmitters on a common molecule
      cascade.

PMID- 2882562
TI  - Application of monoclonal antibodies and dietary antioxidant-based animal models
      to define human exposure to aflatoxin B1.

PMID- 2882563
TI  - A somatostatin receptor negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase in the human
      gastric cell line HGT-1.
AB  - Somatostatin receptors are demonstrated in the human derived gastric cell line
      HGT-1. Using 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin as ligand, two classes of sites were
      characterized with apparent dissociation constants KD1 = 0.9 X 10(-10) M and KD2
      = 4 X 10(-9) M and maximum binding capacities of N1 = 20 and N2 = 556 fmol per mg
      protein, respectively. These values are close to those previously reported in
      freshly isolated parietal cells (Reyl, F., Silve, C. and Lewin, M.J.M.,
      Somatostatin receptors on isolated gastric cells. In S. Bonfils et al. (Eds.),
      Hormone Receptors in Digestion and Nutrition, Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam,
      1979, pp. 391-400). Somatostatin binding to the high affinity sites was partially
      inhibited by the non-hydrolysable guanyl nucleotide analog Gpp(NH)p and by
      pretreating the cells with islet activating protein (IAP). Furthermore, IAP
      counteracted the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on histamine stimulation of
      adenylate cyclase. These findings are interpreted in terms of somatostatin
      interaction with the 41,000 Da adenylate cyclase GTP-dependent inhibitory
      subunit, Ni.

PMID- 2882564
TI  - The influence of mammalian and teleost somatostatins on the secretion of growth
      hormone from goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) pituitary fragments in vitro.
AB  - The effect of various vertebrate somatostatins (SRIF) on basal growth hormone
      (GH) secretion from goldfish pituitary fragments was studied using an in vitro
      perifusion system. SRIF-14 caused a rapid and dose-dependent decrease in the rate
      of GH release from goldfish pituitary fragments. The half-maximal effective dose
      (ED50) of SRIF-14 was calculated as 1.3 nM following exposure to two minute
      pulses of increasing concentrations of SRIF-14, whereas the ED50 of SRIF-14
      calculated after continuous exposure to sequentially increasing doses of SRIF-14
      was 65 nM. This difference suggests that the pituitary fragments were less
      responsive to SRIF-14 in the latter experiment, possibly as a result of previous
      exposure to SRIF-14. SRIF-28 was found to be equipotent with SRIF-14 in
      decreasing basal GH secretion from the goldfish pituitary. In contrast, catfish
      SRIF-22, a uniquely teleost SRIF isolated from catfish pancreatic islets, did not
      alter GH secretion. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that
      SRIF-14 or a very similar molecule functions as a GH release-inhibiting factor in
      teleosts, indicating that this action of SRIF-14 has been fully conserved
      throughout vertebrate evolution.

PMID- 2882565
TI  - Glucagon, glicentin, proglucagon, PYY, PP and proPP-icosapeptide
      immunoreactivities of rectal carcinoid tumors and related non-tumor cells.
AB  - Glucagon/PP-related peptides were detected immunohistochemically in 18 out of 22
      cases of rectal tumors investigated. The reactive tumors showed prevalence of
      trabecular or mixed trabecular-acinar structure and moderate staining with
      Grimelius' silver and lead-hematoxylin. Three of the remaining 4 cases were
      characterized by reactivity for 5-hydroxytryptamine only, prevalence of a solid
      nest structural component and intense staining with Grimelius' silver technique
      and lead-hematoxylin. Fifteen of the 18 glucagon/PP-reactive cases were
      investigated immunohistochemically with a series of 6 sera directed against
      different sequences of glucagon, glicentin and proglucagon, and of 7 sera
      directed against PP, PYY and proPP-icosapeptide. A large spectrum of glucagon
      related immunoreactivities, including C-terminus and mid-portion glucagon
      immunoreactivity, N- and C-terminus glicentin-immunoreactivity, GLP1- and GLP2
      immunoreactivity, were detected in human rectal L cells and most rectal
      carcinoids. With the exception of a few scattered cells in the rectal mucosa and
      in 3 tumors, C-terminus glucagon-immunoreactivity was obtained only after trypsin
      or subtilisin treatment of tissue sections. Both PYY and PP/proPP-like peptide(s)
      were detected in rectal L cells and carcinoids, with prevalence of PYY in normal
      cells and PP/proPP-like peptides in tumor cells. It is concluded that the same or
      closely related hormone/prohormone sequences are synthesized and stored in rectal
      endocrine cells and carcinoid tumors although differences of quantitative
      expression, post-translational cleavage or reactivity to antibodies may occur.
      The usefulness of protease treatments of tissue sections to unmask
      immunoreactivities of uncleaved propeptides or fixative-denatured peptides is
      outlined.

PMID- 2882566
TI  - Methods of intervention to modify drinking patterns in heavy drinkers.
AB  - More than 30,000 individuals have been investigated in the continuous screening
      and intervention study in Malmo. Large subsamples of individuals with different
      levels of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) have been characterized and
      followed up; GGT has proved to be a useful and simple tool in identifying and
      treating heavy drinkers and monitoring their outcome. In the intervention study,
      counseling and repeated feedback of GGT results in a group of middle-aged heavy
      drinkers led to a significant reduction in sick absence, hospitalization, and
      mortality compared with those in a control group over a period of 6 to 8 years.
      At follow-up, about 15% of middle-aged men in the general population had serious
      alcohol problems. Assessment and treatment of heavy drinkers within general
      medicine would provide a very considerable impact on the total problem of alcohol
      related disease.

PMID- 2882567
TI  - Perspectives in the treatment of reversible airway obstruction.
AB  - The pharmacological therapy of asthmatic syndromes is based essentially on the
      programmed use of disodium cromoglycate, beta-2-stimulants, antimuscarinics,
      theophyllines and corticosteroids. However, the continual progress being made in
      pathogenesis and pharmacology suggests, to an ever-increasing extent, the
      application of new therapeutic approaches for these diseases, some of which are
      fairly interesting from a speculative point of view although they are as yet of
      limited practical value. Calcium antagonists and alpha-blockers have a mild anti
      reactive effect but this is not sufficiently potent to justify use of these
      products in the treatment of asthma unless there are also cardiovascular
      disorders for which these drugs are particularly indicated. Despite the initial
      promising prospects, all attempts to obtain PGE analogues of therapeutic value as
      antiasthmatics have proved fruitless. Research into orally active chromone
      derivatives has proved equally unproductive. On the other hand, certain new
      inhalatory chromones are decidedly more promising. Specific antagonization of
      mediators (histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrienes) did not produce the effect
      hoped for in asthma, but this was foreseeable insofar as the major pathogenic
      mediators are too vast in number (and no doubt there are still many more to be
      discovered) to allow one to conceive it possible to achieve a satisfactory
      therapeutic effect by merely blocking some of them. Inflammation of the bronchial
      wall is currently considered to be one of the basic pathogenic factors provoking
      the recurrence of asthma: this is proved indirectly by the potent antiasthmatic
      effect of corticosteroids which are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents.
      As regards nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), however, matters are
      more complicated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882568
TI  - Comments on acute studies.
AB  - Sixteen papers which have examined the effects of Duovent (a combination of
      fenoterol 200 micrograms and ipratropium bromide 80 micrograms) in the treatment
      and prevention of bronchospasm by acute studies are reviewed. The studies suggest
      that the use of a combination of anticholinergic and beta 2-adrenergic drugs is
      justified, because the dominant mechanism in bronchospasm is the effect of
      acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors and because ipratropium bromide increases
      the action of fenoterol, so as to obtain prolonged bronchospasmolytic and
      antibronchoconstrictive effects with halved doses of beta 2-agonist.

PMID- 2882569
TI  - Reversible airway obstruction: neurohumoral mechanisms and treatment. Lecture on
      asthma: clinical overview.
AB  - Asthma is an airway obstruction which is reversible, either spontaneously or in
      response to treatment. Repeated peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurements, up
      to six times daily, allows this characteristic reversibility to be recognised, to
      guide diagnosis and therapy. Chronic asthmatics may eventually become relatively
      irreversible, and then appear similar to chronic bronchitics - unless an adequate
      history is taken. The commonest world-wide allergen is the fecal pellet of the
      house mite. Modern therapy of asthma starts with inhaled beta 2 agonists, but
      difficulty in using metered dose inhalers is helped by the 'spacer', or
      reservoirs (e.g. 'Nebuhaler'). Interaction between slow-release oral
      theophyllines and beta 2 agonists by inhalation maximises bronchodilatation but
      minimises tremor. High-dose ipratropium inhalation, as isotonic wet nebulisation
      with a beta 2 agonist, is useful in acute severe asthma. High doses of inhaled
      topical steroid are valuable in the difficult asthmatic, but pituitary adrenal
      suppression occurs if dosage exceeds 1,500 micrograms/day. Cromoglycate and a
      beta 2 agonist by inhalation can prevent exercise-induced asthma. Long-term oral
      steroids (never over 10 mg/day) are only used if inhaled therapy (+/- oral slow
      release theophyllines) fails. Acute severe asthma needs parenteral steroid,
      parenteral beta 2 agonist, high-dose beta 2 agonist by inhalation, oxygen and
      hospital admission. Ventilation is increased in the acute severe asthmatic with
      hypoxia and low PCO2. In 90 asthmatic deaths surveyed in Britain, half had failed
      to realise the severity.

PMID- 2882570
TI  - Reversible airway obstruction: neurohumoral mechanisms and treatment. Lecture on
      nocturnal asthma.
AB  - Nocturnal wheeze has been known for at least 300 years, but only recently widely
      recognised. Wakening between 3 and 4 a.m. with wheeze may be associated with a
      'morning dip' in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), worse in REM sleep, and with a
      circadian rhythm. Earlier suggestions that plasma histamine rose with nocturnal
      bronchoconstriction cannot be confirmed, but circulating adrenaline may be
      reduced in asthmatics at night. Hypoxia at night is common in asthmatics,
      associated with hypoventilation in REM sleep. Increasing frequency of nocturnal
      wheeze may herald acute severe asthma. Beta 2 agonists inhaled on retiral do not
      last to prevent the 'morning dip' in PEFR, but slow-release theophyllines can
      prevent this, and also relieve symptoms. However, sleep is still disturbed (by
      EEG criteria), as is nocturnal hypoxaemia. Nocturnal wheeze and/or 'morning dip'
      in PEFR occur in both atopic and non-atopic asthmatics, and the mechanism of
      nocturnal wheeze remains to be determined. Recognition of this common symptom
      remains a major indication for oral slow-release theophyllines.

PMID- 2882571
TI  - Antiasthmatic drugs--opening remarks.

PMID- 2882572
TI  - Beta-adrenergic bronchodilators.
AB  - Long-acting beta 2-selective agonists have become a major form of therapy of
      reversible airway obstruction. Modern agents are effective by all routes of
      administration and can both eliminate bronchospasm as well as prevent its
      occurrence. Many drugs such as albuterol, terbutaline and fenoterol have similar
      pharmacologic profiles, and there is frequently little to choose between them.
      The majority of the available data indicate that aerosol therapy produces as much
      bronchodilation as the oral and parenteral routes with much fewer side effects.

PMID- 2882573
TI  - Interaction with histamine H1-receptors and bronchospasmolytic effects of
      urapidil.
AB  - The antihypertensive drug, urapidil, competitively antagonized the histamine
      induced contractions in guinea pig isolated tracheal and ileal preparations. Its
      affinity to histamine H1-receptors was 3-fold higher than that of histamine but
      10- and 30-fold weaker than that of diphenhydramine and indoramin, respectively.
      Urapidil did not inhibit contractions induced by muscarinic agonists in both
      organs. Investigations in spontaneously breathing guinea pigs showed a greater
      efficacy of urapidil than that of diphenhydramine in protecting the animals
      against histamine-induced bronchospasms, whereas acetylcholine-induced spasms
      were only moderately inhibited. Theophylline, at a 100-fold higher dosage than
      urapidil, protected the animals against both histamine and acetylcholine
      challenges. This experimentally observed effect of urapidil supports clinical
      trials in hypertensive patients suffering also from obstructive lung disease
      and/or allergic illness.

PMID- 2882575
TI  - The Baltimore Conference.(Tenth International Conference on Sarcoidosis).

PMID- 2882574
TI  - Update on immunology of sarcoidosis. Report from the Baltimore Conference.

PMID- 2882576
TI  - Pathology review--10th International Conference Baltimore 1984.

PMID- 2882577
TI  - Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: a report of the papers and posters presented at the
      tenth International Conference on Sarcoidosis, Baltimore, USA 1984.

PMID- 2882578
TI  - [Use of calcium antagonists in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias].

PMID- 2882579
TI  - [Clinical study of the correlation of arterial hypertension, ischemic cardiopathy
      and cardiac insufficiency in a group of 4,239 patients].

PMID- 2882581
TI  - [Computerized isotopic angiography and echocardiography in the differential
      diagnosis between congestive cardiomyopathy and coronary disease].

PMID- 2882580
TI  - [Prognostic significance of ST segment depression on the precordial lead in acute
      inferior myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2882582
TI  - [Value of metoprolol in increasing the tolerance of patients with ischemic heart
      disease to exertion].

PMID- 2882583
TI  - [Preventive treatment of unstable angina with aspirin (preliminary note)].

PMID- 2882585
TI  - [A case of Fabry's disease].

PMID- 2882584
TI  - [Immune reactions during treatment with propranolol].

PMID- 2882586
TI  - [Microalbuminuria in incipient diabetic nephropathy].

PMID- 2882587
TI  - [Minimal proteinuria in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2882588
TI  - [Platelet function and blood coagulation in chronic renal insufficiency].

PMID- 2882589
TI  - [Current status and outlook of biological therapies in mental diseases].

PMID- 2882590
TI  - [The use of psychotropic drugs in elderly patients].

PMID- 2882591
TI  - [Subdural empyema: a severe complication. Apropos of 4 cases].

PMID- 2882592
TI  - Localization of glutamate in trigeminothalamic projection neurons: a combined
      retrograde transport-immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Trigeminothalamic projection neurons are important components of the pathways for
      conscious perception of pain, temperature, and tactile sensation from the
      orofacial region. The neurotransmitters utilized by trigeminal neurons projecting
      to the thalamus are unknown. By use of a monoclonal antibody specific for
      fixative-modified glutamate and a polyclonal antiserum against glutaminase, we
      recently identified neurons in the trigeminal sensory complex that contain
      glutamate-like immunoreactivity (Glu-LI) and glutaminase-like immunoreactivity.
      In the present study, we utilized combined retrograde transport
      immunohistochemical techniques to localize putative glutamatergic
      trigeminothalamic neurons. Following injection of the retrograde tracer,
      wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP), into the
      ventroposterior medial thalamus (VPM), the number of neuronal profiles that were
      double-labeled with WGA:HRP and Glu-LI was greatest in principal sensory nucleus
      (Pr5), followed by subnuclei interpolaris (Sp5I) and caudalis (Sp5C). The average
      percentages of projection neurons double-labeled with Glu-LI were approximately
      60-70% in Pr5 and Sp5I and 40% in Sp5C. The majority of double-labeled profiles
      in Sp5C were located in the magnocellular layer, as opposed to the marginal and
      substantia gelatinosa layers. A large injection site that spread into the
      intralaminar thalamic nuclei and nucleus submedius--areas implicated in the
      processing of nociceptive information--resulted in an increase in the ratio of
      single-labeled to double-labeled projection profiles in Sp5C. These results
      suggest that glutamate may be the neurotransmitter for a majority of
      trigeminothalamic projection neurons located in Sp5I and Pr5. However, on the
      basis of anatomical association, glutamate does not appear to be the major
      transmitter for neurons in Sp5C that forward nociceptive information to the
      thalamus.

PMID- 2882593
TI  - [Intraluminal arterioplasty as therapy for severe renovascular arterial
      hypertension due to Takayasu arteritis: report of a case].

PMID- 2882594
TI  - [Polyarteritis nodosa cutanea].

PMID- 2882595
TI  - [Emboli of cholesterol crystals simulating panarteritis nodosa with joint signs].

PMID- 2882596
TI  - [Sports and maxillofacial injuries: etiological and clinical aspects apropos of
      46 cases. Preventive measures].
AB  - Maxillofacial injuries due to sporting activities represent approximately 10% of
      all cases of injury admitted to the University Hospital Center, Lyon, France, and
      more than half of these occur in football or rugby players. The causes of these
      accidents (blows against another player, the ground, the field equipment or the
      game accessories) are discussed. Lesions are generally simple in young, fit
      adults and results of surgical treatment satisfactory, apart from the rare cases
      of facial disruption. Preventive measures include examination for aptitude for
      sporting activities, adequate referring of games and the wearing of helmets,
      masks and inter-maxillary protective bars.

PMID- 2882597
TI  - The immediate effect of human renal transplantation on basal and meal-stimulated
      levels of gastrointestinal hormones.
AB  - Elevated serum levels of gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucagon were found
      in 10 uraemic patients, whereas gastric inhibitory polypeptide and somatostatin
      levels were normal. After renal transplantation there was a significant reduction
      in serum gastrin (median, 5 pmol/l; p = 0.05, n = 9), pancreatic polypeptide (145
      pmol/l; p less than 0.01, n = 9), GIP (9.5 pmol/l; p = 0.02, n = 7), and glucagon
      (92 pg/l; p less than 0.02, n = 9), whereas no alteration was seen in the
      somatostatin level. Meal stimulation produced consistent increases in serum
      levels of all hormones, and the response appeared to be unchanged after renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2882598
TI  - Circulating tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K) and the
      carcinoid flush.
AB  - Antisera of defined regional specificity have been used to measure the
      concentration of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) and neurokinin A-like
      immunoreactivity (NKA-LI) during a meal-induced flush in 10 patients with
      metastatic carcinoid tumours. Although all patients flushed, NKA-LI levels in
      five patients and SP-LI in six patients were not elevated relative to healthy
      subjects (NKA-LI, less than 3 pg/ml; SP-LI, less than 10 pg/ml) both in the
      fasted state and after food. In the patients with elevated basal plasma
      tachykinin levels, increases in NKA-LI and SP-LI after food were erratic and did
      not correspond to a defined digestive phase or the occurrence of the flush.
      Chromatographic analysis of plasma demonstrated the presence of neuropeptide K
      and neurokinin A, and the detection of COOH-terminal fragments of substance P is
      consistent with the higher levels of circulating SP-LI measured with a COOH
      terminally directed antiserum compared with an NH2-terminally directed antiserum.
      Subcutaneous injection of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (50 micrograms)
      alleviated symptoms of flush in two of three patients but only partially
      suppressed NKA-LI and SP-LI concentrations. It is concluded that circulating
      tachykinins cannot be solely responsible for the meal-induced carcinoid flush.

PMID- 2882599
TI  - [Therapeutic strategy in arterial hypertension].
AB  - Diuretics and beta-blocking agents have been used for several years as first-step
      drugs in the treatment of hypertension. There is now growing evidence that
      calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can also be
      administered as first-line antihypertensive agents. These agents offer attractive
      features from the hemodynamic and metabolic viewpoint and with regard to side
      effects. Diuretics, beta-blocking agents, calcium channel blockers and
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, administered either alone or in
      combination, normalize blood pressure in almost all hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2882600
TI  - Beta blockers and lipoproteins: a review of current knowledge.

PMID- 2882601
TI  - Polyarteritis presenting with thrombocytosis and central retinal vein thrombosis.
AB  - We report a case of polyarteritis in a 54 year old woman who presented with
      marked thrombocytosis and acute blindness in one eye secondary to central retinal
      vein thrombosis. She also developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and renal
      failure. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological changes in the renal biopsy.
      Treatment with immunosuppressives, plasma exchange and antiplatelet drugs led to
      rapid clinical improvement and recovery of renal function and prevented further
      thromboembolic episodes. Plasma exchange and antiplatelet drugs should be
      considered in polyarteritis group of systemic vasculitis especially in the
      presence of thromboembolic complications or thrombocytosis.

PMID- 2882602
TI  - Developmental control gene sequenced.

PMID- 2882603
TI  - Sevenless, a cell-specific homeotic gene of Drosophila, encodes a putative
      transmembrane receptor with a tyrosine kinase domain.
AB  - The determination of cell fates during the assembly of the ommatidia in the
      compound eye of Drosophila appears to be controlled by cell-cell interactions. In
      this process, the sevenless gene is essential for the development of a single
      type of photoreceptor cell. In the absence of proper sevenless function the cells
      that would normally become the R7 photoreceptors instead become nonneuronal
      cells. Previous morphological and genetic analysis has indicated that the product
      of the sevenless gene is involved in reading or interpreting the positional
      information that specifies this particular developmental pathway. The sevenless
      gene has now been isolated and characterized. The data indicate that sevenless
      encodes a transmembrane protein with a tyrosine kinase domain. This structural
      similarity between sevenless and certain hormone receptors suggests that similar
      mechanisms are involved in developmental decisions based on cell-cell interaction
      and physiological or developmental changes induced by diffusible factors.

PMID- 2882604
TI  - Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism.
AB  - Clinical, genetic, and neuropsychopharmacological studies of developmental
      factors in alcoholism are providing a better understanding of the neurobiological
      bases of personality and learning. Studies of the adopted-away children of
      alcoholics show that the predisposition to initiate alcohol-seeking behavior is
      genetically different from susceptibility to loss of control after drinking
      begins. Alcohol-seeking behavior is a special case of exploratory appetitive
      behavior and involves different neurogenetic processes than do susceptibility to
      behavioral tolerance and dependence on the antianxiety or sedative effects of
      alcohol. Three dimensions of personality have been described that may reflect
      individual differences in brain systems modulating the activation, maintenance,
      and inhibition of behavioral responses to the effects of alcohol and other
      environmental stimuli. These personality traits distinguish alcoholics with
      different patterns of behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuropharmacological
      responses to alcohol.

PMID- 2882605
TI  - Arachidonic acid metabolites and perinatal cerebral hemodynamics.

PMID- 2882606
TI  - [Puerperal psychosis: the case of Mrs. R].

PMID- 2882607
TI  - Pain relief after arthroscopy: naproxen sodium compared to propoxyphene napsylate
      with acetaminophen.
AB  - We compared naproxen sodium (550 mg) and propoxyphene napsylate with
      acetaminophen (PN/A, 100 mg with 650 mg) for pain relief after arthroscopy or
      arthroscopic meniscectomy. Fifty-two patients entered this multicenter, double
      blind, randomized, parallel trial. In each drug group, pain intensity values
      dropped consistently throughout this six-hour study from mean baseline levels of
      approximately 55 on a scale of 0 to 100. Pain intensity values were lower at each
      hour in the naproxen sodium than in the PN/A group and significantly lower at
      hour 1 (P = .008). Pain intensity differences (PID, reflecting change from
      baseline) mirrored this trend: greater mean PIDs were seen in the naproxen sodium
      group at each hour, and this difference between drug groups was statistically
      significant at hour 1 (P = .017). One patient in the naproxen sodium group and
      seven patients using PN/A took a second dose within the six hours. Patients in
      each drug group reported five complaints.

PMID- 2882608
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis diagnosed in a patient with long-standing arthralgias and
      arthritis.
AB  - A 50-year-old woman had seronegative polyarthritis for three years, followed by
      vascular obstruction with classic Takayasu's arteritis. She responded
      symptomatically to high-dose steroid therapy and remains in long-term remission
      (joints and vasculature) after taper of medication. Literature review documents
      this relationship of arthritis to vasculitis in this and other types of vascular
      inflammation.

PMID- 2882610
TI  - [Therapeutic use of gastrointestinal hormones].

PMID- 2882609
TI  - The importance of communication with the foci of infection in the transmission of
      filariasis in Indonesia.
AB  - Studies on the occurrence of early symptoms of filariasis have been conducted in
      two transmigration Units in the valley of the Wae Apu river, Buru island, Maluku
      Province, Indonesia. In both Units, higher disease rates were found in areas,
      where there was a closer contact with positive natives, higher density of the
      vector mosquito, and higher infective rates in the mosquitoes.

PMID- 2882611
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis.

PMID- 2882612
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis. Report of an unusual case.
AB  - The progression from the early pre-pulseless to the pulseless state in an unusual
      case of Takayasu's arteritis is presented. Several uncommon associated features
      are also described. The importance of the findings is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2882613
TI  - Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma accounts for 5 to 10 per cent of all thyroid
      malignancies and may occur in a familial or a sporadic pattern. This article
      reviews the authors' experience with 200 patients with medullary thyroid
      carcinoma and outlines the recent advances made in our understanding of the
      biochemical properties of these cancer cells and the relationship of different
      tumor markers to prognosis.

PMID- 2882615
TI  - [Research from Buskerud: uncertainty in the care of HIV-positive patients].

PMID- 2882614
TI  - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma). Current diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is being detected at an earlier stage through liberal
      use of serum gastrin testing and application of secretin provocative tests if
      needed. The peptic ulcer disease of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can
      usually be controlled by large doses of one of the new potent gastric acid
      inhibitors. A battery of preoperative localizing tests can then be applied to
      guide exploratory laparotomy in non-MEN I patients. The tumor should be resected
      if possible, and continued low gastrin levels after operation provide evidence of
      a complete resection. It is reasonable to perform a parietal cell vagotomy at
      celiotomy because it will facilitate control of acid secretion if tumor resection
      is not successful. The only need for total gastrectomy is in a few patients whose
      acid secretion cannot be controlled with H2 receptor antagonists or who cannot
      comply with medical therapy. When no tumor is found at celiotomy, the prognosis
      for long-term tumor-free survival is excellent. Unfortunately, if unresectable
      hepatic metastases are present at operation, the patient is likely to die from
      metastatic tumor.

PMID- 2882616
TI  - [Regulation of the IgE antibody response].

PMID- 2882617
TI  - [The treatment of children with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome].
AB  - Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disorder of motor and vocal tics, with
      associated symptoms of obsessive-compulsive behaviors and attention deficit
      disorder with hyperactivity. Genetic factors seem to play a major role, but the
      precise mode of inheritance is still not known. Intervention includes reassurance
      and support of child and family, medication if needed and guidance and advocacy
      in relation to school achievements. The major goal of treatment is to help the
      child succeed in moving along the various lines of development. Clonidine, a
      centrally active alpha2-noradrenergic agonist is the first choice of medical
      treatment in most cases. If clonidine fails, pimozide and haloperidol are
      considered to be good alternatives.

PMID- 2882619
TI  - [Suggestion and recovery. A scientific approach to the suggestive experience of
      the recovery process].

PMID- 2882618
TI  - Disorders in the system of cyclic nucleotides in atherosclerosis: cyclic AMP and
      cyclic GMP content and activity of related enzymes in human aorta.
AB  - Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP content and activities of cyclic nucleotide metabolic
      enzymes were determined in intima and media of atherosclerotic and unaffected
      human aorta obtained shortly after death due to myocardial infarction. Cyclic AMP
      content in fatty streaks and atherosclerotic plaques was lower by three- and five
      fold, respectively, as compared with uninvolved intima. Cyclic GMP level in
      atherosclerotic lesions was estimated to be three-fold higher than in grossly
      normal area. Basal activity of adenylate cyclase in fatty streaks and plaques was
      two- to six-fold lower than in unaffected intima. Besides, the ability of
      adenylate cyclase to be stimulated by the stable analogue of prostacyclin,
      carbacyclin, was suppressed in plaques. Guanylate cyclase activity in fatty
      streaks was 1.5- to three-fold higher than in normal tissue. The thiol-reducing
      agent, dithiothreitol, decreased the enzyme activity to normal level, suggesting
      the oxidative nature of guanylate cyclase activation in the lesion zone. There
      were no significant changes in cyclic AMP phosphodiestease activity in the
      regions of the atherosclerotic lesion. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity in
      atherosclerotic plaques was two-fold lower than in the intima of unaffected
      areas. We did not find differences in the content of cyclic nucleotides or
      related enzyme activities in the media of uninvolved areas of human aorta nor in
      the media underlying atherosclerotic lesions. Our findings suggest that
      development of human atherosclerotic lesions is accompanied by dramatic changes
      in the cyclic nucleotide metabolism featuring gradual hormonal receptor
      uncoupling from adenylate cyclase, activation of guanylate cyclase in fatty
      streaks and inhibition of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase in plaques.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882620
TI  - Induction of metallothionein by steroids in rat primary hepatocyte cultures.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to characterize the induction of metallothionein
      (MT) by steroids in rat primary hepatocyte cultures. Comparison of the
      characteristics of MT induction by a steroid (dexamethasone) to that by metals
      (Zn and Cd), examination of the involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in the
      steroid induction of MT, and determination of the potency and effectiveness of a
      number of steroids were studied. In general, the patterns of MT induction by
      metals and steroids were quite different. For metals, the maximal MT induction
      (12- to 39-fold) was limited by toxicity whereas for steroids, a plateau in MT
      induction (fivefold) occurred at noncytotoxic concentrations. Steroids elicited
      an increase in MT at concentrations that were one-hundredth to one-thousandth
      less than that of metals. A combination of metal and steroid increased the
      induction of MT to a level higher than achieved by metal or steroid alone. The
      effectiveness of steroids at inducing MT was related to their ability to induce a
      specific glucocorticoid effect, induction of tyrosine aminotransferase. For
      specific classes of steroids, synthetic glucocorticoids were more potent than the
      metals in inducing MT, but endogenous glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
      androgens, and estrogens were less potent than the metals. The concentration of
      corticosterone, the major endogenous glucocorticoid of rats, required to induce
      MT in hepatocytes was 100 times higher than concentrations achievable in the
      plasma of rats. In conclusion, in rat hepatocytes dexamethasone was a more potent
      but less effective inducer of MT than Zn or Cd; synthetic glucocorticoids were
      more potent but endogenous adrenalcorticoids (i.e., glucocorticoids,
      mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens) were both less potent and less
      effective inducers of MT than were metals, suggesting that glucocorticoids may
      not be the mediator for stress-induced MT induction; and induction of MT by
      steroids correlated well with the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase,
      supporting the involvement of a hormone-receptor complex in the induction of MT
      by steroids.

PMID- 2882621
TI  - Skeletal muscle glucocorticoid receptor and glutamine synthetase activity in the
      wasting syndrome in rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
AB  - This study demonstrated specific changes in rat skeletal muscles after a single
      oral dose (100 micrograms/kg) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The
      development of the wasting syndrome was characterized by marked body weight loss,
      as well as atrophy of plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles. Fourteen days after
      administration of TCDD, gastrocnemius muscle cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor
      binding, measured at a single saturating concentration of [3H]triamcinolone
      acetonide, was significantly diminished, while plantaris muscle glutamine
      synthetase activity was strikingly elevated, indicating that specific biochemical
      alterations occur in skeletal muscle in the wasting syndrome.

PMID- 2882622
TI  - Renal damage induced by cadmium-metallothionein: effects on biochemical
      indicators.
AB  - Time dependent changes in urinary biochemical indicators for renal tubular injury
      and dysfunction were determined in female Wistar rats after an intraperitoneal
      injection of cadmium-metallothionein (Cd-MT) (50, 150 or 300 micrograms Cd/kg
      body wt) to further characterize the tubular damage caused by Cd. The Cd-MT
      injection caused dose-dependent increases in urinary activities of the enzymes
      (alkaline phosphatase; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH;
      N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) on day 1, which appeared to reflect the tubular
      injury. The rate of increase in LDH, a cytosolic enzyme, was the largest among
      those of the enzymes. This result coincided with the data reported for repeated
      administration of ionic Cd to rats, suggesting that the feature of tubular injury
      caused by an injection of Cd-MT is similar to that by chronic exposure to ionic
      Cd. Changes in urinary glucose and total protein, indicators of tubular
      dysfunction, and metals (Cd, zinc and copper) were accompanied with those in
      urinary enzymes. Hydrocarbons in breath of rats injected with Cd-MT at a dose of
      300 micrograms Cd/kg body weight were also determined as an indicator of in vivo
      lipid peroxidation. The levels of ethane and propane were significantly increased
      at 12 h after injection, which suggests that lipid peroxidation is partly
      involved in the tubular damage reflected by the increases in urinary enzymes.

PMID- 2882623
TI  - Proposed nomenclature for cytolytic toxins of sea anemones.

PMID- 2882624
TI  - [Immunoregulatory T-lymphocytes of patients with periodontal diseases in gastric
      and duodenal peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2882625
TI  - [Patterns of deformity in bridge dentures made of metal].

PMID- 2882627
TI  - [Risks associated with the use of short-acting benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2882626
TI  - High-dose acetylsalicylic acid after cerebral infarction. A Swedish Cooperative
      Study.
AB  - Within 3 weeks of the event, 505 patients with cerebral infarction, minor or
      major stroke, were randomly assigned to treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
      1.5 g/day or placebo in a double-blind clinical trial with a follow-up of 2 years
      in all patients. Primary events were considered to be recurrent stroke or death;
      secondary events, myocardial infarction and transient ischemic attack. There was
      no difference in stroke recurrence rate in the ASA and placebo groups (12 and
      13%, respectively), nor was there any significant difference in the rate of
      recurrent stroke or death, first event counted (23% in the ASA and 22% in the
      placebo group). The risk of transient ischemic attack and myocardial infarction
      was not reduced in the ASA group. In the present study there was no prophylactic
      effect of high-dose ASA after cerebral infarction. A compilation of the major
      trials of ASA after transient ischemic attack and cerebral infarction is
      presented.

PMID- 2882628
TI  - [Anomalies of the seminiferous system in cryptorchism].

PMID- 2882629
TI  - Hyperplasia of spermatic cord nerves: a sign of testicular absence.
AB  - The comparative histologic study of the spermatic cord in the absence of testis,
      epididymis-testis separation, and normal development of both testis and
      epididymis, revealed that there is nerve trunk hyperplasia and hypertrophy in
      absence of the testis. This finding may greatly aid the diagnosis of testicular
      absence in the management of impalpable testes.

PMID- 2882630
TI  - Interstitial cystitis--1987.

PMID- 2882631
TI  - [Transmission of ATLV (HTLV-I) through blood transfusion].

PMID- 2882632
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with a renal syndrome].

PMID- 2882633
TI  - [Activity of enzymes of glutathione metabolism and regulation by cAMP in human
      tumors].
AB  - Tumors were studied in 38 patients, tissues located far away from tumor being
      used as control. Breast and stomach tumors revealed relatively high levels of
      glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase (I) and, particularly, gamma
      glutamyl transferase (II). The said changes were not observed in colorectal
      tumors. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (II) may be used as a marker for breast and
      stomach malignancies in man but it is not a universal and absolutely specific
      marker for all tumors. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (III) either did
      not change or decreased. The activating effect of cAMP on III and I remained
      generally unchanged in all tumors studied.

PMID- 2882634
TI  - [Several indices of immunocorrection in neurodermatitis patients].

PMID- 2882635
TI  - [Various remarks with regard to the therapeutic management of patients with
      bronchial asthma in pregnancy].

PMID- 2882636
TI  - [Inhibition of microsomal enzyme activity of the liver by various H2 receptor
      antagonists].
AB  - The inhibition of 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity by four different H2
      receptor antagonists was studied using rat liver microsomes. The compounds tested
      represent two classes of H2-antagonists, i. e. structures with (cimetidine and
      oxmetidine) and without (ranitidine and SKF 93479) an imidazole ring. The
      microsomes were prepared from untreated and phenobarbital-treated animals. It was
      found that all four compounds, even those without an imidazole ring, inhibited
      deethylase activity. The compounds inhibited in the following order: SKF 93479
      (90%) greater than cimetidine (58%) = oxmetidine (58%) greater than ranitidine
      (23%). In microsomes from phenobarbital-induced animals, the inhibitory activity
      of oxmetidine was increased 5-fold. Only the inhibitory potency of cimetidine was
      increased by preincubation of the H2-antagonist with the microsomes prior to the
      addition of the substrate.

PMID- 2882637
TI  - [Schizophrenic thought disorders. Identification of parameters of inferential
      processes for computer-assisted diagnostic findings in psychiatric diagnosis. I].

PMID- 2882638
TI  - [The APUD system (structuro-functional organization, biological significance in
      health and pathology)].

PMID- 2882639
TI  - [Regulatory role of T gamma and T mu-cells in the development of delayed-type
      hypersensitivity according to the results of skin tests and the clinical
      manifestations of furunculosis].

PMID- 2882640
TI  - [Effect of alcohol on the rate of antipyrine biotransformation in the guinea
      pig].

PMID- 2882641
TI  - Preproenkephalin B-derived opioid peptides in human phaeochromocytomas.
AB  - We demonstrated the presence and the secretion in vivo and in vitro of
      immunoreactive preproenkephalin B-derived opioid peptides (alpha-neoendorphin,
      dynorphin and leumorphin) in human phaeochromocytomas. In seventeen human
      phaeochromocytomas and two human adrenal medullas, the tissue contents of
      immunoreactive preproenkephalin B-derived opioid peptides (alpha-neoendorphin,
      dynorphin and leumorphin) and leu-enkephalin were studied by specific RIAs.
      Compared with a remarkable wide distribution in amounts of immunoreactive leu
      enkephalin (1063 +/- 437 pg/mg, mean +/- SE), small amounts of immunoreactive
      alpha-neoendorphin (22.6 +/- 6.4 pg/mg) and dynorphin (8.5 +/- 1.2 pg/mg) were
      detected in all seventeen human phaeochromocytomas and the two human adrenal
      medullas. Leumorphin-like immunoreactivity was detected in only four tumours. Gel
      chromatographic studies revealed the presence of preproenkephalin B-derived
      peptides and their high molecular forms. A significant positive correlation
      between the tumour tissue contents of immunoreactive alpha-neoendorphin and of
      dynorphin was observed. Nicotine (10(-5), 10(-4) mol/l) significantly stimulated
      the secretion of immunoreactive alpha-neoendorphin and dynorphin as well as leu
      enkephalin and catecholamines from cultured human phaeochromocytoma cells.
      Administration of 1 mg of glucagon to a patient with medullary phaeochromocytoma
      induced a rapid increase in the plasma concentration of immunoreactive alpha
      neoendorphin with a concomitant increase in plasma catecholamines. These results
      indicate the presence of preproenkephalin B-derived opioid peptides in human
      phaeochromocytomas and human adrenal medullas and their secretion in human
      phaeochromocytomas.

PMID- 2882643
TI  - Sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine serum levels in children to mothers treated
      with sulphasalazine during pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - Serum concentrations of sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine were measured during
      the first week of life in 15 children whose mothers had been on sulphasalazine
      during pregnancy. The serum concentrations of sulphapyridine and sulphasalazine
      were similar in the children and their mothers at delivery. The elimination rate
      of the drugs in the newborn children was slow but the concentrations were not so
      high that a bilirubin displacing effect could be expected. In eight mothers who
      were breast-feeding and taking sulphasalazine, analyses were done of mothers'
      serum, breast-milk and serum from their children. The results showed that the
      amount of sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine transferred to the child via the
      breast-milk is negligible with regard to the risk of kernicterus. It is concluded
      that a woman in need of sulphasalazine treatment can continue the medication
      throughout pregnancy and lactation without risk of development of kernicterus in
      her child. Only term infants without haemolytic disease were included in the
      study. Thus our conclusion is not necessarily valid for the prematurely born
      child or the child with haemolytic disease.

PMID- 2882642
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia with piritramid for the treatment of postoperative
      pain.
AB  - Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA, intravenous self-application of narcotics) was
      studied during the early postoperative period. Subjects were 40 ASA I-III
      patients recovering from elective major and minor surgery (20 each having
      undergone abdominal or orthopedic operations). Whenever the patients required
      pain relief, piritramid demand doses of 2.0 mg were given via the hand-button of
      a microprocessor-controlled injection pump (On-Demand Analgesia Computer, ODAC).
      Hourly maximum dose was set to 15 mg with a pump refractory time of 1 minute
      between valid demands. A continuous low-dose piritramid infusion (0.24 mg/h) was
      additionally administered in order to prevent catheter obstruction. Duration of
      the PCA period was 19.7 +/- 6.5 hours (mean +/- SD). During this time, 17.1 +/-
      13.8 demands per patient were recorded resulting in mean individual piritramid
      consumptions of 30.4 +/- 28.1 micrograms/kg/h. Self-administration was
      characterized by considerable intra- and interindividual variability. Following
      abdominal surgery, slightly more piritramid was needed compared with orthopedic
      patients, although less pain relief was achieved in the former group. The same
      proved to be true for a comparison between the sexes, males requiring
      significantly more piritramide for less pain relief than females (p = 0.05). Over
      all efficacy and patient acceptance proved to be excellent. Effectiveness of PCA
      was judged superior by about 73% of patients when compared with previously
      experienced conventional postoperative analgesia. Side effects (sweating, nausea,
      emesis) occurred in about 20% but were usually of minor intensity. No serious
      circulatory or respiratory problems were observed during the PCA period. Patient
      controlled analgesia is discussed as a promising concept for the treatment of
      acute pain and for clinical pain research.

PMID- 2882645
TI  - Antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity of amidine sulfides.

PMID- 2882644
TI  - Toxins, putative cell adhesins and fibronectin binding properties of Salmonella
      dublin.
AB  - Fifty Salmonella dublin strains isolated from cattle and human diarrhoeal cases
      were assayed for toxin production, haemagglutination, cell-surface hydrophobicity
      and fibronectin-binding properties. Most strains (65% of tested) produced
      cytotonic toxins and cytotoxic factors when tested on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells and rabbit skin test. However, only three strains produced a skin
      permeability factor as determined in pig skin intra-dermal tests. None of the
      strains were positive in pig intestinal loop tests. Six of the 32 strains tested
      for 125I-fibronectin and its 125I-29 kDa N-terminal domain binding showed 10-17%
      and 6-10% binding, respectively. Most of the strains expressed mannose-sensitive
      haemagglutination (MSHA) (76%) and high cell-surface hydrophobicity (74%) when
      grown at 37 degrees C. At 20 degrees C the expression of MSHA and especially the
      expression of high cell-surface hydrophobicity were reduced. Twelve strains grown
      at 37 degrees C did not haemagglutinate erythrocytes from five animal species
      used in this study, while six of these strains expressed high cell-surface
      hydrophobicity. Salmonella dublin strains isolated in Denmark appeared to express
      a higher frequency of fimbriae type 1 (MSHA) and a lower frequency of high cell
      surface hydrophobicity than the strains from external sources.

PMID- 2882646
TI  - Models for the experimental analysis of depression.
AB  - Numerous models of depression have been proposed by investigators to assist in
      understanding this common and complex disorder. Some of these models have been
      specifically created to reflect certain philosophical or theoretical aspects of
      depression thought to be important. Other experimental paradigms evolved into
      models of depression when certain similarities with depressed patients were
      observed. The label depression undoubtedly refers to many separate and
      independent disorders that happen to share some similar behavioral symptoms.
      Although no one model can be appropriate for all types of depression, the
      evaluation in depressed patients of hypotheses developed in the models may
      provide diagnostic clues that would assist in selecting the therapeutic
      intervention that is most appropriate for a particular patient.

PMID- 2882647
TI  - Effect of phenformin on the plasma somatostatin concentration in healthy persons.

PMID- 2882648
TI  - Somatostatin immunoreactive nerve elements in the rat small intestine: light and
      electron microscopic studies.
AB  - Somatostatin-containing nerve elements were identified by light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemistry in the rat small intestine. Labelled nerve cell
      bodies were found in the submucous plexus. In the myenteric plexus and the
      mucosa, numerous somatostatin positive fibers were found. Labelled fibers were
      observed in the vicinity of blood vessels, close to the smooth muscle cell
      membrane and to the lamina basalis of epithelial cells. In both plexuses, there
      were many synapses between the labelled and unlabelled nerve elements. After
      transection of the nn. mesenteric some of the degenerated nerve fibers
      originating outside the wall of the small intestine contained also somatostatin
      immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that somatostatin nerves not only
      influence the blood flow, but participate in regulation of smooth muscle activity
      and, by the aid of their interneuronal synapses they have a regulatory or
      transmitter effect on the other intrinsic nerve elements.

PMID- 2882649
TI  - Stage specific embryonic carbohydrate surface antigens of primordial germ cells
      in mouse embryos: FAL (S.S.E.A.-1) and globoside (S.S.E.A.-3).
AB  - Immunodetections of carbohydrate surface antigens were carried out for SSEA-1 and
      SSEA-3. Using alkaline phosphatase for the detection of primordial germ cells
      these surface antigens were detected at the cell membrane and the cytoplasm of
      the germ cells at E 10.

PMID- 2882650
TI  - Effective drugs in preventing recurrent coronary events. I. Hospital phase.

PMID- 2882651
TI  - Modification of coronary-prone behavior and clinical application.

PMID- 2882652
TI  - Recommendations of the scientific councils of the International Society and
      Federation of Cardiology on risk reduction after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2882653
TI  - Effective drugs in preventing recurrent coronary events. II. Late management.

PMID- 2882654
TI  - Muscle exercise, energy metabolism and blood lactate.

PMID- 2882655
TI  - The loose coupling mechanism in molecular machines of living cells.
AB  - For a bacterial flagellar motor driven by a proton flux, a loose coupling
      mechanism has been proposed in which the movement of the proton is indirectly and
      loosely coupled with the rotation of the motor. This mechanism assures the
      efficient and smooth conversion of both electrical and chemical potential
      energies of the proton of the same order as the energy of the thermal
      fluctuation. Loose coupling has been also assumed for the proton ATPase. A proton
      flux produces a rotational movement of protein molecules and this movement
      promotes the synthesis of ATP. In the proposed mechanism, the number of protons
      necessary for the synthesis of one ATP molecule is not an integer but varies
      depending on the environmental condition. In the case of muscle, the coupling
      between the hydrolysis of ATP and the shortening was found to be extremely loose.
      It is likely that molecular machines in living cells often adopt a loose coupling
      mechanism in which the chemical reaction and the physical cycle have not always a
      definite one-to-one correspondence.

PMID- 2882656
TI  - Investigation of genetic linkage in human families.

PMID- 2882657
TI  - Localization of 3'-nucleotidase and calcium-dependent endoribonuclease in the
      plasma-membrane of Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - We have characterized a 3'-nucleotidase activity of T. brucei. The enzyme has a
      pH optimum of 8.7, is inactivated by chelating agents and stimulated by divalent
      cations. It is inhibited by Zn2+, Mn2+, pyrophosphate and the trypanocidal drug
      suramin for which it has a Ki of 3 microM. From cell fractionation experiments it
      is concluded that the enzyme is located in the plasma membrane. Alkaline 3'
      endoribonuclease is also located in the plasma membrane of T. brucei and this
      activity shares a great number of properties with the 3'-nucleotidase activity,
      including its sensitivity to suramin. The possibility that both 3'-nucleotidase
      and endonuclease activities are catalyzed by the same enzyme cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2882659
TI  - [Myxosporidians of freshwater fishes in Cameroon. I. New species of Myxidium
      Butschli, 1882].
AB  - This work deals with the study of myxosporidians parasitizing freshwater fishes
      in Cameroon. Fishes belonging to four families are concerned: Cyprinodontidae,
      Distichodontidae, Cyprinidae and Mormyridae. Five new species of Myxidium, all
      inhabiting the gall-bladder of their hosts, are described and named. They are as
      follows: Myxidium birgii, M. camerounensis, M. petrocephali, M. nyongensis and M.
      brienomyri. We have paid particular attention to vegetative stages in
      distinguishing species.

PMID- 2882658
TI  - Freeze-fracture studies on the surface membranes of pleomorphic bloodstream and
      in vitro transformed procyclic Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - The surface membranes of bloodstream long slender, short stumpy and culture
      procyclic stages of Trypanosoma brucei brucei were compared with respect to
      freeze-fracture electron microscopy, intramembrane particle (IMP) distribution
      and beta-hydroxysterol content as shown by the characteristic intramembrane
      lesions induced by the polyene antibiotic, filipin. Little difference was
      observed between IMP density of long slender and short stumpy form body
      membranes: IMP's were more abundant on the protoplasmic face (PF) than on the
      exoplasmic face (EF). The procyclic culture form body membrane showed an
      increased density of PF IMPs and a decreased density of EF IMPs over their
      bloodstream short stumpy form predecessors. Flagellar membrane fracture faces
      displayed higher IMP densities than body membrane fracture faces of the same
      trypanosome. The numbers of filipin-induced lesions (FIL) indicated an increased
      level of beta-hydroxysterols in the short stumpy forms relative to the level in
      the long slender bloodforms. FIL density was further increased in the body
      membrane of the procyclic culture form. FIL density was higher in the flagellar
      membrane than in the corresponding body membrane and FIL were excluded from
      flagellum to body attachment zones of the flagellar membrane of all stages. The
      polarity of the FIL in the surface membranes was reversed on transforming from
      bloodstream to culture procyclic stages. These observations indicate qualitative
      differences between the surface membranes of the three stages, independent of the
      presence or absence of the surface coat.

PMID- 2882661
TI  - Detection of protein kinase substrates in extracts of Onchocerca volvulus.
AB  - Extracts of Onchocerca volvulus were phosphorylated in the presence of (gamma
      32P)ATP and Mg2+ by endogenous protein kinase activity and exogenous rabbit
      muscle catalytic sub-unit of the adenosine 3'5' monophosphate dependent protein
      kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.37). Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic
      analysis of the 32P-labelled extracts revealed at least seven (32P)
      phosphoproteins with apparent Mr of 92,000; 86,000; 40,000; 27,000; 26,000;
      23,000 and 17,000. The phosphorylation of the components with apparent Mr of
      23,000 and 17,000 was catalysed by both endogenous and exogenous protein kinases,
      whereas the other components required exogenous protein kinase for their
      phosphorylation. The endogenous protein kinase activity was inhibited by suramin
      and the heat-stable protein inhibitor of the adenosine 3'5' monophosphate
      dependent protein kinase. The (32P)phosphoproteins identified in this
      investigation are probably candidate regulatory molecules in O. volvulus; though
      their physiological functions remain to be determined.

PMID- 2882660
TI  - [Polymorphism of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the Guadeloupe (French Antilles)
      focus: presence of S. rodhaini-like parasites?].
AB  - A comparative study of egg morphology of Schistosoma mansoni carried out between
      9 parasite populations from Guadeloupean foci demonstrates the existence of an
      intraspecific polymorphism. Three types of lateral spined eggs have been
      described and their relative proportions observed between populations are related
      to the participation of a wild host-reservoir (Rattus rattus) in the life cycle
      of the parasite. Eggs of schistosomes originating from urbanized foci where man
      plays the main role in the transmission are less polymorphic than those from
      sylvatic or mangrove foci where rats are involved in the parasite transmission
      dynamics. In some populations of murine schistosomes, the existence of eggs with
      an identical shape to those of experimental hybrids between S. mansoni and S.
      rodhaini suggests the presence of "S. rodhaini-like" parasites in certain foci of
      schistosomiasis from Guadeloupe.

PMID- 2882662
TI  - Colonization of the rectum of Triatoma infestans by Trypanosoma cruzi: influence
      of starvation studied by scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - The colonization of the different regions of the rectum of Triatoma infestans by
      a Trypanosoma cruzi strain (zymodeme I) originating from the same locality as the
      bugs was studied by scanning electron microscopy after different periods of
      starvation of the bugs. Throughout the first 16 weeks no changes in colonization
      pattern could be observed. Parasite density was always minimal at the
      midgut/rectal junction and highest on the rectal pads; it was at a similar level
      in the other three regions of the rectum. Twenty weeks after feeding, a
      proportion of the bugs had died and in the surviving larvae a decreasing
      colonization of the cuticle occurred. Nonetheless, despite other regions being
      flagellate-free, a residual T. cruzi population always remained attached to the
      rectal pads. No changes in the proportion of trypomastigotes to epimastigotes
      were observed as starvation progressed.

PMID- 2882663
TI  - The surface morphology of the midgut cells of Rhodnius prolixus Stal (Hemiptera:
      Reduviidae) during blood digestion.
AB  - The surface morphology of the midgut cells of Rhodnius prolixus is examined using
      scanning electron microscopy. Before feeding, the microvilli are devoid of any
      extracellular structures and can be observed in both fracture faces and surface
      views. By 3 days after feeding, patches of extracellular membrane layers are
      observed on the surface of the midgut cells and by 7 days the extracellular
      membrane layers form an incomplete sheet overlying the microvilli, such that the
      microvilli are no longer visible in surface view. At 15 days after the blood meal
      the membrane layers are well developed in the intestine forming a continuous
      sheet, while in the crop the layers are not as completely developed. The results
      complement previous studies on the midgut ultrastructure of R. prolixus. The
      extracellular membrane layers are thought to function as a peritrophic membrane,
      allowing the spatial separation of digestive processes.

PMID- 2882664
TI  - A strategy for the prevention of the transmission of Chagas' disease during blood
      transfusion.
AB  - Our strategy for preventing the transmission of Chagas' disease during blood
      transfusion is discussed. In addition, the possibility that the Peru, Sonya,
      Tulahuen and Y strains of Trypanosoma cruzi show varying sensitivities to a
      series of amphiphilic cationic drugs in vitro at 4 degrees C was investigated
      using a microscope lysis test. All 21 drugs tested at a concentration of 10(-3) M
      lysed Sonya bloodstream trypomastigotes, but Peru, Tulahuen and Y strains were
      affected by 17, 17 and 11 drugs, respectively. All four strains were most
      sensitive to the acridines; acranil, aminacrine and mepacrine. Although some
      variation was seen in their responses to certain drugs, no one strain was
      particularly insensitive to the series as a whole. The effects of gentian violet,
      maprotiline and mepacrine on the infectivity of Sonya trypomastigotes following
      incubation at 4 degrees C for 24 h were evaluated. Mepacrine, at a concentration
      of 2.5 X 10(-4) M greatly decreased the viability of trypomastigotes, while 10(
      3) M concentrations of both maprotiline, mepacrine, and gentian violet (at low
      parasite densities only) apparently abolished all infectivity. Although the
      compounds we tested did not show a significant improvement over gentian violet,
      the compound currently used in some blood banks, other existing amphiphilic
      cationic drugs could be of use in preventing the transmission of Chagas' disease
      during blood transfusion.

PMID- 2882665
TI  - Production and evaluation of specific antisera against sera of various vertebrate
      species for identification of bloodmeals of Glossina morsitans centralis.
AB  - Specific antisera against sera of 46 species of vertebrates were prepared. The
      antisera to 21 Bovidae species were raised in goats except the antiserum to goat
      serum which was raised in sheep. The antisera to 3 Suidae species were produced
      either in domestic pigs or warthogs, while antisera to most of the other
      vertebrate species were raised in rabbits. The antisera were used in an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify the source of bloodmeals ingested
      by teneral and non-teneral tsetse at different time intervals after feeding. The
      bloodmeal donors were identifiable in 100% of the teneral tsetse up to 40 h post
      feeding and in 87.5% in those tested up to 74 h post-feeding. Non-teneral tsetse
      digested the species-distinguishing bloodmeal components faster than the
      tenerals. Bloodmeals could be identified in 100% non-tenerals at 20 h post
      feeding but only 67.5% and 50% of the bloodmeals could be identified 40 h and 74
      h post-feeding, respectively. The antisera were also able to identify mixed
      bloodmeals from closely related species.

PMID- 2882666
TI  - Use of procyclic trypanosomes for detection of antibodies in sera from vervet
      monkeys infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense: an immunodiagnostic test for
      African sleeping sickness.
AB  - Uncoated procyclic culture forms of African trypanosomes were used in
      immunofluorescence and simple agglutination assays to detect antibodies in the
      sera of vervet monkeys infected with T. b. rhodesiense. Antibodies to procyclic
      surface antigens were found in sera from animals with active, untreated
      infections or sera taken soon after treatment with trypanocidal drugs. The
      antibodies were detectable within 7 days of infection. No specific antibodies
      were detected in sera prior to infection or long after drug cure. The results
      indicate that antigens expressed on the surface of procyclic culture forms of T.
      brucei spp. are useful for the detection of antibodies produced in response to
      infection with T. b. rhodesiense and may allow the development of a simple
      immunodiagnostic test for African sleeping sickness. In addition, the use of a
      form of the trypanosome of a different differentiation state from the infecting
      organism illustrates the utility of this approach for detection of antibodies to
      common antigens.

PMID- 2882667
TI  - Chemotherapy of field cases of East Coast fever using halofuginone lactate.
AB  - The chemotherapeutic effect of halofuginone lactate (Terit, Hoechst) was tested
      against natural pathogenic Theileria parva infections (East Coast fever, ECF) in
      24 cattle. Halofuginone lactate, administered per os, 1.2 mg per kg b.wt and
      repeated after 48 h manifested a potent schizonticidal effect, observed between 5
      and 11 days post treatment. Disappearance of erythrocytic forms (EF) took long,
      ranging from 6 to 34 days post treatment. Differences on efficacy between
      halofuginone lactate tablets and solution were not observed. The use of
      furosemide (Dimazon, Hoechst) to promote diuresis in pulmonary oedema and
      streptomycin sulphate for control of secondary pulmonary infections, as
      supportive therapy measures, enhanced recovery from ECF. A recovery rate of 96%
      was recorded. Relapses were not observed.

PMID- 2882668
TI  - Cyclical development of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from cattle and goats in
      Glossina.

PMID- 2882669
TI  - Preoperative ultrasonography of the undescended testis.

PMID- 2882670
TI  - Effects of aortic valve replacement on blood pressure, neurohumoral regulation,
      and arrhythmias in patients with aortic stenosis.

PMID- 2882671
TI  - HB Q-Thailand-HB H disease in a Chinese living in Geneva, Switzerland:
      characterization of the variant and identification of the two alpha-thalassemic
      chromosomes.
AB  - Data on a 24-year-old Chinese male with Hb Q-Thailand-Hb H disease are presented.
      The hemoglobin variant was characterized by fast microprocedures, mainly by
      reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Gene mapping analyses
      identified the alpha-thalassemia-2, which is associated with the alpha-Q chain,
      as caused by a 4.2-kb deletion involving the alpha 2 globin gene, while the alpha
      thalassemia-1 anomaly was the common Southeast Asian type in which part of the
      psi zeta, the psi alpha, and the alpha 2 and alpha 1 globin genes are deleted.

PMID- 2882673
TI  - Use and abuse of controlled substances by pharmacists and pharmacy students.
AB  - The use of controlled substances by samples of pharmacists and pharmacy students
      in one New England state was surveyed. A questionnaire was sent in November 1984
      to a sample of 510 pharmacists randomly selected from the membership list of the
      state's pharmaceutical association and to a sample of 470 students from the
      state's pharmacy schools; 76% and 67% of the eligible pharmacists and students
      responded, respectively. The questionnaire elicited information about the
      respondents' use of controlled substances for self-treatment and recreation, as
      well as the instrumental use of stimulants to enhance performance. Almost half of
      the pharmacists (46%) and two thirds of the students (62%) reported using a
      controlled substance at some time without a prescription; 19% and 41%,
      respectively, used one within the past year. Whereas students used the drugs most
      often for recreation (57% ever, 36% currently), use by pharmacists was more
      equally divided among self-treatment (29% ever, 13% currently), recreation (29%
      ever, 9% currently), and instrumental purposes (21% ever). The drugs most often
      used were marijuana, stimulants (especially cocaine by students), tranquilizers,
      and opiates. Drug use was generally limited in amount, but 18% of the pharmacists
      and 35% of the students who ever used a drug either became dependent or were at
      risk of drug abuse. Current drug use was most strongly associated with age, non
      attendance at religious services, student access, year in school, and
      citizenship. The findings of this study suggest the need for continued
      development of impaired pharmacist committees and drug abuse prevention programs
      for pharmacists and pharmacy students.

PMID- 2882672
TI  - Analysis of fetal intestinal enzymes in amniotic fluid for the prenatal diagnosis
      of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Amniotic-fluid intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase activity, and leucine-aminopeptidase activity were
      quantitated to assess their reliability for the prenatal diagnosis of cystic
      fibrosis. The results indicate that for each of these enzymes an arbitrary cutoff
      point could be chosen that would enable one to correctly predict the outcome for
      the majority of at-risk pregnancies. However, some false positives and false
      negatives occurred with each enzyme. To obtain optimal diagnostic discrimination,
      the three enzyme values obtained for each sample were combined into a single
      linear discriminant function that proved to be a more accurate indicator of the
      outcome of the pregnancy. This was especially important for those cases in which
      the predicted outcome as based on the individual enzyme results was in
      disagreement. From the cases studied here, it appears that this method can be
      expected to give a correct prediction in approximately 96.5% of all 25%-at-risk
      pregnancies. False positives can be expected in approximately 1.4% of the
      pregnancies and false negatives in approximately 2.2%.

PMID- 2882674
TI  - Immediate and long-term pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the genesis of
      sudden cardiac death in patients with congestive heart failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure is the most important predisposing factor to the
      occurrence of sudden death in patients with cardiovascular disease. As left
      ventricular dysfunction deteriorates and symptoms of heart failure become
      evident, ambulatory ventricular arrhythmias become increasingly frequent and
      complex, and sudden cardiac death becomes an increasingly common occurrence. When
      the left ventricular ejection fraction has declined to less than 30 percent and
      symptoms of heart failure become refractory to treatment with digitalis and
      diuretics, 35 to 50 percent of patients will die of a lethal cardiac arrhythmia
      within three years. A number of factors interact to determine the occurrence of
      malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with congestive heart failure.
      Myocardial fibrosis and enhanced left ventricular wall stress may alter the
      electrophysiologic properties of the myocardium, but these factors may not be
      sufficient to explain the development of lethal rhythm disturbances.
      Neurohormonal activation may exacerbate the frequency and complexity of
      ambulatory arrhythmias in these patients, but such activation can persist for
      long periods without fatal electrophysiologic sequelae. Recent investigations
      suggest that electrolyte depletion may provide an important immediate
      precipitating cause for the occurrence of fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias in
      the patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction whose susceptibility is
      markedly heightened by preexisting structural, hemodynamic, or neurohormonal
      factors. Further work is needed to determine if prophylactic therapy directed at
      preventing electrolyte depletion can favorably modify the long-term outcome of
      these severely ill patients.

PMID- 2882676
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism presenting as the first lesion in multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type 1.
AB  - In a study of 16 different families, 55 persons were considered to be affected by
      the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). Serum calcium
      measurements were available for all but six patients, long deceased, and
      hypercalcemia was invariably present. All but four of these patients have been
      subjected to surgery, and hyperparathyroidism was verified in each case. In all
      the patients studied, hyperparathyroidism was apparently the first manifestation
      of the MEN-1 syndrome. Pituitary tumors were detected in 23 patients, and there
      was evidence of pancreatic lesions in 32. Although either the pituitary or
      pancreatic manifestations dominated clinically in some patients,
      hyperparathyroidism was invariably present when sought. Measurement of serum
      calcium in asymptomatic relatives at risk for MEN-1 disclosed no case of
      hyperparathyroidism in children below the age of 18, whereas half of all screened
      persons between the ages of 18 and 30 were found to have hyperparathyroidism. In
      some, the serum calcium values were only marginally or even intermittently
      elevated. It is concluded that since hyperparathyroidism is apparently the first
      lesion in MEN-1, screening for this syndrome should primarily be directed toward
      the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. The temporal relationships suggest that
      hyperparathyroidism could be a prerequisite for the other types of endocrine
      neoplasms in the MEN-1 syndrome.

PMID- 2882675
TI  - Effects of antihypertensive treatment on cerebral perfusion.
AB  - Antihypertensive treatment reduces the risk of ischemic strokes and cerebral
      hemorrhage as complications of excessive or long-standing hypertension. However,
      neurologic dysfunction and brain damage may also accompany short-term, and under
      certain conditions, even long-term antihypertensive treatment. Therefore,
      treatment should be instituted restrictively and cautiously. Special regard
      should be given to the action of antihypertensive drugs on cerebral perfusion in
      patients with an increased risk for the development of treatment-induced cerebral
      ischemic complications, such as patients with hypertensive encephalopathy or
      autonomic dysfunction, and elderly patients with suspected sclerotic stenosis of
      cerebral or neck arteries. The structural and functional lesions of cerebral
      vessels observed in acute and chronic hypertension are reviewed, as are the
      effects of antihypertensive drugs on cerebral blood flow. Calcium channel
      blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may have advantages as
      first-line drugs in the treatment of patients with an elevated risk of cerebral
      hypoperfusion, because of the selective action of these agents on vasoconstricted
      vessels and their differential effects in varying regional vascular beds. The
      excellent efficacy of these drugs in the short- and long-term treatment of
      hypertension may lead to changes in the traditional management of hypertensive
      emergencies as well as in management strategies for other patients at risk for
      treatment-induced complications.

PMID- 2882677
TI  - Rational approach to long-term use of H2-antagonists.
AB  - Although the approved indications for long-term histamine (H2) receptor
      antagonists are limited to the management of hypersecretory states and
      prophylaxis against recurrent duodenal ulcer, these agents are often prescribed
      indiscriminately. Definitive guidelines concerning proper patient selection for
      prophylaxis against duodenal ulcer recurrence are lacking. Persons likely to
      benefit from maintenance therapy include those who smoke and those with a long
      duration of symptoms or prior history of an ulcer complication. Although not an
      approved indication, maintenance therapy to prevent recurrent gastric ulcer is
      appropriate for elderly persons receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or
      in patients with poor cardiopulmonary status who may not tolerate surgery for an
      ulcer-related complication. The role of long-term H2-antagonist therapy in reflux
      esophagitis is not defined but may be appropriate in scleroderma and Barrett's
      esophagus. Finally, several miscellaneous conditions, including cystic fibrosis,
      Menetrier's disease, and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, may benefit from long
      term H2-antagonist therapy. Currently, clinical trials document the efficacy of
      maintenance therapy in duodenal ulcer for up to a three-year period; however, for
      gastric ulcer and chronic reflux esophagitis, the duration and benefit of long
      term therapy is not established, and treatment regimens need to be
      individualized. Therapy may be required indefinitely in the miscellaneous states
      mentioned previously.

PMID- 2882678
TI  - Systemic polyarteritis nodosa diagnosed at hysterectomy.
AB  - A 61-year-woman was referred because of declining general health. A diagnosis of
      uterine malignancy was suspected on the basis of uterine enlargement and an
      elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Hysterectomy was performed, and
      histologic examination revealed necrotizing vasculitis affecting the ovaries,
      fallopian tube, and uterus. Muscle biopsy showed typical periarteritis nodosa
      lesions. Despite the scarcity of such cases, the incidental finding of
      necrotizing arteritis in a surgical uterine specimen warrants further
      investigation to determine if the vasculitic process is localized.

PMID- 2882679
TI  - Disparate hemodynamic responses to mental challenge after antihypertensive
      therapy with beta blockers and calcium entry blockers.

PMID- 2882680
TI  - Aryl sulfatase A deficiency in psychiatric and neurologic patients.
AB  - Two hundred ninety-five psychiatric and neurologic patients were randomly
      screened for aryl sulfatase A (ASA) activity in lymphocyte extracts. Two of these
      patients showed very low ASA activity, in the range of metachromatic
      leukodystrophy (MLD)-affected patients. The residual activity in these low ASA
      patients showed normal enzyme behavior with regard to ASA kinetic features and
      the ability to catabolize 14C labeled sulfatide by intact fibroblasts. Taking
      into account that approximately 3% of the general population are homozygous for
      the pseudo-aryl sulfatase A gene and are clinically unaffected, the data obtained
      here indicate that the patients studied in this work, as well as most psychiatric
      patients reported in the literature with low ASA activity, represent the normal
      ASA polymorphism. Thus, the very low ASA activity patients are in fact homozygous
      for the pseudo-deficient allele, which does not result in clinical abnormalities.
      The clinical symptoms in these psychiatric patients and probably other "variant"
      MLD patients are therefore not related to low ASA activity.

PMID- 2882681
TI  - Early postmarketing surveillance of betaxolol hydrochloride, September 1985
      September 1986.

PMID- 2882682
TI  - Betaxolol in patients with glaucoma and asthma.

PMID- 2882683
TI  - Suppression of mitochondrial respiratory function after short-term anoxia.
AB  - Exposure of rat hepatocytes to 30 min anoxia resulted in a substantial decrease
      in O2 consumption on reoxygenation. Measurement of the sequestered Ca2+ pool of
      mitochondria by selective release with the protonophore, carbonylcyanide-p
      trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and quantitation with the metallochromic
      indicator, arsenazo III, showed that anoxia caused a marked decrease in
      mitochondrial Ca2+. This loss could, in part, be due to decreased electrophoretic
      uptake resulting from a 20% decrease in the magnitude of the mitochondrial
      transmembranal potential. The decrease was associated with a decrease in ATP
      synthase activity as expected from the Ca2+ dependence of endogenous inhibitor
      binding to the ATP synthase. These results show that short-term anoxia suppresses
      mitochondrial function in hepatocytes and suggest that mitochondrial Ca2+ content
      may be important in this regulation. Regulation of the ATP synthase and other ion
      transport systems may provide a means to preserve ion distribution and
      protonmotive force and thereby prolong the period during which cells can tolerate
      anoxia.

PMID- 2882684
TI  - Two types of cells with central innervation in pineal gland of guinea pigs.
AB  - Cells within pineal glands isolated from young, male guinea pigs were impaled
      with intracellular microelectrodes and their responses to stimulate the nerve
      supply to the gland were studied. Two types of cells were identified. The
      response of cells of type I was a depolarization on which spikes were
      superimposed. Blockers of alpha-adrenoceptors abolished the spikes while beta
      adrenoceptor blockers reduced the depolarization to 27%, leaving a small
      tetrodotoxin-sensitive depolarization. After bilateral removal of the superior
      cervical ganglia (SCG) the beta-mediated depolarization was not observed while
      the spikes and the smaller depolarization persisted. The response of cells of
      type II was an initial large, transient depolarization followed by a smaller
      depolarization. Both components were reversibly blocked by tetrodotoxin. The only
      agents found to have any effect on these cells were oxytocin, vasopressin, and
      vasotocin. These peptides caused depolarization similar in amplitude to the
      larger response to nerve stimulation, although more prolonged. The large
      depolarization was not observed following ganglionectomy, but the smaller one
      persisted. It is concluded that cells of type I and II both receive inputs from
      nerves whose cell bodies lie in the SCG. Cells of both types are also innervated
      through another pathway.

PMID- 2882685
TI  - The cat: an animal model for studies of inactive renin.
AB  - Inactive renin, prorenin, is found in high concentrations in human plasma. We
      report herein the characteristics of trypsin-activated inactive renin from cat
      kidney and plasma. Cat and human plasma inactive renin were activated by similar
      concentrations of trypsin. As in humans, there was more inactive than active
      renin in cat plasma; also, inactive renin was low but detectable after
      nephrectomy. Trypsin-activated renal inactive renin, purified on Cibacron blue
      agarose and pepstatin-amino-hexyl-Sepharose chromatography, was inhibited by
      pepstatin and by a renin inhibitor similarly to cat and human active renins. The
      pH optimum of cat renin was biphasic: the higher peak of active renin was at pH
      5.7, whereas that of activated inactive renin was at pH 7.5. As in humans, active
      and inactive plasma renin increased during sodium depletion and inactive renin
      increased during beta-adrenergic blockade, while active renin decreased. These
      results demonstrate that cat inactive renin is similar to human prorenin.
      Therefore, the cat may be a useful model for the study of prorenin.

PMID- 2882686
TI  - The pancreatic-adrenocortical-pituitary clamp technique for study of
      counterregulation in humans.
AB  - The present experiments were undertaken to develop an approach to analyze the
      contribution of individual glucose counterregulatory hormones in humans. For this
      purpose, 24 normal subjects were studied twice: once (control experiments)
      hypoglycemia was induced by subcutaneous infusion of insulin; and once
      [pancreatic-adrenocortical-pituitary (PAP) clamp technique] the spontaneous
      responses of plasma glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol to hypoglycemia were
      prevented by intravenous somatostatin and oral metyrapone, respectively, and each
      hormone was infused at variable rates, which reproduced spontaneous changes in
      their circulating concentrations in the control experiments. Plasma glucose rate
      of decrease (0.052 +/- 0.003 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.003 mg X dl-1 X min-1), plasma
      glucose nadir (49.8 +/- 1.2 vs. 50 +/- 1.0 mg/dl), initial suppression of glucose
      production (0.22 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.01 mg X kg-1 X min-1), subsequent
      compensatory increase in glucose production (0.54 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.04 mg X
      kg-1 X min-1), and the increase in glucose utilization (0.45 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.42 +/
      0.05 mg X kg-1 X min-1) in PAP clamp and control experiments, respectively, were
      not significantly different and were significantly correlated. Changes in plasma
      alanine, lactate, free fatty acids, 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were
      also virtually identical in the PAP clamp experiments and in control experiments.
      We conclude that the PAP clamp technique can faithfully reproduce the spontaneous
      hormonal and substrate responses to hypoglycemia and should be useful to assess
      the contribution of individual hormones during counterregulation by creating an
      isolated (total or partial) deficiency of a particular hormone without
      confounding compensatory changes in secretion of other counterregulatory
      hormones.

PMID- 2882687
TI  - Contribution of neurogenic and myogenic factors in the response of rat proximal
      colon to distension.
AB  - The response of the rat proximal colon to distension and drugs that interfere
      with intrinsic and extrinsic nerves was investigated in vivo (urethan anesthesia)
      and in vitro. Saline distension induced the appearance of a cyclic contractile
      activity that was slightly inhibited by atropine (ATRO) and enhanced by
      physostigmine. Hexamethonium increased the distension-induced motor activity.
      Topical tetrodotoxin (TTX), lidocaine, or procaine produced an increase in
      motility of the proximal colon. Isolated segments of the proximal colon exhibit a
      high-amplitude phasic contractile activity that was increased by stretching,
      transiently inhibited by ATRO, unaffected by hexamethonium, and increased by TTX.
      The effects of both ATRO and TTX were more evident at high- than low-resting
      tone. In the presence of ATRO plus guanethidine, field stimulation of the
      isolated rat proximal colon suppressed the spontaneous contractile activity of
      the preparations. These findings indicate that, in the proximal colon of urethan
      anesthetized rats, a tonic discharge of intramural nonadrenergic noncholinergic
      neurons suppresses the inherent myogenic contractile activity of the smooth
      muscle cells. Extrinsic nervous supply plays a subsidiary role in maintaining
      colonic motility.

PMID- 2882688
TI  - Paracrine regulation of gastric acid secretion by fundic somatostatin.
AB  - The isolated, luminally perfused mouse stomach was used to determine whether
      somatostatin cells located in proximity to parietal cells exert a paracrine
      influence on acid secretion. Acid secretion in response to histamine and
      pentagastrin was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in somatostatin
      secretion. Incubation of the stomach with somatostatin antiserum (final dilution
      1:100), but not with normal serum, augmented significantly basal and secretagogue
      stimulated acid secretion. The augmentation was most evident with submaximal
      stimuli (92 +/- 18%, P less than 0.01, with 15 microM pentagastrin and 160 +/-
      6%, P less than 0.001, with 5 microM histamine) and least evident with maximal
      stimuli (30 +/- 12%, P less than 0.05, with 200 microM histamine). The acid
      response to submaximal field stimulation (10 V, 20 Hz, 0.5 ms), which was
      accompanied by an increase in somatostatin secretion, was also augmented by
      somatostatin antiserum (115 +/- 12%, P less than 0.01), whereas the response to
      maximal field stimulation (20 V, 20 Hz, 0.5 ms), which was accompanied by a
      decrease in somatostatin secretion, a typically cholinergic effect, was not
      augmented further. It is concluded that fundic somatostatin modulates the acid
      secretory response to paracrine (histamine), hormonal (gastrin), and neural
      (acetylcholine) stimuli and that cholinergic stimulation of acid secretion
      reflects both the direct effect of acetylcholine on the parietal cell and its
      ability to eliminate the paracrine restraint exerted by somatostatin.

PMID- 2882689
TI  - Electrical control activity of the lower esophageal sphincter in unanesthetized
      opossums.
AB  - We recorded lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and myoelectrical activity
      concurrently from the esophagus, LES, stomach, and proximal small intestine in
      unanesthetized opossums. LES electrical activity was characterized by almost
      continuous, spikelike oscillations at 15-40/min, which were accompanied by
      minicontractions 5-15 mmHg in amplitude. Basal LES pressure, however, did not
      depend on electrical oscillations. The LES exhibited cyclic changes in pressure
      and electrical activity synchronous with gastric contractions associated with the
      migrating myoelectric complex (MMC). During phase I, the LES pressure was stable
      and its electrical activity showed continuous low-amplitude (less than 0.3 mV)
      oscillations at a rate of 20 +/- 2 per min. During phases II and III of MMC
      related gastric activity, the LES developed strong phasic contractions, while the
      electrical oscillations grouped into clusters with an increased rate (32 +/- 1
      per min) and amplitude (0.4-0.8 mV), each cluster corresponding to a phasic
      contraction. Feeding, pentobarbital, and cholinergic blockade abolished MMC
      related LES activity and resulted in a steady rate of LES electrical
      oscillations. LES relaxation induced by swallows or esophageal balloon distention
      abolished the LES electrical oscillations. Increases in LES pressure induced by
      pharmacological and hormonal stimulation correlated with concurrent increases in
      the rate of electrical oscillations. We conclude that the opossum LES has a
      unique pattern of electrical activity that differs from the electrical activity
      recorded from smooth muscle elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. This
      electrical activity is a form of control wave associated with a minicontraction.
      Phasic LES contractions during the intestinal MMC cycle may result from an
      increase in the rate and amplitude of the LES electrical control waves and fusion
      of minicontractions.

PMID- 2882690
TI  - Vagal influence on gastroduodenal HCO3- secretion in the cat in vivo.
AB  - Gastric and duodenal secretions of HCO3- were studied simultaneously in
      chloralose-anesthetized cats. The adrenals were ligated, and the cervical vagal
      as well as the abdominal splanchnic nerves were cut. Gastric secretions of H+ and
      HCO3- were calculated from measurements of the pH and PCO2 in the luminal
      perfusate. A duodenal segment devoid of Brunner's glands and pancreaticobilary
      secretions was cannulated in situ and the alkaline secretion determined by
      continuous titration at luminal pH 7.4. Electrical stimulation in the distal
      direction for 10-15 min of the cervical vagal nerves resulted in a 6- to 10-fold
      increase in gastric H+ and in a 20-60% rise in gastric HCO-3 secretion. Duodenal
      HCO3- secretion increased by 65-155%. Gastric basal secretions of H+ and HCO3-
      were not affected by atropine or hexamethonium, but both agents inhibited basal
      duodenal HCO3- secretion. Hexamethonium abolished and atropine reduced the rise
      in all secretions in response to vagal nerve stimulation. Thus gastroduodenal
      mucosal HCO3- secretion is stimulated by vagal mechanisms involving action on
      nicotinic as well as on muscarinic receptors and possibly also noncholinergic
      neurotransmission.

PMID- 2882691
TI  - Processing of receptor-bound somatostatin: internalization and degradation by
      pancreatic acini.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated the presence of specific binding sites for
      somatostatin on plasma membranes from pancreatic acinar cells. In the present
      study we attempted to characterize the fate of receptor-bound 125I
      [Tyr11]somatostatin. Internalization of somatostatin was rapid (reaching a
      plateau at 20% of the cell-associated specific radioactivity) and temperature
      dependent. To follow the processing of bound somatostatin, acini were incubated
      with 125I-[Tyr11]somatostatin at 5 degrees C during 16 h then, after washing,
      incubated at 37 degrees C for 90 min in fresh medium. Surface-bound somatostatin
      decreased rapidly, whereas radioactivity increased in the cell interior and the
      incubation medium. Intracellular and membrane-bound radioactivity was mainly
      intact 125I-[Tyr11]somatostatin. Degradation occurred at the plasma membrane
      level and led to iodotyrosine production. After 15 min of incubation, 15% of the
      initially surface-bound 125I-[Tyr11]somatostatin was compartmentalized within the
      cell, mainly in the microsomal fraction. After 30 min, a significant increase in
      radioactivity appeared in the nuclear fraction. These results indicate that the
      major part of somatostatin cellular degradation takes place at the plasma
      membrane level. Within the cell, somatostatin is routed to the nucleus via
      particular fractions sedimenting with microsomal vesicles.

PMID- 2882692
TI  - Ontogeny of renal hemodynamic response to renal nerve stimulation in sheep.
AB  - The renal hemodynamic response to direct electrical stimulation of renal nerves
      was studied in conscious and chronically instrumented fetal (130-142 days
      gestation; term 145 days), newborn (7-12 days postnatal), and adult nonpregnant
      sheep. Renal nerve stimulation (RNS) produced a significant decrease in renal
      blood flow (RBF) velocity and a significant increase in renal vascular resistance
      (RVR) in all three groups of animals. The overall decline in RBF velocity and the
      overall rise in RVR was less pronounced in fetal than in adult sheep (P less than
      0.05). Changes in RBF velocity and RVR using an RNS frequency of 16 Hz were -35
      +/- 4 and 81 +/- 19% in fetal sheep, -61 +/- 10 and 374 +/- 128% in newborn
      lambs, and -84 +/- 12 and 540 +/- 94% in adult sheep, respectively. RNS during
      intrarenal infusion of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine was
      associated with a significant increase in RBF velocity and decrease in RVR in
      both fetal sheep and newborn lambs, but not in adult sheep. Moreover, it was
      found that the rise in RBF velocity and the decrease in RVR associated with RNS
      during alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism were completely inhibited by intrarenal
      infusion of ICI 118,551, a beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist and unaffected by
      either cholinergic or dopaminergic antagonists. Taken together, these results
      suggest that the overall renal vasoconstrictor response to RNS is age dependent.
      Furthermore, the present results demonstrate that, contrary to observations made
      in adult animals, RNS can produce renal vasodilation in immature animals that is
      mediated by beta 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2882693
TI  - Role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in uptake of peptide nitrogen from beta
      casomorphin in rabbit renal BBMV.
AB  - We examined the handling of radiolabeled beta-casomorphin, Tyr-Pro-[3H]Phe-Pro
      Gly, by rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). The uptake of
      radiolabel into the vesicles was Na+-independent, but an inward-directed H+
      gradient stimulated the uptake. The H+ gradient-dependent uptake was further
      accelerated by an interior-negative membrane potential, but inhibited in the
      presence of a protonophore. Treatment of the membrane vesicles with
      diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) greatly reduced the uptake of the radiolabel.
      Control as well as DFP-treated vesicles exhibited H+ gradient-dependent Gly-Sar
      uptake. Unlabeled beta-casomorphin inhibited Gly-Sar uptake in control vesicles,
      but the inhibition was significantly reduced in DFP-treated vesicles. DFP
      inhibited the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in these vesicles and there was
      a direct correlation between the activity of the enzyme and the capacity of beta
      casomorphin to inhibit Gly-Sar uptake. Many di- and tripeptides reduced the
      uptake of Gly-Sar and the uptake of radiolabel from beta-[3H]casomorphin to a
      similar extent. We conclude that beta-casomorphin is hydrolyzed by dipeptidyl
      peptidase IV and the products are transported into the vesicles by the H+
      gradient-driven peptide transport system. This conclusion is supported by the
      results from the analysis of the incubation medium by high-performance liquid
      chromatography that showed rapid hydrolysis of the pentapeptide by brush-border
      membranes to di- and tripeptides.

PMID- 2882694
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide elicits pulmonary arterial relaxation and guanylate cyclase
      activation.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide produces concentration-dependent relaxation of precontracted
      isolated bovine intrapulmonary arterial rings by a mechanism which is independent
      of the endothelium or prostaglandin mediators. Relaxant responses to hydrogen
      peroxide concentrations of up to 100 microM were markedly attenuated by the
      inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase activation, methylene blue (10 microM).
      Micromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide elicit time- and concentration
      dependent increase in arterial levels of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
      that are associated with decreases in force. Soluble guanylate cyclase activity
      is markedly activated by enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide in a manner
      that is most closely associated with the concentration of catalase present in the
      assay, by a mechanism that is inhibited by superoxide anion and the inactivation
      of catalase. Our data are most consistent with the involvement of compound I, a
      species of catalase formed during the metabolism of peroxide, in the mechanism of
      guanylate cyclase activation. The nature of this mechanism of arterial relaxation
      suggests that it could contribute to the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone by
      oxygen tension.

PMID- 2882695
TI  - Effect of stimulation of afferent renal nerves on plasma levels of vasopressin.
AB  - Experiments were done in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed and
      artificially ventilated cats with vagus, cervical sympathetic, aortic depressor,
      and carotid sinus nerves cut bilaterally to investigate the effect of afferent
      renal nerve (ARN) stimulation on circulating levels of vasopressin (AVP).
      Electrical stimulation of ARN elicited a pressor response that had two
      components, a primary (1 degree) component locked in time with the stimulus and a
      secondary (2 degree) component that had a long onset latency and that outlasted
      the stimulation period. The 1 degree and 2 degree components of the pressor
      response were largest at stimulation frequencies of 30 and 40 Hz, respectively.
      Autonomic blockade with hexamethonium bromide and atropine methylbromide
      abolished the 1 degree component. Administration of the vasopressin V1-vascular
      receptor antagonist d(CH2)5VAVP during autonomic blockade abolished the 2 degree
      component. Plasma concentrations of AVP measured by radioimmunoassay increased
      from control levels of 5.2 +/- 0.9 to 53.6 +/- 18.6 pg/ml during a 5-min period
      of stimulation of ARN. Plasma AVP levels measured 20-40 min after stimulation
      (13.6 +/- 7.0 pg/ml) were not significantly different from control values. Plasma
      osmolality was not altered during the course of the experiment. These data
      demonstrate that sensory information originating in the kidney alters the release
      of vasopressin from the neurohypophysis and suggest that ARN are an important
      component of the neural circuitry involved in homeostatic mechanisms controlling
      arterial pressure.

PMID- 2882696
TI  - Worsening of Tourette's disorder due to neuroleptic-induced akathisia.
AB  - Of 100 patients with Tourette's disorder, six demonstrated unequivocal worsening
      after their neuroleptic doses were increased. Akathisia was described in the
      records of all six patients and seemed to be the cause of the deterioration.

PMID- 2882697
TI  - Treatment of a patient with an airplane phobia.

PMID- 2882698
TI  - Clonidine in benzodiazepine withdrawal.

PMID- 2882699
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockers for aggressive behavior in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2882700
TI  - Opioid pharmacokinetics in relation to their effects.
AB  - The chemical structure of drug molecules determines their fundamental
      pharmacological properties by 'fit' to the receptor, but the physicochemical
      properties, particularly lipid solubility and fraction un-ionised, dominate in
      determining distribution in the body and the rate of access to the biophase
      containing the drug receptors. For example, fentanyl appears much more potent
      than morphine because similar effective biophase concentrations are achieved with
      much smaller doses. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations of the
      relationships between dose and the time-courses of blood concentrations and
      pharmacological effects of opioid drugs have helped explain the commonly observed
      variability between patients and have been useful in deriving effective dosage
      regimens of opioids such as pethidine, morphine, fentanyl and methadone where
      blood concentrations are a determinant of pharmacological response and 'target'
      analgetic blood opioid concentrations have been identifiable. However, there are
      instances when blood opioid concentrations are not determinants of the analgetic
      response. Examples include opioids, such as buprenorphine, for which the drug
      receptor dissociation rate determines the duration of action, heroin which first
      has to be metabolised to become an agonist, pentazocine which is an agonist at
      some opioid receptors and an antagonist at others, and opioids placed intra
      spinally acting on receptors in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2882702
TI  - Opiate anaesthesia.
AB  - Current use of opioids in anaesthesia is reviewed with particular emphasis on the
      use of opioids in anaesthetic doses, techniques that recently have become popular
      in cardiovascular anaesthesia. A major benefit of opioid anaesthesia
      (particularly fentanyl) is the cardiovascular stability which obtains during
      induction and throughout operation, even in patients with severely impaired
      cardiac function. Anaesthetic doses of morphine are associated with a higher
      incidence of cardiovascular disturbances and other problems. Pethidine is
      unsuitable for cardiovascular surgery because of severe haemodynamic disturbances
      when high doses are given. Sufentanil and alfentanil may prove more suitable
      alternatives. High doses of opioids can reduce or prevent hormonal and metabolic
      responses to the stress of surgery. Even very large doses of fentanyl or its new
      analogues do not prevent marked increases in plasma catecholamine concentrations
      in response to cardiopulmonary bypass. The reduction in hormonal and metabolic
      stress response does not appear to continue postoperatively.

PMID- 2882701
TI  - Narcotic pharmacokinetics and dynamics: the basis of infusion applications.
AB  - Morphine, pethidine and fentanyl have similar pharmacokinetic profiles with
      moderately long elimination half-lives (3 to 4 hours), large steady-state volumes
      of distribution (2 to 4 l/kg), and high hepatic clearances (10 to 20 ml/kg/min).
      Alfentanil has a shorter terminal elimination half-life (1 1/2 hours) because of
      a decreased steady-state volume of distribution (0.5 to 1 l/kg). Physicochemical
      properties and blood:brain tissue solubility can explain the clinical differences
      in the rate of onset and dissipation of narcotic effect for these four narcotics.
      Morphine's low lipid solubility and limited rate of blood:brain barrier
      penetration results in the slow onset and dissipation of narcotic effect relative
      to pethidine or fentanyl. Alfentanil's lower blood:brain solubility results in
      the very rapid onset of narcotic effect when compared to fentanyl. All of the
      narcotics have a very steep blood concentration:narcotic effect curves. Thus,
      small changes of narcotic blood concentrations can have profound changes of
      narcotic effect. Finally, different degrees of perioperative stimuli result in
      different narcotic blood concentration requirements. Thus, narcotic infusion
      rates need be varied during surgical procedures to adjust for the varying opiate
      requirement.

PMID- 2882703
TI  - Opioids, hypnotics and muscle relaxants: an update on pharmacokinetics and
      techniques of administration.

PMID- 2882704
TI  - Epidural and intrathecal opioids.
AB  - Small doses of epidural and intrathecal opioids produce effective and prolonged
      analgesia postoperatively, although the quality of analgesia does not differ from
      when conventional routes are used. The different opioids differ only in the speed
      of onset and duration of action, and in the incidence of side-effects. 'Minor'
      complications such as nausea, vomiting, pruritus and retention of urine are
      relatively common. There is a small incidence of respiratory depression which is
      delayed for several hours after drug administration and which may be prolonged.
      It is commoner after morphine and after intrathecal administration, and is also
      associated with advanced age, concomitant use of other central depressant drugs,
      respiratory disease and large doses. Because of the potentially lethal nature of
      this complication, it is recommended that the epidural and intrathecal routes of
      administration are used only when patients can be closely and constantly observed
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2882705
TI  - Pain relief after surgery.
AB  - Relief of pain after surgery remains poor for the majority of patients. The pain
      is unpleasant, and is associated with arterial hypoxaemia, venous thrombosis,
      myocardial ischaemia and a more florid hormonal response to surgery. Regional
      analgesia, systemic, subarachnoid or extradural opioids and antiprostaglandin
      drugs are all used to treat pain after surgery. Systemic opioids are used
      usually, because regional and axial techniques are labour intensive and
      antiprostaglandin drugs ineffective. Opioids given orally undergo extensive first
      pass metabolism and intramuscular doses are absorbed unpredictably. Intravenous
      administration avoids both problems and excellent results have been obtained
      using Patient Controlled Analgesia devices, but these machines are expensive. A
      simple regimen suitable for application to large numbers of surgical patients is
      required. Continuous infusion of fentanyl 100 micrograms h-1 IV begun two hours
      before surgery and supplemented by a single bolus dose of fentanyl 100 micrograms
      IV provided an effective background of analgesia.

PMID- 2882706
TI  - The 'new' relaxants. A review of the clinical pharmacology of atracurium and
      vecuronium.

PMID- 2882707
TI  - An electrophoretic method for the determination of the proportion of gamma
      aminobutyric acid in a mixture of labeled neurotransmitter and its catabolites.
AB  - An electrophoretic method for the separation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      from its metabolites after GABA-transaminase attack is presented. The method is
      based on the fact that at neutral pH GABA has no net electrical charge, whereas
      its major metabolites, succinic acid and Krebs cycle intermediates, are
      negatively charged. The method appears to be especially suitable for evaluation
      of true-labeled neurotransmitter within the radioactivity which is found in
      synaptosomes after labeled GABA-uptake studies.

PMID- 2882708
TI  - Antinociceptive effects and spinal cord tissue concentrations after intrathecal
      injection of guanfacine or clonidine into rats.
AB  - In the present study, the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal injections of
      the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and guanfacine in rats was determined
      to establish their dose-response curves. Spinal cord tissue concentrations were
      also determined in a separate group of animals. Guanfacine was found to be more
      potent than clonidine and had a considerably longer duration of action. Thus,
      whereas the analgesic effect of clonidine declined to baseline by 4 hr after
      injecting doses of up to 50 micrograms, guanfacine still showed a considerable
      effect 18 hr after injecting both 25 and 50 micrograms. With both compounds,
      concentration gradients existed within the spinal cord. In the experiments with
      guanfacine, the region in the spinal cord tissue with the highest concentrations
      10 min after injection contained around 30 pmol/mg wet weight. At 3 hr, this
      figure was around 20 pmol/mg. With clonidine, on the other hand, the
      concentration decreased from the maximal level of 200 pmol/mg at 10 min to 10
      pmol/mg at 3 hr. On all occasions, except 10 min after injecting clonidine, it
      was found that the maximal tissue concentrations for both drugs remained below
      the cervical spinal cord, i.e., the rostral spread was less than expected,
      especially with drugs with such a long duration of action. The present
      investigation demonstrates analgesic effects of both clonidine and guanfacine
      after intrathecal administration, with guanfacine proving more potent and longer
      acting; the difference in duration of action is probably attributable to
      differences in rates of elimination of the drugs from spinal cord tissue.

PMID- 2882709
TI  - Congenital long QT syndrome: changes in QT interval during anesthesia with
      thiopental, vecuronium, fentanyl, and isoflurane.

PMID- 2882710
TI  - Intubating by sense, not dollars.

PMID- 2882712
TI  - Evaluation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-creatinine ratio from spot samples
      of urine supernatant, as an indicator of urinary enzyme excretion in dogs.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity was measured accurately in canine urine
      supernatant without gel filtration and was relatively stable at 4 C for at least
      4 days after collection. The urinary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-creatinine
      ratio in spot samples was simple and quick to measure and was correlated with the
      24-hour enzyme excretion. However, the usefulness of this ratio may be limited by
      within-day variation, and a questionable theoretical basis for its validity.

PMID- 2882711
TI  - Cyanide poisoning from metal cleaning solutions.
AB  - We report two cases of cyanide poisoning from accidental ingestion of an imported
      metal cleaning solution used by some Southeast Asians for shining coins. Both
      patients received specific therapy and recovered completely after a dramatic
      sequence of sudden collapse and severe cardiovascular compromise.

PMID- 2882713
TI  - [Laparoscopy in pediatrics].
AB  - Laparoscopy has been performed in 68 infants and children. In 50 cases of non
      palpable testis; 7 cases of liver diseases; 4 cases of abdominal trauma; 7 cases
      for various other indications. In our experience, laparoscopy was a considerable
      advantage in the diagnosis and management of a number of pediatrics disorders.

PMID- 2882714
TI  - [Extravascular and perivascular granulomas and necrotizing vasculitis associated
      with hepatitis B antigen in the blood].
AB  - The case of a patient with periarteritis nodosa-type necrotizing vasculitis and
      peri- and extra-vascular granulomas associated with hepatitis B virus surface
      antigenemia (HBs Ag) is reported. The association of necrotizing vasculitis and
      hepatitis B virus antigenemia is well documented but granulomatous extra-vascular
      lesions have not been reported in such circumstances.

PMID- 2882715
TI  - Linkage analysis between the beta-nerve growth factor gene and other chromosome
      lp markers and disseminated neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2882716
TI  - Investigations on the neural crest. Methodological aspects and recent advances.

PMID- 2882718
TI  - Personality and suicide.

PMID- 2882717
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid studies of bipolar patients with and without a history of
      suicide attempts.

PMID- 2882719
TI  - Suicide in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2882720
TI  - Suicide and alcoholism.

PMID- 2882721
TI  - Ethical considerations in biological research on suicide.

PMID- 2882722
TI  - [Pruritus: physiopathology. Therapeutic attempts].

PMID- 2882723
TI  - [Study of electrophysiological effects of betaxolol].
AB  - Betaxolol is a new cardioselective beta-blocker without any intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity. A study of the cardiac electrophysiological effects of
      this molecule used intravenously was carried out in 20 patients. Betaxolol
      prolongs the sinus cycle (+ 25%, p 0.001), prolongs the sino-atrial conduction
      time (+ 20.1%) and atrio-hissian conduction time (+ 10.8%, p 0.001), and prolongs
      the refractory periods at all levels: atrial (+ 8%), nodal (+ 20.8%), right
      ventricular (+ 4.3%). These findings confirm the electrophysiological
      characteristic effects of the beta-blockers series; however, the moderate but
      significant increase of the refractory ventricular period, seems to provide this
      molecule with a certain degree of originality in this therapeutic class.

PMID- 2882724
TI  - Recombinant DNA and the clinics.

PMID- 2882725
TI  - How to find a mutation behind an inherited disease.
AB  - The search for the mutations causing human diseases is reaching new gene areas
      with increasing speed with new cloned genes or polymorphic gene areas, being
      reported every week. The almost 300 cloned genes and over 1000 RFLP-loci of the
      human genome can be used as tools to approach most human gene defects. Once the
      linkage between the disease and the RFLP has been found, chromosomal "jumping" or
      pulsed field electrophoresis can be used to separate the DNA areas in the
      neighbourhood of the first found RFLP locus for more detailed studies and finally
      for the location of the defective gene. Once found, the detailed analysis of gene
      mutations still requires the use of several, technically very demanding
      approaches of molecular biology. New techniques, such as the multiplication of
      the required gene area in a test tube as well as RNase protection assays have
      been used successfully to pick out about 80-90% of the mutations which occur in
      one gene area and cause the disease of this gene area. The increased specificity
      and sensitivity of these modern approaches do not, however, necessarily lead to
      the rapid diagnosis of all inherited diseases. Even once a linkage has been
      established between RFLP locus and a disease the path is still a long one: as
      demonstrated in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and Huntington's disease, we have
      diagnostic RFLP-linkages but the search for the gene defect continues. Further,
      the increased sensitivity of the mutation assays will eventually reveal all the
      variations in an individual.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882726
TI  - Molecular analysis of X-linked diseases.

PMID- 2882727
TI  - A recombinant DNA diagnostic program in practice.

PMID- 2882728
TI  - RFLPs in collagen loci and disease.

PMID- 2882729
TI  - Molecular genetic approaches to the analysis of inherited neurological disease.

PMID- 2882730
TI  - Proton transport by hepatocyte organelles and isolated membrane vesicles.
AB  - It is apparent that proton transport plays an important role in many essential
      hepatocyte functions. Important unanswered issues include the location of the H+
      ATPase and its role in hepatic functions, the regulators of Na+-H+ exchange, the
      exact role of Na+-H+ exchange in bile formation and in hepatic regeneration, and
      the role of bile acids such as UDCA and nor-UDCA in mediating transepithelial
      proton transport.

PMID- 2882731
TI  - Effect of antibiotics on toxin production and viability of Clostridium
      perfringens.
AB  - We have recently reported (D.L. Stevens, K.A. Maier, B.M. Laine, and J.E. Mitten,
      J. Infect. Dis. 155:220-228, 1987) that clindamycin, rifampin, and tetracycline
      were more efficacious than penicillin in the treatment of fulminant gas gangrene
      in mice caused by Clostridium perfringens. We hypothesize that antibiotic
      efficacy correlated with bactericidal or toxin-suppressing properties of these
      agents. To investigate the possibility that penicillin is only bacteriostatic
      against C. perfringens, we performed macrobroth dilution MIC and MBC
      determinations using C. perfringens ATCC 13124. Mean MICs were equal to MBCs for
      the following antibiotics (micrograms per milliliter): clindamycin, 0.07;
      tetracycline, 0.05; rifampin, 0.03; metronidazole, 0.69; and penicillin, 0.27.
      The MIC/MBCs of chloramphenicol were 1.50/3.10 (micrograms/ml). Because
      antibiotic efficacy did not correlate with bactericidal activity, we measured
      alpha-toxin activity and found complete suppression of alpha-toxin activity by
      tetracycline, metronidazole, rifampin, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol at
      concentrations equal to the MIC. In contrast, alpha-toxin activity persisted at
      concentrations of penicillin equal to and above the MIC. The dynamics of
      bacterial killing and kinetics of alpha-toxin production were next studied in log
      phase cultures of C. perfringens with antibiotic concentrations 10 times the MIC.
      Clindamycin, metronidazole, and rifampin all caused rapid reductions in
      viability, turbidity, and alpha-toxin activity by 15 to 45 min. In contrast,
      penicillin demonstrated slower bacterial killing, increased turbidity (62.6% of
      control), and persistent alpha-toxin activity (80% of control values) for 2 h.
      Tetracycline and chloramphenicol were the least effective in reducing viability;
      however, the turbidity of cultures did not increase, and alpha-toxin activity was
      not detectable. Toxin suppression and rapid bacterial killing may in part explain
      the observed superior therapeutic efficacy of clindamycin, rifampin, and
      metronidazole compared with penicillin in the treatment of experimental gas
      gangrene.

PMID- 2882732
TI  - Comparison of single and combination antimicrobial agents for prevention of
      experimental gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - The treatment of experimental gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens was
      investigated by using combinations of antimicrobial agents. This study
      demonstrated that rifampin, penicillin, metronidazole, and clindamycin were all
      bactericidal against standard inocula (10(5) to 10(6) CFU). These antimicrobial
      agents were then administered to mice beginning 30 min after intramuscular
      injection of 10(9) CFU of C. perfringens type A. The highest doses used produced
      levels of drug in blood which exceeded the MIC by at least a factor of 40. In
      addition, other groups of mice received monotherapy at full dose or one-fourth
      full dose or combination antimicrobial therapy at full or one-fourth full dose.
      Among the single and combination antimicrobial treatments, metronidazole alone,
      clindamycin alone, and clindamycin plus penicillin were the most efficacious (P
      less than 0.05). Although the survival of mice treated with clindamycin plus
      penicillin was greater than that of mice treated with clindamycin alone, the
      difference did not reach statistical significance (P greater than 0.05). In
      contrast, mice treated with a combination of metronidazole and penicillin
      demonstrated greater mortality than those treated with metronidazole alone (P
      less than 0.05). In summary, combination antimicrobial therapy of experimental C.
      perfringens infection did not improve survival compared to that achieved with
      metronidazole or clindamycin alone, and some combinations significantly reduced
      survival (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2882733
TI  - [Sinus dysfunction associated with catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia.
      Therapeutic implications].
AB  - The presence of resting sinus bradycardia (less than or equal to 45 bpm) with
      junctional escapes in an 8 year old child with catecholamine induced ventricular
      tachycardia, raised the problem of an underlying sinus node dysfunction. This was
      an important consideration bearing in mind the potential risk of the high dose
      betablocker therapy aggravating the sinus bradycardia. Electrophysiological
      studies showed pathological sinus node recovery times. Betablocker therapy did
      not aggravate the bradycardia, even after 6 months' treatment. A review of the
      literature showed the association of sinus bradycardia and catecholamine-induced
      ventricular tachycardia to be relatively common (39 p. 100). However, no mention
      was found of aggravation of this sinus bradycardia by betablocker therapy.

PMID- 2882734
TI  - [Neurohumoral factors and the vasomotor system].

PMID- 2882736
TI  - Panic and avoidance in agoraphobia. Application of path analysis to treatment
      studies.
AB  - We explored a causal sequence between panic and avoidance to provide
      recommendations for psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and their combination in
      treating agoraphobia. We produced a two-way [( imipramine hydrochloride vs
      placebo] by [office-based behavioral therapy vs in vivo exposure]) design by
      amalgamating two studies. We assessed agoraphobic patients for panic and
      avoidance at these time points: baseline (week 0), midcourse (week 13), and
      termination (week 26). The causal sequence model was tested by path analysis.
      Imipramine was superior to placebo in lowering panic and avoidance at both
      postbaseline time points. Exposure was superior to office-based treatment in
      lowering avoidance only at week 13. Exposure appeared to produce quicker
      improvement of avoidance than office-based therapy, but relapse occurred if this
      improvement was not supported by medication. Exposure did not benefit panic. We
      believe patients should be informed that imipramine is superior to exposure in
      inducing a panic-free state. Exposure without imipramine is of benefit only in
      reducing avoidance, but adding imipramine to exposure is necessary for panic
      control and substantially improves exposure and exposure maintenance.

PMID- 2882737
TI  - [H2-Antihistaminics. 32. Synthesis and H2-antagonistic action of N-[3-(3
      piperidino-methyl-phenoxy)propyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-amines].

PMID- 2882735
TI  - Situational panic attacks. Behavioral, physiologic, and biochemical
      characterization.
AB  - To investigate the pathophysiology of nonpharmacologically induced panic attacks,
      18 drug-free agoraphobic patients and 13 matched healthy subjects underwent
      structured exposure to phobic situations. Heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma
      free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), cortisol, growth hormone, and
      prolactin levels were measured before, during, and after exposure. Fifteen
      patients experienced situational panic attacks during exposure. Panicking
      patients displayed significantly greater increases in heart rate but not blood
      pressure or plasma free MHPG or cortisol in comparison with the healthy subjects.
      Growth hormone and prolactin responses tended to be smaller in the patients. If
      brain noradrenergic hyperactivity occurs during situational panic attacks, it may
      be too brief or too restricted in regional localization to affect MHPG levels in
      plasma. Chronically recurrent attacks may cause an adaptation of neuroendocrine
      mechanisms activated by anxiety or stress.

PMID- 2882738
TI  - [14C-labeling of D 16,427, a new positive inotropic agent].

PMID- 2882740
TI  - Towards a new leadership?

PMID- 2882739
TI  - Analyses of drugs by polarographic methods, XXVII. The polarographic behaviour of
      uldazepam.

PMID- 2882741
TI  - Advances in drug therapy for peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Recently, three new drug types have emerged to treat peptic ulceration. We
      compared the mechanism of action of omeprazole and somatostatin-14, both
      inhibitors of gastric acid, with that of tetraprenylacetone, a drug thought to be
      cytoprotective in the upper gut. Omeprazole and somatostatin-14 caused potent
      inhibition of meal-stimulated acid secretion in the dog (92% +/- 6% and 97% +/-
      1%, respectively). On the other hand, tetraprenylacetone had no significant
      inhibitory effect on acid secretion (4% +/- 17%). In separate studies,
      tetraprenylacetone was shown to be a stimulant of gastric bicarbonate secretion
      in the rabbit, increasing bicarbonate secretion from a basal level of 0 to 86 +/-
      28 pmol/2 h. Tetraprenylactone was also found to be a strong stimulant of canine
      pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. The ability of tetraprenylacetone to stimulate
      endogenous bicarbonate secretion may explain its ability to heal ulcers both
      experimentally and clinically.

PMID- 2882742
TI  - [Neuromediator bioamines of the thyroid gland and structuro-functional aspects of
      its homeostasis].

PMID- 2882743
TI  - [Apud cells and apudomas of the prostate, breast and uterus].
AB  - Morphofunctional features of apud cells in the prostatic, mammalian and uterine
      parenchyma have been studied inadequately and their further comprehensive study
      is needed. It will help to estimate fully enough those pathologic changes in
      which apud cells are involved. Dyshormonal hyperplastic processes and,
      especially, tumours, are of greatest importance among them. It is essential to
      consider not only morphologic, but functional peculiarities of tumour tissue,
      that will enable one to study the biological activity, long-term results of
      reproductive organ apudoma treatment, as well as to solve the problem of their
      histogenesis sources.

PMID- 2882744
TI  - Preliminary injunction denied; curb on surgical assistants still pending.

PMID- 2882745
TI  - Marine envenomations.

PMID- 2882746
TI  - A viral etiology for Hodgkin's disease?
AB  - There have been numerous suggestive but inconclusive reports of a possible
      infectious etiology for Hodgkin's disease. The discovery of the causative agent
      of the adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma syndrome suggests that a similar agent to
      the human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus may have a causal role in Hodgkin's
      disease.

PMID- 2882747
TI  - Relationship between RNA polymerase I activity and ornithine decarboxylase in rat
      liver tissues.
AB  - In order to examine the relationship between RNA polymerase I and ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC), three lines of experiments were performed, with the
      following results. The glucocorticoid-induced increase of RNA polymerase I in rat
      liver nuclei was not abolished by administration of inhibitors of ODC synthesis
      and activity, namely 1,3-diaminopropane and 2-difluoromethylornithine
      respectively. Anti-ODC antibody did not cross-react with RNA polymerase I
      solubilized from rat liver nucleoli, indicating the absence of a common protein
      sequence in these enzymes. The ODC preparation which was treated with
      transglutaminase in the presence of putrescine could not stimulate the activity
      of RNA polymerase I in nuclei of liver and prostate. All these results suggest
      that the increases in ODC protein or activity are not a prerequisite to the
      increase in RNA polymerase I after hormonal or physiological stimuli, but rather
      that the increases in both enzymes are separate responses to the primary stimuli.

PMID- 2882748
TI  - Acute effects of starvation and treatment of rats with anti-insulin serum,
      glucagon and catecholamines on the state of phosphorylation of hepatic 3-hydroxy
      3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in vivo.
AB  - The fraction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase in the
      dephosphorylated (active) form in rat liver in vivo was measured after various
      experimental treatments of animals. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose (to
      raise serum insulin concentrations) into rats 4 h into the light phase (L-4)
      resulted in a transient (30 min) increase in the expressed (E)/total (T) activity
      ratio of HMG-CoA reductase without any change in total activity (obtained after
      complete dephosphorylation of the enzyme). Conversely, intravenous injection of
      guinea-pig anti-insulin serum into rats 4 h into the dark phase (D-4)
      significantly depressed the E/T ratio within 20 min. Intravenous injection of
      glucagon into normal rats at this time point did not affect the degree of
      phosphorylation of the enzyme, in spite of a 10-fold increase in hepatic cyclic
      AMP concentration induced by the hormone treatment. A 3-fold increase in the
      concentration of the cyclic nucleotide induced by adrenaline infusion was
      similarly ineffective in inducing any change in expressed or total activities of
      hepatic HMG-CoA reductase. However, when insulin secretion was inhibited, either
      by the induction of streptozotocin-diabetes or by simultaneous infusion of
      somatostatin, glucagon treatment was able to depress the expressed activity of
      HMG-CoA reductase (i.e. it increased the phosphorylation of the enzyme).
      Therefore insulin appears to have a dominant role in the regulation of the
      phosphorylation state of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase. In apparent corroboration of
      this suggestion, short-term 4 h food deprivation of animals before D-4 resulted
      in a marked decrease in the E/T activity ratio of reductase, which was not
      affected further by an additional 8 h starvation. By contrast, the total activity
      of the enzyme was not significantly affected by 4 h starvation, but was markedly
      diminished after 12 or 24 h starvation. Longer-term starvation also produced a
      chronic increase in the degree of phosphorylation of the enzyme. These results
      are discussed in relation to the role of reversible phosphorylation in the
      control of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity in vivo.

PMID- 2882750
TI  - Retinoblastoma--genetic insights into neoplasia.

PMID- 2882751
TI  - Stimulation of superoxide anion formation by the non-TPA type tumor promoters
      palytoxin and thapsigargin in porcine and human neutrophils.
AB  - The non-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) type tumor promoters palytoxin
      and thapsigargin provoked a respiratory burst in porcine and human neutrophils.
      The amounts of oxygen consumed and superoxide anion (O2-) produced were found to
      be stoichiometric. Concentrations of 6.5 X 10(-8) M palytoxin and 1.2 X 10(-6) M
      thapsigargin were required for half-maximal stimulation to 3 X 10(6) porcine
      cells/ml in Hanks' solution. Combinations of palytoxin and thapsigargin, and of
      one non-TPA type and one TPA-type tumor promoter, had synergistic effects in
      stimulating O2- formation in neutrophils, suggesting that these compounds
      activate the cells by different signal transduction mechanisms.

PMID- 2882752
TI  - Proteolytic processing of epidermal growth factor within endosomes.
AB  - Following binding to its plasma membrane receptor, epidermal growth factor is
      transferred into three biochemically distinct endosomal compartments in a
      temporal fashion prior to delivery to the lysosomes. During this migration, the
      ligand undergoes sequential proteolytic processing resulting in the removal of
      six amino acid residues from the carboxy terminus. Individual events in the
      processing occur in different endosomal compartments. Incubations conducted in
      the presence of methylamine result in the retention of the ligand in an early
      endosomal compartment and processing is limited to the removal of the carboxy
      terminal arginine residue. This identification of specific processed forms of
      radiolabeled epidermal growth factor within distinct endosomal compartments
      demonstrates the compartmentalization of the presumed proteases which may serve
      as biochemical markers for these endosomal populations.

PMID- 2882749
TI  - Collagen metabolism in fibrotic liver. Effects of concanavalin A and aggregated
      myeloma immunoglobin G.
AB  - We previously have shown [Takahashi & Kobayashi (1982) Hepatology 2, 249-254]
      that the administration of concanavalin A to mice with schistosomiasis caused
      liver collagen content to be reduced by 50%. Here we report the effects of
      concanavalin A and aggregated mouse myeloma IgG on liver lysyl oxidase activity
      and present further evidence concerning the possible mechanism by which the liver
      collagen content was decreased in infected-treated mice. The lysyl oxidase
      activity at 8 weeks after infection in both treated mice and untreated infected
      controls was about 28-fold greater than in the age-matched uninfected controls.
      The specific radioactivity of intracellular free [14C]proline, the rate of
      collagen synthesis, the ratio of collagenase-sensitive, protein-bound,
      hydroxyproline to proline of collagen and the intracellular degradation of newly
      synthesized collagen were similar in treated animals and in untreated infected
      controls. In contrast, the extracellular degradation of newly secreted collagen
      and the specific radioactivity of protein-bound [14C]hydroxyproline in the agent
      treated groups were about 2-fold greater than those in the untreated infected
      controls. These results suggest that the observed 50% decrease in content of
      liver collagen of mice treated with the agents apparently was due to the
      increased extracellular degradation of newly secreted collagen.

PMID- 2882753
TI  - Biological effect of anti-fucosyl GM1 ganglioside antibody on cyclic adenosine
      3',5'-monophosphate production in FRTL5 rat thyroid cells.
AB  - Addition of specific anti-fucosyl GM1 antibody raised in a rabbit caused dose
      dependent inhibition of endogenous and thyrotropin (TSH)- or thyroid stimulating
      antibody-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production in
      cultured FRTL5 rat thyroid cells. Further, the antibody inhibited the cAMP
      increase induced by prostaglandin E1 and forskolin. However, anti-fucosyl GM1
      antibody did not affect the binding of [125I]bovine TSH to solubilized porcine
      thyroid TSH receptor or to FRTL5 cells. In conclusion, fucosyl GM1 is one of the
      specific membrane components of thyrocytes and appears to be involved in
      adenylate cyclase stimulation or cAMP generation. Further, the biological effects
      of the ganglioside do not seem to be mediated by the TSH receptor, suggesting a
      post receptor mechanism.

PMID- 2882754
TI  - An anabolic state in the heart induced by arginine intubation.
AB  - Using rat heart perfusion, we found that an anabolic state can be induced with a
      medium which includes glucose, carnitine, branched-chain amino acids and arginine
      after arginine intubation at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight. It showed
      diminished levels of glutamine, glutamate, branched-chain oxoacids and
      phenylalanine (a marker of heart protein metabolism) release, reflecting anabolic
      changes occurring in the myocardium. While ornithine intubation caused a
      catabolic state in which the release of alanine and glutamate was increased but
      phenylalanine release was unchanged. This anabolic state may be a useful model
      providing for myocardial protection.

PMID- 2882755
TI  - Comparative study of the effect of beta-blockers with different pharmacological
      properties on cholesteryl ester formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - The effect of three beta-blockers: non-selective (propranolol), beta 1-selective
      (metoprolol), and with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (pindolol), was
      investigated on 14C-oleic acid incorporation into cholesteryl esters in mouse
      peritoneal macrophages. Incorporation of 14C-oleic acid into cholesteryl esters
      was reduced about 10-fold by propranolol at 10(-4) M while incorporation into
      triacylglycerols was only 30% decreased at the same concentration. Metoprolol and
      pindolol had no significant effect on 14C-oleic incorporation into cholesteryl
      esters or triacylglycerols. Finally, propranolol inhibited the acyl-coenzyme A:
      cholesterol-O-acyltransferase activity, measured in vitro on macrophages
      homogenates, while the other studied beta-blockers were ineffective. These
      results suggest that propranolol could antagonize cholesteryl ester accumulation
      by macrophages, one of the main processes involved in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2882756
TI  - Chemical and biological properties of acetyl derivatives of the hydroxylamino
      reduction products of metronidazole and dimetridazole.
AB  - Metronidazole and related 5-nitroimidazoles undergo reduction of their nitro
      group apparently to produce such reactive species as 5-hydroxylaminoimidazoles.
      To define the role of these species we have sought ways to prepare them by the
      catalytic reduction of metronidazole, dimetridazole and flunidazole. Although
      their respective 5-hydroxylaminoimidazoles were too unstable to be isolated
      directly, their O,N-diacetyl derivatives were isolable. Of these, the diacetyl
      derivative of the hydroxylamine derived from dimetridazole, O,N-diacetyl-1,2
      dimethyl-5-hydroxylaminoimidazole (DiacDMH), was used for further study. DiacDMH
      was converted to its monoacetyl derivative, N-acetyl-1,2-dimethyl-5
      hydroxylaminoimidazole (AcDMH), by enzymatic deacylation. Both DiacDMH and AcDMH
      were examined for bactericidal activity against such strains as Bacteroides
      fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli strain SR58, which are
      known to be sensitive to dimetridazole, as well as a variety of other bacteria.
      No bactericidal activity was detected, even in the presence of deacetylating
      enzymes. As the 5-hydroxylaminoimidazole itself could not be shown to form in
      these bacterial incubations, it remains uncertain whether or not the
      hydroxylamino functionality of a 5-nitroimidazole has bactericidal activity.

PMID- 2882758
TI  - Inhibitory effects of etoperidone on the spontaneous activity of brainstem
      neurones and their excitatory responses to some putative transmitters.
AB  - In this microiontophoretic study delta 2,1,2,4-triazolin-5-one [1,3-(4-m
      chlorophenyl-1-piperazinyl) propyl]-3,4-diethyl hydrochloride (etoperidone, ET,
      Staff) was applied on rat brainstem (medullary-pontine) reticular neurones to
      verify its effects on the spontaneous firing and neuronal responses to
      administrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), noradrenaline (norepinephrine, NA),
      acetylcholine (ACh) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). ET was able to depress
      the spontaneous firing by a dose-dependent (for a current intensity range of 40
      70 nA) local anaesthetic-like mechanism. At 75 nA a reduction in the amplitude of
      the action potentials occurred, partially due to a non-specific effect of ET.
      Repeated administrations of ET caused a progressive neuronal desensitization to
      the inhibition (tachyphylaxis). All the excitatory neuronal responses to ACh, 5HT
      and NA (interpreted respectively as nicotinic cholinergic, alpha-noradrenergic,
      5HT3-serotonergic) were blocked by ET, while the inhibitory responses to 5HT, NA
      and GABA were not affected. The analysis of the results leads to postulate for ET
      a postsynaptic mechanism of action.

PMID- 2882757
TI  - Adrenal catecholamine metabolism and myocardial adrenergic receptors in
      streptozotocin diabetic rats.
AB  - Adrenal medullary function and myocardial adrenergic receptors were investigated
      in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. The animals were rendered diabetic by a
      single i.v. injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) and killed 60 days after
      treatment. Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH),
      and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activities were increased by
      52, 28 and 39%, respectively, in the STZ diabetic rats. In addition, adrenal
      concentrations of dopamine (+52%) norepinephrine (+46%), and epinephrine (+33%)
      were elevated significantly (P less than 0.05). Increased adrenal TH activity
      reflected an increased Vmax, but no change in Km. Receptor densities (Bmax),
      determined by [3H]prazosin and [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding, were decreased by
      24 and 25%, respectively, in the myocardium of 60-day diabetic rats. Insulin
      induced chronic hypoglycemia in the STZ diabetic rats produced a marked increase
      in the adrenal TH concentration (Vmax, +65% or +225%, respectively), as compared
      to control or diabetic rats, without changes in the affinity (Km) for the
      substrate. These results suggest that the STZ diabetic rat has abnormalities of
      catecholaminergic function of the adrenal medulla and myocardial adrenergic
      receptors, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of many of the
      hemodynamic and metabolic defects described in this animal model of diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2882759
TI  - Effects of new hypoglycemic agent 2-piperazinyl-4-methyl-amino-5-methylthieno
      [2,3-d]pyrimidine dihydrochloride hydrate.
AB  - The antidiabetic effects of 2-piperazinyl-4-methylamino-5-methylthieno [2,3
      d]pyrimidine dihydrochloride hydrate (Compound-(I] were investigated in various
      animals and in various conditions. Compound-(I) is a new hypoglycemic agent
      structurally unrelated to sulfonylurea and biguanide. It produced dose dependent
      hypoglycemic effects (10-100 mg/kg) in rats and mice under fed, fasted and
      glucose tolerated states. However, it was ineffective in fasted guinea pigs even
      when given at 100 mg/kg. In normal fed rats and mice, hypoglycemic effects of
      Compound-(I) were estimated to be 3-19 times and 12-70 times more potent than
      tolbutamide and phenformin, respectively. Compound-(I) also produced hypoglycemic
      action in streptozocin diabetic rats and genetically diabetic KK mice.
      Especially, its hypoglycemic effect was observed at the dose as low as 3 mg/kg
      p.o. in KK mice. However, elevation of blood lactate was accompanied by lowering
      of blood glucose after oral administration of Compound-(I) in normal rats and
      mice and in streptozocin diabetic rats, while these effects were not observed in
      guinea pigs. In addition, plasma insulin significantly increased after
      administration of Compound-(I) in both normal and KK mice, while this increase in
      plasma insulin was not so prominent in fed rats. This elevation in plasma insulin
      might be produced by alpha 2-adrenergic antagonism at pancreatic B cell as
      Compound-(I) suppressed epinephrine induced hyperglycemia by elevating plasma
      insulin. In conclusion, Compound-(I) seems mainly to produce hypoglycemic action
      through extrapancreatic mechanism which increases blood lactate associated with
      anaerobic glycolysis or inhibition of gluconeogenesis. In addition, elevation of
      plasma insulin also might be responsible for hypoglycemic effects.

PMID- 2882760
TI  - Effect of age, body composition, and lipid solubility on benzodiazepine tissue
      distribution in rats.
AB  - Changes in body composition with age may alter tissue drug uptake and result in
      altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Four young, 4 middle-aged and 4
      old Fischer-344 male rats were given a single intraperitoneal dose of alprazolam
      (2.5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg) and triazolam (1.25 mg/kg) and sacrificed after 1
      h. Diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, alprazolam, and triazolam
      concentrations were determined in brain, kidney, liver, spleen, lung, heart,
      adrenal, muscle, fat and plasma by gas chromatography. Free fraction in plasma
      was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Drug uptake varied widely among tissues.
      Highest uptake ratios relative to free (unbound) drug in plasma were in adrenal
      (56-135), liver (35-116) and kidney (19-50). Free fraction in plasma varied from
      0.13 for desmethyldiazepam to 0.30 for triazolam, and was unrelated to age.
      Tissue drug uptake relative to muscle, total plasma or free plasma concentration
      showed no significant variation with age or body habitus. In vivo fat uptake was
      highly correlated (R = 0.95) with in vitro octanol/buffer partition ratio. Muscle
      and fat were the largest quantitative drug storage sites, with total uptake
      explained by lipophilicity. Thus, age-related changes in body habitus and
      clearance do not alter tissue binding of benzodiazepines at distribution
      equilibrium.

PMID- 2882761
TI  - Clostridium pyoarthrosis following arthroscopy.

PMID- 2882762
TI  - [New aspects of pain therapy using opioids--theoretical background and practical
      conclusions].

PMID- 2882763
TI  - Lack of cross-tolerance in mice between the stimulatory and depressant actions of
      novel anxiolytics in the holeboard.
AB  - CL 218,872, tracazolate and tofisopam are compounds that are believed to act at
      the GABA-benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor complex in the CNS and that have
      anxiolytic properties in animals or in man. Doses of each drug were selected to
      elevate, or to depress, exploratory head-dipping and locomotor activity in the
      holeboard in mice, and the development of tolerance to these effects was
      investigated. As previously found with benzodiazepines, tolerance did not develop
      to the stimulant effects of low doses of these compounds after 10 days
      pretreatment with either a low (stimulant) or a high (depressant) dose of the
      same compound. When animals were pretreated with a low (stimulant) dose,
      tolerance did not develop to the depressant effects of a high test dose.
      Tolerance was observed only to the depressant effects of a high dose of a drug,
      and only when animals were also pretreated with a high dose. The results are
      compared with those obtained with benzodiazepines, and the ability of current
      theories of tolerance to account for the results is discussed.

PMID- 2882764
TI  - A new inhibitor of elastase from the sea anemone (Anemonia sulcata).
AB  - A proteinase inhibitor for elastases was isolated from extracts of the sea
      anemone Anemonia sulcata and purified to apparent homogeneity. The procedure
      comprises ethanolic extraction of the deep-frozen animals followed by gel
      filtration on Sephadex G-50 and by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A
      25 and SP-Sephadex C-25 and by hydroxylapatite chromatography. The slightly
      acidic inhibitor (isoelectric point 5.9) is a small protein consisting of 48
      amino-acid residues without tryptophan and phenylalanine. The single chain
      molecule contains two methionines and no free sulfhydryl group but six cysteines
      presumably forming disulfide bonds. Reaction with cyanogen bromide abolishes the
      inhibitory properties. The inhibitor exhibits a rather narrow specificity for
      elastases. It strongly inhibits porcine pancreatic elastase in a permanent
      fashion with an equilibrium dissociation constant Ki of about 10(-10)M and
      somewhat weaker the elastase from human leucocytes with a Ki of about 10(-7)M. No
      obvious inhibition is observed of other serine proteinase such as bovine trypsin,
      bovine chymotrypsin, subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis and cathepsin G from human
      leucocytes when tested with synthetic substrates.

PMID- 2882765
TI  - Serum activities of dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II and dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase IV
      in tumor-bearing animals and in cancer patients.
AB  - Serum activities of dipeptidyl-aminopeptidases (DAP) II and IV were measured in
      tumor-bearing animals and in patients with blood and solid cancers using highly
      sensitive and specific fluorometric methods. In mice with intraperitoneal or
      subcutaneous implantation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, serum DAP II activity
      was increased and serum DAP IV activity was decreased, resulting in a significant
      increase in the ratio of serum DAP II and DAP IV activities. The increase in the
      ratio of these two activities paralleled the size of the subcutaneous tumors.
      However, both serum DAP II and DAP IV activities were increased in rats with
      experimental hepatic cancer induced by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and
      the increase in the ratio of the two activities was not significant. In cancer
      patients, as compared with healthy subjects, serum DAP II activity was increased
      and serum DAP IV activity was decreased, the ratio of serum DAP II and DAP IV
      activities being markedly increased in cancer patients. Both serum DAP II and DAP
      IV activities were increased in patients with hepatic cancer as were those in
      rats with hepatic cancer, but the increase in DAP II was greater than that of DAP
      IV; thus the ratio of the two activities increased significantly. These data
      suggest that the increase of the serum DAP II/DAP IV ratio could be a biochemical
      index of cancer.

PMID- 2882766
TI  - Comparison of temazepam elixir and trimeprazine syrup as oral premedication in
      children undergoing tonsillectomy and associated procedures.
AB  - Temazepam 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg kg-1 in an elixir formulation (Euhypnos Elixir),
      was compared with trimeprazine tartrate 3 mg kg-1 in a syrup (Vallergan Forte
      Syrup), as premedication in 220 children (ASA grade I) undergoing tonsillectomy
      and associated procedures. Each patient was randomly allocated to one of the four
      treatments. The administration was blind to the observers in theatre, recovery
      room and postoperative ward, who assessed each patient according to a total of 14
      criteria. A modelling technique allowed account to be taken of the effects of
      concomitant variables (e.g. age and duration of anaesthesia) where appropriate.
      No statistically significant difference was found between the efficacy of the
      treatments. The only statistically significant differences were that temazepam
      was associated with more ectopic beats under anaesthesia (P = 0.03 or 0.002,
      depending on the test applied), more postoperative vomiting (P = 0.04) and more
      postoperative restlessness (P less than 0.0001).

PMID- 2882767
TI  - I.v. temazepam: theoretical and clinical considerations.
AB  - Two injectable forms of temazepam, in 90% propylene glycol or 40% salicylic acid,
      were studied in volunteers, and before surgery in healthy patients. The
      volunteers also received two forms (capsule and elixir) by mouth. The salicylate
      preparation was painful on injection and both i.v. formulations caused an
      unacceptably high incidence of venous thrombosis. Temazepam was detected in
      plasma earlier following the elixir preparation than the capsule. Plasma
      concentrations were similar following both injectable preparations. The potency
      of i.v. temazepam in inducing drowsiness in patients was much less than expected
      and doses greater than 0.6 mg kg-1 were required to produce adequate sedation.
      There was a significant reduction in thiopentone induction dose in patients
      receiving temazepam i.v.

PMID- 2882768
TI  - Antagonism of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade with edrophonium or
      neostigmine.
AB  - Antagonism of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was attempted, at varying
      degrees of spontaneous recovery, with edrophonium 0.5 mg kg-1 or neostigmine 0.05
      mg kg-1 in two groups of 20 patients. Neuromuscular blockade was monitored using
      a train-of-four (TOF) stimulation. Adequate antagonism of neuromuscular blockade,
      defined as a sustained TOF ratio of 0.7 or more, was attained in all 20 patients
      given neostigmine and in 13 out of 20 given edrophonium. Five of the remaining
      seven patients given edrophonium had shown three or less responses to TOF
      stimulation before antagonism. While the time to onset of the action of
      edrophonium (22 s) was not significantly shorter than neostigmine (26 s), the
      time taken to attain a TOF ratio of 0.7 was significantly shorter with
      edrophonium (67 s compared with 194 s with neostigmine). It is concluded that
      edrophonium 0.5 mg kg-1 does not consistently antagonize vecuronium-induced
      neuromuscular blockade, particularly if there are three or less responses to a
      TOF stimulation present before antagonism.

PMID- 2882769
TI  - Antagonism of vecuronium and atracurium: comparison of neostigmine and
      edrophonium administered at 5% twitch height recovery.
AB  - In 39 healthy patients antagonism, by neostigmine 0.07 mg kg-1 or edrophonium 0.8
      mg kg-1, of neuromuscular blockade induced by vecuronium or atracurium, was
      compared. Reversal was attempted when the height of the single twitch (TH) had
      recovered spontaneously to 5% of the control value. The evoked responses,
      initially single twitch, then train-of-four (TOF) were observed until the TOF
      ratio was 70%. Induced recovery from TH 5% to 25% was shorter following
      edrophonium than following neostigmine with both vecuronium (P less than 0.05)
      and atracurium (P less than 0.05). The recovery indices and times until TH was
      75% of control and until the TOF ratio was 70% were not different. The time from
      a TH of 75% to a TOF ratio of 70% was shorter following neostigmine than
      following edrophonium with both vecuronium (P less than 0.01) and atracurium (P
      less than 0.01). Edrophonium had a much more variable effect on vecuronium than
      on atracurium. These results show that although the onset of action of
      edrophonium was faster than that of neostigmine, this did not lead to a faster
      clinical recovery, and antagonism by edrophonium may be delayed in a number of
      patients if vecuronium is the neuromuscular blocker.

PMID- 2882771
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists increase sinus arrhythmia, a vagotonic effect.
AB  - The influence of vagal and sympathetic efferent activity on sinus arrhythmia in
      man has been studied in six healthy subjects by administration of hyoscine
      butylbromide and/or various beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs using a
      microcomputer-linked electrocardiogram system. Sinus arrhythmia was quantitated
      as the s.d. of the R-R interval. Sinus arrhythmia was almost abolished by
      hyoscine butylbromide irrespective of the absence or presence and nature of the
      beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. Atenolol and metoprolol alone prolonged the mean
      R-R interval and increased sinus arrhythmia. Oxprenolol, a drug with modest
      partial agonist or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), prolonged the mean R
      R interval to a lesser extent but had no effect on sinus arrhythmia. Xamoterol,
      which has high ISA, shortened the mean R-R interval but had no effect on sinus
      arrhythmia. These data yielded a non-linear relationship between sinus arrhythmia
      and mean R-R interval. Exaggerated sinus arrhythmia appears to accompany beta
      adrenoceptor blockade only in the absence of ISA when bradycardia ensues. These
      findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the exaggeration in sinus
      arrhythmia is due to a central vagotonic effect secondary to the action of the
      drugs in the periphery. Changes in R-R interval induced by the adrenoceptor
      blocking drugs were altered to some extent by vagal blockade. This observation is
      consistent with the hypothesis that changes in heart rate induced by such drugs
      are determined in part by a change in vagal tone.

PMID- 2882770
TI  - In vitro responsiveness of human asthmatic bronchus to carbachol, histamine, beta
      adrenoceptor agonists and theophylline.
AB  - Responses of human bronchial strip preparations to contractile and relaxant
      agonists were measured in preparations from non-diseased and from asthmatic lung
      obtained 3-15 h post-mortem. The potencies of carbachol and histamine were
      approximately two times less in asthmatic than in non-diseased bronchi. This was
      statistically significant for carbachol (P less than 0.05), but not for histamine
      (P greater than 0.05). These results clearly indicate that the bronchial
      hyperreactivity to airway spasmogens observed in asthma is exclusively an in vivo
      phenomenon not involving increasing sensitivity of bronchial smooth muscle. The
      potencies of the beta-adrenoceptor agonists isoprenaline, fenoterol and
      terbutaline were significantly reduced by 4-5 fold in asthmatic bronchi compared
      with non-diseased airways. In contrast, theophylline was equipotent in the two
      populations of airway preparations. Thus, it appears that severe asthma is
      associated with decreased bronchial smooth muscle beta 2-adrenoceptor function.

PMID- 2882772
TI  - A rest and exercise haemodynamic evaluation of a new cardio-selective beta
      adrenoceptor blocker celiprolol alone and in combination with nitroglycerine in
      ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - The symptomatic benefits of combining beta-adrenoceptor blockers and nitrates in
      angina pectoris are well recognised. Their actions on cardiac haemodynamics and
      volumes when combined have been poorly characterized. Accordingly this study
      investigated a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent celiprolol
      and buccal nitroglycerine in 24 patients with angiographically documented
      coronary artery disease. Following a control period, with confirmed stable
      haemodynamics, three groups (n = 8/group) of prospectively matched patients, were
      studied following intravenous celiprolol (8 mg), buccal nitrate (10 mg) or their
      combination. Haemodynamics and left ventricular ejection fraction (nuclear probe)
      were determined following each intervention. The actions of each regimen on the
      haemodynamics of exercise-induced angina were compared by exercise testing in the
      control state and following each regimen. At rest, celiprolol did not alter
      haemodynamic parameters. Nitrate therapy reduced left ventricular filling
      pressure (pulmonary artery occluded pressure--PAOP) and volumes; the ejection
      fraction and heart rate increased. Combination therapy resulted in a highly
      significant reduction in left ventricular preload and afterload (PAOP and mean
      arterial blood pressure) at an increased left ventricular ejection fraction and
      reduced cardiac volumes; there was a trend to reduce cardiac double product (HR X
      SBP). During exercise celiprolol reduced systolic blood pressure, heart rate and
      cardiac index; systemic vascular resistance index increased. Nitrate therapy
      reduced blood pressure and PAOP, and increased ejection fraction. Combination
      therapy reduced all components of the triple product (heart rate, systolic blood
      pressure and PAOP) without affecting the other haemodynamic or radionuclide
      parameters. These data suggest improvements in cardiac function from the
      combination of celiprolol and nitrate therapy which were not achieved by either
      agent when used as monotherapy; they afford an interesting insight into the
      manner in which such widely utilised therapeutic modalities interact in coronary
      artery disease.

PMID- 2882774
TI  - The mechanism of the antihypertensive effects of ketanserin: a comparison with
      metoprolol.

PMID- 2882773
TI  - No effects on sleep of a histamine H1-receptor antagonist: temelastine.
AB  - Twelve volunteer poor sleepers of mean age 57 years took placebo on each of 3
      consecutive nights, and temelastine 100 mg on 3 consecutive nights in a double
      blind balanced order study. Sleep in the EEG laboratory was unaffected by the
      drug.

PMID- 2882776
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on exercise-induced plasma catecholamine
      concentrations and their dissipation profile.
AB  - The time-course of plasma noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) concentrations
      and their dissipation profiles were examined concomitantly with heart rate
      changes after strenuous exercise in eight normal subjects receiving either
      placebo or carteolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Post-exercise NA
      concentrations declined with time in a biexponential manner, while A
      disappearance curves were apparently monophasic. Plasma NA concentrations and
      their peak value attained within 3 min after exercise were higher in the
      carteolol than in the placebo phase, whereas there were no significant
      differences in the first and second disappearance t1/2 between the two trials.
      The monoexponential t1/2 of A in the carteolol trial was significantly longer
      than in the placebo trial. Our results suggest that the dissipation profiles of
      catecholamines released by exercise appear to be affected by beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade.

PMID- 2882775
TI  - Relationships between heart rate and PR interval during physiological and
      pharmacological interventions.
AB  - The relationships between heart rates (HR) and corresponding PR intervals (PR)
      were studied in 12 healthy young subjects during rest, standing and graduated
      treadmill exercise to heart rates of 160 to 170 beats min-1 and during the
      infusion of isoprenaline to heart rates of 100 to 110 beats min-1. During
      exercise, PR diminished with increasing HR. Over the range of HR from 60 to 160
      beats min-1 all 12 individual subjects exhibited negative linear correlations
      between HR and PR described by the equation: PR (ms) = -0.351 HR (beats min-1) +
      176.7 for composite data. During isoprenaline infusion the PR interval also
      diminished with increasing heart rate. Over the range of HR from 60 to 110 beats
      min-1, 11 of the 12 subjects exhibited negative linear correlations between HR
      and PR described by the equation: PR (ms) = -0.582 HR (beats min-1) + 186.5 for
      composite data. The exercise model was used to study the indirect (or rate
      dependent) effects and the direct actions on atrioventricular conduction of beta
      adrenoceptor blocking drugs and calcium channel antagonists, alone and in
      combination, in three groups of healthy subjects. Control and placebo
      observations on HR and PR at rest, standing and during exercise in these
      additional subjects also exhibited individual inverse linear relationships
      between HR and PR. Following the administration of beta-adrenoceptor blockers, PR
      were prolonged more than expected at the HR observed. Rate-adjusted PR
      prolongation during exercise exceeded standing which exceeded resting, indicating
      greater beta-adrenoceptor blockade in atrioventricular nodal tissue than in
      sinoatrial nodal tissue at each level of activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2882777
TI  - Sequence comparisons of complementary DNAs encoding aequorin isotypes.
AB  - Aequorin is the Ca2+-activated photoprotein which participates in the
      bioluminescence from the circumoral ring of the hydromedusa Aequorea victoria.
      The nucleotide sequences of five aequorin cDNAs have been compared and shown to
      code for three aequorin isoforms. The cDNA AEQ1 contains the entire protein
      coding region of 196 amino acids. The other four cDNAs contain only 70-90% of the
      coding region and apparently code for at least two other isoforms whose amino
      acid sequences differ significantly from that encoded by AEQ1. The nucleotide
      sequences coding for the three isotypes differ at a minimum of 54 positions out
      of a total of 588 nucleotides necessary to code for apoaequorin. Of these
      nucleotide differences, 24 account for 23 amino acid replacements, substantiating
      the microheterogeneity observed during sequencing of purified native aequorin
      [Charbonneau, H., Walsh, K.A., McCann, R.O., Prendergast, F.G., Cormier, M.J., &
      Vanaman, T.C. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 6762-6771]. Comparison of the deduced cDNA
      translations with the native protein sequences suggests the loss of seven
      residues from the amino terminus during purification of aequorin from Aequorea.
      Aequorin rapidly extracted from the jellyfish using conditions to minimize
      proteolysis is shown to have a larger molecular weight than that of purified
      native aequorin. Escherichia coli expressed aequorin encoded by AEQ1 is shown to
      have the same molecular weight and isoelectric point as those of one of the
      isotypes rapidly extracted from Aequorea.

PMID- 2882779
TI  - Halobacterial glycoprotein biosynthesis.

PMID- 2882778
TI  - Catalytic and regulatory effects of light intensity on chloroplast ATP synthase.
AB  - The incorporation of water oxygens into ATP made by photophosphorylation is known
      to be increased markedly when either Pi or ADP concentration is lowered. The
      present studies show a similar increase in oxygen exchange when light intensity
      is lowered even with ample ADP and Pi present. The number of reversals of bound
      ATP formation prior to release increases about 1 to about 27 in the presence of
      dithiothreitol and to 5 in its absence. The equilibrium of the bound reactants
      still favors ATP at low light intensity, as shown by measurement of the amount of
      bound ATP rapidly labeled from [32P]Pi during steady-state photophosphorylation.
      Changes observed in the interconversion rate in the absence of added thiol are
      likely involved in the regulation of the dark ATPase activity in the chloroplast.
      The interconversion rate of bound ATP to bound ADP and Pi in the presence of
      thiol is about the same at low and high light intensities. This rate of bound ATP
      formation is not sufficient, however, to account for the maximum rate of
      photophosphorylation. Thus, when adequate protonmotive force is present, the rate
      of conversion of bound ADP and Pi to bound ATP, and possibly that of bound ATP to
      bound ADP and Pi, must be increased, with proton translocation being completed
      only when bound ATP is present to be released. These observations are consistent
      with the predictions of the binding change mechanism with sequential
      participation of catalytic sites and are accommodated by a simplified general
      scheme for the binding change mechanism that is presented here.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882780
TI  - Reciprocal regulation of glutamine synthetase and carbamoylphosphate synthetase
      levels in rat liver.
AB  - In glucocorticosteroid-treated diabetic rats, glutamine synthetase enzyme levels
      in the liver are decreased 3-fold, whereas carbamoylphosphate synthetase enzyme
      levels are increased 2.3-fold. In addition, immunohistochemistry shows that under
      these conditions the distribution of carbamoylphosphate synthetase is expanded
      over the entire liver acinus, whereas that of glutamine synthetase is reduced to
      very few cells bordering the central (terminal hepatic) veins. Using a newly
      isolated cDNA complementary to rat liver glutamine synthetase mRNA, we show that
      this regulation is primarily effected at a pretranslational level. (For data on
      carbamoylphosphate synthetase mRNA levels, see De Groot et al. (1986) Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 866, 61-67). Furthermore, hybridization studies show stimulatory
      effects of both glucocorticosteroids and thyroid hormone on the glutamine
      synthetase mRNA level. Attempts to localize glutamine synthetase mRNA within the
      liver acinus by selective destruction of the pericentral zone failed because of
      generally low levels of liver mRNAs after CCl4 poisoning. In contrast to the
      situation after birth, significantly higher glutamine synthetase mRNA/enzyme
      activity ratios in fetal rat liver point to the presence of additional post
      transcriptional control mechanisms before birth. These findings complement
      similar observations on carbamoylphosphate synthetase gene expression (De Groot
      et al. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 866, 61-67).

PMID- 2882781
TI  - Measurement of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - An assay is described for acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in isolated
      hepatocytes. The assay is based on two principles: The hepatocytes are made
      permeable by digitonin. 64 micrograms of digitonin per mg of cellular protein
      were most effective in exposing enzyme activity without a significant effect on
      mitochondrial permeability. Enzyme activity is measured by coupling the
      carboxylase reaction to the fatty acid synthase reaction. The advantages offered
      by this procedure over existing assays are: rapidity, no need to prepare cell
      extracts, absence of product inhibition, no interference by mitochondrial
      enzymes, useful in systems with bicarbonate buffers, and simple separation of
      radioactive substrate from labelled products. Using this coupled enzyme assay a
      good correlation was observed between changes in the activity of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase and changes in the rate of fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes as
      effected by short-term modulators.

PMID- 2882782
TI  - Analysis of 100 kDa polypeptides from coated vesicles of bovine brain: two
      dimensional tryptic and chymotryptic maps.
AB  - Two-dimensional peptide map analysis was used to determine the structural
      homology among the '100 kDa'-group of polypeptides. There are at least six
      distinct polypeptides whose apparent molecular weights are 116, 113, 111, 108,
      105 and 100 kDa. The molar ratio of the '100 kDa'-group of polypeptides to three
      clathrin monomers (equivalent to one triskelion) is 1.2:1. There are three
      families of polypeptides in the '100 kDa'-group as determined by two-dimensional
      peptide map analysis. They are 116 and 113 kDa polypeptides, 111, 108, and 105
      kDa polypeptides and 100 kDa polypeptide. However, all six polypeptides
      apparently show a series of homologous peptides. It is suggested that the 100-116
      kDa polypeptides may bind to triskelions at the area of homology that is found in
      the 100-116 kDa polypeptides.

PMID- 2882783
TI  - Activation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase by arachidonic acid requires
      absence of enzyme-bound heme.
AB  - The mechanism by which arachidonic acid activates soluble guanylate cyclase
      purified from bovine lung is partially elucidated. Unlike enzyme activation by
      nitric oxide (NO), which required the presence of enzyme-bound heme, enzyme
      activation by arachidonic acid was inhibited by heme. Human but not bovine serum
      albumin in the presence of NaF abolished activation of heme-containing guanylate
      cyclase by NO and nitroso compounds, whereas enzyme activation by arachidonic
      acid was markedly enhanced. Addition of heme to enzyme reaction mixtures restored
      enzyme activation by NO but inhibited enzyme activation by arachidonic acid.
      Whereas heme-containing guanylate cyclase was activated only 4- to 5-fold by
      arachidonic or linoleic acid, both heme-deficient and albumin-treated heme
      containing enzymes were activated over 20-fold. Spectrophotometric analysis
      showed that human serum albumin promoted the reversible dissociation of heme from
      guanylate cyclase. Arachidonic acid appeared to bind to the hydrophobic heme
      binding site on guanylate cyclase but the mechanism of enzyme activation was
      dissimilar to that for NO or protoporphyrin IX. Enzyme activation by arachidonic
      acid was insensitive to Methylene blue or KCN, was inhibited competitively by
      metalloporphyrins, and was abolished by lipoxygenase. Whereas NO and
      protoporphyrin IX lowered the apparent Km and Ki for MgGTP and uncomplexed Mg2+,
      arachidonic and linoleic acids failed to alter these kinetic parameters. Thus,
      human serum albumin can promote the reversible dissociation of heme from soluble
      guanylate cyclase and thereby abolish enzyme activation by NO but markedly
      enhance activation by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arachidonic acid activates
      soluble guanylate cyclase by heme-independent mechanisms that are dissimilar to
      the mechanism of enzyme activation caused by protoporphyrin IX.

PMID- 2882785
TI  - [Desensitization as a reflection of receptor-enzyme system inactivation during a
      reaction. Kinetic model of the process].
AB  - The kinetic regularities of the processes occurring in the system: receptor
      adenylate cyclase complex under the effect of a hormone, an agonist or a
      neuromediator, were studied. Experiments with cell cultures revealed that the
      effector caused an impulse increase in cAMP and a decrease in the effector
      stimulated activity of the adenylate cyclase complex. The above effects were
      considered within the framework of a kinetic model which takes into account the
      enzyme complex inactivation in the course of adenylate cyclase synthesis. The
      data obtained permit to explain the physiological effect of desensitization of
      the receptor-enzyme system with respect to the effector action as a result of
      inactivation of this system in the course of the reaction. Possible molecular
      mechanisms of inactivation are discussed.

PMID- 2882784
TI  - [Formation of mevalonic acid, sterols and bile acids from [1-14C]acetyl-CoA and
      [2-14C]malonyl-CoA in the liver of rabbits with experimental
      hypercholesterolemia].
AB  - The effect of cholesterol diet on the rate of mevalonic acid biosynthesis from 1
      14C acetyl-CoA, 2-14C malonyl-CoA and the incorporation of these substrates into
      sterols and bile acids in rabbit liver were studied. Simultaneously, the
      activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) and
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase and the biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and
      malonyl-CoA were measured. Hypercholesterolemia was found to be concomitant with
      the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity only in cell-free (700 g) and
      mitochondrial fractions and slightly decreased the incorporation of acetyl-CoA
      and malonyl-CoA into fatty acids in the postmitochondrial fraction. The HMG-CoA
      reductase activity in all subcellular fractions except for the postmicrosomal one
      was inhibited under these conditions. A significant decrease of acetyl-CoA
      incorporation and an increase in malonyl-CoA incorporation into mevalonic acid in
      all liver fractions except for microsomal one were observed in rabbits with
      hypercholesterolemia. These data provide evidence for the existence of two
      pathways of mevalonic acid synthesis from the above-said substrates that are
      differently sensitive to cholesterol. Cholesterol feeding resulted in a decreased
      synthesis of the total unsaponified fraction including cholesterol from acetyl
      CoA, malonyl-CoA and mevalonic acid. The rate of incorporation of these
      substrates into lanosterol was unchanged. All the indicated substrates (acetyl
      CoA, malonyl-CoA, mevalonic acid) are precursors of bile acid synthesis in rabbit
      liver. Cholesterol feeding and the subsequent development of hypercholesterolemia
      resulted in bile acid synthesis stimulation, preferentially in the formation of
      the cholic + deoxycholic acids from these precursors.

PMID- 2882786
TI  - Lipogenesis in the brown adipose tissue of the fetal baboon.
AB  - The ultrastructural and lipogenic capacity of the white and brown adipose tissue
      (WAT and BAT) of 10 baboon fetuses (gestational age, 138-183 days) were studied.
      The axillary, interscapular and pericardiac sites had at least 50% brown fat
      cells while the retroorbital site contained white adipocytes only. Both WAT and
      BAT incorporated 3H2O and 14C-glycerol into lipids at similar high rates. The
      activities of enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase and glycerokinase were higher than
      those reported in human BAT and comparable to these reported in rodent BAT under
      unstimulated conditions. It is concluded that in the fetal baboon adipose tissue
      is capable of considerable de novo lipogenesis and that, despite the differences
      in microscopic appearance, WAT and BAT have similar lipogenic potentials with
      respect to the parameters measured.

PMID- 2882787
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism in older schizophrenics.
AB  - The association of neuroleptic drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) with factors
      related to brain structure and function are poorly understood. Twenty-one
      medicated schizophrenics over age 55 years were evaluated for parkinsonism,
      tardive dyskinesia, psychiatric symptoms, ventricular/brain ratio (VBR), and
      neuropsychological function. Sixteen (76%) of the patients had DIP, whereas 10
      (48%) had tardive dyskinesia. Increased severity of parkinsonism was
      significantly associated with larger VBR and the severity of negative symptoms.
      Severity of parkinsonism predicted poor visual-spatial function, whereas negative
      symptoms were modestly predictive of impairment in both verbal ability and
      cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest that brain atrophy may be a risk
      factor for DIP. The pattern of cognitive dysfunction associated with DIP in this
      sample is similar to that found in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Dopaminergic
      dysfunction may underlie the pattern of pathology described in this report.

PMID- 2882789
TI  - Bromocriptine in neuroleptic resistance.

PMID- 2882788
TI  - Positron emission tomography studies of basal ganglia and somatosensory cortex
      neuroleptic drug effects: differences between normal controls and schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - Glucose metabolic rate in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex
      was examined in eight patients with schizophrenia before and after receiving
      neuroleptic medication. Basal ganglia metabolic rates were increased with
      medication: more on the right than on the left and more in putamen than caudate.
      The cortical anteroposterior ratio, an index of relative hypofrontality, was not
      affected by neuroleptics. The brain areas that were found to be altered by
      neuroleptics were selected for comparison between off-medication schizophrenics
      and controls. Metabolic rates in the basal ganglia tended to be low in patients
      with schizophrenia in comparison to 24 age- and sex-matched controls.

PMID- 2882790
TI  - Release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and neuroactive
      substances in unanesthetized animals as estimated with push-pull cannulae (PPC).
AB  - In this report, we have reviewed recent information gathered by probing with a
      push-pull cannula (PPC) the in vivo activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
      (SCN), hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary gland of freely moving animals. In
      male and female rats, probing of the SCN with the PPC revealed distinct
      oscillatory patterns of 5-hydroxy indole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) output very much
      dependent on the position of the cannula. In males, it was also possible to
      demonstrate, for the first time, in vivo output of immunoreactive vasopressin
      (VP) most likely from the SCN. Interestingly, the output of VP was stimulated by
      local activation of probable 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) terminals with 5
      hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of 5-HT synthesis. Probing the
      hypothalamus of rats and rabbits revealed that the in vivo release of luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) (frequency and amplitude of the LHRH signal) can
      be altered by administration of estrogen to ovariectomized rats; in both species,
      progesterone stimulated the amplitude of the LHRH signal, but only when this
      steroid was infused in pulses--the physiological mode of circulating progesterone
      in the rat. Further, in male rabbits, pulses of progesterone did not stimulate
      LHRH release. Last, probing the anterior pituitary with the PPC revealed that a
      series of push-pull perfusions could be performed in the same animal under
      different experimental conditions for nearly 60 days of experimentation. It also
      resolved the apparent paradox that after castration, decreased instead of
      increased activity of the neural LHRH apparatus was noticed when the PPC was
      positioned in the hypothalamus. Moving the PPC to the anterior pituitary revealed
      that castration was accompanied by an increase in the amplitude and frequency of
      the LHRH signals arriving in the anterior pituitary of castrated male rats. This
      mode of operation of the LHRH pulse generator is clearly compatible with the mode
      of luteinizing hormone (LH) release in gonadectomized animals. Finally, based on
      these results, a hypothetical model of the operation of the LHRH pulse generator
      has been proposed.

PMID- 2882792
TI  - [Spectrum of reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against specific T-suppressors].
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against specific T-suppressors CI and C4 are
      characterized by their reactivity with normal lymphoid cells and some tumour cell
      lines cultivated in vitro. MoAb CI and C4 react with T and B cells from spleen
      and lymph nodes. The amount of CI and C4 T and B subsets are equal in the spleen
      (25-29%), while lymph node T-lymphocytes contain twice as much CI and C4 cells
      than B-lymphocytes (40 and 20%, respectively). In the thymus CI is expressed
      mostly on immature (cortical) thymocytes and C4--on the mature (medullary)
      thymocytes. CI is expressed on some T-lymphoma cell lines (BW 5147, EL4, LBRM33),
      but not on thymoma RDM4 and mastocytoma P815. C4 is not found on the above cell
      lines but is expressed on the intermediate filament of mouse and quail
      fibroblasts and in lymphoid cells. This cross-reactivity may result from the
      existance of similar determinants in cytoskeleton proteins and lymphocyte
      membranes or from the intermediate filament expression on T-suppressor cellular
      membranes, but not on other functional T subsets.

PMID- 2882791
TI  - [Prevention by alpha and beta adrenoreceptor agonists and lithium hydroxybutyrate
      of injuries to the endothelium of the rabbit aorta induced by catecholamines].
AB  - The damage of endothelial cells and intercellular junctions caused by 10 microM
      epinephrine (E) and 10 microM norepinephrine (NE) has been observed in perfused
      rabbit aorta. Simultaneous perfusion of the rabbit aorta with E and NE induced
      marked endothelial injuries at very low drug doses (0.1 microM). Alpha- and beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists prevented the development of catecholamine-induced
      endothelial alterations. Lithium hydroxybutyrate partially prevented endothelial
      alterations caused by 10 microM epinephrine, but blocked completely morphological
      injuries caused by simultaneous perfusion of the rabbit aorta with 0.1 microM E
      and NE.

PMID- 2882793
TI  - Factor XII gene alteration in Hageman trait detected by TaqI restriction enzyme.
AB  - A cDNA for coagulation factor XII has been used to investigate the presence of
      gene lesions and restriction fragment length polymorphisms in two brothers with
      Hageman trait and their family. A TaqI polymorphic fragment has been found in the
      two propositi and in 11 members of the paternal lineage. This polymorphism,
      absent in the normal population, is correlated with the reduction of factor XII
      activity and enables the identification of heterozygous factor XII deficiency.
      Factor XII gene deletion as the cause of Hageman trait in this family has been
      excluded. A restriction map has been constructed, and the TaqI polymorphic site
      has been localized within the 5' portion of the gene. The mutation in the
      polymorphic site is probably the cause of the factor XII deficiency. Data suggest
      the presence of one factor XII gene per haploid genome.

PMID- 2882794
TI  - Detection of hemophilia A carriers using intragenic factor VIII:C DNA
      polymorphisms.
AB  - A DNA polymorphism for an Xbal site in intron 22 of the human factor VIII:C gene
      extends the utility of DNA methods for carrier detection in families segregating
      for hemophilia A. While the DNA polymorphism detected by a BclI site in intron 18
      of the factor VIII:C gene was informative for 41% of females studied, the
      BglI/intron 25 polymorphism provided no additional information because of
      apparent linkage disequilibrium. In contrast, the Xbal intron 22 polymorphism was
      useful in 53% of women who were uninformative (homozygous) for either the BclI or
      BglI polymorphisms. Using the BclI/intron 18 and Xbal/intron 22 intragenic
      polymorphisms, we could provide highly accurate information for 68% of women we
      studied who were at risk for carriership. The carrier status of the remaining 32%
      could be determined utilizing the closely linked Taql/St14 DNA polymorphism.

PMID- 2882795
TI  - The effect of vasoactive agents on the contractions of the initial lymphatics of
      the bat's wing.
AB  - The effect of vasoactive agents on the spontaneous contractions of the initial
      lymphatics of the bat's wing was investigated. Initial lymphatic contractile
      frequency and pulsatile pressure were measured with the servo-null micropressure
      system. Norepinephrine, phenylepinephrine, isoproterenol, acetylcholine,
      histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, prostaglandin F2a, prostaglandin E2,
      indomethacin and ibuprofen were delivered to the immediate vicinity of the
      initial lymphatic by microinjection or iontophoresis. Only bradykinin produced
      changes in initial lymphatic contractions which were significantly different from
      control. The response to bradykinin was characterized by an increase in the
      frequency, strength or duration of the contraction.

PMID- 2882797
TI  - Brain ammonia metabolism in hexachlorophene-induced encephalopathy.

PMID- 2882796
TI  - T-helper phenotype chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Thp-CLL): characterization of an
      Italian case with particular biological findings.
AB  - A patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) characterized by an expansion
      of helper phenotype mature T lymphocytes is here described. The phenotype of
      these cells was OKT3+, OKT4+, Leu 9+, 5/9+, OKT8-, Tac- and functional studies
      showed a strong helper activity on B cell differentiation; an "in vivo" presence
      of an IgG-lambda paraproteinaemia has been demonstrated. Cytogenetic studies
      showed multiple clonal, numerical and structural rearrangements which included a
      tandem t(14;14) (q11;32) translocation. Hybridization showed HTLV I related
      specific bands indicating the presence of exogenous sequences related to
      prototype virus but derived from a different Retrovirus (HTLV 1c). The clinical
      course was aggressive and unsuccessful treatments with various
      polichemotherapeutic protocols, associated with multiple leukaphereses, were
      performed. The authors underline that despite the morphological, immunological,
      biological and virological heterogeneity, the common feature of T-helper CLL is
      the inexorable clinical course which needs a new therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2882799
TI  - [Immunohistochemical localization of pancreatic endocrine cells in the hamster].

PMID- 2882798
TI  - Long-term culture of fetal rat hepatocytes in media supplemented with fetal calf
      serum Ultroser SF or Ultroser G.
AB  - Fetal hepatocytes cultured in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) or
      Ultroser SF do not maintain production of albumin or transferrin beyond one week
      of culture. When dexamethasone (10(-7) M) is present, secretion of albumin and
      transferrin can be extended to two weeks, however, levels are extremely low. By
      three weeks, neither plasma protein can be detected in the culture medium in
      either conditions of culture. In contrast, hepatocytes maintained in medium
      supplemented with Ultroser G continue to produce albumin and transferrin at high
      levels for the entire three week period of this study. The morphology of the
      cultures are different. In FCS and Ultroser SF supplemented medium there are many
      more fibroblast and epithelial-like cells and relatively fewer cells which are
      distinctly hepatocytes when compared with Ultroser G supplemented medium. The
      level of tyrosine aminotransferase, which is a dexamethasone inducible enzyme, is
      found to be much higher in Ultroser G cultures, with no further increase
      demonstrable by addition of dexamethasone. In contrast, dexamethasone induces the
      enzyme by about eight-fold in cultures maintained in FCS supplemented medium.
      Therefore it appears that Ultroser G already contains sufficient steroid activity
      to maximize the level of tyrosine aminotransferase. A comparison between Ultroser
      C and SF (steroid-free) suggests that the mixture of steroid and steroid
      derivatives in the G formulation must be important in the maintenance of
      differentiated functions of hepatocytes in culture. However, supplementation of
      FCS cultures with dexamethasone, which is known to be present in Ultroser G, does
      not allow hepatocytes to retain their differentiated functions over an extended
      period. Therefore it is concluded that other components besides dexamethasone
      must be important.

PMID- 2882801
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of binding sites identified in rat brain
      following in vivo administration of [3H]-spiperone.
AB  - [3H]-spiperone is commonly used to label dopamine receptors in vitro in brain
      tissue. However, spiperone also interacts with brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and
      noradrenaline receptors. In vivo, [3H]-spiperone has been used for identifying
      dopamine receptors in both animals and man but the nature of the sites identified
      is unknown. The in vivo administration of [3H]-spiperone to rats leads to a
      selective accumulation of radioactivity in the olfactory lobes, tuberculum
      olfactorium, nucleus accumbens, striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, frontal
      cortex and hypothalamus, when compared to the cerebellum. In vivo drug
      displacement studies suggest that the binding of [3H]-spiperone in these areas
      may be to dopamine, 5-HT or noradrenaline receptors. [3H]-spiperone in vivo
      mainly labels dopamine receptors in striatum, tuberculum olfactorium,
      hypothalamus, substantia nigra and olfactory lobes. However, in the frontal
      cortex and nucleus accumbens specific binding involves not only dopamine
      receptors but also 5-HT and/or noradrenaline receptors. Interpretation of in vivo
      studies in man using radioactive spiperone and its derivatives must take into
      account the fact that this ligand only labels dopamine receptors in some brain
      areas.

PMID- 2882800
TI  - The antianaphylactic action of histamine H2-receptor agonists in the guinea-pig
      isolated heart.
AB  - The effects of histamine and of H1- and H2-receptor agonists on the response to
      specific antigen were studied in isolated hearts taken from actively sensitized
      guinea-pigs. Histamine and H2-receptor agonists (dimaprit, impromidine) dose
      dependently decrease the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects, and the
      severity of arrhythmias evoked by the challenge of sensitized hearts with
      specific antigen. Nordimaprit and the selective H1-receptor agonist 2-pyridyl
      ethyl-amine (2-PEA) did not modify the patterns of cardiac anaphylaxis. The
      positive inotropic and chronotropic responses of the isolated heart to exogenous
      histamine appear to be partly reduced in the presence of dimaprit. The H2
      receptor agonists decrease the amount of histamine released during cardiac
      anaphylaxis which is increased by cimetidine, while nordimaprit and PEA were
      ineffective, indicating an inhibitory function afforded by H2-receptors in
      cardiac anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2882802
TI  - Examination of the mechanisms involved in tetanic fade produced by vecuronium and
      related analogues in the rat diaphragm.
AB  - The effects of vecuronium (Org NC45), Org 7678 and Org 7684 were examined on
      twitches and tetani recorded from rat isolated diaphragms. Org 7678 and Org 7684
      exhibited approximately one tenth of the neuromuscular blocking potency of
      vecuronium. At concentrations producing equivalent amounts of twitch block, Org
      7684 produced significantly less tetanic fade than did vecuronium or Org 7678. In
      cut muscles both vecuronium and Org 7684 reduced the endplate current (e.p.c.)
      amplitude (Ie.p.c.), reduced e.p.c. decay time constant (tau e.p.c.), and
      increased the e.p.c. train rundown. The effects of vecuronium were not voltage
      dependent and vecuronium did not change tau noise. The effect of Org 7684 on
      Ie.p.c. and tau e.p.c. became greater with hyperpolarization, but the effect on
      e.p.c. train rundown was not voltage-dependent. It is concluded that both
      vecuronium and Org 7684 produce e.p.c. train rundown and tetanic fade by a
      prejunctional mechanism. However, whereas postjunctionally vecuronium blocks only
      the acetylcholine receptor, Org 7684 blocks both the receptor and its associated
      ion channel.

PMID- 2882803
TI  - Relaxant effect of the H2-receptor antagonist oxmetidine on guinea-pig and human
      airways.
AB  - The effects of three different H2-receptor antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine
      and oxmetidine) were tested on isolated preparations of guinea-pig trachea and
      human bronchus against contractions induced by acetylcholine, histamine and
      potassium chloride (KCl). In addition, their influence on calcium concentration
      response curves in guinea-pig tracheal spirals was examined in a potassium-rich
      solution (30 mM). Finally, their effects were studied in vivo against
      acetylcholine and histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in anaesthetized guinea
      pigs. In guinea-pig isolated trachea, oxmetidine--in contrast to cimetidine and
      ranitidine, which were completely inactive--induced a concentration-dependent
      relaxation regardless of the excitatory stimulus: its--log EC50 values (i.e. the
      negative log concentration that caused a 50% relaxation) were 3.46 +/- 0.11, 4.61
      +/- 0.09 and 4.20 +/- 0.12 against acetylcholine, histamine and KCl,
      respectively. In Ca2+-free, K+-enriched solution, the compound was able to
      inhibit Ca2+-induced contractions at concentrations close to those needed to
      counteract the spasmogenic effect of histamine in normal Krebs solution. Results
      obtained in the human bronchus preparation were similar to those observed in
      guinea-pig tracheal spirals. When tested against acetylcholine or histamine
      induced bronchoconstriction in vivo, oxmetidine (10 and 30 mg Kg-1 intravenously)
      significantly reduced the increase in pulmonary airway resistance (Raw) induced
      by both agents. Once again, cimetidine and ranitidine were completely
      ineffective. In summary, oxmetidine displayed non-specific antispasmogenic
      activity on guinea-pig and human airways. This effect, which is independent of H2
      receptor blockade, represents a side-effect of the drug which may be connected to
      its interference with Ca2+ influx and the action or release of intracellular
      Ca2+.

PMID- 2882804
TI  - Effects of 5-hydroxy-propafenone in guinea-pig atrial fibres.
AB  - The effects of 5-hydroxy-propafenone (5-OH-P), an active metabolite of
      propafenone, were studied on isolated atrial muscle fibres obtained from non
      treated guinea-pigs and from animals pretreated with 5-OH-P, 3 mg kg-1, for 28
      days. In untreated atria 5-OH-P, 10(-8) M-10(-4) M, produced a dose-dependent
      decrease in amplitude and df/dtmax and reduced the amplitude of the slow
      contractions induced by isoprenaline and histamine in high K+ media. 5-OH-P also
      produced a dose-dependent decrease in atrial rate, prolonged the sinus node
      recovery time and reduced the maximum chronotropic responses to isoprenaline. In
      untreated atrial muscle fibres 5-OH-P depressed action potential amplitude and
      Vmax, reduced the resting membrane potential and prolonged the action potential
      duration (ADP) and the effective refractory period, lengthening the effective
      refractory period relative to APD. Pretreatment with 5-OH-P reduced atrial rate
      and increased contractile force, but did not modify the action potential
      characteristics from the values obtained in untreated atria. Further addition of
      5-OH-P produced similar but more marked changes than in untreated atria. It is
      concluded that in guinea-pig isolated atrial muscle fibres 5-OH-P, like
      propafenone, exhibits class I (membrane stabilizing), class II (antisympathetic)
      and class IV (Ca antagonistic) antiarrhythmic actions. Therefore, this metabolite
      could be responsible, at least in part, for some of the antiarrhythmic effects
      previously attributed to propafenone.

PMID- 2882805
TI  - BW A575C, a chemically novel agent with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
      and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking properties.
AB  - BW A575C (N-(1-(S)-carboxy-5-[4(3-isopropylamino-2-(R, S)-hydroxypropoxy)indole-2
      carboxamido]pentyl)-(R, S)-alanyl-(S)-proline) is a chemically novel agent which
      exhibits in a single molecule both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition
      and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking properties. BW A575C produced a competitive
      blockade of heart rate responses to isoprenaline in a guinea-pig right atrial
      preparation (pKB 7.18 +/- 0.05, cf. pindolol 8.9 +/- 0.7). BW A575C inhibited a
      partially purified preparation of ACE obtained from rabbit lung (IC50 10.7 +/-
      2.1 nM, cf. enalaprilat, 4.4 +/- 0.8 nM). Intravenous administration of BW A575C
      (1-100 micrograms kg-1 min-1) to the pithed rat inhibited in a dose-dependent
      fashion both angiotensin I-induced pressor responses and isoprenaline-induced
      tachycardia. Dose-ratios obtained from such studies demonstrated that, in this
      preparation, BW A575C was approximately 100 times more active as an ACE inhibitor
      than as a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Intravenous administration of BW
      A575C (1 mg kg-1) to the conscious rat inhibited angiotensin I-induced pressor
      responses, being approximately equipotent to enalapril and 10 times more potent
      than captopril. At the same dose, BW A575C had a similar duration of action as an
      ACE inhibitor to enalapril. Intravenous administration of BW A575C (1 mg kg-1) to
      either conscious dogs or rats inhibited both angiotensin I-induced pressor
      responses and isoprenaline-induced heart rate responses. Dose-ratios obtained
      from such studies demonstrated that in these species, BW A575C was 2-10 times
      more active as an ACE inhibitor than as a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent.

PMID- 2882807
TI  - Neuropathy of the feet due to running on cold surfaces.

PMID- 2882806
TI  - Treatment of asthma.

PMID- 2882808
TI  - Macrocytic anaemia in patients treated with sulfasalazine for rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 2882809
TI  - Excitability of 'silent' respiratory neurons during sleep-waking states: an
      iontophoretic study in undrugged chronic cats.
AB  - An iontophoretic study of respiratory-related neurons (RN) was conducted in the
      medullary ventral respiratory area of chronically implanted, undrugged cats
      during states of sleep and wakefulness. Most RN recorded were unaffected by sleep
      wake states but a few RN decreased their firing rate during sleep (sleep
      sensitive cells). The excitability of RN was assessed in the different states by
      local application of L-glutamate. Glutamate iontophoresis revealed the presence
      of 5 cells which were silent during sleep and completely or mostly silent during
      undisturbed wakefulness but always discharged with a respiratory-modulated
      pattern of the expiratory type in response to glutamate application. Arousing
      stimuli induced spontaneous firing of these cells and REM sleep reduced glutamate
      effectiveness. It was concluded that silent RN and RN which become inactive
      during sleep permanently receive subthreshold respiratory-modulated inputs which
      are amplified or depressed by state-dependent tonic inputs.

PMID- 2882811
TI  - Gonadal steroid modulation of neurotransmitter-stimulated cAMP accumulation in
      the hippocampus of the rat.
AB  - We have investigated the influences of gonadal and adrenal hormones on
      neurotransmitter-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (cAMP) formation in
      hippocampal slices from male and female rats. We found that castration of male
      rats specifically decreases histamine-stimulated cAMP accumulation, as does
      administration of estradiol plus progesterone to ovariectomized female rats. In
      ovariectomized females, activation of cAMP accumulation by isoproterenol was also
      reduced by estradiol plus progesterone treatment. Although neither of these
      endocrine manipulations significantly affected stimulation of cAMP accumulation
      by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), regulation of VIP-stimulated cAMP
      generation by glucocorticoids was found in female rats. However, the direction of
      the effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in females was opposite
      to its previously demonstrated action in males. These results suggest that
      gonadal and other steroids may specifically modulate the responsiveness of
      components of the adenylate cyclase system to certain neurotransmitters, and that
      such regulation may differ between the sexes and may occur in telencephalic brain
      regions such as the hippocampus.

PMID- 2882810
TI  - The alpha 1-noradrenergic antagonist prazosin decreases the concentration of
      estrogen receptors in female rat hypothalamus.
AB  - A series of experiments was performed to determine the effects of the alpha 1
      noradrenergic antagonist, prazosin, on the concentration of estrogen receptors in
      female rat brain and pituitary gland. Prazosin caused a dose-dependent decrease
      in the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors in mediobasal hypothalamus
      when injected 10 and 16 h prior to assay. The drug was without effect on the
      concentration of nuclear estrogen receptors in the absence of estradiol,
      indicating that the decreased concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors is not
      due to nuclear estrogen receptor accumulation. Scatchard analysis confirmed that
      prazosin treatment decreases the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors
      without influencing the apparent affinity of the receptors for [3H]estradiol. The
      prazosin-induced decrease in the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors in
      the mediobasal hypothalamus was transient with maximal effects occurring between
      8 and 12 h after a single injection. Competition analysis confirmed that prazosin
      is not an effective competitor for binding to the estrogen receptor in vitro. The
      effects of prazosin on the estrogen receptor system could not be attributed to
      modulation of the levels of norepinephrine or dopamine. Assay of the levels of
      norepinephrine and dopamine in hypothalamus and preoptic area after prazosin
      injection revealed no effects of prazosin on the level of either of these
      catecholamines. An estradiol injection resulted in the predicted decrease in the
      concentration of estrogen receptors accumulating in hypothalamic cell nuclei,
      suggesting that the cytosol estrogen receptors that decrease in concentration are
      functional receptors. Prazosin treatment did not result in a decrease in the
      effectiveness of estradiol in the induction of cytosol progestin receptors in the
      mediobasal hypothalamus, suggesting that the cells are regulated by the alpha 1
      noradrenergic system may not be those cells in which progestin receptors are also
      induced. These experiments provide further evidence that the noradrenergic system
      modulates the concentration of estrogen receptors, and perhaps sensitivity to
      estradiol, in some cells within the rat hypothalamus.

PMID- 2882812
TI  - Adenosine antagonists increase spontaneous and evoked transmitter release from
      neuronal cells in culture.
AB  - To examine the role played by endogenous adenosine in the modulation of
      transmitter release in the CNS, the effect of adenosine antagonists has been
      studied. Two systems have been used: EPSPs recorded from pyramidal cells in
      organotypic hippocampal cultures; and release of newly synthesized [3H]glutamate
      from cerebellar granule cells in dissociated culture. Bath application of 0.1-1
      microM 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) reversibly increased both the number and size
      of spontaneous EPSPs and caused bursting activity in some cells. This effect was
      blocked by the glutamate antagonist gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG) (1 mM) but not
      by atropine (10 microM) or bicuculline (100 microM). Another adenosine antagonist
      isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX, 10 microM) had a similar effect to 8-PT.
      Spontaneous activity in pyramidal cells and that induced by adenosine antagonists
      was blocked by the adenosine agonist 2-chloroadenosine (2-CA) (0.2-20 microM). 8
      PT (10 microM) markedly potentiated K+-stimulated release of newly synthesized
      glutamate, and also enhanced basal glutamate release. The agonist (-)
      phenylisopropyladenosine ((-)-PIA, 2 microM) which is relatively selective for A1
      receptors, reduced by 19 +/- 5% the 8-PT-induced enhancement, and reduced K+
      stimulated glutamate release in the absence of 8-PT to a similar extent. In
      contrast 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine (NECA, 2 microM), which is a relatively
      selective A2 agonist, slightly enhanced glutamate release. From these results it
      is likely that 8-PT potentiates glutamate release in both systems by blocking the
      effect of endogenous adenosine on presynaptic A1 receptors.

PMID- 2882813
TI  - Dissociation of antinociceptive from cardiovascular effects of stimulation in the
      lateral reticular nucleus in the rat.
AB  - The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in the caudal ventrolateral medulla has been
      implicated in the regulation of spinal nociceptive transmission and hemodynamics.
      Experiments were undertaken to examine the relationship between inhibition of the
      tail flick reflex and cardiovascular effects produced by electrical stimulation
      in the LRN in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital. Intensity- and
      frequency-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure and vascular resistance
      in the hindquarter, mesenteric, renal and caudal arterial beds were observed.
      Inhibition of the tail flick reflex, however, occurred at intensities of
      electrical stimulation which produced no significant changes in mean arterial
      pressure or vascular resistance in any of the arterial beds studied. Selective
      stimulation of cell bodies in the LRN by microinjection of glutamate similarly
      inhibited the tail flick reflex but produced significant reductions in mean
      arterial pressure, without substantially affecting regional vascular resistances.
      These results suggest that the antinociceptive and depressor effects of
      stimulation in the LRN are mediated by activation of cell bodies, while pressor
      effects produced by focal electrical stimulation are mediated by activation of
      fibers of passage. The descending inhibition produced by stimulation in the LRN
      is independent of stimulation-produced cardiovascular responses.

PMID- 2882814
TI  - Studies on the effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on
      central catecholamine neurons in C57BL/6 mice. Comparison with three other
      strains of mice.
AB  - The effect of the parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on central catecholamine neurons in C57BL/6 mice has
      been studied employing neuro- and histochemical techniques. The number of
      dopamine (DA) cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) was reduced by
      70% in MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice, as demonstrated both by tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) immunohistochemistry and conventional histology (Cresyl violet staining) and
      an almost complete loss of DA fibers in striatum was also found. A detailed
      analysis of the effects of MPTP on endogenous catecholamine levels in various
      brain regions revealed that MPTP caused a severe reduction of endogenous DA in
      substantia nigra and striatum (35 and 5% of control) which was accompanied by an
      increase in the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/DA ratio. There was also a
      decrease of DA in nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle to 41 and 44% of
      control, respectively, without any significant change in the DOPAC/DA ratio and
      density of TH-positive fibers. Small but significant decreases of the
      noradrenaline (NA) levels in septum, entorhinal cortex and frontal cortex were
      seen, although the uptake of [3H]NA in frontal cortex was not significantly
      changed. Minor MPTP-induced decreases of the serotonin levels in frontal cortex,
      occipital cortex and spinal cord were also seen. The MPTP treatment also induced
      a 55% increase of adrenaline levels in hypothalamus, while no changes were seen
      in pons-medulla and spinal cord. Comparing this with 3 other strains of mice, the
      MPTP-induced reduction of endogenous DA in striatum was most pronounced in
      C57BL/6, less in N.M.R.I. and CBA/Ca mice, and least in Swiss-Webster. Concerning
      the effect of MPTP on cortical NA levels, the same relation was at hand except
      for C57BL/6, where, as mentioned, the effect was merely detectable. No reduction
      of DA perikarya in SNC was seen in Swiss-Webster mice. These findings show that
      in mice major differences exist in sensitivity of catecholamine neurons to MPTP
      between different strains. The data show that MPTP can produce an almost
      complete, permanent and relatively selective degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA
      neurons in C57BL/6 mice similar to that seen in primates. This strain may
      therefore serve as a useful model for studies on various aspects of MPTP-induced
      parkinsonism.

PMID- 2882815
TI  - Intranigral dynorphin-1-13 suppresses kindled seizures by a naloxone-insensitive
      mechanism.
AB  - Numerous lines of evidence indicate that the substantia nigra (SN) facilitates
      the propagation of seizures in kindling and in other seizure models. Intranigral
      injection of dynorphin-1-13 exerted a potent seizure suppressant action in
      kindled rats. This seizure suppressant action was dose dependent, spatially
      specific for the area of the SN and was not blocked by naloxone (2 mg/kg i.p.).
      This finding extends previous work indicating that treatments which reduce SN
      output exert an anticonvulsant action and further suggests that opioid peptides
      endogenous to the SN may regulate seizure susceptibility in the kindling model.

PMID- 2882816
TI  - Evidence for epinephrine-induced depolarization in neurons of bullfrog
      sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - The response to epinephrine (EP) was determined for neurons in bullfrog
      sympathetic ganglia by intracellular and voltage-clamp recording techniques. EP
      (5 microM-1 mM) produced a concentration-dependent depolarization mediated
      through beta-adrenoceptors. The EP-induced depolarization (EPD) was associated
      with a decrease in the membrane conductance. The EP-induced current (EP1) was
      decreased at hyperpolarizing potential levels and nullified at -70 mV. No
      reversal of the EPI polarity was seen. It is concluded that the EPD is generated
      by the suppression of a voltage-dependent gK, probably the M-channel.

PMID- 2882817
TI  - Regional levels of neurotransmitter-related markers in the brain of the weakly
      electric fish Gnathonemus petersii.
AB  - The regional distribution of neurochemical markers for cholinergic, GABAergic and
      glutamatergic/aspartatergic transmission has been studied in several brain areas
      of the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii. In particular, brain regions
      related to reception, relaying and processing of electrosensory modalities have
      been examined. The regional distribution of neurotransmitter-related markers is
      considered in the light of available anatomical data and is discussed with
      particular emphasis on differences among different parts of the hypertrophic
      valvula cerebelli and other cerebellar structures.

PMID- 2882818
TI  - Dopaminergic axons directly make synapses with GABAergic neurons in the rat
      neostriatum.
AB  - We examined with an electron microscopic 'mirror technique' whether glutamic acid
      decarboxylase-immunoreactive (GAD-IR) neurons are in direct synaptic contact with
      tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) axons in the rat neostriatum. Three
      types of GAD-IR neurons were identified in the nucleus caudatus putamen based
      upon their size and ultrastructural characteristics. These were medium spiny,
      medium aspiny and large cells. All types of GAD-IR neurons made synaptic contact
      with TH-IR axonal boutons at least on perikarya and proximal dendrites. This
      provides ultrastructural evidence for catecholaminergic, presumably,
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic inputs to both long- and short-axon neurons most
      probably containing GABA.

PMID- 2882819
TI  - Enhancement of [3H]glutamate binding by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in rat adrenal.
AB  - Some neurochemical characteristics of [3H]L-glutamic acid binding sites were
      studied using membranous homogenate preparations obtained from the rat adrenal.
      It was found that the binding was inhibited by the addition (10(-7)-10(-3) M) of
      L-isomers of structure-related compounds in a concentration-dependent manner. A
      significant inhibition of the binding was induced by L-glutamic acid
      diethylester, but not by alpha-aminoadipic acid. Scatchard analysis revealed that
      the binding sites consisted of a single component with a Kd of 0.19 +/- 0.05
      microM and a Bmax of 4.11 +/- 0.71 pmol/mg protein, respectively. In vitro
      addition of sodium acetate (1-100 mM) elicited a stimulatory action on the
      binding at 2 degrees C, while inducing a significant attenuation of the binding
      at 30 degrees C. The binding reached a plateau within 30 min of incubation
      followed by a gradual decline up to 60 min in the presence of 100 mM sodium
      acetate at 30 degrees C, whereas the binding continued to increase up to 60 min
      in the absence of sodium acetate. Addition (0.1-10 mM) of N-methyl-D-aspartic
      acid (NMDA), one of the agonists for central excitatory amino acid
      neurotransmitter receptors, exerted a significant augmentation of the adrenal
      binding independently of the incubation temperature in a concentration-dependent
      manner. The latter facilitation of the binding, however, was not affected by the
      classical antagonists for central NMDA receptors such as 2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid and 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882820
TI  - Distinct topographical localisation of two somatostatin receptor subpopulations
      in the human cortex.
AB  - The use of two different radioligands, [125I]Leu8, D-Tryp22,Tyr25-somatostatin-28
      and the stable somatostatin octapeptide analog [125I]204-090, D-Phe-Cys[125I]Tyr
      D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr(ol), allowed to differentiate between two somatostatin
      receptor subpopulations in the human cortex. In homogenates, octapeptide
      somatostatin analogs displaced only part of the somatostatin-28 radioligand with
      high affinity. Autoradiography showed that the receptor subpopulation labelled
      with [125I]204-090, which we named SS1, was preferentially localized in layers V
      and VI, whereas the subpopulation having low affinity for somatostatin
      octapeptides (named SS2), measured with somatostatin-28 radioligand, was
      concentrated in the superficial cortical layers (I-IV) and particularly enriched
      in parts of lamina IV.

PMID- 2882821
TI  - Cellular localization of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in amphibian retina and spinal
      sensory ganglia.
AB  - Antisera were produced against N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and were used to
      localize the molecule within the retina and spinal sensory ganglia of Rana
      pipiens. NAAG immunoreactivity (IR) in the retina was confined to a subpopulation
      of amacrine and bipolar cells. The dipeptide was present in the perikarya of
      these cells and their neurites which terminated in two discrete bands of the
      inner plexiform layer. Some NAAG-IR was also present in the outer plexiform layer
      and the inner segment layer. In spinal ganglia, a subpopulation of relatively
      large sensory neuron cell bodies expressed NAAG-IR. These data are consistent
      with the hypothesis that this dipeptide has a function which is specific to
      discrete subclasses of neurons. In the amphibian retina, the NAAG distribution
      can be related to the reported involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
      in neurotransmission at the level of amacrine and ganglion cells.

PMID- 2882822
TI  - Involvement of alpha-adrenergic and GABAergic mechanisms in growth hormone
      secretion induced by central somatostatin in rats.
AB  - Brain opiatergic, alpha-adrenergic and GABAergic mechanisms are known to play a
      stimulating role in growth hormone (GH) secretion in the rat. Plasma GH levels
      were increased by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of somatostatin-14
      (SRIF-14, 5 micrograms/rat) in conscious rats. GH release induced by i.c.v. SRIF
      14 was blunted by either intravenous (i.v.) injection of phenoxybenzamine (500
      micrograms/100 g b. wt.), an alpha-adrenergic blocker, or picrotoxin (150
      micrograms/100 g b. wt.), a GABA antagonist, in the rat. On the other hand, i.v.
      injection of naloxone (125 micrograms/100 g b. wt.), an opiate antagonist, did
      not affect GH release induced by i.c.v. SRIF-14. These findings suggest that
      alpha-adrenergic and GABAergic mechanisms but not opiatergic mechanisms are
      involved in central SRIF-induced GH secretion in the rat.

PMID- 2882823
TI  - Non-uniform release at the frog neuromuscular junction: evidence of morphological
      and physiological plasticity.
AB  - The frog neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a fusiform structure parallel to the
      muscle fiber with a few secondary and tertiary branches. Both sprouting and
      regression can occur on the same nerve terminal, suggesting a continuous on-going
      remodelling of the mature neuromuscular junction. Thus, the frog NMJ is a dynamic
      structure. Ultrastructural observations of the nerve terminal suggest that the
      active zones are distributed equally along the mature nerve terminal.
      Disorganized active zones have however been observed in distal regions. The
      density of synaptic vesicles is also uniform throughout the whole structure.
      However, mitochondria appear to be more abundant in the very distal regions of
      the nerve terminal. The postjunctional folds and the cholinergic receptors are
      also uniformly distributed along the NMJ. However, during remodelling periods,
      the distributions of postjunctional folds and of cholinergic receptors are not
      uniform in the degenerating and regenerating regions. Fig. 1 summarizes these
      morphological data. The frequency of spontaneous release (MEPPs) at the NMJ is
      higher in the proximal region than in the distal regions and recent evidence
      suggests that the mean MEPP amplitude is higher in the proximal than in the
      distal portions. Evoked transmitter release is also non-uniform along the frog
      NMJ. As for spontaneous release, it is higher in the proximal regions than in the
      distal regions. Failures of the active propagation of the PNAP at low safety
      points, such as the end of the myelinated axon and the branching points, may be
      one of the mechanisms responsible for unequal evoked release. It is also possible
      that the PNAP does not actively invade the whole extend of the nerve terminal
      since Na+ channels are absent from the distal regions. Fig. 2 summarizes these
      physiological data.

PMID- 2882825
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase immunochemistry and quantitative light microscopic studies
      of the mesolimbic dopamine system in rat brain: effects of chronic
      methamphetamine administration.
AB  - Long-term treatment of rats with methamphetamine (20 mg/kg, IP, every 12 hours
      for 10 days) resulted in a large decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase staining axons
      and terminal boutons in the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex, as well as the
      ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, when examined 60 days following
      termination of the drug treatment regimen. Quantitative analysis showed a 71 and
      78% decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase staining processes in the nucleus accumbens
      and frontal cortex, respectively, and a 90% decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase
      positive material in the ventral tegmental area. Thus, tyrosine hydroxylase
      enzyme in both the cell bodies of the midbrain ventral tegmental area as well as
      in the nerve terminals in post-synaptic target regions of the forebrain is
      depleted by chronic methamphetamine administration.

PMID- 2882824
TI  - Diurnal rhythms in the responsiveness of hippocampal pyramidal neurons to
      serotonin, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine.
AB  - Radioligand binding studies have revealed the existence of endogenous circadian
      rhythms in the number of several receptors in the rat brain. The present
      microiontophoretic study was undertaken to assess diurnal rhythms in the
      responsiveness of rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons to serotonin (5-HT),
      norepinephrine (NE), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine (ACh).
      Between December and April, there was a significant diurnal variation in the
      responsiveness of hippocampal pyramidal neurons to 5-HT and ACh. Between May and
      August, the responsiveness to NE and ACh showed a diurnal variation. There was no
      diurnal variation in the responsiveness to GABA in either period of the year.
      Short-term exposure to constant light or darkness produced a phase-shift of the
      serotoninergic and cholinergic rhythms, suggesting their endogenous nature and
      their synchronization to clock-time by the light-dark cycle. The diurnal rhythms
      in responsiveness to 5-HT and NE underwent phase-shifts from the December-April
      to the May-August period in rats entrained to 12:12 light-dark cycle, suggesting
      the existence of seasonal modulation of these rhythms. These circadian rhythms in
      the postsynaptic responsiveness of hippocampal pyramidal cells and their seasonal
      fluctuation may be related to the diurnal variation of mood seen in major
      depression as well as to the seasonal incidence of this illness.

PMID- 2882826
TI  - Latency of transmitter release at crayfish motor nerve endings examined by
      intracellular depolarization.
AB  - Latency of release of individual quanta of transmitter was studied at
      neuromuscular junctions of a crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Postsynaptic quantal
      currents were recorded at individual motor nerve endings with a macropatch
      electrode while the subterminal axon branch was depolarized by current passed
      through an intracellular microelectrode. For depolarizing currents of moderate
      size, the latency of transmitter release did not change when the duration of the
      depolarizing current was altered. Previous studies in which a contrary result was
      obtained may have been compromised by artefacts or by the sampling methods
      employed. The present results do not support the hypothesis of a depolarization
      induced "repressor" of quantal release.

PMID- 2882827
TI  - Interactions of some partial agonists with high and low affinity binding sites in
      beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - Interactions of derivatives of befunolol (BFE-37, BFE-55, and BFE-61), carteolol,
      and pindolol with beta-adrenoceptors were tested in guinea pig isolated taenia
      caecum. All the drugs used acted as partial agonists on the beta-adrenoceptors
      when compared with isoprenaline, a full agonist. The pA2 values of BFE-61,
      carteolol, and pindolol were significantly larger than their pD2 values, while
      there was no significant difference between the pA2 and pD2 values for BFE-37 and
      BFE-55. The specific binding of [3H]befunolol to microsomal fractions from the
      guinea pig taenia caecum distinguished two binding sites, high affinity and low
      affinity sites. Both sites are considered to be bound by 50 nM of [3H]befunolol.
      Specific 3H binding was displaced by BFE-61, carteolol, and pindolol in a
      biphasic manner but in a monophasic manner by BFE-37 and BFE-55. Furthermore,
      [3H]befunolol binding was only partially displaced by BFE-55 but completely
      displaced by the other drugs used. These results, together with our previous
      findings, suggest that BFE-61, carteolol, and pindolol discriminate between the
      two affinity binding sites in the beta-adrenoceptors, which are not discriminated
      between by BFE-37, and further that BFE-55 may bind with only the high affinity
      site.

PMID- 2882829
TI  - Inotropic responses of the left ventricle to changes in heart rate in
      anesthetized rabbits.
AB  - Factors known to influence left ventricular contractility include preload,
      afterload, circulating catecholamine concentration, efferent sympathetic
      discharge, and heart rate. Heart rate influences have been primarily determined
      in the dog, whereas the influence of heart rate in smaller mammals has not been
      determined. Eight pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits were instrumented to measure
      electrocardiogram, heart rate, left ventricular pressure, end-diastolic pressure,
      dP/dt, and mean and pulsatile aortic pressures. Systematic bradycardia was
      induced by stimulating the peripheral end of the sectioned right vagus nerve.
      Between 293 and 235 beats/min, there was no change in (dP/dt)max as heart rate
      was decreased. Below this range there was a direct relationship between
      (dP/dt)max and heart rate. Preload remained unchanged down to 132 beats/min.
      There was a small but significant decrease in afterload (0.09 mmHg X beat-1 X min
      1; 1 mmHg = 133.32 Pa) throughout the decrease in heart rate. Infusion of
      propranolol (2.0 mg/kg) produced no marked change in the heart rate - (dP/dt)max
      relationship, although both resting heart rate and (dP/dt)max were reduced. This
      study demonstrates that (dP/dt)max is not influenced by changes in heart rate
      above 235 beats/min in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbit. These results
      differ from findings in other animals, and demonstrate that species and heart
      rate ranges must be considered when drawing conclusions regarding (dP/dt)max as a
      reliable index of contractility.

PMID- 2882828
TI  - Substrate supply for thermogenesis induced by the beta-adrenoceptor agonist BRL
      26830A.
AB  - The nature of the substrate that fuels the thermogenic response to the novel beta
      adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830A has been investigated. Respiratory quotient
      measurements indicated that the increase in metabolic rate produced by BRL 26830A
      in rats was fuelled wholly by lipid. BRL 26830A also produced a marked reduction
      in the lipid content of total dissectable brown adipose tissue. The energy
      content of this lipid lost during the 4-h period after dosing was equivalent to
      approximately 50% of the thermogenic effect of the compound over the same period,
      suggesting that lipid stored in brown adipose tissue is a major initial fuel for
      BRL 26830A induced thermogenesis. However, marked depletion of brown adipose
      tissue lipid prior to administration of BRL 26830A had no effect on the
      subsequent thermogenic response to the compound. Oral administration of glucose
      altered the pattern of fuel utilization for resting metabolism, but thermogenesis
      was still fuelled mainly by lipid. Administration of methyl palmoxirate, which
      inhibits oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, completely prevented the thermic
      effect of BRL 26830A, suggesting that lipid is a necessary fuel for this process.
      These results do not support suggestions that carbohydrate is quantitatively
      important as a fuel for nonshivering thermogenesis.

PMID- 2882830
TI  - Antagonistic effect exerted by three strictly anaerobic strains against various
      strains of Clostridium perfringens in gnotobiotic rodent intestines.
AB  - Our purpose was to study bacterial antagonism between a limited number of
      strictly anaerobic strains and Clostridium perfringens in the intestinal tract of
      gnotobiotic rodents. Gnotobiotic mice harboring a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a
      Fusobacterium necrogenes, and a Clostridium sp. strain were protected against
      pathogenic B, C, and D C. perfringens serotypes. A drastic antagonistic effect of
      this three-strain association was also observed against a nonpathogenic C.
      perfringens serotype A (CpA). It was less efficient in gnotobiotic rats than in
      mice and less efficient in gnotobiotic mice fed an autoclaved diet than in mice
      fed the same diet sterilized by irradiation. No diffusible inhibitory substances
      against CpA were detected in feces of gnotobiotic mice harboring the three
      antagonistic strains, and no nutrient depletion was demonstrated in filtrates
      prepared from 10-fold diluted feces of these mice. In vitro mixed cultures of the
      three antagonistic strains failed to inhibit growth of CpA, whereas CpA did not
      multiply in a 10-fold diluted feces from gnotobiotic mice. A reverse correlation
      between the initial number of antagonistic strains and the division number of CpA
      was determined using serially diluted fecal suspensions. Thus, large numbers of
      viable cells of both antagonistic strains were required to inhibit the target
      strain in fecal suspensions as was also found in gnotobiotic mice intestines.
      However, no diffusible inhibitory substance was detectable nor could depletion of
      growth factors be identified as causing antagonism. Whatever factors that may be
      responsible for antagonism were found to be influenced by the host and its diet.

PMID- 2882831
TI  - Electron microscopic description of glycocalyx and fimbriae on the surface of
      Pasteurella haemolytica-A1.
AB  - Several electron microscopic techniques were used to examine the surface of cells
      of Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) grown in vitro. All methods
      showed the presence of a very extensive glycocalyx on logarithmic phase (6 h)
      cells grown in liquid media. The anionic glycocalyx of these cells stained well
      with ruthenium red, but collapsed during dehydration for electron microscopy
      unless stabilized with specific antibodies. When the same techniques were used to
      examine cells in the stationary phase (18 h) the glycocalyx was much reduced.
      Large numbers of fimbriae were seen on both 6 h and 18 h cells grown in fluid
      media without shaking. In summary, logarithmic phase cells of P. haemolytica have
      both fimbriae and extensive anionic glycocalyx at their surface and we suggest
      that either or both of these structures may be important in the colonization of
      the bovine respiratory tract and the subsequent pathogenesis of Pasteurella
      pneumonia.

PMID- 2882833
TI  - PRN medication for psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - Little is known about the extent of the use of prn psychotropic medication in
      psychiatric inpatient units. A survey of the prn prescription and administration
      of psychotropic drugs in a psychiatric teaching hospital revealed that a large
      number of inpatients were prescribed and administered such drugs on a prn basis.
      Although 50% of the prescriptions were never administered, only 25% were actively
      discontinued by physicians. A diagnosis of personality disorder was the factor
      most frequently associated with the rate of prn prescriptions and of
      administrations. A large number of prn prescriptions had no instructions for
      indications, minimum time spacing between doses or maximum daily dosage. It is
      suggested that hospitals monitor the prn use of psychotropic medications in their
      inpatient units, and explore the reasons for such use. Psychotropic drug use on a
      prn basis should preferably be reserved for emergencies, and the instructions of
      prn prescriptions should be clear and detailed.

PMID- 2882832
TI  - Beta-blocker therapy and the risk of anaphylaxis.
AB  - Beta-blocker therapy is associated with an increase in the severity and,
      possibly, the incidence of acute anaphylaxis. The population at risk consists of
      people with allergic conditions who are given a beta-blocker for an unrelated
      condition. Anaphylaxis under these conditions may be severe, protracted and
      resistant to conventional treatment because of the beta-adrenergic blockade.
      Severe or fatal attacks have been triggered by insect stings, the ingestion of
      allergenic foods or drugs, and injections of radiocontrast media, antisera or
      immunotherapy antigens. These occurrences are probably infrequent, but their
      incidence is unknown. At least two fatal cases have recently occurred in Canada.
      Clinical allergists, internists and family practitioners in particular should be
      aware of the need for aggressive and prolonged support in patients who experience
      anaphylaxis while receiving beta-blocker therapy and should report all such
      occurrences to the federal registry of adverse drug reactions. Allergy skin
      testing or immunotherapy is inadvisable in patients who take a beta-blocker
      orally or in the form of ophthalmic eyedrops. The list of relative
      contraindications to beta-blocker use should be extended to include
      susceptibility to recurrent anaphylaxis, whether it is idiopathic or due to an
      identifiable cause.

PMID- 2882834
TI  - Glutathione and related enzymes in rat brain tumor cell resistance to 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and nitrogen mustard.
AB  - Reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of several glutathione-related enzymes
      were measured in two 9L rat brain tumor cell lines with differing sensitivities
      to both 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and nitrogen mustard. GSH,
      measured by a specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method, was found
      to be approximately twice as high in 9L cells sensitive to BCNU but resistant to
      nitrogen mustard. The nitrogen mustard resistant cell line was also found to have
      2.5-fold more bulk glutathione transferase activity and approximately 3-fold more
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Glutathione reductase activity, protein
      thiol, and total protein content were similar in the two cell lines. Pretreatment
      of 9L cells with 50 microM buthionine sulfoximine for 24 h to deplete GSH only
      slightly potentiated BCNU cytotoxicity in a clonogenic assay whereas that of
      nitrogen mustard was markedly potentiated in both cell lines. Similarly,
      buthionine sulfoximine pretreatment had little effect on the induction of sister
      chromatid exchanges by BCNU, but significantly increased the number of sister
      chromatid exchanges induced by nitrogen mustard in both cell lines. Depleting GSH
      also had no significant effect on the cytotoxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3
      cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1
      nitrosourea to 9L cells. Pretreatment of 9L cells with 1 mM GSH significantly
      protected against nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity. Moreover, nitrogen mustard
      incubated with GSH and glutathione transferase was 4-fold less cytotoxic than
      nitrogen mustard incubated with GSH alone. Incubation of BCNU with GSH alone or
      with glutathione transferase had no effect on BCNU cytotoxicity. These results
      indicate that elevated GSH and glutathione transferase activity is one mechanism
      of cellular resistance to nitrogen mustard in the 9L cell line, but it does not
      correlate with resistance to BCNU or other clinically important nitrosoureas.

PMID- 2882835
TI  - Effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor on the induction of murine
      macrophage tumoricidal activity.
AB  - The ability of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rH-TNF) alone or in
      combination with lymphokines (LK) to induce the in vitro activation of murine
      macrophages was evaluated. The treatment of C57BL/6 mouse resident peritoneal
      exudate cells (PEC) with rH-TNF and LK was found to induce the activation of
      macrophages to a tumoricidal state against P815 mastocytoma cells. Neither rH-TNF
      nor LK alone induced macrophage cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, the macrophage
      activation seen was not due to small amounts of contaminating lipopolysaccharide.
      The TNF plus LK-mediated macrophage activation could be totally ablated by rabbit
      antiserum to murine gamma-interferon, thus suggesting a role for gamma-interferon
      in this system. Since adherent cells (greater than or equal to 95% macrophages)
      only marginally responded to stimulation with rH-TNF plus LK and the addition of
      nonadherent PEC caused a marked augmentation of rH-TNF plus LK-mediated
      macrophage activation, the involvement of nonadherent PEC was suggested. In
      addition, using antibodies and complement to deplete subsets of cells from the
      nonadherent PEC, the requirement for cells bearing Thy 1.2 and asialo GM1 surface
      markers was demonstrated. These results suggest that TNF may play an autocrine
      regulatory role in concert with lymphokines in macrophage-mediated host defense
      against malignant neoplasia.

PMID- 2882836
TI  - Continued development of hepatic gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci upon
      withdrawal of 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats.
AB  - Adult ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single initiating
      dose of 200 mg diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/kg, i.p. 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2)
      was then chronically administered to the rats by means of s.c. Silastic implants
      at an estimated dose of 90 micrograms EE2/kg/day. Hepatic gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci were evaluated after 20-60 (+20,+30,...,+60)
      weeks of chronic EE2 treatment and after 20 or 30 weeks of EE2 followed by 20 or
      30 weeks with no EE2 [(+20,-20), (+30,-20), (+30,-30)] to determine the effects
      of withdrawal of the promoting agent on the persistence or reversibility of these
      focal lesions. Our results show that gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci
      are no longer dependent on exogenous EE2 administration for their continued
      growth in initiated animals given EE2 chronically for 20 weeks. In DEN-initiated,
      EE2-promoted animals the number of foci per cc (Nv) seen at 20 weeks increased
      over the next 20 weeks in the absence of further EE2 treatment, but was not
      statistically different than Nv for continued EE2 treatment. The proportion of
      total liver volume occupied by foci (Vv) was 0.0054 (+30), 0.0191 (+30,-20), and
      0.0135 (+50). The (+30,-20) Vv was significantly different than that for (+30) (P
      less than 0.01). Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were detected in DEN
      initiated and EE2- promoted animals as early as 30 weeks. Hepatic tumor incidence
      continued to increase after withdrawal of EE2 in initiated animals which had
      received only 30 weeks of promotion. Within the framework of our studies, the
      promoting effects of EE2 do not appear to be reversible by withdrawal of EE2
      after 20 weeks of treatment. It may be that events or factors which were estrogen
      dependent in the early stages of promotion are now constitutive.

PMID- 2882837
TI  - Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of taxol.
AB  - Taxol, selected for clinical trial because of its animal antitumor activity and
      unique structure and mechanism of action, was administered in Cremophor by i.v.
      infusion over 6 h in a phase I study. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group toxicity
      grading was used. Eighty-three taxol courses were administered to 34 patients.
      Grade 3-4 hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 4 of 13 courses at the first 2
      dose levels, but premedication with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and
      cimetidine resulted in only 3 additional Grade 2 reactions in the next 70
      courses. Neurotoxicity, which resolved or improved after stopping therapy, was
      Grade 1 with 2 of 10 courses of 230 mg/m2 and Grades 1-3 after 11 of 12 courses
      of 275 mg/m2. Leukopenia, first seen (Grade 1) after 1 of 8 75 mg/m2 courses, was
      Grades 3-4 after 10 of 34 courses of 175-230 mg/m2 and 10 of 12 courses of 275
      mg/m2. The WBC nadir occurred at a median of 10 days and the median time required
      for normalization of the WBC was 18 days. Alopecia began 2-3 weeks posttaxol in 2
      of 9 patients treated with 75-135 mg/m2 and in all 16 patients (Grade 3) treated
      with 175-275 mg/m2. Grades 1-2 nausea and vomiting occurred in about one-third of
      the patients treated at a dose of 105 mg/m2 or more. Taxol disappearance from
      plasma was biphasic; half-lives of the first and second phases after a 275 mg/m2
      dose were 0.32 and 8.6 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution was
      55 liters/m2, and the peak plasma concentration with a dose of 275 mg/m2, which
      occurred immediately postinfusion, was approximately 8 microM. Only 5% of parent
      drug was excreted in the urine within 24 h. Minor objective responses were noted
      in one patient with gastric cancer and another with ovarian carcinoma. In
      addition, one patient with massive ascites due to metastatic adenocarcinoma from
      an unknown primary had only minimal sonographic evidence of ascites for 6 months
      posttreatment. Neurotoxicity and leukopenia were dose limiting in this schedule.
      The recommended phase II trial dose is 250 mg/m2, with premedication.

PMID- 2882838
TI  - Biochemical characteristics of D1 dopamine receptors: relationship to behavior
      and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2882840
TI  - Plasma neuroleptic concentration: in search of a therapeutic window.

PMID- 2882839
TI  - Current views on endogenous ligands for opiate recognition sites.

PMID- 2882841
TI  - Advantages and disadvantages of depot-neuroleptics as maintenance medication for
      chronic schizophrenics.

PMID- 2882842
TI  - Memory: peptide, neurotransmitters and drug influences.

PMID- 2882843
TI  - Clozapine: neuroendocrine studies of an atypical neuroleptic.

PMID- 2882844
TI  - Pharmacological and biochemical properties of iminodibenzyl antipsychotic drugs
      including Y-516 and clocapramine.

PMID- 2882846
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in the treatment of morbid anxiety.

PMID- 2882845
TI  - Classification of neuroleptics based on their pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2882847
TI  - Beta-blockers and acute situational stress.

PMID- 2882848
TI  - Evaluation of optimal doses of a neuroleptic: preliminary results.

PMID- 2882849
TI  - Detection of 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid in thiobarbiturate-negative endotoxins.

PMID- 2882851
TI  - [The significance of neuropeptides in the theory of digestive system regulation].

PMID- 2882852
TI  - [Regulatory peptides of the digestive system. Development of findings and new
      aspects].

PMID- 2882853
TI  - Variations in crypt cell cycle time.

PMID- 2882850
TI  - Mechanism of leukemogenesis by human T-cell leukemia virus types I and II: role
      of the lor gene.
AB  - The human T-cell leukemia (HTLV) family of viruses now include two groups of
      transforming viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) and one group of viruses with
      immunosuppressive activity but no apparent transforming ability (HTLV-III).
      Nucleotide sequence analysis of an HTLV-I provirus by Seiki et al [Proc Natl Acad
      Sci USA 1982: 6899-902] has revealed a distinct region of the genome located
      between env and the long terminal repeat sequences (LTR). Analysis of a variant
      of HTLV-I, called HTLV-Ib, which retains transforming ability, revealed a
      deletion in the 5' portion of this sequence that indicates that this portion of
      the sequence probably does not play an essential role in transformation.
      Hybridizations at varying stringencies show that at least a portion of this
      additional region of HTLV-I and -II is more highly conserved than most other
      regions of the genome. The DNA sequence of this HTLV-II region localizes the area
      of homology within the 1,000 base pairs just upstream of the LTR; the remainder
      of the region is not conserved. The conserved region includes a long open reading
      frame, is denoted lor, and has the coding capacity for a protein of at least 38
      kilodaltons (kd). Studies of the transcriptional activity of the LTR sequences
      show that the rate of LTR-directed transcription is greatly augmented in HTLV
      infected cells, a phenomenon called trans-acting transcriptional regulation. It
      is suggested that transformation of lymphocytes by HTLV-I or -II is mediated by
      action of HTLV-encoded trans-acting transcription factors on cellular genes that
      control the replication of lymphocytes.

PMID- 2882855
TI  - The role of tubulin polymerization during spindle elongation in vitro.
AB  - We describe the effect of exogenous tubulin on reactivation of anaphase spindle
      elongation in isolated diatom spindles. In the absence of tubulin, spindle
      elongation is limited to the equivalent of the microtubule overlap zone, but in
      the presence of tubulin spindle elongation is several times the length of the
      overlap zone. Biotinylated neurotubulin is incorporated into the overlap zone and
      around the poles. Before spindles have elongated by the equivalent of the overlap
      zone, there are two regions of incorporated tubulin flanking this zone. After
      further elongation, there is one broad zone of incorporated tubulin in the
      spindle midzone. Spindle elongation and the pattern of tubulin incorporation into
      the midzone, but not the poles, are ATP-dependent and vanadate-sensitive. These
      results suggest that tubulin adds onto the ends of microtubules in the overlap
      zone, which then slide through the midzone as the spindle elongates.

PMID- 2882854
TI  - Insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the endocrine
      pancreas of the lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri.
AB  - The endocrine pancreas of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, was
      investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of polypeptide hormone
      producing cells. Three cell types were identified, namely insulin-, glucagon-,
      and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements. The insulin cells are confined solely
      to the center of the islets. Glucagon and somatostatin cells are distributed
      peripherally around the central mass of the insulin cells. Isolated cells or
      clusters of glucagon and somatostatin cells are also dispersed within the
      exocrine parenchyma. The immunoreactive cell types are compared with those
      staining with standard histological procedures. The spatial relationships of the
      different cell populations are examined.

PMID- 2882856
TI  - Biogenesis of E. coli Pap pili: papH, a minor pilin subunit involved in cell
      anchoring and length modulation.
AB  - The biogenesis of Escherichia coli Pap pili, encoded by the pap gene cluster, was
      studied. A novel gene, papH, was identified and found to encode a weakly
      expressed pilin-like protein. PapH was dispensable for digalactoside-specific
      binding and for formation of Pap pili. However, in papH deletion mutants 50%-70%
      of total pilus antigen was found free of the cells. We present evidence showing
      coregulation of papH and the adjacent gene, papA, which encodes the major pilin
      subunit. A decrease in the PapA to PapH ratio resulted in a large fraction of
      cells producing shortened pili, whereas overproduction of PapA relative to PapH
      resulted in cells with lengthened pili. The data show that PapH has roles in
      anchoring the pilus to the cell and in modulating pilus length.

PMID- 2882857
TI  - Molecular characterization and expression of sevenless, a gene involved in
      neuronal pattern formation in the Drosophila eye.
AB  - The Drosophila sevenless mutation results in lack of a single neuron
      (photoreceptor cell R7) in every ommatidium of the compound eye; the
      developmental defect occurs in the larval eye disc. We created P-element-induced
      alleles and used them to isolate the sev gene. An 8.2 kb transcript is expressed
      in the eye disc, behind the morphogenetic furrow, coincident with recruitment and
      differentiation of photoreceptor clusters. The transcript becomes localized at
      the apical surface, persists in the prepupa, and fades out at pupation. It is
      again detected in the adult head. In some alleles the 8.2 kb transcript is
      absent. In others, the transcript is expressed, in spite of the absence of cell
      R7. Localization of the gene product in the eye disc was obtained with antibody
      raised against sev protein.

PMID- 2882858
TI  - Promoters, activator proteins, and the mechanism of transcriptional initiation in
      yeast.

PMID- 2882859
TI  - In vitro transdifferentiation of striated muscle to smooth muscle cells of a
      medusa.
AB  - Mononucleated striated muscle cells can be isolated from anthomedusae and
      cultivated in artificial seawater. In the cultivated muscle the differentiated
      state is maintained and DNA synthesis is not observed. The isolated striated
      muscle can be activated by collagenase treatment to transdifferentiate into
      various new cell types. Between the second and third day following collagenase
      treatment DNA synthesis is initiated, and mitosis and de novo flagellum formation
      occur in the isolated muscle. Under these circumstances all isolated striated
      muscle fragments produce both smooth muscle cells and y-cells (Schmid and Alder,
      1984). In experiments, in which either transcription (actinomycin D) or
      translation (cycloheximide) is inhibited, the activated striated muscle cells do
      not transdifferentiate but maintain their differentiated state. Inhibition of DNA
      replication (aphidicolin), however, results in uniform transdifferentiation of
      striated muscle to smooth muscle cells in the absence of y-cell types (Schmid and
      Alder, 1984). The fluorescence stain NBD-phallacidin is used to monitor the
      characteristic change of F-actin pattern of these isolates.

PMID- 2882860
TI  - Estrogen and antiestrogen modulation of the levels of mouse natural killer
      activity and large granular lymphocytes.
AB  - We investigated the time course of the 17 beta-estradiol effect on mouse natural
      killer (NK) activity and the number of splenic large granular lymphocytes (LGL),
      a cell population recently associated with natural cytotoxicity and enriched in
      low density fractions of Percoll discontinuous density gradients. After 7 days of
      in vivo treatment with estrogen, an increased cytotoxicity against YAC-1 lymphoma
      cells was observed using only as effectors cells recovered from higher density
      fractions, usually devoid of NK activity. In contrast, after a 30-day treatment,
      augmented NK activity and an increase in LGL number were observed in the lower
      density Percoll fractions. Similar results were observed after a 30-day treatment
      with the antiestrogen tamoxifen. The cytotoxicity of both low density and high
      density splenocyte fractions was totally abrogated by treatment with antiserum to
      asialo GM1 plus complement, whereas anti-Thy 1.2 antibody treatment only
      partially decreased the reactivity. Further estrogen administration up to 60 days
      decreased both NK activity and LGL number. It is concluded that estradiol can
      induce opposite effects on NK activity depending on the time of treatment, with
      stimulation of NK activity during the first 30 days after treatment followed by
      depressed NK activity 1 month later.

PMID- 2882861
TI  - Altered fatty acid membrane composition modifies lymphocyte localization in vivo.
AB  - In the present paper, we report the results of a study on the in vivo
      localization of 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes with an altered lipid bilayer. In vitro
      treatment of lymphocytes with fatty acids (arachidic and linolenic acids)
      modifies the relative composition of plasma membrane fatty acids. Phospholipids
      of the plasma membrane of lymphocytes incubated with arachidic acid show a
      preferential increase of fatty acids with chain length between C:12 and C:16.
      Cells incubated with linolenic acid show an increase percentage of fatty acids
      C:16 to C:20 and the relative amount of the fatty acids with chain length
      superior to C:20 is higher in cells treated with linolenic than with arachidic
      acid. We have found that these alterations in plasma membrane fatty acid
      composition can modify the normal pattern of lymphocyte localization in vivo
      after iv transfer into syngeneic hosts. The possible role of factors such as cell
      to cell adhesion and/or fluidity of plasma membranes in the control of lymphocyte
      migration are discussed.

PMID- 2882862
TI  - Redistribution of fluorescently labeled tubulin in the mitotic apparatus of sand
      dollar eggs and the effects of taxol.
AB  - Fluorescently labeled tubulin was quickly incorporated into the mitotic apparatus
      when injected into a live sand dollar egg. After a rectangular area (1.6 X 16
      microns) of the mitotic spindle was photobleached at metaphase or anaphase by the
      irradiation of a laser microbeam, redistribution of fluorescence was almost
      complete within 30 sec. The photobleached area did not change in shape during the
      redistribution. During the period of redistribution, the bleached area moved
      slightly toward the near pole at metaphase and anaphase (means: 1.6 and 1.8
      micron/min, respectively). These results indicate that redistribution was not due
      to the exchange of tubulin subunits only at the ends of microtubules but to their
      rapid exchange at sites along the microtubules in the bleached region.
      Furthermore, treadmilling of tubulin molecules along with the spindle
      microtubules possibly occurred at the rate of 1.6 micron/min at metaphase.
      Birefringence of the mitotic apparatus increased with a large increase in both
      the number and length of astral rays shortly after taxol was injected. However,
      the microtubules did not all seem to elongate at the same rate but appeared to
      become equalized in length. Chromosome movement stopped within 60 sec after the
      injection. Centrospheres became large and the labeled tubulin already
      incorporated into the centrospheres was excluded from the enlarged centrospheres.
      Shortly after the labeled tubulin was injected following the injection of taxol,
      it accumulated in the peripheral region of the centrospheres, suggesting that
      microtubules first assembled at this region. Fluorescently labeled tubulin in the
      mitotic apparatus in the egg after injection of taxol was redistributed much more
      slowly after photobleaching than in uninjected eggs.

PMID- 2882863
TI  - [A study on the feasibility of prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia by DNA
      polymorphisms in the Chinese].

PMID- 2882866
TI  - Baroreceptor function in congestive heart failure: effect on neurohumoral
      activation and regional vascular resistance.
AB  - A series of neurohumoral systems are activated in congestive heart failure that
      contribute to the increased vascular resistance and sodium retention that
      characterize this disorder. Abnormalities in baroreceptor function are intrinsic
      to the pathophysiology of heart failure and may subserve the vasoconstrictive and
      volume overloaded state that defines patient morbidity. Blunted baroreceptor
      responses to high cardiac filling pressures or depressed cardiac function reduce
      afferent signals that normally inhibit sympathetic efferent activity, vasopressin
      release, and indirectly, renin secretion. The resulting increase in neurohumoral
      activity mediates the redistribution of blood flow that occurs in this disorder.
      Limb blood flow is usually reduced and may be responsible for exercise
      intolerance. Decreased renal blood flow and altered intrarenal hemodynamics
      contribute to sodium retention. In addition, renal vasoconstriction and elevated
      circulating levels of angiotensin II and vasopressin may contribute to
      hyponatremia by influencing free water intake and excretion. Hence, baroreceptor
      dysfunction may be a principal mechanism that contributes to neurohumoral
      activation and subsequent alteration in vascular resistance and sodium and water
      balance in congestive heart failure. It may not be coincidental that two
      principal markers of an unfavorable prognosis in patients with heart failure,
      high plasma norepinephrine levels and hyponatremia, share baroreceptor
      dysfunction as a common theme.

PMID- 2882865
TI  - Influences on the distribution of blood flow during cardiac tamponade in the
      conscious dog.
AB  - Cardiac tamponade is a spectrum ranging from pericardial effusions with minimal
      hemodynamic impairment to effusions causing circulatory collapse. In this study,
      we examined the roles played by the sympathetic nervous system and the renin
      angiotensin system in controlling the distribution of blood flow in chronically
      instrumented conscious dogs during progressive cardiac tamponade. Fifty-one
      episodes of acute cardiac tamponade were induced to decompensation (decline in
      mean aortic blood pressure to 70% of the level present when the pericardium was
      free of fluid) in 6 dogs by intrapericardial infusion of warmed saline solution.
      Cardiac output (electromagnetic flow probe), intrapericardial pressure, aortic
      and right atrial blood pressures, and renal, coronary, and mesenteric artery
      blood flows (Doppler flow probes) were recorded during tamponade in the absence
      of blockade (control), during alpha-adrenergic blockade (phenoxybenzamine), beta
      adrenergic blockade (propranolol), or angiotensin-converting enzyme blockade
      (captopril). Aortic and mesenteric artery blood flow decreased progressively
      during cardiac tamponade regardless of the presence or absence of blockade.
      Coronary artery blood flow did not significantly change during alpha-adrenergic
      blockade, suggesting that the continuous decline observed during cardiac
      tamponade in the absence of blockade was at least in part mediated by alpha
      adrenergic mechanisms. Renal artery blood flow, in contrast, was well maintained
      in all situations, confirming the importance of autoregulation in this vascular
      bed during cardiac tamponade.

PMID- 2882867
TI  - Role of neurohormonal mechanisms in determining survival in patients with severe
      chronic heart failure.
AB  - Support for the concept that neurohormonal mechanisms play an important role in
      determining the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure is derived
      from two lines of evidence: circulating levels of neurohormones are markedly
      elevated in patients who have a poor long-term prognosis and the survival of high
      risk patients may be favorably modified by treatment with specific neurohormonal
      antagonists. Plasma norepinephrine is a major prognostic factor in patients with
      severe chronic heart failure, the most markedly elevated levels being observed in
      patients with the most unfavorable long-term prognosis. Data from uncontrolled
      studies suggest that low-dose beta-blockade may improve the survival of patients
      with dilated cardiomyopathy. Similar trends were noted in the Beta-Blocker Heart
      Attack Trial, in which patients with congestive heart failure before or
      accompanying their acute myocardial infarction experienced a significant
      reduction in sudden death when treated with beta-blockers. In contrast, there
      appeared to be little selective benefit in patients without heart failure, who
      presumably had low circulating levels of catecholamines. Similarly, serum sodium
      concentration is a major prognostic factor in patients with severe chronic heart
      failure, the shortest survival being observed in patients with the most severe
      hyponatremia. The poor long-term outcome of hyponatremic patients appears to be
      related to the marked elevation of plasma renin activity in these individuals,
      since (in retrospective studies) hyponatremic patients appeared to fare
      significantly better when treated with converting-enzyme inhibitors than when
      treated with vasodilator drugs that did not interfere with angiotensin II
      formation. In contrast, there appeared to be no selective benefit of converting
      enzyme inhibition on the survival of patients with a normal serum sodium
      concentration, in whom plasma renin activity was low. These data suggest that
      neurohormonal systems may exert a deleterious effect on the survival of some
      patients with severe chronic heart failure, which may be favorably modified by
      long-term treatment with specific neurohormonal antagonists.

PMID- 2882868
TI  - Cardiovascular and neurohumoral postural responses and baroreceptor abnormalities
      during a course of adjunctive vasodilator therapy with felodipine for congestive
      heart failure.
AB  - Studies in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have demonstrated an
      abnormal beta-adrenergic reflex vasodilation during orthostatic tilt. Baroreflex
      modulation of vascular resistance in patients with CHF was investigated during
      therapy with a vasoselective calcium antagonist, felodipine. Eight patients on
      conventional therapy for severe CHF were studied after a 3 week course of
      additional felodipine or placebo treatment under randomized, double-blind, and
      crossover conditions. Forearm subcutaneous vascular resistance (FSVR) was
      estimated with use of the local 133Xe washout. Aortic pulsatile stretch,
      expressed as the systolic distension in percent of diastolic diameter, was
      calculated from echocardiographic measurements of aortic root diameters. At 3
      weeks, felodipine reduced the arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance,
      and FSVR, preserved cardiac filling pressures and heart rate, and increased
      cardiac output, stroke volume, and aortic pulsatile stretch. Upright tilt (45
      degrees) was used to study baroreflex-mediated cardiovascular responses. The
      unloading of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors during upright tilt was substantial
      and about equal during both treatment courses, but the pulse pressure was
      maintained during the placebo and decreased during the felodipine period. During
      tilt, the patients on placebo failed to increase heart rate and their FSVR,
      systemic vascular resistance, and arterial mean pressure were decreased, whereas
      during tilt after felodipine, heart rate and systemic vascular resistance
      increased to maintain arterial mean pressure and FSVR also tended to increase.
      Both the stroke volume and aortic pulsatile stretch increased during tilt in
      patients on placebo but they decreased in those on felodipine. The tilt caused
      increments in circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine levels during both
      treatment regimens. Regulation of FSVR during the sympathetic stimulation of
      orthostatic stress was further elucidated. Proximal neural blockade caused an
      increase in FSVR during tilt in patients on placebo and a decrease in FSVR during
      tilt in those on felodipine. Local beta-adrenoceptor blockade caused similar
      increments in FSVR during tilt in patients on both treatments. Combined proximal
      and local blockade still increased FSVR during tilt in those on placebo, but
      caused no change in FSVR during tilt in those on felodipine. This study
      demonstrates that felodipine normalizes baroreflex control of vascular resistance
      in patients with CHF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882869
TI  - A pathophysiologic basis for the clinical classification and management of
      unstable angina.
AB  - Recent clinical observations have extended our classification of unstable angina
      to include new groups of patients now recognized at high risk of subsequent
      infarction. Patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction and those with early
      postinfarction ischemia share a prognosis similar to that of patients with
      crescendo angina or with acute coronary insufficiency. Unstable angina after
      coronary angioplasty and after coronary artery surgery also form particular
      subsets of patients. Pathologic, coronary angiographic, and coronary angioscopic
      studies have extended the role of the obstructive atherosclerotic plaque to
      include a dynamic component to explain the unstable state. Recognized dynamic
      components are rapid progression of the disease, active vasomotion, plaque
      fissuring, and thrombus formation. Activation of platelets and blood coagulation
      factors may play a major role in triggering the syndrome. Our therapeutic
      approach has also become more specific for the correction of the cause of the
      disease. Our understanding of unstable angina now appears to be at a turning
      point, and a pathophysiologic basis for its clinical classification and for its
      management may soon be available.

PMID- 2882871
TI  - The role of triple therapy in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris.
AB  - Despite the proven effectiveness of calcium-channel and beta-blockers as
      monotherapy in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris, some patients remain
      symptomatic. Such patients have been shown to benefit from the application of
      combined treatment with beta-blockers and nitrates or, more recently, beta
      blockers plus calcium-channel blockers. There have been few studies evaluating
      the long-term effectiveness of the combination of calcium blockers and nitrates,
      but available evidence suggests that symptoms of excessive vasodilation such as
      orthostatic hypotension may limit the usefulness of this approach. Recently, the
      additional benefit of adding a calcium blocker to therapy of patients with
      chronic stable angina who remain symptomatic on beta-blockers and nitrates has
      been demonstrated. Side effects related to vasodilation were the major limiting
      feature of this triple therapy. Thus, a triple therapy regimen may be of value in
      selected patients who do not respond to the combination of beta-blockers and
      nitrates or beta-blockers plus calcium blockers. However, caution must be
      exercised in patients with reduced left ventricular function and conduction
      system disease, since such patients have been excluded from the reported studies.

PMID- 2882870
TI  - Comparative effects of calcium entry-blocking drugs, beta-blocking drugs, and
      their combination in patients with chronic stable angina.
AB  - For monotherapy, beta-blockers and calcium-entry blockers are effective and safe
      antianginal medications. For prophylaxis of myocardial ischemia, a different
      mechanism of action for each class of drugs is reflected by the different heart
      rate and rate-pressure product during exercise. In patients who continue to have
      anginal symptoms despite adequate beta-blockade, further alleviation of symptoms
      together with an increase in exercise tolerance may be observed with the addition
      of a calcium-entry blocker. Of note is the individual patient response to the
      various calcium-entry blockers when combined with propranolol. Although of
      theoretic concern with combination therapy, no deleterious effect on left
      ventricular function or increased adverse clinical effects were noted in our
      studies. Combination therapy with beta-blockers and calcium-entry blockers is
      well tolerated, effective, and safe both over the short and long term in patients
      with exertional angina.

PMID- 2882872
TI  - Recognition, diagnosis, and prognosis of early reinfarction: the role of calcium
      channel blockers.

PMID- 2882864
TI  - Embryonal central neuroepithelial tumors: current concepts and future challenges.
AB  - While the embryonal central neuroepithelial tumors present complex conceptual and
      clinical problems, advances in cell type identification by special
      neurohistological, immunohisto- and immunocytochemical techniques have permitted
      discrimination of distinct cytomorphogenetic entities. These are based in part on
      their resemblance to the normal phases of neurocytogenesis. Four of these tumors,
      medulloepithelioma, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, pineoblastoma and
      medulloblastoma, are designated as multipotential in light of their capacity to
      undergo divergent differentiation. Cytomorphogenetic, clinical and experimental
      data implicate fetal neural cell targets for transformation and raise the
      possibility that aberrant developmental regulatory mechanisms may contribute to
      the biologic behavior of these tumors. Growth factors and some neuroregulatory
      neurotransmitters (such as serotonin) are known to act as modulators of normal
      neuromorphogenesis. They could play a regulatory role in central neuroepithelial
      tumors on the hypothesis that the aberrant behavior of the embryonal neoplasms
      could either be modified by functional receptor responses or result from abnormal
      receptor responses to these substances. Future challenges include the definition
      of new cytomorphogenetic entities and subgroups of the currently defined forms of
      embryonal CNS tumors based on the presence of specific growth factors and
      neuroregulatory neurotransmitters, or their receptors, the characterization of
      neoplastic receptor responses mediating any modulatory role of the presently
      known growth factors or neuroregulatory neurotransmitters on the growth and
      maturation potential of the embryonal central neuroepithelial tumors and the
      further definition of developmental, stage-specific modulators that might be
      operative in these tumors.

PMID- 2882874
TI  - Drug interactions with the calcium-entry blockers.
AB  - The increasing use of the calcium-entry blockers has led to an enhanced potential
      for drug interactions with a variety of different drugs. Interactions with
      cardiovascular agents are of great concern because of the consequences of
      synergistic negative dromotropism or inotropism. We therefore assessed the
      concomitant use of calcium-entry blockers and cardiac glycosides, beta-blockers,
      antiarrhythmic agents, and other chemical types of calcium-entry blockers from a
      standpoint of clinical relevance. We also evaluated reported drug interactions
      with H2-receptor antagonists, anticonvulsants, lithium carbonate, general
      anesthetics, cytostatic drugs, rifampin, and sulfinpyrazone with regard to
      clinical implications, along with the modification of calcium-entry blocker dose
      for concurrent social drug use, such as cigarette smoking and ethanol intake.
      Although a myriad of potential drug interactions exists for these agents,
      combination therapy is still a reasonable alternative if doses are adjusted
      appropriately.

PMID- 2882873
TI  - Comparative studies of calcium-channel blockers and beta-blockers in essential
      hypertension: clinical implications.
AB  - The use of calcium-channel blockers to treat essential hypertension is
      increasing, and in the United States several new drug applications for this
      indication are under consideration by the Food and Drug Administration. Although
      the ability of the calcium-channel blockers to lower blood pressure has been
      established, their efficacy and safety in relation to current therapy require
      further clarification. This article reviews studies in which calcium-channel
      blockers and beta-blockers have been compared, including seven with verapamil,
      four with nifedipine and nitrendipine and two with diltiazem. These studies
      indicate that the two classes of agents produce similar antihypertensive effects
      and are associated with a comparable incidence of adverse reactions. In addition,
      the preliminary findings of a multicenter trial in which 50 subjects with mild or
      moderate hypertension were treated with diltiazem (60 to 180 mg bid) or
      propranolol (80 to 240 mg bid) for 4 to 6 months are presented. Both medications
      significantly lowered blood pressure (from 148 +/- 17/101 +/- 5 to 133 +/- 25/88
      +/- 9 mm Hg on diltiazem and from 154 +/- 22/104 +/- 6 to 146 +/- 23/91 +/- 11 mm
      Hg on propranolol). Fifty-nine percent of the patients on diltiazem and 40% of
      those on propranolol achieved the treatment goal of a supine diastolic blood
      pressure under 90 mm Hg together with minimum 10 mm Hg reduction. In a similar
      study, exercise blood pressure and exercise capacity were also examined, with the
      most important finding being a reduction in maximal oxygen consumption and
      exercise duration on propranolol without a significant change on
      diltiazem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882875
TI  - Vasodilators, antihypertensive therapy, and the kidney.
AB  - Whether or not the kidney is involved in the genesis of hypertension in an
      individual patient, it becomes a major determinant of the response to
      antihypertensive therapy once a treatment strategy is adopted. The major
      mechanisms through which the kidney influences blood pressure are renin release
      and sodium retention, either together or separately, but additional mechanisms
      may also contribute. When sodium intake is restricted or a diuretic is used, the
      reactive increase in plasma renin activity makes a substantial contribution to
      limiting the decrease in blood pressure. When vasodilators or agents that block
      the sympathetic nervous system are used, sodium retention plays an important
      role. Among newer agents, the effectiveness of calcium-channel blockers,
      converting-enzyme inhibitors, and perhaps dopamine analogs reflects, for reasons
      that differ from one class of agent to another, a special action on the kidney
      that limits the reactive renal response to the reduction in blood pressure.
      Treatment strategies that address the problem of the renal response are more
      likely to be effective than approaches that avoid or ignore it.

PMID- 2882876
TI  - A review of medical therapy for coronary artery spasm.
AB  - This article reviews controlled trials of medical therapy for coronary artery
      spasm. The calcium antagonists, either alone or in combination with long-acting
      nitrates, are effective therapy for patients with coronary artery spasm. These
      drugs definitely decrease angina and the frequency of ischemic ST shifts recorded
      during continuous electrocardiographic monitoring. Therapy is still relatively
      nonspecific, however, since the mechanism(s) that lead to spasm remain unknown.
      Interestingly, the initial response to therapy is similar regardless of the
      presence or absence of severe coronary artery disease accompanying spasm. Drugs
      that block adrenergic or serotonin receptors or that alter platelet aggregability
      or prostaglandin production have been ineffective in relieving angina or
      decreasing the frequency of ischemic ST shifts. Patients with resting angina
      syndromes are a heterogeneous group; many do not have coronary spasm since other
      mechanisms also precipitate ischemic episodes at rest. Prevention of angina or
      ischemic ST shifts may not necessarily prevent acute myocardial infarction and
      sudden cardiac death. Both initial and long-term therapies should be
      individualized according to a detailed clinical and angiographic assessments of
      each patient.

PMID- 2882877
TI  - Parenteral nutrition: short term effects on hepatic clearance of sodium
      taurocholate and indocyanine green.
AB  - Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is thought to induce cholestasis. However, serum
      hepatic enzyme abnormalities were found in 70 percent of patients before TPN was
      started. Rate constants (alpha, beta, K(E] and total clearance (CIT) of sodium
      taurocholate (STC) and indocyanine green (ICG) were studied in 20 carefully
      selected patients not on TPN and who had no hepatic or renal disease. Clearance
      measurements were made prior to initiation and 7 days into dextrose-based TPN.
      Four modes of TPN administration were used; low calorie (35 cal/kg) versus high
      calorie (50 cal/kg), with or without protection of TPN solutions from ultraviolet
      light. Protein doses for all groups were isonitrogenous. TPN was uninterrupted
      and no patient had surgery, other major procedures, or food by mouth. While serum
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased, no STC or ICG clearance parameter
      (total or subgroup) changed in response to TPN. These data do not support the
      hypothesis that TPN directly causes cholestasis, but suggest that cholestasis
      caused by concurrent liver disease may appear aggravated by TPN.

PMID- 2882878
TI  - Lectin-affinity chromatography of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in liver
      disease.
AB  - The variation of the carbohydrate chain of gamma-glutamyltransferase was studied
      in 45 liver patients by means of lectin affinity chromatography. Five lectins
      were used: concanavalin A, Ricinus communis I and II, Maclura pomifera and Ulex
      europaeus agglutinin. The binding towards Con A was shown to be independent from
      the binding towards the other lectins. Parallel variations of binding results
      against the galactose- and fucose-recognizing lectins were obtained. In liver
      steatosis, the binding results were comparable to those obtained in normal
      patients. Cirrhosis and metastasis patients showed a decreased binding towards
      Con A, while the binding against the various galactose- and fucose-recognizing
      lectins was increased. After neuraminidase treatment, an increased affinity
      towards all lectins was observed. However, differences in RCA I and RCA II
      binding between patients and controls still persisted. Besides sialic acid, also
      galactose and fucose residues contribute to serum gamma-glutamyltransferase
      heterogeneity.

PMID- 2882880
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis in Becker muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis in a pregnancy at risk for Becker muscular dystrophy is
      reported. The diagnosis was made prior to 12 weeks of gestation by typing a CVS
      sample for DNA markers.

PMID- 2882879
TI  - Human erythrocyte gamma-glutamyltransferase in liver diseases.
AB  - The gamma-glutamyltransferase activity of erythrocytes was estimated in healthy
      adults and in patients with hepatobiliary disease. Control activity was 1.97 +/-
      0.70 X 10(-4) U/mg ghost protein. Activity was elevated to 8.54 +/- 7.81 X 10(-4)
      U/mg in patients with hepatobiliary disease. Very high values, above 15 X 10(-4)
      U/mg were seen in patients with primary and secondary liver carcinoma, and also
      in some patients with obstructive jaundice. The erythrocyte enzyme had the same
      kinetic properties as serum and liver enzymes and was inhibited by serine-borate
      mixture, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. There was no correlation between the
      erythrocyte enzyme level and either plasma hydrophobic enzyme level or
      erythrocyte glutathione content.

PMID- 2882881
TI  - An abnormal pattern of amniotic fluid microvillar enzymes signalling fetal cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - We have observed seven pregnancies at risk for fetal cystic fibrosis where second
      trimester amniotic fluid microvillar enzyme activities presented an unusual
      pattern. Low gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and borderline alpha-glucosidase values
      were associated with normal aminopeptidase M and intestinal alkaline phosphatase
      values. All seven pregnancies went to term; five of the seven infants were
      affected with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2882882
TI  - Assignment of the locus order DXS28-DXS67-DMD as a spin-off from diagnostic DNA
      marker analysis in a family with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - During diagnostic segregation analysis for seven DNA markers, linked to and
      flanking the locus for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a family was identified
      in which a boy with a recombinant X chromosome had inherited his maternal
      grandmother's alleles at the loci DXS43 (D2/Pvu II) and DXS28 (C7/Eco RV), and
      his maternal grandfather's alleles at DXS67 (B24/Msp I) and DXS84 (754/Pst I).
      Combined with earlier data this finding strongly suggests the locus order DXS28
      DXS67-DMD. Another recombination event, identified in the same family, supports
      the previously established order DMD-DXS84-OTC. The diagnostic importance of
      flanking markers, and the likelihood of false diagnostic conclusions due to
      possible double crossovers, with and without demonstrable neighbouring single
      crossover events, are discussed.

PMID- 2882884
TI  - DNA molecular biology in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease.
AB  - DNA molecular biology is becoming increasingly important in clinical medicine. It
      has provided a new method to diagnose an inherited pulmonary disease in which the
      biochemical defect has been defined. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency can now be
      diagnosed by direct analysis for the disease gene. In cystic fibrosis, another
      inherited pulmonary disease, the biochemical defect has not yet been defined.
      However, the search has been narrowed. The cystic fibrosis genetic defect has
      recently been localized to the long arm of chromosome 7. Because polymorphic DNA
      markers (RFLPs) are available for this region of chromosome 7, it is now often
      possible, using linkage analysis, to trace the inheritance of the cystic fibrosis
      gene(s) in families known to have cystic fibrosis. When the cystic fibrosis
      genetic defect is defined, it will then be possible to look directly for the
      disease gene. Finally, the greatest impact in clinical medicine may well be the
      development of rapid DNA hybridization techniques to diagnose infectious diseases
      that currently take days to weeks to diagnose.

PMID- 2882883
TI  - Bromazepam pharmacokinetics: influence of age, gender, oral contraceptives,
      cimetidine, and propranolol.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of the benzodiazepine bromazepam were evaluated in volunteer
      subjects who received single 6 mg oral doses followed by blood sampling during
      the next 48 hours. Age and gender effects were studied in 32 subjects, divided
      into young (aged 21 to 29 years) and elderly (aged 60 to 81 years) groups.
      Compared with young subjects, the elderly had significantly higher peak serum
      bromazepam concentrations (132 vs. 82 ng/ml), smaller volume of distribution
      (0.88 vs. 1.44 L/kg), lower oral clearance (0.41 vs. 0.76 ml/min/kg), and
      increased serum free fraction (34.8% vs. 28.8% unbound). However, gender had no
      significant influence on bromazepam kinetics. In 11 young female users of oral
      contraceptive steroids, compared with seven age- and weight-matched control women
      not using oral contraceptives, no differences in bromazepam kinetics were
      observed. Coadministration of cimetidine (1.2 gm daily) significantly reduced
      bromazepam clearance (0.41 vs. 0.82 ml/min/kg) and prolonged elimination half
      life (29 vs. 23 hours). Propranolol (160 mg daily) significantly prolonged
      bromazepam half-life (28 vs. 23 hours), but the reduction in clearance associated
      with propranolol (0.65 vs. 0.82 ml/min/kg) did not reach significance. Bromazepam
      has the pharmacokinetic characteristics of benzodiazepines with half-life values
      between 20 and 30 hours. Consistent with its biotransformation pathway by hepatic
      microsomal oxidation, bromazepam clearance is significantly impaired in elderly
      individuals, by coadministration of cimetidine and possibly propranolol.

PMID- 2882885
TI  - Medical management of stable angina pectoris.

PMID- 2882886
TI  - Recognition and management of myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2882887
TI  - New directions for hypertension therapy.

PMID- 2882888
TI  - Comparative model analysis of central shunts in vertebrate cardiovascular
      systems.
AB  - The incomplete double circulation of air-breathing fishes and lungfishes,
      amphibians, reptiles and embryonic birds and mammals has been analyzed using a
      simplified mode comprising the intra- and extracardiac shunts and compartments
      for the gas exchange (gills, lungs, skin, etc.) as well as systemic tissue gas
      exchange. The intracardiac shunting is defined and given common symbols for all
      species of animals analyzed. Two types of equations, fluid-flow and mass-flow
      equations, are derived for each model, which are solved to give shunting rate as
      a function of blood O2 content of the principal cardiac compartments and vessels.
      The model analysis not only offers possibility for an overall average evaluation
      of central shunts, but also suggests which blood samples must be determined for
      evaluation of the shunt patterns.

PMID- 2882889
TI  - Frogs and turtles: different ectotherm overwintering strategies.
AB  - The ability of frogs and turtles to overwinter and to survive hypoxia and anoxia
      has long been a topic of interest. While data remains scant, the emerging picture
      shows fundamentally different approaches to overwintering in these two groups of
      ectotherms. Frogs are far more limited by availability of oxygen than are
      turtles, even at near-freezing ambient temperatures. The reasons for this
      probably involve the vastly greater cutaneous permeability of the former. With
      their extreme tolerance of anoxia and profound suppression of metabolism,
      overwintering in turtles should not be viewed as simply prolonged diving but
      rather as ectotherm hibernation. Their incredible diving capabilities are merely
      a spin-off of a successful overwintering strategy. The following discussion
      reviews the major physiological mechanisms involved in the overwintering
      strategies of these two ectotherm groups.

PMID- 2882890
TI  - Age influences on intestinal sugar absorption.
AB  - Intestinal absorption of sugars show differences depending on animals age. This
      is demonstrated using in vivo and in vitro techniques. The age dependence
      relationship is present in animals of different species such as avian, rodents
      and ruminants. In chicken the intestinal sugar transport increases after hatching
      and attains its maximum capacity by the first week of life. The D-glucose and D
      galactose uptake is greater in young rats, maximum at 21 days, while it decreases
      thereafter. The total capacity of the small intestine of adult sheep for sugar
      absorption was approx. 25% of that for lambs less than 1 week of age. The
      differences observed in intestinal absorption of sugars at different ages could
      be attributed to differences in sodium and calcium transport. Other authors
      assume that it is induced by morphological differentiation during intestinal
      development.

PMID- 2882891
TI  - Jejunal and cecal 3-oxy-methyl-D-glucose absorption in chicken using a perfusion
      system in vivo.
AB  - 3-oxy-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) absorption by jejunum and caecum has been studied
      in the domestic fowl in vivo, with luminal perfusion, during 5 min periods. The
      diffusion component was evaluated in the presence of phloridzin (10(-3) M) that
      inhibits the active transport mechanism. Kd of jejunal and cecal diffusion of the
      monosaccharide have been calculated, showing a similar value. The Kt and Vmax of
      3-OMG absorption were calculated using a graphical method for the two intestinal
      segments. The caecum showed a lower Kt and Vmax than the jejunum did.

PMID- 2882892
TI  - Changes in nonspecific immunity factor in some Equidae, Camelidae and Capridae
      species.
AB  - Plasma lysozyme activity changed during the 2 years of the investigation period.
      In some species (e.g. ponies and goats) there are only seasonal fluctuations with
      the highest levels during summer and autumn in ponies and during winter in goats.
      In two Camelidae species, guanacos and llamas, only, downward trends were found,
      whereas in donkeys, both types of changes: seasonal variations with the maximal
      level during autumn and an upward long-term trend were found.

PMID- 2882893
TI  - Metabolism and thermoregulation in two races of Djungarian hamsters: Phodopus
      sungorus sungorus and P. s. campbelli.
AB  - Two races of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus sungorus and P. s. campbelli)
      differ in their responses to low ambient temperatures. The lowest temperature
      tolerated is 6-10 degrees C higher in P. s. campbelli than in P. s. sungorus,
      both in summer and in winter, but the highest (Vo2-max) and lowest (BMR)
      metabolic rates are similar in both subspecies. Body temperature and overall
      conductance in the cold appear to be more variable in P. s. campbelli than in
      nominative sp.

PMID- 2882894
TI  - Basic haematological values in carnivores--I. The Canidae, the Hyaenidae and the
      Ursidae.
AB  - Basic haematological values for 32 animals of four carnivore species are
      reported. In six adult wolves (Canis lupus) the mean values estimated for the
      erythrocyte count 7.48 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.465/l, haemoglobin 172.0 g/l and
      leukocyte counts 7.33 X 10(9)/l are given. For five young wolves, these
      parameters were markedly decreased, only the white cell count was raised. In 14
      hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus) the mean values estimated are: erythrocyte count
      9.15 x 10(12)/l haematocrit 0.435/l, haemoglobin 179.2 g/l and leukocytes 12.95 X
      10(9)/l. In six striped hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) the mean estimated values are:
      erythrocyte count 8.11 X 10(12)/l, haemoatocrit 0.445/l, haemoglobin 178.0 g/l
      and leukocytes 13.95 X 10(9)/l. Only individual values for the reported
      parameters are given in the Asiatic black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus). All
      results are compared with values derived from the literature for animals under
      investigation and for the domestic dog (Canis familiaris).

PMID- 2882895
TI  - Studies on the absorption of sodium and chloride from the rumen of sheep.
AB  - The net absorption of Na and Cl from the temporarily isolated rumen of sheep was
      studied using an artificial ruminal fluid with different Na and K and constant Cl
      concentrations. The net absorption of Na and Cl was linearly correlated. The net
      absorption of Cl was abolished and a small net secretion was observed when no
      sodium was in the artificial rumen fluid. The net absorption of Na was
      significantly reduced under chloride free conditions. It is concluded that the
      active transport of Na and Cl is coupled. The mechanism of an Na-Cl cotransport
      can not be deduced from these studies.

PMID- 2882896
TI  - Effects of plasma aldosterone on butyrate absorption and metabolism in the rabbit
      proximal colon.
AB  - Butyrate absorption in the proximal colon of the anaesthetized rabbit was
      evaluated by measuring the variations in the concentration of butyrate in colonic
      loops and in arterial and venous plasmas; metabolic conversions were studied
      using (3,4-14C) butyrate. Interrelations between butyrate absorption and
      metabolism and the excretory cycle of the rabbit were examined, as well as the
      effects of exogenous aldosterone, the hormone generally implicated in the diurnal
      rhythm of the fecal excretion. The colonic tissue metabolized butyrate via 2 main
      pathways. They were of differing intensity according to the 2 phases of the
      excretory cycle. When the plasma level of aldosterone was high (during hard
      faeces production), the butyrate was mainly oxidized to CO2, yielding energy for
      metabolic processes. When the plasma level of aldosterone was lower (during soft
      production), butyrate was also oxidized to CO2 but it was a better source of free
      amino acids. Exogenous aldosterone (30 micrograms/kg) enhanced absorption and
      oxidative metabolism of the butyrate, which occurred normally when hard faeces
      were elaborated.

PMID- 2882897
TI  - Effect of colchicine on some electrical properties of rat small intestine.
AB  - The effect of colchicine on the short circuit current (s.c.c.), potential
      difference (p.d.) and tissue resistance was investigated in vitro using rat
      jejunum. The electrogenic transfer of glucose, galactose, glycine and valine was
      also measured in the presence and absence of the drug. Colchicine (0.05 mM and
      0.1 mM) caused a dose-dependent decrease in s.c.c. and p.d. in the presence of
      glucose but had no significant effect on the tissue resistance. Colchicine at
      (0.1 mM) increased the "apparent Km" of glucose (140% P less than 0.001)
      galactose (135% P less than 0.001) glycine (43% P less than 0.001) and valine
      (47% P less than 0.001) but had no significant effect on the p.d.max of these
      substrates.

PMID- 2882898
TI  - Carbonic anhydrase activity in the blood of adult sheep, fetal sheep and lambs.
AB  - The activity of carbonic anhydrase (E.C.4.2.1.1) (CA) has been measured in the
      blood of adult and fetal sheep and lambs. The mean activity in adult sheep was
      0.89 enzyme units (EU) per 100 micrograms of Hb. The activity in fetal sheep aged
      90 days was just below 20% of this and in fetuses near full term was just under
      40% of the mean adult level. The regression line gave an increase of CA activity
      (per 100 micrograms Hb) of 0.004 EU/day. The appearance of CA in fetal blood
      normally occurred before any detectable production of adult Hb. One aberrant
      fetus showed early development of the adult pattern in the red cells, having
      adult type Hb and adult levels of CA during the period of 116-128 days of fetal
      age. In the period after birth the CA level in the blood rose rapidly, reaching
      the adult level 30 days after birth. During this period activity per 100
      micrograms HB increased by 0.014 EU/day, significantly faster than during fetal
      life.

PMID- 2882899
TI  - Dimer-tetramer transition in hemoglobins from Liophis miliaris--I. Effect of
      organic polyphosphates.
AB  - Hemoglobin from the water-snake Liophis miliaris in the stripped form presents
      high oxygen affinity of about P50 = 1 mmHg and Hill coefficient of about 1.0 at
      pH from 6.8 to 8.5. In the presence of ATP such values become P50 = 20 mmHg and
      nH about 2.0, respectively, at low pH from 6.5 to 7.5. When the pH increases an
      abrupt decrease of both P50 and nH values occurs falling close to those found for
      the stripped hemoglobin. Gel-filtration in Sephadex G-100 equilibrated with 0.05
      M Tris-HCl buffer containing 1 mM EDTA of the stripped hemoglobin show the
      presence of only one component of mol. wt of about 32,500 dt similar to the dimer
      of human hemoglobin A. The deoxy form of the dimer previously treated with ATP
      and placed on Sephadex column in the same condition but containing 1 mM IHP
      emerges as tetramer with mol. wt similar to that found for human hemoglobin, i.e.
      of about 65,000 dt. Results of the multiplicity of the snake hemoglobin, as well
      as the large alkaline Bohr effect in the presence of ATP previously reported,
      seems to be inconsistent due to the dimer-tetramer transition that occurs when
      ATP is bound to the stripped hemoglobin. A molecular mechanism involving the
      dimer-tetramer transition is proposed to described the oxygen transport in these
      animals.

PMID- 2882900
TI  - Ontogenic screening of aldosterone in the South American toad Bufo arenarum
      (Hensel).
AB  - The content of aldosterone in the South American toad Bufo arenarum embryos
      developed in Holtfreter's 10% solutions and in distilled water was measured. The
      screening was carried out on embryos from the following periods of their
      development: 15 min after fertilization; gray crescent-32 cells; mid cleavage
      late gastrula; neural plate-neural tube; tail bud-heart beat; gill circulation
      tail fin circulation and operculum fold-complete operculum. The aldosterone
      content of embryos incubated both in Holtfreter and in distilled water decreased
      gradually up to gill circulation-tail fin circulation stages. The steroid content
      of both groups of embryos rose sharply at the end of their development (operculum
      fold-complete operculum); the observed increase was significantly higher in
      distilled water animals.

PMID- 2882901
TI  - Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in skinned single smooth muscle cells isolated from
      guinea-pig taenia caeci.
AB  - The Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ storage sites of skinned single smooth
      muscle cells isolated from guinea-pig taenia caeci was studied. The Ca2+ release
      from intracellular Ca2+ storage sites of the skinned single cells was enhanced by
      the presence of submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+ in the solution. The Ca2+
      release was enhanced by caffeine and adenine, and suppressed by Mg2+ and
      procaine. These results suggest that the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism may
      play an important role in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites of
      guinea-pig taenia caeci smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2882902
TI  - Cellular composition of the bone marrow in the chicken, a comparison of femur,
      tibia and humerus.
AB  - A comparison of cellular composition of marrow from femur, tibia and humerus was
      made at hatch and at 3, 4, 6, and 12 weeks of age. There were no significant
      differences between femoral, tibial, and humeral marrow in relative and absolute
      cell numbers, mitotic indices or thymidine uptake. However, the cellularity per
      mg of marrow was consistently lower for the humerus than it was for the femur and
      tibia. There was a significantly greater frequency of immature granulocytes in
      the femur and tibia at hatch than at 4 weeks of age.

PMID- 2882903
TI  - Urate and p-aminohippurate transport in isolated kidney tubules of normal and
      hyperuricemic chickens.
AB  - Urate and p-aminohippurate accumulations of kidney tubule fragments were studied
      in 5- to 6-week-old normal (LUA) and hyperuricemic (HUA) chickens. Tubules from
      LUA chicks consistently accumulated two to three-fold as much urate and p
      aminohippurate as tubules from HUA chicks and thus confirmed the tubular origin
      of the urate transport defect in HUA chickens. A sodium gradient was required for
      optimal urate and p-aminohippurate accumulations and ouabain inhibited the
      accumulations of both compounds. Similar responses of urate and p-aminohippurate
      to treatments and reciprocal inhibitions between these compounds suggest that
      urate and p-aminohippurate are accumulated through a shared transport system.

PMID- 2882904
TI  - Few intra-lake variations of physiological parameters in perch, Perca
      fluviatilis.
AB  - Intra-lake variations in physiological parameters, representing haematology,
      plasma ion composition and carbohydrate metabolism, were investigated in perch
      (Perca fluviatilis), inhabiting a comparatively unpolluted lake. Provided the
      perch were subjected to a standardized procedure for capture, handling, recovery
      after capture, and sampling, only few and minor differences were observed in 21
      parameters investigated when 3 groups were compared to a control group of perch.
      It is concluded that the experimental design used is suitable for the examination
      of the physiological status of perch in the field.

PMID- 2882905
TI  - Concerning stimulation by high external potassium and calcium injection of the
      ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers.
AB  - The behavior of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux in barnacle muscle fibers
      toward external high K and injection of Ca2+ has been further investigated.
      Raising Ke to 100 mM after the injection of 0.25 M or 0.1 M GTPNa2 results in a
      biphasic stimulatory response: the initial response is prompt in onset and small
      but transitory, whereas the delayed response is large and sustained. This second
      stimulatory phase is reduced markedly by injecting EGTA but not by PKI. Raising
      Ke to 100 mM in the presence of the 2 xanthine derivatives, viz. PMX and IAX,
      leads to a sustained stimulatory response of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux
      which is halved by injecting PKI but unaffected by injecting EGTA. Injection of
      0.1 M or 0.5 M CaCl2 in the presence of PMX and IAX leads to a sustained
      stimulatory response, which is almost completely abolished by injecting PKI but
      unaffected by injecting EGTA. These results confirm the earlier finding that the
      response of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux to high Ke in fibers preinjected
      with GTPNa2 is biphasic and that the delayed second stimulatory phase is
      sustained rather than transitory. The ability of injected EGTA to only partially
      reverse the delayed response suggests that a fall in myoplasmic pCa is not the
      sole factor governing the kinetic picture. The experiments with PMX and IAX
      strongly suggest that cAMP is involved in the termination of the Ca2+ message.

PMID- 2882906
TI  - The posthatch physiology of the turkey poult--I. Growth and development.
AB  - Daily body, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas and bursa of Fabricius weights of
      developing turkey poults were measured. Neither organ nor body weight was
      affected by sex of the poults during the first 10 days posthatch. Decreases in
      growth were apparent between days 3 and 6 or 7 and 9 posthatch and coincided with
      peaks in early mortality.

PMID- 2882907
TI  - The posthatch physiology of the turkey poult--II. Hematology.
AB  - Packed cell volume, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean cell
      volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of the poult were analyzed
      daily for the first 10 days posthatch. Sexually dimorphic effects on
      hematological parameters were not apparent, but there was a sex X day interaction
      for all parameters except hemoglobin indicating that males were slower to
      develop/respond to critical stimuli. The study revealed a latency in production
      of erythrocytes and leukocytes in posthatch males and females which coincided
      temporally with early poult mortality.

PMID- 2882908
TI  - Vitamin A levels of blood in collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) from south
      Texas.
AB  - Serum vitamin A concentrations were determined for 24 adult female collared
      peccaries from 1 captive and 2 wild populations during the period 30 January-15
      March, 1983. Normal serum vitamin A concentrations of well-fed captive peccaries
      (mean = 39.0 micrograms/dl) were slightly higher than the reported range of
      values for domestic swine. Mean vitamin A concentrations of blood serum did not
      differ among the captive and 2 wild populations. However, a few individuals from
      the wild populations had low serum levels of vitamin A which suggested a possible
      vitamin A deficiency for these females.

PMID- 2882909
TI  - Evolution of the sensitivity of isolated adipocytes of ewes to the antilipolytic
      action of adenosine during pregnancy and lactation.
AB  - Four successive biopsies of omental adipose tissue were performed on the 43rd,
      100th, 140th days of pregnancy and during the 3rd week of lactation in 6 "Pre
      Alpes" ewes. Using incubated isolated adipocytes, we studied the evolution of the
      antilipolytic effect of adenosine. Adenosine presented a significant inhibitory
      effect on basal lipolysis only at the end of pregnancy. The antilipolytic effect
      of adenosine on the stimulated lipolysis by a beta-agonist (isoproterenol 400 nM)
      increased during pregnancy. The maximal effect was observed 1 week before
      parturition. The level of inhibition remained high during lactation. The
      lipolytic effect of adenosine-deaminase was enhanced during pregnancy and
      lactation and evolved similar to the observed action of adenosine. Results
      suggest that the antilipolytic action of adenosine may have a physiologic
      importance.

PMID- 2882910
TI  - Assessment of the sexual and antler potential of the male white-tailed deer
      (Odocoileus virginianus) by Gn-RH stimulation test.
AB  - Twelve mature white-tailed bucks were injected with gonadotropin regulating
      hormone (Gn-RH, 100 micrograms/deer) during the rut (November) and during the
      spring (April). In the rut, superior bucks (with actual or potential large body
      weight, trophy antlers and a high social rank) responded to Gn-RH with a small
      increase of LH (below 20 micrograms/ml) and a profound rise in testosterone (T)
      (30-50 ng/ml). The inferior animals exhibited high increase of LH (30-40 ng/ml)
      but a low rise in T (below 10 ng/ml). FSH levels increased only slightly after Gn
      RH and the concentrations were not related to reproductive performance. During
      the spring, increase in LH levels after Gn-RH administration greatly exceeded the
      rise of T, but no relationship was found between hormonal levels and the
      reproductive potential. FSH levels increased remarkably after Gn-RH
      administration. Gn-RH (administered during the rut) might be used for assessment
      of the potential for reproductive and antler performance.

PMID- 2882911
TI  - Antidepressant drugs: imipramine, mianserin and trazodone.
AB  - The advent of newer antidepressant drugs (second generation) during the past two
      decades has provided an alternative to the use of tricyclic antidepressants in
      the alleviation of depression. These antidepressants have not been proven to be
      superior in the therapy of depression to the tricyclic antidepressants but they
      have been reported to cause fewer cardiac effects. Most of the reported adverse
      cardiac reactions elicited by antidepressant drugs are based on observations from
      clinical studies. The possible underlying mechanisms by which these adverse
      reactions arise have for the large part been proposed on the basis of clinical
      findings which have been extrapolated back to the known pharmacological actions
      of such drugs. There is a paucity of hard experimental data in this respect.

PMID- 2882912
TI  - Review and perspective on the use of mixed-function oxygenase enzymes in
      biological monitoring.
AB  - It is often suggested that changes in simple biochemical/physiological responses
      may be useful for predicting the impacts of pollutants at population and
      community levels of biological organization. There are serious conceptual
      constraints to such a thesis and its seems likely that such simple responses can
      go no further than serving as early warning systems for delineating potential
      areas of pollutant impact--areas which (if shown to be significant in size) can
      then be subjected to more detailed population and community type studies.
      Environmental testing is a prerequisite for any response suggested to have value
      as a biological monitoring index and the induction of mixed-function oxygenase
      (MFO) enzymes has now been validated in a large number of field studies
      worldwide. Investigations have progressed from documenting induction near
      localized sources of hydrocarbon contamination to more diffuse sources of mixed
      organic pollution originating from industrial and domestic sources. Studies in
      the Great Lakes and Europe have demonstrated that the induction of MFO enzymes is
      a biological response of sufficient sensitivity to discriminate water quality
      differences over broad geographical areas. We suggest that as an early warning
      system, the induction of these enzymes can fulfill the requirement of "most
      sensitive biological response" for assessing a variety of organic pollution
      conditions. Given the high level of sensitivity of the MFO enzyme response,
      negative as well as positive field trials can be of value in addressing concerns
      about the toxicological significance of "high-profile" chemicals (and potent
      inducers) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines. MFO
      enzyme induction can also be an economical tool for environmental managers for
      reacting to real or perceived concerns about pollution such as effects on
      commercial fish stocks at sites of petroleum hydrocarbon development in the
      oceans.

PMID- 2882913
TI  - Acute and chronic toxicity of nitrite to Clarias lazera.
AB  - The present study is an attempt to define acute (96 hr) and chronic (6-months)
      effects of nitrite on two different sizes of juvenile Clarias lazera. Static
      bioassays on acute toxicity showed median tolerance limit (TLm) for four days of
      28 and 32 mg/l NO2-N for the two sizes respectively. Although nitrite is known to
      cause hypoxia, as a result of oxidation of haemoglobin to methemoglobin, exposure
      of both sizes to nitrite resulted in a decreased erythrocyte count haemoglobin
      content and haematocrit values. Fish exposed to nitrite responded physiologically
      by producing methemoglobin. A decline in serum total protein levels was recorded
      during acute and chronic exposure of both sizes to nitrite. This was interpreted
      as a generalized stress response.

PMID- 2882914
TI  - Serum transaminases activity and histopathological changes in Clarias lazera
      chronically exposed to nitrite.
AB  - Increase in serum transaminases (GOT and GPT) activity attributable to nitrite
      toxicity was observed in juvenile Clarias lazera after chronic exposure to
      nitrite. The application of SGOT and SGPT assays for monitoring the effect of
      nitrite exposure over a 6-month period has shown that changes in activities are
      correlated with histological effects in Clarias liver. Kidneys from fish exposed
      to nitrite were not noticeably different histologically from that of control
      fish. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia were the most consistent lesions that occurred
      in the gills. Lifting of lamellar epithelium and necrosis of some epithelial
      cells were also prominent.

PMID- 2882916
TI  - Cd-metallothionein and metal-enzymes interactions in the goldfish Carassius
      auratus.
AB  - Goldfish injected with cadmium chloride synthesized metallothionein. Ten days
      after the first injection, cadmium reached a maximum in the metallothionein peak
      (2 micrograms/ml) obtained after gel filtration of liver cytosol. Pyruvate kinase
      activity was inhibited from the beginning of the experiment; after the fourth
      day, the enzyme activity again started to increase but did not reach the control
      level. Alkaline phosphatase and fructose biphosphatase did not show any apparent
      inhibition. From the results here reported, a detoxifying role of metallothionein
      could be suggested.

PMID- 2882915
TI  - Toxicity in Tilapia zilli and Clarias lazera (Pisces) induced by zinc,
      seasonally.
AB  - Subadult teleosts, Tilapia zilli and Clarias lazera, were exposed in laboratory
      bioassays to lethal and sublethal concentrations of zinc, seasonally (at range of
      temperature between 9.3 +/- 1.5 and 25 +/- 1 degree C). It appears that Tilapia
      is more susceptible to Zn than Clarias and both species are more resistant to Zn
      toxicity at lower temperature (during winter). To determine the uptake and tissue
      distribution of Zn in the two species, gill, liver and muscles were analysed at
      moderate temperature (during spring). After a 96 hr exposure period, Zn was
      decreased in the following order: gill greater than liver greater than muscle.

PMID- 2882918
TI  - Control of ciliary beat frequency in the gill of Mytilus--II. Effects of saponin
      and Brij-58 on the lateral cilia.
AB  - The effects of saponin and Brij-58 on the beat activation of the lateral cilia on
      the gill of Mytilus edulis were investigated. The ciliary activation by 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5HT) decreased as the saponin-induced permeabilization
      progressed, increasing the reactivation of the ciliary beat by extracellularly
      applied ATP (1 mM). The cilia were activated by 5HT even after the treatment with
      saponin (0.01 and 0.02% w/v) or Brij-58 (0.07%) rendered the preparation capable
      of the reactivation by ATP. The saponin treatment itself stimulated the beat of
      the cilia. Theophylline (1 mM) augmented the saponin-induced activation of the
      cilia.

PMID- 2882917
TI  - Control of ciliary beat frequency in the gill of Mytilus--I. Activation of the
      lateral cilia by cyclic AMP.
AB  - The effect of cyclic AMP on the beat frequency of the lateral cilia on the gill
      of Mytilus edulis was investigated. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (0.1 mM) weakly
      stimulated the cilia to beat. The activation was augmented by 1 mM theophylline.
      The cilia were hardly activated by cyclic AMP (0.1 mM) but a strong activation
      was observed when it was applied with saponin (0.0025-0.01% w/v) and theophylline
      (1 mM). The results suggest that cyclic AMP is involved in the mechanism of
      ciliary activation by 5-hydroxytryptamine.

PMID- 2882919
TI  - Factors in the accumulation of dieldrin in broiler organs: doses administered
      with feed; dose-organ-dieldrin accumulated relationship; toxicological
      consequences.
AB  - The quantity of dieldrin accumulated in liver, kidney, heart, gizzard, lung,
      muscle, and intestine with contents, of broiler chickens fed with feed
      contaminated by this insecticide, was determined by gas chromatography analysis.
      The doses used were 60, 90, 120, 200 and 240 ppm. The influence of the doses used
      in the quantity of dieldrin accumulated in the different organs, the relationship
      between the doses administered, organs and quantity accumulated, and the
      toxicological consequences of the contamination were studied. The results show
      that the doses used did not significantly affect the quantity of dieldrin
      accumulated by the different organs. The relationship doses-organ-quantity
      accumulated shows that the muscle accumulates equal dieldrin at all the doses
      used. The differences in the dieldrin accumulated at different doses increases
      with the metabolic function of the organs. The principal symptoms of intoxication
      were anorexia, convulsions and tremors, which indicated that the nervous system
      is a major site of activity.

PMID- 2882920
TI  - Possible interaction of the adrenal-gonadal systems on brain catecholamines of
      adult male rats.
AB  - Studies from this laboratory showed that gonadectomy (GDX) alters biogenic amines
      concentrations in diencephalon during the first 40 days. While the GDX females
      maintain the differences at day 60, the differences are eliminated in males at
      that time. In the present work, we have studied in three cerebral regions the
      adrenal involvement in the mechanism responsible for this normalization of
      catecholamine concentration in long-term castrated adult male rats. A
      hypersecretion of adrenal steroids seems to compensate for the lack of gonadal
      effect when the orchidectomized rats reach adulthood only for diencephalic
      dopamine.

PMID- 2882921
TI  - Influence of sexual differentiation on striatal and limbic catecholamines.
AB  - The influence of sexual differentiation of the brain on catecholamine content in
      the corpus striatum and limbic system was studied. Our results suggest that
      circulating ovary hormones during the critical period play an important role in
      the sexual differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in the corpus striatum and
      limbic system. Absence of androgenic steroids in the critical period leads to
      permanent alterations in the DA content of the limbic system in the male rat.
      Gonadectomy does not significantly alter NA levels in either of the two studied
      brain areas.

PMID- 2882922
TI  - Pharmacology of GABA receptors on skeletal muscle fibres of the locust
      (Schistocerca gregaria).
AB  - GABA and the trans isomer of 4-aminocrotonic acid are equally potent at inducing
      increases in Cl- conductance when applied to distal extensor tibia muscle fibres
      of the locust (Schistocerca gregaria). beta-Alanine, norvaline, glycine and
      norleucine induced conductance increases of less than 5% of GABA responses. C9
      and meso-di-GABA did not alter input conductance in a manner consistent with
      actions on a GABA receptor Cl- channel complex. Picrotoxin and anisatin were
      equally potent GABA antagonists, however bicuculline and penicillin G did not
      reduce GABA-induced changes in input conductance. Pentobarbitone, in addition to
      inducing an increase in K+ conductance, potentiated GABA-induced increases in Cl-
      permeability.

PMID- 2882923
TI  - The muscarinic receptor-mediated action of acetylcholine in the gastrulating
      chick embryo.
AB  - Some of the muscarinic receptor-mediated effects of acetylcholine in early chick
      embryo cells at stages three-four by Hamburger and Hamilton were studied.
      Acetylcholine increased the intracellular level of cGMP about two-fold.
      Acetylcholine raised the intracellular level of free calcium from the basal level
      of 120 nM to 140 nM. Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, blocked both the above
      mentioned responses.

PMID- 2882924
TI  - Modulation of dopamine receptors in the Tapes clam by dextroamphetamine and
      phenylethanolamine.
AB  - The mechanism underlying the modulation, by dextroamphetamine and compounds
      related to phenylethanolamine, of responses to dopamine and serotonin has been
      studied in the isolated ventricle and aortic bulb of the clam Tapes watlingi.
      Dextroamphetamine and phenylethanolamine but not cocaine and benztropine have the
      ability to unmask inhibitory responses to both dopamine and serotonin in the
      ventricle. Chlordimeform but not clozapine attenuates the inhibitory response to
      both dextroamphetamine and phenylethanolamine in concentrations which have little
      or no effect on the inhibitory response to dopamine in the ventricle.
      Phenylethanolamine, dextroamphetamine, phenylpropylolamine and p-chloro
      phenylethanolamine but not octopamine or noradrenaline attenuate the contractile
      responses to both dopamine and serotonin in preparations of the quiescent aortic
      bulb. These data show that there are specific receptors for phenylethanolamine in
      the Tapes heart capable of modulating responses to dopamine and serotonin, and
      suggests that this biogenic phenethylamine can act as an environmental and
      physiological factor which may determine how the mollusc heart responds to
      dopamine.

PMID- 2882925
TI  - Species differences in lung mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activities.
AB  - Pulmonary mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was examined in
      preparations from rat, rabbit and guinea-pig with 12 different amines as
      substrates: serotonin, norepinephrine, and octopamine (type A specific);
      tryptamine, benzylamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methyltryptamine, p
      methoxyphenylethylamine, and 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (type B specific); and
      tyramine, dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine (type A + B specific). The oxidation of
      type A and type A + B substrates was greater in guinea-pig lung mitochondria than
      in rat or rabbit preparations. Except for benzylamine, the oxidation of type B
      substrates was similar in all three species. Benzylamine was not oxidized by
      guinea-pig lung mitochondria but was actively metabolized by rat and rabbit
      preparations.

PMID- 2882926
TI  - Rotifer neuropharmacology--III. Adrenergic drug effects on Brachionus plicatilis.
AB  - Norepinephrine (NE) induces three pharmacological effects in Brachionus
      plicatilis. As a result of excitation the rate of ciliary motion and swimming
      increases, and the animals flip their foot constantly at a rapid rate. This rapid
      foot flipping was used as a specific model to measure adrenergic effects in B.
      plicatilis. Phenylephrine induces the same effect at identical efficacy, while
      isoproterenol and salbutamol, two beta-agonists, show one-half and one-tenth NE
      efficacy. The beta blocker propranolol and the alpha blocker tolazoline both
      antagonize foot flipping induced by NE. However, propranolol shows antagonism
      because it causes foot paralysis by itself. Timolol, another beta blocker but
      without the membrane effect of propranolol, does not antagonize the alpha
      receptor mediated NE effect, nor does it cause foot paralysis. Propranolol,
      timolol and tolazoline also show agonist activity, inducing foot flipping. NE
      does not antagonize the foot paralysis induced by propranolol, only its
      anesthetic effect by delaying its onset. These results indicate that the foot
      flipping induced by NE is a receptor-mediated alpha adrenergic effect, while the
      foot paralysis is caused by membrane phenomena.

PMID- 2882927
TI  - Cholinergic control of the mechanical properties of the catch connective tissue
      in the holothurian body wall.
AB  - Effects of acetylcholine (ACh), ACh-agonists and antagonists were studied on the
      viscosity of the dermis of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. ACh and
      nicotinic agonists caused an early increase in viscosity and late decrease.
      Muscarinic agonists produced a viscosity decrease. The viscosity increase
      elicited by nicotine was inhibited by tubocurarine. The viscosity decrease caused
      by methacholine was suppressed by atropine. The mechanical properties of this
      connective tissue are very likely controlled by both nicotinic and muscarinic
      cholinoreceptors.

PMID- 2882928
TI  - Correlative studies on changes in lipid composition of gills and uptake of
      chemicals of willow shiner fish (Gnathopogon caerulescens) by exposure to
      detergent.
AB  - One group of willow shiner (Gnathopogon caerulescens) was exposed to 0.1 mg/l
      dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) for analysis of lipid composition of gill extracts.
      Another group of fish was exposed to 0.0003 mg/l 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4'
      nitrophenyl-ether (CNP) after regular intervals of pre-exposure to 0.1 mg/l DBS
      for analysis of uptake of CNP. The whole body residues of CNP were characterized
      by a 60% drop in DBS pre-exposure for 14 and 21 days. The cholesterol/total
      phospholipid ratio increased to 0.22 and 0.28 after 14 and 21 days from the
      normal of 0.18. These biochemical results might be correlated with the changes
      observed by the uptake of CNP.

PMID- 2882929
TI  - Effects of inducer pretreatment on liver function and morphology in the mountain
      vole Microtus montanus.
AB  - Liver function and morphology of the mountain vole, Microtus montanus, were
      examined after i.p. injections of phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, or Aroclor
      1254 at three dose levels. The results of the liver function tests showed serum
      glutamic pyruvic transaminase and serum malathion carboxylesterase activities
      were normal in all the treatment groups. The histological results showed no
      necrotic tissue but did reveal two different morphological stages related to the
      level of monooxygenase activity; a low induction state was represented by foamy
      vacuolated hepatocytes while high induction states were related to enlarged,
      swollen, hypertrophied cells.

PMID- 2882930
TI  - Actions of deltamethrin and tralomethrin on cholinergic synaptic transmission in
      the central nervous system of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana).
AB  - Deltamethrin (RU 22974) and tralomethrin isomers (RU 24784 and RU 24785) block
      transmission at the cercal-afferent giant-interneuron synapses of the cockroach,
      when bath-applied to the desheathed ganglion at micromolar concentrations. The
      time-course of the events leading to the blockage suggests two possible target
      sites: one located presynaptically and the other situated on postsynaptic
      membranes.

PMID- 2882931
TI  - Effects of synthetic peptides on giant neurons identified in the ganglia of an
      African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac)--II.
AB  - Thirteen synthetic biologically-active peptides, which were classified into the
      peptides proposed as neurotransmitters in mammals and invertebrates and neural
      venom peptides, were investigated for their effects on the following six
      identifiable giant neurons of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac):
      RAPN (right anterior pallial neuron), INN (intestinal nerve neuron), RPeNLN
      (right pedal nerve large neuron), LPeNLN (left pedal nerve large neuron), d-LPeLN
      (dorsal-left pedal large neuron) and d-LPeCN (dorsal-left pedal constantly firing
      neuron). Oxytocin and proctolin at 10(-4)M excited the RAPN membrane potential,
      whereas FMRFamide at the same concentration inhibited the same neuron. FMRFamide
      at 10(-4)M markedly inhibited the d-LPeLN membrane potential, sometimes produced
      inhibition of RPeNLN and LPeNLN, showed varied effects (excitatory or inhibitory)
      on INN, and had no effect on d-LPeCN. The other peptides examined had almost no
      effect on any of the neurons tested.

PMID- 2882932
TI  - Changes of the liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in trout (Salmo
      gairdneri Rich.) acutely exposed to selected aquatic toxicants.
AB  - Rainbow trout were exposed for 4 or 8 days to various types of toxicants, each
      applied to the test water at a high sublethal concentration. The activity of
      liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GT) was assayed from the submitochondrial
      fraction using p-nitrophenol as an aglycone. Activity of UDP-GT was inhibited by
      2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and dehydroabietic acid, all toxicants
      regularly found in effluents of the pulp and paper industry. The heavy metals
      cadmium and zinc, the polychlorinated biphenyl, Pyralene 3010, and chloroform did
      not affect UDP-GT activity. The slimicide N-methyl-dithiocarbamate (Vapam)
      significantly increased the enzyme activity.

PMID- 2882933
TI  - Comparative studies on additive effects of sodium dodecylbenzensulfonate and
      sodium stearate on uptake of chemicals by willow shiner (Gnathopogon
      caerulescens).
AB  - Comparative studies between sodium dodecylbenzensulfonate (DBS) and sodium
      stearate (SNa) were performed on the additive effects of the uptake of chemicals
      in a fresh water fish, the willow shiner (Gnathopogon caerulescens), by the use
      of a continuous flow water system. The chemicals selected were 2,4,6
      trichlorophenyl-4'-nitrophenyl ether (CNP) as a non-polar lipophilic substance
      and cadmium salt (Cd) as polar hydrophilic substance. DBS had no promotive and
      depressive effects on the uptake of Cd. SNa had no promotive and depressed
      effects on the uptake of CNP and Cd.

PMID- 2882934
TI  - Temperature sensitivity of cardiac muscarinic receptors in bat atria and
      ventricle.
AB  - In contrast to other mammals, muscarinic receptors in the bat ventricle can
      mediate significant decrease in basal contractile force (greater than 50%), not
      only at 37 degrees C but also at hibernation temperature (12 degrees C). At
      frequencies of contraction that approximate in vivo values for 37-12 degrees C,
      no significant shift in receptor affinity or maximum response to applied
      acetylcholine was found for either ventricular or atrial muscle. Low temperature
      does not appear to compromise receptor function in hibernators. The atypical
      cholinergic innervation of the ventricle may maintain a regulative role during
      hibernation.

PMID- 2882935
TI  - Comparison of the effects of FMRF-amide and pQDPFLRF-amide on identified Helix
      neurons.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from a selection of identified neurons in the
      sub-oesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa, and their responses to the molluscan
      neuropeptides FMRF-amide and pQDPFLRF-amide compared. While FMRF-amide excited
      certain neurons and inhibited others, pQDPFLRF-amide did not produce excitation
      in any of the cells tested. A few cells were unresponsive to pQDPFLRF-amide, but
      most were inhibited with varying potency. FMRF-amide was generally 10-100 times
      more potent than pQDPFLRF-amide, but one cell, E13 in the visceral ganglion,
      showed equal sensitivity to the two peptides. On most cells there was no clear
      evidence for cross desensitization between the two peptides, although it is
      possible that in some cases where both peptides are inhibitory they may be acting
      on a single receptor.

PMID- 2882936
TI  - Effects of paraquat on mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - The effect of the herbicide paraquat (N,N'-dimethyl 4,4'-bipyridium), known to
      damage the lipid cellular membrane by peroxidation with superoxide radicals and a
      singlet oxygen, was investigated on skeletal muscle mitochondria. Minced rat
      gastrocnemius muscles were incubated in 8 mM paraquat solution. Mitochondrial
      fractions prepared from the incubated muscles were examined with respect to
      respiratory function and the enzyme activity of cytochrome c oxidase and
      succinate-cytochrome c reductase in the electron transport chain. The ADP/O
      ratio, RCR, and state 3 rates (= oxygen consumption in state 3) decreased
      gradually. State 4 rates (= oxygen consumption in state 4) increased in the
      initial stages and decreased after longer incubations. Enzyme activities
      gradually increased. These results suggested that paraquat damaged the
      mitochondrial membrane and disrupted oxidative phosphorylation in the early stage
      of incubation. Also, the electron transport chain was accelerated in the earlier
      stage and broken following a longer incubation. The inhibitory modality of
      paraquat on mitochondrial respiration was shown to be different from that of
      other known inhibitors.

PMID- 2882937
TI  - Activities and toxicological significance of hepatic microsomal enzymes of the
      kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus).
AB  - Activities of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase and epoxide hydrolase in
      sparrowhawks and kestrels were determined using organochlorine substrates.
      Monooxygenase activities were low in the kestrel and very low in the sparrowhawk
      compared to those in the male rat, down to environmentally realistic substrate
      concentrations. Epoxide hydrolase activities were very low in both species. These
      activities are discussed in relation to feeding ecology and susceptibility to
      organochlorine pollutants.

PMID- 2882938
TI  - The influence of water pH on the perivitelline fluid of perch (Perca fluviatilis)
      eggs.
AB  - The diameter, trans-chorion potential difference and perivitelline-fluid pH of
      the eggs of perch (Perca fluviatilis) have been measured in a range of water pH
      (8-4.5). The water used was relatively nutrient rich. Eggs transferred from pH 8
      to pH 4.5 shrink; probably as a result of loss of water from perivitelline fluid.
      Trans-chorion potential differences are close to zero over the range of pH. Mean
      perivitelline-fluid pH is higher than external water pH at pH 6.7 and above.
      Below pH 6.7, mean perivitelline-fluid pH is approximately the same as external
      water pH. The results suggest a non-Donnan distribution of hydrogen ions. The
      results are compared with data on salmonid eggs in nutrient-poor waters.

PMID- 2882939
TI  - Hyperphosphataemia in histamine injected laying hens.
AB  - The effects of histamine on soluble calcium concentrations in gastrointestinal
      tract contents, acid secretion, urinary phosphorus excretion, plasma free
      hydroxyproline and inorganic phosphorus levels were studied in laying hens during
      egg shell formation. Histamine induced hyperphosphataemia, hyperhydroxyprolinemia
      and decreased soluble gastrointestinal calcium at 3 hr after injection.
      Cimetidine inhibited all effects induced by histamine. This suggests that
      hyperphosphataemia arises from increased bone resorption provoked by decreased
      soluble intestinal calcium during egg shell formation.

PMID- 2882940
TI  - DNA repair synthesis in cultured fish and human cells exposed to fish S9
      activated aromatic hydrocarbons.
AB  - Unscheduled DNA repair synthesis was measured autoradiographically in cultured
      rainbow trout gonad (RTG) and human fibroblast (HF) cells following exposure to
      aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 3,4-benzopyrene (BP), 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene (DBA), 1,2
      benzanthracene (BA) and pyrene (PY) activated with S9 prepared from rainbow trout
      liver. S9 from rainbow trout injected with Arochlor 1254 or an oil extract was
      compared with S9 from Fischer rats injected with Arochlor 1254 for the ability to
      activate AFB1 and cause DNA repair in RTG and HF cells. All three types of S9
      activated AFB1, but the measured DNA repair response was greater in the HF cells.
      A significant grain count response was found following exposure of HF cells to
      fish S9-activated BP. Using assay conditions which enhance fish cell grain
      counts, a significant level of DNA repair was also found in RTG cells exposed to
      fish S9-activated BP. Marginal but statistically significant amounts of DNA
      repair were elicited in HF and RTG cells exposed to rainbow trout S9-activated BA
      and DBA, but no response was detected following PY exposure. Fish S9 was found to
      be able to activate a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and cause
      DNA repair synthesis in both fish and mammalian cells. The magnitude of the
      repair response roughly parallels the carcinogenic potential of the PAHs. These
      results elicit trans species and phyla comparisons which help to validate fish as
      models for aquatic carcinogenesis research, and also demonstrate PAH DNA-damaging
      effects on fish DNA, adding further credence for studying the effects of these
      chemicals on aquatic organisms.

PMID- 2882941
TI  - The effects of procaine, strychnine and penicillin on nociceptive neurons in
      leech segmental ganglia.
AB  - Procaine, strychnine and penicillin selectively depolarized the membrane
      potential and prolonged the action potential recorded in the lateral but not the
      medial nociceptive (N) cell in the hirudinid leech Macrobdella decora. In
      contrast, procaine did not differentiate between medial and lateral N cells in
      two other hirudinid leeches Hirudo medicinalis and Haemopis marmorata. In these
      species, the drug equally decreased the amplitude of action potentials in both
      types of N cells without effecting their resting membrane properties. In the
      nociceptive neurons of the glossiphoniid leech Haementeria ghilianii which
      possesses only one type of N cell, procaine produced a depolarization and
      prolonged the action potential. This finding indicates that the single pair of N
      cells in Haementeria is of the lateral type. The results suggest that the lateral
      type N cell in Macrobdella and Haementeria share a unique Na+-dependent
      conductance which is selectively opened by the local anesthetics procaine and
      strychnine as well as by penicillin. This conductance is either not present or
      insensitive to the drugs in the homologous N cells in the two other leech species
      examined.

PMID- 2882943
TI  - Effects of adenosine perfusion on the metabolism and contractile activity of Rana
      ridibunda heart.
AB  - The effects of adenosine were examined on the isolated perfused heart of the frog
      Rana ridibunda. Adenosine produced negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on
      frog ventricle in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of adenosine on
      cardiac metabolism were also investigated by measuring the tissue content of
      adenine nucleotides, lactate, pyruvate, adenosine and inorganic phosphate, during
      adenosine perfusion. Adenosine had no effect on the tissue content of
      metabolites. No net synthesis of adenine nucleotides was observed during
      perfusion with increasing concentrations of adenosine. Lactate output from the
      heart decreased significantly with adenosine perfusion. Correlation of adenosine
      effects on cardiac muscle with the effects of hypoxia are discussed.

PMID- 2882942
TI  - Contractile and relaxant effects of jellyfish toxin on the vascular and
      intestinal tissues.
AB  - A toxic component (pCrTX) of jellyfish Carybdea rastonii (10(-8)-10(-6)g/ml)
      caused a contraction in both rat aorta and guinea-pig taenia coli which was
      partially inhibited by indomethacin or aspirin. pCrTX (10(-7)-10(-6)g/ml) relaxed
      the norepinephrine-induced contraction in rat aorta which was inhibited by
      removing endothelium or by adding methylene blue. These results suggest that a
      portion of the pCrTX-induced contraction is due to release of prostaglandin(s)
      and that the pCrTX-induced relaxation is due to release of an endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor.

PMID- 2882944
TI  - Frog retinal pigment screening and lithium.
AB  - The effect of the intraperitoneal injection of lithium on the pattern of the
      pigment screening (PS) of the frog retina has been studied in various
      illumination conditions. Lithium enhances the PS pattern induced by dark and it
      substantially modifies the PS pattern induced by the other light conditions. The
      dark-induced PS pattern is very stable and might be regulated by a single factor.
      The PS of light-adapted frogs is easily modified by drug administration and
      probably depends on a variety of factors which may be affected differently by the
      various injected substances. The possibility that lithium, melatonin and darkness
      might act in the same way or on the same system which regulates the PS in dark
      adaptation must not be disregarded.

PMID- 2882945
TI  - FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity and arylamidase activity in turbellarians and
      nemerteans--evidence for a novel neurovascular coordinating system in nemerteans.
AB  - The tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) has been immunolocalized in the
      nervous systems of seven species of Turbellaria and four species of Nemertea. The
      11 species represent all the major turbellarian and nemertean taxa, and
      illustrate most of the various life styles found in these animals. The FMRFamide
      like reactivity coincides with histochemically demonstrable arylamidase activity
      in the nervous systems. It is suggested that the FMRFamide-like reactivity
      demonstrates the presence in these lower invertebrates of one or more
      biologically active peptides, analogous to those of higher invertebrates and
      chordates and acting as putative neurotransmitters and coordinators of growth,
      maturation and muscular activities. The arylamidases occurring with the peptides
      are probably an integral part of these peptide-mediated control systems. The
      nemertean vascular system is especially rich in arylamidases and is believed to
      be concerned primarily with peptidergic control of bodily functions, rather than
      with transport of metabolites.

PMID- 2882946
TI  - Lymphoid tissue responses to perfluorocarbon emulsion in mice.
AB  - The effects of either intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of low doses (5 or
      10 ml/kg) of the proprietary emulsified perfluorocarbon-based blood substitute,
      Fluosol-DA 20%, on mouse lymphoid tissue and antibody production against sheep
      erythrocytes (SRBC) have been investigated. Mean liver weight was significantly
      increased and gut mesenteric lymph node (MLN) weights decreased in all animals
      injected with Fluosol-DA, irrespective of route of administration. In contrast,
      spleen weight decreased following intravenous injection of emulsion at 5 ml/kg.
      The mean plasma haemagglutination response to SRBC was significantly (P less than
      0.01) increased in animals injected intraperitoneally with Fluosol at both doses
      but was similar to control in all other cases. These results show that lymphoid
      tissue responses to Fluosol-DA in mice are variable and that antibody production
      against intraperitoneally-injected SRBC is enhanced by prior injection of
      emulsion into the peritoneal cavity.

PMID- 2882947
TI  - Descending and segmental spinal pathways differently regulate contractions of
      antagonistic muscles of frogs in vitro.
AB  - A comparison of fibres descending through the ventral column and segmental
      afferent fibres was carried out using an isolated frog spinal cord-nerve-muscle
      preparation with a pair of antagonistic muscles. The m. tibialis anterior (TIB)
      was contracted with stimulation of the ventral column much stronger than with
      that of the dorsal root (DR). Contraction of the m. gastrocnemius (GAS) was
      selectively induced with DR stimulation. These results suggest that the
      descending fibres and segmental afferent fibres preferentially regulate
      contractions of the flexor (the TIB) and the extensor (the GAS), respectively.
      Effects of alpha-aminoadipate, methysergide and LSD were also examined.

PMID- 2882948
TI  - The effect of copper on intact swine erythrocytes.
AB  - The effect of copper on intact swine erythrocytes was investigated in vitro. When
      treated with copper, a decrease in the GSH content, accumulation of copper in the
      cell, loss of potassium and gain of sodium, cross-linking of membrane proteins
      and echinocytic transformation were observed. All of these phenomena seem to be
      caused by a potent oxidant action of copper. These cytotoxic effects of copper
      were markedly inhibited by the addition of bovine serum albumin in the incubation
      medium. These results may help to understand the mechanism of hemolysis
      associated with copper poisoning in vivo.

PMID- 2882949
TI  - Studies on the influence of nitrite on methemoglobin formation in Amazonian
      fishes.
AB  - Twenty one species of fishes, collected from the Rio Solimoes and a tributary
      lake in the Amazon Basin near Manaus, showed a wide range of methemoglobin
      formation 1 hr after a dose of 30 mg/kg of sodium nitrite i.p. Methemoglobin
      formation in two experimental fishes, Brycon cf. melanopterum and Semaprochilodus
      insignis, maintained in tanks in our INPA laboratory, was studied in detail. Both
      fishes survived a dose of 10 mg/kg of nitrite i.p. but usually died within 3 hr
      of a dose of 30 mg/kg with levels of blood methemoglobin in excess of 80%.
      Methemoglobin produced in vitro by addition of nitrite to fresh blood was slowly
      reduced back to hemoglobin over a period of several hours at room temperature.
      Hemoglobin in hemolysates was auto-oxidized to methemoglobin at pH 6.1 and below
      but not at 6.9 and above.

PMID- 2882950
TI  - Components of increased labelling with putrescine and fucose during healing of
      skin wounds.
AB  - To study the glycoproteins and transglutaminase substrates involved in healing,
      wounds were made in the skin of anesthetized rats with a biopsy punch. Explants
      made 1-5 days later were incubated with [3H]-labelled putrescine, fucose or
      proline. As compared with unwounded skin there was an increased incorporation of
      label which was greatest at 3 days. Incubation for various times suggests that
      the incorporation of fucose and proline is dependent on protein synthesis,
      whereas putrescine is incorporated into preformed proteins. Putrescine and fucose
      label polypeptides with an Mr of about 45,000 before and 14,000 after reduction.
      These correspond in size with the aminopropeptide of type III collagen. Other
      labelled material of higher molecular weight is partly degraded to similar
      polypeptides on collagenase digestion. Much of the [3H]putrescine in the
      polypeptides is in the form of gamma-glutamyl putrescine. It is hypothesized that
      isopeptide linkage of the aminopropeptide III occurs in wound healing.

PMID- 2882951
TI  - Management of hypertension in chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2882952
TI  - Effect of antihypertensive agents on renal function.

PMID- 2882953
TI  - Localization and linkage of three polymorphic DNA sequences on human chromosome
      20.
AB  - The D20S6 locus has been sublocalized by in situ hybridization using the pD3H12
      probe to human chromosome band 20p12 and the D20S4 locus using the pMS1-27 probe
      to 20q13.2. A rare new restriction fragment length polymorphism detected in MspI
      digested DNA by the pMSI-27 probe is reported. Linkage studies in nine families
      have shown that the D20S6 locus is linked to D20S5 (formerly mapped to 20p12 by
      in situ hybridization) with a maximum likelihood estimate of 0.07 for the
      recombination frequency (lod score = 9.07) and a confidence interval of 0.02 to
      0.14. Estimated recombination frequencies were similar in males and females.
      Using both two- and multipoint analyses, linkage of D20S4 with the D20S5 and
      D20S6 loci was excluded and the suggested order for the three loci on chromosome
      20 is D20S5-D20S6-centromere-D20S4. D20S5 and D20S6 are very useful markers for
      linkage studies because of their close proximity and reasonably good polymorphic
      information content values.

PMID- 2882954
TI  - A mouse homeo box-containing gene maps near a developmental mutation.
AB  - Mouse genes containing homeo box domains are predicted to fulfill important
      functions in embryogenesis. Using recombinant inbred mouse strains, we have
      mapped a mouse gene which contains a homeo box with homology to the Drosophila
      engrailed gene. This gene maps to mouse chromosome 1 near or at the dominant
      hemimelia locus which is a known mouse developmental mutation.

PMID- 2882955
TI  - Genetic mapping of Prm-1, Igl-1, Smst, Mtv-6, Sod-1, and Ets-2 and localization
      of the Down syndrome region on mouse chromosome 16.
AB  - Molecular probes were used as markers in the backcross (Czech II X BALB/cPt) X
      Czech II to determine the positions of six genes on mouse chromosome 16 (MMU 16).
      The order of the genes mapped is (centromere), protamine-1 (Prm-1),
      immunoglobulin lambda 1 light chain (Igl-1), preprosomatostatin (Smst), an
      endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus locus (Mtv-6), and two more distal
      sequences, superoxide dismutase, cytoplasmic form (Sod-1), and the proto-oncogene
      sequence Ets-2. The largest recombination frequency between any two adjacent
      markers is 24 cM, and thus the position of any marker on MMU 16 that is
      polymorphic between these two strains can be readily determined in this
      backcross. A region of MMU 16 which corresponds to the Down syndrome region of
      human chromosome 21 is located near the distal end of the chromosome.

PMID- 2882956
TI  - Mapping polypeptide hormone genes in the mouse: somatostatin, glucagon,
      calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.
AB  - Mouse-Chinese hamster hybrids segregating mouse chromosomes were analyzed by
      Southern hybridization techniques to map the genes for somatostatin (Smst),
      glucagon (Gcg), calcitonin (Calc), and parathyroid hormone (Pth). The mouse gene
      for somatostatin, detected on a 20-kb EcoRI fragment, is located on mouse
      chromosome 16. Glucagon cDNA hybridized to a 14-kb EcoRI fragment residing on
      chromosome 2. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone genes, detected on 7.8-kb
      HindIII and 6.0-kb BamHI fragments, respectively, were on mouse chromosome 7. The
      calcitonin and parathyroid hormone genes appear to be part of a larger linkage
      group which has been conserved in mouse and man.

PMID- 2882957
TI  - Undetermined utility of almitrine.

PMID- 2882958
TI  - Adrenergic bronchodilators and potassium.

PMID- 2882959
TI  - Response to inhaled bronchodilators in COPD.

PMID- 2882961
TI  - [Combined multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN I and MEN IIa)].

PMID- 2882962
TI  - [Clinical uses of the saphenous neurovascular axial skin flap in treating skin
      defects of the lower extremity].

PMID- 2882960
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)--Wermer and Sipple syndrome].
AB  - The illness-process of four patients, two with MEN I (Wermer syndrome) and two
      with MEN IIa (Sipple syndrome) is described and the therapeutical proceeding
      explained. The fundamental principle of therapy is the extirpation of hormone
      producing tumors, in the course of which MEN requires a special sequence in
      surgical proceeding. Although curative therapy was not possible in all cases, all
      four patients are still alive. The period of observance surveyed amounts from one
      year up to eleven years. The importance of family screening is shown in the fact
      that in two families more sick people were to be found.

PMID- 2882963
TI  - [Potentiation of the bronchodilating effect of beta-adrenergic agonists in guinea
      pigs with ketotifen].

PMID- 2882964
TI  - Sports dentistry: a new role.

PMID- 2882966
TI  - Topical 5-aminosalicylic acid versus prednisolone in ulcerative
      proctosigmoiditis. A randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. Danish 5-ASA
      Group.
AB  - The therapeutic efficacy of a slightly acidic, buffered suspension of 1000 mg 5
      aminosalicylic acid (Pentasa) was compared with that of 25 mg prednisolone
      following daily rectal administration to outpatients with mild to moderate
      proctosigmoiditis. The study was carried out as a randomized, double-blind trial
      in seven gastroenterological departments. A total of 123 patients were included
      of whom 114 completed the study (53 5-aminosalicylic acid, 61 prednisolone). The
      patient population was representative for the disease as it ordinarily appears in
      medical outpatient clinics. After 14 days, patients in total remission
      discontinued the treatment, while the rest were treated for another two-week
      period. Improvement or remission was seen in 77% of the 5-aminosalicylic acid
      treated patients and in 72% of the prednisolone-treated patients (P greater than
      0.05). More than half the patients requiring prolonged treatment benefited from
      it, which points to an advantage of extended therapy. Side effects were few and
      mild. It is concluded that the applied suspension of 5-aminosalicylic acid is at
      least as efficient as prednisolone for topical treatment of patients with
      slightly to moderately active proctosigmoiditis.

PMID- 2882965
TI  - Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in human
      neutrophils by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid.
AB  - The possible effect of sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and acetyl-5
      aminosalicylic acid on endogenous arachidonic acid release and metabolism was
      studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). A new in vitro assay was
      used by which [1-14C]arachidonic acid is incorporated by purified peripheral PMNs
      until steady state was obtained (5 hr). After preincubation with the test drugs
      prior to activation with calcium ionophore A23187, the released eicosanoids were
      isolated by extraction and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitated by
      autoradiography and laser densitometry. Median drug concentrations needed for 50%
      inhibition of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) release
      was 4-5 mM (range 1-9 mM) for both sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. The
      acetylated derivative of 5-aminosalicylic acid was ineffective. The present data
      suggest that inhibition of arachidonic acid lipoxygenation may be an essential
      action of sulfasalazine and its active metabolite, 5-aminosalicylic acid.
      Interference with lipoxygenase enzymes, rather than a steroid-like inhibition of
      arachidonic acid release from intracellular phospholipids, seems to be the mode
      of action.

PMID- 2882967
TI  - Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT): results of feasibility study.
      The DCCT Research Group.
AB  - The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) is a multicenter, randomized,
      clinical study designed to determine whether an intensive treatment regimen
      directed at maintaining blood glucose concentrations as close to normal as
      possible will affect the appearance or progression of early vascular
      complications in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We
      present the baseline characteristics and 1-yr results of the initial cohort of
      278 subjects randomized in phase II of the trial, a phase designed to answer
      several feasibility questions before initiating a full-scale trial. During phase
      II, recruitment was completed on schedule. The 191 adults and 87 adolescents were
      randomized either to standard treatment (90 adults and 42 adolescents), designed
      to approximate conventional diabetes treatment, or to experimental treatment (101
      adults and 45 adolescents), designed to achieve near-normal blood glucose and
      HbA1c concentrations. With few exceptions, baseline demographic, ophthalmologic,
      renal, and other medical characteristics were evenly distributed by randomization
      between the two treatment groups in both age strata. Glycemic control at
      baseline, as assessed by HbA1c concentrations and by blood glucose profiles, was
      comparable between the treatment groups in both age strata. The treatment
      strategies employed produced statistically significant and clinically meaningful
      differences in HbA1c concentrations and blood glucose profiles between the
      experimental- and standard-group subjects for both adults and adolescents. These
      differences were maintained throughout the feasibility phase. Except for an
      increased incidence of hypoglycemia in the experimental group, the two treatment
      regimens maintained or improved the clinical well-being of subjects in both
      groups. Adherence and completeness of follow-up were excellent (greater than
      95%), and the methods employed to measure biochemical and pathologic
      characteristics of IDDM proved to be reliable, reproducible, and precise. The
      feasibility phase of the DCCT demonstrated that a complex multicenter, randomized
      study of the relationship between diabetes control and complications can be
      performed. The full-scale, long-term trial therefore has been initiated.

PMID- 2882968
TI  - [Differences in the temporal intervals of the effect of mediators on nerve cells
      as a method of information coding].

PMID- 2882969
TI  - Relationship between sulfotransferase activity and susceptibility to
      acetaminophen-induced liver necrosis in the hamster.
AB  - The effect of pretreatments which modulate acetaminophen sulfotransferase
      activity on the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen have been examined in the
      hamster. Co-administration of sodium sulfate modestly enhanced the formation of
      acetaminophen sulfate, but provided little protection against liver injury. In
      isolated hepatocyte studies, sodium sulfate enhanced the Vmax of acetaminophen
      sulfotransferase activity, but did not alter the apparent Km toward
      acetaminophen. Administration of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol with acetaminophen
      selectively depressed acetaminophen sulfate formation in vivo and significantly
      exacerbated acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. In kinetic studies using isolated
      hamster hepatocytes, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol competitively inhibited
      acetaminophen sulfotransferase with a Ki of 2.5 X 10(-6) M. The data indicate
      that in the hamster, acetaminophen sulfotransferase activity plays a relatively
      minor role in the modulation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, and that, at
      hepatotoxic doses, the capacity limitation on this enzyme system is determined to
      a greater extent by its Km (app) value than by limitation in cofactor (3'
      phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) availability.

PMID- 2882970
TI  - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in the rat.
AB  - The linearity of the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen was examined in male Sprague
      Dawley rats given iv bolus doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg ibuprofen. Plasma and
      urine concentrations of ibuprofen and its two major metabolites, OH-ibuprofen and
      COOH-ibuprofen, were determined by HPLC and the binding of ibuprofen to plasma
      proteins was measured by an ultrafiltration technique. The systemic plasma
      clearance (CLtot) of ibuprofen was dose-dependent and decreased from 0.29 to 0.14
      liter/hr/kg primarily as a result of a 65% decrease in the partial metabolic
      clearance to OH-ibuprofen while the average mean residence time (MRTtot)
      increased approximately 35% over the 10-50 mg/kg dosage range. Since there were
      no dose-dependent changes in the apparent steady state volume of distribution
      (Vss,tot), the mean harmonic half-life increased from 1.7-2.8 hr over the dosage
      range studied. The binding of ibuprofen to plasma proteins was relatively
      independent of concentration up to 90 mg/liter (mean free fraction approximately
      5.5%), but became markedly concentration-dependent thereafter (free fraction up
      to 25.4% at 411 mg/liter). The mean recovery of total ibuprofen in the urine over
      24 hours at 10 mg/kg was 62.1% and decreased by 24% and 40% at 50 and 20 mg/kg,
      respectively. This dose-dependent decrease in the percentage excreted in the
      urine was primarily due to a reduction in the recovery of OH-ibuprofen slightly
      offset by a small, but significant, increase in the urinary excretion of COOH
      ibuprofen between 10 and 50 mg/kg. The apparent pharmacokinetic parameters based
      on free, unbound concentrations of ibuprofen were also dose-dependent.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882971
TI  - Nonenzymatic bioreduction in rat liver and kidney of nitroxyl spin labels,
      potential contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Paramagnetic nitroxyl spin labels have potential clinical utility as contrast
      agents in proton magnetic resonance imaging. Reduction of the nitroxyl moiety in
      vivo results in the formation of the diamagnetic hydroxylamine, which lacks
      contrast-enhancing activity. Bioreduction is therefore an important determinant
      of the imaging behavior of these agents. Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic
      reduction mechanisms have been suggested for nitroxyl spin labels. This study
      examines the nonenzymatic mechanisms in rat liver and kidney, mammalian tissues
      that demonstrate high reducing activity. Protein-free preparations, obtained by
      heat precipitation or ultrafiltration of rat liver and kidney homogenates, were
      used to test piperidine and pyrrolidine nitroxyl spin-label derivatives, for
      which imaging properties and bioreduction had previously been examined. For the
      piperidine derivative, the initial reduction rates in ultrafiltrates and
      supernatant fluids were 25-60% of those in whole liver and kidney homogenates.
      However, the pyrrolidine derivative was reduced at rates much slower than those
      in whole tissue homogenates. The reduction in whole tissue homogenates was NADPH
      dependent, while reduction in ultrafiltrates was unaffected by the addition of
      NADPH. Preincubation of the ultrafiltrates and supernatant fluids with ascorbic
      acid oxidase caused almost complete inhibition of the reduction. The reduction
      rates of these nitroxyl derivatives were determined in ascorbic acid solution;
      second order rate constants were 0.45 +/- 0.04 and 0.0042 +/- 0.001 mM-1 min-1
      for the piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives, respectively. The concentrations
      of ascorbic acid in the supernatant fluids and ultrafiltrates of rat liver and
      kidney were then predicted from the observed reduction rates and found to be
      virtually identical with those from spectrophotometric determinations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882972
TI  - In vitro microsomal metabolism of the leukotriene receptor antagonist, 5-(2
      dodecylphenyl)-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid (SK&F 102,081).
AB  - In vivo experiments indicate that the major route of metabolism of SK&F 102,081
      [5-(2-dodecylphenyl)-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid] is via omega-oxidation and
      subsequent beta-oxidation. Therefore, in vitro experiments were designed to
      characterize the initial reaction of this pathway, omega-hydroxylation. SK&F
      102,081 was metabolized by rat hepatic microsomes to two products; mass spectral
      analysis indicated that these products were the omega (omega) and omega minus one
      (omega-1) hydroxylated metabolites, 5-[2-(12-hydroxy)dodecylphenyl]-4,6
      dithianonanedioic acid and 5-[2-(11-hydroxy)dodecylphenyl]-4,6-dithianonanedioic
      acid, respectively. NADPH and oxygen were required for the formation of these
      metabolites. Kinetic analysis of omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylations of SK&F
      102,081 indicated that the apparent Km for (omega-1)-hydroxylation (52.6 microM)
      was approximately 2.5-fold higher than the apparent Km for omega-hydroxylation
      (22.0 microM). Furthermore, the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, metyrapone, produced
      differential inhibition of omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation. In addition, the
      terminal acetylenic analogue of SK&F 102,081, SK&F 103,600 (5-[2-(11
      dodecynyl)phenyl]-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid), produced differential suicide
      inactivation of SK&F 102,081 omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylations. These studies
      indicate that the omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylations of SK&F 102,081 are
      probably carried out by different isozymes of hepatic cytochrome P-450 in the
      rat. Furthermore, the isozymes that hydroxylate SK&F 102,081 at the omega- and
      (omega-1)-positions may be similar to those which mediate similar reactions on
      endogenous compounds such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

PMID- 2882973
TI  - In vivo metabolism of the leukotriene receptor antagonist, 5-(2-dodecylphenyl)
      4,6-dithianonanedioic acid (SK&F 102,081) in the guinea pig.
AB  - Both leukotrienes and their receptor antagonists possess substantial
      pharmacologic activity in in vitro systems, but their duration of action in vivo
      is extremely short. The exact mechanism of rapid inactivation of these lipids is
      unknown, but is likely due to metabolism. Therefore, the metabolic fate of a
      model antagonist 5-(2-dodecylphenyl)-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid (SK&F 102,081)
      was elucidated in anesthetized guinea pigs. Following iv administration of
      [14C]SK&F 102,081 (5 mg/kg), 85% of injected radioactivity was excreted in bile
      in 1 hr. Approximately 6% of the radioactivity in bile was associated with
      parent. At least 14 metabolites were present in bile, 2 of which accounted for
      almost 60% of the excreted radioactivity. Identification of biliary metabolites
      revealed that metabolism occurred by two major routes, omega-oxidation with
      subsequent beta-oxidation and acyl glucuronidation at approximately a 4:1 ratio.
      Since current structure-activity relationships suggest that omega-oxidation
      results in the loss of pharmacologic activity of SK&F 102,081, the rapid loss in
      pharmacologic activity observed in vivo may be due to rapid metabolism.

PMID- 2882974
TI  - Alterations in biliary excretory function by streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
AB  - Hepatic clearance and biliary excretion of model substrates for each of four
      carrier-mediated transport systems were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats
      treated 28 days earlier with 45 mg/kg streptozotocin iv to induce uncontrolled
      insulin-deficient diabetes. Diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycemia (560 mg/dl),
      polyuria (160 ml/24 hr), polyphagia, polydipsia, and generalized myopathy. The
      plasma disappearance, biliary excretion, and elimination half-life of the anionic
      dye phenol red was unchanged in diabetic rats, but total clearance of phenol red
      was increased. Conjugation of phenol red with glucuronic acid appeared to be
      increased in diabetic rats, whereas acetylation of procainamide ethobromide was
      decreased. Plasma elimination and total clearance of cationic procainamide
      ethobromide, uncharged ouabain, and the bile acid taurocholate were significantly
      increased in diabetic animals. Biliary excretion of these three compounds was
      only slightly elevated in the first 15 min after administration and was decreased
      after 1 hr. Biliary and total systemic clearance were also increased from 2-3
      fold for procainamide ethobromide, ouabain, and taurocholate. These changes in
      clearance are predominantly due to the 2-5-fold increase in steady state volume
      of distribution. Basal bile flow rates were increased by 62% after the induction
      of diabetes to 88 microliter/min/kg. Diabetic rats secreted higher levels of bile
      acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids into bile. These data indicate that long
      term insulin-dependent diabetes does alter hepatic excretory function.

PMID- 2882975
TI  - Uptake, metabolism, and secretion of 3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene by
      isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - Uptake, metabolism, and biliary secretion of 3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4
      aminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) were studied in isolated rat liver which was perfused
      with protein-free fluorocarbon medium. [14C]3'-Me-DAB (5-10 nmol) was injected
      into the portal vein and allowed to recirculate. The recovery of radioactivity in
      bile was 7.5, 14, and 20% at 15, 30, and 45 min of injection, respectively. At 45
      min, the liver contained an additional 17% of injected radioactivity. Azo dye
      metabolites in perfused liver differed from those in vivo; metabolites co
      migrating with 3'-CHO-DAB and 3'-methyl-n,n-methyl aminoazobenzene (Me-MAB) (and
      the parent compound 3'-Me-DAB) were present, while metabolites co-migrating with
      3'-Me-4'-OH-AB and 3'-CH2OH-MAB were increased and metabolites co-migrating with
      3'-CH2OH-DAB were decreased. In bile from perfused liver, metabolites co
      migrating with 3'-CHO-DAB and 3'-Me-MAB were undetectable. When proteins from
      normal rat bile were injected into portal vein 15 min after the administration of
      3'-Me-DAB, the compounds co-migrating with 3'-Me-MAB, 3'-CHO-DAB, 3'-Me-4'-OH-AB,
      and 3'-CH2OH-MAB decreased, and compounds co-migrating with 3'-CH2OH-DAB
      increased in the liver; in bile, there was increase in 3'-Me-MAB, 3'-CHO-DAB, and
      3'-Me-4'-OH-MAB, which there was a decrease in N-Ac-3'-Me-4'-OH-AB and 3'-COOH
      DAB. Appearance of protein-metabolite adducts in bile was also observed after
      addition of normal bile proteins to the perfusate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2882976
TI  - Uptake and disposition of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine by rabbit lungs.
AB  - The pulmonary uptake and accumulation of the three polyamines in intact,
      ventilated, and perfused rabbit lungs was investigated. Lungs were perfused using
      Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with albumin in which putrescine, spermidine, or
      spermine were included at an initial concentration of 10(-3), 10(-2), 10(-1), 5,
      10, or 20 mM. At a 5 mM concentration of spermidine and spermine, the uptake by
      isolated lungs reached a steady state equilibrium in 20-30 min of perfusion. This
      did not occur for putrescine, which showed linear uptake throughout the entire
      period of the 60-min perfusion. The lung uptake of putrescine for all perfusate
      concentrations was greater than that of spermidine or spermine, but all three
      showed concentration-dependent linear uptake. In the presence of harmaline (1 mM)
      and ouabain (1 mM), isolated perfused rabbit lungs showed a decrease in uptake of
      putrescine although no effect was seen for spermidine and spermine. Perfusate
      containing decreased sodium showed no effect on putrescine uptake by isolated
      rabbit lungs, but there was a significant increase in the uptake of spermidine
      and spermine. Significant uptake of all three polyamines was also observed when
      incubated separately with rabbit lung slices for 60 min. HPLC analysis of lung,
      the perfusate samples, lung slices, and the incubation medium after a 60-min
      incubation did not indicate the presence of metabolites of these polyamines.
      Likewise, the analysis of the lung homogenate incubated with polyamines did not
      show any metabolites confirming the absence of detectable pulmonary
      metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882978
TI  - Conversion of N,N-dimethylaniline to N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide by a cytosolic
      flavin-containing enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - A cytosolic NADPH-dependent FAD-containing enzyme purified from Trypanosoma cruzi
      epimastigotes [Kuwahara, White, and Agosin: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 124,
      121 (1984); Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 239, 18 (1985)] catalyzes the conversion of
      N,N-dimethylaniline to its corresponding N-oxide. The identity of the product has
      been established by high performance liquid chromatography and paper
      chromatography elution patterns and by electron impact spectrometry. The
      oxidation of N,N-dimethylaniline was determined by following the oxidation of
      NADPH spectrophotometrically, and a double reciprocal plot of reaction velocity
      vs. substrate concentration was prepared. At an optimum pH of 8.0, the plot
      resulted in Km and Vmax values of 56 microM and 114 nmol X min-1 X mg of protein
      1, respectively. The oxidative activity of the enzyme suggests that it may be
      involved in detoxication processes which may contribute to the resistance of T.
      cruzi to known antiprotozoal drugs.

PMID- 2882977
TI  - Conversion of melphalan to 4-(glutathionyl)phenylalanine. A novel mechanism for
      conjugation by glutathione-S-transferases.
AB  - One of the conjugates of melphalan, characterized following incubation with
      glutathione (GSH) and immobilized microsomal glutathione-S-transferases, has been
      identified as 4-(glutathionyl)-phenylalanine. This conjugate is formed by
      displacement of the mustard moiety. The structure was confirmed by reaction of
      the corresponding 4-halophenylalanines with GSH as well as by TLC, HPLC, and FAB
      mass spectrometry. Evidence is presented here to support the hypothesis that this
      novel reaction occurs via a cyclic aziridinium ion. To test this proposed
      mechanism, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine and its corresponding quaternary ammonium
      iodide salt were incubated with GSH in the presence of immobilized glutathione-S
      transferases at 37 degrees C for 1 hr at pH 7.4. The tertiary amine did not
      react, whereas the quaternary compound produced 4-(glutathionyl)toluene. The
      effect of ring substituent requirements for the reaction was evaluated. The
      formation of GSH adducts of alkylating agents may be a factor in the development
      of resistance to these drugs.

PMID- 2882980
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of all-trans-retinoic acid and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)retinamide
      in mice as determined with a sensitive and convenient procedure. Solid-phase
      extraction and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - An improved method for the analysis of retinoids in mouse plasma allows
      quantification of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)retinamide
      (NHERA) in amounts as low as 2 ng/ml (7 X 10(-9) M), the approximate endogenous
      concentration of RA. The procedure, involving solid-phase extraction and reverse
      phase HPLC, can be used for rapid processing of large numbers of samples. With
      this procedure, we have determined the terminal half-life for RA (0.5 hr) and
      have confirmed the half-life for NHERA (3.6 hr) in the plasma of mice dosed
      orally. We have also noted that the serum content of retinol is temporarily
      reduced following dosing with RA, but not with NHERA.

PMID- 2882979
TI  - Pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and chloramphenicol in rats.
AB  - The effects of chloramphenicol, a potent enzyme inhibitor, on the
      pharmacokinetics of theophylline were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats.
      Chloramphenicol treatment, 75 mg/day intravenously for 3 days, significantly (p
      less than 0.05) decreased the plasma clearance of theophylline by 31% with no
      apparent effects on the volume of distribution (0.97 liter/kg). The elimination
      half-life in chloramphenicol treated rats (N = 6) was 4.8 hr, significantly (p
      less than 0.05) longer than the corresponding half-life, 3.4 hr, in control rats
      (N = 6). It appears that chloramphenicol has a marked inhibitory effect on the
      activity of the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase liver microsome
      system responsible for the oxidation and demethylation of theophylline.

PMID- 2882981
TI  - Urinary excretion kinetics of famotidine in rats.
AB  - Famotidine is a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist which has been demonstrated
      to be more potent than cimetidine and ranitidine in inhibiting gastric acid
      secretion. Nine groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received an ia injection
      of various loading doses of famotidine followed immediately by a constant
      infusion of the drug at different rates for 6 hr. When steady state famotidine
      concentrations in plasma were low, renal clearance of the drug (CLR) was greater
      than glomerular filtration (GFR), and the ratio CLR/GFR was about 4.5 at plasma
      concentrations of 0.2-1.8 micrograms/ml, suggesting that famotidine was actively
      secreted by the renal tubules. The CLR decreased as famotidine concentration in
      plasma increased, and the ratio CLR/GFR approached 1 in the concentration range
      of 25-76 micrograms/ml, thus providing evidence for saturation of the secretory
      mechanism. The maximum rate of secretory transport (Tm) of famotidine averaged
      180 micrograms/min/kg. On average, some 50-70% of an ia bolus dose was excreted
      in the urine as unchanged drug within 24 hr of administration. Over the dose
      range of 0.3-30 mg/kg famotidine, there was no dose-dependent effect on total or
      renal clearance. Since the lowest dose level, 0.3 mg/kg, is below the recommended
      human therapeutic dose for famotidine (0.6 mg/kg), the saturation of the renal
      excretion process observed here in rats is not likely to be of clinical
      significance.

PMID- 2882982
TI  - In vivo and in vitro biotransformation of theobromine by phenobarbital- and 3
      methylcholanthrene-inducible cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in rat liver. Role
      of thiol compounds.
AB  - A new in vitro method was developed and applied to establish the role of the
      hepatic cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in theobromine biotransformation by
      control and phenobarbital (PB)- and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-induced Sprague
      Dawley rats. In vivo theobromine metabolite formation and pharmacokinetic
      parameters were also determined to serve as a comparison for in vitro studies. In
      vivo, the major urinary metabolite was 6-amino-5-[N-methylformylamino]-1
      methyluracil (3,7DAU) with lesser amounts of 3,7-dimethyluric acid (3,7DMU), 3
      methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, 7-methyluric acid, and traces of
      dimethylallantoin (DMA). Following induction with 3MC, but not PB, selective
      increases occurred in the urinary excretion of 3,7DAU, indicating that a 3MC
      inducible cytochrome P-450 isozyme plays a significant role in this metabolic
      pathway. Both PB and 3MC induction increased slightly urinary elimination of DMA,
      a minor metabolite. Pharmacokinetic studies after a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg
      theobromine revealed a marked effect of 3MC treatment on theobromine elimination,
      as evidenced by a 59% decrease in theobromine t1/2, a 75% decrease in AUC, and a
      284% increase in clearance. By contrast, PB had no effect. Fecal 14C elimination
      accounted for approximately 5% of the administered theobromine dose, and biliary
      excretion studies revealed the presence of 3,7DMU, DMA, 3,7DAU, and unchanged
      theobromine. Studies in vitro indicated that 3,7DMU was the major theobromine
      metabolite produced by liver microsomes. Conversion rates in PB- and 3MC-induced
      rats were 2- and 11-fold higher, respectively, than in controls.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882983
TI  - Effects of aging on the properties of rhesus monkey liver microsomal NADPH
      cytochrome c (P-450) reductase.
AB  - Significant declines occur in several in vitro indices of the liver microsomal
      cytochromes P-450-dependent drug-metabolizing system during aging in inbred male
      rats. However, several investigators have expressed serious reservations
      concerning the extrapolation of data derived from rodent models to humans. The
      few studies to evaluate the hepatic P-450-dependent drug-metabolizing system in
      young and old primates found no age-related declines in in vitro indices. The
      present study was designed to characterize the important hepatic microsomal drug
      metabolizing enzyme, NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase (EC 1.6.2.4), as a
      function of aging in the rhesus monkey (Macaque mulatta). While certain
      properties of the solubilized and enriched enzyme remained relatively unchanged
      (molecular weight, kinetic profile, immunoprecipitatability), others exhibited
      marked shifts (specific activity, thermostability) as a function of aging. These
      changes contrasted with age-related alterations described in NADPH-cytochrome c
      (P-450) reductase isolated from inbred male rats. The present data suggest that
      inbred rodents may not accurately reflect possible age-dependent alterations in
      liver Phase I drug metabolism in primates.

PMID- 2882984
TI  - Extraction of omega- and omega-1-hydroxylauric acids with ethyl acetate results
      in formation of acetoxy products.
AB  - In studies of the regiospecific metabolism of lauric acid by monooxygenase
      enzymes, incubation medium from the reaction of [14C] lauric acid and microsomes
      is routinely acidified and extracted with ethyl ether. Separation of products by
      HPLC shows the formation of omega(12)- and omega-1(11)-hydroxylauric acids by rat
      liver microsomes. In a comparison of several extraction solvents, we observed
      that the extraction of incubation media with ethyl acetate alone was associated
      with the appearance of a major new metabolite peak concomitant with loss of the
      12- and 11-hydroxylaurate peaks by 62 and 23%, respectively. No difference was
      observed between extraction procedures in the per cent recovery of radiolabel.
      Similar results were observed with extraction of lauric acid metabolites formed
      by fish liver microsomes. Acidification of the incubation media prior to ethyl
      acetate extraction prevented formation of the new metabolite peak. In experiments
      to identify the new metabolite(s), 11- and 12-hydroxylaurate products formed by
      rat liver microsomes were acetylated and found to show an HPLC retention time
      similar to that of the unknown metabolite peak formed with ethyl acetate
      extraction. Mass spectrometric analysis further showed that the methyl esters of
      11- and 12-acetoxylauric acids were very similar to that of the methyl ester
      derivative of the unknown metabolite fraction. Thus, data indicate that the
      acetoxy derivatives of 11- and 12-hydroxylauric acids were formed by direct
      reaction of ethyl acetate with the laurate products formed by microsomal
      monooxygenase enzymes. This extraction procedure can produce a major shift in the
      amount and ratio of omega- and omega-1-hydroxylaurates measured in the incubation
      media.

PMID- 2882985
TI  - Biotransformation of caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine by
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome(s) P-450 in human liver
      microsomes.
AB  - The microsomal metabolism of caffeine and its primary dimethylxanthine
      metabolites, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine, was investigated in 15
      different human livers, including those from two known nonsmokers and one known
      smoker. At least two distinct enzymes with differing substrate affinities have
      the potential to catalyze most methylxanthine N-demethylations and C8
      hydroxylations in vitro; however, at the low methylxanthine concentrations
      routinely encountered in vivo, participation by the high affinity site is
      expected to predominate. It appears that the high affinity enzyme is a polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible isozyme of cytochrome P-450, based on competitive
      inhibition by 7-ethoxyresorufin and benzo[a]pyrene, and based on a significant (p
      less than 0.001) correlation between 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation and
      methylxanthine demethylation rates. alpha-Naphthoflavone inhibited all
      methylxanthine demethylations in excess of 80% in two high activity livers,
      whereas 8-hydroxylations were generally inhibited less. Kinetic analysis of
      paraxanthine 7-demethylation in four different liver preparations resulted in
      similar Km values of 1.2 +/- 0.5 mM (mean +/- SD), whereas Vmax values varied 8
      fold, compatible with participation by the same high affinity isozyme. Notable
      was the high degree of inter-liver variation in metabolic rates, with the known
      smoker showing the second highest activity among a 20-fold range in paraxanthine
      demethylation rates, consistent with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related
      enzyme induction. Maximal inhibition of paraxanthine 8-hydroxylation by alpha
      naphthoflavone left similar residual activities in the 15 liver preparations,
      indicating the presence of an enzyme activity that was not inducible.
      Furthermore, in low activity livers, more than 80% of paraxanthine 8
      hydroxylation was mediated by an isozyme of cytochrome P-450 insensitive to
      inhibition by alpha-naphthoflavone. Our in vitro data show that the proportion of
      demethylation relative to hydroxylation products of paraxanthine correlate with 7
      ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation rates. Taken together, the data provide a
      rationale for a potential in vivo marker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
      inducible cytochrome P-450 activity based on a urinary metabolite ratio of
      paraxanthine 7-demethylation to 8-hydroxylation products after caffeine intake.

PMID- 2882986
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of tetrabenazine and its major metabolite in man and rat.
      Bioavailability and dose dependency studies.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of tetrabenazine (TBZ), a catecholamine and serotonin
      depletor, and its major metabolite, dihydrotetrabenazine (HTBZ), were studied in
      four patients affected by tardive dyskinesia, who were under treatment with
      different doses of TBZ (12.5-37.5 mg, t.i.d.), and in the rat. In the patients,
      the steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs) of the
      metabolite were 82.6-199-fold higher than those of TBZ. The drug showed a small
      and erratic bioavailability (F = 0.06 +/- 0.026, mean +/- SD). It appears to be
      extensively metabolized, as no unchanged TBZ could be detected in the urine of
      the patients. Single oral doses of 0.5-10 mg/kg and single iv dose of 1 mg/kg of
      TBZ were each administered to four to six rats. The clearance of the drug
      following iv administration to the rat (mean +/- SD, 58.9 +/- 6.01 ml X min-1 X
      kg-1) was very close to the rat hepatic blood flow indicating a perfusion-limited
      clearance. An F value of 0.17 was obtained following iv and po doses of 1 mg/kg
      TBZ in the rat. The oral absorption of TBZ seems to be rapid and almost complete.
      Plots of the AUCs of TBZ and HTBZ vs. five different po doses (0.5-10 mg/kg) were
      linear with correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.986 for TBZ and HTBZ,
      respectively, suggesting linear kinetics in the examined dosage range. In both
      the patients and rats, the plasma profile of TBZ followed characteristics of a
      multiexponential pharmacokinetic model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2882987
TI  - Flavin-containing monooxygenase activity in human liver microsomes.
AB  - Human liver microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase activity has been studied
      using dimethylaniline N-oxidation and thiobenzamide S-oxidation. Except for one
      subject, the capacity of human liver microsomes to mediate these reactions were
      markedly increased at pH 8.4 compared to pH 7.4. The mean dimethylaniline N
      oxidase activities at pH 7.4 and 8.4 in the four subjects tested were 2.49 +/-
      1.13 and 6.59 +/- 4.04 nmol mg-1 min-1, respectively (mean +/- SD, N = 4). The
      mean thiobenzamide S-oxidase activities at pH 7.4 and 8.4 were 1.39 +/- 0.51 and
      2.74 +/- 1.28 nmol mg-1 min-1, respectively. At pH 7.4, an antibody to the human
      liver NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase inhibited dimethylaniline N-oxidation
      between 4 and 38%. The same antibody had no effect on this reaction at pH 8.4.
      Except for one subject, a battery of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors also had little
      effect on this reaction. Further, preincubating human microsomes at 45 degrees C
      in the absence of NADPH for 4 min destroyed approximately 90% of the
      dimethylaniline N-oxidase activity. These data collectively suggested that the
      flavin-containing mono-oxygenase is the major enzyme mediating this reaction in
      human liver microsomes. In contrast to dimethylaniline N-oxidation, thiobenzamide
      S-oxidation was significantly inhibited by the anti-reductase at both pH 7.4 and
      8.4, respectively. These data indicate that cytochromes P-450 contribute
      significantly to this reaction in human liver microsomes.

PMID- 2882988
TI  - Metabolism of ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-furyl)-oxazole-4-acetate, a new
      hypolipidemic agent, in the rat, rabbit, and dog. Glucuronidation of carboxyl
      group and cleavage of furan ring.
AB  - Metabolism of ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-furyl)-oxazole-4-acetate (TA-1801), a
      new hypolipidemic agent, was studied in the rat, rabbit, and dog. Animals were
      given a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg TA-1801 labeled with 14C. The first
      metabolic reaction for TA-1801 was hydrolysis of the ester linkage. The resulting
      metabolite M1 was found to undergo further biotransformations, i.e.
      glucuronidation at the carboxyl group and ring cleavage of the furan group. These
      metabolic pathways were observed in all the species examined, although species
      differences were seen in the amount of metabolites.

PMID- 2882989
TI  - Mitotane (1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane) metabolism in
      perfusion studies with dog adrenal glands.

PMID- 2882990
TI  - Comparison of hepatic and renal metabolism of acetaminophen in male and female
      miniature swine.

PMID- 2882991
TI  - In vivo inhibition of phenacetin oxidation by suicide substrate 1
      aminobenzotriazole.

PMID- 2882992
TI  - Pharmacogenetic association between the formation of 4-hydroxymephenytoin and a
      new metabolite of S-mephenytoin in man.

PMID- 2882993
TI  - Esmolol: a novel cardioselective, titratable, intravenous beta-blocker with
      ultrashort half-life.
AB  - Esmolol is an ultrashort-acting, cardioselective, intravenous beta-blocker with
      an elimination half-life of about nine minutes. After administration of a loading
      dose, its full therapeutic effect is evident within five minutes. Its efficacy in
      treating supraventricular arrhythmias is equal to that of propranolol, but unlike
      propranolol, the action of esmolol is titratable and is largely reversed within
      10 to 30 minutes after stopping its administration. Esmolol is also effective in
      attenuating life-threatening perioperative tachycardia and hypertension caused by
      adrenergic stimulation in high-risk patients.

PMID- 2882994
TI  - [Legal questions in connection with HIV infection and AIDS].

PMID- 2882995
TI  - [Various splinting technics and their indications for surgical dental
      preservation].

PMID- 2882996
TI  - Insulin-related changes in the subcellular distribution of insulin receptors in
      intact rat liver: effects of acute hypoinsulinemia induced by diazoxide,
      somatostatin, and xylazine.
AB  - The effects of inhibitors of insulin secretion on the concentration of plasma
      insulin and on the subcellular distribution of hepatic insulin receptors have
      been examined in rats. Liver plasma membranes, Golgi fractions, and a total
      particulate fraction were prepared various times after the injection of diazoxide
      (10 mg), xylazine (0.5 mg), and somatostatin (20 micrograms as a bolus followed
      by a 20 micrograms/15-min infusion), solubilized by Triton X-100, and examined
      for specific insulin binding. Injection of each of these drugs caused a 4- to 8
      fold decrease in plasma insulin concentration, and concomitantly, a 25-35%
      decrease in insulin binding to Golgi fractions; a 10% increase in insulin binding
      to plasma membranes also occurred in diazoxide-treated rats. Insulin binding to
      the total particulate fraction was unaffected. These changes achieved maximum by
      10-30 min and underwent complete reversal in 1 h. The decrease in insulin binding
      to Golgi fractions resulted exclusively from a change in receptor number and was
      accompanied by a 4- to 6-fold decrease in the content of extractable insulin in
      these fractions; the latter observation suggests that receptor internalization,
      rather than receptor synthesis, is diminished. The effects of diazoxide on plasma
      insulin concentration, insulin binding to Golgi fractions, and insulin content of
      Golgi fractions were fully prevented by tolbutamide, a stimulant of insulin
      secretion. These results show that acute hypoinsulinemias in rats are accompanied
      by changes in the subcellular distribution of hepatic insulin receptors that are
      opposite to those previously observed in acute hyperinsulinemias. Furthermore,
      both in acute hyperinsulinemic and hypoinsulinemic models, a significant
      correlation is observed between plasma insulin concentration on the one hand, and
      insulin binding to Golgi fractions as well as insulin content of Golgi fractions
      on the other. It is concluded that the extent to which hepatic insulin receptors
      are internalized is a function of their occupancy by endogenous hormone, and
      that, at least under acute conditions, receptor internalization is one major
      mechanism involved in receptor regulation.

PMID- 2882997
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide: a potent and selective stimulator of
      gastrointestinal somatostatin secretion.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) exists in nerves throughout the
      gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, and exogenous CGRP has been reported to
      inhibit many endocrine and exocrine secretions of the gut and pancreas. Because
      somatostatin also has widespread inhibitory actions and because both gut and
      pancreatic somatostatin secretion may be under peptidergic control, we examined
      the influence of CGRP on circulating levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      (SLI) and on hormone output from the duodenal lobe of the dog pancreas in situ.
      Intravenous infusion of human CGRP in anesthetized dogs increased arterial SLI in
      a dose-dependent manner. During iv infusion of CGRP at 500 pmol/min, the
      increment of circulating SLI (change at 20 min, +175 +/- 24 fmol/ml) was composed
      of nearly equimolar amounts of SLI-14 and SLI-28, suggesting an effect of CGRP on
      both gastric and intestinal somatostatin secretion. The effect of iv CGRP (500
      pmol/min) on arterial SLI exceeded those of iv CCK-8 (440 pmol/min), iv
      isoproterenol (10 nmol/min), and intragastric administration of acidified liver
      extract. In contrast, salmon calcitonin (500 pmol/min, iv) was without effect.
      CGRP did not stimulate pancreatic SLI output when infused iv (500 pmol/min) or
      when infused directly into a pancreatic artery (5 pmol/min). The pancreatic
      infusion of CGRP decreased insulin output slightly (change at 20 min, -21 +/-
      8%), but did not affect glucagon output. We conclude that CGRP is a most
      effective yet selective stimulator of gastrointestinal somatostatin release, with
      little influence on islet function. We suggest that exogenous and possibly
      endogenous neuronal CGRP could exert inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal
      function via the release of somatostatin.

PMID- 2882999
TI  - Existence of somatotrope subpopulations which are differentially responsive to
      insulin-like growth factor I and somatostatin.
AB  - It is generally accepted that hypothalamic somatostatin and hepatic insulin-like
      growth factor I (IGF-I)/somatomedin-C act directly on the pituitary to inhibit GH
      release, but it is not known whether all somatotropes are responsive to these
      agents. In the present study, we used a reverse hemolytic plaque assay to compare
      the acute (8 h) effects of somatostatin and IGF-I on the release of GH from
      individual cells in 24-h cultures of male rat pituitaries. Treatment with these
      factors caused comparable dose-dependent decreases in both the rate of plaque
      formation and the percentage of cells which released GH. In 8-h incubations,
      maximal (10(-8) M) doses of IGF-I or somatostatin alone decreased the percentage
      of GH-releasing cells to approximately the same degree (from 34.4% in controls to
      29.7% and 28.4%, respectively), yet the effects of these factors were additive
      when both agents were applied to the same cells (to 24.5%). When we analyzed the
      sizes of plaques (an index of the amount of hormone released per cell) which
      resulted from these treatments, we noted that somatostatin was a much greater
      suppressor (to 11% of control value) of GH release than IGF-I (60% of controls).
      Coincubation with 10(-8) M GH-releasing factor had no effect on the percentage of
      GH-releasing cells at 8 h but completely overrode the inhibitory effect of IGF-I
      on plaque size without affecting the somatostatin-induced decrease in this
      regard. Taken together, these data suggest that IGF-I and somatostatin act, at
      least in part, on separate subpopulations of rat somatotropes. Somatostatin is a
      much more effective inhibitor of total GH release than IGF-I and appears to
      affect most, if not all, somatotropes. In contrast, IGF-I acutely inhibits GH
      release (prevents plaque formation) from some somatotropes, but does not seem to
      affect the remaining GH cells.

PMID- 2882998
TI  - A pertussis toxin substrate regulates alpha 1-adrenergic dependent
      phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in cultured rat myocytes.
AB  - The chronotropic response of the heart to alpha 1-adrenergic catecholamines
      influenced by pertussis toxin under certain conditions. In view of the fact that
      alpha 1-adrenergic action is mediated by the phosphatidylinositol pathway of
      hormone action in many cells, we examined the hypothesis that alpha-adrenergic
      agonists stimulate phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in cardiomyocytes and that
      this effect is sensitive to pertussis toxin. Addition of norepinephrine to
      cultured rat ventricular myocytes prelabeled with myo-[2-3H]inositol resulted in
      rapid and significant accumulation of inositol phosphate (IP1) and inositol
      biphosphate. Norepinephrine-stimulated IP1 formation was not inhibited by
      propranolol, but was inhibited by alpha-adrenergic antagonists with an order of
      potency indicating alpha 1-adrenergic receptor subselectivity: prazosin (alpha 1;
      3 nM) greater than yohimbine (alpha 2; 10 microM). The effect of norepinephrine
      to enhance IP1 formation was markedly attenuated in cells pretreated with
      pertussis toxin. Pertussis toxin also induced the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD
      to a 41,000-dalton membrane protein in these cells. The concentration of
      pertussis toxin resulting in maximal inhibition of norepinephrine-stimulated IP1
      formation correlated well with the concentration of pertussis toxin necessary to
      completely ADP-ribosylate a 41,000-dalton membrane protein (1 ng/ml). The range
      over which pertussis toxin inhibited norepinephrine-dependent IP1 formation and
      ADP-ribosylated the 41,000-dalton substrate was virtually identical. These
      observations establish a role for a 41,000-dalton pertussis toxin substrate in
      coupling the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor to phosphoinositol hydrolysis in
      myocardial cells.

PMID- 2883000
TI  - Glucocorticoid stimulation of growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels in
      GH3 cells is inhibited by calcium but not by somatostatin.
AB  - Aside from studies of a possible synergism between T3 and glucocorticoids in
      regulating GH mRNA, there have been few previous studies of the modulation by
      hormones and other factors of glucocorticoid hormone regulation of pituitary cell
      GH gene expression. We have employed a serum-free medium containing no
      exogenously added Ca2+ to investigate whether Ca2+ or somatostatin influences the
      stimulation by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone of GH mRNA levels in
      GH3 cells. Basal levels were slightly (less than or equal to 2-fold) stimulated
      by CaCl2 (0.4 mM). The stimulation by dexamethasone (100 nM) of GH mRNA in GH3
      cells incubated in serum-free medium with or without Ca2+ was, respectively, 20-
      and 25-fold. Thus, under these experimental conditions, little effect of Ca2+ on
      regulation by dexamethasone was observed. To further reduce Ca2+ levels in the
      incubation medium, EGTA (20 microM) was added to chelate residual Ca2+. In some
      but not all experiments, EGTA treatment yielded a slight decrease in basal GH
      mRNA levels. Time-course experiments performed in the presence of EGTA showed
      that during incubation periods with dexamethasone that yielded a detectable
      stimulation of GH mRNA (2-4 days), Ca2+ (0.4 mM) inhibited the dexamethasone
      stimulation by 3- to 5-fold. Investigations of the dose-response relationship of
      the effect of dexamethasone on GH mRNA performed under the same conditions showed
      that at dexamethasone concentrations that yielded a significant stimulation of GH
      mRNA (10 nM or greater), Ca2+ (0.4 mM) inhibited the dexamethasone stimulation by
      about 2-fold. In contrast to the inhibitory effects of Ca2+ on the stimulation by
      dexamethasone of GH mRNA in the GH3 cells, somatostatin had no effect at any
      concentration tested (1-1000 nM) on dexamethasone regulation of this mRNA.

PMID- 2883001
TI  - Greater in vivo than in vitro pulsatility of insulin secretion with synchronized
      insulin and somatostatin secretory pulses.
AB  - To examine the control of pulsatile insulin secretion by an intrapancreatic
      pacemaker, samples at minute intervals were taken from the portal vein in dogs in
      vivo and from an isolated perfused pancreas preparation in vitro. Anesthetized
      dogs had high amplitude pulsatile insulin secretion which was not consistently
      regular. Fourier transform analysis showed dominant 20- and 10-min periods of
      spectral power (P less than 0.01). After vagotomy, the relative oscillatory power
      was reduced from 83% to 42%, about a lower mean concentration with abolition of
      the 20-min oscillations. The isolated perfused dog pancreas also had oscillatory
      insulin secretion with oscillatory power of 12%. Autocorrelation showed
      regularity of in vitro insulin secretion with a period of 10-11 min (P less than
      0.0001). In addition, somatostatin was secreted from the in vitro pancreas in
      pulses in phase with insulin (cross-correlation P less than 0.0001). These data
      are in accord with the theory that the pancreas has an internal pacemaker which
      controls insulin secretion, and that the amplitude of the oscillations is
      modulated by vagal control. The pacing of the islets may be coordinated by a
      neural network, whereas coincident pulsatile somatostatin release may temporarily
      suppress islet secretion and help to synchronize hormonal oscillations.

PMID- 2883002
TI  - In vivo biosynthesis of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin in hypothalami from
      intact and hypophysectomized rats.
AB  - The rates of incorporation of [35S]cysteine into arginine vasopressin (AVP) and
      oxytocin (OXT) were studied concurrently in hypothalami from intact and
      hypophysectomized male rats. After label injection into the third ventricle, rats
      were killed 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 8 h later. The hypothalamic peptides were
      quantitated by specific RIA and separated by HPLC to allow quantitation of label
      incorporation into each peptide. In intact rats, labeling of both OXT and AVP
      rose rapidly to peak at 2 h; thereafter, radioactivity in both peptides declined
      slowly to 8 h. In hypophysectomized rats, labeling of AVP fell below that in
      intact animals at all time points. Labeling of OXT was somewhat below normal 2 h
      after label injection, but considerably above normal at 4 and 8 h. For
      comparison, label incorporation into somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) and somatostatin
      28 (SRIF-28) was also studied in the same animals. In intact rats, labeling of
      both SRIF peptides rose slowly to maximal values at 8 h. In hypophysectomized
      animals, labeling of each peptide was reduced substantially at all times tested.
      Endogenous cysteine specific activity and protein specific activity did not
      differ between intact and hypophysectomized animals. Immunoreactive levels of AVP
      and OXT in the hypothalamus were unaffected by hypophysectomy, though total SRIF
      like immunoreactivity was depressed. Together these results suggest that
      hypothalamic neurons synthesize OXT and AVP at rates much faster than those for
      the SRIF peptides, and that hypophysectomy has differential effects on the
      syntheses of cysteine-containing peptides in the hypothalamus. Specifically, the
      syntheses of SRIF-14 and SRIF-28 appear to be sizeably reduced in
      hypophysectomized rats, while that of AVP only modestly diminished. OXT synthesis
      may be increased.

PMID- 2883003
TI  - Effects on physical performance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA)
      during selective beta 1-blockade.
AB  - In 15 healthy, not specifically trained volunteers (age: 26.6 +/- 2.7 years)
      single equipotent doses of a selective beta 1-blocker with intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA) (200 mg Epanolol-Visacor; V) and of a selective
      beta 1-blocker without ISA (100 mg Metoprolol; M) were compared with placebo (P)
      with respect to their influence upon physical performance capacity and metabolism
      in a random, double blind, cross-over experimental setting. The subjects
      underwent three step by step incremental treadmill tests and three treadmill
      endurance tests until volitional exhaustion. Maximum running speed and maximum
      oxygen uptake were used as measures of maximum performance capacity. Running
      speed and oxygen uptake related to individual anaerobic threshold, and running
      time and running distance in the endurance tests were used as measures of
      endurance capacity. Both maximum and endurance performances were reduced
      significantly by beta-blockade. No relevant differences were discerned between V
      and M. The uniform reduction in exercise heart rate with both beta-blockers
      demonstrated the application of equipotent doses. At rest, heart rate was
      significantly higher under V than under M. Carbohydrate metabolism was
      unaffected, both beta-blockers showing equal inhibition of lipolysis during
      exercise. We conclude that intrinsic sympathomimetic activity has no influence
      upon physical performance and metabolism during selective beta 1-blockade.

PMID- 2883004
TI  - Acellular pertussis vaccine in adults: adverse reactions and immune response.
AB  - An acellular pertussis vaccine JNIH-6 containing pertussis toxin and filamentous
      hemagglutinin was evaluated in adult volunteers with regard to adverse reactions
      and antibody response. Adverse reactions were few and mild. A late onset local
      reaction was seen in 22 of the 47 vaccinees (47%) as compared to none of the 20
      subjects receiving a placebo, the carrier solution of aluminium phosphate of the
      vaccine. The reaction, which manifested itself on the 6th to 8th day after
      vaccination, consisted in all cases of an induration and/or swelling considered
      insignificant by the majority of the subjects. The reaction was only found in
      vaccinees receiving a first dose of vaccine and was independent of the
      prevaccination antitoxin level. The vaccine induced a highly satisfactory
      antibody response to both filamentous hemagglutinin and pertussis toxin.

PMID- 2883005
TI  - Proton translocation by the H+-ATPase of mitochondria. Effect of modification by
      monofunctional reagents of thiol residues in F0 polypeptides.
AB  - A study is presented on the effect of chemical modification of thiol groups on
      proton conduction by the H+-ATPase complex in 'inside out' submitochondrial
      particles, before and after removal of the F1 moiety, and by F0 liposomes. The
      results obtained show that modification with monofunctional reagents [N
      ethylmaleimide, 2,2'-dithiobispyridine, mersalyl and N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl
      coumarinyl)-maleimide] of thiol residues in membrane integral proteins of F0
      results in inhibition of proton conduction. Comparison of the inhibitory effects
      with the binding of [14C]N-ethylmaleimide to the various F0 polypeptides
      indicates that the inhibition of proton conduction by thiol reagents was
      correlated with modification of the 25-kDa, 11-kDa and 9-kDa (N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein) proteins. Involvement of the last
      component is supported by the observation that modification by thiol reagents
      depressed the binding of N,N'-dicyclo[14C]hexylcarbodiimide to the 9-kDa protein.

PMID- 2883006
TI  - Equilibrium constants of several reactions involved in the fermentation of
      glutamate.
AB  - The equilibrium constants of the reactions catalysed by (S)-citramalate lyase and
      (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase were determined using the purified enzymes
      from Clostridium tetanomorphum and Acidaminococcus fermentans, respectively. The
      former constant had to be determined at high ionic strength (I). Therefore it was
      corrected to I = 0.1 M by applying single-ion activity coefficients estimated
      from literature data. The result (Kapp = 4.31 +/- 0.07 M-1; direction of
      citramalate formation) agreed very well with the constant of the (2R,3S)-2,3
      dimethylmalate lyase equilibrium when all optical isomers were taken into
      account. From these and other data values for the free energies of formation
      (delta Gzerof) of (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartate, mesaconate and (S)-citramalate were
      calculated. The constant of the (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase equilibrium
      [Kapp = (1.47 +/- 0.12)10(-12) M, direction of 2-oxoglutarate formation, I = 0.1
      M] was shown to lie between those for malate and lactate dehydrogenases as
      expected.

PMID- 2883007
TI  - Subunit 4 of ATP synthase (F0F1) from yeast mitochondria. Purification, amino
      acid composition and partial N-terminal sequence.
AB  - One subunit of the membrane portion of yeast ATP synthase was purified.
      Structural data are reported. This subunit (subunit 4) is the fourth polypeptide
      of the complex when classifying subunits in order of decreasing molecular mass.
      Its apparent relative molecular mass is about 25,000. The polypeptide was
      extracted from the complex with a mixture of chloroform/methanol (1/1) and 0.5 M
      pyridinium acetate pH 6.0. Purification was performed with a combination of gel
      permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and high-performance gel permeation
      chromatography with aqueous solvents containing 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The
      amino acid composition is reported here. The following sequence of the NH2
      terminal ten residues was determined: Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Pro-Glu-Lys-Gln-Thr-Asp.

PMID- 2883008
TI  - Coreconstitution of bacterial ATP synthase with monomeric bacteriorhodopsin into
      liposomes. A comparison between the efficiency of monomeric bacteriorhodopsin and
      purple membrane patches in coreconstitution experiments.
AB  - The conditions for coreconstitution of a bacterial ATP synthase and
      bacteriorhodopsin into lecithin liposomes and for light driven ATP synthesis have
      been optimized. A rate of maximally 280 nmol ATP min-1 mg ATP synthase-1 was
      achieved with monomerized bacteriorhodopsin compared with a rate of up to 45 nmol
      ATP min-1 mg-1 found for proteoliposomes containing bacteriorhodopsin in the form
      of purple membrane patches. The different rates are explained by the finding that
      monomeric bacteriorhodopsin is more homogeneously distributed among the liposomes
      than the purple membrane patches. The final activities depended on both the
      purification method for the two proteins and the coreconstitution procedure.
      Furthermore, the ratio (lipid to bacteriorhodopsin to ATP synthase) could be
      optimized. Light-driven ATP synthesis depends also on the type of detergent used.
      The best result was obtained by deoxycholate. Also the relationship between
      proton translocation (by bacteriorhodopsin) and ATP synthesis activity was
      measured. A constant H+/ATP ratio was found at higher light intensities. This
      ratio increased strongly at lower light intensities.

PMID- 2883009
TI  - Functional alpha and beta T cell chain receptor messages can be detected in old
      but not in young athymic mice.
AB  - The expression and sequences of T cell antigen receptor (TcR) alpha and beta
      chain genes were investigated in the spleens from congenitally athymic (nude)
      mice. A small number of Thy-1+ cells (approximately 7.0%) was found in nylon wool
      enriched spleen cells from young (8 weeks old) nude mice but no L3T4 or Lyt-2
      surface antigens were detected. These nude mice expressed only a low level of 1.0
      kb beta-chain mRNA and little or no alpha-gene transcripts. On the other hand the
      number of Thy-1+ spleen cells increased slightly (to 24%) in old (20 weeks old)
      nude mice and a small number of L3T4+ (10%) and/or Lyt-2+ (5%) cells were
      detectable. "Full length" 1.7-kb alpha-chain and 1.3-kb beta-chain messages could
      be found in nylon wool-enriched spleen cells from old nude mice. Sequence
      analysis of the cDNA revealed that no functional alpha and beta-chain genes can
      be detected in the spleen cells of young athymic mice while some of the old mice
      with nu/nu genotype are composed of completely rearranged V-(D)-J-C-gene segments
      which encode potentially functional proteins. Interestingly, two of three
      independent cDNA clones encoding the alpha chain used the same V alpha and J
      alpha-gene segments. These results suggest that extrathymic TcR alpha and beta
      chain gene rearrangements do occur, though slowly, to some extent, in nude mice
      and may be responsible for the limited antigen and/or H-2-related T cell
      functions in these old athymic mice. The data further suggests that the TcR
      repertoire in athymic mice may also be limited.

PMID- 2883010
TI  - Permissive role of D-1 receptor stimulation by endogenous dopamine for the
      expression of postsynaptic D-2-mediated behavioural responses. Yawning in rats.
AB  - Low doses of BHT 920, LY 171555 and (+)3PPP, three dopamine agonists selective
      for D-2 receptors, induced yawning in rats. This effect was reduced by the
      selective D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 but the antagonism did not exceed a 50%
      reduction from the control values. In contrast, the selective D-2 antagonist (
      )sulpiride completely abolished agonist-induced yawning. A 6 h reserpine
      pretreatment (5 mg/kg i.p.), which depletes brain dopamine (DA) by about 95%,
      reduced agonist-induced yawning by an extent similar to SCH 23390; in the
      reserpinized rats, SCH 23390 completely lost the property of blocking agonist
      induced yawning while (-)sulpiride retained it. Two 5HT receptor antagonist,
      ketanserin and metergoline failed to influence agonist-induced yawning. The
      reportedly selective D-1 agonist, SKF 38393, failed to induce yawning in normal
      rats as well as in rats pretreated with reserpine 6 or 16 h earlier. If one
      excludes that SCH 23390 and the D-2 agonists interact with the same DA-receptors,
      the data are consistent with the possibility that stimulation of D-1 receptors by
      endogenous DA plays a permissive-facilitatory role for the behavioural expression
      of D-2 receptor activation.

PMID- 2883011
TI  - Reduction of apparent indicators of liver cirrhosis in rats by the arachidonate
      lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C.
AB  - We have compared the effects of BW755C, a dual inhibitor of the arachidonic acid
      cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase, with the effects of colchicine and indomethacin
      on the reversion of the biochemical and histochemical signs of rat liver
      cirrhosis. This was induced by i.p. administration of CCl4 for 11 weeks. At this
      point the rats were divided into four groups (10 animals each). CCl4
      administration was continued for one month along with either colchicine, BW755C
      or indomethacin. No additional treatment was given to the control group. BW755C
      consistently improved all the parameters studied. Although colchicine also
      improved all but two markers (serum ALT activity and serum proteins) it ranked
      lower than BW755C in most of them. Indomethacin only modified favourably serum
      alkaline phosphatase activity, serum proteins, cholesterol and bilirubins and
      liver collagen content. The effects of BW755C could be mainly attributed to the
      inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway. A common feature of colchicine, adrenal
      steroids and BW755C was the ability to inhibit the formation of leukotriene and
      other lipoxygenase products. The possibility that this property might contribute
      to their anti-cirrhotic actions is discussed.

PMID- 2883012
TI  - A comparison of the neurotoxic potential of methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and
      its N-methylated and N-ethylated derivatives.
AB  - Three psychoactive amphetamine congeners were evaluated for their ability to
      cause long-term changes in several neurochemical parameters indicative of central
      serotonergic function. Two weeks after multiple doses (10 mg/kg) of 3,4
      methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) or its N-methylated derivative, 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), selective and dramatic decreases were
      observed in regional brain tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activities, and in
      corresponding concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its primary
      metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). However, the N-ethylated
      derivative of MDA, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE), was much less
      potent in its ability to lower brain hydroxyindoles, and in most regions examined
      did not significantly affect TPH activity. The neurotoxic implications of these
      results are discussed.

PMID- 2883014
TI  - The anxiolytic beta-carboline ZK 93423 prevents the stress-induced increase in
      dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex.
AB  - The effects of electric foot-shock on the activity of the mesocortical
      dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons were estimated by measuring the changes in
      dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and DA content in the prefrontal cortex of the
      rat. A marked rise in DOPAC content (+80%) and a significant decrease in DA
      levels (-23%) were observed after a 20 min foot-shock session. These effects were
      completely prevented by pretreatment with diazepam (5 mg/kg i.p.). ZK 93423, a
      recently synthesized beta-carboline with benzodiazepine-like properties,
      prevented the decrease in DA content induced by foot-shock at the dose of 20
      mg/kg. Moreover, the stress-induced increase in DOPAC levels was partly or
      completely blocked by pretreatment with 20 or 40 mg/kg of ZK 93423, respectively.
      These results provide further support for the view that the mesocortical DAergic
      system can be modulated by drugs that selectively interact with the
      benzodiazepine recognition site.

PMID- 2883013
TI  - Antidepressant-like action of 5-HT1A agonists and conventional antidepressants in
      an animal model of depression.
AB  - Previous results have suggested that behavioural adaptation to restraint might be
      promoted by post-restraint stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors. Therefore, rats were
      restrained for 2 h and injected with vehicle or 60-1,000 micrograms/kg of the 5
      HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) s.c. Vehicle
      treated restrained rats showed reduced locomotor activity and increased
      defaecation in an open field test the day after the end of restraint. A single
      injection of 250 or 1,000 micrograms/kg 8-OH-DPAT attenuated these effects. The
      above locomotor deficits were also attenuated by chronic pretreatment with the
      antidepressants desipramine and sertraline but not by a single treatment with
      desipramine or the benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs chlordiazepoxide and diazepam;
      none of these treatments unambiguously reversed stress-induced increases in
      defaecation. Evidence suggests that the above action of 8-OH-DPAT is mediated by
      5-HT1A receptors since it was antagonised by the 5-HT1A antagonist spiperone but
      not by the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin and was not mimicked by the 5-HT1B agonist
      RU 24969. However, the 5-HT1A agonists buspirone and TVXQ 7821 (ipsapirone) and
      the non-specific 5-HT agonist quipazine all possess similar properties to 8-OH
      DPAT in this test. The results suggest that 5-HT1A agonists may have rapid
      antidepressant properties.

PMID- 2883015
TI  - Effects of triethyltin on brain octopamines and their metabolism in the rat.
AB  - The effects of triethyltin given acutely on the cerebral level of p- and m
      octopamines were studied in rats. These octopamines were reduced drastically in
      hypothalamus and brainstem, while noradrenaline and dopamine were only slightly
      decreased. No important changes were observed in the activities of tyrosine
      hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase or monoamine oxidase. However, the
      activity of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase was significantly reduced. The
      addition of the inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase, Ro 44602, caused a total
      inhibition of this enzyme activity. These results are discussed in terms of the
      possible use of the triethyltin-induced cerebral oedema as a model for the study
      of some aspects of the phenolamine changes related to cerebral oedema processes.

PMID- 2883017
TI  - New aspects on the treatment of inflammatory reactions and broncho-obstruction in
      bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2883016
TI  - CFU-mix are no better than CFU-GM in predicting hemopoietic reconstitutive
      capacity of peripheral blood stem cells collected in the very early remission
      phase of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - High levels of circulating myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM) occur during the
      very early remission phase of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). Autologous
      stem cell rescue using blood cells collected during this phase has shown that
      successful hemopoietic reconstitution can be achieved, but a higher CFU-GM dose
      appears to be required than when bone marrow cells are used. This suggests that
      during very early remission, the level of marrow repopulating pluripotent stem
      cells (PSC) in blood does not undergo the same amount of increase as does the CFU
      GM. This study set out to determine whether the levels of the multilineage
      progenitor cell (CFU-Mix) would be better indicators of the PSC in these cells
      than the CFU-GM. Serial peripheral blood CFU-Mix and CFU-GM measurements were
      carried out in six ANLL patients during very early remission. The levels of
      peripheral blood CFU-Mix showed a mean 12-fold increase, as compared to a mean 20
      fold increase in the CFU-GM. The timing of the increase in the CFU-Mix paralleled
      that of the CFU-GM. These findings suggest that the CFU-Mix is no better than the
      CFU-GM in predicting PSC levels during very early remission of ANLL, and is
      closer to the CFU-GM than to the PSC in ontogeny.

PMID- 2883018
TI  - Modulation of postdecapitation convulsions in rats by alpha-adrenergic and 5
      hydroxytryptamine1A agents.
AB  - Postdecapitation convulsions were analyzed in rats after the administration of a
      variety of adrenergic and serotonergic agents. Drugs were selected on the basis
      of their relative affinities for 5-hydroxytryptamine1A, alpha 2-adrenergic and/or
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. The 5-hydroxytryptamine1A-selective agonists, 8
      hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin and buspirone, significantly increased the
      duration of the convulsions. The alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists, yohimbine and
      corynanthine, had no affect on either the latency or duration of the convulsions.
      By contrast, each of the three alpha 1-adrenergic agents increased the latency
      and decreased their duration. However, the order of potency was WB 4101 greater
      than ipsapirone greater than prazosin and this rank order did not correlate with
      drug potencies for the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor as determined by radioligand
      binding studies. The high potency of both ipsapirone and WB 4101 in inhibiting
      the postdecapitation convulsions may relate to the combined effects of the drugs
      at both alpha 1-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors.

PMID- 2883020
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: cytopathogenicity and lectin activity of avirulent
      mutants.
AB  - Three clones of Entamoeba histolytica (L-6, C93, C919) were isolated by
      mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate from the axenic strain HM1:IMSS and were
      studied for adherence, cytolytic, and soluble galactose inhibitable lectin
      activity. Avirulent clones adhered to and killed fewer Chinese hamster ovary
      cells than HM1:IMSS (P less than 0.01). However, only C919 was deficient in
      adherence to red blood cells. Galactose (1.0 g) completely inhibited adherence of
      all the mutants to Chinese hamster ovary cells; however, adherence to
      erythrocytes was only partially inhibitable by galactose. Avirulent mutants were
      more susceptible to being killed by human neutrophils in vitro (P less than 0.01
      compared to HM1:IMSS). Soluble protein preparations from all the avirulent
      mutants were markedly less mitogenic for human lymphocytes and had lower lectin
      activity for Chinese hamster ovary cells compared to the HM1:IMSS wild type (P
      less than 0.01 for each activity with each mutant). Indirect immunofluorescence
      with a monoclonal antibody (F-14) that recognizes the Gal/GalNAc lectin was
      positive for L-6 and C919. These findings utilizing avirulent mutants of E.
      histolytica further support a role for the amebic galactose inhibitable lectin in
      the in vivo pathogenesis of amebiasis.

PMID- 2883019
TI  - Cortical neurons exposed to glutamate rapidly leak preloaded 51chromium.
AB  - The acute toxic effects of excess glutamate exposure on cortical neurons in
      culture was followed using a novel adaptation of the 51chromium efflux assay.
      Although the acute, sodium-dependent phase of glutamate neurotoxicity may
      contribute to several acute disease settings, including sustained seizures and
      stroke, functional aspects of the phenomenon have not been previously studied. We
      report here that the earliest morphologic sign of glutamate neurotoxicity,
      neuronal swelling, is accompanied by a large efflux of complexed 51chromium from
      preloaded neurons in the first hour after exposure, and that this efflux is
      detectable as early as 15 min after the onset of glutamate exposure. We suggest
      that this pathological burst of 51chromium may result from glutamate-induced
      "leakiness" of neuronal cell membranes.

PMID- 2883022
TI  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma in the Syrian golden hamster: an immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - Spontaneously occurring thyroid neoplasms exhibiting solid and/or anaplastic
      growth patterns in the Syrian golden hamster have been thought to be derived from
      follicular cells. Eight neoplasms of this type have been analyzed
      immunohistochemically and have been classified as medullary thyroid carcinomas
      (MTC) on the basis of their content of calcitonin (CT). Well differentiated MTCs
      in this species were composed of polyhedral cells showing uniform CT
      immunoreactivity while the poorly differentiated MTCs most often had spindle
      patterns of growth with marked variation in CT immunoreactivity. Both well and
      poorly differentiated MTCs contained entrapped follicles which were CT negative.
      In contrast to MTC in the rat and in humans with familial MTC, the tumors in
      hamsters were not associated with C-cell hyperplasia. The Syrian golden hamster
      may, therefore, serve as a useful model to study the factors which are
      responsible for the development of spontaneous (non-familial) MTC.

PMID- 2883021
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: effects of bromolysergic acid diethylamide, verapamil, and
      Ca2+-free solution on the motor activity of the isolated male worm induced by
      electrical stimulation and oxamniquine.
AB  - Electrical stimulation and oxamniquine effect the motor activity of isolated
      Schistosoma mansoni. Electrical stimulation produced contractions that increased
      with stimulus intensity. Oxamniquine (10(-4) M) produced an increase in basal
      tonus and in the frequency and amplitude of the worm's spontaneous contractions.
      Incubation in the absence of calcium produced a decrease in the basal tonus,
      abolished the spontaneous contractions of S. mansoni, and abolished the
      mechanical response induced by electrical stimulation and oxamniquine. The
      effects of electrical stimulation and oxamniquine were, respectively,
      significantly reduced and abolished by 10(-6) M verapamil (a calcium channel
      blocking agent). Bromolysergic acid diethylamide (3 X 10(-5) M), a serotonin
      blocking agent, reduced the motor response induced by high intensity electrical
      stimulation and blocked the response induced by oxamniquine. The effects of low
      intensity electrical stimulation were not modified in the presence of
      bromolysergic acid. We think that external Ca2+ is important for basal tonus, for
      spontaneous motor activity, and for motor responses of S. mansoni induced by
      electrical stimulation and oxamniquine. Serotonin may be important for mechanical
      responses induced by high intensity electrical stimulation and for responses
      induced by oxamniquine.

PMID- 2883023
TI  - Deficiency of membrane-bound dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV in a certain rat
      strain.
AB  - The activity of membrane-bound dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) was
      found to be markedly reduced in the Fischer 344 rat strain compared with that in
      the Wistar strain. Analysis of membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion revealed the
      specific absence of this enzyme molecule in the Fischer 344 strain.

PMID- 2883024
TI  - Inhibition by SMS 201-995 of normal mammary gland growth in mice.
AB  - Twice daily s.c. injection of 5 ng or 50 ng of SMS 201-995 between 25 and 55 days
      of age induced a significant retardation of normal mammary gland growth in C3H/He
      virgin mice, associated with the reduced plasma GH level. Meanwhile, plasma
      prolactin level and the pattern of estrous cycle were affected little by SMS
      treatments. The results indicate an involvement of GH in normal mammary gland
      growth in mice.

PMID- 2883025
TI  - The amino-acid sequences of sculpin islet somatostatin-28 and peptide YY.
AB  - Two pancreatic peptides, somatostatin-28 and peptide YY, have been isolated from
      the Brockmann bodies of the teleost fish Cottus scorpius (daddy sculpin).
      Following purification by reverse-phase HPLC, each peptide was sequenced
      completely through to the carboxyl-terminus by gas-phase Edman degradation.
      Somatostatin-28 was the major form of somatostatin detected and is similar to the
      gene II product from anglerfish. Peptide YY (36 amino acids) more closely
      resembles porcine neuropeptide YY and intestinal peptide YY than it does the
      pancreatic polypeptides.

PMID- 2883026
TI  - Pyrroloquinoline quinone and molecules mimicking its functional domains.
      Modulators of connective tissue formation?

PMID- 2883027
TI  - Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and -II genes in rat medullary thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - Several types of cancer cells produce polypeptide growth factors and often the
      same cells have functional receptors for the released growth factor (autocrine
      secretion). We have studied expression of genes encoding somatomedin-C/insulin
      like growth factor-I (Sm-C/IGF-I) and IGF-II, in rat medullary thyroid carcinomas
      (MTCs) in different stages of tumour differentiation. RNAs hybridizing
      specifically to an IGF-I cDNA probe were detected in 6 out of 7 differentiated
      MTCs and IGF-II related RNAs were demonstrated in 5 out of these 7 differentiated
      MTCs. In 5 anaplastic MTCs no IGF RNAs were detected, except for a small amount
      of IGF-II related RNA in one tumour.

PMID- 2883029
TI  - A 1H-NMR study of the solution conformation of secretin. Resonance assignment and
      secondary structure.
AB  - The solution conformation of the 27 residue polypeptide hormone secretin has been
      investigated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy under conditions where it adopts a fully
      ordered structure as judged by circular dichroism spectroscopy, namely in an
      aqueous solution of 40% (v/v) trifluoroethanol. Using a combination of two
      dimensional NMR techniques the 1H-NMR spectrum of secretin is completely assigned
      and its secondary structure is determined from a qualitative interpretation of
      the nuclear Overhauser enhancement data. It is shown that under these conditions
      secretin adopts a conformation consisting of an N-terminal irregular strand
      (residues 1-6) followed by two helices (residues 7-13 and 17-25) connected by a
      'half-turn' (residues 14-16); the last two residues (26 and 27) are again
      irregular. This conformation is shown to be very similar to that of glucagon in
      perdeuterated dodecylphosphocholine micelles and to that of the active 1-29
      fragment of growth hormone releasing factor in 30% (v/v) trifluoroethanol:

PMID- 2883030
TI  - [First aid in injuries by poisonous animals].

PMID- 2883028
TI  - A positive relationship between protein synthetic rate and intracellular
      glutamine concentration in perfused rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - During muscle-protein wasting associated with injury and disease the distribution
      ratio of free glutamine between muscle and blood falls. In pursuing possible
      consequences of this, we investigated the relationship between the rate of muscle
      protein synthesis and intramuscular glutamine concentration, manipulated acutely
      in the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. Increasing perfusate glutamine from
      0.67 to 5.0 mM caused a 200% increase in intracellular glutamine and a 66%
      increase in protein synthesis in the absence of insulin; in the presence of
      insulin a 30% increase in intramuscular glutamine was accompanied by an 80%
      increase in protein synthesis. Analysis of variance of the results confirmed the
      existence of positive relationships between intramuscular glutamine and protein
      synthesis in the presence or absence of insulin. Control of the size of the
      intramuscular free pool of glutamine may be important in determining the muscle
      protein mass.

PMID- 2883031
TI  - Cost effectiveness of the bio-environmental control of malaria in Kheda district,
      Gujarat.

PMID- 2883032
TI  - Malaria situation in Meerut district villages (U.P.).

PMID- 2883033
TI  - An adaptation of the gel diffusion technique for identifying the source of
      mosquito blood meals.

PMID- 2883034
TI  - Bio-environmental control of malaria in Nadiad, Kheda district, Gujarat.

PMID- 2883035
TI  - Transglutaminase activity and embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation.
AB  - Murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells induced to differentiate by retinoic acid
      (RA) modulate transglutaminase (TGase) activity shortly after exposure to the
      inducer. Compounds that inhibit TGase enzyme activity in vitro can successfully
      block RA induced EC cell differentiation in culture. These observations suggest
      that TGase may play a role in mediating RA induced EC cell differentiation.

PMID- 2883036
TI  - A characterization of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in normal, perinatal,
      premalignant and malignant rat liver.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase displays the following order of activity in tissues
      of the Fischer 344 rat: kidney much greater than small intestine much greater
      than cerebral cortex = testis greater than lung much greater than liver = heart.
      The activity of the hepatic enzyme in rats is: 4-fold higher in females than
      males; 4-fold higher in male Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and Zucker rats than male
      Fischer 344 rats; increased 10-fold in very old vs young male Fischer 344. The
      hepatic enzyme displays significant species variation: the mouse and rat liver
      enzymes are similar and low in activity, while duck, dog, pig and beef enzymes
      are 7, 13, 86 and 92-fold higher, respectively, in activity than the male Fischer
      rat liver enzyme. A liver plasma membrane isolation procedure has been devised
      which selects for the sinusoidal face of the liver parenchymal cell as assessed
      by marker enzyme analysis: for these plasma membranes the purification of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase is 21.5 and the recovery is 42% indicating that this is
      the cellular and subcellular locus of the enzyme in rat liver. The
      characteristics of the liver plasma membrane from female rats are: pH optimum of
      8.0; classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics; Km of 1.43 mM and Vmax of 33.3 nmol X
      mg-1 X min-1. In Fischer 344 rats, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities are
      elevated over adult levels in perinatal liver: in fetal liver homogenates and
      plasma membranes the activities are increased 179 and 109-fold, respectively. The
      activity peaks just after birth and declines rapidly over the first 15 postnatal
      days. The activity of the liver enzyme in the male Fischer 344 rat exhibits a
      progressive increase throughout diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis:
      it is increased 7.8-fold in homogenates and 5.4-fold in plasma membranes at the
      early premalignant stage; 74-fold in homogenates and 31-fold in plasma membranes
      at the later hyperplastic nodular premalignant stage; and 174-fold in homogenates
      and 61-fold in plasma membranes at the hepatoma stage. The gradual drop in
      purification during hepatocarcinogenesis is associated with the appearance of the
      enzyme in the blood.

PMID- 2883037
TI  - Different effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol on rat liver mitochondrial oxidation of
      various substrates: succinate and glutamate vs 3-hydroxybutyrate and glycerol 3
      phosphate.
AB  - In homogenate and isolated mitochondria from the liver of male and female rats of
      Wistar and August strains, a higher uncoupled vs State 3 oxidation of succinate
      and glutamate and lower that of 3-hydroxybutyrate and glycerol 3-phosphate were
      observed. The optimal concentration of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was in the range 7
      12 microM for 3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation and 50-100 microM for succinate or
      glutamate oxidation.

PMID- 2883038
TI  - Release of iron from endosomes is an early step in the transferrin cycle.
AB  - Transferrin bound to K 562 cells at 4 degrees C was internalized quickly on
      temperature shift to 37 degrees C. Endosomes were isolated according to two
      different procedures. The endosome fraction was shown to be heterogeneous and
      consisted of two vesicle populations, differing in density properties and iron
      content. Iron was partially released from endosomes to the supernatant after 3
      and 5 min endocytosis. Isolated endosomes, still capable of internal
      acidification, did not release iron on incubation with ATP. However, endosomes
      did release iron on incubation with the iron chelator pyridoxal-isonicotinoyl
      hydrazone. Gel-filtration of solubilized endosomes demonstrated the presence of
      the transferrin-transferrin receptor complexes, free transferrin and free low
      molecular weight iron.

PMID- 2883039
TI  - Does grand multiparity affect fetal outcome?
AB  - Low birthweight and stillbirth rates of 16,647 Jerusalem deliveries were examined
      by birth-order comparing longitudinal to cross-sectional data. Six hundred fifty
      seven complete sibships of 7 or more were assessed, including 95 sibships from
      the socio-economically homogeneous ultraorthodox Jewish community of Mea Shearim.
      In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies grandmultiparas were not at
      increased risk for low birthweight, but did have a higher frequency of
      stillbirths.

PMID- 2883040
TI  - Fetal salvage with cervical cerclage.
AB  - A prospective study to evaluate the fetal salvage rate, cervical morbidity and
      cesarean section rate in patients with cervical incompetence using a cerclage
      procedure was conducted at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
      The study group consisted of 71 patients who gave a history suggestive of
      cervical incompetence, had a dilated cervix at booking and included emergency
      patients in whom the cervix had dilated because of a febrile illness but had
      never undergone a cervical cerclage procedure. The fetal salvage rate was 23.7%
      in pregnancies occurring before and 94.4% after cervical cerclage procedure was
      performed. There were 57 term pregnancies, 10 pre-term deliveries, and 4
      abortions. The study clearly demonstrates the beneficial effects of cervical
      cerclage operations in patients who have suffered from preventable fetal losses
      because their incompetent cervix was undiagnosed. Our results were compared with
      those of other series. The diagnosis of cervical incompetence is discussed with
      particular emphasis on the use of screening tests in the detection and
      identification of cervical incompetence.

PMID- 2883041
TI  - Relationship of vaginal pH and Papanicolaou smear results to vaginal flora and
      pregnancy outcome.
AB  - Prematurity is a major cause of perinatal morbidity. Studies have implicated
      components of the vaginal flora in the etiology of some cases of preterm birth.
      Current scoring systems do not include factors which directly reflect the vaginal
      flora. Since Papanicolaou smears and the vaginal pH may be affected by the
      vaginal flora and are easy tests to perform, we studied their relationship to
      vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome. Among 231 patients, those with a vaginal pH
      greater than or equal to 4.4 were significantly more likely to carry Trichomonas
      vaginalis (P less than 0.03); Bacteroides species (P less than 0.01), and
      Mycoplasma hominis (P less than 0.001), and to have premature rupture of the
      membranes (P less than 0.01), and preterm rupture of the membranes (P less than
      0.05). Patients with atypia reported on Papanicolaou smear more frequently
      carried M. hominis (P less than 0.01), and had premature rupture of the membranes
      (P less than 0.01). Although the high sensitivity and negative predictive value
      of those tests may make them useful additions to current scoring systems, their
      low specificity prevents them from being independent predictors of risk.

PMID- 2883042
TI  - Ultrasonic assessment of cervix in "at risk" patients.
AB  - One hundred seventy patients were considered to be at risk of cervical
      incompetence from their previous history. They were scanned serially from the
      first trimester to 36 weeks gestation. Of the 170, 105 patients (61.8%) were
      found to have defective cervix (the length of cervix, width of the cervix, and
      cervical canal at the level of the internal cervical os, and herniation of
      amniotic membrane with or without fetal parts into the cervical canal). Of the
      105 patients diagnosed to have defective cervix (possible cervical incompetence),
      22 patients (21%) aborted, 48 patients (45.7%) had to have cervical cerclage, 26
      patients (24.8%) had preterm delivery and the remaining 9 patients (8.5%) had no
      problems during pregnancy. The remaining 65 patients (38.2%) did not have
      ultrasonic evidence of cervical incompetence and 3 aborted and only 2 patients
      delivered between 35 and 37 weeks gestation while 60 patients delivered between
      37 and 42 weeks gestation. These 65 patients would have had cervical cerclage on
      the basis of the clinical history alone, but in only 6, cervical cerclage was
      inserted.

PMID- 2883043
TI  - Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with methyldopa: a randomized double blind
      study.
AB  - Twenty-five patients whose pregnancies were complicated by chronic hypertension
      were entered in a double-blind study and randomly allocated to treatment with
      methyldopa (Aldomet) or placebo. Thirteen patients were in the treatment group
      and 12 in the placebo group. The two groups showed no significant difference in
      demographic and pretreatment laboratory profiles. Methyldopa-treated patients
      registering in the first trimester had a significant reduction in the mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) during the second and third trimesters (P less than
      0.025). No significant differences in birth weight (BW), ponderal index (PI) were
      found when results were corrected for gestational age (GA), race, and sex. The
      mean GA was significantly prolonged in the methyldopa-treated group by 10.3 days
      (P less than 0.05). The frequency of superimposed pre-eclampsia was similar in
      both groups (33.3% vs. 38.4%). However, 75% of the superimposed pre-eclampsia
      occurred antepartum in the placebo group, while 80% of the methyldopa-treated
      group developed superimposed pre-eclampsia intrapartum. The results of this small
      study suggest that the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy may reduce MAP and
      possibly delay the occurrence of superimposed pre-eclampsia and thus afford a
      prolongation of the pregnancy.

PMID- 2883044
TI  - Pregnancy termination: results of a community-based study in Lagos, Nigeria.
AB  - A community survey in the Shomolu area of Lagos Nigeria showed the incidence of
      induced abortion to be 5.6%. Most of the abortions were carried out under medical
      supervision, using a combination of methods. Reasons for the abortions suggest
      that many were carried out on pregnancies that could have been prevented.

PMID- 2883045
TI  - Laparoscopic evaluation of the tuboperitoneal factor in infertile Nigerian women.
AB  - Laparoscopy has become the most important investigative tool for the evaluation
      of tubal disease in developed countries of the world. In this report of 218
      diagnostic laparoscopies performed on infertile Nigerian women, bilateral tubal
      occlusion was found in 35.3% and unilateral occlusion in 9.6%. Pelvic adhesions
      were present in 55.0% out of which 25.2% and 21.1% were moderate or severe,
      respectively. Endometriosis and uterine fibroids were present in 1.4% and 26.6%
      of patients, respectively. The implications of these findings for management of
      tubal disease in Nigerian women is discussed.

PMID- 2883046
TI  - Use of echosonography to monitor uterine placement of intrauterine devices after
      immediate postpartum insertions.
AB  - A study designed to monitor uterine placement of IUDs inserted immediately
      postpartum using echosonography was conducted at the Hospital de Gineco
      Obstetricia No. 23, "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto" in Monterrey, Mexico. TCu220 and
      Delta T IUDs were randomly assigned to, and inserted in women immediately
      following a normal vaginal delivery. Ultrasound examinations were to be performed
      within 60 min postinsertion, at 24 h postinsertion and at 1- and 3-month follow
      up visits. There were no differences in the expulsion rates of the two device
      groups. Data are presented on the readings taken at the ultrasound examinations
      of the distance between the fundus and the upper part of the stem of the T. These
      differences differed significantly between the two device groups at the first
      ultrasound reading only (P less than or equal to 0.01). No relationship was found
      between the incidence of expulsion and the distance between the IUD and the
      fundus at any of the readings.

PMID- 2883048
TI  - Is maternal alkalosis harmful to the fetus?
AB  - Normal pregnancy is characterized by a compensated respiratory alkalosis. The
      effect of maternal alkalosis on the fetus is less well understood than the more
      common problem of maternal acidosis. We present a case of maternal alkalosis,
      complicated by bronchial asthma, in which the fetus was stillborn. The
      pathophysiology of this condition is discussed with data to support the potential
      harm of maternal alkalosis in pregnancies complicated by a fetus with borderline
      reserve. In such instances, the fetus should be carefully monitored and
      consideration might be given to therapy such as the use of acetozolomide,
      discouraging hyperventilation by the mother and even early delivery of the fetus.

PMID- 2883047
TI  - A comparison between Nova T and Copper T 200 Ag in Hungary.
AB  - In a comparative use-effectiveness study, 855 Nova T and 883 TCu 200 Ag devices
      were inserted in a randomised sequence. By the end of the first year the gross
      rate of unplanned pregnancy was 1.1 per 100 users of Nova T and 2.1 per 100 users
      of TCu. After 2 years the pregnancy rates for Nova T and TCu were 3.1 and 4.8 per
      100 users, respectively. Although there was no statistically significant
      difference between the rates for the two devices, they suggest a higher
      contraceptive efficacy for Nova T.

PMID- 2883049
TI  - Urethral prolapse in the premenarcheal female.
AB  - Urethral prolapse in the premenarcheal female manifests as vaginal bleeding and a
      periurethral mass. In the past, the recommended management was surgical excision
      or cautery. However, conservative management has been shown to have excellent
      results. Five premenarcheal patients with urethral prolapse treated by
      conservative therapy are presented. Treatment regimen consisted of local hygiene
      with sitz baths, hexachlorophene soap, topical providone iodine and estrogen
      cream. There were no complications or recurrences. Surgery is not warranted in
      the treatment of urethral prolapse in the premenarcheal female. Medical
      management is equally effective and less traumatic in this age group.

PMID- 2883051
TI  - Sodium fluoride in delayed measurement of umbilical blood gases.
AB  - In blood samples stored at 5 degrees C with 20 mM sodium fluoride, only small
      changes in blood gas measurements were observed over 24 h. Most of the changes
      occurred within the first 2 h after collection. In samples stored at 5 degrees C
      without fluoride, blood gas measurements showed continuous changes over the 24-h
      period.

PMID- 2883050
TI  - Patent ductus arteriosus after prolonged treatment with indomethacin during
      pregnancy: case report.
AB  - Indomethacin was administered to suppress premature uterine contractions in a
      twin pregnancy from the 27th until the 32nd week of pregnancy. Patent ductus
      arteriosus was diagnosed after delivery in one twin and persisted patent for a
      period of 4 weeks. A hypothesis of the constrictive influence of prostaglandin
      synthetase inhibitors on the fetal ductus arteriosus during intrauterine and
      neonatal periods is suggested.

PMID- 2883052
TI  - Commitment to differentiation induced by retinoic acid in P19 embryonal carcinoma
      cells is cell cycle dependent.
AB  - The rate at which P19 embryonal carcinoma cells in monolayer culture become
      anchorage dependent during differentiation induced by retinoic acid (RA) was
      investigated. In both nonsynchronized cultures and cultures synchronized by
      mitotic selection, the ability to grow in semisolid medium, characteristic of the
      malignant stem cell, decreased after a lag period of about 12 hr in the
      continuous presence of RA, prior to an increase in cell generation time. However,
      striking differences between synchronized and nonsynchronized cultures were
      observed in their commitment to differentiation following RA removal. After only
      2 hr of exposure to RA, synchronized cells continued a program of differentiation
      in which they became anchorage dependent, while at least 24 hr of exposure was
      required for exponentially growing cells to become similarly committed. Induction
      of anchorage dependence by RA was also strikingly cell cycle dependent; 2 or 4 hr
      of exposure of synchronized cells to RA in G1 phase, when the intrinsic capacity
      for soft agar growth is low, was sufficient to commit cells to anchorage
      dependence, but a similar exposure in S phase was not. Together, these results
      suggested that interactions between cells in different cell cycle phases in
      asynchronous cultures influenced commitment since exposure to RA for more than
      one cycle (13 hr) was required for all cells to become anchorage dependent.
      Increased plasminogen activator secretion and epidermal growth factor binding,
      markers of certain differentiated cell types, increased only 3 and 5 days after
      RA addition, respectively, and were not induced by pulsed exposure to RA of less
      than 24 hr, even in synchronized cells.

PMID- 2883054
TI  - Localization of Xenopus homoeo-box gene transcripts during embryogenesis and in
      the adult nervous system.
AB  - Tissue distribution and localization of RNAs from the Xeb1 homoeo-box-containing
      gene were monitored with Northern blots and in situ hybridization. Xeb1
      transcript distribution in larval stage embryos was established by blotting RNAs
      extracted from microdissected embryos. Those transcripts are restricted to a
      limited number of embryonic regions such as the dorsal trunk. The tissue/cell
      localization of Xeb1 transcripts was then monitored at several embryonic stages
      with in situ hybridization methods using [35S]RNA probes. These homoeo-box
      transcripts accumulated in a progressive and dynamic fashion. First localized in
      late gastrulae, they are distributed along the neural tube and in caudal mesoderm
      at later stages. By the swimming tadpole stage the spatial distribution of the
      homoeo-box transcripts is limited to specific regions of the central nervous
      system. Adult spinal cord shows the signal in specific neurons in the
      ventrolateral field of the gray matter.

PMID- 2883053
TI  - Establishment of embryonic stem cell lines from preimplantation mouse embryos
      homozygous for lethal mutations in the t-complex.
AB  - We have determined the frequency at which embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines can be
      established from inner cell masses (ICMs) isolated from blastocysts homozygous
      for lethal mutations in the mouse t-complex. Approximately one-third of the
      expected number, 3/29, of the ESC lines established from embryos obtained by
      inter-se mating of +/tw18 mice are homozygous for the tw18 haplotype. These
      tw18/tw18 ESC lines form a variety of cell types in vitro and in vivo, including
      mesodermal derivatives such as cartilage and muscle. On the basis of these and
      data from other studies, we suggest that the normal function of the gene
      represented by the tw18 lethal allele is required for multiplication/survival of
      mesodermal precursors in the embryo rather than the specification of the
      mesodermal lineage, and that the lethal effects of this mutation are expressed in
      only the highly structured environment of the early postimplantation embryo. In
      studies of the lethal tw5 haplotype, we found that 2/2 ESC lines obtained are
      mutant homozygotes. Analysis of these data, in conjunction with the results of
      our earlier study (Magnuson, T., Epstein, C. J., Silver, L. M., and Martin, G. R.
      (1982), Nature (London) 298, 750-753), suggests that homozygosity for the genes
      found in the tw5 haplotype does not reduce cell viability. By contrast, 0/16 ESC
      lines isolated from embryos obtained from matings of +/t0 mice are mutant
      homozygotes. Analysis of the genotypes of ICM-derived primary stem cell colonies
      suggests that t0 homozygous ICM cells are unable to undergo sufficient
      proliferation in vitro to give rise to ESC lines.

PMID- 2883055
TI  - Greater efficacy of pulsatile insulin in type I diabetics critically depends on
      plasma glucagon levels.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the role of plasma glucagon levels on
      the blood glucose response to intravenous insulin administered continuously or in
      a pulsatile manner. Six type I diabetic patients proven to have no residual
      insulin secretion were investigated. Endogenous glucagon secretion was inhibited
      by a continuous intravenous infusion of somatostatin (100 micrograms/h) and
      replaced by exogenous infusions of the hormone at three different rates (7.5,
      4.5, and 2.5 micrograms/h), resulting in three different plasma glucagon steady
      state levels (i.e., approximately equal to 200, approximately equal to 130, and
      approximately equal to 75 pg/ml, respectively). Each subject, in random order and
      on different days, was infused intravenously with regular human insulin either
      continuously (0.17 mU X kg-1 X min-1) or with the same amount of insulin infused
      in a pulsatile manner (0.85 mU X kg-1 X min-1 during 2 min followed by 8 min
      during which no insulin was infused). At plasma glucagon levels approximately
      equal to 200 pg/ml, blood glucose rose from approximately 10 to approximately 13
      mM without any difference between the two modalities of insulin infusion. For
      plasma glucagon levels approximately equal to 130 pg/ml, plasma glucose remained
      steady throughout the experiments, but during the last 40 min, plasma glucose
      levels were significantly lower when insulin was administered intermittently.
      This greater blood glucose-lowering effect of pulsatile insulin occurred earlier
      and was more pronounced for plasma glucagon levels averaging 75 pg/ml. We
      conclude that the greater hypoglycemic effect of insulin administered
      intravenously in a pulsatile manner in type I diabetics critically depends on
      plasma glucagon circulating levels.

PMID- 2883056
TI  - Cytosolic free-calcium concentrations in normal pancreatic islet cells. Effect of
      secretagogues and somatostatin.
AB  - We have assessed the effect of somatostatin on glucose-, potassium-, forskolin-,
      and dibutyryl cAMP-induced changes in cytosolic free [Ca2+] in normal rat
      pancreatic islet cells with the new Ca2+ indicator fura 2. The cytosolic free
      [Ca2+] in islet cells incubated with nonstimulatory concentrations of glucose (30
      mg/dl) ranged from 54 to 64 nM. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+ (1 mM),
      glucose (300 mg/dl) rapidly increased the cytosolic free [Ca2+] to a level of 90
      110 nM. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, glucose failed to increase the
      cytosolic free [Ca2+], which remained at a level of 55-60 nM. Somatostatin
      inhibited glucose-induced increases in cytosolic free [Ca2+] in a dose-dependent
      manner (maximal inhibition was 34%). Half-maximal inhibition was observed at 10(
      9) M somatostatin, which correlated well with somatostatin binding to islet cells
      (Kd = 2.6 X 10(-10) M). Potassium (50 mM) rapidly increased the cytosolic free
      [Ca2+] to 110-120 nM, and its effect was not influenced by the presence of
      somatostatin. Forskolin (20 microM) and dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM) rapidly increased
      cytosolic free Ca2+ both in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+. More
      than 80% of the overall increase in cytosolic free-Ca2+ levels could be accounted
      for by the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Somatostatin effectively
      blocked the forskolin effect (32% inhibition) but not the dibutyryl cAMP-induced
      effect. Somatostatin appears to inhibit secretagogue-induced increases in
      cytosolic free [Ca2+] by interfering with cAMP production and probably with Ca2+
      transport across the cell membrane.

PMID- 2883057
TI  - Pancreatic somatostatin is a mediator of glucagon inhibition by hyperglycemia.
AB  - We have previously shown that a nonimmunoreactive analogue of somatostatin, (D
      Ala5, D-Trp8)-somatostatin, differentially inhibits pancreatic somatostatin
      secretion without inhibiting insulin or glucagon secretion. During normoglycemia,
      suppression of pancreatic somatostatin with this analogue increases glucagon and
      insulin secretion, suggesting that pancreatic somatostatin tonically inhibits
      glucagon and insulin secretion by a paracrine mechanism. In our study, we used
      this analogue to determine whether endogenous pancreatic somatostatin has a role
      in the inhibition of glucagon secretion by hyperglycemia. The experiments were
      performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized, laparotomized dogs. To measure the
      pancreatic output of somatostatin directly, pancreatic venous blood was sampled
      from the right lobe of the dog pancreas, and the pancreatic blood flow was
      measured. In the first set of experiments, glucagon secretion was suppressed by a
      glucose infusion (200 mg/kg bolus and 20 mg X kg-1 X min-1 i.v.) for 3 h. Plasma
      glucose rose from 102 +/- 6 to 365 +/- 34 mg/dl. Pancreatic insulin output
      increased 10-fold, pancreatic somatostatin output increased from 1.2 +/- 0.3 to
      3.0 +/- 0.8 ng/min, and pancreatic glucagon output was suppressed from 1.4 +/-
      0.7 to 0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/min. After 2 h of glucose infusion, an infusion of the
      analogue (5.5 micrograms/min i.v.) reversed both the stimulation of somatostatin
      and the suppression of glucagon without significantly changing either the plasma
      glucose level or the pancreatic insulin output. In a second set of experiments,
      basal somatostatin output was suppressed by the analogue (5.5 micrograms/min
      i.v.) for 15 min before the administration of glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2883058
TI  - Somatostatin impairs clearance of exogenous insulin in humans.
AB  - Somatostatin has been widely used to suppress endogenous pancreatic hormone
      secretion in research studies. Many of these studies required the simultaneous
      infusion of a hormone together with somatostatin. A critical assumption for its
      use in metabolic investigation is that somatostatin has no effect on the action
      or clearance of a concomitantly infused hormone. To test whether clearance of an
      exogenously infused hormone is affected, we infused insulin with or without
      somatostatin in two sets of studies. Insulin (40 mU X kg-1 X h-1) was infused for
      100 min (n = 6). Plasma glucose levels fell to 55 +/- 4.1 mg/dl with insulin
      alone and significantly lower, to 44 +/- 1.9 mg/dl, when somatostatin (250
      micrograms/h) was also infused (P less than .01). Plasma immunoreactive insulin
      (IRI) rose to 57 +/- 12.5 microU/ml with insulin alone, which was significantly
      different from 88 +/- 15 microU/ml when insulin was infused together with
      somatostatin (P less than .01). When a smaller dose of insulin (30 mU X kg-1 X h
      1) was infused for 100 min (n = 4), similar results were observed. When
      somatostatin was infused together with insulin, plasma glucose fell to lower
      levels (41 +/- 4.2 vs. 62 +/- 9.5 mg/dl; P less than .01) and plasma IRI rose
      higher (39 +/- 8.5 vs. 27 +/- 5.9 microU/ml; P less than .01) than when insulin
      was infused alone. C-peptide was equally suppressed by hypoglycemia regardless of
      whether somatostatin was administered, indicating suppression of endogenous
      insulin during these studies. We conclude that somatostatin infusion impairs the
      clearance of exogenous insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883059
TI  - Effect of a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on postprandial
      gastric emptying of 99mTc-tin colloid and mouth-to-caecum transit time in man.
AB  - The effect on gut motility of a single subcutaneous injection of 50 micrograms of
      the long-acting somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, was investigated in 8 normal
      volunteers who took a drink containing 99mTc and lactulose with a mixed meal. The
      rate of gastric emptying was assessed by disappearance of the isotope from the
      stomach area as measured by a gamma camera, and mouth-to-caecum transit time
      (MCTT) was measured by the appearance of hydrogen in the breath. Gastric emptying
      was accelerated, with a significant reduction of the time taken to 50% isotope
      disappearance (37.2 +/- 3.3 min during control study vs 23.3 +/- 3.4 min after
      SMS injection; p less than 0.01). In contrast, MCTT was prolonged from 57.3 +/-
      9.4 min (control) to 203.6 +/- 14.7 min after SMS (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2883060
TI  - Effect of the somatostatin analogue sandostatin (SMS 201-995) on
      gastrointestinal, pancreatic and biliary function and hormone release in normal
      men.
AB  - The effect of the long-acting somatostatin analogue Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) on
      intestinal absorption and propagation (mouth-to-caecum transit time; MCTT), on
      pancreatic secretion and on gall bladder contraction after direct (secretin
      pancreozymin test) and indirect stimulation (Lundh meal), and on meal-induced
      responses of seven gastrointestinal regulatory peptides has been investigated. In
      a double-blind cross-over study, 9 healthy volunteers completed two 7-day periods
      with subcutaneous injections of either placebo or 25 micrograms SMS 201-995 twice
      daily. Mean faecal fat excretion was increased to 19.2 g/day and MCTT was three
      times longer during the SMS period. After duodenal infusion of a mixture
      containing D-galactose, D-xylose and triglycerides, SMS 201-995 significantly
      reduced the serum concentrations of D-galactose but increased serum levels of D
      xylose. After 6 days of pretreatment, SMS 201-995 completely suppressed duodenal
      trypsin, lipase and bilirubin increases in response to endogenous stimulation by
      a Lundh meal. Concomitantly, cholecystokinin (CCK) release and gall bladder
      contraction were almost abolished. Compared with placebo, SMS 201-995
      significantly diminished pancreatic amylase, trypsin and lipase output after
      stimulation with CCK, while the secretion of fluid and bicarbonate in response to
      secretin was unchanged. This inhibition of enzyme response was significantly more
      marked after a single injection of the analogue than after pretreatment for 7
      days and did not reach the level of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. CCK
      induced gall bladder contraction was significantly inhibited by a single dose of
      25 micrograms SMS 201-995 but not after 7 days of pretreatment with the
      somatostatin analogue.

PMID- 2883062
TI  - A survey of new users of psychotropic drugs in Australian general practice.
AB  - During 1984 and 1985, a study was conducted of 104 new adult users of
      benzodiazepines or antidepressants prescribed by sixty-two general practitioners
      in Sydney, Australia. New users of antidepressants tended to be older than new
      users of benzodiazepines. Seventy per cent of new users of psychotropic drugs
      were women and 67% were suffering significant psychological distress according to
      the 12-item general health questionnaire administered in a home interview. It was
      estimated that the general practitioners initiated approximately one new episode
      of use per week, and that repeat prescriptions constituted the bulk of general
      practitioner prescribing of these drugs.

PMID- 2883061
TI  - Neuropeptidergic versus cholinergic and adrenergic regulation of islet hormone
      secretion.

PMID- 2883063
TI  - [The role of Italian cardiology in the Italian Group for the Study of
      Streptokinase in Myocardial Infarct. Distribution, structural and organizational
      characteristics of coronary intensive care units].
AB  - After a short "historical" mention of the fundamental stages that produced the
      protocol and the beginning of the G.I.S.S.I. study, we examine the statistics on
      the organizing, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects observed during the
      G.I.S.S.I. study. Even if the collected data are referred only to the 176 CCU
      participating in the G.I.S.S.I., and the results on mortality and hospitalization
      time takes into account only the myocardial infarctions randomized for the study,
      and the criteria used in the analysis (organizational and structural parameters)
      are considered arbitrary, we underline the evident lack of balance in the
      geographic distribution of the CCU; this imbalance involves also the instrumental
      equipment. Furthermore we note a poor, but significative, decrease in the
      mortality of the Units with a higher hospitalization/year and with a more
      sophisticated instrumental equipment. Another interesting data, from a clinical
      and organizational point of view, concerns the high number of patients--10210 out
      of 20020 (51%)--excluded from the randomization, because hospitalized after 12
      hours. This data underlines the big problem of the "pre-coronary" time, which is
      still to long, actually, in our country. These data must induce to increase the
      efforts to develop the network of CCU in our Country and to inform the people and
      the sanitary operators about the usefulness of quicker therapeutic intervention.
      From an epidemiological investigation, the best results were obtained in the
      patients hospitalized within the first few hours from the onset of the symptoms.

PMID- 2883064
TI  - Effects of hexamethonium and atropine on the basal levels of immunoreactive
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in dogs.
AB  - The basal levels of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (IR-VIP) in
      veins of the gastrointestinal tract and the effect of hexamethonium and atropine
      on basal levels of IR-VIP were examined in anesthetized dogs. The basal mean
      plasma IR-VIP levels in the pancreaticoduodenal vein, the mesenteric vein of the
      jejunum, the mesenteric vein of the ileum and the right colonic vein, but not the
      left gastroepiploic vein, were significantly higher than those in the femoral
      vein. These basal levels of IR-VIP were decreased by atropine, but not by
      hexamethonium. Thus, the main source of basal VIP in the portal vein is probably
      the duodenum (and pancreas) and the small and large intestine, and the basal
      levels of VIP are under the control of muscarinic receptors, in canine
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2883066
TI  - Divergent effects of bombesin and bethanechol on stimulated gastric secretion in
      duodenal ulcer and in normal men.
AB  - To further investigate differences in the responses of normals and patients with
      duodenal ulcer with respect to gastrin release and acid and pepsin secretion, we
      infused bombesin (1 microgram/kg X h) or bethanechol (40 micrograms/kg X h)
      during the middle hour of a 3-h infusion of pentagastrin and compared the results
      with a pentagastrin infusion without added drug. Pentagastrin dosage (0.1
      microgram/kg X h) was set to give about half-maximal response, to detect either
      inhibition or further stimulation of gastric secretion, whereas the dose of
      bombesin was chosen to give maximal gastrin but less than maximal acid secretion.
      Serum gastrin and somatostatin were also measured. In all subjects tested,
      bethanechol produced no effects on acid, gastrin, or somatostatin release but
      increased pepsin output. By contrast, bombesin inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated
      acid output in all 6 normal men by an average of 55%, whereas it inhibited acid
      output in only 2 of the 9 men with duodenal ulcer. Serum gastrin increases after
      bombesin in duodenal ulcer were three to four times greater than in normals.
      Although bombesin stimulates acid only by releasing gastrin, we postulate that
      bombesin may also simultaneously limit acid and pepsin secretion and speculate
      that this effect could be mediated by bombesin-induced somatostatin release. The
      cause for differences between duodenal ulcer and normal remain speculative.

PMID- 2883065
TI  - The association of pyoderma gangrenosum with ulcerative colitis in Japan.
AB  - A patient with pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is
      described. He had melena and systemic skin lesions. The skin lesions consisted of
      small discrete ulcers on the back and head and large punched-out ulcers on the
      legs. He was successfully treated with prednisolone and salazosulfapyridine. He
      became asymptomatic after two weeks' treatment. Although the association of PG
      with UC is well documented among Caucasians, it is very rare among Japanese.

PMID- 2883067
TI  - Actions of sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid as reactive oxygen scavengers
      in the suppression of bile acid-induced increases in colonic epithelial cell loss
      and proliferative activity.
AB  - Sulfasalazine suppresses mucosal injury in patients with ulcerative colitis, but
      the mechanism of its therapeutic action is uncertain. In the present study, we
      examined the mechanism of the protective action of sulfasalazine in a rat model
      in which colonic epithelial cell loss and subsequent increases in epithelial
      proliferative activity were induced by intracolonic instillation of sodium
      deoxycholate. Sulfasalazine or its therapeutically active metabolite 5
      aminosalicylic acid suppressed the loss of deoxyribonucleic acid into the colonic
      lumen and the subsequent increases in mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity
      and tritiated thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid induced by
      sodium deoxycholate. Sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid also blocked
      xanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced loss of deoxyribonucleic acid and the
      subsequent proliferative response. In vitro sodium deoxycholate increased
      reactive oxygen formation by colonic mucosal scrapings or isolated crypt
      epithelium. These actions of sodium deoxycholate on reactive oxygen formation
      were blocked by sulfasalazine or 5-aminosalicylic acid. Sulfapyridine, a
      therapeutically inactive metabolite of sulfasalazine, had no effect on sodium
      deoxycholate-induced increases in surface cell sloughing, ornithine
      decarboxylase, tritiated thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid,
      chemiluminescence, or superoxide production. The ability of sulfasalazine and 5
      aminosalicylic acid to scavenge reactive oxygen may play a role in their
      therapeutic effects of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2883068
TI  - Erosive gastritis and gastrointestinal bleeding in a female runner. Prevention of
      the bleeding and healing of the gastritis with H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - A 33-yr-old female runner presented with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and iron
      deficiency anemia. She was found to have erosive gastritis that was present when
      she exercised and which was associated with symptoms. Gastrointestinal blood loss
      during exercise periods was confirmed by measuring fecal blood loss using 51Cr
      labeled red cells. Symptoms, gastritis, and blood loss disappeared with cessation
      of running or with H2-receptor antagonist therapy.

PMID- 2883069
TI  - Histological and immunohistochemical study on ontogeny of the endocrine cells in
      the quail gizzard.
AB  - The pre- and post-hatching development and differentiation of the endocrine cells
      in quail gizzard were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. A total
      of 158 heads (from 5th d of incubation to adult) were used in this study. The
      formation of gizzard tubular glands began from 11th d of incubation. 8 kinds of
      endocrine cells, argyrophil cells, and gastrin releasing polypeptide (GRP)-, 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, avian pancreatic polypeptide
      (APP)-, neurotensin-, and gastrin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the
      gizzard. These endocrine cells began to appear from 10th d of incubation.
      Argyrophil cells and GRP-immunoreactive cells in the gizzard were increased with
      age. Other kinds of immunoreactive cells were found rarely and irregularly, and
      some of them were found transitory in the embryonic stage.

PMID- 2883070
TI  - Flunarizine and alpha-adrenergic responses in isolated canine saphenous veins.
AB  - Experiments were designed to determine how flunarizine affects contractions of
      cutaneous veins to alpha-adrenergic activation. Rings of canine saphenous vein
      were mounted at optimal length for isometric tension recording in organ chambers
      filled with physiological salt solution. At concentrations higher than those
      needed to inhibit KCl-induced contractions, flunarizine inhibited the contractile
      responses evoked by alpha 2-adrenergic agonists (B-HT 920, xylazine), partial (St
      587) and full (cirazoline, phenylephrine) alpha 1-adrenergic agonists and the
      combined alpha 1-/alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, norepinephrine. The inhibitory
      effect of flunarizine against alpha 2-adrenergic responses was similar to that
      produced by other calcium-antagonists and results presumably from inhibition of
      the influx of extracellular calcium. The inhibitory effect of flunarizine against
      alpha 1-adrenergic responses was greater than expected and appears to result from
      competitive antagonism of alpha 1-adrenoceptors (pA2 = 5.79). Therefore,
      flunarizine can decrease adrenergic contractile responses by depressing the
      influx of extracellular calcium and by blocking postjunctional alpha 1
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2883071
TI  - Adrenergic agonists do not compete with the antagonist (-)3
      [125I]iodocyanopindolol for binding to rat pleural or peritoneal mast cell
      adrenergic receptor.
AB  - (-)3-[125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP), a high selective, high specific beta
      antagonist is employed to characterize beta-adrenoceptors on rat pleural and
      peritoneal mast cell populations. Results show that non specific binding is low,
      and that pleural mast cells exhibit greater number of receptors per cell
      (140,000) than peritoneal cells (90,000). Dissociation constants (Kd) are 0.37 +/
      0.01 and 0.55 +/- 0.02 nM for pleural and peritoneal cells, respectively.
      Competition experiments show that isoproterenol do not displaces ICYP neither in
      pleural nor in peritoneal cells. Low concentrations of propranolol displace ICYP
      from its binding sites, but atenolol does not. Results point to the existence in
      mast cells of mainly atypical. beta 2-receptors, since the agonist isoproterenol
      does not compete with the antagonist ICYP.

PMID- 2883072
TI  - The effects of chronic treatment with fencamfamine on body weight, food intake
      and stereotyped behaviour in rats.
AB  - The effects of chronic treatment with fencamfamine (10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline
      were studied in rats. Chronic fencamfamine treatment reduced body weight of rats
      below their normal body weight. Thereafter, weight increased, in parallel to that
      of control rats. There was an increasing trend in food intake in both groups and
      a reduction was observed in food intake on the first seven days of fencamfamine
      treated rats. Fencamfamine repeated administration enhanced stereotyped sniffing
      while rearing behaviour gradually declined until 25 days. However, the same
      treatment did not interfere with the intensity of stereotypy. These findings
      suggest the need for a re-evaluation of current concept in the tolerance to the
      effects of fencamfamine and other stimulant drugs.

PMID- 2883073
TI  - On the presence of opioid receptors in guinea-pig ventricular tissue.
AB  - The cardiac response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, induced by trains of field
      pulses, was studied in isolated guinea-pig ventricular strips. Dynorphin-(1-13)
      and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalinamide, but not morphine, reduced, in a dose
      dependent manner, the cardiac sympathetic response. The effect of the two opioid
      peptides was antagonized by naloxone. The opioid agonists did not affect the
      response to exogenous noradrenaline. Neither naloxone nor a mixture of peptidase
      inhibitors modified the cardiac response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.

PMID- 2883074
TI  - Glutathione metabolizing enzyme activities in human thyroid.
AB  - Glutathione peroxidases, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase and gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase activities were analyzed in human thyroid tissues
      obtained from 17 patients undergoing resectional surgery because of a malignancy.
      It was deduced, from measurements of glutathione peroxidase activity with both
      H202 and cumene hydroperoxide, that thyroid contains only the selenium enzyme.
      The absence of selenium independent glutathione peroxidase activity in thyroid
      was confirmed with gel filtration experiments. An interindividual variation of
      about 28-fold was found measuring glutathione transferase activity with 1-chloro
      2,4-dinitrobenzene. Subjecting a fraction of human thyroid cytosols partially
      purified by G-100 Sephadex column to isoelectricfocusing run, a single peak of
      glutathione transferase activity centered at pH 4.6 was obtained. An adequate
      level of glutathione reductase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities was
      also found in all specimens investigated.

PMID- 2883075
TI  - Disequilibrium on human chromosome 11p.

PMID- 2883076
TI  - Sex differences in recombination fraction estimates and their effect on ordering
      of chromosome 11 markers.

PMID- 2883077
TI  - Linkage analysis between Huntington disease and the G8 marker locus.

PMID- 2883078
TI  - Strategies for efficient linkage analysis: example of Huntington's disease
      pedigrees.

PMID- 2883079
TI  - Analysis of Huntington disease linkage to G8.

PMID- 2883080
TI  - Effect of age-at-onset specifications on Huntington disease--G8 linkage analysis.

PMID- 2883082
TI  - Linkage studies and prediction of risks for Huntington disease.

PMID- 2883081
TI  - Analysis of Huntington disease linkage and age-of-onset distributions.

PMID- 2883083
TI  - Linkage analysis of G8 and Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2883084
TI  - Report on genetic linkage analysis between Huntington's disease and the G8 DNA
      polymorphism.

PMID- 2883085
TI  - Seizures with neuroleptics and antidepressants.
AB  - Seizures remain among the most serious side effects of psychotropic drugs. The
      authors review the literature associating neuroleptic and antidepressant
      medications with seizures, discussing the relative "seizurogenicity" of different
      medications, risk factors for seizures, and drugs of choice for high-risk
      patients. Case histories are presented. Available evidence suggests that
      molindone, fluphenazine, and haloperidol are among the least seizurogenic
      neuroleptics and that doxepin, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or electroconvulsive
      therapy may be safest in treating the depressed patient at risk for seizures.

PMID- 2883086
TI  - Analysis of the human apolipoprotein B gene; complete structure of the B-74
      region.
AB  - In this paper we describe the nucleotide sequence of the B-74 region of human
      apolipoprotein B-100 mRNA. This region comprises the 3'-proximal three-quarters
      of the mRNA and contains 10,089 nucleotides (nt), 9786 of which are coding.
      Combining our data with the published sequence of the 5'-proximal one-quarter
      (i.e., the B-26 region [Protter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 5678
      5682] assigns 14,059 nt to the apoB-100 mRNA. The coding sequence spans 13,548 nt
      or 4516 amino acids (leader peptide excluded). The B-74 part of the apoB gene is
      built up of five exons separated by small introns, and is dominated by an
      unusually large exon of 7.5 kb. The derivation of two (EcoRI and XbaI)
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms occurring in the coding region is
      discussed.

PMID- 2883087
TI  - Organization of genes expressing the blood-group-M-specific hemagglutinin of
      Escherichia coli: identification and nucleotide sequence of the M-agglutinin
      subunit gene.
AB  - The organization of genes encoding the blood group M-specific hemagglutinin (M
      agglutinin) of Escherichia coli strain IH11165 was studied with a cloned 6.5-kb
      DNA segment. This DNA segment contains at least five genes which code for the
      polypeptides of 12.5, 30, 80, 18.5 and 21 kDa. The 30-, 80- and 21-kDa
      polypeptides are synthesized as precursors that are approximately 2 kDa larger.
      The 21-kDa polypeptide was identified as the M-agglutinin subunit by its
      reactivity with anti-M-agglutinin serum. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the
      corresponding gene showed that the M-agglutinin precursor had a 24-amino acid
      (aa) signal sequence, while the mature protein is 146 aa residues long. Although
      the organization of the M-agglutinin gene cluster resembles those of other E.
      coli adhesins, there is no significant sequence homology between the M-agglutinin
      subunit and the subunits of the other potentially related proteins in E. coli.

PMID- 2883088
TI  - Optimal pain control in elderly cancer patients.
AB  - The optimal management of pain in the elderly cancer patient is founded on astute
      assessment of pain and other symptoms, development of a pain diagnosis derived
      from the clinical evaluation, treatment of underlying causes where possible, and
      the expert application of analgesic techniques. Analgesic techniques themselves
      are multimodal. Pharmacologic approaches are the mainstay, but an individual
      patient may benefit from the use of anesthetic, neuroaugmentative, surgical,
      physiatric, or psychological methods, as well. Guidelines for the assessment and
      integrated management of these patients are suggested, with specific emphasis on
      the use of pharmacologic therapy.

PMID- 2883089
TI  - Effects of buphenine (nylidrin) on the perfused mammalian eye.
AB  - Buphenine (nylidrin), a beta-adrenergic agonist, is used therapeutically for its
      vasodilating effect on the peripheral circulation and possibly on the cerebral
      circulation as well. In spite of its ophthalmic usage in degenerative retinal
      disease and glaucoma, buphenine's ocular effects and their mechanisms are not
      sufficiently established. Consequently, we studied the action of 4.5-120 microM
      buphenine in isolated, arterially perfused cat eyes, and then used light-evoked
      electrical signals, perfusion flow rates and the diameters of the retinal vessels
      as parameters for the drug's effect. Our findings showed that buphenine induced a
      marked, dose-related, reversible increase in the amplitude of the
      electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave, a decrease in the c-wave, but no significant
      changes in the standing potential and light peak of the DC-ERG. The compound
      action potential of the optic nerve revealed dose-dependent and reversible
      changes in configuration. However, the flow of perfusate was not affected by the
      drug, and the diameter of retinal vessels did not change significantly. Our
      studies suggest that the interaction of buphenine with retinal adrenergic
      receptors is not related to the vasculature present but to elements involved in
      information processing. It is likely that these receptors are linked to neurons,
      since the beta-agonist affected the ERG b-waves as well as the compound action
      potential of the optic nerve.

PMID- 2883090
TI  - [Occupational hygiene in agriculture in the 11th Five-Year Plan and its
      objectives in the light of resolutions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2883091
TI  - [Evaluation of the inhibitory effect on uterine contraction of the preparation
      fenoterol produced by Polfa and a comparison of its effect with that of
      partusisten].

PMID- 2883092
TI  - [Retrograde or orthograde anatomic perfusion of the free forearm flap?].
AB  - The free forearm flap is ideal for vascularized tissue transfer because of its
      large vessels and multiple nerve supply. In the case presented a distally based
      forearm flap on a long vascular pedicle was employed relying on a reversed blood
      flow. Unfortunately the reversed venous flow did not develop and therefore in
      order to provide a venous drainage an autologous vein graft was used.

PMID- 2883093
TI  - [The mode of anti-inflammatory action of a topical non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drug, etofenamate].
AB  - In order to ascertain the mode of anti-inflammatory action of a topical non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, etofenamate which is a diethylene glycol ester
      of flufenamic acid, the in vitro test for the mechanism of the action were
      carried out. Etofenamate (3 microM) was hydrolysed to flufenamic acid at a rate
      of 39.5% and 57.0% of the dose during 30 and 60 min incubation, respectively,
      when incubated with rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated with starch and bacto
      peptone in phosphate-buffered saline. PGE2 generation by these cells in MEM
      medium was dose-relatedly inhibited with etofenamate as well as flufenamic acid
      at the dosage range of 1 to 30 microM. This suggests that unchanged etofenamate
      is active, since the highest conversion rate of etofenamate to flufenamic acid
      was 15% of the dose during the incubation. Etofenamate produced a dose-related
      inhibition against lipoxygenase prepared from peritoneal polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes of guinea pigs, and its activity (IC50 = 5.3 X 10(-5) M) was stronger
      than that of caffeic acid; flufenamic acid was inactive. Inhibitory activity of
      etofenamate was one-third or less that of flufenamic acid against the hypotonic
      hyperthermic lysis of rat erythrocytes and heat-denaturation of bovine serum
      albumin. From these results, it was suggested that topically applied etofenamate
      produces its anti-inflammatory action through prostaglandin synthesis inhibition
      by flufenamic acid produced in the inflammatory tissue and inhibition of
      prostaglandin synthesis by macrophages and lipoxygenase inhibition by unchanged
      etofenamate.

PMID- 2883094
TI  - [Anti-allergic effects of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1
      homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole fumarate (KB-2413)].
AB  - The effects of KB-2413 on four types of allergic reactions classified by Coombs
      and Gell were investigated. KB-2413 inhibited homologous passive cutaneous
      anaphylaxis and passive anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs mediated
      by IgE-like antibody, and ED50 values were 0.0017 mg/kg, p.o., and 0.022 mg/kg,
      p.o., respectively. KB-2413 also inhibited IgG-mediated anaphylactic
      bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs actively sensitized with egg albumin. Both
      complement-dependent immune hemolysis and complement-independent hypotonic
      hemolysis were inhibited by KB-2413 in a concentration-dependent manner. KB-2413
      had no effect on the Forssman systemic reaction. The passive Arthus reaction in
      guinea pigs sensitized with anti-egg albumin rabbit serum was unaffected by KB
      2413. However, the early stage of the active Arthus reaction in rabbits
      sensitized with egg albumin was inhibited. KB-2413 had an inhibitory effect on
      the efferent phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by picryl chloride
      (PC-DTH) in mice. On the other hand, the afferent phase of PC-DTH in mice was
      unaffected. These results suggest that KB-2413 strongly suppresses type I
      allergic reactions, and it slightly suppresses type II, III and IV allergic
      reactions.

PMID- 2883095
TI  - [Do antacids with high acid-binding capacity modify mineral metabolism?].

PMID- 2883096
TI  - [Aluminum concentration in the bones and brain following the administration of
      antacids].

PMID- 2883098
TI  - [The aluminum problem in antacid therapy].

PMID- 2883099
TI  - [Therapy using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. New attempts at
      understanding the possible mechanisms of action].

PMID- 2883097
TI  - [Aluminum--are all antacids really harmless?].

PMID- 2883100
TI  - [Further perspectives on calcium antagonists].

PMID- 2883101
TI  - Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin content in normal and diabetic duck pancreas.

PMID- 2883102
TI  - Ovarian cyclic GMP concentration and guanylate cyclase and cyclic GMP
      phosphodiesterase activities in proestrus rat after treatment with LH.

PMID- 2883103
TI  - Effects of ethanol and nicotine on gastrin and somatostatin release in rats.
AB  - An intravenous bolus injection of nicotine (1 mg/kg) markedly elevated gastric
      acid secretion; oral administration of ethanol (40%, 10 ml/kg) significantly
      increased arterial serum gastrin and somatostatin levels. Chronic pretreatment
      with oral nicotine (5 or 25 micrograms/ml in drinking tap water, for 10 days),
      but not acute pretreatment with a single oral dose of nicotine (2 or 4 mg/kg),
      inhibited the nicotine-induced gastric acid secretion and ethanol-induced gastrin
      and somatostatin release. Pretreatment subcutaneously with a ganglion-blocking
      dose of hexamethonium (10 mg/kg), however, inhibited nicotine-stimulated acid
      output and ethanol-evoked somatostatin secretion but not ethanol-induced gastrin
      release. It is concluded that ethanol-evoked gastrin secretion could be due to
      activation of specific sites which are not nicotinic receptors, but which are
      depressed by chronic nicotine pretreatment. On the other hand, the release of
      somatostatin by ethanol appears to be controlled by ganglionic receptors in the
      gut.

PMID- 2883104
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists stimulate growth hormone secretion but have no
      acute effects on plasma cortisol under basal conditions.
AB  - Ten normal male subjects were administered clonidine (0.1 and 0.2 mg) or a highly
      selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist S 3341 (1 and 2 mg) on separate occasions
      in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study; blood samples were
      obtained for measurement of serum GH and plasma cortisol via an indwelling venous
      cannula for 4 h after each drug administration. Both clonidine and S 3341 were
      equally effective at lowering supine, and particularly standing BP; both also
      caused mild sedation, although this was slightly less marked for S 3341. High
      doses of both clonidine and S 3341 significantly increased serum GH (peak
      increment after clonidine: 18.8 +/- 5.5 mU/l (mean +/- SEM); peak increment after
      S 3341: 21.1 +/- 4.8 mU/l). Neither drug affected plasma cortisol. It is
      concluded that GH release may be stimulated by alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonism. As S
      3341 has slightly less central activity than clonidine at the doses employed, but
      is at least equally potent at stimulating GH release, it is probable that the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation of GH release occurs outside the blood-brain
      barrier. The pituitary-adrenal axis appears resistant to manipulation of alpha 2
      adrenoceptors under basal conditions.

PMID- 2883105
TI  - Further evidence for genetic heterogeneity in the fragile X syndrome.
AB  - The X-linked fragile X [fra(X)] syndrome, associated with a fragile site at
      Xq27.3, is the most common Mendelian inherited form of mental deficiency.
      Approximately 1 in 1060 males and 1 in 677 females carry the fra(X) chromosome.
      However, diagnosis of carrier status can be difficult since about 20% of males
      and 44% of females are nonpenetrant for mental impairment and/or expression of
      fra(X). We analyzed DNA from 327 individuals in 23 families segregating fra(X)
      for linkage to three flanking polymorphic probes: 52A, F9, and ST14. This allowed
      probable nonpenetrant, transmitting males and carrier females to be identified. A
      combined linkage analysis was conducted using these families and published probe
      information on F9 in 27 other families, 52A in six families, and ST14 in five
      families. The two-point recombination fraction for 52A-F9 was 0.13 (90%
      confidence interval, 0.10-0.16), for F9-fra(X) was 0.21 (0.17-0.24), and for
      fra(X)-ST14 was 0.12 (0.07-0.17). Tight linkage between F9 and fra(X) was
      observed in some families; in others loose linkage was seen suggesting genetic
      linkage heterogeneity. Risk analysis of carrier status using flanking DNA probes
      showed that probable nonpenetrant transmitting males were included in families
      showing both tight and loose linkage. Thus, in contrast to our previous
      conclusions, it appears that the presence or absence of nonpenetrant,
      transmitting males in a family is not an indicator of heterogeneity. To determine
      if heterogeneity was present, we employed the admixture test. Evidence for
      linkage heterogeneity between F9 and fra(X) was found, significant at P less than
      0.0005. Nonsignificant heterogeneity was seen for 52A-F9 linkage. No
      heterogeneity was found for fra(X)-ST14. The frequency of fra(X) expression was
      significantly lower in families with tight F9-fra(X) linkage than in families
      with loose linkage. Cognition appeared to relate to linkage type: affected males
      in tight linkage families had higher IQs than those in loose linkage families.
      These findings of genetic heterogeneity can account in part for the high
      prevalence and apparent high new mutation rate of fra(X). They will affect
      genetic counseling using RFLPs. An understanding of the basis for genetic
      heterogeneity in fra(X) will help to clarify the nature of the unusual pattern of
      inheritance seen in this syndrome.

PMID- 2883106
TI  - Cystic fibrosis: typing 48 German families with linked DNA probes.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty five subjects from 48 German cystic fibrosis (CF) families
      were typed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected by the
      probes pmet H, pmet D, and pJ 3.11, known to be tightly linked to the CF gene.
      Gene and haplotype frequencies suggest a linkage disequilibrium with the CF
      locus. The analysis of the predictive value of this typing in individual CF
      families indicates that the combined use of these probes provides a powerful
      diagnostic system both for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. In 33 out of
      48 families carriers and non-carriers could be identified, and in 26 of these 33
      families prenatal diagnosis could discriminate between affected and unaffected
      offspring.

PMID- 2883107
TI  - X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: DNA probe linkage analysis and gene
      localization.
AB  - A linkage study of 24 families with hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal
      dysplasia (HED) has been performed. The previously suggested linkage to DXYS1 has
      been confirmed, and linkage to probes DXS14 and DXS3 has been established. We
      suggest that the HED locus lies in the centromeric region between DXYS1 on the
      long arm and DXS14 on the short arm of the X chromosome, probably on proximal Xq.

PMID- 2883108
TI  - A DNA marker closely linked to the factor IX (haemophilia B) gene.
AB  - We have isolated a DNA segment, pX58dIIIc, from an X-chromosome library which
      identifies an SstI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at locus
      DXS99. Linkage analysis in six informative families has shown that the DXS99
      locus lies close to the factor IX gene (F9). No recombination was detected
      between these loci in 39 informative meioses (Z = 9.79, theta = 0.0). Therefore,
      DXS99 will be useful as a DNA marker for the assessment of carrier status in
      families with haemophilia B where intragenic markers are not informative.
      Heterozygosity at DXS99 is approximately 50% and, in conjunction with the RFLPs
      at F9, 90% of females at risk for being haemophilia B carriers should be
      diagnosed.

PMID- 2883109
TI  - Allele-specific DNA identity patterns.
AB  - A method of genetic analysis is presented which involves digestion of DNA with a
      single restriction enzyme (PvuII) and hybridisation with a mixture of five
      probes. Four of the five probes chosen recognise hypervariable regions (HVRs) of
      the human genome and hence an allele-specific DNA identity pattern results. An
      advantage of this approach to genetic characterisation is that the complex
      identity patterns may be broken down into simple allelic systems of known
      chromosomal localization by hybridisation with the individual probes. Also
      different probes may be included in a combined probe designed for particular
      types of investigation.

PMID- 2883110
TI  - Polymorphic DNA haplotypes at the human phenylalanine hydroxylase locus and their
      relationship with phenylketonuria.
AB  - Eight polymorphic restriction enzyme sites at the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
      locus were analyzed from the parental chromosomes in 33 Danish nuclear families
      with at least one phenylketonuric (PKU) child. Determination of haplotypes of 66
      normal chromosomes and 66 chromosomes bearing mutant allele(s) demonstrated that
      there are at least two haplotypes which occur predominantly on PKU chromosomes
      and rarely otherwise. Overall, the relative frequencies of the various haplotypes
      are significantly different on PKU- and normal-allele bearing chromosomes, even
      though there is no predominantly occurring unique haplotype which can
      characterize the PKU chromosomes. In addition, no significant association
      (linkage disequilibrium) between any single polymorphic site and the mutant
      allele(s) was observed. The results suggest that either the phenylketonuric
      mutation was very ancient so that the polymorphic sites and the mutation have
      reached linkage equilibrium or the mutant allele(s) are the results of multiple
      mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in man. Furthermore, a crude
      relationship between standardized linkage disequilibria and physical map
      distances of the polymorphic sites indicates that there is no apparent
      recombination hot-spot in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, since the
      recombination rate within the locus appears to be uniform and likely to be
      occurring at a rate similar to that within the HLA gene cluster. The limitations
      of this later analysis are discussed in view of the sampling errors of
      disequilibrium measure used, and the potential utility of the PAH haplotypes for
      prenatal diagnosis and detection of PKU carriers is established.

PMID- 2883111
TI  - A hypervariable region at the D19S11 locus.
AB  - The polymorphic locus D19S11 consists of four closely linked RFLPs: alpha, beta,
      delta, and gamma on chromosome 19p13.2----19cen, revealed by subclones p13-1-82
      and p13-2-21 from cosmid 1-13. Here, we report that p13-1-25, an additional
      subclone of c1-13, reveals three insertion/deletion RFLPs, alpha, epsilon, and
      phi, at the D19S11 locus. In situ hybridization of p13-1-25 to metaphase
      chromosomes from a carrier of a 19/X translocation with a breakpoint near the
      centromere confirms localization of D19S11 to 19p. Studies with hydatidiform
      moles have generated assignments of specific restriction fragments to these three
      loci, and genotypic studies in three-generation families have indicated that they
      are closely linked. Loci alpha (also detected by p13-1-82) and phi each have but
      two common alleles, whereas epsilon has at least 33 alleles, including a null
      allele. Fifty unrelated individuals tested displayed unique fragment patterns on
      Taq I blots probed with p13-1-25. Applications of this probe include monitoring
      loss of chromosome 19 during tumorigenesis, monitoring engraftment of donor bone
      marrow after transplantation, testing for paternity, and mapping disease genes on
      chromosome 19.

PMID- 2883113
TI  - DNA polymorphisms associated with HLA-B-like genes and evidence for a duplication
      of B40 genes detected with an HLA-B-specific DNA probe.
AB  - Analysis of polymorphic DNA endonuclease restriction fragments by Southern
      blotting indicates that the genetic complexity of the HLA class I gene family is
      larger than the complexity indicated by serologically defined HLA-A, -B and -C
      gene products (Orr et al., 1982). There are correlations between polymorphic
      restriction endonuclease fragments in a limited number of HLA class I alleles; in
      fact, a few alleles in the population have been correlated with the presence of
      polymorphic DNA fragments (Cann et al., 1983; Cohen et al., 1983; Orr & De Mars,
      1983; Lucotte, Coulondre & Salmon, 1985; Driesel et al., 1985). Recently, probes
      shown to be specific for HLA-A and HLA-B genes (Grumet et al., 1983; Koller et
      al., 1985) were constructed from the 3'-untranslated region of these genes.

PMID- 2883112
TI  - X-linked immunodeficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia M appears to be linked to
      the DXS42 restriction fragment length polymorphism locus.
AB  - The gene involved in X-linked immunodeficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia M
      (XHM) was localized by the use of nine restriction fragment length polymorphic
      (RFLP) markers covering the entire X chromosome. Multipoint linkage analysis of
      RFLP data obtained in a three generation XHM pedigree indicates the Xq24-q27 area
      around the DXS42 RFLP locus as the most likely localization of the XHM locus.

PMID- 2883114
TI  - Molecular mapping of crossover sites within the I region of the mouse MHC.
      Analysis of ten recombinant chromosomes.

PMID- 2883116
TI  - Heterogeneity of human C4 gene size. A large intron (6.5 kb) is present in all
      C4A genes and some C4B genes.
AB  - In this article we present a study showing that the human C4 genes differ in
      length because of the presence or absence of a 6.5 kb intron near the 5' end of
      the gene. DNA from individuals of known HLA, factor B, and C4 haplotypes was
      analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by Southern blot
      analysis with C4-specific cDNA probes. The RFLP patterns obtained showed that the
      C4 genes are either 22.5 kb or 16 kb in length. They are referred to as long and
      short C4 genes, respectively. A population study was carried out to examine the
      distribution of the gene size according to C4 allotypes and haplotypes. Long C4
      genes included all C4A genes studied and also some C4B allotypes, e.g., B1 on
      most C4 A3B1 haplotypes. Similarly, C4B null genes were found to be of the long
      form. Other C4B allotypes tested were found to be coded for by short C4 genes,
      including B2, B1 in C4 A6B1 and C4 AQOB1 (with a single C4B gene haplotype).

PMID- 2883117
TI  - Identification of flaviviruses by the single-radial-haemolysis test.

PMID- 2883115
TI  - DNA polymorphism of MHC III genes in inbred and wild mouse strains.
AB  - Genes encoding the second component (C2), factor B, and complement protein C4 and
      Slp (sex-limited protein) are members of the major histocompatibility complex
      class III gene cluster. In this report we describe isolation of a mouse C2 cDNA
      clone and its use together with factor B and C4 cDNA clones to examine the S
      region in a panel of 42 haplotypes in laboratory and wild mice representing 5
      species and subspecies of Mus. Conservation of the C2 factor B gene duplex was
      evidenced by relatively limited polymorphism associated with speciation and
      nucleotide sequence homology between mouse and human C2 and factor B. The C4-Slp
      gene duplex, on the other hand, showed extensive polymorphism by DNA blot
      analysis. This polymorphism correlated poorly with the C2/factor B restriction
      fragment length polymorphism, suggesting independent evolution of these two
      segments of the S region. Taken together, these data will be of particular
      importance in studies of mouse strains with abnormal regulation of immune
      effector systems since the class III gene products are essential for activation
      of the complement cascade.

PMID- 2883118
TI  - Susceptibility of mosquito larvae to Leptolegnia sp.

PMID- 2883119
TI  - Mapping of the mouse atrial natriuretic factor gene. Evidence for tight linkage
      to the Fv-1 locus.
AB  - The importance of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in the regulation of salt
      balance and blood pressure is now widely recognized, and it would be extremely
      informative for both physiologists and molecular biologists to have mutants
      available that exhibit abnormal expression of this peptide hormone. The most
      direct mutation would affect the structural gene itself by altering either its
      coding potential or its regulation. With this aim in mind, it is of considerable
      interest to accurately determine the chromosomal position of the ANF gene (Anf)
      in the mouse. This information would permit a comparison with known mutations and
      provide a means of screening for mutations at this locus. Using recombinant
      inbred mouse strains, we undertook the mapping of the mouse Anf gene and
      demonstrated linkage of the gene to the Friend virus susceptibility-1 (Fv-1)
      locus on chromosome 4. The mapping was performed using a restriction fragment
      length polymorphism extant between the two parental strains. No recombination
      event between Anf and the Fv-1 locus was evident in any of the 34 strains tested.
      The assignment of Anf to this region of chromosome 4 coincides with the reported
      position of the cribriform degeneration mutation, which includes in its phenotype
      an abnormal electrolyte distribution. We have, therefore, begun studying this
      mutation to determine whether a defect in ANF expression is the underlying cause
      of the phenotype. Thus far, we have found no major DNA rearrangement close to the
      Anf gene.

PMID- 2883120
TI  - The role of adrenergic mechanism in tremorine-induced tremors in rats: antitremor
      effect of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - Tranylcypromine (TCP) pretreatment was found to accelerate the tremorogenic
      activity of tremorine in rats. Conversely, reserpinization delayed the onset of
      induction of tremors, and a significant diminution in their intensity was
      observed in these rats. A comparative study of the antitremor activity of beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists against this tremor-model showed that butoxamine (beta 2
      antagonist) and propranolol (nonselective antagonist) were able to afford a rapid
      and powerful protection, whereas a weaker and delayed effect was observed in rats
      treated with the beta 1-antagonist, acebutolol. Furthermore, the antitremor
      activity of butoxamine and propranolol but not that of acebutolol was found to be
      potentiated and diminished in rats pretreated with reserpine and TCP,
      respectively. It was inferred that beta 2-receptor modulated the tremorogenic
      activity of tremorine, and that inhibition by propranolol or butoxamine of this
      subtype beta-adrenoceptor resulted in rapid and powerful suppression of tremors,
      and that the antiadrenergic activity of acebutolol was unlikely to have a role in
      its antitremor effect.

PMID- 2883121
TI  - Immune-complex-induced inflammatory reaction studied by intravital microscopy:
      role of histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites.
AB  - An immune-complex-induced inflammatory reaction was elicited in the hamster cheek
      pouch microvasculature of ovalbumin (OA)-immunized animals by exposure to 1 or
      100 micrograms/ml OA. The low antigen dose caused arteriolar constriction,
      transient platelet aggregation, and a reversible increase in vascular leakage at
      postcapillary venules. With the high antigen dose, the constriction and platelet
      aggregation were more pronounced and the vascular leakage was prolonged. This
      antigen dose also caused a massive PMNL accumulation in small venules, which
      coincided with the prolonged vascular leakage. Histamine was released in the
      reaction as pretreatment with mepyramine largely inhibited the leakage response
      to 1 microgram/ml OA. With 100 micrograms/ml OA, only the initial phase of
      vascular leakage was inhibited by mepyramine, leaving the prolonged vascular
      leakage and PMNL accumulation unaltered. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone 16
      18 h prior to the experiments reduced both phases of vascular leakage as well as
      the PMNL accumulation. Pretreatment with the combined cyclo- and lipoxygenase
      inhibitors BW755C or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) reduced the initial
      vasoconstriction induced with 100 micrograms/ml OA, thereby augmenting the
      initial vascular leakage. Despite this, the prolonged phase of vascular leakage
      was reduced in the NDGA-treated animals. Cyclooxygenase products were not found
      to play a crucial role in mediating the vascular response; on the contrary,
      indomethacin pretreatment slightly potentiated the vascular leakage induced by
      the low antigen dose.

PMID- 2883123
TI  - Pilus-mediated binding of bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to calf small
      intestinal mucins.
AB  - In this study we show that the adhesion to mucus of the enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli strains responsible for diarrhea in calves involves a bacterium
      mucin recognition phenomenon in which the bacterial pili and specific mucus
      receptors carried by the glycoproteins (2,000 to 400 kilodalton) play a major
      role. An adhesion maximum was observed at a pH of less than 6 (4.75 to 5.25). The
      sialic acids and galactose appeared to be at least partly responsible for the
      attachment of K99 pili, whereas F41 pili preferentially recognized desialylated
      receptors. The attachment of different strains of E. coli characterized by the
      presence of the three main pili, K99, F41, and FY, known to be responsible for
      the binding of enterotoxigenic E. coli to the intestinal epithelium of the calf,
      was studied using Scatchard and Hill analyses. The attachment mechanism of
      bacteria carrying K99 pili showed positive cooperativity. FY and F41 pili
      recognized independent receptor sites, the first on sialylated mucus and the
      second on sialidase-treated mucus. Moreover, F41 pili were found to bind the
      native mucus according to a negative cooperativity phenomenon. Finally, the
      recognition sites carried by bacterial pilins may be saturated by some animal
      glycoprotein glycans which are therefore adhesion inhibitors.

PMID- 2883122
TI  - Purification, morphology, and genetics of a new fimbrial putative colonization
      factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O159:H4.
AB  - The ability to colonize the small intestine is essential for the pathogenesis of
      diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Colonization is
      mediated by fimbriae (pili), of which there are several antigenically distinct
      types, including colonization factor antigen I, colonization factor antigen II
      (CS1, CS2, and CS3), and PCF8775 (CS4, CS5, and CS6). These fimbriae are
      associated with certain ETEC O serogroups. Serogroup O159 has had no known
      colonization factor. We found a distinct plasmid-encoded fimbria composed of 19
      kilodalton protein subunits associated with ETEC serotype O159:H4. Rabbit
      antibody against this purified fimbria reacted with a single 19-kilodalton
      protein band as seen by Western immunoblot of sheared-cell preparations. The
      rabbit antibody, treated with colloidal-gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit
      immunoglobulin G, bound specifically to fimbriae when cells were examined with an
      electron microscope. Of 10 available ETEC O159:H4 strains from Europe,
      Bangladesh, and Kenya, 6 expressed this type of fimbria; its true prevalence
      among ETEC strains is unknown. This putative colonization factor of O159:H4 joins
      other ETEC fimbriae as potentially useful immunogens against human diarrhea.

PMID- 2883124
TI  - Detection of subunits of pertussis toxin in Tn5-induced Bordetella mutants
      deficient in toxin biological activity.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies with specificity for pertussis toxin subunits S1, S2, and
      S4 were used in Western blots to show that the subunits were not secreted into
      culture medium from Tn5 insertion mutants. The mutants are deficient in toxin
      biological activities due to an insertion in the S3 subunit structural gene. The
      Western blots demonstrated that each of the respective subunits was exported in a
      wild-type strain. Anti-S1 and anti-S2 monoclonal antibodies were capable of
      detecting subunits in solubilized whole-cell material from a wild-type strain and
      from the Tn5 mutants lacking only in biologically active toxin (Tox-). Another
      Tn5 insertion mutant, lacking all known B. pertussis virulence factors (Vir-),
      did not produce any of the subunits either in whole cellular extracts or in
      culture supernatants. The data demonstrate that Tn5 Tox- insertion mutants,
      though defective in toxin activity, synthesize some toxin subunits. The presence
      of the S3 subunit is most likely a necessity for transport of the toxin from
      cells. Alternatively, a nonstructural gene coding for a protein involved in
      transport of the toxin across the membrane may be affected by the Tn5 mutation.

PMID- 2883126
TI  - Partition of heat-labile-enterotoxin genes between human and animal Escherichia
      coli isolates.
AB  - Heat-labile toxin (LT) genes from human and animal Escherichia coli isolates from
      a restricted geographical region (Thailand) exhibited a segregated pattern of
      dissemination that was revealed by a restriction enzyme site polymorphism. The
      results suggest an exclusion of LT genes from or a low transfer rate for LT genes
      between E. coli strains infectious for humans and those infectious for animals in
      natural settings.

PMID- 2883125
TI  - Expression of the S-1 catalytic subunit of pertussis toxin in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The S-1 subunit of pertussis toxin was expressed as a fusion protein in a strain
      of Escherichia coli deficient in protein degradation. The fusion protein reacted
      with anti-pertussis toxin antibody, and, like authentic pertussis toxin, it ADP
      ribosylated a 41,000-molecular-weight membrane protein from human erythrocytes.

PMID- 2883127
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of fecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli
      in neonates.
AB  - Fecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli has caused epidemic
      outbreaks of extraintestinal E. coli infections in the neonatal unit of Danderyd
      Hospital. The aerobic fecal flora was therefore studied in 1,955 newborn children
      born at Danderyd Hospital during a period of 2.5 years. E. coli was found in 58%
      of the maternity ward children and in 57% of the neonatal unit children. A P
      fimbriated strain was found in 12% and 17% of the children, respectively (p less
      than 0.01). There was a significant increase in the frequency of children
      colonized with E. coli, and especially P-fimbriated E. coli, with length of stay
      in the neonatal unit. There was a statistical correlation between bed occupancy
      and colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli (r = 0.46, p less than 0.01) during
      this study period. We found an incidence of P-fimbriated E. coli of 10 to 20%
      among the E. coli strains isolated from the fecal specimens which we regard as
      the baseline incidence.

PMID- 2883128
TI  - Time-course of IgE binding to rat peritoneal cells after sensitization with alum
      adsorbed ovalbumin and Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - High IgE responder rats were sensitized intraperitoneally with alum-adsorbed
      ovalbumin and Bordetella pertussis organisms. At day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28
      following sensitization the peritoneal cells were harvested and further processed
      for light and immunoelectron microscopical investigations using a specific anti
      rat IgE immunogold sandwich method. The results obtained show that the number of
      peritoneal mast cells increase significantly during the course of sensitization.
      There is a time-dependent increase in the amount of immunogold particles on mast
      cell surfaces together with a shift of particle distribution towards the surface
      folds. Sensitized mast cells exhibit altered releasability as is indicated by
      slightly degranulated cells at day 21 and day 28 postsensitization. Additionally,
      about 25% of small lymphocytes which had entered the peritoneal cavity between
      day 7 and day 14 are heavily stained with the immunogold complex between day 14
      and day 28 postsensitization. This is not so for macrophages (less than or equal
      to 0.2% positive cells) nor for eosinophils which do not show any staining
      activity at all despite they are present in high numbers.

PMID- 2883129
TI  - The role of histamine in allergen and adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction.
AB  - We have investigated the role of histamine in allergen and adenosine-5'
      monophosphate (AMP)-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects by
      performing inhalation challenge tests with histamine, AMP and allergen after
      treatment with placebo or the potent H1 histamine receptor antagonist,
      terfenadine. Single concentrations of each agonist which had previously been
      shown to produce a 30% fall in FEV1 were used. After placebo, AMP and histamine
      both produced rapid bronchoconstriction reaching a maximum within 5 min and
      returning to within 10% of baseline after 25 min. Terfenadine inhibited this
      reaction to histamine completely and to AMP by 86%. The response to allergen was
      slower in onset and was sustained over 45 min and was inhibited 50% by
      terfenadine. We interpret these results as reflecting the contribution of
      histamine to the various airway challenges, both histamine and newly generated
      mediators comprise the response to allergen, whereas AMP selectively enhances
      mast cell degranulation without affecting the production of arachidonic acid
      derived mediators.

PMID- 2883130
TI  - The role of leukotriene-inducing and -metabolizing enzymes in inflammation.
AB  - Leukotrienes are potent mediators of allergy and inflammation. Polymorphonuclear
      granulocytes which participate in acute and chronic disease processes can be
      activated by immunological and nonimmunological stimuli to generate leukotrienes.
      It appears that on activation of the cells 5-lipoxygenase is released into the
      supernatant and thus may exert a potent role with regard to interdependent
      cellular interactions. The release of leukotriene-metabolizing enzymes (e.g.,
      gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, dipeptidase) is stimulus-dependent.
      Polymorphonuclear granulocytes alter their release profile once the cells have
      been prestimulated. Thus, a precise knowledge on the leukotriene-inducing and 
      metabolizing enzymes is of utmost importance for future immunopharmacological
      interventions. It appears that the enzyme activity reflects the state of cellular
      activation.

PMID- 2883131
TI  - Application of histamine-induced conjunctivitis to the assessment of a topical
      antihistamine, levocabastine.
AB  - In an animal model, topical application of levocabastine to the eye inhibits the
      inflammatory conjunctival response to topically applied histamine. This is so
      even at one-fourth the concentration at which levocabastine is normally
      dispensed. Total blocking of histamine response continues for 24 h and is then
      irregularly observable for an additional 72 h. Levocabastine may be absorbed
      through the conjunctiva to give systemically transmitted protection to the
      contralateral eye. Levocabastine is a potent competitor against histamine for
      conjunctival H1 receptors and should prove a useful, possibly long-acting drug
      for the reversal of inflammatory conjunctivitis and inhibition of its recurrence.

PMID- 2883132
TI  - Effect of a new selective H1 receptor antagonist (levocabastine) in a nasal and
      conjunctival provocation test.
AB  - Levocabastine is a new selective H1 receptor antagonist. The effect of the drug
      administered locally was compared to placebo in a quantified nasal and
      conjunctival provocation test with allergens performed in patients allergic to
      grass pollen. In the nasal provocation test, levocabastine was able to increase
      the 'reaction threshold' (dose of allergen necessary to trigger allergic
      symptoms) in 9 out of 12 patients; the drug inhibited rhinorrhea and sneezing,
      but not nasal obstruction. In the conjunctival provocation test, the 'reaction
      threshold' clearly increased in 10 out of 11 patients. The local administration
      of levocabastine might be useful in allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis.

PMID- 2883133
TI  - Ultrastructural effects of cadmium on the epididymis of the cryptorchid rat.
AB  - The short-term (90 min) effect of an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium
      chloride (3 mumol/100 g body weight) was studied with the electron microscope in
      the epididymis of mature rats rendered unilaterally cryptorchid 60 days before
      injection. It was found that the endothelium of the epididymal capillaries of the
      cryptorchid organ, at this low dose and short time, showed neither separation of
      cytoplasmic leaflets, nor platelet damage, nor extravasation, which are the
      lesions previously described by us and which were present in the contralateral,
      scrotal epididymis. The possible mechanisms for the protective action of
      cryptorchidism against the effects of cadmium on capillary endothelia are
      discussed.

PMID- 2883134
TI  - Acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node (Kawasaki) syndrome. An analysis of 24
      cases.
AB  - Twenty-five cases of Kawasaki syndrome were seen over a 6-year period at
      Children's Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. The diagnosis of Kawasaki syndrome
      was established in all cases by use of the criteria developed at the Center for
      Disease Control (CDC). The medical files of these cases were systematically
      reviewed for epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic features. The
      results of this study were comparable to findings from previously reported
      series. In contrast to previous data, we found several cases in which the febrile
      illness was associated with a viral infection. Two children developed coronary
      aneurysms, but there were no deaths, and resolution of the aneurysm occurred in
      one of the patients. There were no clustering of cases and no unusual
      epidemiologic findings; none of the patients had a recurrence. Patients with
      Kawasaki syndrome should be followed closely during both the acute febrile and
      the convalescent phases. Similar conditions in a child with a fever and a rash
      need to be excluded.

PMID- 2883135
TI  - Sterilization: the woman who changes her mind.

PMID- 2883136
TI  - Unexpectedly low ratio and falling incidence rate of ectopic pregnancy in Enugu,
      Nigeria, 1978-1981.
AB  - The demographic characteristics and subsequent pregnancy rate of women with tubal
      ectopic pregnancy have been investigated at the University of Nigeria Teaching
      Hospital, Enugu. The ratio of ectopic pregnancy to total births was 1:287.
      Ectopic pregnancy accounted for 6.2% of all gynaecological emergencies at the
      hospital and was the third most common of such emergencies. Nearly 69% of the
      women with ectopic pregnancy had delivered two or more babies previously, and the
      post-ectopic pregnancy conception rate was 19.54%. Surprisingly, the rate of
      ectopic pregnancy fell from 1:190 in 1978 to 1:480 in 1981. Ectopic pregnancy is
      not obviously influenced by maternal age or parity in Enugu, but is prevalent in
      women with previous pelvic inflammatory disease.

PMID- 2883137
TI  - Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen for artificial insemination: its effect on
      conception and semen analysis parameters.
AB  - Semen specimens from 24 donors in an artificial insemination program--selected
      for women whose infertile status was determined to be male factor-related and for
      whom no female factor could be determined--were cultured for the presence of
      Ureaplasma urealyticum. A life table statistical analysis indicated that
      conception did not occur sooner in the U. urealyticum-negative group (n = 14)
      compared with those women inseminated with the U. urealyticum-containing semen (n
      = 10). In addition, no significant differences were detected in semen analysis
      count, grade, or motility between semen with or without U. urealyticum. We found
      no differences in the occurrence of fetal morbidity or mortality in ten
      conceptions between the women impregnated with Ureaplasma-positive (n = 14) and
      Ureaplasma-negative (n = 6) semen. Thus, our study does not support the role of
      U. urealyticum as a cause of male factor-related infertility or early pregnancy
      loss.

PMID- 2883138
TI  - Results of human menopausal gonadotropin therapy at the Boston Hospital for Women
      (1979-1981).
AB  - To evaluate our results with induction of ovulation with human menopausal
      gonadotropins, we reviewed our experience from 1979 to 1981. Twenty-two women and
      89 treatment cycles were evaluated. The patients were assigned to group 1
      (amenorrhea, low FSH and LH, and no evidence of endogenous estrogens, as
      indicated by lack of withdrawal bleeding after medroxyprogesterone acetate) or
      group 2 (amenorrhea, with normal gonadotropins and evidence of endogenous
      estrogens by progestin withdrawal bleeding). Three patients underwent HMG therapy
      for inadequate luteal phase; none of them became pregnant. All patients from
      group 1 became pregnant (8/8), and 45% (5/11) of patients from group 2 became
      pregnant. The difference in pregnancy rates is significant (P less than .05). The
      cumulative pregnancy rate for each group was calculated by the life table method.
      All the cases of multiple gestation (three) came from group 1, and all the cases
      of ovarian hyperstimulation (five) came from group 2. In summary, in our
      experience patients from group 1 had a higher pregnancy rate and a greater
      incidence of multiple gestation than patients in group 2, who had a greater
      chance of developing ovarian hyperstimulation.

PMID- 2883139
TI  - The efficacy of progesterone in achieving successful pregnancy: I. Prophylactic
      use during luteal phase in anovulatory women.
AB  - We have previously shown that prophylactic supplementation of progesterone
      beginning in the luteal phase of patients treated with human menopausal
      gonadotropins (hMG) could reduce the risk of spontaneous abortions. The present
      study was initiated with 100 patients to evaluate the efficacy of a new
      progesterone therapeutic regime in patients requiring either hMG or clomiphene
      citrate. A significantly decreased risk of spontaneous abortion (6% vs. 28%) was
      seen in 50 patients prophylactically treated with progesterone as compared with
      50 control patients. The progesterone regimen was then tried on 566 consecutive
      patients who were treated and conceived with hMG or clomiphene citrate, and
      approximately the same risk (6.2% by 20 weeks) was found. This incidence of
      spontaneous abortion is even less than the accepted risk for the general
      population.

PMID- 2883140
TI  - The efficacy of progesterone in achieving successful pregnancy: II. In women with
      pure luteal phase defects.
AB  - Controversy still exists as to the proper therapy of luteal phase defects. Some
      advocate using drugs to improve follicular dynamics, e.g., clomiphene citrate,
      while others treat luteal phase defects with progesterone. The possibility exists
      that in some cases the luteal phase defect is secondary to failure to produce a
      mature follicle, the better drug then being an ovulation-inducing drug, e.g.,
      clomiphene. However, if the follicle is mature, then progesterone may be the best
      treatment. We defined mature follicle as one between 18 and 24 mm while the serum
      estradiol (E2) level is over 200 pg/mL. The efficacy of exclusive P therapy was
      evaluated in 50 women, all with a minimum of 1 1/2 years infertility and with no
      obvious fertility problems other than luteal phase defect. Seventy percent of the
      women conceived within 6 months. The abortion rate was 14.7%. The average period
      of infertility was 2.8 years in the 35 patients who conceived within 6 months.
      These data suggest that determining the degree of follicular maturation by serum
      E2 and pelvic sonography plus excluding the luteinized unruptured follicle
      syndrome by pelvic sonography helps determine the proper therapy for luteal phase
      defect.

PMID- 2883141
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy presenting as male infertility: a case report.
AB  - A 28-year-old man presented with azoospermia, low plasma testosterone levels, and
      an elevated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration. Bilateral
      testicular biopsies revealed tubular atrophy with normal-appearing Leydig cells.
      One year later, symptoms and signs consistent with myotonic dystrophy (MyD) were
      noted. The rarity of male hypogonadism preceding the neurological manifestations
      of MyD is stressed.

PMID- 2883142
TI  - Total and free testosterone and estradiol in human semen.
AB  - Total and free testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were determined by a
      radioimmunoassay technique in 30 normozoospermic and oligozoospermic human semen
      samples. The mean amounts of total T ranged from 25.1 +/- 7.4 to 32.5 +/- 12.2
      ng/100 mL, and those of the free hormone from 7.0 +/- 2.8 to 7.9 +/- 2.3 ng/100
      mL. The values for E2 were 10.5 +/- 4.4 to 11.2 +/- 4.5 pg/mL and 2.3 +/- 1.1 to
      3.2 +/- 2.6 pg/mL, respectively. There was no correlation between sperm density
      of semen and the levels of T and E2. It is suggested that the nonspecific binding
      of T and E2 in semen provides a physiological reservoir for active, free T and E2
      and that an appropriate ratio of free T to free E2 in semen may be crucial in the
      processes that lead to fertilization.

PMID- 2883143
TI  - Serum immunoreactive beta-endorphin in the human ovulatory cycle.
AB  - Daily serum immunoreactive beta-endorphin (IR-beta-EP) levels, in conjunction
      with luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, 17 beta-oestradiol,
      progesterone, and prolactin, were measured during the ovulatory cycle in five
      healthy Chinese women. Standardization of raw data by conversion to the
      statistical "Z scores" and composite plot of the five cycles showed that serum IR
      beta-EP levels fluctuated during the follicular, late luteal, and menstrual
      phases. A preovulatory rise occurred two to three days prior to the luteinizing
      hormone surge, followed by a postovulatory dip for two to three days. The
      concentrations of IR-beta-EP were (mean +/- S.E.M.): 85.5 +/- 10.5 pg/mL (n = 36)
      in the follicular phase; 92.4 +/- 36.5 pg/mL (n = 5) in the ovulatory phase; 72.3
      +/- 16.6 pg/mL (n = 7) in the early luteal phase; 100.0 +/- 10.7 pg/mL (n = 38)
      in the late luteal phase. The values in the luteal phase were the highest of any
      in the ovulatory cycle. The findings suggest that the fluctuation of endogenous
      beta-EP is under the influence of, among other factors, ovarian sex steroids. The
      significance of beta-EP in the regulation of gonadotropin release during normal
      menstrual cycles is discussed.

PMID- 2883144
TI  - Effect on fertility in rats of epididymal administration of indomethacin.
AB  - Rods 2 mm in diameter and 8 mm long containing 25% or 50% indomethacin were
      implanted adjacent to each epididymis in rats of proven fertility. During the
      first 4 weeks after operation, fertility was reduced, but returned to normal at 5
      to 10 weeks. The time of onset and duration of the effect were variable. Libido,
      ejaculation, and sperm motility were unimpaired. Drug-free Silastic rods had no
      effect on fertility. The results provide indirect evidence that prostaglandins
      have a functional role in the reproductive system of the male rat.

PMID- 2883145
TI  - Seminal fluid androgen levels in infertile patients.
AB  - Seminal fluid concentrations of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT),
      androstenedione (A), and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol)
      were measured in 34 male patients of infertile couples. Patients were subdivided
      into oligospermic (less than 20 X 10(6)/mL) and asthenospermic (typical motility
      less than 20%; total motility less than 40%) groups. Steroids were measured by
      specific radioimmunoassay after ether extraction and celite column
      chromatography. 3 alpha-Diol was present in seminal fluid, and its concentration
      was significantly correlated with DHT (r = .49, P less than .05). In oligospermic
      patients, seminal levels of T (78 +/- 29 pg/mL, mean +/- SD) and DHT (323 +/- 132
      pg/mL) were significantly reduced in comparison with normospermic men (T, 119 +/-
      56, P less than .05; DHT, 557 +/- 255, P less than .01), while A and 3 alpha-diol
      concentrations were similar in the two groups. Seminal T and DHT levels were also
      reduced in asthenospermic specimens, which showed increased 3 alpha-diol
      concentrations (75 +/- 44 pg/mL) with respect to normokinetic samples (45 +/- 20,
      P less than .05). Finally, a positive linear relationship was observed between
      DHT and both sperm density (P less than .01) and total motility (P less than
      .01). These data demonstrate the existence of a significant amount of 3 alpha
      diol in seminal plasma and suggest DHT as the androgen most closely related to
      sperm quality.

PMID- 2883147
TI  - Biochemical characterization of a rat spermatozoal peptide antigen and the
      induction of a reversible immunosuppression of fertility.
AB  - A rat spermatozoal polypeptide with 40 amino acid residues and a N-terminal
      lysine was purified to homogeneity by high performance liquid chromatography.
      Following incorporation of the peptide into pure phosphatidylcholine liposomes
      and immunization of female Wistar rats, a significant reduction of fertility
      occurred (chi 2 = 6.4, P less than .01). Following 4 months of recovery after the
      immunization fertility rates returned to normal. No adverse side effects on vital
      organs from the immunization were detected by light microscopy. The results may
      be indicative of a pathway for immunologic regulation of fertility.

PMID- 2883146
TI  - Cytoplasmic and nuclear progesterone receptors in human fallopian tube and their
      relationship to plasma steroids during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - Progesterone (P) binding sites in the ampullary and isthmic regions of the
      fallopian tube and corpus myometrium were measured during the follicular,
      ovulatory, and luteal phases. Both cytosolic and nuclear fractions were used for
      P receptor determination. The concentrations of P receptors were similar in the
      isthmus and myometrium in all three phases. Although the absolute concentration
      of nuclear P receptor was always lower than that of the cytosolic receptor, the
      overall pattern of receptor concentration in the different regions was the same,
      being highest in the ampulla. Both cytosolic and nuclear receptor concentrations
      in all tissues were lowest in the luteal phase and highest in the ovulatory
      phase. In all tissues examined in the luteal phase the cytosolic P receptor but
      not the nuclear receptor was inversely related to plasma P concentration. The
      data are compatible with a dual control of P receptors by estrogen and P.

PMID- 2883148
TI  - Beta-endorphin. Biological activity of analogs containing dermorphin and
      dynorphin sequences: ileum and vas deferens assays.
AB  - Biological activity of synthetic beta-endorphin (beta-EP) analogs containing
      dermorphin or dynorphin-A-(1-13) structure has been investigated using the guinea
      pig ileum and the vas deferens of the mouse, rat and rabbit. Replacement of NH2
      terminal 1-7 segment of camel beta-EP [beta c-EP-(1-7)] with dermorphin caused a
      great increase in opiate potency of the analog. [Dermorphin (1-7)]-beta c-EP was
      120 times more potent than beta c-EP in the guinea pig ileum assay, 49 times more
      potent in the mouse vas deferens assay; and only 4 times more potent in the rat
      vas deferens assay. Replacement of NH2-terminal 1-13 segment of human beta-EP
      [beta h-EP-(1-13)] with dynorphin-A-(1-13) caused an increase in opiate potency
      in both the guinea pig ileum and rabbit vas deferens assays, a complete loss of
      potency in the rat vas deferens assay, and no change in the mouse vas deferens
      assay. In comparison with dynorphin-A-(1-13), the hybrid peptide was less potent
      in the guinea pig ileum assay as well as in mouse and rabbit vas deferens assay.
      It is suggested that beta c-EP-(8-31) facilitates the dermorphin moiety to act on
      opiate mu and delta receptors but not on the epsilon receptor, while beta h-(14
      31) reduces the action of dynorphin on mu, delta and kappa receptors.

PMID- 2883149
TI  - Conformational analysis of two somatostatin analogues by 1H 500 MHz n.m.r.
      spectroscopy.
AB  - A series of nine closely related somatostatin analogues, containing the
      hexapeptide H-Cys2-Phe3-D-Trp4-Lys5-Thr6-Cys7-NH2 sequence have been synthesized
      by Bauer et al. The conformational properties of two of them, showing
      intermediate activities between those of SMS 201-995 and somatostatin, have been
      studied by high field n.m.r. spectroscopy in DMSO. Assignments were made using 2D
      n.m.r. methods, in particular NOESY experiments and detection of long-range
      connectivities in aromatic residues. In all the compounds of this series, the
      biologically active ones as well as the inactive ones, the n.m.r. parameters are
      in favour of a predominant conformation with a type II' beta turn involving amino
      acids Phe3 to Thr6. A clearcut correlation exists between the predominant
      conformation at the cystine bridge side and the activity. The presence of the
      exocyclic amino acids Phe1 and Thr8 (ol) plays a major role in stabilization of
      the active conformation.

PMID- 2883151
TI  - Glucagon releasing activity of a cyclic peptide related to somatostatin.
AB  - A possible benefit of creating smaller and more rigid active analogs of
      somatostatin is the discovery of compounds which selectively inhibit the
      secretion of insulin, glucagon or growth hormone. A series of cyclic tetrapeptide
      analogs related to somatostatin was synthesized, and one member of this series
      was found to cause an unexpected stimulation of glucagon secretion while having
      little if any effect on either insulin or growth hormone secretion. A sustained
      increase in plasma glucose levels was also observed. Two possible modes of action
      are proposed.

PMID- 2883150
TI  - Synthesis of two biologically active fluorescent probes of thymopentin.
AB  - This study reports on the synthesis of two fluorescent analogues of thymopentin
      (TP-5; Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr). A fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled analogue (FITC
      TP-5) and a stilbene isothiocyanate labeled analogue (SITS-TP-5) were extensively
      purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Characterization of
      the coupling site through amino acid analysis, dansylation and N-terminal
      cleavage of the fluorescent amino acid yielded results which indicated that both
      were mono-labeled analogues derivatized at the N-terminal. These analogues were
      shown to be TP-5-like in nature by their ability to induce the expression of the
      Thy 1.2 surface marker on nude mouse prothymocytes in both in vivo and in vitro
      assays. In addition, these analogues were able to inhibit the specific binding of
      radiolabeled TP-5 to human lymphocytes. Initial studies describing the
      interaction of FITC-TP-5 with human lymphocytes are shown.

PMID- 2883152
TI  - [Treatment of chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases with 5-aminosalicylic
      acid].

PMID- 2883153
TI  - [Consequences of therapeutic long-term achlorhydria].

PMID- 2883154
TI  - Clinical features, treatment and outcome of polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2883156
TI  - Lysozyme and complement-dependent lysis of Entamoeba histolytica. Inhibition by
      leupeptin.

PMID- 2883155
TI  - Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica correlates with the capacity to develop
      complement resistance.

PMID- 2883157
TI  - Growth hormesis: a by-product of control.
AB  - Data from experiments, in which colonies of a hydroid, Laomedea flexuosa, were
      exposed to a range of Cu2+ concentrations and a marine yeast, Rhodotorula rubra,
      was exposed to a range of Cd2+ concentrations, not only exhibit hormesis, but
      also suggest how its occurrence in growth experiments might be explained. When
      growth data are considered as normalized specific rates against a time base,
      their oscillatory form indicates the output of a growth regulatory mechanism
      whose behaviour can be used to interpret the typical concentration-response curve
      exhibiting hormesis. Advantages may be conferred upon organisms whose growth
      control mechanisms overcorrect in response to low levels of inhibitory loading by
      toxic agents (stimulus), while at higher concentrations it is the overloading of
      such control mechanisms that results in the threshold in concentration-response
      curves (inhibition). It is suggested that if different examples of hormesis share
      a common explanation, it lies in the behaviour of homeostatic and homeorhetic
      feedback mechanisms, which respond to perturbation non-specifically and may
      overcorrect for adaptive reasons to low levels of inhibitory challenge.

PMID- 2883158
TI  - Presence of cell wall lytic enzyme in stable staphylococcal L-form.

PMID- 2883159
TI  - Antral somatostatin contents and acidity of gastric juice in normal subjects and
      patients with duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2883160
TI  - Proteases in the human full-term placenta.
AB  - Aminopeptidase A, not yet defined aminopeptidases and endopeptidases, dipeptidyl
      peptidase I, II and IV, gamma-glutamyl transferase and oxytocinase were
      investigated in the normal human full-term placenta using qualitative (catalytic)
      cytochemistry, isoelectric focusing, immunocytochemistry and kinetic fluorometry.
      Aminopeptidase A could be visualized cytochemically in the smooth muscle cells of
      the chorionic plate, stem villi and basal plate blood vessels. Aminopeptidases
      were found in connective tissue fibres of the chorionic plate, villous stroma,
      basal plate and paraplacenta. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV was detected at the same
      sites as the aminopeptidases and, in addition, in amniotic epithelial cells,
      fibroblasts of the villous stroma, endothelium of chorionic plate and villous
      blood vessels as well as in the basophilic cytotrophoblast cells (x-cells) of the
      basal plate and paraplacenta, and it possibly also occurred in some domains of
      the plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells. The x
      cells surrounded the fetus in the form of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV-positive
      shell at the border to the mother. The enzyme represented the first specific
      marker for x-cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase I and II were primarily found in
      Hofbauer cells (macrophages) of the villous stroma, but also in the
      syncytiotrophoblast, other villous stromal cells and cells of the chorionic and
      basal plate. gamma-Glutamyl transferase was present in some connective tissue
      elements of the chorionic plate. Oxytocinase and endopeptidases were not
      detected. Isoelectric focusing of proteases revealed different molecular forms of
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the paraplacenta and villous tree, while the
      aminopeptidases shared the same pattern in both regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883162
TI  - Le(s)t reason prevail.

PMID- 2883161
TI  - HLA class II DNA analysis by RFLP reveals novel class II polymorphism.
AB  - Polymorphism of the HLA-D/DR region has been defined by serologic and cellular
      methods. Additionally, protein and DNA analyses not only confirmed and refined
      the definition of the established polymorphisms but also revealed further
      polymorphisms for which no serologic or cellular correlate are known (yet). To
      study these in more detail, we analyzed the banding patterns obtained from
      Southern blot hybridizations with DR beta and DQ alpha cDNA probes. Specific
      fragments reflecting already defined polymorphisms could be identified. A refined
      HLA-D/DR definition based upon the presence of DNA subtypes could be introduced.
      Fragments have also been identified that are associated with the DR/Dw
      specificities. Moreover, individuals with different DR types may also share
      fragments in hybridization assays. These shared hybridizing fragments (SHFs) are,
      for instance, found in individuals typed as DR4, DR5, DR7, and DRw8. In total, 20
      SHFs were found using two restriction enzymes and the DR beta and DQ alpha cDNA
      probes. Some of these SHFs correlate with antigenic determinants defined by broad
      reacting alloantisera, such as DRw52, but for 14 of these SHFs, no serologic
      equivalent has been found so far. Thus, SHFs reflect a conservation at the DNA
      level of the HLA class II region, which suggests that the polymorphic class II
      genes may be more conserved than previously thought. The possible biologic
      implications of conserved sequences in the HLA class II genes will be discussed.

PMID- 2883164
TI  - Hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy.

PMID- 2883163
TI  - The viewbox. Bezoar.

PMID- 2883165
TI  - The legislature examines Illinois' Medical Practice Act.

PMID- 2883166
TI  - Induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci in rat liver by
      deoxycholic acid.
AB  - Initiating activities of the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and
      lithocholic acid (LCA), were examined in terms of the induction of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci in rat liver. A rapid induction model
      of enzyme-altered foci was utilized. GGT-positive foci were clearly induced by
      DCA ranging from 0.05% to 0.5% in the diet. In contrast, the induction of GGT
      positive foci by LCA was less pronounced and was not dose-dependent. These
      results suggest that DCA possesses initiating activity.

PMID- 2883167
TI  - Induction of tumors in the liver, urinary bladder, esophagus and forestomach by
      short-term treatment with different doses of N,N'-dibutylnitrosamine in rats.
AB  - The multipotential carcinogen N,N'-dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) was given to F344
      male rats for 2 weeks at three dose levels to study the concentration dependence
      of its organ specificity. Groups of 20 rats were given water containing 0.25,
      0.125 or 0.063% DBN for 2 weeks and then tap water only to drink until they were
      killed 52 weeks after the start of the experiment. DBN induced preneoplastic
      lesions in the liver, esophagus, forestomach and urinary bladder. Carcinoma was
      found only in the liver. Induction of preneoplastic focal hepatocyte lesions
      positive for the P-form of glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) was quantitatively
      dependent on the dose of DBN. In the urinary bladder, the incidences of papillary
      or nodular hyperplasia (PNH) and papilloma of transitional cells tended to
      increase at higher doses. The incidence and number per unit length of basal cell
      type hyperplasias of the esophageal epithelium were significantly higher in all
      DBN groups than in the control group, through the increase did not show a clear
      dose-dependency. The incidence of epithelial basal cell hyperplasia of the
      forestomach was significantly increased at all doses and the increase was
      apparently dose-related. These results indicate that even in a short-term
      experiment, DBN exerted multipotential carcinogenic effects. Thus, this system
      could be used for assay of the modifying effects of compounds administered
      subsequently on carcinogenesis in different organs.

PMID- 2883168
TI  - Hormonal control of porcine adipose tissue fatty acid release and cyclic AMP
      concentration.
AB  - Compared with adipose tissue from other mammals, porcine adipose tissue has
      stringent specificity for stimulation of lipolysis by analogs of norepinephrine.
      This study was to ascertain whether the specificity for control was reflected in
      the concentration of tissue cyclic AMP (cAMP). Adipose tissue slices were
      incubated and concentrations of tissue cAMP and free fatty acids (FA) released to
      the medium were measured. It was necessary to include theophylline in the
      incubation medium to be able to measure changes in cAMP concentration. Fatty acid
      release and cAMP production were increased most effectively by the beta
      adrenergic agonists; isoproterenol, fenoterol, dobutamine and the mixed alpha- +
      beta-adrenergic agonist, epinephrine. Isoproterenol-stimulated FA and cAMP
      production both inhibited by the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. There
      was no evidence for alpha 2-adrenergic inhibition of lipolysis in porcine adipose
      tissue because clonidine (alpha 2-adrenergic agonist) did not lower isoproterenol
      induced FA or cAMP levels and phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, did
      not increase epinephrine-stimulated FA release or cAMP generation. These results
      imply that the stringent specificity observed for stimulation of swine adipose
      tissue lipolysis resides in the beta-adrenergic receptor coupled to cAMP
      production.

PMID- 2883169
TI  - Water relations of solute accumulation in Pseudomonas fluorescens.
AB  - When Pseudomonas fluorescens was grown in a glucose salts medium adjusted with
      NaCl to a water activity (aw) value of 0.980, the intracellular glutamic acid
      concentration increased 23-fold and comprised 90% of the total amino acid pool.
      This increase was not observed when the aw of the medium was reduced to 0.980
      with sorbitol. Sorbitol was taken up rapidly over a 30 min period and accumulated
      intracellularly to a level approximately two-fold greater than the concentration
      in the growth medium. In continuous culture, the specific rate of glutamic acid
      production and glucose uptake was greater at 0.980 (NaCl) than at 0.997 aw. The
      maintenance coefficients for glucose uptake were similar at both aw values but
      were 2.4-fold greater for glutamic acid production at 0.980 (NaCl) than at 0.997
      aw.

PMID- 2883170
TI  - Effects of extracellular matrix components on the growth and differentiation of
      cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Some effects of culturing adult rat hepatocytes on each of four different
      substrates--laminin (LN), collagen type I (C-I), collagen type IV (C-IV), and
      fibronectin (FN)--have been investigated under defined conditions. No
      differential effect on the attachment of the cells to the various substrates was
      noted; however, the spreading of hepatocytes shortly after initial plating was
      most strikingly enhanced by FN, whereas LN exhibited little or no such
      enhancement. The two collagen substrates enhanced the spreading of hepatocytes
      more than did LN, but less than FN. The different substrates had no differential
      effect on the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by dexamethasone and
      glucagon for at least the first 10 d in culture. The longevity of the hepatocytes
      was not changed significantly by any of the substrates, at least through the 14th
      d of culture. During the culture periods the hepatocytes at high cell density
      were maintained as confluent monolayers, regardless of the substrate on which
      they had been cultured. After 14 d of culture, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      activity was highest in cells cultured on C-IV, and lowest in those on FN. DNA
      synthesis in cultured hepatocytes at a low cell density was highest in cells
      cultured on FN, with decreasing levels of this parameter in cells cultured on C
      IV, C-I, and LN, respectively. These results demonstrate that specific components
      of the extracellular matrix modulate both differentiated functions and the
      replication of hepatocytes cultured in serum-free medium.

PMID- 2883171
TI  - Regulation of the ato operon by the atoC gene in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The expression of the Ato enzymes, acetyl coenzyme A:acetoacetyl coenzyme A
      transferase and thiolase II, is required for growth of Escherichia coli on short
      chain fatty acids. The structural genes for these enzymes, atoD, atoA, and atoB,
      respectively, make up the ato operon. A 48-kilodalton protein encoded by atoC was
      required for the synthesis or activation of the Ato enzymes. The expression of
      Ato enzyme activities was inducible in atoC+ strains, constitutive in atoCc
      strains, and noninducible in atoC mutants. Merodiploid studies demonstrated that
      the atoCc allele is trans-dominant to the atoC+ allele. To study the action of
      the trans-acting atoC-encoded activator, the promoter of the ato operon was fused
      to the promoterless galK gene and introduced into a low-copy-number vector. The
      resulting low-copy-number fusion plasmid was introduced into atoC+, atoC, and
      atoCc hosts. The expression of the fused galK gene was inducible in the atoC+
      host, noninducible in atoC host strains, and constitutive when harbored in the
      atoCc host. This indicated that the atoC+ and atoCc gene products act at the
      level of transcription, stimulating the expression of the ato operon. A working
      model consistent with these results is presented.

PMID- 2883173
TI  - Effect of buspirone on sexual dysfunction in patients with generalized anxiety
      disorder.
AB  - After 4 weeks' treatment with buspirone, sexual function was normalized in 8 of
      10 patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Nine of the patients had reported
      decreased sexual function before treatment. Buspirone appears to offer a clinical
      advantage over existing anxiolytics, which are usually associated with impairment
      of sexual function.

PMID- 2883174
TI  - Very low-dose neuroleptic treatment in two patients with agitation associated
      with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Two agitated patients with Alzheimer's disease who either failed to respond or
      worsened with conventional low-dose neuroleptic and other pharmacologic treatment
      are described. Both patients demonstrated sustained improvement with very low
      dose neuroleptics, one with haloperidol 0.125 mg and the other with thioridazine
      5 mg. Clinical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic factors that may have
      accounted for this response are discussed.

PMID- 2883172
TI  - Characterization of type 1 and mannose-resistant fimbriae of Erwinia spp.
AB  - Type 1 fimbriae from Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and mannose-resistant
      fimbriae from Erwinia rhapontici were purified and characterized. The type 1
      fimbrillin had an apparent molecular weight of 16,500; that of the mannose
      resistant fimbrillin was 18,000. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the
      two fimbrillins were related, but tryptic peptide maps showed significant
      differences between the proteins. No serological cross-reaction was found between
      the two fimbrial filaments, nor did they cross-react with type 1 or type 3
      fimbriae purified from other enterobacterial species. Immunofluorescent staining
      of bacterial populations revealed that they were heterogeneous with respect to
      fimbriation.

PMID- 2883175
TI  - Dementia and antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - Introduced in the 1950s, antipsychotic agents have been found to improve
      symptomatology and function in young and middle-aged psychotic schizophrenics.
      Three decades of research, however, have not made clear these agents' usefulness
      in demented elderly patients. A review of placebo-controlled studies suggests a
      definite but limited role for antipsychotic medication in behaviorally disturbed
      elderly dementia patients with agitated behavior. Studies also suggest that
      cognitive function needs careful monitoring when these drugs are prescribed to
      treat behavioral symptoms of dementia.

PMID- 2883176
TI  - Treatment of the elderly agitated patient.
AB  - Research studies and general literature support the careful use of neuroleptics
      for control of agitation-related symptoms in the elderly if the symptoms are
      severe enough to disrupt normal functioning. No one neuroleptic has been found to
      be more effective than others; medication choice should therefore be based on
      differential toxicity rather than differential therapeutic efficacy. The
      differences in frequency and intensity of neuroleptic side effects are discussed,
      and the use of nonneuroleptic agents, including beta blockers, in the treatment
      of agitation is considered.

PMID- 2883177
TI  - Recent advances in the neurochemistry of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - This article reviews recent progress in research in the genesis of neurochemical
      changes in the Alzheimer brain, which has been primarily in two areas: the
      cellular proteins associated with the pathologic structures and the
      neurotransmitter changes. Research and clinical implications of recent studies
      and of works in progress are provided.

PMID- 2883178
TI  - Ontogenic changes in metabolism and transport of glutathione in the rat.
AB  - Changes in the level of glutathione (GSH), the turnover rate, and gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity were examined in newborn, weanling, and adult
      male Wistar rats, the objective being to elucidate the mechanisms which control
      the hepatic GSH level during maturation as well as under conditions of different
      degrees of protein ingestion. The hepatic GGT activity in the newborn rats was
      high at birth, decreased within a few days to 1 to 2% of the initial level, and
      remained unchanged thereafter, when these rats were fed a normal diet after 3
      weeks of age. In contrast, the hepatic GSH level increased 3-4-fold while total
      GGT activity in the kidney increased 6-8-fold. When weanling rats were fed a low
      protein diet (containing 10% soy protein) for 3 weeks, the hepatic GSH level
      decreased markedly while the GGT activity increased 5-6-fold. The turnover rate
      of hepatic GSH also increased, as determined by the use of buthionine
      sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis; a value of 2.1 h was obtained
      in comparison with 3.5 h for that of rats fed the normal laboratory chow (CRF-1).
      On the other hand, feeding adult rats on the low protein diet resulted in a
      marked decrease in hepatic GSH level with no effect on either hepatic or renal
      GGT activity. These results together with other observations may suggest that GSH
      translocated out of liver cells in the newborn rats is degraded mainly by these
      cells, while the tripeptide secreted by hepatocytes of adult rats is metabolized
      predominantly in extrahepatic tissues, such as the kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883180
TI  - Interaction of cytoplasmic tyrosine hydroxylase with chromaffin granule. In vitro
      studies on association of soluble enzyme with granule membranes and alteration in
      enzyme activity.
AB  - The interaction of soluble tyrosine hydroxylase with isolated chromaffin granule
      membranes was studied. The incubation of the granule membranes with the soluble
      fraction in the mixture that may approximate the intracellular environment of the
      resting cell resulted in a marked increase in the enzyme activity recovered in
      the membrane fraction, and enzyme activity precipitated with the granule
      membranes was increased according to incubation time and dependent on amounts of
      both the granule membranes and soluble fraction. The association of the soluble
      enzyme with the granule membranes was reversible and specific, whereas a decrease
      in activity of the soluble enzyme was observed when the soluble fraction was
      incubated with the granule membranes in the mixture in which association of the
      soluble enzyme with the granule membranes might occur. These results seem to
      indicate that activity of the soluble enzyme is presumably modulated by the
      granule through association of the soluble enzyme with the surface of the
      granule, thus suggesting that interaction between tyrosine hydroxylase and the
      chromaffin granule may play a possible role in regulation of catecholamine
      biosynthesis as a consequence of modulating activity of the rate-limiting enzyme
      within the cell.

PMID- 2883179
TI  - Measurement of proton pump activity of the thermophilic bacterium PS3 and
      Nitrobacter agilis at the cytochrome oxidase level using total membrane and
      heptyl thioglucoside.
AB  - It is possible to prepare liposomal vesicles by solubilization of total bacterial
      membranes with n-heptyl beta-D-thioglucoside followed by reconstitution into
      proteoliposomes by a freeze-thaw-sonication procedure with soybean phospholipids.
      The resulting proteoliposomes from total membrane fraction of sufficiently
      aerated cells of the thermophilic bacterium PS3 containing cytochrome aa3 showed
      a reasonable H+ pumping activity upon addition of reduced cytochrome c. On the
      other hand, the proteoliposomes reconstituted from air-limited PS3 cells
      containing cytochrome o and those from Nitrobacter agilis cells containing
      cytochrome aa3 did not show H+ pumping upon addition of reduced cytochrome c,
      although the vesicles showed "respiratory control"; 3-4-fold stimulation of
      oxygen consumption took place upon addition of an uncoupler. In proteoliposomes
      prepared from PS3 membranes by this method, H+-translocating ATPase (F0 X F1) was
      successfully reconstituted as well, suggesting that this method has wide
      applicability for investigation of enzymes catalyzing transmembrane processes.

PMID- 2883181
TI  - Fo portion of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Further resolution of trypsin
      generated fragments from subunit b.
AB  - F1-stripped everted membrane vesicles of the ATP synthase-overproducing
      Escherichia coli strain KY 7485 were treated with trypsin for different lengths
      of time. Subsequently, the Fo complex was isolated and analyzed by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-gel electrophoresis, as well as immunoblotting using antibodies raised
      against subunit b. By these techniques 3 degradation products with apparent
      molecular masses of about 16 kDa could be detected in accordance with previous
      findings (Perlin, D.S., and Senior, A.E. (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 236, 603
      611). Labeling of isolated trypsin-treated Fo fractions with the thiol-specific
      reagent N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)-maleimide, which has been
      demonstrated recently to specifically modify subunit b (Schneider, E., and
      Altendorf, K. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 153, 105-109) revealed that the 16-kDa
      digestion products were degraded into two stable fragments of 12 and 8.3 kDa.
      These polypeptides do not react with the anti-b antibodies. Treatment of purified
      liposome-integrated Fo with trypsin resulted in a similar cleavage pattern. In
      both cases protease digestion inhibited F1 binding while proton-translocating
      activity remained unaffected. However, liposomes reconstituted with Fo isolated
      from trypsin-treated membranes were impaired in both binding of F1 and proton
      translocation. These activities could be restored when reconstitution was carried
      out in the presence of native subunit b. From this we conclude that the C
      terminal region of subunit b is necessary for proper reconstitution of Fo into
      liposomes.

PMID- 2883183
TI  - Adenosine stimulates guanylate cyclase activity in vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Good evidence exists to indicate that the vasodilating effect of adenosine is
      mediated by cell surface receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells. The mechanism
      of transmembrane signal transduction for adenosine, however, is not fully
      understood. Since cGMP is a second messenger known to mediate vasodilation, I
      have examined the effect of adenosine on the intracellular concentration of cGMP
      in vascular smooth muscle cells from rat aorta. I found that adenosine at 10(-9)
      to 10(-5) M led to an increase in intracellular cGMP levels in a dose-dependent
      fashion. The effect of adenosine on cyclic guanosine inorganic monophosphate
      (cGMP) could be mimicked by the A-type receptor agonists N6-cyclohexyladenosine
      and 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine and was attenuated by the A-receptor
      antagonist theophylline. The order of potency of the adenosine analogues was N6
      cyclohexyladenosine greater than 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine greater than
      adenosine. These findings suggest that the effect of adenosine on cGMPi is
      mediated by A1-type cell surface receptors. Concerning the mechanism by which
      adenosine could elevate cGMPi, I found that the effect of adenosine on cGMPi was
      potentiated by the cGMP phosphodiesterase-specific inhibitor M & B 22948.
      Moreover, I found that N6-cyclohexyladenosine, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine,
      and adenosine stimulated a guanylate cyclase in homogenates of the cultured
      smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent fashion with the same order of potency as
      their effects on cGMPi. Further evidence was obtained to indicate that adenosine
      and its analogues stimulated a particulate guanylate cyclase activity, whereas
      they did not alter soluble guanylate cyclase activity. Since cGMP is known as a
      second messenger mediating relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, the
      results obtained in this study could suggest that adenosine exerts its
      vasorelaxing effect by activating an Ai-receptor-linked guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2883182
TI  - Rat pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase is phosphorylated on serine 40 by an
      associated protein kinase.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamines, was
      previously shown to be phosphorylated on four distinct serine residues in PC12
      cell cultures, each one being specific for the kinase system involved (McTigue,
      M., Cremins, J., and Halegoua, S. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 9047-9056). A cAMP-
      and Ca2+-independent protein kinase was found to be associated with tyrosine
      hydroxylase purified from rat pheochromocytoma tumor. The use of this activity
      and the availability of a large amount of purified tyrosine hydroxylase allowed
      identification of the site phosphorylated by this kinase activity. A peptide of
      1.5 kDa (about 12 residues long), carrying the phosphorylation site, was released
      from 32P-labeled tyrosine hydroxylase by limited proteolysis with trypsin. This
      peptide was isolated from trypsinized tyrosine hydroxylase by sequential gel
      filtration and ion exchange chromatographies. Analysis by thin layer
      chromatography of an acid hydrolysate of the peptide revealed that it contained
      phosphoserine. The sequence determination of the peptide showed that it
      corresponded to the residues 38-45 in the tyrosine hydroxylase primary structure
      (Arg-Gln-Ser(P)-Leu-Ile-Glu-Asp-Ala). Thus, the associated kinase phosphorylated
      Ser-40, one of the phosphorylation sites for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      also found in rat pheochromocytoma tumors. These results are compared to those
      recently appearing in a report by Campbell et al. (Campbell, D. G., Hardie, D.
      G., and Vulliet, P. R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 10489-10492).

PMID- 2883184
TI  - The defective proton-ATPase of uncD mutants of Escherichia coli. Identification
      by DNA sequencing of residues in the beta-subunit which are essential for
      catalysis or normal assembly.
AB  - Six mutant uncD alleles, affecting essential residues of the beta-subunit of
      Escherichia coli proton-ATPase, have been identified by intragenic
      complementation mapping, cloning, and DNA sequencing. Five of the mutations
      impair catalysis but do not cause structural perturbation of F1-ATPase. The amino
      acid substitutions found were as follows: uncD412, Gly-142----Ser; uncD430 and
      uncD431, both Arg-246----Cys; uncD478, Ser-174----Phe; and uncD484, Met-209---
      Ile. Kinetic characteristics of each corresponding mutant F1-ATPase are described
      or reviewed. In each case, the major determinant of impaired catalysis appears to
      be an attenuation of positive catalytic site cooperativity. Additionally, each
      mutation affects intrinsic properties of the catalytic site, including affinity
      for ATP, the ratio between unisite-bound substrate and products, and the rate of
      release of product inorganic phosphate under unisite ATP hydrolysis conditions.
      These effects are discussed in terms of a structural model of the catalytic
      nucleotide-binding domain of beta-subunit proposed recently (Duncan, T.M.,
      Parsonage, D., and Senior, A.E. (1986) FEBS Lett. 208, 1-6). Each of the
      mutations lies within that domain. The uncD409 allele abolishes normal assembly
      of F1-ATPase. The amino acid substitution is Gly-214----Arg, which is suggested
      to affect a beta-turn connecting a beta-strand and an alpha-helix in the
      predicted nucleotide-binding domain of the beta-subunit.

PMID- 2883185
TI  - Direct evidence for two distinct prosomatostatin converting enzymes. Detection
      using a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for propeptide converting enzymes.
AB  - Many bioactive peptides are initially synthesized via larger precursors from
      which they are released by proteolytic cleavage at basic amino acids. Some
      precursors contain more than one final product peptide, multiple copies of a
      single peptide, or both. Different product peptides can be produced from a common
      precursor in different tissues. It is not currently known whether this cell-type
      specific production of bioactive peptides is mediated by different, specific
      propeptide converting enzymes (PCEs) or by a small number of similar PCEs. To
      resolve this issue for the conversion of prosomatostatin, the processing of
      prosomatostatin-I (aPSS-I) and prosomatostatin-II (aPSS-II) to either
      somatostatin-14 (SS-14) or somatostatin-28 (aSS-28), respectively, was examined
      in anglerfish islets. Two distinct forms of PSS PCE activity were detected using
      a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay. Examination of the specificity of these
      two enzyme activities showed that one proteolytic activity performs the aPSS-I to
      SS-14 conversion, while the other protease liberates aSS-28 from aPSS-II. The SS
      14-generating PCE also cleaves aPSS-II to produce [Tyr7,Gly10]SS-14 (a tetra
      decapeptide analog of SS-14) and converts proinsulin to insulin. The aSS-28
      generating PCE does not process proinsulin. These results provide direct evidence
      that different, specific PCEs are required for liberation of SS-14 and aSS-28
      from their precursors.

PMID- 2883186
TI  - Somatostatin induces translocation of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and
      desensitizes somatostatin receptors in S49 lymphoma cells.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase is a cytosolic enzyme that specifically
      phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta
      AR). Beta AR kinase appears to be translocated from the cytosol to the plasma
      membrane when kin- S49 lymphoma cells are incubated with either beta-adrenergic
      agonists or prostaglandin E1, both of which act through receptors which stimulate
      adenylate cyclase. We report here that brief (approximately 20 min) exposure of
      wild type S49 lymphoma cells to somatostatin (which inhibits adenylate cyclase)
      promotes the translocation of beta AR kinase to an extent comparable to that
      observed in the presence of the beta agonist isoproterenol or prostaglandin E1.
      Beta AR kinase activity can be measured using either beta AR or rhodopsin, the
      retinal receptor for light, as a substrate. The translocation process triggered
      by somatostatin is rapid, reversible, and is associated with somatostatin
      receptor desensitization. The latter is apparent as an attenuation of the
      inhibition by somatostatin of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in
      membranes of S49 cells preincubated in the presence of the peptide. These results
      strongly suggest that beta AR kinase is able to phosphorylate and desensitize
      both stimulatory and inhibitory adenylate cyclase-coupled receptors, thus
      emerging as a general kinase that regulates the function of different receptors
      in an agonist-specific fashion.

PMID- 2883187
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors accelerate Na+/H+ exchange in neuroblastoma X glioma
      cells.
AB  - The regulation of cytoplasmic pH (pHi) was examined in neuroblastoma X glioma
      hybrid cell-line cells (NG108-15 cells) using 2,7-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)
      carboxyfluorescein. The pHi of NG108-15 cells suspended in nominally HCO-3-free,
      Na+-containing buffer could be reduced by the external application of acetate.
      The recovery of pHi to its resting value was blocked by the removal of
      extracellular Na+, by the addition of extra-cellular H+, and by the addition of
      analogs of amiloride selective for inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange. The rate of
      recovery of pHi from acid load exhibited an ionic selectivity of Na+ greater than
      Li+ much greater than K+, and no recovery was observed in N-methyl-D-glucamine+.
      Tetrodotoxin and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid had no effect
      on early pHi recovery. These data suggest that Na+/H+ exchange accounts primarily
      for the recovery of pHi in NG108-15 cells under our experimental conditions.
      Na+/H+ exchange in NG108-15 cells was accelerated by alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptors. Thus, (-)epinephrine, but not (+)epinephrine, elicited an
      intracellular alkalinization which was blocked by the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor
      selective antagonist yohimbine but not by the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor
      antagonist, prazosin, nor the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol.
      Norepinephrine, clonidine, and the clonidine analog, UK-14304, also caused
      alkalinization of NG108-15 cells, whereas isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic
      receptor agonist, and phenylephrine, a selective alpha 1-adrenergic receptor
      agonist, did not. Manipulations that blocked Na+/H+ exchange blocked the ability
      of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists to alkalinize the interior of NG108-15 cells
      without blocking the ability of these agonists to attenuate cAMP accumulation.
      These findings provide the first direct evidence of modulation of Na+/H+ exchange
      activity by a receptor linked to inhibition of adenylate cyclase and offer a
      possible mechanism whereby alpha 2-adrenergic receptors might influence cellular
      activity apart from changes in cyclic nucleotide metabolism.

PMID- 2883189
TI  - [Effect of soldering time on the appearance of new phases. The case of Chromanit
      "H" with CFH soldering].

PMID- 2883188
TI  - Identification of structurally distinct catalytic intermediates of the H+-ATPase
      from yeast plasma membranes.
AB  - Mild trypsin proteolysis of the H+-ATPase from yeast plasma membranes has been
      used to identify structurally distinct catalytic intermediates. In the absence of
      substrate, trypsin treatment resulted in rapid inactivation of enzyme activity.
      By contrast, trypsin treatment of enzyme in the presence of MgATP or MgATP plus
      vanadate resulted in enhanced rates of ATP hydrolysis accompanied by protection
      from extensive inactivation. High concentrations of Pi also induced strong
      protection from trypsin-induced inactivation, although enhancement of enzyme
      activity was not observed. Western blot analysis of peptide fragment profiles
      following tryptic digestion indicated that at least 15 prominent fragments of
      identical size, ranging from Mr = 12,800 to 48,000, were generated irrespective
      of digestion conditions. However, fragments from protected enzyme were resistant
      to further proteolysis, whereas fragments from unprotected enzyme were
      extensively degraded. These data have been interpreted in terms of a published
      catalytic reaction pathway (Amory, A., Goffeau, A., McIntosh, D.B., and Boyer,
      P.D. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12509-12516) and are consistent with unprotected
      and protected enzyme conformations representing E1 and E2 X Pi catalytic
      intermediates, respectively. Trypsin proteolysis proved an effective tool for
      evaluating preferred enzyme conformational states and with this approach, it was
      found that ATPase inhibitors N-ethylmaleimide and fluorescein isothiocyanate
      locked the enzyme in an E1 conformation. The enhanced rate of ATP hydrolysis by
      trypsin-treated enzyme was fully coupled to proton transport, and all fragments
      generated by proteolysis were firmly bound to the membrane. These results,
      coupled with the fact that initial peptide fragmentation profiles were
      independent of enzyme conformation, suggest that the different conformational
      states, E1, and E2 X Pi, are not related to gross changes in overall enzyme
      structure but likely reflect localized changes in intramolecular bonding.

PMID- 2883190
TI  - Kidney proximal tubular cells isolated by collagenase perfusion grow in defined
      media in the absence of growth factors.
AB  - Cells from kidney proximal tubules have been successfully isolated,
      characterized, and cultured from male Fischer 344 rats between 150-400 g using a
      two-step collagenase perfusion. The cells undergo high levels of DNA synthesis
      and mitosis in both serum free media (with an without hormone supplementation)
      and media containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Confluent monolayers were observed
      between 5 to 7 days after seeding 2 X 10(5) cell/35 mm collagen-coated plate.
      Approximately 50% of the total kidney and 70% of the cortex was isolated using
      this technique. The viability of the isolated tubules was 75 +/- 8% and the
      estimated number of viable cells was 12 +/- 3 X 10(6) cells. At the time of
      isolation greater than 90% of the isolated tubules and cells were positive for
      gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), periodic acid-schiff (PAS), and glucose-6
      phosphatase (G-6-Pase). Both GGT and G-6-Pase decreased rapidly during the first
      3 days in primary culture as assessed by histochemistry. Ultrastructurally the
      isolates consisted of cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria. The size
      and number of microvilli decrease rapidly in primary culture. The morphologic and
      biochemical evidence suggests that the primary isolates and cultures are proximal
      tubular in origin.

PMID- 2883191
TI  - Specific gene expression during compensatory renal hypertrophy in the rat.
AB  - The compensatory growth of the kidney which is induced by unilateral nephrectomy
      is a highly regulated process resulting principally in hypertrophy of the
      remaining kidney. The events which regulate this process are unknown. We have
      examined the levels of transcripts for the proto-oncogenes, myc, H-ras, K-ras,
      and fos, and the cellular genes, H4 histone, ornithine aminotransferase, and
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, following unilateral nephrectomy in the rat. The
      pattern of expression of c-myc, c-H-ras, and c-K-ras during compensatory growth
      of the kidney differs from the pattern of expression of these proto-oncogenes
      during liver regeneration, in which, unlike the kidney, hyperplasia rather than
      hypertrophy predominates. The lack of change in the abundance of these proto
      oncogene transcripts following unilateral nephrectomy suggests a primary
      relationship between the expression of these proto-oncogenes and DNA synthesis
      and indicates there may be separate signals for cell growth, one to double cell
      size and one to replicate DNA. Increased mRNA transcripts for the enzymes
      ornithine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were induced in the
      contralateral kidney after nephrectomy. The time course of expression for these
      two enzymes differs. The early expression of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      gene may indicate an involvement of this glutathione-metabolizing enzyme during
      renal compensatory growth, while the function of the delayed increase in
      ornithine aminotransferase transcripts in the remaining kidney is not apparent.

PMID- 2883192
TI  - Initial therapy for hypertension.

PMID- 2883193
TI  - 125I-somatostatin analogues: high-performance liquid chromatography profiles and
      antibody binding properties following three methods of radioiodination.

PMID- 2883194
TI  - Determination of alpidem and its metabolites in human plasma by high-performance
      liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the
      simultaneous determination of alpidem and its metabolites in human plasma. The
      method involved a single extraction of the parent drug and metabolites into
      diethyl ether from alkalinized plasma, evaporation of the organic solution and
      chromatography of the extracts on a C18 column coupled to a fluorimetric
      detector. An internal standard was used for the quantitative determination of the
      compounds. The method was selective for alpidem and three of its metabolites and
      has a limit of detection of less than 1 ng ml-1 for all the compounds. Since the
      chromatographic run took more than 20 min, the chromatographic process was fully
      automated and performed overnight.

PMID- 2883195
TI  - A standardized meal stimulation test of the endocrine pancreas for early
      detection of pancreatic endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
      syndrome: five years experience.
AB  - Forty-nine members of 6 families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)
      were investigated with a standardized meal stimulation test to detect the
      presence of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Fifteen age-matched subjects and 4
      patients with primary hyperparathyroidism also were studied. Serum pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP), gastrin, and insulin as well as plasma glucagon and
      somatostatin concentrations were determined before and during the test meal.
      Patients with demonstrable pancreatic endocrine tumors had significantly
      increased mean basal and peak serum PP (P less than 0.001) and gastrin (P less
      than 0.001) responses to the meal compared with healthy family members and normal
      subjects. Seven of 12 MEN 1 patients with parathyroid and pituitary disease but
      no demonstrable pancreatic endocrine tumors had exaggerated PP and/or gastrin
      responses to the meal; 4 of them developed pancreatic endocrine tumors, detected
      by abdominal computerized tomography, 0.5-4 yr later. None of the healthy members
      of the MEN 1 families or the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had
      responses different from those of the normal subjects. Our experience with the
      meal stimulation test indicates that an elevated basal or exaggerated serum PP
      and/or gastrin response is an earlier sign of pancreatic involvement in the MEN 1
      trait than is abdominal computerized tomography.

PMID- 2883196
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pancreatic nesidioblastosis and
      microadenosis, and pancreatic polypeptide hypersecretion: a new association and
      clinical and hormonal responses to long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201-995.
AB  - We describe a 63-yr-old man with disseminated medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
      and pancreatic nesidioblastosis and microadenosis with pancreatic polypeptide
      (PP) hypersecretion. His major symptoms were watery diarrhea, flushing, and
      abdominal bloating; these and the elevated plasma PP levels did not change after
      resection of the distal two thirds of the pancreas, which contained a 2-cm mass
      of nesidioblastotic tissue. Postoperatively, a long-acting somatostatin analog,
      SMS 201-995 (100 micrograms/day), normalized PP secretion acutely and chronically
      (7 months) and ameliorated his symptoms. The analog had no side-effects and did
      not alter glucose tolerance, calcitonin hypersecretion, or growth of the
      medullary carcinoma, but it did inhibit GH secretion. After withdrawal from
      therapy for 1 month, PP hypersecretion and all symptoms except diarrhea recurred.
      The coexistence of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and PP cell
      nesidioblastosis represents a new variant of the overlap syndromes between
      multiple endocrine neoplasia types I and II. Patients with medullary carcinoma
      and unexplained watery diarrhea should have fasting gastroenteropancreatic
      hormone assays done to screen for a potential gastrointestinal or pancreatic
      origin for the diarrhea.

PMID- 2883197
TI  - Selective alterations in immunoregulatory lymphocyte subsets in early HIV (human
      T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus) infection.
AB  - In order to characterize the effects of HIV (human T-lymphotropic virus type
      III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus) on the immune system, Leu8- and Leu8+
      subsets of CD4 and CD8 cells were studied in seropositive homosexually active men
      without acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Controls included both
      heterosexual men and HIV-seronegative homosexually active men. The decrease in
      CD4 levels, observed in HIV-seropositive men who were asymptomatic, as well as in
      those who had persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or constitutional symptoms
      of HIV infection, occurred proportionally in both the Leu8- and the Leu8+ CD4
      subsets. This observation, that HIV infection does not selectively diminish
      either subset of CD4 cells, indicates that the selective loss of T cell-mediated
      functions which accompanies the development of AIDS is not related to
      preferential loss of the Leu8+ CD4 subset. Among CD8 cells, however, HIV
      infection resulted in a threefold elevation in the number of Leu8- CD8 cells,
      while the number of Leu8+ CD8 cells remained constant. The increase in Leu8- CD8
      cells was present in recent seroconverters, persistently seropositive men, and
      patients with AIDS. We propose that the increase in Leu8- CD8 cells represents an
      HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cell response. These cells may operate by killing
      infected CD4 cells, thereby partially controlling viral infection while
      simultaneously contributing to the destruction of the immune system.

PMID- 2883198
TI  - Cross-reactions in Legionella antisera with Bordetella pertussis strains.
AB  - While preparing slide agglutination test antisera and immunofluorescence
      conjugates for the identification of Legionella species and serogroups, we found
      that several of the reagents cross-reacted with Bordetella pertussis strains. To
      determine the extent of this problem and to estimate the specificity of
      Legionella reagents, we tested slide agglutination test antisera against 22
      species and 35 serogroups with 92 bacterial strains representing 19 genera. The
      only cross-reactions observed were with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 10, L.
      maceachernii, L. gormanii, and L. feeleii serogroup 1 antisera and 4 of 10 B.
      pertussis strains. Nineteen conjugates, previously available from the Centers for
      Disease Control but no longer distributed as reference reagents, were tested with
      the four cross-reactive B. pertussis strains. Two conjugates, L. micdadei and L.
      wadsworthii, stained three of the B. pertussis strains at a fluorescence
      intensity of greater than or equal to 3+. All cross-reactions were removed from
      the antisera and conjugates by absorption with the cross-reacting strain without
      diminishing the homologous reaction. Special emphasis should be placed on the
      identification and removal of cross-reactions in Legionella reagents with strains
      that have similar morphologic and growth characteristics.

PMID- 2883199
TI  - Carrier detection in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency based on patterns
      of X chromosome inactivation.
AB  - The X-linked form of severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is underdiagnosed
      because no methods have been available for detecting carriers. Although boys with
      XSCID are deficient in T cells, female carriers are immunologically normal.
      Carriers' normal immune function would be expected if all their T cells were
      derived from precursors whose X chromosome bearing the XSCID mutation was
      inactivated early in embryogenesis. Using somatic cell hybridization to separate
      the active and inactive X chromosomes and restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms to distinguish them, we have determined the lymphocyte X
      inactivation pattern in XSCID carriers and their female relatives. In the T cells
      of three carriers, the X chromosome bearing the XSCID mutation was consistently
      inactive. Nonrandom X inactivation was also found in the T cells of one at-risk
      female, while two others had normal, random X inactivation. This method
      constitutes a generally applicable carrier test for XSCID.

PMID- 2883201
TI  - Schizophrenic thinking and neuroleptic dosage.
AB  - Three groups (N = 60) of schizophrenics (with varying levels of chronicity and
      drug dosages) were administered the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking, the
      Mini-Mental State, and the Self-Conscious Scale. The results indicated that no
      differences existed between the chronic and acute groups on the dependent
      measures. Furthermore, no significant differences emerged between 21 of the acute
      patients who were discharged and 9 patients of the acute group who were not
      discharged (follow-up). No significant differences on any of the dependent
      measures were observed when subjects were grouped according to level of
      schizophrenic thinking and of neuroleptic dose. Also, no relationship between
      neuroleptic drug dosage and thinking for any of the three groups was observed.

PMID- 2883202
TI  - Controlled clinical assessment of astemizole in the treatment of chronic
      idiopathic urticaria and angioedema.
AB  - Astemizole, one of the newer generation of nonsedating antihistamines, was
      evaluated in a double-blind study of forty-six patients who had chronic
      idiopathic urticaria with or without angioedema; most had severe disease.
      Nineteen of twenty-three patients who were on placebo discontinued treatment
      because of lack of response compared to only five of twenty-three astemizole
      treated patients (p less than 0.0001). Fourteen of twenty-two astemizole-treated
      patients and two of twenty-two placebo-treated patients considered the results to
      be good or excellent (p less than 0.0001). Blinded assessment by the
      investigators yielded similar results (p less than 0.0001). Therapeutic response
      was the same in patients with and without angioedema in addition to urticaria and
      in those requiring corticosteroids. Duration of urticaria also did not influence
      the results. Increased appetite and weight gain were the main side effects
      reported more frequently in the astemizole-treated than in the placebo-treated
      group, and no significant toxicity was noted. Follow-up after terminating the
      drug study indicated a high frequency of remissions during the subsequent year.

PMID- 2883200
TI  - Human creatine kinase-B complementary DNA. Nucleotide sequence, gene expression
      in lung cancer, and chromosomal assignment to two distinct loci.
AB  - Using a small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cDNA library, we obtained clones for the
      creatine kinase-B (CK-B) gene and determined the nucleotide sequence for the
      protein coding and 3' untranslated region (3' UT). The human translated protein
      spans 381 residues and the amino acid homology with rabbit CK-B is greater than
      98%. We have demonstrated that a nucleic acid probe encompassing the protein
      coding region will also hybridize to CK-M sequences while a probe derived from
      the 3' UT region is CK-B specific. When a B-isoenzyme specific sequence is
      hybridized to Eco RI cut genomic DNA, two independent restriction fragment
      polymorphisms are detected. We have subsequently localized these two CK-B
      homologous sequences to chromosomes 14q32 and 16. Finally, we show that increased
      levels of CK-B seen in SCLC are not accompanied by gene amplification or
      rearrangement, but reflect a greatly enhanced level of CK-B specific mRNA that is
      not seen in non-SCLC lines thus far examined.

PMID- 2883203
TI  - Studies on the putative role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in intestinal
      transport of amino acids in Atlantic salmon.
AB  - The gamma-glutamyl cycle is considered to function in the membrane transport of
      amino acids, particularly glutamine and cysteine. When groups of Atlantic salmon
      were fed either a control diet containing 45% crude protein or an amino acid diet
      (of similar overall amino acid composition but containing elevated levels of
      glutamine and cysteine) for 16 weeks, weight gains were significantly greater in
      the former group than in those given the amino acid diet. There were no
      significant differences between treatments in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GT)
      activity in the proximal intestine; in distal intestine there was significantly
      more activity in control fish. Mean levels of GSH were higher in tissues (pyloric
      caeca, distal intestine and kidney) of amino acid diet fish than in those of
      control fish. Glutamine was less effective as a gamma-glutamyl acceptor than
      several other amino acids when tested with salmon caecal GT. There were no
      morphological adaptations to the two feeds. Nutrient uptake studies showed an
      increased uptake of glutamine, but decreased uptakes of proline and methionine in
      proximal intestine of salmon fed amino acid diet. Much the greater part of the
      glutamine uptake, even at high concentrations was shown to be by Na+ dependent
      processes. There is no evidence that GT itself is Na+ dependent. The results do
      not support the view that the gamma-glutamyl cycle and GT in particular are
      involved in the transport of amino acids in the intestine and are discussed in
      this context.

PMID- 2883204
TI  - An explanation of renal hemodynamics in acute renal failure based on sequential
      CT in patients with Korean hemorrhagic fever.
AB  - The pattern of renal enhancement and washout of contrast medium was observed on
      sequential follow-up CT in 12 patients with Korean hemorrhagic fever, in which
      acute renal failure is one of the most important clinical features. Renal
      contrast enhancement and contrast medium washout were delayed longer in patients
      with severe oliguric renal failure. The delayed washout peaked at 4-5 days and
      did not return to normal until 8-9 days in the patients with severe oliguria; in
      the patients without severe oliguria the times were 1-2 days and 3-4 days,
      respectively. A characteristic "cart-wheel" pattern was observed during the
      washout stage in patients without severe oliguria. This "cart-wheel" pattern of
      washout is thought to result from relief of vasoconstriction and repair of
      tubular function. Multifocal "wedge-shaped" nonenhanced areas of the kidney, seen
      on the 2 week follow-up postcontrast CT, are thought to be ischemic zones due to
      persistent vasoconstriction. On the 6 week follow-up postcontrast CT in one
      patient, scarring of the kidney was detected in the same area that did not
      enhance on the 2 week CT. This scarring is thought to be a result of permanent
      vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2883205
TI  - Beliefs, feelings and insight of patients with schizophrenia about taking
      medication.
AB  - There has been little systematic study of the attitude of clients with
      schizophrenia toward treatment, specifically about taking medication. This study
      measured the attitude of 100 clients with schizophrenia toward taking their
      medication in the hospital. They include 47 males and 53 females ranging in age
      from 18 to 75 years (mean = 33). Interviews occurred on the 1st to 32nd hospital
      day (mean = 4). Fishbein's expectancy-value model provided the theoretical base
      for this study. Both open-ended and fixed-response estimates of attitude were
      made. Insight was measured, and the relationship between insight and attitude and
      between hallucinations and insight were analysed. Age and sex were evaluated in
      order to determine their effects, if any, on attitude. Internal consistency of
      both the fixed-response instruments and the insight instrument was evaluated.
      Clients were able to provide information about beliefs and feelings about taking
      medication and about insight into illness and treatment. Attitudes varied
      tremendously; clients frequently held both strongly positive and strongly
      negative beliefs at the same time. The range for the fixed-response estimate of
      attitude was -52 to +76; the range for the open-ended estimate was -84 to +24.
      However, the instruments were significantly correlated (r = 0.5640, P = less than
      0.000). Clients also varied widely in their insights with some having good
      insight and some having poor insight. The insight instrument correlated with the
      fixed response instrument (r = 0.2585; P = 0.005) suggesting that insight may be
      related to positive attitude. Attitudes were not affected either by age or sex.
      Insight was negatively affected by hallucinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2883206
TI  - Postnatal atresia of extraparenchymal pulmonary veins, fulminant necrotizing
      pulmonary arteritis and elevated circulating immune complexes.
AB  - An infant with operatively corrected total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
      developed postnatal atresia of the extraparenchymal left pulmonary veins with
      secondary arteritis of the ipsilateral intraparenchymal pulmonary arteries.
      Atresia of the right or left main pulmonary veins or of the common pulmonary vein
      is a rare occurrence and it is believed that association of such with necrotizing
      pulmonary arteritis has never been reported. This case illustrates the potential
      consequences of severe pulmonary venous obstruction in the absence of a left to
      right shunt.

PMID- 2883207
TI  - Pre- and postnatal development of rat retroperitoneal paraganglia.
AB  - The prenatal and postnatal development of the rat retroperitoneal paraganglia
      were studied using the formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence (FIF)
      method. In addition, the transmitter composition of the paraganglionic cells of
      the newborn rat was analyzed by immunohistochemical demonstration of the
      catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. The first fluorescent preaortic cells were
      detected in the 13.5-day-old embryos. One day later these cells constituted a
      distinct organ with moderately fluorescent cells, and in 15.5-day-old embryos
      this organ consisted cranially of moderately fluorescent and caudally of brightly
      fluorescent cells. The organ reached its largest size at birth and afterwards
      fibrous material increased between the fluorescent cells. In 4-week-old animals,
      only small clusters of fluorescent cells were observed in the preaortic area
      although many small paraganglia were situated cranially near the coeliac
      ganglion. In the organ of the newborn rat, many cells showed bright FIF. In
      addition, some cells with only slight or moderate fluorescence as well as non
      fluorescent cells were detected. The analysis of immunoreactivity to the
      catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes showed that there was a cell population with
      intense reactivity to both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta
      hydroxylase (DBH). These cells were considered as paraganglion-type cells. Some
      of them were also immunoreactive to phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
      (PNMT). In addition, there were cells with weak to moderate reactivity to TH and
      DBH but not to PNMT. Also totally negative cells were constantly seen. These
      findings were confirmed by using consecutive sections for the localization of
      different enzymes and by using the Tramu method to elute previous staining and by
      restaining the same sections with the other antibodies. It is concluded that the
      retroperitoneal paraganglia of newborn rat consist of many paraganglion-type
      cells containing noradrenaline, some of them containing also adrenaline, a few
      neuron-like cells with TH and DBH immunoreactivity, and cells containing no
      catecholamines.

PMID- 2883208
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive C1 neurons in the rostral ventrolateral
      medulla of the rabbit project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal
      cord.
AB  - After injection into the thoracic spinal cord of the rabbit, gold particles
      coupled to concanavalin A were found in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in
      neurons which contained neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. These cells have
      previously been shown to belong to the C1 catecholamine (presumably adrenaline)-
      synthesizing group. Nerve terminals in the intermediolateral column contained
      both tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. When fast
      blue was injected into the adrenal gland the retrogradely labeled preganglionic
      neurons were shown to be surrounded by nerve terminals containing neuropeptide Y
      like immunoreactivity. Our results indicate that at least some of these terminals
      derive from C1 neurons which also synthesize neuropeptide Y.

PMID- 2883209
TI  - Analysis of mechanisms responsible for the bradycardic action of naloxone after
      haemorrhage in the conscious rabbit.
AB  - We have analyzed the efferent mechanisms responsible for the bradycardia that
      occurs when naloxone (6 mg/kg) is given i.v. to conscious rabbits after acute
      blood loss of 17-20 ml/kg. Atenolol and hyoscine methyl bromide were given
      intrapericardially (i.p.c.), singly and in combination, to allow factorial
      analysis of the contributions of sympathoadrenal beta-adrenergic and vagal
      cholinergic mechanisms. In addition, the effects of ganglion blockade with
      mecamylamine on the heart rate response to naloxone, and of i.p.c. naloxone on
      the cardiac pacemaker, were tested. The treatments had little effect on the
      pressor response to naloxone. Central nervous mechanisms were responsible for
      most of the bradycardia of approximately 160 beats/min evoked by naloxone in sham
      treated, bled, rabbits. Increased vagal drive accounted for one-half the
      response, withdrawal of sympathoadrenal drive for 20%, and there was no
      significant interaction. These effects appeared to be due to evocation of a
      baroreceptor-heart rate reflex by the concomitant rise in blood pressure. Non
      cholinergic, non-adrenergic mechanisms were responsible for a fall in heart rate
      of approximately 35 beats/min, part of which was due to a direct action of
      naloxone on the cardiac pacemaker.

PMID- 2883210
TI  - Differential regulation of regional vascular resistance by the rostral and caudal
      ventrolateral medulla in the rat.
AB  - Regional vascular resistance changes were determined following chemical
      excitation and inhibition of the rostral vasopressor (RVLM) and caudal
      vasodepressor (CVLM) areas in the ventrolateral medulla. Mesenteric, renal and
      hindquarter vascular resistances were assessed in paralyzed and artificially
      ventilated urethane-anesthetized rats instrumented with pulsed-Doppler flow
      probes. Microinjection of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate in the RVLM
      elicited a significant dose-related transient increase in blood pressure, heart
      rate and resistance of mesenteric, renal and hindquarter vascular beds. A similar
      dose-related hemodynamic profile was obtained following microinjection of
      muscimol, a GABAmimetic, in the CVLM. In contrast, significant dose-related
      decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and resistance in mesenteric and
      hindquarter vascular beds was observed following glutamate-induced excitation of
      the CVLM and muscimol-induced inhibition of the RVLM. Changes in renal vascular
      resistance were inconsistent in this second hemodynamic profile. Intravenous
      administration of the alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, abolished all of
      the hemodynamic effects elicited by excitation of the RVLM except the
      tachycardia. Intravenous atropine methylnitrate blocked the bradycardia
      associated with excitation of the CVLM but did not alter the vascular resistance
      changes. These results indicate that the changes in heart rate did not contribute
      significantly to the resistance profiles described. The changes in vascular
      resistance elicited by excitation and inhibition of the RVLM were correlated with
      increase and decrease in the greater splanchnic nerve activity, respectively. In
      conclusion, neuron pools in the RVLM and CVLM exert differential effects upon
      resistance in different vascular beds via changes in sympathetic
      outflow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883211
TI  - Early increase in adrenomedullary catecholamine synthesis in sinoaortic
      denervated rats.
AB  - Adrenomedullary catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline) and
      catecholamine synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta
      hydroxylase) were elevated within 3 days of sinoaortic denervation in rats with
      neurogenic hypertension. Conversely, there were no differences in adrenomedullary
      catecholamines and their related enzymes 21 days after sinoaortic denervation.
      These results suggest an activation of adrenomedullary catecholamine synthesis at
      the onset of neurogenic hypertension.

PMID- 2883212
TI  - Evidence that dopamine regulates norepinephrine synthesis in the rat superior
      cervical ganglion during hypoxic stress.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of preganglionic nerves is known to increase
      norepinephrine synthesis in the rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro, an
      effect which appears to be partially regulated by a non-cholinergic transmitter.
      In the present study, we sought to determine whether sympathetic stimulation also
      increases norepinephrine synthesis in the rat ganglion in vivo, and whether
      dopamine released from ganglionic interneurons might regulate this response. To
      tackle these questions, rats were pretreated with spiroperidol, a selective
      dopamine-receptor blocker, and then were sympathetically stimulated by exposure
      to severe hypoxic stress. Other rats were pretreated with vehicle alone before
      the hypoxic exposure. Norepinephrine synthesis in ganglia was assessed by
      measuring endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase activity and norepinephrine turnover.
      We found that hypoxic stress increased both of these indices of norepinephrine
      synthesis, but only in rats pretreated with spiroperidol. No such response was
      detected in rats pretreated with vehicle. These results indicate that sympathetic
      stimulation increases norepinephrine synthesis in the rat superior cervical
      ganglion in vivo, and that dopamine released from interneurons might regulate
      this response.

PMID- 2883213
TI  - Treatment of Barrett's esophagus with H2 blockers.
AB  - The effect of the H2 receptor antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, on
      Barrett's esophagus was assessed in a retrospective study. There was no evidence
      of regression of Barrett's epithelium in the 22 patients treated for a mean of 13
      months with 800-1,600 mg/day cimetidine, or in the 13 patients treated for a mean
      of 5.7 months with 300 mg/day ranitidine. Eight of 12 esophageal (Barrett's)
      ulcers healed on cimetidine therapy over a mean period of 8.7 months, and eight
      of nine esophageal ulcers healed on ranitidine therapy over a mean period of 3.5
      months. We conclude that short-term treatment with H2 blockade does not cause
      regression of Barrett's esophagus, although such treatment can heal esophageal
      ulcers.

PMID- 2883214
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and dynamic studies with a new anxiolytic imidazo-pyridine
      alpidem utilizing pharmaco-EEG and psychometry.
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic effects of a new imidazo-pyridine derivative, alpidem (SL80.0342)
      and the 1,4 benzodiazepine lorazepam were investigated utilizing quantitative EEG
      and psychometric testing. Ten normal volunteers received randomized (latin
      square) single oral doses of placebo, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg alpidem and 2.5 mg
      lorazepam at weekly intervals. Blood level sampling, EEG recordings, evaluation
      of pulse, blood pressure and side-effects were carried out at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
      hours post drug; psychometric and psychophysiological investigations at the same
      time periods except for the first hour. Computer-assisted spectral-analysis of
      the EEG demonstrated an anxiolytic profile after both compounds, characterized by
      an increase of beta activity, decrease of alpha activity and acceleration of the
      centroid of the total activity and total beta activity. Total power was
      attenuated, delta activity augmented and the centroid of the combined delta and
      theta activities decreased. The latter changes were most pronounced after 2.5 mg
      lorazepam suggesting it is more sedative than alpidem. Dose/treatment efficacy
      calculations revealed 2.5 mg lorazepam as the most CNS-active compound, followed
      by 100 mg, 50 mg and 25 mg alpidem. Based on a multivariate analysis 2.5 mg
      lorazepam could be differentiated from placebo at all times, 100 mg alpidem in
      the first, second and fourth hours, 50 mg only in the second hour. Time-efficacy
      calculations showed a marked CNS effect after alpidem in the first hour with a
      peak in the second hour, a gentle decline to the fourth hour and thereafter a
      rapid decline up to the eighth hour. In contrast, 2.5 mg lorazepam showed a
      slower rise in CNS activity which peaked in the fourth hour and declined slowly
      thereafter. These pharmacodynamic effects paralleled the blood level course of
      both compounds, as well as the time-course of psychometric changes. The latter
      were characterized by a deterioration in psychometer function after 2.5 mg
      lorazepam, which was less pronounced after 100 mg alpidem, while 50 mg and 25 mg
      showed no significant difference from placebo. Subjective ratings of mood showed
      a decrement which was most pronounced after 100 mg alpidem, less so after 50 mg,
      with no difference from placebo after 25 mg or lorazepam. Finally, there were no
      significant inter-drug differences with regard to psychophysiological variables.

PMID- 2883215
TI  - Multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--a suitable case for inactivity?

PMID- 2883216
TI  - Computers and hospital infection.

PMID- 2883217
TI  - Hospital outbreak of multi-resistant Acinetobacter anitratus: an airborne mode of
      spread?
AB  - During a 10-month period, from October 1984 to July 1985, a multi-resistant
      strain of Acinetobacter anitratus was isolated from 36 patients in three
      neurosurgical wards, one medical ward and the intensive care unit of a district
      general hospital, and from two patients in the intensive care unit of a hospital
      in another district. Fourteen patients developed significant infection including
      pneumonia (10), meningitis (2), septicaemia (2) and wound infection (4). The
      majority of cases (28) involved the respiratory tract of ventilated patients,
      although respiratory equipment was not implicated as a source of the infection.
      The epidemic strain was recovered from the skin, nose, mouth and rectum of
      colonized patients and from the hands of personnel. However, extensive air and
      environmental contamination in the vicinity of colonized patients was also
      demonstrated. This is the first outbreak of infection with Acinetobacter, of
      which we are aware, where airborne spread has been observed.

PMID- 2883218
TI  - An outbreak of puerperal fever caused by group G streptococci.
AB  - An outbreak of puerperal fever caused by group G streptococci is described.
      Transmission of the organism may have occurred via contamination of automated
      douches. When these were disinfected and kept free of the organism the outbreak
      ended abruptly.

PMID- 2883219
TI  - Management of patients with epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:
      experience at an infectious diseases unit.
AB  - Between January 1983 and April 1984 60 patients completed their admission to an
      infectious diseases unit for management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus. All had been shown to be colonized with a particular epidemic strain
      (EMRSA), and most isolates were from the nose or from broken skin sites. Eight
      patients were thought to have systemic EMRSA infection, of whom three had
      bacteraemia. Ten of the 60 patients died of severe underlying disease, eight were
      discharged home well but still colonized with EMRSA, four never had positive
      isolates after admission, and the remaining 38 cleared their EMRSA colonization
      in an average of 2 months. Five patients had further isolates of EMRSA after
      three negative, weekly screening tests and one after four negative screenings. No
      patients had further isolates after five or more negative screening tests.

PMID- 2883220
TI  - Prevalence survey of infection in a Hong Kong hospital using a standard protocol
      and microcomputer data analysis.
AB  - A 1-day prevalence survey of hospital infection was performed in June 1985 at a
      new general teaching hospital in Hong Kong. The 1980 British national survey
      protocol was used, and the results were analysed by microcomputer. The major part
      of the survey was carried out by nine people over a period of 3 days and was
      completed within 6 weeks. The rate of hospital-acquired infection was 8.9% and of
      community-acquired infection was 16.5%. Antibiotics were mainly used in infected
      patients. The British protocol is suitable for Hong Kong hospitals, and with
      microcomputer data analysis such surveys can be completed quickly and accurately
      even with limited resources.

PMID- 2883221
TI  - Outbreak of colonization of neonates with Enterobacter sakazakii.
AB  - An outbreak of colonization of 11 neonates with Enterobacter sakazakii occurred
      in a neonatal intensive care unit from the 10 September to 17 October 1984.
      During this period Ent. sakazakii was isolated from throat and rectal swabs and
      tracheal aspirates, but not from blood, of the neonates. The duration of
      colonization ranged from 2 to 8 weeks. The isolates were resistant to amikacin
      and to tobramycin, but sensitive to gentamicin. Four of the 11 colonized neonates
      had clinical signs of severe sepsis and one of meningitis and four died in spite
      of intensive chemotherapy. The source and the mode of spread of Ent. sakazakii
      remained unknown as it was not found on the hands of staff or in the inanimate
      environment of the unit. Ent. sakazakii may be implicated in severe infections in
      neonates and should be included when screening clinical specimens.

PMID- 2883222
TI  - Potential hazard from spray cleaning of floors in hospital wards.
AB  - The potential hazard from using contaminated spray cleaning fluid to clean
      hospital floors was investigated. Eight of 10 sprays in daily hospital use failed
      the 'in-use' test of Kelsey & Maures. Contamination was due to Gram-negative
      bacilli, mainly Pseudomonas spp. An experiment showed that freshly diluted
      cleaning fluid in a new spray container became contaminated in 6 days, although
      the route of contamination of the fluid is not clear. Air samples and samples
      from bedding collected during spray cleaning with contaminated fluid showed the
      presence of Pseudomonas spp. Use of freshly diluted cleaning fluid and daily
      cleaning of spray containers is recommended.

PMID- 2883223
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in non-perforated appendicitis of childhood: tetracycline
      lavage compared with peroperative intravenous cefuroxime and metronidazole.
AB  - Eighty-four cases of non-perforated appendicitis in children were randomly
      allocated to receive either oxytetracycline lavage alone or oxytetracycline
      lavage plus peroperative intravenous metronidazole and cefuroxime. The wound
      infection rate with the oxytetracycline lavage alone was 4.4% compared with 7.7%
      when metronidazole and cefuroxime were added. These rates were not significantly
      different. This study supports the use of oxytetracycline lavage alone as
      effective prophylaxis against wound infection in non-perforated appendicitis of
      childhood.

PMID- 2883224
TI  - A prospective survey of hospital cross-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - A prospective survey of pneumococcal carriage and infection between October 1984
      and April 1985 in a male medical ward of a district general hospital is reported.
      In the hospital as a whole, pneumococcal infection, acquired more than 5 days
      after admission, accounted for some 20% of all pneumococcal infection.

PMID- 2883225
TI  - A bacteriological examination of breast pumps.
AB  - In an investigation of the source of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection
      in a special care baby unit, several breast pumps used in the hospital and
      community were examined. The epidemic strain was isolated from two pumps and
      other Gram-negative organisms, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis
      were isolated from seven. The findings indicate that breast pumps may be a
      potential source of contamination of the user, her breast milk, infant and
      environment. Our recommendations regarding the use of breast pumps are presented.

PMID- 2883226
TI  - Role of R-plasmids in adherence and hydrophobicity in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Twenty-five R-plasmids from different incompatibility groups were conjugatively
      transferred to the laboratory strain Escherichia coli JE2571 and the variations
      in surface hydrophobicity and adherence to human buccal epithelial cells were
      investigated. It was found that some R-plasmids produce significant variations in
      adherence and/or hydrophobicity but that these variations show no quantitative or
      qualitative correlation.

PMID- 2883227
TI  - Survey of multiply resistant Providencia stuartii in a chronic care unit.
AB  - Providencia stuartii was cultured over a 4-year period from the urinary tract,
      throat, perineum, axilla and stools of patients in a long-term chronic care unit,
      the most common site of colonization being the urinary tract. A total of 17
      patients had Prov. stuartii bacteraemia and manipulation of the urinary tract
      preceded bacteraemia in 10 cases. Eighty-two per cent of the patients had long
      term urinary tract colonization from 1 month to 4 years. Although most isolates
      were resistant to all aminoglycosides except amikacin, the organisms were all
      susceptible to thienamycin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime and moxalactam.

PMID- 2883228
TI  - An outbreak of serious Klebsiella infections related to food blenders.
AB  - An investigation, including environmental sampling, was undertaken after four
      leukaemic patients on the same hospital ward developed serious infections with
      Klebsiella aerogenes, capsular type K14. The source of this organism, common to
      all four patients, was found to be a food blender used for preparing milk-based
      drinks on the ward.

PMID- 2883229
TI  - The formaldehyde/low temperature steam sterilizing procedure.

PMID- 2883230
TI  - Nosocomial infections with Microsporum canis.

PMID- 2883231
TI  - The stabilising factors of parasitic infections in Nigeria.
AB  - The pattern of parasitic infections in Nigeria is discussed taking into
      consideration the status quo, and factors of change which tend to maintain the
      present situation rather than improving upon it. These factors include rapid
      urbanisation and uncontrolled population movement, agricultural developments,
      socio-economic factors, disease and vector control operations and health care
      delivery system. This rather deplorable situation calls for increased awareness
      on the part of everybody such that cognisance is taken of the hazards and
      remedies of these factors of change in order not to jeopardise our laudable
      development programmes.

PMID- 2883232
TI  - Efficacy of Czechoslovak and Soviet Bacillus thuringiensis (serotype H-14)
      formulations against mosquito larvae.
AB  - Laboratory and field comparisons were made with two wettable powder formulations
      of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 (B. t. H-14) prepared in Czechoslovakia
      ("Moskitur") and the USSR ("Baktokulicid"). Expressed in the international Aedes
      aegypti toxic units (TU X mg-1) the potency of these two test formulations was
      greater than that of the Institute Pasteur Standard IPS-78 (= 1,000 TU X mg-1),
      i.e. Moskitur had a potency of about 1,500 TU X mg-1 and the Soviet Baktokulicid
      2,000 TU X mg-1. The Baktokulicid and Moskitur LC 90 values for laboratory-reared
      Aedes aegypti larvae were, respectively, 0.11 and 0.16 mg X l-1. The range of LC
      90 values for the Czechoslovak wild-caught mosquito species of the genera Aedes
      and Culex was 0.14-0.31 mg X liter-1 with Moskitur, 0.11-0.41 mg X l-1 with
      Baktokulicid, and 0.16-0.48 mg X l-1 with IPS-78. The susceptibility of
      laboratory Anopheles stephensi larvae was close to that of Aedes aegypti, larvae
      of An. messeae required many times as much Baktokulicid (1.6 mg X l-1) and
      Moskitur (more than 6.4 mg X l-1) for 90% mortality as did other mosquito
      species. The aim of outdoor assays was to establish the minimum Moskitur and
      Baktokulicid rates giving a 100% control of mosquito larvae. For Ae. cantans
      breeding habitat in flood plain forest areas these rates ranged between 0.1-0.5
      mg X l-1 (0.2-1.0 kg X ha-1), for Ae. vexans control on artificially irrigated
      meadows between 0.8-2.0 mg X l-1 (1.2-3.0 kg X ha-1). Consistently with
      laboratory bioassays, Baktokulicid gave 100% control of An. messeae 4th instar
      larvae at a dose as high as 3.2 mg X l-1, Moskitur gave 23.1% kill at 6.4 mg X l
      1. The effect of Moskitur and Baktokulicid formulations was immediate, larvae
      that hatched 7-14 days posttreatment survived. The efficacy of B. t. H-14 outdoor
      treatments tended to markedly decrease with the larval densities exceeding 100
      larvae per 1 dm2. Species of nontarget aquatic organisms, including the Diptera
      Chaoborus crystallinus, Mychlonyx sp. and Dixidae, were not noticeably affected
      by treatments with B. t. H-14 formulations used.

PMID- 2883233
TI  - Induction of protective immunity to experimental hepatic amoebic infection in
      hamsters.
AB  - Immunisation of hamsters with the Sephadex G-200 chromatographed Fraction-I of
      the crude amoebic extract afforded protection in 58% of the animals against an
      intrahepatic challenge with a virulent subline of axenic Entamoeba histolytica
      NIH-200 (V). The protected animals had variable levels of anti-FI antiamoebic
      antibodies, while none of the infected controls had such antibodies. Findings
      suggest that chromatographed FI of crude amoebic extract might function as a
      potent immunogen affording protection in amoebic infection.

PMID- 2883234
TI  - The interleukin 1 gene is expressed by rat glomerular mesangial cells and is
      augmented in immune complex glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Cultured rat mesangial cells have features of immune effector cells that may
      contribute to the derangements in glomerulonephritis. Recent reports have
      demonstrated that mesangial cells produce a cytokine similar to interleukin 1 (IL
      1). We predicted rat mesangial cells could express a gene homologous to murine
      macrophage IL 1. Mesangial cells were cultured by explant and were used in the
      fourth through sixth passages. Antibodies to desmin and fibronectin but not
      cytokeratin stained the cytoskeleton of all mesangial cells examined; no Ia+,
      leukocyte common antigen+ mononuclear phagocytes were present. RNA from mesangial
      cells and P388D macrophages hybridized in dot blots with a 32P-probe nick
      translated from the murine IL 1 cDNA. Mesangial cells but not Swiss 3T3
      fibroblasts contained IL 1 mRNA transcripts that co-migrated with the 2.0 kb
      message from murine P388D macrophages by Northern analysis of poly(A) RNA. In
      situ hybridization of cultured cells demonstrated specific hybridization of 3H-IL
      1 probe to cells with the morphology of contractile mesangial cells and P388D
      cells but not 3T3 cells. IL 1 release is an important mediator of local
      inflammation and injury. Therefore we compared the expression of the IL 1 gene in
      total RNA from kidneys of rats with immune complex glomerulonephritis with that
      extracted from kidneys of healthy rats. Glomerulonephritic kidneys contain a
      twofold to threefold increase in IL 1 mRNA compared with normals. We conclude
      that rat mesangial cells express mRNA with significant homology to murine
      macrophage IL 1 mRNA and further suggest that local production of the potent
      phlogistic mediator IL 1 may be important in the pathogenesis of
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2883236
TI  - Lack of dendritic Thy-1+ epidermal cells in mice with severe combined
      immunodeficiency disease.
AB  - C.B-17 scid (severe combined immunodeficiency disease) mice were used to evaluate
      the relationship of dendritic Thy-1+ epidermal cells (EC) to T lymphocytes
      (deficient in scid) and to NK cells (replete in scid). Epidermis from scid mice
      was deficient in dendritic Thy-1+ cells as determined by immunofluorescent
      staining of epidermal whole mounts. Similarly, epidermal cell suspensions from
      scid mice failed to proliferate in response to Con A, as compared with epidermal
      cell suspensions from C.B-17 control mice. Transplantation of normal bone marrow
      into scid mice reconstituted morphologically identifiable dendritic Thy-1+ EC in
      whole mounts, as well as Con A responsiveness of EC suspensions, thus indicating
      that the deficiency in dendritic Thy-1+ EC in scid mice is at the precursor
      level. These studies demonstrate that Thy-1+ EC are more closely related to T
      lymphocytes than to NK cells.

PMID- 2883235
TI  - Production of interleukin 1 by adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cell lines.
AB  - The accessory function for T cell activation and the production of interleukin 1
      (IL 1) of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cell lines were studied in vitro. ATL cell
      lines such as Hut-102, MT-1, and MT-2 functioned as accessory cells for the
      stimulation of human T cell proliferative response induced with concanavalin A
      (Con A) and induced allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Cell lysates of three
      ATL cell lines and the culture supernatant of MT-2 cells had activities to
      stimulate murine thymocyte proliferative response. Then we studied
      physicochemical properties of the factors produced by MT-2 cells. The m.w. of the
      factors were approximately 15,000 by Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography, and
      their isoelectric point values were 5.4 and 4.8 by chromatofocussing technique.
      No fraction contained interleukin 2 (IL 2) activities to stimulate IL 2-dependent
      murine cytotoxic T cell line. The thymocyte-stimulating activities of the factors
      were absorbed with rabbit anti-IL 1 alpha antiserum, but not with anti-IL 1 beta
      antiserum. Furthermore, messenger RNA extracted from MT-2 cells hybridized to
      complementary DNA of IL 1 alpha, but not of IL 1 beta, by Northern blot
      hybridization analysis. The factors from MT-2 cells could stimulate the
      production of IL 2 and the expression of IL 2 receptors of human T cells in the
      presence of Con A as well as recombinant IL 1 alpha and IL 1 beta did, and these
      activities were also blocked by rabbit anti-IL 1 alpha antiserum, but not by anti
      IL 1 beta antiserum. These results suggest that the factors produced by MT-2
      cells correspond to IL 1 alpha. However, the accessory function of MT-2 cells for
      T cell activation was not blocked by rabbit anti-IL 1 antiserum. These results
      suggest that ATL cell lines produce IL 1-like factors, but the accessory function
      of ATL cell lines for T cell activation is mediated by some other mechanisms
      rather than by secreted IL 1-like factors.

PMID- 2883238
TI  - Epidemiology of human T cell leukemia virus type I infection in East Sepik
      Province, Papua New Guinea.
AB  - A serological survey of 317 healthy residents of rural Papua New Guinea (PNG)
      showed a 26% prevalence of antibodies to human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV
      I). Antibody to HTLV-I was detected in 16% of children less than or equal to 10
      years old (including an 18-month-old child) and increased to greater than or
      equal to 24% in subjects greater than 20 years old. Prospective examination for
      antibody in 104 residents of one village revealed a seroconversion rate of 13%
      over a one-year period. The mean titer of antibody in these subjects (1:183) was
      lower (P less than .0005) than that in persons who were persistently seropositive
      (1:718). Analysis for clustering of infected subjects suggested that personal
      contact within the home played a role in the horizontal spread of HTLV-I. These
      data indicate that HTLV-I infection has a higher prevalence in PNG than in other
      endemic parts of the world, exposure occurs at an early age, and infection and/or
      seroconversion is common in adults as well as in children.

PMID- 2883237
TI  - Heterogeneity in response to interleukin 2 and interleukin 2-producing ability of
      adult T cell leukemic cells.
AB  - To examine the possibility of heterogeneous mechanisms in the proliferation of
      adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cells, leukemic cells from 13 patients, nine acute
      type and four chronic-type ATL, were examined for the production of interleukin 2
      (IL 2) with or without mitogenic stimulation and their response to recombinant IL
      2 when exogeneously added. The leukemic cells were classified into four groups,
      as follows. Group 1 (two patients): Cells of this group produced IL 2 messenger
      RNA, secreted IL 2, and proliferated when cultured in mitogen-free medium. The
      spontaneous proliferation of the cells in mitogen-free medium was inhibited by
      anti-Tac/IL 2 receptor and anti-IL 2 monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, the
      thymidine incorporation by the cells was enhanced in response to exogeneously
      added recombinant IL 2 and IL 2 produced by themselves. These results indicate
      that the ATL cells of this group proliferate with autostimulation by IL 2. Group
      2 (seven patients): Cells of this group did not secrete IL 2 when cultured in
      mitogen-free medium, but the cells showed response to exogeneously added
      recombinant IL 2 and proliferated in culture. These results indicate that the ATL
      cells of this group proliferate by a paracrine mechanism. Group 3 (one patient):
      Cells of this group secreted IL 2 in mitogen-free medium. However, the
      spontaneous proliferation of these cells in vitro was very low, and the response
      to recombinant IL 2 was also very low. Group 4 (three patients): Cells of this
      group did not secrete IL 2 in mitogen-free medium. Spontaneous proliferation and
      the response to recombinant IL 2 were also very low. The clinical feature of all
      patients of Groups 1 and 2 was acute-type, and that of Groups 3 and 4 was chronic
      type. Thus, we conclude that heterogeneous mechanisms exist in the proliferation
      of leukemic cells, and that growth rate in mitogen-free medium and response to IL
      2 of the cells may have a significant relationship to the clinical feature, acute
      or chronic-type.

PMID- 2883239
TI  - Use of erythromycin to prevent pertussis in newborns of mothers with pertussis.
AB  - During the period 1975-1985, 35 women with serology- or culture-confirmed
      pertussis at the time of labor were admitted to the Danderyd Hospital (Danderyd,
      Sweden). In 32 cases, the mothers were allowed to nurse their newborns while
      receiving erythromycin therapy. Erythromycin prophylaxis was given to 28
      newborns. None of the newborns developed clinical or laboratory signs of whooping
      cough. The therapy was well tolerated by the newborns and did not affect the
      microflora in the gut. Maternal antibodies to pertussis toxin and to the
      filamentous hemagglutinin were found in cord blood, and levels decreased during
      the follow-up period. The study demonstrated that mothers with pertussis can
      safely be allowed to nurse their infants if both receive erythromycin.

PMID- 2883240
TI  - Evidence of serum antibodies to Neisseria gonorrhoeae before gonococcal
      infection.
AB  - To characterize the serum antibody response to urethral infection with Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae, we examined pre- and postinfection sera from 13 men experiencing
      their first gonococcal infection. Using western blot analysis, we found that nine
      of 13 patients developed new serum IgG antibodies against one or more antigens,
      most commonly against lipooligosaccharide, followed in order by the H.8-antigen,
      pili, proteins I and II, and protein III. Twelve of 13 patients had preexisting
      IgG to gonococcal antigens, most commonly against the H.8 antigen, followed by
      pili, lipooligosaccharide, protein I, and protein III. Using serum obtained from
      other patients before and after nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria
      meningitidis, we demonstrated that carriage resulted in serum IgG cross-reactive
      to N. gonorrhoeae antigens. This is likely explanation for the presence of
      antigen-specific antibody in preinfection sera.

PMID- 2883241
TI  - [Serotype and drug susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella
      parapertussis isolated from 1975 to 1985 in Japan].

PMID- 2883242
TI  - [Platelet factor XIII as the collagen receptor].

PMID- 2883243
TI  - [Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid followed by manifestation of multiple
      endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I: a retrospective study of patient's data in the
      past 11 years and histological studies of the thyroid, parathyroid, and
      pancreatic islet].

PMID- 2883245
TI  - [A case of suspected allergic granulomatous angiitis following surgery of
      Sipple's syndrome].

PMID- 2883246
TI  - [Adult T cell lymphoma with massive gastric involvement--a case report].

PMID- 2883244
TI  - [A correlation between the concentrations of serum T4 and the values for TSH
      binding inhibiting antibody (TBIAb) during the clinical course of a patient with
      hashitoxicosis].

PMID- 2883248
TI  - Effect of dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on brain lipid compositions
      and learning ability of rats.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control, Wistar/Kyoto
      (WKY) rats through two generations were fed a semipurified diet supplemented
      either with safflower oil (rich in linoleate) or with perilla oil (rich in alpha
      linolenate). The cerebral lipid contents and phospholipid compositions did not
      differ between the two dietary groups of SHR rats. There were also no differences
      in the unsaturated/saturated ratios of individual phospholipids or the
      proportions of plasma-logens. However, the proportions of (n-3) and (n-6) fatty
      acids were significantly different. Decreases in the proportions of
      docosahexaenoate [22:6 (n-3)] in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine
      in the safflower oil group were compensated for with increases in the proportions
      of docosatetraenoic [22:4 (n-6)] and docosapentaenoic [22:5 (n-6)] acids as
      compared with the perilla oil group. These differences in phospholipid acyl
      chains were much smaller than the difference in the proportions of linoleate and
      alpha-linolenate of the diets. In a brightness-discrimination learning test, the
      total number of responses to the positive and negative stimuli were less in the
      groups fed perilla oil. However, the alpha-linolenate-deficient group took longer
      to decrease the frequency of R- responses and therefore longer to learn the
      discrimination. Consequently, the correct response ratios were higher in the
      perilla oil groups than in the safflower oil groups. Thus, the dietary alpha
      linolenate/linoleate balance influenced the (n-3)/(n-6) balance of polyenoic
      fatty acids differently among brain phospholipids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2883247
TI  - Induction of tissue transglutaminase in human peripheral blood monocytes by
      intracellular delivery of retinoids.
AB  - Human peripheral blood monocytes (HPBM) from normal donors, isolated by counter
      current centrifugal elutriation into two subpopulations, showed no significant
      difference in their ability to differentiate in vitro into macrophages as
      determined by induction of a protein cross-linking enzyme tissue transglutaminase
      (TGase). The two subpopulations were equally responsive to the augmenting effect
      of recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) on expression of tissue TGase. In
      vitro maturation and treatment with rIFN-gamma of HPBM were associated with
      increased binding of tritiated retinol. Intracellular delivery of retinol
      rendered this hormone active in inducing the differentiation of HPBM. The
      retinoid-induced expression of tissue TGase was the result of increased
      accumulation of the enzyme peptide and not activation of preexisting enzyme. We
      propose, therefore, that maturation of HPBM, induced by in vitro culture or
      treatment with rIFN-gamma, is associated with acquisition of cell surface
      receptors for serum retinol-binding protein.

PMID- 2883249
TI  - The relationship of thyroid antibodies to the postpartum recurrence of
      hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease.

PMID- 2883250
TI  - An adenovirus type 3 host range variant with mutations in the E1a and E3 early
      gene regions.
AB  - A spontaneous variant of adenovirus (Ad) type 3 (subgroup B) was identified,
      which did not grow in HeLa cells, but grew in 293 cells with a large plaque
      morphology. The variant (Ad3var100) had a defect in the the early gene region
      E1a; it could grow in cells that supplied E1a functions and was complemented for
      growth in HeLa cells by Ad5 wild-type (subgroup C) but not by the E1a deletion
      mutant Ad5d1312. It also bore a deletion of some 1.5 kb in the E3 region. The
      loss of these sequences conferred on the variant the ability to inhibit Ad5 wild
      type virus, although Ad3 wild-type was dominant over the variant. No
      transdominance was seen between wild-type Ad3 and Ad5. The E1a mutation was
      placed in a wild-type background and this E1a mutant had the host range
      properties of the variant, but did not retain the large plaque morphology and was
      not dominant over Ad5. The E3 mutation was separated from the E1a lesion by
      marker rescue; the resulting E3 mutant retained dominance over Ad5, grew in HeLa
      cells and had a plaque morphology intermediate between wild-type and variant.

PMID- 2883251
TI  - Genomic heterogeneity of equine betaherpesviruses.
AB  - The genomes of 51 isolates of slowly cytopathic equine herpesviruses were
      examined by digestion with restriction endonucleases. Forty-seven of the isolates
      showed considerable fragment pattern heterogeneity although common fragments were
      evident, especially when any two isolates were compared or when they were
      digested with SalI. Fifteen of the 47 viruses, selected for their diverse
      fragment patterns, showed a high degree of homology in Southern blot
      hybridization. In contrast, four viruses, representing three epidemiologically
      distinct isolations, shared few, if any, comigrating fragments with the 47 equine
      herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) isolates, although they shared comigrating fragments with
      each other. These four viruses showed reduced homology to a representative EHV-2
      isolate by Southern blot hybridization under stringent conditions. Although not
      sharply delineated from EHV-2, these four viruses grew very slowly and had low
      yields in vitro, and preliminary data suggested they had a significantly smaller
      genome than EHV-2 (148 +/- 12 kb compared to 190 kb). These four viruses may be
      prototypic of a novel equine betaherpesvirus.

PMID- 2883252
TI  - Sequence analysis of the matrix protein gene of human parainfluenza virus type 3:
      extensive sequence homology among paramyxoviruses.
AB  - The sequences of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) matrix (M) mRNA
      [1150 nucleotides exclusive of poly(A)] and predicted M protein (353 amino acids)
      were determined by sequence analysis of cloned cDNA and viral genomic RNA. The
      gene-end sequence of the M gene differed from the semi-conserved gene-end
      sequence of the other PIV3 genes by an apparent insertion of eight nucleotides.
      The PIV3 M protein shared high sequence homology with Sendai virus and moderate
      homology with measles virus and canine distemper virus. Statistical analysis of
      the available sequences showed that the M protein was the most highly conserved
      parainfluenza viral protein.

PMID- 2883253
TI  - The regulation of neurite outgrowth, growth cone motility, and electrical
      synaptogenesis by serotonin.
AB  - Identified neurons of the buccal ganglion of the snail Helisoma when isolated
      from their ganglionic environment and plated in cell culture grow new neurites
      that are tipped with motile growth cones. Addition of the neurotransmitter
      serotonin to the culture medium surrounding actively growing neurons causes an
      immediate, premature cessation of neurite elongation in specific identified
      neurons. Serotonin selectively inhibits neurite extension of neurons B19 and P5
      while having no effect on the extension of neuron B5. Coincident with the
      serotonin evoked inhibition of neurite elongation is an inhibition of growth cone
      motile activities and a retraction of growth cone filopodia and lamellipodia. One
      site of serotonin's growth inhibitory actions is directly at the growth cone
      rather than at the neurites or cell body. A second area of this study concerns
      connectivity. In Helisoma neurons the formation of electrical synaptic
      connections critically relies on both potential partner neurons having a mutual
      interaction of actively growing neurites. Neurons in a nongrowing state do not
      form electrical synapses (Hadley et al., 1983). As a result of inhibiting neurite
      extension, serotonin is able to affect synaptogenesis by preventing certain
      neurons (neurons B19) from forming electrical synaptic connections with other
      neurons (neurons B5) that are themselves competent to interconnect. Thus, by
      inhibiting neurite extension, serotonin is capable of regulating both the
      development of arborizations and the formation of connectivity.

PMID- 2883254
TI  - Identification and characterization of an N-methyl-D-aspartate-specific L
      [3H]glutamate recognition site in synaptic plasma membranes.
AB  - Conditions have been developed for an L-[3H]glutamate binding assay in which 85
      95% of the specific binding is to a site that corresponds to the N-methyl-D
      aspartate subclass of acidic amino acid receptors. Incubation of synaptic plasma
      membranes with L-[3H]glutamate in 50 mM Tris/acetate, pH 7.4, for 2-20 min at 2
      degrees C results in binding with pharmacological characteristics of the
      electrophysiologically defined N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. The fraction of
      glutamate binding to this subclass of receptors, relative to the total, decreases
      with both increased time and temperature. This binding is reversible, is
      concentrated in the synaptic plasma membrane fraction, has a pH optimum of 7.0
      7.4, and is linear with respect to tissue protein concentration. The binding is
      unaffected by 1 mM concentrations of the anions sulfate, chloride, bromide,
      thiocyanate, phosphate, acetate, nitrate, or carbonate and the monovalent cations
      potassium or ammonium. However sodium and the divalent cations copper, cobalt,
      zinc, cadmium, and manganese decrease binding to this N-methyl-D-aspartate site.

PMID- 2883255
TI  - A novel chloride-dependent L-[3H]glutamate binding site in astrocyte membranes.
AB  - Membrane fractions prepared from astrocytes grown in culture exhibit a specific
      binding site for L-[3H]glutamate that is Cl--dependent and Na+-independent. The
      binding site is a single saturable site with a KD of about 0.5 microM, is
      inhibited by L-aspartate, L-cysteate, and quisqualate, and is insensitive to
      kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole
      propionate, and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate. The pharmacological characteristics
      of the binding site indicate that it is distinct from any site previously
      described in synaptic membrane preparations. Comparisons of ionic requirements,
      ligand specificity, and inhibitor sensitivities, however, suggest the described
      binding is the first step in a Cl--dependent high-affinity glutamate uptake
      system. Such binding studies provide a useful model system in which to
      investigate the close association between excitatory amino acids, astrocytes, the
      termination of glutamate's excitatory action by high-affinity uptake, and the
      excitotoxic action of acidic amino acids in membranes of a single cell type.

PMID- 2883256
TI  - Calcium dependence of muscarinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion from
      the perfused rat adrenal medulla.
AB  - It had previously been thought that muscarinic cholinergic receptors utilize an
      influx of extracellular calcium for activation of adrenomedullary catecholamine
      secretion. However, it has recently been demonstrated that muscarinic receptors
      on isolated adrenal chromaffin cells can elevate cytosolic free calcium levels in
      a manner independent of extracellular calcium, presumably by mobilizing
      intracellular calcium stores. We now demonstrate that muscarinic receptor
      mediated catecholamine secretion from perfused rat adrenal glands can occur under
      conditions of extracellular calcium deprivation that are sufficient to block both
      nicotine- and electrically stimulated release. Three independent conditions of
      extracellular calcium deprivation were used: nominally calcium-free perfusion
      solution (no calcium added), EGTA-containing calcium-free perfusion solution, and
      perfusion solution containing the calcium channel blocker verapamil. Secretion
      was evoked from the perfused glands by either transmural electrical stimulation
      or injection of nicotine or muscarine into the perfusion stream. Each condition
      of calcium deprivation was able to block nicotine- and electrically stimulated
      catecholamine release in an interval that left muscarine-evoked release largely
      unaffected. The above results demonstrate that muscarine-evoked catecholamine
      secretion from perfused rat adrenal glands can occur in the absence of
      extracellular calcium, presumably by mobilization of intracellular calcium. The
      latter may be due to muscarinic receptor-mediated generation of inositol
      trisphosphate.

PMID- 2883257
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase from the skeletal muscle of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus
      exists in globular and asymmetric forms.
AB  - To obtain information about the evolution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), we
      undertook a study of the enzyme from the skeletal muscle of the lamprey
      Petromyzon marinus, a primitive vertebrate. We found that the cholinesterase
      activity of lamprey muscle is due to AChE, not pseudocholinesterase; the enzyme
      was inhibited by 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammonium phenyl) pentane-3-one
      (BW284C51), but not by tetramonoisopropyl pyrophosphortetramide (iso-OMPA) or
      ethopropazine. Also, the enzyme had a high affinity for acetylthiocholine and was
      inhibited by high concentrations of substrate. A large fraction of the AChE was
      found to be glycoprotein, since it was precipitated by concanavalin A-agarose.
      Optimal extraction of AChE was obtained in a high-salt detergent-containing
      buffer; fractional amounts of enzyme were extracted in buffers lacking salt
      and/or detergent. These data suggest that globular and asymmetric forms of AChE
      are present. On sucrose gradients, enzyme that was extracted in high-salt
      detergent-containing buffer sedimented as a broad peak of activity corresponding
      to G4; additionally, there was usually a peak corresponding to A12. Sequential
      extraction of AChE in conjunction with velocity sedimentation resolved minor
      forms of AChE and revealed that the G1, G2, G4, A4, A8, and A12 forms of AChE
      could be obtained from the muscle. The identity of the forms was confirmed
      through high-salt precipitation and collagenase digestion. The asymmetric forms
      of AChE were precipitated in low ionic strength buffer, and their sedimentation
      coefficients were shifted to higher values by collagenase digestion.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883258
TI  - Mass fragmentographic determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid
      in discrete amygdaloid nuclei of rat brain.
AB  - A mass fragmentographic method for the simultaneous quantification of gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid is described. In a convenient one-step
      reaction, the two amino acids were derivatized with pentafluoropropionic
      anhydride and pentafluoropropanol. The derivatization products were stable for
      several days. The technique has been applied to the assay of GABA and Glu in five
      amygdaloid nuclei of the rat brain. The GABA level was high in the central and
      medial nuclei, whereas the Glu level was high in the lateral and basal nuclei.
      The regional distribution of GABA was different from that of Glu within the
      amygdaloid nuclei.

PMID- 2883259
TI  - High-affinity transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, taurine, L-aspartic
      acid, and L-glutamic acid in synaptosomal (P2) tissue: a kinetic and substrate
      specificity analysis.
AB  - In a cortical P2 fraction, [14C]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([14C]GABA),
      [14C]glycine, [14C]taurine, and [14C]glutamic and [14C]aspartic acids are
      transported by four separate high-affinity transport systems with L-glutamic acid
      and L-aspartic acid transported by a common system. GABA transport in cortical
      synaptosomal tissue occurs by one high-affinity system, with no second, low
      affinity, transport system detectable. Only one high-affinity system is observed
      for the transport of aspartic/glutamic acids; as with GABA transport, no low
      affinity transport is detectable. In the uptake of taurine and glycine (cerebral
      cortex and pons-medulla-spinal cord) both high- and low-affinity transport
      processes could be detected. The high-affinity GABA and high-affinity taurine
      transport classes exhibit some overlap, with the GABA transport system being more
      specific and having a much higher Vmax value. High-affinity GABA transport
      exhibits no overlap with either the high-affinity glycine or the high-affinity
      aspartic/glutamic acid transport class, and in fact they demonstrate somewhat
      negative correlations in inhibition profiles. The inhibition profiles of high
      affinity cortical glycine transport and those of high-affinity cortical taurine
      and aspartic/glutamic acid transport also show no significant positive
      relationship. The inhibition profiles of high-affinity glycine transport in the
      cerebral cortex and in the pons-medulla-spinal cord show a significant positive
      correlation with each other; however, high-affinity glycine uptake in the pons
      medulla-spinal cord is more specific than that in the cerebral cortex. The
      inhibition profile of high-affinity taurine transport exhibits a nonsignificant
      negative correlation with that of the aspartic/glutamic acid transport class.

PMID- 2883260
TI  - Evidence for somatostatin-containing fibers projecting from the pallidal complex
      to the striatum of the rat.
AB  - The origin of afferent somatostatin-containing fibers terminating in medial and
      ventral parts of the striatum has been investigated by performing various
      neurochemical and surgical lesions in the rat. Lesions of the anterior
      hypothalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampal commissure as well as lesions with 6
      hydroxydopamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine failed to decrease striatal
      somatostatin levels. However, thermal coagulation of the globus pallidus or knife
      cut lesions performed ventrally to the striatum resulted in significant decreases
      in striatal somatostatin content. Analysis of the topographical distribution of
      somatostatin within the striatum after thermal lesions of the globus pallidus as
      well as after kainic acid-induced seizures revealed a preferential loss of the
      peptide in medial and ventral portions of the striatum, the site of terminating
      afferent somatostatin nerve fibers. The data suggest that the striatal afferent
      somatostatin-containing neurons may originate in the area of the globus pallidus.

PMID- 2883261
TI  - Effect of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion on monoamine oxidase in a clonal rat
      pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12h.
AB  - The effects of the neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) on the
      enzymes involved in synthesis and catabolism of catecholamines were examined
      using a clonal rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12h, as a model of dopaminergic
      neurons. MPP+ added in the culture medium was found to be accumulated in PC12h
      cells after 30-min incubation. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in PC12h cells
      was inhibited by MPP+ in a dose-dependent way from 10 nM to 10 microM, but
      concentrations of MPP+ higher than 100 microM were found to increase the MAO
      activity. At the lower concentrations MPP+ inhibited MAO noncompetitively with
      respect to the substrate, kynuramine, and at the higher concentrations it
      increased both the Km and the Vmax values of MAO toward the substrate. On the
      other hand, tyrosine hydroxylase activity and the dopamine concentrations in PC12
      cells were not changed by incubation with MPP+ for 30 min, 60 min, or 24 h.

PMID- 2883262
TI  - Clostridium perfringens brain infection following a penetration wound of the
      orbit.

PMID- 2883263
TI  - The dementia of Alzheimer's disease: an update.

PMID- 2883264
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb: a description of several patients and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Our experience exemplifies the varied clinical presentations of patients with MEN
      IIb. This syndrome may be familial or sporadic, and clinical stigmata may be
      identifiable in infancy, particularly the characteristic facies and the
      appearance of ganglioneuromas. First-degree relatives of affected propositi and
      individuals with other stigmata of the syndrome should be screened carefully and
      repeatedly for both medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. The
      availability of sensitive screening tests may permit detection of C-cell
      hyperplasia of the thyroid and adrenal medullary hyperplasia before the
      development of malignancy or hemodynamic consequences of pheochromocytoma. Early
      detection of these thyroid and adrenal disorders will permit early surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2883266
TI  - Regional heterogeneity in the distribution of somatostatin-28- and somatostatin
      28(1-12)-immunoreactive profiles in monkey neocortex.
AB  - The distribution of the prosomatostatin-derived peptides (PSDP), somatostatin-28
      and somatostatin-28(1-12), in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
      neocortex was characterized in quantitative immunohistochemical studies of 3
      visual areas (V1, primary visual cortex; V2, the adjacent visual association
      area; and AIT, a visual association area in anterior inferior temporal cortex), 2
      auditory areas (AI, primary auditory cortex; and T1, an adjacent auditory
      association area) and anterior cingulate cortex (Area 24). The results of similar
      quantitative analyses in 3 homologous areas in rat neocortex (primary visual,
      primary auditory, and anterior cingulate) are also presented. Primate cortical
      areas differed significantly in both density and laminar distribution of PSDP
      immunoreactive profiles. Area 24, the most densely labeled area, had nearly 6
      times as many PSDP-immunoreactive neurons as V1. Both auditory areas contained
      approximately two-thirds the number of PSDP-immunoreactive neurons found in Area
      24; however, both had nearly 4 times as many immunoreactive neurons as V1. The 3
      visual areas showed incremental increases in the number of PSDP-immunoreactive
      neurons; V2 contained nearly twice and AIT nearly 3 times the number of
      immunoreactive neurons present in V1. Both the supra- and infragranular layers
      were densely labeled in Area 24 and Area T1, however, in AI, V1, V2, and AIT the
      infragranular layers were relatively sparsely labeled. In contrast to the
      regional heterogeneity found in the primate neocortex, the distribution of
      immunoreactive neurons was quite uniform across the 3 rat cortical areas. The rat
      cortical areas contained substantially fewer immunoreactive neurons than most of
      the monkey cortical areas, and a majority of these immunoreactive neurons were
      located in the infragranular layers. These findings suggest that the regional
      specialization of primate neocortex involves the selective distribution of PSDP
      immunoreactive neurons. They also suggest that chemically specified intrinsic
      organization of neocortex is not likely to be uniform across species or across
      cortical areas in the primate. The distinctive regional distribution patterns of
      PSDP-immunoreactive profiles appear to parallel that of the long corticocortical
      projections (contralateral and distant ipsilateral projections), suggesting an
      association between these presumed inhibitory interneurons and this important
      extrinsic system.

PMID- 2883265
TI  - Evidence for transient perinatal glutamatergic innervation of globus pallidus.
AB  - There is no known glutamatergic innervation of globus pallidus (GP) in adult
      mammals, but we report that during postnatal development of the GP there are
      large, transient increases in both presynaptic high-affinity glutamate uptake and
      postsynaptic Na+-independent glutamate receptor binding. These glutamatergic
      markers increase rapidly in rat GP after birth and then decrease to adult levels
      over a period of weeks. A similar developmental pattern of pallidal glutamate
      binding was found in human brains. In contrast, binding in rat caudate-putamen
      (CPu) increases after birth, reaches a peak, and remains constant into adulthood.
      The results suggest that a glutamatergic pathway transiently innervates the
      globus pallidus during the perinatal period. Because glutamate is an excitotoxin,
      this pathway may account, in part, for the basal ganglia damage seen in some
      forms of cerebral palsy after perinatal hypoxia/ischemia.

PMID- 2883267
TI  - Rat brain 5-HT1C receptors are encoded by a 5-6 kbase mRNA size class and are
      functionally expressed in injected Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Injection of rat brain RNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes induces synthesis of
      receptors that show an electrophysiological response to bath application of
      serotonin. While there are at least 4 pharmacologically distinct subtypes of 5-HT
      binding sites in the rat brain, we find that the pharmacological characteristics
      of the predominant electrophysiologically active receptor synthesized in Xenopus
      oocytes are most consistent with those of the 5-HT1C subtype. Additional
      electrophysiologically active 5-HT receptor types could not be detected.
      Injection of mRNA isolated from a number of rat brain regions shows that the
      choroid plexus is particularly enriched for 5-HT1C mRNA. Oocytes injected with
      RNA isolated from this region respond 16 or 8 times more strongly to serotonin
      than do oocytes injected with RNA isolated from cortex or substantia nigra,
      respectively. In addition, by fractionation of rat brain mRNA through agarose
      gels, we have identified a single RNA size class of about 5-6 kbase that encodes
      this serotonin receptor.

PMID- 2883268
TI  - Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in neurons of cultured cerebral cortex:
      evidence for phenotypic plasticity in neurons of the CNS.
AB  - In vivo, neurons of the cerebral cortex of rat embryos did not stain with
      antibodies to the catecholamine (CA) biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) even when examined using a highly sensitive technique for
      radioimmunocytochemistry. However, when embryonic day (E) 13 cortex was grown 1 d
      in culture, several thousand cells expressed immunoreactive and catalytically
      active TH. All TH cells simultaneously labeled with the neuronal enzyme, neuronal
      specific enolase, indicating that the TH was exclusively localized in neurons.
      Moreover, all TH neurons were postmitotic since they did not incorporate 3H
      thymidine. With time in culture, the number of TH cells selectively declined from
      nearly 3000 cells at 2 d to several cells at 14 d. Similarly, the number of
      neurons competent to express TH in culture declined with advancing age of the
      donor embryo. Thus, by E18, very few cortical neurons had the capacity to express
      TH. We conclude that during a critical period of development, postmitotic
      cerebral cortical neurons can express catecholamine traits in vitro but not in
      vivo. Thus, the neurotransmitter phenotype of certain classes of central neurons
      is not fixed but can be influenced by epigenetic factors found in their
      environment, thereby providing evidence of phenotypic plasticity in the central
      nervous system (CNS).

PMID- 2883269
TI  - Depolarization- and transmitter-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ of rat
      cerebellar granule cells in explant cultures.
AB  - Digital imaging of the Ca indicator fura-2 has been used to study the responses
      of developing granule cells in culture to depolarization and transmitter action.
      Unstimulated cells bathed in Krebs saline exhibited cytoplasmic Ca ion
      concentrations, [Ca2+], that were generally in the 30-60 nM range. Exposure of
      cells to high-potassium (25 mM) saline depolarized the membrane potential and
      produced an immediate rise in [Ca2+] that recovered within 2-3 min in normal
      saline. The response grew progressively larger over the first 20 d in culture.
      Transient increases in [Ca2+] to levels greater than 1 microM were observed after
      12-14 d in vitro, at which time the cells displayed intense electrical activity
      when exposed to high K. At this stage, the increases were attenuated by blocking
      action potential activity with TTX. In TTX-treated or immature cells, in which
      the transient phase of the Ca change was relatively small, a second exposure to
      high K typically produced a much larger Ca response that the initial exposure.
      The duration of this facilitation of the response persisted for periods longer
      than 5 min. Application of the neurotransmitter GABA induced a transient increase
      in membrane conductance, with a reversal potential near resting potential
      (approx. -60 mV), and caused an intracellular Ca2+ increase that outlasted the
      exposure to GABA by several minutes. Glutamate, or kainate, induced an increase
      in membrane conductance but with a reversal potential more positive than spike
      threshold. These agents also elevated intracellular Ca2+, but unlike the case
      with GABA, this Ca response reversed rapidly upon removal of the transmitter. The
      facilitatory effect of repeated exposures to high-K saline, as well as the
      persistent Ca elevation following a brief GABA application, suggests that granule
      cells possess the capability of displaying activity-dependent changes in Ca
      levels in culture.

PMID- 2883270
TI  - Zinc deficiency in rats reduces the vasodilation response to bradykinin and
      prostacyclin.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the effect of zinc deficiency on the
      blood pressure response of rats to intravenously administered doses of two
      chemically distinct vasodilators, bradykinin (BK) and prostacyclin (PGI2).
      Immature albino rats were fed a low zinc (less than 1 ppm) diet based on soybean
      protein, a similar control diet (100 ppm) ad libitum or the control diet, pair
      fed. After 3 wk, the carotid arteries were catheterized for blood pressure
      measurement and graded doses of the vasodilators were injected as a bolus into a
      branch of the femoral vein. In one experiment graded doses (0-8 micrograms/kg
      body wt) of Bk and in another graded doses (0-400 ng/kg body wt) of PGI2 were
      injected. In a third experiment the PGI2 doses ranged from 0 to 1000 ng/kg and,
      in addition to the 3-wk depletion group, two groups were repleted by feeding the
      control diet for 1 or 4 d. The low zinc diet induced zinc deficiency as evidenced
      by low rates of gain and low plasma zinc levels and significantly (P less than
      0.05) decreased the blood pressure response (Emax) to both BK and PGI2. Pair
      feeding had no significant effect on the response; the Emax values as determined
      by double-reciprocal plots of the data were unchanged by the quantity of control
      diet consumed. Short-term repletion did not restore the PGI2 response to control
      values. The data are interpreted as suggesting that zinc deficiency impairs the
      function of vasodilator receptors in the rat vasculature.

PMID- 2883271
TI  - L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide analogues--a new class of peptide
      antihypertensives.
AB  - Accumulating evidence suggests that there is an increase in the density (maximum
      binding sites) of striatal dopamine receptors in the central nervous system of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A tripeptide of hypothalamic origin, PLG
      (L-Prolyl-L-Leucyl-Glycinamide) has been found to have modulatory effect on the
      dopamine receptors in the central nervous system of rats. Two analogues of PLG
      with cyclic amino-acid residues, L-Prolyl-L-Leucyl-(-)-thiazolidine-2-carboxamide
      and L-Prolyl-L-Leucyl-(+)-thiazolidine-2-carboxamide, have shown antihypertensive
      effect at the established phase of hypertension in 16-week old SHRs at a dose of
      35 mg/kg per day per 7 days i.p. It was also observed from studies of radioligand
      [3H]-spiroperidol binding that the laevo-isomer of the PLG analogue has down
      regulated the up-regulated dopamine receptors. Our findings confirm the role of
      central dopaminergic pathways in the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR.

PMID- 2883272
TI  - Verapamil antagonizes forearm vasoconstriction mediated by selective alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-agonists in hypertensive patients.
AB  - Calcium channel blocking agents preferentially antagonize alpha 2-mediated
      pressor responses in various animal species. Whether the same happens in man is
      not clear. For this reason we studied the interference exerted by verapamil, a
      calcium entry blocker, on forearm vasoconstriction mediated by selective alpha 1-
      (methoxamine) and alpha 2- (B-HT 933) adrenergic agonists in untreated mild-to
      moderately hypertensive patients (n = 22). Each patient underwent a single study.
      Forearm blood flow was recorded by strain gauge venous plethysmography; all drugs
      were infused into the brachial artery at systemically ineffective rates.
      Cumulative dose-response curves to intra-arterial methoxamine or B-HT 933 were
      obtained during saline or two different rates of verapamil infusion (0.9 and 3.1
      micrograms/100 ml forearm tissue per min) which increased forearm blood flow dose
      dependently without changing systemic blood pressure or heart rate. Either
      methoxamine or B-HT 933 decreased forearm blood flow during saline infusion, but
      their effect was blunted in a dose-dependent manner during verapamil. No evidence
      of preferential alpha 2-antagonism was present. At variance with animal data,
      calcium entry blockade by verapamil antagonizes either alpha 1- or alpha 2
      mediated vasoconstriction in human forearm vessels.

PMID- 2883273
TI  - Terazosin: a new alpha 1-blocker for the treatment of hypertension: a review of
      randomized, controlled clinical trials of once-daily administration as
      monotherapy.
AB  - Terazosin, a new selective long-acting alpha1-adrenergic blocking agent, has been
      shown to be an effective once-daily antihypertensive agent in four of five
      randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies of patients with mild to
      moderate hypertension. In one trial, 24-h monitoring revealed that terazosin
      produced a sustained blood pressure lowering effect throughout the day. In three
      fixed-dose trials, steady patterns of blood pressure response during maintenance
      therapy indicated that tolerance to terazosin did not develop. Favourable changes
      in the plasma lipid profile were observed, while laboratory data suggested the
      development of haemodilution. Overall, terazosin was well tolerated. Asthenia,
      dizziness and peripheral oedema were significantly more common in patients
      treated with terazosin than with placebo.

PMID- 2883274
TI  - Somatostatin limits rise in glomerular filtration rate after a protein meal.
AB  - To evaluate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) response to a protein meal in
      patients with diabetes and to study the role of glucagon and growth hormone, we
      studied inulin clearance for three 30-minute periods before and 3 hours after an
      80 g protein meal in seven healthy volunteers and 10 patients with diabetes.
      Patients with diabetes were chosen because their renal response to such a meal
      has been reported to be abnormal. All had an increase in GFR and plasma glucagon
      levels after the protein meal. The peak rise in GFR occurred from 1 to 2 1/2
      hours after the meal (mean +/- SEM, delta 26 +/- 5 mL/min/m2, controls; delta 22
      +/- 7 mL/min/m2, patients with diabetes), with the mean time to normal rise in
      GFR occurring at 2 hours after the meal. Similarly, plasma glucagon values peaked
      at different times in individual patients (delta 769 +/- 532 pg/mL, controls;
      delta 267 +/- 69 pg/mL, patients with diabetes), with the mean plasma glucagon
      rise occurring 1 hours after the meal. Premeal growth hormone levels tended to be
      higher in the patients with diabetes (7.6 +/- 1.4 vs 2.1 +/- 0.4 ng/mL), and did
      not change after the meal. To allow study of the contribution of the increased
      plasma glucagon to the rise in GFR, eight of these patients (five with diabetes)
      volunteered to undergo a second GFR response test with a simultaneous infusion of
      somatostatin. The glucagon response was significantly lowered at all time periods
      during the infusion (P less than 0.05); no significant change in growth hormone
      occurred. Without somatostatin in these eight patients, peak increase in postmeal
      GFR average 20.6 +/- 1.5 mL/min/m2; with the somatostatin, peak increase in GFR
      was 6.0 +/- 1.8 mL/min/m2 (P less than 0.01). Neither metabolic control nor
      degree of albuminuria was significantly different at the time of the two studies.
      Thus, as has been shown in animals, somatostatin infusion limits the rise in GFR
      after a protein meal in humans.

PMID- 2883275
TI  - Evidence for central alpha2-adrenergic mechanism of clonidine-induced ejaculatory
      disturbance in dogs.
AB  - In order to clarify the central mechanism of clonidine (CL)-induced sexual
      dysfunction such as erectile and ejaculatory disturbances, we examined the
      effects of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered CL on erection and
      ejaculation in male dogs. CL (0.5-5 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-related
      inhibition of ejaculation but not significant inhibition of erection by the
      manual stimulation of the penis. Sperm was not found in the urine drawn from the
      urinary bladder, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of CL on ejaculation was
      not due to retrograde ejaculation. The ejaculatory disturbance elicited by CL (5
      micrograms/kg) was antagonized by an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine
      (1-10 micrograms/kg, i.c.v.) in a dose-related manner. In contrast to the effect
      of yohimbine, it was unaffected by an alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin
      (3 and 10 micrograms/kg, i.c.v.). These results indicate that i.c.v. administered
      CL may selectively inhibit the ejaculatory response, which is presumably mediated
      through the stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2883276
TI  - Isomeric octopamines: their occurrence and functions.

PMID- 2883278
TI  - The angle of internal flow as an indicator of filling and drug release properties
      of capsule formulations.
AB  - The cohesiveness of size fractions of acetylsalicylic acid and lactose alone and
      in various combinations has been determined by estimation of the rate of decrease
      in volume as a function of tamping under standard conditions. The cohesiveness
      was quantified in terms of empirically derived characteristic, the angle of
      internal flow phi. The value of phi was found to decrease with the particle size
      of acetylsalicylic acid, but not lactose, and was found to be dependent on the
      relative proportion and particle sizes of acetylsalicylic acid and lactose when
      blends of powder were studied. The value of the time for 50% of the drug content
      to be released from a hard gelatin capsule in an in-vitro dissolution test, T50,
      was found to decrease with decreasing values of omega for capsules containing
      acetylsalicylic acid alone. For capsules containing powder blends there was no
      consistent relationship between the value of T50 and phi.

PMID- 2883277
TI  - Stability of insulin mixtures in disposable plastic insulin syringes.
AB  - The miscibility of short and long acting porcine, human and bovine insulins has
      been investigated using HPLC. Soluble insulin is rapidly lost from solution when
      mixed with both isophane and zinc insulin, although the mechanism may be
      different in these two cases. The time for up to 50% or more to be lost is often
      less than 2 min. The percentage lost is dependent upon the ratio of the mixture
      and the type and origin of the insulin. In the case of soluble: zinc mixtures it
      is greatest for porcine and least for bovine, in the case of soluble: isophane
      mixtures it was least for human and greatest for bovine. The greater the original
      amount of soluble insulin present the less the loss. The results help explain
      recent clinical reports that mixtures of soluble and zinc insulins fail to
      achieve satisfactory control of post-prandial blood sugar levels.

PMID- 2883279
TI  - Effects of glucagon on cAMP accumulation and ketogenesis in hepatocytes from
      euthyroid and hypothyroid rats.
AB  - The resistance to the effects of glucagon was studied in isolated hepatocytes
      prepared from male rats treated with 6N-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU). Incorporation
      of [14C]oleate into ketone bodies in response to various concentrations of
      glucagon (10(-5) to 10(-10) M) was reduced in hepatocytes from hypothyroid rats
      compared with the euthyroid group. The reduced sensitivity to the effects of
      glucagon on ketogenesis after treatment with PTU was associated with a reduced
      ability of those hepatocytes to maintain cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate
      (cAMP) at levels required to stimulate ketogenesis. The concentration of cAMP in
      response to glucagon (10(-5) to 10(-10) M) was diminished in hepatocytes from
      hypothyroid rats, compared with those from euthyroid animals.

PMID- 2883281
TI  - The synergistic effects of concurrent administration to rats of EDTA and sodium
      salicylate on the rectal absorption of sodium cefoxitin and the effects of
      inhibitors.
AB  - Plasma levels of cefoxitin, as enhanced by rectal coadministration of sodium
      salicylate, were reduced by concurrent administration of less than 0.5 mg mL-1 N
      ethylmaleimide (NEM) or p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonic acid, sodium salt (p-CMP).
      Concentrations of these inhibitors above 1 mg mL-1 resulted in enhanced peak
      plasma values of cefoxitin. This did not occur after coadministration with either
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or polyoxyethylene-23 lauryl ether (POE).
      Ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) suppressed plasma cefoxitin levels in the
      presence of salicylate and the enhancing effects of EDTA and POE when EDTA and
      POE were administered at low doses. At higher concentrations of EDTA and POE, DNP
      had little effect, while ouabain had little effect on POE and only partially
      suppressed the effects of EDTA. Plasma concentrations of cefoxitin after
      coadministration with salicylate and POE together, or with EDTA and POE together,
      were about the same as expected from summing the plasma levels resulting from
      coadministration of each adjuvant individually at the same concentrations.
      However, combined administration of salicylate and EDTA with cefoxitin yielded
      plasma cefoxitin concentrations which were much higher than expected from the sum
      of their individual actions.

PMID- 2883280
TI  - Comparison of the mode of action of succinylcholine and succinylmonocholine on
      rat skeletal muscle after denervation.
AB  - The effects of equimolar concentrations (3.0 X 10(-5) M) of succinylcholine (SCh)
      and succinylmonocholine (SMC) were studied in-vitro at 20 degrees C in rat
      extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) 0-147 days after common peroneal nerve
      section. Analysis of simultaneous measurements of K+ efflux (mmolL-1 g-1) and
      contracture tension (mN) to SCh showed that there was a rapid increase in the
      mean values of both parameters up to 22-28 days after denervation (7.7 mmolL-1 g
      1, 36 mN). At the end of the period studied, the contracture response declined to
      4.0 mN whilst the capacity for K+ efflux remained relatively high (4.8 mmolL-1 g
      1) in comparison with normal contralateral EDL muscle (n = 82) K+ efflux
      measurements (0.62 mmolL-1 g-1). A significant correlation (r = 0.86, P less than
      or equal to 0.001) was found between SCh-induced K+ efflux and contracture
      tension 1-56 days following nerve section which indicated that the development of
      the contracture response and K+ efflux were concomitant during the period
      specified. The ratios of maximum contracture tension/K+ efflux in response to SCh
      and SMC, 18-22 days after denervation were similar, 4.9 and 5.9, respectively.
      Results indicated that the mode of action of each agent was similar in denervated
      rat skeletal muscle, and that they were equally potent in their hyperkalaemic
      potential. Results of comparative measurements of membrane depolarization and
      contracture tension in response to SCh and SMC showed that both agents produced
      quantitatively similar responses at 7 and 14 days after denervation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883282
TI  - An investigation of the mechanism involved in the cholinergic action of
      meptazinol.
AB  - In concentrations above 20 microM, (+/-)-meptazinol produced a contraction of the
      guinea-pig isolated ileum and this effect was antagonized by atropine (0.01 to
      0.3 microM) in a manner which was not competitive. Cooling the preparation to 15
      degrees C blocked the contractile action of meptazinol and of
      dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) but did not affect the action of carbachol.
      Twitch responses of the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation induced by
      indirect electrical stimulation in the presence of naloxone (20 nM) were
      potentiated by meptazinol (1 to 40 microM) which also reversed a partial blockade
      of the twitch induced by tubocurarine. Neither of these effects was seen in
      tissues which had been pretreated with the cholinesterase inhibitor BW284C51 (0.2
      microM) though tetraethylammonium iodide (40 microM) was still able to enhance
      the responses to stimulation. In the presence of naloxone (20 nM) electrically
      induced responses of the rat isolated rectum were abolished by cinchocaine (10
      microM), partially blocked by atropine (0.1 to 0.4 microM) and potentiated by
      meptazinol (1 to 30 microM). The latter action was not seen when meptazinol was
      administered in the presence of BW284C51. It is concluded that the cholinergic
      action of meptazinol in these tissues is due to an indirect effect, probably
      involving inhibition of cholinesterase and that no evidence was seen of any
      ability to increase the release of acetylcholine itself.

PMID- 2883283
TI  - The effects of pH, calcium and chloride ions on the binding of tolmetin to human
      serum albumin: circular dichroic, dialysis and fluorometric measurements.
AB  - The binding of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, tolmetin (1-methyl-5-p
      toluoylpyrrole-2-acetic acid) to human serum albumin (HSA) has been shown by
      circular dichroism, fluorescence and equilibrium dialysis to be dependent on the
      N-B conformational change of the albumin. The influence of calcium and chloride
      ions on the interaction was also investigated using the same techniques.
      Experiments suggested that calcium ions increased the binding constant of
      tolmetin to HSA whereas chloride ions decreased it. The displacement study showed
      that tolmetin caused a significant increase in the affinity of diazepam to HSA
      whereas it decreased the binding of warfarin to HSA. Tolmetin seems to cause an
      allosteric change in the diazepam binding site in spite of it sharing a primary
      site with warfarin.

PMID- 2883284
TI  - Comparison of changes in locomotor activity with striatal homovanillic acid and
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations following the bilateral intranigral
      injection of dopamine agonist drugs in rats.
AB  - Bilateral injection of apomorphine (2.5 micrograms) into the substantia nigra
      zona reticulata of rats reduced both locomotor activity and striatal HVA and
      DOPAC concentrations. Bilateral injection of dopamine (10 micrograms) did not
      affect locomotor activity whereas a higher dose of dopamine (50 micrograms)
      enhanced locomotor activity. Striatal HVA and DOPAC concentrations were unchanged
      following injection of dopamine. Bilateral injection of (+/-)-3PPP (0.1 or 2.5
      micrograms) into the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra did not alter
      locomotor activity while a higher dose (10 micrograms) enhanced locomotion.
      Injection of (+/-)-3PPP (0.1-10 micrograms) into the zona reticulata was without
      effect on striatal HVA or DOPAC concentrations. The bilateral manipulation of
      nigral dopaminergic neurotransmission alters motor activity and nigrostriatal
      dopamine turnover in conscious rats. However, the changes in motor activity are
      not necessarily related to altered nigrostriatal activity, suggesting the
      involvement of dopamine receptors located at non-dopaminergic sites within the
      substantia nigra.

PMID- 2883286
TI  - The binding of the benzimidazole dye H8208 to DNA and to polyinosinic
      polycytidylic acid.
AB  - The benzimidazole dye H8208 (2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)
      benzimidazole) has been shown to intercalate into calf thymus DNA and into
      polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (a model for A conformation DNA) by a variety of
      spectroscopic techniques. The binding affinity of the dye was found to be similar
      to both nucleic acids.

PMID- 2883285
TI  - Effects of the pyrones, maltol and ethyl maltol, on iron absorption from the rat
      small intestine.
AB  - The pyrones, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone (maltol) and 3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone
      (ethyl maltol) chelate iron with a high affinity and selectivity. The resulting
      1:3 (metal-ligand) complexes, being neutral, are able to partition readily across
      cell membranes and thus may facilitate iron transport across the intestinal wall.
      Absorption of radioactive iron (59Fe) in the presence of these pyrones was
      investigated in male rats 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after intraduodenal administration of a
      7 micrograms dose and compared with that of 59Fe given as the sulphate,
      gluconate, fumarate or complexed to EDTA. Total body absorption and distribution
      were calculated from the 59Fe content of various tissue samples. With all the
      iron preparations used, blood levels of 59Fe were highest 1 h after injection
      whilst the 59Fe content at the major site of deposition, i.e. the bone marrow,
      increased up to 6 h. No 59Fe was found in the urine. Total body absorption of
      59Fe was significantly higher from the pyrones than from the other four
      preparations. Over the dose range 0.7-700 micrograms, the proportion of 59Fe
      absorbed from both iron maltol and iron sulphate decreased with increasing dose.
      Enhanced 59Fe uptake from maltol was evident at 0.7-70 micrograms but not at 700
      micrograms suggesting that use of these pyrones will not result in iron overload.
      Absorption of 59Fe given into the stomach was slower in onset but was sustained
      longer presumably via a steady delivery of iron to the duodenum from the gastric
      reservoir.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883288
TI  - An investigation of sex-linked differences to the toxic and to the
      pharmacological actions of difenacoum: studies in mice and rats.
AB  - We have investigated the actions of the coumarin anticoagulant, difenacoum, in
      male and female rats and mice. In our first experiment difenacoum (0.5 mg kg-1)
      killed 50% of male mice within 9 days of its administration, whereas no female
      mice died during this study. In a second group of experiments, the anticoagulant
      effect of difenacoum in male and female rats was determined. Under resting
      conditions, the prothrombin complex activities (PCA) of male and female rats were
      not significantly different. Over the first 24 h after administration of
      difenacoum (0.4 mg kg-1 i.p.), there was a monoexponential fall in PCA in both
      sexes. However, 6, 12 and 24 h after difenacoum, the PCA in male rats was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than in female rats. PCA began to recover
      over the subsequent 48 h in both sexes, during which time there was marked
      variability in recovery in female rats. The difference between the onset of
      action of difenacoum in male and female rats did not appear to be due to a
      greater rate of elimination of the drug in female rats, since the plasma
      concentrations of difenacoum 24 h after its administration were the same in both
      sexes. The concentration of vitamin K1 in rat liver was also investigated.
      Vitamin K1 levels were 35.1 +/- 18.6 ng (g liver)-1 (male), and 29.4 +/- 5.4 ng
      (g liver)-1 (females) in control rats, but 24 h after difenacoum, vitamin K1
      levels were either very low, or undetectable in all rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883287
TI  - Kinetics of hydrolysis of meclofenoxate hydrochloride in human plasma.
AB  - The kinetics of hydrolysis of meclofenoxate hydrochloride in human plasma have
      been compared with those of clofibrate. The hydrolysis rate in fractionated
      plasma was determined in the presence and absence of a plasma esterase inhibitor,
      tetraethyl pyrophosphate. The kinetic data indicated that clofibrate decomposed
      only by esterase-induced hydrolysis, which was inhibited by binding of clofibrate
      to plasma proteins. In contrast to clofibrate, meclofenoxate decomposed rapidly
      in human plasma via spontaneous hydrolysis as well as esterase-induced
      hydrolysis. The spontaneous hydrolysis appeared to be inhibited by some
      components present in the esterase fraction isolated from plasma, while no
      significant inhibition of the hydrolysis by protein binding was observed.

PMID- 2883289
TI  - The effect of meptazinol on the guinea-pig sphincter of Oddi in-vitro.
AB  - Meptazinol causes a dose-dependent contraction of the guinea-pig sphincter of
      Oddi in-vitro. This was antagonized by atropine in concentrations which blocked
      the contractile response to acetylcholine but not that to KCl. Naloxone was
      unable to block the response of the tissue to meptazinol, and other opioid drugs
      had inconsistent effects. Although meptazinol has significant anticholinesterase
      activity on this preparation, comparison with neostigmine suggests that this is
      irrelevant to its contractile action.

PMID- 2883290
TI  - Intravenous kinetics and metabolism of [15,16-3H]naltrexonium methiodide in the
      rat.
AB  - After a 4 mg kg-1 bolus intravenous dose of [15,16-3H]naltrexonium methiodide to
      the rat, brain to plasma concentration ratios of the compound were 0.031 to 0.228
      between 0.25 to 6 h after injection and the t 1/2 beta in plasma and brain were
      2.92 and 7.61 h, respectively. Ethyl acetate-extracted radioactivity due to
      metabolites in plasma decayed with t 1/2 beta 1.83 h and the ratios of plasma
      concentration of metabolites to quaternary compound between 0.25 and 6 h were
      0.014-0.026. Only unconjugated 7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxynormorphine, naltrexone and
      traces of 7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxynormorphinone were the metabolites in plasma.
      Naltrexone (but not normetabolites) was present only in traces in brain up to 0.5
      h after injection and not at later times.

PMID- 2883291
TI  - Comparison of the effects of Fe2+ and Cu2+ on prostaglandin synthesis in rabbit
      kidney medulla slices.
AB  - The effects of Fe2+ and Cu2+ on the generation of medullary prostaglandins E2 and
      F2 alpha have been compared. Fe2+ markedly promoted the lipid peroxidation of
      rabbit kidney medulla slices. The lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+ inhibited
      both prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 alpha formation to a similar extent.
      While Cu2+ produced only a small increase in lipid peroxidation, it had a
      powerful inhibitory effect on prostaglandin E2 formation. Simultaneously,
      prostaglandin F2 alpha production was increased. In the presence of Cu2+ the net
      increased amount of prostaglandin F2 alpha was much smaller than the net
      decreased amount of prostaglandin E2 (15-20%). These results suggest that Cu2+
      has the potential to modulate prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha synthesis by
      affecting endoperoxide E2 isomerase or endoperoxide reductase independent of its
      peroxidative action.

PMID- 2883292
TI  - The relationship of the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine to dose in the rabbit.
AB  - Four albino rabbits were treated with 4 different doses of chloroquine phosphate
      (30-50 mg kg-1) given intragastrically and 10 others were given the hydrochloride
      (2.5-12.5 mg kg-1 i.v.). The i.v. doses were given as bolus into the median ear
      vein over 5-8 min. Samples (3-5 mL) of whole blood were subsequently collected at
      intervals for up to 6 weeks and analysed by HPLC. From the results, log
      concentration-time curves were drawn and the i.v. data fitted by computer to 3
      compartment (8 rabbits) or 2-compartment curves (2 rabbits). The area under the
      curve (AUC) and half-lives were calculated for the different doses. A plot of AUC
      versus dose yielded a straight line but the half-lives showed wide inter
      individual variation from the same doses.

PMID- 2883293
TI  - Detrimental effect of propylene glycol on natural killer cell and neutrophil
      function.
AB  - Propylene glycol (PG) in a concentration of 0.5-1.0% inhibits natural
      cytotoxicity and neutrophil chemiluminescence. This is the first reported effect
      of PG on defence mechanisms in man. PG is frequently used as a vehicle in high
      concentrations by the pharmaceutical industry and it would be wise to consider
      its potential immunosuppressive effects in the evaluation of drug formulations.

PMID- 2883294
TI  - Specific binding of [3H]methylscopolamine to glass fibre filters.

PMID- 2883295
TI  - Biochemical and histological evidence that methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA)
      is toxic to neurons in the rat brain.
AB  - (+/-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) was administered s.c. to rats
      (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg b. wt.) and guinea pigs (20 mg/kg) twice a day for 4 days, 2
      weeks before decapitation. Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) levels
      were assayed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and neocortex. In rats,
      MDMA produced dose-dependent reductions in 5-HT in all brain regions examined.
      The highest dose also reduced norepinephrine and/or dopamine in some regions. The
      20-mg/kg dose of MDMA depleted 5-HT in all regions of the guinea pig brain
      assayed. In both species, repeated administration of 20 mg/kg of MDMA reduced the
      Vmax but not the Km of 5-HT uptake 2 weeks after administration. A single 40
      mg/kg injection of MDMA depleted 5-HT 2 and 8 weeks after administration to rats
      in all regions of the brain examined except the hypothalamus. Administration of
      80 mg/kg of MDMA twice a day for 2 days to rats depleted striatal 5-HT and
      dopamine. Brain sections from rats injected with MDMA according to this dosage
      regimen were stained by the Fink-Heimer method. Degenerating axon terminals and
      cell bodies were observed in the striatum and somatosensory cortex, respectively.
      These findings suggest that MDMA is toxic to serotonergic and, to a lesser
      extent, catecholaminergic neurons. Some neurons that do not contain these
      transmitters (neocortical neurons) are also affected.

PMID- 2883296
TI  - Effects of adrenergic receptor antagonists on cardiac morphological and
      functional alterations in rats harboring pheochromocytoma.
AB  - New England Deaconness Hospital rats harboring a transplantable pheochromocytoma
      exhibit plasma norepinephrine concentrations 20-fold higher than controls. A
      cardiomyopathy (CM) characterized by multifocal areas of interstitial and
      replacement fibrosis, mixed inflammatory infiltrates and contraction band
      necrosis is evident 35 to 45 days after tumor implantation. Using a morphological
      scoring system of 0 (no cardiac damage) to 3 (involvement of almost the complete
      ventricular cross-section sampled), a CM score of 1.8 +/- 0.1 was found in rats
      harboring pheochromocytoma, a significant increase over that in age- and sex
      matched controls (0.4 +/- 0.1, P less than .001). The pheochromocytoma rats also
      had hypertension (systolic blood pressure = 182 +/- 4 vs. 131 +/- 2 mm Hg in
      controls, P less than .001). In an effort to prevent the CM, rats harboring
      pheochromocytoma were treated with either the beta receptor antagonist timolol,
      the alpha receptor antagonists phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine or the
      nonspecific vasodilator hydralazine. Hydralazine normalized systolic blood
      pressure (135 +/- 6 mm Hg), whereas timolol (144 +/- 5 mm Hg), phenoxybenzamine
      (166 +/- 5 mm Hg) or phentolamine (154 +/- 10 mm Hg) only moderately decreased
      blood pressure in rats harboring pheochromocytoma. Hydralazine had no effect on
      CM score (1.8 +/- 0.1). Timolol markedly attenuated the CM score (0.6 +/- 0.1),
      whereas the alpha adrenergic antagonists were not as effective (phenoxybenzamine
      CM score = 1.3 +/- 0.2; phentolamine CM score = 1.7 +/- 0.2). Furthermore,
      timolol prevented desensitization of beta adrenergic receptor-mediated
      contraction in the hearts of rats harboring pheochromocytoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883297
TI  - Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects of WHR1582A, a compound exerting
      alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist activity.
AB  - The gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects of a novel compound, [1-(2,
      dimethylphenyl)-3-isobutoxyamidinourea]hydrochloride (WHR1582A), are described.
      WHR1582A was active in preclinical ulcer models induced by 18-hr pylorus
      ligation, aspirin, indomethacin, reserpine, stress or cysteamine. WHR1582A
      inhibited acid secretion in the pylorus-ligated rat and in the anesthetized,
      lumen-perfused rat. The antisecretory effects of WHR1582A were antagonized by
      yohimbine, RX781094A and phentolamine. Propranolol, prazosin, corynanthine,
      methysergide, sulpiride and pimozide were unable to block its activity. WHR1582A
      blocked acid secretion stimulated by 2-deoxy-D-glucose but was inactive against
      the direct parietal cell stimulants carbachol and dimaprit. WHR1582A also
      inhibited electrically stimulated contractions that were mediated via the vagus
      in the isolated rat stomach preparation. The antisecretory activity of WHR1582A
      was not due to a reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow. These results
      demonstrate that WHR1582A is an effective antiulcer-antisecretory agent that
      exerts its gastric effects through the activation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors
      located presynapitcally on the vagus.

PMID- 2883298
TI  - Biochemical characterization of the triazoloquinazoline, CGS 15943, a novel, non
      xanthine adenosine antagonist.
AB  - CGS 15943A, a triazoloquinazoline, is a potent and selective adenosine receptor
      antagonist as assessed by its effects on radioligand binding and adenosine
      stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in guinea pig synaptoneurosomes. At the
      adenosine A-1 receptor labeled with [3H]cyclohexyladenosine, CGS 15943A had an
      IC50 value of 20 nM. At the striatal A-2 receptor labeled with [3H]5'-N
      ethylcarboxamidoadenosine in the presence of a low concentration of
      cyclopentyladenosine to block A-1 receptors labeled by this nonselective
      adenosine agonist, CGS 15943A had an IC50 value of 3 nM, indicating that the
      compound had some degree of selectivity for the A-2 receptor. Analysis of the
      effect of the compound on the saturation isotherms for each of the receptors
      indicated that it was a competitive antagonist at the brain A-1 receptor but that
      it was noncompetitive at the striatal A-2 receptor. CGS 15943A was a potent
      adenosine antagonist in the adenosine-stimulated adenylate cyclase system in
      guinea pig synaptoneurosomes, where the compound was found to have an IC50 value
      of 30 to 70 nM against the increase in cyclic AMP evoked by 5 microM adenosine.
      CGS 15943A had no effect on the binding of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine, a ligand
      thought to bind to adenosine uptake sites, and, at a concentration of 10 microM,
      had no effect on beef heart type III phosphodiesterase activity.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883299
TI  - Alpha-1 adrenergic coupling events induced by full and partial agonists in rabbit
      aorta.
AB  - Differences in the ability of full vs. partial agonists to initiate alpha-1
      adrenergic receptor-mediated coupling events were studied in isolated segments of
      rabbit aorta. Mono- and dimethoxysubstituted tolazolines produced contractile
      responses which, at their maximum, were 27 to 100% of the response produced by
      the full agonist phenylephrine. In addition to differences in maximum response,
      contraction kinetics varied between full and partial agonists. Responses to
      partial agonists displayed a slower approach to peak tension and loss of the
      rapid phase of tension development which is associated with release of
      intracellular Ca++. Among the tolazoline series 3,5 dimethoxy-, 3 methoxy-, and 2
      methoxy derivatives were compared further with phenylephrine for their ability to
      cause phosphatidylinositol cycle turnover, intracellular Ca++ release and Ca++
      influx. For each of these coupling events, a rank of phenylephrine greater than
      or equal to 3, 5 greater than 3 greater than 2 was observed. However, a higher
      percentage of Ca++ influx vs. Ca++ release was observed for the partial agonists,
      suggesting that their contractile responses may be more dependent upon
      extracellular Ca++ than intracellular Ca++. Our results indicate that partial
      agonists initiate the same coupling events as full agonists; however, the
      relative proportion of Ca++ release and influx may be different for partial
      agonists because of the reduced rate of second messenger production.

PMID- 2883300
TI  - In vivo assessment of rat renal alpha adrenoceptors.
AB  - Despite a preponderance of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in homogenates of rat renal
      cortex, alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists do not vasoconstrict the isolated buffer
      perfused rat kidney. Both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists can constrict
      the kidneys of dogs, cats and rabbits in vivo. Because alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      mediated vasoconstriction is often difficult to demonstrate in vitro, and both
      subtypes of alpha agonists cause large increases in peripheral resistance in
      pithed rats, we tested the hypothesis that both alpha-1 and alpha-2 agonists
      would also constrict the rat kidney in vivo. Cannulation of the suprarenal artery
      and utilization of a high pressure liquid chromatography valve enabled random and
      reproducible intrarenal arterial bolus injections of agonists, and renal blood
      flow was monitored using Doppler flowmetry. Cirazoline, phenylephrine and
      norepinephrine bitartrate caused large renal vasopressor responses with minimal
      systemic effects. Although administered in a dosage range 100 to 1000 times that
      of alpha-1 agonists, the alpha-2 agonists (B-HT 920, UK 14,304 and guanabenz)
      produced only minimal renal vasoconstriction before systemic pressor effects. The
      low potency and efficacy of alpha-2 agonists could not be attributed to
      concomitant vasodilatory effects of these agents. Rat renal resistance vessels
      were less responsive to alpha-2 agonists than other species that have been
      examined. These studies are consistent with conclusions from in vitro
      examinations that only alpha-1 adrenoceptors mediate changes in renal vascular
      resistance and also autoradiographic studies reporting the localization of alpha
      2 binding sites to rat renal tubules.

PMID- 2883301
TI  - Pentobarbital-like discriminative stimulus properties of halothane, 1,1,1
      trichloroethane, isoamyl nitrite, flurothyl and oxazepam in mice.
AB  - Volatile inhalants represent a diverse group of chemicals which pose a public
      health problem because of their abuse potential and neurobehavioral toxicity.
      Although relatively little is known about their pharmacology, they share certain
      pharmacological properties with classic central nervous system depressants. Drug
      discrimination procedures were used to compare the effects produced by
      pentobarbital (PB), oxazepam and several inhalants. Mice were trained to
      discriminate PB from saline injections in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus
      generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to halothane (500
      8000 ppm), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (500-12000 ppm), isoamyl nitrite (150-1050 ppm),
      flurothyl (562-1300 ppm) and injections of oxazepam (0.1-20 mg/kg). Halothane,
      1,1,1-trichloroethane and oxazepam produced discriminative stimulus effects
      similar to those produced by PB. Isoamyl nitrite and flurothyl, while decreasing
      rates of responding, were not consistently generalized from PB. Differences are
      apparent in the PB-like discriminative effects of inhalants. Toluene, as shown in
      a previous study, as well as halothane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane have PB-like
      discriminative effects which are also shared by oxazepam and may be another
      common effect of central nervous system depressants. Other chemicals, like
      isoamyl nitrite and flurothyl, are representative of qualitatively different
      classes of behaviorally active inhalants.

PMID- 2883303
TI  - AF-DX 116, a cardioselective muscarinic antagonist.
AB  - The M2 subtype of the muscarinic receptor was investigated using the antagonist
      AF-DX 116. In "in vitro" and "in vivo" experiments, AF-DX 116 behaved as a
      competitive antagonist and exhibited a selectivity for cardiac muscarinic
      mediated functions. It antagonized negative chronotropic and inotropic effects
      exerted by muscarinic receptor activation in the guinea pig atria with an
      affinity (pA2) 10-fold greater than that estimated in intestinal and tracheal
      smooth muscle preparations. It also reversed the negative chronotropic effect
      induced by peripheral vagal stimulation, intrasinus node injection of bethanechol
      and central vagal activation by clonidine. In all these in vivo functions, AF-DX
      116 was approximately 10 times less potent than atropine, while being several
      hundred-fold less potent in antagonizing acetylcholine-mediated
      bronchoconstriction and gastric emptying. These results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the cardiac muscarinic receptors constitute a subclass of the M2
      subtype.

PMID- 2883302
TI  - Identification of pre- and postsynaptic bradykinin receptor sites in the vas
      deferens: evidence for different structural prerequisites.
AB  - The effect of bradykinin on the neuroeffector junction of the isolated rat vas
      deferens was studied in tissues stimulated transmurally at a frequency of 0.15
      Hz. Bradykinin caused two distinct and independent actions: it potentiated the
      magnitude of the muscular response to the electrically driven twitches and, in
      addition, contracted the smooth muscle generating an increased muscular tone. The
      former action is referred to as the neurogenic or presynaptic effect, whereas the
      latter effect is called the musculotropic or postjunctional action. The
      neurogenic effect was abolished by tetrodotoxin or tissue denervation either by
      cold storage or chemical sympathectomy after 6-hydroxydopamine administration.
      However, these procedures did not significantly modify the musculotropic potency
      of bradykinin. Both actions of the peptide are receptor-mediated, as minor
      structural modifications in the amino acid sequence caused significant changes in
      biological potency. In addition, the peptide analog, [Thi5,8-D-Phe7]-bradykinin,
      behaved as an agonist at the presynaptic site but as an antagonist at the
      muscular site. The most potent peptide analog to produce the neurogenic effect
      was Met-Lys-bradykinin followed by Lys-bradykinin and [Tyr8]-bradykinin. In
      contrast, the potency of these peptide analogs acting at the postsynaptic site
      was about the same. des Arg9 bradykinin and des Arg9-[Leu8]-bradykinin were
      inactive at the pre- and postjunctional site. The neurogenic action of bradykinin
      was not mimicked by angiotensin II, neurotensin, substance P or
      vasopressin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883304
TI  - In vivo electrochemical demonstration of the presynaptic actions of phencyclidine
      in rat caudate nucleus.
AB  - In vivo electrochemical recordings, coupled with local application of drugs from
      micropipettes, were used to determine the presynaptic effects of phencyclidine
      (PCP) on dopamine-containing nerve terminals in the intact rat striatum. Local
      application of PCP did not elicit an observable increase in extracellular levels
      of the monoamine neurotransmitters. However, pretreatment with PCP significantly
      potentiated the potassium-evoked release of monoamines. Nomifensine, a potent
      catecholamine reuptake blocker, produced effects that were analogous with PCP.
      Local pretreatment with PCP was also found to potentiate the electrochemical
      signal detected after pressure ejection of dopamine directly into the caudate
      nucleus. Finally, electrophysiological studies showed that locally applied PCP
      and nomifensine solutions had similar potencies in depressing the spontaneous
      firing of striatal neurons. Taken together, these data suggest that the major
      presynaptic action of PCP in the rat caudate nucleus is inhibition of the
      reuptake, and not alteration of release, of the monoamine neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2883305
TI  - Interactions of beta adrenergic antagonists with isolated rat alveolar type II
      pneumocytes. I. Analysis, characterization and regulation of specific beta
      adrenergic receptors.
AB  - Binding of beta adrenergic receptors (BAR) in membranes of freshly isolated type
      II pulmonary epithelial cells to the radioligand [125I]iodocyanopindolol was
      saturable, steresospecific and of high affinity. Optimal conditions for the assay
      of BAR on type II pneumocyte membranes are presented. Type II pneumocyte BAR are
      primarily of the beta-2 subtype, as indicated by inhibition of subtype-specific
      antagonists, ICI 118,551 and betaxolol. Maximum binding and Kd were measured (Kd,
      4-20 pM; maximum binding, 30-50 fmol/mg of protein) and used to identify factors
      which alter BAR. The number of BAR on type II pneumocytes doubled after 42-hr
      culture in the presence of dexamethasone. Ligand-receptor interactions were of
      similar affinity to those in membrane particulates from whole lung, but maximum
      binding was reduced 3- to 4-fold. Less than 5% of total pulmonary BAR can be
      accounted for by those expressed on freshly isolated type II pneumocyte
      membranes. Other cell types thus probably account for the majority of specific
      beta adrenergic binding sites in the lung as a whole.

PMID- 2883306
TI  - Interactions of beta adrenergic antagonists with isolated rat alveolar type II
      pneumocytes. II. Receptor-independent accumulation of beta adrenergic antagonists
      and other cationic amphiphilic drugs in lamellar bodies.
AB  - Accumulation of basic drugs by pulmonary tissue is well known. The cationic
      amphiphilic nature of many of these compounds suggests that they may be
      sequestered within an acidic and/or phospholipid-rich compartment. We described
      previously receptor-independent, concentrative, temperature- and pH-dependent
      sequestration of the beta adrenergic antagonists [125I]iodocyanopindolol and
      [125I]iodopindolol by intact rat type II pneumocytes in primary culture. The
      present study reveals that type II pneumocytes sequester [125I]iodocyanopindolol
      to an extent greater than other cell types (type II cells greater than
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes greater than S49) within 80-min incubations.
      Localization of fluorescence into large granular structures was observed after
      incubation of type II cells with 9-aminoacridine-propranolol (9-AAP). The
      distribution of fluorescence coincides with surfactant-containing lamellar bodies
      (LB) visualized with tannic acid/osmium staining. The large granule localization
      of 9-AAP fluorescence decreases with time in primary culture in parallel with
      changes in cell morphology and decreased numbers of LB. Comparison of patterns of
      fluorescence after incubation with 9-AAP, acridine orange and 9-aminoacridine
      (all 1 microM) indicates that localization is not a property of the acridine
      moiety, but requires the propranolol side-chain. Association of 9-AAP
      fluorescence with LB is inhibited completely by chlorpromazine (10 microM); the
      same concentration of propranolol or chlorquine produces less extensive, but
      detectable, inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883307
TI  - Antifibrillatory efficacy of concomitant beta adrenergic receptor blockade with
      dilevalol, the R,R-isomer of labetalol, and muscarinic receptor blockade with
      methylscopolamine.
AB  - The antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory actions of dilevalol, the R,R-isomer of
      labetalol, were evaluated in conscious dogs 4 to 6 days after anterior myocardial
      infarction. The administration of dilevalol in a lower dose of 0.3 mg/kg i.v. q 8
      hr or a higher dose of 3.0 mg/kg i.v. q 8 hr over a period of 24 hr failed to
      alter electrophysiologic parameters or significantly suppress the induction of
      ventricular tachycardia by programmed ventricular stimulation (incidence of
      ventricular tachycardia suppression: 4 of 25 [16%] dilevalol vs. 1 of 14 [7%]
      vehicle). Pretreatment with dilevalol failed to reduce arrhythmic death in
      response to the subsequent development of ischemia at a site distant to the area
      of previous infarction (mortality: 8 of 10 [80%] dilevalol vs. 14 of 14 [100%]
      vehicle), but did alter the nature of the lethal ischemic arrhythmia from
      ventricular fibrillation (incidence of ventricular fibrillation: 14 of 14 [100%]
      vehicle vs. 2 of 8 [25%] dilevalol, P less than .05) to bradyarrhythmia with
      eventual sinoatrial arrest (6 of 8 [75%] dilevalol). The administration of
      methylscopolamine, 0.01 mg/kg both i.v. and i.m., to postinfarction animals
      pretreated with dilevalol, 3.0 mg/kg i.v. q 8 hr for 24 hr, reduced significantly
      mortality in response to subsequent posterolateral ischemia (mortality: 4 of 10
      [40%] dilevalol plus methylscopolamine vs. 14 of 14 [100%] vehicle, P less than
      .05). However, methylscopolamine alone failed to suppress the development of
      ischemic ventricular fibrillation in 5 of 6 (83%) postinfarction dogs.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883308
TI  - Primary culture of striatal neurons: a model of choice for pharmacological and
      biochemical studies of neurotransmitter receptors.
AB  - Striatal neurons were cultured from fetal mouse brain and maintained in serum
      free medium for 14-21 days in vitro (DIV). A double coating of culture dishes
      with polyornithine and fetal calf serum was needed in order to obtain synaptic
      differentiation. Synaptic vesicles were present in axon terminals as well as in
      varicosities along extended axons. The presence of differentiated synapses was
      confirmed by the immunostaining of the preparation with synapsin I antibody.
      After 13 days in vitro synapsin I was present in axonal varicosities and
      particularly concentrated at contact points between axonal terminals and
      postsynaptic sites on adjacent axons or perikarya. On a surface of 429 mm2 on
      which 2211 cells were observed under phase contrast microscopy only 7% were
      stained with an antibody against GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). One or
      two days after the formation of differentiated synapses (11 DIV), a Ca2+
      dependent liberation of GABA was observed. These cultures are an excellent model
      for studying the coupling of some neurotransmitter receptors with an adenylate
      cyclase. In particular using this preparation we were able to demonstrate that
      dopamine (D2) and serotonin-(5-HT1) receptors are negatively coupled with an
      adenylate cyclase. These cultures are also an excellent model to study the
      coupling of some neurotransmitter receptors with inositol phosphate producing
      enzymes. We demonstrated for the first time that the quisqualate subtype of
      glutamate receptors is able to increase inositol phosphate production in striatal
      neurons.

PMID- 2883309
TI  - Postsynaptic control of hippocampal long-term potentiation.
AB  - Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus has the property of
      cooperativity, i.e. greater potentiation is produced if a larger number of
      afferent fibres is tetanized. The possible involvement of postsynaptic mechanisms
      in this process was investigated in the CA1 area of the hippocampal slice
      preparation. Following blockade of postsynaptic inhibition by GABA antagonists,
      e.g. picrotoxin, the induction of LTP was greatly facilitated. In picrotoxin
      treated slices, LTP was induced in a pathway stimulated by single volleys, if
      these occurred in conjunction with brief tetanic activation of other afferents.
      This interaction operated over a short period of time (less than 50 ms) and was
      also present if the inputs were separated in space (cooperativity between inputs
      to basal and apical dendrites). LTP could be induced by pairing single volley
      synaptic activation and intracellularly injected depolarizing current pulses, the
      timing requirements being similar to those observed in the extracellular
      "conjunction studies". Previous studies have suggested that glutamate receptor
      channels of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type are somehow involved in LTP
      induction. Evidence presented here shows that activation leading to LTP evokes a
      potential which is sensitive to the NMDA receptor blocker 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (APV), indicating passage of current through NMDA receptor
      channels. The results suggest that hippocampal LTP depends on simultaneous
      presynaptic transmitter release and postsynaptic depolarization in a manner
      analogous to the model proposed by HEBB (1949) for associative learning.
      Furthermore, it is proposed that the required pre- and postsynaptic interaction
      is handled by the NMDA receptor channel complex, which is known to have the
      required voltage and transmitter sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883310
TI  - Can presynaptic depolarization release transmitter without calcium influx?
AB  - Recent experimental evidence suggesting that presynaptic depolarization can evoke
      transmitter release without calcium influx has been re-examined. The presynaptic
      terminal of the squid giant synapse can be depolarized by variable amounts while
      recording presynaptic calcium current under voltage clamp and postsynaptic
      responses. Small depolarizations open few calcium channels with large single
      channel currents. Large depolarizations approaching the calcium equilibrium
      potential open many channels with small single channel currents. When responses
      to small and large depolarizations eliciting similar total macroscopic calcium
      currents are compared, the large pulses evoke more transmitter release. This
      apparent voltage-dependence of transmitter release may be explained by the
      greater overlap of calcium concentration domains surrounding single open calcium
      channels when many closely apposed channels open at large depolarizations. This
      channel domain overlap leads to higher calcium concentrations at transmitter
      release sites and more release for large depolarizations than for small
      depolarizations which open few widely dispersed channels. At neuromuscular
      junctions, a subthreshold depolarizing pulse to motor nerve terminals may release
      over a thousand times as much transmitter if it follows a brief train of
      presynaptic action potentials than if it occurs in isolation. This huge synaptic
      facilitation has been taken as indicative of a direct effect of voltage which is
      manifest only when prior activity raises presynaptic resting calcium levels. This
      large facilitation is actually due to a post-tetanic supernormal excitability in
      motor nerve terminals, causing the previously subthreshold test pulse to become
      suprathreshold and elicit a presynaptic action potential. When motor nerve
      terminals are depolarized by two pulses, as the first pulse increases above a
      certain level it evokes more transmitter release but less facilitation of the
      response to the second pulse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883311
TI  - Transmitter release from the cytoplasm is of physiological importance but not
      subject to presynaptic modulation.
AB  - Ca2+-dependent release of [3H] noradrenaline ([3H] NA) evoked by electrical
      stimulation of the isolated mouse vas deferens was subject to negative feedback
      modulation by idazoxan an alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Both the resting
      release and that evoked by 1-phenylephrine proved to be Ca0-independent and
      unaffected by idazoxan. Ouabain-evoked release of [3H] acetylcholine from the
      myenteric plexus of ileal longitudinal muscle strips in the presence of eserine
      was not affected by atropine, but that evoked by electrical stimulation was
      enhanced. Since the release of NA or ACh by 1-phenylephrine and ouabain
      respectively is mainly of cytoplasmic origin, it is concluded that the release of
      transmitter from the cytoplasm is not subject to negative feedback modulation.

PMID- 2883312
TI  - Calcium is essential but insufficient for neurotransmitter release: the calcium
      voltage hypothesis.
AB  - A new Ca-voltage hypothesis for neurotransmitter release is proposed.
      Accordingly, membrane depolarization has two roles. To increase membrane
      conductance to calcium and to activate a molecule S from an inactive form T. Only
      the active form S binds calcium ions to start the chain of events leading to
      release. Four lines of experiments are described to support this hypothesis.
      Disassociation between Ca2+ entry and transmitter release. Loading of the
      terminal with Ca2+ and obtaining release with little additional entry of Ca2+.
      Measurements of kinetics of release. Modulation of release by changes in membrane
      potential. Recent criticism as to the validity of the experimental techniques
      used in the first two lines of experiments is analyzed and rejected.

PMID- 2883314
TI  - Tensile strength of an alternative soldered connector.

PMID- 2883313
TI  - The voltage-dependence of transmitter release.
AB  - In this paper we summarize voltage clamp experiments characterizing transmission
      at the squid giant synapse. The overall goal of these experiments was to
      determine a synaptic transfer curve relating presynaptic Ca currents (ICa) to
      resultant postsynaptic responses. Here we focus on interpreting the phenomenon of
      transfer curve "hysteresis", which has been proposed to result from an intrinsic
      voltage-dependence of the transmitter release process. One potential problem in
      analyzing transfer curves comes from contamination of presynaptic Ca currents by
      outward currents. Linear leakage currents can be measured and taken into account,
      but after such corrections ICa measurements at positive potentials are still
      distorted by outward currents. The presence of residual outward currents at
      positive potentials results in a voltage-dependent bias in ICa measurement and
      probably contributes to transfer curve hysteresis. A pharmacological procedure
      which subtracts currents other than those flowing through Ca channels can be used
      to circumvent this bias in ICa measurement. Gradients in membrane potential along
      a nominally voltage clamped presynaptic terminal can allow inappropriate release
      of transmitter from poorly clamped regions of the terminal. Release from such
      regions may also contribute to transfer-curve hysteresis when standard voltage
      clamp methods are employed. A method of localized Ca application which restricts
      transmitter release to well-clamped presynaptic regions can be used to avoid this
      problem. Transfer curves measured using refined procedures for ICa measurement
      and suppression of voltage gradient effects on release exhibit little
      hysteresis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883315
TI  - Strength properties of soldered joints for a gold-palladium alloy and a palladium
      alloy.
AB  - Strength of a soldered palladium alloy, PGC (Engelhard Corp.), and a soldered
      medium gold alloy, PGX (Engelhard Corp.), was examined. The results obtained were
      as follows: Highest strength was observed with postsoldered specimens of PGC
      alloy. Microstructural examination of postsoldered specimens revealed nearly pore
      free solder joints with PGC and PGX alloys, and fracture appeared at the solder
      alloy interface with PGC and PGX alloys. Microstructural examination of
      presoldered and presoldered/thermocycled specimens revealed that presoldered
      specimens of PGC and PGX alloys exhibited intrasolder fracture; PGX solder joints
      had considerably less porosity, which may explain the equivalent bond strengths
      of all the soldered specimens and the yield point of the controls; PGC solder
      joints exhibited large quantities of pores, which may explain the lower strength;
      pores observed in PGC alloy may be the result of the high fusing temperature of
      the solder; and these results indicate a need to develop a new presolder for PGC.
      The best result was obtained with postsoldered specimens of the PGC alloy.
      However, for PGX alloy, either postsolder or presolder techniques can be used.

PMID- 2883316
TI  - Improved fixed partial denture soldering.

PMID- 2883317
TI  - Flavones. 1. Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of (3
      phenylflavonoxy)propanolamines without beta-adrenoceptor antagonism.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of (3-phenylflavonoxy)propanolamines is described.
      These compounds were evaluated for potential antihypertensive activity in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats, as well as for in vivo and in vitro evidence of
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonism. Some of the compounds of this series exhibited
      effective antihypertensive properties but did not antagonize beta-adrenergic
      receptors. These active compounds represent a unique series of effective
      antihypertensive agents that, despite possessing structural characteristics
      typical of beta-blockers, does not have beta-adrenergic receptor blocking
      activity.

PMID- 2883318
TI  - Synthesis and neuroleptic activity of a series of 1-[1-(benzo-1,4-dioxan-2
      ylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzim idazolone derivatives.
AB  - A series of 1-[1-(benzo-1,4-dioxan-2-ylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzimid azolones
      with various substituents in both aromatic rings have been synthesized and tested
      for neuroleptic activity (antiapomorphine effects and [3H]spiroperidol binding)
      as well as extrapyramidal effects (cataleptogenic effect). A strong dependence of
      activity on the 5-substituent in the benzimidazolone moiety could be
      demonstrated. Some compounds show a large split between the desired
      antiapomorphine and the undesired extrapyramidal effect. From these, 1-[1-(benzo
      1,4-dioxan-2-ylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-5-chlor obenzimidazol-2-one hydrochloride
      (HR 723), 12, has been selected for further preclinical and toxicological
      profiling.

PMID- 2883319
TI  - Research strategies in human behaviour genetics.
AB  - Genetic variation influencing normal and abnormal human behaviour has been
      studied since Francis Galton's work in the second half of the 19th century.
      However, most of these studies have consisted of biometric analysis of complex
      phenotypes; the genotype has been treated as a 'black box'. The concepts and
      analytical tools of modern genetics have rarely been used. In this lecture, some
      examples are given of approaches combining tools from genetics, cytogenetics, and
      various fields of neurobiology which might help in the analysis of genetic
      mechanisms leading, in interaction with the environment, to individual
      differences in behaviour, mental performance, and susceptibility to mental
      diseases.

PMID- 2883321
TI  - Residents' underdocumentation in elderly patients' records of prescriptions for
      benzodiazepine.

PMID- 2883320
TI  - Exclusion of the alpha 2(I) and alpha 1(III) collagen genes as the mutant loci in
      a Marfan syndrome family.
AB  - The inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms for two fibrillar
      collagen genes (COL1A2 and COL3A1) has been studied in a large Marfan syndrome
      kindred. We are able to show discordant segregation between the Marfan syndrome
      and each of the two collagen gene markers.

PMID- 2883322
TI  - Somatostatin effects in isolated human atrial fibres.
AB  - Effects of hypothalamic hormone somatostatin on the action potential and
      contractile force of 54 human atrial preparations obtained at cardiac surgery
      were studied with standard microelectrode techniques. In the atrial fibres
      responding to electrical stimuli with fast response action potentials in 4 mM
      [K]0 Tyrode solution (maximum rate of phase 0 depolarization greater than 50
      V/s), somatostatin (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) reduced slightly the duration of action
      potential and decreased twitch force dose-dependently. In spontaneously active
      atrial fibres, somatostatin (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) abolished the action potentials
      in the preparations with low maximal diastolic potential (MDP, -48 +/- 2.8 mV),
      but induced only mild suppressive effect in the preparations with high MDP (-70
      +/- 2.4 mV). When the fibres were depolarized in 27 mM [K]0 Tyrode solution,
      somatostatin decreased the maximum rate of depolarization and amplitude of the
      slow response action potentials induced by electrical stimuli. The delayed
      afterdepolarizations or triggered action potentials induced by high-frequency
      electrical drive in the presence of epinephrine were also suppressed by
      somatostatin. The above findings suggest that somatostatin may suppress the
      abnormal automaticity and the triggered activity in human atrial fibres through a
      reduction of cellular calcium.

PMID- 2883323
TI  - Significance of release of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine induced by
      hypoxia or adrenaline in perfused rat heart.
AB  - The status of ATP as a possible coronary vasodilator remains poorly understood.
      The onset of hypoxia induced a rapid and transient increase of the ATP
      concentration in the coronary effluent of the isolated perfused rat heart from
      0.8 +/- 0.2 nM to the average peak value of 1.3 +/- 0.2 nM (P less than 0.01) at
      2 +/- 0.5 min; at the same time the coronary flow increased 2-fold so that the
      rate of ATP release increased from 10.2 +/- 2.9 to 21.4 +/- 4.2 pmol/g/min (P
      less than 0.005). Hypoxia also produced a peak rate release of adenosine of 93 +/
      5 nM/g/min occurring only after the peak increase of coronary flow and also
      after the peak release of ATP; at peak coronary flow, however, the adenosine
      concentration was sufficient for vasodilation (0.31 +/- 0.19 microM). Peak
      release of ATP and of adenosine preceded that of lactate dehydrogenase. 10(-6) M
      adrenaline induced a rapid increase of coronary flow and release of ATP, the
      concentration of which rose from 0.9 +/- 0.3 nM to an average peak of 1.7 +/- 0.2
      nM (P less than 0.01) at 2 +/- 0.3 min. The rate of increase of ATP in the
      coronary effluent paralleled the rate of early rise of coronary flow, yet
      adenosine had also risen to vasodilatory values (0.28 +/- 0.5 microM). The
      absolute changes in the measured concentrations of ATP in the coronary effluent
      were more variable and 1000 X less in concentration than those of adenosine.
      Hence coronary dilation could be explained by adenosine without involving ATP,
      although an additional vasodilatory role for ATP could not be excluded,
      especially in the early phases of vasodilation. In one condition, hypoxic K
      arrested hearts, the increase in coronary flow could not be linked to release of
      either adenosine or ATP. The changes in concentrations of potential vasodilators
      measured in the coronary effluent do not necessarily reflect changes in the
      interstitial fluid.

PMID- 2883324
TI  - Cellular localization of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and its regulation in the rat
      adrenal medulla and brain by in situ hybridization with an
      oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of
      catecholamines in neural tissues and adrenal medulla. To study the expression of
      the TH gene and its regulation in adult and developing neural tissues, we have
      synthesized an oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe (oligomer) that is specific for TH
      mRNA. Using Northern blot hybridization of polyadenylated RNAs from adrenal
      gland, brain stem, liver, and cerebral cortex with the 32P-labeled oligomer, a
      single TH mRNA of 1.9 kb was detected in adrenal gland and brain stem but not in
      liver and cerebral cortex. Using this TH-specific oligomer, TH mRNAs were
      localized to the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and to catecholaminergic
      neurons in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra by in situ hybridization
      histochemistry. After reserpine administration, the intensity of hybridization
      signal was increased to threefold that of normal in sections of adrenal medulla
      and twofold that of normal in locus ceruleus. No difference in hybridization
      signal intensity was observed in the substantia nigra of normal and reserpine
      treated animals. Use of this specific TH probe in in situ hybridization
      procedures represents a powerful approach to the study of regulation of TH gene
      expression at the cellular level.

PMID- 2883325
TI  - [Antigenicity study of terazosin].
AB  - Antigenicity of terazosin was studied in the experimental animals and the
      following results were obtained. Terazosin was shown to be non-immunogenic in
      guinea-pigs and mice when immunized alone or with mixture of terazosin and
      protein as immunogen. Protein-conjugate of terazosin induced responses of hapten
      specific antibody when guinea pigs and mice were immunized. However, terazosin
      alone was shown to be not capable of eliciting any allergic responses. In
      conclusion, terazosin lacks immunogenicity and eliciting antigenicity in these
      experimental conditions and this suggests that drug allergic response would
      either not occur or be minimal, if any, when terazosin is administered
      clinically.

PMID- 2883326
TI  - [Traumatic injuries of primary and young permanent anterior teeth].

PMID- 2883327
TI  - Identification and mapping of human papillomavirus type 1 RNA transcripts
      recovered from plantar warts and infected epithelial cell cultures.
AB  - Multiple spliced transcripts of human papillomavirus type 1 were detected by
      electron microscopic analysis of R-loops formed with total RNA extracted from
      plantar warts and with poly(A)+ RNA isolated from cultured keratinocytes infected
      with human papillomavirus type 1. The 5' ends of the RNAs were mapped to sites in
      the E7 open reading frame (ORF), just upstream of the E6 ORF and in the upstream
      regulatory region. Species with 5' ends in E7 accounted for over 95% of all
      transcripts seen. Two polyadenylation sites were used, one at the end of the
      early (E) region of the viral DNA, the other at the end of the late (L) region.
      The most abundant species had a short 5' exon of approximately 100 nucleotides
      spanning the junction of the E7 and E1 ORFs spliced to a 3' exon of 800
      nucleotides in the region with overlapping E2 and E4 ORFs; it was polyadenylated
      at the end of the E region. This species probably encodes the abundant E4 protein
      found in plantar warts (F. Breitburd, O. Croissant, and G. Orth, Cancer Cells,
      vol. 5, in press; J. Doorbar, D. Campbell, R. J. A. Grand, and P. H. Gallimore,
      EMBO J. 5:355-362, 1986). Other transcripts had exons spanning the E6-E7 ORFs,
      the E4-E5-L2-L1 ORFs, or the L1 ORF. The infrequent L1 transcript, probably the
      mRNA coding for the major capsid protein, had the same 5' exon in E7 as the
      abundant mRNA spliced from E1 and E4 ORFs, suggesting genetic regulation via the
      choice of the alternative polyadenylation sites or mRNA processing.

PMID- 2883330
TI  - Transmission of HTLV-I and HIV among homosexual men in Trinidad.
AB  - Risk for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) infection was evaluated in 100 homosexual or bisexual men from
      Trinidad. High seropositivity for HTLV-I (15% vs 2.4% in the general population)
      was linked to duration of homosexuality and numbers of partners, suggesting that
      HTLV-I, like HIV, can be transmitted by homosexual sex. Forty percent of
      homosexuals compared with 0.19% of the general population were seropositive for
      HIV, and sexual contact with US homosexual men and prior history of gonorrhea
      were major risk factors. The seroprevalence of HIV was three times higher than
      that for HTLV-I, suggesting that HIV is more efficiently transmitted, especially
      since HIV appears to have been recently introduced into Trinidad. Altered immune
      status was prominent in individuals infected with HIV and coinfected with HIV and
      HTLV-I. Whether HIV/HTLV-I coinfection amplifies clinical effects is a hypothesis
      that will require further evaluation.

PMID- 2883329
TI  - Stimulation of expression of the human endogenous retrovirus genome by female
      steroid hormones in human breast cancer cell line T47D.
AB  - Expression of the human endogenous retrovirus genome HERV-K, homologous to mouse
      mammary tumor virus, was investigated in cultured human tumor cells. In several
      cell lines, the HERV-K genome was expressed as an 8.8-kilobase poly(A)+ RNA which
      appeared to be a full-size transcript of this genome. In the human breast cancer
      cell line T47D, stimulation of HERV-K genome expression by progesterone was
      observed after estradiol treatment.

PMID- 2883328
TI  - Creation of a chimeric oncogene: analysis of the biochemical and biological
      properties of v-erbB/src fusion polypeptide.
AB  - A novel gene was created that linked complementary portions of two different
      tyrosine kinase oncogenes: v-erB and v-src. The v-erbB/src chimera encoded a
      glycoprotein exhibiting the subcellular distribution of the v-erbB protein but
      containing the kinase catalytic domain of the v-src parent. Fibroblasts
      expressing the v-erbB/src gene product became transformed to an oncogenic state
      and closely resembled cells expressing the v-erbB parent oncogene. Our results
      indicated that v-erbB sequences can be functionally replaced by sequences derived
      from a different oncogene, v-src, and that important determinants of the
      transformed phenotype appear to be encoded in oncogene sequences distinct from
      those defining the kinase catalytic domain itself.

PMID- 2883332
TI  - Comparative study of tiapride and neuroleptics with anti-dopamine activity on
      convulsive seizure in mice.
AB  - The effects of tiapride on the convulsive seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole,
      strychnine, picrotoxin and bemegride, and on electric seizure are reported and
      compared with those of sulpiride, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and reserpine. The
      number of deaths and intensity of convulsion increased dose-dependently and also
      with the increase in amplitude of electric shock. Tiapride and a similar
      compound, sulpiride, did not affect these seizures, whereas chlorpromazine
      potentiated strychnine-induced and electric seizure. Haloperidol and reserpine
      potentiated electric seizure, and chlorpromazine and reserpine tended to
      potentiate bemegride-induced seizure. Reserpine also tended to potentiate
      pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure. These results suggest that tiapride would be
      clinically safer than other drugs with anti-dopamine activity, except for
      sulpiride.

PMID- 2883331
TI  - Neurochemical characterization of cysteine sulfinic acid, an excitatory amino
      acid, in hippocampus.
AB  - In this communication, I have summarized our studies on the possible roles of
      cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) in the central nervous system (CNS), from these
      observations, CSA was suggested to be a neurotransmitter. We reported the
      presence of CSA in the CNS and subsequently characterized Na+-dependent high
      affinity uptake and depolarization-induced release of CSA. Depolarization-induced
      release of [14C]CSA from the preloaded hippocampal slices was specifically
      attenuated by benzodiazepines and GABA agonists. Synaptic membranes have a Na+
      dependent specific binding site for cysteic acid, an analogue of CSA, which may
      be a possible binding site for CSA. This binding site seemed to be distinct from
      that for glutamate. To assess CSA as a physiologically active candidate which is
      distinct from glutamate, two neurochemical experiments were performed: one
      experiment determined the enhancement by excitatory amino acids of depolarization
      induced release of [3H]GABA from the preloaded slices, and the other one
      monitored the cyclic AMP formation by excitatory amino acids in hippocampal
      slices. In both studies, differences in the responses to the various antagonists
      indicate that CSA receptors are distinct from glutamate receptors. Furthermore,
      we proposed that excitatory amino acid receptors which are subsequently linked to
      adenylate cyclase are functionally related to the Cl- channel.

PMID- 2883333
TI  - Lack of effects of carbachol on the Na-Ca exchange mechanism in frog atrial
      muscle treated with goniopora toxin.
AB  - Carbachol (CCh) at a concentration of 10(-7) M completely inhibited the twitch
      contraction of frog atrial muscle. However, when the preparation was treated with
      goniopora toxin (GPT), a selective inhibitor of Na channel inactivation, and the
      twitch contraction was augmented through the activation of Na-Ca exchange by this
      toxin, the reduction in contractile amplitude by CCh was only about 30% even at
      higher concentrations. The maximum rate of rise of the twitch contraction was not
      affected by CCh in GPT-treated preparations. The time course of configuration
      change of the twitch contraction after application of CCh in GPT-treated muscle
      indicated that the attenuation of amplitude preceded the shortening of duration.
      The residual contraction under the combined treatments with GPT and CCh was
      abolished by removal of external Ca++ or addition of TTX. CCh only moderately
      shortened the action potential which was prolonged by GPT, and further addition
      of TTX abolished the action potential. From these results, we suggest that CCh
      does not influence the twitch contraction which is augmented via the activation
      of the Na-Ca exchange mechanism in frog atrial muscle.

PMID- 2883334
TI  - Possible involvement of the CCK receptor in the benzodiazepine antagonism to CCK
      in the mouse brain.
AB  - In mice, intraperitoneally injected chlordiazepoxide and proglumide, both of
      which are regarded as cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists in the
      peripheral tissues, dose-dependently inhibited the satiety induced by 200 ng of
      intracisternally administered CCK octapeptide (CCK8). Intraperitoneally
      administered diazepam (1 mg/kg) and/or Ro 15-1788 (5 mg/kg), a benzodiazepine
      antagonist, both prevented the elevation in the pain threshold induced by 1
      microgram of CCK8. However, Ro 15-1788 did not antagonize the effect of diazepam
      that reversed the CCK-induced antinociception. Ro 15-1788 also inhibited the
      satiety induced by CCK8. From these results, it was considered that the
      antagonism, which was observed in the present work, of benzodiazepines and
      proglumide to CCK8 seemed to occur at the CCK receptor and not at the
      benzodiazepine receptor in the brain.

PMID- 2883335
TI  - Influence of (-)-sulpiride and YM-09151-2 on stereotyped behavior in chicks and
      catalepsy in rats.
AB  - In this paper, the effects of three antipsychotic agents using the avian species
      laboratory model are described. d-Amphetamine (2-5 mg/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently
      antagonized catalepsy induced by haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.), YM-09151-2 (0.02
      0.04 mg/kg, i.p.) and (-)-sulpiride (20-40 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. (-)-Sulpiride
      (10-40 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently antagonized apomorphine (0.125 mg/kg, s.c.)
      induced stereotyped behavior in young chicks. Similarly, YM-09151-2 (0.04 mg/kg,
      i.p.) antagonized apomorphine (0.125 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced stereotyped behavior in
      young chicks. (-)-Sulpiride (40 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly antagonized
      apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced stereotyped behavior in 6 week old chicks.
      Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the
      intensity of stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine (0.125 mg/kg, s.c.) in
      young chicks. However, (-)-sulpiride (40 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly
      influence the effect of PCPA on apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior.
      Similarly, catalepsy induced by (-)-sulpiride (40 mg/kg, i.p.), haloperidol (0.25
      mg/kg, i.p.) and YM-09151-2 (0.04 mg/kg, i.p.) in male rats was profoundly
      suppressed by PCPA (300 mg/kg, i.p.). The present results indicate that
      apomorphine-induced stereotyped pecking in young (4-6 day old) chicks may serve
      as a suitable laboratory model for testing potential antipsychotic drugs. In
      addition, the data indicates that endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms may
      be involved in the genesis of drug-induced catalepsy in rats.

PMID- 2883336
TI  - Effects of betaxolol, a new beta 1 selective blocker, on canine ventricular
      arrhythmias.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic effects of a new beta 1 selective adrenoceptor blocker, betaxolol,
      were examined in comparison with those of atenolol using two canine ventricular
      arrhythmia models (adrenaline arrhythmia and digitalis arrhythmia). Both
      betaxolol and atenolol suppressed adrenaline arrhythmia, and the minimum
      effective plasma concentration of betaxolol for this arrhythmia model was
      determined to be less than 10 ng/ml. However, on digitalis arrhythmia, both beta
      blockers were ineffective, even though the high doses used in these experiments,
      3 mg/kg for betaxolol and 5 mg/kg for atenolol, showed significant hypotensive
      effects. The present results suggest that betaxolol and atenolol may be expected
      to be clinically effective on arrhythmias related to increased sympathetic tone.

PMID- 2883337
TI  - Modulatory action of prostaglandin D2 on the release of 3H-norepinephrine from
      rat cerebellar slices.
AB  - The modulatory action of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on the high-K+-induced release
      of 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) from rat cerebellar slices was investigated in
      relation to the presynaptic feedback mechanisms for the NE release. PGD2 (10(-7)
      10(5) M) dose-dependently suppressed the release of 3H-NE. The 3H-NE release was
      also dose-dependently decreased by 10(-10)-5 X 10(-9) M clonidine and increased
      by 10(-9)-10(-6) M yohimbine, and there was an antagonism between clonidine and
      yohimbine, indicating the presence of an alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated negative
      feedback mechanism in the rat cerebellum. The inhibitory action of clonidine was
      not additive to that of PGD2, while there appeared to be an additiveness between
      the effects of PGD2 and yohimbine. The 3H-NE release was increased by I
      isoproterenol and decreased by I-propranolol, but only at concentrations higher
      than 10(-6) M. PGD2 nearly abolished the actions of these beta-adrenergic agents,
      and the 3H-NE release remained at a level similar to that induced by 10(-5) M
      PGD2 alone. Based on these results, it was tentatively suggested that PGD2
      inhibits the 3H-NE release by a mechanism independent of adrenoceptor-mediated
      feedback mechanisms.

PMID- 2883338
TI  - [Studies on gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in warm ischaemic kidneys of rats].

PMID- 2883339
TI  - Alteration in dipeptidyl peptidase activities in cultured human carcinoma cells.
AB  - For the investigation of the possibility of its being a marker enzyme for tumor
      cells, the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV (EC 3.4.14.5), a membrane
      bound enzyme, in cultured human carcinoma cells was examined. The homogenates of
      three carcinoma cell lines (HeLa, KB, and K-44) contained lower glycylprolyl
      methylcoumarinamide (Gly-Pro-MCA) hydrolase activities at pH 8.7 (assumed to be
      DPP IV) and higher activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase, which are also membrane-bound enzymes, than those of normal human
      fibroblasts (HF). Examination of carcinoma cells for the subcellular localization
      and pH optimum of Gly-Pro-MCA hydrolase activity revealed that the activity of a
      lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes Gly-Pro-MCA at pH 6.4 was markedly increased in
      carcinoma cells, but not in normal cells. The separation and characterization of
      Gly-Pro-MCA hydrolases by gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and substrate
      specificity demonstrated that HF have three peaks indicating DPP IV, DPP II, and
      an unknown enzyme, whereas the three carcinoma cell lines gave a prominent peak
      indicating DPP II and a trace of DPP IV. The DPP II activity was 6- to 24-fold
      higher in carcinoma cell lines than in HF, and it also was 2.85- to 4.13-fold
      higher than the DPP IV activity in carcinoma cell lines but was 10-fold lower in
      HF. These clear enzymatic differences between carcinoma cells and normal HF may
      be useful as a marker of malignancy.

PMID- 2883340
TI  - [Combined extracorporeal detoxification of the blood and lymphatic drainage in
      hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2883341
TI  - [Use of beta-adrenoblockers in the treatment of acute myocardial infarct
      patients].

PMID- 2883342
TI  - Massive hemolysis in Clostridium perfringens infections.
AB  - Over a 14-month period at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 424 strains of
      Clostridium were isolated; of these, 52 strains were Clostridium perfringens
      isolated from 41 patients. Eight strains of C. perfringens were isolated from the
      blood of six patients; five of these patients had neoplastic disease and three
      developed massive intravascular hemolysis with rapidly developing shock and
      death. Clinical details are given on three patients with fatal Clostridium
      perfringens sepsis, and the nature of presentation and pathophysiologic
      mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2883343
TI  - Antipsychotic drugs: prediction of side-effect profiles based on neuroreceptor
      data derived from human brain tissue.
AB  - The affinities of antipsychotic agents for neurotransmitter receptors are
      believed to be responsible for their antipsychotic activity and side-effect
      profiles. Data on neuroreceptor affinity can be used to predict side-effect
      profiles of antipsychotic drugs. In this report, we present data on receptor
      affinity that have been modified to help clinicians clearly see the potential for
      each drug to produce a specific side effect at any dosage.

PMID- 2883344
TI  - Risk of hypoglycaemia with alternate-day growth hormone injections.
AB  - Fasting hypoglycaemia developed in three growth hormone deficient children after
      the start of treatment with synthetic growth hormone. The effects, which occurred
      36-60 h after each injection, may have been due to insulin-like effects of
      endogenous somatomedins after waning of insulin antagonism induced by growth
      hormone. Daily growth hormone injections may be necessary to maintain normal
      plasma glucose levels in young children.

PMID- 2883345
TI  - Dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and Coxsackie-B-virus infection.
AB  - Coxsackie-B-virus-specific probes prepared by reverse transcription of purified
      virus genomic RNA and molecular cloning techniques were used in quantitative slot
      blot hybridisations to test for the presence of virus RNA in skeletal muscle
      biopsy samples. The samples tested were from two patients with adult
      polymyositis, seven with juvenile dermatomyositis, four with Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy, and six normal controls. Of the nine patients with inflammatory muscle
      disease, five were positive for Coxsackie-B-virus RNA; no viral sequences were
      found in the ten Duchenne muscular dystrophy and control biopsy samples.

PMID- 2883347
TI  - Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and chromosome 21.

PMID- 2883348
TI  - Brain transplant for Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2883346
TI  - Hypothyroidism as a cause of acquired von Willebrand's disease.
AB  - Three patients with bleeding tendency who met the criteria for type 1 von
      Willebrand's disease are described. In two patients, hypothyroidism was suspected
      and confirmed at presentation, and in the third hypothyroidism became apparent 4
      years later. In all three, the history and clinical course after treatment with
      thyroxine indicated acquired von Willebrand's disease secondary to
      hypothyroidism. The possibility of hypothyroidism should be considered in
      patients presenting with von Willebrand's disease.

PMID- 2883349
TI  - Repeated oral activated charcoal in acute poisoning.

PMID- 2883350
TI  - Pancreatic transplantation in diabetes.

PMID- 2883351
TI  - Immunity to schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2883352
TI  - Man over monkey.

PMID- 2883353
TI  - Johne's and Crohn's. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases of infectious aetiology?

PMID- 2883354
TI  - Minoxidil: hope for the bald?

PMID- 2883355
TI  - Prevention of hypoxaemia during upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy by means of
      oxygen via nasal cannulae.
AB  - Hypoxaemia during oesophagogastroduodenoscopy is well documented and contributes
      to cardiac arrhythmias and occasional deaths from endoscopy. In 50 patients
      sedated with intravenous midazolam and examined with a large-diameter endoscope,
      oxygen desaturation was abolished by giving oxygen (2 litres/min) by way of nasal
      cannulae throughout the procedure.

PMID- 2883357
TI  - Rhamnolipid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients.

PMID- 2883356
TI  - Absence of electrochemical defect of cystic fibrosis in transplanted lung.

PMID- 2883358
TI  - Activated charcoal for carbamazepine poisoning.

PMID- 2883359
TI  - Uptake of aluminium into central nervous system along nasal-olfactory pathways.

PMID- 2883360
TI  - Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue 2 virus in people of white descent in
      Cuba.

PMID- 2883361
TI  - Decline in sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in The Gambia.

PMID- 2883362
TI  - Dose-ranging study of ivermectin in treatment of filariasis due to Wuchereria
      bancrofti.

PMID- 2883363
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma and acquired cystic kidney disease after renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2883364
TI  - Coronary heart disease mortality rates.

PMID- 2883365
TI  - Long-term delta antigenaemia without appearance of delta antibody in two
      immunodeficient patients.

PMID- 2883366
TI  - Drug-induced Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2883367
TI  - Trials in acute stroke.

PMID- 2883368
TI  - Proptosis and neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2883369
TI  - Botulism and Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 2883370
TI  - Visions that talk.

PMID- 2883371
TI  - Early embryo loss.

PMID- 2883372
TI  - Acute renal failure after use of granulated sugar in deep infected wound.

PMID- 2883373
TI  - Biological activity of intravenous immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2883375
TI  - Waiting lists.

PMID- 2883374
TI  - Confidence intervals.

PMID- 2883376
TI  - Yesterday's unwanted babies: today's teenage pregnancies.

PMID- 2883377
TI  - Circulating anti-neutrophil antibodies in systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 2883378
TI  - Deficient prostacyclin formation after acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2883379
TI  - Neonatal screening for hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2883381
TI  - Herbal medicine precipitating massive haemolysis.

PMID- 2883380
TI  - Effect of hormone implants on psychological disorders in the climacteric.

PMID- 2883382
TI  - Ciprofloxacin penetration into lungs.

PMID- 2883383
TI  - Surfactants in severe hyaline membrane disease.

PMID- 2883385
TI  - Griseofulvin teratology.

PMID- 2883384
TI  - Prevention of periventricular haemorrhage.

PMID- 2883386
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2883387
TI  - Perinatal infection with cryptosporidium.

PMID- 2883388
TI  - Impairment of renal function after generalised seizures.

PMID- 2883389
TI  - Retinoblastoma and deletions of chromosome 13.

PMID- 2883390
TI  - Doctor's duty of care to give advice in therapeutic and non-therapeutic contexts.

PMID- 2883391
TI  - The myocardium in ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical, echocardiographic, and
      histopathological study.
AB  - Cardiac function was investigated in men with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) age 21
      65 years who had no cardiorespiratory symptoms or known abnormalities of heart or
      lungs. Chest radiographs and standard electrocardiograms were normal in 73 of 74
      subjects. In echocardiographs of 30 men, left atrial size and left ventricular
      cavity size and wall thickness were normal. Minor abnormalities in the valve
      roots were present in 3 older men. Early diastolic abnormalities of the left
      ventricle were demonstrated in 16 of 30 subjects. This finding was confirmed by
      repetition of the echocardiography a year later in 15 subjects and by comparison
      of 11 probands with their healthy brothers. Myocardial tissue obtained at
      necropsy from 28 AS patients without ischaemic or valvular heart disease or
      hypertension was studied. A mild, diffuse increase of interstitial connective
      tissue was seen but there was no inflammatory change or amyloid. Computerised
      image analysis showed 30.7% interstitial reticulin compared with 17.7% in age/sex
      matched controls (p less than 0.0001).

PMID- 2883392
TI  - Association of different allelic forms of group specific component with
      susceptibility to and clinical manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus
      infection.
AB  - The distribution of phenotypes of the group specific component (Gc) was examined
      in 203 homosexuals at risk of infection or infected by the human immunodeficiency
      virus and compared with that in 50 randomly selected homosexuals and 122 healthy
      male heterosexual seronegative controls. 30.2% of patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were homozygous for Gc 1 fast (Gc 1f) compared
      with 0.8% of controls (p less than 0.0001); patients with other clinical
      manifestations of HIV infection were also more likely than controls to have Gc
      1f. By contrast, seronegative symptomless homosexual contacts of AIDS patients
      (AH-p) lacked this phenotype but were more likely than controls to be homozygous
      for Gc 2 (25% vs 9%, p less than 0.05). AIDS patients lacked the homozygous Gc 2
      phenotype altogether. A chi 2 trend test showed that progression to AIDS had a
      strong positive association with the Gc 1f allele (p less than 0.0001) and a
      negative one with Gc 2 (p less than 0.05). It is proposed that Gc may be involved
      in viral entry into host cells, the ease of which varies with different allelic
      forms of Gc, according to their sialic acid content.

PMID- 2883394
TI  - Reversible hypertension associated with unrecognised high pressure chronic
      retention of urine.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of relief of obstruction were examined in 21 patients
      with painless urinary retention and hydronephrosis and hydroureter associated
      with hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 95-120 mm Hg, mean 107, 11 patients),
      severe peripheral oedema (8 patients), raised jugular venous pressure (5
      patients), or clinical evidence of pulmonary oedema (5 patients). Before relief
      of obstruction fractional sodium excretion was appropriate for the reduced rate
      of glomerular filtration. After urethral catheterisation blood pressure fell (p
      less than 0.001) and the other cardiovascular abnormalities were rapidly reversed
      without further therapeutic measures. This improvement was associated with an
      increase (p less than 0.05) in both absolute and fractional urinary sodium
      excretion that was greatest at 24 h. 5% of patients undergoing surgery for
      obstructive disorders of the lower urinary tract have hydronephrosis and
      hydroureter. Hypertension related to chronic urinary tract obstruction may be the
      commonest form of surgically correctable renal hypertension.

PMID- 2883393
TI  - Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated
      capsule formulation.
AB  - Three doses, given within one week, of Ty21a attenuated Salmonella typhi oral
      vaccine in an enteric-coated formulation provided 67% efficacy for at least 3
      years in a randomised, placebo-controlled field trial involving 109,000
      schoolchildren in Santiago, Chile. Increasing the interval between doses to
      twenty-one days did not enhance protection. Significantly less protection
      followed administration of vaccine in gelatin capsules with sodium bicarbonate.
      Ty21a provides the same level of protection as the heat/phenol-inactivated whole
      cell parenteral vaccine but differs in not causing adverse reactions. Ty21a may
      now be regarded as a practical public health tool.

PMID- 2883395
TI  - Predictive value of lectin binding on breast-cancer recurrence and survival.
AB  - A new approach for predicting long-term survival of breast-cancer patients is the
      detection of carbohydrate expression in paraffin-embedded sections of the primary
      tumour. The binding of a lectin (HPA), derived from the albumin gland of the
      Roman snail, Helix pomatia, to N-acetyl-galactosaminyl oligosaccharides appears
      valuable in assessing long-term prognosis. The clinical progress of 179 patients,
      followed-up for 15-20 years, was related to staining of paraffin sections of
      their primary breast cancers by HPA. All patients had had mastectomy but were not
      stratified by pathology or treatment. There were significant differences, in
      premenopausal patients, between groups with and without HPA staining in both time
      to first recurrence and survival time. HPA binding provides an extra tool for
      staging to aid decisions in early adjuvant treatment, with the advantage of being
      applicable to routinely fixed paraffin-embedded material.

PMID- 2883396
TI  - Coronary artery infusion of neuropeptide Y in patients with angina pectoris.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y was infused into a coronary artery of 6 patients with typical
      angina but no significant coronary stenosis. 3 patients had transient myocardial
      ischaemia, shown by typical pain and electrocardiographic change, at doses of 0.2
      pmol/kg per min in 2 patients and 1.0 pmol/kg per min in 1 patient. The
      arteriographic appearances suggested constriction of small vessels rather than
      constriction of epicardial coronary arteries. The ischaemia was completely
      reversed by intracoronary administration of isosorbide dinitrate with no adverse
      sequelae. This is the first demonstration of myocardial ischaemia in man induced
      by a peptide neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2883397
TI  - Diagnosis of type 1a and type 1c glycogen storage diseases in adults.
AB  - The hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase system was studied with a novel microanalytical
      technique in adult patients undergoing liver biopsy. 4 patients were diagnosed as
      having type 1 glycogen storage disease (GSD). 3 of these patients, who had
      hypoglycaemic symptoms, had variations of type 1a GSD, which is caused by a
      defect in the hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme. The fourth, with
      hepatomegaly and no hypoglycaemic symptoms, had a normal glucose-6-phosphatase
      enzyme but a defect in the hepatic microsomal phosphate/pyrophosphate translocase
      T2; this is the first report of an adult with type 1c GSD. Adult type 1 GSD
      should be considered in patients with unresolved hypoglycaemic symptoms and/or
      unresolved hepatomegaly.

PMID- 2883398
TI  - Haemorrhagic colitis and Vero-cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in England and
      Wales.
AB  - Vero-cytotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli (VTEC) were identified by
      the use of DNA probes in 39% of faecal samples from patients with haemorrhagic
      colitis in England and Wales. The patients with VTEC were distributed widely and
      their ages ranged from 2.5 to 86 years (mean 41). 3 patients died, including a
      child of 2.5 years. 30 of the 32 VTEC strains belonged to serogroup O157. Plating
      on sorbitol agar for non-fermenters followed by agglutination with a specific
      O157 antiserum was a useful screening method for O157 VT+ strains. However, it
      was not as sensitive as the DNA probe technique and did not detect VTEC of other
      serogroups.

PMID- 2883399
TI  - Vitamin A for measles.

PMID- 2883400
TI  - Management of drug addicts: hostility, humanity, and pragmatism.

PMID- 2883401
TI  - Select committee report on primary health care.

PMID- 2883403
TI  - Surgical training in the UK for doctors from overseas.

PMID- 2883402
TI  - Gilbert's syndrome--more questions than answers.

PMID- 2883404
TI  - Assessing disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2883405
TI  - Is it possible to predict the minimum size of the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in the United Kingdom?
AB  - A mathematical model of the dynamics of transmission of human immunodeficiency
      virus within the male homosexual population in the United Kingdom demonstrates
      that even the minimum size of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      epidemic in the United Kingdom (based upon the assumption that all transmission
      ceased at the end of 1986) is difficult to predict. Model predictions are
      particularly sensitive to assumptions about the distributed incubation period of
      the disease, differences in frequency and patterns of sexual activity, and the
      proportion of infected people in whom AIDS later develops. More accurate
      predictions will depend on the collection of data on the incubation period of the
      disease, the infectiousness of infected persons, and on the numbers of new sexual
      partners of each sex per person and the duration of each partnership.

PMID- 2883406
TI  - High-dose versus low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in hypogammaglobulinaemia
      and chronic lung disease.
AB  - In a randomised cross-over study 12 patients with antibody deficiency and chronic
      lung disease received monthly infusions of either 0.6 g/kg or 0.2 g/kg
      intravenous immunoglobulin for six months, and were then switched to the
      alternative dose for a further six months. Although the incidence of infections
      did not differ greatly in the high-dose and low-dose phases, the frequency of
      acute infection was substantially reduced in those periods when serum IgG was 500
      mg/dl or more. Pulmonary function worsened on the low-dose regimen and improved
      on the high-dose regimen.

PMID- 2883407
TI  - Insulin and atheroma--an update.

PMID- 2883408
TI  - Asthma death due to ibuprofen.

PMID- 2883409
TI  - Acupuncture and asthma.

PMID- 2883411
TI  - Eicosapentaenoic acid.

PMID- 2883410
TI  - Acupuncture to prevent cisplatin-associated vomiting.

PMID- 2883412
TI  - Ovarian cysts: management by puncture?

PMID- 2883413
TI  - No evidence for general thallium poisoning in Guyana.

PMID- 2883414
TI  - Safety of chorionic villus sampling.

PMID- 2883415
TI  - Viruses detected in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukaemia are
      identical on DNA blotting.

PMID- 2883416
TI  - Television endoscopy with prerecorded images for comparison.

PMID- 2883418
TI  - Clobetasol propionate ointment as first-aid for burns.

PMID- 2883417
TI  - Oral cancer in rural India.

PMID- 2883419
TI  - Bleeding associated with heparin contaminants.

PMID- 2883420
TI  - Subgroups of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.

PMID- 2883421
TI  - Central anticholinergic syndrome.

PMID- 2883422
TI  - Fatal rhabdomyolysis in marathon runner.

PMID- 2883423
TI  - Analgesia and anaesthesia in newborn babies and infants.

PMID- 2883424
TI  - Eurohealth.

PMID- 2883425
TI  - Fahraeus and erythrocyte sedimentation.

PMID- 2883426
TI  - Withholding unfavourable results in drug company sponsored clinical trials.

PMID- 2883427
TI  - Histiocytosis syndromes in children.

PMID- 2883429
TI  - AIDS and human milk bank closures.

PMID- 2883428
TI  - Complication of central venous catheterisation.

PMID- 2883430
TI  - Cryoprecipitate: a safe factor VIII replacement.

PMID- 2883431
TI  - Laboratory safety and HIV.

PMID- 2883432
TI  - Lack of HIV replication in arthropod cells.

PMID- 2883433
TI  - Effect of active and passive smoking on vascular reactivity in mothers and
      infants.

PMID- 2883434
TI  - Treatment failure of ofloxacin in Campylobacter pylori infection.

PMID- 2883435
TI  - Long-term survival of women diagnosed with breast cancer 1936-50.

PMID- 2883436
TI  - Bereavement and severe dementia.

PMID- 2883437
TI  - Psychologically determined death in anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2883438
TI  - Endotracheal adrenaline in cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2883439
TI  - Measures of nutritional status.

PMID- 2883440
TI  - Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis.

PMID- 2883441
TI  - House of Lords upholds decision to sterilise 17-year-old mentally handicapped
      girl.

PMID- 2883442
TI  - Prediction of rapid bone loss in postmenopausal women.
AB  - Bone loss was determined in 178 women in the early postmenopausal period by
      photon absorptiometry measurement of forearm bone mineral content (BMC) every 3
      months for 2 years. With a sequential cut-off technique, the results of a single
      determination of body fat mass, urinary calcium and hydroxyproline, and serum
      alkaline phosphatase, carried out at the first examination, correctly identified
      79% of "fast bone losers" (bone loss greater than 3% annually) and 78% of "slow
      bone losers". With this simple approach the majority of women at highest risk of
      osteoporotic fractures in later life can be identified in the early
      postmenopausal period and started on prophylactic hormone replacement therapy.

PMID- 2883443
TI  - Long-term outcome of treating rheumatoid arthritis: results after 20 years.
AB  - Outcome of therapy, in terms of functional capacity, radiological measures of
      joint damage, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor, and
      mortality, was determined prospectively in 112 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) patients treated for 20 years at one centre, where a policy of active
      treatment was pursued with the use of gold, chloroquine, steroids, and, in
      resistant cases, penicillamine or cytotoxic drugs. By 20 years 35% were dead.
      Mortality was often attributable to RA. Function improved in the early years of
      treatment but declined considerably between 10 and 20 years. At 20 years 19% were
      severely disabled. Radiographs showed related evidence of increasing joint
      destruction. The ESR and rheumatoid factor levels changed little. Age, late
      presentation, and rheumatoid factor seropositivity at presentation were poor
      prognostic factors. The concept of "remission-inducing" drugs is fallacious.
      Early treatment may be advantageous, but the prognosis of RA is not good.

PMID- 2883444
TI  - Beneficial effect of pre-transplant splenectomy on displacement bone marrow
      transplantation for Gaucher's syndrome.
AB  - 2 patients with fast and 4 with medium varieties of Gaucher's syndrome were
      treated by displacement bone marrow transplantation to install a donor enzyme
      factory for life. Immunoprophylaxis was given to prevent host impairment of
      normal enzymes. 5 patients showed rapid and remarkable improvement and were
      leading fully active lives at 310-1207 days postgraft. Hypersplenism caused the
      death of 1 patient and a stormy time for another. Pre-transplant elective
      splenectomy hastened recovery.

PMID- 2883445
TI  - Selection-adjusted comparison of life-expectancy of patients on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis, and renal transplantation.
AB  - To investigate the controversy surrounding the life-expectancy of patients on
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) compared with that of patients
      on haemodialysis or transplantation mortality data from 389 patients accepted for
      renal replacement therapy in Leicester between July, 1974, and July, 1985, were
      retrospectively analysed with respect to a wide range of pre-treatment variables
      (6 scales and 115 binary variables), by a method (Cox's) that adjusts for the
      distorting influence of selection bias. 9 independent variables were identified
      as having a significant influence on survival. Adverse factors were age,
      amyloidosis, ischaemic heart disease, convulsions, and acute presentation.
      Beneficial variables were male sex, parenthood, pyelonephritis, and residence in
      Leicestershire. By correcting for the influence of these variables and using time
      dependent treatment co-variates, the bias adjusted estimates of the relative risk
      of death were 1 for patients on CAPD, 1.30 for those on haemodialysis, and 1.09
      for patients who received transplants. These risks do not differ significantly
      from one another and suggest that CAPD is at least as effective as haemodialysis
      or transplantation at preserving life.

PMID- 2883446
TI  - Mapping the human genome.

PMID- 2883447
TI  - Vitamin D: new perspectives.

PMID- 2883448
TI  - Long-term EEG monitoring in epilepsy.

PMID- 2883450
TI  - Born 1837, still going strong.

PMID- 2883449
TI  - Uric acid in hypertension.

PMID- 2883451
TI  - A testing time for test-tube babies.

PMID- 2883452
TI  - Who needs molar units for drugs?
AB  - The standardisation of units for drug concentration measurement in clinical
      medicine is an urgent necessity. The obvious choice is mass units based on the
      litre. A change to molar units for drug concentrations would make no sense unless
      drugs were also prescribed in moles, which would cause disruption and
      inconvenience. There would be considerable danger to patients and the change
      would be expensive. Most importantly, molar units for drugs will not benefit
      doctors or their patients. Mass units should be retained and proposals for the
      adoption of molar units should be abandoned.

PMID- 2883454
TI  - Some pains I have known.

PMID- 2883453
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica infections and pork: the missing link.
AB  - To determine the risk factors for Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) infection in
      Belgium, which is the country with the highest incidence of this infection, 40
      persons with YE infections due to serotype O:3 (n = 36) or O:9 (n = 4) were
      compared with matched controls. Most patients had acute gastroenteritis; 1 had a
      liver abscess. 20% were admitted to hospital; the mean duration of hospital stay
      was 9 days. YE infection was strongly associated with eating raw pork in the 2
      weeks before onset (odds ratio = 12, p = 0.00002), a factor that accounted for
      58% of the YE infections studied. 14 (18%) of 79 families surveyed at a well-baby
      clinic fed their children raw pork from a median age of 18 months. Specific
      control measures to reduce contamination and consumption of raw pork may reduce
      the incidence of YE infections.

PMID- 2883455
TI  - Qualms about QALYs.

PMID- 2883456
TI  - Premenopausal hysterectomy and risk of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2883457
TI  - Clinical presentation of Schistosoma intercalatum infestation.

PMID- 2883458
TI  - Hypnosis for intractable vomiting.

PMID- 2883459
TI  - Optic glioma in children with neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2883460
TI  - Serological screening for Campylobacter pylori in candidates for renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2883461
TI  - Urine and faecal IgA response during naturally acquired infection with
      Campylobacter jejuni.

PMID- 2883462
TI  - CAPD peritonitis.

PMID- 2883463
TI  - Nutrition and oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 2883464
TI  - Osteoarthritis after blood-glucose self-monitoring.

PMID- 2883465
TI  - Complement activation in progressive systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 2883466
TI  - Human parvovirus and fetal anaemia.

PMID- 2883467
TI  - Exposure to Chlamydia psittaci in pregnancy.

PMID- 2883468
TI  - Fatigue and fatigability.

PMID- 2883469
TI  - Radiation and cancer epidemiology.

PMID- 2883470
TI  - Boycotts and medicine.

PMID- 2883471
TI  - Urine testing and drug abuse.

PMID- 2883473
TI  - Encouraging breastfeeding.

PMID- 2883472
TI  - The process of diagnosis.

PMID- 2883474
TI  - Student numbers and medical manpower.

PMID- 2883475
TI  - Yersinia infection and acute abdominal pain.

PMID- 2883476
TI  - Voluntary licensing and IVF/ET.

PMID- 2883477
TI  - Visual evoked responses and oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2883478
TI  - Radiation recall and radiosensitization with alkylating agents.

PMID- 2883479
TI  - Routes of HIV-2 transmission in western Europe.

PMID- 2883480
TI  - HIV-2 in blood donors and in different risk groups in France.

PMID- 2883481
TI  - Seronegativity and paediatric AIDS.

PMID- 2883482
TI  - Heterosexual transmission of HIV infection.

PMID- 2883483
TI  - Breast cancer screening.

PMID- 2883484
TI  - Heart attacks and lowering of blood pressure.

PMID- 2883485
TI  - Lowered blood pressure and the J-shaped curve.

PMID- 2883486
TI  - Handedness in children with birthweights below 1000 g.

PMID- 2883487
TI  - National AIDS trust: Mr Maxwell seeks pounds 50 million.

PMID- 2883488
TI  - Doxycycline prophylaxis for falciparum malaria.
AB  - 188 schoolchildren aged 10-15 living in a malaria endemic area along the Thai
      Burmese border were matched for age, splenomegaly, and weight and were then
      randomly assigned to receive either doxycycline (adult equivalent of 100 mg
      daily) or chloroquine (adult equivalent of 300 mg base weekly). All drugs were
      administered by the investigators and blood smears were done weekly. In 95
      subjects taking doxycycline for 597 man-weeks there were 5 cases of falciparum
      malaria and in the 93 controls taking chloroquine for 488 man-weeks there were
      31. Doxycycline was more effective than chloroquine in the prevention of
      falciparum malaria infections (p less than 0.0001). The doxycycline group did not
      have significantly more side-effects than the chloroquine group.

PMID- 2883489
TI  - Infants born to mothers seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus.
      Preliminary findings from a multicentre European study.
AB  - As part of a project within the European Community research activities on
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), infants born to human-immunodeficiency
      virus-seropositive mothers are being followed up from birth. By October, 1986, 71
      infants from Padua, Berlin, and Edinburgh had been followed up to a median age of
      6 months (range 1-15 months). Symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) had
      developed in 5, 3 of whom had died. The median age at antibody loss was during
      the 10th month. An estimated 75% will have lost maternal antibody by 12 months,
      but loss of antibody did not exclude infection confirmed by virus culture.
      Numbers were too small to draw conclusions about the risk of AIDS/ARC and mode of
      delivery or breast-feeding. The study suggested that the risk of AIDS/ARC is
      higher in infants born to mothers who have AIDS symptoms during pregnancy.

PMID- 2883490
TI  - Human-immunodeficiency-virus infections in infants negative for anti-HIV by
      enzyme-linked immunoassay.
AB  - Of 85 children with human-immuno-deficiency-virus (HIV) infection based on
      clinical (opportunistic infection), epidemiological (mother a drug addict or
      known to be HIV infected), and immunological (helper-T-cell deficiency and
      impaired proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen) features, 9 were found to
      lack antibody to HIV as measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay
      (ELISA). All 9 children had detectable levels of HIV antigen in simultaneous
      plasma specimens, measured by a sensitive antigen-capture ELISA. The use of the
      western blot assay and an ELISA with recombinant HIV antigens was able to
      identify HIV infection in 4 of the 9 children.

PMID- 2883492
TI  - LHRH analogues for contraception.

PMID- 2883491
TI  - Campylobacter pylori detected noninvasively by the 13C-urea breath test.
AB  - The high endogenous urease activity of Campylobacter pylori was exploited in a
      non-invasive test for the presence of this organism in the stomach. When 13C-urea
      was administered orally after a test meal, urea-derived 13CO2 appeared in the
      respiratory CO2 of infected individuals at a constant rate for greater than 100
      min. The test was validated in 26 individuals who underwent both the 13C-urea
      breath test and endoscopic biopsy of the antral mucosa for culture and
      histological examination. Each positive breath test proved to be correlated with
      a positive culture or Warthin-Starry silver stain of a mucosal biopsy specimen,
      or both.

PMID- 2883494
TI  - Input and outcome.

PMID- 2883493
TI  - Hearing problems in elderly people: implications for services.

PMID- 2883495
TI  - Vaccines against leprosy.

PMID- 2883496
TI  - Sunburn and melanoma.

PMID- 2883497
TI  - Are hospital services rationed in New Haven or over-utilised in Boston?
AB  - The populations of New Haven and Boston are demographically similar and receive
      most of their hospital care in university hospitals, but in 1982 their
      expenditures per head for inpatient care were $451 and $889, respectively. The
      685,400 residents of Boston incurred about $300 million more in hospital
      expenditures and used 739 more beds than they would have if the use rates for New
      Haven residents had applied. Most of the extra beds were invested in higher
      admission rates for medical conditions in which the decision to admit can be
      discretionary. The overall rates for major surgery were equal, but rates for some
      individual operations varied widely. These findings indicate that academic
      standards of care are compatible with widely varying patterns of practice and
      that medical care costs are not necessarily high in communities served largely by
      university hospitals. They also emphasise the need for increased attention to the
      outcome and cost implications of differences in practice styles.

PMID- 2883498
TI  - The new genetics: will it pay its way?
AB  - The number of genetic disorders detectable antenatally by the use of DNA probes
      has risen rapidly. The demand for diagnosis and termination of affected
      pregnancies in high-risk families is likely to increase as tests become more
      accurate and widely known. Each Regional Health Authority (RHA) must therefore
      urgently compare any financial savings to be made from a DNA diagnostic service
      with the cost of setting up and running a laboratory. There are great
      difficulties in conducting a formal cost-benefit analysis, but the pressing need
      for a cost appraisal made a more limited cost-savings approach necessary. This
      paper uses a broad-brush approach for all disorders and known costs for inpatient
      hospital care only. Despite the limitations of the method, in the two regions
      studied (North West and South East Thames) there would be clear savings at
      hospital level if a DNA screening laboratory were set up in each region. Funds
      released from treatment of genetic disorders could be used for other purposes.
      There are benefits to the families concerned, social service and educational
      savings, and other health service savings not considered here. On hospital costs
      alone there are benefits from the programme and wider consideration will make it
      more cost-effective. Once a programme is set up, new developments will make it
      even more cost-effective. It is concluded that RHAs should attach high priority
      to the setting up of such laboratories.

PMID- 2883500
TI  - Discordant priorities.

PMID- 2883499
TI  - Risk of unexplained stillbirth at different gestational ages.
AB  - In 40,635 deliveries in 1978-85, unexplained stillbirths were an important
      component (nearly a quarter) of all perinatal deaths. The rate of unexplained
      stillbirth (unexplained stillbirths divided by total births) was highest among
      preterm deliveries, fell to a minimum at 39-40 weeks' gestation, then rose at 41
      42 weeks. Rate is generally accepted as measuring risk, but since it is the
      population of undelivered, not delivered, infants that is at risk of intrauterine
      death, stillbirth risk would be better measured as the number of impending
      stillbirths divided by the total number of undelivered fetuses. With this measure
      the risk of unexplained stillbirth was least in preterm pregnancies, rising
      fourfold after 39 weeks to a maximum at 41 weeks. At this time, it was also four
      times higher than at 33 weeks, in contrast to the rate, which was nineteen times
      lower.

PMID- 2883501
TI  - The right to drink.

PMID- 2883502
TI  - First results with ICS 205-930 (5-HT3 receptor antagonist) in prevention of
      chemotherapy-induced emesis.

PMID- 2883503
TI  - Sudden death in cocaine abusers: relation to neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2883504
TI  - Multiple sclerosis (not tropical spastic paraparesis) on Key West, Florida.

PMID- 2883505
TI  - Multiple sclerosis on islands.

PMID- 2883506
TI  - Seropositivity to HIV-1 and HIV-2.

PMID- 2883507
TI  - Thiamine deficiency, Wernicke's encephalopathy, and AIDS.

PMID- 2883508
TI  - False negative result by the wellcozyme anti-HIV assay in testing an HIV positive
      haemophiliac.

PMID- 2883509
TI  - Diabetes and end-stage renal failure.

PMID- 2883510
TI  - Specific antibody and virus antigen expression in congenital HIV infection.

PMID- 2883511
TI  - Eicosapentaenoic acid in fat.

PMID- 2883513
TI  - Trisomy 21 mosaicism and maternal age effect.

PMID- 2883512
TI  - Fatty acid pattern and ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 2883515
TI  - Confidence in clinical tests.

PMID- 2883514
TI  - Danger of hypotonic half-Darrow's solution.

PMID- 2883516
TI  - Evaluation of a new blood glucose meter.

PMID- 2883517
TI  - Chernobyl and hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2883519
TI  - Irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2883518
TI  - Timing of hepatitis B revaccination in healthy adults.

PMID- 2883520
TI  - Joggers grow old.

PMID- 2883521
TI  - Medical manpower and student numbers.

PMID- 2883523
TI  - Food irradiation.

PMID- 2883522
TI  - Europe against cancer.

PMID- 2883524
TI  - PROST for ovum donation.

PMID- 2883525
TI  - Low serum albumin and failure of fixation of hip fractures.

PMID- 2883526
TI  - Myoedema as a clinical sign in paralytic rabies.

PMID- 2883527
TI  - Chloroquine and hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 2883528
TI  - Myelosuppression after methotrexate, mitoxantrone, and mitomycin C.

PMID- 2883529
TI  - Halothane allergy as cause of acne.

PMID- 2883530
TI  - Psychiatric effects of steroids.

PMID- 2883531
TI  - Topical cyclosporin and immunologically-mediated skin disorders.

PMID- 2883532
TI  - Septic complications after chorionic villus sampling.

PMID- 2883533
TI  - Calcium solutions for cardiac resuscitation.

PMID- 2883534
TI  - Outcome for survivors from respiratory-distress syndrome.

PMID- 2883535
TI  - Pre-trial exchange of expert evidence to become normal practice in medical
      negligence actions.

PMID- 2883536
TI  - Causes of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2883537
TI  - [Causes and treatment of seasickness].
AB  - Seasickness is usually induced by conflicting sensory cues. However, very little
      is known about the neural pathways and processes which play a role in the
      development of nausea. Since the symptoms, for example, pallor, sweating and
      vomiting are all of parasympathetic origin, the common antiemetic drugs are
      anticholinergically efficient. More recently, additional drugs and modified forms
      of application have been introduced to reduce the soporific side effects. It is
      pointed out that onboard behaviour and even choice of vessel can be of more
      importance than use of antivertiginous drugs. Besides attention to the individual
      adaptation to the atypical seagoing environment, simple behaviour patterns such
      as fixation on the horizon, avoiding of head movements and reduction of
      conflicting sensory cues can be very effective in reducing symptoms.

PMID- 2883538
TI  - [Anxiety and technics].

PMID- 2883539
TI  - [Causes of coronary heart disease].

PMID- 2883540
TI  - [Mortality, excess mortality, fatalities and the probability of survival].

PMID- 2883541
TI  - [Mean age at death for selected causes of death and the mortality rate in West
      Germany 1958 and 1978].

PMID- 2883542
TI  - [Acute natural death at public places in a large city].

PMID- 2883543
TI  - [Increased occurrence of deaths due to hypothermia caused by surprise cold
      fronts].

PMID- 2883544
TI  - [Previous injuries in private accident insurance].

PMID- 2883545
TI  - [Rational pharmacotherapy of anxiety states].

PMID- 2883546
TI  - Effects of chronic ethanol treatment on amino acid uptake and enzyme activities
      in the lactating rat mammary gland.
AB  - The effects of chronic ethanol consumption on mammary gland amino acid uptake at
      the 15th day of lactation in the rat have been studied. Ethanol treatment
      decreased the arterial levels of Ala, Asp, Gly, Pro, Lys and Met, and increased
      those of Gln and alpha-amino-butyrate. Chronic ethanol treatment produced a
      decrease in the arteriovenous differences of Asp, Thr, Arg, Met and Phe, and
      increased those of Ala, Gln, Gly, Pro and Tyr. The combination of the calculated
      values of relative extraction and the arteriovenous differences indicate that
      these alterations in amino acid uptake are related to changes in the transport
      process for Ala, Asp, Thr, Pro, Arg, Asn, Gly, Tyr, and Phe, and that the
      alterations in the arteriovenous differences of Gln, Lys and Met are due to the
      affected arterial levels of these amino acids. Measurements of enzymatic
      activities in the mammary gland show that these alterations in the amino acid
      transport process cannot be ascribed to changes in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.

PMID- 2883547
TI  - Regulation of somatostatin-14 and gastrin I binding sites in rat gastrointestinal
      mucosa by ulcerogenic dose of cysteamine.
AB  - A single duodenal ulcerogenic dose of cysteamine administered into rats induced
      time-dependent depletion of immunoreactive somatostatin in the gastric corporeal,
      antral, and duodenal mucosa with a parallel increase (up-regulation) of
      somatostatin binding sites. The concentration of somatostatin binding sites
      returned to the control level in the corporeal mucosa when measured at 24 hrs;
      however, in the duodenal mucosa there was only a partial return to the control
      level. Somatostatin binding sites in the antral mucosa did not return to control
      level even after 24 hrs. Except for the duodenum mucosal immunoreactive gastrin
      level was unaffected by cysteamine administration, but corporeal mucosal gastrin
      I binding sites were diminished (down-regulation) after 24 hrs.

PMID- 2883549
TI  - Glafenine-associated hepatic injury: 38 or 5 cases?

PMID- 2883548
TI  - Adrenoceptors and the pharmacology of affective illness: a unifying theory.
AB  - Based on recent clinical and preclinical research, it is theorized that antimanic
      and antidepressant effects of clinically available drugs can be produced through
      their actions on alpha-1 adrenoreceptor-mediated neurotransmission in the central
      nervous system. The theory suggests that final effects on alpha-1 mediated
      neurotransmission may be produced not only by drugs which have direct effects on
      the alpha-1 receptor or its second messenger, but also by drugs having effects on
      neurotransmitter systems such as acetylcholine, GABA, and serotonin, among
      others, which modulate the activity of central norepinephrine neurons or, via
      feedback mechanisms, by drugs having effects on adrenergic receptors other than
      the alpha-1 receptor itself.

PMID- 2883550
TI  - The right to refuse antipsychotic medication: who decides?

PMID- 2883552
TI  - [Plasma lipoproteins in alcoholic liver diseases].

PMID- 2883551
TI  - Running-related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations.
AB  - A number of reports indicate an extremely low running-related injury frequency in
      barefoot populations in contrast to reports about shod populations. It is
      hypothesized that the adaptations which produce shock absorption, an inherent
      consequence of barefoot activity and a mechanism responsible for the low injury
      frequency in unshod populations, are related to deflection of the medial
      longitudinal arch of the foot on loading. It is also hypothesized that the known
      inability of this arch of the shod foot to deflect without failure (foot
      rigidity) is responsible for the high injury frequency in shod populations. To
      evaluate these hypotheses, 17 recreational runners were analyzed to study the
      adaptive pattern of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot due to increased
      barefoot weight-bearing activity. Changes occurred in the medial longitudinal
      arch which allowed deflection of this arch on loading which substantiated the
      hypotheses. Other evidence suggests that sensory feedback largely from the
      glabrous epithelium of the foot is the element of barefoot activity which induced
      these adaptations. The sensory insulation inherent in the modern running shoe
      appears responsible for the high injury frequency associated with running. The
      injuries are considered "pseudo-neuropathic" in nature.

PMID- 2883553
TI  - [Changes in the sensitivity of cardiovascular beta adrenergic receptors after
      sinoaortic denervation in rats].

PMID- 2883554
TI  - [Effect of music on the general feeling of persons performing monotonous work].
AB  - The investigation was aimed at checking the influence of music on subjective
      symptoms of workers carrying out monotonous work. The investigation was divided
      into two stages: without music and with music. The investigation covered 80 women
      employed as electronic equipment fitters, mean age 26.5, and average length of
      employment 4 years. The scale of subjective appraisal of general feeling was
      applied. Music transmitted at monotonous workplaces was found to eliminate of
      considerably decrease the intensity of unfavourable subjective felt symptoms
      induced by monotonous work.

PMID- 2883555
TI  - [Various aspects of the ecology of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) from a plains
      area (Calabria Farms) in Jacarepagua, Rio de Janeiro. V. Breeding grounds].
AB  - Results are presented of observations on the breeding places of mosquitoes,
      carried out in a coastal lowland farm--Granjas Calabria, in Jacarepgua, city of
      Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The majority of species preferred breeding places on the
      ground, chiefly the natural ones, but also developed in those originated from
      human activities. Cx. saltanensis and the species belonging to the Aedini tribe,
      such as Ae. scapularis, Ae. taeniorhynchus, Ps. ciliata, Ps. confinnis and Ps.
      pseudomelanota were more abundant in temporary breeding places, while Ma.
      titillans, Cx. amazonensis, Cx. chidesteri, Cx. bidens, Cx. declarator, Cx.
      nigripalpus and Cx. plectoporpe occurred usually in the permanent ones. Some
      species were collected in natural recipients: Cx. ocellatus, the Cx.
      (Microculex), Ph. davisi, Ph. deanei and Wy. forcipenis, in bromeliads; Ae.
      terrens, Cx. imitator and Cx. gairus, in tree-holes; and Wy. leucostigma, in the
      submerged Typha dominguensis leaf axils. Cx. gairus was found for the first time
      breeding in artificial containers, which were also preferred by Cx. corniger, Cx.
      quinquefasciatus and Li. durhami.

PMID- 2883556
TI  - Lack of effect of somatostatin on epinephrine-stimulated glucose production in
      the dog.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin on epinephrine-stimulated hepatic glucose production
      were assessed in the conscious overnight fasted dog. Glucose production was
      measured using a primed constant infusion of 3-3H-glucose. Two experiments were
      performed on each of four animals, each experiment consisting of a tracer
      equilibration period (80 minutes), a control period (40 minutes), and a test
      period (180 minutes). In the first experiment, epinephrine was infused at 0.08
      microgram/kg/min during the test period so that the plasma concentration rose
      from 138 +/- 4 to 727 +/- 109 pg/mL. In the second experiment two weeks later,
      epinephrine was again infused (112 +/- 17 to 727 +/- 148 pg/mL) but with
      somatostatin (0.8 microgram/kg/min) and intraportal replacement amounts of
      insulin and glucagon. The pancreatic hormones were administered in such a way as
      to mimic the insulin and glucagon levels observed during epinephrine infusion in
      the first experiment. In the first experiment, epinephrine caused changes in
      insulin and glucagon levels at five minutes of plus 9 +/- 1 microU/mL and minus 1
      +/- 3 pg/mL, respectively, and averaged plus 6 +/- 2 microU/mL and minus 9 +/- 5
      pg/mL over the first hour. Glucose production peaked at 15 minutes (increment of
      0.83 +/- 0.24 mg/kg/min) and increased by an average of 0.38 +/- 0.12 mg/kg/min
      in the first hour. In the second experiment, intraportal replacement of insulin
      and glucagon during epinephrine infusion resulted in changes in insulin and
      glucagon levels at five minutes of plus 8 +/- 3 microU/mL and plus 2 +/- 2 pg/mL,
      respectively, and averaged plus 4 +/- 2 microU/mL and minus 7 +/- 6 pg/mL over
      the first hour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883557
TI  - Effects of delipidation on proton translocation and ATPase activity in beef heart
      electron transport particles.
AB  - Delipidation of beef heart electron transport particles with phospholipase A2 has
      been examined. When the particles were treated with the lipase and subjected to a
      low bovine serum albumin wash, ATPase activity was unaffected as was the
      lipid/protein ratio of the particles. However, energisation by ATP/Mg2+ was
      abolished. Furthermore, unsaturated but not saturated fatty acids discharged the
      steady-state ATP-driven membrane potential of control samples. When the
      phospholipase A2 hydrolysis products were removed, inhibition of energy-linked
      reactions in the lipid-depleted particles was still observed and was interpreted
      in terms of non-specific leaks in the vesicle membranes, and 'specific' leaks
      through impaired H+-ATPase complexes. ATPase activity was less susceptible to
      delipidation than energisation but was, nevertheless, strongly inhibited at 50
      percent lipid depletion. Spin label studies indicated a decrease in the fluidity
      of particle membranes accompanying delipidation. Moreover, the discontinuity seen
      in Arrhenius plots of ATPase activity was shifted from 17 degrees C (control) to
      22 degrees C at 50 percent phospholipid depletion. The data are consistent with a
      release of unsaturated fatty acids by phospholipase A2 rendering the transport
      particles both leakier and the membranes less fluid than controls.

PMID- 2883558
TI  - Surface properties of Escherichia coli strains responsible for urinary
      infections.
AB  - Many studies shown that the capacity of the bacteria to adhere to the host cells
      is a fundamental requisite to the onset of any colonization process and hence
      infection. Our results shown that E. coli strains from patients with recurring
      urinary tract infections showed a high degree of surface hydrophobicity,
      correlated with the presence of numerous fimbriae with respect to a control
      group.

PMID- 2883559
TI  - Correlation between growth rate and loss of histamine-sensitizing factor during
      antigenic modulation in Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - The pattern of loss of histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) during antigenic
      modulation of Bordetella pertussis in Hornibrook medium was examined. The aim was
      to determine the possible underlying mechanism involved in modulation. Normal (X
      mode) B. pertussis cells were grown in Hornibrook medium in which 0.5% (w/v) NaCl
      had been replaced with 0.5% (w/v) MgSO4. 7H2O (C-medium). At various time
      intervals during growth, the viable cell numbers and optical densities of both
      cultures in the X- and C-media were estimated. Whole cells were harvested from
      the cultures at the same time intervals and aliquots from the cultures were
      assayed for the levels of their histamine-sensitizing properties. Correlation of
      the increase in viable cell numbers with rate of loss of histamine-sensitizing
      activity in both the cells and whole cultures indicated that components
      responsible for the histamine-sensitizing activity were not synthesized during
      modulation. Moreover, the loss of HSF from B. pertussis cells was faster than can
      be explained by dilution of the original factor in the inoculum among progeny
      cells. Modulation may involve cessation of synthesis and selective degradation or
      denaturation of some envelope polypeptides immediately upon inoculation of normal
      X-mode B. pertussis cells into C-medium.

PMID- 2883560
TI  - Guanfacine for hypertension.

PMID- 2883561
TI  - [Combined infections in the pathology of larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes. 1.
      Entomopathogenic qualities of bacterial complexes].

PMID- 2883562
TI  - [Larvicidal activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis H-l4, strain BTS-393,
      preparation kept in long-term storage].

PMID- 2883563
TI  - [Discovery in the territory of the USSR of Entomophthora aquatica Anderson et
      Ringo pathogenic to mosquitoes].

PMID- 2883565
TI  - [Prospects of improving microbial larvicides and methods of control of blood
      sucking insects and disease vectors].

PMID- 2883564
TI  - [Species composition and density of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)
      infesting the suburbs of Ustinov in the Udmurt ASSR].

PMID- 2883566
TI  - [Blood-sucking mosquitoes in the area of the pioneer camp Druzhba in the Udmurt
      ASSR].

PMID- 2883567
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of beta-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate
      cyclase: implications of a redox mechanism for the action of agonists at beta
      adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The present studies have tested the hypothesis that agonists at beta-adrenergic
      receptors activate the beta-receptors by reducing them. This was examined by
      analyzing the interactions of 41 beta-agonists and antagonists with the
      receptors. The structural features which determined binding affinity (KD) were
      shown to be distinct from those which determined intrinsic, activity (IA). The IA
      was shown to be related to the oxidation-reduction properties which were
      determined primarily by the nature of the substituents on the phenyl ring. Thus,
      the parent compound phenylethanolamine, having no phenolic substituent, acted as
      an antagonist (IA = 0) and was also redox inactive. All of the antagonists tested
      (19) exhibited EP (peak potential for the first oxidative wave) values greater
      than 0.75 V, suggesting that they were difficult to oxidize. Agonists, however,
      exhibited a wide range of EP (0.25-0.7 V) with values lower than those of the
      antagonists. The agonists tested include catecholamines, catecholamine analogs
      bearing meta-substituted amino functionalities (such as amino, methylamino,
      formanilide, sulfonamide, urea, and carbamate), resorcinol, and hydroxymethyl
      congeners. It is proposed that the oxidizing tendency of the substituent on the
      phenyl ring is one of the factors that influences IA. To test the hypothesis
      further, we electrolytically oxidized isoproterenol to adrenochrome or to the o
      quinone intermediate and tested for activity. The 4e-, 4H+-oxidation product
      adrenochrome did not bind to or stimulate adenylate cyclase, suggesting that the
      reducing ability to isoproterenol is important for its agonistic activity. A
      cyclic redox mechanism for the action of agonists at beta-adrenergic receptors is
      presented. We propose that agonist are electron donors. Their interactions with
      receptors result in reduction leading to activation of the receptors.

PMID- 2883568
TI  - On the structure-activity relationship of histamine H2-receptor antagonists based
      on the X-ray crystal structures and 1H-NMR spectra of amidine derivatives.
AB  - The conformation of six amidine compounds, which possess a common 3-[(4
      thiazolyl)methylthio]propionylamidine framework but exhibit different activities
      as histamine H2-receptor antagonists, have been subjected to both single crystal
      X-ray structural and 1H-NMR analyses. The X-ray studies suggest a correlation
      between antagonist activity and the relative spatial orientation of the thiazolyl
      and amidine nitrogen atoms. This correlation is supported by a comparison of the
      conformations observed for the amidines with those of other H2-receptor
      antagonists and reveal that a folded conformation, specifically the NH...N
      intramolecular hydrogen-bonded configuration, is important for antagonist
      activity. The 1H-NMR measurements on the active amidine compounds show that the
      intramolecular NH...N bond is likely to be present in solution.

PMID- 2883569
TI  - The transport of S-cysteine conjugates in LLC-PK1 cells and its role in toxicity.
AB  - The transport of S-cysteine conjugates was studied in the kidney cell line, LLC
      PK1, using the nephrotoxin, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (L-DCVC), as the
      model compound. The saturable uptake of this conjugate did not require sodium and
      was selectively inhibited by the amino acid transport system L-specific
      substrate, 2-amino-2-norbornane carboxylic acid, as well as a variety of other S
      cysteine conjugates and neutral amino acids with large, nonpolar side chains.
      Kinetic studies suggested the existence of both low and high affinity transport
      systems with Km values that differed by 25-fold. Although these uptake systems
      showed no discernible differences in substrate specificity, the low affinity
      transport was more sensitive to trans-stimulation. L-DCVC uptake in subconfluent
      cultures was about 3-fold that of confluent cells, suggesting either adaptive
      regulation to cell growth or polarization of transport to the basolateral
      membrane. L-DCVC toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells was inhibited in the presence of
      nontoxic transport substrates but was potentiated when cells were preloaded with
      many of the same compounds, indicating that transport may be a rate-limiting
      factor in L-DCVC-induced toxicity under certain circumstances. The possible role
      of this system L-like uptake in the transport of S-cysteine conjugates in vivo is
      discussed.

PMID- 2883570
TI  - Alteration of intracellular cAMP levels and beating rates of cultured chick
      cardiac cells by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis, the pathogen responsible for whooping cough, releases a
      soluble calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase into its culture medium which
      enters several different types of animal cells and elevates intracellular cAMP.
      In this study, the influence of B. pertussis adenylate cyclase on intracellular
      cAMP levels of cultured chick cardiac cells and the beating rates of chick
      cardiac cell aggregates was examined. Treatment with B. pertussis adenylate
      cyclase caused up to a 60-fold increase in intracellular cAMP which was
      significantly greater than that caused by forskolin or isoproterenol. Increases
      in intracellular cAMP caused by B. pertussis adenylate cyclase were observed
      within 2 min after treating cells with the enzyme, and binding of calmodulin to
      the enzyme inhibited these effects. In addition, high concentrations of the
      enzyme completely inhibited the beating of cardiac cells. However, lower
      concentrations of the adenylate cyclase accelerated beating rates 30-40% and
      cardiac cells continued to beat at an accelerated rate for at least 30 min. These
      data indicate that B. pertussis adenylate cyclase invades chick cardiac cells and
      catalyzes significant increases in intracellular cAMP. It is proposed that the
      effect of the enzyme on the beating rates of heart cell aggregates may be due to
      alteration of intracellular cAMP levels.

PMID- 2883573
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 18-1987. A 31-year-old asthmatic woman with rapidly progressive
      multisystem disease.

PMID- 2883571
TI  - Characterisation of the structure and expression of the gene encoding a major
      female specific polypeptide of Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - A previously described cDNA clone, pSF10, of Schistosoma mansoni encoding the
      very dominant female specific polypeptide (FSP) has been used to characterize the
      gene and its expression. The gene is detectable in different isolates of S.
      mansoni and is estimated to be present in 3 copies per haploid genome. The gene
      is not sex linked and exhibits neither amplification nor rearrangement
      concomitant with expression. Expression of the gene by parasites maturing in
      hamsters is first detected after 5 weeks when the RNA is present at 1/10 the
      level of that of 6 week worms. Although the FSP gene is specifically and highly
      expressed by egg laying female worms a corresponding polypeptide produced by the
      cell-free translation of RNA is not detectable. It was confirmed, however, that
      pSF10 does indeed encode a mRNA by DNA sequence analysis. The sequence
      demonstrated a mRNA containing a poly(A) tail and two open reading frames. One
      reading contains no methionine but is very high (47%) in glycine. This amino acid
      composition could account for the inability to detect the gene product by cell
      free translation in the presence of [35S]methionine.

PMID- 2883572
TI  - Localization and identification of an Entamoeba histolytica adhesin.
AB  - The adherence of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to target cells was studied
      by using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and adhesion-deficient mutants of the
      parasite. MAbs Adh-1 and Adh-2 reacted with a surface protein of approximately
      112 kDa of the total proteins of trophozoites from the wild type strain, clone A,
      strain HM1:IMSS. Both MAbs reacted weakly with the adhesion-deficient mutant
      clones, C-98, C-919 and C-923, all derived from HM1:IMSS. MAbs Adh-1 and Adh-2
      incubated with trophozoites from clone A inhibited adherence to red blood cells,
      erythrophagocytosis and cytopathic effect on cell culture monolayers. Antibodies
      against a approximately 112 kDa polypeptide were found in the sera from patients
      with hepatic abscess. These results demonstrate that the adherence of
      trophozoites to target cells is a necessary event in order for cytopathogenicity
      to occur.

PMID- 2883574
TI  - Infection with HTLV-I and HTLV-III in T8 lymphoproliferative disease.

PMID- 2883575
TI  - Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of
      the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS).
AB  - To evaluate the influence of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor
      enalapril (2.5 to 40 mg per day) on the prognosis of severe congestive heart
      failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class IV), we randomly
      assigned 253 patients in a double-blind study to receive either placebo (n = 126)
      or enalapril (n = 127). Conventional treatment for heart failure, including the
      use of other vasodilators, was continued in both groups. Follow-up averaged 188
      days (range, 1 day to 20 months). The crude mortality at the end of six months
      (primary end point) was 26 percent in the enalapril group and 44 percent in the
      placebo group--a reduction of 40 percent (P = 0.002). Mortality was reduced by 31
      percent at one year (P = 0.001). By the end of the study, there had been 68
      deaths in the placebo group and 50 in the enalapril group--a reduction of 27
      percent (P = 0.003). The entire reduction in total mortality was found to be
      among patients with progressive heart failure (a reduction of 50 percent),
      whereas no difference was seen in the incidence of sudden cardiac death. A
      significant improvement in NYHA classification was observed in the enalapril
      group, together with a reduction in heart size and a reduced requirement for
      other medication for heart failure. The overall withdrawal rate was similar in
      both groups, but hypotension requiring withdrawal occurred in seven patients in
      the enalapril group and in no patients in the placebo group. After the initial
      dose of enalapril was reduced to 2.5 mg daily in high-risk patients, this side
      effect was less frequent. We conclude that the addition of enalapril to
      conventional therapy in patients with severe congestive heart failure can reduce
      mortality and improve symptoms. The beneficial effect on mortality is due to a
      reduction in death from the progression of heart failure.

PMID- 2883576
TI  - Polymorphic gene marker studies.

PMID- 2883577
TI  - Development of DNA probes to investigate genetic variation of alcohol
      metabolizing enzymes.

PMID- 2883578
TI  - Of how great significance?

PMID- 2883579
TI  - CD4+ murine T cells develop from CD8+ precursors in vivo.
AB  - The adult murine thymus contains four subpopulations of thymocytes defined by the
      T-cell surface antigens CD4 (L3T4) (a marker of helper T cells) and CD8 (Lyt2) (a
      marker of cytotoxic/suppressor T cells): CD4+8- and CD4-8+ (single positives),
      CD4+8+ (double positives) and CD4-8- (double negatives). To understand how T
      cells develop in the thymus, it is important to determine the lineage
      relationships among these subpopulations. In particular, the status of double
      positives, which make up approximately 80% of the total thymocyte population, has
      long been controversial. Some purpose that double positives are 'dead-end cells'
      that all die in the thymus, perhaps because they have been rejected by some
      selection process. Others suggest that, although most double positives die in the
      thymus, some develop into the more mature single positives that leave the thymus.
      The experiments presented here show that repeated injections of anti-CD8
      monoclonal antibodies block the development of CD4+ cells, demonstrating that
      these cells develop from CD8+ precursors, probably double positive thymocytes, in
      vivo.

PMID- 2883580
TI  - Cystic fibrosis. Classical and reverse genetics.

PMID- 2883581
TI  - A candidate for the cystic fibrosis locus isolated by selection for methylation
      free islands.
AB  - A genomic sequence close to the cystic fibrosis locus with the characteristics of
      an HTF island has been selectively cloned and characterized. Two markers flanking
      this sequence, which is conserved throughout mammalian evolution, show a very
      much greater disequilibrium than that found with any existing marker. A single
      mutational event accounts for most cases of cystic fibrosis. The sequence is
      expressed, and is a candidate for the cystic fibrosis gene.

PMID- 2883582
TI  - Insect evolution. Molecules and morphology.

PMID- 2883583
TI  - Differential effects of various secretagogues on quantal transmitter release from
      mouse motor nerve terminals treated with botulinum A and tetanus toxin.
AB  - Electrophysiological and electron microscopic techniques were used to investigate
      the actions of potassium depolarization, black widow venom (BWSV), Ca2+-ionophore
      A 23187 and hyperosmotic solution on mouse hemidiaphragms poisoned in vitro with
      botulinum A toxin (BoTx) and tetanus toxin (TeTx). These neurotoxins reduced the
      frequency of miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps) from 5/s of the control to
      2/min and 21/min, respectively. High potassium (25 mmol/l) increased the m.e.p.p.
      frequency at BoTx- and TeTx-poisoned endplates to 30/min and 50/s, respectively.
      The ultrastructure of endplates showed no obvious changes. BWSV (0.04 glands/ml)
      was just as effective in promoting transmitter release from BoTx-treated
      endplates as in control preparations. Electron micrographs revealed depletion of
      vesicles as well as swollen and disrupted mitochondria. When preparations were
      pretreated with TeTx, BWSV only moderately increased transmitter release and no
      alterations of the ultrastructure could be observed. At TeTx- or BoTx-poisoned
      endplates Ca2+-ionophore A 23187 usually produced an extreme reduction of
      m.e.p.p.-frequency (0.005/s), sometimes preceded by a short burst-like release.
      The ultrastructure of these endplates was not obviously affected. Application of
      hyperosmotic solution to BoTx- or TeTx-poisoned preparations further reduced the
      already low m.e.p.p.-frequency. These results further demonstrate that TeTx and
      BoTx act at different sites in the transmitter releasing process.

PMID- 2883584
TI  - B-HT 920 and B-HT 958: presynaptic effects on electrically evoked 3H-dopamine
      release from slices of rat nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The effects of two thiazoloazepine derivatives, B-HT 920 (6-allyl-2-amino-5,6,7,8
      tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo[4,5-d]azepine) and B-HT 958 (2-amino-6-(p-chloro-benzyl)
      4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-d]a zepine) on electrically evoked overflow of
      3H-dopamine were studied. Slices from nucleus accumbens of the rat were
      preincubated with 3H-dopamine and superfused at 23 degrees C or 37 degrees C.
      Electrical field stimulation was applied using frequencies of 0.5 or 5 Hz. At 37
      degrees C/5 Hz, B-HT 920 markedly and dose-dependently (0.01-0.1 mumol/l) reduced
      the stimulation evoked overflow of tritium. Its dose-response curve was shifted
      to the right at 23 degrees C/0.5 Hz and 23 degrees C/5 Hz, respectively. A
      similar result was obtained with the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine (1
      mumol/l). B-HT 958 (0.1-10 mumol/l) also reduced electrically induced overflow of
      tritium at 37 degrees C/5 Hz, had no effect at 23 degrees C/0.5 Hz, and
      facilitated tritium overflow at 23 degrees C/5 Hz. Sulpiride (10 mumol/l)
      completely prevented the effects of B-HT 920 (1 mumol/l) or B-HT 958 (1 mumol/l)
      at 37 degrees C/5 Hz, whereas phentolamine (1 mumol/l) had no effect on the
      actions of the two drugs under these experimental conditions. From the patterns
      of effects obtained under the different experimental conditions it is concluded
      that B-HT 920 acts as full agonist at presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors whereas
      B-HT 958 acts as partial agonist.

PMID- 2883586
TI  - [Prune-belly syndrome: experiences with 9 patients].

PMID- 2883587
TI  - [Narcotic analgesics with attention to special routes of administration].

PMID- 2883585
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in
      isolated canine mesenteric arteries and veins.
AB  - This investigation was undertaken to characterize the postsynaptic alpha
      adrenoceptors in isolated canine mesenteric arterial and venous preparations.
      Contractile responses to cumulative additions of phenylephrine (selective alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonist), UK-14,304 (selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist),
      noradrenaline (non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonist), and dopamine (non
      selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonist) were measured in the presence and absence
      of rauwolscine, a selective alpha 2-antagonist, and terazosin, a selective alpha
      1-antagonist. Phenylephrine was a more potent agonist in the mesenteric artery
      than in the mesenteric vein; UK-14,304 exhibited the opposite profile of
      activity. Terazosin was a more potent antagonist than rauwolscine against each of
      the agonists, except dopamine, in the mesenteric artery but rauwolscine was more
      potent than terazosin in the vein. Terazosin and rauwolscine were equipotent in
      inhibiting the contractile responses to dopamine in the artery while rauwolscine
      was more potent than terazosin in the vein. The pA2 values measured in both
      vessels failed, however, to demonstrate a high selectivity for either alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist. These results suggest that the alpha-adrenoceptors in
      the canine mesenteric artery and vein exhibit pharmacological characteristic
      typical of both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes.

PMID- 2883588
TI  - [Effects of aspartic acid in the electroreceptors of the skate].
AB  - To identify the afferent transmitter in ampullary electroreceptors of the marine
      skates effects of L-aspartic acid (L-ASP) were examined using bath application of
      the drug. Perfusion of the basal membrane with L-ASP produced an increase in
      activity in most experiments (threshold concentrations 10(-7) M). L-GLU and L-ASP
      were identical in their ability to activate the afferents. In the presence of
      presynaptic blockade (high Mg2+) bath application of L-ASP restored the resting
      activity, suggesting a postsynaptic action of L-ASP. The results are consistent
      with the view that L-GLU, L-ASP or a related compound may play a role in afferent
      transmission in the ampullae of Lorenzini of skates.

PMID- 2883589
TI  - Effects of branched chain amino acids, pyruvate, or ketone bodies on the free
      amino acid pool and release from brain cortex slices of normal and streptozotocin
      diabetic rats.
AB  - Brain cortex slices from diabetic rats incubated in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate
      (KRB)--glucose medium show, compared to the normals, a 75% higher glutamine
      content. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) added, at 0.5mM each, to this medium
      increase (53%) the glutamine content in the normal slices but have no effect on
      the glutamine content in the slices from diabetic rats. When the incubation
      medium is KRB-pyruvate, glutamine and glutamate contents are lower than in the
      KRB-glucose medium. The addition of BCAA in the KRB-pyruvate medium partially
      restores the contents of glutamine in the normal and of glutamine plus glutamate
      in the diabetic. Keto acids or BCAA added to the incubation medium of normal
      slices decrease the pool of most of the neutral and acidic amino acids but they
      do not affect this pool in slices from the diabetic rats. In addition keto acids
      increase the ratio glutamate in the tissue: glutamate in the medium.

PMID- 2883590
TI  - Neurotransmitter enzyme activities in neurons purified by bulk-isolation.
AB  - Neurons, purified by bulk-isolation procedures from 10 day-old rat brain, are 80
      90% homogeneous. Contaminants are primarily blood vessels and occasional
      oligodendroglia. All sizes and shapes of neurons are obtained, as they are
      isolated from all areas of the brain, except the cerebellum. Neurotransmitter
      enzyme activities involved in the metabolism of catecholamines, acetylcholine,
      and GABA are found at twice the level in these purified neurons when compared to
      that found in whole brain tissue. However, acetycholinesterase is found at a
      similar activity as in whole brain tissue, suggesting its localization in other
      cell types as well. Thus purified rat neurons are a good model system for
      studying neuronal function.

PMID- 2883591
TI  - Contributions of basic neurochemistry towards a novel concept of epilepsy.
AB  - Epilepsy is an ancient disorder which treatment over the centuries has been
      guided by preconceptions regarding its origin. The major improvements in epilepsy
      management came following the discovery of the EEG and the development of seizure
      suppressing agents. These advances in diagnosis and anticonvulsant therapy have
      further ingrained the conviction that epilepsy is a disease of neurons. Evidence
      presented here is intended to support a different point of view which suggests
      that the metabolic modifications in epileptogenic tissue denote subtle
      alterations in the anatomical and biochemical relationship between neurons and
      their glial envelopes. As a result the extracellular environment of these cells
      contain higher than normal levels of glutamic acid. This creates an unnatural
      functional connectivity between neurons so that they establish abnormal
      synchronous activity between them and become hyperexcitable due to the
      depolarizing milieu. To compensate for these biochemical changes it is suggested
      that some thought might be given to epilepsy management by metabolic
      manipulation. The measures should be directed specifically towards improving the
      ability of glia to remove glutamic acid from the extracellular milieu. Two
      obvious possibilities are to enhance glial glutamine synthesis and to improve the
      interstitial "wash-out" of glutamic acid in epileptogenic epicenters. Such a
      therapy would anticipate to gradually diminish seizure incidence and
      susceptibility without, however, having a direct action on convulsive episodes
      per se. The approach must be considered an adjunct to current epilepsy treatment
      and not a substitute for the use of anticonvulsants.

PMID- 2883592
TI  - Cholinergic function in the nineties: advantages of work with a model system.

PMID- 2883593
TI  - Uptake and release for glutamine and glutamate in a crude synaptosomal fraction
      from rat brain.
AB  - [14C]Glutamine uptake in a crude synaptosomal (P2) fraction, (representing the
      sum of [14C]glutamine accumulated and [14C]glutamate formed by hydrolysis), is
      distinct from glutamate uptake. Glutamine uptake is Na+-independent and
      unaffected by the Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain, whereas glutamate uptake is
      Na+-dependent and inhibited by ouabain. The uptake of both glutamine and
      glutamate is unaffected by the gamma-glutamyltransferase inhibitor, Acivicin.
      This indicates that glutamine uptake is not mediated by a carrier, as distinct
      from that of glutamate, and also not linked to gamma-glutamyl-transferase. Na+
      affects the distribution of glutamine-derived glutamate by increasing the
      synaptosomal content and reducing that of the medium. When glutamate release from
      synaptosomes preloaded with [14C]glutamate is measured by superfusion technique
      in order to prevent reuptake, Na+ has been found to inhibit release in a non
      depolarizing medium (Ringer buffer with no Ca2+) of the [14C]glutamate as well as
      of endogenous glutamate. The specific activity of the [14C]glutamine-derived
      glutamate in the incubation medium is much higher than that in the synaptosomes,
      indicating that there exists a readily releasable pool of newly formed glutamate
      in addition to another pool. The latter glutamate pool is partially reduced by
      Na+.

PMID- 2883595
TI  - Effect of continuous somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
      infusions on the subsequent growth hormone (GH) response to GHRH. Evidence for
      somatotroph desensitization independent of GH pool depletion.
AB  - Continuous infusions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) attenuate the
      subsequent growth hormone (GH) response to GHRH. To test whether this phenomenon
      can occur in the absence of GH pool depletion, we examined the effects of
      continuous infusions of 10 nM GHRH and of 10 nM somatostatin (SRIH), separately
      or in combination, on dispersed, perifused rat anterior pituitary cells. Columns
      of these cells were given either GHRH alone for 5 h, GHRH and SRIH together for 3
      h followed by GHRH alone, or SRIH alone for 3 h followed by GHRH or medium. SRIH
      blunted both basal GH release and the GH response to GHRH, without affecting the
      subsequent GH responses to GHRH. The GHRH infusions attenuated the subsequent GH
      response to GHRH, even when GH release was initially prevented by the concurrent
      infusion of SRIH. Furthermore, the degree of attenuation was similar in the
      presence or absence of SRIH, suggesting that pool depletion plays little role in
      the desensitization process under these experimental conditions. The results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that a short-term infusion of GHRH leads to
      attenuation of the GH response in rat anterior pituitary cells primarily through
      receptor effects rather than through GH pool depletion.

PMID- 2883594
TI  - Translational regulation in rat brain hemispheres.
AB  - Present studies on the sensitivity of the transcription process in rat cerebral
      hemispheres showed that the relative abundance and translation of free and bound
      poly (A)+ mRNAs in a reticulocyte mRNA-dependent system were reduced following 1
      h and 4 h of ethanol or pentobarbital administration with free being affected to
      a greater extent than the bound poly (A)+ mRNAs. In addition, the energy
      dependent nucleocytoplasmic transport of in vivo [3H]labeled nuclear RNA to
      surrogate cytoplasm was modified in response to ethanol exposure. The
      translocation of the labeled nuclear RNA fraction occurred only to the
      microsomal/ribosomal fractions of the cytoplasm, was stimulated by cyclic cAMP
      and abolished when the cytoplasm was depleted of its protein factors following
      streptomycin treatment, thereby establishing the translocated RNA as messenger
      RNA. It is concluded that the neural cell, in response to ethanol exposure,
      modifies the efficiency of nuclear processing and transport of mRNA. This nuclear
      restriction probably occurs at multi-levels during the post-transcriptional
      modification of mRNAs.

PMID- 2883596
TI  - Immunostaining reveals accumulation of serotonin and coexistence with tyrosine
      hydroxylase in hypothalamic neurons of acutely stalk-sectioned baboons.
AB  - The distribution of serotonin (5-HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined
      in the hypothalamus of juvenile baboons, 24 h after infundibular stalk section.
      Simultaneous immunostaining for 5-HT with peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and TH
      with 15 nm colloidal gold (IGS) was performed on Vibratome sections from 3
      operated and 1 control female. Light microscopy revealed fine 5-HT immunopositive
      (5-HT+) fibers, presumably axons, in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and ventromedial
      hypothalamus (VMH) after stalk section. In addition, focal accumulations of
      swollen and heavily stained 5-HT+ fibers occurred on the side of the surgical
      approach. Enlarged fibers were densest in the medial preoptic area, lateral and
      VMH areas, and the median eminence. TH immunoreactivity (TH+) in VMH cell bodies
      and axons was only slightly increased over that in controls. Electron microscopy
      of areas of 5-HT+ and TH+ overlap (medial VMH and adjacent periventricular zone)
      showed that 5-HT+ profiles were mostly unmyelinated axons and irregular
      varicosities. A few myelinated 5-HT+ axons were also observed. TH+ perikarya,
      dendrites, axons and terminals showed gold labeling characteristic for this
      enzyme. However, colocalization of 5-HT (PAP) and TH (IGS) was present in a
      number of fiber varicosities in experimental animals only. Both single- and
      double-labeled profiles occurred in individual thin sections, thus arguing
      against antibody cross-reactivity. These results indicate that: hypothalamic 5
      HT+ fibers project to the median eminence in primates; 5-HT fibers become more
      obvious after stalk section due to accumulation of transmitter; focal 5-HT+
      immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus can increase dramatically after distant and
      mild surgical trauma, and coexistence of 5-HT and TH in single neurons can appear
      after acute stalk section and/or trauma in experimental animals. These findings
      might represent uptake of exogenous 5-HT or amplified expression of endogenous
      neurotransmitter, suggesting that plasticity of transmitter phenotype might
      follow acute surgical and/or endocrine intervention in mature primate brain.
      Neuroendocrine studies employing the stalk-sectioned primate might thus be
      radically affected.

PMID- 2883597
TI  - Consequence of dynorphin-A administration on anterior pituitary hormone
      concentrations in the adult male rhesus monkey.
AB  - This study examines the role of dynorphin-A(1-13) and dynorphin-A(1-10)-amide in
      the neuroendocrine regulation of anterior pituitary hormones in nonrestrained,
      adult male rhesus monkeys. The effects of these opioids on plasma concentrations
      of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
      thyrotropin (TSH) and growth hormone (GH) were assessed. Intravenous
      administration of dynorphin-A(1-13), 1-120 micrograms/kg, significantly increased
      plasma PRL levels. Average maximal increases of 90-230% occurred within 5 min and
      levels remained significantly elevated for up to 120 min. PRL response reached a
      plateau following the 30 micrograms/kg dose. Dynorphin-A(1-13) had no observable
      effects on plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, TSH or GH at any dose level studied.
      Administration of dynorphin-A(1-10)-amide produced significant dose-dependent
      increases in plasma PRL concentrations. Dose levels of 1-120 micrograms/kg
      produced mean peak increases from 100 to 230%, 5-10 min postadministration.
      Dynorphin-A(1-10)-amide had no significant effect on plasma concentrations of LH,
      FSH, TSH or GH. The increases in plasma PRL concentrations induced by dynorphin-A
      were naloxone-reversible. These results indicate a selective effect of dynorphin
      A on the regulatory mechanisms of PRL secretion over that of other anterior
      pituitary hormones.

PMID- 2883598
TI  - A model for combined morphological and functional investigations on the isolated
      mediobasal rat hypothalamus.
AB  - We have developed a model for combined morphological and functional in vitro
      studies of the isolated mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) by considering two
      prerequisites: (1) the tissue must be well preserved, free of morphological
      artefacts and functionally unimpaired until the end of the in vitro incubation,
      and (2) the tissue must be processed for morphology in optimal conditions. To
      test our model we have studied some aspects of the luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone (LHRH) system in 4-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. After decapitation
      the MBH was isolated and put in a flask containing 0.5 ml Hepes-buffered Locke's
      medium gassed by 5 ml/min of O2/CO2 (95%/5%) and shaken in a water bath at 37
      degrees C. After a 10-min washing, the medium was changed twice at an interval of
      20 min. After the in vitro incubation the tissue was satisfactorily preserved as
      judged by light- and electron-microscopic analysis. LHRH, somatostatin and
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone could be demonstrated by alkaline phosphatase or
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry on semithin sections and by
      immunogold technique on thin sections. The LHRH secretion was close to basal
      values after 30 min of incubation (22.1 +/- 4.8 pg/MBH) and then remained
      constant for another period of 20 min (17.6 +/- 2.6 pg/MBH). During the second 20
      min of incubation LHRH secretion increased in presence of 61.6 mM K+ (110.7 +/-
      8.7 pg/MBH). Thus the isolated hypothalamus was excitable until the end of the in
      vitro incubation. We conclude that this model can be successfully used for
      combined morphological and functional studies.

PMID- 2883599
TI  - Intracerebroventricular infusion of a cyclic hexapeptide analogue of somatostatin
      inhibits hemorrhage-induced ACTH release.
AB  - This study examines the effect of intracerebroventricular infusion of the
      'superactive' somatostatin (SRIF) analogue cycl--(N-Me-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe)
      on the plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) response to hemorrhage in
      conscious sheep. Hemorrhage (15 ml/kg over 15 min) increased plasma ACTH from 55
      +/- 20 to 815 +/- 148 pg/ml at 30 min (p less than 0.001). Infusion of the SRIF
      analogue intracerebroventricularly at 0.08 microgram/min for 10 min prior to and
      for 60 min after commencement of hemorrhage resulted in a partial inhibition of
      the plasma ACTH response. Infusion of the analogue at 0.8 microgram/min blocked
      the increase in plasma ACTH at 30 min. Plasma ACTH was 21 +/- 3 pg/ml as control
      and 66 +/- 47 pg/ml at 30 min. The SRIF analogue had no effect on plasma ACTH in
      the same animals in control experiments with no hemorrhage. These studies suggest
      that SRIF may act as a central inhibitor of ACTH release. The mechanism by which
      the SRIF analogue inhibits ACTH secretion is unknown but could involve inhibition
      of corticotropin-releasing factor release and/or an inhibition of ACTH release
      from the pituitary gland. The route of administration of the SRIF analogue and
      the finding that the SRIF analogue did not prevent systemic corticotropin
      releasing factor stimulation of ACTH suggest an effect of the SRIF analogue in
      the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2883600
TI  - Evaluation of the regional cerebral vasodilatory capacity before carotid
      endarterectomy by the acetazolamide test.
AB  - To estimate the regional perfusion pressure and possibly the stump pressure
      during carotid endarterectomy, cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements including a
      vasodilatory test were performed preoperatively. CBF was measured by 133Xe
      inhalation and emission tomography. An intravenous dose of 1g acetazolamide
      (Diamox) was used as cerebral vasodilator. Thirty-six patients with a clinical
      history of previous strokes (9 cases) or transient ischaemic attacks (27 cases)
      were studied. Nine of the patients showed occlusion of the contralateral internal
      carotid artery (ICA). The percent flow increase induced by Diamox in the
      ipsilateral hemisphere correlated to the ICA pressure was measured before
      clamping (n = 32, r = 0.55, p less than 0.001). In 12 of the 36 patients, Diamox
      caused a significant change in the flow distribution indicating a restricted
      regional vasodilatory capacity and a reduced regional perfusion pressure. In
      addition, these 12 patients showed a low stump pressure (less than 50 mmHg).
      However, 8 additional patients had uniform CBF increases at the Diamox test, but
      showed low stump pressures. It is concluded, that preoperative tests of the
      cerebral vasodilational capacity can be used to identify most patients with a low
      ICA pressure, and a substantial fraction of patients that will develop a low
      stump pressure upon ICA clamping during operation. In these patients with
      abnormal Diamox tests surgical reconstruction is particularly indicated, but, at
      the same time the perioperative risks are presumably highest in this group.

PMID- 2883601
TI  - Percutaneous subdural tapping for the treatment of chronic subdural haematoma in
      adults.
AB  - Chronic subdural haematoma in adults has been treated by percutaneous subdural
      tapping using a subdural needle. In order to prevent recurrence, the procedure
      including replacement of the haematoma with oxygen, irrigation using relatively
      small amounts of saline, and additional drainage for one hour proved to be simple
      and reliable. The detailed technique is illustrated, and sequential computed
      tomography scans in six patients treated with this procedure are presented.

PMID- 2883602
TI  - rCBF in brain tumours as measured by xenon enhanced CT.
AB  - Heretofore, the rCBF of brain tumours has been measured by the 133Xe clearance
      method, but the resolving power of this method is limited and flow values
      measured by this method correlate poorly with the anatomical structure. On the
      other hand, our xenon-enhanced method has several advantages over the
      conventional isotope method and enables us to evaluate rCBF with a resolving
      power of 4 mm. With this method, we evaluated rCBF in 15 brain tumour cases and
      obtained the following results: Mean rCBF value of the tumour is a little lower
      than that of grey matter and higher than that of white matter with oedematous
      change. The xenon-enhanced method enables us to distinguish the demarcation
      between the tumour area and the surrounding oedematous area and offers useful
      information for determining the extent of resection in surgery. Mean lambda value
      of the tumour which is not obtainable in vivo by radionuclide scanning, was 1.02
      +/- 0.06 for gliomas and 0.72 +/- 0.09 for metastatic tumours.

PMID- 2883603
TI  - Hydrocephalus following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - Ninety-four patients with hydrocephalus following subarachnoid haemorrhage were
      investigated. Fourteen of these patients had temporary ventricular drains
      inserted, 19 had drains that were later converted to ventricular-peritoneal
      shunts, and 61 patients had shunts only. All patients were analysed with respect
      to their grade on admission, the distribution of blood on CT scan, their Glasgow
      Coma Score, their intracranial pressure, and the presence or absence of vasospasm
      on angiography. Outcome was analysed by shunt procedure and time of shunt
      insertion. The higher the grade on admission, the more likely it was the patient
      would require a shunt. Fewer patients with a good outcome required shunting as
      compared to those whose outcome was poor. Patients having more subarachnoid blood
      on CT scan tended to present with a lower Glasgow Coma Score. The outcome of
      patients with intraventricular haemorrhage was not obviously influenced by the
      insertion of a ventriculostomy. Vasospasm was not more common in patients
      requiring a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, nor did early shunting in patients with
      hydrocephalus affect the incidence of vasospasm. The majority of patients were
      either shunted in the first three days or after 30 days post-SAH. The outcome was
      better in those patients shunted at a later date.

PMID- 2883604
TI  - Origin of the initial negative potential (N15) recorded on the skull by
      superficial radial nerve stimulation in the cat.
AB  - The origin of the initial prominent negative potential with a latency of about 15
      msec (N15), recorded on the skull by superficial radial nerve stimulation was
      studied in the cat, and the following results were obtained. In the direct
      recording from the cortex, SEPs were elicited from the SI and SII areas, as well
      as the lateral gyrus and anterior suprasylvian gyrus. Among various wave forms
      recognized in the SI area, diphasic positive-negative (P-N) potential obtained
      from the postero-lateral part was most distinct, representing the primary evoked
      potential. Responses recorded on the dura and those directly on the cortex showed
      similar wave patterns over many sites. Although different forms of evoked
      potentials were recorded extensively over the skull, the most prominent negative
      potential was elicited at the site corresponding to the postero-lateral part of
      the SI area. The latency of this potential was approximately in agreement with
      that of the negative component of the P-N potential recorded on the cortex. Based
      on the intracortical laminar analysis of P-N potential, the positive component of
      this potential was assumed to reflect the activity of cells in the deeper layer
      of the cortex. The negative component, on the other hand, might represent
      activities of apical dendrites of the cortex. From the result of functional
      elimination of the cortex, however, this positive component was thought to
      contain potentials from far field neural structures. N15 recorded on the skull
      completely disappeared during cortical spreading depression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883605
TI  - Membrane phospholipid composition and membrane fluidity of human brain tumour: a
      spin label study.
AB  - Membrane fluidity in membrane phospholipids of brain tumours was investigated and
      compared with those of white and grey matter. Fifteen brain tumours including 5
      gliomas, 5 meningiomas and 5 metastatic cancers were examined. These samples were
      frozen immediately after extirpation in liquid nitrogen. After extraction of
      total lipids from the tumour tissues, membrane phospholipids were separated and
      analysed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. The fluidity of the
      phospholipid membrane was studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy,
      using a stearate spin probe. The fatty acid composition of total phospholipid of
      brain tumours was characterized by an increase in linoleic and arachidonic acids
      when compared to the control brain. The percentage of palmitoleic acid was higher
      in gliomas and metastatic tumours than in meningiomas. Furthermore, in the brain
      tumour tissues, the decreases of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine
      and the increase of phosphatidylcholine were observed when compared with grey or
      white matter with the exception of meningioma. There was some difference in
      phospholipid membrane fluidity between brain tumour and control brain tissue. The
      order parameter calculated from ESR spectra became higher in the following order:
      metastatic brain tumour, less than meningioma, less than grey matter, less than
      glioma, less than white matter. These results suggest that the phospholipid
      metabolism in the brain tumour is different from that of the normal brain, and
      this difference may affect the alteration of membrane physical properties which
      exhibit in part the character of the transformation.

PMID- 2883606
TI  - Retrogasserian glycerol injection or percutaneous stimulation in the treatment of
      typical and atypical trigeminal pain.
AB  - Of 164 patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated by percutaneous retrogasserian
      glycerol injections, we have studied the long-term outcome (one to four years) of
      72 patients. 51 patients suffered from idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, and of
      these 92% were freed from pain by the operation. 21 patients suffered from
      symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia due to multiple sclerosis or of traumatic or
      infectious origin. Of these, only 38% became free of pain. A further 8 patients
      with facial deafferentation pain who underwent treatment by retrogasserian
      neurostimulation with a permanently implanted electrode were included in this
      study. 4 of these patients were rendered free of pain by this procedure.

PMID- 2883607
TI  - Pain management after lower extremity amputation.
AB  - Phantom pain may occur in up to 85% of patients after limb amputation. Although
      the pathophysiology of postamputation phantom pain is not well understood, it
      seems to be produced by a complex multifactorial interaction between the
      peripheral, sympathetic, and central nervous systems. The theoretical aspects of
      this are reviewed. Management of phantom limb pain may be both medical and
      surgical. Among the pharmacological agents proved effective against phantom pain
      are beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. Surgical
      management includes peripheral nerve stimulation, thermocontrolled coagulation of
      the spinal cord, spinal cord stimulation, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, and
      stereotactic deep brain stimulation.

PMID- 2883608
TI  - [Use of somatostatin in acute pancreatitis of biliary origin].
AB  - The aetiology of acute pancreatitis may be alcoholic, dyslipidaemic, post
      operative, traumatic, cryptogenic or biliary and only the biliary form is
      considered here. Fifteen patients with biliary pancreatitis and blood amylase
      above 250 mg (n.v. less than 100) were encountered in 1984-85. Six patients were
      given traditional medical treatment and 9 somatostatin alone. Despite the limited
      number treated the results obtained in the second group appear to confirm the
      validity and efficacy of somatostatin. In fact given the rapid disappearance of
      pain and the normalisation of the altered blood parameters it was never necessary
      to administer somatostatin for more than 24-36 hours.

PMID- 2883609
TI  - Denervation supersensitivity of striatal D2 dopamine receptors is restricted to
      the ventro- and dorsolateral regions of the striatum.
AB  - The precise topographical changes in striatal D2 dopamine receptors that occur
      after neurotoxic lesion of the mesostriatal dopaminergic pathway have been
      studied autoradiographically in the rat through the use of [3H]spiperone as a
      ligand. 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the dopaminergic afferents to the
      striatum caused an increase in [3H]spiperone binding in the ventro- and
      dorsolateral but not in the ventro- and dorsomedian aspects of the striatum. This
      lesion caused a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in all
      striatal subregions. These results demonstrate that not all striatal D2 dopamine
      receptors are able to proliferate after dopaminergic denervation.

PMID- 2883610
TI  - Chloride transport blockers inhibit the chloride-dependent glutamate binding to
      rat brain membranes.
AB  - The effects of a series of chloride transport blockers (ethacrynate, furosemide,
      torasemide, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene and
      diphenylcarboxylate) on Cl(-)-dependent L-[3H]glutamate (Glu) binding were tested
      in rat brain membranes, Cl-transport blockers inhibit the Ca2+/Cl(-)-induced
      increase in L-[3H]Glu binding, some of them without affecting the Ca2+/Cl(-)
      independent L-[3H]Glu binding. Increasing the medium osmolarity by augmenting the
      sucrose concentration also inhibited the Ca2+/Cl(-)-induced increase in L-[3H]Glu
      binding. The effects of both sucrose and Cl-transport blockers were not additive,
      suggesting that they acted on the same type of mechanism. We recently suggested
      that L-[3H]Glu binding to brain membranes corresponds to Glu uptake in membrane
      vesicles. Therefore we propose that the Cl-transport blockers inhibit a Cl(-)
      dependent Glu accumulation into these vesicles.

PMID- 2883612
TI  - Offspring control of cerebrospinal fluid GABA concentrations in lactating rats.
AB  - The concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its metabolic precursors
      glutamate (Glu) and ornithine (Orn) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      samples obtained from the cisterna magna of freely moving lactating rats on:
      postpartum day 5 when the rats were with their pups, day 6, 6 h after removal of
      the pups, and day 7, 24 h after mother-pup reunion. The concentration of GABA was
      non-detectable in the absence of pups (condition 2) but forty-fold above the
      limit of detection whenever the rats and the pups were together (conditions 1 and
      3). Glu and Orn were low in but increased in and still more so in. Thus, the CSF
      concentration of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter which profoundly influences
      behavior and hormone secretion is markedly increased by the pup-related stimuli,
      which control the behavior and the endocrine secretions of the lactating rat.

PMID- 2883611
TI  - A population of Thy-1 molecules associated with the cytoskeleton.
AB  - Using a monoclonal antibody, SB1 38.456, raised against chicken neuronal Thy-1,
      we have shown that a significant amount of Thy-1 is associated with the non-ionic
      detergent-insoluble fraction of chicken brain membranes. Furthermore, this
      population of Thy-1 is not released by any biochemical method which disrupts
      microfilaments, microtubules or intermediate filaments, but is released by
      raising the temperature to 40 degrees C in high ionic strength, cation-containing
      buffer. We propose, therefore, that a population of Thy-1 molecules is associated
      with the cytoskeleton either via a linker protein or via other cell surface
      glycoproteins which are directly associated with the cytoskeleton.

PMID- 2883613
TI  - Biphasic effect of quinolinate on frog spinal, but not rat cortical, neurones: N
      methyl-D-aspartate-like depolarisation and a novel type of hyperpolarisation.
AB  - Using grease seal techniques on rat cerebral cortical slices and on frog
      hemisected spinal cords, bath applied N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 10-160 microM)
      and quinolinate (0.25-8 mM) induced dose-dependent depolarisations. These
      depolarising responses, but not those to quisqualate or kainate, were reduced by
      2-amino-5-phosphono-valerate (2-AP5; 10-100 microM), magnesium (0.1-10 mM) and
      ketamine (10-100 microM). A novel dose-dependent hyperpolarising response to
      quinolinate (0.1-2 mM) but not to NMDA was observed only on frog motoneurones,
      and this was not reduced by classical amino acid receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2883614
TI  - Post-tetanic contractile events further support the interaction of multiple
      neurotransmitters in the neuroeffector junction of the rat vas deferens.
AB  - Post-tetanic events were recorded in isolated, superfused, epididymal and
      prostatic halves of the rat vas deferens. Increasing the frequency of nerve
      stimulation from 0.15 to 15 Hz (1-30 s) and then back to 0.15 Hz produced a post
      tetanic potentiation (PTP) of the muscular responses in the epididymal end but a
      post-tetanic inhibitory response (PTI) in the prostatic half. Both effects were
      abolished by tetrodotoxin or animal pretreatment with 6-hydroxy dopamine (6
      OHDA). PTP was markedly reduced by reserpine treatment or tissue incubation with
      prazosin. PTI was not altered by adrenergic drugs but partially reduced by tissue
      application of bicuculline or strychnine, revealing that gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) may modulate the motor transmission towards the prostatic half of the rat
      ductus.

PMID- 2883615
TI  - Baclofen inhibits the spontaneous and visually evoked responses of neurones in
      the striate cortex of the cat.
AB  - The effects of iontophoretic application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
      beta-p-chlorophenyl-GABA (baclofen) on the activity of single neurones in the
      striate cortex of anaesthetized and paralysed cats were compared. Both compounds
      inhibited the spontaneous and the visually evoked responses of 92% of the
      neurones tested (n = 75) and they also eliminated the enhancement of the
      spontaneous and the evoked responses induced by the microiontophoretic
      application of glutamate. Bicuculline methiodide (BMI) antagonized the GABA
      induced inhibition but did not significantly alter the effectiveness of baclofen
      for most neurones tested. The findings suggest that GABAB receptors are
      ubiquitous in the striate cortex of the cat. Evidence is presented to suggest
      that the GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes differ in their distribution on some
      striate neurons.

PMID- 2883617
TI  - Antagonism of mu-opioid receptor-mediated inhibitions of nociceptive neurones by
      U50488H and dynorphin A1-13 in the rat dorsal horn.
AB  - We have studied the effects of two highly selective kappa-opioid receptor
      agonists, U50488H and dynorphin A1-13 on the powerful inhibitions of rat dorsal
      horn nociceptive neurones produced by the potent mu-opiate receptor agonist, Tyr
      D-Ala-Gly-Me-Phe-Gly-ol (DAGO). Extracellular single unit recordings were made
      from 35 convergent neurones which could be excited by impulses in A beta- and C
      fibre afferents following transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the
      ipsilateral hind paw. The mu- and kappa-agonists were applied directly onto the
      surface of the spinal cord. DAGO (0.19, 0.48 and 1.9 nmol) dose-dependently
      inhibited C-fibre evoked responses with little effect on A beta-evoked activity.
      The spinal application of dynorphin A1-13 (6.2 nmol) and U50488H (28 nmol)
      rapidly reversed the spinal inhibitory effect of DAGO indicating that these kappa
      ligands are likely to act as mu-receptor antagonists in the rat dorsal horn.

PMID- 2883616
TI  - Primate neostriatal neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase: immunohistochemical
      evidence.
AB  - We have detected, in monkey caudate nucleus and putamen, neuronal cell bodies
      containing tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity, as revealed by peroxidase
      antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. Many of these cells are distributed in an
      outer rim of 1-2 mm throughout the anterior-posterior extent of the neostriatum
      near its borders with the corona radiata; others are embedded in the adjacent
      white matter, especially near the ventral putamen and nucleus accumbens. Light
      and electron microscopy indicate that they are small (8-12 micron), bipolar cells
      with large nuclei. Such neostriatal neurons, containing tyrosine hydroxylase-like
      immunoreactivity, number in the tens of thousands.

PMID- 2883618
TI  - An N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-independent excitatory action of partial
      reduction of extracellular [Mg2+] in CA1-region of rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - Partial reduction of [Mg2+]o from 2 to 1 mM markedly enhanced neuronal responses
      evoked by Schaffer collateral-commissural fiber stimulation in the CA1-region of
      rat hippocampal slices. The amplitude of extracellular population potentials
      recorded in the CA1-pyramidal cell layer and maximum dV/dt of extracellular
      population EPSP's recorded in the CA1-pyramidal apical dendritic layer were both
      increased. However, unlike findings from slices where Mg2+ was completely removed
      from the bathing medium, there was no spontaneous or evoked epileptiform
      activity, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (2-APV) did not antagonize the enhancement of evoked responses.
      These results indicate that, in addition to the participation of NMDA receptors
      in the epileptiform activity observed when Mg2+ is completely removed from the
      bathing medium, there is also an NMDA receptor-independent excitatory action of
      partial reduction of [Mg2+]o in hippocampal slices.

PMID- 2883619
TI  - Treating stage fright in musicians: the use of beta blockers.

PMID- 2883621
TI  - Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis.

PMID- 2883620
TI  - Diazepam restores the increased [3H]glutamate binding to hippocampal synaptic
      membranes in the amygdaloid-kindled rat.
AB  - [3H]Glutamic acid binding to hippocampi was increased after amygdaloid kindling
      in rats, and diazepam inhibited this increased binding, without any effect on the
      enhanced binding by CaCl2 or the binding in control rats. By inducing kindling in
      the same way as that used in the binding experiment, the inhibiting effects of
      diazepam on kindled seizures, the afterdischarge and the development of kindling
      were observed.

PMID- 2883622
TI  - A comprehensive analysis of renal DTPA studies. III. Renal artery stenosis.
AB  - Renal DTPA studies were analysed to produce numerical data of renal function
      (blood flow, glomerular filtration, and excretion), and this was used as an
      adjunct to the routine imaging information in a study of renal artery stenosis
      (RAS). The results show an overall accuracy of 81%, with a sensitivity of 96% and
      a specificity of 61%. In patients with RAS, beta-blocking drugs reduced the
      difference between the two kidneys. ACE-inhibiting drugs appeared to preserve
      renal blood flow but also to cause a deterioration in the glomerular filtration
      rate of kidneys with RAS. An explanation is proposed, in which renal capillary
      pressure is more important for function than is renal blood flow.

PMID- 2883623
TI  - Localization of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the proliferative state of
      liver. An enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

PMID- 2883624
TI  - [Non-free dermatoplasty in the treatment of injuries of the foot and their
      sequelae].

PMID- 2883625
TI  - [Rett's syndrome].

PMID- 2883626
TI  - The classification and diagnosis of vasculitis in large and medium-sized blood
      vessels.

PMID- 2883627
TI  - Suppurative intracranial complications of upper respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Suppurative intracranial complications of respiratory infections are relatively
      rare in children. These complications occur more often in association with
      chronic sinusitis and chronic otitis media. Because symptoms and signs of the
      intracranial complications can be nonspecific, a high index of suspicion by the
      physician is important for early diagnosis. The routine cerebrospinal fluid
      examination often does not distinguish between the various complications, and
      radiologic procedures such as radionuclide brain scan, arteriography and computer
      assisted tomographic scan should be used. Computer-assisted tomographic scan is
      very useful in detecting early complications allowing trial with medical
      treatment alone. Appropriate selection of antibiotics must be made on the basis
      of the likely pathogens in the particular setting and the ability of the
      antibiotic to penetrate the affected area. Appropriate early management of
      suppurative intracranial complications should result in a favorable outcome.

PMID- 2883628
TI  - [Bronchodilator and bronchial hyperreactivity-inhibiting effects of clenbuterol
      in patients with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2883629
TI  - [Effect of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists on the skin and bronchial reactivity in
      patients with hay fever].

PMID- 2883630
TI  - [Effect of phenformin on the plasma somatostatin level in healthy persons].

PMID- 2883631
TI  - MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 antagonize morphine and opioid but not non-opioid stress
      induced analgesia in the snail, Cepaea nemoralis.
AB  - The effects of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (MIF-1, PLG), tyrosine-prolyl-leucyl
      glycinamide (Tyr-MIF-1, YPLG) and naloxone on morphine and warm and cold stress
      induced increases in the latency of the thermal (40 degrees C hot plate)
      avoidance behaviors of the terrestrial snail, Cepaea nemoralis, were examined.
      All three substances blocked the morphine- and warm stress-induced opioid
      analgesia, while having no effects on non-opioid cold stress-induced analgesia.
      Tyr-MIF-1 had a significantly greater inhibitory effect than MIF-1. These results
      indicate that MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 antagonize the antinociceptive effects of
      exogenous opiates and opioid-mediated analgesia in snails in a manner analogous
      to that described for mammals. This raises the possibility of an evolutionary
      conservation of functional opioid antagonists.

PMID- 2883632
TI  - Treatment of pain in cancer patients by intrathecal administration of dynorphin.
AB  - Dynorphin-(1-13) and -(1-10) were administered by intrathecal injection into six
      terminal cancer patients at doses of 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 micrograms. Compared with
      saline, both analogues of dynorphin were effective in suppressing pain. The
      duration of relief at doses of 15 micrograms and above was more than 4 hours on
      the average for both peptides. However, no proportional increase in response was
      observed when the dose applied was doubled. This lack of response might have been
      due to the development of tolerance.

PMID- 2883633
TI  - Effect of TRH analog (DN-1417) on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in mesocortical,
      mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of rat brain.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was assayed in eight regions of rat brain following
      repeated treatment with a TRH analog, DN-1417 (gamma-butyrolactone-gamma-carbonyl
      histidyl-prolinamide). Repeated DN-1417 treatment (20 mg/kg/day, IP) for 7 days
      increased TH activity in the ventral tegmental area and decreased in the
      prefrontal cortex polar, medial and lateral fields and olfactory tubercles. No
      significant change in TH activity was found in the nucleus accumbens, striatum
      and substantia nigra. Kinetic analysis showed that the increased TH activity in
      the ventral tegmental area was due to an increase in Vmax, but not a change in
      the apparent Km of TH for a cofactor, 6-methyl-tetrahydropteridine. When TH was
      assayed at a suboptimal pH and in the presence of a subsaturating cofactor, the
      striatal TH was activated significantly after DN-1417. In the prefrontal cortex
      medial field, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles, TH activity assayed
      under the suboptimal condition was not modified by DN-1417 treatment. These
      results suggest an intimate involvement of central dopaminergic systems in the
      actions of DN-1417.

PMID- 2883634
TI  - An NPY-like peptide may function as MSH-release inhibiting factor in Xenopus
      laevis.
AB  - This study demonstrates the presence of a rich plexus of neuropeptide Y (NPY)
      immunoreactive fibers in the hypothalamus and in the intermediate lobe of the
      pituitary of Xenopus laevis. During superfusion of neurointermediate lobe tissue,
      synthetic NPY induces a rapid, powerful and dose-dependent inhibition of in vitro
      release of MSH, endorphin and other proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived peptides.
      Therefore, NPY undoubtedly is one of the growing number of neuropeptides that are
      likely involved in control of the amphibian MSH cells. Although a number of
      stimulatory neuropeptides have been found, this is the first neuropeptide to
      apparently function through an inhibitory mechanism. In that a 2-hr treatment
      with NPY did not influence POMC biosynthesis, nor processing of this prohormone
      to smaller peptides, we conclude that the primary action of NPY is a direct
      effect on the secretory process of the MSH cell.

PMID- 2883635
TI  - Immunohistochemical studies for multiple peptide-immunoreactivities and co
      localization of Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in
      human adrenal medulla and pheochromocytomas.
AB  - Three normal human adult adrenal medullas and 12 cases of pheochromocytomas were
      studied for immunohistochemical localization of various peptides. Met-enkephalin
      Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL) was present in all cases of pheochromocytomas. The normal
      adrenal medulla showed cells immunoreactive for MEAGL, neuropeptide tyrosine
      (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin derived N-terminal fragment (NTF). MEAGL and NPY
      were co-localized in some adrenal medullary cells. Pheochromocytomas showed
      striking multiple immunoreactivities regardless of histologic types, pleomorphic
      or organoid. Ten cases showed immunoreactivities for more than two peptides. All
      cases showed immunoreactivity for MEAGL and 9 cases showed NPY positive cells.
      Some tumor cells contain both MEAGL and NPY in the cytoplasm. Six cases were
      positive for somatostatin. Some tumor cells were shown to contain both MEAGL and
      SS. The appearance of SS and other peptides was considered to be related to the
      neoplastic transformation of the adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2883636
TI  - Spinal effects of alpha-endorphin in mice.
AB  - In male R-3 mice alpha-endorphin (alpha-E) was injected intracerebroventricularly
      (icv, 10 ng) or intrathecally (ith, 1 or 10 ng). The antinociceptive activity
      (tail immersion test) and the locomotor activity (photocell actometers) were
      measured. alpha-E administered icv or ith induced an evident antinociceptive
      effect which was prevented by the previous naloxone injection. Locomotor activity
      was inhibited by icv but not ith administration of alpha-E. This effect was not
      changed by naloxone. The results show that exogenous alpha-E elicits different
      effects when applied icv or ith, and induces antinociceptive effect at the spinal
      level through opioid receptors.

PMID- 2883637
TI  - Comparative studies on antidepressant action of alprazolam in different animal
      models.
AB  - Alprazolam, a new benzodiazepine from triazolobenzodiazepine group, produced
      anxiolytic action in the conflict test with potency similar to that of diazepam.
      The myorelaxant activity of the drug was relatively weak. Unlike desipramine,
      alprazolam failed to reduce the immobility of rats in the forced swim test and
      was unable to prevent clonidine-induced hypothermia. Alprazolam, unlike
      desipramine, failed also to potentiate behavioral effect of noradrenaline
      injected into the hippocampus. Alprazolam after acute but not chronic
      administration antagonized the synchronizing effect of clonidine on EEG pattern.
      On the other hand, alprazolam similarly to tricyclic antidepressants, prevented
      the suppression of dominance behavior by clonidine in rats competing for food.
      The results indicate that alprazolam acts only weakly upon noradrenergic
      mechanisms related to depression and to antidepressant action of drugs.

PMID- 2883638
TI  - Are beta- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors co-regulated during their stimulation?
      Behavioral studies.
AB  - The effects of beta-, and alpha 1-antagonists on the clenbuterol- and clonidine
      induced depression of the exploratory activity was measured in rats in the open
      field test. The ability of clenbuterol (0.5 mg/kg) to reduce exploration was
      antagonized by 1-propranolol, significantly reduced by rauwolscine and unchanged
      by corynanthine and prazosin. Clonidine (0.2 mg/kg)-induced hypoactivity was
      significantly reduced by all the used adrenergic antagonists. A combined
      treatment with non-sedative doses of clenbuterol and clonidine significantly
      reduced exploration. Results suggest that both beta- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      are involved in clenbuterol- and clonidine-induced sedation. Moreover, they may
      indicate the existence of beta- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor interaction.

PMID- 2883640
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of congestive heart failure. An evaluation of recent advances.
AB  - Vasodilator therapy represents an important step forward in the treatment of
      chronic left ventricular failure. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
      appear to be the most versatile vasodilators, but selected direct-acting
      vasodilators, sympathetic inhibitors (prazosin), and possibly calcium channel
      antagonists (nifedipine and diltiazem) may be useful in certain situations. The
      bipyridine derivatives possess potent inotropic and vasodilating properties. The
      efficacy of intravenously administered amrinone and milrinone has been proven in
      the treatment of refractory left ventricular failure. Whether oral administration
      of milrinone or other bipyridine derivatives will prove to be safe and effective
      in the long-term treatment of chronic left ventricular failure remains uncertain.

PMID- 2883639
TI  - Interaction between beta-adrenoceptor agonists and alpha 1-adrenergic system. A
      behavioral study with the clonidine-induced aggression test.
AB  - The effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists on the clonidine-induced aggression in
      mice were studied. Clenbuterol (0.05-2 mg/kg ip), salbutamol (5-20 mg/kg ip) and
      terbutaline (10, 20 mg/kg ip) significantly potentiated the effect of clonidine.
      The enhancement of clonidine aggressiveness induced by clenbuterol (0.5 mg/kg)
      was prevented by propranolol (2.5, 5 mg/kg) and reduced by prazosin (1 mg/kg).
      The obtained results provide evidence that stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors
      facilitates the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated behavior.

PMID- 2883641
TI  - Stepped-care hypertension therapy. Is it still appropriate?

PMID- 2883642
TI  - Individualized hypertension therapy. An alternative to stepped-care treatment.
AB  - A new era in the management of high blood pressure is emerging. A number of
      drugs, acting by different mechanisms, are appropriate as individualized initial
      choices for treatment. The control of elevated blood pressure by single-drug
      therapy, if at all possible, will reduce the frequency of side effects and
      preserve a decent quality of life.

PMID- 2883643
TI  - Effects of D-amino acids on growth rate and kidney D-amino acid oxidase in
      chicks.
AB  - Studies were conducted on the effects of feeding D-amino acids on growth rate and
      D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) in chick kidney. The crystalline amino acid (AA) diet
      provided seven amino acids either in the L-form or the DL-form at two
      concentrations (DL- or .5 DL-AA diets) with all diets containing equal amounts of
      L-amino acids. Weight gains of chicks fed the DL-AA diet were consistently lower
      than those fed the L- or .5 DL-AA diet. Kidney DAAO activity was significantly
      higher in chicks fed either the DL-AA or .5 DL-AA diet as compared with the L-AA
      diet. Kidney DAAO activity was essentially the same in chicks fed the DL- and .5
      DL-AA diets. Increasing the nonspecific nitrogen in the diet had no effect in
      alleviating growth depression of the DL-AA.

PMID- 2883644
TI  - Antibacterial effect of four phenothiazines.
AB  - Various types of phenothiazines were examined for antibacterial effect on 61 Gram
      positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro. The investigated
      phenothiazines were two neuroleptic drugs, fluphenazine and chlorpromazine, and
      two antihistaminic drugs, alimemazine and promethazine. All four drugs have
      antibacterial effects in vitro, the phenothiazines being more potent against the
      Gram-positive microorganisms. The antibacterial potency of the drugs was measured
      as IC50: Fluphenazine 29 microM (15 micrograms/ml), alimemzaine 49 microM (37
      micrograms/ml), promethazine 88 microM (28 micrograms/ml) and chlorpromazine 92
      microM (29 micrograms/ml). The antibacterial potency of the drugs was linked
      neither to the neuroleptic nor the antihistaminic potency of the drugs, which is
      in agreement with results of earlier stereoisomeric investigations. Thus, the
      known phenothiazines may represent a pool of potentially new antimicrobial drugs.
      A therapeutic application of these results, however, requires additional in vitro
      an in vivo testing in an animal model. The bacterial model might be of value as a
      model system in the study of the interaction of neuropharmacological agents and
      other membrane active compounds on biological membranes.

PMID- 2883645
TI  - Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor affinity and stimulatory effects of (S)-pindolol
      and iodinated (S)-pindolol.
AB  - The beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor affinity and stimulatory effects of iodinated
      (S)-pindolol (IPIN) and (S)-pindolol were investigated in vitro using beta
      adrenoceptor binding technique and isolated right atrium (rate increase, beta 1)
      and uterus (relaxation, beta 2) of the rat. IPIN had a higher affinity towards
      beta-adrenoceptors compared to (S)-pindolol, with some beta 2-adrenoceptor
      selectivity. In the rat uterus, IPIN produced only marginal stimulatory effects,
      while (S)-pindolol caused a concentration-dependent relaxation with a maximal
      effect that was 55% of that generated by isoprenaline. In the right atrium IPIN
      caused an increase in the atrial rate similar to that caused by (S)-pindolol. The
      concentration of IPIN required in the right atrium for a half-maximal response
      (pD2 = 7.81) was markedly greater than that required for occupation of half the
      beta-adrenoceptor population (pKB = 9.81). The beta 1-selective blocker
      metoprolol antagonized the effect of (S)-pindolol and IPIN on the atrial rate but
      a greater concentration of metoprolol (5 X 10(-6) M compared with 5 X 10(-7) M)
      was required to antagonize the effect of IPIN significantly. It is concluded that
      iodination of (S)-pindolol increased its affinity and decreased its efficacy
      towards beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2883646
TI  - Hormonal control of pancreatic cancer growth.
AB  - The effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and somatostatin-14 (SS) on growth
      of Mia PaCa-2 cells in cell culture were examined. EGF had no effect on cell
      growth in sera containing media but significantly increased growth in sera-free
      media. The effect of EGF was complete within 18 h. SS added with EGF entirely
      eliminated the growth stimulation of EGF. SS added to cells in culture with sera
      inhibited their growth as well.

PMID- 2883647
TI  - Watery diarrhea syndrome caused by multihormonal malignant pancreatic islet cell
      tumor secreting somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin, and
      prostaglandin E--a clinicopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - The pathophysiological, biochemical, histological, ultrastructural, and
      immunohistochemical characters of a case of malignant pancreatic islet cell tumor
      with watery diarrhea syndrome were carefully investigated. Four hormones or
      mediators--somatostatin (SST), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), serotonin,
      and prostaglandin E--were markedly elevated in the circulation. The diagnosis was
      further confirmed by exploratory laparotomy and autopsy. The contents of SST and
      VIP in tumor tissues were very high. Gel chromatography of tumor extract revealed
      single peaks for both SST and VIP. Immunohistochemical studies of tumor tissues
      showed numerous immunoreactive cells to anti-SST, moderate amount of VIP-positive
      cells, and a few hCG-, insulin-, and glucagon-positive cells. In conclusion, this
      is an unusual case of Verner-Morrison syndrome in which three kinds of bioactive
      hormones or mediators were simultaneously secreted; peptides, amine, and
      prostaglandin.

PMID- 2883648
TI  - A comparison of the effects of two somatostatin analogues in a patient with an
      external pancreatic fistula.
AB  - In a 30-year-old man, a total external pancreatic fistula developed after
      enucleation of an insulinoma of the head of the gland. The output of the fistula
      was reduced to some extent by total parenteral nutrition. Much greater reductions
      of volume were noted during short-term administration of two somatostatin
      preparations, SMS 201-995 and Somatofalk, for 1 week consecutively. Although the
      former showed several advantages over the latter drug, such as absence of an
      escape phenomenon and of a rebound effect, neither drug caused a closure of the
      fistula. Spontaneous closure of the fistula occurred after 3 1/2 months.

PMID- 2883649
TI  - Frontiers in pancreatic physiology.

PMID- 2883650
TI  - Noncompliance in schizophrenia.
AB  - Compliance research is reviewed with particular reference to neuroleptic
      treatment of schizophrenia. Reported noncompliance rates of up to 50 per cent are
      likely to be an underestimate. Models of compliance and health-seeking behaviour
      borrowed from physical medicine are of questionable relevance to schizophrenia
      where perception of illness is often distorted. Factors thought to be implicated
      in noncompliance need to be evaluated and a theoretical model applicable to
      schizophrenia constructed. In the meantime there is evidence to suggest that
      behavioural intervention strategies may be superior to simple educational ones in
      the management of noncompliance. A discussion of methodological issues relating
      to the assessment of compliance is offered and a strategy for further research
      outlined.

PMID- 2883651
TI  - Periodic crosslinking of microtubules by cytoplasmic microtubule-associated and
      microtubule-corset proteins from a trypanosomatid.
AB  - The dominant element in the cytoskeleton of Crithidia fasciculata is a peripheral
      corset of microtubules enclosing the cell body and closely underlying the plasma
      membrane. A lateral spacing of 50 nm is maintained by crosslinks, and
      microtubules may also be linked to the plasma membrane. We have characterized
      groups of polypeptides that associate with microtubules polymerized in vitro from
      the cytoplasm, or that are associated with the corset complex. They differ except
      for one of Mr 33,000 present in both groups. The corresponding native corset
      protein appears to be a dimer of Mr 66,000. These protein(s) copolymerize with
      brain tubulin, and the resultant polymer consists of pairs or small parallel
      bundles of microtubules, joined by periodic crosslinks spaced about 8.5 nm apart.

PMID- 2883652
TI  - Detection of human DNA polymorphisms with a simplified denaturing gradient gel
      electrophoresis technique.
AB  - Single base pair differences between otherwise identical DNA molecules can result
      in altered melting behavior detectable by denaturing gradient gel
      electrophoresis. We have developed a simplified procedure for using denaturing
      gradient gel electrophoresis to detect base pair changes in genomic DNA. Genomic
      DNA is digested with restriction enzymes and hybridized in solution to labeled
      single-stranded probe DNA. The excess probe is then hybridized to complementary
      phage M13 template DNA, and the reaction mixture is electrophoresed on a
      denaturing gradient gel. Only the genomic DNA probe hybrids migrate into the gel.
      Differences in hybrid mobility on the gel indicate base pair changes in the
      genomic DNA. We have used this technique to identify two polymorphic sites within
      a 1.2-kilobase region of human chromosome 20. This approach should greatly
      facilitate the identification of DNA polymorphisms useful for gene linkage
      studies and the diagnosis of genetic diseases.

PMID- 2883653
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the alpha-sialyl-beta-2,3-galactosyl-specific
      adhesin from fimbriated Escherichia coli.
AB  - The alpha-sialyl-beta-2,3-galactosyl-specific adhesin (S adhesin) was isolated
      from cells of a recombinant Escherichia coli K-12 strain expressing the S
      fimbrial adhesin complex. A crude cell extract was partially dissociated into
      fimbriae and an adhesin-enriched fraction by heating to 70 degrees C. From the
      latter, adhesin was purified to apparent homogeneity (by fast protein liquid
      chromatography, immunoblot, and NaDodSO4/PAGE) by differential ammonium sulfate
      precipitation, dissociation in 8 M guanidine hydrochloride, and high-resolution
      anion-exchange chromatography in 8 M urea. The purified adhesin formed an
      aggregate of Mr approximately 10(6) that was made up of one type of 12-kDa
      polypeptide (fimbrillin is 16.5 kDa). It had pI value of 4.7 (fimbriae has a pI
      value of 6). Adhesin and fimbrillin had different amino acid compositions. The
      purified adhesins agglutinated human and bovine erythrocytes with the same
      specificity as the whole bacteria; purified fimbriae were not adhesive.
      Monoclonal anti-adhesin and anti-fimbriae antibodies were obtained. Monoclonal
      anti-adhesin, but none of the anti-fimbriae, antibodies inhibited the
      agglutination of erythrocytes. The anti-adhesive antibodies were used in immuno
      gold electron microscopy to localize adhesin exclusively on the fimbriae, with a
      possible preference to their tips.

PMID- 2883654
TI  - Opposing effects of a ras oncogene on growth factor-stimulated phosphoinositide
      hydrolysis: desensitization to platelet-derived growth factor and enhanced
      sensitivity to bradykinin.
AB  - Expression of a transforming Harvey or Kirsten ras gene caused opposing effects
      in the ability of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and bradykinin to
      activate phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis. In [3H]inositol
      labeled rat-1 fibroblasts, PDGF (5 ng/ml) resulted in a 2-fold increase in the
      level of [3H]inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) after 2 min and, in the presence of
      LiCl, a 3- to 8-fold increase in the level of [3H]inositol monophosphate (InsP1)
      after 30 min. However, in EJ-ras-transfected rat-1 cells, which exhibit near
      normal levels of PDGF receptors, PDGF resulted in little or no accumulation of
      either [3H]InsP3 or [3H]InsP1. Similarly, marked stimulations by PDGF were
      observed in NIH 3T3 cells, as well as in v-src-transformed 3T3 cells, but not in
      3T3 cells transformed by Kirsten sarcoma virus or by transfection with v-Ha-ras
      DNA. This diminished phosphoinositide response in ras-transformed cells was
      associated with a markedly attenuated mitogenic response to PDGF. On the other
      hand, both phosphoinositide metabolism and DNA synthesis in ras-transformed
      fibroblasts were stimulated several-fold by serum. In NIH 3T3 cells carrying a
      glucocorticoid-inducible v-Ha-ras gene, a close correlation was found between the
      expression of p21ras and the loss of PDGF-stimulated [3H]InsP1 accumulation. In
      contrast to this ras-induced desensitization to PDGF, ras-transformed NIH 3T3
      cells exhibited an enhanced sensitivity to bradykinin; this effect was associated
      with an elevated level of high-affinity [3H]bradykinin binding. We propose that a
      ras gene product (p21) can, directly or indirectly, influence growth factor
      stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, as well as DNA synthesis, via alterations
      in the properties of specific growth factor receptors.

PMID- 2883655
TI  - Use of phoA gene fusions to identify a pilus colonization factor coordinately
      regulated with cholera toxin.
AB  - The transposon TnphoA was used to generate fusions between phoA, the gene for
      alkaline phosphatase (PhoA), and genes encoding proteins that are secreted by
      Vibrio cholerae. One of the PhoA+ mutants isolated showed a dramatic reduction in
      its ability to colonize the intestines of suckling mice. This mutant no longer
      produced a 20.5-kDa protein (TcpA) that we show is the major subunit of a V.
      cholerae pilus. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the TcpA pilus subunit showed
      that it shares amino acid homology with the pilins produced by several other
      pathogenic bacteria. The TcpA pilus was coordinately expressed with cholera toxin
      under various culture conditions, and this effect appeared to be dependent on the
      transcriptional activator encoded by the toxR gene. We conclude that the toxR
      gene plays a central role in the transcriptional regulation of multiple virulence
      genes of V. cholerae.

PMID- 2883656
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of T11 cDNAs reveal a receptor-like structure on
      human T lymphocytes.
AB  - The T11 (CD2) sheep-erythrocyte-binding protein is a T-cell surface molecule
      involved in activation of T lymphocytes and thymocytes, including those lacking
      the T3-Ti antigen-receptor complex. The primary structure of T11 was deduced from
      protein microsequencing and cDNA cloning. The mature human protein appears to be
      divided into three domains: a hydrophilic 185 amino acid external domain bearing
      only limited homology to the T-cell surface protein T4 and the immunoglobulin
      kappa light chain variable region, a 25 amino acid hydrophobic transmembrane
      segment, and a 126 amino acid cytoplasmic domain rich in prolines and basic
      residues. Transfection of cDNAs encoding either the 1.7- or the 1.3-kilobase T11
      mRNA into COS-1 cells resulted in expression of surface T11 epitopes as well as
      sheep-erythrocyte-binding capacity. The predicted structure is consistent with
      the possibility that T11 functions in signal transduction.

PMID- 2883658
TI  - Neural activity in hypothalamic and genetic obesity.

PMID- 2883657
TI  - Genomic and cDNA actin sequences from a virulent strain of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Invasiveness of Entamoeba histolytica strains that cause acute amoebiasis is
      characterized by aggressive behavior associated with cell motility and actin
      function. Analysis of actin genes from E. histolytica was initiated by devising
      methods for the isolation of biologically active nucleic acids, which allowed the
      preparation of cDNA and genomic DNA libraries. E. histolytica actin-encoding
      cDNAs and genomic clones have been isolated from libraries prepared from the
      virulent HM1:IMSS strain using a heterologous actin probe. Nucleotide sequence
      analysis of three independent cDNA clones and one genomic clone reveals a highly
      unusual codon bias and the absence of intervening sequences in E. histolytica
      actin. The coding sequence of the genomic clone is identical to that of two of
      the three cDNA clones. These represent at least two distinct mRNAs differing only
      by five silent changes in the protein coding sequence. Multiple genomic copies of
      the actin gene can be detected by Southern hybridization. E. histolytica actin
      exhibits a higher degree of homology to cytoplasmic than to muscle actin.
      Although the protein has been shown not to bind DNase I, the inferred amino acid
      sequence indicates conservation of all residues implied to participate in this
      binding.

PMID- 2883659
TI  - Neural control of the endocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2883660
TI  - Tissue somatostatin levels in three models of genetic obesity in rats.
AB  - A potential role for somatostatin (SRIF) in the pathogenesis of the
      hyperinsulinemia of obese rats was considered. SRIF like immunoreactivity (ng/mg
      protein) was therefore measured in hot 2 N acetic acid extracts of pancreas,
      stomach, pituitary, and hypothalamus in tissues obtained from three models of
      genetic obesity in rats. These models included the obese and lean controls of
      LA/N-cp, SHR/N-cp, and Zucker rats. To assess the effects of diet on SRIF levels,
      mixed diets were provided ad lib which contained a carbohydrate as either sucrose
      or starch. Some groups were fed chow diets. No significant dietary effects on
      tissue levels of SRIF were obtained. However, two of the three models (Zucker and
      SHR/N-cp) showed phenotypic effects on SRIF levels in pancreas; namely, obese
      rats showed a significantly greater concentration of SRIF (P less than 0.0005 and
      less than 0.0002, respectively) than did the lean littermates. These findings
      were confirmed by measurement of total pancreas SRIF content. Gastric levels were
      significantly altered only in the obese Zucker rats (P less than 0.005) where
      obese tissues had lower concentrations than those of lean animals. However
      similar directional changes in pancreas and stomach were observed in all models.
      It is concluded that the hyperinsulinemia of the obese animals studied is not due
      to absolute deficiency in pancreatic SRIF content. It is postulated however that
      decreased pancreatic SRIF secretion (paracrine or otherwise) relative to
      pancreatic insulin content could still play a role.

PMID- 2883661
TI  - Inhibitory effects of somatostatin analogs on prolactin secretion in rats
      pretreated with estrogen or haloperidol.
AB  - The effect on prolactin (PRL) secretion of acute administration of new
      octapeptide analogs of somatostatin (SS) with an enhanced and prolonged growth
      hormone inhibitory activity was investigated in rats under various pretreatment
      conditions with estrogen and antidopaminergic drugs. Analog D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp
      Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2 (RC-121), at a dose of 5 micrograms/100 g body wt, did not
      decrease basal PRL levels in thiopental-anesthetized female rats, untreated or
      treated with estrogen benzoate (EB) (8 micrograms/rat) for 5 days. When
      haloperidol was used to elevate PRL level, a single injection of RC-121 inhibited
      PRL release in EB-pretreated female rats or untreated female and male rats.
      Analog D-Phe-Cys-Trp-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2 (RC-160), which has a potency
      similar to RC-121 in the tests on inhibition of GH, in a dose of 0.2
      microgram/100 g body wt, did not lower the elevated PRL level induced by alpha
      methyl-p-tyrosine and/or pretreatment with EB (100 micrograms/rat, 3 and 6 days
      before) in pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats. However, both analogs RC-121 and
      RC-160, in doses of 0.2 microgram/100 g body wt, decreased the PRL levels
      elevated by prolonged pretreatment with EB (100 micrograms/rat, twice a week for
      3 weeks) in male rats. These results indicate that acute administration of these
      SS analogs can induce a prolonged inhibition of PRL release when PRL is acutely
      elevated by haloperidol or chronically elevated by 3 weeks of estrogen
      administration. Future additional studies are required to investigate the effects
      of chronic administration of these SS analogs on PRL levels.

PMID- 2883662
TI  - A competitive receptor binding radioassay for beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic
      agents.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive competitive receptor binding assay for beta-1 and beta-2
      adrenergic binding for adrenergic agents has been developed. The steps that are
      critical for the success of the assay are given in detail so that the assay can
      be set up in any routine laboratory with relative ease. The rationale behind the
      use of specific reagents is discussed. The assay requires microgram quantities of
      test compound, a radiolabeled specific beta adrenergic antagonist
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA), and turkey erythrocyte beta-1 and rat erythrocyte
      beta-2 receptor membranes. Serial dilutions of sample are incubated with
      appropriate receptor membranes and DHA for 1 hr at room temperature. After
      equilibrium is attained, the bound radioligand is separated by rapid filtration
      under vacuum through Whatman GF/B filters. The amount of bound DHA trapped on the
      filter is inversely proportional to the degree of beta-1 or beta-2 adrenergic
      binding of the sample. Separation of bound from free radioligand by filtration
      permits rapid determination of a large number of samples. This assay quantitates
      and differentiates beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic binding of synthetic adrenergic
      agents.

PMID- 2883663
TI  - Dopaminergic and alpha 1-adrenergic properties of B-HT920 revealed in morphine
      dependent rats.
AB  - B-HT920 is known to be a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, and has been
      used in a study on morphine-withdrawal in rats. In accordance with other alpha 2
      agonists B-HT920 was found to potentiate "jumping" and to reduce "body shakes."
      However, B-HT920 did not suppress body weight loss. Furthermore, it induced
      strong salivation and prevented ptosis (described for the alpha 1-adrenergic
      agonist ST-587). Rearing and locomotor activity appeared to be enhanced, an
      effect shared by dopamine-agonist lisurid. The effects of B-HT920 have been
      specified using the alpha-adrenergic antagonists yohimbine and prazosin and the
      dopamine antagonist haloperidol. Yohimbine could not antagonize any of the
      actions of B-HT920. However the increase in rearing and locomotion was blocked by
      haloperidol. The induction of salivation was prevented by prazosin. Pretreatment
      with prazosin showed a decrease in the loss of body weight caused by B-HT920,
      while pretreatment with yohimbine showed that B-HT920 induced an increased loss
      in body weight. These data suggest that B-HT920 under certain conditions exerts
      dopamine-agonistic actions in stimulating locomotor activity and alpha 1
      adrenergic actions in inducing salivation and enhanced loss of body weight.

PMID- 2883664
TI  - Locomotor activity as a predictor of times and dosages for studies of nicotine's
      neurochemical actions.
AB  - Nicotine's action on the central nervous system is complex and likely involves an
      interaction of neurotransmitters. To determine the time after administration of
      nicotine and dosage for neurochemical studies, locomotor activity of CD-1 mice
      was determined at 5 min intervals between 0-60 min. A low nicotine dosage (0.05
      mg/kg) did not alter activity 5-15 min after drug injection, but increased
      activity 28% at 15-25 min post-injection. A high dosage (0.8 mg/kg) reduced total
      distance 62% and rearing 87% at 5-15 min; at 15-25 minutes total distance
      declined 56% and rearing 69%; all measures returned to control values after 30
      minutes; rearing then increased at 40 min after nicotine. Pretreatment (15 min
      before nicotine) with mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg), but not hexamethonium (1.0
      mg/kg), prevented the depressant effect of nicotine. Dopamine (DA) and its
      metabolites as well as acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis were measured at the point
      of nicotine's maximal depressant action. Striatal levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid (DOPAC) were increased and ACh utilization was reduced in striatum (-25%)
      and cortex (-24%) 10 min after nicotine (0.8 mg/kg). Mecamylamine, while
      preventing the depressant effect of nicotine on locomotor activity, did not alter
      its effects on DA metabolism. These results demonstrate that the behavioral
      outcome of acute nicotine treatment is time and dose-dependent. Nicotine's
      depressant action appears not to be due to altered DA but may be related to
      changes in carbohydrate and acetylcholine metabolism.

PMID- 2883665
TI  - Effects of phencyclidine, ketamine and MDMA on complex operant behavior in
      monkeys.
AB  - In one component of a multiple schedule, patas monkeys acquired a different four
      response chain each session by responding sequentially on three levers in the
      presence of four numerals (acquisition). In the other component, the four
      response chain was the same each session (performance). The response chain in
      each component was maintained by food presentation under a fixed-ratio schedule.
      After IM administration, phencyclidine, ketamine, and MDMA (3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine or "ecstasy") each produced dose-related decreases
      in overall response rate in both schedule components, though ketamine and MDMA
      were less potent (on a mg/kg basis) than phencyclidine. At high doses of each
      drug, the marked decrease in overall response rate was due primarily to a long
      initial pause. Ketamine was similar to phencyclidine in producing dose-related
      increases in percent errors in both schedule components, but the maximal error
      increasing effect was considerably smaller with ketamine. This quantitative
      difference appeared to be related to the shorter duration of ketamine's effects
      on accuracy. Unlike phencyclidine and ketamine, MDMA had no effect on accuracy in
      either acquisition or performance. The results indicate that MDMA disrupts
      complex operant behavior to a lesser extent than phencyclidine-type drugs.

PMID- 2883666
TI  - The effect of MDMA ("Ecstasy") and its optical isomers on schedule-controlled
      responding in mice.
AB  - Eleven mice were trained to respond under an FR 20 schedule of reinforcement and,
      after learning the schedule, were administered doses of saline and the following
      phenylisopropylamines: (+/-)-MDMA, S(+)-MDMA, R(-)-MDMA and (+)-amphetamine. Each
      of the phenylisopropylamines decreased rates of operant responding in a dose
      dependent manner. S(+)-MDMA (ED50 = 3.1 mg/kg) was nearly equipotent with racemic
      MDMA and four times more potent than R(-)-MDMA (ED50 = 4.1 and 11.6 mg/kg,
      respectively), but less potent than (+)-amphetamine (ED50 = 0.74 mg/kg). The
      present study constitutes the first enantiomeric behavioral-potency comparison
      for the optical isomers of MDMA.

PMID- 2883668
TI  - Benzodiazepine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: estazolam, flurazepam and
      lorazepam.
AB  - The ability of three benzodiazepines to maintain self-administration behavior was
      studied in rhesus monkeys using a substitution procedure. Lever-press responding
      was maintained in six monkeys under a fixed-ratio schedule of IV pentobarbital
      delivery in daily sessions of 3 hr duration. Each of several doses of flurazepam,
      lorazepam and estazolam as well as saline and vehicle was periodically
      substituted for 4-13 consecutive sessions. Between dose or vehicle substitutions,
      responding was maintained by pentobarbital. All six monkeys self-administered
      flurazepam above vehicle or saline levels. In addition four of five monkeys
      tested with lorazepam and four of six tested with estazolam self-administered at
      least one dose of drug above control levels. These results indicate that self
      administration performance can be reliably maintained in rhesus monkeys by
      certain benzodiazepines under appropriate experimental conditions.

PMID- 2883667
TI  - The nociceptive jaw-opening reflex: evidence for alpha 2 adrenoceptor
      involvement.
AB  - The ability of alpha adrenoceptor agonists to modulate the tooth pulp stimulation
      evoked (TPS) jaw-opening reflex (JOR) was investigated in rats and rabbits. Low
      doses of clonidine (6.25-50 micrograms/kg, IV) significantly increased dEMG
      thresholds. These effects were antagonized by alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonists
      (e.g., yohimbine), but not by alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonists (e.g., prazosin)
      or mu receptor antagonists (e.g., naloxone). Polar alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists
      (e.g., ST-91 and 4-hydroxyclonidine) that cross the blood brain barrier (BBB)
      poorly and lipophilic alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonists (e.g., ST-587) that cross the
      BBB easily were without affect on the TPS-JOR. Structures of the peripheral
      efferent neurocircuitry of the JOR (e.g., the digastric muscle and the
      neuromuscular junction of the digastric muscle and its motor nerve, the
      mylohyoid) were shown not to be active sites of clonidine's effect on the TPS
      JOR. Treatment with phentolamine (an alpha adrenoceptor antagonist that poorly
      crosses the BBB) completely poorly crosses the BBB) completely antagonized
      clonidine's initial transient cardiovascular (pressor) effect without altering
      its TPS-JOR effects. Pretreatment with reserpine (a catecholamine depleting
      agent) failed to alter clonidine's affects on the TPS-JOR. Our studies suggest
      that alpha 2 adrenoceptors potently modulate the TPS-JOR and such modulation may
      be important in understanding trigeminal neuronal circuitries that partake in
      pain processing.

PMID- 2883671
TI  - Studies on phenothiazines: synthesis of phenothiazines via Smiles' rearrangement.

PMID- 2883669
TI  - The effect of neurotransmitters on cataleptic behavior induced by PG D2 in rats.
AB  - The effects of several neurotransmitters on prostaglandin (PG) D2-induced
      cataleptic behavior in rats were investigated by the high bar test.
      Intracerebroventricular administration of PG D2 elicited cataleptic behavior in a
      dose-dependent manner without producing a marked change in spontaneous motor
      activity. The incidences of cataleptic behavior were 20% and 100% at doses of 2
      nmol and 50 nmol of PG D2, respectively. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with L-DOPA
      (100 mg/kg), apomorphine (1 mg/kg), amantadine (0.2 mg/kg), atropine (0.5 mg/kg)
      or p-chlorophenylalanine (300 mg/kg) significantly decreased the cataleptic
      behavior induced by 50 nmol of PG D2. Conversely, simultaneous treatment with 5
      hydroxy-L-tryptophan (30 mg/kg), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5 mg/kg),
      imipramine (20 mg/kg) or clomipramine (10 mg/kg) markedly increased the
      cataleptic behavior induced by 2 nmol of PG D2. Propranolol (10 mg/kg) and
      phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg) did not affect the induction of cataleptic behavior
      by either 2 nmol or 50 nmol of PG D2. These results suggest that PG D2 might be
      involved in inducing cataleptic behavior by modulating serotonergic, cholinergic
      and dopaminergic systems.

PMID- 2883670
TI  - Famotidine and ranitidine: any difference in the duration of action?
AB  - The new H2-receptor antagonist famotidine was studied to test its duration of
      action in comparison with ranitidine. In the conscious cat provided with gastric
      fistula famotidine and ranitidine, administered by bolus i.v. injection, by
      continuous infusion or intragastrically, had an inhibitory effect on dimaprit
      induced acid secretion which lasted similarly. The only difference between the
      two compounds was the higher potency of famotidine. Reversibility studies carried
      out in the isolated gastric fundus from immature rats showed that famotidine,
      like ranitidine, was easily washed out even at the highest concentration tested
      (3 X 10(-6) M) and thus it can be considered a readily dissociable H2 antagonist
      in this tissue.

PMID- 2883672
TI  - A partially rigid butyrophenone analog with extended conformation.
AB  - The synthesis and in vitro dopamine D2 receptor binding of a conformationally
      restricted analog of 4-piperidinobutyrophenone is described. 2-(2
      Piperidinoethyl)-1-tetralone displaces [3H]spiperone from the rat striatal
      dopamine receptor with an IC50 of 1.2 X 10(-4)mol/l.

PMID- 2883673
TI  - [Interaction between macromolecular adjuvants and drugs. 25. The effect of
      cellulose ether on the solubility characteristics of benzodiazepine derivatives].
AB  - The technological processing of the benzodiazepine derivatives chlordiazepoxide,
      medazepam, diazepam, nitrazepam and clonazepam with methyl cellulose (mc) and
      hydroxyethylcellulose--especially physical mixtures and evaporates--led to an
      improved dissolution of the problem drugs. The effect of the adjuvants is
      remarkable in the initial phase of the dissolution and very distinctive at the
      end of the experiment. Obviously there is no relation between saturation
      solubility and dissolution. Only with nitrazepam and clonazepam, but less clearly
      with medazepam, an increase of solubility by the mc-trituration was observed.
      Studies of the binding showed a concentration and temperature dependent
      interaction of the benzodiazepines diazepam, clonazepam, medazepam and
      nitrazepam, to mc. As X-ray diffraction and differential thermoanalysis gave no
      interpretation for the improved dissolution behaviour of drug/adjuvant
      preparations, it is assumed that a high distribution of the drug particles in the
      dissolution medium by the preceding treatment with cellulose ether is the main
      reason for the increase of the dissolution rate.

PMID- 2883674
TI  - [The exclusion of nonspecific effects in testing potential anti-inflammatory
      agents following intraperitoneal administration].
AB  - The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of potential antiphologistics of the
      group of DL-2-phenylglycinalkylester hydrochlorids caused beside the inhibition
      of the carrageenan rat paw oedema a high increase of the glucocorticoid-induced
      tyrosin transaminase activity (TTA) in the liver. Using this group of compounds
      the exclusion of unspecific antiphlogistic effects as a consequence of peritoneal
      irritation and glucocorticoid liberation was studied. For comparison
      phenylbutazone, hydrochlorid acid and carrageenan were examined after i.p.
      administration. The results showed that in contrast to hydrochlorid acid and
      carrageenan the antiphlogistic effects of DL-2-phenylglycinalkylester
      hydrochlorids were not elicited by unspecific irritation. Therefore the i.p.
      administration can be used in testing antiinflammatory drugs, if indirect effects
      have been excluded in adrenalectomized animals. The determination of the TTA
      activity of the liver as an indicator of glucocorticoid liberation is not
      sufficient for exclusion of unspecific effects in testing antiphlogistics after
      i.p. administration.

PMID- 2883675
TI  - Tiotidine and ICIA 5165 inhibit central and peripheral H2 receptors with equal
      potency.
AB  - Histamine, acting through H2 receptors, increases cAMP formation in homogenates
      of guinea pig hippocampus. The activities of two H2 antagonists, tiotidine and
      ICIA 5165, as inhibitors of the histamine-induced increase were investigated.
      ICIA 5165 and tiotidine were potent antagonists of histamine with a pKi of 8.0
      and 7.6, respectively. Similarly, the positive chronotropic response of isolated
      guinea pig atria to histamine was antagonized by tiotidine and ICIA 5165 with a
      pKB of 7.8 and 7.9, respectively. These studies suggest that histamine H2
      receptors in the CNS and atria are similar.

PMID- 2883676
TI  - Classification of neuroleptics--zotepine.
AB  - Neuroleptic classifications try to take account of both biological effects
      (interaction with different neurotransmitters, selectivity of action on
      dopaminergic structures or dopaminergic subclasses of receptors) and clinical
      effects (sedative properties, efficacy on positive or negative symptomatology of
      schizophrenia, antimanic effect). Zotepine blocks mainly dopaminergic, 5-HT 2 and
      alpha 1 receptors. It should therefore be expected to have sedative properties in
      humans and to be effective against mania and the positive symptoms of
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2883677
TI  - Comparative placebo-controlled pharmacodynamic studies with zotepine and
      clozapine utilizing pharmaco-EEG and psychometry.
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the encephalotropic and psychotropic
      properties of zotepine - a new tricyclic dibenzothiepine with antidopaminergic,
      adrenolytic and antiserotoninergic properties - were investigated utilizing
      quantitative EEG, psychometric and psychophysiological tests as well as clinical
      observations. Fifteen normal volunteers received randomized (latin square design)
      and at weekly intervals single oral doses of placebo, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg
      zotepine as well as 50 mg clozapine as reference compound. Plasma samplings for
      blood levels, EEG recordings, and evaluation of blood pressure, pulse rate and
      side-effects were carried out at the hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8, while
      psychometric data were recorded at the same time except the first hour. Computer
      assisted spectral analysis of the EEG demonstrated after all three doses
      significant changes as compared with placebo characterized by an augmentation of
      delta and theta activity, decreased of alpha and beta activity, slowing of the
      centroid of the total activity and alpha activity, and decrease of the dominant
      frequency and its absolute and relative power. Such changes are typical for low
      potency basic neuroleptics of the sedative type such as chlorpromazine. Clozapine
      also augmented slow activities, decreased alpha activity, the dominant frequency
      and the alpha centroid, but induced in contrast to zotepine a concomitant
      increase of fast beta activity, acceleration of the beta centroid and no slowing
      of the dominant frequency, while the total power was significantly attenuated.
      These findings confirm earlier reports about the pharmaco-EEG profile of
      clozapine, which has a resemblance to profiles of anticholinergic antidepressants
      of the amitriptyline type. Psychometric tests demonstrated after the higher doses
      of zotepine and clozapine a deterioration of noopsychic and thymospsychic
      functions which was more pronounced after the reference compound than after
      zotepine. The lowest dose of zotepine, 25 mg, even produced an improvement in
      numerical memory and complex reaction. CFF, skin conductance, pupillary diameter
      and pupillary response measurements decreased after both compounds. Dose-efficacy
      calculations showed 100 mg zotepine and clozapine to be the most CNS-effective
      compounds, followed by 50 mg and 25 mg zotepine, while placebo induced the least
      changes. Time-efficacy calculations showed neurophysiological and behavioral peak
      effects after zotepine at the 4th and 6th hour, as compared with the 2nd and 4th
      hour after clozapine. Pulse rate increased with both compounds; blood pressure
      decreased after clozapine but remained unchanged after zotepine.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2883679
TI  - Clinical experience with the neuroleptic zotepine--first results.
AB  - The few patients examined in the pilot study so far lead us to believe that the
      new neuroleptic drug zotepine is a substance with good antipsychotic
      effectiveness. Among the side-effects, a marked sedative component is apparent
      which is perceived as being unpleasant by all patients due to its expression in
      the form of drowsiness and lack of vitality during the day. Here, problems with
      patient compliance may possibly arise. Extrapyramidal motor side-effects could
      not be observed except in one case in which therapy was consequently terminated.
      The changes observed in the EEG were interpreted as an increase in cerebral
      excitability, an effect known to be possible in connection with the
      administration of neuroleptic drugs. Altogether, on the basis of our first
      clinical experience with the new neuroleptic zotepine, we feel that this drug
      doses not yield a marked improvement in regard to the ratio of effect to side
      effect when compared with the other neuroleptic drugs available at the present
      time. Our findings, however, tend to support suggestions in the literature that
      zotepine may have a better effect than other drugs on patients' negative
      symptoms.

PMID- 2883678
TI  - Clinical and neuroendocrine effects of zotepine--a new neuroleptic drug.
AB  - Zotepine, a new neuroleptic, was administered to 23 hospitalized patients with
      schizophrenia at doses of 75 to 600 mg/d for 21 to 42 days. Based upon analysis
      of conventional rating scales we observed a significant improvement (P less than
      0.001) during week 1, which compound throughout the study period. After 21 days
      we identified 17 responders and 6 nonresponders, 2 of whom dropped out of the
      study because of a tonic-clonic seizure in one case and withdrawal of consent to
      further participation in the second case. During further treatment the
      improvement remaind stable in the responder group, while 1 nonresponder improved
      after 3 weeks of treatment. In 9 patients extrapyramidal symptoms were observed
      (6 parkinsonism, 2 early dyskinesia, 1 parkinsonism and early dyskinesia), which
      required sporadic (n = 3) or continuous (n = 2) treatment with biperiden in 5
      cases. This low incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms necessitating
      coadministration of anticholinergic drugs suggests that the risk of inducing
      parkinsonism and dyskinesias during zotepine treatment is low. Comparison of
      cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin release in normal controls challenged with
      25 mg zotepine showed that only prolactin secretion is increased, while secretion
      of cortisol and growth hormone remains unaffected. The clinical effects observed
      in the present study show that zotepine has potential value in the treatment of
      schizophrenia. The findings warrant further study in controlled trials.

PMID- 2883680
TI  - Comparison of efficacy of zotepine and thiothixene in schizophrenia in a double
      blind study.
AB  - Zotepine and thiothixene were compared for clinical efficacy and safety in a
      double-blind trial. Using overall improvement ratings and Gorham's BPRS, zotepine
      rated higher improvement in motor retardation, suspiciousness, mannerisms and
      posturing symptoms, suggesting that it has both activating and antipsychotic
      activities. Thiothixene produced higher improvement ratings in symptoms such as
      hallucinatory behavior, somatic concerns, anxiety, guilt feelings, tension,
      depressive mood and uncooperativeness. As for side effects, there was a
      significantly lower frequency of dry mouth and insomnia with zotepine when
      compared with thiothixene. The lower incidence of insomnia is interesting in view
      of zotepine's clinical activating effects. There were no abnormal laboratory
      findings.

PMID- 2883681
TI  - Profiles of clinical efficacy and pharmacological action of zotepine.
AB  - Zotepine, a new neuroleptic drug synthesized in Japan has unique profiles in the
      treatment for schizophrenic patients, such as a low incidence of extrapyramidal
      symptoms and a biphasic effect; activation and sedation. It also shows unique
      pharmacological actions. The author discussed the relationship between its
      clinical efficacy and pharmacological actions. Recently zotepine has been
      reported to have an antimanic effect. The author also demonstrated our recent
      study on the antimanic drugs including zotepine and discussed the importance of
      the role of serotonin-2 receptor in their antimanic effect.

PMID- 2883682
TI  - Effectivity of zotepine in refractory psychoses: possible relationship between
      zotepine and non-dopamine psychosis.
AB  - We reported the results of a survey of patients who suffered from schizophrenia
      with predominate hallucinatory and delusional states, and who had been
      unresponsive to a variety of antipsychotics like haloperidol but responded more
      favorably to zotepine. In 10 of the 22 zotepine-responsive patients in this
      study, there was marked improvement with zotepine. Considering the results from
      previous drug treatment, the phenothiazines (especially levomepromazine)
      surpassed the butyrophenones in efficacy, suggesting that zotepine might resemble
      levomepromazine clinically. After administration of zotepine, cenesthesic
      hallucination, behavior caused by hallucination, egorrhoe, affective symptoms,
      and catatonic symptoms were markedly improved. However, insight into disease and
      negative symptoms were minimally improved after administration of zotepine.
      Zotepine was effective in the refractory psychoses due to its potent action on
      the delusional dynamics, in spite of producing little marked improvement in such
      main symptoms as hallucination and delusion. The authors speculate that
      zotepine's potent activity at serotonin-1 receptors may lead to a beneficial
      effect in refractory psychoses, just as in the case of its antimanic effect.

PMID- 2883683
TI  - Zotepine, a neuroleptic drug with a bipolar therapeutic profile.
AB  - Zotepine, a new tricyclic compound, was investigated in 20 schizophrenic patients
      in two different dosage groups. Group I (n = 8) received Zotepine in a high
      dosage of 270 mg +/- 37 mg/die. The other group (group II; n = 12) received a low
      dosage of 168 mg +/- 15 mg/die. In both groups 2 patients dropped out before the
      end of the treatment period because of clinical deterioration. In both groups,
      Zotepine manifested a rapid antipsychotic effect, good tolerability, and sedative
      properties during the initial days. Additionally there was a stronger positive
      influence on negative symptoms in the group with low dosage treatment.

PMID- 2883686
TI  - Results of an open phase II study with zotepine--a new neuroleptic compound.
AB  - Zotepine is a new tricyclic neuroleptic with a pharmacological profile comparable
      to substances such as thioridazine and chlorpromazine. Ten patients fulfilling
      DSM-III criteria of paranoid schizophrenia were included in an open pilot study
      at the Department of Psychiatry in Innsbruck. Neuroleptic efficacy, optimal dose,
      side effects, and the influence on serum prolactin levels were evaluated.
      Definite onset of antipsychotic action could be demonstrated between days 5-10,
      and approximately 400 mg/die seems to be an optimal dose. Four patients showed
      side effects of a minor degree that had no influence on the course of therapy.
      These results suggest that Zotepine is a rapidly acting neuroleptic with a high
      benefit-risk ratio. Further double-blind studies will be needed to reinforce
      these preliminary data.

PMID- 2883685
TI  - Low-dose zotepine in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia.
AB  - Zotepine is new tricyclic neuroleptic with a pharmacological profile comparable
      to substances such as thioridazine and chlorpromazine. Its chemical structure is
      related to clozapine and fluperlapine. Ten patients (8 men and 2 women)
      fulfilling DSM III criteria for residual schizophrenia participated in an open
      clinical trial that lasted 8 months. The effects of low-dose maintenance therapy
      with Zotepine were evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the
      Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Eight patients dropped out of the
      study within the first 6 months, 5 because of acute psychotic relapse, 3 due to
      compliance problems. Psychotic relapse appeared to be indicated by increasing
      BPRS and SANS scores recorded 1 month before relapse. Apart from minor sedation,
      no side effects, especially none of the extrapyramidal motor type, were observed.
      Even though Zotepine does not seem to possess sufficient prophylactic properties
      against psychotic relapse, preliminary results suggest that it might play an
      important role as a supplement to conventional neuroleptics in the near future.

PMID- 2883687
TI  - Clinical and EEG studies of zotepine, a thiepine neuroleptic, on schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - The overall effect of zotepine was a "slightly improved" or better response in 20
      patients (64.5%), "unchanged" in 10 (32.3%) and "worsened" in 1 (3.2%). Zotepine
      exhibited some degree of improvement in 54.5% of patients unresponsive to prior
      drugs. The onset of effect of zotepine was within one month in 19 patients. The
      improvement rate in the hebephrenic type (66.7%) was almost the same as in the
      paranoid type. The improvement rate classified by psychopathology was highest for
      hypobulia, followed by restlessness-excitement and hallucination, depressive
      mood, hypochondria and delusion. The side-effects were subjective complaints,
      such as general fatigue, dryness of mouth, sleepiness or fainting in a small
      number of cases. There was a slight increase in S-GPT in one patient and a
      slightly increased blood platelet count, also in one patient. Serial EEG changes
      associated with zotepine studied in another 17 chronic schizophrenics could be
      classified into three groups: those with increased slow waves, those with
      enhanced alpha waves and those with unchanged EEGs. There was a positive
      correlation between the incidence of slow waves and higher plasma levels of
      zotepine.

PMID- 2883684
TI  - Zotepine in the treatment of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - Zotepine is a new tricyclic neuroleptic with a pharmacological profile comparable
      to substances like Thioridazine and Chlorpromazine. In an open pilot study, 10
      patients suffering from negative symptoms in the course of chronic schizophrenia
      were treated with Zotepine. The efficacy of Zotepine in this indication was
      evaluated by means of the BPRS and the Andreasen Scale for the Assessment of
      Negative Symptoms. Significant improvement could be demonstrated after 3 weeks of
      treatment. No side effects were observed within the dosage range of 50 to 200 mg
      per die. These results suggest that Zotepine is useful in the treatment of
      residual schizophrenia.

PMID- 2883688
TI  - An evaluation of the interactions between freshwater pulmonate snail hosts of
      human schistosomes and macrophytes.
AB  - An account is given of a laboratory investigation designed to evaluate the extent
      to which the freshwater pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) can utilize
      various species of aquatic plants, mainly macrophytes, when presented in the
      following forms over different time scales: normal plants; dried plant material;
      homogenized plant material in calcium alginate matrices; water-soluble filtrates
      of plant homogenates in the medium. The following propositions, derived from the
      theory of phased coevolution of components of the module consisting of the
      epiphytic bacteria, algae, snails and macrophytes, are evaluated on the basis of
      the present results and others including those obtained in this laboratory. That
      as the snails had become specialized to exploit surface communities of epiphytic
      algae, decaying plant material and dissolved organic matter (DOM) early in their
      evolutionary history they would continue to exploit these resources when they
      later become associated with aquatic macrophytes. That pulmonate snails would
      tend to be feeding generalists capable of adapting to food of varying chemical
      composition, given sufficient time, provided it was sufficiently small or
      flaccid. That although macrophytes and snails show a strong positive
      relationship, the living macrophyte tissue would be little used by the snails.
      That the hard outer envelope, inherited from their terrestrial ancestors, would
      remain as the major defence mechanism of aquatic macrophytes against attack by
      snails and other aquatic invertebrates. That aquatic macrophytes would invest
      little in the nutrient deficiency strategy to reduce attack by invertebrates such
      as snails. That truly aquatic submerged macrophytes would not possess secondary
      plant compounds (SPC) that would be molluscicidal. Emergent parts of subaquatic
      or aquatic plants might be expected to be better sources of SPC with
      molluscicidal factors than submerged aquatic plants. Species of epiphytic or
      planktonic algae might be better sources of SPC with molluscicidal effects than
      aquatic macrophytes. That the strategies developed by pulmonate snails for
      obtaining their energy supplies would not be conducive to rapid speciation. The
      analysis of the present and other related results supports these propositions.
      Predictions based on the theory of mutualism involving the snails, macrophytes
      and other components of the module also receive some support from an analysis of
      the present results. The additional empirical work that could be undertaken to
      test this theory is briefly discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2883689
TI  - [Acute vasculitis].

PMID- 2883690
TI  - [Granulomatous vasculitis].
AB  - Granulomatous vasculitis are defined as a pathological process due to the
      destruction of vessels by a granulomatous infiltrate. The inflammatory infiltrate
      is made of several cellular lines in variable proportions. These diseases are
      classified according to the affected organs and to the nature of the vessels.
      Some granulomatous vasculitis remain cryptogenetic in nature, others have an
      infectious origin, and still others follow a necrotizing leucocytoclastic
      vasculitis with immune complexes.

PMID- 2883691
TI  - Changes in neurotransmitter amino acids content in several CNS areas from
      aggressive and non-aggressive bull strains.
AB  - Neurotransmitter amino acid levels (glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and glycine) of
      crude synaptosomal fractions from several non-limbic CNS areas (pons, ventral
      tegmentum, midbrain reticular formation, fastigial nucleus of cerebellum,
      posterior colliculus and anterior colliculus) showed significant differences
      between aggressive Spanish fighting-bull and non-aggressive Friesian strains. The
      most unequal distribution was observed in neurotransmitter amino acids, while the
      non-transmitter amino acids (serine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and alanine)
      showed minor and uneven changes. The results suggest a possible relationship
      between changes in amino acid neurotransmitter levels and the aggressive behavior
      observed in the aggressive breed.

PMID- 2883692
TI  - [Blood levels of neuroleptics required to prevent recurrence--a radioreceptor
      assay].

PMID- 2883693
TI  - [The safety of long-term neuroleptic therapy].

PMID- 2883694
TI  - Psychotic and nonpsychotic depressions: I. Comparison of plasma catecholamines
      and cortisol measures.
AB  - Unconjugated plasma catecholamines and cortisol were measured before and after a
      1 mg dose of dexamethasone in 22 medication-free depressed patients and 6
      healthy, medication-free control subjects. Plasma dopamine (DA) levels in the
      psychotically depressed subgroup (n = 4) were significantly higher both before
      and after dexamethasone than those in the nonpsychotic depressed group and higher
      before dexamethasone than in the control group. Similarly, the psychotically
      depressed group exhibited significantly higher cortisol levels both before and
      after dexamethasone than the nonpsychotic depressed group or the control group.
      In contrast, the psychotically depressed group had significantly lower
      postdexamethasone plasma norepinephrine levels compared to the nonpsychotic
      depressed group. In both patients and controls, plasma DA was significantly
      higher after dexamethasone administration than before, but the magnitude of the
      increase was 10 times greater in controls than in patients.

PMID- 2883695
TI  - Benzodiazepine pharmacodynamics: evidence for biophase rate limiting mechanisms.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics do not adequately reflect recovery from cognitive neuromotor
      impairment induced by most benzodiazepines. This paper examines across time the
      nature of the relationship of effect to serum concentration of three
      benzodiazepines. Using the same protocol lorazepam, alprazolam, diazepam and
      placebo were administered to eight healthy males at doses of 0.057, 0.029, 0.286
      and 0.000 mg/kg, body weight, respectively for the first study and at 0.028,
      0.014, 0.143 and 0.000 mg/kg, respectively, for the second study. After each dose
      administration multiple measurements were made over a period of 5.5-11.5 h using
      two different psychomotor performance tests. Serum drug concentrations were also
      measured. The profiles for diazepam and alprazolam effects demonstrate a stepwise
      decrement in the slopes of the concentration versus response curves across time,
      illustrating the rapid development of acute tolerance. In contrast, lorazepam
      induced a remarkably constant relationship between concentration and effect
      across testing intervals.

PMID- 2883698
TI  - Benzodiazepine--induced event amnesia following a stressful surgical procedure.
AB  - In a randomised, double-blind, parallel groups study, 40 patients undergoing
      surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth received either midazolam 15 mg
      orally followed at 35 min by intravenous saline or oral placebo followed by
      intravenous diazepam 10 mg (Diazemuls). Episodic (event) memory was assessed by
      showing patients photographs of dental and neutral objects both before and after
      sedation and by testing subsequent recognition at 1 week. Recall of actual
      surgical events was assessed by questionnaire. Both treatments induced
      significant amnesia for visual stimuli and for surgical events. However, the
      degree of amnesia was more profound for artificial stimuli and no relationship
      was found between the extent of amnesia for the two types of event. Drilling of
      bone was found to provoke the greatest cardiovascular stress response and a
      significant relationship was found between the degree of cardiovascular
      activation and subsequent memory for drilling. It is concluded that the extent of
      benzodiazepine-induced event-amnesia may be modified by cognitive factors and
      especially by the extent to which the event is cognitively encoded and
      elaborated.

PMID- 2883697
TI  - Cytotoxic effects of neuroleptic drugs.
AB  - Agranulocytosis and the release of transaminase enzymes from liver cells are
      known consequences of neuroleptic drug use. These effects are most common with
      low potency neuroleptic drugs. It has been hypothesized that these effects are
      due to the direct toxic action of these drugs on blood and liver cells. The
      purpose of this study is to compare the cytotoxic effects of eight neuroleptic
      drugs in five different biological test systems. In all of the test systems,
      thioridazine, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine and thiothixene
      (group one drugs) were the most toxic drugs and molindone was the least toxic.
      Thioridazine was between 25 and 84 times more toxic than molindone. Loxapine was
      significantly more toxic than molindone, but less toxic than the group one drugs.
      Haloperidol was intermediate in toxicity between the group one drugs and
      loxapine. We conclude that the difference in cytotoxicity of the neuroleptic
      drugs observed in these experiments accounts in part for the increase in
      agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity with thioridazine and chlorpromazine and for
      the lower incidence of these side effects with less toxic drugs. The possibility
      that tardive dyskinesia may be due to the cytotoxic effects of neuroleptic drugs
      is discussed and an experiment to test this hypothesis is suggested.

PMID- 2883696
TI  - Effect of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs on the electrically evoked release
      of serotonin from rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - The effect of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs on the electrically evoked
      release of serotonin (5-HT) was investigated in rat brain cortical slices
      preincubated with 0.1 mumol/l 3H-5-HT. Zimelidine, trazodone, clomipramine,
      doxepin, and viloxazine (1 mumol/l each) enhanced the electrically-induced 3H
      overflow by 20-44%. Six other antidepressants and five neuroleptics did not
      increase the evoked transmitter release. Only trazodone and viloxazine also
      increased the 3H overflow in experiments in which neuronal 5-HT reuptake was
      already blocked by 6-nitroquipazine. 5-HT and clonidine inhibited the
      electrically-induced 3H-5-HT release by stimulation of presynaptic 5-HT
      autoreceptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, respectively; trazodone and viloxazine
      had no effect on the concentration-response curves of 5-HT and clonidine. Other
      psychotropic agents with well known antiserotonergic activities also failed to
      block presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors. It is concluded that zimelidine,
      clomipramine, and doxepin enhanced the 3H-5-HT overflow by inhibition of neuronal
      5-HT uptake, whereas the increase produced by trazodone and viloxazine cannot be
      explained by reuptake inhibition or interaction with presynaptic receptors.

PMID- 2883699
TI  - Treatment for therapy-resistant depression.
AB  - Thanks to progress in the diagnosis and treatment of depression it is now
      possible for most cases to be treated on an out-patient basis. Only 15-20% of
      patients require hospitalisation, most of them because their depression has
      proved resistant to therapy. To overcome therapy-resistance, the following
      methods of treatment are available: In therapy-resistant endogenous and
      psychogenic depressions, mono-infusion therapy is the treatment of choice; it can
      also be administered on an out-patient basis. In extremely intractable cases, it
      is advisable to resort to combined infusion therapy, preceded by five days of
      relaxation therapy with oral doses of a neuroleptic, and possibly reinforced by
      medication with 5-hydroxytryptophan (the precursor of serotonin) or by sleep
      deprival. In therapy-resistant cases of so-called masked depression, marked by
      overtones of anxiety and hypochondriasis, infusions of maprotiline are indicated,
      because this anti-depressant exerts a relaxing and mildly anxiolytic action, has
      a stabilising influence on the autonomic nervous system, and produces a mood
      brightening effect. In patients who are apathetic and devoid of drive and
      suffering from involutional depression or depression of old age, infusion therapy
      plus administration of an MAO inhibitor can be recommended. Combination of an
      antidepressant with a neuroleptic agent also displaying certain antidepressive
      properties is really indicated only in the rare cases of schizo-affective
      psychosis. Electroconvulsive therapy should be employed only as a last resort in
      extremely retarded and apathetic patients with strong suicidal tendencies, and
      the indication for ECT should be established with the utmost reserve.

PMID- 2883700
TI  - Biological aspects of depression in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - A clinical survey indicates a similar incidence of depression in old age and
      Parkinson's disease. Divergences, therefore, are apparent, when the biochemical
      basis of depression is related to the pathobiology of Parkinson's disease (PD)
      and endogenous depression. However, a common biological concept for endogenous
      depression and depression in PD is possible by assuming that neurotransmission
      can operate at various levels of homeostasis. Then depression is the behavioral
      correlate rather of regional changes that disturb this homeostasis. Therefore,
      the incidence of depression in old age and PD is similar.

PMID- 2883701
TI  - Monoamines and myelin components in aging and dementia disorders.

PMID- 2883702
TI  - Neuropeptide changes in aging and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2883703
TI  - Aging and circadian rhythms.

PMID- 2883704
TI  - Clinical strategies in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2883705
TI  - Possible dietary strategies to reduce cognitive deficits in old age.

PMID- 2883706
TI  - The physiology of excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2883707
TI  - Amino acids and hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - The consideration of HE and its etiology has undergone a radical turn within the
      past decade. At present HE is seen in the context of severe metabolic
      derangements, which failure of the liver, the central biochemical powerhouse of
      the body, must bring with it. The increased awarenesses on the biochemical
      mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HE have found, step by step, their own
      place in a complex but consequential mosaic of events, in which amino acid and HE
      are tightly linked. Clinical and experimental studies are needed to further
      improve the knowledge in this field, nontheless a certain number of corner-stones
      can be identified: A profound alteration of the central nervous system
      neurotransmission is responsible for most, if not all, of the symptoms
      characterizing HE. The plasma amino acid imbalance observed in cirrhotic patients
      represents a 'condicio sine qua non' HE may develop. A functional impairment of
      the amino acid transport systems at the level of the blood-brain barrier seems to
      play a crucial role in causing deleterious modifications of the synaptic
      neurotransmission in the central nervous system. The reduction of the brain entry
      of the "toxic" aromatic amino acids usually obtained by parenteral administration
      of especially tailored amino acid mixtures is most frequently followed by
      awakening from HE. In conclusion, most of the results obtained have demonstrated
      that HE represents a research field in which progresses in the knowledge of some
      of the pathogenic mechanisms have brought the investigators to new therapeutic
      approaches which have clearly improved the prognosis of patients suffering from
      this severe neuropsychiatric syndrome.

PMID- 2883708
TI  - Bradykinin receptors: functional similarities in guinea pig gut muscle and
      mucosa.
AB  - It is well established that bradykinin can stimulate mucosal electrolyte
      transport. However, the receptor type which mediates this effect has not been
      fully characterized. Recent studies have suggested that bradykinin and related
      kinins may act at two types of receptors designated as B1 and B2. We have
      determined the effect of bradykinin on electrolyte secretion across guinea pig
      ileal mucosa and longitudinal muscle in vitro in the presence and absence of D
      Phe7-bradykinin (B2 antagonist) and des-Arg9-(Leu8)-bradykinin (B1 antagonist).
      The B2 antagonist (less than 100 microM) did not affect resting muscle tension or
      basal electrolyte transport but at 6-30 microM it caused a parallel rightward
      shift in the concentration-response curves to bradykinin in the mucosa (Ki = 4
      microM) and muscle (Ki = 6 microM). Changes in electrolyte transport and muscle
      contractility evoked by bethanechol and substance P were not affected by the B2
      antagonist (30 microM) in either the muscle or the mucosa. Moreover, changes in
      electrolyte transport and muscle contractility produced by bradykinin were not
      altered by the B1 antagonist (30 microM). Finally, the B1 agonist des-Arg9
      bradykinin (10 nM-1 microM) was not active in either preparation. These data
      suggest that under normal conditions, ileal secretion and smooth muscle
      contractility in the guinea pig are regulated by B2-type bradykinin receptors.

PMID- 2883709
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens septicotoxemia].

PMID- 2883710
TI  - Retinal vasculitis in polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - Although uncommon, a wide variety of ocular manifestations can be seen in
      polyarteritis nodosa. These occur as a result of the arteritis or secondary to
      the associated renal induced hypertension. A case of biopsy documented
      polyarteritis nodosa is reported in which the patient presented with bilateral
      iritis, vitritis, and a retinal vasculitis involving both the retinal arteries
      and veins, a feature not described previously. Patients with this potentially
      fatal disorder may initially present with ocular involvement; thus
      ophthalmologists should be familiar with the clinical features of this disease.

PMID- 2883711
TI  - [Cardiogenic shock in acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2883712
TI  - [Proper usage of H1-antihistaminics].

PMID- 2883714
TI  - Traumatic injuries of the teeth.

PMID- 2883713
TI  - [Original construction of a device for the dento-maxillary protection].

PMID- 2883715
TI  - Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis--a double blind, group comparative study
      of terfenadine and dexchlorpheniramine.
AB  - In order to evaluate the efficacy of and adverse reactions to terfenadine
      compared to dexchlorpheniramine, a double blind, group comparative study was
      carried out in 42 patients suffering from grass-pollen induced allergic rhinitis.
      The treatment was either terfenadine tablets 60 mg twice daily or
      dexchlorpheniramine tablets 6 mg twice daily. Nasal and eye symptoms as well as
      tiredness were rated daily on a scale from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe). Terfenadine
      and dexchlorpheniramine performed almost equally well in keeping symptoms at a
      mild level with a superiority of dexchlorpheniramine in the control of runny
      nose. Dexchlorpheniramine was associated with a significant increase in the score
      for tiredness in contrast to terfenadine which caused no significant change. Two
      patients in the group treated with dexchlorpheniramine stopped treatment because
      of tiredness. Other adverse reactions were few, mild and transient.

PMID- 2883716
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of clotiazepam in the ambulatory treatment of anxiety
      states].
AB  - To assess the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of Clotiazepam in the
      treatment of anxiety, the drug was administered to 20 subjects suffering from
      anxiety (12 cases) or from nervous depression (8 cases), all of whom were without
      psychopharmacological drugs for at least one month prior to the trial. Treatment
      with Clotiazepam improved the anxiety and brought about a statistically
      significant reduction in both groups of patients regards the total score in the
      Hamilton Scale and in the two sub-scale scores (somatic and psychological
      symptoms). Tolerability to the drug was very satisfactory.

PMID- 2883717
TI  - [3 cases of essential blepharospasm: pathogenetic problems correlated].
AB  - Three clinical cases of essential blepharospasm are discussed. On the basis of
      both therapeutical results and a review of the literature, pathogenetic
      hypothesis concerning such pathology are reexamined.

PMID- 2883718
TI  - The variations of S-adenosyl-L-methionine content modulate hepatocyte growth
      during phenobarbital promotion of diethylnitrosamine-induced rat liver
      carcinogenesis.
AB  - A decrease in liver S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) content and an increase in
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity occurred between the 2nd and the 5th week
      after starting 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) feeding in diethylnitrosamine (DENA)
      initiated rats. These rats then received a 0.05% phenobarbital (PB)-containing
      diet for 18 weeks after the end of AAF feeding. Two weeks after starting AAF, an
      increase in the hepatocyte labeling index (LI) also occurred in gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT)-positive foci and surrounding tissue. LI returned to control
      values in a few days in surrounding tissue, while it remained high for at least 4
      weeks in the foci. Analogous changes were observed, but for a shorter period of
      time, in the rats subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH) plus AAF, in which no GGT
      positive foci developed. Twenty-four weeks after starting AAF, 30% of the liver
      was occupied by visible nodules. ODC activity and LI were high and SAM was low in
      nodules, but they were near to control values in surrounding liver. SAM
      administration reconstituted the liver SAM pool, inhibited ODC activity, and
      prevented visible nodule development. SAM inhibition of ODC activity occurred in
      vitro only after preincubation with liver homogenate and was enhanced by adenine,
      an inhibitor of methylthioadenosine (MTA) phosphorylase. MTA addition to the
      reaction of mixture for ODC determination was inhibitory. The SAM decrease in
      both liver and nodules was coupled with a decrease of MTA content. SAM
      administration caused MTA accumulation in the liver. It is suggested that liver
      SAM content by influencing MTA level, could be a rate-limiting factor for growth
      and promotion, through a modulation of polyamine synthesis.

PMID- 2883720
TI  - Morphotypic aspects in the cryptorchidic child.
AB  - The morphotype of 40 children with cryptorchidism (18 bilateral, 22 unilateral),
      selected by complex endocrine examination, was assessed in relation to age and
      clinical form of cryptorchidism. The morphotype was established on the basis of 9
      anthropometric parameters (weight, stature, pube-ground distance, a-a, thr-thr,
      thoracic, abdominal, hips and cephalic circumferences). The malformed lot
      consists of 28 children with common and 12 with symptome cryptorchidism (5
      adiposogenital, 3 male Turner's syndrome and 3 with gonadal dysgenesis). In the
      child with symptom cryptorchidism, the morphogram reveals, irrespective of age, a
      morphotype which corresponds in point of absolute dimensions and proportions, to
      the somatotype in which cryptorchidism as a symptome is included. The child with
      common cryptorchidism has irrespective of age, a normal or short stature and is
      underweight. Compared to the stature, the head is small, the lower limbs are
      short, the trunk is long and the hips are well developed. In our series of common
      cryptorchid child, the most marked statural deficit was found between 11 and 15
      years as well as under the age of 6.

PMID- 2883719
TI  - Placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) as a new marker for
      hepatocarcinogenesis: in vivo short-term screening for hepatocarcinogens.
AB  - Our laboratory has developed an in vivo short-term screening test for
      hepatocarcinogens based on quantitation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma
      GT) positive foci. However, gamma-GT positive hepatocytes appear in periportal
      areas under a variety of circumstances apparently unrelated to
      hepatocarcinogenesis. Glutathione S-transferase placental type (GST-P), which is
      hardly detectable in normal rat liver, was recently demonstrated as a new marker
      protein for preneoplastic liver foci. In experiment I, rats were initially given
      a single dose (200 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine intraperitoneally and 2 weeks
      later were treated with test compounds for 6 weeks. All rats were subjected to
      partial hepatectomy at week 3. The long-term development of preneoplastic lesions
      was followed in rats for 50 weeks. The immunohistochemical investigation of GST-P
      binding and the histochemical demonstration of gamma-GT in serial sections
      revealed that almost all gamma-GT foci were GST-P positive, but 5-10% of GST-P
      foci could not be detected by gamma-GT staining. From week 8, many gamma-GT foci
      partially lost gamma-GT activity. However, no comparable disappearance of GST-P
      was evident in the lesions. All hepatocellular carcinomas (HC) found at week 50
      consisted of GST-P positive HC cells. In contrast, 37.9% (11/29) of HC were
      negative for gamma-GT. In experiment II (in vivo short-term screening test for
      hepatocarcinogens), rats were treated in the same manner as for experiment I and
      killed at week 8. Fifty-eight chemicals were investigated for their potential to
      modify GST-P positive foci development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883721
TI  - The neuro-transmitters of the efferent cochlear system.

PMID- 2883722
TI  - Pharmacological effects on cochlear blood flow measured with the Laser-Doppler
      technique.

PMID- 2883723
TI  - Asymptomatic peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2883724
TI  - Reflex sympathetic inhibition of colonic motility in the cat.
AB  - Sympathico-adrenergic mechanisms involved in the reflex inhibition of colonic
      motility were investigated in anaesthetized cats. Reflex inhibition of
      spontaneous motility of the colon was induced by application of hydrochloric acid
      onto the serosal surface of the small intestine and the peritoneum of the
      abdominal wall. This inhibition was reduced by propranolol and phentolamine. The
      spontaneous colonic motility was also reduced by administration of isoproterenol,
      noradrenaline, and clonidine. It is concluded that the sympathetic reflex
      inhibition of colonic motility is mediated by alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      mechanisms in the cat.

PMID- 2883725
TI  - Somatostatin inhibition of intrinsic factor secretion from isolated guinea pig
      gastric glands.
AB  - The aim of our study was to examine the direct effect of somatostatin on
      histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulated intrinsic factor (IF) release in
      collagenase-dispersed guinea pig gastric glands. The effect of somatostatin (10(
      11) M to 10(-6) M) on half-maximal doses of histamine (10(-6) M), pentagastrin
      (10(-6) M), and both histamine and pentagastrin together was tested. All tested
      concentrations of histamine significantly stimulated IF release. Pentagastrin
      (10(-10) M to 10(-6) M) inconsistently stimulated IF release. The quantity of IF
      release stimulated by histamine and pentagastrin together was approximately the
      additive sum of that produced by either agent alone. Somatostatin (10(-6) M)
      inhibited histamine-stimulated (10(-6) M) IF release by 69.9 +/- 7.2% and the
      combination of histamine (10(-6) M) and pentagastrin (10(-6) M) by 64.2 +/- 9.1%.
      This is the first in vitro demonstration that somatostatin inhibits IF release.

PMID- 2883726
TI  - Different effects of enantiomers of tetrahydropalmatine on dopaminergic system.
AB  - Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) has two enantiomers with different effects on the brain
      dopaminergic system. Using [3H]spiperone for DA receptor binding assay, it was
      found that l-THP had an affinity to DA receptors (Ki = 0.2 microM). Neither d-THP
      nor reserpine showed such an effect even at concentrations higher than 100 or
      1000 microM. Based on the fact that the presynaptic DA receptors take part in
      feed-back regulation on tyrosine hydroxylase activity, DOPA accumulation could be
      observed in rat striatum after injection of benserazide. A small dose of l-THP
      (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, ip.) caused an elevation of DOPA level by 49-282% versus the
      control value, and could reverse the decrease of DOPA level induced by
      apomorphine, a DA receptor agonist. On the contrary, d-THP displayed a biphasic
      effect on DOPA level, slight decrement (26-37%) at 10 and 25 mg/kg, naught at 50
      mg/kg, and a 91% increment at 100 mk/kg, which was less than that of l-THP at 5
      mg/kg. Moreover, measured by pulse voltammetry, DOPAC level in the striatum was
      raised by 88 or 190% at 2.5 or 10 mg/kg respectively. By means of
      spectrofluophotometry, l-THP at 50-100 mg/kg reduced DA level by 24-26%. However,
      the DA content reduction induced by d-THP is much more dose-dependent. At a small
      dose (10 mg/kg), d-THP predominantly reduced the DA level but left 5-HT and NA
      level unaffected. It caused an 80% reduction of DA at 100 mg/kg. From the above
      findings, it might be concluded that l-THP is a DA receptor antagonist, while d
      THP is probably a DA depletor.

PMID- 2883727
TI  - Assembly of clathrin-coated pits onto purified plasma membranes.
AB  - During receptor-mediated endocytosis, coated pits invaginate to form coated
      vesicles, clathrin and associated proteins dissociate from the vesicle membrane,
      and these proteins form new coated pits at the cell surface. As a means of
      elucidating molecular mechanisms that govern the function of coated pits, the
      assembly phase of this cycle was reconstituted by incubating purified membranes
      that were treated to remove endogenous coated pits with cytoplasm extracted from
      cultured cells. The in vitro assembly of coated pits on these membranes
      satisfactorily mimics many features of coated pit formation in the intact cell.
      These studies indicate that: the membranes contain a limited number of coated pit
      assembly sites that bind clathrin with high affinity; the half-time for assembly
      is 5 minutes both at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C; during assembly, proteins with
      molecular sizes of 180, 110, and 36 kilodaltons are recruited to the plasma
      membrane; and assembly is not dependent on adenosine triphosphate, but this
      nucleotide triggers a temperature-dependent loss of coated pits that are
      assembled in the absence of adenosine triphosphate.

PMID- 2883728
TI  - Zinc selectively blocks the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate on cortical neurons.
AB  - Large amounts of zinc are present in synaptic vesicles of mammalian central
      excitatory boutons and may be released during synaptic activity, but the
      functional significance of the metal for excitatory neurotransmission is
      currently unknown. Zinc (10 to 1000 micromolar) was found to have little
      intrinsic membrane effect on cortical neurons, but invariably produced a zinc
      concentration-dependent, rapid-onset, reversible, and selective attenuation of
      the membrane responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate, homocysteate, or quinolinate. In
      contrast, zinc generally potentiated the membrane responses to quisqualate or
      alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate and often did not affect the
      response to kainate. Zinc also attenuated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated
      neurotoxicity but not quisqualate or kainate neurotoxicity. The ability of zinc
      to specifically modulate postsynaptic neuronal responses to excitatory amino acid
      transmitters, reducing N-methyl-to-aspartate receptor-mediated excitation while
      often increasing quisqualate receptor-mediated excitation, is proposed to
      underlie its normal function at central excitatory synapses and furthermore could
      be relevant to neuronal cell loss in certain disease states.

PMID- 2883730
TI  - Leukemia virus linked to nerve disease.

PMID- 2883729
TI  - Identification of a T3-associated gamma delta T cell receptor on Thy-1+ dendritic
      epidermal Cell lines.
AB  - The murine epidermis contains a subpopulation of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes
      that have a dendritic morphology and that express Thy-1 and T3 cell-surface
      antigens but not other markers (L3T4 or Lyt-2) characteristic of mature
      peripheral T lymphocytes. An alternative type of T cell receptor was earlier
      identified on a subpopulation of murine thymocytes with a similar phenotype (T3+,
      L3T4-, Lyt-2-), but not on peripheral murine T lymphocytes. Two independently
      derived Thy-1+, L3T4-, and Lyt-2- dendritic cell lines of epidermal origin that
      express a T3-associated disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of a 34-kilodalton
      gamma-chain and 46-kilodalton partner (the delta chain) have now been identified.
      Analysis of N-linked glycosylation revealed that this receptor is similar to that
      detected on thymocytes. These results demonstrate that Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal
      cell lines can express gamma delta T cell receptors in vitro and suggest that Thy
      1+ dendritic epidermal cells express such receptors in vivo. The localization of
      these gamma delta T cell receptor-expressing cells in the epidermis may be of
      importance for understanding the function of these receptors.

PMID- 2883732
TI  - In vitro studies on the sensitivity of local Entamoeba histolytica to anti
      amoebic drugs.
AB  - The in vitro activity of drugs, namely dehydroemetine, ornidazole, metronidazole
      and tinidazole were determined against the locally isolated strains of E.
      histolytica in Thailand. The test was performed in liquid monophasic medium, i.e.
      liver marmite serum medium. In all, locally isolated strains from thirty hosts
      studied, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for dehydroemetine ranged
      from 0.125 to 1 microgram/ml, ornidazole ranged from 0.0625 to 0.25 microgram/ml,
      metronidazole ranged from 0.0625 to 0.125 microgram/ml, and tinidazole ranged
      from 0.0625 microgram/ml to 0.25 microgram/ml. The MIC of dehydroemetine was
      significantly different from ornidazole, metronidazole and tinidazole.
      Metronidazole was superior to that of dehydroemetine but was not significantly
      different among ornidazole, metronidazole and tinidazole.

PMID- 2883731
TI  - HTLV-I--associated B-cell CLL: indirect role for retrovirus in leukemogenesis.
AB  - Serum containing antibodies to the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has
      been observed at a higher than expected frequency in patients with B-cell chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in an area endemic for HTLV-I. An attempt was made to
      determine whether the cells from patients with this leukemia were HTLV-I antigen
      committed B cells that had undergone malignant transformation. Cells from two
      HTLV-I seropositive Jamaican patients with CLL were fused with a human B
      lymphoblastoid cell line. The hybridoma cells that resulted from the fusion of
      CLL cells from patient I.C. produced an immunoglobulin (IgM) that reacted with
      the p24 gag protein from HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and HTLV-III (now referred to as HIV),
      but showed preferential reactivity with HTLV-I. The specific immunoglobulin gene
      rearrangement (IgM, kappa) in the CLL cell was demonstrated in the hybridoma cell
      line, indicating that the captured immunoglobulin was from the CLL cells. The IgM
      secreted by the fusion of CLL cells from patient L.L. reacted only with HTLV-I
      infected cells and with the HTLV-I large envelope protein (gp61) on Western
      blots. The CLL cells from these patients appear to be a malignant transformation
      of an antigen-committed B cell responding to HTLV-I infection, suggesting an
      indirect role for this retrovirus in leukemogenesis.

PMID- 2883733
TI  - [Pleuropulmonary complications caused by beta blockaders].

PMID- 2883735
TI  - [Problems caused by beta-2 sympathomimetic aerosols].

PMID- 2883734
TI  - [Bronchopulmonary complications of antirheumatic drugs].

PMID- 2883737
TI  - [Detection of anxiolytic effects of suriclone on stress induced by dental
      surgery].

PMID- 2883736
TI  - [Effects on memory and psychomotor performance induced in healthy subjects by 3
      hypnotic benzodiazepines (triazolam, flunitrazepam, loprazolam)].

PMID- 2883738
TI  - [Beta-sympathicomimetics in premature labor. Effects on the fetus].

PMID- 2883739
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity in atypical acinar cell nodules of rat
      pancreas.
AB  - The biochemical and histochemical measurement of the enzyme gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT) was undertaken in normal rat pancreas and in rat
      pancreas containing azaserine-induced preneoplastic nodules. A steady decrease in
      pancreatic GGT activity was observed in the normal animals as they aged from 5 to
      34 weeks. The azaserine-induced nodules contained a lower average GGT activity
      than the control pancreas although a 10-fold variation was noted in the GGT
      activity of individual nodules. A significant increase in concentrations of both
      reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione was noted in pancreatic nodules from
      azaserine-treated rats compared to concentrations found in both control pancreas
      from untreated rats and internodular pancreas from azaserine-treated rats. A
      pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma contained low GGT activity--similar to that
      found in large nodules and about 10% of the level found in control pancreas.
      Pancreatic GGT levels were higher in 5- and 7-week-old rats fed chow than in rats
      fed a purified diet, but this effect of chow was not observed at 34 weeks of age.
      Feeding a purified diet supplemented with a retinoid, N-2-hydroxyethylretinamide
      (2-HER), for a period of 2 weeks did not influence the GGT activity level in
      either normal pancreas or in the azaserine-induced nodules. While decreased GGT
      activity does not serve as a marker for all atypical acinar cell nodules,
      deficient activity with concomitant increased glutathione levels appears to
      correlate generally with increased growth potential.

PMID- 2883740
TI  - Amino acid sequence of two sea anemone toxins from Anthopleura fuscoviridis.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of two toxins, AFT-I and AFT-II, from the sea anemone
      Anthopleura fuscoviridis were determined. AFT-I and -II consist of 47 and 48
      amino acid residues, respectively, and are cross-linked with three disulfide
      bridges. The sequences have high homology to those of toxins I and II from
      Anemonia sulcata and anthopleurin-A and -B from Anthopleura xanthogrammica.

PMID- 2883741
TI  - Further observations on the tooth mutilating practices of Vassekela and !Kung
      Bushmen.

PMID- 2883742
TI  - [Comparative hygienic evaluation of apparatus intended for denture soldering].

PMID- 2883743
TI  - Development of Thy 1 positive rat thymocytes: analysis of fetal and neonatal
      thymocytes by flow microfluorometry.
AB  - Rat thymocytes of embryos and neonates were analyzed for cell size and amount of
      Thy 1 by flow microfluorometry. The rat embryonic thymus of 18 days' gestation
      appeared to be composed of very large cells with relatively low levels of Thy 1.
      The Thy 1 content was intermediate between rat bone marrow cells (low Thy 1) and
      the majority of rat adult thymocytes (high Thy 1). As cells became small at the
      19th and the 20th day, the Thy 1 content appeared to increase. In the early
      postnatal thymus of the rat large cells appeared with low Thy 1 levels which were
      comparable to those in the 18th day fetal thymus. These results indicate that
      immature thymocytes increase in Thy 1 content as they differentiate into more
      mature cells from low Thy 1 thymocyte precursors. This conclusion is in close
      agreement with our recent results regarding rat bone marrow prethymic lymphocyte
      progenitors and the rat immature thymocytes.

PMID- 2883744
TI  - Implantation of thymic epithelial grafts into the anterior chamber of the murine
      eye: an experimental model for analyzing T-cell ontogeny.
AB  - The object of this investigation was to establish whether the intracameral
      implantation of thymic epithelial grafts could be utilized as a valid in vivo
      experimental model for probing the possible mechanisms whereby the sympathetic
      innervation of the thymus influences thymocyte dynamics. Our findings suggest
      that deoxyguanosine-treated thymic epithelial grafts, implanted into the anterior
      chamber of the eye, were receptive to host lymphoid progenitor cells, capable of
      supporting T-lymphocyte maturational processes, and were able to export mature T
      cells to the secondary lymphoid organs of a previously T-cell deficient host. In
      addition, we verified that the number of lymphoid cells recovered from a thymic
      epithelial graft which had been implanted into an anterior chamber devoid of
      sympathetic nerve input was generally greater than the number of lymphoid cells
      recovered from a matched graft which had been implanted into an anterior chamber
      which had an intact sympathetic nerve supply. Based on the results of these
      studies, investigative efforts can now be directed at studying a number of
      important aspects associated with the relationship between T lymphocyte ontogeny
      and the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2883745
TI  - Engraftment following T-cell-depleted marrow transplantation. I. The role of
      major and minor histocompatibility barriers.
AB  - These experiments describe a murine model for survival and engraftment of bone
      marrow transplantation across differing histocompatibility barriers. Anti-Thy-1.2
      antibody and complement-treated C57BL/6 (B6) marrow was transplanted at varying
      cell dose levels into syngeneic (B6), major histocompatibility complex congenic
      (A.BY), semiallogeneic (B6AF1), and fully allogeneic (A/J) recipients. Survival
      was monitored and engraftment determined by hemoglobin and lymphocyte phenotype.
      Survival was cell-dose dependent and was equivalent in B6, A.BY, and B6AF1
      recipients. Survival was poor in allogeneic A/J recipients due to bone marrow
      failure even at high marrow dose levels. Survival posttransplant did not always
      correlate with stable donor engraftment, and competitive host marrow repopulation
      was frequently seen in B6AF1 recipients but rarely in A.BY recipients. This
      repopulation could be prevented by transplanting a larger marrow dose.

PMID- 2883746
TI  - Observations on the seeding of hematopoietic stem cells. Selective development in
      the transplanted recipient.

PMID- 2883747
TI  - Administration of somatostatin analog (SMS 201-995) in the treatment of a fistula
      occurring after pancreas transplantation. Interference with cyclosporine
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2883748
TI  - [Drug treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers].

PMID- 2883749
TI  - [Acute protracted dystonia].

PMID- 2883750
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of impotence.
AB  - A discussion of the anatomy, neurophysiology, endocrinology, and organ
      pharmacology pertinent to erectile function is presented, highlighting recent
      innovations in the pharmacologic treatment of impotence. Both oral and
      intracorporal pharmacologic agents that affect erectile dysfunction are
      discussed.

PMID- 2883751
TI  - Pain control for the urologist.
AB  - Pain states can be divided into three categories: acute, chronic not resulting
      from malignancy, and chronic malignant pain. A Pain Clinic can provide in-depth
      evaluation and treatment of difficult pain problems. A variety of oral and
      parenteral medications, ranging from nonsteroidal analgesics to narcotics, are
      available to control pain. Local anesthetics can be used for local infiltration,
      and peripheral and central nerve blocks can also be used as indications warrant.

PMID- 2883752
TI  - [Painless extra-corporal shock wave lithotripsy using the HM3 Dornier
      lithotripter].
AB  - In a clinical study with a modified shock wave generator supplied by Dornier
      Medizintechnik for the Dornier Kidney Lithotripter HM3 the requirement of
      analgetics decreased significantly during Opioid-Analgesia. It could be shown
      that Extra-corporal Shock Wave Lithotripsy is possible without a central acting
      drug. Furthermore, a reduction of perioperative morbidity could be observed with
      the new generator.

PMID- 2883753
TI  - Immunocytochemistry of normal pancreatic islets and spontaneous islet cell tumors
      in dogs.
AB  - Immunocytochemical studies of the distribution of glucagon, gastrin, insulin, and
      somatostatin in normal canine pancreatic islets and 20 canine islet cell tumors
      were done using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique. In the normal
      adult canine pancreas, islets typically consisted of clusters of 20-30 cells, but
      smaller foci and even individual cells were identified. Alpha cells (glucagon)
      were often peripherally located, beta cells (insulin) were centrally located and
      most numerous, and delta cells (somatostatin) were the least numerous and
      randomly located. Both juvenile and adult canine pancreases did not stain for
      gastrin. Of the 20 tumors examined, 18 had positive immunoreactivity for insulin,
      nine for glucagon, 14 for somatostatin, and one for gastrin. Two tumors were
      uninterpretable due to autolysis. Three tumors were pure insulinomas, but no pure
      somatostatinomas, glucagonomas, or gastrinomas were identified. Most tumors and
      metastases had mixed positive immunoreactivity; one neoplastic cell type
      predominated with lesser numbers of other cell types. Metastatic sites (liver and
      lymph node) stained for insulin and somatostatin, only. Foci of non-neoplastic
      islet cell tissue (nesidioblastosis), often located at the pancreatic-mesenteric
      junction, stained strongly positive for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin but
      not for gastrin. The tumor staining pattern did not consistently correlate with
      tumor function, as determined by blood glucose and serum insulin assays. The PAP
      technique works well on paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue using rabbit or
      guinea pig antisera as the primary antibody. Staining occurred on sections of
      paraffin blocks stored for up to 7 years.

PMID- 2883754
TI  - Autoradiographic study of 3H-lysine uptake by superior cervical and stellate
      ganglia in prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - In order to compare the functional state of sympathetic ganglia in spontaneously
      hypertensive (SHR) with those in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), protein
      synthetic activity was examined by light microscopic autoradiography with 3H
      lysine. The number of silver grains over the cytoplasm of ganglion cells in the
      superior cervical and stellate ganglia of newborn and 30-day-old animals were
      counted on photographic enlargements. In both sympathetic ganglia there were
      significantly more silver grains over ganglion cells in SHR compared with age
      matched WKY at 15, 60, and 120 min after injection of 3H-lysine. The increased
      incorporation of the label by both sympathetic ganglia was more marked in newborn
      than in 30-day-old animals. This result shows that protein synthetic activity in
      these ganglion cells is increased in SHR from the newborn stage. It is suggested
      that a congenital hyperfunction of sympathetic ganglia occurs in SHR.

PMID- 2883755
TI  - Ultrastructural study of the Sertoli cell and the limiting membrane in the
      seminiferous tubule of the adult cryptorchid rat.
AB  - Cryptorchidism was simulated in 13-15-day-old rats by severing the gubernaculum
      testis and fixing the testis to the abdominal wall. Ultrastructural examination
      of the testis was made 100 days after birth when a number of modifications to the
      seminiferous tubules were noted. Germ cells were scanty, with only occasional
      spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes persisting. The nuclei of Sertoli cells
      were regular and oval or indented in shape. Their cytoplasm was characterized by
      a rich smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid inclusions and mitochondria with
      tubulo-vesicular cristae indicative of steroidogenic activity. The decrease in
      the number of the germ cells induced a membrane rearrangement with numerous tight
      junctions and interdigitations between the Sertoli cells. Sertoli cell-specific
      junctional complexes were very extensive. The lamina propria of the seminiferous
      tubule appeared thickened and folded and the multilayered basal lamina had
      complex folds. After fixation with glutaraldehyde containing lanthanum, the
      latter substance was identified in the basal intercellular spaces of the
      seminiferous tubules indicating that the blood-testis barrier remains functional
      in the intra-abdominal testis.

PMID- 2883756
TI  - Myeloperoxidase deficient polymorphonuclear leucocytes: computerized planimetric
      estimations of cellular and nuclear size.
AB  - Quantitative estimations of the mean areas of cell, nucleus and cytoplasm in
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) were performed by automated image analysis of
      blood smears from six patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. The PMN were
      qualitatively separated by a cytochemical staining method into two well-defined
      subpopulations i.e. myeloperoxidase (MPO)-normal and MPO-deficient PMN. MPO
      deficient PMN were characterized by a decreased size of the total cell (P less
      than 0.01), an increased size of the nucleus (P less than 0.01) and a decreased
      size of the cytoplasm (P less than 0.01). The resulting highly increased nucleus
      to-cytoplasm ratio in this specific PMN subpopulation bears a striking
      resemblance to cells in malignant tumours. The planimetric results in this study
      further support the concept that MPO-deficient PMN may be the progeny of
      leukaemic precursors.

PMID- 2883757
TI  - Effects of allopurinol pretreatment on myocardial ultrastructure and arrhythmias
      following coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion.
AB  - The effect of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, on myocardial
      ultrastructure after left circumflex coronary artery occlusion (40 min) with or
      without reperfusion (60 min) was examined in rabbits. Pretreatment of rabbits for
      7 days with allopurinol (0.1% in the drinking water) resulted in a lower
      incidence of ventricular fibrillation in both ischemic and reperfusion phases.
      However, the number of Q waves, ST-segment elevation and premature ventricular
      contractions were similar in both groups of animals. Examination of hearts from
      allopurinol-treated animals revealed a distinct decrease in ultrastructural
      alterations following ischemia and reperfusion. Among the subcellular organelles
      studied, allopurinol had a preferential protective effect on the mitochondria
      both during the ischemic and reperfusion phases. In the allopurinol-treated
      animals, most mitochondria were intact and the cristae network preserved. Our
      study suggests that the preservation of mitochondrial structural and functional
      integrity by allopurinol may be an important determinant of its protective
      actions in myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2883758
TI  - Ultrastructural organization of nucleoli in benign naevi and malignant melanomas.
AB  - We have studied the ultrastructural organization of nucleoli in benign naevi and
      malignant melanomas. In benign naevus cells the nucleoli displayed a compact
      ribonucleoprotein distribution, with one or two large fibrillar centres. In
      malignant melanoma cells the nucleoli were large with an irregular, nucleolonema
      like ribonucleoprotein distribution and they exhibited numerous, small fibrillar
      centres. Statistical evaluation of the size of fibrillar centres indicated a mean
      value of 0.482 micron 2 +/- 0.136 SD for naevi and 0.221 micron 2 +/- 0.128 SD
      for malignant melanomas. These features, together with the more dispersed
      chromatin pattern of malignant melanoma nuclei compared with those of benign
      naevus cells, are proposed as diagnostic parameters which differentiate benign
      naevi from malignant melanomas at the ultrastructural level.

PMID- 2883759
TI  - Fatal mitochondrial cardiomyopathy in Kearns-Sayre syndrome with deficiency of
      cytochrome-c-oxidase in cardiac and skeletal muscle. An enzymehistochemical-
      ultra-immunocytochemical--fine structural study in longterm frozen autopsy
      tissue.
AB  - Morphological studies in a 26-year-old man with long-standing Kearns-Sayre
      syndrome, with cardiac arrhythmias and a fatal congestive cardiomyopathy,
      revealed a mitochondrial myopathy of both skeletal and myocardial muscle (Hubner
      et al. 1986). Histochemical investigation of cytochrome-c-oxidase showed multiple
      enzyme defects of both cardiac and skeletal muscle present in myocytes with
      normal and abnormal numbers of mitochondria demonstrated by ultracytochemistry.
      Immunohistochemical studies with antibodies against the holoenzyme and various
      subunits revealed that in the heart the enzyme defect affected both contractile
      and conductive fibres and was characterized by a severe reduction but not a
      complete loss of nuclear and mitochondrially coded immunoreactive enzyme protein.
      In skeletal muscle, however, where up to 30% of the fibres lacked enzyme
      activity, immunoreactivity was reduced only very occasionally. These results are
      most consistent with a defective enzyme assembly in the inner mitochondrial
      membrane and probably indicate heterogeneity of mitochondria, i.e. organ-specific
      pathological reaction patterns.

PMID- 2883760
TI  - Succinic dehydrogenase activity in germinal center macrophages in peripheral
      lymphoid organs of the rat.
AB  - Secondary lymphoid follicles in peripheral lymphoid organs (parathymic,
      mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes and spleen) from young adult Wistar rats of
      both sexes were studied. Different numbers of tingible body macrophages
      containing aldehyde fuchsin-positive cytoplasmic granules of varying size, were
      present in the germinal centers. An identical staining pattern to that obtained
      with aldehyde fuchsin in terms of the number, distribution and size of positive
      cells was seen after staining for succinic dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2883761
TI  - Renal oncocytoma: origin from the collecting duct.
AB  - The histo- and cytogenesis of two cases of renal oncocytoma have been studied by
      cytomorphological and cytochemical methods. Transitions from collecting ducts
      into oncocytic tubules were observed at the light and electron microscopic
      levels. The fine structure of the oncocytes in tubules and tumors is described in
      detail. Cytochemically, the oncocytic tubules and oncocytomas share many
      characteristics with the distal nephron, especially the collecting ducts. A
      striking difference is the enhanced activity of succinic dehydrogenase which
      corresponds to the increase in the number of mitochondria in oncocytes. All the
      results suggest that renal oncocytoma originates from the collecting duct.

PMID- 2883762
TI  - Relationship between structure and T-lymphocyte maturation in human thymomas.
      Enzyme histochemical and immunohistological studies.
AB  - Twenty-six human thymomas were studied in an attempt to correlate their
      morphological appearance with the type and degree of T-lymphocyte maturation, as
      determined by acid alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (ANAE) activity and
      immunological analysis. Four normal human thymuses were used for purposes of
      comparison. Two morphological patterns were identified in the thymomas. The
      distinction was based largely on similarities between the neoplastic epithelial
      cells and normal cortical and medullary epithelial cells, and on the relative
      proportions of epithelial cells and lymphocytes. By these criteria "medullary"
      and "cortical" patterns were identified. In several thymomas both patterns were
      present in the same tumor ("mixed-type pattern"), producing alternating dark
      cortical-like areas and lighter foci of medullary differentiation. A good
      correlation was found between the two patterns and the phenotype of the T
      associated lymphoid component. ANAE activity, which was completely lacking in
      normal cortical thymocytes, was almost absent in the phenotypically immature T
      cells of cortical-type thymomas. By contrast, in the medullary-type thymomas, T
      cells showed immunological features in common with medullary thymocytes. This was
      characterized by strong ANAE activity in the majority of cells with a staining
      pattern corresponding to that of peripheral T-lymphocytes. In addition, most of
      the proliferating epithelial cells in medullary-type thymomas stained strongly
      with anti-cytokeratin and anti-epidermal-type keratin antisera. In the mixed-type
      thymomas the epithelial cell morphology and the immunohistochemical and enzymic
      features of the T-cells were found to be closely related to the respective
      cortical--or medullary-like areas. It was concluded that the various
      characteristics of normal thymic cortex and medulla studied are also present in
      thymomas. In particular, in medullar-type thymomas the presence of many of the
      features of normal thymic medulla, such as a squamous cell component, macrophages
      and interdigitating reticulum cells, may constitute a microenvironment which
      operates actively in T-cell education. This may account for the functional
      activities, characteristic of peripheral T-lymphocytes, which T-lymphocytes
      attain in these thymomas.

PMID- 2883763
TI  - Morphometrical evaluation of acute leukemic cells by electron microscopy.
      Discrepancy between morphological characteristics in FAB classification and
      electron microscopic morphometry.
AB  - Leukemic cells from 39 patients with acute leukemia (20 lymphocytic and 19
      myelogenous) were examined by transmission electron microscopy and the nucleus
      and cytoplasm were measured on the micrographs with a computer-controlled image
      analyzer. The ratios between the areas of the nucleus and whole cell profile
      (nucleus/cell ratio), heterochromatin and euchromatin, the nucleolus and nucleus,
      and the degree of irregularity of the nucleus were compared between the two major
      types of leukemia studied. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells had a
      relatively larger nucleus and relatively less cytoplasm than acute myelogenous
      leukemia (AML) cells, and a greater proportion of the area of the nucleus was
      occupied by heterochromatin in ALL cells than in AML cells. According to the FAB
      classification, L1 cells are characterized by narrow, and L2 cells by wide
      cytoplasm based on light microscopic observation of smeared cells, and we
      confirmed these features by morphometry of May-Giemsa-stained blood smears.
      However, by electron microscopy there was no difference in the nucleus/cell ratio
      between L1 and L2 cells, this constituting a discrepancy between the results
      obtained by electron and light microscopic morphometry. In addition there was no
      difference in the degree of nuclear irregularity between L1 and L2 cells. Among
      AML subtypes, significant differences were observed only in the nucleus/cell
      ratio between M3 and M1, M2 or M4 cells, and in the heterochromatin/euchromatin
      ratio between M5 and M1, M2 or M3 cells. In conclusion, electron microscopic
      morphometry revealed marked differences between ALL and AML, but the differences
      among their subtypes defined by the FAB classification based on nonmorphometric
      light microscopy were less evident by electron microscopic morphometry.

PMID- 2883764
TI  - Abnormal T-lymphocytes in lymphomatoid papulosis. A cytomorphological study with
      a reconstruction of a major part of the cell differentiation cycle.
AB  - The abnormal cell population in lymphomatoid papulosis was studied by
      immunohistochemistry, light and electron microscopy in five cases. It resulted in
      a comprehensive description of all the main variants within the abnormal cell
      population. In one of the cases an irreversible intracytoplasmic process in the
      abnormal lymphocytes made it possible to demonstrate the derivation of
      lymphomatoid cells with cerebriform nuclei resembling the mycosis cells in
      mycosis fungoides from large histiocyte-like cells resembling the Reed-Sternberg
      cells in Hodgkin's disease. Variable numbers of the abnormal cells expressed Ki-1
      reactivity in all four cases tested and T-cell associated antigens in two cases.

PMID- 2883765
TI  - Inhibited autophagic degradation during ACTH-stimulated growth of rat adrenal
      zona fasciculata.
AB  - Autophagic vacuoles (AVs) in adrenal parenchymal cells of the outer part of the
      zona fasciculata were investigated by means of electron microscopic morphometry
      in 40 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Four test groups and four control groups
      received twice daily subcutaneous injections of ACTH (12.5 U/kg body weight) or
      physiological saline, respectively, for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. At 12 days the total
      dry weight of the adrenals was increased in ACTH-treated animals from 17.2 to
      71.0 mg (about fourfold) and the average volume of zona fasciculata cells from
      1,500 to 5,100 microns3 (about threefold). The relatively larger increase in
      total mass reflects mitotic activity in the growing adrenal tissue. The
      calculated growth rate of total tissue expressed as the percentage increase in
      dry weight per day was 12% at day 3 and decreased to 4.6% at day 12 of ACTH
      stimulation. During the time interval investigated the cytoplasmic volume
      fraction of autophagic vacuoles was significantly reduced from 10 X 10(-5) in
      controls to 1 X 10(-5) in ACTH-treated animals (p less than 0.001). Assuming a
      half-life for AVs of 7.9 min (Papadopoulos and Pfeifer 1986), autophagic
      degradation of cytoplasm can be calculated as 1.3%/day in controls, but only
      0.15%/day in ACTH-treated animals. Thus growth of 1.15%/day can be attributed to
      inhibition of autophagic degradation. Although this is only part of total growth,
      it is evident from the present results that anticatabolic growth induction is
      utilized nearly to its maximum in adrenocortical fasciculata cells under the
      influence of ACTH.

PMID- 2883766
TI  - Some acute effects of monochromatic ultraviolet B irradiation on mouse epidermis
      measured by the tetrazolium-reduction test and determination of DT-diaphorase
      activity, with reference to carcinogenesis.
AB  - Some acute epidermal effects of monochromatic ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation on
      hairless mouse skin were measured by the tetrazolium test (TZT), and by
      determining the DT-diaphorase activity in epidermal cells. Dose response and time
      course studies were carried out after UVB irradiation at 280, 290, 297 and 302
      nm. Appropriate UV doses at all the wavelengths increased the cellular deposition
      of formazan (TZT). At higher doses the epidermal cells became too injured to
      react. Wavelengths at 280 and 290 nm seemed more injurious than those at 297 and
      302 nm. There was, however, no increase in DT-diaphorase activity after UVB
      irradiation. This indicates that the increased formazan deposition (TZT) after
      UVB is more likely to be caused mainly by membrane effects. Detoxification
      mechanisms which activate DT-diaphorase, as often seen after cellular contact
      with chemical carcinogens, are not involved.

PMID- 2883768
TI  - Re-examination of the effect of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the
      proliferation of rat jejunal crypt cells using the stathmokinetic method.
AB  - Reports of the effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents on the
      proliferative activity of rat jejunal crypt cells are contradictory. According to
      Tutton and Helme (1974) a single injection of propranolol or practolol (10 mg/kg)
      increased the mitotic index twofold and shortened the duration of the cell cycle
      of the crypt cells. However, upon repeating the experiments with double the dose
      of propranolol, Maurer-Schultze et al. (1986) observed no such effects using cell
      kinetic methods with 3H-thymidine instead of the stathmokinetic method applied by
      Tutton and Helme. Since the discrepancy in the results may have been due to
      methodological differences the same stathmokinetic method used by Tutton and
      Helme has been applied in the present work. However, the results obtained with
      this method indicate no influence by propranolol on the proliferation of jejunal
      crypt cells even with a dose of 20 mg/kg. Consequently we were unable to confirm
      the stimulant effect of propranolol on crypt cell proliferation. The possible
      causes of the discrepancy between the present results and those of Tutton and
      Helme are discussed.

PMID- 2883767
TI  - Selective visualization of human dendritic reticulum cells in reactive lymphoid
      follicles by the immunohistochemical demonstration of the subunit A of factor
      XIII (F-XIIIa).
AB  - Immunohistochemical techniques have been used to localize clotting factor XIII
      subunit A in human reactive lymphoid follicles. The follicular dendritic
      reticulum cells (DRCs) were identified by the monoclonal antibodies R4/23 and OKB
      7 as well as by their 5'-nucleotidase positivity. Follicular histiocytic
      reticulum cells (HRCs) were demonstrated by their acid phosphatase and non
      specific esterase reactions. Capillaries were selectively visualized by adenosine
      triphosphatase. The immunohistochemical demonstration of F-XIIIa was preferably
      carried out in combination with one or two of the above marker techniques, on the
      same cryostat section. The subunit A of factor XIII is present in follicular
      DRCs. Their selective immunohistochemical demonstration with antibody against F
      XIIIa requires formaldehyde fixation of cryostat sections. Similar fixation,
      however, is inappropriate for the demonstration of F-XIIIa reactivity of DRCs in
      paraffin sections. For this purpose, acetic acid-formalin fixation is useful.
      Follicular HRCs are consistently negative for F-XIIIa, contrary to the F-XIIIa
      positivity of sinusoidal and interfollicular HRCs. Developmental and functional
      implications of F-XIIIa reactivity in DRCs and HRCs are suggested.

PMID- 2883769
TI  - Viral oncogenes, proto-oncogenes and homoeotic genes related to cell
      proliferation and differentiation.
AB  - Molecular studies on viral oncogenes and their products have led to the discovery
      of physiological proto-oncogenes, involved in the control of cell proliferation
      and gene activation. Other genetic and molecular investigations, initiated in
      Drosophila melanogaster and continued in different multicellular eukaryotes, have
      made evident the homoeotic genes, which are directly correlated with cell
      specialization, in the complex processes of differentiation and morphogenesis.
      Both gene classes are conserved to a high extent during evolution. They are
      involved in the eukaryotic mechanisms of differentiation control and proto
      oncogenes, in particular, are related to malignant transformation. Some available
      data suggest a certain extent of relatedness between the gene products of both
      gene classes. A differentiation trigger model, including retroviral
      transposition, homoeotic genes and proto-oncogenes is discussed.

PMID- 2883770
TI  - [Determination of L-amino acid oxidase activity].
AB  - Activity of L-amino acid oxidases was studied using several procedures. Optimal
      concentrations of L-lysine-alpha-oxidase, suitable for each procedure, were
      established involving highly purified preparations of the enzyme from Trichoderma
      sp. Estimation of the enzymatic activity carried out by means of calculation of
      the reduced cofactor accumulated led to two-fold exceeding of the results. The
      most sensitive procedure was based on evaluation of ammonium content in the
      reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase and the procedure where peroxidase
      and o-dianizidine were used.

PMID- 2883772
TI  - [Immunoregulatory subpopulations of T-lymphocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus
      patients before and after hemosorption].

PMID- 2883771
TI  - [Copper-containing amine oxidases of blood vessels (review of the literature)].
AB  - Modern data on types, physico-chemical properties, physiological role of copper
      containing amine oxidase of blood vessels are reviewed. Properties of lysyl
      oxidase--specific copper-containing amine oxidase--are described. Importance of
      the enzyme for normal functions of connective tissue as well as alterations in
      the enzymatic activity under various pathological conditions are discussed. At
      the same time, properties and physiological functions of another copper
      containing amine oxidase of blood vessels, which uses polyamines as substrate,
      are considered. Effect of the copper levels on content of polyamines in body is
      discussed.

PMID- 2883774
TI  - [Regulation of Corynebacterium pekinense glutamine synthetase by the carbon and
      nitrogen source].

PMID- 2883773
TI  - [Kindia virus--a new arbovirus isolated in the territory of the Republic of
      Guinea].
AB  - Circulation of a new arbovirus named Kindia has been detected in Guinea Republic.
      The virus was isolated from ixodid ticks and blood-sucking mosquitoes and, on the
      basis of the studies done, has been classified into the antigenic group Paliam,
      genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae.

PMID- 2883775
TI  - [Diagnostic problems in children with metachromatic leukodystrophy].

PMID- 2883776
TI  - [Use of genetic technics in medical diagnosis exemplified by hemophilia A].
AB  - Recent years have seen the rapid development of molecular probes for the
      detection of defective human genes. These react either directly with the gene in
      question or with a DNA sequence which lies in close proximity to the gene and
      which exhibits polymorphism. In the case of haemophilia A two probes were found
      that belong to the latter category. We have used one of these probes to test its
      usefulness in the detection of carriers of haemophilia A. For these tests DNA was
      isolated from blood cells, but can, in principle, be obtained just as easily from
      other cells or tissues. The results of tests on several families show that the
      gene technological method is much more precise and sensitive than conventional
      methods used so far to detect carriers. In all cases a clear assertion was
      possible as to whether or not the person in question was a carrier of haemophilia
      A. The method should be applicable to prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2883778
TI  - [Eicosanoids in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases].
AB  - Eikosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, hydroxyfatty acids,
      leucotriens) are metabolites of arachidonic acid and are of importance for many
      functions of the gastro-intestinal tract. They increase the enteral secretion of
      water, sodium and chloride ions, stimulate inflammatory and immune reactions,
      inhibit the proliferation of the colon epithelium and regulate by means of
      cytoprotection the peristalsis and the intestinal blood supply. Though in chronic
      inflammatory intestinal diseases the concentrations of metabolites of arachidonic
      acid are increased up to now there are no conclusive proofs for their causal
      pathogenetic role.

PMID- 2883777
TI  - [Do vasodilators help in chronic heart failure?].
AB  - The value of vasodilator drugs in the treatment of patients with chronic
      congestive heart failure is reviewed on the basis of the randomized double-blind,
      placebo-controlled trials so far published. Apparently, venous, or combined
      venous and arteriolar dilation in addition to cardiac glycosides and diuretics
      may produce long-term improvement in advanced stages of heart failure.
      Vasodilators with isolated afterload reducing properties seem to be of limited
      value. Long-term improvement with nitrates and alpha-receptor blocking agents is
      often modest, probably due to development of tolerance. The most striking results
      were observed with converting enzyme inhibitors: they evoke virtually no
      tolerance, improve haemodynamics at rest and during exercise, relieve symptoms of
      heart failure and are even suggested to reduce mortality.

PMID- 2883779
TI  - [Progress in the treatment of gastroenterologic diseases in advanced age].
AB  - Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology benefit patients of all ages, although
      the elderly ones receive more benefits than others. The latter is especially true
      for operative endoscopy where, in some cases, otherwise high-risk patients can be
      spared an operation. Peptic stenosis, which is common in elderly patients as a
      result of reflux oesophagitis, can be treated by bougienage. Bleeding from
      gastric and duodenal ulcers can cause problems in the elderly. In most cases
      endoscopic treatment by electro- or laser coagulation, or by sclerotherapy can
      avoid the need for surgery, or at least the conversion of an emergency operation
      into an elective one with a better prognosis is possible. Adenomata in the colon
      are common causes of chronic blood loss and can become malignant. They should be
      removed endoscopically. Another typical age-dependent finding, which can be
      treated by electro- or laser coagulation in the colon are angiodysplasia, which
      can be the origin of massive haemorrhage. It is now becoming accepted that in an
      elderly patient, stones in the common bile duct should be managed by endoscopic
      sphincterotomy and gallstone removal. This approach is safer and quicker than
      conventional surgery. The practice of endoscopic drainage by insertion of a
      prosthesis in cases of malignant obstructive jaundice is although increasing in
      older patients.

PMID- 2883780
TI  - [The rationale of pain therapy in the aged].
AB  - Today elderly persons represent the largest group of pain patients. Geriatric
      patients show different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of local and
      systemic analgetic drugs, but there is no evidence that pain threshold changes
      with the age. The advanced knowledge of the physiological processing of pain
      (i.e. the role of prostaglandins) influences the treatment and the use of certain
      drugs. A successful therapy for elderly patients needs a planned action, starting
      with an exact analysis of the patient's social background, organic functions and
      pain status. During the course of therapy the patient needs a continuous guidance
      and his family should have thorough informations to reach an optimal effect. If
      there is no indication for electrotherapy or regional blocks, we start with a
      peripherally acting nonnarcotic analgesic. The next step is a combination between
      this drug and a psychopharmacon. If necessary we add narcotics of the partial
      agonist type. In case this is not effective we combine a psychopharmacologic
      agent with a potent agonist narcotic (like morphine). The next step includes the
      different kinds of spinal opiate application. With these methods we are able to
      carry out pain therapy (even in difficult cases) providing a high level of well
      being, combined with a high grade of physical mobility and mental alertness.

PMID- 2883781
TI  - [Tiapride in the treatment of irreversible tardive dyskinesia--initial
      experiences].
AB  - Twelve patients on a chronic psychiatric ward with NL-induced permanent TD were
      treated with 300 mg tiapride daily for at least 3 weeks. Clinical assessment of
      TD was performed with AIM-Scale before and after 3 weeks' therapy, showing a
      significant effect of treatment. These preliminary findings were controlled in a
      blind study, showing again a significant therapeutic effect of tiapride.

PMID- 2883782
TI  - Coated vesicles in the muscle-blood zone of an insect asynchronous flight muscle.

PMID- 2883783
TI  - [Pathogenesis of Dupuytren's disease].
AB  - Liver studies performed in 47 patients with Dupuytren's contracture revealed a
      high level of hepatitis A contamination; in addition, procollagen III levels were
      distinctly lowered as compared to normal values, and liver enzyme values were
      pathologic in 32%. A disturbance of collagen metabolism must, therefore, be
      considered as a possible cause of Dupuytren's contracture.

PMID- 2883784
TI  - Age and dose interval as factors in agglutinin formation to pertussis vaccine.
AB  - The agglutinin response to pertussis agglutinogens in diphtheria-tetanus
      pertussis (DTP) vaccine was determined in human infants inoculated initially at
      ages four weeks to eight months. The effects of age at the time of initial dose
      and the interval between subsequent doses were specifically evaluated. Our
      findings demonstrate that optimum agglutinin production is best achieved with DTP
      vaccine by beginning immunization at five months of age or later followed by a
      second dose at eight weeks or more. Variation in the two variables, age and dose
      interval, decreases the likelihood of an optimum agglutinin response.

PMID- 2883785
TI  - [Pathogenesis of frostbite].

PMID- 2883786
TI  - Immunological regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation by
      interleukin-3.

PMID- 2883787
TI  - Information explosions in an old-new research domain. First International
      Workshop on Neuroimmunomodulation.

PMID- 2883789
TI  - Q and TL region genes and protein products. A status report.

PMID- 2883788
TI  - Structure and function of human complement receptors: 1985.

PMID- 2883791
TI  - [Integrative nature of Yersinia pestis virulence].

PMID- 2883790
TI  - Molecular basis for the bidirectional modulation of the neuroendocrine and the
      immune systems.
AB  - Experimental evidence in many fields point towards the existence of a
      bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. The
      immune response unifies the endocrine, nervous and immune systems. This
      integrated microenvironment includes lymphoid cell, nonlymphoid cells,
      cholinergic and adrenergic neurons and their neurohumoral products, biologically
      active substances including the cytokines and lymphokines produced by lymphoid
      and nonlymphoid cells, hormones and neuropeptides released by endocrine glands
      and regulatory cells of the brain, membrane and intracellular receptors which
      make possible the immune connections, and ions which are involved in the
      transmission of information and the higher nervous system activity which
      influences the immune microenvironment. Neuroendocrine circuits constitute only
      one type of efferent link between the brain and the immune compartment. The
      autonomic nervous system, via its innervation of many peripheral target tissues
      throughout the body, might also prove to be an important link to the immune
      system. While the precise mechanism(s) of neuroendocrine-immune relationships may
      not as yet completely defined, it is apparent that such interrelationships exist.

PMID- 2883792
TI  - [Pathogenesis of cerebral disorders in hepatocerebral dystrophy].
AB  - On the basis of data obtained in the course of long-term observation of more than
      60 patients with hepatocerebral dystrophy and analysis of the literature the
      authors consider the problems related to the pathogenesis of cerebral disorders
      in this disease. It has been found that the underlying mechanisms of the disorder
      is chronic intoxication of the central nervous system which is induced by the
      glut of "non-ceruloplasmin" copper and brings about a cascade of secondary
      metabolic disturbances, including defect of the amino acid pool in the blood
      plasma, zinc deficit, and disorders of redox processes. The possible role of each
      of these disorders has been considered in the pathogenesis of cerebral
      disturbances associated with hepatocerebral dystrophy.

PMID- 2883793
TI  - [Complex use of benzodiazepines, lithium salts and haloperidol in the treatment
      of obsessive movements and tics of different origin].
AB  - Seventy-two children and adolescents with obsessive movements and tics of
      residual-organic etiology were treated by combined application of benzodiazepins
      (diazepam, phenazepam), lithium carbonate and haloperidol. The nature of
      obsessive syndromes and tics is considered in the light of the theory of
      generator mechanisms of neuropathological syndromes. The use of the studied
      combination due to its synergic action on the structures of the pathological
      system elicited a good therapeutic response while using lower doses of each drug
      (half to two-thirds of the conventional age-specific dosage). Reduction in drug
      doses in combined therapy decreases the risk of side effects and complications.
      The above treatment was followed by disappearance of essential and facultative
      symptoms in 21 patients, considerable improvement with a marked reduction of
      facultative symptoms in 22 cases, clear-cut improvement in combination with
      decreased facultative symptomatology in 14 patients, and insignificant
      improvement in 6 patients.

PMID- 2883794
TI  - Positive effects of ketamine v. metomidate anesthesia on cardiovascular function,
      oxygen delivery and survival. Studies with a porcine endotoxin model.
AB  - Pulmonary and cardiovascular function, oxygen delivery and mortality were
      compared in endotoxemic pigs spontaneously breathing air and with continuous i.v.
      infusion of ketamine anesthesia (n = 10) or the equianesthetic dose of metomidate
      (n = 10). Continuous 6-hour i.v. infusion of endotoxin caused profound pulmonary
      and cardiovascular derangement in both groups. Cardiac output, mean arterial
      blood pressure, oxygen delivery and base excess were significantly higher and
      pulmonary vascular resistance significantly lower from 2-3 hours onwards in the
      ketamine than in the metomidate group. Six-hour survival was 6/10 and 1/10 in the
      respective groups. Death was presumably due to insufficient oxygen delivery in
      relation to tissue demand, reflected in the metomidate group's low base excess
      values. Control, non-stressed pigs showed no notable physiologic changes with
      either anesthetic regimen. The study demonstrated the importance of the type of
      anesthesia in stressful endotoxemic animal models. Although extrapolation of
      animal data requires great caution, the results may favor use of ketamine over
      etomidate (the clinical analogue of metomidate) in septic shock states requiring
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 2883795
TI  - Drugs recently released in Belgium: misoprostol, almitrine bismesylate.

PMID- 2883796
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits insulin-stimulated amino acid uptake into cultured rat
      myoblasts.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin on the acute metabolic actions of insulin on newborn
      rat myoblasts in culture has been examined during monolayer culture. Somatostatin
      significantly inhibited the insulin-stimulated uptake of [3H]leucine and
      [3H]amino-isobutyric acid into myoblasts but had no effect on basal
      (unstimulated) uptake of these two substances. The lowest concentration of
      somatostatin to have a significant effect was 10 micrograms/l, and this was
      apparent in all the experiments undertaken. The inhibitory effect of somatostatin
      was seen at all effective concentrations of insulin used (0.3-1 U/l). These
      findings lend support to the concept of an endocrine role for somatostatin in
      vivo and suggest that a peripheral antagonism may exist between circulating
      insulin and somatostatin on anabolic processes such as nutrient uptake into
      cells.

PMID- 2883797
TI  - The effect of minisomatostatin on anomalous growth hormone responses in
      acromegaly.
AB  - Twelve patients with active acromegaly were treated with the long-acting
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 at a dose of 50 micrograms sc twice daily in
      the first 2 weeks of treatment and 100 micrograms twice daily thereafter. Four
      hours after the first injection of SMS, GH levels became normal in 8 of the 12
      patients. The GH response after hpGRF administration was strongly suppressed by
      SMS. Paradoxical GH responses to TRH disappeared in 6 out of 7 patients during
      SMS. Paradoxical GH responses to LHR, however, persisted in 4 out of 4 patients.
      Paradoxical responses of GH after glucose loading disappeared in 2 out of 2
      patients. We conclude that SMS normalizes most anomalous growth hormone kinetics
      in acromegaly. This drug offers a new tool in the treatment of this disease.

PMID- 2883798
TI  - Characterization of growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulation of the endocrine
      pancreas: studies with alpha- and beta-adrenergic and cholinergic antagonists.
AB  - The 40 aminoacids residue of pancreatic growth hormone-releasing hormone
      stimulates the secretion of insulin, glucagon, an somatostatin from the pancreas.
      To determine whether this stimulation of islet hormone secretion is mediated via
      adrenergic or cholinergic receptor sites, we studied the effects of 30 nmol/l of
      the growth hormone-releasing hormone on the release of insulin, glucagon, and
      somatostatin in the presence of either alpha-adrenergic (phentolamine), beta
      adrenergic (propranolol) or cholinergic (atropine) blocking agents. The responses
      to the growth hormone-releasing hormone were not significantly modified by
      adrenergic or cholinergic blockers. The findings rule out an interaction with
      adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on islet cells. It is at present unknown
      whether the growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates islet hormone secretion
      via an interaction with specific growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors or
      vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors.

PMID- 2883799
TI  - Fertility in unilateral cryptorchidism: review of 104 cases.
AB  - Testicular maldescent adversely affects spermatogenesis, therefore the primary
      purpose of its correction is to preserve subsequent fertility. However, many
      patients, even with unilateral cryptorchidism, are infertile in spite of
      successful prepubertal orchidopexy. Out of our 104 patients treated for
      unilateral cryptorchidism before puberty, a decreased sperm density (spermatic
      concentration less than 20 X 10(6)/ml) was observed in 64 cases (61.54%), a
      normal sperm count in 32 cases (30.77%) and azoospermia in the remaining 8 cases
      (7.69%). Both congenital and acquired abnormalities may be associated with
      development of bilateral testicular impairment in unilateral cryptorchid males.

PMID- 2883801
TI  - The interaction of pancuronium and vecuronium with cardiac muscarinic receptors.
AB  - The interaction of vecuronium, a monoquaternary analogue of pancuronium, with the
      cardiac muscarinic receptors in canine hearts was investigated in vitro by [3H]
      QNB binding assay and compared with that of pancuronium. Both pancuronium and
      vecuronium, which are nicotinic antagonists of competitive types, inhibited the
      binding of [3H] QNB to cardiac muscarinic receptors with values of IC50 of 5.41 X
      10(-7) mol/l and 3.97 X 10(-6) mol/l respectively. According to the Kd and Bmax
      values on the Scatchard plot, pancuronium, while not influencing the number of
      receptors, had a 3-fold greater inhibitory effect than vecuronium on the affinity
      of the muscarinic receptors. The KI values of vecuronium and pancuronium showed
      that pancuronium had a 7.3-fold greater affinity with the receptors than
      vecuronium. We concluded that vecuronium had a direct inhibitory action on the
      binding of [3H] QNB to the canine heart muscarinic receptors, but this action was
      much weaker than pancuronium.

PMID- 2883800
TI  - Anti-HTLV-III and anti-HTLV-I antibodies and T cell subsets in hemophiliacs
      living in HTLV-I endemic and nonendemic areas of Japan.
AB  - Sera from 154 hemophiliacs, including 132 with hemophilia A and 22 with
      hemophilia B, were examined for antibodies against human T cell lymphotropic
      virus type III (HTLV-III) and type I by strip radioimmunoassay based on the
      Western blotting technique. Sixty-two patients lived in Kyushu, a known endemic
      area of HTLV-I and 92 patients lived in Tokyo, a nonendemic area of HTLV-I.
      Results showed a prevalence of HTLV-III antibodies of 64.5% in Kyushu and of
      57.6% in Tokyo. There were no significant differences between these two groups.
      Helper/suppressor (T4/T8) ratios of seropositive patients were 0.69 +/- 0.41 and
      those of seronegative patients were 1.05 +/- 0.56. Ratios of both groups were
      lower than those of normal healthy people (1.35 +/- 0.45). Our findings confirmed
      that hemophiliacs living in an HTLV-I endemic area and those living in a
      nonendemic area in Japan equally possessed antibodies to HTLV-III. Low T4/T8
      ratios and increases of serum IgG and IgM levels were found even in seronegative
      hemophiliacs.

PMID- 2883803
TI  - [Anatomical studies of a case of retentio testis in a cadaver of advanced age].

PMID- 2883802
TI  - Somatostatin cells in the gastric mucosa of small ruminants. Immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatin cells was investigated immunohistochemically in
      the epithelium of the abomasal mucous membrane of sheep and goats. Tissue samples
      were taken from different areas at the lesser and greater curvature of the
      glandular stomach. More somatostatin cells per 0.5 mm2 were found in sheep than
      in goats, predominantly in the pyloric gland region. In the pyloric area of both
      species the mucosa in the greater curvature contained more immunoreactive cells
      than the one in the lesser curvature. A few somatostatin cells with basal
      cytoplasmic processes of the 'open type' were observed over the entire abomasal
      mucosa.

PMID- 2883804
TI  - Voluntary movement dysfunction in Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) may be difficult to distinguish
      from those with Huntington's Disease (HD), who frequently have psychiatric
      symptoms. This study compared 14 patients with HD with 21 patients (15
      schizophrenics and 6 with affective disorder), matched for involuntary movements,
      using a quantitated neurological examination and other objective and semi
      objective tests. The HD group was significantly more impaired on measures of
      voluntary movement and saccadic eye movements. When the psychiatric group was
      subdivided, voluntary motor impairment was most marked in schizophrenics with
      both TD and parkinsonism. The implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2883805
TI  - Somatostatin in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The detection of somatostatin, a 14 aminoacid peptide, in human brain and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) initiated examinations by radioimmunoassay and
      immunocytochemical technique to elucidate its origin, localization, function, and
      possible significance in central nervous system disorders. The present survey
      deals with these aspects with special reference to multiple sclerosis (MS) and to
      correlation between disease activity and somatostatin content and variations in
      CSF.

PMID- 2883806
TI  - Conjunctival nerve pathology in multiple endocrine neoplasia. A case report.
AB  - A 31-year-old male with typical clinical features of multiple endocrine neoplasia
      type 2b (MEN 2b) was subjected to conjunctival biopsy. The patient had previously
      been operated for pheochromocytoma and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. He
      came for ophthalmologic consultation because of redness and irritation of the eye
      due to dry eye syndrome. The conjunctival biopsy taken from his left eye revealed
      not only an increase in the number of conjunctival nerves but also an increase of
      their axons. The ultrastructure of the nerves was mostly normal, but the
      perineurium was often incomplete, and the interaxonal space appeared to be
      enlarged. Immunohistochemically, SP-, neurofilament- and, unexpectedly, leucine
      enkephalin-positive nerve fibres were demonstrated in the conjunctival stroma.
      The rat is the only species in which enkephalin-like immunoreactivity has been
      described in the anterior segment of the eye. Thus, the presence of enkephalin
      positive nerves in the conjunctiva of our MEN 2b patient may reflect a profound
      neural alteration.

PMID- 2883807
TI  - Insulin secretion induced by allogeneic lymphocytes in genetically diabetic mice
      C57BL/KsJ mdb.
AB  - Insulin and somatostatin (SRIF) secretion induced by alloantigen were studied in
      genetically diabetic mice from the C57BL/KsJ mdb-mdb strain. Diabetic (db) mice
      injected with allogeneic lymphocytes (A.L.) did not show any increase in their
      second phase of 27.5 mM glucose stimulated secretion and slightly increased their
      first phase. Normal A.L. injected mice showed a significant increase in both
      phases of 27.5 mM glucose stimulated secretion. SRIF secretion of A.L. injected
      normal and diabetic mice did not significantly differ from that obtained when
      injected with syngeneic lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from db mice injected into
      allogeneic mice caused an insulin secretion similar to that produced by
      allogeneic lymphocytes from non-diabetic mice. Lymphocytes from db mice injected
      into normal syngeneic mice caused an insulin secretion which was not
      significantly different from the one caused by syngeneic lymphocytes from non
      diabetic mice, and is smaller than the secretion caused by A.L. injection. In
      summary, db mice showed an impaired hormone response to alloantigenic stimulus,
      while their lymphocytes maintained their alloantigenic action.

PMID- 2883809
TI  - Autoregulation of capillary pressure and filtration in cat skeletal muscle in
      states of normal and reduced vascular tone.
AB  - The controversial hypothesis that capillary pressure (Pc) is autoregulated in
      response to arterial pressure (PA) alterations was tested in sympathectomized cat
      skeletal muscle by studying the relation between Pc and PA under conditions of
      well preserved vascular tone and reactivity, during papaverine-induced maximal
      vasodilatation (passive vascular bed), and during impaired vascular reactivity
      caused by preparatory surgery, or by low dose isoproterenol administration. The
      latter states resembled such under which Pc autoregulation unintentionally seems
      to have been studied previously. Capillary pressure was assessed with the
      Pcvenule method for continuous direct pressure recordings from
      capillaries/postcapillary venules (Mellander et al. 1987) and simultaneously
      derived from observed net transvascular fluid flux divided by CFC. Resistances in
      the whole vascular bed and in its pre- and postcapillary segments (Ra and Rv)
      were determined from recordings of blood flow, PA, Pc, and PV. During preserved
      vascular reactivity, Pc was found to be virtually constant, that is, almost
      perfectly autoregulated, over the PA range from 50 to 180 mmHg, whereas in the
      passive vascular bed there was a direct linear relation between Pc and PA (y =
      0.137x + 11.69; r = 0.97). The delta Pc/delta PA ratio was about 1/70 in the
      normal reactive, and 1/7 in the passive, vascular bed, implying an increase in Pc
      by 1 mmHg for every 70 mmHg and every 7 mmHg increase in PA, respectively.
      Capillary pressure autoregulation was explained by precise adjustments of Ra/Rv
      in relation to PA elicited by myogenic and metabolic regulatory mechanisms. This
      protective reaction against plasma loss during increased PA was abolished during
      maximal vasodilation, and was much impaired by surgical trauma, partly via a beta
      adrenergic inhibitory effect, and by isoproterenol, in turn causing gross
      transcapillary fluid fluxes. The latter findings might explain failing Pc
      autoregulation in some previous studies undertaken under seemingly similar
      conditions.

PMID- 2883808
TI  - Immediate reduction of blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity after beta
      blockade in anaesthetized cats with deafferentiated arterial baroreceptors.

PMID- 2883810
TI  - Autoradiographic location of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in cat colon smooth
      muscle.
AB  - In order to localize beta-adrenoceptors 125I-(-)pindolol (IPIN) was used in
      binding to sections from cat colon. The binding characteristics for IPIN to beta
      adrenoceptors on colon sections were estimated by demonstrating reversible
      binding in the presence of isoprenaline and by steroselective binding to the
      isomers of propranolol. The binding of IPIN to both beta 1- and beta 2
      adrenoceptors was shown by biphasic displacement curves in the presence of the
      selective beta-adrenoceptor compounds betaxolol, ICI 118.551 and procaterol. The
      colon sections were found to contain proportions of beta 1-adrenoceptors (30-50%)
      and beta 2-adrenoceptors (50-70%). In the autoradiographic studies, 100% of the
      developed grains after exposure of IPIN to the photographic emulsion were
      displaced by 50 microM of isoprenaline. By microscopic counting at
      autoradiographic grains, 30-40% of the grains were found in the circular smooth
      muscle, while 60-70% of the grains were found in the longitudinal smooth muscle.
      A concentration of 2 nM ICI 118.551 completely displaced all grains in the
      circular smooth muscle and partly displaced those found in the longitudinal
      smooth muscle. A high concentration of ICI 118.551 (1 microM) displaced all
      grains above background from the smooth muscle. It is concluded that the circular
      smooth muscle only contains beta 2-adrenoceptors, while longitudinal smooth
      muscle may contain a proportion of beta 1-adrenoceptors. Whether such a location
      of beta adrenoceptors can be related to the beta 1-adrenoceptor-mediated
      inhibition of colon motility can not be clarified from these studies.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883812
TI  - Blockade of central beta-adrenoceptors attenuates tremor induced by 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-receptor activation in rats.
AB  - The effect of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, varying in lipophilicity and
      receptor selectivity, were studied on tremor elicited by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L
      5-HTP) in rats pretreated with a peripherally acting decarboxylase inhibitor and
      a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, or by the directly acting 5-HT agonist 5-methoxy
      N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT). Plasma levels of the beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists were determined simultaneously. The non-selective lipophilic
      adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol was found to dose-dependently reduce tremor
      intensity, whereas the non-selective hydrophilic adrenoceptor antagonist sotalol
      had no effect, indicating a central site of action. Furthermore, beta 1-selective
      blockade with the adrenoceptor antagonist metoprolol had no effect on tremor
      intensity, whereas the beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118,551 dose-dependently
      suppressed tremor intensity, suggesting that the beta-adrenoceptor subtype
      involved is of the beta 2-type. These results suggest that blockade of centrally
      located beta 2-adrenoceptors are able to attenuate the tremor response following
      5-hydroxytryptamine receptor activation.

PMID- 2883811
TI  - Modulation of oxotremorine-induced tremor by central beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine was used to induce tremor in rats pretreated
      with methylatropine. An objective assessment of tremor intensity was accomplished
      by means of an accelerometer-based recording system. The non-selective,
      lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol dose-dependently suppressed
      tremor intensity, whereas the R-isomer of propranolol was without effect,
      verifying beta-adrenoceptor involvement. Since the hydrophilic, non-selective
      beta-antagonist nadolol was ineffective, the effect appears to be located inside
      the blood-brain barrier. The beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118, 551 dose
      dependently reduced tremor intensity, whereas selective blockade of beta 1
      adrenoceptors with metoprolol had no effect, indicating the participation of a
      beta 2-adrenoceptor. On the other hand, the lipophilic beta 2-agonist clenbuterol
      dose-dependently enhanced tremor induced by oxotremorine. Determination of
      circulating plasma catecholamine concentrations revealed that the effect of beta
      antagonists on tremor was not secondary to an effect on the oxotremorine-induced
      rise in catecholamine levels. Thus, the results suggest that beta 2-adrenoceptors
      located inside the blood-brain barrier are able to modulate oxotremorine-induced
      tremor in rats.

PMID- 2883813
TI  - [In vitro and in vivo comparative studies of various barbituric acid
      derivatives].

PMID- 2883814
TI  - Cortical atrophy and white matter density in the brains of schizophrenics and
      clinical response to neuroleptics.
AB  - The relationship between clinical response to neuroleptics and brain morphology
      as revealed by CT scans was evaluated in a sample of 39 patients with
      schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. Four measures of brain morphology
      previously shown to differ between schizophrenics and patients with headaches -
      white matter density, asymmetry in brain white matter density, sulcal width and
      global cortical atrophy - did not correlate with clinical improvement after 3
      weeks treatment with constant doses of neuroleptics. These brain morphology
      measures also did not correlate with baseline psychopathology scores. The same
      results were found with scales or subscales reflecting primarily positive
      symptoms of schizophrenia as well as those reflecting primarily social
      withdrawal.

PMID- 2883815
TI  - Morbidity and mortality in tardive dyskinesia: associations in chronic
      schizophrenia.
AB  - A population of 101 chronic schizophrenic inpatients were assessed for the
      presence or absence of tardive dyskinesia, and followed up 32 months later. At
      follow up, the mortality rates in 44 patients with and 57 patients without
      involuntary movements were 16% vs. 9% respectively; this difference widened when
      only the more prominent involuntary movements were considered. Of those
      surviving, patients with tardive dyskinesia were much more likely to contract an
      attack of respiratory tract infection, and to do so on multiple occasions, and
      tended to suffer from more cardiovascular disorders. They appeared more likely to
      show smoking-related pathology. Chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive
      dyskinesia constitute a more biologically disadvantaged group, suggesting a
      broader disease concept of the syndrome.

PMID- 2883817
TI  - Saccadic eye movements as a measure of residual effects: temazepam compared with
      other hypnotics.
AB  - Eye movements are classified into two categories: quickly running saccades and
      smooth pursuit movements. Saccades are fast conjugate eye movements with a
      preprogrammed direction, amplitude, and speed course; their purpose is to
      register new objects in the visual field. The duration and velocity of saccadic
      eye movements are very much dependent on vigilance. Comparisons were made with a
      number of psychometric tests [d 2 Durchstreichtest (cross out test), Viennese
      determination apparatus, and flicker fusion frequency] and the velocity of fast
      eye movements. The results of three separate investigations are presented.
      Standardization was undertaken in 100 healthy volunteers, 50 male and 50 female
      subjects aged between 20 and more than 50 years were included. In an open
      parallel group study, comparisons were made between various hypnotics with
      different half-lives (temazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, and phenobarbital).
      There were 10 healthy volunteers in each group, and medication was taken as a
      single night-time dose for 7 nights. In a double-blind study, temazepam (20
      mg/day) was tested against flunitrazepam (2 mg/day). Dosing lasted 7 days. A
      marked impairment of the saccadic eye movements was observed with flunitrazepam
      but not with temazepam. Of all the benzodiazepines tested, only temazepam had no
      influence on the parameters of the saccade test. These results can be explained
      by temazepam's short half-life and also by the fact that no active metabolites
      are formed.

PMID- 2883816
TI  - Zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo--a new drug formulation. An open Nordic
      multicentre study of zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo in patients with acute
      psychoses including mania and exacerbation of chronic psychoses.
AB  - Eighty-three acutely disturbed, psychotic patients were included in an open
      multicentre study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effect of
      zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo (CPT-A). Each patient received from one to
      four intramuscular injections of CPT-A during the 6-day study period. The
      duration of action after one injection was between 2 and 3 days and doses from 50
      mg to 150 mg were sufficient for most patients. Treatment with CPT-A caused a
      pronounced and rapid reduction of the psychotic symptoms. At the end of the 6-day
      test period the mean total score on BPRS in acute non-manic and exacerbated
      chronic patients was reduced by more than 50 per cent. In acute manic patients
      the mean total score on BRMS was reduced by 57 per cent already 1 day after
      injection. Rapidly after the injection of CPT-A a useful short-acting sedation
      can be expected, but the risk for oversedation even after a second injection is
      low. The frequency of unwanted effects, including extrapyramidal reactions, was
      low and the severity of symptoms was most often mild. With a rapid onset of
      action, a duration of effect of 2 to 3 days, and few and mild side effects, CPT-A
      offers advantages over the neuroleptic preparations conventionally used in the
      initial treatment of acutely disturbed, psychotic patients.

PMID- 2883818
TI  - Aspects of driving after hypnotic therapy with particular reference to temazepam.
AB  - In a double-blind study, 32 outpatients with sleep disorders received oral doses
      of temazepam 20 mg (n = 16) or flunitrazepam 2 mg (n = 16) once a night for 7
      days. On the morning after the first and seventh doses, patients completed
      psychomotor tests and a real driving test on the road over a 25 km course. The
      road test included a 1 km straight stretch driven at constant speed. In the car,
      various parameters were automatically recorded every second for approximately 60
      minutes. These included angular velocity of steering, lateral acceleration and
      velocity. An optimization quotient, a measure of the efficiency of information
      processing in the driver-vehicle-road interaction, was derived from these
      parameters. An observer recorded driving performance by scoring standardized
      tasks. After a single dose of temazepam, the improvement in driver performance as
      shown by a decreased optimization quotient was significantly different to the
      deterioration seen after flunitrazepam (p less than 0.05). After the seventh
      dose, this trend was still apparent but was not statistically significant. After
      both one and seven doses, the angular velocity of steering was significantly
      decreased in the temazepam group compared with an increase after flunitrazepam (p
      less than 0.001). Over the straight, this deterioration in steering ability in
      the flunitrazepam group was apparent after one dose and reached statistical
      significance compared with temazepam after seven doses (p less than
      0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883820
TI  - The clinical use of hypnotics: indications for use and the need for a variety of
      hypnotics.
AB  - Insomnia may be categorized as difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening,
      early awakenings or a combination of each. The ideal hypnotic must promote rapid
      sleep onset and maintain sleep throughout the night while allowing the patient to
      awake refreshed the following day. Several benzodiazepines, with differing
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are presently available. All are
      clinically effective and not only elimination half-life but also dosage
      prescribed and pattern of distribution are important factors for determining
      treatment response. Hypnotics have been divided into those with long elimination
      half-lives (e.g. nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam), those with
      intermediately long half-lives (brotizolam, loprazolam, lormetazepam, temazepam)
      and those with short half-lives (midazolam and triazolam). Carry-over effects
      into the morning such as excessive daytime sleepiness or drowsiness are related
      to drug half-life, dosage and pattern of distribution. In equipotent dosages most
      controlled clinical trials have found no significant differences between the
      various benzodiazepine hypnotics. Nevertheless, clinicians in general tend to use
      long half-life benzodiazepines in patients who have difficulties maintaining
      sleep and short half-life benzodiazepines for treating sleep onset insomnia.
      Intermediately long half-life, benzodiazepines are used for both indications and
      most clinicians feel that the choice of hypnotic should not only be influenced by
      elimination half-life or the dosage used, but by individual patient preference.
      Hypnotics should be used for only short periods of time and in those patients for
      whom a more chronic use is indicated, they should be used only on an intermittent
      basis.

PMID- 2883819
TI  - The effects of repeated doses of temazepam and nitrazepam on several measures of
      human performance.
AB  - The effects of six nightly doses of temazepam (20 mg), nitrazepam (10 mg) and
      placebo on saccadic eye movements, critical flicker fusion threshold, choice
      reaction time and mood were studied in eight volunteers. Performance was measured
      on nights 1 and 6 of each treatment. Nitrazepam produced a residual performance
      impairment on night 1 that disappeared by night 6, despite higher serum
      concentrations of the drug on the sixth night of treatment. Temazepam, with a
      shorter elimination half-life, produced no significant performance impairment on
      night 1, but by night 6 a significant impairment of saccadic eye movements (p
      less than 0.05) was seen 1 hour after drug intake. We conclude that tolerance to
      the sedative action of nitrazepam developed over the 6-night period of the study.
      No evidence of tolerance was seen with temazepam. No residual effects of
      temazepam (20 mg) were seen the morning after the night-time drug administration.

PMID- 2883822
TI  - Benzodiazepine hypnotics in the elderly.
AB  - A review is presented of the changes that occur in the pharmacodynamics of
      benzodiazepines during normal ageing and as a result of disease. Controlled
      studies in which subjects of different ages have received single doses of
      diazepam, temazepam, nitrazepam and flunitrazepam have consistently shown an
      increase in the response to benzodiazepines in the elderly which is not explained
      by the effects of disease or by altered plasma concentrations. In general,
      healthy elderly subjects have a 2-3 fold greater response compared with the
      young. This change appears to be due to a change in the post-receptor mechanism
      of action. Cerebral diazepam concentrations are similar in young and elderly
      rats, though older animals also show an increased response and no consistent
      changes have been demonstrated in brain receptor binding. However, benzodiazepine
      induced increases in GABA binding and GABA-induced increases in post-synaptic
      inhibition have been reported to be greater in aged animals. Regular daily dosing
      with most benzodiazepines leads to drug accumulation which is proportional to the
      elimination half-life. Regular dosing with diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam
      and flurazepam has also been found to produce more sedation in the elderly,
      particularly long stay patients who have a high incidence of dementia, and those
      with a low albumen or chronic renal failure. A controlled trial of 1 week's
      dosing with 5 mg of nitrazepam or 20 mg of temazepam in elderly in-patients
      showed that these doses produced significant impairment of psychomotor
      performance the morning after the last dose. Only about 50% of the patients were
      affected and many of these were frail patients with mild dementia on
      rehabilitation or long stay wards. The doses prescribed for these types of
      patients should not exceed 2.5 mg of nitrazepam or 10 mg temazepam.

PMID- 2883821
TI  - Insomnia in general practice: the role of temazepam and a comparison with
      zopiclone.
AB  - The aetiology of insomnia can be conveniently divided into six groups: physical
      (pain, cough, etc.), physiological (shift-workers etc.), psychological (life
      events), psychiatric (depression, anxiety, etc.), iatrogenic (stimulant drugs,
      etc.) and idiopathic (no obvious cause). The four main types of insomnia are:
      prolonged latency, frequent short awakenings, one or two long awakenings and
      early morning awakening. Patients' habits that may interfere with sleep are
      related to: alcohol, smoking, tea and coffee drinking, and bedtime drinks. In a
      double-blind comparison between temazepam and nitrazepam, both drugs were shown
      to be effective hypnotics, nitrazepam being better for early morning wakening,
      although at the expense of more hangover effects. Zopiclone, a new cyclopyrrolone
      hypnotic, was also compared to temazepam in a double-blind cross-over trial and
      similar hypnotic effects were recorded with both drugs.

PMID- 2883823
TI  - The use of oral benzodiazepines as premedications: the usefulness of temazepam.
AB  - The primary aim of premedication is to relieve the patient's anxiety/restlessness
      before anaesthesia and to ensure optimum quantity and quality of sleep on the
      night preceding surgery. With these objectives in mind, oral benzodiazepines
      offer a good alternative to traditional parenteral premedicants, especially as
      the clear anxiolytic and sedative effects of the former are of great clinical
      value. Oral temazepam has proven to be a valuable premedicant given on the
      evening before operation and/or the following morning, before surgery.
      Administered as a sedative in a single 20 mg oral dose the night before surgery,
      temazepam provided a good night's sleep in 77 percent of gynaecological surgical
      patients; patients slept for 7.6 hours and had no significant residual effects.
      As a premedicant, temazepam was as effective as parenteral diazepam or
      papaveretum. Temazepam's short duration of action facilitates rapid postoperative
      recovery in children, adults, and in the elderly. Thus, it is indicated
      especially for short operative procedures when rapid recovery and swift return to
      fitness are essential.

PMID- 2883824
TI  - The use of temazepam Expidet (FDDF) as a premedicant in children.
AB  - One hundred and forty-nine children were given a novel oral presentation (FDDF)
      of temazepam as pre-operative medication. The high degree of acceptability by the
      child, the short duration of onset and resulting percentage production of
      satisfactory demeanour in the anaesthetic room, suggest that temazepam would make
      a very useful addition to the paediatric premedicant armamentarium.

PMID- 2883825
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of temazepam compared with other benzodiazepine hypnotics--some
      clinical consequences.
AB  - When the various benzodiazepine hypnotics are studied, large differences are seen
      with regard to their pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism in man. Some are
      eliminated from the body at a relatively slow rate (e.g. nitrazepam), others are
      metabolized rather rapidly (temazepam, triazolam). Some benzodiazepine hypnotics
      have major active metabolites that are slowly eliminated (flurazepam, quazepam),
      while others have non-active metabolites (temazepam, lormetazepam). In hypnotic
      treatment, the duration of drug action should be restricted to the duration of
      the night, hence a compound with a relatively short elimination half-life may
      represent a more rational choice. An overview is given of the pharmacokinetics of
      the currently available benzodiazepine hypnotics with emphasis on temazepam and
      other hydroxylated benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2883826
TI  - Benzodiazepine hypnotic metabolism: drug interactions and clinical implications.
AB  - Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice when initiating hypnotic therapy. Though
      the mechanism of benzodiazepine action in the central nervous system is similar
      for all drugs in this class, differences in absorption and pathway of elimination
      are associated with differences in observed clinical effect. After single-dose
      administration, onset of hypnotic effect is most closely related to rate of drug
      absorption and duration of effect is more closely associated with extent of drug
      distribution. Relative affinity of the individual benzodiazepine for the specific
      central nervous system binding site may also determine duration of action. During
      multiple-dose chronic therapy, route of metabolic biotransformation and
      elimination half-life assume more importance. An increased incidence of adverse
      drug effects due to high doses of accumulating benzodiazepines may be seen in the
      elderly and patients with central nervous system deficits or chronic liver
      disease. Benzodiazepine metabolic biotransformation and clearance is broken into
      three groups. Group 1--oxidative biotransformation; Group 2--high clearance
      drugs; Group 3--drug conjugation. Groups 1 and 2 are implicated in a number of
      drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Group 3 drugs have little change in
      patients with liver disease or when administered with inhibitors of drug
      biotransformation. Clinical implications of these metabolic interactions are
      variable, but inhibition of Group 1 and 2 benzodiazepine clearance has been
      associated with increased sedation and psychomotor impairment.

PMID- 2883827
TI  - Normal sleep, disturbed sleep, transient and persistent insomnia.
AB  - There are three fundamental principles for understanding sleep; the sleeping
      brain is not a resting brain, the sleeping brain functions in a different manner
      from the waking brain and the activity and work of the sleeping brain are
      purposeful. The sleeping brain does fail and this failure is manifest in a
      variety of clinical symptoms; all sleep complaints should be taken seriously and
      investigated. Transient insomnia is uniformly associated with objective sleep
      disturbances which have been documented following phase shifts of the major sleep
      period such as that caused by transmeridian travel. However, the degree to which
      the individual responds to these factors is variable. There is a consensus that
      sleep medications are indicated for transient and short-term insomnia.
      Benzodiazepine hypnotics are commonly used to induce and maintain sleep, and
      improve daytime alertness.

PMID- 2883828
TI  - Psychopharmacological aspects of idiopathic and transient insomnia.
AB  - Residual sedative effects seem to be intrinsic properties of effective hypnotic
      agents. Residual effects are dose related and more likely if the elimination half
      life is greater than 12 hours. In two separate studies, investigations into
      effects on performance were carried out using a series of psychometric tests. In
      the first, a group of skilled radar operators working a shift system were given a
      pre-sleep administration of temazepam 20 mg and measurements were made of any
      residual effects. In the second clinical study, general practice patients
      suffering from idiopathic insomnia were randomized onto either temazepam 20 mg,
      triazolam 0.25 mg, nitrazepam 5 mg, flurazepam 15 mg, or placebo. Assessments
      were made using the Leeds Psychomotor Tester to measure Choice Reaction Time and
      Critical Flicker Fusion. In a separate test, digit substitution was used to
      measure sensory processing ability. In addition, the Leeds Sleep Evaluation
      Questionnaire was completed by each patient in the clinical study to provide a
      subjective evaluation of ease of getting to sleep, ease of awakening and
      behaviour after awakening. Neither study showed a residual activity that was
      likely to impair performance following temazepam 20 mg indicating the usefulness
      of this drug in the management of idiopathic insomnia and sleep difficulties
      introduced by changes in scheduling of sleep, i.e. intercontinental travel or
      shift work.

PMID- 2883829
TI  - Hypnotics and transient insomnia.
AB  - An hypnotic should be used only when there is evidence of sleep disturbance. The
      wide range of sleep disorders (e.g. delayed sleep onset or problems of sleep
      maintenance) and the added complication that the patient may be involved
      subsequently in skilled work demand that the pharmacokinetics of various
      hypnotics must be understood before the correct hypnotic can be chosen. Impaired
      performance is more severe and persists far longer with compounds that are slowly
      eliminated and with the use of higher doses. The particular situations of aircrew
      and mountaineers have been studied in detail. Caution must be exercised in the
      management of aircrew coping with irregularity of rest and work. Temazepam has
      been used for aircrew for over 10 years and the absence of adverse effects
      ensures that it remains the recommended hypnotic in this area of medical
      practice. The relationship of insomnia with the hypoxic environment is
      undetermined. To investigate this, sleep was studied in six individuals during an
      expedition to the Himalayas. At altitude, temazepam led to less wakefulness and
      to drowsy sleep--there were no prolonged sleep latencies.

PMID- 2883830
TI  - Pharmaco-EEG, behavioural methods and blood levels in the comparison of temazepam
      and flunitrazepam.
AB  - In a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study, the blood levels and
      pharmacodynamic properties of temazepam were compared with flunitrazepam using
      quantitative pharmaco-EEG and psychometric methods in ten healthy volunteers.
      Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG after three doses of temazepam (10
      mg, 20 mg and 40 mg) compared with placebo showed statistically significant
      changes in brain function. These changes were also seen after the administration
      of the reference drug (flunitrazepam 2 mg) and are typical of anxiolytic
      sedatives. Psychometric and psychophysiological tests demonstrated significant
      alterations at the behavioural level, especially after higher doses of temazepam
      and 2 mg flunitrazepam, as expected. However, low doses or low blood levels of
      temazepam induced an improvement of performance in certain variables. Dose
      efficacy calculations identified 2 mg flunitrazepam and 40 mg temazepam as the
      most CNS-effective, followed by 20 mg and 10 mg temazepam, while the least
      changes occurred after placebo. Time-efficacy calculations showed marked inter
      drug differences. The pharmacodynamics of both drugs parallel their respective
      pharmacokinetics. Regression and correlation analyses between blood levels and
      EEG or psychometric changes revealed that beta activity and the centroid of the
      EEG were positively correlated with plasma levels, while alpha activity,
      psychometric variables and skin conductance were negatively correlated.
      Psychometric variables started to deteriorate above a blood level of
      approximately 250 ng/ml, while below this level an improvement was seen. Such
      (sedative) blood levels were only reached after doses higher than 10 mg
      temazepam. Our findings indicate that 10 mg temazepam has tranquilizing
      properties, while 20 mg and 40 mg doses exert, in addition, sedative sleep
      inducing effects.

PMID- 2883831
TI  - Benzodiazepines in the treatment of sleep disorders: pharmacokinetic aspects.
AB  - In order to avoid after-effects during the day, slowly eliminated hypnotic agents
      should not be used in the treatment of sleep disorders. It has become customary
      to separate long-acting from short-acting benzodiazepines and to use the
      (terminal) half-life as the principle of classification. This approach is only
      justified, however, in the case of quickly absorbed benzodiazepines that have no
      pharmacologically active metabolites and that exhibit one-compartment disposition
      kinetics. In contrast, the duration of action of benzodiazepines characterized by
      marked two-compartment disposition kinetics can only be estimated correctly when
      the potency and all relevant kinetic parameters of the drug preparation and its
      pharmacologically active metabolites are considered.

PMID- 2883832
TI  - Systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of single oral doses of cadralazine and
      long term antihypertensive effects of cadralazine in patients receiving therapy
      with beta-blockers and diuretics.

PMID- 2883833
TI  - [Morphometric evaluation of the seminiferous tubule diameter and peritubular
      fibrosis in cryptorchid patients].

PMID- 2883834
TI  - Long-term treatment of chronic pain with acupuncture. Part I.
AB  - A 5-year trial of acupuncture therapy in the Finnish NHS is surveyed. In total
      348 patients attending Halikko Health Centre in SW Finland were treated with
      needle-stimulation for a wide variety of chronic pain syndromes. The mean number
      of acupuncture sessions was 5 in the primary series and 41% of patients received
      more than one series. An analysis of results showed significant relief of pain
      (more than 40% reduction on the visual analogue scale) in myofascial syndromes
      affecting the head, neck, shoulder and arm. Osteoarthrosis of major joints, and
      backache, responded less favourably. In total 65% of those patients who had taken
      analgesics before acupuncture therapy, either stopped totally or reduced their
      dose considerably. Those with headache could significantly more often reduce
      their drug intake than those with arthritis or osteoarthrosis. More results and
      discussion will be published in part II later in this Journal.

PMID- 2883835
TI  - Long-term therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture for chronic neck and
      shoulder pain--a double blind study.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with chronic neck and shoulder pain were treated with a
      series of electro-acupuncture treatments. All patients had been unresponsive to
      previous conventional and placebo treatments for their pain. A double blind
      evaluation of acupuncture results and hypnotic profiles failed to demonstrate any
      correlation between the two. Twenty-four or 64.9% of our patients obtained
      significant long term improvement. An increase in regional microcirculation by
      peripheral sympathetic blockade from electro-acupuncture is thought to be
      responsible for the tissue healing and subsequent pain relief.

PMID- 2883836
TI  - Effects of acupuncture needle application upon cutaneous microcirculation of
      rabbit ear lobe.
AB  - Microcirculatory effects of the application of an acupuncture needle (32-gauge,
      silver) to the back, corresponding to Geshu (B17) in human beings, were studied
      in vivo by microscope, using a transparent ear chamber in conscious rabbits.
      Although no striking findings were obtained during the needle application for a
      period of 30 minutes, it was clearly observed that the microvascular blood flow
      increases gradually in parallel with augmenting spontaneous rhythmic fluctuation
      of the vessel diameter, namely vasomotion, throughout a continuous observation
      period longer than 2 hours following release from the needle application.
      Diameters of arterioles and venules at the full-dilating phases of vasomotion
      reached levels higher than 200% and 250% of the initial values just before
      application of the needle, respectively. The clinical efficacy of acupuncture was
      suggested to be explained at least in part by the increased rhythmic
      microvascular blood flow in parallel with vasomotion, from the physiological
      point of view based on the previous investigations.

PMID- 2883837
TI  - Influence of naloxone on electro-acupuncture analgesia using an experimental
      dental pain test. Review of possible mechanisms of action.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine in man the analgesic effect of non
      segmental electroacupuncture (EA) limited to a single point (Hoku hand point) and
      the influence of naloxone using an original modified electrical dental pain test.
      Results in the literature are still contradictory as to the degree and
      specificity of acupuncture analgesia and its opioid nature. Acupuncture
      techniques as well as experimental pain models are factors accounting for the
      discrepancies in the results. For this reason, we designed an experimental pain
      test characterized by a high degree of specificity, validity and reliability. We
      chose optimal conditions for eliciting specific acupuncture effect, i.e. non
      segmental, low frequency and painful intensity range. A cross-over repeated
      measure experimental design was used. Five normal trained subjects participated
      in 65 sessions under four conditions (control, EA, EA+naloxone, EA+placebo).
      Changes in experimental dental pain thresholds served as indices of analgesia.
      The results indicated a 27% pain threshold increase after 30 minutes of EA
      stimulation (p less than .0001), with no differential effect between pain
      detection (mild pain sensation) and pain discomfort (strong pain sensation). This
      increase was partially blocked by the double blind injection of 0.8 mg naloxone
      IM (p less than .005). The experiment was designed in such a way as to prevent
      the occurrence of a stress analgesic effect. The endogenous opioid system was
      shown to be partially involved in acupuncture analgesia. Other mechanisms of
      action are discussed in view of the literature findings.

PMID- 2883838
TI  - Meridian-like networks of internal organs, corresponding to traditional Chinese
      12 main meridians and their acupuncture points as detected by the "Bi-Digital O
      Ring Test imaging method": search for the corresponding internal organ of Western
      medicine for each meridian--Part I.
AB  - The "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" imaging method has been successfully used not only
      to outline the internal organs but also malignant tumors as long as identical
      reference control tissue is available, regardless of whether it comes from the
      same individual or others, without exposing the patient to undesirable radiation
      from X-Rays, strong magnetic field or ultra-sound. While imaging the outline of
      the internal organs the author found that, from the surface of each organ, lines
      or networks of lines extend to other parts of the body. Such a line closely
      resembles well-known lines of meridians of major internal organs in Oriental
      medicine. This meridian-like network of each internal organ can be imaged using a
      microscopic slide, dessicated tissue or raw tissue of the same internal organ as
      reference control substance in "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" imaging method. In
      previous papers, among meridians of 12 main internal organs in Traditional
      Chinese Medicine, the author was able to find which meridian corresponds to which
      internal organ of Western Medicine as in 10 meridians by "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test"
      imaging with corresponding internal organs as reference control substances, with
      the exception of "Pericardium Meridian", and "Triple Burner Meridian". In this
      study we were able to confirm that the "Pericardium Meridian" can be imaged
      mainly using adrenal gland as a reference control substance and "Triple Burner
      Meridian" can be imaged by the ovary or adrenal gland in the female and also can
      be imaged by the testes or adrenal gland in the male. Thus, the author was able
      to confirm, for the first time, the corresponding internal organ of Western
      Medicine for each one of the 12 main meridians. During this study, when actively
      imaging the meridian-like network, the author found bulging areas of the meridian
      like network at specific locations, and found that these bulging areas correspond
      to specific acupuncture points. The area or average diameter of these acupuncture
      points often increased in the abnormal area and returned relatively small normal
      diameter by acupuncture given on certain acupuncture points of the same meridian.
      Thus, one can find the exact location of the meridian-like network and specific
      acupuncture points along the network. Therefore, it is now possible to re
      evaluate true effects of giving acupuncture on these specific points as well as
      some of the other classical concepts of acupuncture.

PMID- 2883839
TI  - Acupuncture therapy for the treatment of intractable, idiopathic epilepsy in five
      dogs.
AB  - Five epileptic dogs, nonresponsive to high levels of anticonvulsants were
      presented to the acupuncture clinic at the Veterinary Hospital of the University
      of Pennsylvania for treatment. Acupuncture was performed by placing small gold
      implants subcutaneously over the calvaria at acupuncture points on the Governing
      Vessel (GV), Gall Bladder (GB), and Bladder (B) meridians and left in place to
      provide constant stimulation to the points. Each of the five dogs treated showed
      a change in seizure patterns following gold implant placement. Two dogs had
      decreases in seizure frequency with their medication continued as before
      acupuncture, but they reverted to their previous pattern approximately five
      months after treatment. Three dogs continued to have decreased numbers of
      seizures and were maintained on decreased levels of anticonvulsants.

PMID- 2883840
TI  - Electromagnetism and the revolution in medicine.

PMID- 2883842
TI  - [Results of treatment following surgical management of complete acromioclavicular
      joint dislocation (Tossy III injury). Management using ligament sutures and
      direct transarticular and indirect extra-articular stabilization].
AB  - In the last 5 years 36 patients with complete akromioklavikular separation were
      treated in 21 cases by ligament suture and Balser-plate, in 15 cases by ligament
      suture and "Zuggurtung". Good and very good results were found in 85%. Patients
      in which the protection of the ligament suture was given by application of the
      Hook-plate had better results than those with "Zuggurtung". The use of the Balser
      plate remarks a safe method in protecting the coracoid-clavicular ligament
      suture. The rate of complications is rare, compared with the patients in the
      other group. Functional results seem to be better in comparison to other methods
      of operative treatment.

PMID- 2883843
TI  - [Origin, diagnosis and treatment of sternoclavicular joint dislocation].
AB  - Traumatic dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is very uncommon (1,5% of all
      dislocation, 10% of all dislocations in clavicular joints; ratio
      acromioclavicular dislocations: sternoclavicular dislocations = 5-10:1). The
      functional importance of this joint requires open reduction with reconstruction
      of its ruptured ligaments and the disc. The sternoclavicular joint can be
      dislocated in association with congential, developmental, degenerative and
      inflammatory processes (M. Friedrich, rheumatoid arthritis). Epiphyseal
      separations or fractures of the medial end of the clavicle can usually be treated
      conservatively, but interposition of the joint capsule between the fragments may
      cause the dislocation to be irreducible. In addition to clinical examination and
      anteroposterior of oblique posteroanterior X-rays, tomography, computed
      tomography and arthrography can be of help in diagnosis. Additional special X-ray
      pictures as suggested by Heinig, Hobbs and Kattan are very helpful in determining
      the degree of dislocation (Allman). If open reduction is necessary, the
      functional importance of the disc and the angle of inclination of the joint
      socket must be taken into consideration.

PMID- 2883841
TI  - [Traumatic scapho-lunate dissociation. Functional analysis, surgical therapy and
      results].
AB  - The traumatic scapho-lunate dissociation represents a heavy lesion of the carpal
      ligaments. The instability and incongruity of the joint causes a considerable
      loss of the function of the hand. The mechanical situation of the proximal carpal
      row is demonstrated on the base of anatomical investigations and the mechanism of
      the accident in a subluxation-rotation injury is shown. The therapeutic
      consequences are pointed out and the author's own operations procedure
      (reconstruction of ligaments) with results is presented.

PMID- 2883844
TI  - [Use of the dynamic hip screw in the management of combined fractures of the
      femoral shaft and coxal end of the femur].
AB  - Treatment of combined fractures of the shaft of the femur and near the hip joint
      presents special problems. The pattern of these problems is presented on the
      basis of four cases that had occurred during a six-month period. A useful method
      for the appropriate treatment of such fractures by surgical means is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2883845
TI  - [Primary plastic reconstruction of a lateral ligament injury of the upper ankle
      joint].
AB  - The article introduces a new aspect in the treatment of ruptures of the lateral
      ligaments of the ankle. We used the modification of tenodesis according to
      Castaing and Meunier (3) in the operation of the acute lesions of the fibular
      ligament. The wearing of a cast for 6-7 weeks after operation is generally not
      necessary because stability of ankle joint ligaments is obtained. The
      disadvantages of complete immobilization and trophic changes as well as tenodesis
      effect are avoided. The patients begin with functional physiotherapy after wound
      healing (10th postoperative day). Careful extremity loading of the selected,
      active patient is possible four weeks after operation. 118 reconstructions of the
      ankle joint ligaments (96 with the abovementioned method) have been performed in
      the Department of Surgery of Witten-Herdecke University between 1970-1982. Of 43
      patients checked in follow-up examination (mean postoperative period three years)
      5 showed unsatisfactory balance (tenodesis effect).

PMID- 2883846
TI  - [Tenography of the peroneal tendon sheath. A means for diagnosing dislocation of
      the peroneal tendon].

PMID- 2883847
TI  - [Significance of "healing instability" of the fracture fissure in fracture
      healing. Absolutely stable osteosynthesis must not be enforced].
AB  - The difficulty inherent in operative osteosynthesis is that for every type and
      localization an optimal biomechanical constellation must be achieved in the
      fissure, depending on the physiological tasks and functions to be performed by
      the bone in question. The authors point out the possible sequels of both
      excessive stabilization and insufficient stabilization. The compression nail
      developed from the intramedullary Kuntscher nail has proved its worth as a so
      called "fixateur interne" for the realization of the dynamic lock principle, not
      least also because the tissue is hardly injured since the long bone is not
      "drilled open" and also because the bone remains fully integrated as a weight
      bearer.

PMID- 2883848
TI  - The antisecretory profile of action of the H2-receptor antagonists, famotidine,
      loxtidine, ranitidine and L-643,441 on the rat isolated gastric mucosa.
AB  - Four H2-receptor antagonists, famotidine, loxtidine, ranitidine and L-643,441
      were tested against gastric secretory concentration-response curves to histamine,
      methacholine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) on the rat isolated gastric
      mucosa. All four drugs inhibited the secretory response to histamine, but the
      nature of this H2-receptor antagonism differed according to the drug. Ranitidine
      and famotidine were competitive, fully surmountable antagonists of histamine, but
      loxtidine and L-643,441 were unsurmountable antagonists. At high concentrations,
      the H2-receptor antagonists caused a small inhibition of the secretory response
      to methacholine but had no effect on the secretory response to dbcAMP. The rat
      isolated gastric mucosa is a useful preparation for characterisation of the
      antisecretory effects of H2-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2883849
TI  - Inhibition of 14C-aminopyrine accumulation in isolated rabbit gastric glands by
      the H2-receptor antagonist HOE 760 (TZU-0460).
AB  - Acid secretion in isolated rabbit gastric glands was measured by means of the 14C
      aminopyrine accumulation technique. Hoe 760 (TZU-0460) and Hoe 062, the
      desacetylated compound of Hoe 760, caused a concentration-dependent reduction of
      histamine (100 microM) induced aminopyrine-accumulation. The IC50-values were
      3.16 +/- 0.84 microM (n = 5) and 1.58 +/- 0.6 microM (n = 6) for Hoe 760 and Hoe
      062, respectively. In comparison an IC50 of 9.0 +/- 0.72 microM (n = 6) was
      obtained for cimetidine and 3.3 +/- 1.4 microM (n = 5) for ranitidine. The IC50
      values of ranitidine, Hoe 760 and Hoe 062 were significantly different (p less
      than 0.05) from cimetidine. The addition of increasing concentrations of Hoe 760
      to the histamine concentration-response curve caused a parallel rightward shift.
      The transformation of these concentration-response curves according to
      Arunlakshana and Schild indicated that this inhibition was caused by a
      competitive antagonism of the histamine receptor on the parietal cell. In
      agreement with these findings the dbc-AMP stimulated aminopyrine accumulation
      remained unaffected by the H2-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2883850
TI  - Pharmacologic analysis of LY188695 (KB-2413), 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1
      homopiperazinyl)-benzimidazole difumarate, a potent histamine1 receptor
      antagonist.
AB  - LY188695 was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in the guinea pig to determine
      its pharmacologic profile. The compound antagonized histamine-induced
      contractions of ileum, aorta, and trachea with pKB values of 9.9, 9.9, and 9.2
      respectively. In the lung parenchymal strip, LY188695 caused a rightward shift of
      the histamine concentration-response curve with a reduction in the maximal
      response at all antagonist concentrations tested. The reason for this effect is
      unknown, but it was not due to a nonspecific depressant action of the compound on
      the parenchyma. Selectivity was shown by its inactivity against leukotriene D4,
      bradykinin, prostaglandin F2 alpha, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
      on various guinea pig and rat smooth muscles. Similarly, H2 receptor-mediated
      relaxation of the rat uterus was unaltered by LY188695. Increases in total
      pulmonary impedance caused by i.v. histamine to anesthetized guinea pigs were
      reduced by as little as 3 micrograms/kg given orally 1 hour prior to histamine
      challenge. In this system, LY188695 was 15 times more potent than
      chlorpheniramine and 100 times more potent than terfenadine. Similar responses
      elicited by acetylcholine were not antagonized by LY188695. A duration of action
      greater than 4 hours was observed in this model. Ovalbumin given i.v. to
      sensitized guinea pigs increased total pulmonary impedance which was markedly
      decreased after oral administration of 30 or 100 micrograms/kg LY188695. These
      results indicate that LY188695 is a very potent antagonist of H1-mediated
      responses and suggest that this agent might be useful in disease states
      characterized by an overproduction of histamine.

PMID- 2883851
TI  - Comparative polypeptide analysis of human, murine and strigis herpesviruses with
      murine cytomegalovirus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - The polypeptide composition of five purified murine herpesvirus (MHV) strains
      grown in a stable line of rabbit embryo fibroblasts (REF) was analysed by sodium
      dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and compared with
      herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). About 24 structural polypeptides of
      molecular mass ranging from 275,000 to 25,000 were identified in MHV and HSV-1.
      The polypeptide profiles of MHV and HSV-1, showed a close similarity. The
      polypeptides of MHV were further compared with those of HSV-1, HSV-2, herpes
      virus strigis (HVS) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Differences were found
      between herpesviruses of different origin and MCMV. SDS-PAGE analysis of the six
      strains of MCMV labelled with 14C-amino acid hydrolysate also revealed
      differences in electrophor eticprofiles of MHV and MCMV proteins, what was
      confirmed by densitometric scanning of HSV-1, MHV and MCMV.

PMID- 2883852
TI  - Effect of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)- and 5-vinyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil on
      Epstein-Barr virus antigen expression in P3HR-1 cells: comparison with acyclovir.
AB  - The effect of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)- and 5-vinyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil
      (BrVaraU, VaraU) in comparison to 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (ACV) on the
      proliferation of human lymphoblastoid P3HR-1 cells in culture and on the
      expression of Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (VCA) in the same cells was
      evaluated. After 7 days of cell growth, at 100 mumol/l the total number of new
      generations in drug-treated cultures was similar or 5 and 10% below that in drug
      free control cultures, for VaraU, ACV, and BrVaraU, respectively. During the same
      time the percentage of VCA-expressing cells decreased from 6.3% in drug-free
      cultures to 1.3, 1.5, and 2.0% in cultures treated with VaraU, ACV and BrVaraU,
      respectively. In VaraU-treated cultures a further decrease in the percentage of
      VCA-positive cells down to 0.5% was revealed 7 days after drug removal. VaraU was
      also effective in reducing the proportion of VCA-expressing cells at 10 and 1
      mumol/l. At 14 days after drug removal, the inhibitory effect of ACV was nearly
      reversed, whereas BrVaraU showed a prolonged VCA- suppressing effect.

PMID- 2883853
TI  - Varicella-zoster virus IgM antibody fraction separated by minicolumn gel
      filtration in serodiagnosis of acute infection.
AB  - Gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 or Ultrogel AcA 34 minicolumns was applied
      to isolate IgM antibodies from sera of patients with varicella and herpes zoster
      (HZ). Serum samples were stained with Sudan III and Evan's Blue in order to
      monitor the separation process visually when running several columns at the same
      time. The presence of specific IgM antibodies was demonstrated by enzyme linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rapid separation of stained sera by diffusion
      chromatography on minicolumns with successive determination of specific IgM
      antibodies in ELISA proved suitable for serological diagnosis of varicella,
      whereas the significance of IgM-specific antibody response in HZ seems uncertain.

PMID- 2883854
TI  - Corneal inoculation of murine herpesvirus in mice: the absence of neural spread.
AB  - Mouse herpesvirus (MHV) - a recently isolated herpesvirus - when inoculated into
      the right scarified cornea spread to lungs and liver by haematogenous route.
      Later on, the virus was recovered from lungs, spleen and trigeminal ganglia at
      intervals up to 8 months post-infection (p.i.). Another mice were infected by
      intranasal route and examined up to 264 days p.i. In latter case, MHV was
      recovered from lungs, spleen, kidneys, trigeminal ganglia and brain stem. At late
      intervals, direct isolation from lungs and spleen was as frequent as recovery of
      MHV from cultured explants; kidney fragments in culture yielded virus at a
      slightly enhanced rate, while positive MHV isolations from trigeminal ganglia and
      brain stem increased considerably after explantation. It is concluded that the
      persistence of MHV in lungs and spleen was productive with continuous presence of
      small but detectable amounts of infectious virus.

PMID- 2883855
TI  - Rotavirus persistence in malabsorption syndrome: virus assessment by
      immunofluorescence in small intestine biopsies in relation to antibody titres.
AB  - Results of quantitative immunofluorescence (IF) in small intestine biopsies and
      the serum antibody titres as detected by indirect Rotalex test in rotavirus
      infections were compared using regression and correlation analysis. Based on the
      significance of the statistically established correlation (r = 0.76; n = 30)
      between immunohistological identification of rotavirus antigen and determination
      of serum antibody levels, the indirect Rotalex test may be applied as a
      diagnostic tool to avoid biopsies in productive rotavirus persistence.

PMID- 2883856
TI  - Persistence of the scrapie agent in glial cells from rat Gasserian ganglion.
AB  - Persistence of the scrapie agent in glial cell monolayers from rat Gasserian
      ganglion have been studied by electron microscopy, virologic and histologic
      methods. Under chosen experimental conditions the scrapie agent had been shown to
      persist in cells for over 2 years. The infected cells appeared to be infectious
      for BALB/c mice throughout. Persistence of the scrapie agent was associated with
      development of a marked proliferative effect with increasing mitotic index of the
      cells. Changes similar to those observed in the CNS in vivo were found by means
      of electron microscopy. The decreased number of oncovirus-containing cells seems
      to indicate the decreased proportion of such cells in the culture infected with
      scrapie agent.

PMID- 2883857
TI  - Occurrence and distribution of Hantavirus in wild living mammals in Belgium.
AB  - Small mammals were screened for the presence of antibodies to Hantaan virus (HTN)
      and Hantavirus (HV) antigen in Belgium. Antibody and antigen-positive animals
      were found in different parts of the country. One insectivore and five rodent
      species were found positive. The highest prevalence of infection was found in the
      bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). A relation between infected animals and wet
      habitats was observed. It was obvious that in bank vole the likelihood of
      infection increased with age.

PMID- 2883858
TI  - Electron microscopic analysis of in vitro interaction of Rickettsia prowazekii
      with guinea pig macrophages. I. Macrophages from nonimmune animals.
AB  - Monolayer cultures of peritoneal macrophages of intact guinea pigs were infected
      with Rickettsia prowazekii (strain Breinl) and examined by electron microscopy
      after 30 min, 4 and 24 hr post-infection (p.i.). Three parallel processes
      developed in infected macrophages: reproduction of rickettsiae in macrophage
      cytoplasm, destruction in phagolysosomes and production of spheroplast-like
      forms. Reproduction of rickettsiae yielded 2 cell types: those with dense and
      with light cytoplasm; they were located side by side in the microcolony and
      seemed to have a common capsule-like coat. Relatively small spheroplast-like
      forms of about 1 micron in size were regularly detected. Addition of immune serum
      to macrophages increased the number of rickettsiae, both of rod-shaped as well as
      of spheroplast-like ones located within phagosomes, but elicited no increase in
      the number of digested pathogen cells.

PMID- 2883859
TI  - Electron microscopic analysis of in vitro interaction of Rickettsia prowazekii
      with guinea pig macrophages. II. Macrophages from immune animals.
AB  - Alike to macrophages from intact animals, reproduction, destruction and formation
      of spheroplast-like forms were observed in macrophages from immune guinea pigs 2
      months post-infection (p.i.) with the virulent Breinl strain of Rickettsia
      prowazekii. Unlike to the former, immune macrophages revealed phagolysosomes
      which were larger in size and contained more rickettsiae showing morphologic
      signs of destruction. Spheroplast-like forms occurred more often and were more
      numerous than in intact animals. Structures morphologically similar to L-forms of
      gram-negative bacteria and that of chlamydiae were also detected. After adding
      immune serum, more intact rickettsiae and spheroplasts were found in phagosomes
      as well as more phagolysosomes contained rickettsiae and spheroplasts with
      morphologic signs of destruction. It is suggested that clearance of immune
      macrophages from rickettsiae is mediated by at least two processes: on one hand
      by destruction of rod-shaped rickettsiae within phagolysosomes and, on the other
      hand, by formation and subsequent destruction of spheroplast-like forms within
      vacuoles, which probably also function as phagolysosomes.

PMID- 2883860
TI  - Experimental double infection with Coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis
      virus in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks.
AB  - Experimental parenteral inoculation of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks with the
      rickettsia Coxiella burnetii (C.b.) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus
      resulted in a generalized rickettsial and viral infection, irrespective of
      whether the agents were given simultaneously or by a 7 days interval apart. Both
      agents multiplied intensively in ticks, C.b. being detectable predominantly in
      cytoplasmic vacuoles and TBE virus mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2883862
TI  - Infection of the central nervous system of mice by standard Sendai virus,
      defective interfering Sendai virus and the mixture of both: comparison of virus
      multiplication and pathogenicity.
AB  - The intracerebral (i.c.) infection of newborn mice with standard Sendai virus
      (SV), defective interfering Sendai virus (DV) and their mixture (SV + DV) has
      been used as a model for the possible role of defective interfering particles of
      paramyxoviruses in several chronic degenerative diseases of central nervous
      system (CNS). The dynamics of Sendai virus multiplication and virus distribution
      in CNS of mice, as well as the histological changes and the clinical symptoms
      were evaluated for up to 112 days post-infection (p.i.). The infectious virus was
      detected in the brains of animals inoculated i.c. either with SV, or DV, or SV +
      DV as soon as by 5 hr p.i., with maximum infectivity titre at 24 hr p.i. In
      brains of animals inoculated with SV, the virus was detected until 5th day p.i.;
      nevertheless in those, inoculated with SV + DV or DV, low infectious titres could
      be detected even at later intervals. In mice inoculated i.c. with DV, traces of
      Sendai virus were detected in subpassages, as late as 3 months p.i.

PMID- 2883861
TI  - Involvement of prostaglandins in immunosuppression caused by adenovirus in mice.
AB  - The effect of intraperitoneally (i.p.) inoculated human adenovirus type 6 (Ad6)
      was tested for humoral immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in
      normal and indomethacin-treated mice, with the aim to elucidate the mode of the
      virus action in immunosuppression. The results indicate that inhibition of
      prostaglandin synthesis slightly influences the immunosuppressive effect of the
      virus. It is very likely that also other mechanisms are involved in the
      immunosuppression observed.

PMID- 2883863
TI  - Polyester film as an advantageous tool for light and ultrastructural examination
      of single cells infected with viruses.
AB  - The use of marked transparent polyester film as a support of cell monolayer,
      smears or sections (cryostat or paraffin), makes possible to examine the same
      cell preselected in the light microscope by electron microscope (EM).
      Consequently, this technique enables to use histological or immunohistological
      investigations (using immunofluorescence or peroxidase (Px) labelling) by light
      microscopy before examination in EM. As example we used herpes simplex virus
      (HSV) type 1-infected cells grown on the above mentioned polyester film.
      Visualization of the antigen with hyperimmune serum and Px-labelled antiserum was
      followed by examination of selected cells in EM, where viral particles were
      clearly visible.

PMID- 2883864
TI  - Junin virus persistence in mice.
AB  - Newborn mice surviving intracerebral infection with Junin virus (JV) strain XJ
      showed viral persistence in brain up to 140 days post-infection (p.i.). Mild
      meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, but not the neutralizing antibody titres
      (NtAb) correlated with virus presence.

PMID- 2883865
TI  - A new subtype ("Brezova") of Tribec orbivirus (Kemerovo group) isolated from
      Ixodes ricinus males in Czechoslovakia.

PMID- 2883866
TI  - Influence of beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade on cardiac
      electrophysiologic properties and serum potassium concentration in the
      anesthetized dog.
AB  - The influence of selective beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade on
      cardiac electrophysiologic properties was studied in 18 anesthetized dogs.
      Selective beta 2-adrenoceptor activation by salbutamol failed to alter myocardia
      excitability but significantly lowered serum potassium concentration.
      Excitability, refractoriness, and ventricular fibrillation threshold were also
      not changed after administration of 100 and 200 micrograms/kg of the selective
      beta 2-antagonist ICI 118,551. However, at a dose of 500 micrograms/kg,
      refractoriness was prolonged and ventricular fibrillation threshold increased.
      These changes appear to be due to blockade of beta 1-adrenoceptors rather than to
      membrane stabilizing effects, since in catecholamine-depleted animals even the
      highest dose of ICI 118,551 did not alter myocardial electrical properties. It is
      concluded that beta 2-adrenoceptors do not influence electrophysiologic
      properties of the canine myocardium.

PMID- 2883868
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis and myocardial dysfunction.

PMID- 2883867
TI  - Clinical differences between beta-adrenergic blocking agents: implications for
      therapeutic substitution.
AB  - The beta blockers exhibit clinically significant differences in beta-receptor
      selectivity, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and alpha-adrenergic blocking
      activity. These agents also show important differences in their pharmacokinetic
      profiles, including gastrointestinal absorption, first-pass hepatic metabolism,
      lipid solubility, protein binding, hepatic biotransformation, pharmacologic
      activity of metabolites, and renal clearance of unchanged drug and metabolites.
      These many differences determine the appropriateness of administering a given
      beta blocker in a given clinical situation. The selection of beta blockers must
      also take into account concurrent therapy with other agents. Concurrent
      administration of beta blockers with drugs that alter gastric, hepatic, or renal
      function may affect blood levels, duration of action, or efficacy of beta-blocker
      action. The beta blockers vary in the extent to which their action is altered
      when they are given with other agents, and therapeutic substitution may produce
      unwanted side effects and toxicity. Elderly patients should be carefully
      monitored following interchange among beta blockers, since the probability of
      drug interaction, impact of adverse effects, unpredictability of response, and
      physiologic variability of renal and liver function is greater than for younger
      individuals. Therapeutic substitution among beta blockers in patients already
      stabilized on a given agent will require careful monitoring. Retitration with the
      new beta blocker will be required in many cases to assure therapeutic
      equivalence. Beta blockers are currently used for over 20 medical conditions.
      There is wide variation in the strength of the clinical evidence supporting the
      use and efficacy of specific beta blockers for specific conditions.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883869
TI  - Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      blockade (labetalol) in normotensive patients with stable angina pectoris and
      positive exercise stress test responses.
AB  - The systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of combined alpha- and beta
      adrenergic blockade produced by labetalol were assessed in 12 normotensive
      patients with angina pectoris and an ischemic electrocardiographic response to
      exercise stress. When given to the patient at rest, labetalol (0.5 mg/kg
      intravenously) produced systemic and coronary vasodilation (mean 16% and 13%,
      respectively, both p less than 0.05); aortic pressure decreased, cardiac output
      increased and coronary flow and heart rate did not change. Before labetalol
      treatment, supine bicycle exercise produced angina in all patients. After
      treatment, exercise duration was prolonged in 8 patients (average 33%). At the
      same duration of exercise that led to angina during the control period, ST
      depression in lead V5 was less after labetalol (from 1.2 to 0.4 mm, p less than
      0.5). During exercise, tachycardia was blunted (-12%, p less than 0.05) as were
      the increases in aortic pressure (-12%, p less than 0.05), left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (-7%, difference not significant) and coronary sinus flow (
      16%, p less than 0.05). Cardiac output and systemic and coronary vascular
      resistance were similar to values during control exercise. The hemodynamic
      effects of labetalol appeared to be beneficial and differed from those of classic
      beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

PMID- 2883870
TI  - Pharmacologic aspects of cardioselectivity in a beta-blocking drug.
AB  - Beta 2 adrenoceptors have been subdivided into beta 1 and beta 2 receptors, both
      by the varying response of different tissues to sympathomimetic amines and, more
      recently, by radioligand-binding techniques. It would appear that beta 1
      receptors occur predominantly in the heart, whereas beta 2 receptors are found in
      lungs, peripheral blood vessels and uterus, and are also involved with
      glycogenolysis and glucagon and insulin secretion. In addition, the distribution
      of beta 1 receptors appears to relate to the density of sympathetic innervation
      of an organ or tissue, but tissues without sympathetic innervation are found to
      contain beta 2 receptors. Thus, beta 1 adrenoceptors may be considered as
      physiologically innervated receptors mediating responses to neuronally released
      norepinephrine, and beta 2 receptors as mediating responses to circulating
      catecholamines, particularly epinephrine. Radioligand-binding studies have also
      shown that the heart contains beta 2 receptors and the lung beta 1 receptors, but
      these are in the minority, and their role has not been identified. For many
      years, cardioselective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonists have been available. This
      was considered to be a dose-dependent phenomenon but recent evidence has cast
      doubt on the concept that cardioselectivity is lost during dose increases within
      the therapeutic range. Nevertheless, even small doses of cardioselective drugs
      may show some beta 2-receptor antagonism, and may have adverse effects on
      patients with obstructive airways disease. Finally, nonselective drugs may result
      in a diastolic pressor effect in the presence of circulating catecholamines in
      contrast to the "vascular sparing" seen with cardioselective drugs.

PMID- 2883871
TI  - Pharmacologic aspects of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in beta-blocking
      drugs.
AB  - The possession of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) by a beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking drug results in a number of different pharmacologic properties. Most
      profound are the central hemodynamic effects. A drug with a significant degree of
      ISA results in less of a decrease in heart rate at rest and cardiac output, and,
      at least partly because of this, less of a decrease in peripheral blood flow. If
      prevailing sympathetic tone is low enough (e.g., during sleep) and the degree of
      ISA is sufficient, an increase in heart rate may be seen from an ISA-possessing
      drug. If the drug possesses beta 2 ISA, then a peripheral vasodilation action
      from stimulation of beta 2 vasodilator receptors may also be relevant. If high
      levels of exercise and full dosages of the drugs are used, a beta-blocking drug
      with ISA produces less of a decrease in heart rate. In asthmatic subjects, the
      modest beta-stimulant action on bronchial smooth muscle is not important, as
      these patients are potentially sensitive to any receptor blockade. Isoprenaline
      responses are inhibited to a similar degree compared with inhibition of exercise
      tachycardia, by nonselective drugs with and without ISA, whereas beta 1 selective
      agents produce much less inhibition of isoprenaline-induced tachycardia. A drug
      with ISA "down regulates" beta receptors; thus, when the drug is withdrawn there
      is no post-beta-blocking drug hypersensitivity in contrast to agents without ISA.
      There is evidence that ISA results in less of a disturbance in certain metabolic
      processes, particularly lipid metabolism and the metabolism of liver-metabolized
      drugs.

PMID- 2883872
TI  - Role of cardioselectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in beta-blocking
      drugs in cardiovascular disease.
AB  - The significance of ancillary properties of beta blockers continues to be the
      focus of considerable clinical investigation. Beta 1-selective blocking agents,
      such as acebutolol, inhibit cardiac beta 1 receptors, but have less influence on
      bronchial and vascular beta 2 receptors. Certain beta 1-selective blocking drugs,
      including acebutolol, have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), also termed
      partial agonist activity. This property produces slight cardiac stimulation,
      which can be blocked by propranolol. Drugs with mild or moderate ISA have proven
      to be as clinically effective as beta blockers lacking this property.
      Additionally, drugs with ISA possess potential therapeutic benefits, particularly
      for patients with coronary artery disease. The hemodynamic influences of
      cardioselectivity and ISA on left ventricular function, heart rate, cardiac
      output, left-sided heart filling pressure and myocardial oxygen consumption in
      patients with coronary artery disease are now clearly defined.

PMID- 2883873
TI  - Effect of beta blockers on vascular resistance in systemic hypertension.
AB  - Over 20 years ago, it was established that beta blockers could reduce high blood
      pressure. Currently, several beta blockers with different ancillary properties
      are available. They all have the property of blocking beta 1 receptors but differ
      from each other in a number of other respects: they may or may not block beta 2
      receptors in low doses (beta 1 = receptor selectivity); they may or may not
      possess varying degrees of partial agonist activity, also known as intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA); they vary in the extent to which they are soluble
      in fat (lipophilicity). A review of relevant published findings indicates that
      the effects of beta blockers on cardiac output are not essential for their
      antihypertensive effect, nor is penetration of these drugs into the brain and
      cerebrospinal fluid. Reduction in blood pressure during long-term beta blocker
      therapy is always associated with reduction of total peripheral resistance. Beta
      blockers with sufficient ISA to prevent cardio-depression, by exerting less
      negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, do not cause initial
      reflex vasoconstriction in response to cardiac beta blockade. Unlike beta
      blockers devoid of ISA, these agents ultimately reduce blood pressure by lowering
      the increased vascular resistance in hypertension to below pretreatment values.
      Recent beta blocker research has revealed a number of ways to manipulate the
      characteristically elevated vascular resistance in hypertension. Examples of
      these efforts are the combination of ISA, alpha 1 or alpha 2 receptor blockade
      and direct vasodilating properties in the enantiomers of a single beta blocker
      molecule. The practical significance of these developments remains to be
      established.

PMID- 2883874
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blocker withdrawal.
AB  - Abrupt withdrawal of long-term beta-blocker therapy in patients with angina may
      be associated with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It appears that an
      "overshoot" in heart rate from pretreatment values occurs, which increases
      myocardial oxygen demand. This increase in heart rate may be secondary to
      increased beta receptor numbers or increased receptor sensitivity. Another
      possible mechanism for the increased risk of myocardial infarction after beta
      blocker withdrawal is increased platelet aggregability. Withdrawal reactions may
      be less severe with beta blockers that have partial agonist activity. In patients
      undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, beta-blocker withdrawal reactions have
      also been observed. Maintenance of beta-blocker therapy on the morning of surgery
      appears to reduce this risk. Gradual withdrawal regimens in outpatients with
      angina may be associated with lower risk for a beta-blocker withdrawal reaction.
      The gradual withdrawal of beta blockers in hypertensive patients requires further
      study.

PMID- 2883875
TI  - Molecular and functional properties of beta-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic receptors from various species have been extensively studied
      both at the pharmacologic and the structural level. Clinical observations may now
      be interpreted on the basis of mechanisms of interactions between catecholamines
      and their membrane receptors, regulation of these receptors by guanyl nucleotide
      binding proteins and stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate production by
      adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2883876
TI  - Clinical significance of beta 1-selectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity in a beta-adrenergic blocking drug.
AB  - Almost all beta-adrenergic blockers, regardless of their pharmacologic
      characteristics, appear to have blood pressure-lowering activity in hypertensive
      patients. Comparisons between nonselective beta-blocking agents, such as
      propranolol and nadolol, with beta 1-selective drugs, such as metoprolol,
      atenolol and acebutolol, have demonstrated close similarities in their
      antihypertensive effects in patients. Similarly, beta blockers with and without
      intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) have comparable antihypertensive
      effects. However, beta-selective agents may offer some advantages over
      conventional beta blockers in hypertensive patients with concurrent conditions
      such as chronic obstructive airways disease, peripheral vascular disease,
      diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Beta 1-selective drugs are also preferred in
      diabetic patients receiving hypoglycemic agents because they do not interfere
      with glycogenolysis. Agents lacking ISA, such as propranolol, acutely increase
      peripheral resistance. beta blockers with ISA usually lower resistance. ISA may
      also minimize the bradycardia frequently found in elderly patients. Agents with
      ISA may protect against the decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and
      the modest increase in triglycerides noted with some beta blockers that do not
      have ISA. Thus, in a large number of clinical situations in which hypertension is
      found, the properties of beta 1 selectivity and ISA allow beta blockers to be
      used with greater safety. Therefore, agents possessing both of these properties
      may be particularly valuable.

PMID- 2883877
TI  - Role of cardioselectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in beta-blocking
      drugs in chronic coronary artery disease.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents with various ancillary properties have been found
      valuable in the management of patients with hypertension, angina pectoris and
      atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. They are also used to reduce the risk of a
      subsequent coronary event after a myocardial infarction. In approximately 2
      decades, the role of these agents in the patient with angina pectoris has
      expanded from one primarily involving the adjunctive treatment of the patient
      refractory to other drugs, to the present, in which beta-adrenergic blockers are
      the most common prophylactic agent prescribed for this indication.

PMID- 2883878
TI  - Impact of beta 1 selectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on potential
      unwanted noncardiovascular effects of beta blockers.
AB  - Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs are widely used as effective antihypertensive
      and antianginal agents, but treatment with these agents may be contraindicated in
      hypertensive patients in whom receptor blockade would interfere with
      noncardiovascular activities dependent on sympathetic drive. beta blockade
      impairs pulmonary function in asthmatic patients through antagonism of beta 2
      bronchodilation. However, patients with chest problems may be treated effectively
      with beta 1-selective drugs, including acebutolol, atenolol and metoprolol. The
      metabolic response to hypoglycemia, which is mediated by beta-receptor
      stimulation, involves insulin release, gluconeogenesis, tachycardia and increased
      systolic pressure. Beta 1-selective drugs are preferred in patients who need to
      increase blood glucose levels because they do not interfere with glycogenolysis.
      Hypertension induced by pregnancy may be treated with a beta blocker with no
      apparent adverse effects on the fetus or neonate. Those possessing intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity may be preferable.

PMID- 2883879
TI  - Effects of beta blockers and other antihypertensive drugs on cardiovascular risk.
AB  - The treatment of high blood pressure with beta-blocking and other
      antihypertensive agents has been associated with a decrease in the incidence of
      stroke, progression of hypertension, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy,
      retinopathy and renal failure. Although hypertension increases the risk for
      developing coronary disease, the risk is heightened markedly if coexistent
      hyperlipidemia, smoking or glucose tolerance is present. Thiazide diuretics,
      primarily used as antihypertensive agents, compromise glucose tolerance and are
      associated with increases in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and low density
      lipoprotein levels. Nonselective and beta 1-selective beta blockers have also
      been associated with increases in plasma triglycerides and very low density
      lipoproteins, as well as with decreases in high density lipoprotein levels. The
      effects of various antihypertensive agents on lipid levels, lipid metabolism,
      carbohydrate metabolism, left ventricular size and atherogenesis are discussed.

PMID- 2883881
TI  - Suicide in a patient with undiagnosed periarteritis nodosa.
AB  - Surveys of medical examiners' records have shown that as many as one-third of
      suicide victims have serious physical illnesses. We report the case of a 56-year
      old woman who committed suicide by drug overdose. At autopsy, she had severe
      widespread periarteritis nodosa, which had been unsuspected during life. The
      identification of treatable physical illness in suicide victims is important in
      suicide prevention, yet such illness may be overlooked after death unless a
      forensic autopsy is performed.

PMID- 2883880
TI  - Patterns of calling time and ipecac availability among poison center callers.
AB  - Over a one-month period all telephone calls from the public (n = 3828) to a
      regional poison center were analyzed. The proportion of early calls (within ten
      minutes of exposure) decreased with age. Late calls (greater than 30 minutes)
      were significantly associated with higher hospital referral rates when compared
      with earlier calls in children younger than 5 years (4.6% vs 1.8%) and adults
      (33% vs 15%). Ipecac was available in 59% of the homes of callers with children
      younger than 5 years. Hospital referrals were significantly less common among
      children who had ipecac at home (1%) compared with children who did not (3%).
      While the availability of ipecac was similar among callers and a matched sample
      of households who previously called the poison center (58%), ipecac was much less
      frequently available (24%) among households whose members had not previously
      called the center. These data infer that educating the public to call the poison
      center promptly may result in reduction of hospital referrals. Poison education
      efforts should be targeted to populations with low ipecac availability and low
      utilization of the poison center.

PMID- 2883882
TI  - Altered concentrations of gastrin-releasing polypeptide and somatostatin in
      fundic and duodenal bulb mucosa of patients with duodenal ulcer disease.
AB  - The concentrations of gastrin-releasing polypeptide, somatostatin (SS), and
      gastrin in extracts of endoscopically obtained biopsies from the fundus, antrum,
      and duodenum of patients with uncomplicated bile stones (controls) or duodenal
      ulcer disease were measured with specific radioimmunoassays. The validity of the
      tissue sampling was confirmed by characteristic and significant differences
      between gastrin concentrations at the different biopsy sites. Gastrin-releasing
      polypeptide levels were at their highest in the fundic and duodenal bulb compared
      to the antrum in controls (p less than 0.01), whereas no differences in gastrin
      releasing polypeptide content of the different parts of the stomach were found in
      duodenal ulcer patients. Compared to controls gastrin-releasing polypeptide in
      duodenal ulcer patients was reduced in fundic and duodenal bulb mucosa (p less
      than 0.01). SS levels were highest (p less than 0.05) in the first part of
      duodenum in controls. Compared to controls duodenal ulcer patients had lower SS
      concentrations present in fundic (p less than 0.01) and highest SS concentrations
      present in duodenal bulb mucosa (p less than 0.01). There was no correlation
      between acid secretion and mucosal gastrin-releasing polypeptide or SS
      concentrations in any part of the stomach and duodenum.

PMID- 2883883
TI  - Effect of famotidine on hepatic hemodynamics and peptic ulcer.
AB  - The acute effects of histamine H2 receptor antagonist, famotidine, on hepatic
      hemodynamics were studied in six normal volunteers and eight patients with
      chronic liver disease, and its chronic effects on peptic ulcer, portal
      hemodynamics, and hepatic function were studied in 20 patients with chronic liver
      disease and peptic ulcer (16 with gastric ulcer, four with duodenal ulcer).
      Infusion of 20 mg famotidine did not reduce hepatic blood flow and portal blood
      flow in normal subjects, nor did it reduce cardiac output, the gradient between
      wedged hepatic vein pressure and free hepatic vein pressure, hepatic blood flow,
      and portal blood flow in patients with chronic liver disease. An oral dose of 20
      mg famotidine twice daily for 2 months healed peptic ulcer in 19 of 20 patients
      (95%) with chronic liver disease and peptic ulcer, without any change in portal
      blood flow and hepatic function. Thus famotidine does not appear to alter hepatic
      hemodynamics and hepatic function in normal subjects and patients with chronic
      liver disease.

PMID- 2883884
TI  - 1986 Stuart distinguished lecture. The "natural history" of inflammatory bowel
      disease and therapeutic decisions.

PMID- 2883885
TI  - Famotidine. The ACG Committee on FDA-Related Matters with primary authorship by
      G. Friedman. American College of Gastroenterology.
AB  - Famotidine is a potent H2 receptor antagonist containing a thiazole ring
      structure, thus differing chemically from cimetidine and ranitidine.
      Pharmacologically, famotidine is nine times more potent than ranitidine and 32
      times more potent than cimetidine. In the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome famotidine
      is more potent than cimetidine or ranitidine and has a 30% longer duration of
      action. Randomized double-blind controlled duodenal ulcer studies reveal
      famotidine effectively heals active ulcers when compared to placebo and that
      healing rates are comparable to those seen at 8 wk with ranitidine. Famotidine
      effectively heals gastric ulcers in 8 wk when compared to placebo. The drug also
      significantly reduced the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcers in a 6-month
      controlled trial. Famotidine is a potent H2 antagonist which appears to be safe
      at high doses, does not cause antiandrogen side effects, and does not interfere
      with hepatic oxidative metabolism. Further clinical experience will define
      famotidine's place in the therapeutic armamentarium against peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2883887
TI  - Multipoint linkage analysis of loci in the proximal long arm of the human X
      chromosome: application to mapping the choroideremia locus.
AB  - Choroideremia (McK30310), an X-linked retinal dystrophy, causes progressive night
      blindness, visual field constriction, and eventual central blindness in affected
      males by the third to fourth decade of life. The biochemical basis of the disease
      is unknown, and prenatal diagnosis is not available. Subregional localization of
      the choroideremia locus to Xq13-22 was accomplished initially by linkage to two
      restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs), DXYS1 (Xq13-q21.1) and DXS3
      (Xq21.3-22). We have now extended our linkage analysis to 12 families using nine
      RFLP markers between Xp11.3 and Xq26. Recombination frequencies of 0%-4% were
      found between choroideremia and five markers (PGK, DXS3, DXYS12, DXS72, and
      DXYS1) located in Xq13-22. The families were also used to measure recombination
      frequencies between RFLP loci to provide parameters for the program LINKMAP.
      Multipoint analysis with LINKMAP provided overwhelming evidence for placing the
      choroideremia locus within the region bounded by DXS1 (Xq11-13) and DXS17 (Xq21.3
      q22). At a finer level of resolution, multipoint analysis suggested that the
      choroideremia locus was proximal to DXS3 (384:1 odds) rather than distal to it.
      Data were insufficient, however, to distinguish between a gene order that puts
      choroideremia between DXS3 and DXYS1 and one that places choroideremia proximal
      to both RFLP loci. These results provide linkage mapping of choroideremia and
      RFLP loci in this region that will be of use for further genetic studies as well
      as for clinical applications in this and other human diseases.

PMID- 2883886
TI  - Congenital adrenal hypoplasia, myopathy, and glycerol kinase deficiency:
      molecular genetic evidence for deletions.
AB  - Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X-linked recessive trait that occurs in
      association with congenital adrenal hypoplasia (AH) and developmental delay with
      or without congenital dystrophic myopathy. Several such patients have recently
      been reported to have cytological deletions of chromosome region Xp21 and/or of
      DNA markers that map near the locus for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in band
      Xp21. We have examined the initial family reported in the literature and, using
      prometaphase chromosome studies and Southern blot analysis with 13 different DNA
      probes derived from band Xp21, have found no deletions within this region of the
      X chromosome. When DNA samples from six other unrelated affected males were
      analyzed, four of them were found to have different-size deletions within Xp21.
      Thus, the form of GKD associated with AH and dystrophic myopathy exhibits
      significant genetic heterogeneity at the DNA level. No deletions were detected in
      two patients with isolated GK deficiency. Comparison of our molecular studies of
      unrelated patients with deletions of DNA segments allows us to define the region
      of Xp21 (between probes J-Bir and L1.4) that most likely contains the genes for
      GKD and AH. This location is distal to the DMD locus. The patients with
      progressive muscular dystrophy tended to have larger deletions that include
      markers known to derive from the DMD locus, while GKD/AH/dystrophic-myopathy
      patients without current evidence of deletion seemed to have a milder,
      nonprogressive form of congenital myopathy.

PMID- 2883888
TI  - Efficient isolation of X chromosome-specific single-copy probes from a cosmid
      library of a human X/hamster hybrid-cell line: mapping of new probes close to the
      locus for X-linked mental retardation.
AB  - We isolated X-chromosomal DNA probes from a cosmid library constructed from a
      single human X/hamster hybrid-cell line (C12D). One hundred human clones were
      isolated and used to construct a pool of X-chromosomal DNA. This DNA was digested
      into 0.15-2-kb fragments and subcloned into plasmids allowing the rapid
      characterization of new single-copy probes. These were regionally mapped and used
      for the detection of restriction-site polymorphisms. Together with a series of
      subcloned probes from individually isolated cosmids, we found seven polymorphic
      probes among 53 tested. Thirty-one of the probes were physically localized to
      different regions of the X chromosome. Four polymorphic probes map to Xq27-Xq28:
      DXS102 (cX38.1), DXS105(cX55.7), DXS107(cpX234), and DXS134(cpX67). These were
      genetically mapped by multipoint analysis relative to previously characterized
      loci, a mapping that resulted in the following order: DXYS1, DXS107,
      DXS51/DXS102, F9, DXS105, Fra-X, F8/DXS52, DXS15, DXS134. The mapping of DXS105
      between F9 and Fra-X makes this probe useful for Fra-X analysis. For the linkage
      between FraX and DXS105, a maximum lod score of 5.01 at 4 cMorgans has been
      obtained in one large Dutch pedigree.

PMID- 2883889
TI  - An efficient strategy for gene mapping using multipoint linkage analysis:
      exclusion of the multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN2A) locus from chromosome
      13.
AB  - Members of four families in which multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN-2A)
      is segregating were typed for seven DNA markers and one red cell enzyme marker on
      chromosome 13. Close linkage was excluded between the MEN2A locus and each marker
      locus tested. By means of multipoint analysis and the genetic map of chromosome
      13 developed by Leppert et al., MEN2A was excluded from any position between the
      most proximal marker locus (D13S6) and the most distal marker locus (D13S3) and
      from within 12 cMorgans outside these two loci, respectively. However, the
      support of exclusion within an interval was diminished under the assumption of a
      substantially larger genetic map in females. The strategy of multipoint analysis,
      which excluded between 1.5 and 2.0 times more chromosome 13 than did two-point
      analysis, demonstrates the utility of linkage maps in mapping disease genes.

PMID- 2883890
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium of plasminogen polymorphisms and assignment of the gene to
      human chromosome 6q26-6q27.
AB  - Linkage disequilibrium was observed between newly identified DNA polymorphisms
      and a previously described protein polymorphism for plasminogen. This finding
      implies that the two types of polymorphisms describe variation at the same locus.
      The plasminogen gene was mapped to chromosomal bands 6q26-q27 using somatic-cell
      hybrids and in situ hybridization. Linkage disequilibrium between protein and DNA
      polymorphisms has utility in substituting for protein typing in instances where
      only DNA samples are available, such as from deceased individuals or extinct
      species. The technique may be useful when cross-hybridizing sequences make the
      interpretation of Southern blot patterns difficult and may obviate the need for
      extensive DNA sequencing. In some cases, disequilibrium may provide information
      useful for determining the appropriate direction for chromosome walks from a
      marker locus to a target locus.

PMID- 2883891
TI  - The polymorphic locus for glycogen storage disease VI (liver glycogen
      phosphorylase) maps to chromosome 14.
AB  - Human liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency, also known as glycogen storage
      disease type VI (GSD VI) or Hers disease, is characterized by hepatomegaly and
      reduced or absent glycogenolytic response to the injection of glucagon. The
      recently isolated cDNA encoding the liver isozyme of glycogen phosphorylase was
      used to map the gene and identify restriction-fragment polymorphisms in normal
      Caucasians as a prerequisite for detecting linked GSD VI abnormalities. Results
      of restriction-enzyme analysis using a downstream fragment of the liver glycogen
      phosphorylase cDNA indicated the existence of a single gene copy per haploid
      genome. Hybridization of this downstream liver phosphorylase probe to dual laser
      excited, sorted human chromosomes localized the gene to human chromosome 14. When
      the downstream probe was tested on genomic DNA cut with seven different
      restriction enzymes, a single MspI restriction-fragment-length polymorphism
      (RFLP) was observed in a single individual. In contrast, similar Southern blots
      performed with an upstream portion of the cDNA encoding liver phosphorylase
      revealed common RFLPs for four of eight enzymes tested, with minor polymorphic
      allele frequencies ranging from 33% to 44%. One of the four enzymes (TaqI)
      revealed two independent polymorphisms. If random distribution of these
      haplotypes among normal and disease loci, is assumed, approximately 92% of
      fetuses at risk for Hers disease will be informative when tested with the
      upstream liver phosphorylase probe.

PMID- 2883892
TI  - Nonrandom loss of maternal chromosome 11 alleles in Wilms tumors.
AB  - A series of gene probes for chromosome 11 has been used to study the genetic
      events associated with the development of Wilms tumor. Examination of DNA samples
      from five patients with Wilms tumor in whom the tumors showed loss of chromosome
      11 alleles and their parents indicate that alleles lost in the tumors are of
      maternal origin. These data suggest that the parental derivation of chromosome 11
      alleles lost in these Wilms tumors is not random.

PMID- 2883893
TI  - DNA polymorphisms in and around the Apo-A1-CIII genes and genetic
      hyperlipidemias.
AB  - We have studied the frequency of DNA polymorphisms in and around the
      apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo-A1) and apolipoprotein CIII (Apo-CIII) gene loci in 53
      persons of Caucasian descent with genetic hyperlipidemias. Three restriction
      fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have previously been located 5' and 3' to
      the Apo-A1 gene and in the Apo-CIII gene and were detected after digestion with
      XmnI, PstI, and SstI, respectively, and hybridization with a 2.2-kb fragment of
      the Apo-A1 gene. These RFLPs are in linkage equilibrium. The rare variant sites
      for XmnI (X2) and SstI (S2) were more frequent in familial combined
      hyperlipidemia (FCH) than in controls and persons with other genetic
      hyperlipidemias. When considered as a haplotype, this difference was significant
      (P less than .03). The findings in this study suggest that the previously
      reported association between S2 and hypertriglyceridemia may be accounted for, in
      part, by inclusion of numerous patients with FCH. Our data provide further
      evidence that these RFLPs around and within the Apo-A1/Apo-CIII genes do not
      participate in unmasking clinical expression in persons with familial
      dysbetalipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2883894
TI  - Polynesian origins and affinities: globin gene variants in eastern Polynesia.
AB  - Analysis of copy number variants of the duplicated alpha-, zeta-, and gamma
      globin genes in eastern Polynesians revealed a high frequency of both triplicated
      zeta-gene chromosomes and a specific alpha thalassemia deletion. This deletion
      and a novel restriction-enzyme-site polymorphism associated with a zeta zeta zeta
      chromosome are found only in Melanesians and Polynesians. Analysis of alpha
      globin restriction-enzyme haplotypes indicated further similarities to
      Melanesians but suggested an additional non-Melanesian genetic component in
      eastern Polynesia. Several globin gene alleles showed evidence of marked
      frequency fluctuations due to genetic drift.

PMID- 2883895
TI  - Systemic vasculitis resembling periarteritis nodosa in the lupus-like syndrome
      induced by hydralazine.

PMID- 2883896
TI  - Non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake predominates in postabsorptive dogs.
AB  - Overall glucose uptake represents the sum of insulin-mediated glucose uptake
      (IMGU) and non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake (NIMGU). In this study, we
      compared the rate of NIMGU in conscious and anesthetized dogs. Rates of glucose
      disposal were compared in the basal state and during severe insulinopenia after
      endogenous insulin suppression by high-dose somatostatin (SRIF) infusion. Steady
      state NIMGU rates were calculated 2 h after commencing SRIF infusion. Three
      groups of studies were performed: 1) SRIF in conscious dogs; 2) SRIF in
      anesthetized dogs; and 3) SRIF plus glucagon, also in anesthetized dogs. In all
      three groups, serum insulin levels were reduced to below assay sensitivity after
      SRIF infusion. The basal metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCRg) for each
      group was 3.8 +/- 0.4, 3.6 +/- 0.3, and 3.6 +/- 0.3 ml X kg-1 X min-1,
      respectively (P = NS, all groups). Steady-state NIMGU rates were 2.4 +/- 0.2
      (conscious), 2.5 +/- 0.1 (anesthetized, SRIF only), and 2.4 +/- 0.1 ml/kg/min
      (anesthetized, SRIF plus glucagon). Thus, absolute rates of NIMGU expressed as
      MCRg in conscious and anesthetized animals do not differ and in the three groups
      studied comprise approximately the same proportion of the basal glucose uptake
      (approximately 64, approximately 69, and approximately 66%, respectively). We
      conclude that approximately 66% of basal postabsorptive glucose uptake occurs via
      NIMGU mechanisms and that this pathway is unaffected by anesthesia and surgery.

PMID- 2883898
TI  - Effects of bethanechol and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin on colonic smooth
      muscle in the cat.
AB  - The aim of this study is to compare the action of the cholinergic agonist,
      bethanechol, with the action of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP) on
      feline circular colonic smooth muscle membrane potential and isometric tension,
      using the double sucrose gap. Depolarization of the membrane greater than 10 mV
      by K+ or bethanechol increased tension and spontaneous spike activity. CCK-OP
      (10(-9) M) depolarized the membrane (6.1 +/- 1.3 mV) without an increase in
      tension or spike activity. Depolarization of the membrane by increasing [K+]o was
      associated with a decrease in the membrane resistance. The slow-wave duration
      (2.3 +/- 0.2 s) was unchanged by administration of K+ or bethanechol but was
      prolonged after increasing concentrations of CCK-OP. The maximum effect occurred
      at a 10(-10) M concentration of CCK-OP (4.5 +/- 0.4 s, P less than 0.01). At
      higher concentrations of CCK-OP (greater than 10(-10) M), the slow-wave pattern
      became disorganized. Addition of increasing concentrations of [K+]o or
      bethanechol, but not CCK-OP, stimulated a concentration-dependent increase in the
      maximum rate of rise (dV/dtmax) of an evoked spike potential. These studies
      suggest 1) bethanechol decreased the membrane potential without altering the slow
      wave activity, whereas CCK-OP has a minimal effect on the membrane potential but
      distorted the slow-wave shape; 2) an increased amplitude of the spike and
      dV/dtmax of the spike were associated with an increase in phasic contractions
      after bethanechol or increased [K+]o; 3) the lack of an increase in the spike
      amplitude and the dV/dtmax to CCK-OP was associated with no increase in phasic
      contraction.

PMID- 2883899
TI  - Supersensitivity to NE alters renal function of chronically denervated rat
      kidneys.
AB  - The effect of norepinephrine (NE) infusion (10, 100, and 330 ng/min, iv) on renal
      blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine flow, and sodium
      excretion was studied during ganglionic blockade in Inactin-anesthetized Wistar
      rats with one kidney innervated and the contralateral kidney denervated 7-10 days
      before the experiment. During the NE infusions, steady-state mean arterial
      pressure was 73 +/- 3, 91 +/- 5, and 117 +/- 2 mmHg, whereas plasma NE
      concentration averaged 3.9 +/- 1.2, 26.4 +/- 3.2, and 78.1 +/- 4.8 pmol/ml,
      respectively. At the lowest dose, RBF and GFR were decreased significantly in
      both kidneys but were significantly lower in the denervated kidneys than in the
      innervated kidneys. Urine flow and total and fractional sodium excretion
      increased significantly from the innervated kidneys but not from the denervated
      kidneys during the 100 and 330 ng/min infusion of NE. When renal perfusion
      pressure was controlled at the level found after ganglionic blockade, RBF and GFR
      decreased significantly in both kidneys but to a greater extent in the denervated
      kidneys at all doses of NE. Urine flow and total and fractional sodium excretion
      decreased significantly from the denervated kidneys at all doses of NE but
      decreased from the innervated kidneys only at the highest dose. These results
      indicate that in chronically denervated kidneys both tubular and vascular
      responses to NE are altered. The data support the conclusion that denervation
      supersensitivity can significantly alter renal responses to increased plasma
      concentration of NE.

PMID- 2883897
TI  - Reflex gastric relaxation in response to distention of the duodenum.
AB  - Using a newly developed gastric barostat, we studied the effect of duodenal
      distention on gastric tone in a chronic canine model. In the conscious, fasted
      dogs, duodenal distention for 15 s consistently induced a marked gastric
      relaxation (delta intragastric volume = 226 +/- 23 ml). This response could be
      induced repeatedly without evidence of fatigue. Neither bethanechol nor combined
      phentolamine and propranolol infused intravenously had any significant effect on
      gastric relaxation in response to duodenal distention. To investigate the pathway
      of this duodenogastric mechanism, in four dogs we isolated the vagal nerves at
      the supradiaphragmatic level within an implanted cooling jacket. During
      intravenous infusion of bethanechol (used as a cholinergic background to maintain
      base-line gastric tone), supradiaphragmatic vagal blockade by cooling abolished
      the gastric relaxatory response to duodenal distention (delta intragastric volume
      = 11 +/- 5 ml during vagal blockade vs. 194 +/- 36 after vagal rewarming; P less
      than 0.05). This effect of acute and reversible vagal blockade by cooling was
      also mimicked by bilateral surgical vagotomy. We conclude that a nonadrenergic,
      noncholinergic mechanism participates in gastric relaxation induced by duodenal
      distention. This mechanism is mediated by the vagus nerve.

PMID- 2883900
TI  - Renal clearance of glutathione measured in rats pretreated with inhibitors of
      glutathione metabolism.
AB  - Renal clearance measurements were performed in rats pretreated with various
      inhibitors of glutathione metabolism. Approximately 97% of the renal gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase was inactivated by infusion of AT-125. Within 4.5 h
      arterial plasma concentration and urinary excretion of glutathione increased from
      4 microM and 1.2 nmol/h to 27 microM and 3,900 nmol/h, respectively. The ratio of
      excreted to filtered glutathione increased from less than 0.01 to 1. When renal
      glutathione was decreased to 35% of normal by pretreating rats with D,L
      buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine, the subsequent inactivation of the transpeptidase
      caused only a two-fold increase in arterial plasma glutathione, and urinary
      excretion increased to only 70% of the filtered load. The filtered load of
      glutathione was reduced by intravenous infusion of purified gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase. At 1 to 3 h after infusion, arterial glutathione
      decreased to 0.3 microM. Under these conditions, the amount of glutathione
      excreted by an AT-125-treated rat was 40-fold greater than the filtered load.
      When similar experiments were carried out in rats that were pretreated with D,L
      buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine and AT-125, urinary excretion of glutathione was
      decreased 10-fold, but it still exceeded the amount filtered. These results
      firmly establish that apical secretion contributes to the glutathione catabolized
      in the tubular lumen.

PMID- 2883902
TI  - Bicuculline blocks an inhibitory baroreflex input to supraoptic vasopressin
      neurons.
AB  - The excitability of vasopressin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic
      nucleus is transiently depressed by an abrupt increase in arterial pressure
      sufficient to activate peripheral arterial baroreceptors. The present experiments
      examined the ability of locally applied transmitter antagonists to alter this
      response. Extracellular data were obtained from 27 supraoptic vasopressin
      secreting neurons in pentobarbital-anesthetized male Long-Evans rats. In seven of
      eight cells tested, bicuculline (100 microM) reversibly abolished or delayed the
      anticipated cessation in neuronal firing that accompanied a 40- to 60-mmHg
      increase in arterial pressure induced by a brief intravenous infusion of the
      alpha-agonist metaraminol. Similar tests applied to the remaining cells revealed
      that prazosin (10 microM), timolol (20 microM), or strychnine (100 microM) were
      ineffective. These findings suggest that gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors
      mediate the depressant responses observed among supraoptic vasopressin-secreting
      neurons consequent to peripheral baroreceptor activation.

PMID- 2883901
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide increases resistance to venous return in rats.
AB  - To examine mechanisms by which administration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
      decreases venous return, we compared the hemodynamic effects of ANP (0.5
      microgram X min-1 X kg-1), furosemide (FU, 10 micrograms X min-1 X kg-1), and
      hexamethonium (HEX, 0.5 mg X min-1 X kg-1) with those of vehicle (VE) in
      anesthetized rats. Compared with VE, ANP reduced mean arterial pressure (106 +/-
      4 vs. 92 +/- 3 mmHg; P less than 0.05), central venous pressure (0.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 
      0.7 +/- 0.2 mmHg; P less than 0.01), and cardiac index (215 +/- 12 vs. 174 +/- 10
      ml X min-1 X kg-1; P less than 0.05) and increased calculated resistance to
      venous return (32 +/- 3 vs. 42 +/- 2 mmHg X ml-1 X min X g; P less than 0.01).
      Mean circulatory filling pressure, distribution of blood flow between splanchnic
      organs and skeletal muscles, and total peripheral resistance remained unchanged.
      FU increased urine output similar to that of ANP, yet produced no hemodynamic
      changes, dissociating diuresis, and decreased cardiac output. HEX lowered
      arterial pressure through a reduction in total peripheral resistance without
      altering cardiac output or resistance to venous return. The results confirm
      previous findings that ANP decreases cardiac output through a reduction in venous
      return and suggest that this results partly from increased resistance to venous
      return and not from venodilation or redistribution of blood flow.

PMID- 2883903
TI  - Convulsions in patients abruptly withdrawn from clonazepam while receiving
      neuroleptic medication.

PMID- 2883904
TI  - The prediction of violence in outpatient psychotherapy.
AB  - This article presents a standard of care for the prediction of violence in
      outpatient psychotherapy. Major individual and situational correlates of violence
      are reviewed to provide an actuarial matrix for the further assessment of the
      patient's intrapsychic experience and interpersonal behavior during the
      psychotherapy hour.

PMID- 2883906
TI  - Acute beta-adrenoreceptor blockade and induced hypotension.
AB  - Thirty patients scheduled for major middle ear surgery and induced hypotension,
      with a trimetaphan/sodium nitroprusside infusion, were randomly allocated to
      receive a single oral dose of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist 2 hours before
      surgery. In group 1 ten patients received metoprolol 50 mg, in group 2 ten
      patients received metoprolol 25 mg and in group 3 ten patients received
      oxprenolol 20 mg. There were ten controls for each group. The nitroprusside
      infusion rate was significantly reduced in groups 1 and 3. However, there was an
      unacceptably high incidence of profound bradycardia after induction of
      anaesthesia in those patients who had received beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists
      pre-operatively and this technique is not recommended for routine use.

PMID- 2883907
TI  - Economy in the use of muscle relaxants. Vecuronium after pancuronium.
AB  - Vecuronium is an intermediate duration, non-depolarising muscle relaxant. When
      used during prolonged procedures, it may be given by intermittent injection, by
      continuous infusion or by a single very large dose at the start of anaesthesia.
      It may also be used to maintain relaxation after the initial use of a long-acting
      agent, such as pancuronium. This study demonstrates that the effect of a dose of
      vecuronium used in this fashion is increased when interaction with pancuronium
      takes place. The clinical and theoretical implications of this observation are
      discussed.

PMID- 2883905
TI  - The impact of neuroleptic medication on tardive dyskinesia: a meta-analysis of
      published studies.
AB  - To quantify the impact of chronic exposure to neuroleptic medication on the
      occurrence of tardive dyskinesia (TD), we conducted a meta-analysis of data
      collected from 21 studies published between 1966 and 1985. The observed
      prevalence of dyskinesia was greater among exposed subjects in all 21 studies; we
      estimate that, on the average, the occurrence rate was 2.9 times greater in
      exposed persons than would be expected if they had been unexposed. We estimate
      that 65 per cent of exposed cases and 51 per cent of all cases in these
      investigations were caused by long-term neuroleptic exposure. Among adult United
      States residents in 1980, we estimate that there were approximately 193,000
      neuroleptic-induced TD cases of which about 60 per cent occurred in outpatients.
      We also observed substantial heterogeneity of effect (rate ratio) across studies,
      however, partially explained, by changes and differences in the rate of
      dyskinesia, by differences in the frequency of certain effect modifiers, and by
      differences in diagnostic methods. Methodologic limitations of the studies and
      their possible effects on our results are discussed.

PMID- 2883908
TI  - [Comparative studies of the postoperative phase following opioid analgesia using
      fentanyl and alfentanil within the scope of extracorporeal shockwave
      lithotripsy].
AB  - 30 patients (ASA Class I-III) received opioid analgesia with fentanyl and
      alfentanil for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Average doses were 0.41 mg
      for fentanyl and 4.14 mg for alfentanil. Blood pressure, respiratory frequency,
      and blood gases were investigated postoperatively until the 240th min under
      spontaneous breathing of room air. Blood pressure varied less than 10% from
      initial values in both groups. The respiratory rate decreased by 13% in the
      alfentanil group and by 20% in the fentanyl group until the 120th min. The blood
      gases (paCO2, paO2) showed a slow increase of about 10% in the paCO2 in both
      groups. The paO2 lay at 5.8% below the baseline after 240 min in the fentanyl
      group and there was roughly 3% below the baseline after 60 min in the alfentanil
      group.

PMID- 2883909
TI  - A method for purification of bacterial R-type lipopolysaccharides
      (lipooligosaccharides).
AB  - A new gel filtration method was developed for purification of R-type
      lipopolysaccharides (lipooligosaccharides) from some nonenteric gram-negative
      bacteria, including Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and
      Bordetella pertussis. These wild-type lipooligosaccharides are poorly extractable
      by the phenol-chloroform-ether extraction method of C. Galanos, O. Luderitz, and
      O. Westphal [1969) Eur. J. Biochem. 9, 245-249) and therefore a new procedure was
      developed for their isolation. The lipooligosaccharides (LOS) were first
      extracted by hot phenol-water, treated with RNase, then disaggregated in
      deoxycholic acid, and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. By comparison
      the conventional hot phenol-water purification method using repeated
      ultracentrifugations yielded less LOS. The yield of LOS by gel filtration was 30
      to 108% higher and the purity was better.

PMID- 2883910
TI  - Development and characterization of a polymer gel with an immobilized enzyme to
      measure L-glutamate.
AB  - Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is used in an enzyme electrode to measure L
      glutamate. GDH is covalently immobilized in a hydrophilic, permeable, and
      semirigid gel produced by the copolymerization of polyacrylamide and N
      acryloxysuccinimide. Experimental conditions necessary to retain GDH in the gel
      with high efficiency and minimum denaturation are optimized. The abilities of
      enzymatic cofactors and coenzymes, NADH, NAD, ATP, ADP, GTP, and ZnCl2, to
      protect the enzyme during immobilization are explored. Under optimum experimental
      procedures an enzyme-containing gel is produced that is reproducible and long
      lasting in its functional behavior. The gel responds to the presence of L
      glutamate with high velocity, the delay being less than 500 ms; high specificity,
      being 1000-fold more responsive to L-glutamate than D-glutamate, D- or L
      aspartate, and N-acetylhistidine; and high sensitivity, a concentration of about
      3 microM can be measured.

PMID- 2883912
TI  - A specific radiochemical assay for pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Previous studies of pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase have been conducted
      using a spectrophotometric method to monitor substrate-dependent NAD(P)H
      production. For the assay of the mammalian enzyme, the spectrophotometric assay
      was found to be unacceptable for kinetic studies as the production of NAD(P)H was
      nonlinear with time and protein concentration. An assay which measures
      radiolabeled glutamate production by this enzyme in the presence of NAD+ from
      radiolabeled pyrroline-5-carboxylate has been developed. Separation of substrate
      from product is achieved by column chromatography using Dowex 50 cation-exchange
      resin. The product isolated by this procedure was identified as glutamate. This
      new assay is linear with time and protein concentration and gives reproducible
      results. The assay is not influenced by competing enzyme activities, such as
      glutamate dehydrogenase, in a liver homogenate so that quantitative conversion of
      pyrroline-5-carboxylate to glutamate is observed.

PMID- 2883911
TI  - Use of fluorescein hydrazide and fluorescein thiosemicarbazide reagents for the
      fluorometric determination of protein carbonyl groups and for the detection of
      oxidized protein on polyacrylamide gels.
AB  - Highly fluorescent thiosemicarbazide and hydrazide prepared by reaction of
      fluorescein isothiocyanate with hydrazine or adipic acid dihydrazide have been
      used to monitor the presence of carbonyl groups in oxidatively modified proteins.
      After oxidation, proteins react with these reagents under anaerobic conditions in
      the dark to yield fluorescent protein conjugates (presumably thiosemicarbazones
      or hydrazones) which can be visualized as fluorescent bands following
      electrophoresis (0-4 degrees C) on lithium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.
      These reagents do not react with unoxidized proteins. The conjugates formed
      dissociate readily at room temperature but are fairly stable at pH 6-9, 0 degrees
      C. Current data suggest that these reagents will be useful in the detection and
      quantitation of oxidatively modified proteins in biological systems.

PMID- 2883913
TI  - A procedure for in situ alkylation of cystine residues on glass fiber prior to
      protein microsequence analysis.
AB  - A procedure is described which provides high yields of pyridylethylated cysteine
      during gas-phase sequencing of peptides. The method decreases transfer losses by
      reducing the number of transfer steps required for reduction, alkylation, prior
      to sequencing a peptide. Proteins bound to polybrene-coated glass-fiber filters
      used in a gas-phase sequenator may be reduced, pyridylethylated, and sequenced
      directly on the filter. Reduction of cystine-containing peptides is performed
      using the nonnucleophilic reductant, tributylphosphine [U. T. Ruegg and J.
      Rudinger (1977) in Methods in Enzymology (Hirs, C. H. W., and Timasheff, S. N.,
      Eds.), Vol. 47, pp. 111-116, Academic Press, New York] with concomitant
      alkylation by 4-vinylpyridine in a buffer soluble in the organic phase. Excess
      reagents and the buffer are removed by drying the filter and briefly washing with
      chlorobutane. No N-alkylation is apparent under the conditions described, nor are
      any amino acid side chains modified. The procedure affords high yields and is
      particularly useful when subnanomole levels of material must be reduced and
      alkylated.

PMID- 2883914
TI  - Distribution of cell types of the islets of Langerhans throughout the pancreas of
      the Chacma baboon.
AB  - Biopsies of the pancreas head, tail, and uncinate regions of four baboons were
      processed for immunocytochemical (ICC) studies by using avidin-biotin-peroxidase
      label for light microscopy (LM). Toluidine-blue- or methylene-blue-stained 0.5
      micron sections of nonosmicated resin-embedded tissue were viewed to locate areas
      of suitable islets. For ICC investigations, batches 10 microns apart of ten
      consecutive 1-micron sections throughout ten islets from each of the three
      regions were immunolabelled for LM. Four slides in each batch were immunolabelled
      consecutively for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide,
      the fifth acting as one of the range of controls in each batch. The number of
      each of the four cell types was counted in at least ten immunolabelled islets
      from each of the pancreas heads, uncinate portions, and tails. The uncinate
      region and not the head, as in most mammals, was found to contain significantly
      higher numbers of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells and lower numbers of A
      (glucagon) and D (somatostatin) cells (P less than .001). The PP cells occurred
      in clumps and not as described in other mammals as part of the mantle of A, D,
      and PP cells. PP and A cell numbers were significantly different for each region
      (P less than .001), being lowest in the head for PP and in the uncinate process
      for A cells. D cell distribution was similar to that of the A cells whilst a
      significantly smaller number of B (insulin) cells was found in the tail compared
      with other regions (P less than .001).

PMID- 2883915
TI  - Reversal by atropine of tetanic fade induced in cats by antinicotinic and
      anticholinesterase agents.
AB  - The tetanic fade induced by intraarterial administration of neostigmine or by
      subparalyzing doses of d-tubocurarine or hexamethonium was studied in cat
      anterior tibial muscle preparations. The prior administration of atropine
      significantly reduced the time for recovery from the tetanic fade induced by the
      above mentioned drugs. A similar response was seen when atropine was administered
      prior to neostigmine administration for reversal of paralyzing doses of d
      tubocurarine. We interpret these results to show that presynaptic muscarinic
      receptors participate in a negative feedback affecting acetylcholine release at
      the neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2883917
TI  - The administration of bronchodilators into the anesthesia circuit.

PMID- 2883916
TI  - Neostigmine antagonism of vecuronium paralysis during fentanyl, halothane,
      isoflurane, and enflurane anesthesia.

PMID- 2883918
TI  - [The theophylline test in the evaluation of the effect of anesthesia on
      immunity].

PMID- 2883919
TI  - [Metabolism of biogenic amines in the acute period of severe cranio-cerebral
      injuries while using pharmacologic protection of the brain from hypoxia as part
      of complex treatment].

PMID- 2883920
TI  - Different effects of beta-1-adrenergic blocking agents with ISA or without ISA on
      peripheral blood flow.
AB  - Until recently beta-adrenergic blocking agents were considered contraindicated in
      peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). However, in recent years several
      studies have failed to show negative effects on peripheral blood flow. It was the
      aim of this study to compare the effects of celiprolol, a beta-1-adrenergic
      blocking agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), and of metoprolol,
      a beta-1-adrenergic blocking agent without ISA, on peripheral blood flow of
      patients with and without PAOD. In an acute trial 24 patients (group I: 12
      patients with PAOD stage I and II; group II: 12 patients without PAOD received a
      single dose of 200 mg celiprolol or 200 mg metoprolol in a double-blind crossover
      design. Celiprolol induced no significant changes in calf and skin blood flow at
      rest or during reactive hyperemia. Basal vascular resistance (BVR) and minimal
      vascular resistance (MVR) were not affected. Metoprolol, however, significantly
      reduced muscle blood flow and increased BVR in both groups. Subsequently the
      patients were treated in a randomized double-blind design with a daily dose of
      200 mg celiprolol or metoprolol for three weeks. In long-term treatment skin and
      muscle blood flow at rest and during reactive hyperemia, BVR, and MVR were not
      affected by celiprolol. Metoprolol significantly lowered calf blood flow at rest
      in patients with PAOD; other parameters remained unchanged. In patients without
      PAOD, metoprolol caused a significant decrease of calf blood flow at rest and an
      increase of BVR. Calf blood flow during reactive hyperemia, as well as skin blood
      flow at rest and during reactive hyperemia, showed no significant
      changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883921
TI  - Mosquito hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2883923
TI  - Carotid body tumor and hyperparathyroidism. A case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Carotid body tumor is an uncommon tumor of the head and neck. The coexistence of
      this entity with primary hyperparathyroidism is even more unusual, with only four
      cases having been previously recorded. This report describes a patient with a
      left inferior parathyroid adenoma and a right carotid body tumor. A common
      neuroectodermal origin is proposed as an explanation for the simultaneous
      occurrence of these tumors. The fact that this may represent yet another variable
      expression of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes emphasizes the
      importance of careful endocrine screening in patients with carotid body tumors.

PMID- 2883924
TI  - [Epididymo-testicular disjunction. Presentation of 23 cases and review of the
      literature].
AB  - Twenty three cases of alterations of the epididymis-testicular union found in
      1,000 children with cryptorchism are discussed. Anatomical and pathological
      findings are described and world literature on the subject is reviewed, finding
      very scanty references to this problem in spite of the fact that expected
      incidence of epididymis testicular non-junction is between 1 and 2% of the
      patients with cryptorchism.

PMID- 2883922
TI  - Modulation of rabbit airway smooth muscle responsiveness by respiratory
      epithelium. Involvement of an inhibitory metabolite of arachidonic acid.
AB  - The integrity of the respiratory epithelium may be important in development of
      bronchial hyperreactivity; however, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. This
      study was undertaken to determine if epithelium of rabbit intrapulmonary bronchi
      is capable of modulating the responsiveness of airway smooth muscle to a
      pharmacologic stimulus, and whether epithelial-derived prostaglandins play a role
      in this modulatory function. Mechanical removal of the epithelium from bronchial
      segments, or incubation of intact bronchi with indomethacin (an inhibitor of
      prostaglandin synthesis) increased the sensitivity of bronchial smooth muscle to
      bethanechol. Cyclooxygenase was localized within mucosal epithelial cells of
      intact airways by avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining using a monoclonal
      antibody to the enzyme. Removal of the epithelium significantly reduced the
      levels of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha accumulated in the media surrounding
      bronchial explants. In epithelium-intact bronchi precontracted with bethanechol,
      arachidonic acid evoked an indomethacin-sensitive relaxation response comparable
      to relaxation induced by exogenous addition of PGE2. Although PGE2 evoked similar
      responses in epithelium-denuded bronchi, arachidonic acid-induced relaxation
      responses were negligible. The results suggest epithelial cells of rabbit bronchi
      modulate the responsiveness to pharmacologic stimuli by production and release of
      an inhibitory cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid.

PMID- 2883925
TI  - The use of deoxyribonucleic acid probes in the evaluation of hemophilia.
AB  - The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes is an important addition to
      existing laboratory methods for detection of carriers of hemophilia A and B. Both
      intragenic probes and probes directed at DNA restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms linked to the disease locus are now available. This technology will
      aid in genetic counseling of affected families and will impact upon clinical
      laboratory science in the near future.

PMID- 2883926
TI  - [Towards a genealogy of chromosome Y].
AB  - Taq I restriction polymorphisms of the 49 f genomic probe are used to establish a
      possible filiation of the Y chromosome in human populations. Relationships
      between alleles at the five polymorphic loci revealed by the probe allow the
      description of 17 haplotypes. Simulations are used to construct a plausible
      genealogy of these various haplotypes, on the basis of a limited set of basic
      hypotheses concerning polymorphic alleles evolution.

PMID- 2883927
TI  - Linkage of adrenoleukodystrophy to a polymorphic DNA probe.
AB  - Linkage studies between X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and a cloned
      deoxyribonucleic acid fragment (St14), which detects polymorphisms in the distal
      end of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq27-28), have shown no recombination in
      six families. The lod score for these data (and another kindred reported earlier
      is 13.766 at recombination fraction (theta) = 0.0. These data permit assignment
      of adrenoleukodystrophy carrier status in family members at risk, supplementing
      the chemical measurement of very-long-chain fatty acids.

PMID- 2883928
TI  - Clinical utility of biochemical assays in psychiatry.
AB  - Biological abnormalities are found almost consistently in schizophrenia and
      affective disease. While most remain as research leads, some are sufficiently
      well studied that they are now or may soon enter in routine medical practice. The
      dexamethasone test (DST) has been investigated thoroughly enough so it should
      pass into practice.

PMID- 2883929
TI  - Cotransmission.
AB  - Cotransmission, defined here as the control of a single target cell by two or
      more substances released from one neuron in response to the same neuronal event,
      does occur in experimental situations. It has not been shown to occur in the
      normal operation of an animal, but the likelihood that it does is great. There
      are many examples of potential transmitters coexisting in one neuron, suggesting
      that cotransmission might be widespread in the peripheral nervous system. But
      many transmissions still seem to be mediated by a single transmitter. In such
      cases, coreleased substances might act on other targets or modulate the receptors
      for the main transmitter. But the possibility also exists that some colocalized
      "transmitters" have no function in transmission. It is increasingly difficult to
      retain a simple classification of neuronal types based on transmitter substances.
      However, there are indications that some combinations of colocalized substances
      are "preferred" and that certain combinations typify the innervation of a
      particular target tissue.

PMID- 2883930
TI  - Thiols in oxidative phosphorylation: thiols in the F0 of ATP synthase essential
      for ATPase activity.
AB  - It was shown previously that the ATP synthase complex of bovine heart
      mitochondria contains an essential set of thiols or dithiols in its membrane
      sector (F0), whose modification by various reagents results in uncoupling [Yagi,
      T., and Hatefi, Y. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 2449-2455]. The sensitivity to
      modifiers was increased by membrane energization, and the uncoupling was reversed
      by membrane-permeable thiol compounds when modifiers other than alkylating agents
      were used to uncouple. The present paper demonstrates that there exists in the F0
      of bovine ATP synthase another set of essential thiols, whose modification
      results in reversible inhibition of ATPase activity. These thiols are most
      susceptible to modification by mercurials (p-chloromercuribenzoate greater than p
      chloromercuribenzene sulfonate) and do not appear to be modified by N
      ethylmaleimide. The reversible modification of these thiols by mercurials
      protects the ATP synthase against irreversible inhibition in F0 by N,N
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The possible location of these two sets of thiols in
      the F0 of bovine ATP synthase is discussed.

PMID- 2883931
TI  - Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids: purification and
      properties.
AB  - Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids has been purified
      greater than 130-fold. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 180,000 +/- 15,000
      and consists of four identical subunits of 44,000 +/- 2,000. The enzyme was
      specific for acetoacetyl-CoA; ketodecanoyl-CoA did not serve as a substrate.
      Catalysis proceeds via a ping-pong mechanism. Iodoacetamide effectively inhibited
      the enzyme but acetoacetyl-CoA provided considerable protection against this
      compound. Magnesium was found to inhibit both the thiolysis reaction and the
      condensation reaction. Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolysis activity was not affected by
      potassium, ammonium, or several organic acids but was found to be inhibited by
      NADH. The inhibition by NADH may have an effect during the decline of the
      symbiosis.

PMID- 2883932
TI  - Binding of Mg2+ to the beta subunit or F1 of H+-ATPase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - The bindings of Mg2+ to the F1 portion of Escherichia coli H+-ATPase and its
      isolated alpha and beta subunits were studied with 8-anilinonaphthalene-1
      sulfonate (ANS). The fluorescence of ANS increased upon addition of F1 or its
      alpha subunit or beta subunit, as reported previously (M. Hirano, K. Takeda, H.
      Kanazawa, and M. Futai (1984) Biochemistry 23, 1652-1656). The fluorescence of
      ANS bound to F1 or its beta subunit increased significantly with further addition
      of Mg2+, whereas that of the alpha subunit increased only slightly. Ca2+ and Mn2+
      had similar effects on the fluorescence of ANS with F1 and its beta subunit. The
      Mg2+-induced fluorescence enhancement (delta F) was high at an alkaline pH and
      was lowered by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
      Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and azide had no effect on the delta F. Binding analysis
      showed that the concentration dependence of Mg2+ on the fluorescence enhancement
      of the beta subunit is similar to that of F1. These results suggest that both the
      beta subunit and F1 have binding sites for Mg2+ and that the delta F observed
      with F1 may be due to the binding of Mg2+ to the beta subunit.

PMID- 2883933
TI  - Localization of two L-glutamate dehydrogenases in the coral Acropora latistella.
AB  - The coral Acropora latistella has been shown to contain two distinct L-glutamate
      dehydrogenases. An NADPH-specific GDH, closely resembling the enzyme from other
      coelenterates, is located in the cytosol; a distinct NADH-specific GDH is
      localized within the mitochondria. This is in contrast to earlier reports, where
      the NADPH-specific enzyme was thought to be the only GDH present and was assumed
      to be mitochondrial. Preliminary kinetic and stability data are presented for the
      two GDHs.

PMID- 2883934
TI  - Post-translational modifications of chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago.
AB  - The secreted form of the halogenating glycoenzyme, chloroperoxidase, is processed
      from a precursor containing a 21-residue-long, moderately hydrophobic signal
      sequence, at an atypical Gln-Glu peptide bond. Following cleavage, the N-terminal
      glutamic acid readily cyclizes into pyroglutamic acid. Chloroperoxidase contains
      two high-mannose N-glycosylation sites, identified as Asn12 and Asn213. Other
      modifications include deamidation of residues Asn13, Asn198, and Gln183 into the
      corresponding acids. Finally, structural arguments suggest that Cys87 may be the
      axial heme ligand in the active site of chloroperoxidase.

PMID- 2883935
TI  - Structure of a methanofuran derivative found in cell extracts of Methanosarcina
      barkeri.
AB  - Cell extracts prepared from cells of Methanosarcina barkeri grown on hydrogen and
      carbon dioxide, acetate, or methanol contain a coenzyme structurally related to
      methanofuran. This modified coenzyme was highly purified and its structure
      assigned as 4-[N-(gamma-L-glutamyl-gamma-L-glutamyl-gamma-L-glutamyl-gamma-L
      glutamy l)-p- (beta-amino-ethyl)phenoxymethyl]-2-(aminomethyl)furan. The key
      structural evidence was obtained by high-resolution fast atom bombardment-mass
      spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis of the hydrolytic
      fragments of the coenzyme supported the assigned structure. We propose that this
      coenzyme be called methanofuran-b.

PMID- 2883936
TI  - [Initial basic and clinical evaluation of a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay
      for sialyl SSEA-1 antigen: 1. Evaluation of assay conditions and normal values].
AB  - We describe a solid-phase immunoradiometric sandwich assay method for a new tumor
      marker, sialyl SSEA-1 (sialyl LeX-i), using RIA kits (prepared by Otsuka Assay
      Laboratories). The assay required only duplicate 20-microliter samples, and the
      concentration of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen in serum was determined with reference to
      a standard curve ranging from 0 to 224 arbitrary unit/ml. The intra- and inter
      assay reproducibilities and analytical recovery of antigen were excellent. The
      cut-off value (38 unit/ml) was obtained as mean + 2SD, which was calculated from
      the antigen concentration in sera from 1,105 healthy individuals. Also described
      are the alterations of normal values by age, sex, and Lewis blood group status.

PMID- 2883938
TI  - Postgranulomatous anetoderma associated with Takayasu's arteritis in a child.
AB  - Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a rare chronic inflammatory arteriopathy affecting
      mainly the aorta and its branches. Many skin manifestations have been reported in
      association with this disease. Pyoderma gangrenosum and subcutaneous inflammatory
      lesions of the leg are the most frequent. We studied a boy with TA in whom a
      papular rash of the trunk preceded the onset of vascular symptoms by many years.
      Histologically, the lesions were superficial and consisted of middermal
      noncaseating tuberculoid granulomas, which progressed to atrophy and anetoderma
      because of elastic network disruption. Granulomas were also found in synovial
      tissue but not in a temporal artery biopsy specimen, which showed only intimal
      hyperplasia. Our observations suggest that vascular and skin lesions with elastic
      tissue may both result from a common granulomatous hypersensitivity process.

PMID- 2883937
TI  - [Initial basic and clinical evaluation of a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay
      for sialyl SSEA-1 antigen: 2. Evaluation of clinical significance].
AB  - The clinical significance of serum sialyl SSEA-1 antigen was evaluated using the
      sera of 1261 patients with malignant tumors and 717 patients with non-malignant
      diseases measured with Otsuka Assay Laboratories' RIA Kits. The results indicate
      that the antigen was frequently elevated in the sera from the patients with
      various adenocarcinomas, including lung (45%), pancreas (64%) and ovary (57%).
      The false positive incidence of antigens in the sera from the patients with non
      malignant disorders was as low as 4.9%. No correlation was observed with other
      tumor markers examined in this study, and the diagnostic efficiency increased
      significantly by the combined determination of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen level with
      other markers. The serial determination of the serum sialyl SSEA-1 antigen level
      has a clinical utility also in monitoring the patients with adenocarcinoma
      receiving surgical operation and/or chemotherapy as indicated by the results of
      the longitudinal observation of the patients.

PMID- 2883939
TI  - Long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with sulphasalazine, gold, or
      penicillamine: a comparison using life-table methods.
AB  - Life-table analysis was applied to the records of 317 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) treated with sulphasalazine (SAS), 201 treated with sodium
      aurothiomalate (gold), and 163 with penicillamine. They comprised all those
      treated in our department with these drugs between January 1973 and July 1984.
      Risks of treatment termination for all reasons were similar for each drug at five
      years (gold 92%, penicillamine 83%, SAS 81%). The risk of treatment termination
      due to inefficacy was less for gold (29.5%) than for penicillamine (38.1%) or
      sulphasalazine (41.2%). Adverse effects, however, led to withdrawal of gold in
      57%, penicillamine in 41.2%, and SAS in 37%; the most effective drugs appeared
      most toxic. Serious adverse effects were much more common in association with
      gold (17.4%) and penicillamine (12.3%) than with SAS (1.6%). Sulphasalazine
      appears as well tolerated over long periods in RA as gold or penicillamine and is
      associated with fewer serious adverse effects; of these drugs, it might therefore
      be considered the agent of first choice.

PMID- 2883941
TI  - Labetalol protects against the potentiation by propranolol of the bronchospasm to
      norepinephrine in guinea-pigs.
AB  - The increase in airway obstruction observed in asthmatics after treatment with
      beta-adrenergic blockers may be attributed to an unopposed alpha-adrenergic
      activity. Labetalol is an antihypertensive agent with beta-adrenoreceptor and
      alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking properties. Labetalol does not cause a bronchospasm
      in human asthmatics. Norepinephrine (0.025-0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) caused a bronchospasm
      in guinea-pigs after the blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors with propranolol (0.1-1
      mg/kg, i.v.), but not after beta-blockade with labetalol (0.1-10 mg/kg, i.v.).
      Labetalol significantly protected against the bronchospasm induced by
      norepinephrine in the presence of propranolol. The bronchospasm induced by
      norepinephrine was inhibited by alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (0.03
      3 mg/kg, i.v.), but not by blockade of receptors for histamine, acetylcholine or
      sulfidopeptide leukotrienes or by inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity. The lack
      of a bronchospasm after stimulation of alpha 2-receptors with B-HT 920 suggests
      that the bronchospasm to norepinephrine was due to the activation of alpha
      adrenoreceptors on airway smooth muscle. The more desirable pulmonary profile of
      labetalol compared with other beta-blockers may be due, in part, to the
      interaction of labetalol with both beta- and alpha-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2883940
TI  - Sulphasalazine and regression of rheumatoid nodules.
AB  - The regression of small rheumatoid nodules was noted in four patients after
      starting sulphasalazine therapy. This coincided with an improvement in synovitis
      and also falls in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C reactive protein
      (CRP). The relation between the nodule regression and the sulphasalazine therapy
      is discussed.

PMID- 2883942
TI  - Involvement of central type benzodiazepine and GABAA receptor in the protective
      effect of benzodiazepines in stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats.
AB  - Various benzodiazepines (BZs) were studied for ulcer protective effect in
      immobilization stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Central type BZ receptor
      agonists such as clonazepam, chlorodiazepoxide and diazepam shared marked
      antiulcer effect. The ulcer protective action of these agents was reversed by
      pretreatment with Ro 15-1788, a central BZ receptor antagonist. However,
      peripheral BZ receptor binding agent Ro 5-4864 and BZ-micromolar binding agent
      phenytoin, failed to show any antiulcer effect. Pretreatment with bicuculline
      also reversed the ulcer protective action of central type BZ receptor agonists. A
      bicuculline sensitive potentiation was observed in the ulcer protective effect of
      central BZ receptor agonist, when a subeffective dose was combined with muscimol,
      a specific GABAA agonist. But no such potentiation was seen with baclofen, a
      GABAB agonist. These data imply an interaction of central type BZ receptor with
      GABAA subtype receptor in the ulcer protective effect of benzodiazepines in rats.

PMID- 2883943
TI  - Effects of urapidil on neurotransmitter release in CNS tissue in vitro.
AB  - The effects of the antihypertensive drug urapidil on the electrically evoked
      release of [3H]-noradrenaline (NA) in rabbit cortex slices, of [3H]-acetylcholine
      (ACh) and [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rabbit hippocampus slices, and of
      [3H]-ACh and [3H]-dopamine (DA) in rabbit caudate nucleus slices were
      investigated. Urapidil significantly increased basal tritium outflow in slices
      preincubated with [3H]-NA and showed weak alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism on the
      evoked NA-release. The pA2-value of urapidil against the inhibitory effect of the
      alpha 2-agonist clonidine was about 6.3. In contrast to phentolamine, urapidil
      exhibited no partial agonistic properties at alpha 2-adrenoceptors in this model
      when stimulation was performed at low frequency and in the absence of cocaine.
      Neither the evoked ACh- nor 5-HT-release in hippocampal slices were affected by
      urapidil in concentrations up to 10 microM, but basal tritium outflow was
      significantly enhanced from slices preincubated with [3H]-5-HT. In caudate
      nucleus slices urapidil (greater than 1 microM) significantly facilitated both
      the evoked ACh- and DA-release, effects which were enhanced by the DA-reuptake
      inhibitor nomifensine. The effects of the D2-dopamine receptor selective agonist
      LY 171555 and the D2-receptor antagonist domperidone on the evoked DA-release
      were reduced by 1 microM urapidil. In addition, urapidil (10 microM) increased
      basal tritium outflow from slices preincubated with [3H]-DA. It is concluded that
      the antihypertensive effect of urapidil is not mediated by presynaptic actions
      affecting NA- or 5-HT-release within the CNS. Whether an increased dopaminergic
      or cholinergic transmission following the observed enhancement of DA- or ACh
      release (due to a weak D2-receptor antagonism) is involved, remains to be further
      elucidated.

PMID- 2883944
TI  - Acetaldehyde and cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - Administration of acetaldehyde (i.v.) into cats anesthetized with halothane
      elicits severe cardiac ventricular arrhythmias which begin in about 10-13 sec
      with bolus doses of 5-10 mg/kg, and last about 2 min. Systemic blood pressure and
      heart rate rise concurrently with the arrhythmias. The cardiac effects are
      attributed to the release of endogenous catecholamines from cardiac tissue
      because they are prevented by beta-adrenergic blockade and are not dependent on
      adrenomedullary and splenic stores of catecholamines, since acute surgical
      removal of these tissues does not prevent the arrhythmias and other
      cardiovascular changes. This indirect arrhythmogenic action of acetaldehyde has
      not been previously reported, probably because other investigators have used
      anesthetics like pentobarbital which exert an antiarrhythmic effect that masks
      acetaldehyde's arrhythmogenic potential. The use of halothane to sensitize the
      heart to catecholamines greatly enhanced the arrhythmogenic effect of
      acetaldehyde. The question is raised whether the concomitant industrial or
      medical exposure of human subjects to large amounts of exogenous or endogenous
      acetaldehyde and certain hydrocarbons could provide the substrate for the
      expression of this arrhythmogenic effect of acetaldehyde.

PMID- 2883945
TI  - Characterization of the alpha-adrenoceptors mediating positive inotropy of rat
      left atria by use of selective agonists and antagonists.
AB  - Positive inotropic responses to selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonists of isolated
      paced left atria and chronotropic responses of isolated spontaneously beating
      right atria of rats were examined. After establishing a cumulative concentration
      response curve to isoprenaline, and washout, a concentration-response curve for
      phenylephrine, methoxamine, cirazoline, amidephrine or UK 14,304 was constructed
      in the presence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade by propranolol. The 4 alpha 1
      selective agonists produced positive inotropic responses, the order of maximum
      effectiveness being methoxamine greater than phenylephrine greater than
      cirazoline greater than amidephrine. In terms of EC50 values, methoxamine was the
      least potent, the other 3 agonists having approximately equivalent potencies. The
      alpha 2-selective agonist UK 14,304 had no inotropic activity. Weak positive
      chronotropic activity occurred with phenylephrine, methoxamine and amidephrine;
      cirazoline exerted only negative chronotropy and UK 14,304 was without effect.
      Phenylephrine was examined in the absence or presence of prazosin (3 nM) or
      propranolol (1 microM). Propranolol failed to affect the concentration-response
      curve for left atrial tension, but prazosin displaced the curve to the right.
      This indicates that the inotropic responses obtained in the absence of
      antagonists were mediated solely via alpha-adrenoceptors. After displacement by
      prazosin there was a further shift by propranolol, suggesting the presence of a
      beta-adrenoceptor-mediated component at higher concentrations of phenylephrine.
      The right atrial rate responses to phenylephrine were unaffected by prazosin, but
      abolished by propranolol; beta-adrenoceptors only are therefore involved in this
      response. The pA2 values for antagonism of methoxamine-induced increases in left
      atrial tension by the alpha 1- and alpha 2-selective antagonists prazosin (9.05
      +/- 0.06) and idazoxan (6.37 +/- 0.05), respectively, were consistent with the
      responses being mediated via alpha-adrenoceptors of the alpha 1-subtype. The pA2
      value for prazosin was similar to that obtained for antagonism of methoxamine
      induced contractions of rat aortic spirals (8.83 +/- 0.13).

PMID- 2883946
TI  - Does the beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking agent celiprolol have alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      blocking properties?
AB  - The beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking agent celiprolol was tested for alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blocking properties in different pharmacological models. In
      radioligand binding studies celiprolol shows a tenfold higher affinity to alpha 2
      in comparison to alpha 1-adrenoceptors; however, the affinity of celiprolol to
      alpha-adrenoceptors is at least 100 times lower than that to beta-adrenoceptors.
      Celiprolol enhances the inhibitory effect of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist
      clonidine in the electrically stimulated rat vas deferens in vitro; this
      celiprolol effect is abolished, but not reversed by propranolol. In pithed rats
      celiprolol inhibits the tachycardia induced by spinal electrical stimulation; the
      inhibitory effect of clonidine on the same parameter is augmented by celiprolol,
      but reversed by rauwolscine. Also in pithed rats celiprolol does not affect the
      pressor effect of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist B-HT 920. From these results
      it is concluded that celiprolol does not possess any relevant alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blocking properties which could explain the broncho- and
      vasodilating actions of that substance.

PMID- 2883947
TI  - The mode of action of ifenprodil tartrate in isolated canine cerebral and femoral
      arteries.
AB  - Tension of isolated rings of cerebral and femoral arteries was measured
      isometrically and Ca2+ movement in these arteries was measured by 45Ca flux to
      study the mode of action of ifenprodil tartrate (IFT). IFT (10(-7)-10(-4) M)
      induced relaxation in basilar and femoral arteries contracted by K+ (50 mM).
      During normoxia (O2 aeration) it induced contraction in arteries contracted by
      prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha (10(-5) M), but induced relaxation during hypoxia (N2
      aeration). In K+-induced contraction the relaxed tension induced by IFT was
      reversed by addition of Ca2+ in a dose-dependent manner. The IFT induced
      relaxation of femoral arteries contracted by K+ was attenuated in Ca2+-free
      solution containing 0.1 mM EGTA, and the effect of IFT on basilar and femoral
      arteries contracted by PGF2 alpha was reversed. IFT inhibited K+-induced Ca2+
      uptake in cerebral and femoral arteries. IFT enhanced PGF2 alpha-induced Ca2+
      uptake in cerebral arteries under normoxia, but inhibited it under hypoxia. The
      results suggest that the action of IFT may be due to alteration of Ca2+
      utilization by vascular cells through blockade of potential-sensitive channels,
      and this action may reflect regional differences between arteries.

PMID- 2883948
TI  - Effects of decarboxylase inhibitors on muricidal suppression by L-dopa in
      thiamine deficient rats.
AB  - Male Wistar rats maintained on a thiamine deficient diet showed mouse-killing
      behavior (muricide). On the 30th day of experimental feeding, the incidence of
      the muricide was 70%. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)
      l-alanine (l-dopa) suppressed the muricide in a dose-dependent manner. This
      suppressive effect was potentiated with carbidopa, but was quite reduced by
      pretreatment with alpha-monofluoromethyldopa or FLA-63. These results indicated
      that the effect of l-dopa was dependent on its decarboxylation, and its
      conversion to noradrenaline (NA) essential for muricidal suppression in the
      brain. The NA precursors, l-dopa, l-threo-dops or maprotiline and Y-8894, which
      can increase the availability of synaptic catecholamines (CA), also showed
      muricidal suppression. CA depletors (alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, FLA-63 and alpha
      monofluoromethyl-p-tyrosine) did not significantly increase the incidence of
      muricide induced by thiamine deficiency nor decrease the number of killer-rats.
      These findings suggest that brain CA may not participate in the mediation of
      muricide induced by thiamine deficiency in this experiment, but such muricide can
      be pharmacologically characterized by the effects which are brought about by
      catecholaminergic agents.

PMID- 2883949
TI  - Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux-induced asthma: steroids, beta 2-stimulants,
      and H2-blockers.

PMID- 2883950
TI  - Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli by accumulation of organic osmolytes:
      betaines, glutamic acid, and trehalose.
AB  - It has been shown previously that externally added glycine betaine is accumulated
      in Escherichia coli in response to the external osmotic strength. Here we have
      shown, by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and radiochemical
      methods, that E. coli growing in a glucose-mineral medium of elevated osmotic
      strength generated with NaCl, had the same capacity to accumulate proline betaine
      and glycine betaine. Its capacity to accumulate gamma-butyrobetaine was, however,
      40 to 50% lower. Accordingly, externally added proline betaine and glycine
      betaine stimulated aerobic growth of osmotically stressed cells equally well, and
      they were more osmoprotective than gamma-butyrobetaine. In cells grown at an
      osmotic strength of 0.64, 1.01, or 1.47 osmolal, respectively, the molal
      cytoplasmic concentration of the two former betaines corresponded to 29, 38, or
      58% of the external osmotic strength. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      revealed that trehalose and glutamic acid were the only species of organic
      osmolytes accumulated in significant amounts in cells grown under osmotic stress
      in glucose-mineral medium without betaines. Their combined molal concentration in
      the cytoplasm of cells grown at 1.01 osmolal corresponded to 27% of the external
      osmotic strength.

PMID- 2883952
TI  - [Effects of gonadoliberin administered nasally in cryptorchidism in aged 1 to 6].
AB  - 93 cryptorchid boys aged 1 to 6 years were treated with nasal spray of LHRH
      according with two different protocols: 0.4 mg thrice daily during 28 consecutive
      days in 39 (32 uni and 7 bilaterally cryptorchid) and 0.4 mg twice daily on
      alternate days three days per week for 1 month in 32 and 3 months in 22 (34 uni
      and 20 bilaterally cryptorchid). The results did not vary according to age or to
      the protocol and duration of treatment. Complete testicular descent was obtained
      for only 10% of unilaterally undescended testes, and reached 29% in bilaterally
      undescended testes. These results do not relate to the more or less high position
      of the testis nor to hypothetical changes in plasma gonadotropins or
      testosterone. The treatment had very minor side-effects. For this reason, in
      spite of its very limited results, it may be used either as an attempt before
      surgery at 4-6 years or as a means to distinguish retractile from undescended
      testes.

PMID- 2883951
TI  - A proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase is associated with the
      peroxisomal membrane of yeasts.
AB  - The association of an ATPase with the yeast peroxisomal membrane was established
      by both biochemical and cytochemical procedures. Peroxisomes were purified from
      protoplast homogenates of the methanol-grown yeast Hansenula polymorpha by
      differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Biochemical analysis revealed
      that ATPase activity was associated with the peroxisomal peak fractions which
      were identified on the basis of alcohol oxidase and catalase activity. The
      properties of this ATPase closely resembled those of the mitochondrial ATPase of
      this yeast. The enzyme was Mg2+-dependent, had a pH optimum of approximately 8.5
      and was sensitive to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), oligomycin and azide,
      but not to vanadate. A major difference was the apparent Km for ATP which was 4-6
      mM for the peroxisomal ATPase compared to 0.6-0.9 mM for the mitochondrial
      enzyme. Cytochemical experiments indicated that the peroxisomal ATPase was
      associated with the membranes surrounding these organelles. After incubations
      with CeCl3 and ATP specific reaction products were localized on the peroxisomal
      membrane, both when unfixed isolated peroxisomes or formaldehyde-fixed
      protoplasts were used. This staining was strictly ATP-dependent; in controls
      performed in the absence of substrate, in the presence of glycerol 2-phosphate
      instead of ATP, or in the presence of DCCD, staining was invariably absent.
      Similar staining patterns were observed in subcellular fractions and protoplasts
      of Candida utilis and Trichosporon cutaneum X4, grown in the presence of
      ethanol/ethylamine or ethylamine, respectively.

PMID- 2883954
TI  - Age and histopathologic heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. Evidence for
      subtypes.
AB  - In support of heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the existence of
      clinical and biologic subtypes has been claimed. We have investigated this claim
      by a statistical analysis of the relationships between the number of neurons in
      nucleus locus ceruleus (nLC), cortical levels of neurotransmitters, number of
      cortical plaques and tangles, and age. We separated AD patients into two groups:
      AD-1, with a less severe loss of nLC neurons; and AD-2, with a greater loss. The
      AD-2 cases were associated with less choline acetyltransferase activity, smaller
      concentrations of somatostatin and norepinephrine, and more plaques and tangles
      in the cerebral cortex. Although the mean age at death was less and the duration
      of dementia was greater in AD-2 patients than in AD-1 patients, the differences
      in these age-related variables were not significant. Further evidence of
      heterogeneity came from discriminant function analyses based on nLC neuronal
      counts and age at death. These findings, suggesting two subtypes of AD, suggest
      heterogeneity.

PMID- 2883953
TI  - [Acquired deficiencies in antithrombin III and C protein during treatment with L
      asparaginase].
AB  - Fourteen children treated by L-Asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukemia had
      sequential coagulation studies performed including cephalin-kaolin time, Quick
      time, fibrinogen, factors II, VII + X and V, as well as antithrombin III and
      protein C, the major coagulation inhibitors. A severe antithrombin III and
      protein C deficiency was observed during therapy, with a coexisting
      hypocoagulability. This equilibrium partially explains the lack of thrombo
      embolic phenomena in these children, despite the risk factors present. Although
      no substitutive therapy was instituted in these cases, their use in high-risk
      cases is discussed.

PMID- 2883956
TI  - [H2-antihistaminics. 34. 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2,5-diamines with H2-antagonistic
      activity].

PMID- 2883955
TI  - [H2-antihistaminics. 33. Synthesis and H2-antagonistic activity of heteroaromatic
      (thio)carboxamides and triazole(thi)one-derivatives of
      piperidinomethylphenoxypropylamine].

PMID- 2883957
TI  - [Histamine analogs. 28. 2-(Aryloxyalkyl)- and 3(aminoalkyl)-histamines].

PMID- 2883959
TI  - [Structure-activity relationships in histamine H2 receptor antagonists:
      construction of a binding site model].

PMID- 2883958
TI  - Analyses of drugs by polarographic methods, XXVIII: Electroanalysis of quazepam
      [7-chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1.3-dihydro-1-(2.2.2-trifluoroethyl)- 2H-1.4
      benzodiazepine-2-thione].

PMID- 2883960
TI  - Biological markers characterizing the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic
      lesions in rodent liver.
AB  - The identification of biological "markers" indicating distinctively different
      functions between preneoplastic and neoplastic as compared with normal cells has
      been a subject of intensive investigation, especially as additional technology
      becomes available. Although no distinct single biochemical marker is ubiquitous
      to the process of neoplasia or even to a single histogenetic type of neoplasm, a
      variety of histogenetic types of neoplasms in the human and experimental animals
      exhibit an extreme degree of marker or phenotypic heterogeneity. Particularly
      well studied are markers which occurred during the process of
      hepatocarcinogenesis in the rodent as well as in its final product, the hepatoma.
      Although phenotypic heterogeneity is characteristic of hepatocellular carcinomas
      in both the rat and mouse, some degree of predominant marker pattern(s) has
      become apparent. In multistage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat a frequent but not
      completely ubiquitous marker is the enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. In the
      mouse, although such markers have not been as extensively studied as in the rat,
      glucose 6-phosphatase is a predominant but not exclusive histochemical marker.
      Many preneoplastic lesions occurring during the stage of promotion exhibit
      reduced levels of enzymes of oxidative xenobiotic metabolism, but this pattern is
      not ubiquitous. Studies on the transcription of specific genes in mouse liver as
      well as preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in this tissue further demonstrate
      the phenotypic heterogeneity characteristic of differentiated hepatocellular
      carcinomas. In general, current evidence supports the two theses that no single
      biologic marker or set of markers is uniquely characteristic of the
      preneoplastical and/or neoplastic phenotype and marker or phenotypic
      heterogeneity is by far the rule rather than the exception in
      hepatocarcinogenesis in the rodent and quite possibly in all histogenetic types
      of neoplasms in mammals.

PMID- 2883961
TI  - [Cardiac aspects of Takayasu arteritis. Report of 2 cases].

PMID- 2883962
TI  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type I antibodies in the serum of patients with
      tropical spastic paraparesis in the Seychelles.
AB  - Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), a chronic myelopathy of unknown etiology, was
      studied in the Seychelles. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human
      immunodeficiency virus antibodies were determined using an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and confirmed with an indirect fluorescent antibody test in
      serum samples of 20 patients with TSP and 16 controls. Test results indicated
      that 17 patients (85%) and two controls (transverse myelopathy and clinically
      probable multiple sclerosis) were positive for HTLV-I. Serum samples of nine
      healthy controls and five with other neurologic diseases were negative for HTLV
      I. No serum samples were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Estimated
      relative risk for TSP in those subjects whose serum is positive for HTLV-I
      antibodies is 40. This result is highly statistically significant. Although
      primarily associated with adult T-cell leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, HTLV
      I could also be an etiologic agent of TSP.

PMID- 2883963
TI  - Clinical electrophysiologic studies of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.
AB  - Six patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated
      myelopathy (HAM) were studied by electrophysiologic methods. Upper-limb short
      latency somatosensory evoked potentials showed slight delay of the N9-N20
      interpeak latency in one of 12 limbs, while the lower-limb short-latency
      somatosensory evoked potentials showed prolonged N20-P40 interpeak latency in
      eight of 12 limbs. Frequent polyphasic potentials and occasional giant spikes
      were observed in the distal extremities. F-wave conduction velocity was delayed
      in some patients. Results of the other nerve conduction studies were
      unremarkable. Our data provide a valuable extension of the clinical examination
      of HAM and offer encouragement for a more extensive electrophysiologic study of
      this entity, especially in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2883964
TI  - Retrovirus-associated myelopathies.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), the causative agent of adult T-cell
      leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ATLL)--or a cross-reacting retrovirus--has
      been associated with tropical spastic paraparesis in Martinique, Jamaica,
      Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, the Seychelles, and probably also in Zaire. The
      Caribbean basin and sub-Saharan Africa are endemic for ATLL. A similar etiology
      has been invoked in a chronic spastic myelopathy occurring in areas of high ATLL
      endemicity in Japan. An HTLV-I viral antigen has been demonstrated in
      cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes of a Japanese patient with myelopathy. Human T
      lymphotropic virus type I antibodies have occurred in patients in Florida and
      Japan (areas of HTLV-I endemicity) who were diagnosed as having clinically
      definite multiple sclerosis (MS), but not in patients with MS in other parts of
      the world. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I, like some lentiviruses--visna and
      human immunodeficiency virus, in particular--may be both lymphotropic and
      neurotropic. Tropical spastic paraparesis, the Japanese myelopathy, and, perhaps,
      an MS-like neurologic syndrome, may represent clinical variants of the same
      disease, a retroviral myelopathy.

PMID- 2883965
TI  - Effect of division of genitofemoral nerve on testicular descent in the rat.
AB  - The gubernaculum, which has an important role to play in testicular descent, is
      richly supplied by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve through its
      scrotal attachment. In neonatal rats the genitofemoral nerve overlying the psoas
      muscle was divided before inguinal descent would normally occur, and the effect
      of this procedure on subsequent testicular descent was observed. Denervation of
      the gubernaculum caused the testes to remain in the abdomen. The significance of
      this finding in the rat is that an intact genitofemoral nerve is an essential
      prerequisite for normal descent, perhaps by allowing the gubernaculum to evert.

PMID- 2883966
TI  - A Bacteroides nodosus pili vaccine produced by recombinant DNA for the prevention
      and treatment of foot-rot in sheep.

PMID- 2883967
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV in human T lymphocytes. An approach to the role of a
      membrane peptidase in the immune system.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV), an ectoenzyme in the cell membrane of human T
      lymphocytes, is an important constituent in the process of lymphocyte activation
      and proliferation. In the presence of specific inhibitors and antibodies against
      DP IV several in vitro functions of activated lymphocytes were found to be
      impaired. These include mitogen induced DNA synthesis, immunoglobulin secretion
      and production of interferon-gamma. The functional importance of DP IV during
      activation of lymphocytes is underlined by an increase in cellular DP IV activity
      upon mitogenic stimulation.

PMID- 2883968
TI  - Inhibition by 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, an inhibitor of
      protein kinase C, of enzyme induction by glucocorticoid and of nuclear
      translocation of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes.
AB  - Induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by glucocorticoid in rat hepatocytes was
      inhibited concentration-dependently by 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2
      methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7), an inhibitor of protein kinase C, but not
      by N- [2-(methyl-amino)-ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride, an
      inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases. H-7 also inhibited the
      accumulation of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in the nuclear fraction with
      associated accumulation of these complexes in the cytoplasmic fraction, but did
      not affect incorporation of glucocorticoid into hepatocytes. These results
      indicate that protein kinase C may be essential in translocation of
      glucocorticoid-receptor complexes to the nuclei.

PMID- 2883969
TI  - Purification and characterization of two types of atrial natriuretic factor
      receptors from bovine adrenal cortex: guanylate cyclase-linked and cyclase-free
      receptors.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) receptors with and without guanylate cyclase
      activity were simultaneously purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine adrenal
      zona glomerulosa cell membrane fractions. The particulate guanylate cyclase which
      co-purified with the ANF receptor showed one of the highest specific activity
      reported. The receptors with or without the guanylate cyclase activity showed
      high affinities to ANF (99-126). The receptor without the cyclase showed a high
      affinity to truncated ANF analogs, ANF (103-123) and ANF (105-121), whereas the
      cyclase-linked receptor had a much lower affinity to these analogs. Both of the
      receptors migrated as a single band with a molecular weight of 135,000 daltons on
      SDS-gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. The 135,000 daltons band
      of the receptor without the cyclase was shifted to a 62,000 daltons band under
      reducing conditions, but the band for the cyclase-linked receptor was not
      shifted. These results demonstrated the presence of two subtypes of ANF receptor
      in bovine adrenal cortex and indicate two different modes of intracellular action
      of ANF.

PMID- 2883971
TI  - A direct evidence for the involvement of poly(A) in protein synthesis.
AB  - A radioactive polyadenylated globin mRNA was translated in either rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate or wheat germ extract under various conditions. When globin
      mRNA was translated, globin synthesis was directly proportional to the rate of
      loss in A units from the poly(A) tail. On the other hand, when globin poly(A)
      mRNA was incubated under non-translated conditions, no loss of A units was
      detected. The presence of ribonuclease inhibitor in the reaction mixture did not
      alter either the rate of globin synthesis or the loss in A units from the poly(A)
      tail. The present data suggests a correlation between protein synthesis and loss
      in A units from the poly(A) tail.

PMID- 2883970
TI  - Platelet factor XIII is activated by calpain.
AB  - The action of calpain (EC 3.4.22.17; Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteinase) on
      platelet factor XIII has been studied. Calpain I activated platelet factor XIII
      up to 76% of the maximum level observed with thrombin. Activation was accompanied
      by the limited proteolysis of the a subunit of platelet factor XIII to produce a
      76 kDa fragment which was comparable to the proteolytic product by thrombin.
      Activation of platelet factor XIII by calpain was inhibited by EDTA, leupeptin,
      and endogenous calpain-specific inhibitor calpastatin. These findings suggest
      that calpain is responsible for the intracellular activation of platelet factor
      XIII.

PMID- 2883972
TI  - Biochemical and proton NMR characterization of the isolated functional beta
      subunit of coupling factor one from spinach chloroplasts.
AB  - Beta subunits have been dissociated from CF1 of spinach chloroplasts, purified by
      HPLC and characterized by two-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorescence
      emission. The solutions of isolated beta subunits are able to hydrolyze MgATP;
      this ATPase activity is an intrinsic property of the beta molecule. From proton
      NMR at 300 and 500 MHz, it is shown that the preparations are fully reproducible
      and that beta subunits remain monomeric with 75% aliphatic protons associated
      with rigid parts of the molecule. The other 25% give rise to separate resonances
      and belong to mobile side-chains and/or to flexible regions. The measurement of
      the transverse relaxation times T2 has permitted a detailed characterization of
      the molecular dynamics of the isolated beta subunits.

PMID- 2883974
TI  - Human liver cDNA clones encoding proteolipid subunit 9 of the mitochondrial
      ATPase complex.
AB  - Clones encoding the proteolipid subunit 9 of the mitochondrial ATPase complex
      have been isolated from a lambda gt10 library of human liver cDNA sequences,
      using a probe of Neurospora crassa cDNA encoding subunit 9. From nucleotide
      sequence analysis it is concluded that the amino acid sequence of mature human
      subunit 9 is identical to that of its bovine counterpart. By comparing the
      sequence of two cDNA clones (denoted human 1 and 2) to those of two bovine cDNA
      clones (denoted P1 and P2) recently described by Gay and Walker (EMBO J. 4, 3519
      3524, 1985) it is evident that there are close sequence relationships between
      human 1 and bovine P1, and between human 2 and bovine P2, although both human
      clones are truncated at their 5'-ends. Thus, as in bovine cells there appears to
      be at least two human genes encoding subunit 9.

PMID- 2883973
TI  - Different mechanisms control developmental activation of transcription of genes
      subject to identical hormonal regulation in adult liver.
AB  - Developmental changes in expression of two genes subject to identical hormonal
      controls in adult liver were examined in livers of fetal and newborn rats. Both
      mRNA concentrations and transcription of tyrosine aminotransferase were very low
      throughout gestation and increased sharply at birth. The mRNA of gene 33 (Lee et
      al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 16433-16438, 1985) and its transcription were also low
      in fetal liver until a significant increase occurred just prior to birth,
      followed by a further increase at birth. In mutant mice carrying a deletion that
      prevents developmental activation of aminotransferase transcription, that of gene
      33 was not affected. The data indicate that different mechanisms control
      developmental activation of these genes, in contrast to hormonal regulation of
      their expression.

PMID- 2883975
TI  - Protein ligand interactions. Indole alkaloids as inhibitors for lactate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - Kinetic analysis showed that the indole alkaloids strychnine and brucine interact
      competitively with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase with respect to the substrate
      pyruvate and non competitively with respect to NADH. Since the alkaloids possess
      a potential enolate and a quaternary nitrogen they bridge the binding sites for
      the substrates - pyruvate and NAD+. Conformational alterations induced by the
      binding of ligands to the enzyme subunits are discussed in terms of the proposed
      chemical model.

PMID- 2883976
TI  - Inhibitors of inosinate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Inosinate dehydrogenase (IMP-dehydrogenase) from Chinese Hamster Ovary cells was
      found to be inhibited by two types of inhibitors. One type of inhibitor binds
      competitively at IMP-binding site and other type at NAD-binding site of the
      enzyme. Some new inhibitors of both classes have been illustrated here and their
      inhibition constants and type of inhibition determined. NAD-analog of tiazofurin
      was found to bind with both the sites and this type of inhibitors were found to
      be non-competitive with IMP and NAD.

PMID- 2883977
TI  - Receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and neural function.
AB  - Many transmitters in the brain act by stimulating the hydrolysis of an inositol
      lipid (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to give diacylglycerol (DG) and
      inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins1,4,5P3). These two second messengers mark the
      beginning of a highly versatile signalling system which may have a unique role in
      modulating neural activity. By mobilizing calcium from intracellular stores, Ins
      1,4,5P3 may regulate the calcium set-point thereby effecting both excitability
      and facilitation. The DG/C-kinase pathway, through its ability to modulate a
      variety of physiological processes, may regulate both transmitter release and
      excitability. Some of the changes in excitability seem to depend upon changes in
      potassium permeability. Receptor-stimulated inositol lipid hydrolysis may thus
      play a central role in neural function by modulating transmitter release through
      subtle alterations in excitability.

PMID- 2883978
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis.
AB  - We describe the initial course and followup of a 16-year-old white female patient
      who presented in 1983 with aortitis and rapidly progressive renal failure. Renal
      biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis. Segmental occlusions of the distal
      aorta and both common iliac arteries were demonstrated on aortography. Initially,
      her renal function and arterial occlusions markedly improved with pulse
      prednisolone therapy, but 34 months later, the glomerulonephritis and aortitis
      worsened. This case report, the first of its kind, documents both the association
      of Takayasu's arteritis with crescentic glomerulonephritis and a marked, though
      incomplete, response to pulse therapy.

PMID- 2883979
TI  - [Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of bamipine in rats. 2. Studies of the
      pharmacokinetics (1.)].
AB  - Biotransformation and Pharmacokinetics of Bamipine in Rats/2nd Communication:
      Pharmacokinetic studies (Part I). After oral application in Wistar rats the
      pharmacokinetic properties of N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4-amino-1-methylpiperidine
      (bamipine) were investigated. The compound is quantitatively absorbed. Bamipine
      distribution occurs in the whole organism. A transient accumulation was found in
      liver, kidney, spleen and lung. The compound's liquor patency was established.
      The elimination is mainly renal (85.81%), 13.23% are eliminated by feces. The
      total excretion after 96 h is more than 99%.

PMID- 2883980
TI  - Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple dose of tetrazepam in
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of tetrazepam (Myolastan, Musaril), were studied in 12
      healthy volunteers. Tetrazepam was given orally as a single dose of 50 mg and
      repeated administration for 5 consecutive days of 50 mg at 12-h intervals, in
      tablet form. Tetrazepam was measured in plasma using a selective and sensitive
      GLC method. Tetrazepam is rapidly absorbed after oral administration with a peak
      plasma level of 0.49 +/- 0.10 mg/l at 0.94 +/- 0.47 h. The drug is widely
      distributed in the organism with an apparent volume of distribution of 6.7 +/-
      2.1 l/kg. Tetrazepam is eliminated with a half-life of 22 +/- 4 h and can be
      classified as a benzodiazepine with medium half-life value. This medium half-life
      is the result of the high hepatic clearance of the drug in spite of its large
      distribution volume. Since in this study 6 male and 6 female volunteers were
      studied it was possible to compare the pharmacokinetic profile in the two groups.
      No significant differences were observed. No differences were observed between
      the pharmacokinetic values after a single dose or after repeated administration.

PMID- 2883981
TI  - Effect of etersalate on human platelet responsiveness. A study in healthy
      volunteers.
AB  - Ex vivo antiplatelet properties of 2-(p-acetamido-phenoxy)ethyl-o-acetoxybenzoate
      (etersalate, Daital) and its effects on serum thromboxane A2 (TXA2) levels and
      prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) generation were studied in human volunteers at two levels
      of oral dosing. Etersalate inhibited at the lower dosage platelet function and
      decreased TXA2 levels, but PGI2 generation from rat aortic rings was stimulated
      when incubated with plasma from etersalate-treated donors. Blood coagulation
      parameters remained within normal values. It is suggested that etersalate
      administration could act on platelet arachidonate metabolism at a different level
      than that of the cyclooxygenase pathway.

PMID- 2883983
TI  - Correlation between biological state markers of alcohol abuse and severity of
      alcohol dependence syndrome.
AB  - Data on the correlation between the degree of severity of the alcohol dependence
      syndrome, as evaluated through the Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD)
      questionnaire, and alterations of four biological state markers of alcohol abuse,
      namely gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT),
      glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (SGOT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), in a
      sample of 137 alcoholics, are presented. A significant increase in the proportion
      of altered GGT and SGOT results was found in those patients with higher scores in
      the SADD. The analysis of the correlation (Spearman coefficient) between the
      values of each biological test and the SADD scores showed only a significant,
      though low, positive correlation for SGOT (r = 0.29).

PMID- 2883982
TI  - Investigations into the neuropharmacological basis of temporal stages of memory
      formation in mice trained in an active avoidance task.
AB  - The memorial effects of glutamate, LaCl3, ouabain, or anisomycin injection around
      the time of active avoidance training in mice were assessed in this study. Based
      on the Gibbs and Ng hypothesis of memory formation in chicks (Biobehav. Rev., 1
      [1977] 113-136), it was predicted that these pharmacological agents would not
      only induce significant amnesia but, more specifically, short duration memory
      should be selectively impaired by glutamate and LaCl3, intermediate duration
      memory should be impaired by ouabain, and anisomycin should affect only long
      lasting memories. Results of the experiments described below indicate these drugs
      are potent inhibitors of memory formation in rodents. In addition, LaCl3-induced
      amnesia was fully prevented by CaCl2. However, the mechanism by which glutamate
      and ouabain affected memory may not be exactly as described by Gibbs and Ng:
      gamma-D-glutamylglycine and diphenylhydantoin did not completely prevent
      glutamate- and ouabain-induced amnesias, respectively. Finally, all amnestic
      agents induced amnesia that developed within minutes of training, and the time
      course of development of amnesia for each drug could not be distinguished from
      one another. These data are discussed in terms of their implications for the
      Gibbs and Ng model of memory formation.

PMID- 2883984
TI  - Oral sedation with temazepam: controlled comparison of a soft gelatin capsule
      formulation with intravenous diazepam.

PMID- 2883985
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blockade, alpha-stimulation and changes in plasma potassium
      concentration after suxamethonium administration in dogs.
AB  - A study involving 20 mongrel dogs tested the hypotheses that beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade or alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation may potentiate and prolong the
      increase in plasma potassium concentration after suxamethonium administration,
      and that the beta effect is beta 2-receptor mediated. Propranolol 0.5 mg kg-1
      altered the time to peak increase in plasma concentration of potassium after
      suxamethonium, but did not increase peak concentrations. In controls, the maximum
      change (0.83 mmol litre-1) occurred at 3 min, while in propranolol-treated dogs
      the peak change (0.96 mmol litre-1 occurred at 30 min. Similar results were
      obtained when metoprolol 0.25 mg kg-1 and ICI 118551 0.1 mg kg-1 were used,
      respectively, as selective beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor blockers. The
      increases in potassium concentration following suxamethonium in the metoprolol
      group (0.98 mmol litre-1) and the ICI 118551 group (0.82 mmol litre-1) reached
      maximum concentrations at 30 min compared with the controls (0.79 mmol litre-1)
      which achieved a maximum at 3 min. Phenylephrine was infused at 8 micrograms kg-1
      min-1 to produce alpha stimulation. The infusion alone altered plasma
      concentrations of potassium, but the haemodynamic changes were such that
      conclusions as to the effect of alpha-stimulation on release of potassium after
      suxamethonium could not be reached.

PMID- 2883986
TI  - Comparative neuromuscular blocking effects of vecuronium, pancuronium, Org 6368
      and suxamethonium in the anaesthetized domestic pig.
AB  - The neuromuscular blocking and cardiovascular effects of three competitive
      neuromuscular blocking drugs, vecuronium, pancuronium and Org 6368, and the
      depolarizing drug suxamethonium, have been evaluated in the anaesthetized
      domestic pig. Both the relative time-course and the order of potency of the drugs
      agreed well with published data in man. In addition, the cardiovascular side
      effects of pancuronium and Org 6368 were identified readily. These preliminary
      results suggest that the pig may provide more reliable neuromuscular blocking
      time-course data than does the more commonly utilized cat model.

PMID- 2883989
TI  - Beta blockers in pregnancy.

PMID- 2883987
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on heart rate and physiological tremor in
      diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. A comparative study of epanolol, atenolol
      and pindolol.
AB  - Eight diabetics with autonomic neuropathy were given single oral doses of
      epanolol (200 mg), atenolol (50 mg), pindolol (5 mg) and placebo in a double
      blind randomised order at weekly intervals. Supine resting heart rate,
      physiological tremor and blood glucose were measured before, 2 and 4 h after
      dosing, and ambulatory heart rate monitored for 24 h. Supine resting heart rate
      was significantly lowered by atenolol both at 2 and 4 h, and increased on
      pindolol at 4 h. Heart rate was unaffected by epanolol compared with placebo.
      Heart rate during the 'waking' period (14.00-23.00 h) was lower than placebo
      after epanolol and atenolol but unaffected by pindolol. During the 'sleeping'
      period (23.00 h-08.00 h) heart rate was significantly increased by pindolol,
      lowered with atenolol and unaffected on epanolol. Pindolol significantly
      increased physiological tremor at 4 h. No differences were seen between epanolol,
      atenolol and placebo. Plasma glucose was significantly increased by pindolol 2 h
      after dosing. These results suggest that pindolol probably produces its partial
      agonist activity at both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors, while the partial
      agonist activity of epanolol is beta 1-selective. Despite abnormal cardiovascular
      reflex tests in these diabetics, the heart rate responses obtained in this study
      after beta-adrenoceptor blockade were surprisingly normal, and suggest that the
      concept of 'cardiac denervation' in diabetes requires modification.

PMID- 2883988
TI  - The assessment in man of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity and
      cardioselectivity of H-I 42 BS, a long acting beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of the beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist H-I 42 BS were examined in healthy subjects. In an open dose ranging
      study, H-I 42 BS 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg were given as single oral doses to four
      subjects. H-I 42 BS 400 mg caused maximum reduction in exercise heart rate (20.4
      +/- 1.0%--mean +/- s.d.) at 4 h and still reduced exercise heart rate at 96 h
      (18.4 +/- 7.2%). Seven subjects received in double-blind, randomised order,
      single oral doses of H-I 42 BS 50, 100 and 200 mg, atenolol 50 and 100 mg and
      placebo. H-I 42 BS 400 mg was given in a single blind manner as the last dose of
      the study. Both H-I 42 BS and atenolol reduced supine and standing heart rate and
      systolic blood pressure (P less than 0.05) although atenolol had the more marked
      effect. The maximum percent reduction of exercise heart rate after H-I 42 BS 50
      mg was 10.9 +/- 7.1%, after 100 mg was 18.7 +/- 5.8%, after 200 mg was 20.6 +/-
      6.4% and after 400 mg was 21.9 +/- 8.2%. H-I 42 BS 400 mg still caused 11.0 +/-
      3.5% reduction at 168 h. Atenolol 50 mg caused maximum percent reduction of
      exercise heart rate of 26.0 +/- 6.0% but did not reduce exercise heart rate after
      24 h. The mean peak plasma concentrations for all doses of H-I 42 BS occurred at
      5.1 +/- 1.5 h. The plasma elimination half-life was 47.6 +/- 8.1 h. There was a
      linear correlation between the dose and AUC0-infinity (r = 0.97). The
      cardioselectivity of H-I 42 BS and atenolol was compared. Six subjects received
      in double-blind random order H-I 42 BS 100 and 400 mg, atenolol 50 mg and
      placebo. After each dose, graded infusions of isoprenaline were given until the
      heart rate increased by 50 beats min-1. Dose-response curves for heart rate,
      diastolic blood pressure, forearm blood flow and finger tremor were constructed.
      There was no difference in the dose-response curves for forearm blood flow or
      finger tremor after H-I 42 BS 400 mg or atenolol 50 mg. Atenolol 50 mg caused
      more attenuation (P less than 0.01) of the diastolic blood pressure response.
      These results indicate that H-I 42 BS is a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist with a long duration of action in man.

PMID- 2883990
TI  - Levobunolol and metipranolol: comparative ocular hypotensive efficacy, safety,
      and comfort.
AB  - Topical levobunolol 0.5% was compared with topical metipranolol 0.6% for
      efficacy, safety, and comfort in 46 patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular
      hypertension. The study was of parallel design, randomised, double-masked, and of
      three months' duration. After a washout interval the study medications were
      instilled twice daily in both eyes. The overall mean decrease in intraocular
      pressure (IOP) was approximately 7 mmHg in both groups. More than 90% of patients
      in both groups successfully completed the study. Both agents caused slight
      decreases in heart rate and blood pressure. More complaints of burning and
      stinging were reported in the metipranolol group than in the levobunolol group.
      This three-month, 46-patient study showed levobunolol 0.5% and metipranolol 0.6%
      to be similarly effective ocular hypotensive agents.

PMID- 2883991
TI  - Inhibition of yeast mitochondrial F1-ATPase, F0F1-ATPase and submitochondrial
      particles by rhodamines and ethidium bromide.
AB  - ATP hydrolysis by F1-ATPase is strongly inhibited by cationic rhodamines; neutral
      rhodamines are very poor inhibitors. Rhodamine 6G is a noncompetitive inhibitor
      of purified F0F1-ATPase and submitochondrial particles, however, an uncompetitive
      inhibitor of F1-ATPase (KI approximately equal to 2.4 microM for all three enzyme
      forms). Ethidium bromide is a noncompetitive inhibitor of F0F1-ATPase,
      submitochondrial particles and also F1-ATPase (KI approximately equal to 270
      microM). Neither of the inhibitors affects the negative cooperativity (nH
      approximately equal to 0.7). The non-identical binding sites for rhodamine 6G and
      ethidium bromide are located on the F1-moiety and are topologically distinct from
      the catalytic site. Binding of the inhibitors prevents the conformational changes
      essential for energy transduction. It is concluded that the inhibitor binding
      sites are involved in proton translocation. In F1-ATPase, binding of MgATP at a
      catalytic site causes conformational changes, which allosterically induce the
      correct structure of the rhodamine 6G binding site. In F0F1-ATPase, this
      conformation of the F1-moiety exists a priori, due to allosteric interactions
      with F0-subunits. The binding site for ethidium bromide on F1-ATPase does not
      require substrate binding at the catalytic site and is not affected by F0F1
      subunit interactions.

PMID- 2883992
TI  - Electron-microscopic studies on location of SH-groups in mitochondrial F1-ATPase
      using a ferritin label.
AB  - A new approach has been suggested for electron-microscopic study of the structure
      of mitochondrial F1-ATPase based on ferritin labeling. By means of sequential
      treatment with 2-iminothiolane and Nbs2 we obtained a modified ferritin
      (NbsSPrCNH-Ft) able to react with SH-groups of proteins and to form conjugates in
      which the protein and ferritin are bound by disulfide bonds. An electron
      microscopic investigation of the negatively stained preparations of mitochondrial
      F1-ATPase, preincubated with modified ferritin, revealed such enzyme-ferritin
      conjugates. In case of modified ferritin, containing 360 mol SH-groups per mol
      protein, and F1-ATPase, pretreated with N-ethylmaleimide and then with
      dithiothreitol, conjugates were obtained in which ferritin molecules are bound to
      several (as many as four) of the six protein masses, comprising a bilayer
      molecule of the enzyme. Taking into consideration the biochemical data on the
      location of accessible SH-groups (only in alpha, gamma or epsilon subunits), it
      is inferred from the results obtained that one of the protein masses is a complex
      between beta subunit and at least one of the minor subunits located partially on
      the molecule's external side. This indicates the nonequivalence of different
      copies of the major subunits. Averaged images of the particles of the F1-F0
      complex from bovine heart mitochondria and bacteria Micrococcus lysodeicticus
      were obtained. It was found that F0 component is bound to two adjacent protein
      masses of the F1-ATPase molecule. It is suggested that this binding may be due
      the nonequivalency of single-type major subunits.

PMID- 2883993
TI  - Novel approaches towards characterization of the high-affinity nucleotide binding
      sites on mitochondrial F1-ATPase by the fluorescence probes 3'-O-(1
      naphthoyl)adenosine di- and triphosphate.
AB  - The fluorescence properties of 3'-O-(1-naphthoyl)adenosine di- and triphosphates
      (termed N-ADP and N-ATP, respectively) were investigated in detail. Of special
      importance for the use of these analogues as environmental probes is their high
      quantum yield (0.58 in water) and the polarity dependence of shape and wavelength
      position of the emission spectrum. Upon binding of N-ADP and N-ATP to
      mitochondrial F1-ATPase, the fluorescence intensity is markedly decreased, due to
      polarity changes and 'ground-state' quenching. Using this signal for equilibrium
      binding studies, three (at least a priori) equivalent nucleotide-binding sites
      were detected on the enzyme. The perspective intrinsic dissociation constants are
      as follows: N-ADP/Mg2+ 120 nM; N-ATP/Mg2+ 160 nM; N-ADP/EDTA 560 nM; N-ATP/EDTA
      3500 nM. For bound ligand the environment was found to be rather unipolar; the
      rotational mobility of the fluorophore is restricted, its accessibility for
      iodide anions (as a quencher) is hindered. These facts show a location of the
      binding sites quite deeply embedded in the protein. The conformation of the
      binding domains is strongly dependent on the absence or presence of Mg2+, as can
      be seen from the relative efficiencies of the singlet-singlet energy transfer
      from tyrosine residues in the protein to bound naphthoyl moieties. Investigation
      of the binding kinetics revealed this process as biphasic (in presence of Mg2+).
      After the first fast step (kon greater than 1 X 10(6) M-1 X s-1), in which the
      analogue is bound to the enzyme, a slow local conformational rearrangement
      occurs.

PMID- 2883994
TI  - Electrochemical potential and ion transport in vesicles of yeast plasma membrane.
AB  - Vesicles from yeast plasma membrane were prepared according to Franzusoff and
      Cirillo [1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3608), with slight modifications. When Mg-ATP
      was added, this preparation was able to generate a membrane potential, that was
      sensitive to inhibitors of the yeast H+-ATPase and uncouplers, and could be
      decreased by the addition of permeant anions, as measured by the fluorescence
      changes of the dye oxonol V. The addition of ATP could also generate a pH
      gradient, detectable by the fluorescence changes of the monitor
      aminochloromethoxyacridine. This gradient was sensitive to inhibitors of ATPase
      and uncouplers, and could be increased by the addition of permeant anions to the
      incubation mixture. When the vesicles were loaded with KCl, an increased rate of
      K+ efflux was produced upon the addition of ATP. Cytochrome oxidase from bovine
      heart could be reconstituted into the vesicles and was shown to generate a
      membrane potential difference, negative inside, evidenced by the fluorescence
      quenching of the cyanide dipropylthiacarbocyanine and the uptake of
      tetraphenylphosphonium. Besides, in these vesicles, K+ and Rb+, but not Na+ or
      NH+4 could decrease the quenching of fluorescence and the uptake of
      tetraphenylphosphonium produced when the electron-donor system was present. In
      the vesicles in which cytochrome oxidase was incorporated, upon the addition of
      cytochrome c and ascorbate, the uptake of 86Rb+ could be demonstrated also. This
      uptake was found to be saturable and inhibited by K+, and to a lesser degree by
      Na+. The results obtained indicate that these vesicles are reasonably sealed and
      capable of generating and maintaining a membrane potential. The membrane
      potential could be used to drive ions across the membrane of the vesicles,
      indicating the presence and functionality of the monovalent cation carrier. The
      vesicles, in general terms seem to be suitable for studying transport of ions and
      metabolites in yeast.

PMID- 2883995
TI  - [The species composition of phytoplankton and its consumption at breeding sites
      for blood-sucking mosquitoes].
AB  - The phytoplankton specific composition and the character of its consumption by
      larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes have been determined. Blue-green (5 species),
      green (13 species), Euglenophyta (12 species) and diatoms (38 species) algae have
      been found in the breeding places of Culicidae. The diatoms prevailed in the food
      of larvae. Trophic specialization to the definite food components have not been
      found in larvae. Their intestines contained detritus, zooplankton and other
      components besides phytoplankton.

PMID- 2883996
TI  - Testicular modulation of luteinizing hormone response to gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH)-agonist treatment.
AB  - We and others have observed that the response of serum luteinizing hormone (LH)
      and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to chronic gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      agonist (GnRH-A) treatment is substantially different in normal compared to
      hypogonadal males. These data suggested that products of the testes determine the
      gonadotropin response to GnRH-A. The present studies were designed to determine
      whether this effect is mediated by products of the interstitial (steroids) or the
      tubular compartment. To create experimental states with selective impairment of
      interstitial, tubular, or both compartments, 100 male sexually mature Wistar rats
      were divided into five groups: I, intact; II, castrated; III, castrated with 20
      mm testosterone (T) implants; IV, bilaterally cryptorchid; and V, ketoconazole
      treated animals. Cryptorchid animals have been shown to have impairment of
      tubular function while ketoconazole inhibits T biosynthesis. Each of the 5 groups
      was divided into 2 subgroups to receive daily injections of either saline or 1
      microgram of a potent GnRH agonist, D-leu6 des-Gly10 GnRH N-ethylamide, for 4 wk.
      Unlike the intact animals, which showed an elevation of basal serum LH
      concentration after 4 wk of GnRH-A treatment, the castrated animals showed
      significant suppression below baseline. Animals with preferential impairment of
      tubular function (cryptorchid and castrated + T) also showed significant
      suppression of LH after GnRH-A treatment. However, the ketoconazole-treated
      animals (with inhibition of T biosynthesis and intact tubular function), behaved
      similarly to intact animals and demonstrated an elevation of LH after GnRH-A
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2883997
TI  - Induction of mouse oocyte maturation in vivo by perturbants of purine metabolism.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested a critical role for purines in the maintenance of
      mouse oocytes in meiotic arrest. If so, then disrupting specific purine metabolic
      pathways in vivo might induce the resumption of oocyte maturation. To test this
      hypothesis, immature mice were primed with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and
      24 h later received, by i.p. injection, one of several drugs that inhibit
      specific enzymes in the purine metabolic pathways. Cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes
      were isolated from the ovaries at varying times after drug treatment and assessed
      for germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). The inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
      inhibitors, mycophenolic acid (MA) and bredinin (Br), each induced GVBD in a dose
      dependent fashion, Br being the more effective agent. When the kinetics of oocyte
      maturation were examined, 71% of the oocytes from MA-treated mice had undergone
      GVBD 21-22 h after drug administration. Moreover, 100% GVBD was observed in
      oocytes from Br-treated mice after 6 h. The action of these drugs appeared to be
      a direct one and not mediated through stimulation of pituitary gonadotropin
      release or atresia. Azaserine, an inhibitor of de novo purine synthesis, also
      induced GVBD in a dose-dependent manner. However, sodium hadacidin and dl
      alanosine, inhibitors of adenylosuccinate synthetase, failed to elicit a
      maturational response in oocytes in vivo. These data support an essential role
      for guanyl and/or xanthyl derivatives in the maintenance of meiotic arrest in
      vivo.

PMID- 2883998
TI  - Transcriptional induction of cellular gene expression during lytic infection with
      herpes simplex virus.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus Type 2 causes a severe repression of host cell biosynthesis
      at a number of levels. We show that despite this, non-viral cDNA clones derived
      from cellular RNA species which accumulate to high levels after infection can be
      isolated using differential screening techniques. By using nuclear run-off
      assays, we have shown that this RNA accumulation is mediated by transcriptional
      induction of the corresponding cellular genes.

PMID- 2883999
TI  - Effect of ligation of common bile duct on somatostatin levels and binding in
      cytosol of rabbit duodenal mucosa.
AB  - Rabbits with ligation of the common bile duct, of one and three weeks duration,
      showed a significant increase of somatostatin content in duodenal mucosa and
      plasma as compared with control animals. The increase of mucosal somatostatin was
      associated with a decrease in the binding capacity of both high- and low-affinity
      binding sites without changes in the affinity values in cytosol of duodenal
      mucosa. These findings suggest that the number of somatostatin binding sites is
      inversely related to local levels of the peptide and support the hypothesis of
      somatostatin regulating its own binding sites.

PMID- 2884000
TI  - Transfusion-associated AIDS: donor-recipient human immunodeficiency virus
      exhibits genetic heterogeneity.
AB  - The genetic diversity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolated from
      transfusion-associated AIDS patients has been examined. Restriction enzyme
      mapping studies of integrated proviral DNA of donor and recipient origin
      demonstrated genomic variation between isolates. Analysis of the molecularly
      cloned viral genomes of one donor-recipient pair showed that virus from the
      recipient had restriction enzyme site differences from the donor, noticeably
      clustered in the env and orf-2 regions, and also had a greater number of
      restriction sites in common with the donor as well. These results suggest that
      HIV may undergo genomic variation in vivo. Comparison of donor-recipient viruses
      may further the understanding of the molecular basis for AIDS pathogenesis.

PMID- 2884001
TI  - Studies of the antigenic activity of Entamoeba histolytica extracts.

PMID- 2884002
TI  - Benzodiazepine abuse.
AB  - Benzodiazepine abuse is indicated by excessive and long-term consumption,
      particularly by the elderly. Side-effects associated with long-term use are
      reviewed with special reference to the problem of dependence. Factors predictive
      of such dependence are examined and procedures for its management are described.

PMID- 2884003
TI  - Glutamate-evoked release of endogenous brain dopamine: inhibition by an
      excitatory amino acid antagonist and an enkephalin analogue.
AB  - The present study examined the effect of a selective delta-opioid receptor
      agonist [D-Ala2-D-Leu5] enkephalin (DADL) on the spontaneous and the L-glutamic
      acid (L-Glu)-evoked release of endogenous dopamine from superfused slices of rat
      caudate-putamen. The amount of dopamine in slice superfusates was measured by a
      sensitive method employing high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection (h.p.l.c.-e.d.) after a two-step separation procedure.
      The spontaneous release of endogenous dopamine was partially dependent on Ca2+,
      enhanced in Mg2+-free superfusion medium, partially reduced by tetrodotoxin (TTX,
      0.3 microM), partially reduced by the putative excitatory amino acid receptor
      antagonist DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (DL-APH, 1 mM), and increased 10
      fold by the dopamine uptake blocker, nomifensine (10 microM). DADL (5 and 50 nM)
      did not significantly affect spontaneous dopamine release. L-Glu (0.1-10 mM)
      produced a concentration-dependent release of endogenous dopamine from slices of
      caudate-putamen. This effect was Ca2+-dependent, strongly inhibited by 1.2 mM
      Mg2+, attenuated by DL-APH (1 mM), attenuated by TTX (0.3 microM), and enhanced
      by nomifensine (10 microM). In the presence of nomifensine DADL (50 nM) reduced
      significantly the L-Glu-evoked release of endogenous dopamine by 20%. The
      inhibitory effect of DADL was blocked by 10 microM naloxone. These results
      indicate that L-Glu stimulates the Ca2+-dependent release of endogenous dopamine
      in the caudate-putamen by activation of N-methy-D-aspartate-type of excitatory
      amino acid receptors. This release can be selectively modified by the delta
      opioid agonist DADL in a naloxone-sensitive manner.

PMID- 2884004
TI  - Four motor effects of capsaicin on guinea-pig distal colon.
AB  - The motor effects of capsaicin on the guinea-pig distal colon have been
      investigated in vivo and in vitro. Capsaicin (0.1-10 micrograms kg-1 i.v.)
      produced a transient relaxation which was reduced by pretreatment with capsaicin
      itself, atropine, hexamethonium, phentolamine or guanethidine and almost
      abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX). Topically applied capsaicin produced a transient
      inhibition of tone and spontaneous activity prevented by topically applied TTX.
      In isolated preparations of distal colon, capsaicin produced a transient, TTX-
      and atropine-sensitive contraction which was followed by a depression of the
      contractile activity. The depressant effect was unaffected by atropine plus
      guanethidine but was greatly reduced by TTX, indicating activation of intramural
      non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) mechanisms. The depressant effect on the
      first exposure to capsaicin (1 microM) was greater than that produced by a
      second, third or fourth exposure. In preparations excised from capsaicin
      pretreated animals, capsaicin (1 microM) only produced an inhibitory effect on
      spontaneous contractions. Desensitization did not occur to this inhibitory
      effect. In preparations pre-exposed to capsaicin (1 microM, 1 h before),
      capsaicin (1-30 microM) produced a concentration-related inhibition of
      spontaneous contractions (IC50 = 19 microM) and of the high K+-induced tonic
      contraction (IC50 = 23 microM). A similar effect on spontaneous motility was
      produced by capsaicin in colonic segments excised from capsaicin-pretreated
      guinea-pigs (IC50 = 16 microM) or guinea-pigs treated with TTX (IC50 = 20
      microM). It is concluded that, in vivo, capsaicin activates inhibitory reflexes,
      presumably due to stimulation of primary afferent fibres. This effect involves,
      at least in part, activation of sympathetic nerves to this organ. The contractile
      effect of capsaicin on the isolated colon involves activation of intramural
      cholinergic neurones, whereas the TTX-sensitive component of the inhibitory
      effect involves either release of an inhibitory transmitter through an axon
      reflex arrangement or activation of NANC neurones. In addition, at high
      concentrations capsaicin produces a direct depression of smooth muscle
      contraction.

PMID- 2884005
TI  - Tyr-MIF-1 attenuates antinociceptive responses induced by three models of stress
      analgesia.
AB  - Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), a biologically active brain peptide, has
      previously been shown to antagonize the analgesia induced by morphine. In this
      report experiments are described in which mice were tested on the hot-plate in
      three models of antinociception - shock, novel environment, and warm-water swim -
      after the administration of various doses of Tyr-MIF-1 without any exogenous
      opiates. The peptide reduced the antinociception produced by all three methods of
      inducing endogenous antinociception. These results add further support for the
      existence of peptides like Tyr-MIF-1 that act as opiate antagonists.

PMID- 2884007
TI  - Inhibitory responses to nicotine and transmural stimulation in hyoscine-treated
      guinea-pig isolated trachealis: an electrical and mechanical study.
AB  - Guinea-pig isolated trachealis muscle treated with hyoscine (1 microM) exhibited
      mechanical tone which could be suppressed by transmural stimulation and, in a
      concentration-dependent manner, by nicotine (10-1000 microM). Hexamethonium (500
      microM) did not itself cause tone changes, antagonized effects of nicotine but
      did not antagonize those of isoprenaline. Tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) did not
      itself cause tone changes, did not modify the action of isoprenaline but
      antagonized the effects of nicotine and very markedly reduced responses to
      transmural electrical stimulation. Guanethidine (50 microM) did not itself cause
      tone changes, potentiated the action of isoprenaline, antagonized effects of
      nicotine and reduced responses to transmural electrical stimulation. Propranolol
      (1 microM) did not itself cause tone changes, antagonized effects of both
      isoprenaline and nicotine and reduced responses to transmural electrical
      stimulation. Propranolol (10 microM) caused greater antagonism of isoprenaline
      but did not further antagonize nicotine or further reduce responses to electrical
      stimulation. Intracellular electrophysiological recording from hyoscine-treated
      trachealis showed that 10 microM nicotine caused little or no mechanical or
      electrical change. Higher concentrations (100 microM and 1 mM) evoked relaxation
      which was often though not invariably accompanied by transient hyperpolarization
      and transient inhibition of electrical slow waves in the impaled cell.
      Hexamethonium (500 microM), tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM), guanethidine (50 microM)
      and propranolol (1 microM) each suppressed the electrical or mechanical changes
      evoked by nicotine (100 microM). However, nicotine (1 mM) tested in the presence
      of propranolol (1 microM), caused relaxation which could be accompanied by slow
      wave suppression but not by change in resting membrane potential. Transmural
      stimulation of hyoscine-treated trachea with single pulses of supramaximal
      voltage and 0.5 ms duration evoked neither relaxation nor membrane potential
      changes. Stimulation with similar pulses in trains of 5 s duration evoked
      relaxation which was dependent on pulse frequency. In many cells this relaxation
      was not accompanied by membrane potential change. In other cells suppression of
      slow waves occurred. At high pulse frequencies (greater than 16 Hz) this was
      generally accompanied by membrane hyperpolarization. In tissue treated with
      hyoscine and propranolol (both 1 microM), transmural stimulation with pulse
      trains as described above always evoked relaxation but no membrane potential
      changes were observed. 10 It is concluded that nicotine and transmural
      stimulation can excite intramural noradrenergic nerves in guinea-pig trachea and
      thereby evoke relaxation. The membrane potential changes (slow wave suppression
      and hyperpolarization) are similar to those evoked by the administration of
      agonists at beta-adrenoceptors. Nicotine and transmural stimulation also excite
      non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory (NANCI) nerves. The relaxation evoked
      by the NANCI neurotransmitter is accompanied by little, if any, membrane
      potential change.

PMID- 2884006
TI  - Evidence that locus coeruleus is the site where clonidine and drugs acting at
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors affect sleep and arousal mechanisms.
AB  - The behavioural and electrocortical (ECoG) effects of clonidine were studied
      after microinjection into the third cerebral ventricle, or microinfusion into
      some specific areas of the rat brain rich in noradrenaline-containing cell bodies
      (locus coeruleus) or into areas receiving noradrenergic terminals (dorsal
      hippocampus, amygdaloid complex, thalamus, frontal and sensimotor cortex). The
      ECoG effects were continuously analysed and quantified by means of a Berg-Fourier
      analyser as total power and as power in preselected bands of frequency. Clonidine
      (9.4 to 75 nmol) given into the third cerebral ventricle produced behavioural
      sedation and sleep and a dose-dependent increase in ECoG total voltage power as
      well as in the lower frequency bands. Much lower doses were required to produce
      similar behavioural and ECoG spectrum power effects after either unilateral or
      bilateral microinfusion of clonidine into the locus coeruleus. Doses of clonidine
      equimolar to those given into the third cerebral ventricle, were almost
      ineffective in inducing behavioural and ECoG sleep after their microinfusion into
      the dorsal hippocampus. In addition, a dose (0.56 nmol) of clonidine which, given
      into the locus coeruleus, produced marked behavioural sleep and ECoG
      synchronization, lacked effects when given into the ventral or anterior thalamus,
      into the amygdaloid complex or onto the frontal and sensimotor cortex. The
      behavioural and ECoG spectrum power effects of clonidine given into the third
      cerebral ventricle or into the locus coeruleus were prevented by antagonists of
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors but not by alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists.
      Intraventricular microinjection, or microinfusion into the locus coeruleus, of
      yohimbine, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, produced behavioural
      arousal, increase in locomotor and exploratory activity, tachypnoea and ECoG
      desynchronization with a significant reduction in total voltage power. Similar
      stimulatory effects were also observed after microinjection of phentolamine into
      the same sites. No significant effects on behaviour and ECoG activity were evoked
      after intraventricular injection or microinfusion into the locus coeruleus of
      prazosin or methoxamine.

PMID- 2884008
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced hypothermia in mice: lack of evidence for a central
      mechanism.
AB  - The present study investigated the ability of neuroleptic drugs to induce
      hypothermia in mice when they were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) or
      intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). Twelve neuroleptics belonging to five
      chemical classes including phenothiazines, butyrophenones, benzamides,
      thioxanthenes and diphenylbutylpiperidines were injected i.p. All of them, except
      benzamides, induced a dose-dependent decrease in rectal temperature. Neuroleptics
      were administered i.c.v. via cannulae previously implanted in mice to determine
      whether this response might have a central origin. None of the drugs tested
      induced hypothermia at doses which did not produce toxic effects. These negative
      results suggest that neuroleptics act to elicit hypothermia via a peripheral,
      rather than a central mechanism. Since some neuroleptics possess alpha
      adrenolytic properties which could induce hypothermia by promoting
      vasodilatation, we attempted to antagonize the hypothermia produced by peripheral
      administration of two neuroleptics with phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenoceptor
      agonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier. The hypothermia induced by
      both chlorpromazine and haloperidol was attenuated by phenylephrine, supporting
      the view that peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors may mediate neuroleptic-induced
      hypothermia.

PMID- 2884010
TI  - Acetylation, sulphasalazine and its effects.

PMID- 2884009
TI  - Alteration of thiol and superoxide dismutase status in rheumatoid arthritis
      treated with sulphasalazine.
AB  - Intracellular thiols (LSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and plasma thiols (PSH)
      are thought to have an important role in the protection of tissues from damage by
      oxygen-derived free radicals. The change in the levels of activity of these
      substances in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis treated with
      sulphasalazine for 6 months was assessed in 22 patients. Over this time there was
      a marked improvement in disease activity. This was accompanied by an early
      increase in red cell LSH and decrease in SOD, although by 6 months these changes
      had completely reversed. In addition the negative correlation between these
      indices at week 0 had disappeared by week 6. Over the 6 months there was a steady
      rise in PSH. The change in PSH is slow and is thus more likely to reflect a
      change in the disease process rather than an active role for the thiol, but the
      early changes in intracellular parameters may be of importance in the action of
      this drug. These changes are similar to changes found with other second-line
      drugs. It is also of interest that a drug which does not itself possess a thiol
      group is capable of altering the thiol status of cells.

PMID- 2884011
TI  - The regulation of cholecystokinin release from rat caudatoputamen in vitro.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the rat
      caudatoputamen (cp). CCK perikarya innervating cp are thought to originate in
      neurons in the claustrum/piriform cortex area of the amygdala. Previous studies
      on the release of CCK from cp have focused on the influence of dopamine agonists.
      The present study has examined the influence of other neuroactive substances on
      the release of CCK. The release of CCK from rat cp slices in vitro stimulated by
      potassium was quantitated with a specific CCK radioimmunoassay. This potassium
      stimulated release of CCK was Ca2+-dependent. Maximal stimulation of CCK release
      was observed at 55 mM potassium. Several lines of evidence indicate that the
      release of CCK from cp is inhibited by some other substance (or substances)
      released by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism from cp along with CCK. Release media from
      cerebral cortex or cp (called 'conditioned media' or CM) inhibits the release of
      CCK from fresh slices of cp but not from cerebral cortex. The release of dopamine
      from cp is unaffected by CM from cortex or cp. The identity of the substance in
      CM which inhibits CCK release from cp is still under investigation, though it
      appears not to be CCK, dopamine, acetylcholine, somatostatin, leucine enkephalin
      or gamma-aminobutyric acid.

PMID- 2884012
TI  - Neuroleptics decrease calcium-activated potassium conductance in hippocampal
      pyramidal cells.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from pyramidal CA1-neurones of the hippocampal
      slice preparation. Bath application of a wide variety of neuroleptics was found
      to depress the slow afterhyperpolarization, which is mediated in these neurons by
      a calcium-dependent potassium conductance occurring following a burst of spikes.
      The depression of this conductance took place in the presence of calcium spikes
      of normal amplitude and duration, and except in the case of trifluoperazine,
      without alteration in resting membrane potential or input resistance.

PMID- 2884014
TI  - Activation of periaqueductal grey pools of beta-endorphin by analgetic electrical
      stimulation in freely moving rats.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the ventral midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) elicited
      an antinociception (analgesia) in freely moving rats. Stimulated animals
      displayed a pronounced decrease in levels of immunoreactive (ir)-beta-endorphin
      (beta-EP) in the midbrain PAG. This depletion was selective in that: animals
      placed in the chamber and not stimulated revealed neither an analgesia nor an
      alteration in levels of ir-beta-EP. No change in levels of ir-beta-EP was
      detectable in other brain regions. Both stimulated rats and rats placed in the
      chamber and not stimulated revealed a rise in circulating ir-beta-EP: the
      magnitude of this rise did not, however, differ between these groups. Levels of
      ir-Met-enkephalin, ir-Leu-enkephalin and ir-dynorphin A were modified neither in
      the PAG nor in other CNS tissues. The data demonstrate that electrical
      stimulation of the midbrain PAG selectively influences (presumably activates)
      pools of beta-EP therein. Together with our finding that destruction of PAG
      localized beta-EP neurones to block stimulation-analgesia, the data suggest that
      an activation of intrinsic pools of beta-EP underlies stimulation-produced
      analgesia elicited from the PAG in the rat.

PMID- 2884013
TI  - Cytoplasmic calcium elevation in hippocampal granule cell induced by perforant
      path stimulation and L-glutamate application.
AB  - Calcium-dependent fluorescence of a Ca2+ indicator (fura-2) loaded in the slice
      of guinea pig hippocampus was measured by a microscope/video-camera/photometry
      system. Tetanic stimulation of the perforant path (PP) or application of L
      glutamate caused increment of the fluorescence from the dendritic and somatic
      layers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus. Magnitude of the increment
      depended on the frequency and intensity of the PP-stimulation or on the dose of L
      glutamate. 2-Aminophosphonovaleric acid, a glutamate-receptor antagonist,
      suppressed both PP-stimulus-induced and L-glutamate-evoked responses, while
      tetrodotoxin blocked the former only. Thus the fluorescence increment should
      represent an elevation of Ca2+ concentration in the postsynaptic cytoplasm of the
      granule cells.

PMID- 2884015
TI  - Long-term hyperalgesia induced by neonatal beta-endorphin and morphiceptin is
      blocked by neonatal Tyr-MIF-1.
AB  - Male rats were injected s.c. once daily during the first week of life with beta
      endorphin (BE), morphiceptin, the antiopiate Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), or
      one of the two opiate peptides in combination Tyr-MIF-1. Pups treated with
      neonatal BE removed their tails from a series of increasingly hot water baths
      significantly faster than controls on day 9, confirming our earlier studies. In
      addition, we found that Tyr-MIF-1 blocked this effect of BE. At 4.5 months,
      latency to lick a hindpaw in the hot-plate test was significantly faster in
      groups given BE alone, morphiceptin alone, or the control vehicle than in any of
      the 3 groups given Tyr-MIF-1. At 6 months the two groups given opiate peptides
      alone showed faster tail-flick latencies than the controls and the groups given
      Tyr-MIF-1. These results indicated that the long-term nociceptive changes induced
      by the opiate peptides were opposite to those induced by Tyr-MIF-1. Mean tail
      flick latencies of the groups on day 9 correlated well with hot-plate and tail
      flick scores in adulthood, indicating that the effects of the peptides were
      persistent. The neonatal peptide treatments did not differentially affect the
      analgesia induced by the stress of footshock or warm-water swim. Rats given
      either of the opiate peptides alone tended to fall off a rotorod faster than
      those in the other groups. These results support the role of Tyr-MIF-1 as an
      antiopiate and further illustrate the long-term effects of neonatally
      administered peptides.

PMID- 2884017
TI  - An aspect of the organizational principle of the gamma-aminobutyric acidergic
      system in the cerebral cortex.
AB  - The possibility of the colocalization of a Ca2+-binding protein, parvalbumin
      (PV), with peptides, cholecystokinin (CCK) and somatostatin (SS), all of which
      are known to be contained gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in the cerebral
      cortex, was tested in the rat visual cortex by means of immunohistochemistry
      using the adjacent section technique. No PV immunoreactive (PV-I) neurons showed
      CCK-like immunoreactivity, and almost none (932 out of 934 PV-I neurons examined)
      showed SS-like immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that the GABAergic
      system of the cerebral cortex may consist of some distinct subsystems with
      different chemical and presumably physiological characteristics.

PMID- 2884016
TI  - Neurons in the paraventricular nucleus projecting to the median eminence: a study
      of their afferent connections from peripheral baroreceptors, and from the A1
      catecholaminergic area in the ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - In male rats anesthetized with urethane-chloralose, extracellular recordings were
      made from tuberoinfundibular (TI) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
      identified by antidromic stimulation of the median eminence. Activation of
      baroreceptors induced by intravenous administration of phenylephrine inhibited
      approximately two-thirds of the 32 TI-neurons tested. Electrical stimulation of
      the A1-catecholaminergic area in the ventrolateral medulla produced an excitation
      in one half of the 28 neurons. Microinjection of L-glutamate (40 nl of 0.5 M
      solution of pH 7.4-7.6) to the same A1-area evoked an excitation in 7 out of 8 TI
      neurons tested. The results show that some TI-neurons in the PVN receive
      inhibitory synaptic inputs from the baroreceptors and excitatory inputs from
      neurons in the A1-catecholaminergic area.

PMID- 2884018
TI  - Increase in the stimulation-induced overflow of glutamate by fluoroacetate, a
      selective inhibitor of the glial tricarboxylic cycle.
AB  - Fluoroacetate is known to be taken up selectively by glia, where after forming
      fluorocitrate, it inhibits the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Since uptake into glia
      has a major role in the inactivation of synaptically released glutamate, the
      effect of fluoroacetate on the overflow of glutamate evoked by electrical field
      stimulation in slices of rat hippocampus was investigated. In agreement with
      previous reports, 1 mM fluoroacetate reduced the release and content of
      glutamine, but increased only slightly the overflow of glutamate induced by
      stimulation. If, however, 0.5 mM glutamine was added to the superfusion fluid,
      fluoroacetate nearly tripled the overflow of glutamate evoked by electrical field
      stimulation. The large glutamate overflow due to field stimulation in the
      presence of fluoroacetate was fully Ca2+ -dependent. Results confirm the major
      role of glia in the inactivation of glutamate. The absence of such an uptake may
      contribute to the in vivo convulsive effect of fluoroacetate.

PMID- 2884019
TI  - Immunohistochemical visualization of glutamate- and aspartate-containing nerve
      terminal pools in the rat limbic structures.
AB  - Antisera raised against glutamate or aspartate bound to bovine serum albumin were
      purified by affinity chromatography, and their specificities were verified by
      immunoblotting and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical
      investigation using materials perfusion-fixed after long flushing demonstrated
      distinct laminar terminals with glutamate- or aspartate-like immunoreactivity
      throughout the limbic structures. This technique may offer a valuable tool for
      revealing the distribution of glutamatergic or aspartatergic nerve terminals.

PMID- 2884020
TI  - Effects of reduced magnesium on hippocampal synchrony.
AB  - Spontaneous, synchronous burst discharges originating in the CA2-CA3 region of
      guinea pig hippocampal slices occur when the concentration of magnesium in the
      perfusate is reduced below 250 microM. The burst frequency is greater than that
      seen with other convulsants and afterdischarge is common. Cyclic periods of
      bursting resembling ictal discharges occur spontaneously in some slices and with
      repetitive stimulation (0.5-2 Hz) in most slices. The spontaneous bursts are
      blocked by 2-APV suggesting the involvement of NMDA receptors in their
      generation.

PMID- 2884022
TI  - Is taurine a hypothalamic neurotransmitter?: A model of the differential uptake
      and compartmentalization of taurine by neuronal and glial cell particles from the
      rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Although taurine has been postulated to be a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator
      in the mammalian CNS, little is known concerning its role in brain function.
      Evidence suggesting that taurine may influence endocrine and homeostatic
      mechanisms via the hypothalamus resulted in our investigations into its function
      in this brain region. The main objectives of the research were to characterize
      the specific binding, uptake, and release of taurine in the hypothalamus. A
      specific aim was to examine the proposed neurotransmitter role for taurine in the
      hypothalamus. This was accomplished by comparing the characteristics and
      properties of the binding, uptake, and release of taurine with those for the
      classical neurotransmitters which satisfy the criteria for a neurotransmitter. On
      such a comparative basis, the characteristics of taurine uptake satisfy the
      neurotransmitter criterion of inactivation of taurine in the hypothalamus.
      However, the observed characteristics of taurine binding and release in the
      hypothalamus do not satisfy the respective neurotransmitter criteria of specific
      receptors and Ca2+-dependent evoked release. Therefore, solely on the basis of
      the experimental observations reported herein, we must conclude that taurine
      apparently does not function as a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. Two
      uptake systems were found in the P2 fraction, a high affinity uptake system and a
      low affinity uptake system. Uptake systems for taurine have previously been
      reported in glial and nerve cell homogenates, and therefore, because of the known
      contamination of crude synaptosomal preparations with glial particles, we sought
      to determine the cellular origin of the two taurine uptake systems in our crude
      preparation. Using a variety of diverse biochemical techniques such as hypo
      osmotic shock, release experiments and Arrhenius plots, we determined that
      physical changes of the media or depolarizing stimuli which would influence
      neuronal and glial cell particles differently, also had differing effects on high
      and low affinity taurine uptake or its release from the respective uptake
      compartments. We conclude that the high affinity taurine uptake
      system/compartment is located on/in neuronal membranes/particles/particles and
      that the low affinity taurine uptake system/compartment is located on/in neuronal
      membranes/particles and that model for the differential cellular transport and
      compartmentalization of taurine into neuronal and glial cells has important
      implications concerning its possible role in the CNS.

PMID- 2884021
TI  - In vivo or in vitro exposure to imipramine reduces alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated
      inhibition of cyclic AMP production in rat brain cerebral cortical slices.
AB  - The effect of in vivo or in vitro exposure to imipramine on alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated inhibition of cAMP production in rat brain slices was examined. Chronic
      administration (10 mg/kg once daily for 14 or 21 days) of imipramine or in vitro
      exposure (100 microM, 60 min) to the antidepressant significantly reduced the
      ability of UK-14,304, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, to inhibit forskolin
      stimulated cAMP accumulation in cerebral cortical slices. This reduction was due
      to a decrease in the maximal response to the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist rather
      than to a decrease in its potency. Besides yielding a rapid and direct method for
      studying the effect of imipramine on brain receptors in vitro, these findings
      provide biochemical evidence in support of the notion that this drug, and perhaps
      other antidepressants, modifies alpha 2-adrenoceptor function in the central
      nervous system.

PMID- 2884024
TI  - [Effect of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers on the aggregation and secretory
      response of blood platelets].

PMID- 2884023
TI  - Excitatory action of 5-HT on deglutitive substrates in the rat solitary complex.
AB  - The excitatory effect of serotonin (5-HT) on the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
      was investigated in urethane anaesthetised rats with respect to the involvement
      of neural substrates located in the central and intermediolateral regions of the
      nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Micropneumophoretic ejection of 5-HT 5-50 pmol
      either produced deglutitory responses or selectively facilitated the S-glutamate
      evoked pharyngeal responses when applied in 1-10 pmol prepulses. The
      excitatory/facilitatory effect of 5-HT was enhanced by intravenous threshold
      doses of the 5-HT-mimetic, quipazine (0.3-1 mumol/kg) and reversibly blocked by
      the 5-HT2-receptor antagonists, methysergide, metergoline and ketanserin. 5-HT
      doses exceeding 10-60 pmol gave rise to a non-selective reversible inhibition of
      glutamate- and acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked pharyngeal or oesophageal responses
      which was not prevented or reversed by 5-HT2-receptor antagonists, but was
      readily overcome by increasing the amount of glutamate or ACh ejected. Non
      selective deglutitive inhibition after high doses of 5-HT could, therefore,
      result from neuronal desensitization secondary to excessive stimulation or
      activation of a different type of 5-HT receptor. These results corroborate an
      excitatory role of 5-HT in both reflex and automatic swallowing and demonstrate
      that the NTS is a major site of serotoninergic facilitation of swallowing.

PMID- 2884025
TI  - [Occurrence of carcinoma in situ in postpubertal undescended testes].

PMID- 2884026
TI  - Effect of transient neonatal hypothyroidism on the free aspartic acid, glutamic
      acid, and GABA content of different central auditory regions in the rat.
AB  - The aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents
      were determined in four central auditory system regions in rats with transient
      neonatal hypothyroidism compared with control ones: the ventral and dorsal parts
      of the cochlear nucleus, the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, the
      auditory cortex, and in an extra-auditory structure, the substantia nigra pars
      reticulata. The animals were sacrificed at 50 days of age, brain tissue samples
      were taken out by microdissection, and the free amino acids were extracted. The
      amino acid content was assessed by double-isotope labelling following two
      dimensional thin-layer chromatography separation. GABA content was significantly
      decreased in both cochlear nucleus regions and glutamic acid was elevated in the
      inferior colliculus. Neonatal hypothyroidism had no significant effect on the
      aspartic acid levels in the regions studied. The results suggest an effect of
      neonatal hypothyroidism on regional contents of free amino acids known as
      candidate neurotransmitters in the auditory system.

PMID- 2884027
TI  - Potentiation of the responses to transmural nerve stimulation by alpha-agonists:
      a possible role in vivo.
AB  - This study was undertaken to assess the effects of exogenous alpha-agonists on
      the effector response to transmural nerve stimulation in canine saphenous vein
      rings. The response to a fixed train (5 s duration) of transmural nerve
      stimulation (8 Hz, 0.3 ms, 9 V) applied every 5 min was determined in the control
      state and in the presence of subthreshold (for contraction) concentrations of
      noradrenaline, adrenaline, clonidine, and methoxamine. The maximum potentiations
      achieved by the three drugs were 246.2 +/- 36.9, 220.5 +/- 38.8, 384.3 +/- 78.7,
      and 353.3 +/- 68.0%, respectively. The potentiation observed was significantly
      inhibited by indomethacin (10(-6) mol/L) and propranolol (5 X 10(-6) mol/L). Both
      indomethacin and propranolol potentiated the response to transmural nerve
      stimulation. The potentiation of the responses to transmural nerve stimulation by
      alpha-agonists suggests that, presynaptic alpha 2-inhibition by circulating
      catecholamines is likely to be of limited biological significance in modulating
      the effector responses in the canine saphenous vein.

PMID- 2884028
TI  - Modulation of calcium by the carcinogenic process in the liver induced by a
      choline-deficient diet.
AB  - A diet devoid of choline and low in methionine (CD), without any added
      carcinogen, has been shown to induce 100% preneoplastic nodules and more than 50%
      cancer in the rat liver. Attempts to understand the mechanism by which a CD diet
      induces liver cell cancer revealed that like chemical carcinogens, a CD diet also
      appears to cause alterations in DNA, perhaps mediated by free radicals. Indeed, a
      CD diet induces nuclear lipid peroxidation prior to the changes in DNA. The CD
      diet induced DNA alterations coupled with continuing liver cell proliferation may
      account for the induction of initiated hepatocytes by the CD diet. To gain
      insight into the nature of free radicals generated by the CD diet, experiments
      were designed to determine whether agents that modulate free radical effects
      influence the CD diet induced changes in the liver. We investigated the effect of
      Ca2+ in the modulation of CD diet induced alterations in the liver. The results
      show that extra Ca2+ when added to the CD diet prevented some of the early
      changes due to choline deficiency, such as nuclear lipid peroxidation and DNA
      damage, but had little or no effect on the triglyceride accumulation in the
      liver. Also, the same CD diet with extra Ca2+, when used as a promoter after
      initiation by diethylnitrosamine, decreased the number and size of early putative
      preneoplastic foci and nodules.

PMID- 2884029
TI  - Transformation of a rat liver cell line: neoplastic phenotype and regulation of
      gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in tumour tissue.
AB  - A continuously dividing but non-transformed rat cell line was transformed by ras
      oncogenes and by aflatoxin. Transformed lines grew as solid tumours in nude mice
      with a short latency period. Different phenotypes were obtained from the
      transformed clones, and covered a wide spectrum of tumour types. While the
      commonest tumour type obtained was undifferentiated with unorganized spindle
      shaped and rounded cells, tumours with well formed trabeculae and adenomatous
      differentiation were also obtained. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), which
      showed an increase in transformed cells in tissue culture showed a variable
      expression in nude mouse tumours. While GGT positive cells were seen in all types
      of tumours they followed no consistent pattern and GGT negative areas were seen
      with a high frequency. However, in tumours showing adenomatous differentiation it
      was confined to the membrane on the luminal surface of the glandular structures.
      The different types of tumours resulting from the transformation of a single cell
      line provide a model of in vivo tumour development, supporting the possibility of
      a single stem cell origin of different types of liver neoplasms. This system also
      demonstrates the complexity of the regulation of GGT in tumour tissue. The
      influence of GGT on tumorigenesis has also been studied.

PMID- 2884030
TI  - Three industrial solvents investigated for tumor promoting activity in the rat
      liver.
AB  - Dioxane, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene were investigated as rat liver
      altered foci promoters in an initiation/promotion protocol. Animals were
      initiated with diethylnitrosamine, 30 mg/kg, injected i.p. 24 h after 2/3 partial
      hepatectomy. The chemical under study was administered by gavage once a day, 5
      times a week for 7 weeks. Ten days after the last administration the animals were
      killed. Liver sections were stained for gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and
      the number and total volume of GGT-positive foci was studied. Dioxane (1000
      mg/kg) significantly increased the number and total volume of foci while a
      marginal effect was noted for the high dose of trichloroethylene (1100 mg/kg). A
      high dose of perchloroethylene (1100 mg/kg) had no effect.

PMID- 2884031
TI  - Characterization in vitro and in vivo of progressively adriamycin-resistant B16
      BL6 mouse melanoma cells.
AB  - Adriamycin (ADR)-resistant sublines of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma selected by
      exposure to increasing concentrations of ADR were characterized in vitro for
      growth properties and in vivo for tumorigenicity and pulmonary metastases. The
      progressively resistant sublines adapted to grow in the presence of 0.025, 0.05,
      0.1, and 0.25 microgram/ml ADR in monolayer culture were found to be 5-, 10-, 20
      , and 40-fold ADR-resistant, respectively, compared to the parental sensitive
      cells, using a soft-agar colony assay and continuous ADR treatment for 7 days.
      The doubling time in monolayer culture of the parent sensitive and progressively
      ADR-resistant sublines of B16-BL6 melanoma cells was approximately 16-18 h.
      Although the colony-forming efficiency in soft agar of parental sensitive cells
      was only 0.5-4%, the 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-fold ADR-resistant sublines had colony
      forming efficiencies of 15, 20, 30, and 77%, respectively. Tumorigenicity in
      C57BL/6 mice of progressively ADR-resistant sublines was similar to parental
      sensitive cells following s.c. and i.p. implantation of 10(5)-10(6) tumor cells.
      Experimental pulmonary metastases were significantly lower in ADR-resistant
      sublines with progressive resistance. Additionally, unlike the parental sensitive
      and 5-fold ADR-resistant B16-BL6 cells, the 10-, 20-, and 40-fold ADR-resistant
      sublines were spontaneously nonmetastatic. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and immunochemical detection of P-glycoprotein revealed the
      presence of a Mr 170,000 plasma membrane glycoprotein in the 40-fold ADR
      resistant subline and its counterpart maintained for 1 year in ADR-free medium.
      Results from this study suggest that progressively ADR-resistant B16-BL6 mouse
      melanoma cells selected in vitro demonstrate a marked increase in colony
      formation in soft agar and a decrease in the ability to produce pulmonary
      metastases, without alterations in tumorigenicity.

PMID- 2884032
TI  - New benzoic acid derivatives with retinoid activity: lack of direct correlation
      between biological activity and binding to cellular retinoic acid binding
      protein.
AB  - In this paper the biological activity of several newly synthesized benzoic acid
      derivatives of the Am- and Ch- series, which are structurally different from
      retinoic acid and arotinoids, was examined. These compounds inhibit squamous cell
      differentiation of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in vitro as indicated by the
      inhibition of transglutaminase Type I and cholesterol 3-sulfate levels. In
      contrast to the inhibition of differentiation in rabbit tracheal cells, these
      compounds induce differentiation of mouse embryonal carcinoma F9 and human
      promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells. The Am- and Ch- series of compounds also
      affect several parameters of cell proliferation. These agents are very potent
      inhibitors of growth of melanoma S91 cells and inhibit the induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase activity by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in 3T6 fibroblasts.
      These results show that the Am- and Ch- derivatives elicit in several cell
      systems the same cellular responses as retinoic acid. We propose, therefore, that
      they exhibit mechanism(s) of action similar to those of retinoids. Comparison of
      the biological response with the binding capacity to the cellular retinoic acid
      binding protein shows a lack of a direct correlation.

PMID- 2884033
TI  - Isometric exercise: cardiovascular responses in normal and cardiac populations.
AB  - Isometric exercise produces a characteristic pressor increase in blood pressure
      which may be important in maintaining perfusion of muscle during sustained
      contraction. This response is mediated by combined central and peripheral
      afferent input to medullary cardiovascular centers. In normal individuals the
      increase in blood pressure is mediated by a rise in cardiac output with little or
      no change in systemic vascular resistance. However, the pressor response is also
      maintained during pharmacologic blockade or surgical denervation by increasing
      systemic vascular resistance. Left ventricular function is normally maintained or
      improves in normal subjects and cardiac patients with mild impairment of left
      ventricular contractility. Patients with poor left ventricular function may show
      deterioration during isometric exercise, although this pattern of response is
      difficult to predict from resting studies. Recent studies have shown that
      patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarction can perform submaximum
      isometric exercise such as carrying weights in the range of 30 to 50 lb without
      difficulty or adverse responses. In addition, many patients who show ischemic ST
      depression or angina during dynamic exercise may have a reduced ischemic response
      during isometric or combined isometric and dynamic exercise. Isometric exercises
      are frequently encountered in activities of daily living and many occupational
      tasks. Cardiac patients should be gradually exposed to submaximum isometric
      training in supervised cardiac rehabilitation programs. Specific job tasks that
      require isometric or combined isometric and dynamic activities may be evaluated
      by work simulation studies. This approach to cardiac rehabilitation may
      facilitate patients who wish to return to a job requiring frequent isometric
      muscle contraction. Finally, there is a need for additional research on the long
      term effects of isometric exercise training on left ventricular hypertrophy and
      performance. The vigorous training regimens currently utilized by international
      class and professional athletes should stimulate longitudinal studies of
      physiologic and pathophysiologic outcomes of intense isometric exercise training
      programs.

PMID- 2884034
TI  - Exercise prescription guidelines for normal and cardiac populations.
AB  - The basic components of aerobic exercise prescription include recommendations for
      optimal frequency, intensity, duration, mode, and progression of activity. The
      most effective program design involves the use of each of these components and
      incorporates specific coexistent medical problems and objective data derived from
      a multistage exercise tolerance test. In addition to the prescription of aerobic
      exercise, the use of circuit weight training and recreational activities has
      become accepted as an important part of a comprehensive exercise prescription. In
      effecting a well-designed and safe exercise program, the clinician must also be
      aware of environmental considerations and the effect of cardiac medications on
      the response to exercise.

PMID- 2884035
TI  - Exercise training in coronary artery disease.
AB  - Physical training using dynamic, nonisometric exercise can increase physical
      endurance and decrease cardiac work load of submaximal exertion. This is true for
      people with coronary artery disease and for normal individuals, and it may also
      be true for those with selected other cardiac diseases. Effective training should
      involve exercise at between 70 and 85 per cent of predicted maximal heart rate
      for 15 to 20 minutes or more at least three times a week. An exercise
      prescription should be written on the basis of individual patient needs and
      limitations and utilizing an exercise electrocardiogram test. Medically
      supervised exercise programs allow physical training for patients with heart
      disease to be conducted safely and efficiently. The effect of training in
      coronary disease patients is primarily attributable to increased efficiency of
      peripheral musculature and circulation; how much true cardiac adaptation results
      is variable. Training improves psychologic outlook, probably reduces selected
      risk factors for coronary disease, and may improve longevity.

PMID- 2884036
TI  - Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural evidence for a neurophysinergic
      innervation of the subcommissural organ of the snake Natrix maura.
AB  - The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the snake Natrix maura was studied by use of
      the immunoperoxidase procedure. Primary antisera against bovine neurophysins (Nps
      I + II, OXY-Np), oxytocin (OXY), mesotocin (MST), arginine-vasotocin (AVT),
      somatostatin (SOM), beta-endorphin (END) and bovine Reissner's fiber were used. A
      conventional ultrastructural study, with special emphasis on the nerve fibers
      present in the SCO, was also performed. Nerve fibers containing immunoreactive
      OXY-Np and MST were seen to reach the SCO. The staining of adjacent sections with
      the anti-Reissner's fiber serum showed that the OXY-Np- and MST-immunoreactive
      fibers were distributed among the cell bodies and processes of the ependymal
      secretory cells. No fibers containing immunoreactive OXY, AVT, SOM or END were
      found in the SCO. The ultrastructural analysis revealed in the SCO the presence
      of nerve fibers filled with electron-dense granules, 170-210 nm in diameter.
      Although a direct apposition between these fibers and the SCO cells was
      frequently seen, no synaptic differentiations were identified. Structures
      identical to the Herring bodies (found in the neurohypophysis) were seen in the
      SCO.

PMID- 2884037
TI  - Genetic linkage of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis to the nerve growth
      factor receptor gene.
AB  - von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (VRNF) is one of the most common inherited
      disorders affecting the human nervous system. VRNF is transmitted as an autosomal
      dominant defect with high penetrance but variable expressivity. The disorder is
      characterized clinically by hyperpigmented patches of skin (cafe au lait macules,
      axillary freckles) and by multiple tumors of peripheral nerve, spinal nerve
      roots, and brain (neurofibromas, optic gliomas). These tumors can cause
      disfigurement, paralysis, blindness, and death. We have determined the
      chromosomal location of the VRNF gene by genetic linkage analysis using DNA
      markers. The VRNF gene is genetically linked to the locus encoding nerve growth
      factor receptor, located on the long arm of chromosome 17 in the region 17q12---
      17q22. However, crossovers with the VRNF locus suggest that a mutation in the
      nerve growth factor receptor gene itself is unlikely to be the fundamental defect
      responsible for the VRNF phenotype.

PMID- 2884038
TI  - An abnormal terminal X-Y interchange accounts for most but not all cases of human
      XX maleness.
AB  - To determine if human XX maleness results from an abnormal chromosomal X-Y
      interchange, we studied the inheritance of the paternal pseudoautosomal region in
      nine patients. Those six patients in whom Y-specific DNA was found (Y(+))
      inherited the entire pseudoautosomal region from the paternal Y chromosome and
      lost that of the paternal X chromosome. Moreover, in three Y(+) cases, we
      observed the deletion of a paternal Xp locus tightly linked to the
      pseudoautosomal region. These results definitively show that an abnormal and
      terminal X-Y interchange during paternal meiosis causes Y(+)XX maleness. In
      contrast, no abnormal X-Y interchange was observed in any of the three Y(-) cases
      analyzed, suggesting that maleness can occur in the absence of any Y-specific
      DNA.

PMID- 2884039
TI  - A histidine-rich protein gene marks a linkage group favored strongly in a genetic
      cross of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Two histidine-rich protein genes in Plasmodium falciparum are related by an
      ancestral duplication and interchromosomal transposition. We have followed the
      inheritance of these genes in a cross between two clones of P. falciparum.
      Examination of progeny shows that one gene, encoding the protein HRP-II, behaves
      as expected and may be inherited from either parent. The other gene, encoding HRP
      III, has been found to derive from one parent in all progeny examined. We
      conclude the linkage group marked by HRP-III is favored strongly in the cross.
      This linkage group spans a region at one end of chromosome 13. Growth studies
      suggest the favored inheritance is explained by rapid expansion of progeny
      possessing the HRP-III marker relative to slower growth of progeny without it.

PMID- 2884040
TI  - Expression of the v-erbA oncogene in chicken embryo fibroblasts stimulates their
      proliferation in vitro and enhances tumor growth in vivo.
AB  - In contrast to uninfected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), CEFs infected with a
      retroviral vector that carries the v-erbA gene of avian erythroblastosis virus
      displayed new properties. These included limited anchorage-independent growth in
      soft agar, growth without latency in serum-supplemented medium, ability to
      overcome quiescence induced by serum deprivation, growth at low cell density, and
      an extended life span in vitro. Furthermore, when explanted in vivo onto the
      chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryo, the transformed CEFs expressing v
      erbA in addition to v-erbB exhibited a high proliferative rate, giving rise to
      fibrosarcoma tumors that were ten times larger than those developed from
      transformed CEFs expressing v-erbB alone. All these data show that CEFs
      expressing the v-erbA oncogene display activated growth and suggest that the v
      erbA product interferes with the mechanisms regulating the growth and/or
      differentiation of primary CEFs.

PMID- 2884041
TI  - PrP and the nature of the scrapie agent.

PMID- 2884043
TI  - Germinal vesicle migration and dissolution in Rana pipiens oocytes: effect of
      steroids and microtubule poisons.
AB  - Germinal vesicle migration (GVM) as evidenced by the appearance of the germinal
      vesicle at the animal pole surface was induced by nocadazole and demecolcine
      (colcemid). Nocodazole significantly lowered the progesterone ED50 for germinal
      vesicle dissolution (GVD). Both demecolcine and nocodazole enhanced
      centrifugation-induced GVM (i.e., lowered ooplasmic viscoelasticity) after 6-h
      incubation, and both potentiated the effect of progesterone in this assay.
      Estradiol, by contrast, inhibited GVM induced by demecolcine in both follicle
      enclosed and denuded oocytes. Estradiol was also found to inhibit the normal
      enhancement of centrifugation-induced GVM by demecolcine or progesterone. Taxol
      was found to have effects that were generally opposite to those of demecolcine
      and nocodazole. Taxol inhibited centrifugation-induced GVM either alone or in the
      presence of progesterone. In addition, taxol significantly increased the
      progesterone ED50 for GVD induction. Taken together the available data support
      the hypothesis that microtubules play a role in maintaining the internal position
      of the germinal vesicle in the prematuration oocyte and that changes occur in the
      oocyte cytoskeleton during maturation.

PMID- 2884042
TI  - Mitochondrial protein import: nucleoside triphosphates are involved in conferring
      import-competence to precursors.
AB  - The role of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) in mitochondrial protein import was
      investigated with the precursors of N. crassa ADP/ATP carrier, F1-ATPase subunit
      beta, F0-ATPase subunit 9, and fusion proteins between subunit 9 and mouse
      dihydrofolate reductase. NTPs were necessary for the initial interaction of
      precursors with the mitochondria and for the completion of translocation of
      precursors from the mitochondrial surface into the mitochondria. Higher levels of
      NTPs were required for the latter reactions as compared with the early stages of
      import. Import of precursors having identical presequences but different mature
      protein parts required different levels of NTPs. The sensitivity of precursors in
      reticulocyte lysate to proteases was decreased by removal of NTPs and increased
      by their readdition. We suggest that the hydrolysis of NTPs is involved in
      modulating the folding state of precursors in the cytosol, thereby conferring
      import competence.

PMID- 2884044
TI  - Differential expression of surface markers on thymic lymphomas induced by two
      carcinogenic agents in different mouse strains.
AB  - Expression of several thymocyte surface antigens was monitored in a murine model
      system of thymic lymphoma induction in two different strains of mice. RF/J mice
      are sensitive to tumor induction by N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and by gamma
      irradiation, while 129/J mice form tumors only upon NMU treatment. Latency
      periods for tumor formation were characteristically different depending upon the
      inducing agent and the mouse strain. We observed differences in thymic leukemia
      antigen and H-2K expression according to the mode of tumor induction and in
      relation to the mouse strain, implying multiple factors involved in target cell
      selection and tumor progression.

PMID- 2884045
TI  - A Thy-1.1-specific monoclonal alloantibody activates both mouse and rat T cells.
AB  - In an attempt to further evaluate the role of Thy-1 in the antigen-independent
      triggering of mouse T cells, we have examined the activating properties of two
      Thy-1.1-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb). These reagents were
      established from an (A.TH X A.TL)F1 hybrid mouse (Thy-1b) immunized with IL-2
      producing (BALB/c (Thy-1b) X BW5147 (Thy-1a)) T hybridoma cells. Although both
      mAb recognized the same Thy-1.1 determinant, one mAb of the gamma 3,kappa class
      (H171-146) was found to induce several T hybridoma cells to produce IL-2, and AKR
      thymocytes or cloned helper T cells to proliferate, whereas another mAb of the
      gamma 1,kappa class (H171-112) failed to do so even in the presence of phorbol
      myristic acetate (PMA). Increased IL-2 responses of T hybridoma cells were
      observed when the cell bound Thy-1.1-specific mAb were crosslinked by goat anti
      mouse Ig (GaMIg) antibodies. Both a T-cell activating rat anti-Thy-1.2 mAb and
      the anti-Thy-1.1 mAb H171-146, although directed at distinct cell surface
      molecules, synergistically stimulated IL-2 production by T hybridoma cells. In
      addition, the mouse mAb H171-146 was found to stimulate LOU/M rat thymocytes to
      proliferate in the presence of exogenous IL-2. These data demonstrate that T
      cells can use Thy-1 as a signal-transducing molecule in both mouse and rat
      species, and support the notion that the activating properties of Thy-1.1
      specific mAb are influenced by their heavy chain isotypes.

PMID- 2884046
TI  - Endogenous opioids in spinal cord injury: a critical evaluation.
AB  - Based upon evidence that opioid antagonists improve neurological outcome
      following either traumatic or ischemic spinal cord injury, endogenous opioids
      have been implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Naloxone improved
      both spinal cord perfusion and neurological function following traumatic spinal
      cord injury in cats, and was subsequently observed to improve neurological
      outcome following ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits. Using several opioid
      antagonists with varied selectivities for different types of opioid receptors, it
      was suggested that kappa opioid receptors are involved in both these models of
      spinal cord injury. In addition, spinal cord trauma in rats is associated with
      increased concentrations of the endogenous kappa agonist dynorphin A, and
      increased kappa opioid receptor binding capacity localized to the injury site.
      Furthermore, dynorphin A induces hindlimb and tail flaccidity following
      intrathecal injection in rats. Thus, the pathophysiological effects of endogenous
      opioids in spinal cord injury have been proposed to involve dynorphin A
      interactions with kappa opioid receptors. However, disparities between the
      actions of intrathecally injected dynorphin A in rats and the presumed actions of
      endogenous dynorphin A in cat and rabbit spinal cord injury have been revealed in
      recent experiments. Paralysis resulting from intrathecal dynorphin A is not
      altered by opioid receptor antagonists or TRH, produced by non-opioid dynorphin A
      fragments but not by other selective kappa opioid agonists, and associated with
      non-opioid mediated reductions in spinal cord blood flow. Furthermore, despite
      reports of endogenous opioid changes following rat spinal cord trauma, in
      contrast to cats and rabbits, naloxone failed to improve neurological outcome
      following traumatic rat spinal cord injury. Thus, the specific endogenous opioids
      and opioid receptor types involved in spinal cord injury remain to be resolved,
      and do not appear to be universal among different models of spinal cord injury in
      different species. Additionally, dynorphin A may participate in spinal cord
      injury mechanisms in the rat through non-opioid actions.

PMID- 2884048
TI  - Obstetrical anaesthesia at Winnipeg Women's Hospital 1975-83: anaesthetic
      techniques and complications.
AB  - The obstetrical anaesthesia experience of the Winnipeg Women's Hospital from 1975
      to 1983 was reviewed (n = 22,925 infants). Use of narcotics in labour for
      analgesia decreased from 38.7 to 18.3 per cent of the deliveries. For analgesia
      during spontaneous vaginal deliveries, epidural anaesthesia increased from 6.0 to
      24.0 per cent, inhalational analgesia decreased from 53.7 to 3.2 per cent while
      "no anaesthetic intervention" rose from 40.3 to 72.8 per cent. Use of epidural
      anaesthesia for Caesarean section increased from 58.7 to 82.6 per cent. The most
      common acute complications of anaesthesia were hypotension and inadvertent dural
      puncture during epidural catheterization. The incidence of hypotension decreased
      from 28.3 to 17.4 per cent during the nine-year period. Dural puncture decreased
      from 4.7 to 1.1 per cent of all epidural administrations. Postpartum complaints
      (that were thought to be related to anaesthesia) were mainly headache, back pain
      and sore throat. The incidence of these complaints also decreased over the study
      period.

PMID- 2884050
TI  - Ethoxyquin alone induces preneoplastic changes in rat kidney whilst preventing
      induction of such lesions in liver by aflatoxin B1.
AB  - Pretreatment of Fischer 344 rats with the antioxidant ethoxyquin (EQ), followed
      by administration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the continuing presence of EQ was
      used to examine the effect of the antioxidant on liver and kidney. EQ (0.5% in
      diet) completely prevented the formation of AFB1-induced preneoplastic liver
      lesions as judged by morphological alteration, or by markers such as gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase, glutathione S-transferase P or J1, an unknown membrane
      bound antigen. While protection was afforded to the liver, EQ alone caused severe
      damage to the kidney. Many changes were those of chronic glomerulonephrosis, such
      that EQ appeared to accelerate the ageing process. In addition, many hyperplastic
      and putative preneoplastic tubules were visible, suggesting that EQ may be
      exerting a carcinogenic effect in the kidney.

PMID- 2884049
TI  - Variations of ornithine decarboxylase activity and S-adenosyl-L-methionine and 5'
      methylthioadenosine contents during the development of diethylnitrosamine-induced
      liver hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and content of S-adenosyl-L
      methionine (SAM) and its catabolite 5'-methylthioadenosine (5'-MTA) were
      determined in the late stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Wistar rats received one
      diethylnitrosamine dose, followed by a partial hepatectomy at the midpoint of a
      15-day treatment with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), and then by an 18-week
      phenobarbital (PB) treatment. Thirty-eight per cent of liver was gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive and no visible nodules and hepatocellular
      carcinomas developed 16 weeks after starting 2-AAF feeding. Hyperplastic nodules
      and hepatocellular carcinomas were found on weeks 24 and 56 respectively. On
      weeks 24 and 56 only approximately 10% of liver was occupied by GGT-positive
      foci. At all times studied the foci exhibited a low labeling index (LI), and
      liver ODC activity was near control values. By contrast, a high ODC activity and
      LI and a low SAM and 5'-MTA levels were found in hyperplastic nodules and
      neoplasia. These tissues exhibited a high 5'-MTA phosphorylase activity. SAM
      administration during PB treatment, caused a 25-36% fall of GGT-positive liver
      and prevented the development of hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular
      carcinomas. This was coupled to a sharp increase of SAM and 5'-MTA liver
      contents. SAM and 5'-MTA inhibited hepatocyte DNA synthesis in vitro. The
      addition of 5'-MTA to the reaction mixture for the ODC assay strongly inhibited
      ODC activity. However, the preincubation of SAM with liver homogenates or
      hepatocytes, used to prepare crude ODC, was necessary to inhibit ODC activity by
      SAM. Adenine, an inhibitor of 5'-MTA-phosphorylase, enhanced inhibition of DNA
      synthesis and ODC activity by SAM and 5'-MTA. Thus, during a prolonged promoting
      treatment a selected population of GGT-positive foci appears to acquire a stable
      phenotype characterized by a high DNA and polyamine synthesis. The development of
      nodules and carcinomas is associated with low SAM and 5'-MTA contents and high
      ODC activity and LI. 5'-MTA accumulation, during SAM administration, is probably
      responsible for the inhibition of promotion by SAM.

PMID- 2884051
TI  - Induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mRNA by aflatoxin B1 and ethoxyquin in
      rat liver.
AB  - We have studied the induction of rat liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
      mRNA by the antioxidant ethoxyquin and during aflatoxin B1-induced
      carcinogenesis. Using a rat kidney GGT cDNA probe, Northern blot analysis
      revealed that GGT mRNA induced in liver by either compounds was slightly larger
      than that found in untreated kidney. GGT mRNA was not detected in untreated liver
      or freshly isolated hepatocytes, but induction of the message in treated tissues
      correlated with the increase in enzymic activity observed by histochemistry and
      quantitative assay. Slot-blot analysis of poly(A)+ mRNA indicated that
      constitutive GGT mRNA levels in kidney were at least 5-fold greater than those in
      the most GGT-positive liver-derived tissue examined.

PMID- 2884052
TI  - Experimental conditions influence [3H]-dihydroalprenolol binding characteristics
      to living HeLa cells due to morphological changes: a warning.
AB  - Harvesting of plated growing HeLa cells, followed by incubation of these cells
      without any addition at 37 degrees C was found to cause changes in the cell
      shape. This phenomenon is accompanied by a diminished binding of the beta
      adrenergic antagonist [3H]-dihydroalprenolol and the alpha-adrenergic antagonist
      phentolamine to a binding compartment not representing beta-adrenergic receptors.
      These binding sites have a high affinity for hydrophobic agents and most probably
      represent lipophilic structures in the cellular membrane. Changes in the cell
      shape obviously cause alterations in the physical properties of the plasma
      membrane. This might lead to misinterpretations of the results from experiments
      in which the redistribution of beta-adrenergic receptors is followed during
      incubation with agonists, as receptor occupation with subsequent receptor
      redistribution is possibly accompanied by effects on the membrane microviscosity.
      It is concluded that investigations performed in order to follow physiological
      events like receptor redistribution and desensitization processes, may be
      obfuscated by changes in the normal physical state of the living cells.

PMID- 2884053
TI  - Cardiovascular problems in pregnancy.

PMID- 2884047
TI  - Anaesthetic premedication: aims, assessment and methods.

PMID- 2884054
TI  - The mode of action of anti-allergic drugs.

PMID- 2884055
TI  - Dynorphin(1-8) immunoreactivity in brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei of
      normotensive and age-matched hypertensive rat strains.
AB  - The concentration of dynorphin (1-8) immunoreactivity [ir-dyn(1-8)] was measured
      in 10 hypothalamic and 11 brainstem nuclei of Sprague-Dawley (SD) and 6- and 14
      week old Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. The highest
      concentrations of ir-dyn(1-8) were found in the lateral preoptic and lateral
      hypothalamic areas of the hypothalamus and the solitary tract nucleus of the
      brainstem. Levels of the peptide were low in other brainstem nuclei compared to
      hypothalamic areas. There was a significant reduction in ir-dyn(1-8)
      concentrations at 14 weeks of age compared to 6 weeks of age in all 9 nuclei
      examined in SH and WKY rats. However, there were no differences between the
      strains at either age. These changes may be related to the increase in blood
      pressure that occurs in both SH and WKY rats over this age range although other
      factors must also be involved to produce the higher blood pressure levels of the
      SH rat.

PMID- 2884056
TI  - Pharmacological therapy of portal hypertension.

PMID- 2884057
TI  - Excessive helper T-cell function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis:
      correlation with disease activity.
AB  - Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
      and matched normal controls were examined for their helper function in an in
      vitro antibody synthesis assay. This assay measures the dose-related T-cell
      regulation of antibody production by B cells in the presence of pokeweed mitogen.
      Eight patients of 14 expressed significantly increased helper T-cell activity,
      three exhibited no change, and three had depressed helper T-cell function. All of
      the patients with excessive helper T-cell function had an active neutrophilic
      alveolitis as determined by bronchoalveolar lavage on the day of study. Five of
      the 14 patients studied were determined to have a low percentage of neutrophils
      (less than 10%) in their BAL fluid. None of these were found to express excessive
      helper T-cell function; in fact three of the five had depressed helper T-cell
      function. No correlation between steroid therapy or smoking history and the
      expression of excessive helper function was observed. None of the peripheral
      blood T-cells from IPF patients were actively producing IL-2 in vitro without
      further stimulation, providing evidence against constitutive production in vivo.
      T cells were also examined for their ability to produce lymphokines promoting
      fibroblast proliferation. Enhanced stimulation of fibroblast proliferation was
      shown to positively correlate with disease activity as determined by the degree
      of neutrophilic alveolitis (r = 0.68). The significant correlation between
      neutrophilic alveolitis and excessive helper T-cell function observed here
      suggests that altered systemic immunoregulation accompanies local inflammation.
      The further participation of patient T cells in promoting fibroblast
      proliferation may contribute to the development of fibrosis, or to the contrary
      may be an attempt to limit the fibrotic process.

PMID- 2884058
TI  - Pharmacologic effects on labor: effects of drugs on dystocia, labor, and uterine
      activity.

PMID- 2884059
TI  - A single dose of three different ophthalmic beta-blockers antagonizes the
      chronotropic effect of isoproterenol in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The systemic effect of three beta-blocking eyedrops was compared in a placebo
      controlled, double-blind trial in 12 healthy male volunteers. Each subject
      received successively each treatment in random order at weekly intervals. The
      eyedrops administered were as follows: 0.5% timolol, 2% carteolol, 0.6%
      metipranolol, and placebo. We evaluated the intraocular pressure and systemic
      beta-blockade 3 hours after a single administration of one eyedrop in each eye.
      The systemic beta-blocking effect was evaluated by the isoproterenol sensitivity
      test, that is the dose of isoproterenol required to increase resting heart rate
      by 25 bpm (I25). Each beta-blocking eyedrop antagonized the chronotropic effect
      of isoproterenol. I25 for placebo was 3.1 +/- 0.5 micrograms, for metipranolol
      5.2 +/- 0.9 micrograms (P less than 0.005), for timolol 10.9 +/- 1.9 micrograms
      (P less than 0.001), and for carteolol 39.6 +/- 5.4 micrograms (P less than
      0.0005). Each treatment significantly decreased the intraocular pressure:
      metipranolol 3.6 +/- 0.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), timolol 2.44 +/- 0.4 mm Hg (P
      less than 0.01), and carteolol 2.38 +/- 0.48 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) compared
      with placebo. The resting heart rate and blood pressure were not influenced by
      the treatments. Even though the results might be different in the case of an
      earlier or a later time of evaluation or chronic administration, we believe that
      the isoproterenol sensitivity test may be used to evaluate the systemic effect of
      beta-blocking eyedrops.

PMID- 2884060
TI  - Pancreatic islet amyloid and elevated proinsulin secretion in familial maturity
      onset diabetes.
AB  - Quantitative morphometry of immunostained pancreatic islet cells in a surgical
      specimen from a maturity-onset diabetic (MOD) patient (A) has been combined with
      a study of beta-cell secretion in him and his MOD son (B). The morphometry showed
      intra-islet amyloid deposits in 24% of islet sections which is a similar
      distribution to that found in 7 other MODs, (median 24%, range 0-95%). The
      distribution of islet cells in the pancreas from A was similar to the 7 MODs and
      9 age matched non-diabetic subjects (mean beta-cell area per exocrine area, A,
      2%; MODs, 1.45%; controls 1.8%). There was a significantly smaller percentage
      beta-cell area per islet area in A and the other MODs compared to the controls.
      Beta-cell secretion was studied by an intravenous glucose infusion, 5 mg/kg ideal
      body wt. min-1 in A and B and 4 other MODs on sulphonylurea or diet therapy.
      Fasting plasma glucose was high in both A and B (16 and 7.6 mmol/l respectively)
      in spite of sulphonylurea therapy. Similarly, A and B had elevated fasting plasma
      levels of insulin, (0.055 and 0.13 pmol/ml respectively) and C-peptide (0.573 and
      1.39 pmol/ml respectively). Plasma proinsulin formed a higher percentage of the
      immunoreactive insulin in fasting plasma samples of both A (36%) and B (43%) than
      in less hyperglycaemic MODs on diet alone (26%) or sulphonylurea therapy (17%)
      and the glucose stimulated proinsulin content was even higher (A, 50%; B, 53%;
      MODs, diet, 19%; sulphonylureas, 16%). Elevated proinsulin levels in a patient
      with islet-amyloid is consistent with the hypothesis that amyloid may be derived
      from abnormal beta-cell secretion.

PMID- 2884061
TI  - Rapid identification of enterococci by pyrrolidonyl aminopeptidase activity
      (PYRase).
AB  - Group A streptococci and enterococci can be differentiated from other
      streptococci by their ability to cleave pyrrolidonyl beta-naphthylamide (PYRase).
      We evaluated two PYRase systems [Strep-A-Chek (SAC), E-Y Laboratories, San Mateo,
      CA; Strep-A-Fluor (SAF), BioSpec, Inc., Dublin, CA) for the presumptive
      identification of enterococci. Initially, 40 enterococcal and 21 nonenterococcal
      streptococci were tested, retrospectively. A prospective comparison of SAC and
      SAF to bile-esculin reaction (BE) was then incorporated into our routine
      procedure for the identification of non-beta-hemolytic streptococcal colonies
      from cultures. All isolates were speciated using standard biochemical tests. We
      encountered 85 enterococcal and 26 nonenterococcal isolates. Tests were performed
      on colonies from primary plates whenever possible (77 isolates). Sensitivity and
      specificity of both SAC and SAF were greater than 96% in identifying enterococci
      from routine cultures. These PYRase tests were cost-effective, easily adaptable
      to work-flow, and yielded results within 30 min. Thus, PYRase testing appears to
      be a reasonable alternative for the identification of enterococci in the clinical
      laboratory.

PMID- 2884063
TI  - Carrier detection and gene analysis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2884062
TI  - Highly polymorphic RFLP probes as diagnostic tools.

PMID- 2884064
TI  - Molecular genetics of Huntington's disease.
AB  - The discovery of a DNA marker linked to the HD gene has provided new avenues into
      the investigation of this devastating disorder. Genetic investigations have
      determined that in most and possibly all HD families, the disease is caused by a
      defect that maps near the telomere on the short arm of chromosome 4. DNA markers
      will soon provide presymptomatic diagnosis for this disorder, but this increased
      capability may be a mixed blessing in the absence of effective treatment. The
      most hopeful route to developing such treatment lies in cloning and
      characterization of the primary defect. Precise genetic and physical mapping
      using DNA markers and improvements in techniques for analyzing large segments of
      DNA have set the stage for cloning of the disease gene in the near future. It
      will undoubtedly reveal an interesting mechanism for complete phenotypic
      dominance in man for comparison with completely dominant mutations in other
      species, particularly Drosophila. The nature of the defect may provide new
      insights into the functional organization of the central nervous system. For the
      sake of the many individuals who are afflicted by HD or who are asymptomatic gene
      carriers, it is to be hoped that cloning and characterizing the disease gene will
      also yield the necessary information to develop an effective therapy.

PMID- 2884065
TI  - Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and potential somatic gene therapy.

PMID- 2884066
TI  - Molecular genetics of apolipoproteins and coronary heart disease.
AB  - A variety of DNA markers for apolipoprotein genes were examined among patients
      with angiocardiographically proven heart disease and among a variety of normal
      individuals with various lipid values. An increased frequency of an apoAI-CIII
      SstI RFLP and an apoB minisatellite (allele 5) was found among patients with CHD.
      Higher levels of cholesterol were found among carriers of the rare apoB TaqI and
      the common apoCII TaqI variants, whereas higher levels of triglycerides were
      found in carriers of the common apoAII MspI and the rare apoB XbaI variants.
      Lower levels of HDL were found among carriers of the common apoAII MspI and the
      rare apoB PvuII variants. The biological significance of these results and those
      of other investigators for the pathogenesis of CHD and hyperlipidemia is
      suggestive but not yet fully clarified. Additional genetic epidemiologic studies
      and family investigations will be required. Currently used statistical
      methodology may lead to false inferences regarding the genetic equilibrium or
      disequilibrium status of closely linked DNA variants. Conclusions regarding the
      presence of genetic equilibrium if closely linked flanking markers are in
      disequilibrium may be faulty.

PMID- 2884067
TI  - DNA markers and genetic variation in the human species.

PMID- 2884068
TI  - Mapping complex genetic traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP
      linkage map.

PMID- 2884069
TI  - The primate alpha-globin gene family: a paradigm of the fluid genome.

PMID- 2884070
TI  - Molecular biology of the class II region of the human major histocompatibility
      complex.

PMID- 2884071
TI  - HLA class II RFLPs are haplotype-specific.

PMID- 2884072
TI  - The human interleukin-2 receptor: role in normal T-cell growth and association
      with HTLV-I-induced T-cell leukemia.

PMID- 2884073
TI  - HLA-DQ and T-cell receptor genes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2884074
TI  - Mental disorders in the elderly.

PMID- 2884076
TI  - Errata: Trauma to the ankle and foot.

PMID- 2884075
TI  - Glutamine synthetase in liver of the American alligator, Alligator
      mississippiensis.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase was shown to be localized in liver mitochondria of the
      American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, by immunofluorescent staining of
      frozen liver sections and by the detection of enzymatic activity and
      immunoreactive protein in the mitochondrial fraction following subcellular
      fractionation of liver tissue by differential centrifugation. The primary
      translation product of alligator liver glutamine synthetase mRNA was shown to
      have an Mr = 45,000 which is similar if not identical in size to that of the
      mature subunit. This mRNA was found to be heterogeneous in size with a major form
      corresponding to 2.8-3.0 kb and a lesser form corresponding to around 2 kb. Both
      are in excess of the size required to code for the glutamine synthetase subunit.
      The synthesis and presumably the mitochondrial import of glutamine synthetase in
      alligator liver are thus very similar to the same processes in avian liver.
      Despite the excretion of a high percentage of nitrogen as ammonia, the
      demonstration of a mitochondrial glutamine synthetase indicates the alligator has
      the typical avian-type uricotelic ammonia-detoxification system in liver. This
      suggests that the transition to uricotelism occurred in the sauropsid line of
      evolution and has persisted through both the lepidosaurian (snakes, lizards) and
      archosaurian (dinosaurs, crocodilians, birds) lines.

PMID- 2884077
TI  - Interaction between alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors in rabbit ciliary
      processes.
AB  - The interaction between the alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors of ciliary
      processes has been studied by examining dose-response curves for adrenergic
      agonist stimulation of cyclic AMP production by intact, excised rabbit ciliary
      processes. Stimulation of cyclic AMP production by 1-isoproterenol is maximum
      from 0.1 to 1.0 microM; at higher concentrations stimulation decreases and
      approaches basal levels. Decreased cyclic AMP production at high concentrations
      of isoproterenol is blocked by the specific alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist,
      yohimbine, but not by the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin. Ciliary
      processes from animals after bilateral cervical ganglionectomy also show reduced
      cyclic AMP production at high concentrations of isoproterenol and this reduction
      is blocked by yohimbine, but not prazosin. This experiment suggests that the
      inhibition at high concentrations of isoproterenol is mediated by postsynaptic
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Cyclic AMP production is relatively insensitive to
      epinephrine and norepinephrine, but their responses are potentiated by yohimbine.
      Catecholamines and clonidine, a specific alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, exhibit dose
      dependent inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production by ciliary
      processes. I50s from the dose-response curves are consistent with the
      characteristic binding affinities of these adrenergic agonists for alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors: clonidine = epinephrine greater than norepinephrine greater
      than isoproterenol. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production by
      clonidine is blocked by yohimbine but not by prazosin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2884078
TI  - Visualization of endocytotic pits in capillary endothelia of dog heart by
      scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - Endocytotic transport may provide a mechanism for myocyte uptake of agents which
      ameliorate the effects of myocardial ischaemia. Examination of the inner
      capillary surface by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is tedious and slow,
      while use of scanning electron microscopy permits the examination of greater
      areas in less time. Methods to obtain oblique exposures of capillaries and
      provide sufficient resolution to observe endocytotic pits were explored. Partial
      success was achieved using glutaraldehyde fixed tissue, treated with 30%
      glycerol, frozen-fractured under hexane at -85 degrees C, then dehydrated with
      acetone at -25 degrees C, critical-point dried and lightly coated with gold.
      Ultrastructural detail comparable with TEM images of heart tissue was obtained,
      but the resolution appeared limited by the coating process. It was not possible
      to verify stimulation of endocytosis by AMP in coronary capillary endothelia with
      scanning electron microscopy, due to this limitation.

PMID- 2884079
TI  - A new human RFLP identified by 7D2 places D13S10 proximal to esterase D.

PMID- 2884080
TI  - The radioreceptor assay for TBII in the spectrum of thyroid stimulating
      immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2884081
TI  - The inhibitory effect of azelastine and ketotifen on histamine-induced
      bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients.
AB  - We studied the antihistaminic property of a new compound, azelastine, on
      histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and compared it with ketotifen and placebo.
      In 12 patients with bronchial asthma we performed histamine bronchial challenges
      before and four hours after ingestion of placebo, 2.0 mg ketotifen, and 4.4 mg
      azelastine given in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over fashion. Ketotifen and
      azelastine provided significant protection compared with placebo. No
      statistically significant difference between ketotifen and azelastine could be
      detected. As the antihistaminic effect of azelastine does not predict the
      therapeutic usefulness in the maintenance therapy of bronchial asthma, further
      studies are indicated.

PMID- 2884082
TI  - Mast cell mediators and asthma.
AB  - Mast cells are found beneath the basement membranes, near blood vessels in the
      submucosa, adjacent to submucous glands, scattered throughout the muscle bundles,
      in the interalveolar septa and in the bronchial lumen. The evidence that mast
      cells and mast cell-derived mediators play a role in allergic and non-allergic
      asthma is discussed. In allergic individuals, inhalation of specific allergens
      leads to mast cell degranulation and release of mediators. Many of the pathologic
      features of asthma may be attributed to the effects of mast cell-derived
      mediators. Their role is clear in allergic asthma and the presence of mast cell
      derived mediators in the plasma of individuals with exercise-induced and
      nocturnal asthma suggests involvement in other forms of asthma as well.

PMID- 2884083
TI  - The site of the defect in asthma. Neurohumoral, mediator or smooth muscle?
AB  - The nature of the underlying defect in asthma is still unclear. This article
      discusses where the primary problem might lie, starting with the assumption that
      it is likely to be in neurohumoral control, bronchial smooth muscle or cellular
      dysfunction with increased release of mediators. The weight of the evidence
      suggests that the latter is most likely. If true, the question of why this occurs
      still remains.

PMID- 2884084
TI  - Establishment of a radioimmunoassay of somatostatin in human plasma and in rat
      hypothalamus.
AB  - Synthetic cyclic somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) was conjugated with carbodiimide onto
      hemocyanin to immunize rabbits, and anti-sera with high titers (1:5,000-100,000)
      and good sensitivity and specificity were obtained. 125I-Tyr1-SRIF was made and
      purified on CM-52 cation exchange column. The immunoreactive specific activity
      (SP.AC.) of the tracer was around 1013 mCi/mg, which was much higher than the
      commercial products and other reports. The sensitivity of the assay was around 16
      pg/ml, and the detectable range 20-2000 pg/ml. Human plasma was freshly prepared
      in the presence of aprotinin. Rat hypothalamus was homogenized and extracted with
      HC1 followed by heating at 95 degrees C then centrifuged, and the supernatant
      assayed. The standard curves of the acetate buffer (ph 5.2), plasma doses, plasma
      recovery doses, hypothalamic extract doses, and hypothalamic extract recovery
      doses were all in good parallelism with each other. The recovery of SRIF from
      human plasma and from rat hypothalamus were 98.8 +/- 6.3% and 86.9 +/- 6.8%,
      respectively. The specificity of the antisera were very high, and they only cross
      react with H2-SRIF and Tyr1-SRIF at 15% and 170%, respectively, of the
      immunoreactivity to cyclic SRIF-14. The Scatchard plot of the binding data showed
      a straight line with a Kd of 3.52 X 10(-12)M and binding capacity of 4.06 X 10(
      10)M. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation were 4.5% and 12%,
      respectively. When the synthetic cyclic SRIF (Stilamin) was infused intravenously
      into normal volunteers, there were reproducible plasma time-dose curves of SRIF
      LI (SRIF Like Immunoreactivity), which revealed its plasma half life around 1.5
      minutes, and metabolic clearance rate about 50 ml/kg/min.

PMID- 2884085
TI  - Endogenous excitotoxic agents.
AB  - Although glutamate and aspartate are among the most likely compounds to function
      as central neurotransmitters, and both can produce cell death in neonatal
      animals, the efficient uptake systems for these amino acids mean that
      exceptionally high concentrations are required for toxicity in adults. A better
      candidate for an endogenous neurotoxin is quinolinic acid, which produces cell
      death via activation of the N-methyl-aspartate receptors. Several differences of
      detail between the activity of quinolinate and N-methyl-aspartate may indicate
      the existence of subpopulations of the N-methyl-aspartate receptor. Another
      compound in the same 'kynurenine' pathway as quinolinate, kynurenic acid, is an
      antagonist of the excitatory and neurotoxic actions of quinolinate, and the
      overall excitability of the central nervous system and the occurrence of cell
      death may therefore result from a balance between the concentrations of
      quinolinate and kynurenate.

PMID- 2884086
TI  - [Estazolam and amitriptyline in the treatment of neurosis--a cross-over study on
      136 patients].

PMID- 2884087
TI  - [Prospective matched study of hysteria treated with systematic desensitization].

PMID- 2884088
TI  - Treatment of alcoholism in Kuwait: a prospective follow-up study.
AB  - The outcome of routine drug-supportive psychotherapy treatment of 100 patients
      with alcohol-related problem in Kuwait's only psychiatric hospital was evaluated
      in four 6 month's intervals. Patients were assessed on 9 post-treatment questions
      reflecting improvement or deterioration. Correlation of follow-up changes to pre
      treatment data shows that non-Kuwaitis do better than Kuwaitis in resuming
      employment and social reintegration. Patients on chronic benzodiazepine
      prescription were less likely to become abstinent, had poor social re-integration
      and more re-admissions. Good relationships with the family were clearly
      associated with a better treatment outcome. Scores of weighted follow-up findings
      were calculated to assess patients' status at each follow-up. Progress during the
      whole follow-up period was measured by the direction of slope calculated from
      linear regression model for individual scores. The relationship between pre
      treatment conditions and patterns of follow-up was evaluated cross-sectionally
      (answers distribution) and longitudinally (direction of slope). A pattern of
      shift emerged where different patient groups crossed over to the opposite end of
      the score scale. Kuwait society's indulgent attitudes towards Kuwaiti patients
      with alcohol-related problems in employment have to be changed and utilization of
      the role of the Arab extended family in therapy is stressed.

PMID- 2884089
TI  - Stopping drug treatment in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2884090
TI  - [Clozapine-induced cholestatic liver lesions. A case study].
AB  - During neuroleptic treatment with clozapine, transitory reversible rise in
      transaminases is not rare, while severe parenchymal damage with icterus has not
      previously been reported. Such a case is now described: a 54-year-old woman
      developed clozapine-induced cholestasis with severe liver damage.

PMID- 2884091
TI  - [Type II multiple endocrine neoplasms. Diagnosis, therapy and prognosis].
AB  - From 1979 to 1986, seven patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type
      IIa and three with type IIb were treated. Nine had a C-cell carcinoma, one had C
      cell hyperplasia. None had hyperparathyroidism. Three patients had multiple
      mucous neuromas. Six patients had proven pheochromocytoma: adrenalectomy was
      performed in these six (unilateral or bilateral depending on whether the tumor
      was uni- or bilateral). All ten patients had a total thyroidectomy--three later
      required neck dissection for regional lymphnode metastases. One patient died from
      the consequences of diffuse liver metastases of a C-cell carcinoma. Extensive
      family screening is necessary with patients who have MEN type II, in order to
      discover early any occult disease carriers. In addition, MEN type II should be
      excluded in all patients who have C-cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma or
      hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2884092
TI  - [Type II multiple endocrine neoplasms].

PMID- 2884093
TI  - Effect of a single administration of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on GH,
      TSH and insulin secretion in patients with acromegaly.
AB  - The effect of a long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on GH secretion was
      investigated. Eleven acromegalic patients received a single dose of 50 micrograms
      SMS 201-995 administered subcutaneously, and plasma GH, IGF-I, GRF, TSH, IRI and
      blood glucose were determined at regular intervals. Nine of 11 patients had
      elevated basal plasma GH levels above 5 ng/ml. In all patients, plasma GH levels
      fell immediately from 39.5 +/- 17.3 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) to 4.3 +/- 1.6 ng/ml (P
      less than 0.05) with a maximal inhibition of 82.9 +/- 3.3% of the basal levels
      and the suppression persisted for about 6 h of the observation period. IGF-I and
      GRF levels were not apparently altered. TSH and IRI levels also rapidly fell.
      Blood glucose levels fell slightly by 0.5 h. Ten of 11 patients had pain at
      injection sites. Except for this, no side effects were observed. Our results show
      that the new somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 may inhibit GH hypersecretion in
      acromegalic patients for significant periods, suggesting that this agent can be a
      useful clinical tool for the treatment of acromegaly.

PMID- 2884094
TI  - Receptor dynamics and tyrosine aminotransferase induction during the course of
      chronic treatment of rats with glucocorticoid.
AB  - The changes in the cytosol glucocorticoid receptor (GR) content during a long
      term administration of a glucocorticoid were studied to examine the mechanism of
      the development of steroid hormone resistance. Dexamethasone (Dex) (0.2
      microgram/ml and 2.0 micrograms/ml) was given to adrenalectomized rats, and the
      GR content was determined using the exchange assay 1, 10, 20 and 50 days after
      the start of administration. The activity of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) in
      the cytosol was also assayed as a measure of the biological responsiveness of
      these animals to the administered glucocorticoid. The dissociation constant (Kd)
      was elevated and the Bmaxs of the GR in the cytosol were decreased by the lower
      concentration of Dex. The Bmaxs decreased to 30% of the untreated controls within
      24 h and this lower level was maintained as long as the hormone treatment
      continued. On the other hand, the cytosol obtained from animals treated with 2.0
      micrograms/ml of Dex for 20-24 days did not show any measurable amount of binding
      to 3H-Dex. The activity of TAT was elevated 24 h after the administration of Dex
      but decreased gradually and steadily with time during the experimental period. To
      examine the biological potency of remaining GR in the liver cytosol, 2.0
      micrograms/ml Dex was again administered after a long-term treatment. This
      treatment eliminated the remaining GR completely and induced TAT at almost the
      same rate as observed in the untreated control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2884095
TI  - A physiological role of E and F series prostaglandins in the regulation of TSH
      secretion.
AB  - The regulation of TSH secretion by E1, E2, E1 alpha and F2 alpha prostaglandins
      was studied by means of a monolayer culture system of dispersed rat anterior
      pituitary cells which was appropriately responsive to TRH, T3 and SRIF. PGEs and
      Fs induced significant increases in basal TSH release of the order of 30% at 10(
      9) or 10(-8) to 10(-5) or 10(-4) M. Only PGEs accentuated the TSH release induced
      by a half maximal dose of TRH (10(-9) M) of the order of 60% in a dose dependent
      manner (10(-9) to 10(-6) M of PGEs), whereas PGFs did not. SRIF (10(-8) or 10(-9)
      M) alone failed to alter basal TSH release but did completely inhibit the TSH
      response to TRH (10(-9) M). SRIF also significantly inhibited both the increase
      in basal TSH release and the accentuation of the TSH response to TRH induced by
      PGEs (10(-6) M) but did not diminish the enhancement of basal TSH release induced
      by PGFs (10(-6) M). 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid (PY1), a prostaglandin antagonist,
      which can act as an agonist in some systems, itself exhibited agonistic
      properties of PGEs with respect to basal and TRH induced TSH release. PY1 failed
      to inhibit the TSH release induced by all PGs, but partially inhibited the
      accentuated TSH response to TRH induced by PGEs. Indomethacin, PG synthetase
      inhibitor, did not affect basal or TRH induced TSH release in our system. These
      data suggest that PGs of the E and F series probably modulate TSH release via
      different mechanisms and that the PGE effect on basal TSH release differs from
      its augmentation of TRH induced TSH response. It is speculated that these effects
      of PGs may have physiological significance.

PMID- 2884096
TI  - Are gastrin and somatostatin involved in pathogenesis of gastric cancer?

PMID- 2884097
TI  - Antiepileptic drugs and the electroencephalogram.
AB  - The usefulness of electroencephalography (EEG) as an aid to diagnosis of seizure
      disorders is established, but its role as a guide to monitoring treatment is much
      less certain. For those patients with classical absences and 3-s spike wave
      activity there is a very close correlation between control of clinically detected
      seizures and EEG events. In some, but not all, patients with other seizure
      disorders there is a positive correlation between numbers of seizures and amount
      of interictal epileptiform activity (IEA). Intravenous benzodiazepines and
      phenytoin result in both acute seizure control and suppression of IEA. For
      seizures other than absences, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) given in the medium
      and long term, there is generally not a clear relationship between control of
      seizures and IEA. In studies of children whose epilepsy is in remission,
      persistent IEA has been associated with a higher risk of seizure relapse should
      AEDs be discontinued, but in adults the relevance of persistent IEA appears to be
      much less certain. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates result in increased fast
      activity. All AEDs may result in slowing of the dominant rhythm and increased
      slow activity. Carbamazepine, in particular, is often associated with apparent
      deterioration of background activity, even in the face of clinical improvement.
      Further studies are necessary to determine the mechanisms and significance of AED
      induced changes in EEG background activity.

PMID- 2884098
TI  - Comparative efficiency of Nuclepore filters of various pore sizes as used in
      digestion studies of tissue.
AB  - Some of the widely used techniques employed in assessing asbestos load in lung
      tissue include the use of digestion techniques, in which particulates are
      entrapped on a filter surface. However, the actual filtering efficiency of
      various pore sizes as applicable to collecting fibrous material has not been
      tested. The present study evaluates such filtration efficiency by using a series
      of back-to-back filters of various sizes. It was confirmed that fibers pass
      through the pores and that with the larger pore sizes an appreciable loss of
      small fibers can occur. It is suggested that a filter with 0.2-micron pore size
      offered a reasonable compromise for both filtration efficiency as well as
      sufficiently rapid filtration rates for most studies.

PMID- 2884099
TI  - Isolation and characterization of rat hepatic ascorbic acid-2-sulfatases.
AB  - Ascorbic acid-2-sulfatase was isolated from rat liver by a multistep procedure.
      DEAE Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography resolved crude ascorbic acid-2
      sulfatase into cationic and anionic fractions. These fractions were purified 75-
      and 230-fold, respectively. The comparative biochemical properties suggest that
      arylsulfatase B is responsible for the cationic ascorbic acid-2-sulfatase
      activity, while arylsulfatase A appears to be responsible for the anionic
      ascorbic acid-2-sulfatase activity. Partially purified arylsulfatase A hydrolyzed
      ascorbic acid-2-sulfate at 4% the rate of p-nitrocatechol sulfate hydrolysis,
      while arylsulfatase B hydrolyzed ascorbic acid-2-sulfate at 0.6% the p
      nitrocatechol sulfate rate.

PMID- 2884100
TI  - Glutamine synthetase genes of pea encode distinct polypeptides which are
      differentially expressed in leaves, roots and nodules.
AB  - We have characterized the distinct polypeptides, primary translation products and
      mRNAs encoding glutamine synthetase (GS) in the various organs of pea. Western
      blot analysis of soluble protein has identified five distinct GS polypeptides
      which are expressed at different relative levels in leaves, roots and nodules of
      pea. Of the two GS polypeptides in leaves (44 and 38 kd), the 44-kd GS
      polypeptide is predominant and is localized to the chloroplast stroma. In roots,
      the predominant GS polypeptide is 38 kd. Upon Rhizobium infection of roots, three
      37-kd GS polypeptides increase in abundance in the nodules relative to uninfected
      roots. cDNA clones encoding three different GS mRNAs have been characterized.
      Hybrid-select translation has identified three different GS primary translation
      products (49, 38 and 37 kd). Two cDNA clones (pGS134 and pGS341) are homologous
      to GS mRNAs most abundant in nodules which encode the 38- and 37-kd GS primary
      translation products. A third cDNA (pGS197) corresponds to a larger GS mRNA
      species specific to leaf poly(A) RNA, which encodes a 49-kd putative precursor to
      the mature chloroplast GS polypeptide. cDNA sequence analysis and Southern blot
      analysis of pea nuclear DNA identifies at least three genes encoding GS in pea
      which are related but distinct in structure and in vivo pattern of expression.

PMID- 2884101
TI  - Receptor coupled events in bradykinin action: rapid production of inositol
      phosphates and regulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ in a neural cell line.
AB  - The addition of bradykinin to NG115-401L cells grown on coverslips results in the
      generation of rapid transient increases in intracellular [Ca2+] and inositol
      phosphates. Changes in intracellular Ca2+, measured using the fluorescent
      indicator dye Fura-2, show two components; an initial rapid peak in [Ca2+]i which
      is essentially independent of extracellular Ca2+, and a sustained plateau
      dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Analysis of bradykinin
      stimulated production of [3H]inositol phosphates, by h.p.l.c., shows a rapid
      biphasic production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol tetrakisphosphate
      and inositol bisphosphates, followed by a sustained rise in inositol 1,3,4
      trisphosphate production. Quantitative measurements have indicated the presence
      of other, more polar, [3H]inositol-labelled metabolites which do not show major
      changes on bradykinin stimulation. The initial phase of inositol phosphate
      production parallels the rapid transient increase in intracellular [Ca2+],
      however, the second phase of inositol phosphate production occurs when
      intracellular [Ca2+] is declining and implies a complex series of regulatory
      events following receptor stimulation. Similar time courses of inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate and Ca2+ signals provides supporting evidence that inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate is the second messenger coupling bradykinin receptor stimulation to
      release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.

PMID- 2884102
TI  - Nucleoplasmin cDNA sequence reveals polyglutamic acid tracts and a cluster of
      sequences homologous to putative nuclear localization signals.
AB  - Nucleoplasmin is the most abundant protein in the Xenopus oocyte nucleus. It is
      involved in histone storage and chromatin assembly and it has been used
      extensively to study the transport of proteins into the cell nucleus. We have
      isolated lambda gt11 phage containing nucleoplasmin cDNA and have determined the
      sequence of the entire protein coding region of 200 amino acids for one of the
      two genes. The translation product of the sp6 transcript of this cDNA has the
      same electrophoretic mobility as nucleoplasmin and is able to form pentamers. The
      protein sequence shows remarkable clusters of charged residues including a long
      polyglutamic acid tract which presumably constitutes the histone binding site.
      The short C-terminal domain which specifies nuclear entry contains four regions
      which are homologous to putative nuclear localization signals including two
      regions of homology to the nuclear migration signal of SV40 large T antigen.

PMID- 2884104
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for rat proliferating cell nuclear antigen
      (PCNA)/cyclin.
AB  - The 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen' (PCNA), also known as cyclin, appears at
      the G1/S boundary in the cell cycle. Because of its possible relationship with
      cell proliferation, PCNA/cyclin has been receiving attention. PCNA/cyclin is a
      non-histone acidic nuclear protein with an apparent mol. wt of 33000-36000. The
      amino acid composition and the sequence of the first 25 amino acids of rabbit
      PCNA/cyclin are known. Using an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the
      sequence of the first five amino acids, a cDNA clone for PCNA/cyclin was isolated
      from rat thymocyte cDNA library. The cDNA (1195 bases) contains an open reading
      frame of 813 nucleotides coding for 261 amino acids. The 3'-non-coding region is
      312 nucleotides long and contains three putative polyadenylation signals. The
      mol. wt of rat PCNA/cyclin was calculated to be 28 748. The deduced amino acid
      sequence and composition of rat PCNA/cyclin are in excellent agreement with the
      published data. Using the cDNA probe, two species of mRNA (1.1 and 0.98 kb) were
      detected in rat thymocyte RNA. Southern blot analysis of total human genomic DNA
      suggests that there is a single gene coding for PCNA/cyclin. The deduced amino
      acid sequence of rat PCNA/cyclin has a similarity with that of herpes simplex
      virus type-1 DNA binding protein.

PMID- 2884103
TI  - A single point mutation in erbA restores the erythroid transforming potential of
      a mutant avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) defective in both erbA and erbB
      oncogenes.
AB  - We have characterized the v-erbA and v-erbB oncogenes of td359, a transformation
      defective mutant of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) unable to transform
      erythroblasts, and the revertant r12, obtained after in vivo passage of the
      mutant. Molecular cloning, sequencing, construction of chimeric viruses and
      testing of their oncogenic capacities revealed that both oncogenes of td359 are
      mutated and biologically defective. The r12 virus, although still containing a
      mutant v-erbB gene, recovered its erythroid transforming potential by acquiring a
      highly active gag-erbA gene. These results demonstrate that two co-operating
      oncogenes, an active v-erbA and a defective v-erbB, can transform a cell type not
      transformed by either oncogene alone. Furthermore, a single amino acid
      substitution inactivated the td359 v-erbA protein and we show that its reversion
      led to the reactivation of the protein. This lesion is located in the same region
      as several previously described inactivating mutations of glucocorticoid
      receptors, suggesting that the structure/function relationship of the virally
      transduced form of the c-erbA/thyroid hormone receptor is closely similar to that
      of steroid hormone receptors.

PMID- 2884105
TI  - Independent mutations at the amino terminus of a protein act as surrogate signals
      for mitochondrial import.
AB  - Intracellular delivery of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor from
      the cytoplasm into the matrix of mitochondria is prevented by deletion of its
      mitochondrial import signal, a basic amphipathic alpha-helix at its amino
      terminus. Using a complementation assay, we have selected spontaneous mutations
      which restore the correct in vivo localization of the protein containing the
      import signal deletion. Analysis of these mutations revealed that different
      functional surrogate mitochondrial targeting signals formed within a narrow
      region of the extreme amino terminus of the import signal deleted beta-subunit.
      These modifications specifically replace different acidic residues with neutral
      or basic residues to generate a less acidic amphipathic helix within a region of
      the protein which is accessible for interaction with the membrane surface. The
      observations of this study confirm the requirement for amphipathicity as part of
      the mitochondrial import signal and suggest how mitochondrial targeting signals
      may have evolved within the extreme amino terminus of mitochondrial proteins.

PMID- 2884107
TI  - Beta-blockers: use for arrhythmias.

PMID- 2884108
TI  - Circulating somatomedin-C levels and the effect of growth hormone-releasing
      factor on plasma levels of growth hormone and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      in obese children.
AB  - The effect of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) 1-44 on growth hormone and
      somatostatin release in plasma has been studied in 20 obese children. Twenty age
      and sex-matched children with normal weight served as controls. Mean peak growth
      hormone response in obese children after 1 microgram/kg body wt. GRF 1-44 was
      significantly lower than in controls (23.7 +/- 3.6 ng/ml vs. 41.1 +/- 3.0 ng/ml;
      P less than 0.01), as were mean integrated growth hormone response areas (1544 +/
      272 ng X ml-1 X 2 h vs. 2476 +/- 283 ng X ml-1 X 2 h; P less than 0.01). Mean
      plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity did not change after GRF in
      both groups. Mean somatomedin-C levels in obese children were significantly
      higher compared to controls (1.6 +/- 0.4 U/ml vs. 0.86 +/- 0.4 U/ml; P less than
      0.01). Somatomedin-C levels were not related to the integrated growth hormone
      responses. In conclusion there is no relation between somatomedin-C levels and
      the reduced growth hormone-releasing effect of GRF in obese children. GRF does
      not alter peripheral somatostatin-like immunoreactivity levels either in normal
      or obese children.

PMID- 2884106
TI  - Characterization and localization of the even-skipped protein of Drosophila.
AB  - On the basis of homeo box cross-homology we have isolated the pair-rule gene even
      skipped (eve) of Drosophila. The eve transcription unit appears to be less than
      1.5 kb in length, and encodes a single mRNA of approximately 1.4 kb. The
      nucleotide sequence of genomic and cDNA clones indicates that the eve protein is
      composed of 376 amino acid residues, and that its homeo domain shares only
      approximately 50% amino acid identity with the homeo domains of previously
      characterized genes. Using antibodies raised against a beta-galactosidase fusion
      protein we show that the eve protein is distributed in a series of seven
      transverse stripes at the cellular blastoderm stage, and is localized primarily
      within the nuclear regions of those embryonic cells that express the gene. After
      gastrulation, seven weakly stained stripes of eve expression appear, resulting in
      a transient pattern that consists of a total of 14 evenly spaced stripes. Both
      the original and new stripes gradually disappear during germ band elongation. A
      second expression pattern emerges during neurogenesis, whereby eve protein is
      detected in discrete subsets of neurons in each of the ventral ganglia.

PMID- 2884109
TI  - Hypercalcaemia-induced acute renal failure as a presenting feature of T-cell
      leukaemia.
AB  - A 14-year-old patient presented with hypercalcaemia-induced acute renal failure.
      Investigation yielded a diagnosis of T-cell leukaemia. Chemotherapy resulted in
      complete remission, a return of serum calcium levels to normal and consequent
      improvement of renal function.

PMID- 2884110
TI  - Inhibition of the tyrosine hydroxylase system by MPTP, 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) and the structurally related compounds in vitro and
      in vivo.
AB  - MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+) and the structurally related
      compounds including N-methyltetrahydroisoquinilinium ion inhibited the tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) system in tissue slices of rat striatum at 10(-5) M. Mouse
      striatum is more susceptible to MPTP than rat striatum. A similar degree of
      inhibition by MPP+ was observed in the absence or presence of 1 mM dibutyryl
      cyclic adenosine monophosphate (DBcAMP) which stimulated the TH system about 3
      fold. The results with the structurally related compounds of MPP+ indicate that
      both the pyridinium and the phenyl group are required for the inhibition of the
      TH system in tissue slices or rat striatum. Tetrahydroisoquinoline, a pyridinium
      compound related to dopamine (DA), was found to decrease TH and 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum of mice after administration at a dose
      of 60 mg/kg/day s.c. for 8 days. It is suggested that either
      tetrahydroisoquinoline or N-methyltetrahydroisoquinoline, which is a DA-related
      pyridinium compound, could be one of the environmental or endogenous compounds
      inducing Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2884111
TI  - MPTP-induced parkinsonian model in mice: biochemistry, pharmacology and behavior.
AB  - The effects of MPTP administered to mice were examined biochemically and
      pharmacologically. The dopamine level in the striatum of the mice injected with
      MPTP decreased markedly, but recovered to 50% of the control level 6 weeks later.
      Amine fluorescence showed a decrease in the amount of amine especially in the
      lateral part of the striatum. Of the four neuropeptides, only the concentration
      of somatostatin changed with time. These findings indicate that the time elapsed
      after MPTP treatment should be taken into consideration when MPTP-treated mice
      are used as a parkinsonism model. Six weeks after MPTP treatment, the
      concentration of the striatal muscarinic cholinergic receptor decreased
      significantly but recovered to the normal level after the administration of L
      dopa. Such a change was not detected with the dopamine D2-receptor. The
      therapeutic efficacy of medication in MPTP-treated mice as examined by the pole
      test showed that L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS), which is
      considered to be the precursor of norepinephrine, enhances the effect of L-dopa.

PMID- 2884112
TI  - Increased visualization of antral gastrin-producing G-cells after acute
      stimulation of gastrin release in the rat.
AB  - The effect of acute stimulation of gastrin release on the number of antral
      gastrin-producing G-cells stained by conventional immunohistology was
      investigated in two experimental models. The substituted benzimidazole derivate
      BY 308 was administered at a dosage that induces complete achlorhydria and
      thereby led to marked hypergastrinaemia. Two hours after drug administration,
      antral G-cell density was increased by 14% and 35% in 12-h and 48-h fasted rats,
      respectively. Both serum gastrin levels and G-cell density further increased
      after 3 and 8 days' treatment with BY 308 whereas the somatostatin (D)-cell count
      did not change prior to 8 days' administration. In the isolated, vascularly
      perfused rat stomach, acetylcholine was perfused for 36 min; this regimen
      increased gastrin release four-fold and enhanced the G-cell count by 24% whereas
      8 min acetylcholine perfusion did not alter G-cell density significantly but
      stimulated gastrin output. The results of this study suggest that acute changes
      in the secretory activity of the gastrin cell are accompanied by an alteration of
      the staining characteristics thus indicating that an increase in the antral G
      cell count does not solely depend upon formation of new cells.

PMID- 2884113
TI  - Human renovascular effects of dopexamine hydrochloride: a novel agonist of
      peripheral dopamine and beta 2-adreno-receptors.
AB  - The effects of dopexamine on the renal circulation have been examined to show
      whether any augmentation of renal blood flow (RBF) was secondary to the effect of
      the drug on cardiac output (CO) or whether it had any additional direct renal
      vasodilator activity. Eight male patients with mild to moderate hypertension, who
      were undergoing renal vein catheterization for renin estimation, were studied.
      Dose related increments in RBF (baseline (B) = 504 ml X min-1; after treatment
      (D) = 605 ml X min-1), CO (B = 5.9 l X min-1; D = 6.7 l X min-1), heart rate (B =
      77 beats/min; D = 100 beats/min) and systolic blood pressure (B = 143 mmHg; D =
      166 mmHg) were observed on administration of dopexamine 3 micrograms X kg-1 X min
      1, with insignificant changes in diastolic blood pressure (B = 84.4 mmHg; D = 90
      mmHg) and total peripheral resistance (B = 17.85; D = 17.25 Units). There was a
      slight but significant reduction in renal vascular resistance (B = 20.59, D =
      18.75). The ratio of RBF to CO (%) confirmed that the increase in RBF due to
      dopexamine hydrochloride was greater that attributable to the increase in CO or
      perfusion pressure alone (RBF/CO B = 8.5%, D = 9%), consistent with selective
      renal vasodilatation. The fall in renin activity and lack of systemic
      vasodilatation suggest that this was a DA1-receptor mediated effect.

PMID- 2884114
TI  - Effect of concomitant food intake on absorption kinetics of fenoldopam (SK&F
      82526) in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Eight healthy volunteers participated in an open crossover study to assess the
      effect of a standardised meal on the systemic availability of a single oral dose
      of fenoldopam mesylate 100 mg. Subjects were studied on four separate occasions,
      twice fasting and twice fed in randomised, balanced order. Plasma and urine
      samples were obtained before and at regular intervals up to 25 h post dose.
      Measurement of fenoldopam (SK&F 82526) and its 8-sulphate metabolite (SK&F 87782)
      were by means of HPLC-EC analysis. Area under the plasma concentration time curve
      (AUC) and maximum detected plasma concentration (Cmax) for fenoldopam and SK&F
      87782 were significantly reduced whereas time to maximum concentration was
      significantly increased with food. Using AUC's for fenoldopam and SK&F 87782,
      mean relative bioavailabilities were 35% and 81% respectively under fed compared
      with fasting conditions. Twenty-four hour excretion of fenoldopam was
      significantly reduced with food, but excretion of SK&F 87782 was apparently
      unchanged. Mean relative bioavailabilities calculated from these data were 83%
      and 86% respectively. Relatively large inter-subject variability in AUC and Cmax
      were seen, but intra-subject variability was not marked. Mild symptoms associated
      with vasodilation were reported on all study days.

PMID- 2884115
TI  - Psychotropic drug utilization patterns in a metropolitan population.
AB  - Psychotropic drug intake by a random sample of citizens of the city of Munich
      aged 30-69 years has been assessed. A 1-week prevalence of 9.3% for all
      psychotropic drug users was found, benzodiazepines accounting for approximately
      two-thirds (6.6%) of the users. Two-thirds of drug users were women. Drug use in
      both sexes increased with age. The doses of benzodiazepines prescribed in most
      cases were less than 10 mg diazepam equivalent per day. Intake of benzodiazepines
      in combination with analgesics or alcohol (greater than or equal to 40 g/day) did
      not appear to represent a major problem. Multiple logistic regression analysis
      showed that the number of chronic diseases was the strongest predictor of
      benzodiazepine intake in men, whereas stress and age determined intake in women.
      Long-term use seemed to be relatively rare at 11% of all benzodiazepine users, so
      it was not considered to be a severe public health problem.

PMID- 2884116
TI  - Effects of bisoprolol on blood pressure, serum lipids and HDL-cholesterol in
      essential hypertension.
AB  - Fifty patients with essential hypertension WHO Grades I-II have been treated for
      3 months with bisoprolol, a new selective beta blocker, in doses up to 40 mg once
      daily. Forty-three patients reached the preset target diastolic blood pressure of
      less than or equal to 90 mmHg on a mean daily dose of 16.8 mg bisoprolol. There
      was no effect on serum lipids and HDL-cholesterol during the study. The side
      effects were mild and were those usually associated with beta-blocking therapy.

PMID- 2884117
TI  - A peripheral sympathetic component in inflammatory hyperalgesia.
AB  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) only partially inhibit the
      hyperalgesia in the inflammation induced by carrageenin in the hind rat paw, one
      of the most frequently used nociceptive tests. We now report that either the
      guanethidine depletion of peripheral sympathomimetic amines or the treatment with
      adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) and a specific dopamine (DA)-1
      antagonist (SCH 23390) significantly reduced carrageenin hyperalgesia. These
      antagonists also abolished the rat paw hyperalgesia induced by several
      sympathomimetic amines as well as that induced by a selective DA-1 agonist, SKF
      38393. Blockade of uptake-1 by cocaine potentiated the hyperalgesia induced by
      carrageenin and sympathomimetic amines. We conclude that there is a sympathetic
      component, possibly mediated by a DA-1 type receptor in carrageenin-induced
      hyperalgesia. This component may predominate in certain types of pain not
      sensitive to NSAID. If so, selective peripheral DA-1 antagonists could be
      developed as a novel class of analgesics.

PMID- 2884118
TI  - Pharmacological evaluation of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist and thromboxane
      antagonist properties of N-substituted trimetoquinol analogues.
AB  - The beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist and U46619 (a thromboxane A2 agonist)
      antagonist properties of trimetoquinol (TMQ, I) and its optical isomers, and N
      substituted TMQ analogues (methyl, II; 2-hydroxyethyl, III; cyclic sulfite N-2
      chloroethyl, IV; 2-chloroethyl, V; benzyl, VI) were studied in guinea pig atria
      and trachea and rat aorta, respectively. All compounds gave concentration
      dependent responses in atria and trachea, and the rank order of beta-adrenoceptor
      agonist potency was I greater than II greater than III greater than IV greater
      than V greater than VI. Whereas N-substitution reduced potency for beta-agonism,
      the beta 2/beta 1-selectivity ratio was enhanced by increasing the size of the N
      substituent. All analogues possessed equal or greater (up to 41-fold more) beta 2
      selectivity than I. Propranolol was a competitive antagonist of selected TMQ
      analogues in guinea pig trachea and atria, thus confirming the beta-adrenoceptor
      actions of these drugs. The optical isomers of TMQ gave a rank order of agonist
      potency of S(-)-TMQ greater than R(+)-TMQ, and a beta 2/beta 1-selectivity equal
      to or greater than racemic-TMQ. Each TMQ analogue also blocked the contractile
      responses of U46619 in rat aorta in a competitive manner, and the rank order of
      inhibition of U46619-induced contraction in rat aorta was I greater than VI
      greater than II = III greater than IV greater than V. N-Benzyl TMQ (VI) possessed
      the greatest potency for U46619 blockade and beta 2/beta 1-selectivity ratio of
      the N-substituted analogues. The results show that varying the N-substituents on
      TMQ produces compounds which retain beta 2-selectivity and give a different
      activity profile for beta-adrenoceptor activation vs. endoperoxide/thromboxane A2
      antagonism.

PMID- 2884119
TI  - Adrenergic and 'non-adrenergic' contributions to the two-component tetanus in the
      rat vas deferens.
AB  - Nerve-induced contractions of rat isolated vas deferens were examined to
      determine how the rapid and slow twitch phases summate to produce the two
      component tetanus. The rapid phase (time to peak, 200-300 ms) had a latency of 35
      50 ms and was selectively abolished by nifedipine but not verapamil. The slow
      phase (time to peak, 500-650 ms), as seen in the presence of nifedipine, had a
      latency of 100-200 ms. During a train of pulses at 0.5-2 Hz, its size declined
      rapidly and its latency lengthened. The rapid phase responses at these
      frequencies were progressively potentiated to a peak after 12-40 s, a time
      similar to the peak of the secondary tetanic component at 5 Hz. Doses of
      verapamil which abolished both this potentiation and the secondary tetanic
      component did not block the slow twitch phase. The results indicate that the
      primary tetanic component is a summation of 'non-adrenergic' (rapid phase) and
      direct adrenergic (slow phase) contractions. In contrast the secondary increase
      in tetanic tension results largely from the alpha 1-adrenoceptor induced
      potentiation of the rapid non-adrenergic twitch mechanism. The mechanisms for the
      two phases and for the potentiation each appear to involve different calcium
      sources.

PMID- 2884120
TI  - Role of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in methamphetamine-induced
      depression of the neostriatal serotonergic system.
AB  - The prevention of the decrease in neostriatal tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)
      activity with a single dose of methamphetamine (MA) was attempted by lesioning
      the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections with bilateral nigral injections of 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The rats were injected with MA (10 mg/kg) 11 days
      later, and killed 3 h after the injection. The 6-OHDA lesions prevented the
      decrease of TPH activity in the neostriatum, while the decrease of enzyme
      activity was slightly attenuated in the hippocampus and unaffected in the frontal
      cortex. This study demonstrates: that the attenuation of TPH activity can be
      prevented in a selected brain area by destroying its dopaminergic afferents, and
      implicates central dopamine (DA), or its metabolite, in the decrease in central
      TPH activity observed after a single injection of MA.

PMID- 2884121
TI  - The dopamine autoreceptor agonist B-HT 920 inhibits in vivo dopamine release into
      the cerebroventricular system of cats.
AB  - In anesthetized cats the dopamine autoreceptor agonist B-HT 920 (6-allyl-2-amino
      5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo-[4,5-d]-azepine), 1 mg/kg i.v., greatly decreased
      the amount of dopamine in cerebroventricular perfusates. This effect was
      antagonized by a low dose (50 micrograms/kg i.v.) of haloperidol, but not by the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocker idazoxan. Our observations provide evidence that B
      HT 920 inhibits brain dopamine release in vivo and may be therapeutically
      valuable in diseases presumed to be accompanied by a predominance of brain
      dopamine activity, such as Huntington's disease, mania and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2884122
TI  - Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by endothelium-derived relaxing factor
      from cultured endothelial cells.
AB  - Bovine endothelial cells, grown on microcarrier beads and superfused with a
      saline solution, were stimulated with thimerosal or bradykinin to release
      endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). EDRF activity in the effluent was
      assayed in endothelium-denuded rabbit aorta. The stimulation of purified soluble
      guanylate cyclase in test tubes by the EDRF-containing effluent amounted to 90
      fold of basal activity and its time course correlated with that of the dilator
      response of the aorta. After preincubation of endothelial cells with gossypol the
      EDRF-induced dilator response as well as the stimulation of guanylate cyclase was
      suppressed.

PMID- 2884123
TI  - Phentolamine reverses NPY-induced inhibition of insulin secretion in isolated rat
      islets.
AB  - It has been shown that the rodent pancreas is innervated by neuropeptide Y (NPY)
      nerves, some of which are adrenergic, and that NPY inhibits glucose-induced
      insulin secretion in vivo in the mouse and that from isolated rat islets in
      vitro. We now investigated whether the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine
      affects the inhibitory action of NPY on insulin secretion from isolated rat
      islets. It was found that NPY dose dependently inhibited insulin secretion
      stimulated by glucose (11.1 mM). At a concentration of 10(-7) M, NPY totally
      abolished the insulin secretory response to glucose. It was also found that
      incubation with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (10(-6) M) itself
      enhanced the insulin secretion at 3.3 mM but not at 16.7 mM glucose. Moreover,
      phentolamine counteracted the inhibitory action of NPY. Thus, at 10(-8) M, NPY
      could no longer inhibit insulin secretion when phentolamine (10(-6) M) was
      present, whether 3.3 mM or 11.1 mM glucose was present. In contrast, somatostatin
      (10(-7) M) could inhibit insulin secretion, both in the presence and absence of
      phentolamine (10(-6) M); this showed that phentolamine does not reverse all types
      of inhibition. However, when the dose of phentolamine was decreased to 10(-7) M,
      the inhibitory action of NPY on glucose-induced insulin secretion was retained
      indicating that the reversal of the NPY effect by phentolamine is a competitive
      effect. It is concluded that NPY inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion by a
      direct action on the islets, and that phentolamine reverses this inhibitory
      action of NPY in a competitive manner.

PMID- 2884124
TI  - Intrathecally administered dynorphin-(1-17) modulates morphine-induced
      antinociception differently in morphine-naive and morphine-tolerant rats.
AB  - The intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine, but not of dynorphin-(1-17),
      dose dependently inhibited thermal nociceptive responses to radiant heat. In
      morphine-naive rats, i.t. dynorphin-(1-17) slightly antagonized morphine
      analgesia but potentiated it in morphine-tolerant rats. These data provide
      further evidence that dynorphin-(1-17) modulates the effects of exogenously
      administered opiates differently, depending upon whether the animals are opiate
      naive or opiate-tolerant.

PMID- 2884125
TI  - Topical timolol, at conventional, unilateral doses causes bilateral ocular beta
      blockade in rabbits.
AB  - The studies described herein reveal that unilateral 0.3% and 1% doses of timolol
      produce marked beta-adrenoceptor blockade in treated and in contralateral eyes
      which did not receive timolol. This indicates that unilateral, conventional
      topical doses of timolol administered to rabbits cause bilateral ocular beta
      adrenoceptor blockade. In addition, 0.1% and 1% doses of timolol applied to one
      eye resulted in blockade of cardiovascular beta-adrenoceptors. Thus, the most
      likely explanation for bilateral ocular beta-blockade would be systemic
      absorption of timolol from the treated eye and redistribution to the fellow eye.
      Since contralateral eyes would not provide an adequate control in circumstances
      where a large dose of timolol is administered unilaterally, caution must be
      exercised in interpreting data obtained in laboratory animals with doses of
      timolol similar to those employed clinically. A 0.01% dose of timolol appears
      adequate to achieve marked, unilateral ocular beta-adrenoceptor blockade in
      rabbits.

PMID- 2884127
TI  - Kindling-induced changes in EEG recorded during stimulation from the site of
      stimulation. III. Direct pharmacological manipulations of the kindled amygdala.
AB  - In our previous studies, we hypothesized that activation and subsequent collapse
      of GABA-mediated inhibition during tetanus is an important seizure-triggering
      mechanism in the kindled epileptogenic focus. To examine this hypothesis, in the
      present study, we investigated the effects of pharmacological manipulations of
      the kindled amygdala with several drugs, and measured the kindled seizures as
      well as the EEG events during tetanus. The results obtained were: (i) The
      selective GABA-A agonist, muscimol (1 and 5 nM/1 microliter), suppressed kindled
      seizures in a dose-dependent fashion, and the 5 nM muscimol significantly
      prolonged EEG suppression and reduced the number of oscillations in the
      subsequent rhythmic synchronous discharge. Similar effects followed systemic
      injection of diazepam (2 mg/kg). (ii) The selective GABA-B agonist, baclofen (5
      nM), had no effect on kindled seizures nor on the EEG events during tetanus.
      (iii) The NMDA antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (80 nM), significantly
      reduced the afterdischarge duration and significantly delayed the appearance of
      the rhythmic synchronous discharge. However, these effects were not observed
      immediately, but 24 to 72 h after microinjection. (iv) The muscarinic cholinergic
      antagonist, atropine (40 and 80 nM), suppressed kindled seizures in a dose
      dependent fashion, but the atropine caused marked synchronous discharge both in
      the awake resting EEG and during tetanic stimulation. We conclude that the GABA-A
      system, including the benzodiazepine system, is more involved in the seizure
      triggering mechanism of amygdala kindling than the GABA-B system, that there is
      an interaction between the GABA-A and NMDA system, and that the cholinergic
      participation is independent of the primary seizure-triggering mechanisms.

PMID- 2884126
TI  - Catecholaminergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase
      like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat.
AB  - The coexistence of immunoreactivities for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamic
      acid decarboxylase (GAD) and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was revealed in
      various brain regions in colchicine-injected and untreated rats, using the
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Consecutive 40 micron thick Vibratome sections
      were incubated in different antisera and those cells which were bisected by the
      plane of sectioning so as to be included at the paired surfaces of two adjacent
      sections were identified. The coexistence of the immunoreactivities for TH and
      GAD or GABA in the same cell could thus be determined by observing the
      immunoreactivity of the two halves of the cell incubated in two different
      antisera. In the olfactory bulb, retina, diencephalon, mesencephalic central grey
      and cerebral cortex, many TH-like immunoreactive neurons also showed GAD-like or
      GABA-like immunoreactivity, whereas in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental
      area and locus ceruleus none of TH-like immunoreactive neurons showed either GAD
      like or GABA-like immunoreactivity. In the olfactory bulb, retina and cerebral
      cortex, the majority of the TH-like immunoreactive neurons were also GAD-like or
      GABA-like immunoreactive. In the diencephalon of colchicine-injected rats, at
      least one-third of the TH-like immunoreactive neurons were GAD-like
      immunoreactive. Using serial 0.5 micron thick plastic-embedded sections, it was
      shown that immunoreactivities for three antigens, GAD, GABA and TH could occur in
      the same neurons in the olfactory bulb. These observations indicate the possible
      coexistence of two classical transmitters. GABA and catecholamine, in various
      brain regions of the rat.

PMID- 2884128
TI  - [Characteristics of the presynaptic action of harman and its derivatives compared
      to benzodiazepine tranquilizers].
AB  - In experiments on superfused cerebral hemispheric cortex slices of rats
      preincubated with 3H-gamma aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA), 3H-serotonin (3H-ST) or
      3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) it was shown that benzodiazepine tranquillizers
      (chlordiazepoxide and diazepam at the concentration of 3 X 10(-5) M) fail to
      change basal and slice electrostimulation-induced release of 3H-GABA, depress
      presynaptic release of 3H-NA and significantly enhance impulse release of 3H-ST.
      In contrast to benzodiazepine tranquillizers, harmane and its derivatives
      administered at the same concentration enhance slice electrostimulation-induced
      release of 3H-GABA, 3H-ST and 3H-NA.

PMID- 2884129
TI  - [Effect of the atypical neuroleptics carbidine and sulpiride on dopamine
      biosynthesis in the synaptosomes of the nucleus accumbens septi in rats].
AB  - Neurochemical mechanisms of actions of atypical neuroleptics carbidine (a
      derivative of gamma-carboline) and sulpiride on dopamine (DA) biosynthesis in
      synaptosomes of the nucleus accumbens septi of the rat brain were studied.
      Carbidine caused a dose-dependent decrease of the animals' locomotor
      hyperactivity induced by apomorphine (1 mg/kg). Both carbidine and sulpiride
      administered in a dose of 5 mg/kg increased the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase
      in synaptosomes of the nucleus accumbens septi. In vitro carbidine decreased and
      sulpiride exerted no effect on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase of the
      nucleus accumbens septi synaptosomes. Carbidine as well as sulpiride in vitro
      failed to modify the release of 3H-DA from superfused synaptosomes. At the same
      time, both in vivo and in vitro, the two neuroleptics reduced the inhibitory
      effect of DA on the 3H-DA release from synaptosomes of the nucleus accumbens
      septi and on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2884130
TI  - The effect of the natural protein inhibitor on H+-ATPase hepatoma 22a
      mitochondria.
AB  - The uncoupler-induced inactivation of H+-ATPase in hepatoma 22a and mouse liver
      mitochondria has been studied. The dependence of this process on delta microH,
      and pH and ATP was established. The inactivated ATPase could be reactivated at
      alkaline pH values in the absence of ATP. These data indicate that the
      inactivation is apparently caused by the natural protein inhibitor. ATP- and pH
      dependent decrease of ATPase activity is also observed after Lubrol-WX disruption
      of mitochondria. It can be proposed that practically all ATPase molecules in
      hepatoma mitochondria are in a catalytically active complex with the protein
      inhibitor. At low delta microH this complex is inactivated via reversible pH
      dependent and irreversible ATP-dependent rearrangements. The pH-dependent
      rearrangement of the isolated protein inhibitor from hepatoma mitochondria is
      also observed.

PMID- 2884132
TI  - [Changes in the functional-morphological indices of somatostatin-producing D
      cells of the gastric antrum induced by vagus nerve stimulation].

PMID- 2884131
TI  - Disruption of the Lys-290--Glu-342 salt bridge in human alpha 1-antitrypsin does
      not prevent its synthesis and secretion.
AB  - The object of this work was to test the hypothesis that failure to secrete the Z
      variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin is related to the loss of a particular
      structural feature, the Lys-290 to Glu-342 salt bridge. Oligonucleotide-directed
      mutagenesis was used to disrupt the salt bridge by substituting a glutamic acid
      for lysine at residue 290. RNA transcripts prepared from this mutant DNA and from
      the normal cDNA were both able to direct the synthesis of protein in a cell-free
      system and after injection into Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, the constructed
      mutant alpha 1-antitrypsin was secreted as readily as the normal inhibitor.

PMID- 2884134
TI  - Re-evaluation of the obstetrical risk for the older primipara.
AB  - The obstetric data relating to 92 older primiparas (OP) treated as regular
      obstetric patients and data relating to 92 older multiparas (OM) are compared to
      a previous study of 98 OP, which led to the conclusion that OP should not be
      managed as high-risk patients during gestation. No difference was found between
      the two periods regarding complications of pregnancy, gestational age and birth
      weight, onset of labor, perinatal morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, cesarean
      deliveries were significantly higher in the study group. It seems that the
      conservative attitude towards OP during pregnancy is justified, but at labor,
      more rigid indications for cesarean section should be applied to establish
      objective patient care.

PMID- 2884133
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis and pregnancy: a case of deleterious association.
AB  - The association of pregnancy with Takayasu's arteritis is almost always
      uneventful. A case with high values of maternal blood pressure (BP) and severe
      intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), submitted to aggressive management with
      the delivery of a live fetus at 30 weeks, is presented.

PMID- 2884135
TI  - Outcome of pregnancy following investigation and treatment of infertility.
AB  - We studied 500 women who conceived after investigation and treatment for
      different infertility problems and compared the outcome of the 5 infertility
      groups (Group 1 to 5), the ovulatory dysfunction (Group 1), male infertility
      (Group 2), A.I.D. (Group 3), tubal surgery and IVF (Group 4) and no treatment
      (Group 5) with the outcome in the hospital group during a period of 3 years. The
      incidence of abortion in Group 3 is significantly higher (13.8%), the incidence
      of ectopic pregnancy is significantly higher in Group 4 (21.7%) as compared with
      the incidence in the hospital group (P less than 0.01). The rate of pre-existing
      hypertension and gestational diabetes is significantly higher in all the 5
      infertility groups as compared with the incidence in the hospital group (P less
      than 0.05). The incidence of preterm labor in general is less in the infertility
      group as compared with the incidence in the hospital group (P greater than 0.05).
      The incidence of older women, multiple pregnancy, induction of labor, operative
      deliveries, fetal distress, low Apgar score, babies with birth weight below the
      tenth centile were higher in the infertility groups (P less than 0.05). But the
      perinatal mortality or major or minor fetal anomalies were not significantly
      different in the infertility groups as compared with the rate in the hospital
      groups (P greater than 0.05).

PMID- 2884136
TI  - Hypergonadotropic amenorrhea--etiology and outcome in 93 young women.
AB  - Ninety-three cases of amenorrheic women aged 40 years or less in whom serum FSH
      concentrations were found to be greater than 20 units/l have been reviewed. The
      etiology and diagnosis of this uncommon but serious condition and the potential
      for spontaneous recovery of ovarian follicular activity (17.1%) are discussed.
      Management is reviewed in the light of ultrasonic, karyotypic and immunological
      findings.

PMID- 2884137
TI  - Estrogen receptors in breast cancer--therapeutic response to the treatment of
      recurrences.
AB  - The authors analyze estrogen receptors in 501 cases of breast cancer and the
      therapeutic response achieved with treatment of patients who relapsed. The method
      utilized to determine the presence of estrogen receptor was cytosol protein
      counting and Dextran coated charcoal (DCC) saturation analysis. Patients were
      treated with chemotherapy when the primary tumor was estrogen-receptor negative.
      If receptor was present, anti-estrogen drug (Tamoxifen) was added. Patients
      previously treated with the anti-estrogen presented a better response to anti
      estrogen therapy and a lower recurrence rate. Recurrences were more frequent in
      estrogen receptor negative cases and better responses to treatment were found in
      estrogen receptor positive ones.

PMID- 2884138
TI  - Prophylactic topical cefamandole in radical hysterectomy.
AB  - From July 1, 1978 to June 30, 1984, 45 radical abdominal hysterectomies were
      performed by the authors at Tripler Army Medical Center. Management was uniform
      except for the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Three patterns of practice were
      identified: Group I, no antibiotics were used; Group II, intravenous (i.v.)
      antibiotics were given in the induction room and for less than 48 h post-surgery;
      Group III, prophylactic i.v. antibiotics were given and the surgical site was
      also irrigated with a cefamandole and saline solution. The three groups were
      found to be similar with regard to age, parity, weight-height index, pre- and
      postoperative hematocrit, pre-operative white blood cell count, operative and
      anesthesia times, estimated blood loss, and amount of blood transfused. Groups I
      and II had a higher surgical site infection rate (87.5% and 63.6%, respectively)
      than Group III (3.8%). The mean 10-day fever index in degree hours was 109 for
      Group I, 71 for Group II, and 30 for Group III (P less than 0.001). Irrigation of
      the surgical site with a cefamandole and saline solution in addition to i.v.
      antibiotics decreases the infectious morbidity of radical hysterectomy.

PMID- 2884139
TI  - Serum ovarian steroids, prolactin and prostaglandin metabolites in women using
      the inert intrauterine device.
AB  - Serum levels of 17 beta estradiol, progesterone, prolactin and metabolites of
      prostaglandins E2 and F2a were investigated in 18 healthy women before and after
      the insertion of a Saf-T-Coil intrauterine device. The results suggest that the
      presence of an intrauterine device may cause hormonal changes affecting the
      luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

PMID- 2884140
TI  - Clinical evaluation of steroid receptors in ovarian neoplasms.
AB  - Estrogen and progesterone receptors were estimated in a total of 25 ovarian
      neoplasms. None of the benign tumors showed steroid receptors. In malignant
      tumors serous tumors were more often receptor positive than the mucinous.
      Receptor levels were correlated with the staging of the disease, menstrual status
      and the resectability of the tumor. The response to chemotherapeutic drugs was
      better in patients with low estrogen and progesterone receptors as compared to
      those with high levels. The latter group showed a definite response to
      progesterone treatment in vitro. These are the group of patients who may benefit
      by combination of hormones and chemotherapeutic drugs.

PMID- 2884141
TI  - Procidentia in the newborn.
AB  - Complete uterine prolapse was noted shortly after birth in a female infant with a
      meningomyelocele at the level of the iliac crest with a palpable dimpled defect
      caudal to the primary lesion. The vagina and uterus were restored to their normal
      position with a rubber nipple placed into the vagina. The prolapse resolved on
      the sixth day of life after a repair of the meningomyelocele. Thus, conservative
      therapy with temporary support provides a satisfactory solution for newborn
      procidentia.

PMID- 2884142
TI  - Abscess formation post cesarean section due to a piece of latex glove.
AB  - Pelvic abscesses may develop after retention of foreign bodies. A case is
      presented in which during drainage of a post cesarean section pelvic abscess a
      small piece of a latex glove was recovered. The formation of pelvic abscesses due
      to foreign bodies is discussed.

PMID- 2884143
TI  - Maternal mortality--a twelve-year survey at the University of Ilorin Teaching
      Hospital (U.I.T.H.) Ilorin, Nigeria.
AB  - This paper concerns an analysis of maternal death at the University of Ilorin
      Teaching Hospital (U.I.T.H.) Ilorin over a 12-year period (1972-1983). There were
      138,577 births and 624 deaths making a maternal mortality rate of 4.50 per 1000
      births. Hemorrhage, ruptured uterus and obstructed labor were the major direct
      obstetric causes of death. The most important indirect causes were cerebrospinal
      meningitis, pulmonary infections and fulminating hepatitis. The main avoidable
      factors were ineffective and cumbersome blood transfusion services; poor
      management of the third stage of labor; large number of unbooked patients and
      poor delivery room structure encouraging sepsis. Suggestions are made for a more
      integrated type of maternity services in our hospital, health education programs
      for the public and particularly the expectant women and availability of an
      effective blood bank service within the maternity hospital premises for prompt
      treatment of patients requiring emergency blood transfusion. The analysis
      underlines the great problem of maternal mortality in the developing world.

PMID- 2884144
TI  - Viral hepatitis as a major cause of maternal mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
AB  - Causes of maternal mortality were investigated in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from
      September 1981 to September 1983. Viral hepatitis ranked third among the leading
      causes of maternal mortality behind septic abortion and puerperal sepsis. There
      were 26 deaths from viral hepatitis during the 2-year study period for a hospital
      maternal mortality rate of 91.0 per 100,000 live births. Although 30% of women
      who died of all maternal causes received antenatal care in Addis Ababa, only 13%
      of women who died from viral hepatitis in our hospital study received antenatal
      care. Low socio-economic status (SES) has been shown to be associated with low
      antenatal care utilization and with an increased risk of protein malnutrition.
      Malnutrition is considered a predisposing factor for liver damage. Suggestions
      for reducing hepatitis transmission and maternal mortality through education,
      better hygiene, and improved sanitation are discussed.

PMID- 2884145
TI  - Recombinant DNA technology and low-density lipoprotein receptor defects.

PMID- 2884146
TI  - An overview of the biochemistry and pharmacology of glutamatergic and GABA-ergic
      neurotransmission.

PMID- 2884147
TI  - Interactions between neurons and glia in glutamate/glutamine compartmentation.

PMID- 2884148
TI  - Tracing of neurons with glutamate or gamma-aminobutyrate as putative
      transmitters.

PMID- 2884149
TI  - Localization and function of glutamine synthetase and glutaminase.

PMID- 2884150
TI  - Function of gamma-hydroxybutyrate: a putative neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2884151
TI  - Excitatory receptors and their role in excitotoxicity.

PMID- 2884152
TI  - Loratadine (SCH29851) 40 mg once daily versus terfenadine 60 mg twice daily in
      the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - Seventy patients received loratadine 40 mg once daily, terfenadine 60 mg twice
      daily, or placebo in a 14-day, double-blind, randomized study. Four nasal and
      four non-nasal symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis were evaluated. At the
      endpoint (the last evaluable visit), the mean total scores of combined nasal and
      non-nasal symptoms decreased (improved) from the baseline by 51.8% and 55.7% with
      loratadine and terfenadine, respectively, but increased (worsened) by 6.1% with
      placebo. There was a significant difference between both the loratadine and
      terfenadine treatment groups and the placebo group (P = 0.001) but not between
      the active medication groups (P = 0.608). Overall therapeutic response was good
      or excellent in 14 of the 23 patients given loratadine, in 18 of the 24 given
      terfenadine and in none of the 23 given placebo. The difference between each
      active medication group and the placebo group was significant (P less than or
      equal to 0.01) but there was no significant difference between the two active
      treatment groups (P greater than 0.35). No loratadine patient had any adverse
      side-effects. Sedating effects occurred in one terfenadine patient, headache in
      one placebo patient and two terfenadine patients (one terfenadine patient with
      severe headache discontinued treatment), and dyspepsia in two placebo patients.
      No anti-cholinergic effects occurred in this study. Loratadine 40 mg once daily
      was effective and safe in the relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2884153
TI  - Cell lineage analysis of pancreatic islet development: glucagon and insulin cells
      arise from catecholaminergic precursors present in the pancreatic duct.
AB  - We have previously reported that cells transiently expressing tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), the first enzyme of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, are
      present in the pancreas of mouse embryos from prenatal Day 11 (E11) and that, at
      E12, some TH cells contain glucagon. Cells containing TH were also found in
      adults which, unlike the TH cells of embryos, did not contain glucagon (G.
      Teitelman, T. H. Joh, and D. J. Reis (1981). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78, 5225).
      These findings suggested to us that the TH cells of embryonic pancreas were the
      precursors of glucagon cells of adults. In this study we used immunocytochemical
      and autoradiographic techniques to determine whether cells containing TH (a) were
      present in pancreas throughout pre- and postnatal development, (b) were localized
      to a specific region of the gland, (c) contained insulin at any time, and (d)
      proliferated. We found that TH cells were present in pancreas throughout life. In
      embryos, cells containing TH localized only along the pancreatic duct, also
      contained either glucagon or insulin, and were able to proliferate. In contrast,
      after birth, the pancreatic duct contained no TH cells. Cells containing TH in
      postnatal and adult mice also differed from embryonic TH cells in that they were
      found in all islets, contained insulin but not glucagon, and did not synthesize
      DNA, and hence did not proliferate. These findings suggest that progenitor cells
      that contain catecholamines and are present in the pancreatic duct give rise to
      glucagon and insulin cells of adult islets. They also indicate that the TH
      insulin cells of postnatal and adult mice are not stem cells but are postmitotic
      cells that appear in the islets after birth.

PMID- 2884154
TI  - Comparison of the effects of elevated K+ ions and muscle-conditioned medium on
      the neurotransmitter phenotype of cultured sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Neuronal depolarization and culture media conditioned by certain nonneuronal
      cells (CM) are known to exert opposite effects on the expression of cholinergic
      and noradrenergic traits in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. We have compared
      their effects on the developments of choline acetyltransferase (CAT), tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TOH), dopa decarboxylase (AADC) and acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) in
      these cultures. A macromolecular factor which was partially purified from CM
      increased CAT development in a dose-dependent manner and depressed the
      development of TOH and AADC by 5- to 10-fold. In the presence of intermediate
      concentrations of this partially purified factor, both CAT and catecholamine
      synthesizing enzymes developed to high levels, whereas high concentrations caused
      a long-lasting, but not total, impairment of TOH development. The effects of CM
      on both CAT and AADC activities resulted from variations in the number of
      immunotitratable enzyme molecules. Conversely, K+ ions (30-40 mM) depressed the
      development of CAT by 90% and stimulated TOH development 2.5-fold. Cultures grown
      with CM in high K+ medium had similar CAT and TOH activities as compared to those
      cultures grown without CM in low K+ medium suggesting that CM and K+ ions had
      antagonistic effects on the expression of these enzymes. However, K+ ions did not
      affect the development of AADC in these cultures. CM suppressed in a reversible
      manner the development of the 16 S form of AcChE. In the presence of 40 mM K+,
      the rate of development of AcChE was reduced. In particular, the development of
      16 S AcChE was strikingly impaired, although not totally suppressed. The effect
      of elevated K+ ions on the percentage of 16 S AcChE was rapidly reversible. It is
      concluded that CM and elevated K+ ions have antagonistic effects on CAT and TOH,
      but not on AADC development; AcChE, in particular its asymmetric 16 S form, is
      regulated independently of the cholinergic/noradrenergic status of sympathetic
      neurons.

PMID- 2884155
TI  - Oocyte-specific expression and developmental regulation of ZP3, the sperm
      receptor of the mouse zona pellucida.
AB  - The mouse zona pellucida is composed of three sulfated glycoproteins, encoded by
      the oocyte genome, that have important biological functions in preimplantation
      development. One of the zona gene products, ZP3, functions as the sperm receptor
      at fertilization. Our present data demonstrate that the ZP3 gene is transcribed
      in oocytes where its expression is developmentally regulated. Resting primordial
      oocytes do not express ZP3 mRNA, but these transcripts rapidly accumulate in
      growing oocytes so that they represent 0.1-0.2% of the total poly(A+) RNA. As
      oocytes complete their growth and undergo meiotic maturation, the abundance of
      ZP3 transcripts falls off dramatically; ovulated eggs contain less than 15% of
      peak levels. The oocyte-specific accumulation of ZP3 transcripts serves as an
      attractive system for further studies of factors that modulate developmentally
      regulated genes during mammalian oogenesis.

PMID- 2884156
TI  - Gene amplification: the Chinese hamster glutamine synthetase gene.
AB  - The glutamine analogue, methionine sulphoximine, has been used to develop Chinese
      hamster ovary cell lines which overproduce the enzyme glutamine synthetase.
      Southern and Northern blot hybridization studies showed that this overproduction
      is due to gene amplification of a region of DNA containing the glutamine
      synthesis gene coding sequences, with a corresponding increase in glutamine
      synthetase mRNA and protein. This amplification has increased the glutamine
      synthetase gene copy number to approximately 1000 copies per cell. Genomic DNA
      sequences from the amplified region have been cloned and the structure of the
      glutamine synthetase gene within this region is being analysed.

PMID- 2884157
TI  - Basal and meal-induced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in healthy subjects and
      in IDDM and totally pancreatectomized patients. Effects of acute blood glucose
      normalization.
AB  - We investigated the impact of blood glucose normalization on plasma levels of
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in subjects with C-peptide-negative
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in totally pancreatectomized
      patients. Patients were studied during hyperglycemia and during normoglycemia,
      which was attained by Biostator-directed feedback insulin infusion. The
      experiments were performed in the fasted state and after a standardized
      breakfast. In IDDM (n = 6), basal levels of SLI were significantly higher than in
      nondiabetic subjects (n = 18). In IDDM, normalization of hyperglycemia was
      followed by a 40% decline in basal SLI (P less than .05). After the meal, SLI
      increased to the same absolute levels with or without feedback insulin treatment;
      however, the incremental response was 60% higher during feedback insulin
      treatment (P less than .05). Treatment also suppressed fasting and postprandial
      levels of glucagon, whereas gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels were
      unaltered. In four pancreatectomized patients, normoglycemia tended to lower
      plasma levels of SLI by 50% (P less than .1). After breakfast, an SLI response
      was noted during normoglycemia, whereas no significant effect of the meal was
      seen during hyperglycemia. We conclude that in IDDM and in totally
      pancreatectomized patients, administration of insulin with subsequent
      normalization of blood glucose is accompanied by a decline in plasma levels of
      SLI in the fasted state, whereas the apparent response to a meal is enhanced.
      These effects on plasma levels of SLI probably reflect to a major extent release
      of somatostatin from the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2884158
TI  - Hypersecretion of gastric somatostatin in spontaneously diabetic BB rats.
AB  - We previously reported that the BB diabetic rat is characterized by a reduction
      in pancreatic immunoreactive somatostatin (SLI) content, delta-cell mass, and
      delta-cell secretory reserve. Despite this, portal plasma SLI levels are elevated
      in diabetic animals and normalized by insulin therapy. These findings comprise
      indirect evidence for SLI hypersecretion by the gut in untreated BB rats. This
      study was undertaken with isolated stomach perfusions to investigate directly the
      secretory status of gastric delta-cells in this diabetic model. Isolated stomachs
      of three groups of insulin-treated diabetic, untreated diabetic, and nondiabetic
      control rats were perfused in situ under basal and glucagon-stimulated (5 nM)
      conditions. Untreated diabetic BB rats exhibited significant enhancement of basal
      and glucagon-stimulated gastric SLI release. Insulin treatment reduced gastric
      SLI release to significantly subnormal levels. More than 95% of basal and
      stimulated SLI released in diabetic BB and normal control rats coeluted with
      synthetic somatostatin-14 on Sephadex G-50 columns. We conclude that basal and
      stimulated gastric SLI release is increased in untreated BB rats and is
      suppressed with insulin therapy, gastric delta-cell hyperfunction accounts for
      portal vein hypersomatostatinemia characteristic of untreated diabetic BB rats,
      and somatostatin-14 is the main molecular form of SLI released from normal and
      diabetic stomachs.

PMID- 2884160
TI  - [Endocrine and humoral aspects of the physiology of sports].

PMID- 2884159
TI  - Importance of glucagon in the control of futile cycling as studied in alloxan
      diabetic dogs.
AB  - In order to determine the role of glucagon in futile or substrate cycling in
      diabetes, we measured tracer determined glucose kinetics during a combined
      infusion of 2-3H-glucose (total glucose production) and 6-3H-glucose (glucose
      production) in six alloxan-diabetic dogs. The animals received either a 420 min
      infusion of (1) somatostatin alone (0.3 microgram X kg-1 X min-1), (2)
      somatostatin with insulin replacement (100 microU X kg-1 X min-1) or (3) glucagon
      (6 ng X kg-1 X min-1) together with somatostatin and transient insulin
      replacement. When somatostatin was given alone, plasma glucagon (p less than
      0.004) and insulin (p less than 0.0001) were suppressed. Glucose production and
      disappearance and plasma glucose concentrations fell (p less than 0.0001), but
      the metabolic clearance of glucose did not change significantly. In the basal
      state, futile cycling comprised 29 +/- 4%, 33 +/- 4% and 33 +/- 3% of total
      glucose production in the three groups of studies, which is high compared to
      normal dogs. The absolute rate of futile cycling fell slightly but significantly
      from 10.0 +/- 1.7 to 8.3 +/- 1.7 mumol X kg X -1 min-1 (p less than 0.0008). When
      insulin replacement was given during somatostatin infusion to correct for the
      small somatostatin-induced insulin suppression, there were similar changes in
      plasma glucagon, glucose concentrations and glucose kinetics as seen during the
      infusion of somatostatin alone. Futile cycling decreased to a slightly greater
      extent from 12.8 +/- 2.8 to 9.5 +/- 1.7 mumol X kg-1 X min.-1 (p less than
      0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884161
TI  - [Tricyclic structure of drugs and hepatotoxicity].

PMID- 2884162
TI  - [New salazosulfapyridine derivatives. Progress in the treatment of chronic
      inflammatory diseases of the intestines?].

PMID- 2884163
TI  - A comparative immunocytochemical study of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP)
      endocrine system in a stomachless and a stomach-containing teleost.
AB  - The gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system of a stomach-containing and
      of a stomachless teleost, Sparus auratus and Barbus conchonius, respectively, are
      studied immunocytochemically using different antisera against mammalian hormones.
      Insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
      immunoreactive cells are identified in the endocrine pancreas of both species.
      Only the distribution of PP-immunoreactive cells differed strongly; in the
      principal islet of both fishes, few PP-immunoreactive cells are present, whereas
      in the smaller ones many of them are observed in S. auratus and none in B.
      conchonius. In the digestive tract of S. auratus 10 endocrine cell types can be
      distinguished: neurotensin-, secretin-, serotonin-, somatostatin-, and two types
      of substance P-immunoreactive cells exclusively in the stomach, and C-t
      gastrin/CCK-, glucagon-, Met-enkephalin-, PP-, and only one type of substance P
      immunoreactive cells in the intestinal epithelium. With the exception of
      substance P-immunoreactive cells, the other four intestinal endocrine cells, as
      well as an unspecific immunoreactive cell, can also be found in B. conchonius.
      Coexistence of glucagon- and PP-like immunoreactivity is observed in the pancreas
      of S. auratus and in the gut of B. conchonius. Pancreatic and gut endocrine cells
      showing only PP- or glucagon-like immunoreactivity are found, too.

PMID- 2884164
TI  - Molecular markers for the agouti coat color locus of the mouse.
AB  - The agouti (a) coat color locus of the mouse acts within the microenvironment of
      the hair follicle to control the relative amount and distribution of yellow and
      black pigment in the coat hairs. Over 18 different mutations with complex
      dominance relationships have been described at this locus. The lethal yellow (Ay)
      mutation is the top dominant of this series and is uniquely associated with an
      endogenous provirus, Emv-15, in three highly inbred strains. However, we report
      here that it is unlikely that the provirus itself causes the Ay-associated
      alteration in coat color, since one strain of mice (YBR-Ay/a) lacks the provirus
      but still retains a yellow coat color. Using single-copy mouse DNA sequences from
      the regions flanking Emv-15 we have detected three patterns of restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within this region that can be used as
      molecular markers for different agouti locus alleles: a wild-type agouti (A)
      pattern, a pattern which generally cosegregates with the nonagouti (a) mutation,
      and a pattern which is specific to Emv-15. We have used these RFLPs and a panel
      of 28 recombinant inbred mouse strains to determine the genetic linkage of these
      sequences with the agouti locus and have found complete concordance between the
      two (95% confidence limit of 0.00 to 3.79 centimorgans). We have also physically
      mapped these sequences by in situ hybridization to band H1 of chromosome 2, thus
      directly confirming previous assignments of the location of the agouti locus.

PMID- 2884165
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome as a possible postoperative complication: a case
      report.
AB  - Neuroleptic therapy for postoperative agitation in a mentally retarded
      schizophrenic patient is described. Clinical features consistent with neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome (NMS) developed. NMS is a dangerous, drug-induced complication
      of neuroleptic administrations that can be a differential diagnostic problem.
      Already often misdiagnosed, this syndrome is especially likely to be unrecognized
      in nonpsychiatric settings, and may occur postoperatively. Failure to recognize
      NMS may lead to reexposures to the offending agent, with potentially grave
      consequences.

PMID- 2884166
TI  - Inpatient treatment of the psychiatric patient with alcoholism.
AB  - Patients with both alcoholism and mental illness, or the one masquerading as the
      other, are very common and often puzzling and discouraging to clinicians. This
      article reviews several aspects of these problems: epidemiologic studies show
      that substantial proportions of mentally ill people suffer from alcoholism, and
      these disorders interlock in complex ways, each exacerbating the other. Many
      physicians feel uncomfortable working with alcoholic people, mostly because of
      poor training, and this impinges on difficulties of giving excellent care to
      these taxing patients. Complexities and resistances to interviewing obstruct
      evaluation. Interviewing and history taking techniques and the reason for them
      are discussed. The decision whether a patient needs medical or psychiatric
      hospitalization, alcoholism rehabilitation, or outpatient psychiatric or
      alcoholism treatment is reviewed along with the management and sequencing of
      treatment for primary and secondary alcoholism with concomitant psychosis, mania,
      depression, panic disorder, and adult attention deficit disorder. Clinical
      intervention and referral for the patient on a medical or surgical floor who may
      have alcoholism is discussed. Two special clinical problems, the differential
      diagnosis of postdetoxification depression and the risks of using alcohol cross
      tolerant drugs, are also reviewed.

PMID- 2884167
TI  - Ipecac abuse: a serious complication in bulimia.
AB  - Ipecac abuse among bulimics is being increasingly reported. The case presented is
      a 19-year-old female with significant eating-related problems, including frequent
      binges and daily use of ipecac to induce vomiting. Medical evaluation revealed
      significant muscle weakness, cardiac impairment, and altered levels of serum
      enzymes. The physical debilitation caused by the ipecac use dissipated following
      apparent discontinuation of ipecac ingestion. The symptom presentation and
      management problems in this case are discussed to alert clinicians involved in
      consultation about ipecac abuse.

PMID- 2884168
TI  - Isolation and characterization of DNA probes from the short arm of the human X
      chromosome that detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - We have isolated 30 X chromosome specific probes from a flow-sorted library
      enriched for the human X chromosome. Hybridization to somatic cell hybrids
      containing different regions of the X chromosome localized nine of these probes
      to Xp. After testing 185 probe-enzyme combinations, three of the Xp probes were
      found to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

PMID- 2884169
TI  - The construction of a cloning vector designed for gene replacement in Bordetella
      pertussis.
AB  - We report here the construction of a plasmid cloning vector, pRTP1, designed to
      facilitate exchange of cloned and chromosomal alleles of the human bacterial
      pathogen Bordetella pertussis. pRTP1 provides the ability to successively select
      two homologous recombination events within the cloned sequences. The first is by
      selection for maintenance of the ampicillin-resistance gene on the plasmid which
      is unable to replicate autonomously after transfer via conjugation. The second
      selection, via streptomycin (Sm) selection, is against the maintenance of vector
      sequences which contain a gene encoding the Sm-sensitive allele of the gene for
      ribosomal protein S12 thus rendering an otherwise Sm-resistant strain Sm
      sensitive. We demonstrate the use of this vector to introduce an unmarked
      mutation, constructed in vitro, into the chromosomal locus encoding pertussis
      toxin.

PMID- 2884171
TI  - Inhibition of meal stimulated gastric acid secretion by an octapeptide
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - A dose response study of the effect of an octapeptide somatostatin analogue, SMS
      201-995, on meal stimulated gastric acid secretion was carried out in 12 healthy
      volunteers. Infusion of SMS 201-995 in a dose of 50 pmol/kg/h almost completely
      abolished the acid response to the meal. Pl-gastrin was significantly decreased
      during infusion of 10 pmol/kg/h of SMS 201-995 and insulin was significantly
      inhibited during infusion of 50 pmol/kg/h. SMS 201-995 in a dose of 50 pmol/kg/h
      inhibited basal and submaximal pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion by 77% and
      84% respectively (p less than 0.01). On a molar basis SMS 201-995 is
      substantially more potent than natural somatostatin in inhibiting gastric acid
      secretion.

PMID- 2884170
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the rice cytochrome f gene and the presence of sequence
      variation near this gene.
AB  - The rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Labelle) chloroplast (cp) gene encoding cytochrome
      f has been isolated and sequenced. The coding region of this rice gene displays
      95.1%, 85.3% and 85.2% nucleotide sequence homology with that of wheat, pea and
      spinach, respectively. To examine the cpDNA sequence variation in rice, cpDNA
      from Labelle and its parents, Belle Patna and Dawn was compared. Using the
      cytochrome f gene as the probe for hybridization, we found several differences in
      the size and number of restriction fragments in the cp genome of three rice
      varieties. An additional restriction fragment found in the Belle Patna cp
      suggests that this cp genome is either heterogeneous or contains two copies of
      cytochrome f gene per cpDNA.

PMID- 2884173
TI  - Evidence of Negro origin of HbC in Sicily.

PMID- 2884172
TI  - [Treatment and monitoring of patients with signs of premature labor up to the 32d
      week of pregnancy].

PMID- 2884175
TI  - [Venous diseases--an underestimated hazard].

PMID- 2884176
TI  - [Possibilities and limits in the treatment of uncomplicated diarrhea].

PMID- 2884174
TI  - [Pharmacological studies on Y-8894. (V) Effect on learning and memory in intact
      and experimentally amnesic rats].
AB  - The effects of Y-8894 on learning and memory were studied using the pole climbing
      avoidance (PCA) response in intact and experimentally induced amnesic rats. The
      following results were obtained: A single administration of Y-8894 (2.5 mg/kg,
      i.p.) to experimentally induced amnesic rats significantly antagonized the
      decrease in the mean number of PCA responses induced by an electroconvulsive
      shock (ECS). At a higher dose (10 mg/kg, i.p.), however, this effect was reduced.
      Repeated administration of Y-8894 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly antagonized the
      facilitation of the extinction of the PCA response induced by exposure to CO2.
      Repeated administration of Y-8894 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly facilitated the
      learning of the PCA response in intact rats. At a higher dose (5 mg/kg, i.p.),
      however, this effect was reduced. A single administration of Y-8894 (5 mg/kg,
      i.p. and 25 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly delayed the extinction of the PCA response
      in intact rats. These results suggest that Y-8894 has an ameliorative and
      facilitative effect on learning and memory in experimentally induced amnesic and
      intact rats.

PMID- 2884177
TI  - [New guidelines in the treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency].

PMID- 2884178
TI  - [Nisoldipin: a vasoselective calcium antagonist].

PMID- 2884179
TI  - Diabetogenic action of GH and cortisol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
      Aspects of the mechanisms behind the Somogyi phenomenon.
AB  - The effect on glucose homeostasis of a transient elevation of plasma growth
      hormone (GH) and cortisol was studied over 6 h in 14 male patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by using an i.v. somatostatin (100
      micrograms/h) - insulin (0.4 mU/kg/min) glucose (3 mg/kg/min) - infusion test
      (SIGIT). GH (20 mU/kg) was given as a 60 min i.v. infusion during the initial
      SIGIT period raising the plasma GH level to about 40 micrograms/l, and returning
      to low basal within 3 h. ACTH (0.1 mg) was given as an i.v. bolus injection at
      the start of the SIGIT, resulting in plasma cortisol peak values of about 900
      nmol/l within 2-3 h. GH raised blood glucose after a lag of 4 h while ACTH alone
      had no effect. However, ACTH added to GH enhanced the diabetogenic effect of GH.
      It is concluded that an episodic increase in circulating GH-cortisol, resembling
      the responses of these hormones to an insulin-induced hypoglycemia, exerts a
      diabetogenic effect in IDDM-patients not deprived of insulin. While GH is
      essential in this respect the diabetogenic effect of cortisol is evident only in
      conjunction with GH.

PMID- 2884180
TI  - Isoprenaline-induced myocardial damage & the cardioprotective action of some beta
      adrenoceptor blockers in albino rats.

PMID- 2884181
TI  - Spoke-wheel injuries.

PMID- 2884182
TI  - An approach to monitoring mutation rates using restriction fragment lengths.
AB  - Monitoring background mutation rates in normal populations, elevated rates in
      exposed populations and unusual rates in test systems exposed to mutagens and
      carcinogens remains an unresolved problem. To date, efforts have focused on
      measurement of mutation rates by searching for protein sequences that appear in
      children but were not present in their parents. An initial study to measure
      mutation rates by using recombinant DNA technology was carried out in Alta, Utah,
      in 1984, and the results are summarized here. The purpose of this paper is to
      explore in greater detail the use of restriction fragment lengths for monitoring
      mutation rates. The report of the meeting at Alta was sceptical about the
      practicality of this approach. The conclusion of this paper is that it is indeed
      a practical approach, and details are given of a method for realizing a
      functional system.

PMID- 2884183
TI  - Screening for carcinoma-in-situ of the testis.
AB  - Germ cell neoplasia detected at the preinvasive stage of carcinoma-in-situ (CIS)
      can be cured by orchidectomy or by localized irradiation of the testis.
      Therefore, screening for carcinoma-in-situ of the testis has been applied to
      groups of individuals known to have an increased risk of testicular cancer. A
      high (5.5%) incidence of CIS was found in the contralateral testis of men with a
      unilateral cancer of the testis. An increased incidence of CIS was also found
      among men with a history of cryptorchidism. We recommend routine screening for
      CIS of the testis in both groups of men. The role of screening for CIS among
      subfertile men remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2884184
TI  - Experience of screening for carcinoma-in-situ of the testis among young men with
      surgically corrected maldescended testes.
AB  - One hundred and twelve young men with maldescended testes which had been
      surgically corrected were examined for premalignant/malignant changes in the
      testes. Bilateral testicular biopsies were made in ninety-four patients. Three
      had carcinoma-in-situ of the testis in the biopsy. Invasive tumour of
      seminomatous type was found in two of these testes after orchidectomy had been
      performed. No correlation was found with testicular localization pre- or
      postoperatively, with testicular volume or with tumour markers.

PMID- 2884185
TI  - Ultrasound in detection of early neoplasia of the testis.
AB  - Testicular ultrasound scanning was performed in 192 men with a history of
      cryptorchidism. The ultrasonic tissue pattern was evaluated and each testis was
      accordingly given a score on a scale from 1 to 4, 1 representing the normal
      uniform pattern and 4 being a very irregular pattern. Testicular biopsy of the
      previously maldescended testicle(s) was carried out in 143 of the scanned men and
      from two contralateral testicles where the score 4 was given at the ultrasound
      examination. Two biopsies showed carcinoma-in-situ pattern. Both were found among
      testes with a very irregular echo pattern. This pattern was found in only 3.2% of
      all scanned testes.

PMID- 2884186
TI  - Testicular biopsy as an outpatient procedure in screening for carcinoma-in-situ:
      complications and the patient's acceptance.
AB  - Testicular biopsy has been performed as a simple outpatient procedure to
      facilitate screening purposes. The target population was men aged 20-30 years
      with previous cryptorchidism, and the aim of the study was to discover carcinoma
      in-situ. When results from the first 209 consecutive males were assessed, very
      few and minor complications were encountered. Only three patients needed
      hospitalization for drainage of pus from the wound. The effects of the procedure
      as experienced by the patients were evaluated by a questionnaire. 72% of the
      patients found the method acceptable. The advantages were the patients' minimal
      absence from their jobs, and the low consumption of resources.

PMID- 2884187
TI  - The clinical significance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

PMID- 2884188
TI  - Beta-blockade in acute myocardial infarction: is Swan-Ganz catheterization
      required before treatment?
AB  - Beta-blockade is used increasingly in early acute myocardial infarction (AMI) but
      may cause congestive heart failure (CHF). It is not known whether Swan-Ganz
      catheterization is necessary before beta-blockade in AMI. We made a retrospective
      analysis of 213 patients who underwent Swan-Ganz catheterization within 24 hours
      of AMI and compared precatheter CHF signs (dyspnoea, lung crepitations and x-ray
      appearance) with initial pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). One hundred nine
      of these patients received beta-blockade after catheterization, 31 did not
      tolerate beta-blockade. Absence of clinical CHF signs predicted a normal PAWP
      (less than or equal to 18 mmHg) in 86% of patients (42 of 49) and considerable
      safety in giving beta-blockade. Beta-blockade had to be stopped because of PAWP
      increase (greater than 5 mmHg) in 25 of 74 patients with CHF signs vs. 3 of 35
      patients without CHF signs (p less than 0.005), and in 9 of 15 patients with high
      PAWP vs. 19 of 91 patients with normal PAWP (p less than 0.01). Only 2/28
      patients (7%) intolerant to beta-blockade had a high PAWP but no clinical CHF. In
      conclusion hemodynamic intolerance to beta-blockade could have been predicted
      clinically without prior Swan-Ganz catheterization in 25/28 patients. Patients
      with CHF signs require catheterization if beta-blockade therapy is to be
      considered.

PMID- 2884189
TI  - Nabumetone (BRL 14777) presystemic elimination and disposition in patients with
      liver impairments.
AB  - The effect of presystemic elimination of nabumetone disposition was evaluated in
      6 cirrhotic patients after oral administration of a single dose of 1000 mg of the
      drug. The data revealed the major role of hepatic metabolism in the removal of
      the drug from the body. The relatively high values of hepatic plasma excretion
      ratio (= 0.60 +/- 0.04) and of the total intrinsic clearance (= 90.74 +/- 15.87
      l/h) places nabumetone between drugs with intermediate properties; clearance
      being partly dependent on plasma (blood) flow rate and on the hepatic metabolism
      whose systemic availability was 32% of the dose. Very good coincidence was
      obtained when ranging patients according to morphological evaluation of liver
      impairments was compared to the values of nabumetone disposition parameters.
      There was a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.831, p less
      than 0.05) between the fraction of the dose reaching the systemic circulation, f,
      and the gamma-GT "normalization index" (i.e., ratio between the observed decrease
      of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and the pretreatment difference
      from the upper normal value). A definite interpretation of the data cannot be
      provided until more knowledge about the effect of 6-mO-2-naphthylacetic acid on
      nabumetone metabolism is available.

PMID- 2884190
TI  - Effect of mifentidine, a new H2-antagonist, on pentagastrin-stimulated acid
      secretion in healthy subjects.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a single oral dose of
      10 mg of mifentidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, on unstimulated and
      pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in healthy subjects. The study was
      carried out in a double-blind randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over design.
      Ten subjects were given both placebo and active drug, with a wash-out period of
      at least 3 days. Unstimulated acid secretion was measured in the period between 1
      and 1.5 h after drug administration. Immediately thereafter, 2 micrograms/kg/h of
      pentagastrin was infused intravenously and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid
      secretion was determined for two subsequent hours. The volume of gastric
      secretion was significantly less after mifentidine than after placebo during the
      pentagastrin-stimulated period. Acid output was inhibited during unstimulated and
      pentagastrin-stimulated secretion by mifentidine by 45% and 39% of the placebo
      values, respectively. No adverse clinical or laboratory effects were noted during
      the study. The results of this study indicate that mifentidine, given as a single
      oral dose of 10 mg, inhibits effectively unstimulated and pentagastrin-stimulated
      acid secretion in healthy subjects.

PMID- 2884191
TI  - The excretion of renal enzymes during rest and exercise: a double-blind
      comparison between placebo and penbutolol.
AB  - A double-blind cross-over study was carried out in five healthy male volunteers
      to investigate the renal tolerance of 40 mg penbutolol, a receptor-specific beta
      blocking agent, during exercise and to compare its effects with a placebo. The
      effects of exercise were compared with a resting state after a medication on the
      placebo. Urine was collected in fractions for seven hours on each trial day. The
      urine volume and the excretion of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) per fraction were
      determined. The findings for the kidney enzymes AAP, NAG and GGT show that the
      renal tolerance of penbutolol was good. Physical exercise per se did not cause
      any increase in the excretion of the above-mentioned enzymes. Slight diurnal
      variation was seen in the excretion of the renal enzymes after both the placebo
      and penbutolol.

PMID- 2884192
TI  - Prevention and early diagnosis of cancer in the rectal stump of ulcerative
      colitis patients after colectomy and topical treatment.
AB  - Ulcerative colitis with malignant degeneration and dysplasia can be a
      precancerous lesion. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent or, at least to
      diagnose as early as possible any development toward neoplasia in the colon or
      rectum of the colitis patients. The only reliable guide for a risk of malignant
      tissue degeneration is dysplasia of the mucosa. A group of 31 patients was
      studied after total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and subsequent topical
      treatment with enemas containing sulphasalazine and corticosteroids. Two of these
      patients had mild rectal dysplasia before surgery, seen in a biopsy specimen
      obtained endoscopically. All the patients were followed for a long time after
      surgery, with endoscopy and microscopic and ultrastructural observation of rectal
      biopsy material taken from different sites in the mucosa, both from areas that
      looked dysplastic by endoscopy and from those that appeared normal. The two
      patients with presurgical dysplasia, when examined later, one 12 months and one
      18 months after surgery, had no rectal dysplasia; the mucosal covering was
      moderately complete and the anastomosis was functioning. It is considered that to
      prevent development of cancer in the rectal stump, colectomy should always be
      followed by regular topical treatment and there should be a check-up at short
      intervals for early diagnosis of any premalignant areas that might develop.
      Regression of such lesion was observed to lesser degrees after continuous
      treatment with the topical medication.

PMID- 2884193
TI  - Changes in lymphocyte subsets after treatment with cyclophosphamide and during
      the development of contact sensitivity in the guinea pig.
AB  - Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations were investigated in guinea pig lymph nodes
      during the development of contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)
      and following the injection of cyclophosphamide (CY; 300 mg/kg) using a panel of
      monoclonal antibodies against guinea pig lymphocyte surface markers. Application
      of a sensitizing dose of DNFB to the ear resulted in a significant increase in
      the number of cells recovered from the draining auricular and cervical lymph
      nodes, 4 and 6 days post sensitization. A significant increase in the number of
      cells in the contralateral cervical node was found at day 6 but not at day 4. At
      4 days postsensitization the proportions of Ia positive lymphocytes were higher
      than those of immunoglobulin positive B cells in the draining auricular and
      cervical node and the contralateral cervical lymph nodes suggesting T-cell
      "activation". Four and six days after sensitization there were no significant
      changes in the proportions of Pan T and T suppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c) positive
      lymphocytes in the draining auricular and cervical lymph nodes. Although contact
      sensitivity is "classically" a T-cell mediated phenomenon there was a significant
      increase in the proportion of B cells found in the draining auricular node 4 days
      after sensitization as compared to the "normal" auricular node. 1, 2, 3 and 7
      days after injection of CY there was a significant depletion in the proportion of
      B-lymphocytes in the cervical lymph node. This effect was maximal between 2 and 3
      days after CY and was paralleled by an increase in the proportion of Pan T
      positive cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884194
TI  - Indications for treatment.

PMID- 2884195
TI  - Steroid potentiation of beta-adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rabbit
      ciliary processes.
AB  - Dexamethasone (3.3 X 10(-8) M) potentiated 1-isoproterenol-stimulated adenylated
      cyclase activity in vitro in rabbit ciliary process epithelial membrane
      preparations. The ka for isoproterenol stimulation of the cyclase was 5 X 10(-7)
      M in control membranes, 2.5 X 10(-9) M in membranes preincubated with
      dexamethasone, and 6 X 10(-8) M with corticosterone. No change was observed in
      basal adenylate cyclase activity. Changes in enzyme activity at maximally
      stimulating levels of isoproterenol were not consistently different. Dose
      response to corticosterone in the presence of 10(-7) M 1-isoproterenol shows
      maximum effect at 6.6 X 10(-8) M corticosterone.

PMID- 2884196
TI  - Induction of ovulation. Gonadotrophin therapy.

PMID- 2884197
TI  - Effect of somatostatin in controlling bleeding from esophageal varices.
AB  - A multicenter double-blind clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy
      of a short-term somatostatin treatment versus a short-term vasopressin treatment
      on acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis and
      portal hypertension. Forty-nine patients with massive hemorrhage and endoscopic
      diagnosis of bleeding esophageal varices completed the study. Patients were
      randomly assigned to somatostatin treatment (24 patients: 250 micrograms/hr i.v.
      for 48 hrs) or vasopressin treatment (25 patients: 0.1 U/min i.v. for 48 hrs).
      The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was utilized, when needed, for a six hour period.
      In case of failure the patients were crossed-over to the other treatment.
      Patients in whom the bleeding stopped at 48 hrs, were randomly assigned to
      somatostatin (250 micrograms/hr i.v.) or placebo for seven days. Bleeding stopped
      in 68% of patients treated with somatostatin and in 28% of patients treated with
      vasopressin (p less than 0.0013). Mortality rate was lower, but not significantly
      so, in the somatostatin group compared to the vasopressin group. No differences
      were noted between somatostatin and placebo in preventing bleeding recurrences.
      These data suggest that somatostatin, when combined if necessary with a 6 hour
      period of balloon tamponade, is more effective than vasopressin at low doses in
      controlling severe hemorrhage from esophageal varices in patients with liver
      cirrhosis and portal hypertension. A clinical use of somatostatin seems to be
      indicated in these patients.

PMID- 2884198
TI  - Anti-carcinogenic effects of a serine protease inhibitor (FOY-305) through the
      suppression of neutral serine protease activity during chemical
      hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

PMID- 2884199
TI  - Arylsulphatase activity and cerebroside sulphates in the frog oviduct during the
      reproductive cycle.
AB  - The presence of arylsulphatase A and cerebroside sulphates in different tracts of
      Rana esculenta oviduct during different phases of the reproductive cycle were
      investigated by histochemical and biochemical procedures. The results indicate
      that enzyme activity shows seasonal fluctuations connected with the phase of the
      sexual cycle. The concentrations of cerebroside sulphates (the natural substrates
      of arylsulphatase A) is related to the activity of this hydrolytic enzyme. The
      role of arylsulphatase A activity in regulating the substrate concentration, and
      particularly that of sulphatides, is discussed.

PMID- 2884202
TI  - Immune systems and neuroendocrines.

PMID- 2884203
TI  - External neutron beam therapy.

PMID- 2884201
TI  - Comparison of DR beta 1 alleles from diabetic and normal individuals.
AB  - Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) is positively associated with HLA-D proteins. A
      critical question is whether or not sequence differences within the HLA-D coding
      region are the same or different in diabetics and normal individuals of the same
      haplotype. We have isolated both DR beta 1 alleles from a Dw4/LD MN2 cDNA library
      and compared them to DR beta 1 genes isolated from normal individuals of the same
      Dw phenotype. We found no nucleotide differences in the coding region between the
      normal and diabetic alleles of DR beta 1 suggesting to us that DNA differences
      other than the DR beta 1 coding region may account for the observed association
      of HLA-D and diabetes.

PMID- 2884200
TI  - Catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in the rat pituitary. An immunohistochemical
      study.
AB  - The catecholamine-containing nerve fibers of the rat pituitary were studied by
      immunohistochemical demonstration of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine
      N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Immunohistochemical demonstration of TH confirms
      earlier catecholamine fluorescence histochemical studies showing a fine network
      of varicose fibers in both the intermediate and the neural lobe, with the most
      dense aggregation of fibers at the border between the lobes. DBH-immunoreactive
      fibers were much less in number, and confined to the neural lobe, where both
      vascular and parenchymal fibers were seen. With the antibody to PNMT bright
      staining was seen in all the glandular cells of the intermediate lobe, while the
      neural lobe was negative. No immunoreactive structures were observed in the
      anterior lobe. Functionally the study confirms the presence of an extensive
      dopaminergic innervation of the neurointermediate lobe, giving an anatomical
      basis for the tonic inhibitory action of dopamine on the intermediate lobe cells
      and for recent observations attributing dopamine a local regulatory function also
      in the neural lobe. In addition to vascular noradrenaline-containing fibers as
      described earlier the study shows parenchymal DBH-immunoreactive fibers in the
      neural lobe, suggesting a local role for noradrenaline in this lobe. The nature
      of the cellular PNMT-immunoreactivity in the intermediate lobe remains to be
      established. The cellular localization of the PNMT-immunoreactivity was
      distinctly different than that of the alpha-MSH-immunoreactivity within the
      intermediate lobe cells and reserpine treatment did not affect the PNMT
      immunoreactivity although it induced a heterogeneous depletion of alpha-MSH and
      related peptides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884204
TI  - Elder abuse: the physician's role in identification and prevention.

PMID- 2884205
TI  - Transmission of adult T-cell leukemia retrovirus (HTLV-I) from mother to child:
      comparison of bottle- with breast-fed babies.
AB  - HTLV-I is commonly believed to be transmitted from HTLV-I seropositive mothers to
      infants via breast milk. In 11 of 24 breast-fed infants born to HTLV-I
      seropositive mothers, HTLV-I antigen-positive cells were detected in peripheral
      blood samples obtained 12 months after birth. In sharp contrast, they were
      detected in only one of 11 bottle-fed infants of HTLV-I seropositive mothers.
      Thus bottle-feeding appears to be an effective method to avoid HTLV-I
      transmission from HTLV-I seropositive mothers to infants.

PMID- 2884206
TI  - Evaluation of the safety of blood products with respect to human immunodeficiency
      virus infection by using an HTLV-I-infected cell line (SKT-1B).
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was rapidly cytopathic to SKT-1B, a cell line
      established from a patient with adult T cell leukemia, in vitro. This cytopathic
      effect was preceded by the expression of HIV antigen, defined with a monoclonal
      antibody (mAb) specific for the core protein (p24) of HIV. SKT-1B is highly
      susceptible to HIV as compared with MT-2 and H9 cells. HIV is known to be
      transmitted via blood products, and thus we examined whether or not currently
      used procedures for manufacturing blood products are safe by using SKT-1B.
      Lyophilized HIV was heated at 65 degrees for time periods in the range of 10 min
      to 48 hr, and the infectivity was examined. The results showed that heating at 65
      degrees for less than 2 hr was not sufficient to inactivate HIV, but the virus
      heated for 48 hr had no effect on SKT-1B. In addition, HIV completely lost its
      infectivity on sulfonation, which is commonly used to avoid anaphylactic shock on
      intravenous infusion of human immunoglobulins. These findings indicate that blood
      products manufactured by currently used procedures are probably safe with respect
      to HIV infection.

PMID- 2884207
TI  - Growth and adipose tissue metabolism in young pigs fed cimaterol with adequate or
      low dietary protein.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic agonist, cimaterol, was fed to young growing pigs to
      determine whether the carcass compositional changes observed in finishing pigs
      fed a beta-adrenergic agonist would be manifest in young animals. Furthermore,
      because cimaterol increased the deposition of lean mass in finishing pigs, it
      could have a protein sparing effect in young pigs that are rapidly accreting
      muscle mass and have a high dietary protein requirement. Pigs were fed cimaterol
      (at 0, .25 and .50 mg X kg-1 diet) and either an adequate (18%) or restricted
      (14%) protein diet from about 10 to 60 kg body weight. Pigs that were fed the 14
      compared with 18% protein diet grew slower and ate less but had the same gain-to
      feed ratio. These pigs also had shorter carcasses, less lean muscle and more fat
      deposition (assessed by carcass measurements and carcass chemical composition)
      than pigs that received adequate protein. Plasma protein and albumin
      concentrations were greater and plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and fatty acid
      concentrations were lower in pigs fed high compared with low dietary protein.
      Dietary cimaterol had no effect on any of the growth or carcass variables or on
      adipose tissue metabolism. When fed the high protein diet, cimaterol-supplemented
      pigs had smaller livers and stomachs. Dietary cimaterol did not have any major
      detectable effects on these young pigs, nor was there any evidence for a protein
      sparing effect.

PMID- 2884209
TI  - Assembly of a chemically synthesized peptide of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae
      into fimbria-like antigenic structures.
AB  - Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae are composed of subunits, each of which
      comprises 158 amino acids. We synthesized a copy of a 13-residue peptide, located
      near the NH2 terminus of the fimbrial subunit, that assumed some of the
      properties of type 1 fimbriae. At pH 5.5 the synthetic peptide autoassembled into
      fibrillar structures that resembled type 1 fimbriae except that they appeared
      less rigid and rodlike. A quaternary structure-specific monoclonal antibody
      against type 1 fimbriae recognized the synthetic peptide in the assembled but not
      the unassembled state. Furthermore, when the synthetic peptide was injected in
      its fimbrial conformation into rabbits, it evoked antibodies that reacted with
      type 1 fimbriae isolated from E. coli.

PMID- 2884208
TI  - Cloning and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes that confer L
      methionine sulfoximine and tabtoxin resistance.
AB  - Pseudomonas tabaci produces a toxin, tabtoxin, that causes wildfire disease in
      tobacco. The primary target of tabtoxin is presumed to be glutamine synthetase.
      Some effects of tabtoxin in tobacco can be mimicked by methionine sulfoximine
      (MSO), a compound that is known to inactivate glutamine synthetase. To understand
      how organisms can be made resistant to tabtoxin and MSO, we used Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. We demonstrate that yeast strains carrying the glutamine synthetase
      gene, GLN1, on a multicopy plasmid overproduced glutamine synthetase and showed
      increased drug resistance. These and other data indicate that glutamine
      synthetase is the primary target of tabtoxin and MSO in S. cerevisiae. We also
      isolated three S. cerevisiae DNA inserts of 2.1, 2.3, and 2.8 kilobases that
      conferred tabtoxin and MSO resistance when the inserts were present on a
      multicopy plasmid. These plasmids conferred resistance to MSO by blocking
      intracellular transport of the drug. Transport appeared to occur by one or more
      methionine permeases. Resistance to tabtoxin could also occur by blockage of
      intracellular transport, but the drug was transported by some permease other than
      a methionine permease. These drug resistance plasmids did not block transport of
      citrulline, indicating that they did not affect the general amino acid permease.

PMID- 2884210
TI  - Regulation of expression of glutamine synthetase in a symbiotic Nostoc strain
      associated with Anthoceros punctatus.
AB  - A characteristic of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in symbiotic associations appears to
      be release of N2-derived NH4+. The specific activity of the primary ammonium
      assimilating enzyme, glutamine synthetase (GS), was found to be three- to
      fourfold lower in Nostoc sp. strain 7801 grown in symbiotic association with the
      bryophyte Anthoceros punctatus than in free-living Nostoc sp. strain 7801.
      Quantitative immunological assays with antisera against GS purified from Nostoc
      sp. strain 7801 and from Escherichia coli indicated that similar amounts of the
      GS protein were present in symbiotic (50 micrograms mg-1) and free-living (68
      micrograms mg-1) cultures. The conclusion from these experiments is that GS is
      regulated by a posttranslational mechanism in Anthoceros-associated Nostoc sp.
      strain 7801. However, the results of comparative catalytic and immunological
      experiments between N2- and NH4+-grown free-living Nostoc sp. strain 7801 implied
      control of GS synthesis. A correlation was not observed between the level of GS
      expression and the extent of symbiotic heterocyst differentiation in Nostoc sp.
      strain 7801 associated with A. punctatus.

PMID- 2884212
TI  - Characterization of transfer regions within the HII incompatibility group plasmid
      pHH1508a.
AB  - A circular map of the 208-kilobase IncHII plasmid pHH1508a was constructed by
      using the restriction endonucleases XbaI, XhoI, and NotI. Tn5 insertion
      mutagenesis showed that transfer genes were distributed widely over the plasmid
      map. Analysis of the deletion mutant pDT1178 indicated that genes required for
      conjugative pilus production are located in a 96.0-kilobase region of the
      plasmid.

PMID- 2884213
TI  - Akinesia and postpsychotic depression: a difficult differential diagnosis.
AB  - Detailed clinical case descriptions highlight the potential symptomatic overlap
      between the syndromes of akinesia and postpsychotic depression in neuroleptic
      treated patients. The cases demonstrate that both syndromes may resemble major
      depression phenomenologically. However, the syndromes are not identical in
      medication response. Thus, differential medication response may potentially be a
      useful tool in teasing apart the various postpsychotic depressionlike states in
      the course of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

PMID- 2884211
TI  - DNA replication by a DNA-membrane complex extracted from Bacillus subtilis: site
      of initiation in vitro and initiation potential of subcomplexes.
AB  - A DNA-membrane complex extracted from Bacillus subtilis was studied further as a
      model system for initiation of bacterial DNA replication in vitro. Of three
      subcomplexes purified from the crude complex by a combination of CsCl and sucrose
      gradient centrifugation, the synthetic capability of only one was inhibited
      significantly by streptovaricin, a known inhibitor of RNA primer formation. A
      selective enrichment in the level of this subcomplex was obtained by manipulating
      a thymine-requiring mutant. The synthetic capabilities of an enriched and
      nonenriched DNA-membrane complex were compared in the presence and absence of
      streptovaricin. Although the rate and extent of DNA synthesis per unit of protein
      were approximately the same in the absence of the antibiotic, there was a much
      greater inhibition of synthesis shown by the enriched complex in the presence of
      streptovaricin. Although the amount of DNA present in the putative initiation
      subcomplex was less than 0.3 to 0.4% of the total DNA present in the crude
      complex, such DNA, except for a few quantitative differences, was still
      representative of genomic DNA. Newly synthesized DNA hybridized to specific
      origin- and non-origin-derived restriction fragments of the B. subtilis genome.
      However, when an elongation inhibitor (ddCTP) was added, hybridization of such
      DNA to almost all of the nonorigin fragments disappeared or was reduced
      drastically, whereas origin region hybridization patterns remained strong. The
      highest level of hybridization in the origin region occurred with a BamHI (B7)
      restriction fragment of 5.6 kilobases that has been implicated by others as one
      site initiation in vivo (N. Ogasawara, M. Seiki, and H. Yoshikawa, Nature
      (London) 281:702-704, 1979; S. J. Seror-Laurent and G. Henckes, Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. USA 82:3586-3590, 1985).

PMID- 2884214
TI  - Studies on nitrate reductase of Clostridium perfringens. IV. Identification of
      metals, molybdenum cofactor, and iron-sulfur cluster.
AB  - Nitrate reductase of Clostridium perfringens was purified by an improved method
      using immuno-affinity chromatography. The purified preparation contained Mo, Fe,
      and acid-labile sulfide; the Mo content was 1 mol per mol and the Fe 3.7 mol per
      mol of the enzyme. The inactive enzyme obtained from cells grown in the presence
      of tungstate did not hold Mo but contained 1 mol of W. The content of Fe was not
      increased. The presence of molybdenum cofactor in the nitrate reductase was
      indicated by the formation of molybdopterin form A in the oxidation of the enzyme
      by iodine and by the complementation of NADPH-nitrate reductase with the heart
      treated enzyme in the extract of Neurospora crassa nit-1. The Clostridium nitrate
      reductase had an absorption maximum at 279 nm and shoulders at 320, 380, 430, and
      520 nm. This enzyme seems to contain an iron sulfur cluster since the reduced
      enzyme showed decreased absorption in visible region. The CD spectrum of the
      enzyme has a positive peak at 425 nm and negative ones at 310, 360, and 595 nm.
      It was compared with the CD spectrum of ferredoxin (2Fe-2S or 4Fe-4S cluster) and
      the nitrate reductase of Plectonema boryanum.

PMID- 2884215
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding goat pre alpha-lactalbumin.
AB  - In poly(A)+RNA extracted from a lactating goat mammary gland, mRNA of about 750
      nucleotides was shown to encode pre alpha-lactalbumin by using in vitro
      translation and immunoprecipitation. From the total poly(A)+RNA, the cDNA library
      was constructed using the Escherichia coli plasmid pUC18; it was screened with
      the oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe corresponding to the amino acid sequence of
      Trp60-Gln65 of goat alpha-lactalbumin. A plasmid containing almost full-length
      cDNA of goat pre alpha-lactalbumin, pGLA-1, was identified. The cDNA insert of
      pGLA-1 comprises 727 base pairs and contains the signal peptide and mature
      protein sequence.

PMID- 2884217
TI  - Substrate specificity of acetyl coenzyme A synthetase.
AB  - Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) has been examined for its ability to
      accept various carboxylic acids as substrates in place of acetic acid. The
      activity of the enzyme with these substrates was monitored using a coupled enzyme
      assay and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Short chain
      carboxylic acids were found to be active including: propionic, acrylic,
      fluoroacetic, methacrylic, 3-chloropropionic, 3-bromopropionic, and propiolic.
      The kinetic parameters, Km and % Vmax of the carboxylic acid substrates, are
      reported and show that these acids are poorer substrates than acetic acid.
      Several of the acyl CoAs were synthesized on a preparative scale using enzyme
      catalysis, purified using preparative HPLC, and characterized using proton NMR
      spectroscopy. In the course of the NMR identification, a complete and fully
      resolved spectral assignment for all the protons of coenzyme A was made and is
      reported. The acyl-CoA analogs should be useful as substrate analogs and as
      potential affinity labels for enzymes that bind acetyl-CoA.

PMID- 2884216
TI  - On the role of subunit III in proton translocation in cytochrome c oxidase.
AB  - Mammalian mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons
      from ferrocytochrome c to molecular oxygen in the respiratory chain, while
      conserving the energy released during its electron transfer reactions by the
      vectorial movement of protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The
      protein domain that translocates the protons across the membrane is currently
      unknown. Recent research efforts have investigated the role of one of the
      transmembrane subunits of the enzyme (III, Mr 29,884) in the vectorial proton
      translocation reaction. The data that favor subunit III as integral in vectorial
      proton translocation as well as the data that support a more peripheral role for
      subunit III in proton translocation are reviewed. Possible experimental
      approaches to clarify this issue are presented and a general model discussed.

PMID- 2884218
TI  - Probing the catalytic subunit of the tonoplast H+-ATPase from oat roots. Binding
      of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3,-diazole to the 72-kilodalton polypeptide.
AB  - The purified tonoplast H+-ATPase from oat roots (Avena sativa L. var. Lang)
      consists of at least three different polypeptides with masses 72, 60, and 16 kDa.
      We have used covalent modifiers (inhibitors) and polyclonal antibodies to
      identify the catalytic subunit of the H+-pumping ATPase. The inactivation of
      ATPase activity by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (Nbd-Cl, an adenine
      analog) was protected by MgATP or MgADP, and showed kinetic properties consistent
      with active site-directed inhibition. Under similar conditions, [14C]Nbd-Cl
      preferentially labeled the 72-kDa polypeptide of the purified ATPase. This
      binding was reduced by MgATP or 2' (3')-)O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) ATP. Nbd-Cl
      probably modified cysteinyl--SH or tyrosyl--OH groups, as dithiothreitol reversed
      both ATPase inactivation and [14C]Nbd-Cl binding to the 72-kDa subunit. The
      finding that N-ethylmaleimide inhibition of ATPase activity was protectable by
      nucleotides is consistent with the idea of sulfhydryl groups in the ATP-binding
      site. Polyclonal antibody made to the 72-kDa polypeptide specifically reacted
      (Western blot) with a 72-kDa polypeptide from both tonoplast-enriched membranes
      and the purified tonoplast ATPase, but it did not cross-react with the
      mitochondrial or Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. The antibody inhibited tonoplast
      ATPase and H+-pumping activities. We conclude from these results that the 72-kDa
      polypeptide of the tonoplast H+-ATPase contains an ATP- (or nucleotide-) binding
      site that may constitute the catalytic domain.

PMID- 2884219
TI  - A cystine-dependent inactivator of tyrosine aminotransferase co-purifies with
      gamma-cystathionase (cystine desulfurase).
AB  - Tyrosine aminotransferase is stable in homogenates of rat liver, but not when L
      cystine or L-cysteine is added, which causes the enzyme to be reversibly
      inactivated due to oxidation of thiol groups. By monitoring inactivation of the
      aminotransferase in the presence of L-cystine, a factor responsible for this loss
      of activity was purified from rat liver. The factor required vitamin B6 and co
      purified with gamma-cystathionase during numerous steps. Highly purified
      inactivating factor contained a protein that was identical in size and
      isoelectric point to cystathionase but also contained a dissimilar peptide that
      appeared to be unrelated to cystathionase. Cystathionase and the cystine
      dependent inactivator shared several catalytic activities, including the
      hydrolysis of cystathionine, desulfuration of cystine, and desulfhydration of
      cysteine. During incubation of L-cysteine with the purified factor, hydrogen
      sulfide was generated but no inactivation of the aminotransferase occurred,
      suggesting that cysteine-dependent inactivation requires additional mechanisms.
      An insoluble inactivator of tyrosine aminotransferase that is produced during the
      reaction may be elemental sulfur, since colloidal suspensions of sulfur also
      inhibited the enzyme. Another inhibitor fractionated with high molecular weight
      substances; this may be protein-bound sulfane.

PMID- 2884221
TI  - The use of coral as a bone graft substitute.
AB  - Experiments have been performed to investigate the use of coral skeletons as bone
      graft substitutes. Skeletal fragments of different coral genera were implanted
      into cortical and spongy bone defects and used to bridge transcortical resections
      in the femur. The implant site was monitored for up to 18 months.
      Radiographically, both cortical and spongy bone defects were at least partially
      filled by new bone after 8 weeks while the implants underwent continuous
      resorption. Coral resorption and replacement by new tissue was also observed in
      the transcortical resections. The process of resorption was attributed to the
      enzymatic attack, especially carboanhydrase. This was confirmed by experiments in
      which dogs were implanted with coral in transcortical resections and treated
      daily with acetazolamide, a carboanhydrase inhibitor; the absorption appeared
      delayed and the resections failed to heal.

PMID- 2884222
TI  - Experience with I-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG): a retrospective study.
AB  - We report a retrospective study of two years experience with I-131
      metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). I-131 MIBG was prepared locally and was found to
      have decreased background activity as compared with other available commercial
      preparations from Great Britain and the United States. Fifty-nine patients were
      studied with a total of 65 scans. The study included 11 members of a family with
      multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) type II syndrome. Of 16 patients found to
      have abnormal scans, 12 had disease confirmed surgically. These cases consisted
      of nine pheochromocytomas, one paraganglioma, one neurilemmoma, and one
      neuroblastoma. MIBG scans for pheochromocytoma detection had an accuracy of
      94.5%, a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 93.5% in this study of
      patients with a high prior probability of the disease.

PMID- 2884220
TI  - Loss of unisite and multisite catalyses by Escherichia coli F1 through
      modification with adenosine tri- or tetraphosphopyridoxal.
AB  - Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and adenosine diphospho (AP2-PL)-, triphospho (AP3-PL)
      , and tetraphospho (AP4-PL)-pyridoxals (Tagaya, M., and Fukui, T. (1986)
      Biochemistry 25, 2958-2964) were tested as potential affinity probes for F1
      ATPase of Escherichia coli. Both AP3-PL and AP4-PL bound and inhibited F1 ATPase,
      whereas PLP and AP2-PL were weak inhibitors. The concentrations of AP3-PL and AP4
      PL for half-maximal inactivations of the multisite (steady state) ATPase activity
      were both 18 microM. The binding of these reagents to a reactive lysyl residue(s)
      was confirmed from the difference absorption spectra, and the stoichiometry of
      binding of [3H]AP3-PL to F1 at the saturating level was about 1 mol/mol F1. The
      analogue bound to both the alpha subunit (about two-thirds of the radioactivity)
      and the beta subunit (about one-third of the radioactivity). No inactivation of
      multisite ATPase activity or binding of AP3-PL was observed in the presence of
      ATP. F1 modified with about one mol of AP3-PL had essentially no uni- and
      multisite hydrolysis of ATP. The rate of binding of ATP decreased to 10(-2) of
      that of unmodified F1, and the rate of release of ATP was about two times faster.
      The equilibrium F1 X ATP in equilibrium F1 X ADP X Pi was shifted toward F1 X
      ATP, and no promotion of ATP hydrolysis at unisite was observed with excess ATP.
      These results suggest that the AP3-PL or AP4-PL bound to an active site, and
      catalysis by the two remaining sites was completely abolished.

PMID- 2884224
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and maintenance of thiol pools in tumor
      cells resistant to alkylating agents.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory have established that acquired resistance
      of murine L1210 leukemia cells to L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) and other
      alkylating agents is accompanied by a two-to threefold elevation in their
      glutathione (GSH) concentration (Biochem. Pharm. 31:121). In an attempt to gain
      insight into the mechanism by which resistant tumor cells maintain their
      increased GSH content, we have assessed the possible role of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GT), a membrane bound enzyme involved in GSH metabolism.
      These results indicate that the enzyme is present in both sensitive and resistant
      murine L1210 leukemia cells but that the cellular content of gamma-GT is elevated
      two-to threefold in L-PAM resistant cells as compared to their sensitive
      counterparts. This elevation in enzymatic activity correlates well with the
      increased cellular GSH content in resistant cells. The results of a detailed
      kinetic analysis of gamma-GT activity indicate that there is no difference,
      between cell types, in the apparent Km of the enzyme for the gamma-glutamyl donor
      (L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide) or the acceptor (glycylglycine). However, the
      apparent Vmax is increased two-to threefold in L-PAM resistant tumor cells.
      Investigation into the role of gamma-GT in the extracellular metabolism of GSH
      indicates that resistant tumor cells metabolize two-fold more GSH than do
      sensitive cells and that such metabolism results in a similar difference in the
      intracellular concentration of cysteine. Results of studies with cellular lysates
      also indicate a role for the enzyme in the supply of cysteine to the glutathione
      precursor pool of the tumor cell and in the maintenance of elevated GSH
      concentrations in cells resistant to alkylating agents.

PMID- 2884223
TI  - Lysosomal enzyme precursors in coated vesicles derived from the exocytic and
      endocytic pathways.
AB  - The molecular forms of two lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin C and cathepsin D, have
      been examined in lysosomes and coated vesicles (CVs) of rat liver. In addition,
      the relative proportion of these lysosomal enzymes residing in functionally
      distinct CV subpopulations was quantitated. CVs contained newly synthesized
      precursor forms of the enzymes in contrast to lysosomes where only the mature
      forms were detected. Exocytic and endocytic CV subpopulations were prepared by
      two completely different protocols. One procedure, a density shift method, uses
      cholinesterase to alter the density of CVs derived from exocytic or endocytic
      pathways. The other relies on electrophoretic heterogeneity to accomplish the CV
      subfractionation. Subpopulations of CVs prepared by either procedure showed
      similar results, when examined for their relative proportion of cathepsin C and
      cathepsin D precursors. Within the starting CV preparation, exocytic CVs
      contained approximately 80-90% of the total steady-state levels of these enzymes
      while the level in the endocytic population was approximately 10-13%. The
      implications of these findings are discussed with regard to lysosome trafficking.

PMID- 2884225
TI  - The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the lipolytic response to
      exercise.
AB  - The influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the free fatty acid (FFA) response
      during and after submaximal exercise was studied in a group of normal volunteers.
      The study showed that the exercise-induced rise in serum FFA concentrations seen
      with placebo was reduced after pretreatment with propranolol. Furthermore, the
      palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid responses showed progressive
      attenuation with increasing doses of propranolol. Different beta blockers were
      studied using comparable doses: metoprolol and nadolol had little effect and
      produced FFA profiles that were similar to placebo whereas the changes on
      pindolol were comparable with those on propranolol.

PMID- 2884226
TI  - Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of seventeen of the major
      monoamine neurotransmitters, precursors and metabolites. I. Optimization of the
      mobile phase using factorial designs and a computer program to predict
      chromatograms.
AB  - Utilizing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
      electrochemical detection and optimization of the mobile phase using factorial
      designs and a constructed computer program to predict chromatograms, it has been
      possible to obtain a satisfactory resolution of seventeen of the major monoamine
      neurotransmitters, precursors and metabolites. A rapid (less than 25 min)
      isocratic system for the simultaneous determination of 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxytyramine,
      homovanillic acid, norepinephrine, normetanephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene
      glycol, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, epinephrine, metanephrine,
      vanillylmandelic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophol and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid in addition to the internal standard isoproterenol is
      presented. The optimization strategy included selection of variables to optimize
      by a reduced factorial design a detailed study of these variables by a complete
      factorial design, theoretical predictions of chromatograms by a constructed
      computer program and test on the HPLC system. This optimization strategy can
      easily be applied to any problem of solute separation by liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2884227
TI  - Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of seventeen of the major
      monoamine neurotransmitters, precursors and metabolites. II. Assessment of human
      brain and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations.
AB  - The optimized chromatographic method procedure presented in Part I was employed
      for the assessment of human brain and cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters
      levels. The optimized sample preparation and chromatographic conditions permitted
      a rapid (less than 25 min), sensitive and semi-automated high-performance liquid
      chromatographic analysis which measures all major monoamine neurotransmitters,
      precursors and metabolites in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain
      specimen was deproteinized with perchloric acid (containing Na2EDTA and sodium
      sulphite), the internal standard and heparin were added and the samples were
      sonicated, centrifuged, filtered and injected directly into the chromatographic
      system. Cerebrospinal fluid was handled in a similar manner except that
      sonication was excluded. The regional distribution of monoamine neurotransmitter
      concentrations in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid is presented.

PMID- 2884228
TI  - Assay for tyrosine hydroxylase by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      fluorescence detection.
AB  - A sensitive assay method for tyrosine hydroxylase in rat brain and adrenal
      medulla by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection is
      described. L-DOPA formed enzymatically from the substrate L-tyrosine and alpha
      methyldopa (internal standard), after clean-up with small cartridges of an
      activated alumina and a cation exchanger, Toyopak IC-SP M, are converted into the
      corresponding fluorescent compounds by reaction with 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine.
      The derivatives are separated by reversed-phase chromatography on TSK gel ODS
      120T. The detection limit for L-DOPA formed enzymatically is 2 pmol per assay
      tube.

PMID- 2884229
TI  - Effects of age, duration and treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on
      residual beta-cell function: observations during eligibility testing for the
      Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). The DCCT Research Group.
AB  - To examine the effects of age and duration and treatment of insulin-dependent
      diabetes (IDDM) on residual beta-cell function, we measured the fasting and
      Sustacal-stimulated serum C-peptide levels in 610 conventionally treated IDDM
      patients (age, 13-39 yr; duration of diabetes, 1-15 yr) during eligibility
      screening for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Fasting and
      stimulated C-peptide values were closely correlated (r = 0.83; P less than
      0.001), and both declined with increasing duration of disease. However, among
      patients who had been diabetic for more than 5 yr, 11% (33 of 296) of adults
      compared with 0 of 75 adolescents (P less than 0.001) retained substantial
      insulin secretory capacity. Patients with stimulated C-peptide levels greater
      than 0.2 pmol/mL had a significantly lower mean fasting plasma glucose level [177
      +/- 6 (+/- SEM) vs. 222 +/- 6 mg/dL; P less than 0.001), a smaller rise in
      glucose after Sustacal administration (151 +/- 5 vs. 184 +/- 3 mg/dL; P less than
      0.001), and lower hemoglobin A1C (8.4 +/- 0.2% vs. 9.3 +/- 0.1%; P less than
      0.001) than the patients with a stimulated C-peptide level of 0.05 pmol/mL or
      less, even though the C-peptide secretors were receiving less insulin (0.52 +/-
      0.02 vs. 0.78 +/- 0.02 U/kg X day; P less than 0.001). To determine the effects
      of treatment of beta-cell function, 33 patients with stimulated C-peptide values
      between 0.2 and 0.5 pmol/mL at entry in the DCCT were restudied 1 yr after
      randomization to standard treatment (n = 15) or an experimental (n = 18)
      treatment designed to achieve and maintain near-normal glucose levels. Although C
      peptide levels declined in both groups, experimental treatment was associated
      with slightly less of a decline in stimulated C-peptide values compared to
      Standard treatment. The results of C-peptide measurements in this large and well
      defined population of IDDM patients demonstrate that residual beta-cell function
      continues for a longer period of time in adults compared to adolescents with
      IDDM. This endogenous insulin secretion contributes significantly to metabolic
      control and may be prolonged by intensive insulin treatment regimens.

PMID- 2884230
TI  - Effect of estrogen on the growth hormone response to the alpha-adrenergic agonist
      clonidine in women with menopausal flushing.
AB  - The serum GH response to the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine (0.15
      mg, iv) was measured in 8 postmenopausal women with hot flushes before and during
      treatment with the conjugated estrogen premarin (1.25 mg, orally daily for 4
      weeks), 9 normal premenopausal women, and 12 normal men. The men had a
      significantly greater GH response than did the age-matched premenopausal women (P
      less than 0.05). The mean individual peak GH response was significantly higher in
      the premenopausal compared with the postmenopausal women (P less than 0.05).
      Premarin decreased the number of hot flushes (P less than 0.01), but had no
      effect on the GH response to clonidine. These results suggest that estrogens do
      not enhance alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms that regulate GH secretion and that
      improvement in menopausal flushing after estrogen therapy is not mediated by an
      effect on central alpha 2-adrenergic function.

PMID- 2884231
TI  - Current treatments with LHRH and its analogues. Recommendations of the ESHRE
      workshop. Anacapri, September 20, 1986.

PMID- 2884232
TI  - Crohn's disease-isolated mycobacteria are identical to Mycobacterium
      paratuberculosis, as determined by DNA probes that distinguish between
      mycobacterial species.
AB  - DNA extracted from an unclassified Crohn's disease-isolated Mycobacterium strain
      was cloned. The recombinant clones were radiolabeled and hybridized to
      restriction digests of mycobacterial DNA transferred to nylon membranes.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were identified that
      distinguished between mycobacterial DNA samples. Quantitative estimates of
      frequencies of DNA base substitution were also obtained. No RFLPs were detected
      between the DNA of three unclassified Crohn's disease-isolated mycobacteria and
      Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, although several RFLPs were detected that
      distinguished between M. paratuberculosis and both M. avium complex serovars 2
      and 5. The frequency of DNA base substitution between M. paratuberculosis and M.
      avium complex serovar 2 was measured as 0.87 (+/- 1.2)%.

PMID- 2884233
TI  - Circulating somatostatin. Physiological regulator of pancreatic function?
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether somatostatin is released into
      the circulation in sufficient amounts to regulate exocrine and endocrine
      pancreatic function and to evaluate the possible role of somatostatin as a
      hormonal regulator of the pancreas. Mean plasma somatostatin levels (SLI)
      increased from 11 +/- 2 pmol liter-1 to peak concentrations of 18 +/- 2 in six
      healthy male volunteers after a steak meal (P less than 0.05). Infusion of
      somatostatin inhibited hormone-induced exocrine pancreatic secretion and
      suppressed cerulein-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secretion, but did not
      significantly change arginine-stimulated insulin and glucagon release at mean
      plasma somatostatin concentrations within the range seen after a meal. The amount
      of somatostatin released after a meal thus was of sufficient magnitude to inhibit
      exocrine pancreatic function and PP release. On the other hand, basal and
      arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretions were not significantly
      affected by these plasma concentrations of intravenous somatostatin suggesting
      that the exocrine pancreas might be more sensitive to somatostatin than the islet
      cells. We conclude that somatostatin in concentrations within the range seen
      after a meal is a potent inhibitor of stimulated acinar cell function in man. The
      findings support the hypothesis that somatostatin acts as a true hormonal
      regulator.

PMID- 2884234
TI  - Regulation of lymphokine production and human T lymphocyte activation by 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3. Specific inhibition at the level of messenger RNA.
AB  - The steroid hormone, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), has been shown
      to inhibit T cell proliferation, primarily through inhibition of interleukin 2
      (IL-2) production. In these experiments, we show that calcitriol also markedly
      inhibited production of the lymphokine, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), by
      activated human T lymphocytes. Regulation of both IL-2 and IFN-gamma production
      as well as transferrin receptor (TfR) expression by calcitriol was apparent at
      the messenger RNA (mRNA) level as determined by Northern blotting. The decrease
      in IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNA that occurred with calcitriol treatment was coordinate
      and not apparent up to 12 h after phytohemagglutinin stimulation, whereas
      decreased accumulation of TfR mRNA was not present before 24-36 h. Furthermore,
      the effects of calcitriol on IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TfR mRNA accumulation were
      specific; actin mRNA accumulation was comparable between control and treated
      cells. These data indicate that calcitriol regulated proteins associated with T
      cell activation at the transcriptional level and that these effects were mediated
      in a specific, coordinate fashion.

PMID- 2884236
TI  - The effect of buspirone on panic disorder: a case report.

PMID- 2884235
TI  - Histochemistry of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP) II and IV in reactive lymphoid
      tissues and malignant lymphoma.
AB  - A modified histochemical method was used to show the presence of dipeptidyl
      aminopeptidase (DAP) II and IV in fixed, freeze dried, cryostat sections of
      tonsils, lymph nodes, and skin. In 14 reactive tonsils and lymph nodes both
      enzyme reactions were largely confined to T dependent areas where scattered
      positive lymphocytes were shown in the paracortical zones, while lymphocytes of
      germinal centres (B dependent areas) were negative. In either site some
      macrophages showed strong positivity for both enzymes. In 23 lymph node and two
      skin biopsy specimens of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma the neoplastic lymphocytes of 12
      B cell lymphomas were completely unstained, whereas in the 13 cases of T cell
      lymphoma the neoplastic lymphocytes showed variable reactions with positivity for
      DAP II in eight and for DAP IV in seven, both reactions being positive in four
      and negative in two. Touch imprints of a lymph node from a case of Hodgkin's
      disease showed that the Reed-Sternberg cells were unreactive for both enzymes.
      The histochemistry of DAP II and IV may supplement other histochemical and
      immunological markers in the cytological classification of lymphomas.

PMID- 2884237
TI  - Early neuroleptic response: clinical profiles and plasma catecholamine
      metabolites.
AB  - Forty-seven psychotic inpatients who required neuroleptic treatment were studied
      with respect to some clinical and biochemical variables associated with early
      neuroleptic response. Compared to poor early responders, good responders were
      older at onset of illness and at index admission, less likely to have had a
      schizoid developmental history, and more likely to be married. There was a trend
      for good early responders to have received a diagnosis of affective psychosis or
      atypical psychotic disorder rather than schizophrenia or schizophreniform
      disorder. However, no behavioral symptom or sign differentiated good from poor
      early responders with the possible exception of pretreatment psychomotor
      retardation, which showed some association with poor response. Fasting plasma
      free homovanillic acid was significantly higher in the good response group and 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol showed a similar trend.

PMID- 2884238
TI  - Lithium-neuroleptic neurotoxicity is dose dependent.
AB  - Lithium-neuroleptic combination treatment was studied retrospectively. Six of 22
      manic patients who were administered the combination developed neurotoxicity. The
      dosage of neuroleptic administered, and not the serum lithium level or lithium
      dose, predicted which patients became neurotoxic.

PMID- 2884239
TI  - Amantadine in the treatment of neuroendocrine side effects of neuroleptics.
AB  - An open-label reversal drug study was undertaken on 10 neuroleptic-treated
      schizophrenic inpatients to assess the impact of amantadine hydrochloride on
      presumed prolactin-mediated neuroendocrine side effects. Measures were conducted
      across 7 weeks, including a 2-week neuroleptic baseline, a 3-week neuroleptic
      plus-amantadine phase, and a 2-week return to the baseline regimen. Significant
      reduction with amantadine was observed on all six indices of neuroendocrine side
      effects: serum prolactin levels, body weight, gynecomastia/galactorrhea, breast
      tenderness, decreased libido, and amenorrhea. Improvement on these parameters was
      noted for as many as nine or all 10 patients, while in no cases was there
      worsening. In terms of motor and clinical effects, significant diminution of
      extrapyramidal and psycho-pathological symptoms was also achieved during this
      phase. The results suggested that amantadine may be beneficial for the treatment
      of neuro-endocrine side effects of antipsychotic medication owing to its ability
      to reverse neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2884240
TI  - Sources of presumptive glutamergic/aspartergic afferents to the rat ventral
      striatopallidal region.
AB  - The distribution of presumptive glutamergic and/or aspartergic neurons
      retrogradely labeled following injections of 3H-D-aspartate (3H-D-Asp) into the
      ventral striatopallidal region was compared with the distribution of neurons
      labeled by comparable injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase
      (WGA-HRP). The afferents labeled by 3H-D-Asp were a subset of those labeled by
      WGA-HRP. The major sources of afferents to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory
      tubercle that could be labeled by 3H-D-Asp were in the medial frontal and insular
      cortices; the olfactory cortex; the lateral, basolateral, and basomedial
      amygdaloid nuclei; and the midline nuclear complex of the thalamus. The
      corresponding afferents to the ventral pallidum arose in the central, medial, and
      basomedial amygdaloid nuclei and the midline thalamic nuclei. In addition, the
      nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract was moderately or heavily labeled by 3H-D
      Asp injections into all three areas, and cells were labeled in the subiculum
      following injection in the anteromedial part of the nucleus accumbens. Conversely
      the ventral striatopallidal structures themselves were, at best, sparsely labeled
      by any of the 3H-D-Asp injections. Neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral
      tegmental area, dorsal raphe, and locus coeruleus were labeled by WGA-HRP but not
      by 3H-D-Asp, except for an occasional cell in the raphe. The results indicate
      that 3H-D-Asp is a specific retrograde tracer and suggest that there are
      widespread, presumably excitatory, glutamergic and/or aspartergic inputs to the
      ventral striatum and pallidum.

PMID- 2884242
TI  - Purification and characterization of X-prolyl-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase from
      Lactobacillus lactis and from Streptococcus thermophilus.
AB  - X-Prolyl-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase recently was found in several lactic acid
      bacteria. This article describes the purification of the enzymes from
      Lactobacillus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus and compares their
      characteristics. Enzymes from both strains are serine-peptidases. They both have
      a molecular weight of about 165,000 daltons, an isoelectric point near 4.5, and
      are constituted of two subunits. The pH optimum of the enzyme isolated from L.
      lactis is 7.0, whereas the enzyme from S. thermophilus possesses a broad pH
      optimum between 6.5 and 8.2 with glycyl-L-prolyl-aminomethylcoumarin as
      substrate. Below pH 5, both enzymes are unstable; however, that from S.
      thermophilus is more rapidly denatured. The enzyme from S. thermophilus is more
      sensitive to heat than the corresponding enzyme from L. lactis. Enzymes from the
      both strains have different specificities towards various substrates and are
      differently effected by metals, chelators, and other inhibitors. The importance
      of this enzyme for the metabolism of lactic acid bacteria is discussed.

PMID- 2884241
TI  - The brainstem projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat:
      identification of cholinergic and monoaminergic elements.
AB  - The pontomesencephalic projection to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)
      of the cat was analyzed by combining retrograde transport of rhodamine-labeled
      latex spheres and immunohistochemistry. After injections of latex beads into the
      dLGN, sections of the brainstem were treated immunohistochemically for choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT), serotonin (Ser), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). Essentially, six regions in the brainstem
      contained retrogradely labeled cells: the superior colliculus, the parabigeminal
      nucleus, the dorsal raphe nuclei, the parabrachial area of the central tegmental
      field, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, and the nucleus
      coeruleus. Furthermore, isolated retrogradely labeled cells were present in the
      central nucleus of the raphe, in the cuneiform nucleus, and in the periaqueductal
      gray. Most serotoninergic double-labeled cells were found in the medial and
      lateral divisions of the dorsal raphe nuclei, but a few were also present in the
      central nucleus of the raphe. In the sections immunostained for ChAT, double
      labeled cells were located in the central tegmental field, in the marginal
      nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, and in the nucleus coeruleus. In the
      sections treated for TH and DBH, double-labeled cells showed a similar
      distribution, and like the ChAT(+) cells, they were located mainly in the central
      tegmental field, in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, and in the
      nucleus coeruleus. In these regions the cholinergic and noradrenergic cells that
      projected to the lateral geniculate nucleus were intermingled, the former
      predominating rostrally and the latter caudally. The majority of retrogradely
      labeled cells were located in the region of the central tegmental field in the
      vicinity of the brachium conjunctivum, and most of these cells were also ChAT
      immunoreactive. We, therefore, conclude that the cholinergic projection is the
      most important of the central core projections ascending to the dLGN.

PMID- 2884243
TI  - Effects of feeding monensin to lactating goats: acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase,
      hormone-sensitive lipase, plasma glucose, and circulating hormones.
AB  - These trials explored metabolic events associated with monensin-induced changes
      in milk composition. In trial 1, diets containing 0 or 33 ppm monensin sodium
      were fed ad libitum to separate groups of 7 mature lactating goats. In trial 2,
      diets containing 0 or 18 ppm monensin sodium were fed ad libitum to two groups
      with 5 mature (greater than 2 yr) and seven young (less than 2 yr) lactating does
      in each group. Blood was sampled at 1200 h and at 3 min after morning milking in
      both trials. Diets containing 33 ppm monensin increased serum growth hormone and
      plasma glucagon. Monensin (33 ppm) increased growth hormone from 13 to 60 ng/ml
      in samples taken 3 min after milking. Monensin (33 ppm) decreased insulin in
      these postmilking samples from 432 to 317 pg/ml but increased midday insulin in
      the samples taken between milkings from 279 to 349 pg/ml. Monensin did not affect
      plasma glucose or serum prolactin concentrations. Monensin fed at 18 ppm did not
      affect growth hormone, glucagon, adipose acetyl CoA carboxylase activity, hormone
      sensitive lipase, or glucose concentrations. Young animals had higher growth
      hormone, glucose, and glucagon than mature does. The results indicate that
      effects of milk production intensity can be more important than monensin
      treatment on milk composition and circulating hormone concentrations.

PMID- 2884245
TI  - The prevention of infectious diseases by immunization.

PMID- 2884244
TI  - Technical aids for dermabrasion.
AB  - Since the introduction in the 1940s of an effective method for facial
      dermabrasion using the wire brush, there have been many ancillary procedures
      developed. Preoperative aids include scar elevation and punch grafting of deep
      scars prior to dermabrasion. Retinoic acid can prime the skin for more rapid
      healing. Gas sterilization of electrical equipment eliminates cross-contamination
      between patients. Intraoperative improvements include regional block anesthesia
      of the face, staged narcotic administration and newer methods of facial
      prechilling, and criteria for the ambient air in the operatory. Gentian Violet
      staining of the face and use of microfoam tape to delineate the mandibular
      boundary of a dermabrasion are helpful. The use of a custom handle for the spray
      refrigerant, the safety of Turkish towels used for retraction, and the
      application of a sharp Buck's curette make the procedure simpler and more
      effective. Postoperative aids include the use of systemic steroids and the new
      biological dressings which simplify the postoperative recovery period.

PMID- 2884246
TI  - The effect of chronic administration of hydroxyzine on hydroxyzine
      pharmacokinetics in dogs.
AB  - Subsensitivity to H1-receptor antagonists has been attributed to autoinduction of
      enzyme systems and increased clearance rates during chronic drug administration.
      We studied the changes in serum half-life values and clearance rates in dogs who
      were administered hydroxyzine, 0.7 mg/kg, intramuscularly, daily, for 150 days.
      Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on the first day of drug administration,
      and on days 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150. The mean serum half-life value on day 30,
      60, and 120 was significantly longer (p less than 0.05) than that of 2.4 +/- 0.3
      hours obtained on day 1. The mean clearance values obtained on days 30, 60, 90,
      120, and 150 were significantly slower (p less than 0.05) than the value of 25.12
      +/- 4.13 ml/min/kg obtained on day 1 but were not significantly different from
      each other. Mean serum hydroxyzine concentrations were often significantly higher
      on the later study days than on day 1. The mean apparent volume of distribution
      values obtained on days 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 did not differ significantly
      from the value of 5.0 +/- 1.5 L/kg obtained on day 1. This study adds to the
      mounting evidence that subsensitivity to the effects of an H1-receptor antagonist
      is not due to autoinduction of enzyme systems, more rapid clearance of the drug,
      and lower concentrations of the drug in serum and tissue.

PMID- 2884247
TI  - Phenothiazine-induced oculogyric crisis.
AB  - Extrapyramidal symptoms such as torticollis, oculogyric crisis and blepharospasm
      are typical manifestations of phenothiazine-induced drug reactions. Widespread
      use of such drugs, especially in children make these symptoms relatively
      commonplace. A case of phenothiazine-induced oculogyric crisis is presented.
      Included is a discussion of phenothiazine pharmacology.

PMID- 2884249
TI  - Dentistry in the emergency department.
AB  - Dental problems are commonly seen in the emergency department. Although most
      emergency physicians have had little formal training in dentistry, the majority
      of these problems can be diagnosed and treated without the need for emergent
      dental consultation. The necessary procedures may require initial instruction by
      a cooperative consultant but are easily learned and well within the scope of
      practice of the emergency physician. Time invested in familiarization with the
      diagnosis and treatment of the more common dental problems will be rewarded with
      patient satisfaction.

PMID- 2884248
TI  - Detection of thyroid-stimulating antibodies in thyroid diseases, employing rat
      thyroid fragment perifusion.
AB  - The technique of perifusing rat thyroid fragments was used to investigate the
      presence of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) in the sera of 48 patients.
      Response to IgG was measured by determining the mean rate of release of T4 (R)
      during a 30-min perifusion and the secretion peak (Imax) by means of samples
      taken every 5 min. Values found to be above the mean + 2 SD of the control values
      of R or Imax were considered to be positive. TSAb were found in all the 17
      patients with untreated Graves' disease (GD) and in the 2 treated with
      antithyroid drugs, but not in the 3 who had undergone surgery or 131I treatment
      or in the 2 on corticosteroid treatment. TSAb were also found in 2 out of 3
      patients with untreated nodular toxic goiter (UNTG) and in 6 out of 8 with
      diffuse nontoxic goiter (DNG) but at lower levels. In the untreated GD group, R
      and Imax correlated significantly with the corresponding IgG concentrations (from
      90 to 800 micrograms/ml), suggesting TSAb activity which can be compared from one
      patient to another. TSAb activity did not correlate with thyroid function tests
      in any group. In all the groups it induced an early secretion peak followed by a
      decreasing response throughout the stimulation period, as was previously found
      with 65 mIU/ml TSH. The specificity of this technique was verified by five
      different control methods: the perifusion technique was checked by using KRBG
      buffer alone; sera were studied from a group of healthy controls.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884250
TI  - Gastro-oesophageal reflux and alcoholic cirrhosis. A reappraisal.
AB  - The oesophageal pH was recorded for 3 h after a test-meal in 27 healthy control
      subjects (group I), 40 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (group II), and 22
      patients with a normal liver and symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux (control
      refluxers). Gastro-oesophageal reflux was observed in 10 of the cirrhotic
      patients. Marked reflux episodes lasted longer in cirrhotic refluxers than in
      control refluxers (P less than 0.05). The frequency of ascites, bleeding from
      ruptured oesophageal varices, peripheral neuropathy and hepatic encephalopathy
      were not significantly different according to presence or absence of reflux.
      Plasma concentrations of gastrin, somatostatin, motilin and vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP) were measured in groups I and II. Fasting plasma motilin levels,
      and the release of motilin and of VIP after the meal were higher in group II than
      in group I. Basal levels and post-prandial profiles of the four peptides tested
      did not differ between cirrhotics with or without gastro-oesophageal reflux. We
      conclude that in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: gastro-oesophageal reflux is
      frequent (25%) and characterized by prolonged reflux episodes; reflux is not
      correlated with the degree of liver failure and plays no significant role in the
      rupture of oesophageal varices; and raised plasma motilin and VIP levels cannot
      account for the high incidence of reflux in cirrhotics.

PMID- 2884251
TI  - Purification and identification of murine epidermal dendritic cells: flow
      cytometry and immunogold labeling.
AB  - We report on application of flow cytometric and immunogold labeling techniques to
      purify and identify two types of murine epidermal dendritic cells: Langerhans
      cells (LC) and Thy-1-positive dendritic epidermal cells (Thy 1+-dEC). After
      density centrifugation of epidermal cell (EC) suspensions through Ficoll
      gradients. IA-positive LC and Thy 1+-dEC are labeled with monoclonal antibodies
      (fluorescein-conjugated anti-IAd for LC and anti-Thy 1.2-biotin, followed by
      avidin-phycoerythrin, for Thy 1+-dEC). The fluorescence-activated cell sorter
      (FACS) is then used to obtain 95-98% pure populations of these dendritic cells
      with a yield of 2-4 X 10(6) cells and a viability of 80-90%. A post-fixation, pre
      embedding immunogold labeling technique using 15 nm and 40 nm colloidal gold
      particles is employed to identify LC and Thy 1+-dEC, respectively, to confirm the
      purity of the sorting and to estimate the number of IA antigenic sites per LC.
      With transmission electron microscopy, ultrastructural morphology of sorted LC is
      preserved; however, Birbeck granules are markedly diminished compared to the pre
      sorted population of LC. In contrast, characteristic dense-core granules are
      readily visualized in sorted Thy 1+-dEC. Purification of epidermal dendritic
      cells by flow cytometry may be a useful technique to employ in functional studies
      of epidermal dendritic cells.

PMID- 2884252
TI  - Dietary sodium restriction, blood pressure and sympathetic activity in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were started at
      birth on sodium diets ranging from severely deficient (9 mumol) to a regular
      intake (101 mumol Na+/g food). Blood pressure and sympathetic activity were
      assessed at 6 and 16 weeks of age. At either age, SHR on 9 mumol Na+ failed to
      develop hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats on 17 mumol Na+ exhibited
      significant blunting of the hypertension; SHR on 26 mumol showed a small
      amelioration. At 6 weeks, basal plasma noradrenaline was similar in SHR and WKY
      on 9 and 101 mumol Na+, whereas plasma adrenaline was increased in SHR at the
      lowest sodium level. At 16 weeks, both catecholamines were significantly
      increased in SHR on the 9 and 17 mumol sodium diet versus SHR on the control
      diet. Blood pressure responsiveness to noradrenaline was significantly decreased
      on 9 mumol Na+, but to a similar extent in both strains. In contrast, the blood
      pressure lowering effect of ganglionic blockade was markedly blunted in SHR on 9
      mumol Na+ and to a lesser extent on 17 mumol Na+ (both for percentage and
      absolute decrease) and 26 mumol Na+ (only for absolute fall); however, this did
      not occur in WKY over the diet-range used. We conclude that a sodium-deficient
      diet from birth prevents/blunts the development of hypertension in SHR, at least
      partly by decreasing the pressor effect of the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2884253
TI  - Time-course of changes in cardiac hypertrophy and pressor mechanisms in two
      kidney, one clip hypertensive rats during treatment with minoxidil, enalapril or
      after uninephrectomy.
AB  - In rats with severe two-kidney, one clip (2-K,1C) hypertension the time-course of
      changes in left and right ventricular (LV and RV) weight and LV dimensions was
      assessed following initiation of chronic treatment with minoxidil, enalapril or
      removal of the clipped kidney in relation to changes in blood pressure (BP) and
      sympathetic activity, as well as plasma and blood volumes. Minoxidil decreased BP
      markedly, but tolerance to the antihypertensive effect developed after 2-3 weeks.
      In contrast, enalapril or uninephrectomy caused a rapid and persistent
      normalization of BP. Significant increases in LV and RV weight occurred after 3-5
      weeks of treatment with minoxidil. Left ventricular wall thickness decreased over
      the initial 1-2 weeks and then returned to untreated levels. Left ventricular
      internal dimensions showed an increase after 1-2 weeks of minoxidil, which
      persisted with more prolonged treatment. With enalapril, regression to normal
      occurred for both LV and RV weight within 1 week of treatment. Following
      uninephrectomy a more gradual regression took place and normal cardiac weight was
      not obtained until 3 weeks. Indices of sympathetic activity (plasma
      catecholamines, BP response to hexamethonium or heart rate) did not differ
      significantly in minoxidil treatment versus untreated hypertensive rats from 2 to
      35 days of treatment. A significant increase in heart rate was found after 1 day
      of minoxidil and a decrease after enalapril. Plasma and blood volumes were
      elevated in minoxidil-treated rats from 7 to 35 days, as well as initially after
      uninephrectomy. Therefore, in 2-K, 1C hypertensive rats long-term treatment with
      minoxidil induces both RV hypertrophy and LV eccentric hypertrophy. Changes in
      cardiac volume load may play a major role in the differing effects of different
      antihypertensive therapies on cardiac hypertrophy.

PMID- 2884254
TI  - The interaction of the xid and me genes.
AB  - The murine "motheaten" (me) mutation has been bred onto the NFS background and
      combined with the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation to investigate the
      effect of the xid-induced B cell maturational block on the widespread immune
      dysfunction, high levels of autoantibodies, and early mortality found in the
      motheaten mice. The xid markedly reduced spontaneous IgM secretion by spleen
      cells, serum IgM, anti-ssDNA antibodies, anti-bromelain-treated-erythrocyte
      antibodies, and T cell binding (but not thymocytotoxic) antibodies; however,
      neither phenotype nor mortality was affected, suggesting that other factors are
      responsible for early death. Marked expansion of the Ly-1+ B cell pool was
      prevented by xid in the motheaten mouse leaving only a very small population of
      sIgM-positive B cells. This failure of non-Ly-1+ B cell development in me/me X
      xid mice suggests that me/me leads to inhibition of non-Ly-1+ B cells and
      preferential expansion of Ly-1+ B cells in motheaten mice, perhaps as a result of
      their high levels of maturation and activation factors.

PMID- 2884255
TI  - Role of interleukin 2 (IL 2) and hemopoietin-1 (H-1) in the generation of mouse
      natural killer (NK) cells from primitive bone marrow precursors.
AB  - The development of natural killer (NK) cells from bone marrow (BM) precursors was
      studied. Recombinant interleukin 2 (IL 2) was able to induce the in vitro
      development of NK cells when added to cultures of mouse BM cells. Treatment of
      donor mice with 5-fluorouracil (150 mg/kg i.v.), which eliminates more
      differentiated cells but spares less differentiated cells, appears to augment NK
      cell development. The "NK stem cell" was found to be asialo GM1-, Thy-1+, Lyt-2-,
      and Lyt-1-. The cells generated in vitro had a typical phenotype of NK cells,
      being asialo GM1+, Lyt-5+, Thy-1+, Lyt-2-, and Lyt-1-. These effector cells also
      had specificity characteristics of NK cells lysing the NK-susceptible YAC-1 and
      K562 targets, but not the NK-resistant EL/4 or allogeneic and syngeneic blasts.
      Hemopoietin-1 (H-1), a factor which acts on very primitive multipotent BM cells,
      was able to cooperate with IL 2, increasing the development of NK cells. In
      contrast, other factors such as interleukin 3 or colony-stimulating factor did
      not cause induction of NK activity when added to cultures of BM cells, indicating
      that this effect, i.e., induction of NK cell development, is peculiar to IL 2.
      These results indicate that IL 2 can act as a differentiation as well as growth
      factor for NK cells, and that H-1 can promote the development of functional
      activity in a lymphocyte subpopulation as well as affect the differentiation of
      myelomonocytic and other cell lineages. This experimental system appears quite
      useful for characterization of BM precursors for NK cells, and should help to
      better understand the relationship of the NK cell lineage to the T cell or other
      lineages.

PMID- 2884256
TI  - Characterization of cytotoxic cells in mice rendered neonatally tolerant of MHC
      alloantigens: evidence for repertoire modification.
AB  - A common prediction of clonal deletion/inactivation hypotheses is that cells with
      high avidity for tolerogen are preferentially eliminated, with low avidity cells
      being most likely to escape the tolerance induction mechanism. Thus it would be
      expected that the tolerogen-specific cells in tolerant mice would have a
      different repertoire than those in normal mice. To find evidence in favor of this
      prediction, neonatal B10.A mice were rendered tolerant to B10 by the injection of
      15 X 10(6) (B10.A X B10)F1 spleen and bone marrow cells, and tolerance was
      assessed by the acceptance of B10 skin grafts for greater than 50 days. Mice
      rendered tolerant in this manner contain severely reduced (to less than 10% of
      normal) but detectable numbers of tolerogen-specific cytotoxic cell precursors
      that can be activated in the presence, but not absence, of exogenous interleukin
      2. Spleen cells from the tolerant animals were compared with those of normal
      B10.A mice with respect to the expression of differentiation markers on the
      surface of B10-specific cytotoxic cells and their precursors, and the relative
      strength of the anti-B10 response toward Kb and Db as a measure of the repertoire
      of the cytotoxic cell populations. The T cell nature of the tolerogen-specific
      cytotoxic cells in both normal and tolerant mice was confirmed by their
      susceptibility to lysis by anti-Thy-1 or Lyt-2 antibody and complement. More
      importantly, cold target inhibition experiments showed that cytotoxic T cells
      from tolerant mice were inhibited to a greater degree by B10.A(2R) (KkDb) cold
      targets than B10.A(5R) (KbDd), suggesting that the response was preferentially
      directed at the D end of H-2, in direct contrast to normal B10.A spleen cells,
      which show a preferential response against Kb. Measurement of the frequency of
      anti-Kb and anti-Db cytotoxic T cell precursors in the spleens of normal and
      tolerant mice confirmed the differential specificities seen in the cold target
      experiments. The data suggest that neonatal tolerance induction results in
      repertoire modification of the anti-tolerogen response rather than a uniform
      decrease in anti-tolerogen reactivity. Possible mechanisms to explain the
      alteration in the repertoire of tolerant mice are discussed.

PMID- 2884258
TI  - Epidermal cells in activation of suppressor lymphocytes: further
      characterization.
AB  - Intravenous administration of hapten-coupled, high-density (density greater than
      1.077) epidermal cells (HD-EC) to mice results in the appearance of transferable
      splenic T suppressor (Ts) cells as assayed in adoptive transfer experiments.
      Depletion of I-A bearing cells from the HD-EC population before hapten coupling
      prevents these cells from inducing Ts cell formation, whereas depletion of Thy-1
      bearing cells from the HD-EC cell preparation has no effect. When HD-EC are
      adhered to glass for 2 hr, the ability to induce Ts cell formation resides in the
      adherent population. Exposure of HD-EC to a dose of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
      that largely abrogates the ability of hapten-coupled EC to immunize mice for a
      DTH response does not affect the ability of these cells to activate Ts cells.
      Treatment of mice with i.p. administration of 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide 2 days
      before EC harvesting abrogates the ability of HD-EC from these mice to induce Ts
      cell formation. HD-EC from B10.A(3R) (I-Jb) but not B10.A(5R) (I-Jk) mice induce
      Ts cell formation in B10.A(3R) mice, demonstrating that the ability to do so is
      restricted by the I-J locus. Transmission electron microscopy of adherent HD-EC
      populations demonstrated that two cell types were present. One type had the
      characteristics of keratinocytes; the other was monocyte-like and resembled
      Langerhans cells or indeterminate cells in many aspects. Immunoelectron
      microscopy revealed this second cell type to bear I-A/I-E antigen. These cells
      were T-200 positive and Mac-1 negative by immunoperoxidase staining. Extensive
      examination by light and electron microscopy failed to reveal any dermal
      components in the EC populations; however, a very small degree of dermal
      contamination cannot be excluded. Thus, EC that activate afferent-acting Ts cells
      are high-density, I-A+, Thy-1-, I-J restricted, glass adherent, and functionally
      UVR resistant and cyclophosphamide sensitive.

PMID- 2884259
TI  - In vivo immunosuppression by pan-T cell antibodies relates to their isotype and
      to their C1q uptake.
AB  - There is considerable interest in the use of monoclonal anti-T cell antibodies
      for immunosuppression during organ transplantation. However, the in vitro
      cytotoxic titers of these monoclonal reagents do not correlate with their
      immunosuppressive potency when injected in vivo. A relationship nevertheless
      seems to exist between immunosuppression and the isotype of anti-mouse Thy-1
      antibodies, because among several anti-Thy-1 antibodies of mouse and rat origin,
      the only two found to cause immunosuppression in vivo belonged to the rat IgG2b
      and mouse IgG2a isotype. We show here that a quantitative positive correlation
      exists between an antibody-induced humoral effector mechanism and
      immunosuppression. We measured the uptake of the C1q complement subunit by
      polyclonal rabbit and rat anti-thymocyte globulin and also seven monoclonal anti
      Thy-1 antibodies in an immunohistochemical assay or a radioimmunoassay.
      Immunosuppression was studied in a murine graft-vs-host and skin allograft model.
      Our results suggest strongly that a stable association between the C1 protein and
      a potential binding antibody is an essential prerequisite of antibody-dependent
      cell inhibition in vivo that suppresses the immunoresponse against strongly
      incompatible transplantation antigens.

PMID- 2884257
TI  - Suppression of macrophage cytostatic activation by serum retinoids: a possible
      role for transglutaminase.
AB  - Mouse resident peritoneal macrophages, activated in vitro with murine recombinant
      interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide in the presence of sera from different
      sources, showed marked differences in their abilities to inhibit murine
      adenocarcinoma cell growth, and in induced activity of the enzyme, tissue
      transglutaminase. The extraction of lipids from the serum abolished its ability
      to induce tissue TGase activity and to inhibit cytostatic activity, but these
      capabilities were fully restored by readdition of all trans-retinol or all trans
      retinoic acid at physiological concentrations. Addition of dansylcadaverine, a
      competitive inhibitor of TGase, resulted in complete recovery of macrophages from
      retinoid-induced suppression of cytostatic activity. These results suggest that
      endogenous retinoids play an important role in the regulation of macrophage
      mediated cytostatic activity in a process that is independent of prostaglandin
      secretion but seems to involve the protein cross-linking enzyme, tissue
      transglutaminase.

PMID- 2884261
TI  - Differential expression of the human Thy-1 gene in rodent-human somatic cell
      hybrids [corrected].
AB  - Thy-1 is a cell surface differentiation marker which shows distinct patterns of
      tissue-specific expression in different species. In man, the Thy-1 antigen is
      encoded by chromosome 11. We have examined the regulatory signals determining
      human Thy-1 expression through serologic analysis of rodent-human somatic cell
      hybrids retaining human chromosome 11 in which the fusion partners belong to
      distinct differentiation lineages. Cell surface expression of human Thy-1 was
      determined by mixed hemadsorption assays with two monoclonal antibodies (mAb),
      K117 and L127, shown to detect authentic human Thy-1 through analysis of COS-7
      monkey kidney cells transfected with a cloned human Thy-1 gene. Three different
      patterns of human Thy-1 expression were observed when hybrid cells, constructed
      with different human and rodent cell types, were tested with mAb K117 and L127.
      Hybrids formed between Thy-1+ human neuroblastoma cells and Thy-1- mouse
      neuroblastoma cells, or hybrids between Thy-1+ human fibroblasts and the Thy-1-
      mouse kidney carcinoma, RAG, retain human Thy-1 expression. In contrast, hybrids
      formed between either Thy-1+ human neuroblastoma cells or Thy-1+ human
      fibroblasts and Thy-1- mouse L cells lose expression of human Thy-1 even though
      chromosome 11 is retained. Finally, hybrids formed between Thy-1- human
      peripheral lymphocytes or a Thy-1- lymphoblastoid B cell line and Thy-1- Chinese
      hamster fibroblasts begin to express human Thy-1. These studies suggest that both
      positive and negative trans-acting signals may play a role in the tissue-specific
      regulation of the human Thy-1 gene.

PMID- 2884262
TI  - Cloning and expression of murine lymphotoxin cDNA.
AB  - The murine lymphotoxin (LT) gene has been cloned and used to identify cDNA clones
      in a library prepared from activated murine T cell mRNA. A recombinant murine
      genomic library was screened with a human lymphotoxin cDNA probe, resulting in
      the isolation of the entire LT gene. The murine LT gene structure is similar to
      the human gene, containing three intervening sequences. An activated murine T
      cell cDNA library was prepared with poly(A)+ RNA isolated 7 hr after concanavalin
      A stimulation of an L3T4+ interleukin 2-dependent murine T cell clone. Two
      colonies of the cDNA library that contained inserts that hybridized with the
      murine LT gene probe were sequenced and were used to construct expression
      plasmids. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA indicates that murine LT
      is highly homologous to human LT (74%) and is related to murine tumor necrosis
      factor (35% homology). The cDNA was transcribed and was translated in vitro, and
      was expressed in COS-1 cells. This has resulted in the production of LT
      biological activity.

PMID- 2884260
TI  - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin in activated human T
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also called cyclin, is an intranuclear
      polypeptide whose synthesis reaches its maximum during the S-phase of the cell
      cycle. PCNA is expressed in several kinds of proliferating cells, one of which is
      the mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocyte. PCNA expression
      increases from the late G1 phase through the S-phase of the cell cycle. This
      study is focused on the regulation of PCNA expression during the G1 phase of
      human T lymphocytes and on the relationship between PCNA expression and the rate
      of T cell proliferation. Special use is made of human autoantibodies to PCNA and
      the development of flow cytometry to label this intranuclear polypeptide.
      Unstimulated purified human peripheral blood T cells were PCNA negative. T cells
      treated with monoclonal antibody (64.1) to the CD3 complex expressed receptors
      for IL 2 but did not express PCNA until exogenous IL 2 was added to the culture.
      PCNA expression as well as the entry of the cells into S-phase could be inhibited
      by IL 2 receptor antibodies. Transferrin receptors were expressed only in T cells
      that were stimulated with both 64.1 and exogenous IL 2. Transferrin receptors
      were detectable before the cells expressed PCNA. Thus, the onset of PCNA
      expression is a phase in cell proliferation that follows transferrin receptor
      expression but preceded DNA synthesis. Drugs like dexamethasone and cyclosporin,
      which affect the early part of G1, inhibited PCNA expression; whereas cytarabine
      (ara-C) and hydroxyurea, which affect the S-phase and prevent DNA synthesis, did
      not block PCNA expression. There was a close correlation between the number of
      PCNA-positive cells and the number of S-phase cells in unperturbed T cell
      cultures. The highest level of PCNA expression was seen in cells that were in the
      first cycle after stimulation. The results show that PCNA expression is regulated
      by a signal after IL 2 binding and that PCNA labeling is a precise indicator for
      human T cells that are committed to DNA synthesis. Comparing these results with
      previous observations on the expression of some other activation-associated
      antigens, we suggest that the onset of PCNA expression represents a discrete step
      in T cell activation.

PMID- 2884263
TI  - The use of an HTLV-I-infected human T-cell line (ATH8) in an interleukin-2
      bioassay.
AB  - Biological interleukin-2 (IL-2) assays require cells that proliferate only in the
      presence of IL-2. The most often used human cells for this purpose have been
      phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated buffy coat lymphocytes made dependent on IL
      2. The results obtained by this T-blast method have not been easily reproducible
      and/or comparable due to differences in individual buffy coat batches. Murine
      cytotoxic T-cell lines (CTLL and CTLL-2) have been widely used in human IL-2
      assays, but there remains a need for a human cell line. We have developed an IL-2
      bioassay, based on the use of a human HTLV-I-infected Th-cell line, ATH8. These
      cells express IL-2 receptor and are totally dependent on extrinsic IL-2 for
      proliferation. The results of the ATH8 IL-2 assay were reproducible and
      comparable to those obtained with successful T-blast assays. ATH8 cells do not
      require a prolonged culture period before they are suitable for the IL-2 assay as
      do T-blasts.

PMID- 2884265
TI  - Pharmacological management of pain and symptom control in cancer.

PMID- 2884264
TI  - Some characteristics of a new isolate of Helicosporidium and its effect upon
      mosquitoes.

PMID- 2884266
TI  - [Homeotic genes and the homeobox].

PMID- 2884267
TI  - [Molecular biology of bacterial behavior].

PMID- 2884268
TI  - Arteriovenous shunting in experimental liver cirrhosis in rats.
AB  - The extent of systemic arteriovenous shunting (arteriovenous anastomotic blood
      flow) was assessed in rats with experimental liver cirrhosis and control rats by
      injecting 15 micron microspheres into the left ventricle and measuring the
      percentage of injected spheres trapped in the pulmonary circulation. Cirrhotic
      rats with body temperature maintained at 38 degrees C were found to have
      increased trapping of microspheres in the pulmonary bed when compared with
      control rats studied under similar conditions (8.2% +/- 2.2% vs. 3.6% +/- 0.8%, P
      less than 0.05). The extent of arteriovenous shunting was also measured in
      control rats maintained at various body temperatures (34 degrees to 40 degrees C)
      with and without prior alpha-adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine (0.1
      mg/kg). Both body warming and alpha-adrenergic blockade independently increased
      the extent of arteriovenous shunting. In cirrhotic rats, body warming also
      increased shunting. However, in contrast to findings in control rats, alpha
      adrenergic blockade did not further increase shunting in cirrhotic rats warmed to
      40 degrees C. Moreover, the degree of shunting after combined body warming and
      alpha-adrenergic blockade was similar in cirrhotic and control rats. Our results
      indicate that increased peripheral arteriovenous shunting occurs in this model of
      experimental cirrhosis, and that the increased shunting may be related to altered
      physiologic regulation of arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow.

PMID- 2884269
TI  - [Effect of somatostatin on peripheral circulation. Preliminary study].
AB  - Somatostatin is a cyclic tetradecapeptide widely distributed in the human cells;
      it has many physiological effects. Synthetic somatostatin, actually employed in
      some clinical conditions, was administered intravenously to normal and
      arteriopathic subjects. Rheography and plethysmography of lower limbs were
      performed before, during and after administration. A marked improvement of blood
      flow and a reduction of heart rate was observed after somatostatin infusion. Some
      hypotheses about the mechanism of action of somatostatin are discussed,
      especially the action on the sympathetic nervous system or the calcium-antagonist
      effect on the blood vessels.

PMID- 2884270
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in duck plasma, hypothalamus and neural lobe
      during post-hatch growth: comparison with plasma and pituitary growth hormone
      concentrations.
AB  - Variations in the concentrations of plasma and pituitary GH were determined in
      ducks for 66 and 87 days after hatch, and compared with somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SLI) in the plasma, hypothalamus and neural lobe. Plasma GH
      levels gradually decreased during growth, while pituitary GH content increased.
      The concentration of pituitary GH increased during the first 3 weeks of age and
      remained relatively constant thereafter. The decline in plasma GH concentration
      was paralleled by a similar fall in the level of plasma SLI. While the content of
      hypothalamic SLI increased during development, the SLI concentration was maximal
      at 14 days of age and lowest in adults. The content and concentration of SLI in
      the neural lobe, in contrast, increased progressively during development. Gel
      filtration of hypothalamic and neural lobe extracts demonstrated that both young
      and older birds had two main peaks of SLI, corresponding to somatostatin-14 and
      somatostatin-28, and a third, larger form. The elution pattern of plasma SLI was
      similar in young and older birds and was principally composed of a large
      molecular species ('big' somatostatin), although an additional small peak eluting
      between somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was eluted from a large pool of
      plasma from 90-day-old ducks. These results suggest that increased plasma GH
      levels in young birds do not result from a hypothalamic somatostatin deficiency
      nor from variations in molecular forms of SLI, and that the age-related decline
      in plasma GH concentration is not due to a deficiency in pituitary GH content.
      The decline in the circulating GH level during growth is probably due to an
      increase in hypothalamic somatostatin release.

PMID- 2884271
TI  - Pancreatic somatostatin, glucagon and insulin during post-hatch growth in the
      duck (Anas platyrhynchos).
AB  - Pancreatic somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI), immunoreactive insulin (IRI)
      and glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were measured during growth in ducks.
      The content of each hormone increased progressively but at different rates in the
      dorsal, ventral and splenic lobes of the pancreas. In the almost fully grown
      duck, the splenic lobe contained 80 and 63% of the total content of GLI and SLI
      respectively but low levels of IRI (23%), which were highest in the dorsal lobe
      (53%). In contrast to the hormonal content, only total GLI concentrations
      increased during development, the SLI concentrations remaining stable and IRI
      concentrations declining during growth. Gel filtration of pancreatic extracts
      indicated that most of the SLI in the pancreas of young and adult birds was
      somatostatin-14, although somatostatin-28 was present in the ventral lobe of
      young birds and larger molecular forms were present in the ventral and dorsal
      lobes. These changes in pancreatic hormonal content and concentration are
      dissimilar to age-related changes in SLI, GLI and IRI previously observed in the
      plasma of ducks. Plasma levels of pancreatic hormones may thus be controlled by
      hormonal and/or neutral factors during post-hatch growth.

PMID- 2884272
TI  - Early genetic events in T cell development analyzed by in situ hybridization.
AB  - In situ hybridization was used to investigate the expression of T cell receptor
      (TCR) alpha, beta, and gamma mRNAs in developing fetal and adult precursor
      thymocytes. gamma transcription was observed at the earliest time tested (day
      12), followed by beta 12 h later, and TCR alpha on day 16. The early beta
      transcripts appeared to be from unrearranged or incompletely rearranged (D-J-C)
      beta loci. V beta region transcription was first detectable on day 14 and
      transcription of different V beta genes was induced at different times. These
      results delineate a schedule sequence of TCR gene activation, which begins within
      1 d after entry of stem cells into the fetal thymus.

PMID- 2884273
TI  - Physician assistants: current status of the profession.
AB  - In the two decades since the inception of the physician assistant concept in the
      United States, 52 physician assistant training programs have been established.
      Currently, approximately 16,000 physician assistants are employed by physicians
      and institutions throughout the country. Established to fill a perceived gap in
      primary health care delivery in the 1960s, the profession continues to serve
      mainly in primary care settings, with 43 percent of all physician assistants in
      family practice clinics. There is a trend, however, for physician assistants to
      fill health care gaps in other settings, such as long-term care institutions and
      correctional facilities. The clinical effectiveness of physician assistants has
      been demonstrated in terms of both quality of care and patient acceptance, and
      they are adept at adjusting to shifts in the health care marketplace. However,
      the real determinant of the future of the profession will be economic advantage.
      Recent changes in Medicare legislation now permit reimbursement for physician
      assistant services in nursing homes and hospitals, and payment under Medicaid has
      been approved in one half of the states. Given the cost effectiveness of
      physician assistants, their demonstrated competence and acceptability, and their
      adaptability to a variety of settings, the demand for their services is likely to
      continue.

PMID- 2884274
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced panic attacks in a patient with delusional depression.
AB  - Panic attacks occurred for the first time in a patient suffering from delusional
      depression during treatment with a combination of an antidepressant and a
      neuroleptic. His anxiety proneness along with a dysphoric response to the
      neuroleptic were deemed responsible for these attacks. It is proposed that
      neuroleptic-induced dysphoric responses may be responsible for therapeutic
      failure in some cases of psychotic depression.

PMID- 2884275
TI  - Differential effects of nerve growth factor and ciliary neuronotrophic factor on
      catecholamine storage and catecholamine synthesizing enzymes of cultured rat
      chromaffin cells.
AB  - The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF)
      on catecholamine content and in vitro activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were studied in adrenal chromaffin
      cells cultured from 8-day-old rats. Both NGF and CNTF enhanced chromaffin cell
      survival and partially prevented losses of adrenaline during the 4-day culture
      period in a dose-dependent manner. CNTF was more potent, although cellular levels
      of adrenaline and noradrenaline were not maintained. NGF did not add to the
      effect of CNTF. The effect of CNTF on catecholamine storage was not accompanied
      by changes in the activities of TH and PNMT. In contrast, NGF induced TH but not
      PNMT activity. These data indicate differences between the mechanisms by which
      NGF and CNTF affect adrenal chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2884276
TI  - Pentobarbital antagonizes the A1 adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of
      hippocampal neurotransmitter release.
AB  - Barbiturates have been shown to be competitive antagonists at A1 adenosine
      receptors in radioligand binding studies. The present study investigates the
      effects of pentobarbital on the A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of
      neurotransmitter release from rabbit hippocampal slices. The inhibition of the
      electrically evoked release of [3H]noradrenaline by the A1 receptor agonist (R)
      N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) was antagonized by pentobarbital with an
      apparent pA2 value of 3.5. Low concentrations of pentobarbital alone altered
      neither basal nor evoked release of [3H]noradrenaline, whereas 1,000 microM
      pentobarbital enhanced the basal and reduced the evoked release. In the presence
      of 8-phenyltheophylline, pentobarbital (200 microM and 1,000 microM) reduced the
      evoked noradrenaline release. Pentobarbital also antagonized the inhibition of
      [3H]acetylcholine release by R-PIA. In contrast to the noradrenaline release
      model, the evoked release of acetylcholine was enhanced by the presence of
      pentobarbital (50-500 microM), an effect that was lost in the presence of 8
      phenyltheophylline. These results indicate that pentobarbital, in addition to a
      direct inhibitory action at higher concentrations, has a facilitatory effect on
      neurotransmitter release by blocking presynaptic A1 adenosine receptors. The
      possible relevance of these findings for the excitatory effects of barbiturates
      is discussed.

PMID- 2884277
TI  - Solubilisation of a glutamate binding protein from rat brain.
AB  - Rat brain synaptic plasma membranes were solubilised in either 1% Triton X-100 or
      potassium cholate and subjected to batch affinity adsorption on L
      glutamate/bovine serum albumin reticulated glass fibre. The fibre was extensively
      washed, and bound proteins eluted with 0.1 mM L-glutamate in 0.1% detergent,
      followed by repeated dialysis to remove the glutamate from the eluted proteins.
      Aliquots of the dialysed extracts were assayed for L-[3H]glutamate binding
      activity in the presence or absence of 0.1 mM unlabelled L-glutamate (to define
      displaceable binding). Incubations were conducted at room temperature and
      terminated by rapid filtration through nitrocellulose membranes. Binding to
      solubilised fractions could be detected only following affinity chromatography.
      Binding was saturable and of relatively low affinity: KD = 1.0 and 1.8 microM for
      Triton X-100 and cholate extracts, respectively. The density of binding sites was
      remarkably high: approximately 18 nmol/mg protein for Triton X-100-solubilised
      preparations, and usually double this when cholate was employed. Analysis of
      structural requirements for inhibition of binding revealed that only a very
      restricted number of compounds were effective, i.e., L-glutamate, L-aspartate,
      and sulphur-containing amino acids. Binding was not inhibited significantly by
      any of the selective excitatory amino acid receptor agonists--quisqualate, N
      methyl-D-aspartate, or kainate. The implication from this study is that the
      glutamate binding protein is similar if not identical to one previously isolated
      and probably is not related to the pharmacologically defined postsynaptic
      receptor subtypes, unless solubilisation of synaptic membranes resulted in major
      alterations to binding site characteristics. Since solubilisation with Triton X
      100 is known to preserve synaptic junctional complexes, it seems likely that the
      origin of the glutamate binding protein may be extrajunctional, although its
      functional role is unknown.

PMID- 2884278
TI  - Acute and long-term effects of chlorpromazine on glutamine synthetase and
      glutaminase in rat brain.
AB  - The effect of administration of chlorpromazine on the activity of glutamine
      synthetase and glutaminase and the content of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA) in different regions of rat brain was studied in an investigation of
      the possible role of these amino acids in the lowering of the seizure threshold
      following prolonged administration of chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine was
      administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight s.c. For the acute study, the
      animals were killed 20 min after a single injection. For the long-term study, the
      animals were treated every day with the same dose for 21 days and were killed 20
      min after the last injection. The results showed an increase in glutamate level
      in each brain region investigated following long-term administration, but only in
      the cerebral cortex after a single dose. GABA levels showed an increase in the
      brainstem only in acute experiments. Glutamine synthetase activity was increased
      in all three regions after a single dose and only in cerebral cortex after long
      term administration. Glutaminase activity showed a decrease in cerebral cortex
      only after long-term administration of the drug. These results suggest the
      possible occurrence of a state of increased excitability in the brain as a result
      of long-term administration of chlorpromazine, thus contributing to the known
      complication of seizures.

PMID- 2884279
TI  - Calcium-dependent and -independent release of glutamate from synaptosomes
      monitored by continuous fluorometry.
AB  - An enzyme-linked fluorometric assay is described for the continuous monitoring of
      the unidirectional efflux of glutamate from guinea-pig synaptosomes. Glutamate
      efflux from freshly suspended, polarized synaptosomes occurs at 0.35-0.39 nmol
      min-1 mg of protein-1 and is not significantly affected by external Ca2+. KCl
      depolarization (30 mMKCl) in the absence of Ca2+ doubles this rate, whereas in
      the presence of Ca2+, the initial kinetics of the assay are consistent with the
      release in the first 5 s of 0.6 nmol mg of protein-1. The final extent of Ca2+
      dependent release amounts to 1.9 nmol mg of protein-1, or 8.5% of the total
      intrasynaptosomal glutamate content. Preincubation of synaptosomes at 30 degrees
      C for 2 h before depolarization leads to a decrease in Ca2+-independent release
      and an increase in Ca2+-dependent release, consistent with an intrasynaptosomal
      relocation of the amino acid.

PMID- 2884280
TI  - Characterization of the exocytotic release of glutamate from guinea-pig cerebral
      cortical synaptosomes.
AB  - A continuous enzyme-linked fluorometric assay was used for determining the
      characteristics for glutamate exocytosis from guinea-pig cerebrocortical
      synaptosomes. Ca2+-dependent release can be induced not only by K+, but also by
      the Na+ channel activator veratridine and the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. K+
      induced release can be inhibited by the Ca2+ channel inhibitor verapamil. Sr2+
      and Ba2+ substitute for Ca2+ in promoting K+-induced release. Agents that would
      be predicted to transform the transvesicular pH gradient into a membrane
      potential are without effect on glutamate release. However, the protonophore
      carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone causes a time-dependent loss of
      exocytosis that is oligomycin insensitive and may be due to depletion of
      vesicular glutamate. The Ca2+-independent release of glutamate from the cytosol
      on depolarization is unchanged or promoted by metabolic inhibitors that lower the
      ATP/ADP ratio. In contrast. Ca2+-dependent release is ATP dependent and is
      blocked by the combined inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis.

PMID- 2884281
TI  - The effects of prolonged superfusions with acidic amino acids and their agonists
      on field potentials and horizontal cell photoresponses in the turtle retina.
AB  - The effects of prolonged superfusions with acidic amino acids and their agonists,
      kainic acid (KA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), on horizontal cells, and
      extracellular field potentials were studied in the turtle everted eyecup
      preparation using simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recordings. In a
      fresh preparation initial superfusions with each of the above agents usually
      induced a large (up to 60 mV) transient negative extracellular field potential
      recorded adjacent to horizontal cells, followed by a sustained negative potential
      of lesser amplitude (up to 10 mV). The amplitude of the sustained potential did
      not vary with subsequent superfusions, whereas that of the transient phase was
      reduced. KA and NMDA were much more potent (at least 300 times) in evoking these
      field potentials than either acidic amino acid. The horizontal cell transmembrane
      potential was monitored as the difference between the intra- and extracellular
      potentials. Superfusion with KA and NMDA produced a triphasic time course of the
      drug effect consisting of an initial depolarization with reduced photoresponses,
      a rehyperpolarization of the membrane accompanied by a growth of the light
      responses followed by a gradual depolarization and loss of photoresponses.
      Superfusion with the acidic amino acids usually produced a biphasic response that
      resembled qualitatively the first two phases of the response to KA and NMDA. This
      biphasic response was occasionally followed by a gradual depolarization and loss
      of the light response. The kinetics of the transient component of the field
      potential and the rapid reduction and regrowth of the photoresponses recorded
      during superfusion with these agents suggests an initial action of these drugs,
      which is of a nonsynaptic origin and which may be an expression of a drug-induced
      spreading depression. The kinetics of the photoresponses recorded during
      superfusion with KA, L-aspartate, and L-glutamate were similar but differed from
      those recorded during superfusion with NMDA. The difference in the effects of
      NMDA and KA on photoresponse kinetics suggests that two types of acidic amino
      acid receptors may be present in the outer plexiform layer of the turtle retina.

PMID- 2884282
TI  - Missed torsion of an undescended testis detected with testicular imaging.

PMID- 2884283
TI  - Effect of fluid volume on ipecac-induced emesis.

PMID- 2884284
TI  - Effect of milk on ipecac-induced emesis.

PMID- 2884285
TI  - Particulate contaminants of intravenous medications and infusions.
AB  - Particulate contamination in small volume parenteral medications has been studied
      and compared with that found in a selection of large volume infusions. Particle
      counts in 39 commonly used small volume medications and 7 large volume infusions
      were performed by an automated light blockage method (HIAC) or by optical
      microscopy. Based on these results and a random survey of drug therapy of
      intensive care patients, it is concluded that the contribution of intravenous
      medications to the total particle load received by such patients is likely to be
      many times greater than from infusion fluids. Until firm evidence regarding the
      harmful systemic effects of drug particles is available and the manufacturing
      regulations adjusted appropriately, final in-line filtration of infusions
      immediately proximal to the intravenous cannula should be considered when drugs
      are being given intravenously.

PMID- 2884286
TI  - Solubilities and intrinsic dissolution rates of sulphamethoxazole and
      trimethoprim.
AB  - The influence of pH on the dissolution rates and solubilities of
      sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim have been examined. Sulphamethoxazole was
      evaluated in buffers of ionic strength 0.5 mol dm-3 over the pH range 0.45-7.8
      and at 25, 32 and 37 degrees C. The minimum solubility of sulphamethoxazole was
      28.1 mg/100 mL at pH 3.22 and 25 degrees C. Solubilities increased significantly
      with both increased and decreased pH. Intrinsic dissolution rates demonstrated a
      linear relationship with the solubility data. Trimethoprim solubility was both
      buffer- and pH-dependent. In both water and hydrochloric acid solution at 32
      degrees C the solubility of trimethoprim increased from 50 mg/100 mL in water at
      pH 8.54 to a maximum of 1550 mg/100 mL at pH 5.5. This maximum solubility was in
      excess of that predicted theoretically and may be due to supersaturation. Below
      pH 2 the solubility of protonated trimethoprim diminished from 1125 mg/100 mL
      with decreasing pH. This was due to the common ion effect. Intrinsic dissolution
      rates increased as pH was decreased with hydrochloric acid from 6.00 to 1.78, but
      decreased at pH 1.48 due to the common ion effect. Dissolution profiles of
      trimethoprim showed complex patterns dependent upon pH. The profile was zero
      order at pH 6.00 and became distinctly stepwise at pH 5.5, this effect becoming
      less pronounced at lower pH values. This was reconciled in terms of the rate of
      formation of trimethoprim hydrochloride on the surface of the disc and the
      differing dissolution rates of this species and trimethoprim. A simple
      relationship between solubility and dissolution rate was not observed.

PMID- 2884287
TI  - Correlation between n-octanol/water partition coefficient and liquid
      chromatographic retention for caffeine and its metabolites, and some structure
      pharmacokinetic considerations.
AB  - A method to establish the correlation between the reverse phase high performance
      liquid chromatographic retention of caffeine and its metabolites and their n
      octanol/water partition coefficients is described. The log (P) values were always
      below zero, ranging from -0.02 to -2.03. The capacity factor quadratically back
      extrapolated to 100% water eluent (k'w) was used as the index of lipophilicity.
      The compounds examined gave a good correlation (r greater than 0.99) with log
      (k'w) if considered in separate series, depending on the substituent position.
      For a structure-pharmacokinetic relationship study, correlations were found
      between the partition coefficient and some pharmacokinetic parameters, suggesting
      that for drugs that are widely metabolized, any predictions of their disposition
      from physicochemical characteristics are hazardous.

PMID- 2884288
TI  - A preliminary pharmacokinetic study of the antimalarial drugs, proguanil and
      chlorproguanil.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic parameters for cycloguanil and chlorcycloguanil, the active
      metabolites of proguanil (Paludrine] and chlorproguanil (Lapudrine) have been
      measured in a bioassay which assesses the in-vitro growth inhibition of a
      cycloguanil- and chlorcycloguanil-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum
      produced by dilutions of plasma collected after oral administration of the pro
      drugs. A single compartment model is applicable for cycloguanil with mean rate
      constants of elimination of 0.0624 h-1 and availability of 0.2398 h-1. The
      elimination profile for chlorcycloguanil indicates partition of drug into more
      than one compartment. In 2 of 10 subjects dosed with proguanil and 1 of 11
      subjects dosed with chlorproguanil, the active metabolite levels were
      significantly lower than the mean for the other subjects. Abnormally low
      cycloguanil or chlorcycloguanil plasma levels may be of importance in relation to
      effective prophylaxis against malaria.

PMID- 2884289
TI  - On the mechanism of transport of salicylate and p-hydroxybenzoic acid across
      human red cell membranes.
AB  - The pH-dependence of efflux of salicylate and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB) from
      human red cells indicates that the un-ionized species penetrates the membrane. No
      effect of the anion channel blocker 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulphonic stilbene
      was observed. The temperature-dependence of efflux suggests that the energy
      barrier to transport of salicylate and PHB is the transfer of the acids from
      water into the membrane, rather than transport through the membrane interior.
      Intracellular binding of both acids was found to be pH-dependent.

PMID- 2884290
TI  - Saturable uptake of cefixime, a new oral cephalosporin without an alpha-amino
      group, by the rat intestine.
AB  - The mechanism of intestinal uptake of cefixime, a new oral cephalosporin
      antibiotic, has been examined using the everted jejunum of rats. The initial
      uptake rates were apparently pH-dependent with the maximum rate at pH 5.0 and a 3
      fold reduction at pH 7.0. The uptake at pH 5.0 followed mixed-type kinetics
      involving saturable and non-saturable processes in a manner similar to that for
      several amino-beta-lactam antibiotics. Cefixime uptake was inhibited
      significantly by 20 mM permeants such as cyclacillin, cephradine,
      benzylpenicillin, propicillin, glycyl-L-proline and glycyl-glycine. Replacement
      of Na+ in the medium with choline produced a slight but significant inhibition of
      cefixime uptake. In spite of the absence of significant inhibition by the amino
      acids glycine and proline, the dipeptide, glycyl-L-proline in Na+-free medium
      showed a marked inhibitory effect. The inhibition kinetics of cefixime uptake by
      glycyl-L-proline and cyclacillin were consistent with competitive-type
      inhibition. This study provides the first evidence of saturable intestinal uptake
      of a cephem antibiotic without an alpha-amino group in the side chain, suggesting
      transport through the dipeptide carrier system(s).

PMID- 2884291
TI  - Influence of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation on alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated
      contraction of rat pulmonary artery to adrenaline or noradrenaline.
AB  - Concentration-response (contraction) curves to either adrenaline or noradrenaline
      were obtained on isolated ring preparations of pulmonary artery from rats. In
      preparations from young rats the curve for adrenaline was bell-shaped, unless
      beta-adrenoceptors were blocked with propranolol (1 X 10(-6) M). The maximum
      contraction to adrenaline was less in the absence than in the presence of
      propranolol. In preparations from aged rats the adrenaline curve was no longer
      bell-shaped, even in the absence of propranolol. This reflected a decrease in the
      beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxant responses of preparations from aged rats,
      seen as a separation between the concentration-response (relaxation) curves to
      adrenaline on preparations (phenoxybenzamine-treated, KCl-contracted) from young
      and aged rats. In preparations from young rats the noradrenaline curve was not
      bell-shaped, but if the preparations were from young rats treated with thyroxine
      (T4), then a bell-shaped curve for noradrenaline was obtained, unless beta
      adrenoceptors were blocked by propranolol. These data could be explained by an
      increase in beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxant responses of preparations from T4
      treated rats, seen as a separation in the concentration-response (relaxation)
      curves to noradrenaline on preparations from control and T4-treated rats,
      respectively. Thus alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated contractile responses of rat
      pulmonary artery preparations, to adrenaline or noradrenaline, can be attenuated
      by activation of beta-adrenoceptors, mediating relaxation, and the extent of this
      attenuation changes under the influence of factors, such as ageing or T4
      treatment, which modify beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation in this blood
      vessel type.

PMID- 2884292
TI  - Differentiation of calcium antagonists with respect to their effects in normal
      and skinned taenia caeci preparations.
AB  - In taenia preparations, depolarized by a K+-rich medium, Ca2+ caused contraction
      and cinnarizine (0.4-100 microM), trifluoperazine (2-100 microM) and verapamil
      (0.02-10 microM) caused concentration-dependent antagonism of Ca2+, displacing
      the Ca2+ log concentration-effect curve to the right and depressing the maximal
      response. Equieffective (IC75) antispasmogenic concentrations were selected. The
      antispasmogenic effects of verapamil were readily offset by removing the drug
      from the bathing fluid but those of the other drugs were not. The calcium
      antagonists (antispasmogenic IC75) were then tested for spasmolytic activity in
      tissues generating tension in response to the EC80 of Ca2+. Verapamil was more
      effective in producing spasmolysis than cinnarazine or trifluoperazine. In
      skinned taenia preparations, verapamil (100 microM) did not inhibit Ca2+-induced
      contractions. High concentrations of cinnarizine (100 microM) and trifluoperazine
      (100 microM) inhibited Ca2+-induced activation of the contractile proteins.
      However, antispasmogenic IC75s from intact taenia were not able to produce this
      effect on skinned preparations. It is concluded that there are differences
      between calcium antagonists. The action of verapamil on intact taenia is mainly
      exerted on the plasma membrane. Cinnarizine and trifluoperazine act both on the
      plasma membrane and upon the intracellular contractile machinery.

PMID- 2884293
TI  - Albumin microspheres for intra-articular drug delivery: investigation of their
      retention in normal and arthritic knee joints of rabbits.
AB  - The retention of 131I-labelled albumin microspheres and microsphere-entrapped
      [131I]rose bengal was investigated in normal and experimentally arthritic knee
      joints of rabbits. Albumin microspheres were cleared slowly from the joint cavity
      and no significant difference was observed between normal and inflamed joints.
      Entrapment of rose bengal within albumin microspheres was found to delay the
      clearance of the drug from the joint when compared with a solution of rose
      bengal. In addition, the retention time for entrapped rose bengal was dependent
      on the degree of inflammation present.

PMID- 2884294
TI  - Anthelmintic properties of Polygonum glabrum.
AB  - A pure anthelmintic substance (PGA) has been isolated from the methanol-aqueous
      extract of the leaf of Polygonum glabrum Willd., a semi-aquatic Sudanese species
      of the family Polygonaceae. The antiparasitic in-vitro activity of several
      fractions isolated from the plant, has been examined comparatively with that of
      PGA. PGA also showed molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata and
      Limnea truncatula Mull. Structural determination of PGA was attempted following
      data analysis of UV, IR, 13C NMR, 1H NMR and MS spectra and suggests that PGA is
      a terpenoid.

PMID- 2884295
TI  - Dissolution mechanism of tablets produced from coated lactose powder.
AB  - The use of the equation of Kitazawa et al in the analysis of the dissolution
      process of tablets produced from lactose powder coated with paraffin has
      suggested either an initial breaking of the tablets into particles that
      subsequently break down into smaller particles or a progressive breaking of the
      tablet into smaller particles. The former produces a change in rate constant from
      k1 to k2.

PMID- 2884297
TI  - Central muscarinic activation elicits compulsive drinking behaviour in the rat.
AB  - Injection of bethanechol into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat induces a
      marked increase in drinking, within 30 min from administration. The response is
      dose-related, maximal water intake (6.1 +/- 0.55 mL; mean +/- s.e.) occurring at
      10 micrograms of bethanechol. Peripheral administration of the agonist (up to 3
      mg kg-1 i.p.) fails to elicit drinking. Among several specific antagonists only
      antimuscarinic drugs produced a significant inhibition of the response,
      suggesting that the compulsive drinking behaviour in the rat is caused by
      activation of central muscarinic receptors. The drinking behaviour emerges as a
      reliable test to assess central muscarinic activity of both agonists and
      antagonists.

PMID- 2884296
TI  - Effects of applied load and particle size on the plastoelasticity and tablet
      strength of some directly compressible powders.
AB  - Correlations have been established between the particle size and packing fraction
      of microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate dihydrate, corn starch and
      lactose, and the elastic recovery, stress relaxation, and tensile strengths of
      their tablets.

PMID- 2884298
TI  - Enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of drugs in rats pretreated with the
      synthetic immunomodulator, levamisole.
AB  - The effect of levamisole on drug absorption from the rat small intestine has been
      investigated by means of an in-situ recirculation technique. The absorption of
      salicylic acid, sulphanilamide and aminopyrine was significantly increased by the
      intraperitoneal administration of levamisole (2 mg) 1 day before the absorption
      studies, but there was no significant effect on absorption from the small
      intestine of indomethacin, bromthymol blue, sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole),
      quinine, sulphanilic acid, phenol red (phenolsulfonphthalein), L-tryptophan and
      fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans. The effect of levamisole on the absorption
      from the small intestine of salicylic acid was marginally dose- and time
      dependent, the maximal effect being observed after pretreatment with 2 mg of
      levamisole 1 day before the absorption studies. Sulphanilamide, similarly, was
      better sorbed from the small intestine and also from the stomach in the presence
      of levamisole. The intraperitoneal administration of levamisole may influence the
      absorption of some low molecular weight drugs from the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2884299
TI  - 1-(o-Methoxyphenyl)piperazine is a metabolite of drugs bearing a
      methoxyphenylpiperazine side-chain.
AB  - Drugs bearing an o-methoxyphenylpiperazine (oOCH3PP) moiety in the side-chain of
      their molecule may form oOCH3PP during biotransformation in-vivo in the rat. This
      has been verified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of urine from
      rats given orally a series of relatively new o-methoxyphenylpiperazine
      substituted derivatives. The metabolite is reported to be biochemically and
      pharmacologically active and therefore its formation may have pharmacological
      significance, at least for derivatives undergoing extensive cleavage of the
      arylpiperazine side-chain.

PMID- 2884300
TI  - Effect of pyridoxine on prostaglandin synthesis in rabbit kidney medulla slices.
AB  - Pyridoxine stimulated the generation of prostaglandin E2 in rabbit kidney medulla
      slices. Moreover, pyridoxine in the presence of aspirin reduced the release of
      linoleic acid, but enhanced the release of arachidonic acid from the medulla
      slices as compared with aspirin alone, indicating that the enhancement of
      prostaglandin E2 formation elicited by pyridoxine may be ascribed to an increased
      conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid. These results suggest that
      pyridoxine can be an important modulating factor in prostaglandin synthesis by
      the kidney.

PMID- 2884301
TI  - Selectivity and specificity for alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking activity of R(-)-
      and S(+)-YM-12617 orally administered to pithed, spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The selectivity and specificity for alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking activity of the
      optical isomers of YM-12617 have been examined in pithed, spontaneously
      hypertensive rats. R(-)-YM-12617 and prazosin (1 mg kg-1 p.o.) produced 360- and
      88-fold rightward shifts, respectively, of the dose-response curve of control to
      phenylephrine, whereas S(+)-YM-12617 (1 mg kg-1 p.o.) failed to cause a shift.
      Based on dose ratio, R(-)-YM-12617 was 320 times more potent as an alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist than S(+)-YM-12617. This potency ratio corresponded to
      that formed in an in-vitro study. Both R(-)- and S(+)-YM-12617 hardly affected
      the UK-14304, angiotensin II, vasopressin and isoprenaline dose-response curves.
      These results suggest that R(-)-YM-12617 exerted selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      blocking activity and its activity was specific for alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2884302
TI  - Binding parameters and microbiological activity of macrolides, lincosamides and
      streptogramins against Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Parameters of erythromycin binding to Staphylococcus aureus were measured in
      vitro using an equilibrium method with [3H]erythromycin. The dissociation
      constant of the complex, erythromycin-S. aureus sensitive strain, was KD = 0.11
      microM. The maximal binding, representing the density of binding sites was 14,847
      molecules/cell. No binding was detectable on the constitutive resistant strain.
      Macrolides, streptogramins and lincosamides displaced bound [3H]erythromycin by a
      competitive process indicating that these compounds share common binding sites on
      the bacteria, i.e. 50 S ribosomal subunits. A good correlation (r = 0.99) was
      demonstrated between the corresponding inhibition constants (Ki) and the minimal
      inhibitory concentration. It is proposed that knowledge of the binding parameters
      provides a good indication of bacterial susceptibility and may serve as a useful
      adjunct in developing new compounds.

PMID- 2884303
TI  - Tamoxifen inhibits 5-lipoxygenase in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
AB  - Breast cancer patient survival is increased by tamoxifen, and we therefore need
      to understand how this drug exerts its effect. We describe a novel action of
      tamoxifen, the inhibition of LTB4 and 5-HETE production from [14C]-arachidonic
      acid by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

PMID- 2884304
TI  - Potentiation of contractile response and increase in tissue sodium content
      induced by aconitine in the guinea-pig vas deferens.
AB  - Aconitine potentiated the contractile response of the guinea-pig vas deferens and
      increased the tissue Na and Ca content. These effects were abolished in the
      presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that aconitine causes an
      increasing Na+ permeability of the smooth muscle membrane to increase Ca2+
      availability and thus induces potentiation.

PMID- 2884305
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide activates non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      relaxations of the rat isolated duodenum.

PMID- 2884306
TI  - Tensile strength analysis of midpontic soldering.
AB  - A total of 120 three-unit fixed partial dentures were made by using a latex mold
      to produce uniform wax patterns. Four groups were used to compare the tensile
      strength of connectors with interproximal solder, midpontic vertical solder,
      midpontic diagonal solder, and a control of one-piece castings. Three different
      metals were tested and the tensile load required to fracture the samples as well
      as the fracture sites were recorded. The following was found: Soldering the
      interproximal connector area produced the weakest solder joints, regardless of
      metal tested, at p less than .001. There was no significant difference in the
      fracture loads between midpontic vertical soldering and midpontic diagonal
      soldering with all three metals at p less than .01. There was no significant
      difference in fracture loads between midpontic soldering and unit casting with
      all three metals at p less than .01. The extreme variations in fracture loads
      when soldering nickel-chrome-beryllium confirms the technique sensitivity of
      presoldering this alloy.

PMID- 2884307
TI  - Oxidation of glucose, ribose, alanine, and glutamate by Leishmania braziliensis
      panamensis.
AB  - The metabolism of [1-14C]- and [6-14C]glucose, [1-14C]ribose, [1-14C]- and [U
      14C]alanine, and [1-14C]- and [5-14C]glutamate by the promastigotes of Leishmania
      braziliensis panamensis was investigated in cells resuspended in Hanks' balanced
      salt solution supplemented with ribose, alanine, or glutamate. The ratio of 14CO2
      produced from [1-14C]glucose to that from [6-14C]glucose ranged from about two to
      six, indicating appreciable carbon flow through the pentose phosphate pathway. A
      functional pentose phosphate pathway was further demonstrated by the production
      of 14CO2 from [1-14C]ribose although the rate of ribose oxidation was much lower
      than the rate of glucose oxidation. The rate of 14CO2 production from [1
      14C]glucose was almost linear with time of incubation, whereas that of [6
      14C]glucose accelerated, consistent with an increasing rate of flux through the
      Embden-Meyerhof pathway during incubation. Increasing the assay temperature from
      26 degrees C to 34 degrees C had no appreciable effect on the rates or time
      courses of oxidation of either [1-14C]- or [6-14C]glucose or of [1-14C]ribose.
      Both alanine and glutamate were oxidized by L. b. panamensis, and at rates
      comparable to or appreciably greater than the rate of oxidation of glucose. The
      ratios of 14CO2 produced from [1-14C]- to [U-14C]alanine and from [1-14C]- to [5
      14C]glutamate indicated that these compounds were metabolized via a functioning
      tricarboxylic acid cycle and that most of the label that entered the
      tricarboxylic acid cycle was oxidized to carbon dioxide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884308
TI  - The assessment of sympathetic nervous function in human stress research.
AB  - The methods currently available for measuring sympathetic nervous system activity
      in human stress research are critically reviewed. The advantages and limitations
      of catecholamine measurements in plasma and urine are considered. The
      contribution of skeletal muscle sympathetic activity to noradrenaline
      concentration in venous blood represents a serious drawback of this measure, and
      under many circumstances, urinary assay may reflect arterial catecholamine levels
      more accurately. The potential benefits of assessing noradrenaline clearance are
      described. Other methods of assessing sympathetic activity are also reviewed,
      including microneurographic techniques and the use of pharmacological blockade.
      General recommendations are given about the methods of greatest value in human
      stress research.

PMID- 2884309
TI  - Specific binding of L-[3H]-glutamic acid to rat substantia nigra synaptic
      membranes.
AB  - The specific binding of L-[3H]-glutamic acid (GLU) was investigated in synaptic
      membranes from rat substantia nigra. L-[3H]-GLU binding to the membrane
      preparations occurred in a reversible and saturable way. The specific binding was
      stimulated by the presence of CaCl2 and was reduced by freezing and thawing the
      membranes. Scatchard analysis of the saturation isotherms yielded a non-linear
      plot suggesting that the binding reaction does not occur through a simple
      bimolecular association. Assuming non-interacting binding sites, a high (KD1, 139
      nM; Bmax1, 3.5 pmoles/mg protein) and a low (KD2, 667 nM; Bmax2, 15.1 pmoles/mg
      protein) affinity L-[3H]-GLU binding site were obtained. The kinetics of
      dissociation of bound L-[3H]-GLU was biphasic; the respective dissociation rate
      constant (k-1) being 0.20 min-1 and 0.013 min-1. A series of amino acid receptor
      agonists and antagonists were tested as inhibitors of L-[3H]-GLU specific
      binding. Quisqualic acid, L-GLU and D-alpha-aminoadipate (D-alpha-AA) were the
      most potent inhibitors. DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), N-Methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) and D-GLU were moderate inhibitors, whereas diaminopimelic acid
      (DAPA) and glutamate diethyl ester (GDEE) exhibited the lowest relative potency.
      Kainic acid (KA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and bicuculline were not able to
      modify at any concentration used the specific binding of L-[3H]-GLU. These data
      demonstrate the presence of specific GLU binding sites in synaptic structures at
      substantia nigra level and support the idea that excitatory amino acids may play
      a role in synaptic transmission in this brain region.

PMID- 2884310
TI  - The binding of agonists and antagonists to rat lung beta-adrenergic receptors as
      investigated by thermodynamics and structure-activity relationships.
AB  - Interaction of several agonists and antagonists with the relevant beta receptor
      were studied in vitro using rat lung membranes as beta-adrenergic receptor
      source. The influence of temperature, between 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C, on
      the ability of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists to displace (-)
      [125I]iodocyanopindolol from beta-adrenergic receptors was checked. Thermodynamic
      parameters were calculated from the Kj values thus obtained. Lipophilicity of the
      twenty molecules was also measured using a RP-HPLC method. The results obtained
      show: the density of receptors was not affected by the temperature but their
      affinity for the twenty agonists and antagonists increased with decreasing
      temperature; the binding of agonists is enthalpy driven while that of antagonists
      is entropy driven, with the exception of the lipophilic agonist dobutamine; a
      single relationship between entropy and lipophilicity exists for all twenty
      compounds and would suggest that molecular structure and physicochemical
      properties account for the thermodynamics of binding.

PMID- 2884312
TI  - Synthesis of a series of compounds related to betaxolol, a new beta 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist with a pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profile
      optimized for the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
AB  - A series of para-substituted phenoxypropanolamines has been synthesized and
      tested for beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity. Some derivatives (8, 11, 12, 20,
      21) exhibited greater in vitro potency than the reference drugs metoprolol and
      propranolol. This series, in contrast to propranolol but similar to metoprolol,
      possesses cardioselectivity. The 3-[p-[(cycloalkylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]-1
      substituted-amino-2-prop anol derivatives 8 (cyclopropylmethoxyethyl: betaxolol)
      and 11 (cyclobutylmethoxyethyl) produced antihypertensive effects in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats. Betaxolol (Kerlon, 8) was found to exhibit an
      appropriate preclinical pharmacological and human pharmacokinetic profile
      (elevated oral bioavailability and prolonged plasma half-life) for the treatment
      of chronic cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina.

PMID- 2884311
TI  - Radioautographic localization and regulation of the insulin receptors in rat
      testis.
AB  - Luteinizing hormone (LH) is involved in maintenance of the insulin receptor in
      rat Leydig cells. In the cryptorchid model, spontaneous LH elevation increases
      insulin binding in Leydig cell membrane; this result is confirmed by the number
      of insulin receptors determined by radioautography. Administration of
      testosterone or LH-RH to control or cryptorchid rats lower insulin binding in
      testis membranes indicating the key role of LH. Isolated Leydig cells respond in
      vitro to LH by increasing their insulin binding. Localization and specificity of
      this binding has been studied by radioautography and we have demonstrated the
      preferential localization of insulin receptor in Leydig cells vs tubular cells.
      We conclude that insulin plays a synergistic role with LH on steroidogenesis via
      a specific membrane receptor which number appears modulated by pituitary LH.

PMID- 2884313
TI  - Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 5. Resolution, absolute
      configuration, and pharmacological characterization of the enantiomers of 2-(5,6
      dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)imidazoline: a potent agonist at alpha
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - (+/-)-2-(5,6-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)imidazoline has been
      resolved into its (+) and (-) enantiomers, and the absolute configuration was
      established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The more active isomer
      has been assigned the R absolute configuration. Cleavage of the respective (+)-
      and (-)-dimethyl ethers with boron tribromide provided the corresponding (+)- and
      (-)-2-(5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthl)imidazoline hydrobromides and
      these were pharmacologically characterized. In various preparations, the R
      enantiomer has been shown to be an extremely potent alpha agonist with
      preferential activity at the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor.

PMID- 2884314
TI  - Psychotropic agents: synthesis and antipsychotic activity of substituted beta
      carbolines.
AB  - A series of novel substituted beta-carbolines was synthesized and tested for
      potential antipsychotic activity. Several compounds displayed moderate
      antipsychotic activity in vitro and in vivo as determined by relevant receptor
      binding assays and behavioral tests. The effect of substituents on antipsychotic
      activity was examined. The beta-carbolines 10 and 19 containing 2-(2
      pyridinyl)ethyl and 2-(2-quinolinyl)ethyl side chains were the most potent
      analogues, blocking discrete trial conditioned avoidance responding in rats with
      AB50's of 23 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Both showed moderate activity at the D2
      receptor sites, but they lacked oral activity. In contrast, the beta-carboline 13
      containing the 4-(4-pyridinyl)butyl side chain exhibited oral activity in the
      discrete trial conditioned avoidance screen with an AB50 of 31 mg/kg. Most
      compounds did not antagonize apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, which is
      indicative of low potential for extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability.

PMID- 2884316
TI  - 2,4-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolines. 2. 2-(4-Carbamoylpiperidino) derivatives
      as alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists and antihypertensive agents.
AB  - A series of 4-amino-2-(4-carbamoylpiperidino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolines (2) were
      synthesized and evaluated for alpha-adrenoceptor affinity and antihypertensive
      activity. These compounds displayed high binding affinity (Ki, 10(-9)-10(-10) M)
      and selectivity for alpha 1-adrenoceptors in vitro, and 12, 14, 21-26, and 29
      showed similar potency to prazosin. Compounds 26 and 28 were also shown to be
      competitive antagonists of the postjunctional, vasoconstrictor action of
      norepinephrine with no significant activity at prejunctional alpha 2-sites. The
      high binding affinity for series 2 is rationalized in terms of enhanced basicity
      of the quinazoline nucleus (pKa's: 12, 7.38; 26, 7.53; prazosin, 6.8) and
      hydrophobic interactions of the carbamoyl substituents. Molecular mechanics
      calculations and computer-assisted superimposition suggest that the quinazoline 2
      substituents in prazosin and 2 occupy the alpha 1-adrenoceptor site in different
      manners. Antihypertensive activity was evaluated after oral administration (5
      mg/kg) to spontaneously hypertensive rats, and 11, 15, 21, 22, and 26 displayed
      sustained prazosin-like efficacy at the 6-h time point. The high alpha 1
      adrenoceptor affinity demonstrated by series 2 in vitro suggests that these
      marked, and prolonged, falls in blood pressure result from selective blockade of
      the alpha 1-mediated vasoconstrictor effects of norepinephrine.

PMID- 2884317
TI  - Host-feeding patterns of Argentine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected
      during and after an epizootic of western equine encephalitis.

PMID- 2884315
TI  - 2-Amino- and 2-guanidino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalenes as
      conformationally defined analogues of alpha-adrenergic agents.
AB  - The exo- and endo-2-amino-5,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4
      epoxynaphthalenes++ + (3b and 4b, respectively) were prepared and evaluated as
      conformationally defined analogues of the alpha 1-agonist methoxamine. Only
      compound 3b exhibited significant alpha 1-agonist activity in the field
      stimulated rat vas deferens assay. Since 3b closely approximates the
      antiperiplanar form of (1R,2S)-(-)-erythro-methoxamine, the results suggest that
      methoxamine interacts with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor in the trans extended form.
      The exo-guanidino derivative 5 was found to be a partial alpha 1-agonist. Among
      the exo- and endo-2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalenes (3a and 4a,
      respectively) prepared as rigid analogues of norephedrine, compound 3a possessed
      agonist activity at both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, whereas 4a was
      inactive at either receptor.

PMID- 2884318
TI  - Electrophoretic comparison of the malic enzyme in Japanese mosquito (Diptera:
      Culicidae) larvae.

PMID- 2884320
TI  - Attitudes towards predictive testing in Huntington's disease: a recent survey in
      Belgium.
AB  - After the publication of evidence of the existence of a DNA polymorphism closely
      linked to the gene for Huntington's disease, attitudes towards predictive testing
      for Huntington's disease were evaluated in Belgium in a group of persons who are
      at risk for the disease and in a smaller group of their partners. The percentage
      of persons at risk who planned to take the test was smaller than in many
      previously published studies. Our results revealed a lack of association between
      the intention to take the test and social or demographic variables. Specific
      attention was paid to the difference in intention between a person at risk and
      his or her partner and to the opinions about the way the decision to take the
      test should be made.

PMID- 2884321
TI  - Demonstration by immuno-electronmicroscopy of antigenic heterogeneity among P
      fimbriae of strains of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The identification of P fimbriae on urinary strains of Escherichia coli isolated
      from urine was made by observation of the patterns of mannose-resistant and
      eluting haemagglutination of erythrocytes of seven animal species (and including
      those of human p phenotype), and by haemagglutination-inhibition tests with
      hydatid-cyst fluid known to contain an analogue of P-fimbrial receptor. In tests
      with five different, pure P-fimbrial antisera prepared in rabbits, agglutinin
      titres of 37 P-fimbriate strains revealed differences in their reactivity; immuno
      electronmicroscopy studies with the same five antisera showed that P-fimbriate
      strains were markedly different in the extent to which their P fimbriae were
      coated with antibody. The antigenic heterogeneity observed among P fimbriae is
      discussed with regard to the development of P-fimbrial vaccines.

PMID- 2884322
TI  - Pili on Gardnerella vaginalis studied by electronmicroscopy.
AB  - Fourteen recently isolated strains and two laboratory strains of Gardnerella
      vaginalis were examined by electronmicroscopy for the presence of pili. All
      strains isolated recently from both men and women were heavily pilated. In
      contrast only a few pili were seen on organisms of the two laboratory strains,
      with many of the organisms having no pili. The importance of multiple subculture
      in this loss was supported by the observation that the degree of pilation of one
      freshly isolated strain decreased on repeated subculture. Other findings
      suggested that this was probably due to gradual loss of pili and not to selection
      of organisms that were non-pilate originally.

PMID- 2884319
TI  - Molecular genetics of human chromosome 21.
AB  - Chromosome 21 is the smallest autosome, comprising only about 1.9% of human DNA,
      but represents one of the most intensively studied regions of the genome. Much of
      the interest in chromosome 21 can be attributed to its association with Down's
      syndrome, a genetic disorder that afflicts one in every 700 to 1000 newborns.
      Although only 17 genes have been assigned to chromosome 21, a very large number
      of cloned DNA segments of unknown function have been isolated and regionally
      mapped. The majority of these segments detect restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) and therefore represent useful genetic markers. Continued
      molecular genetic investigation of chromosome 21 will be central to elucidating
      molecular events leading to meiotic non-disjunction and consequent trisomy, the
      contribution of specific genes to the pathology of Down's syndrome, and the
      possible role of chromosome 21 in Alzheimer's disease and other as yet unmapped
      genetic defects.

PMID- 2884323
TI  - Evidence for the transit of aminopeptidase N through the basolateral membrane
      before it reaches the brush border of enterocytes.
AB  - In vivo pulse-chase labeling of rabbit jejunum loops was used in conjunction with
      subcellular fractionation and quantitative immunoprecipitation to determine
      whether or not the newly synthesized aminopeptidase N transits through the
      basolateral membrane before it reaches the apical brush border, its final
      localization. The kinetics of the arrival of the newly synthesized enzyme in the
      Golgi complex, basolateral and brush border membrane fractions strongly suggest
      that on leaving the Golgi aminopeptidase N is transiently integrated into the
      basolateral domain before reaching the brush border.

PMID- 2884324
TI  - Prescribing in a hospital for the mentally retarded.

PMID- 2884325
TI  - The rudimentary gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes four enzymic functions.
AB  - We have determined the 7168 nucleotide DNA sequence corresponding to the
      messenger RNA of the rudimentary gene of Drosophila melanogaster. By sequence
      comparison with genes involved in the pyrimidine pathway of prokaryotes and lower
      eukaryotes, we conclude that the rudimentary gene encodes four enzymically
      different functions. Each function is restricted to a specific coding domain but
      in an order different from that previously defined by genetic data. We have found
      that the corresponding mammalian gene, the CAD gene, exhibits a similar
      functional organization, and we propose schemes for the evolution of the
      corresponding coding sequences.

PMID- 2884326
TI  - A case of MAO inhibitor/MDMA interaction: agony after ecstasy.
AB  - After ingesting 3,4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and the monoamine
      oxidase (MAO) inhibitor phenelzine, a 50 year old male developed marked
      hypertension, diaphoresis, altered mental status, and hypertonicity lasting 5-6
      hours. This clinical course is typical of interaction between MAO inhibitors and
      some sympathomimetics including amphetamines. Such interaction has not previously
      been described involving MDMA. Sympathomimetic-MAO inhibitor interactions can
      cause excessive release of endogenous bioactive amines (e.g. norepinephrine,
      serotonin). Hypertensive crisis, intracranial hemorrhage, hypertonicity, and
      severe hyperthermia have occurred due to sympathomimetic-MAO inhibitor
      interactions. MDMA shares structural and pharmacologic features with other agents
      capable of causing this interaction, and this case suggests that MDMA can cause
      significant toxicity in patients taking MAO inhibitors.

PMID- 2884327
TI  - Acute hallucinogenic reaction to carbinoxamine maleate.
AB  - A reaction to Rondec is reported. The patient presented with agitation and
      hallucinations and responded promptly to a trial of physostigmine. The clinical
      picture and prompt resolution of symptoms with physostigmine strongly suggest
      that the reaction was to the antihistamine component of the medication.

PMID- 2884328
TI  - Home advantage in soccer: a retrospective analysis.
AB  - The existence of home advantage has been established for all major professional
      team sports in England and North America. The advantage was found to be greatest
      in soccer, with the home team currently obtaining about 64% of all points gained
      in the English Football League. Home advantage has changed very little since the
      formation of the League in 1888 and there are only small variations between the
      four Divisions of the League. The advantage is less marked in local derbies, in
      the FA Cup and in nonprofessional competitions. It is greater in the European Cup
      and increases as the stages of the competition progress. The allocation of three
      points, instead of two, for a win in the Football League has not changed home
      advantage, but its effect has been greatly reduced in the GM Vauxhall Conference
      where an away win gains more points than a home win. The statistical evidence
      suggests that crowd support and travel fatigue contribute less to home advantage
      in soccer than do the less easily quantifiable benefits of familiarity with
      conditions when playing at home. Further possible explanations for the advantage
      are discussed in the light of findings in other sports.

PMID- 2884329
TI  - Depression of reticulo-ruminal motor functions through the stimulation of alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - Inhibition of the cyclical contractions of the reticulum and the rumen by
      detomidine (10-40 micrograms/kg, i.v.), xylazine (20-80 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and
      clonidine (2.5-10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) were compared in sheep and cattle housed
      individually in box stalls. Two alpha 2-adrenergic receptor blocking agents,
      tolazoline and yohimbine, were administered intravenously for prevention (0.1-0.4
      mg/kg) or reversal (0.4-1.2 mg/kg) of these effects. Continuous recording of the
      reticuloruminal contractions and measurement of the volume of ruminal gas
      eliminated through the upper respiratory tract indicated that the three alpha 2
      agonists inhibited the primary ruminal contractions associated with the reticular
      contractions. The occurrence of secondary ruminal contractions was also blocked
      in sheep, but only suppressed in cattle. The inhibition of reticulo-ruminal
      contractions was prevented or reversed competitively by the two alpha 2-blocking
      agents, suggesting an alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediation of the inhibition of
      cyclical motor activity of the reticulo-rumen. In contrast with tolazoline,
      yohimbine was unable to alleviate the accumulation of gas resulting from
      inhibition of the secondary ruminal contractions.

PMID- 2884330
TI  - Tissue-specific expression of human provirus ERV3 mRNA in human placenta: two of
      the three ERV3 mRNAs contain human cellular sequences.
AB  - Three polyadenylated RNAs, 9, 7.3, and 3.5 kilobases long, of a human endogenous
      retrovirus, ERV3, are abundant in human placental chorion, representing about
      0.03 to 0.05% of the total mRNA. We characterized the structure of these mRNAs by
      Northern blot and S1 nuclease mapping analyses. We found that all three RNAs were
      spliced mRNAs that lacked 5.9 kilobases of proviral sequence, including the gag
      gene and most of the pol gene. In contrast to the transcription pattern usual for
      other retroviruses, the transcription pattern of the ERV3 provirus did not
      include a genome-length mRNA. All three of the ERV3 mRNAs initiated transcription
      at the same point in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and contained identical
      splice junctions in the provirus. The 3.5-kilobase RNA was a typical subgenomic
      proviral mRNA, with its polyadenylation site in the 3' LTR. The two larger ERV3
      mRNAs, however, extended through the polyadenylation site in the 3' LTR and were
      spliced at a second position approximately 370 nucleotides downstream from the 3'
      LTR. This finding suggests that when the ERV3 retrovirus integrated at this
      genomic locus in an ancestor of humans, it integrated within or adjacent to a
      cellular gene.

PMID- 2884331
TI  - Promoters and processing sites within the transforming region of bovine
      papillomavirus type 1.
AB  - The mRNAs present in bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1)-transformed C127 cells
      were studied by primer extension. The results show that two internal promoters
      are present in the E region of BPV-1 in addition to the previously identified
      promoter at coordinate 1 (H. Ahola, A. Stenlund, J. Moreno-Lopez, and U.
      Pettersson, Nucleic Acids Res. 11:2639-2650, 1983). One, located at coordinate
      31, generated a set of mRNAs with heterogeneous 5' ends, which may encode the
      major transforming protein of BPV-1, the E5 protein. The second promoter, which
      is located at coordinate 39, generates colinear mRNAs which encode either the E4
      protein or a truncated form of the E2 protein. Unlike the cottontail rabbit
      papillomavirus (O. Danos, E. Georges, G. Orth, and M. Yaniv, J. Virol. 53:735
      741, 1985), BPV-1 appears to lack a separate promoter for expression of the E7
      protein. The major splice sites in the transforming region (E region) of the BPV
      1 genome were also identified by nucleotide sequence analysis.

PMID- 2884333
TI  - The birth of the blues: II. Blue movie.

PMID- 2884332
TI  - Insertion and truncation of c-myb by murine leukemia virus in a myeloid cell line
      derived from cultures of normal hematopoietic cells.
AB  - A retroviral insertion into the c-myb gene, which resulted in a 3' truncation,
      was found in an in vitro-derived myeloid cell line. The retroviral insertion
      occurred at precisely the same nucleotide at which another murine leukemia virus
      insertion occurred in an in vivo-induced myeloid leukemia. These findings suggest
      that comparable events may be required for the derivation of myeloid cell lines
      in vitro and for induction of myeloid leukemia in vivo.

PMID- 2884334
TI  - Somatostatin receptors as markers for endocrine tumors.

PMID- 2884335
TI  - [Influence of sevoflurane on the neuromuscular blocking effects of vecuronium and
      pancuronium].

PMID- 2884336
TI  - [Diagnostic procedure of adult T-cell leukemia--comparison of methods to detect
      anti-ATLA].

PMID- 2884337
TI  - [Effects of atrial natriuretic factor on cyclic GMP synthesis in rat vascular
      smooth muscle cells in culture].

PMID- 2884338
TI  - Active transport of beta-adrenergic blocking agents in the anterior uvea of
      albino rabbit.
AB  - Transport of timolol and befunolol in the anterior uvea of the albino rabbit was
      studied in vitro. Also, the mode of timolol elimination from the living eye was
      investigated. The isolated iris-ciliary body incubated at 37 degrees C
      accumulated 14C-timolol and 14C-befunolol against the concentration gradient, and
      the tissue-to-medium ratio was 5.45 +/- 0.29 and 5.46 +/- 0.44, respectively. The
      accumulation of both drugs was significantly suppressed by incubation at 0
      degrees C and also by pretreatment with ouabain or cyanine but not with
      probenecid. The relationship between the initial velocities of accumulation and
      medium drug concentrations conformed with saturation kinetics, indicating the
      presence of mediated transport of these drugs. The apparent Km was 1.08 X 10(-6)
      mole per liter for timolol and 8.00 X 10(-7) for befunolol, and the Vmax was 5.46
      X 10(-9) mole per g per hour for timolol and 1.52 X 10(-8) for befunolol. A
      mixture of 14C-timolol and 3H-sucrose was injected into the center of the
      vitreous cavity of the living rabbit. Timolol was lost from the vitreous at a
      rapid rate of about 36% per hour, while sucrose was lost very slowly, at about 5%
      per hour. Thus it was thought that an energy-requiring carrier-mediated transport
      system is operative in the anterior uvea of the albino rabbit, and that this
      would account for the rapid removal of the beta-blockers out of the eye.

PMID- 2884339
TI  - Comparison of agonistic and antagonistic actions of guanabenz and guanfacin on
      alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in isolated smooth muscles.
AB  - The effects of guanabenz, guanfacine and clonidine on alpha-adrenoceptors were
      investigated in isolated rat vas deferens and rabbit aortic strip. All 3 drugs at
      low concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) caused inhibition of twitch responses of the
      rat vas deferens induced by nerve stimulation. These effects were competitively
      antagonized by yohimbine. Guanfacine and clonidine at relatively high
      concentrations (10(-6)-10(-4) M) produced contractions of the rat vas deferens
      which were antagonized by prazosin. These contractile responses were not much
      affected by denervation. Prazosin-sensitive contractions by guanfacine and
      clonidine were also observed in the rabbit aortic strip, which were not affected
      by reserpine pretreatment. In both tissues, the intrinsic activity of guanfacine
      was almost identical to that of norepinephrine, whereas that of clonidine was
      less than one half. Guanabenz and clonidine showed a competitive antagonistic
      effect against norepinephrine and phenylephrine in both the rat vas deferens and
      rabbit aorta, the antagonisms being similar in potency. The results indicate that
      all 3 drugs are potent agonists on the presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor. In
      contrast, on the postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptor, guanfacine and guanabenz
      showed only agonistic and antagonistic actions, respectively, whereas clonidine
      exhibited partial agonistic characteristics.

PMID- 2884340
TI  - Antimuscarinic effects of antihistamines: quantitative evaluation by receptor
      binding assay.
AB  - Quantitative evaluation of antimuscarinic effects of antihistamines (H1- and H2
      receptor antagonists) was carried out using a receptor-binding assay. The 
      inhibition constants (Ki values) of twenty seven H1-receptor antagonists, one
      related antidepressant and three H2-receptor antagonists at H1-receptors and
      muscarinic receptors in the bovine cerebral cortex were determined. All the H2
      receptor antagonists examined showed very low affinity for the muscarinic
      receptors. On the other hand, some H1-receptor antagonists (mequitazine,
      cyproheptazine, clemastine, diphenylpyraline, promethazine, homochlorcyclizine
      and alimemazine) had high affinity for the muscarinic receptors (Ki = 5.0-38 nM).
      Another group of H1-receptor antagonists (mepyramine, terfenadine, metapyrilen,
      azelastine, hydroxyzine and meclizine) had low affinity for the muscarinic
      receptors (Ki = 3,600-30,000 nM). Thus, a broad range of antimuscarinic potencies
      among the antihistamines was demonstrated. These results should provide helpful
      information with regard to the clinical and experimental use of antihistamines.

PMID- 2884341
TI  - Enzymatic study to characterize the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS
      A) and leukotrienes.
AB  - Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) has been shown to be one of the
      major mediators in hypersensitive reactions and to be composed of leukotriene
      (LT) C4, LTD4 and LTE4. In the present study, we examined the properties of SRS-A
      released from sensitized guinea pig lungs by antigen and SRS released from rat
      peritoneal exudate cells and from human leucocytes by ionophore A23187 (0.5 and
      0.2 microgram/ml, respectively). By the incubation with SRS-A, SRS and LTs with
      arylsulfatase (type V) in pH 5.7 buffered solution at 37 degrees C for 30 min,
      SRS-A and LTD4 were greatly inactivated and rat SRS was slightly inactivated, but
      human SRS and LTC4 were not inactivated at all. The same results were obtained
      when aminopeptidase was used in place of arylsulfatase. Moreover, when SRS-A,
      LTC4 and LTD4 were incubated with 0.02 mg/ml of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      (gamma-GTP) pH 8.0 buffered solution at 37 degrees C for 30 min, the activities
      of SRS-A and LTD4 were slightly decreased, but those of SRS and LTC4 were
      obviously potentiated. On the other hand, incubation with a large amount of gamma
      GTP (0.2 mg/ml) a dose at which this enzyme preparation showed clear
      aminopeptidase activity, SRS-A, SRS, LTC4 and LTD4 were obviously inactivated. In
      addition, we found a peak of LTD4 in guinea pig SRS-A, that of LTC4 in human SRS,
      and that of LTC4 in rat SRS on high performance liquid chromatograms. From these
      results, we demonstrated that guinea pig lung SRS-A is mainly composed of LTD4,
      human leukocyte SRS is mainly LTC4, and rat peritoneal SRS is composed of both
      LTC4 and LTD4. The inactivation of LTD4 and SRS-A by arylsulfatase may be due to
      aminopeptidase contamination in the enzyme preparation.

PMID- 2884342
TI  - Spermatogenesis and peripheral spermatic venous plasma androgen levels in the
      unilateral cryptorchid dogs.

PMID- 2884343
TI  - Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on proliferation of activated T-cells
      and established human lymphotropic virus type I-positive T-cell lines.
AB  - The effects of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] on proliferation
      and de novo DNA synthesis were studied in the following established human
      leukemia cell lines: lymphoblastic T-cell lines HPB-ALL, CCRF-HSB-2,
      p12/lchikawa, and HPB-MLT; adult T-cell leukemia- (ATL) and human lymphotropic
      virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected T-cell lines HUT102, HUT-102B2, MT-1, MT-2, MJ,
      C2/MJ, KH-2, KH-2Lo, HPB-CTL-1, and ATN-C1; ATL-derived B-cell lines ATL-BK9 and
      ATL-BK10; lymphoblastic B-cell line Daudi; and myelocytic-monocytic lineage cell
      lines HL-60 and U937. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited proliferation and de novo DNA
      synthesis of phytohemagglutinin-P-activated T-cells and certain established HTLV
      I-positive T-cells. However, it did not inhibit immature lymphoblastic T- and B
      cells or ATL-derived B-cells. The degree of inhibition depended on the dose of
      1,25(OH)2D3 and the heterogeneity of the established HTLV-I-positive T-cells. KH
      2 and subclone KH-2Lo were markedly inhibited, and HPB-CTL-1 was moderately
      inhibited. Marked inhibition of DNA synthesis in KH-2Lo cells was observed in the
      proliferative phase of the cell cycle. No inhibition of KH-2Lo proliferation or
      expression of interleukin-2 and transferrin receptor was noted after removal of
      1,25(OH)2D3 from the culture medium. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced multinucleated cell formation of
      various HTLV-I-positive T-cell lines and TPA-induced HTLV-I p19 expression in KH
      2Lo cells.

PMID- 2884344
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the results of conservative and surgical treatment of
      unstable angina at long-term follow-up].
AB  - Two hundred patients with unstable angina were examined. Of those, 100 were on
      medication only, while another 100 had undergone aortocoronary shunting. Five
      year survival rate was higher, and the quality of life was better, in the
      surgical patients, as compared to conservative cases.

PMID- 2884345
TI  - [Experience with 5 years of drug therapy of ischemic heart disease patients with
      stable angina and stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries].
AB  - The results of 5-year pharmacologic treatment of 234 coronary patients with
      stable angina of varying functional classes are reported. Coronarography detected
      stenosis of major coronary arteries in all cases; ventriculography demonstrated
      no disorders of left-ventricular contractility. Clinical improvement and
      stabilization occurred in 75.2% of patients, deterioration, in 24.8%. Of the
      latter group, nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred in 13.7%, and signs of
      heart failure developed in 9.8%. Repeat bicycle ergometry demonstrated increased
      or unchanged physical stress tolerance in 67.1%. Working capacity was intact
      after five years in 61.1%. Therefore, long-term medication of coronary patients
      with stable angina and normal left-ventricular contractility has proved
      efficient.

PMID- 2884348
TI  - [Effect of cooling and freezing on the microflora of water regenerated from a
      condensate of atmospheric vapor].

PMID- 2884347
TI  - The role of endogenous noradrenaline in the beta-blocker withdrawal phenomenon-
      studies with cultured heart cells.
AB  - An in vitro model to evaluate the role of endogenous noradrenaline in the beta
      blocker withdrawal phenomenon is described: Beating chicken heart muscle cells
      (5000 beta 1-adrenoceptors/cell) and heart nonmuscle cells (3000 beta 2
      adrenoceptors/cell) were cultured in serum-free, hormone-supplemented medium.
      Basal state, subtype selective down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors by
      endogenous noradrenaline (decrease in receptor number, beta 1 more than beta 2)
      was simulated by addition of noradrenaline to the culture medium; chronic beta
      blockade was simulated by exposure of the cells for 3 days to various beta
      blockers (propranolol, no ISA; timolol, slight ISA; pindolol, strong ISA). Beta
      blocker withdrawal phenomenon--increased response in isoproterenol-induced cAMP
      production and positive inotropy--is correlated with the increase in the number
      of beta-adrenoceptors after withdrawal of the drugs. Propranolol induces a
      withdrawal phenomenon at every degree of noradrenaline-induced basal state down
      regulation of beta-adrenoceptors; in contrast, a withdrawal phenomenon by
      pindolol is only seen at a higher degree of beta-adrenoceptor down-regulation. In
      the presence of physiological noradrenaline concentrations pindolol affects beta
      adrenoceptor subtypes in a qualitatively different manner: the number of beta 1
      adrenoceptors is increased, the number of beta 2-adrenoceptors is decreased. This
      finding demonstrates that the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of nonselective
      beta-blockers can manifest itself only if the receptors are not strongly down
      regulated. As beta 2-adrenoceptors are present in a much less down-regulated
      state than beta 1, ISA mainly acts on beta 2-adrenoceptor subtype, thus,
      presenting a beta 2-"pseudo-selectivity" of ISA.

PMID- 2884346
TI  - [How many beta-receptor blockers does the physician need?].

PMID- 2884349
TI  - Effect of histamine and histamine receptor antagonists on rat mesenteric
      microcirculation.
AB  - Histamine release adjacent to mesenteric arterioles under conditions of ischemia
      causes vasodilation and increases regional blood flow. This is presumably a
      protective mechanism which may be blocked by the use of H1 and H2 antagonists.
      Mesenteric arterioles of 29 rats were observed with intravital microscopy.
      Diameter and erythrocyte velocity were measured and arteriolar flow was
      calculated. Histamine was topically applied to the vessels under view in
      sequentially increasing concentrations (10(-7) to 10(-4) M). Following systemic
      injection of an H1 or H2 receptor antagonist or ibuprofen, the application of 10(
      4) M histamine was repeated. Topical histamine caused vasodilation (122% of
      control; P less than 0.05) at 10(-4) M with a corresponding increase in
      erythrocyte velocity and calculated flow (118 and 177% of control, respectively;
      P less than 0.05 for each). The vasodilatory effects of histamine were blocked by
      systemic injection of histamine receptor antagonists (H1 + H2 greater than H1
      greater than H2), while ibuprofen had no significant effect. In situations in
      which the gut is at risk for ischemia, the use of H1 and/or H2 receptor
      antagonists may seriously compromise the mesenteric microcirculation.

PMID- 2884350
TI  - Extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma: a case report and review of
      the literature.
AB  - This report describes the findings of an extra-adrenal paraganglioma and
      chondroma of the lung in an elderly man. Tissue analysis of the paraganglioma
      showed a high level of catecholamines, as well as the presence of somatostatin
      and small amounts of other peptide hormones. Immunoperoxidase staining
      demonstrated the distribution of peptide hormones in the tumor. This case
      illustrates two important points. First, it confirms the ability of
      paraganglionic tissue to secrete peptide hormones. Secondary, it adds yet another
      case to the unusual group of patients described by Carney (Carney JA: Cancer
      43:374-382, 1979).

PMID- 2884351
TI  - Selective manipulation of neurohumoral control of the cardiac pacemaker by drugs
      given intrapericardially.
AB  - A technique of intrapericardial administration of beta-adrenoceptor and
      muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist drugs has been tested in conscious
      rabbits. Intrapericardial propranolol or atenolol (50 micrograms/kg) had the same
      effect on isoprenaline heart rate dose-response curves and on the sympathetic
      component of the arterial baroreceptor-heart rate reflex as did conventional, 5
      fold greater, intravenous doses of the drugs. The action of intrapericardial
      propranolol was attributable to its (-)isomer. Intrapericardial propranolol (50
      micrograms/kg) had little effect on ventricular contractility. Plasma levels of
      propranolol and atenolol after intrapericardial administration were,
      respectively, 7- and 40-fold less than after the usual intravenous doses.
      Intrapericardial hyoscine methyl bromide (10 micrograms/kg) abolished baroreflex
      vagal effects on heart rate as effectively as did the conventional, 5-fold
      greater, intravenous dose. The duration of receptor blockade by both classes of
      drugs when given intrapericardially was at least 2 hr. We conclude that the rapid
      diffusion of beta-adrenoceptor and muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocking drugs
      from the pericardial sac to receptors on the sinoatrial cardiac pacemaker, and
      their prolonged actions, provides a useful technique for preventing the actions
      of the sympathetic and vagus nerves, and of circulating catecholamines, on the
      chronotropic functions of the heart.

PMID- 2884353
TI  - Quantitative determination of glutamate mediated cortical neuronal injury in cell
      culture by lactate dehydrogenase efflux assay.
AB  - Measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity released to the extracellular
      bathing media has been found to be a simple yet quantitative method for assessing
      glutamate mediated central neuronal cell injury in cortical cell culture.
      Extracellular LDH is both chemically and biologically stable; the magnitude of
      LDH efflux in the cultures correlates in a linear fashion with the number of
      neurons damaged by glutamate exposure.

PMID- 2884352
TI  - Amino acid neurotransmitters in postmortem human brain analyzed by high
      performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - In the present study we have developed a method of measuring putative
      neurotransmitter amino acids using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      with electrochemical detection. The assay had a sensitivity in the low pmol range
      and sample turnover time was 30 min. The postmortem stability of amino acids was
      examined in an animal model simulating human autopsy conditions. Aspartate
      concentrations increased 15% between 4 and 24 h postmortem while gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations rose 35% by 4 h but were stable
      thereafter. Glutamate and taurine were stable at all time points. The assay has
      been used to examine concentrations of neurotransmitter amino acids in 15
      patients without neurological or psychiatric disease. Results agree well with
      previous work and knowledge of amino acid neurotransmitter pathways. The current
      technique provides a reliable method for the study of amino acid transmitter
      abnormalities in neurological illness.

PMID- 2884354
TI  - [The delta phalanx].

PMID- 2884355
TI  - [A new surgical method for the reconstruction of flexor tendon injuries of the
      hand: tendon and tendon sheath reconstruction by a two-phase operation].

PMID- 2884356
TI  - [Comparative study of the blood circulation in reimplanted upper arms].

PMID- 2884357
TI  - [Sepsis following burns (septic wounds, generalized sepsis)].

PMID- 2884358
TI  - [Spinal anesthesia in operations on the lumbosacral region of the spine].

PMID- 2884359
TI  - [Effect of immobilization on the bones].

PMID- 2884360
TI  - [Sources of error and complications in Ender nailing of trochanteric fractures].

PMID- 2884361
TI  - [Clavicular osteomyelitis as a complication of puncture of the subclavian vein].

PMID- 2884362
TI  - [The place of pelvic osteotomy in the treatment of congenital hip dislocation].

PMID- 2884363
TI  - [Significance of ventral spondylodesis in the management of cervical spine
      injuries].

PMID- 2884364
TI  - [Experience with subtrochanteric osteotomy by hyperextension-abduction in the
      management of bilateral congenital hip dislocation].

PMID- 2884365
TI  - [Affective disorders and neurotransmitters. Therapeutic implications].

PMID- 2884366
TI  - [Salazopyrine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2884368
TI  - Clonidine treatment for short stature.
AB  - 34 pubertal children with constitutional growth delay (CGD) were treated with
      clonidine orally twice a day. In 25 of the children the height velocity rose on
      clonidine treatment, and in 21 of them by more than 2 cm/yr during the first 6
      months of treatment (mean [SD] growth increment 4.4 [0.5] cm/yr). Of the 22 who
      were treated for 12 months the increment in height velocity was maintained in 13
      (3.4[0.4] cm/yr). Withdrawal of clonidine for 6 months did not stop the
      stimulatory effect of the drug on linear growth in 6 children, but in the other 8
      children height velocities fell to pretreatment levels or below. In a few
      children reinstitution of clonidine for 2-4 months resulted in a new increment in
      height velocity. A high height standard deviation score and low growth velocity
      before treatment were predictive of a good growth response to clonidine.
      Clonidine did not induce noticeable side-effects. It may be a useful form of
      therapy for children with CGD.

PMID- 2884367
TI  - Influence of blood lead on the ability and attainment of children in Edinburgh.
AB  - The effect of blood-lead on children's ability and attainment was investigated in
      a sample of 855 boys and girls aged 6-9 years from eighteen primary schools
      within a defined area of central Edinburgh. The geometric mean blood-lead value
      was 10.4 micrograms/dl. In a stratified subsample, 501 children completed
      individual tests of cognitive ability and educational attainment from the British
      Ability Scales (BAS). An extensive home interview with a parent was also done.
      Multiple regression analyses showed a significant negative relation between log
      blood-lead and BAS combined score, number skills, and word reading when thirty
      three possible confounding variables were taken into account. There was a dose
      response relation between blood-lead and test scores, with no evidence of a
      threshold. The size of the effect was small compared with that of other factors.
      Lead at low levels of exposure probably has a small harmful effect on the
      performance of children in ability and attainment tests.

PMID- 2884370
TI  - The irritable oesophagus--a frequent cause of angina-like pain.
AB  - 33 patients with angina-like chest pain of oesophageal origin were investigated.
      In 8 (24%) the pain proved to be related to oesophageal motor disorders
      unaccompanied by gastro-oesophageal reflux; in 12 (36%) acid reflux contributed
      to chest pain; but in the remaining 13 (40%) identical chest pain episodes were
      due to various mechanisms including reflux without motor disorders, motor
      disorders without reflux, motor disorders without reflux but with positive acid
      perfusion test, and acid reflux without motility disorders but with positive
      edrophonium-stimulation test. These data strongly suggest that the mechanism of
      pain in these patients is related to irritability of the oesophagus.

PMID- 2884369
TI  - Polymorphic DNA marker on X chromosome and manic depression.
AB  - Heredity is an important factor in vulnerability to manic depression. A genetic
      linkage has been demonstrated between manic depression and coagulation factor IX
      at Xq27 with a TaqI polymorphism at the F9 locus in DNA samples from peripheral
      leucocytes of manic depressive probands and relatives in 10 informative families.
      Statistical analysis of the pedigrees gave a maximum lod score of 3.10 at a
      recombination fraction of 0.11, demonstrating a linkage between a manic
      depressive locus and the F9 locus in the Xq27 region.

PMID- 2884371
TI  - Low serum iron status and akathisia.
AB  - 26 patients were studied to assess the association between iron deficiency and
      akathisia. 13 akathisic patients were matched with 13 non-akathisic controls.
      Serum iron and percentage saturation were significantly decreased in the
      akathisic group, whereas total iron-binding capacity was significantly increased.
      A negative correlation between serum iron and akathisia rating (rs = -0.42) was
      also found.

PMID- 2884372
TI  - Increased monozygotic twinning rate after ovulation induction.
AB  - Multiple births after artificial induction of ovulation (AIO) are usually
      considered to be due to fertilisation of multiple ova. In the East Flanders
      Prospective Twin Study between 1978 and 1985 the frequency of zygotic splitting
      after AIO (1.2%) was significantly higher than the expected frequency (0.45%)
      among spontaneous twins and triplets. Moreover, after AIO the frequency of
      zygotic division was significantly higher in triplets than in twins. AIO seems to
      be the first identified biological mechanism influencing the monozygotic twinning
      rate.

PMID- 2884374
TI  - Treatment of myotonia.

PMID- 2884373
TI  - Bacterial pharyngitis.

PMID- 2884375
TI  - Detection of aortic regurgitation.

PMID- 2884376
TI  - Predictors of successful weaning in ventilated patients.

PMID- 2884377
TI  - Marrow transplantation for thalassaemia.

PMID- 2884378
TI  - Trends in mortality from cervical cancer in the Nordic countries: association
      with organised screening programmes.
AB  - Time trends in mortality from cervical cancer in Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
      Norway, and Sweden since the early 1950s were investigated in relation to the
      extent and intensity of organised screening programmes in these countries. In all
      five countries the cumulative mortality rates (0-74 years) fell between 1965 and
      1982. In Iceland, where the nationwide programme has the widest target age range,
      the fall in mortality was greatest (80%). Finland and Sweden have nationwide
      programmes also; the mortality fell by 50% and 34%, respectively. In Denmark,
      where about 40% of the population are covered by organised programmes, the
      overall mortality fell by 25%, but in Norway, with only 5% of the population
      covered by organised screening, the mortality fell by only 10%. The results
      support the conclusion that organised screening programmes have had a major
      impact on the reduction in mortality from cervical cancer in the Nordic
      countries.

PMID- 2884379
TI  - Antibody response in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The antibody response in 20 homosexual men with symptomatic primary HIV infection
      was studied with ten different antibody assays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assays, indirect immunofluorescence assays, radioimmunoprecipitation [RIPA], and
      western blot). HIV antibodies were detectable by all the assays within 2 months
      after onset of illness. RIPA and western blot were more sensitive than the other
      assays--all serum samples obtained at 2 weeks and after were reactive. In all
      cases, the first serum sample reactive by RIPA precipitated gp160 whereas, by
      western blot, antibodies to p24 were first recognised. This study shows the
      necessity of including gp160 and p24 in any assay to detect early antibody
      response in primary HIV infection. 5 patients were studied by virus isolation.
      During the 2 first weeks after onset of symptoms, HIV was demonstrated in cell
      free plasma in all cases and, in 4 cases, also in peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells. Samples obtained later contained demonstrable infectious virus in only 1
      of 4 cases. Thus a phase of viraemia precedes the antibody response in
      symptomatic primary HIV infection.

PMID- 2884380
TI  - Women doctors: a quarter-century track record.
AB  - According to Department of Health and Social Security figures for England and
      Wales, the number of women in medicine has risen substantially during the past 25
      years. However, there has been little improvement in their career prospects.
      There is an urgent need for the present training programme and career structure
      to be made more flexible.

PMID- 2884381
TI  - Manganism in a neurological ethnic complex in Northern Australia.

PMID- 2884383
TI  - Management of exit-site infections during continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.

PMID- 2884382
TI  - African Burkitt's lymphoma and an Epstein-Barr virus-enhancing plant Euphorbia
      tirucalli.

PMID- 2884384
TI  - Urokinase for recurrent CAPD peritonitis.

PMID- 2884385
TI  - Flash stimulation evoked potentials in diagnosis of chronic glaucoma.

PMID- 2884386
TI  - Birth control and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.

PMID- 2884387
TI  - High incidence of neural-tube defects in South India.

PMID- 2884388
TI  - C-myc expression in cervical cancer.

PMID- 2884389
TI  - Prognostic value of CSF lactate in cerebral malaria.

PMID- 2884390
TI  - Treatment of nocardiosis.

PMID- 2884391
TI  - Prostaglandins for peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2884392
TI  - Verapamil inhibits cyclosporin metabolism.

PMID- 2884393
TI  - Non-invasive method for measuring cardiac output after a full meal.

PMID- 2884394
TI  - Guidelines for mental patients rights.

PMID- 2884395
TI  - Primitive reflexes in psychiatry.

PMID- 2884396
TI  - Detection of heroin "body-packers" at Helsinki airport.

PMID- 2884397
TI  - Prescribing for drug-addicts.

PMID- 2884398
TI  - Boycotts and medicine.

PMID- 2884399
TI  - Diagnostic pathways.

PMID- 2884400
TI  - Topical minoxidil, scalp hair, and vasodilatation.

PMID- 2884401
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations during pregnancy.

PMID- 2884402
TI  - Group specific component and HIV infection.

PMID- 2884403
TI  - First trimester prenatal exclusion of tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 2884404
TI  - Computed tomography of chest in diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis.

PMID- 2884405
TI  - Severe asthma after naproxen.

PMID- 2884406
TI  - Peripheral neuropathy and hyperthermia.

PMID- 2884407
TI  - Unusual opioid withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2884408
TI  - Effect of isotretinoin on survival of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome.

PMID- 2884409
TI  - Insulin and atheroma.

PMID- 2884411
TI  - Exclusion testing for Huntington's disease in pregnancy with a closely linked DNA
      marker.
AB  - 55 couples where one partner was at 50% risk of Huntington's disease (HD) were
      investigated with a DNA probe closely linked to HD, with a view to exclusion
      testing in a future pregnancy. In 3 of 9 pregnancies so far, HD was excluded in
      the absence of recombination. In 3 the risk was raised to around 50%, and in 2
      exclusion tests were uninformative. The remaining couple changed their minds
      about termination of the pregnancy and the test was therefore judged
      inappropriate.

PMID- 2884410
TI  - Safety and efficacy of a recombinant DNA Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite
      vaccine.
AB  - A recombinant DNA Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine produced in
      Escherichia coli (FSV-1) was tested in doses of 10 micrograms to 800 micrograms
      protein in fifteen volunteers. No serious adverse reactions occurred. Antibodies
      that reacted with P falciparum sporozoite antigens by enzyme-linked immunoassay
      developed in twelve of the volunteers. The highest antibody titres induced were
      similar to those resulting from lifelong natural exposure to sporozoite-infected
      mosquitoes. Postimmunization serum samples from a majority of volunteers mediated
      the circumsporozoite (CS) precipitation reaction and inhibited sporozoite
      invasion of hepatoma cells in vitro. Serum from the three volunteers who received
      800 micrograms doses reacted with the surface of sporozoites in an
      immunofluorescence assay. Six immunised volunteers receiving a fourth dose of FSV
      1 and two non-immunised controls were challenged by bites of mosquitoes infected
      from cultured P falciparum gametocytes. Parasitaemia did not develop in the
      volunteer with the highest titre of CS antibodies, and parasitaemia was delayed
      in two other immunised volunteers. This study confirms that human beings can be
      protected by CS protein subunit vaccines and provides a framework for the further
      development and testing of more immunogenic sporozoite vaccines.

PMID- 2884412
TI  - First-trimester prenatal diagnosis for Huntington's disease with DNA probes.
AB  - Polymorphic DNA probes linked to the locus for Huntington disease (HD) were used
      for prenatal diagnosis of a 10-week fetus at 25% risk for the disease. The fetus
      proved to have a 48% risk of having inherited the HD mutation which was similar
      to that for the at-risk parent (50%). On this basis the parents elected to
      terminate the pregnancy. When appropriate family members are available and DNA
      studies are informative, prenatal diagnosis of HD with polymorphic DNA probes can
      determine the at-risk status of the fetus with 96% accuracy.

PMID- 2884413
TI  - Clinical, immunological, and virological effects of ampligen, a mismatched double
      stranded RNA, in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex.
AB  - 10 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS-related
      complex (ARC), or lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) were given 200-250 mg ampligen,
      a mismatched double-stranded (ds) RNA with in-vitro antiviral activity against
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), twice a week for up to 18 weeks, without side
      effects or toxicity. In all 9 patients who were positive for HIV RNA in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells before therapy, levels became undetectable
      between days 10 and 40 of the start of therapy. 6 of the 7 patients with ARC or
      LAS also showed a progressive reduction in HIV load as measured by co-culture
      assays. All 10 patients had augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin
      reactions. Other changes noted during ampligen therapy included an increase in or
      maintenance of numbers of helper-inducer T lymphocytes, improvements in HIV
      related symptoms, rises in titre of neutralising antibodies against HIV, and
      restoration of proper functioning of the natural lymphocyte antiviral dsRNA
      dependent (2'-5'-oligoadenylate/RNA-ase L) pathway. Thus, in the short term,
      ampligen seems to have the dual ability to restore immunological function and to
      control HIV replication.

PMID- 2884414
TI  - Desialylated transferrin as a serological marker of chronic excessive alcohol
      ingestion.
AB  - Partly desialylated transferrin was measured in the serum of subjects with
      chronic alcoholism, of patients with non-alcoholic-related steatohepatitis,
      diabetes, and other non-alcoholic liver diseases, and of healthy controls. In non
      alcoholic patients and controls the maximum desialylated transferrin expressed in
      relation to total transferrin was 1.5%. This value was exceeded in 18 (90%) of
      the 20 alcoholics. By contrast, gamma-glutamyl transferase was within the
      reference range in 9 of the alcoholics.

PMID- 2884415
TI  - 1,2-Dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one, an orally active chelator for treatment of
      iron overload.
AB  - Subcutaneous desferrioxamine, though effective in preventing or reducing iron
      overload in transfusion-dependent refractory anaemia, is expensive and
      inconvenient. One potentially cheaper and orally active alternative is 1,2
      dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1). This drug has been tested in three multiply
      transfused patients with myelodysplasia. Gelatin capsules were taken at doses
      ranging from 0.5 g to 3.0 g. Urinary iron excretion increased substantially in
      all three patients and in the one tested was equal to that achieved with
      comparable doses of subcutaneous desferrioxamine. The amounts of iron excreted
      were related to the dose of L1 administered and the iron load of the patients.
      The urinary excretion of zinc, magnesium, and calcium did not increase, and the
      drug was well tolerated.

PMID- 2884416
TI  - Nutrition in sport.

PMID- 2884417
TI  - Sulphasalazine: drug or pro-drug?

PMID- 2884419
TI  - Any advance on Dukes?

PMID- 2884418
TI  - Continuous extradural analgesia: catch-up or top-up?

PMID- 2884420
TI  - Hydronephrosis, renal obstruction, and renography.

PMID- 2884422
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis in albinism.

PMID- 2884421
TI  - A new prognostic classification of rectal cancer.
AB  - Only 60% of patients having radical surgery for rectal cancer are cured of their
      disease. The ideal system of classification would identify just two categories-
      the cured and those who will die of their disease. Specimens from 379 patients
      who had undergone radical surgery for rectal cancer more than 20 years ago were
      re-examined in order to identify discrete pathological variables that
      independently influence long-term survival. The selected variables were given
      weighted scores and the score range was divided to provide four prognostic
      groups. The model was tested on a second data set comprising 331 patients and
      gave similar results. The new prognostic classification is simple to use and is
      superior to staging by the method of Dukes because it places twice as many
      patients into groups that provide a confident prediction of clinical outcome.

PMID- 2884423
TI  - Junior doctors' hours: a 60-hour week is a real possibility.

PMID- 2884424
TI  - Phenylalanine content and total parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 2884425
TI  - Sugar and health.

PMID- 2884426
TI  - Acute necrotic myelopathy associated with influenza vaccination.

PMID- 2884427
TI  - Eradication of pertussis by vaccination.

PMID- 2884428
TI  - Diagnosing pneumococcal pneumonia.

PMID- 2884429
TI  - Hypothalamic syndrome in a woman with three sewing needles in the brain.

PMID- 2884430
TI  - Arthritis as manifestation of Lyme disease in England.

PMID- 2884431
TI  - Hypothyroidism and von Willebrand's disease.

PMID- 2884432
TI  - Sentinel tinnitus as symptom of acephalgic subarachnoid haemorrhage.

PMID- 2884433
TI  - Food allergy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2884434
TI  - Intracardiac calcium.

PMID- 2884435
TI  - HIV and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2884436
TI  - HIV antigenaemia and virus isolation from plasma during primary HIV infection.

PMID- 2884437
TI  - Allografts as vectors of infection.

PMID- 2884438
TI  - Optic nerve gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2884439
TI  - Carbon monoxide poisoning presenting with focal epileptiform seizures.

PMID- 2884440
TI  - Aztreonam for cystic fibrosis patients who are hypersensitive to other beta
      lactams.

PMID- 2884441
TI  - CAPD peritonitis.

PMID- 2884442
TI  - Nocturnal adrenal suppression in children inhaling beclomethasone dipropionate.

PMID- 2884443
TI  - When should at-risk patients with thalassaemia be boosted with hepatitis B
      vaccine?

PMID- 2884444
TI  - Management of drug addicts.

PMID- 2884445
TI  - Medical manpower and student numbers.

PMID- 2884446
TI  - Needle exchange.

PMID- 2884447
TI  - Advertisement scrutiny.

PMID- 2884448
TI  - Useless drugs are not placebos.

PMID- 2884450
TI  - Traditional foods and diabetes.

PMID- 2884449
TI  - Passive smoking in adolescents: one-year stability of exposure in the home.

PMID- 2884451
TI  - Increased basal metabolic rate after sustained exercise in a cold environment.

PMID- 2884452
TI  - Serum osmolality gap in postoperative patients in intensive care.
AB  - The serum osmolality gap (OG), the difference between measured and predicted
      serum osmolality, was determined in 161 postoperative patients. A significantly
      increased OG was found in patients with failure of one or more organs, but rarely
      seen in those without organ failure. OG in non-survivors was significantly
      increased and sustained at a high level. Thus, the change in OG correlated with
      the severity of the patients' condition and their outcome. There was also a
      significant correlation between OG and hepatic cell function tests (arterial
      ketone body ratio and hepaplastin test). Analysis of non-aminoacid OG revealed
      that about 75% of the increased OG could be attributed to increased aminoacid
      concentrations, but that the remainder should be attributed to other undetermined
      solutes. Serial determination of OG provides information on metabolic
      abnormalities and prognosis of patients with progressively developing organ
      failure.

PMID- 2884453
TI  - Indium-111-labelled granulocyte accumulation in respiratory tract of patients
      with bronchiectasis.
AB  - 18 patients with severe bronchiectasis and persistent purulent sputum production
      were investigated, by the use of gamma scans, between acute exacerbations of
      their symptoms to determine localisation and traffic of 111In-labelled
      granulocytes in the lungs. Labelled granulocytes appeared in the respiratory
      tract of 16 patients within 24 h of their injection. Uptake occurred almost
      exclusively in areas demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) to be
      bronchiectatic. However, 111In uptake was not demonstrated in 21 of the 55
      segments showing bronchiectasis on CT, and these were therefore thought to be not
      actively inflamed. The whole-body loss of radioactivity up to 4-7 days following
      injection of the labelled cells ranged from 0 to 53% and correlated with 24 h
      purulent sputum volume (r = 0.45, p less than 0.01) and with CT extent of
      moderate and severe bronchiectasis (r = 0.40, p less than 0.05), but not with
      overall CT extent of bronchiectasis, age, forced expiratory volume in one second,
      or duration of purulent sputum production in years.

PMID- 2884454
TI  - Prevention of rejection of kidney transplants by monoclonal antibody directed
      against interleukin 2.
AB  - The effect of 33B3.1, a rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against
      interleukin 2 receptors on activated T lymphocytes, was studied during the first
      two weeks after transplantation in an attempt to prevent rejection in primary,
      cadaveric, kidney transplant recipients. 9 patients received 5 mg 33B3.1 daily by
      intravenous infusion for 14 days (group A) and 18 received 10 mg daily (group B).
      Both groups also received prednisone and azathioprine. In threatened rejection,
      rescue treatment consisted of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG). 33B3.1 was well
      tolerated, with mild fever during the first 2 days being the most common side
      effect. 3 patients in group A had a reversible acute rejection episode before day
      14, whereas only 1 patient in group B had reversible rejection. 20 of 30
      historical control patients (prednisone/azathioprine) and 2 of 55 patients
      previously treated with ATG had a rejection episode in a similar period after
      transplantation. Trough levels of 33B3.1 in the blood ranged from undetectable to
      1.6 micrograms/ml in group A and from 0.3 to 9 micrograms/ml in group B. Most
      patients had antibodies against 33B3.1 by the end of treatment.

PMID- 2884455
TI  - Trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) in Gambian infants.
AB  - A randomised, controlled trial of bovine rotavirus vaccine was undertaken in
      Gambian infants. Three doses were administered, from the age of ten weeks,
      concurrently with oral or killed polio vaccine. Prevaccination rotavirus
      neutralising antibody levels were high. 84/185 infants (45%) showed an increase
      in neutralising antibody titre after receiving rotavirus vaccine, compared with
      20/91 (22%) unvaccinated infants. Clinical rotavirus infection was detected in
      24/78 (31%) children in the rotavirus/oral polio group, 34/83 (41%) children in
      the placebo/oral polio group, and 23/92 (25%) children in the rotavirus/killed
      polio group, giving an overall vaccine efficacy of 33% (95% CI 4-53%). RIT 4237
      did not appear to reduce the severity of clinical infections. Most cases (92%)
      were caused by rotaviruses with short RNA electropherotypes. Serological
      responses to rotavirus vaccination appeared unaffected by the concurrent
      administration of oral polio vaccine. Lower types 1 and 3 polio antibody levels
      were found in children who received oral polio and rotavirus vaccines but the
      differences were not statistically significant.

PMID- 2884456
TI  - Sexing the human pre-embryo by DNA-DNA in-situ hybridisation.
AB  - Human male pre-embryos were identified by means of DNA-DNA in-situ hybridisation
      with a commercially available DNA probe for Y-chromosome DNA. This method could
      lead to prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders based on small numbers of cells
      that are not necessarily in division, such as cells obtained from a pre-embryo
      during the course of in-vitro fertilisation therapy.

PMID- 2884457
TI  - Myxoedema presenting with chiasmal compression: resolution after thyroxine
      replacement.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman presented with deteriorating vision. A computed tomography
      (CT) scan showed pituitary enlargement with chiasmal compression. Serum prolactin
      levels were normal but assessment of thyroid function showed a serum thyroxine
      level of 25 nmol/l (normal range 76-160 nmol/l) and a thyroid-stimulating hormone
      (TSH) level of 60 mU/l (normal range 0.5-5.0 mU/l). After 8 weeks of thyroxine
      replacement therapy (0.05 mg daily increasing to 0.1 mg daily after 3 weeks) the
      visual defects had resolved, serum TSH had fallen to 0.7 mU/l, and the CT scan
      showed pronounced reduction in the size of the pituitary gland. Measurement of
      TSH as well as prolactin is essential in all patients with pituitary enlargement,
      to avoid unnecessary pituitary surgery.

PMID- 2884458
TI  - The future of IPPNW.

PMID- 2884459
TI  - Life-threatening haemoptysis.

PMID- 2884461
TI  - Hypoprolactinaemia.

PMID- 2884460
TI  - Vibration arthrography.

PMID- 2884462
TI  - Anaesthesia for tonsillectomy.

PMID- 2884463
TI  - Alcohol and politics.

PMID- 2884464
TI  - Insecticide use and increased mortality in rural Central Luzon, Philippines.
AB  - In a major rice-growing area of the Philippines, widespread adoption of
      insecticides by farmers on smallholdings was followed by a 27% increase in
      mortality from causes other than trauma among economically active men. Several
      factors suggest a causal link: highly toxic chemicals have been used unsafely;
      mortality has increased only in the age and sex class occupationally exposed;
      mortality has decreased among unexposed urban men; specific mortality rates have
      increased for those conditions likely to be confused with insecticide poisoning
      and have decreased for others; and, both within and between years, the pattern of
      mortality among men has reflected that of insecticide use. The results suggest
      that the currently accepted figure of 10,000 deaths annually worldwide due to
      accidental intoxication with insecticides is a substantial underestimate.

PMID- 2884466
TI  - Non-A, non-B hepatitis surrogate testing of blood donations.

PMID- 2884465
TI  - What does a house-surgeon on call for the wards do?
AB  - This survey shows that the number and type of out-of-hours calls arising from
      general surgical inpatients in a service of 181 beds can be satisfactorily
      handled by an on-call house-surgeon, covering all the firms. The house-surgeon
      must have readily available support from the registrar on duty for the few
      difficult problems, and the firms must all do service ward-rounds on Saturdays
      and Sundays. This method of staffing at night and at weekends is economical but
      the work involved in the weekend rounds should be recognised.

PMID- 2884467
TI  - Ciprofloxacin for cholangitis after hepatic portoenterostomy.

PMID- 2884468
TI  - 14C-urea breath analysis, a non-invasive test for Campylobacter pylori in the
      stomach.

PMID- 2884469
TI  - ELISA for occult faecal albumin.

PMID- 2884470
TI  - Early decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2884471
TI  - Multiple sclerosis and gamma interferon.

PMID- 2884473
TI  - Muscle contraction headache.

PMID- 2884472
TI  - Sodium supplements, blood pressure, and calcium channel blocking drugs.

PMID- 2884474
TI  - First-aid for burns.

PMID- 2884475
TI  - Pulse oximetry, digital clubbing, and cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2884476
TI  - Quality-adjusted life-years.

PMID- 2884477
TI  - Licensing work on IVF and related procedures.

PMID- 2884478
TI  - AIDS and student electives overseas.

PMID- 2884479
TI  - Surrogacy.

PMID- 2884480
TI  - Antifungal treatment of Candida peritonitis in CAPD patients.

PMID- 2884481
TI  - Combination of saline instillation with artificial ventilation damages bronchial
      surfactant.

PMID- 2884482
TI  - Echocardiography and septal thickness.

PMID- 2884483
TI  - Apomorphine infusion for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2884484
TI  - AIDS and the Gc protein.

PMID- 2884485
TI  - Brain death.

PMID- 2884486
TI  - Hypercholesterolaemia in newborn babies.

PMID- 2884487
TI  - Lowering blood pressure.

PMID- 2884488
TI  - Mechanism of membrane damage mediated by eosinophil major basic protein.

PMID- 2884489
TI  - Suramin and eosinophil degranulation and vacuolation in onchocerciasis.

PMID- 2884490
TI  - Acute adenovirus encephalitis diagnosed by prolonged intrathecal antibody
      production.

PMID- 2884491
TI  - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. A new manner of
      thinking.

PMID- 2884492
TI  - Children and the threat of nuclear war.

PMID- 2884493
TI  - Consent to abortion on behalf of a mentally handicapped adult.

PMID- 2884494
TI  - Prospective study of radioimmunoassay for antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm
      in diagnosis of systemic vasculitis.
AB  - The diagnosis and management of Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic
      polyarteritis are complicated by the lack of specific diagnostic tests. The
      diagnostic performance of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay, which detects the
      autoantibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm present in these disorders, was
      assessed in a prospective study of patients with suspected vasculitis and/or
      rapidly progressive nephritis. The assay had a sensitivity and specificity of 96%
      when carried out in combination with a specific inhibition stage and indirect
      immunofluorescence staining of alcohol-fixed normal neutrophils.

PMID- 2884495
TI  - Autoantibodies to pituitary corticotropin-producing cells: possible marker for
      unfavourable outcome after pituitary microsurgery for Cushing's disease.
AB  - Circulating autoantibodies to human fetal pituitary cells were detected in 13 out
      of 51 patients who underwent transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease.
      The absence of Fc receptors on human fetal pituitary corticotropin-producing
      cells allowed the detection of antibodies to these cells. In all the 13 patients,
      the antibodies were present before surgery, and 10 of them showed clinical and/or
      biochemical signs of incomplete cure of Cushing's disease after surgery. Only 3
      out of 27 patients with a favourable outcome were antibody-positive. In all the
      antibody-positive patients, the antibodies were directed to corticotropin
      producing cells and in 8 patients also to luteinising hormone or human growth
      hormone producing cells. A non-antigen-specific adherence of antibodies to Fc
      receptors on corticotropin-cells was excluded by unchanged binding after
      preincubation of sections with purified rabbit Fc or Fc aggregates. The presence
      of pituitary corticotropin-cell antibodies in patients with Cushing's disease is
      associated with an unsuccessful outcome after transsphenoidal selective
      adenectomy.

PMID- 2884496
TI  - Epidermal-growth-factor receptor status as predictor of early recurrence of and
      death from breast cancer.
AB  - In 135 primary breast cancers, there was a significant inverse relation between
      epidermal-growth-factor receptor (EGFR) and oestrogen receptor (ER) status, and a
      significant association with tumour size and poor differentiation. The relapse
      free survival and overall survival were significantly worse for patients with
      EGFR+ tumours compared with EGFR- tumours. Relapse-free survival and overall
      survival were also worse for patients with ER- tumours compared with ER+ tumours.
      Of the 71 ER- patients 28 were EGFR+ and 43 were EGFR-. The relapse-free and
      overall survival for ER- but EGFR+ patients were significantly worse than for
      "double-negative" patients. Moreover, relapse-free survival and overall survival
      for "double-negative" patients were similar to those for ER+ patients. Thus EGFR
      status divides the ER- population into good and poor prognosis subgroups. The
      presence of EGFR was the most important variable in the primary tumours for
      predicting relapse-free and overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that
      EGFR status was the most important variable in predicting relapse-free and
      overall survival in lymph-node-negative patients, and the second most important
      variable in lymph-node positive patients.

PMID- 2884497
TI  - Do oncogenes determine clinical features in chronic myeloid leukaemia?
AB  - Oncogene abnormalities are thought to have a central role in some human malignant
      disorders, particularly Burkitt leukaemia/lymphoma and chronic myeloid leukaemia
      (CML). However, the extent to which specific oncogene changes determine the
      clinical features of these disorders is unknown. This question was studied in two
      groups of patients with CML negative for the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome; one
      group showed clinical features typical of Ph-positive CML and the other group
      lacked such features. Molecular findings were compared with those of Ph-positive
      CML. In all ten patients there was evidence for rearrangement of the bcr
      (breakpoint cluster region) gene. In the four cases studied the c-abl proto
      oncogene was translocated to chromosome 22 and in five cases there was
      transcription of a chimeric bcr-abl mRNA. Thus, the molecular abnormality is the
      same in both groups of Ph-negative CML and identical to that in Ph-positive CML.
      Factors other than the bcr/c-abl rearrangement must underlie the clinical
      heterogeneity of CML.

PMID- 2884498
TI  - Changes in facial appearance during cyclosporin treatment.
AB  - Substantial changes in facial appearance developed in a group of children treated
      with prednisone and cyclosporin for immunosuppression after renal
      transplantation. In general, the children's features became coarse. There was
      thickening of the nares, lips, and ears, puffiness of the cheeks, prominence of
      the supraorbital ridges, and mandibular prognathism. The extent of the changes
      varied, but all eleven children followed up for more than 6 months from
      transplantation showed some of the changes. Patients treated with prednisone and
      azathioprine did not show any changes, clearly implicating cyclosporin in their
      aetiology. This dysmorphic syndrome along with the well-known hirsutism induced
      by cyclosporin may increase the risk of non-compliance with this
      immunosuppressive therapy.

PMID- 2884499
TI  - Lymphatic filariasis--tropical medicine's origin will not go away.

PMID- 2884500
TI  - Short-term intensive therapy for childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

PMID- 2884502
TI  - The epidermal barrier.

PMID- 2884501
TI  - Idiopathic hypercalciuria--new thoughts on the phosphate connection.

PMID- 2884503
TI  - Transabdominal chorion villus biopsy: 100 consecutive cases.
AB  - A series of 100 transabdominal chorionic villus biopsies were carried out for
      maternal age (34 patients), fetal sexing (15), previous aneuploidy (21),
      biochemical analysis (5), gene-probe analysis (17), and oligohydramnios or fetal
      anomaly (6). 18 patients were over 14 weeks pregnant at the time of sampling.
      Tissue samples were obtained from 98 patients, including one set of twins. All 99
      tissue samples proved adequate for laboratory diagnosis. Chromosome mosaicism was
      encountered in 4 cases (among direct preparation karyotypes in 1 case, between
      direct and cultured cells in 2 cases, and between chorion cells [both direct and
      cultured] and the fetus in 1 case). No patient miscarried but 1 had a stillbirth
      and 1, who had undergone transcervical biopsy before referral to our hospital,
      started to bleed before termination of pregnancy because of a diagnosis of cystic
      fibrosis. These data suggest that the transabdominal method of chorion biopsy
      will fulfil its theoretical and early promise.

PMID- 2884504
TI  - Phenytoin infusion in severe pre-eclampsia.
AB  - Intravenous phenytoin sodium was given as a high-dose infusion (10 X 8-18 mg/kg)
      for anticonvulsive prophylaxis to 2 eclamptic patients and to 24 patients with
      moderate to severe pre-eclampsia. There were no major maternal or neonatal side
      effects. Plasma phenytoin levels were within the therapeutic range (7-20 mg/l) at
      30 min and 6 h after the infusion in all patients, and remained at a therapeutic
      level in 21 patients after 12 h. After a second dose of phenytoin in 19 patients,
      drug levels were within the therapeutic range at 24 h.

PMID- 2884505
TI  - Inadequate supplies of potassium and magnesium in relief food--implications and
      countermeasures.
AB  - Analyses of relief food used in Ethiopia showed that, because of food refinement,
      6 out of 10 samples of cereals contained too little potassium and magnesium to
      cover daily needs. Malnutrition is often associated with gastrointestinal
      infections, which lead to further deficiency of these electrolytes. Potassium and
      magnesium are required for protein synthesis, growth, and tissue repair. Since
      protein supplies are often marginal, relief food should contain sufficient
      potassium and magnesium to allow optimum utilisation of dietary nitrogen sources.
      This may be achieved by using coarse qualities of cereals, by supplementing
      cereals with legumes, and by avoiding cooking procedures that extract these salts
      from the cereals.

PMID- 2884506
TI  - Ovarian failure after high-dose melphalan in adolescents.

PMID- 2884508
TI  - Multiple sclerosis on islands.

PMID- 2884507
TI  - Alpha 1-antitrypsin-related gene (ATR) for prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2884510
TI  - Management of non-convulsive status epilepticus.

PMID- 2884509
TI  - Multiple sclerosis and canine distemper on Key West, Florida.

PMID- 2884511
TI  - Safer acellular and whole-cell pertussis vaccines.

PMID- 2884512
TI  - Transient impairment of renal function after generalised seizures.

PMID- 2884514
TI  - AIDS publicity campaigns.

PMID- 2884515
TI  - HIV, bleach, and needle sharing.

PMID- 2884513
TI  - HIV envelope-CD4 interaction not inhibited by synthetic octapeptides.

PMID- 2884517
TI  - Retrovirus serology and Kawasaki syndrome.

PMID- 2884516
TI  - Kawasaki disease associated with HIV infection.

PMID- 2884518
TI  - Treatment of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension with xamoterol.

PMID- 2884519
TI  - Generic versus branded carbamazepine.

PMID- 2884520
TI  - Cervical cancer screening.

PMID- 2884521
TI  - Relevance of HPV-16 to laser therapy for cervical lesions.

PMID- 2884523
TI  - DNA diagnostic laboratories.

PMID- 2884522
TI  - Cultural barriers and the diagnostic process.

PMID- 2884524
TI  - Boycotts and medicine.

PMID- 2884526
TI  - Dose of intravenous IgG in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia.

PMID- 2884525
TI  - Melanoma surveillance and earlier diagnosis.

PMID- 2884527
TI  - Alopecia after immunoglobulin infusion.

PMID- 2884528
TI  - Minoxidil for male-pattern baldness.

PMID- 2884529
TI  - Exposure to benzodiazepines in utero.

PMID- 2884530
TI  - Long-term EEG monitoring in epilepsy.

PMID- 2884531
TI  - Tyrosinaemia type I and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2884532
TI  - Serological response to hepatitis delta virus in hepatitis D.

PMID- 2884533
TI  - Does "central" obesity predict coronary artery disease?

PMID- 2884535
TI  - Predictors of successful weaning in ventilated patients.

PMID- 2884534
TI  - Activated macrophages and cancer.

PMID- 2884536
TI  - Prevalence of gonococci lacking the 2.6 megadalton cryptic plasmid.

PMID- 2884537
TI  - Should healthy children be vaccinated against influenza?

PMID- 2884538
TI  - Rubella vaccination policy: a note of caution.

PMID- 2884539
TI  - Penicillin overdose and deafness.

PMID- 2884541
TI  - Rimcazole (BW 234 U) and regional monoamine concentrations in mouse brain.
AB  - Rimcazole (BW 234 U), a novel agent with antipsychotic potential, was
      administered i.p. (50 mg/kg) to adult male ICR mice 30 minutes before brain
      removal. Regional HPLC analysis of central monoamine levels showed no change in
      the DOPAC/DA ratio for any tissue as compared with values obtained from control
      saline treated animals. However, the MHPG/NE ratio was increased in the septum,
      striatum, hypothalamus and thalamus and there was a reciprocal decrease in the
      5HIAA/5HT ratio in the septum. The data are consistent with a known lack of
      rimcazole affinity for dopamine receptors and indicate the involvement of
      alternate neurotransmitter systems in the actions of this drug.

PMID- 2884540
TI  - Identification of dynorphin 1-8 in human placenta by mass spectrometry.
AB  - The human placental villus tissue contains opioid receptors and peptides. The
      opioid peptides extracted from the villus tissue were fractionated using reverse
      phase high performance liquid chromatography and a radio-receptor assay. The
      presence of dynorphin 1-8 was corroborated by mass spectrometric production of (M
      + H) ion in the fast atom bombardment mode. This octa-peptide could be the
      natural ligand of the kappa opioid receptors present in the human placental
      villus tissue.

PMID- 2884542
TI  - Histamine and hepatic glutathione in the mouse.
AB  - A number of histamine receptor agonists and antagonists were utilized to study
      the effects of histamine on hepatocellular reduced glutathione (GSH)
      concentrations and the potential role of histamine as a mediator of morphine
      induced hepatic GSH depression. Administration of histamine, the H1-histamine
      receptor agonist thiazolylethylamine, the H2-histamine receptor agonist
      impromidine, or the histamine-releasing substance compound 48/80 resulted in no
      significant change in hepatic GSH concentrations. The H1-histamine receptor
      antagonist chlorpheniramine and the H2-histamine receptor antagonist ranitidine
      were also without significant effect on hepatic GSH and did not antagonize
      morphine-induced GSH depression. These observations indicate that histamine
      release following morphine administration does not play a significant role in the
      subsequent depletion of hepatic GSH.

PMID- 2884543
TI  - Growth hormone-releasing factor releases ACTH from an AtT-20 mouse pituitary
      tumor cell line but not from normal pituitary cells.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and both human pancreatic growth hormone
      releasing factor (hp-GRF) and rat hypothalamic GRF (rh-GRF) stimulated ACTH
      release from neoplastic AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells in a dose-dependent
      fashion, with CRF inducing a 10-fold increase and GRF a maximal increment of
      approximately one-half that of CRF. Neither rh-GRF nor hp-GRF induced ACTH
      release in normal anterior pituitary cells. Pretreatment with either
      dexamethasone or somatostatin prior to the addition of rh-GRF inhibited the
      increase in ACTH release. Both ovine CRF and rh-GRF stimulated adenosine 3,5
      monophosphate production in AtT-20 cells. The weak but clearly discernible effect
      of GRF on ACTH release from AtT-20 cells may be due to an abnormality in the AtT
      20 cell receptor.

PMID- 2884544
TI  - Absence of a 23 kd protein in testes of testicular feminization rat.
AB  - Cryptorchid testes of testicular feminization rats are very low in zinc in spite
      of normal zinc status of the animals. Analysis of the cytosol of the cryptorchid
      testes by gel permeation chromatography showed decreased zinc binding by proteins
      eluted at fractions corresponding to 30,000 dalton. Further analysis by sodium
      dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the absence of a
      protein with molecular weight of 23,000.

PMID- 2884545
TI  - Purification of IMP dehydrogenase from rat hepatoma 3924A.
AB  - IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205), the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo GTP
      biosynthesis and a promising target for cancer chemotherapy, was purified 4860
      fold to homogeneity from rat hepatoma 3924A by a method including affinity
      chromatography in which IMP is bound to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. This
      affinity gel provided a specific elution of the enzyme with 0.5 mM IMP. The final
      enzyme preparation gave a single band with a molecular weight of 60,000 +/- 1000
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2884546
TI  - Effect of inferior olive lesion on seizure threshold in the rat.
AB  - Cerebellar stimulation has been associated with anticonvulsant activity in
      several experimental seizure models. We examined the effect of destruction of
      cerebellar climbing fibers, by systemic administration of 3-acetylpyridine (3AP)
      or electrothermic lesion of the inferior olive, on seizures produced by various
      chemical convulsants in rats. We found that inferior olive lesioned rats had
      lower threshold to seizures induced by strychnine and brucine, both glycine
      antagonists. The dose response curve for strychnine seizure was shifted 2.5 times
      to the left in 3AP lesioned rats. No difference in seizure threshold was seen
      when picrotoxin, bicuculline or pentylenetetrazole PTZ) were used to produce
      seizures. Abnormal motor behavior (AMB) including myoclonus, backward movement
      and hyperextension, produced by all of the convulsants tested, was significantly
      aggravated in 3AP pretreated rats. The inferior olive-climbing fiber projection
      to the cerebellum appears to modulate seizures induced by inhibition of
      glycinergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 2884547
TI  - Positron emission tomography assessment of effects of benzodiazepines on regional
      glucose metabolic rate in patients with anxiety disorder.
AB  - Patients with generalized anxiety disorder (n = 18) entered a 21-day, double
      blind, placebo-controlled random assignment trial of clorazepate. Positron
      emission tomography with 18F-deoxyglucose was carried out before and after
      treatment. Decreases in glucose metabolic rate in visual cortex and relative
      increases in the basal ganglia and thalamus were found. A correlation between
      regional changes in metabolic rate and regional benzodiazepine receptor binding
      density from other human autopsy studies was observed; brain regions highest in
      receptor density showed the greatest decrease in rate.

PMID- 2884548
TI  - Effect of catecholamine on aldosterone release in isolated rat glomerulosa cell
      suspensions.
AB  - Effect of adrenergic activity on the adrenal steroidogenesis and the modulation
      by catecholamines of aldosterone release were studied in isolated rat adrenal
      cell suspensions. Isoproterenol, norepinephrine and epinephrine, but not
      dopamine, caused statistically significant increase in aldosterone release. Both
      prazosin (alpha 1 antagonist) and yohimbine (alpha 2 antagonist) suppressed the
      norepinephrine-induced aldosterone release in a dose dependent manner,
      respectively. Both atenolol (beta 1 antagonist) and ICI 118-551 (beta 2
      antagonist) also blocked (-)-isoproterenol-induced aldosterone release in a dose
      dependent manner, respectively. Neither (-)-isoproterenol nor (+/-)
      norepinephrine at concentrations of 10(-6) M potentiated aldosterone release
      stimulated by angiotensin II or ACTH. These results suggest that catecholamines
      stimulate aldosteroidogenesis, but it appears unlikely that aldosterone release
      induced by ACTH or angiotensin-II is modulated by adrenergic stimulation.

PMID- 2884549
TI  - Behavioral effects of GABA agonists in relation to anxiety and benzodiazepine
      action.
AB  - A considerable body of biochemical and neurophysiological evidence implicates
      GABA in anxiety and in benzodiazepine action. The present article surveys the
      behavioral effects of GABA agonists and their interactions with drugs acting at
      the benzodiazepine receptor in animal anxiety paradigms. Certain GABA agonists,
      notably valproate, simulate many behavioral actions of benzodiazepines. Moreover,
      several behavioral studies of the interaction of GABA agonists with
      benzodiazepines support the hypothesis of a benzodiazepine receptor complex with
      one or more GABA, benzodiazepine and probably other binding sites. However, there
      are also a number of anomalous findings of GABA agonist action alone and in
      combination with benzodiazepines. It is argued that these paradoxical results can
      better be accounted for in terms of the receptor complex and the distribution of
      the drugs, rather than by suggesting that the anxiolytic actions of
      benzodiazepines are not mediated by GABA systems. The potential clinical
      usefulness of GABA agonists in anxiety is commented upon.

PMID- 2884551
TI  - Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on platelet aggregation, fibrinolysis,
      and blood lipids.
AB  - To investigate the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on blood constituents
      related to cardiovascular disease, 12 male volunteers consumed (instead of their
      usual alcoholic drinks) four different standardized amounts of red wine in
      addition to their habitual diet. Each dose was given to the subjects during a
      period of 5 weeks in a randomized order, all subjects receiving the four doses.
      They consisted of 0, 2, and 4 glasses/d, providing 0, 23, and 46 g alcohol/d as
      well as in "binge drinking" (14 glasses in the weekend, comparable to an average
      of 2 glasses/d). The results showed a clear dose-related response to the drinking
      for several blood constituents. Most marked was a decrease in the tissue-type
      plasminogen activator activity and to a lesser degree an increase in plasminogen
      levels. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was reduced, affecting all
      parameters measured. Levels of HDL3-cholesterol, gammaglutamyltransferase, and
      urate showed a small but significant increase. No change was noted in the levels
      of alkaline phosphatase, alanine-aminotransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase,
      bile acids, folate, fibrinogen, the ADP-induced platelet aggregation, platelet
      secretion, or in hematologic values. The results are only partially in accordance
      with the presumed protective action of moderate drinking on the cardiovascular
      system and show a stronger response to the consumption of alcohol in coagulation
      and fibrinolysis factors than in blood lipids.

PMID- 2884550
TI  - Effect of long-term administration of an analog of growth hormone-releasing
      factor on the GH response in rats.
AB  - The effect of the repeated or continuous administration of an analog of GH
      releasing factor (GH-RF), D-Tyr-1, D-Ala-2, Nle-27, GH-RF(1-29)-NH2 (DBO-29), on
      the subsequent response to this peptide was investigated in pentobarbital
      anesthetized male rats. A sc administration of this analog induced a greater and
      more prolonged GH release than doses 10 times larger of GH-RF(1-29). The GH
      increase after sc injection of 10 micrograms/kg bw of the analog was greater than
      that induced by iv administration of 2 micrograms/kg bw of GH-RF(1-44).
      Pretreatment with 10 micrograms/kg bw of the analog did not affect the pituitary
      response to a strong stimulus (20 micrograms/kg bw) of GH-RF(1-44), 24 h later.
      Pretreatment with the analog in doses of 10 micrograms/kg bw, sc twice a day, 5
      days per week for 4 weeks, significantly diminished the GH release in response to
      a sc injection of the analog (10 micrograms/kg bw), as compared to vehicle
      pretreated controls (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, a continuous sc
      administration of 0.4 micrograms/h of the analog to intact rats for 7 days did
      not result in a decrease in GH response to a sc injection of the analog (10
      micrograms/kg bw). Since the rats injected repeatedly with the analog for 4 weeks
      still showed a marked, although somewhat reduced response, analogs of this type
      may be useful clinically.

PMID- 2884552
TI  - Catabolic effects of thyroid hormone excess: the contribution of adrenergic
      activity to hypermetabolism and protein breakdown.
AB  - Although patients with thyrotoxicosis improve clinically after treatment with
      beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, it has never been established whether the
      hypermetabolism and body protein wasting caused by thyroid hormone excess are
      actually mediated by adrenergic mechanisms. To evaluate this issue, we measured
      basal energy expenditure, epinephrine-stimulated calorigenesis, and leucine
      kinetics (an index of body protein catabolism) in six normal volunteers before
      and after triiodothyronine (T3) administration (150 micrograms/d for 1 week).
      Serum T3 rose nearly threefold (P less than 0.001) during T3 administration,
      producing significant increases in basal metabolic rate (21%, P less than 0.001),
      nitrogen excretion (45%, P less than 0.001), and leucine flux (45%, P less than
      0.01). In response to epinephrine infusion, the absolute rise in metabolic rate
      above basal was 57% greater in the thyrotoxic condition (P less than 0.02).
      Although beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenous propranolol totally abolished
      the calorigenic response to epinephrine, it had no detectable effect on either
      the accelerated basal metabolic rate or the augmented body protein catabolism
      caused by thyroid horomone excess. Our data suggest that in the basal, resting
      state, the increased metabolic rate and accelerated protein breakdown caused by
      thyroid hormone are not adrenergically mediated. However, under nonbasal
      conditions (when sympathetic activity is stimulated), enhanced responsiveness to
      catecholamine calorigenesis may exaggerate the hypermetabolic state and thereby
      contribute to weight loss and other clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis.
      This mechanism may explain the clinical efficacy of beta-adrenergic blocking
      agents in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.

PMID- 2884553
TI  - Dissociation of secretory responses to low-calcium and beta-adrenergic
      stimulation in primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - We have used a parathyroid cell perifusion system to evaluate the secretory
      responses to low-calcium and beta-adrenergic stimuli in series of 13 adenomatous
      human parathyroid tissues. In cells from all chief cell adenomas PTH secretion
      could be influenced by changes in extracellular calcium concentrations (either an
      increase in response to lower calcium concentrations or a decrease following an
      increase in calcium levels). However, there was marked heterogeneity in the PTH
      secretory response to adrenergic stimulation. In most instances, adenomatous
      parathyroid tissue also responded quickly and vigorously to beta-adrenergic
      agents (mean increase in secretion 322% +/- 52 (SEM) over baseline), although
      five of the 13 tissues clearly showed no PTH secretory response. Furthermore,
      there was a dissociation between the responses to adrenergic and low-calcium
      stimulation in that the presence or magnitude of the response to one type of
      stimulus could not be used to predict the nature of the response to the other.
      Studies of cells from an oxyphil adenoma revealed a very vigorous response to
      adrenergic stimulation (1,400% over baseline), but no response to changes in
      extracellular calcium concentrations. These results indicate that human
      parathyroid tissue is capable of a marked secretory response to adrenergic
      stimulation. The dissociation between secretory responses to low-calcium
      conditions and adrenergic agents suggests that the mechanisms of secretion by low
      calcium and adrenergic stimuli in adenomatous human parathyroid tissue are to
      some degree independent. Furthermore, aberrancies in the neoplastic parathyroid
      process apparently may affect either of these two secretory mechanisms.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884554
TI  - Beta-blockers: a new therapeutic approach to Raynaud's disease.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with Raynaud's disease (RD) were treated with a low dosage of
      beta-blockers, atenolol (50 mg/day) or propranolol (20 mg/day). Previous data
      have suggested that the pathophysiology of RD may be mediated by presynaptic beta
      adrenoceptors. In this research we report that chronic beta-blocker treatment, at
      low dosage, can prevent the cold-induced vasospasm. The majority of patients (28)
      responded to atenolol, and 8 patients refractory to atenolol responded to
      propranolol.

PMID- 2884555
TI  - Buspirone in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Buspirone is a novel anxiolytic chemically unrelated to the benzodiazepines. In
      clinical trials it has been shown to be as effective as diazepam, with fewer side
      effects. Buspirone is primarily active in dopaminergic pathways. It has the
      properties of both a dopamine agonist and antagonist. In this paper a model for
      treatment of tardive dyskinesia with buspirone is developed, based on dopamine
      autoreceptor blockade. A clinical trial of buspirone in the treatment of movement
      disorders is warranted.

PMID- 2884556
TI  - A hypothesis concerning Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE) and
      sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
AB  - This study identifies the presence of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin
      (CPE) in some gastrointestinal and serum samples from babies who had died of the
      Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and other causes. On occasion antibodies to
      this toxin were identified in sera. CPE is parasympathomimetic in its action. In
      the adult food poisoning model it is produced when the organism sporulates in
      vivo. This leads to speculation as to whether this toxin may play an ante-mortem
      role in the dying process of infants, either in the agonal stages or as a
      causative factor in SIDS.

PMID- 2884557
TI  - AIDS and mosquitoes.

PMID- 2884558
TI  - Esmolol--a short-acting i.v. beta-blocker.

PMID- 2884559
TI  - [Benzodiazepine poisoning].

PMID- 2884560
TI  - T-cell neoplasms and Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2884562
TI  - Malignant lymphoma. Summation.

PMID- 2884561
TI  - Oncogene activation in hematopoietic malignancies.

PMID- 2884563
TI  - Genotoxicity of amebicide and anthelmintic drugs in Escherichia coli pol A+/pol A
      .
AB  - The amebicides dehydroemetine and chloroquine diphosphate and the anthelmintic
      pyrvinium pamoate, previously reported to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium
      (Cortinas de Nava et al., 1983), were clearly shown to be genotoxic in the
      Escherichia coli pol A+/pol A- assay. Two other antiparasitic drugs,
      diiodohydroxyquin and 4-hexylresorcinol, were also found to be genotoxic in E.
      coli, while iodochlorhydroxyquin preferentially inhibited the pol A+ strain. From
      the 3 alternative testing methods employed, the liquid suspension succeeded in
      detecting 5 antiparasitic drugs as genotoxic; the microsuspension identified 2,
      and the disc diffusion method only 1. However, the metabolic activation system
      could only be coupled successfully and in a reproducible way to the
      microsuspension assay.

PMID- 2884564
TI  - Response of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas to a long-acting
      somatostatin analogue.
AB  - Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas are aggressive, invasive tumors that
      respond poorly to available surgical and medical treatments. Inappropriate
      release of thyrotropin by these tumors can result in hyperthyroidism. We treated
      five patients who had thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas with the long
      acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995, which was administered by subcutaneous
      injection in doses of 50 to 100 micrograms every 8 to 12 hours. Serum levels of
      thyrotropin were dramatically reduced by treatment in four of the five patients,
      and levels of another tumor marker, the alpha-subunit of thyrotropin, were
      reduced in all five. In two patients with hyperthyroidism due to production of
      excess thyrotropin by the tumor, treatment with the somatostatin analogue
      resulted in a sustained euthyroid state. One patient who was treated for more
      than 16 months had a persistent reduction in serum levels of thyrotropin and
      iodothyronines. We conclude that SMS 201-995 is an effective means of controlling
      hypersecretion of thyrotropin and the associated hyperthyroidism due to
      thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors.

PMID- 2884565
TI  - Treatment of pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 2884566
TI  - Visual improvement with SMS 201-995 in a patient with a thyrotropin-secreting
      pituitary adenoma.

PMID- 2884567
TI  - Phenylketonuria. Population genetics of a disease.

PMID- 2884568
TI  - Evidence for neuromelanin involvement in MPTP-induced neurotoxicity.
AB  - Exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) reproduces
      certain clinical, pathological, and neurochemical features of Parkinson's
      disease. MPTP is metabolized by monoamine oxidase Type B to 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridine (MPP+), which is selectively accumulated by high-affinity uptake
      mechanisms into dopaminergic neurons. Lyden et al. described low-affinity binding
      of MPTP to synthetic and retinal melanin. We showed that MPP+ binds to
      neuromelanin with high affinity, suggesting that in MPTP neurotoxicity, MPP+
      enters nigral neurons by the dopamine uptake system and binds to neuromelanin,
      which serves as a depot, continuously releasing MPP+ until it destroys the cells.
      This model predicts that agents which compete with MPP+ binding to neuromelanin
      should partially protect the dopamine neurons from MPTP-induced toxicity. The
      most potent identified competitor for MPP+ binding to melanin is the antimalarial
      drug chloroquine, which has a high affinity for melanins. In the present study,
      chloroquine, administered to monkeys in conventional anti-malarial doses before
      MPTP, protects them from MPTP-induced parkinsonian motor abnormalities, dopamine
      depletion in the striatum, and neuropathological changes in the substantia nigra.

PMID- 2884569
TI  - No evidence for preservation of somatostatin-containing neurons after
      intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid.
AB  - Intrastriatal injections of excitotoxic amino acids and their analogues (for
      example kainate and ibotenate) elicit a pattern of neuronal degeneration that is
      similar in many respects to that observed in Huntington's disease. In this
      disease there is a progressive degeneration of most types of intrinsic neuron but
      somatostatin and neuropeptide Y levels are increased 3-5-fold. This may be
      attributed to the selective preservation of a sub-class of striatal aspiny
      neurons, in which these two peptides are co-localized together with the enzyme
      NADPH-diaphorase. Beal et al. reported recently that following intrastriatal
      injections of quinolinic acid in rats, medium-sized aspiny neurons were
      selectively preserved and they suggested that quinolinic acid which is found in
      human brain might cause the neuronal degeneration seen in Huntington's disease.
      We have used immunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical techniques to examine
      this selective toxicity but find no evidence to support this finding. We conclude
      that there are substantial differences between the immunocytochemical changes
      detected in postmortem Huntington's disease brain and those following quinolinic
      acid-induced degeneration.

PMID- 2884571
TI  - Keeping politics out of AIDS.

PMID- 2884570
TI  - An amino-acid substitution involved in phenylketonuria is in linkage
      disequilibrium with DNA haplotype 2.
AB  - Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive human genetic disorder caused by
      a deficiency of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH, phenylalanine 4
      monooxygenase, EC 1.14.16.1). PKU is a common inborn error of amino-acid
      metabolism in caucasian populations and approximately 1 in 50 individuals are
      carriers of a PKU allele. To define the molecular basis of PKU, we characterized
      twelve restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes of the PAH
      locus in the northern European population and observed that 90% of the PKU
      alleles in this population are confined to four common RFLP haplotypes. We have
      recently reported a splicing mutation in the PAH gene that is associated with
      RFLP haplotype 3 which is present at about 40% of mutant alleles. We now report
      the molecular lesion associated with the RFLP haplotype 2 mutant allele. This
      defect is caused by a C-to-T transition in exon 12 resulting in an amino-acid
      substitution (Arg to Trp) at residue 408 of PAH. Direct hybridization analysis of
      the point mutation using a specific oligonucleotide probe demonstrated that this
      mutation is also in linkage disequilibrium with RFLP haplotype 2 alleles that
      make up about 20% of mutant PAH genes.

PMID- 2884572
TI  - [3H]ketanserin labels 5-HT2 receptors and alpha 1-adrenoceptors in human and pig
      brain membranes.
AB  - The binding characteristics of [3H]ketanserin (a reported selective radioligand
      for serotonin 5-HT2 receptors) and [125I]BE 2254 (which labels selectively alpha
      1-adrenoceptors) were characterized in brain frontal cortex membranes of pig and
      man. Saturation experiments indicated that both radioligands label apparently a
      homogeneous class of binding sites in human and pig fontal cortex membranes.
      Competition experiments with [125I]BE 2254 using 17 agonists and antagonists
      showed monophasic and steep curves in human and pig frontal cortex membranes. The
      pharmacological profile of these sites is typical of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. In
      competition experiments with [3H]ketanserin, most of the tested compounds
      displayed shallow or biphasic curves. In particular, alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      selective antagonists (prazosin, WB 4101, BE 2254...) displaced with nanomolar
      affinity about 15 and 40% of the specific [3H]ketanserin binding in human and pig
      frontal cortex membranes, respectively. The minor component of [3H]ketanserin
      binding correlated highly significantly with [125I]BE 2254 binding in both
      membrane preparations. The major component of [3H]ketanserin binding to pig and
      human frontal cortex membranes correlated significantly with [3H]ketanserin
      binding in rat brain cortex membranes (which is essentially to 5-HT2 receptors).
      The present data demonstrate that [3H]ketanserin in nanomolar concentrations
      binds significantly to alpha 1-adrenoceptors in human and pig frontal cortex
      membranes; this suggests a rather limited degree of selectivity of ketanserin for
      5-HT2 receptors in pig and human tissues.

PMID- 2884573
TI  - Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase in rabbit mesenteric artery and vas deferens
      by catechol oestrogens.
AB  - In the present study we have investigated the effects of oestrogens, catechol
      oestrogens, and catecholamines on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity derived from
      rabbit mesenteric artery and vas deferens. Both catechol oestrogens, 2
      hydroxyoestradiol (2OHE2) and 2-hydroxyoesterone (2OHE1), inhibited TH activity
      in mesenteric artery and vas deferens in a concentration-dependent manner with
      potencies that were higher than those for noradrenaline but lower than that for
      dopamine. When added to the reaction medium along with increasing concentrations
      of a pterin cofactor (200 to 1,500 mumol/l DMPH4), the catechol oestrogens (200
      mumol/l) increased the apparent Km for DMPH4 without altering the maximum
      velocity (Vmax) of the reaction. Similar results were obtained with the addition
      of noradrenaline (200 mumol/l) and dopamine (120 mu/mol). Apparent Ki values
      obtained for the catecholamines and catechol oestrogens were within the same
      order of magnitude and varied from 30 mumol/l for dopamine and 2OHE2 to 183
      mumol/l for 2OHE1. Oestradiol (E2) and 2-methoxyoestradiol (2MeOE2), i.e.,
      oestrogens that do not possess a catechol moiety, exhibited only weak inhibitory
      effects on TH activity. At the highest concentration tested (1 mmol/l), they did
      not reduce enzyme activity below 58% of control values. Kinetic analysis revealed
      that these two oestrogens did not consistently affect either the Vmax of
      hydroxylation or the Km for DMPH4. It is concluded that catechol oestrogens
      inhibit TH activity with a potency comparable to noradrenaline and dopamine. This
      inhibition is by competition with the pterin cofactor. Oestrogens that to not
      possess a catechol moiety are not effective inhibitors of TH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884574
TI  - The effects of some alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on the responses of the canine
      saphenous vein to B-HT 933, UK-14304 and methoxamine.
AB  - The benzoquinolizines Wy 25309, Wy 26703 and Wy 27127, previously reported as
      potent antagonists at presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors were also potent
      antagonists of B-HT 933 in isolated saphenous veins of the dog confirming their
      activity at post synaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Yohimbine was a more potent
      antagonist of B-HT 933 in isolated saphenous vein than were the Wy compounds or
      idazoxan contrasting with the reported potencies of these compounds at
      presynaptic sites in rat vas deferens and raising the possibility of differences
      between pre- and postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Contractions of the
      saphenous vein were observed with high concentrations of idazoxan.

PMID- 2884575
TI  - Studies on alpha adrenoceptors in guinea-pig peripheral lung strips.
AB  - Contractile responses of guinea-pig peripheral lung strips to noradrenaline were
      determined in the presence of propranolol (2.5 X 10(-6) mol/l). All strips (n =
      44) contracted to noradrenaline and a geometric mean EC50 of 1.4 X 10(-6) mol/l
      (1.1 X 10(-6) mol/l, 1.8 X 10(-6) mol/l 95% confidence limits) was obtained.
      Contractions were antagonised by phentolamine (5 X 10(-7)-10(-5) mol/l) and by
      prazosin (10(-8)-10(-7) mol/l). Dose-ratios (DR) were calculated and log (DR-1)
      was plotted against log concentration of antagonist to yield slopes (+/- SE) of
      0.84 +/- 0.14 and 0.73 +/- 0.22 respectively which were not significantly
      different from unity. A pA2 value (+/- SE) of 6.7 +/- 0.2 was obtained for
      phentolamine and 7.5 +/- 0.1 for prazosin. Yohimbine (10(-7)-10(-5) mol/l) did
      not significantly affect the maximal tension generated or the EC50 values for
      noradrenaline. These results suggest that alpha 1 adrenoceptors are mediating the
      contractile responses to noradrenaline. In the presence of cocaine (10(-5) mol/l,
      n = 18), normetanephrine (2 X 10(-5) mol/l, n = 15), hydrocortisone (2.5 X 10(-5)
      mol/l, n = 15) and normetanephrine (2 X 10(-5) mol/l) plus cocaine (10(-5) mol/l,
      n = 15) pA2 values for phentolamine of 6.9, 6.7, 6.6, and 6.3 respectively were
      obtained. Since these pA2 values are not significantly different from 6.7, it is
      unlikely that this original pA2 value, which is lower than values obtained with
      phentolamine at alpha-adrenoceptors in other tissues, may be explained by
      neuronal or extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2884578
TI  - Physician assistants in North Carolina, 1986. A report of a survey sponsored by
      the North Carolina Academy of Physician Assistants.

PMID- 2884576
TI  - Cardiovascular effects in rats of alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic agents injected
      into the nucleus tractus solitarii.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of selective alpha 1 and alpha 2 agonists and
      antagonists injected into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) were studied in
      urethane-anesthetized rats. Methoxamine (0.3-3 micrograms) injected bilaterally
      into the NTS caused a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and heart rate.
      Phenylephrine (6 micrograms) and an imidazolidine derivative St 587 (3
      micrograms) similarly injected also produced an increase in blood pressure,
      whereas alpha-methylnoradrenaline and an azepine derivative B-HT 920 (1 and 3
      micrograms) caused a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. The pressor
      response to methoxamine (1 microgram) was markedly inhibited by prazosin (0.3
      microgram) injected into the same sites or hexamethionum (25 mg/kg, i.v.).
      Prazosin (0.3 microgram) alone injected bilaterally into the NTS did not affect
      the blood pressure, while yohimbine (0.1 microgram) similarly injected increased
      the pressure. These results suggest that in the rat NTS there exist alpha 1
      adrenoceptors responsible for an increase in arterial pressure. The NTS alpha 2
      adrenoceptors seem to be involved in the tonic regulation of arterial pressure.

PMID- 2884579
TI  - [Epidemiology of AIDS and HIV infections in the Netherlands; current status and
      prognosis for 1987-1990].

PMID- 2884577
TI  - Involvement of opioid receptors in phencyclidine-induced enhancement of brain
      histamine turnover in mice.
AB  - When the histamine (HA) turnover in the brain of mice was estimated on the basis
      of the pargyline-induced accumulation of tele-methylhistamine (t-MH), a
      predominant metabolite of brain HA, the enhancing effect of phencyclidine (PCP)
      on the HA turnover was antagonized by a large dose of naloxone. However, a
      dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol, which is also a potent sigma receptor
      antagonist, did not inhibit the effect of PCP on the HA turnover. [D-Ala2,D
      Leu5]enkephalin, a prototypic delta opioid agonist, markedly enhanced the HA
      turnover. The effect of this peptide was demonstrated not only when the HA
      turnover was determined by the pargyline-induced t-MH accumulation but when it
      was estimated by the HA depletion induced by alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, a
      specific inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase. A sigma agonist, SKF-10047, and a
      kappa agonist, ethylketazocine, had no PCP-like enhancing effect on the HA
      turnover. These results suggest that PCP enhances the brain HA turnover in mice
      by stimulating, probably indirectly, endogenous opioid systems.

PMID- 2884580
TI  - [Postoperative abscesses and empyemas. Apropos of 13 cases].
AB  - 13 cases of severe intracranial postoperative infections, abscesses and/or
      empyema, are reported. These lesions, whose clinical diagnosis is often
      difficult, have benefited from C.T. scan. The diffusion of the infectious process
      in operatory focus, the frequency of Staphylococcal origin and the importance of
      high doses antibiotherapy must be underlined. This one is, of course, an
      indispensable complement to reintervention, but it may be utilized alone with
      success in selected cases, or insure the definitive cure when reintervention is
      partial.

PMID- 2884581
TI  - [Amino acids in human epileptogenic foci].
AB  - The functional status of GABA synapses together with tissue levels of other
      putative neurotransmitter amino acids was studied in epileptogenic foci
      (identified by stereo-EEG) removed neurosurgically from 14 epileptic patients
      unresponsive to anti-epileptic medication. L. glutamic acid decarboxylase was
      lower than normal in epileptogenic cortical tissue from 10 to 12 patients. 3H
      GABA-"A" receptor binding was low in all epileptogenic tissue examined. GABA
      levels were unchanged, whereas glutamate was increased in 7 patients. These
      studies confirm previous observations that there is a decreased functional
      activity of GABA synapses in a high proportion of epileptogenic foci. Therefore
      these data indicate that there is indeed an imbalance between excitatory and
      inhibitory neurotransmitter systems.

PMID- 2884582
TI  - [Physiological and physiopathological aspects of the atrial natriuretic factor].
AB  - The discovery of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has opened a new field in
      modern biology. After rapid isolation and identification of this new peptide from
      atrial granules, it is now evident that this new hormone has a wide variety of
      actions with general implication in the control of vascular tone, sodium and
      water balance, hormonal secretion as well as neuronal functions. The major mode
      of action of this hormone is transmitted via its interaction with a membrane
      enzyme, particulate guanylate cyclase, leading to increases of cGMP levels. This
      nucleotide is a faithful marker of ANF action correlating with all functions
      ascribed to ANF up to date. Significant increases of ANF as well as of cGMP have
      been discovered in heart and renal failure, secondary hypertension and other
      states with altered salt-water balance, impairment of heart function and
      particularly increase of atrial pressure. The increases of levels and relative
      inefficiency of increased ANF have to be carefully interpreted in face of
      increased levels of cGMP. It can be expected that new pharmacological
      developments will occur in this area issuing from both our increasing knowledge
      concerning the peripheral mode of action of this hormone, its physiological
      implications as well as its pharmacological effectiveness in diseases with
      altered salt-water balance, cardiac function and blood pressure disregulation.

PMID- 2884583
TI  - Selective alteration of mouse brain neurotransmitter release with age.
AB  - The release of acetylcholine (ACh), glutamate (GLU) and dopamine (DA) from
      various brain regions was investigated in young (3 month) and old (30 month)
      Balb/c mice. Aging increased the basal release of GLU (77%) and DA (29%) in
      striatum and GLU in hippocampus (94%); the concentrations of these
      neurotransmitters in the media after K+ stimulation were unaltered by aging.
      Although the basal release of ACh was not altered by age, K+-stimulated ACh
      release was reduced in striatum. The age-related increases in basal GLU and DA
      release may be important in the pathophysiology of cell death during aging.

PMID- 2884584
TI  - Detoxification enzymes following intrastriatal kainic acid.
AB  - A complete explanation of the neurotoxicity that follows kainic acid (KA)
      injection into the rat striatum is lacking. An assessment of the chronological
      course after intrastriatal KA injection of the activities of enzymes
      preferentially concentrated in glia or involved in the detoxification of oxygen
      metabolites is accomplished. An enhancement of the specific activities of
      glutathione peroxidase (GP) and catalase is found without an alteration in the
      specific activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). There is no increase in the in
      vivo striatal levels of malondialdehyde, a putative indicator of lipid
      peroxidation, the expected result of cell membrane damage from oxygen
      metabolites. Understanding the mechanism and importance of the preferential
      induction of the activities of the detoxification enzymes will require further
      study.

PMID- 2884585
TI  - Beta-endorphin and dynorphin participate in the stress-induced release of
      prolactin in the rat.
AB  - In the rat, exposure to stress increases prolactin (Prl) secretion, and
      endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) are believed to play a role in this response.
      The aim of the present study was to evaluate the specific involvement of the
      different EOP (i.e. beta-endorphin [beta-END], dynorphin A [DYN-A], methionine
      enkephalin [Met-ENK], and/or opiate receptors (i.e., mu/epsilon, kappa, delta) in
      the stress-related increase in circulating Prl. Rats were subjected to
      inescapable intermittent footshock (60 Hz, 2.5 mA, 1 s duration, 2 h) 2 h after
      the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of specific antisera raised
      against beta-END, DYN-A or Met-ENK. In addition, selective opiate antagonists
      (beta h-END-[6-31], a peptide beta-END antagonist [5 nmol, i.c.v.], beta
      funaltrexamine [beta-FNA], an mu 1 receptor antagonist [4.8 nmol, i.c.v.], Mr
      1,452 MS and Mr 2,266 BS, two kappa-receptor antagonists [10 mg/kg body weight,
      i.p.], ICI 154, 129, a delta-receptor antagonist [100 nmol, i.c.v.]) were
      administered prior to footshock stress. Blood samples were collected through an
      indwelling jugular cannula. Exposure to footshock rapidly and significantly
      increased plasma Prl levels. This stress-induced release of Prl was reduced by
      both antisera against beta-END or DYN-A, as well as by pretreatment with beta h
      END-(6-31), beta-FNA and kappa-receptor antagonists. Antiserum against Met-ENK
      and delta-antagonist were inactive. These results suggest that the activation of
      the two endogenous opioid systems, beta-END and DYN-A, centrally modulate the
      release of Prl induced by footshock stress.

PMID- 2884586
TI  - Modulation of neuronal activity in the hippocampus by 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5
      hydroxytryptamine1A selective drugs.
AB  - The interactions between 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 8-hydroxy-2-(N,N
      dipropylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), buspirone, 2-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1
      piperazinyl)butyl)-1,2-benzisothiazol-3- (2H)one-1, 1-dioxide-hydrochloride (TVX
      Q 7821) and ketanserin, and putative 5-HT receptors were analyzed using both
      radioligand techniques and an in vitro hippocampal slice preparation. The
      potencies of the drugs were determined at 5-HT1A binding sites labelled by [3H]8
      OH-DPAT in hippocampal membranes from the rat. The binding site had similar
      affinity for 5-HT, 8-OH-DPAT, buspirone and TVX Q 7821, whereas ketanserin was
      essentially inactive. Physiological effects of these drugs were also examined
      using an in vitro hippocampal slice preparation. With the exception of
      ketanserin, application of each drug to the bath modulated the amplitude of the
      field potential recorded in the pyramidal layer of CA1 evoked by stimulation of
      Schaffer collaterals. Application of micromolar concentrations of 5-HT produced
      an initial increase in the population spike followed by a return to near baseline
      levels within 5 min. By contrast, the amplitude of the population spike was
      reduced in a dose-dependent manner by micromolar concentrations of 8-OH-DPAT,
      buspirone and TVX Q 7821, beginning 5 min after application of drug. Ketanserin
      did not affect the amplitude of the population spike and it did not antagonize
      the effects of 5-HT, buspirone or TVX Q 7821. Neither buspirone nor 8-OH-DPAT
      altered the initial increase in population spike induced by 5-HT.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884587
TI  - Inhibition by phencyclidine of excitatory amino acid-stimulated release of
      neurotransmitter in the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on the release of acetylcholine and dopamine,
      stimulated by excitatory amino acid agonists was examined in slices of nucleus
      accumbens of the rat. In slices incubated in [3H]choline or [3H]dopamine, the
      amount of tritium efflux produced by 1 mM N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainic
      acid (KA) or quisqualic acid (QA) was compared with that produced in the presence
      of varying concentrations of phencyclidine. N-Methyl-D-aspartate stimulated the
      calcium-dependent release of both ACh and DA, which was completely inhibited by
      physiological concentrations of magnesium and inhibited by 2
      aminophosphonovalerate (2-APV). Kainic acid- and quisqualic acid-stimulated
      release of ACh and DA was partially inhibited by magnesium or by 2-APV.
      Phencyclidine inhibited NMDA-stimulated release of ACh and DA with IC50's around
      100 nM. Phencyclidine (0.1 microM) also significantly inhibited kainic acid and
      quisqualic acid-induced release of ACh in magnesium-free but not magnesium
      containing buffer, suggesting that the effect of PCP on kainic acid- and possibly
      quisqualic acid-stimulated release of ACh is on that part of the response which
      is mediated by NMDA receptors. The results suggest that the inhibition by PCP of
      the release of ACh and DA in the nucleus accumbens is selective for NMDA-type
      receptors.

PMID- 2884588
TI  - Comparison of the acute actions of amine-depleting drugs and dopamine receptor
      antagonists on dopamine function in the brain in rats.
AB  - The effects of the monoamine depleting drugs oxypertine, tetrabenazine and
      reserpine were compared with those of the dopamine receptor antagonists,
      chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine, on behavioural and biochemical indices of
      dopamine function in the brain. Oxypertine (0.625-20 mg/kg, i.p.), chlorpromazine
      (0.625-20 mg/kg i.p.) and trifluoperazine (0.0625-2.0 mg/kg i.p.), administered
      to rats 1 hr previously, inhibited stereotyped behaviour induced by both
      amphetamine (5.0 mg/kg i.p.) and apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) in a dose
      dependent manner. Tetrabenazine (0.625-20 mg/kg i.p., 1 hr previously) inhibited
      stereotypy induced by amphetamine but not that induced by apomorphine. Reserpine
      (0.1 10 mg/kg i.p., 6 hr previously) did not inhibit, but in larger doses, tended
      to enhance the stereotyped responses to both amphetamine and apomorphine.
      Oxypertine (10 mg/kg, i.p., 1 hr previously), tetrabenazine (5 mg/kg i.p., 1 hr
      previously) and reserpine (2.5 mg/kg i.p., 6 hr previously) reduced the content
      of dopamine in the striatum but increased the concentrations of homovanillic acid
      (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg i.p.)
      and trifluoperazine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.), given 1 hr previously, did not alter
      concentrations of dopamine in the striatum but increased those of HVA and DOPAC.
      Oxypertine, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine weakly inhibited dopamine
      stimulated adenylate cyclase in homogenates of the striatum in the rat.
      Tetrabenazine and reserpine had no effect. Similarly, trifluoperazine and
      chlorpromazine displaced the specific binding of [3H]piflutixol to membranes from
      the striatum. Oxypertine also was weakly effective, but tetrabenazine and
      reserpine were without effect. Trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine and oxypertine
      displaced specific binding of [3H]spiperone and [3H]N,n-propylnorapomorphine
      (NPA) to preparations of the striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884589
TI  - Characteristics of chloride-dependent incorporation of glutamate into brain
      membranes argue against a receptor binding site.
AB  - Although membrane sites from brain, labelled with [3H]glutamate (Glu) under
      sodium-free conditions, are thought to represent excitatory receptors, certain
      anomalous characteristics of the kinetics of apparent binding raised the question
      of whether transport might contribute to this process, prompting a closer
      examination of it. Hyperosmolar media and low incubation temperatures (4 degrees
      C) both led to decreases in the apparent specific binding of [3H]glutamate to
      membranes from the brain of the rat in the presence of chloride. Furthermore,
      only 15% of the [3H]glutamate, bound at 37 degrees C, was dissociable when the
      membranes were then cooled to 4 degrees C. The binding of [3H]glutamate was
      increased in the presence of certain dipeptides such as L-phenylalanyl-L
      glutamate (Phe-Glu); and the binding augmented by the presence of Phe-Glu, was
      also sensitive to temperature and osmolarity of the incubation buffer. Sonication
      of membranes in 5 mM glutamate increased the apparent binding of [3H]glutamate
      and abolished the stimulatory effect of Phe-Glu. These findings are consistent
      with the hypothesis that chloride-dependent association of [3H]glutamate with
      membranes from brain reflects, in part, a sequestration process, which may be
      driven by glutamate exchange.

PMID- 2884590
TI  - Behavioural and biochemical evidence for the release of noradrenaline in mouse
      brain by TRH and some of its biologically stable analogues.
AB  - Small doses of clonidine probably induce hypoactivity (a distinct form of
      sedation) by stimulating presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. This was attenuated
      by injection of 0.1-10 mg/kg of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) or its
      biologically stable analogues, CG3509, CG3703 and RX77368, when these were given
      10 min before clonidine. This effect was dose-dependent in all cases, but the
      analogues were more potent than TRH. The TRH metabolites, TRH acid and histidyl
      proline diketopiperazine (10 mg/kg) were without effect. This response was still
      attenuated by the analogues, but not TRH, when these were given 1 hr before
      clonidine. The results, therefore, suggested that it was the basic tripeptide
      structure which was active and TRH was less potent than its analogues because of
      rapid metabolism. Attenuation of hypoactivity by TRH and analogues was not due to
      increased dopaminergic function because apomorphine (5 mg/kg) was ineffective.
      Thyrotropin releasing hormone (20 mg/kg), CG3509 (10 mg/kg) and CG3703 (1 mg/kg)
      also induced locomotor activity and produced various other behavioural changes.
      This was inhibited by prazosin (3 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) but not by
      yohimbine (1 mg/kg). Apomorphine (5 mg/kg)-induced activity was inhibited by
      haloperidol and yohimbine but not by prazosin. This indicated that the activity
      produced by the TRH compounds, but not apomorphine, was partly mediated by alpha
      1-adrenoceptors. Both CG3509 (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and RX77368 (10(-4) M) evoked
      the release of endogenous noradrenaline from slices of hypothalamus in vitro. The
      TRH analogues, however, had no affinity for alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptors in
      ligand-receptor binding experiments. Viewed overall, the data showed that TRH and
      its analogues induced the release of noradrenaline in the brain. In addition, a
      comparison of the behavioural effects of TRH compounds with dopamine and alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonists suggested that in mice these behavioural responses resulted
      from stimulation of both noradrenergic and dopaminergic function.

PMID- 2884591
TI  - Effects of bifemelane hydrochloride on cortical neuronal activity in cats.
AB  - The effects of bifemelane hydrochloride on neuronal activity in the visual cortex
      of the cat were studied by microiontophoretic application under methoxyflurane
      anesthesia. Of 195 neurons examined with both acetylcholine (ACh) and bifemelane,
      67 cells (34%) were excited and 7 cells (4%) were inhibited by ACh. The effect of
      bifemelane was excitatory on 122 neurons (63%), inhibitory on 20 (10%) and
      unchanged on the rest. In 60 cells out of the above 122 neurons, bifemelane
      showed a similar discharge pattern to ACh with a slow onset and delayed
      termination. The bifemelane-induced excitation was, in 18 out of 22 cells,
      antagonized by atropine (30-40 nA). Also, a potentiation in bifemelane-induced
      discharges by physostigmine (30-50 nA) was observed in 14 of the 32 cells tested.
      The firing evoked by ACh (80-100 nA) was potentiated during of after the
      application of bifemelane (30-40 nA) in 9 out of 29 neurons, which were not
      excited by bifemelane alone. These results suggest that neuronal discharges
      produced by bifemelane are induced at least in part, through a muscarinic ACh
      receptor, although other mechanisms may possibly be involved.

PMID- 2884592
TI  - Hypnotics: clinical value of pharmaco-EEG methods.
AB  - The central effects of sedative-hypnotic drugs were defined through the use of
      electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques in two species (rat and cat). In
      immobilized rats, spectral and visual electrocorticogram analysis provides a
      means of studying and comparing different profiles of sedative-hypnotic drugs. As
      with spectral analysis, Hjorth's descriptors allow one to detect the sedative
      effects of drugs and to study drug interactions in acute preparations. We have
      evaluated the action of hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in freely
      implanted rats during their maximally active period because it is easier to
      estimate the duration of the sedative effect. We have also examined the action of
      sedative-hypnotic agents in rats and cats because of the different species
      reactivity to drugs such as benzodiazepines. These EEG methods are of value in
      the development of new hypnotic agents.

PMID- 2884593
TI  - Piracetam interactions with neuroleptics in psychopharmacological tests.
AB  - Two psychopharmacological tests which usually predict neuroleptic activity were
      conducted after joint administration of piracetam and three neuroleptics
      (haloperidol, fluphenazine and sulpiride) chosen for their different chemical
      classes and dopaminergic affinities. In these tests, specific doses of the
      neuroleptics were used to determine whether piracetam induced potentiation or
      antagonism of their action. Overall, piracetam increased neuroleptic action
      regardless of the administration timetable used, but the interaction of
      fluphenazine differed from that of the other two substances, because piracetam
      did not modify its action in a specific test of the presynaptic DA-2 dopaminergic
      receptors. This variation for fluphenazine may be explained by the fact that its
      pKa value is closer to that of piracetam, thus preventing better bioavailability
      of the neuroleptic, or its better affinity for DA-1 dopaminergic receptors.
      Nevertheless, the variation may have been due to a differing affinity for
      dopaminergic receptors, although this hypothesis is not completely satisfactory
      because it does not account for differences due to the administration timetable.
      It is thus suggested that action occurs on nonspecific sites and has the effect
      of increasing overall neuroleptic bioavailability.

PMID- 2884594
TI  - CSF somatostatin in multiple sclerosis: reversible loss of diurnal oscillation in
      relapses.
AB  - CSF and venous blood were sampled hourly during 24 hours in 6 control subjects
      and in 12 patients with MS, 5 of whom were in stable phase and 7 in relapse. CSF
      somatostatin immunoreactivity was 166 +/- 5.3 (SFM) pg/ml in controls at noon and
      rose around midnight to 208 +/- 3.8 pg/ml, then decreased to basal levels at
      about 5 hours and exhibited another small peak 3 hours later. Almost identical
      patterns were found in patients with MS during stable phase. During relapse, CSF
      somatostatin was reduced to 99 +/- 9.2 pg/ml and showed no variation from this
      value. CSF albumin was similar in the three groups and exhibited no fluctuations.
      Diurnal patterns of serum growth hormone were similar and unrelated to the
      oscillations in CSF somatostatin, indicating that hypothalamic release was
      insignificant in the overall production and in variations. The observation that
      the CNS releases somatostatin at lower levels during relapse in MS and that these
      do not oscillate may suggest that the constant low contents represent passive
      spillover from somatostatin-containing neurons, while the undulating levels above
      them are representative of active, yet unknown neurophysiologic (eg,
      neurotransmitter) functions which become reversibly extinct in relapse.

PMID- 2884595
TI  - Treatment of lethal pertussis vaccine reaction with histamine H1 antagonists.
AB  - We studied mortality after pertussis immunization in the mouse. Without
      treatment, 73 of 92 animals (80%) died after injection of bovine serum albumin
      (BSA) on day +7 of pertussis immunization. After pretreatment with 3 mg of
      cyproheptadine, 2 mg mianserin, or 2 mg chlorpheniramine, only 5 of 105 animals
      (5%) died after receiving BSA on day +7 (p less than 0.001). Blockade of
      histamine H1 receptors may reduce mortality in pertussis immunization-induced
      encephalopathy in mice.

PMID- 2884596
TI  - [Hyperthermia and properties of isolated nerve endings in the cerebral cortex of
      rabbits].

PMID- 2884597
TI  - The free cutaneous scapular flap in lower extremity reconstruction.

PMID- 2884599
TI  - [The course of gastric ulcer. Results 3 years after the diagnosis].

PMID- 2884598
TI  - [Effects of terfenadine on esophageal motility in man].

PMID- 2884600
TI  - [Treatment of functional disorders of the digestive system with combination
      therapy].

PMID- 2884601
TI  - Use of laparoscopy for the localization of impalpable testes.
AB  - Laparoscopy is a simple, safe and sure diagnostic method in order to visualize an
      abdominal testis. When there is no abdominal testis at laparoscopy, the vas
      deferens and the testicular vessels have to be looked for very carefully. When
      both these structures pass through the internal inguinal ring, operation can be
      limited to the inguinal region. The results of laparoscopy are reported in nine
      patients with impalpable testis.

PMID- 2884602
TI  - Somatostatinergic projections from the amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis and medial preoptic-hypothalamic region.
AB  - Somatostatinergic projections of the amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis (BST) and medial preoptic-hypothalamic region were examined using a
      technique that combines retrograde axonal transport with peroxidase
      antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. With injections of wheat germ agglutinin
      conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into either the BST or medial
      preoptic-hypothalamic region numerous double-labeled cells exhibiting both
      retrograde labeling and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were observed in the
      medial amygdaloid nucleus and intra-amygdaloid portion of the BST. Additional
      cells were seen in the central nucleus, basomedial nucleus and anterior
      amygdaloid area. Although WGA-HRP labeled neurons and somatostatin-positive cells
      were observed in the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei, few double
      labeled neurons were found.

PMID- 2884603
TI  - Differential effect of intraterminal sodium on spontaneous quantal release of
      transmitter in two neuromuscular junctions of crayfish.
AB  - Nerve terminals on the superficial abdominal extensor muscle and the claw opener
      muscle of small crayfish were loaded with sodium by bath application of 100
      mumol/l veratridine in superfusates where normal Ca2+ was removed (low-Ca2+
      superfusate). In both preparations this caused an increase in spontaneous quantal
      release of excitatory and inhibitory transmitter which was evaluated by means of
      the noise analysis technique. About 2.5 min after application of veratridine,
      when spontaneous quantal release had largely ceased, the normal Ca2+
      concentration was reestablished. This increased transiently the quantal release
      rate a second time. However, release activated by Ca2+ application was much more
      vigorous at the superficial abdominal extensor muscle than at the claw opener. At
      the superficial abdominal extensor muscle on average about 8% of the total number
      of quanta could be released in low Ca2+ and 92% in normal Ca2+ superfusate, while
      at the claw opener 75% of the quanta were released in low Ca2+ and 25% in normal
      Ca2+ superfusate. The experiments suggest that intraterminal sodium has a
      differential effect in the terminals of the two preparations. Possibly, the
      intraterminal source from which Na+ may liberate Ca2+ is more restricted in the
      superficial abdominal extensor muscle than in the opener muscle of the claw.

PMID- 2884604
TI  - Purified opioid mu-receptor is of a different molecular size than delta- and
      kappa-receptors.
AB  - Opioid mu-receptors were solubilized from rat brains with 0.5% Triton X-100 in
      the presence of 0.32 M sucrose and then purified with 6-succinyl morphine-Affi
      Gel 102 column. Purified materials showed a major band with mol.wt. 58,000 Da and
      a minor band with mol.wt. 41,000 Da. Affinity cross linking with [3H]DAGO, a
      selective mu-opioid agonist, to the neural membranes and purified materials
      revealed that opioid mu-binding protein has a mol.wt. of 58,000 Da, a value
      totally different from that of delta- (mol.wt. 18,500 Da) and kappa- (mol.wt.
      36,000 Da) binding protein.

PMID- 2884605
TI  - Opiates inhibit the discharges of fine afferent units from inflamed knee joint of
      the cat.
AB  - The spontaneous discharges in 15 out of 19 small-diameter afferent units from
      inflamed knee joints of anaesthetized cats were significantly inhibited by one or
      several opiates (morphine in the dose range 1.0-5.0 mg/kg; gly-ol 0.5-5.0 mg/kg;
      U50488 1.0-10.0 mg/kg; ethylketocyclazacine 0.5-4.0 mg/kg administered by close
      arterial injection into the joint). In the majority of cases a subsequent
      injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg i.a.) significantly reversed this effect. These
      data provide an electrophysiological demonstration that opiates may act on opiate
      receptors located at peripheral sites of primary afferent fibres and hence exert
      a peripheral 'analgesic' effect.

PMID- 2884606
TI  - Neurotensin-containing neurons in the canine enteric innervation.
AB  - The intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract has been demonstrated to
      contain numerous peptidergic neurons. Neurotensin, originally isolated from
      bovine hypothalamus, has been localized in intestinal epithelial endocrine cells
      but not convincingly in the enteric innervation. The present study demonstrates
      the presence of neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers in the canine
      submucous and myenteric ganglia. The peptide was characterized as neurotensin 1
      13 by high pressure liquid chromatography and there was a mean concentration of
      18.4 +/- 3.9 pmol (+/- S.E.M., n = 3) per g wet weight of submucosal extract.
      These neurons were a separate population from the vasoactive intestinal peptide-
      and somatostatin-immunoreactive cell bodies. These results demonstrate that
      neurotensin is present in significant amounts in the canine submucous plexus.

PMID- 2884607
TI  - Distribution of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-immunoreactive
      neurons in the avian brain.
AB  - The distribution of neurons immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase and
      phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were described in adjacent sections
      of the avian medulla oblongata. PNMT-positive neurons were found in two
      bilaterally symmetrical columns in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla.
      Within the ventrolateral column, PNMT cells were centered in and around the
      lateral paragigantocellular and lateral reticular nuclei. In the dorsomedial
      medulla, PNMT neurons were concentrated within and around the nucleus of the
      tractus solitarius. The distribution of PNMT-immunoreactive neurons in the avian
      medulla is similar to those observed in mammals, except there appears to be a
      greater number of PNMT-positive cells in the bird.

PMID- 2884608
TI  - Bursting in human epileptogenic neocortex is depressed by an N-methyl-D-aspartate
      antagonist.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were performed in human neocortical neurons in 'in
      vitro' slices of brain samples excised during surgical treatment of epilepsy. In
      14 of 38 neurons obtained from cortex exhibiting interictal spiking, bursts of
      action potentials arising from a synaptic depolarizing potential could be
      elicited by extracellular focal stimulation of adequate strength. The N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) was capable of
      reducing and eventually blocking these bursts without affecting the repetitive
      firing evoked by depolarizing intracellular pulses or the membrane input
      resistance. These data suggest a role played by NMDA receptors in the bursting
      activity displayed by human neurons from spiking cortical areas and demonstrate a
      potential use of NMDA antagonists as antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 2884609
TI  - Glial and potassium responses to an afferent volley: suppression by enkephalin in
      the rat spinal cord in vitro.
AB  - A transient rise in the extracellular potassium concentration following
      activation of internuncial neurons by an afferent volley was recorded
      intracellularly from glial cells and by K+-sensitive electrodes in the
      superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord in vitro. Methionine (Met)
      enkephalin did not affect the extracellular potassium level at rest but
      suppressed the potassium response elicited by afferent volleys. This effect was
      abolished by naloxone. In the chronically deafferent spinal cord combined with
      the block of synaptic transmission by Mg2+, Met-enkephalin suppressed the
      transient rise of the extracellular potassium concentration induced by L
      glutamate. It is concluded that synaptic excitation of interneurons in the
      superficial dorsal horn is suppressed by the postsynaptic action of Met
      enkephalin.

PMID- 2884610
TI  - 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate attenuates the severe hypoglycemia-induced loss of
      perforant path-evoked field potentials in the rat hippocampus.
AB  - The effects of severe hypoglycemia on perforant path-evoked field potentials were
      examined in the rat hippocampus. Although a complete loss of this response was
      noted when blood glucose concentration fell below 1 mM, this occurred before
      cessation of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity. Both spontaneous and evoked
      responses recovered partially following glucose readministration. D-2-Amino-5
      phosphonovalerate, an NMDA-sensitive acidic amino acid receptor antagonist,
      facilitated this recovery from the hypoglycemic challenge when administered via a
      dialysis probe.

PMID- 2884611
TI  - Purification of the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens type A by
      ultrafiltration and gel chromatography.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens type A toxin produced in Jayko & Lichstein medium was
      subjected to various concentration and purification procedures. The results
      obtained with 3 different ultrafiltration membranes followed by gel filtration
      showed that by using Millipore PSED OHV10 and Amicon XM-100 filter membranes in
      combination, a three-hundred-and-fivefold purification could be achieved as
      against a twelvefold increase obtained with ammonium sulphate/acetone
      precipitation. The lecitovitelin test was more sensitive than the haemolytic
      activity in determining the alpha toxin activity. The optical density, measured
      at 280 nm, did not reveal any alpha toxin activity in the relevant toxic
      fractions.

PMID- 2884612
TI  - Further studies of the clinical pathology of sweating sickness in cattle.
AB  - Experimentally-induced cases of sweating sickness in calves were used in an
      effort to correlate the blood chemistry with some of the known pathological
      changes. Results showed that the "sweating" associated with necrotic dermatitis
      did not alter blood electrolyte levels. Laboratory evidence of a disseminated
      intravascular coagulopathy was found which correlated with the microthrombi
      described in cases of sweating sickness. A high blood cortisol level was found in
      one of the animals that died from the disease and could possibly be used as a
      prognostic indicator in clinical cases. Recommendations are made with regard to
      the supportive treatment based on the clinical pathological findings.

PMID- 2884613
TI  - Ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity caused by the plant Nidorella foetida
      (Thunb.) DC. (Asteraceae).
AB  - Following a field outbreak of hepatogenous photosensitivity in sheep, an
      identical condition was reproduced experimentally by dosing 2 sheep with green,
      homogenized, Nidorella foetida material, collected from the camp where the
      outbreak occurred. This is a rare, unpalatable, aromatic shrub found in swampy
      places in the south-western Cape Province. The main lesion was a hepatosis,
      characterized by peripheral coagulative necrosis and midzonal degeneration in the
      2 acute cases and mild bile duct proliferation and hepatic regeneration in the
      more chronic field case. Botanical, toxicological, clinical and pathological data
      are given.

PMID- 2884614
TI  - [Polyarteritis nodosa based on a case report].

PMID- 2884615
TI  - Organization educates medical assistants.

PMID- 2884616
TI  - [Diagnostic value of 4 biological markers: lactate dehydrogenase,
      phosphoglucoisomerase, carcinoembryonic antigen and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase,
      systematically determined in patients in a hematology-oncology department].
AB  - This article is concerned with a prospective study about the systematical,
      simultaneous and comparative assay of four biological markers (carcino-embryonic
      antigen, lactate dehydrogenase, gammaglutamyl transferase and phosphohexose
      isomerase). This study was conducted in a department of Hematology and oncology
      on 258 patients. The dosage of each marker separately does not appear to be of
      diagnostical interest because of a lack of sensibility and specificity. But when
      there is a positive statistical correlation between several makers, their
      simultaneous dosage may allow the diagnostic of cancer and sometimes the
      determination of its origin.

PMID- 2884617
TI  - [Viral etiology of T-cell leukemia and AIDS].

PMID- 2884618
TI  - Cryptorchidism: a pediatrician's view.
AB  - Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital anomalies afflicting male
      children. This article reviews some of the existing literature regarding this
      condition for the purpose of presenting the pediatrician with a synopsis of
      possible diagnosis and treatment options.

PMID- 2884619
TI  - Correlation between monoamine content and other parameters of cerebrospinal fluid
      in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report.
AB  - The monoamine content and other parameters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were
      studied in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (ASH). The blood content of CSF
      was determined by the protein concentration and cell count, while the haemostatic
      status of the patient was characterized by the prothrombin level of blood. The
      serotonin content of CSF was elevated at the beginning of ASH (high protein
      content and fresh blood cells in CSF, and low level of prothrombin in blood).
      Later the level of serotonin and protein of CSF decreased, while the prothrombin
      level of blood increased. During rebleeding on the 20th day after admission, the
      CSF serotonin and protein content increased again, while the prothrombin level of
      blood was decreased. The dopamine and noradrenaline levels of CSF markedly
      decreased on the 11th day after ASH, but in the following days these parameters
      returned to the control level. The findings suggested that the serotonin content
      of CSF originated mainly from extravasated blood. The decreased level of dopamine
      and noradrenaline 11 days after ASH might be connected with increased blood
      viscosity, decreased peripheral blood pressure or other changes.

PMID- 2884620
TI  - [Profile of the adverse effects of neuroleptic drugs in relation to its receptor
      binding].

PMID- 2884621
TI  - Deletion of a DNA sequence in eight of nine families with X-linked ichthyosis
      (steroid sulphatase deficiency).
AB  - Deficiency of steroid sulphatase (STS) is associated with ichthyosis, with
      failure of the placental production of oestriol in late pregnancy and with
      difficulties in childbirth. The STS gene has been localised by deletion mapping
      to the distal tip of the snort arm of the X chromosome, and is of interest in
      that it appears to escape X-inactivation. We have constructed an X-specific DNA
      library and screened it for single copy DNA sequences which lie at the distal end
      of Xp. The sequence GMGX9 was found to map in the interval Xp22.3-pter and to
      detect a frequent HindIII polymorphism. We have used GMGX9 in linkage studies in
      families with classical X-linked ichthyosis and this has not only shown tight
      linkage with STS deficiency but has also revealed that the sequence is deleted in
      affected males in eight of nine families. GMGX9 is present in all of 26 normal
      male individuals so far examined. Our findings suggest that a high proportion of
      the mutations at the STS locus leading to enzyme deficiency are deletions,
      presumably generated by unequal cross-over events in female meiosis or by
      illegitimate X-Y interchange in male meiosis.

PMID- 2884622
TI  - A procedure for selective full length cDNA cloning of specific RNA species.
AB  - A method allowing routine establishment of full length and functionally competent
      cDNA clones of particular mRNAs from small preparations of polyadenylated RNA is
      described. Pairs of synthetic primers are used for first and second strand
      synthesis. They include sequences complementary to the 3' terminal regions of the
      mRNAs and of the full length first cDNA strands, respectively and bear a few
      additional nucleotides at their 5' ends. After synthesis of both cDNA strands in
      one tube, they are precisely trimmed back with T4 DNA polymerase in presence of
      only two nucleoside triphosphates, to yield sticky ends fitting into a vector
      plasmid cleaved with two restriction endonucleases. The procedure was first
      applied to the simultaneous cloning of all five major measles virus (MV) mRNA
      species from a persistently infected cell line. Two thirds of all clones
      contained full length MV-specific cDNAs. Screening of less than 200 clones was
      sufficient to obtain several independent clones corresponding to each mRNA,
      except for gene F which was represented only once.

PMID- 2884624
TI  - Phosphorylation of a 60 kDa polypeptide from Xenopus oocytes blocks messenger RNA
      translation.
AB  - The stored mRNP particles of Xenopus oocytes contain protein kinase activity and
      two major phosphoproteins of 60 kDa (pp60) and 56 kDa (pp56). These proteins can
      be phospholabelled in the particles either in vivo or in vitro and then isolated
      by SDS-PAGE. On renaturing pp60 in the presence of globin mRNA, a stable RNA
      protein complex is formed. The complex has a uniform density in Cs salt
      gradients, corresponding to the binding of about 10 protein molecules to each
      mRNA, probably at the poly(A) sequence. Compared with uncomplexed mRNA, the RNP
      complex is translated poorly both in vitro and in vivo. Translation of the
      complex can be regained after treatment with protein phosphatase. It is shown
      that dephosphorylation destabilizes the binding of protein to RNA, making the
      mRNA accessible for translation. Studies with native mRNP particles show that
      their translation also can be enhanced by dephosphorylation.

PMID- 2884623
TI  - A novel GC-rich dispersed repeat sequence in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - A novel family of dispersed repeat sequences from Drosophila melanogaster is
      described. Sequence analysis of two members of this family show them to contain
      greater than 75% GC bases. These are comprised of multiple repeats of GGX
      triplets interspersed occasionally with CGPy and TTPy. Southern blotting shows
      that these repeats are not transposable elements. Twenty four homologous
      recombinants have been localised by in situ hybridization to seven sites in the
      Drosophila genome. Polyadenylated RNAs homologous to this repeat family are
      expressed in a complex pattern which is developmentally regulated. We suggest
      that this family encodes a set of glycine-rich domains in Drosophila proteins.

PMID- 2884625
TI  - Identification of 28 DNA fragments that detect RFLPs in 13 distinct physical
      regions of the short arm of chromosome 5.
AB  - A series of 175 lambda phage carrying human inserts isolated from a library that
      is specific for the short arm of human chromosome 5 (5p) have been regionally
      mapped on 5p using a deletion mapping panel of 16 human-hamster cell hybrids,
      each of which contains a chromosome 5 with a different deletion in the short arm.
      Seventy-five single copy DNA fragments were screened with 12 restriction enzymes
      for their ability to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs).
      Twenty-eight of these DNA fragments, which are located in 13 distinct physical
      regions of 5p, were found to detect RFLPs. These DNA markers make it possible to
      construct a linkage map that will span the entire length of 5p and will allow the
      relationship between genetic and physical distance for this region of the genome
      to be examined at a high level of resolution.

PMID- 2884626
TI  - The pea mitochondrial ATPase subunit 9 gene is located upstream of the ATPase
      alpha-subunit gene.

PMID- 2884627
TI  - An anonymous single copy X-chromosome clone DXS94 from Xq11-q21 identifies a
      common RFLP.

PMID- 2884628
TI  - Single copy X-chromosome clone p8 from Xq11-Xq13 identifies further low frequency
      RFLP [HGM8 no. DXS1].

PMID- 2884629
TI  - Three RFLPs are detected by an alpha spectrin genomic clone.

PMID- 2884630
TI  - Apa I polymorphism of a human immunoglobin VH3 subclass locus.

PMID- 2884631
TI  - Multiple RFLPs at the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) locus.

PMID- 2884632
TI  - An RFLP close to the human collagen I gene COL1A1.

PMID- 2884633
TI  - A restriction fragment length polymorphism at the murine c-myb locus.

PMID- 2884634
TI  - Bgl II polymorphism for the alpha 1-antitrypsin-related gene on chromosome 14.

PMID- 2884635
TI  - RFLP for the human LDL receptor gene (LDLR): Bst EII.

PMID- 2884636
TI  - Characterization of a highly polymorphic region 5' to JH in the human
      immunoglobulin heavy chain.
AB  - A cloned DNA segment 1.25 kilobases (kb) upstream from the joining segments of
      the human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene revealed extensive polymorphic
      variation at this locus, and the polymorphic pattern was stably transmitted to
      the next generation. Genomic restriction analysis showed that the polymorphism
      was caused by insertions/deletions within an MspI/BamHI fragment. Sequencing of
      one allele, 848 base pairs (bp) long, revealed eleven 50-base-pair tandem
      repeats. A second allele, 648 bp long, was cloned from a human genomic cosmid
      library, sequenced, and found to contain four fewer repeats than the first
      allele. A survey of 186 chromosomes from unrelated individuals of primarily
      northern European descent revealed at least six alleles.

PMID- 2884638
TI  - Hypervariable lengths of human DNA associated with a human satellite III sequence
      found in the 3.4kb Y-specific fragment.

PMID- 2884637
TI  - Nearly identical members of the heterogeneous IAP gene family are expressed in
      thymus of different mouse strains.
AB  - Poly(A)RNAs prepared from the thymuses of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice were used to
      construct cDNA libraries in the bacterial expression vector lambda gt11. The
      libraries were scanned first for protein production with polyvalent antiserum
      prepared against the 73kDa gag protein of mouse intracisternal A-particles (IAP).
      Reactive plaques were crossed-screened by hybridization with an IAP-specific DNA
      probe. Two IAP-specific protein-producing plaques were obtained from the C57BL/6
      library and 4 from the DBA/2 library. One C57BL/6 cDNA clone (B12) and two DBA
      cDNA clones (D8 and D20) were sequenced in their entirety. Clones B12 and D8 were
      remarkably similar, particularly when compared to the 6 other IAP elements that
      have been sequenced thus far. We discuss the evidence which leads us to suggest
      that these clones may be derived from allelic IAP elements expressed in mouse
      thymus.

PMID- 2884639
TI  - A polymorphic DNA probe located to human chromosome 4p16 (D4S62).

PMID- 2884640
TI  - An anonymous DNA segment (II227) maps to the long arm of human chromosome 5 and
      identifies a BstXI polymorphism (D5S26).

PMID- 2884641
TI  - A c-DNA probe for the oncogene c-MEL (pC7-1) recognises a polymorphism with NcoI.

PMID- 2884642
TI  - A subclone of the autosomal phosphoglycerate kinase pseudogene (HGM8 gene symbol
      PGK1P2), localized to 6p23-q12, detects moderately polymorphic RFLP.

PMID- 2884643
TI  - SacI RFLP recognized by a human immunoglobulin kappa light chain constant region
      probe.

PMID- 2884644
TI  - Somatostatin prevents the desensitizing action of growth hormone-releasing factor
      on growth hormone release.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of prior exposure to somatostatin (SRIF) alone or
      in combination with growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) on the subsequent
      cyclic AMP and GH responses to GRF in rat anterior pituitary cells in primary
      culture. The maximal 4.5-fold stimulation of GH release induced by a 3-hr
      incubation with GRF is reduced by 60% following a prior 3-hr exposure to 30 nM
      GRF. A 3-hr preincubation with GRF in the presence of 30 nM SRIF doubles
      spontaneous GH release while the maximal amount of GH released during a
      subsequent 3-hr exposure to GRF is similar to that measured in cells pretreated
      with control medium, thus completely preventing the loss of GH responsiveness
      induced by prior exposure to GRF. The prevention by SRIF of the desensitizing
      action of GRF on GH release is not observed on the cyclic AMP response which
      remains almost completely inhibited in GRF-pretreated cells. Similar protective
      effects are obtained when SRIF is incubated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thus
      completely preventing the desensitizing action of PGE2 on GH release. Prior
      treatment with pertussis toxin completely prevents the protective action of SRIF
      on GH responsiveness. Pretreatment with GRF + SRIF increases by 85 and 60% the
      maximal amount of GH release induced by cholera toxin and 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'
      monophosphate, respectively. The post-SRIF rebound effect on GH release occurs
      mainly during the first 30 min following withdrawal of the tetradecapeptide. The
      present data demonstrate that simultaneous preincubation with SRIF and GRF
      prevents the marked inhibition of GH release during subsequent exposure to
      GRF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884645
TI  - Somatostatin 28(1-12) in a somatostatin-secreting human medullary thyroid
      carcinoma cell line.
AB  - We have identified a system, the TT human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line,
      which we found to contain 31.3 +/- 27.7 ng of somatostatin 28(1-12)
      immunoreactivity/mg protein. Radioimmunoassay of gel filtration fractions showed
      that the major form of immunoreactive somatostatin 28(1-12) had a molecular
      weight of 1,500 daltons. During reversed-phase high pressure liquid
      chromatography, this 1,500-dalton species coeluted with synthetic somatostatin
      28(1-12). Somatostatin 28(1-12) containing forms larger than 7,000 daltons were
      also observed. Further studies will be required to elucidate the route of
      processing of prosomatostatin. The fact that the products of prosomatostatin
      processing in these cells are similar to those in normal tissues indicates that
      the TT medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line constitutes a useful model for human
      somatostatin gene expression.

PMID- 2884646
TI  - Neuropeptide and monoamine components of the parabrachial pontine complex.
AB  - The present investigation examined the distributions of immunoreactive
      neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK), substance P (SP), methionine
      enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SS), rat
      neurophysin II (RNP II), vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OXY), tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH), and serotonin in the parabrachial nuclear complex (PB) of the rat. All of
      these substances were localized to the PB and they appeared to be
      chemoarchitecturally organized within the complex. The lateral subdivision (PBL)
      was organized medial-lateral and ventral-dorsal. Specifically NT, CCK, and SP
      immunoreactive fibers were found to be the most dense in the ventral aspect of
      the PBL. The distribution of NT-containing fibers was similar to the pattern of
      CCK-containing fibers and these were localized primarily to the central zone of
      the PBL. Immunoreactive SP fibers and cells were found in the external and
      internal zones ventrally and surrounding the dorsal and dorsolateral nuclei in
      the PBL. Somatostatin, ENK and VIP were found to be the most dense in the dorsal
      PBL. Serotonin- and TH-containing cells and fibers were found in both the PBL and
      PBM. These results, coupled with the observations of neuronal connections of the
      PB and the known functions of this region, underscore the potential involvement
      for these neuropeptides and monoamines in limbic-brainstem mechanisms of
      autonomic control.

PMID- 2884647
TI  - Immunoreactive dynorphin-A in bovine anterior pituitary and its in vitro release.
AB  - The anterior lobe (AL) of the bovine pituitary contained and released, during in
      vitro culture, a form of immunoreactive dynorphin-A (ir-DYN-A) larger than that
      occurring in neural tissue. Bovine AL tissue from intact females contained less
      ir-DYN-A than did AL tissue from castrated males. Enzymatically dispersed AL
      cells contained and released ir-DYN-A in vitro. Preincubation of dispersed AL
      cells for 18 hr, rather than 1.5 hr, increased the content and release of ir-DYN
      A as well as LH. Addition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to tissue
      slices or dispersed cells stimulated release of LH, but in contrast to published
      observations from rat AL, GnRH had no effect on release of ir-DYN-A. Addition of
      estradiol-17 beta, with or without progesterone, increased release of ir-DYN-A
      but not LH during 2-hr cultures. In summary, bovine AL contains and releases in
      vitro a large molecular weight form of ir-DYN-A. Although this ir-DYN-A was not
      coreleased with LH, a reproductive role was suggested by in vivo and in vitro
      effects of gonadal hormones on ir-DYN-A in the bovine anterior pituitary.

PMID- 2884648
TI  - Immunoreactive dynorphin-A in ovine anterior pituitary and effects of estradiol
      17 beta administration.
AB  - Anterior lobe (AL) tissue of the ovine pituitary gland contained a form of
      immunoreactive dynorphin-A (ir-DYN-A) larger than that found in pituitary
      neurointermediate lobe. Administration of estradiol-17 beta or estradiol-17 beta
      plus progesterone to ovariectomized sheep decreased AL tissue concentrations of
      ir-DYN-A but did not affect any LH parameter. Enzymatically dispersed AL cells
      also contained ir-DYN-A, but specific release during in vitro incubation was too
      low to be detected even when cells were exposed to gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone.

PMID- 2884649
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of the effects of cysteamine on somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system.
AB  - The brain and spinal cord of untreated and cysteamine-treated rats were analyzed
      with immunohistochemistry using antisera raised against somatostatin (SOM)-28(1
      14) and SOM-28(15-28). Sections incubated with increasing dilutions of antiserum
      were evaluated subjectively on coded slides and with computer-assisted image
      analysis. For control experiments, antisera raised against methionine-enkephalin,
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) and dynorphin (DYN)(1-13) were used. The latter antiserum
      does not visualize the conventional DYN systems in the brain, but reacts with an
      unknown epitope, which here could be shown to be present in SOM neurons. In
      cysteamine-treated rats a marked decrease in SOM-28(15-28)-like immunoreactivity
      (1.1) could be recorded subjectively at all antibody concentrations in fibers in
      several brain areas, including nucleus accumbens, tuberculum olfactorium and the
      hypothalamic ventromedial and arcuate nuclei. In these areas SOM-LI is fairly
      weak in untreated rats. In SOM-rich regions such as the median eminence and the
      dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the depleting effect of cysteamine could be
      recorded subjectively only when diluted antisera were used. Image analysis
      confirmed the subjective analysis, and, in addition, differences between controls
      and cysteamine-treated rats could be shown also at high antiserum concentrations.
      SOM-28(15-28)-immunoreactive cell bodies could be seen in the brains of either
      control or drug-treated rats. No effect of cysteamine could be observed when
      antiserum raised to SOM-28(1-14) was used. Cysteamine did not seem to affect
      enkephalin-LI, NPY-LI or an epitope in SOM neurons reacting with DYN(1-13)
      antiserum. After preabsorption of SOM-28(15-28) antiserum with SOM-28(15-28)
      peptide, the staining patterns described above disappeared completely. However,
      if the SOM-28(15-28) peptide was pretreated with a high concentration (1 M) of
      cysteamine before being used for absorption with SOM antiserum, no blocking
      effect could be observed. The present results demonstrate with
      immunohistochemistry that cysteamine causes depletion of SOM-28(15-28) in fibers
      but apparently not in cell bodies. No effects on SOM-28(1-14)-LI were observed.
      This supports earlier evidence that cysteamine interacts with the disulphide bond
      in the SOM-28(15-28) molecule. The present results also emphasize that when
      analyzing drug effects on peptide neurons with immunohistochemical techniques, it
      is important to use dilution series of antibodies and preferably to carry out the
      analysis with objective image analysis methods.

PMID- 2884650
TI  - [Effect of various beta-adrenolytic drugs on respiratory function in patients
      with primary arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2884651
TI  - Ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of the lateral prostate in aged rats.
AB  - Ultrastructural, histological, and immunohistochemical studies were performed on
      lateral prostates of 1) aged rats from different strains, 2) rats permitted
      different levels of sexual activity, and 3) castrated rats. Antibodies against
      the following proteins were used as immunohistochemical markers: SVS II from
      seminal vesicle, LP 28 from lateral prostate, acid phosphatase isoenzymes from
      ventral prostate, transglutaminase from coagulating gland, and a commercial
      monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin. SVS II is a marker of lateral prostatic
      secretion, while immunoreactions to LP 28 and acid phosphatase (pI 7.1) were
      cytoplasmic. In aged animals the amount of intracellular secretion is decreased,
      and focally metaplastic transformation can be visualized by using
      immunohistochemical markers. Epithelial ultrastructure varied considerably with
      experimental conditions. Intensive sexual activity resulted in increased
      polymorphism and increased number of secretory granules within the glandular
      cells, while castration was followed by a rapid loss of secretory material. Also,
      in rats older than 10 months, a reduction in the number of secretion granules was
      common. The epithelium developed a positive immunoreaction to transglutaminase
      antibodies that were not observed in juvenile glands. Cells, presumably
      macrophages, which had an intense immunoreactivity for transglutaminase, were
      increased in number both within and outside the prostatic acini of aged rats. The
      possible interaction between secretory SVS II, a substrate of transglutaminase,
      the release of this enzyme from macrophages or its reflux from coagulating
      glands, the spontaneous cellular exfoliation that is due to decreased androgen
      levels, and dietary noxae may be of importance in the development of lateral
      prostatic nonbacterial inflammation in aged rats.

PMID- 2884652
TI  - Alpha adrenergic regulation of celiac blood flow and plasma catecholamine
      response during acute heat stress in fed cockerels.
AB  - Hubbard cockerels with chronically implanted electromagnetic blood flow probes on
      the celiac artery were used to establish a relationship between changes in
      postprandial celiac mean blood flow (MBF) and plasma catecholamines during a
      acute heat exposure. Five min after the elevation of ambient temperature from 25
      to 37 C, there were concomitant reductions (P less than .05) in celiac MBF,
      norepinephrine (NE), and heart rate (HR). After 50 min of heat stress, rectal
      temperature (Tr), respiratory rate (RR), plasma epinephrine (E), and celiac
      vascular resistance (CVR) were significantly greater (P less than .05) than
      preheat stress thermoneutral control values. During the thermoneutral recovery
      period, all parameters returned to values comparable to preheat exposure control
      with the exception of NE, which tended (P less than .1) to remain lower. To
      determine the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating postprandial
      celiac MBF during acute heat exposure, chronically instrumented cockerels were
      infused with phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic receptor-blocking agent. Alpha
      receptor blockade attenuated both postprandial intestinal hyperemia under
      thermoneutral conditions as well as the heat-induced reduction of postprandial
      celiac MBF. The results of these studies implicate the sympathetic nervous system
      in the regulation of postprandial celiac MBF in heat-stressed cockerels and
      indicate a possible alpha-adrenergic-mediated mechanism involved in postprandial
      intestinal hyperemia.

PMID- 2884653
TI  - Interactions between morphine-like analgesics and anticonvulsant drugs.
AB  - The effect of pretreatment with morphine-like analgesics on the anticonvulsant
      effect of phenytoin and phenobarbital against electroconvulsions and of
      phenobarbital and ethosuximide against pentetrazole-induced convulsions was
      studied in mice. High doses of morphine (4 mg/kg subcutaneously), fentanyl (100
      micrograms/kg subcutaneously), pethidine and pentazocine (4 and 8 mg/kg
      subcutaneously) increased the anti-electroshock effect of phenytoin; that of
      phenobarbital was likewise increased by morphine (2 and 4 mg/kg), fentanyl (25
      100 micrograms/kg) and pentazocine (2-8 mg/kg), whereas pethidine had no
      corresponding effect. There was no consistent effect of pretreatment with the
      analgesics studied on the anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital and
      ethosuximide in the pentetrazole seizure threshold test.

PMID- 2884654
TI  - Differential effects of the dopamine antagonist remoxipride on apomorphine
      induced behaviour in the rat.
AB  - The effects of the novel substituted benzamide remoxipride on apomorphine induced
      behaviour in rats was investigated by means of an automatic holeboard apparatus.
      The ability of remoxipride to antagonise locomotion and gnawing induced by a high
      dose of apomorphine (5 mg/kg) and inhibition of exploration induced by a low dose
      of apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg) was tested. It was found that remoxipride in moderate
      doses potentiate locomotion and inhibit gnawing induced by the high dose of
      apomorphine while higher doses of remoxipride inhibits both apomorphine induced
      gnawing and locomotion. The inhibition of exploration following the low dose of
      apomorphine was not antagonised by remoxipride pretreatment. The results
      demonstrated that remoxipride has an interesting and unique profile of dopamine
      antagonistic effects in rat behavioural models.

PMID- 2884655
TI  - Aryl sulphatase isoenzymes of chorionic villi: implications for prenatal
      diagnosis.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of metachromatic leucodystrophy (MLD) is based on
      demonstrating a deficiency of aryl sulphatase A (ASA) in the fetus. To evaluate
      the place of chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis of this condition,
      the properties of ASA were compared in chorionic villi and cultured skin
      fibroblasts. Considerable differences with respect to pH optimum, Km values and
      linearity with incubation time were found. These differences can be explained by
      the presence of aryl sulphatase C (ASC), a major component in chorionic villi and
      placenta. This isoenzyme was shown to have activity towards p-nitrocatechol
      sulphate (NCS) thereby interfering in the colorimetric assay most often used to
      detect MLD (Baum et al., 1959)

PMID- 2884657
TI  - [Occurrence of tardive dyskinesia during neuroleptic treatment].
AB  - The incidence of tardive dyskinesia under neuroleptic treatment is diversely
      estimated. The effectiveness of anticholinergics in its prevention is under
      discussion. Among 52 patients treated with neuroleptics for more than 5 years
      (mean: 9 years) only 2 developed tardive dyskinesia, and the disorder was
      transient in each case. The low doses of neuroleptic drugs administered and their
      systematic association with anticholinergics seem to be partly responsible for
      this low incidence of tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2884656
TI  - [Can respiratory tolerance to beta-blockers be predicted?].
AB  - Adverse effects on respiratory function is one of the main problems associated
      with the use of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Studies on this subject in healthy
      volunteers or patients with obstructive airway disease have been performed by
      measuring air flow at rest and after exercise, but no attention has been paid to
      the repercussions on pulmonary circulation. The lack of standardized protocol,
      the inhomogeneity of groups and the absence of long-term studies preclude
      objective comparisons between the different beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. On the
      whole, cardioselective beta-blockers are better tolerated than the others, but
      any classification based on the respiratory effects to cardiovascular
      effectiveness ratio is, for the moment, impossible to establish.

PMID- 2884658
TI  - [Neuropathy in patients treated with almitrine].

PMID- 2884659
TI  - [Diabetes with transient hypoinsulinosecretion in periarteritis nodosa. Possible
      role of pancreatic vasculitis].

PMID- 2884660
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by glucocorticoid and
      cyclic AMP.
AB  - Glucocorticoid and cyclic AMP increase tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and
      mRNA levels in pheochromocytoma cultures. The transcriptional activity of the TH
      gene, as measured by nuclear run-on assay, is also increased when cultures are
      treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone or agents that increase
      intracellular cyclic AMP, such as forskolin and 8-BrcAMP. Both inducers effect
      transcriptional changes within 10 min after treatment and are maximal after 30
      min for forskolin and after 60 min for dexamethasone. The 5' flanking sequences
      of the TH gene were fused to the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      (CAT), and the hybrid gene was transfected into pheochromocytoma cultures and GH4
      pituitary cells. In both cell lines, a region of the TH gene containing bases 
      272 to +27 conferred induction of CAT by cyclic AMP, but not by glucocorticoid.
      The same results were found when a region of the TH gene containing -773 to +27
      was used. Thus, the sequences required for induction of TH by cyclic AMP are
      contained within 272 bases of 5' flanking sequence, but sequences sufficient for
      glucocorticoid regulation are not contained within 773 bases.

PMID- 2884661
TI  - Effector and suppressor circuits of the immune response are activated in vivo by
      different mechanisms.
AB  - The application of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) onto the skin of mice
      induces a contact hypersensitivity immune response. Lymph nodes draining the skin
      painted with FITC contain fluorescent cells that induce contact hypersensitivity
      to FITC when injected into normal mice. The antigen-presenting cells responsible
      for activating the effector pathway of the contact hypersensitivity response
      express Ia histocompatibility determinants and are resistant to inactivation with
      gamma-radiation. Exposing the skin to low doses of UV radiation (280-320 nm)
      before the application of FITC suppresses the contact hypersensitivity response
      to FITC. Cells present in the draining lymph nodes of these mice induce
      suppressor T lymphocytes when injected into normal recipients. The inducer cells
      in the draining lymph nodes are Thy 1+, Ia- and are inactivated by gamma
      radiation. These studies demonstrate that different mechanisms are involved in
      the in vivo activation of effector and suppressor immune responses, and they
      suggest that the mode of initial antigen presentation determines which
      immunologic circuit will be activated in response to a contact-sensitizing
      antigen.

PMID- 2884662
TI  - Hematopoietic cell transplantation in murine globoid cell leukodystrophy (the
      twitcher mouse): effects on levels of galactosylceramidase, psychosine, and
      galactocerebrosides.
AB  - Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) prolongs survival in the twitcher mouse,
      an authentic animal model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease;
      galactosylceramidase deficiency), but the effects of HCT on levels of
      galactosylceramidase, psychosine, and cerebrosides in the tissues of twitcher
      mice have not been previously studied. Galactosylceramidase was less than 8% of
      control activity in tissues of untreated twitcher mice but reached normal values
      in brain and spleen and 20-30% of control in kidney of 100-day-old twitchers that
      received HCT at age 10 days. Using a recently developed method for the
      simultaneous determination of psychosine and cerebrosides, we measured the tissue
      levels of these lipids in the above animals. The levels of psychosine in brain,
      sciatic nerve, and kidney of untreated twitcher mice were 44, 200, and 12 times
      control values, respectively, in 30-day-old animals and 69, 500, and 14 times
      control levels in 40-day-old mice. On the other hand, levels of cerebroside were
      approximately 35% of control values in sciatic nerve, remained about the same in
      the brain, and were elevated 10-fold in the kidney of twitcher mice. After HCT,
      psychosine levels in the brains of 30-day-old twitchers were lowered to 30-35% of
      values in untreated twitchers, and the levels remained in that range during the
      post-HCT period. Similarly, brain cerebroside levels remained low in HCT-treated
      twitcher mice. Although psychosine levels in sciatic nerves of HCT-treated
      twitcher mice increased more slowly than in the nerves of untreated twitchers,
      the levels in 100-day-old HCT-treated twitcher mice had reached the same high
      values as those seen in untreated 40-day-old twitchers. It is not known whether
      the extremely high levels of psychosine in sciatic nerves ultimately contribute
      to the death of twitcher mice after HCT.

PMID- 2884664
TI  - The effects of cyanide on intracellular ionic exchange in ferret and rat
      ventricular myocardium.
AB  - The effects of cyanide on Ca2+ exchange in isolated ventricular myocytes and on
      the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+, Na+ and H+ have been investigated to
      assess the contribution that mitochondria might play in cellular Ca2+ metabolism.
      Ionic levels were measured with ion-selective electrodes. KCN (2.5 mM) inhibited
      a component of Ca2+ exchange in myocytes that could be attributed to
      mitochondrial exchange, but was without effect on non-mitochondrial Ca2+
      exchange. NaCN (2.5 mM) caused a transient reduction of [H+]i, [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i
      when applied to the superfusate bathing ventricular trabeculae or papillary
      muscles. The transient changes of [Na+]i were accentuated when the preparation
      was exposed to a solution which would be expected to increase the cellular
      calcium content. The reduction of [Na+]i which accompanies a reduction of the
      extracellular sodium concentration, [Na]o, was attenuated in the presence of
      NaCN, but the intracellular acidosis resulting from a reduction of [Na]o was
      unaffected by NaCN. A small, but significant, rise of [Ca2+]i accompanied a
      reduction of [Na]o but only when NaCN was present in the superfusate. It is
      concluded that cyanide ions have a reasonably specific action on cardiac cellular
      ionic metabolism. Its primary action is to prevent mitochondrial Ca2+
      sequestration. It is postulated that a Na+/H+ exchange, possibly at the
      sarcolemma, could account for some of the changes to sarcoplasmic ionic levels
      observed. In a solution of low [Na]o, it is concluded that mitochondria could
      sequester at least 30% of the calcium accumulated by the cell even though the
      sarcoplasmic [Ca2+] does not exceed 0.3 microM.

PMID- 2884663
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist desegregates eye-specific stripes.
AB  - The optic tecta of surgically produced three-eyed tadpoles were chronically
      exposed to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist
      aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV), or to NMDA itself, to assess the influence of
      NMDA receptor/channels on the eye-specific segregation of retinal ganglion cell
      (RGC) terminals that occurs whenever two retinas innervate one tectal lobe.
      Exposure of the tectum to the active isomer of APV produces desegregation of the
      RGC terminals without blocking electrical activity in the afferents or altering
      their terminal arbor morphology. Exposure to the inactive isomer of APV causes no
      perturbation of the normal stripe pattern. APV-induced desegregation is
      completely reversible within 2 weeks of removal of the APV. In addition, exposure
      of the optic tectum to NMDA results in stripes with sharper borders and fewer
      forks and fusions than untreated animals. These results suggest that the NMDA
      receptor/channel plays a role in eye-specific segregation in the three-eyed
      tadpole.

PMID- 2884665
TI  - Dynamic mechanism of visual accommodation in teleosts: structure of the lens
      muscle and its nerve control.
AB  - The accommodatory system was examined in two teleosts (mackerel and bass). The
      fine structure and innervation of the lens muscle is presented to characterize
      the muscle organization. The neural pathway involved in the dynamic accommodation
      was examined by analysing the fibre spectrum of the ciliary nerve, and the nerve
      that controls the lens-muscle activity was studied by means of electrical
      stimulation. The lens muscle is composed of smooth-muscle cells, which contain
      numerous mitochondria. Many synaptic endings are also found on the muscle cells;
      these synaptic endings contain many agranular vesicles. From the results of the
      fibre analysis, it was found that the nerve that controls the lens muscle
      contains less than 100 myelinated nerve fibres in both fish: the electrical
      stimulation experiments demonstrate that the muscle is controlled by oculomotor
      (parasympathetic) nerve fibres. Ultrastructural features of the lens muscle and
      its nerve control resemble those of the mammalian ciliary muscle. The teleostean
      lens muscle is classified as a multi-unit smooth muscle.

PMID- 2884666
TI  - The Leeuwenhoek lecture, 1985. A molecular biologist's view of viral hepatitis.
AB  - Three forms of viral hepatitis can be distinguished serologically. Hepatitis A
      virus is a picornavirus, which is being studied increasingly after its
      propagation in cell cultures. The B virus (HBV) is the prototype of a family now
      termed hepadna viruses and is by far the best understood. The third, by
      exclusion, is non-A non-B, about which little else is known. Molecular cloning
      methods enable copies of viral genes to be propagated and analysed quite readily
      and provide the means for isolation and expression of individual genes in
      microbial and animal cells. Determination of the nucleotide sequences of HBV DNA
      revealed its genetic organization and so guided studies of the mechanism of gene
      expression both in infected animals and cultures of transformed cells.
      Replication of the viral genome has also been studied in natural infections,
      particularly with duck HBV, but also with the human virus. Expression of HBV
      genes in microbial cells is valuable as a source of antigens for diagnostic
      reagents and vaccine preparations, but has also been of consequence for the
      identification of viral gene products not previously recognized and which are of
      considerable current interest. The methods and materials now available provide
      additional opportunities for inquiring into the course of viral infection,
      replication of the virus and, for HBV, the possible role in the development of
      hepatomas of integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome.

PMID- 2884667
TI  - The Florey lecture, 1986. Vaccine prevention of virus-induced human cancers.
AB  - Carcinogenic viruses have been discovered in numerous animal species over the
      last 80 years but their role in human cancer has only recently become an
      important issue. With EB virus involved with endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and
      undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hepatitis B virus with primary liver
      cancer, papilloma viruses with carcinoma of the cervix, and T-cell leukaemia
      virus with adult T leukaemia, 20-25% of all human cancer appears to have a virus
      component in its causation. By analogy with certain virus-induced animal cancers,
      vaccine prevention of infection should greatly reduce subsequent tumour
      development; vaccines against hepatitis B virus are already on trial for this
      purpose in populations at risk. Experiments are described in which an EB virus
      subunit vaccine consisting of the virus-determined membrane antigen glycoprotein
      molecule of molecular mass 340 kDa (MA gp340) has been prepared by two
      purification methods. Material from one of these has successfully protected
      cotton-top tamarins against a 100% lymphomagenic dose of challenge virus and
      investigations are under way to identify an immunogen, based on MA gp340,
      suitable for use in man. Genetically engineered bacterial, yeast, and mammalian
      cells expressing the gp340 gene are already available; this gene has also been
      inserted into vaccinia and varicella virus vectors. Powerful new adjuvants are
      also considered, together with future strategies for human vaccine studies.

PMID- 2884668
TI  - Excitation-contraction coupling and extracellular calcium transients in rabbit
      atrium: reconstruction of basic cellular mechanisms.
AB  - Interactions of electrogenic sodium-calcium exchange, calcium channel and
      sarcoplasmic reticulum in the mammalian heart have been explored by simulation of
      extracellular calcium transients measured with tetramethylmurexide in rabbit
      atrium. The approach has been to use the simplest possible formulations of these
      mechanisms, which together with a minimum number of additional mechanisms allow
      reconstruction of action potentials, intracellular calcium transients and
      extracellular calcium transients. A 3:1 sodium-calcium exchange stoichiometry is
      assumed. Calcium-channel inactivation is assumed to take place by a voltage
      dependent mechanism, which is accelerated by a rise in intracellular calcium;
      intracellular calcium release becomes a major physiological regulator of calcium
      influx via calcium channels. A calcium release mechanism is assumed, which is
      both calcium- and voltage-sensitive, and which undergoes prolonged inactivation.
      200 microM cytosolic calcium buffer is assumed. For most simulations only
      instantaneous potassium conductances are simulated so as to study the other
      mechanisms independently of time- and calcium-dependent outward current. Thus,
      the model reconstructs extracellular calcium transients and typical action
      potential configuration changes during steady-state and non-steady-state
      stimulation from the mechanisms directly involved in trans-sarcolemmal calcium
      movements. The model predicts relatively small trans-sarcolemmal calcium
      movements during regular stimulation (ca. 2 mumol kg-1 fresh mass per
      excitation); calcium current is fully activated within 2 ms of excitation,
      inactivation is substantially complete within 30 ms, and sodium-calcium exchange
      significantly resists repolarization from approximately -30 mV. Net calcium
      movements many times larger are possible during non-steady-state stimulation.
      Long action potentials at premature excitations or after inhibition of calcium
      release can be supported almost exclusively by calcium current (net calcium
      influx 5-30 mumol kg-1 fresh mass); action potentials during potentiated post
      stimulatory contractions can be supported almost exclusively by sodium-calcium
      exchange (net calcium efflux 4-20 mumol kg-1 fresh mass). Large calcium movements
      between the extracellular space and the sarcoplasmic reticulum can take place
      through the cytosol with virtually no contractile activation. The simulations
      provide integrated explanations of electrical activity, contractile function and
      trans-sarcolemmal calcium movements, which were outside the explanatory range of
      previous models.

PMID- 2884669
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonists and cyclic AMP decrease intracellular resting free
      calcium concentration in ileum smooth muscle.
AB  - Intracellular free-calcium levels were measured in strips of longitudinal smooth
      muscle from guinea-pig ileum; fura-2 was used as a calcium monitor. At rest the
      calcium concentration was about 180 nM, and this rose to 300-400 nM following
      electrical stimulation and during spontaneous calcium transients (all
      measurements at 23-25 degrees C). Isoprenaline suppressed the spontaneous calcium
      transients, and reduced the resting calcium level to about 130 nM. This fall in
      resting calcium concentration was seen even in muscle strips which did not have
      spontaneous activity. Elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels, produced by
      forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP, mimicked the actions of isoprenaline. We
      conclude that the relaxant effects of beta-adrenergic agonists of visceral smooth
      muscle may be explained partly by a fall in intracellular resting free-calcium
      level, mediated via an increase in cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2884670
TI  - A mass-accumulation of vertebrates from the Lower Cretaceous of Nehden
      (Sauerland), West Germany.
AB  - A 'fauna' of vertebrates recovered from a cavern-like deposit at a quarry near
      the village of Nehden in Sauerland is described and reviewed in some detail.
      Anatomical descriptions of some skeletal elements are given, where they provide
      new information or supplement previous descriptions. The clays in which the
      fossils were buried have been dated comparatively as Aptian (late Lower
      Cretaceous) and approximately contemporary with the Weald Clay unit of the
      Wealden Formation of southeast England and the Bernissartian of southwest
      Belgium. Both these latter formations have yielded faunal and floral assemblages
      that are very similar to those found at Nehden. The vertebrates collected at
      Nehden include adult and numerous juvenile remains of two species of the
      ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon: I. atherfieldensis and I. bernissartensis. (I.
      atherfieldensis is the more abundantly represented.) These can be contrasted with
      the mass-accumulation of Iguanodon recovered from Bernissart, where these
      dinosaurs are represented by predominantly adult skeletons. There is
      circumstantial evidence from a documented association of bones (revealed by
      examination of excavation plans) to support a reconstruction of a juvenile
      Iguanodon bernissartensis with a body length ca. 2-3 m (fully grown individuals
      reach a body length of ca. 11 m); this is the smallest individual of this species
      recovered to date. The remainder of the vertebrate assemblage consists of very
      fragmentary remains of crocodilians, chelonians and extremely rare fish. The
      presence of both a hypsilophodontid ornithischian dinosaur and a theropod
      saurischian dinosaur must be viewed as extremely conjectural, based as they are
      on two very poor specimens. Remains referred to as Vectisaurus sp. in previous
      accounts of this site are juvenile individuals of Iguanodon. The circumstances
      surrounding three mass-accumulations of fossils, Trossingen, Bernissart and
      Nehden, are reviewed, and evidence of mass deaths among recent vertebrates is
      considered. Archive records at Trossingen suggest that periodic events, such as
      mud-slides, may have been partly responsible for the concentration of remains.
      Similar events may also have been responsible for the assemblages at Bernissart
      and Nehden; the assemblage at Nehden may represent an accumulation caused by a
      flash flood or by a herd crossing a river. It is suggested that awareness of such
      common phenomena should be emphasized when data such as these are used in
      estimations of numerical abundance and diversity of species in the fossil
      record.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2884671
TI  - Acanthonus armatus, a deep-sea teleost fish with a minute brain and large ears.
AB  - Acanthonus armatus, a deep-water benthopelagic fish, has, per unit body weight,
      the smallest brain and largest semicircular canals of any known teleost and
      possibly any vertebrate. Pertinent areas of the brainstem and the cerebellum are
      large; this observation suggests that the fish's lateral line and vestibular
      senses are particularly acute. The huge cranial cavity also contains heavy
      saccular otoliths, which may indicate that the fish is sensitive to low-frequency
      sound. Brain size and specialization are consistent with an apparent pattern of
      low energy requirement, hovering and slow movement over the deep-sea floor, and
      consumption of small benthic prey in a dark environment.

PMID- 2884672
TI  - The evolution of visual processing and the construction of seeing systems.
AB  - This paper is concerned with the evolution of visual mechanisms and the
      possibility of copying their principles at different levels of sophistication. It
      is an old question how the complex interaction between eye and brain evolved when
      each needs the other as a test-bed for successive improvements. I propose that
      the primitive mechanism for the separation of stationary objects relies on their
      relative movement against a background, normally caused by the animal's own
      movement. Apparently insects and many lower animals use little more than this for
      negotiating through a three-dimensional world, making adequate responses to
      individual objects which they 'see' without a cortical system or even without a
      large brain. In the development of higher animals such as birds or man,
      additional circuits store memories of the forms of objects that have been
      frequently inspected from all angles or handled. Simple visual systems, however,
      are tuned to a feature of the world by which objects separate themselves by
      movement relative to the eye. In making simple artificial visual systems which
      'see', as distinct from merely projecting the image, it is more hopeful to copy
      the 'ambient' vision of lower animals than the cortical systems of birds or
      mammals.

PMID- 2884673
TI  - An account of responses of spectrally opponent neurons in macaque lateral
      geniculate nucleus to successive contrast.
AB  - Coloured surfaces in the normal environment may be brighter or dimmer than the
      mean adaptation level. Changes in the firing rate of cells of the parvocellular
      layers of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus were studied with such stimuli;
      chromatic mixtures briefly replaced a white adaptation field. This paradigm is
      therefore one of successive contrast. Families of intensity-response curves for
      different wavelengths were measured. When taking sections at different luminance
      ratios through these families of curves, strongly opponent cells displayed
      spectrally selective responses at low luminance ratios, while weakly opponent
      cells had higher chromatic thresholds and responded well to stimuli at higher
      luminance ratios, brighter than the adaptation field. Strength of cone opponency,
      defined as the weight of the inhibitory cone mechanism relative to the excitatory
      one, was thus related to the range of intensity in which cells appeared to
      operate most effectively. S-cone inputs, as tested with lights lying along
      tritanopic confusion lines, could either be excitatory or inhibitory. Families of
      curves for different wavelengths can be simulated mathematically for a given cell
      by a simple model by using known cone absorption spectra. Hyperbolic response
      functions relate cone absorption to the output signals of the three cone
      mechanisms, which are assumed to interact linearly. Parameters from the
      simulation provided estimates of strength of cone opponency and cone sensitivity
      which were shown to be continuously distributed. Cell activity can be related to
      cone excitation in a trichromatic colour space with the help of the model, to
      give an indication of suprathreshold coding of colour and lightness.

PMID- 2884674
TI  - Acetylcholine may regulate its own nicotinic receptor-channel through the C
      kinase system.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh)-activated channel properties were examined on an aneural
      culture of chick embryo myotubes by using patch-clamp techniques. Changes in
      conductance, open time and closed time were induced by the selective activator of
      the calcium- and phospholipid-dependent C-kinase (PKc), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate (TPA). The action of TPA was mimicked by exogenous phospholipase C and
      was blocked by the PKc inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulphonyl)-2-methyl
      piperazine. In addition to its gating action, ACh was shown to stimulate
      phosphoinositide turnover and to translocate PKc from the cytosol to the cell
      membrane. Both these ACh-induced effects were inhibited by curare and not
      substantially affected by atropine. Bath-applied ACh outside the patch-pipette in
      the cell-attached patch-clamp mode, had a strong effect on the ACh-activated
      channels in the patch membrane, in a way that resembled the action of TPA. These
      findings raise the possibility that ACh regulates its own nicotinic receptors
      through the C-kinase system.

PMID- 2884675
TI  - Adenosine antagonizes the histamine-induced stimulation of human atrial
      myocardium: protection by H1-receptor blockade.
AB  - The inotropic effect of histamine on the human myocardium consists of two
      opposing components: positive, H2-mediated, and negative, H1-mediated. Because
      adenosine is known to antagonize histamine H2-responses, we assessed whether
      adenosine may unmask H1-mediated histamine responses in human myocardium. We
      found that adenosine modulates the stimulatory effects of histamine on pectinate
      muscles isolated from human right atrium and converts them as a function of its
      concentration from positive to negative. Further, histamine potentiated the
      tendency of adenosine to induce cardiac arrest. The H1-blocker pyrilamine
      antagonized the adenosine-induced suppression of the positive inotropic and
      chronotropic effects of histamine. Thus, our data indicate that the negative
      inotropic and chronotropic effects of histamine in the presence of adenosine
      result in part from an antagonism of H2-mediated increases in rate and
      contractility, and in part from an unmasking of H1-mediated decreases in the same
      parameters. Adenosine and histamine may be co-released in response to hypoxia or
      ischemia. In spite of the protection that adenosine may afford the human
      myocardium against excessive histamine stimulation, adenosine may also unmask the
      inhibitory actions of histamine, promoting dysrhythmia, and negative inotropic
      and chronotropic effects.

PMID- 2884676
TI  - Modulation of neurotransmitter release by adenosine and ATP.

PMID- 2884677
TI  - Tunicate Thy-1--an invertebrate member of the Ig superfamily.

PMID- 2884678
TI  - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of a xanthine-related nootropic drug, ethimizol,
      in rats.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of the respiratory analeptic ethimizol, 4,5-bis(methylcarbamoyl)
      1-ethylimidazole, with recently recognized nootropic properties, its metabolite 4
      carbamoyl-5-methylcarbamoyl-1-ethylimidazole and of two metabolites of unknown
      structure was studied in plasma of rats after intravenous administration of the
      [2-14C]-labelled compound in 5 doses: 1.1, 3.3, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg. The
      apparently monoexponential time course of dose normalized ethimizol plasma
      concentrations were not superimposable and the derived pharmacokinetic parameters
      were dose-dependent. The elimination rate constant and the initial volume of
      distribution decreased with increasing dose. The AUC versus dose relationship
      displayed disproportionate increases with increasing dose. Plasma ethimizol
      failed to obey the Michaelis-Menten kinetics and in an attempt to rationalize the
      observed nonlinearity a complete competitive product inhibition was suggested.
      Similar to the parent drug, the three metabolites exhibited a distinctly dose
      dependent behavior as could be deduced from their dose-normalized concentration
      time curves.

PMID- 2884679
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and excretion of unique beta-adrenergic agonists.
AB  - beta-Adrenergic agonist analogs (congeners) of isoproterenol in which the N
      isopropyl group has been linked to a p-methyl- (119) or p-trifluoromethyl- (143)
      anilide moiety through a four carbon methylene spacer have been investigated with
      respect to their plasma pharmacokinetic profiles and biliary and urinary
      elimination characteristics in rats. In spite of the differences in selectivity
      of pharmacologic effects and durations of action between these unique beta
      adrenergic agonists and isoproterenol, no differences were observed in their
      pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma after intravenous administration. Plasma
      clearances were rapid (67-78 ml/min) and the compounds were widely distributed.
      In contrast to the known elimination characteristics of isoproterenol, biliary
      excretion was the major pathway for elimination of 119 and 143. Parent drug and
      'one' major metabolite peak appeared in HPLC chromatograms of bile collected from
      rats that received 119 and 143 by intravenous administration. Preliminary
      evidence suggests that this metabolite peak consists of one or more glucuronide
      and/or sulfate conjugates. Urinary excretion appears to be of lesser quantitative
      importance for 119 and 143 than for isoproterenol. The protracted duration of
      residence of the derivatives in the heart may help to explain the unusual effects
      and tissue-specific pharmacological properties of these unique beta-adrenergic
      agonists.

PMID- 2884680
TI  - Effects of spasmogens on relaxant dose-response curves to full or partial
      agonists at beta-adrenoceptors of guinea pig isolated trachea.
AB  - When guinea pig isolated trachea is contracted with either carbachol or
      methacholine, relaxant concentration-response curves to isoprenaline, salmefamol
      and fenoterol were shifted to the right, compared with curves obtained with
      either spontaneous or histamine-induced tone. Carbachol and methacholine also
      reduced the maximal relaxation to fenoterol and abolished relaxations to the
      partial agonist pindolol. It is concluded that the processes linking receptor to
      contractile response in trachea are different for histamine receptors and
      muscarinic cholinoceptors.

PMID- 2884681
TI  - Treatment of akathisia with lorazepam. An open clinical trial.
AB  - Sixteen patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia were treated with lorazepam.
      A marked improvement in symptoms was observed in 9 of the patient and moderate
      improvement in 5. Symptoms remained unchanged in 2 patients. The drop in the
      akathisia score from a pretreatment value of 1.81 to 0.5 after 7 days and to 0.32
      after 14 days was statistically significant. Symptoms did not improve
      significantly during observation of the spontaneous course. No severe side
      effects were observed. The physiologic mechanisms of action of lorazepam on the
      akathisia syndrome are discussed.

PMID- 2884682
TI  - Subjective effects during administration and on discontinuation of zopiclone and
      temazepam in normal subjects.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether the new hypnotic, zopiclone,
      was likely to produce rebound problems after short-term use, in comparison with
      placebo and a standard hypnotic, temazepam, and whether tapering the dosage
      lessened any such effects. Ten normal v olunteer subjects were administered 5
      treatment sequences, each lasting 4 weeks, using a balanced design, with at least
      2 weeks between sequences. The treatment sequences were: (table: see text) Each
      drug was given at night before retiring to bed. Daily ratings comprised a Sleep
      Questionnaire, Mood Rating Scales, the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and
      Bodily Symptom Scales. Both drugs improved quality of sleep but their
      discontinuation was followed by some worsening which was postponed but not
      avoided by halving the dosage for a week. Speed of, and feeling on, awakening
      showed discontinuation effects with temazepam but not with zopiclone. Zopiclone
      was associated with feelings of being troubled, tense, antagonistic and bored
      whereas temazepam produced drowsiness, clumsiness, dreaminess and sadness. Some
      increase in these ratings was noted after stopping temazepam and these were less
      after having the dosage. Zopiclone was associated with minimal such effects. For
      bodily symptoms, zopiclone produced some headache, a metallic taste, and some
      blurring of vision; temazepam induced nausea, memory impairment and pins and
      needles. Withdrawal effects on bodily symptom ratings were inconsistent and not
      affected by tapering off the dose. In conclusion, the administration of zopiclone
      tends to be associated with some dysphoric effects, temazepam with sedation.
      Rebound effects are minimal with zopiclone and reducing the dosage gradually does
      not seem necessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884683
TI  - Dopaminergic antagonists potentiate the adenohypophyseal growth reaction to
      oestrogen: thioridazine is less effective than perphenazine.
AB  - The injection of oestradiol benzoate as an aqueous microcrystal suspension, in a
      dose of 1 mg twice a week, evokes a marked adenohypophyseal growth reaction in
      male rats. The reaction is potentiated by dopaminergic antagonists from the group
      of neuroleptics (specifically perphenazine and thioridazine). Elicitation of the
      same adenohypophyseal reaction required twice as much thioridazine (10 mg/rat per
      day) as perphenazine. Thyroxine inhibited the adenohypophyseal growth reaction to
      oestradiol. The serum polyphenol oxidase (ceruloplasmin) level rose after
      oestradiol and perphenazine and thioridazine slightly potentiated the increase.

PMID- 2884684
TI  - Systematic desensitization and relaxation as adjuncts in the treatment of
      anorexia nervosa: a preliminary study.

PMID- 2884685
TI  - GABA uptake is inhibited by thyroid hormones: implications for depression.
AB  - Studies of the effects of thyroid hormones on the uptake of neurotransmitters by
      homogenates of rat cerebral cortex have revealed a significant competitive
      inhibition of neuronal uptake of [3H]GABA by thyroid hormones (T3 greater than T4
      greater than rT3). The IC50 for inhibition of GABA uptake by T3 was estimated at
      4 microM and that of T4 at 11 microns. GABA uptake in homogenates of cerebral
      cortex from hypothyroid rats was significantly enhanced over that of controls;
      however, uptake in tissues from hyperthyroid rats was not significantly
      diminished.

PMID- 2884686
TI  - Elevated plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations, cryptorchidism and mania.
AB  - A young man with acute mania and unilateral cryptorchidism had plasma luteinizing
      hormone (LH) concentrations that were much higher than the maximum LH
      concentrations we have found in normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia.
      Plasma concentrations of testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin were not
      abnormal, showing that the elevated plasma LH concentrations were probably due to
      increased secretion of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). This case supports our
      previous results which suggest that an abnormally high secretion of LHRH, due
      presumably to an abnormality in central neurotransmission, may be a feature of
      acute mania in young men.

PMID- 2884687
TI  - Provocative tests with psychostimulant drugs in schizophrenia.
AB  - The psychotogenic effects of psychostimulant drugs have provided a major line of
      evidence in support of the DA hypothesis of schizophrenia. To evaluate the
      effects of psychostimulant (PS) drug in schizophrenia and the clinical variables
      which may influence their expression, we reviewed 36 studies of PS drugs in
      patients with schizophrenia. Approximately 40% evidence a psychotogenic response
      to PS administration in doses that are subpsychotogenic in normals. Specific
      clinical variables appear to modify this response, including diagnosis, degree
      and type of psychopathology, stage of illness and pharmacologic status at the
      time of testing. Non-amphetamine-like PS drugs, e.g., methylphenidate, appear to
      have greater psychotogenic potency than amphetamine-like PS drugs. These results
      suggest the presence of a subgroup of schizophrenic patients who exhibit
      psychotic symptom activation with PS in a state dependent or independent fashion.
      This biologic phenomenon may be clinically exploitable and should be investigated
      further.

PMID- 2884688
TI  - Psychotropic effects of adrenergic beta-blockers on agonistic behavior between
      resident and intruder mice.
AB  - The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of adrenergic beta
      blockers on agonistic behavior in male mice, using quantitative ethological
      methods. Agonistic behavior was evoked using a resident-intruder paradigm. The
      following drugs were administered orally at four dose levels (vehicle, 5, 10 and
      20 mg/kg) to either resident or intruder mice: dl-propranolol, practolol, d
      propranolol, and l-propranolol. When the resident was treated with either dl
      propranolol or l-propranolol, aggressive episodes (offensive sideways posture,
      attack bite, tail rattle) were suppressed significantly in a dose-dependent
      manner, whereas practolol and d-propranolol were ineffective. All treatments
      except the high dose of l-propranolol failed to affect the resident's solitary
      behavior (locomotion). When the intruder was treated with beta-blockers,
      agonistic behavior was not altered. Since practolol does not cross the blood
      brain barrier, the differential suppression of agonistic behavior is due to the
      central action of beta-blockers. d-Propranolol does cross the blood-brain barrier
      but is devoid of beta-receptor blocking property; hence l-propranolol suppression
      of agonistic behavior implies inactivation of brain adrenergic beta-receptors.
      The findings seem to indicate that beta-blockers such as dl-propranolol and l
      propranolol have a psychotropic action.

PMID- 2884689
TI  - Comparison of the effects of chlordiazepoxide and CL 218,872 on serum
      corticosterone concentrations in rats.
AB  - Fifteen minute exposure to a novel environment plus 120 dB sound stimulation
      produced a three-fold increase in serum corticosterone concentrations in rats. A
      low dose of intraperitoneally (IP) administered chlordiazepoxide (CDP) (5 mg/kg)
      attenuated this response, whereas a higher dose (20 mg/kg) elevated
      corticosterone concentrations in rats not subjected to sound stress. Parallel
      results were obtained after intracerebroventricular (ICV) drug administration,
      with a low dose of CDP (5 micrograms) reducing the sound stress response and
      higher doses (25 and 50 micrograms) increasing corticosterone concentrations in
      unstressed animals. Thus, despite the presence of benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors
      at every level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, it appears that
      BDZs alter the activity of this system via an interaction with BDZ receptors in
      brain. CL 218,872 (2.5-20 mg/kg), a novel non-BDZ anxiolytic compound, did not
      attenuate the corticosterone elevation produced by sound stimulation, and also
      failed to alter baseline corticosterone concentrations in unstressed animals. The
      fact that CL 218,872 is a selective agonist for brain Type I BDZ receptors
      suggests that BDZs are not influencing corticosterone secretion through an
      interaction with this BDZ receptor subtype. Furthermore, these results indicate
      that stress (as measured by pituitary-adrenocortical activation) can be
      dissociated from anxiety (as measured by conflict paradigms), thus challenging
      the validity of the corticosteroid stress test as a screening procedure for
      anxiolytic activity.

PMID- 2884690
TI  - Partitioning of polar fatty acids into lymph and portal vein after intestinal
      absorption in the rat.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that fatty acids destined for the portal vein after
      intestinal absorption would be diverted into lymph when infused along with a
      saturated long-chain fatty acid. Thoracic fistula rats were infused
      intraduodenally with either linolenic (18:3), lauric (12:0), or decanoic (10:0)
      acid, or with each fatty acid in combination with 5 mM palmitic acid (16:0), in
      micellar solutions of taurocholate (10 mM) and 2-mono-oleoylglycerol. Lymphatic
      transport of linolenic acid was enhanced by co-absorption with palmitic acid:
      when 0.1 mM linolenic acid was infused alone, 32 +/- 8% of that absorbed and
      transported beyond the mesentery was carried in lymph. The addition of palmitic
      acid to the infusate increased the percentage transported in lymph to 56 +/- 10%
      (P less than 0.005). The increment was due to enhanced intracellular re
      esterification of linolenate into triacylglycerol. When 5 mM linolenic acid was
      infused, the comparable figures for lymphatic transport were 55 +/- 2% for
      linolenate infused alone and 66 +/- 6% for linolenate infused with palmitate (P
      less than 0.005). In contrast, the predominantly portal venous transport of
      lauric and decanoic acids was unaffected by co-absorption with palmitate. We
      conclude that the partitioning of long-chain fatty acids between portal blood and
      lymph is dependent on the luminal milieu, in addition to polarity of the fatty
      acid and the rate of absorption. Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have a
      substantial portal transport under conditions which simulate normal food
      ingestion.

PMID- 2884691
TI  - Effect of drugs, hormones and electrical field stimulation on isolated muscle
      strips from human choledochoduodenal junction.
AB  - The behaviour of in vitro strips from the human choledochoduodenal junction would
      appear to be related to the anatomical location of origin of the strip. Strips
      from the papillary region showed low tone and obvious spontaneous rhythmic
      contractions (0 X 5-6/min). Strips from the region of the inferior choledochal
      sphincter showed, in ten out of fifteen specimens, spontaneous myogenic tone and
      gave a relaxation or a biphasic response (relaxation followed by contraction) to
      electrical field stimulation (0 X 3 ms pulses at 10 Hz for 5 s). All strips from
      human choledochoduodenal junction are remarkably insensitive to a variety of
      gastrointestinal hormones and to opioid agents.

PMID- 2884692
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in therapy.

PMID- 2884693
TI  - Undescended testis: value of MR imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 32 male patients, 20 with no
      abnormalities and 12 with clinically suspected undescended testes. The results
      were compared with ultrasonographic, computed tomographic, clinical, and surgical
      findings. The undescended testes were unilateral in eight patients (one had
      testicular duplication) and bilateral in four. Of 16 undescended testes, 15 were
      correctly identified on MR images. One intraabdominal testis was not seen. Testis
      fat contrast at 0.35 T was optimal with a short repetition time (TR) and a short
      echo time (TE). At 1.5 T, good contrast was achieved with short TR/TE sequences,
      but the contrast was even more pronounced with even longer TR/TE parameters. In
      seven patients with unilateral undescended testes, the undescended and
      contralateral testes showed symmetrical tissue signal intensity on both T1- and
      T2-weighted images. In three, the undescended testis was of lower signal
      intensity, suggesting atrophy. MR imaging promises to become an important
      diagnostic tool in the detection of undescended testes.

PMID- 2884694
TI  - Expression of peptides and transmitters in neurons and expression of filament
      proteins in astrocytes in fetal cerebral cortical transplants to adult spinal
      cord.

PMID- 2884695
TI  - Adrenergic receptors mediating prostaglandin production in the rabbit vas
      deferens.
AB  - Contractile and prostaglandin E (PGE)-producing effects of adrenergic agonists
      were compared in the rabbit isolated vas deferens to determine which adrenergic
      receptor(s) potentially could mediate neural responses. Additionally,
      interactions among receptors were elucidated by comparing responses to
      norepinephrine, phenylephrine and isoproterenol to those in the presence of
      selective adrenergic agonists or antagonists. Norepinephrine increased the force
      of muscle contraction and the immunoassayable PGE concentrations in a
      concentration-dependent manner with EC50's of 55 +/- 8 and 112 +/- 39 microM,
      respectively. Propranolol (10 microM) enhanced the contractile effects of
      norepinephrine (p less than 0.01) whereas yohimbine (100 microM) or prazosin (1
      microM) reduced norepinephrine-induced contractions and PGE production (p less
      than 0.01). Propranolol did not alter the PGE production induced by
      norepinephrine. Metoprolol (100 microM) also enhanced contractile effects of
      norepinephrine (p less than 0.05). The beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol
      (100 nM), decreased the contractile, but not the PGE-producing, effects of
      phenylephrine (p less than 0.001). Isoproterenol, given alone, increased PGE
      concentrations and inhibited electrically-induced force generation in a
      concentration-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the presence of
      alpha receptors on the vas deferens which mediate smooth muscle contraction and
      PGE generation. Beta receptors which mediate relaxation and PGE production also
      are present. Tentative identification of the beta receptor subtype revealed the
      presence of a beta 1 receptor.

PMID- 2884696
TI  - Prostacyclin as neuromodulator in the sympathetically stimulated rabbit heart.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has previously been shown to inhibit sympathetic
      neurotransmission in different organs and species. Based on this inhibitory
      effect and on its reversal by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, PGE2 has been claimed
      to be a physiological modulator of in vivo release of norepinephrine (NE) from
      sympathetic nerves. It is now recognized that prostacyclin (PGI2) is the main
      cyclo-oxygenase product in the heart. We therefore addressed the question whether
      PGI2, within the same preparation, is formed in increased amounts during
      sympathetic nerve stimulation and has neuromodulatory activity. The effluent from
      isolated rabbit hearts subjected to sympathetic nerve stimulation or to infusion
      of NE or adenosine (ADO) was collected, and its content of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha (dehydration product of PGI2) was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry, operated in the negative ion/chemical ionization mode. Other hearts
      were infused with PGI2 and nerve stimulation induced outflow of endogenous NE
      into the effluent was analyzed using HPLC with electrochemical detection. Nerve
      stimulation at 5 or 10 Hz (before but not after adrenergic receptor blockade), as
      well as infusion of NE (10(-6)-10(-5)M) or ADO (10(-4)M) increased the cardiac
      outflow of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Basal and nerve stimulation induced efflux of 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha was approximately 5 times higher than the corresponding efflux of
      PGE2. PGI2 dose-dependently inhibited the outflow of NE from sympathetically
      stimulated hearts, the inhibition at 10(-6)M being approximately 40%. On the
      basis of these observations we propose that PGI2 is a more likely candidate than
      PGE2 as a potential modulator of neurotransmission in cardiac tissue in vivo.

PMID- 2884697
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of gastrin release mediated by gastrin-releasing
      peptide in rat antral mucosa.
AB  - The present studies were directed to examine the effects of beta-adrenergic and
      cholinergic stimulation on gastrin release and to assess the potential role of
      gastrin-releasing peptide in exerting these effects, utilizing incubated rat
      antral mucosa. Rat antral mucosa was incubated at 37 degrees C in Krebs-Henseleit
      bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, continuously gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. After 1 h
      media were sampled for radioimmunoassay measurement of gastrin content. Inclusion
      of carbachol (2.5 X 10(-6) M) in culture medium increased medium gastrin
      concentration by 106 +/- 28% (P less than 0.01); addition of specific antibodies
      to gastrin-releasing peptide to the culture medium did not affect carbachol
      stimulated gastrin release. Inclusion of isoproterenol (10(-9) M) in culture
      medium did not affect somatostatin release into the medium, but increased medium
      gastrin by 234 +/- 24% (P less than 0.001). However, in contrast to carbachol,
      addition of antibodies to gastrin-releasing peptide to culture medium decreased
      isoproterenol-stimulated gastrin release by 67 +/- 9% (P less than 0.001).
      Results of these studies indicate that, under the conditions of these
      experiments, beta-adrenergic, but not muscarinic, stimulation of gastrin release
      may be mediated, at least in part, through gastrin-releasing peptide.

PMID- 2884698
TI  - Dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid has been characterized.
      Large quantities of the fluid were fractionated by molecular sieving on a
      Sephadex G-50 column and analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Active fractions were
      further analyzed by means of HPLC and an enzyme radioimmunoassay procedure for
      identification of Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 sequences. Several dynorphin A-active
      components of varying sizes were identified. However, most immunoreactive
      material derived from species of higher molecular weight (Mr 3000 and 5000) than
      authentic dynorphin A (Mr 2000). The Leu-enkephalin core was found to reside in
      both these large structures.

PMID- 2884699
TI  - The regulation of basal pancreatic polypeptide levels in dogs.
AB  - In response to various stimuli, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release is
      predominantly mediated by cholinergic mechanisms, and may be modulated by
      sympathetic and opiate (inhibitory) effects. However, the mechanisms regulating
      basal PP levels remain unclear. We examined the possible role of the sympathetic
      nervous system and endogenous opiates in the regulation of basal levels of
      pancreatic polypeptide in trained conscious dogs. During prolonged (150 min)
      alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine and propranolol, separately
      or in combination, there was no change in the basal PP levels of 154 +/- 20
      pg/ml. Effective adrenergic modulation of pancreatic hormones was evident since
      alpha blockade led to a rise in insulin and glucagon, beta blockade led to a fall
      in insulin and glucagon, while combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade did
      not affect insulin or glucagon. Opiate blockade with naloxone (1.25 mg followed
      by 1 microgram/kg/min) led to a delayed fall in PP from 153 +/- 22 to 89 +/- 15
      pg/ml at 90 min (no change by 30 min), without a change of insulin or glucagon.
      Infusion of a potent morphine analogue D-Met2-Pro5-enkephalinamide (0.5
      microgram/kg/min) led to a sustained fall in PP to 91 +/- 8 pg/ml by 30 min
      without a change in insulin or glucagon. Somatostatin infusion (0.2
      microgram/kg/min) with insulin and glucagon replacement, led to a similar
      sustained fall in PP. It is concluded that in dogs: in contrast to insulin and
      glucagon, at basal conditions the plasma level of PP is not modulated by
      endogenous alpha- or beta-adrenergic influences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884701
TI  - [5-aminosalicylic acid treatment of ulcerative colitis during the acute phase in
      patients resistant or intolerant to salazopyrine].

PMID- 2884700
TI  - [Conditions of intubation with vecuronium. Priming dose technic versus single
      bolus dose].

PMID- 2884702
TI  - [Somatostatin in the treatment of hemorrhaging esophago-gastric varices.
      Controlled clinical trial in comparison with ranitidine].

PMID- 2884703
TI  - Effect of various barbituric acid derivatives on survival of functional
      hepatocytes from adult rats in primary culture.
AB  - Eighteen barbituric acid (BA) derivatives and three structurally related
      chemicals (non-BA-derivatives) were tested for their potency in supporting
      survival of functional hepatocytes from adult rats in primary culture. Of the 18
      BA derivatives, nine drugs showed excellent maintenance effect on hepatocyte
      survival and function. Although four BA derivatives were also effective, their
      potency was relatively lower. The remaining five BA derivatives and three
      structurally related chemicals exhibited no maintenance effect. Thus, a
      correlation was found between the BA derivative structure and the potency for
      supporting hepatocyte survival in primary culture. The dose response curves of
      hepatocyte survival were generally biphasic in shape, as a function of BA
      derivative concentration. The optimum concentrations for observing the
      morphological and biochemical effects of the BA derivatives differed from each
      other. The maintenance of hepatocytes was attained only in the continuous
      presence of the BA derivatives in the medium. The nine excellent BA derivatives
      efficiently prevented hepatocytes from morphological degeneration which was
      observed in the control cultures. The surviving hepatocytes in the presence of
      these BA derivatives showed higher albumin secretion and retained higher basal
      levels of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activity for at least 2 weeks in
      primary culture, as compared with control. Furthermore, the addition of
      dexamethasone (10 microM) caused a 2- to 4-fold induction of TAT activity for at
      least 2-weeks in primary culture.

PMID- 2884704
TI  - Detection of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by ELISA.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed as an alternative
      to neutralisation tests in mice to detect Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon
      toxin in the intestinal contents of animals which have died from suspected
      enterotoxaemia. The test was sensitive and quantitative and gave excellent
      agreement with the mouse protection test.

PMID- 2884705
TI  - Action of tulobuterol and fenoterol on the mucociliary clearance.
AB  - The influence of tulobuterol and fenoterol upon mucociliary clearance (mC) and
      airway obstruction was investigated in 8 patients with chronic obstructive
      bronchitis and two patients with chronic bronchial asthma. The lung function and
      mC measurements were repeated after a 1-week random oral treatment with 4 mg
      tulobuterol/day or 7.5 mg fenoterol/day in a double-blind cross-over design.
      Tulobuterol and fenoterol improved mC of the total, central and peripheral
      bronchial tree significantly in comparison to the pretreatment values (p less
      than 0.001) reaching, after beta 2-agonist therapy, values observed in normal
      subjects. In comparison to no treatment and pretreatment with oral fenoterol,
      tulobuterol protected slightly better from the inhalative provocation with 99mTc
      radioactive erythrocytes used to measure mC. Inhalative fenoterol was more
      efficient than oral fenoterol or tulobuterol to reverse the bronchospastic part
      of airway obstruction. No differences of mean daily peak flows, systolic and
      diastolic systemic blood pressure measurements and pulse rate were recorded
      during tulobuterol and fenoterol treatment. Both drugs were tolerated without
      side effects.

PMID- 2884706
TI  - Broxaterol (Z.1170), a new oral beta 2-agonist compared with salbutamol.
AB  - The bronchodilating activity and tolerability of a single 0.5-mg oral dose of
      broxaterol (Z.1170) were evaluated in 18 patients with reversible bronchial
      obstruction. Salbutamol 4.0 mg and placebo were used as controls. The study
      design was double-blind within patients. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s
      (FEV1), pulse rate, and blood pressure were measured immediately before and 0.5,
      1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after each treatment. At the same time clinical controls
      were made to detect the possible presence of side effects. Both broxaterol and
      salbutamol caused significant increases in FEV1 until the 5th hour as compared to
      baseline values and until the 2nd hour as compared to placebo. No significant
      difference was reported between the effects of broxaterol and those of salbutamol
      at all the times considered. The tolerability of broxaterol was good, as was that
      of salbutamol. The pulse rate and blood pressure did not show any significant
      clinical variations. The side effect reported most frequently was tremor.

PMID- 2884707
TI  - Causes of elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transferase in patients attending
      outpatient somatic clinics and district health centres.
AB  - In this study of 1985 patients in somatic outpatient care (medicine, surgery,
      orthopedics, emergency and primary health care clinics), 231, or 11.6%, were
      found to have an elevated serum GT value (above 0.9 mukat/l). Alcohol was the
      cause of this in approximately one third of the cases, while diseases and drugs
      were the underlying cause in the other cases. In the population, there were 208
      alcohol-overconsuming patients (163 men and 45 women) and 28 patients had a serum
      GT elevation which led to detection of a previous unknown alcohol problem or
      excessive consumption. The mean and median value for serum GT for the alcohol
      patients was markedly higher than in the non-alcohol-overconsuming group. The
      sensitivity for serum GT (with a value of 0.9) as regards alcohol consumption was
      40%. The GT test screened 4.2% of patients with excessive alcohol consumption of
      which one third were "hidden".

PMID- 2884708
TI  - [Reconsideration of the vascular factor in gastric and duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2884710
TI  - [Involvement of the sympatho-adrenergic system in the regulation of gastric acid
      secretion and ulcerogenesis. Therapeutic consequences].

PMID- 2884709
TI  - [Comparative study of the efficacy of ranitidine, cimetidine (Asiloc), De-Nol and
      spirulina in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2884711
TI  - [Treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer with ulcosilvanil].

PMID- 2884712
TI  - [Comparative effects of Corinfar and Isoptin on gastric secretion in patients
      with gastric and duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2884714
TI  - [Clinical and morpho-functional considerations on liver cirrhosis in the
      elderly].

PMID- 2884715
TI  - [Tumor markers in hepatic cancer].

PMID- 2884713
TI  - [The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of gastric
      function].

PMID- 2884716
TI  - [The immune compartment in chronic active liver disease responsive and non
      responsive to corticoid therapy].

PMID- 2884717
TI  - [Chemical neuroanatomy: a new understanding of the functions of the nervous
      system].

PMID- 2884718
TI  - [Clinical examination of the foot--medicolegal implications].

PMID- 2884719
TI  - [Chronic cough and gastroenterology].

PMID- 2884720
TI  - [Bioclinical pneumology conference of Laennec Hospital. Case 6: April 1985. Long
      term hemoptysis and inflammatory syndrome in a 29-year-old woman].

PMID- 2884721
TI  - [Myocardial revascularization using both internal mammary arteries. Analysis of
      94 cases].

PMID- 2884722
TI  - [TaqI restriction polymorphism and the HLA-B27 allele in ankylosing spondylitis].
AB  - The restriction polymorphism Taq I of the 3.5 kb fragment of Class I HLA
      sequences is tested in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylarthritis, with
      or without antigen HLA B27. In a reference population, the frequency of this
      polymorphism is higher than that of allele B27. All B27 individuals, ill or not,
      present the polymorphic band, also present in some individuals B12. The
      distribution of this band is studied, in unrelated individuals serotyped for HLA
      B as well as members of families with spondylarthritis. The presence of the
      variable 3.5 kb band is not automatically correlated with the gene of the disease
      in corresponding individuals.

PMID- 2884723
TI  - [Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with salazosulfapyridine. A controlled
      double-blind study in 60 patients].
AB  - The efficacy of salazosulfapyridine (SI) has been recently reported in the course
      of peripheral arthritis in ankylosing spondylarthritis (SPA), but is action on
      the axial forms of the disease was not known. We have therefore conducted a
      therapeutic trial in 60 patients suffering from SPA, without peripheral
      involvement clinical sign evoking an enterocolopathy. This double-blind study
      compared the activity of SI at a dose of 2 g/day with a placebo, for 6 months.
      Thirteen patients had to discontinue the treatment: 6 in the placebo group
      (inefficacy: 3 cases, anemia: 1 case, epigastric pain: 1 case, rash: 1 case) and
      7 cases in the SI group (inefficacy: 2 cases, nauseous: 3 cases, abdominal pain:
      1 case, moderate elevation of transaminases: 1 case). These 13 patients were kept
      for the global analysis and considered as therapeutic failures. The treatment was
      considered effective in 15 out of 30 patients of group SI and in 30 patients on
      placebo (p less than 0.02). In addition, in group SI, a statistically significant
      decrease of the daily dose of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs was observed (
      6.5 +/- 7.2 versus -2.4 +/- 6.4 in the placebo group, p less than 0.05); also was
      observed a decrease of the functional index (-5.9 +/- 6.6 versus -1.9 +/- 5.7 in
      the group placebo, p less than 0.05) and of the serum level of immunoglobulin G (
      1.8 +/- 3.6 g/l versus +0.8 +/- 2.9 in the placebo group, p less than
      0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884724
TI  - Clinical experience of the tolerance of mesalazine and olsalazine in patients
      intolerant of sulphasalazine.
AB  - We assessed the tolerance and safety of two new preparations designed to release
      5-aminosalicylic acid in the colon in patients with ulcerative colitis who were
      intolerant of sulphasalazine. Twenty-eight of 37 patients (76%) given mesalazine
      and 18 of 21 patients (86%) given olsalazine tolerated the new preparations with
      no adverse effects. No haematologic or biochemical abnormalities were detected.
      Adverse reactions to the new preparations were usually but not always similar to
      those they had previously encountered with sulphasalazine, but a few patients
      experienced rash and diarrhoea. In some patients intolerant of one of the new
      preparations, their tolerance of the other was assessed. Three patients
      intolerant of mesalazine tolerated olsalazine. Similarly, three other patients
      intolerant of olsalazine tolerated mesalazine. We conclude that not all adverse
      effects of sulphasalazine are due to the sulphapyridine part of the molecule.
      Some are due to the released 5-aminosalicylic acid and some to the parent
      compound. Both drugs are likely to prove useful in the management of patients
      intolerant of sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2884725
TI  - [Findings: small testicles].
AB  - Small testicles are normal in prepubertal boys, irrespective of their height and
      weight. Small testicles associated with premature sexual development
      (pseudopuberty) usually reflect an alternate source of androgens, most frequently
      adrenal (e.g. in congenital adrenogenital syndrome). Small testicles as a result
      of testicular atrophy are either the consequence of a painful event such as mumps
      orchitis or trauma (such as torsion), or a side effect of extratesticular disease
      (such as liver cirrhoses, chronic alcoholism, haemochromatosis, Curschmann
      Steinert dystrophic myotonia etc.). Certain drugs (e.g. immunosuppressive and
      chemotherapy) and irradiation may also lead to testicular atrophy. Cryptorchidism
      as the expression of prenatal testicular damage may lead to an "incompetent",
      i.e. small, testis even if properly descended by surgery. However, a small testis
      after orchidopexy may also be the consequence of injury to blood vessels during
      surgery. The cryptorchid testis has an increased though still low incidence of
      malignancy, but a markedly elevated rate of sterility. Probably the most frequent
      cause of small testicles is Klinefelter syndrome (XXY/47), involving a wide
      spectrum from eunuchoid hypogonadism to a normally virilized albeit sterile male,
      in whom gynecomastia is not much more frequent than in the average male
      population but in whom the mammary cancer risk is definitely elevated almost to
      female rates.

PMID- 2884726
TI  - Homeo boxes in the study of development.
AB  - The body plan of Drosophila is determined to a large extent by homeotic genes,
      which specify the identity and spatial arrangement of the body segments. Homeotic
      genes share a characteristic DNA segment, the homeo box, which encodes a defined
      domain of the homeotic proteins. The homeo domain seems to mediate the binding to
      specific DNA sequences, whereby the homeotic proteins exert a gene regulatory
      function. By isolating the normal Antennapedia gene, fusing its protein-coding
      sequences to an inducible promoter, and reintroducing this fusion gene into the
      germline of flies, it has been possible to transform head structures into
      thoracic structures and to alter the body plan in a predicted way. Sequence
      homologies suggest that similar genetic mechanisms may control development in
      higher organisms.

PMID- 2884727
TI  - Biochemistry of information storage in the nervous system.
AB  - The use of molecular biological approaches has defined new mechanisms that store
      information in the mammalian nervous system. Environmental stimuli alter steady
      state levels of messenger RNA species encoding neurotransmitters, thereby
      altering synaptic, neuronal, and network function over time. External or internal
      stimuli alter impulse activity, which alters membrane depolarization and
      selectively changes the expression of specific transmitter genes. These processes
      occur in diverse peripheral and central neurons, suggesting that information
      storage is widespread in the neuraxis. The temporal profile of any particular
      molecular mnemonic process is determined by specific kinetics of turnover and by
      the geometry of the neuron resulting in axonal transport of molecules to
      different synaptic arrays at different times. Generally, transmitters, the agents
      of millisecond-to-millisecond communication, are subject to relatively long
      lasting changes in expression, ensuring that ongoing physiological function is
      translated into information storage.

PMID- 2884728
TI  - Homozygosity mapping: a way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred
      children.
AB  - An efficient strategy for mapping human genes that cause recessive traits has
      been devised that uses mapped restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
      and the DNA of affected children from consanguineous marriages. The method
      involves detection of the disease locus by virtue of the fact that the adjacent
      region will preferentially be homozygous by descent in such inbred children. A
      single affected child of a first-cousin marriage is shown to contain the same
      total information about linkage as a nuclear family with three affected children.
      Calculations show that it should be practical to map a recessive disease gene by
      studying DNA from fewer than a dozen unrelated, affected inbred children, given a
      complete RFLP linkage map. The method should make it possible to map many
      recessive diseases for which it is impractical or impossible to collect adequate
      numbers of families with multiple affected offspring.

PMID- 2884729
TI  - Genetic abnormalities as biological tumor markers.

PMID- 2884730
TI  - Gastric rupture and death caused by ipecac syrup.
AB  - We have reported a fatal complication of a therapeutic dose of ipecac syrup
      administered in a hospital emergency room. This child received 15 ml of ipecac
      syrup shortly after ingesting one to five tablets of chlorpheniramine maleate (4
      mg). A prolonged course of vomiting (more than 24 hours) eventually resulted in
      gastric rupture and death. While the use of ipecac is both efficacious and safe
      in the overwhelming majority of cases, there have been documented fatalities
      after appropriate doses. For this reason, ongoing education for physicians is
      important; education of parents is also warranted since wide-scale distribution
      to families is the accepted standard. Because most patients stop vomiting within
      two to three hours after ipecac administration, we recommend that children with
      persistent vomiting should be observed in a medical facility, where electrolyte
      levels can be measured and fluids can be replaced if necessary.

PMID- 2884731
TI  - [Clinical significance of the determination of the gamma glutamine transferase
      enzyme in the diagnosis of liver and biliary tract diseases].

PMID- 2884732
TI  - Elevated glutamic acid values in a malnourished patient. A case report.
AB  - Routine serum and cerebrospinal (CSF) amino acid estimations were carried out on
      a patient with pellagra and malnutrition. Urea levels were low and serum and CSF
      ammonia levels elevated. A remarkable observation was that the serum glutamic
      acid level rose to 44.9 times normal, which is far higher than any value reported
      in the medical literature. At this stage no explanation for this rise is known.
      Similarly no explanation can be given for the posttreatment elevation of the CSF
      proline levels to 13.8 times above normal.

PMID- 2884733
TI  - [Pruritus in chronic uremic patients in periodic hemodialysis. Treatment with
      terfenadine (an antagonist of histamine H1 receptors)].

PMID- 2884735
TI  - [New basic preparations with prolonged action in the treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - A long-term comparative study of the classic basic drug-d-Penicillamin and 2 new
      sulfa drugs: sulfasalazin and salazopyridazin used for the first time in
      rheumatology, was conducted. Both drugs were shown to produce a "basic" effect in
      rheumatoid arthritis and to exceed d-Penicillamin in their therapeutic action.
      Better results were obtained with salazopyridazin. The tolerance to the new
      antirheumatic sulfa drugs was quite satisfactory; no severe side-effects were
      noted. Both drugs extend the potentialities of antirheumatoid therapy of
      prolonged action and warrant further use and study.

PMID- 2884734
TI  - Autogenous parathyroid grafts for generalized primary parathyroid hyperplasia:
      contrasting outcome in sporadic hyperplasia versus multiple endocrine neoplasia
      type I.
AB  - Sixteen patients with generalized primary parathyroid hyperplasia were treated
      with attempted total parathyroidectomy and placement of an autogenous parathyroid
      graft in the forearm musculature; these patients have been followed for up to 79
      months. We assessed completeness of parathyroidectomy on the basis of the
      background immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) value 3 to 7 days after
      surgery, which predicted the chance of a graft-independent recurrence or
      persistence of hyperparathyroidism (0/8 if undetectable versus 4/5 if normal or
      high). Total parathyroidectomy was sometimes difficult to achieve because of the
      presence of supernumerary or ectopic parathyroid glands; to enhance the success
      rate of total parathyroidectomy, we suggest both the use of preoperative
      ultrasonography to locate intrathyroidal parathyroids and a routine search for
      supernumerary parathyroids that includes transcervical thymectomy. Graft function
      was monitored by measuring the secretory gradient for iPTH (the difference
      between the two antecubital fossae). Gradients on postoperative days 3 to 7 were
      barely detectable, but by 3 weeks, larger iPTH gradients were noted in every
      case. By 4 months, the graft could maintain normal serum calcium levels in all
      but one case. Autonomous graft function has evolved in four of six evaluable
      patients with type I multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN I), but in none of the
      nine patients with sporadic hyperplasia (p = 0.043). A prospective study is
      needed to determine whether the use of a smaller number of parathyroid fragments
      for the autogenous graft in known MEN I patients might delay recurrence.

PMID- 2884736
TI  - Evaluation of the Chernoff/Kavlock test for developmental toxicity. Proceedings
      of the Workshop on the Chernoff/Kavlock Short Term In Vivo Developmental Toxicity
      Test. Cincinnati, Ohio, May 20 and 21, 1986.

PMID- 2884737
TI  - Short-term developmental toxicity testing: considerations in the validation
      process.
AB  - The development and validation of short-term tests that assess developmental
      toxicity have received increased attention due to the large number of agents that
      need to be tested and the desirability to reduce the overall use of animals in
      research and safety evaluation. The Short-Term In Vivo Reproductive Toxicity Test
      was developed to help meet this need and to provide a method for prioritizing
      agents for further testing. This report provides a brief overview of the risk
      assessment process and a focus on the aspects of test validation that should be
      considered when evaluating short-term tests. It is intended to give the reader an
      appreciation for many of the considerations that must go into developing and
      validating a short-term test, and to indicate areas within the risk assessment
      process where inclusion of such a test may be appropriate.

PMID- 2884738
TI  - Application of the preliminary developmental toxicity screen for chemical hazard
      identification under the Toxic Substances Control Act.
AB  - The Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) within the U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency (EPA) is authorized to carry forth the mandates of the Toxic Substances
      Control Act (TSCA). Included among the provisions of TSCA are the development of
      requirements for testing of "new" and "existing" chemicals that may present an
      unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. There are over 63,000
      "existing" chemicals on the TSCA inventory, and EPA in recent years has been
      receiving an average of over 1,300 submissions for "new" chemicals a year. Since
      it is illogical and unrealistic to expect that all of these chemicals should be
      subjected to detailed testing for all potential adverse health and environmental
      effects, OTS views screening assays as highly useful tools to assign priorities
      to chemicals for further testing according to standard methodologies. The
      Chernoff/Kavlock assay (preliminary developmental toxicity screen) was
      specifically developed to address the need for a developmental toxicity assay to
      prioritize for further testing the large number of "new" and "existing"
      chemicals. OTS has been involved in seeking the development of data through the
      preliminary developmental toxicity screen for purposes of validating the screen
      and to obtain critical data necessary for evaluating chemicals. OTS believes that
      the screen has a role in the risk assessment process and has developed a testing
      protocol, which is included along with other OTS test guidelines; has provided
      internal guidance on when the screen may be recommended; and has discussed how
      the data may be applied in prioritizing chemicals for further study.

PMID- 2884739
TI  - Workshop on the Chernoff/Kavlock preliminary developmental toxicity test.
AB  - The Chernoff/Kavlock assay, proposed as a preliminary screen for teratogenic
      potential, was the subject of a 2-day workshop sponsored by the National
      Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Data from three large testing
      programs were presented, representing tests of 165 chemicals, of which 33 were
      tested at least twice. Applications of the test in industrial laboratories and
      product development, hazard identification, and risk assessment were discussed.
      Workshop participants recognized the assay as one of several valid ways to
      preliminarily evaluate chemicals with unknown developmental toxicity. Other
      preliminary tests were also discussed in terms of their relationship to this
      test, which was seen as having the advantage of providing information on neonatal
      viability. Other techniques, particularly an abbreviated conventional teratology
      study, were also recognized as appropriate screens. The preferred test in a
      particular laboratory will be dependent upon the particular skills and objectives
      of that laboratory. Standardized protocols were suggested, but flexibility in
      experimental design was considered necessary, and many variations on the basic
      test could be appropriate. This preliminary test has been used most often as a
      single-dose test in mice, but might provide more generally useful data if
      conducted in rats using two dose levels. Workshop participants viewed the test as
      highly reliable in correctly identifying developmentally toxic chemicals and
      suggested that a negative finding in a properly conducted Chernoff/Kavlock test
      could be a sufficient basis for regulatory agencies to determine that
      conventional teratology tests in the same species are not warranted.

PMID- 2884740
TI  - A summary of the results of 55 chemicals screened for developmental toxicity in
      mice.
AB  - Fifty-five chemicals, including known teratogens, known embryotoxins, equivocal
      teratogens, nonembryotoxins, and nonteratogens, as well as compounds of unknown
      teratogenic or embryotoxic potential, were evaluated in the Chernoff/Kavlock
      developmental toxicity screen. All chemicals were administered by gavage to
      pregnant ICR/SIM mice on gestation days 8 through 12. The mice were allowed to
      deliver, and several neonatal growth and viability parameters were measured in
      the offspring. Comparative statistical analysis of these parameters between
      treated animals and concurrent (vehicle-treated) controls provided a data base to
      evaluate the validity of the developmental toxicity screen as an assay to detect
      teratogens and embryotoxins. Of the 26 compounds reported in the literature to be
      teratogenic or embryotoxic in mice following oral administration, 24 were
      positive in the developmental toxicity screen. Of the compounds previously tested
      in conventional assays and found to be devoid of teratogenic or embryotoxic
      activity in mice, 93% were negative in the developmental toxicity screen. The
      importance of experimental design, dose selection, and neonatal growth and
      viability measurements as they relate to interpretation and evaluation of the
      results of the developmental toxicity assay are discussed.

PMID- 2884741
TI  - Evaluation of 60 chemicals in a preliminary developmental toxicity test.
AB  - The number of chemicals in commerce which have not been evaluated for potential
      developmental toxicity is large. Because of the time and expense required by
      conventional developmental toxicity tests, an abbreviated assay is needed that
      will preliminarily evaluate otherwise untested chemicals to help prioritize them
      for conventional testing. A proposed short-term in vivo assay has been used in a
      series of studies in which a total of 60 chemicals were tested. Some were
      independently tested two or four times each. In this preliminary test, pregnant
      mice were dosed during mid-pregnancy and were then allowed to deliver litters.
      Litter size, birth weight, and neonatal growth and survival to postnatal day 3
      were recorded as indices of potential developmental toxicity. Results in this
      assay and conventional mouse teratology tests were generally concordant.
      Conventional data were available for 14 chemicals (ten teratogens, one fetotoxin,
      three nonteratogens), of which 11 (nine teratogens, one fetotoxin, one
      nonteratogen) produced evidence of developmental toxicity. This included
      conventional data for three chemicals (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol
      dimethyl ether, and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether) that were untested before
      the present study. As high priority candidates for conventional testing on the
      basis of results here, all were subsequently studied in a standard teratology
      assay and were confirmed to be teratogenic in mice. Additionally, one of them
      (ethylene glycol) plus a fourth high priority candidate for conventional study
      (diethylene glycol monomethyl ether) were subsequently tested in rats and were
      found to be teratogenic in that species.

PMID- 2884742
TI  - Recommendations for the statistical analysis of Chernoff/Kavlock test data.
AB  - The statistical analyses of the data related to the teratogenic testing of 60
      compounds utilizing the Chernoff/Kavlock test are the basis of this paper. The
      hypotheses chosen to be tested and the statistical tests utilized to test those
      hypotheses are discussed. The topics explored are the use of comparisonwise error
      rate versus experimentwise error rate, the use of nonparametric tests versus more
      "conventional" parametric tests and the use of "historical data" in assessing and
      interpreting group difference.

PMID- 2884743
TI  - A comparison of developmental toxicity evident at term to postnatal growth and
      survival using ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
      and ethanol.
AB  - This study was designed to compare an abbreviated evaluation of uterine contents
      at term (teratology probe) with a modified Chernoff-Kavlock assay (postnatal
      study), [Chernoff N, Kavlock RJ: J Toxicol Environ Health 10:541-550, 1982]. Mice
      were intubated during gestation and were evaluated for signs of toxicity. In the
      teratology probe, uterine contents were examined at term. In the postnatal study,
      offspring were examined and weighed through day 22 postpartum. Ethylene glycol
      monoethyl ether (EGEE) produced embryo lethality and malformations, and decreased
      fetal weight at a dose level which was not maternally toxic in the teratology
      probe. In the postnatal study, EGEE decreased litter size and neonatal body
      weight; while litter size continued to decrease beyond the neonatal period, body
      weights of surviving pups were not significantly different from control. Pups
      exposed prenatally to EGEE developed kinked tail which was not apparent in
      fetuses or neonates. Maternally toxic dose levels of ethylene glycol monobutyl
      ether and ethanol were associated with increased embryo lethality in teratology
      probe studies. In postnatal studies, there were no significant effects on pup
      growth or survival at maternally toxic dose levels. Preliminary conclusions
      regarding maternal and developmental toxicity were comparable based on the
      teratology probe or postnatal study. Both assays measure litter size and
      offspring weight, but the teratology probe measures resorption incidence which
      may be a more sensitive index of prenatal death than number of live born. Neither
      fetal weight nor neonatal weight reliably predict permanent alteration of growth.
      A postnatal study permits detection of internal malformations or functional
      defects which reduce postnatal survival and gross abnormalities which appear
      postnatally.

PMID- 2884744
TI  - Currently used alternatives to the Chernoff-Kavlock short-term in vivo
      reproductive toxicity assay.
AB  - The Chernoff-Kavlock assay was initially designed to identify developmental
      toxins within a relatively short time frame, using a mammalian system. Although
      it has been used for initial prioritization of multiple agents studied
      concurrently or for dosage-range evaluations, it has not gained wide usage in a
      commercial setting. As proposed, use of the Chernoff-Kavlock assay in an
      industrial setting is relatively inefficient, in terms of animal usage and data
      produced, when compared with available alternative study designs. Only a single
      dosage level was studied, and the data obtained from the assay do not provide
      sufficient information to meet the minimum requirements of safety evaluations
      submitted for regulatory review. For these reasons, other methods of
      prioritization are generally used. Alternate methods used for initial screening
      and prioritization at our laboratory are: 1) the hydra developmental toxicity
      assay; and 2) a dosage-range study in rats. When the results of several pilot and
      definitive developmental toxicity assays performed in rats were compared, it
      appeared that the described pilot study served the dual functions of predicting
      and prioritizing the developmental hazard of the test agent and providing a
      dosage-range study that identified the appropriate dosages to be tested in the
      definitive study.

PMID- 2884745
TI  - Further evaluation of an in vivo teratology screen.
AB  - The in vivo teratology screening procedure described previously [Chernoff N,
      Kavlock RJ: J Toxical Environ Health 10:541-550, 1982] was further evaluated
      using a total of 46 chemicals in 50 different treatment regimens. Pregnant CD-1
      mice were generally treated by oral gavage on days 8-12 of gestation at a dose
      level predicted from a preliminary range finding study to induce a slight degree
      of maternal toxicity. The effects on early postnatal growth and viability were
      compared to results generated from standard mouse teratology bioassays as
      reported in the literature (there were nine regimens for which no valid
      comparisons could be made). The procedure correctly categorized 25 of the 30
      treatment regimens which were considered developmentally toxic in the mouse, as
      well as nine of 11 which were considered to be nondevelopmentally toxic in the
      mouse. Thus, based upon the criteria used in the present study, the assay
      correctly classified 83% of the chemicals tested as to their effect in a standard
      mouse bioassay. The five nonconcurring negative findings were likely due to a
      combination of pharmacokinetic differences between the studies, as well as to the
      cessation of dosing on day 12, while critical events of organogenesis are still
      occurring. The assay achieves the requirements for a teratology screening system,
      but improved predictability would result from the addition of a lower dose level
      and extension of the dosing period to include later stages of organogenesis.

PMID- 2884746
TI  - The Chernoff-Kavlock assay: its validation and application in rats.
AB  - As the rat is the preferred species for teratogenicity studies in our
      laboratories, the Chernoff-Kavlock assay was modified and validated for use in
      this species. The Alpk:AP (Wistar-derived) strain, which is also used routinely
      for toxicology studies, was used, under standard SPF conditions. Twenty-six
      chemicals have been assayed to demonstrate the utility of the system as a
      predictor of rat teratogens and to develop a set of rules for interpretation of
      the results. Routes of chemical administration were largely gavage, with some
      dermal, subcutaneous, inhalation, and intraperitoneal applications. The use of
      the assay in five modes to assist the toxicological evaluation or understanding
      of chemicals is displayed. These modes are 1) as a pre-screen, 2) to compare
      analogues/homologues, 3) to provide a rapid hazard estimate, 4) to generate a
      dose-response, and 5) to test a hypothesis.

PMID- 2884747
TI  - A recommended protocol for the Chernoff/Kavlock preliminary developmental
      toxicity test and a proposed method for assigning priority scores based on
      results of that test.
AB  - Recommendations are made for a standard protocol for the Chernoff/Kavlock
      preliminary developmental toxicity test, and a weighted scoring system is
      proposed to provide a numerical prioritization. Protocol recommendations include
      use of pregnant animals for dose-finding studies and, in the testing phase,
      treatment on gestation days 6-15 at an overtly maternally toxic dose. This
      treatment period corresponds to the usual timing of a teratology test and
      provides an improved data base in the event a conventional test is deemed
      appropriate. Five indices of potential developmental toxicity are: the proportion
      of pregnant survivors at term that produces a viable litter (at least one
      liveborn pup), average litter size and pup weight at birth, and average neonatal
      survival and body weight gain to 3 days of age. Neither systematic examinations
      of pups (living or dead) for malformations nor counts of dead pups are considered
      productive. In the proposed method for point scores, each of the five indices is
      assigned a point value that varies according to broad classes of maternal
      toxicity. The maximum total point value is 22. When there is no statistically
      significant difference between treated and control groups, the assigned value is
      subtracted from 22. If there is a statistically significant treatment effect, or
      if statistics cannot be applied, then no points are subtracted. The points
      remaining after all five indices are considered constitute the priority score,
      which may range from 0 (low) to 22 (high priority).

PMID- 2884748
TI  - An indirect assessment of the Chernoff/Kavlock assay.
AB  - The underlying principle of the Chernoff/Kavlock assay--namely that prenatal
      toxicity can be detected by means of simple postnatal endpoints--is strongly
      supported by experience gained in performing reproductive and developmental
      toxicity studies to international requirements. Compared with the supposedly more
      sophisticated procedures of regulatory tests, the simpler endpoints of the assay
      offer greater speed, economy, consistency and reliability. At the most, there is
      only a marginal loss of sensitivity in respect of detecting the lowest dosage at
      which effects may occur. The assay is best used as a concept rather than as a
      protocol with, "tailored" variations providing effective means of priority
      selection from a series of chemicals, especially analogue series. The underlying
      principle is applicable at levels through and beyond formal regulatory testing.

PMID- 2884749
TI  - [Neuroleptics and akathisia].

PMID- 2884750
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic interaction between clomipramine and phenothiazines].

PMID- 2884751
TI  - [Psychopharmaca and the elderly].

PMID- 2884752
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis].
AB  - A review is presented of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). Two
      approaches are presently available: DNA-probing in chorionic villi (8th-10th week
      of gestation) and determination of microvillar enzymes in amniotic fluid (17th or
      18th week of gestation). DNA-probing makes use of linked markers (restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms). This means that prenatal diagnosis is only
      possible when DNA of an earlier affected sib is available. Moreover the parents
      have to be informative with respect to the DNA-markers. This is the case in the
      majority of families, but not in all of them. Also the possibility of
      recombination has to be taken into account. For that reason families should
      preferably be referred before pregnancy. In the majority of cases presence or
      absence of CF in the fetus can be determined with high probability. A hundred
      percent certainty however is not possible with present techniques. Determination
      of microvillar enzymes in amniotic fluid is based on the fact that the
      concentration of these enzymes in general is lower in CF fetusses than in normal
      ones. There are however overlapping values. So, also with this technique, a
      hundred percent certainty is impossible. This type of prenatal diagnosis is
      especially suitable in families in which DNA-probing is impossible or gives
      insufficient discrimination between affected and unaffected fetusses. Looking for
      a meconium accumulation by means of ultrasound can support diagnosis.

PMID- 2884753
TI  - Lack of linkage between HLA and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 in a French
      family.
AB  - In this study, linkage between HLA and a dominant gene determining multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) in a large pedigree was investigated. All lod
      scores for recombination fractions ranging from 0 to 0.45 were negative. If we
      pool data from our family and the families studied by Jackson et al. (1976) and
      Simpson & Falk (1982), a link between HLA and the locus for MEN 2 can be
      excluded. Linkage studies with various markers and pooled data should be pursued
      to permit detection of high risk individuals and to identify a genetic defect.

PMID- 2884754
TI  - [Clinical testing of a dry chemistry working laboratory apparatus, the
      "Reflotron"].
AB  - The veterinary range of application of the laboratory unit "Reflotron"
      (Boehringer Mannheim) was tested. This laboratory unit is able to measure the
      parameters glucose, urea, hemoglobin, GGT, cholesterol, triglyceride and in
      forthcoming future uric acid, AST, ALT and creatinine out of whole blood. It is
      easy to operate this apparatus. The "Reflotron" gives reliable results.

PMID- 2884756
TI  - The inactivation of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin by treatment with
      tetranitromethane and N-acetylimidazole.
AB  - When one residue of tyrosine per molecule of epsilon toxin was nitrated by
      tetranitromethane, the modified toxin lost more than 90% of its original
      activity. The toxin also was inactivated by treatment with N-acetylimidazole. The
      lethality was restored when the inactive N-acetylimidazole-treated toxin was
      treated with hydroxylamine. The inactive N-acetylimidazole-treated toxin was not
      nitrated by tetranitromethane under conditions where one residue of Tyr per
      molecule of the untreated toxin is nitrated. These data suggest that only one Tyr
      residue in the toxin is important for the lethal activity.

PMID- 2884755
TI  - Embryotoxicity elicited by inhibition of gamma-glutamyltransferase by Acivicin
      and transferase antibodies in cultured rat embryos.
AB  - Acivicin (also known as AT-125) and IgG isolated from goat anti-gamma
      glutamyltransferase antiserum were used to inhibit the activity of gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) in rat conceptuses cultured from Days 10 to
      11 of gestation. Inhibition of GGT by either Acivicin or anti-GGT IgG produced
      embryotoxicity and malformations, although each compound produced a unique
      spectrum of effects. Acivicin, at an initial concentration in the culture medium
      of 5 microM, produced a marked decrease in yolk sac vasculature and was
      associated with embryonic malformations such as neural tube necrosis,
      microophthalmia, and cephalic edema after 24 hr exposure. These malformations
      were accompanied by significant decreases in both embryonic and yolk sac protein,
      yolk sac GGT activity, as well as embryonic glutathione (GSH) levels. In
      contrast, anti-GGT IgG produced no apparent effects on yolk sac vasculature or
      protein after exposure of conceptuses to an initial concentration of 50
      micrograms IgG/ml culture medium, even though equal inhibition of yolk sac GGT
      (30%) was achieved by each inhibitor. Exposure to IgG (50 micrograms/ml) for 24
      hr was associated with decreased embryonic protein; decreased levels of GSH in
      the embryo were observed after both 3 and 24 hr. The dichotomy of effects on the
      yolk sac by the two compounds indicates that Acivicin produced these effects by
      mechanisms other than by GGT inhibition alone. These results demonstrate that
      inhibition of GGT in rat embryos undergoing organogenesis can elicit embryotoxic
      effects and produce alterations in GSH levels. The capacity of the anti-GGT
      antibody to inhibit the GGT activity in the yolk sac (while having no apparent
      effect on yolk sac morphology), and yet influence the embryo by decreasing
      protein and GSH levels, underscores the important role of the yolk sac during the
      highly sensitive stages of organogenesis.

PMID- 2884757
TI  - Effect of testosterone on the testicular atrophy caused by di(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP).
AB  - The involvement of testosterone in di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) induced
      testicular injury has been examined by coadministration of testosterone (1 mg/kg)
      along with DEHP (2000 mg/kg) daily for 15 days. The coadministration of
      testosterone and DEHP appears to have prevented the testicular injury as judged
      by the biochemical and histopathological changes. The sperm count and the
      activity of the testicular enzymes, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), beta-glucuronidase and acid
      phosphatase, related with the maturation of sperm, which were significantly
      altered by DEHP treatment were found to be within normal levels after the
      combination treatment of DEHP and testosterone. The histopathological studies
      also showed more or less normal spermatogenic events. The results of this study
      have suggested the involvement of testosterone in DEHP induced testicular
      atrophy.

PMID- 2884758
TI  - Renal blood flow in acute cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats:
      effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade.
AB  - The influences of acute cerebral ischemia on renal hemodynamics were examined in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats in which cerebral ischemia was induced by
      bilateral carotid artery occlusion. Renal and cerebral blood flow were measured
      with a hydrogen clearance technique. Either phenoxybenzamine (0.5 mg/kg body wt)
      or propranolol (2 mg/kg) was given i.v. immediately after ischemia was induced to
      examine the drugs' effects on cerebral and renal hemodynamics. One hour after
      ischemia, cerebral blood flow was markedly reduced to 5, 3, and almost 0% of the
      preischemic value in the untreated, phenoxybenzamine-treated, and propranolol
      treated rats, respectively. In contrast, renal blood flow at that time was
      decreased to 65, 88, and 67%, respectively. The calculated renal vascular
      resistance was similarly increased to 151% in the untreated and 136% in the
      propranolol-treated rats, but decreased to 82% in the phenoxybenzamine-treated
      rats. The present results indicate that in acute cerebral ischemia renal blood
      flow was considerably decreased with concomitant increased renal vascular
      resistance, and that such reduction in renal blood flow was minimized by alpha
      adrenergic blockade but not by beta-blockade. It is concluded that activation of
      the alpha-adrenergic system in acute cerebral ischemia causes renal
      vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2884759
TI  - The Italian hemodilution trial in acute stroke. Italian Acute Stroke Study Group.
AB  - The Italian Acute Stroke Study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized,
      clinical trial to evaluate hemodilution in acute stroke. Thirty-one centers will
      recruit 1,200 patients with a recent (less than 12 hours) hemispheric acute
      stroke. Randomization is performed centrally, and patients are stratified by
      center and severity of neurologic deficit. Hemodilution is achieved by
      venesection and infusion of the same amount of dextran 40. Otherwise, both
      treated and control groups receive the standard treatment provided by each center
      within agreed guidelines. At 6 months after stroke, one member of the Clinical
      Coordinating Center, blind as to treatment allocation, collects data on mortality
      and disability by telephone. We expect to terminate the randomization on December
      31, 1986, and the follow-up evaluation on June 30, 1987. The aim of the study is
      to evaluate whether mortality and disability are significantly reduced in the
      group treated with hemodilution compared with the control group.

PMID- 2884760
TI  - Regression of carotid stenoses after corticosteroid therapy in occlusive
      thromboaortopathy (Takayasu's disease).
AB  - A 34-year-old, single Japanese woman with active Takayasu's disease presented
      with stenosed bilateral common carotid arteries, subtotal occlusion of the left
      subclavian artery, and complete occlusion of the ipsilateral proximal vertebral
      artery, as demonstrated by angiography. A right subclavian-left vertebral bypass
      using an autologous saphenous vein graft was successfully performed after 36 days
      of corticosteroid therapy. Subsequently, warfarin was administered in addition to
      prednisolone. After 32 months of treatment with a gradual reduction from 50 to
      3.75 mg of prednisolone daily, angiography revealed a functioning bypass graft
      and regression of bilateral common carotid stenoses.

PMID- 2884761
TI  - The major histocompatibility complex of the rat.
AB  - Immunogenetic studies in the rat began with the investigation of blood group
      antigens (1-7) and evolved into the investigation of histocompatibility antigens
      and transplantation phenomena (8-17). In the course of this work, several
      nomenclature systems evolved that were eventually reconciled in a series of
      comparison studies (18-24). The biennial Workshops on Alloantigenic Systems in
      the Rat held under the aegis of the Transplantation Society (24) have provided
      the forum for the continued evolution of this field. In addition, several reviews
      (24-31) and books (32-35) have provided periodic summaries of different aspects
      of rat immunogenetics. This review will focus on the structure of the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat from the serological, biochemical,
      and molecular points of view.

PMID- 2884762
TI  - Identification of the IA hybrid molecule affecting anti-Thy-1 responsiveness.

PMID- 2884763
TI  - [Genetic transformation of somatic cells. XII. Mutations in human satellite DNA
      introduced into Chinese hamster cells].
AB  - Data are presented about detailed restriction mapping, hybridization and sequence
      analysis of plasmid pRT301 rescued into E. coli 25-30 cell divisions after
      transfection of Chinese hamster cells. This plasmid contains an insert of human
      satellite III fragment (HS3), which was replicated many times in mammalian cells,
      and we found multiple point mutations in this non-selectable fragment, mainly
      single inserts of GC base pair. Specificity of mutagenesis of HS3 induced by
      transfection and replication in Chinese hamster cells differs from mutagenesis
      specificity found by other authors for selectable genes.

PMID- 2884764
TI  - The effect of cysteamine on the somatostatin content of guinea-pig islets.
AB  - Cysteamine is known to deplete the immunoreactive somatostatin content in
      different organs from rat and mouse. The aim of the present work was to test if
      cysteamine also affects the somatostatin content in guinea-pig islets, since
      guinea-pigs have a carbohydrate metabolism different from that of other
      laboratory animals. Cysteamine was injected to guinea-pigs and the pancreatic
      islets were isolated four hours later. Cysteamine was also incubated in vitro
      with isolated pancreatic islets from untreated guinea-pigs. Cysteamine depleted
      the somatostatin content in the pancreatic islets in both the in vivo and in
      vitro studies.

PMID- 2884765
TI  - Cytogenetic analysis of men with cryptorchidism and reduced fertility.
AB  - A cytogenetic chromosomal analysis was performed in 140 infertile men with
      cryptorchidism--85 with unilateral and 55 with bilateral. The most frequent
      anomaly was sex chromosomal aneuploidy found in 7.1% of patients. This is
      significantly higher compared to a group of infertile men with normal descended
      testes. Other chromosomal anomalies were not more frequent than in infertile men
      without cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2884766
TI  - [Regional microcirculatory disorders in peritonitis].
AB  - Investigations performed under experimental and clinical conditions have shown
      that regional microcirculatory alterations in peritonitis consist in the arterial
      spasm, arteriovenous shunt of blood, hypoperfusion of the intestine, local
      metabolic disorders. The application of alpha-adrenoblockaders is recommended for
      directed action on microcirculation with an obligatory correction of deficit of
      the circulating blood volume.

PMID- 2884767
TI  - In defence of gentamicin.

PMID- 2884768
TI  - Polymorphism of the acetylcholine receptor in the horse.
AB  - A cDNA probe to the alpha subunit of the murine acetylcholine receptor was used
      to demonstrate restriction fragment length polymorphism in an acetylcholine
      receptor gene in the horse. Three different patterns of polymorphism have been
      observed with fragment sizes of 4.3 and 2.9 kilobases (kb) (pattern 1), 4.3 and
      2.5 kb (pattern 2) and 4.3, 2.9 and 2.5 kb (pattern 1,2). Analysis of a three
      generation pedigree has suggested that patterns 1 and 2 represent two allelic
      forms of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the acetylcholine receptor. These
      data provide a basis for the examination of the genetic control of neuromuscular
      function in the horse.

PMID- 2884769
TI  - The effect of the host's age on the pathology of Eimeria stiedai infection in
      rabbits.
AB  - The pathology of experimental Eimeria stiedai infection in 2- and 4-month-old
      rabbits raised coccidia-free was studied. Over 50 days of infection, the serum
      activities of aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferases, alkaline
      phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) were analyzed as
      indicators of hepatic lesions and total serum globulins with respect to the
      immune response of the host; parasite development was followed by oocyst output;
      weight gain, food intake and relative liver weight were analyzed to control the
      performance of infected animals. The age of the host strongly affected parasite
      development and consequently the biochemical and zootechnical parameters differed
      more markedly in the younger animals; however, the enzyme ALT showed an increase
      independent of parasite development, and infection did not affect GGTP activity.
      The increase in age was responsible for resistance of rabbits to hepatic
      coccidiosis and older animals were less affected than young ones.

PMID- 2884770
TI  - Immunohistochemically demonstrated increase in glutathione S-transferase species
      in propylnitrosamine-induced focal proliferative and neoplastic Syrian hamster
      pancreatic lesions.
AB  - Immunohistochemical investigation of focal proliferative and neoplastic Syrian
      hamster pancreatic lesions induced by propylnitrosamine administration revealed a
      distinct pattern of expression of different molecular forms of glutathione S
      transferase (GST) during neoplastic development. Initial increase in levels of
      GST placental (P) and B forms in early ductal/ductular proliferations and
      atypical (dysplastic) lesions was followed by a drop in the latter during
      transition to carcinoma. Unequivocal acinar cells observed within so-called
      'pseudoductules' did not share the altered phenotype evident in ductular
      elements, suggesting their non-involvement in the generation of early lesions.
      However, the fact that component cells were occasionally of abnormal morphology
      did not allow the exclusion of acinar cell participation in histogenesis.
      Elevation of GST-A and C forms was limited to stromal elements surrounding the
      epithelial lesions and since they were associated with benign, cystic as well as
      atypical lesions and a similar increase was observed after common duct ligation,
      they appeared to be non-specific. The results indicated independent control of
      expression of individual GST forms and suggest that biochemical similarities
      exist between early, putative preneoplastic lesions induced by propylnitrosamines
      in the hamster lung, liver (both hepatocellular and intrahepatic bile duct) and
      pancreas.

PMID- 2884771
TI  - Effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on transplanted tumors induced by
      methylcholanthrene in mice. A histopathologic study.
AB  - The effects of a highly purified tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on transplanted
      methylcholanthrene (Meth A)-induced murine tumors were compared with those of
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF caused immediate subepidermal edema and hyperemia
      followed 2 h later by fibrin thrombi in tumor blood vessels. Finally hemorrhagic
      necrosis with dispersal of tumor cells occurred. LPS produced similar hemorrhagic
      necrotizing changes. However, the necrotic action of LPS was delayed and complete
      tumor regression was not achieved with LPS. These findings suggest that tumor
      necrosis induced by TNF is due to circulatory disturbance associated with a
      microvascular injury in the tumor manifested by hyperemia and multiple fibrin
      thrombi.

PMID- 2884772
TI  - Changes in the acinar distribution of some enzymes involved in carbohydrate
      metabolism in rat liver parenchyma after experimentally induced cholestasis.
AB  - Extrahepatic cholestasis induced by ligation and transsection of the common bile
      duct caused a change in the parenchyma/stroma relationship in rat liver. Two
      weeks after ligation, the periportal zones of the parenchyma were progressively
      invaded by expanding bile ductules with surrounding connective tissue diverging
      from the portal areas. Parenchymal disarray developed and small clumps of
      hepatocytes or isolated hepatocytes were scattered within the expanded portal
      areas. These cells showed normal activity of lactate, succinate and glutamate
      dehydrogenase and may, therefore, be considered to be functionally active. After
      cholestasis the remainder of the liver parenchyma showed adaptational changes
      with respect to glucose homeostasis, as demonstrated by histochemical means.
      Glycogen stores disappeared completely whereas glycogen phosphorylase activity
      increased about ten fold. The increased glycogen phosphorylase activity and
      glycogen depletion indicate a greater glycogenolytic capacity in liver parenchyma
      after bile duct ligation to maintain as far as possible a normal plasma glucose
      concentration. The parenchymal distribution pattern of glucose-6-phosphatase
      activity did not change significantly after bile duct ligation. The isolated
      hepatocytes within the expanded portal tracts showed a high activity of this
      enzyme whereas the pericentral parenchyma was only moderately active. The
      distribution patterns of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate
      dehydrogenase activity in the liver parenchyma were also largely unchanged after
      bile duct ligation, but the histochemical reaction for glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase activity demonstrated infiltration of the remainder of the
      parenchyma by non-parenchymal cells, possibly Kupffer cells and leucocytes as
      part of an inflammatory reaction. Under normal conditions the mitochondrial
      enzymes succinate and glutamate dehydrogenase show an opposite heterogenous
      distribution pattern in liver parenchyma. Following cholestasis both enzymes
      became uniformly distributed. The underlying regulatory mechanism for these
      different changes in distribution patterns of enzyme activities is not yet
      understood.

PMID- 2884773
TI  - The nature of host tissue destruction in tumor invasion. An experimental
      investigation on carcinoma and sarcoma xenotransplants.
AB  - The nature of host tissue destruction in tumor invasion was investigated in
      experimentally induced carcinomas and sarcomas, xenografted into skeletal muscle.
      By means of light and electron microscopy it was shown that in both carcinomas
      and sarcomas the confrontation of host tissue with the invading tumor cells does
      not result in immediate destruction of host tissue but in a transitory state of
      coexistence which gradually proceeds to progressive host tissue atrophy. This
      process of progressive atrophy, which finally results in the total disappearance
      of the invaded host tissue, is considered to be caused mainly by the increasing
      pressure and competitive withdrawal of oxygen and nutrients by the invading and
      proliferating tumor cells. Morphological changes suggesting an active enzymatic
      breakdown of host tissue cells by tumor cells were not observed during any stage
      of tumor invasion.

PMID- 2884774
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of mercury in adrenals from rats exposed to methyl
      mercury.
AB  - Accumulations of mercury have been demonstrated in adrenal glands by light and
      electron microscopy with a highly sensitive histochemical technique. Rats were
      exposed to methyl mercury in drinking water (20 mg/l) for 7-180 days, or were
      given intraperitoneal injections of methyl mercury (daily dose 100 or 200
      micrograms). The amount and location of the mercury deposits were dependent upon
      the exposure time, the method of administration and the amount administered. In
      rats exposed to methyl mercury in drinking water, accumulations were often
      observed in both the zona glomerulosa and reticularis. They appeared first in the
      zona glomerulosa of animals treated for 1 week. In the zona fasciculata, deposits
      were observed only in the animals treated for 50 to 180 days. In animals treated
      for 180 days the cytoplasm of the cells in the zona fasciculata was heavily
      vacuolated and distinct necrotic cells were observed in other cortical zones. In
      the chromaffin cells, a slight increase in the amount of deposits was observed
      with increasing exposure time. Both epinephrenic and norepinephrenic cells
      contained deposits. Only a few deposits were observed in the cortical and
      chromaffin cells of animals treated with intraperitoneal injections.
      Ultrastructural deposits were observed in the lysosomes of cortical cells and in
      both lysosomes and secretory granules of chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2884775
TI  - Dissociation of Langerhans islets in the rabbit after pancreatic duct ligation.
      Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies.
AB  - In the rabbit, pancreatic duct ligation leads to serious disturbances of the
      pancreatic endocrine parenchyma. Immunocytochemical studies conducted over a
      short period (between 5 and 30 days post ligation) allow observation of a
      progressive dissociation of the Langerhans islets which initially affects the
      splenic part of the pancreas, a region where numerous large islets are found.
      This dissociation is followed by a dispersion of small heterologous endocrine
      cell clusters or isolated endocrine cells in a connective tissue which replace
      the exocrine parenchyma. On the 30th day after ligation ultrastructural studies
      show marked degranulation of the B cells demonstrating the great fragility of
      these cells. These observations of insular dissociation, scattering of the
      different endocrine cells and impairment of B cells are often reported in
      experimental and pathological studies of the pancreas.

PMID- 2884776
TI  - In vitro culture studies of granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid progenitor cells
      in lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) and erythroid progenitor cells
      (BFU-E) have been assayed in peripheral blood (PB) and/or bone marrow (BM) from
      12 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 16 patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 31 patients with various forms of non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma (NHL) without BM involvement. Progenitor cell growth in PB and BM from
      the NHL patients did not differ statistically from controls (p greater than 0.1).
      CFU-GM and BFU-E per ml PB were markedly increased in ALL and CLL patients (p
      less than 0.001) while CFU-GM and BFU-E per plated BM cells from these patients
      were severely depressed (p less than 0.001). Lymphoblasts from one ALL patient
      failed to inhibit CFU-GM and BFU-E-derived colony growth from control PB
      mononuclear cells. The high levels of circulating progenitor cells in ALL and CLL
      patients clearly distinguish them from other cytopenic hematological
      malignancies, in which decreased progenitor cell levels have been demonstrated
      previously (acute myeloid leukemia, hairy cell leukemia). The cause of this
      finding and its pathophysiological implication still remains to be established.

PMID- 2884778
TI  - Tumorigenic poxviruses: transcriptional mapping of the terminal inverted repeats
      of Shope fibroma virus.
AB  - A composite transcriptional map for the entire 12.4-kb terminal inverted repeat
      (TIR) region of the Shope fibroma virus (SFV) genome has been determined.
      Northern blotting and S1-nuclease mapping were used to determine the regions
      which are transcribed, their temporal relationships, as well as the
      transcriptional initiation sites. Sequences representing the entire TIR are
      transcribed into poly(A)+ mRNA at both early and late times in the infection.
      Fifteen transcriptional initiation sites were mapped, 12 within the TIRs and 3
      within the unique sequences close to the junction between the right TIR and the
      unique internal sequences. Ten of the 12 transcriptional initiation sites within
      the TIR and 2 of the 3 sites outside the right TIR correspond to the 5'-ends of
      the major open reading frames (ORFs) T1 to T9 plus the SFV growth factor gene.
      The 3 other initiation sites map within ORFs but near potential start codons for
      shorter polypeptides. All the expressed ORFs are tandemly arranged and
      transcribed toward the hairpin terminus. At early times during SFV infection of
      cultured rabbit cells, transcription of each ORF gives rise to a transcript of
      distinct size, while at late times termination of transcription is imprecise and
      substantial read-through into downstream sequences occurs. These results are
      discussed in light of recent observations on the related recombinant
      leporipoxvirus, malignant rabbit fibroma virus, which suggest that one or more
      gene products from this region of the SFV genome are implicated in viral
      tumorigenicity.

PMID- 2884777
TI  - Structure and origins of the HZ2-feline sarcoma virus.
AB  - The HZ2-feline sarcoma virus (HZ2-FeSV) is a replication-defective acute
      transforming feline retrovirus with oncogene homology to Abelson murine leukemia
      virus (A-MuLV) (P. Besmer, W.D. Hardy,Jr., E. E. Zuckerman, P. J. Bergold, L.
      Lederman, and H. W. Snyder, Jr. (1983) Nature (London) 303, 825-828). In contrast
      to A-MuLV which was isolated from a hematopoietic tumor, the HZ2-FeSV derives
      from a multicentric fibrosarcoma. We have molecularly cloned the HZ2-FeSV
      provirus from mink HZ2-FeSV nonproducer cells. The molecularly cloned HZ2-FeSV
      provirus is biologically active upon transfection of NIH 3T3 indicator cells. The
      genetic structure of the HZ2-FeSV provirus was determined by EM heteroduplex and
      Southern blot analysis. The HZ2-FeSV has a 6.8 kb-viral genome with the
      structure: 5' delta gag-abl-delta pol-delta env 3'. The abl insert, which is 1.4
      kb, is located 1.9 kb from the 5' end and 3.5 kb from the 3' end of the viral
      genome. The 5' 1.9 kb in the HZ2-FeSV are colinear with 5' FeLV sequences, and
      the 3' 3.5 kb are colinear with 3' FeLV sequences, with the exception of a 0.85
      kb deletion in the env gene. HZ2-FeSV v-abl and A-MuLV v-abl share 1.2 kb of abl
      sequences which are known to specify the protein kinase domain of the abl gene
      product and are necessary for fibroblast transformation in vitro. The DNA from
      several tumor tissues of cat 3590 from which the HZ2-FeSV was obtained was found
      to contain several HZ2-FeSV-related proviruses including the HZ2-FeSV. The
      variant HZ2-FeSVs have indistinguishable 5' gag-abl sequences; however, they
      differ in 3' sequences which likely do not include any abl sequences. The DNAs
      from fibrosarcomas obtained by inoculation of kittens with tumor extract were
      found to contain variant HZ2-FeSV proviruses as well. Taken together these
      results indicate a role for the HZ2-FeSVs in sarcomagenesis.

PMID- 2884779
TI  - [Changes in neurohumoral factors of various tissues in patients with breast
      cancer].
AB  - Such neurohumoral factors of antitumor resistance regulation as catecholamines,
      corticosteroids and cholinergic mechanisms were studied in tissues of breast
      cancer patients. Tissue adjacent to tumor revealed elevated concentrations of 11
      hydroxycorticosteroids and adrenaline matched by an increased release of
      norepinephrine which greatly depended on weakened cholinergic influences. These
      disturbances were pronounced in stages I and II tumors and, particularly, in
      infiltrating scirrhous cancer. Disbalance in neurohumoral factor distribution
      between normal and altered tissues may boost tumor recurrence and metastatic
      spread.

PMID- 2884780
TI  - [Features of inter-organ glutathione metabolism in rats provided with different
      amounts of protein and methionine].
AB  - The total glutathione content was studied in the liver, kidneys and erythrocytes
      of rats given semisynthetic rations containing protein with 5, 10 and 15% of
      calorific value, as well as protein with 18% of calorific value supplemented with
      0.125-0.425% of L-methionine. The total glutathione content in the liver directly
      depended on the protein content in the ration, while that in the kidneys did not
      vary with the protein level. The glutathione concentration in erythrocytes was
      significantly reduced with the rise of the protein quota in the ration. The
      addition of L-methionine to the ration also produced a reverse effect on the
      glutathione content in the liver and erythrocytes. However, the growth of the
      glutathione concentration in the liver and its lowering in the erythrocytes were
      recorded only after the addition of 0.125 and 0.225% of methionine. The rise of
      the methionine added up to 0.325 and 0.425% produced no effect on the glutathione
      concentration in the liver and erythrocytes, at the same time the glutathione
      concentration and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in the kidneys rose. It
      has been concluded that the methionine level in the ration, at which the
      glutathione content in the liver and erythrocytes is stabilized, can serve as a
      criterion of an adequately balanced ration for animals (with respect to
      methionine) with the use of casein as a protein source.

PMID- 2884782
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the venous blood of the extremities in
      patients with stroke during exercise therapy].

PMID- 2884781
TI  - A practical approach to improving pain control in cancer patients.
AB  - Despite a wealth of recent articles, many patients with cancer pain continue to
      suffer needlessly. The satisfactory treatment of cancer pain requires a variety
      of practical management strategies. Practicing physicians need a wider
      understanding of both the basic principles of analgesic therapy and the
      pharmacologic features of analgesics. Certain analgesics are best not used in
      cancer care. The use of pharmacologic adjuncts may lessen overall narcotic
      requirements and side effects. The appropriate use of alternative therapies can
      dramatically improve the quality of patients' overall survival.

PMID- 2884783
TI  - [Neuropathologic principles of senile dementia].
AB  - Several groups of senile dementias with differing causes and neurohistological
      substrates can be distinguished. Genetically determined Pick's disease produces
      severe neuronal atrophy; Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathological
      neurofibrillary changes. Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease and Gerstmann-Straussler
      Scheinker disease are slow virus diseases induced by unconventional agents. These
      diseases, after an incubation time of several years, take the course of slowly
      progressive degenerative diseases of the central nervous system without
      inflammatory and specific immune reactions of the host organism. Regarding
      pathogenesis these diseases were interpreted as degenerative processes as long as
      their transmissibility was yet unknown. The fact that so-called slow virus
      diseases can also produce argyrophilic plaques is a further common feature of
      this group of diseases and human pathological aging processes. So far, however,
      there is no proof that Alzheimer's disease is caused by an unconventional agent.
      On the other hand, common features of the products of aging changes and of
      unconventional viral diseases are apparent. In this paper current knowledge of
      pathogenetic mechanisms in this rapidly developing field of research is
      presented. Some relevant factors of organic dementia are discussed: special
      characteristics of neuronal atrophy (functional role of dendrites);
      architectonics of cerebral atrophy (laminar versus modular atrophy);
      neurotransmitter changes (causes or sequels of dementia) and a possibly non
      specific origin of senile plaques. Finally, the clinical relevance of
      neurobiological research into dementias is emphasized.

PMID- 2884785
TI  - [Gas gangrene].

PMID- 2884784
TI  - Serum gastrin, calcitonin, and prolactin as markers of multiple endocrine
      neoplasia syndromes in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2884786
TI  - E-type prostaglandin binding sites in isolated canine parietal cells: elucidation
      with (3H) misoprostol free acid.
AB  - (3H) Misoprostol free acid, a prostaglandin E1 analog, was used to identify high
      affinity binding sites for E-type prostaglandins in enriched canine parietal cell
      preparations. Saturable, reversible, and highly stereospecific binding, with an
      estimated number of 8000 binding sites per cell, was demonstrated. The binding
      sites have high affinity for misoprostol, misoprostol free acid, and other E-type
      prostaglandins. Prostaglandins of the I- and F-type bind weakly, and chemically
      unrelated compounds, such as histamine and cimetidine, do not bind. The results
      indicate that (3H) misoprostol free acid binds to E-type prostaglandin receptors,
      and that the ulcer-healing drug, misoprostol, inhibits gastric acid secretion
      through interaction with a specific E-type prostaglandin receptor.

PMID- 2884787
TI  - [Anatomical bases of the neural regulation of the gastrointestinal organs].
AB  - The nervous regulation of splanchnic organs is based on a hierarchic
      morphological system including the central and peripheral nervous system. The
      efferent nerves of the viscera stem from the medullo-spinal primary centers which
      are superordinate to the intrinsic nerve plexus of the splanchnic organs. The
      medullo-spinal activity is modulated by specific and unspecific higher centers
      (nuclei) of the entire brainstem. The afferent nerves of the viscera reach the
      medullo-spinal centers via sympathetic pathways and the dorsal root ganglia as
      well as via the medulla oblongata via the vagus nerve and the nodose ganglion.
      These primary sensory neurons end at various centers of the medullo-spinal
      system. That is, they are connected to the primary centers. The afferent nerves
      guarantee direct control over the functional status of the viscera. The
      neurotransmitters of the entire autonomic circuits are specific to the splanchnic
      organs. Catecholaminergic, acetylcholinergic, and GABA-ergic neurons contain a
      variable pattern of co-stored neuropeptides which are responsible for the
      individual properties of the circuits of each visceral organ.

PMID- 2884789
TI  - The ependyma of sheep. III. The third cerebral ventricle.

PMID- 2884788
TI  - [Therapy of urticaria with H1 and H2 antihistaminics. Results of clinical and
      experimental studies].
AB  - The antipruritic effect of modern H1- and H2-receptor blockers in chronic
      urticaria, that had been clinically proved, was experimentally studied by means
      of the histamine weal test. The H2-antihistamine preparation ranidine alone did
      not clearly reduce weals or erythemas induced by histamine when compared with a
      placebo. As expected, both parameters were markedly reduced by the H1
      antihistamine preparation terfenadine. After combined administration of both
      drugs, the effect of the H1-blocker proved to be significantly increased. We
      discuss the possible mode of action and the consequences for anti-allergic
      therapy.

PMID- 2884790
TI  - Bioindication in coral reef ecosystems.
AB  - The concept of bioindication in the sense of the use of organisms for detecting
      environmental stress has been employed in coral reef conservation and management
      for the past several years. Important tools are coral growth rates and various
      community parameters, notably hard coral cover. The present need is the optimal
      coordination of international efforts for the earliest possible institution of an
      effective monitoring system.

PMID- 2884791
TI  - Drugs recently released in Belgium. Recombinant methionyl human growth hormone,
      synthetic growth hormone-releasing factor, somatostatin.

PMID- 2884792
TI  - Glucose, beta adrenergic effects, and pancreatic endocrine function in the
      isolated perfused duck pancreas.
AB  - Duck isolated perfused pancreas was used to assess glucose, adrenergic mediated
      effects and pancreatic function interrelationships. A moderate physiological 50%
      increase in glucose level, corresponding closely to the difference observed
      between 24-h-fasted and fed animals, induced a significant decrease of pancreatic
      glucagon not due to a rise in somatostatin secretion. The great responsiveness of
      the A cell was still found after glucagon stimulation by catecholamines or beta
      adrenergic agonism. Insulin was irresponsive to the glucose load we used,
      suggesting that glucose-induced glucagon suppression was also insulin
      independent. As far as the D cell was concerned, glucose had no effect on
      pancreatic somatostatin output; however, an interesting finding was that beta
      adrenergic agonism has a permissive effect on D cell responsiveness to the
      nutriment.

PMID- 2884793
TI  - Neuropeptide Y directly inhibits growth hormone secretion by human pituitary
      somatotropic tumours.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide, widely distributed throughout
      the brain and is found in hypothalamic neurones. This latter finding suggests
      that NPY may possess a hypophysiotropic function. A number of studies have
      demonstrated effects of NPY on LH and GH secretion by rat pituitary cells. We
      report here the results of experiments investigating the effects of NPY on GH
      secretion by tumorous human somatotropic pituitary cells in culture. NPY (0.25-25
      nmol/l) inhibited GH secretion by 20-53%, the maximal effect depending upon the
      tumour studied. The potency of NPY was less than that of somatostatin (SRIH). The
      stimulatory effects of growth hormone releasing factor (GHRH) and theophylline
      were reduced by NPY, but NPY did not modify the inhibitory effect of SRIH on GH
      secretion. It is concluded that NPY may be involved in the control of GH
      secretion, at least by tumorous human pituitary somatotropes.

PMID- 2884794
TI  - A sensitive and practical assay for thyroid-stimulating antibodies using FRTL-5
      thyroid cells.
AB  - A sensitive, precise and practical assay for thyroid stimulating antibodies was
      developed in which poorly differentiated rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) were exposed
      to crude immunoglobulin fractions precipitated from serum with 15% polyethylene
      glycol under hypotonic conditions. After the incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 h,
      cAMP released into Hank's medium without NaCl was determined by radioimmunoassay.
      The removal of NaCl from the isotonic Hank's medium greatly enhanced cAMP
      production in response to both TSH and thyroid stimulating antibodies. The assay
      was sensitive enough to elicit an approximately 30-fold increase in cAMP at 10
      mU/l bovine TSH. Thyroid stimulating activities measured using FRTL-5 cells
      significantly correlated with those measured using cultured porcine (r = 0.918, N
      = 72) or human (r = 0.830, N = 23) thyroid cells. Thyroid stimulating activities
      were detected in all of the 50 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease, the 14
      patients with recurrent hyperthyroid Graves' disease, and the 25 patients with
      ophthalmic Graves' disease. Thyroid stimulating activity was also detected in
      some patients (9/24, 37.5%) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis whose serum TSH
      concentrations were higher than 30 mU/l. However, it was completely abolished by
      pre-treatment of the sera with anti-TSH antibodies. Although thyroid stimulating
      activities were detected in one of the patients with simple goitre (N = 10) and
      in one with thyroid cancer (N = 10), none of the patients with silent thyroiditis
      (N = 7), adenomatous goitre (N = 11), and thyroid adenoma (N = 9) were positive
      for thyroid stimulating antibodies.

PMID- 2884795
TI  - Elevated anti-alpha-galactosyl antibody titres. A marker of progression in
      autoimmune thyroid disorders and in endocrine ophthalmopathy?
AB  - The titres of anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies were measured by passive
      haemagglutination in 50 control subjects and in 128 patients presenting with
      various thyroid disorders. Titres of control subjects ranged from 1/10 to 1/80,
      regardless of age and blood group. Elevated titres (greater than 1/80) were
      constantly noted in 6/6 patients with progressive exophthalmos, in 5/5 patients
      with untreated Graves' disease, and in 11/12 patients with progressive nontoxic
      goitre. By contrast, the titres were within the normal range in primary myxoedema
      (17 patients) and in residual exophthalmos (11 patients), whereas they were only
      erratically increased in 1/31 patients with treated or cured Graves' disease and
      in 5/36 patients with nonprogressive nontoxic goitre. Finally, elevated titres
      were also found in 3/7 patients presenting with autoimmune thyroiditis. No
      correlations could be established between elevated titres and the thyrotropin
      binding inhibiting immunoglobulin activity, the antithyroglobulin antibody titres
      or the antimicrosomal antibody titres. As in the control subjects, the anti-alpha
      galactosyl antibodies mainly belonged to the IgG class. Affinity purified anti
      alpha-galactosyl antibodies were capable of binding to trypsinized human and
      porcine thyroid cells in culture, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. On the
      other hand, they were not able to react with untreated thyroid cells. The data
      show that the measurement of anti-alpha-galactosyl antibody titres could
      represent an easy and useful tool to determine whether an autoimmune thyroid
      disorder is in progression. Besides, they suggest that some of the antigenic
      determinants implicated in the enhanced production of anti-alpha-galactosyl
      antibodies are present, but normally hidden, within the cell surface of thyroid
      cells.

PMID- 2884796
TI  - Comparison of atracurium, pipecuronium, and vecuronium for tracheal intubation.
AB  - In order to compare tracheal intubation conditions, 34 adult patients about to
      undergo elective surgery received at random atracurium 0.5 mg X kg-1,
      pipecuronium 0.1 mg X kg-1 or vecuronium 0.1 mg X kg-1, intravenously. Intubation
      was attempted when only the first of the train-of-four finger contractions,
      arising from ulnar nerve stimulation, remained. The three relaxants provided
      effective conditions for intubation. The time required to suppress all but the
      first train-of-four response was shortest in the group given atracurium (P less
      than 0.05). Compound muscle action potentials (emg) were continuously filmed from
      just before induction of anesthesia until the trachea was intubated. The degree
      of neuromuscular blockade was similar in the three study groups.

PMID- 2884797
TI  - Priming with vecuronium and atracurium--a comparison.
AB  - Vecuronium (V) and atracurium (A) were compared in a randomised study in
      premedicated patients undergoing laparoscopy for gynecological pathology. Both
      groups contained ten patients. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (0.1 mg) and
      thiopentone (1 mg/kg initially and subsequently 4 mg/kg). A priming dose of
      vecuronium (20 micrograms/kg) or atracurium (100 micrograms/kg) was given one
      minute before the intubating dose (60 micrograms/kg for vecuronium and 300
      micrograms/kg for atracurium). Ninety seconds thereafter intubation was
      performed. Maintenance of anesthesia consisted of isoflurane at an inspiratory
      concentration of 1% in a mixture of O2/N2O (50%/50%) with small supplements of
      fentanyl. Neuromuscular block was monitored with the Datex Relaxograph. Results
      show that neither drug offers major clinical advantages over the other: there is
      no difference in speed of onset (V:T190sec 14.6 +/- 4.3%; A:T190sec 23.5 +/-
      6.5%; Mean +/- SEM) and duration of neuromuscular block (V:T150sec 34.2 +/- 3.5
      min; A:T150sec 41.3 +/- 2.8 min; Mean +/- SEM) and intubation conditions are
      almost identical.

PMID- 2884798
TI  - Serum antibodies to HTLV-I in human demyelinating disease.
AB  - Serum HTLV-I antibodies were measured in 17 MS patients and 2 closely matched
      control groups by 2 different independent assays. A highly sensitive particle
      agglutination test was used to detect HTLV-I core protein antigens and an
      immunoblot assay with E. coli-expressed P21E transmembrane protein was employed
      to detect antibodies to HTLV-I evelope antigens. No serologic evidence of prior
      HTLV-I infection in our population of multiple sclerosis (MS) or Guillain-Barre
      Syndrome (GBS) patients was found.

PMID- 2884799
TI  - Clinical experience with GRF.
AB  - Growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) is one of two main releasing hormones which
      control pituitary hGH production and release. This activity is retained even when
      the length of the GRF polypeptide is reduced to the 29 N-terminal residues. This
      29-residue polypeptide has been chemically synthesized, and testing in healthy
      volunteers elicited secretion of hGH to a maximum level of about 40 ng/ml. In a
      trial of children with various disorders, the maximum hGH response was reached
      within 60 minutes; those children with hGH deficiency showed much lower responses
      than those with other disorders not related to hGH deficiency. The frequency of
      false-positive tests was low, and it is proposed that GRF testing could provide a
      useful additional tool in the diagnosis of hGH deficiency.

PMID- 2884800
TI  - [Effect of higenamine on alpha-adrenoceptors].

PMID- 2884801
TI  - [Effects of 4 psychotropic drugs and 4 central neurotransmitters on lipid
      peroxidation in the human erythrocyte membrane].

PMID- 2884802
TI  - [Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking effect of berberine in isolated rat anococcygeus
      muscles and rabbit aorta strips].

PMID- 2884803
TI  - C-terminal fragments of oxytocin (prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide and Z-prolyl-D
      leucine) attenuate the development of tolerance to ethanol.
AB  - Earlier it was found that oxytocin (OXT) treatment inhibited the development of
      tolerance to ethanol. In the present study the possibility was investigated
      whether the effect of OXT on ethanol tolerance was related to peptide fragments
      derived from the C-terminal part of the molecule. The actions of different doses
      of the C-terminal tripeptide (prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide, PLG) and of a synthetic
      dipeptide derivative (Z-prolyl-D-leucine, Z-Pro-D-Leu) on the development of
      tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol in CFLP mice were therefore
      investigated. Peptide treatment did not affect body temperature in ethanol-naive
      animals. The acute effects (hypothermia, sleeping time) of a single ethanol
      injection were also unaffected by these peptides. In contrast, both PLG and Z-Pro
      D-Leu inhibited the development of tolerance to the hypothermic effect of
      ethanol. Accordingly, it might be speculated that a sequence active in affecting
      ethanol tolerance is located in the C-terminal part of the OXT molecule.

PMID- 2884804
TI  - Prejunctional adrenergic receptors and sympathetic neurotransmission: studies in
      canine skeletal muscle vasculature in situ.
AB  - The effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied in blood perfused
      canine skeletal muscle in situ. The overflow of NA and vasoconstriction, which
      represent pre- and postjunctional events in this vascular bed, were frequency
      dependent and closely related to each other. Measurements of endogenous NA
      overflow were compared with a conventional radio-labelling technique using 3H-NA.
      Nerve stimulation evoked overflow of total radioactivity was recovered almost
      exclusively as 3H-NA. The relative changes of the nerve stimulation evoked
      overflow of endogenous NA and 3H-NA were much the same. The reproducibility was
      better for endogenous NA measurements than for the other two indices of
      transmitter release. Thus, endogenous NA overflow seems to provide a better
      measure of NA release. There was a preferential overflow of the newly stored
      radio-labelled transmitter, in agreement with earlier observations in vitro,
      showing that there is more than one compartment for NA storage in sympathetic
      nerve endings. Inhibition of neuronal uptake enhanced the nerve stimulation
      evoked overflow of NA and prolonged the vasoconstrictor response without
      influencing its amplitude. This would be consistent with a reduced clearance of
      the released transmitter without major alterations of the NA concentrations at
      the neuroeffector junction. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis did not
      influence nerve stimulation evoked NA overflow, suggesting that prostaglandin
      formation is of little importance for the modulation of NA release in this
      vascular bed. Postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors of both subtypes may well
      contribute to the neurogenic control of vascular tone. Circulating catecholamines
      seem to be more important with regard to activation of the postjunctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. Postjunctional beta 2-adrenoceptors are to all appearances
      activated principally by blood borne catecholamines. There was no evidence in
      favour of physiologically important neurogenic control of these receptors. Nerve
      stimulation evoked NA overflow was enhanced by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and
      reduced by alpha-adrenoceptor agonists. The findings lend further support to the
      suggested physiological role of prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated feed
      back inhibition of NA release. There may also be a subset of prejunctional alpha
      1-adrenoceptors involved in the modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission. The
      existence of a prejunctional facilitatory beta 2-adrenoceptor could be
      demonstrated, as stimulation of beta 2-adrenoceptors enhanced nerve stimulation
      evoked NA overflow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884805
TI  - Prejunctional beta 2-adrenoreceptor blockade reduces nerve stimulation evoked
      release of endogenous noradrenaline in skeletal muscle in situ.
AB  - Prejunctional beta-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of endogenous noradrenaline
      (NA) overflow elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation was studied in blood
      perfused canine gracilis muscle in situ. An attempt was made to subclassify these
      beta-adrenoceptors by comparing the effects of beta 1-selective (metoprolol) and
      non-selective (propranolol) beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Animals were pre-treated
      with desipramine and phenoxybenzamine in order to counteract possible influences
      of neuronal uptake and stimulation-evoked changes in vascular resistance on the
      diffusion of NA into the blood stream. Metoprolol did not decrease stimulation
      evoked NA overflow, as compared with control experiments (-10 and -8%,
      respectively). However, propranolol reduced stimulation-evoked NA overflow by 30%
      in metoprolol pre-treated animals (P less than 0.05 vs. control experiments).
      Both antagonists elevated basal perfusion pressure, suggesting that vascular post
      junctional beta 1- as well as beta 2-adrenoceptors are present. Propranolol
      increased stimulation-evoked vasoconstriction in metoprolol pre-treated animals,
      indicating that neuronally released NA may activate postjunctional beta 2
      adrenoceptors under these experimental conditions. In conclusion, our findings
      suggest that NA release can be enhanced by activation of prejunctional beta 2
      adrenoceptors in vivo.

PMID- 2884806
TI  - Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists inhibit the migrating myoelectric complexes of the
      small intestine in rats.

PMID- 2884807
TI  - [Evaluation of the efficacy of haloperidol decanoate].
AB  - A study was performed to establish the efficacy of haloperidol decanoate used as
      a drug to replace other neuroleptics, previously applied orally and daily to
      hospitalized chronic psychotic patients, clinically stabilized. For this study,
      30 patients received one injection of this preparation every 4 weeks, during 4
      months. After reviewing the results, it is concluded that this drug is very
      useful in these patients.

PMID- 2884808
TI  - Skin conductance nonresponding and nonhabituation in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Bilateral skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR) were measured for 18 RDC
      diagnosed schizophrenic patients during rest and during presentation of identical
      tones. Computed tomography scans were evaluated. All but two patients were on
      neuroleptic medication. Six patients were nonresponders, seven habituated to the
      tones and five were nonhabituators. Nonresponders had lower SC level, fewer SC
      spontaneous fluctuations and higher HR level than the other subgroups. On
      neuropsychological tests the performance of the habituator group was closest to
      that of healthy subjects. Nonresponders did not differ in clinical symptoms,
      anamnestic data or in the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in their families.
      Seventeen percent of the nonresponders had poor premorbidity adjustment vs 80% of
      the nonhabituators. Nonhabituators had higher ranks in the following symptoms:
      Presence of commenting voices, and inability to feel. They also tended to have
      wider third ventricles than the other two subgroups. The results support earlier
      findings in our laboratory suggesting nonhabituators as an important subgroup
      among schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2884809
TI  - Delusional misidentification of the Capgras and intermetamorphosis types
      responding to clorazepate. A case report.
AB  - A patient with chronic psychosis and intermittent psychotic misidentification of
      the Capgras and intermetamorphosis types refractory to neuroleptic treatment was
      given a trial of clorazepate. Complete remission of psychotic symptoms was
      achieved for the first time in 19 years, but these recurred when the patient
      discontinued her clorazepate. It is concluded that clorazepate may be a useful
      treatment for some cases of chronic psychosis and psychotic misidentification. A
      possible mechanism for this is discussed.

PMID- 2884810
TI  - Schneiderian first rank symptoms: reconfirmation of high specificity for
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The prevalence of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms (FRS) in 294 consecutive
      admissions to a research unit was evaluated with reference to their diagnostic
      distribution (SADS/RDC). Thirty-five of 58 patients with schizophrenia had FRS,
      as compared to nine of 190 patients with major depressive disorder. All patients
      with two or more FRS received a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the absence of
      organic or toxic etiology, the specificity of FRS for schizophrenia was 95% and
      their predictive value was 90%. These findings indicate that FRS should be
      regarded as strongly suggestive of schizophrenia in the absence of an organic
      syndrome.

PMID- 2884811
TI  - Comparison of the serum levels in primary non-agitated depressed out-patients
      treated with imipramine in combination with placebo, diazepam or dixyrazine.
AB  - Sixty-three non-agitated depressed out-patients were selected according to the
      Feighner-Robins-Guze criteria for primary depressions for a double-blind, between
      patient randomized study for an 8 week duration. All the patients were treated
      with imipramine following a fixed dose schedule for the first 2 weeks and
      thereafter according to clinical response (100-200 mg/day). This treatment was
      combined with either placebo, diazepam (10 mg/day) or dixyrazine (50 mg/day). The
      serum concentration of imipramine both at 2 weeks and later was significantly
      higher (P less than 0.05) in the group treated with dixyrazine than in the other
      two groups. In the group treated with diazepam, the serum levels of imipramine
      and desipramine were significantly lower than in the placebo group. The serum
      concentrations of diazepam, desmethyldiazepam and dixyrazine were almost
      unchanged during the study. No significant correlation was found between the
      dosage and the serum concentration of imipramine or desipramine. The change in
      mean CPRS-score correlated neither with the imipramine nor with the desipramine
      serum levels, it did correlate but negatively with the degree of side effects.
      The degree of side effects correlated positively with the serum concentration of
      desipramine.

PMID- 2884812
TI  - Depressed melatonin secretion in patients with nightmares due to beta
      adrenoceptor blocking drugs.
AB  - Nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion was evaluated in six patients with
      nightmares and hallucinations during treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      agents, and compared to six control patients with similar diagnoses and treatment
      but without such symptoms from the central nervous system (CNS). Nightly
      melatonin excretion was lower in all cases with nightly CNS-symptoms than in the
      control patients. The results also suggest drug differences and dose dependency.
      It is concluded that in predisposed patients CNS side-effects induced by beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists are related to depressed nightly melatonin secretion.

PMID- 2884813
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of loud noise before and after central sympathetic nervous
      stimulation.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of loud noise after central alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulation were studied in 13 patients with mild (WHO 1) essential hypertension.
      The patients were randomized (double-blind) to treatment with either placebo or
      guanfacine 1-2 mg for four weeks and then crossed over and treated for another
      four weeks. All patients were exposed to a loud broad-band noise (105 dBA for 30
      min) and all were studied both on placebo and guanfacine. Guanfacine
      significantly reduced the resting blood pressure from 141/92 to 134/88 mmHg (p
      less than 0.01) as well as heart rate at rest from 63 to 58 beats/min (p less
      than 0.05). Noise stimulation caused a significant increase in blood pressure and
      resistance in the placebo-treated group, while cardiac output decreased
      significantly. Pretreatment for one month with the central alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulating agent guanfacine did not block the noise-induced pressor response nor
      the increase in peripheral resistance. A significant decrease in stroke volume
      was observed and cardiac output also tended to decrease in this group. It could
      be concluded that loud noise is a potent pressor stimulus which causes
      vasoconstriction and that the blood pressure response during noise could not be
      blocked by the centrally acting antihypertensive agent guanfacine. Since noise
      causes vasoconstriction it also induces an increased tone in the small arteries
      and, if the noise stimulus is sufficiently strong and repeated for a long time,
      it might cause structural changes in the resistance vessels and permanent
      arterial hypertension in humans.

PMID- 2884814
TI  - Vasculitis--clinical aspects and therapy.

PMID- 2884815
TI  - Hypothalamus: past, present, future.

PMID- 2884816
TI  - Somatostatin and GHRH: mood and behavioral regulation.

PMID- 2884817
TI  - Coexistence of classical transmitters and peptides with special reference to the
      arcuate nucleus--median eminence complex.

PMID- 2884818
TI  - Importance of the neuroendocrine system in aging processes.

PMID- 2884819
TI  - Brain diseases in the elderly: clinical aspects and management.

PMID- 2884820
TI  - Multiple signals in synaptic transmission: impact on the strategies for the
      development of a new generation of centrally active drugs.

PMID- 2884821
TI  - In situ hybridization histochemistry: a new tool for studying brain function.

PMID- 2884822
TI  - Modulatory interactions between steroid hormones, neurotransmitters and
      neuropeptides in hippocampus.

PMID- 2884823
TI  - Beta-blocking agents and plasma lipids: an update.

PMID- 2884824
TI  - [Acute arthroscopy in children].
AB  - The diagnostic value of arthroscopy in hemarthrosis of unknown origin of the knee
      joint in children is analysed on the basis of reports in the literature and our
      own patients. Of a total of 325 acute arthroscopies, 12 were carried out in
      children. 14 individual findings were made: 3 ruptures (non osseous) of anterior
      cruciate ligament, 4 meniscal tears, 4 osteochondral lesions, 1 cartilage damage
      in spontaneously repositioned patellar luxation and 2 other findings. Surgical
      treatment was indicated in 7 out of the 12 children. Acute arthroscopy is rarely
      employed in children. This is because corresponding injuries are very much rarer
      as a whole and not because the conditions are less serious. In our opinion, acute
      arthroscopy is called for in a greater number of pediatric patients than
      previously practiced.

PMID- 2884825
TI  - [Acute slipped femur head epiphysis. Causes--surgical treatment--results].
AB  - The juvenile slipped capital femoral epiphysis depends on a dysendocrinia during
      puberal acceleration. The weakening of mechanical stability of the epiphyseal
      cartilage leads in most of the cases to a slow, only in some cases to an acute
      dorsocaudal slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis. Representation of our own
      patients of Orthopedic University Hospital D-Homburg/Saar with altogether 27
      acute slipped capital femoral epiphyses during the years 1965-1981. The early
      operative stabilisation seems to be most important for a good prognosis (danger
      of development of femoral head necrosis). The opening of the hip joint during the
      operation by a ventral capsulotomy facilitates the reduction and decompresses the
      haematoma. In consideration of the mostly slow beginning, in many cases an ideal
      correction could not be achieved in most of the patients. In contrast to the
      osteosynthesis by screws the growth in length is less influenced by using a
      lamellar nail or Kirschner-wires. In cases of an acute slipped capital femoral
      epiphysis a first conservative treatment with subsequent correction osteotomy
      does not seem to be justifiable, because the danger of femoral head necrosis
      raises drastically. In case of opportune operation and correct technique good to
      fair functional results can be achieved.

PMID- 2884826
TI  - [Fatigue fracture of the proximal tibia in childhood--diagnostic and differential
      diagnostic problems].
AB  - Two cases of fatigue fractures of the proximal tibia of boys, 11 and 14 years old
      are reported. Clinical and radiological findings are discussed with special
      regard of the literature. Especially differential diagnostic problems, even with
      actual methods are discussed. An histological examination is necessary only in
      doubtful cases. An precise anamnesis, clinical and standard X-ray examination are
      very often sufficient to get an exact diagnosis.

PMID- 2884827
TI  - [Femoral fractures near the knee in the growth period].
AB  - Fractures of the distal part of the femur in children are difficult to classify
      as suggested by Aitken, Harris and Salter if the epiphyseal cartilage is injured.
      Such injuries are rare if seen in relation to the grand total of paediatric
      lesions. There are late complications, however. In unilateral closure of the
      epiphyseal cartilage growth will be irregular and there will be differences in
      leg length. The sequels to knee joint distortions with ruptures of the ligaments
      are significant. These ruptures will also result in leg malpositioning due to
      epiphyseal closure. Corrective measures are often necessary to straighten out the
      axial deviation and to compensate the differences in leg length. The authors' own
      patient material comprises besides epiphyseal fractures eight such ligamentous
      lesions with late complications.

PMID- 2884828
TI  - [Significance of rotation errors in supracondylar humeral fractures in the
      child].
AB  - To get information about the importance of malrotation for posttraumatic varus or
      valgus deformity a clinical, radiological and CT follow-up examination of 20
      children who were treated for supracondylar fracture from 1983 to 1985 was done.
      Rotational-displacement was measured on computed tomographical images taken from
      the region where fracture had happened. On the ap follow-up X-ray from both, the
      fractured and the other side, and the X-ray which was made after reduction, the
      medial and lateral colonne were measured from a "special point" in the middle of
      the shaft of the humerus. The length of the colonnes and their difference were
      compared. 15 of the 20 patients showed internal malrotation, 1 patient external
      malrotation and 4 showed no rotational-displacement. In 15 of the 16 patients
      with malrotation, the rotational-displacement caused a change in the length of
      the colonnes. Just in one case malrotation caused a minimal deformity of the
      carrying angle without alteration of the length of the colonnes. 93% of the cases
      with internal malrotation showed varus deformity. In 3 cases we saw growth
      disturbance of the epiphyseal plate, but the induced alteration of the length of
      the colonnes were minimal compared with the changes caused by malrotation.

PMID- 2884829
TI  - [Pathological fractures in childhood and adolescence in benign and semi-malignant
      bone tumors and tumorous and inflammatory bone changes].
AB  - The article reports on etiology, clinics and treatment of pathological fractures
      caused by benign, semimalign bone tumors as well as tumorlike lesions and
      inflammatory bone alterations in childhood. Our patients treated between the
      years of 1972 and 1986 were reexamined and the results reconsidered thoroughly.
      Of 47 children with pathological fractures 38 were treated surgically. The
      treatment consisted of tumor excision or milling out respectively, perforation of
      the excavation and its subsequent filling with autologous spongiosa combined with
      additional stabilization by osteosynthesis. With this surgical therapy 3
      recurrent cysts were observed of which one resulted in a refracture. With the
      majority of the children the pathological fracture lead to the discovery of the
      tumor.

PMID- 2884831
TI  - [Dynamization of fixateur externe].

PMID- 2884830
TI  - [Pediatric skull fractures].
AB  - In this study we analyzed neurocranial fractures of 116 children up to the age of
      12. The changes of the anatomical skull structure during the child's development,
      the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the different kinds of skull
      fractures and methods for a sufficient prophylaxis to avoid them are discussed in
      the following.

PMID- 2884832
TI  - Human marrow transplantation: an immunological perspective.

PMID- 2884833
TI  - Approaches to the study of vector specificity for arboviruses--model systems
      using cultured mosquito cells.

PMID- 2884834
TI  - Stage-specific homocytotropic antibody response of Mastomys natalensis to
      Dipetalonema viteae infection.

PMID- 2884835
TI  - Pathogenicity of Crithidia fasciculata in the haemocoele of Glossina.
AB  - The mosquito flagellate Crithidia fasciculata produces intense haemocoelic
      infections following intrahaemocoelic inoculation into 5 species of Glossina--G.
      austeni, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. morsitans morsitans, G. palpalis gambiensis and
      G. tachinoides. All Glossina inoculated with C. fasciculata died between days 4
      and 9. Neither Trypanosoma brucei procyclics nor Leishmania hertigi promastigotes
      similarly inoculated into Glossina species, at the same dose, multiplied within
      the haemocoele and no deaths were recorded during the first 10 days post
      injection. No mortalities amongst sham-injected controls occurred over the 10-day
      period.

PMID- 2884836
TI  - The effect of trypanocidal drugs on the transmission of Trypanosoma brucei brucei
      by Glossina morsitans centralis.
AB  - The effects of trypanocidal drugs on Trypanosoma b. brucei infections in Glossina
      m. centralis have been investigated. Pentamidine and suramin exhibited no
      significant effects but both berenil and samorin reduced the number of salivary
      gland infections in comparison with controls. Berenil at concentrations of 10,
      1.0 and 0.1 microgram/ml significantly reduced the number of mature infections
      when fed to flies throughout the whole period of trypanosome development. A
      similar result was obtained with samorin at 0.1 microgram/ml. Subsequent
      experiments showed that administration of both drugs at an early stage was more
      effective in preventing the maturation of infection than a later but more
      prolonged administration. Reported drug levels in the blood of different
      experimental host animals are of the same magnitude as those used here. It is
      suggested that repeated feeding of T. b. brucei infected Glossina on drug-treated
      hosts may reduce transmission, although alternative bloodmeal sources would
      reduce this effect. These influences are worthy of investigation in the field.

PMID- 2884837
TI  - Lectin-binding characteristics of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae.
AB  - The binding of 10 different lectins to the surface of microfilariae of Wuchereria
      bancrofti has been investigated. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Helix pomatia
      lectin (HPA) bound specifically to the sheathed microfilariae indicating the
      presence of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine respectively on
      the surface. Exsheathed microfilariae did not react with any of the lectins.
      Treatment of sheathed microfilariae with proteases resulted in increased binding
      of WGA and HPA. Such treated microfilariae showed a weak binding of Concanavalin
      A (Con A), and lectins of lentil (LCH) and of Limulus polyphemus (LPA). Sheathed
      microfilariae incubated with sera of people living in endemic zones of filariasis
      but with no apparent evidence of infection (endemic normals), or with sera of
      chronic elephantiasis patients, or with their respective gamma globulin
      fractions, bound Con A and LCH. These lectins bound weakly to exsheathed
      microfilariae under the same conditions. Binding was due to the mannose
      components of the specific immunoglobulins of the sera which coated the
      microfilariae. However, microfilariae when incubated with sera or their globulin
      fractions from non-endemic normals (NEN), or from microfilarial carriers, did not
      bind Con A and LCH, suggesting that specific immunoglobulins were neither present
      in NEN sera nor in significant amounts in sera of microfilarial carriers.

PMID- 2884838
TI  - Immunity to Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea) infections in resistant and
      susceptible mice.
AB  - The course of infection with Dipetalonema viteae in mice shows marked genetically
      determined strain variation. Subcutaneous implantation of 5 female D. viteae into
      C57BL/10 (B10) mice results in a short term, low level microfilaraemia compared
      with that seen in similar infections in BALB/c mice. Adult worm survival is
      similar, thus the different patterns of infections reflect responses directed
      against the microfilariae larvae (mf). A number of immunological parameters have
      been monitored during infection in an attempt to identify strain differences
      which may be correlated with levels of resistance. Blast cell activity in the
      spleen and lymph nodes showed little strain difference, peaking on day 10 and
      declining as mf disappeared from the circulation. Total serum IgG levels doubled
      in both strains during infection, the response being more rapid in B10 mice.
      Serum IgM levels increased threefold in BALB/c mice but fourteen-fold in B10.
      Radiosorbent assays identified comparable anti-adult antibody and anti-mf
      homogenate IgM antibody responses in both strains. Immunofluorescent assay showed
      that the appearance of IgM antibodies directed against the mf surface correlated
      with the clearance of mf from the blood of B10 mice, whereas similar antibodies
      were not detected in BALB/c mice. It is proposed that the efficient clearance of
      mf in B10 is mediated through an IgM-dependent mechanism and that the chronic
      microfilariaemia seen in BALB/c mice is facilitated by the absence of a specific
      IgM response to mf surface antigens.

PMID- 2884840
TI  - Identification and selection of cattle naturally resistant to African
      trypanosomiasis.
AB  - Cattle were exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in an area of high Glossina
      density (Samandeni, Burkina Faso) for various periods of time during 1982, 1983,
      1984 and 1985. All of 30 Zebu proved to be sensitive to trypanosomiasis i.e. they
      died or were treated in extremis in 10 +/- 4 weeks. Twenty-one (31%) Baoule were
      as sensitive as the Zebu while 47 (69%) were resistant i.e. they survived in good
      condition. Twenty Ndama/Baoule crosses, indigenous to Samandeni were all
      resistant. Weekly blood samples were taken (2,317 in total) for the determination
      of parasitaemia and packed cell volume (PCV) as a measure of anaemia, the most
      important pathological feature of cattle trypanosomiasis. In both Zebu and
      sensitive Baoule 59% of the blood samples showed positive parasitaemia, of which
      38% and 52% respectively were T. congolense the major cattle pathogen in the area
      considered. In resistant Baoule and Ndama/Baoule 11% and 10% of the samples were
      positive for trypanosomes of which only 4% and 2% were T. congolense
      respectively. PCV decreased from 35 to 20 in Zebu, 39 to 20 in sensitive Baoule
      and 40 to 34 in resistant Baoule, there was no change in the indigenous
      Ndama/Baoule. Six Ndama/Baoule indigenous to Samandeni remained resistant to
      trypanosomiasis when moved to another area of high Glossina challenge. Seven
      Ndama/Baoule calves, conceived in Samandeni but born and kept for 2 1/2 years in
      a Glossina-free area, also proved to be resistant to challenge. Twelve Baoule
      calves, born from cattle selected under natural field challenge, and which had
      not come in contact with trypanosomes for the first 10 months of their life,
      proved to be resistant when exposed in the field. These observations show that
      some, but not all, cattle from the Baoule breed are naturally resistant to
      African trypanosomiasis, that this resistance does not need repeated exposure to
      trypanosomes early in life but appears to be inherited and functional against
      many types of antigenically different trypanosomes. Thus, selective breeding of
      trypanoresistant animals and their successful introduction, without trypanocidal
      drug protection, into areas of high Glossina density appears feasible.

PMID- 2884839
TI  - Different patterns of disease in two inbred mouse strains infected with a clone
      of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis.
AB  - We have infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with a cloned Leishmania mexicana
      amazonensis population, obtained from the "Maria" strain. Progression of
      infection and histopathological examination confirmed the extreme susceptibility
      of BALB/c mice and the resistant pattern of the C57 BL/6. Anti-Leishmania
      antibody titers were higher in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice through the period of
      infection. Tests of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction with Leishmania
      antigens were positive in both strains in the beginning of the infection, but
      were negative later on in BALB/c mice. Our results are similar to those obtained
      with mixed parasite populations, and rule out the possibility of selection among
      different parasite subpopulations as responsible for the divergent course of the
      disease exhibited by these two strains of mice.

PMID- 2884841
TI  - Epidemiology of animal trypanosomiasis on a cattle ranch in Kilifi, Kenya.
AB  - A study of the epidemiology of animal trypanosomiasis was carried out on a 2500
      ha cattle ranch, with a history of trypanosomiasis, in the Coast Province of
      Kenya in 1982. The tsetse survey on the ranch revealed one breeding focus of
      Glossina austeni in a thicket of approximately 50 ha. Trypanosomes were detected
      in 20% of the 46 dissected tsetse. During the study period of 9 months, 0.8% of
      the 3315 samples collected from 2300 Ayrshire X Sahiwal crossbred cattle were
      found infected with trypanosomes; 32% of 5909 samples collected from the same
      cattle had a packed cell volume (PCV) of 30% or less. Animals with a PCV of 30%
      or less were treated with a trypanocide (Berenil, Ethidium or Novidium). Antibody
      to trypanosomes was detected in 22.1% of the 343 sera collected from the cattle.
      A sentinel herd of 20 cattle was exposed for 182 days inside the tsetse infested
      thicket. All animals became infected with Trypanosoma congolense, on average
      after 53 days; they were subsequently treated with Berenil (6 mg/kg). A second,
      third and fourth T. congolense infection was diagnosed in 17, 11 and 1 animals,
      respectively. The cattle were treated similarly with Berenil after each of these
      infections. T. vivax and T. brucei were not diagnosed in the sentinel cattle. The
      results suggest that acquired immunity to T. congolense infection did not play a
      significant role in the sentinel cattle.

PMID- 2884842
TI  - Parasitological and serological surveys for malaria among the inhabitants of an
      aborigine village and an adjacent Malay village.
AB  - Malaria surveys in an Orang Asli (aborigine) and an adjacent Malay village showed
      significantly higher parasite rates in the age-group 0-9 years in the former.
      Parasite rates declined progressively from a maximum at 0-4 years in the Orang
      Asli to zero at 30-39 years while in the Malays it rose progressively with age.
      Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) titres against schizont antigens of
      Plasmodium falciparum and P. cynomolgi were higher in the Orang Asli in all age
      groups with a statistically significant inverse relationship between IFAT titres
      and parasite rates. IFAT titres in the Malay population also increased with age
      but were very much lower. Antibody levels detected by the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using soluble schizont antigens were also much higher
      in the Orang Asli and values with P. cynomolgi were higher than those with P.
      falciparum antigens. These differences are attributed to the higher malaria
      transmission in the younger age-groups of the Orang Asli and presumably greater
      immunological experience to a wider diversity of antigens than the Malays, thus
      explaining the presence of "protective" antibodies in the former but not the
      latter group.

PMID- 2884843
TI  - Israeli rickettsial spotted fever in children. A review of 54 cases.
AB  - We observed and recorded clinical and laboratory data from 54 children with fever
      and a maculo-papular rash admitted to Soroka Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel
      suffering from serologically confirmed rickettsial spotted fever. The rash
      generally began on the palms and soles and extended centripetally to the torso.
      Other clinical findings included myalgia, headache, hepatomegaly, and
      splenomegaly. None had a "tache noire". A left shift in the white cells,
      leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia and impaired liver function tests
      were common laboratory abnormalities. All recovered following oral doxycycline
      therapy. Serious sequelae such as myocarditis, encephalitis, and disseminated
      intravascular coagulation, as reported in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, did not
      occur.

PMID- 2884844
TI  - Failure of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) simiae to infect camels (Camelus
      dromedarius).

PMID- 2884845
TI  - Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) sp. indet. from a Maltese bat.

PMID- 2884846
TI  - [Urological management of female spinal cord injury patients--clinical survey of
      28 cases].
AB  - Most of the literature about the urological management of spinal cord injury
      patients is on male patients, and the method of the urological treatment for male
      spinal cord injury patients is often not useful for female patients. A clinical
      survey was done on 28 female neurogenic bladder patients after spinal cord injury
      treated at our Hospital between January, 1980 and January, 1985. At discharge, 11
      patients (39.3%) were catheter free, 3 (10.7%) were managed by clean intermittent
      self catheterization, 1 (3.6%) was managed by clean intermittent catheterization
      by a helper, and 13 (46.4%) were on indwelling catheters. One of the main reasons
      that prevents female spinal cord injury patients from becoming catheter free is
      that there are no effective external collecting devices or devices to prevent
      urinary incontinence for female neurogenic bladder patients. Another reason is
      that some female patients can not obtain a high enough ADL level for toilet
      activities by rehabilitation in spite of lower thoracic or lumbar lesions.

PMID- 2884847
TI  - [Torsion of the undescended testicle: a case report].
AB  - A 15-year-old boy was consulted to our hospital with the complaint of swelling of
      the left inguinal region with tenderness. Under the diagnosis of torsion of the
      undescended testicle, left orchidopexy was done with the finding of left testicle
      which had 360 degree counterclockwise intravaginal rotation. This was thought to
      be the 54th case of the disease in Japan. We have made some discussion on
      incidence, complication, diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 2884848
TI  - Beta blockers: an effective treatment in congenital coronary fistulas to main
      pulmonary trunk in adults.

PMID- 2884849
TI  - Mechanism of alpha blockade for blood pressure control.
AB  - The realization that a generalized increase in peripheral vascular resistance was
      the fundamental hemodynamic abnormality in essential hypertension and that the
      maintenance of arteriolar tone depended on the continuity of the adrenergic
      nervous system led to the alpha-adrenoceptor inhibitors being the first
      substances to receive serious consideration as antihypertensive agents. An agent
      that inhibited the effect of the adrenergic transmitter at the neuroeffector
      junction was anticipated to be ideal in inhibiting adrenergic vasoconductor tone.
      The clinical expectations for these compounds in the treatment of arterial
      hypertension, however, were not fulfilled. Although they lowered blood pressure,
      the effect was accompanied by unacceptable side effects such as tachycardia, and
      tolerance rapidly developed. The realization that transmitter norepinephrine
      modulates its own release through a prejunctionally located, alpha-adrenoceptor
      operated control mechanism explained several paradoxical phenomena and suggested
      exciting therapeutic possibilities. Most important, it provided a plausible if
      not compelling explanation for the clinical failure of the classic alpha
      adrenoceptor inhibitors as antihypertensive agents. Characterization of the
      prejunctional and postjunctional effects of alpha agonists and antagonists led to
      the conclusion that prejunctional and postjunctional alpha adrenoceptors differed
      in receptor structure and led to the identification of prazosin as the first
      virtually specific alpha-adrenoceptor inhibitor. This was a crucially important
      step in the development of specific agents to combat adrenergic predominance in
      essential hypertension. Antihypertensive drugs like prazosin and doxazosin
      preserve feedback control of transmitter norepinephrine release, and consequently
      cause minimal reflex activation. They represent an alternative choice for therapy
      in all grades of hypertension with virtually no contra indicatons to their use.

PMID- 2884850
TI  - Effects of doxazosin on diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in C57BR/cdJ mice.
AB  - Plasma cholesterol levels are markedly reduced when doxazosin, a selective alpha
      1-adrenoceptor inhibitor, is administered for several days to C57BR/cdJ mice that
      have been fed a high cholesterol diet. This system affords a useful model for
      investigating the mechanism by which selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor inhibitors
      decrease circulating lipid levels. The results indirectly suggest that
      hypercholesterolemia induced by dietary cholesterol may involve activation of the
      sympathetic nervous system. The basis for linkage between circulating cholesterol
      levels and sympathetic nervous activity, while not yet understood, may involve
      changes in the balance among cholesterol pathways in the liver, alteration of
      vasomotor tone and control of the activity of vascular endothelial lipases. An
      additive effect is described for cholestyramine and doxazosin, in which low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol is decreased by 76% by a combination of maximal
      doses of the 2 agents.

PMID- 2884851
TI  - Efficacy and safety of doxazosin in hypertension therapy.
AB  - In double-blind, controlled, parallel, comparative trials, the blood pressure
      lowering effect of doxazosin was compared with that of placebo and other active
      agents. In 1 large, multicenter study, 903 patients were evaluated: 408 patients
      received doxazosin; 323, active comparative agents (nadolol, metoprolol, prazosin
      or hydrochlorothiazide); and 172, placebo. In another smaller study doxazosin was
      compared with terazosin treatment. Doxazosin administered as monotherapy lowered
      blood pressure significantly when compared with baseline and the placebo-treated
      group. Doxazosin therapy resulted in substantial reductions from baseline
      readings for systolic and diastolic blood pressure in both the standing and
      supine positions; the effect of doxazosin was similar to that of the comparative
      drugs; however, unlike beta blockers, no significant change in heart rate was
      demonstrated. The effectiveness and safety of doxazosin are practically identical
      in young and elderly patients, as well as in blacks and whites. Doxazosin
      exhibited a favorable lipid profile and the reported side effects of doxazosin
      were comparable to those observed with placebo and other study drugs. Another
      multicenter trial reported that doxazosin therapy was effective at low doses; 76%
      of those responders achieved controlled blood pressure at a mean dosage of 3.3 mg
      daily.

PMID- 2884852
TI  - A multicenter trial of doxazosin in West Germany.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the new long-acting selective alpha 1
      inhibitor doxazosin were assessed in patients seen in clinical practice. A total
      of 232 mild to moderate hypertensive patients were treated by 35 physicians.
      After an initial 2-week period (phase 1) during which eligibility to enter the
      study was determined (diastolic blood pressure [BP] of 95 to 114 mm Hg), all
      patients received doxazosin 1 to 8 mg once daily for 8 weeks (phase 2). Patients
      were then maintained for another 4 weeks on the dosage necessary to control
      diastolic BP to less than or equal to 90 mm Hg (phase 3). Efficacy and toleration
      of doxazosin therapy during the study period were good; 81% of evaluable patients
      (n = 180) achieved BP control with a once-daily mean dosage of 3.3 mg. At the end
      of phase 2 BPs were reduced by (systolic/diastolic) 23.8/17.3 (sitting) and
      23.7/17.1 mm Hg (standing). Side effects were generally mild to moderate and
      either were tolerated or disappeared with continued therapy; 7 patients withdrew
      from the study because of intolerable side effects. Overall results demonstrated
      that doxazosin is suitable for treatment of mild to moderate hypertension and can
      be administered on a once-daily basis, which enhances compliance.

PMID- 2884853
TI  - Plasma lipid lowering effects of doxazosin, a new selective alpha1 adrenergic
      inhibitor for systemic hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are 2 major risk factors for
      atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Elevations of both blood pressure
      and serum cholesterol levels should be reduced to control CAD risk. Doxazosin is
      a once-daily, long-acting, selective alpha 1-adrenergic inhibitor that is
      effective for the treatment of essential hypertension. During controlled studies
      of doxazosin's antihypertensive efficacy, 3 serum lipid parameters were measured;
      total cholesterol, total triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol. In 10- to 12-week placebo-controlled studies, 142 doxazosin-treated
      patients were compared with 155 placebo-controlled subjects. Doxazosin patients
      had an increase of 8.9% in the HDL/total cholesterol ratio (p less than 0.05),
      whereas total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not
      significantly different between the 2 study groups. During a 52-week comparison
      of doxazosin versus atenolol, doxazosin treatment was associated with a
      significant decrease in total triglyceride levels (5%; p less than 0.001) and
      increases in HDL cholesterol levels (3.9%; p less than 0.01) and HDL/total
      cholesterol ratio (5.4%; p less than 0.0001). Doxazosin is an effective
      antihypertensive agent that has a favorable impact on serum lipid levels, thereby
      promoting a beneficial effect on 2 major CAD risk factors.

PMID- 2884855
TI  - An open one-year comparison of doxazosin and prazosin for mild to moderate
      essential hypertension.
AB  - The long-term safety, efficacy and effect on serum lipid profile of doxazosin, a
      new alpha 1-adrenoceptor inhibitor administered once daily, were compared with
      those of prazosin, administered twice daily, in 104 patients with essential
      hypertension treated for 1 year. Doxazosin produced clinically significant
      decreases in standing and supine blood pressures over a period of 1 year. These
      decreases were similar to those produced after an initial period of 12 weeks of
      double-blind therapy. The reductions in blood pressure produced by doxazosin were
      greater than those produced by prazosin. Minor and clinically nonsignificant
      changes in heart rate were observed with both drugs. The favorable changes from
      baseline in plasma lipid concentrations observed after 12 weeks of double-blind
      therapy were maintained throughout the 1-year open study. These were average
      increases in the mean high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and the
      derived high density lipoprotein/total cholesterol ratio, and average decreases
      in total cholesterol and total triglyceride concentrations. The incidence of side
      effects reported was similar for doxazosin and prazosin. Most were rated as being
      mild or moderate in severity and were tolerated or disappeared with continued
      therapy. Results of laboratory tests, electrocardiograms, ophthalmoscopy and body
      weight measurements revealed only minor changes from baseline, and none was
      judged to be of clinical significance. These findings demonstrate that doxazosin
      is a safe and effective antihypertensive agent suitable for once-daily dosing,
      and has favorable effects on the serum lipid profile.

PMID- 2884854
TI  - Serum lipid changes in a one-year, multicenter, double-blind comparison of
      doxazosin and atenolol for mild to moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - Proatherogenic changes in serum lipid concentrations have been implicated as one
      of the major risk factors in the development of coronary artery disease. In a
      double-blind study, the new alpha 1-adrenoceptor inhibitor, doxazosin, was
      compared with atenolol for effects on the serum lipid profile. Ninety-six
      hypertensive patients were treated for up to 1 year with either doxazosin or
      atenolol once daily. There were statistically significant differences (p less
      than or equal to 0.01) between doxazosin and atenolol after 20 to 52 weeks of
      treatment in changes from baseline total triglyceride levels, high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and HDL/total cholesterol ratio. The
      percentage of change from baseline and the statistical significance of the
      difference between treatment groups were: total triglycerides, doxazosin -5.9%,
      atenolol +32.4% (p = 0.01); HDL cholesterol, doxazosin +7.2%, atenolol -5.6% (p =
      0.007) and HDL/total cholesterol ratio: doxazosin +8.7%, atenolol -6.2% (p =
      0.006). All mean changes were in favor of doxazosin therapy. In addition,
      doxazosin treatment beneficially decreased total serum cholesterol levels (-1.6%)
      compared with atenolol (+0.6%), although not to a significant degree. The
      differences were maintained in the cohort of 67 patients treated for a full year.
      The favorable change exerted by doxazosin on the lipid profile suggests that it
      may have a beneficial influence on the lipid risk factor. These results, together
      with the sustained decrease in blood pressure achieved for up to 1 year of
      therapy, suggest that doxazosin may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease in
      susceptible patients.

PMID- 2884856
TI  - Multicenter, double-blind comparison of doxazosin and atenolol in patients with
      mild to moderate hypertension.
AB  - In a double-blind multicenter study, the new alpha 1-adrenoceptor inhibitor
      doxazosin was compared with atenolol for efficacy, safety and effect on serum
      lipids. One hundred and twenty-six patients with mild to moderate hypertension
      were randomly assigned to receive either doxazosin (n = 63) or atenolol (n = 63).
      The mean final dosages, administered once daily, to obtain 24-hour blood pressure
      (BP) control were doxazosin 12 mg (range 1 to 16) and atenolol 91.8 mg (range 50
      to 100). Of 12 doxazosin and 7 atenolol patient withdrawals from the study, 7
      doxazosin and 4 atenolol patients withdrew for treatment-related reasons. No
      statistically significant differences between treatment groups were found after
      20 weeks in changes from baseline in standing and sitting BPs measured 24 hours
      after administration. Sitting BP (systolic/diastolic) was reduced by 10.5/9.8 mm
      Hg after doxazosin treatment and by 10.9/10.7 mm Hg after atenolol therapy.
      Standing BP was reduced by 8.8/7.7 mm Hg after doxazosin administration and
      9.7/9.3 mm Hg after treatment with atenolol. Supine BP was measured in a small
      cohort of the study population, and doxazosin had a smaller effect than atenolol.
      After 20 weeks of treatment, both drugs reduced heart rate with atenolol
      producing a statistically significantly greater decrease than doxazosin
      (standing, doxazosin 5 beats/min, atenolol 16.2 beats/min, p less than 0.001;
      sitting, doxazosin 5 beats/min, atenolol 13.1 beats/min, p less than 0.001). Side
      effects were reported by 37 patients receiving doxazosin therapy and 34 patients
      receiving atenolol therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884857
TI  - Pharmacokinetic overview of doxazosin.
AB  - After both oral and intravenous administration, doxazosin is extensively
      metabolized, with only about 5% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in
      urine. For single doses, oral bioavailability has been calculated to be about
      65%; terminal elimination half-life is approximately 10 to 12 hours. In later
      multiple-dose studies in which doxazosin concentrations were measured beyond 24
      hours after administration, the terminal elimination half-life was 22 hours.
      Clearance of doxazosin, presumably in the liver, involves the production of
      mainly O-demethylated and C-hydroxylated metabolites, and is low in comparison
      with hepatic blood flow. Protein binding is reported to be 98.3% in humans.
      Relatively low clearance (1.0 to 2.0 ml/min/kg) in association with a moderate
      volume of distribution (1.0 to 1.9 liters/kg) is responsible for doxazosin's
      relatively long plasma half-life. There is no evidence to suggest that active
      metabolites contribute significantly to the pharmacologic activity of doxazosin;
      both hypotensive effect and alpha-adrenoceptor inhibitor activity have been
      directly related to the concentration of doxazosin in blood. During long-term
      treatment, no significant changes in the disposition of doxazosin have been
      reported; with dosages up to the maximum clinically used dosage of 16 mg daily,
      there is no evidence of dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. Studies in elderly
      patients have shown no major pharmacokinetic differences. Overall, these
      pharmacokinetic results suggest that doxazosin is suitable for once-daily
      administration in the long-term treatment of patients with essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 2884858
TI  - Effects of alpha 1 inhibition on renal blood flow and sympathetic nervous
      activity in systemic hypertension.
AB  - Doxazosin is a competitive inhibitor of norepinephrine at alpha 1 adrenoceptors
      on vascular smooth muscle, where it blocks vasoconstriction. Twenty-four patients
      with mild hypertension were treated with either doxazosin or placebo for 6 weeks.
      Supine and upright mean arterial pressures decreased by 9 and 12 mm Hg,
      respectively, in patients receiving doxazosin. This decrease was significantly
      more than the blood pressure change with placebo (p less than 0.05). Doxazosin
      therapy led to a small increase in weight (p less than 0.05). It was also
      associated with a statistically insignificant decrease in renal vascular
      resistance (568 dynes s/cm5) so that renal blood flow and creatinine clearance
      did not change. Doxazosin increased renin levels acutely and norepinephrine
      levels with 6-week treatment, but these changes were not significantly different
      from placebo. Norepinephrine clearance, measured after a 120-minute infusion of
      3H norepinephrine, did not change. Heart rate increased acutely after doxazosin
      administration, but returned to baseline during 6-week therapy. Blood pressure,
      measured hourly for 14 hours after treatment, was consistently decreased in all
      patients. Doxazosin taken once daily lowers blood pressure without affecting
      renal blood flow or heart rate.

PMID- 2884859
TI  - A double-blind parallel trial to assess the efficacy of doxazosin, atenolol and
      placebo in patients with mild to moderate systemic hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive and lipid effects of doxazosin and atenolol were compared in
      a 10-week, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study. The 129 adults
      enrolled had mild to moderate hypertension (average supine diastolic blood
      pressures for doxazosin, atenolol and placebo were 100.6, 101.0 and 99.7 mm Hg,
      respectively). Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with doxazosin, 1 to
      16 mg daily, atenolol, 50 to 100 mg daily or placebo. Among 114 patients included
      in the efficacy analysis, standing blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) changed by
      -13/-11 mm Hg with doxazosin (n = 37), -12/-12 mm Hg with atenolol (n = 39) and
      +1/-1 mm Hg with placebo (n = 38). Mean reductions in blood pressure for
      doxazosin and atenolol were significantly greater than those for placebo (p less
      than 0.01), although no statistically significant differences between the active
      agents were noted. Serum lipid measurements were evaluable for 116 patients, and
      the 38 doxazosin-treated patients in this group experienced reductions in total
      cholesterol, total triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol
      levels. Both doxazosin and atenolol demonstrated comparable acceptance profiles.
      Doxazosin is an effective hypotensive agent with beneficial effects on serum
      lipid levels.

PMID- 2884860
TI  - Antihypertensive effects of doxazosin in systemic hypertension and comparison
      with terazosin.
AB  - A multicenter, double-blind study compared the antihypertensive efficacy and
      safety of doxazosin and terazosin as once-daily therapy. Doxazosin, a potent
      antihypertensive agent, selectively inhibits alpha 1 adrenoceptors. Its
      pharmacokinetic profile, including gradual onset of action, long plasma
      elimination half-life and long duration of action, permits once-daily dosing.
      Terazosin, a structural analog of prazosin, also inhibits alpha 1 adrenoceptors
      and is recommended as once or twice-daily therapy. Nineteen (73%) of 26 patients
      randomly assigned to receive doxazosin were therapeutic successes; 17 (65%)
      achieved normalized blood pressure (defined as blood pressure less than or equal
      to 90 mm Hg). The mean final daily dosage in patients classified as therapeutic
      successes was 2.4 mg. Eighteen (64%) of 28 terazosin-treated patients were
      considered therapeutic successes; 16 (57%) achieved normalized blood pressure.
      The mean final daily dosage in patients classified as therapeutic successes was
      5.6 mg. Treatment-related side effects were observed in 30% of doxazosin-treated
      and 39% of terazosin-treated patients. Most side effects observed in either
      treatment group were mild or moderate and either disappeared or were tolerated
      with continued therapy. Doxazosin is an effective, well-tolerated, once-daily
      antihypertensive agent; it is comparable with terazosin but at a lower daily
      dosage.

PMID- 2884861
TI  - Comparative effects of doxazosin and hydrochlorothiazide on serum lipids and
      blood pressure in essential hypertension.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of doxazosin (mean dosage 6.9 mg, range 1 to 16) in the
      treatment of essential hypertension were compared in a double-blind study with
      those of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (mean dosage, 84.6 mg, range 25 to 100) in
      104 hypertensive patients treated once daily for 6 months. Thirty-five patients
      were also assessed for comparative effects of the 2 agents on serum lipid
      parameters. Doxazosin produced potentially favorable changes from baseline in the
      concentrations of serum lipid fractions (total triglycerides, total cholesterol,
      high density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol and the derived HDL/total cholesterol
      ratio) compared with HCTZ. The decreases in total triglyceride and total
      cholesterol concentrations and an increase in the HDL/total cholesterol ratio
      were significantly different (p less than 0.006) from the opposite changes
      observed with HCTZ. Clinically relevant decreases from baseline in supine and
      standing blood pressures at 24 hours after administration did not significantly
      differ between the 2 agents. The incidence and severity of side effects were
      similar for both drugs. Three patients receiving doxazosin and 6 receiving HCTZ
      were withdrawn due to drug-related clinical side effects including 2 patients
      receiving HCTZ who were withdrawn because of laboratory test abnormalities. Eight
      HCTZ- and 1 doxazosin-treated patients developed hypokalemia and 6 HCTZ-treated
      patients developed hyperuricemia. These findings indicate that doxazosin and HCTZ
      provide comparable antihypertensive efficacy after 6 months of treatment using a
      once-daily regimen, but doxazosin produces a beneficial effect on the serum lipid
      profile as well as fewer biochemical aberrations.

PMID- 2884862
TI  - Conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm by intravenous
      pirmenol.
AB  - The acute effects of pirmenol on atrial fibrillation were investigated in 40
      patients with paroxysm of atrial fibrillation. Patients were randomized to
      receive either pirmenol, 50 or 100 mg intravenously, or placebo. Patients with
      congestive heart failure or a history of sinus node disorder were excluded. Sinus
      rhythm was achieved in 12 of 20 patients in 2 to 16 minutes after pirmenol
      administration and in 3 of 20 patients in the control group within 1 hour. A
      nodal escape rhythm during sinus slowing was observed in 1 patient. No sinus
      arrest, atrioventricular conduction disturbance or hypotension appeared. Pirmenol
      has an antifibrillatory effect on the atria. Sinus rhythm is restored rapidly
      after intravenous administration. Treatment of atrial fibrillation of recent
      onset was well tolerated in patients accepted for the study.

PMID- 2884863
TI  - Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure?

PMID- 2884864
TI  - Evaluation of new anticancer agents against human pancreatic carcinomas in nude
      mice.
AB  - Heterotransplantation of human cancers in nude mice has provided an in vivo model
      for studying the biologic characteristics of human tumors, particularly their
      response to chemotherapy. In an effort to identify cytotoxic agents effective
      against pancreatic carcinoma, this model was used to evaluate the efficacy of
      three new anticancer agents--menogarol, 4'-epirubicin, and taxol--against two
      human transplanted pancreatic tumors. Relative area (tumor length X width)
      differed significantly between menogarol-treated and control groups (p = 0.034).
      A marked response was also observed in the tumors to 4'-epirubicin (p = 0.01).
      Taxol was ineffective in controlling tumor growth; by the fourth week, the size
      of treated tumors was similar to that of the control group (p = 0.55). No
      toxicity was observed in either the menogarol- or taxol-treated animals. Animals
      bearing the P2 tumor, and treated with 4' epirubicin displayed severe toxicity by
      day 18 with death by day 21 in most animals. For the second tumor, Capan-1,
      relative area differed significantly between the menogarol-treated and the
      control group (p = 0.003). In animals given 4'-epirubicin, a smaller difference
      was observed when comparing the relative areas (p = 0.09). Animals treated with
      taxol again showed no difference in the tumors when compared with controls (p =
      1.0). The use of the nude mouse system has evolved so that tumor-oriented trials
      are now feasible with the hope of clinical applicability. This study illustrates
      that at least two agents--menogarol and 4'-epirubicin--may have some antitumor
      activity against pancreatic carcinoma in this system.

PMID- 2884865
TI  - Pediatricians' immunization consent practices in Washington state.
AB  - A survey of Washington state pediatricians and allied health professionals showed
      that two thirds provide written information to parents on diphtheria-tetanus
      pertussis; measles-mumps-rubella; and oral polio vaccines. Twenty-two percent of
      pediatricians provide written information on inactivated polio vaccine. Sixty-two
      percent of pediatricians who give immunizations require a parent's signature as
      evidence of having provided information or obtained consent.

PMID- 2884866
TI  - Hepatic toxicity during chemotherapy for severe tuberculosis meningitis.
AB  - The possible development of hepatotoxic effects as a result of high dosages of
      isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethionamide was assessed in 56 young
      children (median age, 22 months) treated for severe tuberculous meningitis (TBM).
      Only one of the 56 children became jaundiced, probably as result of hepatitis A
      infection. Of 33 children observed for at least eight weeks, only five (15%) had
      normal serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
      and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels throughout, but in only three patients were
      AST or ALT values greater than 200 U/L, and enzyme levels tended to normalize
      toward the end of the period. In this group of 33 children, those at stage III
      TBM had higher enzyme levels than did those at stage II. The remaining 23
      children were observed for a mean period of only four weeks, and 18 (75%) had at
      least one abnormal liver function test result.

PMID- 2884867
TI  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection in neonates.
AB  - One hundred twenty-eight serum samples, collected from infants transfused at the
      neonatal care unit of Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, were tested for
      the presence of antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) by
      the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the indirect immunofluorescence test.
      Three of 128 were positive for anti-HTLV-I antibody. The three seropositive
      patients had received 62, 82, and 1160 mL of transfused blood. These patients did
      not receive any transfusion thereafter. In addition, no anti-HTLV-I antibodies
      were detected in the sera of their mothers and siblings. These data suggested
      that HTLV-I infection is one of the transfusion-associated complications in
      neonates.

PMID- 2884870
TI  - Accumulation of long asbestos fibers in the peripheral upper lobe in cases of
      malignant mesothelioma.
AB  - Animal studies suggest that mesothelioma is most effectively induced by fibers
      longer than 8 mu. However, studies of asbestos fibers recovered from human lungs
      in cases of mesothelioma indicate that, at least in large-scale samples,
      relatively few fibers meet this size criterion, perhaps implying that the animal
      data do not apply to man. Since asbestos concentration in lung is known to be
      extremely inhomogeneous, it is also possible that long fibers may selectively
      accumulate in specific sites, such as under the pleura. To examine this
      possibility, we selected ten cases of mesothelioma that contained relatively
      large amounts of amosite asbestos and extracted fibers from an 0.5-cm-thick strip
      of subpleural tissue and an area 3-cm deep to the subpleural sample for upper and
      lower lobes. Amosite fibers were identified and sized by electron microscopic
      techniques. Fibers in the peripheral upper lobe were significantly longer,
      broader, and of higher aspect ratio than those in the central upper lobe. The
      lower lobe showed a reverse pattern, with longer fibers and broader fibers in the
      central sample. These data indicate that the two lobes behave differently in
      regard to fiber size, with selective accumulation of long fibers in the
      peripheral upper lobe, but not in the peripheral lower lobe. Whether these
      differences reflect differences in initial deposition of fibers within the lung,
      or, more likely, specific redistribution of fibers, is unclear, but in either
      case, accumulation of long fibers immediately under the upper lobe pleura may be
      important in the genesis of mesothelioma.

PMID- 2884868
TI  - The coding sequence for the 32,000-dalton pulmonary surfactant-associated protein
      A is located on chromosome 10 and identifies two separate restriction-fragment
      length polymorphisms.
AB  - The primary protein component of human pulmonary surfactant is a 32,000-dalton
      glycoprotein called surfactant-associated protein A. This protein is important
      for normal lung function, and its expression is developmentally regulated. Using
      a mapping panel of somatic-cell hybrids, we have localized the coding sequence
      for pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A to chromosome 10. Additionally,
      this sequence identifies two separate MspI restriction-fragment-length
      polymorphisms. Since there is a relative lack of polymorphic markers for
      chromosome 10, this sequence may be useful in linkage analysis.

PMID- 2884869
TI  - Population genetics of coagulant factor IX: frequencies of two DNA polymorphisms
      in five ethnic groups.
AB  - Two frequently used restriction-enzyme polymorphisms (RFLPs) of coagulant F.IX,
      TaqI and XmnI, have been examined in five ethnic groups: white Americans, black
      Americans, East Indians, Chinese, and Malays. There is a distinct "cline" in the
      frequencies of both polymorphisms, from white Americans to Malays. The rarer type
      2 alleles of both polymorphisms, in which middle recognition sites are present-
      and which in our sample reach their highest frequencies in white Americans--are
      marginally higher in four groups of Europeans previously reported by others. The
      frequencies of the rarer alleles are significantly higher in Europeans than in
      black Americans and East Indians, and these alleles are essentially absent in
      Chinese and Malays. The frequency of heterozygosity diminishes in the same order,
      being zero in Malays for both polymorphisms. The polymorphisms are in strong
      linkage disequilibrium, and in all groups the type 1 allele for TaqI is
      disproportionately accompanied by the type 1 allele for XmnI. The paucity of type
      2 alleles and the low rate of heterozygosity in four non-European groups suggest
      that the polymorphisms will be of little diagnostic value south of Gibraltar and
      east of Suez. This prediction is confirmed by the observed haplotype frequencies
      in the black American and the Oriental groups.

PMID- 2884871
TI  - Assessing the efficacy of antianxiety agents.
AB  - Proper evaluation of anxiolytic therapy, involving the possible use of rating
      scales as well as the physician's skill in observation and communication, is
      essential in identifying the most appropriate treatment for a given patient and
      facilitating the management of therapy. These issues are discussed herein, using
      the clinical trials of buspirone, a new, nonsedating antianxiety agent, as a
      model for the process of drug selection.

PMID- 2884872
TI  - Impact of anxiety therapy on patients' quality of life.
AB  - The treatment of anxiety is one of the leading problems in medicine today.
      Although traditional anxiolytic drugs have been effective in reducing the
      symptoms of anxiety, their efficacy has often been achieved at the expense of the
      patient's quality of life. The sedative side effects and impaired psychomotor
      functioning associated with the use of benzodiazepine anxiolytics not only impede
      the success of therapy, but jeopardize the patient's safety. This article
      addresses these salient issues and provides evidence suggesting that the
      antianxiety drug buspirone better achieves the goal of optimal anxiolytic therapy
      with minimal unwanted effects.

PMID- 2884873
TI  - Alcohol and drug interactions with antianxiety medications.
AB  - The benzodiazepine anxiolytics are effective drugs that offer significant safety
      advantages over the pharmacologic treatments of anxiety that preceded them.
      However, problems still remain with the benzodiazepines, including their
      potential interactions with a variety of central nervous system depressant
      medications. This article reviews drug-drug interactions for an effective new non
      benzodiazepine anxiolytic, buspirone. To date, the data indicate that this drug
      does not potentiate the effects of measured amounts of alcohol and is less likely
      than diazepam to increase the number of side effects observed with a variety of
      prescription and over-the-counter drugs. When administered concomitantly on a
      short-term basis, buspirone does not seem to either potentiate or interfere with
      the effects of short- or long-acting benzodiazepine hypnotics.

PMID- 2884875
TI  - Gastrointestinal endocrine tumors: diagnosis and management. Role of somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995. July 4-6, 1986, Vancouver, British Columbia. Proceedings.

PMID- 2884874
TI  - Evaluation of the safety and side effects of antianxiety agents.
AB  - Historically, the use of anxiolytic drugs has been associated with a relatively
      high incidence of side effects, particularly those related to central nervous
      system depression and sedation. These side effects can impair the patient's
      ability to function and, thus, interfere with the full achievement of therapeutic
      goals. In this article, the evolution of anxiolytic drug therapy from the
      perspective of safety and side effects is reviewed. Moreover, data concerning the
      safety of buspirone--a novel, non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that has been shown
      to provide anxiolytic efficacy comparable to that of the benzodiazepines, but
      with a significantly lower potential for central nervous system depressant
      effects, interactions with alcohol, dependence, and abuse--are discussed.

PMID- 2884876
TI  - Early surgical treatment of gastrinoma.
AB  - Medical treatment of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome has been generally accepted
      because of the proven efficacy of the histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists in
      achieving symptomatic relief, and because of early reports indicating that few,
      if any, gastrinomas were resectable for cure. Gastrin radioimmunoassay (RIA) has
      made earlier and more certain diagnosis possible, and therefore reevaluation of
      the surgical management of gastrinomas is necessary. Experience with 60
      gastrinoma patients is reported. Comparison between the pregastrin RIA years
      (before 1970) and post-gastrin RIA years was made to determine whether there was
      evidence to support the continuation of medical treatment without attempts to
      resect the gastrinoma. Twenty-five cases were diagnosed in the pre-RIA years. Age
      at diagnosis ranged from 17 to 68 years (median, 45 years). All patients were
      operated on. Metastases were found in 56 percent. No tumor was identified in 8
      percent. Tumor was resected for "cure" (normal fasting gastrin levels for two
      years postoperatively) in one patient. Seventeen patients have died, and tumor
      was the cause of death in 70 percent. The five-year survival rate was 44 percent;
      the 10-year survival rate was 40 percent. Thirty-five cases were diagnosed after
      1970. Age at diagnosis ranged from 39 to 61 years (median, 46 years). Thirty
      patients were operated on. Metastases were identified in 23 percent and no tumor
      was found in 17 percent. Tumor was resected for "cure" in 30 percent of patients.
      Seven patients have died and tumor caused death in 42 percent. The five-year
      survival rate was 82 percent; the 10-year rate was 64 percent. Advances in
      diagnosis and surgical technique since 1970 have made early operative treatment
      applicable in patients with gastrinoma. Because death in most cases is caused by
      progression of the tumor, an aggressive surgical approach to resect the tumor is
      advised soon after the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is established.

PMID- 2884877
TI  - Glucagonoma syndrome.
AB  - The glucagonoma syndrome is characterized by a necrolytic migratory erythematous
      rash, angular stomatitis, painful glossitis, a normochromic normocytic anemia,
      mild diabetes mellitus, weight loss, a tendency to thrombosis, and
      neuropsychiatric disturbances. The diagnosis is made by finding a high plasma
      glucagon concentration in the absence of any other cause, such as renal failure
      or severe stress. A pancreatic alpha-cell tumor can be identified and stained by
      immunocytochemistry with glucagon antibodies. Optimal treatment is surgical
      removal, but approximately 50 percent of the tumors have metastasized by the time
      of diagnosis. Since the tumor is slow-growing, remission can be obtained by
      hepatic artery embolization to shrink hepatic secondaries or by shrinkage, in
      about 10 percent of patients, with the combination chemotherapeutic regimen of 5
      fluorouracil and streptozotocin. The rash frequently responds to administration
      of zinc, a high-protein diet, and control of the diabetes with insulin. Alongside
      the alpha cell in the islets of Langerhans is the D-cell, which produces
      somatostatin and may well act physiologically as a paracrine inhibitor of
      glucagon release. A newly developed, long-acting somatostatin analogue, SMS 201
      995, which the patient can self-administer as a subcutaneous injection, has
      proven effective in suppressing glucagon secretion from glucagonomas and, in some
      cases, causing remission of clinical symptoms.

PMID- 2884878
TI  - Carcinoids and carcinoid syndrome.

PMID- 2884880
TI  - Role of peptide radioimmunoassay in understanding peptide-peptide interactions
      and clinical expression of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors.
AB  - Peptide radioimmunoassay has become an important clinical and research tool in
      understanding the role of peptides in the pathophysiology of gut endocrine tumor
      syndromes. A gut peptide radioimmunoassay laboratory has been established for the
      diagnosis and clinical monitoring of endocrine tumors of the
      gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system. Radioimmunoassay has enhanced our awareness
      that co-occurring peptide interactions may modify and ultimately influence the
      clinical expression of these tumors. Furthermore, it has helped develop a
      rationale for the use of prototype peptides such as somatostatin and its long
      acting analogue Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) in the management of GEP tumors. This
      group's experience, as well as the experience of other investigators, is
      presented, and the clinical utility of peptide radioimmunoassay in the field of
      gut endocrinology is demonstrated.

PMID- 2884879
TI  - Effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995, Sandostatin) on pancreatic
      secretion in humans.
AB  - The effect of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on exocrine
      pancreatic function and hormone release was investigated in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. SMS 201-995 was administered
      subcutaneously at a dose of 25 micrograms twice daily, and all tests were
      performed 30 minutes after the morning injection. Pancreatic enzyme secretion,
      gall bladder contraction, and cholecystokinin response after a Lundh meal were
      completely inhibited by SMS, while pancreatic enzyme secretion elicited by
      intravenous injection of secretin and pancreozymin was suppressed by 80 percent.
      The inhibitory effect of SMS on endogenous cholecystokinin release was fully
      operative on the sixth day of injection treatment, whereas the inhibitory effect
      on exogenous cholecystokinin injection significantly decreased after SMS
      administration for seven days, indicating desensitization of the end organ by
      somatostatin. The release of pancreatic polypeptide by a solid test meal is
      abolished by administration of 25 micrograms of SMS, the release of gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide is nearly completely suppressed, the response of insulin
      and C-peptide are significantly lowered, and the gastrin response is only
      slightly reduced.

PMID- 2884881
TI  - Pseudopancreatic cholera syndrome: effect of a synthetic somatostatin analogue,
      SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2884882
TI  - Acromegaly.
AB  - At the time that acromegaly is diagnosed, more than half the pituitary adenomas
      are greater than 1 cm in diameter, and approximately half will not be cured by
      surgery or radiotherapy. Somatostatin, the natural hypophyseoportal peptide that
      inhibits the release of growth hormone, also inhibits the release of growth
      hormone from pituitary macroadenomas. Unfortunately, its plasma half-life is only
      a few minutes. With the development of a long-acting somatostatin analogue, SMS
      201-995, prolonged therapy is possible. Several studies have demonstrated that
      when patients self-administer SMS 201-995 from two to three times daily at home,
      long-term inhibition of growth hormone release and remission of the clinical
      symptoms of acromegaly occur without significant side effects. SMS 201-995 is,
      therefore, a useful new palliative treatment for acromegaly.

PMID- 2884883
TI  - Rebound hypergastrinemia after cessation of a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995)
      in malignant gastrinoma.

PMID- 2884884
TI  - Asthma: emerging concepts and potential therapies.
AB  - Asthma is a disease of the airways that results in reversible airflow
      obstruction. Recent investigations have suggested that airway inflammation is
      associated with increased airway responsiveness and worsening of asthmatic
      symptoms. The role that mast cell mediators might play in the production of
      asthma has been investigated by use of newer analytical techniques and by use of
      fiberoptic bronchoscopy with lavage to obtain lower respiratory tract fluid and
      cells. In addition, new investigational compounds that interfere with the
      synthesis or action of inflammatory mediators have been tested. Developing lines
      of investigation suggest that chronic activation of inflammatory cells may be
      important in the pathogenesis of asthma.

PMID- 2884885
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of ion transport in primary cultures of avian salt
      glands.
AB  - Adrenergic stimulation of transmural ion transport was identified and
      characterized in primary cultures of avian salt gland. Adrenergic activation was
      mediated by beta-receptors since stimulation of the short-circuit current (Isc)
      was blocked by propranolol but not phentolamine. The Isc's elicited by
      isoproterenol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were dose dependent, with
      respective EC50 values of 1.5 X 10(-8) M, 5.0 X 10(-6) M, and 1.1 X 10(-5) M. The
      apparent Ki for propranolol inhibition after isoproterenol stimulation was 7.5 X
      10(-10) M. 8-Br cyclic AMP (8-Br cAMP) and forskolin-elicited Isc's that were
      insensitive to propranolol, were potentiated by theophylline, and inhibited by
      furosemide or ouabain. Isoproterenol also induced an increase in ouabain
      sensitive respiration in acutely dispersed cells from salt-stressed juvenile or
      unstressed adult animals, but not in fully salt-stressed adults. The data
      indicate that, in addition to the well-established cholinergic receptors, beta
      adrenergic receptors can control ion transport in these glands. Furthermore, the
      results suggest for the first time that an intracellular effector pathway
      involving cAMP is present.

PMID- 2884886
TI  - Gut-liver interaction in glutamine homeostasis: portal ammonia role in uptake and
      metabolism.
AB  - The role of ammonia released by the gut on hepatic glutamine handling and
      metabolism was studied in postabsorptive anesthesized male Sprague-Dawley rats at
      spontaneous and elevated arterial glutamine concentrations. Glutamine handling
      and metabolite release across both organ beds were studied using arteriovenous
      concentration differences and simultaneously measured portal and hepatic venous
      plasma flows. At the spontaneous arterial glutamine load, fractional glutamine
      extraction, FE-Gln, by the gut and the liver was 24 and 10%, respectively. At the
      elevated glutamine load, gut glutamine uptake doubled, while FE-Gln remained at
      24%; however, portal ammonia and alanine increased and decreased, respectively.
      In response, hepatic FE-Gln increased to 28% with a large release of glutamate
      and urea. The role of portal ammonia in modulating hepatic glutamine uptake was
      studied by infusing NH4HCO3 directly into the portal vein. Increasing the portal
      load promptly stimulated hepatic glutamine uptake and glutamate and urea release.
      Mitochondria isolated from these livers produced more glutamate from glutamine,
      suggesting ammonia activation of hepatic glutaminase flux; in addition,
      citrulline formation increased, suggesting a coupling of glutaminase flux to urea
      synthesis. The results are consistent with portal ammonia release acting as a key
      informational molecule in interorgan glutamine flow.

PMID- 2884887
TI  - Role of pancreatic somatostatin in determining glucagon response to arginine and
      morphine.
AB  - It has been proposed that pancreatic somatostatin (SS) tonically inhibits
      pancreatic glucagon secretion. In keeping with this hypothesis, we have
      previously shown that infusion of a nonimmunoreactive analogue of SS, [D-Ala5,D
      Trp8]somatostatin (SSa), which in low doses inhibits SS secretion without
      inhibiting glucagon or insulin secretion, is associated with a large increase in
      glucagon and small increase in insulin secretion. Although direct stimulation of
      the alpha- and beta-cells by the analogue could not be excluded, high doses of
      the analogue appeared to inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion. These data
      therefore suggested that the effect of the analogue on insulin and glucagon
      secretion was indirect and due to reduction of tonic inhibition on the alpha- and
      beta-cells by SS. If pancreatic SS is an important regulator of glucagon
      secretion, then alterations in pancreatic SS should influence the glucagon
      response to secretagogues. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined the
      glucagon response to two different stimuli, arginine and morphine, either before
      or during suppression of pancreatic SS secretion. Intravenous injection of
      arginine produced a rapid increase of pancreatic glucagon output from the in vivo
      dog pancreas. When basal pancreatic SS output was suppressed by infusion of SSa,
      arginine injection produced a twofold larger glucagon response. Infusion of
      morphine directly into the pancreatic artery of the dog decreased pancreatic SS
      output and increased pancreatic glucagon output. When SS was suppressed by SSa
      infusion, morphine did not further suppress pancreatic SS secretion and the
      glucagon response to morphine was abolished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884888
TI  - Psychological and interpersonal issues in space.
AB  - As future manned space missions become longer, and as crews become more
      heterogeneous, psychological and interpersonal factors will take on increasing
      importance in assuring mission success. On the basis of a review of more than 60
      American and Soviet space simulation studies on Earth, along with reports from
      U.S. and Soviet space missions, the author identifies nine psychological and
      seven interpersonal issues, which are discussed along with pertinent research
      findings and examples from manned spaceflights. He concludes that more
      psychological and interpersonal research should be done under actual spaceflight
      conditions and offers suggestions.

PMID- 2884889
TI  - Comparison of propranolol, sotalol, and betaxolol in the treatment of neuroleptic
      induced akathisia.
AB  - In earlier open studies, beta-blockers were found to be effective in the
      treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. In the present study, 16 patients
      with severe neuroleptic-induced akathisia successively received low doses of
      three beta-blockers--propranolol, sotalol, and betaxolol. There was rapid and
      complete improvement in seven of 16 patients (and partial improvement in three
      patients) treated with betaxolol. The efficacy of propranolol and betaxolol and
      failure of sotalol in treating neuroleptic-induced akathisia suggest a central
      mechanism of action.

PMID- 2884890
TI  - Clonazepam treatment of adolescents with neuroleptic-induced akathisia.

PMID- 2884891
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2884892
TI  - The changing presentation of catatonia.

PMID- 2884893
TI  - Rapidly progressive hearing loss as a symptom of polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - The hearing loss that occurs in polyarteritis nodosa is due largely to middle ear
      effusion but usually appears as a mixed type. Pure perceptive hearing loss is
      rare; only two cases have been reported previously in which sensorineural hearing
      loss was the initial sign of the disease. A case of profound, rapidly
      deteriorating perceptive hearing loss in which the etiology was not clear is
      described. One year after the onset of hearing loss, other manifestations of
      polyarteritis nodosa led to the diagnosis.

PMID- 2884894
TI  - [Neuroendocrine functional regulation of the reproductive system].

PMID- 2884895
TI  - The effect of sufentanil on the cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation.
AB  - The effects of sufentanil 0.5 or 1 microgram/kg, given intravenously after
      induction of anaesthesia, on the cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation
      were examined in a controlled, randomised, double-blind investigation. The
      control group of patients exhibited significant rises in arterial blood pressure
      and heart rate for 4 minutes after tracheal intubation. Heart rate exceeded 100
      beats/minute and systolic pressure increased by over 20% in every patient. All
      patients moved or breathed within 10 minutes of the administration of
      suxamethonium. Sufentanil 0.5 microgram/kg prevented increases in the mean values
      of heart rate and arterial blood pressure, although increases were observed in
      five patients. Significant falls in the mean values of heart rate and arterial
      pressure occurred from 4 minutes after intubation until observations ended 15
      minutes after induction of anaesthesia. Two patients moved or breathed during
      this time, although movement in response to nerve stimulation occurred in all
      patients 10 minutes after administration of suxamethonium. Sufentanil 1
      microgram/kg was effective in suppressing a rise in heart rate or arterial
      pressure in every patient. Significant falls in these variables occurred from 2
      minutes after tracheal intubation onwards. No patient moved or breathed for 15
      minutes after induction of anaesthesia, although neuromuscular transmission was
      present 10 minutes after giving suxamethonium in each case.

PMID- 2884896
TI  - Vecuronium infusions in patients with renal failure in an ITU.
AB  - The use of an infusion of vecuronium is described in seven patients with renal
      and respiratory failure in an intensive therapy unit. Neuromuscular function was
      monitored throughout using the train-of-four twitch technique. A bolus dose of
      vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg) was given, followed immediately by a continuous infusion
      (0.05 mg/kg/hour). The infusion rate was adjusted until the first twitch of the
      train was below 20% of control and then run at a constant rate. There was a
      marked variation in the dose of vecuronium administered (0.01-0.065 mg/kg/hour
      [corrected]). Two patients, who appeared to be most sensitive to the drug, were
      both receiving metronidazole. Recovery of neuromuscular function was extremely
      prolonged and widely variable (6-37 hours) on stopping the infusion. No adverse
      cardiovascular effects or evidence of histamine release were seen as a result of
      administration of the drug. Vecuronium is probably more suitable for
      administration in bolus doses rather than by infusion in patients with renal and
      respiratory failure.

PMID- 2884897
TI  - Assessment of alfentanil by intravenous infusion as long-term sedation in
      intensive care.
AB  - The use of an alfentanil infusion for sedation of critically ill patients in
      intensive care was investigated in 16 patients who were entered consecutively
      into the study. The mean duration of stay was 8 days. Supplements of Diazemuls
      and muscle relaxants were administered if required. The success of the technique
      was judged by nursing and medical staff and, in particular, the wakefulness of
      patients was noted. No patient could recall events that occurred during their
      infusion. An outline protocol is described.

PMID- 2884898
TI  - Inhibitor-treated microbial sensor for the selective determination of glutamic
      acid.

PMID- 2884900
TI  - Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of
      post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery.

PMID- 2884901
TI  - Unequal effects of cardiopulmonary bypass-induced hypothermia on neuromuscular
      blockade from constant infusion of alcuronium, d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and
      vecuronium.

PMID- 2884899
TI  - Halothane selectively attenuates alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction,
      in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The mechanism by which halothane interferes with catecholamine-induced
      vasoconstriction was examined, utilizing specific agonists at postjunctional
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle. Stimulation of
      either adrenoceptor subtype normally produces vasoconstriction. Two experimental
      models of drug-induced vasoconstriction were used: in vivo blood pressure
      response in pithed rats, and in vitro isometric tension development in canine
      saphenous vein rings. These models were then utilized to examine the anti
      vasoconstriction properties of halothane. In vivo, halothane (1 MAC) produced a
      significant depression in the vascular response to azepexole (an alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist), but halothane did not alter vasoconstriction by
      phenylephrine (an alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist). Halothane caused a 24% reduction
      of maximal response (P less than 0.0001) to azepexole in pithed rats, and a 3.2
      fold rightward shift of the log dose-response curve (P less than 0.0001).
      Similarly, in vitro, halothane significantly attenuated alpha 2- but not alpha 1
      adrenoceptor responsiveness. Halothane (4%) depressed maximal vein contraction to
      azepexole by 26% (P less than 0.0001), and shifted the log concentration-response
      curve 2.4-fold to the right (P less than 0.0001). The observed selective
      interference with alpha 2-mediated vasoconstriction by halothane is unlikely to
      represent drug antagonism at the receptor level. Our observations may suggest,
      indirectly, that halothane interferes with Ca+2 entry into vascular smooth
      muscle. The phenomenon of selective anti-vasoconstriction at alpha 2
      adrenoceptors by halothane may explain why alpha 1-adrenergic agonists often
      appear to retain their vasopressor activity during halothane anesthesia. The
      mechanism of halothane-induced vasodilation thus includes attenuation of alpha 2-
      but not alpha 1-adrenergic vasoconstriction; this further demonstrates the
      multifactorial nature of halothane-induced vasodilation.

PMID- 2884902
TI  - Evaluation of intense neuromuscular blockade caused by vecuronium using
      posttetanic count (PTC).

PMID- 2884904
TI  - Subacute hemodynamic effects of nebivolol in man at rest and during exercise.
AB  - In a subacute experiment 7 apparently healthy volunteers received a daily oral
      dose of 5 mg nebivolol for seven days, followed by a seven-day washout period
      with placebo. From the first day during treatment with nebivolol, peak exercise
      heart rate and systolic blood pressure, as measured during a standardized
      submaximal treadmill exercise, significantly decreased by 15% and 19%
      respectively. A prolonged treatment for one week did not further increase the
      response of exercise heart rate and systolic blood pressure to nebivolol.
      However, the ratio of preejection period (PEPc) to left ventricular ejection time
      (LVETc), an indirect and valuable measure of left ventricular performance,
      progressively and significantly decreased during the seven-day treatment period
      with nebivolol from a mean value of 0.37 +/- 0.012 to 0.31 +/- 0.009. The
      improvement of systolic time intervals resulted from a shortening of the PEPc and
      a lengthening of the LVETc. At rest, heart rate did not change significantly with
      nebivolol, whereas both systolic and diastolic blood pressure gradually and
      significantly lowered. The postexercise LVETc significantly shortened during
      treatment with nebivolol, and this shortening was more pronounced after seven
      days of treatment. After discontinuation of treatment with nebivolol, all these
      effects persisted for more than thirty hours after the last intake and gradually
      returned to pretreatment values thereafter. From these data it appears that
      nebivolol effectively reduces blood pressure at rest and during exercise in
      healthy volunteers, beneficially influencing preload and afterload, as measured
      by systolic time intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2884903
TI  - [A unique picture of juvenile arteriopathy: obliterative endarteriolopathy and
      sclero-hyalinotic periangiopathy].

PMID- 2884905
TI  - [Failure of gastric lavage in severe drug poisoning. Value of esophagogastric
      fibroscopy].
AB  - A case is reported of massive drug self-poisoning (more than 200 pills associated
      with slices of oranges) in which repeated gastric lavage failed to empty the
      stomach. An attempt to split up the amalgamated pills, adherent to the gastric
      mucosa, by fibre-optic gastroscopy failed and a gastrotomy was required.
      Endoscopy together with gastric lavage is indicated in certain situations to
      quickly empty the stomach and so shorten the course of the poisoning. Indications
      are the large number of pills swallowed, a poor result of the treatment, a
      worsening of the clinical condition despite treatment, and three positive gastric
      toxicological assays within the first 24 h.

PMID- 2884906
TI  - [Test dose for epidural anesthesia in patients treated with beta-blockaders].
AB  - Two cases are reported, demonstrating the difficulty to verify the lack of
      inadvertent intravascular injection of local anaesthetic during epidural
      anaesthesia in patients under beta-blockers. The tachycardia usually elicited by
      intravascular injection of a local anaesthetic-adrenaline mixture does not occur
      in these patients. The alternative consists in measuring blood pressure at the
      second minute after a test injection.

PMID- 2884907
TI  - Effect of acepromazine, diazepam, fentanyl-droperidol, and oxymorphone on
      gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in healthy dogs.
AB  - Treatment of healthy dogs with 4 commonly used psychotropic or analgesic agents
      significantly decreased resting gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP).
      Acepromazine decreased GESP by 35% (P = 0.02); oxymorphone decreased GESP by 38%
      (P less than 0.005); diazepam decreased GESP by 42% (P = 0.005); and fentanyl
      droperidol decreased GESP by 40% (P = 0.03). Therefore, esophageal manometric
      evaluation of gastroesophageal sphincter function should not be preceded by
      administration of these drugs.

PMID- 2884908
TI  - Inflammatory mediator receptors and asthma.
AB  - Many inflammatory mediators (histamine, prostanoids, leukotrienes, platelet
      activating factor, adenosine, bradykinin, and sensory neuropeptides) have been
      implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and produce their effects by activating
      specific cell surface receptors. Activation of these receptors may result in
      contraction of airway smooth muscle, mucus and fluid secretion, microvascular
      leakiness, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, and neuronal activation, indicating
      that the receptors are localized to a variety of cells. Recent studies have
      indicated that mediator receptor activation may lead to a response either by
      modulating adenylate cyclase or by stimulating breakdown of membrane
      phosphoinositides, which release intracellular calcium ions. The latter mechanism
      appears to predominate, at least in the case of airway smooth muscle receptors.
      Several receptors for inflammatory mediators have been characterized functionally
      and by direct receptor binding techniques, and receptor subtypes have been
      recognized. Several specific mediator receptor antagonists have been developed
      but are unlikely to have a major clinical effect because so many different
      mediators are likely to contribute to the pathology of asthma. Platelet
      activating factor, possibly by acting on specific platelet receptors, is able to
      increase nonspecific bronchial responsiveness in human subjects, so it is
      possible that specific receptor antagonists of this phospholipid mediator might
      reduce the enhanced responsiveness to other inflammatory mediators which occurs
      in asthma.

PMID- 2884909
TI  - Leakage of macromolecules from the tracheobronchial microcirculation.

PMID- 2884910
TI  - Spastic paraparesis and dual exposure to human T-lymphotropic virus type I and
      human T-lymphotropic virus type IV.

PMID- 2884911
TI  - Co-occurrence of the Reiter syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2884912
TI  - [Influence of antihypertensive treatment on the metabolism of lipoproteins].

PMID- 2884913
TI  - [Selecting the optimal dose of a new antihypertensive agent. Its application to
      tertatolol].

PMID- 2884914
TI  - [Comparative study of the effectiveness and acceptability of tertatolol 5 mg and
      acebutolol 400mg in the treatment of mild arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2884915
TI  - [Effects of tertatolol on atherogenicity indices in normo- or dis-lipemic
      hypertensive patients].

PMID- 2884916
TI  - [Evaluation of beta-adrenolytic activity. Structure-activity relationship].

PMID- 2884917
TI  - Cellular and molecular biology of hormone- and neurotransmitter-containing
      secretory vesicles.

PMID- 2884918
TI  - Proton pumps and chemiosmotic coupling as a generalized mechanism for
      neurotransmitter and hormone transport.
AB  - Neuroendocrine secretory vesicles contain within their membranes a highly
      specialized H1-translocating ATPase responsible for the generation and
      maintenance of an electrochemical proton gradient, delta pH inside acidic, and
      delta psi inside positive. Coupled with a high internal buffering capacity and
      extremely low permeability of the membrane to protons, this proton pump can
      generate and maintain an intravesicular pH of 5.5, independent of the external
      pH, and transmembrane electrical potential of 60 mV. The chemiosmotic gradient
      has important implications for several functions of the secretory vesicles: (1)
      maintaining oxidizable substances (such as biogenic amines) in the unoxidized
      form; (2) stimulating (or inhibiting) peptide processing enzymes; (3) permitting
      precipitation of intravesicular protein complexes, thereby increasing the amount
      that can be stored within the vesicle; and (4) serving as the driving force for
      the uptake of certain hormones and neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine,
      biogenic amines, and ATP. By using the putative biogenic amine transporter as an
      example, it can be demonstrated that based purely upon the existence of a
      transporter in equilibrium with the electrochemical proton gradients, an amine
      concentration approaching 135,000 to 1 can be achieved. The bioenergetics of
      amine transport do not predict the molecular mechanism of amine translocation. By
      using kinetic analyses of amine accumulation under a variety of situations,
      however, initial information concerning the salient aspects of amine transport is
      being obtained.

PMID- 2884919
TI  - The H+-translocating ATPase of chromaffin granule membranes.

PMID- 2884920
TI  - Composition and transport function of membranes of chromaffin granules.
      Established facts and unresolved topics.

PMID- 2884921
TI  - The vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying secretory organelles.

PMID- 2884922
TI  - The proton pump of synaptic vesicles.

PMID- 2884923
TI  - Disposition of drugs in the elderly.
AB  - Adverse drug reactions not only occur more frequently but are also of a more
      severe nature in the elderly. For warfarin and many of the psychoactive drugs,
      this is due mainly to an increased pharmacodynamic sensitivity to the actions of
      these drugs. For a number of other drugs, old age is associated with changes in
      their distribution and eventual elimination from the body. This increases the
      risk of a relative overdose during routine use of the drug. Such risks can be
      minimised by the judicious adjustment of the dosages of these drugs.

PMID- 2884924
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis complicating biliary distomatosis caused by Fasciola hepatica
      in a patient with a choledochal diverticulum].
AB  - A 43 years old man presented with acute pancreatitis following 13 years of mild
      grade hepatic colitis and angiocholitis. The absence of visible gall stone
      evocated the possibility of millithiasis. The operation discovered a big and hard
      head of the pancreas and an hypertrophied choledocal mucous membrane and the
      microscopic analysis of bladder's bile, ova of Fasciola hepatica. A control
      opacification on the 7th day revealed an adult fluke and a small diverticulum
      which were not visible on the roentgenogram at the time of the operation. Seven
      infusions of 60 mg de dehydroemetin permitted to eliminate the fluke with only a
      peak of fever. The diagnostic, pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications are
      discussed.

PMID- 2884925
TI  - Somatostatin augments the spread of limbic seizures from the hippocampus.
AB  - The role of the neuropeptide somatostatin in limbic seizures was studied using
      electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in kindled rats. Cysteamine, an agent
      which selectively and reversibly depletes brain somatostatin stores, had a
      biphasic action. An early proconvulsant effect was seen within a few hours,
      consisting of prolonged electrographic seizures in the hippocampus and more
      severe behavioral convulsions. A later anticonvulsant effect, maximal at 1 to 2
      days and dissipating within a week, was manifested by less intense behavioral
      convulsions without change in the duration of electrical seizure activity. Both
      effects were dose-dependent. No change in afterdischarge thresholds was detected
      at any time after the administration of cysteamine. Intraventricular
      administration of somatostatin to animals with behavioral seizures attenuated by
      cysteamine treatment restored the responses to precysteamine levels. We conclude
      that somatostatin facilitates the spread of seizures over limbic circuits from a
      region of focal seizure initiation.

PMID- 2884926
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a cDNA coding for human myeloperoxidase.
AB  - A cDNA encoding the carboxyl-terminal fragment of the human myeloperoxidase heavy
      chain was isolated and characterized. It was then used to determine the locations
      of the myeloperoxidase light and heavy chains in the polypeptide precursor. A
      cDNA library from poly(A)+ RNA from human leukemia HL-60 cells was constructed in
      pBR322 and screened by differential hybridization with enriched and depleted cDNA
      probes and then by hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe. A cDNA clone
      containing 1278 bp with an open reading frame of 474 bp and a 3' noncoding region
      of 804 bp was isolated. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide
      sequence consisted of 158 residues including a sequence of 14 amino acids known
      to be present in the heavy chain of the molecule. The cDNA also included a stop
      codon of TAG followed by a noncoding sequence that included a potential
      recognition site for polyadenylylation and a poly(A) tail. RNA transfer blot
      analysis with the cDNA probe indicated that myeloperoxidase mRNA was
      approximately 3.3 kb in length. In vitro translation of the mRNA selected by cDNA
      hybridization revealed preferential synthesis of a 74,000-Da polypeptide
      precursor that could be precipitated with anti-myeloperoxidase IgG. Antibodies
      specific for the heavy and light chains of myeloperoxidase were isolated from
      antiserum by affinity chromatography employing Sepharose columns covalently bound
      to the heavy or light chains. Antibodies specific for the light chain or the
      heavy chain readily precipitated the 74,000-Da precursor polypeptide. These
      results indicated that myeloperoxidase is synthesized as a single chain which
      undergoes processing into a light and heavy chain. Furthermore, the heavy chain
      of myeloperoxidase originates from the carboxyl terminus of the precursor
      polypeptide.

PMID- 2884927
TI  - Intramolecular crosslinking of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (rat kidney) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein
      (subunit molecular weights 52,000 and 25,000). In addition to its single-chain
      biosynthetic precursor (Mr 78,000), glycosylated high molecular weight forms (Mr
      85,000-95,000) have been reported in various rat tissues as well as during in
      vitro translation of its mRNA. Studies reported here suggest that these might be
      attributed to the anomalous behavior of intramolecularly crosslinked species.
      Thus, chemical crosslinking of the purified enzyme (as well as enzyme on the
      renal brush border membranes) by bifunctional reagents such as dimethyl
      suberimidate and by an active site-directed reagent, diazotized p-amino
      hippurate, produces stable heterodimers which exhibit molecular weights identical
      to that of the native enzyme when subjected to gel filtration. However, when
      subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the
      crosslinked species exhibit apparent Mr values of 85,000 to 110,000, depending
      upon the crosslinking agent used. Protein glycosylation alone does not account
      for such anomalous electrophoretic behavior; the extent and the regions of the
      enzyme involved in formation of crosslinks appear to exert considerable
      constraints upon their conformation even in denaturing media.

PMID- 2884928
TI  - The defective proton-ATPase of uncA mutants of Escherichia coli: ATP-binding and
      ATP-induced conformational change in mutant alpha-subunits.
AB  - Mutations in the uncA gene of Escherichia coli cause loss of both oxidative
      phosphorylation and ATP-driven generation of the transmembrane proton gradient.
      The uncA gene encodes the alpha-subunit of the F1-sector of the E. coli membrane
      proton-ATPase. F1-alpha-subunit from normal (unc+) E. coli binds ATP tightly (KD
      = 0.1 microM) and undergoes a large ATP-induced conformational change, but the
      functional role of the ATP-binding site is currently unknown. There is
      disagreement in the literature as to whether the ATP-binding site is present or
      lacking in F1-alpha-subunit from uncA mutant strains. One obstacle in studying
      this question is the difficulty of purifying mutant alpha-subunits in native
      form. In order to circumvent this difficulty we have studied ATP binding and ATP
      induced conformational changes in mixtures of F1 subunits obtained by
      dissociating uncA mutant F1. Anti-alpha antibody was used in conjunction with
      immunoblotting to identify the alpha-subunits in the mixtures. Retention of
      native conformation by the alpha-subunits was demonstrated by the fact that the
      dissociated alpha-subunits were fully competent to repolymerize with other F1
      subunits to yield intact F1 aggregate. The results show that, contrary to
      previous reports, alpha-subunits from three catalytically defective uncA mutants
      do indeed bind ATP and do undergo an ATP-induced conformational change. The
      binding affinity of alpha-subunit for ATP was lower than normal in each of the
      three mutants, but this is not likely to be a significant factor under
      physiological conditions.

PMID- 2884929
TI  - [Overview of ATL (adult T-cell leukemia) research].
AB  - ATL is a unique T-cell malignancy first described by Takatsuki and colleagues in
      1970s. We estimate that more than 300 patients a year have been detected in the
      endemic areas of Kyushu, Japan. The surface phenotype of ATL cells characterized
      by monoclonal antibodies is T3+, T4+, T8-, T11+ and Tac+. In all cases the serum
      is positive for anti-HTLV-I antibodies and the ATL cells contain the proviral DNA
      of HTLV-I. Variations in the clinical features of atypical ATL suggested a
      division of the spectrum of ATL into five types: acute; chronic; smoldering;
      crisis; and lymphoma. Typical ATL takes an acute course. The survival time is
      short, with 50% mortality within approximately 5 months. In general a poor
      prognosis is indicated by the elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase, calcium,
      and bilirubin, as well as by high WBC. Smoldering ATL is characterized by the
      presence of a few abnormal cells (0.5%-3%) in the peripheral blood over a long
      period. Crisis in chronic or smoldering ATL means the progression of the disease
      to acute ATL. The lymphoma type of ATL is considered to be a form of T-cell-type
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which malignant cells contain proviral DNA of HTLV-I.
      Screening of the sera from healthy adults for presence of the anti-HTLV-I
      antibodies revealed that 3.6% of healthy individuals in Kumamoto Prefecture,
      which is located in the middle of Kyushu, were HTLV-I carriers. Family studies
      showed that the routes of natural infection of HTLV-I are from mother to child
      and also from husband to wife. The borderline between the healthy carrier state
      and smoldering ATL remains unclear. Smoldering ATL is frequently diagnosed in
      patients with fungus infection of the skin, chronic lymphadenopathy, interstitial
      pneumonitis, chronic renal failure and strongyloidiasis. Five patients with ATL
      refractory to conventional chemotherapeutic agents were treated with 2'-deoxy
      coformycin (DCF), a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Two patients showed
      a good response, and three were resistant to DCF. In addition our experiences
      with a concurrence of lymphoma-type ATL in three sisters and spontaneous
      remissions in a patients with chronic ATL will be referred.

PMID- 2884930
TI  - Severe clostridium infection following perforation of the uterus in a patient
      with an ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - Twenty-eight hours after CO2 insufflation and curettage in a 26 year old,
      haemolysis, jaundice and anuria developed. As an ectopic pregnancy was also
      suspected, a diagnostic laparoscopy was done and was followed by a hysterectomy
      and left salpingo-oophorectomy before Clostridium perfringens was grown on
      culture. The survival of the patient despite clostridial infection is probably
      due to immediate surgical treatment and intensive post-operative care.

PMID- 2884931
TI  - [Fertility of patients operated on for unilateral undescended testis].

PMID- 2884932
TI  - Effect of sulphasalazine on the radiological progression of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We have investigated the influence of sulphasalazine, a second line antirheumatic
      drug, on the radiological progression of erosions in rheumatoid arthritis over a
      two year period in 41 patients. Hand radiograph scores deteriorated significantly
      over this period, but in a group of 31 patients in whom one year films were also
      available this deterioration was limited to the first year. This slowing of
      radiological deterioration was not related to 'normalisation' of the erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR). Compared with a 'control' group of 10 patients who had
      refused offers of second line therapy, sulphasalazine treated patients showed
      less deterioration over the two year period, and this difference was more marked
      than in previous studies of gold or penicillamine. No significant change was seen
      in large joint radiographs in sulphasalazine treated patients over two years, but
      this probably represents the poor sensitivity of the method of assessment. No
      significant correlation was seen between changes in inflammatory indices and
      slowing of radiological deterioration in erosion score. Thus sulphasalazine
      appears to slow the progression of radiological disease of the hands over the
      second year of treatment in a representative sample of patients who continue to
      receive treatment for two years.

PMID- 2884933
TI  - Raised circulating levels of the eosinophil cationic protein in ankylosing
      spondylitis: relation with the inflammatory activity and the influence of
      sulphasalazine treatment.
AB  - The possibility of eosinophil involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was
      investigated by measuring serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a
      specific granule constituent of eosinophils. In a group of 48 patients with AS we
      found a threefold increase of the mean serum levels of ECP compared with a
      reference group (p less than 0.001). The blood eosinophil counts were similar in
      patients and controls. A correlation was found between ECP and inflammatory
      activity defined by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum haptoglobin.
      Fifteen patients were studied before and after three months' treatment with
      sulphasalazine (2-3 g/day). The ECP levels decreased in 13/15 and this paralleled
      reduction of the acute phase reaction and improvement of clinical parameters. The
      results point to eosinophil activation as part of the inflammatory process in AS.
      The signs of reduced eosinophil activation during sulphasalazine treatment
      suggest either a drug mediated, direct effect on eosinophils or an effect on the
      inflammatory mechanism stimulating eosinophils.

PMID- 2884935
TI  - Sulphasalazine and hepatic transaminases.

PMID- 2884934
TI  - Antibodies to the five histones and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) in drug
      induced lupus: implications for pathogenesis.
AB  - Certain drugs are a frequent source of antinuclear antibody (ANA) induction, and
      ANA is invariably present in the few patients who progress to the drug induced
      lupus syndrome. This report concerns the fine specificity of the ANA response to
      hydralazine, penicillamine, and sulphasalazine therapy. Using highly purified
      individual histones in fluorimetric assays, antihistone antibodies are always
      detectable, often in large amounts, but the pattern of response to individual
      histones is variable and not drug specific. In addition to the response to the
      three histones H1, H2B, and H3 reminiscent of idiopathic systemic lupus
      erythematosus, antibody to histone H2A predominates in some drug induced cases.
      Contrary to previous thought, histones are not the sole target of the antinuclear
      response: we also demonstrate a significant correlation between ANA titre and
      antibody to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose). Like the histones, this is a
      macromolecule that can bind to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is proposed that
      drug induced damage to chromatin leads to ANA production, while drug induced
      impairment of complement activity may then enable these autoantibodies to mediate
      the lupus syndrome.

PMID- 2884936
TI  - Sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis: desensitising the patient with a skin
      rash.

PMID- 2884937
TI  - Emotion control and cerebellar atrophy in senile dementia.
AB  - New research increasingly indicates that the cerebellum coordinates and
      integrates a wide range of processes not confined to the motor sphere. Since
      satisfying correlations between affective disturbances and signs of cerebral
      atrophy have not been found, the relationship of CT-indicated cerebellar atrophy
      to certain psychopathologic indicators, in patients suffering from senile
      dementia, has been studied. The patients participating in the study were 21 women
      and 18 men with a mean age of 69.4 years. Each patient showed a definite
      pathologic score in at least one cerebral CT-measurement. The Spearman rank
      correlations between affective incontinency, lability of affect, and cerebellar
      atrophy suggest substantial relationships between affective symptoms and
      cerebellar pathology. This seems all the more remarkable since all of the various
      indicators of cerebral cortical and subcortical atrophy lacked to show any strong
      relationship to affective symptoms at all. The implications of the findings for
      research and clinical purposes are discussed.

PMID- 2884938
TI  - Further evidence to support the alpha 2-adrenergic nature of amitraz-induced
      decrease in intestinal motility.
AB  - The effect of amitraz, a formamidine insecticide, on in vitro intestinal
      contractions was studied in teh transmurally-stimulated guinea-pig ileum. An
      electrical stimulation (with 80 V/0.5 msec/0.1 Hz shown on the dial of the
      stimulator) caused the ileum to contract presumably via the release of
      acetylcholine. Amitraz (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) produced a dose-dependent inhibition
      of these transmurally-stimulated contractions. This effect of amitraz was blocked
      and reversed by idazoxan (10(-6) M), an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, but was
      not prevented by prazosin (10(-6) M), an alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist. These
      results suggest that alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediate the effects of amitraz on the
      transmurally-stimulated guinea-pig ileum. The results also suggest that amitraz
      decreases intestinal contraction by activating the alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the
      myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, thus inhibiting parasympathetic tone.

PMID- 2884939
TI  - Gastrointestinal transit following intrathecal or subcutaneous narcotic
      analgesics.
AB  - This paper reports investigations on the effects on gastrointestinal transit of
      subcutaneous or intrathecal administration of opiates: morphine, sufentanil and
      alfentanil. Subcutaneous administration of opiates produced a significant dose
      dependent decrease in transit of a charcoal meal test. Intrathecal administration
      of morphine to Wistar rats with catheter chronically implanted in the
      subarachnoid space did not cause a decrease in gastrointestinal transit. However,
      in freshly prepared rats with intrathecal catheter in the subarachnoid space,
      morphine significantly decreased intestinal transit of charcoal meal. In
      addition, sufentanil and alfentanil, on intrathecal administration in rats with
      chronically implanted catheters, caused a marked dose-dependent slowing of the
      passage of meal. Prior s.c. administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone
      completely blocked the depression of gastrointestinal transit caused by high
      doses of intrathecal sufentanil and s.c. administered morphine.

PMID- 2884940
TI  - Effects of two benzodiazepines and a benzodiazepine antagonist on neuromuscular
      blockade in the anaesthetized cat.
AB  - The interaction of diazepam and midazolam with non-depolarizing neuromuscular
      blocking drugs was studied in the sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior muscle
      preparation of the anaesthetized cat. Both diazepam and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg
      i.v.) caused a significant enhancement of a constant 50% neuromuscular block,
      produced by infusions of vecuronium or pancuronium. Increasing the dose of
      midazolam from 0.3 to 1.5 mg/kg, caused no significant further potentiation of
      vecuronium, but decreased the onset time of potentiation. Ro 15-1788, a selective
      benzodiazepine antagonist, did not antagonize the vecuronium potentiation caused
      by midazolam 0.3 mg/kg. However, when given before midazolam (1.5 mg/kg), Ro 15
      1788 delayed the onset of potentiation. Ro 15-1788 antagonized and prevented the
      considerable blood pressure decrease produced by midazolam 0.3 and 1.5 mg/kg.
      There appears to exist a ceiling to the benzodiazepine-induced blood pressure
      decrease and potentiation of vecuronium in the cat.

PMID- 2884941
TI  - Antihypertensive, hemodynamic and autonomic profile of a new angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor, SCH 33844 (spirapril).
AB  - SCH 33844 is a new, potent and long-acting inhibitor of angiotensin converting
      enzyme (ACE). Antihypertensive, hemodynamic and autonomic actions of SCH 33844
      were examined in the present series of experiments. Oral administration of 0.3-30
      mg/kg reduced blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The magnitude of
      the response was significantly enhanced by pretreatment of the animals with
      hydrochlorothiazide. Blood pressure remained significantly depressed 24 hr
      following doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg. Administration of SCH 33844 (3 mg/kg) twice
      daily to nonpretreated rats or once daily to diuretic-pretreated animals for 5
      days resulted in a progressive decrease in blood pressure. The compound did not
      reduce blood pressure in nephrectomized rats demonstrating the dependence of its
      action on renal renin. SCH 33844 (1-10 mg/kg orally) also produced dose-related
      decreases in pressure in diuretic-pretreated conscious normotensive dogs.
      However, only a small fall in pressure occurred in non-pretreated dogs.
      Hemodynamic actions were examined in anesthetized dogs. SCH 33844 (1 mg/kg i.v.)
      reduced blood pressure, increased cardiac output and caused a large fall in
      peripheral resistance. Autonomic actions were assessed in pithed rats. The
      compound (10 mg/kg orally) tended to decrease pressor responses to sympathetic
      activation and to i.v. norepinephrine. This profile is probably due, at least in
      part, to vasorelaxation following suppression of angiotensin II generation. In
      conclusion, SCH 33844 is a potent, long-lasting antihypertensive agent which
      reduces peripheral vascular resistance and possesses only slight autonomic
      effects.

PMID- 2884942
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b with a good prognosis.
AB  - Three patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2b (MEN 2b)
      and a good prognosis are described. During a follow-up period of 41 to 84 months,
      only little progression of metastases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was
      observed. In one of the patients, liver metastases of medullary carcinoma of the
      thyroid were already present in biopsy specimens taken 22 years earlier. In two
      patients bilateral pheochromocytomas were completely removed. These observations
      show that, in contrast to the general view, the clinical course of MEN 2b can be
      as indolent as that of MEN 2a or sporadic forms of the tumors involved, despite
      the presence of metastases. This may indicate that factors other than the type of
      inheritance contribute to the outcome of the disease.

PMID- 2884943
TI  - Partial characterization of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Entamoeba
      histolytica.

PMID- 2884945
TI  - [Development of a basic material for an axenic culture medium for Entamoeba
      histolytica. II. Peptones].

PMID- 2884944
TI  - [Analysis of the organization of the DNA of various strains and clones of
      Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884946
TI  - Isolation and initial characterization of DNA from Entamoeba histolytica
      HM1:IMSS.

PMID- 2884947
TI  - High salt SDS-DEP isolation of RNA from Entamoeba histolytica: the recovery of
      intact 25S rRNA from amebae of different culture ages and the co-isolation of
      DNA.

PMID- 2884948
TI  - [Castela texana: screening for its anti-amoebic activity].

PMID- 2884949
TI  - [Localization and identification of adhemiba I, a protein which participates in
      the adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica to human erythrocytes and epithelial
      cells].

PMID- 2884950
TI  - Adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human erythrocytes. 1.
      Maintenance of the integrity, viability and adhesion of trophozoites in different
      media.

PMID- 2884951
TI  - Adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human erythrocytes. 3. The
      inhibition patterns by carbohydrates are strain-specific.

PMID- 2884952
TI  - [Characterization of 3 mutants of Entamoeba histolytica deficient in virulence
      with different phenotypes for adhesion and toxin activity].

PMID- 2884953
TI  - [Mitogenic and lectin activity of mutants of Entamoeba histolytica deficient in
      virulence].

PMID- 2884955
TI  - Cytopathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica; a cytoplasmic heat stable factor
      stimulates DNA synthesis in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2884954
TI  - [Multifactorial mechanism for the cytolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884956
TI  - Alteration of isoenzyme patterns of a cloned culture of non pathogenic Entamoeba
      histolytica upon changes in growth conditions.

PMID- 2884958
TI  - [Acid phosphatase activity of 2 strains of Entamoeba histolytica of different
      virulence].

PMID- 2884957
TI  - Anti-surface antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica and their role in complement
      lysis.

PMID- 2884959
TI  - [Diapedesis in experimental amebiasis].

PMID- 2884960
TI  - [Experimental amebiasis in the guinea pig: a model for resistance].

PMID- 2884961
TI  - [Immunogenicity of a delipidated antigen of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884962
TI  - [Inhibition by antibodies of the adhesion of trophozoites of Entamoeba
      histolytica].

PMID- 2884963
TI  - In vitro studies on the interaction of human monocytes and the monocyte
      locomotion inhibitory factor produced by E. histolytica.

PMID- 2884964
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes associated with the inhibition of human monocyte
      chemotaxis caused by products of E. histolytica cultured in axenic medium].

PMID- 2884965
TI  - [Effect of supernatants obtained from lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A
      on trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884966
TI  - [Effect of cellular immunity on the interaction between the peritoneal cell and
      the ameba in vitro].

PMID- 2884967
TI  - [Induction of a local humoral immune response against antigens of Entamoeba
      histolytica].

PMID- 2884969
TI  - [Interaction in vitro of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica with macrophages
      from human colostrum].

PMID- 2884968
TI  - [Detection of class IgA antibodies directed against a lipopeptidophosphoglycan of
      E. histolytica in samples of human colostrum].

PMID- 2884970
TI  - [Genetic transformation in Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884971
TI  - [Evaluation of cellular immunity in patients with amebic liver abscess using the
      leukocyte migration inhibition test].

PMID- 2884972
TI  - [Clinical correlation of the zymodeme of Entamoeba histolytica in patients in a
      psychiatric hospital].

PMID- 2884973
TI  - Epidemiology of amebiasis in a rural community of Mexico: serologic and
      coproparasitoscopic survey.

PMID- 2884975
TI  - [Epidemiology and control of amebiasis in Mexico].

PMID- 2884974
TI  - [Cell-cycle phases of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884976
TI  - Amebiasis in the world.

PMID- 2884977
TI  - [Comparative study of zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica and the genus Entamoeba
      in polyacrylamide gels].

PMID- 2884978
TI  - [Production of E. histolytica HM-1 in agitated axenic culture and by fermenter].

PMID- 2884979
TI  - [Purification of the polysaccharide portion of the lipopeptidophosphoglycan
      extracted from trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884980
TI  - [Characterization of the ribosomal proteins of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884981
TI  - [Motility mutants of Entamoeba histolytica resistant to cytochalasin D].

PMID- 2884982
TI  - [Phases of nuclear division in Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2884983
TI  - Multiple mesenteric aneurysms complicating subacute bacterial endocarditis.
AB  - Multiple visceral aneurysms complicating periarteritis nodosa are considered
      characteristic, though not pathognomonic, on arteriography. This arteriographic
      pattern has been described with hairy-cell leukemia, collagen vascular disorders,
      and atrial myxoma, but, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported with
      subacute bacterial endocarditis. A patient with enterococcal endocarditis
      sustained separate intra-abdominal hemorrhages, 24 hours apart, from aneurysms of
      the middle colic and left colic arteries. Sterile vessel cultures with
      inflammatory infiltrates, decreased complement levels, positive rheumatoid
      factor, and arteriographic evidence of multiple visceral aneurysms suggest the
      vasculitis was immunologically mediated and not mycotic. Antibiotic therapy after
      control of hemorrhage controlled abdominal symptoms.

PMID- 2884984
TI  - Insulinoma and gastrinoma in Wermer's disease (MEN I).
AB  - The association of gastrin- and insulin-producing tumors of the pancreas is rare.
      In the 30 years' experience of Zollinger and others, of 40 patients with
      gastrinoma none had insulin-producing tumors. In contrast to patients with
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, of whom 15% to 26% are classified as having multiple
      endocrine neoplasias type I (MEN I), only 3% to 4% of patients with insulinomas
      have other endocrine neoplasms. Insulinomas in patients with MEN I are usually
      single tumors that usually can be cured with enucleation of the tumor. In
      contradistinction, gastrinomas in patients with MEN I are diffuse in nature and
      resection only rarely can be accomplished. Long-term management of gastric
      hypersecretion is best accomplished by H2-receptor antagonists. If the patient
      does not respond to H2-receptor antagonists or is unwilling to take the drug
      indefinitely, he or she will be a candidate for total gastrectomy.

PMID- 2884985
TI  - Genetic differentiation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australia and
      Papua New Guinea.
AB  - The genetic relatedness of ten Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) isolates
      from Australia has been examined by comparing HaeIII and TaqI restriction digest
      profiles of cDNA to virion RNA. The isolates were from the Murray Valley region
      of south-eastern Australia and from the Ord River region of Western Australia and
      spanned a period of 23 years (1951-1974). The isolates generated closely similar
      restriction digest profiles. The extent of similarity suggested that the level of
      nucleotide sequence divergence between any pair of Australian MVE isolates is
      probably around 1%. The genetic homogeneity of the MVE isolates contrasts with
      results obtained for Ross River virus, an alphavirus, using an identical
      methodological approach; we propose that this difference results from the
      important role of birds in the life cycle of MVE. Four MVE isolates from three
      fatal human cases showed small genetic differences one from the other. These
      isolates did not have a common restriction digest profile which distinguished
      them from strains obtained from other sources (e.g., from mosquitoes or a heron).
      The data do not support the view that clinical cases of MVE infection in humans
      are due to a particular strain of virus although this has not been rigorously
      excluded. The two available MVE isolates from Papua New Guinea (PNG) were from
      the Sepik and Port Moresby regions. They generated HaeIII and TaqI restriction
      digest profiles which were different both from each other and from those of the
      Australian type. Genetic divergence between the two PNG isolates was estimated to
      be approximately 6%; divergence between either of the PNG isolates and the
      Australian type was greater than 6%. Our data suggest that the evolution of MVE
      in Australia and PNG has proceeded independently and that circulating Australian
      MVE strains are not systematically re-seeded from regions of endemicity in PNG.
      Studies on the relatedness of MVE and two close antigenic relatives, Japanese
      encephalitis virus (JE) and Alfuy virus (ALF), showed that the genetic
      relatedness between any MVE isolate and JE or ALF is less than that between the
      most divergent of the MVE isolates, including those from Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2884986
TI  - Is incomplete fear-reduction followed by a return of fear?

PMID- 2884987
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the crested
      newt. An electron microscopic study.
AB  - The fine structure and specialized neuronal, vascular and ventricular relations
      of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunopositive neurons and processes were examined
      in the hypothalamus of the crested newt. TH-immunoreactive neurons form a well
      developed system. Its possible role in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine mechanisms
      is discussed.

PMID- 2884988
TI  - The effects of negative chronotropic interventions on sinus node recovery time.
AB  - The effects of multiple increases in sinus cycle length on sinus node recovery
      time (SNRT) were examined in 5 dogs. Pacing was performed from the left atrial
      appendage for 30 and 60 seconds using at least 4 different pacing cycle lengths
      selected between 230 and 620 msec. Each dog received propranolol (1 mg/kg, IV)
      prior to any measurements. The effects of increases in sinus cycle length on SNRT
      were first assessed during 2 levels (4 and 8 Hz) of continuous vagal stimulation.
      From a control cycle length of 439 +/- 28 msec (mean +/- SE), the vagal
      stimulations lengthened the sinus cycle lengths to 604 +/- 10 msec and 758 +/- 16
      msec respectively. Sinus cycle length was then prolonged by combined muscarinic
      and beta-receptor blockade resulting in a sinus cycle length of 549 +/- 9 msec.
      Autonomic blockade plus verapamil (3-10 mg IV) resulted in sinus cycle lengths of
      612 +/- 14 and 721 +/- 18 msec respectively, which were not significantly
      different from those obtained with vagal stimulation. Data relating SNRT to the
      sinus cycle length, pacing cycle length, duration of pacing and the negative
      chronotropic interventions used to achieve the changes in the sinus cycle length
      were analyzed via covariance analysis. The results demonstrate that the single
      most important determinant of SNRT is the sinus cycle length. Furthermore,
      equivalent increases in sinus cycle length whether obtained by vagal stimulation,
      autonomic blockade or intravenous verapamil results in SNRTs that are not
      significantly different. Therefore, in the sinus node, changes in the rate of
      pacemaker activity, regardless of how they are achieved, will largely determine
      the changes in SNRT.

PMID- 2884989
TI  - Metabolic fate of glutamate carbon in rat renal tubules. Studies with 13C nuclear
      magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy and g.c.-m.s. were used to determine the metabolic fate
      of glutamate carbon in rat kidney. The main purpose was to characterize the
      effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on the utilization of glutamate carbon.
      Renal tubules obtained from normal and chronically acidotic rats were incubated
      in Krebs buffer, pH 7.4, in the presence of 2.5 mM-[3-13C]glutamate. During the
      course of incubation the concentrations of total glucose and NH3 were
      significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in tissue from acidotic rats. The levels
      of some tricarboxylic-acid-cycle intermediates were higher (P less than 0.05) in
      control tissue. In control tissue, 13C-n.m.r. spectra demonstrated a
      significantly higher rate of 13C appearance of aspartate, glutamine and [2,4
      13C]glutamate. However, in acidosis the resonances of [13C]glucose carbon atoms
      were significantly higher. In the control, approx. 15% of glutamate carbon was
      accounted for by [13C]glucose formation as against 30% in chronic acidosis.
      However, in control tissue, 44% of glutamate carbon utilization was accounted for
      by recycling to glutamate and formation of aspartate, glutamine and GABA. In
      acidosis, only 11% was so recovered. Analysis of 15NH3 formation during the
      course of incubation with 2.5 mM-[15N]glutamate demonstrated a positive
      association between the appearance of [13C]glucose and 15NH3 both in the control
      and in acidosis. The data suggest that the control of gluconeogenesis and
      ammoniagenesis in acidosis is, in part, referable to a diminution in the rate of
      the reductive amination of alpha-oxoglutarate, that of the transamination
      reaction and that of glutamine synthesis.

PMID- 2884991
TI  - Use of rapid gel-permeation chromatography to explore the inter-relationships
      between polymerization, phosphorylation and activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
      Effects of insulin and phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - Superose 6 chromatography was used to separate rapidly the polymeric and dimeric
      forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. With preparations of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
      purified by Sepharose-avidin chromatography, it is shown that citrate promotes
      polymerization and that the extent of polymerization is diminished, but not
      eliminated, after phosphorylation by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. After
      exposure of rat epididymal adipose tissue to insulin, evidence was obtained for a
      marked increase in polymerization. The polymeric form, which was active in the
      absence of citrate, exhibited increased phosphorylation, particularly on a
      tryptic peptide designated the I-peptide in an earlier study [Brownsey & Denton
      (1982) Biochem. J. 202, 77-86]. In contrast, in tissue exposed to the beta
      agonist isoprenaline, most of the phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase appeared
      to be in the dimeric form if chromatography was carried out in the absence of
      citrate, whereas in the presence of citrate the degree of polymerization was
      diminished.

PMID- 2884992
TI  - Investigation of the role of Ca2+ and calmodulin in the regulation of platelet
      guanylate cyclase activity.
AB  - Both soluble and particulate forms of human platelet guanylate cyclase were found
      to be sensitive to sub-micromolar concentrations of free Ca2+; soluble enzyme
      activity increased as Ca2+ was increased from 10 nM to 1 microM; particulate
      enzyme activity showed a biphasic response to Ca2+, with maximal enzyme activity
      between 1 and 10 nM free Ca2+ and inhibition occurring at higher Ca2+
      concentrations. Neither Ca2+-sensitivity appeared to be calmodulin-dependent.

PMID- 2884994
TI  - Association of the atrial natriuretic factor receptor with guanylate cyclase in
      solubilized rat glomerular membranes.
AB  - The elution profile of solubilized rat glomerular membranes from a gel filtration
      column showed two peaks of 125I-ANF (atrial natriuretic factor) binding (367 +/-
      21, 156 +/- 12 KDa). Over 85% of the total binding for the extract was in the 367
      KDa peak. Guanylate cyclase activity was correlated with 125I-ANF specific
      binding. ANF activation of guanylate cyclase was also observed. As observed
      previously with particulate membrane, Scatchard-analysis of ANF binding data with
      the solubilized extract was consistent with a two-site model. Both affinities
      (Kd's), 4 pM and 1 nM, are within the range of blood concentrations reported for
      ANF. These observations suggest that most rat glomerular ANF receptors are large
      molecular complexes coupled with guanylate cyclase in the 300-350 KDa size range.

PMID- 2884990
TI  - Protein phosphorylation in rat mammary acini and in cytosol preparations in
      vitro. Phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is unaffected by cyclic AMP.
AB  - Phosphorylation of soluble proteins in rat mammary acinar cells was investigated.
      When phosphorylation proceeded in intact cells, in the presence of [32P]Pi, the
      major non-casein phosphoproteins, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, were
      unresponsive to incubation conditions that caused major increases in the
      intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP. The overall 32P specific radioactivity
      (c.p.m./microgram of protein) of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, assessed after affinity
      purification of the enzyme with avidin-Sepharose, was unchanged by incubation
      under such conditions. Furthermore, the distribution of 32P among tryptic
      phosphopeptides of the enzyme, resolved by reversed-phase h.p.l.c., was not
      altered by cyclic AMP-increasing treatments of the acinar cells. When cytosol
      fractions were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, some phosphoproteins responded to
      the addition of micromolar concentrations of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or cyclic AMP
      by undergoing an enhancement of phosphate incorporation. In these experiments in
      vitro, protein phosphatase activity did not make a major contribution to the net
      phosphorylation of individual phosphoproteins, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase was not
      prominent among the phosphoproteins identified after short (less than 1 min)
      incubations of cytosols with [gamma-32P]ATP. The resistance of protein
      phosphorylation to variations in the cyclic AMP concentration in intact mammary
      epithelial cells, demonstrated by this work, is one of several mechanisms that
      ensure the pleiotropic refractoriness of those cells to agents which normally
      cause a stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in hormone-sensitive cells.

PMID- 2884995
TI  - Changes in the beta-subunit of mitochondrial F1 ATPase during neurogenesis.
AB  - A polypeptide migrating in the area of the isotubulin in 2 D-gel electrophoresis
      of extracts from neuronal cells was characterized as the beta-subunit of the F1
      ATPase matrix component. The synthesis of this subunit is enhanced during
      neurogenesis and the presence of an isoform was detected in adult mouse brain.

PMID- 2884993
TI  - Insulin activation of lipogenesis in isolated mammary acini from lactating rats
      fed on a high-fat diet. Evidence that acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a site of action.
AB  - Feeding lactating rats on high-fat cheese crackers in addition to laboratory chow
      increased the dietary intake of fat from 2 to 20% of the total weight of food
      eaten and decreased mammary-gland lipogenesis in vivo by approx. 50%. This
      lipogenic inhibition was also observed in isolated mammary acini, where it was
      accompanied by decreased glucose uptake. These inhibitions were completely
      reversed by incubation with insulin. Insulin had no effect on the rate of glucose
      transport into acini, nor on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity as estimated by the
      accumulation of pyruvate and lactate, suggesting that these are not the sites of
      lipogenic inhibition. Insulin stimulated the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into
      lipid in acini from high-fat-fed rats. In the presence of alpha
      cyanohydroxycinnamate, a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate transport,
      and with glucose as the sole substrate, neither [1-14C]glucose incorporation into
      lipid nor glucose uptake were stimulated by insulin. Insulin did stimulate the
      incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into lipid in the presence of alpha
      cyanohydroxycinnamate, and this was accompanied by an increase in glucose uptake
      by the acini. This indicated that increased glucose uptake was secondary to the
      stimulation of lipogenesis by insulin, which therefore must occur via activation
      of a step in the pathway distal to mitochondrial pyruvate transport. Insulin
      stimulated acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity measured in crude extracts of acini
      from high-fat-fed rats, restoring it to values close to those of chow-fed
      controls. The effects of insulin on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and
      lipogenesis were not antagonized by adrenaline or dibutyryl cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2884996
TI  - Phosphorylated isomers of L-dopa stimulate MSH binding capacity and
      responsiveness to MSH in cultured melanoma cells.
AB  - L-dopa is a key metabolite in the process of melanogenesis. However, it is
      difficult to use in biological experiments because it is subject to auto
      oxidation and relatively insoluble at neutral pH. Dopa phosphates contain
      phosphate ester linkages at positions 3 and/or 4 of the phenylalanine ring of L
      dopa, rendering them highly soluble and stable to auto-oxidation when compared to
      L-dopa. Dopa phosphates are readily taken up by melanoma cells in culture and
      converted to L-dopa and inorganic phosphate by cellular phosphatases, making them
      useful for studying L-dopa effects in vivo. Here we investigated the effects of
      dopa phosphates on receptors for MSH in cultured melanoma cells. We found that
      dopa phosphates caused a 3-fold stimulation of MSH binding capacity by the cells
      which probably occurred through an increase in the number of receptors for MSH
      with no apparent change in affinity of the receptors. The increased binding
      capacity for MSH was followed by increased cellular tyrosinase activity and
      melanogenesis. Thus dopa phosphates and/or L-dopa can act as regulators of the
      MSH receptor system. The observations suggest a novel mechanism for regulation of
      hormonal responsiveness: hormonal signal amplification by a metabolite in the
      target pathway.

PMID- 2884997
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 binding protein on the surface of primary cultured hepatocytes.
AB  - Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was bound to primary cultured rat hepatocytes in a
      receptor-dependent manner in serum-free medium at 4 degrees C. When added at a
      concentration of 2 X 10(-9) M, maximal specific binding occurred within 60-90
      min. Trypsin treatment of the cells reduced the binding capacity to about 50% of
      that of untreated cells. Scatchard-analysis of the binding data showed that the
      cells had an apparent dissociation constant of 1.2 X 10(-8) M and a binding
      capacity of 580 fmol (approximately 3.5 X 10(11) PGE1 receptors)/mg of protein.
      In experiments at 37 degrees C, maximal specific binding occurred within 5 min
      and was 6-7 times that at 4 degrees C, but the amount of bound PGE1 decreased
      rapidly after 5 min due to metabolism of PGE1 in the hepatocytes. Thin-layer
      chromatographic analysis showed that the material bound to the cell surface
      consisted of intact PGE1 and its metabolites at 37 degrees C, but PGE1 only at 4
      degrees C.

PMID- 2884998
TI  - Antipili antibody affords protection against ascending pyelonephritis in rat:
      evaluated by renal brush border membrane enzymes.
AB  - Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of renal brush border membrane (BBM) enzymes
      alkaline phosphatase, maltase, leucine aminopeptidase and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase were worked out in control, infected and immunized
      infected rats. There was no significant change in the Km of all the enzymes
      studied in three groups. The Vmax of all the enzymes studied decreased
      significantly (p less than 0.05) 3 or 4 days postinfection and onwards in the
      left obstructed kidney of infected and immunised-infected animals. However, in
      the right unobstructed kidney the Vmax of alkaline phosphatase and leucine
      aminopeptidase increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in the early stages and
      decreased (p less than 0.05) in later stages in both the experimental groups. The
      significant difference (p less than 0.05) in the Vmax of infected and immunized
      infected groups at various stages of infection revealed the partial protective
      role of antipili antibody against ascending pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2885000
TI  - Inhibition of microsomal biotransformation by a series of nitrogen and oxygen
      heterocyclic histamine H2-antagonists.
AB  - A homologous series of potent, long-lasting thiazolo-pyrimidone-pyridine
      histamine H2-antagonists were examined for their inhibitory effects on rat
      hepatic ethylmorphine N-demethylation. Inhibitory potency increased in the order:
      2-pyridinyl less than 3-pyridinyl less than 4-pyridinyl histamine H2-antagonist.
      Substitution ortho to the pyridine nitrogen decreased inhibitory potency.
      Hydroxylation of the pyridine heterocycle decreased inhibitory potency, whereas
      substituent electronic effects did not appreciably alter the inhibitory potency
      of these compounds. Antagonists containing oxygen heterocycles were moderately
      potent inhibitors compared to those containing unsubstituted pyridine as the
      heterocycle. A 3-(6-methylpyridine) histamine H2-antagonist was shown to be a
      slightly more potent inhibitor of ethinamate metabolism than cimetidine in rats.
      However, unlike cimetidine, it did not inhibit the plasma half-life of antipyrine
      in dogs at doses that were equally efficacious in inhibiting gastric acid
      secretion.

PMID- 2884999
TI  - Partial deficiency of subunits in complex I or IV of patients with mitochondrial
      myopathies.
AB  - Subunits of Complexes I, III, IV, and V from skeletal muscle mitochondria
      isolated from four patients with mitochondrial myopathies were analyzed by
      immunoblotting. A deficiency was observed in Complex I or IV, or in both. The
      patterns of deficiency of subunits of each complex were similar both in patients
      with deficiency of a single complex and in patients with combined deficiency of
      the two complexes. The deficiency of any of these subunits was only partial, and
      no abnormalities in the electrophoretic mobilities of the subunits were observed.
      These results suggest that the deficiency of Complex I or IV in these patients
      are based on similar molecular defects which lead to decreased levels of these
      subunits.

PMID- 2885001
TI  - Lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor antagonists stimulate cholesterol biosynthesis in
      human skin fibroblasts.
AB  - The effect of a series of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on cholesterol
      biosynthesis was studied in vitro in normal human skin fibroblasts. Some, but not
      all, of the drugs studied stimulated the incorporation of [2-14C]-acetate into
      cell sterols in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was unrelated to beta
      blocking potency, selectivity for beta 1 or beta 2 adrenoceptors and partial
      agonistic activity of the drugs, thus ruling out a beta-receptor mediated
      mechanism. A positive, statistically significant correlation was found, however,
      between the drug lipophilicity and the stimulation of sterol biosynthesis.
      Propranolol, the most effective agent in increasing [2-14C]-acetate incorporation
      into cellular sterols, also enhanced the conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      CoA (HMGCoA) into mevalonic acid, suggesting an interference of lipophilic beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists with HMHCoA-reductase, the feed-back regulated rate
      limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis.

PMID- 2885002
TI  - Effects of long-term administration of clofibric acid on stearoyl-CoA desaturase,
      1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase and fatty acyl composition of
      microsomal phosphatidylcholine in rat liver.
AB  - Long-term effects of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibric acid) on
      inductions of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and 1-acylglycerophosphorylcholine (1-acyl
      GPC) acyltransferase, and on changes in fatty acyl composition of microsomal
      lipid in rat liver were studied. Male rats were fed clofibric acid at a dietary
      concentration of 0.25% for 2 or 22 weeks. Inductions of stearoyl-CoA desaturase
      and 1-acyl-GPC acyltransferase lasted throughout the long-term treatment and were
      the same as those of either young or aged rats which were treated with clofibric
      acid for 2 weeks. The long-term treatment of rats with clofibric acid scarcely
      affected components of stearoyl-CoA desaturation system other than terminal
      desaturase. In accordance with the induction of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, the
      increase in the proportion of octadecenoic acid in hepatic lipid lasted
      throughout the 22-week treatment. In the case of both of the long-term treatment
      and the short-term treatment of rats, the increase in the proportion of
      octadecenoic acid in microsomal phosphatidylcholine was due to the marked
      increase in the proportion of octadecenoic acid in position 2, but not position
      1, of phosphatidylcholine. These changes in fatty acyl composition of
      phosphatidylcholine were not due to the alteration of the content of
      phosphatidylcholine in liver.

PMID- 2885003
TI  - Two distinct mechanisms for regulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in
      cultured rat hepatocytes by glucocorticoid-like steroids.
AB  - Adult rat hepatocytes maintained in primary monolayer culture with defined medium
      were used to characterise two effects of glucocorticoid-like steroids in
      regulating gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Low concentrations of
      glucocorticoids alone had little effect on GGT but synergistically enhanced
      induction of the enzyme by liver tumor-promoting xenobiotics such as 1,1,1
      trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane. The
      enhancing effect appears to be mediated by the classical glucocorticoid hormone
      receptor since structural requirements and concentration-dependence for
      enhancement were similar to those for induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in
      parallel cultures. Higher concentrations (1-100 microM) of various
      glucocorticoids alone increased GGT activity. Most glucocorticoids induced GGT
      but their order of potency did not parallel that for induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase under similar culture conditions. Among the most potent
      glucocorticoids, triamcinolone was a weak GGT inducer and cortivazol appeared to
      act as an antagonist of GGT induction by steroids. Some non-glucocorticoids
      including pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile, and some progestins, also induced
      but required addition of 30 nM dexamethasone for maximal effect. Some specific
      steroid structural features were identified which increased (presence of a 16
      alpha methyl group) or impaired GGT-inducing activity. Although interpretation is
      complicated by differential metabolism of individual steroids in culture, the
      results suggest that GGT induction by pharmacological levels of steroids may be
      mediated, directly or indirectly, by one or more relatively specific receptors
      distinct from the classical glucocorticoid receptor.

PMID- 2885004
TI  - Effect of decarboxylase inhibitors on brain p-tyrosine levels.
AB  - A number of inhibitors of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAD) and monoamine
      oxidase (MAO) were tested to determine whether they also inhibited tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT). The AAD inhibitors carbidopa, NSD-1015, NSD-1034 and Ro4
      5127 inhibited liver TAT. Carbidopa inhibited brain AAD and liver TAT equally
      well. In contrast, other AAD inhibitors (Ro4-4602 and alpha-monofluoromethyldopa)
      did not inhibit TAT. Phenelzine, an MAO inhibitor, inhibited liver TAT, but other
      MAO inhibitors (tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid) did not. Systemic
      administration of those drugs that were found to be inhibitors of TAT in vitro
      caused significant increases in rat brain p-tyrosine levels.

PMID- 2885005
TI  - Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma mimicking rheumatic disease.

PMID- 2885007
TI  - Circadian phase dependency of the effects of different beta-receptor blocking
      drugs on motor activity of rats. Importance of drug lipophilicity.
AB  - The effects of seven beta-receptor blocking drugs differing in lipophilicity by
      3.5 orders of magnitude (propranolol, bupranolol, oxprenolol, metoprolol,
      sotalol, practolol, atenolol) were studied on the circadian rhythm in motor
      activity of light-dark-synchronized (light (L): 7-19 h, dark (D): 19-7 h) male
      rats. Motor activity after i.p. injection of saline or of the racemic mixtures of
      all drugs and the isomers of propranolol, bupranolol and practolol was measured
      in groups of 5 rats with a motimeter. Two doses of either drug were injected
      either at 7:30 a.m. in L or at 7:30 p.m. in D. In L the drugs did either not
      affect motor activity or even increased motility in comparison to saline. No
      dosage-dependency was observed in the drug effects in L. In contrast, during D a
      dosage-dependent decrease in motor activity was found for all compounds. ED50
      values of decrease in motility during D were negatively correlated with
      lipophilicity (partition coefficient) of the compounds. No significant difference
      was found in the ED50-values of the isomers studied. The results clearly
      demonstrate a circadian phase dependency in the effects of beta-receptor blocking
      drugs on motor activity of rats. A dosage-dependent central depressant effect of
      the drugs could be observed only in D. It is concluded that the central
      depressant effects of beta-receptor blocking drugs are mainly due to the non
      specific, lipophilic property of the drugs and not brought about by a specific
      blockade of central beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2885006
TI  - [The spasmolytic activity of propiverine and some of its structural analogs].
AB  - The spasmolytic activity of propiverine and its corresponding methyl ether
      analogue was investigated in the isolated ileum and urinary bladder of the rat.
      It could be demonstrated that the antispasmodic properties of propiverine were,
      in contrast to its methyl ether analogue, not only based on a blockade of
      muscarinic receptors but were also a consequence of nonspecific papaverine-like
      effects. Investigations with three putative metabolites showed that the alcohol
      derivative O-desalkylpropiverine was about two orders of magnitude more potent
      than propiverine itself in blocking spasmogenic effects of the agonist arecaidine
      propargyl ester. In contrast no spasmolytic effect could be observed after
      application of the corresponding carboxylic acids (benzilic acid propyl ether;
      benzilic acid 2-hydroxypropyl-ether.

PMID- 2885008
TI  - Blood plasma peptides of rats after administration of ethanol or acetaldehyde.
AB  - The blood plasma peptide fractions labelled with 3H-leucine after chronic
      administration of ethanol or acetaldehyde in rats have been analysed. Total 3H
      leucine radioactivity in peptide fraction calculated per millilitre of plasma in
      both study groups was significantly decreased. The amount of peptide spots
      obtained by tlc in the ethanol-treated group or acetaldehyde-treated group was
      reduced in comparison with the control group. Analysis of amino acid composition
      of atypical spots occurring in both test groups revealed the presence of aromatic
      amino acids and methionine, but was associated with the absence of branched-chain
      amino acids, such as valine, leucine and isoleucine. These findings suggest a
      change in protein metabolism in hepatic dysfunction in rats receiving ethanol or
      acetaldehyde.

PMID- 2885009
TI  - Serum ferritin as a marker of alcohol consumption in working men.
AB  - For 576 working men the relationship between reported recent alcohol consumption,
      serum ferritin, mean cell volume, and gamma glutamyl transferase was studied.
      Serum ferritin was significantly increased in heavy drinkers, but as a screening
      test it failed to yield a useful advantage over a combination of mean cell volume
      and gamma glutamyl transferase.

PMID- 2885010
TI  - [Strain and stress response on VDT performance].

PMID- 2885012
TI  - [Treatment of acute asthma].

PMID- 2885011
TI  - Structure and assembly of coated vesicles.

PMID- 2885013
TI  - Purification and kinetic properties of sialidase from Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens sialidase was isolated from a culture medium of bacterial
      cells by ammonium sulfate precipitation (42-85%), followed by purification
      through Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography, DEAE A-50 anion exchange
      chromatography, FPLC medium pressure anion exchange chromatography and finally
      FPLC medium pressure isochromatofocussing. From 9 l culture medium 1.17 mg
      sialidase was isolated with a specific activity of 295 U/mg. The enzyme appeared
      to be homogeneous by analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular
      mass was measured to be 66 kDa. Km values ranging from 0.6 to 1.6mM were
      determined for several oligosaccharides as substrates. The enzyme catalyzed
      transglycosylation reactions with methanol as a nucleophilic reagent competitive
      with water. In the enzymatic hydrolysis of the (3'-methoxyphenyl)glycoside of
      alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid, increase of methanol concentration had no effect
      on the release of 3-methoxyphenol. This finding suggests that the formation of
      the enzyme-glycon intermediate is the rate-determining step for this substrate.

PMID- 2885014
TI  - The role of chromosomal translocations in B- and T-cell neoplasia.

PMID- 2885015
TI  - Recent advances in the molecular biology of HTLV-1: trans-activation of viral and
      cellular genes.

PMID- 2885016
TI  - Lymphocyte hormone receptors.

PMID- 2885017
TI  - Differential diagnosis between mesotheliomas and metastatic adenocarcinomas using
      monoclonal antibodies against gastrointestinal carcinoma antigen and stage
      specific embryonic antigen.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies made against gastrointestinal carcinoma antigen (GICA) and
      stage specific embryonic antigen (SSEA) were evaluated for their ability to
      distinguish normal mesothelial cells present in pleural and peritoneal fluids
      from adenocarcinoma cells in tissue and cytology specimens. The presence of GICA
      was documented in a high percentage of adenocarcinomas from the gastrointestinal
      tract (75/98) and in 52% of pulmonary (15/29) and 29% of ovarian (6/21)
      adenocarcinomas. GICA was found infrequently in breast carcinoma (1/18) and not
      in mesotheliomas (0/16). A similar pattern of GICA expression was seen in
      malignant effusions from adenocarcinomas (18/47) and mesotheliomas (0/6). SSEA
      was found in a high percentage of adenocarcinomas derived from the
      gastrointestinal tract (47/56) and the lung (26/29). SSEA was detected in breast
      carcinoma (8/15) more often than GICA. SSEA was detected rarely in mesotheliomas
      (1/16). Reactivities for epithelial membrane antigen, keratin, carcinoembryonic
      antigen, GICA and SSEA in adenocarcinoma and mesotheliomas were compared.

PMID- 2885018
TI  - The role of phospholipase in beta-agonist-induced down regulation in guinea pig
      lungs.
AB  - It has been observed that repeated and prolonged beta-agonist treatment causes
      the impairment of beta-adrenergic function, so-called "desensitization" or "down
      regulation". To clarify the mechanism of down regulation, the following
      experiment was performed using guinea pig lungs. Animals were divided into four
      groups: In the metaproterenol groups, guinea pigs were treated with
      metaproterenol (10 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 1 day
      or for 7 successive days In the control groups, guinea pigs were treated with
      saline by the same procedure as in the metaproterenol groups. In the group
      treated with metaproterenol for 7 days, there was a 45% reduction in the number
      of beta-adrenoceptors and a 62% reduction in adenylate cyclase activity, compared
      with those of the control group. However, there were no significant changes in
      the dissociation constant (Kd) of the receptors. On the other hand, no reduction
      in the number of beta-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase activity was observed
      in the group treated with metaproterenol once a day for 1 day, compared with
      those of the control group. Phospholipase (PLase) activity in the lung microsomes
      of guinea pigs injected with metaproterenol for 1 day and for 7 days was elevated
      by 14.4 and 33.1%, respectively, compared with that of the control groups.
      Phospholipid contents of lung membranes prepared from the animals treated with
      metaproterenol for 7 days were significantly decreased compared with those of the
      control group, though in the group treated with metaproterenol once a day for 1
      day, phospholipid contents did not differ from those of the control. Lung
      membranes treated with PLase A2 revealed decreases both in the number of beta
      adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase activity, dose dependently. These results and
      the fact that membrane phospholipids are involved in the beta-adrenoceptor system
      suggest that down regulation observed during beta-agonist administration is, at
      least in part, attributed to degradation of phospholipids of lung membranes by
      the persistent activation of PLase in the tissue.

PMID- 2885019
TI  - The anti-inflammatory activity of Enicostemma littorale and Mollugo cerviana.
AB  - The anti-inflammatory activity of E. littorale and M. cerviana was assessed by
      carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet granuloma method in rats. E.
      littorale and M. cerviana exerted 54 and 26% anti-inflammatory activity for a
      dose of 100 mg/100 g body wt, respectively, in carrageenan-induced acute
      inflammation. In chronic inflammation of cotton pellet granuloma, E. littorale
      and M. cerviana exerted 30 and 46% anti-inflammatory activity at the above
      dosage, respectively. The optimal dose for these drugs was determined in
      carrageenan inflammation. The effect of the alcoholic extract of these drugs on
      human erythrocyte membrane stabilization and inhibition of cobra venom
      phospholipase A2 was studied in vitro and the drugs were found to be effective.
      Further, these drugs were found to inhibit the levels of lipid peroxides, acid
      phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the exudate of cotton
      pellet granuloma. The effects were compared with those of standard anti
      inflammatory drug, hydrocortisone. A possible mode of action of these drugs is
      suggested.

PMID- 2885020
TI  - The use of benzodiazepines among drug addicts.

PMID- 2885021
TI  - Group treatment of benzodiazepine dependence.

PMID- 2885024
TI  - Increased activity of serum amine oxidases in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis
      lipoidica and diabetes.
AB  - Serum monoamine oxidase, diamine oxidase and lysyl oxidase-like activity were
      measured in patients with granuloma annulare (GA), necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) and
      diabetes mellitus. In diabetes, all enzyme measurements were raised by a factor
      of about 2 X 2, and in NL by a factor of about 1 X 5. The rise in patients with
      GA was small and only significant in the case of benzylamine monoamine oxidase.
      "Stiff' collagen would seem to link these three disorders and the present results
      suggest that these amine oxidases could be useful in monitoring collagen
      abnormality in diabetes and diabetes-associated disorders, particularly in the
      absence of chronic liver disease. A negative correlation was found between enzyme
      activity and blood glucose levels, thus collagen changes in these conditions may
      occur independently of elevated blood glucose levels. Possible involvement of
      these enzymes in angiopathy remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2885023
TI  - Effect of rifampicin on haem and bilirubin metabolism in man.
AB  - Haem and bilirubin metabolism was studied in seven healthy volunteers during 4
      weeks treatment with rifampicin 600 mg at night. The serum unconjugated bilirubin
      concentration increased 2-3 fold in the first 24 h of treatment (P less than
      0.01) and subsequently fell to below pretreatment values (P less than 0.05)
      during the third and fourth weeks of rifampicin therapy. In each subject, the
      activity in leucocytes of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) synthase increased and
      that of protoporphyrinogen (proto) oxidase decreased during the first week of
      therapy. The mean ALA synthase activity was most markedly increased on day 4
      being seven-fold its pretreatment value (P less than 0.01), and the mean proto
      oxidase activity most depressed on day 2 at 50% its pretreatment value (P less
      than 0.02). There was increased urinary excretion of porphobilinogen (PBG) during
      the first week of therapy and increased excretion of porphyrins and PBG during
      the third week of treatment. The increase in ALA synthase activity and haem
      precursor excretion can be explained by the combination of increased haem demand
      for haemoprotein induction and partial block in haem synthesis due to reduced
      proto oxidase activity.

PMID- 2885022
TI  - Adimolol, a long acting beta-adrenoceptor blocker in man.
AB  - A comparative study in eight healthy normotensive males of the effects on blood
      pressure, heart rate and beta-adrenoceptor function following single oral doses
      of adimolol (600 mg), propranolol (240 mg) and placebo. Both active treatments
      produced small but significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate,
      supine and erect. These effects persisted for up to 7 days after adimolol. The
      heart rate increases following both dynamic exercise and intravenous isoprenaline
      were attenuated by both propranolol and adimolol. With adimolol evidence of
      functional beta-adrenoceptor antagonism was sustained for up to 7 days.
      Lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptor binding studies showed that both adimolol and
      propranolol significantly reduced affinity for beta-adrenoceptors. In addition,
      adimolol significantly reduced receptor number and even by 3 days after dosing
      Bmax had only returned to half the control value. In a small sub-group of
      subjects there was no evidence to suggest that adimolol had additional alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist properties. Adimolol was detected in plasma for up to 3
      days after dosing. The mean terminal elimination half-life was 14 h, compared to
      3 h for propranolol. This study confirms that adimolol has prolonged beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist activity with effects persisting for up to 7 days after a
      single dose. The reduction in beta-adrenoceptor number following adimolol
      suggests that this prolonged effect may not be solely due to competitive
      antagonism but may additionally depend upon non-competitive antagonism at beta
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2885025
TI  - Peripheral blood stem cell autografts in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies:
      initial experience in three patients.
AB  - Large numbers of circulating haemopoietic progenitor cells were collected from
      three patients with lymphoid neoplasms for the purpose of haemopoietic
      reconstitution following intensive chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Each
      patient underwent four to six leukaphereses at a time when the circulating stem
      cell pool was expanded. 2-3 weeks after the end of myelosuppressive chemotherapy.
      The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) thus obtained were assayed for
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-GM) and were cryopreserved in
      liquid nitrogen. Two patients were autografted with PBMNC containing 60 X 10(4)
      and 76 X 10(4) CFU-GM/kg body weight respectively. Both these patients showed
      prompt engraftment which is stable at +10 and +6 months. A third patient who was
      autografted with PBMNC containing 33 X 10(4) CFU-GM showed only temporary and
      incomplete engraftment. These observations confirm that the peripheral blood may
      be used as a source of haemopoietic stem cells for autografting, but criteria for
      predicting engraftment are at present uncertain.

PMID- 2885026
TI  - Characteristics of the formation of enzyme-bound ATP from medium inorganic
      phosphate by mitochondrial F1 adenosinetriphosphatase in the presence of dimethyl
      sulfoxide.
AB  - Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide promotes the formation of enzyme-bound ATP from
      medium Pi by mitochondrial F1 adenosinetriphosphatase that has tightly bound ADP
      present. Measurements are reported of medium Pi in equilibrium H18OH exchange and
      of the dependence of formation of enzyme-bound ATP on Pi concentration.
      Attainment of an apparent equilibrium between medium Pi and bound ATP requires
      longer than 30 min, even though the rates of Pi binding and release after
      apparent equilibrium is reached would suffice for a faster approach to
      equilibrium. Slow protein conformational changes or other unknown modulating
      factors may be responsible for the slow rate of bound ATP formation. After
      apparent equilibrium is reached, each Pi that binds to the enzyme reversibly
      forms ATP about 50 times before being released to the medium. The rate of
      interconversion of bound ATP to bound ADP and Pi is much slower than that in the
      absence of dimethyl sulfoxide as measured with sufficiently low ATP
      concentrations so that single-site catalysis is favored. Although the
      interconversion rate is slowed, the equilibrium constant for bound ATP formation
      from bound ADP and Pi is not far from unity. Dimethyl sulfoxide favors the
      formation of enzyme-bound ATP by promoting the competent binding of Pi to enzyme
      with ADP bound at a catalytic site rather than by promoting formation of bound
      ATP from bound ADP and Pi.

PMID- 2885027
TI  - Identification of methionine-110 as the residue covalently modified in the
      electrophilic inactivation of D-amino-acid oxidase by O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)
      hydroxylamine.
AB  - The reaction of O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine with D-amino-acid oxidase
      leads to complete inactivation which can be protected against by the competitive
      inhibitor benzoate [D'Silva, C., Williams, C. H., Jr., & Massey, V. (1986)
      Biochemistry 25, 5602-5608]. The residue modified has been identified as
      methionine-110. Differential high-performance liquid chromatography mapping of
      tryptic digests of D-amino-acid oxidase modified in the absence and presence of
      benzoate allows the isolation of a single methionine-containing tryptic peptide
      corresponding to residues 100-115 and referred to as T6-T7. In unmodified enzyme,
      the bond involving Arg-108 is readily cleaved and T6 and T7 are isolated. Brief
      treatment of peptide T6-T7 with carboxypeptidase Y released residues 112-115, and
      the residual peptide was isolated in good yield. Further treatment of this
      peptide (residues 100-111) with carboxypeptidase Y released Val and an unknown
      amino acid that comigrated with synthetically prepared S-aminomethionine
      sulfonium salt. The unknown compound and S-aminomethionine break down to
      methionine on treatment with dithiothreitol.

PMID- 2885028
TI  - Inactivation of the mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor protein by chemical
      modification with diethylpyrocarbonate.
AB  - Modification of histidine residue(s) by diethylpyrocarbonate treatment of
      submitochondrial particles obtained by sonication results in inhibition of ATPase
      activity and stimulation of oligomycin-sensitive H+ conduction. The inhibition of
      the ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity persisted in F1 isolated from
      diethylpyrocarbonate-treated submitochondrial particles, which exhibited the
      absorbance spectrum of modified histidine. Thus the inhibition of the ATPase
      activity results from histidine modification in F1 subunits. Removal of the
      natural inhibitor protein from submitochondrial particles resulted in stimulation
      of proton conduction. After removal of F1 inhibitor protein from the particles
      the stimulatory effect exerted by diethylpyrocarbonate treatment on proton
      conduction was lost. Reconstitution experiments showed that purified F1 inhibitor
      protein lost, after histidine modification, its capacity to inhibit the ATPase
      activity and proton conduction. These observations show that the stimulation of
      proton conduction by the ATPase complex effected by diethylpyrocarbonate
      treatment results from histidine modification in F1 inhibitor protein.

PMID- 2885029
TI  - Expression of the HTLV-1 genome and its association with a unique T-cell
      malignancy.

PMID- 2885030
TI  - Nature of the interactions involved in the lipid-protein complexes of the
      Escherichia coli N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase.
AB  - Depending on its concentration, phosphatidylglycerol, one of the three main
      Escherichia coli phospholipid species, is able to activate or inactivate the E.
      coli murein amidase (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, EC 3.5.1.28)
      (Vanderwinkel, E. and De Vlieghere, M. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 838, 54-59).
      The mechanisms underlying the modulation of this enzyme activity were studied by
      analyzing the effects of cations, polycationic molecules, various surfactants and
      amphiphilic water-soluble compounds. K+, Mg2+ and polyamines were all able to
      prevent completely the enzyme inactivation produced by millimolar order
      concentration of phosphatidylglycerol. The efficiencies of the ionic species
      tested were in the order K+ less than Mg2+ = putrescine less than spermidine less
      than spermine. The kinetics of the counteraction processes were all sigmoidal. By
      contrast, the activation of the murein amidase produced by phosphatidylglycerol
      in micromolar concentration appeared to be insensitive to the ionic strength of
      the medium. Surfactants and amphiphilic molecules differing in their polar head
      and hydrophobic tail were found to activate the enzyme at various degrees for
      concentrations below their critical micellar concentration. The non-ionic
      surfactants were the most potent activators and remarkably mimicked the
      phosphatidylglycerol activation. The enzyme activation process appeared to
      require only a hydrophobic solvation shell around the protein. All kinetic data
      supported our previous interpretation of the phosphatidylglycerol-enzyme
      interactions in terms of multisite non-allosteric theory.

PMID- 2885031
TI  - Effects of amino-acid composition of the medium and addition of fatty-acid
      derivatives on the induction of lipogenic enzymes in cultured hepatocytes.
AB  - Effects of essential and non-essential amino acids on induction of lipogenic
      enzymes were investigated in cultured rat hepatocytes. Glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase was markedly induced by the addition of essential amino acids alone
      to the cultured medium, but was not induced by non-essential amino acids. Fatty
      acid synthetase was also markedly induced by a combination of both amino-acid
      types (more than by either type of amino acid alone). However, acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase and malic enzyme were slightly induced by the addition of essential
      and/or non-essential amino acids. When various kinds of fatty acids were
      individually added to the medium, the lipid-dependent decreases in lipogenic
      enzyme inductions were in the following order: 18:2 greater than 20:4 greater
      than 18:1 greater than 16:0. When either linoleic acid, linoleoyl-CoA or
      trilinolein was added to the medium, linoleic acid was more effective as an
      inhibitor of the induction, without impairing the viability of cells.

PMID- 2885032
TI  - Rapid purification of dipeptidyl peptidase IV from rat liver plasma membrane.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) was solubilized from rat liver plasma
      membranes with sulphobetaine 14 and purified by successive affinity
      chromatography on Con A-Sepharose, wheat germ lectin-Sepharose and arginine
      Sepharose columns. The specific activity of the final preparation was 49.4 mumol
      Gly-Pro p-nitroanilide/min per mg protein, representing a 1098-fold purification
      of the homogenate. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the arginine
      Sepharose eluate showed a single protein band with a molecular weight of 105,000.
      The isoelectric point was determined to be 3.9 under non-denaturing conditions
      with sulphobetaine 14. The preparation was free of post-proline cleaving enzyme.
      The content of aminopeptidase M was 0.2% of the total protein.

PMID- 2885033
TI  - A new class of soluble basic protein precursors of the cornified envelope of
      mammalian epidermis.
AB  - The cornified envelope has been shown to be formed beneath the plasma membrane as
      a result of the cross-linking of soluble and membrane-associated precursor
      proteins by transglutaminase. We have obtained a monoclonal antibody which reacts
      with the periphery of cells in the upper layers of human epidermis by indirect
      immunofluorescence (IIF) following immunization of mice with cornified envelopes
      of cultured human keratinocytes. The antibody also stained the cell peripheries
      of bovine, rat and mouse epidermis as well as stratified epithelium. Neutral
      buffer extracts of human cultured keratinocytes and epidermis examined under
      denaturing conditions contained polypeptides of molecular weight 14,900 and
      16,800 which reacted with the antibody, and an additional component of molecular
      weight 24,800 was found in cultured cells. The polypeptides were shown to have a
      pI of about 9.0. Under non-denaturing conditions the two lower-molecular-weight
      polypeptides had an apparent molecular weight of 30,000, while the 24,800 protein
      had one of 60,000. Incubation of the polypeptides under conditions that activate
      transglutaminase resulted in a disappearance of the polypeptides or the formation
      of cross-linked products. Basic polypeptides with somewhat different pI values
      and molecular weights were identified in neutral buffer extracts of bovine and
      rat epidermis. The HCE-2 antibody appears to identify a new class of basic
      protein precursors of mammalian cornified envelope.

PMID- 2885034
TI  - Structural dynamics within mixed populations of microtubules and protofilament
      ribbons.
AB  - In the presence of glycerol, microtubule proteins reassemble into both
      microtubules and protofilament ribbons with C- and S-shaped cross-section
      profiles. By means of electron micrographs of cross-sectioned assemblies, we have
      demonstrated that, during the steady state, the percentage of ribbons, especially
      of C-shaped ones, decreases in favour of the formation of microtubules. The
      following conversion modes are discussed: A, closure of the protofilament wall by
      increasing its curvature; B, lateral association of C-ribbons; C, completion of C
      ribbons to microtubules by lateral association of tubulin; D, disassembly of
      ribbons and elongation of microtubules. We conclude that ribbon disassembly
      proceeding in an end-wise fashion and microtubule elongation is the favoured mode
      of conversion. Microtubule-associated proteins were found to be required for the
      steady-state conversions of ribbons into microtubules. In the absence of
      microtubule-associated proteins, C-ribbons associate laterally, forming S
      ribbons. It is shown that the protofilaments of the counter-curved parts of S
      ribbons have the same polarity.

PMID- 2885036
TI  - Role of catecholamines in the control of newborn kidney adenine nucleotide
      content.
AB  - During the 1st h of extrauterine life, the adenine nucleotide content of the rat
      kidney is modified: the ATP level increases (+30%) while ADP and AMP are lowered
      (-30 and -50%, respectively). This leads to a high value of energy charge in the
      newborn kidney (0.89 vs. 0.80 in the fetus). It was possible to obtain in utero a
      similar modification of ATP, ADP, AMP concentrations by injections to the fetuses
      of cAMP, dibutyryl cAMP, or isoprenaline. Conversely, the postnatal changes in
      adenine nucleotide content could be prevented by administration to the fetus,
      just before birth, of beta- or beta 1-adrenoreceptor antagonists. Therefore the
      rise of kidney energy charge following parturition appears to be under hormonal
      control. Glucagon had no effect on kidney adenine nucleotide content. It is
      strongly suggested that the catecholamines released at the time of parturition
      are the triggering factor of this evolution.

PMID- 2885035
TI  - [Regulation by catecholamines and cAMP of enzymes of thiol and disulfide
      metabolism].
AB  - In vivo exo- and endogenous catecholamines have no influence on the activities of
      thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase, thiol transferase and nonselenium
      dependent glutathione peroxidase. At the same time catecholamines activate via
      beta-adrenoceptors glutathione S-transferase and selenium-dependent glutathione
      peroxidase from many tissues and inhibit gamma-glutamyl transferase from kidney.
      In vitro cAMP has identical effects on the activities of the above enzymes. The
      possible significance of regulation of glutathione metabolism enzymes is
      discussed.

PMID- 2885037
TI  - Performance of chronic schizophrenics on matched word and design recall tasks.
AB  - Matched word and design recall tasks were constructed and used to assess the
      performance of chronic schizophrenics on neuroleptics alone and on both
      neuroleptic and anticholinergic drugs. The two groups of patients performed at an
      equally low level on both tasks, without evidence for a differential deficit. The
      tasks did, however, evoke a differential deficit in clustering performance for
      designs as opposed to words. Although clustering, which is based on recall, is
      not necessarily as well matched for words and designs as recall itself, this
      result suggests a lateralized dysfunction in brain structures related to use of
      mnemonic organization at retrieval.

PMID- 2885038
TI  - Is plasma GABA of peripheral origin?
AB  - Plasma levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to be altered in affective
      disorders and alcoholism. Plasma levels of GABA were not affected by menstrual
      cycle, exercise, gender, gut flora, nor by cholinergic stimulation by
      bethanechol. An obvious peripheral source for plasma GABA could not be
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2885040
TI  - The effect of spermatogenic disruption on the ability of testicular fluid to
      stimulate androgen production by normal Leydig cells.
AB  - Reports from this and other laboratories have concluded that unilateral
      disruption of spermatogenesis induces a predominantly ipsilateral increase in the
      responsiveness of Leydig cells to stimulation with luteinizing hormone (LH) and
      have suggested that if such effects were mediated by locally produced hormones
      then such "factors" should be detectable in testicular interstitial fluid. We
      sought to demonstrate such factors in testicular fluid from gonads subjected to a
      variety of treatments that disrupt gametogenesis. Fluid (TF) was drained from
      testes of adult rats that had been sham treated, irradiated, or treated with
      busulfan in utero, made unilaterally or bilaterally cryptorchid, or were
      unilaterally or bilaterally efferent-duct-ligated. Leydig cells obtained from
      normal rats basally produced 8 +/- 1 ng androgen/10(6) Leydig cells/2 h and, when
      maximally stimulated with LH, produced 66 +/- 3 ng. The addition of the various
      TFs to the incubations significantly increased both basal and LH-stimulated
      androgen production. TF from lesioned testes was more effective in increasing
      androgen production than TF from control rats. Unilateral lesions caused an
      increase in the ability of TF from the disrupted testes to increase the androgen
      production by normal Leydig cells, as compared to TF from contralateral testes.
      Thus, locally produced "factor(s)" do appear to modify Leydig cell function.
      Additional studies using TF from control and bilaterally cryptorchid animals
      suggest that the ""factor'' in TF is heat-labile; has a molecular size between
      bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin; exerts a portion of its action independently
      of cAMP formation; and does not appear to be LH, follicle-stimulating hormone,
      prolactin, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

PMID- 2885039
TI  - Maintenance of meiotic arrest in isolated rat oocytes by the invasive adenylate
      cyclase of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Rat oocytes resume meiosis spontaneously in vitro within 3 h after their
      isolation from the ovarian follicles. We report here that the spontaneous
      maturation of isolated rat oocytes is preceded by a drop in intracellular levels
      of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Further experiments were carried
      out to examine the possible correlation between the meiotic status and cAMP
      levels within the oocyte. To challenge rat cumulus-free oocytes to generate cAMP,
      bypassing their own adenylate cyclase, a preparation of an invasive adenylate
      cyclase from Bordetella pertussis was used. We found a dose-dependent elevation
      of cAMP levels within these oocytes that corresponded to inhibition of their
      spontaneous maturation. Persistent inhibition of meiosis was obtained with the
      continuous presence of the enzymatic preparation, whereas its removal resulted in
      a transient inhibition associated with a drop in cAMP. We suggest that the
      presence of elevated cAMP levels in the oocyte is directly responsible for the
      maintenance of meiotic arrest.

PMID- 2885041
TI  - Decision making in Huntington's disease and cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2885042
TI  - Diagnosis of genetic disease by linkage analysis.

PMID- 2885043
TI  - DNA diagnosis of autosomal dominant and recessive diseases.

PMID- 2885044
TI  - [Ca2+ ion enhancement of the inhibitory influence of neuroleptics on the Na, K
      ATPase of brain synaptosomes].
AB  - In the experiments on synaptosomes from the caudate nucleus of the rat brain,
      neuroleptic drugs (6 types) were found to inhibit the Na, K-ATPase activity
      considerably stronger (13-51 times, as compared to IC16 values) in the presence
      of Ca2+ ions (0.25 mM) than in their absence. The enhancement of the inhibitory
      activity was due to a decrease in the negative cooperation of neuroleptic
      interaction with the enzyme seen in the absence of Ca2+.

PMID- 2885045
TI  - [Analysis of the influence of anxiolytics on the pain reactions of rats compared
      to the effect of morphine].
AB  - Anxiolytic agents, buspirone and diazepam, increase the paw lick latency of rats
      in hot plate test, the effect being dose-dependent and exceeding that of
      morphine. The action of buspirone was not accompanied by ataxic and sedative
      effects which were observed in rats on diazepam. Buspirone (up to 25 mg/kg) and
      diazepam (up to 5 mg/kg) neither change the tail flick latency nor potentiate the
      action of morphine in this test. The effect of buspirone on the paw lick reaction
      in rats may be related to the inhibition of emotional-motivation component of
      pain reaction.

PMID- 2885046
TI  - [The single nerve ending of the frog sartorius muscle: its ultrastructural
      characteristics and mediator secretion].
AB  - Electron microscopy and extracellular recordings were used for the investigation
      of structural and functional peculiarities of single frog sartorius muscle nerve
      terminal. It has been found that the diameter, length of the synaptic contact and
      quantity of synaptic vesicles decreased from proximal to distal parts of the
      nerve terminal. A number of varicosities, separated from each other by schwann
      cells, have been revealed along the course of the nerve terminal. This indicates
      the existence of an interrupted synaptic contact. Both the evoked and spontaneous
      transmitter release decreased from the initial to the end parts of the nerve
      terminal. The data obtained suggest that there is a correlation between
      structural heterogeneity and the differences in the transmitter release.

PMID- 2885047
TI  - [Pharmacoethological analysis of the effects of thyroliberin and melanostatin in
      a model of anxious-defensive behavior in mice].
AB  - Psychotropic properties of thyroliberin and melanostatin were studied on the
      model of timid-defensive behaviour of mice. Oligopeptides increased defensive
      behaviour and timidity, and decreased intraspecies sociability. GABA deficiency
      and dopaminergic system blockade increased timid-defensive behaviour of mice.
      Mobilizing activity of peptides on the agonistic behaviour (aggression and
      defense) may be explained by their anxiogenic properties.

PMID- 2885048
TI  - Identification of molecular variants of p210bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - The aberrant abl protein product of a chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) blast
      crisis cell line (K562) and of five Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patients
      in blast crisis were analyzed by an immune complex kinase assay using two
      antipeptide sera generated against the hydrophilic domain of v-abl and a region
      within the third exon of the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) respectively. Both
      the anti-abl and anti-bcr sera detected a 210 kd band in extracts derived from
      K562 cells and from two CML patients with myeloid blast crisis. p210 was detected
      by the anti-abl but not the anti-bcr sera in three CML patients with myeloid (one
      patient) and lymphoid (two patients) blast crisis, indicating the absence of bcr
      exon 3 in this protein. Southern blot analysis on DNA derived from one of the
      patients in the latter group was consistent with the break on chromosome 22
      occurring 5' to bcr exon 3. Our observations demonstrate that the Philadelphia
      translocation results in the generation of a chimeric bcr-abl protein with at
      least two molecular variants, both of which are enzymatically active as protein
      kinases.

PMID- 2885049
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma containing both B and T cell clones.
AB  - We describe a patient in whom two lymph node biopsies removed 18 months apart
      disclosed histologic and immunophenotypic evidence of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      containing neoplastic lymphocytes of both B and T type. Analyses of
      immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes confirmed the presence of separate B and
      T cell clones. In addition, immunogenotyping revealed the possibility of a second
      B cell clone within the patient's tumor. Development of a multiclonal lymphoma in
      this patient may relate to the carcinogenic effects of chemotherapy or to a
      predisposition for neoplastic transformation of lymphocytes due to a previously
      diagnosed autoimmune condition. Another possible explanation is that the lymphoma
      implies the existence in this patient of a transformed lymphocyte-committed stem
      cell that is capable of generating both B and T lineage clones.

PMID- 2885051
TI  - Some implications of the high intrasynaptic norepinephrine concentrations in
      resistance arteries.
AB  - Norepinephrine concentrations in excess of 10(-4) M are achieved at the post
      junctional membrane of the adrenergic synaptic cleft in resistance arteries at
      least for short periods of time. These concentrations are greater than the
      threshold of low affinity non-alpha-adrenoceptors-'extraceptors', that respond to
      norepinephrine and would be sufficient to overcome the blockade by alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonists. The relationship of such activity to the excitatory
      junction potential and the relevance of this to contraction in vivo remains a
      matter of conjecture.

PMID- 2885050
TI  - Identification of a restriction fragment length polymorphism involving the
      oncogene ETS-1 on chromosome 11q23.
AB  - Twenty four samples of DNA from 23 unrelated individuals were analyzed for the
      presence of a novel restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) involving the
      proto-oncogene ETS-1 at an Xba I site. Four samples from unrelated individuals
      lacked an Xba I site, giving rise to a longer restriction fragment detectable by
      Southern analysis; two samples were from normal tissue, and two were from acute
      myelogenous leukemic blasts. Thus, no association could be found between the RFLP
      and disease among the individuals studied. Pedigree analysis of another cohort
      demonstrated Mendelian inheritance consistent with a somatic polymorphism. The
      practical applications of RFLP analysis in clinical and research settings, and
      the usefulness of this Xba I RFLP in the study of hematologic malignancies
      because of its location in 11q23, are discussed.

PMID- 2885052
TI  - Neurohumoral control of blood vessel tone. Springfield Blood Vessel Symposium. An
      international symposium held in honor of Che Su, PhD. Springfield, Ill., April 12
      13, 1986. Proceedings.

PMID- 2885053
TI  - Nitrogen and bolus closing volumes: the effect of beta-agonist bronchodilator
      aerosol.
AB  - Studies of the effect of beta-agonist bronchodilators on closing volume in normal
      subjects have produced conflicting results. We studied the possibility that these
      differences might be due to the different methods of measuring closing volume. We
      measured closing volume by both the nitrogen washout and the bolus techniques in
      19 healthy nonsmoking adults before and after inhalation of salbutamol aerosol.
      Prior to salbutamol, closing volume measured by the nitrogen method (N2 CV) was
      significantly smaller (p less than 0.02) than the closing volume measured by the
      bolus method (bolus CV). After salbutamol inhalation, N2 CV increased
      significantly (p less than 0.05); however, bolus CV did not change, so that
      following inhalation of salbutamol there was no significant difference between N2
      CV and bolus CV. The increase in N2 CV after salbutamol inhalation was associated
      with an increase in the slope of phase IV (p less than 0.05). We suggest that
      beta-agonist bronchodilator aerosol has no effect on closing volume in normal
      individuals and the apparent increase in N2 CV after bronchodilator is probably
      an artefact.

PMID- 2885054
TI  - Analgesia in the neonate.
AB  - The question of whether a neonate feels pain is a topical one. An extension to
      this is whether the fetus feels pain. With the likely increase in development of
      fetal and early neonatal surgery, the indications for and use of analgesics in
      these patients must be addressed by those who regularly care for them.

PMID- 2885055
TI  - Complex effects of Gillichthys urotensin II on rat aortic strips.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether the fish neuropeptide, Gillichthys
      urotensin II (GUII), possesses significant biological activity on rat aortic
      strips. On intact strips, pre-contracted by noradrenaline (100 nM), low
      concentrations (0.1-0.5 nM) of GUII produced relaxations, while higher
      concentrations (1-10 nM) caused further contraction. On strips rubbed to remove
      endothelial cells, relaxations were absent but contractile responses to higher
      concentrations of GUII remained. GUII (0.02-10 nM) produced dose-related
      contractions of quiescent, intact aortic strips. These contractions consisted of
      two components, tonic and phasic, and were potentiated in rubbed strips and in
      the presence of the antioxidant drug hydroquinone (10 microM). Mepacrine (40
      microM) and p-bromophenacyl bromide (50 microM) completely abolished contractions
      to GUII, but indomethacin (10 microM) and nordihydro-guaiaretic acid (10 microM)
      were without effect. The phasic, but not the tonic, component of the contractile
      response was inhibited by nitrendipine (200 nM), and was absent in bathing medium
      from which Ca2+ had been omitted. Addition of EGTA (2 mM) to Ca2+-free bathing
      medium abolished the residual tonic component. GUII-induced contractions were
      completely abolished by the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine (50 microM)
      and W-7 (30 microM). It is concluded that GUII, previously considered devoid of
      significant activity on mammalian tissues, produces potent endothelium-dependent
      relaxations and endothelium-independent contractions of rat aorta, and possible
      mechanisms underlying each response are discussed.

PMID- 2885056
TI  - Non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerve-mediated relaxation of pig and human
      detrusor muscle in vitro.
AB  - Previously unrecognised, nerve-mediated relaxation in pig and human detrusor
      muscle is described. The relaxation was mediated via non-cholinergic, non
      adrenergic and non-prostaglandin transmitter or modulator systems and was present
      in 12 of 15 detrusor strips from six pigs and in four of 15 detrusor strips from
      seven patients. A contractile phase preceded relaxation in all strips; in
      contrast to the contractile phase, relaxation was augmented by an increase in
      basal tension in a complex way and possibly by the slowest stimulation
      frequencies.

PMID- 2885057
TI  - The need for autologous blood transfusion.

PMID- 2885058
TI  - Acute myelopathy associated with primary infection with human immunodeficiency
      virus.
AB  - A 29 year old white homosexual man presented with a two and a half week history
      of severe sore throat, fever, and extreme fatigue. His symptoms did not respond
      to antibiotics. He had mild bilateral conjunctivitis, a rash over his chest and
      back, and enlarged lymph nodes, but examination of the nervous system yielded
      normal results. He had low total white cell and platelet counts. The results of
      enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were
      equivocal when HIV IgM was detected in serum. Despite treatment with ampicillin
      his temperature remained high and he developed abnormal neurological signs,
      including a paraparesis and hyperreflexia of the arms. HIV was isolated from
      lymphocytes from blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Over the next six weeks the
      patient improved and was discharged. Two months later abnormal neurological signs
      persisted in his legs. Although various neurological syndromes associated with
      seroconversion to HIV have been described, this is probably the first report of a
      patient with myelopathy at the time of seroconversion.

PMID- 2885059
TI  - Psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 2885060
TI  - Who may give blood?

PMID- 2885061
TI  - Glucose tolerance during long term treatment with a somatostatin analogue.

PMID- 2885062
TI  - Management of myocardial infarction in Scotland: have clinical trials changed
      practice?

PMID- 2885063
TI  - Isolation of clostridia, salmonellae and coccidia from wild pigeons in Japan.

PMID- 2885064
TI  - Isoniazid-induced alteration of CSF neurotransmitter amino acids in Huntington's
      disease.
AB  - During a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial
      of isoniazid (plus pyridoxine) in Huntington's disease (HD), amino acids and
      related amino compounds were measured in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and
      plasma utilizing a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography ion
      exchange/fluorometric assay method. Results showed that isoniazid (plus
      pyridoxine) significantly elevated the mean (+/- S.E.M.) levels of gamma
      aminobutyric acid, aspartate, asparagine, homocarnosine, ornithine, histidine,
      alpha-aminobutyric acid, isoleucine, leucine and alanine in CSF and the levels of
      beta-alanine in both CSF and plasma. These alterations can be traced to
      inhibition of decarboxylation and transamination reactions requiring the cofactor
      pyridoxal phosphate and may be related to the observed equivocal clinical
      response in the HD patients. The differential influence of isoniazid on plasma
      and CSF amino acid profiles suggests that alterations of CNS amino acid
      metabolism may be reflected in CSF, and that isoniazid-induced alterations of
      amino acid metabolism in the CNS differ from those in the periphery.

PMID- 2885065
TI  - Identification and characterisation of cell types accumulating GABA in rat
      retinal cultures using cell type specific monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monolayer and reaggregate cultures have been established from neonatal rat
      retina. After 7 days in culture, 60 nM [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was
      used to identify cells with a high affinity uptake mechanism for GABA.
      Approximately 80% of the process-bearing cells were found to be labelled. These
      cells were identified as amacrine cells by double-labelling experiments combining
      [3H]GABA uptake with immunocytochemical labelling with monoclonal antibody HPC-1
      which in retina is specific for amacrine cells. The ability of cultures to
      synthesize GABA from glutamate was investigated at various times. Little
      synthesis was observed during the first few days in culture. This lag was
      followed by an increase in the amount of synthesis until 3 weeks of culture. When
      clumps and reaggregate cultures of retinal cells were examined by [3H]GABA
      uptake, a time-dependent redistribution of labelled cells was observed. After 20
      h in culture, GABA-positive cells were distributed over the whole cell mass. Over
      the next few days, the labelled cells became more common on the outer edge of the
      aggregates and less common in inner regions. By 7 days of culture, no labelled
      cell bodies were found on the inside of the aggregates, although such cells could
      be labelled by [3H]D-aspartate. The results provide positive identification of a
      subclass of retinal cells in culture, and show that at least one aspect of
      retinal histogenesis is not dependent upon extra-retinal tissues or the position
      imposed by the temporal order of retinal cell birth.

PMID- 2885066
TI  - Time-dependent neurobiological effects of colchicine administered directly into
      the hippocampus of rats.
AB  - Rats were given bilateral injections of colchicine into the dorsal and ventral
      hippocampus. Behavioral, neurochemical and histopathological measurements were
      taken, up to 12 weeks after surgery. Colchicine produced a consistent increase in
      spontaneous motor activity, enhanced acoustic startle reactivity, and accelerated
      acquisition of two-way shuttle box avoidance, but did not affect reactivity to a
      noxious thermal stimulus. Measurement of dynorphin in the hippocampus indicated
      that colchicine rapidly depleted this neuropeptide, which is thought to be
      contained preferentially in the mossy fibers of granule cells of the hippocampus.
      Colchicine also decreased Met-enkephalin in the hippocampus, but the magnitude of
      the change (22%) was less than that (89% depletion) observed for hippocampal
      dynorphin. Examination of hippocampal morphology using light microscopic
      techniques indicated that colchicine caused approximately 60% degeneration of
      granule cells in the hippocampus. Although the length of the pyramidal cells was
      decreased (12-16%), the width of the CA1 and CA3 region of the hippocampus was
      not affected. These data underscore the importance of the granule cells in the
      mediation of behavioral processes such as motor activity, startle reactivity and
      performance of shuttle box avoidance.

PMID- 2885067
TI  - Failure of subchronic lisuride to modify A10 dopamine autoreceptors' sensitivity.
AB  - The concept that prolonged treatment with dopamine (DA) mimetics results in a
      subsensitivity of DA autoreceptors generally is accepted. However, the present
      study indicates that the administration of a rather specific DA-D2 agonist,
      lisuride hydrogen maleate (LIS), for one week (200 micrograms/kg/daily) failed to
      modify the sensitivity of DA autoreceptors of A10 neurons. Indeed, by using
      extracellular single unit recording in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats, we
      observed that neither intravenous apomorphine nor microiontophoresis of DA
      changed their firing rate-depressant potency when it was estimated at 1 or 3 days
      after the last LIS injection. A possible interpretation of the results is that
      the subchronic stimulation of DA-D2 receptors activates an unknown compensatory
      mechanism which avoids the changes in their sensitivity. Alternatively, the
      possibility that LIS may also possess antagonistic properties for DA receptors,
      which might balance the D2 receptors activation, is discussed.

PMID- 2885068
TI  - Reticulospinal neurones activate excitatory amino acid receptors.
AB  - Paired intracellular recordings were used to study the monosynaptic excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) in lamprey motoneurones evoked by stimulation of
      single reticulospinal Muller and Mauthner cells. The chemical component of the
      synaptic potentials was depressed by both application of the non-selective
      excitatory amino acid antagonists kynurenic acid and cis-2,3-piperidine
      dicarboxylate. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists Mg2+ and 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate caused a selective depression of a late component of the EPSP.
      Thus, fast-conducting reticulospinal neurones appear to release an excitatory
      amino acid acting at both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2885069
TI  - Colchicine lesions in the rat hippocampus mimic the alterations of several
      markers in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - An infusion of colchicine into the hippocampi of rats resulted in destruction of
      hippocampal cells. Twelve days after infusion, preoperative trained colchicine
      treated rats showed a significant decrease in choice accuracy in a T-maze
      learning task. There was also local reduction in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
      activity and significant losses of 55-kDa protein in the soluble fraction and of
      50-kDa protein in myelin and synaptosomal fractions in the hippocampi of
      colchicine-lesioned rats. There was a marked increase in [3H]glutamate binding in
      the hippocampus and cortex. In contrast, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding in
      the hippocampus was slightly reduced, whereas [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding was
      not affected by the colchicine treatment. Scatchard analysis revealed that the
      increase in glutamate binding is due to an increase in the number of glutamate
      receptors without significant change in their affinity. Some of the changes
      caused by hippocampal infusion of colchicine resemble those seen in Alzheimer's
      disease suggesting the use of such rats as one model for the disease.

PMID- 2885070
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and
      glutamine synthetase (GS) in the area postrema of the cat. Light and electron
      microscopy.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the existence of two key enzymes
      involved in the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD) and glutamine synthetase (GS), in the area postrema (AP) of
      the cat. The results showed that punctuate structures of variable size
      corresponding to axon terminals, exhibited GAD-immunoreactivity and were
      distributed in varying densities. The greatest accumulation was present in the
      caudal and middle segment of the AP and particularly in the area subpostrema,
      where the aggregation of terminals was extremely dense. The population of the GAD
      labelled axon profiles gradually decreased toward the solitary complex. No
      neuronal bodies were labelled in our preparations. The electron microscopic
      studies revealed a large variety of contacts between labelled terminals and
      unlabelled dendrites, axons or neurons. The possibility that the GAD
      immunoreactive terminals might correspond to vagal afferent projections was
      discussed on the basis of our observations and of other studies that employed
      horseradish peroxidase or degeneration methods. GS-immunoreactivity was seen in
      ependymoglial cells of the AP, particularly toward the caudal region, and in
      astrocytes and their processes of the AP proper. The latter were frequently
      observed around capillaries. The presence of both GAD-immunoreactive profiles and
      GS-immunostained ependymoglial cells and astrocytes in the AP, provided further
      immunocytochemical evidence of the functional correlation between the two
      enzymes.

PMID- 2885071
TI  - Induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in cultured cerebral endothelial cells
      by a product released by astrocytes.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GTP) is an enzyme found in cerebral
      capillary endothelial cells, the presumed site of the blood-brain barrier, but
      not in endothelial cells lining blood vessels in other parts of the body. Using a
      line of mouse cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (ME-ly cells) and a
      sensitive colorimetric assay to measure gamma GTP levels we demonstrated that
      primary cultures of mouse astrocytes and a line of rat C6 glioma cells released a
      soluble product(s) that induced the production of gamma GTP in cultured
      endothelial cells by 34% and 39%, respectively, over control levels.
      Cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells had no significant effect on gamma GTP levels
      in ME-ly cells, and the astrocyte product(s) had no effect on rabbit aortic
      endothelial cells. The induction of gamma GTP levels in ME-ly cells was apparent
      after one day of exposure to the astrocyte product(s) and increased in magnitude
      with increasing time of exposure of the ME-ly cells to the product(s). Removal of
      the product(s) from the ME-ly cells resulted in a return to control levels of
      gamma GTP in the ME-ly cells within 2 days. The presence of a protein synthesis
      inhibitor during incubation with the product(s) blocked the induction of gamma
      GTP in ME-ly cells, and treatment of the product(s) with 200 U/ml TPCK-trypsin
      destroyed its inductive properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885072
TI  - Mediation of separation distress by alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms in a non-human
      primate.
AB  - This study provides the first behavioral evidence in support of an alpha
      adrenergic mechanism underlying imipramine's amelioration of separation distress.
      The rate of separation-induced vocalization by adult squirrel monkeys was
      decreased by imipramine and the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine, and
      increased by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine. Yohimbine, but not the
      alpha 1-antagonist prazosin, reversed the clonidine effect suggesting that drugs
      acting directly on alpha 2-receptors may have a role in management of separation
      anxiety.

PMID- 2885074
TI  - Differential effect of functional olfactory deprivation on the GABAergic and
      catecholaminergic traits in the rat main olfactory bulb.
AB  - The effects of the unilateral olfactory naris closure were studied
      immunohistochemically in the main olfactory bulb of adult rats. In the olfactory
      deprived bulbs, the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements in the glomeruli
      and the juxtaglomerular region decreased drastically, whereas the glutamate
      decarboxylase-immunoreactive elements in these regions showed no appreciable
      changes, indicating the differential effects of olfactory deprivation on
      catecholaminergic and GABAergic traits in spite of their coexistence in some
      neurons in these regions.

PMID- 2885073
TI  - Neostriatal cholinergic neurons receive direct synaptic inputs from dopaminergic
      axons.
AB  - We used an electron microscopic 'mirror technique' to determine whether
      cholinergic neurons are in direct synaptic contact with dopaminergic axons in the
      rat neostriatum. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons make synaptic contacts
      with the somata and proximal dendrites of large choline acetyltransferase
      immunoreactive striatal neurons which are thought to be interneurons. This
      provides morphological evidence that nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons can
      influence monosynaptically the striatal cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2885075
TI  - Effect of starvation on hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity in adult male
      rats.
AB  - The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in
      norepinephrine synthesis, was determined in the mediobasal hypothalamus of adult
      male rats during acute and semistarvation. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
      formed by TH was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      Acute starvation, as well as 3 weeks of semistarvation on a high-protein low
      carbohydrate diet (CST PR) reduced TH activity significantly. Three weeks of a
      low-protein high-carbohydrate diet (CST KH) did not affect TH activity. While
      maximal velocity (Vmax) is significantly diminished in acute starvation and in
      semistarvation with a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet, Kd-values for tyrosine
      were not changed. These results suggest that TH activity in the brain contributes
      to decreased norepinephrine (NE) turnover in starvation.

PMID- 2885077
TI  - Chick eye extract promotes expression of a cholinergic enzyme in sympathetic
      ganglia in culture.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that, in rat, individual sympathetic neurons
      can express both adrenergic and cholinergic biosynthetic enzymes in culture.
      Moreover, the levels of these enzymes can be regulated by factors present in
      their environment. In the present study, we sought to determine whether cultures
      of chick sympathetic neurons express both adrenergic and cholinergic enzymes,
      whether both enzymes are expressed in the same neurons, and whether the levels of
      these enzymes can be influenced by environmental factors. In our system, we
      tested one such factor found in embryonic eye extract (EEE) which has been shown
      to specifically increase the activity of the cholinergic enzyme choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) in cultures of chick parasympathetic neurons Varon et
      al., Brain Res., 173 (1979) 29-45; Nishi and Berg. J. Neurosci., 1 (1981) 505
      513). At various times in vitro, cultures were analyzed using biochemical,
      immunocytochemical and autoradiographic techniques. We found that only those
      cultures of sympathetic neurons supplemented with EEE developed detectable levels
      of ChAT enzyme activity at 2 days, which increased significantly by 14 days in
      vitro. Supplementation with EEE did not affect the level of tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) activity. Furthermore, irrespective of nutrient medium, all neurons in all
      cultures contained TH immunoreactivity and possessed a high-affinity amine uptake
      system as demonstrated by autoradiography. These studies suggest that neurons of
      chick sympathetic ganglia can be influenced by factors present in EEE to express
      a cholinergic enzyme and that this enzyme is coexpressed by cells also exhibiting
      an adrenergic phenotype.

PMID- 2885076
TI  - Neuron-like cells in long-term neural crest cultures are not targets of nerve
      growth factor.
AB  - It has been shown previously that a subpopulation of long-term (7-14 days)
      cultured neural crest cells undergoing differentiation possesses receptors for
      nerve growth factor (NGF). These cells are likely to be targets of NGF during the
      early stages of embryonic development. This study was conducted to determine
      whether cells exhibiting neuron-like characteristics (i.e. process formation,
      presence of putative neurotransmitters) in neural crest cultures have NGF
      receptors. This was accomplished by combining 125I-NGF radioautography and
      immunocytochemistry using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin, and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Examination of light microscopic
      radioautographs revealed that none of the neuron-like cells with tyrosine
      hydroxylase-like, serotonin-like, or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like
      immunoreactivity bound 125I-NGF, and, therefore, do not possess NGF receptors. It
      is not known whether the lack of NGF receptors on neuron-like cells is due to the
      early developmental stage of these cells, or is caused by a difference in the
      microenvironment in vitro as compared to in vivo. The identity of the cultured
      neural crest cells which do possess NGF receptors remains to be determined.

PMID- 2885078
TI  - An unusual pheochromocytoma associated with an androgen secreting adrenocortical
      adenoma. Evaluation of its polypeptide hormone, catecholamine, and enzyme
      characteristics.
AB  - Our patient had a left suprarenal mass. His blood pressure was normal, but his
      urinary catecholamines (CA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), total metanephrines
      (TMn) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA) were elevated. In addition, he had
      elevated, nonsuppressible urinary 17-ketosteroids (17KS) and androsterone, but
      his urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids (17OHCS) and free cortisol were normal, as were
      his plasma cortisol and ACTH. After resection of the suprarenal mass, the
      patient's urinary hormone values reverted to normal. The mass contained a
      pheochromocytoma and an adrenocortical adenoma. The pheochromocytoma was unusual
      in that it contained very little norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) and an
      abundance of epinephrine (E) despite normal enzyme concentrations. Electron
      micrographs showed primarily E granules with few of the NE-type. The
      immunoperoxidase histochemical stains for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and
      serotonin (S) were strongly positive. The patient's blood pressure may have been
      normal because his pheochromocytoma secreted E, VIP, or S. The associated
      adrenocortical adenoma produced no symptoms and was probably coincidental.

PMID- 2885079
TI  - Somatostatinoma of Vater's papilla and of the minor papilla.
AB  - Two cases of somatostatinomas of the major and minor papilla are reported. The
      tumors were characterized by solid trabecular and tubular arrangements of tumor
      cells and in one case by the presence of microvilli and psammoma bodies. The
      tumor cells contain many amine precursor uptake and dicarboxylation (APUD)
      granules with a diameter of 300 to 500 nm and low electron density.
      Immunoperoxidase stain showed intense staining only for somatostatin and low
      density of neuron-specific enolase. Those tumors either resulted from pluripotent
      endocrine cells or from D-cells of the mucosa or glands of the papilla.

PMID- 2885080
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced head and neck squamous carcinoma. Final report
      of the Head and Neck Contracts Program.
AB  - To determine the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced head
      and neck squamous carcinoma, the National Cancer Institute initiated a multi
      institutional, prospective randomized trial termed the Head and Neck Contracts
      Program. Between 1978 and 1982, 462 patients with resectable Stage III or IV
      cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, or hypopharynx were randomly assigned to
      receive one of three treatment options: induction chemotherapy consisting of a
      single course of cisplatin and bleomycin followed by standard therapy (surgery
      and postoperative radiotherapy); induction chemotherapy and standard therapy
      followed by maintenance chemotherapy which consisted of six cycles of monthly
      cisplatin; or standard therapy alone. Toxicity from the chemotherapy regimens was
      minimal. Induction therapy resulted in an overall complete response of 3% and a
      partial response in 34% of patients. With a median follow-up of 61 months,
      overall survival and disease-free survival were not markedly different among the
      three groups (P = 0.86 and P = 0.16, respectively). The incidence of distant
      relapse was reduced in the maintenance group compared to standard or induction
      groups (P = 0.025 and P = 0.021, respectively) and time to first distant relapse
      was prolonged (P = 0.032 and P = 0.022, respectively). The results confirm the
      feasibility of administering chemotherapy prior to surgery or radiation in
      patients with head and neck cancer but fail to demonstrate a significant impact
      of one cycle of induction chemotherapy on clinical outcome. The suggestion that
      distant relapse rates may be reduced with the addition of maintenance
      chemotherapy supports the need to test traditional adjuvant approaches in
      patients with advanced head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2885081
TI  - Linkage analysis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN-2A) and three DNA
      markers on chromosome 20: evidence against synteny.
AB  - Members of four families in which multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN-2A)
      is segregating were genotyped for three chromosome #20 DNA markers. Close linkage
      is excluded for the genetic locus of MEN-2A (MEN2A) with each marker locus
      tested. Using multipoint analysis, the MEN2A locus was excluded from a region
      32.5 cM in length encompassing D20S5 and D20S6, two loci that previously had been
      mapped to the chromosome 20p12.2 region containing the putative deletion
      associated with MEN-2. In total, we excluded approximately 90.5 cM of chromosome
      #20 as a possible location of the MEN2A locus. The data from this study do not
      support increased recombination on the short arms of chromosome #20 and were
      insufficient to support heterogeneity of MEN-2A as possible explanations for
      failure to detect linkage between MEN2A and D20S5 or D20S6.

PMID- 2885082
TI  - Loss of heterozygosity for a chromosome 3 sequence presumably at 3p21 in small
      cell lung cancer.
AB  - A recombinant DNA fragment detecting a chromosome #3 restriction fragment length
      polymorphism presumably at p21 was hybridized to HindIII-digested DNA isolated
      from the leukocytes of 12 patients of small cell lung cancer. Four of them
      appeared to be heterozygous. Analysis of tumor material from these four patients
      revealed homozygosity for either one or the other restriction fragment in every
      case. Our findings suggest the presence on the short arm of chromosome #3 of a
      recessive mutant cancer gene contributing to the development of small cell lung
      cancer.

PMID- 2885083
TI  - A new glucocorticoid receptor detected in host rat liver but not in various
      hepatomas.
AB  - Previously a new glucocorticoid receptor (Peak C), which eluted with 0.12 to 0.14
      M NaCl from DEAE-cellulose column, was identified in addition to another receptor
      (Peak B), a classic type of glucocorticoid receptor, which eluted with 0.05 to
      0.08 M NaCl. Peak C appeared after stress or injection of a high dose (20
      micrograms/100 g body weight) of dexamethasone into rats. Peak C was also
      detected in the liver of rats bearing various tumors, but it was not found in
      malignant tumors (Yoshida sarcoma and Yoshida ascites hepatoma AH 130), a less
      malignant Yoshida ascites hepatoma (LY-5), or in minimal deviation-type hepatomas
      (Morris hepatomas 7316A and 7794A). The absence of Peak C in these tumors
      coincided with the inability of the glucocorticoid to induce tryptophan oxygenase
      in these tumors and in the liver of rats during early postnatal development. Peak
      B was consistently observed in various hepatomas and immature rat liver with
      capability to induce tyrosine aminotransferase. Thus Peak C appeared to be a
      highly differentiated type of glucocorticoid receptor mediating specific hormone
      actions and to be present in mature liver cells, but not in immature liver or
      tumor cells, even of the minimal deviation type.

PMID- 2885084
TI  - Organ colonization pattern of retinoic acid-treated and -untreated mouse
      embryonal carcinoma F9 cells.
AB  - The mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line F9 differentiates into parietal endoderm
      cells after a 3-day exposure to retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Using the
      experimental metastases assay, we investigated the organ colonization properties
      of RA-treated and -untreated populations of F9 cells. The results show that
      untreated F9 cells colonize the liver with a high degree of specificity while the
      treated populations colonize the lungs. Cells derived from a lung colony
      colonized only the liver unless they were treated with RA. However, removal of
      the inducer from culture of differentiated cells did not cause reversal of the
      lung colonization potential. Our observations also indicate that it is unlikely
      that lung colonization is due to cell aggregation or to interaction between
      differentiated and undifferentiated cells. Taken together, these results suggest
      that RA induces the observed changes of organ colonization properties of F9
      cells.

PMID- 2885085
TI  - Multidrug resistance.
AB  - Multidrug resistance describes a complex phenotype whose predominant feature is
      resistance to a wide range of structurally unrelated cytotoxic compounds, many of
      which are anticancer agents. This phenotype occurs frequently in mammalian cell
      lines and transplantable tumours selected for resistance to a single drug.
      Reduced cellular accumulation of the drugs involved appears to account for the
      resistance. This may be a consequence of reduced drug influx, increased drug
      efflux, or both. A wide variety of biochemical changes have been identified in
      multidrug resistant cell lines, the most consistent of which is the increased
      expression of P-glycoprotein, a conserved, high molecular weight, plasma membrane
      glycoprotein. The level of P-glycoprotein expression correlates with the degree
      of drug resistance in a variety of different cell types. In a number of multidrug
      resistant cell lines, overexpression of P-glycoprotein results from gene
      amplification. While the function of P-glycoprotein is unknown, independent lines
      of evidence support the notion that P-glycoprotein is the causative molecule
      mediating the multidrug resistance phenotype. Significant levels of P
      glycoprotein expression have been detected in some biopsy specimens from patients
      with ovarian and sarcoma tumours. These findings suggest that multidrug resistant
      tumour cells can occur in human malignancies. The presence of such cells may
      affect the outcome of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2885086
TI  - Recent advances in the management of tics.

PMID- 2885087
TI  - Parkinson's disease and dementia.

PMID- 2885088
TI  - The pharmacological management of essential tremor.

PMID- 2885089
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia: prevention and treatment.

PMID- 2885090
TI  - Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-alpha-D-glycero-D-galacto-2
      nonulopyranosid onic acid, a chromogenic substrate for sialidases.

PMID- 2885091
TI  - Control of immune responsiveness by regulatory T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2885092
TI  - Relevance of autocytotoxic and autoregulatory lymphocytes in the maintenance of
      self tolerance.
AB  - The state of self tolerance may well be an amalgam of many processes including
      (but not necessarily limited to) clonal deletion and specific suppressor cell
      networks. Cells with autoaggressive potential are clearly present in the blood of
      healthy individuals and have been implicated in diseases states. Given the
      critical importance of maintaining self tolerance, it is not at all surprising
      that several mechanisms appear to play a role in this process. Attempts to
      harness and manipulate these various mechanisms in order to prevent allograft
      rejection or to treat autoimmune diseases should prove to be exciting areas of
      investigation in the years ahead.

PMID- 2885093
TI  - [The effect of betalytics on blood circulation in the extremities of patients
      with lower extremity ischemic disease].

PMID- 2885094
TI  - [Initial experience with the diagnosis of hemophilia A using molecular genetics].

PMID- 2885095
TI  - A fused mitochondrial gene associated with cytoplasmic male sterility is
      developmentally regulated.
AB  - Sequencing of an open reading frame associated with cytoplasmic male sterility
      (CMS) in Petunia has revealed a gene fusion (the Pcf gene) containing the 5'
      flanking and amino-terminal transmembrane segment of the ATP synthase proteolipid
      gene (atp9), parts of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (coxII) coding region,
      and the carboxyl terminus and 3'-flanking region of an unidentified reading frame
      (urfS). The coxII region has several small deletions and tandem repeats that
      remove all of the segments coding for the residues involved in copper binding,
      but may possibly maintain the cytochrome c binding site. Normal atp9 and coxII
      genes and their transcripts are also present in the sterile cytoplasm. S1
      nuclease protection studies identify fused gene transcripts only in CMS lines,
      with an increase in transcript amount in anthers relative to leaves.

PMID- 2885096
TI  - Primary cilia cycle in PtK1 cells: effects of colcemid and taxol on cilia
      formation and resorption.
AB  - The effects of colcemid (0.16-1.0 microM) and taxol (10 microM) on the primary
      cilia cycle in PtK1 cells were studied by antitubulin immunofluorescence
      microscopy and by high-voltage electron microscopy of serial 0.25-micron
      sections. Although these drugs induce a fully characteristic rearrangement
      (taxol) or disassembly (colcemid) of cytoplasmic microtubules, neither affects
      the structure of primary cilia formed prior to the treatment or the resorption of
      primary cilia during the initial stages of mitosis. Cells arrested in mitosis by
      taxol or colcemid remain in mitosis for 5-7 h at 37 degrees C and then form 4N
      "micronucleated" restitution nuclei. Formation of primary cilia in these
      micronucleated cells is blocked by colcemid in a concentration-dependent fashion:
      normal cilia with expanded (ie, bulbed) distal ends form at the lower (0.16-0.25
      microM) concentrations, while both cilia formation and centriole replication are
      inhibited at the higher (greater than or equal to 1.0 microM) concentrations.
      However, even in the presence of 1.0 microM colcemid, existing centrioles acquire
      the appendages characteristically associated with ciliating centrioles and attach
      to the dorsal cell surface. Continuous treatment with colcemid thus produces a
      population of cells enriched for the early stages of primary cilia formation.
      Micronucleated cells formed from a continuous taxol treatment contain two normal
      centriole pairs, and one or both parenting centrioles possess a primary cilium.
      Taxol, which has been reported to stabilize microtubules in vitro, does not
      inhibit the cell-cycle-dependent assembly and disassembly of axonemal
      microtubules in vivo.

PMID- 2885097
TI  - Marine natural products. XVII. Nephtheoxydiol, a new cytotoxic hydroperoxy
      germacrane sesquiterpene, and related sesquiterpenoids from an Okinawan soft
      coral of Nephthea sp. (Nephtheidae).

PMID- 2885098
TI  - Study of the interactions between sulfamethizole and alclofenac, diclofenac or
      tiaprofenic acid in rats.

PMID- 2885100
TI  - Metabolic cooperation in SK-HEP-1 human hepatoma cells following treatment with
      benzodiazepine tranquilizers.
AB  - The ability of three benzodiazepine tranquilizers, diazepam, oxazepam and
      chlordiazepoxide chlorhydrate to block metabolic cooperation between human
      hepatoma cells was analysed using autoradiographical monitoring. Independent
      tests were performed with compound concentrations varying from 1 to 50
      micrograms/ml. The results showed that at a toxic dose of 50 micrograms/ml
      diazepam and oxazepam markedly inhibited metabolic cooperation and that oxazepam
      remained effective at a lower, non-toxic, dose (10 micrograms/ml).
      Chlordiazepoxide chlorhydrate was found to be less toxic than diazepam and
      oxazepam and did not interfere with metabolic cooperation at any concentration up
      to 50 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2885101
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity during carcinogenesis of hamster buccal
      pouch epithelium.
AB  - Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity has been demonstrated
      histochemically in a number of experimentally induced neoplasms and has been
      suggested as a label for potential precursors for the development of squamous
      cell carcinomas. This study explores the kinetics of GGT-stained cell
      populations, their correlation with the hypothesized initiated cells and evidence
      of malignant transformation of epithelium in hamster buccal pouch by a 15-week
      regime of tri-weekly topical application of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
      (DMBA) in mineral oil. GGT-positive foci were detected histochemically in tissue
      sections as early as 1 week after application of the carcinogen, when there was
      no morphological evidence of dysplasia. The average number of the GGT-positive
      foci in each experimental period was found to increase with time. Even though the
      majority of the foci were small, consisting of only a single cell or a small
      group of cells, a few larger GGT-positive lesions were noted, particularly in the
      later period of the experiment. A total of 66 grossly visible neoplasms were
      found. Thirty-seven of these were submitted for GGT staining. Thirty-two (86.5%)
      of these showed patchy GGT activity, primarily in the superficial epithelial
      cells and/or the keratin. In the non-neoplastic epithelium, the GGT staining
      could involve any or all layers of cells. GGT activity was not detected in
      untreated or mineral oil-treated mucosa. The results of this study support the
      hypothesis that GGT activity may label potential precursors for the development
      of squamous cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2885103
TI  - Parasympathetic effects on in vivo rat heart can be regulated through an alpha 1
      adrenergic receptor.
AB  - A prejunctional mechanism involving an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor may exert
      control on the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerve endings in the
      heart. To test this hypothesis in vivo, rats were prepared for electrical
      stimulation of the vagus nerves. Blood pressures and heart rates were monitored,
      and the animals were treated with alpha-agonists and alpha-antagonists. The alpha
      1-selective agonist phenylephrine significantly attenuated vagally induced
      bradycardia in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50 = 19 micrograms/kg). This is
      consistent with the hypothesis that there is alpha-adrenergic inhibition of ACh
      release. In contrast, the alpha 2-selective agonist, BHT-920, caused no change in
      heart rate during vagal stimulation. The effects of phenylephrine to raise heart
      rate and blood pressure during vagal stimulation were blocked by the alpha 1
      selective antagonist prazosin (ID50 approximately 1 microgram/kg) but not by the
      alpha 2-selective antagonists yohimbine and rauwolscine. This further supports an
      alpha 1 assignment to the prejunctional adrenergic receptor mechanism, which can
      regulate the release of acetylcholine from cardiac parasympathetic neurons.

PMID- 2885102
TI  - Carcinogen treatment increases glutathione hydrolysis by gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase.
AB  - The effect of carcinogen treatment on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
      mediated hydrolysis of GSH to glutamate and cysteinylglycine in the blood and
      bile compartments was investigated in livers perfused in situ. Treatment of rats
      with 40 p.p.m. diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in the drinking water or 0.02% 2
      acetylaminofluorene (AAF) in the diet for 50-60 days increased GGT activity in
      liver homogenates by 100 and 800% respectively. Bile flow and the sum of
      glutamate and glutathione (GSH) efflux into the bile of perfused livers was not
      affected by carcinogen treatment. However, the ratio of GSH to glutamate in bile
      was 2.1, 1.1 and 0.2 in livers from control, DEN- and AAF-treated rats
      respectively. Pretreatment with L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5
      isoxazoleacetic acid (AT125) decreased GGT activity in liver homogenates by about
      85% and elevated the ratio of GSH to glutamate in the bile to 3.2 in all groups.
      Thus, the hydrolysis of GSH to glutamate in the bile of perfused livers
      correlated with the degree of induction of GGT by DEN and AAF treatments.
      Exogenous GSH (10 microM) infused into the portal vein of perfused livers from
      control, DEN- and AAF-treated rats was recovered completely in the effluent
      perfusate. Pretreatment with AT125 had no effect on the recovery of exogenous GSH
      in the effluent perfusate. Thus, metabolism of GSH in the blood space was not
      detected after short-term carcinogen treatment. To increase the possible
      hydrolysis of GSH in the perfusate, rats were treated for 130-180 days with DEN
      and GSH (60 microM) was infused into the hepatic artery of livers perfused
      simultaneously via the hepatic artery and portal vein. Only 50% of the infused
      GSH was recovered in the effluent perfusate of perfused livers from DEN-treated
      rats. In contrast, significantly more GSH (80-90%) was recovered from livers from
      control rats or DEN-treated rats that had received AT125 pretreatment. In
      addition AT125 pretreatment increased the basal rates of GSH efflux in livers
      from DEN-treated rats. Thus, DEN-induced GGT metabolizes GSH entering the liver
      via the hepatic artery. Furthermore, GGT may act to decrease the net efflux of
      GSH from perfused livers by causing the intraorgan recycling of GSH and its
      constituent amino acids.

PMID- 2885104
TI  - Effects of anoxia on kinetics of [13N] glutamate and 13NH3 metabolism in rabbit
      myocardium.
AB  - Positron emission tomography is a unique noninvasive imaging technique that
      provides cross-sectional images of radiotracer concentrations in myocardium and
      permits measurement of blood flow as well as metabolism. Ammonia and glutamate
      have been labeled with the positron-emitter 13N (half-life 10 minutes) for use
      with positron emission tomography as tracers of flow and metabolism,
      respectively. In order to characterize the fate of these 13N-labelled compounds
      in myocardium, isolated rabbit interventricular septa were used to study the
      kinetics of [13N] glutamate ([13N]glu) and 13NH3 under aerobic and anoxic
      conditions. Tissue analyses 6 minutes after injection of a [13N]glu bolus into
      myocardium revealed that 70% of the 13N-label was present in [13N]glu 12%, 11%,
      and 4% in [13N]alanine ([13N]ala), [13N]aspartate ([13N]asp), and [13N]glutamine
      ([13N]gln), respectively. The corresponding relative specific activities were
      1.0:0.4:0.5:0.01. Anoxia resulted in a significant increase in [13N]ala with a
      reduction in [13N]glu. This was consistent with increased pyruvate production due
      to increased anaerobic glycolysis and transamination of pyruvate with [13N]glu to
      yield [13N]ala. In support of this, addition of 2 mM pyruvate to the perfusate
      under control conditions produced a tissue distribution of 13N similar to that
      with anoxia. Six minutes after a bolus of 13NH3 during both control and anoxic
      conditions, 60% of the tissue 13N-label was in [13N]gln with no detectable
      amounts in other amino acids. The rest of the 13N-label was in 13NH3. Time
      activity curve analyses demonstrated that anoxia significantly reduced the tissue
      retention of 13N-label from 13NH3 but not from [13N]glu. Thus, 13N from 13NH3 and
      [13N]glu was retained in tissue by different mechanisms involving glutamate,
      which were affected differentially by anoxia. These results suggest that positron
      emission tomography imaging with 13NH3 and [13N]glu in combination may be useful
      in identifying ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2885099
TI  - Enzymes of glutathione metabolism as biochemical markers during
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Enzymes of glutathione metabolism, particularly gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
      and glutathione S-transferase (GST), play a role in multistage
      hepatocarcinogenesis. The enhanced expression of these enzymes in preneoplastic
      altered hepatic foci, nodules, and hepatocellular carcinomas has been
      demonstrated after treatment with a variety of initiating and promoting agents.
      Glutathione is necessary for the detoxification of xenobiotics and carcinogens
      and for cell replication. Induction of GGT in altered hepatocytes may permit
      these cells to utilize extracellular glutathione to preserve their internal
      glutathione levels. GST induction allows glutathione utilization for the
      protection of the altered hepatocyte in an environment of exposure to
      xenobiotics, such as promoting agents. Thus, the combined effects of GGT and GST,
      in a toxic environment, may provide for the enhanced proliferation observed in
      preneoplastic hepatocytes. New clinical and research opportunities may involve
      the use of GGT and the placental isozyme of GST (PGST) as markers of preneoplasia
      and neoplasia in humans. Many factors, such as hormones, diet, and exposure to
      initiating and promoting agents, influence GGT and GST expression. The recent
      cloning of cDNAs to GGT and PGST offers opportunities for the study of factors
      involved in the genetic expression of these two enzymes. Coupled with the use of
      hepatocyte culture and transplantation, the factors involved at the molecular
      level in the creation of hepatocellular neoplasia may be discovered.

PMID- 2885105
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenoceptor activity regulates release of adenosine from the ischemic
      myocardium in dogs.
AB  - The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      activity plays a key role in the release of adenosine from the ischemic
      myocardium. In 51 open-chest dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery
      was perfused through an extracorporeal bypass tube from the carotid artery, and
      adenosine release into the local coronary vein was measured by the
      radioimmunoassay technique following the reduction of perfusion pressure for 20
      minutes under alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenoceptor attenuations. Adenosine
      and lactate concentrations in the coronary arterial and venous blood sampled from
      the perfused area were determined, as well as fractional shortening. In the
      untreated condition, adenosine release was significantly (p less than 0.01)
      increased from 1.7 +/- 0.8 (SEM) to 8.8 +/- 1.3 nmol/100 g/min, 20 minutes after
      the onset of hypoperfusion (coronary blood flow: 28 +/- 2 ml/100 g/min) following
      the initial overshoot release. Neither beta- nor alpha 2-adrenoceptor attenuation
      affected the increase in adenosine release during hypoperfusion except for the
      slight attenuation of the overshoot release by beta-attenuation. In contrast,
      intracoronary infusions of prazosin and phentolamine during coronary
      hypoperfusion markedly attenuated (p less than 0.01) release of adenosine (1.8 +/
      0.7 nmol/100 g/min at 20 minutes). The extents of decreases in fractional
      shortening and lactate production were comparable between the untreated and alpha
      1-adrenoceptor attenuation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885107
TI  - Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2885106
TI  - Molecular cloning of human angiotensinogen cDNA and evidence for the presence of
      its mRNA in rat heart.
AB  - Human angiotensinogen cDNA clone was isolated from a liver cDNA library using a
      32-nucleotide-long, synthetic oligonucleotide. The cDNA insert was 1,030 bp long
      and coded for the secretory and biologically active angiotensin II regions of the
      angiotensinogen molecule. The RNA from rat liver, brain, and heart was analyzed
      by the Northern hybridization procedure using nick translated angiotensinogen
      cDNA as a probe. In addition to liver, the angiotensinogen mRNA is present in the
      brain and the heart. The angiotensinogen mRNA in the heart is at least fourfold
      to fivefold more abundant as compared with the liver. We also provide evidence
      that angiotensinogen mRNA is present in the rat atria and right ventricle but not
      detectable in the left ventricle. The size of the angiotensinogen mRNA is the
      same from all three of the tissues, as judged by their electrophoretic
      mobilities.

PMID- 2885109
TI  - [Role of the caudate nucleus in acupuncture analgesia (minireview)].

PMID- 2885108
TI  - Sudden cardiac death. Neural-chemical interactions.

PMID- 2885110
TI  - Reflotron assays of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase in
      whole-blood samples evaluated.
AB  - We evaluated the Reflotron (Boehringer Mannheim) system for measuring activities
      of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC
      2.3.2.2). Within- and between-day precision were comparable with conventional
      analytical methods. The linear range of the methods extended to more than 40-fold
      the upper limit of the reference range. The methods were not influenced by
      moderate changes in blood rheology and also tolerated some variation in sample
      volume applied. We consider these methods to be suitable for use in satellite or
      physicians' office laboratories (with appropriate training of operators), and
      they can produce results that agree satisfactorily with those determined in
      routine laboratory practice.

PMID- 2885111
TI  - Intra-individual variation of analytes in serum from patients with chronic liver
      diseases.
AB  - The average biological intra-individual CV in 20 patients with chronic liver
      diseases (CLD), estimated for 14 analytes during a stationary phase,
      significantly exceeded that for a normal group in the cases of Na+, K+, Cl-,
      total protein, albumin, cholinesterase, hemoglobin, and alpha-amylase; it did not
      differ significantly from the normal group for cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase,
      aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminopeptidase; and it was significantly
      lower than in the normal group for alanine aminotransferase and gamma
      glutamyltransferase. There were no significant sex-related differences in mean
      intra-individual variation in CLD patients. Individual values were gaussian
      distributed for all analytes, including enzymes. The estimated biological
      component of intra-individual variation and the analytical variation as
      determined for each laboratory can be used to derive decision-making criteria in
      monitoring CLD.

PMID- 2885113
TI  - Lithium-specific pathological electroencephalographic changes: a successful
      replication of earlier investigative results.
AB  - In three independent comparisons, patients treated with lithium carbonate (either
      alone or in combination with other agents) were contrasted with both medication
      free and other psychotropic medicated patients, in terms of the prevalence of
      abnormal generalized slowing and paroxysmal diffuse delta activity in the
      clinical EEG. In all samples, abnormal EEG changes occurred in from 30.3 to 39.4%
      of lithium treated patients as contrasted with from only 1.5 to 4.6% of
      medication free controls. In all comparisons, the prevalence of abnormal EEGs was
      significantly higher for lithium treated patients than for patients free of
      medication or those treated with other psychotropic agents. EEG changes are
      reversible with discontinuance of lithium, and their role in suggesting potential
      early neurotoxicity is discussed.

PMID- 2885112
TI  - A simple chromogenic assay for arylsulfatase A.
AB  - Arylsulfatase A hydrolyzes the artificial chromogenic substrate 4-nitrocatechol
      sulfate at 0 degree C at a rate of 24% of that at 37 degrees C whereas
      arylsulfatase B is almost inactive at 0 degree C. Based on this observation, a
      simple assay was developed which permits the accurate determination of low
      residual arylsulfatase A activities in cultured skin fibroblasts of infantile,
      juvenile and adult MLD patients and pseudodeficient individuals. In cultured skin
      fibroblasts, the following residual activities were found with this assay system:
      late-infantile patients, 0.0%, one juvenile patient, 1.0%, adult patients, 4.4
      14% of normal average. healthy pseudodeficient probands ranged between 18% and
      32%.

PMID- 2885114
TI  - Somatostatin and the stomach.

PMID- 2885115
TI  - Diagnosis of arylsulfatase A deficiency in intact cultured cells using a
      fluorescent derivative of cerebroside sulfate.
AB  - A fluorescent derivative of cerebroside sulfate (12-(1-pyrene)dodecanoyl
      sphingosylgalactosyl-0-3-sulfate (P12-sulfatide) has been synthesized as a
      potential substrate for the determination of cerebroside sulfatidase (or
      arylsulfatase A) activity. It was administered into cultured human skin
      fibroblasts and thereby utilized for the diagnosis of arylsulfatase A deficiency.
      Cultured skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and healthy persons suffering
      from a pseudoarylsulfatase A deficiency (PD) degraded the P12-sulfatide, while in
      cells derived from a metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) patient it remained
      essentially intact. This contrasts with in vitro determinations of enzymatic
      activity, where the MLD or PD-derived arylsulfatase A exhibit similar deficiency,
      in spite of a profoundly different clinical course. Administration of the
      fluorescent sulfatide into the intact cells permitted a sensitive and rapid
      diagnosis of MLD and its distinction from the PD-phenomenon. This might be of
      particular importance for cases in which a rapid diagnosis is required and for
      prenatal diagnosis of fetuses from families afflicted with both MLD and pseudo
      deficiency mutant genes.

PMID- 2885116
TI  - Effects of propranolol, atenolol, and chlordesmethyldiazepam on response to
      mental stress in patients with recent myocardial infarction.
AB  - Stress testing was carried out by two stressors, mental arithmetic and Sacks
      Levy's test in randomized sequence, in 64 male patients with a mean age of 51 +/-
      7 years in NYHA Classes I or II within 3 months after acute myocardial
      infarction. The stress profile was obtained after drug withdrawal by continuous
      recording of electrocardiogram, frontal electromyogram, and peripheral skin
      temperature and conductance. Blood pressure was measured each minute by cuff. The
      patients were subdivided into 4 groups of 16 each and were studied in an
      identical fashion after a 48-h oral treatment with propranolol 120 mg daily,
      atenolol 100 mg daily, chlordesmethyldiazepam 2 mg daily, or placebo. During
      stress, signs of myocardial ischemia or pump failure were not observed; minor
      arrhythmias were recorded. Cardiovascular activation was observed with
      significant increments (p less than 0.001) in heart rate, systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures in all 4 groups for both stressors with a slightly greater effect
      of mental arithmetic; Sacks' test was more effective on the frontal
      electromyograph response. Following beta blockade the stress profile of heart
      rate was significantly lower and flattened. The stress profile of blood pressure
      was also lower, but the reduction in the increment during stress was not
      significant. No differences were observed in the effects of the two beta
      blockers; no significant changes were evident in the stress profile of the
      noncardiovascular psychophysiologic indexes. Stress profiles were not altered by
      the benzodiazepine. In conclusion beta-blocker agents seem to be more useful than
      anxiolytic drugs in preventing cardiovascular activation induced by mental stress
      in patients with recent myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2885117
TI  - Efficacy of nisoldipine combined with beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs in the
      treatment of chronic stable angina.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to assess whether a new
      calcium antagonist, nisoldipine, in doses of either 5 mg or 10 mg daily, in
      combination with beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs (combination therapy) was more
      effective than beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs alone (single therapy) in the
      treatment of chronic stable angina. Treatments were assessed at two-week
      intervals, using exercise electrocardiography and patients' anginal diaries. A
      significant improvement in exercise capacity and reduction in anginal attacks
      occurred only during nisoldipine (10 mg daily) combination therapy compared with
      single therapy. Mean exercise time increased from 419 +/- 146 s (single) to 454
      +/- 158 s (p less than 0.02) after combination therapy. Exercise time to onset of
      1 mm ST-segment depression improved from 326 +/- 145 s (single) to 331 +/- 139 s
      after combination therapy, although the change was not significant. Mean number
      of anginal attacks decreased from 21 +/- 22 (single to 15 +/- 19 (p less than
      0.01) during combination treatment, with an associated significant reduction in
      glyceryl trinitrate consumption. Adverse effects during combined therapy were
      minor and tolerable. Thus patients limited by exertional angina despite beta
      adrenergic-blocking drugs may obtain supplemental relief of angina and myocardial
      ischemia with the addition of nisoldipine in a dose of 10 mg daily.

PMID- 2885118
TI  - Takayasu's disease and bilateral sacroiliitis.
AB  - A young woman, with HLA B27 negative bilateral sacroiliitis and subsequent
      Takayasu's disease is described. It has been previously suggested that there is
      an association between Takayasu's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. We discuss
      and dispute this association.

PMID- 2885119
TI  - Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with Takayasu's arteritis.

PMID- 2885120
TI  - Radionuclide demonstration of systemic arterial supply to the lung in Takayasu's
      arteritis.

PMID- 2885121
TI  - Symptomatic hypothyroxinemia with normal TSH levels in preterm infants.
AB  - The authors report eight preterm infants with hypothyroxinemia who developed
      clinical features similar to those described in congenital hypothyroidism:
      prolonged jaundice, hypoactivity, lethargy, constipation, edema, and hoarse cry.
      All had low serum thyroxine, normal thyroid stimulating hormone, and normal
      thyroid binding globulin levels. After exclusion of other causes for the
      symptoms, thyroid replacement therapy was started, resulting in rapid resolution
      of symptoms and return to euthyroid status. Follow-up of these infants after
      cessation of therapy revealed normal growth and development and normal thyroid
      function. The authors therefore recommend a prospective study to investigate the
      incidence of hypothyroxinemia, frequency of associated clinical features, and the
      benefits of thyroid replacement therapy based on a randomized controlled trial.

PMID- 2885122
TI  - The effects of four beta-adrenoceptor antagonists during modest exercise on
      plasma ammonia and heart rate.
AB  - Plasma ammonia and heart rate were measured in normal volunteers before, during
      and after an exercise test following administration of placebo, propranolol,
      pindolol, metoprolol and nadolol. Small changes in plasma ammonia occurred during
      exercise after placebo. However, all four beta-adrenoceptor antagonists produced
      considerably greater rises. This effect was most marked after propranolol with
      the response to pindolol, metoprolol and nadolol being similar and intermediate
      between placebo and propranolol. Resting heart rate was reduced by all the beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists except pindolol. Exercise induced changes in heart rate
      were significantly reduced to a similar degree by all the beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2885123
TI  - [Comparison of the effectiveness and tolerance of a new beta-2 stimulant
      (broxaterol) vs. salbutamol in patients with chronic obstructive
      bronchopneumopathy].

PMID- 2885124
TI  - Dental injuries among Norwegian soccer players.
AB  - The incidence and type of dental injuries among Norwegian soccer players were
      assessed according to the files of the Norwegian Soccer Association. In 1979-83 a
      total of 7319 injuries were reported. Approximately 20% (1267) were dental
      injuries. In every fifth case the expenses for necessary dental treatment
      exceeded the maximum compensation from the insurance company. The majority of the
      injuries occurred among male players (96.5%). Also the relative frequency of
      dental injuries was higher in men than in women. The prevalence of dental
      injuries was highest in the top division, and decreased gradually down through
      the divisions. Goalkeepers seemed to be more susceptible to injuries than did the
      other players. Uncomplicated crown fracture of maxillary front teeth was common
      and accounted for 45% of all dental injuries.

PMID- 2885125
TI  - Characterization of cholinesterase of muscularis muscle of Bufo marinus.
AB  - We have characterized the cholinesterase (ChE) of muscularis muscle of Bufo
      marinus by selectively using specific inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and
      pseudocholinesterase and observing susceptibility to inhibition when substrate is
      present in excess. The ChE activity in this preparation due to
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (BuChE) was 90 and 10%,
      respectively. The optimum temperature and pH for the ChE were 38 degrees C and
      7.4, respectively and the excess substrate inhibition was noted above a pS of
      2.6. The Km for acetylthiocholine (ASCh) was 0.76 X 10(-4) M.

PMID- 2885126
TI  - Neuromuscular synaptic transmission in Limulus polyphemus--I. Actions of
      aspartate, glutamate and the natural transmitter.
AB  - Aspartate and glutamate were examined as excitatory transmitter candidates for
      the tibia flexor muscle of the chelicerate arthropod, Limulus polyphemus. Bath
      application of aspartate or glutamate caused dose-dependent depolarizations of
      Limulus muscle fibers and contractions of the whole muscle. Glutamate was about
      10 times more potent than aspartate. Aspartate and glutamate depolarizations were
      associated with a conductance increase in muscle fibers, although aspartate
      depolarizations were dependent on external sodium, while glutamate
      depolarizations persisted in the absence of sodium. Although the Limulus
      excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) was associated with a conductance
      increase the ionic basis of the epsp could not be determined. If, however, the
      Limulus epsp, like other arthropod epsps, is sodium-dependent then the sodium
      dependence of the aspartate depolarization is consistent with the action of the
      natural excitatory transmitter. The sodium-independence of glutamate action,
      however, is not consistent with generally accepted models of arthropod
      neuromuscular transmitter action. The rank order of potency for amino acid
      agonists indicates that the Limulus neuromuscular junction is pharmacologically
      very similar to other arthropod junctions which are well-accepted to be
      glutamatergic. Pentobarbital reversibly attenuated the amplitudes of the epsp and
      aspartate and glutamate depolarizations, and it was found to be the only useful
      antagonist in Limulus.

PMID- 2885127
TI  - Neuromuscular synaptic transmission in Limulus polyphemus--II. Release of amino
      acid putative transmitters from the neuromuscular preparation.
AB  - High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used to
      assay the release of putative amino acid transmitters from the Limulus
      neuromuscular preparation. Motor axon stimulation increased the concentrations of
      aspartate, glutamate and eight other amino acids in fluid bathing the
      neuromuscular preparation. Pentobarbital, which attenuates the excitatory
      postsynaptic potential of Limulus muscle, was used to block both synaptic
      activation of muscle fibers and any amino acid release that may have resulted
      from this activation. Stimulus-induced release of glutamate and five other amino
      acids was blocked by pentobarbital, while release of aspartate and three other
      amino acids was unaffected; a result which suggests that the latter group of
      amino acids was released presynaptically. Aspartate is the only physiologically
      active compound in this group. Consideration is given both to the difficulties
      involved in interpreting sites of amino acid release and to the problem of using
      pentobarbital as a presumed postsynaptic antagonist. The evidence concerning the
      relative merits of either aspartate or glutamate as the natural excitatory
      transmitter at the Limulus neuromuscular junction is discussed.

PMID- 2885128
TI  - Hematology, blood chemistry and selenium values of captive pronghorn antelope,
      white-tailed deer and American bison.
AB  - Pronghorn were observed to have a significantly higher whole blood selenium
      concentration than either the white-tailed deer or bison. Pronghorn colloid
      values were significantly less than those of the bison, and approached
      statistical significance for the white-tailed deer. Differential white blood cell
      counts for the white-tailed deer were markedly different from those of the
      pronghorn and bison. The American bison had significantly higher cortisol values
      and lower T3 values than either the white-tailed deer or pronghorn.

PMID- 2885129
TI  - The effect of feeding endophyte infected tall fescue seed on reproductive
      performance in female rats.
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to diets
      containing mixtures of rat chow and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) seed with
      0, 5, 10, 20 and 40% infection levels of Acremonium coenophialum to assess the
      effect of the diets on the reproductive potential of rats. Rats fed 40% infected
      seed had decreased body weight, decreased mean percent body weight of uteri,
      failed to maintain normal estrous cycles and were unable to become pregnant.
      Animals fed a diet of 20% infected fescue seed had extended estrous cycles. There
      were no significant differences among the 0, 5 and 10% dietary treatments.

PMID- 2885130
TI  - Effect of water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil on swimming performance
      and plasma cortisol in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
AB  - Swimming performance of juvenile coho salmon decreased and plasma cortisol
      increased, following 48-hr exposure to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook
      Inlet crude oil at 75% of the LC50. Exposure to 25 and 50% of the LC50 did not
      significantly reduce swimming performance. Plasma cortisol concentrations were
      highest in fish exposed to both the combined stress of WSF exposure and of forced
      swimming in a stamina tunnel.

PMID- 2885131
TI  - The effects of selenium on the distribution of mercury in the organs of the black
      bullhead (Ictalurus melas).
AB  - Following i.p. mercuric chloride injections, the mercury was deposited primarily
      in the kidneys. Simultaneous selenium injections prevented mercury induced
      osmoregulatory failure even though selenium strongly promoted the movement of
      mercury to the kidneys and its deposition in an approximate 1:1 mercuric selenite
      ratio. Whole-body retention of mercury was not altered by simultaneous
      subcutaneous injections of sodium selenite.

PMID- 2885132
TI  - Circadian rhythms and contents of catechols in different brain structures,
      peripheral organs and plasma of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
AB  - Diurnal variations in the concentrations of the catechols (CA) L-DOPA (LD),
      dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and DOPAC were determined in
      different brain parts, peripheral organs and plasma of the Atlantic cod, Gadus
      morhua, over a 24-hr period of artificial standard laboratory conditions and
      natural light (dark interval: 22.11-04.14). Three to four fishes were captured at
      3-hourly intervals and killed by breaking their necks. The organs were dissected
      out and prepared using the alumina extraction procedure and subsequently analysed
      in an HPLC-system with electrochemical detection. In the brain structures
      (telencephalon, optic lobes, medulla oblongata + pons and hypothalamus), the CA
      levels showed a bimodal pattern with peaks at 16.00-19.00 and 07.00. The
      catecholamines (CAM) DA, NA and A exhibited the same pattern in the spleen, while
      NA and A in the heart and NA in plasma varied in a trimodal rhythm with peaks at
      19.00, 01.00-04.00 and 07.00. The distribution of CAs and ratios of CAMs in the
      various brain structures, peripheral organs and plasma are given. The mean
      concentrations were calculated from the mean of eight groups of cod, taken over a
      24-hr period. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the activity
      pattern of the cod and the differences in CA levels and rhythms between central
      structures, peripheral organs and plasma of the cod are discussed in relation to
      other studies on CA levels and rhythmic variations of CAs in related animals.

PMID- 2885133
TI  - Antagonistic actions of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha on the isolated lungs of
      the frog, Rana esculenta L.
AB  - Isolated lungs of the frog, Rana esculenta L., when incubated in amphibian Ringer
      solution for 30 min, produced a prostaglandin E2-like substance (27.1 +/- 3.8
      ng/g w.w.), as determined by bioassay on the isolated rat stomach strip. The
      release of PGE2-like substance from skin, heart and bowel is also reported. The
      activity of synthetic prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on the
      muscular contractility of frog isolated lungs was investigated: PGE2 and PGF2
      alpha relaxed and contracted respectively in a dose-dependent manner this
      preparation, a result similar to that obtained in mammals.

PMID- 2885134
TI  - Paraquat as an agent affecting antioxidant enzymes of common carp erythrocytes.
AB  - The effects of paraquat on the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathionine
      peroxidase activities and lipid peroxidation at different times of paraquat
      exposure of Cyprinus carpio morph L. erythrocytes were studied. Typical
      characteristics were observed in the changes of the enzyme activities of the
      erythrocytes after exposure to paraquat. The haemoglobin concentration of common
      carp haemolysates was decreased by exposure to paraquat.

PMID- 2885135
TI  - In vitro studies of the effects of naloxone on the root potentials in the frog
      spinal cord: enkephalin-like effect on the recurrent presynaptic inhibition.
AB  - Specific binding of [3H]naloxone was demonstrated in the frog spinal cord. In
      isolated and perfused frog spinal cord, naloxone increased the spontaneous
      discharges of the ventral root. Naloxone decreased the ventral root-dorsal root
      potential (VR-DRP) in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited presynaptic
      inhibition of the ventral root reflex. Methionine-enkephalin also decreased the
      VR-DRP, and naloxone partially antagonized this effect. These results suggest the
      existence of enkephalinergic control of spinal motor activities and that naloxone
      has a partial agonistic effect in the frog spinal cord.

PMID- 2885136
TI  - Correlation of myosin light chain phosphorylation and gamma aminobutyric acid
      receptors in Ascaris suum muscle.
AB  - Four different muscle relaxants were compared as to their effects on tonic
      Ascaris suum muscle to: physiological activity, intracellular response to
      regulatory light chain phosphorylation, and receptor pharmacology. Perfusion of
      Ascaris suum muscle with each relaxant, gamma-aminobutyric acid, avermectin,
      piperazine and chlorpromazine resulted in a dose-dependent loss of muscle tone.
      Comparison of intracellular effects indicated that gamma-aminobutyric acid and
      avermectin perfusion initiated an increase in the levels of dephosphorylated
      regulatory light chain while piperazine increased first site phosphorylation and
      chlorpromazine increased second site phosphorylation. Receptor pharmacology
      studies were used to compare the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and
      piperazine. It was found that bicuculline-methiodide and picrotoxin inhibited the
      effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid in a dose-dependent manner, but these drugs
      had no effect on muscle relaxation stimulated with piperazine.

PMID- 2885137
TI  - Deltamethrin-induced changes in synaptosomal transport of 3H-epinephrine in the
      squid optic lobes.
AB  - In fresh synaptosomal preparation from the squid optic lobe 3H-epinephrine
      transport was significantly affected by deltamethrin at greater than 10(-9) M.
      Under the experimental conditions such an effect of deltamethrin manifested as
      either a reduction (at nondepolarized state) or an increase (at depolarized
      state) in the final level of 3H-epinephrine accumulated in the synaptosomes. Only
      a part of such a deltamethrin effect was due to its effect on the sodium channel.
      The remainder of the deltamethrin effect was strongly influenced by agents or
      treatments which are known to influence internal Ca2+ concentration, suggesting a
      possible involvement of Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms in the process of stimulation
      of transmitter release by deltamethrin.

PMID- 2885138
TI  - Uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by catfish brain.
AB  - Using homogenates of catfish whole-brain in an isotonic medium, we observed an
      accumulation of [3H]GABA that was temperature-sensitive and was dependent on the
      presence of sodium ions, the optimum concentration of which was 75 mM. A kinetic
      analysis showed that the [3H]GABA uptake mechanism became saturated with
      increasing GABA concentrations. A high-affinity system, only, was evident whose
      Km was calculated as 12 microM. Four structural analogues of GABA were found to
      be competitive inhibitors of uptake, and Ki values were determined. Nipecotic
      acid (Ki = 1.8 microM) and guvacine (Ki = 3.9 microM) were the most potent
      compounds, however 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Ki = 8.9 microM) and beta-alanine (Ki
      = 55 microM) also had an effect. The characteristics of the uptake mechanism in
      catfish brain that we have studied are similar to those reported for uptake by
      mammalian brain except that in the latter, both a high- and a low-affinity
      transport processes are present. Our data, taken together with what is already
      known, strongly suggest that the biochemistry of the GABA system in lower
      vertebrates does not differ significantly from that in mammals.

PMID- 2885139
TI  - Electrocardiographic alterations induced by AGEPC in Wistar rats in relation to
      its hypotensive and hematologic effects.
AB  - AGEPC administration into Wistar rats caused no remarkable thrombocytopenia,
      slight decrease of the percent count of PMNs in whole blood accompanied by
      anequal leukocytopenia and a transient increase in hematocrit, due to fluid
      extraversion. Apart from the dramatic fall in blood pressure caused by AGEPC,
      relatively sinus bradycardia was recorded at doses over 6 micrograms/kg b.w. S-T
      segment elevation, mainly evident in II, III and AVF leads, was also recorded
      within the first minutes after AGEPC administration, at doses over 1 microgram/kg
      b.w. At lethal doses, various degrees of A-V block resulting in complete A-V
      block with idioventricular rhythm, or injury pattern resulting in ventricular
      fibrillation or ventricular flutter, were recorded. At sublethal doses no
      arrhythic manifestations were recorded, while S-T segment elevation upward
      inversion became gradually normal.

PMID- 2885140
TI  - Radioligand binding characterization of beta-adrenergic receptors in the protozoa
      Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - A direct radioligand binding technique utilizing the beta-adrenergic antagonist
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol was employed in the identification and characterization of
      Trypanosoma cruzi beta-adrenergic receptors. [3H]DHA binding was saturable (Bmax
      = 1.5 pmol/10(6) cells) with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd)
      of 127 nM. Binding of [3H]DHA was displaced by propranolol in a concentration
      dependent manner. The relative potency order of adrenergic ligands in displacing
      [3H]DHA binding was: propranolol greater than or equal to alprenolol greater than
      epinephrine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, phentolamine and catechol had no effect. The
      experimental results support the suggestion that beta-adrenergic receptors are
      present in the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi.

PMID- 2885141
TI  - Sequestration of environmental cadmium by metallothionein in the roach (Rutilus
      rutilus) and the stone loach (Noemacheilus barbatulus).
AB  - Two species of coarse fish that are relatively resistant to cadmium poisoning
      were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the metal in their aquarium water.
      Thus, roach were exposed to cadmium concentrations between 30 and 500
      micrograms/l for periods of 14-70 days whereas stone loach were exposed to 1250
      micrograms Cd/l for 21-77 days. Under all conditions of exposure, it was found
      upon analysis of the major organs of accumulation of cadmium in the two species
      that the toxic metal was sequestered by a single isoform of metallothionein. The
      amino acid compositions of roach and stone loach metallothionein were determined
      and found to be similar to those reported for other piscine metallothioneins. The
      two proteins were found to contain Cd:Zn:Cu in approximate ratios of 4:1:2 per
      mole of protein. The sequestration of Cd by metallothionein in the two resistant
      species of fish is contrasted with the situation observed previously in a cadmium
      sensitive species, the rainbow trout.

PMID- 2885142
TI  - Nyctohemeral rhythm in melatonin response to isoproterenol in vitro: comparison
      of rats and Syrian hamsters.
AB  - The in vitro response of melatonin synthesis was assessed by incubation of
      individual whole pineal glands for 4 hr without or with different concentrations
      of isoproterenol in the medium. Pineals were taken either at the end of the 14-hr
      light phase (day), or at 6 1/2 hr into the 10-hr dark phase (night) after a 30
      min exposure of the animals to light just before sacrifice at night. The response
      was greater in pineals taken at night than in those taken at the end of the light
      phase in rats, but was absent at the end of the light phase in Syrian hamsters.
      Hamster pineals taken at night responded, though higher isoproterenol
      concentrations were required than in the rats. Unresponsiveness of hamster
      pineals during the day may explain previous failure of isoproterenol
      administration to stimulate pineal MEL content in this species.

PMID- 2885143
TI  - Biogenic amines and their metabolites in Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a
      nematode parasite of ruminants.
AB  - The following biogenic amines (BA) and BA metabolites were identified via HPLC in
      homogenates prepared from adults of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda)
      recovered from the intestines of goats: N-acetyldopamine, DOPA, dopamine,
      epinephrine, epinine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy
      phenylglycol, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) proprionic acid, metanephrine, O-methyl-DOPA, 3
      methoxytyramine, norepinephrine, normetanephrine, octopamine, p-hydroxymandelic
      acid, serotonin, synephrine, tyramine and vanillylmandelic acid. The mean
      concentrations of these compounds in groups of worms collected from different
      goats did not differ significantly with sex, but between the groups variance was
      high with probable components of both host and nematode origin.

PMID- 2885144
TI  - Myocardial levels of calcium, glycogen and triglycerides in ethanol-fed turkey
      poults treated with allopurinol.
AB  - Effect of allopurinol treatment on myocardial levels of calcium, glycogen and
      triglyceride and on plasma levels of triglyceride was evaluated in turkey poults
      during a period of chronic ethanol consumption and following a period of ethanol
      abstinence. Allopurinol treatment had no significant effect on myocardial levels
      of calcium. Allopurinol treatment plus abstinence was slightly more effective
      than abstinence alone in restoring myocardial levels of glycogen and triglyceride
      and plasma levels of triglyceride in ethanol-fed poults to that seen in control
      poults.

PMID- 2885146
TI  - Environmental and injected cadmium are sequestered by two major isoforms of basal
      copper, zinc-metallothionein in gibel (Carassius auratus langsdorfi) liver.
AB  - Gibels were exposed to cadmium in their aquarium at a concentration of 10
      micrograms Cd/l for up to 39 weeks. Distributions of cadmium, copper and zinc in
      the liver soluble fraction were determined along with sulfur by high performance
      liquid chromatography-inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission
      spectrometry. Cadmium was sequestered by the two major isoforms of gibel
      metallothionein as in the case of cadmium injected intraperitoneally into gibel.
      Several peaks with cadmium, copper, zinc and sulfur were observed other than the
      two major isoforms and their relative ratios were different between the control
      and cadmium-exposed fishes.

PMID- 2885145
TI  - Tissue distribution of acebutolol in mature normotensive and stroke-prone
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Tissue distribution of acebutolol was studied in 33-week-old normotensive (WKY)
      and Okamoto stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rats, 30 min after an i.v. administration, by
      using 14C-acebutolol. Plasma level of acebutolol was higher in WKY than in SHR
      SP. Aorta, kidney, liver and muscle radioactivity/plasma radioactivity ratios
      were higher in SHR-SP than in WKY. The brain/plasma radioactivity ratio was very
      low and similar in the two groups. The drug distribution was the same in the two
      groups except in medulla + corpus trapezoides where drug concentration was
      greater in SHR-SP. These results, compared with previous ones, show an age
      related evolution in pathological state in SHR-SP. They point out a specific
      concentration of the beta-blocking drug in a defined part of the brain, namely
      medulla + corpus trapezoides.

PMID- 2885147
TI  - Effects of fasting and refeeding on vasoactive intestinal peptide binding to rat
      blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - The effect of acute and chronic starvation on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
      binding to rat blood mononuclear cells was studied. A short-term (1 day) fasting
      period did not induce significant changes in VIP binding. Longer periods of
      fasting (3 and 5 days) elicited an increase in VIP binding. This increase was due
      to an increase in affinity of both the high and the low affinity binding sites
      rather than to changes in binding capacity. Refeeding of fasted animals resulted
      in a decrease in VIP binding, reaching similar values to those of the control
      groups.

PMID- 2885149
TI  - [A message from the Calvary Hospital: an impression on the 4th International
      Oncology Nursing Conference].

PMID- 2885148
TI  - Pharmacology of putative glutamate receptors from insect skeletal muscles, insect
      central nervous system and rat brain.
AB  - Binding of [3H]glutamate to housefly brain and honeybee brain and thoracic muscle
      membranes as well as to the American cockroach nerve cord was measured in Na+
      free Tris-citrate buffer, 2.5 mM CaCl2, pH 7.4. The dissociation constants (KDS)
      ranged from 0.16 to 1.36 microM, and thoracic muscles had 2-4-fold higher density
      of receptors than brain tissue. The potent inhibitors of housefly brain binding
      were in decreasing order of effectiveness: L-glutamate greater than L-aspartate =
      L-cysteate = ibotenate greater than quisqualate greater than L-homocysteate
      greater than L-APB greater than L-APV greater than NMDA greater than D-APB
      greater than D-glutamate, with no inhibition by 100 microM of GDEE,
      dihydrokainate, D-APV, D-homocysteate or D-aspartate. The drug specificity of
      [3H]glutamate binding sites in housefly brain was generally similar to that of
      binding sites in housefly muscle, except that the former had a slightly higher
      affinity for L-APB, L-homocysteate and NMDA. [3H]Glutamate binding to insect
      tissues differed in its drug sensitivity from binding to rat brain. Binding to
      insect membranes was much less sensitive to L-APB, D-APB, APV, homocysteate, L
      cysteate, quisqualate and ibotenate. However, the insect binding site was much
      more stereoselective for the L than D isomers of glutamate and aspartate, while
      the rat brain site was more stereoselective for APB. It is suggested that the
      observed [3H]glutamate binding to insect tissue is not to NMDA or kainate
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885150
TI  - Terfenadine does not inhibit non-immunologic contact urticaria.
AB  - To investigate the mechanisms of non-immunologic contact urticaria (NICU), the
      effect of 120 mg of terfenadine (H1-antagonist) on contact reactions to methyl
      nicotinate, diethyl fumarate, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamic aldehyde and
      dimethyl sulfoxide was studied in 20 subjects. Erythema and edema were observed
      visually, and the changes in the skin blood flow were monitored with laser
      Doppler flowmetry. Terfenadine did not have any significant inhibitory effect on
      erythema or edema from 6 contact urticariants tested, but it inhibited erythema
      and edema of prick test reactions to histamine. Non-specific histamine release
      from mast cells does not seem to be the mechanism of NICU from these substances.

PMID- 2885151
TI  - Highly polymorphic DNA sequences in the distal region of the long arm of human
      chromosome 18.
AB  - Highly polymorphic repeated DNA sequences were detected at the end of the long
      arm of human chromosome 18 by a recombinant DNA probe containing 56 bp of human
      DNA (pERT25). This was shown by hybridization of pERT25 to DNA from a panel of
      human X rodent somatic cell hybrids, by dot blot hybridization to flow-sorted
      human chromosomes, and by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The
      high degree of polymorphism detected by this 18q DNA fragment makes it
      potentially useful for various applications, including investigations into the
      genetics of trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), linkage studies, and paternity
      testing.

PMID- 2885152
TI  - Exclusion of linkage of loci on chromosome 19 with multiple endocrine neoplasia,
      type 2.
AB  - Linkage between seven loci on chromosome 19 and multiple endocrine neoplasia type
      2a (MEN2A) was examined in a single large Swedish pedigree. A total of 50 cM was
      excluded from the male genetic map by pairwise analysis and an estimated 63 cM by
      multipoint analysis. Using existing data on the likelihood of different marker
      marker distances and taking into account current exclusions on other chromosomes,
      the probability that the gene for MEN2A segregating in this pedigree could still
      be located on chromosome 19 is approximately 0.28%.

PMID- 2885153
TI  - Mapping of alpha-spectrin on distal mouse chromosome 1.
AB  - DNAs from different strains of inbred mice and feral Mus spretus were found to
      exhibit restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) when hybridized with a
      probe prepared from a c-DNA clone of the mouse alpha-spectrin (Spna-1) gene.
      Studies of five recombinant inbred strains and (C57BL/6 X M. spretus) F1 X
      C57BL/6 backcross mice demonstrated that these RFLPs were allelic and that Spna-1
      is closely linked to Ly-9 and Ly-17 on the distal region of chromosome 1.

PMID- 2885154
TI  - The anonymous RFLP locus D11S16 is tightly linked to catalase on 11p.

PMID- 2885155
TI  - The effect of theophylline and beta 2 agonists on airway reactivity.
AB  - Increased airway responsiveness occurs in asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic
      fibrosis, and other diseases. Theophylline and beta 2 agonists commonly are used
      as maintenance therapy for symptoms associated with the increased responsiveness.
      Both drugs can reduce airway responsiveness to a variety of provocational
      stimuli. With currently used dosing regimens, theophylline appears to produce
      relatively constant levels of effect on airway responsiveness and clinical
      efficacy around the clock, while inhaled beta 2 agonists appear to have
      insufficient effects at the end of longer dosing intervals. Improved dosing
      strategies for beta 2 agonists may improve the efficacy of these agents in the
      future.

PMID- 2885156
TI  - Theophylline as a bronchodilator in COPD and its combination with inhaled beta
      adrenergic drugs.
AB  - The bronchodilating action of theophylline in COPD has been examined, with
      emphasis on its combined use with inhaled beta 2 agonists. The suggestion is made
      that failure to recognize the nonlinearity of the dose-response curves for
      bronchodilators has resulted in underestimating their combined action. Recent
      studies suggest that systemic theophylline has somewhat different actions on the
      airways in COPD than inhaled beta agonists, and that more bronchodilation may be
      possible when the two are used together than large doses of either one. By
      analogy, with asthma the suggestion is also made that the addition of
      theophylline is also likely to provide a more constant bronchodilation, reducing
      peak-trough variations in flow. The most complete clinical comparison to date
      suggests that, in currently sanctioned doses, a regimen containing both
      theophylline and an inhaled beta 2 agonist provides significantly greater
      bronchodilation than either drug alone, with fewer patient withdrawals. Further
      carefully designed studies are needed to resolve this issue, and particularly, to
      identify those patients who will derive the greatest benefit from a combined
      regimen.

PMID- 2885157
TI  - Puerarin beta-adrenergic receptor blocking effect.

PMID- 2885159
TI  - Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis.
AB  - Human lymphatic filariasis is caused mainly by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia
      malayi and Brugia timori. Of the estimated 90.2 million people infected, more
      than 90% have bancroftian and less than 10% brugian filariasis. The distribution
      and transmission of the disease are closely associated with socioeconomic and
      behavioural factors in endemic populations. Urban W. bancrofti infection, as seen
      in South-East Asia, is related to poor urban sanitation, which leads to intense
      breeding of Culex quiquefasciatus, the principal vector. Rural strains of W.
      bancrofti are transmitted primarily by Anopheles spp. and Aedes spp. mosquitoes.
      Brugian filariasis is mainly a rural disease transmitted by Mansonia, Anopheles
      and Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The periodic form of B. malayi is principally a human
      parasite, whereas the subperiodic form is zoonotically transmitted in some
      countries. The control of filariasis has relied on chemotherapy, vector control
      and reduction of human-vector contact. Although eradication of W. bancrofti and
      periodic B. malayi can be achieved, it is possible only to reduce transmission of
      zoonotic subperiodic B. malayi in some areas. A rational approach to control
      should consider ecological, socioeconomic and behavioural factors and, where
      feasible, integrate control programmes into the delivery system for primary
      health care.

PMID- 2885158
TI  - Characterization of the filarial genome.
AB  - Filarial parasites are just beginning to be studied at the genetic level. The
      potential of recombinant DNA technology for identifying parasite genes that are
      important in the pathogenesis of filarial disease or for the survival of the
      parasite is enormous. Work in several laboratories has already identified genes
      which encode ribosomal RNAs, as well as highly repeated DNA sequences that can be
      used as diagnostic probes. In addition, new methods to separate chromosomes will
      allow the physical mapping of parasite genes without the requirement for
      classical genetic analysis, which would be difficult in filariids.

PMID- 2885160
TI  - The expression of stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 in the noncancerous
      colorectal epithelia of familial polyposis coli.
AB  - The epithelial expression of carbohydrate antigen, stage-specific embryonic
      antigen 1 (SSEA-1) was examined immunohistochemically in noncancerous specimens
      from patients with familial polyposis coli, and compared with the colorectal
      epithelia from patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. In mucosa remote from
      carcinoma of sporadic cases, SSEA-1 was expressed only faintly in the lower
      crypts. In mucosa adjacent to carcinoma of sporadic cases, SSEA-1 was expressed
      not only in the lower crypts but also in the upper crypts. These results
      corresponded to those observed in the authors' previous study. In the flat mucosa
      of familial polyposis coli cases, SSEA-1 was detected not only in the lower
      crypts, but also in both upper crypts and the surface epithelium in contrast with
      the flat mucosa of sporadic cases. The staining pattern in the upper crypts of
      the flat mucosa of familial polyposis coli cases was very similar to that of the
      mucosa adjacent to carcinoma of sporadic cases, but was stronger and more diffuse
      in the surface epithelium. In microscopic adenomas, SSEA-1 was expressed
      diffusely. These results demonstrate that the flat mucosa of patients with
      familial polyposis coli shows preneoplastic changes similar to those in the
      mucosa adjacent to carcinoma of sporadic cases, and that SSEA-1 is related to
      adenoma formation in the early stage of carcinogenesis in the colorectum. In
      addition, the results suggest that immunohistochemical studies of flat mucosa may
      be useful for the early detection of high-risk individuals in a familial
      polyposis coli family.

PMID- 2885161
TI  - Plasma immunoreactive somatostatin response to arginine after glycemic control
      with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type I diabetics.
AB  - The effects of 3 wk of near normoglycemia by continuous subcutaneous insulin
      infusion (CSII) on plasma immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) responses to arginine
      (0.5 g X kg-1 X 30 min-1) in seven patients with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM) were compared with the same patients in poor glycemic control
      during conventional insulin therapy (CIT) and with seven normal controls. After 3
      wk of CSII treatment, mean daily blood glucose and HbA1 decreased to mean (+/-
      SE) values of 129 +/- 6 mg/dl and 8.0 +/- 0.1%, respectively. Plasma free-insulin
      levels in IDDM patients 30 min before a meal during CSII were significantly
      higher than those during CIT or in normal controls. Fasting mean plasma IRS
      levels of the IDDM patients during CSII (7.3 +/- 1.4 pg/ml) were not different
      from those during CIT (8.4 +/- 1.3 pg/ml) and in normal controls (5.9 +/- 0.8
      pg/ml). Arginine elicited a rise in plasma IRS during CIT in all seven IDDM
      patients during CIT and in the normal controls, with peak values of 18.2 +/- 4.1
      and 12.5 +/- 1.8 pg/ml, respectively. However, no significant increase in plasma
      IRS was observed in all seven IDDM patients during CSII. The integrated values of
      plasma IRS during the arginine-infusion study of the IDDM patients treated with
      CIT were significantly higher than those of the normal controls. The increased
      integrated values of plasma immunoreactive glucagon response to arginine observed
      during CIT became normalized after CSII. These results suggest that glycemic
      control with CSII in IDDM patients suppresses the increased plasma IRS response
      to arginine that occurs during CIT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885162
TI  - Drug-induced pulmonary disease.
AB  - Administration of more than 40 separate pharmacologic agents has been associated
      with some form of pulmonary toxicity. This problem is becoming more significant
      every year. Occasionally, effective modes of therapy must be withdrawn because of
      undesirable pulmonary side effects, putting patients at risk for potentially
      lethal diseases. Pulmonary parenchymal damage due to drugs is an especially
      troublesome problem because irreversible pulmonary disease may occur. Mechanisms
      of pulmonary parenchymal tissue damage by drugs are unclear. It appears that some
      drugs induce direct tissue injury in addition to indirect tissue damage through
      amplification of pulmonary inflammation; other drugs cause pulmonary alterations
      solely through indirect mechanisms. Common clinical syndromes associated with
      drug-induced pulmonary parenchymal disease include pneumonitis/fibrosis,
      hypersensitivity lung disease, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Less common
      patterns of pulmonary parenchymal injury by drugs include bronchiolitis
      obliterans and a pulmonary renal syndrome. Risk factors for pulmonary injury due
      to pharmacologic agents are partially defined but not entirely understood. To
      date, there are no adequate tests for early detection of pulmonary damage by
      drugs, although research into this area is active. This review discusses
      mechanisms and clinical features of drug-induced pulmonary parenchymal injury to
      aid the clinician in recognizing and understanding these syndromes.

PMID- 2885163
TI  - DNA sequence and regional assignment of the human follicle-stimulating hormone
      beta-subunit gene to the short arm of human chromosome 11.
AB  - A human genomic DNA fragment in phage lambda containing FSHB, the gene for the
      beta-subunit of human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH-beta), was analyzed and
      the nucleotide sequence of the region of the clone encoding FSH-beta was
      determined. A subclone of the lambda phage containing 67% of FSH-beta coding
      sequence was used as hybridization probe to determine the human chromosomal
      location of FSHB. A panel of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids containing reduced
      numbers of human chromosomes was screened with the FSHB probe; complete
      cosegregation of FSHB with human chromosome 11 was observed in all 26 cell
      hybrids tested. Analysis of a set of cell hybrids containing translocated
      derivatives of chromosome 11 further localized FSHB to the human chromosome
      region 11p11.2----11pter. A Hind III restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) detected by another subclone of the lambda phage containing FSHB now
      provides a genetic marker for this region of the human genome.

PMID- 2885165
TI  - Two more hypnotics added to the 'White List'.

PMID- 2885166
TI  - [Alzheimer's disease].

PMID- 2885164
TI  - Rat calmodulin cDNA.
AB  - We report the isolation of a clone encoding calmodulin from a rat brain cDNA
      library; genomic clones were also isolated and partially characterized. The
      derived amino acid sequence has 100% homology to the published mammalian protein
      sequences. In rat, we identify two major RNA species of approximately 2.2 and
      0.75 kb in length by RNA blot analysis. Furthermore, the mRNA is highly enriched
      in brain tissue, compared to liver or kidney. A variant (GATAAA) of the putative
      poly(A) addition signal is observed at the 3' end of one of the mRNA species.

PMID- 2885167
TI  - [Beta blockers in situational anxiety states].

PMID- 2885168
TI  - Esmolol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, and therapeutic efficacy.
AB  - Esmolol is a relatively cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Since
      esmolol is rapidly metabolised by blood-borne esterases, it has a very short half
      life (about 9 mins) and a short duration of action. In this respect esmolol is
      unique amongst currently available beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and it is
      anticipated that it will be particularly useful in critical care situations where
      administration by continuous intravenous infusion should permit a level of
      control over beta-adrenoceptor antagonism that has previously been unattainable.
      In perioperative settings, esmolol attenuates tachycardia induced by a variety of
      surgical stimuli such as endotracheal intubation, sternotomy and aortic
      dissection, suggesting a clinical use of the drug to prevent potentially serious
      complications in surgical patients with cardiovascular disease. Additionally,
      clinical studies have shown that titrated dosages of esmolol achieved therapeutic
      response rates of 66 to 79% in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias,
      which favourably compared with response rates achieved with propranolol. In most
      of these patients esmolol produced a reduction in ventricular rate which was well
      maintained during infusion but disappeared within 30 minutes following esmolol
      withdrawal. Preliminary studies involving small numbers of patients have reported
      that esmolol exerts significant antihypertensive effects in patients with
      postoperative hypertension, and beneficial effects in patients with myocardial
      ischaemia and infarction, but support for these results is required from
      additional large, well-controlled studies. Esmolol has been generally well
      tolerated, and although hypotension has occurred in up to 44% of patients it
      resolved during or soon after the infusion of esmolol. Thus, esmolol is the first
      titratable beta-adrenoceptor antagonist able to be rapidly 'switched on' and
      'off', a property that is expected to offer a major contribution to safety in
      critical care patients requiring beta-adrenoceptor antagonism for short
      durations.

PMID- 2885170
TI  - The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in gastrointestinal homeostasis.
      Biochemical, histological and clinical gastrointestinal effects.
AB  - Metabolites of arachidonic acid have a broad range of physiological functions in
      the gastrointestinal tract, and seem to be involved in certain disturbances of
      gastrointestinal integrity and function. Prostaglandins inhibit gastric acid
      secretion, apparently via an adenylate cyclase-linked receptor, and also
      stimulate bicarbonate and mucus production by alternative mechanisms. These are
      all beneficial in treating gastroduodenal ulceration. Moreover, clinical studies
      have revealed deficient prostaglandin synthesis in the gastric and duodenal
      mucosa of patients with gastrointestinal ulcers, which suggests that endogenous
      prostaglandins have a protective role in the gastrointestinal tract. In animal
      studies, prostaglandin analogues have been shown to protect the gastric mucosa
      from damage induced by various potent irritants, and this protection seems to
      involve the deeper layers of the mucosa as well as the epithelium. Indeed,
      misoprostol and other prostaglandin analogues have proved therapeutically
      effective in treating gastroduodenal ulceration. Prostaglandins also influence
      intestinal motility and fluid movement. Prostaglandin E derivatives generally
      relax circular smooth muscle, contract longitudinal smooth muscle and increase
      fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen. As a result of these effects,
      prostaglandins may cause diarrhoea. There is also evidence that prostaglandin
      synthesis is increased in patients with diarrhoea. Finally, it has been reported
      that tissue concentrations of prostaglandins are increased in patients with
      ulcerative colitis, but it is unclear if this is a primary cause, or secondary
      event. Significantly greater conversion of arachidonic acid to its metabolites
      was recorded in the mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared
      with the mucosa of healthy subjects. This included a substantial increase in the
      concentration of leukotriene B4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885169
TI  - Terazosin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic efficacy in essential hypertension.
AB  - Terazosin is a post-synaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a similar
      pharmacodynamic profile to prazosin. It differs from prazosin in having a longer
      duration of action, with an elimination half-life some 2 to 3 times that of
      prazosin, allowing the convenience of once daily administration. Moreover, its
      absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is more complete and predictable than
      that of prazosin which may facilitate dose titration. Terazosin therapy results
      in a significant reduction in blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate
      essential hypertension, with little influence on heart rate. The drug is an
      effective antihypertensive when administered as monotherapy or in combination
      with a range of antihypertensive agents including beta-blockers, diuretics and
      combinations of the two. In the few patients with congestive heart failure
      studied, terazosin produced an increase in cardiac output with a reduction in
      ventricular filling pressure and systemic vascular resistance, but no studies
      have been performed to assess the therapeutic potential of terazosin in this
      indication. Reductions in total plasma cholesterol and low density plus very low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol fractions have been reported after terazosin
      therapy, while high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations have tended to
      increase. Should such beneficial changes be confirmed in long term clinical
      studies they would suggest a therapeutic advantage of terazosin over some other
      antihypertensive drugs, particularly diuretics, which have been reported to
      adversely affect the plasma lipid profile. The most common side effects
      associated with terazosin treatment are dizziness, headache, asthenia and nasal
      congestion, but these are usually mild and do not require treatment
      discontinuation. Terazosin is normally administered once daily, starting at a
      dose of 1 mg/day and gradually titrating upwards as the blood pressure stabilises
      at each new dose, until blood pressure is adequately controlled or to a maximum
      dose of 20mg daily. First-dose syncope occurs rarely after terazosin, and can
      largely be avoided by giving the first dose at bedtime. Thus, terazosin offers a
      useful alternative to the drugs currently available for the management of mild to
      moderate essential hypertension either as monotherapy or in combination with
      other antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 2885171
TI  - Sequential expression of OX2 and Thy-1 glycoproteins on the neuronal surface
      during development. An immunohistochemical study of rat cerebellum.
AB  - The related neuronal surface glycoproteins, Thy-1 and OX2, are shown here to have
      a reciprocal pattern of expression during development in rat cerebellum. OX2
      appears at axonogenesis, on neuronal cell bodies and their axons.
      Immunohistochemical staining for this molecule then gradually wanes, and over the
      same period the cells acquire their first, weak staining for Thy-1. Intense Thy-1
      expression occurs during the period of dendritic growth.

PMID- 2885172
TI  - [Clinical pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. Comparison with other
      prolonged-action neuroleptics].
AB  - Precise pharmacokinetic data of long-acting neuroleptics: apparent half life (T
      1/2), time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax), bioavailability, has been a major
      contribution to determine optimal dosage of the drug. If the aim of the depot
      neuroleptic is to obtain a stable plasma concentration of the neuroleptic after
      I.M. injection of the ester form equivalent to that following oral
      administration, it is logical to obtain the same pharmacological effect; this is
      true for haloperidol decanoate. Mean value of T 1/2 of clopenthixol decanoate and
      haloperidol decanoate are 19 and 21 days, respectively, they thereby justify
      monthly administration. Flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine enanthate should
      be injected with dosing intervals of 3 and 1 weeks, respectively in respect with
      their half-lives: 17 and 4 days. Fluphenazine decanoate have a half-life of 14
      days, however, the longer time the treatment, the longer the apparent half-life,
      suggesting to reduce the dose or to enlarge the dosing interval. Optimal dose has
      been determined from the bioavailability of the oral formulation and the interval
      between two injections, it averages 15, 20 times the oral daily dose for
      haloperidol decanoate. A lower conversion factor is frequently used (0.5 to 5
      times) for other depot-neuroleptics such as pipotiazine palmitate, fluphenazine
      enanthate or decanoate; these low factors are not entirely explainable by the low
      bioavailability of the oral forms and produces more lower plasma concentration
      than after oral administration.

PMID- 2885173
TI  - [Efficacy and tolerance of alprazolam and bromazepam in flexible doses. Double
      blind study in 119 ambulatory anxious patients].
AB  - Double-blind study comparing efficacy and safety of alprazolam and bromazepam in
      119 ambulatory anxious patients receiving flexible dosage. 119 ambulatory anxious
      patients (global score on the Hamilton anxiety rating scale between 18 and 35)
      have been included in this double-blind trial (duration 4 weeks) comparing
      alprazolam and bromazepam given at flexible dosage. The global score on the
      Hamilton anxiety rating scale improved by 57.8% and 55.3% for alprazolam and
      bromazepam respectively. The percentage of therapeutic success according to the
      psychiatrist and the patient were respectively 82.7% and 79.3% for alprazolam
      compared to 74.1% and 71.9% for bromazepam. Fewer side-effects were recorded in
      the alprazolam group (97) than in the bromazepam group (120) and global safety of
      alprazolam seemed superior (p = 0.07). At trial-end, mean dosage reached 1.70
      mg/day for alprazolam and 10.35 mg for bromazepam, but no correlation was found
      between anxiety intensity and optimal daily dosage used; however, a correlation
      has been found between the improvement of the overall Hamilton rating scale score
      and the dosage given (p = 0.02). The overall results suggest that the
      efficacy/safety ratio is better for alprazolam.

PMID- 2885174
TI  - Release of dynorphin-like immunoreactivity from rat adenohypophysis in vitro
      during inhibition of anterior pituitary hormone secretion from individual cell
      types.
AB  - LHRH has previously been found to be the only known hypothalamic releasing factor
      which can specifically stimulate the release of the opioid dynorphin and other
      proenkephalin B-derived peptides from the rat adenohypophysis in vitro. In the
      present study the mechanisms that regulate dynorphin release were further
      characterized. It was examined whether or not dynorphin release from the
      adenohypophysis in vitro is altered during inhibition of the secretion of various
      anterior pituitary hormones. Rat anterior pituitary quarters were incubated in
      vitro and hormone release into the incubation medium was measured by RIAs.
      Somatostatin, dopamine, T3, dexamethasone, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone were
      used to inhibit the secretion of GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH/beta-endorphin, or LH/FSH,
      respectively. GH, PRL, or beta-endorphin release was inhibited without affecting
      the simultaneous release of dynorphin A-(1-13)-like immunoreactivity (Dyn A1-13
      IR). Concentrations of T3, somatostatin, or dopamine which were effective in
      suppressing the evoked and/or basal release of TSH, GH, or PRL, respectively,
      produced no effect on Dyn A1-13-IR release caused by high potassium concentration
      (40 mM) or LHRH (500 pM). The LHRH-induced release of LH and FSH was inhibited by
      the glucocorticoid dexamethasone or the androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone.
      Under these conditions, Dyn A1-13-IR release was also reduced. However, whereas
      LH release was completely blocked by 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, FSH and Dyn A1
      13-IR release was reduced only by 50%. The release of FSH and Dyn A1-13-IR in
      vitro from anterior pituitary glands taken from rats, castrated 3 weeks before,
      was enhanced to a similar extent (about 2.5-fold); the simultaneous enhancement
      of LH release was significantly (P less than 0.005) greater (about 5-fold). We
      conclude that the mechanisms which regulate the release and/or biosynthesis of
      dynorphin and other proenkephalin B-derived peptides of the adenohypophysis are
      similar to those of the gonadotropins but different from those of any other
      anterior pituitary hormone, and may be more closely related with FSH release than
      LH release. These data support the view that dynorphin of the normal rat
      adenohypophysis may be localized in at least a subpopulation of gonadotrophs.

PMID- 2885175
TI  - Sympathetic nerve stimulation versus pancreatic norepinephrine infusion in the
      dog: 2). Effects on basal release of somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
AB  - We compared the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation to that of pancreatic
      norepinephrine (NE) infusion on pancreatic somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      (SLI) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secretion in the halothane-anesthetized
      dog. During electrical stimulation (8 Hz, 1 msc, 10 mA, n = 6) of the sympathetic
      nerves surrounding the pancreatic artery, the pancreatic SLI output decreased
      from 827 +/- 340 fmol/min to 231 +/- 47 fmol/min (delta = -596 +/- 217 fmol/min,
      P less than 0.05) after 5 min, and PP output decreased from 11,972 +/- 374 pg/min
      to 5,518 +/- 774 pg/min (delta = -6,454 +/- 1,932 pg/min, P less than 0.02) after
      3 min of stimulation. Arterial SLI or PP levels did not change. Sympathetic nerve
      stimulation also decreased pancreatic blood flow and increased pancreatic venous
      NE levels. To determine whether the NE, released locally during sympathetic nerve
      stimulation, is responsible for this inhibition of pancreatic SLI and PP outputs,
      exogenous NE was infused into the pancreatic artery at three different dose
      levels. The low dose of 12 ng/min (n = 6) increased pancreatic venous NE levels
      like sympathetic nerve stimulation. The medium dose of 120 ng/min (n = 6)
      reproduced the nerve stimulation-induced decrease of pancreatic blood flow. The
      high dose of 1,200 ng/min (n = 6) markedly exceeded both. It was found that
      neither the low nor the medium infusion rates of NE significantly affected
      pancreatic SLI or PP output. In contrast, infusion of NE at the very high dose
      level of 1,200 ng/min decreased pancreatic SLI output from 850 +/- 165 fmol/min
      to 318 +/- 59 fmol/min after 5 min of infusion (delta = -532 +/- 143 fmol/min, P
      less than 0.01) and decreased PP secretion from 22,777 +/- 7,082 pg/min to 12,764
      +/- 6,100 pg/min after 3 min of infusion (delta = -10,013 +/- 2,399 pg/min, P
      less than 0.01). During this high dose rate NE infusion, both the increment of
      pancreatic venous SPV levels of NE and the decrement of pancreatic blood flow
      markedly exceeded the effects produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. We
      conclude from this study in dogs: that selective electrical stimulation of the
      sympathetic nerves entering the pancreas decreases blood flow and inhibits
      pancreatic SLI and PP secretion, that NE infused into the pancreatic artery at
      moderate rates reproduces the decrease in blood flow yet does not reproduce the
      inhibition of pancreatic SLI and PP secretion, and that extremely high
      concentrations of NE, which markedly restrict pancreatic blood flow, decrease
      both pancreatic SLI and PP outputs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2885176
TI  - The neuropeptide-synthesizing rat 44-2C cell line: regulation of peptide
      synthesis, secretion, 3,'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate efflux, and adenylate
      cyclase activation.
AB  - We established in culture a clonal strain (44-2C) which produces calcitonin (CT),
      CT gene-related peptide, neurotensin (NT), and somatostatin (SS). A compendium of
      experimental data detailing for this strain the differential regulation of NT,
      CT, and SS synthesis and secretion, adenylate cyclase activation, and cAMP efflux
      is presented herein. The effects of hypophysiotropic peptides, brain-gut
      peptides, and catecholamines are described in detail. The effects of steroid
      hormones, and in particular, that of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone,
      are presented. The effect(s) of basic bovine fibroblast growth factor are also
      described. In 44-2C cells basic fibroblast growth factor selectively regulates
      the synthesis and secretion of CT, NT, SS, and cAMP. Moreover, basic fibroblast
      growth factor enhances the responsiveness of 44-2C cells to neurosecretory
      peptides such as rat hypothalamic GRF. We conclude that the 44-2C cells are a
      useful in vitro tool to study the cellular mechanism(s) controlling the
      differential synthesis and secretion of neuropeptides.

PMID- 2885177
TI  - Evidence for a synergistic effect of somatostatin on vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide-induced prolactin release in the rat: comparison with its effect on
      thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone-stimulated TSH release.
AB  - The present experiments were carried out to clarify the role of endogenous
      somatostatin (SRIF) in the regulation of PRL and TSH release. The effects of
      electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus (PE) on
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-induced PRL and TRH-stimulated TSH
      secretion were studied using pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats bearing
      indwelling cannulae in the right atria. The animals were implanted in the PE with
      bipolar concentric stimulating electrodes 1 week before the experiments began.
      The effects of a bolus injection or a continuous infusion of SRIF-14 (iv, 7.6 or
      10 nmol/100 g BW, respectively) on the PRL or TSH release induced by VIP or TRH
      were also examined. Electrical stimulation of the PE significantly enhanced VIP
      induced PRL release 19 min after the bolus injection of VIP (from 29.3 +/- 7.2 to
      59.7 +/- 14.9 ng/ml, P less than 0.05). A bolus injection of SRIF had a similar
      effect and increased the PRL response to VIP (from 29.3 +/- 7.2 to 114.7 +/- 22.4
      ng/ml, P less than 0.01). Continuous infusion of SRIF did not decrease the
      stimulatory effect of VIP on PRL release; on the contrary it significantly
      increased the PRL response to a first VIP injection (10 min after the onset of
      SRIF-14 infusion) over that observed after a second administration of VIP.
      Neither electrical stimulation of the PE nor the bolus SRIF-14 injection modified
      basal PRL secretion. Electrical stimulation of the PE slightly but significantly
      increased the TSH response to a bolus injection of TRH, but had no effect on the
      basal TSH release. In contrast, both the bolus injection and the continuous
      infusion of SRIF-14 significantly and persistently inhibited the TRH-stimulated
      TSH release. These results suggest that 1) SRIF does not inhibit VIP-induced PRL
      secretion in vivo but rather enhances it through some unknown mechanism; 2) SRIF
      inhibits TRH-stimulated TSH secretion.

PMID- 2885178
TI  - Effects of aging on cholesterol content and cholesterol-metabolizing enzymes in
      the rat adrenal gland.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory have documented a progressive decline in
      basal and ACTH-stimulated corticosterone production in isolated adrenocortical
      cells as rats age. In the current study we examined the possibility that the
      aging process exerts this effect by interfering with the mechanism(s) by which
      cholesterol is processed and/or synthesized by the adrenal gland. Freshly excised
      adrenals from 2-, 5-, 12-, and 18-month-old rats were used for the measurement of
      cholesteryl ester, free cholesterol, cholesteryl esterases, and acyl co-enzyme A
      (CoA)-cholesterol acyltransferase activities as well as key enzymes involved in
      cholesterol biosynthesis. The results showed that cholesteryl ester content
      increased in a linear manner with advancing age, while neutral cholesteryl
      esterase activity decreased steadily until at 18 months of age it reached 40%
      that of 2-month-old control rats. In contrast, lysosomal acid cholesteryl
      esterase did not change with age, and acyl CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase
      showed only a 33% decrease at 12 months of age. The activity of 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol
      biosynthesis, decreased steadily with advancing age, and at 18 months of age,
      activity was only half of that in 2-month-old control rats. In contrast, the
      activities of other enzymes involved in the de novo synthesis of cholesterol,
      namely acetoacetyl CoA thiolase and HMG CoA synthase, were similar in 2- and 12
      month-old rats, while mevalonate kinase activity was significantly lower in the
      12-month-old rats. After depletion of plasma lipoprotein cholesterol by 4
      aminopyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine, the intraadrenal cholesteryl ester content in
      young and aged animals fell significantly. Furthermore, such treatment enhanced
      the activities of all of the cholesterol de novo synthetic enzymes examined. In
      addition, HMG CoA synthase and HMG CoA reductase activities rose to much greater
      levels in both young and old rats compared to acetoacetyl CoA thiolase and
      mevalonate kinase. Finally, markedly higher activities of HMG CoA reductase were
      observed in 12- and 18-month-old rats after 4-aminopyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine
      treatment. Similar results were seen using 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol to deplete
      cholesterol and adrenal sterol ester stores. The metabolism of endogenous
      cholesterol and exogenous hydroxysterols (which bypass the cAMP-dependent
      transport of endogenous cholesterol to mitochondrial side-chain cleavage enzyme
      complex) to corticosterone by collagenase-dispersed adrenocortical cells isolated
      from rats of various ages were also studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2885179
TI  - Reduced preprosomatostatin messenger ribonucleic acid in the periventricular
      nucleus of hypophysectomized rats determined by quantitative in situ
      hybridization.
AB  - Physiological evidence suggests that somatostatin (SS) inhibits the release of GH
      and TSH from the anterior pituitary and that elements of these two systems may
      feed back to regulate hypothalamic SS release or synthesis. Hypophysectomy
      reduces hypothalamic SS content in rats, an effect that may be attributable to a
      change in SS synthesis, storage, or release. We tested the hypothesis that
      hypophysectomy would reduce hypothalamic SS synthetic capacity, as reflected by a
      reduction in SS mRNA levels. Using in situ hybridization and a computerized image
      analysis system, we measured SS mRNA signal levels over individual cells in the
      periventricular nucleus of hypophysectomized and intact male rats. SS mRNA signal
      levels were 45.1% lower in hypophysectomized rats compared to those in intact
      controls (P less than 0.05). These results demonstrate that SS synthetic capacity
      in the periventricular nucleus is influenced by the presence of the pituitary,
      and this system may represent one example of the regulation of central nervous
      system neuropeptide gene expression by a circulating pituitary hormone.

PMID- 2885180
TI  - Transglutaminase activity in bovine calf testicular membranes: evidence for a
      possible role in the interaction of follicle-stimulating hormone with its
      receptor.
AB  - Transglutaminase (TGase) activity, determined by incorporation of [1,4
      14C]putrescine into casein, was demonstrated in a light membrane fraction derived
      from bovine calf testicular homogenates. In common with other TGases thus far
      identified, testicular TGase is calcium dependent. A concentration-dependent
      relationship was observed between decreasing TGase activity and increasing
      concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide and bacitracin, inhibitors of TGase, and the
      TGase substrate monodansylcadaverine. Although NEM at all concentrations tested
      had no effect on [125I]human (h) FSH-receptor binding, dissociation of [125I]hFSH
      from its receptor was enhanced when [125I]hFSH-receptor complexes were formed in
      the presence of NEM. Dissociation of [125I]hFSH from its receptor also increased
      in the presence of bacitracin or monodansylcadaverine. Reduced TGase activity
      always paralleled increases in hormone-receptor dissociation. The inverse
      relationship between TGase activity and [125I]hFSH-receptor dissociation observed
      in this study suggests that TGase activity may be involved in the interaction of
      FSH with its receptor and that protein cross-linking (via peptide bond formation)
      may be a mechanism whereby some FSH-receptor complexes are stabilized in the
      bovine testis.

PMID- 2885181
TI  - Structural characterization of the somatostatin receptor in rat anterior
      pituitary membranes.
AB  - To structurally characterize the somatostatin receptor in the anterior pituitary,
      the chemical cross-linking reagent N-5-azido-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide was used
      to attach covalently [125I-Tyr11]somatostatin-14 to its receptor in pituitary
      membranes. Rat anterior pituitary membranes were incubated with [125I
      Tyr11]somatostatin-14, washed, and then treated with 100 microM cross-linker,
      which was activated by exposure to UV light. Gel electrophoresis followed by
      autoradiography revealed a broad band centered at 88,000 mol wt. The appearance
      of this band was unaffected by dithiothreitol. Competitive inhibition of binding
      by unlabeled somatostatin resulted in a parallel inhibition of labeling of the
      88,000 mol wt protein. The addition of guanine nucleotides in concentrations that
      inhibit binding similarly inhibited cross-linking. The cross-linked membranes
      were solubilized in Zwittergent 3-12, a nondenaturing detergent, and the
      glycosylation pattern of the labeled protein was investigated by incubation with
      various lectins coupled to agarose. The cross-linked protein was selectively
      adsorbed by wheat germ agglutinin, and this interaction was blocked by the
      addition of N,N',N"-triacetylchitotriose, indicating that the rat anterior
      pituitary somatostatin receptor is a glycoprotein containing polymeric beta-1-4
      linked N-acetylglucosamine groups. The results of this study show that the rat
      anterior pituitary somatostatin receptor is a glycoprotein of 88,000 mol wt
      containing no disulfide-linked subunits.

PMID- 2885182
TI  - Characterization of somatostatin receptors which mediate inhibition of insulin
      secretion in RINm5F insulinoma cells.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) is a neuropeptide which inhibits secretion from a variety of
      target cells including pancreatic beta-cells. In this study we have used the
      RINm5F rat insulinoma cell line to characterize high affinity receptors for SRIF.
      The binding of 0.03 nM [125I-Tyr11]SRIF to RINm5F cells reached a plateau level
      within 4 h at 37 C at which time 80% of the total binding could be displaced by
      100 nM unlabeled SRIF. In contrast, 100 nM concentrations of eight structurally
      unrelated peptides did not inhibit [125I-Tyr11]SRIF binding. Scatchard analysis
      indicated that RINm5F cells contained a single class of noninteracting binding
      sites (910 +/- 190 sites per cell) with high affinity for [125I-Tyr11]SRIF
      [equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) = 0.04 +/- 0.01 nM]. Competition
      experiments with SRIF analogs showed that the binding affinity for [I-Tyr11]SRIF
      (Kd = 0.03 +/- 0.02 nM) was higher than that for either SRIF (0.24 +/- 0.04 nM)
      or [Tyr11]SRIF (0.27 +/- 0.04 nM) and that reduced SRIF analogs bound poorly (Kd
      greater than 50 nM). These results demonstrate that RINm5F cells possess
      specific, high affinity binding sites for SRIF. Insulin release stimulated by 20
      mM leucine or 15 mM glyceraldehyde was inhibited as much as 80% by maximal
      concentrations (100 nM) of SRIF. The IC50 for SRIF inhibition of leucine
      stimulated insulin secretion was 0.43 +/- 0.15 nM, in good agreement with the
      apparent Kd for binding. In fact, this close correlation between binding affinity
      and potency to inhibit insulin release was observed for six SRIF analogs,
      indicating that the characterized binding sites are the receptors which mediate
      the biological actions of SRIF in RINm5F cells.

PMID- 2885183
TI  - Regulation of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading enzyme in GH3 cells:
      induction of pyroglutamyl peptidase I by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine.
AB  - The effect of exposure of GH3 cells to T3 on the TRH-degrading enzymes
      pyroglutamyl peptidase I (EC 3.4.19.3) and prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26)
      was studied. T3 produced a dose-dependent increase in the specific activity of
      pyroglutamyl peptidase I after 3 days of exposure. The EC50 for T3 was 5 X 10(
      10) M. The specific activity of prolyl endopeptidase was unaffected by exposure
      to T3. The increase in pyroglutamyl peptidase I activity was dependent upon the
      time of exposure of the cells to this hormone. A maximal effect occurred at 72 h.
      The stimulation of pyroglutamyl peptidase I by T3 was totally blocked by
      cycloheximide, indicating that this enzyme is induced in GH3 cells by T3. The
      effect of T3 on the two TRH-degrading enzymes was also studied in the ACTH
      secreting cell line AtT20. T3 had no effect on these enzymes in the AtT20 cell,
      suggesting that the effect of T3 on pyroglutamyl peptidase I may be cell
      specific. These studies indicate that the induction of pyroglutamyl peptidase I
      by T3 may contribute to the negative feedback regulation of T3 levels.

PMID- 2885184
TI  - Antiserum to somatostatin-28 augments growth hormone secretion in the rat.
AB  - To determine directly whether somatostatin-28 (S-28) physiologically regulates GH
      secretion, and what its contribution is relative to somatostatin-14 (S-14), we
      have compared the effects of immunoneutralization with a specific S-28 antibody
      with those of an anti S-14/S-28 serum on GH secretory dynamics in the rat. Plasma
      samples were obtained every 15 min for 7 h (1000-1700 h) from conscious,
      chronically cannulated rats after iv administration of 1 ml of one of the
      following sera: 1) rabbit anti S-28 (reacts with S-28, but not with S-14; maximum
      binding, 297 pmol/ml), 2) nonimmune rabbit serum, 3) sheep anti-S-14/S-28 serum
      (maximum binding, 9.4 nmol S-14 or S-28/ml), and 4) nonimmune sheep serum. A
      comparison of the mean integrated plasma GH levels during peak and trough periods
      showed significantly higher trough GH levels in both antibody-treated groups
      compared to those in the corresponding controls. In the anti-S-14/S-28-treated
      group, the elevation of trough period GH levels (40.5 +/- 3.5 ng/ml) represented
      a 3.25-fold increase (P less than 0.01) compared to the control value (12.5 +/-
      1.5 ng/ml). In the anti-S-28-treated group, trough period GH levels (14 +/- 1.6
      ng/ml) showed a 2.3-fold increase (P less than 0.01) compared to the control
      value (6.1 +/- 0.9 ng/ml). Mean peak period GH levels were 1.35-fold higher (P
      less than 0.05) than control values in the anti-S-14/S-28-treated group; anti-S
      28 serum did not change mean peak GH levels. These data provide strong evidence
      that circulating S-28 (like S-14) physiologically regulates trough GH secretion
      and that the contribution of S-28 to GH inhibition is as important as that of S
      14.

PMID- 2885185
TI  - The effect of atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium on heart rate and arterial
      pressure in normal individuals.
AB  - Heart rate and rhythm (from ECG) and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial
      pressures (using an oscillotonometer) were measured for 30 min following
      administration of atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1 (n = 20), vecuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 (n =
      20) or pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 (n = 20) during steady-state anaesthesia, with
      nitrous oxide, oxygen and either 0.75% halothane or fentanyl 4-5 micrograms kg-1,
      in the absence of any surgical stimulation. Whereas atracurium and vecuronium
      were associated with only small and clinically unimportant changes in heart rate,
      pancuronium produced a marked and significant increase associated with a
      junctional rhythm in four patients. Atracurium produced no significant changes in
      arterial pressure, vecuronium produced a significant fall (20 mmHg) in diastolic
      pressure during halothane anaesthesia and pancuronium a significant increase in
      mean arterial pressure with both anaesthetic techniques. No serious bradycardias
      were observed with either atracurium or vecuronium. Five patients showed
      cutaneous signs of histamine liberation after administration of atracurium.

PMID- 2885186
TI  - Interactions between atracurium and vecuronium on indirectly elicited muscle
      twitch in vitro.
AB  - In vitro experiments using the indirectly stimulated rat phrenic-nerve diaphragm
      preparation have demonstrated simple summation of the inhibitory actions of
      vecuronium and atracurium.

PMID- 2885188
TI  - A new infusion design for atracurium and vecuronium.
AB  - An infusion technique, designed to reduce the duration of period of no response
      to nerve stimulation following atracurium (Group I) and vecuronium (Group 2), was
      studied in 30 patients during neurolept anaesthesia. For intubation a combination
      of a small bolus injection of the relaxant (ED50) and a continuous infusion were
      administered. The tactile response to nerve stimulation was used to quantify the
      degree of relaxation and to adjust the speed of infusion. On the other arm the
      mechanical twitch was recorded blindly for control. Good to excellent intubation
      conditions were obtained in 4.3 min with atracurium and in 4.0 min with
      vecuronium. The total dose given for intubation was 0.36 mg kg-1 atracurium (0.24
      0.49 mg kg-1) and 0.064 mg kg-1 vecuronium (0.046-0.084 mg kg-1). The period of
      no response was zero in seven patients in Group I and in four patients in Group
      2. In the remaining patients in Group I the period of no response ranged from 5.0
      25.0 min, median 10.9 min, and in Group 2 from 2.5-15.6 min, median 9.5 min. At
      the time of extubation the train-of-four ratio was 0.71 and 0.72 in Group I and
      2, respectively. It is concluded that it is possible to achieve a stable,
      adjustable, and easily reversible block with this technique, even during surgery
      of short duration.

PMID- 2885187
TI  - A comparison of nalbuphine with morphine for post-orchidopexy pain.
AB  - A double-blind investigation was conducted to compare nalbuphine with morphine
      for the control of pain after unilateral orchidopexy. Fifty boys under 11 years
      of age were allocated randomly to receive intramuscular nalbuphine 0.2 mgkg-1 or
      morphine 0.2 mgkg-1 immediately after induction of anaesthesia. Pain was assessed
      on a three-point scale, 1, 2 and 4 h after injection and on the morning following
      operation. Side-effects were also recorded. There were no significant differences
      between the two drugs in either the provision of analgesia, or the incidence of
      the principal side-effects of vomiting and sweating. There was a high incidence
      of vomiting in both groups. Nalbuphine is a satisfactory alternative to morphine
      for post-orchidopexy pain and may offer the advantages of greater safety and
      convenience.

PMID- 2885189
TI  - Post-operative morbidity associated with the use of atracurium and vecuronium in
      day-case laparoscopy.
AB  - Patients were randomly allocated to receive either vecuronium or atracurium as
      the sole muscle relaxant for day-case gynaecological laparoscopy to determine if
      either agent was superior with respect to post-operative morbidity during the 48
      h after operation. Intubating conditions and cardiovascular stability were
      similar in both groups. Post-operative morbidity prior to discharge was also
      similar except for a significantly higher incidence of abdominal pain in the
      vecuronium group. There was no statistical difference in specific morbidity
      during the 48 h after laparoscopy, but a greater number of patients in the
      vecuronium group was able to resume normal activity 24 h after laparoscopy. Both
      agents are very suitable for day-case laparoscopies and other short surgical
      procedures.

PMID- 2885190
TI  - Alfentanil infusions: relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
      in man.
AB  - Fourteen fit young patients undergoing body surface surgery received an infusion
      of alfentanil at either 50 or 100 micrograms kg-1 hr-1 to supplement nitrous
      oxide anaesthesia. The alfentanil infusion was continued for two hours post
      operatively at the lower rate of 20 micrograms kg-1 hr-1. Resting ventilation,
      carbon dioxide responsiveness and pain scores were measured post-operatively.
      Values for clearance and elimination half life were similar to data following
      single doses of alfentanil but showed considerable interindividual variation.
      However, there was a greater systemic clearance (P = 0.02) when determined using
      the post-infusion decay data compared with that calculated during anaesthesia
      (527 ml min-1 compared with 434 ml min-1). This is in accord with observations
      for other intravenous drugs.

PMID- 2885191
TI  - Recovery of Bordetella pertussis from four kinds of swabs.
AB  - Calcium alginate, dacron, rayon and cotton wool tipped swabs, in combination with
      charcoal horse blood transport medium with cephalexin, were compared with regard
      to their ability to maintain viability of Bordetella pertussis. Calcium alginate
      proved to be the most suitable swab material. A field trial confirmed the results
      of the laboratory study.

PMID- 2885192
TI  - Separation, amino-terminal sequence and cell-free synthesis of the smallest
      subunit of sweet potato cytochrome c oxidase.
AB  - The smallest subunit (V) of sweet potato cytochrome c oxidase was separated into
      three polypeptides, Va, Vb and Vc with different molecular masses (7.4 kDa, 6.8
      kDa and 6.2 kDa respectively) by highly resolving sodium dodecylsulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antibody against subunit V reacted
      specifically with the polypeptide Vc. When polyadenylated mRNA from sweet potato
      root tissue was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system, the smallest subunit
      (Vc) of the polypeptides was synthesized to the same size as the mature form,
      which suggests that the mature subunit retains the signal for import into
      mitochondria. Within the N-terminal first 25 amino acids there is a stretch of 16
      non-polar residues, periodically linked by basic residues, which might form an
      amphiphilic helix as the targeting signal.

PMID- 2885193
TI  - Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of full-length cDNA for sweet potato
      catalase mRNA.
AB  - A nearly full-length cDNA clone for catalase (pCAS01) was obtained through
      immunological screening of cDNA expression library constructed from size
      fractionated poly(A)-rich RNA of wounded sweet potato tuberous roots by
      Escherichia coli expression vector-primed cDNA synthesis. Two additional catalase
      cDNA clones (pCAS10 and pCAS13), which contained cDNA inserts slightly longer
      than that of pCAS01 at their 5'-termini, were identified by colony hybridization
      of another cDNA library. Those three catalase cDNAs contained primary structures
      not identical, but closely related, to one another based on their restriction
      enzyme and RNase cleavage mapping analyses, suggesting that microheterogeneity
      exists in catalase mRNAs. The cDNA insert of pCAS13 carried the entire catalase
      coding capacity, since the RNA transcribed in vitro from the cDNA under the SP6
      phage promoter directed the synthesis of a catalase polypeptide in the wheat germ
      in vitro translation assay. The nucleotide sequencing of these catalase cDNAs
      indicated that 1900-base catalase mRNA contained a coding region of 1476 bases.
      The amino acid sequence of sweet potato catalase deduced from the nucleotide
      sequence was 35 amino acids shorter than rat liver catalase [Furuta, S., Hayashi,
      H., Hijikata, M., Miyazawa, S., Osumi, T. & Hashimoto, T. (1986) Proc. Natl Acad.
      Sci. USA 83, 313-317]. Although these two sequences showed only 38% homology, the
      sequences around the amino acid residues implicated in catalytic function, heme
      ligand or heme contact had been well conserved during evolution.

PMID- 2885194
TI  - Transcription activation of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene by glucocorticoids
      and cAMP in primary hepatocytes.
AB  - The expression of the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) gene of the rat was
      analyzed in primary hepatocytes. The TAT gene remains active in primary cultured
      cells at a level similar to that in liver cells. Expression can be induced by
      glucocorticoids and cAMP, glucocorticoids lead to a 8-10-fold increase in TAT
      mRNA level, cAMP to a 20-30-fold increase. The elevation of the TAT mRNA is
      preceeded by a rise in the relative rate of transcription of the gene.
      Surprisingly transcription of the albumin gene, which steadily declines with the
      age of the culture, can also strongly be stimulated by glucocorticoids in primary
      hepatocytes. cAMP antagonists, which act as competitive inhibitors of the cAMP
      dependent protein kinase, prevent induction of transcription of the tyrosine
      aminotransferase gene by cAMP suggesting that the effect of cAMP on expression of
      the tyrosine aminotransferase gene is mediated by a cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase. The cAMP antagonist does not interfere with induction by glucocorticoids
      which suggests that phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor by the cAMP
      dependent protein kinase is not required for its function. We thus conclude that
      the two inducers affect transcription by independent mechanisms.

PMID- 2885195
TI  - Isolation and characterization of coated vesicles from filamentous fungi.
AB  - Coated vesicles have been shown to exist in Neurospora crassa (Ascomycetes) and
      Uromyces phaseoli (Basidiomycetes) growing germlings. Separation of coated
      vesicles in both fungi was obtained when the high-speed (100,000g) pellet was
      fractioned on a Sephacryl S-1000 gel filtration column, according to the
      procedure of Mueller and Branton. Electron micrographs of negatively stained
      coated vesicles from fractions of gel filtration show the same striking lattice
      coated vesicles similar to vertebrate coated vesicles. We observe two major size
      classes of coated vesicles in both fungi: the larger class (100-180 nm) is
      similar in size to vertebrate coated vesicles; the smaller class (50-80 nm) is
      mostly found in both fungi. When examined by SDS-PAGE, the Sephacryl column
      fractions containing the maximum concentration of electron microscopically
      visible coated vesicles coincide with the bands of the protein coat reported as
      clathrin. The protein composition on SDS-PAGE of the coated vesicles indicates a
      major polypeptide species of 180 kDa and minor 30 to 36 kDa species. Polypeptides
      of 100 kDa and 64 kDa are also found in the fractions containing coated vesicles.

PMID- 2885196
TI  - Modification of the ultrastructure of Entamoeba histolytica after phagocytosis of
      liposomes loaded with phalloidin.
AB  - The specific actin-interacting drug phalloidin has been introduced into the
      cytoplasm of a highly motile amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica, by a new technique:
      the phagocytosis of liposomes containing phalloidin. After ingestion of these
      liposomes, two important modifications of the ultrastructure of the amoeba were
      observed. First, large nodules of densely packed fine filaments are formed, which
      may be due to the polymerization of actin induced by the release of phalloidin
      within the cell's cytoplasm. Second, phalloidin induces the proliferation of
      ribosome crystals known as chromatoid bodies in encysted cells. This formation
      could be the direct consequence of the action of phalloidin on actin, where
      filaments form and ribosomes detach from the original oligo or polymers. However,
      it could also result from an unspecific toxic effect on the amoeba which, under
      physiological stress, starts to encyst and show multiplication of these
      chromatoid bodies upon encystment.

PMID- 2885198
TI  - Lipoprotein-X and diagnosis of biliary atresia.

PMID- 2885199
TI  - Lipoprotein X, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and biliary atresia.

PMID- 2885197
TI  - Immunomicroscopic localization of aminopeptidase N in the pig enterocyte.
      Implications for the route of intracellular transport.
AB  - The subcellular localization of aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) in the pig
      enterocyte was investigated by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy
      (immunogold staining). By indirect immunofluorescence on either frozen or
      paraffin-embedded sections, a very intense staining in the microvillar membrane
      and a weak intracellular staining was demonstrated. No staining was detected in
      the basolateral membrane. Likewise, the immunogold labelling on Epon-embedded
      sections was concentrated in the microvillar membrane, whereas the basolateral
      membrane did not contain significant amounts of labelling. Labelling was
      demonstrated in the Golgi apparatus and in a minor fraction of the intracellular
      smooth vesicles positioned between the Golgi apparatus and the microvillar
      membrane. These observations are compatible with the view that newly synthesized
      aminopeptidase N is delivered directly to the microvillar membrane by smooth
      vesicles having a diameter about 70 to 100 nm and does not pass the basolateral
      membrane on its way to the brush border membrane.

PMID- 2885200
TI  - GGT reduction in beta carotene-inhibition of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.
AB  - Levels of activity for gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were studied in
      hamster buccal pouches developing DMBA-induced epidermoid carcinomas and in
      pouches in which carcinogenesis was inhibited by topical application of beta
      carotene. The beta carotene acted to inhibit tumor development when applied
      topically on days alternate to the application of 0.25% DMBA in heavy mineral oil
      thrice weekly for 22 weeks. Forty male young adult Syrian hamsters were divided
      into four equal groups. Group 1 had DMBA applied to left buccal pouches thrice
      weekly. Group 2 had DMBA applied as in Group 1 but also beta carotene thrice
      weekly on days alternate to the DMBA application. Group 3 animals were painted
      with only beta carotene and Group 4 animals were untreated controls. The left
      buccal pouches were dissected at autopsy and divided in half. One half was fixed
      in formalin, sectioned in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for
      histologic study. The other half was prepared for the histochemical demonstration
      of GGT activity using epithelial whole mount preparations. GGT activity was found
      to be reduced in the left buccal pouches of those animals treated with both beta
      carotene and DMBA when compared to those animals treated with DMBA alone.

PMID- 2885201
TI  - Cardiovascular drugs and exercise.

PMID- 2885202
TI  - Haemodynamic, metabolic, and lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor changes following
      chronic beta-adrenoceptor antagonism.
AB  - We have examined the effects of 7 days treatment with beta adrenoceptor
      antagonists in 8 healthy volunteers in a placebo controlled, crossover study. We
      investigated three beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (atenolol, oxprenolol, and
      propranolol), which have differing profiles of selectivity and partial agonist
      properties (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, ISA). We studied adrenaline
      induced hypokalaemia, the vasodilator response to an infusion of adrenaline (0.06
      micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 for 90 min), and lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor number,
      determined by (-) [125I]-iodocyanopindolol binding, and measured these variables
      both before and after 7 days of treatment. The beta 2-mediated depressor response
      to adrenaline infusion was abolished by propranolol and oxprenolol but persisted
      after atenolol. In contrast, the hypokalaemia induced by adrenaline was abolished
      by all three beta-blockers. Lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor number increased
      significantly following propranolol treatment, but not after oxprenolol for
      atenolol. We conclude that up-regulation of lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptors is
      dependent on beta 2-receptor blockade and is modified by ISA. The reversal of the
      hypokalaemic response by atenolol suggests that beta 1 receptors may contribute
      to the former effect. Alternatively, since different populations of beta 2
      adrenoceptors differ in their susceptibility to antagonists there may also be
      differences in agonist coupling to beta 2-responses between tissues.

PMID- 2885203
TI  - The effects of acrivastine (BW825C), diphenhydramine and terfenadine in
      combination with alcohol on human CNS performance.
AB  - Two studies were performed to measure the effects of acrivastine (BW825C), an
      antihistamine, in combination with alcohol on the central nervous system. In one
      study acrivastine 8 mg, diphenhydramine 50 mg and alcohol 32 ml were administered
      alone and in combination and compared with placebo. In a second study terfenadine
      60 and 120 mg and acrivastine 4 and 8 mg combined with alcohol 32 ml were
      compared with placebo and alcohol alone. Each study was a double-blind,
      randomised cross-over design using twelve healthy volunteers. Adaptive tracking,
      reaction time, body sway, eye movements and subjective effects were measured at
      intervals after treatments. Acrivastine 8 mg alone did not affect any of these
      measures in contrast with diphenhydramine. Acrivastine in combination with
      alcohol caused significantly more impairment of some of the tests than placebo or
      alcohol alone, but significantly less than diphenhydramine/alcohol, which also
      affected more tests. In the second study no significant differences were seen
      between the effects of alcohol alone and combinations of either terfenadine or
      acrivastine with alcohol. It was concluded that acrivastine 8 mg alone did not
      impair CNS performance in the tests used. In combination with alcohol significant
      impairment was seen, but this was less pronounced than after
      diphenhydramine/alcohol. The second study failed to demonstrate differences
      between drug/alcohol combinations and alcohol alone confirming that the effect of
      acrivastine in combination with alcohol is small.

PMID- 2885205
TI  - Competitive and stereoselective histamine H1 antagonistic effect of cicletanide
      in guinea-pig isolated ileum.
AB  - The histamine H1 antagonistic effects of the racemic form and the enantiomers of
      cicletanide, a new antihypertensive furopyridine derivative, were investigated in
      guinea-pig isolated ileum. Both the racemic and the (-) enantiomer behaved as
      competitive histamine antagonists (pA2 values of 6.8 and 7.2, respectively). The
      (+) enantiomer was at least 100 times less potent than the (-) enantiomer. The H1
      blocking effect of cicletanide is the most potent and is the only stereoselective
      property so far reported for the drug.

PMID- 2885204
TI  - Acute administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine: comparison with the
      neurochemical effects of its N-desmethyl and N-ethyl analogs.
AB  - The acute and long-term neurochemical effects of three methylenedioxyamphetamine
      analogs were examined in the serotonergic system of the rat brain.
      Methylenedioxymethamphetamine as well as its N-desmethyl and N-ethyl derivatives
      depleted cortical serotonin (5HT) concentrations to less than 30% of control 3 h
      after drug administration. All three compounds were also very similar in their
      effects on [3H]5HT release from superfused rat striatal slices. Increasing the
      size of the N-alkyl substituent did appear to reduce the potency of the agent for
      inducing [3H]dopamine release. One week following drug administration cortical
      5HT concentrations had returned to control levels in animals treated with the N
      ethyl derivative while the other two analogs produced persistent depletions in
      transmitter concentrations. The effects of the latter two drugs were correlated
      with a significant decrease in whole brain synaptosomal [3H]5HT uptake indicating
      serotonergic nerve terminal damage. N-ethyl-methylenedioxyamphetamine had no
      effect on synaptosomal 5HT uptake at one week. The (+) stereoisomer of
      methylenedioxyamphetamine was slightly more potent than the (-) enantiomer at
      producing the long-term 5HT depletion as previously shown for its N-methyl
      derivative suggesting similar mechanisms may be responsible for their neurotoxic
      effects.

PMID- 2885206
TI  - The major histocompatibility complex and diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Recent studies have greatly increased the knowledge of the genetics of diabetes
      mellitus. At present several markers of the disease are under discussion. For
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus there is an association between markers of
      the histocompatibility complex and the incidence of the disease. The genes of the
      human histocompatibility complex code for at least three different classes of
      polymorphic proteins involved in the immune response. Two of them, the class I
      and the class II antigens are described in the article. The class II antigens are
      primarily expressed on special cells of the immune system. A typical feature of
      these antigens is their extensive polymorphism, which is the result of their
      genetic organization. The occurrence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is
      more or less strongly associated with the class II antigen types DR3 and/or DR4.
      Using recombinant DNA technology it is possible to further characterize these and
      other class II specificities at genetic level. There are data on the occurrence
      of some class II antigen related DNA restriction fragments. They are much more
      strongly associated with the susceptibility to the disease than other markers
      found so far.

PMID- 2885207
TI  - Regulation of biosynthesis, release and degradation of insulin in cultured rat
      islets.
AB  - In order to study the long-term influence of glucose on islet cell functions,
      biosynthesis of (pro)insulin (3H-leucine incorporation during 3h-incubation both
      at 50 and 300 mg/dl of glucose), release of insulin and somatostatin and
      degradation of intra-insular insulin were measured in isolated rat islets,
      cultured for 3 days at 50, 150 and 300 mg/dl glucose. After culture at 50 mg/dl
      of glucose, (pro) insulin biosynthesis was very low during 3 h incubation in
      presence of either 50 or 300 mg/dl glucose; whereas, after culture at 300 mg/dl
      glucose, a sustained high rate of biosynthesis was observed. This priming-effect
      concerning hormone release during incubation period, in relation to the previous
      glucose concentration of culture medium was better proportional for D-cells than
      for the B-cells. During the 3 days of culture, the percentual differences in
      hormone release at 50, 150 and 300 mg/dl of glucose were, altogether, also higher
      for somatostatin than for insulin. Insulin degradation was strongly enhanced
      during culture at 50 mg/dl glucose (total insulin before culture: 526 +/- 57
      microU/islet; after culture at 50, 150 and 300 mg/dl glucose (in islets plus
      media): 253 +/- 25, 975 +/- 90 and 1030 +/- 96 microU/islet, respectively). The
      glucose-priming of islet cells differed for the various cell functions. At low
      glucose concentration the pre-synthesized insulin (which was not needed then
      physiologically) was again degraded within the islet cells; at higher
      concentrations of glucose, increased stimulation of the B-cells seemed to be
      modified by the--paracrine--action of somatostatin.

PMID- 2885208
TI  - The effects of calcitonin, somatostatin and hypercalcaemia on metabolic and
      hormonal indicators during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
AB  - The authors compared the effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin and synthetic
      somatostatin (SRIF) and hypercalcaemia on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
      in healthy subjects in relation to changes of insulin (IRI), somatotrophin (HGH)
      and cortisol levels. Calcitonin--100 U--in an intravenous infusion in the course
      of OGTT markedly altered the pattern of the blood sugar curve and of IRI levels.
      After the initial retardation of the rise of the blood sugar and IRI levels
      during the 15th and 30th min, the values of both variables increased parallel
      during the 120th and 180th min, as compared with the control examination after
      saline. SRIF--500 micrograms--administered in an intravenous infusion altered the
      pattern of the blood sugar and IRI curves in a similar way as calcitonin, however
      during the 120th and 180th minute when the blood sugar levels rose significantly
      the IRI levels did not rise. The curve of HGH levels on infusion with calcitonin
      displayed a typical three-phase course, as during the control OGTT. During
      infusion of SRIF the HGH levels were insignificantly but constantly reduced
      during the first 60 mins. of the OGTT and thus the typical three-phase shape of
      the curve was impaired. Calcitonin significantly raised the cortisol levels
      throughout the OGTT, while SRIF caused their slight decline during the 120th min.
      Hypercalcaemia induced by infusion of 13.3 mg Ca/kg body weight did not alter
      significantly the blood levels of glucose, IRI and HGH, but caused a significant
      rise of the cortisol level throughout the OGTT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885209
TI  - The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial
      vasopressin and oxytocin content in pinealectomized male rats.
AB  - Pinealectomized (PX), sham-operated and non operated control rats were injected
      intraperitoneally (i.p.), once daily at 8.00 over five days, with: (a) 0.9%
      sodium chloride, (b) propranolol hydrochloride in a dose of 10 mg/kg (= 0.1 ml
      solution per 100 g b.w.). Three hours following the last injection the animals
      were decapitated and the content of vasopressin and oxytocin was bioassayed in
      the hypothalamus and neurointermediate lobe. PX was followed by known decrease of
      both vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis. In rats
      not-PX propranolol did not change the vasopressin and oxytocin content in the
      hypothalamus and neurointermediate lobe. In PX-rats, treatment with propranolol
      resulted in a distinct increase of the vasopressin in the neurohypophysis. It may
      be therefore supposed that the beta-adrenergic transmission is in some way
      involved in the regulatory mechanisms of pineal-neurohypophysial functional
      relationship.

PMID- 2885210
TI  - Characterization of adenylate cyclase in human retinal pigment epithelial cells
      in vitro.
AB  - Human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture demonstrate adenylate cyclase
      activity. It is membrane-bound and modulated by GTP regulatory proteins. It is
      effectively activated only by beta-adrenergic agonists (L-isoproterenol greater
      than or equal to L-epinephrine greater than L-norepinephrine) and some
      prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGE2, but not PGF1 alpha). The adrenergic response
      appears to be mediated by beta-2 receptors. No inhibitory ligands could be
      demonstrated. Its characteristics, which are similar to functional adenylate
      cyclase complexes in other mammalian cells, and its selective and sensitive
      agonist responsiveness, suggest a possible physiologic role in the regulation of
      human retinal pigment epithelial-cell function.

PMID- 2885211
TI  - Opioid peptides inhibit the release of noradrenaline from slices of rat medial
      preoptic area.
AB  - Previous circumstantial evidence suggested that endogenous opioid peptides
      inhibit an excitatory noradrenergic projection to the medial preoptic area
      (MPOA), and thereby suppress the activity of neurones containing luteinising
      hormone-releasing hormone and thus systemic concentrations of luteinising hormone
      (LH) itself. In this paper, we report that electrically stimulated release of 3H
      Noradrenaline (3H-NA) from perifused slices of rat MPOA is diminished when opioid
      agonists are added to the incubation medium. Thus, morphine (10 microM), beta
      Endorphin (1 microM) and met-Enkephalin (1 microM), but not Dynorphin A (1-8) (1
      microM), caused a significant decrease in electrically stimulated 3H-NA release.
      The inhibition was reversed by addition of naloxone (10 microM) to the perifusion
      medium but 3H-NA release was unaffected by dopamine or acetylcholine (or their
      antagonists sulpiride and atropine, respectively), or serotonin, neurotensin,
      muscimol or bicuculline (the latter two being agonist and antagonist respectively
      for the GABA A receptor). Therefore, the experiments provide direct evidence that
      brain opioids modulate the noradrenergic input to MPOA neurones and support the
      hypothesis that this may be one mechanism for the regulation of LH secretion.

PMID- 2885213
TI  - Somatostatin immunoneutralization overcomes the inhibitory effects of quipazine
      and pargyline on growth hormone secretion in domestic fowl.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of pargyline and quipazine on chicken growth hormone
      secretion were overcome by passive immunoneutralization of endogenous
      somatostatin (SRIF)-14 or SRIF-28(1-14)-like immunoreactivity. Administration of
      the specific antisera to control birds pretreated with 0.9% NaCl elevated the
      basal plasma GH concentrations. These results suggest that peptides with SRIF-14
      or SRIF-28(1-14)-like immunoreactivity tonically inhibit GH secretion and are at
      least partially responsible for the inhibitory effects of pargyline and quipazine
      on GH release in immature domestic fowl.

PMID- 2885212
TI  - Postsynaptic long-term potentiation follows coupling of dendritic glutamate
      application and synaptic activation.
AB  - Dendritic depolarization, which seems to be involved in the induction of long
      term potentiation (LTP), was elicited by localized glutamate application. When
      paired to low frequency synaptic activation in the same area, the subsequent
      changes had features in common with LTP, expressed as an increased probability of
      firing and shorter spike latency. The EPSP was not significantly increased.

PMID- 2885214
TI  - 2,3-Dihydrolinderazulene, a new bioactive azulene pigment from the gorgonian
      Acalycigorgia sp.
AB  - A new azulene pigment, 2,3-dihydrolinderazulene, has been isolated along with
      guaiazulene and linderazulene as bioactive metabolites from the gorgonian
      Acalycigorgia sp.

PMID- 2885216
TI  - The isolation of human T-cell leukemia lymphoma virus I.

PMID- 2885217
TI  - Ca-dependent-chloride and potassium currents in rat Leydig cells.
AB  - Voltage-clamped membrane currents have been investigated from whole-cell patch
      clamp recordings performed on single Leydig cells isolated from the adult rat
      testis. Two outward membrane currents were evoked by depolarizing voltage steps.
      A potassium current was recorded in cells dialyzed with low (10(-9)-10(-8) M)
      calcium media. This current was decreased by TEA (10 mM). A chloride current was
      recorded in cells dialyzed with high (10(-7)-10(-6) M) calcium media. This
      current was decreased by an external exposure to glutamate. Comparison of the
      currents at low and high internal calcium concentrations suggests that an
      increase of the intracellular calcium activates a chloride current.

PMID- 2885218
TI  - Effect of adrenergic agonists on phosphoinositide breakdown in rat skeletal
      muscle preparations.
AB  - Adrenergic regulation of phosphoinositide breakdown in rat skeletal muscle was
      investigated in 30-min incubations with 10 mM LiCl. In rat hemidiaphragms,
      prelabelled with D-myo-[2-3H]inositol, addition of alpha-agonists (epinephrine,
      norepinephrine, phenylephrine) induced a 5-8-fold increase of [3H]inositol
      monophosphate accumulation. This could be prevented by inclusion of alpha
      antagonists (phentolamine, prazosin). beta-Agonists and/or beta-antagonists had
      no effect. Similar experiments with isolated flexor digitorum brevis muscle
      fibers yielded confirmatory results. Functional integrity of beta-receptor
      mediated processes was suggested by the beta-agonist-induced increase of glucose
      6-phosphate in hemidiaphragms and cAMP in fiber preparations. The results
      indicate that phosphoinositide breakdown in differentiated rat skeletal muscle
      is, at least in part, under alpha-adrenergic control.

PMID- 2885219
TI  - Heterogeneity in the structural basis of the human complement C4A null allele
      (C4A Q0) as revealed by HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism
      analysis.
AB  - The highly polymorphic fourth component of human complement (C4) is usually
      encoded by two genes. C4A and C4B, adjacent to the 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) genes,
      21-OHA and 21-OHB, and is also remarkable in the high frequency of the 'null'
      alleles, C4A Q0 and C4B Q0. The molecular basis for the C4A Q0 allele was studied
      in 26 families through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis
      with C4 and 21-OH cDNA probes after digestion of the DNA with the endonuclease
      HindIII. The individuals expressing the extended haplotype HLA-A1 (of A2) Cw7 B8
      C2C BfS C4AQ0B1 DR3 have a large deletion taking off the C4A and 21-OHA genes.

PMID- 2885221
TI  - Differential expression of an alpha-tubulin gene during the development of
      Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - The expression of an alpha-tubulin gene (altB1 (N alpha Tu) [(1987) J. Mol. Biol.
      193, 427-438]) of Physarum polycephalum (strain CLdAXE) was found to be governed
      by a developmental switch since mRNA transcripts were detected, by S1 nuclease
      analysis, in the plasmodial but not the amoebal phase of the life-cycle. The
      conclusion that the altB1 (N alpha Tu) allele codes for a plasmodial specific
      alpha-tubulin isotype is supported by recent amino acid sequence data.

PMID- 2885215
TI  - Coexistence of peptides with classical neurotransmitters.
AB  - In the present article the fact is emphasized that neuropeptides often are
      located in the same neurons as classical transmitters such as acetylcholine, 5
      hydroxy-tryptamine, catecholamines, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) etc. This
      raises the possibility that neurons produce, store and release more than one
      messenger molecule. The exact functional role of such coexisting peptides is
      often difficult to evaluate, especially in the central nervous system. In the
      periphery some studies indicate apparently meaningful interactions of different
      types with the classical transmitter, but other types of actions including
      trophic effects have been observed. More recently it has been shown that some
      neurons contain more than one classical transmitter, e.g. 5-HT plus GABA, further
      underlining the view that transfer of information across synapses may be more
      complex than perhaps hitherto assumed.

PMID- 2885220
TI  - Bacterial lectins, cell-cell recognition and infectious disease.
AB  - Numerous bacterial strains produce surface lectins, commonly in the form of
      fimbriae that are filamentous assemblies of protein subunits. Among the best
      characterized of these are the type 1 (mannose specific) fimbrial lectins of
      Escherichia coli that consist almost exclusively of one class of subunit with a
      molecular mass of 17 kDa. They possess an extended combining site corresponding
      to a trisaccharide and preferentially bind carbohydrate units of oligomannose or
      hybrid type. Type 1 fimbriae also possess a hydrophobic region close to the
      carbohydrate-binding site, since aromatic alpha-mannosides inhibit strongly (up
      to 1000-times more than methyl alpha-mannoside) the agglutination of yeasts by
      the bacteria and the adherence of the latter to pig ileal epithelial cells. The
      combining sites of type 1 fimbriae of the salmonellae and of other enteric
      bacteria are different from those of E. coli in that they are smaller and do not
      possess a hydrophobic region. The various bacterial surface lectins appear to
      function primarily in the initiation of infection by mediating bacterial
      adherence to epithelial cells, e.g. in the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts.
      The mannose specific lectins also act as recognition molecules in
      lectinophagocytosis (i.e. phagocytosis of the bacteria in the absence of
      opsonins) by mouse, rat and human peritoneal macrophages, and human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Affinity chromatography of membrane lysates from
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes on immobilized type 1 fimbrial lectin, using
      methyl alpha-mannoside as eluent, showed that glycoproteins with apparent
      molecular masses of 70-80, 100 and 150 kDa act as receptors for the bacteria.
      Inhibition experiments with monoclonal antibodies suggest that the glycoprotein
      bands of 100 and 150 kDa may be identical with the alpha and beta subunits of
      leukocyte complement receptors and adhesion glycoproteins involved in complement
      mediated opsonophagocytosis. The systems described serve as a fine illustration
      for the biological role of lectin-carbohydrate interactions. Further studies of
      these systems will lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of
      infectious diseases, and perhaps also to new approaches for their prevention.

PMID- 2885222
TI  - The amino acid sequence of toxin RpIII from the sea anemone, Radianthus
      paumotensis.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of the sodium channel toxin RpIII from the sea anemone
      Radianthus paumotensis has been determined. The protein is homologous with five
      analogous toxins from three anemone species, and is most similar to a less toxic
      protein, RpII, from the same organism. Twelve residues are conserved in all six
      toxins, one of which is an arginine residue thought to be essential for toxicity.
      The others (Cys, Gly, Pro and Trp) tend to be conserved in other sets of
      homologous proteins to maintain functional folds. Comparisons of the sequences
      suggest the existence of two separate but related classes of toxins cumon the
      three species of anemone.

PMID- 2885223
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic inhibition of pancreatic islet glucose utilization is mediated
      by an inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
AB  - The rate of glucose utilization in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat was
      inhibited by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and epinephrine.
      Yohimbine reversed the inhibition. alpha 1 or beta-adrenoceptor agonists had
      little or no effect on glucose utilization. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors
      by carbamylcholine reversed the effect of clonidine. Pertussis toxin blocked the
      effect of clonidine on glucose utilization, and potentiated the response to
      carbamylcholine. 8-Bromo-cAMP did not affect glucose utilization in the presence
      of clonidine. Thus, alpha 2-adrenoceptors negatively modulate glucose
      utilization, and the effect is mediated by an inhibitory guanine nucleotide
      regulatory protein, but not by cAMP.

PMID- 2885224
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits VIP- and isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation
      in rat prostatic epithelial cells.
AB  - The dual regulation of cyclic AMP accumulation was studied in rat prostatic
      epithelial cells incubated with somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP), and the beta-adrenergic agent isoproterenol. Somatostatin noncompetitively
      inhibited the stimulatory effect of VIP and isoproterenol, but it did not alter
      basal cyclic AMP levels. In addition to the multifactorial regulation of the
      cyclic AMP system in rat prostatic epithelium, these results suggest that
      somatostatin may play a physiological role at this level.

PMID- 2885226
TI  - Beta-subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. An amino acid replacement within a
      conserved sequence (G-X-X-X-X-G-K-T/S) of nucleotide-binding proteins.
AB  - A mutant strain KF87 of E. coli with a defective beta-subunit (Ala-151----Val) of
      F1-ATPase was isolated. The mutation is within the conserved sequence (G-X-X-X-X
      G-K-T/S) of nucleotide-binding proteins. The mutant F1-ATPase had a much higher
      rate of uni-site hydrolysis of ATP than the wild type, and about 6% of the wild
      type multi-site activity. The mutant enzyme showed defective transmission of
      conformational change(s) between the ligand- and aurovertin-binding sites.

PMID- 2885225
TI  - Activation of polyphosphoinositide phospholipase C by guanosine 5'-O-(3
      thio)triphosphate and fluoroaluminate in membranes prepared from a human T cell
      leukemia line, JURKAT.
AB  - Polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis was studied in membranes prepared from a human T
      cell leukemia line, JURKAT, prelabeled with myo-[2-3H]inositol. The formation of
      inositol bis- and trisphosphates was stimulated in a buffer with 110 nM free Ca2+
      with a nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue, GTP gamma S, and NaF plus AlCl3 in a time-
      and concentration-dependent manner. GTP gamma S and NaF-AlCl3 had no significant
      effect on the inositol monophosphate level. AlCl3 enhanced the NaF-stimulated
      release of inositol polyphosphates. Optimum concentrations of NaF and AlCl3
      produced 1.5-fold more inositol polyphosphates than that produced by optimum
      concentration of GTP gamma S. OKT3 monoclonal antibody, an antibody against the T
      cell receptor complex, did not stimulate the inositol polyphosphate formation by
      JURKAT membranes even in the presence of GTP, although the antibody at the
      concentrations used markedly stimulated the hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides
      in intact JURKAT cells.

PMID- 2885228
TI  - Characterization of the nucleotide tight-binding sites of the isolated
      mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - The properties of the nucleotides tightly bound with mitochondrial F1-ATPase were
      examined. One of three bound nucleotide molecules is localized at the site with
      Kd approximately 10(-7) M and released with koff approximately 0.1 s-1. The
      second nucleotide molecule is bound with the enzyme with Kd approximately 10(-8)
      M and koff for its dissociation is 3 X 10(-4) s-1. The third is never released
      even in the presence of 1 mM ATP or ADP. The last two nucleotides are believed to
      be bound at the noncatalytic sites of F1-ATPase. Pyrophosphate promotes
      liberation of two releasable nucleotide molecules, decreasing the affinity of the
      enzyme to AD(T)P. From the results obtained it follows that the only suitable
      criterion for localization of the nucleotide at the F1-ATPase catalytic site is
      the high rate (koff greater than or equal to 0.1 s-1) of its spontaneous release.

PMID- 2885227
TI  - Pseudo arylsulfatase A deficiency. Biosynthesis of an abnormal arylsulfatase A.
AB  - Pseudo arylsulfatase A deficiency, an asymptomatic condition, and metachromatic
      leukodystrophy, a severe neurodegenerative disease, are both associated with
      profound reductions of arylsulfatase A activity in man. We now report that with
      metabolic labelling, cultured pseudo deficient cells synthesized about 20% of the
      normal amount of arylsulfatase A at a reduced rate of apparent synthesis and
      increased rate of degradation. However, in the presence of ammonium chloride
      which stimulated secretion of lysosomal enzymes, these cells synthesized about
      80% of the normal amount of enzyme protein. Hence, the defect in pseudo
      arylsulfatase A deficiency is associated with labile arylsulfatase A molecules
      which can be stabilized if they are diverted from intracellular storage.

PMID- 2885229
TI  - Brain 14-3-3 protein is an activator protein that activates tryptophan 5
      monooxygenase and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase in the presence of Ca2+,calmodulin
      dependent protein kinase II.
AB  - We have found that the 14-3-3 protein, an acidic neuronal protein, is
      substantially identical to the 'activator' protein [(1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256,
      5404-5409] that activates tryptophan 5-monooxygenase and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
      in the presence of Ca2+, calmodulin dependent protein kinase II. This finding is
      based on the remarkable similarity of both these proteins in physicochemical,
      biochemical and immunochemical properties, as well as on detection for the 14-3-3
      protein of an activator activity towards tryptophan 5-monooxygenase. The result
      suggests that the 14-3-3 protein plays a role in the regulation of serotonin and
      noradrenaline biosynthesis in brain.

PMID- 2885230
TI  - Tumours of the diffuse endocrine system.

PMID- 2885232
TI  - Transverse testicular ectopia: a case report.

PMID- 2885233
TI  - [Plasma welding. An alternative to traditional solder in the dental technical
      laboratory].

PMID- 2885231
TI  - The effect of feeding aflatoxin-contaminated groundnut meal, with or without
      ammoniation, on the development of gamma-glutamyl transferase positive lesions in
      the livers of Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - The detoxification of aflatoxin-containing groundnut meal by ammoniation has been
      investigated using weanling male and female Fischer 344 rats. Rats were fed a
      pelleted diet consisting of 75% groundnut meal and 25% powdered rat diet, with
      vitamin supplement, for a period of 90 days. The groundnut meal was either
      aflatoxin-free or naturally contaminated with aflatoxins, and was used untreated
      or after ammoniation. Body weights and food consumptions were monitored
      throughout the experimental feeding period. After 90 days the animals were
      sacrificed and the gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in the livers assayed
      fluorimetrically, and the distribution of the enzyme activity determined
      histochemically. The results indicated that ammoniation of the aflatoxin
      containing meal eliminated the development of focal GGT positive lesions in both
      male and female animals. However, in the female, histochemical GGT staining of
      hepatocytes in the periportal areas was increased by all the experimental diets
      compared with the unammoniated, aflatoxin-free diet. This observation was
      supported by the fluorimetric assays. Ammoniation of the diet led to a decreased
      body weight gain in all cases compared with the corresponding unammoniated diet
      fed groups.

PMID- 2885235
TI  - Bioenergetics of tumor cells: glutamine metabolism in tumor cell mitochondria.

PMID- 2885234
TI  - Thy-1 evolution.

PMID- 2885236
TI  - Glutamine synthetase gene transcription in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes: regulation
      by dexamethasone, insulin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
AB  - We have investigated the regulation of glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA synthesis
      in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Specific mRNA synthesis (transcription) was
      analyzed by measuring elongation of transcripts in isolated nuclei. Transcription
      rate was assayed by hybridization of newly synthesized [32P]RNA to a GS cDNA. GS
      transcription rate increased more than 100-fold during adipocyte differentiation
      and was inhibited more than 90% by alpha-amanitin. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes
      dexamethasone stimulated GS gene transcription while insulin and dibutyryl cAMP
      decreased GS gene transcription.

PMID- 2885237
TI  - Sea urchin actin gene linkages determined by genetic segregation.
AB  - Genetic linkage between the actin genes of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was
      investigated by observing the segregation of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs). Specific RFLPs of actin gene pairs CyI/CyIIa and
      CyIIIa/CyIIIb always cosegregated, confirming the linkage groups CyI-CyIIa-CyIIb
      previously previously determined by molecular cloning. In contrast, RFLPs of
      actin genes CyI/CyIIa, CyIIIa/CyIIIb, and M all segregated at random with respect
      to one another. This demonstrates that the known actin gene clusters CyI-CyIIa
      CyIIb, CyIIIa-CyIIIb, and the M actin gene are not closely linked.

PMID- 2885238
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic blockade improves glucose-potentiated insulin secretion in non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The impairment of glucose-potentiated insulin secretion present in non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) can be approximated in normal subjects by an
      epinephrine infusion. Therefore, we sought to determine the role of the
      endogenous sympathetic nervous system in glucose-potentiated insulin secretion in
      both NIDDM (n = 6) and normal (n = 6) subjects. Glucose-potentiated insulin
      secretion was calculated as the slope of the curve relating increasing ambient
      glucose levels to the acute insulin response to an intravenous pulse of 5 g of L
      arginine. Glucose-potentiated insulin secretion was determined on separate days
      during alpha-, beta-, and combined alpha- plus beta-adrenergic blockade and
      compared with a saline control. In normal subjects, there was no effect of alpha
      , beta-, or alpha- plus beta-blockade on the slope of glucose potentiation. In
      NIDDM, the initially decreased slope of glucose potentiation (0.25 +/- 0.06
      microU X ml-1 X mg-1 X dl, mean +/- SE; P less than .01) was not affected by beta
      blockade but increased during alpha-blockade (0.91 +/- 0.22 microU X ml-1 X mg-1
      X dl; P less than .05). However, this improvement was abolished by combined alpha
      plus beta-blockade (0.32 +/- 0.07 microU X ml-1 X mg-1 X dl). Plasma
      norepinephrine was increased above basal levels in both normal (+260 +/- 89
      pg/ml) and NIDDM (+438 +/- 162 pg/ml) subjects during alpha-blockade (P less than
      .05 for both). This increase in plasma norepinephrine strongly suggests that
      there is an increase in synaptic cleft norepinephrine concentration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885239
TI  - Inhibition of [14C]aminopyrine uptake in rat isolated gastric mucosal cells by
      two classes of psychotropic agents.
AB  - Certain CNS-active compounds decrease gastric acid secretion in vivo. In this
      study a number of tricyclic antipsychotic or antidepressant compounds together
      with haloperidol, a nontricyclic antipsychotic agent, were shown to inhibit
      dibutyryl-cAMP-stimulated [14C]aminopyrine uptake, an index of acid secretory
      activity in a rat isolated gastric mucosal cell preparation. The observed order
      of potency was: thioridazine greater than chlorpromazine greater than haloperidol
      approximately equal to desipramine approximately equal to imipramine greater than
      clozapine. Comparison of these potencies with those of the known (H+ + K+)ATPase
      inhibitors timoprazole and omeprazole revealed that the potency of timoprazole
      was similar to the one of clozapine while omeprazole was intermediate between
      thioridazine and chlorpromazine. Pirenzepine was ineffective.

PMID- 2885240
TI  - Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on cholera toxin-induced diarrhea and
      glycoenzyme secretion in rat intestine.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin on cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea and the
      appearance of glycoenzymes in the intestinal lumen and intestinal lymph were
      investigated in rat small intestine. After exposure to cholera toxin, marked
      fluid accumulation in the small intestinal tract and elevation of the jejunal
      mucosal cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration were observed. The activity of alkaline
      phosphatase, aminopeptidase and sucrase increased in the intestinal lumen after
      toxin exposure. In intestinal lymph, alkaline phosphatase activity was increased
      after cholera toxin administration, while aminopeptidase activity remained
      unchanged. Somatostatin suppressed cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea, but
      it did not affect the elevated mucosal cAMP concentration. This peptide also
      inhibited the appearance of glycoenzymes in the intestinal lumen and lymph
      induced by cholera toxin administration. These results suggest that somatostatin
      exerts its inhibitory effects on cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea and on
      the appearance of glycoenzymes in the intestinal lumen and lymph by affecting
      processes beyond cAMP formation.

PMID- 2885241
TI  - Distribution of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-like immunoreactivity in the rat.
AB  - Rat tissues were examined for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-like
      immunoreactivity, using carboxy-terminus-specific antibody made against GRP (19
      27), which is thought to be the biologically active site and to be common among
      species. The distribution of GRP-like immunoreactivity in the rat was similar to
      that of bombesin-like immunoreactivity. Sephadex G 50 chromatography revealed two
      peaks of GRP-like reactivity in the rat stomach. Immunohistochemical studies
      using the antiserum to GRP (19-27) revealed numerous nerve fibers in the mucosa
      of the rat stomach. In the antral mucosa, GRP-containing nerves were present
      mainly around the base of the antral glands. Some GRP-containing nerves were in
      contact with gastrin-containing cells and somatostatin-containing cells. GRP
      containing nerve fibers were numerous in the middle portion of the oxyntic gland,
      where somatostatin-containing cells were also detected. None of the endocrine
      cells stained positively with anti-GRP serum. These results support the
      hypothesis that GRP is a neurotransmitter in the stomach and that the peptide
      plays a physiological role in the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2885242
TI  - A case of salicylazosulfapyridine (Salazopyrin)-induced acute pancreatitis with
      positive lymphocyte stimulation test (LST).
AB  - A case of acute pancreatitis induced by salicylazosulfapyridine (Salazopyrin,
      SASP) was reported. A 33-year-old man with ulcerative colitis was given SASP.
      Five weeks later, P-type serum amylase was found to be elevated. The
      amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) and serum lipase were also elevated.
      There were neither subjective symptoms nor abnormal ultrasound findings in the
      pancrease. Lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) to SASP was positive. Asymptomatic
      pancreatitis by SASP was suspected and SASP administration was halted. Afterwards
      the abnormal data became normal. Readministration of SASP because of relapse
      caused an episode of pancreatitis similar to the first occasion. LST was negative
      before SASP intake and became positive after intake. Desensitization to SASP was
      unsuccessful. LST was negative before attempting desensitization and became
      positive when the dosage of SASP increased to 100 mg daily. This is the second
      case of acute pancreatitis reported to be induced by SASP and this is the first
      case in which LST to SASP was described. To our knowledge, this is also the first
      case in which a positive LST was described in drug-induced pancreatitis. This
      case provides evidence for the role of delayed type hypersensitivity in the
      etiopathogenesis of SASP allergy and of dose-independent drug-induced
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 2885243
TI  - Water and sodium transport: effects of calcium channel blocker and calmodulin
      antagonists on the apical and basolateral membranes of amphibian epithelia.
AB  - Ca2+ channel blocker (sensit) and calmodulin antagonists (thioridazine,
      perphenazine, oxyprothepine) applied to the mucosal side of frog urinary bladder,
      weakened the response of epithelial cells to vasopressin. Thioridazine (2.7 X 10(
      5) mol X l-1) and sensit (1.7 X 10(-4) mol X l-1) applied to the serosal side
      rapidly increased the permeability of the epithelia for sodium and potassium ions
      along the concentration gradient (from serosa to mucosa). The same concentrations
      of these blockers when applied to the mucosal side of frog urinary bladder
      selectively decreased vasopressin stimulated water permeability and did not
      influence ionic permeability. Both thioridazine and sensit decreased the short
      circuit current across frog skin. The results show that the Ca2+ channel blocker
      and the calmodulin antagonists tested influenced water and ionic transport across
      the epithelial cell membranes, and had different effects upon the apical and the
      basolateral cell membranes.

PMID- 2885244
TI  - The action of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on the guinea pig and dog
      trachea.
AB  - The action of beta- and alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (isoprenaline, orciprenaline,
      noradrenaline, phenylephrine and ephedrine) and antagonists (propranolol,
      metipranolol, exaprolol, BL 445 and phentolamine) on the resting tension and cAMP
      level of the guinea pig and the mechanical and electrical activities of the dog
      trachea were studied. By activating beta 2-adrenoceptors, isoprenaline and
      orciprenaline relaxed the smooth muscle, elevated the membrane potential and
      attenuated the excitatory effect of histamine on membrane potential and muscle
      tension. Noradrenaline and phenylephrine, acting on alpha 1-receptors, did not
      affect the membrane potential and increased the basal tension of the dog trachea
      only insignificantly. Ephedrine, in high concentrations, however, hyperpolarized
      the smooth muscle membrane and relaxed the dog trachea, while it did not alter
      the cAMP level in the guinea pig preparations. It is, therefore unlikely that
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors play a major role in the excitation of the dog trachea
      under resting conditions whereas the participation of alpha 2-receptors in the
      mechanisms of adrenergic relaxation could not be ruled out. All the beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists studied enhanced the action of low isoprenaline
      concentrations and competitively antagonized it in high concentrations. The order
      of their antagonistic potency in the guinea pig trachea was as follows:
      metipranolol greater than propranolol = exaprolol greater than or equal to BL
      445. It was suggested that metipranolol and exaprolol are nonselective beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists, similarly as propranolol, whereas BL 445 shown some
      beta 1-selectivity. In contrast to their antagonistic effects on the membrane
      activities and muscle tension, both histamine and isoprenaline increased the
      level of cAMP in smooth muscle cells and, when present simultaneously, their
      effect was additive. The mechanism of histamine-induced cAMP level elevation and
      the possible involvement of different subcellular compartments in the action of
      isoprenaline and histamine in relation to the contraction-relaxation cycle is
      discussed.

PMID- 2885245
TI  - Molecular evolution and nucleotide sequences of the maize plastid genes for the
      alpha subunit of CF1 (atpA) and the proteolipid subunit of CF0 (atpH).
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of the maize plastid genes for the alpha subunit of CF1
      (atpA) and the proteolipid subunit of CF0 (atpH) are presented. The evolution of
      these genes among higher plants is characterized by a transition mutation bias of
      about 2:1 and by rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution which are
      much lower than similar rates for genes from other sources. This is consistent
      with the notion that the plastid genome is evolving conservatively in primary
      sequence. Yet, the mode and tempo of sequence evolution of these and other
      plastid-encoded coupling factor genes are not the same. In particular, higher
      rates of nonsynonymous substitution in atpE (the gene for the epsilon subunit of
      CF1) and higher rates of synonymous substitution in atpH in the dicot vs. monocot
      lineages of higher plants indicate that these sequences are likely subject to
      different evolutionary constraints in these two lineages. The 5'- and 3'
      transcribed flanking regions of atpA and atpH from maize, wheat and tobacco are
      conserved in size, but contain few putative regulatory elements which are
      conserved either in their spatial arrangement or sequence complexity. However,
      these regions likely contain variable numbers of "species-specific" regulatory
      elements. The present studies thus suggest that the plastid genome is not a
      passive participant in an evolutionary process governed by a more rapidly
      changing, readily adaptive, nuclear compartment, but that novel strategies for
      the coordinate expression of genes in the plastid genome may arise through rapid
      evolution of the flanking sequences of these genes.

PMID- 2885246
TI  - Dimorphic markers for the human apolipoprotein CII gene locus.
AB  - Two restriction-site polymorphisms (RSP) have been detected when using a human
      apolipoprotein CII (apoCII) cDNA clone as a hybridization probe. These include a
      BanI and a TaqI RSP. Frequencies of the more common allele have been determined
      in a German population of 100 individuals and are 0.66 (BanI RSP) and 0.56 (TaqI
      RSP). Corresponding polymorphic information content (PIC) values are 0.36 and
      0.37 for individual sites, and 0.58 for the BanI-TaqI pair of sites, making this
      locus a very informative (PIC-rich) marker for this region of chromosome 19.
      Haplotype studies also indicate the presence of allelic association (linkage
      disequilibrium) at the human apoCII gene locus.

PMID- 2885247
TI  - Rapid localization and characterization of random mutations within the 2 micron
      circle site-specific recombinase: a general strategy for analysis of protein
      function.
AB  - A method for rapidly localizing and characterizing mutations within the 2 micron
      circle site-specific recombinase enzyme (FLP) is described. The strategy consists
      of dividing the gene coding for FLP (FLP) by artificially introduced unique
      restriction enzyme sites (that do not alter the amino acid sequence of the
      protein) into segments of 150-200 bp, mutagenizing the engineered gene and
      selecting mutants in vivo, localizing each mutation to one of the gene segments
      by an in vivo complementation assay, and characterizing the mutation by
      sequencing of only this DNA segment. The experimental designs embodied by this
      method should be of wide application in investigations of protein function in
      general and of DNA-protein interactions in particular.

PMID- 2885248
TI  - [Minidose naloxone reverses respiratory depression, but not analgesia, at the end
      of narcotic-supplemented anesthesia].

PMID- 2885250
TI  - [Hypertension therapy today].

PMID- 2885249
TI  - [Terfenadine in allergic respiratory tract diseases. General practice study on
      the effectiveness and tolerance in children].

PMID- 2885251
TI  - Amiodarone: a common source of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis.
AB  - Amiodarone, a iodine-rich drug widely used in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias,
      represents one of the most common sources of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. The
      data concerning 58 patients with amiodarone-iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIIT)
      were analyzed in the present study. Prevalence of AIIT was higher in males than
      in females (M/F = 1.23/l). Thyrotoxicosis occurred either during treatment with
      or at various intervals after withdrawal of amiodarone. AIIT developed not only
      in patients with underlying thyroid disorders, but also in subjects with
      apparently normal thyroid gland. Classical symptoms of thyrotoxicosis were often
      lacking, the main clinical feature being a worsening of cardiac disorders.
      Biochemical diagnosis of AIIT was established by the finding of elevated serum
      total and free triiodothyronine levels, since elevated serum total and free
      thyroxine could be found also in euthyroid amiodarone-treated subjects. Twenty
      four-hour thyroid radioiodine uptake was very low or undetectable in AIIT
      patients with apparently normal thyroid glands, while it was inappropriately
      elevated in patients with underlying thyroid disorders, despite iodine
      contamination. The role of autoimmune phenomena in the pathogenesis of AIIT
      appeared to be limited, because circulating thyroid autoantibodies were
      undetectable in AIIT patients without underlying thyroid disorders or with
      nodular goiter. Conversely, humoral features of thyroid autoimmunity were mostly
      found in AIIT patients with diffuse goiter. Treatment of AIIT appeared to be a
      difficult challenge. Among the 11 patients given no treatment, thyrotoxicosis
      spontaneously subsided in the 5 patients with apparently normal thyroid gland,
      whereas the 6 patients with nodular or diffuse goiter were still hyperthyroid 6-9
      months after discontinuation of the drug. The administration of high doses (40
      mg/day) of methimazole alone proved to be ineffective in most (14/16) patients
      given this treatment. Twenty-seven patients were treated by methimazole combined
      with potassium perchlorate (1 g/day). With one exception, euthyroidism was
      restored within 15-90 days in all cases with underlying thyroid abnormalities,
      and within 6-55 days in subjects with apparently normal thyroid gland. Thus, the
      combined treatment appears to be the most effective one, but, due to the
      potential toxicity of potassium perchlorate, it should be reserved to patients
      with severe thyrotoxicosis and should be carefully monitored.

PMID- 2885252
TI  - Leu M-1 antigen: comparative expression in Hodgkin's disease and T cell lymphoma.
AB  - Expression of the granulocyte antigen Leu M-1 is characteristic of Reed-Sternberg
      cells and the related mononuclear cells of Hodgkin's Disease. Leu M-1 has been
      proposed as a specific immunological marker for Hodgkin's Disease which may be
      otherwise difficult to distinguish both morphologically and immunologically from
      non Hodgkin's lymphomas of peripheral T-cell type. In the present study the
      comparative expression of Leu M-1 in Hodgkin's Disease and peripheral T cell
      lymphoma was studied in a series of 43 cases including 25 cases of Hodgkin's
      Disease and 18 cases of immunologically documented peripheral T cell lymphoma.
      Leu M-1 staining by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique in acetone fixed
      frozen sections was observed in 22 of 25 cases of Hodgkin's Diseases, (2 of 3
      cases of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's Disease and 1 case of mixed cellularity
      were negative) and in 4 of 18 cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma. The pattern of
      staining in the peripheral T cell lymphomas was indistinguishable from that
      observed in Hodgkin's Disease in 2 of the cases. Leu M-1 staining appears to be
      of limited diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of Hodgkin's Disease
      and T cell lymphoma. Absence of Leu M-1 staining in frozen tissue however, makes
      a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Disease (with the exception of the lymphocyte
      predominant form) unlikely.

PMID- 2885253
TI  - Formed visual hallucinations in an elderly patient.

PMID- 2885254
TI  - Linkage analysis with RFLPs in families with androgen resistance syndromes:
      evidence for close linkage between the androgen receptor locus and the DXS1
      segment.
AB  - Three families with androgen resistance syndromes--two with testicular
      feminization and one with Reifenstein syndrome--have been studied for linkage
      analysis. Using three cloned DNA sequences from the centromere region and the
      proximal long arm of the X chromosome (p8, pDP34, and S9, which define
      respectively the chromosomal segments DXS1, DXYS1, and DXS17), we found no
      recombination between the DXS1 locus and the mutant genes in the three families.
      Assuming that these disorders are the result of allelic mutations at the same
      locus for the androgen receptor, we can conclude that there is a close linkage
      between DXS1 and the androgen receptor locus, with a maximum lod score zeta = 3.5
      at a recombination fraction theta = 0.0 using the LIPED program (Ott 1974).

PMID- 2885255
TI  - RFLP analysis in families with sporadic hemophilia A. Estimate of the mutation
      ratio in male and female gametes.
AB  - To investigate the sporadic occurrence of hemophilia A and to estimate the sex
      ratio of mutation rates directly, 17 families with isolated cases of the disorder
      were studied by RFLP analysis and by clotting assays. Three RFLPs, one intragenic
      and two with close linkage to hemophilia A, were used. In eight families the RFLP
      study excluded the carrier status of the maternal grandmothers. Since hemostatic
      studies showed that the eight mothers of these propositi were hemophilia
      carriers, the origin of the newly mutated genes was inferred from the RFLP
      patterns: six hemophilic genes derived from the normal maternal grandfathers and
      two, from maternal grandmothers. The data indicate a higher mutation rate in
      males than in females, as previously suggested by segregation analysis and
      coagulation studies. However the sex ratio indicated by the RFLP analysis is
      lower than previously reported and could explain previous conflicting estimates.

PMID- 2885256
TI  - Detection of submicroscopic deletions and a DNA polymorphism at the
      retinoblastoma locus.
AB  - DNA samples from 60 unrelated patients with retinoblastoma were screened by
      Southern blot hybridization using two probes that are closely linked to the
      retinoblastoma locus within human chromosome band 13q14. Seven of 44 patients
      with bilateral or multifocal unilateral retinoblastoma and one patient with
      unifocal unilateral retinoblastoma were found to have a heterozygous deletion for
      the anonymous DNA sequence H3-8. Three of the eight deletions did not include the
      esterase D locus and were undetectable by conventional cytogenetic analysis. The
      findings are compatible with the deletions being the cause of retinoblastoma in
      these cases and provide a basis for DNA diagnosis in nearly 20% of patients with
      bilateral and multifocal unilateral retinoblastoma. The H3-8 probe also detects a
      restriction fragment length polymorphism that is a useful genetic marker in some
      families.

PMID- 2885257
TI  - Rapid RFLP screening procedure identifies new polymorphisms at albumin and
      alcohol dehydrogenase loci.
AB  - A rapid screening procedure for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
      is reported. DNA from ten individuals is pooled and compared to DNA isolated from
      a cell line containing a single chromosome 4. This single chromosome-containing
      line is an obligate hemizygote for chromosome 4 RFLPs so that only one band
      corresponding to a single allele will appear on a Southern blot. In the pooled
      DNA sample lane bands corresponding to both alleles will be seen. The technique
      allows for efficient detection of RFLPs with easier use of large numbers of
      enzymes. It provides estimates of allele frequencies and disequilibrium. New
      RFLPs for albumin and alcohol dehydrogenase detected with this technique are
      described.

PMID- 2885258
TI  - Biochemical and genetic exclusion of calmodulin as the site of the basic defect
      in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Recent physiological studies have shown a defective beta-adrenergic regulation of
      chloride transport and protein secretion in tissues affected by cystic fibrosis.
      The exact biochemical nature of this abnormality is unknown, but an intracellular
      second messenger may be involved. We have tested the hypothesis that calmodulin
      is the site of the basic defect in CF using biochemical and molecular genetic
      techniques. We report here that there is no gross structural abnormality in the
      calmodulin protein from CF submandibular glands, and that although there are at
      least three distinct sequences that cross-hybridise with a calmodulin cDNA probe
      in the human genome, none of these can be the locus of CF. A polymorphism at the
      locus of a calmodulin cross-hybridising sequence at human chromosome 7p2 is
      described.

PMID- 2885259
TI  - Assignment of the human gamma-glutamyl transferase gene to the long arm of
      chromosome 22.
AB  - We have determined the chromosomal location of the human gene for gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT). This study was done by in situ hybridization of human
      metaphase spreads with a rat cDNA probe specific for this enzyme and constructed
      from two clones previously characterized in our laboratory. The final construct
      had a 1.6-kb-long insert covering 92% of the coding sequence for GGT. The new
      insert was also freed of any GC tails introduced for the cDNA cloning, because we
      observed that these sequences were responsible for a high background. Using this
      probe for the analysis of 136 human metaphase spreads, we observed a strong
      specific signal on chromosome 22 at the interface of q111-112 and a minor peak in
      q131. Thus GGT might represent a new marker for the study of certain diseases
      which have chromosomal abnormalities at these loci.

PMID- 2885260
TI  - Quantifying side-effects of beta-blockers: the role of visual analogue scales.
AB  - Beta-blockers are often prescribed for patients who are asymptomatic and for whom
      the benefits of therapy are likely to be small. Side-effects are therefore of
      great importance. Symptoms such as muscle fatigue and peripheral coldness are
      commonly associated with treatment with beta-blockers but these subjective
      phenomena are difficult to detect and quantify so that their prevalence and
      severity are uncertain. Conventional symptom questionnaires may be relatively
      insensitive and visual analogue scales (VAS), which permit interval
      quantification of subjective phenomena, may have some advantages. They appear to
      be able to detect the presence of tiredness of the legs and peripheral coldness
      among hypertensive patients taking beta-blockers and are more sensitive than
      descriptive or 'category' questionnaires. However, some patients find VAS hard to
      understand and a minority of patients score erratically for all symptoms. A most
      detailed explanation is of paramount importance. Scores derived from VAS surveys
      are not normally distributed and should be examined using non-parametric
      statistical methods; normalising transformations do not improve the sensitivity
      of the method.

PMID- 2885262
TI  - Immobilization of microbial cells in gelatine using gamma-irradiation.

PMID- 2885261
TI  - Radioimmunolocation of a heterotransplanted human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) using
      monoclonal anti-SSEA-1: pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1), originally discovered on mouse
      teratocarcinomas, has since been found on some human non-seminomatous germ-cell
      tumors and adenocarcinomas, as well as on some adult mouse and human tissues. A
      monoclonal antibody to this antigen (anti-SSEA-1; IgM, kappa) was used for
      radioimmunolocation. Nude mice bearing the human choriocarcinoma BeWo, which is
      SSEA-1 positive, were injected using a mixture of [131I]anti-SSEA-1 and
      [125I]MOPC 104E, an unselected myeloma protein of the same heavy-chain isotype.
      Animals were sacrificed at 24 hour intervals; the radioactive deposition due to
      both antibodies was determined for both tumors and normal organs. Accumulation of
      anti-SSEA-1 in the tumor was consistantly rapid and specific, while little
      accumulation of the unselected myeloma protein occurred. At five days after
      injection, an average of 3% of the initial dose of specific antibody was retained
      per gram of tumor; the tumor/blood ratio was 11, tumor/muscle was 80. Gamma
      camera imaging allowed ready location of the tumors. Tumors could also be imaged
      using F(ab')2 antibody fragments.

PMID- 2885264
TI  - Release of Thy-1 from human and murine T-cell lines by a specific phospholipase.
AB  - Proteins on the outer surface of cultured human and murine lymphoblastoid T cells
      were labelled with 125I. The labelled cells were incubated with the enzyme
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Proteins cleaved from the
      cell membrane by the enzyme were immunoprecipitated with anti-Thy-1 antibodies,
      separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE), and identified by autoradiography. A doublet of Thy-1 bands of
      approximately 16,000 daltons were detected. The result suggests that: Thy-1 is
      present on the human and murine T cells which we tested, and Thy-1 is attached to
      the cell membrane via a phosphatidylinositol domain.

PMID- 2885263
TI  - Assignment of the Ly-6--Ril-1--Sis--H-30--Pol-5/Xmmv-72--Ins-3--Krt-1--Int-1 -
      Gdc-1 region to mouse chromosome 15.
AB  - Previous work has demonstrated linkage between Ly-6, H-30, and a locus, Ril-1,
      that affects susceptibility to radiation-induced leukemia. Results or preliminary
      linkage analyses suggested further that the cluster might be linked to Ly-11 on
      the proximal portion of mouse chromosome 2. Using molecular probes to examine
      somatic cell lines and recombinant inbred and congenic strains of mice, we have
      re-evaluated these linkage relationships. A cloned genomic DNA fragment derived
      from a retroviral site has been used to define a novel locus, Pol-5, that is
      tightly linked to both H-30 and Ril-1 as shown by analysis of the B6.C-H-30c
      congenic mouse strain. Following the segregation of the Pol-5 mouse-specific DNA
      fragment in a series of somatic cell hybrids carrying various combinations of
      mouse chromosomes on a rat or Chinese hamster background mapped Pol-5 to mouse
      chromosome 15. During the course of these studies, restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms were defined associated with several loci, including Pol-5, Ly-6,
      Sis, Ins-3, Krt-1, Int-1, and Gdc-1. Three of these loci, Sis, Int-1, and Gdc-1,
      have been previously mapped to chromosome 15 by others using somatic cell hybrids
      or isoenzyme analyses. Following the inheritance of these eight loci in
      recombinant inbred strains of mice allowed the definition of a linkage group on
      the chromosome with the order Ly-6--Ril-1--Sis--H-30--Pol-5--Ins-3--Krt-1--Int-1-
      Gdc-1. Analyses of alleles inherited as passengers in B6.C-H-30c, C3H.B-Ly-6b,
      and C57BL/6By-Eh/+ congenic mouse strains and in situ hybridization experiments
      support the above gene order and indicate further that the cluster is located on
      distal chromosome 15, with Ly-6 and Sis near Eh.

PMID- 2885265
TI  - Evaluation of three formulations of a chitin synthesis inhibitor (fenoxycarb)
      against mosquito vectors.

PMID- 2885266
TI  - Evaluation of a synthetic pyrethroid (cyfluthrin) for insecticidal activity
      against different mosquito species.

PMID- 2885267
TI  - Changes in some intestinal enzyme activities in experimental hexachlorobenzene
      induced porphyria and modifying effects of diet.
AB  - Some diets exert a considerable influence on porphyrin metabolism and induction
      of microsomal liver enzymes in experimental porphyria induced by
      hexachlorobenzene (HCB). As HCB and its metabolites come into direct contact with
      intestinal mucosa, this study investigated the changes in the activities of
      intestinal disaccharidases and gamma-glutamyl transferase in a model of HCB
      induced porphyria. The effects of different diets on enzymatic activities during
      HCB intoxication were also studied. HCB was administered by gastric tube at 3.5
      mmol/kg body weight daily for 90 and 61 days. HCB intoxication strongly
      diminished the activities of intestinal lactase, maltase, sucrase, cellobiase and
      trechalase. Carbohydrate diets (with 78 weight % glucose or starch), given
      simultaneously with HCB treatment, exerted a protective effect on disaccharidase
      activities. These regimens maintained cellobiase and trechalase within the normal
      levels and even increased maltase. High-fat/high-protein diets (with 30% either
      butter or sunflower oil and 31% casein) aggravated the decrease of all
      disaccharidases. In contrast with the decrease in disaccharidase activity,
      intestinal gamma-glutamyl transferase was increased, suggesting multiple
      mechanisms for the action of HCB intoxication on the intestinal enzyme system.
      Diet had a pronounced modifying effect.

PMID- 2885268
TI  - Cardiovascular and renal profile of acute peripheral dopamine1-receptor agonism
      with fenoldopam.
AB  - Whether the dopaminergic system may be involved in essential hypertension is of
      pathogenetic as well as therapeutic interest. Therefore, we investigated in eight
      hypertensive and 12 normal subjects cardiovascular, endocrine, and renal
      responses to fenoldopam, which has been characterized experimentally as an
      agonist of peripheral postsynaptic dopamine1 receptors. A single oral dose of
      fenoldopam, 100 mg, changed blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive subjects (from
      163/103 to 147/76 mm Hg; p less than 0.01 for systolic and p less than 0.001 for
      diastolic BP) and normal subjects (from 121/81 to 123/65 mm Hg; p less than 0.001
      for diastolic BP); percentage decreases in diastolic BP averaged -20 +/- 6 and 
      16 +/- 7%, respectively. Fenoldopam-induced effects on other variables were
      similar in the two groups. Heart rate rose (p less than 0.001) on average from 69
      to 92 beats/min in hypertensive and from 64 to 84 beats/min in normal subjects.
      Effective renal plasma flow increased (from 552 to 765 and 634 to 937 ml/min/1.73
      m2; p less than 0.01), while glomerular filtration rate tended to decrease (from
      121 to 99 ml/min/1.73 m2 in the hypertensive and from 119 to 97 ml/min/1.73 m2; p
      less than 0.001 in the normal group). Fractional sodium clearance was elevated
      (from 2.8 to 5.2 and 1.7 to 3.8%; p less than 0.01), as was free water clearance
      (from -1.7 to 0.6 and -1.7 to 0.1 ml/min/1.73 m2; p less than 0.01). Potassium
      clearance was largely unchanged. Plasma renin activity increased about twofold (p
      less than 0.01 in normal subjects), and plasma aldosterone by 40% (NS). Plasma
      norepinephrine levels increased twofold to 2.5-fold (p less than 0.001), and
      urinary norepinephrine excretion fivefold to 10-fold (p less than 0.01).
      Fenoldopam-induced changes were not significantly modified by intravenous and/or
      oral pretreatment with the dopamine-receptor antagonist metoclopramide or the
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. These findings suggest that in humans,
      fenoldopam may acutely override the dopaminergic antagonism of metoclopramide
      given in clinical dosage and that its cardiovascular and renal effects are not
      prostaglandin-mediated. Although acute sympathetic stimulation may be partially
      antagonistic, the concomitant BP-lowering, renal vasodilating, and natriuretic
      actions of fenoldopam represent a desirable profile of a potential
      antihypertensive agent.

PMID- 2885269
TI  - Conversion of B1 kinin receptor-mediated vascular relaxation to contraction.
AB  - We have previously reported that des-Arg9-bradykinin can relax the phenylephrine
      precontracted rabbit mesenteric artery through B1 kinin receptor stimulation and
      the subsequent release of prostaglandins. In the present study, we have found
      that this relaxant response can be converted to a contractile response by the
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Contraction was dose-dependent and was
      blocked by the B1 receptor antagonist [Leu8]des-Arg9-bradykinin, with a pA2 value
      obtained by Schild regression similar to that reported for relaxation in the
      absence of indomethacin. Des-Arg10-kallidin (ED50 = 5.0 +/- 0.9 X 10(-9) M) was
      16 times more potent than des-Arg9-bradykinin (ED50 = 8.1 +/- 0.8 X 10(-8) M) in
      contracting the indomethacin-treated artery and was also blocked by [Leu8]des
      Arg9-bradykinin. In contrast, only 13 out of 24 indomethacin-treated vessels
      contracted in response to bradykinin, which had only one tenth and one 160th the
      potency (ED50 = 9.9 +/- 1.8 X 10(-7) M) of des-Arg9-bradykinin and des-Arg10
      kallidin, respectively. B1 kinin receptor-mediated contraction in the presence of
      indomethacin was unaffected by the dual cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW
      755c. These results indicate that des-Arg-kinins can stimulate both relaxation
      and contraction of the phenylephrine-precontracted rabbit mesenteric artery
      through stimulation of B1 kinin receptors. The relaxation is dependent on the
      release of prostaglandins, while the contraction may represent a direct effect.

PMID- 2885271
TI  - Prazosin-induced alterations in renal alpha-adrenergic receptor function.
AB  - Chronic (3-day) treatment with prazosin causes an increase in renal alpha 2
      adrenergic receptor density and the relocation of renal tubular alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors from extrajunctional to postjunctional sites. We
      investigated whether chronic prazosin treatment (2 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a
      functional alteration of other renal alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, using the
      isolated perfused rat kidney. Prazosin significantly reduced blood pressure and
      increased heart rate during the 3-day treatment. Renal nerve stimulation (2-8 Hz,
      10 V, 1 msec) caused a frequency-dependent increase in renovascular resistance,
      which was potently blocked by prazosin in vitro in both control and prazosin
      treated rat kidneys. The vasoconstrictor response to the alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptor-selective agonist BHT 933 (3-300 microM) was significantly higher in
      kidneys from prazosin-treated rats. Yohimbine (3-300 nM) potentiated the response
      to renal nerve stimulation in both treatment groups. The increase in vascular
      resistance following renal nerve stimulation was lower in kidneys from prazosin
      treated rats, but the response to the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist
      methoxamine (0.3-1 microM) was unchanged. Further studies revealed that renal
      nerve stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release from prazosin-treated rat kidneys
      was significantly lower than release from untreated controls. This response could
      be normalized to control levels by a combination of cocaine (10 microM) and
      yohimbine (100 nM). Thus, chronic prazosin treatment caused enhanced alpha 2
      adrenergic receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and facilitated renal prejunctional
      inhibitory mechanisms. We conclude that with chronic alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
      blockade there is increased alpha 2-adrenergic receptor function in at least two
      and possibly three sites in the kidney; these include postjunctional tubular,
      prejunctional vascular, and possibly extra-junctional vascular sites.

PMID- 2885270
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of arylamine derivatives of rauwolscine as
      molecular probes for alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The selective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist rauwolscine was structurally
      modified to yield a series of arylamine carboxamide derivatives, which were
      investigated as potential molecular probes for the localization and structural
      characterization of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. The arylamine carboxamides
      differ in the number of carbon atoms separating the reactive phenyl moiety from
      the fused ring structure of the parent compound, rauwolscine carboxylate.
      Competitive inhibition studies with [3H]rauwolscine in rat kidney membranes
      indicate that the affinity for the carboxamide derivatives is inversely related
      to the length of the carbon spacer arm with rauwolscine 4-aminophenyl carboxamide
      (zero carbon spacer arm; rau-AMPC) exhibiting the highest affinity (Kd = 2.3 +/-
      0.2 nM). Radioiodination of rau-AMPC yields a ligand, 125I-rau-AMPC, which binds
      to rat kidney alpha 2-adrenergic receptors with high affinity, as determined by
      both kinetic analysis (Kd = k2/k1 = 0.016 min-1/2.1 X 10(7) M-1 min-1 = 0.76 nM)
      and equilibrium binding studies (Kd = 0.78 +/- 0.16 nM). 125I-rau-AMPC was
      quantitatively converted to the photolabile arylazide derivative 17 alpha-hydroxy
      20 alpha-yohimban-16 beta-(N-4-azido-3-[125I]iodophenyl) carboxamide (125I-rau
      AZPC). In a partially purified receptor preparation from porcine brain, this
      compound photolabels a major (Mr = 62,000) peptide. The labeling of this peptide
      is inhibited by adrenergic agonists and antagonists with a rank order of potency
      consistent with an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding site. Both 125I-rau-AMPC
      and the photolabile arylazide derivative, 125I-rau-AZPC, should prove useful as
      molecular probes for the structural and biochemical characterization of alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2885272
TI  - High calcium diet reduces blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats by neural
      mechanisms.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that high dietary calcium attenuates hypertension in
      Dahl salt-sensitive rats by neural as opposed to vascular mechanisms. Four-week
      old Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a high salt diet (3.3% sodium) with either
      high (4.0%; n = 21) or normal (0.4%; n = 21) calcium content until they were 10
      to 11 weeks old. Total plasma calcium concentration was increased and plasma
      phosphorus concentration was decreased by the high calcium diet. At 10 weeks,
      food intake and intestinal absorption of sodium were not altered by the high
      calcium diet. There were three major observations. First, mean arterial pressure
      was lower in awake rats fed a high versus normal calcium diet (137 +/- 7, n = 11,
      vs 165 +/- 6 mm Hg, n = 10, respectively; p less than 0.05). This pressure
      difference was dependent on intact autonomic transmission, since ganglionic
      blockade eliminated the significant difference between pressures in rats fed high
      (78 +/- 5 mm Hg) and normal (85 +/- 6 mm Hg) calcium diets. Second, high calcium
      intake augmented baroreceptor reflex inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve
      activity and heart rate during ramp increase in arterial pressure produced by
      infusion of phenylephrine. Reflex suppression of renal sympathetic nerve activity
      was twofold greater in rats fed the high (vs normal) calcium diet (-2.79 +/- 0.25
      vs -1.34 +/- 0.14% delta/delta mm Hg, respectively; n = 9 rats per group; p less
      than 0.05). Third, high calcium intake did not attenuate vascular responsiveness,
      since pressor responses to norepinephrine and angiotensin II did not differ
      between rats fed high and normal calcium diets after ganglionic
      blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885273
TI  - Neurohumoral and hemodynamic responses to dietary calcium supplementation in
      deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertensive dogs.
AB  - We determined whether dietary calcium supplementation can influence the
      development and maintenance of hypertension in deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-salt
      treated dogs. Dogs on normal dietary calcium (0.4%) had significant increases in
      mean arterial pressure (from 92 +/- 2 to 131 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.01);
      those given high dietary calcium (1.7%) had attenuated but significant increases
      in mean arterial pressure (from 90 +/- 2 to 107 +/- 1, p less than 0.01). The
      elevation of blood pressure in dogs on normal dietary calcium was primarily due
      to increased calculated total peripheral resistance, which was prevented by the
      high calcium diet. The increases in blood pressure could not be attributed to any
      changes in cardiac output, blood volume, or plasma norepinephrine. These results
      suggest that mineralocorticoid hypertension in the dog is associated with
      abnormalities not only in sodium, but also in calcium metabolism. Further, they
      suggest a direct link between sodium and calcium metabolism and may thus have
      implications for the pathogenesis and management of salt-dependent hypertension.

PMID- 2885274
TI  - The area postrema in deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension in rats.
AB  - Ablation of the area postrema in rats prevents sustained hypertension during
      angiotensin II infusion and after unilateral renal artery constriction (two
      kidney, one clip hypertension). The current experiment was performed to determine
      whether an intact area postrema is required for hypertension development in a low
      renin model of experimental hypertension in rats. In 11 rats, the area postrema
      was destroyed using electrical current; the extent and specificity of each lesion
      was confirmed later by blind histological analysis. In 12 rats, sham operations
      were performed. All rats were uninephrectomized and drank saline. During once
      weekly injections of deoxycorticosterone pivalate (5 mg/wk) for 4 weeks, sham
      operated rats (n = 10) showed a significant increase in mean arterial pressure
      (Days 6-28) and saline intake (Days 12-28), but no significant increase in sodium
      or water retention. Deoxycorticosterone-treated rats with area postrema ablation
      (n = 9) exhibited no change in arterial pressure, sodium retention, or water
      retention, but a significant increase in saline intake (Days 17-28). Plasma renin
      activity was equally suppressed in both groups of rats. The depressor response to
      ganglion blockade with hexamethonium (20 mg/kg i.v.) was significantly increased
      during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks of steroid treatment in sham-operated, but not
      area postrema-ablated, rats. Four rats (2 sham-operated; 2 ablated) showed no
      change in any variable over 28 days in the absence of steroid treatment. It is
      concluded that the area postrema may be important in some non-angiotensin
      dependent forms of experimental hypertension, possibly by affecting neurogenic
      control mechanisms.

PMID- 2885275
TI  - Role of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the human hypertensive
      kidney.
AB  - Since it is not known for certain which alpha-adrenergic receptors mediate renal
      vasoconstriction in human essential hypertension, we infused either doxazosin (n
      = 7) or yohimbine (n = 7) into the renal arteries of hypertensive subjects
      immediately prior to diagnostic angiography. Both agents caused an increment in
      renal blood flow as assessed with the xenon-washout technique. Doxazosin
      increased renal flow from 342 +/- 36 to 360 +/- 55 ml/min per 100 g (0.05 less
      than p less than 0.10). Yohimbine enhanced flow from 380 +/- 41 to 485 +/- 63
      ml/min per 100 g (p less than 0.01). The effect of yohimbine was significantly
      greater than that of doxazosin. In a control group (n = 7) receiving only saline,
      no changes in renal blood flow occurred. Doxazosin enhanced renin secretion in
      the kidney by 10 +/- 4% over levels in controls (0.05 less than p less than
      0.10), whereas yohimbine increased renin release by 80 +/- 23% (p less than
      0.01). The latter increase was apparently not due to alterations in flow alone,
      since the arteriovenous gradient for renin also widened. We conclude that in
      resting conditions, neurogenic vascular tone in the kidney depends mainly upon
      activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Moreover, these receptors exert a
      tonic inhibitory influence on renin release.

PMID- 2885276
TI  - Antigenic analysis of Serratia marcescens fimbriae with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised against the purified fimbriae of
      Serratia marcescens US46, a strain expressing three morphologically distinct
      fimbriae. The widths of these fimbriae were 7, 4.5, and 3 nm, respectively.
      Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified
      fimbriae showed three bands with molecular weights of 21,000, 20,000, and 19,000,
      respectively. This strain had mannose-resistant (MR) hemagglutinating activity
      and was agglutinated by yeast cells. Therefore, strain US46 appeared to have both
      MR and mannose-sensitive fimbriae. In the immunoblot analysis, all MAbs reacted
      with the 20,000-molecular-weight subunit when given a choice of three differently
      sized subunits. Immunoelectron microscopy showed these MAbs attached to the MR
      fimbriae with the largest width (7 nm). The antigenic cross-reactivity of
      fimbriae was examined by an MAb-mediated agglutination test. All MR strains of S.
      marcescens and some mannose-sensitive strains were agglutinated by the MAbs. The
      serological homogeneity of MR fimbriae was confirmed by a spot test, using the
      crude purified fimbriae from several MR strains of S. marcescens. In other gram
      negative rods, clinical isolates of Klebsiella spp. with hemagglutinating
      activity were agglutinated, but clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and
      Enterobacter spp. were not.

PMID- 2885277
TI  - Temperature-dependent transcriptional regulation of expression of fimbriae in an
      Escherichia coli strain isolated from a child with severe enteritis.
AB  - Escherichia coli 469-3 synthesizes fibrillar fimbriae at 37 degrees C, but not at
      18 degrees C, which promote its adherence to human colonocytes. RNA homologous
      with a cloned fragment of the strain 469-3 chromosome necessary for normal
      expression of fimbriae was virtually undetectable in bacteria grown at 18 degrees
      C, indicating that environmental temperature affects expression by regulating
      transcription.

PMID- 2885278
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of different human T-cell subpopulations and resistance
      of large granular lymphocytes to HTLV-I infection.
AB  - T4 subpopulation of T lymphocytes is the preferential target of infection with
      human T leukemia/lymphoma virus of subgroup I (HTLV-I). In this study we attempt
      to determine whether different T-cell subsets exhibit differences in
      susceptibility to virus infection. T cells from cord or peripheral blood were
      separated according to cell densities and T-cell surface markers by Percoll
      gradient and Sepharose anti-Fab immunoadsorbent affinity column (IAC),
      respectively. Separated T-cell subpopulations were infected with HTLV-I, by means
      of co-cultivation with irradiated virus producer cell lines (MT-2, TK).
      Percentages of HTLV-I-infected cells were assayed by immunofluorescence assay
      (IFA), using highly specific mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against
      HTLV-I p19 core protein. The results showed that different T-cell subpopulations
      separated either by Percoll or by IAC were susceptible to HTLV-I infection with
      the exception of large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which exhibit high cell
      mediated natural cytotoxicity (CMNC). The susceptibility to HTLV-I infection of T
      cells with CMNC activity was further studied on established cell clones with LGL
      morphology. The results showed again that these cells were resistant to the virus
      infection. The present studies indicate that different T-cell subpopulations,
      irrespective of their size and of cell-surface markers, are susceptible to HTLV-I
      infection, with the exception of functionally mature LGL or of immortalized LGL
      clones.

PMID- 2885279
TI  - A rat monoclonal antibody 4D7 produced by a hybridoma established from a yolk-sac
      tumor-bearing rat binds selectively to the stage-specific embryonic antigen SSEA
      1.
AB  - A monoclonal rat IgM (kappa) antibody (MAb) is produced by a hybridoma obtained
      by fusion of the rat myeloma Y3 Ag 1.2.3 with spleen cells from a female W/Fu rat
      bearing a yolk-sac carcinoma isograft. In the rat this antibody (4D7) shows
      strong selective binding to all tested yolk-sac carcinomas, but no binding to
      cultured cells of a number of other tumor types or to cells of normal tissues.
      Immunohistochemical analysis of the specificity of the antibody confirmed the
      strong binding to yolk-sac carcinomas and also revealed binding to some other rat
      tissues. These include one colon carcinoma, the embryonic ectoderm and the
      primitive visceral endoderm of 8.5-day-old embryos, the central nervous system
      and the oviduct epithelium and some cells in the seminal tubules, the
      gastrointestinal epithelium and associated mucus and also the distal tubuli and
      collecting ducts of the kidney. The MAb binds strongly to purified SSEA-1 but not
      to purified Lewis A glycolipid. It is concluded that the 4D7 MAb recognizes a
      determinant which is identical to or includes Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3) GlcNAc.
      The immunogenicity of the SSEA-1 determinant is further confirmed by the
      demonstration that antibodies binding to purified SSEA-1 but not to Lewis A
      appear in the sera of some of the rats developing primary yolk-sac carcinoma.

PMID- 2885280
TI  - Appearance of serum antibodies to rat yolk-sac carcinomas during the latent
      period prior to primary tumor development.
AB  - Rat yolk-sac tumors were induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) displacement of the
      visceral yolk sac in fetectomized W/Fu rats. Serum was obtained from each female
      rat prior to the pregnancy preceding the tumor-inducing procedure and then once a
      month during the induction period. The sera were analyzed for the presence of
      antibodies binding to cultured cells of one of the yolk-sac tumors. Sera were
      also assayed for complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies on tumor cells. In
      rats that developed tumors, antibodies reacting specifically with the target
      tumor cells could be detected in all of 10 rats. Antibodies appeared before tumor
      detection in all animals but one, and in 6 rats as early as 11 to 25 weeks prior
      to tumor detection. Nine rats developed antibodies demonstrable in the binding
      assay and in 6 of those the antibodies appeared 8 to 25 weeks before the tumor
      became palpable. Analysis of the isotypes of the Ig that bound to tumor cells
      showed that IgG1 and IgG2b were most frequently present. In one rat IgG2a
      antibodies appeared one month before tumor detection followed by IgG1 and IgG2b
      antibodies detectable 4 weeks later. IgG2c and IgM antibodies were not detected
      in any of the rats. At dilution 1/10, sera of all 10 rats showed specific
      cytotoxicity to the tumor cells in the presence of added rabbit complement. In 9
      of these animals antibodies were demonstrated 1 to 4 months prior to tumor
      detection.

PMID- 2885281
TI  - Prolactin response to clomiphene citrate is different in hyperprolactinemic
      polycystic ovary syndrome and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2885282
TI  - Progesterone therapy to decrease first-trimester spontaneous abortions in
      previous aborters.
AB  - A study was designed to see if the use of prophylactic progesterone vaginal
      suppositories (PVS) reduced the risk of spontaneous abortions in women with a
      history of at least one spontaneous abortion. PVS was employed during the luteal
      phase to the end of the first trimester. The dosage was initially 50 mg/day, but
      was increased according to the endometrial biopsy and doubled as soon as
      pregnancy was established. Only 10 women (10%) aborted, and 8 of these 10 were
      successful in their next PVS-treated pregnancies. Overall there were 12 losses in
      132 pregnancies (9%) in these PVS-treated patients. Forty-two percent of
      untreated controls aborted (10/24). The results suggest that PVS is effective in
      reducing the risk of spontaneous abortions in high-risk patients.

PMID- 2885283
TI  - Acyclovir treatment of twelve unexplained infertile couples.
AB  - Because of recently published research showing herpes antibodies in the
      endometria of patients who had aborted, as well as evidence of subacute
      inflammation of the endometria, 17 couples suffering from long-standing totally
      unexplained infertility (except for persistent subacute inflammation of the
      endometrial were given acyclovir over a period of six menstrual cycles. Five of
      these couples did not complete the treatment protocol. Of the 12 couples who did,
      5 became pregnant, with successful pregnancies. Two of the five had posttreatment
      endometrial biopsies that were negative, and both became pregnant subsequently.
      In contrast to their past histories, there were no spontaneous abortions.

PMID- 2885284
TI  - Pelvic pathology affecting fertility.

PMID- 2885286
TI  - Lower lifetime occurrence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system
      among former college athletes.
AB  - The prevalence (lifetime occurrence) rate of cancers of the reproductive system
      (uterus, ovary, cervix, and vagina) and breast was determined for 5,398 living
      college alumnae, 2,622 of whom were former college athletes and 2,776
      nonathletes, from data on medical and reproductive history, athletic training,
      and diet. The former athletes had a significantly lower risk of cancer of the
      breast and reproductive system than did the nonathletes. The relative risk (RR),
      nonathletes/athletes, for cancers of the reproductive system was 2.53, 95%
      confidence limits (CL) (1.17, 5.47). The RR for breast cancer was 1.86, 95% CL
      (1.00, 3.47). The analysis controlled for potential confounding factors,
      including age, family history of cancer, age at menarche, number of pregnancies,
      use of oral contraceptives, use of estrogen in the menopausal period, smoking,
      and leanness. Of the college athletes, 82.4% had been on precollege teams
      compared with 24.9% of the college nonathletes. We conclude that long-term
      athletic training lowers the risk of breast cancer and cancers of the
      reproductive system. The lowered risk may be related to changes in estrogen
      metabolism associated with increased leanness.

PMID- 2885285
TI  - Sperm velocity, pre- and post-washing, as a measure of the effects of
      varicocelectomy and subsequent male fertility.
AB  - Although the beneficial effect of varicocelectomy on subsequent fertility rates
      in subfertile men with varicocele is well documented, the effect of the
      dysfunction on spermatozoal fertilizing capability in this disorder remains
      unclear. This prospective study was conducted to determine whether sperm velocity
      and other quantitative semen parameters in the fresh ejaculate and after washing
      correlate with subsequent fertility. The authors investigated semen
      characteristics in 25 men with varicoceles, before and 6 months after
      varicocelectomy. A significant (P less than .01) correlation was observed between
      postvaricocelectomy improvement in sperm velocity in the fresh ejaculate and
      fertility. A significantly higher correlation (P less than .001) was observed
      between varicocele repair and improved velocity in washed, incubated sperm. No
      pregnancies occurred in the wives of men whose postwash sperm velocity failed to
      improve following surgery. It is suggested that varicocelectomy may enhance or
      restore the ability of spermatozoa to undergo capacitation. One may conclude that
      sperm velocity correlates significantly with future fertility, and that the
      velocity of washed, incubated sperm is the more specifically predictive
      evaluative measure of fertilizing capability in males who have undergone
      varicocele repair.

PMID- 2885287
TI  - Tamoxifen in clomiphene-resistant hypothalamic anovulation.
AB  - Seventeen patients with clomiphene-resistant hypothalamic anovulation were given
      tamoxifen 10 mg per day from cycle day 5 to 9 during two consecutive menstrual
      cycles. Not included were patients with hyperprolactinemia and PCOD. Treatment
      was monitored using measurement of follicle size by ultrasound and assessment of
      serum estradiol. Failure to ovulate persisted in 15 patients. Of the two patients
      who ovulated, one received hCG on day 16, and became pregnant. We were unable to
      demonstrate that clomiphene-resistant patients were likely to ovulate with
      tamoxifen. Forty-five patients with hypothalamic anovulation not previously
      treated were then given tamoxifen in the same dosage. This part of the study
      indicated that tamoxifen was successful in inducing ovulation in 84% of the
      cycles. There was marked improvement in cervical mucus in tamoxifen cycles as
      compared with clomiphene cycles. Tamoxifen was effective, and had some advantages
      compared with clomiphene in patients responding to both drugs. This preliminary
      study suggests that tamoxifen may be a useful addition to the treatment of
      ovulatory failure.

PMID- 2885288
TI  - Acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a clinical follow-up.
AB  - One hundred eighty-two women were diagnosed by laparoscopy as having an initial
      episode of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The classification of PID was
      based on a modification of Westrom's criteria. Antibiotic treatment followed
      recommended protocols established by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Each
      year, the woman is contacted to complete a questionnaire detailing her
      reproductive history, presence of pelvic pain, and menstrual history, as well as
      other miscellaneous gynecologic history. The study covers a follow-up interval of
      six months to 8 years. The results are categorized according to the severity of
      the acute PID, as well as the time elapsed since the infection. A psychological
      investigation of post-PID pain was performed, and yielded accurate prediction of
      whether or not pain had been reported by a patient during the acute phase of the
      disease. Results indicate an increased incidence of involuntary sterility as the
      disease progresses in severity. The occurrence of ectopic pregnancy is increased
      for all stages of PID, but most particularly, following tubo-ovarian abscess. The
      long-term consequences of a single episode of acute PID are often severe.

PMID- 2885289
TI  - Laparoscopic oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy in the treatment of benign
      tubo-ovarian disease.
AB  - Laparoscopic oophorectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy was performed in 24 women
      using bipolar coagulation followed by scissors division of the infundibulopelvic
      ligament, the utero-ovarian ligament, and the broad ligament. Indications were
      pelvic pain secondary to ovarian adhesions from previous hysterectomy (nine
      cases, four with palpable masses), pelvic pain secondary to ovarian endometrioma
      (six cases, three with endometrioma greater than 10 cm); postmenopausal palpable
      ovary (five cases); pelvic mass secondary to dermoid cyst (one case); pelvic pain
      and mass secondary to large hydrosalpinx and ovarian endometrioma (two cases),
      and bilateral ovarian ablation for autoimmune disease (one case). There were no
      intraoperative or late complications. Relative safety of the procedure is
      acknowledged, with emphasis placed on meticulous surgical technique and knowledge
      of retroperitoneal anatomy.

PMID- 2885290
TI  - The use of CO2 laser laparoscopy for treating endometriosis.
AB  - The utilization of CO2 laser laparoscopy has become an increasingly accepted
      procedure because of its ability to obviate the need for major surgery. The
      accuracy of the laser beam through its delivery system, in addition to minimal
      tissue damage without injury to adjacent structures, makes it ideal for treating
      minimal and moderate endometriosis. Its use in individuals with endometriosis may
      render unnecessary other medical treatments, since therapy can be performed at
      the same time that the disease is found. This therapy appears to be as successful
      as medical treatment, or more so, since 76% of patients with minimal disease as
      the only explainable fertility problem became pregnant after treatment. The
      advantages of this tool for treatment of endometriosis include high success rate,
      immediate treatment with a very small increase of operating room time, and the
      ability to treat certain conditions accompanying endometriosis which cannot be
      accomplished with medicine alone (e.g., adhesions).

PMID- 2885291
TI  - Alterations in blood sugar, protein, and lipid levels in Indian women by
      norethisterone enanthate.
AB  - Fasting levels of sugar, protein, and lipids, namely, cholesterol, triglyceride,
      and phospholipid, were determined in the blood of 150 women taking an injectable
      contraceptive, norethisterone enanthate, 200 mg every 60 days for 24 months.
      Triglyceride and cholesterol showed a statistically significant decrease from 10
      and 16 months of use; however, both values returned to control level after use
      for 24 months. Serum phospholipids and total protein did not show significant
      changes, while the blood sugar level increased significantly from 12 months
      onwards and remained elevated (P less than .001) up to the end of the trial
      period.

PMID- 2885292
TI  - The etiology in 77 primary amenorrhea patients.
AB  - This study is based upon an analysis of 77 cases of primary amenorrhea. The work
      up included a complete endocrinological study, cytogenetics, laparoscopy, and
      gonadal biopsy. Of the total number of patients, 31 had a completely developed
      female phenotype, 22 had an insufficiently developed one, and the remaining 24
      patients were characterized by infantilism. A positive sex chromatin was obtained
      in 59 patients, and negative in 18. Out of 77 patients, 25 had an abnormal
      karyotype or one corresponding to the opposite sex. In six patients, the
      existence of a Y chromosome in the karyotype was found in spite of the female
      phenotype. Five patients had the testicular feminisation syndrome.

PMID- 2885293
TI  - Conjugates of catecholamines. VII. Synthesis and beta-adrenergic activity of
      peptide catecholamine conjugates.
AB  - A series of novel catecholamine derivatives has been prepared in which one of the
      N-methyl substituents of isoproterenol has been extended by a spacer consisting
      of a chain of four methylenes which terminates with an amide linkage to a
      peptide, the point of attachment being via the aromatic amino group of p
      aminophenylalanine. In one of the derivatives, two catecholamines are attached to
      the same peptide in this manner. The peptides, which range in size from three to
      eight amino acid residues and contain phenylalanine, glycine, and L-alpha-amino
      delta-hydroxyvaleric acid, were synthesized via stepwise and fragment
      condensation techniques. The beta-adrenergic agonist activities of the
      derivatives were evaluated in vitro by measuring the intracellular accumulation
      of cyclic AMP in S49 mouse lymphoma cells.

PMID- 2885294
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a patient report.

PMID- 2885295
TI  - 125I-iodinated benzazepines bind to melanin: implications for the noninvasive
      localization of pigmented melanomas.
AB  - Both the 5-R and the 5-S enantiomers of [125I]2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-iodo-3-methyl
      5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepin- 7-ol bind to melanin. The interaction between the 5-R
      enantiomer and melanin permits visualization of melanomas in mice with a
      noninvasive imaging procedure. Two lines of evidence suggest that the interaction
      between iodinated ligands and melanin is not related to the D-1 dopamine
      receptor, a known target for the 5-R enantiomer: first, melanin binds both
      enantiomers of the 125I-iodinated benzazepine while the D-1 receptor binds only
      the 5-R enantiomer; second, the melanin binding site displays only a 5-fold
      difference in affinity towards the R- and S-enantiomers of SCH 23390 while the D
      1 receptor displays a 100-fold difference in affinity towards these two
      molecules. Because both enantiomers of the iodinated benzazepine bind to a human
      pigmented melanoma, we propose that such compounds may be of use in the diagnosis
      of pigmented melanoma: in addition, we discuss the possible application of these
      molecules as a supplement to existing technology for the localization of
      pigmented melanomas.

PMID- 2885296
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of D-amino acid oxidase in rat kidney and
      liver.
AB  - The intracellular localization of D-amino acid oxidase in rat kidney and liver
      has been investigated using the indirect immunogold postembedding technique.
      Different fixation and embedding conditions for optimal preservation of
      antigenicity and fine structure have been tested. Immunolabelling was possible
      only in tissues embedded in polar resins (glycol methacrylate and Lowicryl K4M).
      In kidney the enzyme was demonstrable only in the peroxisomes of the proximal
      tubule, where it was associated with the peroxisome core. The enzyme was present
      in all the peroxisomes of the proximal tubule and appeared to be codistributed
      with catalase. Control experiments and quantitative analysis confirmed the
      specificity of the D-amino acid oxidase immunolocalization. All the other cells
      in kidney failed to demonstrate any labelling. In liver, the immunolabelling was
      present in the matrix of the hepatocyte peroxisomes, whereas no traces of the
      enzyme were found in the nucleoid. The intensity of the immunolabelling in liver
      peroxisomes was lower than in kidney. No specific labelling was observed in cells
      other than hepatocytes.

PMID- 2885298
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on thermoregulation during exercise.
AB  - To resolve conflicting reports concerning the effects of beta-blockade (BB) on
      thermoregulatory reflexes during exercise, we studied six fit men during 40 min
      of cycle ergometer exercise at 60% maximum O2 consumption at ambient temperatures
      of 22 and 32 degrees C. Two hours before exercise, each subject ingested a
      capsule containing either 80 mg of propranolol or placebo in single-blind
      fashion. Heart rate at 40 min of exercise was reduced (P less than 0.01) from 125
      to 103 beats min at 22 degrees C and 137 to 104 beats min at 32 degrees C,
      demonstrating effective BB. After 40 min of exercise, esophageal temperature
      (Tes) was elevated with BB (P less than 0.05) from 37.66 +/- 0.04 to 38.14 +/-
      0.03 and 38.13 +/- 0.04 to 38.41 +/- 0.04 degrees C at 22 and 32 degrees C,
      respectively. The elevated Tes resulted from a reduced core-to-skin heat flux at
      both temperatures, indicated by a reduction in the slope of the forearm blood
      flow (FBF)-Tes relationship, and a decrease in maximal FBF. Systolic blood
      pressure was decreased 20 mmHg with BB (P less than 0.01), whereas diastolic
      blood pressure was unchanged, reducing arterial pulse pressure (PP). Because PP
      was decreased and cardiac filling pressure was presumably not reduced (since
      cardiac stroke volume was elevated), we suggest that at least a part of the
      relative increase in peripheral vasomotor tone during BB was the consequence of
      reduced sinoaortic baroreceptor stimulation.

PMID- 2885297
TI  - Arylsulphatase activity in the oviduct of the frog Rana esculenta. I. Oestradiol
      induced changes following ovariectomy and hypophysectomy.
AB  - The effects of oestradiol treatment on arylsulphatase activity in the frog
      oviduct are reported. Oestradiol-induced changes were also investigated in
      ovariectomized and hypophysectomized animals. Under all the experimental
      conditions, hormonal treatment causes an increase in enzyme activity. This can be
      observed biochemically and also histochemically on frozen sections. Hypotheses
      are advanced to explain fluctuations in arylsulphatase activity.

PMID- 2885300
TI  - Control of plasma renin activity in heat-stressed baboons on varied salt intake.
AB  - The characteristics and control of the increase in plasma renin activity (PRA)
      during environmental heating (EH) were determined in 12 unanesthetized,
      chronically catheterized baboons. Each EH experiment consisted of a 1.5- to 4-h
      exposure to an ambient temperature of 39-44 degrees C until core temperature (Tc)
      reached 39.5-40.0 degrees C. These EH experiments were done on the baboon in an
      unblocked state and during beta-adrenergic receptor blockade produced by
      propranolol when on normal-to-high salt intake (NHSI) and on low-salt intake
      (LSI). PRA rose linearly with Tc during EH, but the increase in PRA was
      considerably larger when the baboon was on LSI. The PRA-Tc linear regression
      coefficients were 2.32 and 5.98 ng angiotensin I X ml-1 X h-1 X degrees C-1 in
      NHSI and LSI states, respectively. This rise in PRA during EH was completely
      eliminated during beta-blockade in both NHSI and LSI states. It is concluded that
      heat stress activates the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate beta-receptor
      mediated renin secretion by the kidney, this activation is controlled primarily
      by internal thermoreceptors, and variations in salt intake alters only the
      magnitude of the increase in PRA during heat stress, not the mechanisms that
      produce it.

PMID- 2885299
TI  - Adrenoreceptor effects on rat muscle blood flow during treadmill exercise.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the adrenergic receptors
      on the distribution of blood flow within and among skeletal muscles in rats.
      Blood flow was measured with the radiolabeled microsphere technique before
      exercise and during treadmill exercise at 15 or 60 m/min. Alpha- (phentolamine)
      or beta- (propranolol) adrenergic blocking drugs were administered, and then
      blood flow was measured and results compared with those from saline-treated rats.
      Before exercise, alpha-blockade caused increases in total muscle blood flow and
      in all fast-twitch muscles, whereas muscles composed of greater than 20% slow
      twitch fibers showed no effect. During exercise at 15 m/min, the normal increase
      in total muscle blood flow was attenuated by alpha-blockade. Compared with
      controls, blood flow was less in the high-oxidative (fast and slow) muscle fiber
      areas of extensor muscles, whereas blood flow to white areas of extensor muscles
      was increased. beta-Blockade tended to decrease muscle blood flow before exercise
      and during exercise at 15 m/min with no apparent relationship between the effects
      of blockade on blood flow and muscle fiber type. These effects of beta-blockade
      were not apparent during exercise at 60 m/min. We conclude that before exercise
      alpha-receptor effects are limited to fast muscle, whereas beta-receptor
      influences are independent of fiber type, beta-receptors contribute to the
      initial hyperemia of exercise at 15 m/min, and beta-receptor influence is
      inversely related to metabolic rate.

PMID- 2885301
TI  - Beta-blockade reduces tidal volume during heavy exercise in trained and untrained
      men.
AB  - The effects of beta-blockade on tidal volume (VT), breath cycle timing, and
      respiratory drive were evaluated in 14 endurance-trained [maximum O2 uptake
      (VO2max) approximately 65 ml X kg-1 X min-1] and 14 untrained (VO2max
      approximately 50 ml X kg-1 X min-1) male subjects at 45, 60, and 75% of unblocked
      VO2max and at VO2max. Propranolol (PROP, 80 mg twice daily), atenolol (ATEN, 100
      mg once a day) and placebo (PLAC) were administered in a randomized double-blind
      design. In both subject groups both drugs attenuated the increases in VT
      associated with increasing work rate. CO2 production (VCO2) was not changed by
      either drug during submaximal exercise but was reduced in both subject groups by
      both drugs during maximal exercise. The relationship between minute ventilation
      (VE) and VCO2 was unaltered by either drug in both subject groups due to
      increases in breathing frequency. In trained subjects VT was reduced during
      maximal exercise from 2.58 l/breath on PLAC to 2.21 l/breath on PROP and to 2.44
      l/breath on ATEN. In untrained subjects VT at maximal exercise was reduced from
      2.30 l/breath on PLAC to 1.99 on PROP and 2.12 on ATEN. These observations
      indicate that 1) since VE vs. VCO2 was not altered by beta-adrenergic blockade,
      the changes in VT and f did not result from a general blunting of the ventilatory
      response to exercise during beta-adrenergic blockade; and 2) blockade of beta 1-
      and beta 2-receptors with PROP caused larger reductions in VT compared with
      blockade of beta 1-receptors only (ATEN), suggesting that beta 2-mediated
      bronchodilation plays a role in the VT response to heavy exercise.

PMID- 2885302
TI  - Effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on muscle O2 uptake and lactate
      metabolism.
AB  - To investigate adrenergic receptor-mediated responses in dog gastrocnemius
      plantaris muscle, several catecholamine agonists, isoproterenol, epinephrine,
      norepinephrine, and phenylephrine, and two antagonists, propranolol and
      phenoxybenzamine, were given during repetitive, isotonic, tetanic contractions.
      The response variables that were measured were muscle blood flow, shortening
      during constant load contractions, and arterial and venous O2 and lactate
      concentrations. The calculated variables were O2 uptake (VO2), net lactic acid
      output (L), and power output. In the control experiments, the contractions
      increased VO2 to approximately 50 times rest by 2 min. Thereafter, shortening,
      work, and VO2 declined together by 17% at 30 min, indicating muscle fatigue. L
      increased rapidly to nearly 0.8 mumol X g-1 X min-1 by 2 min, declined to 0.3-0.4
      mumol X g-1 X min-1 by 7 min, and was like rest at 15, 22.5, and 30 min. The
      arterial lactate concentration rose steadily from rest to 30 min of contractions.
      Epinephrine infusion stopped the decline of VO2 during the contractions, but this
      effect was not observed with the other agonists. Propranolol decreased VO2
      compared with controls at 22.5 and 30 min of contractions. Phenoxybenzamine
      decreased VO2 compared with controls at all times during contraction, and the
      decline with time was present. Coinfusion of epinephrine with propranolol reduced
      the decline in VO2 observed with propranolol alone. Both epinephrine and
      isoproterenol increased L compared with controls. This epinephrine response was
      antagonized by propranolol but enhanced by phenoxybenzamine. Both isoproterenol
      and epinephrine infusions increased arterial lactate concentration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885304
TI  - Psychopharmacology of self-injurious behavior in the mentally retarded.

PMID- 2885303
TI  - Pulmonary vascular injury by polycations in perfused rat lungs.
AB  - Polycations, such as protamine sulfate and polylysine, have been implicated in
      the cause of pulmonary edema, but the mechanism is unknown. We studied the
      vascular effect of protamine in isolated rat lungs perfused with a cell- and
      plasma-free solution. Protamine (50-1,000 micrograms/ml) increased lung perfusion
      pressure and caused edema. Blocking the pulmonary vasoconstriction with
      papaverine (10(-4) M) did not prevent lung edema. In addition, lungs treated with
      protamine and papaverine showed increased extravascular leakage of 125I-albumin,
      indicating increased vascular permeability. Histological examination of these
      lungs showed marked endothelial injury. Functional endothelial damage was further
      demonstrated by the impairment of the acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation
      in protamine-treated vascular rings. Antihistamines and indomethacin failed to
      block the pulmonary vasoconstriction and increased vascular permeability caused
      by protamine. In addition, we found that anionic substances, heparin and albumin,
      blocked the lung injury induced by protamine, whereas other polycations,
      polylysine and hexadimethrine bromide, caused pulmonary vasoconstriction and
      increased vascular permeability similar to protamine. We conclude that protamine
      causes pulmonary endothelial injury and lung edema and suggest that the injury
      may be charge mediated.

PMID- 2885305
TI  - Altered translation of the uncC gene coding for the epsilon subunit of the F1F0
      ATPase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the previously described uncC424 allele was determined
      and found to be the same as that of a wild-type uncC gene. However, a G----A
      change occurred 7 nucleotides upstream from the translation start codon, changing
      the putative Shine-Dalgarno sequence from GAGG to GAAG. Four revertant strains
      were examined. In one revertant, which had normal growth and membrane properties,
      a single base deletion had occurred to re-form the Shine-Dalgarno sequence GAGG 1
      nucleotide closer to the translation start codon. A second revertant had a single
      base deletion in the preceding uncD gene, causing an extension of the beta
      subunit by 6 amino acids and an increase, presumably by translational coupling,
      in the amount of epsilon subunit. The third and fourth revertant strains were
      phenotypically similar and had either C----T or G----T changes 18 or 19
      nucleotides, respectively, upstream from the translation start codon.

PMID- 2885306
TI  - Amino acid concentrations in Rhodospirillum rubrum during expression and switch
      off of nitrogenase activity.
AB  - The amino acid concentrations in the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum
      were measured during growth under nif-repressing and nif-derepressing conditions.
      The effects of ammonium, glutamine, darkness, phenazine methosulfate, and the
      inhibitors methionine sulfoximine and azaserine on amino acid levels of cells
      were tested. The changes were compared to changes in whole-cell nitrogenase
      activity and ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase. Glutamate was the
      dominant amino acid under every growth condition. Glutamine levels were
      equivalent when cells were grown on high-ammonia (nif-repressing) medium or
      glutamate (nif-derepressing) medium. Thus, glutamine is not the solitary agent
      that controls nif expression. No other amino acid correlated with nif expression.
      Glutamine concentrations rose sharply when either glutamate-grown or N-starved
      cells were treated with ammonia, glutamine, or azaserine. Glutamine levels showed
      little change upon treatment of the cells with darkness or ammonium plus
      methionine sulfoximine. Treatment with phenazine methosulfate resulted in a
      decrease in glutamine concentration. The glutamine concentration varied
      independently of dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosylation, and it is concluded
      that an increase in glutamine concentration is neither necessary nor sufficient
      to initiate the modification of dinitrogenase reductase. No other amino acid
      exhibited changes in concentration that correlated consistently with
      modification. Glutamine synthetase activity and nitrogenase activity were not
      coregulated under all conditions, and thus the two regulatory cascades perceive
      different signal(s) under at least some conditions.

PMID- 2885307
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and expression of the pyrC gene of Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The pyrC gene of Escherichia coli K-12, which encodes the pyrimidine biosynthetic
      enzyme dihydroorotase, was cloned as part of a 1.6-kilobase-pair chromosomal
      fragment. The nucleotide sequence of this fragment was determined. An open
      reading frame encoding a 348-amino acid polypeptide (Mr = 38,827) was identified
      as the pyrC structural gene by comparing the amino acid composition predicted
      from the DNA sequence with that previously determined for the dihydroorotase
      subunit. The pyrC promoter was mapped by primer extension of in vivo transcripts.
      Transcriptional initiation was shown to occur within a region located 36 to 39
      base pairs upstream of the pyrC structural gene. Pyrimidine availability appears
      to affect the use of the minor transcriptional initiation sites. The level of
      pyrC transcription and dihydroorotase synthesis was coordinately derepressed by
      pyrimidine limitation, indicating that regulation occurs, at least primarily, at
      the transcriptional level. Inspection of the pyrC nucleotide sequence indicates
      that gene expression is not regulated by an attenuation control mechanism similar
      to that described for the pyrBI operon and the pyrE gene. A possible mechanism of
      transcriptional control involving a common repressor protein is suggested by the
      identification of a highly conserved, operatorlike sequence in the promoter
      regions of pyrC and the other pyrimidine genes (i.e., pyrD and carAB) whose
      expression is negatively regulated by a cytidine nucleotide effector.

PMID- 2885308
TI  - A traC mutant that retains sensitivity to f1 bacteriophage but lacks F pili.
AB  - An F lac pro mutant which was temperature sensitive for infection by the
      filamentous bacteriophage f1 but resistant to the F-specific icosahedral RNA
      phage f2 was isolated. Cells carrying the F' mutation failed to elaborate F pili
      at all temperatures. Mutant cells were able to pair with recipient cells during
      bacterial conjugation, but transfer of conjugal DNA occurred at a greatly reduced
      frequency. Complementation analyses showed the F' mutation to be in the traC
      gene. When a plasmid carrying traC was introduced into hosts harboring the F'
      mutation, phage sensitivity, the ability to elaborate F pili, and conjugation
      efficiency were restored. The mutation was named traC1044. The F lac pro traC1044
      mutant appears to be unique among traC mutants in retaining host sensitivity to
      the filamentous phage f1 in the absence of expression of extended F pili. Phage
      f1 attachment sites appeared to be present at the cell surface in traC1044
      mutants. The reduced accessibility of these sites may account for the reduced
      efficiency of phage f1 infection of traC1044 hosts, although the possibility that
      a defect was present in the receptor site itself was not eliminated. Membranes of
      hosts carrying the F' mutation contained a full complement of mature F-pilin
      subunits, so the product of traC is presumably required for pilus assembly but
      not for pilin processing. This, together with the deficiency in conjugal DNA
      transfer, suggests that traC may be part of a membrane-spanning tra protein
      complex responsible for pilus assembly and disassembly and conjugal DNA
      transmission.

PMID- 2885310
TI  - Treatment outcome with clozapine in tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic sensitivity,
      and treatment-resistant psychosis.
AB  - Thirty-eight chronically ill psychotic patients were treated with clozapine for
      indications of tardive dyskinesia, severe extrapyramidal side effects caused by
      other neuroleptics, or treatment-resistant psychosis. Fifty-five percent of all
      patients and 40% of schizophrenics improved with clozapine. Abnormal involuntary
      movements were suppressed during treatment and, with 1 exception, returned to
      baseline levels after clozapine was discontinued. Our results support the
      conclusion that clozapine's efficacy in refractory cases and its lack of
      neurological side effects make it a unique neuroleptic with advantages over
      conventional antipsychotic agents. The drug appears to be safe when treatment is
      accompanied by frequent clinical and hematologic monitoring.

PMID- 2885309
TI  - Mapping of export signals of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilin with alkaline
      phosphatase fusions.
AB  - Pili of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are assembled from monomers of the structural
      subunit, pilin, after secretion of this protein across the bacterial membrane.
      These subunits are initally synthesized as precursors (prepilin) with a six-amino
      acid leader peptide that is cleaved off during or after membrane traversal,
      followed by methylation of the amino-terminal phenylalanine residue. This report
      demonstrates that additional sequences from the N terminus of the mature protein
      are necessary for membrane translocation. Gene fusions were made between amino
      terminal coding sequences of the cloned pilin gene (pilA) and the structural gene
      for Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (phoA) devoid of a signal sequence.
      Fusions between at least 45 amino acid residues of the mature pilin and alkaline
      phosphatase resulted in translocation of the fusion proteins across the
      cytoplasmic membranes of both P. aeruginosa and E. coli strains carrying
      recombinant plasmids, as measured by alkaline phosphatase activity and Western
      blotting. Fusion proteins constructed with the first 10 amino acids of prepilin
      (including the 6-amino-acid leader peptide) were not secreted, although they were
      detected in the cytoplasm. Therefore, unlike that of the majority of secreted
      proteins that are synthesized with transient signal sequences, the membrane
      traversal of pilin across the bacterial membrane requires the transient six-amino
      acid leader peptide as well as sequences contained in the N-terminal region of
      the mature pilin protein.

PMID- 2885311
TI  - A case of nonneuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a diagnosis that has been reported with
      increasing frequency in recent years. We report the case of a patient who was not
      treated with a neuroleptic but in whom a syndrome identical to neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome developed. The case highlights the overuse of and the
      confusion about the diagnosis of the syndrome.

PMID- 2885312
TI  - A new extended globoglycolipid carrying the stage specific embryonic antigen-1
      (SSEA-1) determinant in mouse kidney.
AB  - Two neutral glycolipids carrying the stage specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1)
      and SSEA-3 determinants, respectively, were purified from mouse kidney by a
      combination of column chromatographies and droplet counter-current
      chromatography. The structures of the glycolipids (GL-X and GL-Y) were determined
      by means of GLC, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry, a methylation study, and sequential degradation. GL-X was
      demonstrated to be galactosyl beta 1-3globotetraosylceramide, the structure of
      which had already been characterized to be that of SSEA-3 by Kannagi et al.
      [1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8934-8942). GL-Y was a new glycolipid containing
      fucose, galactose, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine in a
      molar ratio of 1:4:1:1:1. The methylation study results indicated that it
      contained 3 mol of terminal sugars composed of 2 mol of galactose and 1 mol of
      fucose with two branching points at N-acetylgalactosamine and N
      acetylglucosamine. From the data obtained by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, mass
      spectrometry, and a binding assay using an anti-SSEA-1 monoclonal antibody (PM81)
      cloned by Ball et al. [1983) J. Immunol. 130, 2937-2941), we propose the
      structure of GL-Y to be Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1
      4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-ceramide. (sequence; see text) Fuc alpha 1 Gal beta 1
      This is the first report on the isolation and characterization of a glycolipid
      carrying the SSEA-1 determinant on its globo-core structure.

PMID- 2885313
TI  - Genetic control of the expression of two extended globoglycolipids carrying
      either the stage specific embryonic antigen-1 or -3 determinant in mouse kidney.
AB  - In the preceding paper (J. Biochem. 101, 553-562 (1987], we reported the
      structures of two neutral glycolipids (GL-X and GL-Y) purified from mouse kidney,
      and demonstrated the occurrence of polymorphic variation of these two glycolipids
      in inbred strains of mice. GL-X was characterized as galactosyl beta 1
      3globotetraosylceramide, which was reported to be stage specific embryonic
      antigen-3 (SSEA-3) by Kannagi et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8934-8942 (1983], and
      GL-Y as 3-fucolactosaminyl beta 1-6(galactosyl beta 1-3)globotetraosylceramide,
      which carries the SSEA-1 determinant. In order to elucidate the mode of genetic
      control of GL-X and GL-Y expression, two variants, i.e., BALB/c mice expressing
      GL-Y and DBA/2 mice lacking GL-Y but expressing GL-X as the major neutral
      glycolipid, were subjected to mating experiments and glycolipid analysis. F1
      hybrids expressed GL-Y, therefore GL-Y expression is dominant, and DBA/2 mice
      were determined to be recessive homozygotes. Through analysis of backcross and F2
      mice, DBA/2 mice were demonstrated to carry a single defective autosomal gene,
      and it is concluded that because of this DBA/2 mice cannot express GL-Y and so
      accumulate GL-X. An attempt to map the gene controlling GL-Y expression on mouse
      chromosomes using coat colors and recombinant inbred strains was not successful.

PMID- 2885314
TI  - 13C-NMR studies of porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase reconstituted with 13C
      enriched flavin adenine dinucleotide. Effects of competitive inhibitors.
AB  - D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) from porcine kidney was reconstituted with FAD's which
      were enriched with 13C at the 2-, 4-, 4a-, and 10a-positions of the isoalloxazine
      moiety, and 13C-NMR spectra of the reconstituted DAO were measured in the absence
      and presence of various competitive inhibitors. When compared to the
      corresponding chemical shifts of FMN at infinite dilution (Moonen, C.T.W. et al.
      (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4859-4867), the resonances of C(2), C(4), C(4a), and
      C(10a) of FAD bound to apoDAO were all shifted to higher field. However, when the
      reconstituted DAO was complexed with o-, m-, p-aminobenzoate, or benzoate, each
      of the four 13C-signals underwent a different change in chemical shift. In these
      changes we observed no characteristics which distinguish DAO-aminobenzoate
      complexes from DAO-benzoate complex, even though o-, m-, and p-aminobenzoates are
      known to form charge-transfer complexes with DAO. The signals due to 2- and 4-13C
      were more sensitive to the formation of the inhibitor-DAO complexes than those of
      the other carbon atoms. These findings suggest the modulation of the hydrogen
      bonds at the oxygen atoms of C(2) = O and C(4) = O with the protein moiety as the
      result of the inhibitor-binding.

PMID- 2885315
TI  - In vivo detection of regulatory factor binding sites in the 5' flanking region of
      maize Adh1.
AB  - In vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting experiments have been used to locate the
      binding sites of regulatory molecules in the TATA proximal portion of the maize
      alcohol dehydrogenase-1 gene. In several tissues and organs, Adh1 is
      transcriptionally induced by anaerobic stress, and the various alleles of Adh1
      can show a quantitative differential response to induction. Two regulatory
      molecules were found to be bound to the promoter only when the gene was induced.
      The binding sites for these factors mapped to regions located at -100 to -108 and
      -186 to -190 relative to the site of transcript initiation. Two additional
      regulatory molecules were bound to sites located at positions -117 to -120 and 
      138 to -145 regardless of the state of transcription. However, the factor bound
      at the -138 to -145 region was found to alter its binding characteristics when
      the gene was induced.

PMID- 2885316
TI  - Directed mutagenesis of the beta-subunit of F1-ATPase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to generate six mutant strains of
      Escherichia coli which had the following specific amino acid substitutions in the
      beta-subunit of F1-ATPase: (i) Lys-155----Gln; (ii) Lys-155----Glu; (iii) Gly-149
      ---Ile; (iv) Gly-154----Ile; (v) Tyr-297----Phe;(vi) Tyr-354----Phe. The effects
      of each mutation on growth of cells on succinate plates or limiting (3 mM)
      glucose and on cell membrane ATPase activity and ATP-driven pH gradient formation
      were studied. The results showed Lys-155 to be essential for catalysis, as has
      been predicted previously from sequence homology and structural considerations;
      however, the results appear to contradict the hypothesis that Lys-155 interacts
      with one of the substrate phosphate groups because the Lys-155----Glu mutation
      was less detrimental than Lys-155----Gln. Gly-149 and Gly-154 have been predicted
      to be involved in essential conformational changes in F1-ATPase by virtue of
      their position in a putative glycine-rich flexible loop structure. The mutation
      of Gly-154----Ile caused strong impairment of catalysis, but the Gly-149----Ile
      mutation produced only moderate impairment. The two tyrosine residues chosen for
      mutation were residues which have previously received much attention due to their
      being the sites of reaction of the inactivating chemical modification reagents 4
      chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (Tyr-297) and p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl-5'-adenosine
      (Tyr-354). We found that mutation of Tyr-297----Phe caused only minor impairment
      of catalysis, and mutation of Tyr-354----Phe produced no impairment. Therefore, a
      direct role for either of these tyrosine residues in catalysis is unlikely.

PMID- 2885317
TI  - Alpha-proton abstraction and carbanion formation in the mechanism of action of
      lysyl oxidase.
AB  - Tetranitromethane (TNM) was employed as an electrophilic reagent to probe for the
      lysyl oxidase-catalyzed processing of n-butylamine to an intermediate carbanion
      during the oxidation of this amine to n-butyraldehyde according to a prior
      description of the use of TNM to trap enzyme-generated carbanion intermediates
      (Christen, P. and Riordan, J. F. (1968) Biochemistry 7, 1531-1538). The addition
      of n-butylamine to assay mixtures containing lysyl oxidase and TNM markedly
      increased the background rate of nitroform release. The Km for n-butylamine was
      essentially the same whether determined from the rate of lysyl oxidase-catalyzed
      nitroform release or from the rate of n-butyraldehyde production in the absence
      of TNM, the latter assessed by measurements of the rate of H2O2 formation. The
      initial rate of substrate- and enzyme-dependent nitroform production was linearly
      related to functional active site content. These data are consistent with the
      enzyme-dependent abstraction of an alpha-proton from the substrate to form an
      intermediate enzyme-bound carbanion. Kinetic analyses of the oxidation of n
      butylamine and 1,1-dideutero-n-butylamine by lysyl oxidase revealed kinetic
      isotope effects on Vmax and Vmax/Km parameters, consistent with a rate
      contributing alpha-proton abstraction step. These and other available data are
      incorporated into a proposal for the mechanism of action of this enzyme.

PMID- 2885318
TI  - Correlation between the ATP synthetic active state and the ATP hydrolytic active
      state in chloroplast ATP synthase-ATPase complex CF0 . CF1.
AB  - Illumination of chloroplast thylakoids activates ATP synthase-ATPase complex CF0
      . CF1. The time course of ATP synthesis is linear if ADP and Pi are added before
      or simultaneously with illumination. ATP synthesis initiated by adding the
      substrates in the light exhibits a curvilinear time course with a low initial
      rate (Vi). Vi, but not the rate at a steady state, decreases with increasing
      preillumination time with a half-time of 2 s. Coincident with this decrease in
      Vi, activation of ATP hydrolysis takes place. In the postillumination dark,
      restoration of Vi is observed: Vi increases with increasing time intervals
      between the end of illumination and the addition of the substrates with
      simultaneous reillumination (half-time of 3 s). Coincident with this restoration
      of Vi, inactivation of ATP hydrolysis takes place. Such an increase in Vi in the
      postillumination dark is not observed in thylakoids pretreated with N
      ethylmaleimide. These results suggest the following: in the light, the ATP
      synthetically active, but ATP hydrolytically inactive state (Es) converts to the
      ATP hydrolytically active, but ATP synthetically inactive (or less active) state
      (Eh) in the absence of ADP and Pi. The N-ethylmaleimide pretreatment inhibits
      this process. In the postillumination dark, the reverse conversion takes place.

PMID- 2885319
TI  - F1F0-ATPase from Escherichia coli with mutant F0 subunits. Partial purification
      and immunoprecipitation of F1F0 complexes.
AB  - Previously identified mutations in subunits a and b of the F0 sector of the F1F0
      ATPase from Escherichia coli are further characterized by isolating detergent
      solubilized, partially purified F1F0 complexes from cells bearing these
      mutations. The composition of the various F1F0 complexes was judged by
      quantitating the amount of each subunit present in the detergent-solubilized
      preparations. The composition of the F0 sectors containing altered polypeptides
      was determined by quantitating the F0 subunits that were immunoprecipitated by
      antibodies directed against the F1 portion. In this way, the relative amounts of
      F0 subunits (a, b, c) which survived the isolation procedure bound to F1 were
      determined for each mutation. This analysis indicates that both missense
      mutations in subunit a (aser206----leu and ahis245----tyr) resulted in the
      isolation of F1F0 complexes with normal subunit composition. The nonsense
      mutation in subunit a (atyr235----end) resulted in isolation of a complex
      containing the b and c subunits. The bgly131----asp mutation in the b subunit
      results in an F0 complex which does not assemble or survive the isolation. The
      isolated F1F0 complex containing the mutation bgly9----asp in the b subunit was
      defective in two regards: first, a reduction in F1 content relative to F0 and
      second, the absence of the a subunit. Immunoprecipitations of this preparation
      demonstrated that F1 interacts with both c and mutant b subunits. A strain
      carrying the mutation, bgly9----asp, and the compensating suppressor mutation
      apro240----leu (previously shown to be partially unc+) yielded an F1F0 ++ complex
      that remained partially defective in F1 binding to F0 but normal in the subunit
      composition of the F0 sector. The assembly, structure, and function of the F1F0
      ATPase is discussed.

PMID- 2885320
TI  - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen/cyclin is an interleukin 2-responsive gene.
AB  - Previously, we have shown that a protein designated p36 is synthesized at a high
      rate during interleukin 2-driven proliferation of a cloned T lymphocyte, L2.
      Biosynthesis of p36 increases 1000-fold during the initial mid-G1 phase of the
      cell cycle and remains high while the cells proliferate. In this report, we show
      that p36 has the same migration pattern by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as
      proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin and that antiserum to
      PCNA/cyclin selectively immunoprecipitates p36. In addition, by indirect
      immunofluorescence, PCNA/cyclin accumulates in the nucleus of interleukin 2
      stimulated L2 cells during proliferation and is not detectable prior to the
      initial S phase or after proliferation ceases. These data indicate that
      PCNA/cyclin expression is induced by interleukin 2 and that PCNA/cyclin
      accumulation is closely associated with T lymphocyte proliferation.

PMID- 2885321
TI  - Divergent stimulatory and inhibitory actions of carbamoylcholine on gastric D
      cells.
AB  - Carbamoylcholine (carbachol) has been shown to inhibit somatostatin release from
      gastric D-cells. We observed that this dose-dependent inhibitory effect was
      accompanied by decreases in cellular cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP)
      production and increases in parameters of membrane inositol phospholipid
      turnover. However, after pretreatment of D-cells with pertussis toxin (200
      ng/ml), carbachol paradoxically stimulated basal somatostatin release and
      potentiated the secretagogue action of forskolin. Pertussis toxin pretreatment
      blocked the ability of carbachol to decrease cAMP production but changes in
      inositol phospholipid turnover were unaffected. Atropine reversed all of the
      observed changes induced by carbachol. These data suggest that muscarinic
      cholinergic receptors mediate both stimulatory and inhibitory regulation of D
      cells. The inhibitory effect may involve pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory
      guanine nucleotide binding proteins while the stimulatory effect may result from
      the consequences of membrane phosphoinositide turnover.

PMID- 2885322
TI  - Cascade control of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase. Purification and
      properties of PII protein and nucleotide sequence of its structural gene.
AB  - A procedure was developed to purify large quantities of PII protein from an
      Escherichia coli strain which contains a multicopy plasmid harboring the
      structural gene of PII (the glnB gene). Ultraviolet spectra of uridylylated and
      unuridylylated PII were obtained using the purified PII and empirical formulas to
      calculate the concentration of protein and the average number of uridylylated
      subunits per molecule were derived. A continuous fluorometric assay for the
      measurement of uridylylated PII (PIID) and adenylyltransferase (ATase) was also
      established. Rate measurements at various concentrations of PIID and at a fixed
      concentration of ATase showed that a tetrameric PIID molecule interacts with only
      one ATase molecule at a time. The complete nucleotide sequence of the glnB gene
      was determined and parts of the deduced amino acid sequence were confirmed by the
      results of amino acid sequence analysis of peptides. The PII subunit consists of
      103 amino acids (Mr = 11,580). Two tyrosines reside at positions 46 and 51, where
      Tyr51 is the site of uridylylation. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the upstream
      region showed no obvious sites for the binding of RNA polymerase, indicating that
      the glnB gene is a part of an as yet unidentified operon.

PMID- 2885323
TI  - Active site of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Glutamic acid 553 is
      photolabeled by NAD and shows functional homology with glutamic acid 148 of
      diphtheria toxin.
AB  - Photoaffinity labeling with native NAD, a method employed earlier with diphtheria
      toxin (DT), was used to identify an active site residue of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      exotoxin A (ETA). An enzymically active fragment (Mr 27,000), derived by partial
      digestion of ETA with thermolysin, was irradiated with ultraviolet light (254 nm)
      in the presence of various radiolabeled preparations of NAD. Label from the
      nicotinamide moiety was efficiently transferred to the protein (maximally 0.79
      mol/mol), and the label was exclusively located at position 553. This position,
      like that photolabeled in DT (position 148), corresponds to glutamic acid in the
      native protein. Chromatographically identical photo-products were generated at
      these positions in the two toxins. Glu-553 lies in a cleft in domain III that is
      believed to represent the active site of ETA, and other evidence supports the
      notion that Glu-553 of ETA and Glu-148 of DT are directly involved in catalysis.
      When Glu-553 of ETA was aligned with Glu-148 of DT, we found similarities of
      local primary structure not detected earlier. These results suggest that the
      catalytically active domains of ETA and DT may be evolutionarily related, and
      they provide information that should prove useful for preparing vaccines against
      ETA by recombinant DNA methods.

PMID- 2885324
TI  - A unique AT-rich hypervariable minisatellite 3' to the ApoB gene defines a high
      information restriction fragment length polymorphism.
AB  - A DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism has been found immediately 3' to
      the human apoB gene. Digestion of many different human DNAs at sites flanking the
      region and Southern blotting analysis reveal that this region can vary in length
      by approximately 300 base pairs with five alleles readily distinguishable. The
      length polymorphism is due to a unique AT-rich minisatellite that consists
      primarily of a 30-base pair tandem repeat with two structurally related subunit
      sequences, x (ATAATTAAATATTTT) and y (ATAATTAAAATATTT). In general, the sequences
      repeat in an x-y order. The AT-rich region also contains variant x and y
      sequences that result from C or G for A substitution. Sequence analysis of one
      large allele revealed the expected increased number of xy repeats. In addition,
      similar analysis of three different smaller alleles with the same apparent size
      on Southern blotting analysis showed that all were of slightly different size due
      to minor differences in the number of xy repeats. The heterogeneity of this AT
      rich minisatellite provides the basis for a highly informative restriction
      fragment length polymorphism of the apoB gene and should be very useful in
      association and linkage analysis studies of the contribution of this locus to
      atherosclerosis susceptibility.

PMID- 2885325
TI  - The defective proton-ATPase of uncA mutants of Escherichia coli. Identification
      by DNA sequencing of residues in the alpha-subunit which are essential for
      catalysis or normal assembly.
AB  - A group of mutant uncA alleles, affecting essential residues of the alpha-subunit
      of Escherichia coli proton-ATPase, have been identified by intragenic
      complementation mapping, cloning, and DNA sequencing. One of the mutations,
      uncA450, abolishes normal assembly of F1-ATPase. The amino acid substitution
      found was Glu-299----Lys, which is predicted to lie in an alpha-helix in alpha
      subunit. The reversal of the charge at residue 299 is a likely cause of defective
      assembly. The uncA462 allele causes impairment of catalysis while allowing normal
      assembly of membrane-bound F1-ATPase. The amino acid substitution found was Ser
      347----Phe. Three mutations which impair catalysis but do not cause structural
      perturbation of either membrane-bound or solubilized F1ATPase were characterized
      as follows: uncA401, Ser-373----Phe; uncA447, Gly-351----Asp; uncA453, Ser-375---
      Phe. We predict here that the nucleotide-binding domain of alpha-subunit is
      formed by the amino acids in the sequence from residue 160 to approximately
      residue 340. The mutations which cause impairment of catalysis lie in a short
      segment between residues 347-375 of alpha-subunit, at the C-terminal end of the
      predicted nucleotide-binding domain. This segment is suggested to be important
      for beta-alpha-beta intersubunit conformational interaction involved in positive
      catalytic cooperativity in F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2885326
TI  - Stereospecific labilization of the C-4' pro-S hydrogen of pyridoxamine 5'
      phosphate in aspartate aminotransferase. Activators and inhibitors.
AB  - Measurement of the stereospecific release of the pro-S proton from C-4' of enzyme
      bound pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate provides an experimental means to probe parts of
      the active site of aspartate aminotransferase independently of substrate turnover
      (Tobler, H. P., Christen, P., and Gehring, H. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7105
      7108). The release of pro-S 3H from enzyme-bound [3H]pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate is
      30,000 times faster than from free coenzyme. Enzyme-bound [3H]pyridoxine 5'
      phosphate is not detritiated suggesting an essential role of the 4'-amino group.
      Formation of the unproductive complex of the [3H]pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate-enzyme
      with aspartate or glutamate results in a 400-fold acceleration of 3H release. In
      contrast, addition of borohydride or cyanoborohydride immediately stops 3H
      release. Experiments with a fluorescent reporter group and with differential
      chemical modifications indicate that the activating effect of aspartate on the
      release of 3H is accompanied by a shift of the so-called open/closed
      conformational equilibrium of the enzyme (Kirsch, J.F., Eichele, G., Ford, G. C.,
      Vincent, M.G., Jansonius, J.N., Gehring, H., and Christen, P. (1984) J. Mol.
      Biol. 174, 497-525) toward the closed conformation; the inhibiting effect of
      borohydride and cyanoborohydride appears to be accompanied by a shift toward the
      open conformation. Apparently, at least part of the catalytic apparatus of
      aspartate aminotransferase becomes fully operative only in the closed
      conformation of the enzyme.

PMID- 2885328
TI  - Enzymes that process somatostatin precursors. A novel endoprotease that cleaves
      before the arginine-lysine doublet is involved in somatostatin-28 convertase
      activity of rat brain cortex.
AB  - The selective processing activity which generates both the NH2- and COOH-terminal
      fragments of the octacosapeptide somatostatin-28 (S-28) was investigated.
      Separation into two distinct proteolytic activities was achieved by ion-exchange
      chromatography. An endoprotease cleaving either the substrate Pro-Arg-Glu-Arg-Lys
      Ala-Gly-Ala-Lys-Asn-Tyr-NH2, i.e. [Ala17,Tyr20]S-28-(10-20)-NH2 (peptide I), or
      the octacosapeptide somatostatin-28, on the NH2 side of the Arg-Lys doublet was
      separated from an aminopeptidase B-like activity. Whereas the endoprotease
      cleaves a single peptide bond, between Glu12 and Arg13 of S-28, the
      aminopeptidase B-like enzyme removes both Arg13 and Lys14 stepwise from the NH2
      terminus of the corresponding COOH-terminal fragment. This endoprotease activity
      peaks around pH 8.5, whereas the optimal aminopeptidase B-like activity is in the
      pH range 6.2-8.5. Combination of both enzymes resulted in the recovery of the
      overall S-28 convertase activity with an optimal pH at 7. In addition, this
      endoprotease appears to be very sensitive to divalent cations since it is
      strongly inhibited by chelating agents. The use of selectively modified
      undecapeptides derived from the reference substrate peptide I by a single
      modification of the amino acids Glu12, Arg13, and Lys14 at the cleavage locus
      showed that both basic residues are critically important, whereas Glu12 is not.
      It is proposed that S-28 processing involves a divalent cation-sensitive
      endoprotease that is sensitive to thiol reagents, which cleaves before the Arg
      Lys doublet, which is not trypsin-like, and whose action is coupled to an
      aminopeptidase B-like enzyme.

PMID- 2885327
TI  - The purified ATPase from chromaffin granule membranes is an anion-dependent
      proton pump.
AB  - The proton-ATPase of chromaffin granules was purified so as to maintain its
      proton-pumping activity when reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. The
      purification procedure involved solubilization with polyoxyethylene 9 lauryl
      ether, hydroxylapatite column, precipitation by ammonium sulfate, and glycerol
      gradient centrifugation. The protease inhibitor mixture used in previous studies
      inhibited the proton-pumping activity of the enzyme; therefore, the protein was
      stabilized by pepstatin A and leupeptin. The enzyme was purified at least 50-fold
      with respect to both ATPase and proton-pumping activity. The ATP-dependent proton
      uptake activity of the reconstituted enzyme was absolutely dependent on the
      presence of Cl- or Br- outside the vesicles, whereas sulfate, acetate, formate,
      nitrate, and thiocyanate were inhibitory. Sulfate inhibition seems to be due to
      competition with Cl- on the anion-binding site outside the vesicles, whereas
      nitrate and thiocyanate inhibited only from the internal side. As with the
      inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide, the proton-pumping activity was much more
      sensitive to nitrate than the ATPase activity. About 20 mM nitrate were
      sufficient for 90% inhibition of the proton-pumping activity while 100 mM
      inhibited only 50% of the ATPase activity both in situ and in the reconstituted
      enzyme. The possible regulatory effect of anions on the ATP-dependent proton
      uptake in secretory granules is discussed.

PMID- 2885329
TI  - Thermolabile proton translocating ATPase and pump activities in a clathrin-coated
      vesicle fraction from an acidification defective Chinese hamster cell line.
AB  - We have recently described a mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells, termed G.7.1,
      that contains a temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal mutation resulting in
      defective vacuolar acidification (Marnell, M. H., Mathis, L. S., Stookey, M.,
      Shia, S.-P., Stone, D.K., and Draper, R. K. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 1907-1916).
      To further characterize the lesion, clathrin-coated vesicles were partially
      purified from wild type and G.7.1 cells, and the thermolabilities of vanadate and
      oligomycin-insensitive, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive, H+-ATPase activity, 32Pi
      ATPase exchange activity, and proton pumping were compared. All three parameters
      of H+ pump activity were markedly diminished by preincubation at 44 degrees C for
      vesicles harvested from the G.7.1 cells, but not for those from wild type cells.
      Phosphatidylserine did not protect against heat inactivation in vesicle fractions
      prepared from G.7.1 cells. The results suggest that the mutation responsible for
      defective acidification in G.7.1 cells is expressed at the level of the proton
      pump of organelles present in our clathrin-coated vesicle-enriched preparation.

PMID- 2885330
TI  - The care of burns from methyl bromide (case report).

PMID- 2885331
TI  - Abdominal aortic occlusion following electric injury.

PMID- 2885332
TI  - Differential control of mRNA levels for Thy-1 antigen and laminin in rat mammary
      epithelial and myoepithelial-like cells.
AB  - Thy-1 antigen and laminin are two components often associated with the basement
      membrane of the rat mammary gland and are thought to be synthesized, at least in
      part, by the adjacent myoepithelial cells in vivo. The relative levels of Thy-1
      mRNA and laminin mRNA are compared in a rat mammary cuboidal epithelial cell line
      and a derivative elongated myoepithelial-like cell line by hybridizing cloned
      cDNAs to cellular mRNA isolated from these cell types. Although the elongated
      myoepithelial-like cells synthesize four times as much laminin protein as the
      cuboidal epithelial cells, there is only a 1.7-fold increase in laminin mRNA
      between the two cell types. In contrast the 17-fold increase in Thy-1 antigen
      between the elongated cells and the cuboidal cells can be accounted for
      completely by a 14-18-fold increase in Thy-1 mRNA, suggesting that changes in the
      steady-state levels of Thy-1 mRNA in these cell lines are modulated at either a
      transcriptional or a post-transcriptional level. Run-off transcription by nuclei
      isolated from the cell lines does not distinguish between these two
      possibilities. The comparative results on Thy-1 antigen and laminin show that the
      enhanced production of two proteins often associated with the basement membrane
      of the rat mammary gland can be controlled at different levels in the elongated
      myoepithelial-like cells.

PMID- 2885334
TI  - Capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of the effect of solvents
      on metoprolol and other aryloxypropanolamines.
AB  - When metoprolol in methanol was analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GC), an
      additional peak was observed; mass spectrometry (MS) showed this additional peak
      to have a molecular weight 12 dalton higher than that of the parent compound. A
      similar phenomenon was observed with other beta-adrenergic blocking
      aryloxypropanolamines in methanol or dichloromethane. Capillary GC-MS using
      deuterated solvents as isotopic markers showed that a methylene group from the
      solvents was incorporated into the parent molecule. The structure of the observed
      products and the mechanism of their formation are proposed.

PMID- 2885333
TI  - Determination of carazolol in tissues of pigs by high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A new and sensitive method is described for the determination of the beta
      receptor blocker Carazolol, 4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)-carbazole, in
      different animal tissues. The procedure comprises extraction of Carazolol from
      tissue, clean-up by Kieselgel adsorption and high-performance liquid
      chromatographic separation with fluorimetric detection. The determination limit
      is 0.48 microgram/kg sample. The method has been verified by measuring Carazolol
      in liver, kidney and filet of a fattening pig treated with Carazolol before
      slaughtering.

PMID- 2885335
TI  - Determination of tulobuterol in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography.

PMID- 2885336
TI  - Serial changes in thyroid-stimulating antibody and thyrotropin binding inhibitor
      immunoglobulin at the time of postpartum occurrence of thyrotoxicosis in Graves'
      disease.
AB  - Thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) and TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin
      (TBII) were measured serially in 10 patients with Graves' disease at the time of
      postpartum onset (n = 2) or relapse (n = 8) of Graves' thyrotoxicosis and in 5
      patients with Graves' disease who were in remission and had no postpartum relapse
      of Graves' thyrotoxicosis. TSAb was measured by a sensitive cAMP accumulation
      assay using FRTL-5 cells, and TBII was determined by radioreceptor assay. In no
      patient with either recurrent or new onset postpartum hyperthyroidism did the
      serum free T3 index (FT3I) rise before the free T4 index (FT4I). Of the 10
      patients who had postpartum thyrotoxicosis, concomitant increases in serum FT4I
      and FT3I, and TSAb and TBII were observed in only 1 patient. Increases in TSAb
      and TBII after those in FT4I and FT3I occurred in 6 patients. In 1 patient, an
      increase in TBII was associated with the occurrence of thyrotoxicosis, but TSAb
      increased 1 month later. In the other 2 patients, a TSAb increase was followed by
      the development of thyrotoxicosis, but TBII increased later. In 3 of these 10
      patients, the increased serum FT4I and FT3I values decreased spontaneously,
      whereas the TSAb and TBII levels increased continuously. No positive test or
      increase in TSAb or TBII was found in the 5 patients with Graves' disease who did
      not have a postpartum relapse of thyrotoxicosis. These data indicate that
      postpartum initiation of Graves' thyrotoxicosis is not always associated with an
      increase in circulating anti-TSH receptor antibodies and that such parameters are
      poor indicators of thyroid function. Intrathyroidal humoral or cell-mediated
      immunological mechanisms may also be involved in mediating thyrotoxicosis in
      Graves' disease.

PMID- 2885337
TI  - Somatostatin does not alter insulin-mediated glucose disposal.
AB  - We examined the effect of somatostatin (SRIH) infusion on insulin-mediated
      glucose disposal (Rd) in normal young subjects (n = 8) to determine the influence
      of SRIH on insulin action. Paired 3-h euglycemic insulin clamp studies were
      performed in random order employing insulin alone (25 mU/m2 X min) or insulin
      with SRIH (250 micrograms/h) and replacement of basal glucagon (0.4 ng/kg X min).
      Basal plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon (IRG), and GH concentrations, hepatic
      glucose production, and Rd were similar on each occasion. Steady state (10-180
      min) plasma insulin insulin alone, 283 +/- 10 (+/- SEM); insulin, IRG, and SRIH,
      284 +/- 10 pmol/L) and glucagon levels (insulin alone, 84 +/- 7; insulin, IRG,
      and SRIH, 82 +/- 7 ng/L) were similar. Hepatic glucose production (insulin alone,
      0.66 +/- 0.12; insulin, IRG, and SRIH, 0.78 +/- 0.48 mg/kg X min) and Rd (insulin
      alone, 8.16 +/- 0.62; insulin, IRG, and SRIH, 8.17 +/- 0.61 mg/kg X min) were not
      different at steady state. We conclude that SRIH infusion with glucagon
      replacement does not augment insulin-mediated glucose disposal in normal young
      subjects at physiological insulin levels.

PMID- 2885338
TI  - Multiplicity of serogroups and adhesins in enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli isolated from acute diarrhea in Senegal.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains were isolated from 228 children with diarrhea in Senegal
      from 1982 to 1984. Among these E. coli involved in cases of diarrhea, we found
      that 20.3% were enteropathogenic E. coli. Only 3.9% of the strains adhered to the
      brush borders of human intestinal enterocytes, and they belonged to different
      serotypes. All these adhesion-positive strains possessed genes encoding for the
      heat-stable enterotoxin, but their adhesive factors were different regarding
      serology with anti-colonization factor sera, hemagglutination patterns, electron
      microscopy structures, or major surface protein subunits.

PMID- 2885339
TI  - Comparison of throat and nasopharyngeal swab specimens for culture diagnosis of
      Bordetella pertussis infection.
AB  - During a 9-month period, we evaluated the relative sensitivity of throat and
      nasopharyngeal swab cultures for isolation of Bordetella pertussis. Of 38
      pertussis cases, 36 (95%) had positive nasopharyngeal cultures, while only 16 of
      36 (44%) had positive throat cultures. There were no cases of nasopharyngeal
      negative, throat-positive cultures. The sensitivity of the direct fluorescent
      antibody test was 70% when compared with culture.

PMID- 2885340
TI  - Detection of specific serum immunoglobulin M in nephropathia epidemica
      (Scandinavian epidemic nephropathy) by a biotin-avidin-amplified
      immunofluorescence method.
AB  - A biotin-avidin-amplified indirect immunofluorescence method was used to
      demonstrate specific serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in nephropathia
      epidemica, the Scandinavian type of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The
      antigen in the test was the cross-reacting agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever,
      Hantaan virus. Sixty-two serum samples from 15 patients with clinically typical
      nephropathia epidemica were analyzed. Eleven patients had specific IgM in one or
      more serum samples. The IgM could be demonstrated from day 2 up to day 37, and
      all patients had detectable specific IgM within 15 days after the onset of
      disease. In 49 control serum samples, no specific IgM could be detected,
      indicating a high specificity for the method. The findings demonstrate that the
      biotin-avidin-amplified immunofluorescence IgM assay is a useful tool in the
      diagnosis of early nephropathia epidemica disease.

PMID- 2885341
TI  - Evaluation of anaerobic microdilution MIC results with the Prompt Inoculation
      System.
AB  - The Prompt Inoculation System (3M Co.) was compared with the overnight suspension
      inoculation procedure used with a broth microdilution anaerobic commercial system
      (Micro-Media Systems) for differences in MIC. MIC results from both suspension
      methods using six National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
      recommended quality control organisms were identical in 18 instances (75%) and
      within +/- 1 log2 dilution in 96% of the comparisons. Results with 45 anaerobic
      clinical isolates also compared satisfactorily; 83% of the results were identical
      and 97% were within +/- 1 log2 dilution. In addition, the direct (Prompt)
      inoculated microdilution trays produced better growth and more valid MIC results;
      92% of the clinical isolates produced MIC results versus 79% by the overnight
      suspension procedure.

PMID- 2885342
TI  - Economic comparison of enzyme immunoassay and virus isolation procedures for
      surveillance of arboviruses in mosquito populations.
AB  - Cost-effectiveness analysis of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the surveillance
      of arboviruses was conducted. The EIA was compared with conventional virus
      isolation and serologic identification procedures (virus isolation procedures;
      VIP). Under most circumstances, EIA was more cost-effective than VIP. Costs for
      processing mosquito pools by VIP increased with the number of viruses included in
      the surveillance program and with the prevalence rate of each virus. In contrast
      to VIP, the prevalence rate did not affect costs for processing pools by EIA. In
      general, EIA was the most cost-effective procedure, followed by cell culture and
      mouse bioassays. In a 5-year cost-effectiveness analysis of a model surveillance
      program in which EIA and cell culture bioassays were used, the EIA again proved
      to be the most cost-effective assay procedure under most circumstances.

PMID- 2885344
TI  - A comparison of buspirone, diazepam, and placebo in patients with chronic anxiety
      states.
AB  - Buspirone is an antianxiety compound that has been extensively evaluated in
      clinical trials: it has proved superior to placebo and comparable to diazepam in
      the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder. In this study, 33
      outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder were entered into a crossover study
      of 3 weeks each of placebo, buspirone 10 to 30 mg daily, and diazepam 10 to 30 mg
      daily. Psychiatrist and patient ratings were made, together with psychological
      tests and EEG and skin conductance measures before and after each treatment. Of
      the nine dropouts, six were on buspirone at the time of dropout. For the
      remaining 24 patients, the mean daily doses attained of buspirone and diazepam
      were both 20 mg. On most clinical ratings diazepam was superior to buspirone and
      placebo, which did not differ. Diazepam produced minor psychomotor changes and
      the expected major effects on the EEG. Buspirone was without effect. Side effects
      on buspirone were mainly nausea and giddiness and on diazepam, drowsiness. The
      lack of efficacy of buspirone is discussed in terms of the previous
      benzodiazepine exposure--23/24 patients had had previous exposure and only 10
      were able to tolerate a pretrial placebo washout period. The implications are
      considerable for the introduction of any new antianxiety agent not cross-tolerant
      with the benzodiazepines into a chronically anxious group of patients with
      previous long-term benzodiazepine therapy.

PMID- 2885343
TI  - Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on rat hepatocytic glutathione.
      Compartmentation, efflux, and response to incubation with ethanol.
AB  - Hepatocytes from rats that were fed ethanol chronically for 6-8 wk were found to
      have a modest decrease in cytosolic GSH (24%) and a marked decrease in
      mitochondrial GSH (65%) as compared with pair-fed controls. Incubation of
      hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats for 4 h in modified Fisher's medium revealed a
      greater absolute and fractional GSH efflux rate than controls with maintenance of
      constant cellular GSH, indicating increased net GSH synthesis. Inhibition of
      gamma-glutamyltransferase had no effect on these results, which indicates that no
      degradation of GSH had occurred during these studies. Enhanced fractional efflux
      was also noted in the perfused livers from ethanol-fed rats. Incubation of
      hepatocytes in medium containing up to 50 mM ethanol had no effect on cellular
      GSH, accumulation of GSH in the medium, or cell viability. Thus, chronic ethanol
      feeding causes a modest fall in cytosolic and a marked fall in mitochondrial GSH.
      Fractional GSH efflux and therefore synthesis are increased under basal
      conditions by chronic ethanol feeding, whereas the cellular concentration of GSH
      drops to a lower steady state level. Incubation of hepatocytes with ethanol
      indicates that it has no direct, acute effect on hepatic GSH homeostasis.

PMID- 2885345
TI  - Early phase II clinical trial of remoxipride in treatment of schizophrenia with
      measurements of prolactin and neuroleptic activity.
AB  - Twenty hospitalized schizophrenic patients on haloperidol (doses 6 to 80 mg/day;
      median, 30 mg/day) underwent 4 days of placebo washout before being treated for 6
      weeks with remoxipride, a new benzamide derivative with selective D2-dopamine
      receptor blocking properties. All patients completed the clinical trial period
      with week 6 doses ranging from 75 to 500 mg/day (median, 225 mg/day). Comparison
      of final scores with end of placebo washout showed improvement in schizophrenic
      symptoms in 10 patients and a reduction in the mean score for Clinical Global
      Impression of severity of illness (14.1%) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
      total score (23.0%). Remoxipride caused less parkinsonism than the prior
      neuroleptic therapy and appeared to have little masking effect on tardive
      dyskinesia. Only slight evidence of serum neuroleptic activity was shown by radio
      receptor assay measurements using [3H]spiperone binding and calf caudates, and
      the drug's effect on prolactin elevation was short-lasting (less than 10 hours).
      The mean elimination half-life of remoxipride was 5.9 hours. These results add to
      the consistent impression that D2 receptor blockade predicts clinical
      antipsychotic effects.

PMID- 2885346
TI  - Nifedipine in neuroleptic-refractory schizophrenia.

PMID- 2885347
TI  - Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat: cytoarchitecture, cytochemistry,
      and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesopontine tegmentum.
AB  - The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTn) was originally defined on
      cytoarchitectonic grounds in humans. We have employed cytoarchitectonic,
      cytochemical, and connectional criteria to define a homologous cell group in the
      rat. A detailed cytoarchitectonic delineation of the mesopontine tegmentum,
      including the PPTn, was performed employing tissue stained for Nissl substance.
      Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostained tissue was then analyzed in order
      to investigate the relationship of cholinergic perikarya, dendritic
      arborizations, and axonal trajectories within this cytoarchitectonic scheme. To
      confirm some of our cytoarchitectonic delineations, the relationships between
      neuronal elements staining for ChAT and tyrosine hydroxylase were investigated on
      tissue stained immunohistochemically for the simultaneous demonstration of these
      two enzymes. The PPTn consists of large, multipolar neurons, all of which stain
      immunohistochemically for ChAT. It is present within cross-sections that also
      include the A-6 through A-9 catecholamine cell groups and is traversed by
      catecholaminergic axons within the dorsal tegmental bundle and central tegmental
      tract. The dendrites of PPTn neurons respect several nuclear boundaries and are
      oriented perpendicularly to several well-defined fiber tracts. Cholinergic axons
      ascend from the mesopontine tegmentum through the dorsal tegmental bundle and a
      more lateral dorsal ascending pathway. A portion of the latter terminates within
      the lateral geniculate nucleus. It has been widely believed that the PPTn is
      reciprocally connected with several extrapyramidal structures, including the
      globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Therefore, the
      relationships of pallidotegmental and nigrotegmental pathways to the PPTn were
      investigated employing the anterograde autoradiographic methodology. The
      reciprocity of tegmental connections with the substantia nigra and entopeduncular
      nucleus was investigated employing combined WGA-HRP injections and ChAT
      immunohistochemistry. The pallido- and nigrotegmental terminal fields did not
      coincide with the PPTn, but, rather, were located just medial and dorsomedial to
      it (the midbrain extrapyramidal area). The midbrain extrapyramidal area, but not
      the PPTn, was reciprocally connected with the substantia nigra and entopeduncular
      nucleus. We discuss these results in light of other cytoarchitectonic,
      cytochemical, connectional, and physiologic studies of the functional anatomy of
      the mesopontine tegmentum.

PMID- 2885348
TI  - Organization of central adrenergic pathways: I. Relationships of ventrolateral
      medullary projections to the hypothalamus and spinal cord.
AB  - We studied the organization of projections from the C1 adrenergic and A1
      noradrenergic cell groups in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) to the hypothalamus
      and the spinal cord by using a combination of retrograde transport of fluorescent
      tracers and immunocytochemistry. Three issues were addressed. Neurons in the VLM
      that stain immunohistochemically for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
      (PNMT) have been assumed to be adrenergic. However, the presence of PNMT
      immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus that do not stain for tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) prompted us to re-evaluate the VLM by an elution-restaining
      immunohistochemical procedure. We confirmed that nearly all of the rostral
      medullary PNMT-immunoreactive neurons also stained for TH. By contrast, in the
      caudal medulla, very few TH-positive neurons stained for PNMT. Neurons of the C1
      group in the rostral VLM project both to the thoracic spinal cord and to the
      hypothalamus. To determine whether individual C1 neurons send collaterals to the
      hypothalamus and spinal cord, we injected different-colored fluorescent dyes
      (diamidino yellow or fast blue) into the thoracic spinal gray matter and either
      the median preoptic (MnPO) or paraventricular (PVH) nuclei of the hypothalamus.
      Very few double-labeled neurons were found in the VLM, indicating that
      hypothalamic and spinal cord projections arise from almost completely independent
      populations of cells. Approximately half of the neurons projecting to the spinal
      cord from rostral VLM were not immunoreactive for TH or PNMT, indicating that a
      substantial part of this projection is noncatecholaminergic. The MnPO and the PVH
      both receive extensive catecholaminergic inputs from the VLM. We also used
      fluorescent retrograde tracers to determine whether individual VLM neurons send
      collaterals to both hypothalamic sites. Approximately 20% of neurons projecting
      to the MnPO in the rostral two thirds of the VLM also sent collaterials to the
      PVH, nearly all of these neurons being TH-positive. The collateralization of the
      VLM catecholaminergic projection to the hypothalamus may provide an anatomical
      substrate for integration of fore-brain participation in cardiovascular
      regulation. In contrast, the adrenergic projection from the VLM to the
      intermediolateral column of the spinal cord arises from a separate population of
      neurons.

PMID- 2885349
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive perikarya and nerve terminals in the rat medulla
      oblongata: relationship to cytoarchitecture and catecholaminergic cell groups.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine details of the distribution of neuropeptide
      Y (NPY)-immunoreactive perikarya and nerve terminals in the medulla oblongata in
      relation to cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct catecholaminergic
      regions. The immunoperoxidase method was combined with Nissl staining to
      determine nuclear boundaries of transmitter-identified nerve cell bodies and to
      examine the relationship between populations of NPY-immunoreactive neurons and
      catecholaminergic cell groups (A1, A2, C1, C2, and C3) in serial sections.
      Previous studies using immunofluorescence have described the existence of NPY
      catecholaminergic immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the brainstem. No
      information is currently available with regard to details of the distribution of
      these peptidergic neurons and nerve terminals in the functional subnuclear units
      of the medulla oblongata. In this study we have delineated the anatomical
      association of NPY immunoreactivity with cardiovascular function. Neuropeptide Y
      immunoreactive neurons were found located in close association with noradrenergic
      neurons of the A1 cell group in the caudal ventrolateral medulla oblongata, where
      they were usually found located dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt). A
      second population of NPY-immunoreactive neurons was found located medial to the
      A1 cell group in the ventral subdivision of the reticular nucleus of the medulla
      (MdV). Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in the rostral medulla were found
      located in regions corresponding to the principal distribution of adrenergic
      neurons in the C1, C2, and C3 cell groups. In the dorsomedial medulla (A2 region)
      NPY-immunoreactive neurons were localized in the area postrema (ap) and in a
      number of subnuclei of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (nTS), i.e., the
      dorsal parasolitary region (dPSR), the dorsal strip (ds), the periventricular
      region (PVR), and the ventral parasolitary region (vPSR). The location of NPY
      immunoreactive perikarya and nerve terminals in the dorsal subnuclei of the nTS,
      i.e., the dPSR and ds, is of particular significance, since this distribution
      corresponds with the location of small adrenergic neurons as well as with the
      site of termination of aortic and carotid sinus nerve afferent fibers. NPY
      immunoreactive neurons in the dorsomedial medulla are ideally situated for
      receiving monosynaptic input from baroreceptor afferents and could play a key
      role in the central integration of cardiovascular reflexes.

PMID- 2885350
TI  - Periarteritis in a beagle colony.
AB  - Primary periarteritis, an uncommon necrotizing vasculitis in the dog, was found
      to affect, almost exclusively, the major branches of the coronary arteries in a
      number of young beagle dogs. The arteritis was mainly distributed in the proximal
      segment of the right coronary artery. Immunocytochemical studies failed to
      identify immunoglobulin deposits in the lesions and the cause of the arteritis
      remains unknown. It is important to be aware of this spontaneous condition and
      its regional distribution since certain cardiovascular drugs may also produce
      necrotizing arteritis at similar sites.

PMID- 2885351
TI  - A focus on cancer: development of a course on prevention and early detection.

PMID- 2885352
TI  - [Pain and endogenous analgesic mechanisms in the body's adaptive activities].

PMID- 2885353
TI  - [Mechanism of the formation of a receptor response].

PMID- 2885354
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on exercise performance in patients with
      chronic atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are commonly used in combination with digitalis
      to control excessive heart rate during exercise in patients with chronic atrial
      fibrillation. However, little is known about the effect of beta-adrenergic
      blockade on exercise capacity in these patients. Accordingly, a randomized,
      double-blind, cross-over placebo-controlled study was performed to assess the
      efficacy of celiprolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocker with partial intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity, on exercise performance in nine men with chronic atrial
      fibrillation. All but one patient was receiving maintenance digitalis during the
      study. Heart rate, blood pressure and gas exchange variables were measured at
      rest and during treadmill exercise testing while the patients were receiving
      maintenance celiprolol or placebo. Significant reductions in heart rate and
      systolic blood pressure compared with control values were observed at submaximal
      exercise, at the gas exchange anaerobic threshold and at maximal exertion while
      the patients were taking celiprolol. However, oxygen uptake at the gas exchange
      anaerobic threshold during celiprolol therapy was 12.3 versus 14.0 ml oxygen/kg
      per min during placebo administration (a 12% difference, p less than 0.01).
      Similarly, oxygen uptake at maximal exertion during celiprolol therapy was 17.6
      versus 21.0 ml/kg per min during placebo administration (a 16% difference, p less
      than 0.01). Treadmill time was also reduced during the celiprolol phase compared
      with placebo (11.3 versus 10.3 minutes; a 19% difference, p less than 0.01).
      These results indicate that in patients with atrial fibrillation the major
      beneficial effects of beta-adrenergic blockade--reduced submaximal and maximal
      exercise heart rate and blood pressure--must be weighed against the decrease in
      exercise capacity.

PMID- 2885355
TI  - Effect of cetirizine, a new histamine H1 antagonist, on airway dynamics and
      responsiveness to inhaled histamine in mild asthma.
AB  - Cetirizine, a major human metabolite of hydroxyzine, preserves the histamine H1
      antagonist activity of the parent compound but poorly penetrates the blood-brain
      barrier, thus minimizing sedative and anticholinergic effects. In 10 young (mean
      age 27.7 years) subjects with mild asthma (FEV1 greater than 70% predicted), we
      evaluated the bronchodilator and protective efficacy of 5, 10, and 20 mg of
      cetirizine against bronchospasm induced by histamine inhalation (0.03 to 20
      mg/ml) in comparison with placebo and hydroxyzine, 25 mg, using a random, double
      blind crossover design. The provocative concentration of histamine causing a 20%
      decline in FEV1 for all 10 subjects from the postdiluent control value was more
      than fourfold greater after each active drug than after placebo. Cetirizine, 5 to
      20 mg, provided significantly greater protection against histamine-induced
      bronchospasm than hydroxyzine (p less than 0.001); moreover, a dose-dependent
      protective effect was noted with cetirizine. Significant bronchodilation was also
      found: at 60 minutes, FEV1 increased significantly after all active
      antihistamines compared to placebo and after 20 mg of cetirizine compared to
      hydroxyzine (p less than 0.05). FEV1 increased significantly at 120 minutes after
      hydroxyzine and after cetirizine in both the 20 and 10 mg doses compared to
      placebo (p less than 0.05). We conclude that in subjects with mild asthma, orally
      administered cetirizine provides significant dose-dependent protection against
      histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, which in the doses studied is superior to
      that produced by the parent compound, hydroxyzine. In addition, cetirizine in 5
      to 20 mg doses causes acute bronchodilation. These results suggest a possible
      role of cetirizine in asthma therapy.

PMID- 2885356
TI  - Sedative effects of antihistamines.
AB  - The central effects of a newly developed, long-acting H1 antihistamine,
      loratadine (10 and 40 mg), were compared with those of a standard H1
      antihistamine, diphenhydramine (50 mg three times a day) with measures of
      performance and daytime sleepiness (multiple sleep latency test). Sixteen healthy
      adults (six women and 10 men), 19 to 35 years of age, received each of the drugs
      and placebo for 2 days, separated by 5 days at home. Each day, the drug or
      placebo was administered at 8 A.M. and 12 and 4 P.M. Diphenhydramine was
      administered in three equal doses (50 mg), and loratadine was administered in a
      single dose followed by two placebo doses. Mean latency to sleep on tests done at
      9 and 11 A.M. and 1, 3, and 5 P.M. was reduced significantly with diphenhydramine
      compared to placebo, whereas neither loratadine dose reduced sleep latency.
      Performance measured at 9:30 P.M. and 1:30 P.M. with a battery of tests,
      including reaction time, vigilance, digit symbol substitution, and symbol copying
      tasks demonstrated a significant reduction in symbols copied and digits
      substituted after diphenhydramine compared to both loratadine doses. These
      results demonstrate that loratadine (10 and 40 mg doses) did not have clinically
      significant central nervous system activity, whereas diphenhydramine increases
      sleepiness and disrupts performance efficiency.

PMID- 2885357
TI  - A double-blind evaluation of skin test suppression produced by two doses of
      terfenadine.
AB  - For some patients, terfenadine, in the currently recommended dose of 60 mg twice
      daily (bid), may be only modestly effective in the treatment of allergic
      rhinitis. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of 12 patients, a
      larger dose (300 mg bid) was evaluated for its suppression of titrated skin tests
      to histamine and compound 48/80 to determine whether this regimen might result in
      greater suppression while it maintained the freedom from side effects of the
      presently recommended dose. In seven patients, skin test suppression by these two
      doses of terfenadine each administered for 3 days, was compared to that produced
      in an earlier study by 3 days of treatment with chlorpheniramine (8 mg three
      times a day). The 300 mg bid terfenadine regimen produced significantly greater
      skin test suppression (p less than 0.05) than the currently recommended 60 mg bid
      dose. There was no significant difference in side effects between the two doses,
      and neither active treatment regimen produced more side effects than placebo
      treatment. Both doses of terfenadine suppressed cutaneous reactivity
      significantly more than had chlorpheniramine. It is concluded that the presently
      recommended dose of terfenadine produces submaximal skin test suppression and
      that further studies are needed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety
      of larger doses of terfenadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2885358
TI  - Intrathecally administered angiotensin II increases sympathetic activity in the
      rat.
AB  - The possibility that angiotensin II (AII) functions as an excitatory transmitter
      on sympathetic preganglionic neurones was tested in anaesthetized rats. Drugs
      were administered intrathecally whilst recording blood pressure, heart rate and
      sympathetic activity in splanchnic or renal nerves. Intrathecal AII (20
      microliters, 10(-5) M) caused a significant increase in blood pressure of 13% +/-
      3 and in sympathetic activity of 15% +/- 5. Intrathecal AII (20 microliters, 10(
      3) M) caused larger increases in blood pressure of 22% +/- 3 and in sympathetic
      activity of 25% +/- 3. The magnitude of the response was dependent on the
      location of the catheter tip within the subarachnoid space T9-T11 being best for
      the above changes. Preceding intrathecal AII with the AII antagonist Saralasin
      (20 microliters, 10(-3) M) also given intrathecally prevented the changes. An
      increase in sympathetic nerve activity brought about reflexly by a drop in blood
      pressure of 45-47 mm Hg was almost halved by intrathecal Saralasin. Peak plasma
      counts (less than 5% of total) of [3H]AII in the blood after intrathecal
      injection occurred 2 min after the peak changes in sympathetic activity and blood
      pressure. Counts of [3H]AII in the spinal cord showed that 81% of recovered label
      was within one segment on either side of the catheter tip. It is concluded that
      AII has an excitatory action on sympathetic neurones in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2885359
TI  - Separate areas of rat medulla oblongata with populations of serotonin- and
      adrenaline-containing neurons alter blood pressure after L-glutamate stimulation.
AB  - Separate populations of serotonin- and adrenaline-containing neurons exist in the
      ventrolateral medulla oblongata and project to the intermediolateral cell column
      of the spinal cord. The medullary serotonin nuclei appear to constitute a
      heterogeneous group with diverse effects on arterial pressure. Microinjections of
      sodium glutamate (which excites cell bodies but not axons of passage) made in the
      area of the ventrolateral serotonin cells evokes an increase in arterial pressure
      which is abolished by prior 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) treatment. In
      contrast, glutamate microinjection in the area of the serotonin-containing cell
      bodies in the midline of the medulla evokes falls in arterial pressure and these
      responses are attenuated by pretreatment with 5,7-DHT. Glutamate microinjection
      made in the ventrolateral medulla in the area of the adrenaline-containing cells,
      evokes increases in arterial pressure which are not altered by 5,7-DHT
      pretreatment. After ablation of the area of the adrenaline-containing cells by
      electrolytic lesion, the pressor function of the ventrolateral serotonin
      containing cells is still observed. These results suggest that although the
      serotonin-containing neurons of the ventrolateral medulla are closely aligned
      with the ventrolateral adrenaline area, the serotonin cell groups and the cells
      of the adrenaline area exert their pressor actions independently.

PMID- 2885360
TI  - Excitatory innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle by enteric nerves from
      the terminal large intestine.
AB  - The rectococcygeus muscle extends from the longitudinal layer of the external
      muscles of the terminal colon, anchoring the large intestine to the coccygeal
      vertebrae. The muscle is thought to assist the colon during defaecation, drawing
      the large intestine partly into the pelvic cavity. In the rabbit, many fine
      nerves run between the wall of the colon and a ganglionated nerve plexus on the
      ventral face of the rectococcygeus muscle. Extracellular recordings of evoked and
      spontaneously occurring multiunit discharges from these nerve bundles indicated
      that they may take their origin from the enteric nervous system of the large
      intestine. Enteric nerves (as we have called them) conducted bursts of
      spontaneously occurring multiunit discharges, each burst associated with a
      twisting movement of the rectococcygeus and the colon. Electrical stimulation of
      enteric nerves elicited cholinergically mediated contractions of the
      rectococcygeus; however, nerve stimulation failed to elicit relaxation of muscle
      tone induced by carbachol. Therefore, enteric nerves appeared to supply the
      rectococcygeus with an excitatory innervation only. These excitatory nerves
      appeared to remain uninterrupted by a ganglion synapse as they travelled to the
      rectococcygeus. Stimulation of enteric nerves caused the left and right
      hemirectococcygeal muscle strips to twist and deform the colo-rectal region to
      which they were attached. From these results, it is suggested that the
      rectococcygeus may delay the movement of luminal contents from colon to rectum by
      forming a weak valve which partially occludes the colo-rectal region. The enteric
      nerves to the rectococcygeus may assist in the maintenance of
      continence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885361
TI  - Meeting report: Th autonomic nervous system in health and disease.

PMID- 2885362
TI  - Neuroleptics and behavior: a comparative study.

PMID- 2885363
TI  - Postnatal change of cardiac function in lambs: effects of ganglionic block and
      afterload.
AB  - This study characterizes the maturational change of cardiac function in
      unanaesthetized lambs from 1 day to 6 months of age. The cardiac function curve,
      the relationship between left ventricular output (Qco) and left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure, was studied in lambs of ages 1 day, 2-3 days, 7-8 days, 1
      month, 3 months and 6 months. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution while
      left ventricular end diastolic pressure was either raised by infusion of 5%
      glucose, or lowered by haemorrhage. At elevated left ventricular end diastolic
      pressure, cardiac output tended to reach a plateau of approximately 300 ml/min
      per kg in lambs less than 1 week of age and 200 ml/min per kg in lambs older than
      1 month. Cardiac function was depressed by total ganglionic block in 1-3 days-old
      lambs, but not in lambs older than 1 week. Heart rate decreased in response to
      ganglionic block in lambs up to 1 week of age, but it increased in lambs 3-6
      months old. Increases in afterload with methoxamine infusion during ganglionic
      block further depressed cardiac function in all age groups of lambs. The stroke
      work curve was shifted downward by hexamethonium and returned back to control
      level by methoxamine. We conclude that newborn cardiac output is near maximum
      even at 1 month of age. Sympathetic activity and circulating catecholamines help
      maintain cardiac function in 1-3 days-old lambs. Cardiac function is sensitive to
      afterload in lambs of all ages studied.

PMID- 2885364
TI  - Selective loss of hormonal induction of glutamate transport in primary cultures
      of hepatocytes from rats treated with CCl4.
AB  - A protocol for the mass isolation and successful cultivation of hepatocytes from
      the acinar zones 1 and 2 is described. The hepatocyte suspensions isolated from
      rats pretreated with CCl4 contain less than one-tenth of control levels of the
      perivenous marker enzyme glutamine synthetase, as judged by immunocytochemistry
      and enzyme activity excluding contamination by hepatocytes from zone 3. In
      culture these hepatocytes form morphologically and functionally intact
      monolayers. They synthesize urea and glucose at rates above those of controls,
      but are unable to produce glutamine. These results demonstrate the suitability of
      this culture system for the investigation of hepatic functions that are
      characteristic of cells from the periportal and midzonal part of the acinus. An
      interesting feature of these cultures is the failure of dexamethasone to induce
      the uptake of glutamate while the hormonal induction of the amino acid transport
      systems A and N and of tyrosine aminotransferase is not affected.

PMID- 2885365
TI  - Psychomotor effects of astemizole and chlorpheniramine, alone and in combination
      with alcohol.
AB  - Road traffic accidents are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and their
      association with alcohol and drugs such as minor tranquillizers is well
      established (Seppala et al., 1979). There is also epidemiological evidence to
      associate the older, sedative antihistamines with motorcycle accidents (Skegg et
      al., 1979). Astemizole is a recently introduced H1-antagonist which, unlike older
      antihistamines, does not cause central nervous system sedation. The present study
      was designed to compare the effects of astemizole and chlorpheniramine, alone and
      in combination with alcohol, on an objective measure of psychomotor performance
      relating to car-driving ability.

PMID- 2885366
TI  - A clinical and neurophysiological evaluation of clotiazepam, a new
      thienodiazepine derivative.
AB  - The effects of 3 different dosages of clotiazepam, a new short-acting
      thienodiazepine derivative, were evaluated by using psychometric ratings and EEG
      spectrum analysis. A random double-blind study versus placebo was performed on 8
      patients affected by generalized anxiety disorder (DSM III). The effects of acute
      administration of clotiazepam 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg and placebo per os were
      evaluated by using HRSA and a time-signed semiquantitative scale for anxiety. The
      results of the trial confirm the effectiveness of clotiazepam in the treatment of
      anxiety symptoms, mainly in the reduction of peak anxiety levels, with dose
      dependent characteristics. The modifications of the EEG parameters which resulted
      were dose-dependent and short-lasting with slight sedative findings.

PMID- 2885367
TI  - A controlled clinical trial of tiaspirone in schizophrenia.
AB  - The antipsychotic efficacy of tiaspirone, a new atypical antipsychotic agent, was
      compared to standard neuroleptics, in a single-blind cross-over study. Nine
      actively psychotic schizophrenic patients entered the study and 6 completed it.
      Significant overall improvement, on BPRS and CGI ratings, occurred by week 4, on
      both--tiaspirone and standard neuroleptics. There were no significant differences
      between tiaspirone and standard neuroleptics, in their antipsychotic efficacy. In
      keeping with the preclinical profile of tiaspirone, no extrapyramidal symptoms
      (EPS) were observed with tiaspirone. Two patients showed EPS on standard
      neuroleptics. Five of the 6 patients showed mild transient elevation of liver
      enzymes while on tiaspirone. Liver enzymes returned to normal within 3 weeks of
      discontinuation of tiaspirone. Tiaspirone appears to be a promising new
      antipsychotic agent that may be clinically effective without causing
      extrapyramidal syndromes.

PMID- 2885368
TI  - The evaluation of an ultrasound detector (UD) in the measurement of oro-facial
      dyskinesia.
AB  - An ultrasound detector (UD) was compared with a clinical rating (CR) scale in the
      assessment of oro-facial movements in 23 chronic schizophrenic patients and 23
      normal subjects over a period of 4 weeks. The apparatus distinguished well
      between normal volunteers and dyskinetic patients. There were also highly
      significant correlations between UD scores and clinical ratings. The results thus
      confirm both the construct and concurrent validity of the technique.
      Nevertheless, there was significant variation in the UD scores for some patients
      between assessments. A technical problem was the inability of some patients to
      cooperate for more than 30 seconds. The scores of the normal subjects were
      consistent. With further development and repeated 30-second assessments the
      technique might be of value in the ascertainment of early dyskinesia in patients
      at risk and also in measuring drug effects.

PMID- 2885369
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut
      epithelium of hematophagous dipterans.
AB  - Midguts of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse
      fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared
      for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in Lowicryl K4M.
      Rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP) crossreacted with
      secretory granules of pancreatic PP-producing cells and of the clear cells in
      mosquito gut. Rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the
      control tissue, guinea pig pancreas D-cells, but not with the mosquito clear
      cells. None of the antisera used showed a distinct reaction with the endocrine
      like cells of tsetse fly midgut. Positive reactions were revealed by gold as
      electron-dense marker. The gold particles were coated with protein A-gold or goat
      antibodies to rabbit immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2885370
TI  - Chemoarchitectonics of the brainstem in infrared sensitive and nonsensitive
      snakes.
AB  - The crotaline snake Agkistrodon possesses infrared receptors, whereas the
      colubrid Elaphe quadrivirgata does not. We compared the histochemical activity of
      succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) in the brainstem of these 2 species, by the method of Nachlas et al.
      (1957), Glenner et al. (1957), and Koelle and Friedenwald (1949), respectively,
      and made the following observations. Visual system: The tectum opticum (TO)
      exhibited strong or moderate AChE and SDH activity in areas receiving retinal
      projections, i.e. the str. zonale (sz), str. fibrosum et griseum superficiale
      (sfgs), and narrow areas between small tight fasciculi of the tr. opticus. The
      sfgs was divided into 2 sublayers, a superficial and a deep, by the intensity of
      AChE activity. The deep sublayer of the sfgs and sfc of Agkistrodon were stained
      more strongly than other layers. Numerous fibers within the TO showed MAO
      activity. The entire sfgs of Agkistrodon was thinner than in Elaphe. The nucl.
      posterodorsalis showed moderate AChE, and weak SDH and MAO activity in
      Agkistrodon, but lack of AChE, weak SDH, and moderate MAO activity in Elaphe.
      Infrared system: This system was present only in Agkistrodon. The nucl. of the
      lateral descending trigeminal tract (dlV) and the nucl. reticularis caloris (rc)
      showed to moderate SDH activity in the main neuropil and/or perikarya. These
      nuclei were not conspicuous in AChE preparations. The marginal neuropil of the
      dlV had weak SDH, and moderate AChE and MAO activity. Common sensory trigeminal
      system: Moderate activity of the 3 enzymes was seen in the nucl. tr. descendens
      n. trigemini (dl). In the dorsomedial part of the nucl. interpolaris, the round
      limited portion was stained strongly for SDH and AChE. Cells of the nucl. tr.
      mesencephalicus n. trigemini showed strong SDH and AChE activity. Other regions:
      In Elaphe, there was strong to moderate AChE and SDH activity in the nucl. of the
      fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, nucl. centralis superior, raphe nuclei, and
      reticular nuclei, but only weak activity in Agkistrodon. We also found the
      following similarities in the 2 species. Strong to moderate AChE and SDH activity
      was observed in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, pretectal nuclei
      excepting the nucl. posterodorsalis, nucl. opticus basalis, and nucl.
      posterolateralis tegmentalis. Strong to moderate activity of the 3 enzymes
      together was detected in the nucl. interpeduncularis as found in other animals
      previously studied, and in the nucl. commissurae cornae dorsalis, nucl.
      cochlearis angularis, and the molecular and granular layer of the
      cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2885371
TI  - Thy-1-negative and Ly-1-negative variants of T cells produce interleukin 2 in
      response to mitogens.
AB  - IL 2 production by T cell variants, which lack the Thy-1 or Ly-1 surface
      glycoproteins, was studied. Cross-linking of the Thy-1 molecule resulted in IL 2
      production by the EL4 thymoma and by a T cell hybridoma, suggesting that Thy-1
      may play a role in T lymphocyte triggering. To further study the functional role
      of this molecule, Thy-1-negative variants were selected and analyzed for IL 2
      production in response to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or to Con A. It
      was demonstrated that in spite of their failure to express Thy-1, the Thy-1
      negative clones were capable of IL 2 production. These results indicated that
      although Thy-1 cross-linking triggers cell activation, a signal provided by Thy-1
      is not indispensable for cell activation by mitogens. The T cell tumor line
      LBRM331A5 responds synergistically to IL 1 and PHA by releasing IL 2. It was
      demonstrated that anti Ly-1 monoclonal antibodies and PHA co-stimulated LBRM331A5
      cells, as did IL 1 plus PHA. Thus, anti Ly-1 antibodies mimic the effect of IL 1,
      suggesting a role for Ly-1 antigen in T cell activation, perhaps by serving as an
      IL 1 receptor or as an associated molecule. To further study the functional role
      of Ly-1 and its relation to IL 1 receptor, Ly-1-negative variants of the
      LBRM331A5 cell line were selected and analyzed for IL 2 production in response to
      PHA plus IL 1. It was demonstrated that the Ly-1-negative clones were capable of
      IL 2 production as efficiently as Ly-1-positive clones. These results indicate
      that the Ly-1 and IL 1 receptor are distinct molecules, which are involved in
      different activation pathways.

PMID- 2885372
TI  - Mouse lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor: structural analysis of the cloned
      genes, physical linkage, and chromosomal position.
AB  - Lymphotoxin (LT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are cytotoxic and
      immunoregulatory lymphokines which have similar activities but are produced by
      different cell types. We have cloned the murine LT and TNF genes from a
      lambda:mouse DNA recombinant library, using as probes synthetic oligonucleotides
      defined by portions of the human LT or TNF cDNA sequences. Analysis of the
      genomic clones indicates that the LT and TNF genes are physically linked, i.e.,
      approximately 1.2 kb separates the 3' end of LT from the 5' end of TNF genes. By
      using, first, a series of recombinant inbred lines, and second, a series of H-2
      recombinant congenic strains, we determined that the LT/TNF gene cluster lies on
      chromosome 17, closely linked to the H-2D end of the murine H-2 complex.
      Comparison of the primary sequence of murine and human LT revealed that the
      intron-exon structure of murine LT is similar in these two species. Comparison of
      the predicted amino acid sequences of murine and human LT indicates that the
      proteins are about 72% homologous with much greater sequence conservation in
      regions encoding the COOH-terminal portion. Comparison of the 5' flanking
      sequence of LT to a number of genes that are specifically expressed in activated
      T cells reveals a number of conserved sequences that may play a role in control
      of these genes.

PMID- 2885373
TI  - Molecular mapping of class II polymorphisms in the human major histocompatibility
      complex. I. DR beta.
AB  - We have studied 27 cell lines homozygous by consanguinity for the major
      histocompatibility complex to establish the restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) patterns seen with six different restriction enzymes (Bam HI,
      Bg1 II, Eco RI, Hinc II, Hind III, Pvu II) and DR beta chain probes. The probes
      used were a full-length cDNA DR beta probe and a probe specific for the 3'
      untranslated region. The RFLP obtained represent the first standard patterns for
      the individual haplotypes DR1 through 7 and DR9 as defined by genetically
      homozygous lines. The patterns obtained reflect the DR specificities closely, as
      well as the DRw52 and DRw53 specificities. These latter specificities are
      associated with the most prominent patterns of RFLP. Bands are present which are
      unique for the haplotypes DR1, DR2, DR4, DR7, DRw52, and DRw53, and could be used
      for typing these haplotypes in heterozygotes. Subtypes can be identified for all
      of the haplotypes except DR1. These subtypes indicate that there is an extensive
      amount of polymorphism in the DR subregion that has not been identified
      serologically.

PMID- 2885374
TI  - Molecular mapping class II polymorphisms in the human major histocompatibility
      complex. II. DQ beta.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphisms have been determined for six
      restriction enzymes (Bam HI, Bg1 II, Eco RI, Hinc II, Hind III, and Pvu II) and a
      DQ beta probe on 25 cell lines that are homozygous by consanguinuity at the MHC.
      These patterns reflect both DR haplotypes and DQ types of the cells tested. At
      least one non-polymorphic band is present in all the cell lines with every
      restriction enzyme except Hinc II. This band most probably represents DX beta
      hybridization. The polymorphic bands indicate that more polymorphism exists in
      the DQ subregion than is predicted serologically. Each DR haplotype is associated
      with a unique set of restriction fragments except for DR2 and DR6. The patterns
      are largely consistent within each DR haplotype. In addition, some bands reflect
      the established DQ specificities DQw1 and DQw2. Individual bands can be
      identified that are unique to the haplotypes DR1, DR4, DR5, and DR6 and the DQw1-
      and DQw2-associated haplotypes. Subdivisions of haplotypes can be identified with
      this probe. In particular, MVL (DR1), Akiba (DR2), QBL (DR3), FPF (DR5), and APD
      (DR6) have polymorphisms that distinguish them from other members of their DR
      haplotype.

PMID- 2885375
TI  - Conserved organization of the murine immunoglobulin epsilon gene region:
      restriction endonuclease maps and switch-region nucleotide sequence.
AB  - Various inbred mouse strains showed remarkable conservation of organization in
      the epsilon germline region as determined by restriction mapping. Restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were seen in the epsilon gene region for
      only two of eight restriction enzymes tested. Furthermore, the RFLP did not
      correlate with the IgE-response phenotype for the murine strains SJL, SJA,
      C57BL/6, BALB/c, A/ST, and A/J. The IgE class-switch region (S epsilon) DNA from
      an SJL genomic clone was sequenced and was compared with S epsilon sequences from
      BALB/c mice. These S epsilon sequences were at least 95% homologous. Most of the
      S epsilon sequence differences observed between the two strains were single base
      pair substitutions, deletions, or insertions. The largest difference between the
      S epsilon sequences resulted from an insertion of seven contiguous bases seen in
      the SJL S epsilon region.

PMID- 2885376
TI  - In vivo T cell depletion regulates resistance and morbidity in murine
      schistosomiasis.
AB  - These studies assessed the roles of subpopulations of T lymphocytes in inducing
      and modulating resistance to schistosomiasis and thereby influencing subsequent
      morbidity. C57BL/6 mice were depleted in vivo of Lyt-1+, Lyt-2+, and L3T4+ cells
      by the daily administration of monoclonal antibodies. The development of
      protective immunity, induced by exposure to irradiated Schistosoma mansoni
      cercariae as expressed in depleted animals, was compared to that demonstrated in
      undepleted, normal, and congenitally athymic C57BL/6 mice. The development of
      morbidity was determined by spleen weight, portal pressure and
      reticuloendothelial system activity. The results indicated that depletion of
      specific subpopulations of T lymphocytes minimally affected the primary
      development of parasites; however, depletion strongly influenced the development
      of resistance to the parasite and subsequent morbidity due to infection.
      Depletion of T lymphocytes by anti-Lyt-1+ or anti-L3T4+ antibody decreased the
      development of resistance, antibody and delayed-type hypersensitivity directed
      against schistosome antigens. Morbidity due to disease was increased. Depletion
      of Lyt-2+ cells produced opposite changes with augmented resistance and reduced
      morbidity. Congenitally athymic mice developed minimal resistance and morbidity.
      Moreover, resistance was inversely related to the morbidity shown by a given
      animal. These studies indicate that the development of protective immunity to S.
      mansoni cercariae is regulated by discrete subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The
      feasibility of decreasing morbidity by increasing specific immunologically
      mediated resistance is suggested.

PMID- 2885378
TI  - Effect of retinoic acid on cornified envelope formation: difference between
      spontaneous envelope formation in vivo or in vitro and expression of envelope
      competence.
AB  - A large number of cross-linked envelopes form spontaneously when cell lines
      derived from chemically induced mouse skin papillomas are cultured in medium
      containing 1.2 mM calcium. This phenomenon is associated with high activity of
      the cross-linking enzyme, epidermal transglutaminase (TGase). The influence of
      retinoic acid (RA) on envelope formation was studied in detail in a papilloma
      cell line, PE. Retinoic acid (3 microM) completely blocked cornified envelope
      (CE) production but reduced TGase activity only 50%. A rabbit antiserum was
      produced against sonicated CEs isolated from newborn mouse skin. On Western blots
      of epidermal extracts, diffuse staining was observed for particulate proteins of
      suprabasal, but not basal, cells and similar immunoreactive material was absent
      from the cytosolic fraction of both cell layers. The antibody also recognized
      particulate proteins from PE cells induced to differentiate by calcium, but not
      from cells grown in the presence of high calcium and RA. The antiserum appears to
      recognize partially cross-linked CE precursor proteins judging by the diffuse
      staining, the molecular weight range of the proteins stained, and their origin in
      the particulate cellular fraction. Cross-linked envelopes could be induced in RA
      treated PE cells by permeabilization with 0.75 M NaCl or 50 micrograms/ml A23187.
      However, this treatment failed to cause the appearance of proteins recognized by
      the antiserum. Preincubation of the antiserum with purified fragments of CEs from
      newborn mouse epidermis, but not with cross-linked envelopes from permeabilized,
      RA-treated PE cells, removed immunoreactivity. These results indicate that the
      cross-linked envelopes formed in RA-treated cells after permeabilization lack a
      set of proteins contained in CEs from stratum corneum and may even be composed of
      different proteins. Retinoic acid appears to prevent CE formation in part by
      inhibiting activation of epidermal TGase but in addition by influencing the
      synthesis of precursor proteins.

PMID- 2885379
TI  - P fimbriae and other virulence factors in Escherichia coli urosepsis: association
      with patients' characteristics.

PMID- 2885377
TI  - Development and preliminary evaluation of a slide latex agglutination assay for
      detection of Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin.
AB  - A slide latex agglutination (SLA) assay was developed for rapid screening for
      Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE). SLA specifically detected CPE
      added to buffer or normal feces (sensitivity limit of 1 microgram CPE/g feces).
      Using clinical fecal samples from C. perfringens food poisoning cases, a strong
      correlation was shown between SLA results and results from other CPE assays and
      between SLA results and illness status.

PMID- 2885380
TI  - Phagolysosome formation by polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes after
      ingestion of Escherichia coli that express type 1 pili.

PMID- 2885381
TI  - Inhibition of growth of Entamoeba histolytica by allicin, the active principle of
      garlic extract (Allium sativum).

PMID- 2885383
TI  - Effects of alpha and theta toxins from Clostridium perfringens on human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Two toxins, alpha (phospholipase C) and theta (oxygen-labile hemolysin), were
      purified from Clostridium perfringens type A and assayed for toxic effects on
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). Crude preparations containing both
      toxins totally inhibited chemotaxis and chemiluminescence responses of PMNLs and
      reduced PMNL viability. Purified alpha toxin did not alter PMNL viability,
      chemotactic responsiveness, or morphology but did enhance opsonized zymosan
      induced PMNL chemiluminescence over a wide range of toxin concentrations. theta
      Toxin, at 12.5 hemolytic units (HU) per 10(5) PMNLs, reduced cell viability and
      induced marked PMNL morphological changes. Concentrations of theta toxin between
      4 and 32 HU per 10(5) PMNLs inhibited PMNL chemiluminescence in a dose-dependent
      manner, whereas a lower concentration enhanced the PMNL chemiluminescent response
      to opsonized zymosan. Effects on chemotaxis were also dose dependent. Increased
      PMNL random migration was observed at a concentration of theta toxin of 0.06 HU
      per 2.5 X 10(5) PMNLs (P less than .05), whereas concentrations of greater than
      0.08 HU per 2.5 X 10(5) PMNLs reduced both directed and random migration (P less
      than .05).

PMID- 2885382
TI  - Detection of scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) and SAF proteins from scrapie
      affected sheep.
AB  - Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) were detected by negative-stain electron
      microscopy in the brains (by two different isolation procedures) and spleens of
      sheep naturally and experimentally infected with scrapie. Although the numbers of
      SAF varied from case to case, the yield of SAF from brains of naturally affected
      sheep was lower than that from experimentally affected sheep. SAF-specific,
      protease-resistant proteins (PrPs) were detected by silver staining and western
      blot analysis in most samples of brain from experimentally affected sheep. PrPs,
      however, could be detected in only a limited number of natural cases of sheep
      scrapie because of the lower yields of SAF. PrPs from sheep SAF appear
      biochemically and antigenically similar to PrPs from other species infected with
      unconventional agents. This study further establishes the unique association of
      SAF and PrPs with natural or experimentally induced scrapie in its natural host.

PMID- 2885384
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify, characterize, and purify a 96,000
      dalton surface antigen of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - We identified and partially characterized a surface antigen of Entamoeba
      histolytica by using seven monoclonal antibodies obtained after injecting mice
      with a pathogenic strain of amoeba. An intrinsically radiolabeled 96,000-dalton
      antigen was immunoprecipitated by five of the seven monoclonal antibodies; this
      antigen was present in three strains of E. histolytica. The antigen was situated
      on the external surface of E. histolytica, as demonstrated by agglutination and
      immunofluorescence staining of live amoeba and by immunoprecipitation of
      iodinated trophozoite antigen. All seven monoclonal antibodies were specific for
      E. histolytica and failed to react in an ELISA with Trichomonas vaginalis,
      Tritrichomonas foetus, Giardia lamblia, Acanthamoeba castellonii, and Entamoeba
      invadens. Two monoclonal antibodies were used to purify the antigen: the purified
      antigen was identical when antibody binding to live organisms or antibody
      reactive with nonviable organisms was used for purification.

PMID- 2885385
TI  - [Human placental glutathione transport mechanism].
AB  - The placental transport mechanism of glutathione (GSH) was investigated using
      microvillous membrane vesicles prepared from human term placenta. Using (3H
      glycine)-labeled-GSH, it was clarified that GSH in the extravesicular compartment
      of placental microvillous membranes was rapidly degraded by gamma-GTP (gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase) and resulting amino acid, and 3H-labeled-glycine was
      actively transported via a sodium cotransport system. AT-125 treated microvillous
      membrane vesicles almost entirely lost its gamma-GTP activity, and showed intact
      GSH transport. Using AT-125 treated microvillous membrane vesicles, it was
      revealed that GSH was transported across the microvillous membrane as an anion
      via a membrane potential-dependent mechanism. These results indicated that gamma
      GTP which existed in microvillous membrane played a role in GSH metabolism and
      that intracellular GSH was translocated out of the syncythiotrophoblast cell into
      the maternal blood space via a specific carrier in microvillous membrane because
      the GSH concentration was higher in intracellular than extracellular and
      extracellular membrane potential was positively charged.

PMID- 2885386
TI  - Glutamic acid in the treatment of tinnitus.

PMID- 2885387
TI  - Characterization of two distinct transglutaminases of murine bone marrow-derived
      macrophages: effects of exposure of viable cells to cigarette smoke on enzyme
      activity.
AB  - The present study examines the effects of water soluble extracts of gas-phase
      cigarette smoke on intracellular transglutaminase activities of intact, murine,
      bone marrow-derived macrophages maintained in culture. Western blotting of cell
      lysates utilizing noncross-reactive antisera indicate that mouse bone marrow
      derived macrophages contain both tissue-type transglutaminase and factor XIII
      associated transglutaminase. This finding is also supported by data indicating
      that the intracellular transglutaminase activity of these cells contains thrombin
      dependent and -independent components. Macrophages incubated with cigarette smoke
      solutions for 15 minutes at 37 degrees C display a dose-dependent decrease
      (maximum inhibition = 55%, p less than .001) in tissue-type (thrombin
      independent) transglutaminase activity, as compared to control cells incubated
      with phosphate-buffered saline. Factor XIII (zymogen) is not inactivated
      following incubation of macrophages with smoke extracts. Smoke exposure under the
      conditions employed has no effect on either cell viability or adherence.
      Incubation with 2 microM retinoic acid for 24 hours leads to a modest (2-fold)
      induction of tissue transglutaminase, but does not induce factor XIII; in
      contrast, incubation with 10% homologous serum for 24 hours results in a decrease
      in factor XIII, but does not affect tissue transglutaminase. These data indicate
      that: bone marrow-derived macrophages contain factor XIII as well as tissue-type
      transglutaminase; and gas-phase cigarette smoke can inactivate tissue
      transglutaminase within viable murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, but cannot
      inactivate zymogenic factor XIII.

PMID- 2885388
TI  - Determination of the quantity of acetyl CoA carboxylase by [14C]methyl avidin
      binding.
AB  - Conditions are described under which monomeric [14C]methyl avidin binds to SDS
      denatured biotin enzymes and remains bound through polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The location of radioactive proteins on the dried gel was
      determined by fluorography and their identity was established by subunit
      molecular weight. The relative quantity of bound radioactive avidin,
      stoichiometrically equivalent to the molar quantity of biotin protein, can be
      determined by scanning the fluorograph with a soft laser densitometer. To
      determine the absolute quantity of biotin protein, the radioactive areas of the
      dried gel were cut out, resolubilized, and assayed for radioactivity. Since the
      specific radioactivity of the [14C]methyl avidin was known, the quantity of
      avidin bound and therefore the quantity of biotin enzyme could be calculated. The
      method is illustrated by the analysis of purified acetyl CoA carboxylase and is
      applied to the analysis of biotin enzymes in isolated rat liver mitochondria.

PMID- 2885389
TI  - Effects of bunazosin and propranolol on ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with
      hypokalemia.
AB  - The arrhythmogenic mechanism in dogs with hypokalemia was investigated in
      relation to the effects of an alpha 1-blocking agent and a beta-blocking agent.
      Hypokalemia was induced by inserting an ion-exchange resin into the colon. In the
      hypokalemia group, nine out of 17 dogs with arrhythmia ratios of over 10% (that
      is the percentage of the number of ventricular ectopic beats divided by the total
      number of heart beats during 5 min, after 10 micrograms/kg of epinephrine
      injection) were observed. In the control group (n = 13), which maintained normal
      serum K+ levels, only one dog showed an arrhythmia ratio of over 10%. Dogs with
      lower serum K+ levels showed higher arrhythmia ratios. The Ca2+ content of heart
      mitochondria, considered to be a reflection of intracellular Ca2+ concentration,
      was 24.4 +/- 5.7 nmoles/mg protein in the control group 5 min after epinephrine
      injection, while that of the hypokalemia group was increased to 35.0 +/- 13.4. A
      good reciprocal correlation between the concentration of serum K+ just before
      epinephrine injection and mitochondrial Ca2+ content was observed in the
      hypokalemia group (r = -0.79), while in the control group, no correlation was
      observed. Clear correlation between mitochondrial Ca2+ content and the arrhythmia
      ratio was also observed in the propranolol group. Pretreatment with bunazosin, an
      alpha 1-"blocker," effectively prevented the increase in mitochondrial Ca2+
      content, and reduced the arrhythmia ratio. On the other hand, pretreatment with
      propranolol, a beta-"blocker," did not affect the mitochondrial Ca2+ content and
      the arrhythmia ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885391
TI  - Detection of a new Msp I restriction fragment length polymorphism in the
      apolipoprotein A-I gene.
AB  - We report the existence of a Msp I restriction fragment length polymorphism in
      the first intron of the apolipoprotein A-I gene that is different from the one
      described by Seilhamer et al. (DNA 3, 309 (1984)). Size comparison of the newly
      discovered Msp I fragment with a restriction map of the apolipoprotein A-I gene
      revealed that most likely the cutting site at the 5'-end of the normally seen 673
      bp fragment is lost giving rise to the observed 719 bp Msp I fragment. Based on
      analyses of 136 DNAs of healthy and non-related caucasians the allelic frequency
      was determined to be 0.06. The observed Msp I genotype frequencies are in Hardy
      Weinberg equilibrium.

PMID- 2885392
TI  - Experiences in relation to drugs/driving offences.

PMID- 2885393
TI  - Recurrence of duodenal ulcer--an endoscopic study.

PMID- 2885390
TI  - Initial events in the formation of immune deposits in passive Heymann nephritis.
      gp330-anti-gp330 immune complexes form in epithelial coated pits and rapidly
      become attached to the glomerular basement membrane.
AB  - The nephritogenic antigen of Heymann's nephritis (HN), gp330, was previously
      demonstrated (4-9) to be a resident glycoprotein of coated pits in the glomerular
      and proximal tubule epithelium of rats, and anti-gp330 IgG given intravenously
      was found to form IDs in glomeruli (passive HN). The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the detailed events that occur in the formation of IDs in passive HN.
      HN was induced by the injection of either 125I-labeled or unlabeled anti-gp330
      IgG. At various times after injection (15 min to 8 d) the kidneys of some of the
      injected rats were fixed by perfusion, and the distribution of the rabbit IgG was
      determined by immunofluorescence and by immunoelectron microscopy. Glomeruli were
      isolated from the kidneys of injected rats and used for isolation of GBM
      fractions or for elution of the bound IgG. At 15 min to 1 h after injection, the
      rabbit IgG was localized by immunocytochemistry exclusively in coated pits along
      the podocyte plasmalemma facing the GBM. By 1-8 d, anti-gp330 IgG was detected in
      larger electron-dense IDs often located under the slit diaphragms. Serial
      sectioning revealed that each of the IDs maintained contact with a coated pit at
      some level. When GBMs isolated from rats given radiolabeled anti-gp330 IgG were
      examined by electron microscopy, the IDs were found to remain attached to the
      GBMs as early as 15 min after injection and coisolated with them at all time
      points. By double-immunolabeling of the isolated GBMs with two sizes of gold
      particles, both the antigen (gp330) and the anti-gp330 IgG could be demonstrated
      in IDs at all time points. When the amount of radiolabeled anti-gp330 bound to
      GBM fractions was compared with that of isolated glomeruli, it was found that 20%
      of the radiolabel remained bound to the purified GBMs at 15 min after injection,
      and 90% at 3 d. The bound IgG was released only by treatments that disrupt
      antibody-antigen complexes (high and low pH), but not by the other treatments we
      tried (detergent, high salt, heparinase, or collagenase digestion). When the IgG
      bound to glomeruli was eluted with acid citrate buffer 3 d after injection, it
      was found to specifically immunoprecipitate only gp330 from detergent-solubilized
      125I-labeled kidney microvillar vesicles. By isoelectric focusing the eluate was
      found to be enriched in IgGs with acidic isoelectric points.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2885394
TI  - Role of T lymphocyte subsets in protection and recovery from Hantaan virus
      infection in mice.
AB  - Adult athymic nude (BALB/c background) mice or inbred BALB/c mice were inoculated
      intraperitoneally with Hantaan virus (HV), and attempts were made to isolate the
      virus from brain, lung and spleen. Virus was isolated from the organs of BALB/c
      mice for only a short time after infection but was isolated from various organs
      of nude mice consistently for at least 84 days after infection. Viral antigen was
      also detected in various organs of nude mice for a long time after infection. The
      effects of adoptive transfer of immune serum or immune T cells from BALB/c to
      nude mice before or after virus inoculation were examined. Before transfer, the T
      cell fraction was treated with complement (C') (group 1), anti-L3T4 + C' (group
      2), anti-Lyt1.2 + C' (group 3) or anti-Lyt2.2 + C' (group 4). When transferred
      before virus inoculation to test the effects on protection against infection,
      immune serum and T cells of groups 1, 2 and 4 were effective. When transferred
      after HV inoculation to test the effects on clearance of virus, group 1 was the
      most effective followed by group 2. These results suggest that humoral and
      cellular immunity both have roles in protection against HV infection, and that T
      cells possessing L3T4- Lyt2+ markers on the cell-surface are especially important
      for elimination of infectious virus in vivo.

PMID- 2885395
TI  - Presynaptic modulation by octopamine at a single neuromuscular junction in the
      mealworm (Tenebrio molitor).
AB  - The effect of octopamine on the neuromuscular junction of the mealworm (Tenebrio
      molitor) was examined. Octopamine potentiated excitatory junctional potentials
      (EJPs) recorded intracellularly and extracellularly from ventral longitudinal
      muscle fibers. The potentiating action of octopamine was blocked in the presence
      of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, but not in the presence of
      another alpha-blocker, phenoxybenzamine, or the beta-blockers propranolol and
      dichloroisoproterenol. The resting membrane potential, membrane input resistance,
      reversal potential of EJP, glutamate potentials, and spontaneous miniature EJPs
      were found to be unaffected by octopamine. In contrast, quantal contents
      estimated by the extracellularly recorded EJP failures were greatly increased by
      octopamine. These results suggest that octopamine acted on the presynaptic
      terminals via alpha-adrenoceptor-like receptors (octopamine receptors) at the
      Tenebrio neuromuscular junctions to enhance the transmitter release associated
      with the motor nerve impulses.

PMID- 2885396
TI  - Ion dependence of neurotransmitter uptake: inhibitory effects of ion substitutes.
AB  - Several ions commonly used as substitutes for Na+ or Cl- were found to inhibit
      directly the high-affinity uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and
      gamma-aminobutyric acid, but not glutamate or glutamine. When Na+ was partially
      replaced by any of several different cations or sucrose the uptake of all
      neurotransmitters studied except that of serotonin was reduced more than could be
      accounted for by just the inhibitory effect of the cation substitute. In
      contrast, when Cl- was partially replaced by any of several anions only the
      uptake of dopamine was reduced more than could be accounted for by the inhibitory
      effect of the anion substitute. These results suggest that for most
      neurotransmitters the electrochemical potential for Na+, but not for Cl-,
      contributes to the uptake driving force. When either Na+ or Cl- was totally
      replaced by an ion substitute or by sucrose the high-affinity uptake was
      virtually abolished, an exception being that glutamate uptake was not affected
      when isethionate was substituted for Cl-. The lack of uptake in the absence of
      either Na+ or Cl- may reflect a specific role for these ions in either increasing
      the affinity between the substrate and the carrier, or facilitating the
      translocation process. Alternatively, the transport carriers may undergo a
      nonspecific conformational change to an inactive form in the absence of Na+ or Cl
      . A partial substitution of Na+ with Li+ or sucrose differentially affected the
      kinetics of uptake in that replacement with Li+, but not sucrose, usually
      resulted in a marked increase in the Km values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885397
TI  - Phosphorylation characteristics of brain clathrin-coated vesicle endogenous
      proteins.
AB  - Clathrin-coated vesicles purified from bovine brain express protein kinase
      activity on two principal endogenous vesicle-associated substrates: a 50,000-Mr
      polypeptide (pp50) and clathrin-associated protein2 (CAP2; the faster-migrating
      clathrin light chain). Various exogenous substrates, e.g., casein, phosvitin,
      histone II, and histone III, also are phosphorylated. The pp50 protein kinase
      activity of clathrin-coated vesicles is not modulated by Ca2+, calmodulin,
      phosphatidylserine, or cyclic AMP. On the other hand, phosphorylation of the
      other endogenous substrates requires certain activators, including histone,
      polylysine, polyarginine, or polyethylenimine. Phosphate incorporation into pp50
      was sensitive to divalent cations that inhibit sulfhydryl-dependent enzymes in
      the following order of potency: Zn2+ greater than Hg2+ greater than Cd2+, Cu2+,
      and Pb2+. Phosphate incorporation into CAP2 with polylysine present was
      insensitive to divalent cations. The alkylating agents dithiodinitrobenzene,
      phenacyl bromide, and N-ethylmaleimide inhibited phosphate incorporation into
      pp50 up to 90% without affecting incorporation into the other substrates.
      Vanadium pentoxide inhibited phosphorylation of CAP2 but had a minimal effect on
      pp50. CAP2 kinase activity was separated from the coated vesicle membrane and
      from dis-assembled clathrin triskelions, coeluting with the assembly polypeptide
      complex on a Sepharose 4B column. It retained phosphorylation properties similar
      to those of intact vesicles. These data imply that clathrin-coated vesicle
      kinases are elements of the coat proteins and may be involved in the
      assembly/disassembly of clathrin triskelions or interactions of coated vesicles
      with other cellular components.

PMID- 2885398
TI  - Glutamine synthetase of the human brain: purification and characterization.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (GS) isolated from human brain formed a single band on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel with a molecular weight of 44,000. The
      enzyme had a specific activity of 179.2 U/mg protein when assayed by measuring
      the rate of the formation of gamma-glutamylhydroxamate using hydroxylamine as a
      substrate. In the presence of manganese ions, the relative activity of human
      brain GS was much lower than that of the sheep brain enzyme. The suppression of
      activity by increasing the ADP concentration, however, was less marked in the
      human enzyme than that in the sheep enzyme. Antibodies were raised in rabbits
      against the purified enzyme. The double-immunodiffusion technique disclosed cross
      reactivities among GSs isolated from human, sheep, and rat brains, but the
      enzymes were not immunologically identical. Immunohistochemically, GS was
      localized in the cytoplasm of astrocytes in the human and rat brains and in
      pericentral hepatocytes of the liver.

PMID- 2885399
TI  - Control of Thy-1 glycoprotein expression in cultures of PC12 cells.
AB  - The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and cholera toxin on the expression of
      the Thy-1 glycoprotein were examined in cultures of naive and primed PC12 cells
      using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). With primed PC12 cells, NGF
      induced a rapid increase in Thy-1 expression over a time course similar to that
      of neurite regeneration, with half-maximal and maximal increases apparent at 0.6
      and 6 ng/ml NGF. Cholera toxin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, but not B-cholera toxin
      or antibodies to the toxin receptor, were found to inhibit NGF-induced increases
      in Thy-1. Morphological differentiation of naive PC12 cells induced by NGF, but
      not cholera toxin, was also associated with increased expression of Thy-1.
      Despite showing a synergistic effect on morphological differentiation, cholera
      toxin was again found to inhibit NGF-induced increases in Thy-1 expression in
      cultures of naive PC12 cells. These data suggest that agents that interact
      directly or indirectly with adenylate cyclase may regulate the responsiveness of
      PC12 cells to NGF, and as such modulate the expression of the Thy-1 glycoprotein.

PMID- 2885400
TI  - Taxol and derivatives: a biogenetic hypothesis.
AB  - Based on the structural differences of compounds isolated from various species of
      Taxus, this brief review suggests a biogenetic approach to taxol. This hypothesis
      could be of some help in the synthesis of this complex molecule exhibiting
      significant antitumor properties.

PMID- 2885401
TI  - Alpha-2 receptor blockade increases responsiveness of locus coeruleus neurons to
      excitatory stimulation.
AB  - This study presents evidence that alpha 2-receptors in the locus coeruleus (LC)
      regulate the responsiveness of LC neurons to excitatory stimuli. In the first
      experiment, intravenous administration of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist
      idazoxan markedly potentiated the responses of LC neurons to the excitatory
      stimulus of contralateral hind paw compression (PC). Increased responsiveness of
      LC neurons to PC was seen with doses of idazoxan far below those that altered
      spontaneous activity of the LC. In the second experiment, increased
      responsiveness of LC neurons to PC was seen when low doses of idazoxan were
      infused directly into the LC, thereby indicating that increased responsiveness of
      LC neurons resulted from blockade of alpha 2-receptors in the LC region and not
      from greater stimulus input to the LC resulting from blockade of alpha 2
      receptors elsewhere. In the third experiment, another alpha 2-adrenergic
      antagonist, yohimbine, also increased the responsiveness of LC neurons to PC.
      Finally, the response of the LC to another excitatory stimulus, peripheral
      injection of nicotine, was also found to be increased by idazoxan. Results
      obtained prior to these studies had indicated that alpha 2-receptors in the LC
      regulate the period of quiescence that follows a burst of LC firing. However,
      more recent studies suggest that this quiescence results primarily from changes
      in ionic conductance of the membrane following directly from depolarization. The
      present findings indicate that, in addition to whatever role alpha 2-receptors
      play in regulating postfiring quiescence, these receptors in the LC appear to
      play a major role in regulating the responsiveness of LC neurons to excitational
      influences.

PMID- 2885402
TI  - Activation of immunoregulatory lymphocytes obtained from patients with malignant
      gliomas.
AB  - The responsiveness of T cells and their subsets (T-helper cells and T-suppressor
      cells) obtained from patients with malignant gliomas was evaluated in an effort
      to further define the mechanism of their impaired host immunocompetence. This
      study demonstrates that peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from these patients
      have impaired responsiveness to a variety of mitogens including
      phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and anti-T3 monoclonal
      antibody. The impaired lymphocyte responsiveness does not result from the
      inability of these cells to express receptors for a specific mitogen or antibody.
      The mitogenic responsiveness of purified T cells is markedly reduced when
      compared to values obtained from control subjects. Therefore, the decreased T
      cell reactivity of patients with malignant gliomas does not result simply from a
      diminution in the absolute number of potentially responding lymphocytes. The
      mitogen reactivity of the T cell subsets, CD4+ helper cells, and CD8+
      cytotoxic/suppressor cells was also investigated. These results demonstrate that
      the responsiveness of the CD4+ T-helper cell subset obtained from these patients
      is consistently diminished as compared to control values. In contrast, the
      reactivity of the CD8+ T cell subset was not nearly as dramatically impaired.
      Thus, these results indicate that the proliferative defect observed in T cells
      obtained from patients is located predominantly in the T-helper cell subset.
      Functional deficiencies in this important subpopulation of T lymphocytes may
      explain, in part, the presence of depressed immune responsiveness in patients
      with malignant glial tumors.

PMID- 2885403
TI  - Association of an apolipoprotein CII allele with familial dementia of the
      Alzheimer type.
AB  - In order to identify the genetic locus responsible for familial dementia of the
      Alzheimer type (DAT), we are studying 10 families in which DAT appears to be
      inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Genotypes for a TaqI restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the apolipoprotein CII locus were
      determined for the following groups: affected and unaffected DAT family members,
      DAT subjects with no family history of the disease, and normal control subjects.
      The control group included 103 individuals from our study and 123 from the study
      of Wallis et al. (Hum. Genet., 68 (1984) 286). The frequency of the TaqI fast (F)
      allele in the affected familial DAT subjects (0.64 +/- 0.08) differed
      significantly from that for the control group (0.39 +/- 0.02) (Z = 2.87, P less
      than 0.005). In contrast, the F-allele frequency for the unaffected family
      members was 0.31 +/- 0.09, which was similar to that of the combined control
      group (Z = 0.78, P greater than 0.40). Subsequently, genotypes were determined
      for two other polymorphisms at the Apo CII locus: a BanI RFLP and a BglI RFLP.
      For these two polymorphisms, the allele frequencies for the familial DAT subjects
      differed from the unaffected control groups but the differences were smaller and
      not statistically significant. These data suggest a previously unrecognized
      association between the Apo CII TaqI F-allele and familial DAT.

PMID- 2885404
TI  - Infection of Aotus vociferans (karyotype V) monkeys with different strains of
      Plasmodium vivax.
AB  - Twenty splenectomized Aotus vociferans (karyotype V) monkeys were infected with
      strains of Plasmodium vivax from New Guinea, North Korea, Indonesia, El Salvador,
      and Honduras. Peak parasite densities ranged from 4,840 to 75,500 per mm3.
      Gametocytes infective to different species of mosquitoes were produced with all
      strains of P. vivax studied. Two transmissions of the Chesson strain of P. vivax
      were made by the intravenous inoculation of dissected sporozoites from An. dirus
      mosquitoes. Prepatent periods were 16 days.

PMID- 2885405
TI  - Actions of the alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocker bunazosin on the norepinephrine
      induced contraction of smooth muscles in the rabbit proximal urethra.
AB  - Effects of bunazosin on the norepinephrine-induced electrical and mechanical
      activities of smooth muscles of the rabbit proximal urethra were investigated
      using microelectrode and tension recording methods. Responses to norepinephrine
      were mediated by activation of both alpha-1 and beta adrenoceptors. In the
      presence of propranolol, the norepinephrine-induced contraction increased and,
      with yohimbine, the phasic but not tonic contraction was only inhibited slightly.
      Contributions of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor to the norepinephrine-induced
      contraction were negligible. Bunazosin inhibited in a concentration-dependent
      manner both the phasic and tonic responses of the norepinephrine-induced
      contraction, and the concentration-response relationship for norepinephrine
      shifted to the right. The Schild plot obtained from measurements of tonic
      responses in this antagonism yielded a straight line with a slope of 0.96. The
      pA2 value for bunazosin was 8.39 and the KB value was 4.1 nM. Prazosin had
      similar effects (the corresponding values being 0.96, 8.21 and 6.2 nM,
      respectively). The mechanical response evoked by field stimulation was composed
      of cholinergic, noradrenergic alpha-1 and noncholinergic-nonadrenergic
      contractions and of a subsequent nonadrenergic-noncholinergic relaxation.
      Bunazosin inhibited the twitch contraction evoked by field stimulation more than
      did prazosin, albeit not completely. These results indicate that although the
      smooth muscle tone in the urethra is regulated by multiple neural factors, the
      elevation of the tone is regulated predominantly by activation of the alpha-1
      adrenoceptors. Bunazosin has an antagonistic action on this receptor. The actions
      of bunazosin are discussed in relation to the clinical application in cases of
      inadequate micturition.

PMID- 2885406
TI  - Pharmacological evidence for alpha-2 adrenoceptor heterogeneity: differential
      binding properties of [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]idazoxan in rat brain.
AB  - In the preceding paper, we have reported that the two alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      antagonists, [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]idazoxan, exhibit markedly different
      autoradiographic distributions throughout rat brain. Although [3H]idazoxan
      labeling appears over brain regions receiving noradrenergic innervation,
      [3H]rauwolscine binding sites are localized most densely in several areas
      corresponding to dopaminergic terminal fields. We have presently characterized
      the pharmacological binding properties of high affinity [3H]rauwolscine and
      [3H]idazoxan labeled sites, using tissue preparation and incubation protocols
      which are identical to those used in the previous autoradiographic study.
      Endogenous monoamines inhibited radioligand binding with a rank order of potency
      of epinephrine = norepinephrine greater than dopamine greater than serotonin.
      Numerous dopaminergic compounds failed to inhibit either [3H]rauwolscine or
      [3H]idazoxan binding with high potency, and rauwolscine was a poor inhibitor of
      [3H]spiroperidol binding. Several adrenergic compounds which selectively label
      alpha-1 or beta adrenoceptors also exhibited low potency in inhibiting either
      radioligand. In contrast, alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists possessed
      high affinity for both [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]idazoxan labeled sites. Their
      relative potencies at the two sites differed, however. Whereas idazoxan was
      equipotent in inhibiting either [3H]rauwolscine or [3H]idazoxan binding,
      rauwolscine exhibited 10-fold higher affinity for its own labeled site. These
      pharmacological data are consistent with anatomical data presented in the
      preceding paper, which support the existence of a heterogenous population of
      alpha-2 adrenoceptors within rat brain, labeled entirely by [3H]idazoxan and only
      in part by [3H]rauwolscine.

PMID- 2885408
TI  - Amphetamine-like effects of anorectics and related compounds in pigeons.
AB  - Four pigeons were trained to discriminate injections of d-amphetamine (AMPH; 2.0
      mg/kg i.m.) from saline with responding maintained under a fixed-ratio 30
      schedule of food delivery. When drugs used therapeutically as anorectics were
      tested, they consistently produced greater than 80% of AMPH-appropriate
      responding. The order of potency for substituting for AMPH was: mazindol greater
      than AMPH = phenmetrazine = phentermine greater than chlorphentermine =
      phendimetrazine = diethylpropion greater than clortermine = mefenorex. Other
      anorectics such as phenylpropanolamine (0.3-30.0 mg/kg) and fenfluramine (1.0
      17.0 mg/kg) only substituted partially for AMPH whereas benzphetamine (1.0-100.0
      mg/kg) resulted primarily in saline-appropriate responding. Compounds related to
      AMPH in biochemical mechanism of action or psychomotor stimulant activity also
      were tested. Methylphenidate (0.1-3.0 mg/kg), piribedil (0.3-17.0 mg/kg) and
      nisoxetine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) shared discriminative stimulus properties with AMPH
      whereas bupropion (1.0-30.0 mg/kg) and propylhexedrine (10.0-100.0 mg/kg)
      substituted for AMPH in two of three pigeons tested. In contrast, caffeine and
      fenetylline resulted principally in saline-appropriate responding. Compounds from
      pharmacological classes not related to AMPH, such as morphine, diazepam and
      phencyclidine, failed to substitute for AMPH. In general, compounds with
      anorectic and/or stimulant properties shared discriminative stimulus properties
      with AMPH.

PMID- 2885407
TI  - Interaction of beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists with brain beta
      adrenergic receptors in vivo.
AB  - There is interest in knowing whether beta adrenergic antagonists or agonists,
      when administered systemically, can enter the brain to interact with central beta
      adrenergic receptors. To study this, the reduction in the radioactive content in
      the brain of rats after administration of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol (IPIN) by
      systemically administered beta agonists or antagonists was measured. Previous
      studies show that after the i.v. administration of IPIN the binding in vivo to
      various areas of the central nervous system has the characteristics expected of
      binding to beta adrenergic receptors. Of the antagonists tested, pindolol and
      butylpindolol showed potent interactions with beta receptors in both cortex and
      cerebellum whereas atenolol and practolol did not interact at doses up to 30
      mg/kg. CGP-12177 showed moderate potency in inhibiting IPIN binding in vivo. We
      have shown previously that propranolol and alprenolol inhibit IPIN binding with
      high potency in cortex and cerebellum. At high doses, butoxamine, a beta-2
      antagonist, reduced the binding of IPIN in the cerebellum but not in the cortex.
      Of the agonists tested, clenbuterol and prenalterol caused a significant dose
      dependent reduction of the binding of IPIN, with clenbuterol being more potent.
      Isoproterenol, salbutamol, salmefamol and dobutamine had no effect. With the
      exception of CGP-12177, the affinity of the drugs for central beta adrenergic
      receptors measured in vitro was correlated significantly with their ability to
      inhibit IPIN binding in vivo whereas their degree of lipophilicity was not
      correlated significantly with potency in vivo. The inhibition of IPIN binding in
      vivo from brain areas can be used to evaluate whether drugs penetrate into brain
      and interact with central beta adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2885409
TI  - Glucagon's chronotropic action is calcium dependent.
AB  - Evidence is increasing that many anesthetics and cardiovascular agents alter
      cellular Ca kinetics and flux. In prior work we demonstrated that the tachycardic
      effects of glucagon were significantly blunted by Ca channel blockade, but not by
      beta adrenergic receptor blockade. Thus, the chronotropic effects of glucagon may
      be dependent upon extracellular Ca levels. Based upon these observations, we
      tested the hypothesis that changes in circulating ionized Ca concentrations may
      alter glucagon's ability to increase heart rate in rats. In conscious
      normocalcemic rats, glucagon's tachycardic actions were dose related with peak
      effects obtained at 1 to 2 min and persisting approximately 10 min after 1.0
      mg/kg of glucagon. The effects of altered Ca levels on glucagon tachycardia were
      evaluated in three groups of rats: 1) rats rendered hypercalcemic by the infusion
      of Ca chloride (10, 50 or 100 mg/ml/hr); 2) rats rendered hypocalcemic by
      infusion of the Ca chelator EDTA (15 or 30 mg/ml/hr); and 3) normocalcemic rats
      infused with saline. Normocalcemic rats had a mean ionized Ca level of 4.73
      mg/dl. In rats, increasing Ca chloride doses resulted in increasing mean serum
      ionized Ca levels (5.24, 8.35 and 15.2 mg/dl, respectively), whereas increasing
      doses of EDTA produced progressive decreases in mean ionized Ca (3.62 and 2.13
      mg/dl, respectively). Severe hypo (2.13 mg/dl)- or hypercalcemia (15.2 mg/dl)
      significantly blunted glucagon's chronotropic action (51 and 44%, respectively).
      From these data, we conclude that glucagon has its maximal tachycardic action at
      physiologic Ca levels (being blunted by both hyper- and hypocalcemia), indicating
      that this effect of glucagon is Ca dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885410
TI  - Differential effects of nifedipine, nicorandil and nitroglycerin on the pressor
      responses elicited by selective alpha-1 and alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - The influence of vasodilators with varying mechanisms of action on pressor
      responses mediated by alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors was investigated in
      chronically instrumented, conscious dogs. After ganglionic, cholinergic and beta
      adrenergic blockade, equipressor doses of phenylephrine (0.6 microgram/kg i.v.),
      a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, and B-HT 933 (20 micrograms/kg i.v.) a
      selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, were administered before and in the
      presence of infusions of nifedipine (0.25-2.0 micrograms/kg/min), nicorandil (4.0
      32.0 micrograms/kg/min) or nitroglycerin (1.0-8.0 micrograms/kg/min). Nifedipine
      produced a dose-related attenuation of the increase in mean arterial pressure
      after bolus administration of phenylephrine (from 26 +/- 1 to 7 +/- 1 mm Hg) and
      B-HT 933 (from 29 +/- 2 to 5 +/- 1 mm Hg). Nicorandil did not affect
      phenylephrine-mediated pressor responses but significantly attenuated those to B
      HT 933 (28 +/- 2 to 10 +/- 1 mm Hg). In contrast, nitroglycerin had no effect on
      either phenylephrine or B-HT 933-mediated responses. In additional experiments
      after autonomic nervous system blockade, multiple doses of phenylephrine (0.6,
      1.25 and 2.5 micrograms/kg i.v.) and B-HT 933 (10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg i.v.)
      were administered before and after i.v. infusions of nifedipine (1.0
      microgram/kg/min) or nicorandil (16.0 micrograms/kg/min). Nifedipine
      significantly decreased the pressor responses to all doses of phenylephrine and B
      HT 933. In contrast, the attenuation from control of alpha-2-mediated increases
      in arterial pressure by nicorandil was partially overcome at higher doses (40
      micrograms/kg) of B-HT 933.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885411
TI  - Role of the alpha agonist activity of dobutamine in mediating cardiac output:
      effects of prolonged isoproterenol infusion.
AB  - Hemodynamic activities of dobutamine enantiomers were studied in either control
      rats or those infused with isoproterenol (400 micrograms/kg/hr) for 4 days. In
      control animals prazosin attenuated the effects of (+/-)-dobutamine on cardiac
      output by approximately 50%; remaining activity was blocked by propranolol. After
      isoproterenol infusion (+/-)-dobutamine was less efficacious and the blocking
      effects of prazosin were greater than 90%. Isoproterenol infusion had no effect
      on (-)-dobutamine-mediated (alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist) increases in cardiac
      output and these actions were blocked by prazosin. By contrast, compared to (+/-)
      and (-)-dobutamine, effects of (+)-dobutamine (beta adrenoceptor agonist) on
      cardiac output were modest, not altered by prazosin and were blocked by
      propranolol; (+)-dobutamine was inactive after isoproterenol infusion. (-)
      Dobutamine increased systemic vascular resistance in both control and
      isoproterenol infused rats, whereas (+)-dobutamine was inactive. (+/-)-Dobutamine
      increased systemic vascular resistance only in isoproterenol-infused rats. All
      increases in systemic vascular resistance were blocked by prazosin. Neither (+/-)
      nor (+)-dobutamine significantly altered stroke volume. By contrast, (-)
      dobutamine resulted in prazosin-sensitive increases in stroke volume in both
      control and isoproterenol-infused rats. In control animals, (+/-)-, (+)- and (-)
      dobutamine increased heart rate in a dose-dependent manner; chronotropic effects
      of (-)-dobutamine were less than those of either (+/-)- or (+)-dobutamine.
      Chronotropic effects were not demonstrable in isoproterenol-infused animals.
      These data support the notion that in control rats cardiac output may be
      increased by either alpha or beta adrenoceptor stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885412
TI  - Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor binding in aortas from rat and dog: comparison of
      [3H]prazosin and beta-iodo-[125I]-4-hydroxyphenyl-ethyl-aminomethyl-tetralone.
AB  - We have identified and characterized pharmacologically alpha-1 adrenergic
      receptors in aorta from dog and rat utilizing two alpha-1 antagonists,
      [3H]prazosin and beta-3-iodo[125I]-4-hydroxyphenyl-ethyl-aminoethyl-tetralone
      [125I]HEAT, to determine receptor number and affinity. The rat and dog alpha-1
      receptors were found to be very similar. In the dog, KD values were 27 and 11 pM
      for [3H]prazosin and [125I]HEAT, respectively, whereas maximum binding values
      were 89 and 65 fmol/mg of protein. KD values in rat aorta were 22 and 15 pM for
      [3H]prazosin and [125I]HEAT, respectively, whereas maximum binding values were 62
      and 47 fmol/mg of protein. Both tissues demonstrated a rank order potency of
      antagonist inhibition of the two radioligands consistent with an alpha-1
      adrenergic receptor with prazosin greater than phentolamine greater than
      yohimbine. A comparison between IC50 values for both the ligands and the tissues
      shows strong correlations suggesting the two radioligands are identifying a
      similar receptor population and that the receptor labeled by the ligands has
      similar pharmacologic characteristics in the two tissues.

PMID- 2885413
TI  - Alpha-2 receptors mediate an endogenous noradrenergic suppression of kindling
      development.
AB  - We sought to elucidate the receptor subtype through which endogenous
      norepinephrine suppresses epileptogenesis in the rat kindling model. To this end
      we examined the effects of systemically administered selective antagonists and an
      alpha-2 agonist on kindling development and on kindled seizures. The alpha-2
      adrenergic antagonists idazoxan, yohimbine and rauwolscine (0.1-10.0 mg/kg i.p.)
      dose-dependently facilitated amygdala kindling development. Central
      administration of idazoxan (20 micrograms/40 microliter i.c.v.) produced an
      equivalent facilitation. The facilitation was selective for alpha-2 antagonists
      because neither the alpha-1 antagonist corynanthine (0.1-10.0 mg/kg i.p.), nor
      the beta antagonist propranolol (0.1-10.0 mg/kg i.p.), nor the selective beta-1
      antagonist ICI 89,406 (10 micrograms/40 microliter i.c.v.) nor the beta-2
      antagonist ICI 118,551 (0.5-5.0 mg/kg i.p.) modified kindling development. The
      alpha-2 agonist clonidine (0.01-0.2 mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently suppressed
      kindling development. In contrast to the effects on kindling development, neither
      the alpha-2 antagonists nor clonidine modified seizures elicited from previously
      kindled animals. We interpret the data to indicate that endogenous norepinephrine
      suppresses kindling development by activation of postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors.
      The selective inhibition of kindling development, but not kindled seizures,
      suggests that alpha-2 agonists may be effective antiepileptogenic, but not
      anticonvulsant, agents.

PMID- 2885414
TI  - Role of endogenous histamine in postanaphylactic phase of allergic inflammation
      in rats.
AB  - Role of endogenous histamine in postanaphylactic phase of allergic inflammation
      was examined by using a rat model of allergic inflammation of air pouch type.
      Histamine in the exudate revealed a biphasic increase. The anaphylactic increase
      was followed by rapid decrease and then by a gradual rising in postanaphylactic
      phase with the maximum attained around 24 hr after the antigenic challenge. It
      again decreased gradually. The histamine increase in the postanaphylactic phase
      was accompanied by the increase of histidine decarboxylase activity in
      inflammatory tissues. Local administration of pyrilamine, an H1 antagonist,
      together with either methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, or cimetidine, an H2
      antagonist, was unable to inhibit vascular permeability response in the
      postanaphylactic phase. When histaminase was administered locally in the
      postanaphylactic phase to reduce histamine in the exudate, neutrophil
      accumulation in the exudate was enhanced without any change in exudate
      accumulation. Enhancement of the neutrophil accumulation was also inducible with
      local administration of cimetidine but not with pyrilamine. Local administration
      of histamine inhibited the neutrophil accumulation dose-dependently. These
      results suggest that endogenous histamine released in the postanaphylactic phase
      contributes to downward regulation of neutrophil accumulation in the inflammatory
      site without affecting the vascular permeability.

PMID- 2885416
TI  - Zwitterionic analogues of cimetidine as H2 receptor antagonists.
AB  - A series of analogues of the H2 receptor histamine antagonist cimetidine have
      been synthesized in which the dipolar cyanoguanidine group has been replaced by a
      number of zwitterionic moieties. Although none of the compounds is more effective
      than cimetidine in blocking histamine-stimulated tachycardia on the isolated
      guinea pig atrium, the activities of most of the compounds possessing rigid
      dipoles can be accounted for on the basis of dipole orientation relative to the
      common side chain and by considering the active species in each case to be the
      zwitterion. These findings are in general agreement with those found for
      analogues having conjugated groups as dipoles.

PMID- 2885415
TI  - Effects of auranofin and other antirheumatic drugs on human myelopoiesis in
      vitro.
AB  - Leukopenia is one of the more serious side effects of auranofin (AF) therapy for
      rheumatoid arthritis. AF and its deacetylated form inhibited the development of
      macrophage and granulocytic colonies from progenitor cells in human bone marrow
      even at concentrations less than or equal to 10(-9)M. The disease suppressive
      activity of AF could result in part from the reduction of cell numbers in
      arthritic lesions and our findings provide a mechanism for this possibility. In
      contrast, other slow acting antirheumatic drugs, sulfasalazine, chloroquine and
      hydroxychloroquine, show partial inhibition of colony development but at
      concentrations of the order of 10(-5)M.

PMID- 2885417
TI  - Solid-phase synthesis and biological properties of psi [CH2NH] pseudopeptide
      analogues of a highly potent somatostatin octapeptide.
AB  - A series of psi [CH2NH] pseudopeptide analogues of a potent somatostatin
      octapeptide analogue, H-D-Phe-Cys-Try-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2, were synthesized
      by using a newly developed solid-phase method for direct introduction of the
      CH2NH peptide bond isostere. Analogues were obtained in normal yields via a
      combination of sodium cyanoborohydride mediated reductive alkylation of resin
      bound peptide amine with a tert-butoxycarbonyl amino acid aldehyde for
      introduction of a CH2NH bond and normal solid-phase peptide chemistry. A
      racemization test on a model pseudodipeptide indicated that no more than 6%
      racemization took place during the aldehyde preparation and alkylation steps.
      Analogues were examined for their ability to inhibit growth hormone release in
      vivo in sodium pentobarbital anesthetized rats and in vitro from cultured rat
      anterior pituitary cells. Analogues modified at the amide carbonyl of Cys2 and
      Lys5 showed the highest in vivo activity (20 and 8 times more potent than SRIF,
      respectively) and in vitro activity (0.17 and 0.67 times as active as SRIF). This
      compared to in vivo and in vitro potencies of 8000% and 100%, respectively, for
      the parent analogue. Modification of the other cyclic ring amide carbonyls of
      Tyr3, D-Trp4, and Val6 or the N- or C-terminal amide carbonyl of D-Phe1 or Cys7
      gave analogues with considerably lower in vitro or in vivo potencies. The results
      appear to offer support for a proposed type II beta-turn solution conformation
      centered on the D-Trp-Lys portion of SRIF octapeptide analogues, resulting in
      possible hydrogen-bonding interactions between Tyr3 and Val6 and D-Phe1 and Thr8
      residues in the parent peptide. These would then be disrupted by methylene
      replacement of the carbonyl groups with concomitant loss of biological activity
      as was observed.

PMID- 2885418
TI  - Structure-activity relationships among di- and tetramine disulfides related to
      benextramine.
AB  - The synthesis and irreversible alpha-blocking activity in the rat vas deferens of
      a series of tetra- and diamine disulfides 2-38, structural analogues of
      benextramine (BHC), are described. All compounds containing a central cystamine
      moiety displayed an irreversible alpha-adrenergic blockade at concentrations
      ranging from 10(-4) to 6 X 10(-6)M. Potency was increased in cystamines N,N'
      disubstituted with 6-aminohexyl groups, especially when the outer nitrogen atoms
      bear arylalkyl substituents or are enclosed in a ring. However, N,N,N',N'
      tetrasubstituted cystamines were poor blockers. Structural specificity in the
      outer portion of the tetramine disulfide is low, since many types of substituents
      gave rise to potent alpha-blockers. Even replacement of the outer amines with
      nonbasic ethers or amides was observed to maintain irreversible alpha-blockade.

PMID- 2885419
TI  - Design of nonpeptidal ligands for a peptide receptor: cholecystokinin
      antagonists.
AB  - A series of 3-substituted 5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepines, nonpeptidal antagonists
      of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), have been synthesized. Designed on
      the basis of facts regarding CCK, its natural-product antagonist asperlicin (3),
      and the antianxiety agent diazepam (4), these compounds represent a significant
      departure from existing CCK antagonists. They also constitute perhaps the first
      examples of simple, nonpeptidal ligands for a peptide receptor to arise by design
      rather than by screening. These compounds serve to illuminate the distinction
      between central and peripheral CCK receptors, as well as to provide orally
      effective CCK antagonists of potential pharmacological or therapeutic utility.
      One rationale for their receptor affinity has possible applications in the design
      of nonpeptidal ligands for other receptors, peptidal as well as nonpeptidal.

PMID- 2885420
TI  - Recruitment and retention of minority students in a physician assistant program.
AB  - The authors report two years of experience in the recruitment and retention of
      minority physician assistant students and the employment patterns of graduates
      from one physician assistant program. Recruitment strategies increased the
      proportion of minority students to 54 percent in the first year of the program
      and to 44 percent in the second year. The number of years of postsecondary
      education and clinical experience acquired by the minority students before
      admission to the program tended to have less impact on their performance in
      training than did their prior completion of formal academic degree programs and
      prior level of clinical responsibility. Attrition was higher for the minority
      students than nonminority students, and the minority students took longer than
      nonminority students to complete the program. The rates at which the students
      passed the certifying examination of the National Commission on Certification of
      Physician's Assistants were comparable for the two groups. Minority graduates
      tended to practice in areas of health manpower shortage.

PMID- 2885421
TI  - Survey of graduates of a physician assistant internship concerning practice
      characteristics and adequacy of training.

PMID- 2885422
TI  - Successful management of the pediatric examination.

PMID- 2885423
TI  - Detection of thyroid-stimulating antibodies in sera of patients with Graves'
      disease--clinical and experimental studies.

PMID- 2885425
TI  - Neuropathy and orchialgia in a 40-year-old man.

PMID- 2885426
TI  - The pulsed dye laser for fragmenting urinary calculi.
AB  - The properties of a laser which effect stone fragmentation have been studied. The
      pulsed dye laser emitting at 504 nm. in one microsecond duration pulses appears
      to be the optimum out of a wide range of parameters tested. The laser is coupled
      to a 200 micron core fiber; this complete with its cladding has a total diameter
      of only 0.25 mm. Most calculi are fragmented by a series of pulses of up to 30
      mJ. The system is used by firing bursts of pulses with the fiber actually in
      contact with the stone. The result is a very controlled fragmentation which is
      particularly suited to use in the confines of the ureter. This modality of
      treatment utilises less energy than ultrasound or electrohydraulic probes to
      fragment a stone and the very fine, flexible fiber represents a considerable
      miniaturization.

PMID- 2885424
TI  - Intracellular digestion of reovirus particles requires a low pH and is an
      essential step in the viral infectious cycle.
AB  - Lysosomotropic drugs such as NH4Cl have been useful for studying the role of low
      pH in early events in virus infection. NH4Cl blocks the production of infectious
      progeny virus in mammalian reovirus-infected cells. The inhibitory effect of
      NH4Cl is mediated by an inhibition of intracellular digestion of reovirus outer
      capsid proteins. In vitro digestion of viral outer capsid proteins produces
      infectious partially uncoated particles, called intermediate subviral particles,
      which are no longer inhibited by the presence of NH4Cl. These results indicate
      that proteolytic processing of reovirus outer capsid proteins takes place in a
      low pH compartment of the cell and is an essential step in the viral infectious
      cycle.

PMID- 2885427
TI  - An assessment of the pulsed dye laser for fragmenting calculi in the pig ureter.
AB  - The pulsed dye laser was used to fragment ureteric calculi in 10 pig ureters,
      compared to electrohydraulic disintegration in six pig ureters. The stones were
      impacted in the proximal ureter and approached by rigid ureteroscopy. Four
      ureters did not have stones impacted but had ureteroscopes passed. The stones
      were fragmented and the particles left to pass spontaneously. The degree of
      inflammatory reaction was graded at the site of fragmentation as well as in the
      middle and lower ureter. The degree of inflammation seen at the site of
      fragmentation was significantly less in the laser group than in the
      electrohydraulic group (p = 0.0027). It was noted that the degree of inflammation
      seen in the lower ureter was significantly greater than that seen at the site of
      fragmentation (p = 0.01), and that this grade of inflammation correlated well
      with the size of ureteroscope used (p = 0.0026). Further, the degree of
      dilatation of the ureter and pelvicalyceal system was significantly greater when
      the larger calibre ureteroscope had been used (p = 0.0056) ranging up to
      hydronephrosis with flattening of the papillae. If there is any parallel which
      can be drawn between the pig ureter and the human ureter then it suggests that
      ureteroscopy is more significant than the modality of fragmentation used. The
      contribution of the laser may therefore be more by the miniaturization of
      instrumentation which will be made possible than by any advantage it may have as
      a fragmenter.

PMID- 2885428
TI  - Tubule recovery after obstructive nephropathy relief: the value of enzymuria and
      microproteinuria.
AB  - The recovery of tubules after relief of obstructive nephropathy may be
      investigated through serial assessment of the urinary excretion of tubular
      enzymes alpha-glucosidase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase and N-acetyl
      glucosaminidase as well as of the microprotein beta-2-microglobulin. We studied
      21 patients in whom obstructive nephropathy was relieved by operative or
      nonoperative methods. Anuria persisted from 2 to 14 days. In these patients
      urinary excretion of alpha-glucosidase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, N-acetyl
      glucosaminidase and beta-2-microglobulin, as well as the serum creatinine were
      assessed weekly. Serum creatinine was the earliest index to return to normal
      (within 9 to 26 days). Enzymuria returned to normal within 35 to 45 days, whereas
      normal urinary excretion of beta-2-microglobulin occurred more than 100 days
      after relief of obstructive nephropathy. N-acetyl glucosaminidase and gamma
      glutamyl-transferase proved to be more reliable than alpha-glucosidase in
      detecting recovery of the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. The return to
      normal of urinary beta-2-microglobulin levels has been shown to occur later,
      since more specific and complex intracellular functions underlie this index. The
      pathophysiological aspects of recovery of obstructive nephropathy may be
      considered similar to those observed in ischemic acute renal failure, since in
      both instances hemodynamic changes are involved.

PMID- 2885429
TI  - Laparoscopy in the management of the nonpalpable testis.
AB  - Laparoscopy was performed at operation in 32 patients between 7 and 63 months old
      (average age 31 months), who had 33 nonpalpable testes. Of the testes 7 (21.2 per
      cent) were in the inguinal region or just proximal to the internal ring, 5 (15.2
      per cent) were in a high intra-abdominal position and 21 (63.6 per cent) were
      absent. In every instance of a nonpalpable gonad in which a testis was found to
      be absent at operation the vas and gonadal vessels were observed laparoscopically
      to exit the inguinal ring or to end blindly just proximal to the internal
      inguinal ring. A hernia or patent processus vaginalis was not observed in these
      21 cases. In every case of an absent testis the contralateral testis was located
      normally in the scrotum. Furthermore, when a hernia was observed laparoscopically
      a testis was found on the ipsilateral side at the level of the internal ring or
      more distally.

PMID- 2885430
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in relation to penile erection in the cat
      evoked by pelvic and hypogastric nerve stimulation.
AB  - The hemodynamics of penile erection were elucidated in the anesthetized cat by
      studying volumetrically determined erectile responses of the penis and penile
      blood flow during frequency-graded bilateral stimulation of the pelvic and the
      hypogastric nerves, selectively or in combination. The study also provided
      information on possible neurotransmitter mechanisms. The results indicated that
      the erectile response is mediated by both the pelvic and hypogastric nerves,
      operating synergistically to evoke a seemingly maximum erection. Optimum erectile
      responses for either nerve system were obtained at 16 Hz and threshold responses
      at 0.5 to one Hz. In the presence of atropine, the erectile response to selective
      stimulation of the pelvic and the hypogastric nerves, respectively, were clearly
      curtailed, suggesting a cholinergic mechanism to be partly responsible for the
      diversion of blood from the penile "resistance vessels" to the cavernous bodies,
      possibly accomplished via the opening of vessels with a shunt-like function.
      However, the magnitude of the erectile response to combined pelvic and
      hypogastric nerve stimulation seemed to be surprisingly little affected by
      muscarinic blockade. Selective stimulations of the pelvic and the hypogastric
      nerves, respectively, were both found to cause about a five-fold increase in VIP
      output from the penis, coordinated in time with the local blood flow increase
      during erection. These data suggest a VIP-ergic neurotransmitter mechanism to be
      involved in penile erection in the cat, possibly controlling the dilation of the
      penile arterial "resistance vessels."

PMID- 2885432
TI  - Failure of buspirone to protect against lorazepam withdrawal symptoms.

PMID- 2885431
TI  - Interaction of urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein with transitional cells and
      transitional epithelium.
AB  - Uropathogenic E. coli that express mannose sensitive adhesins adhere to
      agglutinated urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) and to exfoliated transitional
      epithelial cells coated with THP. Whether THP interacts with the transitional
      epithelium in vivo and facilitates adhesin mediated attachment of E. coli is not
      known. Using immunohistochemical techniques we could not identify THP associated
      with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded transitional epithelium from a variety of
      sites within the urinary tract. However, varying levels of THP associated with
      the washed exfoliated transitional cells from 10 different subjects were detected
      by indirect radioimmunoassay methodologies. After in vitro incubation in human
      urine the mean interaction of THP with the exfoliated transitional cells
      increased significantly but closely paralleled the mean interaction of THP with
      exfoliated vaginal and buccal epithelial cells after identical incubation. We
      conclude that the interaction of THP with transitional cells in vivo is
      nonspecific and occurs after detachment from the mucosa. THP may act as a natural
      host defense against E. coli bacteriuria by inhibition of adhesion mediated
      bacterial adherence to the urothelium.

PMID- 2885433
TI  - New inotropic drugs for heart failure.

PMID- 2885434
TI  - [MEN-2, a dominantly inherited neoplasia].
AB  - MEN-2 is a syndrome which is characterized by association of medullary thyroid
      carcinoma with pheochromocytoma. This syndrome is transmitted in an autosomal
      dominant fashion with very high penetrance. Linkage analysis of the kindreds at
      high risk and comparison of leukocytes- and tumor-DNAs of the patients using
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) will be useful to find out the
      locus of the gene which predisposes to the syndrome. The environment factors play
      little role in the tumorigenesis in MEN-2.

PMID- 2885435
TI  - [Heredity in clinical cancer].
AB  - Familial clustering of cancer causes a problem whether significant differences
      exist from one person to the next in cancer susceptibility. Such clustering could
      occur simply by the chance occurrence of common environmental exposure, but in
      rare families, clustering is caused by discrete genetic factors, some being
      recessive and some being dominant inheritance with mendelian segregation. In this
      review article, heritable cancers are listed and discussed. Recent laboratory
      developments, such as the study on chromosome fragile sites and restriction
      enzyme-fragment length-polymorphism, to find the predisposition for cancer was
      introduced. Other analysis for individual difference by the genetic epidemiology
      was also summarized.

PMID- 2885436
TI  - Regional distribution of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone in conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - An electromagnetic flow probe was chronically implanted around the common
      carotid, superior mesenteric, or renal artery in spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR). An indwelling catheter was inserted into the terminal aorta for
      measurement of arterial pressure. Peripheral resistance was calculated by
      dividing arterial pressure by flow. Decrease in peripheral resistance on ganglion
      blockade with hexa-methonium bromide was assumed to indicate the presence of
      vasoconstrictor tone to regional resistance vessels. In the conscious, resting
      state, peripheral resistance decreased significantly on ganglion blockade in the
      carotid and renal areas but not in the superior mesenteric area. The magnitudes
      of the decrease in peripheral resistance in the carotid and renal areas were not
      greater than the respective, corresponding values in normal rats. Presumably,
      vasoconstrictor tone in these three vascular regions, being quite different from
      that in the hindquarters, is not higher in SHR than in normal rats. Venomotor
      tone does not seem to be elevated in conscious SHR either, because the decrease
      in the sum of the mean peripheral flows on ganglion blockade, which was assumed
      to reflect the decrease in cardiac output, was not larger in SHR than in normal
      rats. Pentobarbital anesthesia did not abolish renal vasoconstrictor tone in SHR
      as it does in normal rats.

PMID- 2885437
TI  - Effects of bromocriptine on neuroleptic-induced amenorrhea, galactorrhea and
      impotence.
AB  - The effects of bromocriptine on neuroleptic-induced endocrinological disturbances
      (amenorrhea, galactorrhea and impotence) were investigated. Bromocriptine (5.0
      7.5 mg/day) was administered to psychiatric patients receiving neuroleptics and
      developing hyperprolactinemia. The following results were obtained. Menses
      recurred in 7 of 10 patients with amenorrhea. A decrease in lactation appeared in
      5 of 6 patients with galactorrhea. A significant increase in the serum levels of
      testosterone was observed after 8 weeks of the treatment in male patients. (N =
      6). There was no remarkable deterioration in regard to the psychotic symptoms in
      schizophrenic patients. (N = 7). In non-schizophrenic patients (N = 9), a
      significant improvement was observed in regard to "somatic concern" (in Brief
      Psychiatric Rating Scale).

PMID- 2885438
TI  - [Moderate ganglioplegia and heparinization in the combined treatment of acute
      cholecystitis patients].

PMID- 2885440
TI  - Cellular mechanisms of action of atrial natriuretic factor.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) interacts with its target cells through specific
      receptors. This interaction induces, in most cell types, the activation of
      particulate guanylate cyclase and decreased Calcium mobilisation. In addition,
      ANF also decreases adenylate cyclase activity in some tissues. Activation of
      particulate guanylate cyclase, and additionally inhibition of adenylate cyclase,
      appear to initiate the cellular responses to circulating ANF. The activation of
      particulate guanylate cyclase is tissue-specific, immediate and can be
      demonstrated also on the solubilized enzyme. The ANF receptor appears to be
      tightly coupled to particulate guanylate cyclase. The increased formation of
      cyclic GMP induces cGMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in target cells. In
      addition, cyclic GMP inhibits Calcium mobilisation in several tissues. This may
      explain observations of inhibition of Calcium mobilisation after ANF. Cyclic GMP
      is not only degraded by phosphodiesterase, but is also extruded from target
      cells. As a consequence of cGMP extrusion, ANF increases the levels of cyclic GMP
      in plasma and urine in animals and man. Cyclic GMP is also increased in various
      disease states, in which ANF is increased. In contrast, cyclic AMP plasma levels
      are unaltered after ANF elevations. At present, the exact mechanisms, by which
      cellular functions are altered by ANF are still incompletely understood. It is
      anticipated, that the close correlation between the cyclic GMP system and effects
      of ANF in various target tissues is a key finding that will help elucidate the
      exact mechanisms of ANF action.

PMID- 2885441
TI  - [Hypothalamic hormones and their role in regulating the endocrine system].

PMID- 2885439
TI  - Delaying carbohydrate absorption in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus:
      useful therapy?
AB  - Epidemiological and psychological studies have revealed major difficulties in
      motivating diabetic patients to observe a long-term dietary regimen. Therefore,
      manipulation of intestinal digestion or absorption appears to be a feasible
      therapeutic approach in the management of diabetes. The addition of natural or
      chemically processed fiber has been shown to decrease both the postprandial and
      fasting blood glucose in type-2 diabetics by delaying carbohydrate absorption.
      Recently, selective enzyme inhibitors of glycoside hydrolases in the upper
      intestine have been found which create a moderate degree of malabsorption of
      carbohydrates. The postprandial blood sugar response can be reduced by 50%.
      However, both these forms of treatment may not be accepted by patients because of
      impalatability or gastrointestinal side effects. At present only short-term
      studies with each group of substances are available. Whether the reduction of
      hyperglycemia is sufficient for the prevention of complications must be clarified
      in long-term trials.

PMID- 2885442
TI  - [25th international conference of the Red Cross. A look from inside. 1].

PMID- 2885443
TI  - Effects of treatment with prolactin or progesterone on the coincidence of mammary
      tumors and uterine adenomyosis in young SHN mice.
AB  - The relative incidence of mammary tumors with uterine adenomyosis was examined in
      SHN mice subjected to hormonal manipulation between 30 and 90 days of age. The
      incidence of mammary tumors paralleled that of adenomyosis in controls. A single
      pituitary grafted under the kidney capsule or progesterone pellet implanted at a
      young age increased the incidence of both mammary and uterine lesions. However,
      the pattern of long-term response to hormones was different between mammary gland
      and uterus. The results indicate the possible relevance of this animal model for
      study of the cause and management of multiple endocrine syndrome in women.

PMID- 2885444
TI  - Kinetic analysis of new formation, internalization, and turnover of bristle
      coated pits of the myeloid sinuses.
AB  - The rate of new formation of bristle coated pits (BCP) of the myeloid sinuses,
      their internalization, and turnover was determined by labeling of BCP with bovine
      albumin adsorbed to colloidal gold (Au) at low temperatures (0 degrees C to 4
      degrees C), followed by endothelial activation with balanced saline at 38 degrees
      C to 40 degrees C for graded periods of time. New formation of BCP was
      practically instantaneous, occurring within 28 seconds, a time span which
      includes the in situ assembly of the coating protein clathrin as well as of the
      material effecting the binding of the ligand. Almost the entire population of BCP
      was turned over in 6 minutes, a time period which encompasses the initial
      formation of the plasmalemmal bristle coated binding site to the internalization
      of BCP. The number of BCP varied within a narrow range indicating a substantial
      degree of physiological constancy resulting from a quantitative parallelism
      between internalization and new formation of bristle coated binding sites. The
      number of BCP is markedly reduced in the prolonged (greater than 12 minutes)
      absence of endocytosable material. The reduction in the number of BCP is
      reversible. The binding to BCP at low temperatures (0 degrees C to 4 degrees C)
      of a series of proteinaceous substances adsorbed to Au was examined for the
      following Au complexes: bovine albumin/Au, rat albumin/Au, IgG/Au,
      orosomucoid/Au, ovalbumin/Au, fetuin/Au, transferrin/Au, insulin/Au, low density
      lipoprotein/Au, alpha 2 macroglobulin/Au, and Au stabilized by polyethylene
      glycol. All these Au complexes bound to BCP although there were differences in
      the degree of affinity as judged by the number of BCP labeled and by the number
      of Au/complex particles present in the labeled BCP. Au stabilized by polyethylene
      glycol did not bind to BCP. Under the condition of these experiments, bovine
      albumin/Au had the highest degree of affinity for BCP and was therefore selected
      for the kinetic studies.

PMID- 2885445
TI  - Ultrastructural changes associated with the inhibition of monocyte chemotaxis
      caused by products of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - The supernatant fluid of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica-HM1 significantly
      modifies the ultrastructural features associated with monocyte chemotaxis as
      assayed in Boyden chambers. This morphological evidence supports the existence of
      a factor, monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), produced by E.
      histolytica that inhibits the in vitro locomotion of human monocytes. None of the
      leucocyte-locomotion modifying drugs included in this study (i.e., cytochalasin
      B, colchicine, vinblastine, and hydrocortisone) caused changes totally comparable
      with those induced by MLIF. The most striking feature was the increase of
      centriole-associated microtubules induced by MLIF and by cytochalasin-B. MLIF may
      inhibit monocyte locomotion by directly inducing excessive microtubule assembly,
      although a direct, if somewhat weak effect upon microfilaments cannot be
      excluded. The increase in microtubules could then represent a perhaps futile
      attempt of the microtubule organizing center to overcome the locomotion blockade
      that has occurred elsewhere in the cell. If active in vivo, MLIF may contribute
      to the paucity of inflammation in the advanced stages of invasive amebiasis, and
      consequently to the lack of scar tissue formation upon recovery from such
      lesions, as monocytes constitute an essential link to the healing process.

PMID- 2885446
TI  - Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity in acute leukaemia.
AB  - Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPD) is an important enzyme in de-novo
      purine synthesis. The level of IMPD activity has been suggested to determine
      whether acute leukaemia cells proliferate (if the activity is high) or
      differentiate (if IMPD activity is low). IMPD activity measured by the conversion
      of inosine monophosphate to xanthine monophosphate ranged from 12.5 to 87.0 (mean
      49.4) pmol/h/10(6) cells in normal bone marrow. The levels were significantly
      raised in AML (range 14-374, mean 184 pmol/h/10(6) cells) and ALL (range 65-228,
      mean 172 pmol/h/10(6) cells). Normal tonsillar (B) lymphocytes showed higher
      levels (range 78-159, mean 110 pmol/h/10(6) cells) than resting peripheral blood
      T lymphocytes (range 8.8-51.2, mean 28.1 pmol/h/10(6) cells). In CLL, the results
      (range 19-173, mean 64.3 pmol/h/10(6) cells) were comparable to those of normal
      tonsillar B lymphocytes. IMPD levels could be related to cell cycle in PHA
      stimulated lymphocytes, since IMPD activity increased in parallel with increase
      in DNA synthesis measured by labelled thymidine incorporation. On the other hand,
      IMPD activity did not correlate with the proportion of proliferating cells
      measured on a FACS sorter in either AML or ALL or in normal tonsillar B cells. We
      conclude that IMPD levels are higher in B than T lymphocytes and in acute
      leukaemia blasts compared to more differentiated mixed bone marrow cells. The
      results do not suggest, however, that IMPD assay will be of value in
      differentiation of the various subtypes of acute leukaemia or of malignant
      haemopoietic cells from the equivalent normal cell at the same level of
      differentiation.

PMID- 2885447
TI  - [Study on the tolerance to antihypertensive medication III. Therapeutic regimens
      used in the study on the tolerance to antihypertensive medication. Cooperative
      Group for the Study on the Tolerance to Antihypertensive Medication].

PMID- 2885449
TI  - Are nootropics a separate class of drugs? A differentiation in various models.
AB  - Psychostimulants, analeptics, and nootropics are three classes of drugs that have
      been used with varying success in the treatment of impaired brain functions. They
      all produce an excitatory and disinhibitory effect on the CNS but can be
      distinguished through their characteristic properties. Psychostimulants are drugs
      that lead to a general, but nonphysiological activation, which is followed by a
      phase of inhibition. Analeptics are drugs that stimulate the CNS, in particular
      the respiratory and circulatory centers, and which in high doses lead to
      convulsions. Nootropics are drugs that (in impaired brain functions) lead to a
      physiological activation of adaptation.

PMID- 2885448
TI  - [Efficiency and safety of ipecac syrup in the treatment of acute poisoning].

PMID- 2885450
TI  - Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of haemodilution in peripheral arterial
      disease.
AB  - Twenty-four men who had stable claudication with long, collateralized
      femoropopliteal obstructions were treated by isovolaemic haemodilution and sham
      dilutions in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. 3 weeks of
      haemodilution lowered haematocrit and blood viscosity and increased resting blood
      flow and pain-free walking distance. Sham treatment produced no such favourable
      changes. It is concluded that haemodilution therapy can be clinically effective
      in patients with arterial obstructions in the legs. It seems particularly
      promising when the vascular obstructions are such that low average shear stresses
      act on the blood in multiple, long collaterals.

PMID- 2885451
TI  - Role of genetic variation at the fibrinogen locus in determination of plasma
      fibrinogen concentrations.
AB  - Three restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the fibrinogen genes
      were used in 91 individuals to investigate the role of genetic variation at this
      locus in the determination of plasma fibrinogen. The strongest association was
      with a polymorphism detected with the beta-fibrinogen probe and the enzyme BclI.
      The probe detects two alleles, designated B1 and B2. The individuals with the
      genotype B1B1 had a mean fibrinogen of 2.74 g/l; those with B2B2 had a mean
      fibrinogen of 3.69 g/l (a level previously associated with a strongly increased
      risk of ischaemic heart disease); and those heterozygous for the two alleles,
      with the genotype B1B2, had a mean of 2.98 g/l. Genetic variation at the
      fibrinogen gene locus accounted for 15% of the total phenotypic variance in
      fibrinogen.

PMID- 2885452
TI  - Fibroblasts from relatives of patients with hereditary breast cancer show fetal
      like behaviour in vitro.
AB  - Fetal and normal adult skin fibroblasts show distinctive migratory behaviour when
      plated on three-dimensional collagen gels. Skin fibroblasts from 13 of 15
      patients with hereditary breast cancer showed fetal-like behaviour compared with
      only 1 of 12 age-matched healthy controls (p less than 0.015; Wilcoxon signed
      rank matched-pairs test). In addition, 10 of 15 first-degree relatives of
      patients with hereditary breast cancer showed a fetal-like fibroblast phenotype,
      compared with none of 7 surgical controls (p less than 0.009; chi 2 test). These
      results suggest that abnormalities expressed by skin fibroblasts may help
      identify people at increased risk of breast cancer developing.

PMID- 2885453
TI  - Community-acquired bacteraemia in African children.
AB  - To examine the frequency of community acquired bacteraemia in children in Kigali,
      Rwanda, blood cultures were obtained from 900 consecutive febrile children (T
      degrees greater than or equal to 39 degrees C) seen at an outpatient clinic over
      the course of a year. A pathogen was isolated from 112 children (12.4%):
      Salmonella typhi from 47, S enteritidis from 23, S typhimurium from 13,
      Streptococcus pneumoniae from 14, Staphylococcus aureus from 9, and Haemophilus
      influenzae from 3. Salmonella species represented 74% of the isolates. The
      children with S typhi bacteraemia were older (mean age 75 months) than those with
      bacteraemia due to other organisms. Controls consisted of febrile, nonbacteraemic
      children without (group I) or with (group II) Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia.
      Bacteraemic children were older and presented more frequently with diarrhoea,
      vomiting, and dehydration, but less frequently with convulsions than controls.
      The rate of hospital admission was higher among bacteraemic children (61%) than
      among group I (39%) or group II (46%) controls. The case-fatality rate was
      similar in the three groups (9.3% versus 2.9% and 7.3%). Community-acquired
      bacteraemia in Rwandese children is common and is mainly caused by Salmonella
      species.

PMID- 2885455
TI  - Generalised osteoarthritis: an evolutionary problem?
AB  - Polyarticular osteoarthritis (OA) has a distinctive pattern of joint involvement.
      Some joints, such as the first metatarsophalangeal joint, are commonly affected,
      whereas others, such as the shoulder, are rarely involved. This distinct pattern
      of involvement may represent a subset of OA--generalised OA. Analysis of the
      pattern of change in joint function in the recent evolutionary development of man
      suggests a hypothesis that explains the pattern of joint involvement in
      generalised OA. Joints most commonly affected have undergone recent rapid
      evolutionary change to a new function that has resulted in increased loading.
      These joints are therefore relatively underdesigned, have little functional
      reserve, and are likely to fail often and early. Joints that are rarely affected
      have changed to a function with reduced loading. They are relatively overdesigned
      and have a large functional reserve, so fail rarely and late.

PMID- 2885454
TI  - Prevention of emesis in patients receiving cytotoxic drugs by GR38032F, a
      selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.
AB  - 15 patients receiving cytotoxic drugs (other than cisplatin) that had previously
      produced nausea and vomiting refractory to first-line antiemetics were given a
      selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (GR38032F), 4 mg intravenously and 4 mg
      orally, immediately before chemotherapy, the oral dose being repeated 5 and 10 h
      later. Nausea, vomiting, and side-effects were recorded for the ensuing 24 h. The
      15 patients received a total of thirty-one courses of chemotherapy. Only 1
      patient vomited. The only adverse events were dryness of the mouth in 1 patient,
      mild sedation in 1, and diarrhoea in 1, and these were not clearly drug related.

PMID- 2885456
TI  - Depression, stress, and immunity.

PMID- 2885457
TI  - New awakening in anaesthesia--at a price.

PMID- 2885459
TI  - Testing taste.

PMID- 2885458
TI  - 5-HT3 receptor antagonists: a new class of antiemetics.

PMID- 2885460
TI  - Slap on the wrist for another missed diagnosis.

PMID- 2885461
TI  - Reduction of premature mortality by high physical activity: a 20-year follow-up
      of middle-aged Finnish men.
AB  - The association of physical activity level with the risk of death was analysed
      for a cohort of 636 healthy Finnish men aged 45-64 years followed up for 20
      years. 39% of the cohort were classed as highly active physically at baseline in
      1964. Up to 1984 there were 287 deaths, 106 of them due to coronary heart disease
      (CHD). During the first-two thirds of the follow-up, men with high physical
      activity had a lower risk of death than did men with low physical activity.
      During the last third, the survival curves of the men with high and low physical
      activity gradually converged. Of the men who died, those with high physical
      activity lived 2.1 years longer (p = 0.002) than those with low physical
      activity, after adjustment for age, smoking, blood pressure, serum cholesterol,
      and body mass index. This difference was due mainly to fewer CHD deaths among the
      highly active group. Low physical activity was clearly weaker than smoking as a
      predictor of risk of death. High physical activity may thus independently prevent
      premature death among middle-aged men, but it probably does not prolong the
      maximum achievable life-span.

PMID- 2885462
TI  - Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii
      pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - 10 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome whose respiratory failure
      due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was deteriorating rapidly had 7 days
      of intravenous methylprednisolone added to their antibiotic regimen. 8 similar
      patients were treated with antibiotic therapy alone. 9 of the 10
      methylprednisolone-treated patients survived their episode of PCP, compared with
      2 of the 8 conventionally treated patients. Clinical improvement was evident
      within 2 days of the start of steroid therapy, and in none of the 10 patients did
      clinical deterioration or recurrence of PCP occur on cessation of steroid
      therapy. In 1 steroid-treated patient disseminated herpes zoster developed 2 days
      after discontinuation of methylprednisolone. Methylprednisolone seems to be a
      useful adjunctive therapeutic agent for patients with AIDS in whom Pneumocystis
      carinii is the sole respiratory pathogen.

PMID- 2885463
TI  - Exchanging kidney transplants--is it worth it?

PMID- 2885464
TI  - A new kidney, a new life.

PMID- 2885465
TI  - Acupuncture and scepticism.

PMID- 2885466
TI  - Coronary heart disease mortality rates.

PMID- 2885467
TI  - Pursed-lip breathing reduces hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2885468
TI  - Environmental source of manganese on Groote Eylandt, northern Australia.

PMID- 2885469
TI  - Programming of bone marrow donor for a leukaemic sibling.

PMID- 2885470
TI  - Local treatment of ulcers in diabetic foot with human growth hormone.

PMID- 2885471
TI  - Toxicity of topical sugar.

PMID- 2885472
TI  - Cyclosporin in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2885474
TI  - Doxycycline prophylaxis in malaria.

PMID- 2885473
TI  - Free muscle flap for treatment of iatrogenic pneumocephalus.

PMID- 2885475
TI  - Anti-neutrophil-cytoplasm antibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis are not directed
      against alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 2885476
TI  - Shulman syndrome, a scleroderma subtype caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?

PMID- 2885478
TI  - Choroid plexus cysts in the fetus.

PMID- 2885477
TI  - Pleural effects of tremolite in north-west Greece.

PMID- 2885480
TI  - Professional review in the USA.

PMID- 2885479
TI  - Meta-analysis.

PMID- 2885482
TI  - Hearing problems in elderly people.

PMID- 2885481
TI  - Unfavourable results and drug company trials.

PMID- 2885483
TI  - Trials in acute stroke.

PMID- 2885484
TI  - Bed-nets and protection against malaria.

PMID- 2885485
TI  - Adverse reaction to 5-HT3 antagonist ICS 205930.

PMID- 2885486
TI  - Myelotoxicity of methotrexate, mitozantrone, and mitomycin C.

PMID- 2885487
TI  - Lead and IQ.

PMID- 2885488
TI  - Haemorrhagic colitis and verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in Belgium.

PMID- 2885489
TI  - Malnutrition-related diabetes.

PMID- 2885490
TI  - Bupivacaine concentration and mode of delivery.

PMID- 2885491
TI  - Systemic absorption from prednisolone rectal foam in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2885492
TI  - Unilateral analgesia following injection of fentanyl into the lumbosacral plexus.

PMID- 2885494
TI  - HIV transmission from monkey to man.

PMID- 2885493
TI  - LHRH analogues and bone loss.

PMID- 2885495
TI  - True HIV-1 infection in a pygmy.

PMID- 2885496
TI  - Wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS.

PMID- 2885497
TI  - Aetiology of oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 2885498
TI  - Postpartum collapse due to acute dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2885499
TI  - Echocardiographic evidence of altered cardiac diastolic function in ankylosing
      spondylitis.

PMID- 2885500
TI  - Recurrence of loin pain/haematuria syndrome after renal autotransplantation.

PMID- 2885502
TI  - The Na+-H+ antiport in essential hypertension.

PMID- 2885501
TI  - Eicosapentaenoic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids.

PMID- 2885503
TI  - Serological diagnosis of primary Sjogren's syndrome by means of human recombinant
      La (SS-B) as nuclear antigen.
AB  - Human recombinant La nucleoprotein was purified from cultures of Escherichia coli
      containing a vector with a 1.4 kilobase cDNA encoding La; the nucleoprotein was
      used to test for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) to La. Serum samples from 260
      patients with autoimmune diseases associated with ANA and 100 healthy subjects
      were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples from 47
      (94%) of 50 patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome and 1 (7%) of 14 patients
      with secondary Sjogren's syndrome reacted with the recombinant La. No reactivity
      was demonstrated in 196 patients with other ANA-associated autoimmune diseases or
      in 100 healthy subjects. The study confirms the high correlation between ANA,
      anti-La, and primary Sjogren's syndrome and shows how gene cloning can provide
      large quantities of human autoantigens for use in highly specific and sensitive
      diagnostic assays.

PMID- 2885504
TI  - Effect of cigarette smoking on the pattern of arterial blood flow: possible
      insight into mechanisms underlying the development of arteriosclerosis.
AB  - By means of non-invasive multichannel doppler ultrasound measurements, cigarette
      smoking in healthy subjects was shown to increase arterial wall stiffness and to
      alter the pattern of arterial blood flow, decreasing the pulsatility index. The
      pattern of blood flow seems to be a contributory factor in the development of
      arteriosclerosis, and these findings may provide insight into the underlying
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2885505
TI  - Safety and efficacy of high-dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of American
      cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AB  - 40 patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused primarily by Leishmania
      braziliensis panamensis were treated with sodium stibogluconate in a double
      blind, randomised controlled trial. Nine weeks after starting treatment, all 19
      patients treated with 20 mg Sb/kg per day for twenty days were cured but 5 of 21
      patients treated with 10 mg Sb/kg per day for twenty days had persistent active
      disease (p less than 0.05). Both treatment regimens were well tolerated and they
      were associated with a similar incidence of reversible toxic effects. Existing
      recommendations for therapy of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with sodium
      stibogluconate are inadequate for some patients, and higher doses are both safe
      and efficacious.

PMID- 2885506
TI  - Cardiorespiratory arrest and autonomic neuropathy in AIDS.
AB  - Four of five patients with AIDS and pulmonary infection had syncopal reactions as
      a result of fine-needle aspiration of the lung; in one patient the reaction was
      fatal. Subsequently, in one of these patients and four further patients with AIDS
      or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the autonomic nervous system
      proved to be abnormal. This preliminary evidence suggests HIV infection may be
      associated with an autonomic neuropathy, which may expose these patients to
      particular risk after invasive procedures.

PMID- 2885507
TI  - Provision of renal replacement therapy for diabetic patients in the UK.

PMID- 2885509
TI  - Amiodarone and the thyroid: the Janus response.

PMID- 2885508
TI  - Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis?

PMID- 2885510
TI  - Electrodiagnosis of ulnar neuropathies.

PMID- 2885511
TI  - EDRF reveals its identity.

PMID- 2885512
TI  - Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of nicotine chewing-gum.
AB  - A meta-analysis was made of fourteen randomised controlled trials that evaluated
      the efficacy of nicotine chewing-gum in stopping patients smoking. The combined
      success rates in specialised cessation clinics are significantly higher with
      nicotine gum (27%) than with placebo gum (18%) at 6 months (n = 734), and 23% and
      13% at 12 months, respectively. In contrast, success rates in general medical
      practices are similar with nicotine gum (11.4%) and with placebo gum (11.7%) at 6
      months (n = 1022). However, in general practices, the success rates are 17% for
      nicotine gum and 13% for the no gum control at 4-6 months, and 9% and 5% at 12
      months, a significant difference between the treatments at each time (n = 2238).
      The data suggest that proper use of nicotine gum in specialised clinics will
      increase the rate of stopping patients smoking. The use of the gum in general
      medical practices is questionable.

PMID- 2885515
TI  - Choice and ordering of medical school applications: cause for concern.
AB  - The probability of admission to medical school in the UK can be predicted from
      the choices of schools and their order on the UCCA form, even after academic
      factors have been taken into account. The effect may of itself influence a
      candidate's chance of admission by a factor of about four times. This situation
      justifies the recurrent complaints of applicants about the problems of medical
      school choice and ordering. The disadvantage imposed on many applicants would be
      reduced if rank ordering of choices was replaced by alphabetical ordering.

PMID- 2885513
TI  - Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Measurements of haemostatic function and metabolic and angiographic indices of
      risk were included in a prospective cohort study of variables predictive of
      recurrences within 3 years in 109 unselected men with a first myocardial
      infarction (MI) before the age of 45. In the course of follow-up, 16 patients had
      at least one reinfarction (fatal recurrences in 9 and nonfatal in 7) and 1 died
      suddenly. High plasma concentrations of the fast-acting plasminogen activator
      inhibitor were independently related to reinfarction along with
      dyslipoproteinaemia involving VLDL and HDL, poor left ventricular performance,
      and multiple-vessel coronary artery disease. Besides being independently
      associated with reinfarction in the present population, high triglyceride levels
      were possibly connected with a predisposition to thrombosis through a coexisting
      high level of plasminogen activator inhibitor. The data indicate that reduced
      fibrinolytic capacity due to increased plasma levels of the plasminogen activator
      inhibitor predisposes to reinfarction in a complex interplay with atherogenic
      factors, multiple coronary lesions, and compromised left ventricular function.

PMID- 2885514
TI  - Evidence on inequality in health from a national survey.
AB  - The debate about social inequality in health in Britain has so far been based
      principally on mortality rates. A survey of morbidity and fitness in a large
      representative sample of adults living in private households in England, Wales,
      and Scotland reveals striking differences between social classes in self-defined
      health status, the reported incidence of illness, the prevalence of chronic
      disease, and measured physiological fitness. The disadvantage in health status
      does not simply relate to a minority in the poorest social circumstances but
      appears to be related in a very regular way to the social class structure.

PMID- 2885516
TI  - Persistent fatigue and depression in patient with antibody to human B
      lymphotropic virus.

PMID- 2885517
TI  - Testing blood donors for non-A, non-B hepatitis: irrational, perhaps, but
      inescapable.

PMID- 2885518
TI  - In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy for evaluation of osteoporosis.

PMID- 2885519
TI  - Prognosis of meningococcal septicaemia.

PMID- 2885520
TI  - Telethermography in infant's emotional behavioural research.

PMID- 2885521
TI  - Immediate anticonvulsive drug monitoring in management of epilepsy.

PMID- 2885522
TI  - Group-specific component and HIV infection.

PMID- 2885523
TI  - Female-to-female transmission of HIV.

PMID- 2885524
TI  - Safety of albumin preparations manufactured from plasma not tested for HIV
      antibody.

PMID- 2885525
TI  - Histiocytosis syndromes in children.

PMID- 2885526
TI  - Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in anal squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2885527
TI  - The bran wagon.

PMID- 2885528
TI  - Poliovaccination in the Gambia.

PMID- 2885530
TI  - Risk of unexplained stillbirth at different gestational ages.

PMID- 2885529
TI  - Yoghurt with Bifidobacterium longum reduces erythromycin-induced gastrointestinal
      effects.

PMID- 2885531
TI  - Appearance of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Swaziland.

PMID- 2885532
TI  - Antibiotic policy and infective exacerbation of obstructive airways disease.

PMID- 2885533
TI  - Bacterial pharyngitis.

PMID- 2885534
TI  - Doctors, patients, and possession of illegal drugs.

PMID- 2885535
TI  - Prescribing for drug addicts.

PMID- 2885536
TI  - Quality-adjusted life-years.

PMID- 2885538
TI  - Organ sharing in transplantation.

PMID- 2885537
TI  - Golf syncope.

PMID- 2885539
TI  - Abortion and mental handicap.

PMID- 2885541
TI  - Health workers and peace.

PMID- 2885540
TI  - Food irradiation and bacterial toxins.

PMID- 2885542
TI  - Central-nervous-system lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in an HTLV
      1 antibody positive symptomless individual.

PMID- 2885543
TI  - HTLV-I, brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging, and relation with
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2885544
TI  - Child abuse and the doctor's duty of care.

PMID- 2885545
TI  - The evils of delay.

PMID- 2885546
TI  - Persistent measles virus genome in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.
AB  - A radiolabelled 50-base oligonucleotide complementary with the measles virus gene
      encoding the nucleocapsid was used as a probe to identify persistent measles
      virus genome in the lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune chronic active
      hepatitis (AICAH). Positive hybrids were found in 12 of 18 patients, and
      correlated strongly with high antibody titres to measles. Among the 45 controls,
      positive hybrids were found in 1 patient with measles, 1 of 3 patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus, and 2 of 4 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis.
      Persistence of part of the measles virus genome in AICAH may have important
      implications in the pathogenesis of the liver disease, and possibly in other
      disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and Paget's
      disease where an abnormal immune response to measles has been observed.

PMID- 2885548
TI  - Needle exchange and HIV infection.

PMID- 2885549
TI  - HIV and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2885547
TI  - HIV-related deaths in HIV antibody-positive haemophilic patients.

PMID- 2885550
TI  - Safety of splenoportovenography as an outpatient procedure.

PMID- 2885551
TI  - Usefulness of immunomodulating agents.

PMID- 2885553
TI  - Private homes for elderly patients.

PMID- 2885552
TI  - Brain death.

PMID- 2885554
TI  - Copycat suicide attempts.

PMID- 2885555
TI  - Relaxing the 10-day rule.

PMID- 2885556
TI  - Hepatotoxicity with actinomycin D.

PMID- 2885557
TI  - Transient impairment of renal function and myoglobin turnover after generalised
      seizures.

PMID- 2885558
TI  - Cytomegalovirus infection and aplastic crisis in glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2885559
TI  - Effect of aluminium on in-vitro tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis in brain
      preparations.

PMID- 2885560
TI  - Cytomegalovirus immune bone-marrow donors and interstitial pneumonitis.

PMID- 2885561
TI  - Decreased stability of prostacyclin after acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2885562
TI  - Flumazenil: a possible treatment for benzodiazepine withdrawal anxiety.

PMID- 2885564
TI  - Absence of secretory response in jejunal biopsy samples from children with cystic
      fibrosis.

PMID- 2885563
TI  - Cystic fibrosis and bacterial conversion of oleic acid to a cathartic, 10
      hydroxystearic acid.

PMID- 2885565
TI  - Beta-blockers and lipophilicity.

PMID- 2885567
TI  - How many oocytes/embryos should be transferred?

PMID- 2885566
TI  - Atopy and childhood coeliac disease.

PMID- 2885568
TI  - Pivampicillin for endocarditis.

PMID- 2885569
TI  - Erythrocyte vacuolation in haemolytic anaemia during shigellosis.

PMID- 2885570
TI  - Left atrial dimension during early puerperium.

PMID- 2885571
TI  - Brasilian purpuric fever in central Australia.

PMID- 2885572
TI  - Intermediate-density lipoproteins and progression of coronary artery disease in
      hypercholesterolaemic men.
AB  - Lipoprotein mass concentrations were measured by analytical ultracentrifugation
      in a subset of 57 hypercholesterolaemic male participants in the National Heart,
      Lung, and Blood Institute Type II Coronary Intervention Study. 2-year changes in
      levels of intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) of flotation rate 12-20 were
      strongly predictive of progression of coronary artery disease at 5 years. Changes
      in serum mass concentrations of low-density lipoproteins (LDL; flotation rate 0
      12), very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL; flotation rate 20-400), high-density
      lipoproteins (HDL), and the HDL2 and HDL3 subfractions did not differ
      significantly between men with and without definite progression of coronary
      artery disease. The relation of IDL mass to disease progression remained
      significant (p less than 0.05) after adjustment for group assignment to
      cholestyramine treatment or placebo and was only slightly reduced (p less than or
      equal to 0.06) by adjustment for changes in LDL mass concentrations. Changes in
      IDL mass and ratios of HDL-cholesterol to total-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol
      were inversely correlated and had a similar ability to predict progression. The
      findings are consistent with earlier evidence that IDL are directly involved in
      the development of coronary artery disease and suggest that ratios of HDL
      cholesterol to total-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol may be indicators of coronary
      disease risk partly owing to relations with IDL metabolism.

PMID- 2885573
TI  - Loss of HBsAg with interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
AB  - 46 male chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers with active viral replication
      were randomised, with stratification for histology and sexual preference, to
      receive six months' lymphoblastoid interferon or no therapy. After nine to
      eighteen months' follow-up, HBeAg was no longer detectable and anti-HBe was
      present in 6 of the 23 treated patients. HBsAg was not detectable in 5 of these
      patients and 3 had anti-HBs. All of the controls remained positive for HBeAg and
      HBsAg. Seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe was preceded in all cases by a
      pronounced increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels of more than ten
      times the upper limit of normal at eight to twelve weeks; this response was
      exclusively associated with interferon therapy. These results suggest that loss
      of HBsAg and a hepatitis-like illness in the third month of therapy are direct
      effects of interferon treatment.

PMID- 2885574
TI  - Overexpression of the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in human breast carcinomas:
      immunohistological assessment correlates with gene amplification.
AB  - Amplification of the human protooncogene c-erbB-2 was found in 12 of 36 human
      breast tumours and was associated with increased levels of expression of the c
      erbB-2 protein, measured both by immunohistological staining and by western
      blotting. The use of immunohistological staining to detect the level of
      expression of the c-erbB-2 protein in human breast adenocarcinomas may be of
      value in predicting tumour behaviour.

PMID- 2885576
TI  - Postoperative cardiac death.

PMID- 2885577
TI  - Immunisation policy: recipes for success.

PMID- 2885575
TI  - Sensitive assays for viral antibodies in saliva: an alternative to tests on
      serum.
AB  - Paired serum and saliva specimens were tested by conventional assays and by IgG
      capture radioimmunoassays (GACRIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
      (GACELISA) for antibody to hepatitis A virus (HAV, 100 pairs), human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV, 53), hepatitis B virus core (HBc, 62), and rubella
      virus (30). Conventional assays failed to detect viral antibodies in the saliva
      of 93 of 119 seropositive subjects. However, GACRIA detected the antibodies in
      both serum and saliva of all subjects seropositive by conventional tests, except
      2 saliva specimens false-negative for anti-HBc and 1 false-negative for anti
      rubella-virus. For anti-HIV and anti-HBc serum and saliva GACRIA reactivities did
      not differ significantly, but anti-HAV and anti-rubella-virus GACRIA reactivities
      were stronger in serum than saliva. GACRIA and GACELISA results on saliva for the
      four antibodies correlated closely; for anti-HAV and anti-HIV GACELISA and GACRIA
      were equally accurate. For both saliva and serum, GACRIA was superior to an IgA
      capture assay in detecting anti-HAV and anti-HIV.

PMID- 2885578
TI  - Diet and peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2885580
TI  - Colostomy or ileostomy?

PMID- 2885579
TI  - Lactitol.

PMID- 2885583
TI  - New scourge: old challenge.

PMID- 2885582
TI  - Maternal rubella at St Thomas' Hospital in 1978 and 1986: support for augmenting
      the rubella vaccination programme.
AB  - The effects of the rubella epidemics in 1978 and 1986 among patients attending
      antenatal clinics at St Thomas' Hospital were compared. Although many pregnant
      women who had been exposed to rubella-like illnesses were investigated in both
      1978 (269) and 1986 (160), the number of cases of maternal rubella was
      substantially lower in 1986 (1) than in 1978 (17). Rubella vaccination of 11-14
      year-old girls was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1970, but 10% of our
      patients were susceptible and only 36% gave a definite history of vaccination.
      Despite the smaller number of maternal rubella cases, substantial resources were
      expended on assessing patients who had been exposed to or who presented with
      rubella-like illnesses. In 1978 an intensification of the selective rubella
      vaccination campaign was recommended, but experience in the 1986 epidemic
      supports the view that the programme should be augmented by vaccination of
      preschool children with a combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, with a
      view to rubella eradication.

PMID- 2885581
TI  - Risk of therapy-related leukaemia and preleukaemia after Hodgkin's disease.
      Relation to age, cumulative dose of alkylating agents, and time from
      chemotherapy.
AB  - 391 patients treated intensively for Hodgkin's disease were followed for up to 15
      years to evaluate the risk of therapy-related acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (t
      ANLL) and preleukaemia. Only two independent factors, patient age and cumulative
      dose of alkylating agents, were related to the risk of t-ANLL. The hazard rate of
      t-ANLL was roughly proportional to the square of patient age and to the total
      cumulative dose of alkylating agents. In 320 patients treated with alkylating
      agents the cumulative risk of t-ANLL increased steadily from 1 year after the
      start of treatment and reached 13.0% (SE 3.0) at 10 years after which time there
      were no further cases. Calculated from cessation of therapy with alkylating
      agents, however, the cumulative risk curve increased steeply during the first 1-2
      years then gradually levelled out and no new cases were observed beyond 7 years.
      With a 15-year follow-up the general risk of solid tumours was not increased.

PMID- 2885584
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis by radioactive genome
      detection in cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2885585
TI  - Strongyloides stercoralis as candidate co-factor for HTLV-I-induced
      leukaemogenesis.

PMID- 2885586
TI  - Penicillamine may detoxify copper in Wilson's disease.

PMID- 2885587
TI  - Spiral organisms in the gastric antrum.

PMID- 2885588
TI  - Bolus streptokinase after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2885589
TI  - Opsonophagocytic activity of intravenous immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2885590
TI  - Resistant hypertension and high-pressure chronic retention.

PMID- 2885591
TI  - Sex ratio in outbreaks of parvovirus B19 infection.

PMID- 2885592
TI  - Unusual reaction to morphine.

PMID- 2885593
TI  - Describing the AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 2885594
TI  - Methods for projecting the AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 2885595
TI  - AIDS definition for Africa.

PMID- 2885596
TI  - Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by detection of tuberculostearic acid in
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Tuberculostearic acid, a structural component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was
      identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring
      in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 13 patients with proven and 8 out of 9 patients
      with suspected tuberculous meningitis; the negative result was in a patient whose
      symptoms and CSF abnormalities may have been due to systemic lupus erythematosus.
      Tuberculostearic acid was found in the CSF of only 1 patient out of 87 with non
      tuberculous meningitis or non-infectious disorders; the single false-positive
      result was probably caused by intrathecal treatment with amikacin. Other
      aminoglycosides and antituberculous drugs did not interfere with the assay. In
      serial CSF samples from patients with tuberculous meningitis tuberculostearic
      acid was still present after 8 months of continuous supervised chemotherapy.
      Detection of tuberculostearic acid in CSF is a rapid, sensitive, and specific
      test for tuberculous meningitis, and can be used for retrospective diagnosis in
      patients who have been started on therapy.

PMID- 2885597
TI  - Prospective study of cellular immunity to hepatitis-B-virus antigens from the
      early incubation phase of acute hepatitis B.
AB  - Cellular immunity to hepatitis-B-virus (HBV) antigens was followed prospectively
      in five patients who were identified in the early incubation phase of acute HBV
      infection, between 30 and 70 days before the onset of liver damage. Cellular
      immunity to pre-S antigens was the first detectable immune response, appearing 30
      days before the first rise in serum aminotransferases in every case. T-cell
      sensitisation to HBcAg followed, with IgM anti-HBc appearing 10 days later. A
      cellular immune response to HBsAg was the last to appear, 10 days before the
      onset of liver damage. These cellular immune responses are the earliest host
      responses to the virus infection and could be critical in initiating and
      directing the processes of liver damage and viral clearance.

PMID- 2885598
TI  - Circulating cytotoxic protein generated after ethanol consumption: identification
      and mechanism of reaction with cells.
AB  - Serum obtained from healthy volunteers 6-7 h after consumption of 60-95 g of
      ethanol contained cytotoxic activity against mouse A9 cells and all of six human
      cell lines tested. Affinity chromatography of such sera demonstrated that at
      least some of the cytotoxic molecules consisted of altered albumin. Complexes
      formed by the reaction of 14C-acetaldehyde with 125I-labelled human serum albumin
      in vitro were also cytotoxic. After treatment with a reducing agent, sodium
      borohydride, the cytotoxicity of both post-alcohol serum and the acetaldehyde
      albumin complexes fell sharply, suggesting that the cytotoxic activity resided in
      the unstable Schiff bases formed during the first stage of reaction between the
      acetaldehyde and proteins. A detailed analysis of the reaction between the double
      labelled acetaldehyde-albumin complexes and K562 cells revealed that the
      cytotoxic activity resulted from the release of acetaldehyde from such complexes
      and the preferential binding of the free acetaldehyde to the target cells.

PMID- 2885599
TI  - Prednisolone does not prevent post-herpetic neuralgia.
AB  - In a randomised, double-blind, controlled study of the effect of prednisolone on
      the development of post-herpetic neuralgia 78 patients with herpes zoster whose
      pain and exanthema had been present for less than 96 h were given 800 mg
      acyclovir five times daily for 7 days and prednisolone in a total dose of 575 mg,
      starting with 40 mg daily in the first week and tapering off over the next 2
      weeks. 18 (23%) of the patients had post-herpetic neuralgia at 6 months after the
      acute zoster, 9 (24.3%) having received prednisolone and 9 (22.5%) placebo. The
      95% CI for the difference between the placebo and prednisolone groups in the
      proportion of patients having pain at 6 months was minus 17% to plus 20%.
      Prednisolone, however, relieved pain for the first 3 days. The 1-2 week interval
      between admission and reappearance of pain and development of triggered pain
      seems to be the time needed to establish neuralgia. Once established, the type
      and intensity of pain remained largely unaltered.

PMID- 2885600
TI  - Fetal breathing movements as predictor of favourable pregnancy outcome after
      oligohydramnios due to membrane rupture in second trimester.
AB  - In 11 pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios due to spontaneous rupture of
      the membranes in the second trimester of pregnancy fetal breathing movements were
      assessed regularly by ultrasonographic examinations. In the 6 cases in which
      fetal breathing movements were detected the babies were liveborn and there was no
      evidence of pulmonary hypoplasia or the other non-renal features of Potter's
      syndrome. In the other 5 cases there were no fetal breathing movements. 1
      pregnancy was terminated electively, and 1 ended in an intrauterine death; the
      remaining 3 infants died in the neonatal period. All 5 cases showed necropsy
      evidence of pulmonary hypoplasia. These findings indicate that premature and
      prolonged rupture of membranes in the second trimester of pregnancy does not
      uniformly result in a poor prognosis. They suggest that fetal breathing movements
      could be used as a predictor of favourable neonatal outcome.

PMID- 2885601
TI  - EDRF.

PMID- 2885602
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2885603
TI  - Home monitoring for infantile apnoea.

PMID- 2885604
TI  - Who consults the GP?

PMID- 2885605
TI  - Euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia.

PMID- 2885606
TI  - Macrophages and atherogenesis.

PMID- 2885608
TI  - Human papillomavirus type 5 and skin cancer in renal allograft recipients.

PMID- 2885607
TI  - Methotrexate/nitrous-oxide toxic interaction in perioperative chemotherapy for
      early breast cancer.

PMID- 2885609
TI  - Isoniazid-induced valproic-acid toxicity, or vice versa.

PMID- 2885610
TI  - Desialylated transferrin as a marker of excessive alcohol intake.

PMID- 2885611
TI  - Lead and children's IQ.

PMID- 2885612
TI  - Campylobacter pylori infection in homosexuals.

PMID- 2885613
TI  - Shock-wave lithotripsy of gallstones with second-generation device without
      conventional water bath.

PMID- 2885614
TI  - Use of DNA markers linked to cystic fibrosis gene to resolve equivocal sweat test
      results.

PMID- 2885615
TI  - Indirect cystic fibrosis carrier detection.

PMID- 2885616
TI  - Autoimmunity, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2885617
TI  - Antigliadin and antireticulin antibodies in screening for coeliac disease.

PMID- 2885618
TI  - Antigliadin antibodies at onset of diabetes in children.

PMID- 2885619
TI  - Breaking the cycle of HTLV-I transmission via carrier mothers' milk.

PMID- 2885620
TI  - Risk of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma in HTLV-I carriers.

PMID- 2885621
TI  - Boycotts and medicine.

PMID- 2885622
TI  - Smoke screen around oral snuff.

PMID- 2885623
TI  - Doses from Chernobyl radiocaesium.

PMID- 2885624
TI  - Quality of life.

PMID- 2885625
TI  - DNA diagnostic costs.

PMID- 2885626
TI  - Testis position and age at orchidopexy.

PMID- 2885627
TI  - Acetazolamide in treatment of epilepsy.

PMID- 2885628
TI  - Rapid correction of hypokalaemia via the oral route.

PMID- 2885629
TI  - Preserved hearing following excision of acoustic tumours.

PMID- 2885630
TI  - Positive formaldehyde-RAST after prolonged formaldehyde exposure by inhalation.

PMID- 2885631
TI  - Treatment of chronic Salmonella carriers with ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2885632
TI  - Ultrasonography for early diagnosis of hereditary angioneurotic oedema.

PMID- 2885633
TI  - Double HIV-1 and HIV-2 seropositivity among blood donors.

PMID- 2885634
TI  - Immunology of human skin and susceptibility to HIV infection.

PMID- 2885635
TI  - Serological evidence for HIV infection in Cuban immigrants in 1980.

PMID- 2885636
TI  - AIDS and the witch doctor.

PMID- 2885637
TI  - Adjuvant tamoxifen in the management of operable breast cancer: the Scottish
      Trial. Report from the Breast Cancer Trials Committee, Scottish Cancer Trials
      Office (MRC), Edinburgh.
AB  - In a trial that began in 1978, 1312 evaluable patients under 80 years of age who
      either had negative axillary nodes or were postmenopausal with positive axillary
      nodes were randomised to receive adjuvant tamoxifen 20 mg daily for 5 years, or
      tamoxifen for the treatment of first relapse. Estimates of oestrogen receptor
      (ER) content of primary tumour specimens were made in 57%. There has been a
      highly significant delay in relapse in the adjuvant arm of the trial. This
      benefit supersedes that from tamoxifen given as treatment for recurrent disease
      in control-arm patients (93% received this) so that benefit from adjuvant
      tamoxifen was maintained in the overall survival comparisons. This improvement
      seems to be independent of nodal and menopausal status. It does not differ
      significantly with ER level, although the greatest benefit in disease-free
      survival is in patients with levels of 100 fmol/mg protein or more.

PMID- 2885639
TI  - Ultrafiltration with an isosmotic solution during long peritoneal dialysis
      exchanges.
AB  - The potential of a starch-derived glucose polymer (molecular weight 16,800) as an
      osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis was evaluated. A dialysate isosmotic to
      uraemic serum (302 [SEM 1.3] mOsm/kg) containing 5% glucose polymer (9.4 mmol/l)
      was compared with hypertonic (332 [1.0] mOsm/kg) 1.36% glucose (76 mmol/l)
      solution for ultrafiltration, solute transport, and carbohydrate absorption over
      6 h and 12 h peritoneal dialysis exchanges. Glucose polymer solution produced
      substantially greater net ultrafiltration than glucose, while maintaining stable
      dialysate osmolality throughout the exchanges. At 6 h and 12 h, 14.4% and 28.1%
      of glucose polymer had been absorbed, compared with 61.5% and 83.0% of glucose;
      thus, glucose polymer provided less than 50% of the calorie load of the glucose
      dialysate per unit volume of ultrafiltrate. There was a 7-9-fold increase in
      serum maltose with glucose polymer. This high-molecular-weight glucose polymer
      produced sustained ultrafiltration even when dialysate osmolality remained within
      the physiological range, by a mechanism resembling "colloid" osmosis. It is a
      safe and effective osmotic agent but its long-term effects need further study.

PMID- 2885638
TI  - Impact of T-cell depletion on outcome of allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation
      for standard-risk leukaemias.
AB  - 71 leukaemic patients having HLA-matched bone-marrow transplants (BMT) were
      randomised to receive whole marrow (group A) or marrow depleted of T cells by
      treatment with monoclonal antibodies (anti CD4-CD5-CD8, group B; anti CD2-CD5
      CD7, group C) plus complement. All patients received cyclophosphamide and total
      body irradiation before transplantation and cyclosporin after BMT. Marrow
      treatment removed 97% of T cells (median) in group B and 99% in group C. Although
      both serious and mild graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were reduced in T-cell
      depleted patients, graft failure and relapse were increased. Graft failure was
      caused by GVHD and transplant complications in the controls and by rejection and
      relapse in the T-cell depleted groups; relapse-free survival did not differ
      between the groups. Without better control of host immunity and of the residual
      leukaemia T-cell depletion of the marrow, BMT should not be pursued in standard
      risk patients.

PMID- 2885640
TI  - Transplantation of liver, heart, and lungs for primary biliary cirrhosis and
      primary pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Liver, heart, and lung replacement was performed in a woman with severe pulmonary
      hypertension, cardiorespiratory failure, and end-stage primary biliary cirrhosis.
      The main surgical considerations were the staging of the various parts of the
      operation in relation to cardiopulmonary bypass and performing the recipient
      procedures as expeditiously as possible to reduce the bypass time to a minimum.
      The patient was able to leave hospital on the 46th postoperative day on low doses
      of immunosuppressive agents, with excellent liver and cardiopulmonary function.
      This early satisfactory outcome shows the feasibility and potential of the
      procedure: such combined allografting may be a suitable treatment in carefully
      selected cases of advanced liver and lung disease from other causes.

PMID- 2885641
TI  - Faecal bile acids, dysplasia, and carcinoma in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken between 1974 and 1985 of 102 patients with
      extensive ulcerative colitis (UC) of more than 10 years' duration. Faeces were
      collected for measurement of faecal bile acid concentrations (FBA), and the
      clinical outcome was recorded. The average faecal bile acid value among the 14
      patients who showed carcinoma or definite dysplasia in the excised large bowel
      (9.86 [SE 0.81] mg/g FBA) was higher than in the 88 patients without dysplasia or
      carcinoma (7.51 [0.24] mg/g). These results lend support to the theory that bile
      acids are causally related to colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2885643
TI  - Adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer.

PMID- 2885642
TI  - Vaccinia recombinant expressing Lassa-virus internal nucleocapsid protein
      protects guineapigs against Lassa fever.
AB  - The Lister strain of vaccinia virus was used to construct a recombinant that
      expressed the nucleocapsid gene of Lassa virus. Guineapigs immunised with the
      recombinant virus were protected against challenge with Lassa virus, whereas
      control animals showed the usual disease course, including pyrexia, anorexia,
      viraemia, and death. These data indicate not only that protective immunity to
      Lassa fever can be evoked by an experimental vaccine, but also that this response
      can be mediated by an internal protein component of the virus.

PMID- 2885644
TI  - AIDS in Africa.

PMID- 2885645
TI  - Immunopathology of schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2885646
TI  - The immune response in sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2885647
TI  - What doctors know about alcoholism.

PMID- 2885648
TI  - Social class differences in ischaemic heart disease in British men.
AB  - To examine why ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality rates in Britain are
      higher in manual than in non-manual workers 7735 middle-aged men in the British
      Regional Heart Study were followed up for 6 years, during which time 336 men
      experienced a major IHD event (fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction or sudden
      cardiac death). The prevalence rates of IHD at screening, were higher in manual
      workers. Also, the attack rate of major IHD events during follow-up was 44%
      higher in manual workers. Marked differences in cigarette smoking contributed
      substantially to the increased risk of IHD in manual workers, who also had higher
      levels of blood pressure, were more obese, and took much less physical activity
      in leisure time. Adjustment for differences in these risk factors narrowed the
      gap between manual and non-manual workers in attack rates of IHD. Since the risk
      of IHD in Great Britain is high in all social classes, there would seem to be
      little justification for any overall policy for prevention of IHD to focus on
      social class. However, anti-smoking strategies might well take into account the
      social class differences described.

PMID- 2885649
TI  - Temporal relations between maternal rubella and congenital defects.
AB  - The Time relations between maternal rubella infection in pregnancy and the
      presence and type of defects in the children were determined from the records of
      422 children with confirmed congenital rubella, registered in the National
      Congenital Rubella Surveillance Programme. In the 106 children born after
      laboratory-proven maternal infection, no defects were recorded following
      infection after the 17th week of pregnancy, but in the remaining 316 children
      defects followed infection reported to be as late as 33 weeks. The striking
      difference underlines the importance of serological investigation of pregnant
      women who present with a rash or a history of contact with rubella. With proven
      infection later than the 16th week the risk of fetal damage seems to be very
      small. Of 148 children followed up to school age, 40 (27%) attended normal
      schools.

PMID- 2885650
TI  - A controlled trial of weekly ultrasound therapy in chronic leg ulceration.
AB  - In a controlled trial to ascertain whether ultrasound given weekly in conjunction
      with a standard treatment for chronic leg ulcers improves the rate of healing 56
      patients were randomised to standard treatment (paste impregnated bandage and a
      self-adhesive elastic bandage) and 52 to standard treatment plus pulsed
      ultrasound given weekly. After 12 weeks the proportion of ulcers healed was 20%
      greater in the ultrasound than in the control group.

PMID- 2885651
TI  - AIDS in Africa: misinformation and disinformation.

PMID- 2885652
TI  - Therapeutic risks in perspective.

PMID- 2885653
TI  - Rubella vaccination policy: a note of reassurance.

PMID- 2885654
TI  - Screening for cervical cancer.

PMID- 2885655
TI  - Splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease and second leukaemias.

PMID- 2885656
TI  - Tobacco-related deaths in China.

PMID- 2885657
TI  - Respiratory function and choice of antihypertensive agent.

PMID- 2885658
TI  - Ciprofloxacin for cholangitis.

PMID- 2885659
TI  - Skin colour, MPTP, and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2885660
TI  - Muscle G6PD deficiency.

PMID- 2885661
TI  - Physiological release of atrial natriuretic peptide in heart transplant
      recipient.

PMID- 2885662
TI  - Aztreonam in CAPD peritonitis.

PMID- 2885663
TI  - Benign cytomegalovirus mononucleosis in non-AIDS, HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2885664
TI  - Immunosuppressants in treatment of patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2885665
TI  - Folate deficiency and demyelination in AIDS.

PMID- 2885666
TI  - Foscarnet-induced acute renal failure and effectiveness of haemodialysis.

PMID- 2885667
TI  - Release of histamine by H2-receptor antagonists?

PMID- 2885668
TI  - RU 486 administration in a child with Cushing's syndrome.

PMID- 2885669
TI  - Detection of sexual abuse in children.

PMID- 2885670
TI  - Efficacy and generic drugs.

PMID- 2885671
TI  - Molar units for drugs.

PMID- 2885672
TI  - Selenium in primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2885673
TI  - Diabetes in urban West Africans.

PMID- 2885674
TI  - Efficacy of recombinant DNA Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine?

PMID- 2885676
TI  - Errors in mortality statistics.

PMID- 2885677
TI  - Depression, stress, and immunity.

PMID- 2885675
TI  - Falciparum malaria probably acquired from infected skin-cut.

PMID- 2885678
TI  - Peptide neurotransmitters and myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2885679
TI  - An old treatment for mania.

PMID- 2885680
TI  - Lack of efficacy of plasma-exchange in removing antiphospholipid antibodies.

PMID- 2885681
TI  - Muscle contraction and tension headaches.

PMID- 2885682
TI  - Lowering blood pressure.

PMID- 2885684
TI  - Serum osmolality gap.

PMID- 2885683
TI  - Tetrahydrobiopterin and "non-responsive" dihydropteridine reductase deficiency.

PMID- 2885685
TI  - Haemodialysis-associated amyloidosis: differences in frequency between Europe and
      USA.

PMID- 2885686
TI  - Transient impairment of renal function and myoglobin turnover after generalised
      seizures.

PMID- 2885687
TI  - Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp: response to isotretinoin.

PMID- 2885688
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning.

PMID- 2885690
TI  - Mentally incapable adults: consent to treatment.

PMID- 2885689
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus and the law.

PMID- 2885691
TI  - Sensorineural hearing loss associated with Takayasu's disease.
AB  - This is a case report of sensorineural hearing loss associated with Takayasu's
      disease. Also known as "pulseless disease" and "aortic arch syndrome," Takayasu's
      disease involves narrowing of the aortic arch and its branches. Although the
      etiology is unknown, it is suspected to be an autoimmune disorder. In the case
      presented, steroid therapy resulted in an improvement of hearing. On one relapse
      the hearing loss worsened before the sedimentation rate increased. We speculate
      that the hearing loss is due to an autoimmune process or an ischemia involving
      the inner ear. We further speculate that hearing loss may indicate subsequent
      worsening of the disease.

PMID- 2885692
TI  - [Prognostically significant new territory in transplantation surgery].

PMID- 2885693
TI  - [Myocardial infarct. Changes in diagnostic possibilities and therapeutic
      considerations in 25 years].

PMID- 2885694
TI  - [Task and therapeutic success of after-care at a rehabilitation clinic of
      patients following an acute heart infarct].

PMID- 2885696
TI  - [Diagnostic assessment of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and their clinical
      significance].

PMID- 2885695
TI  - [Possibilities and experiences in heart surgery in patients over 70].

PMID- 2885697
TI  - [Myocardial perforations in implantation of pacemaker electrodes. Where are right
      ventricular weak sites in the myocardium?].

PMID- 2885698
TI  - [Sudden death in alcoholic cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2885699
TI  - [Comparative clinico-therapeutic study of gonadorelin and chorionic gonadotropin
      in boys with undescended testes].

PMID- 2885700
TI  - Erythrocyte 3H-ouabain binding and digitalis treatment in ethanol addicted
      patients.
AB  - The binding of 3H-ouabain to human erythrocytes was analyzed in a population of
      hospitalized male ethanol addicted patients under long term digitalis treatment.
      In the non-alcoholic patient group the long term digitalis treatment induced an
      increase in Bmax and Kd values; such modification was not observed in the
      alcoholic patients. Chronic alcohol intake itself induced an increase in 3H
      ouabain kinetic parameters. These observations confirm that ouabain binding to
      human erythrocytes is subject to pharmacological and toxicological regulation and
      that adaptive changes in peripheral tissues can be useful in predicting possible
      parallel modifications in other less accessible tissues.

PMID- 2885701
TI  - Inhibition of rat prostate tumor growth by an octapeptide analog of somatostatin.
AB  - Analogs of a potent octapeptide analog of somatostatin (SRIF) H-(D)Phe-Cys-Tyr
      (D)Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr(NH2) were synthesized. Aromatic substitutions for Tyr
      resulted in little change in inhibitory potency on growth hormone (GH) secretion
      in the rat. Substitutions for Val or (D)Trp resulted in analogs with diminished
      activity. Substitution of (D)Nal for (D)Phe increased duration of GH inhibition.
      Final weights of subcutaneously implanted prostate tumors (R3327) were 41% lower
      in rats treated with an N-terminal 4-chloro-(D)phenylalanyl analog as compared to
      vehicle treated controls. The analog had no effect on testicular weight or final
      plasma testosterone levels. SRIF analogs may represent an alternative treatment
      for prostate cancer that would be free of the untoward reproductive effects of
      other treatments (e.g. LH-RH or castration).

PMID- 2885702
TI  - A bromoacetylated analogue of cyanopindolol: an irreversible antagonist at rat
      beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - A high affinity, chemically reactive cyanopindolol derivative. N8-bromoacetyl-N1
      3'-(2-cyano-4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-[Z]-1 ,8-diamino-p-menthane (Br-CYP)
      was synthesized and its interaction with beta-adrenoceptors characterized.
      Studies with rat heart, lung, brain, and red blood cell membranes indicated that
      the compound displaced 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) from beta-adrenoceptors with
      IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The concentration of functional beta
      adrenoceptors in membranes was markedly reduced when membranes were preincubated
      with Br-CYP and then extensively washed prior to assay. (+/-)Alprenolol and (
      )isoproterenol, but not (+)isoproterenol, when included in the preincubation
      prevented this reduction in binding sites by Br-CYP. Br-CYP was active in vivo
      when injected intraperitoneally into rats. A dose of 10 micrograms/kg reduced the
      concentration of binding sites in membranes from heart by 30%, lung by 36%, and
      RBC by 70%, but did not affect sites on brain membranes 16 hours after injection.
      Higher doses blocked virtually all the 3H-DHA binding sites in the peripheral
      organs studied. Br-CYP reduced the concentration of beta-adrenoceptors in
      membranes from these same tissues (but not brain tissue) as long as two weeks
      after injection with recovery of binding occurring more rapidly in heart tissue
      than lung and red blood cells. These results suggest that Br-CYP may be a useful
      compound for in vivo studies of the biochemistry and pharmacology of beta
      adrenergic systems.

PMID- 2885703
TI  - New sensitive markers for the detection of experimental ascending pyelonephritis.
AB  - Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of renal brush border membrane (BBM) enzymes
      alkaline phosphatase, maltase, leucine-aminopeptidase and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase were used as markers for the early detection of
      pyelonephritis. Km of all the enzymes studied remained unaltered. The Vmax of all
      the enzymes studied were found to be significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) 3
      or 4 days postinfection and onwards in the left obstructed kidney. The Vmax of
      alkaline phosphatase and leucine-aminopeptidase was found to be significantly
      increased (p less than 0.05) in early stages and decreased (p less than 0.05) in
      later stages of infection in the right unobstructed kidney. No histopathological
      lesions confirming pyelonephritis could be seen 7 days postinfection in the left
      kidney and right kidney remained histopathologically unaltered. This demonstrated
      that BBM enzymes are much earlier disturbed as compared to histopathological
      changes.

PMID- 2885704
TI  - Ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation accelerates norepinephrine turnover in
      brown adipose tissue of rats.
AB  - To establish a functional link between the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and
      brown adipose tissue (BAT), effects of electrical stimulation of the VMH and the
      lateral hypothalamus (LH) on norepinephrine (NE) turnover in the interscapular
      BAT were examined in rats. Stimulation of the VMH elicited about 3-fold increase
      in the rate of NE turnover in BAT, whereas stimulation of the LH had no
      appreciable effects. The effect of VMH stimulation was abolished after
      sympathetic ganglion blockade or by surgical sympathetic denervation of BAT. It
      was concluded that there is a sympathetic nerve-mediated connection between the
      VMH and BAT, and that stimulation of the VMH induces metabolic activation and
      heat production in BAT through an increase in sympathetic nerve activity.

PMID- 2885705
TI  - Noradrenergic effects on rat visual cortex: single-cell microiontophoretic
      studies of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The catecholamine noradrenaline has been proposed to modulate the excitability of
      cortical neurons, and such a regulation may be mediated by specific adrenergic
      receptors. We characterized, using electrophysiological recordings, the types of
      responses of single cells in the rat visual cortex (areas 17 and 18) to the
      iontophoretic application of adrenergic agents. For the majority of spontaneous
      and visually-driven cells sampled, noradrenaline decreased the firing frequency,
      and in some cases of visually-driven cells could increase the signal/noise ratio.
      These effects were also documented after the application of the alpha-2
      adrenergic agonists clonidine and oxymetazoline, and could be reduced or blocked
      by a previous ejection of the specific alpha-2 antagonist idazoxan. The present
      study supports a role for alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the modulation of sensory
      inputs to the visual cortex.

PMID- 2885706
TI  - Nucleus tractus solitarius: an evaluation by in vivo voltammetry.
AB  - Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a brainstem nucleus known to play an
      important role in baroreceptor mediated cardiovascular regulation. As part of our
      study of the role of monoamines in the function of NTS, we have characterized
      pharmacologically the in vivo electrochemical signal recorded from the nucleus
      using carbon paste electrodes and linear sweep voltammetry with semiderivative
      signal processing in awake, freely moving rats. Two peaks were recorded by these
      techniques, one at 0.14 V and a second at 0.28 V. The tyrosine hydroxylase
      inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine led to a significant reduction in the peak
      recorded at 0.14 V whereas it had no effect on the higher potential peak at 0.28
      V. The dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor fusaric acid resulted in a large
      reduction in the 0.14 V peak and led to a 30% increase in the 0.28 V peak height.
      Pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not change the low potential peak
      but did significantly reduce the 0.28 V peak. Tissue assays provided further
      support for the interpretation of in vivo electrochemical recordings.
      Norepinephrine concentration was reduced with fusaric acid. Tissue serotonin was
      not affected by any of the drugs while the 5-HIAA content was increased with
      fusaric acid and reduced with pargyline. These experimental findings lead to the
      conclusion that the first peak in the voltammogram most likely represents
      norepinephrine with a possible contribution by dopamine but not by DOPAC. The
      second peak appears to be 5-HIAA.

PMID- 2885707
TI  - Effects of barbiturates on the inhibitory action of GABA on excitatory response
      of the stomach to stimulation of vagal afferent fibers in cat.
AB  - Effects of barbiturates on the inhibitory action of GABA to the hexamethonium
      resistant excitatory response of the stomach to stimulation of the vagal afferent
      fibers were studied in cats. Inhibition of the hexamethonium-resistant excitatory
      response by GABA were compared under alpha-chloralose, alpha-chloralose
      phenobarbital (PhB), and alpha-chloralose-pentobarbital (PB)-anesthesia in cats.
      The ID50 of GABA on the hexamethonium-resistant excitatory response was not
      significantly affected by PhB, but reduced by PB. Both picrotoxin and bicuculline
      antagonized the effects of GABA. The present experiments demonstrated that PB
      potentiated the inhibitory effect of GABA on the hexamethonium-resistant
      excitatory response of the stomach, and suggested that the potentiation by PB may
      be due to activation of GABA-receptor-ionophore complex.

PMID- 2885708
TI  - The in vitro release of immunoreactive dynorphin and alpha-neoendorphin from the
      perfused rat duodenum.
AB  - The release of immunoreactive (ir) dynorphin (DYN) and alpha-neoendorphin (ir
      ANEO) from the isolated perfused rat duodenum was demonstrated using specific
      radioimmunoassays (RIAs). Depolarization of the tissue by increasing the
      potassium (K+) concentration up to 108 mM enhanced the release of ir-DYN and ir
      ANEO in Ca2+-dependent manner. Administration of the serotonin-releasing agent
      fenfluramine (10(-6) M) and the serotonin receptor agonist m
      chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP, 10(-6) M) stimulated the release of ir-DYN and ir
      ANEO from the duodenum. A subsequent study revealed that serotonin (5-HT, 10(-6)
      10(-4) M) induced a dose-dependent increase in the release of ir-DYN and ir-ANEO
      from the duodenum. The effect of 5-HT on the release of ir-DYN and ir-ANEO from
      the duodenum was antagonized by 5-HT antagonist cyproheptadine (10(-6) M). The
      presence of dynorphin and the related peptides in the gastrointestinal tract
      (GIT) and their release from the duodenum in vitro indicate that these peptides
      may act as transmitters involved in some GIT functions. Furthermore, our results
      suggest that at least part of 5-HT effects on the GIT may be mediated by the
      release of dynorphin and the related peptides.

PMID- 2885709
TI  - Intracellular free calcium in rat anterior pituitary cells monitored by fura-2.
AB  - Rat anterior pituitary cells, loaded with the calcium indicator dye fura-2 after
      primary culture, were challenged with prolactin and growth hormone secretagogues
      and inhibitory hormones. To initially validate the technique, the calcium channel
      activator maitotoxin effectively increased intracellular free calcium [( Ca++]i).
      Various concentrations of the secretagogues thyrotropin releasing hormone or
      angiotensin II induced peak increases in [Ca++]i within 15 sec, followed by a
      lower and prolonged plateau phase. The inhibitory hormones dopamine and
      somatostatin maximally reduced [Ca++]i by 15-20 sec, followed by a spontaneous
      return to baseline over 5-10 min. The receptor antagonists saralacin and
      spiperone blocked the angiotensin II and dopamine effects, respectively. Thus,
      fura-2 appears to be an adequate probe for resolving second-to-second changes in
      [Ca++]i induced by hormone receptor activation in anterior pituitary cells.

PMID- 2885710
TI  - Extrapancreatic effects of L-leucine infusion in leucine-sensitive and control
      subjects.
AB  - We studied the extrapancreatic effects of L-leucine infusion (2.5 mumol/kg/min)
      in six controls (three females, three males) and three members of a family with
      leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia (LSH). Total glucose disposal and endogenous
      glucose production (EGP) rates were assessed after an overnight fast (12 to 14
      hour) during somatostatin (SRIF) infusion (500 micrograms/h) with insulin
      replacement (0.2 mU/kg/min), combined with D-(3-3H)-glucose infusion. Additional
      studies of forearm arterial-venous (A-V) balances of amino acids, glucose, and
      other substrates, combined with L-(1-14C)-leucine kinetics, were done in these
      two groups. L-leucine infusion resulted in a 15% decrease in whole-body total
      glucose utilization in controls (P less than .05) during SRIF-insulin infusion,
      but did not affect glucose utilization in LSH subjects. EGP was not affected by L
      leucine infusion in either group. Control subjects demonstrated a significant
      reduction in forearm glucose uptake and greater lactate release during L-leucine
      infusion, compared to the basal state. In contrast, subjects with LSH showed a
      slight increase in forearm glucose uptake and significantly less lactate release
      during L-leucine infusion. Subjects with LSH demonstrated significantly lower
      forearm leucine uptake, and lower rates of appearance and oxidation of L-(1-14C)
      leucine during leucine infusion, compared to controls. Our data suggest that
      members of this LSH kindred have a defect in intracellular leucine metabolism in
      skeletal muscle, resulting in a lack of leucine-induced inhibition of glucose
      utilization. This may contribution to the development of hypoglycemia in these
      subjects.

PMID- 2885712
TI  - Covalent attachment of oligosaccharide-asparagine derivatives: incorporation into
      glutamine residues with the enzyme transglutaminase.

PMID- 2885713
TI  - Enzymatic diagnosis of sphingolipidoses.

PMID- 2885711
TI  - Desensitization of the thyroid cyclic AMP response to thyroid stimulating
      immunoglobulin: comparison with TSH.
AB  - Studies were conducted to examine the characteristics of thyroid cell cAMP
      stimulation by thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) and to compare the cAMP
      response to TSI and TSH in desensitized human thyroid cells. In terms of cAMP
      production, preexposure (eight hours) of the cells to TSI induced a
      desensitization very similar to TSH-induced desensitization: both TSH- and TSI
      desensitized cells showed a normal response to cholera toxin and forskolin
      stimulation; TSH and TSI desensitization was interchangeable in that
      desensitization by either stimulator affected the action of the other; the time
      of recovery from either TSH and TSH desensitization was identical; the
      cycloheximide (10(-4) mol/L) prevented both TSI- and TSH-induced desensitization;
      preexposure of the cells to iodine, which affects mainly the adenylate cyclase
      catalytic unit, or to epinephrine, which activate the inhibitory regulatory
      protein Ni by the alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation, induced a similar inhibition of
      the subsequent stimulation by both TSH or TSI. The remarkable similarities
      between TSH and TSI in stimulating and desensitizing thyroid cells strongly
      support the concept that TSI activates thyroid adenylate cyclase by interacting
      with the TSH receptor and not through an allosteric mechanism.

PMID- 2885714
TI  - Activator proteins for lysosomal glycolipid hydrolysis.

PMID- 2885715
TI  - Neurotransmitter-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation in hippocampal
      slices.
AB  - The agonist-induced accumulation of [3H]IP in the presence of lithium represents
      a sensitive method for studying a number of receptor-mediated events in brain. In
      the presence of lithium, receptor-mediated [3H]IP3 formation in brain is
      difficult to demonstrate. It is possible that lithium itself may prevent the
      formation if IP3 and, thus, the presence of lithium in the incubation may account
      for such a discrepancy. It is likely that the effects of lithium on the PI
      cascade are more complex then previously envisioned. The recent identification of
      the inositol polyphosphates, myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and myo-inositol
      1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, indicates that other inositol phosphates need to be
      considered in future studies of receptor-mediated PI metabolism.

PMID- 2885716
TI  - Cathepsin T.

PMID- 2885717
TI  - Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase from Chromobacterium violaceum.

PMID- 2885718
TI  - Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase from bovine adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2885719
TI  - Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase from rat adrenals.

PMID- 2885720
TI  - Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase from rat pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2885721
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

PMID- 2885724
TI  - Lack of correlation between fibrils, hydrophobicity and adhesion for strains of
      Streptococcus sanguis biotypes I and II.
AB  - Fifteen strains of Streptococcus sanguis biotype I and eight strains of
      Streptococcus sanguis biotype II with peritrichous fibrils, tufts of fibrils or a
      mixture of fibrils and fimbriae on the cell surface, were tested for their
      ability to adhere to saliva coated spheroidal hydroxyapatite (S-SHA) in a
      radiolabelled assay. S. sanguis I strains adhered better than S. sanguis II
      strains and peritrichously fibrillar strains generally adhered better than tufted
      strains. There was no correlation between the density of fibrillation and
      adhesion. The only highly adherent strain of S. sanguis II carried fimbriae in
      addition to fibrils. No correlation was observed between cell surface
      hydrophobicity as measured by phase partitioning with hexadecane and adhesion to
      S-SHA.

PMID- 2885723
TI  - Genetic and molecular mapping of the pma1 mutation conferring vanadate resistance
      to the plasma membrane ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pma1 mutations confers vanadate
      resistance to H+-ATPase activity when measured in isolated plasma membranes. In
      vivo, the growth of pma1 mutants is resistant to Dio-9, ethidium bromide and
      guanidine derivatives. This phenotype was used to map the pma1 mutation adjacent
      to LEU1 gene on chromosome VII. From a cosmid library of a wild-type
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, a large 30 kb DNA fragment was isolated by
      complementation of a leu1-pma1 double mutant. A 5kb HindIII fragment was
      subcloned and it restored both Leu+ and Pma+ phenotypes after integrative
      transformation. The restriction map of the 5 kb HindIII fragment and Southern
      blot analysis reveal that the cloned fragment contains the entire structural gene
      for the plasma membrane ATPase and the 5' end of the adjacent LEU1 gene. The pma1
      mutation conferring vanadate-resistance is thus located in the structural gene
      for the plasma membrane ATPase.

PMID- 2885722
TI  - Nuclear and mitochondrial revertants of a mitochondrial mutant with a defect in
      the ATP synthetase complex.
AB  - Yeast strain 990 carries a mutation mapping to the oli1 locus of the
      mitochondrial genome, the gene encoding ATPase subunit 9. DNA sequence analysis
      indicated a substitution of valine for alanine at residue 22 of the protein. The
      strain failed to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources such as glycerol at low
      temperature (20 degrees C). At 28 degrees C the strain grew on nonfermentable
      carbon sources and was resistant to the antibiotic oligomycin. ATPase activity in
      mitochondria isolated from 990 was reduced relative to the wild-type strain from
      which it was derived, but the residual activity was oligomycin resistant. Subunit
      9 (the DCCD-binding proteolipid) from the mutant strain exhibited reduced
      mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels relative to the wild-type proteolipid. Ten
      revertant strains of 990 were analyzed. All restored the ability to grow on
      glycerol at 20 degrees C. Mitotic segregation data showed that eight of the ten
      revertants were attributable to mitochondrial genetic events and two were caused
      by nuclear events since they appeared to be recessive nuclear suppressors. These
      nuclear mutations retained partial resistance to oligomycin and did not alter the
      electrophoretic behavior of subunit 9 or any other ATPase subunit. When
      mitochondrial DNA from each of the revertant strains was hybridized with an
      oligonucleotide probe covering the oli1 mutation, seven of the mitochondrial
      revertants were found to be true revertants and one a second mutation at the site
      of the original 990 mutation. The oli1 gene from this strain contained a
      substitution of glycine for valine at residue 22. The proteolipid isolated from
      this strain had increased electrophoretic mobility relative to the wild-type
      proteolipid.

PMID- 2885725
TI  - Biochemical studies on acetate non-utilizing mutants of Aspergillus terreus IRRL
      16043.
AB  - The strain Aspergillus terreus IRRL 16043 can utilize glucose as well as acetate
      as a sole carbon source. Thirty-nine mutants were isolated from the wild-type by
      treatment with a chemical mutagen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNTG)
      which could not utilize acetate as a sole carbon source, and were designated as
      acetate non-utilizing (acu). By complementation and biochemical analyses they
      were divided into three functional groups, acu A, acu B and acu C lacking
      isocitrate lyase, malate synthase and acetyl-CoA synthetase activity,
      respectively.

PMID- 2885726
TI  - Surface haemagglutinating activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - Intact cells of several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa agglutinate papain
      treated human erythrocytes. The agglutinating activity appears to reside in the
      surface layers of the bacterium-Pseudomonas surface haemagglutinin. This activity
      does not correlate with the existence of the internal PA-I and PA-II lectins, the
      presence of fimbriae or adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. Disruption of
      the bacterial cells by sonication abolishes their haemagglutinating activity. The
      intact cells of P. aeruginosa are also able to agglutinate rabbit, chicken, dog,
      guinea pig and sheep erythrocytes. This activity is generally higher with papain
      treated erythrocytes, except those of rabbit in which lower haemagglutinating
      activity is observed after papain treatment. Optimal conditions for the
      haemagglutination are 37 degrees C and pH 6-7. Simple sugars do not inhibit,
      while fetuin and hydrophobic amino acids inhibit this activity. Exposure of the
      bacterial cells to proteolytic enzymes, EDTA or denaturating conditions abolish
      the haemagglutinating activity. These results indicate that the surface
      haemagglutinin is a protein which agglutinates red blood cells via hydrophobic
      interactions.

PMID- 2885727
TI  - Detection of cross-reactive antibody to BLV p24 in sera of human patients
      infected with HTLV.
AB  - For detection of antibody to bovine leukemia virus (BLV) major core protein of
      p24 and cross-reactive antibody in human patients infected with human T cell
      leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), monoclonal antibody, D432 against BLV p24 was
      used by competitive binding enzyme-linked immunoadsorbed assay (ELISA). In sera
      from cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) which were positive for BLV
      antibodies by immunodiffusion test, 109 out of 112 (97.3%) were positive for BLV
      p24 antibody by competitive binding ELISA. By using the same procedures, 21
      samples from adult T cell leukemia (ATL) patients and healthy carriers with HTLV
      I were tested for cross-reactive antibody to BLV p24. All 21 samples were
      positive for HTLV-I antibodies by immunofluorescence test and/or ELISA. By
      competitive binding ELISA using non-treated BLV antigens, none of these 21
      samples inhibited the binding of the D432. When the BLV antigen was treated by
      several different denaturation procedures, several HTLV-I positive samples showed
      the inhibition of the D432 binding and the most effective treatment was by 2
      mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Sixteen out of 21 samples showed the presence of cross
      reactive antibody against 2-ME-treated BLV antigens. The cross-reactivity of
      human sample to BLV p24 antigen was further confirmed by Western blotting of the
      2-ME-treated BLV antigens. None of the 28 samples from leukemia patients other
      than ATL which were negative for HTLV-I antibodies showed inhibition of the D432
      by the competitive binding ELISA.

PMID- 2885728
TI  - The impact of molecular biology on the practice of medicine. Part 2. Diagnostics,
      therapeutics and ethics.

PMID- 2885729
TI  - Drugs that cause sexual dysfunction.

PMID- 2885730
TI  - Ipratropium.

PMID- 2885731
TI  - [Experience with the use of mermithids to control bloodsucking mosquitoes in
      Tadzhikistan].

PMID- 2885732
TI  - [Clinicopathologic conference. Prolactinoma and hyperaldosteronism in a 55-year
      old male: variant of multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) type I?].

PMID- 2885734
TI  - Relationship between receptor occupancy and response at striatal dopamine
      autoreceptors.
AB  - The irreversible dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist N-ethoxy-carbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2
      dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) was used to determine the extent of receptor reserve at
      DA autoreceptors regulating in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Rats were
      treated with vehicle or EEDQ (1 X 0.5-2 X 6 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and, 24 hr
      later, dose response curves were generated for DA agonist reversal of gamma
      butyrolactone-induced striatal L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)
      accumulation. Double reciprocal plots were obtained of equieffective doses of
      agonist required to elicit response at several levels of effect before and after
      partial irreversible receptor inactivation. A pseudo-dissociation constant
      (pseudo-KA, in units of dose) and the fraction of receptors remaining active (q)
      were determined; these values were then used to calculate the relationship
      between receptor occupancy and response. The ED50 (1 microgram/kg) for the full
      DA receptor agonist N-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) was shifted 2.8, 4.8-, and 11.3
      fold to the right after partial irreversible receptor blockade which left the
      fraction of receptors remaining active (q) at 0.37, 0.17 and 0.058, respectively.
      Corresponding maximal reversal of L-DOPA accumulation was 100, 77, and 58%,
      indicating a nonlinear relationship between receptor occupancy and response for
      NPA and the presence of a large receptor reserve; maximal and half-maximal
      responses were calculated to require occupancy of 30 and 3.8% of the total
      receptor pool, respectively. Dose response curves were also obtained for the DA
      autoreceptor-selective agents EMD 23,448 and (+)- and (-)-3-PPP before and after
      EEDQ treatment. In controls, EMD 23,448 and (+)-3-PPP, like NPA, completely
      reversed striatal gamma-butyrolactone-induced L-DOPA accumulation, whereas the
      maximal effect of (-)-3-PPP was 52% reversal. After EEDQ treatment (6 mg/kg), EMD
      23,448 and (+)-3-PPP showed relatively small shifts in ED50 values. Furchgott
      analysis demonstrated that all three atypical agents are partial agonists at the
      DA autoreceptor with efficacies of 0.19 (EMD 23,448), 0.12 [(+)-3-PPP], and 0.05
      [(-)-3-PPP] relative to NPA. The presence of a larger receptor reserve at pre
      versus postsynaptic D2 DA receptors and the partial agonist character of drugs
      such as EMD 23,448 and the enantiomers of 3-PPP may account for their
      autoreceptor selectivity.

PMID- 2885735
TI  - Calmodulin may play a pivotal role in neurotransmitter-mediated inhibition and
      stimulation of rat cerebellar adenylate cyclase.
AB  - Adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated 2.5-fold by exogenous Ca2+/calmodulin
      (CaM) (1 microM) in rat cerebellar plasma membranes which had been depleted of
      endogenous Ca2+/CaM. In EGTA-washed membranes, phenylisopropyladenosine (an
      adenosine receptor agonist) was unable to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity
      unless exogenous Ca2+/CaM was included in the assay. Conversely, isoproterenol (a
      beta-adrenergic receptor agonist) was able to stimulate adenylate cyclase
      activity only in the absence of Ca2+/CaM. The regulation of adenylate cyclase
      activity by guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p, a nonhydrolyzable guanine
      nucleotide analog, used to monitor interactions between guanine nucleotide
      binding proteins and the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase] was similar to that
      of phenylisopropyladenosine and isoproterenol; i.e., Gpp(NH)p produced inhibition
      exclusively in the presence of Ca2+/CaM, whereas only stimulation was observed in
      the absence of Ca2+/CaM. These results suggest that changes in intracellular Ca2+
      concentrations may determine whether adenylate cyclase can be stimulated or
      inhibited by neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2885733
TI  - Ameba-bacterium relationship in amebiasis.

PMID- 2885736
TI  - Interactions between adenosine and alpha 1-adrenergic agonists in regulation of
      respiration in hamster brown adipocytes.
AB  - Respiration in brown adipocytes can be increased by beta-adrenergic receptor
      agonists or by alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonists (phenylephrine and
      norepinephrine). Previous studies have shown that beta receptor-stimulated
      respiration is inhibited by adenosine and that enzymatic removal of adenosine
      produced by fat cells under normal incubation conditions enhances the respiratory
      response to beta receptor activation. The present experiments were performed to
      determine the effect of adenosine on the respiratory response elicited by
      agonists of alpha 1 receptors. The alpha-adrenergic agonists phenylephrine and
      norepinephrine (in the presence of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol)
      stimulated respiration and the respiratory response to each agent was enhanced
      when endogenous adenosine was removed with adenosine deaminase. Addition of
      hydrolysis-resistant analogues of adenosine inhibited phenylephrine-stimulated
      respiration, and, since N6-phenylisopropyladenosine was more effective than was
      5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, we conclude that an A1 receptor is involved. In
      contrast, the P site agonist 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine did not inhibit phenylephrine
      stimulated respiration but did cause some inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated
      respiration. These results suggest that adenosine, acting via A1 receptors,
      modulates alpha 1-adrenergic effects on thermogenesis in brown fat cells, an
      action that is analogous to its inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated
      thermogenesis.

PMID- 2885737
TI  - The relationship between alpha 1-adrenergic receptor occupancy and response in
      BC3H-1 muscle cells.
AB  - The relationship between alpha 1-adrenergic receptor occupancy by agonists or
      antagonists and the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ was examined. Receptor
      occupancy was measured using the antagonist [3H]prazosin and correlated with
      agonist-elicited 45Ca2+ fluxes. The agonists epinephrine (E), norepinephrine
      (NE), and phenylephrine (PE) coordinately activated Ca2+ efflux, reflecting a
      substantial mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, as well as a smaller 45Ca2+
      influx. The agonist concentration dependences for influx and efflux were similar,
      with the order of potency expected for alpha 1 receptors (E greater than or equal
      to NE greater than PE). To determine the relationship between receptor occupancy
      and response, the slowly dissociating antagonist prazosin was used to inactivate
      specified fractions of the receptor population. A linear relationship was
      observed between the remaining activatable receptors and residual 45Ca2+ efflux
      elicited by E or NE, except at saturating agonist concentrations where some
      curvature was observed. Moreover, the concentration dependence for agonist
      elicited 45Ca2+ efflux was shifted toward slightly higher concentrations of E or
      NE following prazosin inactivation. These results suggest the presence of a
      modest receptor reserve which is revealed by E or NE, but not by PE. Agonist
      occupation was measured over the same interval as receptor activation by
      competition with the initial rate of [3H]prazosin association. All three agonists
      exhibited the major fraction of receptor occupation over the same concentration
      ranges required for the functional response. Exposure of receptors to specified
      agonist concentrations for 30 min had little effect on the number of receptors or
      their ligand affinities, whereas a 2.5-hr exposure to agonist decreased apparent
      agonist affinity as well as the number of receptors recognized by [3H]prazosin.

PMID- 2885738
TI  - Evidence that cGMP is the mediator of endothelium-dependent inhibition of
      contractile responses of rat arteries to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation.
AB  - Endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) have been previously shown to exert
      an inhibitory influence on the contractile effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists
      in vascular smooth muscle. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor agonists such as clonidine have
      been reported to be particularly susceptible to this effect, and it has been
      suggested that clonidine acts on alpha 2 receptors on endothelial cells to
      stimulate the release of EDRF. EDRF release is known to be accompanied by
      increased levels of cGMP in many blood vessels, and it is suggested that cGMP
      exerts an inhibitory influence on the smooth muscle cells, which tends to
      counteract the contractile effect of the clonidine. This hypothesis was tested in
      isolated rings of rat aorta and mesenteric artery using the cGMP lowering agent,
      6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione (LY83583). LY83583 markedly decreased resting levels
      of cGMP in these vascular preparations and completely prevented both the
      relaxation and the cGMP elevation normally caused by acetylcholine in rat aorta
      with intact endothelium. These effects of LY83583 are identical to those observed
      after mechanical disruption of the endothelium. LY83583 also enhanced the
      contractile responses to norepinephrine and particularly to clonidine in both
      aorta and mesenteric artery. The effects of LY83583 on contractile responses to
      both alpha-adrenoceptor agonists were reversed by low concentrations of 8-bromo
      cGMP. Clonidine did not increase cGMP levels in vascular preparations with intact
      endothelia, in the presence or absence of LY83583. Thus, enhanced release of EDRF
      by clonidine did not appear to be responsible for the inhibition of its
      contractile effects observed in the presence of intact endothelial cells. Our
      results suggest instead that this endothelium-dependent inhibition is due to
      spontaneous release of EDRF, which results in tonic elevation of cGMP in the
      vascular smooth muscle. This tonic elevation of cGMP exerts a more marked
      inhibitory effect against contractions induced by the partial agonist, clonidine,
      than it does against contractions induced by a full agonist, norepinephrine.

PMID- 2885739
TI  - Tight agonist binding may prevent the correct interpretation of agonist
      competition binding curves for alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - alpha 2-Adrenergic receptors in calf retina membranes can be specifically labeled
      with the tritiated antagonist 3H-RX 781094. Saturation binding occurs to a single
      class of noncooperative sites. The number of sites amounts to 1070 +/- 243 and
      935 +/- 178 fmol/mg of protein, and the equilibrium dissociation constants equal
      1.8 +/- 0.4 and 3.8 +/- 0.3 nM at 25 degrees and 37 degrees, respectively.
      Binding is rapid, equilibrium being reached within 5 min, and is reversible. At
      both temperatures, (-)-epinephrine competition binding curves are shallow in the
      presence of magnesium ions. The curves, obtained for incubation periods varying
      between 5 and 60 min, are superimposable at 37 degrees. Computer-assisted
      analysis indicates that approximately 75% of the receptors (RH sites) display
      high agonist affinity for (-)-epinephrine as well as for the other agonists
      tested: (-)-norepinephrine, clonidine, and UK 14304. However, the (-)-epinephrine
      competition curves display a time-dependent leftward shift at 25 degrees. This
      can be attributed to an increase in agonist affinity for the RH sites. Addition
      of 0.1 mM Gpp(NH)p causes a marked steepening and rightward shift of the curves,
      at both 25 and 37 degrees. These curves are superimposable for all of the
      incubation times tested. The nonequilibrium of agonist competition binding at 25
      degrees can be attributed to slow dissociation of the agonist (i.e., tight
      binding) when the receptor is coupled to the regulatory component Ni. This
      dissociation rate can be measured by preincubation of the membranes with 10
      microM (-)-epinephrine, followed by extensive washing and incubation with 3H-RX
      781094 for increasing lengths of time. The first order rate of agonist
      dissociation (i.e., receptor recovery) is appreciably faster at 37 degrees than
      at 25 degrees: i.e., 0.029 min-1 and 0.0044 min-1, respectively. These findings
      are confirmed by kinetic experiments using the radiolabeled agonist 3H-UK 14304.
      Slow agonist dissociating kinetics may prevent the correct evaluation of the
      agonist binding parameters by computerized analysis of competition binding curves
      when the incubation time is too short, especially at low temperature.

PMID- 2885740
TI  - Use of the Escherichia coli gene for asparagine synthetase as a selective marker
      in a shuttle vector capable of dominant transfection and amplification in animal
      cells.
AB  - A new dominant amplifiable selective system for use in bacterium-animal cell
      shuttle vectors was developed by the insertion of a 2-kilobase genomic fragment
      containing the cloned Escherichia coli gene for asparagine synthetase (AS) into
      the pBR322-simian virus 40 recombinant vector pSV2 so as to place the
      translational initiator codon for the bacterial AS about 1,000 base pairs
      downstream from the simian virus 40 early promoter. This new construct, pSV2-AS,
      retains bacterial sequences for transcriptional and translational initiation and
      so can express AS in bacteria. The construct can also complement AS- mutants of
      mammalian cells, giving AS+ transfectants capable of growth in medium lacking
      asparagine, with relatively high efficiency (about 300 colonies per microgram of
      DNA per 10(6) cells exposed). The vector can be amplified up to 100-fold in such
      AS+ transfectants by selection in asparagine-free medium containing increasing
      concentrations of the AS inhibitor beta-aspartyl hydroxamate. AS+ transfectants
      were found to be much more resistant to a second AS inhibitor, Albizziin, than
      were normal AS+ animal cell lines. This difference, which may indicate a strong
      resistance of the bacterial AS enzyme to Albizziin, was exploited to develop an
      effective selection for bacterial AS transfectants of a number of wild-type AS+
      cell lines of rat, Chinese hamster, mouse, and human origin. LR-73 cells, a
      Chinese hamster AS+ cell line, were transfected with pSV2-AS with an efficiency
      of about 1,000 colonies per 0.5 microgram of DNA per 10(6) cells. The integrated
      construct in these cells was amplified by incubation of the transfectants in
      increasing concentrations of beta-aspartyl hydroxamate. Advantages and
      disadvantages of this new dominant, selectable, and amplifiable marker over
      markers commonly used in shuttle vectors are discussed.

PMID- 2885741
TI  - Characterization of nit-2, the major nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora
      crassa.
AB  - The nit-2 gene is the major nitrogen-regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa, and
      under conditions of nitrogen limitations, it turns on the expression of various
      unlinked structural genes which specify nitrogen-catabolic enzymes. The nit-2
      gene was subcloned as a 6-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment from a cosmid that carried
      approximately a 40-kb N. crassa DNA insert. The nit-2 gene was localized in a DNA
      segment of approximately 3.5 kb and was shown to correspond to a unique DNA
      sequence located on linkage group 1. Several N. crassa nit-2 transformants were
      characterized and were found to possess significantly different levels of the
      regulated enzyme nitrate reductase. Northern blot analysis of RNA from various
      strains was carried out to determine whether the nit-2 gene was expressed
      constitutively or was itself subject to regulation. The results revealed that the
      nit-2 gene is transcribed to give a single large mRNA of approximately 3.5 kb.
      Expression of the nit-2 gene is regulated such that its transcript is present at
      a substantially higher level in cells which are limited for nitrogen than in
      cells growing under nitrogen-repressed conditions. However, the nit-2 gene is not
      controlled by autogenous regulation. The nit-2 gene was transcribed only at a low
      level in nmr-1 and in gln-1b, under both nitrogen-repressed and derepressed
      conditions, suggesting that these unlinked loci may exert a positive regulatory
      effect on nit-2.

PMID- 2885742
TI  - Characterization of an episome produced in hamster cells that amplify a
      transfected CAD gene at high frequency: functional evidence for a mammalian
      replication origin.
AB  - In a previous study (G. M. Wahl, B. Robert de Saint Vincent, and M. L. De Rose,
      Nature (London) 307:516-520, 1984), we used gene transfer of a CAD cosmid to
      demonstrate that gene position profoundly affects amplification frequency. One
      transformant, T5, amplified the donated CAD genes at a frequency at least 100
      fold higher than did the other transformants analyzed. The CAD genes in T5 and
      two drug-resistant derivatives were chromosomally located. In this report, we
      show that a subclone of T5 gives rise to an extrachromosomal molecule (CAD
      episome) containing the donated CAD genes. Gel electrophoresis indicated that the
      CAD episome is approximately 250 to 300 kilobase pairs, and a variety of methods
      showed that it is a covalently closed circle. We show that the CAD episome
      replicates semiconservatively and approximately once per cell cycle. Since the
      CAD cosmid, which comprises most of the CAD episome, does not replicate
      autonomously when transfected into cells, our results indicate that either the
      process which generated the episome resulted in a cellular origin of DNA
      replication being linked to the CAD sequences or specific rearrangements within
      the episome generated a functional origin. The implications of these results for
      mechanisms of gene amplification and the genesis of minute chromosomes are
      discussed.

PMID- 2885743
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of the human CAD gene during myeloid differentiation.
AB  - CAD codes for a trifunctional protein involved in the catalysis of the first
      three enzymatic activities in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway,
      namely, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II (EC 6.3.5.5), aspartate
      transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.2), and dihydroorotase (EC 3.5.2.3). CAD regulation
      was studied in the human promyelocyte leukemic line HL-60 as it differentiated
      into monocytic or granulocytic lineages after induction by 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or trans-retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP,
      respectively. Within 12 h of induction of HL-60 cells with either inducer, total
      cellular levels of CAD RNA essentially disappeared. On the other hand, no
      apparent decreases in beta-actin RNA levels were seen even 48 h after HL-60 cells
      were induced, as compared with untreated cells. With nuclear runoff assays, it
      was clearly shown that the inactivation of CAD gene expression during the
      induction of HL-60 cells with either inducer was at the transcriptional level.
      The nuclear runoff experiments also demonstrated that the CAD gene expression was
      shut down in less than 4 h after induction, well before morphological changes
      were observed in these cells. At the enzymatic level, the activity of aspartate
      transcarbamylase, one of the three enzymes encoded by the CAD gene, decreased by
      about half within 24 h of induction, suggesting a CAD protein half-life of 24 h
      in differentiating HL-60 cells. Nevertheless, this means that significant levels
      of aspartate transcarbamylase activity remained even after the cells have stopped
      proliferating. From the RNA data, it is clear that CAD gene expression is rapidly
      turned off as promyelocytes begin to terminally differentiate into macrophages
      and granulocytes. We suspect that the inactivation of the CAD gene in induced HL
      60 cells is a consequence of the differentiating cells leaving the cell cycle and
      becoming nonproliferating.

PMID- 2885745
TI  - Social phobia.

PMID- 2885746
TI  - Panic disorders.

PMID- 2885744
TI  - DNA sequences homologous to the Drosophila opa repeat are present in murine mRNAs
      that are differentially expressed in fetuses and adult tissues.
AB  - A mouse embryonic cDNA containing two opa-like (CAX)n repeats was isolated on the
      basis of its cross-hybridization with a Drosophila K10 cDNA. Such repeated
      sequences were present in different murine mRNAs, some of which were specifically
      expressed during fetal life or in different adult tissues. This suggests that, as
      already described for Drosophila, opa-like sequences are parts of proteins
      involved in ontogenic or cell-type-specific functions in vertebrates. However,
      unlike Drosophila, such repeated sequences were not found within the murine homeo
      boxes containing genes of the Hox-1 complex.

PMID- 2885747
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of opioid anesthesia.

PMID- 2885748
TI  - Anesthetic interactions with beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers.

PMID- 2885749
TI  - Anesthesia for the aged: some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations.

PMID- 2885750
TI  - Nonspecific aortitis and large-vessel arteritis in a 16-year-old girl: CT and
      angiographic diagnosis.

PMID- 2885751
TI  - Methods of creative cognition in medical diagnosis.

PMID- 2885752
TI  - Electrogenic glutamate uptake is a major current carrier in the membrane of
      axolotl retinal glial cells.
AB  - Glutamate is taken up avidly by glial cells in the central nervous system.
      Glutamate uptake may terminate the transmitter action of glutamate released from
      neurons, and keep extracellular glutamate at concentrations below those which are
      neurotoxic. We report here that glutamate evokes a large inward current in
      retinal glial cells which have their membrane potential and intracellular ion
      concentrations controlled by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. This current
      seems to be due to an electrogenic glutamate uptake carrier, which transports at
      least two sodium ions with every glutamate anion carried into the cell. Glutamate
      uptake is strongly voltage-dependent, decreasing at depolarized potentials: when
      fully activated, it contributes almost half of the conductance in the part of the
      glial cell membrane facing the retinal neurons. The spatial localization,
      glutamate affinity and magnitude of the uptake are appropriate for terminating
      the synaptic action of glutamate released from photoreceptors and bipolar cells.
      These data challenge present explanations of how the b-wave of the
      electroretinogram is generated, and suggest a mechanism for non-vesicular voltage
      dependent release of glutamate from neurons.

PMID- 2885753
TI  - Loss of alleles of loci on the short arm of chromosome 3 in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Loss of genes at specific chromosomal loci is a characteristic of retinoblastoma,
      Wilms' tumour, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, embryonal tumours and
      small cell carcinoma of the lung. The significance of nonrandom gene loss in
      these neoplasms is that gene loss on one chromosome may uncover null mutations at
      corresponding loci of the homologous chromosome. Loss of specific gene products
      from somatic cells may be critical in the origin or evolution of certain human
      tumours. Clues to identification of new loci of gene loss in common adult solid
      tumours may be found in literature that describes chromosomal abnormalities in
      rare heritable cancers. Karyotypes of tumours in two families with hereditary
      renal carcinoma showed translocations involving the short arm of chromosome 3
      (refs 10 and 11). We have examined tumours from 18 patients with non-hereditary
      renal cell carcinomas and found loss of alleles at loci on the short arm of
      chromosome 3 in all eleven of the patients who could be evaluated.

PMID- 2885754
TI  - Long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus induced by a
      bee venom peptide.
AB  - Several neurotoxins have been isolated from bee venom. One of these, the mast
      cell degranulating peptide (MCD), releases histamine from mast cells and on
      central administration produces arousal at low concentrations and convulsions at
      higher doses. These effects are mediated through specific high-affinity binding
      sites which are concentrated in cortical structures, notably the hippocampus.
      This structure appears to be the source of changes in the electrocorticogram that
      follow injections of MCD into the cerebral ventricle, and which induce a quasi
      permanent hippocampal theta rhythm in the motionless rat alternating with
      epileptiform spike waves. We report here that brief application of MCD to the CA1
      region of hippocampal slices induces long-term potentiation, that is, a long
      lasting increase in the efficacy of synaptic transmission. This potentiation
      seems to be indistinguishable from the classical LTP produced by trains of high
      frequency electrical stimulation and considered to be related in some way to
      memory. Using binding to synaptosomal membranes and radioimmunoassay techniques,
      we have also found an endogenous peptide equivalent of MCD in brain extracts.
      This raises the possibility that a MCD-like peptide may be important in long-term
      potentiation.

PMID- 2885755
TI  - Localization of the receptor-binding protein adhesin at the tip of the bacterial
      pilus.
AB  - Strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli that cause infections of the human
      urinary tract produce so-called Pap-pili, which are hair-like appendages
      consisting of about 10(3) helically arranged subunits of the protein PapA. These
      pili mediate binding to digalactoside-containing glycolipids present on the
      epithelial cells which line the urinary tract. Recently, it has been suggested
      that three proteins, PapE, PapF and PapG, are responsible for this binding. In
      the absence of PapA, non-piliated bacteria are formed which nonetheless exhibit
      binding, showing that the bulk of the pilus is not essential for binding.
      Although pili can form without PapF and PapG, such pili are unable to bind to the
      digalactoside. The protein PapG mediates binding specificity in trans
      complementation experiments, so this protein is the digalactoside-specific
      adhesin. Using immuno-electron microscopy we have found that Pap-pili are
      heteropolymers composed of the major pilin, PapA, the minor pilins, PapE and
      PapF, and the adhesin, PapG. The last three proteins are located at the tip of
      the pilus.

PMID- 2885756
TI  - Binding of a nuclear protein to the cyclic-AMP response element of the
      somatostatin gene.
AB  - Many hormones act on neuroendocrine cells by activating second messenger
      pathways. Two of these, the phosphoinositol and cAMP-dependent pathways, cause
      changes in cellular activity through specific protein kinases. By phosphorylating
      cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, these kinases apparently coordinate cellular
      processes, including the biosynthesis and release of neuropeptides. Somatostatin
      biosynthesis and release, for example, are both positively regulated by the
      second messenger cAMP in hypothalamic cells, and cAMP also induces somatostatin
      gene transcription 8-10-fold in transfected PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.
      Transcriptional induction requires a 30-nucleotide cAMP response element (CRE)
      which is conserved in other cAMP-responsive genes. This element also confers cAMP
      responsiveness when placed upstream of the heterologous simian virus 40 (SV40)
      promoter. The somatostatin gene does not, however, respond to cAMP in mutant PC12
      cells which lack cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II activity. Activation of
      somatostatin gene transcription may consequently require the phosphorylation of a
      nuclear protein which binds to the CRE. Using a DNase I protection assay, we have
      characterized a nuclear protein in PC12 cells which binds selectively to the CRE
      in the somatostatin gene. We have purified this protein which is of relative
      molecular mass 43,000 (Mr 43K) by sequence-specific DNA affinity chromatography.
      This 43K CRE binding protein (CREB) is phosphorylated in vitro when it is
      incubated with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
      Stimulating PC12 cells with forskolin, an activator of adenyl cyclase, causes a 3
      4-fold increase in the phosphorylation of this protein. We conclude that the cAMP
      dependent pathway may regulate gene transcription in response to hormonal
      stimulation by phosphorylating this CREB protein.

PMID- 2885757
TI  - Regulation of T-cell receptor gamma-chain RNA expression in murine Thy-1+
      dendritic epidermal cells.
AB  - The epidermis of normal mice contains two distinct populations of dendritic cells
      derived from the bone marrow, Ia+ Langerhans cells and Ia- cells that express the
      Thy-1 alloantigen. The Thy-1-bearing dendritic epidermal cells (Thy-1+ dEC) have
      a surface phenotype similar to that of very early T-lineage cells, produce IL-2
      like growth factors and exhibit cytotoxicity which is not restricted by the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC). The relationship of Thy-1+ dEC to the T-cell
      lineage is unclear. Most T lymphocytes bear a receptor for antigen composed of an
      alpha chain and a beta chain associated with a nonpolymorphic complex termed CD3
      (T3). A minor population carries a receptor in which CD3 is associated with a
      gamma/delta complex. We have analysed clones of Thy-1+ dEC for rearrangement and
      expression of the genes for the alpha-, beta- and gamma-chains of the T-cell
      receptor (TCR). They do not express alpha or beta but do carry a gamma/delta
      complex. Activation of the cells with Con A is associated with a rapid decrease
      in the steady-state level of gamma-chain RNA. Because Thy-1+ dEC resemble early
      stage T lymphocytes, down-regulation of TCR expression may reflect a necessary
      event during T cell differentiation.

PMID- 2885758
TI  - Mapping the limits of the human pseudoautosomal region and a candidate sequence
      for the male-determining gene.
AB  - The human Y chromosome is composed of two different parts: a pseudoautosomal
      region shared with the X chromosome which is responsible for sex chromosome
      pairing and a Y-specific part that encodes the sex determining gene. Previously
      we have shown that the pseudoautosomal gene MIC2 only rarely recombines between
      the sex chromosomes and, based on the elevated recombination rates in the
      pseudoautosomal region, we predicted that this gene would lie close to the Y
      specific region. In this report we describe a test of this prediction using long
      range restriction mapping techniques. We conclude that MIC2 is less than 200
      kilobases (kb) away from Y-specific sequences. During these experiments we have
      identified an HTF island in a position consistent with the proposed location of
      the human sex determining gene.

PMID- 2885759
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses to so-called selective alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonists after partial blockade of alpha 1-adrenoceptors.
AB  - In dog saphenous vein--a tissue possessing both postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors--the effects of two selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists
      (phenylephrine and methoxamine) were compared with that of the selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist, UK-14,304, before and after phenoxybenzamine. Furthermore,
      the influence exerted by prazosin, yohimbine and verapamil on the effects of
      these agonists was also studied before and after phenoxybenzamine. In the absence
      of phenoxybenzamine, prazosin (56 nmol/l) caused a parallel shift of the
      concentration-response curves of both phenylephrine and methoxamine to the right
      (by 0.94 and 1.1 log units, respectively) and had no effect on the concentration
      response curve of UK-14,304, while 20 nmol/l yohimbine caused a marked parallel
      shift of the concentration-response curve of UK-14,304 to the right (by 1.18 log
      units) and caused only minor displacements of those of phenylephrine and
      methoxamine (by 0.2 and 0.33 log units, respectively). After exposure of the
      strips to 30 nmol/l phenoxybenzamine, prazosin (56 nmol/l) caused small shifts of
      the concentration-response curves of both phenylephrine (by 0.36 log units) and
      methoxamine (by 0.31 log units) and did not change that of UK-14,304, while
      yohimbine (20 nmol/l) caused pronounced parallel shifts of the concentration
      response curves (to the right) of all the agonists: phenylephrine (by 1.0 log
      units), methoxamine (by 0.93 log units) and UK-14,304 (by 1.28 log
      units).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885760
TI  - Beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated positive inotropic effect of adrenaline in human
      ventricular myocardium. Quantitative discrepancies with binding and adenylate
      cyclase stimulation.
AB  - Experiments were designed to unravel the relative contribution of beta 1- and
      beta 2-adrenoceptors to the positive inotropic effects of adrenaline and
      noradrenaline in isolated tissues of left ventricular myocardium of man. We also
      analyzed relationships between the fractions of human left ventricular beta 1-
      and beta 2-adrenoceptors, estimated from binding assays, and stimulation of
      adenylate cyclase and contractile force by adrenaline and noradrenaline.
      Selective blockade of beta 2-adrenoceptors by erythro-(+/-)-(alpha-methyl-indan-4
      yloxy)-3-isopropylaminobuta n-2-ol (ICI 118,551) attenuated the increase of
      contractile force caused by adrenaline but not by noradrenaline, suggesting some
      involvement of beta 2-adrenoceptors. Selective blockade of beta 2-adrenoceptors
      without affecting beta 1-adrenoceptors still enabled both adrenaline and
      noradrenaline to cause maximum possible increases of contractile force through
      beta 1-adrenoceptors. A direct involvement of beta 2-adrenoceptors became
      manifest by selectively antagonizing beta 1-adrenoceptors by 1-[2[3-carbamoyl-4
      hydroxy)phenoxy)ethylamino]- 3-[4(1-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2
      imidazolyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol (CGP 20712 A) without affecting beta 2
      adrenoceptor. beta 2-adrenoceptors can mediate half of the maximum increase of
      contractile force elicited by low concentrations of adrenaline and also
      contribute to the increase of contractile force caused by high concentrations of
      noradrenaline. beta-adrenoceptors were labelled in membrane particles with 3H-(-)
      bupranolol in the absence (beta 1 & beta 2) and presence of 500 nmol/l CGP 20712
      A (beta 2). 71% of the beta-adrenoceptors were beta 1 and 29% beta 2. Binding
      inhibition experiments with CGP 20712 A and ICI 118,551 yielded 74% beta 1 and
      26% beta 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885762
TI  - [Salazosulfapyridine or 5-aminosalicylic acid].

PMID- 2885763
TI  - [A young woman with Crohn's disease of the esophagus].

PMID- 2885761
TI  - Inhibition of presynaptic alpha-2-adrenoceptor and opioid receptor agonist
      responses in the rat vas deferens by chronic imipramine treatment.
AB  - The effects of chronic imipramine administration on agonist responses in rat
      isolated smooth muscle preparations were investigated. The administration of 20
      mg/kg imipramine two times a day for 4 and 11 days resulted in an equivalent
      subsensitivity (approximately 8-fold) of clonidine-induced inhibition of
      electrically evoked contractions in the rat vas deferens (presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptor response). Imipramine (4 days) resulted in a marked inhibition of
      the ability of [D-Ala2, D-Leu5] enkephalin to decrease electrically evoked
      contractions of the vas deferens (presynaptic opioid receptor response) but did
      not significantly affect the carbachol-induced increase in electrically evoked
      contractions (muscarinic receptor response). In the absence of cocaine the
      contractile effects of norepinephrine and tyramine in the vas deferens were,
      respectively, potentiated and inhibited, following imipramine (4 days),
      suggesting a decrease in the activity of the neuronal uptake mechanism. When
      determined in the presence of cocaine, the potency of the postsynaptic effects of
      norepinephrine in the vas deferens (alpha 1-adrenoceptor response) was not
      significantly altered by imipramine (4 days). With regard to other postsynaptic
      receptors, imipramine (4 days) decreased slightly the potency of phenylephrine in
      the aorta (alpha 1-adrenoceptor response) and increased slightly the potency of
      carbachol in the trachea (muscarinic receptor response) and the potency of
      serotonin in the rat aorta (5HT2-receptor response). Thus, chronic imipramine
      administration decreased the potency of presynaptic alpha 2- and opioid agonist
      responses in the vas deferens but caused very little or no changes in the
      potencies of agonists at postsynaptic sites.

PMID- 2885764
TI  - [Is this ameba dangerous?].

PMID- 2885765
TI  - The excretion of urinary enzymes, proteins and creatinine in patients receiving
      cisplatinum.
AB  - The sensitive parameters of tubular nephrotoxicity during 4-day chemotherapy with
      new combination schedule of cisplatinum and 5-fluorouracil were followed. The
      determinations of tubular enzymes beta-glucuronidase (GRS) and gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GMT) in 24 hours urine, the excretion of creatinine and
      proteinuria were assayed before therapy and during 4 consecutive days of
      treatment. We recorded the significant increase of protein excretion and only
      slight increase of GMT and GRS activities after chemotherapy. The decrease of the
      creatinine excretion on the 3rd day of therapy was not statistically significant.
      Simultaneously followed serum creatinine and urea levels proved the elevation of
      creatinine only in 1 patient (the 1st grade according WHO classification). Our
      results suggest that the performed regime of chemotherapy produces only very low
      nephrotoxicity comparing to the 1-day administration of cisplatinum. These
      conclusions are confirmed also by the former examinations of GRS activities in
      cisplatinum therapy.

PMID- 2885766
TI  - [Dysarthrias in neurologic diseases].
AB  - The clinical characteristics of dysarthria in neurological disease are reviewed
      in relation to the site of the lesion, giving special attention to dysarthria as
      an early symptom and to paroxysmal dysarthria. Iatrogenic and toxic causes of
      speech disorder are enumerated and the principles of diagnosis and therapy
      summarized.

PMID- 2885767
TI  - Tubular nephrotoxicity after intravenous urography with ionic high-osmolal and
      nonionic low-osmolal contrast media in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.
AB  - Nephrotoxicity of intravenous contrast media is more frequent and striking in
      patients with risk factors, the major one being preexisting chronic renal
      insufficiency. New nonionic low-osmolal contrast media allegedly have less
      nephrotoxicity than the traditional ionic high-osmolal ones. This was tested for
      two contrast media in a group of 18 patients with stable chronic renal
      insufficiency. The urinary excretion of two brush-border enzymes (alanine
      aminopeptidase, AAP, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, gamma-GT) and of a
      lysosomal enzyme (N-acetyl-beta glucosaminidase, NAG), functional markers of
      tubular injury, were measured before and after intravenous urography with an
      ionic high-osmolal radiocontrast medium, meglumine sodium diatrizoate, or with a
      non ionic low-osmolal one, iopamidol. Urinary NAG excretion did not change
      significantly after administration of either contrast media. Urinary AAP and
      gamma-GT excretion increased significantly (p less than 0.01) after diatrizoate.
      After iopamidol, only gamma-GT excretion increased significantly (p less than
      0.05). Our data suggest that the nonionic low-osmolal radiocontrast medium
      iopamidol is less toxic to tubules than the ionic high-osmolal medium diatrizoate
      and that the brush-border enzymes AAP and gamma-GT are sensitive markers for this
      toxicity.

PMID- 2885768
TI  - Sodium-dependent glutamate binding in senile dementia.
AB  - Sodium-dependent glutamate binding was studied as a possible index of the
      integrity of glutamate/aspartate (Glu/Asp) nerve endings in seven cortical areas
      from postmortem brains of 15 persons with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
      (SD), 10 controls matched for age, sex and postmortem delay (PMD), and single
      cases of Down's syndrome and Parkinson-dementia. Binding affinities (Kd) were
      quite variable from brain to brain but showed no relation to sex, age, PMD or
      disease. Specific binding site densities did not vary with age or sex but showed
      overall a significant negative correlation with PMD, a significant decrease in
      SD, and a significant correlation in the SD--but not the control--samples with
      choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities. The binding data on individual brain
      regions, however, showed no significant difference between SD cases and controls
      despite highly significant differences in the ChAT activities. The overall
      results support but do not confirm a defect in cortical Glu/Asp systems in SD.
      Reported and obtained data on lesioned rats are summarized to suggest that sodium
      dependent glutamate binding may be an ineffective index of Glu/Asp nerve endings.

PMID- 2885769
TI  - Ethanol challenge alters amino acid neurotransmitter release from frontal cortex
      of the aged rat.
AB  - In two groups of male rats having an average age of either 90 days or two years,
      guide cannulae for bilateral push-pull perfusion were implanted stereotaxically
      to rest upon the superficial frontal cerebral cortex. On post-operative recovery,
      either 1.5 or 3.0 g/kg 20% ethanol (V/V) was given by intragastric gavage to each
      unrestrained rat. Sequential samples of venous blood were obtained from the tail
      and analyzed for alcohol levels by gas chromatography. A set of push-pull
      perfusions of the cortical sites was carried out with an artificial CSF before
      gavage and at 25, 50 and 150 min after the administration of ethanol. An
      individual perfusion was continued for 5.0 min at a rate of 25 microliters/min.
      Using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC
      EC) each sample of perfusate was then assayed for its content of glutamate (Glu),
      aspartate (Asp), glutamine (Gln), glycine (Gly), taurine (Tau) and GABA with
      homoserine used as the internal standard. The results showed that the 3.0 g/kg
      dose of ethanol resulted in a higher level of blood ethanol in the older animals,
      which persisted over the 150 min time interval. Further, the 1.5 g/kg dose of
      ethanol administered to the older rats reduced the cortical activity of Glu and
      Gln relative to the younger animals. In addition, the 3.0 g/kg dose augmented the
      cortical efflux of Tau in the aged rats. Neither dose of ethanol affected the
      efflux of Asp or Gly from the perfused frontal cortex of either the young or old
      group, nor was the release of GABA detectable under either the control condition
      or following treatment with ethanol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885770
TI  - Changes of cerebral gamma glutamyltransferase activities after treatment with
      exogenous inducers.
AB  - The activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase localized in isolated brain synaptic
      membranes- and microvessels-enriched fractions was assayed after treatment of
      rats with either phenobarbital or ethanol. Phenobarbital increased the activity
      of gamma-glutamyltransferase in microvessels, without alteration of synaptic
      membranes activity. An increase of enzyme activity was also obtained after a
      chronic intoxication with ethanol. These results suggest that the isoform of
      gamma-glutamyltransferase localized in brain microvessels may respond to
      exogenous inducers.

PMID- 2885771
TI  - Rapid eye movement sleep in man: modulation by benzodiazepines.
AB  - The modulation of rapid eye movement REM sleep in man by benzodiazepines has been
      analysed using 366 sleep recordings with at least 3 REM periods, obtained in 25
      individuals, over 9 years. Sleep-dependent and sleep-independent mechanisms are
      believed to control REM activity, and the effect of benzodiazepines can be
      explained if the sleep-dependent influence is modified. It is suggested that a
      negative feedback mechanism, which usually encourages the appearance of REM
      periods, is depressed, while a threshold and oscillator which determine the
      cyclical appearance of the activity, and its relation with the onset of sleep,
      are unaffected.

PMID- 2885772
TI  - Evidence for control of cardiac vagal tone by benzodiazepine receptors.
AB  - Previous work has suggested that vagal preganglionic neurons which project to the
      heart, are tonically inhibited by endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This
      study tested the hypothesis that benzodiazepines, which are thought to act by
      enhancing GABAergic inhibition, would increase heart rate by suppressing cardiac
      vagal activity in anesthetized rats, and that pretreatment with Ro 15-1788, a
      specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, would prevent tachycardia induced by
      benzodiazepines. Midazolam (0.05-4 mg/kg i.v.), alprazolam (1 mg/kg i.v.) and
      chlordiazepoxide (10 and 20 mg/kg i.v.), all evoked significant increases in
      heart rate. Pretreatment with atropine methobromide (2 mg/kg i.v.) increased the
      basal heart rate and prevented tachycardia induced by benzodiazepines. Basal
      heart rate and blood pressure were unchanged after pretreatment with Ro 15-1788
      (10 mg/kg), but subsequent administration of any of the benzodiazepines failed to
      elicit increases in heart rate in these animals. These findings suggest that
      benzodiazepines may be potent vagolytics and that this effect should be
      considered before these agents are administered to patients who have suffered a
      recent myocardial infarction, in whom vagal tone is thought to be protective
      against fatal ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2885773
TI  - Serotonin mediates cardiovascular responses to acetylcholine, bradykinin,
      angiotensin II and norepinephrine in the lateral septal area of the rat brain.
AB  - The infusion of acetylcholine, bradykinin, angiotensin II, norepinephrine and
      serotonin into the lateral septal area produced a dose-dependent increase of
      arterial blood pressure and heart rate. A pattern of inhibition of these
      cardiovascular responses, produced by pretreatment of the lateral septal area
      with phentolamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, methysergide and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
      was disclosed. These results suggest that the effects of acetylcholine,
      bradykinin and partially of angiotensin II, depend on the release of
      norepinephrine and the actions of this neurotransmitter in turn depend on the
      integrity of the serotonergic system in the lateral septal area.

PMID- 2885774
TI  - Cholecystokinin and bombesin in vagotomized or intact lean and obese rats:
      effects on neurotransmitters in brain.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Bombesin (BBS) are two neuropeptides which induce
      changes in monoamines in the brain after peripheral administration. A vagal
      mediation of these effects was investigated since the satiety responses to both
      peptides are affected differently by vagotomy. This work was performed on
      genetically obese and lean Zucker rats and on "cafeteria-fed" and lean Sprague
      Dawley rats as the effects of the peptides are dissimilar in these different
      groups. Vagotomy either inhibited or potentiated the peptide-induced effects, or
      created new variations. With CCK, the inhibition occurred mainly in the
      serotonergic system and in the Zucker strain, while new effects appeared in the
      dopaminergic system of lean rats of both strains. With bombesin, vagotomy
      inhibited the effects in the dopaminergic system in all lean rats, while new
      effects were observed in the serotonergic system in the Zucker strain. These data
      enable the differentiation of the mechanisms of action of both peptides and their
      selective effects, according to the strain of rat and the presence or absence of
      obesity.

PMID- 2885775
TI  - Nigrostriatal dopamine neurons: modulation of impulse-induced activation of
      tyrosine hydroxylation by dopamine autoreceptors.
AB  - The role of dopamine autoreceptors on nerve terminals in controlling the activity
      of tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum was examined using a model involving
      supramaximal electrical stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal fibers and
      accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) as a measure of the activity of
      tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo. In this way effects of drugs on impulse flow in
      these neurons could be negated and the effects on dopamine autoreceptors
      evaluated. Electrical stimulation, haloperidol, pimozide and clozapine increased
      the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in vivo while trivastal, a dopamine agonist,
      had no significant effect. Combination of electrical stimulation with haloperidol
      or pimozide produced an additive effect on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase,
      consistent with blockade of autoreceptors on nerve terminals. The combination of
      stimulation with clozapine (a drug shown to have minimal blocking action on
      autoreceptors in this model) produced an effect equivalent to stimulation alone,
      consistent with a lack of effect on autoreceptors. Trivastal reduced the effect
      of electrical stimulation, indicating a stimulatory action on dopamine
      autoreceptors on nerve terminals. These data are consistent with the theory of
      regulation of the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in dopaminergic nerve
      terminals of the striatum by means of dopamine autoreceptors.

PMID- 2885776
TI  - Somatostatin, beta-endorphin, and prolactin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid
      during the gamma-vinyl-GABA treatment of patients with complex partial epilepsy.
AB  - The anticonvulsant action of the new anticonvulsant drug gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG)
      is obviously mediated by elevation of the concentration of GABA in the brain. The
      effect of GVG administration on other transmitter systems is not fully known in
      humans. We studied the possible interactions of GVG administration with
      peptidergic systems. Included in this study were 67 patients with complex partial
      epilepsy (CPS). The first CSF sample was taken before GVG administration. The
      second CSF sample was taken after 3 months of GVG treatment (3 g/day). Thereafter
      half of the responders (50% decrease in seizure frequency or clear improvement in
      global performance) received 3 g/day and the other half received 1.5 g/day for
      the next three months, after which the third CSF sample was taken. Somatostatin
      (SLI), beta-endorphin (beta-EP), and prolactin (PROL) levels in CSF were measured
      by radioimmunoassay. Total GABA (tGABA) and GVG levels in CSF were measured by
      high performance liquid chromatography. After 3 months of GVG treatment there was
      a slight increase in the beta-EP (p = 0.027, Student's paired t-test), which was
      not found after 6 months of GVG administration. Both SLI and PROL were stable
      during the study. Peptide levels were not connected to the clinical response to
      GVG, GVG dosage, or to tGABA levels in the CSF. In conclusion, the elevation of
      GABA levels in the brain during GVG treatment apparently does not induce long
      term interactions with the peptidergic systems studied.

PMID- 2885777
TI  - Activation/inactivation of rat tissue pyroglutamate aminopeptidase by disulfide
      bond-reducing agents.
AB  - The effects of dithiothreitol on pyroglutamate aminopeptidase activity in rat
      serum, spinal cord, brain, liver, kidney, and adrenal extracts were investigated
      in vitro. Addition of dithiothreitol to the reaction mixture resulted in
      noncompetitive inhibition of serum (Ki = 2.1 +/- 0.3 mM) and brain (Ki = 3.2 +/-
      0.28 mM) enzymes and stimulation of liver, spinal cord, kidney and adrenal
      enzymes with an increase in Vmax but not Km. The findings of these studies
      suggest that the properties of Pyroglutamate aminopeptidases vary from tissue to
      tissue.

PMID- 2885779
TI  - A re-examination of the localization of immunoreactive dynorphin(1-8),
      [Leu]enkephalin and [Met]enkephalin in the rat neurohypophysis.
AB  - We addressed in this study, with immunocytochemical methods, the following
      questions: are immunoreactive enkephalins in the rat neurohypophysis stored in
      nerves distinct from neurosecretory nerves; where is [Met]enkephalin
      immunoreaction localized; does immunoreactive [Leu]enkephalin coexist with pro
      enkephalin or with pro-dynorphin fragments; and are the interpretations of
      localization studies influenced by the choice of pre-embedding or post-embedding
      immunocytochemical techniques? We compared immunoreactions due to antibodies
      which had been used by others in previous studies, examined both lyophilized and
      conventionally fixed specimens, and applied pre- and post-embedding protocols.
      Both pre- and post-embedding stainings confirmed co-storage of immunoreactive
      dynorphin(1-8)-like materials with vasopressin. Immunoreactive [Met]enkephalin
      like material always coexisted with oxytocin. Most of the immunoreactive
      [Leu]enkephalin-like material appeared to occur in oxytocin nerves; only in
      larger vasopressin varicosities was there some dot-like [Leu]enkephalin
      immunoreaction. This indicates that neural lobe [Leu]enkephalin predominantly is
      cleaved from a precursor which also contains [Met]enkephalin. When pre-embedding
      methods were modified in order to block diffusion and to enhance penetration of
      antibodies, enkephalin immunoreactivity was always found in typical
      neurosecretory varicosities with large granules. Structures previously
      interpreted as enkephalinergic nerve terminals contacting pituicytes most likely
      are neurosecretory varicosities.

PMID- 2885778
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of the presence of catecholamine and serotonin
      neurons in the sheep olfactory bulb.
AB  - The catecholamine and serotonin innervation of the sheep olfactory bulb was
      studied using immunocytochemistry. Specific antisera raised against tyrosine
      hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase
      and serotonin were used. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell bodies were present
      in all cell layers except in the anterior olfactory nucleus, the greatest number
      being found in the glomerular layer. Neither dopamine beta-hydroxylase-positive
      nor serotonin-positive cell bodies were observed. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
      positive fibers were widely distributed in the granule cell layer but less widely
      in other layers. The glomerular layer contained the greatest distribution of
      serotonergic positive fibers, but such fibers were also visualized in other cell
      layers. No phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase-positive structures were found
      in this investigation.

PMID- 2885780
TI  - Neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate diaphorase in the human striatum: a combined immunocytochemical and
      enzyme histochemical study.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin immunoreactive neurons and processes were
      examined in human striatum using both immunofluorescence and avidin biotin
      immunoperoxidase methods. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
      diaphorase activity was histochemically determined by the reduction of nitro blue
      tetrazolium. Immunofluorescence using a monoclonal anti-somatostatin antibody and
      a polyclonal anti-neuropeptide Y antibody, followed by diaphorase histochemistry,
      showed that these three neurochemical markers are co-localized in a single
      population of medium-sized aspiny intrinsic neurons. Cells were evenly
      distributed in clusters throughout the striatum, but fiber density was higher in
      the nucleus accumbens and ventromedial regions of the caudate and putamen. Double
      stained reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase
      acetylcholinesterase sections demonstrated that these neurons are located in
      zones of high acetylcholinesterase activity, often at the interface of these
      zones with regions of low enzyme activity. These biochemically distinctive
      neurons are uniquely situated to modulate activity between striatal compartments.
      Our findings provide new information about the modular organization of the
      striatum and extend these observations in human brain.

PMID- 2885781
TI  - Lophotoxin: selective blockade of nicotinic transmission in autonomic ganglia by
      a coral neurotoxin.
AB  - Lophotoxin is a diterpene lactone isolated from gorgonian corals. The toxin has
      previously been shown to bind with high affinity to an acetylcholine recognition
      site located on skeletal muscle nicotinic receptors, producing an essentially
      irreversible blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Lophotoxin has also been
      shown to block nicotinic transmission in autonomic ganglia of the frog and in
      ileal strips of guinea pig and rabbit. The effects of lophotoxin have now been
      examined on neuronal nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia of the chick and
      rat. Low concentrations of lophotoxin (1 microM) produce a blockade of neuronal
      nicotinic transmission which is partially reversed by 3-5 h of washing out the
      toxin. The blockade produced by higher concentrations of lophotoxin (up to 32
      microM) is not reversed during a similar washout period. Prior exposure to d
      tubocurarine, a competitive nicotinic antagonist, can partially protect ganglia
      against exposure to lophotoxin. In contrast the local anesthetic QX-314, a
      noncompetitive nicotinic antagonist, does not protect ganglia against lophotoxin
      exposure. Lophotoxin binds to a site in ganglia identified by [125I]kappa
      bungarotoxin which appears to be on the neuronal nicotinic receptor.
      Intracellular recordings reveal that lophotoxin has no effect on either
      muscarinic responses or on responses to gamma-aminobutyrate in autonomic ganglia.
      Passive and active membrane properties of the neurons are unaffected by
      lophotoxin except for the blockade of nicotinic responses. It is concluded that
      lophotoxin is a selective, high-affinity antagonist at the neuronal nicotinic
      receptor. The long-term nature of the blockade with lophotoxin suggests that the
      toxin will be of considerable value as a probe for characterizing the ganglionic
      nicotinic receptor.

PMID- 2885782
TI  - Division of small intensely fluorescent cells in neonatal rat superior cervical
      ganglion is inhibited by glucocorticoids.
AB  - Postnatal genesis of small, intensely fluorescent cells was studied in the rat
      superior cervical ganglion by combining immunocytochemistry of tyrosine
      hydroxylase with tritiated thymidine autoradiography. After injection of
      tritiated thymidine during the first postnatal week, silver grains were observed
      over the nuclei of many small cells with intense staining for tyrosine
      hydroxylase, suggesting that SIF cells are dividing postnatally. Cell counts in
      ganglia of rats sacrificed 2 h after tritiated thymidine showed that the rate of
      SIF cell proliferation was highest during the first postnatal week with
      approximately 20% of SIF cells dividing and that the rate declined thereafter.
      Counts of labeled SIF cells at 30 days in rats injected with tritiated thymidine
      on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 14 revealed a peak of SIF cell birthdays on day 8.
      In these long-survival experiments, many labeled SIF cells were present in adult
      superior cervical ganglions. In contrast, only one labeled principal neuron was
      observed in a total of 450 sections. Glucocorticoid treatment of the rats during
      the first postnatal week paradoxically increased the number of SIF cells, but
      inhibited the rate of SIF cell proliferation. Dividing SIF cells immunoreactive
      for both tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were
      observed in glucocorticoid-treated rats. These observations suggest that many SIF
      cells are dividing during the first postnatal week. After cessation of division,
      these cells either remain SIF cells or die, but do not differentiate into
      principal neurons. Since glucocorticoids do not stimulate SIF cell proliferation,
      they must increase the number of SIF cells by biasing the differentiation of
      precursor cells in the superior cervical ganglion and/or enhancing SIF cell
      survival.

PMID- 2885784
TI  - Essential tremor: a review.

PMID- 2885783
TI  - Monozygotic female twin carriers discordant for the clinical manifestations of
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - We studied twin sisters, in their sixth decade, who were obligate carriers of
      Duchenne dystrophy. One had a slowly progressing limb-girdle myopathy since her
      mid-20s. The other sister showed no evidence of neuromuscular disease by history
      or on physical examination but had high serum CK values and degeneration and
      regeneration of fibers in a muscle biopsy. Otherwise, they were phenotypically
      identical, karyotypically normal females with cytogenetically normal X
      chromosomes. Based on red cell and HLA loci antigen determinations, there was a
      99.2% probability that they were monozygotic. The mutant gene segregating in the
      family is probably linked to the Xp21 DNA marker pERT87.

PMID- 2885785
TI  - [Angiitis caused by hypersensitivity or microscopic polyarteritis nodosa. Recent
      findings. I. Nosographic aspects].
AB  - Hypersensitivity angiitis or microscopic polyarteritis nodosa is one of the
      necrotising angiitis and was not distinguished from classic polyarteritis nodosa
      until the Fifties. The present study examines the nosographic aspects of
      necrotising angiitides with reference to the anatomohistological, aetiopathogenic
      and clinical criteria proposed by various Authors for their identification and
      with emphasis on the fact that all these factors must be borne in mind for the
      purpose of diagnosis. The factors that make it possible to distinguish
      hypersensitivity angiitis from other necrotising angiitides are, at clinical
      level, the presence of skin lesions, and in anatomohistological terms the
      involvement of the small blood vessels and leucocytoclasia.

PMID- 2885786
TI  - [Treatment of duodenal ulcer with rosaprostol in patients resistant to treatment
      with anti-H2].
AB  - The results obtained with the combined treatment Rosaprostol + anti-H2 in 10
      patients with duodenal ulcer previously treated with insufficient results with
      anti-H2 drugs are described (in comparison with other 10 patients under the same
      conditions treated with anti-H2 alone). The results are clearly favourable
      (statistical significance) for Rosaprostol. The drug was well tolerated.

PMID- 2885787
TI  - [Hypersensitivity angiitis or microscopic polyarteritis nodosa. Recent findings.
      II. Clinical aspects].
AB  - Hypersensitivity angiitis is one of the commonest necrotising vasculitides. Given
      the ubiquitous distribution of the small blood vessels almost any part of the
      body may be affected. However benign forms predominantly involving the skin are
      the most common. Forms predominantly involving the viscera and that may prove
      fatal are rare. Among the polymorphous skin lesions encountered "palpable
      purpura" is the most common and its palpability is a vital element in
      differential diagnosis. Among non-cutaneous sites the kidneys are the most
      frequent and glomerular involvement is the commonest cause of death. Though
      laboratory tests provide no specific data they may indicate the severity of
      visceral involvement.

PMID- 2885788
TI  - [Possibilities and limitations of the therapy of headache].

PMID- 2885789
TI  - [Chronic headache].

PMID- 2885790
TI  - [Ulcerative rectocolitis and pregnancy].

PMID- 2885792
TI  - Chronic morphine treatment reduces the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in
      the isolated rat heart induced by dynorphin1-13 or myocardial ischemia and
      reperfusion.
AB  - We have studied the effects of a daily morphine injection for 2 weeks on
      induction of naloxone-reversible arrhythmias in the Langendorff isolated rat
      heart preparation caused by dynorphin1-13 or myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
      Chronic morphine treatment significantly reduced the incidence and severity of
      arrhythmias and increased recovery following both administration of dynorphin and
      myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. The results support the notion that
      myocardial ischemia and reperfusion induce cardiac arrhythmias via endogenous
      opioid peptides.

PMID- 2885791
TI  - Renal micropolyarteritis: a treatable condition.
AB  - A 10-year retrospective study of 36 patients is presented; the patients comprised
      27 with renal micropolyarteritis nodosa (microPAN) and nine with Wegener's
      granulomatosis. At presentation, 29 patients had significant renal impairment
      (creatinine greater than 150 mumol/l), with 18 requiring dialysis at some time
      during their illness. Eighteen patients showed rapid recovery of renal function,
      a further two with apparently chronic renal failure recovered renal function
      after 4 months dialysis and continued immunosuppression. Seven patients required
      chronic dialysis. No benefit was shown for any particular immunosuppressive
      regime, with three patients recovering renal function (two initially on dialysis)
      without any immunosuppression. Prognosis was better than in previous published
      series, especially considering the elderly population (mean 52.9 years), with an
      80% 1-year and a 64% 5-year survival.

PMID- 2885793
TI  - Regulation of the release of neuronally localized corticosterone in rat forebrain
      areas by catecholamines.
AB  - The influence of intralimbic and intrahypothalamic application of catecholamine
      related compounds on the release of neuronally localized corticosterone in the
      central amygdala, ventral hippocampus and medial hypothalamus was investigated
      under in vivo and in vitro conditions. It is reported that agonists and
      antagonists of the alpha-adrenergic system did not affect the release of
      corticosterone in the brain areas studied. In contrast, the beta-adrenoreceptor
      agonist isoprenaline markedly enhanced the release of corticosterone. This
      response is prevented in the presence of the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist
      propranolol. The data reveal that limbic and hypothalamic beta-adrenoreceptors
      play a role in the regulation of corticosterone release and suggest a functional
      interaction between catecholaminergic and corticosterone releasing neurons in
      forebrain areas.

PMID- 2885794
TI  - Visualization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the cat dorsal
      motor vagal cells after treatment with parachlorophenylalanine.
AB  - We examined tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neuronal structures in
      the cat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and its adjacent regions. We
      identified only a few in the caudal part of the DMV and no TH-IR cells at all in
      its rostral portion. However, after treatment with parachlorophenylalanine
      (PCPA), numerous TH-IR perikarya were visualized in the DMV. Comments are made on
      the central catecholamine regulation and the possible influence of serotonin
      afferents on this nucleus.

PMID- 2885795
TI  - Joro spider venom: glutamate agonist and antagonist on the rod retina of the
      dogfish.
AB  - The venom of the Joro spider, reported to block glutamate action selectively at
      some glutaminergic synapses, was applied focally to rod horizontal and on-bipolar
      cells in dark-adapted retinal slices. The venom hyperpolarized horizontal cells
      in the dark and blocked their responses to light. Depolarization of horizontal
      cells by ionophoretic pulses of L-glutamate, L-aspartate or kainate was
      antagonized by the toxin in a slowly reversible manner. These results are
      consistent with other evidence for glutamate as the rod neurotransmitter acting
      on a single postsynaptic receptor type on horizontal cells. In contrast, the
      venom, like glutamate, closed the same ion channels of on-bipolar cells as the
      transmitter, thereby blocking light responses of on-bipolars. Joro spider toxin
      distinguishes the glutamate receptor-channel complexes of rod horizontal and on
      bipolar cells.

PMID- 2885796
TI  - Acute effects of methamphetamine applied microiontophoretically to nucleus
      accumbens neurons in rats.
AB  - Microiontophoretic studies were performed to elucidate the acute effects of
      methamphetamine on the nucleus accumbens (Acc) neurons receiving input from the
      parafascicular nucleus (Pf) of the thalamus using rats anesthetized with chloral
      hydrate. Spike generation upon Pf stimulation was inhibited by conditioning
      stimuli applied to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is rich in dopamine
      containing neurons, and by iontophoretic application of methamphetamine as well
      as dopamine. The VTA-, methamphetamine- and dopamine-induced inhibition of the
      spikes elicited by Pf stimulation was antagonized during simultaneous application
      of haloperidol. Glutamate-induced firing was also inhibited during iontophoretic
      application of methamphetamine and dopamine in neurons receiving input from the
      Pf, and the inhibition was blocked by simultaneously applied haloperidol. In the
      reserpine-treated animals, however, the Pf-induced spikes were not affected by
      methamphetamine, but inhibited by dopamine. These results indicate that
      methamphetamine inhibits the Acc neurons receiving input from the Pf, probably by
      releasing dopamine from dopaminergic nerve terminals from the VTA.

PMID- 2885797
TI  - Dystrophic symptoms prevented by phenobarbital in avian muscular dystrophy.
AB  - New Hampshire normal (line 412) and dystrophic (line 413) chickens were treated
      with central stimulants and central depressants, respectively, once a day from
      the 2nd to the 10th day after hatching, and effects of the treatment were
      examined on a number of muscle fibers, areas of muscle fibers, and the
      coefficient of variation of a muscle on the 13th day. Central depressants,
      especially phenobarbital, effectively prevented development of the dystrophic
      symptoms, whereas central stimulants made normal chickens "dystrophic". The
      righting ability of the dystrophic chickens was normal after treatment with 10
      mg/kg of phenobarbital during the early postnatal period from the 2nd to the 28th
      day after hatching.

PMID- 2885798
TI  - [Anesthetics--prescription abuse--results of a study].

PMID- 2885799
TI  - Localization of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the epithelial transitional
      zones.

PMID- 2885800
TI  - Neuropharmacology of the injured spinal cord.

PMID- 2885801
TI  - Small and large intestinal guanylate cyclase activity in children: effect of age
      and stimulation by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin.
AB  - Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) producing Escherichia coli are a common cause of
      diarrhea in infants. ST acts through the stimulation of the guanylate cyclase
      cGMP system. The effect of ST on the human intestine has not been investigated
      nor is any information available on the activity, distribution, or development of
      guanylate cyclase activity in the human intestine. The purpose of this study,
      therefore, was to characterize, these aspects of guanylate cyclase activity and
      to study the effect of ST on the activity and responsiveness of guanylate cyclase
      in the intestine of infants and children of various ages. We measured guanylate
      cyclase activity in 35 intestinal specimens, obtained operatively, from children
      aged 1 day to 16 yr. Guanylate cyclase activity was linear with protein
      concentration and time. Basal activity was similar in small intestine and in
      colon. In the small intestine, however, basal guanylate cyclase activity varied
      with age. It was maximal in children 1 day of age, and although somewhat
      variable, decreased with age thereafter. In colon, an age-related pattern was not
      found. E. coli ST stimulated guanylate cyclase activity in all specimens in a
      dose-related manner. In the small intestine ST-stimulation of guanylate cyclase
      was twice that found in colon. Furthermore, age affected the response of small
      intestinal guanylate cyclase to ST. Maximal response to ST was observed in
      children 1 day of age and ST stimulation was significantly greater in children
      less than 1 yr of age than in older children. In the colon, the response of
      guanylate cyclase to ST did not change with age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885802
TI  - Erythromycin in the treatment of pertussis: a study of bacteriologic and clinical
      effects.
AB  - In an open randomized study 17 patients with a positive culture for Bordetella
      pertussis were treated for 10 days with erythromycin (50 mg/kg/day divided in 2
      doses). The bacterium could not be isolated during therapy and in only one
      patient was it isolated 5 days after cessation of treatment. In comparison B.
      pertussis was isolated 10 and 15 days after diagnosis from 10 and 4 patients,
      respectively, of a group of 21 untreated controls. The treated group developed
      significantly fewer whoops than did the control group, even though most of the
      individuals had reached the paroxysmal stage at diagnosis. The dose of
      erythromycin (ethylsuccinate and stearate preparations) gave serum concentrations
      about 100 times larger than the minimal inhibitory concentration of isolated
      bacteria and was well-tolerated. Thus adequate erythromycin treatment eliminates
      B. pertussis from the nasopharynx and reduces symptoms in patients having a
      history of pertussis of less than 14 days. Adequate dosage and length of
      treatment might be crucial for these results.

PMID- 2885803
TI  - [Treatment of bronchial asthma in children].

PMID- 2885806
TI  - Polypurine/polypyrimidine sequence elements of the murine homeo box loci, Hox-1, 
      2 and -3.

PMID- 2885804
TI  - A study of the post-tetanic twitch depression at the prostatic end of the rat vas
      deferens.
AB  - The effects of different drugs on the post-tetanic twitch responses of the
      prostatic end of the isolation rat vas deferens were examined. Following
      repetitive field stimulation (4-5 Hz for 40-60 s), the post-tetanic twitches (0.2
      0.5 Hz) were depressed relative to the steady-state pretetanic twitches. Maximum
      post-tetanic twitch depression (PTD) occurred 15-30 s after the tetanic
      stimulation. The PTD was not reversed but deepened and prolonged by the
      presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists idazoxan (RX781094) or yohimbine
      (10(-7) M) alone or combined with the neuronal uptake blocker, desipramine (10(
      6) M). The PTD was insensitive to the beta-adrenoceptor blocker, propranolol (10(
      6) M), the P1-purinoceptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline (10(-5) M) or the
      prostaglandin E synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin (10(-6) M). Pre- and post
      tetanic contractions to superfused noradrenaline (NA), adenosine 5'-triphosphate
      (ATP), or beta, gamma-methylene ATP (beta, gamma-mATP) (bolus injections into
      superfusate, 1-8 X 10(-5) M) were not significantly (p less than 0.01) different.
      The PTD was absent in high magnesium (6.2-11.2 mM) solutions. These results are
      consistent with the PTD having an intrinsic presynaptic origin. They are
      discussed in relation to stimulation-induced modulation of transmitter release.

PMID- 2885807
TI  - A HindIII polymorphism in the 3' end of the human alpha 1(IV) collagen gene.

PMID- 2885808
TI  - A polymorphic locus, D10S5, at 10q21.1.

PMID- 2885805
TI  - Human mRNA polyadenylate binding protein: evolutionary conservation of a nucleic
      acid binding motif.
AB  - We have isolated a full length cDNA (cDNA) coding for the human poly(A) binding
      protein. The cDNA derived 73 kd basic translation product has the same Mr,
      isoelectric point and peptidic map as the poly(A) binding protein. DNA sequence
      analysis reveals a 70,244 dalton protein. The N terminal part, highly homologous
      to the yeast poly(A) binding protein, is sufficient for poly(A) binding activity.
      This domain consists of a four-fold repeated unit of approximately 80 amino acids
      present in other nucleic acid binding proteins. In the C terminal part there is,
      as in the yeast protein, a sequence of approximately 150 amino acids, rich in
      proline, alanine and glutamine which together account for 48% of the residues. A
      2,9 kb mRNA corresponding to this cDNA has been detected in several vertebrate
      cell types and in Drosophila melanogaster at every developmental stage including
      oogenesis.

PMID- 2885809
TI  - Anonymous DNA sequence from chromosome 21 showing a three allele
      insertion/deletion RFLP (HGM 9 provisional no. D21S82).

PMID- 2885810
TI  - PstI RFLP identified by an anonymous single copy genomic clone localized to
      chromosome 14 (HGM 9 provisional no. D14S14).

PMID- 2885811
TI  - A novel form of human polymorphism involving the hDHFR-psi 1 pseudogene
      identifies three RFLPs.

PMID- 2885812
TI  - EcoRI RFLP at the creatine kinase-brain type gene locus (CKBB, chromosome 14).

PMID- 2885813
TI  - A Taq I polymorphism for the human transforming growth factor alpha gene (TGFA).

PMID- 2885815
TI  - [Qualitative and quantitative changes in APUD cells in celiac diseases in
      children and adults].

PMID- 2885814
TI  - [Use of hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute poisoning with the preparation
      Reladorm].

PMID- 2885817
TI  - [Neuroendocrinologic regulation of the immune system function].

PMID- 2885816
TI  - [Kidney changes in viral hepatitis in the light of enzymatic analysis of the
      urine].

PMID- 2885818
TI  - Pain in the foot. 1. Evaluation of foot pain and identification of associated
      problems.

PMID- 2885819
TI  - Ultrasound imaging of the scrotum. A pictorial guide to its varied capabilities.

PMID- 2885820
TI  - Pharmacologic therapy for bronchial asthma.
AB  - Many drugs with which to treat reversible obstructive airway disease are
      available. Beta-adrenergic aerosols are the first line of defense; these are
      followed, when necessary, by either timed-release theophylline or oral beta
      adrenergics. Often, a combination of these drugs must be used to achieve
      effective relief of symptoms. Once-daily theophylline preparations can be
      extremely effective in patients who need regular medication and in whom
      gastrointestinal upset or compliance is a problem. In patients who have frequent
      setbacks, occasional courses of tapered doses of steroid are necessary. When oral
      steroids are necessary regularly, the physician should consider using an aerosol
      corticosteroid, cromolyn sodium, or both. These drugs can be used daily with
      relative safety. However, only a small amount (ie, no more than 12%) of an
      inhaled medication reaches the lungs. In selected patients, regular doses of
      cromolyn sodium are used for prophylaxis and may preclude the need for
      theophylline or oral beta-adrenergics, which can have deleterious effects in
      adults and children. Cromolyn sodium is most effective if used before exercise or
      exposure to animals. Research is continuing on more effective and longer-acting
      beta-adrenergic aerosols and oral preparations.

PMID- 2885821
TI  - [Beta-2 specificity of bronchially active sympathomimetics using capillary laser
      Doppler sonography exemplified by tulobuterol].

PMID- 2885822
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens enterotoxemia. Fatal form in a 5-year-old child].

PMID- 2885823
TI  - [Is calcium a primum movens in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular accidents?].
AB  - Concerning the physiological cascade associated with cerebral vascular accidents,
      numerous studies have been devoted to a search for a key element (outside the
      initial fall in blood perfusion) responsible for the noxious jumble that leads to
      tissue necrosis. As a fundamental element of cell physiology, calcium intervenes
      in a number of vital functions, but when present in excessive amounts it may
      engender disorders by accelerating reactions which it normally regulates. Thus,
      in cerebral tissue, and notably in acute ischaemia, calcium is held responsible
      for additional phenomena of coagulation, exacerbated neurotransmitter discharge
      or even cell poisoning by paralysis of mitochondrial respiration. Based on these
      data, attempts have been made to treat cerebral vascular accidents by the so
      called calcium antagonists. Experimentally or clinically, the results obtained,
      although divergent, show that acting on calcium movements contributes to total or
      partial correction of the complex physiopathology of cerebral ischaemia. A new
      generation of calcium antagonists is needed to oppose the fundamental disorders
      engendered, notably those of mitochondrial function.

PMID- 2885824
TI  - [Effects of aging and various pharmacologic agents on the brain energy metabolism
      in the course of post-hypoglycemic recuperation in the rat].
AB  - Severe acute hypoglycaemia with isoelectric electroencephalogram induces a major
      deterioration of the energy state and amino acid contents of the brain. During
      post-hypoglycaemia recovery of adult animals, brain glucose concentrations return
      to normal values, whereas glycogen turnover remains low as aspartate and pyruvate
      concentrations increase. ATP levels rise, but the adenine-nucleotide pool remains
      small despite return to normal of ADP and AMP. Brain phosphocreatine levels
      return to normal values, with reciprocal changes in creatine content. In adult
      rats one also notes during recovery an increase in brain glutamine and glutamate,
      whereas the gamma-aminobutyrate returns to normal. Finally, ammonium and
      aspartate remain below, and alanine remains above normal values. Aging has no
      effect on cerebral metabolic disturbances induced by hypoglycaemia, but it
      influences the cerebral metabolic restoration processes that develop during post
      hypoglycaemia recovery. The restitution of cerebral metabolites is weaker in
      mature and senescent rats than in adult rats. In the oldest rats, in particular,
      the concentrations of most of the amino acids and of adenyl nucleotides remain
      largely abnormal. The effects of dihydroergocristine, erbunamonine, raubasine,
      almitrine and of the almitrine-raubasine combination on post-hypoglycaemia
      recovery were evaluated in adult, mature and senescent rats. During recovery
      these pharmacological agents exert different effects on glycolytic metabolites,
      amino acids and energy-rich phosphates.

PMID- 2885825
TI  - [Metabolic and blood circulation evaluation of acute ischemic cerebral accident
      in humans using positron emission tomography].
AB  - Positron emission tomography and oxygen-15 were used to evaluate the effects of
      an almitrine-raubasine combination on cerebral blood flow and oxydation
      metabolism in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia. In 5 patients, aged between
      58 and 74 years, with cerebral ischaemic accident in the territory of the middle
      cerebral artery, blood flow rate, oxygen consumption and brain oxygen extraction
      were measured before and after a 90-min intravenous infusion of almitrine
      bismesilate 15 mg and raubasine 5 mg. Only one patient presented with initial
      relative luxury perfusion, the intensity of which was reduced by the combined
      treatment. The other 4 patients had focal reduction of cerebral blood flow and
      oxygen consumption prior to treatment. Statistical analysis conducted on three
      cerebral areas (epicentre of the lesion, anterior and posterior juxtalesional
      areas and homologous heterolateral areas) showed a significant 3.6% increase of
      oxygen consumption in the epicentre, both hemispheres included, and a significant
      increase of cerebral blood flow in all three areas (3% on the healthy side, 13%
      on the diseased side). No significant change in oxygen extraction was
      demonstrated. The authors conclude that acute almitrine-raubasine treatment has
      beneficial effects on the brain immediately after a cerebral vascular accident,
      reflecting respect of the circulation-metabolism couple.

PMID- 2885826
TI  - [Quantified electroencephalogram: value in the evaluation of therapy of cerebral
      aging].
AB  - Computerized quantification of electroencephalograms enables pharmacological
      compounds designed to counteract pathological cerebral aging to be evaluated. The
      results obtained by this method when substances which sedate or stimulate the
      central nervous system are used suggest the existence of a negative correlation
      between neuronal activity and electroencephalographic power. More precisely, the
      application of this method to pharmacology suggests a relation with the activity
      of one or several neurotransmission systems. By extension, studies of cerebral
      aging may benefit from this new technique of cerebral exploration because it
      allows the demonstration of age related changes in the EEG effect of drugs
      studied in physiological conditions. Thus we have demonstrated an interaction
      between the almitrine-raubasine combination and the noradrenergic system in rats.
      In clinical pharmacology, the evaluation of these two compounds is still liable
      to numerous experimental biases. The almitrine-raubasine combination was tested
      in controlled trials in elderly people complaining of intellectual deterioration;
      the results obtained were fairly similar to those observed in old rats, thus
      demonstrating an effect on the central nervous system and perhaps also an action
      on the noradrenergic system in human.

PMID- 2885827
TI  - [Psychometric evaluation of the effects of an almitrine-raubasine combination in
      the intellectual deterioration of aged subjects. A double-blind controlled trial
      versus placebo].
AB  - The clinical and psychometric evaluation of a drug to be used against the
      intellectual deterioration associated with cerebral aging is of obvious interest
      when carried out on ambulatory subjects, since the symptoms likely to be reduced
      are found in elderly people usually living at home. Thirty-six patients (18 male,
      18 female; mean age 65.5 +/- 1.7 years) were selected and allocated at random to
      two treatment groups. They received during 2 months 80 drops per day in two doses
      of either an almitrine-raubasine combination or a placebo. Patients definitely
      entered the trial when Hachinski's score for ischaemia was equal or inferior to
      7. They were evaluated at zero, 1 and 2 months by means of 3 performance tests
      (Toulouse-Pieron test, Tapping test, numbers memorization test) and 2 mood tests
      (Hamilton's scale, Zung's questionnaire). All mean scores of recognition tests
      were statistically improved in the almitrine-raubasine group after 2 months of
      treatment. Compared with the placebo group, the improvement in the almitrine
      raubasine group was significant at 1 month for 3 medium scores (symbols omitted,
      taping, numbers in normal order) and for all scores at 2 months. The psycho
      behavioural symptoms evaluated by the two mood scores were significantly improved
      in the almitrine-raubasine group (P less than 0.001) and in comparison to the
      placebo group after 1 and 2 months (P less than 0.001). These results concerning
      intellectual performance and mood demonstrate that the almitrine-raubasine
      combination is useful in the treatment of intellectual deterioration in elderly
      people living at home.

PMID- 2885828
TI  - [Serum monoclonal immunoglobulins and HIV-I infection].

PMID- 2885829
TI  - [The syndrome of tissue resistance to thyroid hormones].
AB  - Known since 1967 and usually familial, the syndrome of tissue resistance to
      thyroid hormones may take one of two different forms, depending on the receptors
      involved. When resistance affects both peripheral and pituitary receptors, plasma
      thyroid hormone levels are high despite the lack of thyrotoxicosis, thyroxine and
      triiodothyronine are ineffective, even in high dosage, and plasma TSH increases
      to explode under TRH. When resistance only affects pituitary receptors, there is
      moderate thyrotoxicosis with paradoxical and inappropriate TSH increase. Contrary
      to expectations, nuclear receptors to triiodothyronine are perturbed in only a
      few cases. Reduction of thyrotropic hyperfunction, which is the primary purpose
      of treatment, can be achieved with D-forms of thyroid hormones or with
      somatostatin and its derivatives.

PMID- 2885830
TI  - [Duodenal fistula. Treatment with small doses of somatostatin].

PMID- 2885831
TI  - [A new case of the Sipple syndrome].

PMID- 2885832
TI  - Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of findings in the
      light of diagnostic and metric limitations.
AB  - Nearly every category of psychotropic drug has been investigated in an attempt to
      find a pharmacologic treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This
      study reviews published trials from the English literature in which tricyclic
      antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, and
      other agents were employed for treatment of OCD. Weaknesses in the current
      methodology including diagnosis, measurement of severity and criteria for
      improvement have contributed to invalid conclusions about drug treatment and
      efficacy. It appears that OCD is an etiologically heterogeneous disorder with a
      complex differential diagnosis. For the clinician, a major conclusion drawn from
      this review is that no agent emerges as a drug of choice. Although
      clorimipramine, the most actively investigated agent, shows some promise, it has
      not been conclusively demonstrated that other, more readily available
      heterocyclic agents are less effective. Furthermore, when other disorders co
      exist, such as panic disorder, alternative agents may prove as effective.

PMID- 2885833
TI  - Strategies of clinical research on neurobiological determinants of psychosis.
AB  - Despite great efforts in clinical psychiatric research in the last decades, many
      simple questions still remain open. Present day clinical practice still lacks
      theoretically founded and generally accepted therapeutic rules, especially in the
      individual case. Similarly, in basic research we are far from understanding the
      etiopathogenetics of psychiatric illness. From summarizing some aspects of
      previous research strategies and results in neurobiological determinants in
      psychosis, future research strategies are outlined, which already have proven
      successful and thus should be pursued more rigorously. Not least because of
      general limited research capacities with respect to time and costs, future
      research has to proceed economically, i.e. guided by clear strategies.

PMID- 2885834
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequence of a cDNA coding for bovine lipoprotein lipase.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL; triacylglycero-protein acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.34) was
      purified from bovine milk. Synthetic oligonucleotides were prepared, based on the
      amino acid sequences of three peptides obtained from partial digestion of
      purified LPL, and were used as probes to isolate cDNA clones for LPL mRNA from a
      bovine mammary gland. One of the clones, pLPL-49R2, contains an insert cDNA
      (49R2) of about 3.2 kilobases (kb) that hybridizes to all three probes and
      encodes a polypeptide that includes the NH2-terminal sequence of bovine LPL
      reported recently [Ben-Avram, C. M., Ben-Zeev, O., Lee, T. D., Hagga, K.,
      Shively, J. E., Goers, J., Pedersen, M. E., Reeve, J. R. & Schotz, M. C. (1986)
      Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4185-4189]. Complete nucleotide sequence analysis
      revealed that cDNA insert 49R2 contains the entire coding region for LPL as well
      as a 3' untranslated region of about 1.6 kb. The predicted amino acid sequence
      indicates that bovine LPL is a hydrophilic protein consisting of 450 amino acids
      (Mr 50,548) in its unglycosylated form. Blot hybridization analysis of poly(A)+
      mRNA from bovine mammary gland demonstrated that there are at least three sizes
      of LPL mRNAs--3.2, 2.5, and 1.7 kb--with the 2.5-kb mRNA being the most abundant.
      Restriction endonuclease mapping of other cDNA clones suggested that the
      variation in mRNA size results from differential utilization of polyadenylylation
      signals during mRNA processing.

PMID- 2885835
TI  - Characterization of the promoter region of the human c-erbB-2 protooncogene.
AB  - Three overlapping genomic clones that contain the 5'-terminal portion of the
      human c-erbB-2 gene (ERBB2) were isolated. The promoter region was identified by
      nuclease S1 mapping with c-erbB-2 mRNA. Seven transcriptional start sites were
      identified. DNA sequence analysis showed that the promoter region contains a
      "TATA box" and a "CAAT box" about 30 and 80 base pairs (bp), respectively,
      upstream of the most downstream RNA initiation site. Two putative binding sites
      for transcription factor Sp1 were identified about 50 and 110 bp upstream of the
      CAAT box, and six GGA repeats were found between the CAAT box and the TATA box.
      This region had strong promoter activity when placed upstream of the bacterial
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and transfected into monkey CV-1 cells.
      These data indicate that the promoter of the human c-erbB-2 protooncogene is
      different from that of the protooncogene c-erbB-1 (epidermal growth factor
      receptor gene), which does not contain either a TATA box or a CAAT box.
      Comparison of the promoter sequences and activities of the two protooncogenes
      should be helpful in analysis of the regulatory mechanism of expression of their
      gene products, which are growth-factor receptors.

PMID- 2885837
TI  - Pst I restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human placental alkaline
      phosphatase gene in normal placentae and tumors.
AB  - The structure of the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene from normal term
      placentae was studied by restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blot analysis
      using a cDNA probe to the gene for the placental enzyme. The DNA digests fall
      into three distinct patterns based on the presence and intensity of an extra 1.1
      kilobase Pst I band. The extra 1.1-kilobase band is present in 9 of 27 placenta
      samples, and in 1 of these samples the extra band is present at double intensity.
      No polymorphism was revealed by digestion with restriction enzymes EcoRI, Sma I,
      BamHI, or Sac I. The extra Pst I-digestion site may lie in a noncoding region of
      the gene because no correlation was observed between the restriction fragment
      length polymorphism and the common placental alkaline phosphatase alleles
      identified by starch gel electrophoresis. In addition, because placental alkaline
      phosphatase is frequently re-expressed in neoplasms, we examined tissue from
      ovarian, testicular, and endometrial tumors and from BeWo choriocarcinoma cells
      in culture. The Pst I-DNA digestion patterns from these cells and tissues were
      identical to those seen in the normal ovary and term placentae. The consistent
      reproducible digestion patterns seen in DNA from normal and tumor tissue indicate
      that a major gene rearrangement is not the basis for the ectopic expression of
      placental alkaline phosphatase in neoplasia.

PMID- 2885836
TI  - Identification of residues required for ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic
      receptor.
AB  - The functional significance of conserved polar amino acids within the putative
      transmembrane region of the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta AR) was examined by
      oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the hamster gene encoding beta AR and
      expression of the mutant genes in COS-7 cells. Although a substitution of
      aspartate at position 113 with an asparagine residue did not affect expression or
      processing of the protein, the resulting mutant beta AR did not show detectable
      binding toward the antagonist iodocyanopindolol. Replacement of the aspartate and
      asparagine residues at positions 79 and 318, respectively, had no effect on the
      affinity of the receptor toward antagonists but reduced the affinity of the
      receptor toward agonists by 1 order of magnitude. Furthermore, we observed that
      substitution of the proline at position 323 with a serine residue resulted in
      improper or incomplete processing of the beta AR, presumably reflecting a role
      for this residue in the folding of the receptor. Together with our previous
      results from deletion mutagenesis studies, these observations indicate that the
      ligand binding site involves the transmembrane region of the beta AR.

PMID- 2885838
TI  - Alpha-chain locus of the T-cell antigen receptor is involved in the t(10;14)
      chromosome translocation of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Human leukemic T cells carrying a t(10;14)(q24;q11) chromosome translocation were
      fused with mouse leukemic T cells, and the hybrids were examined for genetic
      markers of human chromosomes 10 and 14. Hybrids containing the human 10q+
      chromosome had the human genes for terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase that has
      been mapped at 10q23-q25 and for C alpha [the constant region of TCRA (the alpha
      chain locus of the T-cell antigen receptor gene)], but not for V alpha (the
      variable region of TCRA). Hybrids containing the human 14q- chromosome retained
      the V alpha genes. Thus the 14q11 breakpoint in the t(10;14) chromosome
      translocation directly involves TCRA, splitting the locus in a region between the
      V alpha and the C alpha genes. These results suggest that the translocation of
      the C alpha locus to a putative cellular protooncogene located proximal to the
      breakpoint at 10q24, for which we propose the name TCL3, results in its
      deregulation, leading to T-cell leukemia. Since hybrids with the 10q+ chromosome
      also retained the human terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase gene, it is further
      concluded that the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase locus is proximal to the
      TCL3 gene, at band 10q23-q24.

PMID- 2885839
TI  - Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells express T3 antigen and the T-cell receptor gamma
      chain.
AB  - The murine epidermis is a heterogeneous epithelium composed of keratinocytes,
      melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and a recently described subpopulation (2-3%) of
      bone-marrow-derived leukocytes with a dendritic morphology and the cell surface
      phenotype Thy-1+, L3T4-, Lyt-2-. Previous studies have demonstrated that cell
      lines derived from freshly explanted Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (DEC) have
      abundant mRNA for rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma-chain genes. Analysis of
      Thy-1+ DEC in situ, freshly isolated cell suspensions of Thy-1+ DEC, and long
      term Thy-1+ DEC lines demonstrated that 100% of the Thy-1+ DEC reacted with a
      monoclonal antibody to the epsilon chain of the murine T3 complex and that 40-60%
      of resident Thy-1+ DEC were also reactive with an antiserum to the TCR gamma
      chain. Two Thy-1+ DEC lines expressed a disulfide-linked 70-kDa molecule that
      could be precipitated with an anti-gamma-chain antiserum and could be
      coprecipitated with an antiserum to the T3 delta chain; the molecule appeared as
      a single 34-kDa band under reducing conditions. The phenotype of Thy-1+ DEC (T3+,
      L3T4-, Lyt-2-, TCR gamma chain+) thus resembles that of the recently described
      subpopulation of murine and human lymphocytes that have been identified in the
      thymus, peripheral blood, and fetal blood.

PMID- 2885840
TI  - HLA-DR2 subtypes form an additional supertypic family of DR beta alleles.
AB  - Homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines representing Dw subtypes of the DR2 serotype
      were studied for structural polymorphism at DR beta. These subtypes included Dw2,
      Dw12, and non-Dw2/non-Dw12. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
      showed that two DR beta genes were expressed in each cell line studied. One of
      these expressed genes encoded a protein that was nonpolymorphic on two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis among all subtypes. The second expressed DR beta
      gene was polymorphic and migrated to a position on two-dimensional gels dependent
      on the subtype of the cell line. cDNA sequence analysis of the DR beta genes
      revealed a DR beta gene identical between the Dw2 and Dw12 subtypes, which
      correlates with the nonpolymorphic spot on two-dimensional gels. A second gene
      was sequenced that exhibited variability between the Dw2 and Dw12 subtypes. This
      variability takes the form of clustered point mutations in the first domain of
      the molecules. The alleles from the DR beta genes of a non-Dw2/non-Dw12 cell
      line, AZH, were unusual in sequence. In contrast to other DR beta alleles, the
      AZH genes may have been generated by a double recombinational event between two
      DR beta loci from a DR2 parent. The DR2 serotype may also constitute a supertypic
      "family," with one DR beta gene relatively nonpolymorphic, and one that varies
      with Dw subtype.

PMID- 2885841
TI  - Identification of HLA-DP polymorphism with DP alpha and DP beta probes and
      monoclonal antibodies: correlation with primed lymphocyte typing.
AB  - Thirty-four lymphoblastoid cell lines that had been previously typed for HLA-DP
      antigens by primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) were tested by Southern blotting and
      by ELISA. Using two DP beta probes and a DP alpha probe with a series of enzymes,
      it is possible to identify restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      patterns characteristic of DPw1, -2, -3, -4, and possibly -5. ELISA typing
      results, based on two polymorphic DP antibodies DP11.1 and ILR1, were compared
      with PLT-defined and RFLP-defined types. Thus, using a range of probes and
      enzymes it is possible to identify DP polymorphism. The value of monoclonal
      antibodies for such studies is demonstrated, and the molecular data can, in some
      cases, pinpoint the amino acids responsible for the specificity of the monoclonal
      antibodies.

PMID- 2885842
TI  - Hepatitis B virus produced by transfected Hep G2 cells causes hepatitis in
      chimpanzees.
AB  - We have reported that clonal cells derived from Hep G2 cells transfected with a
      plasmid containing hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA secrete spherical and filamentous
      forms of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), core particles, and virions into
      the culture medium. Here we describe the development of typical hepatitis in two
      chimpanzees following intravenous inoculation with the medium in which the
      transfected cells had grown. The liver biopsies from these animals showed
      characteristic lesions in parenchyma and portal tracts, more conspicuous at an
      earlier time in the chimpanzee that had received a greater number of virions. The
      amount of HBsAg in the serum of one infected chimpanzee increased with time after
      the initial inoculation and then decreased concomitantly with the appearance of
      antibodies against HBsAg and core antigens. HBsAg remained detectable in the
      other animal throughout the course of the experiment. The levels of hepatitis B
      "e" antigen in both animals peaked at week 5, signifying the acute phase of the
      infection. The activities of serum enzymes that are markers for necroinflammation
      also increased. The hepatitis HBsAg subtype of the virions isolated from the
      patient whose DNA was cloned and then used for transfection of the Hep G2 cells
      was the same as that found in the chimpanzees. Furthermore, the restriction
      enzyme analysis of the viral DNA isolated from the chimpanzees was identical to
      the cloned DNA. Thus, HBV DNA-transfected Hep G2 cells can support the
      replication of virions that, in turn, produce hepatitis in chimpanzees.

PMID- 2885844
TI  - Two human homeobox genes, c1 and c8: structure analysis and expression in
      embryonic development.
AB  - Two human cDNA clones (HHO.c1.95 and HHO.c8.5111) containing a homeobox region
      have been characterized, and the respective genomic regions have been partially
      analyzed. Expression of the corresponding genes, termed c1 and c8, was evaluated
      in different organs and body parts during human embryonic/fetal development.
      HHO.c1.95 apparently encodes a 217-amino acid protein containing a class I
      homeodomain that shares 60 out of 61 amino acid residues with the Antennapedia
      homeodomain of Drosophila melanogaster. HHO.c8.5111 encodes a 153-amino acid
      protein containing a homeodomain identical to that of the frog AC1 gene. Clones
      HHO.c1 and HHO.c8 detect by blot-hydridization one and two specific
      polyadenylylated transcripts, respectively. These are differentially expressed in
      spinal cord, backbone rudiments, limb buds (or limbs), heart, and skin of human
      embryos and early fetuses in the 5- to 9-week postfertilization period, thus
      suggesting that the c1 and c8 genes play a key role in a variety of developmental
      processes. Together, the results of the embryonic/fetal expression of c1 and c8
      and those of two previously analyzed genes (c10 and c13) indicate a coherent
      pattern of expression of these genes in early human ontogeny.

PMID- 2885843
TI  - Aberrant transmembrane signal transduction in Dictyostelium cells expressing a
      mutated ras gene.
AB  - Dictyostelium discoideum cells contain a single ras gene (Dd-ras) that is highly
      homologous to mammalian ras genes. Cell transformation with a vector carrying a
      ras gene with a (glycine----threonine) missense mutation at position 12 causes an
      altered morphogenesis. Extracellular cAMP signals regulate morphogenesis and
      induce chemotaxis and the activation and subsequent desensitization of adenylate
      and guanylate cyclase. cAMP signal transduction was investigated in Dd-ras
      transformed cells. Transformants that overexpress the mutated Dd-ras-Thr12 gene
      show normal activation and desensitization of adenylate cyclase and normal
      activation of guanylate cyclase. However, cAMP induces a stronger desensitization
      of guanylate cyclase stimulation in the Dd-ras-Thr12 transformant than in
      transformants overexpressing the Dd-ras-Gly12 wild-type gene or in untransformed
      cells. This effect was correlated with a reduced chemotactic sensitivity of the
      transformant expressing the mutated Dd-ras-Thr12 gene.

PMID- 2885845
TI  - Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line.
AB  - A protein with biological activities similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) has
      been purified from serum-free culture medium obtained from a human lung cancer
      cell line (BEN). A major protein band of 18 kDa was obtained on
      NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gels, with faint bands at 35 kDa and 67 kDa. Biological
      activity was associated only with the 18-kDa band. Amino acid sequence analysis
      of the material purified by HPLC revealed that 8 of the 16 residues were
      identical with those of human PTH. Antibody raised to a corresponding synthetic
      peptide recognized the PTH-related material but showed less than 1% cross
      reactivity with human PTH amino-terminal peptides. BEN cells contained PTH DNA,
      but not PTH messenger RNA, indicating involvement of another gene. The purified
      PTH-related protein had a specific biological activity approximately equal to 6
      times greater than that of bovine PTH(1-34). The PTH-related protein may have a
      role in the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

PMID- 2885846
TI  - Interleukin 1 regulates hematopoietic activity, a role previously ascribed to
      hemopoietin 1.
AB  - A murine in vitro assay was developed to measure potentiation of a proliferative
      response to suboptimal concentrations of the hematopoietic regulatory molecule
      granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor by an immature bone marrow
      population. The assay, designated the 5-fluorouracil bone marrow proliferation
      assay, was used to characterize potentiating activity in serum-free culture
      supernatants of the human tumor cell line HBT 5637. Molecular and biochemical
      analyses indicated that the HBT 5637-derived potentiating activity could be
      attributed to interleukin 1 alpha. Serologic analysis using a monoclonal antibody
      against purified recombinant interleukin 1 alpha proved conclusively that the
      potentiating activity in HBT 5637 serum-free supernatants is due to interleukin 1
      alpha. From these data, the activity of interleukin 1 alpha seems to be the same
      synergistic activity formerly ascribed to hemopoietin 1.

PMID- 2885847
TI  - Primary structure and nuclear localization of a murine homeodomain protein.
AB  - The murine homeobox Hox 1.1 (m6) is the first of a cluster of six boxes on
      chromosome 6. Using probes and synthetic peptides derived from the Hox 1.1
      sequence, we were able to isolate cDNAs and antibodies that allowed us to
      characterize the product of this homeobox-containing gene. From the open reading
      frame on the cDNA clone B21, a protein could be predicted, made up of 229 amino
      acids and having a calculated molecular weight of 25,740. A unique feature of
      this protein is that it has 15 glutamic acid residues as its carboxyl terminus,
      which gives it a very hydrophilic and acidic carboxyl terminal structure, most
      probably folding onto an alpha-helix. A second domain of six amino acids is
      present on the Hox 1.1 protein, which is conserved in other homeodomain proteins.
      Antibodies generated against synthetic peptides from the homeobox region were
      used in the immunoblotting procedure and revealed a major protein band of Mr
      31,000 in extracts from 3T3 cells and F9 teratocarcinoma cells induced by
      retinoic acid and cAMP. The nuclear location of the protein was established by
      immunofluorescence. The presence of this protein in F9 cell nuclei is in faithful
      accordance with the kinetics established for the 2.4-kilobase Hox 1.1 transcript
      during differentiation into parietal endoderm cells.

PMID- 2885849
TI  - The Wellcome Foundation lecture, 1986. The molecular control of normal and
      leukaemic granulocytes and macrophages.
AB  - The development of semisolid culture methods supporting the clonal proliferation
      and maturation of granulocytes and macrophages led to the discovery of a group of
      specific glycoproteins, the colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), whose function it
      is to control the proliferation and functional activity of granulocytes,
      macrophages and associated blood cells. The four known CSFs in the mouse and man
      have been purified and complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for each have been cloned. The
      injection of bacterially synthesized recombinant CSF into mice has demonstrated
      that these CSFs can function in vivo to regulate granulocyte and macrophage
      formation. A major physiological role played by these CSFs is to control
      resistance to invading microorganisms through mechanisms capable of extremely
      rapid activation. Because the CSFs are the only known proliferative factors for
      these cells, the CSFs are involved in the initiation and the emergence of myeloid
      leukaemia but, conversely, at least one of the CSFs, G-CSF, is able to suppress
      myeloid leukaemic populations because of the ability of the CSFs to initiate
      differentiation commitment in responding granulocytic and macrophage populations.
      The CSFs are promising agents for clinical use in the treatment of infections in
      patients with depressed granulocyte-macrophage formation and possibly in the
      management of some types of myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2885848
TI  - Genes encoding alpha and beta subunits of Na,K-ATPase are located on three
      different chromosomes in the mouse.
AB  - We have made use of a panel of mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids and restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms between two mouse species (Mus musculus and Mus
      spretus) to determine the chromosomal localization of genes encoding the alpha
      and beta subunits of the Na,K-ATPase (Na+,K+-activated ATP phosphohydrolase, EC
      3.6.1.3). DNA probes for three distinct isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit
      mapped to three different mouse chromosomes: the alpha 1 gene (Atpa-1)
      cosegregated with the Egf gene on chromosome 3; alpha 2 (Atpa-2) with the
      cytochrome P-450PB gene family/coumarin hydroxylase locus on chromosome 7; alpha
      3 (Atpa-3) with the alpha-spectrin gene on chromosome 1. The Na,K-ATPase beta
      subunit gene (Atpb) mapped to the same region of chromosome 1, but it was not
      tightly linked to the Atpa-3 gene. These results indicate that three isoforms of
      the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit are encoded by three distinct genes. The dispersion
      of Na,K-ATPase genes suggests that their expression is not likely to be
      controlled by a common cis-acting regulatory element.

PMID- 2885850
TI  - In vitro formation of neuromuscular junctions between adult Rana muscle fibres
      and embryonic Xenopus neurons.
AB  - Adult muscle fibres of the frog Rana temporaria were cultured with neurons from
      embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. Electron microscopical and electro
      physiological examination of the cultures showed that hetero-specific (Xenopus
      Rana) neuromuscular junctions were formed in vitro. Nerve processes, without any
      Schwann cell covering, made contacts anywhere along a muscle fibre, and the
      junctions resembled those seen during early regeneration of neuromuscular
      synapses in situ. Functional contacts, as inferred by the presence of spontaneous
      miniature endplate potentials, or currents, were more common if the muscle fibres
      were denervated prior to culturing with neurons. Miniature endplate currents
      (m.e.p.cs) had a skewed amplitude distribution, with many small events lost in
      the recording noise, and their mean amplitude was much smaller than that of
      m.e.p.cs in the original lumbricalis muscle. The time constant of decay of
      m.e.p.cs in the hetero-specific junctions formed in vitro was several times
      longer than the decay of m.e.p.cs in the original muscle. Analysis of membrane
      current noise elicited by ionophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) suggests
      that the slower decay of m.e.p.cs in the junctions formed in vitro is due to a
      prolonged lifetime of the channels opened by ACh and to repetitive activation of
      ACh-receptors, which becomes possible because of a comparative lack of
      cholinesterase in the junctions.

PMID- 2885851
TI  - Periarteritis nodosa in rats treated with chronic excess sodium chloride (NaCl)
      after X-irradiation.
AB  - Five-week-old male Crj:CD (SD) rats were treated with excess sodium chloride
      after abdominal X-irradiation. The gastric regions of the rats were irradiated
      with a total dose of 20 Gy given in two equal fractions separated by 3 days.
      After X-irradiation, animals were fed a diet containing 10% sodium chloride. Red
      blood cell anemia appeared 22 weeks after the last irradiation. By gross
      observation, the mesenteric arteries became reddish in color, and bead- or lead
      pipe-like nodular thickenings were present. Microscopically, these nodularly
      thickened mesenteric arteries showed fibrinoid necrosis with massive inflammatory
      infiltration including eosinophils and neutrophils. In more advanced lesions,
      elastica interna and externa and medial smooth muscle cells disappeared
      completely and were replaced by granulation tissue. In old lesions, arterial
      walls were markedly thickened with fibrous or fibromuscular tissue. These
      findings were quite similar to those of the human periarteritis nodosa. These
      arterial lesions could not be found in the rats with X-irradiation only, sodium
      chloride only, or in nontreated animals. This study demonstrates X-ray-induced,
      NaCl-promoted periarteritis nodosa-like lesions in rats.

PMID- 2885852
TI  - Cloning of a putative chicken MHC class II alpha chain gene.

PMID- 2885854
TI  - Double-blind comparison of astemizole and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic
      urticaria.
AB  - Two new non-sedating antihistamines, astemizole (10 mg per day) and terfenadine
      (120 mg per day), were compared in a double-blind randomized study in 42 adult
      patients suffering from chronic urticaria. The trial lasted 4 weeks. Patients
      were evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks and kept a daily diary of their symptoms. There
      was a statistically significant decrease in pruritus, erythema and urticaria
      papules in both groups throughout the study. Changes in papule size, number and
      frequency were greater in the astemizole group though not significantly different
      to the terfenadine group. The effect of astemizole increased with time whereas
      that of terfenadine decreased after about 3 weeks of treatment. Astemizole was
      globally considered to be the most effective drug by both investigator and
      patients, with excellent/good results in 77% of the patients compared with 55% to
      60% in the terfenadine group. Both drugs were reported to be more effective and
      faster acting than other antihistamines taken previously. Side-effects were
      infrequent and minor in both groups.

PMID- 2885853
TI  - Astemizole suspension in the maintenance treatment of paediatric hay fever: a
      comparison with terfenadine suspension.
AB  - A study was carried out in general practice during the summer months of 1985 to
      compare the efficacy and tolerance of astemizole suspension with terfenadine
      suspension in the treatment of paediatric hay fever. The 65 patients who entered
      the study were all aged between 6 and 12 years and had suffered from hay fever in
      at least one previous season. Each child was randomly allocated to receive either
      5 ml astemizole suspension (1 mg/ml) once daily or 5 ml terfenadine suspension (6
      mg/ml) twice daily for a period of 8 weeks on a single-blind basis. Symptom
      scores assessed by the patient (or parent/guardian) on two visual analogue scales
      for ocular and nasal symptoms showed no significant difference between the
      treatment groups, neither did an analysis of visual analogue scores for runny
      nose, blocked nose, wheeze, sneezing or eye symptoms assessed by the investigator
      on entry or after 4 and 8 weeks. The global assessments made by the investigator
      at 4 weeks and the patient at 8 weeks, however, indicated significantly better
      overall symptom control in the astemizole group. Both treatments were well
      tolerated, side-effects being few and minor.

PMID- 2885855
TI  - Effects of centrally administered H2 antagonists on motor activity.
AB  - Two structurally distinct H2 antagonists, cimetidine and BMY 25,368, were
      injected into the cerebral ventricles of mice. Both drugs produced reductions in
      locomotor activity and rotorod latencies. The effects of the H2 antagonists on
      locomotor activity were attenuated by the H2 agonist, impromidine, as well as by
      the H1 antagonist, chlorpheniramine. When given alone, chlorpheniramine had no
      effect on locomotor activity, while impromidine reduced locomotion. These data
      suggest that histaminergic receptors may mediate important actions on arousal and
      sedation mechanisms.

PMID- 2885856
TI  - Harman induces preference for ethanol in rats: is the effect specific for
      ethanol?
AB  - Increasing concentrations of either ethanol, etonitazene, clomethiazole or
      midazolam were offered to male Wistar rats for 21 days. Between day 8 and day 21,
      the animals were treated with several doses of harman, harmalan, and
      tetrahydronorharman (tetrahydro-beta-carboline) by means of continuous
      intraventricular infusion. Harman and THN induced a significant preference for
      ethanol in a dose-dependent manner. Harman was approximately three times more
      potent than THN. The amount of ethanol consumed during the second and third weeks
      of the experimental period correlated with the harman concentration in the brain
      after the cessation of the treatment (p less than 0.01). Harman infusion
      attenuated the clomethiazole intake, whereas that of etonitazene and midazolam
      was not affected as compared with CSF-treated rats. By counting licking
      movements, it was found that the rats drank ethanol and water at distinct time
      periods with the pattern dependent on the concentration of the ethanol solution
      offered. The intervals between the maxima were 6 to 8 hours at low ethanol
      concentrations. Relatively high concentrations caused a disruption of the regular
      rhythms in favour of shorter ones with increasing intervals between the maxima (3
      hr, 4 hr, 5 hr intervals). Harman treatment (27 nmol/hr) disturbed the regular
      rhythms at lower ethanol concentrations but mimicked the ultradian rhythm which
      was observed at high ethanol concentrations in CSF-treated animals. The observed
      coincidence of water and ethanol intake was uncoupled if the highest ethanol
      concentration in both treatments was offered. Thus, treatment with harman changed
      the rhythm of fluid intake in a direction which was detected in CSF-treated rats
      only at relatively high ethanol concentrations.

PMID- 2885857
TI  - Effects of dapiprazole on contractile responses of guinea pig isolated ileum.
AB  - The effects of dapiprazole, a relatively new alpha 1-adrenolytic agent, on
      contractile responses and on spontaneous mechanical activity were studied in
      guinea pig isolated ileum. Dapiprazole (10(-10) to 10(-4) M) produced a
      concentration-dependent inhibition of high K+ (80 mM) -induced contractions.
      These inhibitory effects were observed with dapiprazole added either before or
      after the induced contractions. The Ca2+-induced contractions of K+-depolarized
      ileum were also inhibited by dapiprazole. Dapiprazole inhibited in a non
      competitive manner the responses of the ileum to: carbachol, histamine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine, pentagastrin, angiotensin II and cholecystokinin. In order to
      analize whether dapiprazole exerts an intracellular effect on Ca2+-store, skinned
      preparations were used. The results suggest that dapiprazole might inhibit Ca2+
      entry through both voltage-and receptor-operated channels of the smooth muscle
      membrane.

PMID- 2885858
TI  - Acute hepatic damage in rats impairs metharbital metabolism.
AB  - Metharbital metabolism was impaired in rats after acute hepatic damage induced by
      carbon tetrachloride. Compared to control rats, hepatic damage prolonged the
      metharbital sleeping time and reduced the slopes of log metharbital plasma
      concentration-time curves. Renal contributions to metharbital elimination from
      plasma were negligible since only about 6% of the metharbital administered was
      eliminated unchanged in urine. In rats with hepatic damage, metharbital clearance
      from plasma and elimination of its demethylated metabolite, barbital, in urine
      decreased with increasing severity of damage. These results indicate that the
      kinetics of both metharbital and its metabolite reflect sensitively hepatic drug
      metabolizing capacity. Measuring urinary elimination of barbital, following
      metharbital administration, may serve as a convenient laboratory test to evaluate
      the hepatic drug-metabolizing capacity.

PMID- 2885859
TI  - Differential inhibitory effects of nicorandil, a new antiangina agent, on the
      contractile responses to alpha-1- and alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists in isolated
      rabbit renal and femoral arteries.
AB  - In the renal and femoral artery, nicorandil (10(-6)-10(-4) mol/l) had a much
      greater inhibitory effect on the responses to clonidine (CL) and BHT-920 than on
      the response to methoxamine (MO) but the inhibitory action of nifedipine on the
      responses was no different. In the presence of nifedipine, nicorandil further
      inhibited the responses to all agonists. In the tissue pretreated with
      phenoxybenzamine, nicorandil inhibited the residual maximum response to MO in the
      femoral artery but not in the renal artery. Nicorandil had no effect on the
      residual response to high concentrations of MO in the renal artery pretreated
      with phenoxybenzamine and nifedipine. Relationship between maximum contraction
      and percent-receptor occupancy was found to be nonlinear for MO but was close to
      linear for CL. The inhibitory effect (pA2) of prazosin on MO and CL was much
      greater than that of yohimbine. In both preparations, nicorandil had only a
      slight inhibitory effect on the responses to potassium and Ca2+. It is concluded
      that the responses induced by MO, CL and BHT are due to activation of alpha 1
      adrenoceptors and that the differential effect of nicorandil on the responses to
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-agonists may be the result of differences in the amount of
      receptor reserves and/or efficacy of receptor-contraction coupling that exists
      for MO, CL and BHT.

PMID- 2885860
TI  - Lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor antagonists stimulate low density lipoprotein
      receptor activity in human skin fibroblasts.
AB  - The effect of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on the receptor-mediated low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) binding and internalization was studied in vitro in human skin
      fibroblasts. The cellular uptake of 125I-labeled human LDL was dose dependently
      elevated by some, but not all, of the drugs used. This effect of beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists was positively related to their lipophilicity, and was
      prevented by cycloheximide and by alpha-amanitin. Scatchard analysis of the
      saturable LDL binding indicates an increased number of LDL binding sites. Our
      studies show that the stimulating effect of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on the
      high affinity LDL binding and internalization in human skin fibroblasts involves
      DNA transcription and new protein synthesis, and identify drug lipophilicity as a
      major determinant of this action. This effect could be relevant in vivo in
      adipose tissue which accumulates lipophilic drugs and derives its cholesterol
      mainly from circulating LDL.

PMID- 2885861
TI  - Innervation of airway smooth muscle. Efferent mechanisms.
AB  - The classical view, with one excitatory (cholinergic) and one inhibitory
      (noradrenergic) component, of the innervation of airway smooth muscle is
      incomplete and at least two other, possibly peptidergic, types of innervation
      must be included when the innervation of airways is considered. A summary of
      these neuronal components is given in Fig. 1 and their possible origin is
      outlined. Besides the inhibitory noradrenergic innervation of the airways
      observed in some species, an inhibitory NANC (i-NANC) innervation has been
      demonstrated. The polypeptide, VIP, seems to be the most likely candidate for the
      neurotransmitter in the i-NANC innervation of the airways. The excitatory
      cholinergic innervation is present in the airways from the trachea down to the
      peripheral bronchi. In the guinea-pig bronchi an excitatory NANC (e-NANC)
      innervation has been demonstrated as well. The e-NANC nerves may correspond to
      chemosensitive primary afferent nerves with substance P or a related tachykinin
      as transmitter. When the innervation of airway smooth muscle of different
      mammalian species is compared it is evident that all nerve components except the
      cholinergic, show a considerable variability among species. The cholinergic
      innervation seems to be present in all mammalian species whereas the other
      components may be completely absent from some species. Distinct regional
      variations in the innervation of the airways may occur, which is exemplified by
      the distribution of the autonomic innervation in the guinea-pig tracheo-bronchial
      tree. Cholinergic neurotransmission in for example the guinea-pig and human
      airways can be modulated by NA via prejunctional inhibitory alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. Furthermore, the e-NANC neurotransmission in the guinea-pig
      airways may be modulated by NA or by selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists,
      acting via prejunctional inhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The clinical
      importance of the NANC innervation in relation to asthma is discussed. The i-NANC
      nerves may exert a modulating effect on bronchoconstriction, and a functional
      defect would presumably lead to an exaggerated response to constrictor stimuli.
      The e-NANC nerves in the airways may also be clinically relevant since the
      transmitter (tachykinins) from these nerves can produce bronchoconstriction and
      promote inflammation of the airway epithelium, either by direct mechanisms or
      indirectly by activation of mast cells, and thus contribute to the features of
      asthma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2885863
TI  - Plasma biogenic amine levels in agoraphobia with panic attacks.
AB  - Eight patients with agoraphobia and panic attacks as defined by DSMIII and 11
      controls were included in this study which measured the circulating biogenic
      amine levels. The method of assay used a high performance liquid chromatograph
      with electrochemical detection. Measurement of dopamine, noradrenaline and
      adrenaline showed no differences between the groups. Levels of serotonin (5-HT)
      were significantly lower in the agoraphobic group. The authors discuss the
      implication of this finding.

PMID- 2885862
TI  - Neuropharmacology of drugs affecting food intake.
AB  - The importance of the central monoamines NE, DA and 5-HT in ingestive behavior
      has inevitably resulted in considerable effort being expended in attempting to
      implicate these monoamines in the mechanism of action of anorectic drugs. The
      statements that amphetamine-induced anorexia is unlikely to be due to central
      serotoninergic systems and that central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems
      are not implicated in the appetite suppressant effect of fenfluramine are in all
      probability correct. However, to attribute the ability of drugs to decrease food
      intake unequivocally to a specific effect on central monoaminergic systems is
      almost certainly an oversimplification, due to the fact that other putative
      neurotransmitters, such as GABA and peptides, play a critical role in eating.
      This can be achieved either directly or by modulating the release of other
      transmitters. An added complication in attempting to correlate a specific
      neurochemical process to a behavioral effect, such as anorexia, is the complexity
      of the central actions of the drug. At best, a predominant but not an exclusive
      process can be identified. Perhaps the in-built constraint of attempting to
      correlate a specific neurochemical effect to the desired action of a drug is
      accountable for the absence of a second generation of centrally acting anorectic
      drugs. Dramatic progress has been made in elucidating the factors involved in
      ingestive behavior over the last 5-10 years. This information should, and must,
      provide the catalyst for more efficacious anorectic drugs because obesity
      represents one of the few major diseases for which adequate drug therapy does not
      exist.

PMID- 2885864
TI  - Autonomic nervous system differences as predictors of short-term outcome in
      schizophrenics.
AB  - Skin conductance and heart rate of 19 drug-free acute schizophrenic patients were
      measured before neuroleptic therapy was started. The patients were divided into
      two groups according to therapeutic outcome. The Discriminant Analysis revealed a
      difference in the ANS activity pattern between the group with low improvement and
      the group with a more favorable outcome. The low improvement group showed a
      paradoxical ANS reactivity pattern: relatively lower activity in skin conductance
      level under demand (attention task) and relatively higher activity, as reflected
      by the cardiovascular response to neutral stimuli (orienting stimuli), which
      suggests poor adaptation of ANS arousal to the environment in these
      schizophrenics. This finding agrees with those reported in other short-term
      outcome studies that considered differences in ANS activity in a schizophrenic
      population. The authors' findings indicate that these differences in the ANS
      response in schizophrenics should be included in future biochemical and
      pharmacotherapeutic investigations on schizophrenia.

PMID- 2885865
TI  - Rebound insomnia in neuroleptic drug withdrawal neurophysiologic characteristics.
AB  - Rebound insomnia is one of the medical effects of reduction in dosage or
      discontinuation of neuroleptic drugs. The electrophysiologic features of sleep
      dysfunction are reported and discussed in 3 patients manifesting withdrawal
      related DIMS. Electrographic anachronism and cyclic alternating pattern are signs
      of N-Rem sleep dysfunction. Clinical and neurophysiologic data suggest that
      rebound insomnia in neuroleptic withdrawal is due to an enhancement of
      physiologic mechanisms and rebound supersensitivity of cholinergic transmission
      in the ARAS.

PMID- 2885866
TI  - Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with dopamine hydrochloride: a case
      report.
AB  - A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is discussed which occurred in a
      72-year-old paranoid psychotic patient while on maintainance neuroleptic therapy
      with penfluridol. A prompt and sufficient improvement in NMS was observed when
      dopamine hydrochloride (DAHCl) was administered intravenously. It may be possible
      to explain the effectiveness of DAHCl on the basis of the dopaminergic hypothesis
      advanced to explain NMS.

PMID- 2885867
TI  - Neuroleptic profile of cipazoxapine (Savoxepine), a new tetracyclic dopamine
      antagonist: clinical validation of the hippocampus versus striatum ratio model of
      dopamine receptors in animals. A preliminary report.
AB  - Cipazoxapine is a new tetracyclic dopamine antagonist which we tested to validate
      an animal model for neuroleptics. This model was based on drug affinity to
      dopamine receptors in hippocampus versus striatum. For haloperidol the ratio was
      0.67, for cipazoxapine 0.06. In this preliminary trial on eight schizophrenic
      patients we found that cipazoxapine in doses between 0.40 and 2 mg had an
      antipsychotic effect (measured by the BPRS) without extrapyramidal side-effects
      (measured by the Simpson-Angus-Scale). Our preliminary results thus support the
      animal findings.

PMID- 2885868
TI  - Neural control of somatotropic function.

PMID- 2885870
TI  - Poly-A+ mRNA and defeminization of sexual behavior and gonadotropin secretion in
      rats.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that testosterone (T) sexually differentiates gonadotropin
      secretion and sexual behavior by inducing synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA),
      newborn female rats received intrahypothalamic infusions of saline or cordycepin,
      an adenosine analogue that preferentially inhibits synthesis of polyadenylated
      mRNA, an hour before they received T propionate (TP) systemically. As adults,
      controls were anovulatory and did not become sexually receptive when given
      estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P). Cordycepin-treated females obtained
      lordosis quotients (LQs) three times those of controls and most of them ovulated.
      Cordycepin also curtailed the defeminizing effects of some doses of moxestrol, an
      artificial estrogen; thus it does not simply block aromatization. Some groups
      were retested for lordosis using EB and methysergide to bypass P receptors.
      Methysergide increased LQs in one group that received moxestrol + cordycepin as
      neonates and that was moderately responsive to P, but it did not increase sexual
      receptivity among the saline-treated controls. These data suggest that
      defeminization of sexual behaviour involves more than defeminization of P
      receptor synthesis.

PMID- 2885869
TI  - Modulatory effects of adenosine upon the transmitter release in the hippocampal
      slice preparation of rats.
AB  - In the hippocampal slice preparation of rats, preloaded with 3H-glutamate a local
      perfusion technique was used in order to measure the labelled transmitter output.
      The electrical receptive stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural
      projections resulted in a detectable 3H-glutamate release which was significantly
      increased in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Exogenous adenosine and its
      analogue L-PIA induced a slight unsignificant reduction of the release while in
      the presence of 4-AP the release was almost completely blocked. Adding adenosine
      deaminase (ADA) did not change the normal transmitter release while in the
      presence of 4-AP the elimination of the endogenous adenosine brought about a
      significantly higher 3H-glutamate output. It is concluded that the adenosine
      induced presynaptic inhibition of the transmitter release could be a significant
      mechanism under conditions in which the synaptic activity is abnormally high.
      This effect seems to be mediated via the A1 adenosine receptor since the D-PIA
      isomer application has no significant inhibitory effects.

PMID- 2885872
TI  - [Enthusiasm and work. From the memoirs of a woman activist. 4].

PMID- 2885871
TI  - Correlation of circadian changes in tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan-2-3
      dioxygenase in rat liver to irradiation at different times of the day.
AB  - Male SPF Wistar rats adapted to a 12:12 h light: dark regimen were irradiated at
      3-hour intervals in the course of 24 h with a dose of 14.35 Gy X-rays; 24 h after
      irradiation or sham irradiation and starvation for the same length of time, and
      also in fed intact rats, tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan-2-3-dioxygenase
      activity in the liver and the serum corticosterone level were determined.
      Although lethal irradiation modified the given enzyme activities, it did not
      abolish their circadian rhythm, evidently in association with the low sensitivity
      in association with the low sensitivity of the liver to ionizing radiation. In
      irradiated animals (compared with sham-irradiated animals), the serum
      corticosterone concentration fell during the light part of the day and at the
      beginning of the dark part.

PMID- 2885873
TI  - In vitro amoebicidal testing of natural products; Part 2. Alkaloids related to
      emetine.

PMID- 2885874
TI  - Pain management.
AB  - Successful management of pain can be accomplished in nearly all terminally ill
      patients. Pain must be assessed in terms of its physical, psychological and
      social components. Spiritual care and control of environmental factors are just
      as important as drug therapies. Once the cause of the pain is identified, an
      individualized plan of treatment can be developed. Nondrug therapies are tried
      first. When drugs must be used, the pain is treated by regular dosing to prevent
      recurrent breakthroughs--no PRN orders are used. The pain is blocked and its
      memory erased so that continued, uninterrupted relief is given. Drug management
      should provide ease of administration to maintain patient independence, unclouded
      and normal affect, and minimal troublesome side effects. Anticipatory treatment
      of expected problems with constipation and nausea should be done. By using a
      reproducible pain measurement scale, titration of drugs is carried out in a
      stepwise fashion, increasing dosage or potency until the desired effect is
      achieved. With multimode therapy, no patient should have to suffer the
      aching/agony pain cycle of terminal illness with cancer.

PMID- 2885875
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the results of insulin treatment of early
      schizophrenia presenting with pseudoneurotic disorders].

PMID- 2885876
TI  - Blood to brain distribution of neuroleptics.
AB  - Knowledge of the tissue distribution of drugs is important in interpreting other
      more commonly measured pharmacokinetic parameters, such as levels of drug in
      blood. For the neuroleptics, studies of blood to brain distribution are few and,
      due to technical differences between studies, the results are neither consistent
      within drugs nor comparable between drugs. We estimated the plasma to brain
      distribution of several common neuroleptics in rats using a single technique, the
      radioreceptor assay for neuroleptics. At doses that led to plasma levels similar
      to those achieved in clinical use, brain to plasma ratios ranged from 34 and 22
      for fluphenazine and haloperidol, respectively, to 2.2 and 0.97 for thioridazine
      and mesoridazine, respectively. In general, clinical milligram potency and the
      favorability of distribution to brain ranked in the same order. These results may
      explain why such low levels of the high potency neuroleptics and such high levels
      of the low potency neuroleptics, greater than can be explained by relative
      differences between the same drugs in potency in vitro, are observed in blood
      both by radioreceptor and chemical assay techniques.

PMID- 2885877
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid amino acid concentrations in chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - The concentrations of the excitatory amino acid, glutamate, the inhibitory amino
      acids, glycine and taurine, and the inactive amino acids, glutamine and alanine,
      were determined in cerebrospinal fluid samples from 12 neurological control and
      17 chronic schizophrenic patients. No significant differences were observed in
      any amino acid between the study groups. Within the schizophrenic group, no
      differences were observed between paranoid and undifferentiated patients. The
      concentrations of these amino acids in samples obtained from six schizophrenic
      patients during drug-free as compared to haloperidol-treatment periods also did
      not differ. These results do not support the glutamate hypothesis of
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2885878
TI  - Correlates of antimanic response to carbamazepine.
AB  - Nineteen acutely manic patients were studied in a double-blind trial of
      carbamazepine in doses averaging 1240 mg/day, achieving blood levels of 10.4 +/-
      2.2 micrograms/ml. Clinical improvement in mood and psychomotor components of the
      manic syndrome was rapid in onset, generally parallel to that observed in
      previous patients treated with neuroleptics, and was associated with increases in
      the total hours of nighttime sleep. Compared to the seven nonresponders, the 12
      patients who improved were significantly more manic during the baseline placebo
      period, tended to be more dysphoric, and were significantly more rapid cyclers
      over their entire course of illness as assessed by episodes in the year before
      NIMH admission (7.0 +/- 5.6 vs. 2.7 +/- 2.4 in the nonresponders). While
      improvement was robust in responders, it was not always complete, and some of
      these patients remained mildly to moderately symptomatic. All seven patients with
      a negative family history of affective illness in first degree relatives were
      responders, while those with a positive family history were equally divided.
      These preliminary data suggest that several predictors of poor response to
      lithium carbonate (manic severity, anxiety and dysphoria, rapid cycling, and
      negative family history) may be associated with good antimanic response to
      carbamazepine.

PMID- 2885879
TI  - Comparing benzodiazepines using the staircase test in mice.
AB  - Eleven benzodiazepines were evaluated in the staircase test in mice. The
      behavioural parameters measured were the number of steps climbed and the number
      of rears during a 3-min test. Climbing and to a lesser extent rears were enhanced
      at low doses, whereas both parameters, particularly rearing, were reduced at
      higher doses. The differential effects of the drugs on the two parameters were
      used to determine indices of anxiolytic efficacy for each drug where increases in
      climbing were taken to indicate the onset of anxiolytic activity and decreases in
      rearing the onset of sedative activity. The compounds could be ranked according
      to these indices in a manner which appears to reflect their therapeutic profile
      in man.

PMID- 2885880
TI  - Tremorous mouth movements in rats administered chronic neuroleptics.
AB  - Oral movements (OMs) in rats administered chronic haloperidol (HAL) were
      quantified simultaneously by a human observer and via a computerized video
      analysis system which monitored the distance between the upper and low lips using
      TV images. The human observer data indicated that during HAL administration the
      total duration of OMs was initially decreased, gradually returned to levels
      slightly above controls, and then increased substantially upon drug withdrawal.
      The computer records confirmed these findings and further indicated that after
      prolonged HAL administration a syndrome developed in which large-amplitude OMs
      remained suppressed but OMs of the smallest detectable amplitudes increased. Upon
      drug withdrawal, these small OMs increased in amplitude and rhythmicity,
      developing into repetitive tremors.

PMID- 2885881
TI  - Two tests in rats for antianxiety effect of clinically anxiety attenuating
      antidepressants.
AB  - The effects of mianserin, trazodone, amoxapine, maprotiline, and doxepin were
      assessed in punishment and pentylenetetrazol drug discrimination paradigms. These
      two procedures are used to identify antianxiety activity in rats. In the
      punishment procedure, misanserin produced an inverse dose-related increase in
      punished responding. The magnitude of the increase in punished responding with
      mianserin was comparable to that observed with the anxiolytic, buspirone. This
      effect was not observed with any of the other antidepressants tested. None of the
      antidepressants were found to be active in antagonizing the discriminative
      stimulus effects of pentylenetetrazol. In fact, at high doses there was a
      suggestion that the antidepressants may generalize to the pentylenetetrazol
      discriminative stimulus. Therefore, several antidepressants with purported
      clinical antianxiety activity, were not active in two procedures that detect
      antianxiety activity in rats.

PMID- 2885882
TI  - Anti-apomorphine effects of phenothiazine drug metabolites.
AB  - The potencies in producing muscle relaxation, and in antagonizing apomorphine
      induced climbing and hypothermia in mice, were examined for chlorpromazine,
      levomepromazine and their main metabolites, and for fluphenazine and 7-hydroxy
      fluphenazine. 3-Hydroxy chlorpromazine was more potent than chlorpromazine in
      antagonizing apomorphine-induced climbing, while levomepromazine and 3-hydroxy
      levomepromazine were equipotent in this test. The 3-hydroxy metabolites of
      chlorpromazine and levomepromazine were more potent than the parent compounds in
      antagonizing hypothermia, and had significantly weaker muscle relaxant effects
      than the parent compounds. The 7-hydroxy and N-monodesmethyl metabolites were
      generally less potent that the parent compounds in antagonizing apomorphine
      induced effects. N-Monodesmethyl levomepromazine had a pronounced muscle relaxant
      effect, like levomepromazine itself. The sulphoxide metabolites of chlorpromazine
      and levomepromazine were inactive in all tests. Their potencies in these tests
      indicate that among the metabolites 7-hydroxy chlorpromazine, N-monodesmethyl
      chlorpromazine and 3-hydroxy levomepromazine, which have all been identified in
      plasma from patients, may contribute to the antipsychotic effects of the drugs,
      and furthermore that N-monodesmethyl levomepromazine may contribute to the
      sedative effects of levomepromazine.

PMID- 2885883
TI  - Biphasic effect of L-5-HTP in the Vogel conflict model.
AB  - The effect of L-5-HTP (25 400 mg/kg IP) following inhibition of the peripheral
      aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by means of benserazide (25 mg/kg IP) was
      investigated in a test modified from Vogel's drinking conflict model. At 50 mg/kg
      an anti-conflict action was detected, while higher doses (100-400 mg/kg)
      decreased punished responding. A lower dose (25 mg/kg) had no effect. Non
      specific effects--such as alterations in muscle tone, in motivation to drink or
      in the sensitivity to electrical shock--could not explain the anxiolytic- and
      anxiogenic-like actions of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The bi-phasic effect
      of L-5-HTP is discussed in terms of different subpopulations of central
      serotoninergic receptors, possibly exerting opposing influences on conflict
      responding. The study emphasises the importance of 5-HT mechanisms in anxiety,
      and the possibility of finding novel anxiolytics among drugs selectively
      affecting central 5-HT neurotransmission.

PMID- 2885884
TI  - Anxiolytic activity of a brain delivery system for GABA.
AB  - We evaluated the anxiolytic property of a brain-specific gamma-aminobutyric acid
      delivery system (GABA-CDS) in male rats by means of a drink-foot shock conflict
      procedure. Brain-specific delivery of the active compound was achieved by
      combination of GABA benzyl ester with an interconvertible dihydropyridine in
      equilibrium pyridinium salt carrier, which is "locked in" to the brain upon its
      oxidation. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the hydrophilic pyridinium salt
      form (G-Q+) of the GABA-CDS formed in situ remained in the brain for 12 h but was
      cleared from the blood and other peripheral tissues by 0.5-4 h. While the
      lipophilic form (G-DH) of the GABA-CDS caused a marked and sustained anxiolytic
      response when administered systemically, GABA and the charged pyridinium salt (G
      Q+ form) of the GABA-CDS were ineffective. G-DH was injected at either 0, 4, 10
      or 25 mg/kg IV in DMSO after rats were water and food deprived. After either 0.5,
      2, 4, 8 or 24 h, rats were permitted 10 s of shock-free drinking of 10% sucrose,
      then given a 35 mA (DC) current through the drinking tube. Drinking time was
      recorded for 3 min. All doses of G-DH caused a significant increase in anxiolysis
      over control levels through 8 h. An increase (4 to 7-fold) in anxiolytic activity
      was observed through the 10 mg/kg dose with the 25 mg/kg dose causing no
      additional increase. No sedation or analgesia was observed at 2 h with any
      anxiolytic-producing dose of G-DH. These results suggest that G-DH elicits
      anxiolysis with minimal sedation, through the local brain action the G-Q+ or
      subsequent to the release of GABA.

PMID- 2885885
TI  - Alzheimer's disease, a multisystem disorder: implications for therapy.

PMID- 2885886
TI  - Use of neuroleptics, antidepressants, and lithium by U.S. community populations.

PMID- 2885887
TI  - Noradrenergic mechanisms in akathisia: treatment with propranolol and clonidine.

PMID- 2885888
TI  - Self-perception of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism: a
      study of clinical correlates.

PMID- 2885889
TI  - Long-term effects of L-dopa and procyclidine on neuroleptic-induced
      extrapyramidal and schizophrenic symptoms.

PMID- 2885891
TI  - Novel drug treatments for schizophrenia.

PMID- 2885890
TI  - Serum neuroleptic and anticholinergic activity in relationship to cognitive
      toxicity of antiparkinsonian agents in schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2885892
TI  - Assessment and treatment of pervasive anxiety.
AB  - Definitions of the central symptoms of anxiety disorders are given and these are
      followed by the principles underlying assessment; a discussion of rating scales
      for the detection and measurement of morbid degrees of anxiety follows. The
      important points in assessment prior to therapy are outlined and emphasis is
      placed on the possibility of distinguishing biogenic (endogenous) anxiety states
      from the more usual psychogenic forms of anxiety disorder. This distinction is of
      major importance when devising the therapeutic plan: biogenic depressive states,
      of which the early stage of panic disorder is one form, are resistant to
      psychotherapeutic intervention but may respond to treatment with antidepressant
      drugs. The principles of brief psychotherapeutic intervention are outlined with
      emphasis on the two central themes underlying successful therapy: the development
      of self-control and the exposure of the patient to anxiety in the setting of the
      therapeutic programme.

PMID- 2885894
TI  - Toward an integrated approach to the treatment of schizophrenia.
AB  - Long-term outcome studies have shown that schizophrenia is an illness whose
      course is usually characterized by exacerbations and remissions. This chapter
      summarizes pertinent literature regarding treatment of acute episodes; early
      intervention to prevent the development of full relapse; and pharmacological,
      behavioral, and psychotherapeutic strategies designed to decrease the amount of
      stress and patients' vulnerability to stress and thus decrease the likelihood of
      relapse. An emphasis is placed on a comprehensive treatment approach involving
      continuity of care.

PMID- 2885893
TI  - Behavioural and drug treatments of phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
AB  - The two most-used treatments for phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders are
      exposure and drugs. In exposure therapy, the patient is persuaded to re-enter the
      phobia- or ritual-evoking situation and to stay there despite the ensuing panic
      until it starts to subside, which may take 1 h or more. The patient does this
      repeatedly and systematically, noting outcome in an exposure-homework diary which
      the clinician reviews. Controlled studies show that such self-exposure treatment
      (requiring little time from the clinician) has lasting value. Only a minority of
      cases need additional therapist-aided exposure. Antidepressants are useful
      adjuvants to exposure in dysphoric phobics and ritualisers. No antidepressant is
      clearly superior to any other. Relapse on stopping medication is a problem.
      Neither beta-blockers nor benzodiazepines are yet of proven lasting value for
      these syndromes. It is too easy to forget that drugs have unpleasant side-effects
      which are not seen with exposure therapy.

PMID- 2885895
TI  - A neuroendocrinological study of responders and non-responders to ceruletide
      treatment in chronic neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia.
AB  - To define the characteristics of chronic schizophrenic patients who had responded
      poorly to treatment with ceruletide, several neuroendocrinological tests were
      carried out in 5 responders and 5 non-responders. Both thyroid-stimulating
      hormone and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation were
      within normal ranges in all subjects. The luteinizing hormone response to
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, was slightly weaker in non-responders.
      There were no differences in the insulin tolerance test between responders and
      non-responders. Unusually delayed or prolonged growth hormone response to
      arginine infusion was observed in non-responders. These findings suggest
      dysfunction of the hypothalamo-pituitary system, especially of the arcuate
      nucleus and its functionally related areas, in non-responders.

PMID- 2885896
TI  - Factors associated with decreased platelet MAO activity in chronic
      schizophrenics.
AB  - Platelet MAO activity was determined in a sample of chronic schizophrenics,
      including drug-free and neuroleptic-treated patients, and in a normal control
      group. Patients with MAO values below and above the median were compared with
      respect to several clinical, historical, neuroradiological and neuropsychological
      variables. The enzyme activity was significantly decreased in the whole patient
      group and in the subgroup of neuroleptic-treated patients, but not in the
      subgroup of drug-free patients. The only significant difference between low MAO
      and high MAO patients concerned drug status (higher percentage of patients on
      neuroleptics in the former subgroup). On stepwise discriminant function analysis,
      drug status (on neuroleptics vs. off neuroleptics) correctly classified 63.4% of
      patients.

PMID- 2885897
TI  - Adrenocortical steroid secretion and 11-beta-steroid hydroxylase activity after
      pituitary-adrenocortical probes in depression.

PMID- 2885899
TI  - The effect of gastrin-releasing peptide on the endocrine pancreas.
AB  - The 27-amino acid peptide gastrin releasing peptide (GRP-(1-27] was infused at 4
      dose levels (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 nM) into the arterial line of the isolated
      perfused porcine pancreas. Infusions were performed at 3 different perfusate
      glucose levels (3.5, 5.0, and 8.0 mM) and at two levels of amino acids (5 and 15
      mM). GRP-(1-27) stimulated insulin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion and
      inhibited somatostatin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Glucagon secretion
      was unaffected by infusion of GRP under all circumstances. The effect of GRP-(1
      27) on insulin secretion was enhanced with increasing perfusate glucose levels,
      whereas the effects upon somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion were
      independent of perfusate glucose levels. The responses to GRP were unaffected by
      elevation of the concentration of amino acids in the perfusate. The effects of
      GRP were unaffected by atropine at 10(-6) M. The localization of GRP within the
      porcine pancreas, its release during electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve,
      and its potent effects upon pancreatic endocrine secretion make it conceivable
      that the peptide participates in parasympathetic regulation of pancreatic
      endocrine secretion.

PMID- 2885898
TI  - The role of computed tomography in the management of a case of seminoma in an
      abdominal testis.

PMID- 2885900
TI  - Effect of atropine and somatostatin on bombesin-stimulated plasma gastrin,
      cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide in man.
AB  - Infusion of the neuropeptide bombesin stimulates the secretion of several
      gastrointestinal hormones by an unknown mechanism. We have investigated the
      effects of atropine (15 ng/kg as bolus followed by 2.5 ng/kg X 30 min) and
      somatostatin (125 micrograms as i.v. bolus followed by 62.5 micrograms/30 min) on
      the stimulation of 3 hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin and pancreatic
      polypeptide) by 60 pmol/kg X 20 min bombesin in 6 healthy volunteers. Plasma
      samples for measurement of hormones by sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays
      were obtained at -5, 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min. Bombesin induced
      significant increases in plasma gastrin (12 +/- 2 to 34 +/- 3 pM; P less than
      0.0005), cholecystokinin (1.2 +/- 0.2 to 8.9 +/- 0.7 pM; P less than 0.0001) and
      pancreatic polypeptide (22 +/- 4 to 72 +/- 19 pM; P less than 0.05). There were
      great differences between the effects of atropine and somatostatin on the
      hormonal responses to bombesin. Atropine slightly increased the response of
      gastrin by 19% and that of cholecystokinin by 15%, but strongly inhibited the
      bombesin-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide secretion by 97%. On the other hand,
      somatostatin inhibited the bombesin-induced secretion of gastrin by 48%,
      cholecystokinin by 82% and pancreatic polypeptide by 107%. These results point to
      considerable qualitative and quantitative differences in the stimulatory
      mechanisms of bombesin on the hormones studied.

PMID- 2885901
TI  - [Drugs and the eye. Ocular reactions to systemic therapy with beta blockers (I)].

PMID- 2885902
TI  - [Response of growth hormone to GRF(1-29)NH2 in 12 cases of active acromegaly].

PMID- 2885903
TI  - [Epidermal growth factor].

PMID- 2885904
TI  - [Bilateral germ cell tumors of the testis].

PMID- 2885905
TI  - [Public health in the academic curriculum].

PMID- 2885906
TI  - Hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase inhibitor affects the bioavailability of
      exogenous tyrosine.
AB  - This study demonstrates the importance of controlling the activity of hepatic
      tyrosine aminotransferase when tyrosine is administered orally. The specific
      inhibition of this enzyme is proposed in the clinical use of tyrosine in
      syndromes related to deficient catecholaminergic transmission.

PMID- 2885907
TI  - Surfactant synthesis, secretion, and function in alveoli and small airways.
      Review of the physiologic basis for pharmacologic intervention.
AB  - Surface-active material is known to lower surface tension at the air/liquid
      interface and provide alveolar stability. Less well appreciated is the potential
      role of surface-active material in maintaining the patency of small airways and
      in transporting particles from the alveolar surface to the small airways. The
      interactions between the two dominant secretory cells in the terminal lung units,
      i.e., the alveolar type II cell and the Clara cell, are just starting to be
      discovered. The biochemical signals for secretion of surface-active material in
      vivo are still not known. The dominant physiologic stimulus is hyperventilation.
      Secretion in vitro is stimulated by activation of protein-kinase C (tetradecanoyl
      phorbol acetate), protein-kinase A (cyclic AMP, beta-adrenergic agonists, cholera
      toxin), and calcium ionophores (A23187 or ionomycin). The biochemical basis for
      secretion will be discussed.

PMID- 2885909
TI  - [Long-term drug therapy of bronchial asthma in childhood and adolescence].

PMID- 2885908
TI  - Renal and hemodynamic effects of non-diuretic antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2885910
TI  - Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection: a review.
AB  - Bacterial adherence to the uroepithelium is recognized as an important mechanism
      in the initiation and pathogenesis of urinary tract infections (UTI). The
      uropathogens originate predominantly in the intestinal tract and initially
      colonize the periurethral region and ascend into the bladder, resulting in
      symptomatic or asymptomatic bacteriuria. Thereafter, depending on host factors
      and bacterial virulence factors, the organisms may further ascend and give rise
      to pyelonephritis. Uropathogens are selected by the presence of virulence
      characteristics that enable them to resist the normally efficient host defense
      mechanisms. Considerable progress has been made in identifying bacterial adhesins
      and in demonstrating bacterial receptor sites on uroepithelial surfaces. Recent
      studies have identified natural anti-adherence mechanisms in humans as well as
      possible increased susceptibility to UTI when these mechanisms are defective and
      when receptor density on uroepithelial cells is altered. Knowledge of bacterial
      adherence mechanisms may permit alternative methods of prevention and management
      of urinary infection, including the use of subinhibitory concentrations of
      antibiotics, vaccine development, nonimmune inhibition of bacterial adhesins and
      receptor sites, and the use of autochthonous flora, such as lactobacilli, to
      exclude uropathogens from colonizing the urinary tract.

PMID- 2885911
TI  - [Acute interstitial nephritis].

PMID- 2885913
TI  - Daily drinking and drunken driving.
AB  - In a study of 3,658 drunken drivers, it was found that eight percent reported
      daily drinking of alcohol, 82% reported no daily drinking, and 10% gave no
      information about drinking frequency. Measurement of gamma glutamyl-transferase
      (a biological marker for heavy drinking) in a selection of blood samples from
      drunken drivers reporting daily drinking, indicated that the majority of these
      drivers were heavy drinkers. The drunken drivers who reported daily drinking, had
      higher blood alcohol concentrations, were responsible for a larger number of
      previously detected drunken driving offences, and were more prone to being
      arrested for drunken driving during working days and during daylight hours than
      other drunken drivers. Among the repeating offenders, it was estimated that 13%
      would report daily drinking, and 74% would not.

PMID- 2885912
TI  - Treatment of schizophrenia.
AB  - Antipsychotic medication remains a mainstay of treatment in both acute and
      chronic schizophrenia. Emphasis in recent years has focused on maximizing
      benefits and minimizing risks of medication by attempting to establish minimum
      effective dosage requirements for all phases of treatment and to provide
      alternative strategies for individuals who fail to benefit from antipsychotic
      drug treatment. At present all approaches to the treatment-refractory patient
      remain experimental, and further research in this area is of critical importance.
      Definite advances have been made in exploring the impact of psychological and
      psychosocial treatments administered in conjunction with various antipsychotic
      drug strategies. More sophisticated and comprehensive assessment measures have
      been applied in long-term treatment trials, enabling us to be more specific about
      treatment goals and treatment evaluation. Although no major "breakthrough" has
      occurred in the treatment of schizophrenia, incremental advances which can reduce
      rates of relapse and rehospitalization, improve the quality of adaptation, and
      reduce the risk of significant adverse effects are of enormous importance to
      affected individuals, their families, and society at large.

PMID- 2885914
TI  - [Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain].

PMID- 2885915
TI  - [Cerebral osmoreceptors].

PMID- 2885916
TI  - Structural evidence for the authenticity of the human retinoblastoma gene.
AB  - The retinoblastoma (Rb) gene is the prototype for a class of recessive human
      cancer genes in which loss of activity of both normal alleles is thought to be
      associated with tumorigenesis. Sixteen of 40 retinoblastomas examined with a
      complementary DNA probe shown to be the Rb gene had identifiable structural
      changes of the Rb gene including in some cases homozygous internal deletions with
      corresponding truncated transcripts. An osteosarcoma also had a homozygous
      internal deletion with a truncated transcript. In addition, possible hot spots
      for deletion were identified within the Rb genomic locus. Among those tumors with
      no identifiable structural changes there was either absence of an Rb transcript
      or abnormal expression of the Rb transcript. Comparison of the structural changes
      in the tumor cells and fibroblasts of certain patients provided support for
      Knudson's two-hit hypothesis for the development of retinoblastoma at the
      molecular level. The ability to detect germline structural deletions in
      fibroblasts from some patients with bilateral retinoblastoma also indicates that
      the isolated gene is useful for diagnostic purposes.

PMID- 2885917
TI  - erbB-2 is a potent oncogene when overexpressed in NIH/3T3 cells.
AB  - A wide variety of human tumors contain an amplified or overexpressed erbB-2 gene,
      which encodes a growth factor receptor-like protein. When erbB-2 complementary
      DNA was expressed in NIH/3T3 cells under the control of the SV40 promoter, the
      gene lacked transforming activity despite expression of detectable levels of the
      erbB-2 protein. A further five- to tenfold increase in its expression under
      influence of the long terminal repeat of Moloney murine leukemia virus was
      associated with activation of erbB-2 as a potent oncogene. The high levels of the
      erbB-2 product associated with malignant transformation of NIH/3T3 cells were
      observed in human mammary tumor cells that overexpressed this gene. These
      findings demonstrate a new mechanism for acquisition of oncogenic properties by
      genes encoding growth factor receptor-like proteins and provide a functional
      basis for the role of their overexpression in the development of human
      malignancies.

PMID- 2885918
TI  - Three recessive loci required for insulin-dependent diabetes in nonobese diabetic
      mice.
AB  - A polygenic basis for susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes in nonobese
      diabetic (NOD) mice has been established by outcross to a related inbred strain,
      nonobese normal (NON). Analysis of first and second backcross progeny has shown
      that at least three recessive genes are required for development of overt
      diabetes. One, Idd-1s, is tightly linked to the H-2K locus on chromosome 17;
      another, Idd-2s, is localized proximal to the Thy-1/Alp-1 cluster on chromosome
      9. Segregation of a third, Idd-3s, could be shown in a second backcross. Neither
      Idd-1s nor Idd-2s could individually be identified as the locus controlling
      insulitis; leukocytic infiltrates in pancreas were common in most asymptomatic
      BC1 mice. Both F1 and BC1 mice exhibited the unusually high percentage of splenic
      T lymphocytes characteristic of NOD, suggesting dominant inheritance of this
      trait. The polygenic control of diabetogenesis in NOD mice, in which a recessive
      gene linked to the major histocompatibility complex is but one of several
      controlling loci, suggests that similar polygenic interactions underlie this type
      of diabetes in humans.

PMID- 2885919
TI  - AIDS and insects.

PMID- 2885920
TI  - Who owns the human genome?

PMID- 2885921
TI  - Full-wave rectification from a mixed electrical-chemical synapse.
AB  - Electrical and chemical synapses usually reinforce one another, but the pyloric
      late-to-lateral pyloric (PL-to-LP) neuronal connections in lobster stomatogastric
      ganglia create an inverted U-shaped transfer function between the two neurons:
      regardless of whether the PL membrane voltage swings positive or negative, the
      postsynaptic LP voltage will go negative. When the presynaptic cell voltage goes
      negative, the effect on the LP voltage is due to electrical coupling. During
      positive presynaptic voltages, the strong contribution of graded chemical
      inhibition from the PL to the LP neuron overrides the positive electrical
      coupling to produce net negativity.

PMID- 2885922
TI  - [Involvement of dynorphin in the antinociception induced by intrathecal injection
      of neurotensin in the rat].

PMID- 2885923
TI  - [Preventive effect of somatostatin on the secretory function of islet B-cells
      against the damage produced by streptozotocin].

PMID- 2885924
TI  - [Effectiveness of treating patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and alcoholism].

PMID- 2885926
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the flexion of metal frameworks in various monolithic
      and soldered dental alloys].

PMID- 2885925
TI  - [Minimal brain dysfunction. III. Treatment (preliminary report)].

PMID- 2885927
TI  - [Comparative analysis of teeth reconstructed using 3 types of para-pulp pins with
      and without prosthetic superstructures].

PMID- 2885928
TI  - Comparison of famotidine 40 mg with ranitidine 300 mg at night in short-term
      duodenal ulcer healing. A South African multicentre study.
AB  - One hundred and thirty-two patients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcers
      were entered into a 4-6-week double-blind trial of famotidine (Fm) and ranitidine
      (Rn). Seventy patients were randomised to Fm 40 mg at night and Rn placebo and 62
      to Rn 300 mg at night and Fm placebo. Gelusil tablets were allowed for ulcer
      pain, and diary cards were issued. Clinical evaluations were carried out on entry
      and at 2 and 4 weeks, and endoscopy was repeated at 4 weeks. Patients with an
      unhealed ulcer at 4 weeks were continued on the same treatment for another 2
      weeks and further endoscopy was carried out at 6 weeks. The groups were
      comparable with respect to age, sex, duration of the most recent attack, initial
      ulcer size and smoking, but the duration of disease tended to be longer in the Rn
      treated group (P less than 0.05). Of the patients available for analysis, 75% of
      the Fm-treated and 78% of the Rn-treated patients were healed at 4 weeks and 91%
      of patients in both treatment groups were healed at 6 weeks. Gelusil consumption
      and symptomatic responses were comparable in the two groups, and no side-effects
      were noted apart from mild dizziness in 1 patient after a single Fm tablet. The
      mean initial size of ulcers healed at 4 weeks was significantly less than that of
      ulcers which were unhealed at 4 weeks (P less than 0.01), and the healing rate
      among smokers was significantly lower than that among non-smokers--48 of 72
      patients (67%) and 41 of 45 (91%) respectively (P less than 0.01). The study
      shows that Fm 40 mg at night is as effective as Rn 300 mg in duodenal ulcer
      healing.

PMID- 2885929
TI  - Current status of beta-blockers in black hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2885930
TI  - Major ambulatory surgery of the pediatric patient.
AB  - Ambulatory surgery is an important part of the surgical care of children.
      Experience with 6972 pediatric surgical procedures performed in the Surgicenter
      is reviewed. Surgical techniques for the most common procedures--inguinal
      herniorrhaphy, orchiopexy, and umbilical herniorrhaphy--are described.

PMID- 2885931
TI  - Ophthalmic beta-blockers since timolol.
AB  - In the twenty years since beta-blockers were proposed for treatment of glaucoma,
      use of topical timolol has increased to account for 70% of all glaucoma
      medications used. The objective of this article is to review the "newer" beta
      blockers, and to address the generalization that "all ophthalmic beta-blockers
      are the same." The review concentrates on agents that have been studied as
      topical treatments for patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Sections on
      pharmacology and design of clinical trials are included to aid the
      ophthalmologist in evaluating the new drugs and published clinical reports. The
      major questions to consider in evaluating the therapeutic potential of a new beta
      blocker for the treatment of glaucoma involve efficacy and safety: Is the drug as
      effective as timolol? Does it have a duration of action at least as long as
      timolol? Does it have ocular toxicity? Is it comfortable? What are its systemic
      effects?

PMID- 2885932
TI  - [AIDS--placed in an international future perspective].

PMID- 2885933
TI  - [Various problems in the diagnosis and treatment of the broncho-obstructive
      syndrome].
AB  - Clinico-x-ray-laboratory investigation, bronchoscopy were performed, respiratory
      function and ECG were studied in 212 patients with different forms of chronic
      bronchitis. Six groups of patients were defined with relation to the presence or
      absence of obstruction, its nature (permanent, transient), prevalence (small,
      medium and large bronchi), genesis of disease (inflammatory, allergic). The
      characteristics of the groups and their clinico-x-ray, functional and
      immunological features were presented. Treatment including methods of
      climatotherapy, exercise therapy, pharmacological agents (antibacterial,
      broncholithic and antihistaminic), physiotherapy and administered with relation
      to the defined groups, proved to be effective. The improvement of bronchial
      permeability was noted in 49.5% (ranging from 40.0 to 68.7% in different groups).

PMID- 2885935
TI  - Memorial service for Alexander Hollaender, Washington Cathedral, December 12,
      1986.

PMID- 2885934
TI  - [Correction of hemodynamics in patients with acute pneumonia].
AB  - Patients with acute pneumonia demonstrate disturbance of myocardial contractility
      manifesting itself in an increase of end diastolic and systolic volumes, a
      decrease in the ejection fraction and circular myocardial contractility rate. In
      a raised level of mean arterial pressure i.v. administration of strophanthin in
      acute pneumonia can produce a negative effect in the form of a decrease in the
      stroke volume and cardiac output. Myofedrin promotes an increase in cardiac
      ejection and can be used for therapy of patients with acute pneumonia to correct
      hemodynamics.

PMID- 2885936
TI  - An evaluation system for ranking chemicals with teratogenic potential.
AB  - An evaluation system has been developed which permits comparison of the relative
      toxicity of chemicals based on their potential to alter embryonal and early-stage
      fetal development. It was considered necessary, from a regulatory standpoint, to
      develop a system for ranking chemicals which possess teratogenic potential. A
      detailed discussion of the various parameters selected and their relative
      importance is provided.

PMID- 2885937
TI  - Effect of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether on spermatogenesis, dominant
      lethality, and F1 abnormalities in the rat and the mouse after treatment of F0
      males.
AB  - Adult male CD rats and CD-1 mice were given a single oral dose of ethylene glycol
      monomethyl ether (EGM) at 0, 500, 750, 1,000, or 1500 mg/kg. Groups of 10 were
      killed at weekly intervals after dosing for analysis of sperm counts and
      morphology or testicular histology; further groups of 10 were sequentially mated
      to pairs of virgin females to test for dominant lethality or gross foetal
      malformations in the F1 generation (F1 abnormalities). EGM was found to deplete
      the spermatocytes of both species severely, principally pachytene cells, but with
      other stages affected with increasing dose. A delay in the progression of
      spermatogenesis may account for a discrepancy between the apparent stage
      specificity of damage deduced from lowered sperm counts and that observed
      histologically. In the rat, morphological abnormalities were observed in sperm
      that had been exposed as spermatocytes; in the mouse, however, the sensitive
      cells were the late spermatocytes and early spermatids. In all these parameters
      there was an indication of a dose-response relationship in both rats and mice. In
      the mating studies EGM induced a dose-related decrease in fertility 5 weeks after
      dosing in the rat, but complete sterility in all but the lowest dose after 6
      weeks. In contrast, EGM had no effect on the reproductive capacity of the mouse.
      There was no statistically significant evidence for the induction of dominant
      lethal mutations or F1 abnormalities in either species. A single oral dose of
      cyclophosphamide (CTX) at 100 mg/kg induced a significant increase in dominant
      lethality in both species. CTX reduced the number of total implants in the rat
      and induced a nonsignificant increase in the number of abnormal offspring sired
      by treated male mice.

PMID- 2885938
TI  - Correlations between embryotoxic and genotoxic effects of phenytoin in mice.
AB  - The anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (DPH) has been suspected to produce
      embryotoxicity through an arene oxide intermediate. This drug was also found to
      be a genotoxic agent. These hypotheses were tested in pregnant mice modulating
      the phases I and II metabolizing enzymes. DPH was studied by assessing
      embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and genotoxicity, the latter by the micronucleus
      test on the polychromatic erythrocytes of dams and fetuses. DPH embryotoxicity
      was potentiated by inhibiting both cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrase and
      decreased by inducing cytochrome P-450. Equivocal results were obtained by
      modulating cytochrome P-448. The main DPH metabolite, p-hydroxyphenytoin (HPPH),
      was ineffective both per se and after cytochrome induction or epoxide hydrase
      inhibition. DPH did not exert genotoxicity on the maternal organism, no matter
      which modulating agent was used. In the fetus, however, weak genotoxic effects
      were observed. These effects significantly increased with inhibition of epoxide
      hydrase; they disappeared with induction of both cytochromes P-448 and P-450 or
      with inhibition of the latter. No genotoxicity was exerted by HPPH, even when the
      enzymatic pattern was modulated. It is concluded that the major role in DPH
      embryotoxicity is played by the unchanged drug, while the presence of the arene
      oxide is determinant for genotoxic effects.

PMID- 2885939
TI  - Potentiating effect of caffeine on embryotoxicity of cyclophosphamide treatment
      in vivo during the preimplantation period.
AB  - Since it is unknown if chemicals which are generally safe in pregnancy can
      potentiate the embryotoxicity of cytotoxic drugs before implantation, the
      combined effects of cyclophosphamide (CPA) and caffeine (CF) were studied in the
      mouse (day 2) with CPA at 20 mg/kg, which induces a 18% resorption rate, and CF
      at 100 mg/kg, which does not increase embryolethality. The embryotoxicity of CPA
      did not increase when CF was either given 6 h before or simultaneously with CPA
      on day 2. However, when CF was given 6 h after CPA, a potentiated increase of
      embryolethality was observed at term and of structural chromosomal aberrations in
      embryos even before implantation, while sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency
      was less increased than after single CPA treatment. The results demonstrate the
      importance of pharmacokinetics in pregnancy even before implantation.
      Furthermore, since SCE may not only indicate DNA damage but also repair, the
      reduced SCE rate and the increase in structural chromosome aberrations suggest
      that CF can inhibit the repair of CPA-induced DNA damage in preimplantation
      embryos. Finally, for the first time the data are providing evidence that CF at
      subthreshold doses can potentiate the embryotoxicity of an alkylating agent in
      vivo even before implantation.

PMID- 2885940
TI  - DNA damage in the central nervous system of rats after in vivo exposure to
      chemical carcinogens: correlation with the induction of brain tumors.
AB  - The alkaline elution technique has been used to evaluate DNA damage in brain of
      rats treated with a single equimolar dose of 14 carcinogens of different chemical
      structure. A clear-cut increase of DNA elution rate, which is considered
      indicative of DNA fragmentation, was produced by 10 compounds known to induce the
      development of tumors in the rat central nervous system: N-nitroso-N-methylurea,
      N-nitroso-N-ethylurea, N-nitroso-N-butylurea, N-nitroso-N-methylurethane, methyl
      methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, 1,3
      propansultone, and procarbazine. Similar amounts of DNA fragmentation were
      produced by both potent and weak brain carcinogens. In contrast, any significant
      increase of DNA elution rate was absent in rats treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and beta
      propiolactone, all of which are devoid of carcinogenic activity for the rat
      central nervous system. These results suggest that the described in vivo brain
      DNA damage/alkaline elution assay deserves further studies on a wide number of
      carcinogens and noncarcinogens aimed to establish its possible usefulness for a
      qualitative preliminary assessment of the ability of a compound to induce
      neurogenic tumors.

PMID- 2885942
TI  - Agent orange and risks to reproduction: the limits of epidemiology.

PMID- 2885941
TI  - Cyclophosphamide-induced cytogenetic effects in mouse bone marrow and spleen
      cells in in vivo and in vivo/in vitro assays.
AB  - Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberration studies have been used
      to monitor human populations for genotoxic exposure to chemical substances. These
      monitoring techniques involve collection of blood and/or bone marrow from the
      exposed subjects and culturing cells for one or two cell cycles with various
      treatments in culture. The results obtained from such in vivo/in vitro studies
      may lead to an over- or underestimation of the damage that could occur in vivo.
      In the present study, which uses a mouse model, the in vivo/in vitro cytogenetic
      assays (SCEs and chromosomal aberrations) have been compared with similar in vivo
      systems in bone marrow and spleen cells treated with various doses of
      cyclophosphamide (CPA). The results indicate a significant difference in CPA
      induced cytogenetic endpoints between in vivo and in vivo/in vitro conditions in
      both organs. However, linear relationships were found between CPA dose and
      cytogenetic end point analyzed under both conditions. Based on these results it
      appears that the in vivo/in vitro assay is a useful technique for indicating
      potential in vivo damage of chemicals.

PMID- 2885943
TI  - Genotype assignment of haemophilia A by use of intragenic and extragenic
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - We performed DNA analysis in 20 families with haemophilia A in order to evaluate
      its usefulness for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. The polymorphic BclI
      site within intron 18 of the factor VIII gene and the extragenic TaqI and BglII
      polymorphic sites which are detected by the random DNA probes designated St14 and
      DX13, respectively, were investigated for. Two events of recombination were found
      between the St14 and the haemophilia A locus in 51 informative meioses. In one of
      these recombinant meioses crossing over had also occurred between the DX13 and
      the haemophilia A locus. No further crossovers between the DX13 and the
      haemophilia A locus were found in 20 informative meioses. Segregation analysis of
      the polymorphic markers and the deleterious mutation within the families allowed
      a diagnosis at the gene level for 52 out of 57 potential carriers. The new method
      considerably decreased the uncertainty about carriership for seventeen of the
      nineteen women with a probability of carriership between 5% and 95% based on
      pedigree analysis and factor VIII assays. In seven cases chromosome and DNA
      analysis of a chorionic villus biopsy was carried out. Three of the fetuses were
      female, four were male. Three of the male fetuses had inherited the normal
      maternal X-chromosome and were, therefore, not affected. For another male fetus
      no diagnosis at the gene level was possible since the mother was homozygous for
      all the known restriction fragment length polymorphisms within or closely linked
      with the haemophilia A locus.

PMID- 2885944
TI  - [H2 receptor antagonist treatment and stomach cancer].

PMID- 2885945
TI  - Characterization of DR blank alleles by restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP).
AB  - Using a combination of conventional DR serology and RFLP analysis of DR beta and
      DQ beta, we have been able to identify two different types of DR antigens which
      belong so far to the DR blank group. The antigen DR-LOT is found on a haplotype
      A29, Bw60, Cw3, DRblank, DRw52, DQw1. The DR beta-EcoRI RFLP pattern of this
      haplotype is different from the patterns observed for DR1, DR2, DR3, DR4, DR5,
      DRw6, DR7, DRw8, DRw9, DRw10, and appears to be composed of a combination of DR2
      and DRw6. The DQ beta-EcoRI pattern shows that this haplotype carries the DQw1
      split DQR2.6. The second DR blank antigen which we found in a total of five
      individuals (three unrelated persons and two parents) on B35 positive haplotypes
      is characterized by a DR beta-EcoRI RFLP pattern indistinguishable from DR1 and
      by negative reaction with anti-DR1 sera. This antigen appears to be identical to
      what has been described by Cambon-Thomsen et al. (1986) and Bidwell et al. (1985)
      as HLA-DR-BON and DR"BR" respectively. We have demonstrated that this antigen is
      in strong linkage disequilibrium with the DQw1 split DQR1.

PMID- 2885946
TI  - Multicenter trial of hemodilution in acute ischemic stroke. I. Results in the
      total patient population. Scandinavian Stroke Study Group.
AB  - Hemodilution by the combination of venesection and dextran 40 administration has
      previously been reported to enhance neurologic recovery in the acute phase of
      ischemic stroke. To study this therapeutic principle in its "natural habitat," a
      stratified and randomized multicenter trial involving 15 large and small
      hospitals was performed. Patients with acute ischemic stroke of less than 48
      hours' duration and with hematocrits of 38-50% on admission were randomized to a
      hemodilution (183 patients, mean age 72.0 years) or a control group (190
      patients, mean age 71.6 years). The two groups did not differ in sex distribution
      or medical history. Hematocrit, blood pressure, and neurologic score were closely
      similar at entry. By graded venesection (250-1000 ml) during the first 2 days and
      dextran 40 infusions (500 ml daily) during 5 days, the mean hematocrit was
      reduced from 44.2 to 37.1%. Three-month survival expressed as life table product
      was 0.84 in hemodilution and 0.88 in control patients. In survivors, neurologic
      score and activities of daily living performance during 3 months of follow-up
      were not improved by hemodilution. Length of stay in an acute-care hospital and
      the need for long-term institutional care was not reduced among patients in the
      hemodilution group. Major cardiovascular events occurred somewhat more often and
      there was an apparent increase in mortality during the first few days of
      hemodilution therapy. However, the differences were not significant. We conclude
      that the present standardized treatment with moderate hemodilution has no overall
      beneficial effects in general patients with acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 2885947
TI  - Opioid peptide levels in gerbil brain after transient ischemia: lasting depletion
      of hippocampal dynorphin.
AB  - Peptides derived from each of the 3 endogenous opioid precursors were measured in
      gerbil brain regions at various times after transient bilateral carotid artery
      occlusion using radioimmunoassays specific for beta-endorphin-, met-enkephalin-,
      and dynorphin A-related peptides. Lasting changes were observed only in the
      hippocampus. The most striking effect was on dynorphin A immunoreactivity, which
      was reduced by 30-40% as early as 1 hour after recirculation and remained at 50%
      of the control level for at least 1 week. In some experiments dynorphin levels
      showed a transient recovery at 24 hours. These results demonstrate a unique
      sensitivity of the dynorphin-containing dentate granule cell-mossy fiber pathway
      to transient ischemia. Although these cells remain histologically intact, the
      decrease in dynorphin level precedes and continues during the delayed loss of
      hippocampal CA1 neurons characteristic of this model and further defines the
      selective vulnerability of hippocampal circuitry following ischemia. These
      observations clearly identify the hippocampus as a well-defined brain region in
      which further studies of the postischemic pathophysiology of endogenous opioid
      peptides may provide a rational basis for evaluating the place of opiate
      pharmacology in stroke treatment.

PMID- 2885948
TI  - Virus isolations from mosquitoes collected during the 1982 Japanese encephalitis
      epidemic in northern Thailand.
AB  - From 16 June to 15 August, 1982 CDC light traps were used to collect mosquitoes
      in the province of Kamphaengphet, N. Thailand. 353,042 mosquitoes comprising 59
      species were collected and identified, and 345,173 were placed in pools for
      attempted virus isolation by inoculation of C6/36 Aedes albopictus mosquito cell
      cultures. Viruses were isolated from 63 mosquito pools. These comprised 56
      flaviviruses, identified as 35 isolates of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus
      strains, 18 strains of Tembusu (TEM) virus and three untyped flaviviruses (FLA);
      three alphaviruses, identified as the first isolates of Getah (GET) virus to have
      been made in Thailand; and four viruses which are still unidentified. Most virus
      isolates were from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in carbon dioxide
      baited light traps. JE virus was isolated only over a ten-day period and the last
      isolate was obtained one week before the peak of admission of human encephalitis
      cases at Kamphaengphet Provincial Hospital. Rapid screening of isolates grown on
      Ae. pseudoscutellaris (LSTM-AP-61) mosquito cells by indirect immunofluorescence
      using flavivirus group-specific and JE-specific monoclonal antibodies showed a
      high degree of correlation with plaque reduction neutralization tests. An antigen
      capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test successfully identified about 50% of the JE
      virus positive pools, but the method saved considerable processing time.

PMID- 2885949
TI  - A dot immunobinding assay (DIA) on nitrocellulose membrane for the serological
      detection of antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - A rapid, cheap, simple and specific serological test of adequate sensitivity for
      detecting IgG antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica antigen is described.
      Axenically cultured amoebic antigen was used to precoat the nitrocellulose
      membrane. The strips were incubated with test samples and later with horseradish
      peroxidase (HRPO) labelled protein-A conjugate. A dark blue spot was obtained by
      treatment with peroxidase substrate, 4-chloro-1-naphthol, in positive samples.
      Serum samples from 32 healthy controls, 45 patients with acute amoebic liver
      abscess and 10 asymptomatic E. histolytica cyst passers were tested. This test
      was positive in 93% of cases of amoebic liver abscess, 3% of healthy controls and
      none of the cyst passers; its sensitivity (97%) and specificity (93%) were as
      good as that of the ELISA test and, because it is simple, quick and cheap it is
      recommended as a serological test of choice for the diagnosis of invasive
      amoebiasis.

PMID- 2885950
TI  - Seroepidemiology of E. histolytica infection in Hyderabad.

PMID- 2885951
TI  - Pancreatic apudomas.

PMID- 2885952
TI  - [Subcellular localization of glutamine synthetase activity in carp muscle tissue
      and liver].
AB  - Subcellular distribution of the glutaminesynthetase activity (EC 6.3.1.2) is
      studied in muscle tissue and liver of carp. It is established that this activity
      is distributed by subcellular fractions analogously to the glutamatedehydrogenase
      activity--enzyme-marker activity of mitochondria. An additional evidence for the
      association of the two given enzymes is obtained during equilibrium density
      gradient centrifugation of mitochondria on 30-60% gradient of sorbitol.
      Comparison of the obtained results with data from literature testifies to a
      coincidence of the subcellular localization of the processes of ammonia formation
      and binding into glutamine, thus confirming a view of the leading role of
      glutaminesynthetase in ammonia detoxication in carps.

PMID- 2885953
TI  - [Surgical treatment of undescended testis, orchiopexy or orchiolysis].

PMID- 2885954
TI  - [Tardive dyskinesias. Epidemiology and physiopathology].

PMID- 2885955
TI  - [Paradoxal neurological side-effects of neuroleptics. Classification and
      occurrence].

PMID- 2885956
TI  - [Delayed manifestations after acute oxygen deficiency in the cerebral white
      matter].

PMID- 2885957
TI  - [A new aerosol adrenergic bronchodilator, procaterol. Comparative study of
      salbutamol and procaterol].

PMID- 2885958
TI  - Long-range and molecular mapping of the human major histocompatibility complex.

PMID- 2885959
TI  - Identification of two binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor in endothelial
      cells: evidence for a receptor subtype coupled to guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2885960
TI  - A study of genetic linkage heterogeneity in adult polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - The mutation for APKD has previously been localized to chromosome 16 by the
      demonstration of genetic linkage with both the alpha-chain of hemoglobin and
      phosphoglycolate phosphatase. These studies were carried out, however, on a
      limited number of families, and the possibility remained that mutations at other
      genetic loci might produce the disease. Such genetic heterogeneity of linkage
      would invalidate the general use of chromosome 16 markers for the purpose of
      detection of the disease and complicate the characterization of the APKD mutation
      at the molecular level. Therefore, further families were studied to resolve this
      issue. A total of 27 Northern European pedigrees were analyzed, all apparently
      unrelated and with origins in England, Scotland, Holland, and Eastern Finland. No
      evidence was found to suggest heterogeneity of genetic linkage between alpha
      globin and the disease locus in this population.

PMID- 2885961
TI  - Equine testicular interstitial cell tumors.
AB  - Interstitial cell tumors from nine stallions were described. In all but one horse
      the tumors were found in undescended testes. Five animals had bilateral tumors.
      Two animals showed increased aggression. Tumors contained two cell types. The
      first type were large distinctly bordered eosinophilic cells interpreted to be
      hyperplastic and hypertrophic interstitial cells. They blended with pleomorphic
      often spindloid neoplastic cells which had fibrillar, vacuolated cytoplasm and
      indistinct cell borders. This latter cell population was arranged in nodules or
      broad sheets as endocrine-like packets or interweaving fascicles. Biologic
      behavior of the neoplasms could not be ascertained from histologic examination.

PMID- 2885962
TI  - Some bacterial diseases of spotted deer (Axis axis).

PMID- 2885963
TI  - Injection site reactions and antibody responses in sheep and goats after the use
      of multivalent clostridial vaccines.
AB  - Uncertainty concerning the use, efficacy and possible adverse effects of
      clostridial vaccination in goats prompted a study of the injection site reactions
      and antibody responses in 40 goats and 40 sheep. The vaccines used were Covexin
      8, Heptavac and Tasvax 8. In all the animals swellings averaging 2.5 cm in
      diameter were present at the injection site seven days after vaccination and were
      still apparent 28 days after vaccination. The injection site reactions could not
      be attributed to faulty vaccination technique because they did not occur in a
      control group injected with sterile water. By 14 days the reactions were
      significantly larger in sheep than in goats and by 28 days the reactions to
      Covexin 8 were larger than those to the other vaccines in sheep and goats. Serum
      antibody was present in all groups before vaccination and, with the exception of
      the goats vaccinated with Heptavac, increased 14 days after vaccination. The
      increase was greater in sheep than in goats. By 28 days antibody levels had
      declined in all but the sheep vaccinated with Heptavac in which a further
      increase occurred. At that time, the antibody levels in vaccinated sheep were
      still higher than in the unvaccinated sheep whereas the antibody levels in
      vaccinated goats were no longer different from those in the control goats. These
      results suggest that there is a difference between the vaccines used and between
      the responses of the two species and support the clinical observation that the
      protection afforded to goats by multivalent clostridial vaccines is poorer than
      that afforded to sheep.

PMID- 2885964
TI  - Future developments in the manipulation of growth in farm animals.
AB  - The anabolic steroid and antimicrobial growth promoters may be regarded as the
      first generation of animal growth promoters or performance enhancers. There is
      major investment in the development of new techniques to improve the efficiency
      of farm animal production. These techniques are reviewed under the headings of
      growth hormone (somatotrophin) and related techniques, immunological techniques,
      the beta-adrenergic agonists and the direct genetic manipulation of farm animals.

PMID- 2885965
TI  - Determination of the potency of outdated ipecac using high pressure liquid
      chromatography and its clinical significance.

PMID- 2885966
TI  - The clinico-pathological expressions of Epstein-Barr virus infection in lymphoid
      tissues.

PMID- 2885967
TI  - Freeze-fracture features of epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, and
      phagocytic macrophages. Investigations using the model of experimental autoimmune
      (anti-TBM) tubulo-interstitial nephritis.
AB  - The freeze-fracture morphology of epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells
      (Langhans' type), and phagocytic macrophages was investigated. The intensely
      folded and interdigitating surface membranes of epithelioid cells and
      multinucleated giant cells displayed no specialized areas of cell contact. The
      size of the intramembranous particles (IMP) and the fact that the area density of
      IMPs was higher in the cytoplasmic (P) faces than in the external (E) faces of
      the cell membranes agreed with observations in other eukaryotic cells. The area
      densities of the IMPs suggest lower transport rates of molecules across the cell
      membranes of granuloma cells than of certain epithelial cells. Small pits were
      detected in the surface membranes of the granuloma cells but an extrusion of
      granules was not observed. The cytoplasmic granules displayed very different
      sizes and shapes ranging from spherical to rod-shaped. The latter type of
      granules (probably primary lysosomes) dominated in multinucleated giant cells.
      The granule membranes were studded with IMPs whose area densities increased with
      the granule size. Multilamellar bodies with smooth (lipid) fracture faces were
      found only in phagocytic macrophages. The nuclear pores of the granuloma cells
      were distributed over the entire surfaces of the nuclei and displayed moderate
      clustering. The values of the area densities of the nuclear pores were in keeping
      with the values observed in mammalian and human epithelial or mesenchymal cells,
      indicating similar exchange rates of molecules between the nucleoplasm and the
      cytoplasm in these different cell types. In a single phagocytic macrophage the E
      face of the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope displayed a network of fine
      filaments whose nature is at present unknown.

PMID- 2885968
TI  - The influence of the estrous cycle on the volume density and appearance of
      collagen containing vacuoles in fibroblasts of the rat uterus.
AB  - The influence of the estrous cycle on the number of intracellular collagen
      containing vacuoles (CCVs) has been studied in the uterus of the virgin Wistar
      rat. CCVs seem to be involved in two processes. Translucent CCVs dark CCVs and
      dark residual bodies appear to be involved in collagen uptake and degradation,
      whilst the so-called filamentous bodies (FBs), which are large structures filled
      with amorphous filaments may be concerned with collagen synthesis. The volume
      density of these FBs is influenced by the estrous cycle and peak values are
      accompanied by the highest values of extracellular collagen.

PMID- 2885969
TI  - Short-term inhibition of cellular autophagy by isoproterenol in the submandibular
      gland.
AB  - The present study examines the short-term (i.e. 10 min after injection) influence
      of isoproterenol on cellular autophagy in the rat submandibular gland. The volume
      fraction of autophagic vacuoles was significantly reduced, suggesting that an
      anticatabolic reaction, namely inhibition of cellular autophagy, is an early and
      significant event in the growth of the submandibular gland which is known to
      occur with long-term isoproterenol treatment.

PMID- 2885970
TI  - Effects of colchicine on the hepatocellular transport of indocyanine green in the
      rat.
AB  - The effects of colchicine on plasma elimination and biliary excretion of
      indocyanine green (ICG) and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in rats were examined.
      Elimination of two different doses of ICG (6 mg and 20 mg/kg body weight) from
      plasma was significantly delayed when rats were treated with colchicine (3 mg/kg
      body weight) 3 h prior to the administration of the dye. On the other hand,
      disappearance of BSP (100 mg/kg) from plasma was not influenced by colchicine.
      The fact that the difference in the ICG elimination from plasma between
      colchicine-treated and saline-treated rats was minimal in the early period (i.e.,
      2 min after administration of the dye), but evident after its half-life (i.e., 10
      min, when 6 mg/kg body weight of ICG was given), suggested that colchicine mainly
      affected the hepatocellular transport of ICG rather than the uptake of the dye by
      hepatocytes. Colchicine also significantly reduced the excretion of ICG (6 mg and
      20 mg/kg) into bile but did not alter that of BSP (100 mg and 200 mg/kg). On the
      other hand, the same amount of lumicolchicine (3 mg/kg) did not have any effect
      on the biliary excretion of ICG. These results suggested that ICG is transported
      through hepatocytes into bile with the aid of the cytoplasmic microtubular
      system, whereas BSP is handled by hepatocytes in a different way.

PMID- 2885971
TI  - Expression and regulation of glycogen phosphorylase in preneoplastic and
      neoplastic hepatic lesions in rats.
AB  - Glycogen phosphorylase (PHO) was demonstrated immunocytochemically and enzyme
      histochemically in cryostat sections of liver from rats treated for 7 weeks with
      N-nitrosomorpholine (120 mg/l and 200 mg/l drinking water) and from untreated
      controls. The activity and distribution of PHO protein were studied in normal
      liver and correlated with morphologically defined stages of hepatic tumour
      development. In normal liver the amount of enzyme protein, as visualized by the
      immunoperoxidase method using antibodies against phosphorylase, showed some
      heterogeneity within the liver lobule. The intralobular and intracellular
      distribution of PHO protein was the same as that of glycogen, namely coarse and
      granular in periportal hepatocytes and very fine in perivenular cells. In
      glycogen storage foci the amount of PHO protein was increased. In contrast, PHO
      activity was generally decreased. In other preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions
      such as mixed cell foci, neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas, PHO
      protein was increased in all glycogen-loaded cells while PHO activity was
      reduced. In all glycogen-poor and basophilic cells, both PHO protein and PHO
      activity were decreased or absent. It was concluded that the decrease in PHO
      activity in glycogen storage foci was not the direct consequence of genetic
      changes leading to a loss in enzyme protein but was due to a defect in the
      cascade of phosphorylation processes resulting in active PHO. Alteration in gene
      expression leading to a loss of PHO protein was a late event in the process of
      hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2885972
TI  - Granular cell tumors: evidence for heterogeneous tumor cell differentiation. An
      immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Eighteen granular cell tumors from various sites were examined with antisera
      directed against protein S-100, neuron specific enolase (NSE), alpha-1
      antichymotrypsin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin, glial fibrillary acidic protein
      (GFAP), lysozyme, factor VIII-related antigen, myoglobin and vimentin, as well as
      with a monoclonal antibody (lu-5) directed against a panepithelial marker. The
      immunocytochemical reaction pattern of the tumors was heterogeneous. The brain
      and pituitary tumors and one thyroid tumor reacted for alpha-1-antichymotrypsin
      and alpha-1-antitrypsin, but not for S-100 protein and NSE. However, tumors from
      other sites showed immunoreactions for S-100 protein and NSE and some also for
      vimentin. Reactions for alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and alpha-1-antitrypsin were not
      observed. All other reactions were similarly negative. We conclude that the
      morphologically homogeneous group of granular cell tumors is biologically
      heterogeneous.

PMID- 2885973
TI  - Biologic characterization of human bone tumors. VI. The aneurysmal bone cyst: an
      enzyme histochemical, electron microscopical, and immunohistological study.
AB  - The etiology of aneurysmal bone cyst is still unknown. Most theories of the
      histogenesis of this lesion assume a vascular origin and speculation has focused
      on the characteristic pseudoendothelial lining of the cyst walls. In the present
      study, this structure has been subjected to enzyme histochemical, electron
      microscopical, and immunohistochemical investigation. Of the enzymes tested only
      alkaline phosphatase was present in the cyst lining. Electron microscopy revealed
      fibroblast-like cells covering the walls of cystic cavities, but no genuine
      endothelium, basement membranes or pericytes were identified. For the
      immunohistochemical studies a panel of poly- and monoclonal antibodies against
      HLA-DR antigens, mature and immature macrophages/histiocytes, smooth muscle
      fibers and endothelial cells, as well as the lectin Ulex europaeus I agglutinin
      were used. None of these markers demonstrated the presupposed vascular
      characteristics in the cells constituting the pseudoendothelial lining of the
      cyst walls. Despite current theories to the contrary, it was concluded that
      aneurysmal bone cyst is unlikely to originate from the vascular system, and that
      a new concept of its pathogenesis must be sought.

PMID- 2885974
TI  - Confronting cisternae in pituitary gland thyrotrophs of congenitally hypothyroid
      mice.
AB  - Confronting cisternae were found in pituitary thyrotrophs of congenitally
      hypothyroid mice. These confronting cisternae rapidly reverted back to ordinary
      rough endoplasmic reticulum following thyroxine administration. Confronting
      cisternae were not observed in the thyrotrophs of euthyroid control mice. Our
      results strongly suggest that confronting cisternae are a peculiar form of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum which appears under certain conditions of enhanced cellular
      metabolism.

PMID- 2885975
TI  - [Effect of increased concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air on
      the status of the cardiorespiratory system].

PMID- 2885976
TI  - [Characteristics of the effect of 2-pyrrolidone acetamide (piracetam) on energy
      coupling in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria during cold stress].
AB  - Effects of 2-pyrrolidone acetamide (piracetam) on energetic state of mitochondria
      were studied in skeletal muscles of intact and ovaryectomized rats under
      conditions of drastic cooling (4 min swimming at 10 degrees). Readministration of
      piracetam was shown to cause uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in
      mitochondrial respiratory chain (a decrease in respiratory control by Chance), as
      well as the drug increased the rate of O2 consumption in presence of oligomycin
      and decreased the uncoupler stimulating action on respiration in the group of
      intact animals. The alterations observed were most distinct in rats with cold
      stress, which was followed by piracetam administration, except of the rate of
      respiration stimulation, distinctly increased in presence of uncoupler. Piracetam
      did not exhibit any noticeable effects on the patterns of respiration studied in
      skeletal muscles of ovaryectomized rats. Protective properties of piracetam in
      cooling are discussed.

PMID- 2885977
TI  - Transmission of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I by blood transfusion
      before and after mass screening of sera from seropositive donors.
AB  - The human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is transmitted by blood
      transfusions that contain cell components as one of the virus transmission modes.
      We carried out mass screening of sera from seropositive donors by a gelatin
      particle agglutination test to prevent the spread of HTLV-I by transfusion.
      Seroconversion rates were compared before and after screening. The results show a
      remarkable decrease in the rate of infection from 53.6 to 0.9%. Therefore, it is
      certain that screening by the agglutination method prevents the spread of HTLV-I
      transmission in blood transfusions.

PMID- 2885978
TI  - [Specific therapy of acute benzodiazepine poisoning using flumazenil (Ro 15
      1788)].
AB  - In 20 patients with coma (grade 4: n = 7, grade 3: n = 8, grade 2: n = 2, grade
      1: n = 3) due to benzodiazepine intoxication, solely or combined with alcohol or
      other psychoactive drugs, the effect of a specific benzodiazepine antagonist,
      Flumazenil (Ro 15-1788), was evaluated. In terms of coma depth, 80% of the
      patients responded to application of 1.96 mg Flumazenil as a mean with immediate
      awakening or improvement of at least two steps in coma grading. In those 3
      patients, who failed to respond to Flumazenil, the history revealed amitriptyline
      or barbiturates to be responsible for the comatose state. The observed side
      effects of Flumazenil included increase (n = 4) or decrease (n = 3) of blood
      pressure, increase of heart rate (n = 7), cutaneous flush (n = 1) and ventricular
      extrasystoles (n = 1). Agitation and generalized convulsions, each observed in 1
      patient, presumably were due to an acute benzodiazepine-withdrawal rather than an
      intrinsic side effect of the antagonist. In conclusion, Flumazenil proved to be a
      potent antagonist of benzodiazepines in patients with severe coma and even may
      serve as a valuable diagnostic in cases of suspected benzodiazepine intoxication.

PMID- 2885980
TI  - Effects of antipsychotic drugs on cellular immunity in mice.

PMID- 2885979
TI  - Differential induction profile of drug-metabolizing enzymes after treatment with
      hypolipidaemic agents.
AB  - Various hypolipidaemic agents differentially induced microsomal drug-metabolizing
      enzymes. Clofibrate, clofibric acid, fenofibric acid and dulofibrate, which are
      mainly hypotriglyceridaemic, increased the content in cytochromes P-450 (77-185%
      over control), and especially cytochrome P-452-dependent lauric acid 12
      hydroxylation (5.6- to 8.4-fold increase). Bilirubin glucuronidation was 2.1- to
      2.8-fold stimulated; epoxide hydrolase activity (benzo(a)pyrene-oxide) was only
      slightly increased by the drugs. By contrast, F1379, which lowers plasma
      cholesterol only, did not change cytochromes P-450 content and slightly affected
      the 12-hydroxylation of lauric acid. It dramatically enhanced the epoxide
      hydrolase activity (7.6-fold), and increased (200%) the glucuronidation of planar
      group I substrates (4-nitrophenol, 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol). These
      effects were accompanied by a highly positive staining of gamma
      glutamyltransferase in the liver characterized by a great number of intensively
      coloured foci in the periportal and perilobular area of the tissue. Treatment of
      rats for three weeks with F1379 did not modify this typical profile in enzyme
      induction. Such continuous effect could reveal some biochemical changes of
      hepatocytes with important toxicological relevance. Compared to the parent
      compound, treatment of rats with two metabolites of F1379 led to a decrease in
      the induction potency on epoxide hydrolase and on the forms I of UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase; by contrast, the content in cytochromes P-450 was
      increased.

PMID- 2885981
TI  - Proposal for the mechanism of action of urocanase. Inference from the inhibition
      by 2-methylurocanate.
AB  - Incubation of urocanase with 2-methylurocanate leads, after an initial normal
      reaction, to a time dependent inactivation of the enzyme. It is suggested that a
      tautomeric form of the product, 2-methyl-imidazolone propionate, is the actual
      inhibitor. On the basis of these and of published experimental data a novel
      mechanism is proposed for the urocanase reaction. The crucial and initial step is
      the electrophilic addition of enzyme-bound NAD to the 2-position of the imidazole
      nucleus of urocanate.

PMID- 2885982
TI  - Involvement of cell envelope components in the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae:
      targets for cholera vaccine development.
AB  - Parenteral cholera vaccines have for some years been removed from the WHO
      recommendations. With a greater understanding of the immunology of gut infections
      has come the realization that oral vaccines are the most promising approach.
      There are several possible approaches: killed vaccines, attenuated Vibrio
      cholerae and true recombinants in which V. cholerae protective antigens are
      introduced into suitable carrier strains. This latter approach has perhaps
      greater potential as a carrier strain can be chosen/developed which most
      effectively stimulates the local immune response in the gut. This necessitates
      the identification of the important protective antigens. These antigens are
      thought to be components of the cell envelope which are involved in adhesion and
      colonization.

PMID- 2885983
TI  - [1986 SHSTF congress (Swedish Association for Health Care and Nursing
      Employees)].

PMID- 2885984
TI  - [Effect of inflammation on blood protein binding, pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics of drugs].

PMID- 2885985
TI  - [Clinical studies with salazopyrine--consequences and perspectives].
AB  - The efficiency of sulphasalazine (SASP) as a long-acting antirheumatic drug for
      rheumatoid arthritis is now well established by placebo-controlled studies and
      comparative trials with injectable gold and D-penicillamin. Early treatment
      effect and better tolerance suggest the use of SASP especially for early
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Severe and advanced disease, in which gold
      and/or D-penicillamin were not effective or toxic, may also be treated with SASP.
      Open questions are the effect on the radiological progression and the
      differential indication to antimalarials, oral gold and methotrexat. Positive
      results of two placebo-controlled studies in ankylosing spondylitis for the first
      time open the perspective of a long-acting antiphlogistic therapy in this
      disease. Further open trials observed promising treatment effects of SASP in
      reactive and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, future clinical studies
      have to establish indication, benefit-risk-relation and treatment modalities also
      in these rheumatic disorders.

PMID- 2885986
TI  - [Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine RA) versus aurothioglucose in therapy of chronic
      polyarthritis--status report of an open, comparative, multicenter long-term
      study].
AB  - In a current German multicenter comparative study a minimum of 2 X 58 patients
      with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) will be treated 36 weeks with sulfasalazine
      or aurothioglucose. The total time of observation will be 2 years. Up to
      September 1986 191 patients were recruited in the study, 81 patients divided into
      two treatment groups were treated for 36 weeks. A preliminary evaluation shows a
      significant reduction of the parameters of disease activity in both groups. In
      the sulfasalazine group favourable changes occur earlier than in the gold group.
      In comparison with gold sulfasalazine shows up to advantage concerning
      benefit/risk-ratio measured by the rate of side effects causing cessation of
      therapy and the rate of positive therapeutic response. On the basis of the
      preliminary data a comparison of grade and duration of ameliorations and of long
      term tolerance of the two treatment regimens is not possible.

PMID- 2885987
TI  - [Change in functional capacity and pain intensity of 81 cP patients treated with
      Azulfidine RA or aurothioglucose. Preliminary statistical assessment of the
      German multicenter study of the treatment of chronic polyarthritis with
      Azulfidine RA].
AB  - A 36 week treatment with either salazosulfapyridine or aurothioglucose on 81
      patients with definite and active rA, most of them from outpatient clinics, did
      not lead to significant differences in disability and pain intensity. Under both
      medications 40% were able to reach a statistically significant and clinically
      relevant improvement, while 25% remained in an unsatisfactory state.

PMID- 2885988
TI  - [Experiences in long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with sulfasalazine
      tablets].
AB  - To demonstrate the efficacy and compatibility of sulphasalazine as a long term
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, use of the substance (known in Britain as
      Salazopyrin EN and in Germany as Azulfidine RA) has been compared with that of
      intramuscular gold. Using very stringent and novel criteria for success--a
      patient must have no more than one swollen joint after a minimum of 2 years
      treatment, with less than 30 min of early morning stiffness and still be
      receiving the drug--the cumulative efficacy of each drug was very similar (32%
      with sulphasalazine vs 44% with gold). Toxic events leading to drug withdrawal,
      however, were twice as frequent with gold, and the type of toxic event
      encountered was considered to be potentially much more serious than those with
      sulphasalazine (96% of the toxic events on gold fell into the mucocutaneous,
      renal or haematological groups).

PMID- 2885989
TI  - [Therapy of seronegative oligoarthritis with salazopyrine].
AB  - In an open, controlled study we treated 55 patients suffering of psoriatic
      arthritis (PsA), 29 patients suffering of Bechterew's disease (MB) and 16
      patients with Reiter's syndrome with Salazopyrin at a daily dosage of 2000 mg. We
      monitored the following criteria of activity: duration of morning stiffness,
      joint index, global well being scored by the patient and erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate. All these criteria improved during the treatment; there was a
      profound improvement in the RS group, whereas the MB group showed only a slight
      improvement; the PsA group ended between this two extremes. The effect of the
      drug appeared between week 5 and 15 of treatment. 21% of all patients had to
      discontinue the treatment because of severe side effects; this figure correlates
      with the percentages given in the literature. Most of these side effects appeared
      from week 3 to week 7 of treatment; after week 15 none of the patients had to
      discontinue the medication of because of severe side effects.

PMID- 2885990
TI  - [Therapy of juvenile chronic arthritis with sulfasalazine].
AB  - Sulfasalazine was used as second line agent in 15 children with different forms
      of rheumatoid arthritis. In 9 cases amelioration could be achieved with respect
      to clinical symptoms as well as laboratory parameters. Thus, sulfasalazine can be
      recommended as basic medication also in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2885991
TI  - [Changes in the blood picture in sulfasalazine therapy of rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - Out of 160 patients with confirmed resp. classical rheumatoid arthritis,
      according to the ARA criteria, six patients under treatment with sulfasalazine
      granulocytopenias, in association with thrombocytopenia in one case, and with a
      decrease in erythrocytes in two cases, have been observed. Remarkably, in all six
      cases the relatively early hemogram alterations appear as soon as the start of
      therapy and prompt normalization of blood counts occurs after instant termination
      of sulfasalazine therapy. Possible mechanisms for the occurrence of these
      sulfasalazine-induced hematological complications are discussed. These
      observations, also described by other authors, should be a cause for more
      frequent blood count tests during sulfasalazine therapy, at least during the
      first 3 months on a weekly basis. Sulfasalazine represents an asset among the
      rather limited number of basic therapies available for chronic rheumatoid
      arthritis. Despite the fact that it is comparatively well tolerated, a close
      follow-up of the therapy, especially during the initial phases of treatment, is
      of utmost importance in order to seize upon these reversible hematological
      disorders at an early stage and thus avoid more serious complications.

PMID- 2885992
TI  - [Problems of selecting the reagent concentration in the solid-phase immunoenzyme
      method for determining antibody concentrations].
AB  - The problems of selecting the concentration of reagents with the aim of
      increasing the accuracy and sensitivity of reactions, as well as decreasing the
      consumption of reagents, are shown as exemplified by the antigen-antibody
      reaction of the first order. A new approach to the ELISA reaction is proposed,
      which makes it possible to present the totality of consecutive interactions of
      the reagents as block diagrams described by known mathematical expressions. The
      limitations of the linear dependence of the results of the reaction are shown,
      and the methodological recommendations for overcoming these limitations are
      given.

PMID- 2885993
TI  - [Apropos of a symposium on trends in genetics in Brazil held at the 4th meeting
      of Sao Paulo Geneticists (1985)].

PMID- 2885994
TI  - Primary role of glucagon release in the effect of beta-endorphin on glucose
      homeostasis in normal man.
AB  - The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of human beta-endorphin on
      pancreatic hormone levels and on glucose metabolism in normal subjects. Infusion
      of 143 nmol/h beta-endorphin in 7 subjects caused a significant rise in plasma
      glucose concentrations (+ 1.7 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) which was preceded by a significant
      increase in peripheral plasma glucagon levels (+ 44 +/- 13 ng/l). No changes
      occurred in the plasma concentrations of insulin and catecholamines (adrenaline
      and noradrenaline). The influence of beta-endorphin per se on glucose homeostasis
      was studied in 7 other subjects using the euglycaemic clamp technique in which
      the endocrine pancreatic function was fixed at its basal level with somatostatin
      together with replacement of basal insulin and glucagon by the exogenous infusion
      of these hormones. In this new metabolic conditions, beta-endorphin failed to
      have significant influences on the various parameters of tracer-estimated glucose
      metabolism (production, utilization, and clearance) and on the plasma levels of
      the gluconeogenic precursors (glycerol and alanine). Moreover, the levels of
      pancreatic and counterregulatory hormones (cortisol and catecholamines) were not
      different between beta-endorphin and control studies. We conclude that the
      naturally occurring opioid peptide beta-endorphin produced an hyperglycaemic
      effect in man which appears to be mediated by glucagon. The opioid seems to have
      no direct effect on glucose metabolism. These results suggest that the metabolic
      effects of beta-endorphin in normal man are secondary to its impact on pancreatic
      hormone secretion and not a consequence of a direct modulation of glucose
      metabolism.

PMID- 2885995
TI  - The effect of the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 on normal growth hormone
      secretion in the rat. A comparison with the effect of bromocriptine on normal
      prolactin secretion.
AB  - The somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 was recently shown to be effective in
      suppressing GH secretion and in causing tumour shrinkage in patients with GH
      secreting pituitary tumours. In this respect, the action of SMS 201-995 seems
      similar to that of the dopamine-agonist bromocriptine in patients with PRL
      secreting pituitary tumours. In the present study we compared the respective
      effects of SMS 201-995 and bromocriptine on normal rat GH and PRL release in vivo
      and in vitro. Both in vitro and in vivo, repeated administration of SMS for up
      till 6 days suppressed circulating GH concentrations, and the ability of the
      pituitary glands to release GH in vitro. A dose-dependent diminution occurred of
      the total pituitary GH content in rats treated in vivo with SMS 201-995 for 4-6
      days. During short-term in vitro incubation for only 4 h, the total amount of GH
      measured in the medium + gland was also diminished. Chronic administration with
      SMS 201-995 (2 micrograms/kg twice daily for 15 days), however, resulted in a
      complete desensitization of its inhibitory effect on GH synthesis and release. In
      similar experiments it was shown that the dopamine agonist bromocriptine affects
      normal PRL secretion in a different manner. Both in vitro (10 nmol/l) and in vivo
      administration for 6 days (0.2 mg/kg twice daily) greatly inhibited circulating
      PRL levels and the ability of the pituitary glands to release PRL in vitro. This
      is, however, in all instances accompanied by an accumulation of PRL within the
      pituitary gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2885996
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid dynorphin1-17 and beta-endorphin in late pregnancy and six
      months after delivery. No influence of acupuncture treatment.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of dynorphin A and beta-endorphin were measured
      by radioimmunoassay in 62 primiparae in term pregnancy before onset of labour. In
      50 of these women acupuncture (AP) treatment was given in an antenatal
      preparation procedure. In 15 of the AP-treated women, CSF samples were further
      obtained six months after delivery. Median values for dynorphin A were 7.5 pmol/l
      in AP-treated women and 6.4 pmol/l in non-treated controls. The puerperal median
      value for dynorphin A was 7.6 pmol/l. Median values for beta-endorphin were 7.1
      pmol/l in AP-treated women and 5.7 pmol/l in non-treated controls. The median
      beta-endorphin value after delivery was 7.3 pmol/l. There was no significant
      difference in CSF dynorphin A or beta-endorphin levels between the AP-treated
      women and non-treated controls in late pregnancy. Consequently, the present study
      does not support the theory of a positive influence on either the dynorphin or
      the beta-endorphin system by manual AP. Within subject comparisons of dynorphin-A
      and beta-endorphin failed to indicate any significant trend in samples obtained
      in late pregnancy and 6 months after delivery, and there was no increased
      activity in either the dynorphin or the beta-endorphin system in late pregnancy,
      as reflected by CSF levels.

PMID- 2885997
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia with inflated neurons of the cerebellar dentate nucleus. Case
      reports and morphometric study.
AB  - Four autopsied cases of tardive dyskinesia manifesting oral hyperkinesia revealed
      markedly inflated neurons in the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN), which had not
      been described previously. The inflation of the neurons was proved to be
      statistically significant (P less than 0.01) by morphometric study. The nuclei
      were usually situated in the central portion of the cytoplasm. This inflated
      change was different from both central chromatolysis and grumose degeneration of
      the DN, typically observed in progressive supranuclear palsy and
      dentatorubropallidolysian atrophy, and seemed to be easy to miss without careful
      observation, since neuronal loss and gliosis were very mild in the DN. Among a
      few autopsied cases of tardive dyskinesia reported previously, degeneration of
      the DN was described in only two. It is believed, however, that the inflated
      neurons of the DN may not be so rare and may be related to the occurrence of some
      involuntary hyperkinesia, especially oral hyperkinesia following some neurotoxic
      disorders and/or neuroleptic medications.

PMID- 2885998
TI  - Early loss of somatostatin neurons in dentate hilus after cerebral ischemia in
      the rat precedes CA-1 pyramidal cell loss.
AB  - Somatostatin (SS)- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-immunopositive cell somata in the
      rat hippocampus were quantitated at day 1, 2, 3 and 4 after cerebral ischemia. A
      significant (P less than 0.01) 60%-80% loss of hilar and CA-3c SS neurons took
      place. No CCK neurons were lost. Damage to SS neurons was significant on the
      second postischemic day and preceded the delayed loss of CA-1 neurons. We
      speculate that loss of SS neurons, which presumably innervate the inhibitory
      GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acid) interneurons, may induce hyperactivity
      stimulating the Ca-1 neurons to death.

PMID- 2885999
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli. IV. Extraintestinal E.
      coli infections before the age of one year and their relation to fecal
      colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli.
AB  - In two retrospective studies we have found outbreaks of E. coli pyelonephritis
      and septicemia to be due to nosocomial spread and fecal colonization with
      virulent E. coli strains in the neonatal ward of Danderyd Hospital. The incidence
      of extraintestinal E. coli infections before the age of one year was therefore
      prospectively studied in all children born at Danderyd Hospital during two and a
      half years (n = 7963). The number of infections was correlated to the previous
      fecal colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli. During this study we found no
      outbreaks of E. coli infections. The incidence of E. coli pyelonephritis before
      the age of one year was 0.6-0.7%, which we propose to be a baseline incidence.
      This corresponds well with the low incidence of fecal colonization with P
      fimbriated E. coli found among these children. Fecal colonization with P
      fimbriated E. coli during this non-epidemic period had no predictive value for
      the individual child for the later development of pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2886000
TI  - Nine months' subcutaneous therapy with synthetic growth hormone releasing factor
      in children with short stature.
AB  - The growth promoting potential of GRF(1-29)NH2 was studied in nine boys with
      short stature over three periods of 3 months. Their short stature was due to
      partial hGH deficiency/hGH neurosecretory dysfunction and was diagnosed by
      arginine and insulin stimulation tests and hGH nocturnal profiles. Four patients
      (Group I) were given GRF, 3-4 micrograms/kg s.c. b.d. during the first period of
      3 months, and after an interval of 1 month, the same dose once daily during the
      second treatment period of 3 months. Five patients (Group II) were given GRF, 3-4
      micrograms/kg s.c., once daily during the first and b.d. during the second 3
      months of therapy. After a second interval of 1 month without any GRF treatment,
      the third 3-month period for both groups consisted of one daily injection of GRF,
      8-10 micrograms/kg s.c. at 19.00 hours. Total body height and lower leg length
      were measured by stadiometry and knemometry, respectively. GRF intravenous bolus
      tests were performed in each patient following fasting, before and at the end of
      the first and second 3-month periods. Serum IGF-1 and urinary hydroxyproline
      excretion were determined monthly. Stadiometric growth rate, determined over the
      whole study period of 11 months including the treatment-free intervals, increased
      from 4.92 cm/year to 5.97 cm/year (p greater than 0.05). Mean knemometric growth
      rates increased from 0.28 mm/week before therapy, to 0.35 mm/week during the one
      injection/day period at low dose, to 0.39 mm/week (p less than 0.05) during the
      b.d. period, and to 0.40 mm/week during the last 3 months of high-dose GRF given
      once daily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886001
TI  - Comparative microcytometric analysis of European peripheral T-cell malignant
      lymphomas (EPTL) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphomas (ATLL) in Japan.
AB  - A simultaneous microcytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content and size was
      performed in 8 European peripheral T cell lymphomas (EPTL) and 8 adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphomas (ATLL), comparing their patterns on the nuclear density
      scattergram (NDS) of DNA content versus nuclear size. The intermingling
      lymphocytes with or without irregular-shaped nuclei in EPTL and ATLL were
      interpreted as stimulated reactive. Medium-sized cell-dominated T-zone lymphomas
      and ATLL pleomorphic medium-sized cell type showed two distribution patterns in
      the diploid range. The first was oblique zonal cluster (OZC) with the second high
      concentration in the middle part of it, suggesting mixed proliferation with
      stimulated reactive lymphocytes, and the second was the high concentration in the
      lower region of the NDS with some cells corresponding to the growth fraction. In
      large cell-dominated T-zone lymphomas and ATLL pleomorphic large cell type, the
      third decreasing pattern in the cell density from the lower part of the OZC to
      its upper part was found upto the hypertetraploid range. The wide distribution on
      DNS and giant cells with aneuploid high DNA content were found only in the
      pleomorphic large cell type and the pleomorphic medium-sized and large cell type
      of ATLL. The T-immunoblastic type of EPTL showed the third pattern and the
      pleomorphic large cell type of EPTL, characteristic in the clear cytoplasm,
      showed the second pattern.

PMID- 2886002
TI  - [Effects of phencyclidine on levels of dynorphin 1-17 and dynorphin 1-8
      immunoreactivities in various brain regions].

PMID- 2886003
TI  - [Effects of ohmefentanyl on the content of endorphin in pituitary and brain areas
      of rats].

PMID- 2886004
TI  - [Blocking action of berberine on alpha 2 and alpha 1 adrenoceptors in the rat vas
      deferens and anococcygeus muscle].

PMID- 2886005
TI  - [Blocking effect of puerarin on beta-adrenoceptors of isolated organs and the
      whole animal].

PMID- 2886006
TI  - [Postsynaptic alpha 2 adrenoceptors in coronary artery and its role in
      sympathetic induced vasoconstriction].

PMID- 2886007
TI  - [Effect of beta-adrenoceptor agonists on vascular smooth muscle contraction and
      transmitter release in the portal vein from spontaneously hypertensive rats].

PMID- 2886008
TI  - [Effect of monoamines on ACTH secretion by dispersed perfused cells from the
      adenohypophysis of barcino chico duck (Anas flavirostris)].
AB  - We have pursued with the characterization of ACTH secretagogues from the avian
      corticomelanotrophic (CM) cell, by testing the ACTH-releasing activity of various
      monoamines and related drugs, using an in vitro system which uses dispersed
      perfused duck pituitary cells. The substances used were: noradrenaline (NA),
      adrenaline (A), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), phenylephrine (Phe), and
      isoproterenol (IP). The responses obtained with the substances assayed were
      compared with those obtained with dilutions of duck median eminence extracts
      (DME). The order of "intrinsic activities" was: NA = A greater than Phe greater
      than IP greater than DA = 5-HT. The substances were tested within the range 10(
      9)-10(-4) M. All substances tested behaved as partial agonists with respect to
      DME. The "intrinsic activity" (Vmax) of the most potent agonists tested, A and
      NA, was 0.66 of that obtained with DME. It is concluded that in the duck, the CM
      cells secrete ACTH in response to A and NA (and other pharmacological substances)
      at doses which are compatible with a physiological role of those catecholamines
      acting directly upon the CM cell of the avian adenohypophysis. 5-HT and DA
      behaved as very weak agonists in stimulating ACTH release from duck CM cells in
      the system employed.

PMID- 2886009
TI  - Effects of adrenoceptor antagonists on vagally induced gastric and duodenal HCO3-
      secretions in the cat.
AB  - Experiments were performed on chloralosed cats with ligated adrenal glands. The
      cervical vagi were cut and arranged for electric stimulation. The gastric lumen
      was continuously perfused, and the secretions of H+ and HCO3- were calculated
      from pH/pCO2 measurements in the perfusate. Gastric motility was recorded as
      changes in hydrostatic pressure within the perfusion system. Mucosal HCO3-
      secretion into a duodenal segment, distal to the papilla of Vater and Brunners
      gland area, was titrated in situ by a pH-stat equipment. Animals pretreated with
      various adrenoceptor blockers or splanchnicotomy were compared with control
      animals with intact sympatho-adrenergic system. Basal gastric motor activity, H+
      and HCO3- secretions, as well as duodenal HCO3- secretion were not influenced by
      prazosin, propranolol or splanchnicotomy. Yohimbine increased significantly basal
      gastric HCO3- secretion, but did not influence basal gastric motor activity, H+
      secretion or duodenal HCO3- secretion. Vagal stimulation in yohimbine-treated or
      splanchnicotomized animals induced significantly larger gastric contractions,
      HCO3- secretory and duodenal HCO3- secretory responses than in the controls,
      whereas these responses to vagal stimulation were small in prazosin- or
      propranolol-treated animals. Vagally induced gastric H+ secretory responses were
      significantly larger in propranolol-treated animals than in controls, whereas
      prazosin-treated, yohimbine-treated or splanchnicotomized animals in this regard
      did not differ from the controls. The results suggest the existence of a
      sympathetic, probably alpha-2-adrenergic, inhibition of vagally induced gastric
      contractions as well as of the gastric and duodenal HCO3- secretions.

PMID- 2886010
TI  - Antrum participates in the postprandial augmentation of the acid response to
      exogenous gastrin in conscious cats.
AB  - A humoral mechanism, potentiating the maximal acid, but not the pepsin response
      to exogenous gastrin in cats, is activated by protein-rich food in the stomach or
      duodenum, but not in the jejunum. In the present study, the effect of an oral
      meat meal on the maximal acid response to pentagastrin was investigated in
      Heidenhain pouch (HP) cats, and in antrectomized HP cats with duodenal exclusion
      and gastrojejunostomy Rouxen-Y. Antrectomy and duodenal exclusion abolished the
      postprandial HP acid response, and feeding did not potentiate the acid response
      to pentagastrin. The finding suggests that the gastrin-potentiating mechanism in
      the stomach is localized in the antrum, and it cannot be demonstrated in the
      jejunum. The basal plasma levels of gastrin and somatostatin did not differ in
      antrectomized and non-antrectomized cats. Antrectomy and duodenal exclusion
      abolished the postprandial gastrin and somatostatin responses. The plasma
      somatostatin increase during pentagastrin infusion persisted after antrectomy and
      duodenal exclusion. It is concluded that the antrum is not mandatory for the
      basal plasma levels of gastrin and somatostatin, but the postprandial gastrin
      response is of antral origin and may release somatostatin. Pentagastrin infusion
      releases extra-antral somatostatin in cats.

PMID- 2886011
TI  - Influence of sodium deoxycholate on morphology, net fluid transport and motility
      in the small intestine of the rat.
AB  - Intestinal fluid secretion and motility were induced by luminal perfusion of rat
      small intestine with sodium deoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt for 1-3 h.
      Changes in intestinal morphology were studied simultaneously with the changes in
      fluid transport and motility. The results suggest that the bile salt causes
      epithelial lesions which may lead to a reduced fluid absorption in the villi,
      thereby explaining part of the total change in net fluid transport caused by the
      bile salt. Pyrilamine and indomethacin did not influence the bile salt-induced
      secretion. Based on earlier studies, it is proposed that the major part of the
      bile salt-evoked secretion is mediated via activation of intramural nervous
      reflex(es), which also stimulate the intestinal smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2886012
TI  - Verapamil in treatment of severe schizophrenia.

PMID- 2886013
TI  - Role of transglutaminase in proinsulin conversion and insulin release.

PMID- 2886014
TI  - Central stimulant abuse: neurochemistry and pharmacotherapy.
AB  - This paper reviews certain clinical and neurochemical aspects of cocaine abuse.
      Once entrenched patterns of addiction have developed, cocaine addicts suffer
      progressive financial, medical, psychiatric and psychosocial deterioration that
      results, to some extent, from cocaine-induced neurochemical alterations in the
      brain. While cocaine produces euphoria through its stimulatory effect on dopamine
      neurons, several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine depletion occurs after
      chronic cocaine abuse. The dopamine neurotransmitter system is therefore a
      natural starting point for understanding the biology of cocaine addiction and
      selecting suitable adjunctive pharmacological agents. Furthermore, the dopamine
      depletion hypothesis implies that cocaine is "physically" addictive and provides
      a biological framework for understanding this disease and refining present
      therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 2886015
TI  - Uses of gamma-glutamyltransferase in experimental toxicology.

PMID- 2886016
TI  - The conservative treatment of the fractures and dislocations of the extremities
      in children.
AB  - Both authors have dedicated most of their time since 1948 to the treatment of
      fractures in children. On the basis of their experience they are therefore
      submitting to the medical public those methods and results of the conservative
      treatment of fractures and dislocations in children which stood the test of time.
      The experiences of both authors as well as successful therapeutic methods of
      other surgeons are discussed in this book. Differences are stated between
      fractures in adults and in children which may be attributed to the growth factor
      of children's bones and their enormous biological drive. These factors will play
      their part in correcting certain displaced fractures by re-moulding, fractures
      which in an adult would have to be perfectly reduced unless a permanent deformity
      should ensue associated with subsequent impairment of function to the injured
      limb. The authors are stating which displaced angulations and side to side
      displacements in a fracture may be left and which must be repaired under all
      circumstances and why, if conservative treatment fails, surgery has to be
      performed. Sideways and longitudinally displaced fractures, especially
      metaphysial ones do not warrant a perfect reduction. Rotational displacements
      must be corrected every time even in very small infants e.g. in newborn babies.
      Age plays an important part in the healing of fractures. Moulding and union of a
      fracture will be most rapid in newborn babies and infants while in fractures of
      adolescents a similar procedure has to be adopted as in fractures of adults.
      Special problems of epiphysiolyses and epiphysial fractures are discussed
      emphasizing that conservative treatment may be unsuccessful in epiphysiolyses
      Salter-Harris type III and IV and surgical intervention may be indicated.
      Fractures of upper and lower limbs are dealt with in detail while paying special
      attention to obstetrical fractures. Fractures round the elbow are treated in a
      similar manner, they will frequently heal in angulation of the upper limb and may
      cause nerve injuries and ischaemic changes of the forearm. Special attention is
      being paid to the longitudinal overgrowth of fractures of the femoral diaphysis
      associated with the sequelae of the treatment of these very serious injuries to
      newborn babies and infants as well as to toddlers and older children.

PMID- 2886018
TI  - Haemagglutinating and hydrophobic properties of Corynebacterium (Eubacterium)
      suis.

PMID- 2886017
TI  - Blood vessel ontogeny in upper extremity of man as related to developing muscles.
AB  - Vascular bed and its relationship to differentiating muscular tissue was studied
      in a set of 104 upper limbs of human embryos and foetuses, gradually increasing
      from 10 to 120 mm C-R length. Knowledge obtained on the ontogeny of vascular bed
      was supplemented by findings in 75 limbs of adults treated by preparation
      technique. Embryonic and foetal material was treated histochemically a--to
      demonstrate vascular bed reaction for alkaline phosphatase (AP), ATPase, and
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV), b--to study differentiating muscular tissue for
      enzyme--ATPase and tetrazoliumreductase (NaDH2, c--to distinguish muscular tissue
      elements with toluidine blue staining for degree of maturity. Observations
      concerned several items, namely a--the ontogeny of main arterial trunks in the
      forearm and hand, b--muscle fibre type differentiation in antebrachial muscular
      primordia, c--formation of vascular bed as related to differentiating muscular
      tissue in the forearm and hand. Therefore our results are grouped as follows: ad
      a--Arterial trunks differentiate along with other limb structures in 12-18 mm C-R
      length embryos. Thus in embryos above 18 mm C-R length antebrachial and hand
      trunks are fully formed. Vascular trunks differentiate from deep vascular network
      via gradual reduction and magistralization in conformity with the general laws of
      haemodynamics. All arterial trunks forming in the limb during the ontogeny branch
      off the original axial artery in regio cubiti. In a. radialis trunk it has been
      ascertained that this blood vessel does not originate from a. brachialis
      superficialis, as generally reported, but its formation conforms to the same
      general principles as blood vessel trunks. So it branches off the original axial
      artery, as other trunks do. A. mediana formed during vascular trunks
      differentiation later in the ontogeny does not obliterate but changes into the
      constant a. comitans n. mediani. ad b--First involved in differentiation in
      antebrachial muscular primordia are the "fast" type fibres (according to Peter et
      al., 1972) (fast glycolytic-FG-type fibres followed by fast oxidative glycolytic
      FOG-type fibres) in 27-30 mm C-R length embryos. "Slow" type fibres (slow
      oxidative-SO-type fibres) may not be demonstrated histochemically in antebrachial
      muscles earlier than 45 mm C-R length foetuses. The maturity of muscular elements
      may be demonstrated by staining with toluidine blue on cytoplasm basophilia of
      cells. Sarcolytic myotubes in muscular primordia histochemically display typical
      features which distinguish them markedly from other differentiating muscle
      fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2886019
TI  - Liposome encapsulated subunit (VP1) and virion vaccines against foot-and-mouth
      disease.
AB  - Subunit vaccine prepared from VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)
      types 0 and Asia 1 protected guinea pigs against FMD and also induced high levels
      of antibody. Liposomes have been used as a safe and potent immunological adjuvant
      for FMD vaccines. Vaccines prepared from inactivated virus types 0 and Asia 1
      encapsulated in liposomes protected guinea pigs against challenge with homologous
      virus and showed good antibody response in pigs on a small scale field trial.

PMID- 2886020
TI  - Hepatitis B surface antigen/IgM complexes: relation to receptors for polymerized
      human serum albumin, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase activity and HBV
      markers.
AB  - The presence and the level of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)/IgM complexes
      were determined in 54 chronic HBsAg carriers in relation to receptors for
      polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA-R) tested by specific radioimmunoassay, and
      to hepatitis B virus-DNA polymerase (HBV-DNAp). HBsAg/IgM complexes, correlated
      significantly with the HBsAg concentration but, at a similar HBsAg concentration,
      significant highest values of HBsAg/IgM complexes were found among HBeAg positive
      patients. In addition, a significant correlation was found between HBsAg/IgM
      complex levels, HBeAg titres and HBV-DNAp activity (r = 0.628, p less than 0.001
      and r = 0.559, p less than 0.001, respectively). Moreover, a positive linear
      correlation was found when comparing HBsAg/IgM complexes and pHSA-R levels (r =
      0.848, p less than 0.001). Patients who were positive for HBsAg/IgM complexes had
      a significantly higher glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) level than those who
      did not show any complexes. In conclusion, HBsAg/IgM complexes seemed to be
      indirectly related to HBV replication.

PMID- 2886021
TI  - Rapid method for the detection of synergism in combinations of antiviral
      substances.
AB  - The plaque inhibition method was modified in order to evaluate the effectiveness
      of various combinations of antiviral substances. One substance (A) diffuses from
      the centre of cell culture, the other (B) is incorporated into the agar overlay
      at subinhibitory concentration. The inhibitory effect of the combination (A + B)
      is demonstrated by the increase in size of the inhibitory zone in comparison with
      the control inhibitory zone produced by the substance A alone. The ratio of the
      diameter of the inhibitory zone with substance combination (A + B) to the
      diameter of single drug control zone (substance A) serves as index DI (degree of
      interaction). Quantitative evaluation of the degree of potentiation using
      isobolograms showed that DI greater than 1.5 indicate a synergistic effect of the
      respective combinations. This inexpensive method can serve for rapid selection of
      suitable combinations out of number of substances. Model experiments were
      performed with combinations of selected inhibitors of virus replication.

PMID- 2886022
TI  - Serological relationship among ten strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus.
AB  - Ten strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were studied serologically
      by cross-neutralization test using rabbit and chicken immune sera. With the
      chicken sera all 10 IBV strains were antigenically related. In particular, anti
      KH serum neutralized all heterologous strains except of the Ishida strain; Nerima
      strain was neutralized by all antisera except of anti-Ishida serum. Most cross
      reactions were less or more heterologous, thus all 10 IBV strains seemed to
      belong to one serological type. Using rabbit sera, all strains except of
      Connecticut A-5968, cross-reacted with certain other strains. Most cross
      reactions were partially heterologous showing one-way-relationship; heterologous
      relations were observed less frequently than with chicken sera.

PMID- 2886023
TI  - Differentiation between two African arenaviruses (Lassa and Mozambique) by plaque
      assay.
AB  - The biological characteristics of Lassa and Mozambique viruses were compared by
      plaque assay. Both viruses produced plaques under the same conditions, however,
      Lassa virus plaques measured on average 2 mm in diameter being twice as large as
      the Mozambique virus plaques. By plaque reduction tests, cross protection was
      demonstrated between both viruses showing that Lassa and Mozambique viruses are
      distinct but related.

PMID- 2886024
TI  - Antigenic variation of the viruses belonging to the tick-borne encephalitis
      complex as revealed by human convalescent serum and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used for the detection of
      antigenic relationships and/or differences among the viruses belonging to the
      tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex. Monoclonal antibodies of IgM class with
      haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to the Skalica strain of TBE virus were
      used to compare the TBE complex viruses. Antigenic analysis of 9 viruses of the
      TBE complex, isolated from Eurasia and America showed close relationships among
      them. Nevertheless, it was possible to differentiate the Skalica strain from
      Langat, louping-ill and Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) viruses by ELISA when
      monoclonal antibodies and antigens were diluted 1:10,000. Monoclonal antibodies
      to the Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus did not react with the Skalica
      strain in immunofluorescence test. By the use of convalescent serum no reaction
      was found with louping-ill, Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Powassan and OHF
      viruses in haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test.

PMID- 2886025
TI  - Antigenicity of chloroform-methanol-treated Coxiella burnetii preparations.
AB  - Phase I Coxiella burnetii (C.b.) cells untreated (Cb I) or treated with
      chloroform-methanol (CM) mixture (Cb I-CM) were compared as to their capacity to
      induce antibodies in laboratory animals and cattle, their ability to elicit
      delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in mice and rabbits and protective
      effect in mice. In all animal species (mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, cattle)
      tested, the same doses of Cb I-CM cells induced lower levels of both phase I and
      phase II microagglutinating (MA) antibodies than Cb I cells at different
      intervals post-immunization (p.i.). Though for elicitation of DTH reaction in
      rabbits immunized with different C.b. preparations lower doses of Cb I than of Cb
      I-C M cells were necessary, C.b. cells caused inflammatory reaction at lower
      doses also in control rabbits. In mice immunized with Cb I and Cb I-CM cells, but
      not with trichloracetic acid extract (TCAE) from intact Cb I cells, DTH reaction
      was elicited by the same doses of Cb I and Cb I-CM cells. Higher immunizing doses
      of Cb I-CM than of Cb I cells were required, however, to induce DTH reaction (as
      tested by TCAE) as well as protection to phase I virulent challenge. TCAE from
      intact Cb I cells was protective in mice also at lower doses than TCAE from Cb I
      CM cells (TCAE-CM). In humans who suffered from Q fever one year ago, higher
      proportion of positive skin test (ST) reactions and antibody recalls with higher
      mean geometric titres (MGT) of phase II MA antibodies was noticed following
      intradermal administration of TCAE than of TCAE-CM. When humans with no evidence
      of Q fever in past were vaccinated with TCAE or TCAE-CM, the former preparation
      not only caused higher proportion of both local and general post-vaccination
      reactions, but also of phase II MA antibody response and positive ST reactions as
      tested by TCAE 3 months post-vaccination in addition to higher proportion of
      phase II MA antibody recalls.

PMID- 2886026
TI  - Studies of the major DNA binding proteins of two bovine herpes mammillitis virus
      isolates.
AB  - Antigenic cross-reaction of the DNA-binding protein between herpes simplex virus
      type 2 (HSV-2) and two bovine herpes mammillitis virus (BHMV) isolates (BHM-1 and
      BHMV CSIRO 290) was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Southern blot
      analysis showed a region of homology between HSV-2 BglII O DNA (coding for the
      HSV-2 major DNA-binding protein) and BHMV XbaI DNA fragment N, suggesting a
      similar gene map unit position on both genomes.

PMID- 2886027
TI  - Identification of continuous green monkey spleen cell line 455.
AB  - Green monkey spleen continuous cell line 455 has been identified by karyologic
      analysis, by isoenzyme characteristics and electron microscopy. It has been shown
      that the line 455 consists of green monkey cells; it is not contaminated by other
      cells from the green monkey, or by other animal or human cells.

PMID- 2886028
TI  - Fusion of erythrocytes by Newcastle disease virus.
AB  - Newcastle disease virus-induced fusion of chick embryo (CE) and chicken
      erythrocytes has been studied at the ph range between 5.5 and 8.0. The highest
      degree of fusion of CE erythrocytes was observed at pH 5.5, whereas the chicken
      erythrocytes fused at pH 5.5-6.0 only. Freezing and thawing of low-haemolytic
      virus preparation increased its erythrocyte fusion activity. Ammonium chloride
      did not cause a statistically significant effect on the multiplication of virus
      preparations expressing different haemolysis and erythrocyte fusion activity.

PMID- 2886029
TI  - Partial characterization of a Hantavirus isolated from a Clethrionomys glareolus
      captured in Belgium.
AB  - A Hantavirus was isolated in Vero-E6 cells from lungs of a free living bank vole
      (Clethrionomys glareolus) captured in Turnhout, Province of Antwerp--Northern
      part of Belgium. With help of monoclonal antibodies the Belgian Hantavirus
      isolate could be clearly differentiated from Hantaan virus strain 76-118,
      Prospect Hill virus strain PH1 and SR11, a Hantavirus isolated from laboratory
      Wistar rat in Japan, but not from the nephropathia epidemica virus strain
      Hallnas.

PMID- 2886030
TI  - Loss of infectivity of red clover mottle virus by lysolecithin.
AB  - 2-0-hexadecyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC) 1 mmol/l solution reduced the
      infectivity of red clover mottle virus (RCMV) by over 90%. The binding of GPC
      molecules to RCMV particles was investigated with 1H-nmr spectroscopy, which
      showed a striking interaction between virus particles and GPC molecules. In 10
      mmol/l GPC solution each virus particle bound about 10(3) GPC molecules.

PMID- 2886031
TI  - Study of avian adenovirus DNA infectivity in chick embryos.
AB  - Inoculation of CELO adenovirus deproteinized DNA into the allantoic cavity of 9
      day-old chick embryos (CE) induced the synthesis of infectious viral particles.
      The produced virions appeared to be identical with CELO adenovirions in terms of
      morphology, electrophoretic and immunochemical properties of hexon major capsid
      protein and also of DNA dot-hybridization. High infectivity of CELO DNA (minimal
      infective dose equaled 40 ng) may be also related, at least in part, to the
      absence of deoxyribonuclease activity in the allantoic fluid (AF).

PMID- 2886032
TI  - ELISA for total IgE and IgG detection in rat serum. Changes with immunization or
      adjuvants.
AB  - Total IgE and IgG serum levels were measured in rats treated with egg albumin
      (EA), Bordetella pertussis (Bp) and aluminium hydroxide gel (alum), and in rats
      administered with Bordetella pertussis or alum alone. Two ELISA micromethods have
      been developed to measure IgE and IgG changes. Immunoglobulin serum levels were
      evaluated 14 days after immunization. The highest IgE levels were obtained after
      sensitization with EA suspended in alum s.c. and administered with Bp i.p. The
      IgE production induced by Bp alone was significantly lower than that of the
      former. The IgE concentrations from alum treated group were the same as those
      obtained in the untreated animals. IgG serum levels remained unchanged in the
      different immunization procedures assayed.

PMID- 2886033
TI  - Outpatient management of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2886034
TI  - Antianginal drug therapy for silent myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2886035
TI  - Observations on increased susceptibility to coronary artery vasospasm during beta
      blockade.

PMID- 2886036
TI  - The 1980s: a patient-specific therapeutic approach in hypertension.
AB  - The conventional "stepped-care" approach to the treatment of hypertension
      deserves revision. Rational therapy considers a variety of factors to obtain
      maximum efficacy, safety, tolerability, compliance, and neutralization of neural
      tone for the prevention of sudden death. The patient's age, gender, race,
      behavior profile, hemodynamic and neurohumoral status (plasma renin activity,
      norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio), and quality of life will help determine the
      choice of antihypertensive agent. Concomitant risk factors (smoking, obesity,
      diabetes, hypercholesterolemia), the presence of sequelae (left ventricular
      hypertrophy and/or failure, renal failure), and the existence of other disorders
      (mitral valve prolapse, depression, anxiety) must also be considered when
      initiating treatment. In addition, the cost of ancillary expenses (laboratory
      tests, hospitalizations, and emergency room visits) must be weighed against the
      potential benefits of therapy. Beta blockers are effective, well tolerated, and
      versatile for the treatment of concomitant cardiovascular disorders and as
      behavior modifiers. Calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitors also show promise and merit consideration as therapy for specific
      groups of hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2886037
TI  - Quality of life after myocardial infarction.
AB  - The long-term physical and psychologic well-being of patients who have sustained
      a myocardial infarction is dependent on skilled care during the first hours.
      Although the immediate preservation of life is the first priority, the relief of
      symptoms and anxiety and the protection of the myocardium are of short- and long
      term importance not only to the quantity but also to the quality of life. Pain
      relief, particularly in the prehospital phase, is often inadequate. Fear,
      triggered by pain, may be aggravated by the environment; aggressive (and often
      unnecessary) measures and the inhuman use of technology may interfere with
      personal care. Intensive observation is essential for the control of dangerous
      arrhythmias; the early use of fibrinolytic agents and beta blockers limits the
      extent of myocardial damage and reduces mortality. The effectiveness of therapy
      for cardiac failure and shock is questionable. The value of invasive monitoring
      and of inotropic drugs is uncertain, although the relief of symptoms by diuretic
      agents and vasodilator drugs is not in doubt. Success in the management of
      myocardial infarction depends on a highly individualized approach.

PMID- 2886038
TI  - Use of beta blockers in postinfarct prophylaxis: aspects on quality of life.
AB  - The value of beta blockade after myocardial infarction is extremely well
      documented. Close to 50 randomized trials have been performed, involving about
      40,000 patients with short- or long-term follow-up. Over 20,000 patients have
      been included in more than 20 placebo-controlled trials with a follow-up period
      of 3 months or more. In long-term follow-up studies, about 1 to 2 weeks to 1 year
      after myocardial infarction, mortality was reduced by 21% and reinfarction by 24%
      (about 20,000 patients in 24 trials). The trial medication was withdrawn in about
      20% in both placebo and beta-blocker groups in the major trials. In addition to
      reduction of mortality and reinfarction rate, benefits have clearly been
      demonstrated on severity of chest pain, arrhythmias, and other
      thromboatherosclerotic complications, as well as on readmissions. Significantly
      more patients experienced congestive heart failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and
      cold hands with beta-blocker treatment, whereas no clear-cut difference was found
      for atrioventricular block, bronchial constriction, and intermittent
      claudication. Some studies have reported more tiredness, depression, and
      gastrointestinal disturbances. In the Stockholm metoprolol trial, analyses on
      quality of life have been performed. In this trial, 3 years of metoprolol
      treatment after myocardial infarction resulted in a prolongation of both survival
      and time spent completely asymptomatic, as well as in an optimal functional
      state. Furthermore, less time was spent disabled after serious atherosclerotic
      complications. Long-term beta blockade after myocardial infarction reduces
      mortality and morbidity but causes adverse reactions in some patients. With
      proper selection of patients and type and dosage of beta blocker, survival
      without atherosclerotic complications and side effects can be prolonged.

PMID- 2886039
TI  - Ischemic heart disease: a patient-specific therapeutic approach with emphasis on
      quality of life considerations.
AB  - Advantages and disadvantages of the various therapies for stable angina are
      considered with particular attention to quality of life. Advantages of coronary
      artery bypass surgery (CABS), apart from the question of survival, include less
      angina, less activity limitation, and less need for drugs than with medical
      treatment. However, data from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) and others
      show that there is no difference between medical and surgical therapy in return
      to work and in need for subsequent hospitalization. In CABS patients, there is
      also predictable return of angina, substantial late vein graft occlusion, and
      possibly increased progression of native coronary artery disease in grafted
      vessels. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has advantages
      similar to those of CABS, with very low initial mortality and major complication
      rates, minimal discomfort, very short disability period, and moderate cost. Its
      major disadvantages are a high short-term reocclusion rate and uncertain long
      term outcome. Beta blockers provide good control of angina, have additional
      antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic effects, and may be beneficial in preventing
      sudden cardiac (arrhythmic) death and limiting myocardial infarct size, should
      these events supervene in the patient with angina. Disadvantages of beta blockers
      involve the occasional major side effects, including potential exacerbation of
      bronchospasm, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), diabetes, congestive heart
      failure and bradyarrhythmia, and frequent "nuisance" side effects. Calcium
      blockers control both exercise and rest angina and pose no problem in patients
      with bronchoconstriction, PVD, or diabetes. Disadvantages include need for
      frequent dosage, cost, and side effects. Long-acting nitrates have few major side
      effects and usually transient minor side effects, with little effect on quality
      of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886041
TI  - Comparison of morphologic changes and luminal sizes of saphenous vein and
      internal mammary artery after simultaneous implantation for coronary arterial
      bypass grafting.

PMID- 2886040
TI  - Color Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the change in the mitral
      regurgitant volume.
AB  - We studied the possibility that a mitral regurgitant Doppler signal area on a two
      dimensional color Doppler echocardiogram can reflect changes in mitral
      regurgitant volume in 24 patients with several types of mitral regurgitation. In
      20 patients, mitral regurgitant Doppler signal areas were clear enough to
      measure. Injections of phenylephrine were given to these patients during the
      recording of the mitral regurgitant Doppler signal area in the same views and
      with the same Doppler gains. The mitral regurgitant Doppler signal area, blood
      pressure, and heart rate were measured before and after phenylephrine
      provocation. In addition, inhalation of amyl nitrite was performed during the
      recording of the mitral regurgitant Doppler signal area in the same way.
      Injection of phenylephrine resulted in an increase in the mitral regurgitant
      Doppler signal area accompanied by an increase in blood pressure and a decrease
      in heart rate. On the other hand, inhalation of amyl nitrite resulted in a
      decrease in the mitral regurgitant Doppler signal area, a decrease in blood
      pressure, and an increase in heart rate. A positive correlation between the
      change in blood pressure and that in the mitral regurgitant Doppler signal area
      was observed. In conclusion, two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography may
      be useful in the assessment of the acute change in regurgitant volume in the
      patient with mitral regurgitation.

PMID- 2886042
TI  - Usefulness of low-level exercise testing early after acute myocardial infarction
      in patients taking beta-blocking agents.
AB  - The value of low-level exercise testing early after acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI) in 207 patients taking beta-blocking drugs was evaluated in a multicenter
      study of prognosis after AMI. After stratifying patients according to the absence
      of significant rales upon admission or pulmonary congestion on the admitting
      chest x-ray, the results of the exercise test (ability to complete the 9-minute
      protocol) permitted a large cohort (108 patients, 52% of exercising patients)
      with no deaths from cardiac causes in the year after AMI to be identified. The
      results suggest that even in patients taking beta-blocking agents, low-level
      exercise testing together with clinical stratification has value in identifying a
      large group of patients with a good prognosis after AMI.

PMID- 2886043
TI  - The relationship of secretin and somatostatin levels in plasma to glucose
      administration and acid secretion during fasting.
AB  - The concentrations of secretin and somatostatin in plasma were measured in 10
      healthy subjects during a 4-day fast. The fast induced increased concentrations
      of plasma secretin (from 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 9.5 +/- 2.3 pmol/l) and somatostatin
      (from 5.2 +/- 1.5 to 8.6 +/- 1.7 pmol/l). Gastric aspiration for 1 h suppressed
      the high concentrations of secretin by 46% and somatostatin by 27%. The
      intravenous infusion of glucose reduced the plasma secretin even further by 88%;
      the decrease in somatostatin was not statistically significant. The study shows
      that gastric aspiration and/or glucose infusion suppressed the high plasma
      concentration of secretin and that factors other than hyperchlorhydria must be
      involved in the hypersecretinemia seen during starvation. The elevated plasma
      somatostatin concentration seen during starvation may be a consequence of
      increased acid secretion.

PMID- 2886044
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1, with pancreatic cholera.
AB  - A 20-yr-old black woman presented in 1969 with headache, amenorrhea,
      hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadotropism, hypogonadism, and hypercalcemia due to a
      chromophobe adenoma. She received 5000 rads to the sella. One year later she was
      found to have hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid adenoma and three and a half
      glands were removed. Thirteen years later she presented with 3 months of profuse
      watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis,
      and a normal anion gap. A vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor of
      the pancreas was found and successfully removed, after which hypercalcemia
      resolved. This is an unusual case of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome,
      type 1, being associated with a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-oma and
      pancreatic cholera.

PMID- 2886045
TI  - The glomerular and tubular actions of angiotensin II.
AB  - Evidence has accumulated that angiotensin II (AII) exerts multiple influences
      upon renal function through effects on vascular, glomerular, and tubular
      structures. Infusion of AII alters glomerular ultrafiltration by decreasing
      nephron plasma flow, increasing glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PG)
      and the hydrostatic pressure gradient (delta P) due to increases in both afferent
      and efferent arteriolar vascular resistance, and effecting a reduction in the
      glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA), the product of glomerular membrane
      hydraulic conductivity and effective surface area for ultrafiltration.
      Spontaneous increases in intrarenal AII generation, such as observed in chronic
      NaCl depletion, also produce reductions in nephron plasma flow, increases in
      delta P, and major reductions in LpA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and
      saralasin administration prevent these alterations in plasma flow, delta P, and
      LpA. These AII-induced alterations in LpA may be mediated by AII effects upon the
      glomerular mesangial cell since AII receptors are expressed and this cell
      contracts in vitro in the presence of AII. Multiple studies have shown a positive
      effect of AII (approximately 10(-11) mol/L) on proximal tubular reabsorption, an
      effect independent of AII effects on peritubular physical factors. These AII
      effects upon the proximal tubule are clearly independent of interaction with
      adrenergic influences. AII also influences other mesangial cell functions such as
      uptake of macromolecules from the circulation. AII also exerts effects by
      influencing the functional expression of renal adrenergic activity, as
      demonstrated by studies with renal nerve stimulation in the presence and absence
      of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and saralasin. Inhibition of AII
      activity also clearly suppresses tubuloglomerular activity and the PG response to
      alterations in distal tubular flow rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886046
TI  - Special uses for captopril.
AB  - Plasma renin activity (PRA) is markedly increased by captopril. There is not
      enough separation between the changes in PRA of patients with renal artery
      stenosis (RAS) to separate them reliably from those with essential hypertension.
      A minimal response may suggest primary aldosteronism. Captopril does increase the
      ratio of PRA in the venous blood from a kidney with RAS to that of the
      contralateral kidney. Captopril, 25 to 50 mg orally, given before renal vein PRA
      sampling will increase the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Treatment
      with current antihypertensive drugs need not be discontinued. Scleroderma renal
      crisis (SRC) used to be uniformly lethal within a few months. Modern, aggressive
      antihypertensive therapy has made survival of 2 or more years common. Not all
      patients respond, and some progress to renal failure despite good BP control.
      Captopril has been used with success in some patients with idiopathic edema. In
      conclusion, captopril markedly enhances the accuracy of renal vein renin assay
      for the diagnosis of RAS and is of major value in the treatment of SRC.

PMID- 2886048
TI  - Linkage and genetic counselling for the fragile X using DNA probes 52A, F9, DX13,
      and ST14.
AB  - Linkage data using the markers DXS51, F9, DXS15, and DXS52 are presented from 14
      pedigrees segregating with the fragile X. Cytogenetic and DNA data were combined
      by two- or three-point linkage analysis for estimation of lod scores and carrier
      probabilities in potential carriers. Recombination frequencies (theta)
      corresponding to maximum z scores (zeta) were obtained for DXS51 (zeta = 3.45,
      theta = 0.0), DXS15 (zeta = 0.40, theta = 0.06), F9 (zeta = 3.15, theta = 0.09),
      and DXS52 (zeta = 3.60, theta = 0.11) with the fragile X. Considerable
      alterations to carrier probabilities occurred in some cases, especially when
      flanking markers were informative. The chance of mentally impaired offspring was
      reduced to 1% for five of eight women with prior carrier probabilities of 32%.
      Three pedigrees were identified in which mutation had possibly occurred. An
      alternative explanation for two of these was inheritance of the fragile X from
      normal males and for the other inheritance from a clinically normal woman.
      Probabilities were computed for each of these alternatives.

PMID- 2886047
TI  - Human homeo box-containing genes located at chromosome regions 2q31----2q37 and
      12q12----12q13.
AB  - Four human homeo box-containing cDNAs isolated from mRNA of an SV40-transformed
      human fibroblast cell line have been regionally localized on the human gene map.
      One cDNA clone, c10, was found to be nearly identical to the previously mapped
      Hox-2.1 gene at 17q21. A second cDNA clone, c1, which is 87% homologous to Hox
      2.2 at the nucleotide level but is distinct from Hox-2.1 and Hox-2.2, also maps
      to this region of human chromosome 17 and is probably another member of the Hox-2
      cluster of homeo box-containing genes. The third cDNA clone, c8, in which the
      homeo box is approximately 84% homologous to the mouse Hox-1.1 homeo box region
      on mouse chromosome 6, maps to chromosome region 12q12----12q13, a region that is
      involved in chromosome abnormalities in human seminomas and teratomas. The fourth
      cDNA clone, c13, whose homeo box is approximately 73% homologous to the Hox-2.2
      homeo box sequence, is located at chromosome region 2q31----q37. The human homeo
      box-containing cluster of genes at chromosome region 17q21 is the human cognate
      of the mouse homeo box-containing gene cluster on mouse chromosome 11. Other
      mouse homeo box-containing genes of the Antennapedia class (class I) map to mouse
      chromosomes 6 (Hox-1, proximal to the IgK locus) and 15 (Hox-3). A mouse gene, En
      1, with an engrailed-like homeo box (class II) and flanking region maps to mouse
      chromosome 1 (near the dominant hemimelia gene). Neither of the class I homeo box
      containing genes--c8 and c13--maps to a region of obvious homology to chromosomal
      positions of the presently known mouse homeo box-containing genes.

PMID- 2886049
TI  - Fc-receptor function of the mononuclear phagocyte system in glomerulonephritis
      secondary to some multisystem diseases.
AB  - The Fc-receptor function of the mononuclear phagocyte system was examined in 30
      patients affected by multisystem diseases with glomerular involvement by
      measuring the immune clearance of IgG-sensitized autologous red blood cells in
      vivo and the immune phagocytosis of monocytes in vitro. Patients studied in the
      phase of clinically active renal disease showed a significantly reduced Fc
      receptor function by both in vivo (p less than 0.001) and in vitro (p = 0.003)
      assays, as compared to those studied during an inactive phase. Though the nature
      of the defect remains uncertain, it appears to be related to the active phase of
      the renal disease as also confirmed by the analysis of individual cases studied
      longitudinally.

PMID- 2886052
TI  - Spare receptors, partial agonists, and ternary complex model of drug action.
AB  - The occurrence of spare receptors and partial agonists for smooth muscle
      contractions mediated by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors can be accounted for with a
      ternary complex model of drug action presented here. In this model, receptor
      ligand complexes are assumed to be inactive until the complex binds to an
      activating protein. Contractile responses are assumed to be proportional to the
      concentration of ternary complex (receptor-ligand-activator) regardless of the
      ligand involved. Antagonists are unable to form the ternary complex. Spare
      receptors are present as the inactive receptor-ligand complex. Such a model is
      shown to fit already published data on membrane binding of alpha 1-adrenergic
      agonists as well as contractile responses to the agonist. Schild plots are
      expected to resemble those of a single-site model of drug action. The double
      reciprocal plots of receptor-inactivation studies will display only a slight
      curvature as may be seen in previously published articles. Partial agonists may
      have 50% response doses lowe or higher than full agonists. The hypothesis that
      ternary complexes are formed with alpha 1-receptors could be tested more
      critically with receptor-inactivation studies using both antagonists and
      agonists. Partial inactivation of receptor and activator protein should reduce
      the binding of antagonist without altering the concentration needed to bind to
      50% of the receptors. On the other hand, the concentration of agonist required to
      displace 50% of a bound antagonist is expected to increase. The proposal that
      contractile responses are proportional to the ternary complex concentration could
      be tested by fitting the ternary complex model to the data from studies of
      contractions induced by partial agonists as well as full agonists.

PMID- 2886051
TI  - Prevention of alpha 2-adrenergic inhibition on ADH action by pertussis toxin in
      rabbit CCT.
AB  - The present studies were performed to investigate the mechanism whereby alpha 2
      adrenergic receptor occupancy inhibits the hydrosmotic action of antidiuretic
      hormone (ADH) in isolated cortical collecting tubules (CCT). The ADH
      ribosyltransferase activity of pertussis toxin (PT) was used to promote covalent
      modification in CCT Ni, the inhibitory regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase,
      which presumably mediates the alpha 2-adrenergic inhibition of water flow.
      Tubules preincubated with PT were studied after the addition of ADH and then
      after the superimposition of clonidine. In these studies, the inhibition of Jv
      (water absorption, nl X mm-1 X min-1) and Pf (water permeability coefficient,
      cm/s), by the addition of 10(-4) M clonidine to the bath, was attenuated by PT in
      a concentration-dependent manner. Reversal of the inhibitory action of clonidine
      was accomplished with a concentration of 1.0 micrograms/ml PT. To further
      elucidate the molecular basis of Ni-mediated transduction of the alpha 2
      adrenergic signal, ADP-ribosylation studies were undertaken in membrane
      preparations of dissected CCT segments. PT ADP ribosylated a 40,000 Mr peptide
      which was proportional to the amount of membrane protein added. Furthermore,
      pretreatment of CCT during dissection with 0.5 micrograms/ml PT dramatically
      decreased the susceptibility of the subunit of Ni (alpha i) to be subsequently
      ADP ribosylated by PT, when compared with CCT preparations not previously treated
      with PT. Cholera toxin ADP ribosylated a 42,000 Mr peptide from CCT membranes and
      PT pretreatment did not interfere with the reaction. We conclude that CCT
      segments have both the pertussis and cholera toxin substrates and the effect of
      clonidine to attenuate ADH action is mediated through Ni.

PMID- 2886050
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of peroxisomal enzymes in human liver biopsies.
AB  - The immunocytochemical localization of catalase and three enzymes of the
      peroxisomal lipid beta-oxidation system--acyl-CoA oxidase, the bifunctional
      protein enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA
      thiolase--in human liver biopsies was investigated by means of light and electron
      microscopy. The antisera raised against all four enzymes from rat liver cross
      reacted with the corresponding proteins in homogenates of human liver as revealed
      by immunoblotting. For light-microscopic localization in glutaraldehyde-fixed
      Epon-embedded material, the removal of resin and controlled digestion with
      trypsin was necessary. At the ultrastructural level specific labeling for all
      four antigens was found by the protein A-gold technique in peroxisomes of liver
      parenchymal cells fixed with formaldehyde-low glutaraldehyde concentrations and
      embedded in Lowicryl K4M. In biopsies fixed with glutaraldehyde and embedded in
      Epon, treatment with metaperiodate or etching with sodium ethoxide improved the
      immunolabeling. After such treatment catalase showed the most intense labeling
      and acyl-CoA oxidase the weakest, the two other proteins exhibiting an
      intermediate immunoreaction. In material postfixed with osmium only catalase
      could be visualized in peroxisomes. The immunocytochemical investigation of
      peroxisomal proteins in human liver biopsies provides a simple and highly
      promising approach for further elucidation of the pathophysiology of peroxisomal
      disorders.

PMID- 2886053
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockade and intravenous nutrient-induced thermogenesis in lean
      and obese women.
AB  - Continuous respiratory exchange measurements were performed in nine obese and
      eight lean women for 1 h before, 3 h during, and 1 h after the intravenous
      administration of a nutrient mixture infused at twice the postabsorptive resting
      energy expenditure (REE). This experiment was conducted without or with beta
      adrenergic blockade (iv propranolol). Propranolol administration did not change
      the postabsorptive REE [i.e., 1.03 +/- 0.07 before vs. 1.01 +/- 0.02 kcal/min
      after administration in lean women and 1.16 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.15 +/- 0.03 kcal/min
      (NS) in obese women]. The mean overall thermogenic response expressed as a
      percentage of the infused energy was similar in both groups and was not
      significantly blunted after propranolol infusion [6.9 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.6% in
      the lean women and 7.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.6% (NS) in the obese women]. During
      beta-adrenergic blockade the rate of lipid oxidation decreased in the lean group
      but was unchanged in the obese group and the glycemic response to nutrient
      administration was significantly higher in both groups than without propranolol.
      It is concluded that beta-adrenergic blockade has no effect on REE and on
      intravenous nutrient-induced thermogenesis in both lean and obese women.

PMID- 2886054
TI  - Corelease of PHI and VIP by vagal stimulation in the dog.
AB  - Electrical vagal stimulation increased immunoreactive peptide histidine
      isoleucine (IR-PHI) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (IR-VIP) levels in the
      portal plasma in anesthetized dogs, depending on the stimulation frequency.
      Atropine failed to suppress the vagal release of IR-PHI and IR-VIP, whereas
      hexamethonium abolished the increase of both peptide immunoreactivities. Gel
      filtration profiles of IR-PHI and IR-VIP in the portal plasma obtained during
      vagal stimulation revealed major peaks of IR-PHI and IR-VIP eluting in the same
      positions as synthetic PHI-27 and VIP-28, respectively. These data demonstrate
      that PHI and VIP are coreleased by vagal stimulation via a nicotinic ganglionic
      mechanism. An additional peak of larger molecular weight IR-PHI was observed in
      gel filtration of the portal plasma obtained under higher frequency vagal
      stimulation, when measured by the N-terminal-specific PHI antiserum. The presence
      of this larger form of IR-PHI together with a PHI-27-like component was also
      demonstrated in tissue extracts of the entire length of the gastrointestine,
      particularly in higher concentration in the stomach. The structure and the
      physiological significance of this larger form of IR-PHI remains to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 2886056
TI  - Pyloric contribution to antroduodenal resistance to flow in the conscious dog.
AB  - We have developed a pneumatic resistometer to monitor antroduodenal resistance to
      flow for prolonged periods of time in conscious dogs. To investigate the specific
      contribution of the pylorus to antroduodenal resistance we compared resistance
      during fasting in four control dogs and in four dogs with extramucosal pyloric
      myotomy (1.5 cm long). After pyloric myotomy, as in controls, resistance to flow
      changed cyclically, being lowest during phase I and highest during phase III of
      the interdigestive motor cycle. Pyloric myotomy decreased resistance during phase
      III. Atropine (0.1 mg X kg-1 X h-1) administered during motor quiescence (phase
      I) reduced resistance in the control group (P less than 0.05) but not in
      myotomized animals. Bethanechol (0.2 mg X kg-1 X h-1) significantly increased
      resistance in both groups (P less than 0.05). We conclude that antroduodenal
      resistance to flow is related to cyclic interdigestive motility. The pylorus is
      the predominant determinant of antroduodenal resistance during motor quiescence,
      but its contribution diminishes markedly during motor activity.

PMID- 2886055
TI  - Potential mediation of somatostatin secretion from canine fundic D-cells by
      protein kinase c.
AB  - We examined the possible importance of protein kinase c-dependent mechanisms in
      mediating the stimulatory effects of gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) on the
      release of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) from isolated canine fundic D
      cells. Diacylglycerides, presumably the products of phosphoinositide breakdown
      that activate protein kinase c, and phospholipase C, which catalyzes the
      production of endogenous diacylglycerides from membrane phospholipids, both
      stimulated SLI secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Both classes of agents
      potentiated the actions of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent
      agonists but not those of gastrin and CCK. The stimulatory effects of gastrin and
      CCK correlated with their abilities to enhance the incorporation of 32P into
      membrane phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidic acid and promote the release of
      [3H]inositol trisphosphate from prelabeled D-cells, two parameters of
      phosphoinositide turnover. These data suggest that protein kinase c may serve to
      transduce the signals activated by gastrin and CCK in D-cells.

PMID- 2886057
TI  - Age-dependent biliary excretion of glutathione-related thiols in rats: role of
      gamma-glutamyltransferase.
AB  - The role of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the biliary excretion of
      glutathione (GS) was studied in rats during postnatal development. Between 2 and
      10 wk of age the biliary excretion of GS-related sulfur increased ninefold.
      During this period, alterations were observed in both hepatic GGT and the
      composition of GS-related thiols and disulfides in bile. For instance, between 3
      and 4 wk of age, GGT activity and the biliary excretion of GS hydrolysis products
      (Cys-Gly and Cys) increased markedly, and the latter became the predominant
      sulfhydryls in bile. However, by 10 wk of age, the excretion rate of GS increased
      and exceeded the rate of excretion of Cys-Gly and Cys. The parallelism between
      hepatic GGT activity and the biliary excretion of GS-hydrolysis products during
      development suggests a role for GGT in the formation of biliary Cys-Gly and Cys.
      Furthermore, in 4-wk-old rats, inhibition of hepatic GGT by acivicin markedly
      decreased the biliary excretion of Cys-Gly and Cys and increased that of GS
      without influencing the excretion of total GS-related sulfur in bile. The biliary
      excretion of GS-related thiols was less responsive to acivicin in 2- and 7- to 10
      wk-old rats, suggesting that GGT plays a smaller role in influencing biliary
      thiol composition at those ages. In summary, GS transported into bile is
      hydrolyzed in an age-dependent manner, however, the GGT-initiated hydrolysis of
      GS does not affect the biliary excretion of total thiols in rats.

PMID- 2886058
TI  - Increased vascular resistance during complement-activated plasma infusion in
      swine.
AB  - To investigate the acute effects of complement activation on blood flow, we
      infused complement-activated plasma into the femoral artery of the isolated
      hindlimb of 19 anesthetized swine. Femoral artery blood flow decreased abruptly,
      was lowest at 1 min of the infusion, and thereafter slowly increased despite
      continued infusion. There was no significant change in femoral artery pressure or
      femoral vein pressure, confirming an acute increase in vascular resistance.
      Control infusion of heat-decomplemented-activated plasma caused no change in
      pressure or flow. Slope of the femoral artery pressure-flow relationship during
      maximal vasodilation with adenosine was significantly lower after infusion of
      complement-activated plasma, confirming a persistent increase in vascular
      resistance. Neither the acute nor the persistent increase in vascular resistance
      was prevented by alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine or granulocytopenia
      produced by cyclophosphamide. We conclude that complement-activated plasma
      infusion in the femoral circulation causes an abrupt increase in vascular
      resistance that persists during pharmacologically maximal vasodilation, is not
      due to alpha-mediated vasoconstriction, and is not altered by severe
      granulocytopenia.

PMID- 2886059
TI  - Free and conjugated catecholamines in dog pulmonary artery: presence and
      pharmacological action.
AB  - Free and conjugated forms of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were detected
      in dog pulmonary artery, and small amounts were released during 2-Hz electrical
      stimulation. Hydrolysis of the conjugates by acid boiling and by enzymes
      indicated that they were primarily sulfates, but traces of glucuronide may also
      have been present. After isolation by column chromatography, free and conjugated
      amines were quantitated using liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection. Pulmonary artery tissue contained (in ng) 1,240 +/- 100 free NE, 15 +/
      5 conjugated NE, 47 +/- 6 free DA, and 2 +/- 0.3 conjugated DA/g tissue (means
      +/- SE). When strips of pulmonary artery were immersed in [3H]NE small amounts of
      [3H]NE sulfate were synthesized. The release of conjugated NE was not calcium
      dependent but release was attenuated somewhat by tetrodotoxin. Removal of
      endothelium did not change tissue content of conjugated or of free NE nor the
      amounts measured in superfusate. Small amounts of free DA were also detected in
      tissues and in superfusate during stimulation, but only when calcium was present
      in the superfusion fluid. Norepinephrine sulfate was not a potent agonist at
      either pre- or postsynaptic alpha-receptors; the agonist activity seen with high
      concentrations of norepinephrine sulfate seems likely to have been due at least
      in part to trace contamination by free NE.

PMID- 2886060
TI  - Inhibition of renal sympathetic nervous activity by area postrema stimulation in
      rabbits.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of chemical and electrical stimulation of the
      area postrema on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), arterial pressure, and
      heart rate in urethan-anesthetized rabbits. Electrical stimulation of the area
      postrema at 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 Hz using constant currents of 7.5, 15, and
      30 microA (pulse duration = 0.3 ms, train duration = 5 s) produced progressive
      decreases in RSNA and heart rate, with no consistent change in arterial pressure.
      To control for electrical activation of fibers of passage in or near the area
      postrema, L-glutamate was injected into the area postrema using glass
      micropipettes. Micropressure injection of L-glutamate (10 mM) in volumes of 5-10
      nl produced rapid decreases in RSNA averaging 27 +/- 5% (P less than 0.05)
      accompanied by a small bradycardia. The effects of electrical stimulation of the
      area postrema, but not the adjacent nucleus tractus solitarius, were totally
      eliminated by micropressure injection of kainic acid (40 ng in 40 nl) into the
      area postrema. During continuous electrical stimulation of the area postrema
      using parameters that produced small decrements in RSNA and heart rate, the slope
      of the line relating baroreflex inhibition of RSNA to increases in arterial
      pressure during graded infusions of phenylephrine was significantly enhanced (
      6.77 +/- 1.30 vs. -3.81 +/- 0.66% RSNA/mmHg). These data are consistent with the
      hypothesis that activation of neurons in the area postrema results in an
      inhibition of RSNA. Furthermore, stimulation of the area postrema augments
      baroreflex inhibition of RSNA during increases in arterial pressure with
      phenylephrine.

PMID- 2886061
TI  - Pancreatic vagal nerve is receptive to somatostatin in rats.
AB  - To investigate whether somatostatin, one of the pancreatic islet hormones,
      influences the afferent firing activity of the vagus innervating the pancreas and
      whether there is any relevant morphological basis for the electrophysiological
      event, cyclic somatostatin-14 was injected into the rat pancreatic artery. The
      somatostatin injection at a physiological (0.61 pmol) or a pharmacological (3.05
      pmol) dose significantly increased the afferent firing discharge rate of the
      pancreatic vagus in rats anesthetized with urethan and chloralose. The present
      histological examination disclosed a glomuslike neurovascular body in the rat
      peripancreatic sinusoidal vein. The body included many small corpuscles, and the
      corpuscle contained a structure like the afferent nerve ending. The
      immunohistochemical study revealed that the structure preferentially bound
      exogenous somatostatin. These electrophysiological and histological findings
      suggest that the vagal pancreatic nerve is receptive to somatostatin and that
      there exists a local neural monitoring system for somatostatin secreted from the
      islets.

PMID- 2886062
TI  - Clinical forms of severe tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - The authors describe 19 patients with severe tardive dyskinesia, 11 of whom had a
      diagnosis of affective or schizoaffective disorder rather than schizophrenia.
      Most patients had been receiving long-term neuroleptic treatment with few
      interruptions and had received only one or two different neuroleptics. Frequent
      eye blinking was the most prevalent prodromal sign of tardive dyskinesia (in
      seven patients). Four subtypes of tardive dyskinesia could be distinguished:
      choreoathetosis, tardive dystonia, blepharospasm, and tardive akathisia. Optimal
      pharmacotherapy most often consisted of combinations of neuroleptics, lithium
      carbonate, benzodiazepines, and antiparkinsonian drugs. However, after an average
      of 62 months, only five patients had markedly improved.

PMID- 2886063
TI  - L-dopa challenge and relapse in schizophrenia.
AB  - Neuroleptic administration has been shown to be superior to placebo in prolonging
      schizophrenic remission. However, individual patients are able to maintain long
      periods of remission in the absence of neuroleptic treatment, while others
      relapse soon after neuroleptic withdrawal. This study attempted to predict time
      to relapse in 28 schizophrenic patients withdrawn from neuroleptics and
      challenged with L-dopa for 7 days, then followed until relapse. Time to relapse
      correlated significantly with L-dopa-induced increase in BPRS score (p = .006).
      Five of six patients who responded to L-dopa relapsed within 4 weeks after L-dopa
      administration, while only four of 22 who did not respond relapsed in a
      comparable period.

PMID- 2886064
TI  - Pisa syndrome, or pleurothotonus.

PMID- 2886065
TI  - Absence of acquired tolerance to neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Development of increased tolerance to neuroleptics was investigated in 38
      neuroleptic-respondent schizophrenic patients. At 5- or 8-year follow-up,
      clinical global assessments were related to changes in neuroleptic doses. In 93%
      of the patients gradually increasing tolerance could be excluded.

PMID- 2886066
TI  - Depot neuroleptics for acutely psychotic patients.

PMID- 2886067
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: facts and controversies.

PMID- 2886068
TI  - Symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2886069
TI  - Seroepidemiologic study of giardiasis patients and high-risk groups in a
      midwestern city in the United States.
AB  - Serum antibodies to Giardia lamblia were measured in giardiasis patients, in
      groups at high risk for intestinal parasite infection, and in controls by an
      indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique. Symptomatic patients had the
      highest antibody titers, and antibodies remained present for up to 18 months in
      persons with chronic infection. Indochinese refugees and male homosexuals with
      the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS had higher mean
      antibody levels than did healthy controls, whereas sewer and highway maintenance
      workers had levels similar to those of controls. Serum antibodies to Entamoeba
      histolytica measured by an indirect hemagglutination antibody technique were
      detected in only a few Indochinese refugees. We conclude that serology is a
      promising tool in G. lamblia epidemiology and that further population studies
      would be of interest.

PMID- 2886070
TI  - A ribosomal RNA gene probe differentiates member species of the Anopheles gambiae
      complex.
AB  - A 0.59 kilobase DNA fragment cloned from an rDNA cistron of the mosquito
      Anopheles gambiae can be used as a probe to differentiate between A. gambiae, A.
      arabiensis, and A. melas, three morphologically identical sibling species in the
      A. gambiae complex which otherwise can be reliably distinguished only by polytene
      chromosome banding patterns. Although all are important (and often sympatric)
      African malaria vectors, their relative roles in malaria transmission have thus
      far been difficult to assess. The probe, an EcoRI-SalI fragment from the 3' end
      of the 28S beta coding region of the cistron, is present in all three species,
      but the species differ uniquely with respect to the location of an EcoRI site in
      the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) downstream of the fragment. We have routinely
      used the probe to identify A. gambiae complex mosquitoes to species on the basis
      of genomic DNA extracted from individual air dried specimens. A single mosquito
      abdomen provides more than sufficient DNA for the assay, and neither eggs nor a
      bloodmeal in the abdomen interfere with DNA yield. Moreover, the DNA extraction
      procedure does not degrade the bloodmeal IgG, so the residual protein pellet can
      be used to identify the mosquito bloodmeal source. Since the rDNA cistron
      organization as detected by the probe does not differ between male and female
      mosquitoes, the probe can be used for either sex. Preliminary experiments show
      that the probe is equally useful for mosquito larvae and pupae.

PMID- 2886072
TI  - Carcinoids associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes.
AB  - Carcinoids occur in association with MEN types 1 and 2. To determine the
      relationship between carcinoids and MEN, we reviewed nine patients with
      carcinoids and other endocrine tumors. Analyzing these 9 patients and 56 other
      patients previously described in the literature, we found several clinically
      important relationships. In contrast to the usual midgut and hindgut origin, most
      carcinoids associated with MEN (69 percent) are of foregut origin (thymus 24
      percent, bronchus 27 percent, stomach 3 percent, and duodenum 14 percent).
      Carcinoids are more commonly associated with MEN type 1 than MEN type 2 (59
      patients and 6 patients, respectively). Thymic carcinoids associated with MEN are
      more common in men (15 versus 2), and most (82 percent) are malignant. Bronchial
      carcinoids associated with MEN are more common in women (15 versus 4), and most
      (74 percent) are benign. There is a strong association between thymic carcinoids
      and parathyroid tumors and between bronchial carcinoids and pituitary tumors.
      Most patients with carcinoids and hyperparathyroidism (82 percent) have had
      parathyroid hyperplasia or multiple parathyroid adenomas. Thus, carcinoids may
      occur in association with both MEN type I and MEN type II. MEN should be
      suspected in patients with foregut carcinoids. Patients with MEN and ectopic ACTH
      production should be considered to have bronchial carcinoids if they are female
      and thymic carcinoid if they are male. The thymus should be routinely removed in
      patients with MEN type I because of the possible presence of an ectopic
      parathyroid gland in this tissue and to prevent subsequent development of a
      carcinoid tumor.

PMID- 2886071
TI  - The role of gamma interferon in the generation of human macrophages cytotoxic for
      Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.
AB  - Upon exposure to Entamoeba histolytica antigen, lymphocytes from patients treated
      for amebic liver abscess produce lymphokines which activate monocyte-derived
      macrophages to kill E. histolytica trophozoites. We now demonstrate that gamma
      interferon (IFN-gamma) is produced by these stimulated lymphocytes and is
      sufficient but not exclusively necessary to activate monocyte-derived macrophage
      amebicidal activity. Supernatants from mononuclear cells of 7 patients when
      stimulated with amebic antigen contained more IFN-gamma than comparable
      supernatants derived from control cells (1,862 U/ml vs. 174 U/ml geometric means,
      P less than 0.01); IFN-gamma levels were similar in patient and control
      supernatants following concanavalin A stimulation. Macrophages activated solely
      by partially purified IFN-gamma or recombinant human IFN-gamma (300 U/ml) killed
      47% of virulent amebae by 6 hr at 37 degrees C. Monocyte-derived macrophages
      stimulated with lymphokines elicited by amebic antigen or concanavalin A killed
      48% and 57% of axenic E. histolytica trophozoites, respectively, over 6 hr at 37
      degrees C (P less than 0.001 for each compared to control). Macrophages incubated
      with the identical lymphokines, but in the presence of monoclonal antibody to IFN
      gamma, were only able to kill 18% and 27% of amebae, respectively, at 6 hr (P
      less than 0.05 to control or when antibody to IFN-gamma was not present). If
      antibody to IFN-gamma was added to the stimulating lymphokine, more macrophages
      died during interaction with amebae (P less than 0.05). In summary, IFN-gamma has
      a major but not exclusive role in activating human monocyte-derived macrophages
      in vitro to kill virulent E. histolytica trophozoites.

PMID- 2886073
TI  - Tuberous sclerosis: aberrant metabolism of ornithine, proline and glutamate in
      cultured fibroblasts.
AB  - To investigate aberrant metabolism of proline (Pro) and its precursors in
      tuberous sclerosis (TS), 6, 7 and 5 strains of control, TS (normal skin) and TS
      (tumor) fibroblasts, respectively, were cultured in Eagle's MEM containing
      dialyzed fetal bovine serum with or without 0.1 mM ornithine (Orn). Ornithine
      aminotransferase (OAT) activity was decreased in TS, especially in TS (tumor)
      after mild sonication treatment. The yield of the OAT protein was inhibited in TS
      (tumor) when cultured without Orn. Free glutamate (Glu) in the medium was
      significantly increased in TS (tumor). Free proline (Pro) in cells was
      significantly decreased in TS (tumor) when cultured with Orn, but protein-bound
      Pro was not. The relative concentration of free Glu to glutamine (Gln) in the
      medium and that of free Glu to Pro in cells cultured with Orn were increased in
      TS (tumor). These results suggest that the requirement for Orn, increased
      turnover of Pro to Glu and increased elimination of Glu into the medium occur in
      TS (tumor). Aberrant regulation or turnover of Pro and Glu metabolism may occur
      in TS, especially in tumor cells.

PMID- 2886075
TI  - Morphology and endocrine production of cells in the islets of Langerhans of the
      Chacma baboon.
AB  - Biopsies of the pancreas head, tail, and uncinate regions of 6 Chacma baboons
      (Papio ursinus) were processed for ultrastructural and immunocytochemical (ICC)
      studies using avidin-biotin peroxidase label for light microscopy (LM) and
      immunogold for electron microscopy (EM). Survey 0.5 micron sections of Spurrs
      resin embedded tissue revealed areas of suitable islets. Thin 100-nm sections
      were then cut and stained from the osmicated blocks for ultrastructural studies.
      For ICC investigations, 1 micron sections were immunolabeled for LM before areas
      were selected for thin sectioning for ultrastructural immunolabeling. The baboon
      endocrine pancreas ultrastructure was found to be similar to that of other
      mammals with minor differences in islet and secretory granule size and shape and
      in electron opacity of the secretory granule cores. Insulin glucagon,
      somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) producing cells were described. A
      small number of cells were seen to contain both glucagon and PP and some D cells
      were observed to contain a few granules with both the appearance and
      immunoreactivity of A cell secretory granules. Statistical analysis of 100
      secretory granule diameters of each of the 4 cell types in 6 baboons revealed
      significant differences (p less than 0.001) in size between all but those of the
      A and D cells. The insulin precursor subunit, C-peptide, and the glucagon
      precursor, glicentin, were each found together with the final hormone product in
      their respective secretory granules. The precursors were often located toward the
      periphery of the secretory granule, suggesting that the conversion of precursor
      to active hormone may be membrane associated. A nonrandom topographical
      association was observed between A and D cells, suggesting a strong functional
      implication.

PMID- 2886074
TI  - Human foetal kidney explants in serum-free organ culture.
AB  - The purpose of the work was to develop an in vitro model for the study of human
      kidney development. Human metanephric explants from foetuses 10-18 weeks of
      gestational age were cultured in serum-free Leibovitz L-15 medium without
      hormones. Under the current minimal conditions for growth, the system permitted
      to maintain the renal tissues in culture for periods up to 9 days, although no
      evident sign of morphological differentiation was observed. However, during the
      studied period the overall architecture of the explants was preserved as well as
      the ultrastructural features of cytoplasmic organelles. The incorporation of 3H
      thymidine and 3H-leucine indicated that DNA and protein synthesis was maintained
      or increased. Glycoprotein synthesis evaluated by 3H-glucosamine incorporation
      and radioautography continued in mesangium as well as in glomerular and tubular
      basement membranes. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (brush
      border) and catalase (peroxisomes) activities remained histochemically active.
      The proposed organ culture system appears as a reliable and promising model that
      will provide basic data on the morphology and functional characteristics of the
      developing kidney. Since it is achieved in a completely controlled environment,
      it will permit to study the role of growth factors and hormones in proliferation
      and differentiation of the cell populations during development of the human
      foetal kidney.

PMID- 2886077
TI  - Relationship between single twitch depression and train-of-four fade: influence
      of relaxant dose during onset and spontaneous offset of neuromuscular blockade.
AB  - The characteristics of the train-of-four (TOF) response were studied
      electromyographically during onset and spontaneous offset of neuromuscular
      blockade with bolus doses of vecuronium (ED95, and ED95 X 2). During onset of
      blockade there was less fade with the larger than the smaller dose of vecuronium,
      demonstrating a variable and dose-related relationship between the ratio of
      height of the initial twitch, T1, and fourth twitch, T4. With both doses TOF fade
      was more pronounced during recovery than during onset of block, but at the same
      T1 values during offset, both doses were associated with similar degrees of fade
      during recovery. Thus with bolus doses of vecuronium the T4 ratio during recovery
      bears a fixed relationship to initial T1 depression that is independent of dose.

PMID- 2886076
TI  - Beta-blockade reverses regional dysfunction in ischemic myocardium.
AB  - To determine the protective effect of oxprenolol-induced beta-blockade on the
      compromised myocardium (critical constriction of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery) against the adverse effect of high concentrations of halothane,
      halothane dose-response curves were obtained in six dogs in each of three phases:
      preconstriction (control), critical constriction, and critical constriction with
      the addition of 0.3 mg/kg intravenous oxprenolol. The extent of depression of
      ventricular function was essentially the same in the three phases. However, at
      high halothane concentrations (2.0% inspired), the depression of systolic
      shortening in the compromised segment was significantly minimized after
      oxprenolol so that shortening was 10.2% +/- 1.8 instead of 6.5% +/- 1.4 (P less
      than 0.05); moreover the large increase in postsystolic shortening observed
      during critical constriction was abolished after oxprenolol. This suggests a
      protective effect of oxprenolol on regional myocardial function in the presence
      of critical constriction, possibly by an effect on myocardial metabolism or
      endocardial blood flow.

PMID- 2886079
TI  - Histaminoid reaction from vecuronium priming: a case report.

PMID- 2886078
TI  - Comparison of hemodynamic responses to isoproterenol infusion and surgical stress
      in patients given cardioselective and noncardioselective beta-adrenergic
      antagonists.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of physiologically active beta 2
      receptors in the myocardium. We hypothesized that activation of cardiac beta 2
      receptors by endogenously released epinephrine and norepinephrine during surgical
      stress would add to the positive chronotropic response mediated by beta 1
      stimulation. Twenty patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting were
      studied. Ten patients received a beta 1-selective antagonist (atenolol, 6;
      metoprolol, 4) and ten patients received a nonselective beta 1 and beta 2
      antagonist (propranolol) preoperatively. An isoproterenol dose-heart rate
      response test was performed. After stabilization, general anesthesia was induced
      followed by tracheal intubation and surgery. Hemodynamic data were recorded
      before induction, 1 min after induction, 5 min after intubation, 1 min before and
      after skin incision, 1 min before and after sternotomy. The ten patients on
      cardioselective beta-blocker drugs had significantly greater increases in heart
      rate during isoproterenol administration than did the non-cardioselectively
      blocked group of patients. Heart rate responses to tracheal intubation and
      surgical stress were not significantly different between the two groups at any
      point. We conclude that changes in heart rate during perioperative stress are
      primarily mediated through activation of beta 1 receptors in the myocardium and
      that patients on either cardioselective or noncardioselective beta-blockers have
      similar protection to adrenergic-mediated stressful hemodynamic events.

PMID- 2886080
TI  - Pancuronium and vecuronium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in younger and
      elderly adults.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of aging on the distribution, metabolism, and
      neuromuscular junction sensitivity to pancuronium and vecuronium, the authors
      determined the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs in 12 healthy
      elderly subjects (70-84 yr) and 12 young adults (30-57 yr) during halothane
      nitrous oxide anesthesia. Plasma concentrations of the muscle relaxants were
      determined using a selective ion-monitoring mass spectrometric technique specific
      for the parent compound. For vecuronium, plasma clearance (3.7 +/- 1.0 and 5.2 +/
      0.8 ml X kg-1 X min-1, respectively), and volume of distribution at steady-state
      (179 +/- 31 and 244 +/- 38 ml X kg-1, respectively) were lower in the elderly
      than in young adults; values for distribution half-lives, elimination half-life,
      and sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction were similar for the two groups.
      For pancuronium, there were no statistically significant differences between
      groups for these pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters. However, there
      was a trend toward reduced clearance (20%) and prolonged elimination half-life
      (16%) in the elderly as compared to the younger patients. The authors conclude
      that healthy elective surgical patients between the ages of 70 and 84 yr of age
      do not differ markedly from younger adults in their
      pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic response to vecuronium and pancuronium.

PMID- 2886081
TI  - The effect of phenytoin on the magnitude and duration of neuromuscular block
      following atracurium or vecuronium.
AB  - Patients chronically receiving anticonvulsants have been reported to be resistant
      to the long-acting competitive neuromuscular blockers. This study examines the
      effects of atracurium and vecuronium on 100 neurosurgical patients; 50 receiving
      chronic phenytoin therapy (group I) and 50 controls (group II). During
      O2/N2O/halothane anesthesia, five patients in each group were given a bolus of
      vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg, and a different five patients in each group were given
      atracurium 0.5 mg/kg, to produce neuromuscular blockade in excess of 95%. The
      time to maximum blockade and the recovery from atracurium was unaffected by
      phenytoin therapy. Recovery from vecuronium was enhanced in the phenytoin group,
      as demonstrated by the recovery index, defined as the time required for recovery
      from 25-75% of the control neuromuscular response (7.9 +/- 2.2 min compared with
      17.8 +/- 5.1 min in controls, P less than 0.005). Similarly, the total duration
      of neuromuscular blockade, defined as recovery to 90% of control response, was
      significantly shorter in the phenytoin group (31.9 +/- 6.0 min compared with 69.7
      +/- 12.9 min in controls, P less than 0.001). The remaining 40 patients from each
      group were given a preselected dose of either vecuronium (0.02-0.06 mg/kg) or
      atracurium (0.10-0.25 mg/kg) during anesthesia with O2/N2O/fentanyl, to generate
      dose-response curves for the relaxants. Using analysis of covariance, the slopes
      and elevations for atracurium were found to be essentially identical in the two
      groups; as were the calculated ED50 and ED95. Patients receiving chronic
      phenytoin therapy were resistant to vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
      With vecuronium, the dose-response curves for the two groups were parallel; the
      curve for phenytoin patients was shifted to the right.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2886082
TI  - DNA fingerprints of dogs and cats.
AB  - Human minisatellite probes consisting of tandem repeats of the 'core' sequence, a
      putative recombination signal in human DNA, cross-hybridize to multiple
      polymorphic fragments in dog and cat DNA to produce individual-specific DNA
      'fingerprints'. Pedigree analysis shows that most of the DNA fragments detected
      in an individual are heterozygous, and that these fragments are derived from
      multiple dispersed autosomal loci. DNA fingerprints of cats and dogs should prove
      suitable for individual identification and for establishing family relationships.
      They are also suitable for rapid marker generation in large pedigrees and could
      be applied to linkage analysis in these animals.

PMID- 2886083
TI  - Genetic variation of the bovine thyroglobulin gene studied at the DNA level.
AB  - The bovine thyroglobulin gene has been analysed for variation using restriction
      endonucleases. Six independent restriction fragment length polymorphisms have
      been identified. One of these results most probably from a 2.5-kb deletion, the
      others being compatible with point mutations. We determined that an individual
      taken at random within the Belgian White and Blue breed is, on average,
      heterozygous for one out of 1700 nucleotides within the thyroglobulin gene.

PMID- 2886084
TI  - Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer disease before and after introduction of H2
      blockers.
AB  - This retrospective study was undertaken to determine if the advent of H2 blockers
      has altered the surgical treatment and outcome of patients with peptic ulcer
      disease (PUD). The records of patients having surgery for PUD at Butterworth
      Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan, from 1971-73 (Group 1) and 1981-83 (Group 2)
      were reviewed. Data recorded included patient and disease characteristics,
      surgical procedures, morbidity, and mortality. There was a significant difference
      in mean age: 54 years in Group 1 and 60 years in Group 2. Group 2 had a higher
      incidence of concomitant medical illnesses. Indications for operation were
      predominantly of an emergent nature in Group 2, with a marked decline in elective
      surgeries from 75 per cent to 55 per cent. There was a 15 per cent incidence of
      nonsurgical complications in Group 2, as opposed to 9 per cent in Group 1. This
      study demonstrates that the use of H2 blockers and changes in patient
      characteristics have altered the surgical treatment and outcome of patients with
      PUD.

PMID- 2886085
TI  - Treatment of metastatic islet cell carcinoma with a somatostatin analogue (SMS
      201-995).
AB  - We used an octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, SMS 201-995, in dosages ranging
      from 150 to 450 micrograms/d administered subcutaneously in three daily doses for
      1 to 16 months, to treat 22 patients with advanced malignant islet cell
      carcinomas. Of the 22 patients, there were 9 with gastrinomas; 3 with
      glucagonomas; 4 with insulinomas; 1 with ectopic production of parathyroid
      hormone; and 3 with mixed syndromes. The only biochemical marker in 1 patient was
      pancreatic polypeptide, and 1 patient had no demonstrable peptide production from
      the tumor. In 14 patients, dramatic decreases in the levels of circulating
      peptides (insulin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin, and glucagon) have
      been accompanied by major alleviations of symptoms. Steatorrhea appears to be the
      most significant toxicity. This analogue of somatostatin may be appropriate for
      use as early therapy in patients who have symptoms from syndromes related to
      islet cell carcinomas but in whom there is no immediate threat from tumor
      progression.

PMID- 2886086
TI  - Adverse drug reactions associated with global cognitive impairment in elderly
      persons.
AB  - Adverse drug reactions causing cognitive impairment are an important problem in
      the elderly. Thirty-five patients with adverse drug reaction were identified
      among more than 300 patients evaluated for cognitive impairment and compared with
      patients without adverse drug reaction. Sedative hypnotic agents, especially long
      acting benzodiazepines, were the commonest drugs associated with cognitive
      impairment in this population. The number of drugs used, use of sedative
      hypnotics and antihypertensives, and falling were strongly associated with
      adverse reactions in logistic regression analyses. The relative odds of an
      adverse reaction associated with cognitive impairment increased as the number of
      prescription drugs increased, exceeding 9.0 for patients taking four or more
      prescription drugs. Adverse drug reactions are an important source of excess
      morbidity in patients with dementia or suspected dementia. Strategies that could
      minimize this problem include a high index of suspicion, drug-free trials in
      suspected cases, and careful monitoring of drug therapy.

PMID- 2886087
TI  - [Value of pinpointing mood swings in expanding the indications for lithium salts
      in schizophrenic psychosis].

PMID- 2886088
TI  - False neurotransmitters and the effects of ethanol on the brain.

PMID- 2886089
TI  - Stimulation of serotonergic neuronal maturation after fetal mesencephalic raphe
      transplantation into the 5,7-DHT-lesioned hippocampus of the adult rat.
AB  - Neurotoxin lesioning of 5-HT fibers selectively induced the homotypic collateral
      sprouting of spared 5-HT fibers in the hippocampus. We have used this model to
      investigate the possibility that the neurotoxin-primed hippocampus will enhance
      the development of transplanted fetal serotonergic neurons in the brain. The
      neurotoxin 5,7-DHT, when microinjected into the FF, produced a specific and
      partial depletion of 5-HT in the hippocampus of adult rats. The ability of the
      5,7-DHT-primed hippocampus to selectively support the neurochemical maturation of
      fetal serotonergic cells was tested by assaying the transplanted fetal raphe or
      LC 1 month after neuronal transplantation. The neurochemical maturation of fetal
      5-HT and NE neurons was dramatically different when they were transplanted in the
      5,7-DHT-FF-lesioned hippocampus as compared to the normal hippocampus. The
      transplanted 5-HT neurons had 480% more SHAU of [3H]5-HT and had a 250% greater
      content of 5-HT in the partially denervated hippocampus than in the normal
      hippocampus after 1 month. Furthermore, extracts obtained from lesioned
      hippocampus enhanced the 5-HT content of 5-HT neurons transplanted in the normal
      hippocampus, to a level similar to that seen in neurons transplanted in the
      lesioned hippocampus. In contrast, the implanted NE neurons of fetal LC had a
      lower NE level in the 5-HT partially denervated hippocampus than in normal
      hippocampus after 1 month in the host site. The growth of the NE transplants was
      not facilitated by the vacant postsynaptic space produced by the 5,7-DHT lesion.
      These results suggest that the 5-HT denervation triggered a trophic signal
      selectively enhancing the development of the 5-HT neurons but not the NE neurons.
      Our results are consistent with previous studies showing homotypic collateral
      sprouting in 5,7-DHT-primed hippocampus.

PMID- 2886090
TI  - Morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics of PC12 cell grafts in rat
      brain.

PMID- 2886091
TI  - Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of fetal mediobasal hypothalamic
      tissue transplanted into the aged rat brain.
AB  - MBH tissue, which included the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of fetal or neonatal
      rats, was transplanted into the third ventricle of aged (21-30-month-old) female
      rats. The brain and ovaries of each recipient were examined histologically 3 or 4
      weeks after transplantation. Four grafted MBH tissues were examined
      ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically 4 weeks after transplantation. The
      appearance of the MBH grafts was similar to that of normal neural tissue. The
      neuropil in the grafts was fully occupied with numerous axons, dendrites, and
      glial processes. A number of axodendritic shaft and spine synapses were observed
      in the neuropil. Immunohistochemical analysis with antiserum to TH revealed
      stained (immunoreactive) neuronal perikarya and processes in the grafts. TH
      immunoreactive processes originating from the TH-positive neurons in the grafts
      could be seen to extend across the graft-host interface. The ovaries of six out
      of nine females that received MBH grafts exhibited follicles of various sizes and
      healthy appearing corpora lutea. On the other hand, some follicles and masses of
      interstitial cells were prominent in the ovaries of the intact animals or
      controls that had received cortical grafts. In the females that received MBH
      grafts, the ovarian weight was significantly greater than that in the controls.
      These results suggest that the neural substrates in fetal MBH tissue can survive
      and develop well in the aged rat brain and that MBH grafts may play some role in
      the recovery of declined ovarian function in aged female rats.

PMID- 2886092
TI  - Reversal of parkinsonism by fetal nerve cell transplants in primate brain.

PMID- 2886093
TI  - Lymphoid system as a regulator of morphostasis and hormonal modulation of these
      functions.

PMID- 2886094
TI  - Immunomodulatory action of somatostatin.
AB  - The influence of somatostatin (SST) on spontaneous proliferation and cyclic AMP
      level in mouse spleen lymphocytes and on inhibition of human leukocyte migration
      was studied. The rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation was used as an index of
      proliferation. It was found that lower concentrations of SST/10(-9) and 10(-8)M,
      inhibited the splenocyte proliferation. In contrast, a higher SST concentration,
      10(-7)M, exerted a stimulatory effect. SST in concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(
      6)M did not influence cyclic AMP levels in mouse splenocytes; a significant
      decrease of cyclic AMP was found after the exposure to superactive SST analog RC
      102-2H in concentrations 10(-8) and 10(-7)M. SST, 10(-7)M, and RC-102-2H, 10(
      7)M, significantly enhanced the migration inhibition of human leukocytes induced
      by the exposure of leukocytes to cardiac antigen or phytohemagglutinin. The data
      provide evidence for an immunomodulatory action of SST.

PMID- 2886095
TI  - Benzodiazepines and PK 11195 exert immunomodulating activities by binding on a
      specific receptor on macrophages.

PMID- 2886096
TI  - The modulation of immunologic potential of splenocytes in induction of local GVHR
      by somatostatin.

PMID- 2886098
TI  - Is dopamine related to immunologic changes in schizophrenic patients?

PMID- 2886097
TI  - Pharmacologic interventions to antagonize stress-induced immune consequences.

PMID- 2886099
TI  - Hypothalamic neurotransmitters in relation to normal and disturbed eating
      patterns.
AB  - An integrated hypothesis for explaining eating behavior must consider the
      organism as a whole, the multiple brain neurotransmitters and structures
      involved, and the diverse variables that have impact on the expression of the
      behavior. In this review, we will examine a variety of brain monoamines and
      neuropeptides, in terms of their impact on eating, and also relate these
      neurochemical systems to peripheral autonomic and endocrine functions. We will
      propose how these central and peripheral systems may interact under normal and
      generally stable conditions, as well as how they may help to maintain energy or
      nutritional homeostasis under stressful conditions, in particular, food
      deprivation.

PMID- 2886100
TI  - The place of animal models and animal experimentation in the study of food intake
      regulation and obesity in humans.

PMID- 2886101
TI  - Dietary treatments that affect brain neurotransmitters. Effects on calorie and
      nutrient intake.

PMID- 2886103
TI  - Formation of several enzymes associated with alkane utilization by yeast.

PMID- 2886102
TI  - Induction of obesity by psychotropic drugs.
AB  - Evidence from published studies and clinical experience indicates that
      neuroleptic drugs, tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor antidepressants, and lithium all possess varying abilities to increase
      appetite, stimulate carbohydrate craving, and cause weight gain over prolonged
      periods of administration. Sedatives and benzodiazepine-type antianxiety drugs
      fail to stimulate appetite or induce weight gain, and it is unlikely that the
      sedative or calming effects of other psychotropic drugs contribute significantly
      to changes in appetite or weight. Studies of the endocrine and metabolic aspects
      of psychotropic drugs suggest that these mechanisms do not contribute
      significantly to explaining the observed effects on appetite or weight. Numerous
      studies indicate that a wide variety of compounds, including the serotonin
      precursor, tryptophan, the serotonin receptor stimulant, fenfluramine, and the
      serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, are all capable of decreasing
      carbohydrate hunger, reducing consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods, and
      inhibiting weight gain in humans and animals. Widely divergent psychotropic drugs
      produce antagonistic effects at serotonin receptor sites, and it is likely that
      this action contributes to their ability to stimulate appetite, carbohydrate
      craving, and weight gain. Those psychotropic drugs that inhibit serotonin
      reuptake mechanisms, increasing serotonin activity within the central nervous
      system, either fail to stimulate carbohydrate hunger and weight gain or are
      actually capable of decreasing carbohydrate craving and facilitating weight loss.
      Because many antidepressants, including trazodone and amitriptyline, the
      neuroleptic, chlorpromazine, and the mood stabilizer, lithium, may all, under
      some circumstances, inhibit serotonin reuptake mechanisms and may simultaneously
      block serotonin receptor sites, their effects on appetite and weight gain may
      represent a balance between serotonergic and antiserotonin activities. Monoamine
      oxidase inhibitors, which slow the metabolic degradation of monoamines, including
      serotonin and norepinephrine, allow for increased levels of these
      neurotransmitters within the brain. It is conceivable that the relative
      noradrenergic effect related to an amphetamine-like structure of tranylcypromine
      may explain its lesser ability to stimulate appetite and weight gain than the
      appetite and weight effects observed with phenelzine. Furthermore, the production
      of dry mouth and thirst by psychotropic drugs appears to contribute to weight
      gain, secondary to consumption of high-calorie beverages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2886105
TI  - [Digital subtraction angiography].

PMID- 2886104
TI  - Proteolysis in the gut of mosquito larvae results in further activation of the
      Bacillus sphaericus toxin.
AB  - Gut proteases from the larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens convert the 43
      kilodalton (kDa) toxin from Bacillus sphaericus 2362 to a 40-kDa peptide. The 50%
      lethal concentration of this peptide for tissue culture-grown cells of Culex
      quinquefasciatus was 1.0 microgram/ml (as determined by the intracellular ATP
      assay), 54-fold less than that of the 43-kDa peptide. Gut proteases from
      Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, as well as bovine pancreatic trypsin, also
      converted the 43-kDa protein to a 40-kDa peptide which was indistinguishable from
      the peptide formed by the proteases from C. pipiens with respect to its toxicity
      to tissue culture-grown cells of C. quinquefasciatus. Evidence for the in vivo
      conversion of the 43-kDa protein to the 40-kDa peptide was also obtained from
      experiments in which larvae of C. pipiens, Anopheles gambiae, and Aedes aegypti
      were fed crystals from B. sphaericus 2362. By using the exclusion of trypan blue
      as an indication of cell viability, it was shown that chitobiose, chitotriose, N
      acetylmuramic acid, and N-acetylneuraminic acid decreased the toxicity of the 40
      kDa peptide (from 100 to 50% mortality at about 10 mM concentrations of these
      sugars). Muramic acid, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine were less
      effective, while several sugars had no effect, suggesting that the 40-kDa toxin
      binds to specific receptors on the cell membrane. The 40-kDa protein was less
      toxic to tissue culture-grown cells of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes dorsalis, and
      the same sugars which reduced the toxicity for cells of C. quinquefasciatus were
      also effective in reduction of toxicity for these cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886106
TI  - [Enzyme alterations during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis].
AB  - Biochemical phenotypes such as the forms of enzyme proteins alter during the
      promotion and progression stages in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Many enzymes
      or isoenzymes have been identified as markers of (pre) neoplastic hepatic tissues
      and used for analysis of the carcinogenic process. The levels of hepatic
      isoenzymes decrease and those of prototypic or fetal isozymes increase during the
      progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. Some drug-metabolizing enzymes are also very
      variable at the promotion stage in rat chemical carcinogenesis; Phase I enzymes
      such as cytochrome P-450 decrease and Phase II (iso)-enzymes such as UDP
      glucuronyl-transferase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) increase. A new neutral GST form with pI 7.0 (GST-P)
      has been identified by us as one of the best markers for rat chemical
      hepatocarcinogenesis. GST-P is a homodimer consisting of a subunit (Mr 26,000,
      more accurately 23,307, and pI 6.7), the smallest among rat GST subunits, and
      differs immunochemically from any other GST form. It is present in very low
      levels in normal rat liver and is not inducible by most drugs including
      carcinogens without the appearance of preneoplastic hepatocyte nodules (HN) but
      it is increased by several ten-fold in HN-bearing liver and hepatomas induced by
      different carcinogens. Immunohistochemically, it is localized in HN and very
      early and small GST-positive foci are detectable using anti-GST-P antibody. (Pre)
      neoplastic hepatic lesions induced by nongenotoxic carcinogens such as
      hypolipidemic peroxisome-proliferating agents do not express GST-P as well as
      gamma-GTP.

PMID- 2886108
TI  - The internal mammary artery as a bypass graft?

PMID- 2886109
TI  - Anatomical studies to support the expanded use of the internal mammary artery
      graft for myocardial revascularization.
AB  - The internal mammary artery pedicle graft is frequently used for coronary bypass.
      Five internal mammary artery pedicle grafts, harvested but not utilized for
      coronary bypass, underwent histological examination. The histological studies
      demonstrated that the vasa vasorum were confined to the adventitia and did not
      penetrate the media of the internal mammary artery. These observations indicate
      that the media is nourished entirely from the lumen and suggest that harvesting
      the internal mammary artery as a free graft would not subject the wall of the
      artery to ischemic injury. Subsequent to these studies, we used the right
      internal mammary artery as a free graft to revascularize the distal circumflex
      coronary artery in 12 patients. The free graft was anastomosed to marginal
      branches of the circumflex and was then brought up to the left internal mammary
      artery pedicle graft and anastomosed end-to-side. This procedure has not resulted
      in excessive postoperative bleeding or sternal infections, and has relieved the
      anginal syndrome in all 12 patients.

PMID- 2886107
TI  - Molecular abnormalities of collagen in human disease.

PMID- 2886110
TI  - Prediction of relapse in schizophrenia.
AB  - Despite the proven efficacy of neuroleptic drugs in the acute and maintenance
      pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia, practical methods for identifying patients who
      require neuroleptic treatment to prevent relapse are lacking. This study
      evaluated the use of a methylphenidate challenge test to predict the outcome in
      34 stable outpatients with schizophrenia receiving neuroleptic treatment.
      Patients received two infusions, one of methylphenidate and one of placebo, in
      randomized order one week apart while receiving neuroleptic treatment and again
      three weeks after drug withdrawal. Behavioral, cardiovascular, and neurologic
      responses were evaluated before and after infusion under double-blind conditions.
      Patients were then followed up without medication for 52 weeks or until symptom
      recurrence. The results indicate that specific measures, including behavioral
      response to methylphenidate, presence of tardive dyskinesia, and, under specific
      pharmacologic conditions, tardive dyskinesia, blink-rate, and pulse-rate
      responses to methylphenidate, are associated with time and propensity to relapse
      following neuroleptic withdrawal. These measures may be potentially useful in the
      identification of candidates for neuroleptic withdrawal and/or dosage-reduction
      treatment strategies.

PMID- 2886111
TI  - [Oxabenzomorphanes: synthesis, reactions and CNS action of 2,6-methanotetrahydro
      3-benzoxocines].

PMID- 2886112
TI  - Studies of human retroviruses in relation to adult T-cell leukaemia, acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome, and multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Studies of adult T-cell leukaemia virus/human T-cell leukaemia/lymphotropic
      viruses (ATLV/HTLV-I) in Japan indicate that the virus is involved only with the
      development of ATL. By contrast, reports from the U.S.A. about HTLV have from
      time to time claimed that related HTLV are concerned not only with ATL of black
      persons, but also with a wide range of diseases, such as mycosis
      fungoides/Sezary's syndrome, T-cell hairy cell leukaemia, acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and also multiple sclerosis. Using morphological,
      biological, serological and molecular hybridisation studies, we were able to
      confirm that the viruses implicated in the development of ATL and AIDS are
      distinct and that ATLV/HTLV-I is involved only in ATL, and HIV/LAV/HTLV-III only
      in AIDS. In vitro, ATLV/HTLV-I transformed and immortalised T-cells, while
      HIV/LAV/HTLV-III killed our T-cells. Failure to detect any serological cross
      reaction indicates that all the structural proteins are different. Likewise,
      Southern blot studies failed to reveal any cross-hybridisation. Sixty patients
      with multiple sclerosis failed to reveal any association with ATLV/HTLV-I or with
      HIV/LAV/HTLV-III. Our conclusion is that ATLV/HTLV-I is involved only in ATL of
      Japanese and of some black persons of African origin, and that HIV/LAV/HTLV-III
      is associated only in AIDS.

PMID- 2886114
TI  - Attitudes and knowledge of nursing staff in relation to management of
      postoperative pain.
AB  - The effectiveness of pain control following surgery is notoriously difficult to
      assess, but objective assessment by nursing staff has been found to correlate
      reasonably well with subjective patient assessment. A study was designed to
      investigate the attitudes and knowledge of 86 qualified nursing staff in relation
      to postoperative pain management. Overall knowledge was sound to a point, but
      there were some obvious deficiencies in practical application; for example, 25%
      of staff would wait until a patient was in severe pain before using a prescribed
      (charted) analgesic. Additionally, almost three-quarters of staff felt that, in
      general, postoperative patients received adequate pain relief, while the great
      majority felt that prescription writing could be improved, mainly by improved
      legibility and clarity of actual instructions. The results suggest that the aim
      of postoperative pain management--that is, the provision of adequate analgesia-
      may need to be more strongly defined in nursing education.

PMID- 2886113
TI  - Detection of hantaviruses with RNA probes generated from recombinant DNA.
AB  - Radiolabeled RNA probes generated from cDNA clones of the M and S genome segments
      of Hantaan virus readily detected Hantaan virus and two isolates from Korean
      hemorrhagic fever patients but were less effective in detecting four other
      hantaviruses.

PMID- 2886115
TI  - Spatial learning in the rat: impairment induced by the thiol-proteinase
      inhibitor, leupeptin, and an analysis of [3H]glutamate receptor binding in
      relation to learning.
AB  - Rats were given continuous intraventricular infusion of saline or the thiol
      proteinase inhibitor leupeptin, via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps,
      while being trained on a spatial learning water task using spaced trials.
      Leupeptin caused overnight forgetting during training, but performance eventually
      reached asymptote in both groups. A retention test conducted 48 h later to assess
      spatial memory revealed no significant group differences, but did cause, in
      saline-treated rats only, a disruption of subsequent retraining back to the
      correct spatial location. The groups showed no differences in Cl-dependent
      [3H]glutamate receptor binding to hippocampal or entorhinal cortex membranes
      subsequent to training. In a second experiment, normal rats trained on the same
      task also showed no differences in Cl-dependent [3H]glutamate binding relative to
      rats exposed to the water task but given random spatial position training and
      handled controls. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of
      Lynch and Baudry (Science (1984) 224, 1057-1063) that a calcium-dependent thiol
      proteinase is involved in memory formation through its ability to modify
      glutamate receptor distribution and dendritic spine shape.

PMID- 2886116
TI  - Tissue protection by adrenergic blockade in the calcium paradox?
AB  - In a graded model of the calcium paradox phenomenon (minimal and total) the
      presence of the beta-blocker propranolol (5 X 10(-6) M) in the perfusion media
      (10 min prior to, during and 5 min following calcium-free perfusion) had no
      effect upon tissue injury. Propranolol pretreatment (three days prior to the
      experiments) significantly reduced the myocardial enzyme release during calcium
      repletion in the minimal calcium paradox. The presence of the alpha 1-blocker
      prazosin (1 X 10(-7) M) in the perfusion media (10 min prior to, during and 5 min
      following calcium-free perfusion) afforded no protective effects. It is concluded
      that the release of endogenous catecholamines may not be an important factor
      contributing to myocardial injury in the calcium paradox, and that consequently
      beta- or alpha 1-adrenergic blockade has little if any protective properties in
      this form of myocardial injury.

PMID- 2886117
TI  - Spontaneous oscillation of the systemic arterial pressure during cardiopulmonary
      bypass in man. The effects of some drugs used during the operation.
AB  - Despite the fact that the blood flow maintained during cardiopulmonary bypass is
      rather steady in the extracorporeal pump output, the arterial pressure under high
      dose fentanyl anaesthesia quite often shows sinusoidal oscillations. In the
      present study the duration of an oscillatory cycle was on average 17.6 +/- 3.6 s,
      its amplitude 7.3 +/- 1.6 mm Hg and mean systemic arterial pressure 75 +/- 12 mm
      Hg. The oscillation is affected by the drugs used under bypass conditions. In our
      series of clinical observations the blood pressure oscillation disappeared under
      the influence of chlorpromazine, phentolamine, droperidol, and enflurane, and it
      disappeared or at least was distinctly attenuated under fentanyl, thiopental,
      diazepam, sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, acebutolol, and potassium
      chloride. Pancuronium, atropine and furosemide appeared to be practically
      ineffective. In spite of the fact that the drugs used affected several sites of
      the sympathetic efferent chain, the disappearance and attenuation of the
      oscillation were associated with a simultaneous decrease of blood pressure.
      Hence, it is suggested that the occurrence of the oscillations requires some
      level of peripheral vascular tone.

PMID- 2886118
TI  - Characteristics of beta A chromosome haplotypes in Japanese.
AB  - DNA polymorphism patterns linked to the beta A-globin gene were analyzed in
      healthy Japanese using four different restriction endonucleases. The chromosomes
      with the beta A-globin gene were mapped through an evaluation of the presence of
      seven different restriction sites (HincII 5' to epsilon; HindIII in G gamma and A
      gamma; HincII in, and 3' to, psi beta 1; AvaII in beta; Bam-HI 3' to beta). Among
      36 chromosomes analyzed, 20 chromosomes had a haplotype of [+-----+]. Among 55
      individuals examined, 7 possessed a homozygous haplotype of [+-----+]. All
      Japanese with the A gamma T-globin gene had a subhaplotype of [-++-+] 5' to the
      delta-globin gene. Their major haplotypes were [-++-+-+] and [-++-++-]. It was
      expected that the presence of the A gamma T-globin gene in Japanese may be
      deduced from subhaplotypes 5' to the delta-globin gene.

PMID- 2886119
TI  - The invasive adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis. Properties and
      penetration kinetics.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis, the causative organism of whooping cough, produces a
      calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Confer & Eaton [(1982) Science 217, 948
      950] have shown that an extract from B. pertussis increases intracellular cyclic
      AMP levels in neutrophils and suggested that this increase is caused by the
      bacterial adenylate cyclase which penetrates these cells. We demonstrate in the
      present study that adenylate cyclase activity in lysates from lymphocytes exposed
      to a partially purified preparation of the bacterial enzyme has properties
      completely different from those of the intrinsic membrane-bound enzyme. Adenylate
      cyclase activity in lysates from lymphocytes exposed to the invasive enzyme is
      insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, readily inactivated by acetic anhydride and
      relatively stable to SDS. Similar properties are exhibited by the bacterial
      enzyme itself. By contrast, the intrinsic membrane-bound enzyme activated by
      forskolin and guanosine 5'-gamma-thiotriphosphate is sensitive to N
      ethylmaleimide and SDS and relatively stable to acetic anhydride. This strongly
      supports the notion that B. pertussis adenylate cyclase penetrates cells. Using
      the partially purified preparation of the invasive enzyme, we have studied the
      kinetics of its penetration. The intracellular catalytic activity reaches a
      steady state within 20 min, irrespective of enzyme or cell concentration. Steady
      state levels are maintained for at least 2 h provided that the invasive enzyme is
      present in the incubation medium. Upon its removal, a rapid decrease (t1/2
      approximately equal to 15 min) in the intracellular cyclase level is observed.
      This decrease reflects intracellular inactivation of the bacterial enzyme and is
      not caused by the release of the enzyme to the cell medium.

PMID- 2886120
TI  - The invasive adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis. Intracellular
      localization and kinetics of penetration into various cells.
AB  - The penetration of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase into various mammalian
      cells exhibits similar kinetics; the accumulation of both intracellular cyclase
      activity and cyclic AMP is rapid, reaching constant levels after 15-60 min of
      incubation. The kinetics of enzyme penetration into turkey erythrocytes is
      different; cyclase activity and cyclic AMP accumulate linearly and do not reach
      constant levels even after 6 h of incubation. In the preceding paper [Friedman,
      Farfel & Hanski (1987) Biochem. J. 243, 145-151] we have suggested that the
      constant level of intracellular cyclase activity reflects a steady state formed
      by continuous penetration and intracellular inactivation of the enzyme. In
      contrast with other mammalian cells, no inactivation of cyclase is observed in
      turkey erythrocytes. These results further support the notion that there is
      continuous penetration and deactivation of the invasive enzyme in mammalian
      cells. A 5-6-fold increase in specific activity of the invasive cyclase is
      detected in a pellet fraction of human lymphocytes in which a similar increase in
      specific activity of the plasma-membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase is observed. A
      similar increase in the invasive-cyclase specific activity is detected in a
      membrane fraction of human erythrocytes. Cyclase activity in a membrane-enriched
      fraction of human lymphocytes reached a constant level after 20 min of cell
      exposure to the enzyme. Similar time courses were observed for accumulation of
      cyclase activity and cyclic AMP in whole lymphocytes [Friedman, Farfel & Hanski
      (1987) Biochem, J. 243, 145-151]. We suggest therefore that cyclic AMP generation
      by the invasive enzyme as well as the intracellular inactivation process occur
      while it is associated with a membrane fraction identical, or closely associated,
      with the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2886121
TI  - Essentiality of Glu-48 of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase as
      demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - Previous reports provide indirect evidence for the presence of Glu-48 at the
      active site of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Rhodospirillum
      rubrum. This possibility has been examined directly by replacement of Glu-48 with
      glutamine via site-directed mutagenesis. This single amino acid substitution does
      not prevent subunit association or ligand binding. However, the Glu-48 mutant is
      severely deficient in catalytic activity, exhibiting a kcat only 0.05% that of
      wild-type enzyme. These results demonstrate that Glu-48 is positioned at the
      active site and suggest that it serves a functional role. In conjunction with
      previous studies, the discovery of essentiality of Glu-48 argues that the active
      site is located at an interface between subunits.

PMID- 2886122
TI  - Adriamycin resistance in HL60 cells in the absence of detectable P-glycoprotein.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the development of multi-drug resistance in cell
      lines treated with chemotherapeutic agents is closely associated with the
      overexpression of a 170-180 kilodalton surface membrane glycoprotein (P
      glycoprotein). In the present study a monoclonal antibody against the P
      glycoprotein was used to determine if this protein is overexpressed in multi-drug
      resistant HL60 cells. Using either indirect immunofluorescent staining or
      immunoblot analysis P-glycoprotein could not be detected in HL60 cells isolated
      for resistance to adriamycin. In contrast HL60 cells isolated for resistance to
      vincristine contain the P-glycoprotein and the amount of this material increases
      with increasing levels of resistance. These studies thus demonstrate adriamycin
      resistance in P-glycoprotein negative HL60 cells. Furthermore adriamycin and
      vincristine are found to have distinct effects in inducing overexpression of P
      glycoprotein in the HL60 cell line. This information could be useful in the
      development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of certain forms of
      cancer.

PMID- 2886123
TI  - Involvement of endopeptidase 24.15 in the inactivation of bradykinin by rat brain
      slices.
AB  - The effect of peptidase inhibitors on the degradation of [3H]-bradykinin by rat
      hypothalamic slices was studied using HPLC to separate and identify the products.
      The degradation appears to be mainly mediated by an enzyme which cleaves the
      peptide at the Phe5-Ser6 bond and is inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline,
      dynorphin(1-13) and carboxyphenylethyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-p-aminobenzoate. This suggest
      the involvement of a membrane bound variant of the soluble metalloendopeptidase
      (EC3.4.24.15) isolated from rat brain which degrades neurotensin, angiotensin and
      other neuropeptides as well as bradykinin.

PMID- 2886124
TI  - Inhibition of NADH oxidation by pyridine derivatives.
AB  - The neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, an impurity in
      an illicit drug, is expressed after its oxidation to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
      by monoamine oxidase. The pyridinium is concentrated by carrier-mediated
      transport into the mitochondria where it inhibits NADH dehydrogenase and, hence,
      ATP synthesis. Some structurally related compounds have been tested for their
      effect on the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates in intact mitochondria, and for
      the inhibition of the accumulation of the pyridinium into mitochondria and of
      NADH dehydrogenase activity in a membrane preparation. Some pyridine derivatives
      are more inhibitory to NADH dehydrogenase than is 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium but
      these are not concentrated into mitochondria by the uptake system. 4
      Phenylpyridine, one of the most effective inhibitors, both occurs naturally and
      is an environmental pollutant.

PMID- 2886125
TI  - In vivo dopamine receptor assessment for clinical studies using positron emission
      tomography.

PMID- 2886126
TI  - Stereochemical effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and related
      amphetamine derivatives on inhibition of uptake of [3H]monoamines into
      synaptosomes from different regions of rat brain.
AB  - 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a recently popularized recreational
      drug, although some have advocated its psychotherapeutic potential. Since the
      pharmacology of MDMA is largely uncharacterized, the stereochemical profiles of
      MDMA and some of its homologs were derived on inhibition of synaptosomal uptake
      of [3H]monoamines and compared to those of amphetamine and the hallucinogenic
      phenylisopropylamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). In contrast to the
      5-fold stereoselectivity observed with amphetamine, only the S-(+) enantiomer of
      MDMA and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake into
      striatal synaptosomes. Neither stereoisomer of the alpha-ethyl homolog of MDMA, N
      methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB), inhibited [3H]dopamine
      uptake. The two stereoisomers of amphetamine and the MDMA-related compounds were
      equipotent in inhibiting [3H]norepinephrine uptake into hypothalamic
      synaptosomes. Both stereoisomers of MDMA, MDA and MBDB were potent inhibitors of
      [3H]serotonin uptake into hippocampal synaptosomes, but only S-(+)-amphetamine
      produced an appreciable inhibition of [3H]serotonin uptake. Neither stereoisomer
      of DOM inhibited synaptosomal uptake of any [3H]monoamine. These results suggest
      that MDMA and its homologs may be more closely related to amphetamine rather than
      to DOM in their biochemical mode of action. The pronounced effects of the
      methylenedioxy-substituted compounds on [3H]serotonin and [3H]norepinephrine
      uptake implicate these neurotransmitters in the pharmacological effects of these
      drugs.

PMID- 2886127
TI  - Neuroleptic-like effects of the l-isomer of fenfluramine on striatal dopamine
      release in freely moving rats.
AB  - l-Fenfluramine (l-F) was studied for its ability to release dopamine (DA) and its
      metabolites in freely moving rats through the trans-striatal dialysis technique.
      l-F's effect on striatal DA release was also studied in animals made tolerant to
      the effect of haloperidol by chronic treatment (1 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 11
      days and 48 hr wash-out) with the neuroleptic or pretreated with 300 mg/kg i.p.
      gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Five and 10 mg/kg l-F dose-dependently increased the
      release of DA and its metabolites with a pattern of effects similar to that
      observed with neuroleptic drugs. The dose of 20 mg/kg l-F had the same effect as
      10 mg/kg. Repeated haloperidol treatment reduced the basal release of DA and its
      metabolites and a much smaller amount of DA and metabolites was released by l-F
      (10 mg/kg i.p.) and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) in animals treated with
      haloperidol than in controls. GBL 300 mg/kg i.p. reduced basal DA release by
      about 50%. When 10 mg/kg l-F, 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol and 0.25 mg/kg d-amphetamine
      were injected i.p. 40 min after GBL, l-F and haloperidol did not significantly
      raise DA release in GBL-treated rats whereas a significant effect was observed at
      various times after d-amphetamine. The data show that l-F resembles haloperidol
      in its ability to release DA and its metabolites from the corpus striatum of
      freely moving rats. The cross-tolerance between haloperidol and l-F for their
      effect on DA release suggests that a common site is involved in the mechanism of
      these drugs.

PMID- 2886129
TI  - Psychopharmacological profile of the new cognition enhancing agent exifone in the
      mouse.
AB  - Hexahydro-2,3,4,3',4',5'-benzophenone (exifone, Adlone), a novel compound
      proposed for treating cognitive dysfunction in geriatric patients, was tested in
      a battery of standard psychopharmacological tests in the mouse. The results
      indicated that the compound was non-toxic and induced no signs of overt
      stimulation or sedation after acute administration of oral doses up to 1024
      mg/kg. The compound was devoid of anxiolytic, anticonvulsant or classical
      neuroleptic activity and did not antagonize the effects of reserpine or a high
      dose of apomorphine, two tests indicative of classical antidepressant activity.
      On the other hand, exifone clearly decreased the duration of immobility in the
      tail suspension test and antagonized the hypothermia induced by a low dose of
      apomorphine. The compound shortened the duration of barbital induced sleep
      without affecting the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital. The effects
      observed suggest that exifone is not devoid of psychotropic activity and might
      possess some properties of an atypical antidepressant.

PMID- 2886128
TI  - Comparison of the effects of the new anxiolytic suriclone and benzodiazepines on
      motor function and electroencephalogram.
AB  - (6-(7-Chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-7-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-5H- 1,4-
      dithiino[2,3-c]pyrrol-5-yl)-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxylate (suriclone, RP
      31264), a new anxiolytic, produced behavioral effects similar to those of
      diazepam and lorazepam, had a protective effect against electroshock convulsion
      and potentiated the sleeping effect of hexobarbital in mice. It inhibited crossed
      extensor reflexes in chicks and augmented the dorsal root reflex potential, the
      increase of which is considered to be an index of increased GABAergic presynaptic
      inhibition. Suriclone produced high-amplitude slow waves in the amygdala and
      cerebral cortex and desynchronization of theta waves in the hippocampus in rat
      electroencephalogram (EEG). These observations were quantitatively confirmed by
      power spectrum analysis of EEG. The mechanisms of action of suriclone on the CNS
      are discussed in relation to those of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2886130
TI  - Morphine and dynorphins in lipid mobilization in rats in vitro.
AB  - In vitro lipid-mobilizing activities of morphine (MO) and dynorphin-(1-10) amide
      (DYA) were compared using adipocytes of young adult rats (body weight 170-200 g,
      age 50-60 days, diameter of adipocytes 54 +/- 1.12 microns) and of 20-month-old
      rats (body weight 500-690 g, diameter of adipocytes 99.5 +/- 3.0 microns). The
      adipokinetic activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and dynorphin-(1-13) (DY)
      were also tested. In the experiments 0.16 units of ADA did not influence basal or
      stimulated lipolysis, whereas DY exerted a slight but statistically significant
      adipokinetic effect. In three experimental series the EC50 of MO ranged between
      0.89 and 14.60 mumol l-1, the EC50 of DYA in young rats was estimated as 0.8
      mumol l-1 and in old animals, 1.3 mumol l-1. Statistically significant
      differences in the lipid-mobilizing potency between DYA and MO could be observed
      only in one experimental series in young rats. Expressed in percent of maximum
      lipolysis induced by isoprenaline, the maximum lipolytic response to DYA in young
      animals was significantly lower (Emax 26.1 +/- 1.9) when compared to the maximum
      effect of MO (Emax 76.3 +/- 8.5 and 68.9 +/- 3.5, respectively). Adipocytes of
      old rats seemed to be more sensitive not only against MO but also against DYA.
      When studying lipolysis no signs of competitive dualism could be observed in the
      interaction between MO and DYA. The possibility of two or more independent lipid
      mobilizing mechanisms in the effect of the two opioids compared cannot be
      excluded.

PMID- 2886131
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered celiprolol in patient with
      coronary heart disease and depressed left ventricular function].
AB  - Hemodynamic changes after intravenous application of 10 mg celiprolol-HCl (3-[3
      acetyl-4-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxy-propoxy)-phenyl]-1,1-diethyl urea
      hydrochloride. Selectol; in the following briefly called celiprolol) were
      investigated over an interval of 30 min in 15 patients with angiographically
      determined coronary heart disease and depressed left ventricular function
      (ejection fraction less than 60%, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
      greater than 12 mmHg). One patient suffered from severe left ventricular failure
      with lung edema and could not be evaluated. The heart rate was not influenced,
      the arterial pressure was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01), similarly
      LVEDP (p less than 0.001), and pulmonary pressure (p less than 0.01). Cardiac
      output and total peripheral resistance were not changed significantly. The
      hemodynamic working profile of celiprolol in patients with depressed left
      ventricular function is that of a beta 1-receptor blocker with a strong intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA = Intrinsic Sympathetic Activity) and vasodilating
      properties--even on preload. The intravenous application of celiprolol in
      patients with severely depressed left ventricular function can cause pump
      failure.

PMID- 2886132
TI  - The search for a biological basis for mental illness.

PMID- 2886133
TI  - High-dose clonidine motor syndrome: relationship to serotonin syndrome.
AB  - Reciprocal forepaw treading, hindlimb abduction, and Straub tail are some of the
      abnormal motor behaviors of the classical 'serotonin syndrome,' which results
      from activation of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. However, we also observed them in
      the syndrome evoked by the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine, at high doses (5
      40 mg/kg). Other features of the clonidine syndrome (scored from videotapes) were
      body and head tremor, forelimb hyperextension, ataxia, vertical jumping, tactile
      hyperreactivity, and autonomic signs (piloerection, pupillary dilatation,
      salivation, proptosis). The clonidine syndrome persisted for several hours and
      was not lethal. Clonidine suppressed locomotor activity (photocell recording) and
      induced episodes of catalepsy and 5-HT-independent impairment of motor
      habituation. Single high doses of drugs active at several different
      neurotransmitter receptors significantly reduced total behavioral score through
      effects primarily on tremor and autonomic signs, but none prevented the clonidine
      syndrome. Lesions of monoaminergic neurons [intracisternal 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine (DHT) or 6-hydroxydopamine] or monoamine depletion by
      intraperitoneal reserpine all failed to prevent this motor syndrome. Co
      administration of 5-HTP and clonidine did not exacerbate the clonidine syndrome
      in naive rats and did not prevent the onset of the serotonergic syndrome in rats
      with DHT lesions. These data suggest that neither catecholamines nor 5-HT have a
      major role in the serotonin-like behavioral responses to high doses of clonidine.

PMID- 2886134
TI  - Neurotransmitters and memory: role of cholinergic, serotonergic, and
      noradrenergic systems.
AB  - In Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathological changes are found in the basal
      forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS), serotonergic raphe (RA), and noradrenergic
      locus coeruleus (LC) systems. The present study was designed to determine the
      extent to which selective damage in each of these systems individually could
      produce an impairment of memory, one of the clinical symptoms of AD. Rats were
      given selective lesions by injecting ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis and medial septal area (i.e., BFCS); 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into
      the medial and dorsal RA; and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the LC or by ip
      injections of (2-chloroethyl)N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine HCl (DSP4). Levels of
      choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), norepinephrine, and serotonin verified lesion
      effectiveness and selectivity. Chronic changes in serotonergic-2 and beta
      adrenergic receptors were also determined. Rats were tested in a delayed spatial
      alternation in a T-maze. BFCS lesions impaired choice accuracy with intertrial
      delays of 5, 30, and 60 s. RA lesions or DSP4 injections impaired choice accuracy
      only when the intertrial delay was 60 s. LC lesions (by 6-OHDA) did not impair
      choice accuracy at any delay. The results suggest that the pathological changes
      in the BFCS and RA are sufficient to produce the types of memory impairments
      associated with dementia, but the quantitative effects of pathology in these two
      systems are different.

PMID- 2886136
TI  - Studies on the organization of the human apolipoprotein B 100 gene.
AB  - The organization of five exons of the 3' terminal end of the human apolipoprotein
      B 100 (apo B 100) gene 1906, 184, 115, 7572 and 374 bp long have been determined
      from two overlapping EMBL3 human genomic clones extending over 18 kb. They encode
      more than 70% of the apo B 100 amino-acid sequence. The introns between these
      five exons were sequenced revealing the common intron/exon splice junction
      sequences. The 7572 bp exon is the longest exon so far reported for mammalian
      genes with the proposed sequence coding for the LDL receptor binding site. Its
      possible relationship to apolipoprotein B 48 is discussed.

PMID- 2886135
TI  - Dose- and strain-dependent effects of dermorphin and [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]enkephalin on
      passive avoidance behavior in mice.
AB  - Dermorphin and [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]enkephalin, administered intracerebroventricularly
      (icv) immediately after training in a passive avoidance test, exerted dose- and
      strain-dependent effects in DBA/2 (DBA) and C57BL/6 (C57) mice. In fact, the
      peptides impaired, at a low dose (5 ng), the retention performances of both
      strains; a higher dose (50 ng) impaired retention in DBA but improved it in C57
      mice. A dose of naloxone (0.3 microgram, icv), which was ineffective when
      administered alone, antagonized the effects observed. The results are discussed
      in terms of strain differences in central mechanisms.

PMID- 2886137
TI  - [Immunological aspects of using plasmapheresis, leukocytapheresis and
      lymphocytoplasmapheresis in treating nonspecific aortoarteritis].
AB  - Nine female patients with Takayasu's disease have been studied. Some changes in
      humoral and cellular immunity, an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and
      a decrease in peripheral blood flow have been found. The patients were treated by
      plasmapheresis, lymphocytapheresis or lymphocytoplasmapheresis, the way of
      treatment depending on the nature of changes revealed. The treatment resulted in
      normalization (in some cases only a trend towards normalization was observed) of
      immunological data, a decrease in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and improvement
      of the peripheral blood flow. All the patients responded well to the treatment.

PMID- 2886138
TI  - [Potential clinical use of an acid-stable proteinase inhibitor from human urine].
AB  - The method for the preparation of a specific proteinase adsorbent (acid-resistant
      human urinary proteinase inhibitor--UPI--immobilized on sepharose) has been
      developed. Proteinase adsorption using this adsorbent has proved highly effective
      in the treatment of acute pancreatitis with plasmasorption. High adsorption
      capacity of UPI-sepharose from plasma samples of patients with acute nonspecific
      aortoarteritis has been demonstrated in vitro. Determination of UPI activity in
      the human urine is an informative test for early tissue damage, as compared to
      plasma middle molecules assay. The former test may be used as a diagnostic
      technique in patients with parenchymal kidney injury and increased arterial
      pressure.

PMID- 2886139
TI  - Inhibition by astemizole of activity from the isolated semicircular canal.
AB  - Since astemizole does not readily pass the blood-brain barrier, it was surprising
      that it was found useful in patients with chronic vertigo. We therefore
      speculated that the drug may reach the inner ear and act directly on the sensory
      cell-afferent nerve synapse. Mice, injected with tritiated astemizole and killed
      17 hours later, showed the presence of the drug in the vestibular tissues. Nerve
      recordings were made from the isolated posterior semicircular canal of the frog.
      Both spontaneous and stimulated firing rates were obtained with artificial
      perilymph containing astemizole bathing the isolated canal preparation. Results
      showed that astemizole has a significant inhibitory effect on vestibular nerve
      activity at concentrations of 10(-7) mol/L and higher. The exact site of
      astemizole's inhibitory action is undetermined but is most likely at the hair
      cell-afferent nerve synapse.

PMID- 2886140
TI  - Cartilage fucoproteins with sites for cross-linking by transglutaminase.
AB  - Slices of various types of cartilage were incubated with either L-[6-3H]fucose or
      [1,4-3H(N)]putrescine. Homogenization of the slices and fractionation of the
      homogenates showed for both labels that an insoluble collagenase-resistant
      fraction had the highest specific activity (dpm/mg dry weight). Examination of an
      exhaustive proteolytic digest of this insoluble fraction by ion-exchange high
      performance liquid chromatography showed the presence of gamma
      glutamyl[3H]putrescine. Chromatography of solubilized [3H]fucoprotein fractions
      showed the presence of several low molecular weight peaks, as well as high
      molecular weight material. Incubation of [3H]fucoprotein extracts with
      transglutaminase increased the high molecular weight peaks and decreased the low
      molecular weight ones. Incubation of the cartilage slices with L-[3H]fucose plus
      0.5 mM dansylcadaverine, an inhibitor of transglutaminase, caused a decrease in
      the insoluble and high molecular weight fraction relative to the low molecular
      weight peaks. It is hypothesized that this is due to inhibition of cross-link
      formation between fucoprotein components of the cartilage which are
      transglutaminase substrates. One major low molecular weight peak, which labels
      with both fucose and putrescine, corresponds in size with the 15,000 subunit of
      collagen III aminopropeptide, which is known to be a substrate for
      transglutaminase.

PMID- 2886142
TI  - Effects of fasting and oral premedication on the pH and volume of gastric
      aspirate in children.
AB  - The pH and volume of gastric aspirate were measured immediately after the
      induction of anaesthesia in 224 healthy children to determine the effects of
      decreasing the period of fasting and of giving oral premedicants before
      anaesthesia. Fasting for less than 4 h was found to increase the volume of
      gastric aspirate and the risk of developing pulmonary aspiration syndrome.
      Trimeprazine syrup was found to increase the pH of the gastric contents, and
      decrease the likelihood of the pulmonary aspiration syndrome. There was a
      significant increase in gastric volume in patients premedicated with temazepam
      elixir which did not occur in patients given temazepam capsules. These results
      support the custom of fasting patients for at least 4 h before anaesthesia and
      indicate that oral premedicants and their vehicles can have significant effects
      on the stomach.

PMID- 2886141
TI  - Lipid alterations in liver and kidney induced by normobaric hyperoxia:
      correlations with changes in microsomal membrane fluidity.
AB  - The effects of normobaric hyperoxia on both microsomal membrane fluidity and
      mechanism of phospholipid synthesis in rabbit liver and kidney have been studied.
      Hyperoxia induces in both organs an impairment of de novo synthesis of
      glycerolipids which could be due to an inactivation of acyltransferase activities
      involved in the initial formation of phosphatidic acid. The ability to replace
      phospholipid fatty acids by reacylation mechanism decreases slightly in the
      hyperoxic kidney, while it does not change in the hyperoxic liver. Concerning the
      effect of high arterial pO2 on microsomal membrane fluidity, the hyperoxic liver
      shows a more fluid environment within the membrane core of microsomes; however,
      no difference was shown in that of microsomal membrane core of hyperoxic kidney.
      An insight into the lipid composition of microsomes indicates that liver
      microsomal membranes have lower cholesterol content and higher unsaturation
      degree of phospholipid fatty acids, whereas hyperoxic kidney microsomes become
      more saturated and did not show any difference in their cholesterol content. In
      both hyperoxic liver and kidney microsomes, phospholipid content decreases in
      agreement with the depression of phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. These results
      are discussed in relation to the values of microsomal membrane microviscosity
      obtained.

PMID- 2886143
TI  - Effects of H-2 antagonists on the elimination of bupivacaine.
AB  - The effects of two histamine H-2 antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, on the
      elimination of bupivacaine were studied in four male volunteers. The cimetidine
      treated group demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in clearance of
      bupivacaine. These results indicate that concomitant administration of cimetidine
      and bupivacaine may increase the likelihood of toxicity of the latter agent.

PMID- 2886144
TI  - Present state of extradural and intrathecal opioid analgesia in Sweden. A
      nationwide follow-up survey.
AB  - A nationwide follow-up survey was undertaken to study the use of extradural and
      intrathecal opioids in the management of pain, to estimate the incidence of
      delayed ventilatory depression and to study post-injection surveillance routines.
      A questionnaire was sent to all 93 anaesthetic departments in Sweden; 96%
      responded. The major indication for using extradural opioids was the treatment of
      postoperative, traumatic and cancer pain. During 1984 over 14,000 patients
      received extradural, and over 1100 patients intrathecal, opioids. Morphine was
      the predominant opioid for extradural administration and was used in 96% of
      patients. Extradural opioid analgesia constitutes about 25% of all extradural
      blocks performed in Sweden. Pruritus and urinary retention were considered as
      minor problems; however, the risk was considerably higher after intrathecal
      morphine. The incidence of delayed ventilatory depression was about 1:1100
      (0.09%) following extradural morphine and 1:275 (0.36%) following intrathecal
      morphine. Risk factors for delayed ventilatory depression are discussed.
      Administration of extradural morphine for postoperative pain relief in patients
      undergoing major surgery is considered a high benefit-low risk technique by most
      Swedish anaesthetists. The results of the present nationwide survey suggests
      that, following extradural morphine, surveillance of patients for more than 12 h
      appears unnecessary.

PMID- 2886145
TI  - Benzodiazepine withdrawal: outcome in 50 patients.

PMID- 2886146
TI  - Famotidine does not affect indocyanine green disposition and serum bile acid
      levels in healthy subjects.

PMID- 2886147
TI  - Biochemical and ultrastructural alterations accompany the anti-proliferative
      effect of butyrate on melanoma cells.
AB  - The effect of sodium butyrate on mouse and human melanoma cell lines was
      evaluated. Sodium butyrate (0.1-2mM) is shown to reduce the clonogenic potential
      of several melanoma cell lines. The antiproliferative effect of sodium butyrate
      is accompanied by a marked increase in the activity of the plasma-membrane bound
      enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Sodium butyrate treated cells acquire a
      well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and accumulate fat droplets. The
      development of the endoplasmic reticulum is associated with a marked increase in
      the activity of the enzyme marker NADPH cytochrome c reductase. It is suggested
      that the phenotypic alterations induced by sodium butyrate may serve as markers
      for the action of this agent on melanoma cells and other tumours.

PMID- 2886148
TI  - Dependence of the activity of beef heart mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase on
      the properties of the catalytic metal ion.
AB  - Several divalent metal ions were used as kinetic probes of the beef heart
      mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase (F1) under a variety of conditions, and the
      relationship between the properties of the catalytic metal ion and the catalytic
      activity of the enzyme was examined. Vmax for ATP hydrolysis was largest when
      metal ions characterized by intermediate values of acidity of coordinated water
      molecules (pKa) and metal-nucleotide stability constants (Kstab) were present. As
      temperature increased, the peak of Vmax vs. pKa (or Kstab) shifted to lower
      initial values of pKa or Kstab. The solvent deuterium isotope effect on Vmax (DV)
      was normal and largest when the metal ion present during F1-catalyzed ATP
      hydrolysis was most acidic and the metal nucleotide stability constant was large.
      When an active site tyrosine on F1 was nitrated, Vmax was most affected when the
      metal ion present was least acidic and the metal nucleotide stability constant
      was small. The isotope effect on V/K (DV/K) was normal, small, and apparently
      independent of the metal ion present. ADP inhibition of F1-catalyzed ATP
      hydrolysis is competitive, and the Ki is independent of the metal ion present.
      The degree of Pi inhibition of F1 is dependent on the metal ion present. The
      inhibition by Pi is competitive at low temperature and becomes noncompetitive as
      temperature increases. These and previous results support a mechanism whereby a
      water molecule coordinated to the metal ion of an enzyme-bound gamma-monodentate
      metal-ATP complex is deprotonated to begin a series of events whereby a
      beta,gamma-bidentate metal-ATP complex is produced. Upon hydrolysis, the bond
      between the metal ion and the beta-phosphate of ADP in the Pi-metal-ADP complex
      is broken before products (ADP and metal-Pi) are released.

PMID- 2886149
TI  - pH-dependent bilayer destabilization by an amphipathic peptide.
AB  - A 30-residue amphipathic peptide was designed to interact with uncharged bilayers
      in a pH-dependent fashion. This was achieved by a pH-induced random coil-alpha
      helical transition, exposing a hydrophobic face in the peptide. The repeat unit
      of the peptide, glutamic acid-alanine-leucine-alanine (GALA), positioned glutamic
      acid residues on the same face of the helix, and at pH 7.5, charge repulsion
      between aligned Glu destabilized the helix. A tryptophan was included at the N
      terminal as a fluorescence probe. The rate and extent of peptide-induced leakage
      of contents from large, unilamellar vesicles composed of egg phosphatidylcholine
      were dependent on pH. At pH 5.0 with a lipid/peptide mole ratio of 500/1, 100%
      leakage of vesicle contents occurred within 1 min. However, no leakage of vesicle
      contents occurred at pH 7.5. Circular dichroism measurements indicated that the
      molar ellipticity at 222 nm changed from about -4000 deg cm2 dmol-1 at pH 7.6 to 
      11,500 deg cm2 dmol-1 at pH 5.1, indicating a substantial increase in helical
      content as the pH was reduced. Changes in molar ellipticity were most significant
      over the same pH range where a maximum change in the extent and rate of leakage
      occurred. The tryptophan fluorescence emission spectra and the circular dichroism
      spectra of the peptide, in the presence of lipid, suggest that GALA did not
      associate with the bilayer at neutral pH. A change in the circular dichroism
      spectrum and a blue shift of the maximum of the tryptophan fluorescence emission
      spectra at pH 5.0, in the presence of lipid, indicated an association of GALA
      with the bilayer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886150
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the nucleotide binding region of chloroplast coupling
      factor 1.
AB  - The labeling of chloroplast coupling factor 1 by 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP
      (BzATP) was studied. When the enzyme was incubated with approximately 10 microM
      BzATP and 6 mM MgCl2 at pH 7.9 for approximately 20 min and passed through two
      Sephadex G-50 centrifuge columns, three BzATP molecules were bound per coupling
      factor molecule. Photolysis of radioactive enzyme-bound BzATP followed by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed
      that the BzATP bound primarily to the beta-polypeptide. If unbound BzATP was not
      removed by centrifuge columns prior to photolysis, significant labeling of the
      alpha-polypeptide also occurred. After photolysis, the BzATP-labeled enzyme was
      treated with trypsin, and two radioactive peptides were isolated by high
      performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column. The two peptides were
      sequenced and found to correspond to amino acids 360-378 and 393-397 of the beta
      polypeptide. For the sequence 360-378, two specific amino acids were found to be
      radioactive (Tyr-362 and Asp-369). This region of the polypeptide is highly
      conserved in several different species and probably corresponds to part of the
      nucleotide binding region of the catalytic site. In the case of amino acids 393
      397, a very low level of radioactivity was found for all amino acids. The
      significance of this peptide for the binding of nucleotides to coupling factor 1
      could not be established.

PMID- 2886151
TI  - Exchange and hydrolysis of tightly bound nucleotides in normal and photolabelled
      bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - Treatment of F1 by threefold fast-column centrifugation or by single ammonium
      sulphate precipitation followed by fast-column centrifugation resulted in enzyme
      preparations containing 2.5-2.8 mol of bound nucleotides per mol of F1. Short
      incubations of such F1 preparations in the presence of relatively low
      concentrations of [14C]ATP and 2-azido[alpha-32P]ATP (100-250 microM), followed
      by ammonium sulphate precipitation and fast-column centrifugation, resulted in
      exchange of about 1 mol of the bound nucleotide per mol of F1 not affecting the
      total amount of bound nucleotides. Exchange of bound nucleotides with 2-azidoATP,
      followed by ultraviolet irradiation, results in inhibition of the enzyme
      activity, full inhibition being obtained (via extrapolation) when 1 mol of 2
      nitreno-adenosine 5'-tri- or diphosphate (2-N-AT(D)P) is covalently bound to the
      presumably catalytic site on the enzyme (Van Dongen, M.B.M., De Geus, J.P.,
      Korver, T., Harton, A.F. and Berden, J.A. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 850, 359
      368). In agreement with this, it was found that incorporated [gamma-32P]ATP was
      hydrolysed by more than 80%. Newly incorporated, not covalently bound radioactive
      nucleotides could be rapidly exchanged again by the addition of non-radioactive
      nucleotides, but a higher concentration of nucleotides was needed to fully
      exchange the incorporated nucleotide. Also, when F1 was depleted of most of its
      bound nucleotides by repeated ammonium sulphate precipitation, part of the
      residual nucleotides was still rapidly exchangeable. The ability of F1 to
      exchange (and hydrolyse) one of the bound nucleotides was not lost when one
      catalytic and one non-catalytic binding site were occupied by covalently bound 8
      N-ATP. Similar results were obtained with F1 containing 2-nitrenoATP covalently
      bound to one of the catalytic sites. Also, after photolabelling of up to four
      binding sites with 8-N[( 2-3H]AT(D)P, part of the two remaining non-covalently
      bound nucleotides could still be rapidly exchanged. In this case the exchanged
      nucleotide was also hydrolysed. It is concluded that one of the two bound
      nucleotides became exchangeable when all four other sites (i.e., two catalytic
      and two non-catalytic) were occupied with covalently bound nucleotides. The site
      involved showed catalytic properties suggestive of localisation on a beta
      subunit.

PMID- 2886152
TI  - Targeting of anti-Thy 1.1 monoclonal antibody conjugated liposomes in Thy 1.1
      mice after intravenous administration.
AB  - 125I-labeled liposomes, conjugated to an anti-Thy 1.1 monoclonal antibody
      (MRCOX7), demonstrated up to 7.4-fold greater lymph node uptake than liposomes
      conjugated to non-specific monoclonal antibody (R-10) after intravenous injection
      into Thy 1.1 (AKR-J) mice. Uptake of anti-Thy 1.1-conjugated liposomes by the
      lymph nodes of AKR-J mice was 3-times greater than their uptake by lymph nodes of
      Thy 1.2 (AKR-Cu) mice. Lymph node localization of anti-Thy 1.1-liposomes was
      equal to that of control monoclonal antibody-liposomes in Thy 1.2 mice.
      Conjugation to either monoclonal antibody substantially increased liposome
      clearance by the liver, while decreasing liposome uptake in a number of organs
      outside the reticuloendothelial system. Changes in liposome size and phospholipid
      composition did not significantly alter these results. Administration of a large
      predose of unconjugated liposomes prior to injection of MRCOX7-conjugated
      liposomes increased blood levels and reduced liver uptake of the monoclonal
      antibody-liposome conjugates, but did not further enhance lymph node uptake. This
      study demonstrates that targeting of liposomes by conjugation to the appropriate
      monoclonal antibody, can significantly increase their uptake in lymph nodes which
      contain high levels of cells expressing the target antigen. However, conjugation
      to monoclonal antibody also increases clearance of liposomes by the liver. To
      increase the uptake of monoclonal antibody-conjugated liposomes in target tissue,
      substantial reduction of their clearance by the reticuloendothelial system will
      be required.

PMID- 2886153
TI  - Free fatty acid uptake is increased in doxorubicin-resistant rat glioblastoma
      cells.
AB  - We have investigated the mechanism by which the rat glioblastoma C6 cell line
      resistant to doxorubicin presented an increase of free fatty acid utilization
      from the nutrient source as compared to the wild sensitive strain. We have shown
      that this was not due to an accelerated turnover of the phospholipid hydrophobic
      or hydrophilic moieties, but to an important increase of the uptake of the free
      fatty acids. This was demonstrated by studies performed with linoleic and
      linolenic acids during very short incubations, at low temperatures, and in the
      absence of albumin in the medium. This enhancement of free fatty acid uptake may
      explain the differences which exist in the acyl group composition of membrane
      lipids between doxorubicin-sensitive and -resistant C6 cells, because of the
      suppression of the essential fatty acid-deficient status of the cells.

PMID- 2886154
TI  - Effects of clofibric acid and tiadenol on cytosolic long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase
      and peroxisomal beta-oxidation in liver and extrahepatic tissues of rats.
AB  - The effects of two peroxisome proliferators, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid
      (clofibric acid) and 2,2'-(decamethylenedithio)diethanol (tiadenol), on cytosolic
      long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase and peroxisomal beta-oxidation were studied in
      several organs of rat. Among organs of control rats, the brain had the highest
      activity of long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase, followed by testis, and a low activity
      was found in other tissues. Administration of the peroxisome proliferators caused
      a marked increase in activity of long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase in both liver and
      intestinal mucosa and a slight increase in the activity in kidney, but little
      affected acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in either brain, testis, heart, spleen and
      skeletal muscle. In accordance with the change in the activity of acyl-CoA
      hydrolase, the activity of peroxisomal beta-oxidation was markedly increased in
      liver, intestinal mucosa and kidney, and a slight increase was found in brain and
      testis, whereas peroxisome proliferators little affected the activity in other
      organs tested. Gel filtration of cytosol from intestinal mucosa showed that
      clofibric acid caused an appearance of a new peak in intestinal mucosa. Although
      cytosol of liver, intestinal mucosa, brain and testis contained two 4-nitrophenyl
      acetate esterases with different molecular weights (about 105,000 and about
      55,000), these esterases are different from cytosolic long-chain acyl-CoA
      hydrolases of these four organs in respect of molecular weight. The
      administration of clofibric acid little affected cytosolic 4-nitrophenyl acetate
      esterases. Comparative studies on cytosolic long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolases from
      these four organs showed that liver hydrolase I (molecular weight of about
      80,000) had properties similar to those of brain and testis enzymes. On the other
      hand, intestinal mucosa enzyme was different from either hepatic hydrolase I or
      II (molecular weight of about 40,000). The results from the present study suggest
      that inductions of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and cytosolic long-chain acyl-CoA
      hydrolases are essential responses of rats to peroxisome proliferators not only
      in liver but also in intestinal mucosa and that induced hydrolases are not
      attributable to non-specific esterases.

PMID- 2886155
TI  - Hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase from the rainbow lizard Agama agama:
      purification and some properties.
AB  - Tyrosine aminotransferase, induced by dexamethasone in the liver of the rainbow
      lizard, Agama agama, was extracted under optimal conditions which yield the
      native undegraded enzyme; purified by heat treatment at 65 degrees C, ammonium
      sulfate precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and Sephadex G-150-120 and
      then characterized. The enzyme was purified over 2000-fold to a specific activity
      of 2653 units/mg of protein. It had an optimum pH of 7.6 in potassium phosphate
      buffer, KmTyr: 1.0 mM; K alpha-KGm: 0.32 mM; Vmax: 1.33 nmol/min and a molecular
      weight of about 130,000. It was inhibited by L-glutamate (competitively, Ki, 2.5
      mM), and by metal ions Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Hg2+ and Ag2+, but was unaffected by
      chelating agents and other divalent cations. Lizard hepatic cytosolic tyrosine
      aminotransferase was specific for L-tyrosine and alpha-ketoglutarate as
      substrates sensitive to sulfhydryl inactivation and to protection from thermal
      lability by alpha-ketoglutarate and pyridoxal phosphate.

PMID- 2886157
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: review and analysis of 115 cases.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially fatal consequence of neuroleptic
      use that has recently gained wide attention. In this article the authors
      critically review the previous literature and analyze all case reports in the
      English-language literature (115 cases) for 43 variables. The results are
      discussed in light of prior literature, and recommendations are made for future
      research.

PMID- 2886156
TI  - Rat placentae gamma-glutamyltransferase activity changes during pregnancy.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase (D-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, EC 2.3.2.2) activity
      in rat placentae changes during gestation. The enzyme activity reaches a peak
      during the second trimester on a per gram of tissue basis and coincides with the
      greatest placental growth (hyperplasia) period. However, the enzyme activity on a
      per placenta basis shows two peak activity periods. One coincides with the peak
      of activity determined on a per gram basis. The second peak occurs in the third
      trimester and appears to coincide with the period of greatest fetal growth. The
      occurrence of these enzyme changes supports the concept of a developmental role
      for gamma-glutamyltransferase in providing amino acids from glutathione to the
      placenta and fetus.

PMID- 2886159
TI  - [Are the antipsychotic and side-effects of neuroleptics imperfectly known?].
AB  - The influence of neuroleptics on central dopaminergic receptors is anatomically
      quite non-specific. Neuroleptics also have numerous pharmacological actions other
      than on dopamine. Taken together, these effects only explain some of the adverse
      reactions or drug interactions of neuroleptics and predict very poorly the
      treatment efficacy in given patients.

PMID- 2886158
TI  - Adduct formation between soluble fibrin monomers and elastin.
AB  - Monomers of fibrin generated from fibrinogen by thrombin reacted with elastin to
      give a new addition product or adduct. The adduct formation results from a
      covalent bond between both proteins, formation of which is dependent on elastin,
      fibrinogen and Ca2+ concentrations; but, Factor XIIIa did not intervene. Addition
      of fibronectin, together with fibrinogen, as cold insoluble proteins from human
      plasma, and of soluble collagen from rat tail tendon did not inhibit the first
      reaction. This enabled us to elaborate a new artificial connective matrix.

PMID- 2886160
TI  - Antipsychotic drugs: current use and future prospects.
AB  - A wide range of antipsychotic drugs is available. This paper reviews the profile
      of action of such drugs, the rationale for their use, and current prescribing
      practice. The treatment of psychotic illness in the future, with drugs, may be
      possible without causing unwanted movement disorder.

PMID- 2886161
TI  - A colony assay for in vitro transformation by human T cell leukemia viruses type
      I and type II.
AB  - We report here the development of a rapid and quantitative method for measuring
      in vitro T cell transformation by human T cell leukemia viruses type I (HTLV-I)
      and type II (HTLV-II). This method is based on our finding that cocultivation of
      lethally irradiated HTLV-producing cells with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs)
      preactivated for 24 hours with phytohemagglutinin and interleukin-2 (IL-2)
      induces colony formation in methylcellulose-containing medium. Colonies of about
      200 cells can be clearly distinguished from background aggregates within four to
      six days after cocultivation. These colonies gradually increase in size and reach
      300 to 1,000 cells within 14 days after cocultivation. Cells of these colonies
      were infected, as evidenced by expression of viral p19 antigen and the presence
      of HTLV proviral sequences. These cells proved to be transformed in terms of IL-2
      independent continuous growth in liquid medium. Colony formation was found to
      depend in a linear fashion upon the percentage of the infected cells present in
      the irradiated cell population and is sufficiently sensitive to detect as few as
      1% of virus-producing cells.

PMID- 2886162
TI  - Detection of HIV antigen and specific antibodies to HIV core and envelope
      proteins in sera of patients with HIV infection.
AB  - The sera of well-characterized populations were examined for three markers of
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; HIV antigen (HIV Ag), and
      antibodies to HIV envelope (gp41) and core (p24) proteins. Of 563 serum samples
      tested, 251 were from HIV-infected patients diagnosed as having AIDS manifested
      by opportunistic infections (AIDS-OI), AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS
      KS), or AIDS-related complex (ARC). One hundred seventy-six specimens tested were
      from asymptomatic high-risk individuals, and 136 were from heterosexual control
      subjects or patients with non-AIDS-related disease. None of the 136 control
      individuals tested had HIV Ag or HIV antibodies to either p24 or gp41. Of the 427
      HIV-seropositive individuals, 99% to 100% were positive for gp41 antibodies to
      HIV. In contrast, the seroprevalence of p24 antibodies to HIV varied from 23% to
      83% and appeared to be inversely associated with the severity of the patients'
      clinical symptoms. When specimens were analyzed for the presence of HIV Ag, in
      seropositive individuals the prevalence rate for this marker was lowest (1.4%) in
      asymptomatic individuals and highest (50%) in the AIDS-OI diagnosed group. Also,
      240 cases with AIDS-KS, AIDS-OI, and ARC and the group of asymptomatic high-risk
      individuals were analyzed for T helper/T lymphocytes (T4) cell number and T4/T8
      ratio; only one (2.0%) HIV Ag-positive case showed a T4 cell number greater than
      400 and a normal T4/T8 ratio. These studies appear to demonstrate a direct
      correlation between the presence of HIV Ag and the severity of clinical
      complications of HIV infection.

PMID- 2886163
TI  - Use of immobilized exopeptidases and volatile buffers for analysis of peptides by
      fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - beta-Lipotrophin (62-77) or Ac-gastrin releasing peptide was incubated with
      immobilized carboxypeptidase Y or aminopeptidase M. Subsequent aliquots of each
      incubation mixture were analysed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry using
      a dithiothreitol/dithioerythritol liquid matrix. The use of immobilized enzymes
      and volatile buffers for exopeptidase digestions enabled rapid and facile
      separation of enzyme from digestion products. This approach to mass spectral
      peptide analysis reduced spectral background arising from a glycerol matrix,
      buffer salts, or enzyme proteins and contaminants, enabling analysis of as little
      as 200 picomoles of a suitable peptide.

PMID- 2886164
TI  - Quantitative analysis of S3341 in human plasma and urine by combined gas
      chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry: 15 month inter
      day precision and accuracy validation.
AB  - A new quantitative assay for the determination of S3341, an alpha-2 agonist
      antihypertensive drug, has been developed using combined gas chromatography
      negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The [M]-. ions from TFA
      derivatives of S3341 (m/z 276) and the internal standard (2H4)S3341 (m/z 280) are
      monitored simultaneously by selected ion monitoring. For S3341 concentrations
      ranging from the limit of detection (0.2 ng ml-1 using 1 ml of plasma) to 5 ng ml
      1, the average assay precision (CV) is approximately 7% while the average assay
      accuracy (percentage of error) is 4%. Validation of the day-to-day precision and
      accuracy was realized after analysing control plasma samples (n = 295)
      concurrently with the biological samples collected during the pharmacokinetic
      studies conducted over 15 months. The average day-to-day precision (CV) and
      accuracy (percentage of error) are 10% and 6% respectively, thus indicating that
      this assay procedure routinely provides reliable analytical data.

PMID- 2886165
TI  - Evidence for two mechanisms of human erythrocyte endocytosis by Entamoeba
      histolytica-like amoebae (Laredo strain).
AB  - A study of the ultrastructural aspects of endocytosis of human erythrocytes by
      Entamoeba histolytica-like amoebae (Laredo) revealed two different mechanisms of
      endocytosis. First, there is classical phagocytosis which consists of the
      formation of a phagocytotic pseudopod. This process begins with the engulfment of
      the red blood cell followed by its entrapment in a food vacuole of the same size
      as the erythrocyte. It is then digested in the food vacuole. The second means of
      endocytosis is achieved through a preliminary lytic attack on the red blood cell.
      Following attachment of the prey to the attacking cell, dendritic extensions
      elongate from the surface of the amoeba at the site of attachment. Intense
      folding and liquefaction of the red blood cell membrane is then observed. The
      fluid membrane is then sucked into the amoeba through a pinocytotic-like channel.
      The end result is the formation of small vacuoles in the amoeba's cytoplasm,
      filled with the digested red blood cell.

PMID- 2886166
TI  - Muscarinic agonists block five different potassium conductances in guinea-pig
      sympathetic neurones.
AB  - Muscarinic excitation of sympathetic ganglion cells has usually been thought to
      result from inhibition of an outward K+ current, the M current, although in other
      neurones several conductances have been shown to be blocked by muscarinic
      agonists. We report that, as well as resting K+ conductance, all of four
      different K+ conductances, two voltage-dependent (M currents and A currents) and
      two calcium-dependent (responsible for slow and very slow
      afterhyperpolarizations), present in different sub-types of guinea-pig
      sympathetic neurones, are inhibited by the muscarinic agonists, bethanechol and
      muscarine. All of these effects increase neurone excitability and can lead to
      repetitive discharge.

PMID- 2886167
TI  - D2-dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and
      release of acetylcholine from guinea-pig neostriatal slices.
AB  - The effect of dopamine receptor activation on electrically- or high K+ (30 mM)
      evoked neurotransmitter release and rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was
      investigated using slices of guinea-pig neostriatum. A specific D2-dopamine
      receptor agonist, LY-171555 (a laevorotatory enantiomer of LY-141865: N-propyl
      tricyclic pyrazole) at 10(-6) M inhibited electrical stimulation- and high K+
      evoked release of [3H]-acetylcholine ([3H]-ACh) to 47.7 +/- 6.0% and 54.1 +/-
      5.0% of control, respectively. The maximal inhibition by LY-171555 at 10(-5) M
      was 54.8 +/- 5.1% reduction of the control. The half-maximal effective
      concentration (EC50) of LY-171555 for the inhibition of [3H]-ACh release was 2.3
      X 10(-7) M. A specific D2-dopamine receptor antagonist, (-)-sulpiride (10(-7) M)
      reversed the inhibition of [3H]-ACh release induced by LY-171555. A specific D1
      dopamine receptor agonist, SK&F 38393 (2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl
      1H-benzazepine) (10(-5) M) had no effect on the release of [3H]-ACh. LY-171555
      (10(-6) M) also inhibited the high K+-evoked endogenous glutamate release, by 47%
      of control. This inhibitory effect was reversed by (-)-sulpiride (10(-7) M). We
      used a fluorescent, highly selective Ca2+ indicator, 'quin 2' to measure
      intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i). Electrical stimulation of
      slices preloaded with quin 2 led to an elevation of relative fluorescence
      intensity and this response was reduced by the removal of Ca2+ from the bathing
      medium. These results indicate that the enhanced elevation in fluorescence
      intensity in the quin 2-loaded slices reflects the increase of intracellular free
      Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i. The mixed D1- and D2-receptor agonist, apomorphine
      and LY-171555 inhibited the increase of [Ca2+]i induced by electrical stimulation
      or high K+ medium, in a concentration-dependent manner, while SK&F 38393 did not
      affect the increase of [Ca2+]i. The maximal inhibitory effect of LY-171555 at 3 X
      10(-5) M was 35 +/- 3% reduction in control values. The inhibitory effect of LY
      171555 was antagonized by (-)-sulpiride (10(-7) M). There was a high correlation
      (r = 0.997, P less than 0.05) between the D 2-receptor-mediated inhibition of the
      stimulated rise of [Ca2+]i and [3H]-ACh release. When the slices were superfused
      with the Ca2+-free medium containing EGTA (10(-4) M) for 5 min, the rise in
      [Ca2+]i was markedly suppressed to 18.0% of control by LY-171555 (10(-6) M).
      These data indicate that activation of the D2-dopamine receptor suppresses the
      elevation of [Ca2+]i induced by depolarizing stimuli. This may be due to
      inhibition of mobilization of Ca2+ from the intracellullar store. We propose that
      the D2-receptor-mediated inhibition of transmitter release is probably due to a
      reduction in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization.

PMID- 2886168
TI  - Blockade by nifedipine of responses to intravenous bolus injection or infusion of
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in the pithed rat.
AB  - Nifedipine was tested against pressor responses in the pithed rat to ten agonists
      with varying selectivity for alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, injected as a
      bolus or infused intravenously: i.e. amidephrine, azepexole, cirazoline,
      indanidine, M7, methoxamine, noradrenaline (NA), oxymetazoline, phenylephrine and
      xylazine. Nifedipine, administered before the agonists, inhibited responses
      initiated by all agonists, usually for both the bolus and infusion responses.
      With a bolus, blockade was significantly greater against the more prolonged,
      secondary components of the pressor responses. This demonstrates that calcium
      entry occurs during the secondary component of the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated
      response and can be initiated by either alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      subtypes. The time courses of responses to infusion varied. Selective alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonists, with the exception of indanidine, did not produce a stable
      pressor response during the 20 min infusion time but alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonists did. Nifedipine reduced responses to infusion with no preference for
      alpha 1- or alpha 2-agonists. Phenylephrine and NA produced pressor responses
      which reached a peak and then declined during the remainder of the infusion. The
      levels of NA in arterial and venous plasma were measured by h.p.l.c. during the
      infusion of NA. Arterial NA levels rose throughout the infusion whereas venous
      levels remained relatively unaffected. The absolute levels of plasma NA suggest
      that a large proportion of intravenously administered NA is removed in the
      pulmonary circulation and the remainder is removed in the systemic circulation
      with negligible recirculation. The consequences of these results, for assessment
      of the mechanisms of action of adrenoceptor agonists and calcium entry blockers,
      are discussed.

PMID- 2886169
TI  - Stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in rat kidney mediates increased inositol
      phospholipid hydrolysis.
AB  - The molecular events which follow activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in rat
      kidney were investigated by measuring inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. Slices
      were labelled with [3H]-inositol (0.25 microM) and the accumulation of [3H]
      inositol phosphates ([3H]-IP's) was measured after stimulation with alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists. Phospholipid labelling was both time- and Ca2+-dependent.
      In kidney, Ca2+ (1 mM) increased the incorporation of [3H]-inositol by 49% and in
      cerebral cortex reduced it by 46%. Following addition of noradrenaline (NA, 1
      mM), accumulation of [3H]-IP's increased linearly for at least 60 min. In Ca2+
      free buffers a 2.1 fold increase in [3H]-IP accumulation was observed and further
      increases in stimulated and control levels were produced in the presence of Ca2+
      (2.5 mM). These responses were attenuated by the inclusion of indomethacin (10
      microM) and abolished in the presence of EGTA (0.5 mM). Responses to (-)-NA were
      more than 4 fold higher in the renal cortex than in the medulla. Separation of
      the IP's which accumulate after alpha-adrenoceptor agonists showed that after 60
      min stimulation the major products were glycerophosphoinositol and inositol
      phosphate with smaller amounts of inositol-bisphosphate and inositol
      trisphosphate. The most effective agonists tested for stimulation of accumulation
      of [3H]-IP's were (-)-NA greater than phenylephrine greater than methoxamine, (+)
      NA. Clonidine and (-)-isoprenaline were ineffective at concentrations up to 100
      microM. The order of effectiveness of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists was prazosin
      greater than BE2254 greater than phentolamine greater than idazoxan greater than
      rauwolscine. The results indicate that alpha 1-adrenoceptors in rat kidney are
      linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis and that this response is localized mainly
      to the renal cortex.

PMID- 2886170
TI  - The novel anticonvulsant MK-801 binds to the activated state of the N-methyl-D
      aspartate receptor in rat brain.
AB  - The influence of endogenous and exogenous acidic amino acids on the binding of
      [3H]-MK-801, a selective, non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptors, has been investigated in rat cerebral cortex crude synaptic
      membranes (CSM). Removal of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from CSM by
      repeated washing reduced the affinity of [3H]-MK-801 for its binding site (with
      no change in the total number of binding sites) and increased NMDA-sensitive L
      [3H]-glutamate binding. In washed CSM, competitive NMDA antagonists of the DL
      alpha-amino-omega-phosphonocarboxylate series reduced [3H]-MK-801 binding and
      NMDA-sensitive L-[3H]-glutamate binding, the most active compounds being 2-amino
      5-phosphonovalerate (AP5) and 2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoate (AP7). Exogenous
      excitatory amino acid agonists enhanced the binding of [3H]-MK-801 to washed CSM
      by up to 700%. A selective involvement of NMDA receptors in these effects was
      indicated by the excellent correlation between EC50s for stimulation of [3H]-MK
      801 binding and IC50s for inhibition of NMDA-sensitive L-[3H]-glutamate binding
      in the same membranes. The selective, competitive NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5
      blocked the L-glutamate-induced increase in [3H]-MK-801 binding in a competitive
      manner with a pA2 value of 6.0. These results seem to reflect a molecular
      interaction between two distinct components of the NMDA receptor complex: the
      transmitter recognition site and the site through which MK-801 exerts its
      antagonist effects, possibly the ion channel.

PMID- 2886172
TI  - Difference in the potency of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists
      between the pithed rabbit and rat.
AB  - The subtypes of alpha-adrenoceptors which mediate pressor responses to
      sympathomimetic agonists or to nerve stimulation in pithed rabbits have been
      classified according to the effects of 'selective' antagonists and a comparison
      has been made, for the alpha 2-subtype, with corresponding responses in the rat.
      In the rabbit the dose-response curve for phenylephrine was shifted to the right
      in parallel by prazosin (1 mg kg-1) and was unaffected by rauwolscine (1 mg kg
      1). The dose-response curve for noradrenaline was shifted to the right by
      prazosin (1 mg kg-1) and was shifted to a smaller extent by rauwolscine (1 mg kg
      1) or imiloxan (10 mg kg-1). After rauwolscine, prazosin produced a rightward
      shift larger than when given alone. After prazosin, rauwolscine produced a
      rightward shift larger than when given alone. The responses to pressor nerve
      stimulation at low frequencies (less than 1 Hz) could be reduced by prazosin,
      rauwolscine or imiloxan but those at a higher frequency could be reduced only by
      prazosin. These results indicate that the responses to noradrenaline or to nerve
      stimulation are mediated by both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Low doses or
      frequencies have a proportionately greater component which is alpha 2. Responses
      to noradrenaline after prazosin (1 mg kg-1), were sufficiently sensitive to
      rauwolscine to be considered as predominantly alpha 2. A comparison was therefore
      made of such responses in the rat and rabbit. They were produced by a lower dose
      per unit body weight in the rat whereas this was less marked for the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist guanabenz. In the rabbit they were more susceptible to
      blockade by rauwolscine but were less sensitive to Wy 26703 than in the rat. This
      demonstrates that the alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediating pressor responses in vivo,
      like those in other tissues in vitro, are different in rat and rabbit, with
      regard to antagonists.

PMID- 2886171
TI  - Effects of nipradilol on myocardial ischaemia produced by coronary stenosis in
      dogs.
AB  - Effects of nipradilol which is a new beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent endowed
      with nitroglycerin-like vasodilator actions, its denitrated derivative (denitro
      nipradilol) and propranolol on abnormalities of regional myocardial shortening
      produced by partial occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) were
      studied in anaesthetized open-chest dogs. In the presence of LCX stenosis,
      nipradilol (0.1 mg kg-1, i.v.) produced marked decreases in heart rate and
      LVdP/dt without a significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
      (LVEDP). It improved impaired myocardial segment shortening and restored normal
      cardiac lactate metabolism. Denitro nipradilol (0.2 mg kg-1 i.v.) and propranolol
      (0.2 mg kg-1 i.v.) both caused similar haemodynamic changes to nipradilol but
      also produced a significant increase in LVEDP. However, improvement by these two
      agents of regional dysfunction in the ischaemic myocardium was comparable to
      those seen with nipradilol. All three agents markedly inhibited isoprenaline
      induced tachycardia, but vehicle did not. Atrial pacing abolished the beneficial
      effect of nipradilol on myocardial shortening in the ischaemic region without
      affecting other haemodynamic parameters. These results indicate that nipradilol
      alleviates acute myocardial ischaemia produced by coronary stenosis with similar
      efficacy to denitro nipradilol and propranolol suggesting, that a major part of
      the beneficial effect of nipradilol may be attributable to its beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking action.

PMID- 2886173
TI  - Failure of enhancement by labetalol of bronchopulmonary effects of histamine in
      guinea-pigs: independence of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism.
AB  - The effect of labetalol on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was studied in
      anaesthetized guinea-pigs. Unlike propranolol (1 mg kg-1), the same dose of
      labetalol did not enhance histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. To determine
      whether the absence of enhancement of the respiratory effects of histamine by
      labetalol was due to its alpha 1-blocking properties or to its partial agonist
      activity at beta 2-adrenoceptors, the effects of propranolol plus prazosin and of
      propranolol plus labetalol on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction were
      examined. In both cases, the bronchoconstrictor effects of histamine were
      enhanced to the same extent as with propranolol alone. These data support the
      hypothesis that the non impairment of respiratory mechanics by labetalol is not
      due to antagonism at alpha-adrenoceptors and may be mediated by its partial
      agonist activity at beta 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2886176
TI  - Combination chemotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2886175
TI  - A response to isoprenaline unrelated to alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonism.
AB  - The hypothesis that beta-adrenoceptor agonism might explain a reported lack of
      competitive antagonism between alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists and agonists of
      the phenylethylamine class was tested in the electrically field stimulated ileum
      of the guinea-pig. The beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline, was used as the
      phenylethylamine and inhibition of 'twitch' response evoked by cholinergic
      stimulation was measured. In the presence of idazoxan (3 microM), to block
      inhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptors, propranolol (0.1 to 5.0 microM) failed to act
      competitively toward isoprenaline. Isoprenaline responses totally resistant to
      inhibition by propranolol were obtained. As inhibitory alpha 1-adrenoceptors are
      absent from guinea-pig ileum, a recognition site distinct from the currently
      defined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors is postulated. Agonism by phenylethylamine
      based agonists at this site may explain their inability to act competitively with
      alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

PMID- 2886174
TI  - Influence of the dopamine receptor agonists fenoldopam and quinpirole in the rat
      superior mesenteric vascular bed.
AB  - The effect of local administration of the dopamine 2 (DA2)-receptor agonist
      quinpirole and of the DA1-receptor agonist fenoldopam was studied in the in situ,
      constant flow autoperfused, superior mesenteric vascular bed of the rat. Local
      infusion of quinpirole (30 micrograms kg-1 min-1 for 5 min) had no effect on
      baseline perfusion pressure; it reduced the pressor responses to electrical
      stimulation (4 Hz, 1 ms, supramaximal voltage) of the periarterial sympathetic
      nerves to 45.6 +/- 2.1% of its original value but did not modify similar pressor
      responses produced by locally administered noradrenaline. The inhibitory effect
      of quinpirole was antagonized by the selective DA2-receptor antagonist
      domperidone (10 micrograms kg-1) but not by the selective DA1-receptor antagonist
      SCH 23390 (50 micrograms kg-1). Local infusion of fenoldopam (30 micrograms kg-1
      min-1 for 5 min) reduced baseline perfusion pressure to 89.9 +/- 1.9%, increased
      the pressor response to electrical stimulation (4 Hz, 1 ms, supramaximal voltage)
      of the periarterial nerves to 134.7 +/- 14.0%, but reduced the pressor response
      to locally administered noradrenaline to 37.2 +/- 8.2%. Similar pressor responses
      induced by the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine were also
      reduced by fenoldopam (to 38.4 +/- 6.4%), but responses to locally administered
      angiotensin II were not modified. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 (50 micrograms kg
      1) antagonized the effect of fenoldopam on baseline perfusion pressure, but had
      no influence on the effect of fenoldopam on responses to electrical stimulation
      or to noradrenaline. Pretreatment with the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist rauwolscine (100 micrograms kg-1) had no effect on the reduction in
      baseline perfusion pressure induced by fenoldopam nor on its inhibitory effect on
      the response to noradrenaline, but it antagonized the stimulatory effect of
      fenoldopam on the response to electrical stimulation. 7 The results show that
      quinpirole inhibits neurogenic vasoconstriction in the rat superior mesenteric
      vascular bed through stimulation of presynaptic DA2-receptors while fenoldopam
      stimulates postsynaptic vasodilatory DA,-receptors. In addition, our results
      suggest that the inhibitory effect of fenoldopam on the vasoconstrictor response
      to noradrenaline may be due to an antagonistic action at postsynaptic alpha
      adrenoceptors, while its potentiating effect on neurogenic vasoconstriction is
      due to blockade of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2886177
TI  - Combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis--study design.

PMID- 2886178
TI  - Sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis: pointers to a gut-mediated immune effect.

PMID- 2886180
TI  - Selective loss of subpopulations of ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in
      the monkey following exposure to MPTP.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical examination of the mesencephalon of
      severely parkinsonian MPTP-treated macaque fascicularis monkeys revealed a marked
      loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurons in both medial and central
      portions of the nucleus with a relative sparing of neurons in the dorsal-most
      portions of the substantia nigra. These animals also sustained 20-65% loss of
      neurons in the substantia nigra pars lateralis area, ventral tegmental area (A
      10), and the retrorubral area (A-8 cell group, and the parabrachialis pigmentosus
      region). These animals all had extreme striatal dopamine depletions. A monkey
      which received several small doses of MPTP and yet remained asymptomatic for a
      motor disorder (although it had demonstrable behavioral performance deficits) had
      only a loss of ventral SNc neurons, with no appreciable cell loss in associated
      ventral mesencephalic dopamine areas and no loss of striatal dopamine. These data
      suggest that the effects of MPTP are not as selective as originally thought and,
      more importantly, indicate that MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the primate may be
      more analogous to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, where cells other than SNc
      cells are affected. Furthermore, the present findings suggest that only certain
      mesencephalic dopamine neurons are susceptible to MPTP-induced damage. The unique
      characteristics of these neurons need to be elucidated.

PMID- 2886179
TI  - Single cell quantitative immunocytochemistry of cyclic GMP in the superior
      cervical ganglion of the rat.
AB  - In the superior cervical ganglion of the rat, using a newly developed antiserum
      against formaldehyde-fixed 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cGMP
      immunoreactivity was observed in the large postganglionic neuronal cell bodies;
      no cGMP-immunofluorescence was found in nuclei or in satellite cells, glia or
      fibroblasts. In vitro incubation of ganglia in media with high K+ (up to 100 mM)
      or carbachol (10(-8)-10(-5) M) showed an increase only in cGMP-immunofluorescence
      in the large postganglionic cell bodies. The intensity of the immunofluorescence
      was taken as a measure for cGMP-immunoreactivity and was quantitated using a
      Leitz MPV-II system. Dose-response curves were constructed for the increase in
      cGMP-immunofluorescence intensity for K+ and carbachol. The carbachol stimulated
      cGMP-immunofluorescence intensity was antagonized competitively by atropine,
      whereas the high K+ stimulated cGMP-immunofluorescence intensity was not.
      Hexamethonium (10(-6) M) was without effect on the carbachol stimulated cGMP
      immunofluorescence intensity. The morphological and pharmacological data indicate
      that we developed a very specific procedure for quantitative immunocytochemistry
      of cGMP in tissue sections. This technique makes it possible to use cGMP
      immunofluorescence intensity as a postsynaptic parameter in individual cell
      bodies in heterogeneous tissue.

PMID- 2886181
TI  - Bilateral intranigral microinjection of morphine and opioid peptides produces
      antinociception in rats.
AB  - Bilateral intranigral microinjection of morphine produced dose-related and
      naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effects on the tail-flick and hot-plate
      tests. Intranigral injection of enkephalin had antinociceptive effects on both
      tests, and dynorphin had an antinociceptive effect on the hot-plate test. This is
      the first report of evidence that nigral opiate receptors may mediate
      antinociception.

PMID- 2886183
TI  - Evidence for a direct action of N-methylaspartate on non-neuronal cells.
AB  - The effects of N-methylaspartate (NMA) on extracellular amino acids and purine
      catabolites in the hippocampus were studied with brain dialysis in rats with
      unilateral hippocampal NMA lesions. In the lesioned side, an increased basal
      output of glutamine was observed while glutamate was significantly decreased. NMA
      evoked a drop in extracellular glutamine. The effect was not observed in the
      lesioned hippocampus. NMA markedly enhanced the release of taurine and
      phosphoethanolamine (PEA). This response was unchanged in NMA-lesioned
      hippocampus. Analysis of the tissue content of endogenous amino acids revealed
      decrements in glutamate and GABA whereas other amino acids were not significantly
      altered. The resting and NMA-stimulated efflux of inosine was higher in the
      intact hippocampus. However, the extracellular concentrations of the inosine
      break-down products hypoxanthine and xanthine were not influenced by a prior NMA
      lesion, neither before nor after NMA administration. The present findings
      indicate that NMA releases amino acids (mainly taurine and PEA) from non-neuronal
      cells. The depression of extracellular glutamine elicited by NMA is probably a
      neuronal event. A direct stimulation of the energy metabolism of non-neuronal
      cells by NMA appears to exist as measured by the efflux of purine catabolites. I
      propose that non-neuronal cells, possibly glia, possess NMA receptors which, upon
      stimulation, initiate biochemical changes. The physiological significance of
      these responses remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2886182
TI  - The effect of amphetamine on the in vivo release of dopamine, somatostatin and
      neuropeptide Y from rat caudate nucleus.
AB  - Somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and dopamine release from the conscious rat caudate
      nucleus were investigated using the push-pull perfusion method. Significant
      reductions in somatostatin and neuropeptide Y release coincided with increased
      dopamine release, suggesting that dopamine has an inhibitory effect on the
      release of both peptides. Changes in the levels of both peptides were positively
      correlated, consistent with their co-release from neuropeptide Y- and
      somatostatin-containing striatal neurons.

PMID- 2886184
TI  - An aspect of the organization of the GABAergic system in the rat main olfactory
      bulb: laminar distribution of immunohistochemically defined subpopulations of
      GABAergic neurons.
AB  - The organization of the GABAergic system in the rat main olfactory bulb was
      investigated immunohistochemically using antisera against glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), parvalbumin (PV) and methionin
      enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK). Some GABAergic neurons were shown to contain TH
      immunoreactivity in the glomerular layer, PV immunoreactivity in the external
      plexiform layer and ENK-like immunoreactivity in the granule cell layer,
      indicating the stratified organization of the GABAergic subsystems.

PMID- 2886185
TI  - Cardiovascular role of A1 catecholaminergic neurons in the rabbit. Effect of
      chronic lesions on responses to methyldopa, clonidine and 6-OHDA induced
      transmitter release.
AB  - We confirmed the findings of previous investigators that bilateral anodal lesions
      of the A1 region were associated with hypertension, bradycardia, pulmonary edema
      and a high mortality. All these sequelae (except the bradycardia) no longer
      occurred after cathodal lesions and these were therefore used to investigate the
      role of the catecholaminergic (CA) neurons of the A1 region in circulatory
      regulation. Conscious rabbits were studied 2-4 weeks after A1 lesions or sham
      operation, when resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were
      closely similar in both groups. We tested for differences in MAP and HR responses
      between lesioned and sham-operated groups: to intracisternal (i.c.) alpha
      methyldopa (MD) and to clonidine; and to the acute effects of i.c. 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) which elicits central CA release. Since these tests
      depend on the integrity of the central CA neurons, response differences between
      lesioned and sham-operated groups denote participation by the CA neurons of the
      A1 region in the central circulatory pathways. The bradycardia responses in the
      above tests were all smaller in lesioned than sham-operated rabbits, but there
      were no differences in MAP responses. Electrical stimulation of the region under
      alfathesin anaesthesia produced depressor responses at low frequencies and
      pressor responses at high frequencies. From the results in conscious rabbits CA
      neurons of the A1 region mainly influence the pathways regulating HR, rather than
      blood pressure. The changes in MAP during electrical stimulation are thus
      probably mediated through non-CA neurons.

PMID- 2886187
TI  - A small proportion of cholinergic neurones in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis
      of ferret appear to stain positively for tyrosine hydroxylase.
AB  - The immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods for
      immunohistochemistry were used to show that a small number of neurones in the
      nucleus basalis magnocellularis of ferret stain positively for what appears to be
      tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker for catecholaminergic neurones. With a double
      immunocytochemical staining method, it was confirmed that the tyrosine
      hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity is localized in neurones that also stain
      strongly for choline acetyltransferase.

PMID- 2886186
TI  - Somatostatin enhances neurite outgrowth and electrical coupling of regenerating
      neurons in Helisoma.
AB  - The present study tested the ability of 3 peptides (somatostatin, arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT)) to enhance neurite outgrowth from
      regenerating Helisoma neurons. The buccal ganglia from Helisoma were incubated
      either short-term in saline or longer-term (2-5 days) in medium and the extent of
      neurite outgrowth (induced by nerve crush) by a buccal neuron (neuron 5) was
      determined. Neurite outgrowth was consistently enhanced by both somatostatin and
      its extended analog somatostatin, but was unaffected by either AVT or AVP. The
      enhanced outgrowth due to somatostatin was associated with stronger electrical
      synapse formation between the two neurons 5, this being attributable to lower
      coupling resistance rather than a change in non-junctional resistance. Both the
      enhancement of neurite outgrowth and the increased efficacy of electrical
      coupling due to somatostatin were prevented by a somatostatin inhibitor. An
      immunohistochemical survey produced evidence for neurons containing a
      somatostatin-like peptide in both the cerebral ganglia and the enteric nervous
      system of Helisoma. It is concluded that somatostatin can act neurotrophically in
      the nervous system.

PMID- 2886188
TI  - Reinnervation of transplanted hypothalamic neurons by host aminergic fibers in
      rats.
AB  - Fetal mediobasal hypothalamic tissue which receives an extensive noradrenergic
      innervation in the adult brain, was implanted into the vicinity of the medial
      forebrain bundle of adult rats to determine whether host noradrenergic fibers
      would innervate the ectopically placed tissue in an organotypic manner. Tissue
      from the site of implantation was prepared for light and ultrastructural
      immunocytochemistry at 6, 12, or 20 weeks postsurgery. Putative host
      catecholamine fibers formed dense plexuses in localized portions of the grafts
      and made synaptic contacts with dendrites and somata of transplanted neurons.
      This suggests that a mature host central nervous system is capable of a region
      specific integration of transplanted neurons.

PMID- 2886189
TI  - Catecholamine and serotonin colocalization in projection neurons of the area
      postrema.
AB  - A large population of the rat area postrema (AP) neurons which project to the
      parabrachial area (PBA) are serotonergic. Many AP neurons contain tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) and are presumed to be noradrenergic. However, it was not
      previously known whether TH-containing AP neurons also have projections to the
      PBA. TH-containing and serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons have wide and
      overlapping distributions within the AP, and it was therefore possible that TH
      and 5-HT may be contained within the same AP neurons. In the present study
      immunohistochemical and retrograde axonal transport techniques were combined to
      determine whether TH-containing AP neurons project to the PBA and whether TH and
      5-HT coexist in AP neurons. Adult male rats were given bilateral injections of
      the retrograde transport tracer, True blue (TB), into the PBA. After a 4-day
      survival period, vibratome sections of the caudal brainstem were processed for
      both TH and 5-HT immunohistochemistry. Examination of the sections revealed that
      over 25% of the 5-HT and over 30% of the TH-containing AP neurons were
      retrogradely labelled with TB. More surprising were our findings that many AP
      neurons displayed both TH and 5-HT immunoreactivity and that almost 40% of these
      double-labelled cells project to the PBA. Our results indicate that serotonin and
      noradrenaline coexist in a substantial proportion of the neurons of a major
      ascending viscerosensory pathway from the AP to the PBA.

PMID- 2886190
TI  - The influence of chronic stress on multiple opioid peptide systems in the rat:
      pronounced effects upon dynorphin in spinal cord.
AB  - Recurrent exposure to intermittent electrical foot-shock (30 min, twice daily)
      for 7 days caused an increase in immunoreactive (ir) dynorphin and ir-alpha-neo
      endorphin in lumbar and cervical (but not thoracic) spinal cord as measured 16 h
      following the final session. At this time the level of ir-Met-enkephalin-Arg6
      Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL) was also increased at the lumbar level. An acute foot-shock
      depleted spinal cord dynorphin in chronically stressed but not in naive rats. No
      alterations in levels of ir-dynorphin or ir-MEAGL were seen in discrete brain
      tissues. In contrast to the brain, where no effects were seen, the levels of beta
      endorphin increased in both lobes of the pituitary. This change, however, was not
      accompanied by an alteration in levels of beta-endorphin in plasma. These data
      show that chronic foot-shock stress selectively influences particular pools of
      opioid peptides, predominantly those derived from proenkephalin B in the spinal
      cord and from proopiomelanocortin in the anterior pituitary. It is suggested that
      alterations observed in the spinal cord reflect enhanced activity of the
      proenkephalin B system in response to chronic nociceptive stimulation.

PMID- 2886191
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing factor as a transmitter in the human olivocerebellar
      pathway.
AB  - This study demonstrates that the neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor
      (CRF), is present in neurons of the human inferior olivary complex (IOC). The
      medulla (including the inferior olive) and the anterior vermis of the cerebellum
      of 6 human controls obtained at autopsy were immunostained with an antibody
      directed against CRF. CRF receptors in cerebellum were localized with labeled CRF
      using in vitro receptor autoradiography. The great majority of neurons in all
      divisions of the IOC expressed CRF immunoreactivity, and CRF-immunoreactive
      fibers were demonstrated in the hilus of the olive and in the molecular layer of
      the cerebellum, where they closely resembled climbing fibers as visualized with
      other methods. CRF receptors were enriched in the cerebellum, with the highest
      density in inner portions of the molecular layer. These findings in human brain,
      consistent with studies in tissues from rat, cat, and monkey, demonstrate that
      CRF may be a peptidergic transmitter in the IOC climbing fiber system and that
      CRF receptors are expressed by cellular targets in the cerebellum.

PMID- 2886192
TI  - In vivo and in vitro expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like
      immunoreactivity by neural crest derivatives.
AB  - Qualitative and quantitative in vivo studies were performed on the development of
      the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the peripheral
      nervous system of quail embryos. VIP-like immunoreactivity (VIPLI) was found by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) from the sixth day of embryonic life onward in the
      sympathetic chain, the esophagus and duodenum, and from day 15 of incubation
      onward in the adrenal glands and the nodose ganglia. By using
      immunocytochemistry, we identified cells expressing VIPLI in sensory spinal
      ganglia of 13- to 15-day-old embryos. In neural crest cultures, cells expressing
      the VIP phenotype differentiated constantly under various culture conditions, in
      contrast to other phenotypes which had specific medium requirements, i.e.
      adrenergic cells or substance P-containing neurons.

PMID- 2886194
TI  - Quantification of synapse turnover in cell culture.
AB  - The on and off rates of synaptogenesis can be quantitated using a cell culture
      system in which embryonic retinal cells form functional synapses with striated
      muscle cells. Quantification showed that synapse formation and termination can
      occur simultaneously in culture. Quantification also revealed that some retina
      muscle synapses are transient, terminating within 8 h, while other synapses are
      much more stable. Relatively stable and transient synaptic pairs could be
      identified prospectively based on the strength of evoked transmission across the
      retina-muscle synapse.

PMID- 2886193
TI  - Rat brain microvessel extracellular matrix modulates the phenotype of cultured
      rat type 1 astroglia.
AB  - Astroglia from immature rat cerebral white matter which were plated on the
      insoluble extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by rat cerebral microvessel
      endothelial cells (RCMEC) and maintained in a defined medium were induced to
      become stellate and to express glutamine synthetase. These effects were not
      elicited by RCMEC-conditioned medium. ECM secreted by rat pleural mesothelium
      elicited a lesser proportion of stellate astroglia and did not induce glutamine
      synthetase.

PMID- 2886195
TI  - Amphetamine- and stress-induced turning after nigral transplants in neonatally
      dopamine-depleted rats.
AB  - Neonatally dopamine-depleted rats fail to show the deficits seen in similarly
      lesioned adults, and no longer appear to require dopamine. Nevertheless,
      unilateral nigral transplants provided extensive reinnervation and were capable
      of modifying motor patterns. Both amphetamine and external stressors elicited
      contraversive turning. This raises the question of whether extrinsic dopamine
      innervation supplements or overrides alternative compensatory mechanisms in the
      neonate.

PMID- 2886196
TI  - Mealing and related hormone release suppress hypothalamic lesions of neonatal
      mice by L-glutamate.
AB  - Neonatal mice, under fasting conditions, are susceptible to the development of
      lesions in the arcuate nucleus (AN) of the hypothalamus, with high doses of
      monosodium L-glutamate (MSG). Feeding of nutrients (e.g., sugars and L-amino
      acids) has been shown to have a protective effect against the development of
      these lesions. The purpose of these studies was to elucidate the mechanism of
      this protective effect. Histopathologic examination of lesions of the AN
      demonstrated that feeding of weaning mice before subcutaneous administration of
      toxic doses of MSG suppressed the development of these lesions, as compared to
      fasted controls. Similarly, the number of necrotic cells in the AN of neonates
      administered toxic doses of MSG subcutaneously was reduced when D-glucose and L
      arginine were administered orally. Atropine obliterated the protective effect of
      D-glucose. Pretreatments consisting of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) +
      oral D-glucose had a protective effect of higher potency than GIP alone.
      Pretreatments with insulin, anorexigenic peptide (pyroGlu-His-Gly),
      cholecystokinin, glucagon, bombesin, and substance P (in decreasing order of
      effectiveness) demonstrated a protective effect against the AN lesion in
      neonates, whereas somatostatin and beta-endorphin had no effect. Results suggest
      that the protective effect of nutrients may in part be due to the stimulation of
      peptide hormone release during the postabsorptive phase. It is postulated that
      the effect of entero-pancreatic hormone, especially insulin, is to enhance the
      tolerance of AN neurons of neonatal mice to the toxic dose of L-glutamate.

PMID- 2886197
TI  - Light and electron microscopic study of somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurons
      in rat hippocampus.
AB  - The distribution and fine structure of somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurons
      in rat hippocampus and gyrus dentatus were investigated by light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemistry. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive neuronal
      perikarya and fibers could be visualized by using modified PAP
      immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactive neurons were selectively localized in the
      stratum orience of the hippocampus and hilar region of the gyrus dentatus,
      however, immunoreactive neurons were also sparsely observed throughout
      hippocampal formation. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive varicosities were
      abundantly distributed in the stratum pyramidale and some of them were considered
      to terminate on the pyramidal cells. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurons in
      the hippocampal formation generally contained many mitochondria, well-developed
      rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER), polysomes and some dense granules.
      Immunoreactivity was observed especially in the dense granules and membrane of
      rER. Pre- and post-synaptic elements of somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurons
      were detected throughout the hippocampal formation.

PMID- 2886199
TI  - [Absence of linkage between Alzheimer's disease and a polymorphic probe of the
      long arm of chromosome 21].
AB  - The hypothesis of an eventual linkage between Alzheimer's disease (AD), a
      presenile dementia, and the genomic probe GMG 21 S3, located on the long arm of
      chromosome 21, has been investigated in a large family originating from Calabria,
      in which AD is transmitted as an autosomal dominant mendelian trait. Analysis of
      the Bgl II restriction polymorphism, after molecular hybridization with the
      probe, of DNAs coming from 28 subjects of a pedigree, from which 10 individuals
      are affected, allowed to demonstrate that there wasn't any linkage between AD and
      the marker studied.

PMID- 2886200
TI  - Treatment of elevated intraocular pressure with concurrent levobunolol and
      pilocarpine.
AB  - Between July 1983 and January 1986, 54 patients with open-angle glaucoma or
      ocular hypertension were treated for 3 months with 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride
      (given four times daily) and one of two beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs,
      levobunolol hydrochloride (0.5% [17 patients] or 1% [19 patients]) or 0.5%
      timolol maleate (18 patients), given twice daily. Before entry into the study all
      patients had had stable intraocular pressure (IOP) with treatment with 0.5%
      timolol and 2% pilocarpine. Stable IOP was successfully maintained in up to 88%
      of the patients in the two levobunolol-pilocarpine groups and in 83% of those in
      the timolol-pilocarpine group. Two patients experienced adverse reactions: one,
      who received timolol and pilocarpine, suffered blepharoconjunctivitis, and the
      other, who received 1% levobunolol and pilocarpine, experienced bradycardia. The
      results indicate that the levobunolol-pilocarpine regimens were as safe and
      effective as the timolol-pilocarpine regimen in stabilizing IOP.

PMID- 2886201
TI  - Diabetes alters the reactivity of myocardium to a thromboxane analogue.
AB  - Atrial contractile response to U-46619 was studied in auricles from normal and
      acutely diabetic rats. U-46619 induced an increment of dF/dt in diabetic atria,
      whereas nondiabetic auricles elicited a negative contractile effect. Blockers of
      arachidonic acid metabolism via cyclooxygenase inhibited the stimulatory action
      of U-46619. The stimulant action of the thromboxane A2 mimetic was attenuated
      when diabetic auricles were incubated with lipoxygenase(s) blocking agents.
      Results suggest that in diabetic atria, the abnormal inotropic effect induced by
      U-46619 may be associated with thromboxane formation and with lipoxygenase(s)
      metabolites.

PMID- 2886198
TI  - Respiratory and vasomotor effects of excitatory amino acid on ventral medullary
      surface.
AB  - Three glutamic acid analogues, N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA), quisqualic (QQ), and
      kainic (KAI) acids were applied topically to the ventral surface of the medulla
      (VMS) in paralyzed, vagotomized and carotid sinus denervated cats hyperventilated
      to apnea. Respiratory and vasomotor effects were assessed by changes in phrenic
      nerve activity and systemic arterial blood pressure. All three agents to varying
      degrees raised systemic blood pressure, but only NMDA consistently initiated
      phrenic nerve activity at pCO2 levels below that observed in control trials. KAI
      and QQ raised blood pressure even in those animals in which they had little
      effect on initiating phrenic nerve activity. Furthermore, respiratory responses
      were obtained from localized areas on VMS, namely the intermedio-caudal zone (I-C
      areas); whereas blood pressure elevations could be obtained from wider VMS areas
      including the rostral zone (R areas). In addition, the effects of the three amino
      acids on blood pressure were quantitatively different with KAI causing much
      greater increases in blood pressure than QQ or NMDA. The respiratory and
      vasomotor effects of NMDA and QQ were blocked by the use of 2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid and L-glutamic acid diethylester, their respective
      antagonists. The results suggest that neurons in the VMS which cause respiratory
      and vasomotor responses are not identical. Cells containing receptors stimulated
      by NMDA predominantly increase respiration, whereas cells containing receptors
      excited by KAI are more effective in eliciting vasomotor responses.

PMID- 2886202
TI  - Cycloheximide blocks insulin-like growth factor I but not somatostatin inhibition
      of growth hormone secretion.
AB  - Growth hormone secretion is controlled by the two hypothalamic hormones, growth
      hormone releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin. In addition, the insulin-like
      growth factors (IGF or somatomedins) which are themselves growth hormone
      dependent, inhibit growth hormone release in vitro, therefore acting to close the
      negative feedback loop. The studies reported here examine some of the differences
      between inhibition of growth hormone secretion by somatostatin and IGF-I in
      vitro. The major finding is that cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor,
      blocks inhibition of GRF-stimulated growth hormone release caused by IGF-I,
      without changing the inhibition caused by somatostatin. The experiments were done
      by exposing mixed rat adenohypophysial cells to secretagogues with or without
      cycloheximide for 24 h in a short term culture. Somatostatin (0.6 nM) totally
      blocked rat GRF (1 nM) stimulated growth hormone release to values 48% of control
      (nonstimulated values), while IGF-I (27 nM) only reduced the GRF-stimulated
      growth hormone release by 27 +/- 3% (N = 5). Cycloheximide (15 micrograms/mL)
      totally blocked the effect of IGF-I but not somatostatin. A low concentration
      (0.12 nM) of somatostatin, which only partly inhibited growth hormone release,
      was also unaffected by cycloheximide. In purified rat somatotrophs, somatostatin
      (0.1 nM) inhibited GRF-stimulated cAMP levels slightly and reduced growth hormone
      release while IGF-I (40 nM) had no effect. We suggest that IGF-I inhibits only
      the secretion of newly synthesized growth hormone, while somatostatin inhibits
      both stored and newly synthesized growth hormone pools.

PMID- 2886203
TI  - Central and peripheral actions of salicylate in altering nonpyrogenic
      thermoregulation of rats.
AB  - The effects on body temperature of intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal
      sodium salicylate were evaluated in anesthetized and nonanesthetized,
      nonrestrained rats. Also, the effects of various neurotransmitter receptor
      blocking drugs were evaluated on salicylate-induced hypothermia of
      nonanesthetized animals. Sodium salicylate, 150-350 mg/kg induced a dose-related
      hypothermia of unanesthetized animals. However, in anesthetized animals, marked
      hyperthermia was observed. In unanesthetized, unrestrained rats,
      intracerebroventricular administration of 1.0 mg/h salicylate caused greater
      hypothermia than peripheral administration of salicylate, 350 mg/kg. Salicylate
      hypothermia was unaffected by para-chlorophenylalanine, cyproheptadine, or
      naloxone, and was only partially inhibited by pimozide. These results strongly
      suggest a potent direct action of salicylate within the central nervous system to
      induce hypothermia, and suggest possible involvement of dopaminergic neurons in
      this process.

PMID- 2886204
TI  - Prevention of hypertension and maintenance of normotension in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats is dependent on continuous severe dietary sodium restriction.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats were placed on a very low (9 mumol/g) or control
      (101 mumol/g) sodium diet at birth or 4 weeks of age. These diets were continued
      to 16 weeks of age, or at 10 weeks were increased from 9 to 26 or 101 mumol/g.
      Sodium restriction initiated up to 4 weeks of age and continued to 16 weeks of
      age severely retarded growth, prevented the development of hypertension, and
      reduced effective sympathetic activity as assessed by the response of blood
      pressure to ganglionic blockade. Only a small increase in sodium intake at 10
      weeks of age (to 26 mumol/g or more) resulted in a marked increase in growth
      rate, an elevation of blood pressure, and a return of the response to ganglionic
      blockade towards normal. These data indicate that very severe sodium restriction
      must be continuous to maintain decreased sympathetic activity and normal blood
      pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It appears that severe dietary
      sodium restriction suppresses one or more of the mechanisms involved in normal
      growth and development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but
      these mechanisms may still proceed once the sodium intake is increased.

PMID- 2886205
TI  - Evaluation of feet and skeletons of limbs from pigs treated with a repartitioning
      agent, cimaterol.
AB  - Recently, beta-adrenergic agents, which repartition muscle and fat, have been
      used to develop more muscular carcasses in broilers, steers, lambs, and pigs.
      Cimaterol, one such repartitioning agent, effectively improves carcass quality in
      pigs. Since the mode of action of repartitioning agents is uncertain, and because
      they may indirectly affect skeletal development or the integrity of feet, the
      purpose of this study was to assess the effect of cimaterol on selected growth
      cartilages and feet. Pigs were randomly placed in four groups and fed a ration
      that included Cimaterol at 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.00 mg/kg. At 100 kg live
      weight, pigs were slaughtered and selected growth cartilages, bones, and feet
      were examined macroscopically, radiologically, and microscopically. Although the
      majority of pigs had lesions in feet, or had dyschondroplastic changes typical of
      osteochondrosis in many growth cartilages, particularly physes, there were no
      significant differences in frequency of pigs with lesions between groups.
      Cimaterol enhanced carcass quality with no detrimental effect on bones or feet.

PMID- 2886206
TI  - Toxigenic characteristics of Clostridium perfringens type C in enterotoxemia of
      domestic animals.
AB  - Eleven Clostridium perfringens type C strains isolated from fatal cases of
      hemorrhagic enterotoxemia of Canadian calves, a piglet, and a foal were studied
      for the production of soluble antigens. All the isolates from calves and a foal
      failed to produce delta toxin, but were capable of producing large amounts of
      lethal beta toxin. A strain isolated from a piglet produced delta, but very
      little beta toxin. Other differences were relatively minor. The results indicated
      that young domestic animals may be susceptible to all subtypes of C. perfringens
      type C. A simple method of using blood agar plates coated with type A antiserum
      for demonstration of hemolytic patterns was found advantageous in differentiation
      of C. perfringens strains.

PMID- 2886207
TI  - Antagonism of xylazine induced sedation by idazoxan in calves.
AB  - Idazoxan was studied at three dose rates to assess its potential as an antagonist
      to xylazine. Calves in the study group were initially given xylazine at a dose
      rate of 0.2 mg/kg intravenously followed 12 minutes later by idazoxan at a dose
      rate of either 0.05, 0.075 or 0.10 mg/kg intravenously. A control group received
      a saline injection instead of idazoxan. All three dose levels of idazoxan
      successfully reversed the xylazine induced central nervous depression and all
      animals stood within two minutes of injection. No residual signs of sedation were
      noticed and relapse did not occur. In addition idazoxan was successful in
      reversing respiratory and cardiovascular depression produced by xylazine. The
      results indicated that idazoxan may be used for rapid reversal of xylazine
      induced sedation in calves.

PMID- 2886208
TI  - The static biomechanical examination and its importance in occupational medicine.
AB  - This article presents a review of the biomechanical examination of the lower
      extremities. Various techniques for taking measurements are presented in an
      orderly fashion; a format is given to decrease the total time spent performing
      examinations. The author proposes that, because lower extremity injury and
      disease account for a significant portion of compensation cases, this examination
      be used as a screening device for employment. This preventive measure may
      decrease health care costs to employers and needless injuries to their employees.

PMID- 2886209
TI  - Occupational biomechanics of athletes and dancers: a comparative approach.
AB  - Muscle strains represent more than a third of all injuries in both dancers and
      athletes. Although often overlooked, anatomic variations play an important role
      in the etiology of these injuries, as does strength imbalance between agonists
      and antagonists. The incidence of spondylolysis is unusually high in ballet
      dancers and certain athletic groups, such as gymnasts, javelin throwers, and
      weight-lifters. Mechanical factors play a major role and can be exacerbated by
      congenital abnormalities. Various permanent adaptive musculoskeletal changes have
      been described both in dancers and athletes, especially those that start at a
      very young age. Task-related adaptive changes can also be seen in isokinetic
      strength measurements of various muscle groups, such as the spine muscles of
      Flamenco dancers. Shoes and floor surfaces can be directly responsible in part or
      in whole for many sports and dance injuries. "Vibration-pressure" diagrams are
      suggested as an objective way to document their effect on biomechanical behavior.

PMID- 2886210
TI  - Do Oriental psychiatric patients receive different dosages of psychotropic
      medication when compared with occidentals.
AB  - The literature suggests the possibility of different drug dosage requirements
      between patients of different ethnic origins. This study thereby attempted to
      investigate the average dosages of psychotropic medications being prescribed for
      Orientals versus Occidentals using a retrospective drug history review and an
      international opinion survey. The retrospective drug history review compared drug
      dosages for four commonly used psychotropic medications in well matched Oriental
      and Occidental populations. Data from this review showed that final/maintenance
      dosages of amitriptyline were significantly lower for Orientals than Occidentals.
      The opinion survey assessed the responses of psychiatrists in the Orient, as well
      as in North America, with respect to average dosages prescribed for the two
      populations; their beliefs in possible variability and causes underlying the
      variability. Data indicated that significantly lower dosages of chlorpromazine,
      phenelzine, diazepam, and chlordiazepoxide are being prescribed for Orientals as
      compared with Occidentals. Beliefs in differences were dependent upon the degree
      of exposure to Orientals. Suggested etiological factors underlying the
      variability were usually related to drug metabolism, side effects, and body
      weight. In both types of studies, Orientals appeared to have lower prescribed
      dosages than Occidentals. The lower dosages, however, appeared to be a function
      of the physician's experience in treating the Oriental population.

PMID- 2886211
TI  - Poorly controlled EPS: risk factors for NMS.

PMID- 2886212
TI  - Frequent alterations of specific reiterated DNA sequence abundances in human
      cancer.
AB  - An in-gel renaturation method allows the visualization, quantitation, and initial
      characterization of reiterated DNA restriction fragments (RRFs) without prior
      possession of their probes. Using this method we analyzed EcoRI restricted DNAs
      from ten human tumors, paired normal tissues from these patients, ten unpaired
      tumors, and 26 noncancer patients. Frequent qualitative and quantitative
      differences in the relative radioactive intensities of all or specific RRFs in
      the DNA from different individuals have been observed. However, we also report
      frequent two- to ten-fold alterations in the relative radioactive intensities of
      several specific RRFs in tumor-control analyses of DNA from the same individual.
      A 0.65-kb alphoid-like DNA RRF was decreased in six tumors and increased in none.
      Moreover, a new 1.55-kb RRF was observed in two colon cancer DNAs. Several new
      RRFs, suggestive of gene amplification, were detected in a neuroblastoma, two of
      which were also seen in a glioma. These data support frequent qualitative and
      quantitative alterations of specific reiterated DNA sequences in human cancer
      when compared with paired controls. This approach will allow the future
      characterization of specific DNA sequences whose patterns of altered reiteration
      suggest a role in the emergence of specific malignancies.

PMID- 2886213
TI  - Loss of heterozygosity at autosomal and X-linked loci during tumor progression in
      a patient with melanoma.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at 61 autosomal and 7 X-linked loci
      were screened for heterozygosity in cell lines derived from 6 independent
      metastases and autologous B-cells from a patient with melanoma. Segregations
      resulting in the loss of heterozygosity were detected in the tumor cells at 8 of
      16 autosomes with at least 1 informative locus and at the 3 informative X-linked
      loci. With a single exception, karyotypic abnormalities were not detected in the
      region of loci where loss of heterozygosity had been detected. Three patterns of
      loss were identified: unique segregations in cells from a single metastasis;
      segregation of the same alleles in different subsets of metastases; and identical
      segregations in all 6 metastases. The monoclonal derivation of the 6 metastases
      is supported by the inactivation of the same X-chromosome and the presence of
      identical segregation at loci on chromosomes 9 and X. Analysis of the patterns of
      segregation in the metastatic tumor cells permitted the development of a
      genealogy of tumor progression in this patient and the development of a model of
      tumor progression which describes the accumulation of selectively neutral and
      advantageous segregations in metastatic tumor cells.

PMID- 2886214
TI  - Histamine and growth: interaction of antiestrogen binding site ligands with a
      novel histamine site that may be associated with calcium channels.
AB  - N,N-Diethyl-2-[(4-phenylmethyl)-phenoxy]ethanamine hydrochloride (DPPE) is a
      novel paradiphenylmethane derivative with antiproliferative and antiestrogenic
      properties. Like tamoxifen (TAM), DPPE binds to the microsomal antiestrogen
      binding site with high affinity (Kd approximately 50 nM), but, conversely, not to
      estrogen receptor or calmodulin. We now demonstrate that DPPE competes for
      [3H]histamine binding in rat cerebral cortex with an affinity (Ki = 4.5 +/- 2.6 X
      10(-6) M) significantly greater than that of the H1 antagonist pyrilamine (Ki =
      7.2 +/- 2.2 X 10(-5) M), despite the previous demonstration that pyrilamine is up
      to 1000 times more potent than DPPE in antagonizing histamine-induced contraction
      in canine tracheal smooth muscle. DPPE demonstrates antiproliferative activity
      against MCF-7 cells at concentrations between 1 X 10(-7) and 1 X 10(-5) M; the
      IC50 value of DPPE for growth inhibition at 7 days in this assay is 5 X 10(-6) M,
      a value equivalent to its Ki value for histamine binding. DPPE also competes for
      [3H]verapamil binding in membranes from whole rat brain with an affinity equal to
      that for verapamil (Kd = 4.0 +/- 1.8 X 10(-7) M); however, verapamil competes for
      [3H]DPPE binding in brain membranes and rat liver microsomes with an affinity
      markedly lower (Ki approximately 1 X 10(-4) M) than that of DPPE, suggesting
      allosteric interactions between the verapamil and DPPE sites. Unlike DPPE,
      verapamil is not antiproliferative in vitro against MCF-7 cells at concentrations
      up 1 X 10(-5) M, but, like DPPE, is cytotoxic at concentrations of 1 X 10(-4) M.
      In immature oophorectomized rats, verapamil or DPPE alone is antiuterotropic;
      however, verapamil shows no antagonism of exogenous estradiol on uterine growth,
      as opposed to DPPE which is a partial antagonist. Thus, the antiproliferative and
      antiestrogenic properties of DPPE either are not associated with calcium channel
      antagonism, or result from a qualitatively different effect on channels than
      verapamil. The in vitro antiproliferative effect of DPPE (7.5 X 10(-6) M) on MCF
      7 cells at 72 h is significantly reversed by 10 mM L-histidine (70.2 +/- 12.6%
      reversal) and L-methionine (92.4 +/- 11.1% reversal), but not by L-ornithine, L
      arginine, L-phenylalanine, or exogenous histamine. At lower concentrations of TAM
      (0.75 X 10(-6) M), where growth inhibition is estrogen-reversible, L-ornithine,
      but not L-histidine or L-methionine, causes significant reversal of growth
      inhibition (66.8 +/- 13.3%; p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2886215
TI  - Complete or partial homozygosity of chromosome 13 in primary retinoblastoma.
AB  - Sixteen retinoblastomas were examined with chromosome 13 polymorphic probes to
      determine the frequency of homozygosity for the chromosome in the tumors. Each of
      the tumors had two cytogenetically normal appearing No. 13 chromosomes.
      Nontumorous cells from the same patients were heterozygous for the various
      polymorphic chromosome 13 probes used. At least partial homozygosity for a single
      chromosome 13 was observed in 75% of the tumors. These studies confirm and extend
      previous studies which suggest that homozygosity or hemizygosity at RBI occurs in
      the majority of retinoblastomas. We also demonstrate in an additional tumor that
      rapid clonal evolution from hemizygosity to homozygosity can occur in the tumor.

PMID- 2886216
TI  - Amplification and enhanced expression of the c-Ki-ras2 protooncogene in human
      embryonal carcinomas.
AB  - Two cell lines of human embryonal carcinoma, Tera-1 and Tera-2, have been found
      to exhibit a 4- to 6-fold amplification of protooncogene c-Ki-ras2. The
      polyadenylic acid selected RNA also showed 8-fold or greater enhancement, showing
      marked elevation in the level of two major mRNAs, 5.7 and 4.0 kilobases, and two
      additional minor mRNAs, 2.3 and 1.2 kilobases, as compared with those of a normal
      human embryonic fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. More than one-half of the number of
      tumor samples obtained from metastatic human embryonal carcinomas also showed c
      Ki-ras2 gene amplification and enhanced mRNA expression. However, the c-Ki-ras2
      gene amplification did not always lead to enhanced mRNA expression, and some
      embryonal carcinomas showed mRNA overexpression without apparent c-Ki-ras2 gene
      amplification. These results suggest that human embryonal carcinomas may have c
      Ki-ras2 amplification and/or overexpression before in vitro culture. Among
      various chromosomal changes observed in Tera-1 and Tera-2 cells, there were
      anomalies in chromosome 12 in which c-Ki-ras2 is located although these
      karyological changes alone could not account for the amplification observed. It
      is suggested that the genomic instability and active DNA replication during the
      early developmental period may give rise to changes involving c-Ki-ras2 which may
      contribute to oncogenic processes.

PMID- 2886218
TI  - Basis for the selective cytotoxicity of rhodamine 123.
AB  - Using rat liver mitochondria we determined that the primary biochemical target
      for inhibition of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by rhodamine 123 (Rh123)
      was FoF1-ATPase and that the amount of Rh123 associated with mitochondria is
      proportional to the mitochondrial membrane potential. Inhibition of coupled
      respiration by Rh123 in mitochondria isolated from CX-1, a Rh123-sensitive
      carcinoma cell type, and CV-1, a Rh123-insensitive normal epithelial cell type,
      was linearly related to the amount of Rh123 added (micrograms/mg protein) with CX
      1 mitochondria exhibiting 2-fold greater inhibition compared to CV-1 mitochondria
      at any given amount of dye. The inhibition pattern for mitochondria isolated from
      MIP101, a Rh123-insensitive carcinoma cell type, was nonlinear, exhibiting
      greater sensitivity than CV-1 mitochondria at very low amounts of Rh123 but
      becoming less sensitive than either CV-1 or CX-1 at higher amounts. Rh123
      inhibited FoF1-ATPase activity to a similar extent and in a concentration
      dependent manner in both CV-1 and CX-1 mitochondria, but a different and complex
      pattern of inhibition was apparent for MIP101 mitochondria. Moreover,
      mitochondria from the 2 carcinoma cell types, CX-1 and MIP101, had higher
      membrane potentials (163 +/- 7 and 158 +/- 8 mV, respectively) than did
      mitochondria from the normal epithelial cell type, CV-1 (104 +/- 9 mV). It was
      concluded that differences in both mitochondrial membrane potential and
      sensitivity of FoF1-ATPase contribute to the selective cytotoxicity exhibited by
      Rh123 for certain cell types in vitro.

PMID- 2886217
TI  - Mechanism of protection against aflatoxin tumorigenicity in rats fed 5-(2
      pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz) and related 1,2-dithiol-3
      thiones and 1,2-dithiol-3-ones.
AB  - 1,2-Dithiol-3-thiones, reported constituents of cruciferous vegetables, are five
      membered cyclic sulfur-containing compounds with antioxidant, chemotherapeutic,
      and chemoprotective activities. The effects of dietary administration of a
      substituted 1,2-dithiol-3-thione, oltipraz [5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol
      3-thione], a potent antischistosomal agent, on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolism,
      DNA adduct formation, and hepatic tumorigenesis were examined in male F344 rats.
      Rats were fed graded doses of oltipraz (0.01-0.1%) for 4 wk. During the second
      and third wk of oltipraz feeding rats were gavaged with 250 micrograms of AFB1/kg
      five times a wk. Rats were finally restored to control diet 1 wk after cessation
      of AFB1 dosing. At 4 months focal areas of hepatocellular alteration were
      identified and quantitated by staining sections of liver for gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity. Treatment with oltipraz at all doses reduced by greater
      than 90% the volume of liver occupied by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive
      foci. Levels of AFB1 bound to hepatic DNA were reduced between 40 and 80% in
      animals fed increasing doses of dietary oltipraz (0.01-0.1%) for 1 wk prior to a
      single exposure to AFB1. Feeding of the higher levels of oltipraz led to marked
      increases in the specific activity of glutathione S-transferases, presumably
      serving to facilitate the detoxication of the ultimate electrophilic form of
      AFB1, the 8,9-oxide. At low dietary concentrations of oltipraz (0.01%), the only
      inductive effects seen were on the activities of selected cytochrome P-450
      monooxygenases. Therefore, the protection afforded by oltipraz may be due to both
      the enhancement of electrophile detoxication pathways as well as modified
      oxidative metabolism of AFB1. In in vitro metabolism studies with hepatic post
      mitochondrial supernatant, low-dose oltipraz pretreatment facilitated the
      oxidative production of aflatoxins P1 and Q1, but not M1, from AFB1. High-dose
      (0.1%) oltipraz pretreatment enhanced the primary metabolism of AFB1 to
      aflatoxins P1, M1, and Q1 as well as the formation of chloroform-insoluble
      metabolites. Feeding studies with a series of 1,2-dithiol-3-thione and 1,2
      dithiol-3-one derivatives of oltipraz demonstrated that the inductive activity
      for cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases and electrophile detoxication
      enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferases, could be readily separated by minor
      modifications of the 1,2-dithiol-3-thione structure. The unsubstituted 1,2
      dithiol-3-thione nucleus strongly induced electrophile detoxication enzymes, but
      not the monooxygenases, and was the most effective inhibitor of the binding of
      AFB1 to hepatic DNA in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2886219
TI  - Appearance of high affinity receptors for type beta transforming growth factor
      during differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that type beta transforming growth factor (TGF
      beta) not only influences cell growth but also affects cell differentiation. In
      the present study, two different embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines and their
      differentiated cells were examined for the presence of TGF-beta receptors and for
      their responses to this factor. F9 and PC-13 EC cells bind little, if any, TGF
      beta and do not appear to respond to TGF-beta in monolayer or soft agar cultures.
      Treatment of both EC cell lines with retinoic acid leads to the appearance of
      irreversibly differentiated cells that begin to exhibit receptors for TGF-beta by
      48 h. After an additional 3-5 days, the differentiated cells express
      approximately 6000 high affinity receptors for TGF-beta, with an apparent
      dissociation constant of 45 PM. In contrast to the results observed with the
      parental EC cells, TGF-beta influences the growth of the differentiated cells
      cultured in both serum-free and serum-containing media. However, TGF-beta, alone
      or in combination with other growth factors, does not induce the differentiated
      cells to form colonies in soft agar. The possible relationship of these results
      to the roles of growth factors during early mammalian development is discussed.

PMID- 2886220
TI  - Mechanism of vasodilation by nitrates: role of cyclic GMP.
AB  - Nitrovasodilators relax vascular smooth muscle by stimulating soluble guanylate
      cyclase (GC). The resulting rise in cGMP probably initiates Ca extrusion from the
      smooth muscle cell which causes relaxation. Since repeated administration of
      organic nitrates, particularly nitroglycerin, leads to tolerance, i.e. a decrease
      in the vasodilator effect, it was studied whether (a) tolerance was a peripheral
      phenomenon occurring in the vascular smooth muscle, and (b) was due to an
      impairment of GC activation. In isolated circular strips of bovine coronary
      arteries, 90 min pretreatment with nitroglycerin greatly lowered the relaxing as
      well as the cGMP increasing response to nitroglycerin, indicating tolerance
      induction. Tolerance, although to a lesser extent, was also obtained with other
      organic nitrates under similar conditions, including IS 5-MN. Little
      (nitroprusside Na) to negligible tolerance was obtained with sodium nitrate and
      SIN-1, the active metabolite of molsidomine. The latter group of drugs stimulated
      soluble GC in vitro in the absence of cysteine whereas organic nitrates required
      the presence of this thiol. Preincubation with nitroglycerin almost completely
      inactivated GC whereas other organic nitrates had little effect. The results
      indicate that tolerance is caused by an impairment of GC function in the smooth
      muscle cell, particularly when elicited by nitroglycerin, and that differences in
      the degree of tolerance development by various nitrovasodilators are possibly due
      to different mechanisms of activation and inactivation of GC as well as
      differences in cysteine requirement.

PMID- 2886222
TI  - Drug interaction and anesthesia.

PMID- 2886221
TI  - Effects of antihypertensive drugs on lipid metabolism.
AB  - Despite the well-established correlation between coronary heart disease (CHD) and
      hypertension, conventional antihypertensive therapy with diuretics and beta
      adrenergic blockers has failed to provide protection against CHD. A possible
      explanation for this failure is the unfavorable effect such drugs have on lipid
      metabolism. To compare the lipid profiles of commonly used antihypertensive
      drugs, a survey was made of selected studies from the literature. Diuretics and
      selective and nonselective beta-blockers were found to have adverse effects on
      blood lipids. Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, labetalol,
      methyldopa, and calcium channel blockers are lipid neutral, whereas alpha
      adrenergic blockers seemed to have a favorable effect on lipid metabolism.
      Controlled clinical trials with drugs that have no adverse effects on lipid
      metabolism are needed to establish the long-term clinical importance of such
      agents.

PMID- 2886223
TI  - Replacement of chronically administered anticholinergic drugs by amantadine in
      outpatient management of chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - Anticholinergic drugs have been shown to impair new memory acquisition. In a
      double-blind study, 22 chronically schizophrenic patients had the anticholinergic
      drugs that they had been taking to control the extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE)
      of neuroleptic drugs discontinued and were randomly assigned to treatment either
      with benztropine (an anticholinergic) or with amantadine (which has little or no
      anticholinergic effect). The EPSE of five of the ten patients assigned to
      amantadine could not be adequately controlled with that drug alone, and these
      patients were withdrawn from the study prematurely. The five patients who
      completed the six-week trial on amantadine showed improved performance on tests
      of memory acquisition in comparison with patients treated with benztropine.
      Global inspection of the results showed that only 36% of the patients taking
      benztropine showed improvement in memory acquisition at the four- and six-week
      assessments, whereas 80% of the amantadine users showed improvement at the four
      week assessment. Analysis of covariance, however, revealed that the performance
      of the latter group decreased almost to baseline at six weeks, as an additional
      two of the remaining patients developed distressing EPSE.

PMID- 2886224
TI  - Coated and smooth vesicles participate in acetylcholine receptor transport.
AB  - The removal of the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) from the surface of muscle
      cells serves as an important mechanism in the regulation of the AChR turnover
      rate. Our previous studies have shown that cultured myotubes contain coated pits
      and vesicles bearing alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha BTX)-binding sites (Bursztajn
      1984; Bursztajn and Fischbach 1984). In this study we have used alpha BTX
      conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and quantitative electron microscopy
      to determine the intracellular pathway(s) of acetylcholine receptors during the
      internalization process. To accomplish this, cultured rat myotubes were incubated
      with alpha BTX-HRP at 4 degrees C after which cells were washed and incubated at
      37 degrees C for 0 min to 2 h. After warming the cells, coated pits, coated
      vesicles and smooth membraned vesicles containing the peroxidase reaction product
      were present. A threefold increase in coated vesicles containing the reaction
      product was observed 1 min after warming the cells. The number of smooth
      membraned vesicles remained constant at this time point. However, 5 to 15 min
      after warming the cells, a fivefold increase in the number of smooth membraned
      vesicles was observed. After 1 h at 37 degrees C the reaction product was present
      in the lysosomal like bodies, but was not observed in the Golgi complex or the
      small coated vesicles associated with the Golgi complex. Our observations
      indicate that there is a size segregation between those coated vesicles
      containing alpha BTX-HRP reaction product and those in which reaction product is
      absent. Our studies also suggest that within minutes of AChR internalization
      coated vesicles lose their coat and become smooth-membraned vesicles.

PMID- 2886225
TI  - Amacrine cells with neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in
      three species of teleosts with different color vision.
AB  - Neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were localized by pre
      embedding techniques in retinal whole-mounts and radial sections of a
      monochromatic glass catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis), a dichromatic cichlid
      species (Aequidens pulcher), and the tetrachromatic roach (Rutilus rutilus). Both
      neuropeptides were observed in perikarya and processes of amacrine cells. For a
      precise identification of cell types, tangential and radial views were correlated
      with Golgi-impregnated material. The dendritic pattern defining the morphological
      subtype of amacrine cells was determined by the given neuropeptide or by the
      species-specific degrees of complexity of retinal structure and function.
      Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was localized in amacrine cells of intermediate
      size, radial symmetry and dendrites with numerous varicosities; they were
      monostratified in sublayer 3 of the inner plexiform layer. This cell type was
      common to all three species. In the mono- and dichromatic retinas, a single type
      of amacrine cell with somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was found with radially
      oriented, varicose dendrites in sublayer 5. In the tetrachromatic roach retina,
      two somatostatin-positive amacrine cell types were found with very different
      patterns of ramification; furthermore, both of these types occurred in more than
      one sublayer. Possible functional implications for color vision of neuropeptide
      specific amacrine cells with uniform morphology in all three species and those
      with a more varied morphology in the tetrachromatic roach are discussed.

PMID- 2886227
TI  - Localization of the Huntington's disease gene to a small segment of chromosome 4
      flanked by D4S10 and the telomere.
AB  - Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder of
      late onset, characterized by progressive motor disturbance, psychological
      manifestations, and intellectual deterioration. The HD gene has been genetically
      mapped by linkage to the DNA marker D4S10, but the exact physical location of the
      HD defect has remained uncertain. To delineate critical recombination events
      revealing the physical position of the HD gene, we have identified restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms for two recently mapped chromosome 4 loci, RAF2 and
      D4S62, and determined the pattern of segregation of these markers in both
      reference and HD pedigrees. Multipoint linkage analysis of the new markers with
      D4S10 and HD establishes that the HD gene is located in a very small physical
      region at the tip of the chromosome, bordered by D4S10 and the telomere. A
      crossover within the D4S10 locus orients this segment on the chromosome,
      providing the necessary information for efficient application of directional
      cloning strategies for progressing toward, and eventually isolating, the HD gene.

PMID- 2886226
TI  - Regulation of Thy-1 gene expression in transgenic mice.
AB  - Genomic DNA fragments encompassing the human Thy-1 or mouse Thy-1.1 gene have
      been microinjected into pronuclei of mouse embryos homozygous for the Thy-1.2
      allele. In the resulting transgenic mice, the human gene is expressed in a
      pattern characteristic of normal human tissues, and is not influenced by the
      pattern of endogenous mouse Thy-1 expression. The mouse Thy-1.1 gene fragment is
      expressed in a pattern typical of mouse Thy-1, although it is more limited in its
      distribution. The results indicate the presence of multiple cis-acting regulators
      of Thy-1 gene expression that have changed in both their character and
      arrangement over the course of Thy-1 gene evolution.

PMID- 2886229
TI  - [Immuno-histochemical study of experimental epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2886228
TI  - Neonatal tolerance induction in the thymus to MHC-class II-associated antigens.
      III. Significance of hemopoietic stem cells for induction and maintenance of Mls
      tolerance by continuous supply of tolerance-inducing nonlymphocytes.
AB  - The role of hemopoietic stem cells and other cell types in the induction and
      maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the thymus was investigated by
      intravenous injection of Mls-semi-allogeneic cells into newborn mice less than 24
      hr after birth. Mls-specific tolerance was induced by inoculation of peritoneal
      cells and thymus cells, and the tolerant state was compared with that induced by
      bone marrow cells which had hemopoietic stem cell activity and were able to
      create a stable chimera in both central and peripheral lymphoid organs. When
      peritoneal or thymus cells were injected, the level of tolerance attained was
      proportional to the number of cells injected, though peritoneal cells were 20
      times as effective as thymus cells. In vivo functions of tolerance-inducing cells
      and their immediate precursors were radiosensitive and belonged to a Thy-1-,
      nylon-wool-nonadherent (probably non-B), weakly Sephadex G-10-adherent cell
      population. Tolerance induced by peritoneal cell injections was transient,
      starting to terminate within the first 2 weeks of life, while tolerance caused by
      bone marrow cell injections persisted through more than 6 weeks. Such transient
      tolerance induced by the former became long-lasting when followed by an
      additional injection of bone marrow cells, which did not cause thymic lymphocyte
      chimerism. All data indicated that bone marrow stem cells were engaged in
      tolerance induction and maintenance by continuously supplying tolerance-inducing
      nonlymphocytes.

PMID- 2886230
TI  - [Pharmacological study on an irreversible ligand of opioid receptors- 7 alpha-bis
      (beta-chloroethyl) amino-6, 14-endoetheno-tetrahydrooripavine (alpha-CAO)].

PMID- 2886231
TI  - [Isolated choroidoretinal vasculitis and autoimmunity. Discussion of a case].

PMID- 2886232
TI  - Altered drug metabolizing potential of acinar cell lesions induced in rat
      pancreas by hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide.
AB  - Foci of atypical acinar cells observed in male rats 1 year after a single
      injection of hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (HAQO) were assessed
      immunohistochemically for altered expression of a number of enzyme forms
      considered to play important roles in drug metabolism. The pancreatic lesions,
      classified as of either basophilic or eosinophilic type on histological
      appearance, demonstrated distinctive patterns of altered enzyme phenotype. On the
      one hand, the basophilic foci composed of enlarged cells/nuclei with very
      prominent nucleoli were characterized by increase in GST-P, G6PD and P450 PB1 and
      MC2 forms. The eosinophilic type, in contrast, comprised smaller cells
      demonstrating elevated P450 MC1 and PB1 but not MC2, normal G6PD and strong GST-P
      binding limited only to a proportion of the nuclei. Both shared decreased GGT and
      almost total lack of GST-B positive connective tissue and ductular elements.
      Apparent islet cell lesions and normal islet tissue were characterized by a
      distinct enzyme phenotype strongly positive for all P450 species investigated.
      The results indicate that HAQO-induced putative preneoplastic pancreatic lesions,
      like equivalent carcinogen associated with focal populations in liver, kidney and
      ductular pancreas, demonstrate a non-random altered expression of specific drug
      metabolizing enzyme species.

PMID- 2886234
TI  - Effects of chronic progressive myocardial hypertrophy on indexes of cardiac
      autonomic innervation.
AB  - The development of cardiac hypertrophy is associated with marked changes in
      cardiac autonomic innervation. Significant and sustained reductions of myocardial
      catecholamine stores and activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta
      hydroxylase have been reported in models of acutely induced ventricular
      hypertrophy. Conversely, activity of choline acetyltransferase, a marker of
      parasympathetic nervous function, shows transient increases during the
      development of acute right ventricular hypertrophy. The potential physiological
      importance of these changes prompted us to examine a clinically more relevant
      model of slowly progressive ventricular hypertrophy. Application of a loose band
      around the pulmonary artery of weanling guinea pigs resulted in a growth-related
      progressive right ventricular pressure overload. Right ventricular weight-to-body
      weight ratio was increased significantly and progressively at 9 and 18 weeks in
      banded animals (0.92 +/- 0.05 and 1.31 +/- 0.11 mg/g, respectively, p less than
      0.01) compared with sham-operated controls (0.55 +/- 0.02 and 0.59 +/- 0.01 mg/g,
      respectively) but showed no further gain at 27 weeks (1.41 +/- 0.10 mg/g).
      Activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase remained
      unchanged in all experiment groups, while right ventricular contents of
      norepinephrine in banded animals at 18 and 27 weeks exhibited sustained and
      progressive increases (2.45 +/- 0.11 and 3.40 +/- 0.19 micrograms/right
      ventricle, respectively) over controls (1.80 +/- 0.13 and 2.40 +/- 0.22
      micrograms/right ventricle, respectively, p less than 0.01). The activity of
      choline acetyltransferase was markedly elevated in banded animals at 18 weeks
      (32.6 +/- 2.7 nmol/hr/right ventricle) but returned to baseline by 27 weeks (22.8
      +/- 1.4 nmol/hr/right ventricle).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886235
TI  - Validity of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity (5-ALAD) for the
      discrimination of alcoholics and nonalcoholics with chronic liver disease.
AB  - Alcohol consumption decreases erythrocyte 5-ALAD activity. Our aim was to assess
      the diagnostic value of 5-ALAD in discriminating alcoholics from nonalcoholics
      among patients with chronic liver disease and to find the combination of 5-ALAD
      and other clinical chemical tests that best differentiates these two groups.
      Measurements of erythrocyte 5-ALAD activity by fluorometry and 10 other
      biochemical tests were performed in 205 subjects with biopsy-verified liver
      damage (88 alcoholics, 117 nonalcoholics). The highest six Chi-square (chi 2)
      test values out of the 11 tests performed were diagnostically evaluated
      individually and in combinations of two to five tests, according to the number of
      positive findings. Our results show that 5-ALAD provides the highest efficiency
      as an individual test, while combinations of three tests where 5-ALAD is
      involved, especially the combination of 5-ALAD, gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes, seem to be the best test combinations
      for discriminating alcoholics from nonalcoholics among patients with chronic
      liver diseases.

PMID- 2886233
TI  - Differential time-course of induction of rat liver gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      drug-metabolizing enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and plasma
      membranes after a single phenobarbital injection. Evaluation of protein
      variations by two-dimensional electrophoresis.
AB  - This study was conducted to follow as a function of time the activity of gamma
      glutamyltransferase in the various membranes of rat liver cells after a single
      dose of phenobarbital (PB) (75 mg kg-1 body weight). Gamma-glutamyltransferase
      induction was maximal 24 h after PB treatment in both the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum and the plasma membranes. This pattern of induction differed from that
      of some drug metabolizing enzymes. While total cytochrome P-450 content was
      enhanced mainly in endoplasmic reticulum until 48 h after PB treatment, UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase activity was not greatly altered by PB under the same
      conditions. The comparison of two-dimensional electrophoretic polypeptide
      profiles of each subcellular membrane isolated from control and phenobarbital
      treated rats revealed important variations induced by PB. In plasma membranes,
      the heaviest subunit (apparent Mr = 60 x 10(3)) of hepatic gamma
      glutamyltransferase was provisionally identified as a collection of polypeptide
      which differ only by their pI. The concentration of these polypeptides was
      smaller in the endoplasmic reticulum where they were of lower apparent molecular
      mass. This suggests that the gamma-glutamyltransferase precursor is already
      processed at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum but it is still not
      completely mature or glycosylated. Five days of continuous PB treatment induced
      by appearance of new gamma-glutamyltransferase isoforms in plasma membranes. We
      demonstrate that after a single injection of PB, gamma-glutamyltransferase
      activity increases simultaneously with some drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as
      total cytochrome P-450 but not with others, such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.

PMID- 2886237
TI  - Choroideremia: close linkage to DXYS1 and DXYS12 demonstrated by segregation
      analysis and historical-genealogical evidence.
AB  - Linkage studies using restriction fragment length polymorphisms were conducted in
      the X-linked disorder, choroideremia, designated TCD for Progressive Tapeto
      Choroidal Dystrophy. Previously demonstrated close linkage with locus DXYS1 was
      confirmed (lod 11.44 at 0 recombination distance). In addition, locus DXYS12 was
      found to be closely linked with TCD (lod 3.31 at 0 recombination distance). The
      disease mainly occurs in three large kindreds in remote Northern Finland. While
      formal genealogical proof is lacking, all presently living (more than 80 affected
      males and 120 carrier females) probably originate from a common founder couple
      born in 1644 and 1646, twelve generations ago. All 36 patients and 48 carriers
      tested from the three kindreds had the same haplotype (TCD/DXYS1, 11kb/DXYS12,
      1.6kb). Given that at least 105 female meioses transmitting TCD have occurred
      since 1650 in these kindreds, extremely close linkage between TCD, DXYS1 and
      DXYS12 is suggested. The above haplotype is a very useful diagnostic tool in
      these TCD families. We suggest that our historical-genealogical approach to
      linkage analysis may be possible elsewhere in similar isolated populations.

PMID- 2886236
TI  - Activities of dipeptidyl peptidase II and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in mice with
      lupus erythematosus-like syndrome and in patients with lupus erythematosus and
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We examined the activities of peptidases in plasma and tissues of the New Zealand
      Black (NZB) mouse as an animal model of human systemic lupus erythematosus, and
      also in serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus
      erythematosus. Activities of dipeptidyl peptidase II (DAP II) and post-proline
      cleaving enzyme (PPCE) were increased, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DAP IV)
      activity was decreased in plasma and spleen of NZB mice, as compared with the
      control BALB/c mice. Likewise, the activity of DAP II was increased and that of
      DAP IV was decreased in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic
      lupus erythematosus. These results indicate the importance of hydrolytic enzymes
      in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2886238
TI  - The effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockers on the absorption and excretion of
      chlorothiazide in man.
AB  - The effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockers on the absorption and elimination of the
      diuretic chlorothiazide was studied in healthy subjects. A week of pretreatment
      with either pindolol (10 mg twice daily) or propranolol (80 mg twice daily)
      resulted in significant reduction in 36 h mean cumulative urinary recovery of
      chlorothiazide in two groups of six subjects compared with a control (untreated)
      group. A week of pretreatment with atenolol (100 mg daily) did not significantly
      alter 36 h cumulative urinary excretion in another group of six subjects. None of
      the beta-blockers significantly changed chlorothiazide half-life. It is suggested
      that the non-selective (as opposed to the cardioselective) beta-blockers reduce
      chlorothiazide absorption by the mechanism(s) discussed.

PMID- 2886239
TI  - Hypotensive response to atrial natriuretic factor in conscious renal hypertensive
      beagles.
AB  - The hemodynamic responses to i.v. infusion of 0.3 and 0.6 microgram/kg per min of
      human atrial natriuretic factor (hANF [102-126]) in intact, conscious, one
      kidney, perinephritic, hypertensive beagles were examined and compared with the
      responses in ganglionic-blocked dogs. Blood pressure and heart rate were not
      affected but plasma ANF-like immunoreactivity was increased by as much as 627%.
      After hexamethonium (20 mg/kg, i.v.) blockade, a dose-dependent hypotensive
      response of up to 29 mmHg with no change in heart rate was observed. It is
      concluded that the compensatory mechanisms of the neurally mediated baroreflex
      system masked the depressor actions of hANF.

PMID- 2886240
TI  - The effects of calcium antagonists on blood pressure and responses to alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists in hypertensive rabbits.
AB  - The effects of the calcium antagonists verapamil and nifedipine on mean arterial
      blood pressure, heart rate and pressor responses to a range of alpha-adrenoceptor
      agonists were examined in male normotensive New Zealand white rabbits and in
      rabbits with perinephritis hypertension. Verapamil and nifedipine caused a
      greater fall in mean arterial pressure in hypertensive compared to normotensive
      rabbits both when the fall was expressed as an absolute and as a percentage
      change. Effects on heart rate were similar in normotensive and hypertensive
      animals. Pressor responses to phenylephrine were attenuated by nifedipine and
      verapamil in normotensive and hypertensive rabbits. Pressor responses to
      alphamethyl noradrenaline were also attenuated by nifedipine, but pressor
      responses to BHT 920 were not significantly altered by either calcium antagonist
      in normotensive or hypertensive rabbits at the dose used. Thus the calcium
      antagonists had a greater effect on alpha 1 - than alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated
      responses in both normotensive and hypertensive rabbits. Hypertensive animals
      showed an increased responsiveness to phenylephrine and alphamethyl noradrenaline
      but not BHT 920 compared to normotensives. This difference remained after
      treatment with both the calcium antagonists.

PMID- 2886242
TI  - Endocrine hypotheses for the etiology of premenstrual syndrome.

PMID- 2886241
TI  - Improving the response to gold or D-penicillamine by addition of sulphasalazine.
      A pilot study in 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - In a 6-month open pilot study 25 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) whose
      disease was refractory to Gold or D-Penicillamine (DPA) were given Sulphasalazine
      (SAS) in addition. Three patients withdrew because of nausea. Twenty-two patients
      who completed therapy showed significant improvement in clinical and laboratory
      measures of disease activity.

PMID- 2886243
TI  - Fetal adenoma of the thyroid. A common source for false-positive thallium
      201/technetium-99m pertechnetate subtraction parathyroid scintigraphy.
AB  - The specificity of thallium/technetium imaging for the localization of
      parathyroid tumors has remained high. False-positive findings usually arise from
      an incorrectly perceived mismatch. In these case reports, false-positive findings
      resulted from the presence of intrathyroidal fetal adenomas. Benign thyroid
      adenomas appear to represent a common source of false-positive finding for
      parathyroid tumor in thallium/technetium imaging.

PMID- 2886245
TI  - The effect of various dose regimens of famotidine on basal nocturnal and meal
      stimulated gastric secretion.
AB  - The antisecretory profile of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine was studied
      with various oral doses and regimens in 10 healthy volunteers with high basal
      acid output (greater than or equal to 5 mEq/hr). Doses included 10, 20, and 40 mg
      at 9 PM and 9 AM and also 40 mg at 9 PM only. In the 22 hours after the PM doses,
      overnight (midnight to 7 AM) basal acid secretion was evaluated. Daytime meal
      stimulated secretion was assessed at 7 AM, 12 noon, and 5 PM. Doses of 10, 20,
      and 40 mg inhibited fasting nocturnal basal secretion by 69%, 86%, and 83% to
      94%, respectively (P less than 0.01). Meal-stimulated secretion at 7 AM (10 hours
      after administration) was inhibited by 28% and 39% (P less than 0.01) by only the
      40 mg doses. The response to the 12 noon meal was inhibited by the 9 AM doses of
      10, 20, and 40 mg by 45%, 75%, and 85%, respectively (P less than 0.01). The
      effect of a 40 mg dose given at 9 PM only had dissipated by breakfast (7 AM). The
      response to the 5 PM meal was suppressed by the 20 and 40 mg doses given at 9 AM
      by 22% and 35%, respectively (P less than 0.05). Suppression was present in only
      eight of the subjects after the 20 mg dose but in all 10 after the 40 mg dose.
      The effect on basal gastric aspirate pH values paralleled those seen on acid
      output. An association was found between mean plasma concentrations of famotidine
      and mean inhibition of meal-stimulated acid secretion. However, individual values
      may not be predictive.

PMID- 2886246
TI  - Carnitine acyltransferases and acyl-CoA hydrolases in human and rat liver.
AB  - The activities of carnitine acyltransferases and acyl-CoA hydrolases were
      determined in human and rat liver to establish the validity of extrapolating from
      studies on rats to human metabolism. In human liver, carnitine acetyltransferase
      activity was 10-14 times higher and carnitine octanoyltransferase 1.7-2.4 times
      higher than in rat liver, while carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was
      similar in human and rat. Acetyl-CoA hydrolase and octanoyl-CoA hydrolase
      activities were lower in human (42-57%) than in rat liver, but palmitoyl-CoA
      hydrolase activity was similar in both species. The activity of citrate synthase
      was lower (44%) in human than in rat liver. The low citrate synthase activity and
      the high carnitine acetyltransferase in human liver suggest that in man
      acetylcarnitine might be more important as a vehicle for export of acetyl units
      from mitochondria than citrate. The high activity of carnitine acetyltransferase
      in human liver is consistent with the observation that acetylcarnitine is the
      predominant acylcarnitine excreted in diabetic ketosis in man. It is concluded
      that the rat may not be a valid model for carnitine metabolism in man, and that
      in human liver carnitine may have an important role in transfer of acetyl groups
      out of mitochondria and possibly also to extra-hepatic tissues.

PMID- 2886247
TI  - A critical assessment of antipsychotic drug monitoring.
AB  - Analytic problems associated with monitoring antipsychotic drug levels have
      largely been resolved. Despite the establishment of target values for some drugs,
      the clinical utility of such levels remains to be determined.

PMID- 2886244
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. An update.
AB  - The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists have been widely used clinically for over 20
      years and their pharmacokinetics have been more thoroughly investigated than any
      other group of drugs. Their various lipid solubilities are associated with
      differences in absorption, distribution and excretion. All are adequately
      absorbed, and some like atenolol, sotalol and nadolol which are poorly lipid
      soluble are excreted unchanged in the urine, accumulating in renal failure but
      cleared normally in liver disease. The more lipid-soluble drugs are subject to
      variable metabolism in the liver, which may be influenced by age, phenotype,
      environment, disease and other drugs, leading to more variable plasma
      concentrations. Their clearance is reduced in liver disease but is generally
      unchanged in renal dysfunction. All the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists reduce
      cardiac output and this may reduce hepatic clearance of highly extracted drugs.
      In addition, the metabolised drugs compete with other drugs for enzymatic
      biotransformation and the potential for interaction is great, but because of the
      high therapeutic index of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, any unexpected clinical
      effects are more likely to be due to changes in the kinetics of the other drug.
      Because satisfactory plasma concentration effect relationships have been
      difficult to establish for most clinical indications, and little dose-related
      toxicity is seen, plasma beta-adrenoceptor antagonist concentration measurement
      is usually unnecessary. The investigation of the clinical pharmacokinetics of the
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists has added greatly to our theoretical and practical
      knowledge of pharmacokinetics and made some contribution to their better clinical
      use.

PMID- 2886249
TI  - Conference for young diabetics.

PMID- 2886248
TI  - Plasma immunoreactive somatostatin is elevated in diabetic ketoacidosis and
      correlates with plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration.
AB  - In experimental diabetes and after the administration of beta-hydroxybutyrate and
      non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), an increase in circulating immunoreactive
      somatostatin (IRS) has been described. Both ketones and NEFA are raised in
      diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, we decided to investigate 10 patients in
      diabetic ketoacidosis by measuring, on admission and throughout the initial 24
      hours of therapy, circulating levels of IRS, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate,
      triglycerides, blood glucose, pH and NEFA. Fluids and insulin were administered
      IV following a previously established protocol. Nine patients showed abnormally
      high levels of circulating IRS. When compared with a group of controlled insulin
      dependent diabetic patients, basal IRS was high (111 +/- 15 vs 28 +/- 3 pmol/l),
      and remained elevated for at least 24 h despite clear improvement of metabolic
      status. On admission we also found elevated levels of NEFA (1.04 +/- 0.2 mmol/l),
      triglycerides (4.7 +/- 1.1 mmol/l), beta-hydroxybutyrate (22.1 +/- 4mmol/l), and
      acetoacetate (4.8 +/- 1.1 mmol/l). A significant correlation was found initially
      between IRS and NEFA (p less than 0.01). We conclude that circulating IRS is high
      in most cases of diabetic ketoacidosis. The mechanism behind this
      hypersomatostatinaemia could be related to the abnormalities of lipid metabolism
      which occur in diabetic ketoacidosis.

PMID- 2886250
TI  - Therapy for chronic obstructive lung disease.
AB  - CAO is a chronic, degenerative disease of the lung that produces a number of
      serious physiologic abnormalities in respiratory function. It is progressive and,
      in general, responds poorly to medical therapy. Cigarette smoking is almost
      universally the cause of the disease, and stopping smoking clearly slows the
      progress of the disorder. Therapy is of marginal value at best in a substantial
      number of patients with this problem, and even in those who respond well,
      improvement in function is not great. A conservative approach to therapy is
      advised, but only when its value can be documented. As the illness progresses,
      chronic oxygen therapy in hypoxic patients may be of value in preventing or
      treating cor pulmonale.

PMID- 2886251
TI  - Antidiuretic responses to osmotic, ionic or volume stimulation of the brain in
      the unanesthetized toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel.
AB  - Single injections of 15 microliter of 1 M NaCl or 2M sucrose into the carotid
      system of normal unanesthetized toads induced a rapid and significant decrease of
      urine production. This appears to be the first report on the existence of a
      Verney-like phenomena in a non-mammalian vertebrate. This antidiuresis was
      blocked out in the hypophysectomized diencephalic lesioned animal. Concurrently,
      small volumes (4 microliters) of 1 M NaCl but not 2 M sucrose also induced
      antidiuresis when injected into the midbrain tegmentum of normal but not of
      hypophysectomized diencephalic lesioned toads. Larger volumes (6 microliters) of
      2 M sucrose were needed to induce a similar antidiuresis in normals. Furthermore,
      even larger volumes (more than 8 microliters) of any of both solutions were able
      to induce oliguria in normal as well as in hypophysectomized toads. On the basis
      of these results, the following conclusion would be drawn: the brain of the toad
      is able to detect ionic and osmotic stimuli, these stimuli apparently affect
      different receptors in the brain, the antidiuresis initiated by these mechanisms
      is dependent on diencephalic integrity.

PMID- 2886252
TI  - Effects of two-thirds hepatectomy on sulfobromophthalein handling by the rat
      liver.
AB  - The modifications in the hepatic transport of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) were
      studied after partial hepatectomy (p.h.) in Wistar rats. The biliary excretion of
      BSP, injected i.v. at 150 mumol/kg, decreased in the early periods after p.h.,
      with a disappearance of the choleretic effect induced by the dye in sham-operated
      animals. The impairment in the biliary BSP excretion corresponded to the
      conjugated fraction and was accompanied by a lowered glutathione S-transferase
      activity in the liver.

PMID- 2886254
TI  - Hyperphosphataemia and bone resorption in histamine injected laying hens.
AB  - The effects of histamine on bone resorption during eggshell formation, were
      studied. The study included the effect of histamine on the clearance of 45Ca and
      32P from plasma, and on the release from the femur or uptake by the egg shell of
      45Ca and 32P injected at the time of the first experiment or 10 hr prior to the
      experiment (experiment 2). Histamine led to a decrease in the disappearance rates
      of 45Ca and 32P, without any modification of the femur and egg shell levels.
      However, the increase in the amount of plasma 32P and the decrease in the 32P
      specific activity (SA) in bone, both elicited by histamine, argues in favour of
      the skeletal origin of hyperphosphataemia induced by histamine during egg shell
      formation.

PMID- 2886253
TI  - Metabolic effects and secretory properties of a radiation-induced transplantable
      rat insulinoma.
AB  - The metabolic effects and secretory properties of a radiation-induced
      transplantable insulinoma were examined in 16-17 week old NEDH rats. Subcutaneous
      subscapular implantation of tumour fragments resulted in hyperphagia, increased
      body weight gain, marked hyperinsulinaemia and severe hypoglycaemia, with the
      resulting death of the recipient by 27 days. Ultimate tumour size was 2.1 +/- 0.4
      g (mean +/- SEM). At 3 days after transplantation, plasma glucose and insulin
      responses to intraperitoneal glucose, insulin, arginine and adrenaline were
      similar to control rats. At 20 days, plasma glucose concentrations of insulinoma
      bearing rats remained low throughout glucose tolerance tests, and insulin
      responsiveness to glucose stimulation was absent. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose produced only
      a small rise of glucose concentrations in tumour-bearing rats. Insulin
      sensitivity was not appreciably impaired at 20 days despite severe
      hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycaemia. The ability of adrenaline and propranolol to
      suppress plasma insulin and raise plasma glucose concentrations was also
      retained. At 20 days, glucagon evoked a marked plasma insulin response with no
      change in plasma glucose concentrations. In contrast, arginine and glibenclamide
      failed to stimulate insulin above high basal concentrations.

PMID- 2886256
TI  - On the relation between basal and maximum metabolic rate in mammals.
AB  - Basal and maximum metabolic rates, measured by oxygen consumption, for 18 species
      of wild mammals have been obtained from a search of literature records. The mass
      exponent of the allometric regression equation for maximum metabolic rate is
      significantly higher than that for BMR (0.841 and 0.745, respectively; P less
      than 0.05) in the group of animals examined. No significant correlation between
      mass-independent basal and maximum metabolic rates has been found. These results
      do not support the 'aerobic capacity' model of the origin of endothermy.

PMID- 2886255
TI  - Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in lipolytic activity in brown
      adipose tissue of cold acclimated rats.
AB  - In cold acclimated rats, in vitro, NE led to a significant increase in release of
      FFA and glycerol in denervated IBAT. In vivo, study of arteriovenous differences
      showed that the denervated BAT loses its full capacity to utilize FFA and
      glycerol released by NE. After denervation an increase of blood flow in Sulzer's
      vein was observed. This effect appeared immediately after intervention whereas
      the effect on fat metabolism appeared later. In cold acclimated rats, the
      sympathetic nervous system appears to be an important regulator of fatty acid
      metabolism in BAT.

PMID- 2886257
TI  - Effect of dietary carbohydrate source on soluble protein glucose concentration
      and enzyme activity (aldolase) of European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.).
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the influence of dietary carbohydrate
      sources: wheat meal, bread meal, soluble corn starch, native potato starch and
      sorghum meal, on soluble protein, enzyme activity (aldolase) and glucose
      concentration in muscle and liver of European eels (Anguilla anguilla). There was
      less soluble protein in both muscle and liver of eels fed 30% wheat meal or bread
      meal than the other experimental groups. However, eels fed 30% bread meal or
      soluble corn starch had a higher glucose concentration in muscle and liver than
      the other experimental groups. High enzyme activity (aldolase) was found in the
      liver of eels fed 30% wheat meal, bread meal or soluble starch.

PMID- 2886258
TI  - Cold acclimation in food-restricted rats.
AB  - Food intake, body weight and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and composition of
      rats exposed at 6 degrees C either with food ad libitum or food-restricted were
      compared with those of rats in the thermoneutral zone, with food ad libitum. Cold
      acclimation with food ad libitum increases food intake and prevents body weight
      gains. IBAT (interscapular BAT) increases its mass and changes its composition
      after 3 weeks of cold exposure. Cold acclimation with food restriction produces a
      progressive decrease in body weight. IBAT mass increases after 3 weeks but
      changes in composition occur sooner. It is concluded that the overfeeding that
      accompanies cold acclimation is not necessary for non-shivering thermogenesis in
      BAT.

PMID- 2886259
TI  - Coronary ligation reduces maximum sustained swimming speed in Chinook salmon,
      Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.
AB  - The maximum aerobic swimming speed of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
      was measured before and after ligation of the coronary artery. Coronary artery
      ligation prevented blood flow to the compact layer of the ventricular myocardium,
      which represents 30% of the ventricular mass, and produced a statistically
      significant 35.5% reduction in maximum swimming speed. We conclude that the
      coronary circulation is important for maximum aerobic swimming and implicit in
      this conclusion is that maximum cardiac performance is probably necessary for
      maximum aerobic swimming performance.

PMID- 2886260
TI  - The effects of cold acclimation on electrocardiogram parameters in five species
      of turtles.
AB  - The effects of thermal acclimation at 25 or 5 degrees C on electrical activity in
      the heart were investigated in Pseudemys scripta, Terrapene carolina, Chrysemys
      picta marginata, Chrysemys picta dorsalis, Chelydra serpentina, and Sternotherus
      odoratus. The durations of the QRS complex and P-R, R-T and R-R intervals were
      found to increase with decreasing body temperature in all animals tested. The
      amplitudes of the P and T waves and QRS complex were dependent upon both
      acclimation temperature and test temperature. Differences between acclimation
      groups in the change in QRS amplitudes between 20 and 0 degrees C were
      statistically significant for all species.

PMID- 2886261
TI  - A comparison of energy substrates and reproductive patterns of two anurans. Acris
      crepitans and Bufo woodhousei.
AB  - The seasonal pattern of carcass, liver and ovary lipid and liver non-lipid mass
      was examined in the cricket frog, Acris crepitans, and Woodhouse's toad, Bufo
      woodhousei. Reproductive patterns were also studied. The over-winter reduction of
      body lipid and liver non-lipid material was attributed to metabolism in Acris
      crepitans. Male, but not female, Bufo woodhousei exhibited seasonal variation in
      lipid stores that was attributable to metabolism. Females, but not males, showed
      seasonal variation in liver non-lipid mass and quantified liver glycogen. Females
      of both species mobilized body lipid during the period of ovarian development;
      however, an inverse relationship between fatbody mass and ovary mass was evident
      for Acris, only. Female Acris crepitans depleted all ovarian follicles prior to
      brumation; however, Bufo woodhousei retained enlarged follicles throughout the
      year. Variation in metabolic substrate use between species was related to the
      differences in reproductive patterns exhibited by the two anurans. These
      variations in reproductive strategy represent adaptations that enhance the
      survivability of different species in dissimilar habitats.

PMID- 2886263
TI  - The status of the study of invertebrate neurons in tissue culture--phylum
      Arthropoda.
AB  - 1. Neurobiological studies employing tissue culture are discussed for all
      invertebrate organisms in phylum Arthropoda and above. Only arthropod species
      have been investigated in these studies. 2. The members of phylum Arthropoda
      utilized were Periplaneta, Locusta, Drosophila, and Schistocerca. 3. Some of the
      initial studies of nerve cells in tissue culture were performed with Periplaneta
      and Drosophila; these studies were primarily concerned with differentiation,
      growth and development. 4. Cultured neurons from cockroach and locust have been
      used in pharmacological investigations of neurotransmitter receptors. 5. Embryos
      of the grasshopper Schistocerca were cultured in series of developmental studies
      related to axon guidance and peripheral nerve formation. 6. Recent studies with
      Drosophila neurons in vitro have applied a genetic approach to the investigation
      of molecular properties and function of the axonal sodium channel. 7. An overall
      view of neuronal tissue culture of invertebrates and analysis of the various
      areas of research is presented.

PMID- 2886262
TI  - Red blood cell potassium types of angora goats (Capra hircus).
AB  - Two distinct K phenotypes with normal frequency distribution curves were found
      and identified as low (LK) and high (HK) potassium types in the red blood cells
      of 748 Angora goats. The division between the two types was arbitrarily assigned
      at 24.9 meq/l. Of the two KRBC level types; the LK type was predominating, its
      curve showed evidence of leptokurtosis and was negatively skewed. The HK type had
      a curve slightly mesokurtic and the population was normal with respect to
      skewness.

PMID- 2886264
TI  - Low-molecular-weight zinc-binding ligand: a regulatory modulator for intestinal
      zinc transport.
AB  - 1. In the last two decades, vast numbers of studies on the zinc nutriture of
      animals and man have been made. However, the biochemical and physiological events
      in controlling zinc nutrition are still poorly understood. This report concerns
      the progress made toward understanding the intestinal zinc absorption and
      secretion mechanisms. 2. Evidence is accumulating that zinc absorption is a
      facilitated diffusion while zinc secretion is an active transport. 3. It is known
      that a low molecular weight zinc-binding ligand (LMW-ZBL) is a key regulator of
      intestinal zinc absorption, possibly a carrier molecule across the intestinal
      mucosal cells. Some high molecular weight zinc-binding ligands also appear to be
      involved in regulating intestinal zinc transport. 4. The identity of the LMW-ZBL
      is a matter of controversy and its specific role in regulating intestinal zinc
      transport is not well defined. 5. According to the available literature, no
      systemic investigations have been made to elucidate the intestinal zinc transport
      mechanisms, and much more information is needed to fully understand them.

PMID- 2886266
TI  - Estimates of plasma, packed cell and total blood volume in tissues of the rainbow
      trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. Total blood volume and relative blood volumes in selected tissues were
      determined in non-anesthetized, confined rainbow trout by using 51Cr-labelled
      trout erythrocytes as a vascular space marker. 2. Mean total blood volume was
      estimated to be 4.09 +/- 0.55 ml/100 g, or about 75% of that estimated with the
      commonly used plasma space marker Evans blue dye. 3. Relative tissue blood
      volumes were greatest in highly perfused tissues such as kidney, gills, brain and
      liver and least in mosaic muscle. 4. Estimates of tissue vascular spaces, made
      using radiolabelled erythrocytes, were only 25-50% of those based on plasma space
      markers. 5. The consistently smaller vascular volumes obtained with labelled
      erythrocytes could be explained by assuming that commonly used plasma space
      markers diffuse from the vascular compartment.

PMID- 2886265
TI  - Relationships between morphological parameters in birds with different flying
      habits.
AB  - 1. Data on morphological and physiological parameters from 346 species of birds
      were collected from diverse sources. 2. The observed relationships among some
      pairs of variables showed differences between the five flight styles into which
      the studied birds were classified. 3. The characteristic kind of flight for each
      species is related to four easily obtainable non-invasive parameters: body weight
      (BW), wing area (WA), wing span (WS) and boyd length (BL). 4. Wing-loading index
      (BW2/3/WA) gives the most effective variable to describe the flying habits of any
      species.

PMID- 2886267
TI  - Thermal freedom of Graomys griseoflavus in a seasonal environment.
AB  - 1. Thermal freedom, defined as the physiological potential to make full
      spatiotemporal use of the seasonal thermal macroclimate, was assessed in Graomys
      griseoflavus, a cricetid rodent inhabiting the Chaco Province in Argentina. 2.
      The extent of the physiological thermal range (58 degrees C) was larger than the
      seasonal thermal range (30-50 degrees C), favoring Graomys resistance to low
      winter temperatures. The upper physiological thermal limit was almost coincident
      with the highest extreme of summer temperatures. 3. Graomys thermal freedom is
      facilitated by a high evaporative water loss, high metabolic capability, wide
      thermal neutral zone and a 4 degrees C lability of body temperature. 4.
      Behavioral responses (thermal avoidance) are utilized by this species, but with
      no apparent loss in thermal freedom.

PMID- 2886268
TI  - Effect of cage density and rank in peck order on brain regional monoamines in
      adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica.
AB  - 1. In adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica neither norepinephrine (NE) nor
      serotonin (5HT) in various brain regions were affected by caging density (174 cm2
      8/cage; 348 cm2-4/cage; 696 cm2-2/cage). Dopamine (DA) in diencephalon was
      elevated in high density cages. 2. Peck order rank was assigned on the basis of
      feather distribution on head, neck and back and lesions on head and back. 3.
      Upper strata peck order rank was associated with significantly lower levels of
      brain regional NE and DA compared to lower strata peck order rank. 4. Peck order
      rank did not affect brain regional 5HT. 5. The results indicate significant
      individual behavioral-neuroendocrine interaction leading to reproductive
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2886269
TI  - Effects of pH and/or calcium-enriched freshwater on plasma levels of vitellogenin
      and Ca2+ and on bone calcium content during exogenous vitellogenesis in rainbow
      trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. Three year old rainbow trout were exposed to low pH (5.1) and/or calcium
      enriched (1.52 mM) freshwater for 10 weeks. 2. Plasma was collected periodically
      from individually-marked fish for analysis of total calcium and alkaline-labile
      phosphate (vitellogenin). 3. After the last sample gonadosomatic and
      hepatosomatic indices were measured and the caudal vertebrae centra were analysed
      for total calcium content. 4. Female trout exposed to calcium-enriched freshwater
      had increased plasma vitellogenin levels compared to females in soft water,
      whereas there was a tendency for low pH to decrease plasma vitellogenin in these
      fish. 5. The gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices were reduced in female trout
      exposed to acidified water. 6. There was no evidence of bone demineralization in
      trout exposed to low pH.

PMID- 2886270
TI  - Alcian blue-alcian yellow mapping of neurosecretory cells in the central nervous
      system of the salt marsh pulmonate snail Melampus bidentatus.
AB  - 1. The neurosecretory system of the primitive ellobiid Melampus bidentatus
      (Pulmonata: Basommatophora) was investigated using Alcian blue-Alcian yellow
      histochemistry. 2. Putative neurosecretory cells within the central ganglia were
      distinguished by the criteria of cell size, position, and staining reaction. 3.
      The cerebral ganglia, with attached lateral lobes, contained the greatest
      diversity of neurosecretory cell types (at least seven), including single cells
      and cell clusters ranging from two to 40 cells. 4. Four neurosecretory cell types
      were identified in the parietal and visceral ganglia, two in the pedal ganglia,
      and one each in the buccal and pleural ganglia. 5. Neurosecretory system homology
      among pulmonate gastropods is suggested by the close similarity of the Melampus
      AB/AY cell map to those reported in the literature for two limnic
      basommatophorans and for four terrestrial stylommatophorans.

PMID- 2886271
TI  - Calcium and magnesium dependence of spontaneous and evoked afferent neural
      activity in the lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis.
AB  - 1. Rates of spontaneous and mechanically evoked neural impulses from the Xenopus
      laevis lateral line were compared in the presence of calcium and/or magnesium or
      in the absence of either divalent cation, bath-applied to the synaptic side of
      the mechanoreceptors. 2. Spontaneous activity and total activity during
      mechanical stimulation decreased with increasing calcium or magnesium
      concentration. 3. Activity during stimulation minus spontaneous activity
      increased with increasing calcium concentration and decreased with increasing
      magnesium concentration. 4. At constant divalent cation concentration, increasing
      calcium/magnesium increased total stimulated activity minus spontaneous activity,
      while spontaneous activity remained essentially constant. 5. Membrane charge
      screening and mass action of divalent cations at voltage-dependent cation
      channels are hypothesized to account for the effects observed.

PMID- 2886273
TI  - Somatostatin inhibition of growth hormone secretion in an adult bird: the
      domestic fowl.
AB  - 1. The intravenous (i.v.) infusion of somatostatin (SRIF, 1.0 microgram/kg per
      min) promptly (within 5 min) reduced the growth hormone (GH) concentration in the
      plasma of conscious adult chickens. 2. The GH concentration progressively
      declined throughout a 60-min period of SRIF infusion, but was dramatically
      increased above pre-infusion levels within 5 min of SRIF withdrawal and
      maintained at an elevated level for at least 30 min afterwards. 3. Sodium
      pentobarbitone-anaesthesia lowered the basal GH concentration to levels
      comparable with those in conscious birds infused with SRIF. When administered to
      anaesthetized birds, exogenous SRIF was unable to further reduce the GH
      concentration and unable to induce 'rebound' GH release. 4. While thyrotropin
      releasing hormone (TRH, 10 micrograms/kg) increased the GH concentration in both
      conscious and anaesthetized birds, only the GH response in the anaesthetized
      birds was diminished by SRIF infusion. 5. Rebound GH secretion following the
      termination of SRIF infusion was observed in both conscious and anaesthetized
      birds injected with TRH. 6. These results demonstrate that SRIF can inhibit basal
      and TRH-stimulated GH secretion in adult domestic fowl and indicate that
      anaesthesia disrupts the normal control of GH releases.

PMID- 2886272
TI  - Caecal size and function in the rock elephant shrew Elephantulus myurus
      (Insectivora, Macroscelididae) and the Namaqua rock mouse Aethomys namaquensis
      (Rodentia, Muridae).
AB  - 1. The relative size of the digestive organs and the function of the caeca of an
      insectivorous elephant shrew Elephantulus myurus (Macroscelididae) and of a
      herbivorous rodent Aethomys namaquensis (Muridae) were compared. 2. Both species
      had similar body mass but A. namaquensis had a significantly heavier total
      digestive tract, full stomach, and caecum and a longer large intestine and caecum
      than E. myurus. 3. Both species had similar total volatile fatty acid (VFA)
      concentration and VFA % composition although A. namaquensis had a significantly
      higher % of n-butyric acid. Both had a similar caecal NH3-N concentration. 4. The
      presence of a functional caecum in E. myurus supports the view that
      Macroscelididae have evolved from ancestral herbivores and not from insectivores.

PMID- 2886274
TI  - Metabolic and thermoregulatory consequences of social behaviors between Microtus
      townsendii.
AB  - 1. Townsend voles responded to each other by raising their core temperatures. 2.
      Increments of temperature increases that accompanied hostile reactions between
      voles, were proportional to the intensity of the behavioral displays. 3. Amicable
      behaviors (huddling) were also associated with higher body temperatures that were
      proportional to group size. 4. Huddling voles conserved metabolic energy
      expenditure by reducing their metabolic rates and thermal conductances. 5. Such
      conservation required 1 or more days of amicable behavior to develop, and to be
      reversed. 6. The degree of metabolic rate reduction that accompanied amicable
      huddling behavior and the associated reduction of thermal conductance was
      independent of group size.

PMID- 2886275
TI  - Development of changes in cation content of muscles from the 129 ReJ dystrophic
      mouse.
AB  - 1. Muscle cation levels have been measured in severely affected and relatively
      unaffected muscles of dystrophic mice (129 ReJ strain) compared to control
      animals at various ages. 2. Muscle calcium levels were found to be elevated in
      the severely affected gastrocnemius muscles only at a late stage of the disease,
      calcium levels in mildly affected triceps muscles were unaffected. 3. Muscle
      sodium levels were elevated in both triceps and gastrocnemius muscles at all ages
      studied. 4. Muscle magnesium and potassium contents showed similar changes, being
      significantly reduced in the gastrocnemius from the time of development of the
      first signs of weakness (i.e. 3-5 weeks of age), this decrease becoming more
      marked with increasing age and showing a less marked, but significant, change in
      the triceps muscle at a later stage of the disease.

PMID- 2886277
TI  - Stimulation of renal phosphate secretion in the stenohaline freshwater teleost:
      Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.
AB  - 1. Renal excretion of phosphate in the Prussian carp was modulated by tubular
      reabsorption and tubular secretion. 2. Under the conditions of an i.v. phosphate
      load during which the plasma concentration of phosphate was doubled, 65% of the
      phosphate load was excreted by the kidney, mainly by tubular secretion. 3. The
      renal clearance of PAH markedly exceeded the clearance of polyfructosan which
      could be used for the measurement of the GFR. 4. A transport maximum for tubular
      PAH secretion was reached at plasma concentrations of about 250 mumol/l.

PMID- 2886276
TI  - Age dependence of somatostatin levels and somatostatin binding in the rat brain.
AB  - 1. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and 125I-Tyrl-somatostatin binding
      were measured from the brains of rats aged 1, 8 and 18 months. 2. Somatostatin
      binding was reduced in the striatum, frontal cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus
      of the 8-month-old rats compared to the 1-month-old group. 3. Somatostatin
      binding was reduced in the striatum, frontal cortex and hippocampus of the 18
      month-old rats compared to the 1-month-old group. 4. The reduction (40%) was most
      striking in the frontal cortex. 5. In no area of the brain did changes in SLI
      differ significantly between the different age groups.

PMID- 2886278
TI  - Leukocyte numbers during the humoral and cell-mediated immune response of
      Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo.
AB  - 1. Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave
      microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4 mW/g)
      during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, leukocyte differential
      changes were measured in response to an injection with Alectoris graeca chukar
      red blood cells (CRBC) and in response to a phytohemagglutinin (PHA) injection in
      irradiated and nonirradiated (sham) quail of both sexes. 2. Microwave irradiation
      did not affect anti-CRBC hemagglutinin titers, PHA-evoked dermal swelling or
      leukocyte numbers and percentages. 3. In both the irradiated and sham irradiated
      males, lymphocyte percentages decreased while heterophil percentages increased
      after CRBC or PHA injection. 4. In ovo irradiation with microwaves did not alter
      the time course of either a humoral immune response or a cell-mediated immune
      response in Japanese quail.

PMID- 2886279
TI  - Basic haematological values in carnivores--II. The Felidae.
AB  - 1. Basic haematological values in 34 animals of eight carnivorous species are
      reported. 2. In four Northern lynxs (Lynx lynx lynx), two male and two female
      animals, the mean values are given: erythrocyte counts 8.51 X 10(12)/l,
      haematocrit 0.392/l, haemoglobin content 148.0 g/l and leukocyte count 7.92 X
      10(9)/l. 3. In six male pumas (Puma concolor missolensis) the mean values
      estimated are: erythrocyte count 9.35 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.43/l, haemoglobin
      content 163.9 g/l and leukocyte count 7.73 X 10(9)/l. Individual values in one
      female puma are also given. 4. In six jaguars (Panthera onca), three male and
      three female animals, the mean values are given: erythrocyte count 8.27 X
      10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.37/l, haemoglobin content 137.1 g/l and leukocyte count
      15.15 X 10(9)/l. 5. Only individual values are reported in one clouded leopard
      (Neofelis nebulosa), in one leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor), in one Corbett's
      tiger (Panthera tigris Corbetti) and in one Altaic tiger (Panthera tigris
      Altaica). 6. In four lions (Panthera leo leo), two male and two female animals,
      the mean estimated values are: erythrocyte count 10.14 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit
      0.462/l, haemoglobin content 159.0 g/l and leukocyte count 11.05 X 10(9)/l. In
      six female cheetahs (Acinonox jubatus jubatus) the mean values estimated are:
      erythrocyte count 7.86 X 10(12)/l, haematocrit 0.373/l, haemoglobin content 142.8
      g/l and leukocyte count 8.65 X 10(9)/l. For three male cheetahs only individual
      values are reported. 8. All results achieved are compared with those abstracted
      from the literature and discussed.

PMID- 2886280
TI  - Blood volume and red cell space in tissues of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.
AB  - 1. Whole body blood volume and red cell space of 22 tissues were measured in
      unanesthetized rainbow trout at 4, 12, 30, 60, 150 and 240 min after dorsal
      aortic injection of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells. 2. Apparent blood volume
      decreased during the initial 30 min after injection and increased thereafter. At
      240 min the blood volume was 33.5 +/- 3.1 ml/kg body wt. 3. Tissue red cell space
      varied as a function of the interval between labeled red cell injection and
      tissue collection. Red cell space was highest in spleen followed by heart, kidney
      and liver. Lowest red cell spaces were found in stomach and red and white
      skeletal muscle. 4. Variability in blood volume and tissue red cell space over
      time suggests that caution should be exercised in the design of experiments that
      employ indicator dilution measurements to measure vascular volumes.

PMID- 2886281
TI  - Cortisol-induced hematologic and immunologic changes in channel catfish
      (Ictalurus punctatus).
AB  - 1. Intravenous injections of physiologic doses of cortisol resulted in both
      hematologic and immunologic changes in channel catfish peripheral blood
      leucocytes. These changes mimicked those seen when catfish were acutely stressed
      by handling and transport. 2. Eighteen hours after the administration of
      cortisol, decreases in the number of circulating lymphocytes and concomitant
      increases in the number of circulating neutrophils were observed, i.e. to the
      same levels seen previously in stressed fish. 3. Functional analysis of
      peripheral blood leucocytes from cortisol-injected fish indicated that the
      remaining lymphocytes were no longer capable of responding to mitogenic stimuli.
      4. This suppression of mitogenic stimuli was not seen when peripheral blood
      leucocytes were cultured in vitro with physiologic doses of cortisol. 5. This
      latter observation suggests that the cortisol alone was probably not directly
      responsible for the loss of responsiveness but possibly acted in vivo as an
      initiator of other events that eventually resulted in the observed
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2886282
TI  - On calculating concentrations of "HCO3" from pH and PCO2.
AB  - 1. As used in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, [HCO3], [CO2] and pH may all be
      variously defined; values of pK'1 must be chosen accordingly. 2. In common usage,
      "HCO3" may include CO3, carbamate, various ion pairs and possibly other bound
      CO2, as well as free HCO3 ions. 3. pH measurements may be systematically affected
      by the choice of standard buffers and by proteins and blood cells, and the errors
      in pH may be pH-dependent. 4. According to how it is expressed, the solubility
      coefficient for CO2 (S) may be influenced by sample water content, proteins and
      lipids. However, it need not feature in the calculation. 5. pK'1 is often found
      to decrease with increasing pH. This may be partly due to inclusion of CO3 and
      carbamate, but not of H2CO3.HCO3-, in "HCO3" and partly, perhaps, to errors in pH
      measurement. 6. To the extent that pH measurements are reliable, concentrations
      or activities of true HCO3 are calculable from pH and PCO2, but, if pH
      measurements are likely to be systematically erroneous, it may be preferable to
      define "HCO3" as "total bound CO2" and to base pK'1 on gasometric or titrimetric
      determinations of that.

PMID- 2886283
TI  - Protein nutrition in the alligator.
AB  - 1. Fourteen different protein-containing diets were fed to small alligators.
      Their rates of digestion and their nutritional values were determined by
      following changes in free amino acids in the plasma. 2. Fish, chicken and nutria
      were digested rapidly and all their component essential amino acids disappeared
      quickly and at the same rate. When given in the dry, fat-free form the amino
      acids were released and assimilated about 50% faster than when fat was included.
      3. None of the isolated proteins tested (casein, gelatin, edestin, gliadin, corn
      gluten and soy) proved nutritionally adequate and all but gelatin digested slowly
      and incompletely. 4. One diet compounded of salts, vitamins and mixed commercial
      animal products was tested. It showed promise but it was lacking in methionine
      and isoleucine. 5. It was concluded that dry, powdered, preparations from whole
      animals could prove a satisfactory, stable diet for alligator husbandry. 6.
      Prolonged force-feeding of an animal diet increased the percent of nitrogen
      excreted as NH3 over that excreted in urates.

PMID- 2886284
TI  - Blood changes in Bufo cognatus following acute heat stress.
AB  - 1. Various blood constituents were measured in an attempt to identify the effects
      of exposure of Great Plains toads to the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and
      determine the time course of the onset of and recovery from these effects. 2.
      Tests for generalized tissue damage including serum glutamic-oxalacetic and
      glutamic-pyruvic transaminases (SGOT, SGPT), total protein and blood urea
      nitrogen (BUN) were unaffected by acute thermal stress. 3. Hematocrit,
      erythrocyte number, mean cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were also
      unchanged. 4. Blood glucose, lactic acid and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels
      all increased significantly. 5. Blood pH, PO2 and [HCO3-] also increased with
      acute heat stress while PCO2 decreased. 6. Long-term exposure to temperatures
      near the CTmax may cause severe tissue damage. Acute thermal stress does not
      appear to cause damage other than the short-term, reversible effects of strong
      physical exercise.

PMID- 2886285
TI  - Pyrogens fail to produce fever in the leopard tortoise Geochelone pardalis.
AB  - 1. The body temperature of seven tortoises, Geochelone pardalis, was measured in
      a thermal gradient chamber, by indwelling thermocouples, after injection of
      various pyrogens. 2. The tortoises regulated their body temperature by moving in
      the chamber. 3. The tortoises did not develop fever in response to any of the
      pyrogens we tested. 4. The results support the contention that fever in reptiles
      is not ubiquitous.

PMID- 2886286
TI  - Haematological values during normal reproduction of the maternal and the fetal
      rabbit.
AB  - 1. Haematological values of non-pregnant/non-lactating, pregnant as well as
      lactating rabbits and 28-day-old fetuses were measured. 2. The haemoglobin
      content in does decreased during the observed periods from 122 +/- 8 g/l to 100
      +/- 11 g/l. In 28-day-old fetuses it was 85 +/- 0 g/l. 3. The erythrocyte count
      in 28-day-old fetuses was 2.4 X 10(12)/l. In the does, the erythrocyte count was
      5.2 X 10(12)/l in week 4 of gestation. The erythrocyte volume in fetuses was
      about 45% higher than that of the doe. 4. In fetuses the leucocyte count was
      approximately one ninth that of the mother in week 4 of gestation (0.41 +/- 0.08
      X 10(9)/l vs 3.8 +/- 0.4 X 10(9)/l).

PMID- 2886287
TI  - Calcium in the toad (Bufo marinus) cornea: binding by the stroma.
AB  - 1. The Ca concentration in the toad (Bufo marinus) cornea was 2.6 mmol/kg wet wt
      compared at 1.0 mmol/l in the bathing aqueous humor and 2.8 mmol/kg wet wt in the
      separated corneal stromal layer. Cell Ca content was calculated to be about 1.8
      mmol/kg wet wt. 2. About 80% of the total Ca appears to be sequestered or bound
      to tissue components most of which (68% of the total) is associated with the
      stroma (2.2 mmol/kg wet wt stroma). 3. About 85-90% of the Ca in the stroma is
      readily exchangeable with external 45Ca. 4. The loss of accumulated 45Ca from the
      stroma was measured in vitro. This efflux of the isotope was enhanced by
      multivalent ions and was greatest when Ca2+ or La3+ was present in the external
      media. Other alkaline earth metal ions were not as effective. The relative
      effectiveness of this displacement of 45Ca was Ca = La greater than Sr greater
      than Ba greater than Mg. 5. The results suggest that the Ca2+ is bound by the
      amphibian stroma at sites that have a preference or specificity for this divalent
      ion as compared to the other alkaline earth metals. 6. The possible functional
      role of this bound Ca is discussed.

PMID- 2886288
TI  - Changes in the blood and the bone marrow picture of the Pharaoh quail (Coturnix
      coturnix Pharaoh) chicks as a manifestation of adaptation to postembryonal life.
AB  - 1. The aim was determination of the rate of adaptation of the respiratory and
      defence functions of the blood and bone marrow of quail chicks. 2. In the early
      post-hatching period, enhanced haemoglobin synthesis is the mechanism adapting
      the bird to the rich oxygen conditions beyond the egg. 3. In 2-week-old chicks,
      the increased respiratory function of the blood is associated with a parallel
      rise of the erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content. 4. The defence mechanisms
      of the chick in the first days after hatching are mainly connected with a high
      content of heterophilic granulocytes and in older chicks with a rising lymphocyte
      count.

PMID- 2886289
TI  - Relationship between length-tension relation and 20,000 dalton myosin light chain
      phosphorylation in guinea-pig taenia caeci.
AB  - 1. Relationship between length-tension relation and phosphorylation of 20,000
      dalton myosin light chain (LC20) in guinea-pig taenia caeci was investigated. 2.
      At in situ length (Lb), a good linear correlation was obtained between isometric
      tension and LC20 phosphorylation in high-K+-stimulated muscle. 3. In 100 mM K+
      stimulated muscle, the active tension decreased at muscle lengths other than Lb,
      but no significant decrease in degree of LC20 phosphorylation was observed. 4.
      These results suggest that in guinea-pig taenia caeci, the major portion of the
      decrease in active tension at muscle lengths other than Lb is not due to a
      decrease in degree of activation.

PMID- 2886291
TI  - The renal circulation of conscious rabbits.
AB  - 1. The renal circulatory instability that some believe is inherent in rabbits was
      studied. 2. In five, conscious rabbits, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) averaged
      4.2 +/- 0.6 ml/min/kg body wt after 1 hr, but changed to an overall average of
      3.5 +/- 1.5 ml/min/kg wt after 3 hr. 3. Between-measurement coefficient of
      variation for GFR was more than 30% for three rabbits and 10% or less for two. 4.
      Renal blood flow (RBF) was even more variable. 5. The renal circulatory
      instability may be associated with differences in sympathetic activity by
      mechanisms not existing in other mammals.

PMID- 2886290
TI  - Peptic erosion of gastric mucus in the rat.
AB  - 1. The effect of pepsin on the loss of mucus glycoprotein from the gastric
      epithelial mucus layer was studied in the rat. 2. Pepsin was instilled into the
      gastric lumen, and luminal contents were subsequently assayed. 3. Glycoprotein
      loss increased with luminal pepsin, up to a concentration of 1 mg pepsin/ml. 4.
      Luminal glycoprotein had a molecular size distribution intermediate between
      subunit, and native mucus glycoprotein of the epithelial mucus layer. 5.
      Incubation of gastric epithelial scrapings with pepsin demonstrated that
      insoluble, native mucus glycoprotein was rapidly degraded to soluble glycoprotein
      of similar molecular size distribution to that found in vivo in the lumen.

PMID- 2886292
TI  - The gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase of Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes show gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity which
      has characteristics significantly different than the mammalian enzyme. The
      protozoan enzyme is localized in the cytosolic fraction, it has a Km of 1.6 mM
      and a Vmax of 17.4 nmol/min/mg protein with L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide as
      gamma-glutamyl donor, and an optimun pH range from 7.5 to 8.0. The best amino
      acid acceptors were L-histidine, L-asparagine, L-aspartate, L-glutamate and L
      proline, but L-glutamine was a very poor acceptor. The enzyme was very sensitive
      to inhibition by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (k2 = 4.0 X 10(5)/M per min) and O
      diazo-acetyl-L-serine (k2 = 1.1 X 10(4)/M per min). Phenobarbital (k2 = 8.38/M
      per min) and L-serine borate (Ki = 34 mM) were poor inhibitors. The activity of
      the enzyme was not correlated with the logarithmic phase of growth of the
      parasites and steadily decreases with the age of the cultures.

PMID- 2886294
TI  - A vocabulary for medical informatics.
AB  - The terminology in medical informatics is evolving rapidly. The organizers of
      MEDINFO and SCAMC have used different sets of keywords to index their documents.
      Recognizing the limitations of this approach, members of those organizations
      joined with the National Library of Medicine in the creation of a better
      terminology for medical informatics. A hierarchical structure was placed on the
      terms to produce a thesaurus typical of the sort often used in the indexing and
      retrieving of documents. The building of this thesaurus began with an automatic
      merging of the thesaurus used by the Association of Computing Machinery and the
      Information Sciences component of the "Medical Subject Headings." This product
      was pruned by eliminating terms not related to those in the MEDINFO keyword list
      or not in the medical informatics literature. Further refinement of the thesaurus
      resulted from extensive discussions among the authors of this paper. The first
      major application of this terminology has been to the indexing of the articles in
      "MEDINFO-86 Proceedings." Major components of this medical informatics thesaurus
      also have been incorporated into the "Medical Subject Headings." This paper
      describes the process of preparing the thesaurus and presents an evaluation of
      its coverage of the "MEDINFO-86 Proceedings."

PMID- 2886293
TI  - Effect of 24-hour starvation on amino acid pool composition and enzyme activities
      of rat brown adipose tissue.
AB  - The effect of 24-hr starvation on the amino acid pool composition and its
      concentration ratios with respect to blood and plasma as well as the activities
      of alanine, aspartate and branched chain amino acid transaminases, glutamate
      dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and adenylate deaminase have been studied in
      rat brown adipose tissue. Starvation induced a considerable decrease of pool
      amino acid concentration. Alanine and taurine were the amino acids in which the
      decrease was more marked. Small changes were observed in the activities of the
      enzymes studied, with decreases only in glutamate dehydrogenase and adenylate
      deaminase. These changes agree with a decrease in amino acid utilization in this
      tissue induced by starvation.

PMID- 2886295
TI  - Susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis to 24
      antibiotics.
AB  - The susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis (28 strains) and Bordetella
      parapertussis (6 strains) to 24 antibiotics (penicillin and cephalosporin
      derivatives, erythromycin, josamycin, cotrimoxazole, imipenem, aztreonam and
      fosfomycin) was studied by means of the agar dilution method using charcoal horse
      blood agar. Piperacillin and mezlocillin showed the highest activity (MIC 0.0039
      0.00781 micrograms/ml) against B. pertussis while B. parapertussis was most
      susceptible to piperacillin (0.03125-0.0625 microgram/ml), mezlocillin and
      latamoxef (0.125-0.25 microgram/ml).

PMID- 2886296
TI  - Neurobiological aspects of language in children.
AB  - This article discusses the relevance of the study of the neurobiology of
      cognitive development, both for an understanding of the neural bases of cognition
      and of the nature of cognition itself. A key issue is the age at which hemisphere
      specialization first appears and whether it changes over time. The
      neuropsychological literature concerning language in both normal and brain
      damaged children is reviewed. The usefulness of studying cognition in other
      clinical disorders and variation in normal cognition is indicated. The various
      methods used in the research are described and the methodological and
      interpretational difficulties arising from the diversity of groups studied and
      the methods used are discussed. The model is advanced that hemisphere
      specialization exists from birth onward and does not undergo further change in
      either its nature or degree. The apparent increase in the extent of hemisphere
      specialization during childhood is interpreted as an epiphenomenon of the
      increasing cognitive and behavioral repertoire of the child. Neural plasticity,
      assumed to underlie recovery of function, is seen as being coexistent with, but
      independent of, hemisphere specialization.

PMID- 2886298
TI  - Fetal and neonatal effects of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents.
AB  - The placental transfer of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents has been well
      established in the last years. Randomized and/or controlled studies have given a
      less pessimistic view of the consequences of these drugs on the fetal and
      neonatal adaptation. In fact, the beta-blockers are able to produce hypotension,
      bradycardia, respiratory troubles in the newborn infant, troubles which are
      generally slight when the neonates are full-term. However, even if in good
      clinical conditions, this kind of neonate should be carefully monitored for at
      least the first 2 days of life.

PMID- 2886297
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the adult, neonatal, and fetal canine heart.
AB  - Using the radioligand, iodo-2-[beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl]tetralone
      ([125I]-IBE 2254), alpha 1-adrenergic receptors were identified in membranes
      isolated from fetal, neonatal, and adult canine ventricular myocardium. Binding
      of the radioligand to alpha 1-adrenergic sites in adult canine heart was rapid,
      reversible, stereoselective and saturable. Computer analysis of binding data
      indicated 2 classes of receptors; one with very high affinity and limited
      capacity (Kd = 13 +/- 9 pM, Bmax = 25 +/- 15 fmol/mg, n = 5) and a second site
      with lower affinity and greater capacity (Kd = 1.20 +/- 0.43 nM, Bmax = 510 +/-
      165 fmol/mg). Two sites were also identified in membranes isolated from fetal and
      neonatal canine ventricular myocardium. At the higher affinity site, all the age
      groups displayed similar capacities and affinities. At the lower affinity site,
      however both fetal and neonatal membranes displayed greater capacity than that of
      the adult.

PMID- 2886299
TI  - HLA and T-cell receptor genes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2886300
TI  - Hepatic UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid synthesis rates in rats during a
      reduced energy state.
AB  - Hepatic synthesis rates of UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid were determined in
      rats. Two high pressure liquid chromatographic methods were developed to
      quantitate and isolate UTP, UDP-glucose, and UDP-glucuronic acid from perchloric
      acid extracts of rat liver. The specific activities of UTP, UDP-glucose, and UDP
      glucuronic acid were determined in liver samples obtained from rats killed by
      cervical dislocation at various times after [6-14C]orotic acid administration.
      Synthesis rates were calculated from the rate of change in specific activities of
      the compound of interest and its immediate precursor and the concentration of the
      compound of interest. Synthesis rates of UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid were
      102 +/- 9 and 99 +/- 1 nmol X min-1 X g of liver-1, respectively. UDP-glucuronic
      acid synthesis apparently accounts for most of the UDP-glucose produced during a
      period (8 a.m.-10 a.m.) when glycogen synthesis is low. The effect of an
      ethionine-induced reduction of energy state on these basal synthesis rates was
      examined. UDP-Glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid synthesis rates were decreased by
      approximately 80%. In summary, the hepatic synthesis rates of UDP-glucose and UDP
      glucuronic acid are approximately 100 nmol X min-1 X g of liver-1, and a reduced
      energy state can decrease these synthesis rates in vivo.

PMID- 2886301
TI  - Metabolism and distribution of 14C- and 35S-labeled carbon disulfide in immature
      rats of different ages.
AB  - The metabolism and distribution of 14C- and 35S-CS2 was examined in 1-, 5-, 10-,
      20-, 30-, and 40-day-old rats. During a 3-hr period following an ip dose of 14C
      CS2, 58-83% of the dose was expired as CS2 and 4-9% was metabolized to expired
      CO2 depending on age. Thirty- and forty-day-old rats metabolized significantly
      more CS2 to CO2 and expired significantly less CS2 than 1- through 20-day-old
      rats. At the end of the measured expiration period, only biotransformation
      products of CS2, which were in part covalently bound, remained in tissues from
      rats of all ages. Tissue levels of 35S-CS2-derived radioactivity exceeded levels
      of 14C-CS2-derived radioactivity indicating that sulfur metabolites free from the
      carbon atom of CS2 were formed in rats as young as 1 day of age. The 35S-CS2
      derived radioactivity per g of tissue and thus 35S covalently bound to tissue
      protein was significantly higher in 1- through 20-day-old rats than in 30- and 40
      day-old rats. Twenty-four hr after dosing, up to 13 times more 35S-labeled
      metabolites were covalently bound in organs from 1-day-old rats than in similar
      organs from 40-day-old rats. The results showed that elimination of the
      biotransformation products of CS2, in particular the covalently binding sulfur
      metabolites, was prolonged in newborn rats in comparison to 40-day-old rats.

PMID- 2886302
TI  - In vivo and in vitro 1-methylxanthine metabolism in the rat. Evidence that the
      dehydrogenase form of xanthine oxidase predominates in intact perfused liver.
AB  - Concentrations of 1-, 3-, and 7-methylxanthine and their uric acid metabolites
      were measured in plasma and brain affusate 20 min after ip injection of the
      monomethylxanthines into rats. 3-Methylxanthine was not metabolized to 3
      methyluric acid. Similar concentrations of 7-methylxanthine and 7-methyluric acid
      were detected in both plasma and brain affusate. The oxidation of 1
      methylxanthine to 1-methyluric acid occurred so rapidly that the parent compound
      could not be detected in plasma, and only low concentrations could be detected in
      brain. Similar patterns in rates of metabolism (1-methyl- greater than 7-methyl-
      much greater than 3-methylxanthine) were observed in both intact animals and
      perfused rat liver. The metabolism of 1-methylxanthine to 1-methyluric acid in
      perfused livers could be explained on the basis of the dehydrogenase form of
      xanthine oxidase. This conclusion is supported by the observations that the
      stoichiometry between oxygen utilization and methylurate formation was not
      consistent with catalysis by the oxidase form of the enzyme and that NADH formed
      from the metabolism of ethanol strongly inhibited 1-methylxanthine oxidation. In
      perfused liver, anaerobic conditions decreased rates of 1-methylxanthine
      metabolism by only 24%. These data demonstrate the presence of oxidizing
      substrates other than oxygen and NAD+ which are capable of maintaining xanthine
      oxidase activity during hypoxia. Moreover, rates of 1-methylxanthine metabolism
      during anoxia could be restored to normal, aerobic values by the infusion of
      pyruvate, which increased hepatic levels of NAD+. These data demonstrate that
      changes in the hepatic oxidation-reduction state may dramatically affect rates of
      xanthine oxidase-dependent metabolism in intact cells.

PMID- 2886303
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and deuterium isotope effect studies on the metabolism of
      formaldehyde and formate to carbon dioxide in rats in vivo.
AB  - The effect of deuterium substitution on the metabolism of formaldehyde and
      formate to carbon dioxide in vivo was examined. Four groups of male Sprague
      Dawley rats were injected ip with carbon-14-labeled formaldehyde, formaldehyde
      d2, sodium formate, or sodium formate-d at doses of 0.67 mmol/kg. Similar rates
      of labeled carbon dioxide exhalation were observed for the four groups of
      animals, the cumulative excretion of 14CO2 in breath reaching 68-71% of the
      theoretical value 12 hr after injection in all cases. Plots of amount remaining
      to be excreted showed that the metabolism was biexponential, with half-lives of
      approximately 0.4 and 3 hr for the two phases for each of the four compounds.
      Competitive experiments in which equimolar mixtures of CH2O with CD2O or HCO2-
      with DCO2- were injected also failed to reveal a substantial isotope effect,
      although the cumulative conversion of formate to carbon dioxide was significantly
      higher than that of its deuterated analog at four time points in the middle of
      the 8-hr mixed-isotope experiment. The data indicate that deuterium substitution
      has little or no effect on the rates and extents of in vivo oxidation of these 1
      carbon species to carbon dioxide, although a small decrease of up to 10% in
      reactivity under the conditions employed cannot be excluded. The results support
      the use of carbon dioxide exhalation data in the measurement of deuterium isotope
      effects on oxidative demethylation reactions such as those that occur in the
      activation of the carcinogen, N-nitrosodimethylamine.

PMID- 2886304
TI  - 3,4-Dichlorobenzyloxyacetic acid is extensively metabolized to a taurine
      conjugate in rats.
AB  - The metabolism of the antisickling agent 3,4-dichlorobenzyloxyacetic acid (3,4
      DCBAA) was examined after ip administration to rats. Within 5 days after
      administration of radiolabeled 3,4-DCBAA, 77.4 +/- 4.6% of the dose was recovered
      in the urine and only 3.2 +/- 0.5% was recovered in the feces. Metabolites in the
      urine were isolated and characterized by HPLC, electron impact MS, and LC/MS, and
      their identities were confirmed by comparing their spectra with those of
      synthetic standards. Quantitation of these urinary metabolites revealed that the
      majority of the radioactive dose was excreted as a taurine conjugate (60.1 +/-
      4.4%), while lesser amounts were excreted as 3,4-dichlorohippurate, unchanged 3,4
      DCBAA, the glycine conjugate of 3,4-DCBAA, and a polar unknown which is believed
      to be glycolic acid. A pathway involving an initial O-dealkylation at the benzyl
      carbon of 3,4-DCBAA and proceeding through the glycine conjugation of 3,4
      dichlorobenzoic acid has been proposed to explain the formation of 3,4
      dichlorohippurate and the polar unknown. The extensive conjugation of 3,4-DCBAA
      with taurine is an unprecedented observation in rats, which usually utilize
      glycine for amino acid conjugation reactions. Further studies with 3,4-DCBAA may
      provide insight into the enzymatic mechanisms of taurine conjugation, which are
      not well defined at this time.

PMID- 2886305
TI  - Diazepam metabolism in cultured hepatocytes from rat, rabbit, dog, guinea pig,
      and man.
AB  - Diazepam metabolism has been investigated in cultured hepatocytes from rat,
      rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and man. The metabolite profile obtained by HPLC
      analysis of the culture medium indicated that substantial differences exist
      corresponding to known species differences in the metabolite profile of diazepam
      in vivo. These differences were attributed to a combination of the rate at which
      a metabolite was formed and the rate at which it is removed from the medium by
      further metabolism. The intrinsic clearance of nordiazepam in hepatocytes from
      each of the species exhibited the most marked species variation (rat much greater
      than guinea pig greater than rabbit greater than human greater than dog). Species
      that exhibited a high intrinsic clearance for nordiazepam were also those species
      that exhibited significant hydroxylation at the 4'-site of the molecule. The
      disappearance of diazepam was rapid in rat, dog, and guinea pig hepatocytes, but
      slow in human hepatocytes. Moreover, rat and human hepatocytes exhibited
      different saturability of diazepam clearance with respect to diazepam
      concentration accounting, at least in part, for the different rates of diazepam
      metabolism in the different species. These results support the value of
      hepatocytes in drug metabolism studies and especially in studies of species
      differences in metabolism.

PMID- 2886306
TI  - Disposition of 8-methoxypsoralen in the rat. Induction of metabolism in vivo and
      in vitro and identification of urinary metabolites by thermospray mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) were measured in
      the catheterized rat after pretreatment for 3 days with phenobarbital (PB), beta
      naphthoflavone (BNF), 8-MOP, or vehicle. After an iv injection of 10 mg/kg of
      [14C]8-MOP, timed blood samples were collected and analyzed using a sensitive and
      specific assay for [14C]8-MOP. Total body clearance of 8-MOP increased from 0.55
      +/- 0.06 liter/kg/hr in control rats to 5.6 +/- 0.4, 2.7 +/- 0.4, and 1.2 +/- 0.0
      liters/kg/hr in rats pretreated with BNF, PB, and 8-MOP, respectively, indicating
      that all three compounds are inducers of 8-MOP metabolism. The pattern of urinary
      metabolites was altered by the enzyme inducers. The urinary excretion of the
      sulfate conjugate of 5-hydroxy-8-methoxypsoralen was increased from 10 to 40% of
      the dose after pretreatment with PB. This intact conjugate was identified using
      thermospray and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Pretreatment with 8-MOP
      and BNF increased 2- and 3-fold, respectively, the urinary excretion of a labile
      sulfate conjugate of 5,8-dihydroxypsoralen. Metabolism of 8-MOP was demonstrated
      in the 9000 g supernatant and microsomes of rat liver and shown to be inducible
      by pretreatment of rats with BNF, PB, and 8-MOP. 8-MOP was metabolized in
      incubations with liver microsomes at rates of 0.22 +/- 0.06, 0.38 +/- 0.06, 0.78
      +/- 0.07, and 0.91 +/- 0.03 nmol/min/mg of protein for vehicle, 8-MOP-, PB-, and
      BNF-pretreated rats, respectively. Results of our investigation indicate that the
      success of therapy with 8-MOP may be influenced by pharmacokinetic interactions
      with other drugs.

PMID- 2886307
TI  - Effects of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in
      rats.
AB  - The effects of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity on the pharmacokinetics of a
      renally excreted antibiotic, gentamicin, were studied in F-344 rats. A single
      dose of gentamicin (30 mg/kg, iv) was given to different groups of rats alone, at
      the same time as, or on day 4, 7, 15, or 29 following cisplatin administration (6
      mg/kg, iv). Cisplatin caused a significant decrease in gentamicin clearance and
      an elevation of gentamicin levels in plasma, kidneys, liver, and spleen at all
      the time points that were tested except concomitant administration. The maximum
      effect was seen when gentamicin was given on day 7 following cisplatin. The total
      clearance of gentamicin was reduced from 11 +/- 5 ml/(min X kg) in control rats
      to 2 +/- 2 ml/(min X kg) in cisplatin-treated rats. Twenty-four-hr urinary
      gentamicin excretion was decreased to 34 +/- 13% of the dose (control rats
      excreted 93 +/- 4% of dose). Rats given only gentamicin had a creatinine
      clearance of 5.9 +/- 0.6 ml/(min X kg), whereas those given gentamicin on day 7
      following cisplatin had a creatinine clearance of 0.4 +/- 0.2 ml/(min X kg).
      Thus, cisplatin reduced gentamicin excretion in rats, resulting in elevated
      antibiotic levels in plasma and tissues for at least a month. Prior exposure to
      cisplatin may therefore be associated with an increased risk of toxicity from
      gentamicin, even when the antibiotic is administered in therapeutic doses. The
      effects of cisplatin on other renally excreted drugs need to be evaluated.

PMID- 2886308
TI  - Induction and inhibition of rat hepatic drug metabolism by N-substituted
      imidazole drugs.
AB  - Three daily administrations of N-substituted imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole
      (CloTZ, 75 mg/kg/day), miconazole (MCZ, 150 mg/kg/day), or tioconazole (TCZ, 150
      mg/kg/day), but not the 4,5-disubstituted imidazole cimetidine (350 mg/kg/day) or
      imidazole (200 mg/kg/day for 4 days), induced rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 and
      other drug-metabolizing enzymes. These findings paralleled in vitro observations
      where CloTZ, MCZ, and TCZ were several orders of magnitude more potent as
      inhibitors of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity in control male rat liver
      microsomes than cimetidine or imidazole. Although no marked difference in
      inhibitory potency was evident among the N-substituted imidazoles, there were
      qualitative and quantitative differences in the profiles and extents of induction
      of various cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases and Phase II conjugation
      enzymes. Cytochrome P-450 was elevated dramatically by CloTZ (3-4 times the
      control) and to a lesser extent by MCZ and TCZ (congruent to 1.5 times the
      control). For all agents, there was an increase in metyrapone binding
      approximately equivalent to the additional (i.e. above control) cytochrome P-450.
      Despite the large difference in cytochrome P-450 induction by CloTZ, MCZ, and
      TCZ, these agents elevated p-nitroanisole demethylase and aniline hydroxylase to
      similar extents (3-5 X and 1-2 X control, respectively). All agents induced
      erythromycin and ethylmorphine demethylation in proportion to cytochrome P-450.
      Ethoxyresorufin O-de-ethylation was not substantially affected by any agent.
      Large differences in the extent and specificity of induction of microsomal
      glucuronide conjugations were also evident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886309
TI  - Influence of cytochrome b5 on the stoichiometry of the different oxidative
      reactions catalyzed by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.
AB  - Stoichiometries of oxygen and NADPH consumption and product and hydrogen peroxide
      formation are examined for three forms of cytochrome P-450, LM2, RLM2, and RLM5,
      using several different substrates. As reported earlier, during the metabolism of
      some substrates [Gorsky, Koop, and Coon: J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6812-6817 (1984)],
      excess NADPH and oxygen are consumed suggesting that a 4-electron reduction of
      oxygen to water occurs. Similar effects are seen with testosterone as substrate
      for the constitutive forms of P-450, RLM2 and RLM5. However, when aminopyrine or
      p-nitroanisole serve as substrate, none of the forms of P-450 consumed excess
      NADPH or oxygen. Thus, consumption of excess NADPH and oxygen appears to be the
      result of the substrate used. Cytochrome b5 stimulates turnover of LM2 and RLM5
      but not RLM2. With LM2, it causes a metabolic switching to occur between the
      monooxygenase and the NADPH-oxidase reaction. Although RLM5 is also stimulated by
      cytochrome b5, no metabolic switching occurs. Cytochrome b5 did not affect the
      proportion of excess NADPH or oxygen consumed.

PMID- 2886310
TI  - The formation of glutathione conjugate derived from propranolol.
AB  - Mixed function oxidases in liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated
      guinea pigs converted S-propranolol to 4-hydroxypropranolol, 5
      hydroxypropranolol, and desisopropyl-propranolol. The addition of glutathione and
      cytosol from rat liver to the system resulted in the formation of a water-soluble
      metabolite. Evidence that the metabolite was a glutathione adduct was obtained by
      showing that treatment with gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase changed its HPLC
      retention time. The formation of the glutathione adduct required glutathione S
      transferases in cytosol and was accompanied by a decrease in the formation of 5
      hydroxypropranolol, but not of 4-hydroxypropranolol or desisopropylpropranolol.
      The formation of the propranolol-glutathione adduct was confirmed by two
      independent approaches. When [14C]glutathione and [3H]S-propranolol were used,
      the relationship between 14C and 3H in the metabolite indicated that it contained
      equal amounts of glutathione and propranolol. When a pseudoracemic mixture of S
      propranolol and [2,4-2H2]R-propranolol was used, thermospray LC/MS analysis of
      the glutathione adduct revealed two peaks having different retention times. The
      first peak, representing a [2,4-2H2]R-propranolol-GSH adduct, gave fragment ions
      at m/z 294, 278, 262, while the second, which represented the S-propranolol-GSH
      adduct, gave fragment ions having 2 mass units less than those obtained with [2,4
      2H2]R-propranolol. There was no evidence of any loss of deuterium during the
      formation of these fragment ions. The material in both peaks gave ions of m/z
      308, 147, and 130, which is consistent with the presence of a glutathione group.

PMID- 2886311
TI  - The oxidation of acrolein by rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenases. Relation to allyl
      alcohol hepatotoxicity.
AB  - The oxidation of acrolein by aldehyde dehydrogenase was studied in several
      subcellular fractions of rat liver by measuring acrolein-dependent production of
      NADH from NAD+. Mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions each contained two aldehyde
      dehydrogenase activities with Km values for acrolein of 0.4-0.7 mM and 0.015
      0.025 mM. Microsomes demonstrated only a high Km (1.5 mM) activity. The low Km
      activities of mitochondria and cytosol differed in their sensitivity to
      inhibition by chloral hydrate and in their response to 1 mM MgCl2 (activation vs.
      inhibition). The metabolism of acrolein by low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase
      activities was markedly depressed in mitochondrial or cytosolic fractions from
      rats pretreated with cyanamide (2 mg/kg for 1 hr) or disulfiram (100 mg/kg for 24
      hr). The effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition on allyl alcohol toxicity
      was determined by pretreating rats with cyanamide or disulfiram prior to
      treatment with allyl alcohol. Hepatotoxicity was assessed on the basis of
      elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities and
      the loss of microsomal cytochrome P-450. Pretreatment with the aldehyde
      dehydrogenase inhibitors enhanced the hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol in both
      male and female rats. The results suggest that acrolein metabolism by rat liver
      aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes is important for the inactivation of allyl
      alcohol-derived acrolein.

PMID- 2886312
TI  - The disposition and elimination of two sequential doses of 2,4,5,2',4',5'
      hexachlorobiphenyl.
AB  - It has been suggested based on fecal elimination data that a second dose of
      2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) is eliminated more rapidly from male
      rats than a first dose of 6-CB due to a differential accumulation of the two 6-CB
      doses within individual adipocytes. This phenomenon was further examined and
      extended to assess tissue levels of the compound in male rats which received
      either 0.6 mg/kg unlabeled or 14C-6-CB iv (dose 1). Fourteen days later, those
      animals which had received unlabeled 6-CB were administered 0.6 mg/kg 14C-6-CB.
      One-half of those rats which had received 14C-6-CB as dose 1 were administered
      unlabeled 6-CB after 14 days, and the remainder did not receive a second dose.
      The fecal excretion of radiolabeled 6-CB from rats treated only with 14C-6-CB was
      5.3% of the total dose from days 14 through 28 post-treatment. Those rats
      receiving 14C-6-CB followed by unlabeled 6-CB excreted 4.4% of the total
      radiolabeled dose. Animals treated with 14C-6-CB as the second dose excreted 9%
      of their total radiolabeled dose within 14 days of treatment and those receiving
      only 14C-6-CB excreted 11% over the same time interval. Urinary elimination of
      radioactivity was negligible in all treatment groups. The pattern of distribution
      of 14C-6-CB in tissues was similar among all treatment groups. These data suggest
      that a second dose of 6-CB is not distributed differently from the first in
      growing male rats.

PMID- 2886313
TI  - Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4
      trimethylquinoline in the male F344 rat.
AB  - 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline (TMQ), an antioxidant used in the rubber
      industry, was readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of the male
      Fischer 344/N rat and rapidly distributed throughout the body tissues.
      Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion were not significantly
      affected by dose in the range 11.5-1150 mumol/kg. Following iv administration,
      the greatest amounts of TMQ-derived radioactivity were present in the high volume
      tissues including muscle, adipose, skin, liver, and blood. TMQ had no particular
      affinity for any tissue. TMQ-derived radioactivity was excreted primarily in
      urine (60-70%) and feces (20-30%) within 3 days after administration. Greater
      than 99% of the TMQ dose excreted in urine and feces was in the form of
      metabolites. Urine contained two major and ten minor metabolites while feces
      contained two major and four minor metabolites. The two major TMQ metabolites in
      urine were identified by NMR and mass spectroscopy as the O-sulfate conjugate of
      1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline and the monosulfate conjugate of
      1,2-dihydro-1,6-dihydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. In vitro studies with liver
      subcellular fractions suggest that most of the metabolites present in urine,
      feces, and bile are the products of mixed function oxidase activity and
      conjugates of these metabolites. Multiple exposure of rats to high TMQ doses
      (1150 mumol/kg) resulted in some bioaccumulation of TMQ-derived radioactivity in
      all tissues examined, but these residues did not persist when dosing was
      discontinued.

PMID- 2886314
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of griseofulvin in blood and skin suction blister fluid of rats.
AB  - The penetration of griseofulvin to its site of action was investigated in the rat
      using subepidermal blisters induced by suction as a model. Griseofulvin was
      administered iv at a dose of 20 mg/kg after which blood, suction blister fluid
      (SBF), and skin tissue were sampled over a 300-min time period. The blood
      level/time course can be described by a two-compartment model. During the
      terminal phase, concentrations of drug in blood, SBF, and cutis declined in
      parallel, with respective half-lives of 71.0, 70.4, and 74.6 min. In SBF, maximum
      concentrations (2.35 +/- 0.36 micrograms/ml) were obtained 60 min postinjection,
      drug levels increased until the concentrations of unbound griseofulvin in SBF and
      plasma were identical. Time to peak concentration in cutis was shorter (20 min;
      13.9 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml). As the dermatophytes are located in the horny layer,
      the determination of griseofulvin in SBF seems to be a more suitable assay for
      determining the griseofulvin level profile at its site of action. In addition,
      the level of unbound, and thus active, griseofulvin in SBF was severalfold lower
      than the concentration of total drug in excised skin tissue. Up to now, the
      latter value has been considered to indicate that the concentration of
      griseofulvin in the skin is comparable to the in vitro sensitivity of
      dermatophytes. The present results show that this seems to be no longer
      justified.

PMID- 2886315
TI  - Tissue distribution, disposition, and metabolism of cyclosporine in rats.
AB  - Tissue distribution, disposition, and metabolism of 3H-cyclosporine were studied
      in rats after single and repeated oral doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg and after an iv
      dose of 3 mg/kg. The oral doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg were dissolved in polyethylene
      glycol 200/ethanol or in olive oil/Labrafil/ethanol. Absorption from both
      formulations was slow and incomplete, with peak 3H blood levels at 3-4 hr.
      Approximately 30% of the radioactive dose was absorbed, which is consistent with
      oral bioavailability data for cyclosporine. More than 70% of the radioactivity
      was excreted in feces and up to 15% in urine. Elimination via the bile accounted
      for 10 and 60% of the oral and iv doses, respectively. Since unchanged
      cyclosporine predominated in both blood and tissues at early time points, the
      half-lives of the distribution phases (t 1/2 alpha) of parent drug and of total
      radioactivity were similar. In blood, kidney, liver, and lymph nodes, t 1/2 alpha
      of cyclosporine ranged from 6-10 hr. Elimination of radioactivity from the
      systemic circulation was multiphasic, with a terminal half-life of 20-30 hr. 3H
      Cyclosporine was extensively distributed throughout the body, with highest
      concentrations in liver, kidney, endocrine glands, and adipose tissue. The
      concentrations of both total radioactivity and parent drug were greater in
      tissues than in blood, which is consistent with the high lipid solubility of
      cyclosporine and some of its metabolites. Skin and adipose tissue were the main
      storage sites for unchanged cyclosporine. Elimination half-lives were slower for
      most tissues than for blood and increased with multiple dosing. The amount of
      unchanged drug was negligible in urine and bile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886316
TI  - Metabolism of cyclosporin A. I. Study in freshly isolated rabbit hepatocytes.
AB  - The metabolism of cyclosporin A (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressive agent, was
      evaluated in freshly isolated rabbit hepatocytes by HPLC which separated CsA from
      its major group of derivatives, e.g. "first generation" metabolites
      (monohydroxylated and N-demethylated) and "second generation" derivatives
      (dihydroxylated and dihydroxy-N-demethylated). After exposure of hepatocytes to
      radiolabeled CsA (0.5 mg/liter), CsA was rapidly accumulated inside the cells and
      metabolized. The dihydroxylated metabolites represent the major intracellular
      forms after 1 hr. CsA metabolites synthesized inside the cells are then rapidly
      detected in the extracellular compartment. Unchanged drug and the various
      metabolites are concentrated inside the cells with transmembrane chemical
      gradients ranging between 20:1 and 40:1. Transport and metabolic processes for
      CsA have been evaluated over the following CsA extracellular concentration range,
      0.1-10 mg/liter. Metabolism appears to be the rate-limiting step. The apparent
      affinity constant of CsA for the enzyme system involved in its metabolism is
      approximately 15 microM. Besides the lipophilicity of the molecule, which is
      responsible for the retention of CsA and its metabolites in the intracellular
      compartment, the presence of a binding component(s) in the hepatocytes was also
      demonstrated. CsA and its metabolites seem to have similar affinities for this
      binding site. These studies demonstrate that CsA is rapidly transformed inside
      the hepatocytes to various metabolites which may play an important role in the
      pharmacological activity of the drug and/or in its clinical toxicity.

PMID- 2886317
TI  - Metabolism of cyclosporin A. II. Implication of the macrolide antibiotic
      inducible cytochrome P-450 3c from rabbit liver microsomes.
AB  - The in vitro metabolism of cyclosporin A (CsA) was investigated by rabbit liver
      microsomes in order to identify the form(s) of cytochrome P-450 responsible for
      its biotransformation. Metabolites including monohydroxy-, N-demethylated,
      dihydroxy- and dihydroxy-N-demethylated derivatives were detected and quantified
      by HPLC from incubates of liver microsomes, CsA, and NADPH. Kinetic data
      indicated that monohydroxy- and N-demethylated derivatives were first generated
      and then served as substrates for production of dihydroxylated derivatives. Liver
      microsomes from phenobarbital-, beta-naphthoflavone-, triacetyloleandomycin-,
      erythromycin-, or rifampicin-treated and untreated rabbits were investigated, but
      only microsomes from animals treated with macrolide antibiotics (specific
      inducers of form P-450 3c) exhibited a type I binding spectrum upon CsA addition
      (Ks = 1.5 +/- 0.5 microM) and extensively metabolized the drug to all groups of
      derivatives (Km = 5.0 +/- 0.5 microM, Vmax = 1.0 +/- 0.2 nmol/mg/min). A linear
      correlation existed between CsA oxidase activity and P-450 3c specific content.
      Antibodies to P-450 3c strongly inhibited CsA oxidase activity of microsomes from
      macrolide antibiotic-induced animals, whereas antibodies to other forms,
      including P-450 2, 3b, 4, and 6, did not. When highly purified forms of P-450,
      including P-450 2, 3b, 3c, and 4, were assayed in a reconstituted system, only P
      450 3c exhibited type I binding spectrum upon CsA addition (Ks = 1.4 +/- 0.5
      microM) and extensively metabolized the drug to all derivatives. We conclude that
      the macrolide antibiotic-inducible form P-450 3c (or P-450 3c related from(s)) is
      responsible for the major part of CsA metabolism by rabbit liver microsomes.

PMID- 2886318
TI  - Urinary metabolites of busulfan in the rat.
AB  - After ip administration of 15 mg/kg [1,4-14C]busulfan to rat, the urinary
      excretion was 70% of the total radioactivity after 72 hr. Three major metabolites
      were isolated and quantified by HPLC. Of the total radioactivity in the urine,
      unchanged busulfan was excreted as a minor amount (6%) and the following
      metabolites were identified as: 3-hydroxysulfolane (39%), tetrahydrothiophene 1
      oxide (20%), and sulfolane (13%) using GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The
      cytotoxicity of busulfan and its major metabolites was examined using a V79
      Chinese hamster cell line.

PMID- 2886319
TI  - Liver metabolism of budesonide in rat, mouse, and man. Comparative aspects.
AB  - The metabolism of budesonide, (22RS)-16 alpha, 17 alpha-butylidenedioxy-11
      beta,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene- 3,20-dione, was studied in the 9000g
      supernatant fraction of livers from rat, mouse, and man. The two budesonide C-22
      epimers produced different metabolites. This was explained by substrate-selective
      oxidation of the nonsymmetric 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetal substituent. Epimer 22R
      gave 16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone, while epimer 22S produced a metabolite
      tentatively identified as 23-hydroxybudesonide. Otherwise, budesonide followed
      the general metabolic pathways reported for synthetic glucocorticoids. Thus,
      oxidative metabolism predominated, 6 beta-hydroxybudesonide and delta 6
      budesonide being identified in all investigated species. Reductive metabolism,
      giving 4,5 beta-dihydrobudesonide and 3,4,5 beta-tetrahydrobudesonide, was most
      pronounced in the rat. Rates and routes of budesonide metabolism were most
      similar in mouse and human livers. This implies that the mouse is a more relevant
      species than the rat in studies of the pharmacology and toxicology of budesonide.

PMID- 2886320
TI  - Metabolic acetal splitting of budesonide. A novel inactivation pathway for
      topical glucocorticoids.
AB  - Topical glucocorticoids usually have a high intrinsic glucocorticoid potency and
      may, after systemic uptake, induce side effects. The systemic inactivation of
      budesonide is rapid due to extensive liver biotransformation. The major metabolic
      pathway, 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetal splitting, is unique for budesonide within
      this group of compounds. This biotransformation is catalyzed by microsomal
      monooxygenases and proceeds via hydroxylation and subsequent rearrangement to an
      intermediary ester. The ester is cleaved by hydrolysis to 16 alpha
      hydroxyprednisolone and butyric acid. The hydrolysis product 16 alpha
      hydroxyprednisolone has strongly reduced glucocorticoid activity.

PMID- 2886321
TI  - Glutathione conjugation of 1,2-dibromo-1-phenylethane in rats in vivo.
AB  - The metabolism of 1,2-dibromo-1-phenylethane (DBPE) was studied in rats.
      Administration of DBPE orally, in doses of 0.25-1.25 mmol/kg (66-330 mg/kg), to
      male Wistar rats resulted in the excretion of a single mercapturic acid in urine.
      The methyl esters of three potential mercapturic acid metabolites were
      synthesized: N-acetyl-S-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-L-cysteine methyl ester (O),N
      acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl)-L-cysteine methyl ester (I), and N-acetyl-S-(2
      hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-L-cysteine methyl ester (II). GC/MS analysis showed that
      the methyl ester of the excreted mercapturic acid was identical with II.
      Quantitative measurement of II in urine by GLC showed that, after 24 hr,
      excretion of the mercapturic acid was almost complete and amounted to 41% of the
      administered dose. At doses higher than 1.00 mmol/kg, the excretion no longer
      increased. Inhibition of the oxidative pathways by ip injection of 1
      phenylimidazole resulted in an excretion decrease of about 40%. (Pre)treatment
      with diethyl maleate lowered the excretion of mercapturic acid by 30-60%.
      Glutathione conjugates synthesized from DBPE and styrene oxide were separated by
      HPLC. Both compounds can produce the same two pairs of diastereomers, viz. (R)-
      and (S)-(2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl)glutathione ((R)-1 and (S)-1), and (R)- and (S)
      (2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)glutathione ((R)-2 and (S)-2). These could be separated
      in the order (R)-2, (R)-1, (S)-1, and (S)-2 within 20 min. This method was also
      applied to examine glutathione conjugates excreted in bile after DBPE
      administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886322
TI  - N-hydroxymethyl metabolites of 450191-S, a 1H-1,2,4,-triazolyl benzophenone
      derivative, in dog plasma.
AB  - In a metabolic experiment of 5-[(2-aminoacetamido)methyl]-1-[4-chloro-2-(o
      chlorobenzoyl)phenyl ]-N, N-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-3-carboxamide
      hydrochloride dihydrate (450191-S) in dogs, two new metabolites 8-chloro-6-(o
      chlorophenyl)-N-hydroxymethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine-2
      carboxamide (M-A) and 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-N-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl-4H
      1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-D) in plasma were
      found in addition to 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4H-1,2,4
      triazolo[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-1), 8-chloro-6-(o
      chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2
      carboxamide (M-2), 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazolo-[1,5-a] [1,4]
      benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-3), and 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4
      triazolo[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2-carboxylic acid (M-4). The structures of N
      hydroxymethyl metabolites were elucidated mainly by mass spectrometry. The
      structures were confirmed by synthesizing the authentic compounds and comparing
      the mass spectra.

PMID- 2886323
TI  - Plasma concentration profiles of human recombinant interleukin-2 (HrIL-2) in the
      rat following administration by various systemic routes.

PMID- 2886324
TI  - Dose- and time-dependent effect of levamisole on the elimination of antipyrine in
      the rat.

PMID- 2886326
TI  - Salazopyrin EN-tabs: an enteric-coated case that is hard to take.

PMID- 2886325
TI  - Drug-antacid interactions: assessment of clinical importance.
AB  - Antacids and adsorbents are commonly used preparations that are generally
      considered to be pharmacologically inert and free from adverse effects. They may,
      however, interact with a diverse range of primary drugs and the sequelae can be
      disadvantageous to the efficacy of the primary medication. Many such reports in
      the literature are based on animal experiments, or on single-dose studies in
      healthy subjects. Some reports are anecdotal and are unconfirmed; others are
      based solely on in vitro evidence. Potentially important interactions have been
      suggested for a relatively small group of drugs: tetracyclines, phenytoin,
      digoxin, chloroquine, cimetidine, quinidine, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs,
      and beta-blocking agents. The evidence for these has been critically evaluated,
      as well as for antacid-anticoagulant and antacid-nitrofurantoin interactions that
      have been wrongly emphasized in the literature. The majority of literature
      reports on interactions with antacids have been overemphasized; only ferrous
      sulfate-, isoniazid-, and tetracycline-antacid interactions fall into a category
      I importance (scale I-III of descending importance). This category is for those
      interactions with good evidence of actual or potential importance in patients or
      in relevant studies on normal subjects.

PMID- 2886328
TI  - [Periodic hypokalemic paralysis caused by high endogenous catecholamine
      activity?].

PMID- 2886327
TI  - [Severe periodic hypokalemic paralysis. Prevention using beta-receptor blockade].
AB  - For ten years, severe physical exercise in a 24 year old male patient had been an
      almost constant trigger of frequent attacks of pareses which were mostly
      accompanied by complete tetraplegia and once by the occurrence of cardiac arrest
      with atrial fibrillation. During the attack, the serum potassium concentration
      fell to 1.2 mmol/l, whereas the intraleukocytic potassium concentration rose from
      136 mmol/l to 149 mmol/l. The catecholamine excretion in the urine was raised
      during the first 24 hours after admission as an emergency (189 micrograms
      noradrenalin and 54 micrograms adrenalin). After intravenous adrenalin infusion
      (0.01-0.1 microgram/kg X min) during the symptom-free interval, there was a major
      fall of the serum potassium concentration from 3.9 mmol/l to 3.1 mmol/l. This was
      not accompanied by a raised insulin excretion and could be prevented by prior
      administration of the nonselective beta blocker propranolol. On the basis of
      these results, the patient was treated prophylactically with three times 40 mg/d
      p.o. propranolol. Pareses requiring treatment no longer occurred under this
      therapy.

PMID- 2886329
TI  - [Laser-induced shockwave lithotripsy].

PMID- 2886330
TI  - [Conversion enzyme inhibitors in the antihypertensive treatment of patients with
      renal insufficiency].
AB  - Changes in serum creatinine concentration and proteinuria over a period of 12
      months were analysed retrospectively in hypertensives in renal failure, 39
      treated with conversion-enzyme inhibitors and 41 treated with other
      antihypertensives. The occasionally recorded blood pressures were comparable in
      the two groups. Median serum creatinine levels in the patients treated with
      conversion-enzyme inhibitors rose from 2.33 mg/100 ml (range 1.5-5.5) after one
      month acutely by 0.4 mg/100 ml and then remained essentially constant. In nine
      patients the level was higher by greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/100 ml after 12
      months than at the beginning of treatment. Proteinuria did not show any
      identifiable changes. On the other hand, in those patients treated with other
      antihypertensives, median serum creatinine concentration rose gradually over 12
      months from 2.4 mg/100 ml (range 1.5-6.0) to 3.45 mg/100 ml (1.5-12.9). In 18
      patients the serum creatinine level rose by less than or equal to 0.5 mg/100 ml.
      Five patients developed side effects to conversion-enzyme inhibitors, but none
      required discontinuation of treatment. It is concluded that the use of conversion
      enzyme inhibitors in patients with renal failure is effective and largely safe.
      It apparently causes less of a rise in serum creatinine than other
      antihypertensives.

PMID- 2886332
TI  - [Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with HTLV-I virus and its
      infection in healthy populations from various regions of the USSR].
AB  - Patients with various forms of hemoblastoses (328) and clinically healthy persons
      (530) were examined for antibodies to HTLV-I. The presence of antibodies was
      detected in 3 out of 40 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and only in 1
      of 70 patients with lymphosarcoma. These data indicate that sporadic cases of T
      cell leukemia associated with HTLV-I were detected in the USSR. Out of 530
      healthy persons only 4 contained antibodies to HTLV-I antigens.

PMID- 2886331
TI  - [Beta-receptor blockaders in the prevention of hemorrhaging of esophageal
      varices?].

PMID- 2886333
TI  - Molecular size distribution of immunoreactive trypsin and renal tubular
      dysfunction: role in trypsin plasma-urine transfer.
AB  - In order to investigate the role of circulating free trypsinogen and renal
      tubular dysfunction in affecting trypsin plasma-urine transfer, serum
      immunoreactive trypsin (IRT), its urinary output, IRT molecular size
      distribution, filtrable immunoreactive trypsin, gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      alpha-glucosidase outputs were studied in 6 control subjects, 9 patients with
      pancreatic cancer and 15 with chronic pancreatitis. The majority of
      immunoreactivity was always eluted at a molecular weight of about 24,000 and
      might therefore be considered as free trypsinogen. Variable amounts of IRT at
      higher molecular weights, possibly represented by trypsin-inhibitor complexes,
      were also detected. Increasing IRT levels were generally accounted for by free
      trypsinogen, regardless of the nature of the disease. Unlike serum free
      trypsinogen levels, renal tubular damage, evaluated by means of the excretion of
      two high-molecular weight urinary enzymes, seems to play a prominent role in
      explaining trypsin plasma-urine transfer.

PMID- 2886335
TI  - The role of lysine-132 and arginine-136 in the receptor-binding domain of the K99
      fibrillar subunit.
AB  - The gene encoding the K99 fibrillar adhesin of Escherichia coli has been modified
      by oligonucleotide-directed, site-specific, mutagenesis. The tryptophan-67,
      lysine-132, lysine-133 or arginine-136 were replaced by leucine, threonine,
      threonine and serine, respectively. The threonine-133 mutant fibrillae were
      indistinguishable from wild-type fibrillae. In contrast, replacement of lysine
      132 or arginine-136 by threonine or serine, respectively, resulted in mutant
      fibrillae which had completely lost adhesive capacity, suggesting that the
      positive charges of these residues are essential for the interaction with the
      negatively charged sialic acid residue of the receptor molecules. After the
      replacement of tryptophan-67 with leucine neither fibrillae nor subunits were
      detectable, indicating that the mutant product is unstable and that tryptophan-67
      has an essential structural role in the K99 subunit.

PMID- 2886334
TI  - Tissue-specific N-glycosylation, site-specific oligosaccharide patterns and
      lentil lectin recognition of rat Thy-1.
AB  - To examine the extent to which protein structure and tissue-type influence
      glycosylation, we have determined the oligosaccharide structures at each of the
      three glycosylation sites (Asn-23, 74 and 98) of the cell surface glycoprotein
      Thy-1 isolated from rat brain and thymus. The results show that there is tissue
      specificity of glycosylation and that superimposed on this is a significant
      degree of site-specificity. On the basis of the site distribution of
      oligosaccharides, we find that no Thy-1 molecules are in common between the two
      tissues despite the amino acid sequences being identical. We suggest, therefore,
      that by controlling N-glycosylation a tissue creates an unique set of glycoforms
      (same polypeptide but with oligosaccharides that differ either in sequence or
      disposition). The structures at each of the three sites were also determined for
      the thymocyte Thy-1 that binds to lentil lectin (Thy-1 L+) and for that which
      does not (Thy-1 L-). Segregation of intact thymus Thy-1 into two distinct sets of
      glycoforms by lentil lectin was found to be due to the structures at site 74.
      Analysis of oligosaccharide structures at the 'passenger' sites (23 and 98)
      suggests that either Thy-1 L+ and Thy-1 L- molecules are made in different cell
      types or that the biosynthesis of oligosaccharides at one site is influenced by
      the glycosylation at other sites.

PMID- 2886336
TI  - The heme biosynthetic pathway in the regenerating rat liver. The relation between
      enzymes of heme synthesis and growth.
AB  - Enzymes of heme synthesis, porphyrins and heme content of regenerating rat livers
      were examined. During the first three days of regeneration the weights of livers
      of one-third and two-third hepatectomized rats increased 1.5-fold and 2.7-fold
      and the activity of porphobilinogen deaminase increased 2-fold and 4-fold and was
      inversely correlated with ferrochelatase activity. delta-Aminolevulinic acid
      synthase and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities were reduced.
      Concomitantly an increase in the concentration of porphyrins and a decrease in
      that of heme were observed. The changes in the biosynthetic pathway of heme
      during rapid growth of the liver are discussed.

PMID- 2886338
TI  - Temelastine, a novel histamine H1-receptor antagonist, does not induce oxidative
      hepatic enzyme activity in man.
AB  - Temelastine (SK&F 93944) is a novel histamine H1-receptor antagonist with a high
      degree of protein binding and predominant hepatic elimination. The
      pharmacokinetics of antipyrine were assessed in eight male normal subjects after
      single oral doses of 10 mg/kg antipyrine, administered prior to chronic dosing
      with temelastine 100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks, and 48 hours after the last dose
      of temelastine. After the first dose of antipyrine the mean maximum plasma
      concentration (Cmax) was 78.3 mumol/l (range: 60.3 to 95.8), the mean AUC (0
      infinity) was 1330 mumol.h/l (range: 1030 to 2074), the mean apparent terminal
      disposition rate constant K was 0.0656 h-1 (range: 0.0428 to 0.0769) and the mean
      residence time (MRT) was 16.7 h on average (range: 14.4 to 24.1). After the
      second dose the mean Cmax, AUC (0-infinity) and MRT had slightly increased by on
      average 11, 5 and 7% respectively whereas the mean K had decreased by 9%. None of
      the differences between the means of the log-transformed parameters for second
      first dose reached statistical significance. Temelastine therefore did not appear
      to induce hepatic oxidative enzyme activity in man, as judged by antipyrine as a
      model substance.

PMID- 2886337
TI  - The clinical relevance of alcohol in the Blood Pressure Clinic.
AB  - There is a limited number of studies conducted in hypertensive patients which
      support the hypothesis that high alcohol intake is an important reversible cause
      of raised blood pressure. The validity and effectiveness of alcohol restriction
      as a treatment of hypertension is difficult to study as there is no suitable
      placebo substance that can be employed on a clinical trial basis. However, such
      clinical data that there are, taken with the confirmatory epidemiological work,
      strongly suggest that hypertensive patients should be questioned and investigated
      for evidence of high alcohol intake and advised accordingly.

PMID- 2886339
TI  - Splenic-gonadal fusion in cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2886340
TI  - Magnesium depletion in patients on long-term chlorthalidone therapy for essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Sixty patients were treated for 1 year for essential uncomplicated hypertension,
      30 with beta-blockers alone (BB) and 30 with BB and chlorthalidone (CTD). BB did
      not affect serum K+ or Mg++. In the BB-group there was a statistically
      significant trend towards retention of Mg++ in a loading test, but the effect was
      clinically marginal. BB + CTD reduced serum K+ and Mg++ and caused significant
      Mg++ depletion, as shown by the Mg++ loading test. All the effects were highly
      significant and were clinically important. The metabolic perturbations due to CTD
      are potentially dangerous and make this drug unattractive as 'first choice'
      treatment for hypertension.

PMID- 2886341
TI  - Airway response to salbutamol and to ipratropium bromide after non-selective and
      cardioselective beta-blocker.
AB  - Eight healthy men were randomly assigned in a latin square order to receive
      single doses of placebo, tertatolol 5 mg, propranolol 80 mg and atenolol 100 mg
      at 7-day intervals. Resting heart rate and pulmonary function were measured 10
      min before and over the 240 min following dosing, and then 15 min after
      inhalation of salbutamol 200 micrograms and ipratropium bromide 40 micrograms.
      The three beta-blockers caused similar reductions in resting heart rate
      throughout the study, whereas placebo had no effect. The three beta-blockers,
      like placebo, produced no significant change in pulmonary function during the 240
      min after dosing. The bronchodilator response to salbutamol after atenolol and
      placebo was preserved, whereas it was reduced after administration of either of
      the non-selective beta-blockers, tertatolol and propranolol. An unequivocal
      response of the airways to ipratropium bromide was observed after tertatolol and
      propranolol, which was much greater than after atenolol. No response was observed
      after placebo. Thus, despite bronchial beta 2-blockade, by non-selective beta
      blockers, bronchodilatation was definitely produced by ipratropium bromide,
      confirming the predominant role of the parasympathetic system in the autonomic
      innervation of normal human airways.

PMID- 2886342
TI  - Actual versus reported benzodiazepine usage by medical outpatients.
AB  - Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed, and in 1979 almost 10% of the adult
      population was taking them. Prior studies of outpatient usage of benzodiazepines
      have relied on survey or prescription data, which may be confounded by
      noncompliance. To determine the actual use of benzodiazepines, plasma
      benzodiazepine concentrations were measured in 225 consecutive outpatients from a
      university cardiology outpatient service. Self reports indicated that the great
      majority of the patients (191) were taking at least one medicine, and 70 reported
      being on a psychotropic drug. Seventy-seven patients reported taking
      benzodiazepines, the majority being on bromazepam (20), diazepam (26) or oxazepam
      (19). In 25 of those 77 patients, the reported drug could not be detected in
      plasma. Conversely, in 10 of the 225 patients, benzodiazepines which were not
      reported were detected (diazepam or flurazepam). Of those taking benzodiazepines,
      many had a low concentration, suggesting intermittent rather than regular use.
      Thus, many patients for whom benzodiazepines are prescribed take them
      irregularly, and a small group uses them without reporting their prescription.
      These findings have implications for the clinical presentation of illness and for
      the possibility of drug interactions.

PMID- 2886343
TI  - Studies on the central effects of the H1-antagonist, loratadine.
AB  - Effects of loratadine (10, 20 and 40 mg) on visuo-motor coordination, dynamic
      visual acuity, short-term memory, digit symbol substitution, and on subjective
      assessments of mood were tested before, and 0.5, 1.5, 3.5 and 5.5 h after
      ingestion by 6 healthy female adults. There were no effects of 10 or 20 mg
      loratadine. With 40 mg loratadine the number of substitutions on the digit symbol
      test was reduced 5.5 h after ingestion, and on dynamic visual acuity response
      time was increased at 3.5 h and the number of responses missed was increased at
      5.5 h. Triprolidine (10 mg) which was used as active control impaired performance
      on all the tasks and impaired performance was observed at all times after
      ingestion. Loratadine is a promising antihistamine for individuals involved in
      skilled activity. The anticipated single daily dose of 10 mg is unlikely to
      impair performance.

PMID- 2886344
TI  - The immune response of the mouse to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. V. High
      numbers of cytolytic T lymphocytes are generated in the spleen during acute
      infection.
AB  - In the spleens of C57BL/6J (B6) and CBA/J (CBA) mice undergoing acute infection
      with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus, lymphocytes with the ability to
      develop in vitro into LCM virus-specific cytolytic clones were enumerated by use
      of the limiting dilution method. At intervals after virus inoculation, defined
      numbers of cells were cultivated with virus-infected syngeneic stimulator cells
      and T cell growth factor in multiple wells of microculture plates. After 7 days,
      individual cell cultures were tested for their ability to cause release of 51Cr
      from infected and uninfected syngeneic target cells. In cultures seeded with
      spleen cells from uninfected mice or from mice infected 3 days previously, no
      cytolytic activity was observed. On day 5, cells developing into LCM virus
      specific cytolytic effector cells were detected. They rose in numbers, and on
      days 8 to 9 after infection, values of approximately 1/10 and 1/200 in B6 and CBA
      mice, respectively, were calculated. A low proportion of microcultures proved
      cytolytic also for noninfected syngeneic target cells, but the counts thus
      released were consistently much lower than the counts set free from infected
      targets, and no regular dose-response relationships existed between seeded cells
      and positive cultures. Determination of cell surface antigens of responder cells
      by negative and positive selection procedures disclosed that they were
      predominantly T lymphocytes and expressed Lyt-2 but not L3T4 surface markers.
      Lysis by the great majority of LCM virus-specific clones was restricted by
      products of the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC), but a few lysed, in
      addition, allogeneic infected or uninfected targets; however, a consistent
      pattern of alloreactivity was not observed. Furthermore, cells of a proportion of
      the cultures also lysed uninfected YAC cells. Probably this natural killer-like
      activity was acquired by T lymphocytes during prolonged cultivation. We conclude
      that most spleen cells that during acute infection with LCM virus attained the
      ability to develop in vitro into LCM virus-specific cytolytic clones were derived
      from MHC-restricted Lyt-2+, L3T4- antigen-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes and
      their activated precursors.

PMID- 2886345
TI  - Similarity of clozapine and SCH 23390 in reserpinized rats suggests a common
      mechanism of action.
AB  - Clozapine at doses up to 100 mg/kg p.o. did not antagonize apomorphine-induced
      stereotypy in vehicle pre-treated rats. However, if the animals were injected
      with reserpine (30 mg/kg i.p.) 24 h prior to the test, then clozapine (3-100
      mg/kg p.o.) produced a dose-related blockade of apomorphine-induced stereotypy.
      The blockade of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in reserpinized rats by clozapine
      was attenuated by the D-2 selective agonist LY 171555 but not the D-1 selective
      agonist SKF 38393. This profile of agonist reversal of antagonist blockade of
      apomorphine-induced stereotypy seen with clozapine was identical to that seen
      with the selective D-1 antagonist SCH 23390. Presumably, the D-2 agonist was
      active because D-1 receptor systems were inhibited (either at the receptor or at
      some other post-synaptic site) by clozapine or SCH 23390; this allowed a partial
      restoration of apomorphine-induced stereotypy via the D-2 system. Therefore,
      these data indicate that clozapine and SCH 23390 share a common mechanism of
      action via D-1 receptor systems.

PMID- 2886346
TI  - Dynorphin A-(1-10) amide stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic polypeptide
      (ANP) from rat atrium.

PMID- 2886347
TI  - Increased antinociception by alpha-adrenoceptor drugs after spinal cord
      noradrenaline depletion.
AB  - Animals depleted of the bulbospinal NA fiber tracts have been reported to be
      supersensitive to antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered
      noradrenaline (NA) in vivo. In the present investigation, the antinociceptive
      effects were determined after systemic or intrathecal injections of noradrenergic
      agents. NA and the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists guanfacine and
      clonidine were used. NA depletion was performed by treatment neonatally with 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or in adult animals by intrathecal 6-OHDA
      administration or systemic N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine
      hydrochloride (DSP4). The neurotoxins were found to cause a severe depletion of
      spinal NA without affecting dopamine (DA) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels.
      The antinociceptive effects of intrathecal injection of NA, clonidine and
      guanfacine were more strongly enhanced in the depleted than in the control rats.
      It was also found that clonidine and guanfacine given systemically had a stronger
      effect in depleted than in control animals. In conclusion, depletion of
      descending NA pathways induces functional supersensitivity both to intrathecally
      administered NA and to the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and
      guanfacine. It was also found that systemically administered clonidine and
      guanfacine had a stronger effect in NA-depleted than in control animals.

PMID- 2886349
TI  - Demonstration of the beta 2-adrenoceptor intrinsic efficacy of AY-28,925 using
      the PGF2 alpha-contracted guinea-pig trachea.
AB  - The abilities of AY-28,925, labetalol and medroxalol to relax the PGF2 alpha
      contracted isolated guinea-pig trachea have been investigated to compare their
      activities at beta 2-adrenoceptors. Maximum relaxation induced by AY-28,925 was
      significantly greater than that induced by either labetalol or medroxalol. This
      relaxation occurred in a concentration-dependent manner over a range of
      concentrations consistent with the previously determined affinity of AY-28,925
      for beta-adrenoceptors. ICI-118,551 inhibited AY-28,925-induced relaxation in a
      concentration-dependent manner with a pA2 value similar to that determined for
      ICI-118,551 inhibition of the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol,
      but not the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist norepinephrine. The Schild plot
      slope for ICI-118,551 inhibition of AY-28,925 or salbutamol did not differ
      significantly from unity, while that for inhibition of isoproterenol (a non
      selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist) did. It is concluded that AY-28,925 is a
      more efficacious relaxant of tracheal smooth muscle than either labetalol or
      medroxalol, and that this relaxant activity is the result of its greater
      intrinsic efficacy at the beta 2-adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2886348
TI  - Composite effects of actinonin when inhibiting enkephalin-degrading enzymes.
AB  - Actinonin which has been found to be an inhibitor of aminopeptidase M (EC
      3.4.11.2) also inhibited enkephalinase A (EC 3.4.24.11) and enkephalin
      aminopeptidase which were partially purified from the corpus striatum membrane of
      guinea-pig brain. The IC50 values were 5.6 microM for enkephalinase A and 0.39
      microM for enkephalin aminopeptidase. Actinonin also inhibited with an IC50 value
      of 1.1 microM dipeptidyl aminopeptidase tested on whole brain homogenate of rats
      in the presence of thiorphan and bestatin. Analgesia was assessed by measuring
      the tail-flick latency of mice. The analgesic effect of [Met5]enkephalin injected
      intracisternally (i.cist., 50 micrograms) was potentiated by an intraperitoneal
      (i.p., 100 and 300 mg/kg) as well as an i.cist. (25 micrograms) injection of
      actinonin. Actinonin was found to inhibit all three enzymes of enkephalin
      metabolism and, when given peripherally, to potentiate enkephalin analgesia.

PMID- 2886350
TI  - Spinal kappa-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception is stimulus-specific.
AB  - The intrathecal injection of a variety of selective kappa-opioid receptor ligands
      did not result in significant inhibition of thermal nociceptive tail flick
      responses in rats. In contrast, these compounds dose dependently inhibited
      pressure nociceptive responses. Cross-tolerance studies revealed that the kappa
      opioid receptor ligands tifluadom, U-50488H and dynorphin-(1-17) act upon a
      receptor distinguishable from the receptor through which morphine exerts its
      inhibition of mechanical nociceptive responses. The less selective kappa-opiate
      receptor ligands bremazocine and ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), however, blocked
      both tail flick and tail pressure nociceptive responses and their effect showed
      marked cross-tolerance to morphine in the tail flick nociceptive test, but not
      for the pressure nociceptive responses. We suggest that EKC and bremazocine act
      upon the spinal kappa-opioid receptor to block mechanical nociceptive responses
      but that the analgesic effect of EKC and bremazocine on thermal nociceptive
      responses is probably mediated via spinal micron- and/or delta-, and delta-opioid
      receptors, respectively.

PMID- 2886351
TI  - Role of a protein regulating guanine nucleotide binding in phosphoinositide
      breakdown and calcium mobilization by bradykinin in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid
      NG108-15 cells: effects of pertussis toxin and cholera toxin on receptor-mediated
      signal transduction.
AB  - The addition of bradykinin to NG108-15 cells resulted in an increase in the
      intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) and the formation of inositol
      monophosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and inositol trisphosphate in these cells.
      The bradykinin-stimulated formation of inositol polyphosphates in plasma membrane
      preparations was dependent on the presence of GTP or guanosine-5'-O
      thiotriphosphate (GTP gamma S) but not of GDP. GTP gamma S, unlike GTP, increased
      the basal formation of inositol polyphosphate in NG108-15 membranes.
      Iontophoretic injection of GTP gamma S into single cells induced increases in
      [Ca2+]i. These effects of bradykinin and GTP gamma S on [Ca2+]i and the formation
      of inositol phosphates in the intact cells and membranes were not affected by
      treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin or cholera toxin. Data on binding of
      bradykinin to membrane preparations indicated the presence of two classes of
      binding sites with Kd values of 0.80 +/- 0.26 and 9.63 +/- 0.13 nM. Approximately
      74% of the receptors were in the high affinity state. In the presence of guanyl
      5'-yl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p], the high affinity sites in the membrane
      preparations were converted to low affinity sites with no change in the total
      receptor number. These toxin treatments had no effect on binding of bradykinin to
      its receptors. Thus, these results indicate that a guanine nucleotide regulatory
      protein, which is not a substrate of pertussis toxin or cholera toxin, is
      involved in mediating the effects of bradykinin on membrane-bound
      phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C to induce the increase of cytosolic
      calcium.

PMID- 2886353
TI  - Binding of [3H]SCH 23390 to dopamine D-1 receptors in rat retina in vitro.
AB  - [3H]SCH 23390 binding was examined in membranes of rat retina. The binding was
      saturable with a dissociation constant of 0.2 nM and the maximum number of
      binding sites was 236 +/- 74 fmol/mg protein. The pharmacology of [3H]SCH 23390
      binding indicated that the binding was specific for a dopamine D-1 receptor
      because the binding was preferentially inhibited by D-1-selective agonists and
      antagonists but not by dopamine D-2-selective agonists and antagonists. The same
      membrane preparations were used to characterize the dopamine D-2 receptor binding
      as measured with [3H]spiperone and the amount of binding sites was found to be
      similar to the amount of D-1 sites. It is concluded that [3H]SCH 23390 is a
      useful tool to examine dopamine D-1 receptors in the retina.

PMID- 2886352
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of UD-CG 212 CL, a metabolite of pimobendan, in
      anaesthetized pigs.
AB  - Systemic and regional haemodynamic effects of UD-CG 212 CL (0.5-16 micrograms X
      kg-1 X min-1), the major metabolite of the vasodilator and cardiotonic drug
      pimobendan, were studied in anaesthetized pigs. The drug caused a dose-dependent
      decrease in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and arterial blood pressures
      while it increased systemic vascular conductance, heart rate and maxLVdP/dt. The
      decrease in LV end-diastolic pressure was observed at lower plasma concentrations
      than the increase in systemic vascular conductance. Cardiac output tended to
      decrease but statistical significance was achieved only with the highest
      concentration. These effects of UD-CG 212 CL were not altered by the blockade of
      beta-adrenoceptors with propranolol. The vasodilator action of UD-CG 212 CL was
      noticed in several organs but the effects were relatively more marked (in
      decreasing order of magnitude) in the adrenals, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract,
      brain and LV epicardium. Since both arterial pressure and cardiac output
      decreased, the blood flow increased significantly only in the adrenals and
      decreased moderately in the spleen, LV endocardium and skeletal muscles. The
      effects of UD-CG 212 CL on the renal and skeletal muscle haemodynamics were
      different from those of pimobendan, which causes vasodilatation in the skeletal
      muscles but not in the kidneys. The results of this study show that, like the
      parent compound pimobendan, UD-CG 212 CL has independent cardiotonic and
      vasodilator actions; the latter being more pronounced on the venous side.
      However, the contribution of this metabolite to the overall pharmacological
      activity of pimobendan appears to be limited.

PMID- 2886354
TI  - Effects of acute thioridazine, metoclopramide and SCH 23390 on the basal activity
      of A9 and A10 dopamine cells.
AB  - Extracellular single-unit recording techniques were employed to examine the
      effects of various dopamine (DA) antagonists on the basal activity of
      spontaneously active DA cells. Metoclopramide and thioridazine were both
      effective in reversing apomorphine-induced suppression of A9 and A10 DA cells.
      SCH 23390 produced only a partial reversal of this suppression. When the
      antagonists were given without any pretreatment, thioridazine preferentially
      increased the firing rate of A10 DA cells, and was relatively ineffective in
      altering A9 activity. Metoclopramide, on the other hand, increased the activity
      of most A9 DA cells, but was less effective in doing so with A10 cells. SCH 23390
      did not significantly affect the basal activity of either cell subpopulation.
      These data support the hypothesis that the so-called 'atypical' antipsychotic
      drugs act preferentially on the A10 DA system. Taken together with previous
      results, they also suggest that the acute effects of DA antagonists on DA cell
      subpopulations coincide with their chronic effects.

PMID- 2886355
TI  - 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), a novel analogue of MDMA, produces long
      lasting depletion of serotonin in the rat brain.
AB  - The present study was carried out to asses possible toxic effects of 3,4
      methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) on serotonergic, dopaminergic or
      noradrenergic neurons in the rat brain. It was found that MDE produced a long
      lasting, dose-related depletion of serotonin (5HT). However, even at high dosage,
      MDE did not reduce the concentration of either dopamine (DA) or norepinephrine
      (NE) on a long-term basis. When compared to 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine
      (MDMA), MDE was approximately one fourth as potent as producing a long-term
      depletion of 5HT. These results suggest that MDE, like MDMA, may be selectively
      toxic to central serotonergic neurons.

PMID- 2886356
TI  - BMY 7378, a buspirone analog with high affinity, selectivity and low intrinsic
      activity at the 5-HT1A receptor in rat and guinea pig hippocampal membranes.

PMID- 2886357
TI  - [Genetic monitoring of laboratory rat strains by restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA].
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were
      examined using various kinds of laboratory rat strains in Japan. The results show
      that mtDNA of laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus, are highly polymorphic; at
      least 7 types, Aa, Ba, Bb, Cb, Dc, Eb, and Fa, were found with the use of 6
      restriction enzymes, EcoR I, Hind II, Hha I, Hpa II, Taq I, and Hinf I. Types Aa,
      Ba, and Eb were distributed widely in several strains, whereas types Ba, Cb, Dc
      and Fa were limited to some specific strains. These results indicate that
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms of mtDNA can be applied to genetic
      monitoring of laboratory rat strains.

PMID- 2886358
TI  - Dual effect of exogenous progesterone on the activity of tyrosine
      aminotransferase in the liver of female rats.
AB  - An as yet undescribed biphasic response of liver tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT)
      activity to a single administration of a microcrystallic watery suspension of 25
      mg of progesterone (Agolutin Depot, SPOFA Praha) is described in adult female
      rats subjected to immobilization stress for 150 min. Exaggeration of the stress
      induced increase of TAT activity 3 and 8 h after hormone administration and its
      suppression 20 h after it was observed. The stress induced serum corticosterone
      increase is not correlated with the described changes, however, in non-stressed
      animals an increased TAT activity at 3 and 8 h after progesterone injection
      tightly follows the increased plasma corticosterone values. No statistically
      significant changes were found with respect to liver tryptophan pyrrolase
      activity.

PMID- 2886359
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: chemoattractant activity for gerbil neutrophils in vivo
      and in vitro.
AB  - The kinetics of the host's cellular response in the peritoneal cavity of gerbils
      toward axenic pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica strains were
      examined. Amebae contained in diffusion chambers or free in the peritoneum
      elicited a neutrophilic response accompanied by decreased levels of macrophages
      and lymphocytes. Pathogenic amebae (IP:0682:1 strain) elicited a neutrophilic
      response greater than the nonpathogenic DKB and "entamoeba-like" Laredo amebae.
      The neutrophil eliciting factor was found in high levels in disrupted freeze
      thawed amebae (53% elicited neutrophils vs 8% for control), glutaraldehyde fixed
      amebae (45%) and amebic membranes (65%), and low levels in conditioned amebic
      medium (15%) and the supernatant fraction of amebae (16%). The factor was heat
      stable to high temperature (100 C for 30 min) and at various pH (6 to 9). The
      neutrophil eliciting factor in amebic membranes was lowered following
      pretreatment for 30 min with 1% immune and nonimmune gerbil or human sera (34-48%
      lowered neutrophil response vs control), acidic pH (less than 3, 69%),
      proteolytic digestion [trypsin (68%) and alpha-chymotrypsin (72%), 100
      micrograms/ml], and 2% Triton X-100 (75%). Peritoneal neutrophils isolated
      following stimulation with amebic membranes or thioglycollate medium demonstrated
      higher chemotaxis in vitro toward live pathogenic amebae and amebic membranes
      (IP:0682:1 strain) compared to either the supernatant fraction or the
      nonpathogenic DKB or Laredo amebae. The results of this study indicate that
      membrane bound proteins of pathogenic amebae are chemotactic for gerbil
      neutrophils which may be important in the pathogenesis and pathology of
      amebiasis.

PMID- 2886361
TI  - [Effect of anaprilin on the tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the oral mucosa in
      dogs with experimental stomatitis].
AB  - It was shown that in dogs with experimental aphthous stomatitis (ligation of the
      common bile duct) tyrosine hydroxylase activity and content of catecholamines
      (CA) in the oral mucosa were increased. Blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors caused
      by anaprilin (1 mg/kg) led to the further increase of tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity. A relative decrease of CA content was simultaneously observed.

PMID- 2886362
TI  - [Problems in the drug prevention of the seasickness syndrome (motion sickness)].

PMID- 2886363
TI  - [Circadian changes in the pharmacokinetics and effects of fenazepam in rats].
AB  - It was established that phenazepam is excreted from the rat blood several times
      more rapidly when administered at night. In this case the minimal pharmacological
      effect is observed as to various actions. During the drug administration in the
      morning and evening hours the greatest effect is observed that correlates well
      with the maximal concentrations of the drug after its administration at this
      time.

PMID- 2886364
TI  - [Synthesis of new diheterocyclic derivatives of imidazole with antiparasitic
      activity].
AB  - A description is given of potential cyclic imidazoles such as 3,3-dichloro-2
      methylenimino-acrylonitrile derived from nitro or non-nitro heterocycles, as well
      as the hydrazone, semicarbazone and arylpropenone derivatives of the 4-chloro-2
      (5-nitro-2-thienyl) (V), 5-imidazole carboxaldehyde (IV) and the 5-bromothienyl
      analogue. The antiparasitic activity was tested in vitro against Trichomonas
      vaginalis and Entameba histolytica. Some of the nitro containing compounds showed
      trichomonacidal activity whereas one of the non-nitro compounds with potential
      imidazole structure showed clear amebacidal activity. This compound, 3,3-dichloro
      2-methyleneimino acrylonitrile has anti-ameba activity comparable with that of
      metronidazole.

PMID- 2886360
TI  - Cytopathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica: the role of amebic adherence and
      contact-dependent cytolysis in pathogenesis.
AB  - The mechanisms by which Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites adhere to and lyse
      target cells are reviewed from the perspective of pathogenesis. Adherence via the
      galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine inhibitable amebic lectin and possible
      additional amebic adhesin molecules is followed by target cell death. Inhibition
      of the Gal/GalNAc lectin with GalNAc inhibits amebic cytolysis of target cells.
      Amebic activities implicated in the cytolytic event include vesicle exocytosis
      and maintenance of an acid pH, pore forming proteins, phospholipase A and
      proteases. Increased knowledge of the sequence of events leading to target cell
      lysis should lead to more effective treatment or prevention of infection by this
      enteric parasite and add to our basic understanding of eukaryotic cell-cell
      interactions.

PMID- 2886365
TI  - The stalk connecting the F1 and F0 domains of ATP synthase visualized by electron
      microscopy of unstained specimens.
AB  - E. coli F1F0 ATP synthase has been reconstituted into membranes and visualized by
      electron microscopy of unstained samples preserved in thin layers of amorphous
      ice. Unlike previous observations in negative stain, these specimens are not
      exposed to potentially denaturing or perturbing conditions, having been rapidly
      frozen from well-defined conditions in which the enzyme is fully active. The
      structures visualized in views normal to the lipid bilayer clearly show the
      presence of a narrow stalk approx. 45 A long, connecting the F1 to the membrane
      embedded F0.

PMID- 2886366
TI  - Participation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the activation of membrane-bound
      guanylate cyclase by the atrial natriuretic factor.
AB  - The addition of ANF to Percoll-purified liver plasma membranes produced a slight
      activation of guanylate cyclase; the ANF-stimulated cyclase activity was further
      increased upon the addition of ATP to the enzyme assay mixture. The effect of ATP
      to potentiate the cyclase activation was concentration-dependent, required Mg2+
      as a divalent cation, and was seen with membranes from various tissues and cells.
      ATP increased the maximal velocity of the cyclase without a change in the
      affinity for GTP or ANF. Phosphorylation by ATP might not be involved since ANF
      stimulated guanylate cyclase was enhanced by non-phosphorylating ATP analogues as
      well. Thus, an allosteric ATP binding site is suggested to participate in ANF
      induced regulation of membrane-bound guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2886367
TI  - Cyclin (PCNA, auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta) is a central component
      of the pathway(s) leading to DNA replication and cell division.
AB  - Cyclin, also known as PCNA or the auxiliary protein of mammalian DNA polymerase
      delta, is a stable cell cycle regulated (synthesized mainly in S-phase) nuclear
      protein of apparent Mr 36,000 whose rate of synthesis correlates directly with
      the proliferative state of normal cultured cells and tissues. Cyclin (PCNA) is
      absent or present in very low amounts in normal non-dividing cells and tissues,
      but it is synthesized in variable amounts by proliferating cells of both normal
      and transformed origin. All available information indicates that this ubiquitous
      and tightly regulated DNA replication protein is a central component of the
      pathway(s) leading to DNA replication and cell division.

PMID- 2886369
TI  - [Continuity in the work of women's consultation departments in central district
      hospitals and feldsher-midwife centers].

PMID- 2886368
TI  - Clathrin beta-light chain of rat liver coated vesicles is phosphorylated in vitro
      and in vivo.
AB  - Clathrin beta-light chain of rat liver coated vesicles is phosphorylated in vitro
      in the presence of poly(L-lysine) by an endogenous protein kinase which appears
      to be similar to casein kinase II. Clathrin beta-light chain is also
      phosphorylated in vivo. After injection of [32P]phosphate into rats and
      preparation of purified coated vesicles in the presence of phosphatase
      inhibitors, electrophoretic analysis showed the presence of several labeled
      polypeptides including clathrin beta-light chain. A polypeptide of 50 kDa, which
      may correspond to the major polypeptide phosphorylated in vitro of coated
      vesicles, is also labeled in vivo.

PMID- 2886370
TI  - [The health corner].

PMID- 2886372
TI  - [Systematic soldering of palladium-containing fired alloys].

PMID- 2886371
TI  - [Organization of preventive and health and epidemic-control measures at feldsher
      midwife centers].

PMID- 2886373
TI  - Salvaging the restoration.
AB  - Current concepts of salvaging large restorations and repairing crowns have been
      presented. Repair of restorations in the mouth is indicated in specific
      instances. The procedures described, when properly used, can result in a
      considerable savings both in time and expense to the dentist and the patient.

PMID- 2886374
TI  - Successful outcome of pregnancy in a subfertile patient with severe
      aortoarteritis (Takayasu's disease).
AB  - This report describes the successful outcome of pregnancy in a 27-yr-old
      subfertile Chinese nullipara with severe Takayasu's disease. Pregnancy was
      achieved following ovulation induction with clomiphene. Blood pressure was
      controlled with propranalol and fetal growth was monitored by serial ultrasound
      fetal anthropometry. Pregnancy was terminated at 38 weeks of pregnancy by
      elective caesarean section. A live female infant weighing 2420 g was delivered.

PMID- 2886375
TI  - Influence of testicular secretions on differentiation in the rat epididymis:
      ultrastructural studies after castration, efferent duct ligation and
      cryptorchidism.
AB  - The differentiation of the rat epididymis was studied in prepubertal castrated,
      ligated or cryptorchid rats, in order to assess the influences of blood-borne and
      luminal androgens. The principal cells showed partial differentiation: decrease
      in cell height, decreased numbers of cytoplasmic organelles implicated in the
      elaboration phenomena (Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum), whereas
      the organelles implicated in the absorptive function remained relatively intact.
      The lamina densa of the basement membrane underlying the epithelium was
      irregular, thicker than normal and followed the irregular outline of the basal
      parts of the epithelial cells. These changes were evident in castrated rats, to a
      lesser degree in ligated and cryptorchid rats, and were more prominent in the
      initial part of the duct. On the other hand, the narrow cells and the clear cells
      followed a normal differentiation pattern in the experimental rats, suggesting
      that a differential androgen dependence exists among the various type of
      epididymal cells.

PMID- 2886376
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase in dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary
      adenocarcinomas and in livers of tumor bearing rats.
AB  - A single dose of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) at 20 mg/kg resulted in 100%
      incidence of intraductal mammary adenocarcinomas in Wistar rats, the large tumors
      averaging 1.87 +/- 0.45 g. gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase activities were elevated
      in DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas relative to lactating mammary tissue in
      all fractions examined: 18.8-fold in homogenates; 22.1-fold in particulate
      fractions; and 5.7-fold in supernatant fractions. In DMBA-induced mammary
      adenocarcinomas, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was 95% particulate, 5%
      supernatant, whereas in lactating mammary tissue, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      was equally distributed between particulate and supernatant fractions.
      Particulate gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase from DMBA-induced mammary
      adenocarcinomas as well as lactating mammary tissue displayed classical Michaelis
      Menten characteristics: for the adenocarcinoma enzyme Km was 2.5 nM and Vmax 200
      nmol mg-1 min-1; for mammary tissue enzyme Km was 2.5 nM and Vmax 11.1 nmol X mg
      1 X min-1. Both particulate enzymes were activated at 50 degrees C relative to 37
      degrees C to the same extent: 1.37-fold. The activities of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase were increased 1.8-fold in the livers of rats bearing DMBA
      induced mammary adenocarcinomas relative to age-matched controls. Plasma levels
      of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were also increased 1.6-fold in tumor bearing
      rats. There was no observable sign of liver damage in tumor bearing rats; plasma
      glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were normal in these animals. Blood glucose
      levels were elevated 17% in rats bearing DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas
      compared to age-matched controls, although plasma insulin levels were the same in
      both groups: 35.4 +/- 3.5 microIU/ml for the former; 31.9 +/- 3.1 microIU/ml for
      the latter.

PMID- 2886377
TI  - International colloquy on the management of intrauterine fetal death.
AB  - Management of intrauterine fetal death is a common medial problem. The risks of
      time-related development of consumptive coagulopathy and intrauterine infection
      with speticemia force the clinician to terminate pregnancy as soon as possible
      while still taking into account the mental distress of the patients. Rapid
      surgical intervention (e.g. hysterotomy) is associated with a considerable risk
      of maternal morbidity and mortality. The following reports from international
      experts present a topical survey of current methods for the management of fetal
      demise. This background of clinical experience from different countries should
      serve to stimulate discussion on problems associated with intrauterine fetal
      death and ultimately lead to practical advice that will be of benefit to the
      patients.

PMID- 2886378
TI  - Childbirth following primary cesarean section--evaluation of a scoring system.
AB  - Of 1184 cases with previous cesarean section, 590 were selected for trial of
      vaginal delivery and 594 for repeat cesarean section. Of the former group, 76.6%
      had successful vaginal delivery. Incidence of uterine wound dehiscence and of
      perinatal mortality was highest in cases with primary classical cesarean section.
      Factors like indications for previous cesarean section, history of intercurrent
      vaginal delivery, weight of baby and period of gestation had positive correlation
      with delivery outcome.

PMID- 2886379
TI  - Factors associated with clinical reactions to rubella vaccination in women.
AB  - Two types of rubella vaccine were given to 272 seronegative healthy Japanese
      adult women. Clinical and laboratory studies on clinical reaction after
      vaccination were carried out on HI antibody response, HLA types, basal body
      temperature (BBT), menstrual cycles and serum progesterone levels of vaccinees.
      Clinical reactions were not associated with HLA types of vaccinees, but
      arthropathy occurred significantly more often in women vaccinated at the
      progestational stage than in women vaccinated at the estrogenic stage.

PMID- 2886380
TI  - The correlation of serum estrogens and androgens with bone density in the late
      postmenopause.
AB  - A pilot group of 16 women in the late postmenopause were evaluated for bone
      density by computerized axial tomography (CT) scanning and for hormonal milieu. A
      highly statistically significant positive correlation between lumbar-3 spongiosum
      density and both dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), r = 0.67; P less than
      0.005 and androstenedione (A), r = 0.56; P less than 0.03 was found. No such
      correlations were observed with estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) or an array of other
      hormones. The results of this preliminary report indicate a clear association of
      weak androgens with bone density in the late postmenopause.

PMID- 2886381
TI  - Colposcopic findings of gland openings in cervical carcinoma: their histological
      backgrounds.
AB  - During the past 8 years 1501 colposcopies were performed paying a special
      attention to cervical glands for diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
      (CIN) and carcinoma. Normal openings could exclude these diseases at the error
      rate of only 5.1%, while atypical openings could identify them at the high
      confidence rate of 96.3%. False positive evaluations were mostly attributable to
      a marked degree of squamous metaplasia in the glands. The absence of gland
      openings in the main portion of the lesions amounted to 88.6% in invasive
      carcinomas but to only 12.4% in CIN. Adenoma malignum was a highly characteristic
      exception.

PMID- 2886382
TI  - A lifetable analysis of sterilization failure: data from the Profamilia Clinic,
      Bogota, Colombia.
AB  - Sterilization failure rates were computed using lifetable methods for
      sterilizations occurring between 1973 and 1982 in the Profamilia family planning
      clinic in Bogota, Colombia. Out of a total of nearly 45,000 sterilizations
      occurring during this period 503 sterilization failures were detected. Comparing
      methods, laparoscopy with the silastic band method had a significantly higher
      rate of failure, 1.5% after 5 years compared to 0.9% for laparoscopy with cautery
      and 0.6% for minilaparotomy.

PMID- 2886383
TI  - In vitro studies on the control of human myometrial gap junctions.
AB  - In this study human myometrial tissues were examined for the presence of gap
      junctions by quantitative electron microscopy before and after incubation in
      tissue culture media with and without indomethacin. The area of gap junctions was
      very low in tissues from pregnant women at term but not labor, before incubation.
      After 24 and 48 h incubation without any treatment, segments of some of the same
      tissues developed many gap junctions and other tissues contained few junctions.
      Prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and prostaglandin F metabolite (PGF
      metabolite) levels in the media at various times were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. The prostaglandins increased progressively during the
      incubation period. Treatment of tissues with indomethacin decreased prostaglandin
      levels in the media and increased the numbers of gap junctions in those control
      tissues that developed few junctions over the same incubation interval. We
      conclude that the capacity of human myometrial tissues to develop gap junctions
      in vitro may depend upon a maturational stage in preparation for labor.
      Furthermore, our results suggest that products of the cyclo-oxygenase or
      lipoxygenase pathways may control the presence of gap junctions in the human
      myometrium and that changes in synthesis in these patterns may occur as part of
      the maturational process.

PMID- 2886384
TI  - Genital amebiasis.
AB  - Five cases of amebiasis of the genital tract involving the cervix, vulva and
      penis are described. All presented as an ulcerating mass and were clinically
      suspected to have a tumor. In two cases the amebiasis co-existed with a
      carcinoma, an association which is extremely rare. The spouse of a patient with
      penile amebiasis was found to have amebiasis of the cervix suggesting a sexually
      transmitted mode of infection. The need for histopathological confirmation of all
      suspected genital malignancies is emphasised due to the striking resemblance of
      genital amebiasis to a carcinoma. The co-existence of amebiasis with carcinoma is
      of interest and suggests a possible etiological relationship.

PMID- 2886385
TI  - Receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase-coupled mechanism for PGE2 inhibition of
      insulin secretion in HIT cells.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion, and
      inhibitors of PGE2 synthesis augment this event. However, there has been
      confusion regarding prostaglandin regulation of insulin secretion, partly because
      no mechanism has been demonstrated for the inhibitory action of PGE2 on beta-cell
      function. These studies were performed with a clonal cell line of glucose
      responsive beta-cells (HIT cells) to determine whether PGE2 effects on insulin
      secretion are receptor mediated and, if so, whether the postreceptor effects are
      mediated by inhibitory regulatory components (Ni) of adenylate cyclase. Saturable
      [3H]PGE2 binding to HIT cells was demonstrated. This binding was dissociable and
      specific for prostaglandins of the E series. Scatchard analyses of binding data
      indicated a single class of sites with a Kd of approximately 1 X 10(-9) M. Guinea
      pig islets were also demonstrated to have a single class of binding sites with a
      similar Kd but only 22% as many binding sites (0.060 vs. 0.013 pmol/mg protein,
      HIT cells vs. guinea pig islet). HIT cells were demonstrated to synthesize PGE2,
      and this synthesis was inhibitable by acetylsalicylic acid. Accumulation of cAMP
      by HIT cells was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by PGE2 with an
      IC50 of approximately 1 X 10(-9) M. Insulin secretion by HIT cells during static
      incubations with 11.1 mM glucose was also inhibited by PGE2 in a concentration
      dependent manner with an IC50 of 1 X 10(-9) M. PGE2 was more potent than
      epinephrine but less potent than somatostatin in this regard. Maximum inhibition
      of glucose-induced insulin secretion was 26, 37, and 29% of control values for
      somatostatin, PGE2, and epinephrine, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2886386
TI  - Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on islet hormone secretion in
      the pig.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide occurs in intrapancreatic nerves and endocrine
      cells. The peptide is therefore a candidate for being of physiological importance
      for pancreatic function. We examined the direct effects of calcitonin gene
      related peptide on islet hormone secretion in the pig by infusing the peptide
      into the superior pancreatic artery. We found that 15 min intrapancreatic
      infusion of calcitonin gene-related peptide (22 pmol/min) decreased baseline
      pancreatic insulin output from 48 +/- 10 microU/min to 8 +/- 7 microU/min (p less
      than 0.01). Moreover, calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibited glucose-induced
      insulin secretion by 45% compared to controls (p less than 0.01), yet left
      terbutaline (beta 2-adrenoceptor)-stimulated insulin secretion unaffected.
      Furthermore, while being without effect on baseline glucagon output, calcitonin
      gene-related peptide potentiated terbutaline-induced glucagon secretion more than
      seven-fold (p less than 0.001). In contrast, the peptide did not affect baseline
      or stimulated pancreatic somatostatin output. We conclude that in pigs calcitonin
      gene-related peptide inhibits insulin secretion and potentiates glucagon
      secretion by direct effects on the pancreas that are not mediated by primary
      alterations in pancreatic somatostatin secretion. We suggest that the
      neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide might be of importance for the
      intrapancreatic regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion in pigs.

PMID- 2886387
TI  - [Peptic ulcer: current therapy].

PMID- 2886388
TI  - Modification of hepatic proteins in rats exposed to high oxygen concentration.
AB  - The effect of high concentrations of oxygen on cellular proteins was examined in
      hepatocytes isolated from rats exposed to 100% oxygen for 0, 24, 48, or 54 h.
      Previous studies have demonstrated that protein oxidation mediated by mixed
      function oxidase systems is accompanied by the formation of protein carbonyl
      derivatives that can be detected by the formation of protein hydrazone
      derivatives on treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). In these studies
      the levels of DNPH-reactive proteins increased steadily during 48 h of continuous
      oxygen treatment and then decreased to control levels by 54 h. Although the
      specific activity of two hepatic enzymes, glutamine synthetase and glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase, decreased during oxygen treatment, antibody titration of
      each enzyme indicated that the levels of immunological cross-reactive protein
      either remained constant or increased slightly during 48 h of oxygen treatment.
      After 54 h of oxygen exposure the levels of immunologically cross-reactive
      material were significantly reduced. These results suggest that exposure of rats
      to high concentrations of oxygen leads to the oxidative inactivation of enzymes
      and the accumulation of oxidized proteins that are subsequently degraded.

PMID- 2886389
TI  - ATP-binding properties of P glycoprotein from multidrug-resistant KB cells.
AB  - The photoaffinity reagent 8-azido-alpha-[32P]ATP was used to label a protein of
      170 kDa in membrane vesicle preparations from a highly multidrug-resistant cell
      line, KB-V1, but not from the drug-sensitive parental cell line KB-3-1. The 170
      kDa labeled protein was immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antibody (MRK-16) to
      P glycoprotein. Both ATP and GTP inhibited labeling by 8-azido-alpha-[32P]ATP.
      Labeling of P170 was not inhibited by 5 mM ADP, 5 mM ribose-5-phosphate, or 100
      microM vinblastine. These data directly demonstrate that P glycoprotein has a
      nucleotide-binding site that could supply energy for drug transport.

PMID- 2886390
TI  - Calcium-dependent proteases: an enzyme system active at cellular membranes?
AB  - Proteases having a neutral pH optimum and an absolute requirement for calcium ion
      are found in virtually all mammalian cells. Association of calcium-dependent
      proteases and a specific inhibitor protein with biological membranes seems to be
      an important regulatory feature of this proteolytic system, and it is likely that
      membranes are preferred sites for calcium-dependent protease action. Several
      recent hypotheses for the physiological function of calcium-dependent proteolysis
      are consistent with a membrane-associated protease action. Calcium-dependent
      proteases may participate in cell membrane fusion: the proteolysis of membrane
      proteins, which is required for the efficient fusion of erythrocytes, may be
      catalyzed by these enzymes. There is also evidence for the involvement of calcium
      dependent proteolysis in postsynaptic membrane remodeling in the hippocampus
      after long-term potentiation. Although the relationship of the proteolysis to
      synaptic function is not known, it could have important physiological or
      pathophysiological consequences. Finally, it has recently been suggested that
      calcium-dependent proteolysis may be a physiologically significant mechanism for
      activating membrane-associated protein kinase C after exposure of some cell types
      to phorbol esters or other mitogens. Further pursuit of these hypotheses may
      reveal a novel role for intracellular calcium-regulated proteolysis in membrane
      associated cell functions.

PMID- 2886391
TI  - Molecular biology in physiology.
AB  - The aim of this symposium on molecular biology in physiology was to introduce
      molecular biology to physiologists who had relatively little exposure to the new
      developments in this field, so that they can become conversant on this topic and
      contribute to the advancement of physiology by incorporating molecular biological
      approaches as a part of their research arsenal. After the discussion of the basic
      concepts, terminology, and methodology used in molecular biology, it was shown
      how these basic principles have been applied to the study of the genes encoding
      two membrane proteins that have important transport functions (band 3 and
      ATPase). The second half of the symposium consisted of papers on the state-of-the
      art developments in the application of molecular biology to the studies of the
      atrial natriuretic factor and renin genes, adenylate cyclase-coupled adrenergic
      receptors, acetylcholine receptors and sodium channel, and long-term and short
      term memories. The ultimate goal is that these examples will provide an impetus
      for the opening of new frontiers of research in physiology by taking advantage of
      the tools developed from recent advances in molecular biology.

PMID- 2886392
TI  - [Changes in liver enzymes during treatment with diltiazem. Description of 2
      cases].
AB  - The authors report two cases of altered hepatic enzymes during diltiazem
      administration, in whom the derangement of enzymatic pattern developed some weeks
      after therapy was started. The withdrawal of the drug was followed by rapid
      normalization of enzymatic values.

PMID- 2886393
TI  - Localization of enkephalins and other endogenous opioids in the digestive tract.

PMID- 2886394
TI  - Peripheral actions of opiates in canine gastrointestinal tract: actions on nerves
      and muscles.

PMID- 2886395
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic interaction of histamine H2 receptor antagonists: mechanism and
      clinical implications].

PMID- 2886396
TI  - Effects of TRH on hypothalamic catecholaminergic and serotoninergic neurons.
AB  - The in vivo and in vitro effects of TRH on tyrosine hydroxylase activity and on
      endogenous levels of noradrenaline as an index of noradrenergic neurons activity
      were studied in rat hypothalamus. The hydroxylation of tryptophan and the
      liberation of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were analyzed as an index of
      serotoninergic activity. TRH had no effect on tyrosine hydroxylase from
      hypothalamic homogenates in concentrations up to 100 ng/ml. Neither was the
      hydroxylation of tyrosine in intact hypothalamus. The TRH (4 micrograms/kg)
      decreased 5-hydroxytryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine accumulation after
      10 min, and no effect on serotonin and noradrenaline concentrations was observed.
      TRH decreased endogenous levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid by 35%. Thus, the
      results show that TRH or TSH might play a role in a short-loop feedback action
      involving catecholaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals that regulate the
      liberation of TRH.

PMID- 2886397
TI  - Effects of somatostatin-25 and urotensin II on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
      of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.
AB  - Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) somatostatin (sSS; 4 or 8 ng/g body wt) or
      synthetic Gillichthys urotensin II (UII; 2 or 4 ng/g body wt) were injected
      intraperitoneally into juvenile freshwater coho salmon. Both sSS and UII caused a
      dose-dependent increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) which diminished with
      time. sSS induced an initial (1 hr) transient hyperglycemia. By contrast, UII
      tended to induce hypoglycemia, this effect being significant 5 hr after injection
      of the higher dose. Both sSS and UII depressed plasma insulin titers 1 hr after
      injection. By 3 hr, the sSS-associated insulin depression was no longer observed.
      UII treatment induced a hyperinsulinemia which was present 3 and 5 hr after
      peptide administration. Although no decreases in liver total lipid concentration
      or in mesenteric fat total tissue mass were observed, lipolytic enzyme activity
      within each depot was significantly enhanced by both peptides. Neither sSS nor
      UII altered 3H2O incorporation into fatty acids or neutral lipids. However,
      enhanced lipogenesis, particularly by UII, was indicated by increased NADPH
      production resulting from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Both sSS
      and UII enhanced glucose mobilization, as indicated by decreased liver glycogen
      content and increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity. UII, but not sSS,
      stimulated glycogen synthetase activity. These results suggest that both sSS and
      UII stimulate hyperlipidemia by enhancing depot lipase activity and that although
      both factors are potentially gluconeogenetic, sSS seems to be glycogenolytic and
      hyperglycemic, whereas UII may channel glucose to FFA synthesis.

PMID- 2886399
TI  - Benzodiazepine hypnotics--their use and abuse.

PMID- 2886398
TI  - Apolipoprotein genetic variation in the assessment of atherosclerosis
      susceptibility.
AB  - Apolipoproteins are the protein constituents of lipoproteins, the particles that
      transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the plasma. Numerous epidemiologic
      studies have associated variations in plasma levels of lipoproteins and
      apolipoproteins with the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, genetic
      variations in lipoproteins and apolipoproteins have been associated with
      disorders of lipid metabolism. Recent advances in biochemical and molecular
      genetic methods have resulted in an increased understanding of interindividual
      variations in lipoprotein metabolism and of their relationship to atherosclerosis
      and the dyslipoproteinemias. In particular, certain DNA restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein genes have, in the last few years,
      been associated with atherosclerotic diseases and dyslipoproteinemias. We believe
      that genetic markers, when used in conjunction with traditional clinical and
      biochemical determinations, may one day be useful in predicting atherosclerosis
      susceptibility in the general population.

PMID- 2886400
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the glutamine synthetase gene and its controlling region
      from the acidophilic autotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
AB  - A 2089-bp chromosomal DNA segment containing the Thiobacillus ferrooxidans glnA
      gene has been sequenced. Putative glnAp1-type promoter sequences, a consensus
      ntrC-gene-product-binding site and a catabolite-activating protein consensus
      recognition sequence were detected upstream of the structural gene. The glnA gene
      was followed by a sequence resembling a Rho-independent termination sequence. The
      complete amino acid sequence (468 residues) of the glutamine synthetase (GS) has
      been deduced, and comparisons are made with reported amino acid sequences of GS
      from other organisms.

PMID- 2886401
TI  - Cloning and expression of rat homeo-box-containing sequences.
AB  - Six rat homeo-box-containing DNA sequences have been isolated by screening a
      genomic library with a probe derived from an Antennapedia (Antp) cDNA clone of
      Drosophila melanogaster. Sequence determination of two of the clones containing
      the homeo-box regions reveals a 180-nucleotide(nt) domain sharing more than 80%
      homology at the nucleotide level and more than 90% homology at the amino acid
      level with the homeo-box from the Antp gene and from homeo-boxes of other
      metazoan species. Genomic blotting experiments suggest that the two homeo-box
      containing DNA regions are present in one or two copies per haploid rat genome.
      Northern blot analysis of RNA has shown that the rat homeo-box sequences are
      expressed in a tissue-specific manner; transcripts were detected in the spinal
      cord and kidney, but not in brain, testis, liver, and spleen. The rat nucleotide
      sequences lying outside the 180-nt homeo-box domain share virtually no sequence
      homology with the Antp flanking regions. However, one clone does show an equally
      high degree of amino acid homology within the homeo-box and its immediate
      flanking region with a putative homologous gene in mouse. The result suggests
      that some of the mammalian homeo-box-containing genes are conserved in evolution
      and may serve important cellular or developmental functions.

PMID- 2886403
TI  - Bibliotherapy for depressed older adults: a self-help alternative.

PMID- 2886402
TI  - Visible corneal nerve fibers and neuromas of the conjunctiva--a syndrome of type
      3 multiple endocrine adenomatosis in two generations.
AB  - A case report of multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome (multiple endocrine
      adenomatosis type 3) is presented in a mother and her two children. In all of
      them the eye involvement consisted of highly visible corneal nerves, neuromas of
      the conjunctiva, and thickened eye lids. The mother had mucosal neuromas of the
      tongue, and in the 4-year-old girl these were seen to appear during the follow-up
      period. The mother and children had medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Marfanoid
      physiognomy was also one characteristic clinical feature.

PMID- 2886404
TI  - Study of brain capillary neuronal regulation as a tool to investigate cerebral
      asymmetries.

PMID- 2886405
TI  - Anorexia nervosa and depression: a common biochemical pathogenesis?

PMID- 2886407
TI  - Pharmacological treatment of epilepsy today.
AB  - The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy has not gone through remarkable changes
      in recent years. Treatment is based on few first choice drugs, the mechanism of
      action of which we do not yet know exactly. These include: phenobarbital,
      primidone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, ethosuximide, clonazepam.
      Choice of drug is determined by the kind of seizures presented by the patient,
      while successful treatment is determined by the kind of epilepsy. The present
      trend is the use of first line drugs in monotherapy, fixing individually the
      dosage according to the plasma levels. The results obtained with the GABA
      agonists (progabide, gamma-vinyl GABA) and with some of the calcium-antagonists
      (flunarizine) seem promising.

PMID- 2886406
TI  - Excitatory amino acid signal transduction in cerebellar cell cultures.
AB  - In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells excitatory amino acid recognition
      sites are coupled with the stimulation of inositol phospholipid (PI) hydrolysis,
      cGMP formation and 45Ca2+ uptake. Mg2+, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) and
      phencyclidine (PCP) potently inhibit signal transduction in response to N-methyl
      D-aspartate (NMDA), glutamate (GLU) and aspartate (ASP). Activation by
      quisqualate (QUIS) is transduced selectively into stimulation of PI hydrolysis
      and this response is not sensitive to inhibition by Mg2+, APV and PCP. Activation
      by kainate (KA) is transduced into potent stimulation of cGMP formation and
      45Ca2+ uptake. Transduction of KA signal is not affected by Mg2+ and is
      relatively insensitive to PCP and APV.

PMID- 2886409
TI  - [Secondary prevention of myocardial infarction with beta-blockers: for how
      many?].

PMID- 2886408
TI  - [Neuroendocrine control of the female menstrual cycle].

PMID- 2886410
TI  - [Sipple syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA].

PMID- 2886411
TI  - [Effects of intravenous and intracerebroventricular terazosin, prazosin and
      clonidine on spontaneous sympathetic outflow in rats].
AB  - The hypotensive activity of terazosin has been attributed to inhibition of
      postsynaptic alpha-1 adrenoceptors. The present study examined the influence of
      terazosin on spontaneous sympathetic outflow in anesthetize and immobilized rats.
      The effects on blood pressure and heart rate were also evaluated. Intravenously
      (i.v.) injected terazosin 0.3 mg/kg and prazosin 0.1 mg/kg increased a
      sympathetic outflow by 15.4 and 21.6%, respectively. These drugs produced a
      significant and long-lasting fall in blood pressure with slight heart rate
      change. On the contrary, clonidine 0.1 mg/kg, i.v. significantly inhibited the
      sympathetic outflow by 69.2%. The intracerebroventricularly administered 10
      micrograms/kg clonidine also showed the sympathoinhibitory effect. However 3
      micrograms/kg, i.c.v. of terazosin and prazosin increased the sympathetic tone by
      16 and 7.2%. During these periods, in both drugs slightly decreased the blood
      pressure. These changes in hemodynamic parameters and nerve activities were
      obtained at 2 approximately 3 min after the i.c.v. administration. The 10
      micrograms/kg, i.c.v. of terazosin and prazosin significantly inhibited the
      pressor response by phenylephrine 1 micrograms/kg, i.v. These results indicate
      the peripheral effect of terazosin and prazosin through the penetration of the
      drugs from the brain. The results provide evidence that terazosin, like prazosin,
      dose not affect cardiovascular regulation by a central action.

PMID- 2886412
TI  - [Smoldering adult T-cell leukemia complicating severe respiratory failure--an
      autopsy case report].
AB  - An autopsy case of smoldering adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is presented. 67 year
      old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of fever, cough and
      increasing dyspnea on October 2, 1985. Laboratory findings revealed high LDH,
      azothermia and slightly leukocytosis with low percentage of flower cells. CRP was
      strongly positive. Gas disturbance was markedly. Anti-ATLA antibody using
      indirect immunofluorescence method was X40 positive. Subsets of peripheral
      lymphocytes showed OKT 4 dominant. (OKT 3; 67.5%, OKT4; 60.6%, OKT8; 8.8%). A
      chest X-ray film revealed cardiomegaly and fine granular shadows in bilateral
      lower pulmonary fields. Diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis was defined in
      transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) specimen. O2 therapy, steroid therapy added
      antibiotics were ineffective, respiratory failure and renal failure were
      progressive, she died by septic shock in 39th hospital days. In autopsy, no
      characteristic histological changes of ATL were found in lymph node, bone marrow,
      spleen, liver, kidney and lung. Sepsis was the cause was of death. Finally this
      case diagnosed smoldering ATL and pulmonary fibrosis due to bronchial ectasia
      with repeated pulmonary bacterial infections. The pulmonary complications of
      patients with ATL were discussed.

PMID- 2886413
TI  - Effect of estradiol upon serum enzymes in primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - The repeated observation of a fall in serum enzymes at midmenstrual cycle in an
      untreated patient with primary biliary cirrhosis stimulated a study of estrogen
      administration in five patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. One patient was
      premenopausal, one patient was postmenopausal and three had had oophorectomy.
      After 2 weeks of ethinyl estradiol, AST was under 100 IU per dl in all and had
      decreased by 50% or more in 4 of 5 patients. gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      alkaline phosphatase fell by 50 and 30% or more, respectively, in all patients.
      The decreases in serum enzymes were statistically significant in all patients for
      gamma-glutamyltransferase, in 4 of 5 for AST and in 3 of 5 for alkaline
      phosphatase. One patient developed increased icterus leading to withdrawal of
      estradiol. Withdrawal of estradiol was followed by return toward control values
      over variable periods, usually 1 to 4 weeks. Repeated courses of estradiol
      reproduced these enzyme changes. These observations indicate that estradiol in
      the doses used (0.05 mg per day) reversibly lowers serum enzyme values in biliary
      cirrhosis. The mechanism of the effect is unexplained, but an immune system
      alteration may be responsible.

PMID- 2886414
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing factor has an anxiogenic action in the social interaction
      test.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF, 100 and 300 ng) were investigated in the social
      interaction test of anxiety in rats. Both doses of CRF significantly decreased
      active social interaction without a concomitant decrease in locomotor activity.
      CRF also significantly increased self-grooming, an effect that was independent of
      the decrease in social interaction. These results indicate an anxiogenic action
      for CRF. Chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 5 mg/kg ip) pretreatment reversed the anxiogenic
      effects of icv CRF (100 ng), but CRF did not prevent the sedative effects of CDP.
      There were no statistically significant changes due to CRF in locomotor activity
      or rears or head dipping in the holeboard test. Both doses of CRF significantly
      increased plasma concentrations of corticosterone. The possible mechanisms of the
      behavioral effects of CRF are discussed.

PMID- 2886415
TI  - Response of rats to the presence of stressed conspecifics as a function of time
      of day.
AB  - The physiological response of nonrestrained rats to the presence of immobilized
      conspecifics during the beginning of the active period and the inactive period
      was studied. In immobilized animals concentrations of serum corticosterone (SCS),
      serum glucose, and liver glycogen, and the activity of liver tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) during both the active and the inactive periods, were
      consistent with earlier studies. In nonrestrained rats the presence of
      immobilized conspecifics induced a significant increase in SCS during the active
      period, whereas it had no effect during the inactive period. The level of TAT was
      significantly elevated in the nonrestrained rats only during the inactive period
      and remained unchanged during the active period. The results demonstrate a
      physiological influence of stressed rats on unstressed conspecifics and provide
      evidence for regulation of TAT activity that is dependent on the situation and
      the time of day.

PMID- 2886416
TI  - NIMH report. The gene hunt.

PMID- 2886417
TI  - Drug interactions.

PMID- 2886418
TI  - Localization of the ornithine aminotransferase gene and related sequences on two
      human chromosomes.
AB  - We have used a full length cDNA clone to determine the chromosomal location of
      the gene encoding human ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), a mitochondrial matrix
      enzyme. Southern blot analysis of Sca I-digested DNA from 34 human-mouse somatic
      cell hybrids revealed 11 human fragments. Three fragments mapped to chromosome
      10q23-10qter, confirming the previous provisional assignment of the functional
      gene to this autosome by analysis of OAT expression in somatic cell hybrids
      (O'Donnell et al. 1985). The remaining eight fragments were assigned to the X
      chromosome, and regionally assigned to Xp21-Xp11 by use of an X-chromosome
      mapping panel. These X chromosome sequences could represent pseudogenes, or
      related members of a multigene family. Two of the X chromosome fragments are
      alternate alleles of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) making
      this OAT-related locus an excellent genetic marker. The RFLP may now be used to
      determine any possible relationship between this locus and several X-linked eye
      defects.

PMID- 2886419
TI  - A new HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism in the hemophilia A locus.
AB  - Using a fragment of the cDNA for human coagulation factor VIII as a hybridization
      probe, we have detected a new polymorphic HindIII site in intron 19 of the factor
      VIII gene. The frequency of the minor allele is 0.30. This polymorphism shows
      strong linkage disequilibrium with a previously described BclI polymorphism in
      intron 18.

PMID- 2886421
TI  - Linkage relationships and allelic associations of the cystic fibrosis locus and
      four marker loci.
AB  - The linkage relationships between the cystic fibrosis (CF) locus and four marker
      loci (MET-H, MET-D, D7S8 and D7S16), allelic associations between these loci and
      the extent of informativity at these marker loci were investigated in a sample of
      206 families with at least one child affected by CF. The data were contributed by
      11 laboratories from Europe and Israel. The maximum lod scores and recombination
      frequency estimates (luminal diameter) (and confidence limits of luminal
      diameter) were: 18.3 at luminal diameter = 0.007 (0.001-0.038) for CF vs. MET,
      11.0 at luminal diameter = 0.016 (0.001-0.068) for CF vs. D7S8, and 5.7 at
      luminal diameter = 0.0 (0.0-0.064) for CF vs. D7S16. A gene order of CF-MET-D7S8
      was best supported by the data, but its preference to the order D7S8-CF-MET is
      mainly based on one single family. There are significant allelic associations
      between CF, MET, D7S8 and D7S16; these allelic associations affect the risk of
      random individuals to be carriers of CF.

PMID- 2886420
TI  - Three cases of 45,X/46,XYnf mosaicism. Molecular analysis revealed heterogeneity
      of the nonfluorescent Y chromosome.
AB  - Three patients with 45,X/46,XYnf mosaicism were investigated by Southern
      hybridization using both X- and Y-specific DNA probes. Our patients seem to be
      hemizygous for the X chromosomal loci tested. Single-copy and low-copy repeated Y
      chromosomal sequences assigned to the short arm, centromere, and euchromatin of
      the long arm have been detected in our patients, suggesting the Y chromosomal
      origin of the marker chromosome both in male and female cases studied.
      Densitometry of autoradiographs revealed a double dose of Yp-specific fragments
      of the DXYS1 locus. None of the patients tested showed either the 3.4- or the 2.1
      kb Hae III male-specific repeated DNA sequences. It seems likely that the Ynf is
      a pseudodicentric chromosome with duplication of Yp and euchromatic Yq sequences,
      the Yq heterochromatin being lost. Our findings indicate structural heterogeneity
      of the marker chromosome and in addition provide further information on the
      relative position of DNA sequences detected by DNA probes 50f2, M1A, and pDP105.

PMID- 2886422
TI  - Maternal origin of a de novo balanced t(21q21q) identified by ets-2 polymorphism.
AB  - Molecular investigations were done in a woman with a de novo balanced t(21q21q)
      discovered because of the birth of a trisomic 21 baby. Polymorphisms detected
      with probe ets-2 after Msp I digestion showed that both chromosomes 21 involved
      in the rearrangement were of maternal origin. The most likely hypothesis is that
      of a disomic 21 oocyte fertilized by a nullisomic 21 sperm.

PMID- 2886423
TI  - Action of atrial natriuretic peptide on cyclic GMP system in vascular smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 2886424
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human T cell receptor alpha gene.
      I. Two polymorphic restriction sites localized to different regions of the gene.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLP) in the vicinity of the alpha and beta genes of the human T-cell receptor.
      In the course of experiments designed to discover additional polymorphic
      restriction sites, we found a new RFLP of the T-cell alpha gene recognized by the
      restriction enzyme Taq I. The site was localized to the interval between the most
      3' joining (J) exon and the most 5' constant (C) region exon, about 7 kb distant
      from the previously described Bgl II polymorphic site which mapped to the
      vicinity of the 3' untranslated exon. With the use of these two polymorphic
      markers, four Ti-alpha alleles could be identified, allowing unambiguous
      assignment of all Ti-alpha genes in some families. These markers may be useful in
      identifying possible immune response genes or disease predisposition genes
      associated with the genes of the T-cell receptor for antigen.

PMID- 2886425
TI  - Allelic variants of Ly-5 in inbred and natural populations of mice.
AB  - Allelic variants of Ly-5 in inbred commensal and other natural populations of
      mice were analyzed by patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLP) and Southern hybridization using an Ly-5 cDNA probe and by cell-surface
      staining with a panel of antibodies directed against polymorphic and
      nonpolymorphic Ly-5 determinants. New Ly-5 alleles were defined by RFLPs
      generated by both Eco RI and Bam HI restriction enzyme digests. The Mus musculus
      subspecies and other species within the genus Mus showed a strong correlation
      between allelic variants defined by restriction enzymes and serologic
      specificities. The data also suggest the conservation of the Ly-5 gene throughout
      the genus Mus.

PMID- 2886426
TI  - Analysis of class II genes of the chicken MHC (B) by use of human DNA probes.
AB  - Class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the chicken have
      been investigated by Southern blot analysis using human cDNA probes for DQ alpha,
      DQ beta, DR alpha, and DR beta. Both beta probes but not the alpha probes cross
      hybridized well with chicken DNA. The results indicated that the beta probes
      hybridized with at least two beta genes in the chicken MHC and there was no clear
      indication of a DQ-DR subdivision of chicken class II beta genes. The possibility
      of using human beta probes for MHC typing in the chicken was tested by using two
      homozygous individuals for each of 20 different, serologically defined, MHC (B)
      haplotypes originating from the domestic breeds of White Leghorn and Rhode Island
      Red, or from Red Jungle Fowl (the wild ancestral form). Genomic DNA samples from
      these individuals were digested with any one of the Eco RI and Pvu II restriction
      enzymes and hybridized with the DR beta probe. Restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) was obtained with Pvu II only, which resolved seven different
      RFLP types. There was an excellent correlation between these RFLP types and the
      serological B typing since the RFLP type was identical within each pair of
      homozygotes. In addition to this broad survey of many haplotypes, a more detailed
      comparison was carried out on B21-like haplotypes originating from different
      breeds. No differences in restriction fragment patterns among these haplotypes
      could be resolved using any of the restriction enzymes Bg1 II, Eco RI, Hind III,
      Pst I, Pvu II, and Taq I.

PMID- 2886427
TI  - Structural and functional variability among DQ beta alleles of DR2 subtypes.
AB  - Homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines representing various Dw subtypes of DR2 were
      examined for polymorphism at the DQ beta locus by molecular and cellular
      techniques. The subtypes studied included Dw2, Dw12, and a group heterogenous by
      cellular typing that we shall refer to as non-Dw2/non-Dw12. Restriction fragment
      length polymorphism analysis of cell lines representing these subtypes revealed
      DQ beta-specific patterns consistent with cellular typing. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis of DQ molecules from representative cell lines revealed a
      structural polymorphism of DQ beta among the three subtypes. The DQ beta chain
      migrated to a position that was unique to each subtype and was consistent among
      various representative cell lines of each subtype. Nucleotide sequence analysis
      of cDNA clones of DQ beta from Dw2, Dw12, and non-Dw2/non-Dw12 lines confirmed
      that the variability resided at the genetic level. Variability was found in the
      form of numerous scattered nucleotide substitutions throughout the first domain
      of these alleles. The DQ beta gene of the non-Dw2/non-Dw12 cell line AZH was
      further found to be almost identical with the DQ beta gene of a DR1 line (Bell et
      al. 1985b), implicating a common evolutionary origin of these alleles. The only
      difference between these two sequences was due to an apparent gene conversion
      event at amino acid 57. T-cell cloning experiments resulted in the derivation of
      Epstein-Barr virus-specific, DQw1-restricted clones that proliferated against
      only those cell lines that exhibited the DQ beta gene common to AZH and the DR1
      cell line. Thus, the polymorphism among DQ beta alleles within DR2 results in
      subtype-specific restriction.

PMID- 2886428
TI  - Isolation of Japanese encephalitis & West Nile viruses from mosquitoes collected
      in Kolar district of Karnataka state during 1977-79.

PMID- 2886429
TI  - A dark brown mutant of Bacillus thuringiensis H. 14 synthesising higher level of
      mosquito larvicidal factor.

PMID- 2886430
TI  - Role of pili in the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mouse epidermal cells.
AB  - Pili have been demonstrated to be the adhesins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for
      mouse epidermal cells. The mechanisms of adhesion of P. aeruginosa to mouse
      epidermal cells was studied by using four mutants derived from a single strain:
      flagellated and piliated (F+P+), flagellated and nonpiliated (F+P-),
      nonflagellated and piliated (F-P+), and nonflagellated and nonpiliated (F-P-)
      mutants. F+P+ and F-P+ bacteria efficiently adhered to mouse epidermal cells,
      while F+P- and F-P- bacteria hardly adhered to mouse epidermal cells. The number
      of F+P+ bacteria that adhered to mouse epidermal cells was almost the same as
      that of F-P+ bacteria. The number of F+P- bacteria that adhered to mouse
      epidermal cells was almost the same as that of F-P- bacteria. The adhesion of P+
      (F+P+ and F-P+) bacteria was inhibited by antipilus serum, while that of P- (F+P-
      and F-P-) bacteria was not inhibited by antipilus serum. There were no
      significant differences between the number of bacteria adhering to mouse
      epidermal cells isolated from normal skin and those adhering to cells isolated
      from burned skin. Heating of the mouse epidermal cell suspension had no effect on
      the adhesion of P. aeruginosa. These results suggest that pili mediate the
      adhesion of P. aeruginosa to mouse epidermal cells and that P. aeruginosa adheres
      efficiently to mouse epidermal cells despite the loss of cell viability caused by
      burning.

PMID- 2886431
TI  - Surface properties of the Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7.
AB  - Strains of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 are Vero cytotoxin-producing enteric
      pathogens which have been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of
      hemorrhagic colitis and with the hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. In addition
      to toxin production, adherence of many pathogenic bacteria to intestinal mucosal
      surfaces is a critical primary step in the pathogenesis of diarrheal diseases.
      Although E. coli serotype O157:H7 organisms adhere to intestinal epithelia of
      orally infected animals in a pattern morphologically identical to that previously
      described in adherent, effacing E. coli infections, the mechanisms of bacterial
      adherence are not known. To determine the cell surface adhesins which mediate
      attachment of E. coli O157:H7 to epithelial surfaces, we evaluated the surface
      properties of these organisms. Five strains isolated from children with the
      hemolytic uremic syndrome were grown both in broth cultures and on agar media.
      Adherence and invasion of E. coli O157:H7 in Intestine 407 and HEp-2 epithelial
      cell lines was quantitated using an enteroinvasive E. coli strain (serotype
      O164:NM) as a control. Cell surface properties of E. coli O157:H7 were evaluated
      by agglutination of a series of erythrocytes, transmission electron microscopy,
      DEAE-ion-exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. E.
      coli O157:H7 strains adhered to but did not invade either Intestine 407 or HEp-2
      cells. Homologous O157:H7 rabbit antiserum blocked attachment of bacteria to
      tissue culture cells, in contrast to heterologous antiserum and preimmune rabbit
      serum, which did not inhibit attachment of E. coli O157:H7. None of the five
      O15:H7 isolates mediated mannose-resistant hemagglutination under any of the in
      vitro culture conditions. One isolate mediated mannose-sensitive hemagglutination
      after serial passage in broth cultures. Pili and fibrillae were not visualized by
      electron microscopy on nonhemagglutinating organisms, but pili were demonstrated
      on the one isolate which mediated mannose-sensitive hemagglutination. All O157:H7
      strains demonstrated high anionic surface charge (DEAE) but low surface
      hydrophobicity properties (hydrophobic interaction chromatography). The findings
      suggest that surface structures other than pili can mediate attachment of
      serotype O157:H7 bacteria to epithelial cells in vitro.

PMID- 2886432
TI  - Nonfimbrial, mannose-resistant adhesins from uropathogenic Escherichia coli
      O83:K1:H4 and O14:K?:H11.
AB  - Nonfimbrial, mannose-resistant hemagglutinins (nonfimbrial adhesions [NFA] NFA-1
      and NFA-2) were extracted from two agar-grown urinary isolates of Escherichia
      coli strains 827 (O83:K1:H4) and 54 (O14:K?:H11). The proteins were purified to
      homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography.
      Nonfimbrial adhesins are soluble proteins, which tend to form aggregates of
      molecular weight above 10(6). NFA-1 and NFA-2 consist of subunits of 21,000 and
      19,000 molecular weight, respectively. Both hemagglutinins caused
      hemagglutination of human erythrocytes and bound to human kidney cell monolayers.
      The binding of bacteria and hemagglutinins was assessed by using suitable
      antisera as detectors in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NFA-1 and NFA-2
      inhibited the adherence of their respective strains to human kidney cells in a
      linear dose response. NFA-2 also inhibited heterologous strain adherence, but NFA
      1 did not. Hemabsorption of bacterial suspension with erythrocytes at 4 degrees
      C, followed by differential centrifugation, enabled us to obtain a bacterial
      suspension lacking nonfimbrial adhesins in the supernatant and an adhesin
      enriched bacterial suspension that was eluted from erythrocytes at 40 degrees C.
      Bacteria eluted from erythrocytes exhibited a higher adherence capacity than
      unfractionated cells. Bacteria of the fraction lacking adhesins did not adhere to
      human kidney cells. Electron microscope examinations showed the presence of an
      extracellular capsule-like layer in adhering E. coli 827, but not in nonadhering
      bacteria. E. coli 54 did not express the adhesin as a capsule. We conclude that
      E. coli 827 and 54 produce extracellular adhesins consisting of soluble proteins
      which are differently expressed and antigenically distinct. The adhesins seem to
      share a common receptor and mediate the adherence of two uropathogenic E. coli
      strains to epithelial cells.

PMID- 2886433
TI  - Analysis of colony-stimulating factors and macrophage progenitor cells in mice
      immunized against Listeria monocytogenes by adoptive transfer.
AB  - Experiments were performed to elucidate the role of colony-stimulating factors in
      host defenses to the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Mice were
      protected against Listeria sp. by adoptive transfer of immune spleen cells and
      were then challenged with listeriae intravenously. Control mice were injected
      with spleen cells from uninfected mice. Adoptively immunized (immune) mice had
      significantly fewer listeriae in spleens and livers 2 and 4 days after Listeria
      challenge than did control mice. During acute infection, colony-stimulating
      activity in serum was increased earlier (10 h) in immune mice than in controls.
      Concentrations of colony-stimulating activity were equal at 24 h. By 48 h, values
      were decreased in immune mice, but were elevated in control mice. Similar changes
      were noted when a specific colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony
      stimulating factor, was measured in serum by using a radioimmunoassay. The
      changes in serum colony-stimulating activity in mice adoptively immunized with
      immune spleen cells were eliminated if spleen cells were first treated with anti
      Thy-1.2 monoclonal antibodies. The number of macrophage progenitor cells in bone
      marrow and spleen were also determined as measures of the hemopoietic potential
      in these organs. The number of macrophage progenitor cells in bone marrow was
      higher in immune animals than control animals at 1, 2, and 4 days of infection.
      Similarly, the number of these cells in spleens was higher during the early
      stages of infection in immune mice. These results indicate that both the
      regulation of leukocyte production and the transfer of specific cellular immunity
      by spleen cells are associated, and they therefore suggest that hemopoietic
      regulatory factors play a role in immune host defenses.

PMID- 2886434
TI  - Stimulation by target cell membrane lipid of actin polymerization and
      phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - The identity of molecules of mammalian target cells that stimulate contact
      dependent attack by Entamoeba histolytica was sought using human erythrocytes
      (RBC) as a model. Protein-free liposomes prepared from RBC membrane lipids
      stimulated the same rapid E. histolytica actin polymerization and phagocytosis as
      did whole target cells. Liposomes constructed from the major phospholipids of RBC
      stimulated these responses but only if a negatively charged phospholipid was
      included. The addition to these liposomes of digalactosyl diglyceride
      significantly enhanced their stimulatory activity. The results demonstrate that
      ligands that trigger attack-related responses by E. histolytica reside in the
      target cell membrane lipid fraction and suggest roles for both glycolipid and
      phospholipid components.

PMID- 2886435
TI  - Comparison of the genetic determinant coding for the S-fimbrial adhesin (sfa) of
      Escherichia coli to other chromosomally encoded fimbrial determinants.
AB  - DNA probes specific for different regions of the S-fimbrial adhesin (sfa)
      determinant were constructed and hybridized with DNA sequences coding for P (F8
      and F13), mannose-sensitive hemagglutinating type 1 (F1A), and F1C fimbriae.
      While the sfa and F1C DNA determinants exhibited homology along their entire
      lengths, the P-fimbrial and type 1-fimbrial determinants exhibited homology to
      regions of the sfa cluster responsible for the control of transcription and, to a
      minor extent, to regions coding for proteins involved in biogenesis and/or
      adhesion of the fimbriae and for the N-terminal part of the fimbrillin subunit.

PMID- 2886437
TI  - Renal tolerance of cefpirome (HR 810), a new cephalosporin antibiotic.
AB  - An open study was carried out in ten healthy, male volunteers in order to
      investigate the renal tolerance of cefpirome (HR 810), a new cephalosporin
      antibiotic. Subjects received a single dose of 1.0 g of cefpirome and then
      repeated doses of 1.0 g of cefpirome twice daily for five days. Urine was
      collected in several fractions during the study and the urine excretion,
      excretions of creatinine, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, gamma
      glutamyltransferase, alanine aminopeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase were
      calculated in 12-hour fractions. Serum creatinine (using an enzymatic method),
      beta 2-microglobulin concentrations and creatinine clearance were also
      determined. Based on the findings of these renal enzymes, renal tolerance was
      good. This was also confirmed by creatinine clearance calculations and follow-up
      of serum beta 2-microglobulin levels. Cefpirome showed good renal tolerance
      without any signs of nephrotoxicity in this study with the methods used.

PMID- 2886438
TI  - Participation of cell-mediated immunity in allergic bronchopulmonary
      aspergillosis.
AB  - While IgE and IgG antibodies are thought to play important pathogenetic roles in
      allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABA), the microscopic lung picture would
      implicate cell-mediated immunity. Patients with ABA do not manifest delayed skin
      test reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus (AF). This has been attributed to
      inhibition of lymphokines by histamine locally released as a result of the
      immediate skin test reaction. We tested 5 ABA patients for delayed
      hypersensitivity to AF. An attempt was made to ablate the immediate skin test
      reaction to determine if a delayed reaction might be unmasked. At concentrations
      of AF previously shown to produce marked immediate skin test reactions, the
      combination of cimetidine by mouth and chlorpheniramine mixed with AF in the skin
      test syringe completely eliminated the immediate skin test reaction in all 5
      patients. In no case did a delayed reaction appear. Eight ABA patients showed in
      vitro lymphocyte stimulation responses to AF that were comparable to those of
      asthmatics and rhinitics with positive immediate skin test reactions to AF and no
      clinical evidence of ABA. It thus appears that 'peripheral' cell-mediated immune
      responses, namely delayed skin reactivity and peripheral blood lymphocyte
      proliferation to AF, are not present in ABA.

PMID- 2886436
TI  - Infectious diseases in Africa.

PMID- 2886439
TI  - The rat testis produces large amounts of an interleukin-1-like factor.
AB  - Homogenates of whole testis, isolated seminiferous tubules, testicular cytosol,
      conditioned media from seminiferous tubules obtained from intact or cryptorchid
      rats, as well as seminiferous tubules devoid of peritubular cells, showed high
      concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1). Cytosol from spleen showed low IL-1
      activity, while no activity was found in cytosol from heart, kidney, prostate,
      ovary or liver. Interleukin-1 activity was not detected in spent medium from
      cultures of immature Sertoli cells (10-day-old rats) or from peritubular cells or
      in homogenates of interstitial cells from adult rats. Ultrogel AcA 44 gel
      chromatography and HPLC size exclusion chromatography exhibited a single peak of
      IL-1 activity corresponding to a relative molecular mass of 17,000-20,000 (Mr =
      17-20 K). Similarly, chromatofocusing revealed only one peak of activity with an
      apparent isoelectric point of 5-6. It is concluded that the rat testis contains
      large amounts of an IL-1 alpha-like factor. The adult Sertoli cell or possibly
      germ cells are suggested as its primary source. Testicular IL-1-like activity is
      of particular interest in view of the intense cell proliferation during
      spermatogenesis, and the tendency to testicular relapse of acute lymphoblastic
      leukaemia.

PMID- 2886440
TI  - Abnormal infantile germ cells and development of carcinoma-in-situ in
      maldeveloped testes: a stereological and densitometric study.

PMID- 2886441
TI  - Monoclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in patients with strongyloidiasis.
AB  - The relationship between strongyloidiasis and HTLV-I was investigated in Okinawa,
      an area where both conditions are endemic. Thirty-six patients with
      strongyloidiasis were seropositive for HTLV-I and suffered from several related
      clinical complications. Fourteen of these patients (39%) were shown to have
      monoclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in their blood lymphocytes, a
      condition designated as "smouldering" adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL). Monoclonal
      integration of proviral DNA correlated with an increased CD4/CD8 ratio and the
      presence of abnormal lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, and with a trend for
      greater severity of the parasitic infection. Although the immunodeficiency caused
      by HTLV-I could predispose to hyperinfestation by Strongyloides, it is also
      possible that both the parasitic and the retroviral infestations are important co
      factors leading to the development of ATL.

PMID- 2886442
TI  - Photodermatoses in Lagos.
AB  - Light-sensitive dermatoses do not constitute a major problem among the black
      people in Nigeria. In a 10-year study, only 64 cases (about 0.4% of all
      dermatologic patients) had light-sensitive dermatoses. Seven of the 10 patients
      with endogenous photodermatoses were albinos. Two patients with polymorphic light
      eruption were visiting Caucasians. Only one normally pigmented black Nigerian had
      xeroderma pigmentosum. Fifty-four patients had photodermatoses from exogenous
      causes, of which hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis constituted the
      largest group of patients. Two women had estrogen-induced porphyria cutanea
      tarda.

PMID- 2886443
TI  - Synthesis of a cyclic retro analogue of somatostatin suitable for photoaffinity
      labelling.
AB  - Cyclic somatostatin analogues containing the modified retro sequence of the amino
      acids Phe7 to Phe11 of the natural compound have been found to exhibit high
      activity for cytoprotection of rat hepatocytes against cell poisons such as
      phallotoxins and galactosamine. Cyclo(-Phe(p-NH(1-14C)Ac)-Thr-Lys(CO(p-N3)C6H4)
      Trp-Phe-D-Pro), a photoreactive and radioactive analogue of one of the most
      active cyclohexapeptides, was synthesized by a combination of solid phase
      technique and classical solution peptide synthesis. This peptide labels the same
      proteins in rat liver cell membrane that are modified by photolysable derivatives
      of bile acids, phalloidin and antamanide.

PMID- 2886444
TI  - Medical management of the depressed alcoholic patient.
AB  - Since the advent of modern psychopharmacology in the 1950s, use of medications in
      the treatment of many psychiatric disorders has become commonplace. Alcohol use
      is also widespread. As alcohol can interact with a wide variety of medications to
      alter drug effects, understanding the interactions between it and psychiatric
      medicines is important to the efficacious treatment of the depressed alcoholic
      with these drugs. This article briefly outlines the effects of alcohol and the
      mechanisms of its interactions with psychiatric medications. The most commonly
      used classes of psychiatric medicines, including antidepressants, CNS
      depressants, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, psychostimulants, and lithium
      carbonate, are reviewed as to their potential interactions with alcohol. Clinical
      implications of these interactions are discussed.

PMID- 2886445
TI  - Modulation of messenger RNA metabolism in experimental methyl mercury
      neurotoxicity.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of methyl mercury of mRNA metabolism in mouse
      brain cells in vivo. It was demonstrated that methyl mercury substantially
      reduces the rate of synthesis of ATP and poly(A)-segments of mRNAs. The molecular
      sizes of poly(A)-segments isolated from hnRNA and polysomal mRNA of the
      experimental animal brain are smaller than the dimensions of the same segments
      from the cellular RNA of intact mice. A fall in the mRNA polyadenylation rate
      seen under methyl mercury directly correlates with reduced metabolic stability (t
      1/2) of the respective poly(A)+mRNA. The mean time of nuclear-cytoplasmic
      transport of these mRNAs (t0 is substantially increased under methyl mercury. At
      the same time, methyl mercury has no effect on the metabolism of brain polysomal
      poly(A)-mRNA. Direct addition of methyl mercury to an in vitro system containing
      excess ATP failed to affect the activity of poly(A) polymerase isolated from the
      brain of intact mice. The poison-induced alterations in the poly(A)+mRNA
      metabolism bring about a considerable reduction of the poly(A)+-fraction's share
      in the total polysomal mRNA and dramatic fall in the intracellular polysomes
      concentration. All the alterations in the examined metabolic parameters well
      correlate both with a reduced ATP content in the brain tissue and decreased rate
      of total protein synthesis in brain cells. Proceeding from these results as well
      as data from the literature, we developed a hypothetical model of a general
      molecular mechanism whereby methyl mercury inhibits protein synthesis in the
      brain.

PMID- 2886446
TI  - Importance of endogenous substrates in synaptosomal functions.
AB  - Synaptosomes were found to contain endogenous substrates in sufficient amount to
      support physiological ion equilibrium and to maintain the resting oxygen
      consumption rate. Exogenous substrates were required only in functional states
      which brought about an increase of oxygen consumption only in the presence of a
      stimulating agent. Succinate increased oxygen consumption even in the resting
      phase but proved to be incapable of supplying energy for synaptosomal ion
      transport processes.

PMID- 2886447
TI  - [A patient with arterial hypertension and bilateral adrenal gland neoplasms].

PMID- 2886448
TI  - Atriopeptin-activated guanylate cyclase in the anterior segment. Identification,
      localization, and effects of atriopeptins on IOP.
AB  - Atriopeptins are a recently-discovered group of polypeptides secreted from
      cardiac myocytes in response to fluid overload. The present studies demonstrate
      that atriopeptin receptors, coupled to the activation of guanylate cyclase, are
      present in rabbit ciliary process. Rat atrial natriuretic peptide 1-28 (rANP)
      activated ciliary process guanylate cyclase activity with a Vmax of from 24-337%
      and with a Ka of from 0.4-4 nM, similar to that for atriopeptin receptors present
      in rabbit kidney. Activation was greater for the intact peptide than for rANP
      fragments 1-11 or 13-28, and stimulated activity was greater in isolated ciliary
      processes than in ciliary muscle or iris. Intravitreal injection of the complete
      peptide into living rabbits caused a marked decrease in IOP in the ipsilateral
      eye which persisted for more than 48 hr and occurred without evidence of an
      inflammatory response. There was a smaller decrease in IOP in the contralateral
      eye. Following intravitreal injection of rANP 1-28, atriopeptin levels in aqueous
      humor remained elevated for at least 44 hr. Injection of the biochemically less
      active rANP fragments 1-11 and 13-28 caused no decrease in IOP. These
      physiological data, together with the biochemical identification of atriopeptin
      receptors and second messenger systems in the ciliary process, suggest that
      certain tissues of the anterior segment may be atriopeptin end-organs and that
      agents acting at atriopeptin receptors may be able to regulate IOP.

PMID- 2886449
TI  - Drug treatment for elderly patients.

PMID- 2886450
TI  - Buspirone: a new treatment for anxiety.

PMID- 2886451
TI  - Isozymes as host-donor blood cell "tracers" in bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Prescreening of blood cells of prospective donors and hosts by simple
      electrophoresis for well-known polymorphic enzyme phenotypes offers markers to
      monitor the fate of bone marrow grafts in the hosts. Cellogel electrophoresis is
      handy for routine screening of red cell enzymes for polymorphic variants
      [Rattazzi et al, 1967; Meera Khan and Rattazzi, 1968; Meera Khan, 1971; Someren
      et al, 1974; Ebeli-Struijk et al, 1976; Meera Khan and Doppert, 1976; Meera Khan
      et al, 1982]. Highly sensitive methods for microelectrophoretic assays for
      phenotyping the individual enzyme systems, if they become available, will be of
      greater value than the conventional procedures. For PGM1 phenotyping, the
      procedure of isoelectric-focusing (IEF) [Winter et al, 1977] was found to be
      highly sensitive and gave the best resolution. Polymorphic variants of house
      keeping enzymes, by nature, can play the role of universal markers since they are
      expressed in individual types of the whole range of cells derived from
      hematopoietic and stromal cell precursors in the transplanted patients. Compared
      to chromosome analysis in dividing cells or screening for RFLP's detectable in
      unique DNA sequences, marker enzyme phenotyping by electrophoresis is
      methodologically simple, easy, quick, inexpensive, rapidly repeatable and equally
      reliable, requires only a small quantity of easily obtainable peripheral blood
      sample, and could monitor all lineages of blood cells including non-nucleated and
      nondividing cells.

PMID- 2886453
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of somatostatin in the ovine, porcine and rodent
      pineal gland.
AB  - Using anti-somatostatin in an immunoperoxidase technique at the light microscope
      level, somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was detected in ovine, porcine and
      rodent pineal glands. Positively stained cell bodies of various sizes and
      cellular processes were found throughout the glands. The chemical identity of
      this immunoreactive material and its physiologic significance remain to be
      determined.

PMID- 2886452
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence of serotoninergic regulation of vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - By applying a double-immunolabeling technique to preembedded tissue preparations,
      we demonstrated the existence of serotoninergic innervation to neurons containing
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
      Immunoreactivity for serotonin and VIP was revealed by the presence of
      diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction products and silver-intensified DAB reaction
      products, respectively; in a further stage, the silver grains were substituted
      with gold particles. DAB reaction products were precipitated on the surface of
      vesicular structures, while gold particles were scattered diffusely throughout
      the neuroplasma at various densities. Serotoninergic axons were numerous and
      closely packed together, occasionally forming synaptic junctions with gold
      labeled VIP-containing neurons. At these synaptic junctions, small vesicular
      structures accumulated to form a coat under the presynaptic membrane, and the
      postsynaptic membrane was lined with a homogeneous accumulation of fine deposits.
      This postsynaptic apparatus varied in appearance; some parts were flat and thin,
      while others were of irregular thickness. Serotoninergic fibers also formed
      synaptic junctions with unidentified neurons, in which postsynaptic membrane
      specialization was also observable. As VIP-containing neurons are known to be
      synapsed by somatostatin (SRIH)-containing neurons, their regulation must involve
      both serotonin and SRIH at least.

PMID- 2886454
TI  - Effect of collidine (2,4,6-trimethylpyridine) on the osmiophilia and chromaffin
      reaction in the synaptic vesicles of rat pineal nerves.
AB  - Rat pineal nerve endings contain a population of small and of large synaptic
      vesicles that are either electron lucent or have electron-dense cores. It has
      been reported that their osmiophilia is eliminated when collidine buffer is used
      in the fixation procedure. We investigated this effect and found that osmium
      tetroxide and potassium dichromate reactivity were abolished when excised pineal
      glands were briefly incubated with collidine buffer before glutaraldehyde
      cacodylate fixation. Such an effect was not observed when collidine was applied
      after fixation. Glands that had been fixed in glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide
      buffered with collidine exhibited a peripheral zone containing reactive synaptic
      vesicles and a deeper, central zone where such reactivity was absent. These
      results indicate that the effect of collidine is due to depletion of monoamines
      rather than to chemical blockage of their reactivity, and further suggest that
      collidine has a higher rate of penetration into tissues than the tested
      fixatives.

PMID- 2886456
TI  - Eosinophilic fasciitis. 171 cases reviewed.

PMID- 2886455
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of ganglia in the rat stomach serosa, containing
      neurons immunoreactive for gastrin-releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal
      peptide.
AB  - Ganglia, not previously described, were identified in the rat stomach serosa
      along the minor curvature. The ganglia consisted of varying number of cell bodies
      lying in clusters along or within nerve bundles. The ganglia were shown to
      contain GRP and VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers and cell bodies and also some NPY
      immunoreactive fibers, whereas they were devoid of somatostatin immunoreactivity.
      Nerve ligation experiments indicated that the ganglia are intrinsic to the
      stomach.

PMID- 2886457
TI  - Noonan's syndrome. With carcinoma of undescended testis.

PMID- 2886458
TI  - New law to increase organ donations.

PMID- 2886459
TI  - Organ transplantation.

PMID- 2886460
TI  - Criteria for organ donors.

PMID- 2886461
TI  - Dealing with AIDS. The need for physician education.

PMID- 2886462
TI  - ISMS actions regarding AIDS.

PMID- 2886463
TI  - Clinical treatment of AIDS. Waiting for the other shoe to drop.

PMID- 2886464
TI  - AIDS and the law.

PMID- 2886465
TI  - Surgeon General speaks out on AIDS.

PMID- 2886466
TI  - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Issues for hospital and medical staffs.

PMID- 2886468
TI  - Public health authorities' challenge. Battling AIDS' deadly threat.

PMID- 2886467
TI  - AMA advocates criteria for selective HIV antibody testing.

PMID- 2886469
TI  - IDPH survey of Illinois adults. Awareness and attitudes about AIDS.

PMID- 2886470
TI  - Referral dilemmas.

PMID- 2886471
TI  - Infant sex sequences.

PMID- 2886472
TI  - The other side.

PMID- 2886473
TI  - Job hunting. Part Two.

PMID- 2886474
TI  - Oculodento-osseous syndrome in a newborn infant.

PMID- 2886475
TI  - Synergistic armamentarium for schizophrenia treatment.

PMID- 2886476
TI  - Seeking the colon polyp.

PMID- 2886478
TI  - Do you know them as well as they know you?

PMID- 2886477
TI  - Immunocompetence assessment.

PMID- 2886479
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: issues for hospitals and medical staffs.

PMID- 2886480
TI  - On quality of life.

PMID- 2886481
TI  - Cervical microflora of pelvic inflammatory disease.

PMID- 2886482
TI  - Localized prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2886483
TI  - Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from neonatal calves with ruminal and
      abomasal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration.
AB  - Eight neonatal calves (2 to 21 days old) with suspected abomasal displacement or
      intestinal obstruction after acute onset of abdominal tympany, colic, depression,
      or death were referred to Kansas State University for clinical examination or for
      necropsy. Results of routine hematologic and serum chemical analyses did not
      reveal consistent changes. Necropsy revealed abomasal distention, with various
      degrees of abomasitis, hemorrhage, and ulceration, but did not reveal evidence of
      displaced abomasum or obstructed intestine. Specimens of ruminal contents
      collected via stomach tube or at necropsy and abomasal contents collected at
      necropsy were obtained for anaerobic bacteriologic culture. Clostridium
      perfringens was isolated from all specimens, and on the basis of toxin
      neutralization tests in mice, 7 were type A and one was type E. Copper
      concentrations in serum and tissues were within normal limits. It appeared that
      the acute abdominal syndrome in these neonatal calves was unrelated to copper
      deficiency, and that C perfringens, particularly type A, may have had an
      appreciable contributory role in its pathogenesis.

PMID- 2886484
TI  - Effects of experimental cryptorchidism and subsequent orchidopexy on seminiferous
      tubule functions in the lamb.
AB  - The reversibility of damage caused by cryptorchidism to the seminiferous tubules
      of the lamb was investigated at various ages. Lambs were made bilaterally
      cryptorchid either at birth or at 2 months of age. Then orchidopexy was performed
      at either 2 or 4 months of age. In permanently cryptorchid lambs, spermatogenesis
      stopped completely, and Sertoli cell function, as measured by FSH receptors,
      androgen receptors and ABP, was much reduced (-96%, -86% and -81%, respectively).
      Orchidopexy allowed the cryptorchid seminiferous epithelium to grow again, but
      the more differentiated the germ cells, the less they were capable of
      restoration. Even in 0- to 2- and 0- to 4-month-old temporarily cryptorchid lambs
      that had recovered normal Sertoli cell function, 16 to 49% of the tubules still
      were empty. It was concluded that cryptorchidism irreversibly damages the
      seminiferous tubules at a level other than the hormone receptors.

PMID- 2886486
TI  - Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on the adherence
      of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tracheobronchial mucin.
AB  - Bacterial adherence to mucins may be important in tracheobronchial infections in
      cystic fibrosis. Sublethal concentrations of antibiotics reduce bacterial
      adherence to epithelial cells and mucins. This reduction in adherence may be a
      component of antimicrobial effects in infections at anatomical sites where
      bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics are difficult to achieve. We therefore
      tested the effects of sublethal concentrations of an aminoglycoside, tobramycin,
      and a beta-lactam antibiotic, ceftazidime, on the adherence of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa to tracheobronchial mucin, since mucus secretions are often colonized
      by P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Adherence of the mucoid strains tested was
      inhibited by ceftazidime, but not by tobramycin. This effect of ceftazidime may
      partially explain its efficacy in patients with cystic fibrosis despite variables
      achieved in sputum.

PMID- 2886487
TI  - Determination of reserpine and rescinnamine in Rauwolfia serpentina preparations
      by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
AB  - A method is presented for the determination of reserpine and rescinnamine in
      Rauwolfia serpentina powder or tablets by liquid chromatography (LC) with
      fluorescence detection. The sample is dispersed in CH3OH, 0.5N H2SO4 is added,
      and the mixture is extracted with five 30 mL portions of CHCl3. The extracts are
      separated from interfering materials on a Celite-0.1N NaOH column, and the
      eluates are collected in 50 mL CH3OH. After complete removal of the CHCl3,
      reserpine and rescinnamine are determined by liquid chromatography on a normal
      phase column with CH3OH as the mobile phase. Because reserpine and rescinnamine
      produce a single peak, chromatograms are obtained at different wavelengths.
      Reserpine is determined at an excitation wavelength of 280 nm and an emission
      wavelength of 360 nm. Rescinnamine is determined at an excitation wavelength of
      330 nm and an emission wavelength of 435 nm. Recovery studies were conducted at 2
      different levels to simulate 100 and 50 mg Rauwolfia serpentina tablets. Samples
      of Rauwolfia serpentina powders and tablets were also examined, and the results
      were compared with those obtained by the current AOAC official method. The
      proposed method is applicable to the analysis of ground composites and individual
      tablets.

PMID- 2886485
TI  - Effects of adrenergic agonists and insulin on porcine adipose tissue lipid
      metabolism in vitro.
AB  - Because this laboratory has been able to demonstrate only a small and somewhat
      inconsistent stimulation of glucose metabolism by insulin in porcine adipose
      tissue in vitro, the tissue was preincubated with insulin to attempt to enhance
      the hormone effect. Preincubation with or without insulin did not increase
      insulin stimulation. Furthermore, insulin did not stimulate triacylglycerol
      biosynthesis. Adrenergic hormones stimulated lipolysis in porcine adipose tissue
      in vitro. Several analogs of norepinephrine incubated with porcine adipose tissue
      in vitro did not inhibit glucose incorporation into CO2 or total lipids, in
      contrast to inhibition observed in adipose tissue from other species.
      Isoproterenol inhibited glycerol-3-phosphate incorporation into lipids; the
      maximal inhibition was 50% for the initial stages of the pathway. Palmitate
      incorporation into lipids also was inhibited 50% by isoproterenol but this may
      have been an artifact. Preincubation of adipose tissue, with no exogenous
      hormone, might decrease the concentration of endogenous adrenergic hormones and
      thus make the tissue more responsive to exogenous adrenergic hormones.
      Preincubation of porcine adipose tissue did not consistently lower the basal
      lipolytic rate but enhanced the stimulated lipolytic rate; the mechanism is not
      known. These experiments provide no evidence that preincubation is beneficial to
      measurement of lipolysis or glucose metabolism in porcine adipose tissue in
      vitro.

PMID- 2886488
TI  - Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic determination of bethanechol chloride in
      tablets.
AB  - A simple and reliable proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic method was
      developed for the assay of bethanechol chloride in tablets. The proposed method
      entails a minimum of procedural steps and reagents. The recovery of bethanechol
      chloride from synthetic formulations was 99.9 +/- 0.4% (n = 15), CV = 0.4%. Mean
      assay values for 25 and 10 mg commercial tablets were 100.5% (n = 8) and 99.7% (n
      = 7) of declared, respectively. A detailed interpretation of the proton magnetic
      resonance spectrum is also presented.

PMID- 2886489
TI  - Clinical and morphological severity of renal involvement in systemic necrotising
      vasculitides.

PMID- 2886490
TI  - Fimbrial phase variation in Escherichia coli: dependence on integration host
      factor and homologies with other site-specific recombinases.
AB  - Expression of fimA, the structural gene for type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli,
      is phase variable. Significant homologies were identified between the
      recombinases which control fimbrial phase variation, FimB and FimE, and the
      integrase class of site-specific recombinases. Normal expression of fimA was
      shown to require the integration host factor (IHF). Mutations in either the himA
      or the himD (hip) gene, which encode the alpha and beta subunits of IHF,
      respectively, prevented phase variation and locked expression of fimA in either
      the "on" or "off" phase. In addition, both himA and himD lesions caused a
      sevenfold reduction in expression of a phi(fimA-lacZ) operon fusion in strains in
      which fimA was locked in the on phase. Thus, IHF plays a dual role in controlling
      fimA expression: it is required both for inversion of the fimA control region and
      for efficient expression from the fimA promoter. A mechanism by which IHF may
      exert control over fimA expression is discussed.

PMID- 2886492
TI  - Idiosyncratic neuroleptic response.

PMID- 2886491
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: physiological and laboratory findings in a series
      of nine cases.
AB  - A series of nine cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) are presented with
      peak measures of autonomic dysfunction and laboratory findings. Urine
      abnormalities, consisting of proteinuria, casts, or cells, were an associated
      finding in these cases. Severe hypophosphatemia was present in two patients.
      Relative dehydration before the onset of the syndrome in eight of the nine
      patients supports the suggestion that it is a risk factor for the development of
      NMS. The withdrawal of dopamine agonists was also seen as a trigger for NMS.
      Autonomic instability and muscular rigidity occurred separately in some cases.
      Creatine phosphokinase elevation and fever did not necessarily parallel the
      duration or the degree of muscular rigidity, and this finding supports the idea
      of a central cause for the symptoms. A systematic approach is presented for the
      evaluation and treatment of NMS. Observations implicate central dopaminergic
      mechanisms in the regulation of autonomic functioning and the maintenance of
      peripheral muscle membrane stability.

PMID- 2886493
TI  - Psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder: a review.
AB  - Borderline personality disorder poses a significant treatment challenge to the
      clinician. The frequent presence of comorbid disorders and the occurrence of a
      wide array of possible target symptoms complicate clinical assessment. Limited
      data from controlled clinical trials suggest that neuroleptics, monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors, and the anticonvulsant carbamazepine produce statistically and
      clinically significant short-term symptom reduction and may be useful components
      of the treatment approach to borderline personality disorder. Further research is
      needed to identify subgroups of patients with borderline personality disorder who
      are particularly responsive to a given medication and to explore the possibility
      that specific symptom complexes (such as suspiciousness, anhedonia, affective
      lability, or behavioral dyscontrol) are preferentially responsive to specific
      agents.

PMID- 2886494
TI  - Neuroleptic treatment in the borderline patient: advantages and techniques.
AB  - A low-dose neuroleptic strategy is indicated in borderline personality disorder
      as an acute treatment for symptoms of anger, hostility and suspiciousness,
      referential thinking and paranoid ideation, anxiety and dissociation, depressed
      mood, and related behavioral dyscontrol. Medication effects are clinically
      significant although modest in magnitude. Recommended duration of treatment is
      generally brief (3-12 weeks), although continued pharmacotherapy may be warranted
      in selected cases. The risks of treatment include the well-recognized side
      effects of neuroleptics (minimized by low doses) and the possibility of abuse,
      overdose, or interaction with alcohol or street drugs. Pharmacotherapy is seen as
      an adjunct to supportive psychosocial intervention.

PMID- 2886495
TI  - Treatment of outpatients with borderline personality disorder.
AB  - Outpatient treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder is
      sometimes more difficult and more challenging than inpatient treatment. Because
      symptoms are frequently less florid and more variable in the outpatient,
      diagnostic evaluation must proceed at a slower pace. Diagnostic distinctions
      among patients with borderline personality disorder are based on whether the
      predominant symptoms displayed are "affective," "schizotypal," or "impulse
      disordered." Outpatient evaluation requires a keen sensitivity to the presenting
      problems and the ability to assign priorities to treatment issues.
      Pharmacotherapy can be of advantage in treating outpatients with borderline
      personality disorder, but care must be taken in selecting appropriate drugs and
      dosage and in communicating to the patient what can be expected during therapy.
      Borderline patients with impulse-control disorders, especially substance abuse,
      cannot be treated effectively with individual psychotherapy alone. Although many
      creative and articulate psychodynamic formulations of borderline personality
      disorder have been proposed, an initial "cognitive" approach to psychotherapy
      combined with pharmacotherapy can be effective in alleviating acute symptoms, and
      more psychodynamic approaches can be employed when the patient is better equipped
      to use them.

PMID- 2886496
TI  - Possible involvement of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase as well as fatty acid
      synthetase in the temperature-controlled synthesis of fatty acids in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) preparations from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells
      grown at either 35 or 10 degrees C produced the same products at different
      temperatures and showed quite similar temperature-dependencies in Arrhenius
      plots, with break points at 25 degrees C. This break point does not appear to
      reflect a phase transition of phospholipids present in the purified FAS
      preparations but rather is associated with protein conformational changes. S.
      cerevisiae cells grown at 35 degrees C and then shifted to 10 degrees C produced
      fatty acids with a shorter average chain length than those fatty acids
      synthesized at 10 degrees C by cells already adapted to 10 degrees C (hyper
      response). Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was relatively higher in the cells
      grown at 35 degrees C than in the cells grown at 10 degrees C; moreover, fatty
      acids with longer average chain lengths were synthesized in vitro at higher
      malonyl-CoA concentrations, which was consistent with the difference in the
      average chain lengths of newly synthesized fatty acids in cells grown at 35 and
      10 degrees C. However, the activity levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty
      acid synthetase alone did not account for the hyper response phenomena.

PMID- 2886497
TI  - Structure and expression of pea mitochondrial F1ATPase alpha-subunit gene and its
      pseudogene involved in homologous recombination.
AB  - We have characterized four pea mitochondrial DNA segments carrying the F1ATPase
      alpha-subunit coding sequences. These four types share a common 1.7-kb repeat
      sequence flanked by four combinations of two different left- and right-hand
      sequences. These results suggest that the alpha-subunit genes locate at the
      homologous recombination sites in the pea mitochondrial genome and that
      homologous recombination between two of these loci generates the other two types
      of structures. The uninterrupted alpha-subunit coding sequence of 1,521 bp is
      present in two of these loci. A rearrangement of 965 bp 3' to the ATG initiation
      codon generates two copies of pseudogenes where the C-terminal two-thirds of the
      alpha-subunit coding sequence is replaced with an unidentified coding frame. The
      other border of sequence divergence is located 733 bp upstream of the ATG
      initiation codon. Although multiple forms of alpha-subunit gene transcripts are
      present in mitochondria, the pseudogenes do not seem to express any alpha-subunit
      related polypeptide.

PMID- 2886499
TI  - A new endo-beta-galactosidase releasing Gal alpha 1----3Gal from carbohydrate
      moieties of glycoproteins and from a glycolipid.
AB  - Culture fluid of Clostridium perfringens contained an endoglycosidase releasing a
      galactosyl disaccharide from glycans derived from glycoproteins of
      teratocarcinoma OTT6050. The endoglycosidase was purified by ammonium sulfate
      precipitation, Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, and DEAE-Sephadex A-25
      column chromatography. The structure of the disaccharide product was determined
      to be Gal alpha 1----3Gal. The enzyme also released the disaccharide from bovine
      thyroglobulin glycopeptide and from a pentaglycosyl ceramide (Gal alpha 1----3Gal
      beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4Glc-Cer). Therefore, we concluded
      that the enzyme was an endo-beta-galactosidase cleaving Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc
      linkage. Keratan sulfate and the antigenic determinant of blood group type B were
      resistant to the enzyme: the specificity of the enzyme is different from other
      endo-beta-galactosidases so far described. The enzyme could act on intact
      thyroglobulin and defucosylated ovarian cyst mucin.

PMID- 2886498
TI  - Biochemistry and regulation of folate and methotrexate transport in Leishmania
      major.
AB  - Promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major exhibit high affinity
      uptake of folate (Kt = 0.7 microM) and methotrexate (MTX) (Kt = 1.8 microM) which
      is saturable and sensitive to metabolic poisons. Influx of folate and MTX is
      competitively inhibited by 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and p-aminobenzoic acid
      glutamate, but not by 4-deoxy-4-amino-10-methylpteroate, biopterin, or pteroate.
      A single carrier is inferred for both folate and MTX transport, as the Ki of each
      inhibitor for both folate and MTX influx is the same, and the apparent affinities
      (Kt) of the substrates folate and MTX are identical to their respective Ki values
      for inhibition of MTX and folate uptake. Folate influx is specifically regulated
      according to cellular growth phase, as stationary phase cells exhibit 7% of the
      Vmax of log phase cells, while energy-dependent glucose uptake is only moderately
      reduced in stationary phase. Folate influx is also regulated by external folate
      levels, as cells grown in 5 microM folate exhibit 30% of the Vmax of cells grown
      in folate-depleted medium. Comparison of bacterial, mammalian, and Leishmania
      folate transport activities indicates considerable diversity in both biochemical
      and regulatory properties, and suggests the possibility that selective inhibition
      or manipulation of folate transport may be exploited in parasite chemotherapy.

PMID- 2886500
TI  - Dissociation of phosphate from beef heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase. Effect of
      adenine nucleotides.
AB  - The effect of exposure to adenine nucleotides on the dissociation of phosphate
      bound to beef heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase (F1) has been studied using a layered
      Sephadex centrifuge column method. The order of effectiveness of nucleotides in
      facilitating Pi dissociation from F1 was ATP greater than AMP-PNP much greater
      than ADP (where AMP-PNP indicates adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate)
      when phosphate had bound to F1 as Pi from the medium. When ATP was present in
      amounts substoichiometric to F1, essentially all of the ATP present bound to F1,
      and the molar ratio of Pi released to ATP bound was near one. Under similar
      conditions AMP-PNP bound equally well to F1, but in order to effect similar
      amounts of Pi release it was necessary to use approximately 10 times as much AMP
      PNP as ATP. The order of effectiveness of nucleotides in facilitating
      dissociation of phosphate which had bound to F1 as the gamma-phosphate of ATP was
      ATP = AMP-PNP much greater than ADP. In this case ATP and AMP-PNP were as
      effective in facilitating phosphate dissociation as was ATP in the case in which
      phosphate had bound to F1 as Pi. It is concluded that when phosphate has bound to
      F1 as Pi, binding of one molecule of ATP or more than one molecule of AMP-PNP are
      sufficient to facilitate dissociation of phosphate. When phosphate has bound to
      F1 as the gamma-phosphate of ATP, binding of one molecule of either ATP or AMP
      PNP is sufficient to facilitate dissociation of phosphate.

PMID- 2886501
TI  - Amino acid and putative neurotransmitter transport in human Y79 retinoblastoma
      cells. Effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factor.
AB  - The binding of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and their effect
      on amino acid and neurotransmitter transport was studied in cultured human Y79
      retinoblastoma cells. Y79 cells possess specific receptors for both insulin and
      IGF-I. Insulin binding to Y79 cells is characterized by a curvilinear Scatchard
      plot suggesting a two-site or two-affinity binding system. In contrast, IGF-I
      binding has a linear plot indicative of a one-site, one-affinity binding system.
      The uptake of glycine, a putative neurotransmitter in the retina occurs by a
      specific transport system in Y79 cells, independent of the uptake of other
      neutral amino acids. The uptake of glycine was increased 25-50% by either insulin
      or IGF-I. The response to insulin or IGF-I on glycine uptake is gradual and
      concentration dependent. The accumulation of other amino acids and putative
      retinal neurotransmitters by Y79 cells was not significantly affected by insulin
      of IGF-I. In addition, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was not influenced. The
      analysis of high affinity glycine uptake indicates that insulin and IGF-I are
      stimulating glycine transport by increasing the V'max without significantly
      affecting the K'm. Further analysis suggests that insulin and IGF-I are causing a
      recruitment of additional glycine transporters at the cell surface or activating
      otherwise nonfunctional transporters by an unexplained mechanism. Because of the
      implication that glycine responds as a neuroactive amino acid in Y79 cells these
      studies suggest that insulin and IGF-I may influence neuroactivity in the human
      retina by regulating the transport of glycine.

PMID- 2886503
TI  - Structural organization and DNA methylation patterning within the mouse L1
      family.
AB  - We have studied stable differences in patterns of DNA methylation seen in the
      repeated sequences of mouse cells. A cloned 1330-base pair fragment of mouse
      repetitive DNA (pFS-13) was used as a probe in Southern blotting experiments.
      Mouse spleen and L1210 lymphoma DNA appeared to be normally methylated at HpaII
      sites probed by this sequence. Friend erythroleukemia cell, and Sp2 cell DNA both
      showed an abnormal banding pattern in HpaII digests. Hybridization in situ to
      metaphase chromosomes showed that probed sequences were broadly interspersed
      along the arms of each mouse chromosome. The DNA sequence of the 1330-base pair
      insert in the clone was determined; a copy of the R sequence of L1 was found at
      its 5' end. Walking experiments using M13 subclones from pFS-13 permitted the
      construction of a map for d(pCCGG) sites at the 3' end of the mouse L1 family.
      The unmethylated d(pCCGG) sites in Sp2 and Friend cells could then be assigned to
      polymorphic-repeated sequence groups within L1, homologous to the region spanned
      by BAM5 and R. Since there are several thousand copies of each of the fragments
      seen in autoradiographs, these sequences must possess a common methylation state
      at many genomic locations. Concerted (nonrandom) hypomethylation of certain
      subfamilies of L1 appears to be a stable characteristic of several cell lineages.
      These findings suggest that certain L1 families possess commonalities that permit
      and perhaps require differential DNA methylation in established cell lineages.

PMID- 2886502
TI  - Ammonia assimilation in Bacillus polymyxa. 15N NMR and enzymatic studies.
AB  - Pathways of ammonia assimilation into glutamic acid and alanine in Bacillus
      polymyxa were investigated by 15N NMR spectroscopy in combination with
      measurements of the specific activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine
      synthetase, glutamate synthetase, alanine dehydrogenase, and glutamic-alanine
      transaminase. Ammonia was found to be assimilated into glutamic acid
      predominantly by NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase with a Km of 2.9 mM for
      NH4+ not only in ammonia-grown cells but also in nitrate-grown and nitrogen
      fixing cells in which the intracellular NH4+ concentrations were 11.2, 1.04, and
      1.5 mM, respectively. In ammonia-grown cells, the specific activity of alanine
      dehydrogenase was higher than that of glutamic-alanine transaminase, but the
      glutamate dehydrogenase/glutamic-alanine transaminase pathway was found to be the
      major pathway of 15NH4+ assimilation into [15N]alanine. The in vitro specific
      activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, which represent
      the rates of synthesis of glutamic acid and glutamine, respectively, in the
      presence of enzyme-saturating concentrations of substrates and coenzymes are
      compared with the in vivo rates of biosynthesis of [15N]glutamic acid and
      [alpha,gamma-15N]glutamine observed by NMR, and implications of the results for
      factors limiting the rates of their biosynthesis in ammonia- and nitrate-grown
      cells are discussed.

PMID- 2886504
TI  - A comparison of the ability of various alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists to induce
      EGTA-resistant contractions of rat aorta.
AB  - Phenylephrine (PE) and Guanfacine (GU) produced maximum contractions of rat
      isolated aorta which were 96.8 +/- 1.3% and 96.0 +/- 2.8% respectively of the
      maximum responses induced by noradrenaline (NA). The responses produced by
      maximum concentrations of NA following 2 min incubation of the preparations with
      3.0 mM EGTA were 38.1 +/- 1.2% of the maxima achieved in normal Krebs. PE
      produced maximum EGTA-resistant responses which were significantly less than
      those seen with NA; GU produced EGTA-resistant responses which were significantly
      less than those to PE. The concentration response curves to NA and PE were
      shifted to the right by incubation with EGTA. The curve for PE was shifted by a
      significantly greater degree than that for NA. Amidephrine, UK-14,304 and St-587
      produced only nominal EGTA-resistant responses even though one of these (UK
      14,304) produced contractions in normal Krebs which were almost 70% of the
      maximum achieved by NA. The log dose ratio for all agonists (except amidephrine)
      were similar following the addition of 5 nM prazosin. Amidephrine had no effect
      in the presence of this concentration of prazosin. It is concluded that all
      agonists tested were acting on alpha 1-adrenoreceptors. Prazosin (5 nM) but not
      corynanthine (2.5 microM) slowed the rate of rise of contraction of all agonists
      tested. It is proposed that the rate of rise of agonist/receptor combinations is
      an important determinant of alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist induced EGTA-resistant
      responses in rat aorta.

PMID- 2886505
TI  - Characterization of alpha-adrenoreceptor mediated reduction of flow in a saline
      perfused constant pressure model of rat perfused hindquarters.
AB  - An analysis of vasopressor responses elicited by alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists
      and KCl in a constant pressure saline perfused model of rat perfused hindquarters
      is presented. Using methoxamine (alpha 1), cirazoline (alpha 1), B-HT 920 (alpha
      2) and St 587 (alpha 1) as alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists, and rauwolscine and
      prazosin as selective alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonists,
      respectively, it is concluded that alpha-adrenoreceptor mediated vasoconstriction
      in this model is mediated by the alpha 1-subtype. Pretreatment of the animals
      with reserpine (i.p., at various doses and dose-regimens) or addition of
      angiotensin II (10(-9)-10(-6) M), PGF2 alpha(10(-8) & 5 X 10(-7) M) or KCl (2 & 4
      X 10(-3) M), or changing [Mg2+] did not significantly affect the potency or
      intrinsic activity of the alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists studied. Experiments with
      the calcium entry blocking drugs gallopamil and nifedipine, or deletion of CaCl2
      from the perfusion solution, did not reveal a contribution from the influx of
      extracellular calcium towards alpha 1-adrenoreceptor-mediated reduction of flow
      in RPH. KCl-induced vasoconstriction in RPH was found to be sensitive to the
      blockade of calcium entry by calcium entry blocking drugs, but not to alpha
      adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs and calmodulin antagonist. It is concluded that the
      model described here is of potential value in the characterization of alpha
      adrenoreceptor antagonists and calcium entry blocking drugs under in vitro
      conditions in resistance vessels of the rat.

PMID- 2886506
TI  - Do adrenaline-containing neurones from the rostral ventrolateral medulla excite
      preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies?
AB  - Experiments were performed to investigate whether descending vasomotor neurones
      from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) utilize adrenaline as a
      neurotransmitter. Electrical stimulation of the RVL caused marked, short lasting,
      reproducible increases in blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetised atropine
      methylbromide-treated rats. These effects probably reflect activation of cell
      bodies rather than fibres of passage since injection of L-glutamate into the same
      area also produced tachycardia and vasopressor responses. The effects of RVL
      stimulation were unchanged after bilateral adrenalectomy but were markedly
      reduced by guanethidine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) suggesting that the tachycardia and
      vasopressor responses were mediated via increased sympathetic tone to the heart
      and vasculature. Pretreatment with the phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase
      (PNMT) inhibitor LY134046 (1 mg intracisternally, and 40 mg/kg i.p. daily for 1
      day or 5 days) did not modify either the tachycardia or vasopressor response to
      stimulation of the RVL. Resting blood pressure and heart rate were also
      unchanged. Cardiac preganglionic sympathetic nerves supplying the heart arise
      from the C7-T2 region of the spinal cord. Phentolamine and propranolol were
      injected intrathecally (i.t.) in this region, in an attempt to block the spinal
      receptors at which any adrenaline, released locally during RVL stimulation, might
      be expected to act in order to elicit the characteristic tachycardia.
      Phentolamine (10 and 100 micrograms i.t.) and propranolol (1 microgram i.t.) did
      not modify the tachycardia but propranolol (10 and 100 micrograms i.t.) caused a
      dose-dependent reduction. These doses of propranolol (10 and 100 micrograms i.t.)
      also produced blockade of peripheral beta-adrenoreceptors. The failure of PNMT
      inhibition to modify the tachycardia or vasopressor response to RVL stimulation
      and the lack of effect of intrathecally injected alpha-and beta-adrenoreceptor
      antagonists (at doses which do not exert peripheral effects) against the RVL
      stimulation-induced tachycardia suggests that adrenaline does not subserve a
      spinal neurotransmitter role, at the C7-T2 region.

PMID- 2886507
TI  - Burns of the feet.
AB  - Although they are formally categorized by the ABA as major burns, isolated burns
      of the feet are often managed on an outpatient basis. This retrospective review
      evaluates the success of such outpatient management, including the complications
      encountered. The outcome of the review emphasizes that although isolated burns
      encompass only a small body surface area, they require careful in-hospital
      treatment to avoid the complications of cellulitis, subsequent prolonged
      hospitalization, increased need for skin grafting, and increased incidence of
      hypertrophic scarring.

PMID- 2886508
TI  - Female sterile (1) yolkless: a recessive female sterile mutation in Drosophila
      melanogaster with depressed numbers of coated pits and coated vesicles within the
      developing oocytes.
AB  - Ultrastructural analysis of developing oocytes produced by the recessive female
      sterile mutant, yolkless (yl), in Drosophila melanogaster shows that yl+ gene
      activity is necessary for coated pit and coated vesicle formation within these
      oocytes. 29 alleles of the mutation are known to exist, and they fall either
      within a strongly affected class or a weakly affected class. Analysis of oocytes
      produced by females homozygous for the strongly affected class of alleles shows a
      greater than 90% reduction in the numbers of coated pits and coated vesicles.
      These oocytes have very little proteinaceous yolk, and the females accumulate
      vitellogenin (the yolk protein precursor) within their hemolymph. Moreover,
      females homozygous or hemizygous for a given strong allele produce mature oocytes
      that are flaccid. Alternatively, females homozygous or hemizygous for weak
      alleles produce yolk-filled oocytes, but the number of coated pits and coated
      vesicles within these oocytes is 50% of that found in the oocytes of wild-type
      females. Despite the presence of yolk within these oocytes, females homozygous
      for weak yl- alleles remain sterile, and their mature oviposited eggs collapse
      with time.

PMID- 2886509
TI  - Postpolymerization detyrosination of alpha-tubulin: a mechanism for subcellular
      differentiation of microtubules.
AB  - Tyrosinated (Tyr) and detyrosinated (Glu) alpha-tubulin, species interconverted
      by posttranslational modification, are largely segregated in separate populations
      of microtubules in interphase cultured cells. We sought to understand how
      distinct Tyr and Glu microtubules are generated in vivo, by examining time
      dependent alterations in Tyr and Glu tubulin levels (by immunoblots probed with
      antibodies specific for each species) and distributions (by immunofluorescence)
      after microtubule regrowth and stabilization. When microtubules were allowed to
      regrow after complete depolymerization by microtubule antagonists, Glu
      microtubules reappeared with a delay of approximately 25 min after the complete
      array of Tyr microtubules had regrown. In these experiments, Tyr tubulin
      immunofluorescence first appeared as an aster of distinct microtubules, while Glu
      tubulin staining first appeared as a grainy pattern that was not altered by
      detergent extraction, suggesting that Glu microtubules were created by
      detyrosination of Tyr microtubules. Treatments with taxol, azide, or vinblastine,
      to stabilize polymeric tubulin, all resulted in time-dependent increases in
      polymeric Glu tubulin levels, further supporting the hypothesis of
      postpolymerization detyrosination. Analysis of monomer and polymer fractions
      during microtubule regrowth and in microtubule stabilization experiments were
      also consistent with postpolymerization detyrosination; in each case, Glu polymer
      levels increased in the absence of detectable Glu monomer. The low level of Glu
      monomer in untreated or nocodazole-treated cells (we estimate that Glu tubulin
      comprises less than 2% of the monomer pool) also suggested that Glu tubulin
      entering the monomer pool is efficiently retyrosinated. Taken together these
      results demonstrate that microtubules are polymerized from Tyr tubulin and are
      then rapidly converted to Glu microtubules. When Glu microtubules depolymerize,
      the resulting Glu monomer is retyrosinated. This cycle generates structurally,
      and perhaps functionally, distinct microtubules.

PMID- 2886512
TI  - Tolerance--a response to long-term treatment with beta 2-receptor stimulants.

PMID- 2886511
TI  - Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans induce gap junction synthesis and function
      in primary liver cultures.
AB  - Intercellular communication via gap junctions, as measured by dye and electrical
      coupling, disappears within 12 h in primary rat hepatocytes cultured in serum
      supplemented media or within 24 h in cells in a serum-free, hormonally defined
      medium (HDM) designed for hepatocytes. Glucagon and linoleic acid/BSA were the
      primary factors in the HDM responsible for the extended life span of the
      electrical coupling. After 24 h of culture, no hormone or growth factor tested
      could restore the expression of gap junctions. After 4-5 d of culture, the
      incidence of coupling was undetectable in a serum-supplemented medium and was
      only 4-5% in HDM alone. However, treatment with glycosaminoglycans or
      proteoglycans of 24-h cultures, having no detectable gap junction protein,
      resulted in synthesis of gap junction protein and of reexpression of electrical
      and dye coupling within 48 h. Most glycosaminoglycans were inactive (heparan
      sulfates, chondroitin-6 sulfates) or only weakly active (dermatan sulfates,
      chondroitin 4-sulfates, hyaluronates), the weakly active group increasing the
      incidence of coupling to 10-30% with the addition of 50-100 micrograms/ml of the
      factor. Treatment of the cells with 50-100 micrograms/ml of heparins derived from
      lung or intestine resulted in cells with intermediate levels of coupling (30
      50%). By contrast, 10-20 micrograms/ml of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan,
      dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, or liver-derived heparin resulted in dye coupling
      in 80-100% of the cells, with numerous cells showing dye spread from a single
      injected cell. Sulfated polysaccharides of glucose (dextran sulfates) or of
      galactose (carrageenans) were inactive or only weakly active except for lambda
      carrageenan, which induced up to 70% coupling (albeit no multiple coupling in the
      cultures). The abundance of mRNA (Northern blots) encoding gap junction protein
      and the amounts of the 27-kD gap junction polypeptide (Western blots) correlated
      with the degree of electrical and dye coupling indicating that the active
      glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are inducing synthesis and expression of gap
      junctions. Thus, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, especially those found in
      abundance in the extracellular matrix of liver cells, are important in the
      regulation of expression of gap junctions and, thereby, in the regulation of
      intercellular communication in the liver. The relative potencies of heparins from
      different tissue sources at inducing gap junction expression are suggestive of
      functional tissue specificity for these glycosaminoglycans.

PMID- 2886513
TI  - Determination of a new benzamide, amisulpride, in human plasma by reversed-phase
      ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2886510
TI  - Sequential phosphorylation of chartin microtubule-associated proteins is
      regulated by the presence of microtubules.
AB  - Chartins are a unique class of three families of microtubule-associated proteins,
      each consisting of several isoforms possessing varying degrees of
      phosphorylation. The most highly phosphorylated chartin isoforms are highly
      enriched in neuronal cell fractions containing microtubules and there is evidence
      that their phosphorylation may play a role in promoting neurite outgrowth. The
      present work describes the relationship between the phosphorylation state of
      chartins and the presence of intact microtubules in long-term cultures of NGF
      treated, neurite-bearing PC12 cells. Cultures were depleted of microtubules by
      exposure to high concentrations of depolymerizing agents for 2-24 h.
      Radiolabeling of cellular proteins with [32P]orthophosphate or [35S]methionine
      revealed that both the ongoing and steady-state phosphorylation of chartins is
      markedly altered under these conditions. Two-dimensional isoelectric focusing by
      SDS-PAGE of whole cell extracts demonstrated that the more acidic, highly
      phosphorylated isoforms are diminished with a concomitant increase in the more
      basic, less phosphorylated isoforms. These phosphorylation changes were
      relatively specific for the chartins and were not observed for phosphorylated MAP
      1.2, phospho-beta-tubulin, or most other phosphoproteins. Thus, the
      phosphorylation state of chartins, but not of other phosphoproteins, is regulated
      by the presence of native microtubules. Despite depolymerization of microtubules,
      neurites remained extended for at least 24 h. Neurite elongation, however, was
      arrested. Microtubules, therefore, may be required for extension, but not for
      short-term maintenance of well-established neurites. Taxol, which promotes tubule
      assembly and stability, does not, conversely, drive phosphorylation of the
      chartins. Instead, taxol appeared to decrease the turnover of phosphate in
      microtubule-associated, acidic chartin isoforms. These data suggest several
      models as to how chartin phosphorylation is regulated in neurite-bearing cells
      and indicate that phosphorylation of cytoplasmic and microtubule-associated
      chartins occurs via different mechanisms.

PMID- 2886514
TI  - Plasmid analysis as a means of strain differentiation in Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - A total of 114 Clostridium perfringens isolates were serotyped and examined for
      plasmids. Fifty-two strains were from hospitalized patients with diarrhea or from
      hospital environments, and 62 epidemiologically unrelated isolates were obtained
      from food poisoning outbreaks. All strains were screened for bacteriocin
      production against a common indicator strain of C. perfringens. In the one
      significant hospital outbreak of C. perfringens diarrhea, three to five plasmid
      types were found in strains of the predominant serotype, but no similar
      correlation between serotype and plasmid type was found in random isolates from a
      variety of sources. All of the strains associated with the diarrhea outbreak
      produced bacteriocins, whereas 63% of the strains from various sources produced
      bacteriocins. The typing data suggest a promising differentiating capability for
      plasmid analysis in the epidemiological study of outbreaks of food poisoning,
      diarrhea, or infections caused by C. perfringens.

PMID- 2886517
TI  - Hepatitis in vervet monkeys caused by Fusarium moniliforme.
AB  - The fungus Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon is a common contaminant of maize (Zea
      mays L.) intended for human and animal consumption throughout the world. Culture
      material of F. moniliforme MRC 826, isolated from home-grown maize in an area in
      Transkei, southern Africa, with a high rate of human oesophageal cancer, was
      highly toxic to vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerythrus). Ten monkeys were fed
      a standard primate diet which contained various amounts of culture material for
      180 days. Two control monkeys received the standard diet without culture
      material. Pathological changes observed in liver biopsies taken by laparotomy
      were characterized by focal disturbance of the trabecular structure, degeneration
      and necrosis of hepatocytes, mononuclear infiltration, and in severe cases by
      cirrhosis. Biochemical changes, particularly increases in liver enzyme activities
      in serum, paralleled the liver damage seen by light microscopy. The acute,
      subacute and chronic toxic hepatitis induced in various degrees in all the
      monkeys fed fungal culture material showed close similarity with human viral
      hepatitis. The lesions also have some similarities to those induced in primates
      by aflatoxin, but differ in several respects. Ultrastructural nuclear and
      nucleolar changes caused by F. moniliforme, i.e. marginal clumping of chromatin
      and large nucleoli with segregation of fibrillar and granular components,
      suggested some similarity with the changes reported to be caused by aflatoxin and
      some other hepatocarcinogens. A long-term feeding experiment in vervet monkeys
      with F. moniliforme MRC 826 and attempts to isolate and chemically characterise
      the hepatotoxic metabolite(s) produced by this fungus are being continued.

PMID- 2886516
TI  - Somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in the human hippocampus and cortex shown by
      immunogold/silver intensification on vibratome sections: coexistence with
      neuropeptide Y neurons, and effects in Alzheimer-type dementia.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatinlike immunoreactivity was studied in the
      hippocampal formation, retrohippocampal region, and temporal cortex in the human
      brain. Tissues from surgical biopsy and postmortem cases were used, and the
      immunogold/silver method on vibratome sections was introduced for routine
      applications in conjunction with primary antisera that recognise somatostatin-14
      or somatostatin-28. Somatostatin-28 antisera readily stained numerous neurons,
      dendrites, and extensive axonal networks throughout the hippocampus and
      neighbouring cortex. Liquid phase absorption provided controls for specificity.
      The most prominent accumulations of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons and axons
      occurred in the hilus of the area dentata, in CA1, and in the entorhinal and
      perirhinal cortices. Axonal plexuses occurred throughout the hippocampal
      subfields but were particularly dense in those regions rich in somatostatin
      neurons. The distribution of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons and fibers
      parallels the distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and fibers in the
      hippocampus and cerebral cortex to a remarkable extent. Double labelling
      experiments with antisera against neuropeptide Y and somatostatin indicate a
      considerable frequency of coexistence of the two peptides in single neurons,
      particularly in large multipolar cortical neurons and also in the small bipolar
      white matter neurons. Regional variations exist in the amounts of coexistence
      found in the hippocampal subfields; somatostatin-NPY coexistence is particularly
      high in the hilus of the area dentata, the subicular complex, and the deep layers
      of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. In the hippocampi and temporal
      cortices in cases of Alzheimer-type dementia compared to those of age-matched
      control brains, there is a significant to severe loss of somatostatin
      immunoreactive neurons and axons. This loss is most severe in those regions with
      the highest indices of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques-the hilus of
      the area dentata, CA1, and the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. Surviving
      somatostatin neurons are distorted with short dendrites and truncated axons.
      Neuritic plaques identified on double label experiments with thioflavin include
      somatostatin axons but not neurons.

PMID- 2886515
TI  - Early posthypoglycemic insulin resistance in man is mainly an effect of beta
      adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - The insulin effect following hypoglycemia was studied with the euglycemic clamp
      technique in seven healthy subjects. Following an initial euglycemic clamp
      hypoglycemia was induced and after glucose recovery a second clamp was performed.
      Glucose production (Ra) and utilization (Rd) were studied with [3-3H]glucose.
      Each subject was studied four times; during infusion of placebo, propranolol,
      somatostatin, and a control study where hypoglycemia was prevented. Hypoglycemia
      induced an insulin resistance with a lower steady state glucose infusion rate
      following the hypoglycemia during placebo as compared to the control study (2.5
      +/- 0.5 and 4.8 +/- 1.0 mg/kg min, respectively, P less than 0.05). The insulin
      resistance was due to an attenuated insulin effect on both inhibition of Ra
      (impaired by 37%) and stimulation of Rd (impaired by 61%). The insulin
      antagonistic effect was completely prevented by propranolol but only partly by
      somatostatin. Thus, early posthypoglycemic insulin resistance (2.5-3.5 h after
      hypoglycemia) is a sustained effect mainly due to beta-adrenergic stimulation.

PMID- 2886518
TI  - Serum enzyme changes in calves experimentally infected with Schistosoma bovis.
AB  - The activities of the enzymes SD, GD, AAT, 5'NT, GGT, LDH and CPK were determined
      weekly in sera of two calves each infected with 10,000 S. bovis cercariae and in
      two controls. In infected animals, LDH activity increased from the first week of
      exposure and remained high throughout the experiment (22 weeks). GGT activity
      increased nine weeks after exposure and remained high. CPK activity was elevated
      during weeks 8-15 of infection. No change was detected in the activity of the
      other enzymes, nor in any enzymes of the controls.

PMID- 2886520
TI  - Altered sympathetic-salivary gland development: delayed response to postnatal
      castration.
AB  - These studies defined the normal and hormonally altered development of activity
      for tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine
      biosynthesis (Levitt et al., 1965), and choline acetyltransferase activity (CAT)
      in the male rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Additionally, salivary gland
      weight was monitored. Two distinct developmental plateaus for postsynaptic T-OH
      activity exist. The first plateau represents the prepubertal level, which is
      significantly lower than the second postpubertal plateau. In contrast,
      presynaptic CAT activity displayed only a single plateau, commencing at
      approximately 45 days of age. The effects of postnatal castration (at 10 or 11
      days of age) on the submandibular gland and T-OH activity were delayed until
      after puberty. No change in T-OH activity was seen at two and four post-operative
      weeks between control and castrated animals; however, T-OH activity was
      significantly less in castrated animals at 12 and 16 post-operative weeks.
      Testosterone replacement reversed the effect of castration on T-OH activity.
      Conversely, CAT activity in the SCG was unchanged by postnatal castration for at
      least 16 post-operative weeks, the longest time point studied. The failure of
      castrated animals to display the normal developmental increase in T-OH activity
      following puberty was comparable with the effect of castration on the development
      of submandibular salivary gland weight. These results suggest that in
      postpubertal male rats, development of T-OH activity in the superior cervical
      ganglion is influenced by testosterone. The parallel effects of castration on
      submandibular gland weight imply that testosterone regulates T-OH activity via an
      indirect mechanism. In contrast to noradrenergic enzyme activity and target
      tissue size, the ontogeny of presynaptic CAT activity appears to be insensitive
      to testosterone levels.

PMID- 2886519
TI  - Recurrent eruptions following unusual solitary coelenterate envenomations.
AB  - The case history of four patients is presented. The first patient exhibited
      normal immunologic reactions to large artificial intradermal challenge with
      jellyfish venom and later, multiple small natural stings. The second patient,
      presumably envenomated by a jellyfish, had four recurrent cutaneous eruptions in
      a linear configuration at the same anatomic site. Because her primary
      coelenterate contact occurred at a time when she was receiving systemic
      corticosteroids, it is assumed that the eruption due to the initial sting was
      delayed. The third and fourth patients exhibited recurrent eruptions after
      solitary envenomations by different coelenterates. These case histories
      demonstrate that multiple recurrent eruptions may follow solitary envenomations
      by different subphyla of coelenterates, that the initial eruption induced by the
      sting may be delayed by the administration of high doses of systemic
      corticosteroids, and that an immunologic reaction in both the B and T cell
      systems can follow jellyfish envenomation.

PMID- 2886521
TI  - Studies of blood histamine levels during topical corticosteroid therapy compared
      with those during systemically administered corticosteroids.

PMID- 2886522
TI  - Dystonia: therapy with high dosage anticholinergic medication.

PMID- 2886523
TI  - Control of infection on the two sides of the Atlantic.

PMID- 2886524
TI  - Molecular methods for the investigation of bacterial cross-infection.

PMID- 2886525
TI  - The national prevalence survey of nosocomial infections in Belgium, 1984.
AB  - A national one-day prevalence survey of nosocomial infections was carried out in
      March 1984 in 106 Belgian acute-care hospitals involving 8723 patients of whom
      6130 had undergone surgery. Three infections were studied: surgical wound
      infection, bacteraemia and urinary-tract infection. One or more of these three
      infections was recorded in 9.3% of all patients and in 11.8% of surgical
      patients. Prevalences increased with increasing duration of hospital stay and
      with higher ages, but the association of HAI with age was no longer significant
      after correction for duration of hospital stay. Prevalences varied considerably
      in different specialties. After adjustment for age and duration of stay, there
      was no association between perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and the
      prevalence of the infections studied, but bias due to selection of higher risk
      patients in the antibiotic group was probable. Larger hospitals had a higher
      overall prevalence, but populations differed according to the size of the
      hospital. Bacteraemia was strongly associated with the presence of an intravenous
      catheter, and urinary-tract infection with a urinary catheter.

PMID- 2886526
TI  - The effect of introducing a policy for catheter care on the catheter infection
      rate in a small hospital.
AB  - The mean urinary infection rate of patients with indwelling urinary catheters in
      an 250-bed hospital was reduced using a specifically designed catheter care
      policy. However, the influence of several uncontrolled factors could not be
      assessed.

PMID- 2886528
TI  - Blood transfusion-associated Pseudomonas fluorescens septicaemia: is this an
      increasing problem?
AB  - Pseudomonas fluorescens transfusion-related septicaemia (TRS) is rare. We present
      the first description in the UK of two cases of TRS caused by this organism.

PMID- 2886527
TI  - A survey, in Scotland, of measures to prevent infection following orthopaedic
      surgery.
AB  - The current use of methods, in Scotland, to prevent infection following
      orthopaedic surgery was established by postal questionnaire. Thirty-five per cent
      of surgeons used antibiotic cement routinely for total hip replacement.
      Ultraclean air facilities were provided for only 19%. Ninety-one per cent of
      surgeons used prophylactic parenteral antibiotics during total hip replacement,
      75% in the management of open fractures, but only 12% for metal implants. Most
      chose an appropriate antibiotic. Only one-third of surgeons used an antibiotic
      regimen of appropriate duration and timing for total hip replacement or when
      employing metal implants.

PMID- 2886530
TI  - Comparative susceptibility of hospital isolates of gram-negative bacteria to
      antiseptics and disinfectants.
AB  - The sensitivity of hospital isolates of Gram-negative bacteria to cationic
      antiseptics, mercuric chloride and two organomercury compounds has been measured.
      A comparison was made with laboratory strains of known sensitivity which acted as
      standards. All strains of Escherichia coli showed a uniformly high sensitivity to
      chlorhexidine diacetate; other organisms tended to be less sensitive to the
      biguanide. Quaternary ammonium compounds were less effective than chlorhexidine.
      Resistance to mercuric chloride was observed frequently, but there was little
      evidence of organomercurial resistance except in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.

PMID- 2886529
TI  - A comparison of single-dose and multi-dose metronidazole prophylaxis for
      hysterectomy.
AB  - A multi-centre double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed to
      determine the minimum number of doses of metronidazole required for effective
      prophylaxis of vaginal cuff abscess following hysterectomy. Four hundred and
      seventy-five patients received zero, one, two, three, six or twenty-one 500 mg
      doses of metronidazole. Data from 440 patients were analysed and showed that one
      dose of metronidazole markedly reduced the risk of vaginal cuff abscess in
      patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. The effect on vaginal cuff cellulitis
      was not evident. It is concluded that one preoperative dose of 500 mg
      metronidazole is an effective, convenient and cheap prophylaxis for patients
      undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.

PMID- 2886531
TI  - Carbon dioxide laser irradiation of bacterial targets in vitro.
AB  - Agar targets seeded with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in roll tubes
      simulating the vaginal vault were irradiated with a CO2 laser at various power
      densities and durations. Viable bacteria were detected in the plume emissions in
      all instances. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be more resistant to the
      thermal effects of lasing than E. coli. This suggests that CO2 irradiation of
      cervical lesions could disseminate viable particles which may be a hazard for
      patients and operators.

PMID- 2886532
TI  - Post-transplant peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Two patients previously managed by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for
      end stage renal failure received cadaveric renal transplants. The peritoneal
      catheter was capped off and left in situ postoperatively. Both patients developed
      bacterial peritonitis shortly after transplantation. It was felt that the
      infections were associated with the presence of the indwelling peritoneal
      catheter as there was no clinical evidence of peritonitis at the time of
      transplantation.

PMID- 2886533
TI  - Empirical treatment of febrile, neutropenic patients with tobramycin and
      latamoxef.
AB  - One hundred and two febrile episodes in neutropenic patients were treated with
      intravenous tobramycin and latamoxef. After 48 h latamoxef at 6 g day-1, patients
      were randomized to continue this regimen or latamoxef at 3 g day-1. Infections
      responded to these regimens in 67% and 71% of patients, respectively. Two-thirds
      of the infections which failed to respond were due to coagulase-negative
      staphylococci in Hickman catheters, a trend which may necessitate the inclusion
      of additional antibiotics in future empirical regimens. Prolonged prothrombin
      times due to antibiotic therapy were seen in nine patients but there was only one
      episode of bleeding and this responded quickly to treatment with vitamin K and
      fresh frozen plasma. In 35 patients, coagulopathy was present before antibiotics
      were started, and these cases also responded to vitamin K. The study shows that
      the response to tobramycin and latamoxef is comparable to other broad-spectrum
      antibiotic regimens and that a reduction in the dose of latamoxef after 48 h
      treatment may safely permit cost savings.

PMID- 2886534
TI  - Single dose mezlocillin versus three dose cefuroxime plus metronidazole for the
      prophylaxis of wound infection after large bowel surgery.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in 116 consecutive
      patients undergoing colorectal surgery to compare single dose prophylaxis with
      mezlocillin to cefuroxime plus metronidazole in three doses. Patients were
      randomized to receive either a single dose of iv mezlocillin (5.0 g) or three
      doses of iv cefuroxime plus metronidazole at 8-hourly intervals. The first dose
      was given on the operating table. The overall wound infection rate in the
      mezlocillin treated patients (n = 54) was 30% and in the patients treated with
      cefuroxime plus metronidazole (n = 56) 25%. This difference is not statistically
      significant. When trivial wound infections were disregarded the wound infection
      rates were 11% and 16% respectively, which again was not statistically
      significant.

PMID- 2886536
TI  - Evaluation of dishwashing machines in four hospitals.
AB  - Fifteen dishwashing machines tested in four different hospitals failed to satisfy
      the minimum heat treatment requirement of 82 degrees C for 2 min for satisfactory
      thermal disinfection. The causes of failure included design faults in the
      machines with lack of time temperature controls, hard water supply, inadequately
      treated water, improper softening and inadequate preventative maintenance.

PMID- 2886535
TI  - An outbreak of Serratia marcescens infection following urodynamic studies.
AB  - Serratia marcescens was isolated from the urine of five patients, two of whom
      subsequently developed septicaemia with other Gram-negative bacilli. Four of the
      five patients had undergone urodynamic investigation. An inadequately sterilized
      re-usable rectal balloon was identified as the source of infection.

PMID- 2886537
TI  - The structure and functions of a district food hygiene group.

PMID- 2886538
TI  - Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis caused by small round structured virus in
      psycho-geriatric patients.

PMID- 2886539
TI  - Decontamination and air-conditioning.

PMID- 2886540
TI  - A search for endogenous Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor in acutely volume-expanded hog
      plasma led to lysophosphatidylcholine gamma-stearoyl.
AB  - An Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor possessing inhibitory activity against the specific
      binding of ouabain to Na+,K+-ATPase has been purified from the plasma of acutely
      saline-infused hogs. The purification was performed by a combination of Amberlite
      XAD-2 adsorption chromatography and five steps of high-pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). Fast atom bombardment mass and proton nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) spectrometric studies identified the purified substance as
      lysophosphatidylcholine gamma-stearoyl (LPCS). The ouabain-displacing activity in
      plasma, due to this compound, increased with time during saline infusion. The
      maximal level reached was approximately 12 times higher than that in the pre
      infusion plasma sample. Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) containing myristoyl,
      palmitoyl and oleoyl groups were also inhibitory to Na+,K+-ATPase and ouabain
      binding to the enzyme. These LPCs were effective at 100 mumol/l concentrations in
      attaining 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity and ouabain-binding activity of
      Na+,K+-ATPase. These results suggest that LPCs containing long chain fatty acids
      could play an important role as a Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitors under volume-expanded
      conditions.

PMID- 2886541
TI  - Dopamine produces forearm vasodilatation following alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by
      an action on vascular dopamine (DA1) receptors in man.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the receptor type mediating dopamine
      induced forearm vasodilatation following alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Forearm
      blood flow (FBF) was measured using venous occlusion plethysmography in normal
      volunteers. Intra-arterial (i.a.) dopamine alone produced variable and small
      changes in FBF. However, following alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with
      phenoxybenzamine, dopamine infusion resulted in forearm vasodilatation in the
      infused arm. This effect was not antagonized by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist
      propranolol, but was antagonized by the vascular dopamine receptor antagonist,
      sulpiride, the (d) enantiomer being more active than the (l). It is concluded
      that i.a. dopamine induces forearm vasodilatation following alpha-adrenoceptor
      blockade by an action on vascular dopamine (DA1) receptors similar to those
      described in the renal and mesenteric vasculature of other species.

PMID- 2886543
TI  - Host age as a determinant of infection rates with the mosquito pathogen
      Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales).

PMID- 2886542
TI  - Isotype switching in human B lymphocyte malignancies occurs by DNA deletion:
      evidence for nonspecific switch recombination.
AB  - The mechanism and specificity of isotype switching operative in human B
      lymphocytes was investigated by a determination of immunophenotype and
      immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene status in a panel of human Ig-, IgM,
      IgG, and IgA B cell malignancies. Regardless of specific tumor type or switched
      immunophenotype, isotype switching was accompanied by the rearrangement of the
      expressed CH gene downstream of VDJH, with concomitant deletion of upstream CH
      genes in all cases. On the allelically excluded chromosome, 25% of the IgG or IgA
      tumors have retained C mu, and 75% have deleted C mu. The 5' recombination
      breakpoints for both productive and excluded alleles lie within or near S mu, 3'
      of the enhancer. No correlation between the extent of allelically excluded CH
      deletions and the isotype produced by the tumor was observed. Excluded chromosome
      deletion endpoints were found 5', equal to, or 3' of productive chromosome
      deletion endpoints. Furthermore, we have identified at least one IgM+ tumor that
      has undergone abortive CH gene deletions and have observed several unanticipated
      switch region deletions and potential translocations. The data suggest that
      isotype switching in human B cells occurs by a nonsubclass- and nonclass-specific
      switch recombinase.

PMID- 2886545
TI  - Geriatric aspects of psychopharmacology. Part B.

PMID- 2886544
TI  - [Ultracytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase
      activities in human term placenta].
AB  - Reports have so far accumulated suggesting that cyclic nucleotide may play an
      important role in the regulation of placental function, including fetal growth.
      However, only biochemical data are available on the localization of adenylate
      cyclase (AC) and guanylate cyclase (GC) and direct histochemical evidence is
      lacking. Therefore, to understand the cyclic nucleotide metabolism in human term
      placenta, ultracytochemical localization of AC and GC activity was studied. The
      AC activity was mainly positive on the basal plasma membrane of
      syncytiotrophoblast and on the pinocytotic vesicle of fetal capillary endothelial
      cell. GC activity was observed to be strong on the plasma membrane of microvilli
      of syncytiotrophoblast. All the cytochemical control studies confirmed the
      specificities of each enzyme activity. These observations suggest that
      syncytiotrophoblast may play an important role in cyclic nucleotide metabolism
      and that AC may receive information from fetal circulation, whereas GC may
      receive regulation from maternal circulation.

PMID- 2886546
TI  - Genetic controls over melanocyte differentiation: interaction of agouti-locus and
      albino-locus genetic defects.
AB  - Tyrosinase activities and dopachrome conversion activity were evaluated in
      extracts made from skins of 6-day-old mice that were mutant at the agouti and
      albino loci. Dopa oxidase (DO) activity of tyrosinase in fully pigmented (C/C)
      mice is reduced in extracts made from skins of yellow 6-day-old mice as compared
      to those of black mice. Dopachrome conversion (DC) activity is absent from skin
      extracts of normal yellow mice and is present in normal black mice. DC activity
      is a characteristic of a separate enzyme which has been called dopachrome
      conversion factor or dopachrome oxidoreductase. We measured the dopa oxidase
      activity and dopachrome conversion activity in skin extracts of yellow mice and
      black mice that were mutant at the albino (C) locus. Extracts made from extreme
      dilution (ce/ce) mice do not have DO activity. Those from yellow extreme-dilution
      mice do not have DC activity, while those from black, extreme-dilution mice do.
      The DO and DC activities that characterize skin extracts made from platinum
      (cp/cp) yellow mice are similar to those of platinum black mice. These
      observations suggest possible mechanisms by which the functions controlled by the
      agouti and albino loci interact to control melanogenesis.

PMID- 2886547
TI  - The physician assistant as forensic investigator.
AB  - Physician assistants are employed as forensic investigators at the Office of the
      Medical Examiner, Suffolk County, New York. We describe the educational
      qualifications of physician assistants and their valuable role in forensic
      medicine in Suffolk County.

PMID- 2886548
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the genome region encoding the 26S mRNA of eastern equine
      encephalomyelitis virus and the deduced amino acid sequence of the viral
      structural proteins.
AB  - The 26S mRNA and most of the nsP4 encoding regions of the eastern equine
      encephalomyelitis (EEE) viral genome have been cloned. Excluding the poly(A)
      tail, the 26S mRNA region was determined to be 4139 nucleotides long and to share
      the same general organization as that of other alphaviruses. A highly conserved
      region of 19 nucleotides, the putative transcriptase recognition site for 26S
      mRNA synthesis, was present at the 26S/42S junction region of the 42S genomic
      RNA. Translation of the 26S mRNA began at the first AUG (positions 59 to 61)
      initiation codon and continued with an open reading frame that coded for a
      polyprotein of 1258 amino acids ending at a UAA ochre termination codon
      (positions 3776 to 3778). All four putative posttranslational cleavage sites used
      to generate the capsid, E3, E2, 6K and E1 proteins were conserved. Transmembrane
      domains present in the EEE virus structural polyprotein have been identified and
      their functions discussed. Pairwise comparison of the deduced amino acid
      sequences of the polyproteins of five alphaviruses (EEE, Venezuelan equine
      encephalitis, Sindbis, Semliki Forest and Ross River viruses) revealed EEE virus
      to be more closely related to VEE virus than to the other three viruses.

PMID- 2886549
TI  - Small animals are not susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Several species of small animals were inoculated at birth or as adults with blood
      components from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS
      related disorders, or with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). No ill effects
      were noted in rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits or musk shrews. Mice
      inoculated with clinical specimens had a significant incidence of mortality as
      compared with control groups (18.7% against 5.9%, P less than 0.025). Mice
      receiving HIV showed an increase in mortality, but it was not statistically
      significant. Infection of the animals by HIV could not be detected by virological
      or immunological studies. We concluded that none of these animal species provided
      a useful model for evaluating HIV infection.

PMID- 2886550
TI  - Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by serotonin in explants of newborn
      rat locus ceruleus.
AB  - The long-term regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by serotonin has been
      studied with cultures of newborn rat locus ceruleus explants. The presence of
      serotonin in the culture medium for a 24-h period was followed by an inhibition
      of TH activity in the explants. This effect lasted several days, with a maximal
      effect 2 days after treatment. Moreover, the decrease was reversible and
      dependent on the concentration of serotonin used (from 1 microM to 1 mM). The
      mechanisms of this regulation have been studied using drugs such as those known
      to act specifically on serotoninergic receptors and those known to interfere with
      protein synthesis. Thus, the action of serotonin (10(-5) M) on TH activity was
      suppressed with equimolar concentrations of serotoninergic antagonists such as
      metergoline or methiothepin. It was reproduced by quipazine, a drug capable of
      acting as a serotoninergic agonist. Inhibitors of protein synthesis acting either
      at the transcriptional or the translational levels can reproduce the inhibition
      of TH activity by serotonin alone. Furthermore, the effects of one or the other
      of these compounds and that of serotonin were not additive. This study confirms
      the hypothesis of an inhibitory control by serotonin on TH activity in the
      noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus. Serotonin could regulate the
      synthesis of the enzyme through specific serotoninergic receptors.

PMID- 2886551
TI  - Amino acid changes in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic
      encephalopathy.
AB  - Brain tissue was obtained at autopsy from nine cirrhotic patients dying in
      hepatic coma and from an equal number of controls, free from neurological,
      psychiatric, or hepatic diseases, matched for age and time interval from death to
      freezing of dissected brain samples. Glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were measured in homogenates of cerebral cortex
      (prefrontal and frontal), caudate nuclei, hypothalamus, cerebellum (cortex and
      vermis), and medulla oblongata as their o-phthalaldehyde derivatives by HPLC
      using fluorescence detection. Glutamine concentrations were found to be elevated
      two- to fourfold in all brain structures, the largest increases being observed in
      prefrontal cortex and medulla oblongata. Glutamate levels were selectively
      decreased in prefrontal cortex (by 20%), caudate nuclei (by 27%), and cerebellar
      vermis (by 17%) from cirrhotic patients. On the other hand, GABA content of
      autopsied brain tissue from these patients was found to be within normal limits
      in all brain structures. It is suggested that such region-selective reductions of
      glutamate may reflect loss of the amino acid from the releasable
      (neurotransmitter) pool. These findings may be of significance in the
      pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy resulting from chronic liver disease.

PMID- 2886552
TI  - Occurrence and sequence complexity of polyadenylated RNA in squid axoplasm.
AB  - Axoplasmic RNA from the giant axon of the squid (Loligo pealii) comprises
      polyadenylated [poly (A)+] RNA, as judged, in part, by hybridization to
      [3H]polyuridine and by in situ hybridization analyses using the same probe. The
      polyadenylate content of axoplasm (0.24 ng/microgram of total RNA) suggests that
      the poly(A)+ RNA population makes up approximately 0.4% of total axoplasmic RNA.
      Axoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA can serve as a template for the synthesis of cDNA using a
      reverse transcriptase and oligo(deoxythymidine) as primer. The size of the cDNA
      synthesized is heterogeneous, with most fragments greater than 450 nucleotides.
      The hybridization of axoplasmic cDNA to its template RNA reveals two major
      kinetic classes: a rapidly hybridizing component (abundant sequences) and a
      slower-reacting component (moderately abundant and rare sequences). The latter
      component accounts for approximately 56% of the total cDNA mass. The rapidly and
      slowly hybridizing kinetic components have a sequence complexity of approximately
      2.7 kilobases and 3.1 X 10(2) kilobases, respectively. The diversity of the
      abundant and rare RNA classes is sufficient to code for one to two and 205,
      respectively, different poly(A)+ RNAs averaging 1,500 nucleotides in length.
      Overall, the sequence complexity of axoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA represents
      approximately 0.4% that of poly(A)+ mRNA of the optic lobe, a complex neural
      tissue used as a standard. Taken together, these findings indicate that the squid
      giant axon contains a heterogeneous population of poly(A)+ RNAs.

PMID- 2886553
TI  - Significance of testosterone in regulating hypothalamic content and in vitro
      release of beta-endorphin and dynorphin.
AB  - The effects of castration and testosterone replacement on hypothalamic pools of
      beta-endorphin and dynorphin and on the basal and corticotropin-releasing factor
      (CRF)-stimulated release of these peptides from hypothalamic slices in vitro were
      studied. The experiments were done in adult male rats. The hypothalamic content
      of both peptides increased significantly within 1 week of castration, and levels
      remained elevated for up to 4 weeks. Testosterone treatment, begun at the time of
      castration, prevented these increases. In addition, testosterone replacement 6
      weeks after castration reversed peptide levels to normal. Basal in vitro release
      rates of beta-endorphin and dynorphin were significantly lower from hypothalamic
      slices derived from 1-week castrated animals than from intact males, and when
      testosterone was administered in various doses in vivo, basal release rates in
      vitro increased in a dose-related manner. Hypothalami from rats that had been
      castrated for 4 weeks, however, showed basal release rates similar to those in
      tissues from intact controls, a finding indicating that castration initially
      alters both opioid peptide synthesis and release; later, release is normalized,
      whereas synthesis remains elevated. CRF was found to stimulate beta-endorphin and
      dynorphin release from hypothalami from intact and from 1- and 4-week-castrated
      rats, a result indicating that castration does not alter the response of beta
      endorphin and dynorphin neurons to this stimulus.

PMID- 2886554
TI  - Further characterization of dopamine release by permeabilized PC12 cells.
AB  - Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) permeabilized with staphylococcal alpha-toxin
      release [3H]dopamine after addition of micromolar Ca2+. This does not require
      additional Mg2+-ATP (in contrast to bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells).
      We also observed Ca2+-dependent [3H]-dopamine release from digitonin
      permeabilized PC12 cells. Permeabilization with alpha-toxin or digitonin and
      stimulation of the cells were done consecutively to wash out endogenous Mg2+-ATP.
      During permeabilization, ATP was removed effectively from the cytoplasm by both
      agents but the cells released [3H]dopamine in response to micromolar Ca2+ alone.
      Replacement by chloride of glutamate, which could sustain mitochondrial ATP
      production in permeabilized cells, does not significantly alter catecholamine
      release induced by Ca2+. However, Mg2+ without ATP augments the Ca2+-induced
      release. The release was unaltered by thiol-, hydroxyl-, or calmodulin
      interfering substances. Thus Mg2+-ATP, calmodulin, or proteins containing -SH or 
      OH groups are not necessary for exocytosis in permeabilized PC12 cells.

PMID- 2886555
TI  - Synergistic action of postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation on
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-induced increases in pineal N-acetyltransferase
      activity.
AB  - The alpha-adrenergic agonists phenylephrine and methoxamine, at concentrations
      that have little effect on pineal N-acetyltransferase activity, markedly enhance
      stimulation of this enzyme by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). This
      augmentation can be blocked by the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists
      phenoxybenzamine and prazosin and, at 10 but not 1 microM, by the alpha 2
      antagonist yohimbine. The time course for VIP stimulation is not altered by
      concomitant alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Augmented activity does not require
      concomitant alpha-adrenergic stimulation, but alpha-adrenergic agonists must be
      present for augmentation to be maintained. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate or -dibutyrate
      but not 4 alpha-phorbol can substitute for phenylephrine, a finding suggesting
      that protein kinase C is involved in the augmentation. These results are, in
      general, analogous to alpha-adrenergic magnification of N-acetyltransferase
      induction by beta-adrenergic agonists.

PMID- 2886556
TI  - Blood-brain barrier monoamine oxidase: enzyme characterization in cerebral
      microvessels and other tissues from six mammalian species, including human.
AB  - We studied the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in isolated cerebral microvessels,
      and in mitochondria-enriched brain and liver preparations from six mammalian
      species, including human. We also studied MAO distribution in various tissues and
      in discrete brain regions of the rat. MAO was assessed by measuring the specific
      binding of [3H]pargyline, an irreversible MAO inhibitor, and the rates of
      oxidation of known MAO substrates: benzylamine, tyramine, tryptamine, and 1
      methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Molecular forms of MAO were
      examined by using specific MAO inhibitors, and by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis after [3H]pargyline binding. In general, the liver from all
      species had higher MAO levels than the brain, with minor variation among species
      in their brain and liver MAO content. However, there were remarkable species
      differences in brain microvessel MAO, with rat microvessels having one of the
      highest MAO activity among all tissues, whereas MAO activities in brain
      microvessels from humans, mice, and guinea pigs were very low. In most rat
      tissues, including the brain, there was a preponderance of MAO-B over MAO-A. The
      only exceptions were the heart and skeletal muscle. Estimates of MAO half-life in
      rat brain microvessels, rat brain, and rat liver indicated that microvessel MAO
      had a higher turnover rate. The reasons underlying the remarkable enrichment of
      rat cerebral microvessels with MAO-B are unknown, but it is evident that there
      are marked species differences in brain capillary endothelium MAO activity. The
      biological significance of these findings vis a vis the role of MAO as a
      "biochemical blood-brain barrier" that protects the brain from circulating
      neurotoxins and biogenic amines should be investigated.

PMID- 2886557
TI  - Glutamatergic denervation in Alzheimer's disease--a cautionary note.

PMID- 2886558
TI  - Evaluation of the endogenous glucocorticoid hypothesis of denervation atrophy.
AB  - We studied the effects of oral administration of RU38486, a potent and selective
      glucocorticoid antagonist, on muscle weight, non-collagen protein content, and
      selected enzyme activities (choline acetyltransferase, glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase, and glutamine synthetase) following denervation of rat skeletal
      muscle. Neither decreases in muscle weight, protein content, and choline
      acetyltransferase activity, nor increases in the activities of glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase were affected by RU38486. These
      data do not support the hypothesis that denervation atrophy results from enhanced
      sensitivity of muscle to endogenous glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2886559
TI  - Somatostatin and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2886561
TI  - Possible regression of left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive
      treatment with diuretics and/or beta blockers.
AB  - The possible regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) during treatment
      with diuretics and/or beta blockers was assessed in 78 hypertensive patients by
      echocardiography. Five groups of patients were treated, respectively, with
      diuretics alone, chlorthalidone plus SR oxprenolol, acebutolol followed by
      atenolol, timolol alone, or atenolol alone. All patients, except those receiving
      acebutolol had a significantly reduced LV mass within 12 months. Acebutolol did
      not modify LV mass even after 24 months, in spite of its antihypertensive
      efficacy. The reduction of LV mass was due to a decrease in wall thickness after
      administration of beta blockers and a decrease in LV dimension after
      chlorthalidone. Normalization of LV mass (less than 130 g/m2) occurred only in
      31% of patients. LV mass was not significantly modified in patients with normal
      mass in pretreatment condition. The decrease of LV mass correlated with a
      decrease in cardiac output but not with the reduction in blood pressure. In
      conclusion, LV systolic function showed a tendency toward improvement after long
      term antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2886560
TI  - A multicenter trial of low dose captopril administered twice daily in patients
      with essential hypertension unresponsive to beta blocker-diuretic treatment.
AB  - Two hundred and one patients with essential hypertension, whose supine diastolic
      blood pressure (SDBP) was greater than or equal to 95 mmHg following 2 weeks of
      treatment with the optimal dose of a beta blocker-diuretic combination (Phase 1),
      were randomly assigned to the addition of either 25 or 50 mg captopril BID for 6
      weeks (Phase 2). At the end of Phase 2, the dose of captopril was doubled in the
      patients not normalized (SDBP greater than or equal to 95 mmHg) and maintained in
      the others (SDBP less than 95) for an additional 4 weeks (Phase 3). At the end of
      Phase 3, the beta blocker was withdrawn in the normalized (SDBP less than 95
      mmHg) patients, and captopril plus diuretic was given for 4 weeks (Phase 4). The
      addition of captopril at either dose level led to a significant fall (p less than
      0.01) in standing and supine diastolic and systolic blood pressure after the
      first 2 weeks of treatment. There was no significant difference in response
      between the two dose levels of captopril. At the end of Phase 2, 59.4% and 55.8%
      of patients, respectively, assigned to 25 and 50 mg captopril BID, were
      normalized. Doubling the dose of captopril (Phase 3) led to approximately an
      additional 30% of patients being normalized. At the end of Phase 4 (captopril
      plus diuretic) the SDBP was still less than 95 mmHg in 63% of patients, whereas
      it was increased in the others. Side effects were noted in 10 patients (5%). The
      incidence was similar in each treatment group, and a total of four patients (2%)
      were withdrawn due to side effects.

PMID- 2886562
TI  - Pattern formation in the striatum: developmental changes in the distribution of
      striatonigral neurons.
AB  - The striatum of the mammalian forebrain can be divided into 2 compartments, the
      patches and the matrix. We have investigated embryonic events involved in the
      formation of these compartments in rats. Early in development, dopamine fibers
      from the substantia nigra selectively innervate the patches. In the perinatal
      striatum, we observed a close match between the distributions of striatal cell
      bodies with axonal projections to the substantia nigra and patches of afferent
      dopamine fibers. Striatal cells projecting to the nigra are first seen in the
      ventrolateral striatum at embryonic day (E) 17. Striatonigral cell bodies are
      distributed homogeneously through the striatum from E18 to 19. At E20 and until
      postnatal day 4, these cell bodies are organized into discrete patches. After
      this time, striatonigral cell bodies assume the dense and homogeneous
      distribution characteristic of the adult striatum. A retrograde tracer injection
      in the nigra at E18 (during the early period of homogeneous striatonigral
      distribution) produces a patchy striatonigral distribution if the embryo is not
      sacrificed until E21. The number of retrogradely labeled striatonigral cell
      bodies in a midstriatal section, at times immediately before and after the early
      homogeneous to patchy changeover did not differ significantly. We suggest that
      the neurons of the patch compartment of the striatum are born first and project
      to the substantia nigra first. The patch neurons only become restricted to
      "patchy" areas as the later-born matrix neurons migrate out into the striatum.

PMID- 2886563
TI  - Development of a dopamine- and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated
      phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) in the prenatal rat central nervous system, and its
      relationship to the arrival of presumptive dopaminergic innervation.
AB  - The development of a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated
      phosphoprotein with an apparent Mr of 32,000 (DARPP-32) has been investigated in
      the central nervous system of the prenatal and newborn rat by immunocytochemical
      methods. DARPP-32 first appears in the rat brain at day 14 of gestation, in the
      anlage of the primary olfactory cortex and the caudate nucleus. Over the next few
      days, the number of immunoreactive cell bodies in these 2 areas, and in the
      olfactory tubercle and frontal cortex, increases rapidly. By the day of birth,
      most of the brain regions that will ultimately contain DARPP-32-positive somata
      already display a disposition toward DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity similar to
      that observed in the adult animal. In addition to the nuclei mentioned above,
      DARPP-32-containing cell bodies also appear over the intervening period in the
      olfactory nucleus, nucleus accumbens, central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral
      funiculus, and the choroid plexus and ependymal layers of the third, fourth, and
      lateral ventricles and the Sylvian aqueduct. Many of these immunoreactive cells
      disappear during subsequent postnatal maturation. DARPP-32-immunoreactive fibers
      were also observed in the prenatal and newborn rat CNS. As in the adult, the
      processes were observed in known target areas of the DARPP-32-containing neurons,
      namely, the globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, internal capsule, and substantia
      nigra. The ontogeny of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity was
      analyzed simultaneously. Of particular interest was the observation that the
      arrival within a given brain region of the presumed dopaminergic, TH-containing
      innervation, part of whose postsynaptic function is putatively mediated by DARPP
      32, was preceded by at least 2 d by the appearance of the DARPP-32-containing
      cells. Moreover, the subsequent reorganization of the DARPP-32-positive somata
      within the caudate nucleus into distinct clumps also predated by 1 or 2 d the
      aggregation of the TH fibers into the same microzones. The development of DARPP
      32-like immunoreactivity is mostly complete by the day of birth, and is
      consistent with its playing a role in mediating some of the postsynaptic actions
      of dopamine pathways. The appearance of this protein does not seem to be
      dependent on the presence of a dopaminergic innervation.

PMID- 2886564
TI  - Characterization of big dynorphins from rat brain and spinal cord.
AB  - To examine the processing of products of the dynorphin gene in the central
      nervous system, immunoreactive (ir) dynorphin (Dyn) A, Dyn B, Dyn A-(1-8), alpha-
      and beta-neo-endorphin (alpha- and beta-Neo) in rat brain and spinal cord were
      measured, using specific antisera after gel filtration and high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three peaks of Mr about 8, 4, and 2 kDa for ir-Dyn
      A and ir-Dyn B, and one peak of Mr less than 2 kDa for ir-Dyn A-(1-8), ir-alpha-,
      and ir-beta-Neo were found both in the brain and in the spinal cord. The 8 kDa
      peak was recognized by Dyn A and Dyn B antisera and, after hydrolysis by proline
      specific endopeptidase, by beta-Neo antiserum. The 8 kDa peak was recognized by a
      monoclonal antibody against the amino terminal sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe of all
      opioid peptides and by an antiserum directed toward the carboxyl terminus of Dyn
      B, indicating that it contains, from the amino terminal tyrosine of neo-endorphin
      to the carboxyl-terminal threonine of Dyn B, all 3 opioid peptide regions in the
      prodynorphin. By means of proline-specific endopeptidase hydrolysis, we also
      found a big dynorphin precursor (Mr approximately equal to 26 kDa) in both brain
      and spinal cord.

PMID- 2886565
TI  - The role of depolarization in the survival and differentiation of cerebellar
      granule cells in culture.
AB  - Cultures greatly enriched in granule cells from early postnatal cerebellum (P8)
      were grown in a medium containing fetal calf serum. Under the conditions used,
      nerve cells died, usually within a week, unless the K+ concentration in the
      medium was greater than or equal to 20 mM. The requirement for elevated [K+]e was
      manifested by about 3 d in vitro, and after this time continuous exposure to high
      [K+]e was essential for the survival of the granule cells. The initial
      morphological and biochemical maturation of the granule cells was similar in the
      presence and the absence of elevated [K+]e, suggesting that the dependence on
      depolarizing conditions develops in parallel with the expression of the
      differentiated characteristics of the cells. The positive effect of elevated
      [K+]e on granule cell survival was not influenced by preventing bioelectric
      activity in the cultures with TTX and xylocaine. On the other hand,
      depolarization-induced transmembrane Ca2+ flux was essential in securing the
      maintenance of the granule cells. Depolarized nerve cells were compromised when
      Ca2+ entry was blocked by elevated Mg2+, EGTA, or organic Ca2+ antagonists, while
      dihydropyridine Ca2+ agonists [BAY K 8644, (+)-(S)-202 79 1 and CGP 28392] were
      potent agents preventing nerve cell loss in the presence of 15 mM [K+]e, which
      was ineffective on its own. Calmodulin inhibitors (1 microM trifluoperazine or
      calmidazolium) blocked the beneficial effect of K+-induced depolarization on
      granule cells. The comparison of the timing of the differentiation and
      innervation of the postmitotic granule cells in vivo with the development of the
      K+ dependence in vitro would indicate that depolarization of the granule neurons
      in culture mimics the influence of the physiological stimulation in vivo through
      excitatory amino acid receptors, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors,
      involving Ca2+ entry and the activation of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein
      kinase.

PMID- 2886566
TI  - Neuroactive substances in inner ear extracts.
AB  - To identify the neurotransmitter released by sensory hair cells, as well as to
      find other substances that might influence neural function of the inner ear, we
      have prepared extracts from inner ears of fishes (which have large numbers of
      hair cells), fractionated the extracts, and studied the effects of the
      fractionated extracts on the discharge rate of afferent fibers innervating hair
      cells in the lateral line organ of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. The
      extracts contain active substances that do not bind to a cation-exchange resin at
      neutral pH. Gel-permeation chromatography suggests that at least 2 unidentified
      excitatory substances are present in the extracts: one of low molecular weight
      (Mr about 200) and one of high molecular weight (Mr less than or equal to 5000).
      Some extracts also contain a high-molecular-weight inhibitory substance (Mr
      greater than 5000). The low-molecular-weight active substance is detected in
      extracts of inner ear, but not in brain or muscle. The high-molecular-weight
      excitatory substance is present both in brain and in inner ear.

PMID- 2886567
TI  - Dietary protein level and aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic hepatic lesions in
      the rat.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the development in rats of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)
      induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive (GGT+) foci, indicators of early
      preneoplastic liver lesions, was markedly greater when a 20% casein diet was fed
      than when a 5% casein diet was fed during the postinitiation period. In the
      present study, the dose-response relationship between dietary protein level
      (dose) and emergence of AFB1-induced GGT+ foci (response) in livers of rats was
      determined. Male Fischer-344 rats fed a 20% casein diet were orally administered
      AFB1 at a dose level of 250 micrograms/(kg X d) (10 doses over 12 d). One week
      after the last dose, the animals were divided into eight groups and fed
      isoenergetic diets containing either 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20 or 30% dietary
      casein for the remaining 12 wk of the study. The development of GGT+ foci, as
      measured by number and percent of liver volume occupied, displayed a response
      with three discrete phases. The lowest dietary protein levels, 4, 6, 8 and 10%
      casein, were associated with a minimal level of GGT+ foci development. Between 10
      and 12% dietary casein, the development of GGT+ foci sharply increased, up to the
      15-30% dietary casein level. The sudden increase in the formation of GGT+ foci at
      10-12% dietary casein was just above the level of dietary casein (6-8%) required
      for maximum body weight gain. These results in this animal model suggest that
      protein intake in excess of that required to sustain maximum growth rate may
      enhance AFB1-induced cancer development.

PMID- 2886569
TI  - Effect of indenolol treatment on beta-adrenergic receptors of polymorphonucleates
      in essential hypertension.
AB  - Indenolol is a new antihypertensive agent, whose beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist
      properties combined with beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist properties have been shown
      by experimental studies in animals. Our previous work reported that in vivo beta
      adrenoceptor blocking drugs markedly increase the beta-adrenoceptor (BAR) number,
      without increasing BAR affinity. The aim of this study was to evaluate BAR
      density and affinity before and after indenolol therapy in membranes of
      polymorphonucleates (PMN) of patients with essential hypertension.
      Polymorphonuclear binding parameters were studied in 12 hypertensives (WHO stages
      I and II) after 14 days of placebo and after 21 days of indenolol therapy (120 mg
      once daily orally). Indenolol did not increase BAR number but significantly
      decreased (P less than 0.01) BAR affinity. On the basis of these data it is
      concluded that indenolol does not induce the same changes in PMN's BAR as
      previously observed with oxprenolol, propranolol and labetalol. This phenomenon
      may account for the absence of rebound effect after withdrawal of indenolol in
      hypertensives.

PMID- 2886568
TI  - Selective dopamine-1 receptor stimulation produces natriuresis by a direct
      tubular action.
AB  - Fenoldopam mesylate, a selective dopamine-1 (DA-1) receptor agonist, was infused
      intravenously in 10 normal male subjects in metabolic balance. The study was
      designed to determine the mechanism of dopamine-induced natriuresis. During
      fenoldopam infusion renal plasma flow (RPF) and urine flow rate manifested a
      biphasic response. The RPF rose from 344 +/- 39 to 481 +/- 44 ml/min (P less than
      0.05), decreased to control levels, and then rose to 497 +/- 38 ml/min (P less
      than 0.05). Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) and fractional excretion of sodium
      (FENa) demonstrated a sustained increase during DA-1 receptor activation. The
      FENa rose from 1.6 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.6% (P less than 0.05). Glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure and heart rate were unchanged. Our results,
      specifically the dissociation of RPF from UNaV and FENa, demonstrate in man that
      stimulation of renal tubular DA-1 receptors causes natriuresis.

PMID- 2886570
TI  - Pharmacological differentiation of pre- and post-junctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - It is now recognized that two post-junctional alpha-adrenoceptors mediate
      vascular constriction. The vascular alpha 2-adrenoceptors seem to be particularly
      sensitive to circulating catecholamine levels, in contrast to the alpha 1
      adrenoceptors, which are activated primarily by neuronally released
      norepinephrine. Most alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists do not discriminate between
      the pre-junctional neuroinhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptor and the post-junctional
      vascular alpha 2-adrenoceptor. However, we have synthesized and characterized a
      compound (SK&F 104078: 6-chloro-9-[(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxy]-3-methyl-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-1H-3- benzazepine) which is a potent antagonist at post-junctional
      vascular alpha 2-adrenoceptors in vitro but has no effect at pre-junctional
      neuroinhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The post-junctional selectivity of SK&F
      104078 has been confirmed by in vivo studies determining pre- and post-junctional
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity in the pithed rat. The ability to
      selectively block post-junctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors offers a novel approach
      to antihypertensive therapy, since the vasoconstrictor effects of circulating
      catecholamines can be attenuated without influencing the feedback control of
      transmitter release operating via pre-junctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and
      excess sympathoadrenal tone can be reduced without affecting normal neurovascular
      transmission.

PMID- 2886572
TI  - Enhanced stimulus-induced neurotransmitter overflow in epinephrine-induced
      hypertensive rats is not mediated by prejunctional beta-adrenoceptor activation.
AB  - The present study examines the effect of 6-day epinephrine treatment (100
      micrograms/kg per h, s.c.) on stimulus-induced (1 Hz) endogenous neurotransmitter
      overflow from the isolated perfused kidney of vehicle- and epinephrine-treated
      rats. Renal catecholamine stores and stimulus-induced overflow in the vehicle
      treated group consisted of norepinephrine only. However, epinephrine treatment
      resulted in the incorporation of epinephrine into renal catecholamine stores such
      that approximately 40% of the catecholamine present was epinephrine while the
      norepinephrine content was reduced by a similar degree. Total tissue
      catecholamine content of the kidney on a molar basis was unchanged. Stimulus
      induced fractional overflow of neurotransmitter from the epinephrine-treated
      kidneys was approximately twice normal and consisted of both norepinephrine and
      epinephrine in proportions similar to those found in the kidney. This difference
      in fractional overflow between groups was not affected by neuronal and
      extraneuronal uptake blockade. Propranolol had no effect on stimulus-induced
      overflow in either group. Phentolamine increased stimulus-induced overflow in
      both groups although the increment in overflow was greater in the epinephrine
      treated group. In conclusion, chronic epinephrine treatment results in enhanced
      fractional neurotransmitter overflow. However, neither alterations in
      prejunctional beta-adrenoceptor influences nor alterations in neuronal and
      extraneuronal uptake mechanisms appear to be responsible for this alteration.
      Furthermore, data obtained with phentolamine alone do not suggest alpha
      adrenoceptor desensitization as the cause of the enhanced neurotransmitter
      overflow after epinephrine treatment.

PMID- 2886571
TI  - Lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptors mirror precisely beta 2-adrenoceptor, but poorly
      beta 1-adrenoceptor changes in the human heart.
AB  - To study the relationship of changes in human lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors to
      changes potentially occurring in solid tissues we studied 16 patients undergoing
      elective coronary artery bypass grafting and determined the density of lymphocyte
      beta 2-adrenoceptors [by (-)125I-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding] in comparison
      to beta-adrenoceptor density and responsiveness (contractile responses to
      isoprenaline) in the corresponding right atria. Lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor
      density (with a range of 278-2442 ICYP binding sites/cell) was significantly
      correlated with beta-adrenoceptor density in the corresponding atria (54.8-171.6
      fmol ICYP bound/mg protein, r = 0.784, P less than 0.001). In these atria the
      levels of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors (assessed by non-linear regression
      analysis of competition curves of the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist
      ICI 188,551 with ICYP binding) were approximately .70 and 30%, respectively.
      Lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density, however, correlated significantly better
      with atrial beta 2-adrenoceptor (r = 0.8441; P less than 0.001) than beta 1
      adrenoceptor (r = 0.6226, P less than 0.05) density. On 12 of the 16 atria
      (electrically driven with 1 Hz at 37 degrees C) isoprenaline (10(-9) to 3 X 10(
      6) mol/l) caused positive inotropic effects. The maximum increase in contractile
      force evoked by saturating concentrations of isoprenaline (mean: 3.52 +/- 0.62
      mN), however, correlated equally well with beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor
      density in the corresponding atria (r = 0.6834 and 0.6567, respectively). These
      results indicate that changes in lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptors can be taken as
      a precise index of changes of beta 2-adrenoceptors in other (solid) tissues; beta
      1-adrenoceptor alterations, however, are only poorly reflected in the
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2886573
TI  - Differential haemodynamic effects induced by beta 1-(bisoprolol) or beta 2-(ICI
      118,551) adrenoceptor blockade in man.
AB  - To characterize beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor mediated effects in man the
      influence of the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist bisoprolol and the
      selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 on changes in blood
      pressure, heart rate and lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density evoked by dynamic
      exercise or isoprenaline infusion was studied in 12 male normotensive volunteers.
      Bisoprolol administration (1 X 10 mg/day) did not affect lymphocyte beta 2
      adrenoceptor density, while ICI 118,551 (3 X 25 mg/day) increased it by about
      40%. Exercise as well as isoprenaline infusion caused 100% increases in
      lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density; these increases were completely abolished
      by ICI 118,551, but not affected by bisoprolol. ICI 118,551 markedly attenuated
      isoprenaline-induced decrease in diastolic blood pressure, but did not affect
      increase in systolic blood pressure; on the contrary, bisoprolol inhibited the
      isoprenaline-evoked increase in systolic blood pressure, but did not affect the
      decrease in diastolic blood pressure. ICI 118,551 antagonized the isoprenaline
      induced tachycardia much more potently than bisoprolol, while bisoprolol, but not
      ICI 118,551, suppressed exercise-induced tachycardia. It is concluded that
      exercise-induced tachycardia is mediated by cardiac beta 1-adrenoceptor
      stimulation, whereas isoprenaline-induced tachycardia is mediated by both beta 1-
      and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation.

PMID- 2886574
TI  - Normal serum gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase activity identifies groups of infants
      with idiopathic cholestasis with poor prognosis.

PMID- 2886575
TI  - An investigation of executive processes in the problem-solving of attention
      deficit disorder-hyperactive children.

PMID- 2886577
TI  - Gastroschisis and extraabdominal ectopic testis: simultaneous repair.
AB  - During a 10-year span, three males with gastroschisis were seen in whom one of
      the testes exited through the paraumbilical opening with the exteriorized
      intestine. In each case, prior to correction of the abdominal wall defect, the
      testes (left side in 2, right side in 1) were placed into the ipsilateral scrotum
      and anchored. In the first child, the undescended gonad, very small at birth,
      continued hypoplastic at 1 year. The second patient (8 years) required a second
      stage orchidopexy at age 2 years. The third child, a 1.3-kg premature infant, has
      good testicular size and position at 6 1/2 years. Undoubtedly because of the
      magnitude of the main pathology, recommendations on how to handle the gonad in
      this association are not available. This report focuses on the simplicity of
      concomitant repair. A similar approach was employed in two children with
      omphalocele and undescended testes.

PMID- 2886576
TI  - Provocative testing for occult medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: findings in
      seven children with multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa.
AB  - A rise in the serum calcitonin (CT) following provocative testing has facilitated
      making the diagnosis of occult medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) or C cell
      hyperplasia (CCH) in asymptomatic children of kindred with multiple endocrine
      neoplasia (MEN) type IIa. Findings were reviewed for seven children varying in
      age from 3 to 16 years screened at our institution between 1976 and 1986. Three
      had elevated basal calcitonin (S-CT). Six had significant elevation of calcitonin
      (delta-CT) after stimulation. Total thyroidectomy was performed in all seven.
      Five had MCT with bilobar involvement in three. CCH was present in all five. Two
      patients had no gross, microscopic, or immunohistochemical evidence of MCT or
      CCH. One of three had an elevated S-CT. The other had a significant delta-CT. All
      patients have normal postoperative S-CT and delta-CT. Our experience indicates
      the importance of beginning stimulation tests of affected kindred at less than 3
      years of age. It appears, however, that neither elevated S-CT or positive delta
      CT are perfect predictors of parafollicular cell pathology. Solitary parathyroid
      enlargement, second thyroid malignancy, and branchial pouch anomalies may occur
      with MEN IIa. One patient with MCT had a focus of papillary carcinoma. One
      patient with primary hyperparathyroidism had a solitary enlarged parathyroid
      adenoma. Additional findings were the presence of nodules of ectopic thymus in
      close association with the thyroid gland in three patients.

PMID- 2886578
TI  - Inhalational medications for chronic asthma.

PMID- 2886579
TI  - British Pharmaceutical Conference Science Award lecture 1986. Order out of chaos.

PMID- 2886580
TI  - Mechanically strong films produced from cellulose acetate latexes.
AB  - Mechanically strong films, comparable with those obtained from organic solutions,
      can be produced from cellulose acetate latexes, a new type of dispersion, both by
      casting and spraying. The prerequisite conditions for high strength, which
      include choice of water-soluble plasticizers possessing some degree of
      volatility, are discussed.

PMID- 2886581
TI  - Structural and conformational analogy between cholecystokinin and ergopeptines.
AB  - The central nervous system (CNS) peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) and the
      ergopeptine alkaloids exhibit common pharmacology in the brain, particularly via
      catecholaminergic systems. We report here structural similarities between CCK and
      the ergot alkaloids, and the subsequent conformational analysis of the peptide
      undertaken to establish whether or not a three-dimensional relationship exists
      between the compounds. Two low-energy conformations of CCK that mimic the
      ergopeptine ergotamine are identified, one arising from an X-ray crystal
      structure and the other from a Dreiding model-based, computer-assisted search.
      The pharmacological, structural and conformational observations strongly support
      the hypothesis that CCK and the ergopeptines share common sites of action in the
      CNS.

PMID- 2886582
TI  - Problems of haemoglobin freeze-drying: evidence that water removal is the key to
      iron oxidation.
AB  - Formation of methaemoglobin during freeze-drying of oxyhaemoglobin raises the
      question of the cause and mechanism of the oxidation. Haemoglobin with or without
      lyoprotector (250 mM glucose or amino acid salt) has been subjected to freeze
      drying changes in either or both of two constraints--vacuum and rise in
      temperature. A rise in temperature from -40 to +10 degrees C had no substantial
      denaturing effect on haemoglobin whether protected or not. Maintenance of a
      vacuum over frozen haemoglobin for 18 h often produced subtotal desiccation.
      Unprotected haemoglobin was partially oxidized (39% MetHb) whereas protected
      haemoglobin was not (less than 4% MetHb). Haemoglobin was also dried by rapid
      dehydration of thin films in a stream of air at room temperature (20 degrees C).
      The methaemoglobin content was then 43% whereas the amino acid salt or glucose
      limited it at 4 and 7%, respectively. Haemoglobin is oxidized, therefore, only
      because of the removal of water. Protectors, not specific in structure and
      action, probably work by holding or reinforcing the critical number of hydration
      layers around haemoglobin.

PMID- 2886583
TI  - Effect of moderate haemodilution with Fluosol-DA or normal saline on low-dose
      phenytoin and (+/-)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin kinetics.
AB  - Phenytoin kinetics were determined in the rat following moderate (50%) blood
      exchange with either Fluosol-DA or normal saline. Rats received an intravenous
      phenytoin dose (10 mg kg-1) 0.5, 24, 48, or 72 h after exchange and were compared
      with non-exchanged controls. Phenytoin t 1/2 was not altered by exchange with
      either fluid. Its Cl and Vd were decreased and AUC increased 24, 48, and 72 h
      after saline exchange and 24 h after Fluosol-DA exchange. (+/-)-5-(4
      Hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), a major metabolite of phenytoin, showed
      a decreased t1/2 and VHPPH 24, 48, and 72 h after exchange with either fluid;
      t1/2 was also reduced 0.5 h after Fluosol-DA exchange. The decreased Vd and VHPPH
      may result from changes in cardiac output secondary to haemodilution, or may
      represent a redistribution in the microcirculation. Fluosol-DA appears to enhance
      phenytoin and HPPH metabolism 48 and 72 h after exchange.

PMID- 2886584
TI  - Evidence for tryptaminergic and noradrenergic involvement in the antisecretory
      action of morphine in the rat jejunum.
AB  - Experiments have been performed to determine whether the antisecretory
      (antidiarrhoeal) effect of morphine in the intestine is mediated by a direct
      action of morphine on enteric nerves. Rats were pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine
      (6-OHDA) or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) to deplete intestinal stores of
      noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Intraperitoneal injection of 6-OHDA
      (3 doses at 50 mg kg-1) caused a selective reduction in the level of
      noradrenaline in the jejunum to 7.3% of control. Intraperitoneal injection of
      PCPA (200 mg kg-1) selectively reduced the jejunal level of 5-HT to 30.5% of
      control. Groups of rats that had been treated as described above were
      anaesthetized and then injected intravenously with saline or with blocking doses
      of either atropine (0.25 mg kg-1), hexamethonium (20 mg kg-1), ketanserin (30
      micrograms kg-1), methysergide (30 micrograms kg-1), phentolamine (2 mg kg-1) or
      propranolol (1 mg kg-1). Following perfusion of the lumen of the jejunum, the
      rate of glucose absorption was measured to assess the integrity of the mucosa.
      Glucose absorption was unaltered in animals pretreated with hexamethonium and
      propranolol but there was a small enhancement in animals pretreated with
      atropine, PCPA, methysergide, 6-OHDA and phentolamine. The rate of net water
      absorption from the lumen of the jejunum and the rate of fluid secretion into the
      lumen following intra-arterial infusion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP,
      0.8 microgram min-1) were unaltered by any of the drug treatments. Intravenous
      injection of morphine (10 mg kg-1) did not alter the levels of noradrenaline or 5
      HT in the whole jejunum. However, this dose of morphine did cause a 63.5%
      decrease in the VIP-induced change in water transport. This antisecretory effect
      of morphine was unaltered in animals pretreated with atropine, hexamethonium and
      propranolol. In contrast, methysergide, ketanserin and 6-OHDA abolished the
      antisecretory effect of morphine. PCPA and phentolamine produced a partial
      inhibition of morphine's antisecretory effect. It is concluded that morphine
      produces its antisecretory effect in the jejunum by activation of noradrenergic
      and tryptaminergic systems.

PMID- 2886585
TI  - The potentiation of phorbol ester-induced aggregation of human platelets by the
      prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue, U46619.
AB  - It was not possible to desensitize human blood platelets to 12-deoxyphorbol
      phenylacetate (DOPP) stimulation in a manner analogous with that to platelet
      aggregating factor (PAF), prostaglandin-endoperoxide analogue (U46619) or
      adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Platelets previously desensitized to U46619, when
      challenged with DOPP and ADP, showed an increased aggregation and release of 5
      HT. Sub-threshold aggregating doses of U46619 also caused a potentiation of the
      platelet response and release reaction to DOPP. The concentration of U46619 used
      to pretreat platelets affected the extent of potentiation of platelet stimulation
      induced by DOPP. The degree of potentiation was also affected by the time
      interval between addition of U46619 and DOPP. U46619 did not potentiate the
      aggregating effects of PAF, or ionophore A23187. The stimulus potentiation of
      DOPP by U46619 was abolished by prostacyclin (PGI2) and an antibody to U46619,
      but was unaffected by indomethacin and CP/CPK.

PMID- 2886586
TI  - Comparative studies with the enantiomers of the glycol metabolite of propranolol
      and their effects on the cardiac beta-adrenoceptor.
AB  - The two enantiomers ((R)- and (S)-) of propranolol glycol, a metabolite of
      propranolol, have been synthesized, and their effects upon the beta-adrenoceptor
      studied by two methods. The ability of these compounds to antagonize the
      inotropic actions of isoprenaline was examined on spontaneously beating rat
      atrial preparations. Also, the effects of these enantiomers upon the binding of
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol to beta-receptors in rat cardiac ventricular membranes was
      studied. Experiments with the atria indicated that the (S)-glycol was a
      reversible competitive antagonist of isoprenaline with a potency approximately
      one thousand times lower than that of (+/-)-propranolol. In contrast, the (R)
      glycol appeared to act as an irreversible antagonist, producing complex dose
      response curves. The effects of these compounds to cause displacement of
      alprenolol binding were consistent with the organ bath data. The interaction of
      the (S)-glycol with the beta-receptor binding site was reversible (Ki of 27.6 +/-
      4.2 microM) but less potent than that of (+/-)-propranolol (Ki of 0.99 +/- 0.07
      nM). On the other hand, pretreatment of ventricular membranes with the (R)
      glycol, followed by extensive washing techniques, resulted in alprenolol binding
      which did not regain control values, providing further evidence for an
      irreversible effect upon the beta-receptor. The possible significance of these
      pharmacological actions of the two enantiomers is discussed in terms of the in
      vivo metabolic pathways for propranolol.

PMID- 2886587
TI  - A new method for measuring the free fraction of cyclosporin in plasma by
      equilibrium dialysis.
AB  - The free fraction of cyclosporin in plasma has been measured by equilibrium
      dialysis in steel chambers. Equilibration time was 16 h. The intra-assay
      coefficient of variation was 7%. The free fraction remained constant in plasma
      samples frozen for up to 6 months, and was independent of the total concentration
      within the therapeutic range.

PMID- 2886588
TI  - Dose-related inhibition of the drug-metabolizing enzymes of rat liver by the
      pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline.
AB  - Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 0, 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg kg-1 of
      monocrotaline intraperitoneally and the following toxicity parameters determined
      24 h post treatment. Compared with the control none of the doses caused
      significant change in either the relative liver weight or the hepatic microsomal
      protein concentration. Microsomal cytochrome P450 content and activities of
      benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase did not differ from the
      control at 10 or 20 mg kg-1 dosage. But, there was a significant loss of
      cytochrome P450 at 40 and 80 mg kg-1 dosages and decrease in the activity of the
      two enzymes only at the highest dose. Similarly, the highest dose caused a marked
      elevation of serum sorbitol dehydrogenase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase
      activity suggestive of severe liver damage.

PMID- 2886589
TI  - Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam differ in their affinities and efficacies at
      'central' and 'peripheral' benzodiazepine receptors.
AB  - The in-vitro binding characteristics of three different ligands ([ 3H]Ro 15-1788,
      [3H]Ro 5-4864 and [3H]flunitrazepam) and the structural requirements for binding
      to 'central' and 'peripheral' benzodiazepine receptors have been evaluated in rat
      cerebral cortex, cerebellum and adrenal glands. [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding was
      detectable only in the brain. Clonazepam was the most potent inhibitor followed
      by diazepam and desmethyldiazepam, which showed the same affinity, and by
      premazepam; Ro 5-4864 did not show appreciable affinity. The same pattern was
      seen for [3H] flunitrazepam binding in brain areas while in adrenal gland the
      inhibition pattern was exactly superimposable on that with [3H]Ro 5-4864 in all
      the areas considered (Ro 5-4864 greater than diazepam greater than
      desmethyldiazepam greater than clonazepam greater than premazepam). These data
      confirm and extend previous reports. A methyl group in position 1 enhances the
      affinity for peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites which are labelled in the
      adrenal gland by [3H]Ro 5-4864 and [3H]flunitrazepam; in brain areas,
      [3H]flunitrazepam, like [3H]Ro 15-1788, selectively labels central binding sites.
      Methylation in position 1 did not change the affinity for these sites.
      Desmethyldiazepam is less active than diazepam as an anticonvulsant and in other
      tests. In-vivo experiments were therefore carried out to assess the 'intrinsic
      activity' of desmethyldiazepam: it appeared that this compound acts as a partial
      agonist at central benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2886590
TI  - The inhibition of monoamine oxidase by tricyclic antidepressants: the influence
      of the nature of the substrate and the source of the enzyme.
AB  - Five tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine,
      imipramine and iprindole, have comparable potencies as inhibitors of monoamine
      oxidase in rodent brain and liver. With rodent brain, potency was always greater
      with phenethylamine as substrate than with benzylamine, and was generally least
      with 5-HT. With mouse liver, in which monoamine oxidase is mainly B type, potency
      with tyramine and dopamine as substrates was close to that found with
      phenethylamine. The kinetics of inhibition varied with both the substrate and the
      tissue, and were inconsistent with a simple ping-pong model for substrate
      oxidation. The relevance of these observations to clinical effectiveness is
      discussed.

PMID- 2886591
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and biliary excretion of rose bengal in rats with acute and
      chronic renal failure.
AB  - The effects of glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) and surgically induced
      chronic renal failure (CRF) on the pharmacokinetics and biliary excretion of rose
      bengal have been examined in the rat. Both the pharmacokinetics and biliary
      excretion of rose bengal were unaltered in either ARF or CRF. The latter results
      in CRF contrast with those of Tse et al (1976, Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 3: 134
      137) who reported decreased removal of the dye from blood and reduced biliary
      excretion. In addition, rose bengal behaves differently from bromosulphophthalein
      and indocyanine green whose hepatic uptake and initial biliary excretion are
      known to be decreased in ARF. The results suggest that rose bengal may have a
      hepato-biliary transport route which differs from that of bromosulphophthalein
      and indocyanine green, and the findings also emphasize the selective nature of
      altered organic anion uptake by the liver in ARF.

PMID- 2886592
TI  - Effect of egg yolk lecithin on transdermal delivery of bunazosin hydrochloride.
AB  - Transdermal delivery of bunazosin HCl and the enhancing effect of egg yolk
      lecithin were examined using an in-vitro hairless mouse skin preparation and
      rabbits for in-vivo systemic absorption. The delivery of bunazosin in-vitro was
      small, but it was significantly enhanced when lecithin was incorporated into the
      same vehicle. This enhancing effect was confirmed with other drugs in-vitro. The
      enhancing ability was also seen in-vivo. Very little bunazosin was delivered from
      a propylene glycol suspension, but levels of 100-200 ng mL-1 were achieved by the
      incorporation of the lechithin.

PMID- 2886593
TI  - Relationship between progesterone suppression and pregnancy in rats.
AB  - Four luteolytic agents were administered to groups of pregnant rats to examine
      the quantitative relationship between serum progesterone levels and the
      maintenance of pregnancy. Each agent inhibited progesterone in a dose-dependent
      manner, however only three, azastene, thiosemicarbazone and dihydrotestosterone,
      adversely affected pregnancy. A statistical analysis of the data suggests that,
      regardless of the mechanism of action of a particular luteolytic agent, a
      treatment-induced depression of serum progesterone to concentrations less than
      45% of that of the controls on day 11 of pregnancy is incompatible with pregnancy
      maintenance.

PMID- 2886594
TI  - Interactions of trimebutine with guinea-pig opioid receptors.
AB  - Affinities of trimebutine (TMB) and N-desmethyl trimebutine (NDTMB) for mu, delta
      and kappa opioid receptor subtypes have been examined using specific 3H-ligands
      and guinea-pig membrane. TMB and NDTMB showed a relative higher affinity for the
      mu receptor subtype although they were, respectively, 30- and 48-fold less active
      than morphine. The receptor selectivity index for mu, delta and kappa were
      100:12:14.4 for TMB, 100:32:25 for NDTMB and 100:5:5 for morphine. The sodium
      shift ratio was 14 for TMB, 10 for NDTMB and 37 for morphine. These data show
      that (unlike morphine, a pure mu agonist) TMB and NDTMB can be classified as weak
      opioid agonists and confirm that peripheral opioid receptors mediate their
      gastrointestinal motility effects.

PMID- 2886595
TI  - Stereoselective pharmacological effects and benzodiazepine receptor affinity of
      the enantiomers of Go 4962.

PMID- 2886596
TI  - Re-evaluation of the metabolism and excretion of diethylpropion in non-sustained
      and sustained release formulations.
AB  - A direct gas chromatographic method for unstable amino ketones, using a neutral
      column and moderately alkaline conditions during extraction has been developed.
      Its application has given a new perspective to the relative importance of the
      metabolic routes in the complex metabolism of diethylpropion which after oral
      administration in man is rapid and extensive (only 3-4% of the drug remains
      unchanged). Mono-N-de-ethylation is the main pathway (about 35% of the dose). N
      De-ethylation is more important than carbonyl-reduction, occurring mainly with
      the unchanged drug (about 20% of the dose). Norephedrine, thought previously to
      be one of the main metabolites, has been shown to be present only in negligible
      amounts. About 30% of the dose, which cannot be accounted for as the sum of the
      amines recovered in urine, is probably metabolized by deamination, followed by
      oxidation and conjugation to give hippuric acid.

PMID- 2886597
TI  - A comparative study of the interaction of warfarin with human alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein and human albumin.
AB  - The interaction of warfarin with human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP)
      and human albumin (HA) has been investigated using fluorescence and circular
      dichroism techniques. The fluorescence of warfarin is greatly enhanced following
      binding to alpha 1-AGP or HA, the binding constant for a single site being
      estimated by the Scatchard method. The binding constants for the two serum
      proteins are similar, but the thermodynamic parameters differ. The binding
      constants increase as the pH is raised to 9.0. Various basic drugs, such as
      chlorpromazine, propranolol and imipramine, markedly inhibited the binding of
      warfarin to alpha 1-AGP. But, some acidic drugs, including phenylbutazone,
      effectively displaced warfarin bound to HA. The difference in CD spectra observed
      for alpha 1-AGP and HA indicated that the drug-binding sites of the two proteins
      might have different asymmetries. It thus appears that the mode of interaction of
      warfarin with the two proteins differs.

PMID- 2886598
TI  - Effect of age on gastrointestinal and hepatic first-pass effects of levodopa in
      rats.
AB  - Presystemic elimination of levodopa (20 mg kg-1) has been studied in 5- to 104
      week-old male Wistar rats. The gastrointestinal and hepatic contribution to the
      overall first-pass effect was estimated separately after the drug had been
      administered intravenously, orally and intraportally. The contribution of the gut
      to the overall first-pass effect of this drug was greater than that of the liver
      in any age-group of the rats. Both the overall and intestinal first-pass effects
      of levodopa were greatest in 11-week-old rats and relatively small in both young
      (between weeks 5 and 7) and aged (between weeks 52 and 104) rats. In contrast,
      the hepatic first-pass effect did not show any significant age-dependent change.
      Age-related change in the jejunal blood flow could not explain the unique age
      dependence in the intestinal first-pass metabolism of levodopa. However, the
      present age-dependence in the oral systemic availability of this drug between
      adult (11 weeks) and aged (52 to 104 weeks) rats was found to be similar to the
      tendency that has been reported between normal adult subjects and aged patients
      with Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2886599
TI  - Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone tissue uptake in rats chronically treated with
      amiodarone is non-linear with the dose.
AB  - Four groups of rats were given amiodarone chronically at 25, 37.5, 50, 75 mg kg
      1/12 h for 3 weeks; on day 21 the animals were killed and blood, plasma, heart,
      lung, liver and fat were collected and assayed for amiodarone and
      desethylamiodarone. Amiodarone plasma concentrations ranged from 0.74 to 4.68
      micrograms mL-1 and desethylamiodarone from 0.08 to 2.05 micrograms mL-1. Plasma,
      blood and tissue concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone increased
      significantly with the dose. Blood/plasma and tissue/plasma partition ratios of
      amiodarone and desethylamiodarone increased significantly at the higher doses.
      Blood/plasma ratio was a good predictor of tissue/plasma ratios of amiodarone and
      its metabolite, except in fat. Total phospholipid concentrations in lung were
      correlated with amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations in plasma, blood
      and lung.

PMID- 2886600
TI  - Ca2+ channel-blocking effect of the yohimbine derivatives, 14 beta
      benzoyloxyyohimbine and 14 beta-pho-nitrobenzoyloxyyohimbine.
AB  - Yohimbine possesses a relatively selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonistic
      effect and a weak Ca2+ channel blocking activity, so two derivatives, 14 beta
      benzoyloxyyohimbine and 14 beta-rho-nitrobenzoyloxyyohimbine were compared with
      yohimbine using those parameters. The two derivatives blocked Ca2+-induced
      contraction of the rat perfused mesenteric vascular bed at 3 X 10(-6) M, and
      developed dose-dependent shifts of the dose-response curve to the right in
      concentrations from 3 X 10(-6) to 10(-5) M. Yohimbine showed a weak Ca2+ channel
      blocking effect only at a concentration of 10(-5) M. On the other hand, both
      derivatives at 3 X 10(-6) M did not affect the dose-response curve to
      noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction. Furthermore, at 10(-8) M they had no
      effect on the dose-response curve to clonidine-induced inhibition of the twitch
      response of the rat isolated vas deferens evoked by electric stimulation, whereas
      yohimbine significantly attenuated clonidine-induced inhibition. These results
      indicate that introduction of bulky substituents into the 14-position of
      yohimbine intensely potentiated the Ca2+ channel-blocking effects and reduced
      alpha-adrenoceptor antagonistic effects compared with those of yohimbine, and
      suggest that chemical modifications of yohimbine may lead to structurally new
      types of Ca2+ channel-blockers.

PMID- 2886602
TI  - Activation of a myenteric 5-hydroxytryptamine-like receptor by metoclopramide.
AB  - Cholinergically mediated contractions were evoked by electrical field stimulation
      (EFS) of guinea-pig distal ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus strips.
      Metoclopramide, 0.1-100 microM, dose-dependently increased the contractions,
      probably by increasing acetylcholine (ACh) release; contractions evoked by
      exogenous ACh in the presence of tetrodotoxin were not increased by
      metoclopramide. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 0.3-30 nM similarly increased the
      height of the EFS-evoked contractions, although the maximum increase was less
      than for metoclopramide; higher concentrations of 5-HT (3 and 30 microM) had no
      effects or caused inhibition. The compound, ICS 205-930, 0.001-1 microM, had no
      effect on the EFS-evoked contractions and caused inhibition at higher
      concentrations. Preincubation of the tissues with 5-HT, 0.3-30 nM, did not affect
      the increase in EFS-evoked contractions caused by metoclopramide, 1 or 100
      microM, whereas 5-HT, 3 and 30 microM, prevented the response caused by
      metoclopramide 1 microM, but not 100 microM. ICS 205-930, 0.1 microM, had no
      effect on the increase in EFS-evoked contractions caused by metoclopramide 1 or
      100 microM. The drug, at least in low concentrations, may therefore increase
      cholinergically mediated contractions of guinea-pig ileum by stimulating 5-HT
      like receptors within the myenteric plexus, which differ from those antagonized
      by ICS 205-930.

PMID- 2886601
TI  - Effects of magnesium chloride on the contractile response of uterus to several
      agonists in Ca-free solution.
AB  - The effects of MgCl2 on the oestrogen-dominated rat uterus have been examined.
      Tissues were preincubated in a Ca2+- and Mg2+-free medium containing 3 mM EDTA.
      Most experiments were subsequently performed in a similar medium containing
      either no EDTA or EDTA (1 mM). When MgCl2 was added cumulatively (1-32 mM) no
      contractile responses were obtained in Ca,Mg-free medium or in Ca,Mg-free high K+
      solution. When 2 mM CaCl2 was added, a sustained contraction was obtained.
      Subsequent addition of cumulative concentrations of MgCl2 caused concentration
      dependent relaxation. Oxytocin, 2 microM, produced a small and sustained
      contraction in a Ca,Mg-free medium. Addition of MgCl2, 2 mM, increased this
      contraction. In a Ca,Mg-free medium vanadate (8 X 10(-5)M) did not evoke spasm of
      uterine smooth muscle. After addition of MgCl2 in cumulative amounts (1-32 mM) in
      the presence of vanadate, a concentration-dependent contraction was obtained. The
      present work shows that in Ca-free solution, maintained contractions induced by
      oxytocin and vanadate are augmented by Mg2+.

PMID- 2886603
TI  - Gossypol: a potent inhibitor of PAF-acether- and leukotriene-induced contractions
      of guinea-pig lung parenchyma strips.
AB  - Gossypol, a substance extracted from cotton plants, markedly inhibited the
      contractile responses of guinea-pig lung parenchyma strips stimulated with
      leukotriene B4 (LTB4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and PAF-acether but not the
      responses to histamine (except at high concentration). It was slightly less
      potent than nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and a PAF-antagonist (BN 52021).
      From previously reported effects of gossypol on the cyclooxygenase and
      lipoxygenases, and on the similarity of the inhibition produced by NDGA and
      gossypol on the lung parenchyma, it is suggested that the inhibition of the
      myotropic activity of the lung parenchyma by gossypol is due to interactions with
      the formation of cyclooxygenase products within the guinea-pig lung.

PMID- 2886604
TI  - Extracts of feverfew may inhibit platelet behaviour via neutralization of
      sulphydryl groups.
AB  - It has been suggested that extracts of feverfew may inhibit platelet behaviour
      via effects on platelet sulphydryl groups. In the present study we have obtained
      evidence for such a mode of action. Compounds that contain sulphydryl groups such
      as cysteine and N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine prevented the inhibition of
      platelet behaviour by feverfew. Feverfew and parthenolide (one of the active
      components of feverfew) dramatically reduced the number of acid-soluble
      sulphydryl groups in platelets. This effect occurred at concentrations similar to
      those that inhibited platelet secretory activity. Feverfew itself did not induce
      the formation of disulphide-linked protein polymers in platelets but polymer
      formation occurred when aggregating agents were added to feverfew-treated
      platelets. Feverfew evoked changes in the metabolism of arachidonic acid that
      were similar to those observed in glutathione-depleted platelets.

PMID- 2886605
TI  - Physicochemical investigations of dipolar aprotic solvents as potential
      cholelitholytic agents.
AB  - A number of dipolar aprotic solvents have been examined as potential co-solvents
      for gallstone dissolution. The power of these agents to solubilize such gallstone
      components as cholesterol, calcium carbonate, calcium palmitate and palmitic acid
      was determined and compared with that of monooctanoin (Capmul), using the
      synthetic solubility method. The solubilities of cholesterol and palmitic acid
      were greater in the N-methyl, N-ethyl and N-butylpyrrolidone derivatives than in
      monooctanoin. In contrast, the solubilities of the calcium salts were very low
      (less than 0.25% w/w) in all solvents examined. The influence of N
      methylpyrrolidone (NMP) on both the in-vitro dissolution of cholesterol from
      gallstones and the decrease in stone weight with time was determined. NMP proved
      to be a better solvent than monooctanoin for human stones. NMP, which is miscible
      with water and monooctanoin, may have potential as a co-solvent in the design of
      solvent systems for gallstones.

PMID- 2886606
TI  - Studies on thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced micturition in cats.
AB  - In unanaesthetized cats micturition produced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone
      (TRH) was investigated after its injection into the cerebral ventricles through
      chronically implanted cannulae. TRH in doses from 0.1 to 1.0 mg evoked dose
      dependent micturition. In cats treated with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)
      reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine, but not with i.c.v. 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and
      hemicholinium, the micturition caused by i.c.v. TRH was abolished. Chlorpromazine
      and antazoline injected into the cerebral ventricles prevented the micturition
      induced by i.c.v. TRH. On the other hand, mecamylamine, yohimbine, propranolol,
      atropine and methysergide injected i.c.v. had virtually no effect or partially
      antagonized the micturition evoked by TRH similarly injected. It is apparent
      therefore that centrally induced TRH micturition could be related to central
      catecholaminergic mechanisms.

PMID- 2886607
TI  - The differential cytotoxicity of antiseptic agents.
AB  - The cytotoxicity of the antiseptic agents noxythiolin and chlorhexidine has been
      evaluated in-vitro using a range of tissue culture cell lines of differing
      degrees of neoplasticity. Noxythiolin appeared more cytotoxic than did
      chlorhexidine when tested against established neoplastic cell lines. By contrast,
      noxythiolin was not cytotoxic to normal control (non-neoplastic) cells. For
      chlorhexidine, the cytotoxic activity against control cells was similar to that
      observed for neoplastic cell lines. The results confirm an earlier observation of
      limited antitumour activity of noxythiolin solutions and, on the basis of
      differential cytotoxicity, confirm that noxythiolin is free from adverse effects
      against normal tissues and is safe for use as an antimicrobial agent applied to
      peritoneal surfaces and the healing wound.

PMID- 2886608
TI  - The oral clearance of zinc and triclosan after delivery from a dentifrice.
AB  - Oral delivery and retention of zinc and triclosan were measured in man after use
      of an anti-plaque dentifrice containing these antibacterial agents. Triclosan
      (25% of the dose) and zinc (24%) were retained in the mouth immediately after
      toothbrushing and a single mouthrinse. Salivary concentrations fell from 7.5
      micrograms g-1 (triclosan) and 7.0 micrograms g-1 (zinc) after 5 min to 0.5
      micrograms g-1 (triclosan) and 1.2 micrograms g-1 (zinc), 2 h after brushing.

PMID- 2886609
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effect of desethylamiodarone in conscious rats.
AB  - The effect of desethylamiodarone, a metabolite of amiodarone, was studied in the
      early phase of arrhythmias induced by coronary artery ligation in conscious rats.
      Desethylamiodarone pretreatment improved survival without altering the occurrence
      of different types of arrhythmias during the first 20 min after coronary
      ligation. It was concluded that desethylamiodarone may contribute to the
      antiarrhythmic effect seen after chronic amiodarone treatment.

PMID- 2886610
TI  - The influence of drug sorption on pharmacokinetic studies of chlormethiazole and
      lignocaine.
AB  - The influence of drug sorption on the measurement of dose and blood
      concentrations during pharmacokinetic studies of chlormethiazole and lignocaine
      in a chronically catheterized sheep preparation has been examined. There was no
      sorption to soda glass tubes, borosilicate glass volumetric flasks or soda glass
      microlitre syringes but minor sorption to polypropylene syringes, polypropylene
      pipette tips and rubber bottle stoppers after 240 min contact. During infusions
      through administration sets including either polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene
      catheters, no significant loss of lignocaine occurred, but only 41.7-63.9% of the
      chlormethiazole dose was delivered. No significant decreases in either drug
      occurred from blood sampled through an intravascular catheter and stopcock
      system. There was negligible degradation of the samples over 4 h. Sorption of
      chlormethiazole or lignocaine to the laboratory equipment used was not a
      significant source of error but polyvinyl chloride infusion catheters could
      result in significant reductions in chlormethiazole dose.

PMID- 2886611
TI  - A gamma scintigraphic evaluation of the precorneal residence of liposomal
      formulations in the rabbit.
AB  - Multilamellar liposomes were prepared from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine or egg
      lecithin in combination with cholesterol and either dicetyl phosphate or
      stearylamine. The size and charge of the colloidal preparations were
      characterized before labelling with [111In]8-hydroxyquinoline. Freshly labelled
      liposomes were instilled into the eyes of unanaesthetized NZW rabbits and their
      disposition and drainage followed using gamma scintigraphy. A positive surface
      charge was found to affect significantly liposomal drainage rate, whereas an
      increase in size restricted drainage from the inner canthal region. Drainage of
      the suspending medium was directly compared with liposomes by labelling the
      medium with [99mTc] sodium pertechnetate and following the simultaneous change in
      removal of 99mTc and 111In from the precorneal area. Slower drainage rates were
      obtained for the suspending medium compared with solutions of the isotopes
      suggesting that the liposomes restricted solution drainage.

PMID- 2886612
TI  - Stimulant action of pethidine on the pregnant rat uterus in-vitro.
AB  - Pethidine's stimulant action on the 22-day pregnant rat isolated uterus does not
      involve receptors sensitive to methysergide and is unlikely to involve the
      synthesis and release of endogenous prostaglandins. The sensitivity of pethidine
      induced contractions to verapamil suggests that mobilization of extracellular
      calcium is necessary for pethidine's action.

PMID- 2886613
TI  - Autoregulation of renal blood flow during the infusion of acetylcholine or
      carbachol in anaesthetized dogs.
AB  - Whether renal blood flow autoregulation is abolished by acetylcholine was re
      examined by kidney perfusion experiments in anaesthetized dogs. Renal blood flow
      was dose-dependently increased by the renal arterial infusion of acetylcholine (2
      and 5 micrograms min-1) or another muscarinic agent, carbachol (2 and 5
      micrograms min-1) and was maintained at an increased level during the infusion.
      When perfusion pressure was changed stepwise between 60 and 200 mmHg, the
      infusion of acetylcholine or carbachol caused no impairment of autoregulation. It
      is concluded that autoregulation is independent of muscarinic stimulation of
      vascular smooth muscle in the kidney.

PMID- 2886614
TI  - Evaluation of sorghum starch as a tablet disintegrant and binder.
AB  - The starch prepared from the seeds of Sorghum bicolor, Moench has been evaluated
      as a disintegrant and binder in tablets of magnesium sulphate, calcium carbonate,
      sulphadimidine, and chloroquine phosphate to represent soluble and insoluble
      inorganic and organic substances. The starch performed as well as maize starch in
      binding and disintegrating properties and better than acacia as binder.

PMID- 2886615
TI  - Punch velocities during the compaction process.
AB  - Velocities achieved by the upper punch of an eccentric tablet press during
      compaction have been compared with those predicted by equations describing the
      movement of the punch in an empty die. Up to the point of maximum punch
      penetration, actual speeds are invariably less than the predicted speed, the
      magnitude of the deceleration being determined by the machine speed and applied
      force. As the punch withdraws from the die, its speed can exceed that predicted
      on theoretical grounds, due to the elastic expansion of the tablet assisting
      punch ejection.

PMID- 2886617
TI  - Antinociceptive effects of (+/-)-, (+)- and (-)-nefopam in mice.
AB  - The antinociceptive activity of (+/-)-, (+)- and (-)-nefopam in mice has been
      examined using the hot-plate, formalin and tail-flick tests. Nefopam was
      administered by the intraperitoneal, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and
      intrathecal (i.th.) routes. Intraperitoneal injection of (+/-)-nefopam (10-20 mg
      kg-1) had powerful analgesic effects in the hot-plate and formalin tests. In the
      tail-flick test it produced a weak, but significant elevation of the response
      latencies. In spinalized animals, however, the effect was abolished, indicating
      that nefopam prolonged the tail-flick latencies by activation of descending pain
      modulating pathways. (+/-)-Nefopam (5-20 micrograms) elicited analgesia in the
      hot-plate test after i.c.v. or i.th. injection. These findings suggest that
      nefopam has both a spinal and a supraspinal site of action. (+)-Nefopam was
      significantly more potent than (-)-nefopam after both systemic and central
      administration.

PMID- 2886616
TI  - Some aspects of the inhibitory activity of hypolaetin-8-glucoside in acute
      inflammation.
AB  - Hypolaetin-8-glucoside (H-8-G) has been examined for its mode of action in
      several models of acute inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory activity in
      carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat hind-paw is not affected either by
      adrenalectomy or by phentolamine given with propranolol. H-8-G and its aglycone,
      hypolaetin, did not antagonize the actions of histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT), bradykinin or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on various smooth muscle preparations
      in-vitro, but protected erythrocytes from heat-induced lysis. The glycoside was
      more potent than troxerutin on capillary permeability increased by histamine and
      exerted inhibitory effects on protein exudation, leucocyte migration and beta
      glucuronidase activity in the carrageenan air pouch, thereby showing some
      difference from indomethacin. These results are discussed in relation to the
      features of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and flavonoid anti
      inflammatory actions.

PMID- 2886619
TI  - Comparative studies of cardiodepressant drugs on contraction dynamics and
      electrophysiological parameters of cardiac tissues at pH 7.4 and 9.
AB  - The effects of propranolol, amethocaine (tetracaine), lignocaine (lidocaine),
      procaine and benzocaine on force of contraction and action potential parameters
      of guinea-pig left atria and papillary muscles have been investigated at pH 7.4
      and 9. All the drugs decreased the force of contraction of both preparations.
      Their biological activities correlated with their lipid/buffer partition
      coefficients and with their ability to change the surface potential of liposomes.
      The sequence of activities is as follows: propranolol greater than amethocaine
      greater than lignocaine greater than benzocaine greater than procaine. Uncharged
      benzocaine had no effect on the liposome surface charge. Biological and
      physicochemical effects obtained at pH 9 were higher than those observed at pH
      7.4. Action potential amplitude and Vmax were decreased by all the drugs except
      benzocaine. At pH 9, the action potential duration was generally shortened,
      except by amethocaine and procaine; both caused a prolongation of the action
      potential at 90% repolarization.

PMID- 2886618
TI  - Effects of nicorandil and verapamil, antianginal agents, on plasma digoxin
      concentrations in rats and dogs.
AB  - The effects of equihypotensive doses of nicorandil and verapamil on plasma
      digoxin concentrations have been assessed in rats and dogs. In a single digoxin
      dose study, digoxin (1 mg kg-1) alone, or in combination with nicorandil (5 mg kg
      1) or verapamil (25 mg kg-1) was given orally to rats. When given chronically to
      rats, a single dose of digoxin (1 mg kg-1) orally for 7 consecutive days was
      followed, on day 8, by digoxin alone, or together with nicorandil (5 mg kg-1) or
      verapamil (25 mg kg-1). In dogs, a loading dose of digoxin (50 micrograms kg-1)
      was given orally on day 1, then 25 micrograms kg-1 was administered for the
      following 6 days. On day 8, digoxin (50 micrograms kg-1) was given with
      nicorandil (5 mg kg-1) or verapamil (20 mg kg-1). In rats, the AUC0-24 and Cmax
      of plasma digoxin were enhanced significantly by coadministration of verapamil,
      but not by nicorandil. In dogs, verapamil significantly increased the Cmax of
      plasma digoxin, but not the AUC. Nicorandil had no effect on either parameter.

PMID- 2886620
TI  - Studies on the mechanisms of action of activated charcoal on theophylline
      pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Oral administration of repeated doses of activated charcoal to volunteers and
      dogs significantly increased the systemic clearance of intravenously administered
      theophylline and decreased its elimination half-life. This effect is most likely
      to be due to theophylline entering the gut and being adsorbed onto the charcoal.
      The mechanism by which intravenously administered theophylline enters the gut has
      been examined. Its biliary excretion after intravenous administration to patients
      with T-tube biliary drainage accounted for 0.28% of the dose and a similarly
      small biliary excretion was found in dogs. In the latter total biliary diversion
      had no effect on the clearance or half-life of theophylline after intravenous
      administration. In two dogs the theophylline content of jejunal aspirate was
      comparable with that of simultaneously withdrawn venous plasma samples. These
      results suggest that the presence of charcoal in the gut represents a sink
      adsorbing theophylline entering the lumen by diffusion across the intestinal
      wall, and by this mechanism it increases clearance of the drug even after
      intravenous administration.

PMID- 2886621
TI  - Probenecid inhibition of the renal excretion of dyphylline in chicken, rat and
      man.
AB  - The effect of probenecid on the renal excretion of dyphylline was studied in
      chicken, rat and man. Dyphylline was found to be actively excreted when measured
      by the Sperber preparation in hens, the isolated perfused kidney of the rat and
      clearance studies in man. In each study probenecid significantly decreased
      dyphylline excretion demonstrating that dyphylline occupied the renal organic
      anion transport system. This same drug interaction, at the level of the renal
      excretory system, in these three species occurred at comparable concentrations of
      dyphylline and probenecid.

PMID- 2886622
TI  - Enhanced penetration of mitomycin C through hairless mouse and rat skin by
      enhancers with terpene moieties.
AB  - The effects of four new percutaneous absorption enhancers containing an azacyclo
      ring and terpene chain (1-geranylazacycloheptan-2-one (GAH), 1
      farnesylazacycloheptan-2-one (FAH), 1-geranylazacyclopentan-2,5-dione (GAPD), and
      1-farnesylazacyclopentan-2-one (FAP] and 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (Azone) on
      the percutaneous penetration of mitomycin C (MMC) through hairless mouse and rat
      skin in-vitro has been investigated. GAH, FAH, FAP and Azone enhanced MMC
      penetration by 20 to 60 times that of the control (ethanol). During the early
      part of the experiments, when the sink condition was maintained, FAH was the most
      effective for hairless mouse skin, whereas Azone showed the highest effect in the
      rat skin. The enhancing effect of GAPD was only about half that of the other
      enhancers, suggesting the importance of the polar group of the ring moiety in
      these compounds. The penetration of MMC through rat skin was also increased by
      pretreatment with these compounds, suggesting that the enhancers had a direct
      effect on the skin.

PMID- 2886623
TI  - Effect of penetration enhancers on the permeation of mannitol, hydrocortisone and
      progesterone through human skin.
AB  - Mannitol, hydrocortisone and progesterone were selected as model penetrants to
      assess the mode of action of eight potential penetration enhancers in human skin.
      Their partition coefficients, octanol: water and stratum corneum: water were
      measured and correlated with their postulated routes of penetration through human
      skin. The results suggest that mannitol penetrated via a polar route,
      hydrocortisone by a mainly lipid route and progesterone via a lipid pathway but
      its penetration rate was probably affected by aqueous layers. From permeation
      studies through cadaver skin in which an in-vivo mimic method was used, it was
      concluded that the penetration enhancers fell into three main categories:
      solvents which enhanced permeation of polar and non-polar compounds e.g. 2
      pyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-methylformamide and propylene glycol plus
      Azone; enhancers which preferentially affected the polar route e.g. propylene
      glycol plus decylmethylsulphoxide, and accelerants which mainly modified the non
      polar route e.g. propylene glycol plus oleic acid, propylene glycol alone and, to
      a limited extent, water.

PMID- 2886624
TI  - Casting solvent effects on the permeability of polymer films of differing
      quaternary ammonium (cation) content.
AB  - Films of certain acrylate-methacrylate copolymers of varying cation (quaternary
      ammonium) content were cast from three different solvents: acetone, chloroform,
      and ethanol; their permeability to urea was determined at 30 degrees C. In films
      containing 66 mole cation mol-1 polymer chain, and cast from acetone, chloroform
      or ethanol, the permeation rates were 480,900 and 2807 mg h-1, respectively.
      Differences in permeation rates were however less significant when polymers of
      cation content lower than 46 mole cation mol-1 polymer chain were used to form
      films. This observation may relate to differences in the degree of dissociation
      of the polymer in the different solvents.

PMID- 2886625
TI  - A high molecular weight form of pancreatic polypeptide was present in USP insulin
      and is absent in a more recent insulin preparation.
AB  - The concentrations and molecular forms of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and
      glucagon were determined in USP XX and single-peak insulin preparations. In USP
      insulin the concentration of PP was 7 ng mg-1 insulin; on gel chromatography the
      PP immunoreactivity fractionated into two peaks of about equal size. One of the
      PP peaks was in the region of 4200 dalton PP, and the other PP peak eluted
      earlier in the region of a 7000-10,000 dalton peptide. The concentration of PP in
      single-peak insulin was 0.8 ng mg-1 insulin; the immunoreactivity eluted in a
      single peak in the region of [125I]PP. The concentration of glucagon in each
      preparation was 55 ng mg-1 insulin. On gel chromatography the immunoreactive
      glucagon in each insulin preparation eluted in the region of [125I]glucagon.

PMID- 2886626
TI  - Measurement ex-vivo of the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis by bezafibrate
      administration in different rat tissues.
AB  - The action of bezafibrate on fatty acid biosynthesis pathways has been examined
      in rat tissues. The drug abolished the induction of fatty acid synthesis that
      occurs on refeeding the animals with a high carbohydrate diet and by insulin
      administration in liver and adipose tissue. The rates of fatty acid biosynthesis
      in these tissues were estimated from the incorporation of 3H into lipids from
      3H2O.

PMID- 2886627
TI  - Gastric mucosal cytoprotection in the rat by cysteine.
AB  - The free radical scavengers methyl-methionine sulphonium bromide and cysteine
      (5%) protected the rat gastric mucosa against ischaemic injury produced by
      reserpine (5 mg kg-1 i.p.). Pretreatment with 1 mL of 5% cysteine by gavage
      completely protected against injury rats with no ligation and 70% of rats with
      pyloric ligation after they had been given aspirin (200 mg kg-1 by gavage), a
      dose that produced gastric mucosal injury in 40% of rats with no ligation and 70%
      of rats with pyloric ligation after 4 h. Ethanol (1 mL of 40% solution by gavage)
      after 1 h produced gastric mucosal injury in all animals and pretreatment with 1
      mL of 5% cysteine by gavage completely protected 80% of non-ligated and 70% of
      pyloric-ligated rats against this injury. This protection was not associated with
      any significant effect on H+ output. The data suggest that cysteine maintains
      gastric mucin by a mechanism independent of acid secretion.

PMID- 2886628
TI  - The sorption of nitroglycerin by infusion sets.
AB  - The sorption of nitroglycerin, from 5% glucose solution, by infusion sets was
      investigated under simulated perfusion conditions. Several burettes, sets and
      catheters were evaluated. The stability of the drug in the presence of glucose
      was also determined. High density polyethylene and glass proved satisfactory for
      its perfusion in solutions. A method for the evaluation of its uptake under
      simulated perfusion conditions is described.

PMID- 2886630
TI  - Mean residence time for drugs subject to reversible metabolism.
AB  - Conventional methods based on moment analysis lead to biased estimates of the
      mean residence time for drugs subject to reversible metabolism. A stochastic
      approach is described which enables unbiased estimation of the mean residence
      time.

PMID- 2886629
TI  - Inhibition of basal and insulin-stimulated gastric acid secretion by
      phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine.
AB  - The present study in the rat was undertaken to investigate the possible
      involvement of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in mediating gastric acid secretion
      in response to insulin-hypoglycaemia. Phenoxybenzamine, 15 mg kg-1, depressed the
      basal acid secretion to a level similar to that associated with vagotomy;
      phentolamine, 15 mg kg-1, had a similar effect. Insulin (1 unit kg-1)
      significantly stimulated gastric acid secretion. Vagotomy or phenoxybenzamine or
      phentolamine, 15 mg kg-1 prevented this action. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      drug, propranolol, 5-15 mg kg-1, had no significant effect on the basal acid
      secretion or its stimulation by insulin. The similarity in action between
      vagotomy and large doses of phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine suggests that, in
      the rat, vagal alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation is involved in the mechanisms of
      basal and insulin-stimulated gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2886632
TI  - Fenfluramine antagonizes the stimulation of food intake induced by the putative 5
      hydroxytryptamine1A agonist, isapirone, in non-fasted rats.
AB  - Isapirone, a 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor agonist, stimulated food intake in
      non-fasted rats in a dose-dependent manner (1, 3 and 10 mg kg-1 s.c.).
      Fenfluramine, an antiobesity agent and a 5-HT releaser, at 3 and 10 mg kg-1 s.c.
      antagonized the isapirone-induced (3 mg kg-1 s.c.) feeding. These results are
      consistent with the known inhibitory role of 5-HT in the control of food intake
      in rats.

PMID- 2886631
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea
      angustifolia.
AB  - The anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharidic fraction (EPF) obtained from
      Echinacea angustifolia roots has been examined using the carrageenan paw oedema
      and the croton oil ear test. EPF (0.5 mg kg-1 i.v.) almost inhibited the
      carrageenan-induced oedema over 8 h and furthermore, EPF, topically applied,
      inhibited mouse ear oedema induced by croton oil. EPF also reduced the leukocytic
      infiltration of the croton oil dermatitis, evaluated both as peroxidase activity
      and histologically. After topical application EPF appears to be slightly inferior
      in potency to indomethacin. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory
      activity of E. angustifolia resides in its polysaccharidic content.

PMID- 2886633
TI  - Auranofin inhibits the active uptake of bile acid by rat ileum.
AB  - Auranofin in the mucosal fluid inhibited the active Na+-dependent absorption of
      taurocholic acid by everted sacs of rat ileum. It did not however, affect the
      passive uptake of taurocholic acid by sacs of mid-intestine. The inhibition by
      auranofin of active bile acid absorption could result from its previously
      demonstrated ability to inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase activity. A reduction in the
      reabsorption of bile acids by the ileum may contribute to the diarrhoea
      experienced by some patients taking auranofin.

PMID- 2886634
TI  - Direct vasomotor effects of theophylline and enprofylline on human coronary
      artery in-vitro: comparison with feline coronary and cerebral arteries.
AB  - The vasomotor effects of theophylline and enprofylline were investigated on
      circular segments of human coronary artery taken 6 h after death. Isolated
      arterial segments were examined using a sensitive myograph and isometric
      contractions were recorded with Grass transducers. The results were compared with
      those obtained in feline coronary and cerebral arteries. Theophylline and
      enprofylline induced pronounced relaxation of all types of precontracted
      arteries. In feline cerebral arteries the potency for eliciting relaxation was
      slightly higher for theophylline compared with enprofylline, while there was no
      difference in potency for the methylxanthines in coronary arteries. Prostaglandin
      F2 alpha frequently induced rhythmic contractions in human, but not in feline
      coronary arteries. Theophylline increased the amplitude of the rhythmic
      contractions while this was not seen following administration of enprofylline.
      Whether this mode of activity by theophylline contributes to its arrhythmogenic
      properties in-situ requires clarification.

PMID- 2886635
TI  - Mu opioid antagonist properties of a cyclic somatostatin octapeptide in vivo:
      identification of mu receptor-related functions.
AB  - We have shown previously that D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTP)
      produces selective antagonism of mu, but not delta or kappa, opioid receptor
      selective ligands in the guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens bioassays, and
      in radioligand binding assays using homogenized rat brains. In the present study
      we characterized the agonist and opioid antagonist profile of CTP in analgesic
      (hot-plate test, abdominal stretch test) and in gastrointestinal assays (transit
      time test) in mice. CTP was a potent antagonist of the supraspinal and spinal
      analgesic effects of the mu selective agonist [MePhe3, D-Pro4]morphiceptin
      (PL017) in both assays. The gastrointestinal antitransit actions of PL017 were
      also antagonized by CTP at both supraspinal and spinal sites. CTP did not alter
      the effects of the kappa agonist trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1
      pyrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)benz eneacetamine in any test. Surprisingly, CTP also
      antagonized the analgesia produced by i.c.v. and intrathecal administration of [D
      Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), a highly delta selective agonist, in both
      analgesic tests. Differential antagonism of DPDPE, but not PL017, by the delta
      selective antagonist N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH in the hot-plate test
      indicates that PL017 and DPDPE may act at separate receptors to produce analgesia
      (mu and delta, respectively). In contrast, CTP did not reverse the
      gastrointestinal antitransit effects of intrathecal DPDPE. Schild analysis of the
      interactions of CTP with supraspinal mu and delta agonists in the hot-plate test
      indicated that although CTP antagonized PL017 in a competitive fashion (Schild
      slope = -1.0), the interaction of CTP with DPDPE was not competitive (Schild
      slope = -0.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886636
TI  - (R)-nipecotic acid ethyl ester: a direct-acting cholinergic agonist that displays
      greater efficacy at M2 than at M1 muscarinic receptors.
AB  - Previous reports have suggested that the ethyl ester of (R)-nipecotic acid ethyl
      ester [(R)-NAEE] displays cholinomimetic properties in vivo. The present study
      was undertaken to characterize more fully this action by examining the effects of
      (R)-NAEE in a number of pharmacological and biochemical tests of cholinergic
      action. (R)-NAEE was found to produce negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
      on the guinea pig atria (pD2 = 5.91 and 5.62, respectively), and was capable of
      stimulating contractions in the guinea pig ileum (pD2 = 5.95) and rat jejunum
      (pD2 = 5.40) at concentrations similar to bethanechol. Both the cardiac and
      intestinal effects of (R)-NAEE were reversed by atropine. Moreover, (R)-NAEE
      competed with N-[3H]methylscopolamine and [3H]pirenzepine for muscarinic binding
      sites in a variety of tissues. Like carbachol, (R)-NAEE inhibited GTP-stimulated
      adenylate cyclase in rat striatal membranes (EC50 = 52 microM), whereas, unlike
      carbachol, (R)-NAEE was unable to stimulate inositol phosphate accumulation in
      rat cerebral cortical slices, behaving as an antagonist in this latter system
      (pA2 = 5.0). The results indicate that (R)-NAEE interacts directly with
      cholinergic muscarinic receptors, being an agonist for the M2 subtype and an
      antagonist at M1 sites.

PMID- 2886637
TI  - Effect of inhibition of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase on biliary and urinary
      excretion of glutathione-derived thiols and methylmercury.
AB  - Acivicin (AT-125; 6.25-200 mumol/kg i.v.) inhibited hepatic, biliary and renal
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity up to 88, 99 and 97%, respectively,
      in 4-week-old rats. This inhibition of GGT by acivicin resulted in a 10- to 12
      fold increase in the biliary excretion of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione.
      Because the biliary excretion of cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly), Cys-Gly disulfide,
      cysteine (Cys) and cystine concomitantly decreased (63-99%), the biliary
      excretion rate of total glutathione-derived thiols and disulfides did not change.
      In contrast, acivicin treatment dramatically elevated the urinary excretion rate
      of glutathione-derived thiols in a dose-dependent fashion, resulting in a 390
      fold increase at the highest dosage. This mainly originated from enhancement of
      urinary excretion of GSH (up to 7200-fold), although the excretion of Cys and Cys
      Gly into urine was also increased. Acivicin treatment did not affect hepatic and
      renal levels of GSH but, at high dosages, reduced the concentration of Cys in
      these organs. GSH and oxidized glutathione concentrations in serum were
      increased, whereas cystine was diminished in acivicin-treated rats. Inhibition of
      GGT by acivicin (100 mumol/kg i.v.) failed to influence the biliary excretion of
      methylmercury but increased urinary excretion 34-fold. Even though the urinary
      thiol excretion was much higher than the biliary thiol excretion in the acivicin
      treated rats, methylmercury was preferentially excreted into bile rather than
      urine, indicating the importance of the liver as an excretory organ for
      methylmercury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886638
TI  - D-1 receptor-linked mechanism modulates cholinergic neurotransmission in rat
      striatum.
AB  - SCH 23390, a D-1 dopaminergic antagonist, was examined for its effects on the
      cholinergic system in rat brain. The compound raised the content of acetylcholine
      selectively in striatum and not in other brain areas including the hippocampus,
      nucleus accumbens, hemispheric residuum and midbrain-hindbrain, mirroring the
      action of dopaminomimetic drugs. That the increase in acetylcholine content
      reflected a depression of striatal cholinergic neuronal activity was
      substantiated by the drug's ability to inhibit sodium-dependent high affinity
      choline uptake, to reduce the electrically evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine
      from striatal slices in vitro and to reduce acetylcholine release from striatum
      in freely moving rats in vivo. The increase in striatal acetylcholine was
      prevented by the D-1 dopaminergic agonist, SK 38393-A, but not by the D-2
      agonist, LY 171555. Inhibition of dopamine synthesis by DL alpha-methyltyrosine
      methyl ester HCI or the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic
      terminals by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine HBr prevented the acetylcholine
      increasing effect of SCH 23390 completely, suggesting that presynaptic dopamine
      is important in the action of the dopaminergic antagonist. In agreement with
      these findings, SCH 23390 amplified the action of amphetamine, a dopamine
      releaser, on striatal cholinergic neurons. Furthermore, blockade of D-2 receptors
      by pimozide or sulpiride did not suppress the cholinergic effect of SCH 23390.
      When combined with a subthreshold dose of LY 171555, SCH 23390 did not potentiate
      the action of the D-2 dopaminergic agonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886639
TI  - Antidotal use of methemoglobin forming cyanide antagonists in concurrent carbon
      monoxide/cyanide intoxication.
AB  - An estimated 35% of all fire victims in the United States have toxicologically
      significant blood levels of CO and CN. However, the treatment of concurrent CO/CN
      intoxication has been paid scant attention. The suggestion has been made that
      these victims should be treated for CN poisoning. The current therapeutic
      management of CN poisoning in this country includes the utilization of two
      methemoglobin formers: amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite. This study was undertaken
      to determine if the administration of methemoglobin formers is advisable, as the
      victim is already suffering from O2 deprivation due to the presence of
      carboxyhemoglobin. Groups of 28 male ICR mice (22-24 g) were injected i.p. with
      5.0 mg/kg of KCN and then were exposed immediately to 0.35% CO for 8.5 min in a
      dynamic inhalation chamber. Half of the animals were marked randomly for
      antidotal intervention, the other 14 animals acted as controls. Treatment of
      survivors with amyl nitrite (12 mg/l of chamber air) for 1 min increased
      mortality 43%, whereas treatment for 2 min resulted in a 59% increase in
      mortality. A 25% increase in mortality was noted among those animals treated with
      sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg i.p.), as compared to the nontreated control survivors.
      Treatment with dimethylaminophenol (49 mg/kg i.p.) did not statistically affect
      mortality.

PMID- 2886640
TI  - Effects of beta-2 agonist on metabolic regulation in the fetal lamb lung.
AB  - To study the effects of beta-2 agonist on metabolic regulation in fetal lamb
      lung, ritodrine hydrochloride, a preferential beta-2 agonist, was infused i.v. at
      a rate of 1.3 +/- 0.4 micrograms/kg/min (mean +/- S.D.) for 24 hr into six twin
      chronically catheterized fetal lambs starting between 0.86 and 0.91 gestation.
      Lung glycogen was depleted 56% in the ritodrine-infused twins and glycogen
      phosphorylase a activity was increased 1.8-fold whereas glycogen synthase
      activity remained unchanged. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity
      increased 1.7-fold, calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (phosphorylase
      kinase) activity increased 1.4-fold and calcium-phospholipid-dependent protein
      kinase (protein kinase C) activity increased 1.6-fold. In addition, the maximal
      binding capacity of pulmonary beta receptors decreased 49% in the ritodrine
      infused twins. However, lung cyclic AMP content was unchanged after 24 hr of
      ritodrine infusion. We conclude that beta-2 agonist activates protein kinases,
      depletes glycogen and reduces the binding capacity of beta receptors in the fetal
      lamb lung. We speculate that these adrenergic mechanisms are involved in
      regulating the effects of beta-2 agonist on fetal lung liquid and surfactant
      production.

PMID- 2886641
TI  - Effects of beta-2 agonist on tracheal fluid flow, surfactant and pulmonary
      mechanics in the fetal lamb.
AB  - To study the effects of beta-2 agonist on tracheal fluid, surfactant and
      pulmonary mechanics in fetal lamb lung, ritodrine hydrochloride, a preferential
      beta-2 agonist, was infused i.v. at a rate of 1.3 +/- 0.4 micrograms/kg/min (mean
      +/- S.D.) for 24 hr into six twin chronically catheterized fetal lambs starting
      between 0.86 and 0.91 gestation. Ritodrine infusion was associated with
      statistically significant metabolic and pulmonary effects in comparison with twin
      controls. Fetal serum glucose levels were elevated 1.7-fold, arterial blood pH
      fell 0.04 U and arterial blood pO2 fell 5.1 torr in the ritodrine-infused twins.
      Tracheal fluid flow was reduced 6.9-fold and surface active material flux into
      the tracheal fluid was thereby virtually eliminated. But the surface active
      material content of tracheal fluid and lung lavage increased 3.0-fold. The
      surfactant phospholipid content of lung lavage also increased 3.0-fold with no
      change in its composition. There was a concomitant improvement in pulmonary
      mechanics on pressure-volume curves: the lungs of the ritodrine-infused twins
      filled with 1.7-fold more air on inflation to 40 cm of water pressure and also
      retained 1.7-fold more air on deflation to 10 cm of water pressure. We conclude
      that beta-2 agonist inhibits tracheal fluid flow, increases surfactant in lung
      lavage and improves lung stability in the fetal lamb lung. We speculate that
      preferential beta-2 adrenergic stimulation of the fetal lung with ritodrine could
      be helpful in the prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome because of
      enhanced surfactant availability in airways and improved pulmonary mechanics.

PMID- 2886642
TI  - Effects of ORF 17583, other histamine H2-receptor antagonists and omeprazole on
      gastric acid secretory states in rats and dogs.
AB  - ORF 17583, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, inhibited gastric acid secretion
      in pylorus-ligated rats (ED50 = 4.9 mg/kg intraduodenal; 3.4 mg/kg p.o.; and 0.21
      mg/kg i.p.) and in total gastric fistula or Heidenhain pouch dogs stimulated by
      betazole (ED50 = 0.12 mg/kg p.o. and 0.08 mg/kg i.v.), histamine, tetragastrin,
      bethanechol, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or a meal (ED50 values ranged from 0.11-0.26 mg/kg
      p.o.). The nonspecific inhibition of gastric acid by ORF 17583 supports the
      existence of interdependence between histamine and the gastrin and cholinergic
      receptors on the parietal cell surface. Antisecretory potency of ORF 17583 after
      intraduodenal administration in pylorus-ligated rats was 6.4 times greater than
      cimetidine, 1.8 times greater than ranitidine, equal to that of omeprazole and 8
      times less than that of famotidine. Oral antisecretory potency of ORF 17583 in
      gastric fistula dogs was 31 times greater than cimetidine, 3.7 times greater than
      ranitidine and equal to that of omeprazole and famotidine. Studies using
      equieffective antisecretory doses of ORF 17583 and ranitidine in dogs suggested
      that ORF 17583 has a short duration of antisecretory activity similar to that of
      ranitidine.

PMID- 2886643
TI  - Effects of cocaine on methamphetamine-induced neurochemical changes:
      characterization of cocaine as a monoamine uptake blocker.
AB  - Many of the rewarding aspects of cocaine are thought to be due to the ability of
      this stimulant to block reuptake of monoamines. However, because of its ability
      also to cause transmitter release, it is difficult to examine the properties of
      cocaine as an uptake blocker using in vitro techniques such as tissue slices or
      synaptosomes. Thus, we have evaluated cocaine as a blocker of dopamine and 5
      hydroxytryptamine uptake processes by determining the in vivo effect of
      concurrent administrations of cocaine on the neurochemical effects of
      methamphetamine treatments. These findings demonstrated that cocaine like 5
      hydroxytryptamine uptake blockers such as citalopram, greatly attenuated or
      blocked decreases in striatal and cortical tryptophan hydroxylase activities and
      concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid induced by
      multiple and single methamphetamine administrations. In contrast to other
      dopamine uptake blockers, such as amfonelic acid, cocaine did not attenuate the
      methamphetamine effects on striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and the
      concentrations of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid. The
      neurochemical findings were correlated with behavioral analyses.

PMID- 2886644
TI  - Comparison of the effects of the novel inotropic agent, ibopamine, with epinine,
      dopamine and fenoldopam on renal vascular dopamine receptors in the anesthetized
      dog.
AB  - The effect of i.v. administration of the novel, p.o. active inotropic prodrug,
      ibopamine, on canine renal vascular dopamine DA-1 receptors was determined in the
      anesthetized dog. These effects were compared with those produced by the active
      form of ibopamine, epinine, and with the standard DA-1 receptor agonists,
      dopamine and fenoldopam. After pretreatment of pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs
      with phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg i.v.) and propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) to block
      alpha and beta adrenoceptor-mediated effects, respectively, the renal blood flow
      responses to i.v. administration of ibopamine, epinine, dopamine and fenoldopam
      were determined before and after selective blockade of DA-1 receptors by i.v.
      infusion of SK&F R-83566 (0.5 microgram/kg/min). Under control conditions,
      ibopamine produced a dose-dependent increase in renal blood flow as a result of
      renal vasodilation (i.e., decrease in renal vascular resistance), and was
      approximately 10-fold less potent than epinine in this respect. Epinine elicited
      qualitatively similar renal hemodynamic changes to ibopamine with the exception
      of potency. Dopamine was approximately equipotent with epinine as a renal
      vasodilator, and both compounds were 10-fold less potent than fenoldopam.
      Concurrent with the renal vasodilation produced by all four compounds, there was
      a reduction in mean arterial blood pressure and total peripheral vascular
      resistance. After the administration of SK&F R-83566, the renal vasodilator
      responses to fenoldopam were antagonized markedly with an approximate 30-fold
      rightward shift in the log dose-response curve, whereas the renal vasodilator
      responses to dopamine were abolished completely and converted into small
      vasoconstrictor responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886645
TI  - Effects of clenbuterol and prenalterol on behavior maintained under a multiple
      fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedule.
AB  - The results of a number of studies have implicated beta adrenergic receptors in
      the brain in the actions of proven antidepressant drugs. This suspected
      involvement of central beta adrenergic receptors made it of interest to
      characterize the behavioral effects of centrally acting beta adrenergic agonists.
      Clenbuterol and prenalterol, unlike most beta adrenergic agonists, penetrate into
      the central nervous system after peripheral administration. In the present study,
      the effects of these agonists on behavior maintained under a multiple fixed
      interval 5-min, fixed-ratio 30-response schedule were determined. Both compounds,
      in a dose-dependent manner, reduced response rate under both components of the
      multiple schedule. Under the fixed-interval component, clenbuterol and
      prenalterol altered the temporal pattern of responding. At no dose tested was
      there evidence for any stimulant action of either of the drugs. The effects of
      clenbuterol and prenalterol on behavior maintained under the multiple schedule
      appeared to be a result of an interaction of the agonists with beta adrenergic
      receptors. This was evidenced by the ability of the beta adrenergic antagonist
      propranolol to block the effects of the agonists. The behavioral effects of
      clenbuterol and prenalterol appear, in general, to be similar to effects reported
      previously for tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibiting antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2886646
TI  - Characterization of the H2 receptor antagonist and gastric acid antisecretory
      properties of Wy-45,727.
AB  - Wy-45,727, structurally similar to ranitidine, was characterized in various
      models to define its gastric acid antisecretory potency and mechanism of action.
      In vitro it antagonized the histamine-induced 1) positive chronotropism in
      isolated guinea pig right atria (pA2 = 8.23, Schild coefficient +/- S.E.M. = 1.09
      +/- 0.01), and 2) [14C]aminopyrine uptake in rat isolated gastric mucosal cells.
      It inhibited acid secretion in dogs (p.o.) prepared with innervated gastric
      pouches (ED50 = 0.2 mg/kg) and in the pylorus-ligated rat (ED50 = 0.43 mg/kg).
      ED50 values for ranitidine were 0.9 mg/kg (dog) and 9.97 mg/kg (rat). After an 18
      hr pretreatment period with doses up to 300 mg/kg p.o., inhibition of acid
      secretion in the rat barely exceeded 50%, indicating that the duration of action
      of Wy-45,727 was not excessive. Wy-45,727 appears to be a selective histamine H2
      receptor antagonist.

PMID- 2886647
TI  - Characterization of vasopressor response to sympathetic stimulation in the pithed
      rat: differential regulation of neuronally stimulated and blood-borne
      catecholamine-stimulated pressor responses in rats harboring pheochromocytoma.
AB  - The vasopressor response to sympathetic stimulation in the pithed rat was
      characterized both by analyzing the effects of chemical sympathectomy,
      adrenalectomy and selective antagonists on the vasopressor response and by
      measurement of changes in plasma concentrations of catecholamines. Stimulation of
      the spinal sympathetic outflow evoked a biphasic pressor response: an initial
      transient component was caused mainly by postganglionic sympathetic nerve
      stimulation (the direct response); a slowly developing secondary component was
      mediated predominantly by circulating catecholamines released from the adrenal
      medulla (the adrenal response). Parallel analysis of plasma catecholamines showed
      that the rise in epinephrine appeared to be closely related to this adrenal
      component. The pressor response in adrenalectomized rats was selectively blocked
      by prazosin but not by yohimbine; however, in sympathectomized rats, the pressor
      response was abolished by prazosin and yohimbine together but not by either drug
      given alone. These results suggest that the direct, neurogenic component is
      mediated mainly by alpha-1 adrenoceptors whereas the secondary, adrenally
      mediated response occurs by activation of both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
      Furthermore, the in vivo regulation of each component of the pressor response was
      studied in rats harboring pheochromocytoma (PHEO), a tumor causing marked
      elevations in endogenous catecholamine concentrations. In PHEO rats, the direct
      pressor response was found to be relatively intact but the adrenal response was
      blunted. Inasmuch as there was normal rise in plasma epinephrine to electrical
      stimulation in PHEO rats, the results suggest a differential regulation of
      neuronally stimulated and blood-borne catecholamine-mediated pressor responses in
      PHEO rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886649
TI  - Local and neurally mediated effects of sufentanil on canine skeletal muscle
      vascular resistance.
AB  - The present study examines both the local and neurally mediated effects of
      sufentanil, a new synthetic opioid, on the vascular resistance of the isolated,
      separately perfused canine gracilis muscle. Infusions (50 micrograms/min) of
      sufentanil into the gracilis arteries of nine denervated gracilis muscles did not
      produce a direct vascular effect. Because morphine has been previously shown to
      produce a central sympatholytic effect, the neural effect of sufentanil was
      examined in 12 innervated muscles under conditions of either low or high
      background sympathetic activity produced by either hemorrhage or transfusion of
      the dog. After i.v. sufentanil (20 micrograms/kg), all dogs experienced a rapid
      parallel fall in gracilis vascular resistance (GVR) and mean arterial pressure.
      The GVR decreased under conditions of high and low sympathetic activity. With low
      sympathetic tone, the GVR decreased from a control value of 24.1 +/- 4.4 S.E.M.
      to 6.6 +/- 0.8 resistance units (RU), a value below the subsequently denervated
      level (13.2 +/- 2.5 RU) (P less than .05). In hemorrhaged animals with elevated
      control sympathetic tone, resistance declined from 38.4 +/- 9.1 to 26.1 +/- 4.4
      RU (P less than .05) but did not reach the denervated level (12.4 +/- 2.7 RU).
      Local intra-arterial pharmacologic blockade of the gracilis muscle was performed
      in animals with low sympathetic tone. Intra-arterial atropine did not effect the
      neurogenic vasodilatory response to sufentanil, whereas prazosin abolished it.
      Intra-arterial H1 and H2 receptor blockade prevented the decline of GVR secondary
      to sufentanil below the denervated level. Thus, vasodilation associated with
      sufentanil administration is mediated solely through neurogenic
      mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886648
TI  - Taxol is converted to 7-epitaxol, a biologically active isomer, in cell culture
      medium.
AB  - The hydrolysis products of taxol have been isolated by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass
      spectroscopy. In contrast to taxol, the major hydrolysis product, baccatin III,
      has little cytotoxic activity and does not promote in vitro microtubule assembly.
      In cell culture medium, the concentration of taxol decreases with time and 7
      epitaxol, which exhibits properties comparable to those of taxol both on cells
      and on in vitro microtubuli polymerization, is formed. Baccatin III is found in
      small quantities in the cell medium, although it is barely detectable within the
      cells. It is concluded that 7-epitaxol is the major derivative of taxol found in
      cells and that its presence does not alter, in a major way, the overall
      biological activity of taxol.

PMID- 2886650
TI  - Selective regulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors by the chronic administration
      of the lipophilic beta adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol: an
      autoradiographic study.
AB  - Many antidepressant drugs, when administered chronically to rats, have been shown
      to produce decreases in the density of beta adrenergic receptors in the central
      nervous system. The centrally active beta adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol
      is currently being evaluated clinically as an antidepressant. The chronic
      administration of this drug to rats resulted in a large decrease in the density
      of beta adrenergic receptors in some areas of the rat brain but not in others.
      Thus, autoradiographic studies revealed that the total density of beta adrenergic
      receptors in the molecular layer of the cerebellum, but not in layers 1 to 3 or
      layer 4 of the cerebral cortex, was decreased. To examine whether this regional
      selectivity occurred because of differences in plasticity of cerebellum and
      cortex or because cerebellum contains mainly beta-2 adrenergic receptors and
      cortex contains mainly beta-1 adrenergic receptors, separate analyses of the
      subtypes of beta adrenergic receptors were performed in each area. These
      experiments indicated that the decrease in receptor density was entirely specific
      for beta-2 adrenergic receptors, whereas the density of beta-1 receptors was
      unchanged. Thus, even in layers 1 to 3 and layer 4 of the cerebral cortex, beta-2
      receptor density was decreased, with no change in beta-1 receptor density. Using
      the autoradiographic assay for ligand binding, it was shown that clenbuterol has
      equal affinity for beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, indicating that the
      selective effect of this drug was not due to a selective affinity for beta-2
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886651
TI  - Antagonism of cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity by the alpha adrenergic antagonists
      phentolamine and yohimbine.
AB  - The ability of the alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists phentolamine and yohimbine to
      antagonize cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity was determined in phenobarbital-induced
      B6C3/F1 mice. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by the histologic extent of necrosis,
      incidence of latent lethality and increases in serum alanine aminotransferase
      activity. The depression of hepatic glutathione levels also were measured. The
      administration of a single 5-mg/kg dose of phentolamine antagonized the decrease
      in glutathione levels and the elevation of aminotransferase activity caused by a
      60-mg/kg dose of cocaine. Similar results were obtained in mice pretreated with
      the alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine. Whereas the duration of antagonism could be
      extended by administering a 30-mg/kg dose of yohimbine, the magnitude of the
      antagonism was not increased. In contrast to the experiments with the larger
      dose, multiple hourly doses of 2.5 mg/kg of yohimbine increased both the duration
      of antagonism and the magnitude of protection against the hepatotoxicity produced
      by cocaine. Yohimbine pretreatment reduced cocaine-induced latent lethality by
      50%, but did not alter the time to lethality. The results of these experiments
      indicate that the alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist reduces the toxicity of cocaine
      rather than merely delaying its time of onset. This effect does not appear to
      result from an inhibition of the toxic metabolite(s) of cocaine, as a 10-fold
      molar excess of yohimbine failed to antagonize lipid peroxidation caused by in
      vitro incubation of cocaine with hepatic microsomes. Additional experiments in
      mice whose liver metabolism had not been induced by prior pretreatment with
      phenobarbital revealed that 60 mg/kg of cocaine lowered glutathione but was not
      hepatotoxic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886652
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of S-(2-chloroethyl)glutathione in the Fischer rat: evidence for
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-independent uptake by the kidney.
AB  - S-(2-chloroethyl)glutathione (CEG; 270 mumol/kg) produced renal lesions that were
      confined to the proximal tubules of the outer stripe of the outer medulla and
      were similar to those lesions produced by the cysteine analog S-(2
      chloroethyl)cysteine or by the nephrotoxic glutathione (GSH) adduct of 2
      bromohydroquinone. These histopathologic changes in the kidney were correlated
      with alterations in renal function as reflected by dose- and time-dependent
      elevations in blood urea nitrogen levels as well as by the increased urinary
      excretion of protein, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The role of
      renal GSH metabolism as a mediating factor in the nephrotoxicity of these GSH
      conjugates was investigated by administering the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      inhibitor AT-125 [L-(alpha-S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5
      isoxazoleacetic acid]. Treatment with AT-125 led to a dose-dependent decrease in
      renal gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity that correlated inversely with
      increased GSH concentrations in the urine and kidney. Pretreatment with AT-125
      ameliorated 2-bromohydroguinone-induced renal toxicity but did not protect
      against the CEG-induced renal lesion. In fact, pretreatment with AT-125 produced
      a dose-dependent potentiation of CEG renal toxicity. The CEG-induced renal lesion
      was dependent on a probenecid-sensitive transport system that was not involved in
      the toxicity of 2-bromohydroguinone. These studies demonstrate that CEG need not
      be metabolized by gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase to the corresponding cysteine
      adduct [S-(2-chloroethyl)cysteine] in order to enter renal tubule cells and
      ultimately exert its nephrotoxic action.

PMID- 2886653
TI  - Involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in epileptiform bursting in the rat
      hippocampal slice.
AB  - The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, D-2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV), and other excitatory amino acid antagonists, were
      studied on CA1 pyramidal neurones treated with picrotoxin or bicuculline to
      reduce synaptic inhibition mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Under
      these conditions epileptiform burst firing is readily produced by orthodromic
      stimulation of the pyramidal cell population. D-APV reduced the plateau amplitude
      and duration of the depolarization underlying evoked and spontaneous bursts
      without affecting membrane potential, input resistance or the ability of the cell
      to fire a Ca2+ spike or a short train of Na+ spikes. A late component of the
      subthreshold excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) was voltage dependent,
      being reduced in amplitude on membrane hyperpolarization. D-APV selectively
      removed this component of the e.p.s.p. in disinhibited slices. In contrast, in
      the absence of GABA antagonists, D-APV had no noticeable effect on the e.p.s.p.
      as studied with field potential recordings. The concentration-response
      relationship of the inhibitory effect of D-APV and L-APV on population spike
      bursts was studied. The action of APV was highly stereoselective; the EC50 of D
      APV was approximately 700 nM, whereas a similar inhibition required 540 microM-L
      APV. A number of other excitatory amino acid antagonists were tested at a fixed
      concentration (100 microM). Among them, the quisqualate antagonist gamma-D
      glutamylaminomethyl sulphonic acid was ineffective against epileptiform bursts.
      In the low nanomolar concentration range both D- and L-APV potentiated bursting.
      These results suggest that in the absence of GABAergic inhibition, a significant
      component of the slow depolarization underlying burst firing is voltage
      dependent, synaptic in origin and mediated by NMDA receptors. We propose that,
      under normal (non-epileptic) physiological conditions, the balance between
      synaptic inhibition mediated by GABA receptors and synaptic excitation mediated
      by NMDA receptors may modulate the excitability of pyramidal cell dendrites.

PMID- 2886655
TI  - The effect of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic salivary stimulants on
      gastric mucosal integrity in the rat.
AB  - Sialoadenectomized and sham-operated rats were given salivary secretory
      stimulants 30 min prior to intragastric instillation of a bile salt solution (5
      mM-sodium taurocholate in 100 mM-HCl). Administration of the alpha-agonist
      phenylephrine (0.15-15 mg/kg) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the loss
      of H+ and the intraluminal appearance of Na+ and K+ associated with bile-salt
      induced damage to the stomach in the sham-sialoadenectomized rat. The effect was
      not apparent if the salivary glands had been previously excised. Adrenaline (0.8
      4.0 mg/kg) and noradrenaline (0.8-4.0 mg/kg) were less effective in reducing the
      degree of mucosal damage in sham-sialoadenectomized rats and were not effective
      in sialoadenectomized rats. Administration of secretory stimulant doses of
      isoprenaline (5 mg/kg), pilocarpine (2 mg/kg) and substance P (25 mg/kg) either
      had no significant effect or exacerbated the net transmucosal fluxes of H+, Na+
      and K+ associated with bile salt damage to the gastric mucosa. The protective
      action of phenylephrine in sham-sialoadenectomized rats was reversed by prior
      treatment with the alpha-antagonist, phentolamine (2 mg/kg). The effect of
      phentolamine was dose dependent. Vagotomy abolished the protective influence of
      phenylephrine in sham-sialoadenectomized rats but did not influence the response
      to other salivary secretory stimulants consistently. These data suggest that
      stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors in rat salivary tissue is associated
      with an amelioration of the increase in gastric mucosal permeability to H+, Na+
      and K+ in response to an intraluminal bile salt solution. The apparent protective
      influence of alpha-adrenergic receptor activation in sham-sialoadenectomized rats
      is mediated in part by the vagus nerve.

PMID- 2886656
TI  - The effects of electrical stimulation of myelinated and non-myelinated vagal
      fibres on heart rate in the rabbit.
AB  - The bradycardia evoked by electrical stimulation of the peripheral end of the
      rabbit vagus nerve is mediated by both myelinated and non-myelinated fibres.
      Stimulation of myelinated fibres at 5 Hz for 20 s resulted in a fall in heart
      rate from a control value of 204 +/- 1.3 to 182 +/- 1.2 beats min-1 (means + S.E.
      of means). On stimulation of both myelinated and non-myelinated fibres, heart
      rate fell to 169 +/- 2.1 beats min-1. Heart rate returned rapidly to control
      value following stimulation of myelinated fibres but only slowly after
      stimulation of both myelinated and non-myelinated fibres. Thus recruitment of non
      myelinated fibres increased both the magnitude and duration of the bradycardia.
      Atropine abolished all effects of vagal stimulation on heart rate. Hexamethonium
      abolished the effect of myelinated fibres on heart rate; however, recruitment of
      non-myelinated fibres still produced a bradycardia. It is suggested that the
      prolonged effect following stimulation of non-myelinated fibres may reflect the
      persistent action of a non-cholinergic excitatory transmitter at the ganglion.

PMID- 2886654
TI  - Motoneurones of the submucous plexus regulate electrical activity of the circular
      muscle of canine proximal colon.
AB  - The hypothesis that the circular muscle of the canine proximal colon receives
      motor input from neurones in the submucous plexus was tested. Circular muscle
      cells were impaled with micro-electrodes and submucous plexus neurones were
      stimulated by electrical field stimulation and microejection of acetylcholine
      (ACh). In the presence of atropine to block the direct muscarinic effects,
      microejection of ACh onto the submucosa where intact submucous ganglia were
      suspended evoked: (i) an inhibitory junction potential (i.j.p.) that reduced the
      amplitude, duration and rate of rise of the subsequent slow wave; (ii) a slow
      wave of increased duration following the initial inhibitory response. These
      responses were enhanced by increasing the volume of ACh administered. Responses
      to ACh were blocked by hexamethonium, 10(-4) M; d-tubocurarine, 10(-4) M; or
      tetrodotoxin (TTX), 10(-6) M, suggesting they were neural in origin. Both
      inhibitory and excitatory responses were the result of non-cholinergic and non
      adrenergic nerves. The transmitters mediating these effects are unknown. Removal
      of the longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus, and the serosal portion of the
      circular muscle had no apparent effect on the responses to application of ACh to
      submucosal ganglia. In these preparations the responses to field stimulation were
      identical to those produced by ACh. The submucous plexus also provides
      cholinergic input to the circular muscle. When ACh was discretely applied to the
      submucosa cholinergic responses were elicited at the muscle cell which were
      significantly reduced by hexamethonium or TTX. These findings suggest that the
      cholinergic responses were the result of ACh release by neurones at the effector
      and not by overflow of the exogenous ACh. Cholinergic responses were also
      elicited in preparations in which the myenteric plexus had been removed. Slow
      waves in circular muscle of the proximal colon yield excitation-contraction
      coupling in the absence of Ca2+ action potentials. Therefore the influence of
      submucous neurones on electrical slow waves has direct consequences on motor
      activity. Reduction in the amplitude and duration of slow wave by i.j.p.s.
      results in reduction in the amplitude and duration of phasic contractions.
      Excitatory inputs enhance contractions. The data support a new concept:
      motoneurones emanating from submucous ganglia innervate the circular muscle and
      provide inhibitory and excitatory inputs to regulate slow wave activity.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2886657
TI  - Tensile strengths and microscopic analysis of nickel-chromium base metal
      postceramic solder joints.

PMID- 2886658
TI  - Withdrawal syndromes.

PMID- 2886660
TI  - Complement activation and vascular injury in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - The deposition of immune complexes within blood vessel walls results in the
      potential for complement activation and the release of chemotactic factors, such
      as fragments of C5 (C5fr). The generation of C5fr results in the intravascular
      aggregation of neutrophils with subsequent leukostatic occlusion of the pulmonary
      arterioles. The generation of C5fr may contribute to the pathogenesis of adult
      respiratory distress syndrome and other diseases. Studies were undertaken to
      determine the role of circulating complement derived peptides and intravascular
      neutrophil activation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2886659
TI  - Basic elements of murine systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Knowledge about murine lupus and by analogy human lupus, has increased much in
      recent decades. Relatively complete descriptions of the development of this
      disease, particularly at the cellular, humoral, and in some cases the molecular
      level, are now available, but why the disease occurs is still unknown.
      Technologies designed to describe cellular and humoral immunologic events in
      progress and ways to artificially induce such abnormalities are described.
      However, until recently techniques capable of defining the genes determining
      immunologic function or revealing abnormalities of these genes which might
      predispose to diseases such as lupus were unknown. Since the disease itself can
      apparently be caused in genetically dissimilar individuals by different
      pathogenic mechanisms, and since most of the individual autoimmune traits appear
      to be multigenic, the lupus prone genetic backgrounds will be complex. The
      pertinent genetic elements in disease prone animals are examined and compared.

PMID- 2886661
TI  - PCNA/cyclin: a lupus antigen connected with DNA replication.
AB  - Molecular analysis of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) has the 2
      fold goal of utilizing the unique tools provided by autoimmune sera to study the
      function of this important intracellular molecule and to provide insights into
      the etiology of autoimmune disease. PCNA is expressed in the nucleus immediately
      preceding S phase and, during S phase is colocalized with sites of active DNA
      synthesis. There is currently available not only a battery of human sera which
      can be rendered monospecific for PCNA, but also monoclonal antibodies and rabbit
      antipeptide antibodies. With these reagents, it might be possible to isolate cDNA
      clones from cDNA expression libraries.

PMID- 2886662
TI  - [Pulpy kidney in the lamb].

PMID- 2886663
TI  - Synthesis, conformation, and dopaminergic activity of 5,6-ethano-bridged
      derivatives of selective dopaminergic 3-benzazepines.
AB  - To probe the suggestion that D-1 (DA1) dopamine receptors might possess an
      accessory pi-binding site in a location complementary to a suitably oriented
      aromatic ring (i.e., in an axial orientation approximately orthogonal to the
      catechol nucleus) in agonists such as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-phenyl-1H-3
      benzazepine-7,8-diol (1) and 3',4'-dihydroxynomifensine (2) that are selective
      for this subtype, cis- and trans-2,3,4,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4-phenyl-1H-indeno[1,7
      cd]azepine-6,7-diol were prepared. These compounds are 5,6-ethano-bridged
      derivatives of the D-1 selective dopamine receptor agonist 1. Introduction of the
      bridge reduces the conformational mobility of the parent molecule. Comprehensive
      conformational analyses by molecular mechanical methods indicated that both the
      cis and trans isomers could attain a conformation that places the phenyl
      substituent in an axial orientation. X-ray analysis of the trans isomer showed an
      axial disposition of the phenyl ring; however, NMR studies suggest that this
      conformation is fixed in the trans isomer, but not in the cis. The dopamine
      receptor binding affinity and intrinsic activity of the cis isomer were
      considerably greater than those of its trans counterpart; the cis isomer also
      demonstrated a high degree of selectivity for the D-1 subtypes. One possible
      explanation of these results, suggested by the molecular modeling studies, is
      that both the axial orientation of the phenyl postulated to be required for
      binding to the receptor and a putatively requisite location of the nitrogen in
      approximately the plane of the catechol ring can be attained only by the cis
      isomer in which the tetrahydroazepine ring is in a twist conformation.
      Conversely, these results might simply suggest a preference of the D-1 receptors
      for benzazepine agonists having the phenyl group in an equatorial orientation.
      Still another possibility is that the D-1 receptor binding site is in a
      sterically hindered area accessible only to compounds that are relatively planar.
      However, it requires an axial 1-phenylbenzazepine for strong binding. Thus, a
      conformationally flexible cis isomer could more readily achieve the different
      conformations required to both gain access to and bind with the D-1 site.

PMID- 2886664
TI  - Berbanes: a new class of selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - The alpha-adrenoceptor blocking properties of some berbanes have been studied and
      compared with those of idazoxan, yohimbine, phentolamine, and prazosin. Their
      effects on presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors were studied on chemical
      neurotransmission of isolated rat vas deferens and longitudinal muscle strip of
      guinea pig ileum; xylazine or norepinephrine was employed as agonist. The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking activities of the berbanes were tested on isolated rat vas
      deferens and rabbit pulmonary artery by using phenylephrine or norepinephrine as
      agonist. The antagonistic activity of the berbanes and the reference compounds on
      alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenoceptors was characterized by the apparent pA2 values.
      Of the compounds studied, [8aS*-(8a alpha,12a alpha,13a alpha)]-11 alpha-hydroxy
      5,6,8a,9,10,11,12a,13,13,a-decahydro-8H-benzo[g]-1,3 -benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinoli
      zine, 6d, proved to be the most selective antagonist at the presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptors (alpha 1:alpha 2 ratio = 1659). Since blockade of alpha 2
      adrenoceptors located on noradrenergic axon terminals leads to an increase of
      norepinephrine release, this compound could have potential as an antidepressant
      agent.

PMID- 2886665
TI  - The HLA linked iron loading gene in an Afrikaner population.
AB  - The serum ferritin concentration was used as a screening test to identify the
      presence of iron overload in 599 Afrikaans subjects (300 males and 299 females)
      living in the South Western Cape, South Africa. Seventeen of the males with
      concentrations greater than 400 micrograms/l were reevaluated three and five
      years later. Serum ferritin concentrations were measured again and further
      diagnostic procedures were carried out. These included an assessment of alcohol
      intake and measurements of serum gamma glutamyltransferase, the percentage
      saturation of transferrin, and HLA-A,-B,-C, and -DR loci typing on the subjects
      as well as their families. Liver biopsies were performed on some affected
      subjects. Of the original 16 index subjects, four were diagnosed as homozygous
      for the HLA linked iron loading gene which is responsible for the clinical
      disease idiopathic haemochromatosis. Six appeared to be heterozygotes, three were
      heterozygotes who were also abusing alcohol, and two did not fit into any of the
      diagnostic groups. The calculated gene frequency was 0.082, with an expected
      heterozygote frequency of 0.148. The fact that no females were identified in the
      study suggested that the diagnostic criteria for homozygosity (serum ferritin
      greater than 400 micrograms/l and % saturation greater than 60%) were set too
      high. The data were therefore recalculated for the 300 males; when this was done
      the gene frequency was 0.115 and the heterozygote frequency 0.024. Two subjects
      were diagnosed as homozygotes in the study of family members and 37 as
      heterozygotes (33 definite and four probable). Both the homozygotes and nine of
      the heterozygotes showed mild to moderate disturbances of iron metabolism. There
      was considerable overlap between the phenotype expression in these nine
      heterozygotes and the homozygotes, probably as a result of setting the threshold
      for the serum ferritin concentrations at the relatively high value of 400
      microgram/ml. By doing this a small subset of heterozygotes with biochemical
      abnormalities was identified. The results of the present pilot study suggest a
      high frequency of the HLA linked iron loading gene in the Afrikaner population of
      South Western Cape.

PMID- 2886668
TI  - Antigenic relationships among type-1 fimbriae of Enterobacteriaceae revealed by
      immuno-electronmicroscopy.
AB  - Antigenic relationships among type-1 fimbriae of 40 strains of Enterobacteriaceae
      representing 19 species and seven genera were determined by immuno
      electronmicroscopy. Ten distinct antigenic groups were distinguished. Intra- and
      inter-generic relationships were observed although some antigenic groups were
      species-specific only. Antigenic relationships among type-1 fimbriae are more
      complex than have been reported hitherto.

PMID- 2886666
TI  - Prenatal prediction of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI type IV): exclusion of
      inheritance using a collagen gene probe.
AB  - Autosomal dominant osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by mutations in the COL1A2
      and COL1A1 genes of type I collagen. In a family with OI type IV genetically
      linked to the COL1A2 gene, we attempted prenatal diagnosis in a pregnancy at risk
      by genotyping the DNA of the fetus for a COL1A2 gene associated RFLP. Our results
      showed that the fetus inherited the normal COL1A2 allele from her affected
      parent. Linkage analysis can thus be used in the prenatal diagnosis of dominantly
      inherited osteogenesis imperfecta.

PMID- 2886669
TI  - Sulfasalazine and its metabolites attenuate respiratory burst of leukocytes--a
      possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects.
AB  - The effects of sulfasalazine and its metabolites, 5-amino salicylic acid and
      sulfapyridine on respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were
      investigated by determining not only luminol-dependent chemiluminescence for the
      detection of myeloperoxidase-mediated active oxidants, but also lucigenin
      dependent chemiluminescence for the detection of superoxide anion. The present
      study showed that sulfasalazine, 5-amino salicylic acid and sulfapyridine
      attenuated active oxygen species from polymorphonuclear leukocytes at the
      concentrations comparable to clinical doses. Therefore, it was concluded that
      anti-inflammatory effects of sulfasalazine can be explained by the ability of
      sulfasalazine and its degraded compounds to scavenge active oxidants from
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

PMID- 2886667
TI  - The fragile X syndrome in a large family. III. Investigations on linkage of
      flanking DNA markers with the fragile site Xq27.
AB  - In a large family with the fragile X syndrome, we performed linkage
      investigations with six probes, detecting RFLPs at both sides of the fragile site
      Xq27. The nearest flanking markers were cX55.7 (DXS105) on the centromeric side
      (theta = 0.04, lod 5.0) and St14 (DXS52) on the telomeric side (theta = 0.08, lod
      4.0). Non-penetrance could be shown by the presence of the grandpaternal X
      chromosome in three mentally retarded fra(X) positive males. A second non
      penetrant male in this family had inherited an abnormal grandmaternal X
      chromosome. His carrier mother had two retarded fra(X) positive brothers.
      Intermediate between the non-penetrant and fully penetrant males was a non
      retarded male, who expressed the fragile site in 6% of his cells. His X
      chromosome showed the same polymorphisms as were found in his seven severely
      retarded brothers. In five fra(X) negative females the presence of an abnormal X
      chromosome could be demonstrated. Despite the existence of non-penetrance in this
      pedigree, there was no close linkage between a factor IX polymorphism and the
      fragile site (theta = 0.16, lod 1.9). However, in six descendants of a non
      penetrant male, the change to penetrance appeared to be accompanied by a low
      recombination frequency for flanking markers.

PMID- 2886670
TI  - A group of repetitive human DNA families that is characterized by
      extrachromosomal oligomers and restriction-fragment length polymorphism.
AB  - We have recently reported a novel human repetitive DNA (Sau3A family) that exists
      both in the chromosomes and in the extrachromosomal fraction. Several more clones
      that hybridized with the Sau3A family were isolated from the extrachromosomal
      fraction of HeLa cells. Use of these clones as probes has revealed that at least
      four different types of oligomeric forms of DNA are present in the
      extrachromosomal fraction. The oligomers consist of one, two, five or 12 subunits
      of basic 170 base-pair unit DNA, or superimposed forms of two of them. Nucleotide
      sequencing of these clones indicated that the clones have 70 to 90% sequence
      homology with human alphoid satellite DNA. These DNA sequences are present also
      in the chromosomes, as tandemly repeated DNA sequences, and exhibit a
      considerable degree of restriction-fragment length polymorphism. These results,
      taken together with the previous findings on Sau3A family DNA, suggest that there
      is a group of recombination-prone repetitive DNA families in human chromosomes.

PMID- 2886672
TI  - Multiple severe complications from recreational ingestion of MDMA ('Ecstasy')

PMID- 2886671
TI  - 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies of an integral membrane protein: subunit c
      of the F1F0 ATP synthase.
AB  - The membrane-traversing subunit c parallel from the F0 part of the ATP synthase
      molecule has been studied in chloroform/methanol by high-resolution 1H n.m.r.
      Various one-dimensional and two-dimensional techniques have been used for
      assignment purposes, some NOE connectivities were established and some 3JHN alpha
      coupling constants were measured from spin--echo experiments. The effects of
      varying pH, solvent composition, lanthanide concentration and temperature have
      been investigated. Evidence is presented that the molecule has extensive alpha
      helical segments, and the hairpin structure suggested by other groups is
      supported by our n.m.r. data. Only one ionizable group, assigned to the C
      terminal carboxyl, is observed to titrate in the pH range 2 to 10; so the
      conserved residue, Asp61, which binds dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, presumably has
      (at least in this solvent system) an abnormally high pK value.

PMID- 2886673
TI  - [The effects of pancuronium and vecuronium on the norepinephrine dose-response
      curve in the aortic strip in the cat].

PMID- 2886674
TI  - [A double-blind evaluation of famotidine for pre-anesthetic intramuscular
      administration--its effects on volume and pH of gastric juice].

PMID- 2886675
TI  - [A case of ATL presenting a huge intrahepatic tumor, abated with etoposide (NK
      171) therapy alone].

PMID- 2886676
TI  - [Laser endoscopy: diagnosis and therapy. 8. Laser endoscopy lithotripsy of
      biliary tract calculi].

PMID- 2886677
TI  - [DNA diagnosis of hemophilia B].

PMID- 2886678
TI  - [DNA analysis in the diagnosis of hemorrhagic diathesis].

PMID- 2886679
TI  - [Morphological studies on cells from adult T cell leukemia. I. Cell morphology
      and clinical subtypes].

PMID- 2886680
TI  - [Morphological studies on cells from adult T cell leukemia. II. Lobulated
      lymphocytes and HTLV-I infection].

PMID- 2886681
TI  - [Detection of anti-human retrovirus antibody].

PMID- 2886682
TI  - Apolipoprotein AI-CIII gene polymorphisms in a Japanese population.

PMID- 2886683
TI  - Assignment of a polymorphic locus of OS-4(D18S5) DNA segment to human chromosome
      region 18q21.3----qter.

PMID- 2886684
TI  - Apolipoprotein AI-CIII gene polymorphisms in Japanese myocardial infarction
      survivors.

PMID- 2886685
TI  - RFLPs of factor IX gene in Japanese haemophilia B families and gene deletion in
      two high-responder-inhibitor patients.

PMID- 2886686
TI  - The zygosity determination of Japanese twins using a minisatellite core probe.

PMID- 2886687
TI  - Noradrenaline-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating system of rat cerebral cortex with
      iron-induced epileptiform activity.
AB  - Noradrenaline-elicited accumulation of cyclic AMP and effects of an alpha-, beta
      adrenoceptor, or adenosine receptor antagonist on the accumulation were examined
      in slices of different areas of rat cerebral cortex in which ferrous chloride
      solution was injected unilaterally into the sensorimotor cortex to induce
      epileptiform activity. The cyclic AMP accumulation was altered regionally in
      relation to both lateral dominance of electrographic isolated spike activity and
      variance of the epileptic process. Involvement of a beta-adrenergic, and possibly
      alpha-adrenergic, mechanism in the alterations in the cyclic AMP accumulation was
      indicated.

PMID- 2886688
TI  - Two kinds of modification by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine of contractile
      responses to electrical stimulation of isolated guinea-pig vas deferens.
AB  - Two kinds of electrical stimulation, low frequency stimulation (5 Hz, 1 msec, 5
      pulses, every 20 sec) and high frequency stimulation (30 Hz, 0.1 msec, 20 pulses,
      every 20 sec), produced contractions in isolated guinea-pig vas deferens. These
      responses were blocked by alpha, beta-methylene-ATP, but not prazosin.
      Phentolamine potentiated the contractions produced by low frequency stimulation,
      while it had little or no effect on the contractions produced by high frequency
      stimulation. The effect of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT), a potent
      short acting hallucinogen, on the contractile response to two kinds of electrical
      stimulation was examined. On the contraction produced by low frequency
      stimulation, 5-MeODMT showed a biphasic action. 5-MeODMT at concentrations of 3 X
      10(-8)-10(-6) M reduced the contractile response. 5-MeODMT at concentrations of 3
      X 10(-6)-2 X 10(-5) M potentiated the contractile response, and this potentiation
      was reversed by prazosin and ketanserin. Clonidine caused an inhibition of the
      contractile response to low frequency stimulation. This action of clonidine was
      reversed by 5-MeODMT. The reverse action of 5-MeODMT was greatly inhibited in the
      presence of prazosin and ketanserin. The results suggest that 5-MeODMT exerts two
      different kinds of modification on the contractile response to low frequency
      stimulation of isolated guinea-pig vas deferens: in one type of modification, 5
      MeODMT at concentrations higher than 3 x 10(-8) M exerts an action similar to
      that of 5-hydroxytryptamine on postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals and
      reduces the release of transmitter presynaptically, and in the other type, 5
      MeODMT at concentrations higher than 3 x 10(-6) M causes the release of
      noradrenaline from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals.

PMID- 2886689
TI  - Effects of DJ-7141, a new peripherally acting alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, on
      blood pressure and gastric acid output in rats: evidence for the heterogeneity of
      alpha-2 adrenoceptors in different organs.
AB  - Effects of intravenously administered clonidine and DJ-7141 on blood pressure and
      gastric acid output were studied in anesthetized rats. Both drugs caused a dose
      dependent increase in blood pressure. Clonidine-induced increases in the blood
      pressure were attenuated by yohimbine and prazosin. DJ-7141-induced increases in
      blood pressure were also attenuated by yohimbine, but were little affected even
      by a large dose of prazosin. Splanchnic nerve stimulation-induced increases in
      blood pressure were attenuated by clonidine and DJ-7141. The inhibitory effects
      of DJ-7141 exceeded those of clonidine. On the other hand, these agonists had no
      effect on exogenously applied norepinephrine-induced increases in blood pressure.
      Vagally stimulated gastric acid output was inhibited by small doses of clonidine
      and large doses of DJ-7141. Clonidine-induced inhibition of acid output was
      abolished by yohimbine (5 mg/kg), but not by prazosin (5 mg/kg). In contrast, the
      DJ-7141-induced inhibition of acid output was not affected by yohimbine (5
      mg/kg), but was attenuated by a small dose of prazosin (0.1 mg/kg). These results
      indicate that DJ-7141 had no effect on alpha-2 adrenoceptors in gastric
      parasympathetic nerves. Furthermore, the alpha-2 adrenoceptors on parasympathetic
      nerves in the gastric wall are probably pharmacologically different from those on
      sympathetic nerves and blood vessels in rats.

PMID- 2886691
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of ticlopidine on platelet aggregation in open heart surgery].

PMID- 2886690
TI  - A trial for kinetic evaluation of the antagonistic potency of several beta
      antagonists on presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The antagonistic potency, pA2, of several non-selective beta-antagonists on
      presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors was evaluated using a parallel line assay and
      MacKay's equation against isoproterenol-induced increases in 3H release in
      isolated guinea-pig pulmonary arteries preloaded with 3H-norepinephrine.
      Cumulatively applied isoproterenol at 10(-9) M, 10(-8) M and 10(-7) M dose
      dependently increased 3H release evoked by transmural field stimulation at 1 Hz.
      beta-Antagonists tested dose-dependently antagonized the isoproterenol-induced
      increases. The order of pA2 was carteolol (11.23 +/- 0.09) greater than nadolol
      (9.78 +/- 0.05) greater than pindolol (9.59 +/- 0.03) greater than propranolol
      (9.26 +/- 0.17). Carteolol has the highest pA2 and is a useful tool for
      clarifying whether or not presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors tonically function.

PMID- 2886693
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in human renal tumors].

PMID- 2886692
TI  - [Immunological investigation of SSEA-1 antigen and its derivatives in the serum
      in urological malignancies].

PMID- 2886694
TI  - [Peripheral vasodilators in the treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency].

PMID- 2886695
TI  - [Effect of silver preparations on the microflora regenerated from a condensate of
      atmospheric water vapor in a hermetically-sealed chamber].
AB  - The effect of different silver compounds (silver sulphate, silver nitrate,
      electrolytic ionic silver) on microorganisms in water reclaimed from the
      atmospheric condensate in an enclosed environment was investigated. The following
      microorganisms were examined: Alcaligenes faecalis, Citrobacter freundii.
      Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus epidermidis, etc. The ionic silver
      concentrations in solution varied from 0.1 to 10 mg/l. The efficiency of the
      silver compounds was found to depend on the microbial strain, ionic silver
      concentration in solution, and time of exposure. The microflora of the reclaimed
      water proved to be highly resistant to the preservatives which was strongly
      associated with the bacterial physical and chemical composition of the products
      preserved.

PMID- 2886696
TI  - A device for restraining rabbits while bloodfeeding mosquitoes.

PMID- 2886697
TI  - Disability resulting from underfoot first events.

PMID- 2886698
TI  - Evaluation of calcium entry blockers and alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists on B-HT
      920-induced pressor responses in the autonomically blocked dog.
AB  - Several calcium entry blockers and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonists were
      evaluated for inhibition of pressor responses induced by the selective alpha 2
      agonist B-HT 920 in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs pretreated with prazosin (0.5
      mg/kg, i.v.), propranolol (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.), and hexamethonium (10 mg/kg i.v.).
      In this preparation, autonomic blockade (alpha 1, beta, and ganglionic block)
      persists for approximately 4 hr. The B-HT 920 administered intravenously causes
      dose-related increases in mean arterial blood pressure (ED50 = 4.90
      micrograms/kg, i.v., dose causing a 50 mm Hg rise in mean arterial blood
      pressure). Maximum increases in mean arterial pressure approximate 80 mm Hg at
      100 micrograms/kg, i.v. Repeated bolus administration of B-HT 920 over a 4-hr
      period shows no significant reduction in the pressor response, suggesting good
      stability of this experimental model and no rapidly developing tolerance. Calcium
      entry blockers (nifedipine, D-600, and diltiazem) and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor
      antagonists (yohimbine and idazoxan) inhibit the B-HT 920-induced pressor
      response in a dose-related manner. The ED50 values (dose of antagonist that
      causes a 50% inhibition of B-HT 920-induced pressor response) were calculated.
      Idazoxan and yohimbine have ED50 values (mg/kg, i.v.) of 0.086 and 0.063,
      respectively, whereas D-600, nifedipine, and diltiazem have values of 0.074,
      0.111, and 0.542, respectively. The data show that calcium entry blockers and
      alpha 2-adrenergic blockers are potent inhibitors of B-HT 920 pressor responses
      in the autonomically blocked dog. This experimental model is appropriate for the
      evaluation of calcium entry blockers and/or alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists in
      vivo.

PMID- 2886700
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis with bilateral pulmonary artery stenosis. Successful
      surgical correction.
AB  - The case of a 60-year-old patient with severe stenosis of both proximal pulmonary
      arteries resulting from Takayasu's arteritis is reported. The thoracic aorta and
      pulmonary artery were calcified. Patch enlargement of the pulmonary arteries was
      successfully performed. Operative biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of nonspecific
      arteritis consistent with Takayasu's disease.

PMID- 2886699
TI  - HWGA reports on: the status of physician assistant's practice in Kentucky.

PMID- 2886701
TI  - Internal mammary artery grafting.

PMID- 2886703
TI  - A case of CD4+/CD8- adult T-cell leukemia with good response to interferon-beta
      terminating as a CD4+/CD8+ adult T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - The leukemic cells of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) usually express the
      helper/inducer associated antigen reactive with anti-CD4 antibodies but not with
      anti-CD8. We present a 63-yr-old woman with ATL characterized by circulating
      leukemic cells with CD4+/CD8- phenotype, hepatosplenomegaly with no
      lymphadenopathy, and the presence of proviral DNA of human T-cell leukemia virus
      I in the leukemic cells. She was successfully treated with interferon beta and
      the remission lasted for 12 months. She then relapsed in the lymph nodes with
      minimal peripheral blood involvement. The neoplastic cells of the lymph node now
      co-expressed CD4 and CD8 antigens indicating that the change in clinical
      manifestation was accompanied by a phenotypic change of the leukemic cells.

PMID- 2886702
TI  - Myeloproliferative disorder due to abnormal production of hematopoietic
      stimulators.
AB  - A new kind of myeloproliferative disorder (L-8313) has been discovered. It was
      transplantable into syngeneic mice with spleen cells. The mice showed hepato
      splenomegaly with a marked leukocytosis and anemia 3 weeks after transplantation
      of L-8313 cells. The number of GM-CFU and CFU-S per spleen increased to more than
      40 times normal. The results of chromosomal and PGK analysis demonstrated that
      these increased stem cells were of host origin. Both the culture medium of the
      spleen cells and the serum from L-8313 bearing mice showed high levels of IL-3,
      BPA and CSF. Consequently, hematopoietic cells of the host mice underwent
      remarkable proliferation in response to these stimulating factors when L-8313
      cells were transplanted. We also have been successful in establishing an in-vitro
      cell line and have maintained it for over one year. The phenotype of L-8313 cells
      was Thy 1.2 positive. Some L-8313 cells showed a positive acid phosphatase
      reaction but the cytochemical character of myeloid lineage was not observed.
      Therefore, L-8313 is considered to be a T-cell derived hematopoietic regulatory
      cell neoplasm with the ability to produce several hematopoietic stimulating
      factors.

PMID- 2886704
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa of the liver--a case report and review of the literature.

PMID- 2886705
TI  - Stimulative effect of somatostatin on cell proliferation in cultured
      chondrocytes.
AB  - We have earlier demonstrated that human growth hormone stimulates DNA synthesis
      and proteoglycan production in cultured chondrocytes. The present study is
      concerned with the effects of somatostatin and other neuropeptides on cell
      proliferation by cultured rat rib growth plate chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were
      isolated from the growth plates by collagenase digestion and cultured as
      monolayers in multiwell plates. The cells were allowed to attach overnight and
      subsequently incubated for 24 h under serum-free conditions to establish growth
      arrest. Somatostatin and other peptides were then added and the cultures were
      incubated for 18 h. Finally, the cultures were labelled for 6 h with tritiated
      thymidine in the presence of peptide. For screening purposes, the effect on DNA
      synthesis was assayed as incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into acid-insoluble
      material. For a more exact estimate, parallel cultures were prepared for
      autoradiography and the fraction of labelled nuclei was determined by counting.
      Among the peptides we tested (somatostatin, GRF, TRH, SP, mENK, PHI, VIP, hCT)
      only somatostatin had any discernible effect on DNA synthesis, with an apparently
      optimal effect at 10 fM. This concentration is well within the range found in
      various tissues in vivo and suggests a physiological role for somatostatin in
      chondrocyte growth regulation. Further experiments are required, however, to
      clarify by which mechanism somatostatin influences the cells and whether the
      peptide interacts with other growth factors such as the IGFs.

PMID- 2886706
TI  - Histaminergic mechanisms in the brain.

PMID- 2886707
TI  - [Detection of alcoholism in the general hospital. Psychometric and biological
      instruments].

PMID- 2886708
TI  - [Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type II-a: presentation of a stricken family].

PMID- 2886710
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasms type II].

PMID- 2886711
TI  - [Psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus and its prevalence in
      mental patients].

PMID- 2886713
TI  - [Strategy for the control of HIV infection using epidemiological methods].

PMID- 2886712
TI  - Inhibition of aconitine-induced mortality in the conscious rat: a screening test
      for antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - A test for inhibition of mortality induced by intravenous injection of aconitine
      in rats is proposed as a particularly valid method, owing to its simplicity and
      degree of specificity, for inclusion among the preliminary screening tests for
      antiarrhythmic activity. LD50 (63.5 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and LD99 (118.9
      micrograms/kg, i.v.) values of aconitine were determined. The dose employed for
      screening was 100 micrograms/kg i.v., which in control animals produced a death
      rate of 97.7% (293 deaths/300 treated animals). The protection produced by
      various drugs belonging to different groups of antiarrhythmics was studied.
      ED50s, expressed in mg/kg i.p., were as follows: Class I antiarrhythmics:
      flecainide, 5.5; E-4017, 30.0; lorcainide, 30.9; quinidine, 41.1;
      diphenylhydantoin, 42.3; lidocaine, 48.5; ajmaline: 53.9; procainamide, 61.3.
      Class II antiarrhythmics: pindolol 22.8; propranolol, 24.9; oxprenolol, 38.0;
      labetalol, 60.7; atenolol, 100.0; metoprolol, approximately 160; acebutalol,
      greater than 160; timolol, greater than 160. Class III antiarrhythmics:
      amiodarone, greater than 160. Class IV antiarrhythmics: verapamil, diltiazem and
      nifedipine were inactive up to 40 mg/kg. The test would appear to be selective
      for membrane-stabilizing agents (class I) and beta-blockers (class II), but in
      view of the magnitudes of activity found, it should be used in combination with
      other antiarrhythmic tests.

PMID- 2886709
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasms (MEN I): experience with 15 cases].

PMID- 2886714
TI  - Non-cytocidal natural variants of human immunodeficiency virus isolated from AIDS
      patients with neurological disorders.
AB  - To understand the mechanism of HIV-mediated neuropathology five viral isolates
      were obtained from four AIDS cases with central nervous system manifestations as
      the primary involvement. The isolates were identified as HIVs by antigenic cross
      reactivity and nucleic acid hybridizations to HIV-specific antibodies and DNA
      probes. The replication and cytopathic properties of these isolates were studied
      and compared with lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HIVLAV). All isolates had
      replication competence equivalent to LAV, but four isolates did not kill T4 (CD
      4) cells. This isolation of non-cytocidal natural variants of HIV raises the
      possibility that in some AIDS cases the neurological disorders might be due to
      HIV variants that are non-cytocidal to T4 cells. The results also indicate that
      virus replication and cytotoxicity are not always concordant functions in HIV.

PMID- 2886715
TI  - Raised cerebrospinal-fluid copper concentration in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The cerebrospinal-fluid copper concentration, measured by electrothermal
      atomisation/atomic absorption spectrophotometry, was significantly higher in 24
      patients with untreated, idiopathic Parkinson's disease than in a control
      population of 34 patients (p less than 0.001). The difference in the in-vitro
      capacity of copper to damage DNA, measured by the phenanthroline assay was even
      greater. The high phenanthroline-copper concentration correlated with disease
      severity (p = 0.02) and with the rate of progression of disease (p less than
      0.05). A possible role is suggested for copper-catalysed oxidative mechanisms in
      the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2886717
TI  - Implantation of artificial sphincter for anal incontinence.
AB  - The implantation of an artificial anal sphincter in a man with severe anal
      incontinence an myasthenia gravis is described. The prosthesis used, an "AMS 800'
      artificial urinary sphincter, gave the patient complete control of defecation.
      The technique offers the possibility of curing anal incontinence of neuromuscular
      origin, for which there has been no treatment until know.

PMID- 2886716
TI  - Effect of hydrazine sulphate on whole-body protein breakdown measured by 14C
      lysine metabolism in lung cancer patients.
AB  - In a prospective double-blind trial twelve malnourished patients with lung cancer
      were randomised to receive either placebo or hydrazine sulphate (60 mg three
      times daily) for 30 days. Fasting lysine flux was determined by a primed 4-hour
      continuous infusion of 14C-lysine before and after one month of hydrazine
      treatment. Baseline plasma lysine flux was 2580 (SD 580) mumol/h for the placebo
      group and 2510 (440) mumol/h for the hydrazine group. After one month the placebo
      group showed a slight rise to 2920 (450) mumol/h (p = 0.08) and the hydrazine
      group showed a significant fall to 1840 (750) mumol/h (p less than 0.05); serum
      albumin fell in the placebo group and was unchanged in the hydrazine group.
      Administration of hydrazine sulphate to reduce aminoacid flux may favourably
      influence the metabolic abnormalities in cancer cachexia.

PMID- 2886718
TI  - Protection from autoimmune disease as the third function of the major
      histocompatibility gene complex.
AB  - The collection of genes known as the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC)
      appears to subserve three functions. Firstly, its class I genes, coding for
      antigens on all nucleated cells, assist clones of cytotoxic T cells to kill virus
      infected cells quickly, without being muffled by the myriad numbers of free virus
      particles. Secondly, the absence of autoimmunity to both class I and class II MHC
      antigens shows that they impose unbreakable tolerances on the immune repertoire.
      The class II antigens, which are confined to B lymphocytes (if their apparent
      occurrence on other dividing cells is a cross-reaction), may have the sole
      function of tolerance induction, supplementing this activity of the class I
      antigens. Both sets of MHC antigens serve to diversify immunity-repertoire gaps
      among individuals of a population, thus hampering epidemic spread of infection
      and providing a diversity of immunoreactivity that favours survival of at least
      some members of a population in the face of pestilence. Thirdly, the permanence
      of the MHC tolerance inductions affords a powerful, adaptable mechanism for
      curtailment of reproductively disadvantageous autoimmune disease liable to arise
      through somatic mutations in lymphocytes multiplying under drive from a microbial
      antigenic stimulus.

PMID- 2886719
TI  - How far to lower blood pressure?

PMID- 2886720
TI  - HBV and glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2886721
TI  - Nocturnal hypoglycaemia in childhood diabetes.

PMID- 2886722
TI  - Acromegalic heart disease.

PMID- 2886723
TI  - Management of Colles fractures.

PMID- 2886724
TI  - Audiological services for children.

PMID- 2886725
TI  - Endemic goitre in central China caused by excessive iodine intake.
AB  - Thyroid status was examined in children from two villages in central China where
      the iodine concentrations in drinking water were 462.5 and 54 micrograms/l.
      Goitres were present in 65% (n = 120) and 15.4% (n = 51), respectively. All
      children in both groups were clinically euthyroid and neurologically normal.
      Growth measurements and intellectual performance were similar in the two groups.
      Children from the high-iodine village had a lower mean serum triiodothyronine and
      higher serum free thyroxine and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations
      than the children from the control village. 2 cases of overt hypothyroidism were
      detected in the high-iodine village.

PMID- 2886728
TI  - Lyme disease in Europe.

PMID- 2886726
TI  - Portable ultrasound scanner versus serology in screening for hydatid cysts in a
      nomadic population.
AB  - 3553 nomads in Turkana, a remote area of north-west Kenya, were screened for
      hydatid cysts by a portable ultrasound scanner and by serology. 198 (5.6%) proved
      to have liver or upper abdominal cysts. In the group screened by both techniques
      (2644) 174 (6.6%) cases of hydatidosis were detected by ultrasonography and 76
      (2.9%) by serology. Ultrasonography gave immediate results and was less expensive
      and more acceptable and educationally valuable to the people. This non-invasive
      rapid technique also provided important clinical information about the cysts. The
      prevalence data thus obtained will contribute to the surveillance of a hydatid
      control programme.

PMID- 2886729
TI  - Progress in the prevention and control of iodine-deficiency disorders.

PMID- 2886727
TI  - Postural body sway and exposure to high-energy impulse noise.
AB  - Detailed neurological and audiological examinations and body-sway measurements
      with a stable platform were carried out on 60 subjects who had been exposed to
      high-energy intermittent noise from firearms and had various degrees of noise
      induced hearing loss. The results were compared with those for 115 healthy
      controls. The exposed subjects showed significantly more body sway, estimated as
      movement of the centre of gravity in the horizontal plane, than the controls.
      This swaying correlated poorly with the recalled level of noise exposure, though
      subjects with more severe hearing loss (by audiometric deterioration of high
      frequency sound, 4 kHz and 6 kHz) showed more sway than those with less severe
      hearing loss. Age was not significantly correlated with body sway among the
      controls but men seemed to sway more than women. These results suggest
      subclinical disturbance of the vestibular system among subjects with impulse
      noise-induced hearing loss.

PMID- 2886730
TI  - Did the North Karelia project reduce coronary mortality?

PMID- 2886731
TI  - Does a siesta protect from coronary heart disease?

PMID- 2886733
TI  - Should transplant centres exchange kidneys?

PMID- 2886732
TI  - Testing of blood donations for non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 2886734
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis: a case of airborne transmission.

PMID- 2886735
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid inflammation during OKT3 therapy.

PMID- 2886737
TI  - IVF and associated techniques: whom can we believe?

PMID- 2886736
TI  - Infantile spasms on weaning from breast milk containing anticonvulsants.

PMID- 2886738
TI  - Neonatal screening for hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2886739
TI  - Cod liver oil or bust.

PMID- 2886740
TI  - Anaesthesia for tonsillectomy.

PMID- 2886741
TI  - Cattle as reservoir of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7.

PMID- 2886742
TI  - Early or low-grade melanoma?

PMID- 2886743
TI  - Food allergy in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2886744
TI  - Boycotts and medicine.

PMID- 2886745
TI  - Surgical training and overseas doctors.

PMID- 2886746
TI  - An ethical dilemma.

PMID- 2886748
TI  - Renal replacement for diabetics.

PMID- 2886747
TI  - The new genetics.

PMID- 2886749
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis.

PMID- 2886750
TI  - Proton spectroscopy of plasma and testing for malignancy.

PMID- 2886751
TI  - Does chloroquine cause hypoglycaemia in the absence of clinical malaria?

PMID- 2886752
TI  - Interaction of cyclosporin and itraconazole.

PMID- 2886753
TI  - Group-specific component and HIV infection.

PMID- 2886754
TI  - No evidence of HIV transmission after long-term follow-up of haemophiliacs
      treated with heat-treated factor VIII concentrate of American origin.

PMID- 2886755
TI  - Safety of albumin preparations manufactured from plasma not tested for HIV
      antibody.

PMID- 2886756
TI  - AIDS publicity campaigns.

PMID- 2886757
TI  - Private homes for elderly patients.

PMID- 2886758
TI  - Management of drug abuse.

PMID- 2886759
TI  - One-use needle-syringe for drug abusers.

PMID- 2886760
TI  - Lead and children's IQ.

PMID- 2886761
TI  - Distribution of interphase nucleolar organiser regions and diagnosis of
      malignancy.

PMID- 2886762
TI  - Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis after allogeneic marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2886763
TI  - High levels of cytomegalovirus antibody in patients requiring vascular surgery
      for atherosclerosis.
AB  - 157 caucasian male patients undergoing vascular surgery for atherosclerosis and a
      matched control group of patients with high cholesterol levels were screened for
      antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and
      type 2 (HSV2), indicative of persistent infection. The prevalence of CMV
      antibodies was higher in the surgical group than in the control group (90% and
      74%, respectively), and a significantly greater percentage (p less than 0.001) of
      surgical cases than controls had high titres of CMV antibodies (57% and 26%,
      respectively). Small but not significant differences in antibodies to HSV1 were
      observed, and there were no differences in HSV2 antibody titres. For each virus
      there was no correlation between antibody titre and blood levels of total
      cholesterol or triglycerides. It is suggested that periodically activated virus
      may have a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2886764
TI  - Histopathology in the prediction of relapse of patients with stage I testicular
      teratoma treated by orchidectomy alone.
AB  - 259 patients with stage I non-seminomatous germ-cell testicular teratoma who were
      treated by orchidectomy alone and monitored at one often centres in the United
      Kingdom were followed for a median of 30 months. 62 of the 70 relapses occurred
      in the first 18 months after orchidectomy. The 2-year relapse-free rate was 74%,
      falling to 68% at 4 years. Histological sections from 233 of the orchidectomy
      specimens were reviewed centrally. Four features independently predicted
      relapses: invasion of testicular veins, invasion of testicular lymphatics,
      absence of yolk-sac elements, and presence of undifferentiated tumour. An index,
      based on the number of these features observed, identified a high-risk subgroup
      of 55 patients who had a 42% relapse-free rate at 2 years.

PMID- 2886765
TI  - Serum cholesterol and cancer in the NHANES I epidemiologic followup study.
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
AB  - The relation between total serum cholesterol and cancer incidence and mortality
      was studied in a cohort based on a probability sample of the United States
      population. 5125 men (yielding 459 incident cancers and 258 cancer deaths) and
      7363 women (398 cases, 186 deaths) were initially examined in 1971-75 and
      followed up for a median of 10 years. Men in the lowest cholesterol quintile had
      nearly double the risk of those in the highest quintile for both incidence and
      mortality. Among women a similar relation was seen for cancer mortality, but
      cancer incidence in the lowest quintile was only 1.2 times that of women in the
      highest quintile. The inverse cholesterol-cancer relation in men was present for
      cholesterol determinations made 6 or more years before diagnosis of cancer. It
      may be premature to dismiss the inverse relation between serum cholesterol and
      cancer simply as a preclinical marker of disease.

PMID- 2886767
TI  - Possible mechanism for cerebral oedema in diabetic ketoacidosis.
AB  - This hypothesis, presented to explain the cerebral oedema that sometimes occurs
      during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), is based on activation of the
      Na+/H+ exchanger, a ubiquitous plasma-membrane transport system that functions in
      the regulation of cytoplasmic pH. Experimental acidification of the cytoplasm
      with weak organic acids activates the exchanger and, in the presence of
      extracellular Na+, leads to cell swelling. This swelling is osmotic, secondary to
      a net gain in Na+ and the anion of the weak organic acid. In DKA, cytoplasmic
      acidification results from high levels of circulating weak organic acids
      (ketoacids and free fatty acids) and activation of Na+/H+ exchange would
      similarly be expected. Conditions during conventional treatment of DKA should
      favour even greater activation of the exchanger and additional cell swelling
      would be predicted. The hypothesis is consistent with the clinical observation
      that clinically apparent cerebral oedema occurs with improvement in the patient's
      acid-base status rather than at the peak of the ketoacidosis.

PMID- 2886766
TI  - Transferable enzymatic resistance to third-generation cephalosporins during
      nosocomial outbreak of multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that were resistant to third-generation
      cephalosporins and amikacin were recovered from 62 of 395 patients (15.7%) during
      1986. 25 isolates (40%) caused urinary tract infections. The outbreak involved
      three intensive care units (54 isolates), and spread from one unit to another and
      then to four wards (8 isolates). K pneumoniae of various serotypes and strains of
      different Enterobacteriaceae demonstrating the same antibiotic resistance pattern
      were isolated, which suggests dissemination of an R-factor. The isolates had low
      level resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (mode minimum inhibitory
      concentration of cefotaxime, 2 mg/l) but remained sensitive to cephamycins.
      Cefotaxime was effective in cases of uncomplicated urinary tract infection, but
      failed in major infections at other sites. 1-5 mg/l of the beta-lactamase
      inhibitors clavulanic acid or sulbactam restored normal activity to cefotaxime
      against the multiresistant strains. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins
      was mediated by a new broad-spectrum enzyme of isoelectric point 6.3. Resistance
      to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides was transferable to Escherichia coli. The
      emergence of transferable enzymatic resistance to newer beta-lactams in K
      pneumoniae strains indicates a major risk of spread of such resistance to
      otherwise sensitive strains.

PMID- 2886768
TI  - Catheterisation of the fallopian tubes from the vagina.

PMID- 2886769
TI  - Consensus on heart failure management?

PMID- 2886770
TI  - Antibiotics by design.

PMID- 2886771
TI  - Diabetic skin, joints, and eyes--how are they related?

PMID- 2886772
TI  - Diurnal enuresis.

PMID- 2886773
TI  - A far-sighted approach to myopia and cataract.

PMID- 2886774
TI  - Repetition strain injury.

PMID- 2886776
TI  - Changing relation between home and clinic blood-pressure measurements: do home
      measurements predict clinic hypertension?
AB  - Blood-pressure screening in a family health centre identified 114 patients (53
      male, 61 female) with diastolic pressures of 95 mm Hg and greater after three
      readings in the seated position (mean 163 [SEM 2]/104 mm Hg). All were instructed
      in the use of the 'Copal UA 231/251' electronic sphygmomanometer and produced a
      series of readings taken at home over 3 days. They were recalled after 2 weeks
      and 4 weeks for repeat clinic measurements of blood pressure. Blood pressure fell
      on successive clinic visits; at the final visit only 59 patients (31 male, 28
      female) had diastolic pressures of 95 mm Hg or greater. Average day-time home
      blood-pressure measurements (155/94 mm Hg) were significantly lower than the
      screening blood-pressure measurements but were not significantly different from
      those at the third clinic visit (154/97 mm Hg). Home blood-pressure measurements
      were successful in predicting outcome at the third clinic visit in 90 (79%)
      patients; home-monitored pressures suggested normotension when the final clinic
      visit diastolic blood pressure was still above 95 mm Hg in only 16 (14%)
      patients. Only 2 of these had a final clinic diastolic pressure above 105 mm Hg.
      Home monitoring represents a practicable and acceptable alternative to repeated
      clinic measurements in the initial assessment of hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2886775
TI  - Evidence for protection by breast-feeding against infant deaths from infectious
      diseases in Brazil.
AB  - In a population-based case-control study of infant mortality in two urban areas
      of southern Brazil, the type of milk in an infant's diet was found to be an
      important risk factor for deaths from diarrhoeal and respiratory infections.
      Compared with infants who were breast-fed with no milk supplements, and after
      adjusting for confounding variables, those completely weaned had 14.2 and 3.6
      times the risk of death from diarrhoea and respiratory infections, respectively.
      Part-weaning was associated with corresponding relative risks (RR) of 4.2 and
      1.6. The risk of death from infections other than diarrhoea or respiratory
      infection was less clearly associated with breast-feeding (completely weaned, RR
      = 2.5; partly weaned, RR = 0.4). Cow's and formula milk seemed to be equally
      hazardous. For deaths due to diarrhoea the increased risk associated with not
      breast-feeding was greatest in the first two months of life (RR for completely
      weaned vs breast-fed without supplementary milk = 23.3).

PMID- 2886777
TI  - Beneficial effect of captopril in cardiogenic shock.

PMID- 2886778
TI  - HLA class II genes in chronic progressive and in relapsing/remitting multiple
      sclerosis.

PMID- 2886779
TI  - Tannin and oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 2886780
TI  - Abnormal red-blood-cell morphology in myalgic encephalomyelitis.

PMID- 2886781
TI  - Sotos syndrome and fragile X chromosomes.

PMID- 2886782
TI  - Epidemic pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2886783
TI  - Hypertension in the puerperium.

PMID- 2886784
TI  - Bupivacaine concentration and obstetric delivery.

PMID- 2886785
TI  - Obstetrics in Subsaharan Africa.

PMID- 2886786
TI  - Treatment of non-neoplastic nipple discharge with fibrin adhesive.

PMID- 2886787
TI  - Huge cyclosporin overdose with favourable outcome.

PMID- 2886788
TI  - Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2886789
TI  - Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium in non-Gardner's polyposis
      kindreds.

PMID- 2886790
TI  - Fibrin degradation products are not specific markers for thrombolysis in
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2886791
TI  - Propofol in anaesthesia.

PMID- 2886792
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica infections and pork.

PMID- 2886793
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis in CAPD.

PMID- 2886794
TI  - Detection of HPV-16 by DNA dot blot hybridisation.

PMID- 2886795
TI  - Effect of heat on gentamicin assays.

PMID- 2886796
TI  - Pathophysiology of akathisia.

PMID- 2886797
TI  - Ventricular expression of atrial natriuretic peptide.

PMID- 2886798
TI  - Adrenoceptors in the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma.

PMID- 2886799
TI  - Clinical test for congenital dislocation of hip.

PMID- 2886800
TI  - Mortality and social class.

PMID- 2886802
TI  - Abortion in the lobby.

PMID- 2886803
TI  - Overseas student electives and AIDS.

PMID- 2886801
TI  - Ethics of malnutrition research in children.

PMID- 2886805
TI  - Coronary heart disease mortality rates.

PMID- 2886804
TI  - Cervical cancer screening.

PMID- 2886806
TI  - Fatal renal failure due to indomethacin.

PMID- 2886807
TI  - Incidence of NSAID-related, severe gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2886808
TI  - Severe parkinsonism in two AIDS patients taking prochlorperazine.

PMID- 2886809
TI  - HIV and acute onset of psychosis.

PMID- 2886810
TI  - Does splenectomy enhance risk of AIDS in HIV-positive patients with chronic
      thrombocytopenia?

PMID- 2886811
TI  - Earlier detection of HIV and second-generation antibody assays.

PMID- 2886812
TI  - Autonomic neuropathy in AIDS.

PMID- 2886813
TI  - Effect of clonidine in child of normal stature.

PMID- 2886814
TI  - Trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237)

PMID- 2886815
TI  - Chronic cryptosporidial diarrhoea and hyperimmune cow colostrum.

PMID- 2886816
TI  - Handling balanopreputial adhesions.

PMID- 2886817
TI  - Life-threatening haemoptysis.

PMID- 2886818
TI  - Linkage analysis in manic-depressive illness.

PMID- 2886819
TI  - Small loss of chance of full recovery.

PMID- 2886820
TI  - Intravenous dihydroergotamine to relieve pelvic congestion with pain in young
      women.
AB  - The selective venoconstrictor dihydroergotamine (DHE) was given intravenously to
      12 women with evidence of pelvic congestion. In 6 the effect of the drug on
      pelvic veins was observed by pelvic venography. After DHE there was a mean
      reduction of 35% in the diameter of the pelvic veins measured and the contrast
      medium cleared rapidly, with a visible reduction in pelvic congestion. In the
      other 6 women DHE was given during an acute attack of pelvic pain. The effect of
      the drug on pain relief was assessed by a single-blind crossover trial with
      intravenous saline as the placebo and by a visual analogue scale to assess the
      intensity of pain. Pain was significantly lower post-DHE 4 and 8 h and 2 and 4
      days after treatment than after placebo. The results confirm a close association
      between demonstrable pelvic congestion and pelvic pain.

PMID- 2886821
TI  - Randomised comparison of cisplatin with cyclophosphamide/cisplatin and with
      cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/cisplatin in advanced ovarian cancer. Gruppo
      Interegionale Cooperativo Oncologico Ginecologia.
AB  - 565 patients with stage III-IV epithelial ovarian cancer were randomly assigned
      to receive cisplatin (P), cyclophosphamide and cisplatin (CP), or
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (CAP). Data on 531 patients were
      analysed. Treatment with CAP resulted in a significantly higher overall (complete
      and partial) response rate (66 vs 56 vs 49% for CAP, CP, and P, respectively),
      but the rate of complete surgical response for the three treatment arms was
      similar (26, 21, and 20%). Size of residual tumour after first surgery and
      Karnofsky index were the best predictors of complete remission. Survival and
      disease-free survival were not significantly different in the three arms,
      although progression-free survival was significantly longer after CAP. However,
      tumour size, cell type, and Karnofsky index, but not therapy, were independent
      predictors for survival. Haematological toxicity was highest with CAP. The
      addition of cyclophosphamide or doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide to cisplatin
      does not substantially increase the number of potentially curable, advanced
      ovarian cancer patients.

PMID- 2886823
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine in multiple myeloma.
AB  - The lower thoracic and lumbar spine of patients with multiple myeloma was
      examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plain radiography, and bone
      scintigraphy. Three independent investigators evaluated the power of these
      diagnostic methods to detect bone lesions in 192 vertebrae from 18 patients and
      in 60 vertebrae from 7 controls. 41 foci with abnormal signal intensity were
      detected by MRI; X-ray films showed osteolytic lesions in 4 vertebral bodies; and
      bone scanning was positive in 2 cases. The superiority of MRI in detecting
      myeloma-associated focal bone lesions was statistically significant, and in one
      case the lesions were confirmed at necropsy. Deviations in shape and height of
      vertebral bodies were slightly more easily visible on radiographs. Early
      detection of imminent medullary compressions in 2 patients led to successful
      radiotherapy before symptoms appeared.

PMID- 2886822
TI  - Influence of sympathetic nervous system on hypoglycaemic warning symptoms.
AB  - The effect of mild insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on symptoms, physiological
      changes, and adrenaline responses was assessed in 10 normal subjects and 15
      insulin-dependent diabetic patients (5 with reduced awareness of hypoglycaemic
      symptoms). When blood glucose was maintained at 3.2 mmol/l, reaction time was
      prolonged in both normal and diabetic subjects and plasma adrenaline levels
      increased in the normals and some diabetics; there were no other physiological
      responses. 2 normals and 1 diabetic were aware that their blood glucose was low.
      When blood glucose was maintained at 2.5 mmol/l for 30 min, 9/10 normals but only
      4/15 diabetics recognised hypoglycaemia. Increases in hypoglycaemic symptom
      score, tremor, and sweating, and falls in diastolic blood pressure were
      significant only in the normal subjects and the 4 "aware" patients. Adrenaline
      levels increased in all cases, but were more pronounced in the normals and aware
      diabetics. Reaction time remained prolonged in all groups. All measurements
      returned to baseline when blood glucose was raised to 4.5 mmol/l. Impairments in
      adrenaline response may be common, even in diabetic patients without autonomic
      neuropathy and in those who do not complain of hypoglycaemic unawareness;
      consequent failure to recognise a falling blood glucose may predispose to a risk
      of severe hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 2886824
TI  - Pathogenesis of post-herpetic neuralgia.
AB  - A model of post-herpetic neuralgia is put forward based on the physiological
      effects of herpes simplex type-1 virus infection of rat dorsal root ganglion
      neurons in tissue culture. This virus causes these normally electrically silent
      neurons to produce spontaneous action potentials. Furthermore, pairs of neurons
      tend to have synchronised discharges. This coupling is not synaptically mediated,
      but due to presumed electrical junctions. It is proposed that post-herpetic
      neuralgia is caused by abnormal impulses arising in dorsal root ganglion neurons
      as a direct result of viral infection.

PMID- 2886826
TI  - Restrictive cardiomyopathy or constrictive pericarditis?

PMID- 2886825
TI  - Awareness of hypoglycaemia in diabetes.

PMID- 2886827
TI  - Looking inside arteries.

PMID- 2886828
TI  - Bone erosions in rheumatic disease.

PMID- 2886829
TI  - Treatment of menorrhagia.

PMID- 2886830
TI  - An odd way to license a drug.

PMID- 2886831
TI  - Disease, lifestyle, and consanguinity in 58 American Gypsies.
AB  - Medical data on 58 Gypsies in the area of Boston, Massachusetts, were analysed
      together with a pedigree linking 39 of them in a large extended kindred.
      Hypertension was found in 73%, diabetes in 46%, hypertriglyceridaemia in 80%,
      hypercholesterolaemia in 67%, occlusive vascular disease in 39%, and chronic
      renal insufficiency in 20%. 86% smoked cigarettes and 84% were obese. Thirteen of
      twenty-one marriages were consanguineous, yielding an inbreeding coefficient of
      0.017. The analysis suggests that both heredity and environment influence the
      striking pattern of vascular disease in American Gypsies.

PMID- 2886832
TI  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hospital admission for perforated
      peptic ulcer.
AB  - The frequency of hospital admission for perforated ulcer was not measurably
      affected by concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
      during nearly 30 million person-days of NSAID use at Group Health Cooperative of
      Puget Sound. Whether patients had ever used cimetidine or antacids, drugs which
      indicate the presence of ulcer disease or symptoms, was strongly predictive of
      perforation in the same population (rate ratio 5.1; 95% CI 2.6-10.0). Perforation
      rates increased sharply with age but were similar for men and women.

PMID- 2886834
TI  - Debrisoquine metabolism in parkinsonian patients treated with antihistamine
      drugs.

PMID- 2886835
TI  - Effect of weather on daily pain score in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2886833
TI  - Hypoglycaemia unawareness in diabetics transferred from beef/porcine insulin to
      human insulin.
AB  - The case-histories of 3 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
      suggested that, after a switch from beef/porcine to human insulin, a given level
      of hypoglycaemia may cause less pronounced sympathoadrenal symptoms (tremor,
      sweating, &c), so that there is less warning of impending unconsciousness. This
      possibility was investigated by questioning of 176 IDDM patients who had switched
      from beef/porcine to human insulin with negligible change in dosage 1-48 months
      earlier. 66 (36%) said that their symptoms of hypoglycaemia had changed from
      those of sympathoadrenal activation to those of neuroglycopenia. This
      disadvantage of human insulin is an argument for continued availability of
      beef/porcine insulin.

PMID- 2886836
TI  - Mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2886838
TI  - Albinism in South African blacks.

PMID- 2886837
TI  - Need for acceptable measures of disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2886839
TI  - Absence of secretory response in jejunal biopsy samples from children with cystic
      fibrosis.

PMID- 2886840
TI  - Isolation of human lymphotropic herpesviruses from Uganda.

PMID- 2886841
TI  - A novel lymphotropic herpesvirus.

PMID- 2886842
TI  - Hallucination during sustained-release morphine and methadone administration.

PMID- 2886843
TI  - Fetal cerebral vascular resistance.

PMID- 2886844
TI  - Frequency of epilepsy preceding stroke.

PMID- 2886845
TI  - Vascular malformations and hypogammaglobulinaemia.

PMID- 2886847
TI  - Smoking and health in China.

PMID- 2886846
TI  - Is Clostridium difficile endemic in chronic-care facilities?

PMID- 2886848
TI  - Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 2886850
TI  - Short-term intensive therapy for childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

PMID- 2886849
TI  - Prognosis of meningococcal septicaemia.

PMID- 2886851
TI  - Information for drug trial participants.

PMID- 2886852
TI  - Dual meaning of membership.

PMID- 2886853
TI  - Sugar.

PMID- 2886855
TI  - Future of IPPNW. International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War.

PMID- 2886854
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2886856
TI  - Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2886857
TI  - Inhibition of activation of lymphokine-activated killer cells in vitro by the
      heparin preservative benzyl alcohol.

PMID- 2886858
TI  - Postnatal transmission of HIV from mother to child.

PMID- 2886859
TI  - Breast-feeding and HIV infection.

PMID- 2886860
TI  - Female-to-female transmission of HIV.

PMID- 2886862
TI  - HIV-2 in Brazil.

PMID- 2886861
TI  - Allografts as vectors of infection.

PMID- 2886863
TI  - Familial retinol-binding-protein deficiency.

PMID- 2886864
TI  - Interference by acetazolamide in theophylline assay depends on the method.

PMID- 2886865
TI  - Abnormal peripheral lymphocytes in tropical spastic paraparesis.

PMID- 2886866
TI  - Can HTLV-1 lead to immunological disease?

PMID- 2886867
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide during pregnancy.

PMID- 2886868
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection by detection of early antigen
      fluorescent foci.

PMID- 2886869
TI  - Bereavement and severe dementia.

PMID- 2886870
TI  - Involuntary hospital admission under Section 47 of the National Assistance Act.

PMID- 2886871
TI  - Effects of tumor promoters (mezerein, teleocidin and palytoxin) on growth hormone
      secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells cultured in monolayer.
AB  - The effects of compounds with tumor promoting activity (mezerein, teleocidin and
      palytoxin) on rat growth hormone (rGH) release was compared to that of TPA (12-O
      tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate). Mezerein and teleocidin both of which are
      activators of protein kinase C (TPA type tumor promoter), elicited rGH release
      about 3.5 to 4 fold above control values. The ED 50 was 16 nM for mezerein, 1.1
      nM for teleocidin and 1.5 nM for TPA. In contrast to mezerein or teleocidin, a
      non-TPA type tumor promoter (palytoxin) which does not activate protein kinase C
      failed to stimulate rGH release. These observations suggest that the activation
      of protein kinase C is essential in the release of rGH induced by the tumor
      promoters.

PMID- 2886872
TI  - Dietary sodium intake and age in spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects on
      blood pressure and sympathetic activity.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were placed on
      sodium restricted diets (9 and 17 mumol/g) or on a regular sodium diet (101
      mumol/g) at 2, 4, 7, or 10 weeks of age, and continued until 16 weeks of age.
      Severe sodium restriction (9 mumol/g) initiated at 2 or 4 weeks of age prevented
      hypertension development in SHR and severely retarded growth. Hypertension
      development was attenuated when 9 mumol/g was initiated at 7 weeks of age, and
      was not affected when started at 10 weeks of age. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) in
      WKY receiving 9 mumol Na/g initiated at 2 and 4 weeks of age was below normal,
      but was not affected when this diet was given at 7 or 10 weeks of age. Less
      severe sodium restriction (17 mumol Na/g) resulted in a reduction in hypertension
      development when initiated at 2, 4, and 7 weeks of age, but not at 10 weeks of
      age. MAP was normal in WKY receiving 17 mumol Na/g at all ages of diet
      initiation. When the 9 or 17 mumol Na/g diet were initiated at 2, 4, and 7 weeks
      of age, the response of blood pressure to hexamethonium administration was
      blunted in SHR relative to both WKY receiving the same diet, and to control SHR
      receiving 101 mumol Na/g. We conclude that both WKY and SHR require a minimum
      amount of dietary sodium for normal growth and for the achievement of normal BP
      in WKY, and hypertension in SHR. This sodium requirement decreases with age. SHR
      and WKY exhibit similar sensitivities to sodium intake with respect to body
      weight, but the effects on BP are more pronounced in SHR. The BP lowering effects
      of dietary sodium restriction may be due to a blunting of the pressor
      effectiveness of the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2886874
TI  - Symposium on Analysis of Neurotransmitters. April 7-10, 1987, Stockholm, Sweden.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2886873
TI  - GABA interaction with lipids in organic medium.
AB  - The interaction of 3H-GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid and 14C-glutamate with lipids
      in an aqueous organic partition system was studied. With this partition system 3H
      GABA and 14C-glutamate were able to interact with sphingomyelin, sulfatide,
      phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and
      phosphatidic acid but not with cholesterol or ceramide. In an homogeneous aqueous
      medium we could not demonstrate any interaction between 3H-GABA and lipids. The
      apparent dissociation constants (Kd) for 3H-GABA-lipids or 14C-glutamate-lipids
      interactions in organic medium were in the millimolar range and maximal charge
      (Bmax) between 3 and 7 moles of GABA or glutamate by mole of lipid. Amino acids
      such as glutamic acid, beta-alanine and glycine displaced 3H-GABA with the same
      potency as GABA itself; thus these results show that the interaction lacks
      pharmacological specificity. To detect this interaction lipid concentrations
      higher than 2 microM were required and in the partition system 3H-GABA and lipid
      phosphorus were both concentrated at the interface. Therefore lipids tested with
      a biphasic partition system do not fulfill the classical criteria for a
      neurotransmitter receptor at least not for GABA and glutamate.

PMID- 2886875
TI  - Effects of psychotropic drugs on neurotransmitters in man.
AB  - Primary biochemical profiles of antidepressants and neuroleptics are summarized
      in comparison to their actual effects on monoamine neurotransmitters in humans
      during the time period when clinical response emerges. Even the most
      biochemically specific of these drugs produces effects on at least two monoamines
      by three to four weeks. Interestingly, taking into account relative changes in
      dopamine and serotonin metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid relates better to the
      primary biochemical action(s) of each drug than do absolute changes. Moreover,
      monoamine changes after drugs are in the opposite direction to those after ECT,
      suggesting that balance among rather than shifts in single neurotransmitters is
      the relevant target of major psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 2886876
TI  - Analysis of amino acids: neurochemical application.
AB  - For high sensitivity analysis of neuroactive amino acids, liquid chromatography
      employing precolumn derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) is suitable for
      several reasons. The OPA reagent is non-fluorescent per se, the reaction occurs
      rapidly in alkaline aqueous solutions and forms highly fluorescent derivatives
      with primary amines.

PMID- 2886877
TI  - Bioanalytical aspects on method validation.
AB  - The validation of methods for neurotransmitter amines and metabolites depends on
      various sample related factors such as interferences, complexity of matrix
      composition, analyte stability or variations in concentration due to changing
      physiological responses. Also, the ultimate precision and accuracy of a method in
      whole would be related to the complexity of the sample work up procedure, the
      efficiency and reproducibility of the separation system, the use of a suitable
      internal standard to correct for volumetric errors and the sensitivity, linearity
      and selectivity of the detection system. A critical factor in the validation of
      those methods based in the chromatographic separation of the analyte is the
      confirmation of peak homogeneity through procedures such as changes on retention
      time, collection of analyte and reinjection into another system, correlation of
      recoveries in both systems, pharmacological manipulations prior to the assay or
      collection and derivatization followed by rechromatography. Isotope dilution GC
      MS is widely accepted as a definitive reference method for its accuracy and
      precision although, as it is not always available, crossvalidation between
      different non-mass spectrometric methods is often given as proof of analytical
      reliability.

PMID- 2886878
TI  - Concepts in the validation of neurochemical methods: the proper generation and
      use of statistics.
AB  - Nearly every advance made in the study of neurotransmission has resulted from the
      development of new analytical methods or from the application of such methods to
      neurochemical problems in new ways. Each investigator places extremely high
      dependence on the laboratory method from which the data are gathered. It is
      therefore vital that these methods be proven valid when first selected and when
      used throughout the experiments being conducted. The process of method validation
      has flourished and been refined in the field of laboratory medicine. Methods are
      primarily validated by their accuracy and reproducibility in determining the
      analyte of interest in the tissue(s) to be studied. It is important that
      standards of performance be established that will allow objective decisions to be
      made when methods are tested for these characteristics. Performance standards for
      several neurotransmitters are suggested. Studies performed to collect method
      performance data are presented. From these data, statistics can be generated that
      help to estimate analytical errors. Guidelines for the proper generation and use
      of these statistics are discussed. Use of these validation approaches should be
      expanded in the whole of neurochemistry, which should enrich the data gathered
      within a laboratory and improve the harmonization between laboratories.

PMID- 2886879
TI  - In vivo microdialysis--a new approach to the analysis of neurotransmitters in the
      brain.
AB  - Microdialysis is a new technique to monitor levels of chemical compounds in the
      extracellular space over time. It involves the implantation of a microdialysis
      probe into the brain tissue. The probe is similar to a push-pull probe but the
      perfusate is contained inside a semi-permeable membrane located at the tip of the
      probe. Substances in the extracellular fluid will diffuse into the perfusate
      while substances included in the perfusate will diffuse into the tissue. This
      principle opens up a wealth of possibilities to monitor chemical events within
      the brain and to study the working mechanism of various drugs. The perfusate may
      be analysed by a number of different techniques. In this paper we give a short
      summary of various HPLC techniques that have proven particularly useful.

PMID- 2886880
TI  - Radioenzymatic analysis of neurotransmitters.
AB  - Since the late 1960's, radioenzymatic assays have gradually come to replace the
      less sensitive and less specific spectrofluorometric and bioassay procedures
      previously used to determine many of the neurotransmitters. These assays provide
      the means to measure picogram quantities of most of these substances, and have
      enabled determinations to be made in very small volumes of body fluids, in brain
      perfusates and individual brain nuclei, and in large individual cells of some
      simple animals. This paper reviews briefly some of the radioenzymatic techniques
      presently available for assaying norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine
      (DA), serotonin, and the trace amines octopamine (OA), phenylethanolamine
      (PEOHA), phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine (TA) and tryptamine (T).

PMID- 2886881
TI  - The radioreceptor assay: a simple, sensitive and rapid analytical procedure.
AB  - Radioreceptor assays (RRAs) are analogous in concept to radioimmuno assays.
      Characteristic to both methods is the saturable, specific, competitive and
      reversible ligand/receptor interaction. The RRA is simple, sensitive and
      reproducible and provides a degree of precision comparable to more sophisticated
      analytical techniques. Since RRAs require little specialized equipment, they can
      be used routinely by any laboratory engaged in biochemical research or, as an
      inexpensive exercise to teach the fundamentals of ligand binding and analytical
      pharmacology.

PMID- 2886882
TI  - Application of combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to neurotransmitter
      research.
AB  - The features of flexibility, sensitivity and specificity continue to make GC/MS a
      valuable technique for identification and quantification of neuro-transmitters
      and related compounds. In this report four recent examples are presented which
      highlight the potentials of this technique. The traditional concept that GC/MS
      equipment is expensive and complex to operate warrants reconsideration in light
      of recent manufacturing trends in automation, computerization and the
      introduction of cheaper bench-top models.

PMID- 2886883
TI  - EC array sensor concepts and data.
AB  - The use of multiple parameter assays of entire metabolic pathways is potentially
      a powerful tool for unraveling mechanisms of disorders or drug action and
      classification of neurological diseases. Coulometric electrode series array
      sensors, coupled with liquid chromatography (n-ELC), provide a route to
      multiplying the resolving power of conventional LC by factors of 10 to 50. Since
      the original description of the n-ELC concept by Matson et al. (1), fundamental
      issues of optimizing sensor design and integration with computer controlled LC
      systems have been addressed. Femtogram level potential time (ET) separations can
      now be performed for multiple components in both isocratic and gradient modes. A
      56-component isocratic method for the study of the kynurenine system in
      Huntington's Disease (HD) is presented as an indication of the analytical
      definitions and nomenclature used to qualify an n-ELC procedure, and an
      indication of the implications of multiparameter data bases on data handling and
      experimental design.

PMID- 2886884
TI  - Bio-medical applications of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with
      amperometric detection.
AB  - Electrochemical detection of eluted solutes in HPLC is now well established as a
      selective and highly sensitive technique. Measurement of catecholamines and
      metabolites has been the most popular application with an exponential increase in
      literature. Recent improvements include the use of diphenylborate for
      extractions, the introduction of smaller diameter HPLC materials which improve
      resolution and sensitivity, and the replacement of carbon paste with glassy
      carbon which now gives a more stable electrode with similar sensitivity.
      Applications of HPLC with amperometric detection to the determination of drugs,
      amino acids and peptides are discussed.

PMID- 2886885
TI  - Analytical techniques for the determination of phenolic amine neurotransmitter
      conjugates.
AB  - This paper reviews methods developed in the author's laboratory for the
      measurement of the two sulfate conjugates of dopamine in biological material. The
      methods are sensitive enough for most applications relating to dopamine sulfate.
      Some are applicable to measurement of sulfate conjugates of other phenolic
      amines.

PMID- 2886886
TI  - Effects of highly potent octapeptide analogs of somatostatin on growth hormone,
      insulin and glucagon release.
AB  - Biological activities of highly potent octapeptide analogs of somatostatin (SS),
      D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2 (RC-160) and D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val
      Cys-Thr-NH2 (RC-121), were investigated in male rats. When analog RC-160 was
      administered to rats in which serum growth hormone (GH) levels were elevated by
      pentobarbital anesthesia, a dose-related inhibition of GH was obtained at dose
      range of 0.1 to 2.5 micrograms/kg. The time course of GH inhibition by RC-160, RC
      121 and SS-14 was studied in rats treated with phenobarbital, morphine and
      chlorpromazine. Analogs RC-160 and RC-121 induced a prolonged inhibition of GH
      levels, in contrast to SS-14, whose effect was short-lived. The analogs
      suppressed the GH level for more than 2 hr, the peak inhibition being seen 30 to
      60 min after the injection. The effects of analogs RC-160 and RC-121 on insulin
      secretion were observed in rats, in which insulin levels had been elevated by
      intravenous administration of glucose (500 mg/rat). Administration of RC-160
      suppressed insulin secretion, dose-dependently, maximum but not complete
      inhibition being achieved at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg. In this model, RC-160
      and RC-121, in doses of 30 micrograms/kg, induced a similar inhibition of insulin
      release as 200 micrograms/kg of SS-14, whose action of SS-14 was transient. The
      effect of analog RC-160 on glucagon release was studied in rats with glucagon
      levels elevated by hypoglycemia. RC-160 suppressed the secretion of glucagon, the
      inhibition being dose-dependent in the range of 0.1 to 2 micrograms/kg. Doses of
      2 and 10 micrograms/kg of this analog completely suppressed the hypoglycemia
      induced glucagon release. These results indicate that analogs RC-160 and RC-121
      possess prolonged and enhanced biological activities, the former analog showing a
      high selectivity in inhibiting GH and glucagon release in vivo as compared with
      that of insulin secretion.

PMID- 2886887
TI  - The effects of somatostatin and some of its tetrapeptide fragments on ethanol
      induced gastric mucosal erosion in rat.
AB  - A study was made of the cytoprotective effects of somatostatin (SRIF) and its 3
      6, 5-8, 7-10, 9-12 and 11-14 tetrapeptide fragments on absolute ethanol-induced
      haemorrhagic erosions in the stomach of rat. The SRIF molecule was found to
      prevent the gastric erosions induced by ethanol. The 7-10 and 11-14 fragments
      exhibited similar properties. There are two peaks in the cytoprotective dose
      response curves. It is concluded that various fragments of SRIF can also exert
      cytoprotective effects.

PMID- 2886888
TI  - Comparison of the butyrate effects on neurotransmitter receptors in neurohybrids
      NG108-15 and NCB-20 cells.
AB  - Our previous study demonstrated that long term treatment of NCB-20 cells with
      sodium butyrate resulted in a marked increase in the density of delta-opioid
      receptors with a much lesser effect on muscarinic cholinergic and no effect on
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. In the present study we investigated the effect of
      sodium butyrate on these three types of receptors in NG108-15 cells whose
      neuroblastoma parent is the same as that of NCB-20 cells. Long term treatment of
      NG108-15 cells with sodium butyrate (0.5 mM) induced a 2-fold increase in the
      density of the specific binding of 3H-clonidine. A comparable increase in the
      number of binding sites was detected when 3H-yohimbine was used as the receptor
      ligand. The butyrate-induced increase in the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding
      could be totally abolished by treatment with a protein synthesis inhibitor,
      cycloheximide, suggesting that synthesis of receptor protein is involved. The
      same butyrate treatment had no significant effect on opioid and muscarinic
      cholinergic receptor bindings. Thus, butyrate effects on the expression of these
      three types of receptors in NG108-15 and NCB-20 cells are dramatically different.
      These data suggest that induction by butyrate of neurotransmitter receptors
      requires concerted action of genetic factors of both parents of the neurohybrids.

PMID- 2886889
TI  - Combined cardiovascular effects of vecuronium and high-dose fentanyl in patients
      with poor left ventricular function undergoing coronary bypass grafting.

PMID- 2886890
TI  - [Clinical applications of the Southern blotting of DNA in hematology and
      oncology].

PMID- 2886891
TI  - DNA polymorphisms for the nerve growth factor receptor gene exclude its role in
      familial dysautonomia.
AB  - Alleles for the single human nerve growth factor receptor gene (NGFR) on
      chromosome 17q can be distinguished by two polymorphic restriction sites for XmnI
      and one for HincII. The combined information content for haplotypes is quite
      high, making the NGFR locus an excellent genetic marker. Two of these
      polymorphisms were used to follow the inheritance of NGFR alleles in families
      with two or more members affected with familial dysautonomia. This rare disease
      is inherited in an autosomal recessive mode in the Ashkenazic Jewish population.
      Affected individuals show a severe depletion of NGF-dependent nerve populations
      from birth. Linkage analysis excluded a role for NGFR in this disease with odds
      of greater than 10(6):1 against the dysautonomia gene being within 1 centiMorgan
      of the mutation. In a previous study the gene for the beta subunit of NGF (NGFB)
      was also excluded in this disease. A possible role for other genes involved in
      NGF action or those coding for other developmentally determining neuronal factors
      is indicated.

PMID- 2886892
TI  - Fimbrial phase variation and DNA rearrangements in uropathogenic isolates of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Having previously shown that the oscillating on-off expression (phase variation)
      of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli is regulated genetically by an invertible
      element of DNA, we wished to determine whether E. coli isolates recovered from
      infected humans behaved in similar fashion. We examined four different clinical
      isolates that expressed type 1 fimbriae, P fimbriae, or both. Using, in Southern
      blot analysis, a DNA probe from the type 1 fimbrial switch, that hybridized to
      one DNA band from phase-on bacteria and to two DNA bands from phase-off bacteria,
      we found that the three clinical isolates expressing type 1 fimbriae contained
      the same invertible switch previously seen in the K-12 isolate. Employing a
      similar approach to characterize the on-off expression of P fimbriae, we used a
      DNA probe containing the known transcriptional signals for P fimbriae. Although
      we detected DNA rearrangement in the two strains expressing P fimbriae, unlike
      the case for type 1 fimbriae, the rearrangement did not correlate with the on-off
      state of the P fimbriae. Rather, the DNA rearrangement correlated with the
      environmental conditions of growth of the bacteria from which the DNA was
      isolated. These results confirm the notion that P fimbriae expression and type 1
      fimbriae expression are controlled differently.

PMID- 2886894
TI  - Board of Medicine looks at the benzodiazepine issue.

PMID- 2886893
TI  - An interchromosomal gene conversion of the Drosophila dunce locus identified with
      restriction site polymorphisms: a potential involvement of transposable elements
      in gene conversion.
AB  - Females heterozygous for the two alleles dnc2 and dncM14 of the X-linked gene
      dunce (dnc), and carrying a copy of dnc+ on the second chromosome, have produced
      a cluster of six dnc+ progeny X-chromosomes from recombination experiments.
      Restriction site polymorphisms have been used as genetic markers to follow the
      parentage of dnc locus segments in these chromosomes. All six chromosomes are
      identical with respect to the spectrum of restriction site markers they carry in
      the dnc+ chromosomal region. In the progeny chromosomes, this region is comprised
      of sequences like the dncM14 X-chromosome and the translocation copy of dnc+.
      Sequences flanking the dnc gene in the progeny chromosomes are like the dncM14
      chromosome. Internal to the gene but near the 5' end, is a segment from the dnc+
      translocation which has apparently originated from an interchromosomal and
      premeiotic gene conversion event. In addition, two transposable elements have
      inserted into the progeny chromosomes, one towards the 5' end of dnc and the
      other near the 3' end. The insertion of these elements occurred premeiotically
      since all six chromosomes are structurally identical. The data are interpreted
      with respect to a potential role of transposable element transposition in the
      process of gene conversion.

PMID- 2886895
TI  - Ketoconazole, leukotrienes, Paf-acether and nicotine as a hapten: the possible
      aetiology of seborrhoeic dermatitis.
AB  - There is evidence in some individuals that seborrhoeic dermatitis is an immuno
      allergic reaction induced by nicotine as hapten. Nicotine is present in passive
      smoking, botanic areas, some foods at very low levels, smokeless tobacco and
      chewing gums. The successful use of topical ketoconazole as an anti-fungal
      treatment has been recently explained by its anti-leukotrienes properties in
      vitro, in vivo and by its capacity to inhibit the leukotrienes-mediated
      anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in the guinea-pigs. The occurrence of
      hypersensitivity to nicotine in seborrhoeic dermatitis remains to be determined,
      but an other original view is open for a better comprehension of an old disease.

PMID- 2886897
TI  - Fetal and neonatal effects of drugs administered in labour.

PMID- 2886896
TI  - Relative effectiveness and costs of antiulcer medications as a basis for rational
      prescribing.
AB  - To be maximally effective, antiulcer medications should relieve ulcer symptoms
      rapidly and promote rapid healing of an ulcer crater; after the cessation of a
      course of treatment the ulcer should not recur. A wide variety of agents is
      available. These are of similar efficiency in the control of ulcer symptoms and
      in the acceleration of the healing of the ulcer crater. However, evidence exists
      of differences in the rate of the recurrence of duodenal ulcers on the cessation
      of these drugs. Surface-active agents (bismuth complexes, sucralfate,
      prostaglandins and carbenoxolone) are consistently superior to H2-histamine
      receptor antagonist drugs (cimetidine and ranitidine). A high relapse rate
      produces more patients with active disease at any one time, hence more patients
      will be exposed to the complications of the disease, and will require active
      investigation and therapy. Because of the increased rate of relapse, the use of
      H2-receptor antagonist drugs as first-line intermittent healing therapy can be
      shown to be associated with an eight-fold (800%) increase in cost of
      pharmaceutical agents as compared with first-line treatment with bismuth salts; a
      four-fold increase compared with the cost of using antacid drugs; and a two-fold
      increase compared with the cost of using sucralfate. When maintenance therapy
      with H2-receptor antagonist agents is given instead of intermittent therapy with
      bismuth complexes, a 14-fold increase in pharmaceutical costs is incurred, with
      inferior results that have already been demonstrated under the conditions of a
      controlled clinical trial. These considerations of efficacy and cost suggest that
      H2-receptor antagonist drugs ought not to be first-line therapy for duodenal
      ulcers; rather, surface-active agents such as colloidal bismuth or sucralfate
      should be prescribed initially.

PMID- 2886898
TI  - [Clinical pharmacology of benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2886899
TI  - Anesthetic considerations in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
AB  - The anesthetic management of a thirty-month-old male with Beckwith-Wiedemann
      Syndrome is described. The presentation and features of this syndrome are
      described and the problems of providing anesthesia in such patients are
      discussed.

PMID- 2886900
TI  - Effect of fazadinium on respiratory functions and its correlation with
      neuromuscular transmission in children.
AB  - Effects of fazadinium in doses of 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mg/kg and pancuronium 0.1
      mg/kg on respiratory functions (tidal volume, minute volume and inspiratory
      force) and correlation between respiratory functions and neuromuscular
      transmission were evaluated in 64 children aged 6 months to 12 years undergoing
      various types of elective surgery. Neuromuscular transmission was evaluated by a
      digitial EMG system using train-of-four stimuli calculating T1 and T4 ratios.
      Time to apnea, duration of apnea, time and mode of recovery of respiratory
      functions and neuromuscular transmission when spontaneous respiration started and
      recovered completely were recorded. The speed, depth and duration of effect of
      fazadinium on respiration were dose related, 0.75 mg/kg being inadequate to
      produce apnea in the majority of cases. Duration of apnea increased significantly
      with increasing dosage (13 +/- 2, 17 +/- 2, 23 +/- 2 minutes respectively). At
      the end of surgery respiratory measurements reached control values either
      spontaneously or after reversal. Spontaneous recovery took significantly longer
      times (34 +/- 3, 51 +/- 5, 95 +/- 10 minutes respectively) depending on dosage.
      In the remaining patients recovery was complete within five minutes after
      reversal. Pancuronium could be placed between 1.0 and 1.25 mg/kg fazadinium
      regarding aspects other than speed of onset of effect. Neuromuscular transmission
      was still markedly depressed when spontaneous respiration started (T4/T1 of 7
      24%) and recovered (T4/T1 of 35-57%) indicating that when recovery from
      neuromuscular blockade is to be evaluated clinically, adequancy of ventilation by
      itself should not be taken as a sign of recovery from the effect of relaxant.

PMID- 2886901
TI  - Icotidine, an antagonist of histamine at both H1 and H2 receptors.
AB  - SK&F 93319 (icotidine), 2-[4-(3-methoxypyrid-2-yl)butylamino]-5-[(6-methylpyrid-3
      yl )-methyl]- pyrimidin-4-one trihydrochloride, has been identified as a novel
      agent which combines into one molecule the ability to antagonize the actions of
      histamine at H1 and H2 receptors across a similar concentration or dose range.
      The degree of antagonism of vascular responses to histamine exceeds that possible
      with either an H1- or H2-receptor histamine antagonist alone. SK&F 93319 may have
      therapeutic utility in conditions requiring simultaneous antagonism of histamine
      at H1 and H2 receptors.

PMID- 2886902
TI  - H-1 blockers--classical antihistamines.
AB  - The H1-blocking antihistamines pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, uses, toxicity and
      special precautions are presented. Newer agents may offer advantages of longer
      half-life and lower levels of sedation and motor impairment. Therapeutic
      considerations are listed with attention to sustained therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2886903
TI  - H2-receptor antagonists: development and application.
AB  - The advent of H2-receptor antagonists has dramatically advanced the understanding
      and treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Ranitidine and cimetidine have been shown
      to be safe and effective in healing duodenal and gastric ulcers and in prevention
      of duodenal ulcer relapse. Due to differences in chemical structure, ranitidine
      is more potent and has a longer duration of action and fewer side effects than
      cimetidine. The current trend in therapy is toward less frequent dosing patterns
      with more attention toward controlling nocturnal acid secretion. Possibilities
      for other therapeutic uses of H2-receptor antagonists are suggested.

PMID- 2886905
TI  - Treatment of upper and lower airway disease with azelastine.
AB  - Azelastine is capable of interfering with a wide variety of mediators of airway
      hyperreactivity and provides significant protection and bronchodilation in
      allergic hay fever and allergic asthma, respectively. Clinical studies have shown
      that azelastine produces clinically significant bronchodilation of long duration
      in moderate to severe reversible lower airway disease. In addition, azelastine
      has been shown to have an effect on the upper airways by effective symptom relief
      in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis; furthermore, azelastine affords
      protection against exercise and allergen provocation.

PMID- 2886904
TI  - Histamine receptors in the lung.
AB  - The availability of specific histamine receptor antagonists has provided evidence
      that human airways have both H1 and H2 receptors. H1 receptors, which mediate
      bronchoconstriction, predominate. H1 receptor antagonism can produce significant
      bronchodilatation in some asthmatics, block bronchoconstriction induced by
      antigen and histamine inhalation challenge, and have some protective effect
      against exercise and aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction. H2 receptors mediate
      bronchodilatation, but this effect is relatively weak in man. The role of classic
      antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists) in the treatment of asthma has not been
      established. Since factors that precipitate asthma are quite varied, these agents
      may provide benefit in select patients. The availability of new, nonsedating H1
      receptor antagonists show some promise in this regard. Future studies may more
      precisely define their use in asthma therapy.

PMID- 2886906
TI  - Effect of ethanol on mouse cerebral cortical beta-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - Low concentrations of ethanol (10-100 mM), added to assays in vitro, altered
      agonist (isoproterenol) binding to mouse cerebral cortical beta-adrenergic
      receptors in a reversible manner. Ethanol decreased the affinity of the high
      affinity form of the receptor for isoproterenol but had no effect on the affinity
      of the low affinity form of the receptor, the proportion of high and low affinity
      forms of the receptor, the total number of agonist-binding sites, or antagonist
      binding. The selective effect of ethanol on the properties of the high affinity
      agonist-binding site suggested that ethanol alters the characteristics of the
      complex of the receptor and Gs, the guanine nucleotide-binding protein. In
      cerebral cortical membranes of mice that had ingested ethanol chronically,
      isoproterenol binding data were best fit by a one-site model, even in the absence
      of guanine nucleotides. This change, when considered together with previously
      reported changes in adenylate cyclase activity, is reminiscent of heterologous
      desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor. Thus, both acute and chronic
      ethanol administration may produce changes in adrenergic function in brain.

PMID- 2886907
TI  - Isolation of human cDNAs for asparagine synthetase and expression in Jensen rat
      sarcoma cells.
AB  - Asparagine synthetase cDNAs containing the complete coding region were isolated
      from a human fibroblast cDNA library. DNA sequence analysis of the clones showed
      that the message contained one open reading frame encoding a protein of 64,400
      Mr, 184 nucleotides of 5' untranslated region, and 120 nucleotides of 3'
      noncoding sequence. Plasmids containing the asparagine synthetase cDNAs were used
      in DNA-mediated transfer of genes into asparagine-requiring Jensen rat sarcoma
      cells. The cDNAs containing the entire protein-coding sequence expressed
      asparagine synthetase activity and were capable of conferring asparagine
      prototrophy on the Jensen rat sarcoma cells. However, cDNAs which lacked sequence
      for as few as 20 amino acids at the amino terminal could not rescue the cells
      from auxotrophy. The transferant cell lines contained multiple copies of the
      human asparagine synthetase cDNAs and produced human asparagine synthetase mRNA
      and asparagine synthetase protein. Several transferants with numerous copies of
      the cDNAs exhibited only basal levels of enzyme activity. Treatment of these
      transferant cell lines with 5-azacytidine greatly increased the expression of
      asparagine synthetase mRNA, protein, and activity.

PMID- 2886908
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of the cys-3 regulatory gene of Neurospora
      crassa.
AB  - The regulatory gene cys-3+ controls the synthesis of a number of enzymes involved
      in sulfur metabolism. cys-3 mutants show a multiple loss of enzymes in different
      pathways of sulfur metabolism. The cys-3+ gene was isolated by transformation of
      an aro-9 qa-2 cys-3 inl strain with a clone bank followed by screening with the
      "sib selection" method. The library used (pRAL1) contained inserts of Sau3a
      partial digest fragments of about 9 kilobases as well as the Neurospora qa-2+
      gene. Double selection for qa-2+ and cys-3+ function was carried out. The
      transformants obtained with the isolated cys-3+ clone show recovery of the enzyme
      activities associated with the cys-3 mutation (e.g., arylsulfatase and sulfate
      permease). Restriction fragment length polymorphism experiments confirmed the
      identity of the clone, mRNA studies with Northern blots show that the expression
      of the cys-3+ gene is inducible. In contrast to cys-3+, the cys-3 (P22) mutant
      gene was not expressed at a higher level under sulfur-derepressed conditions.

PMID- 2886910
TI  - Mutagenic evaluation of etintidine (BL-5641), a novel histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist, using reverse mutation tests in bacteria and forward mutation tests
      in V79 Chinese hamster cells.
AB  - The mutagenic effects of etintidine (BL-5641), a novel histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist, were assessed using mutation in Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia
      coli, and V79 Chinese hamster cells (V79 cells). Etintidine did not increase the
      revertant colonies in the presence or absence of S9 mix at concentrations from 5
      to 5000 micrograms/plate in either of the bacterial tester strains. Etintidine
      also did not increase 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant colonies in V79 cells
      in the presence or absence of S9 mix even at 37% cellular survival concentration.
      There was no evidence that etintidine had any mutagenic activity in any of the
      tests.

PMID- 2886909
TI  - Effects of intron length on differential processing of mouse mu heavy-chain mRNA.
AB  - Production of membrane-bound and secreted forms of mouse mu heavy-chain mRNA is
      controlled by differential processing in a developmental-stage-specific manner.
      We have analyzed the effects of various deletions and insertions in the C4-M1
      intron of the mouse mu gene on the differential processing of mu mRNA. We show
      that there is a correlation between the length of the C4-M1 intron and the molar
      ratio of membrane-bound to secreted mu mRNAs, i.e., the shorter the C4-M1 intron,
      the higher the ratio. Since the poly(A) addition signal in the C4-M1 intron seems
      to be intact in the mutant mu genes, it is likely that the efficiency of splicing
      of the C4-M1 intron is affected by changes in the intron length.

PMID- 2886911
TI  - Purification, characterization, and kinetic analysis of inosine 5'-monophosphate
      dehydrogenase of Tritrichomonas foetus.
AB  - The IMP dehydrogenase of Tritrichomonas foetus, a parasitic protozoan incapable
      of de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, has been purified about 1000-fold
      to apparent homogeneity. The purified enzyme demonstrated a 20-fold higher
      substrate turnover rate than the pure IMP dehydrogenase from sarcoma ascites
      tumor cells. It has a subunit molecular weight of 58,000, aggregates to a size of
      380,000 at low ionic strength, and partly dissociates to a molecular weight of
      270,000 in high salt concentrations. Unlike the IMP dehydrogenase of bacteria and
      mammals, the T. foetus enzyme does not require K+ for activity. The analysis of
      initial velocity and product inhibition data is consistent with a sequential,
      ordered bi bi kinetic mechanism for the parasite enzyme-catalyzed reaction, in
      which IMP binds before NAD+ and NADH is released before XMP. This is in contrast
      to the partially random mechanism of the bacterial enzyme which involves the
      formation of an enzyme-K+-(IMP) complex. Mycophenolic acid inhibits T. foetus IMP
      dehydrogenase uncompetitively versus both IMP and NAD+ with an apparent Ki of 9
      microM. This value, which is several hundred-fold higher than that for mammalian
      IMP dehydrogenase, suggests significantly different binding properties of the
      mycophenolic acid site in T. foetus IMP dehydrogenase, which might be amenable to
      specific inhibitor design.

PMID- 2886912
TI  - DNA contents and molecular karyotypes of hybrid Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - We have used restriction fragment length polymorphism markers to characterise
      parental and hybrid trypanosome stocks. Unexpected differences in the intensities
      of Southern hybridisation banding patterns led us to suspect that the hybrid
      organisms contained more DNA than the parental stocks. This has been confirmed
      using flow cytofluorimetry (FCF). Hybrids contained significantly more DNA than
      the parents, both as procyclic organisms (1.5 fold) and as bloodstream forms (1.5
      1.6 fold). The DNA contents of both forms were stable through prolonged culture
      (procyclics), or serial passage (bloodstream forms), although limited data
      indicated that falls in DNA content could occur in bloodstream forms. FCF
      analysis of purified nuclei revealed that the increased DNA content of hybrids
      could be wholly ascribed to nuclear DNA. Our methods are able to detect hybrid
      organisms with elevated DNA contents in uncloned isolates following cyclical
      mixed transmission. We have used alternating field electrophoresis techniques to
      investigate whether the inheritance by the hybrids of the smaller chromosomes
      could account for their elevated DNA contents. Hybrids lacked the single 500 kb
      chromosome from one of the parents but appeared to have virtually double the
      amount of minichromosomes. However, this increase could only account for about
      20% of the additional DNA. We are unable at present to distinguish between models
      for hybrid formation based on the fusion of predominantly diploid cells, and
      models in which the diploid chromosomes participate in conventional meiosis.

PMID- 2886913
TI  - Sulfasalazine and salicylate-induced exacerbation of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2886914
TI  - Host origin of marrow stromal cells following allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Although it is generally agreed that stromal cells are important in the
      regulation of haematopoietic cell development, the origin of these phenotypically
      diverse cells has been a subject for debate for more than 50 years. Data which
      support the concept of a separate origin for the haematopoietic stem cell and the
      marrow stroma are derived from cytogenetic or enzyme marker studies of explanted
      and expanded stromal cells grown under conditions that do not allow
      haematopoiesis in vitro. Recent evidence in man and in mouse suggesting that the
      stromal cells capable of transferring the haematopoietic microenvironment in
      vitro are transplantable seemingly questions this dichotomy, one interpretation
      being the existence of a common haematopoietic/stromal 'stem cell'. We used in
      situ hybridization to discriminate donor cells from host in blood and bone marrow
      samples obtained from patients with functioning sex-mismatched but HLA-identical
      allografts. Without exception, marrow-derived stromal cells that proliferate in
      long-term cultures were found to be of host genotype, whereas the macrophage
      component of the adherent layer in these cultures originated from the donor.

PMID- 2886915
TI  - Exchange of terminal portions of X- and Y-chromosomal short arms in human XX
      males.
AB  - In most human 'XX males', DNA sequences normally found on Yp, the short arm of
      the Y chromosome, are present on Xp, the short arm of the X chromosome. To
      establish whether this transfer involves a terminal portion of Yp, and whether a
      terminal portion of Xp is lost in the process, we followed the inheritance of
      pseudoautosomal restriction fragment length polymorphisms in two XX-male
      families. One XX male apparently inherited the entire pseudoautosomal region of
      his father's Y chromosome and no part of the pseudoautosomal region of his
      father's X chromosome. The second XX male also inherited the entire
      pseudoautosomal region of his father's Y, but in addition inherited a proximal
      portion of the pseudoautosomal region of his father's X. These findings argue
      that XX males result from the transfer of a terminal portion of Yp onto Xp in
      exchange for a terminal portion of Xp (ref. 7). This implies that the testis
      determining factor gene (TDF) maps distally in the strictly sex-linked portion of
      Yp, near the pseudoautosomal domain. The XX males described here appear to result
      from single (and, at least in the second case, unequal) crossovers proximal to
      the pseudoautosomal region on Yp and proximal to or within the pseudoautosomal
      region on Xp.

PMID- 2886916
TI  - Borders of parasegments in Drosophila embryos are delimited by the fushi tarazu
      and even-skipped genes.
AB  - One of the earliest molecular signs of segmentation in Drosophila embryos is the
      striped expression of some pair-rule genes during the blastoderm stage. Two of
      these genes, fushi-tarazu (ftz) and even-skipped (eve) are expressed during this
      stage in complementary patterns of seven stripes which develop and disappear in
      concert. Here, we map the cells expressing each of these two pair-rule genes with
      respect to the 14 stripes of cells expressing the engrailed gene. We find that
      both ftz and eve generate stripes which have sharp boundaries at the anterior
      margin, but fade away posteriorly. The anterior boundaries correspond cell by
      cell with the anterior boundaries of expression of the engrailed gene. We
      therefore suggest that a key function of early ftz and eve gene activity is the
      formation of a sharp stable boundary at the anterior margin of each stripe. These
      boundary lines, rather than the narrowing zonal stripes, would delimit the
      anterior boundaries of engrailed and other homoeotic genes and thereby subdivide
      the embryo into parasegments.

PMID- 2886917
TI  - A linked genetic marker for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A on chromosome
      10.
AB  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) is an autosomal dominantly inherited
      cancer syndrome characterized by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid,
      phaeochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism. Almost all gene carriers can be
      detected by screening tests before the age of 40, but the nature and location of
      the predisposing gene are unknown. Simpson et al. recently reported preliminary
      evidence for linkage between the DNA probe p9-12A on chromosome 10 and MEN2A. We
      now report linkage between the MEN2A locus and the interstitial retinol-binding
      protein gene, which is located on chromosome 10p11.2-q11.2.

PMID- 2886918
TI  - Assignment of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A to chromosome 10 by linkage.
AB  - Multiple endocrine neoplasis type 2A (MEN2A) is one of several kinds of cancers
      that appear to be inherited in an autosomally dominant fashion. We have assigned
      the MEN2A locus to chromosome 10 by linkage with a new DNA marker (D10S5). The
      linkage led us to investigate other chromosome 10 markers and demonstrate linkage
      between the disease locus and the interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP)
      gene. The D10S5 locus was sublocalized to 10q21.1 by hybridization in situ and
      the IRBP gene to p11.2----q11.2 with a secondary site at q24----q25. The linkages
      were established using 292 members of five families, three different restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at D10S5 and two RFLPs recognized by the
      IRBP probe. The recombination frequencies from pairwise linkage analysis between
      the disease and two marker loci D10S5 and IRBP were 0.19 and 0.11, with maximum
      lod scores of 3.6 and 8.0 respectively. Ordering of the three loci by multipoint
      analysis placed the IRBP gene approximately midway between the disease and D10S5
      loci.

PMID- 2886919
TI  - Chromosome 5 allele loss in human colorectal carcinomas.
AB  - That the sporadic and inherited forms of a particular cancer could both result
      from mutations in the same gene was first proposed by Knudson. He further
      proposed that these mutations act recessively at the cellular level, and that
      both copies of the gene must be lost for the cancer to develop. In sporadic cases
      both events occur somatically whereas in dominant familial cases susceptibility
      is inherited through a germline mutation and the cancer develops after a somatic
      change in the homologous allele. This model has since been substantiated in the
      case of retinoblastoma, Wilms tumour, acoustic neuroma and several other tumours,
      in which loss of heterozygosity was shown in tumour material compared to normal
      tissue from the same patient. The dominantly inherited disorder, familial
      adenomatous polyposis (FAP, also called familial polyposis coli), which gives
      rise to multiple adenomatous polyps in the colon that have a relatively high
      probability of progressing to a malignant adenocarcinoma, provides a basis for
      studying recessive genes in the far more common colorectal carcinomas using this
      approach. Following a clue as to the location of the FAP gene given by a case
      report of an individual with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 5q, who had
      FAP and multiple developmental abnormalities, we have examined sporadic
      colorectal adenocarcinomas for loss of alleles on chromosome 5. Using a highly
      polymorphic 'minisatellite' probe which maps to chromosome 5q we have shown that
      at least 20% of this highly heterogeneous set of tumours lose one of the alleles
      present in matched normal tissue. This parallels the assignment of the FAP gene
      to chromosome 5 (see accompanying paper) and suggests that becoming recessive for
      this gene may be a critical step in the progression of a relatively high
      proportion of colorectal cancers.

PMID- 2886920
TI  - Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules internalized via coated pits
      in T lymphocytes.
AB  - Endocytosis of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded class I and
      class II molecules has been the subject of recent investigations. Class I
      molecules, which are key elements in T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, are
      differentially endocytosed by different cell types. Fibroblasts internalize their
      class I molecules via uncoated cell surface vesicles and tubular invaginations
      when these molecules are cross-linked with multivalent ligands. T lymphocytes
      internalize their class I molecules spontaneously, but B lymphocytes do not
      internalize them at all. Here we describe a morphological investigation of the
      mechanism by which class I molecules are endocytosed by T lymphocytes. We show
      that, unlike fibroblasts, T lymphocytes spontaneously internalize 20-40% of their
      class I molecules in a process involving coated pits and coated vesicles. Thus,
      the endocytic pathway of class I molecules in T lymphocytes is similar to those
      of other more classical cell-surface receptors involved in receptor-mediated
      endocytosis. In contrast, the same class I molecules remained on the cell surface
      in B lymphocytes. These data show that class I molecules are differentially
      regulated in T and B lymphocytes and fibroblasts.

PMID- 2886921
TI  - Effects of acute continuous exposure of the rat to cigarette smoke on amine
      levels and utilization in discrete hypothalamic catecholamine nerve terminal
      systems and on neuroendocrine function.
AB  - The effects of acute continuous exposure to the smoke from 1-4 cigarettes have
      been studied in the male rat in terms of hypothalamic catecholamine levels and
      utilization as well as the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
      Catecholamine levels in discrete hypothalamic catecholamine nerve terminal
      systems were studied by quantitative histofluorimetry. Catecholamine utilization
      was studied by means of the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition method using alpha
      methyl-(+/-)-p-tyrosine methyl ester. The serum hormone levels of
      adenohypophyseal hormones and of corticosterone were measured by the use of
      radioimmunoassay procedures. The results show that acute continuous exposure to
      unfiltered but not to filtered (Cambridge glass fibre filters) cigarette smoke
      leads to small but dose-dependent reductions of amine levels in most of the
      hypothalamic noradrenaline and dopamine nerve terminal system. These effects were
      associated with an enhancement of regional hypothalamic noradrenaline utilization
      but not of dopamine utilization in the median eminence. Furthermore, a reduction
      of TSH and prolactin serum levels was noted as well as increases in ACTH
      secretion. These results are partly different from those previously obtained with
      rats acutely exposed to intermittent unfiltered cigarette smoke. This difference
      is suggested to be due to a temporary blockade of catecholamine release following
      acute continuous exposure to cigarette smoke.

PMID- 2886922
TI  - Rapid and reversible desensitisation of vascular and platelet alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - The effects of intravenous infusion with the alpha2 adrenoceptor selective
      agonist alpha methylnoradrenaline on pressor responses to alpha adrenoceptor
      agonists, alpha2 adrenoceptor mediated platelet aggregation and adenylate cyclase
      were examined in conscious rabbits. Pressor responses to alpha
      methylnoradrenaline but not phenylephrine were decreased in a dose dependent
      manner during methylnoradrenaline infusion at all times examined. Recovery of
      these responses after stopping infusion was dependent on both the dose infused
      and the duration of the infusion. Alpha methylnoradrenaline infusion resulted in
      a dose and time dependent decrease in the pro-aggregatory response of platelet to
      adrenaline without any significant change in the response to ADP or in the number
      of [3H]yohimbine binding sites. The ability of PGE1 to stimulate adenylate
      cyclase was not influenced by alpha methylnoradrenaline infusions. However,
      reversal of this stimulation by adrenaline was decreased by relatively long (30
      min) infusions of the highest dose of alpha methylnoradrenaline examined. It is
      concluded that alpha methylnoradrenaline infusions resulted in desensitisation of
      all the alpha2 adrenoceptor mediated responses examined. However the time course
      for the desensitisation apparently differed according to the response examined.

PMID- 2886923
TI  - The role of cyclic AMP in the positive inotropic effect mediated by beta 1- and
      beta 2-adrenoceptors in isolated human right atrium.
AB  - The time course of the effects of isoprenaline (3 X 10(-7) mol/l) on contractile
      force and on the cyclic AMP level was studied in the electrically driven isolated
      muscle strip of the human right atrium. Isoprenaline produced a rise in cyclic
      AMP content (maximum increase after 60 s) preceding the increase in contractile
      force. The effects of isoprenaline on contractile force and on the intracellular
      level of cyclic AMP were enhanced in the presence of the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor papaverine (10(-5) mol/l). On the other hand, the beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist propranolol (10(-7) mol/l) suppressed isoprenaline-induced cyclic AMP
      increases, but reduced the increase in force of contraction by only 35%. In
      addition, both the beta 1-selective antagonist bisoprolol (3 X 10(-9)-3 X 10(-8)
      mol/l) and the beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118,551 (3 X 10(-9)-3 X 10(-8)
      mol/l) inhibited the isoprenaline-induced cyclic AMP increase concentration
      dependently; ICI 118,551 produced more pronounced inhibition than bisoprolol. It
      is concluded that cyclic AMP is involved in the positive inotropic action of
      isoprenaline evoked by beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation in isolated
      human right atrium; however, an additional cyclic AMP independent mechanism
      cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 2886924
TI  - Palytoxin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in the isolated rat aorta.
AB  - The effects of a potent marine toxin, palytoxin (PTX), were investigated on the
      contractile responses in the isolated rat aorta with or without endothelium. PTX
      in the concentrations of 10(-13)-10(-11) mol/l showed little effect on the
      resting tension of the vessel with or without endothelium. PTX, 10(-10) mol/l,
      induced a small contraction in the aorta without endothelium but not in the aorta
      with endothelium. When added during the sustained contraction induced by 10(-7)
      mol/l norepinephrine, 10(-12) mol/l PTX sometimes (6 out of 43 strips) augmented
      the norepinephrine-induced contraction whereas 10(-11)-10(-10) mol/l PTX induced
      a biphasic response which was composed of a transient augmentation followed by a
      relaxation. These effects of PTX were not observed in the aorta without
      endothelium. Influences of atropine (10(-6) mol/l), indomethacin (2.5 X 10(-5)
      mol/l), methylene blue (5 X 10(-6) mol/l), hydroquinone (10(-4) mol/l), phenidone
      (5 X 10(-5) mol/l), hemoglobin (10(-6) mol/l) and p-bromophenacyl bromide (5 X
      10(-5) mol/l) on the PTX (10(-10) mol/l) induced responses were examined.
      Methylene blue, hydroquinone, phenidone, hemoglobin and p-bromophenacyl bromide
      inhibited both the PTX-induced augmentation and relaxation of the norepinephrine
      induced contraction. The endothelium-dependent relaxation due to 3 X 10(-7) mol/l
      carbachol was inhibited by atropine, methylene blue, hydroquinone, phenidone,
      hemoglobin and p-bromophenacyl bromide. These results suggest that PTX acts on
      the endothelium, modifies the synthesis or release of endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor and thus changes the contractile response to norepinephrine in
      rat aorta.

PMID- 2886926
TI  - Buspirone. Just another antianxiety agent?

PMID- 2886925
TI  - Piperazine derivatives including the putative anxiolytic drugs, buspirone and
      ipsapirone, are agonists at 5-HT1A receptors negatively coupled with adenylate
      cyclase in hippocampal neurons.
AB  - Two putative anxiolytic drugs [ipsapirone (TVXQ 7821) and buspirone],
      structurally unrelated to benzodiazepines, have negligible ataxic and sedative
      side effects. These drugs are piperazine analogs which interact at 5-HT1 binding
      sites. It is demonstrated here that these drugs and two other piperazine
      derivatives, trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) and m-chlorophenylpiperazine
      (mCPP), are agonists at 5-HT1A receptors, a subclass of the 5-HT1 receptor,
      mediating inhibition of forskolin (100 microM) stimulated adenylate cyclase in
      particulate fractions of guinea pig hippocampus as well as inhibition of the
      formation of cyclic AMP promoted by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (0.1
      microM) plus forskolin (1 microM) in mouse hippocampal neurons in primary
      culture. This study demonstrates that these piperazine based drugs act in both
      brain homogenate preparations and in intact neurons in a similar manner. The
      biochemical models described here may aid in the development of even more active
      drugs in this class.

PMID- 2886927
TI  - [Antiemetics].

PMID- 2886928
TI  - [The use of kits in the diagnosis of infections].

PMID- 2886930
TI  - [Salazosulfapyridine or 5-aminosalicylic acid].

PMID- 2886929
TI  - [The maintenance dosage of neuroleptic agents].

PMID- 2886931
TI  - [Analysis of the effect of glutamic acid diethyl ester on synaptic processes in
      the ampullae of Lorenzini of the skate].
AB  - The effects of glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE) on the electrical activity of
      the ampullae of Lorenzini were studied in skates. GDEE (10(-6)-10(-4) M) caused a
      decrease in frequency of afferent discharges in all receptors under study. GDEE
      also reversibly blocked the effects of excitatory amino acids (L-glutamate and L
      aspartate). The results suggest that L-glutamate or related substance is likely
      to be the synaptic transmitter in the ampullae of Lorenzini.

PMID- 2886932
TI  - [Neuroleptic-related admissions to a university psychiatric clinic].

PMID- 2886934
TI  - Neuroanatomical substrate for the inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion in
      goldfish: existence of a dopaminergic preoptico-hypophyseal pathway.
AB  - To investigate the existence of a dopaminergic preoptico-hypophyseal pathway in
      the goldfish, electrolytic lesions were placed in the rostral preoptic area and
      their effects on gonadotrophin levels and pituitary innervation examined. In a
      first experiment, the fish were sacrificed 2 days after surgery and the pituitary
      studied by electron microscopy. Numerous exocytosis profiles were observed in the
      gonadotrophs, confirming the large increase in serum gonadotrophin levels
      measured in the animals. In addition, type A and B degenerating fibers were
      detected in the neurohypophysis and the pars distalis, in particular at the level
      of the gonadotrophs. In the second experiment, the distribution of tyrosine
      hydroxylase-immunopositive fibers was studied in the pituitary of controls and
      lesioned animals. It was found that lesioning the anterior ventral preoptic
      region resulted in the disappearance of all positive fibers in the pars distalis,
      while those in the neurointermediate lobe appeared unaffected. The presence of a
      large group of catecholaminergic perikarya in the destroyed area was confirmed in
      control animals. These results and other data strongly support the existence of a
      dopaminergic preoptico-hypophyseal pathway, providing a morphological support for
      the inhibitory effect of dopamine on the release of anterior pituitary hormones
      in teleosts, in particular gonadotrophin.

PMID- 2886933
TI  - Differential binding of somatostatin agonists to somatostatin receptors in brain
      and adenohypophysis.
AB  - In order to improve our understanding of the ligand specificity of somatostatin
      (SRIF) receptors in pituitary and brain, and to identify analogs that bind to one
      type exclusively, we compared several new SRIF analogs for competitive binding to
      pituitary and cerebral cortex membranes. Binding of [125I-Tyr11]SRIF to
      hypophysis and brain was of high affinity [KD = 0.76 nM (0.2-1.3) and 0.37 nM(0.1
      0.8), mean (95% confidence limits)] and was characteristic of binding to one
      class of sites in both tissues. Competition by several SRIF analogs for such
      radioligand binding demonstrated that ligand specificity of adenohypophysial
      receptors was distinctly different from that of cerebral cortex. Two cyclic
      octapeptides (sequence; see text) bound to pituitary SRIF receptors with high
      affinity [Ki = 0.85 nM (0.5-1.2) and 0.35 nM (-0.3-0.9)] and were potent
      inhibitors of GH secretion from primary cultured pituitary cells [EC50 = 0.009 nM
      (0-0.02) and 0.017 nM (0.01-0.02), respectively]. However, these selective
      peptides did not compete (Ki much greater than 1 microM) for radioligand binding
      to brain. Amidation of the C-terminal end appeared to strikingly alter brain SRIF
      receptor recognition of the substituted ligand. Indeed, such amidation of the
      parent peptide, (sequence; see text) resulted in a reduced ability to displace
      labeled ligand from brain sites [Ki = 165.3 nM (47.6-282.9) to 842.2 nM (603.9
      1,081)] but did not affect competition for pituitary receptors. Our results
      indicate that anterior pituitary SRIF receptors (SRIFa) have ligand specificities
      which are clearly different from those of their brain counterparts
      (SRIFb).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2886937
TI  - Stereotactic mesencephalic tractotomy for thalamic pain.
AB  - Forty years after its first reported use, stereotactic mesencephalic tractotomy
      remains effective in relieving thalamic pain. Twenty seven patients suffering
      central pain following cerebrovascular accidents were treated by this operation
      and twenty four were reviewed: sixteen (66.7%) reported long term relief.
      Fourteen underwent surgery at the original 'superior colliculus' target, nine out
      of twelve (75%) reporting significant relief. Thirteen had surgery at a revised
      'inferior colliculus' target, seven out of twelve (58.3%) obtaining relief.
      Postoperative disorders of ocular movement were reduced from 83.3% to 20%, and
      significant problems of binocular vision from 50% to nil. The mortality rate was
      7.4%.

PMID- 2886935
TI  - Possible role of alpha-2-noradrenergic receptors in modulation of sexual behavior
      in female guinea pigs.
AB  - These studies examine whether alpha 1-noradrenergic receptor stimulation alone is
      sufficient to facilitate lordosis behavior in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed
      female guinea pigs and to what extent alpha 2-noradrenergic receptors are
      involved in this steroid-dependent behavior. Neither of the alpha 1-agonists,
      phenylephrine or methoxamine, significantly facilitated lordosis in
      ovariectomized females primed with 10 micrograms of estradiol benzoate for 1 or 3
      days. Animals exhibiting estrogen plus clonidine-facilitated lordosis showed a
      decrease in the behavior when given one of two alpha 2-antagonists (yohimbine or
      idazoxan). Idazoxan also attenuated lordosis in animals given estrogen plus
      progesterone. These findings, in combination with previous findings (that
      specific alpha 1-antagonists block lordosis), suggest that alpha 2-receptors, in
      addition to alpha 1-receptors play a role in modulation of lordosis behavior.

PMID- 2886936
TI  - Delta sleep inducing peptide inhibits somatostatin release via a dopaminergic
      mechanism.
AB  - Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) has been localized in the rat hypothalamus.
      The effect of DSIP on somatostatin (SRIF) release from the median eminence of the
      hypothalamus was evaluated in male and female rats in an in vitro incubation
      system. DSIP inhibited SRIF release in a dose-dependent manner. The median
      eminences from females were less sensitive to the inhibitory action of DSIP than
      those of males; however, in both sexes the maximum effect was observed at a
      concentration of 10(-8) M DSIP. This effect was blocked by addition of pimozide
      at a concentration of 10(-6) M. Pimozide alone had no effect on SRIF release.
      These findings lead to the conclusion that DSIP inhibits SRIF release via a
      dopaminergic mechanism.

PMID- 2886938
TI  - Microelectrode techniques in localization of stereotactic targets.
AB  - Although physiological corroboration of the target is essential in functional
      stereotactic surgery, the collected data can also be used for the offline study
      of normal and abnormal brain function. Such studies have the advantage of being
      made in actual clinical states with the unique opportunity of communicating with
      the patient. Correlations were made between microelectrode recordings and
      microstimulation at the same thalamic site with the same microelectrode in
      'normal' patients, in those with tremor and in those with central and
      deafferentation pain. Human somatosensory organization is similar to that of
      subhuman primates. Five types of tremor cells have been identified-unresponsive
      nonsynchronous, unresponsive synchronous, kinaesthetic, voluntary, and voluntary
      with receptive field. While the last two qualify in latency and connectivity as
      tremor pacemakers, system analysis suggests an important element of long loop
      feedback as well. In the pain patients, five features were identified-somatotopic
      reorganization, altered firing in reorganized cells, bursting cells induction of
      burning widespread in thalamus and reproduction of the patient's pain by
      microstimulation-possibly a 'central allodynia' found in deafferented
      somatosensory thalamus particularly in patients with allodynia or hyperpathia.
      All but the latter effects may be merely the consequence of deafferentation and
      were seen in a 'control' stroke patient with dystonia, sensory loss but no pain.

PMID- 2886939
TI  - Pontine stereotactic surgery and facial nociception.
AB  - Pontine stereotactic tractotomy was performed on 13 patients for the relief of
      intractable pain. The results of electrical stimulation performed to localise
      target sites and confirm electrode trajectory are described. Stimulation sites
      included the cerebellum, cerebellar peduncle, trigeminal nucleus, facial nucleus,
      cochlear and vestibular nuclei and the trigeminal descending quintothalamic and
      spinothalamic tracts. Particular attention was given to facial sensory responses.
      Stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus produced discrete sensations, but
      quintothalamic stimulation gave more general ipsilateral facial sensation.
      Medullary trigeminal nucleotomy is recommended for facial deafferentation pain
      because it interrupts intranuclear trigeminal connections in the caudal
      trigeminal nucleus where the point of neuronal hyperactivity and stimulus
      convergence lies.

PMID- 2886940
TI  - Stereotactic software for the GE 8800 CT scanner.
AB  - A computer software program (Seapit) was developed for precise determination of
      intracranial targets identified by stereotactic computed tomography (CT). This
      program was added to the software of a GE 8800 CT scanner to perform the
      following operations: millimetre precise calculation and display of the
      rectilinear coordinates of a target identified on axial CT images; preplotting of
      phantom target trajectories on the CT images or electronic radiographs;
      calculation of probe angles required to achieve various trajectories; display of
      a coordinate scale on each CT image to allow direct target determination without
      mathematical calculations; calculation of the intercommissural plane for
      functional neurosurgery. In a series of 100 patients undergoing stereotactic
      surgery, the Seapit program proved to be a superior and accurate method of target
      coordinate calculation. Preview display on the CT images of 'phantom' probes
      significantly enhanced the safety of stereotactic intervention.

PMID- 2886941
TI  - Application of robotics to stereotactic neurosurgery.
AB  - Advances in the field of stereotactic neurosurgery have depended on improvements
      in brain-imaging techniques, as well as development of new stereotactic frame
      systems. This paper describes the development of a stereotactic system based on a
      robotics model. The system employs the Unimation Puma Mark II Robotic System,
      specifically modified for use in stereotactic surgery. The robotic CT
      stereotactic system is mounted in a dedicated operating suite, containing a CT
      scanning gantry and adjacent computer room. Stereotactic coordinates are derived
      from CT scan data obtained intraoperatively and transferred by computer link to
      the robotic stereotactic system. The robotic arm is driven into place to align
      with predetermined coordinates. A variety of stereotactic procedures may then be
      carried out using the robotic 'hand' as a guide to the target. So far, the device
      has been used, only for lesion biopsy. However, future applications to functional
      neurosurgery are anticipated.

PMID- 2886942
TI  - Stereotactic clipping of arteriovenous malformations of the brain.
AB  - The authors have developed a new technique for the stereotactic clipping of the
      feeding vessels of deep-seated arteriovenous malformations (AVM), for use when
      direct attack may be very dangerous or impossible. A special clipping device and
      the technique for its application are described. The instrument is introduced
      through a burr hole using the stereotactic apparatus designed by the authors. The
      clipping is monitored by intraoperative angiography. The method was used in 32
      patients with supratentorial AVMs. It is concluded that in selected cases the
      method is effective, is less traumatic and gives successful results.

PMID- 2886943
TI  - Noninvasive multipurpose stereoadapter.
AB  - A noninvasive adapter for stereotaxis guided by computed tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging, which was originally developed for morphological (tumour
      biopsy) surgery, has also been used for functional stereotaxis (thalamotomy,
      cingulotomy, hypothalamotomy, dentatotomy, etc.), for stereotactic angiography
      and for external stereotactic irradiation of brain tumours with a conventional
      linear accelerator. In addition, it has been applied to the location of
      subcortical brain tumours for open surgery. Recently, the stereoadapter has been
      supplied with a phantom base, which permits percutaneous tumour biopsy and
      ventriculostomy without a stereotactic frame.

PMID- 2886944
TI  - Leksell stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of eye melanoma.
AB  - Current experiments indicate that a focussed single radiation treatment with a
      dose of 6000 to 9000 rads delivered to the 90% zone through a collimator of the
      Leksell stereotactic radiosurgical unit or 'gamma knife' to the rabbit eye
      melanoma model is capable of destroying the cancer totally and thus effecting a
      cure. The beneficial effect in these rabbit eye melanoma experiments appears to
      be similar to the results obtained by physicians using the Harvard and Berkeley
      cyclotrons in treating malignant neoplasms in the human eye. Therefore, it is
      proposed that a properly designed stereotactic radiosurgical unit can be used in
      patients with eye tumours similar to those selected for the cyclotron systems.

PMID- 2886946
TI  - Stereotactic radiosurgery. Present status and future trends.
AB  - Stereotactic radiosurgery was introduced by Lars Leksell in 1951, as a means of
      treating a variety of intracranial pathologies without opening the skull. Since
      1968 the radiosurgical procedures have been performed in the Leksell Gamma Unit.
      The number of conditions amenable to this treatment modality has constantly
      increased and today about 1500 patients have been treated in Stockholm. The
      radiosurgical technique, some of the indications for radiosurgery as well as the
      clinical results are reviewed.

PMID- 2886945
TI  - Stereotactic catheter insertion: a new technique.
AB  - In spite of modern instrumentation that is widely available, inaccurate and even
      crude techniques are still occasionally used for puncturing cavities within the
      cranial cavity. Thus, a standardized technique for intracranial puncturing, based
      on stereotaxy, is suggested and illustrated by some clinical cases.

PMID- 2886947
TI  - Stereotactic biopsy and brachytherapy of brain tumours.
AB  - This paper discusses 98 patients who had their cerebral lesions stereotactically
      biopsied. Modified Riechert-Mundinger instrumentation was employed. Of the 98
      patients, eight received only biopsy and 90 were then interstitially radiated
      with iridium-192 (192Ir) custom stacked in afterloading catheters. The vast
      majority of brachytherapeutically treated lesions were anaplastic or malignant
      astrocytomas. There were some metastatic lesions, and in two instances the tumour
      occupied the infratentorial compartment. Two-thirds of the patients had received
      prior teletherapy; in the remainder, stereotaxis provided the initial diagnosis
      and brachytherapy the principal treatment. The survival data suggest reasons for
      optimism. Eighty percent of patients with anaplastic astrocytoma were alive 2 yr
      later, compared with 55% for those harbouring malignant astrocytomas. Since this
      is the largest database on this topic in the U.S.A., we are in the process of a
      more critical review. Complication rate is low. Diagnostic tissue was obtained in
      all instances. Delayed radionecrosis at the site of implant may aggravate
      neurological deficits when lesions involve functionally sensitive cortex or their
      pertinent underlying structures. Such reactions may appear 4-18 mnth after
      brachytherapy and are more likely to occur in patients who were previously
      radiated.

PMID- 2886948
TI  - Interstitial radiobrachytherapy of malignant cerebral neoplasms: rationale,
      methodology, prospects.
AB  - The local use of radionuclides in the management of neoplastic processes was
      initially considered over 80 yr ago and has enjoyed increasing enthusiasm in the
      treatment of somatic and central nervous system tumours during the past 30 yr.
      The marriage of complex neuroimaging techniques and modern stereotactic devices
      has markedly enhanced the technical precision of interstitial radiobrachytherapy
      of malignant cerebral neoplasms. In applying these techniques, it is imperative
      to achieve an optimal placement of radionuclide sources in order to develop a
      geometrically homogenous, controlled distribution of radiation. Critical
      considerations include determination of tumour volume and contour, and
      development of a homogenous dose rate (dependent upon multiple sources at varying
      intensity) that will not only effect tumour cell kill but do this without
      excessive production of radionecrosis which necessitates craniotomy because of
      mass. Using the Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) stereotactic guidance system and an
      image-defined, volumetrically determined target, implants of multiple iridium
      192(192Ir) sources were used to establish appropriate isodose envelopes. A
      methodology for achieving the described objectives is detailed as it applies to a
      variety of malignant intracerebral neoplasms (glioblastoma multiforme, malignant
      astrocytoma, malignant mixed glioma, primary cerebral lymphoma, metastatic
      carcinoma and malignant pineal region tumours). Technical realization of
      precision implantation relying upon imaging data may be acheived with this method
      with satisfactory responses that are dependent upon histological tumour type and
      the morphology of the tumour distribution as related to the image. Early and late
      complications related to the surgical technique and radionuclide applications
      were less than 5%. Although encouraging, these techniques require further
      definition and greater data accrual before uniform application outside major
      medical centres can be justified. It is anticipated that improvement in results
      with intrinsic gliomas and other invasive neoplasms will be realized with further
      definition of tumour boundaries by tract biopsy techniques and concurrent
      utilization of hyperthermia and brain protective methods.

PMID- 2886949
TI  - Characterization of pre- and postjunctional receptors for neurokinins and kinins
      in the rat vas deferens.
AB  - Neurokinins and kinins are potent stimulants of the rat vas deferens: they
      increase both the twitch response to electrical stimulation by facilitating
      transmitter release and the basal tone of the preparation by activating smooth
      muscle receptors. The two sites of action have been studied separately in the
      present experiments by using the prostatic for the prejunction site and the
      epididymal section of the vas deferens for the postjunction site. Receptors for
      neurokinins, characterized by the order of potency of agonists, appear to be of
      the NK-A type both at the pre- and postjunction level. Receptors for kinins are
      present also at both sites and are probably of the B2 type: they have been
      characterized by the use of agonists and, the B2 postjunction type has been
      convalidated with antagonists. These compounds could not be used for the
      prejunction receptor characterization, because they act as agonists. Receptor for
      angiotensin at the prejunction level are of the same type as in the
      cardiovascular and other systems.

PMID- 2886950
TI  - Specific inhibitors of pyroglutamyl peptidase I and prolyl endopeptidase do not
      change the in vitro release of TRH or its content in rodent brain.
AB  - Pyroglutamyl diazomethyl ketone and N-benzyloxycarbonyl prolyl prolinal, specific
      inhibitors of pyroglutamyl peptidase I and prolyl endopeptidase respectively,
      were used to study the possible role of these enzymes in the regulation of
      thyrotropin releasing hormone turnover. In vitro thyrotropin releasing hormone
      release by male rat hypothalamic slices was studied. Combined in vitro treatment
      with 10(-5)M of both inhibitors totally inhibited both enzymatic activities. The
      treatment did not affect basal or 56 mM K+ induced thyrotropin releasing hormone
      release or thyrotropin releasing hormone levels in slices. Repeated combined
      intraperitoneal injections of the two inhibitors for up to 12 hours produced a
      70%-95% reduction in mouse brain pyroglutamyl peptidase I specific activity and a
      65%-85% reduction in prolyl endopeptidase specific activity. Thyrotropin
      releasing hormone levels were unaffected by this treatment in all regions tested.
      The data suggest that these two enzymes are not involved in the intra- or
      extracellular control of thyrotropin releasing hormone levels in brain or
      hypophysis.

PMID- 2886951
TI  - Use of psychotropic drugs in general medical geriatric inpatients. Relationship
      with various parameters of psychological distress (evaluated 'in blind').
AB  - The authors have evaluated the psychotropic drug use patterns and psychological
      distress (with the Symptom Distress Checklist, SCL-90) amongst 331 elderly
      medical inpatients. Forty-two percent of the sample took psychotropic drugs
      during their hospitalization period. The drugs most commonly used were
      anxiolytics and hypnotics of the benzodiazepine class. Subjects to whom
      psychotropic drugs were prescribed reported higher psychological distress
      compared to those not receiving them; however, a score of moderate distress in
      the depression and sleep disturbances subscales was reported by a relatively high
      percentage of subjects not receiving psychotropics. Patients taking
      antidepressants reported scores of psychological suffering higher than those
      under benzodiazepine treatment: such a difference not only related to the
      depression subscale, but to the majority of the symptom areas investigated by the
      SCL-90.

PMID- 2886952
TI  - Comparative study of four evaluation criteria in a clinical trial with
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - In order to compare the level of agreement between four evaluation criteria, data
      from an 18-month clinical trial with 181 schizophrenic patients were reanalyzed.
      In that study, assessments of the subjects were carried out with two psychiatric
      rating scales, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Nurses' Observation Scale for
      Inpatient Evaluation (BPRS and NOSIE), and two clinical evaluations (psychiatrist
      and nurse). Results show that there was total agreement on the four outcome
      measures for only half of the subjects. After further analyses, we observed that
      the best agreement was between the two clinical assessments. The NOSIE had poor
      agreement with the other criteria and appeared less sensitive to moderate levels
      of improvement in the patients' clinical status. These results are discussed with
      respect to reliability and validity issues.

PMID- 2886953
TI  - Classification of psychotropic drugs by rat EEG analysis: learning set
      development.
AB  - EEG recordings from 5 different brain areas of freely moving rats were performed
      under controlled vigilance stage conditions. Effects of antidepressant and
      neuroleptic drugs were assessed following their intraperitoneal injection.
      Quantification of the drug effects was achieved by analysis of variance following
      on-line fast-Fourier transformation of the EEG signal. This resulted in so-called
      drug profiles. From the individual antidepressant and neuroleptic drug profiles,
      an antidepressant and neuroleptic drug class profile was calculated. Using the
      absolute power for the calculation of the antidepressant and neuroleptic drug
      class profiles gave a better discrimination between the two drug class profiles
      than using the relative power. The antidepressant and neuroleptic drug class
      profiles derived from the n. amygdala and hippocampus did not show significant
      differences. The antidepressant and neuroleptic drug class profiles showed
      significant differences (p less than 0.05) in rather small frequency bands from
      the n. caudatus (16-14 Hz), n. accumbens septum (19-24 and 27-31 Hz) and cortex
      (10-20 Hz).

PMID- 2886954
TI  - MR brain scanning in patients with vasculitis: differentiation from multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - We performed MR (magnetic resonance) brain imaging on 24 patients with a systemic
      vasculitis. MRI proved to be a sensitive method for detecting brain lesions
      (clinically silent or manifest) in these patients. The most frequent
      abnormalities were periventricular lesions seen in 12 cases. Such changes are not
      specific for vascular disease, and are often seen in multiple sclerosis. However,
      additional changes were commonly seen which suggested the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2886955
TI  - Pharmacological study of the cortical-induced excitation of subthalamic nucleus
      neurons in the rat: evidence for amino acids as putative neurotransmitters.
AB  - Extracellular records were made from subthalamic nucleus neurons during
      microiontophoretic application of drugs and stimulation of the corticosubthalamic
      nucleus pathway. In 87% of the subthalamic nucleus cells, cortical stimulation
      induced a powerful excitation, consisting of a burst of 1-7 spikes. This
      projection must arise from a large area of the cortex since stimulation of nearly
      all the ipsilateral cortex and the rostral two-thirds of the contralateral cortex
      was found to influence the activity of subthalamic nucleus neurons. Experiments
      were undertaken in order to determine the identity of the neurotransmitter
      involved in the corticosubthalamic nucleus pathway. Glutamic acid diethyl ester
      reversibly suppressed subthalamic nucleus excitations induced by ipsi- or
      contralateral cortical stimulation or microiontophoretically applied glutamate.
      On the same cells, this compound had no effect on acetylcholine-evoked excitation
      and gamma-aminobutyric acid-evoked inhibition and subthalamic excitation induced
      by stimulation of the tegmenti pedunculopontine nucleus. Atropine at doses which
      antagonized the acetylcholine response, flupenthixol at dose which antagonized
      the dopamine response, and bicuculline at doses which antagonized the gamma
      aminobutyric acid response failed to block excitations evoked by cortical
      stimulation and by glutamate. These experiments excluded a role for
      acetylcholine, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the cortically evoked
      excitation of subthalamic nucleus cells. Since an amino acid seemed to play a
      role as neurotransmitter of the corticosubthalamic nucleus pathway, further
      experiments were designed to confirm these data and to determine the contribution
      of each amino acid receptor type in the cortical-induced excitation of
      subthalamic cells. All the subthalamic cells recorded were also excited by
      microiontophoretically applied N-methyl-D-aspartic, quisqualic and kainic acids.
      The cortical-evoked activation of subthalamic nucleus neurons was reversibly
      suppressed by kynurenic acid and cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid, two broad
      spectrum antagonists of excitatory amino acids, microiontophoretically applied at
      doses which also blocked excitations induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic, quisqualic
      and kainic acids. Application of 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid inhibited
      excitation induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid but not those elicited by
      quisqualic or kainic acid, while glutamate excitation was only slightly affected.
      This compound had no effect on the cortically evoked excitation of subthalamic
      nucleus neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2886956
TI  - Daily variations in monoamine turnover in the brain of the ring dove
      (Streptopelia risoria).
AB  - A method for measuring the concentration and turnover of serotonin, dopamine and
      noradrenaline in small amounts of brain tissue was validated for the ring dove
      (Streptopelia risoria). Turnover rates of the catecholamines calculated as the
      rate of depletion after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition agreed well with turnover
      rate measured as rate of accumulation after inhibition of monoamine oxidase at
      2.5 h, but not 5 h, after drug administration. Using the monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor, pargyline, turnover of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline were
      estimated in the same tissue. Both the concentration and turnover of the amines
      in hypothalamus, paleostriatum and hyperstriatum fluctuated over a 24 h period.
      Serotonin turnover was greatest during the middle of the dark period in all three
      tissues. In contrast, for both dopamine and noradrenaline the highest turnover
      was observed during the light period and the lowest during the dark period.

PMID- 2886957
TI  - [Somatostatin in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Our experience].

PMID- 2886958
TI  - Microscopic polyarteritis: recovery of renal function after prolonged dialysis.

PMID- 2886959
TI  - Identification of somatostatin-containing neurons in primary cultures of rat
      cerebral cortex.
AB  - The expression of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was investigated in primary
      cultures of dissociated cerebral cortical tissue from the rat. A subpopulation of
      neurons in the cortical cultures exhibited intense staining for somatostatin.
      These somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons corresponded to 1.25% of the total
      neuronal population. Stained neurons were typically small with a soma size of 10
      20 micron. The majority of somatostatin-containing cells had stellate and bipolar
      morphology, with the bipolar class predominating.

PMID- 2886960
TI  - Co-localization of neuropeptide tyrosine and somatostatin immunoreactivity in
      neurons of individual subfields of the rat hippocampal region.
AB  - The co-localization of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and somatostatin (SOM) in rat
      hippocampal cells was studied in double labelling experiments using a combination
      of antibodies against the two peptides on the same tissue section. The individual
      hippocampal subfields show large variations in the relative number of NPY- and
      SOM-immunoreactive (-i) neurons. While the entorhinal area is far richer in SOM
      as compared to NPY-i cells, NPY-i cells predominate in all subfields (e.g. regio
      superior, regio inferior) of Ammon's horn. Co-localization of both peptides in
      single neurons was highest in regio inferior and in the area dentata and lowest
      in the retrohippocampal structures. In the dorsal hippocampus, the number of SOM
      i cells containing NPY-i was higher than the number of NPY-i cells containing SOM
      i. This pattern was reversed in the retrohippocampal region. At ventral levels
      the incidence of colocalization of NPY- and SOM-i in single cells increased in
      all hippocampal subfields.

PMID- 2886962
TI  - Hyperpolarizing responses to application of glutamate in hippocampal CA1
      pyramidal neurons.
AB  - Micropressure injection of glutamate onto the apical dendrites of hippocampal CA1
      pyramidal cells usually produces a fast rising, brief depolarization. However,
      hyperpolarizing responses with longer durations (300-500 ms) can be produced over
      a range of drug electrode locations. These hyperpolarizations can be reversed
      with intracellular injection of hyperpolarizing current. Localized application of
      glutamate in the stratum radiatum produces a depolarizing response in
      intracellularly recorded CA1 interneurons. Previous studies have shown that the
      dendrites of GABA-ergic basket cell interneurons extend into the stratum radiatum
      and are involved in mediating feedforward inhibition of pyramidal neurons. The
      glutamate-induced hyperpolarizations observed in pyramidal neurons are probably
      due to direct excitation of dendrites of interneurons, which in turn produce a
      synaptic inhibition in pyramidal cells.

PMID- 2886961
TI  - NMDA receptor antagonist D-APV depresses excitatory activity produced by
      normorphine in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - Both pentylenetetrazole and normorphine increased CA1 pyramidal cell sensitivity
      to afferent stimulation and caused the appearance of synchronous afterpotentials
      (secondary spikes). D-2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV) attenuated secondary
      spikes induced by both drugs, but had no effect on the change in excitability of
      the primary population spike. These results suggest that both opiates and GABA
      receptor antagonists are able to unmask NMDA receptors in the in vitro rat
      hippocampus slice preparation.

PMID- 2886963
TI  - What you should know about epidural analgesia.

PMID- 2886964
TI  - [Effectiveness of combined therapy (systemic thrombolysis, I.V. nitroglycerin and
      acute beta blockade) in acute myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 2886965
TI  - [Effect of Minipress and Hypothiazid therapy on plasma lipoprotein lipids].

PMID- 2886966
TI  - New drugs for use in 1987--Part Two.

PMID- 2886967
TI  - The McGill Pain Questionnaire--German version. A study on cancer pain.
AB  - The McGill Pain Questionnaire, widely used in English-speaking countries, has
      been translated into German. The objective in translating the questionnaire was
      to produce a translation of the words while keeping the expression of the pain
      quality and intensity. The results of our present study with a German-speaking
      cancer pain population, concerning the choice of words and pain rating values,
      are comparable with those of similar English-speaking patients. The superiority
      of this multidimensional verbal questionnaire in analysis of pain qualities over
      unidimensional pain intensity scales was proved. The therapeutic effect of
      peridural opiate analgesia was measured in 30 patients with intractable cancer
      pain after they had completed the questionnaire. After 5 days of therapy, there
      was an average of 70% relief of the total pain experience, with best results
      obtained in patients with bone pain in the lumbo-sacral region.

PMID- 2886968
TI  - Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain.

PMID- 2886969
TI  - Incidence and characteristics of pain in a sample of medical-surgical inpatients.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence and characteristics of
      pain in hospitalized patients and to explore the type and perceived effectiveness
      of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies. Three hundred and fifty-three
      randomly selected patients reported experiencing pain during this
      hospitalization; 58% of these patients experienced excruciating pain. Fewer than
      half of the patients with pain had a member of the health care team ask them
      about their pain or note the pain in the patient record. The methods perceived as
      most effective in decreasing pain were analgesics, sleep, immobilization and
      distraction. As in earlier studies, the dose of analgesic administered over a 24
      h period was less than a quarter of the amount ordered. This study concluded that
      (1) pain in hospitalized patients is more prevalent than has previously been
      reported, (2) patients with pain continue to receive inadequate dosages of
      analgesics, and (3) the identification and treatment of patients with pain
      remains a significant health care problem.

PMID- 2886970
TI  - Features of amino acid metabolism in Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala)
      in vitro.
AB  - Experiments to investigate the metabolism of glycine, L-glutamic acid and L
      aspartic acid by Moniliformis moniliformis were carried out by incubating adult
      worms aerobically for 3 h at 37 degrees C in Tyrode's solution containing either
      [U-14C]glycine, L-[U-14C]glutamic acid, L-[U-14C]aspartic acid or L-[4
      14C]aspartic acid. Much of the glycine and glutamic acid was absorbed by the
      worms, but little of either was metabolized. Aspartic acid was readily taken up
      and metabolized. After incubating with L[U-14C]aspartic acid, most radioactivity
      was found in ethanol and a volatile compound, presumed to be carbon dioxide, with
      smaller amounts in lactate, alanine, acetate, malate, glucose and succinate.
      After incubating with L-[4-14C]aspartic acid, most radioactivity was found in
      lactate and the presumed CO2 with small amounts in alanine, malate and succinate.
      No radioactivity was found associated with ethanol or acetate. Possible metabolic
      pathways and suggestions for a relationship between the metabolism of aspartate
      with that of alanine and serine in this parasite are discussed.

PMID- 2886971
TI  - Cryptorchidism: isolated and associated with other genitourinary defects.
AB  - Cryptorchidism is the most common disorder of sexual differentiation in male
      children, with an incidence of 3.4 per cent in the term newborn, decreasing to
      0.8 per cent at 1 year of age. The mechanisms of normal testicular descent are
      multifactorial and include an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, as
      well as a normal gubernaculum and epididymis. In boys with cryptorchidism, the
      testes demonstrate degenerative changes histologically as early as 1 to 2 years
      of age. Both testes may be affected, even with a unilateral undescended testis.
      The most important long-term complications of cryptorchidism include infertility
      and testicular cancer. The risk of malignancy is approximately 40 times higher in
      male subjects with cryptorchidism than in normal men, and is highest in male
      subjects who have had an intra-abdominal testis and in certain intersex
      conditions. Orchiopexy does not appear to lessen this risk. Hormonal therapy with
      HCG or LH-RH has remained unproven in clinical trials in the United States;
      therefore, orchiopexy remains standard treatment. HCG is recommended if the
      clinician suspects that a testis is retractile, however. Orchiopexy should be
      performed between 12 and 18 months of age to prevent the degenerative changes
      that are demonstrable by 2 years.

PMID- 2886972
TI  - Misuse of syrup of ipecac.

PMID- 2886973
TI  - [Congenital abnormalities of the peritoneo-vaginal process].
AB  - The different clinical manifestations resulting from abnormalities of the
      development of the peritoneovaginal process are reviewed: inguinal hernias,
      abnormal testicular descent, herniated ovary, hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis,
      hydrocele of the spermatic cord. The pathogenesis is studied on the basis of the
      embryology of the vaginal processus. The surgical aspects are discussed.

PMID- 2886974
TI  - Reflex inhibition of efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by 5
      hydroxytryptamine and nicotine is elicited by different epicardial receptors.
AB  - Intrapericardial administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) induced reflex
      effects consisting in an inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA),
      bradycardia and a fall in blood pressure. Nicotine caused the same reflex effects
      as 5-HT. The reflex effects of both 5-HT and nicotine were abolished by vagotomy.
      MDL 72222, an antagonist at 5-HT M-receptors, abolished or attenuated the
      decreases in RSNA, heart rate and blood pressure induced by 5-HT, leaving the
      reflex effects of nicotine unchanged. In the absence of MDL 72222 the reflex
      bradycardia partially concealed a positive chronotropic response to 5-HT. After
      blockade of the bradycardia response by MDL 72222, 5-HT elicited a significant
      tachycardia, which was not altered by propranolol and phentolamine, but was
      prevented by phenoxybenzamine. 5-HT probably reaches the sinoatrial node and
      activates 5-HT receptors that mediate directly the increase in heart rate. The
      nicotine receptor antagonist hexamethonium selectively abolished or attenuated
      the reflex effects of nicotine without interfering with those of 5-HT. We
      conclude that 5-HT and nicotine elicit similar reflex effects in epicardial vagal
      nerve endings by stimulation of M-receptors or nicotine receptors, respectively.

PMID- 2886976
TI  - Human histone 3 F2 detects RFLPs in inbred mice, cosegregates with H4F2 and does
      not map to possible syntenic groups on mouse distal chromosomes 1 and distal
      chromosomes 3.

PMID- 2886975
TI  - Identification of the promoter sequences involved in the cell specific expression
      of the rat somatostatin gene.
AB  - DNA sequences containing the 5' flanking region of the rat somatostatin gene were
      linked to the coding sequence of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase
      gene. This recombinant plasmid is active in expressing CAT activity in the
      neuronally derived, somatostatin producing CA-77 cell line. Deletion analyses of
      the somatostatin promoter show that the sequences proximal to position -60,
      relative to the cap site are required for expression of this promoter. A 4 base
      pair deletion of residues -46 through -43 within the somatostatin promoter
      results in a down mutation in vivo suggesting the existence of an element
      critical for the expression of the promoter in CA-77 cells. In addition, the
      somatostatin recombinant and its 5' deletion constructs preferentially express
      CAT activity in CA-77 cells, whereas only basal level of expression is observed
      in HeLa, BSC40, and RIN-5F cell lines, pointing to the cell specific nature of
      this promoter.

PMID- 2886977
TI  - Msp-1 polymorphism detected with a cDNA probe for the P-450 I family on
      chromosome 15.

PMID- 2886978
TI  - A human anonymous low copy number clone, 4c11 (D6S4), localized to 6p12-6p21,
      detects 2 RFLPs, one of which is moderately polymorphic.

PMID- 2886979
TI  - A PstI RFLP detected by probe cpX73 (DXS159) in Xq11-q12.

PMID- 2886980
TI  - Sst I RFLP linked to the human ets-1 gene.

PMID- 2886981
TI  - Two RFLPs for the human dihydrofolate reductase gene (DHFR).

PMID- 2886982
TI  - RFLP detected by the anonymous DNA segment E88 (D2S17) assigned to chromosome 2.

PMID- 2886983
TI  - RsaI RFLP in the human von Willebrand factor gene.

PMID- 2886985
TI  - Analgesics and pain. Current concepts.
AB  - The availability of a wide spectrum of analgesics (both opioid and nonopioid) to
      control pain, and the science evolving around their use, increases the potential
      for well-controlled pain. Nurses must learn this science in order to better serve
      their patients.

PMID- 2886984
TI  - Advances in control of cancer pain.
AB  - The wide variety of techniques and rapidly developing complex technologies
      currently available for managing pain, as well as the multidimensional nature of
      cancer pain, require that a multidisciplinary approach to treatment be used in
      virtually all health care settings. Members of each health care discipline have
      unique and very important contributions to make to the care of patients with
      cancer pain. This critical fact has only recently been recognized and
      incorporated into the management of persons with pain in inpatient, outpatient,
      and home settings. The development and refinement of multidisciplinary teams,
      coupled with the use of the most current and effective therapeutic interventions
      available, should result in better care of and quality of life for patients with
      cancer pain.

PMID- 2886986
TI  - Evaluation of some commercial media for the cultivation and enumeration of
      Clostridium perfringens from the chick intestine.
AB  - Four commercial media marketed for the detection and enumeration of Clostridium
      perfringens were found to adequately support the growth of a pure culture (ATCC
      13124) of this species but enumeration of colony-forming units was difficult on
      Clostrisel and lecithin-lactose-agar base (LLA) media. Colonies of C. perfringens
      on LLA had typical opalescent zones, a distinctive feature that can aid in
      presumptive identification. Colonies on sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazone and
      tryptose-sulfite-neomycin (TSN) agar media were morphologically similar but black
      colonies were observed on TSN incubated at 46 C. Extreme difficulty was
      encountered in enumerating enteric bacteria from the chick intestine on
      Clostrisel medium because of the pinpoint size of the colonies and on LLA because
      of the opacity of the medium. Morphological characteristics of bacteria picked
      from colonies which formed after these media had been inoculated with chick
      intestinal contents were in sharp contrast to those of the pure culture of C.
      perfringens. Numbers of colony-forming units were higher than documented levels
      of C. perfringens in the intestine of chicks. These observations led to the
      conclusion that these formulations are inadequate for the selective cultivation
      and enumeration of this bacterial species from the intestine of healthy chicks,
      unless used in combination with further tests for specific identification.

PMID- 2886987
TI  - Allyl alcohol liver injury: suppression by ethanol and relation to transient
      glutathione depletion.
AB  - Rats metabolized a sublethal gastric dose (0.73 mmol/kg) of allyl alcohol (AIOH)
      within 10-15 min. Oxidation of AIOH to acrolein was accompanied by an equally
      rapid, but only transient depletion of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH). GSH was
      restored to levels above normal within 5 hrs. Simultaneously, AIOH provoked
      marked elevation of alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and
      glutamate dehydrogenase activities in plasma and formation of lesions mainly in
      the periportal regions of the liver. Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase by 4
      methyl pyrazole completely counteracted these effects. On the other hand,
      attempts to potentiate the toxicity of acrolein by the aldehyde dehydrogenase
      inhibitor cyanamide enhanced only the release of alanine aminotransferase. Co
      administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) inhibited the rate of AIOH oxidation by more
      than 90%. Although with ethanol GSH remained depleted for several hours, the
      release of enzymes was markedly suppressed and the histologic changes completely
      prevented. These results indicate that the rapid rate of acrolein formation,
      rather than persistently lowered GSH content, is crucial in the hepatotoxicity of
      AIOH. They also suggest, that oxidation of acrolein via aldehyde dehydrogenase
      does not represent a major pathway for its detoxication in vivo.

PMID- 2886988
TI  - Effects of chronic neuroleptic treatment on agonist affinity states of the
      dopamine-D2 receptor in the rat brain.
AB  - The effects of repeated oral administration to rats of three antipsychotic
      compounds (haloperidol 1 mumol/kg, raclopride 5 mumol/kg and remoxipride 10
      mumol/kg) on agonist affinity states of the dopamine-D2 receptor were studied
      using 3H-spiperone binding to rat striatal homogenates in vitro. The competition
      between 3H-spiperone and dopamine was analyzed using the iterative nonlinear
      computer program LIGAND. The treatment of rats with haloperidol, raclopride and
      remoxipride caused an increased number of striatal dopamine-D2 receptors. In
      parallel to this increase in Bmax (approximately 50%) there was an increased
      fraction of the number of receptors being in the D2 (high) affinity state. The
      affinity of dopamine for the D2 (high) state was not affected while a significant
      decrease in affinity of dopamine for the D2 (low) state was found. The results
      are discussed in view of the mechanism of action of the three compounds and of
      neuroleptics in general.

PMID- 2886990
TI  - XXXIII Nordic meeting of pharmacology. Kuopio, Finland, June, 2-5, 1987.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2886989
TI  - Effects of the dopamine D2 selective receptor antagonist remoxipride on dopamine
      turnover in the rat brain after acute and repeated administration.
AB  - The effects of the dopamine D2 selective receptor antagonist, remoxipride, on
      dopamine turnover in the rat brain were studied after acute and repeated
      administration and compared with the effects of haloperidol. Acute administration
      of remoxipride produced a dose-dependent increase of the concentrations of DOPAC
      and HVA in both striatum and olfactory tubercle + nucleus accumbens. The maximal
      effect of both acute remoxipride and haloperidol on dopamine turnover was
      attained approximately 2 hours after a single intraperitoneal administration,
      whereas a biphasic response was seen after oral remoxipride. Tolerance to the
      effects of repeated haloperidol (20 mumol/kg orally) treatment on dopamine
      turnover was observed as soon as after 3 days, whereas no such tolerance could be
      found during the first 15 days of repeated treatment with remoxipride (20
      mumol/kg orally). A dose-related tolerance to the effects of remoxipride was,
      however, seen at higher dosages (40, 150 and 600 mumol/kg orally) and after a
      longer period (6 months) of treatment.

PMID- 2886991
TI  - Adenine nucleotide binding sites on beef heart F1 ATPase: photoaffinity labeling
      of beta-subunit Tyr-368 at a noncatalytic site and beta Tyr-345 at a catalytic
      site.
AB  - 2-Azidoadenine [32P]nucleotide was bound specifically at catalytic or
      noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites on beef heart mitochondrial F1 ATPase. In
      both cases, photolysis resulted in nearly exclusive labeling of the beta subunit.
      The modified enzyme was digested with trypsin, and labeled peptides were purified
      by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Amino acid sequence
      analysis of the major 32P-labeled tryptic fragments showed beta-subunit Tyr-368
      to be present at noncatalytic sites and beta Tyr-345 to be present at catalytic
      sites. From the relationship between the degree of inhibition and extent of
      modification, it is estimated that one-third of the catalytic sites or two-thirds
      of the noncatalytic sites must be modified to give near-complete inhibition of
      catalytic activity.

PMID- 2886992
TI  - Transforming growth factor type beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth
      factor production.
AB  - Recent studies have focused on the potential role of transforming growth factor
      type beta (TGF-beta) as an immunoregulatory peptide. In this context, we
      demonstrate that TGF-beta is a potent chemoattractant for human peripheral blood
      monocytes. At concentrations from 0.1 to 10 pg/ml, TGF-beta induces directed
      monocyte migration in vitro. Consistent with this observation is the expression
      of high-affinity TGF-beta receptors on the monocytes with a Kd of 1-10 pM. At
      higher concentrations of TGF-beta (greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml), monocytes
      are stimulated to generate biologically active mediator(s) that enhance
      fibroblast growth. Gene expression for one of these growth factors, interleukin
      1, is induced in monocytes within hours after exposure to TGF-beta. Thus, TGF
      beta may provide an important signal for monocyte recruitment and for regulation
      of their synthesis of mediators of fibroblast growth and activity in wound
      healing.

PMID- 2886993
TI  - The PapG protein is the alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-beta-D-galactopyranose
      binding adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Uropathogenic Escherichia coli adhere to uroepithelial cells by their
      digalactoside alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-beta-D-galactopyranose [alpha-D
      Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-Galp or Gal alpha (1----4)Gal]-binding pili, which are
      composed of repeating identical subunits. The major subunit (PapA) of these pili
      is not required for binding, but the papF and papG gene products are essential
      for adhesion. Transcomplementation analysis between the pap gene cluster and a
      related gene cluster encoding a different binding specificity showed that PapG
      and not PapF is the Gal alpha (1----4)Gal-specific adhesin. Antibodies against
      PapG were obtained upon immunizing with whole Pap pili, showing that the adhesin
      is a pilus component. Antisera specific for different Pap proteins were used to
      demonstrate that a pilin protein, either PapA or PapE, together with both PapG
      and PapF, must be exposed on the cell surface to allow E. coli to bind. The DNA
      sequence of the papG gene is presented, and the deduced primary structure showed
      similarities both to the B-chain sequence of the digalactoside-binding Shigella
      toxin and to established amino acid sequences of pilins.

PMID- 2886994
TI  - Ca2+ modulators as antidotes to imipramine and neurotransmitter toxicity.
AB  - Flunarizine and nimodipine, Ca2+ modulators which exert antagonist effects
      against catecholamines and serotonin and have specific action on the brain, were
      used as antidotes to imipramine toxicity in the rat. Imipramine, a tricyclic
      antidepressant, inhibits synaptic reuptake of catecholamines and serotonin.
      Flunarizine administered concurrently with imipramine increased survival time
      significantly (p less than 0.04). After a lethal dose of imipramine (85 mg/kg) 5
      out of 5 animals treated with flunarizine (2.37 +/- 1.21 mg/kg in divided doses)
      and 4 out of 5 animals treated with nimodipine (0.36 +/- 0.11 mg/kg) survived.
      The acute toxicity of imipramine might be related, in part, to drug-induced
      alteration in turnover of excitatory neurotransmitters which will induce
      intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and damage to vital organs. These toxic effects
      of endogenously produced neuroamines may be antagonized by nimodipine or
      flunarizine.

PMID- 2886995
TI  - Blood acetaldehyde and ethanol levels in alcoholism.

PMID- 2886996
TI  - MDMA as a discriminative stimulus: isomeric comparisons.
AB  - Using a two-lever, food-motivated discrimination procedure, eight male rats were
      trained to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
      (MDMA) from its vehicle, distilled water. Once trained, the rats demonstrated a
      dose-related decrease in discriminative performance after administration of lower
      doses of MDMA (ED50 = 0.27 mg/kg). Racemic MDMA-stimulus generalization occurred
      with both isomers of MDMA with the ED50 of the (+) isomer calculated as 0.50
      mg/kg and for the (-) isomer being 1.07. Time-course data indicate that racemic
      MDMA has a peak effect from 20-60 min post-injection with a declining effect from
      120-240 min. This time-course closely resembles that observed by subjective
      reports in human abusers and, together with previous data, would indicate that
      the discriminative paradigm would be useful in investigations as to the
      neurochemical effects of MDMA.

PMID- 2886997
TI  - Differential effects of a new dibenzo-epine neuroleptic compared with
      haloperidol. Results of an open and crossover study.
AB  - Fluperlapine (NB-106-689) was tested on 26 schizophrenic patients in an open and
      crossover study. In addition to its good antipsychotic effect, it also alleviated
      the apathic and depressive syndromes. Six patients who had shown only slight or
      no improvement after 4 weeks of haloperidol therapy responded positively to
      fluperlapine. The alleviation of the anergic syndrome was especially impressive.
      The therapeutic response of the depressive-apathic syndromes could represent an
      important extension of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia. The virtual lack of
      extrapyramidal motor side effects with fluperlapine supports an intensification
      of the search for other nonclassic dibenzo-epine neuroleptics.

PMID- 2886998
TI  - [Drug therapy of angiolopathies].
AB  - The treatment of angiolopathies is rather difficult, at this time, at least
      concerning functional angiopathies. It is a fact that protection against cold
      represents, in all angilopathies, one of the main elements of the treatment
      besides medications which are essentially vasoactive drugs, myorelaxants or alpha
      blockers, and possibly venous tonics. Fluorescein or Sodium fluoresceinate at 5%,
      administered in slow intra-venous injections, represents one of the best
      treatment of acrocyanosis, in combination with vitamins A and D, given at the
      beginning of fall. Other angiolopathies, especially those of organic nature, are
      represented by allergic vascularitis and will be treated accordingly. In
      infectious and toxic forms, antibiotics should be prescribed in addition to
      steroids, preferred in allergic forms, especially granulomatous forms. In
      conclusion, the treatment of angiolopathies is extremely difficult, and must be
      particularly adapted to the clinical forms.

PMID- 2886999
TI  - [Algodystrophy of the upper extremity].
AB  - Algodystrophy is a pathological syndrome of the limbs caused by a disturbance of
      the neurovegetative system of which the main consequence is a disorder of the
      regulation of the regional micro-circulation: pain, functional loss of use of a
      limb segment and the secondary appearance of trophic disorders with joint
      stiffening are the main symptoms of this disease. Among the etiologies, traumatic
      causes are first considered without forgetting nervous, visceral and drug induced
      causes. The treatment is based on pain killers, vascular medications, beta
      blockers and Calcitonin. In addition to active physical therapy, recent
      experiments permit to confirm the advantages of scottish baths.

PMID- 2887000
TI  - [Insulin receptors of the lateral hypothalamus and the effects of bilateral
      vagotomy on their response to adequate stimulation].

PMID- 2887002
TI  - [Negative vs. positive therapy expectations and compliance vs. noncompliance].
AB  - The problem of compliance is compared against that of noncompliance, these two
      phenomena being fundamentally different from each other and depending also on
      different factors. A cross-sectional investigation of schizophrenic patients
      showed that compliant patients do not differ from the noncompliant ones with
      regard to the number of subjectively experienced negative drug effects but with
      regard to the number of subjectively experienced positive drug effects. These
      findings are interpreted in such a manner that patients are less likely to be
      prevented from complying with a treatment by the negative effects of that
      treatment and are more likely to cooperate because of positive therapy
      expectations. The question as to what represents positive therapy experiences, is
      discussed, as well as the problem of promoting an understanding between the
      physician and the patient in respect of this important aspect of therapy.

PMID- 2887001
TI  - [Dynamics of the serum pipothiazine level in patients with schizophrenia during
      long-term treatment with this neuroleptic agent].

PMID- 2887003
TI  - Endocrine responses to tryptophan infusion in schizophrenic patients treated with
      neuroleptics.
AB  - The growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to intravenous L-tryptophan
      (LTP) were measured in 20 schizophrenics receiving long-term treatment with
      neuroleptics and 20 unmedicated control subjects. In the patients, the PRL
      response was significantly enhanced, and it correlated with PRL baseline
      concentration. In contrast, the patients' GH response was markedly reduced. These
      opposite changes in PRL and GH responses to LTP are unlikely to be accounted for
      by the effect of neuroleptics on serotonin receptors, but they may have been due
      to the blockade of DA receptors, which is known to disinhibit PRL release and to
      suppress that of GH.

PMID- 2887004
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase and alcohol consumption in primary gout].
AB  - The behaviour of gamma-GT, an enzyme whose activity is related with alcohol
      intake, was studied in three groups of patients with primary gout, divided on the
      basis of alcohol intake. Poor drinkers (A) and good drinkers (B) do not show
      significant differences in the serum levels of gamma-GT, uric acid and
      triglycerides. The above parameters are highest in the group of strong drinkers
      (C), in which the increase in serum gamma-GT activity is statistically
      significant and reaches values above the normal range.

PMID- 2887005
TI  - [Chromosome aberrations in hematopoietic stem cells in late periods after
      prolonged external irradiation].
AB  - At remote times following long-term external irradiation of Wistar rats with a
      cumulative dose of 10 Gy a 2-4-fold increase was registered in the spontaneous
      yield of chromosome aberrations in a population of original haemopoietic cells
      precursors mainly due to symmetrical inter- and intrachromosomal exchanges.

PMID- 2887006
TI  - Massive acroosteolysis in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a relatively uncommon disease, most often found
      in Japan, the Caribbean, the southeastern United States, and South America. To
      date there have been few reports of its skeletal manifestations. A case is
      reported in a 44-year-old man in which a short history of swelling of the hands
      and feet and painful motion in the fingers was followed by the rapid development
      of severe acroosteolysis.

PMID- 2887007
TI  - Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters involved in regulation of corticotropin
      releasing factor-containing neurons in the rat.

PMID- 2887008
TI  - Imaging of neuropeptide-neurotransmitter interactions.

PMID- 2887009
TI  - [Intracellular delivery and assembly of F1-ATPase into mitochondria].

PMID- 2887010
TI  - [Genetic factors involved in carcinogenesis].

PMID- 2887011
TI  - [Somatostatin: physiologic significance and therapeutic applications].

PMID- 2887012
TI  - [Physiologic effects of somatostatin in various organs and tissues. Mechanisms of
      action].

PMID- 2887013
TI  - [Reflex pressure response to the electric stimulation of different parts of the
      rat stomach].
AB  - The role of the autonomic nervous system in the pressor response to the
      electrical stimulation of different gastric zones has been studied in rats. The
      stimulus was applied before and after the following interventions: bilateral
      vagotomy, ganglionic blockade, alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade and beta
      adrenergic receptor blockade. After the ganglionic blockade no pressor responses
      to the electrical stimulus were observed. After the alpha-adrenergic blockade a
      lower pressor response was observed. A hypertensive response can be induced by
      mechanical, chemical or electrical stimulation of gastric receptors. It is
      concluded that the pressor reflex following the application of an electrical
      stimulus on different zones of the digestive tract is mediated by the sympathetic
      nervous system and that the efferent pathways are mainly alpha-adrenergic ones.

PMID- 2887014
TI  - Maturation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and somatostatin
      (SRIF) neuronal systems in the hypothalamus of growing ewe lambs.
AB  - Using the immunoperoxidase method, neurons containing luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone (LHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF) were identified in the
      hypothalamus of growing ewe lambs between 3 days and 16 weeks of age. Both
      peptidergic neuronal systems were well developed in the early postnatal period.
      The centres producing LHRH were found to be situated in the anterior region of
      the hypothalamus and preoptic area. Immunoreactive (ir) LHRH perikarya in growing
      lambs were readily stained by the various anti-LHRH antibodies used and they were
      generally more numerous in young animals than in foetuses and adults. The
      concentration of irLHRH material stored in the median eminence (ME) increased
      with lamb age, reaching a maximum around 12 weeks of age. The centre producing
      somatostatin, situated in the anterior periventricular area of the hypothalamus,
      did not develop before the postpartum period. The irSRIF material in the ME was
      greatly depleted during the first neonatal days but regained its former level by
      8 weeks of age. From 10 to 16 weeks of age, these stores in the ME were again
      depleted. The results show that the two neuronal systems investigated developed
      in a different way in the growing lamb. The secretory activity of these systems
      changed during subsequent periods of growth. The importance of these events in
      the processes of body growth and reproductive system maturation are still to be
      determined.

PMID- 2887015
TI  - Isolation and purification of a Thy-1-like glycoprotein from sheep brain and its
      distribution in ovine tissues.
AB  - Standard methods for the purification of Thy-1 were applied to sheep brain to
      purify a sheep brain membrane glycoprotein (SBMG). On 12 per cent sodium
      dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gels this glycoprotein was shown to be a doublet
      with apparent molecular weights 24,000 and 25,000. By a number of physicochemical
      criteria SBMG was shown to have properties similar to those previously reported
      for Thy-1 isolated from other species. Immunological investigations, however,
      revealed that SBMG did not react with rabbit anti-rat Thy-1 and rabbit anti-SBMG
      did not recognise rat or chicken brain. By fluorescent antibody techniques the
      tissue distribution of SBMG appeared to be similar to that of Thy-1 in other
      species. A small population of peripheral blood and intestinal lymph lymphocytes
      were stained with anti-SBMG. These results suggest that sheep have an
      immunologically distinct Thy-1 homologue.

PMID- 2887016
TI  - Autoradiographic localisation of alpha 2 adrenoceptor binding sites in the spinal
      cord of the sheep.
AB  - Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists, such as xylazine and detomidine, are used as
      sedatives, analgesics and premedicants. In this study the localisation of binding
      sites for alpha 2 agonist drugs in the sheep spinal cord was examined using [3H]
      clonidine as a ligand and autoradiographic techniques related to our initial
      histological mapping of the various tracts and laminae. The results indicated a
      high concentration of binding sites for alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists in the
      lamina II region of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (the substantia
      gelatinosa) which is an area widely implicated in the transmission of painful
      stimuli. Possibly therefore some of the analgesic effect of this group of drugs
      in sheep is mediated at the spinal level.

PMID- 2887017
TI  - Characterisation of Escherichia coli strains associated with canine urinary tract
      infections.
AB  - Of 33 Escherichia coli strains isolated from canine urinary tract infections, 22
      were haemolytic and 27 were classified into O serogroups, the most common being
      O4, O6, O2 and O83. P-fimbriated strains were haemolytic and belonged mainly to
      serogroups O4 and O6. Twenty-nine strains possessed type-1 fimbriae but only
      small numbers possessed S fimbriae, type-1C fimbriae, X adhesins or the
      aerobactin system. It is postulated that P fimbriae and haemolysin production
      contribute to bacterial virulence in canine pyelonephritis and cystitis.

PMID- 2887018
TI  - Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of
      phenothiazine tranquillisers in horses.
AB  - An acepromazine (ACP) hapten was synthesised, coupled to bovine serum albumin and
      injected into a horse to produce antibodies to the drug. A competitive ELISA was
      developed whereby ACP attached to the solid phase via lysozyme competed with free
      ACP present in phosphate buffered saline, horse serum or horse urine for limiting
      amounts of antibody. The assay could detect the presence of ACP and, or, some of
      its metabolites in horse urine for at least 25 hours after intravenous injection
      of 0.1 mg kg-1 ACP maleate, but because of non-specific interference, horse serum
      could not be used. As little as 0.24 micrograms ml-1 ACP or its metabolites could
      be detected. The level of detection and the ease of performance of the assay make
      it an attractive alternative to the more complex methods currently available for
      the screening of horse urine samples at horse races, shows and sales.

PMID- 2887019
TI  - Applications of basic chromosome research in biotechnology and medicine.

PMID- 2887020
TI  - [Are respiratory stimulants necessary? Yes].

PMID- 2887021
TI  - [Are respiratory stimulants necessary? No].

PMID- 2887022
TI  - [A case of polyarteritis nodosa with diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage and acute renal
      failure].

PMID- 2887023
TI  - Meta-analysis of clinical trials as a scientific discipline. I: Control of bias
      and comparison with large co-operative trials.
AB  - Meta-analysis is an important method of bridging the gap between undersized
      randomized control trials and the treatment of patients. However, as in any
      retrospective study, the opportunities for bias to distort the results are
      widespread. Attempts must be made to introduce the controls found in prospective
      studies by blinding the selection of papers and extraction of data and making
      blinded duplicate determinations. Informal and personalized methods of obtaining
      data are probably more liable to error and bias than employing only published
      data. Publication bias is a serious problem requiring further research. There
      also need to be more comparisons of meta-analysed small studies with large co
      operative trials.

PMID- 2887024
TI  - Pharmacologic probes to identify patients with renovascular hypertension.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin system has been shown to play a significant role in
      maintaining blood pressure and sodium balance in health and disease states. The
      development of various pharmacologic probes that inhibit the RAS at different and
      specific points in the renin-angiotensin cascade has facilitated the elucidation
      of the role of angiotensin II in renovascular hypertension. In a clinical regard,
      inhibitors of the RAS have been instrumental in screening patients for
      renovascular hypertension, and in predicting curability with a high degree of
      reliability. Moreover, use of these drugs in an out-patient setting has been
      determined to be safe, practical, and reliable, making the work-up for renin
      dependent hypertension cost effective and accurate.

PMID- 2887025
TI  - [Unstable angina: recent findings and therapeutic applications].

PMID- 2887026
TI  - Presynaptic alpha-autoreceptors.

PMID- 2887027
TI  - [HTLV-I infection and blood transfusion].

PMID- 2887028
TI  - Effects of H1 antihistamines on canine nasal vascular and airway resistances.
AB  - The effects of three commonly used H1 antihistamines on the nasal vascular and
      airway resistances were studied in the dog. Promethazine hydrochloride decreased
      nasal vascular resistance but increased nasal airway resistance in a dose
      dependent manner. Diphenylpyraline hydrochloride in low doses increased nasal
      vascular resistance without affecting much nasal airway resistance while in high
      doses decreased nasal vascular resistance but increased nasal airway resistance.
      Chlorpheniramine maleate in low doses increased nasal vascular resistance but
      decreased nasal airway resistance while in high doses decreased nasal vascular
      resistance without affecting much nasal airway resistance. It was concluded that
      different H1 antihistamines might exert vasoconstrictor or vasodilatatory action
      on both the resistance and capacitance vessels of the nasal vascular bed
      depending on the type and the dose of the drug used.

PMID- 2887029
TI  - Dietary and metabolic manipulations of the carcinogenic process: role of
      nucleotide pool imbalances in carcinogenesis.
AB  - Perturbations in DNA and/or membranes are considered to be important for the
      carcinogenic process. A search for nutritional and metabolic means of disturbing
      the homeostasis of DNA and membranes revealed that nucleotide pools offer an
      exciting possibility. An imbalance in nucleotide pools can exert a two-pronged
      attack on both DNA and membranes. When given to rats, orotic acid, a precursor of
      pyrimidine nucleotides, results in an imbalance in nucleotide pools (an increase
      in uridine nucleotides and a decrease in inosine/adenine nucleotides),
      alterations in both DNA and membranes, and promotion of carcinogenesis in the
      liver initiated by chemical carcinogens. Agents such as adenine and allopurinol,
      which inhibit the metabolism of orotic acid and thereby decrease the formation of
      uridine nucleotides, and galactosamine, which traps uridine nucleotides,
      inhibited the promotional effects of orotic acid in the liver. These results
      suggested that orotic acid needs to be metabolized to uridine nucleotides and the
      creation of a subsequent imbalance in nucleotide pools is important for the
      promotional effects of orotic acid. To determine whether the creation of a
      nucleotide pool imbalance is a more general mechanism of tumor promotion, two
      lines of approach were investigated. One was to determine the effect of orotic
      acid on promotion of carcinogenesis in other organs, and the second approach was
      to determine how to induce nucleotide pool imbalances by means other than orotic
      acid administration. It is interesting to note that orotic acid promotes
      carcinogenesis in duodenum initiated by azoxymethane. Regarding the second
      approach, it became apparent that several metabolic disturbances result in
      increased orotic acid synthesis and alterations in nucleotide pools.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887030
TI  - Complementarity between two rat liver tumor promoters.
AB  - A delay in the exposure of initiated rats to orotic acid (OA) beyond a specific
      time frame results in a progressive loss of promotional effect in liver
      carcinogenesis. The current study was designed to ascertain whether the loss of
      promotional effect could be counteracted by pre-exposing the initiated animals to
      other rat liver promoting regimens such as a diet deficient in choline (CD). Male
      Fischer 344 rats (150 g) were initiated with diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg, ip);
      1 week later they were given either a CD diet or a CD diet supplemented with
      choline for 5 weeks. Animals from these two groups were then fed either a 1% OA
      diet or the basal diet for another 20 weeks. The results indicated that the loss
      of OAs promotion efficacy from delaying the start of the promoting regimen can be
      counteracted by pre-exposing the initiated rats to a CD diet. Thus in rats
      exposed to OA from the first week of initiation, 7% of the liver developed as
      nodular areas, whereas only 0.8% of liver was nodular when OA feeding was delayed
      by 5 weeks. This loss was abolished when initiated rats were fed a CD diet for 5
      weeks prior to feeding OA for 20 weeks. These results suggest that in a rat liver
      tumor promotion model, two tumor promoters, OA and CD, show some degree of
      complementarity when given sequentially.

PMID- 2887031
TI  - Developments in the treatment of peptic ulcer.
AB  - A review is given of developments in the treatment of peptic ulcers from the
      early nineteenth century to modern times. 150 years ago long-term treatment
      consisted of antacids and dietary advice, while bed rest and starvation were
      included in most regimes around 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century the
      "Sippy regime" was adopted world wide, entailings, physical rest and complete
      neutralization of acid. The urge for complete elimination of acid led to the use
      of the continuous gastric drip. The side effects of these therapeutic modalities
      were considerable, and thus they were gradually abandoned, so that around 1950
      only antacids and bed rest in the initial phase were recommended. During the last
      20 years there have been dramatic developments in the medical treatment of peptic
      ulcers. The impact of the new drugs is discussed.

PMID- 2887032
TI  - Role of antigen-presenting cells in the cytotoxic T-cell response to minor
      histocompatibility antigens (MIHA). I. In vitro function of cells pulsed with
      MIHA in vivo.
AB  - Although antigen-presenting cells (APC) appear to be able to process minor
      histocompatibility antigens (MIHA) expressed on allogeneic cells and present them
      in association with intrinsic H-2 of the APC in vivo, this does not occur in
      vitro. This could be due to fundamentally different mechanisms of antigen
      handling by APC in vitro, or it could represent compromised APC function. In
      order to distinguish these possibilities, we designed a system in which BALB/c
      spleen cells are transferred into an MIHA-disparate irradiated host and allowed
      to reside for 2-3 days; the spleen cells of the repopulated host are removed and
      used as stimulator cells for the CTL response of primed BALB/c responder cells to
      DBA/2 MIHA. These cells are referred to as in vivo-pulsed APC (IVP-APC). Donor
      BALB/c cells are able to pick up DBA/2 MIHA after a passage in DBA/2 hosts and
      efficiently present MIHA to primed CTL precursors to generate DBA/2-specific CTL.
      The donor cell type able to pick up and present MIHA is present in spleen but not
      thymus or bone marrow, is Thy-1.2 negative, Ia+, and nylon wool-adherent. Its
      stimulatory capacity is as efficient on a per cell basis as that of DBA/2 spleen
      cells. The generation of IVP-APC requires repopulation of the irradiated host,
      which must express MIHA foreign to the BALB/c donor cells. When we attempted to
      generate IVP-APC in H-2 incompatible hosts, we found that, although the IVP-APC
      could present H-2 antigens, they were unable to present MIHA in association with
      intrinsic APC H-2 antigens. Use of intra-H-2 recombinant strains as host mice
      indicated that compatibility of donor and host at the KI region of H-2 was
      essential for the generation of IVP-APC able to present apparently unprocessed
      MIHA to primed BALB/c responder cells. Thus, we were unable to reproduce the
      antigen-processing function of APC encountering antigen in situ using an adoptive
      transfer method of pulsing APC with MIHA in vivo. In addition, we suggest that
      our results may impose constraints on the formulation of models to account for
      the association of MIHA with H-2 antigens.

PMID- 2887033
TI  - Prospective study of course of illness in schizophrenia: Part III. Treatment and
      outcome.
AB  - In a prospective study of 86 schizophrenic patients (ICD 9), outcome data were
      obtained for 86 percent 1 year after clinic discharge. The Strauss-Carpenter
      outcome scale (frequency of social contacts, employment duration, symptomatology,
      and duration of rehospitalization) served as the outcome criterion. The Strauss
      Carpenter prognostic scale items served as the potential predictors of the
      course. The followup treatment, which took place during the catamnestic period,
      was compared with that of other psychiatric diagnostic groups with respect to its
      continuity and efficiency. The following findings emerged: When compared to
      patients with neuroses and alcohol dependency, the followup treatment of
      schizophrenic patients in a large city seems to be better ensured. This is
      attributed to a clearer concept of treatment for schizophrenic patients. The
      comparatively favorable outcome of this group of patients seems to be related to
      this. For the other groups, especially for neurotic disorders, effective
      treatment concepts have still to be developed and evaluated. Schizophrenic
      patients receiving continuous neuroleptic medication are rehospitalized
      significantly less often (28 percent) than those not in continuous treatment (55
      percent). This treatment difference is most obvious for patients with multiple
      admissions. Differences dependent on treatment are not found in other outcome
      dimensions. However, patients with good heterosexual adjustment profit the most
      from continuous treatment with neuroleptics in reference to freedom from
      symptoms. For a more chronic subgroup with a poorer initial level of work
      adjustment, the functional level deteriorates over the course of illness. Relapse
      and inpatient readmission are related to retarded recompensation, particularly
      for chronic patients. This underlines the need for consistent neuroleptic
      treatment.

PMID- 2887034
TI  - Adrenal medulla grafts enhance recovery of striatal dopaminergic fibers.
AB  - The drug, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), depletes striatal
      dopamine levels in primates and certain rodents, including mice, and produces
      parkinsonian-like symptoms in humans and nonhuman primates. To investigate the
      consequences of grafting adrenal medullary tissue into the brain of a rodent
      model of Parkinson's disease, a piece of adult mouse adrenal medulla was grafted
      unilaterally into mouse striatum 1 week after MPTP treatment. This MPTP treatment
      resulted in the virtual disappearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive
      fibers and severely depleted striatal dopamine levels. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks after
      grafting, dense tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the
      grafted striatum, while only sparse fibers were seen in the contralateral
      striatum. In all cases, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers appeared to be
      from the host rather than from the grafts, which survived poorly. These
      observations suggest that, in mice, adrenal medullary grafts exert a neurotrophic
      action in the host brain to enhance recovery of dopaminergic neurons. This effect
      may be relevant to the symptomatic recovery in Parkinson's disease patients who
      have received adrenal medullary grafts.

PMID- 2887035
TI  - Homeo domain of the yeast repressor alpha 2 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding
      domain but is not sufficient for repression.
AB  - The alpha 2 protein, the product of the MAT alpha 2 gene, is a regulator of cell
      type in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It represses transcription of a group
      of cell type-specific genes by binding to an operator located upstream of each
      target gene. Fifteen in-frame deletions within the coding region of the MAT alpha
      2 gene were constructed. The deletion alleles were examined for phenotypes
      conferred in vivo, and the encoded mutant proteins were assayed for ability to
      bind specifically to the operator in vitro. This analysis has revealed that the
      sequence-specific DNA-binding domain of alpha 2 is located within a region of 68
      amino acids. This region of alpha 2 has significant homology with the homeo
      domain, a conserved sequence found in the products of several Drosophila homeotic
      and segmentation genes. In addition, there is a class of mutant alpha 2 proteins
      that binds tightly and specifically to the operator in vitro, but fails to
      repress transcription in vivo.

PMID- 2887036
TI  - [Fluanxol].

PMID- 2887037
TI  - [Management of phobic disorders].

PMID- 2887038
TI  - Infantile polyarteritis nodosa with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome treated
      with long-term corticosteroids.
AB  - Clinical and pathologic similarities between infantile polyarteritis nodosa (IPN)
      and mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS, or Kawasaki disease) have suggested
      that these entities may be different manifestations of the same basic disease
      process. We have described a boy with IPN/MLNS treated with long-term
      corticosteroids for more than eight years after the appearance of multiple
      aneurysms at 11 months of age. Corticosteroid therapy may be appropriate in the
      treatment of selected patients with IPN/MLNS if based on age and the presence of
      aneurysms.

PMID- 2887039
TI  - [A. I. Voinova-Dandurova's "Notes of a Girl Student"].

PMID- 2887040
TI  - Myocardial opiate receptor activity is stereospecific, independent of muscarinic
      receptor antagonism, and may play a role in depressing cardiac function.
AB  - Earlier work has shown that morphine sulfate can produce a dose-related decrease
      in heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) in isolated working rat hearts. This
      response is preventable with the use of the opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone
      hydrochloride. In this study, the stereospecificity of the opiate response was
      tested with the use of levorphanol tartrate and its d-isomer, dextrorphan, in our
      Langendorff rat heart model. The interaction of muscarinic receptor activity with
      the opiate response was tested by first adding bethanechol chloride to the
      perfusate in the presence and absence of atropine (5 X 10(-9) mmol/L). Our
      earlier studies with morphine sulfate were then repeated in the presence of the
      same concentration of atropine. At a concentration of 5 X 10(-6) mmol/L,
      levorphanol tartrate produced a significant decrease in CO (p less than 0.05),
      while a similar concentration of dextrorphan produced little change in either HR
      or CO. Bethanechol chloride, in a concentration of 3 X 10(-6) mmol/L, produced a
      significant decrease in HR and CO (p less than 0.05), which was prevented by
      atropine. When morphine sulfate was added to the standard perfusate (3 X 10(-4)
      mmol/L), HR and CO were significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). This change
      was not prevented by the addition of atropine. The opiate effect on myocardial
      function is mediated by a stereospecific opiate receptor, which acts
      independently of muscarinic receptor antagonism.

PMID- 2887041
TI  - Treatment of acute pancreatitis with beta-adrenergic agonist drugs.
AB  - An increase in microvascular permeability may be important in the pathogenesis of
      acute pancreatitis. beta-adrenergic receptor agonist drugs are known to inhibit
      the increase in microvascular permeability induced by histamine and related
      vasoactive substances. These inflammatory mediators have been shown to be
      released during the course of experimental and human pancreatitis. We
      investigated the effect of isoproterenol and terbutaline sulfate on the
      development of acute edematous (AEP) and acute hemorrhagic (AHP) pancreatitis in
      a feline model of biliary pancreatitis. When given at the time of pancreatic
      insult, isoproterenol prevented the development of both AEP and AHP. Both
      isoproterenol and terbutaline sulfate reduced the severity of pancreatic
      inflammation, even when given up to 12 hours after the onset of AEP. Although
      neither drug was effective in treating established AHP, our findings suggest
      that, if given early in the course of the disease, they may be useful in
      preventing the progression of AEP to AHP.

PMID- 2887042
TI  - [Results from the Diakonhjemmet--nurses knowledge of and attitude towards HIV
      infection].

PMID- 2887043
TI  - Adjuvant pain treatment in cancer: a case for psychopharmacology.

PMID- 2887044
TI  - [The test of serum GGT decrease after alcoholic withdrawal. Study in 221 patients
      treated with Atrium].

PMID- 2887045
TI  - Determination of the HLA-DR profile of an HLA class II negative carcinoma cell
      line by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.
AB  - The human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 does not normally express HLA
      class II molecules. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis
      of DNA with a DR beta-probe, we analysed the genomic DR beta polymorphism of this
      cell-line, and compared it with the RFLP patterns seen in DNA from a reference
      panel of different DR homozygous and heterozygous cells. The HT-29 cell-line
      expressed DR beta fragments similar to the sum of the fragments expressed by DR4
      and DR7 homozygous cells. The DR4 and DR7 haplotypes of HT-29 was further
      confirmed by comparing the RFLP patterns of four DR4/7 heterozygotes with that of
      HT-29. Furthermore, the HT-29 cell line expressed a Hind III 9.3 kb fragment
      previously found to be strongly associated to DRw53. Following treatment with
      gamma-interferon, the HT-29 cells could be induced to express class II molecules.
      Serological typing revealed the presence of the DR4, DR7 and DRw53 antigenic
      determinants.

PMID- 2887046
TI  - Cytotoxicities of sodium benzoate in primary culture of hepatocytes from adult
      rat liver.
AB  - The cytotoxicities of sodium benzoate was studied using primary culture of
      hepatocytes established from adult rat liver by a collagenase perfusion technique
      and maintained as a monolayer in serum-free culture medium. The activities of
      ornithine transcarbamylase (as a marker of mitochondria) and tyrosine
      aminotransferase (as a marker of cytosol) were clearly suppressed by sodium
      benzoate at concentration in excess of 500 micrograms/ml. Intracellular protein
      synthesis and DNA synthesis were also suppressed, and the suppression of DNA
      synthesis was observed even with a lower concentration of benzoate (100
      micrograms/ml).

PMID- 2887047
TI  - Separation of two myotoxins from nematocysts of the box jellyfish (Chironex
      fleckeri).
AB  - Two myotoxins, both lethal to mice by i.v. injection, were obtained by
      chromatography on Sephadex G-200 of material released from isolated microbasic
      mastigophores of C. fleckeri. Both toxins elicit contractures of skeletal
      (diaphragm) musculature of the rat and of smooth (ileum and vas deferens) and
      atrial musculature of the guinea-pig, although consistent differences in the
      parameters of the contractures of each muscle type elicited by the two toxins are
      shown. Moreover, one toxin, with a molecular weight of approximately 150,000,
      also elicits activity on crustacean (barnacle) musculature, whilst the other
      toxin, with a molecular weight of approximately 600,000, elicits no activity in
      barnacle musculature at the concentrations tested. The toxins are labile when
      released from nematocysts and they lose all myotoxic activity within 3 days at 5
      degrees C. They can also be isolated chromatographically from crude extracts of
      the contents of mixed nematocysts of C. fleckeri. They are considered to be the
      principal toxins injected by C. fleckeri during nematocyst discharge and appear
      to be different from the C. fleckeri toxins described by other workers.

PMID- 2887048
TI  - [Prevention of the toxic action of carbon disulfide on the oral mucosa of
      experimental animals].

PMID- 2887049
TI  - Enzyme linked protein-A: an ELISA for detection of amoebic antibody.
AB  - Enzyme linked protein-A was used to develop an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) system for the detection of circulating antibodies to amoebic antigen.
      The specificity of protein-A to bind IgG only through Fc receptors, makes the
      test more specific for the detection of IgG antibodies to amoebic antigen. The
      ELISA system was used to detect amoebic antibody in control subjects (56),
      patients with amoebic liver abscess (79) and Entamoeba histolytica cyst-passers
      (10) and the results compared with those of indirect haemagglutination assay
      (IHA). The ELISA was more sensitive and detected 74.7% of cases with amoebic
      antibody in amoebic liver abscess compared with 66.7% detected by IHA. The test
      was more specific, sensitive and easy to perform and is recommended as a test of
      choice for the serological diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2887050
TI  - Anthropophilic mosquitoes at Richards Bay, Natal, and arbovirus antibodies in
      human residents.
AB  - A survey at Richards Bay, the site of a new international harbour on the east
      coast of South Africa, revealed the presence of 11 anthropophilic mosquito
      species. These are discussed in relation to their known medical importance and to
      a complementary survey of arbovirus antibodies among residents of the area.
      Mansonia uniformis was by far the most abundant man-biting mosquito. Antibodies
      against Germiston, Banzi and Rift Valley Fever viruses were the three most
      commonly encountered, being detected in 29.7, 12.2 and 8.7% of residents
      respectively. This new knowledge updates the distribution and prevalence of
      arbovirus antibodies in man in northern Natal.

PMID- 2887051
TI  - The role of autoantibody to vascular endothelial cell antigens in atherosclerosis
      and vascular disease.

PMID- 2887052
TI  - Antibody-mediated causes of male infertility.
AB  - It is probable that antisperm antibodies identified directly on a man's sperm's
      surface correlate best with the presence of antibody-mediated infertility in
      males. Care must be taken in reviewing the literature regarding antisperm
      antibodies in men, since many studies are based on measurement of antibodies in
      the circulation or have utilized antigens (such as solubilized or fixed sperm)
      that are not on the sperm surface. The results of these assays that are not
      measuring antibodies against the sperm plasma membrane may not be clinically
      significant, since the sperm plasma membrane remains intact in sperm
      participating in in-vivo fertilization until after the acrosome reaction.
      Treatment of antibody-mediated infertility in the male is difficult at the
      present time, although newer techniques are promising.

PMID- 2887053
TI  - New therapy for impotence.
AB  - In the not too distant past, the physician caring for the impotent patient had
      few therapeutic options. With the recent advances in penile pharmacotherapy,
      vascular surgery, and prosthetics, several possibilities for treatment are now
      available. Before a decision is made, however, numerous factors must be taken
      into consideration: age, manual dexterity, cause of erectile dysfunction,
      psychological attitude, and social considerations. Clearly, the choice of therapy
      for impotence must now be made on an individual basis after a careful diagnostic
      evaluation and in-depth consultation with the patient. Only then can the
      treatment that offers the highest likelihood of success, both functional and
      emotional, be chosen.

PMID- 2887054
TI  - Canine pancreatic endocrine tumors: immunohistochemical analysis of hormone
      content and amyloid.
AB  - Thirty-one primary canine pancreatic endocrine tumors and their metastases were
      studied histologically and immunohistochemically for the presence of insulin,
      glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), gastrin, and
      adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Tumors were also evaluated for the presence
      of amyloid. The cytoarchitectural pattern of 25 of 31 primary tumors was
      predominantly solid, whereas three tumors were mostly glandular, two were
      unclassified, and one had a gyriform pattern. Cells with insulin immunoreactivity
      were found in 30 of 31 tumors and were found in all cases in which there was
      clinical evidence of inappropriate insulin secretion. Insulin was the only
      hormone demonstrable in three of the 30 tumors, but cells immunoreactive for
      other hormones were also present in various combinations in most tumors [i.e.,
      glucagon (13 of 30), somatostatin (17 of 30), PP (25 of 30), and gastrin (2 of
      30)]. One tumor contained only cells with glucagon and PP immunoreactivity.
      Amyloid was found in ten of 31 primary tumors but was not detected in metastases.
      Cells with insulin immunoreactivity were the only cell type consistently present
      in tumors containing amyloid. Amyloid deposits did not immunoreact with any of
      the antisera. Seventeen of 31 dogs had metastasis of the pancreatic endocrine
      tumor to regional lymph nodes, liver, or both. All metastases available for study
      (15 of 17) contained cells with insulin immunoreactivity and some contained cells
      with PP or somatostatin immunoreactivity. No statistically significant (P greater
      than 0.05) differences in tendency to metastasize were found when pancreatic
      endocrine tumors were compared by region of origin, cytoarchitectural pattern,
      presence of amyloid, or by number of hormones contained within the tumor.

PMID- 2887055
TI  - Clostridium perfringens in pelleted feed.

PMID- 2887056
TI  - Kidney extract reversibly inhibits compensatory cell proliferation after
      unilateral nephrectomy.
AB  - Unilateral nephrectomy (uNX) in mice is followed by a transitory increase in cell
      proliferation in the remaining kidney. To examine whether this response could be
      related to a negative feedback control of kidney epithelial cell renewal, water
      extracts were made of kidney homogenate. Five mg freeze-dried extract was
      injected 18 h post-operatively, and the animals were sacrificed at intervals
      during the following 54 h. The mitotic rate and the incorporation of tritiated
      thymidine (3H-TdR) into DNA were measured in the remaining kidney. The results
      show that the kidney extract reduces both the mitotic rate and the incorporation
      of 3H-TdR into DNA. In the tubular epithelium in the kidney, the strongest
      inhibitory effect was found by injecting the extract at 18 or 39 h
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2887057
TI  - Ultrastructural aspects of streptozotocin cytotoxicity on rat pancreatic islets
      in vitro. Test of a protective effect of zinc.
AB  - Pancreatic islets, newly formed in vitro were incubated in the presence of
      streptozotocin (STZ; 0.4 mM) for up to 6 h. Ultrastructural changes first
      appeared between 2 and 4 h; heterochromatization, was followed by swelling of
      nuclear and reticular membranes, vesiculation of the Golgi apparatus,
      fragmentation of cell membranes and finally mitochondrial destruction. At the end
      of the experiment all the B cells were destroyed, whereas the other cell types
      remained intact. Exogenous ZnSO4 was added during preincubation periods to
      increase the intrainsular zinc content and to determine any protective effect
      against STZ-cytotoxicity. Since the addition of zinc had no obvious effect, it is
      suggested that STZ cytotoxicity on B cells cannot be attributed to competition
      for zinc between copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD) and the
      crystallization of insulin.

PMID- 2887058
TI  - The establishment of two rat colonic carcinomas in tissue culture. A basic
      prerequisite for standardized experiments on the biology of colonic carcinomas in
      vivo.
AB  - Two rat colonic carcinomas (DMH-Co-1 and DMH-Co-2) derived from dimethyl
      hydrazine-induced metastasizing adenocarcinomas were established as permanent
      cell lines. By means of electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and
      biochemical analysis of cytoskeletal components, it has been shown that both
      tumor cell lines retain in vitro the phenotypic characteristics of the primary
      tumors. The in vitro growth properties revealed only minor differences between
      the two cell lines. After retransplantation in vivo, DMH-Co-2 gave rise to
      moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, whereas the tumors arising from DMH-Co
      1 exhibited a continuum of differentiation encompassing adenocarcinomas,
      undifferentiated carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. These permanent cell
      lines offer the opportunity for isolating divergent subpopulations by in vitro
      cloning and facilitate standardized experiments on their biological behaviour in
      vivo.

PMID- 2887059
TI  - Effect of tryptophan on isolated hepatocytes of rats.
AB  - The addition of tryptophan to adult rat hepatocyte cultures stimulated DNA
      synthesis. The increase in DNA synthesis as measured by 3H-thymidine
      incorporation into DNA was observed on treatment of the cultures with tryptophan
      for 48 h but also as short as for 6 h in comparison with control cultures. An
      increase was also apparent at 30 h which was maintained for up to 48 h post
      treatment with tryptophan. The increase in DNA synthesis by tryptophan cannot be
      attributed to cell injury or to increased DNA degradation. Of the degradative
      enzymes added after harvesting the hepatocytes, only DNase decreased
      incorporation of 3H-thymidine. The observed effect was specific for tryptophan
      since treatment with kynurenine, isoleucine, methionine or serine failed to show
      a significant effect. Pretreatment of cultured hepatocytes with hydroxyurea
      prevented the tryptophan stimulated increase in DNA synthesis suggesting that the
      latter was due to replicative and not to reparative DNA synthesis. Experiments
      performed with the addition of diethylnitrosamine also alluded to tryptophan's
      role in replicative DNA synthesis. The mechanism of tryptophan-induced DNA
      synthesis is discussed.

PMID- 2887061
TI  - Characterization of the proteolytic compartment in rat hepatocyte nodules.
AB  - Persistent liver nodules (hepatocyte nodules, neoplastic nodules) were produced
      in rat liver by intermittent feeding with 2-acetylaminofluorene. Dense bodies
      (secondary lysosomes) were purified and characterized from the nodules. The
      purity of the dense body fraction was 90%. The levels of various lysosomal enzyme
      activities were lower in these dense bodies in comparison with dense bodies from
      control liver. Similarly, protein degradation was 50% lower in dense bodies from
      liver nodules than in control liver. The number of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) in
      the nodular tissue increased considerably after 3 h vinblastine treatment. We
      have taken advantage of this expansion in an effort to isolate these organelles
      from liver nodules. Autophagic vacuoles have been isolated recently from liver
      and kidney but not from putatively premalignant liver nodules. Fraction purity of
      AVs from liver nodules was 95%. As with dense bodies, AVs from nodular tissue
      displayed lower activities of proteinases and lower rates of protein degradation
      when compared with their counterparts from normal liver tissue. Accordingly, the
      lower rate of overall protein degradation in liver nodules can be ascribed to a
      decrease in lysosomal activity. A diminished autophagic sequestration capacity is
      the most plausible explanation for the decreased rate of proteolysis in cells.
      This could conceivably give these nodular cells a growth advantage and assist in
      their selective outgrowth as well as in their transformation from neoplastic into
      true cancer cells.

PMID- 2887060
TI  - Thyroid and pituitary secretory disorders in streptozotocin-diabetic rats are
      associated with severe structural changes of these glands.
AB  - Streptozotocin diabetes in rats is associated with reduced function of the
      hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The structure and hormone secretion of the
      thyroid and pituitary glands were studied in adult male rats 1 month after
      streptozotocin injection. The thyroid of diabetic rats was characterized by
      decreased follicle area and epithelial thickness. By electron microscopy, thyroid
      epithelial cells were characterized by flattened and almost empty rough
      endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, scanty exocytotic apical and endocytotic
      vesicles as well as degenerate mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. By
      immunohistochemistry, intracolloidal thyroglobulin and T3 as well as
      intraepithelial thyroglobulin were reduced. Electron microscopic and
      immunohistochemical analysis of pituitary glands showed that in diabetic rats
      thyrotrophs were mostly of type II, and the number of thyrotrophs (type I + type
      II) was greater than in controls. By radioimmunoassay (RIA), plasma T3, T4, and
      TSH levels were markedly reduced, and the TSH response to TRH was deficient in
      diabetic animals. The pituitary TSH concentration was increased, as expected from
      the morphological data. This study demonstrates severe structural changes in the
      thyroid and pituitary glands of diabetic rats which are accompanied by marked
      alterations of their secretory activity.

PMID- 2887062
TI  - Immunohistochemical, electron microscopic and morphometric studies of estrogen
      induced rat prolactinomas after bromocriptine treatment.
AB  - To clarify the effects of bromocriptine on prolactinoma cells in vivo,
      immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and morphometrical analyses were applied to
      estrogen-induced rat prolactinoma cells 1 h and 6 h after injection of
      bromocriptine (3 mg/kg of body weight). One h after treatment, serum prolactin
      levels decreased markedly. Electron microscopy disclosed many secretory granules,
      slightly distorted rough endoplasmic reticulum, and partially dilated Golgi
      cisternae in the prolactinoma cells. Morphometric analysis revealed that the
      volume density of secretory granules increased, while the volume density of
      cytoplasmic microtubules decreased. These findings suggest that lowered serum
      prolactin levels in the early phase of bromocriptine treatment may result from an
      impaired secretion of prolactin due to decreasing numbers of cytoplasmic
      microtubules. At 6 h after injection, serum prolactin levels were still
      considerably lower than in controls. The prolactinoma cells at this time were
      well granulated, with vesiculated rough endoplasmic reticulum and markedly
      dilated Golgi cisternae. Electron microscopical immunohistochemistry revealed
      positive reaction products noted on the secretory granules, Golgi cisternae, and
      endoplasmic reticulum of the untreated rat prolactinoma cells. However, only
      secretory granules showed the positive reaction products for prolactin 6 h after
      bromocriptine treatment of the adenoma cells. An increase in the volume density
      of secretory granules and a decrease in the volume densities of rough endoplasmic
      reticulum and microtubules was determined by morphometric analysis, suggesting
      that bromocriptine inhibits protein synthesis as well as bringing about a
      disturbance of the prolactin secretion.

PMID- 2887063
TI  - Compensatory cell proliferation in the kidney after unilateral nephrectomy in
      mice.
AB  - The compensatory cell proliferation in kidney cortex after unilateral nephrectomy
      in hair-less mice was evaluated by registration of the mitotic rate, thymidine
      incorporation into DNA, and labelling indices (LI) over a period of 120 h after
      surgery. Maximal specific activity of DNA and LI were found at 30-36 h
      postoperatively and preceded the maximal mitotic rate by 6-12 h. The influence of
      age, sex and diurnal variations was examined.

PMID- 2887064
TI  - Identification of the major cottontail rabbit papillomavirus late RNA cap site
      and mapping and quantitation of an E2 and minor E6 coding mRNA in papillomas and
      carcinomas.
AB  - The capsite of the 2.6- and 4.8-kb major late transcripts of cottontail rabbit
      papillomavirus (CRPV) has been mapped by primer extension. A leader exon of about
      300 nucleotides common to both RNAs is located in the untranslated region of the
      genome upstream of the capsites for early transcripts. In contrast to the early
      capsites which are all preceded by TATA boxes, no such sequence is present 30
      nucleotides upstream of the late capsite. These data indicate that the switch
      from early to late transcription involves recognition of a new promoter and
      suppression of transcription termination at the early polyadenylation site. We
      have also identified a minor exon with a coding potential for a putative E2
      transactivating protein. Quantitation by S1 mapping of the E2 coding exon and a
      minor exon coding for a full-sized E6 protein unique in size to the highly
      oncogenic CRPV did not reveal differences in the level of transcription between
      papillomas and carcinomas.

PMID- 2887065
TI  - Resistance of a measles virus mutant to fusion inhibitory oligopeptides is not
      associated with mutations in the fusion peptide.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence has been obtained for
      the fusion (F) protein gene of the R93 strain of measles virus and compared to
      that of the parental strain, Edmonston B. The R93 strain is a mutant measles
      virus which is able to grow and induce cell fusion in the presence of the fusion
      inhibiting oligopeptide, Z-D-Phe-L-Phe-L-(NO2)Arg (SV4814). Primer extension
      sequencing on isolated R93 mRNA demonstrated the presence of three nucleotide
      changes leading to three amino acid changes, none of which are in the hydrophobic
      NH2-terminal region of the F1 polypeptide.

PMID- 2887066
TI  - A human papilloma virus type 11 transcript encoding an E1--E4 protein.
AB  - The human papilloma virus (HPV) associated with a genital wart (condyloma
      acuminatum) was determined to be type 11. The majority of the viral DNA molecules
      were monomeric circles present in the cells at high copy number, as demonstrated
      by one- and two-dimensional agarose gell electrophoretic separation followed by
      Southern blot analysis. A cDNA library in phage lambda gt11 was constructed from
      poly(A)-selected mRNA recovered from the tissue. Recombinant clones corresponding
      to the most abundant 1.2-kb viral mRNA species detected by Northern blot
      hybridization and by electron microscopic analysis of R loops were isolated and
      their nucleotide sequence was determined. Comparison to the prototype HPV-11 DNA
      sequence revealed that this message consisted of two exons. The promotor-proximal
      exon spanned nucleotides 716 through 847 and the distal exon included nucleotides
      3325 through 4390 or 4392. The mRNAs were alternatively polyadenylated after
      either of these latter two sites, in both cases following a G and preceding a U
      residue. Fourteen or sixteen bases upstream from the poly(A) was the
      hexanucleotide AGUAAA, which apparently serves as the signal for cleavage and
      polyadenylation of the nascent message. The splice donor and acceptor sites
      conformed to the usual /GU. . .AG/pattern. The exons joined open reading frame
      (ORF) E1, which contributed the initiation codon and four additional triplets, to
      ORF E4, which specified 85 amino acids to encode a protein of 10,022 Da. The cDNA
      also contained the ORFs E5a and E5b toward the 3' end. The complete sequence of
      the cDNA revealed three single-base changes from the prototype HPV-11, two
      resulting in altered amino acids in E4. Neither affects the coding potential of
      the overlapping E2 ORF. The function of the E1--E4 protein is unknown.

PMID- 2887067
TI  - [Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute benzodiazepine poisoning].

PMID- 2887068
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome].

PMID- 2887069
TI  - [Hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasm syndromes].
AB  - Three syndromes of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) have been identified to
      date: MEN--I, IIa and IIb. They involve various combinations of endocrine
      neoplasia and occur mostly in young patients. Predisposition transmission
      mechanism is autosomal-dominant with total penetration and variable
      expressiveness. Patients' families should undergo screening which involves
      identification of biochemical markers and cytogenetic examination. This would
      allow identification of subjects at high risk for cancer and improvement of early
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2887070
TI  - [Cell subpopulations of pyelonephritis patients studied using monoclonal
      antibodies].
AB  - The paper is devoted to a very important problem of immune mechanisms
      participation in the origination and maintenance of the inflammatory processes in
      kidneys and urinary ducts. The results from the study of lymphocyte
      subpopulations, making use of monoclonal antibodies in patients with clinical
      laboratory data about chronic pyelonephritis without chronic renal insufficiency,
      as compared with healthy controls, are reported. Significantly reduced total T
      lymphocyte (OKT1+) were established as well as T-helpers lymphocytes (OKT4+) and
      increased number of monocytes (OKM5+). The values are presented as weighted
      geometrical mean. A likely interpretation of those data is rather difficult at
      the present stage.

PMID- 2887071
TI  - [Relaxation and rapid filling of the left ventricle in essential hypertension
      during treatment with a non-selective beta blocker].
AB  - Some indices of relaxation and rapid filling were evaluated in the course of a
      six-month treatment with non-selective beta-blocker in 30 patients with
      hypertonic disease, (HD), degree II, with echocardiographically confirmed left
      ventricular hypertrophy and normal systolic function. The phase analysis of the
      early diastole, performed according to Alvarez and Goodwin, reveals a progressive
      shortening of the period of isovolumetric relaxation and lengthening of the
      period of active suction with no change in the summed up period of rapid
      relaxation; the period of rapid filing is lengthened on account of the active
      suction. The evaluated via computer analysis (echo-computer--NIEMT-MA, Sofia)
      parameters of rapid filling of M-type echogram of left ventricle (maximum
      velocity of increase of left-ventricular dimension, mean velocity of fraction of
      rapid filling) increase progressively. The dynamics of the indices of diastolic
      function described, reflect the diminution of the restriction of ventricular
      filling and its shifting to the early diastole.

PMID- 2887072
TI  - Clorazepate use may prevent alcohol withdrawal convulsions.
AB  - Clorazepate dipotassium was administered orally for the five-day prophylactic
      treatment of potential, incipient and overt withdrawal signs and symptoms in 226
      patients on admission to an inpatient alcohol treatment unit. Conservative
      estimates based on these patients' histories and on literature reports predicted
      that between 7 and 40 (3% to 18%) of these persons would be expected to have a
      withdrawal convulsion. No patients experienced convulsions. This complete absence
      of seizures suggests that clorazepate is effective in counteracting convulsive
      and other manifestations of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2887073
TI  - [Treatment of coronary heart disease with the beta-1-receptor blocker celiprolol
      in a long-term study over a 12-month period].
AB  - In the present study, the beta-receptor-blocker Celiprolol was tested for its
      antianginal effects during an observation period of 12 months; 29 patients, both
      male and female, with definite coronary heart diseases, were subjected to this
      study. In general Celiprolol was well accepted by the patients, the dosage being
      200 mg every morning. Regarding intensity and frequency, the side effects were
      negligible. It was possible to lower the intensity and frequency of angina
      attacks considerably during the treatment with Celiprolol. Exercise examinations
      were carried out at prescribed intervals and showed an increase in pain free
      working capacity and a decrease in the hypoxic ST-depression on the ECG, also to
      a considerable extent. The indication for the use of Celiprolol in long-term
      treatment of coronary heart disease was impressingly confirmed.

PMID- 2887074
TI  - [ECG findings in therapy control in the use of beta receptor blockers in primary
      care].

PMID- 2887075
TI  - [General practice-relevant diagnostic and differential diagnostic aspects of
      collagen diseases. Sclerodermia progressiva, dermatomyositis and periarteritis
      nodosa].

PMID- 2887076
TI  - [Current therapy: immunopharmaceuticals].
AB  - Immunopharmarca are classified as follows: thymus factors and hormones,
      lymphokines and cytokines, microbial products, drugs with potential effects on
      the immune system, and external immunomodulators. We discuss new drugs and
      substances such as Timunox, Tp-1 Serono, delimmun, Isoprenosine, recombinant
      interleukin 2, Immuneron, tumor necrosis factor, Sandimmun, and diphencyprone, as
      well as drugs already known like Levamisole, Bestatin, gold, sulfones, and
      sulfopyridines.

PMID- 2887077
TI  - Effects of serial passage of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in
      cell culture.
AB  - A study of the major genomic alterations occurring during serial passage of
      Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) in a Trichoplusia ni
      cell line was conducted. Progeny viruses from 24 independent passages were
      randomly selected and analyzed with restriction endonucleases. Specific deletion
      mutations were generated repeatedly in the PstI-G (7.6 to 13.1%) and the PstI-I
      (14.4-17.9%) regions; these mutations became predominant in the serially passaged
      stocks in which they arose. The deletions in the PstI-G region and two different
      insertions in this region were mapped to a 1 Kb PvuII-Bg/II fragment (9.85
      10.70%) reflecting a high degree of sequence specificity in the initiation or
      selection of genomic alterations in this region. Insertional mutations were
      observed frequently and repeatedly within the PstI-E/HindIII-I region (33.6
      37.2%) of the AcNPV genome. Individual examples of insertional mutations were
      observed in several other regions of the genome.

PMID- 2887078
TI  - Raw beef, pork and chicken in Japan contaminated with Salmonella sp.,
      Campylobacter sp., Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium perfringens--a
      comparative study.
AB  - One hundred and twenty samples each of raw ground beef, pork and chicken from ten
      local grocery stores in Shimane Prefecture, Japan, were examined for the presence
      of Salmonella sp. (Sal), Campylobacter jejuni (Cj), Campylobacter coli (Cc),
      Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye), and Clostridium perfringens (Cp) from April 1984 to
      March 1985. A total of 205 isolates of Sal (112 strains), Cj (64 strains), Cc
      (one strain), Ye (7 strains) and Cp (21 strains) were recovered from 17 beef
      (14.2%), 31 pork (25.8%) and 94 chicken (78.3%) of 120 samples each. Sal biogroup
      1 was found in 8.3% of beef, 13.3% of pork and 35.0% of chicken, Sal biogroup 2
      in 0.8% of beef, 4.2% of pork and 14.2% of chicken, Cj in 1.7% of beef and pork
      and 50.0% of chicken, Cc in 0.8% of pork, Ye serotype 03 was found in 5.0% of
      pork, and Cp in 1.7% of beef and pork and 10.8% of chicken. These enteropathogens
      were recovered concomitantly from two pork and 31 chicken samples, especially Sal
      and Cj. Sal was counted at less than or equal to 10(2)/100 g of beef and pork and
      at less than or equal to 10(3)/100 g of chicken, Cj was counted at less than or
      equal to 10(1)/g of beef and pork and at less than or equal to 10(2)/g of
      chicken, Ye serotype 03 was counted at less than or equal to 10(3)/g of pork, Cp
      was counted at less than or equal to 10(2)/g of pork and at less than or equal to
      10(2)g of chicken, and Cc from pork and Cp from beef were recovered by using
      enrichment culture. This investigation showed that a second-contamination of Sal
      and Cj from chicken to beef and pork frequently occurred during the warm months
      of the year. It was suggested that chicken may become a source of infection with
      plural organisms of enteric pathogens, especially Sal and Cj, at the same time
      all the year round, and that pork may be an important source of infection with Ye
      during the cold months.

PMID- 2887080
TI  - Pancreatic endocrine tumour producing growth hormone-releasing hormone associated
      with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome.
AB  - We report the first documentation of GHRH production by a tumour associated with
      proven multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN). A 30-year-old woman had hypoglycaemia,
      hyperparathyroidism, and pituitary adenoma with hyperprolactinaemia. Serum growth
      hormone elevation was attributed to hypoglycaemia but plasma GHRH was elevated.
      Subtotal pancreatectomy revealed multiple endocrine tumours and nesidioblastosis.
      Immunohistochemistry demonstrated insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin in several
      tumours. GHRH was localized in the largest one and was released from that tumour
      in vitro. Post-operative plasma GH returned to normal. Excess secretion of
      humoural factors by one tumour may stimulate growth of other tumours in MEN
      syndromes. The prevalence of GHRH in MEN-I tumours remains to be established.

PMID- 2887079
TI  - Influence of experimental diabetes on brain levels of monoamine neurotransmitters
      and their precursor amino acids during tryptophan loading.
AB  - The variations in serum and brain concentrations of the large neutral amino acids
      and the simultaneous changes in brain levels of monoamine neurotransmitters have
      been studied in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats after tryptophan loading.
      An impaired acute accumulation of tryptophan and serotonin in the brain of
      diabetic rats was observed, concomitantly with a much faster disappearance of the
      administered tryptophan from the bloodstream in these animals than in controls.
      Following the tryptophan load, transient differences in the brain levels of
      catecholamine neurotransmitters became also apparent between the two groups of
      rats in correlation with differences in the brain uptake and levels of tyrosine.
      In diabetic animals, the basal brain concentrations of serotonin and dopamine
      were normal and those of norepinephrine were increased. Since uptake of the
      precursors tryptophan and tyrosine from the blood is chronically reduced, it is
      likely that long-term adjustments of neurotransmitter metabolism occur in the
      diabetic brain.

PMID- 2887081
TI  - Primidone and propranolol in essential tremor: a study based on quantitative
      tremor recording and plasma anticonvulsant levels.
AB  - Primidone was compared to the unselective beta adrenoceptor antagonist
      propranolol in the suppression of essential tremor. In a 4-week single-blind
      placebo-controlled study primidone was given in increasing doses from 62.5 mg X 1
      up to 250 mg X 3 daily and propranolol 20 mg X 3 daily. The drugs produced a
      similar reduction in the degree of tremor after 2 and 1 weeks' medication
      respectively. This indicates that primidone can be an alternative to propranolol
      when beta-blockers are contraindicated. However, primidone was significantly even
      more effective in the beginning after only 2 doses, when at the same time 10 of
      13 patients showed a maximum of acute toxic side-effects producing nausea,
      vomiting, giddiness and/or sedation. Correlation analysis between the individual
      tremor amplitude reductions and plasma primidone concentrations showed on the
      second day a tendency towards a greater reduction in tremor in those patients
      with the highest primidone plasma concentration. By the fourteenth day tremor had
      increased compared with the second day and correlation analysis between
      individual increase in tremor amplitude and plasma phenobarbital concentrations
      showed the highest degree of tremor increase in those patients who had the
      highest levels of phenobarbital. These and other data suggest that after the
      first doses, tremor suppression and acute toxicity is related to the initial
      exposure to primidone and the plasma level of the drug itself rather than its
      metabolites phenobarbital and phenylethylmalanomide. The individual tremor
      frequency spectrums did not change significantly during the placebo and
      propranolol periods, whereas the frequency tended to decrease during the
      primidone period.

PMID- 2887082
TI  - Paragangliomas of the craniocervical region. An immunohistochemical study on
      tyrosine hydroxylase.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme
      in the catecholamine synthesizing pathway, was made on three craniocervical
      region paragangliomas, two of which showed metastases to the cervical lymph
      nodes. In all of the original tumors, the majority of tumor cells showed positive
      immunostaining for TH of variable intensity in their cytoplasm regardless of
      their cytological features such as cellular and nuclear pleomorphism. The finding
      suggests that most tumor cells are capable of production of catecholamines and
      are derived from chief cells in the normal paraganglia. In cervical lymph nodes,
      however, no positive immunostaining for TH was observed in metastatic tumor
      cells, in contrast with the findings in the original tumors. The absence of TH
      immunoreactivity in metastatic tumor cells appears to be noteworthy in
      considering their malignant potential. Application of the TH immunohistochemistry
      to further cases appears important for the better understanding of this neoplasm,
      a catecholamine-producing tumor.

PMID- 2887083
TI  - Tissue reactions to implanted orthodontic wires in rabbits.
AB  - Tissue response to a Fe-Cr-Ni and a Co-Cr-Ni orthodontic wire, in the as-received
      state and with silver soldered joints, was investigated. Specimens with
      polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a reference material were implanted in the
      subcutaneous tissue of rabbits. Six rabbits were sensitized to nickel, four
      animals were sham-sensitized, and two were left untreated. The results showed
      that the as-received wires gave no tissue response relative to the PTFE control.
      In soldered specimens that were moderate to extreme reactions adjacent to the
      soldered joint and around the wire portion as well. The soldered Co-Cr-Ni wire
      elicited the most severe reactions, most pronounced in the nickel-sensitized
      animals. The agar overlay cell culture test of some retrieved implants showed
      pronounced cytotoxicity of the soldered specimens. Leachable toxic components of
      the silver solder seemed to be of major importance in the observed cell culture
      and tissue response to the soldered specimens.

PMID- 2887084
TI  - Partial characterization of a peptidoglycan-protein complex from Fusobacterium
      nucleatum Fev1.
AB  - A protein in the cell wall of Fusobacterium nucleatum Fev1 remained associated
      with the peptidoglycan during extraction with various detergents and organic
      solvents. On digestion of this peptidoglycan-protein complex (PPC) with murein
      hydrolases, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
      showed polypeptide bands with apparent molecular weights (MWs) in the range of
      3000 to 40,000. After reaction with maleic anhydride the electrophoretic
      mobilities of these polypeptide bands increased to those of MWs 3000 to 12,000.
      The PPC protein showed a limited susceptibility toward trypsin, giving
      polypeptides that migrated in SDS-PAGE as a diffuse band with MW in the range of
      3000 to 6000. The amino acid composition of all polypeptide bands eluted from SDS
      PAGE was very similar, whichever enzyme was used for the solubilization of the
      PPC, and was nearly identical to that found for the protein moiety of the PPC. On
      the basis of a MW of 3000 for a protein unit, about one molecule of protein was
      found per five peptidoglycan subunits. Lanthionine was not found associated with
      released polypeptide, and muramic acid and glucosamine were either absent or
      present in amounts less than one molecule per protein unit. The PPC was
      immunogenic in rabbits, and purified anti-PPC IgG reacted with murein hydrolase
      released protein separated on SDS-PAGE but preferentially with bands of MWs
      greater than 18,000.

PMID- 2887085
TI  - [New concepts and methods in the study of anti-myocardial ischemia drugs].

PMID- 2887086
TI  - Influence of nonselective beta-adrenergic impacts on the effects of
      thrombocytopoietin in mice.
AB  - The effects of plasma thrombocytopoietin are investigated in test mice against
      the background of nonselective beta adrenergic impacts. The changes in the
      thrombocytopoiesis are accounted for by the thrombocytes count and by the
      percentage of 75selenomethionine incorporated in the newly-formed thrombocytes.
      Plasma thrombocytopoietin is found to stimulate markedly thrombocytopoiesis on
      the background of beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoprenaline. Pretreatment
      with propranolol totally prevents this stimulation. Independent treatment with
      propranolol as a background of thrombocytopoietin considerably inhibits
      thrombocytopoiesis. The effects of thrombocytopoietin are found to depend on the
      state of the beta-adrenoreceptors: their stimulation has a synergic effect on
      thrombocytopoietin, while their blocking impedes its realization. The data
      established are indirect proof about the existence of beta-adrenoreceptors in the
      megakaryocyte series and probably in its precursors as well.

PMID- 2887087
TI  - [Open study of clotiazepam (Clozan) in ambulatory anxious patients centered on a
      multifactorial evaluation using the AMDP and on a study of the rebound effect].
AB  - The efficacy and tolerance of the first thienodiazepine, clotiazepam, is well
      established but its clinical spectrum and the possibility of a rebound effect
      upon its cessation needed further research. Moreover, the validity of the AMDP
      Anxiety scale had been tested but not yet its sensitivity to change. Clotiazepam
      was given in an "open" design to 42 anxious outpatients at the dosage of 3 X 5 to
      3 X 10 mg daily during 1 month, followed by a 1-week "single blind" placebo
      period. No other psychotropic drug was needed in 74% of the cases. A battery of
      observer rating scales (CGI, VAS, HAMA, BPRS, AMDP-4 and -5, AMDP-AT) confirmed
      the anxiolytic and tensiolytic efficacy of clotiazepam as well as its excellent
      tolerance. The 13-factor AMDP profile proved superior to short scales in the
      sample description and in the illustration of the clinical spectrum of the drug.
      Both the HAMA and the AMDP-AT were sensitive to change but the HAMA more
      significantly than the AMDP-AT.

PMID- 2887088
TI  - Neuroleptic treatment and other factors modifying cancer risk in schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - In a Danish cohort of schizophrenics consisting of 6,168 patients followed during
      1957-1980, the incidence of certain types of cancer has been shown to be
      significantly decreased (5). From this cohort 30 males with lung cancer, 21 males
      with bladder cancer, 17 females with cancer of the uterine cervix and 40 females
      with breast cancer, were each matched to two "healthy" schizophrenic controls
      from the same cohort. A range of social, demographic and nosocomial factors were
      registered from the individual case files, and statistical analysis was carried
      out, using Cox's regression model. Neuroleptic treatment with various drugs other
      than reserpine reduced the risk of developing all four cancer types studied. In
      contrast reserpine treatment increased the risk of developing cancer of the
      breast and uterine cervix. Furthermore, cancer risk was found to be modified by
      other well-known risk factors.

PMID- 2887090
TI  - The UKU side effect rating scale. A new comprehensive rating scale for
      psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic
      treated patients.

PMID- 2887091
TI  - [Orchidopexy with the Dartos technic. Results in 187 cases].

PMID- 2887089
TI  - Peripheral markers in the female "hidden alcoholic".
AB  - Mean corpuscular volume, thrombocyte count and levels of gamma
      glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, urate, and
      triglycerides were analyzed in 100 previously untreated female alcoholics. If
      used for screening, urate and triglycerides were found to be of no value, while
      various combinations of the other biochemical markers identified up to 75% of the
      patients.

PMID- 2887093
TI  - Acute hantavirus nephropathy in Belgium: preliminary results of a sero
      epidemiological study.

PMID- 2887092
TI  - HPLC of neurotransmitters and their metabolites.

PMID- 2887095
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis of the aortic arch: endovascular treatment and correlation
      with positron emission tomography.
AB  - A case is presented in which three arterial stenoses and one arterial occlusion
      due to Takayasu's disease were treated by an endovascular approach. The
      endovascular technique is discussed, and the clinical and angiographic findings
      after treatment are correlated with cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic parameters
      as measured by positron emission tomography.

PMID- 2887094
TI  - [Organic male impotence].

PMID- 2887096
TI  - Interventions that potentially limit myocardial infarct size: overview of
      clinical trials.
AB  - Theoretically, interventions that restore the balance between oxygen supply and
      demand when given during the early hours of a heart attack may reduce infarct
      size and prevent fatal arrhythmias and thereby prolong survival. Data on
      mortality from the available randomized trials of thrombolytic therapy,
      intravenous beta blockers, hyaluronidase, intravenous nitrates and calcium
      channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction, are systematically reviewed.
      Analyses confirm that intravenous streptokinase reduces mortality by about 25%
      but suggests that measures to prevent reinfarction may be required after
      thrombolytic therapy. beta blockers reduced mortality by approximately 15%. The
      pooled data from the existing trials of hyaluronidase and intravenous nitrates
      are consistent with a 15% to 20% decrease in mortality; ideally this should be
      confirmed in future large randomized trials. Currently, there is no evidence
      either from individual studies or the aggregate of all the trials that calcium
      channel blockers reduce mortality. The collective experience from the trials
      carried out over the last 2 decades suggests that most interventions in acute
      myocardial infarction have, at best, only moderate effects with a 10% to 20%
      reduction in mortality. Current and future trials that assess the effects of
      cardiovascular treatments on mortality should therefore aim to randomize 10,000
      to 20,000 average risk patients or a few thousand high risk patients.

PMID- 2887097
TI  - Efficacy of nifedipine and metoprolol in the early treatment of unstable angina
      in the coronary care unit: findings from the Holland Interuniversity
      Nifedipine/metoprolol Trial (HINT).
AB  - A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of nifedipine,
      metoprolol and their combination was conducted in 338 patients with unstable
      angina (hospital admission diagnosis) who had not previously received treatment
      with a beta blocker. In addition, nifedipine was compared with placebo in 177
      patients who were receiving beta blockers upon hospital admission. The main
      outcome event was the recurrence of ischemia or progression to myocardial
      infarction within 48 hours. Trial medication effects are expressed as ratios of
      event rates relative to placebo, e.g., for nifedipine as the event rate under
      nifedipine divided by that under placebo; 95% confidence intervals are also
      given. In patients not pretreated with a beta blocker the rate ratio for
      nifedipine was 1.15 (0.83, 1.64), for metoprolol 0.76 (0.49, 1.16) and for the
      combination 0.80 (0.53, 1.19). In patients already receiving a beta blocker, the
      addition of nifedipine was favorable and the rate ratio was 0.68 (0.47, 0.97).
      Equal numbers of patients developed myocardial infarction and reversible
      ischemia. Most infarctions occurred early, within 6 hours of randomization. In
      patients who were not already taking a beta blocker, the nifedipine rate ratio
      for infarction only was 1.51 (0.87, 2.74). These results suggest that, in
      patients not previously receiving beta blockers, metoprolol has a beneficial
      short-term effect on unstable angina, that a fixed combination with nifedipine
      provides no further gain and that nifedipine may be ineffective or
      counterproductive. On the other hand, the addition of nifedipine to existing beta
      blockade when the patient becomes unstable seems beneficial.

PMID- 2887099
TI  - Choice of therapy in chronic ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The choice of therapy in chronic ischemic heart disease depends on identifying
      the underlying mechanism. Ambulatory monitoring provides a means of identifying
      those patients in whom increased myocardial oxygen demand is the most important
      mechanism and who will respond to a beta blocker. In contrast, those patients
      with coronary spasm are best treated with a calcium antagonist. The history of
      angina pectoris and the time of onset may, in itself, be misleading. Detailed
      ambulatory monitoring studies show that nocturnal angina is frequently due to
      increased myocardial oxygen demand and in such circumstances should be treated by
      careful control of the heart rate using a beta blocker without intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity. Other factors that will influence the choice of medical
      therapy must be considered. Smoking is particularly important because it not only
      acts detrimentally in terms of increased myocardial oxygen demand, but may also
      interfere with the metabolism of those antianginal agents that are metabolized in
      the liver. The importance of silent myocardial ischemia has been emphasized
      recently, and studies using ambulatory pulmonary artery monitoring have shown
      that silent ischemic episodes have the same significance in terms of hemodynamic
      effects as painful ischemic episodes. The therapeutic and prognostic implications
      of these findings need to be explored.

PMID- 2887100
TI  - Beta blockade early in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Intravenous beta blockers given early in acute myocardial infarction have been
      shown to reduce chest pain, enzyme release and incidence of arrhythmias. Data
      published before the first report of the ISIS-1 group (International Studies of
      Infarct Survival) showed a 12% decrease in the probability of death using
      intravenous beta blockade but with large confidence limits. This study assessed
      and compared the effects of early intravenous atenolol and control treatment in
      the first week and first year after acute myocardial infarction in 16,027
      patients. The principal endpoint was vascular death; most of the 15% decrease in
      mortality occurred in the first 24 to 36 hours with a significant difference at 1
      week (313 vs 365 deaths in the atenolol and control groups, respectively). There
      was no rebound effect after stopping treatment after 7 days. Mortality at 1 year
      also showed a significant difference in favor of the atenolol group. Subgroup
      analysis found no significant difference in mortality by age, sex, initial heart
      rate, diabetes or entry electrocardiogram but data-derived analysis revealed a
      highly significant decrease in mortality if treatment began within 2 hours of the
      onset of pain. There was a significant 1% to 2% excess in inotrope use in the
      atenolol group in the first 36 hours, and first-degree heart block and bundle
      branch block emerged as relative contraindications to this treatment. The results
      suggest that early intravenous beta blockade in acute myocardial infarction is
      safe and effective and also cost effective in comparison with postdischarge oral
      beta blockade therapy.

PMID- 2887098
TI  - Secondary prevention trials after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Of those patients who reach the hospital after an acute myocardial infarction,
      18% die during their stay and 85% to 90% of the remainder will eventually die of
      coronary artery disease. Several secondary preventive approaches have been made
      to prolong life in these patients. Long-term controlled trials involving
      nonsurgical measures and at least 100 patients will be reviewed. Lipid-lowering
      regimens have shown no demonstrable effect on survival over a 4- to 6-year period
      but show some benefit with respect to nonfatal infarction. Survival was not
      improved essentially by anticoagulants, antiarrhythmic agents or calcium channel
      blockers, although new trials are underway that might clarify their role.
      Platelet-active drugs achieved little reduction in mortality but showed benefit
      in nonfatal infarction (30% reduction with aspirin). Pooled data on physical
      exercise programs demonstrated a 15% benefit on mortality but larger trials are
      required to confirm this. The data on beta blockers (particularly those without
      intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) show that these drugs improve long-term
      survival after myocardial infarction, reducing all-cause mortality by as much as
      25% to 30%. Larger trials are necessary to detect statistically significant
      reductions in mortality both overall and in selected subgroups of patients.

PMID- 2887101
TI  - Comparison of selective (beta 1) and nonselective (beta 1 and beta 2) beta
      adrenergic blockade on systemic and coronary hemodynamic findings in angina
      pectoris.
AB  - To investigate the influence of selective beta 1-adrenergic blockade, in contrast
      to beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic blockade, systemic and coronary hemodynamics
      were studied. Measurements were made at rest and during exercise in 23 patients
      with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) before and after either metoprolol
      or propranolol, given in doses to provide comparable beta 1-receptor blockade.
      Quantitative coronary angiography was performed at rest. Using a randomized,
      double-blind protocol, either beta 1 and beta 2 blockade was produced by
      propranolol (0.1 mg/kg intravenously), or selective beta 1 blockade was produced
      by metoprolol (0.15 mg/kg intravenously). As expected, at these doses both drugs
      produced a comparable decrease in heart rate at rest and during exercise,
      averaging 9% and 14% after propranolol and 10% and 16% after metoprolol. Exercise
      duration to ischemia was prolonged in most patients with severe CAD after either
      propranolol (5 of 7) or metoprolol (6 of 10) treatment. The effects of these 2
      beta-blocking drugs on systemic hemodynamic values at rest and during exercise
      were similar. Additionally, coronary sinus flow was usually unchanged by both
      drugs at rest (-5% after propranolol and -4% after metoprolol, differences not
      significant) and decreased a similar amount during exercise (-15% after
      propranolol and -9% after metoprolol, both p less than 0.05). Coronary resistance
      did not change significantly with either drug (0% after propranolol and 3% after
      metoprolol), and during exercise (11% after propranolol and 3% after metoprolol),
      suggesting that decreases in flow were secondary to reduced demand. Furthermore,
      neither drug produced detectable changes in coronary artery size.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887102
TI  - Chronic effects of direct vasodilation (pinacidil), alpha-adrenergic blockade
      (prazosin) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (captopril) in systemic
      hypertension.
AB  - Chronic responses of systemic hemodynamics and blood pressure counterregulatory
      ("pseudo-tolerance") mechanisms were investigated in matched groups of patients
      with essential hypertension after 1 month of vasodilator therapy with pinacidil
      (a direct arterial dilator), prazosin (an alpha 1-adrenergic blocking drug) or
      captopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor). For equivalent decreases
      in mean arterial pressure compared with placebo baseline (approximately 8 mm Hg
      supine and 12 mm Hg upright), prazosin and captopril did not increase cardiac
      index or heart rate. In contrast, marked decreases in systemic vascular
      resistance with pinacidil (approximately 25%, p less than 0.05) were accompanied
      by reflex increases in cardiac index (approximately 20%, p less than 0.05).
      Activity of the sympathetic nervous system, measured by supine and upright plasma
      norepinephrine (NE), increased approximately 50% with pinacidil and prazosin (p
      less than 0.001 each), whereas captopril decreased supine plasma NE by 12% (p
      less than 0.05) and did not change upright plasma NE. All 3 drugs caused an
      expansion of height-adjusted blood volume (approximately 14%). Pinacidil and
      prazosin caused reversible weight gains of 0.9 and 0.7 kg, respectively, whereas
      captopril reversibly decreased body weight by 0.8 kg (p less than 0.05),
      suggesting differential effects of the 3 drugs on interstitial fluid volume.
      During chronic therapy, all 3 drugs may require concomitant diuretic therapy,
      whereas concomitant sympatholytic therapy may be required with the potent
      vasodilator pinacidil. Captopril may be associated with the lowest cardiac risk
      because of its lack of stimulatory effects on the sympathetic nervous system and
      cardiac index.

PMID- 2887103
TI  - Enzyme histochemistry of the rat nasal mucosa embedded in cold glycol
      methacrylate.
AB  - The nasal passages are anatomically complex, and while there have been a number
      of descriptions of nasal structure in many species, there is very little
      information available on the distribution of enzymes in the nasal mucosa. In
      rodents, this delicate mucosa is the first site within the respiratory tract to
      be exposed during inhalation toxicology studies designed to assess human risks
      from such exposures. However, the nasal mucosa presents problems for histologic
      preparation because it is encased in brittle bones. Because of recent interest in
      the nose as a target site, and findings from biochemical studies which indicate
      that the nose is very active metabolically, studies were carried out to determine
      the value of cold glycol methacrylate (GMA) processing for localization of nasal
      enzymes. For these studies, liver and kidney were used as positive controls.
      Published histochemical procedures for acid and alkaline phosphatase, adenosine
      triphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and
      naphthyl butyrate esterase were applied, with modifications, to undecalcified
      nasal passages of Fisher-344 rats. Frozen sections exhibited excellent enzyme
      preservation but very poor morphology, while GMA gave good enzyme preservation
      and excellent morphology. For GMA, acetone fixation generally resulted in the
      best preservation of enzyme activity. It was concluded that cold GMA processing
      provides a useful approach to studies of nasal enzyme distribution and that this
      technique of value for inhalation toxicology studies. Details of enzyme
      distribution in the squamous, respiratory, and olfactory epithelia, associated
      glands, and other structures of the nose of the rat are described and discussed.

PMID- 2887104
TI  - Multiple islet cell tumors with predominance of glucagon-producing cells and
      ulcer disease.
AB  - Two cases of multiple islet cell tumors mostly composed of glucagon-producing
      cells and associated with severe ulcer disease are presented. Multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type I (MEN-I) was present in both patients, although symptomatically
      latent in case 2. Immunohistochemistry showed that glucagon (A) cells were a
      major cell population (i.e., accounting for at least 30% of the tumor cell
      population) in 24 of 43 tumors (either macroadenomas or microadenomas) studied in
      case 1 and in 12 of 17 tumors studied in case 2. A major pancreatic polypeptide
      (PP) cell population was found in 12 and 7 tumors of case 1 and 2, respectively.
      In contrast, insulin (B) and somatostatin (D) cells were scarce in most adenomas.
      Gastrin-producing cells were not identified in any tumors, despite the use of
      different antigastrin antisera. Extrapancreatic or residual gastrinomas were not
      found at postmortem examination in case 1 or on appropriate surgical inspection
      done 24 years after the onset of the ulcer disease in patient 2. On the basis of
      these and of 17 additional cases collected in the literature, it is concluded
      that multiple A-cell tumors of the pancreas are an expression of the MEN-I and
      are mostly associated with ulcer disease and/or with hypergastrinemia of frequent
      uncertain origin. The mechanisms regulating the nonrandom phenotypic hormonal
      differentiation of these genetically determined tumors remain unknown.

PMID- 2887105
TI  - Soft-tissue infections caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum complex following
      penetrating injury.
AB  - Soft-tissue infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria may follow
      penetrating trauma. We present four immunologically normal patients in whom soft
      tissue infections with Mycobacterium fortuitum developed after they stepped on
      nails. Their presentations were clinically indistinguishable from puncture wound
      infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The acid
      fast organisms grew on standard bacteriologic media within three to five days.
      Speciation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. The primary
      mode of therapy was surgical; adjunctive antimicrobial therapy is recommended
      only for extensive or chronic infections and in immunocompromised hosts. All four
      of our patients had good outcomes after therapy.

PMID- 2887106
TI  - Clinical effects of accidental levothyroxine ingestion in children.
AB  - Forty-one children, aged 1 to 5 years, who accidentally ingested levothyroxine
      sodium were studied. Symptoms possibly associated with the ingestion occurred in
      11 patients (27%). These symptoms (tachycardia, hyperactive behavior, fever,
      vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, and flushing) were categorized as minor and all
      resolved without treatment. Because observed effects were generally mild and
      often unrelated to either estimated amounts of hormone consumed or serum
      thyroxine levels, a conservative approach to patient treatment is recommended in
      cases of levothyroxine ingestion in children.

PMID- 2887107
TI  - Epidemiologic aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Mesa County,
      Colorado.
AB  - An epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis in 1985 in Mesa County, Colorado, led to 17
      cases, including one fatality. Risk was associated with advanced age and
      residence in Grand Junction, the county's principal city. A trend was observed
      toward higher risk in females. However, increased risk in females was not
      associated with higher infection rates (increased exposure). Capture enzyme
      immunoassays detected specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A after
      infection. A serosurvey of Grand Junction residents disclosed an infection rate
      of 4.0%, indicating that 1,123 epidemic St. Louis encephalitis infections may
      have occurred in the city. Evidence of previous St. Louis encephalitis virus
      infection was found in 11.2% of survey respondents who had neutralizing antibody
      to the virus without specific IgM. The prevalence of St. Louis encephalitis virus
      antibody was similar to rates observed in serosurveys undertaken 30 years
      earlier, indicating that the level of endemic St. Louis encephalitis transmission
      in the city had not changed appreciably in that interval.

PMID- 2887108
TI  - Application of DNA polymorphisms for prenatal diagnosis of beta thalassemia in
      Chinese.
AB  - Forty-seven Chinese suffering from beta thalassemia major and their parents were
      studied to establish linkage of the beta thal and beta A genes with 11
      restriction site polymorphisms. There is marked linkage disequilibrium at the
      BamH I site 3' to the beta globin gene, such that, in 31% of pregnancies, absence
      of the site in the fetus can exclude beta thalassemia major. Using four
      restriction sites (Hinc II psi beta, Ava II beta, Hind III beta, and BamH I
      beta), prenatal diagnosis is feasible in all families. In 46% of all cases, a
      definitive diagnosis can be made, and in the remaining cases, a 50% chance of
      exclusion is possible. Fetal blood globin chain analysis would be required for
      the failures. Our experience in nine successive beta thalassemia prenatal
      diagnosis is also reported.

PMID- 2887109
TI  - Haplotypes identified by DNA restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms in the A-1
      C-III A-IV gene region and hypertriglyceridemia.

PMID- 2887111
TI  - Formulas for mean restriction-fragment lengths and related quantities.

PMID- 2887110
TI  - Familial inheritance of a DXS164 deletion mutation from a heterozygous female.
AB  - Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism analysis was used to examine a female
      who is segregating for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and a deletion of the
      DXS164 region of the X chromosome. The segregating female has no prior family
      history of DMD, and she has two copies of the DXS164 region in her peripheral
      blood lymphocytes. The following two hypotheses are proposed to explain the
      coincidence of the DMD phenotype and deletion of the DXS164 region in her
      offspring: (1) she may be a gonadal mosaic for cells with two normal X
      chromosomes and cells with one normal X chromosome and an X chromosome with a
      deletion of the DXS164 region; and (2) she may carry a familial X;autosome
      translocation in which the DXS164 region is deleted from one X chromosome and
      translocated to an autosome. The segregation of DMD and the DXS164 deletion in
      this family illustrates the importance of extended pedigree analysis when DXS164
      deletions are used to identify female carriers of the DMD gene.

PMID- 2887112
TI  - Misoprostol in the treatment of duodenal ulcer refractory to H2-blocker therapy.
      A placebo-controlled, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial.
AB  - A multicenter, double-blind, randomized study compared 200 micrograms of
      misoprostol and placebo four times daily for four weeks in the treatment of 225
      patients with duodenal ulcer (0.7 cm to 2.0 cm in size) persisting after at least
      four weeks of adequate, conventional therapy with cimetidine or ranitidine.
      Misoprostol was significantly superior to placebo in healing duodenal ulcers
      (achieving a healing rate of 37 percent versus 22 percent in the placebo group [p
      = 0.02], and in relieving ulcer pain [p = 0.01]). Healing also occurred more
      frequently with misoprostol than with placebo in patients with subgroups of
      particularly resistant ulcers. In the treatment of ulcers refractory to at least
      eight weeks of histamine H2-blocker therapy, misoprostol achieved a healing rate
      of 42 percent versus 20 percent with placebo. In the treatment of pyloric channel
      ulcers, 28 percent of patients in the misoprostol group showed healing as
      compared with 20 percent in the placebo group. Diarrhea was reported by 15.4
      percent and 3.4 percent of patients receiving misoprostol and placebo,
      respectively, and was usually mild and transient. Misoprostol is safe and
      effective therapy for duodenal ulcers that have not healed during the course of
      H2-blocker therapy.

PMID- 2887113
TI  - Demonstration of specific E-type prostaglandin receptors using enriched
      preparations of canine parietal cells and [3H]misoprostol free acid.
AB  - High-affinity, E-type prostaglandin binding sites in enriched canine parietal
      cell preparations were identified with [3H] misoprostol free acid, a
      prostaglandin E1 analogue. Saturable, reversible, and highly stereospecific
      binding was identified, with approximately 8,000 binding sites per cell.
      Prostaglandin I and F bound weakly, and cimetidine and histamine did not bind.
      The results indicate that [3H] misoprostol free acid binds to E-type
      prostaglandin receptors, which suggests that the ulcer-healing inhibition of
      gastric acid secretion by misoprostol results from its interaction with a
      specific E-type prostaglandin receptor.

PMID- 2887114
TI  - Prevalence of major depressive disorder in patients receiving beta-blocker
      therapy versus other medications.
AB  - Depression is believed to be a common side effect in patients receiving beta
      blocker therapy. However, diagnoses of depression defined by current diagnostic
      criteria may not be more common in patients receiving beta-blockers than in
      patients with the same medical disorder receiving other medications. Seventy
      seven patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization for evaluation of
      chest pain received a semi-structured diagnostic psychiatric interview. Twenty
      one percent of the patients receiving beta-blockers and 33 percent of the
      patients receiving medications other than beta-blockers met the current American
      Psychiatric Association criteria for major depressive disorder (DSM-III) (p =
      NS). The mean heart rate and state anxiety scores for patients taking beta
      blockers were significantly lower than those measured in patients taking
      medications other than beta-blockers. No other medical or demographic differences
      were observed between the two groups. Despite the methodologic limitations of the
      study, there does not appear to be a difference in the point prevalence of
      depression between patients receiving beta-blockers and those receiving other
      medications.

PMID- 2887115
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse with symptoms of beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2887116
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl transferase and mean cell volume reveal maternal alcohol abuse and
      fetal alcohol effects.
AB  - Serial measurements of gamma-glutamyl transferase and mean cell volume were done
      in 85 pregnant alcohol abusers (320 samples). These included 26 moderate
      drinkers, 30 heavy drinkers, and 29 alcoholic women. Studies of 28 pregnant women
      who denied the use of alcohol (138 samples) showed that pregnancy itself had no
      effect on gamma-glutamyl transferase and mean cell volume. However, gamma
      glutamyl transferase was increased in 14.9%, 31.7% and 59.1% of the samples
      collected from moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers, and alcoholic women,
      respectively, and likewise mean cell volume was elevated in 10.8%, 17.2%, and
      40.2%, respectively. Either gamma-glutamyl transferase or mean cell volume was
      high or both were high in 27.1% of the moderate drinkers, in 38.3% of the heavy
      drinkers, and in 76.3% of the alcoholic women. Fetal alcohol effects developed in
      42 cases. Increased gamma-glutamyl transferase predicted fetal alcohol effects in
      61.5%, with a relative risk of 2.51. Elevated mean cell volume predicted fetal
      alcohol effects in 40.9%, with a relative risk of 2.40. These results suggest
      that the assay of gamma-glutamyl transferase and mean cell volume can be valuable
      in monitoring pregnant women with recognized or suspected alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2887117
TI  - Reflex decreases in intragastric pressure in response to cholecystokinin in rats.
AB  - The actions of intravenous sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on
      intraluminal pressure in the body of the stomach were studied in urethan
      anesthetized rats. There was a dose-related decrease in pressure in response to
      CCK-8 over the range 0.3-33 pmol. Bilateral cervical vagotomy alone reduced the
      response to CCK-8 and together with splanchnic section abolished it.
      Hexamethonium also reduced the response. Vagotomy did not change the response to
      CCK-8 in hexamethonium-treated rats, but celiac ganglionectomy abolished it.
      Guanethidine and phentolamine, but not propranolol, significantly decreased the
      response to CCK-8; subsequent vagotomy abolished the response. Similarly,
      depletion of tissue catecholamines by pretreatment with 6-OH dopamine, reserpine,
      or celiac ganglionectomy together with vagal section abolished the effect of CCK
      8. It concluded that CCK-8 decreases mean intragastric pressure in the rat by
      pathways involving both vagal and splanchnic nerves. The splanchnic pathway
      involves an alpha-adrenergic mechanism but is hexamethonium resistant. The vagal
      pathway is hexamethonium sensitive and nonadrenergic. Similar pathways may
      mediate the effect of CCK on gastric emptying.

PMID- 2887118
TI  - Effect of gastrin-releasing peptide analogues on gastrin and somatostatin release
      from isolated rat stomach.
AB  - A differential biological potency of bombesin (BBS), compared with its mammalian
      counterpart gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), has been reported in several
      biological systems in rodents. In the present study we have examined the relative
      potency of BBS, GRP-(1-27) (GRP-L), and GRP-(14-27) (GRP-S) on the release of
      gastrin and somatostatin (SRIF) from the isolated perfused rat stomachs. Male
      rats were fasted overnight and the stomachs perfused via the celiac artery.
      Increasing doses of BBS, GRP-L, and GRP-S were perfused for 15 min each and the
      effluent collected for measurement of gastrin and SRIF. The release of gastrin
      and SRIF in response to the GRP analogues was biphasic, with a peak increase
      occurring within the first 5 min, followed by a sustained increased secretion.
      The release of gastrin in response to 10(-10)-10(-9) M concentrations of the
      peptides was strongest with GRP-S (1.5-2.0 times higher than that released by BBS
      and GRP-L), although at higher concentrations (10(-8) M), the response to all
      three analogues was similar. The release of SRIF, on the other hand, was
      significantly higher in the presence of BBS compared with that in response to GRP
      S, while GRP-L was ineffective. These studies indicate that the biological
      potency of BBS compared with its mammalian counterpart, GRP, is different on the
      two cell populations [gastrin (G) and SRIF (D)].

PMID- 2887119
TI  - Role of opioid neurons in the regulation of intestinal peristalsis.
AB  - The participation of opioid neurons in the regulation of peristalsis was examined
      in a rat colonic segment that permits separate characterization of the components
      of the peristaltic reflex (ascending contraction and descending relaxation).
      Naloxone increased descending relaxation and decreased ascending contraction;
      opioid peptides [methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk), dynorphin-13, and morphiceptin]
      had opposite effects. Naloxone increased, and Met-Enk decreased, vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP) release during each component of the reflex. The changes
      in VIP release reinforced the direct effects of naloxone and opioid peptides on
      circular muscle tone, providing an explanation for the effects of these agents on
      the two components of the peristaltic reflex. Dynorphin release decreased during
      descending relaxation and increased during ascending contraction, reflecting
      corresponding changes in opioid neural activity. Based on these results a model
      is proposed, according to which a decrease in opioid neural activity during the
      initial phase (i.e., descending relaxation) results in direct and VIP-mediated
      decrease in circular muscle tone. Restoration of opioid neural activity during
      the subsequent phase (i.e., ascending contraction) increases circular muscle tone
      and reinforces the action of tachykinin and cholinergic motor neurons, which are
      the direct mediators of ascending contraction.

PMID- 2887120
TI  - Selective inhibition of endothelium-dependent dilation in resistance-sized
      vessels in vivo.
AB  - In vivo experiments were performed in autoperfused hindlimbs of rabbits to
      investigate the role of endothelium-mediated vasomotion in resistance-sized
      vessels. The flow responses to the vasodilators acetylcholine (ACh), ATP, and
      substance P (SP), all of which have been shown to act in an endothelium-dependent
      manner in large conduit arteries, were studied before and after exposure of the
      hindleg vasculature to gossypol (a potent inhibitor of endothelium-mediated
      vasodilation in vitro). The flow responses to adenosine (ADO), nitroglycerin
      (GTN), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which induce relaxation by a direct effect on
      vascular smooth muscle, were tested in the same manner. All vasodilators induced
      dose-dependent increases in femoral flow up to two- to threefold when
      administered intra-arterially. After gossypol, the flow responses to the
      endothelium-dependent compounds (ACh, ATP, and SP) were severely reduced (by 88
      +/- 3%, P less than 0.01) or sometimes were converted to constrictions (ATP). The
      flow increases induced by ADO, PGE2, and GTN remained largely unaffected. Sham
      treatment (gossypol solute only), exposure to indomethacin (10 microM), and
      ganglionic blockade had no differential effect on the flow responses. The
      selective action of gossypol in suppressing the flow responses to the endothelium
      dependent compounds ACh, ATP, and SP is consistent with a vasomotor role for
      endothelial cells in resistance-sized vessels in vivo.

PMID- 2887122
TI  - Coronary vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - Coronary vasoconstriction was examined in response to the selective stimulation
      of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in chronically instrumented conscious dogs.
      Norepinephrine (NE, 0.05 and 0.1 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), a mixed alpha 1- to
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (PE, 0.5 and 1.0 micrograms X kg-1 X
      min-1), a preferential alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, and B-HT 920 (1.0 micrograms
      X kg-1 X min-1), a preferential alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, were infused
      intravenously after ganglionic (hexamethonium, 30 mg/kg iv), beta-adrenoceptor
      (propranolol, 1.0 mg/kg iv), and muscarinic receptor (atropine methylbromide, 0.1
      mg/kg iv) antagonism. Equipressor doses of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonists caused
      similar increases in calculated late diastolic coronary resistance (NE, 0.57 +/-
      0.10 mmHg X ml-1 X min; PE, 0.61 +/- 0.13 mmHg X ml-1 X min; B-HT 920, 0.64 +/-
      0.09 mmHg X ml-1 X min). Mechanically increasing aortic root pressure to levels
      similar to those observed in response to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation did not
      increase coronary resistance. Preferential antagonism of alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      with prazosin (1 mg/kg iv) abolished the vasoconstrictor response to PE but had a
      lesser effect on the response to B-HT 920. Antagonism of alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      with rauwolscine (alpha-yohimbine, 0.1 mg/kg iv) abolished the vasoconstrictor
      response to B-HT 920 but had a lesser effect on the response to PE. The response
      to NE was reduced to a similar degree by either alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887121
TI  - Effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade on coronary autoregulation in dogs.
AB  - In alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, open-chest dogs, left coronary blood flow and
      oxygen extraction were measured at perfusion pressures from 25 to 175 mmHg.
      Pressure-flow relationships were obtained before and after alpha-blockade with
      prazosin or alpha 2-blockade with yohimbine in the presence of beta-blockade with
      propranolol. The efficiency of flow autoregulation with increments in pressure
      was calculated as the closed-loop gain and as the slope of flow to pressure. In
      all animals the highest gain and the lowest slope were seen when pressure
      increased from 75 to 125 mmHg. In the prazosin group before alpha-blockade the
      gain with this pressure increase was 0.76 +/- 0.05, whereas in the yohimbine
      group before alpha-blockade this gain was 0.75 +/- 0.03. Prazosin reduced the
      gain within the pressure range of 75-125 mmHg by 41%, and this reduction was
      statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Prazosin also significantly
      increased the flow to pressure slope within this range. In addition, at all
      pressures greater than or equal to 50 mmHg, the level of coronary flow was
      significantly increased by prazosin. The increase in flow and the reduction in
      autoregulatory efficiency with prazosin were not attributable to an increase in
      myocardial oxygen consumption. Yohimbine had no effects on the level of coronary
      flow or on the autoregulatory efficiency. These data indicate that an alpha 1
      adrenoceptor mediated coronary constriction modulates coronary autoregulation.

PMID- 2887123
TI  - Efficacy of an H1 antagonist, astemizole, for chronic allergic rhinitis.
AB  - Astemizole, a new histamine H1 receptor antagonist, was tested in a double-blind
      cross-over comparison study with chlorpheniramine maleate, a very effective
      conventional H1 antagonist, in patients with chronic allergic rhinitis.
      Astemizole was found to be equally effective, yet there was a significant
      decrease in the side effects of sleepiness (P less than .01) and dry mouth (P
      less than .05). Astemizole has a completely different structure and binding
      curves from terfenadine. It is approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom,
      Canada, and many European countries.

PMID- 2887124
TI  - [Clinico-hormonal characteristics and treatment of the neuropsychological form of
      the premenstrual syndrome].

PMID- 2887125
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase isoenzymes in healthy pregnant women].

PMID- 2887126
TI  - [Treatment of eclamptic convulsions with the so-called lytic cocktail].

PMID- 2887127
TI  - Somatostatin, anaesthesia, and the carcinoid syndrome. Peri-operative
      administration of a somatostatin analogue to suppress carcinoid tumour activity.
AB  - A patient with carcinoid syndrome on long-term antiserotonin therapy with
      parachlorophenylalanine, experienced a flushing attack with hypotension during
      the prophylactic administration of aprotonin prior to the induction of
      anaesthesia. When she was subsequently prepared with a long-acting somatostatin
      analogue, octreotide (Sandostatin, Sandoz SMS 201-995), plasma levels of tumour
      released hormones were reduced and anaesthesia for resection of hepatic
      metastases was uneventful. The advantages of an anaesthetic approach based on
      inhibition of carcinoid tumour activity, rather than antagonism of released
      hormones, are discussed.

PMID- 2887128
TI  - Beta blockade, suxamethonium and potassium.

PMID- 2887129
TI  - A rapid assay method for ammonia using glutamine synthetase from glutamate
      producing bacteria.
AB  - A rapid enzymatic assay method for ammonia was developed by using glutamine
      synthetase from glutamate-producing bacteria together with pyruvate kinase,
      lactate dehydrogenase, and NADH. The time required for determination of 25 nmol
      of ammonia was 5 min with 1 unit of glutamine synthetase, as opposed to 14-30 min
      with 1 unit of glutamate dehydrogenases from various sources. The present method
      was used to determine ammonia in serum, microbiol-culture broth, and waste water.
      The method can be modified for spectrophotometry in the visible region by
      substituting pyruvate oxidase, peroxidase, and appropriate chromogens for lactate
      dehydrogenase and NADH. With 4-aminoantipyrine (4AA) and phenol, and with 4AA and
      N-ethyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine as chromogens, the sensitivity of ammonia
      determination was 0.65 and 1.7 times that with glutamate dehydrogenase,
      respectively. The present method was also applicable to the continuous detection
      of the activity of some ammonia-forming enzymes such as guanase, adenosine
      deaminase, and urease and to the determination of 0.5-30 microM ATP-ADP after
      some modification of the mixture.

PMID- 2887130
TI  - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis of opioid peptides.
AB  - Positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometries have been
      used to determine the amino acid sequence-determining fragment ion information of
      opioid peptides containing from 5 to 10 amino acid residues. The opioids
      investigated include several enkephalins, dynorphin A fragments 1-7 through 1-10,
      and alpha- and beta-neoendorphins. Data obtained in the two ionization polarities
      provide complementary information and exhibit the C-terminal- and the N-terminal
      containing amino acid sequence-determining fragment ions that are formed by
      cleavage of the bond between the carbonyl group and the alpha-carbon (-CHR-CO-),
      the peptide amide bond (-CO-NH-), and the amino-alkyl (-NH-CHR-) bond. The C
      terminal sequence ions are dominant in the positive ion mode, whereas the C
      terminal and N-terminal ions are equally important in the negative ion mode.
      Detection limits for full mass scans extend down to the picomole range. The
      apparent role of hydrophobicity of the amino acid residues on the fragmentation
      characteristics of the peptide is discussed.

PMID- 2887131
TI  - The Kirschner wire as a readily available tunneling device for the placement of
      subcutaneous intraspinal narcotic delivery systems.

PMID- 2887132
TI  - A comparison of the PD35-sGaw and PD20-FEV1 in assessment of the effect of oral
      anti-allergic compounds on the immediate asthmatic response to inhaled allergen.
AB  - Assessment of two methods of measuring airway response to allergen challenge
      showed that results obtained using FEV1 correlated well with those obtained using
      sGaw irrespective of pre-treatment. Significantly smaller amounts of allergen
      were required to reduce the sGaw by 35% than to reduce the FEV1 by 20%, although
      both indices discriminated equally well between the effects of drugs on airway
      responses to challenge.

PMID- 2887133
TI  - [Conditions of intubation with vecuronium using a priming principle].
AB  - Different protocols based on the priming principle have been proposed so as to
      enable rapid tracheal intubation with vecuronium. The conditions of such an
      intubation have been assessed in 47 ASA I or ASA II patients, with an empty
      stomach, using a priming dose of 0.01 mg X kg-1, followed by a second injection
      of 0.1 mg X kg-1 after a short interval of 4 min. An intubation score was defined
      using a nerve stimulator (Relaxograph Datex), by measuring the twitch in
      comparison with a reference value, as well as time before intubation for four
      groups of patients. Good intubation scores with a twitch approaching 50% was
      obtained in all and, in the same way, for a fifth group of patients, intubated in
      an arbitrary manner 60 s after the second dose of vecuronium. These results can
      be compared with those obtained by other authors using a different protocol.
      Nevertheless, this method does not match perfectly that of suxamethonium. Taking
      into account the side-effects and above all the inhalation risk existing after a
      priming dose, is it opportune to use this technique for the anaesthesia of a
      patient with a full stomach?

PMID- 2887135
TI  - Cigarette smoke makes airway and early parenchymal asbestos-induced lung disease
      worse in the guinea pig.
AB  - In order to assess the effects of cigarette smoke and asbestos exposure, we
      divided guinea pigs into 4 groups: smoking or nonsmoking, and asbestos-exposed or
      not asbestos-exposed groups. Asbestos-exposed animals were given a single
      intratracheal instillation of 5 mg UICC amosite, a dose and method of
      administration that we have previously shown produces morphologic changes in the
      small airways as well as minimal interstitial fibrosis. Animals were smoked 5
      days per week for 6 months. By itself, smoking did not affect lung collagen
      content, small airways wall thickness, or the volume fraction of tissue
      surrounding airways, but it did cause a significant increase in alveolar mean
      linear intercept (Lm). Asbestos alone increased collagen content, airway wall
      thickness, and tissue volume fraction surrounding airways, the latter measure
      used to assess interstitial fibrosis. An unexpected finding was that asbestos
      also increased Lm. The two agents administered together caused more severe
      changes of all types than were produced by either agent alone, and the
      interaction between the 2 was generally synergistic. Smoke-exposed animals
      retained 3 times the asbestos fiber burden of those not smoke-exposed; the
      increase in retention was greater for short than for long fibers. We conclude
      that cigarette smoke can potentiate the fibrosis induced by asbestos, possibly
      because of increased fiber retention. As well, in this model, asbestos or
      asbestos plus cigarette smoke produces increases in alveolar size.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887134
TI  - Efficacy of ipecac-induced emesis, orogastric lavage, and activated charcoal for
      acute drug overdose.
AB  - The efficacy of ipecac-induced emesis, large-bore orogastric lavage, and
      activated charcoal as gastrointestinal decontamination procedures after acute
      drug overdose is unknown. Using an ampicillin overdose model, these three
      procedures were compared with one another and to a control ingestion in ten human
      volunteers. Serial serum ampicillin levels were used to compute the areas under
      the concentration vs time curves (AUC) for each study. The reductions of
      ampicillin absorption compared to control were as follows: orogastric lavage 32%
      (NS), ipecac-induced emesis 38% (P less than .01), and activated charcoal 57% (P
      less than .01). This model examines each intervention in a mutually exclusive
      fashion. It supports activated charcoal administration as the primary
      gastrointestinal decontamination procedure after acute drug overdose.

PMID- 2887137
TI  - [Periarteritis nodosa associated with Horton's disease. Responsibility of
      hepatitis B viruses].

PMID- 2887136
TI  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of gallstones without general anesthesia:
      first clinical experience.

PMID- 2887138
TI  - [Takayasu's disease: contribution of percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty].

PMID- 2887139
TI  - [Tardive dyskinesias of neuroleptics. Major complications of long-term
      neuroleptic treatment].

PMID- 2887140
TI  - [Psychosis of supersensitivity or tardive psychosis of neuroleptics. A
      complication of long-term neuroleptic treatment?].

PMID- 2887142
TI  - Complex loci of Drosophila.

PMID- 2887141
TI  - Adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as a model to study the neurobiology of ascorbic
      acid: from monooxygenation to neuromodulation.

PMID- 2887143
TI  - Proton pumping kinetics and origin of nitrate inhibition of tonoplast-type H+
      ATPase.
AB  - A tonoplast-type vesicle preparation, substantially free from other subcellular
      membranes, was obtained from corn roots by equilibrium sucrose density gradient
      centrifugation. At pH 6.5 and in the presence of chloride ions, the tonoplast
      type ATPase activity as measured by Pi release, was inhibited by nitrate ions.
      The ATPase activity was insensitive to molybdate and vanadate, indicating a
      minimum nonspecific phosphatase and plasma membrane contamination. The vesicles
      exhibited an ATP hydrolysis-supported proton uptake which was measured by the
      absorption change of acridine orange. The ATP hydrolysis supported uptake and the
      subsequent perturbant-induced release of protons (decay) was described by a
      kinetic model which was previously developed to evaluate the coupling between
      proton pumping and the primary energy yielding process for other biomembranes.
      The proton pumping activity was more sensitive to nitrate ions then was ATP
      hydrolysis. The differential effect and the kinetic analysis of nitrate
      inhibition led us to suggest that (i) the coupling between Pi release and proton
      pumping was indirect in nature and (ii) the primary inhibitory effect of nitrate
      ion was originated from an interaction with a protogenic protein domain which is
      functionally linked to the ATPase in the tonoplast-type membrane.

PMID- 2887144
TI  - [HTLV-I-associated myelopathy].
AB  - Following our proposal of a new clinical entity, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy
      (HAM), at least 270 cases have now been diagnosed in Japan. The geographical
      distribution resembles that of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. Our laboratory has
      now identified 85 cases (27 males and 58 females aged 18-75 [mean 52] yrs. with
      age at onset 6-75 [mean 37] yrs.). The illness duration ranged from 4 mos. to 55
      yrs. (mean 15.6 yrs.). Of the 85 cases, 81 lived in Kagoshima, where about 16% of
      the population have HTLV-I antibodies. Previously, we recognized a subgroup of
      cases who had frequent histories of blood transfusion, and from our recent data,
      18 (21%) had the same history. The group with no history of transfusion was
      younger at onset of HAM (33 [SD 18] yrs. vs 49 [12] yrs.; p less than 0.05). From
      the latter, we have also recognized another subgroup consisting of 6 young cases
      (under 15 yrs.) whose mothers were positive for HTLV-I antibody titer. This group
      has been labeled mother-to-child or vertical transmission. Notably, the
      progression of symptoms was slower in the vertically transmitted group when
      compared to the group with a history of transfusion. We also reported the
      effectiveness of corticosteroids in 4 HAM cases and from the present data, 65
      cases have been followed up for treatment response. Based on a 14-grade
      disability scoring, excellent response was noted in 20%, good in 37%, fair in 34%
      and no response in 9% of the total 65 cases. Compared with the vertically
      transmitted group, the group a history of blood transfusion appeared to have a
      better response to corticosteroids.

PMID- 2887145
TI  - New approaches to managing affective disorders.

PMID- 2887146
TI  - [Value of beta blockers in the treatment of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in
      cardiac insufficiency].
AB  - Beta-blockers were used to treat 20 patients (mean age 55 +/- 12 years)
      presenting with severe ventricular arrhythmia on chronic heart failure (NYHA
      stages II to IV; mean ejection fraction 29.7 +/- 7.8%) due to coronary disease
      (18 cases) or to cardiomyopathy (2 cases). Ventricular tachycardia sustained (7.6
      +/- 6.3 attacks/patient) in 19 patients, unsustained in 18, monomorphous in 8 and
      polymorphous in 12, had been present for 12.4 +/- 18 months. In all but one
      hitherto untreated patient, the condition had failed to respond to amiodarone
      combined with a type Ia (19 patients) and type Ic (16 patients) antiarrhythmic
      drug. Short-term results were: 17 successes, 2 failures and 1 death due to
      cardiogenic shock. Fifteen patients were followed up for 14 +/- 6.7 months.
      Thirteen of them benefited from smaller doses of a formerly ineffective
      treatment; there was one failure, and one patient in whom the attacks of
      tachycardia, but not the numerous and polymorphous extrasystoles, were controlled
      by the beta-blockers suddenly died at night. The actuarial mortality rate was
      11.4% as against an expected figure of 30% in such a high risk group. Although no
      significant changes in ejection fraction were observed, heart failure became
      worse in 8 patients, but it was compensated by diuretics and/or vasodilators. The
      effects of beta-blockers in resistant ventricular arrhythmia on heart failure
      suggest that an adrenergic factor is involved in the mechanism of arrhythmia.
      Provided treatment is progressive and its haemodynamic consequences carefully
      monitored, beta-blockade is well tolerated. Its effectiveness on severe
      arrhythmia and on mortality rate seems to confirm that it prevents sudden death
      by an anti-arrhythmic mechanism.

PMID- 2887147
TI  - [Relation between arterial hypertension and plasma lipoproteins: the Australian
      experience].
AB  - In clinical trials the most frequently used anti-hypertensive treatments have
      been found to produce unfavourable changes in plasma high-density cholesterol
      lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) levels. We have investigated whether such effects
      could be observed in a general population in which these drugs are often
      prescribed. This population was divided into three groups: subjects with normal
      blood pressure, subjects with unrecognized arterial hypertension and subjects
      receiving an anti-hypertensive treatment. Treatment with beta-blockers of obese
      hypertensive patients was attended by unfavourable changes identical with those
      observed in a general population under the most common anti-hypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2887148
TI  - [Interference with lipid metabolism by various antihypertensive agents: facts and
      hypotheses].
AB  - In view of their effectiveness and safety, beta-blockers and diuretics have
      become first-line drugs in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Several
      studies performed over the last few years have elicited undesirable effects of
      these drugs on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. These changes probably have the
      same significance as regards the arterial risk as primary or secondary
      alterations of lipoproteins. In contrast, vasodilators acting by alpha-blockade
      probably have a favourable effect on lipid metabolism. It therefore seems
      reasonable, whenever these drugs are prescribed, to carry out regular evaluations
      of plasma lipids, notably in young subjects to identify those who partly lose the
      benefit of this treatment owing to a significant degradation of their blood lipid
      profile. Future epidemiological studies and therapeutic trials should show
      whether this attitude is right or wrong, their primary objective being to answer
      the question: do some anti-hypertensive drugs increase, in some subjects, the
      coronary risk?

PMID- 2887149
TI  - [Nebulizations of beta-2-adrenergic agents at home in severe asthma in children].

PMID- 2887150
TI  - Dose-response of promotion by polychlorinated biphenyls and chloroform in rat
      liver foci bioassay.
AB  - Using the rat liver foci bioassay a dose-response relationship was evaluated for
      the promoting activity of the ubiquitous and persistent environmental pollutants
      polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chloroform. Initiation of liver foci was
      performed by oral administration of a single dose of 8 mg/kg body wt of
      diethylnitrosamine to weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats. For polychlorinated
      biphenyls (PCBs) and chloroform a dose-dependent promoting effect was found. The
      lowest effective dose of PCBs was 1 mg/kg body wt, given three times a week for
      11 consecutive weeks. That of chloroform was 100 mg/kg body wt, administered
      twice a week for 11 consecutive weeks. The livers were screened for preneoplastic
      foci 12 weeks after starting the experiments. The amounts of PCBs as well as
      chloroform normally taken up by humans are greater than a factor of 1000 lower
      than the effective experimental doses. Thus the risk of human exposure to these
      chemicals is estimated to be very low. In the case of heavy pollution with PCBs,
      however, as happened in the yusho accident (Japan, 1968), the daily intake of
      PCBs was in the range of the effective doses used in the experiment.

PMID- 2887151
TI  - [Peptidergic innervation and the APUD system in normal conditions and in various
      pathological states].
AB  - The use of highly sensitive and selective methods (autoradiography, light and
      electron microscopy, radioimmunoassay) allowed identification of peptide hormones
      in both the specialized endocrine cells (apudocytes) of some internal organs and
      various structural elements of the central and peripheral nervous system. Current
      knowledge permits one to suggest the existence of a peptidergic innervation as
      one of the parts of the nervous system and to demonstrate the direct
      participation of these peptides in the pathogenesis of some diseases. Biological
      significance of these substances in supporting homeostasis determines the urgent
      need for a combined investigation of the structural-functional relationship
      between apudocytes and peripheral nerves under normal and pathologic conditions.
      This will promote new opportunities in the elucidation of the mechanisms of some
      pathologic processes.

PMID- 2887154
TI  - Dental aspects of child abuse: review and case reports.

PMID- 2887152
TI  - Double-blind study of vigabatrin in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with severe drug-resistant epilepsy entered the study.
      Vigabatrin (2 to 3 g/d, stratified according to weight) and placebo were
      administered orally, as add-on therapy in random order under double-blind
      conditions, each for three months using a crossover design. Thirty patients
      completed both periods. Of these, ten patients (33%) showed a decrease in seizure
      frequency of 50% or more. In the 15 patients presenting with complex partial
      seizures, "temporal" electroencephalographic abnormalities, and relatively low
      seizure frequency, there was a significant reduction in seizure frequency during
      vigabatrin treatment. No significant treatment effect was found for the remaining
      15 patients, who presented with mixed seizure types, multifocal
      electroencephalographic abnormalities, and high seizure frequencies. Tolerability
      to vigabatrin was good; the most frequently reported unwanted effect was
      drowsiness. Plasma concentrations of phenytoin showed a significant reduction
      during the vigabatrin period. The results demonstrate the efficacy and good
      tolerability of vigabatrin therapy in patients with severe complex partial
      epilepsy.

PMID- 2887155
TI  - Hypnotics.

PMID- 2887153
TI  - Effects of ALO 2145 on intraocular pressure following argon laser
      trabeculoplasty.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, double-masked study compared topical 1% ALO 2145, an
      alpha 2-agonist, with placebo in therapy for immediate postoperative intraocular
      pressure (IOP) rise after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Seventy-three eyes (73
      patients) underwent 360 degrees of treatment utilizing 80 spots of 800 to 1000 mW
      of power. Intraocular pressure rise was measured hourly for the first three hours
      after operation, at one week, and at one month. Eyes treated with ALO 2145 had
      both significantly lower mean IOPs and greater IOP decreases from baseline than
      placebo-treated eyes during the first three hours after operation. No eyes
      treated with ALO 2145 and six eyes (18%) treated with placebo experienced an IOP
      rise of 10 mm Hg or greater. Twenty eyes (59%) in the placebo group and eight
      eyes (21%) treated with ALO 2145 had an IOP elevation. No change was detected in
      the mean heart rate. ALO 2145 appears to be effective in eliminating large, acute
      IOP elevations after argon laser trabeculoplasty.

PMID- 2887156
TI  - Takayasu's disease.

PMID- 2887157
TI  - Aminophylline in acute asthma.
AB  - It is widely believed that theophylline is a valuable addition to beta-agonists
      in the treatment of asthma. This is true when beta-agonists are given in low
      doses, but available evidence suggests that theophylline adds little or nothing
      to the effect of maximal doses of beta-agonists. Clinical trials, albeit some
      with limitations, in acute asthma support the view that theophylline confers no
      benefit on patients treated with high-dose beta-agonists. As theophylline is a
      difficult drug to use safely, and its toxicity is serious, its use should be
      confined to unusual circumstances, and the dose should be small.

PMID- 2887158
TI  - The use of the right gastro-epiploic artery in coronary artery bypass grafting.
AB  - Thirty consecutive patients with angina pectoris undergoing coronary artery
      bypass grafting using the proximally attached right gastro-epiploic artery are
      described. Posterior coronary arteries were grafted using the right gastro
      epiploic artery, and grafts to the left coronary artery were done using
      predominantly internal mammary artery grafts. The right gastro-epiploic artery
      graft is mobilized along the greater curvature of the stomach, and transected
      distally. With cardiopulmonary bypass and blood cardioplegic arrest for
      myocardial preservation during cross-clamping of the aorta, the distal end of the
      artery is anastomosed end-to-side to the posterior descending artery or a postero
      lateral branch, or to both, using a sequential technique. Twenty-five of the
      patients complained of symptoms suggestive of angina early postoperatively but
      are currently symptom-free with normal exercise tolerance. Thirteen patients had
      postoperative exercise tests: eight were normal, two were inconclusive, and three
      were abnormal. Nine grafted coronary arteries were re-angiogrammed, and seven
      were judged to be patent. It is concluded that, as an alternative resource, the
      right gastro-epiploic artery can be used to bypass coronary obstructions
      expeditiously and with results comparable to those obtained with the saphenous
      vein or internal mammary artery.

PMID- 2887159
TI  - Pili of Bordetella avium: expression, characterization, and role in in vitro
      adherence.
AB  - Electron microscopy revealed pili on all isolates of Bordetella avium and B.
      avium-like bacteria examined. Trypticase soy broth (TSB) and 2% peptone agar were
      the best media for promoting pilus expression. Cultures grown at 37 or 42 C had
      similar pilus production, whereas cultures grown at 18 C produced few or no pili.
      Pilus expression of the Art Vax strain was best when that strain was grown in
      TSB, but the strain yielded fewer pili than B. avium and B. avium-like isolates
      grown under the same cultural conditions. B. avium pili had a diameter of 2.0 nm,
      ranged in length from 370 nm to 1500 nm, and had a protein subunit molecular mass
      of about 13,100 daltons. Purified pili from B. avium did not hemagglutinate
      guinea pig erythrocytes, and a 1:20 dilution of hyperimmune antisera against B.
      avium pili did not block the hemagglutinating activity of whole-cell preparations
      of B. avium. In the indirect immunofluorescence test, B. avium isolates and the
      Art Vax strain adhered to the tracheal explants of turkeys, but B. avium-like
      isolates did not. Purified pili from B. avium adhered to the surface of the
      mucosal lining of the tracheal explants, and hyperimmune antisera against B.
      avium pili blocked the in vitro adherence of whole-cell preparations of B. avium.
      It was concluded that pili of B. avium are involved in the in vitro attachment of
      that bacterium to the mucosal surface of turkey tracheal explants.

PMID- 2887161
TI  - The potentiating effects of phorbol ester on ACTH-, cholera toxin-, and forskolin
      induced cAMP production by cultured bovine adrenal cells is not mediated by the
      inactivation of alpha subunit of Gi protein.
AB  - Phorbol ester (PMA) potentiates ACTH-induced cAMP production by both fresh
      isolated and 7-day-old cultured adrenal cells, but the effect on cultured cells
      was greater than in fresh cells. In cultured cells the potentiating effects of
      PMA were dose-dependent and were observed at each effective dose of ACTH without
      modification of the ED50 for this hormone. These effects of PMA do not seem to be
      exerted through a modification of the alpha subunit of Gi since pretreatment of
      the cells with Bordetella pertussis toxin did not modify the action of PMA and
      since the amount of alpha i in 7-day-old cultured cells was ten times lower than
      in fresh cells, while the potentiating effect was lower in the latter. Moreover,
      since PMA still exerted its potentiating action in cells stimulated by maximal
      concentration of cholera toxin or forskolin either alone or in combination with
      ACTH, it is likely that its action is not mediated exclusively by the alpha
      subunit of Gs. Taken together, the present results and those of the literature
      suggest that this potentiating effect of phorbol ester on effector-induced cAMP
      production might be mediated by inhibition of the beta-subunit of G proteins.

PMID- 2887160
TI  - The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (Ah) locus and a novel restriction-fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP) are located on mouse chromosome 12.
AB  - The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (Ah) locus that controls the induction of
      chemical carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in mice has been found to be linked to a
      new restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Only C57BL/6 and closely
      related inbred strains displayed a 7.6-kb HindIII restriction fragment, while all
      other inbred strains tested displayed an 11.2-kb HindIII restriction fragment
      when using plasmid pRC2.3 as the hybridization probe. Polymorphisms in this
      region can also be detected with two other restriction enzymes: SacI and EcoRV.
      Linkage of Ah and the restriction-fragment length polymorphism was first detected
      using the BXD (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) recombinant inbred strains and was confirmed by a
      backcross. Both the restriction-fragment length polymorphism and Ah were not
      linked to the standard genetic markers Hba, Hbb, b, d, C-3, and W. However,
      comparison of the RFLP strain distribution pattern in the BXD recombinant inbred
      set with the strain distribution pattern of another RFLP, known to be located on
      chromosome 12, shows complete concordance in 24 of 24 strains, thereby locating
      Ah on chromosome 12.

PMID- 2887162
TI  - Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by micromolar concentrations of calcium in
      digitonin-permeabilized adrenal medullary cells.
AB  - In digitonin-permeabilized bovine adrenal medullary cells, Ca2+ (0.1-1.0 microM)
      caused an activation of tyrosine hydroxylase which was dependent on the presence
      of ATP. This Ca2+-induced activation of the enzyme was observed even in the
      presence of optimal concentration of either cyclic AMP or 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) which by itself increased the enzyme
      activity. Calmodulin inhibitors, trifluoperazine (TFP) and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5
      chloro-1-naphtalenesulfonamide (W-7), had little effect on the Ca2+-evoked
      activation of enzyme. These results suggest that micromolar concentrations of
      Ca2+ activate the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase probably through a Ca2+
      dependent phosphorylation in digitonin-permeabilized adrenal medullary cells
      although the protein kinase(s) responsible for it still remains to be determined.

PMID- 2887163
TI  - Inhibition by some phenolic antioxidants of Ca2+ uptake and neurotransmitter
      release from brain synaptosomes.
AB  - We present observations on the action of the phenolic antioxidants 2,3-tert-butyl
      4-methoxyphenol (BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHA); n-propyl-gallate
      and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on the function of guinea pig cerebral
      cortex synaptosomes. While the Ca2+ uptake observed under non depolarizing
      conditions is not affected by these agents, the depolarization induced Ca2+
      uptake is strongly inhibited. Similarly the phenolic antioxidants studied inhibit
      the Ca2+ plus depolarization induced exocytosis of GABA and glutamate. These
      results which are similar to those previously obtained in blood platelets
      (Alexandre, A. et. al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 139, 509-514, 1986), may
      indicate that free radical intermediates are involved in stimulus-secretion
      coupling.

PMID- 2887165
TI  - In vitro mutated beta subunits from the F1-ATPase of the thermophilic bacterium,
      PS3, containing glutamine in place of glutamic acid in positions 190 or 201
      assembles with the alpha and gamma subunits to produce inactive complexes.
AB  - Using site-directed mutagenesis, Glu-190 or Glu-201 of the beta subunit of the F1
      ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 were replaced with glutamine. It was
      possible to reconstitute complexes of the mutated beta subunits with alpha and
      gamma subunits, but the complexes did not have ATPase activity. It is concluded
      that carboxylic acid side chains of Glu-190 and Glu-201 of the beta subunit are
      essential for catalytic activity of F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2887164
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonist- and prostaglandin-mediated regulation of cAMP levels in
      Ewing's sarcoma cells in culture.
AB  - This is the first report demonstrating hormonal control of cAMP levels in Ewing's
      sarcoma cells. Two classes of hormones, beta-adrenergic agonists and
      prostaglandins stimulate cAMP production in cultured Ewing's sarcoma cells. The
      efficacy order for beta-adrenergic agonists is (-)-isoprenaline greater than or
      equal to (-)-noradrenaline greater than or equal to (-)-adrenaline much greater
      than (-)-phenylephrine. The stimulatory effect of (-)-noradrenaline is
      antagonized by beta 1-selective metoprolol and also by beta 2-selective ICI
      118,551. The efficacy order for prostaglandins (PG) is PGE1 greater than PGI2
      greater than PGE2 much greater than PGF2 alpha; 6-keto PGF1 alpha and PGD2 do not
      influence cAMP levels in Ewing's sarcoma cells. Cultures pretreated with PGE2 are
      less responsive to a second challenge with PGE2 but their response to (-)
      isoprenaline is unimpaired. Similarly, pretreatment with (-)-isoprenaline induces
      homologous desensitization to (-)-isoprenaline and has no effect on the PGE2
      stimulated increase in cAMP. We conclude that these cells provide an ideal model
      for the study of the initial steps of beta-adrenergic and prostaglandin action in
      Ewing's sarcoma.

PMID- 2887166
TI  - Modulated expression of human homeobox genes in differentiating intestinal cells.
AB  - Homeobox genes (Hox genes) control segmentation and segment specificity in
      Drosophila. Hox genes have been detected in several species from insects to
      vertebrates. Differential and stage-related expression has been observed in human
      embryonic tissues as well. We have investigated whether the cell line Caco-2 and
      human adult intestine express Hox genes. Caco-2 is a cell line derived from a
      human colon carcinoma and exhibits a spontaneous enterocytic differentiation
      after cellular confluency in vitro. At 7, 14 and 21 days after seeding we have
      found that Hox-2.3 and one Hox-3 gene hybridize to poly(A)+RNA in a stage-related
      fashion. Moreover, the 21 days pattern of hybridization resembles that one
      observed in adult small intestine. The Caco-2 cell line provides a model system
      that allows a detailed analysis of cellular factors controlling transcription and
      stability of Hox gene products.

PMID- 2887167
TI  - Effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on K+ transport in rat heavy gastric membranes
      enriched with (H+-K+)-ATPase.
AB  - K+- and ATP-dependent H+-accumulation in rat heavy gastric membrane vesicles
      enriched with (H+-K+)-ATPase was markedly stimulated by amphiphiles like
      lysophosphatidylcholine and Zwittergent 3-14 at concentrations of 10(-5) M. Their
      stimulatory effect was dependent on K+-concentration in the medium and was
      abolished by SCH 28,080, a specific inhibitor of (H+-K+)-ATPase.
      Lysophosphatidylcholine at the optimal dose (3 X 10(-5) M) showed dual effects on
      K+-dependent membrane functions; it stimulated the rate of K+-uptake by nearly
      60%, but partially inhibited SCH 28,080-sensitive and K+-dependent ATP-hydrolysis
      (about 20% reduction). These data indicate that H+-pumping through (H+-K+)-ATPase
      in the inside-out gastric membrane vesicles was facilitated by the stimulatory
      effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on membrane K+-transport in spite of its
      partial inhibition of ATP-hydrolysis. It appears that the rate limiting step for
      operation of the ATPase is the availability of K+ ions in the luminal side of the
      pump. We propose that ionic amphiphiles may modulate K+-transport in rat heavy
      gastric membranes through specific interactions with the putative K+-transporter.

PMID- 2887168
TI  - Reversible conversion of tyrosine hydroxylase to an inactive form by antipain.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of
      catecholamines, was reversibly inactivated by incubation with antipain, which is
      known as a microbial protease inhibitor. The inactivation was a time-dependent
      reaction and it was prominent when the enzyme was assayed at a neutral pH but not
      when assayed at an acidic pH. The inactivated enzyme was markedly activated by
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Other microbial protease inhibitors such as
      leupeptin, chymostatin, and pepstatin did not induce such as inactivation of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2887169
TI  - Isolation of a novel cDNA clone for human tyrosine hydroxylase: alternative RNA
      splicing produces four kinds of mRNA from a single gene.
AB  - Human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cDNA was isolated by molecular cloning. Lambda gt
      11 cDNA library constructed from human pheochromocytoma was screened with a
      synthetic 23-mer oligonucleotide complementary to rat TH mRNA. We found a novel
      type of cDNA clone whose N-terminal sequence is similar to but clearly distinct
      from each of the three types (type 1, 2 and 3) of TH cDNA reported by Grima et
      al. [Nature (1987) 326, 707-711]. It contains both the 12-bp insert
      characteristic of type 2 cDNA and the 81-bp sequence of type 3. This novel cDNA
      clone was designated as type 4. Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA
      indicated that TH is encoded by a single gene. This suggests that the four
      different forms of TH mRNA are produced by alternative RNA splicing from a single
      primary transcript.

PMID- 2887170
TI  - Experimental approach of treatment of cerebral ischemia by a combination of
      raubasine and almitrine.
AB  - Post-oligemic syndrome in rat results from transient reduction of cerebral blood
      flow obtained by bilateral carotid ligation for 60 min and mild systemic
      hypotension induced by s.c. injection of sodium nitroprusside. Over an acute
      phase of 3 days the syndrome consisted in a marked neurological deficit evidenced
      by a decrease in scores obtained by rats in "visual placing" test, a loss in
      learning ability substantiated by a decrease in the ability of rats to integrate
      and remember a passive avoidance reflex; biochemical disorders revealed by an
      increase in cerebral water, calcium and free fatty acids (FFA) contents
      associated with a decrease in cerebral potassium content. From 2 weeks until 4
      weeks after ischemic insult a process of malacia of the cerebral tissue occurred.
      Treatment of rats with a combination of raubasine and almitrine (5023 SE, Duxil)
      by oral route (16.7 to 66.6 mg kg-1) twice daily from 1 h post-oligemia to
      sacrifice, in the acute phase, led to 1. an improvement of visual placing
      response, 2. an increase in learning ability, 3. a decrease in water and calcium
      cerebral contents associated with an increase in potassium cerebral contents.
      Enhancement of FFA contents was reduced when preventive treatment was associated
      with curative treatment. Incidence and extent of encephalomalacia was reduced by
      the drug in the chronic phase. It is concluded that in a rat model of post
      oligemic syndrome and under these experimental conditions 5023 SE caused, 3 days
      after the ischemic insult, a significant reduction of cerebral disorders that may
      explain the therapeutic effect of the drug evidenced 4 weeks later.

PMID- 2887171
TI  - Spasmolytic action of the cerebral circulation improver 6,7-dimethoxy-1- (3,4
      dimethoxybenzyl)-4-[( 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl) isoquinoline in
      isolated canine vessels.
AB  - Vasodilating action of a new calmodulin antagonist, 6,7-dimethoxy-1-(3,4
      dimethoxybenzyl)-4-[( 4-(2- methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl] methyl) isoquinoline
      (Ro 22-4849) was examined in various isolated canine vessels. Ro 22-4839 was
      found to dilate basilar and middle cerebral arteries and to non-selectively
      antagonize submaximal contraction of these arteries under the treatment of
      various constrictors (K+, Ca2+, PGF2 alpha (dinoprost), serotonin and incubated
      blood) with IC50 values ranging from 0.043 to 1.69 mumol/l. Vasospasmolytic
      action of the compound in these cerebral arteries was 9 and 20 times greater than
      those in coronary and femoral arteries, respectively. The arterial relaxation by
      Ro 22-4839 was hardly overcome by addition of extra calcium and Ro 22-4839 did
      not alter calcium channels in the guinea-pig papillary muscle, although the
      compound inhibited the tension development, confirming its calmodulin
      antagonistic properties. Ro 22-4839 inhibited norepinephrine (NE)-induced
      contraction of femoral arterial strips concentration-dependently, and prevented
      NE-induced lethal extravasation in mice with an ED50 value of 1.96 mg/kg p.o. In
      in vitro [3H]-dihydroergocryptine binding assay and ex vivo [3H]-WB-4101 (2
      [(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino] methylbenzodioxan) binding assay, the
      compound showed a potent inhibitory action on alpha 1-adrenoceptor. These
      findings indicate that Ro 22-4839 exerts the spasmolytic effects on cerebral
      vessels through calmodulin antagonistic properties combined with alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking action.

PMID- 2887172
TI  - Octanol/buffer partition coefficients of different betablockers.
AB  - In own measurements octanol/buffer pH 7.4 partition coefficients of 10 different
      betablockers were determined and the clinical relevance of these data is
      discussed by using reference data.

PMID- 2887173
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of the new H1-antagonist 3-amino-9,13b-dihydro-1H
      dibenz[c,f]imidazo[1,5-a]azepine hydrochloride in volunteers.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of 3-amino-9,13b-dihydro-1H-dibenz[1,5-a]azepine
      hydrochloride (WAL 801 CL), a new H1-receptor antagonist, on histamine-induced
      skin wheals were studied in 9 volunteers. The study was a double-blind,
      randomized (Latin square) change-over, intraindividual comparison of the effects
      of single doses of 2,6 and 18 mg WAL 801 CL and of placebo and 2 mg ketotifen on
      skin wheals induced by intradermal injections of 5 micrograms hystamine 1, 2, 4,
      6 and 8 h after administration of the drugs. The injection of 5 micrograms was
      also made prior to each drug administration. The effects on psychological
      performance and the subjective state were also evaluated. The following tests
      were employed: simple visual reaction time (RT), critical flicker fusion
      frequency (C3F) and von Zerssen's self-rating scale Bf-S, assessing state of
      mood. There was a washout period of at least 72 h between each course of
      treatment. A decrease in the size of the histamine wheal was observed 1 h after
      WAL 801 CL and was maintained for at least 8 h. The reduction in the size of the
      histamine wheal was between 44% (2.0 mg) and 71% (18.0 mg). After ketotifen a
      marked decrease in the wheal area was observed between 4 and 8 h after
      administration of the drug, with maximum histamine antagonism of 59% after 6 h.
      The inhibitory effects of 6 and 18 mg WAL 801 CL and 2 mg ketotifen were
      statistically significant compared with placebo. 8 of 9 subjects felt tired
      (subjective report) after ketotifen, corresponding changes could be detected by
      Zerssen's state of mood scale Bf-S, but not by other psychological performance
      measures (RT, C3F).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887175
TI  - Alprazolam dependence in mice.
AB  - Mice were treated with 0.025% alprazolam incorporated into their laboratory chow
      for periods of one, two, and four weeks. Treated animals gained weight and
      appeared healthy during treatment, although an increased number of animals were
      lost in the treatment groups due to cannibalism. When regular food was
      substituted, alprazolam-treated animals experienced a withdrawal reaction
      qualitatively similar to that previously observed following similar lengths of
      treatment with 0.1% diazepam in food. The withdrawal reaction following
      alprazolam had a faster onset and a shorter time course, and was less intense. In
      a separate experiment, eight mice were treated with alprazolam for two weeks but
      were housed singly. This eliminated the cannibalism problem and no animals were
      lost during the treatment phase; the withdrawal syndrome was similar to that seen
      in group-housed animals. The model of benzodiazepine dependence in mice would
      appear to generalize to the entire class of drugs and may permit distinctions to
      be made between the time-course of withdrawal reactions between the various
      members of that class.

PMID- 2887174
TI  - Concentrations of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in dialysed plasma from
      drunken drivers.
AB  - Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) has previously been found to be a
      sensitive and specific biological marker of excessive alcohol consumption. In
      order to study the prevalence of excessive drinking among arrested drunken
      drivers, CDT was measured in plasma samples from 50 drunken drivers after
      dialysis against 0.9% NaCl. 60% of the drivers had elevated CDT. When data on CDT
      from other studies were used to interpret our CDT results, it was estimated that
      at least 60% of the drunken drivers were consuming at least 50 g pure alcohol per
      day. Drunken drivers involved in road traffic accidents tended to have higher CDT
      values than other drunken drivers, indicating a higher alcohol consumption, while
      drivers below 30 years of age had lower CDT values than older ones.

PMID- 2887176
TI  - Psychotherapeutic drugs. Implications in occupational health nursing.

PMID- 2887177
TI  - Increase in [3H]glutamate release from slices of dentate gyrus and hippocampus
      following classical conditioning in the rat.
AB  - The release of amino acids was examined in three hippocampal areas following
      classical conditioning. Paired or unpaired tone(CS)-shock(US) presentations were
      given to animals engaged in a previously acquired food-motivated lever-pressing
      task. Conditioned suppression of lever-pressing was the behavioural measure of
      conditioning. The dentate gyrus and areas CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus were
      removed bilaterally from conditioned and pseudoconditioned animals, and slices
      cut and stored in liquid nitrogen for subsequent in vitro analysis of the release
      of radiolabelled glutamate and aspartate. K+-stimulated release of radiolabelled
      amino acids was analysed in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+.
      Potassium-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]glutamate was significantly
      greater in slices of dentate gyrus and area CA1 prepared from conditioned animals
      than from pseudoconditioned animals. This finding identifies a neurochemical
      change associated with classical conditioning which is similar to the increase in
      transmitter release seen in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), and which
      is consistent with the hypothesis that an LTP-like mechanism is involved in
      mnemonic processes.

PMID- 2887178
TI  - Disturbances in histidine metabolism in children with speech abnormalities.
AB  - Catabolism of histidine was investigated in 24 patients with different speech and
      language disorders and with significantly low histidase activity in stratum
      corneum. No classical histidinemia was found. Biochemical investigation of these
      patients after loading with L-histidine led to the conclusions that low histidase
      activity in stratum corneum was connected with: disturbances in folic acid
      metabolism (2 cases); "atypical histidinemia" (1 case); heterozygotes of
      histidinemia (2 cases); normal liver histidine metabolism but abnormal in other
      tissues (18 cases); previously unknown error of histidine metabolism (1 case).

PMID- 2887179
TI  - Mapping the human genes.
AB  - The article recalls achievements in the area of human gene mapping and covers
      recent developments in somatic cell hybridization studies and recombinant DNA
      technology.

PMID- 2887180
TI  - N-terminal fibronectin 30-kDa fragment mediates the immobilization of soluble
      fibrin by factor XIIIa-coated polystyrene beads.
AB  - Polystyrene beads coated with thrombin-activated Factor XIII (plasma
      transglutaminase, plasma transamidase) retained soluble 125I-fibrin, if a 30-kDa
      fragment of fibronectin was present. The fragment was obtained by proteolytic
      cleavage of plasma fibronectin with trypsin, but was also available with plasmin
      or thrombin. It represented a fibrin-binding domain at the N-terminus of each of
      the two subunit chains and contained close to its amino end a transamidase
      reactive site. Fibronectin was unable to mediate the binding of 125I-fibrin to
      Factor XIIIa-coated beads. 125I-fibrinogen was hardly recognized by the beads
      even in presence of the fibronectin fragment. The relatively slow binding of 125I
      fibrin was inhibited by 0.15 mM putrescine or by a pretreatment of the coated
      beads with EDTA or N-ethylmaleinimide indicating the involvement of a
      transamidation in the binding reaction. Immobilization of 125I-fibrin in presence
      of the fibronectin fragment is assumed to require a covalent cross-linking of the
      two ligands at the immobilized transamidase giving rise to a product which is
      retained strongly. The possibility is discussed that a surface-attached
      transamidase might act as a fibrin receptor which requires the fibronectin
      fragment as a cofactor.

PMID- 2887182
TI  - Perinatal hypoxia and hepatic cell function in preterm and full term newborn
      infants.
AB  - Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and the serum concentration of lipoprotein
      x, indirect bilirubin and total bile acids were measured in 28 preterm and 24
      full term newborn infants, with or without hypoxia, at the postnatal age 3-4
      days. Those preterm and full term babies who suffered from hypoxia had increased
      mean lipoprotein-x, bilirubin, total bile acid concentration and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity in comparison to that of controls, but the differences
      were not significant statistically. Clinical implications of the results are
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2887181
TI  - Betaxolol eye drops as a safe medication to lower intraocular pressure.
AB  - Betaxolol, a cardioselective beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, was used in a clinical
      trial in nine patients with glaucoma and chronic obstructive airways disease to
      assess its patient acceptance, and its effect on intraocular pressure,
      respiratory function, corneal and tear function. Betaxolol was well tolerated by
      all patients with no adverse symptoms. It significantly lowered intraocular
      pressure (p = 0.03) with no significant change in respiratory function (forced
      expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), mean mid expiratory flow rate (MMEFR) and
      vital capacity). Although there was a tendency to decreased wetting with Schirmer
      1, decreased break-up time and increased corneal staining with Rose Bengal, this
      was not statistically significant in this small series. We confirmed the
      previously reported efficacy and safety of betaxolol in patients with glaucoma
      and airways disease with satisfactory patient acceptance.

PMID- 2887183
TI  - HTLV-I infection of cerebrospinal fluid T cells from patients with chronic
      neurologic disease.
AB  - Antibodies reacting with HTLV-I, the etiologic agent of acute T cell
      leukemia/lymphoma and a transforming agent for T4-positive lymphocytes in vitro,
      have recently been described in sera of patients with chronic neurologic disease
      in the absence of lymphoproliferative disorders. The largest number of such cases
      was described in Japan and in the Caribbean and parts of South America. We report
      here two cases of patients with chronic neurologic disease whose cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF)-derived T cells contain HTLV-I specific RNA sequences and antigens
      and are expressing retroviral particles. Only one of these patients has
      demonstrable antibody to HTLV-I in serum or CSF.

PMID- 2887184
TI  - Successful use of a right ventricular assist device.
AB  - Right ventricular failure caused by myocardial infarction may be refractory to
      treatment designed to support the systemic ventricle. A new type of right
      ventricular assist device driven by an impeller pump was successfully used for 79
      hours after emergency revascularisation after right coronary occlusion. Despite
      renal failure requiring haemofiltration the patient has now fully recovered.

PMID- 2887185
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of isoxicam in hepatic disease.
AB  - 1 The pharmacokinetics of single and repeated oral doses of isoxicam, an
      extensively metabolized drug, were studied in patients with compensated and
      decompensated hepatic disease. 2 After a single oral dose, isoxicam was slowly
      absorbed and eliminated (half-life ranging from 10.5 to 53.9 h). Its
      pharmacokinetics did not differ from those observed in healthy volunteers and
      were not significantly influenced by the severity of hepatic disease. However,
      the t1/2 of isoxicam was found to be inversely (r = -0.700, P less than 0.05 n =
      14) related to the log gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase plasma activity. 3 During
      chronic oral treatment in patients with compensated hepatic insufficiency, steady
      state was achieved after 7-9 days of therapy. The mean elimination half-life of
      isoxicam in five patients was 42.6 +/- 4.5 h, a value which was not statistically
      different from that obtained in the single dose study. 4 It was concluded that
      patients with hepatic insufficiency do not require a systematic modification of
      drug dosage but that long-term treatment should be employed with caution in these
      patients.

PMID- 2887186
TI  - Responses to mental stress and physical provocations before and during long term
      treatment of hypertensive patients with beta-adrenoceptor blockers or
      hydrochlorothiazide.
AB  - 1 Cardiovascular and sympatho-adrenal responsiveness to mental stress (CWT; a
      colour word test), orthostatic testing (ORT) and a cold pressor test (CPT) were
      examined in three groups of hypertensive patients (n = 14-16) before and after 6
      months treatment with metoprolol (243 +/- 26 mg daily), propranolol (149 +/- 16
      mg daily) or hydrochlorothiazide (50 +/- 8 mg daily) in an open trial design. 2
      Treatment reduced outpatient blood pressures in the three groups similarly (from
      approximately 155/102 to 135/90 mm Hg). During treatment resting blood pressures
      in the laboratory were clearly reduced by beta-adrenoceptor blockade but not by
      thiazide treatment. Metoprolol and propranolol caused similar reductions of basal
      heart rates and plasma glycerol levels, whereas only propranolol reduced cyclic
      AMP concentrations in plasma. 3 Before treatment CWT and CPT increased systolic
      and diastolic blood pressures by about 30%. Heart rate increased by about 30
      beats min-1 during CWT and 10-15 beats min-1 during CPT and ORT. Small venous
      plasma adrenaline responses were evoked by all tests, whereas noradrenaline was
      elevated mainly by CPT and ORT. Dopamine levels did not change. 4 Heart rate
      responses to all stressors were markedly and similarly reduced, whereas blood
      pressure responses were essentially unchanged during metoprolol or propranolol
      treatment. In the thiazide group circulatory responses to CWT were slightly
      attenuated, whereas responses to ORT and CPT were unchanged. 5 The systolic blood
      pressure levels were reduced throughout the test session in all three groups,
      although less so in the hydrochlorothiazide group. Both beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists clearly reduced diastolic blood pressure and heart rate levels at
      rest and during stress, whereas thiazide treatment caused no significant changes
      in these respects. 6 The rate pressure product, which increased by 80-100% in
      response to CWT before treatment, was more markedly reduced by beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade than by thiazide treatment both at rest and during stress. 7 Self
      ratings (visual analogue scales) of stress and irritation were increased by CWT
      in a similar fashion before and during treatment in all groups. beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade was associated with higher subjective ratings of tiredness at rest, but
      not after CWT. Performance in the CWT increased slightly more in the thiazide
      group. The physiological responses to CWT were not correlated to the subjective
      responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2887187
TI  - Bronchodilator action of the anti-histaminic terfenadine.

PMID- 2887188
TI  - Assessment of a new hypnotic imidazo-pyridine (zolpidem) as oral premedication.
AB  - 1 A new imidazo-pyridine hypnotic (zolpidem 10 mg and 20 mg) was compared with
      placebo as premedication before general anaesthesia in female patients undergoing
      minor gynaecological surgery. Efficacy and tolerance before and after anaesthesia
      were assessed. Psychomotor testing was used to study recovery from anaesthesia. 2
      Both doses of zolpidem produced good sedation pre-operatively but only the higher
      dose was associated with anterograde amnesia. 3 Premorbid anxiety scores were low
      in the group of patients studied and were unaffected by either dose of zolpidem.
      4 There were no significant effects on the course of anaesthesia. However,
      postoperatively there was a tendency for wake-up to be delayed in those patients
      who received either dose of zolpidem. 5 Postoperative recovery, as indicated by
      tests of psychomotor performance, was noticeably delayed with a dose of 20 mg
      compared with placebo whilst psychomotor performance had returned towards
      baseline levels 3 h after wake-up in those patients who had received placebo. The
      zolpidem 10 mg group was intermediate. 6 Zolpidem may be a suitable premedicant
      when hypnosis and amnesia only are required.

PMID- 2887189
TI  - Post-exercise hypotension: the effects of epanolol or atenolol on some hormonal
      and cardiovascular variables in hypertensive men.
AB  - 1 Eight men with primary hypertension were treated for 3 weeks with placebo,
      epanolol (200 mg or 400 mg), or atenolol 100 mg in a randomised cross-over study.
      Each active treatment period was preceded by a 3 week placebo treatment period
      and both investigators and subjects were blind to the active drug sequence. 2 At
      the end of each period, measurements were made of resting cardiovascular (heart
      rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow) and biochemical variables (plasma
      renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, vasopressin,
      sodium and potassium concentrations and osmolality). Responses to exercise
      (including gas exchange, sweat rate, and ratings of perceived exertion) and the
      reflex cardiovascular adjustments to distal body subatmospheric pressure were
      also assessed. 3 The reduction of exercise-induced tachycardia by epanolol 400 mg
      was comparable to that of atenolol. There was very little difference in the
      effects of atenolol or epanolol 400 mg on resting blood pressure, but in both
      cases blood pressures were usually significantly lower than with epanolol 200 mg.
      4 Although each active treatment influenced the renin-angiotensin system and
      circulating levels of catecholamines, the exercise-induced reduction in blood
      pressure was unaffected. Thus, the hypotensive effects of pharmacological and non
      pharmacological interventions were additive.

PMID- 2887191
TI  - The effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on breathing during progressive
      exercise in normal man.
AB  - 1 We have studied the effects of single oral doses of 80 mg propranolol and 100
      mg atenolol on breathing during progressive exercise in nine healthy men in a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. As judged by their effects on
      exercise heart rate significant levels of beta-adrenoceptor blockade were
      achieved. 2 At the two lower levels of work rate (50 watts and 100 watts) minute
      ventilation on atenolol was lower than on placebo while at the highest level of
      work (200 watts) minute ventilation was higher on atenolol than on placebo. The
      regression of VE atenolol on VE placebo was 1.28 which is significantly different
      from unity (P less than 0.001). The results with propranolol were more scattered
      and failed to reach the 5% level of significance. 3 Effects on the pattern of
      breathing are small but when minute ventilation is matched with placebo, atenolol
      results in larger tidal volumes and prolonged inspiratory and expiratory time. 4
      These observations are discussed in relation to other work in the literature.

PMID- 2887192
TI  - Exercise-induced hyperkalaemia: effects of beta-adrenoceptor blocker vs diuretic.
AB  - Four groups of eight normotensive male volunteers performed a 60 min bicycle
      exercise test before and after 2 weeks of either placebo, hydrochlorothiazide
      (HCTZ, 25 mg day-1), pindolol (PIND, 10 mg day-1) or both drugs in combination
      using a double-blind, randomized design. During exercise on placebo serum
      potassium increased by 0.8 mmol l-1. HCTZ significantly decreased potassium
      levels at rest and during exercise by 0.2 mmol l-1. PIND did not affect resting
      potassium levels but potentiated the increase by 0.4 mmol l-1 at the end of
      exercise, and delayed the return to normal of serum potassium after exercise. The
      addition of HCTZ to PIND offset the potentiating effect of PIND on exercise
      induced hyperkalaemia (only after prolonged exercise) and accelerated the return
      to baseline after exercise. The results indicate that the hypokalaemic effect of
      HCTZ can oppose the hyperkalaemic effect of PIND during prolonged physical
      exercise and particularly during recovery.

PMID- 2887190
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of atenolol, labetalol, pindolol and captopril: a comparison
      in hypertensive patients with special reference to changes in limb blood flow,
      heart rate and left ventricular function.
AB  - 1 To compare the haemodynamic effects of secondary characteristics of beta
      adrenoceptor blockers with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor forty
      patients with previously untreated mild to moderate hypertension were prescribed
      either atenolol 50-100 mg day-1, labetalol 200-800 mg day-1, pindolol 10-30 mg
      day-1 or captopril 25-100 mg day-1 and observed for 6 months. 2 Over this period:
      (a) All four drugs produced similar reductions in blood pressure at rest (P less
      than or equal to 0.01) and after exercise (P less than or equal to 0.01). (b) All
      four drugs significantly decreased resting forearm (P less than or equal to 0.01)
      and calf blood flow (P less than or equal to 0.01). They all also caused a
      significant reduction in the increased calf blood flow following exercise (P less
      than or equal to 0.01). (c) No drug produced a change in resting forearm vascular
      resistance, while resting calf vascular resistance was decreased by captopril and
      pindolol, unaltered by labetalol and increased by atenolol. Post-exercise calf
      vascular resistance was increased by atenolol, labetalol and pindolol but
      unaltered by captopril. (d) Although all four drugs produced a fall in resting
      heart rate this was significantly greater for atenolol and labetalol (P less than
      or equal to 0.01). All four treatments however significantly reduced the increase
      in heart rate following exercise (P less than or equal to 0.01). (e) No drug
      produced any significant change in resting and post-exercise stroke
      volume/ejection fraction. 3 It is concluded that despite differing modes of
      action all four drugs reduce limb blood flow. This primarily appears to be a
      consequence of reduced perfusion pressure associated with limited autoregulation
      of skeletal muscle circulation. The reduction in arterial vascular resistance
      produced by captopril and pindolol is inconsistent and does not appear of major
      benefit in preserving limb blood flow. The reduction in perfusion with the agents
      studied may in part be related to a fall in cardiac output associated with
      decreased heart rate. This suggests that captopril may exert antisympathetic
      activity when used as an antihypertensive agent.

PMID- 2887193
TI  - A system for transformation of rat liver cells in vitro by acute treatment with
      aflatoxin.
AB  - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced rat liver cancer is a well studied system of
      hepatocarcinogenesis. AFB1 has also been used to transform cultured rat liver
      derived cells in vitro. Cells in culture often have a reduced capacity to
      metabolise the AFB1 to its active metabolite, and often prolonged periods of
      exposure to the toxin have to be employed, with a long latency in the appearance
      of transformed cells in culture. We report here the transformation of a rat liver
      derived cell line by acute treatment with AFB1. An extrinsic metabolising system
      of quail microsomes, which convert AFB1 to its epoxide form with high efficiency,
      was used to activate the AFB1. A dose dependent cytotoxicity was obtained and
      neoplastic transformation was seen in the higher doses used. The enzyme GGT which
      has strong association with liver cell transformation both in vivo and in vitro
      was also elevated in the treated cells.

PMID- 2887195
TI  - Effect of an oral H1-receptor antagonist, terfenadine, on antigen-induced asthma.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of a specific H1-receptor antagonist,
      terfenadine, on antigen-induced asthma. In a double-blind, randomized fashion,
      nine stable asthmatics were given placebo, or terfenadine 60, 120 or 180 mg
      orally, 12 and 4 hours before challenge. Cumulative bronchial challenge with
      specific antigen aerosols were delivered from a nebulizer attached to a breath
      actuated dosimeter. Response was monitored by specific airway conductance and
      measurements from partial expiratory flow-volume curves, performed in a body
      plethysmograph, on line to a computer. Initially the histamine dose-response
      curves of four subjects were found to be shifted 10-fold to the right by
      terfenadine 60 mg, given orally. Compared with placebo, terfenadine 60 mg, given
      orally. Compared with placebo, terfenadine significantly shifted the mean antigen
      dose-response curves of all measurements to the right. However, this shift was
      small and not correlated to the dose of terfenadine. There was marked
      intersubject variation in the effect. Terfenadine produced no side effects. The
      immediate bronchial response to antigen can be attenuated by an oral H1-receptor
      antagonist, but the effect is small and, in general, unlikely to be clinically
      useful.

PMID- 2887196
TI  - Peripheral blood stem cell autografting: a new therapeutic option for AML?

PMID- 2887194
TI  - Ha-ras-1 restriction fragment length polymorphism and susceptibility to colon
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - It is not yet clear whether some polymorphic variants of the Ha-ras-1 gene confer
      genetic predisposition to cancer. However, recent data on myelodysplasia and lung
      cancer are controversial. To clarify this point, 62 colorectal adenocarcinoma
      patients were examined for the Ha-ras-1 gene restriction fragment length
      polymorphism and results were compared with those of 108 healthy blood donors. No
      Ha-ras-1 polymorphic variants specifically associated with the cancer patients
      were detected. However, a specific genotype was significantly more frequent in
      the healthy donors than in the cancer patients (16% versus 5%), suggesting an
      interaction between the two alleles of the gene.

PMID- 2887197
TI  - A follow-up study of patients treated for benzodiazepine dependence.
AB  - By interviewing and administering questionnaires to 63 patients one to five years
      after treatment for benzodiazepine dependence the long-term success rate was
      examined together with factors associated with outcome. Fifty-four per cent of
      patients had permanently withdrawn from medication at follow-up. Most of those
      who were successful continued to experience psychiatric symptoms after discharge.
      Significantly more women than men managed to withdraw from medication. Outcome
      was not related to previous benzodiazepine regimen, psychiatric history or
      experiences of withdrawal. It is argued that psychological adjuncts should be
      included in the treatment of benzodiazepine dependence in order to prevent
      relapse.

PMID- 2887198
TI  - Replacement of potassium chloride by potassium glutamate dramatically enhances
      protein-DNA interactions in vitro.
AB  - Although protein-nucleic acid interactions exhibit dramatic dependences on both
      ion concentration and type in vitro, large variations in intracellular ion
      concentrations can occur in Escherichia coli and other organisms without apparent
      effects on gene expression in vivo. E. coli accumulates K+ and glutamate as
      cytoplasmic osmolytes. The cytoplasmic K+ concentration in E. coli varies from
      less than 0.2 to greater than 0.9 m as a function of external osmolarity;
      corresponding cytoplasmic glutamate concentrations range from less than 0.03 to
      greater than 0.25 m. Only low levels of chloride occur in the cytoplasm of E.
      coli at all osmotic conditions. Since most in vitro studies have been performed
      in chloride salts, whereas glutamate is the more relevant physiological anion, we
      have measured the effects of the substitution of potassium glutamate (KGlu) for
      KCl on the kinetics and equilibria of a variety of site-specific protein-DNA
      interactions in vitro. Both the interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase with two
      phage lambda promoters and the interactions of various restriction enzymes with
      their DNA cleavage sites are enhanced by this substitution. Using the abortive
      initiation assay, we find a greater than 30-fold increase in the second-order
      rate constant for open complex formation at the lambda PR promoter and a 10-fold
      increase at the lambda PR' promoter, when KGlu is substituted for KCl.
      Replacement of KCl by KGlu does not affect the strong salt dependences of these
      interactions; increasing either KCl or KGlu concentrations decreases both
      reaction rates and extents. Substitution of glutamate for chloride does, however,
      shift the range of salt concentrations over which these interactions are
      observable to higher K+ concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887200
TI  - Interactions between nucleotide binding sites on chloroplast coupling factor
      during ATP hydrolysis.
AB  - The initial hydrolysis of CaATP by chloroplast coupling factor 1 was studied with
      the quenched-flow method. The time course of hydrolysis can be described as a
      first-order conversion of the enzyme to an active form followed by steady-state
      formation of product. The rat constant for the first-order process is independent
      of substrate concentration but increases hyperbolically to a limiting value of
      0.43 s-1 with increasing concentrations of free Ca2+. A mechanism involving a
      Ca2+-triggered conversion to an active form of the enzyme is consistent with the
      data. The steady-state rate varied sigmoidally with the CaATP concentration.
      Initial exchange of tightly bound ADP is complex: approximately 50% of the bound
      nucleotide is lost within 30 s, with complete exchange requiring several minutes.
      The first-order rate constant characterizing the rapid phase of the reaction
      increases hyperbolically to a limiting value of 0.26 s-1 as the concentration of
      CaATP is increased, indicating that the binding of CaATP to the enzyme promotes
      the exchange process. Modification of the quenched-flow apparatus permitted
      measurement of the rate of nucleotide exchange during steady-state catalysis. The
      value of the first-order rate constant characterizing this process is similar to
      the catalytic rate constant determined under identical conditions. When MgATP is
      tightly bound to the enzyme, none of the kinetic properties of the enzyme
      described above were significantly changed. The results obtained suggest a
      mechanism in which two sites on the enzyme participate in catalysis. Several
      possible mechanisms consistent with the data are discussed.

PMID- 2887199
TI  - Hydrodynamic properties of the chromaffin granule hydrogen ion pumping
      adenosinetriphosphatase.
AB  - We have determined the hydrodynamic properties of detergent-solubilized ATPase,
      which is coupled to H+ pumping in bovine adrenal chromaffin granules, by
      sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation and gel permeation chromatography. The
      protein solubilized with detergent containing phosphatidylserine sediments as a
      particle of 264,000 daltons and partial specific volume 0.829 cm3/g. Assuming a
      protein v of 0.73 and using the v measured for detergent and lipid mixed micelles
      of 0.93 cm3/g, we calculated that the protein component has a mass of 134,000
      daltons and that the equivalent of approximately 1.5 micelles of detergent are
      bound per particle. The particle exhibits a Stokes radius of 43 A, which,
      together with the calculated particle volume, indicates an axial ratio close to
      1. We conclude that the ATPase is an intrinsic membrane protein with a structure
      very different from that of mitochondrial F1F0 ATPase.

PMID- 2887201
TI  - Tumor-promoting phorbol ester amplifies the inductions of tyrosine
      aminotransferase and ornithine decarboxylase by glucocorticoid.
AB  - In adrenalectomized rats, the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) markedly enhanced the inductions of
      tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and ornithine decarboxylase by glucocorticoids,
      even with sufficient concentration of glucocorticoids to have a maximal effect,
      whereas it had no effect on TAT activity and increased ornithine decarboxylase
      activity only slightly in the absence of glucocorticoids. Phorbol derivatives and
      components of TPA such as 4 beta-phorbol, phorbol 12-tetradecanoate, phorbol 13
      acetate, and 4-O-methylphorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate, which have no tumor
      promoting activity or ability to activate protein kinase C, did not have any
      effect on TAT induction by glucocorticoid. TPA enhanced the induction of TAT by
      various glucocorticoids but had no effect on induction of TAT by glucagon or
      insulin and did not enhance the induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by
      17 beta-estradiol. These results suggest that TPA specifically enhances the
      induction of TAT and ornithine decarboxylase by glucocorticoids. Similar effects
      of TPA on TAT induction by glucocorticoid were observed in primary cultures of
      adult rat hepatocytes. Another activator of protein kinase C, rac-1,2
      dioctanoylglycerol, was also found to have similar effects on the cells.

PMID- 2887202
TI  - Bioenergetics of secretory vesicles.

PMID- 2887203
TI  - Saturation-transfer studies of ATP-Pi exchange in isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - The rate of exchange between inorganic phosphate and ATP was measured in isolated
      perfused rat livers in the direction of ATP synthesis using 31P NMR spectroscopy
      and the saturation-transfer technique. Measurement of ATP hydrolysis was not
      observable, even after treatment of rats with 100 micrograms T3/day per 100 g
      body wt. When the perfused livers were treated with iodoacetate in order to
      inhibit glycolysis, NMR measurable exchange between ATP and Pi was eliminated. It
      is concluded that the inorganic phosphate----ATP conversion detected by
      saturation transfer is catalyzed by enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and that
      the mitochondrial ATPase rate is too slow to contribute to the observed effect.

PMID- 2887205
TI  - The donor specificity and kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction of gamma
      glutamyltransferase.
AB  - The donor specificity of the hydrolytic reaction of gamma-glutamyltransferase [5
      glutamyl)-peptide:amino-acid 5-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.2) has been studied
      by the use of specifically synthesised gamma-glutamyl substrates. It was found
      that a wide variety of gamma-glutamylated adducts were hydrolysed by the enzyme.
      The structure of the adduct was relatively unimportant for donor specificity and
      the enzyme appears to 'recognise' the gamma-glutamyl portion of the donor
      molecule. In particular the alpha-amino group and the free proton of the gamma
      peptide bond appear to be essential for donor activity. The Vmax of hydrolysis
      increased proportionally to the electron-withdrawing capacity of the adduct
      moiety. The rate of formation of gamma-glutamyl-enzyme intermediate was therefore
      dependent upon the structure of the adduct of the gamma-glutamyl donor. The
      results suggest that the enzyme shows little specificity beyond that for gamma
      glutamyl amides and there is therefore no reason to postulate the presence of a
      specific glutathione-binding site.

PMID- 2887204
TI  - Renal brush border glutamine transport: comparison between in situ and isolate
      membrane vesicle uptake.
AB  - Glutamine uptake by renal cortical brush-border vesicles was compared to
      transport expressed by the functioning isolated kidney. Comparisons were made
      with regard to sodium dependency and the adaptive increase induced by chronic
      metabolic acidosis in the rat. The results show an absolute dependency upon a
      sodium gradient; sodium-independent glutamine uptake has no counterpart in situ.
      In addition, acidosis-induced adaptive increase in vesicle glutamine uptake has
      no counterpart in situ. Rather, the apparent adaptation reflects extravesicular
      gamma-glutamyltransferase-mediated conversion to glutamate and subsequent
      accumulation; acidosis-induced adaptation of this enzyme largely explains the
      apparent adaptation in glutamine uptake. Consequently the role of membrane
      transport in glutamine flux regulation can be assessed providing metabolic
      conversion is controlled.

PMID- 2887206
TI  - Significance of catalase in peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA beta-oxidation.
AB  - Catalase activity was inhibited by aminotriazole administration to rats in order
      to evaluate the influence of catalase on the peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA beta
      oxidation system. 2 h after the administration of aminotriazole, peroxisomes were
      prepared from rat liver, and the activities of catalase, the beta-oxidation
      system and individual enzymes of beta-oxidation (fatty acyl-CoA oxidase,
      crotonase, beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and thiolase) were determined.
      Catalase activity was decreased to about 2% of the control. Among the individual
      enzymes of the beta-oxidation system, thiolase activity was decreased to 67%, but
      the activities of fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, crotonase and beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA
      dehydrogenase were almost unchanged. The activity of the peroxisomal beta
      oxidation system was assayed by measuring palmitoyl-CoA-dependent NADH formation,
      and the activity of the purified peroxisome preparation was found to be almost
      unaffected by the administration of aminotriazole. The activity of the system in
      the aminotriazole-treated preparation was, however, significantly decreased to
      55% by addition of 0.1 mM H2O2 to the incubation mixture. Hydrogen peroxide (0.1
      mM) reduced the thiolase activity of the aminotriazole-treated peroxisomes to
      approx. 40%, but did not affect the other activities of the system. Thiolase
      activity of the control preparation was decreased to 70% by addition of hydrogen
      peroxide (0.1 mM). The half-life of 0.1 mM H2O2 added to the thiolase assay
      mixture was 2.8 min in the case of aminotriazole-treated peroxisomes, and 4 s in
      control peroxisomes. The ultraviolet spectrum of acetoacetyl-CoA (substrate of
      thiolase) was clearly changed by addition of 0.1 mM H2O2 to the thiolase assay
      mixture without the enzyme preparation; the absorption bands at around 233 nm
      (possibly due to the thioester bond of acetoacetyl-CoA) and at around 303 nm (due
      to formation of the enolate ion) were both significantly decreased. These results
      suggest that H2O2 accumulated in peroxisomes after aminotriazole treatment may
      modify both thiolase and its substrate, and consequently suppress the fatty acyl
      CoA beta-oxidation. Therefore, catalase may protect thiolase and its substrate, 3
      ketoacyl-CoA, by removing H2O2, which is abundantly produced during peroxisomal
      enzyme reactions.

PMID- 2887207
TI  - Effects of aging on contributions of dietary fat and triiodothyronine treatment
      to lipogenic enzyme induction.
AB  - Although lipogenic enzyme inductions are reduced by fat feeding, this reduction
      decreases with aging and is particularly detectable in the case of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase activities. On the other hand, the fat
      dependent reductions of malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were consistently
      relieved by triiodothyronine (T3) treatment. The effects of T3 treatment on these
      enzyme inductions were greater in 10-month-old rats than in 1-month-old rats,
      while the carbohydrate-dependent induction and the fat-dependent reduction of the
      enzymes decreased with aging. In these animals, alterations in malic enzyme mRNA
      translational activities were roughly in parallel to the enzyme activities.
      Therefore, the age-dependent alterations in effects of T3 treatment and fat on
      malic enzyme induction do not appear to occur in post-translation.

PMID- 2887208
TI  - The effect of analogues of chymostatin on lysosomal and non-lysosomal components
      of protein degradation in isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - Of the proteinase inhibitors derived from Streptomyces spp., chymostatin is the
      most effective inhibitor of non-lysosomal proteolysis. As part of a systematic
      study of the structural features of the chymostatin molecule that are responsible
      for this inhibitory activity, a series of fifteen di- and tripeptide analogues of
      chymostatin were tested for their ability to suppress protein degradation in
      isolated primary hepatocytes. Protein degradation was assessed in two ways: by
      the release of radiolabel from proteins prelabelled in vivo (to which both
      lysosomal and non-lysosomal processes contribute) and by the rate of inactivation
      of tyrosine aminotransferase, a process that is exclusively non-lysosomal. All
      inhibitors were relatively non-toxic and did not affect the intracellular ATP
      levels, although some suppression of gluconeogenesis was observed in the presence
      of leupeptin, chymostatin or the analogues. Tripeptide phenylalanine aldehydes or
      semicarbazones were at least as effective as chymostatin in reducing protein
      degradation, whereas peptide alcohols were relatively ineffective. Replacement of
      the basic capreomycidine moiety in chymostatin with an arginine residue improved
      the inhibitory activity but equally, substitution of the arginine residue with an
      uncharged norleucine residue was without significant effect. The structural
      features that are optimal for inhibition of chymotrypsin or other serine
      proteinases (previously defined) are not as critical for inhibition of protein
      degradation in vivo.

PMID- 2887209
TI  - Effect of cold-temperature exposure and acclimation on amino acid pool changes
      and enzyme activities of rat brown adipose tissue.
AB  - The amino acid pool composition and its concentration ratios with respect to
      blood and plasma, as well as the activities of alanine, aspartate and branched
      chain amino acid transaminases, glutamine synthetase, adenylate deaminase and
      glutamate dehydrogenase have been studied in the interscapular brown adipose
      tissue of control, 12-h cold-exposed and 15-day cold-acclimated rats. Cold
      temperature affected the amino acid metabolism and pool composition more
      intensely after 15 days than after 12-h cold-exposure, even though the patterns
      of change were very similar in both groups. Cold temperatures induced a decrease
      in glutamine and an increase in glutamate concentration in the tissue. This
      probably increased the metabolism of branched chain amino acids and caused a
      decrease in adenylate deaminase activity. It also seemed to increase alanine
      utilization. We concluded that amino acid metabolism in brown adipose tissue is
      enhanced by cold temperature acclimation.

PMID- 2887210
TI  - Differential effects of stimulus termination on excitation and desensitization of
      folic acid receptors and guanylate cyclase in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - The response of guanylate cyclase to addition of extracellular stimuli is well
      documented. Here we report for the first time the response of guanylate cyclase
      to removal of stimuli. Three methods were employed to terminate rapidly a
      stimulus of folic acid. (1) Addition of a highly active folate deaminase
      preparation, or (2) 12-fold dilution of the stimulated cell suspension, or (3)
      addition of an excess concentration of a non-agonistic derivative of folic acid,
      i.e., 2-deaminofolic acid, which chases the folate agonist from its cell-surface
      receptors. Accumulation of cGMP terminated instantaneously upon addition of
      deaminase, but degradation of the synthesized cGMP was not observed until 10-12 s
      after stimulation. Also in a cGMP phosphodiesterase-lacking 'streamer' mutant an
      instantaneous termination of further cGMP accumulation was observed upon stimulus
      removal. This suggests that the termination of cGMP accumulation is due to
      inactivation of guanylate cyclase instead of a steady state of cGMP synthesis and
      degradation. Further accumulation of cGMP was approx. 75% reduced upon dilution
      of a cell suspension after stimulation with both agonists. Stimulation by 300 nM
      folic acid or by 30 nM N10-methylfolic acid (a more potent agonist) yielded
      identical results. However, upon addition of deaminofolic acid the accumulation
      of cGMP continued normally if the cells had been stimulated with N10-methylfolic
      acid, but only slightly in the case of a folic acid stimulus. The effect of
      stimulus duration on desensitization was monitored; it was observed that 50%
      desensitization was induced by stimulation for 1 s, while 4 s was sufficient for
      maximal desensitization. Short stimuli were observed to elicit high levels of
      desensitization without much excitation of guanylate cyclase. A desensitization
      like process was observed at the level of the folate-binding chemotactic
      receptors as well. Relationships between the cGMP response data and folic acid
      receptor kinetics are discussed.

PMID- 2887211
TI  - Effects of preformed proline and proline amino acid precursors (including
      glutamine) on collagen synthesis in human fibroblast cultures.
AB  - A technique of derivatizing proline and 4-hydroxyproline with 7-chloro-4
      nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole was used to measure the radioactivities,
      concentrations and specific activities of proline and hydroxyproline. The
      technique was used to study the conditions of procollagen synthesis in cultured
      human foreskin fibroblasts. Procollagen synthesis appeared to be independent of
      the proline concentration in the medium, in the presence of glutamine, when
      monitored by the assay of non-dialyzable hydroxyproline, but not when monitored
      by [14C]proline incorporation. In the absence of unlabelled proline added to
      labelled proline in the medium, the specific activity of the secreted procollagen
      did not reach a plateau over a 24-h period. When the medium was supplemented with
      glutamine, glutamic acid, or aspartic acid, both the radioactivity and
      concentration of intracellular free proline decreased. Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic
      acid and ornithine both induced a slight increase in concentration of the
      intracellular free proline. Glutamine competed with [14C]proline for
      incorporation into prolyl-tRNA and procollagen, independently of free
      intracellular proline, and it stimulated the biosynthesis of procollagen
      (expressed as non-dialyzable hydroxyproline) by a factor of 2.3.

PMID- 2887212
TI  - In vivo and in vitro adenosine stimulation of ethanol oxidation by hepatocytes,
      and the role of the malate-aspartate shuttle.
AB  - In this study, a pronounced increase of ethanol oxidation was found in
      hepatocytes obtained from adenosine-treated rats, or after in vitro additional of
      the nucleoside; this finding was accompanied by a maintenance of the normal
      cytoplasmic redox state. These results suggest a higher availability of
      cytoplasmic NAD in these cells. Therefore, the metabolic pathways which carry out
      the reoxidation of cytosolic reducing equivalents, namely, malate-aspartate and
      alpha-glycerophosphate shuttles, were examined. Isolated mitochondria from
      adenosine-treated rats had an increased NADH oxidation by the malate-aspartate
      shuttle; furthermore, in vivo and in vitro addition of adenosine to the
      hepatocytes induced changes in the equilibrium of the malate-aspartate shuttle,
      as evidenced by the subcellular distribution of the intermediates of this
      pathway. Acetaldehyde removal was also increased by adenosine and this fact was
      related to an elevated NAD/NADH ratio in the mitochondria. Thus, under these
      conditions, an increased ethanol uptake was accompanied by enhanced acetaldehyde
      removal in the animal. In conclusion, adenosine administration stimulates the
      transport of cytoplasmic reducing equivalents to the mitochondria, mainly through
      the malate-aspartate shuttle. This action, which may be located at the level of
      the mitochondrial membrane, is reflected by an enhancement of ethanol and
      acetaldehyde oxidations.

PMID- 2887214
TI  - Endogenous agonists may change the concentration-response curves of exogenous
      agonists: source of quantitative information about the endogenous tone.
AB  - The "pharmacological dogma" that competitive antagonists cause parallel shifts to
      the right with sustained maximum effect of semi-logarithmic concentration
      response curves of exogenous agonists may not be true if an endogenous agonist is
      present in the preparation. In this case, the antagonist and the exogenous
      agonist interfere in a complex way with an existing circuit of regulation between
      the response and the endogenous agonist. In consequence, it is difficult to
      determine the true shift in the concentration-response curves as induced by the
      antagonist, since a deviation of the curves in a non-parallel manner can be
      observed. The extent of this deviation may be used to learn more about the
      variables involved. The present paper discusses this phenomenon: The regulatory
      circuit of the (auto)receptor modulated release of neutrotransmitters is used as
      an example. Paired samples of data are analysed in this example. Since the extent
      of the non-parallel deviation also depends on the manner in which the paired
      samples are mathematically linked, two different ways of data evaluation have
      been used. A theoretical model of the relation between receptor activation and
      response is proposed which allows to evaluate experimental concentration-response
      curves by means of non-linear regression analysis. This evaluation yields
      quantitative information on the parameters of the regulatory circuit: the
      concentration of the endogenous agonist, its KD value and the true shift of the
      concentration-response curve caused by the applied antagonist.

PMID- 2887213
TI  - [Energizing of F1-ATPase after irradiation with visible light].
AB  - It was shown that ATP synthesis by F1-ATPase sensitized by visible light was
      combined with oxidation of SH groups and decrease of initial flavin fluorescence
      in the F1-ATPase preparation. It was suggested that it was an endogenous flavin
      group that regulated redox transitions between SH-S-S groups which was essential
      for the catalysis in vivo.

PMID- 2887216
TI  - Benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2887215
TI  - [Role and place of cyclic nucleotides in the neuroendocrine regulation of cells
      and tissues].
AB  - Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate occupy one of
      the central places in the neuro-endocrine regulation in the highest organisms.
      These nucleotides mediate the effect of most hormones and neurotransmitters:
      peptide, polypeptide and proteinaceous, catecholamine, histamine, many
      prostaglandins, acetylcholine (in the case of muscarinic cholinergic receptor
      activation), endorphins and enkephalins. They regulate also synthesis and
      secretion of many hormones and neurotransmitters. Cyclic nucleotides play a key
      role in the functioning of organs of sense (vision, smelling and taste). Under
      the control of cyclic nucleotides there are main metabolic processes:
      glycogenolysis and lipolysis. These nucleotides have been shown to participate in
      the genome expression, in growth, differentiation and proliferation of cells.
      Accelerating or decelerating the ionic transport across the biological membranes
      cyclic nucleotides influence the cell bioelectric activity as well its
      contractility. They may also change the properties of contractile and
      cytoskeleton proteins, thus interfering in the processes of mobility and shape
      formation of cells.

PMID- 2887217
TI  - Pyroglutamyl N-termini of thermal polyamino acids.
AB  - It has been established indirectly that the N-termini of the thermal polyamino
      acids are pyroglutamic acid. This was determined by trifluoroacetic acid
      hydrolysis of the lactam ring followed by Dansyl labelling. The polyamino acids
      contained Ala, Gly, Glu, Leu, Phe, and Pro. In the experiments described here,
      the presence of pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus of a polyamino acid was
      determined directly by the use of pyrrolidone carboxylyl peptidase. The enzyme
      catalyzes the removal of pyroglutamyl residues at the N-terminus of polypeptide
      chains. The polyamino acids used in these studies contained glutamic acid,
      aspartic acid, alanine, glycine, isoleucine, proline and valine. Alkaline
      hydrolysis was also used to determine indirectly that the N-termini of these
      polyamino acids are pyroglutamic acid. Another interesting finding was that many
      of the amino acids in the polymerization mixture were found to occur penultimate
      to the N-terminal amino acid. This is interpreted to mean that the diffusible
      fraction contains many polyamino acids.

PMID- 2887218
TI  - [Effect of cholinergic stimulation on spontaneous lymphocyte adhesion in vitro].
AB  - With the help of spontaneous lymphocyte adhesion test it was demonstrated that
      acetylcholine and carbacholine enhanced the adhesion of lymphocytes. The
      enhancement revealed was completely abolished by a specific M-cholinergic blocker
      -atropine, but not N-cholinergic blocker--hexonium. Thus, the enhancement of
      spontaneous human lymphocyte adhesion by cholinergic stimulation is mediated by M
      cholinoreceptors. It is suggested that the phenomenon revealed is mediated by the
      enhancement of cGMP intracellular levels after cholinergic stimulation.

PMID- 2887219
TI  - [Protective potential of hematopoietic cells of the embryonic liver during long
      term culture].
AB  - The influence of the duration of the organ cultivation on the protective
      potential of mouse fetal liver hemopoietic cells was investigated. The protective
      potential was evaluated according to a 3-week viability of the lethally
      irradiated (mean LD88/21) mice following syngeneic transplantation. During 20
      days of cultivation the protective potential (calculated per number of injected
      cells) remained at the initial level. With more prolonged cultivation (24-62
      days) the protective potential was retained only in part of cultures and the mean
      effect was reduced. No parallelism has been revealed between the totipotent
      hemopoietic precursors capable of replacing the hemopoietic cells of an
      irradiated recipient and the CFUs in long-cultivated fetal liver cultures.

PMID- 2887220
TI  - [Tyrosine hydroxylase of the blood leukocytes].
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase activity has been established in blood plasma leucocytes of
      rat, cat and man. Tyrosine precursors and some nuclear erythroid cells. GFU-GM
      did hydroxylase activity in leucocytes shows the Km for tyrosine inhibited by
      high concentrations of L6 tyrosine (substrate inhibition), alpha-methyl-para
      tyrosine dopamine. The kinetic properties of leucocyte tyrosine hydroxylase are
      qualitatively similar to the properties of brain tyrosine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2887221
TI  - [Temperature sensitivity of afferent receptors in the isolated rabbit heart].
AB  - Changes in the positive chronotropic effects induced by epicardial irrigation
      with heated Krebs-Henseleit solution were studied in the isolated rabbit heart
      before and after intracoronary infusion of a ganglionic blocking agent, Arfonad
      (10 mg/ml). 2-3 minutes after Arfonad infusion the positive chronotropic effects
      decreased to 37.9% and 5-10 minutes later they returned to control levels. It is
      concluded that epicardial surface warming causes an increase in afferent receptor
      activity. It is suggested that neurogenic component of the positive chronotropic
      effect may be produced through the activation of intracardiac reflectory
      pathways.

PMID- 2887222
TI  - [Neuroimmunoregulatory properties of short protein fragments in rats exposed to
      immobilization stress].
AB  - The influence of short protein fragments on immobilization stress-induced
      alterations in neuroendocrine and immune systems (catecholamine content in the
      striatum, hypothalamus and adrenals, serum corticosterone concentration, specific
      antibody producing activity) was investigated. Immunoglobulin G fragments-
      tuftsin, rigin, polar amino acid set--polarin and thymus hormone fragment-
      thymopoetin, as well as substance P (as reference drug) were administered
      intraperitoneally at doses of 100 and 500 micrograms/kg 30 min before exposure to
      stress. Rigin and thymopentin showed high stress-protective activity. It is
      suggested that similar protein fragments, being endogenously formed, may play a
      regulating role in neuroimmunological homeostasis during exposure to stress.

PMID- 2887223
TI  - The transglutaminase in vascular cells and tissues could provide an alternate
      pathway for fibrin stabilization.
AB  - A thrombin-independent transglutaminase (TG) has been identified in vascular
      cells and tissues from human, rabbit, rat, porcine, and bovine sources. The
      vascular TG had several properties that were similar but not identical to guinea
      pig liver TG. Both enzymes had similar chromatographic and electrophoretic
      properties, preferentially cross-linked the alpha-chains of fibrinogen, and
      reacted with polyclonal and monoclonal anti-guinea-pig liver TG antibodies.
      However, the TG from adult bovine aortic endothelial (ABAE) cells exhibited a
      novel Ca2+/Mg2+ dependence for enzymatic activity that was distinct from that of
      purified guinea pig liver TG. The mol wt of the vascular TG (79 +/- 3 kd)
      determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE) was slightly lower than the purified guinea pig liver TG (85 +/- 9 kd). The
      TG antigen was detected by immunohistochemical techniques in association with the
      endothelial and smooth muscle cells of arteries, veins, venules, and capillaries.
      The TG antigen also codistributed with the fibronectin antigen along the hepatic
      sinusoids. The ABAE cell TG cross-linked alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor to fibrinogen
      and caused the modified fibrinogen to be 40-fold more resistant to plasminolysis.
      A thrombin-independent TG in vascular cells of blood vessels could provide an
      alternate pathway to inhibit fibrinolysis and promote fibrin stabilization.

PMID- 2887224
TI  - 1986 update of HIV seroprevalence, seroconversion, AIDS incidence, and
      immunologic correlates of HIV infection in patients with hemophilia A and B.
AB  - A cohort of 181 patients with hemophilia A (149) and hemophilia B (32) cared for
      at the Hemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania was followed to determine human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence, seroconversion rate, and clinical
      and immunologic correlates of HIV infection. By December 1986, 82 (45%) were HIV
      seropositive, and of these, ten (12%) had developed AIDS, 28 (34%) had
      symptomatic HIV infection (CDC class III, IV), of whom 14 (17%) had AIDS-related
      complex (ARC), and 44 (54%) had asymptomatic HIV infection (CDC class II). The
      HIV seropositive group included 82% of those treated with factor VIII concentrate
      (97% severe, 5% moderate), 48% of those treated with factor IX concentrate (92%
      severe, 8% moderate), 10% of those treated with cryoprecipitate (67% severe, 33%
      moderate), and none of those treated with fresh frozen plasma. Based on 77
      serially sampled HIV seropositive hemophiliacs (1977 to 1986), peak
      seroconversion occurred in 1982, with 14% (11 of 77) occurring since 1984. With
      increasing time from seroconversion, both T4 lymphocyte number and function (the
      latter measured by growth in soft agar [T colony assay]) progressively declined;
      T4 number declined to 135 +/- 26/mm3 (SEM), and colony count declined 1193 +/-
      537 (control 3851 +/- 387) by 5 years after seroconversion. In those developing
      AIDS, total T4 fell below 100/mm3 (33 +/- 8/mm3) at diagnosis. In this cohort,
      the overall AIDS incidence is 5.5% (12% among the HIV seropositive) and in those
      seropositive 5 or more years, the AIDS incidence approaches 32%.

PMID- 2887225
TI  - Immunoregulatory T-cell defects in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: cause or
      consequence of the disease? The contributory role of decreased availability of
      interleukin 2 (IL-2).
AB  - Several phenotypic and functional defects have been described within the residual
      T-lymphocyte population of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B
      CLL), particularly in those in the more advanced stages of the disease. In this
      study, we review these abnormalities and discuss their possible effects on the
      course of the illness. Particular emphasis is devoted to the role of interleukin
      2 (IL-2) in B-CLL. Evidence is provided that the IL-2 released by B-CLL T
      lymphocytes may be utilized by the neoplastic B-cell clone that expresses the IL
      2 receptor and that decreased availability of IL-2 may play a contributory role
      in some of the T-cell defects encountered in B-CLL.

PMID- 2887226
TI  - Recent advances in sympathetic neurotransmission. Proceedings of the 6th meeting
      on adrenergic mechanisms held in honour of Professor J. Garrett. Porto, Portugal,
      September 27-30, 1986.

PMID- 2887227
TI  - Characteristic features of transmitter release from sympathetic nerve terminals.
AB  - Recently, using intracellular recording techniques, it has been shown that
      transmitter release from individual varicosities in sympathetic nerves occurs
      intermittently, and that only a single quantum of transmitter is secreted when
      the release process of a varicosity is activated by the nerve action potential.
      Here we discuss results obtained using a novel method of extracellular recording
      which allows simultaneous measurement of both the nerve action potential and
      transmitter release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals. We have
      confirmed that release is intermittent, but the importance of this new approach
      is that the relationship between the nerve terminal action potential and
      transmitter release can be studied unambiguously for the first time. Thus, we are
      able to show unequivocally that: (1) intermittence is caused by a low probability
      of transmitter release in the invaded varicosity; (2) frequency-dependent
      facilitation of release is determined by the rate of arrival of the action
      potential and not by detectable changes in its configuration; (3) the current
      underlying the exciitatory junction potential (EJP) is brief compared to the
      total duration of the EJP, and (4) clonidine may inhibit transmitter release by
      modifying the nerve terminal action potential. These results provide important
      new insights into the fundamental mechanisms involved in the physiological and
      pharmacological control of transmitter release from sympathetic nerves.

PMID- 2887228
TI  - The role of an intergovernmental regional organization in combating drug
      trafficking: a perspective of the Colombo Plan Bureau.
AB  - The Colombo Plan was established in 1950 as a regional intergovernmental
      organization for co-operative economic and social development in Asia and the
      Pacific comprising 26 member States. The permanent secretariat is the Colombo
      Plan Bureau to which is attached the Drug Advisory Programme (DAP) headed by a
      drug adviser, who consults with Governments and helps develop co-operative
      programmes for drug abuse prevention and control. DAP functions in close liaison
      and co-operation with organizations of the United Nations system and other
      regional and international organizations in pursuing activities in line with the
      international strategy and policies for drug control of the United Nations. DAP
      assists member States in creating public awareness of the dangers of drug abuse
      and drug trafficking through the use of mass media, seminars, workshops and
      conferences and study exchange programmes. It assists Governments in updating
      their drug laws and in establishing special drug units and national co-ordinating
      bodies on drug abuse control. DAP encourages and supports the utilization of
      community resources and the activities of non-governmental organizations and
      voluntary bodies for the prevention and reduction of drug abuse, as well as the
      use of mass media for more co-ordinated efforts in this area. It assists member
      States in developing human resources and technical expertise of personnel in the
      various disciplines of law enforcement, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation,
      through training, seminars, study exchange fellowship programmes and research.
      DAP also assists in promoting co-operation at the regional and interregional
      levels, and is involved in developing and strengthening co-operation between
      agencies of member States that deal with drug problems.

PMID- 2887229
TI  - Orchidopexy: the effect of changing patterns of referral and treatment on
      outcome.
AB  - One-hundred and twenty-eight orchidopexies performed between 1979 and 1981 were
      reviewed in 1985, and the results compared with the results of operations
      performed in 1972. The age of referral has been determined for 1972, 1979-1981
      and 1985. The number of unsatisfactory results has decreased from 35 per cent in
      1972 to 9.4 per cent between 1979 and 1981. Five cases of the 'ascending
      testicle' were discovered, confirming the importance of this phenomenon. We
      suggest that the optimum age for orchidopexy is during the second year of life;
      however, during 1985, only 20 per cent of boys referred for orchidopexy were
      under 3 years of age. Doctors performing neonatal examinations should consider
      the possibility of cryptorchidism and ensure that affected neonates are reviewed
      at 1 year. The potential theoretical advantages of orchidopexy at an early age
      will only be converted into clinical benefit if the operation is performed by an
      experienced surgeon who has developed an expertise in this area of surgery.

PMID- 2887230
TI  - Treatment of sensorineural deafness associated with ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2887231
TI  - Extrapyramidal disturbances caused by inappropriate prescribing.

PMID- 2887232
TI  - Renal micropolyarteritis.

PMID- 2887233
TI  - Influence of progesterone coils (PRID) on some plasma constituents in buffaloes.

PMID- 2887234
TI  - Sensory and nonsensory ciliated cells in the ear of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon
      marinus.
AB  - The inner ear of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, was examined using scanning
      and transmission electron microscopy. Many of the nonsensory surfaces of the ear
      chamber are lined by numerous, noninnervated, multiciliated epithelial cells.
      Each multiciliated epithelial cell has 43-66 true cilia projecting from its
      apical surface into the lumen of the ear. Although the cilia leave the cell
      individually, all of the cilia from a single cell come together just above the
      apical cell surface and are held together by a cross-network of fibrillar
      material. The cell bodies of the multiciliated cells sit upon a basal lamina
      which overlies a collagen-filled matrix. Petromyzon has typical vertebrate
      sensory hair cells on the cristae of the two semicircular canals as well as on
      the main sensory epithelium, the macula communis. Cell bodies of the sensory hair
      cells are similar to hair cells of other vertebrates. However, unlike other
      fishes, the sensory hair cells in Petromyzon have striated organelles between the
      nucleus and the apical cell membrane. The hair cells are innervated by afferent
      and efferent nerve fibers.

PMID- 2887235
TI  - Inositol phosphate formation and chloride current responses induced by
      acetylcholine and serotonin through GTP-binding proteins in Xenopus oocyte after
      injection of rat brain messenger RNA.
AB  - The molecular mechanism underlying the signal transduction from muscarinic and
      serotonergic receptors to Cl- channels were investigated in Xenopus oocyte
      microinjected with rat brain poly(A)+ mRNA. Transient Cl- current responses of
      the mRNA-injected oocytes to acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-HT) were
      similar in amplitude and onset. Although pharmacological characterization
      indicated that distinct M1-like and S1-like receptors of rat brain are involved
      in the ACh and 5-HT responses, respectively, these responses cross-desensitized
      each other completely. A common involvement of the GTP-binding proteins coupled
      to phosphoinositide breakdown was suggested by the findings that intracellular
      application of guanosine 5'-O-(2-thio)bisphosphate (GDP beta S) or neomycin
      greatly suppressed both ACh and 5-HT responses. These responses were not affected
      by exposure of the mRNA-injected cells to cholera toxin, but they were inhibited
      by pertussis toxin. The increase in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) responsive both
      to ACh and 5-HT coincided with the expression of Cl- current responses. However,
      only 5-HT but not ACh slightly increased the cyclic AMP (cAMP) content of the
      mRNA-injected cells. Intracellular injection of either IP3 or Ca2+ produced a
      transient Cl- current in the mRNA-injected cells as well as in non-injected
      cells, while 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG), cAMP or cyclic GMP (cGMP) never
      elicited chloride current responses. It was proposed that muscarinic and
      serotonergic receptors are commonly linked to phosphoinositide breakdown through
      the mediation of GTP-binding proteins Ni and/or No in mRNA-injected oocytes.

PMID- 2887236
TI  - Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression during differentiation of
      neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Differentiation of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells into neuron-like cells, with
      extension of neurites and acquisition of excitable membranes, can be induced by
      dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). We have found this differentiation to be accompanied
      by an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA, an increase disproportionate to
      changes in mRNAs for other measured, non-neuron-specific genes. The mRNA
      increases slowly over several days and falls gradually after removal of DMSO.
      Nuclear run-on studies suggest that a change in the rate of transcription cannot
      explain the increase in steady-state mRNA levels. TH mRNA half-life does,
      however, increase. This suggests that regulation is exerted in this case not at
      the level of transcription but rather at that of mRNA stability.

PMID- 2887238
TI  - Slow EPSP and the depolarizing action of noradrenaline on sympathetic
      preganglionic neurons.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the
      lateral horn in slices of cat thoracic cord maintained in vitro. Focal electrical
      stimulation of the slice evoked, in addition to the already described fast EPSPs,
      EPSPs of several seconds duration. The slow EPSPs, like the fast EPSPs, were
      graded with stimulus intensity and were abolished by TTX or low Ca and high Mg
      superfusion. The slow EPSP decreased in amplitude with membrane hyperpolarization
      and was nullified at -90 mV but did not reverse with further hyperpolarization.
      The slow EPSP was abolished by phentolamine or prazosin but not by yohimbine.
      Noradrenaline NA, 10-50 microM) caused in 30% of neurons a TTX-resistant
      depolarization. The NA-evoked depolarization had the same characteristics as the
      slow EPSP with respect to sensitivity to membrane potential and to adrenergic
      blockers. These results suggest that NA, acting on an alpha 1-receptor, may be
      the mediator of the slow EPSP evoked in this neuron by focal stimulation.

PMID- 2887237
TI  - Stimulation of the locus coeruleus decreases arterial pressure.
AB  - Unilateral microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.5-5 nmol) into the locus
      coeruleus (LC) of rats anesthetized with chloralose elicited decreases in blood
      pressure and heart rate. The maximal depressor response elicited by injection of
      L-Glu into the LC was approximately 30 mmHg, and the maximal bradycardic response
      was approximately 35 bpm. Microinjections into the LC of DL-homocysteic acid (1
      nmol) and carbachol (1 nmol), agents which (like L-Glu) stimulate neurons within
      the LC, also produced depressor and bradycardic responses. Vagal blockade with
      methyl atropine eliminated the bradycardic response, but had no effect on the
      decrease in arterial pressure elicited by stimulation of neurons within the LC.
      Destruction of the noradrenergic neurons of the LC by local administration of 6
      hydroxydopamine eliminated the cardiovascular responses elicited by injection of
      L-Glu or carbachol into the LC. These results are in direct contrast to the
      pressor response elicited by electrical stimulation of the region containing the
      LC. Destruction of the LC with 6-hydroxydopamine, which totally eliminated the
      depressor response to L-Glu, slightly potentiated the pressor response elicited
      by electrical stimulation of this region. Electrical stimulation of the region
      containing the LC has also been reported to increase plasma vasopressin levels;
      this response could not be reproduced by by stimulation of the LC by
      microinjection of L-Glu. These results indicate that stimulation of the
      noradrenergic neurons of the rat LC decreases arterial pressure and heart rate.
      Furthermore, these results suggest that the pressor response elicited by
      electrical stimulation of this region is not due to stimulation of neurons of the
      LC.

PMID- 2887239
TI  - A vasoactive intestinal polypeptide system in retinal cell cultures:
      immunocytochemistry and physiology.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to search for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP)-like immunoreactivity and VIP-mediated effects in cultures containing cells
      from the mammalian retina. VIP-like immunoreactivity was detected by indirect
      immunocytochemistry within 6 days after plating dissociated retinal cells from
      embryonic day-19 rats. In electrophysiological experiments, VIP was found to
      facilitate evoked transmission at cholinergic synapses formed by retinal neurons
      in culture.

PMID- 2887240
TI  - Characterization of quisqualate-type L-glutamate receptors in the retina.
AB  - In the vertebrate retina excitatory transmission seems to be mediated mainly by
      excitatory amino acids; glutamate and/or aspartate are the most viable candidates
      to subserve this function. Postsynaptic receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA), kainate (KA), quisqualate (QA) and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid have
      been electrophysiologically identified. In this work we have tried to identify
      and characterize QA receptors through the binding of the most specific analogue
      available for this receptor: [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4
      propionic acid ([3H]AMPA). AMPA binding to retinal membranes was sodium- and
      temperature-independent, with optimum pH at 6-7. Ligand-receptor interaction was
      reversible and saturable. Pharmacologically, glutamate analogues were more active
      displacers than NMDA analogues: AMPA greater than (RS)-3-hydroxy-4,5,6,7
      tetrahydro-isoxazolo-(5,4-C)-pyridine-7-car boxylic acid = L-Glu = QA; with IC50
      in the low microM range. Glutamic acid diethylester was uneffective while KA and
      cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylate were potent inhibitors of binding. Binding was
      stereospecific, L-isomers being more effective displacers than D-forms.
      Subcellular distribution showed binding concentrated in the inner plexiform layer
      (IPL), but also present in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Kinetics of [3H]AMPA
      binding showed a high affinity kB = 1-2 microM in membranes from complete retina,
      IPL and OPL, with binding sites concentrated in P2 (Bmax = 16.2 pmol/mg protein).
      Our results provide biochemical evidence for the presence and distribution of
      physiologically relevant QA receptors in the chick retina which is in agreement
      with previous physiological findings.

PMID- 2887242
TI  - A L-[3H]glutamate binding site on glia: an autoradiographic study on implanted
      astrocytes.
AB  - In the present study cultured astrocytes were implanted into the inferior
      colliculus of rats to create an astrocyte-enriched field that could be examined
      autoradiographically. The presence of the astrocytes was confirmed with anti
      glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) immunocytochemistry. We report the presence
      of a chloride-dependent glutamate binding site on the implanted astrocytes. In
      the presence of chloride, the specific glutamate binding detected in the implant
      area was 5-fold greater than that found in a corresponding contralateral region.
      When the chloride was replaced with acetate, glutamate binding to the astrocytes
      decreased by more than 80%. The chloride-dependent binding to the astrocytes was
      insensitive to inhibition by kainic acid (KA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and
      sensitive to quisqualate, L-aspartate, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, and L-alpha
      aminoadipate. The pharmacology of the binding was very similar to that of the in
      vitro glutamate binding to membranes from cultured astrocytes and to that of a
      chloride-dependent transport system identified in a glioma cell line. We conclude
      that the interaction of glutamate with astrocytes is an important component of
      the total glutamate binding observed in brain slices.

PMID- 2887241
TI  - Synergistic action of thyroid hormone, insulin and hydrocortisone on astrocyte
      differentiation.
AB  - We report here on the synergistic regulation of astrocyte development by 3
      hormones: thyroid hormone (TH), insulin, and hydrocortisone (HC). Their effect,
      in a defined serum-free media, on astrocyte morphology, on glia fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP) immunostaining pattern, and on glutamine synthetase (GS) was
      investigated. TH transformed the flat, polygonal astrocytes into process-bearing
      cells. This effect was accentuated by insulin, which by itself had no effect on
      astrocyte morphology. The morphological transformations were accompanied by
      changes in the pattern of GFAP immunostaining which indicated a more organized
      and directed cytoskeleton arrangement in the TH-insulin treated cultures. Over
      95% of the cells in the culture expressed GFAP. All 3 hormones regulated GS
      levels. TH increased GS levels by 50% and insulin raised its levels by 3-fold.
      While having no effect on astrocyte morphology, HC increased GS levels by 3.7
      fold in both the hormone-free and insulin-supplemented medium. HC acted
      synergistically with insulin in its action on GS bringing about a 12-fold
      increase in the enzyme activity. In contrast, TH did not interact with insulin
      and was additive with HC in its action on GS. The continuous presence of insulin
      and TH was required to maintain their morphological and GS effect, suggesting
      that these hormones might not only be important for astrocyte differentiation,
      but later on for astrocyte function as well. Since astrocytes interact with and
      affect neurons and oligodendrocytes, the findings reported here might have
      bearing on the development and function of these other brain cells as well.

PMID- 2887243
TI  - Effects of selective and non-selective kappa-opioid receptor agonists on
      cutaneous C-fibre-evoked responses of rat dorsal horn neurones.
AB  - We have studied the effects of 3 putative kappa-opioid receptor agonists,
      U50488H, ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) and dynorphin A1-13 (DYN) on the processing
      of nociceptive information in the dorsal horn of the rat under halothane
      anaesthesia. Extracellular single unit recordings were made from convergent or
      multireceptive lumbar dorsal horn neurones, which could be excited by impulses in
      A beta and C fibre afferents following transcutaneous electrical stimulation of
      their ipsilateral hind paw receptive fields and also by noxious and innocuous
      natural stimuli. Agonists were applied directly onto the surface of the spinal
      cord. DYN and U50488H consistently produced both a facilitation and inhibition of
      the C-fibre evoked nociceptive responses of individual cells, these dual effects
      being relatively insensitive to naloxone antagonism and cancelled each other for
      the whole population of cells. A beta fibre-evoked responses were little altered.
      In contrast, EKC consistently depressed C-fibre transmission in a dose-dependent,
      naloxone reversible manner, analogous to, but considerably less potent than
      intrathecal morphine under identical experimental conditions. Agonist-induced
      effects on neuronal responses to natural stimulation (noxious pinch and innocuous
      prod) were consistent with the changes observed with the electrically evoked
      responses. The present results therefore indicate that EKC probably exerts its
      spinal antinociceptive activity in the rat spinal cord in a manner akin to mu
      receptor activation. Results with U50488H and DYN indicate that -opioids can
      excite and inhibit individual neurones but produce no overall change on the whole
      population, so differing from effects mediated by the other opiate receptors.

PMID- 2887244
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity is distributed in the matrix
      compartment of normal human and Huntington's disease striatum.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-lir) was examined in the adult
      human neostriatum and found to be heterogeneously distributed. Comparison of TH
      lir with adjacent sections stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity
      showed that TH-lir is confined to the AChE-rich matrix compartment. TH-lir
      persists within the matrix zone, which is reduced in Huntington's disease (HD),
      suggesting that the nigrostriatal AChE projection may contribute to the
      persistent AChE patch-matrix pattern in HD. Despite marked striatal atrophy, the
      density of TH-immunoreactive fibers and terminals remained unchanged. This
      represents a loss of TH-positive extrinsic afferents in HD proportionate to
      striatal atrophy.

PMID- 2887245
TI  - Pertussis toxin blocks presynaptic glutamate receptors--a novel 'glutamateB'
      receptor in the lobster neuromuscular synapse.
AB  - Topical application of L-glutamate to the neuromuscular synapse of the lobster
      walking leg induced K+-dependent hyperpolarization in the presynaptic membrane.
      This presynaptic glutamate potential (PGP) was insensitive to Joro spider toxin
      (JSTX), a spider toxin which specifically blocks the postsynaptic glutamate
      receptor, but was blocked by pertussis toxin island activating protein (IAP) in a
      dose-dependent manner. IAP had little effect on the resting conductance channels
      in pre- and postsynaptic membranes. GTP gamma S, a hydrolysis-resistant analogue
      of GTP, reduced the PGP supporting the involvement of G-protein in generation of
      K+ activation. The results suggest that a new type of glutamate receptor exists
      in the presynaptic membrane in the crustacean neuromuscular synapse.

PMID- 2887246
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of rats
      kindled by pentylenetetrazol.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was measured in cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) of rats kindled by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, i.p., daily) and
      saline-injected controls. Interictally the levels of SLI did not differ between
      the groups. Five minutes after the PTZ-induced generalized convulsion the amount
      of SLI released into CSF was higher (173%, P = 0.006) in kindled rats than in
      controls, which agrees with previous findings about elevated brain levels of SLI
      in kindling.

PMID- 2887247
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and catecholamine fluorescence in
      ciliary ganglion neurons.
AB  - In the ciliary ganglia of monkeys, dogs, cats and rats, some neuronal perikarya
      exhibited tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity; neither dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity nor phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-like
      immunoreactivity was found in perikarya. Some perikarya of ciliary ganglion
      neurons displayed catecholamine fluorescence; the fluorescent perikarya were
      significantly increased in number in dogs injected with nialamide. Thus the
      existence of dopamine-containing ciliary ganglion neurons was suggested.

PMID- 2887248
TI  - Leukotrienes C4 and D4 stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone from rat median eminence in vitro.
AB  - The release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), somatostatin (SRIF)
      and growth releasing factor (GRF) by male rat median eminences (MEs) incubated in
      vitro for 30 min, in the presence of leukotrienes (LT) C4, D4, E4 and B4 was
      estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Leukotrienes, with the exception of LTE4
      stimulated the release of LH-RH. The dose-response curve was bimodal for LTC4
      with two maxima at 10(-8) and 10(-16) M (X2.2 and 1.9, respectively), biphasic
      for LTD4 with a maximum (X2) at 10(-8) M; LTB4 was active only at 10(-6) M
      (X1.9). These different curves suggest a specific effect on the release of LH-RH.
      Moreover, these effects were selective since no alteration of SRIF and GRF
      secretions was observed. No additive effect on LH-RH release was observed when
      LTC4 and LTD4 were added simultaneously at 10(-8) M. FPL-55712, a drug supposed
      to be an antagonist of LTC4, showed an unexpected stimulatory effect (X4.2 and
      1.7-fold) on LH-RH release at 3.10(-5) and 10(-6) M, respectively. However, FPL
      55712 did not alter the release of LH-RH induced with 10(-8) or 10(-16) M LTC4.
      These results extend our previous observations on the stimulatory action of LTC4
      and are the first evidence of the stimulatory effect of LTD4 and LTB4 on the LH
      RH release.

PMID- 2887249
TI  - Development of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in cerebral cortical
      neurons in primary culture.
AB  - The developmental patterns of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in
      primary culture obtained from the neopallium of 15-day-old fetus of mouse were
      investigated in terms of morphological features, GABA metabolism and GABA
      receptor binding. Morphological investigations revealed that these cells
      possessed typical features of neurons and the formation of synapses was detected
      at 10 days after the inoculation. During neuronal growth on polylysine surfaces,
      GABA contents and activity of GABA transaminase (GABA-T) showed a progressive
      increase in the time of culture. Similarly, L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
      showed a progressive elevation during neuronal development in vitro, which
      corresponded well with the change in immunoreactivity to anti-GAD examined
      immunohistochemically. In addition, the high K+-evoked release of [3H]GABA also
      showed an enhancement during the growth in vitro. The numbers of binding sites
      (Bmax) for [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazepam (FLN) also showed increases with
      the time of incubation, although affinity (Kd) to the labeled ligands did not
      show any noticeable changes. Moreover, it was observed that [3H]FLN binding was
      enhanced by GABA even in neurons cultured for 7 days. These results indicate that
      cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture possess GABA biosynthesizing and
      degrading systems including a high-affinity uptake mechanism for GABA. The
      present results also indicate that these cells possess synaptic contacts as well
      as GABAA receptors coupled with benzodiazepine receptor from a relatively early
      stage of cellular development.

PMID- 2887250
TI  - An endogenous ligand of the brain sigma/PCP receptor antagonizes NMDA-induced
      neurotransmitter release.
AB  - The present study provides evidence for the presence of an endogenous ligand for
      the phencyclidine (PCP) receptor of mammalian brain. Partially purified bovine
      hippocampal extracts potently and dose dependently inhibit binding to PCP
      receptors of [3H]N-(1-[2-thienyl]-cyclohexyl)piperidine (TCP), a highly potent
      and specific ligand of PCP receptors. In addition to demonstrating PCP-like
      binding properties, the partially purified extract mimics biological actions of
      PCP upon neurotransmitter release. HPLC fractions active in the [3]TCP binding
      assay, by contrast to fractions inactive in the binding assay, potently elicited
      stimulation of spontaneous acetylcholine and dopamine efflux and inhibited NMDA
      stimulated release of acetylcholine and dopamine. The transmitter release assay
      provides validation of a PCP-like physiological activity exerted by bovine
      hippocampal extracts partially purified by HPLC.

PMID- 2887251
TI  - Acute ethanol alters the firing pattern and glutamate response of cerebellar
      Purkinje neurons in culture.
AB  - Modified explant cultures derived from the cortical region of fetal rat
      cerebellum, and extracellular recording techniques were used to examine the
      sensitivity and response of cerebellar neurons, isolated from extracerebellar
      afferent input, to acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Recordings were made from
      Purkinje neurons (PNs) and granule cells maintained in culture for several weeks,
      with the emphasis on the PN. Both the PNs and granule cells exhibited spontaneous
      activity in culture, but, unlike the PNs, not all of the granule cells were
      spontaneously active. The majority of PNs studied exhibited a high frequency,
      regular simple spike firing pattern, previously shown to be endogenously
      generated by voltage-sensitive mechanisms intrinsic to the PN. The granule cells
      exhibited slow, irregular patterns of activity. EtOH at doses as low as 22 mM
      (100 mg%), a concentration that reflects blood levels during EtOH intoxication,
      altered the spontaneous activity of both neuronal types, demonstrating that EtOH
      has direct actions on cerebellar neurons. In the PNs, acute EtOH (20-80 mM)
      produced an increase in the regularity of the spontaneous activity and either a
      transient increase or no change in firing rate. Acute EtOH also significantly
      altered the response of PNs to the excitatory transmitter glutamate. In the
      granule cells, acute EtOH altered firing pattern with small and variable effects
      on firing rate. These data demonstrate that there are multiple sites of EtOH
      action in the cerebellum and that changes in PN activity with acute EtOH exposure
      may occur via direct actions on the PN and indirect actions via synaptically
      connected cerebellar neurons. The demonstration of EtOH-sensitive sites intrinsic
      to the cerebellum suggests that EtOH actions at these sites contribute to
      alterations in PN activity that occur in vivo after acute EtOH exposure.

PMID- 2887252
TI  - Differential mechanisms involved in the anticonflict action of benzodiazepines
      injected into the central amygdala and mammillary body.
AB  - The present study was designed to clarify the mechanism of action of
      benzodiazepines (BDZ) injected into the central amygdala (ACE) and mammillary
      body (MB). When gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at doses of 30 and 70 micrograms,
      muscimol (0.01 and 0.03 microgram), valproate (200 micrograms), atropine (20
      micrograms) and cyproheptadine (3 micrograms) were bilaterally injected into ACE,
      a significant and marked increase in the punished responses of conflict schedule
      was observed. These drugs injected into MB failed to increase the punished
      responses. In MB, only noradrenaline (NA, 20 micrograms) showed the anticonflict
      action. NA 20 micrograms also produced the anticonflict action in ACE. These
      results suggest that the mechanism of anticonflict action of BDZ is different in
      brain areas. The GABA-ergic, cholinergic, serotonergic and NA-ergic systems seem
      to be involved in the mechanism of anticonflict action of BDZ in ACE. While the
      NA-ergic system appears to be operative in MB.

PMID- 2887254
TI  - Isolated deficiency of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in
      tuberoinfundibular neurons in pituitary prolactin-deficient Snell dwarf mice.
AB  - Light microscopic morphology and relative numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      immunoreactive neurons were assessed in hypothalamus of hypopituitary Snell dwarf
      mice, compared with normal mice of the same strain. Qualitatively, a specific
      deficit in staining of tuberoinfundibular neurons was noted in dwarf
      hypothalamus; TH-positive terminals were absent in dwarf median eminence, and
      morphology of axons in this region was aberrant. Qualitative observations were
      supported by quantitative assessment of hypothalamic dopaminergic neuron groups.
      Dorsal and intermediate TH-positive cells numbered 80% of those normal mouse
      brain; tuberoinfundibular (A12) TH-positive neurons in dwarf hypothalamus were 2%
      of those in normal mouse brain. The results imply that absence of pituitary
      hormone feedback impedes both structural and biochemical development of
      hypophysiotropic hypothalamic neurons.

PMID- 2887253
TI  - Septo-hippocampal neurons: altered properties in the aged rat.
AB  - The septo-hippocampal pathway is one of the best characterized cholinergic
      pathways of the mammalian central nervous system. It is very likely that this
      pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of dementia of the Alzheimer's type
      and perhaps of normal aging also. The properties of the septo-hippocampal neurons
      identified by their antidromic response to the electrical stimulation of the
      fimbria-fornix were altered in aged (27 months) rats as compared to young (2-3
      months) controls: their pattern of spontaneous activity (including the frequency
      of occurrence of a rhythmically bursting activity) and their axonal conduction
      velocity were altered. The intensity of these changes was dependent on the
      presence of pituitary tumor which developed spontaneously in about 1/3 of the
      animals. These results provide direct evidence of the involvement of septo
      hippocampal neurons in the aging process.

PMID- 2887255
TI  - Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone discloses a stimulatory effect of beta
      endorphin on somatostatin release.
AB  - The influence of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and beta
      endorphin (beta-END) on the secretion of somatostatin (SRIF) from the median
      eminence (ME) was studied using an in vitro incubation system. The MEs from adult
      male rats were first preincubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min with constant
      shaking in 0.4 ml of Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate-glucose buffer (pH 7.4) containing
      bacitracin in an atmosphere of 95% O2/5% CO2. Medium was discarded and replaced
      by medium containing different doses of alpha-MSH, beta-END, or a fixed dose of
      alpha-MSH (10(-7) M or 10(-9) M) plus beta-END at various concentrations. By
      themselves alpha-MSH and beta-END did not alter basal SRIF release, but in the
      presence of alpha-MSH (10(-7) M) beta-END stimulated somatostatin release. This
      effect was significant at concentrations of beta-END of 10(-8) M and higher. The
      permissive effect of alpha-MSH was observed at a concentration as low as 10(-9)
      M, but in this case the stimulatory effect of beta-END became evident only at
      higher doses tested (10(-7) M). It is suggested that alpha-MSH and beta-END
      participate in the modulation of SRIF release. By themselves beta-END and alpha
      MSH did not affect basal release of SRIF but in the presence of alpha-MSH, beta
      END had a stimulatory effect on SRIF release. The mechanism for this interaction
      is unknown. The results are consistent with the possibility that beta-END neurons
      have stimulatory and inhibitory effects on SRIF release and that alpha-MSH, by
      blocking the inhibitory components, discloses the stimulatory effect of beta-END
      on SRIF release.

PMID- 2887256
TI  - Reduction of common carotid resistance upon stimulation of an area dorsal to the
      facial nucleus of cats.
AB  - In chloralose-urethane-anesthetized cats, electrical stimulation and glutamate
      injection on a small reticular area just dorsal to the facial nucleus (DFA)
      elicited an ipsilateral reduction in the common carotid resistance (CCR
      reduction) with no or minimal change in other cardiovascular parameters. CCR
      reduction was mediated via facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, involving
      partially muscarinic and partially non-muscarinic mechanisms.

PMID- 2887258
TI  - Hypoxia-ischemia produces focal disruption of glutamate receptors in developing
      brain.
AB  - We examined the impact of a perinatal hypoxic-ischemic insult on the distribution
      of glutamate receptors in developing brain. We used a well characterized rodent
      model for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, unilateral carotid artery
      occlusion followed by exposure to 8% oxygen for 2.5 h in 7-day-old rat pups. This
      preparation results in focal neuronal damage in striatum, hippocampus, and cortex
      ipsilateral to ligation. Alterations in the regional distribution of glutamate
      binding in the first 24 h after the insult were assessed with quantitative in
      vitro [3H]glutamate autoradiography. In lesioned animals, we found progressive
      selective reductions in [3H]glutamate binding in forebrain ipsilateral to
      ligation in regions destined for neuronal damage. The earliest and most prominent
      unilateral reductions in binding were noted in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus (
      45 +/- 9%, compared with contralateral hemisphere at 24 h). Acute reductions in
      specific glutamate binding appear to be a sensitive marker for hypoxic-ischemic
      neuronal damage in the immature brain. These observations suggest that neurons
      bearing glutamate receptors may be particularly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic
      injury.

PMID- 2887257
TI  - Potassium-evoked release of endogenous primary amine-containing compounds from
      the trout saccular macula and saccular nerve in vitro.
AB  - An in vitro preparation of the trout saccular macula, containing a large number
      of hair cells, served as a potential source of neurotransmitter(s) released at
      the acousticolateralis hair cell-afferent nerve synapse. An in vitro preparation
      of the saccular nerve, maintained in parallel, served to indicate the potential
      neural contribution to overall release from the macula. Efflux of 27 primary
      amine-containing compounds from the macula and nerve fractions was monitored by
      cation-exchange HPLC with fluorescence detection, and release by 53.5 mM
      potassium was determined at 1.45 mM calcium, 0.35 mM magnesium or 0 mM calcium,
      10.1 mM magnesium. Taurine was released from the saccular macula in the greatest
      amount, accounting for 72% of the total evoked release of primary amine
      containing compounds. Its release was calcium dependent and its time course
      prolonged. The contribution by myelinated nerve and associated Schwann cells
      within the macula to overall release of taurine from the macula in the presence
      of calcium, as determined from the saccular nerve preparation, was only 2%. Other
      components specifically released from the macula included ethanolamine,
      phosphoserine, beta-alanine, and glycine. Glutamate and aspartate were released
      from both the macula and saccular nerve fractions by potassium in the presence of
      calcium and in a ratio of 6:1 (glutamate:aspartate) for the macula and 7.5:1 for
      the nerve. The release of aspartate, but not that of glutamate, was lowered in
      saline containing 0 mM calcium, 10.1 mM magnesium. The calculated contribution
      from neural elements to overall release from the macula was 10% for aspartate and
      18% for glutamate. These studies demonstrate that both the macula and saccular
      nerve fractions release the 'excitatory neurotransmitter' candidates aspartate
      and glutamate. Calcium-dependent, potassium-evoked release of taurine appears to
      be specific to the hair cell-supporting cell population of the saccular macula,
      and taurine may, therefore, be involved directly or indirectly in hair cell
      neurotransmission in labyrinthine organs. This study represents the first
      detailed biochemical characterization of efflux and release for an in vitro hair
      cell system of relatively high purity with respect to hair cells.

PMID- 2887259
TI  - Postnatal development of the chemosensitivity of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells to
      excitatory amino acids. An in vitro study.
AB  - In vitro sagittal slices of immature rat cerebellum were used to study the
      development of the sensitivity of Purkinje cells (PCs) to L-aspartate (L-Asp), L
      glutamate (L-Glu) and related derivatives. As early as postnatal day 0 all PCs
      already displayed clear excitatory responses to short iontophoretic applications
      of L-Asp, L-Glu and quisqualate while in the same conditions no effect of N
      methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMDLA) was detected. By postnatal day 5, i.e. after the
      onset of the synaptogenesis, the sensitivity of PCs to L-Asp, L-Glu and
      quisqualate significantly increased up to values similar to those recorded in
      adult rat cerebellum and surprisingly nearly all (87%) the recorded cells now
      also displayed excitatory responses to NMDLA. Although this sensitivity of PCs to
      NMDLA was significantly lower than that observed with the other drugs, it
      persisted until the end of the first postnatal month when the adult type of
      connectivity is already well established but at this stage only 30 per cent of
      the tested cells were still sensitive to the agonist. During this period,
      excitatory responses elicited by NMDLA were selectively antagonized by 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (2-APV), suggesting that during postnatal development, NMDA
      receptor types are transiently expressed on PCs membranes since in the adult,
      NMDLA no longer had an excitatory effect. Instead, this drug now exerted a
      preferential antagonistic action on the excitatory response elicited by L-Asp.
      Also in the adult, no major changes occurred in the sensitivity of PCs to L-Asp,
      L-Glu and quisqualate when these drugs were ejected at a dendritic site whereas,
      when ejected at the somatic level, the sensitivity of the cell appeared 2-3 times
      lower.

PMID- 2887261
TI  - cGmp synthesis in cultured cerebellar neurons is stimulated by glutamate via a
      Ca2+-mediated, differentiation-dependent mechanism.
AB  - Sensitivity of cyclic GMP synthesis to stimulation by excitatory amino acids,
      depolarizing agents, and divalent cation ionophores develops during the
      differentiation of cerebellar neurons in culture; in each case calcium influx
      appears responsible for activating guanylate cyclase. The developmental event
      being followed is not the appearance of either the soluble or the particulate
      form of the enzyme since both are present throughout. The possible role of a
      differentiation-dependent calcium-modulating protein is discussed.

PMID- 2887260
TI  - Development of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in rat retina.
AB  - Levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were measured in the rat
      retina by radioimmunoassay during prenatal and postnatal development. SLI
      containing cells were visualized by immunocytochemistry throughout this time
      period. SLI is present as early as embryonic day 15 (E15) and by E16 at
      concentrations 10-fold (4.4 +/- 1.4 pg/micrograms protein) higher than the adult
      retina, and the SLI is confined to cells in the inner neuroblastic layer. As the
      inner plexiform layer (IPL) develops (E17-18), the level of SLI falls (2.0
      pg/micrograms protein) and distinct SLI neurites are seen throughout the inner
      neuroblastic layer. At birth (P0), the SLI level continues to decline at a time
      when cells are migrating. Few immunoreactive cells are seen in the developing
      ganglion cell layer (GCL), presumably as a result of this migration. At postnatal
      day 4 (P4), the amount of SLI continues to decline, and very few immunoreactive
      cells are noted. At P8, distinct cells contain SLI both in the GCL and inner
      nuclear layer (INL). SLI then increases as the retina matures postnatally. After
      eye opening, the amount of SLI approaches adult levels and the immunocytochemical
      pattern is similar to that reported for the adult rat retina; i.e. SLI is
      confined to two subpopulations of cells, one in the INL and one in the GCL. The
      early prenatal appearance of SLI suggests that it may play a role in retinal
      development.

PMID- 2887262
TI  - A cardioinhibitory area in the midbrain central tegmental field of cats.
AB  - A cardioinhibitory area in the central tegmental field of the midbrain (CIM) was
      studied in cats under chloralose-urethane anesthesia. Electrical and chemical
      (glutamate and DL-homocysteic acid) stimulations in this area produced marked
      bradycardia accompanied by mostly hypotension or minimal change in arterial
      pressure and by occasional hypertension particularly in the dorsal portion. CIM
      excitation potentiated the reflex bradycardia induced by IV phenylephrine, while
      bilateral electrolytic lesion of CIM neither changed the resting cardiovascular
      parameters nor the reflex bradycardia. The CIM bradycardia was not affected by
      supracollicular decerebration, but substantially reduced by unilateral vagotomy
      and completely eliminated by bilateral vagotomy. Destruction of the ambiguus
      nucleus (NA) and solitary and dorsal motor nuclei (NTS/DMV) abolished the
      bradycardia. Midline bisection at the midbrain-pontine level only slightly
      reduced the bradycardia while at the medullary level it was moderately
      attenuated. Electrolytic lesion of the cardioinhibitory area in gigantocellular
      reticular nucleus (GRN) abolished the bradycardia. These findings suggest that
      CIM is an independent mechanism which may send axons to GRN from which the axons
      may in turn synapse with the NTS/DMV complex and NA. Its final output may utilize
      both vagus nerves to modulate baroreceptor reflex in promoting bradycardia.

PMID- 2887263
TI  - Locally applied progesterone metabolites alter neuronal responsiveness in the
      cerebellum.
AB  - Ongoing studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that both systemically and
      locally administered sex steroids 17 beta estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P)
      alter cerebellar Purkinje cell responses to microiontophoretically applied amino
      acid neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate (GLUT) in the urethane-anesthetized,
      ovariectomized adult rat. In the present study, we have examined the effects of
      several locally pressure ejected P metabolites on Purkinje cell responsiveness to
      GABA and GLUT: 5 alpha-pregnane-20-one (5 alpha DHP), 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha-ol
      20-one (3 alpha OH-DHP) and 5 alpha-pregnane-3 beta-ol-20-one (3 beta OH-DHP).
      GABA-induced inhibition was markedly enhanced immediately after onset of local
      application of 3 alpha OH-DHP or 5 alpha DHP, unaccompanied by alterations in
      background discharge. Both metabolites also attenuated excitatory responses to
      GLUT by 0-3 min after initiation of steroid application. In both cases, recovery
      to control levels of response was observed 6-9 min after termination of pressure
      application. These results are similar to those seen after local or systemic
      injection of P. In contrast, 3 beta OH-DHP did not produce any alteration in
      Purkinje cell responses to either amino acid. As 5 alpha DHP and 3 alpha OH-DHP
      can be localized in cerebellar tissue after P administration, the results
      presented here suggest that the neuronal effects of systemic P may be mediated by
      local membrane actions of P or its metabolites.

PMID- 2887264
TI  - [Existence of immunoreactivity to GABA in dopaminergic amacrine cells of the rat
      retina].
AB  - Two different immunohistochemical double labelling techniques have allowed the
      demonstration of a GABA-immunoreactivity in the dopamine amacrine cells of the
      rat retina. The functional implications of such a colocalization are of
      importance because antagonist effects of these two neurotransmitters on retinal
      horizontal cells have been demonstrated.

PMID- 2887265
TI  - [Proposal of a new analgesia test based on the observation of nociceptive
      behavior induced by electric stimulation of dental pulp in the rat].
AB  - Dental pulp was electrically stimulated in the awake rat. When the stimulus
      intensity was progressively increased the following four nociceptive reactions
      successively appeared: jaw opening reflex, scratching, head rotation,
      vocalization. The threshold of these four reactions was observed before and after
      administration of three antalgic drugs. No action of the three drugs was observed
      for the jaw opening reflex. However each drug showed different actions on the
      other three reactions.

PMID- 2887267
TI  - Differences in presynaptic action of 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium at
      frog neuromuscular junction.
AB  - 4-Aminopyridine markedly potentiates transmitter release at the frog pectoris
      neuromuscular junction by increasing the quantal content even when applied at low
      concentrations (5-20 microM). This enhancement of transmitter release is
      associated with greater minimum synaptic latency, but the dispersion of the
      synaptic latencies does not appear much affected. This is in contrast with the
      action of tetraethylammonium (0.2-0.5 mM) in which case similar enhancement of
      transmitter release results not only in larger minimum synaptic latency but also
      in greater dispersion of the synaptic latencies. The time course of transmitter
      release associated with enhanced transmitter output is hence much more prolonged
      in the presence of tetraethylammonium than 4-aminopyridine, at least for low
      concentrations of 4-aminopyridine (5-20 microM). This indicates that their
      presynaptic actions differ significantly. This conclusion is further strengthened
      by the finding that unlike tetraethylammonium, 4-aminopyridine induces bursts of
      release, presumably by producing multiple action potentials in the nerve
      terminal. Tetraethylammonium probably acts by blocking the delayed potassium
      conductance, but the blockade of Ca2+-activated K+ conductance cannot be
      excluded. 4-Aminopyridine, however, probably blocks the fast inactivating (IA) K+
      current, but it also may be acting directly on the voltage-dependent Ca2+
      conductance or on the intracellular Ca2+ buffering.

PMID- 2887266
TI  - [Benign adrenal pheochromocytoma in adults].

PMID- 2887268
TI  - Pretreatment of human platelet membranes with trypsin abolishes GTP but not Na+
      effects on alpha 2-adrenoreceptor-agonist interactions.
AB  - The affinity of many types of membrane-bound receptors coupled negatively to
      adenylate cyclase is regulated by divalent and monovalent cations and by guanine
      nucleotides (GTP). We used alpha 2-adrenoreceptors of human platelets as a model
      system to find out the effect of limited proteolysis with trypsin on the
      regulation of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor-agonist interactions by GTP and Na+. We
      found that partial proteolysis of the membranes with trypsin for 3 min at 35
      degrees C reduced specific [3H]yohimbine binding to platelet membranes to 40-50%
      of control. The following characteristics of the receptors remaining after
      proteolysis were similar to those of untreated membranes: affinity for the
      agonist and antagonists, stereospecificity, and kinetic properties. Trypsin also
      did not modify the ability of the receptor's change from a high to low affinity
      state in the presence of Na+. These findings suggested that the capability of the
      receptors to recognize the ligand and their ability to undergo a conformational
      change in the presence of the agonist were retained despite a reduction in the
      total number of receptors by trypsin. However, the modulation of the receptor-
      agonist interactions by GTP or Mg2+ was lost in the trypsin-pretreated membranes,
      while the modulation by Na+ remained intact. It is suggested that the loss of GTP
      or Mg2+ effects on receptor--ligand interactions produced by trypsin may be due
      to trypsin-induced disruption of subunits (alpha i, beta gamma) interactions of
      Gi protein.

PMID- 2887269
TI  - Nonadrenergic modulation by clonidine of the cosecretion of catecholamines and
      enkephalins in adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - Cultured bovine chromaffin cells cosecrete catecholamines and enkephalins
      following cholinergic nicotinic stimulation. Initial reports on the inhibitory
      effect of clonidine on catecholamine secretion raised the possibility of a
      modulation of chromaffin cell function through a presynaptic adrenergic
      mechanism. The purpose of this work was to investigate the pharmacological
      characteristics of this inhibitory effect of clonidine on the cosecretion of
      catecholamines and enkephalins in 4-day-old cultured chromaffin cells. We
      observed that clonidine completely inhibits nicotine-stimulated secretion of both
      leucine-enkephalin and catecholamines with an IC50 of 34 microM. Treatment of
      chromaffin cells for 3 days with 100 nM reserpine leads to a 67% increase in
      nicotine-stimulated secretion of leucine-enkephalin without any effect on the
      IC50 of clonidine. In reserpine-treated chromaffin cells, norepinephrine (100
      microM) inhibits only by 27% nicotine-stimulated secretion of leucine-enkephalin
      with an IC50 of 50 microM. Neither the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine
      nor the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin could fully reverse the inhibitory
      effect of clonidine on leucine-enkephalin secretion at 10 nM. These results tend
      to rule out the role of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the mediation of clonidine
      inhibition of cosecretion in chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2887270
TI  - Acute effects of ethanol on baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate and on
      pressor and depressor responsiveness in rats.
AB  - In rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 g/kg of
      ethanol produced an upward shift of baroreflex curves constructed by plotting the
      heart rate response against mean arterial pressure following evoked rises in mean
      arterial pressures by phenylephrine or angiotensin II. Whereas the upward shift
      of baroreceptor curves may be related, at least in part, to a higher base-line
      heart rate after ethanol, the data showed that the 1 g/kg dose of ethanol
      significantly depressed baroreflex sensitivity, suggesting that higher doses of
      ethanol impair baroreflex-mediated bradycardia. The phenylephrine, but not the
      angiotensin II or the nitroprusside, dose-response curves were shifted to the
      right after ethanol, indicating a decreased pressor responsiveness and suggesting
      that ethanol may have alpha-adrenergic blocking activity. This effect was also
      obtained in conscious rats. That this effect was not influenced by changes in
      baroreflex sensitivity was supported by the finding that a similar shift of the
      phenylephrine pressor-response curve was obtained in bilaterally vagotomized and
      hexamethonium-treated rats. Whether this effect of ethanol on baroreflex control
      of heart rate was influenced by anesthesia was investigated in conscious rats;
      the 1 g/kg dose of ethanol that produced the most significant decrease in
      baroreflex sensitivity was used in these experiments. Ethanol was still able to
      significantly inhibit baroreflex sensitivity in conscious rats, but the upward
      shift of the baroreflex curve and the elevated base-line heart rate no longer
      occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887271
TI  - The roles of monoaminergic neurotransmitters in thermoregulation.
AB  - Recent studies of the organization of the thermoregulatory system and evaluation
      of experimental evidence from electrophysiological, neuropharmacological, and
      neuroanatomical studies suggest that the monoamines noradrenaline and 5
      hydroxytryptamine are involved in modulations of thermoregulation rather than in
      thermoregulation per se: they do not seem to transfer specific thermal
      information but rather modulate the signals passing from thermosensors to
      thermoregulatory effectors. Theoretically, the central monoamines could be
      modulating the input from thermosensors, or the central integration of thermal
      signals, or the outflow of signals to thermoregulatory effectors. The modulatory
      action of the monoamines on thermosensitive and thermointegrative hypothalamic
      neurons is best documented. There, the monoamines 5-hydroxytryptamine and
      noradrenaline seem to act as antagonists, which enhance or diminish the effects
      of thermal afferents mediated by other transmitters. Moreover, the antagonistic
      monoaminergic systems are apparently interconnected and can influence each other
      at a lower brain stem level. The activity in central monoaminergic systems can
      also be modified by neurohumoral feedback mechanisms from the periphery. By means
      of these interrelations the vegetative responses of the organism can be corrected
      and optimized.

PMID- 2887272
TI  - Bacillus subtilis Lyt+ and Lyt- strains secrete peptidoglycan hydrolases.
AB  - The phenotypes characteristic of the pleiotropic lytic-deficient Bacillus
      subtilis mutants have been attributed to reductions in N-acetyl-muramoyl-L
      alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28) and endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (EC
      3.2.1.30). It is reported here that these peptidoglycan hydrolases are secreted.
      The FJ3 (lyt-1), FJ6 (lyt-2), and Ni15 (lyt-15) mutants secreted the enzymes in
      amounts comparable to a Lyt+ strain. Thus, the Lyt- mutants appear not be as
      deficient in the enzymes' synthesis as their cell-bound activities indicated.
      Based on the levels of cell-bound and extracellular activities measured during
      growth, it is suggested that the Lyt- phenotype may be due to a deficiency of the
      enzymes' acceptor(s) in cell walls.

PMID- 2887274
TI  - Beta-blocker therapy and the risk of anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2887273
TI  - Wall turnover deficiency of Bacillus subtilis Ni15 is due to a decrease in
      teichoic acid.
AB  - Bacillus subtilis Ni15 is deficient in cell wall turnover. The deficiency is
      removed if the medium contains 0.2 M NaCl, which does not affect growth. The
      levels of amidase and glucosaminidase, the most likely enzymes involved in
      turnover, were, in stationary phase Ni15 cells, similar to those in late
      exponential phase cells of a standard strain. The Ni15 enzymes were not salt
      sensitive. However, the Ni15 walls contained 4.7-fold less phosphorus than the
      walls of the standard strain. Since the phosphorus content of B. subtilis walls
      reflects the level of teichoic acid, it is proposed that the turnover deficiency
      of this strain is due to a decrease in wall teichoic acid.

PMID- 2887275
TI  - Human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia virus Type I (HTLV-I) has been detected in a high
      proportion of individuals in Kumamoto prefecture (Kyushu) and Okinawa, where
      adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is more likely to occur. The seroprevalence of
      antibody to HTLV-I was evaluated in hemodialysis patients and healthy individuals
      in the ATL endemic area. The prevalence of antibody to HTLV-I in 13,329 healthy
      controls was 3.6%, compared with 19.7% in 949 chronic hemodialysis patients. The
      prevalence of hemodialysis patients was significantly higher (P less than 0.01)
      than that in healthy individuals. Of 681 blood transfused patients who had
      undergone hemodialysis, 153 (22.5%) were seropositive, compared with 34 (12.7%)
      of the 268 who had not received the blood transfusion. The incidence was higher
      in dialysis patients who had been transfused than in those who had never received
      blood transfusions. Immune defects associated with uremia may have predisposed
      the patients to HTLV-I infection. Repeated antigenic stimulation from multiple
      infectious agents may have also played a role. The findings suggest an
      association between maintenance hemodialysis and HTLV-I infection, which can not
      be explained solely by blood or blood products.

PMID- 2887276
TI  - The occurrence of catecholamine neurons in a parietal lobe ganglioglioma.
AB  - A parietal lobe ganglioglioma in a 2-year-old girl was investigated
      ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically, using antiserum against tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine (CA)-synthesizing
      pathway. The tumor was composed essentially of neuronal and astrocytic cells.
      Ultrastructurally, numerous dense core vesicles measuring between 56 nm and 136
      nm (mean, 90 nm) in diameter were observed in the neuronal cytoplasm and
      processes. The fact that the TH immunohistochemistry revealed many positive
      neuronal cells in the tumor tissue was of considerable interest. The implications
      and possible significance of the presence of CA neurons in this ganglioglioma are
      discussed.

PMID- 2887278
TI  - Loss of one chromosome #13 during development of a polyposis tumor.
AB  - A cell panel from six different familial cancers, where both normal and tumor
      tissues were available, was examined for genotypic changes with polymorphic DNA
      probes. Seventeen probes were tested, representing chromosomes #1, #2, #5, #6,
      #13, #14, #17, and #19. One probe, p7F12 (D13S1, at 13q12-q14) revealed loss of
      heterozygosity in two tumors: an osteosarcoma from a patient with retinoblastoma
      that had been included as a control, and one polyposis tumor that had been
      established in nude mice from a duodenal carcinoma biopsy. Loss of heterozygosity
      was observed in the first passage of the mouse tumor. Chromosome analysis in
      later passages revealed loss of one whole chromosome #13 as the single consistent
      karyotypic change.

PMID- 2887279
TI  - Demonstration of in vivo formation of the nitrosamine N-nitroso-N-methylaniline
      from amyl nitrite.
AB  - Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in
      U.S. homosexuals. A possible explanation is that butyl nitrite, inhaled as a drug
      of abuse, initiates the tumor via the in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds.
      To demonstrate that such a process can occur, we injected mice i.p. with the
      amine N-methylaniline (250 mg/kg), gavaged them 30 min later with amyl nitrite
      (AmNO2, 40 mg/kg), killed the mice after another 30 or 60 min, and analyzed the
      carcasses for N-nitroso-N-methylaniline (NMA). We obtained 480 +/- 130 (mean +/-
      S.E. for 6 mice killed after 30 min) and 380 +/- 40 (for 6 mice killed after 60
      min) nmol NMA/mouse. Much lower yields were obtained when AmNO2 was injected i.p.
      and methylaniline was gavaged. Hence, relatively large amounts of at least one
      nitrosamine can be produced in vivo from simple nitrite esters.

PMID- 2887277
TI  - Cytogenetic studies of individuals from four kindreds with multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type II syndrome.
AB  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN-II) syndrome is an autosomal dominant
      condition characterized by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pheochromocytoma,
      and parathyroid adenoma. A cytogenetic investigation was conducted on 13 MEN-II
      syndrome patients from four unrelated kindreds and 13 age-matched control
      subjects for chromosome instability and the chromosome 20 deletion reported in
      MEN-II syndrome. A significant increase (p less than 0.05) was found in the total
      number of chromatid and chromosome aberrations in MEN-II cells (12.3%) compared
      with control cells (6.9%) grown at 96 hours in mitomycin C (20 ng/ml, final
      concentration). The major difference between the two groups was in chromatid, and
      not chromosome, aberrations. There was no difference between MEN-II and control
      individuals in fragile site expression, the number of sister chromatid exchanges
      or cell kinetics. A blind analysis of high-resolution G-banded chromosomes was
      performed on blood specimens from 13 MEN-II and seven control individuals. Twelve
      of 13 MEN-II patients and one of seven control subjects were scored as having a
      20p12.2 deletion (chi 2 = 12.6; p less than 0.001). Additional research is needed
      to determine if this cytogenetic finding is due to a chromosome deletion,
      inversion, or polymorphism.

PMID- 2887281
TI  - Transforming growth factor alpha and beta expression in human colon cancer lines:
      implications for an autocrine model.
AB  - Three human colon cancer lines (SW480, SW620, WIDR) secrete different levels of
      transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)-like and transforming growth factor
      alpha (TGF alpha)/epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like molecules into serum-free
      conditioned media as measured by competing activity in TGF beta and EGF
      radioreceptor assays. SW480 cells, the highest producers of TGF beta-like
      activity, lack detectable TGF beta receptors while SW620 cells, the highest
      producers of TGF alpha/EGF-like activity, lack EGF receptors. This study
      investigated the production of these growth factors at the mRNA level and
      examined the mechanism of loss of detectable receptors. Using complementary DNA
      probes for TGF beta and TGF alpha, it was demonstrated that mRNA levels
      correlated with the amounts of TGF beta and TGF alpha produced; TGF beta gene
      expression was highest in SW480 cells and TGF alpha gene expression was highest
      in SW620 cells. Acid washing of the SW480 cells prior to performing the TGF beta
      binding assay resulted in the unmasking of substantial levels of TGF beta
      receptors. Neither acid washing nor preincubation with suramin uncovered EGF
      receptors in SW620 cells. Also, and in contrast to the other two lines, EGF
      receptor expression could not be detected in SW620 cells by Northern gel analysis
      of receptor messenger RNA or by immunological analysis of receptor protein. Thus
      two distinct mechanisms (occupation of TGF beta receptor in SW480 cells, or
      absence of EGF receptor in SW620 cells) explain the lack of detectable TGF beta
      and EGF receptors in the binding assays. The autocrine hypothesis remains viable
      for TGF beta in SW480 cells but not for TGF alpha in SW620 cells; this would not
      discount a paracrine role in this latter case.

PMID- 2887280
TI  - Purification and characterization of a novel transforming growth factor.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that an autostimulatory transforming growth
      factor was required for the optimal growth of SW-13 adrenal carcinoma cells in
      soft agar. The production of SW-13 colony-stimulating activity by other human
      malignant cell lines of both epithelial and mesenchymal origin has been
      demonstrated. Evidence was presented indicating that the stimulating activity
      detected in crude acid-ethanol extracts was an acid- and heat-stable polypeptide
      requiring disulfide bonds for full activity. This activity was detected more
      frequently in tumors and human cancer cells in culture of epithelial origin than
      of mesenchymal origin and in a variety of nonneoplastic tissues. In the present
      study, this activity, termed epithelial transforming growth factor (TGFe) because
      of its ability to stimulate soft agar growth of certain epithelial cells, was
      partially purified from bovine kidney. Fourfold purification of the kidney acid
      ethanol extract with 50% maximal growth-stimulatory activity of 10 micrograms was
      achieved using molecular sieve chromatography where TGFe eluted with an apparent
      molecular weight of 20,000-25,000. The next purification step, molecular sieve
      high performance liquid chromatography, yielded a 50% maximal growth-stimulatory
      activity of 50 ng and an 800-fold purification from the initial acid-ethanol
      extract. TGFe eluted in the Mr 11,000 range. Reversed phase high performance
      liquid chromatography with a C18 column was then used, yielding a single or
      double peak of SW-13 colony-stimulating activity at 30-35% acetonitrile. The
      degree of purification was 11,000-fold with a 50% maximal growth-stimulatory
      activity of 3.5 ng. Analysis of the peak on 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a major and sometimes single band
      with a molecular weight of 23,000-25,000. Extraction of protein from the
      polyacrylamide gel demonstrated that only the Mr 23,000-25,000 band stimulated
      soft agar growth of SW-13 cells. The biological activity of the partially
      purified TGFe was found to differ from other known growth factors with regard to
      its ability to stimulate soft agar growth of SW-13 cells with the exception of
      basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The acid lability of FGF, the different
      molecular weights of these two growth factors, the lack of stimulation of soft
      agar growth of A431 cells, and the lack of binding of TGFe to FGF receptors
      indicated that TGFe was not related to basic FGF. Partially purified TGFe was
      also found to stimulate soft agar growth of two squamous cell carcinoma lines,
      A431 and D562, and the mouse embryo-derived AKR-2B cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2887282
TI  - Heterologous regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by palytoxin, a
      non-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-type tumor promoter.
AB  - Previous results have established that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)
      type tumor promoters can alter the properties of the epidermal growth factor
      (EGF) receptor through activation of protein kinase C. In order to determine
      whether other, non-TPA-type tumor promoters might similarly influence growth
      mediating receptors, we investigated the effect of palytoxin on EGF binding in
      Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and human epidermal carcinoma (A431) cells. In both cell
      types, pretreatment with a low dose of palytoxin (1-11 pM) at 37 degrees C causes
      a decrease in EGF binding. In Swiss 3T3 cells the inhibitory effect is
      temperature dependent and does not occur at 4 degrees C, indicating that
      palytoxin is not directly competing with EGF for binding. As assessed by effects
      on DNA synthesis, palytoxin is not toxic at these concentrations and does not
      appear to be mitogenic for these cells. Although palytoxin, like phorbol esters,
      alters EGF binding, its action in Swiss 3T3 cells differs from that of TPA-type
      tumor promoters in at least 4 respects: (a) the kinetics and dose dependence
      differ significantly from that of phorbol dibutyrate; (b) the effect is not
      readily reversible; (c) there is loss of low-affinity as well as high-affinity
      binding sites; (d) the effect is independent of cellular protein kinase C levels.
      These results indicate that palytoxin is capable of heterologous regulation of
      the EGF receptor through a novel mechanism and suggest that certain non-TPA-type
      tumor promoters as well as TPA-type tumor promoters may act in part through
      modulation of growth regulatory pathways.

PMID- 2887283
TI  - Clonal analysis using recombinant DNA probes from the X-chromosome.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that restriction fragment length polymorphisms of X
      chromosome genes can be used in conjunction with methylation patterns to
      determine the clonal composition of human tumors. In this report, we show that
      several X-chromosome probes can be used for such analyses. In particular, probes
      derived from the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene and the
      phosphoglycerate kinase gene could be used for clonal analysis in over 50% of
      American females. The X-inactivation patterns observed with these probes were
      found to accurately reflect clonality in more than 95% of 92 tumors tested.

PMID- 2887284
TI  - Metabolic basis for the protective effect of the antioxidant ethoxyquin on
      aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat.
AB  - The effect of dietary administration of 0.5% ethoxyquin (EQ) on the in vivo
      induction of enzymes and effect on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-DNA binding in liver and
      the consequent in vitro metabolism of AFB1 by male Fischer F344 rat liver-derived
      fractions have been examined. EQ increased microsomal cytochrome P-450s, in
      particular those isozymes classed as phenobarbital inducible, and the in vitro
      rate of metabolism of AFB1. The formation of the presumed detoxified metabolites,
      aflatoxins M1 and Q1, was enhanced to a greater extent than was the formation of
      the active metabolite, aflatoxin B1-8,9 epoxide (assessed by the level of
      aflatoxin B1-8,9-dihydrodiol). Prolonged feeding with EQ was accompanied
      eventually by a reduction in the initially elevated cytochrome P-450 content, but
      this was not reflected in any significant decrease in the rate of AFB1 metabolism
      in vitro. EQ increased the glutathione S-transferase activity of the liver
      cytosol fractions as assessed with the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene. The capacity of these fractions specifically to catalyze the
      conjugation of AFB1 with glutathione was induced to a far greater extent than was
      the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase was
      induced in the periportal areas of the liver lobule. Reduced in vivo binding of
      [3H]AFB1 to DNA of liver and kidney was found to result from EQ treatment. It is
      concluded that the reduced hepatocarcinogenesis which results from feeding EQ
      simultaneously with AFB1 is due to the reduction in DNA-adduct formation which in
      turn is due at least in part to increased detoxifying metabolism in the
      microsomal, cytosolic, and plasma membrane compartments of the liver cells.

PMID- 2887286
TI  - Revascularization of the ischemic myocardium: current results and expectations
      for the future.

PMID- 2887285
TI  - [Effect of the stimulation and inhibition of beta adrenergic receptors on the
      contractile function and regional myocardial perfusion].

PMID- 2887287
TI  - Overview of completed sudden death trials: European experience.
AB  - Progress in understanding the epidemiology and mechanism of sudden cardiac death
      (SCD) has been rapid over the past two decades. This, together with the
      availability of drugs with actions that potentially may counter the
      pathophysiology of sudden death, has led to myriad trials aimed at prolonging
      life for high-risk individuals. European countries have contributed a major share
      both to the development of these drugs and to subsequent tests of their efficacy.
      Ventricular fibrillation (VF), either unheralded or secondary to fresh myocardial
      ischemia, is by far the most common cause of SCD. The classes of drugs with
      profiles that might be expected to influence the occurrence of VF directly are
      antiarrhythmics, calcium channel blockers, platelet-active agents, and beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists. Twenty-four of the European trials that employed agents
      from these groups have special significance because of their design and size.
      Studies of two of the calcium channel blockers have not demonstrated any life
      saving potential to date. One platelet-active agent - aspirin - has shown
      favorable trends. Results with the use of antiarrhythmic agents have been
      disappointing, probably because their adverse effects, including arrhythmogenesis
      in some patients, have countered the antiarrhythmic effects that other patients
      have achieved. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that lidocaine can reduce the
      incidence of VF; this can reasonably be equated with life-saving potential
      whenever defibrillation is not available. Trials with beta-blocking drugs have
      been the most encouraging; seven of the 11 trials that have been considered
      demonstrated a significant reduction in sudden death, which was variously
      defined, and a strong trend toward reduction was observed with another. None of
      the trials showed an unfavorable trend. The results of completed trials now offer
      practical guidance to physicians with responsibility for the care of patients
      with ischemic heart disease, especially those who have features that indicate
      high risk.

PMID- 2887289
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in human sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - The localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SOM-LI) was examined in
      human lumbar sympathetic ganglia using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Few
      of the principal neurons showed immunolabelling for somatostatin and sparse
      networks of nerve terminals were unevenly associated with ganglion cells. Using
      light microscopy, the most intense SOM-LI was seen in the perinuclear zone of the
      neurons. Electron-microscopically, the staining was localized on the membranes of
      the Golgi apparatuses. In the nerve terminals, SOM-LI was seen inside the small
      vesicles (40-60 nm diameter). All neurons with SOM-LI were also found to be
      tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactive when examined with a double-staining
      technique. These results provide evidence that somatostatin and noradrenaline co
      exist in human sympathetic neurons.

PMID- 2887288
TI  - Overview of completed sudden death trials: US experience.
AB  - Ventricular arrhythmias are the major cause of death in patients with coronary
      heart disease. By suppressing the arrhythmias, antiarrhythmic agents have the
      theoretical potential of preventing sudden arrhythmic deaths. A large number of
      randomized, controlled clinical trials of these agents have been conducted during
      the early hospital phase after an acute myocardial infarction as well as after
      discharge. Included in this review are approximately 20 mortality trials of
      antiarrhythmic drugs, including beta blockers, which have been conducted in the
      United States and Australia. Results of the trials of antiarrhythmics reported to
      date have not demonstrated an effect on patient survival or risk of sudden death.
      Three possible explanations exist. First, these agents do not improve prognosis,
      which is contrary to massive evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiologic
      studies. Second, drug treatment prolongs life, but benefit has not been observed
      in the trials. This explanation is plausible, since the completed trials have
      methodologic limitations. Third, control of ventricular arrhythmias helps some
      patients but harms others. Larger, properly designed trials are needed to resolve
      the uncertainty about the value of antiarrhythmics in the prevention of sudden
      death. The short- and long-term trials of beta blockers have documented an effect
      on survival. The benefit seems to be explained primarily through a reduction in
      sudden or instantaneous death. Whether this effect is mediated through a
      reduction in ventricular ectopies or an elevation of the fibrillation threshold
      is debated, as is the effect, if any, of beta-2 blockade on the incidence of
      ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2887290
TI  - Immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuroepithelial bodies of
      the newborn cat.
AB  - Immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide is demonstrated for the
      first time in neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of newborn cats after Bouin
      fixation and embedding in paraffin. The intense staining clearly identifies these
      bodies at the level of bronchioli and alveoli. Occasionally, single
      neuroepithelial endocrine cells, displaying immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene
      related peptide are observed. In the kitten lung, identification and localization
      of neuroepithelial bodies after immunocytochemical staining for calcitonin gene
      related peptide are superior to the analysis based on other techniques, i.e., the
      argyrophilic reaction, periodic acid Schiff-lead hematoxylin method, and
      immunocytochemical staining for serotonin. The serial-section technique revealed
      that in neuroepithelial bodies of the newborn kitten lung, immunoreactivity for
      calcitonin gene-related peptide coexists with immunoreactivity for serotonin in
      individual cells. The functional significance of the calcitonin gene-related
      peptide in neuroepithelial bodies remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2887291
TI  - [Study on the spread of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome among animal
      hosts].

PMID- 2887292
TI  - [Interference of suspension in water on the effect of biological insecticides on
      mosquito larvae].

PMID- 2887293
TI  - Regulation and function of the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu.
AB  - The Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu (ftz) is expressed in a pattern of
      seven stripes at the blastoderm stage. Two cis-acting control elements are
      required for this expression: the zebra element, which confers the striped
      pattern by mediating the effects of a subset of segmentation genes; and the
      upstream element, an enhancer element requiring ftz+ activity for its action.
      Fusion of the upstream element to a basal promoter results in activation of the
      heterologous promoter in a ftz-dependent striped pattern, supporting the idea
      that ftz regulates itself by acting through its enhancer. The upstream element
      can also confer expression patterns similar to that of the homeotic gene
      Antennapedia, suggesting that a similar element may play a role in the activation
      of Antennapedia.

PMID- 2887294
TI  - Camptothecin-induced in vivo topoisomerase I cleavages in the transcriptionally
      active tyrosine aminotransferase gene.
AB  - The topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin induces the formation of covalent
      topoisomerase I-DNA intermediates in vitro. In vivo these intermediates are
      produced upon administration of camptothecin to FTO-2B cells, as demonstrated by
      the occurrence of single-stranded DNA breakages that have protein covalently
      associated with the free 3' end and by the covalent association of approximately
      50% of nuclear topoisomerase I with DNA. We have analyzed the frequency and
      distribution of camptothecin-induced topoisomerase I strand cleavages in the
      transcriptionally active rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Cleavages are
      largely confined to the transcribed region and occur predominantly on the lower
      strand. Increasing the transcriptional activity of the gene with either
      glucocorticoids or cAMP increases the intensity but does not change the position
      of camptothecin-induced cleavages. Camptothecin treatment decreases tyrosine
      aminotransferase mRNA levels and inhibits transcription. These observations
      suggest that topoisomerase I participates in transcriptional elongation.

PMID- 2887295
TI  - Human muscle neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM): identification of a muscle
      specific sequence in the extracellular domain.
AB  - cDNA clones encoding neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) mRNAs of 6.7, 5.2, and
      4.3 kb from human skeletal muscle cells were isolated. A 6.7 kb mRNA encodes a
      transmembrane N-CAM isoform, present predominantly in mononucleate myoblasts,
      that shows sequence homology with chick brain N-CAM-140 and is down-regulated
      during myotube formation. In contrast, the 5.2 and 4.3 kb mRNAs encode
      nontransmembrane N-CAM isoforms that greatly increase during myoblast fusion.
      Furthermore, a discrete muscle-specific sequence domain (MSD1) was detected in
      the extracellular coding regions of the 5.2 and 4.3 kb mRNAs. This encodes a
      unique run of 37 amino acids and is not expressed in 7.2 and 6.7 kb mRNAs from
      human or chick brain or in the corresponding 6.7 kb muscle transcript. The MSD1
      is also absent from chick and mouse brain mRNAs of 4.0 and 2.9 kb. These results
      show that diversity in N-CAM primary structure can be found in the extracellular
      domain in a tissue-specific manner.

PMID- 2887296
TI  - Deterioration of cellular immunity during aging. The relationship between age
      dependent impairment of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity, interleukin-2
      production capacity, and frequency of Thy-1+,Lyt-2- cells in C57BL/Ka and CBA/Rij
      mice.
AB  - The effect of aging on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood
      cells (SRBC) in vivo and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) production capacity in vitro by
      spleen cells from young (17 weeks) and old (125 weeks) CBA/Rij and C57BL/Ka mice
      were investigated. For both CBA/Rij and C57BL/Ka mice an age-related decline in
      the DTH response to SRBC and the IL-2 production capacity was observed. Both
      parameters are mediated by Thy-1+,Lyt-2- spleen cells. For both mouse strains the
      proportion of Thy-1+,Lyt-2- spleen cells declined less strongly with aging than
      the DTH reactivity and the IL-2 production capacity. From this it was concluded
      that not only a quantitative but also a qualitative decrease of T-cell function
      occurs during senescence. It was also investigated whether the proportion of Thy
      1+,Lyt-2- peripheral blood lymphocytes can be used as a predictive value with
      regard to the decline of DTH with aging of the corresponding mouse. This was
      indeed found to be the case in CBA/Rij mice, but not in C57BL mice.

PMID- 2887297
TI  - Functional and biochemical characterization of B-cell differentiation factor
      (BCDF) produced by an HTLV-I-transformed human T-cell clone and demonstration of
      specific binding of the factor to a BCDF responsive cell line.
AB  - We have previously described YA2, a human T-cell clone that secretes B-cell
      differentiation factor (BCDF) but not B-cell growth factor (BCGF). The BCDFs
      secreted by YA2 and HTLV-I-transformed YA2 (TYA2) were functionally similar in
      their ability to stimulate Ig secretion by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I
      activated B cells and IgM secretion by SKW6.4 cells. In addition, they were
      biochemically similar with a MW of 30 kDa by high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) sieving, and a pI of 6.0-6.8 by isoelectric focusing. The
      BCDF activity was not blocked by antibodies to interleukin 2 and BCGF. BCDF was
      purified from TYA2 supernatant by sequential media protein immunoadsorption, flat
      bed isoelectric focusing, HPLC TSK 2000 sieving, and repeated immunoadsorption
      and was then iodinated. The iodinated material had functional BCDF activity and
      migrated to a single band at MW 30 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and at pI of 6.8 by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing.
      125I-BCDF purified in this manner bound specifically to a BCDF-responsive cell
      line and not to phytohemagglutinin-activated T cells. 125I binding to the BCDF
      responsive cell line was competitively inhibitable by the addition of cold BCDF.
      Thus we have purified and characterized a factor with BCDF activity and
      demonstrated that this factor binds specifically to a BCDF-responsive cell line.

PMID- 2887299
TI  - Organizational fate of vimentin during redistribution of surface immunoglobulin
      in mouse splenic lymphocytes.
AB  - We have used immunofluorescence to examine the organizational fate of vimentin
      and its spatial relationship to the microtubule system during antibody-induced
      redistribution of surface immunoglobulin (sIg) in control and drug-treated mouse
      splenic lymphocytes. In control cells, vimentin is relocalized as a diffuse
      accumulation underneath the site of the cap during sIg redistribution.
      Observations on cells that were treated with colcemid or taxol prior to induction
      of sIg redistribution have further shown that vimentin accumulation corresponds
      to a dynamic rearrangement of this filamentous system which is related to, but is
      not required for, the energy-dependent translocation of sIg.

PMID- 2887298
TI  - An active T-cell-independent mechanism enhances MHC class I transcription and
      expression on a mouse T-cell lymphoma in vivo.
AB  - The present study focuses on the mechanism underlying changes in H-2 cell surface
      antigen expression after passage of the in vitro grown YAC-1 lymphoma as an
      ascites tumor. The increase in cell-surface expression correlated with elevated
      levels of class I transcripts as revealed by Northern blots. The enhanced H-2
      expression was also seen with a cloned YAC-1 line, and not until 2 weeks after in
      vitro explantation had levels of H-2 decreased to those on the in vitro
      established YAC-1. Arguing for the necessity of a mature functioning immune
      system, suckling mice were unable to increase H-2 expression on inoculated
      lymphoma cells. Also pretreatment with cyclophosphamide or irradiation abolished
      the capacity of adult mice to increase cell surface H-2 on YAC-1 cells. A
      functioning T-cell system was not required for H-2 enhancement to occur since
      athymic nude mice were fully competent. The possible significance of an active T
      cell-independent host mechanism which enhances tumor H-2 expression at the
      transcriptional level is discussed.

PMID- 2887300
TI  - Effects of cytoskeletal inhibitors on water proton relaxation time changes in
      unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs.
AB  - Unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs were used for pulsed proton NMR spin
      lattice relaxation time (T1) measurements of cellular water. An 81% increase in
      T1 time at fertilization was largely explained by the accumulation of
      extracellular water in the perivitelline space. To assess the role of microtubule
      and actin filament assembly and disassembly, eggs were treated with drugs that
      are known to change these cytoskeletal elements (i.e., colchicine, taxol and
      cytochalasin B). Egg volume was also monitored in all studies to rule out the
      influence of water content changes on the observed T1 relaxation time changes.
      Neither assembly nor disassembly of microtubules changed the T1 relaxation time.
      The role of actin polymerization and depolymerization is discussed as a possible
      explanation for the observed cell cycle dependent water proton T1 relaxation time
      changes.

PMID- 2887301
TI  - Quantitative stereological evaluation of four histochemical markers of altered
      foci in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat.
AB  - Female F344/N rats dosed with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) 24 h after partial
      hepatectomy were treated with the promoting agents, phenobarbital (PB) or 3,4,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or the peroxisome proliferating agent, WY
      14,643, for 6 months. Another group was subjected to the Solt-Farber protocol.
      Altered hepatic foci (AHF) were analyzed by quantitative stereology from frozen
      serial sections stained for gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), canalicular
      adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and the
      placental isozyme of glutathione S-transferase (PGST). PGST scored more foci in
      all groups than GGT and ATPase. PGST marked greater focal volume than GGT or
      ATPase, and PGST marked focal volume equal to or greater than G6Pase in rats
      treated with PB, TCDD or the Solt-Farber protocol. However, after treatment with
      WY 14,643, GGT and PGST marked much less focal volume than ATPase or G6Pase, and
      PGST scored fewer foci than G6Pase. Numerical estimations of foci scored by those
      markers on the basis of area of the entire tissue section (per cm2) were
      relatively different from those values determined by quantitative stereology.
      While these results confirm earlier studies, they demonstrate the importance of
      quantitative stereologic analysis of AHF during multistage hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2887303
TI  - [Inhibition of tegumental gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase of Schistosoma japonicum
      by praziquantel].

PMID- 2887302
TI  - Absence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in neoplastic lesions induced
      in the liver of male F-344 rats by di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, a peroxisome
      proliferator.
AB  - Male F-344 rats were fed a diet containing 2% di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
      for 95 weeks. Liver nodules and/or hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) developed in
      6/10 rats fed DEHP and none were found in controls (P less than 0.005 by chi 2
      test). All the nodules and HCC were negative for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
      In the non-tumorous portions of liver, the hepatocytes contained an increased
      number of peroxisomes and extensive accumulation of lipofuscin. By
      immunocytochemical analysis, the liver peroxisomes in rats treated chronically
      with DEHP had visually detectable decrease in the H2O2-degrading catalase and
      increase in H2O2-producing fatty acyl-CoA oxidase. These results show that higher
      dietary level of DEHP, which causes substantially greater degree of peroxisome
      proliferation than the 1.2% dietary level used in the National Toxicology Program
      bioassay (1982, Publication no. NTP-80-37, Tech. Report Series No. 217), can
      induce liver tumors in male rats.

PMID- 2887304
TI  - Inhibitory effect of cetirizine 2HCl on eosinophil migration in vivo.
AB  - The effect of a potent antihistamine, cetirizine, was studied on allergic
      patients and normal subjects by means of an in-vivo 'skin window' technique. All
      subjects showed significant inhibition of skin-test responses to grass pollen,
      compound 48/80, histamine and methacholine, after administration of a single dose
      (10 mg) of cetirizine. Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly decreased
      the eosinophils attraction at skin sites challenged with grass pollen and
      compound 48/80. In allergic patients no change in eosinophil migration pattern
      was noted with histamine and methacholine skin-tested sites. In normal subjects,
      compound 48/80 and histamine did not induce eosinophil accumulation and
      cetirizine did not modify cellular patterns as compared to placebo. These results
      suggest that cetirizine acts on eosinophil migration by inhibiting the release of
      mast cell mediators or inhibiting the eosinophilotactic mediators themselves.

PMID- 2887305
TI  - Glycylproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in
      human hepatic cancer and embryonal tissues.
AB  - Changes of glycylproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (GPDA) and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activities and their subcellular distributions were
      compared in human hepatic cancer and embryonal tissues. The activity of GPDA in
      cancer tissues was significantly higher than that found in healthy liver, though
      there were no significant differences between fetal and adult livers. The
      placenta, however, had the highest GPDA activity. The activity of gamma-GTP, on
      the other hand, was increased significantly not only in cancer tissues but also
      in live tissues adjacent to the tumor, and it was higher in the fetal liver but
      much lower in the placenta. Subcellular distribution of GPDA was also different
      from that of gamma-GTP in cancer tissues, especially after postmortem changes.
      These results suggest the possibility that GPDA has carcinoembryonic characters
      similar to gamma-GTP, but the mechanisms, whereby serum activities of these two
      enzymes were increased in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, are different from
      each other.

PMID- 2887306
TI  - Protein-A purified human immunoglobulins: a comparison of thyroid stimulating and
      thyrotrophin receptor binding activities in thyrotoxicosis.
AB  - Protein-A purified human thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIg) and
      thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBIIg) were measured in
      euthyroid subjects and thyrotoxic patients by bioassay and TSH radioligand
      receptor assay respectively. Unextracted sera from euthyroid and thyrotoxic
      subjects inhibited both basal and TSH stimulated iodide uptake in the bioassay,
      which was based on iodide uptake in porcine thyrocytes. Similar effects were seen
      with Ig and TSIg extracted from sera using either polyethylene glycol or ammonium
      sulphate. However IgG and TSIg prepared using Protein-A Sepharose CL-4B from sera
      of euthyroid subjects had little effect in this system. The majority of Protein-A
      purified TSIg preparations from sera of thyrotoxic patients stimulated iodide
      uptake in procine thyrocytes in a dose-dependent manner and most (85%) diluted
      parallel to both bovine and human TSH. TSIg and TBIIg from 73 patients with
      thyrotoxicosis were assessed using the bioassay and receptor assay and compared
      to a control group of 35 euthyroid subjects. The median (and range) values for
      TSIg and TBIIg in the euthyroid group were 4.35 (0.8 to 7.5, % stimulation over
      control) and 2.7 (-9.3 to 8.6, TBII index) for the bioassay and radioreceptor
      assay respectively. A value of greater than 10.0 in both assays was taken as a
      positive result. Of the thyrotoxic patients 61 out of 73 were positive in the
      bioassay (83.6%) compared to 60 in the radioreceptor assay (82.2%). There was a
      positive correlation between the two assays (r = 0.821, P less than 0.001). Of
      the 73 thyrotoxic patients 40 were untreated, 18 had received carbimazole and 15
      had been previously treated with iodine-131. TSIg levels in the untreated
      thyrotoxics were similar to those in either group of treated patients. However
      they were higher (P less than 0.05) in the iodine-131 group than in the patients
      treated with carbimazole. Similar results were obtained for TBIIg. The coupling
      of a specific extraction method for human serum IgG with a bioassay for TSIg has
      demonstrated a high prevalence of these immunoglobulins in patients with
      thyrotoxicosis. The agreement between this assay and a radioreceptor assay was
      good, indicating that TSH displacing and thyroid stimulating activities of these
      immunoglobulins are closely related.

PMID- 2887307
TI  - Progress with the genetics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2887308
TI  - Changes in thyroid-stimulating and TSH-binding inhibitory activities in a patient
      who developed hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease following primary
      hypothyroidism.
AB  - A 23-year-old female who developed thyrotoxic Graves' disease following primary
      hypothyroidism was reported. She presented with symptoms of hypothyroidism and
      slight exophthalmos. After primary hypothyroidism was confirmed, she was treated
      with T4 in a dose of 50 micrograms/d. Two months after delivery, 1 year after the
      initial diagnosis of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism developed while she was
      taking T4. Graves' disease was confirmed by persistent thyrotoxicosis, high 99mTc
      thyroidal uptake, negative T3 suppressibility and detection of TSH-receptor
      antibodies. During the hypothyroid phase, TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulins
      (TBII) could not be detected, while thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) were
      positive showing between 5.8 and 9.0 fold increases in the amount of cAMP
      produced in cultured porcine thyroid cells. Her IgG did not inhibit TSH-induced
      cAMP increase in vitro. When she developed hyperthyroidism, TSAb activity became
      more potent (31.7 fold increase in cAMP) and TBII became positive (+61.3%).

PMID- 2887309
TI  - On the use of a new somatostatin analogue in the treatment of hypoglycaemia in
      patients with insulinoma.
AB  - A novel potent analogue of somatostatin, the octapepide SMS 201-995 was tested as
      a therapeutic manoeuvre to prevent hypoglycaemia in patients with insulinoma. We
      investigated the acute effects of a single 50 micrograms dose of the analogue
      administered s.c. in three patients, comparing the results in two of them with
      those obtained after administration of saline (control) and native somatostatin.
      In addition two patients were treated for up to 5 d with two or three daily s.c.
      injections (daily dose of analogue ranging from 100 to 300 micrograms). In two of
      the three patients SMS 201-995 suppressed circulating insulin levels by more than
      50% and increased plasma glucose to hyperglycaemic levels for 6-8 h after a
      single injection. No undesirable effects of the administration of the analogue
      were observed. As opposed to insulin suppression obtained with native
      somatostatin, no rebound increase in insulin levels was observed after
      administration of the analogue. We conclude that SMS 201-995 prevented
      hypoglycaemia in two out of three patients with insulinoma. The advantage of s.c.
      administration, the long duration of action and the absence of a rebound
      phenomenon give this analogue a place in the pre-operative management of patients
      with insulinoma.

PMID- 2887310
TI  - Characteristics of patients with normal T3 and T4 and a low TSH response to TRH.
AB  - The nature of the thyroid disorder presented by patients with normal T4 and T3
      but blunted TSH response to TRH has not been clarified. In this study, we
      compared thyroid function tests in 16 such patients with those of 14 controls and
      10 hyperthyroid patients. Basal total T4, free T4, total T3, iodine uptake and
      cholesterol of the study group were similar to controls but significantly (P less
      than 0.001) lower than in hyperthyroid patients, except for cholesterol which was
      higher. In contrast, the basal TSH, increase in TSH after TRH stimulation, and
      decrease of T4 during T3 suppression tests were similar to data obtained in
      hyperthyroid patients but significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than in
      controls. Pulse rate was mid-way between the control and the hyperthyroid group.
      Thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) was measured with human thyroid cells in
      culture; the assay was positive in four subjects in the 16-patient group and in
      all hyperthyroid patients tested. TSH stimulation test showed a hyporesponse in
      iodine uptake in the four patients with positive TSAb (26 +/- 29%), as well as in
      hyperthyroid patients (6 + 5%). However, there was a hyper-response to TSH (213
      +/- 52%) in the remaining 12 patients in the group, none of whom had TSAb. Thus
      TSAb is not seen as responsible for the thyroid disorder in the majority of
      patients with normal T3 and T4 and absent or blunted TSH response to TRH;
      surprisingly, most of these patients have thyroid hypersensitivity to TSH. These
      two characteristics, absence of TSAb and hypersensitivity to TSH, delineate a
      thyroid disorder clearly different from Graves' disease.

PMID- 2887311
TI  - Selective renal dopamine-1 receptor stimulation in man.
AB  - The selective dopamine-1 (DA-1) receptor agonist, fenoldopam, was studied during
      intravenous administration to ten normal male subjects on a diet of 150 mEq
      sodium and 60 mEq potassium per day to determine the mechanism of dopamine
      induced natriuresis. During DA-1 receptor stimulation, urine flow rate and renal
      plasma flow manifested a biphasic increase. Urine flow rate increased from a
      control of 13 +/- 1 to 17 +/- 1.2 ml/min and again to a peak of 16 +/- 1. Renal
      plasma flow increased from 344 +/- 39 to 481 +/- 44 ml/min and then to 497 +/-
      38. Sodium excretion (UNaV) and fractional sodium excretion (FENa) demonstrated a
      sustained increase. UNaV rose from a control of 0.21 +/- 0.03 to 0.32 +/- 0.05
      mEq/min. FENa rose from a control of 1.6 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.6%. Fenoldopam did
      not alter glomerular filtration rate. The association of changes in renal plasma
      flow and in UNaV and FENa demonstrate in man that DA-1 receptor stimulation
      causes natriuresis by direct renal tubular action. The renal tubular effect
      appears to be a major determinant of the degree of natriuresis.

PMID- 2887312
TI  - Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of ganglionic dopamine
      receptors.
AB  - The presence and the subtype of dopamine receptors in sympathetic ganglia were
      investigated. Using dopamine as well as preferential agonists and antagonists for
      the DA-1 and DA-2 receptor subtypes, we have studied dopamine receptors in both
      dog and rat sympathetic ganglia. Dopamine, fenoldopam, a DA-1 receptor agonist,
      and quinpirole, a DA-2 receptor agonist, caused significant inhibition of
      ganglionic transmission. The inhibitory action of quinpirole was selectively
      antagonized by the DA-2 receptor antagonist S-sulpiride but not by the DA-1
      receptor antagonist R-sulpiride. In contrast, the inhibition of ganglionic
      transmission produced by fenoldopam was antagonized by R-sulpiride but not S
      sulpiride. The selective DA-1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 did not alter the
      inhibitory effect of fenoldopam at the ganglia. Dopamine and fenoldopam increased
      vascular but not ganglionic cyclic AMP. The increase in vascular cyclic AMP was
      antagonized by the DA-1 receptor antagonists SCH 23390 and R-sulpiride.
      Quinpirole caused a modest but significant decrease in ganglionic cyclic AMP,
      sensitive to blockade by S-sulpiride. These results show that dopamine and
      selective DA-1 and DA-2 receptor agonists inhibit ganglionic transmission by
      activating two distinct subtypes of dopamine receptors located on sympathetic
      ganglia.

PMID- 2887313
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of selective dopamine receptor agonists in the rat and dog.
AB  - The availability of highly selective dopamine receptor agonists has allowed the
      characterization of the role of DA1 and DA2 receptors in the cardiovascular
      system. Fenoldopam (SK&F 82526) is a potent agonist at DA1 receptors, with much
      less agonist activity at the DA2 subtype or at alpha and beta adrenoceptors. In
      contrast, SK&F 89124 activates only the DA2 subtype. SK&F 85174, the N-allyl
      derivative of fenoldopam, retains potent DA1 agonist activity but also has
      moderately potent agonist activity at the DA2 receptor. All three compounds will
      reduce blood pressure in hypertensive rats. In the anesthetized dog, each agonist
      will reduce blood pressure and total peripheral resistance. The overall
      hemodynamic profile is remarkably similar, despite the marked difference in
      dopamine receptor subtype selectivity. The principal pharmacologic difference is
      enhanced bradycardia with the compounds having DA2 agonist activity, resulting
      from activation of neuroinhibitory DA2 receptors on cardiac sympathetic nerve
      terminals. In the dog, each compound will increase renal blood flow. Studies in
      the anesthetized rat with fenoldopam and SK&F 89124, using radiolabelled
      microspheres to measure blood flow to various vascular beds, also show a
      significant increase in renal flow, with a tendency toward increased blood flow
      in the splenic and intestinal beds. Hence, dopamine receptor agonists offer a
      useful approach to cardiovascular therapy via DA1 mediated vascular dilation, DA2
      mediated modulation of sympathetic tone or a combination of both activities.

PMID- 2887314
TI  - Identification and characterization of peripheral neuronal dopamine receptors in
      the rat.
AB  - The effects of local administration of the dopamine receptor agonists apomorphine
      and pergolide were investigated in the isolated autoperfused hindquarters, renal
      and superior mesenteric vascular beds of the rat, in order to assess whether
      presynaptic dopamine receptors in these vascular regions could play a role in the
      hypotensive effect of these agents. In the three vascular beds, local infusion of
      apomorphine and pergolide did not influence perfusion pressure per se, but
      clearly reduced the pressure response to electrical stimulation of the
      sympathetic innervation. Increases in perfusion pressure induced by local
      administration of noradrenaline were not influenced by apomorphine and pergolide.
      The inhibitory effect of apomorphine and pergolide on stimulation-evoked pressure
      responses was completely antagonized by the dopamine receptor antagonist
      haloperidol. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine, which completely
      blocked the inhibitory effect of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist UK-14,304-18 on
      neurogenic vasoconstriction, had no influence on the inhibitory effect of
      apomorphine and pergolide. Like haloperidol, the DA2-receptor antagonist
      domperidone antagonized the inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstriction by
      apomorphine in the three vascular beds; the DA1-receptor antagonist SCH 23390 had
      no influence. These results indicate that inhibitory DA2-receptors are present on
      the sympathetic innervation to the hindquarters, renal and superior mesenteric
      vascular beds of the rat.

PMID- 2887315
TI  - Cardiovascular characterization of DA-1 and DA-2 dopamine receptor agonists in
      anesthetized rats.
AB  - This report summarizes studies aimed to characterize pharmacologically,
      hemodynamically and biochemically DA-1 (fenoldopam) and DA-2 (quinpirole)
      dopamine receptor agonists in anesthetized rats. Fenoldopam (20 micrograms/kg/min
      i.v. over 15 min) and quinpirole (10 micrograms/kg/min i.v. over 15 min) share
      the common property of decreasing mean carotid artery blood pressure by lowering
      peripheral vascular resistance. Fenoldopam increased mesenteric and renal blood
      flows whereas quinpirole decreased the former blood flow, but enhanced the
      latter. These effects of quinpirole were antagonized selectively by S-sulpiride,
      but not SCH 23390; however, with fenoldopam the reverse was found. In
      chlorisondamine-pretreated rats with blood pressure supported by vasopressin,
      fenoldopam, but not quinpirole, caused hypotension. In nephrectomized rats, the
      blood pressure effects of fenoldopam (assessed as area under the infusion time
      response curve) were more pronounced than in sham-operated controls. The
      hypotensive effects due to an i.v. bolus injection of fenoldopam, but not to
      acetylcholine, histamine, salbutamol or quinpirole, were significantly inhibited
      in rats pretreated with an infusion of fenoldopam. In pithed rats, quinpirole
      reduced the pressor responses to electrical stimulation of the spinal cord
      without affecting those to exogenous norepinephrine, angiotensin II or 5
      hydroxytryptamine which, on the contrary, were inhibited by fenoldopam. The
      plasma renin activity (in intact rats) was reduced by quinpirole, but elevated by
      fenoldopam. The latter effect also occurred in pithed rats and was blocked by SCH
      23390. Quinpirole lowered heart rate, whilst fenoldopam produced tachycardia.
      These effects of quinpirole and fenoldopam were significantly inhibited by S
      sulpiride and SCH 23390, respectively. In chlorisondamine-pretreated rats
      quinpirole failed to change heart rate whereas fenoldopam still increased it. In
      conclusion, these results indicate that DA-1 and DA-2 dopamine receptor agonists
      can be easily discriminated on the basis of their cardiovascular profiles.

PMID- 2887316
TI  - Pallister-Killian syndrome: cytogenetic and molecular studies.
AB  - Pallister-Killian syndrome is a dysmorphic syndrome characterized by a tissue
      limited mosaicism: a majority of fibroblasts have 47 chromosomes with an extra
      small metacentric chromosome, whereas the karyotype of lymphocytes is normal. In
      this study, the interpretation of the extra chromosome as composed of two short
      arms of chromosome 12 is confirmed, using molecular methods. Furthermore,
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms indicate that the two arms are
      identical, which is compatible with the hypothesis of an isochromosome 12p. A new
      feature which may be important in understanding the mechanism of origin of the
      abnormality is described: the proportion of abnormal mitoses falls dramatically
      during long-term culture of fibroblasts.

PMID- 2887318
TI  - Familial transmission of a ring chromosome 21.
AB  - A ring chromosome 21 was found in a phenotypically normal mother and her son. The
      clinical findings in the son were bilateral retention of the testes and a
      slightly delayed puberty onset. Consequences of a ring formation of a chromosome
      21 in phenotypically normal patients are presented and discussed, and the
      previously reported cases of familially transmitted G-group ring chromosomes are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2887317
TI  - Carrier detection of haemophilia A using DNA markers in families with an isolated
      affected male.
AB  - The carrier status of women in five families with an isolated haemophilia male
      was assessed by pedigree analysis, coagulation factor assays and DNA markers. In
      three families, ten women could be given very low risks of being carriers based
      on DNA analysis. In two of the families the DNA markers identified the mutation
      as originating in either the maternal or maternal grandfather's germ cell.
      Combined DNA and coagulation data suggested that the affected male in a third
      family was a de novo mutation. DNA analysis of the affected male in another
      family identified a large deletion of the F8 gene which was present in his mother
      and three sisters, suggesting that the grandmother was a carrier. A combination
      of coagulation factor data and DNA marker assessment can determine the carrier
      status of the majority of females in families with isolated affected haemophilia
      A males.

PMID- 2887319
TI  - Evidence for a sperm mutation resulting in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - DNA analysis of Xp21 markers in a family with two brothers affected with Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy (DMD) revealed that the mutation most likely had occurred in a
      grandpaternal sperm. There is therefore a low risk that the maternal aunts and
      their daughters are carriers of the DMD gene.

PMID- 2887320
TI  - X-linked retinoschisis is closely linked to DXS41 and DXS16 but not DXS85.
AB  - A linkage study was carried out in nine families with 24 males affected by X
      linked recessive retinoschisis (RS), using three polymorphic DNA probes from the
      distal segment of Xp. Close linkage of the disease locus with markers DXS41
      (probe p99-6) and DXS16 (pXUT23) was found, confirming the location of the RS
      gene on the distal short arm of the X chromosome. Lod scores for linkage with
      DXS85 (probe 782) were negative.

PMID- 2887321
TI  - Pharmacological management of patients with peptic ulcer disease: prospects for
      the late 1980's.
AB  - Over the past ten years there have been major advances in the physician's ability
      to treat patients with peptic ulcer disease. Cimetidine continues to be the
      standard against which newer therapies are generally compared, although
      ranitidine is equally effective for short-term therapy, more effective for
      maintenance therapy, and has a superior safety profile. Famotidine is an even
      more potent H2 receptor antagonist, and initial clinical studies are promising.
      The initial concern for the development of gastric carcinoid lesions in rodents,
      maintained for long periods on high doses of omeprazole, defused the initial
      enthusiasm for this hydrogen-potassium ATPase "proton pump" inhibitor, but recent
      studies continue to show a marked efficacy of this agent for the short-term care
      of patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers and for the management of patients
      with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Sulcrate continues to enjoy wide popularity
      for acute and chronic care of acid peptic disorders because of its local action
      and minimal adverse effects. Pirenzepine is effective in achieving and
      maintaining healing, but prevalence of anticholinergic side-effects has hampered
      enthusiasm for its widespread use. The 2 forerunners in the prostaglandin
      analogues arena, misoprostol and enprostil, are antisecretory agents when given
      in sufficiently high doses. These orally administered prostaglandins have a
      favourable safety profile, and their only adverse effect is that of the
      development of transient mild diarrhea. Finally, while antacids continue to be
      used in large amounts because of their over-the-counter availability, their
      clinical usefulness is limited by their unpalatable taste and the relatively
      large amounts usually required to achieve ulcer healing.

PMID- 2887322
TI  - Regulation of gastric acid secretion at the cellular level.
AB  - Gastric acid secretion is controlled by neurocrine, endocrine, and paracrine
      pathways. At the organ level, the neurocrine and endocrine systems provide long
      range regulation; and near the target cell the paracrine system appears to
      predominate. The integration of the regulatory commands from these various
      pathways is complex and, as a result, some pathways have not yet been clearly
      defined. Present evidence suggests that acetylcholine from mucosal nerve endings
      acts by 2 possible pathways. It interacts with muscarinic receptors on the
      oxyntic cell stimulating acid production. It is also capable of releasing
      histamine from the paracrine cell in the gastric glands, and histamine then acts
      on the oxyntic cells. The endocrine effect on acid secretion mediated by gastrin
      is less clear. Gastrin binds to oxyntic cell plasma membranes but has little or
      no direct stimulatory effect on the acid-secreting cell. It is assumed that its
      stimulatory action on acid secretion in vivo is mediated primarily by increasing
      histamine levels near the oxyntic cells. Histamine, released from paracrine cells
      near the oxyntic cells, is probably controlled by acetylcholine and gastrin, but
      other mechanisms are being explored. Histamine binds to the H2-receptors on the
      oxyntic cell plasma membrane, activating adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the
      production of the intracellular messenger cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP in turn
      activates a specific protein kinase, which phosphorylates a yet unknown substrate
      for the propagation of the stimulatory signal. The action of acetylcholine on the
      oxyntic cell receptors does not stimulate the production of cyclic AMP; instead,
      it acts on Ca++ channels, increasing the Ca++ entrance into the cell, which
      initiates the intracellular events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887324
TI  - The clinical problem of stress ulcers.
AB  - True stress ulcers are primarily superficial gastric fundic lesions that occur in
      the clinical setting of severe shock, trauma, burns, and sepsis, especially
      peritonitis. They are to be clearly differentiated from Cushing's ulcers,
      exacerbation of pre-existent chronic ulcers, and drug-induced gastritis, all of
      which have completely different pathogenetic mechanisms. The etiology of true
      stress ulcers is most importantly related to ischemia and tissue acidosis,
      although luminal acid and pepsin are requisite for ulceration to occur. The sole
      clinical manifestation of stress ulcers is hemorrhage. Prophylaxis with antacids
      alone, or with a combination of antacids and H2 receptor antagonists is highly
      efficacious if luminal pH is carefully monitored. The treatment of exsanguinating
      hemorrhage, once established, carries with it an extremely high morbidity and
      mortality.

PMID- 2887323
TI  - Prostaglandins for duodenal ulcer.
AB  - Studies to date indicate that certain synthetic prostaglandin E derivatives,
      notably misoprostol and enprostil, possess duodenal ulcer healing efficacy that
      is equivalent to that of the existing H2-receptor antagonists. Whether healing is
      achieved by virtue of their antisecretory action alone or in combination with
      their cytoprotective properties cannot be ascertained. Earlier reports that non
      antisecretory prostaglandin E2 was effective for duodenal-ulcer healing suggested
      that cytoprotective mechanisms may contribute to ulcer healing, but this needs be
      confirmed. Chronic cigarette smoking adversely affects duodenal ulcer healing
      despite treatment with potent acid-reducing regimens. Evidence is available that
      cigarette smoking reduces luminal prostaglandins in the stomach, and that
      misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 is able to overcome the adverse effect of smoking
      on duodenal ulcer healing, further suggesting that cytoprotective mechanisms may
      contribute to ulcer healing. Furthermore, misoprostol has been shown to be the
      first therapeutic agent capable of improving active chronic antral gastritis,
      which has recently been found to be almost invariably associated with active
      duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2887325
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol during repeated oral administration to healthy
      volunteers and patients with kidney or liver disease.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol were investigated following oral
      administration of 10mg once daily for 7 days in 8 healthy subjects, in 14
      patients with different degrees of renal impairment and in 18 patients with liver
      disease. In healthy subjects peak and trough steady-state concentrations of 52
      micrograms/L and 11 micrograms/L, respectively, an elimination half-life of 10.0
      hours and total body clearance of 14.2 L/h were observed. 5.21 mg/24 hours of
      unchanged bisoprolol were recovered following urinary excretion during the dosage
      interval. In 11 patients with renal impairment (mean CLCR = 28 +/- 5
      ml/min/1.72m2) half-life was prolonged to 18.5 hours, and peak and trough
      concentrations were 74 and 32 micrograms/L, respectively. Correspondingly,
      urinary excretion decreased to 3.35 mg/24 hours and total body clearance to 7.8
      L/h. In uraemic patients (CLCR less than 5 ml/min/1.73m2) the total clearance of
      bisoprolol was 5.0 L/h and the elimination half-life was 24.2 hours. In patients
      with liver cirrhosis half-life increased to 13.5 hours, steady-state peak and
      trough concentrations increased to 62 and 22 micrograms/L, respectively, and
      total body clearance decreased to 10.8 L/h. The present study indicates that in
      patients with impairment of kidney or liver function accumulation of bisoprolol
      above a factor of 2 did not occur. However, in the terminal stages of
      insufficiency of kidney or liver function bisoprolol dosage should not exceed
      10mg.

PMID- 2887327
TI  - Flumazenil in the management of acute drug overdosage with benzodiazepines and
      other agents.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was employed to evaluate the
      place of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, in the early management of 60
      patients who went to an accident and emergency center with overdosage of
      sedatives. The level of consciousness was monitored by a modified Glasgow Coma
      Scale, and the response to the intravenous administration of up to 1 mg
      flumazenil or placebo was followed for periods between 1 and 24 hours. The
      increases in the glasgow coma scale at 5 minutes in the flumazenil-treated group
      were significant in the group as a whole (+4.9; P less than 0.005), in those who
      had taken benzodiazepines only (+5.3; P = 0.005), and in those with mixed
      overdosages (+5.6; P less than 0.005). There were no significant changes in the
      placebo-treated group. Some patients with overdosage with ethanol also responded
      to flumazenil, but there was no effect in patients with overdosage of
      barbiturates alone or tricyclic antidepressants. Flumazenil was well tolerated
      although three patients had mild withdrawal reactions. The need for intensive
      physiologic support was avoided in several cases, and the differential diagnosis
      of the unconscious patient was facilitated.

PMID- 2887328
TI  - The relative antihistaminic and psychomotor effects of hydroxyzine and
      cetirizine.
AB  - Twelve healthy subjects with atopy received single doses of hydroxyzine, 25 mg,
      its metabolite cetirizine, 10 and 20 mg, and placebo in a four-way crossover
      study randomized by Latin square design. Skin wheal response to histamine,
      psychomotor effects, and serum concentrations of each drug were measured for 36
      hours after each dose. Central nervous system (CNS) effects were measured with
      critical flicker frequency, Stroop word testing, and visual analog scales. All
      three active treatments (cetirizine, 10 mg, cetirizine, 20 mg, and hydroxyzine)
      produced an equivalent suppression of skin wheal response to histamine that was
      significantly greater than placebo (P less than 0.01). Hydroxyzine produced a
      significant change compared with placebo in all three CNS parameters. Neither
      cetirizine, 10 mg, nor cetirizine, 20 mg, produced any significant change in CNS
      parameters. Both the intensity and time course of CNS effects were related
      significantly (P less than 0.05) to hydroxyzine concentrations. The CNS changes
      measured after oral hydroxyzine are the result of the parent drug, whereas its
      metabolite cetirizine when administered alone produced significant antihistaminic
      effects without CNS changes.

PMID- 2887326
TI  - Antipsychotic drugs. Clinical pharmacokinetics of potential candidates for plasma
      concentration monitoring.
AB  - Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) are candidates for plasma concentration
      monitoring, but not all agents have the same potential in this respect. The
      present review analyses the available data on the kinetics and metabolism of
      fluphenazine, perphenazine, thiothixene, flupenthixol, clopenthixol, haloperidol,
      pimozide, penfluridol, sulpiride and clozapine. Although some of the drugs
      described in this review have been in use for many years, knowledge of their
      pharmacokinetics is still only approximate. This is primarily because
      determination in biological fluids is not always feasible. Accordingly,
      analytical methods useful for pharmacokinetic studies or plasma concentration
      monitoring of these antipsychotic drugs are discussed. With the exception of
      sulpiride, all the neuroleptics reviewed share some basic pharmacokinetic
      properties: good gastrointestinal absorption but reduced systemic availability
      because of hepatic first-pass metabolism, high hepatic clearance and a large
      apparent volume of distribution leading to an apparent elimination half-life of
      about 24 hours for most of these compounds. The renal elimination is negligible
      and it seems that these drugs do not possess active metabolites. The
      pharmacokinetic properties of antipsychotic drugs are important for the inclusion
      of a set of drugs in a psychiatric institution where there is a possibility of
      drug concentration monitoring. In addition, the availability of a depot
      preparation is of importance. These factors are discussed in view of the
      experience made during the last years in the University Psychiatric Institutions
      of Geneva.

PMID- 2887330
TI  - Lymphocyte transglutaminase function may be impaired in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A method for capping of beta 2-microglobulin involving the transglutaminase
      inhibitor monodansylthiacadaverine was applied to lymphocytes from 17 patients
      with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and from a matched control group of 16
      normoglycaemic healthy subjects. Monodansylthiacadaverine strongly inhibited the
      capping, which points to the involvement of transglutaminase in the
      redistribution of beta 2-microglobulin on the cell surface. The inhibition was
      more pronounced in lymphocytes from diabetic patients, indicating impaired
      transglutaminase function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2887329
TI  - Molecular mechanism of multidrug resistance in tumor cells.
AB  - The ability of tumor cells to develop simultaneous resistance to multiple
      lipophilic cytotoxic compounds represents a major problem in cancer chemotherapy.
      This review describes recent molecular biological studies which resulted in the
      identification and cloning of the gene responsible for multidrug resistance in
      human tumor cells. This gene, designated mdr1, is overexpressed in all and
      amplified in many of the multidrug-resistant cell lines analyzed. Gene transfer
      and expression assays have indicated that the mdr1 gene is both necessary and
      sufficient for multidrug resistance. The product of the mdr1 gene is P
      glycoprotein, a transmembrane protein which shares homology with several
      bacterial proteins involved in active membrane transport. P-glycoprotein appears
      to function as an energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for the removal of
      drugs from multidrug-resistant cells. The functions of the mdr system in normal
      cells and its potential clinical implications are discussed.

PMID- 2887331
TI  - Leucopenia in adult Still's disease during treatment with azathioprine and
      sulphasalazine.
AB  - The experience is reported concerning treatment of adult Still's disease with a
      combination of azathioprine and sulphasalazine. In three patients a favourable
      effect on the symptoms was noted. In one of these patients a year-long prednisone
      treatment was withdrawn and replaced by sulphasalazine. In all these cases,
      however, a decrease was seen in leucocyte counts to subnormal levels after the
      addition of sulphasalazine to a basis therapy with azathioprine 150-200 mg/d (2.1
      3.3 mg/kg). The effect was only transitory in two patients, while it lasted
      several months in the third. In a fourth patient agranulocytosis developed after
      four days following the combined treatment with azathioprine 150 mg/d (2.3 mg/kg)
      and 250-1000 mg/d (4-15 mg/kg) of sulphasalazine, lasting four days before
      recovery. A later resumption of the combination therapy with these same drugs,
      but in a lower dosage, did not induce any acute changes in leucocyte counts. The
      skin rash provoked by sulphasalazine in two of the patients did not recur after
      desensitization. It is concluded, that this combination therapy is valuable in
      adult Still's disease, but that caution should be exerted during the initiation
      of sulphasalazine therapy. This should be monitored by daily measurements of
      leucocyte counts in the first weeks and preferably started by the use of a
      desensitising kit.

PMID- 2887332
TI  - Effect of beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic
      peptide during exercise in normal man.
AB  - Increased plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) during exercise have
      been reported. To investigate the role of tachycardia as a stimulus for release
      of ANP during exercise the following study was undertaken. Graded exercise was
      performed in six healthy volunteers before and after beta 1-adrenoceptor
      blockade. Plasma levels of ANP were determined at different workloads in both
      cases. At rest and at all workloads during exercise plasma levels of ANP were
      higher after beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade than without. Therefore, it is unlikely
      that tachycardia is a major stimulus for secretion of ANP during exercise. It is
      suggested that increased right atrial pressure and/or pulmonary arterial blood
      pressure and increased plasma levels of catecholamines are important secretory
      stimuli for ANP during exercise.

PMID- 2887333
TI  - Advances in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2887334
TI  - Therapy for asthma and allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2887335
TI  - Occurrence of mannose resistant hemagglutinins in Escherichia coli strains
      isolated from porcine colibacillosis.
AB  - Three-hundred and fifty-eight E. coli strains isolated from piglets were tested
      for the presence of hemagglutinins by the use of the active hemagglutination test
      with or without mannose. Additionally 86 strains from the mentioned number of
      strains were investigated for the presence of common fimbriae using the same
      method but growing the strains in media especially suited for the development of
      this kind of fimbriae. These 358 strains and additionally 202 E. coli strains
      were tested using antisera for 987P and K88 antigens. It was found, using the
      active hemagglutination test, that 51.4% of the strains were hemagglutinating.
      The hemagglutinating strains carried the K88 antigen. All these strains were
      isolated from new-born and weaned piglets with enterotoxic form of
      colibacillosis, called also E. coli diarrhea. From cases of this form of
      colibacillosis originated also 26.7% of the strains in which common fimbriae
      (type 1) were detected. This result was obtained when the BHI medium was used for
      cultivation. In case of TSA medium only 2.3% of strains were positive. No
      specific or common fimbriae were found in strains recovered from septic form of
      colibacillosis and oedema disease (called also enterotoxaemic form of
      colibacillosis). No strain of 560 examined showed the presence of fimbrial 987P
      antigen.

PMID- 2887336
TI  - Freshwater or marine origin of the vertebrates?
AB  - 1. Paleontological data indicate that the earliest recognizable vertebrate
      remains, bone fragments of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician heterostracan
      fishes, were deposited in a marine situation. 2. Since these earliest fossils are
      sporadic in occurrence, from atypical marine deposits and since they only
      represent the full grown adult stage, the possibility of a freshwater
      developmental stage or estuarine habitat cannot be excluded. 3. The hagfishes,
      supposedly the most primitive of living vertebrates, are exclusively marine and
      possess an osmoregulatory strategy (monovalent ion levels nearly identical with
      sea-water with little capability of regulation) that is consonant with a strictly
      marine evolutionary history. Possibly, but less parsimoniously, this strategy and
      habitat could be secondarily derived. 4. The hagfish has a glomerular kidney,
      renal sodium reabsorption and branchial pumps for the uptake of sodium and
      chloride which are indicative, but not unequivocally diagnostic, of a freshwater
      ancestry. 5. A scenario in which the earliest vertebrate was anadromous, breeding
      in fresh water and migrating to the sea, is consistent with the paleontological
      data and with the physiology and life history of living 'primitive' fishes. It
      also leads to more coherent explanations for the origin of bone and for the
      evolution of vertebrate special senses than do alternative marine scenarios.

PMID- 2887337
TI  - Comparison of recovery from hemorrhage in birds and mammals.

PMID- 2887339
TI  - The efficiency of growth during body weight recovery in young adult female rats.
AB  - 1. Six young adult female rats were subjected to 40% body weight loss in 84 days
      by food restriction followed by recovery of body weight in 36.2 +/- 4.28 days by
      ad libitum food intake. The regimen was then repeated, with 40% body weight loss
      in 105 days followed by recovery of body weight in 22.8 +/- 2.00 days. 2. Food
      intakes were measured continuously. 3. These rats used digestible energy more
      efficiently during the second recovery (49.1 +/- 3.11 v. 77.3 +/- 7.91 kJ
      digestible energy intake per g body wt gain). 4. Seven rats were subjected to one
      body weight loss and recovery. Five of them had an efficiency of 44.1 +/- 3.34
      kJ/g live wt gain which was not significantly different from that of the first
      group during their second recovery; they may not have been capable of improvement
      after a second deprivation. 5. It is concluded that some rats can adapt after a
      period of severe body weight loss and recovery to utilize food more efficiently
      during body weight recovery after a second episode.

PMID- 2887338
TI  - Electrical and mechanical activity in heart tissue of flounder and rainbow trout
      during acidosis.
AB  - 1. Twitch force and voltage across the sarcolemma were measured in heart tissue
      of flounder and rainbow trout. 2. For the trout heart, hypercapnia was followed
      by a loss of force and an action potential prolongation. 3. This was also
      observed for the flounder heart, but only initially. 4. About 5 min after the
      onset of hypercapnia, an increase in force and a shortening of the action
      potential occurred in the flounder heart. 5. After about 30 min of hypercapnia a
      decrease in force and a prolongation of the action potential slowly appeared. 6.
      These results can be interpreted in terms of a species-dependent effect of
      acidosis on the cellular Ca2+ handling and the influence of intracellular Ca2+ on
      the action potential.

PMID- 2887341
TI  - The postnatal development of serum zinc, copper and ceruloplasmin in the horse.
AB  - 1. Serum samples were collected from ten foals at predetermined times during the
      first 12 months following birth and zinc and copper concentrations and
      ceruloplasmin activity were evaluated. 2. Serum zinc concentrations were found to
      be quite variable with respect to age (range = 67-95 micrograms/dl). 3. Serum
      copper concentrations increased in a linear fashion from day 0 to day 28 before
      levelling off at 190-247 micrograms/dl. 4. Ceruloplasmin activity was found to
      correlate with the concentration of serum copper (r = 0.92) and reached a plateau
      at an activity of 30-38 IU by day 28.

PMID- 2887340
TI  - The effect of artificial photoperiodicity and antiandrogen treatment on the
      antler growth and plasma levels of LH, FSH, testosterone, prolactin and alkaline
      phosphatase in the male white-tailed deer.
AB  - 1. Artificial extension of day-length in adult male white-tailed deer during the
      autumn induced: (a) premature casting of antlers, early onset of the new antler
      growth and out of season mineralization, (b) early elevation of plasma levels of
      prolactin, LH, FSH, testosterone and alkaline phosphatase and (c) out of season
      hair molt. 2. Intramuscular administration of the antiandrogen cyproterone
      acetate immediately after velvet shedding induced: (a) dramatic reduction of
      testosterone levels in plasma, (b) premature casting in bucks with fully
      mineralized antlers and (c) renewal of bone rebuilding activity in incompletely
      mineralized antlers which resulted in blockage of casting.

PMID- 2887342
TI  - Measurement of 14CO2 evolution during tissue oxidation in vitro; an alternative
      to the Kontes well.
AB  - 1. An alternative method to the use of the disposable Kontes well for trapping
      14CO2 produced in the course of biological oxidations is described. 2. A
      polyethylene miniature scintillation vial was used to contain the hyamine
      hydroxide-impregnated filter paper wick. 3. The two methods are compared in their
      abilities to trap 14CO2 produced directly by acidification of sodium
      [14C]bicarbonate and during beta-oxidation of 1[14C] palmitic acid. 4. The
      miniature vial and Kontes well methods showed similar efficiencies in the
      trapping of 14CO2 (97% and 95%, respectively, on average) the radioactivity of
      which was determined in the miniature vial using 5 ml only of scintillation fluid
      compared with a minimum of 10 ml required by the standard scintillation vial used
      to accommodate the Kontes well. 5. The technical advantages of the suggested
      miniature vial system, during both incubation and counting stages, are discussed.

PMID- 2887343
TI  - Carrier-mediated transport of urate by chicken (Gallus domesticus) renal brush
      border membrane vesicles.
AB  - 1. Urate is transported by an anion exchange system in chicken renal brush-border
      membrane vesicles. An outward chloride gradient stimulates an overshoot in urate
      uptake. 2. The anion exchanger is similar to those described for the kidneys of
      rats and dogs except that the chicken exchanger has a higher specificity for
      urate. 3. p-Aminohippurate has only a weak affinity, if any, for the urate
      exchanger. 4. There were no apparent qualitative differences in urate transport
      between brush-border membrane vesicles from genetically normouricemic and
      hyperuricemic chickens.

PMID- 2887344
TI  - Fluid compartmentation in skeletal muscle and carcass of Mus musculus acclimated
      to water scarcity.
AB  - 1. Total water (TW), and extracellular water (ECW) (as sodium and chloride space)
      were determined in skeletal muscle and carcass of Mus musculus acclimated to long
      term water shortage. 2. The presence of fat in control mice and those in early
      stages of acclimation resulted in an apparent increase in TW and ECW as
      acclimation proceeded. 3. In contrast, fluid volumes per fat-free weight were
      either unchanged from controls or reduced. 4. Sodium space exceeded chloride
      space. 5. Muscle and carcass had essentially the same pattern of fluid shifts. 6.
      We conclude that ECW maintenance is a preeminent component of the acclimation
      process in this species.

PMID- 2887345
TI  - The effects of starvation and refeeding on egg laying and the synthetic activity
      of the albumen gland in Bulinus truncatus, a snail vector of urinary
      schistosomiasis.
AB  - 1. The effects of starvation (for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, respectively) and
      refeeding (12 days starvation and 1, 2 and 3 days refeeding, respectively) on egg
      laying and albumen gland activity in the freshwater snail, Bulinus truncatus were
      studied. 2. The egg laying of starving snails rapidly decreased and ceased by day
      6 of starvation. Egg laying was restored 24 hr after refeeding. The recorded
      decrease in albumen gland wet weight was proportional to the starvation periods.
      The DNA contents of the glands of the different experimental groups was not
      statistically different from the controls. 3. Albumen gland synthetic activity
      expressed as 14C-glucose incorporation into galactogen/microgram DNA and 3H-amino
      acids into total protein was determined. The glands showed an abrupt decrease in
      synthetic activity after 1 day of starvation and gradually decreased further
      until days 9-12. The decrease in activity of the glands was more rapid than that
      of egg laying. Upon refeeding, the activity of the glands recovered rapidly,
      simultaneous with the increase in wet weight and egg laying. 4. In conclusion,
      there is a correlation between egg laying and the in vitro activity of albumen
      glands. The results show a short-term effect of starvation on the fecundity of
      the snails. Such studies could be useful in field studies as well as snail
      control by applying molluscicides under optimal conditions.

PMID- 2887346
TI  - The effects of starvation and sexual maturation on Na+ transbranchial fluxes
      following direct transfer from fresh water to sea-water in rainbow trout (Salmo
      gairdneri).
AB  - 1. The perfused isolated head technique has been used to measure sodium arterial
      fluxes following direct transfer from fresh water to sea-water. 2. A starvation
      related decrease in net sodium flux is reported. 3. Sexual maturation slackens
      the decrement of this net flux. 4. In starved fish, the cytological modifications
      of chloride cells following such a transfer are delayed. 5. This effect of
      starvation is discussed in terms of lamella sodium imperviousness.

PMID- 2887347
TI  - Unilateral orchidectomy of ram lambs: acute, chronic and hCG-stimulated androgen
      levels.
AB  - 1. The objectives of this study were to determine whether compensation of
      androgen secretion occurred acutely, chronically or after hCG-stimulation in
      unilaterally orchidectomized (ULO) rams. 2. Testosterone (T) concentrations were
      not significantly different (P greater than 0.10) between ULO and sham-operated
      ram lambs during the period immediately following ULO. 3. Chronically,
      testosterone concentrations were not significantly different (P greater than
      0.10) between ULO and sham-operated ram lambs. 4. After hCG injection, the
      testosterone response of chronic ULO ram lambs was approx. half the response of
      the sham-operated ram lambs. 5. These data indicate that a rapid and sustained
      compensatory response of basal secretion of testosterone but not hCG-inducible
      testosterone secretion occurred in the ULO'd ram lambs.

PMID- 2887348
TI  - Significance of sleeping plate as a thermal protection for farmed raccoon dogs
      (Nyctereutes procyonoides).
AB  - 1. Both living and model animals were used to evaluate the significance of a
      sleeping plate as a thermal protection for the farmed raccoon dog (Nyctereutes
      procyonoides, Gray, 1834), its use by the animals and its cleanliness while used.
      2. A dry sleeping plate effectively prevented heat loss from the model animal
      while a wet plate was less effective. The degree of heat transfer was highest
      when the plate was ice-covered. Heat loss in windy conditions was significantly
      higher than in calm conditions. 3. The use of a sleeping plate did not depend on
      ambient air temperature; in spite of the cold weather (about -25 degrees C) only
      one in four animals preferred to lie on plate. Animals which did not prefer to
      use sleeping plates most eagerly messed them up.

PMID- 2887349
TI  - Effect of indomethacin on plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites, oestradiol and
      progesterone in rabbits during early pregnancy.
AB  - 1. Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by indomethacin (Id) during early
      pregnancy in rabbits apparently disrupts the process of sex steroid production by
      the ovaries. 2. The role of PGs as mediators in steroidogenesis was tested by
      investigating the effect of Id alone or in combination with progesterone, with
      oestradiol and progesterone, or with a mixture of PGs, on plasma levels of 25
      hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) in rabbits at
      an early stage of pregnancy. 3. Id alone significantly reduced plasma levels of
      both 25(OH) D and 1,25(OH)2D. Treatment with Id in combination with either
      oestradiol and progesterone, or with a mixture of PGs, resulted in the
      restoration of plasma levels of both vitamin D metabolites as well as the
      restoration of plasma levels of progesterone, to their control values.

PMID- 2887350
TI  - Characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity in the freshwater
      turtle, Amyda japonica.
AB  - 1. Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity has been characterized in the
      freshwater turtle, Amyda japonica. 2. Peak activity of ACE in plasma from the
      freshwater turtle was shown at pH 9.0, which was more alkaline compared to that
      of mammals. 3. Chloride requirements for the optimal ACE activity were different
      from species. 4. ACE inhibitors, EDTA, teprotide (SQ 20,881), Captopril (SQ
      14,225) showed dose-dependent inhibitions of ACE activity in plasma from the
      freshwater turtle as well as mammals. 5. ACE activity was found in several
      different tissues with a different activity showing the highest activity in
      kidney homogenate from the freshwater turtle, Amyda japonica.

PMID- 2887351
TI  - Electrophysiological characteristics of cardiac pacemaker cells of the frog
      Caudiverbera caudiverbera.
AB  - 1. The cardiac pacemaker cells of the frog Caudiverbera caudiverbera are
      centrally located in the sinus venosus. These cells are rounded, smaller than
      contractile fibres and have large nuclei. 2. Intracellular recording confirmed
      the existence of primary and transitional pacemaker cells. 3. Action potentials
      from primary cells were resistant to blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX), but were
      abolished by verapamil suggesting that their bioelectric activity is dependent on
      a slow inward current. 4. Transitional cells appeared to have two different
      inward currents contributing to the upstroke: a fast TTX-sensitive and a slow
      verapamil-sensitive current.

PMID- 2887352
TI  - Intestinal release of mucin in response to HCl and taurocholate: effect of
      indomethacin.
AB  - 1. Alkaline secretion and mucin output were analyzed along the gastrointestinal
      tract of a dog in response to luminal application of HCl and taurocholate with
      and without pretreatment with indomethacin. 2. Mucins derived from the different
      areas displayed similar contents of protein and carbohydrate but differed with
      respect to associated and covalently bound lipids. 3. Application of HCl or
      taurocholate in all the regions caused an increase in the output of mucins and
      HCO3-. However, mucins elaborated in response to HCl exhibited higher total lipid
      content and were richer in phospholipids. 4. Pretreatment with indomethacin prior
      to HCl application led to a reduction in HCO3- and caused a decrease in mucin
      phospholipid content, but had no effect on HCO3- secretion and the lipid content
      of mucins elaborated in response to taurocholate. 5. The results indicate that
      mucins elaborated along the gastrointestinal tract differ with respect to lipids,
      and that their output in response to HCl is mediated by prostaglandins.

PMID- 2887353
TI  - Effect of thyroidal state on the gastrointestinal transit and emptying of young
      broilers.
AB  - 1. In newly hatched broilers, propylthiouracil and thyroid powder added to the
      diet produced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively. After 4-5 days of
      treatment body and thyroid weight changed, but no differences in body temperature
      were found. 2. The hyperthyroidal animals had high mortality rate and the
      hypothyroidal ones showed significantly lower glycemia values. 3. The
      gastrointestinal transit and emptying of 8 and 15 days old hypo-, hyper- and
      euthyroidal broiler chicks were measured using 14C-PEG-4000 as a marker. 4.
      Hypothyroidism prolonged GI transit and emptying, whereas hyperthyroidism
      modified these parameters in a way dependent of the elapsed time after the test
      meal: at 0.5 and 1 hr transit and emptying were quick, but at 2 and 4 hr the
      transit was slow. 5. Hyperthyroidism also delayed the transit of large bowel
      intraluminal contents in 15-day-old chickens. 6. These results are very similar
      to those of starvation, suggesting an important interaction between diencephalon,
      thyroid gland and GI motility in young chickens.

PMID- 2887355
TI  - Fluid volumes in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: application of compartmental
      analysis.
AB  - 1. The measurement of fluid volumes by the indicator dilution technique and
      compartmental analysis was re-evaluated in free-swimming, undisturbed rainbow
      trout. 2. Plasma (33.5 ml/kg body wt) and blood (41.3 ml/kg body wt) volumes
      estimated by compartmental analysis from blood samples taken early (less than 5
      min) after dye injection were 40% lower than volumes calculated by sampling late
      (greater than or equal to 80 min). 3. The rate of exchange of dye between plasma
      and interstitial fluid was high (48%/hr) compared to mammals (5%/hr) which
      supports the hypothesis that teleost capillaries have high protein permeability.
      4. Total extracellular volume estimated using a single pool model (210.5 ml/kg
      body wt) of inulin kinetics was 20% higher than that calculated by a three pool
      model (172.8 ml/kg body wt).

PMID- 2887354
TI  - Influence of dietary fat on some metabolic responses of cattle to hyperthermia
      induced by heat exposure.
AB  - 1. Two breeds of cattle which differ in their plasma concentrations of lipid
      components (PCLC) and ability to tolerate heat were used to study metabolic
      responses to hyperthermia. Two maintenance diets, LF (2.5% Fat) and HF (9.2%
      Fat), which were isonitrogenous and isocaloric were used. 2. The PCLC, the net
      esterification of cholesterol by the lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase
      system and faecal fat excretion were increased by the HF diet which reduced
      urinary N loss. 3. Hyperthermia disturbed lipid metabolism in all animals and
      reductions in the concentrations of plasma cholesterol and phospholipid
      paralleled the increases in the quantities of fat excreted in the faeces. 4.
      Within breeds the animals on the HF diet maintained a higher PCLC, lower body
      temperature and conserved more body nitrogen during hyperthermia than animals on
      the LF diet. 5. The results point to a role for dietary lipid in ameliorating the
      metabolic disturbances in animals during chronic hyperthermia.

PMID- 2887356
TI  - L-antigen and active potassium transport in HK and LK red cells of Barbary sheep
      (Ammotragus lervia).
AB  - 1. The potassium concentration in red cells of 21 Barbary sheep showed a bimodal
      distribution, with five animals of LK type (K+ conc. 30-45 mM) and 16 of HK type
      (K+ conc. 80-95 mM). 2. Evidence is presented that both Lp and Ll antigens are
      present on LK Barbary sheep red cells. 3. Active K+ transport in LK Barbary sheep
      red cells was stimulated 3-5 fold by sheep and goat anti-L. 4. Active K+
      transport in HK Barbary sheep red cells was higher than in LK red cells. Five out
      of six HK animals tested showed no stimulation of active K+ transport with anti
      L. One HK animal (2BA2) showed some stimulation of active K+ transport, and also
      absorbed some anti-L from antisera, suggesting that Lp antigen is present on
      these red cells. 5. Ouabain-sensitive ATPase in membranes from HK and LK Barbary
      sheep red cells showed kinetics characteristic of HK and LK membranes of domestic
      goats and sheep; the ATPase of LK Barbary sheep membranes sensitized with anti-L
      was stimulated 2-fold due to an alteration in the internal sodium and potassium
      affinities in favour of sodium.

PMID- 2887357
TI  - Absorption and fate of labelled canthaxanthin 15, 15'-3H2 in rainbow trout (Salmo
      gairdneri Rich.).
AB  - 1. Using one force fed meal, absorption of labelled canthaxanthin 15,15'-3H2 was
      studied by collecting blood via caudal punction at regular intervals and
      measuring radioactivity in various tissues and organs of rainbow trout. 2.
      Canthaxanthin absorption showed a large variability between individuals
      irrespective of their sex. A rapid increase in the radioactivity linked to
      canthaxanthin 15,15'-3H2 is observed in the blood followed by a slow decrease. 3.
      Twenty-four and 72 hours after ingestion of labelled canthaxanthin by rainbow
      trout, the radioactivity was widely distributed. From the total radioactivity
      given, most was found 24 hours after the meal in the pyloric caeca, ovary and
      skin. Seventy-two hours after diet, the radioactivity increased in the muscle,
      liver and kidney. On the other hand, the percentage of radioactivity of intestine
      and caeca declined. 4. Data from absorption curve indicates that 0.86% of
      radioactivity ingested is present in the blood, suggesting that canthaxanthin is
      not readily transferred from the digestive tract. 5. The metabolic clearance of
      canthaxanthin (lambda = 0.0246/hr +/- 0.005) which would correspond to a half
      life of 28 hours gives a preliminary idea of the digestive and metabolic
      utilization of canthaxanthin by the rainbow trout.

PMID- 2887358
TI  - Post-tetanic potentiation of miniature end-plate potential frequency at
      neuromuscular junction of the rat soleus muscle.
AB  - 1. Changes in miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency by repetitive
      nerve stimulation were examined in the rat soleus muscle. 2. The increase of
      m.e.p.p. frequency was induced by repetitive stimulation and persisted for
      several minutes after the tetanus. That is, post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) of
      neuromuscular transmission was first demonstrated here in the rat soleus muscle.
      3. The time course of the decay of m.e.p.p. frequency after the tetanus showed a
      double exponential curve which consisted of a fast decaying component
      (augmentation) and a slow decaying component (potentiation). 4. The magnitude of
      PTP depended on the stimulation frequency and its duration. It increased with the
      increase of duration and was at its maximum at a frequency of 100 Hz. 5. No PTP
      was elicited by repetitive stimulation under conditions in which end-plate
      potential (e.p.p.) was completely suppressed, and, moreover, m.e.p.p. frequency
      tended to decrease after the tetanus.

PMID- 2887359
TI  - Transient sensitivity reduction and biphasic photoresponses observed when frog
      retinal rods are oxidized.
AB  - 1. Rod photoresponses and the effects of oxidation have been studied by recording
      either the transretinal voltage in aspartate-treated retinas or the outer segment
      current of single rods. 2. Oxidizing conditions transiently decreased, reducing
      conditions increased sensitivity. 3. Biphasic photoresponses were seen when the
      level of oxidation was rising and also in some other sensitivity-depressing
      conditions. 4. A model is proposed which explains the biphasic responses in terms
      of sensitivity differences between the tip and the base of the rod outer segment.

PMID- 2887360
TI  - Serum levels of bilirubin and biliverdin in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
      L., before and after their biliary atresia.
AB  - 1. The sera of ammocoetes, juvenile adults, and upstream migrants of the sea
      lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., were analyzed for the presence of the bile
      pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin. 2. Bile pigment was not detected in the sera
      of ammocoetes. 3. After biliary atresia (degeneration of bile ducts at
      metamorphosis), bilirubin and biliverdin were detected in the sera of both
      juvenile adults and upstream migrants. 4. These data suggest that lampreys have
      some bile stasis following biliary atresia, but also that they likely have
      alternate pathway(s) for bile pigment elimination.

PMID- 2887361
TI  - Effect of photoperiod on the diurnal rhythm of plasma testosterone,
      dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione in mature male chickens.
AB  - 1. The effects of different photoperiods on the concentrations of plasma
      androgens, testes weight and on the diurnal rhythm of plasma testosterone (T),
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione (A) in mature, single comb White
      Leghorn male chickens were studied. 2. Birds were exposed to either 14 hr of
      light (lights on at 0600-2000 hr) or to 24 hr of light per day. 3. Blood samples
      were collected from birds in both groups at 3-hr intervals and plasma levels of
      T, DHT and A were measured using radioimmunoassays. Following blood collection,
      birds were weighed, killed and testis weights were recorded. 4. Under 14 hr of
      light, there was a diurnal rhythm of T and DHT with hormone concentrations
      peaking at the end of the dark period. There was no obvious rhythm for A.
      Exposure to 24 hr of light abolished the diurnal rhythm found under 14 hr of
      light. 5. There was an increase not only in testis weights but also in body
      weight and hormone concentrations under 24 hr of light. 6. It was concluded that
      photoperiod plays an important role in controlling the concentration and rhythm
      of androgens in mature male chickens.

PMID- 2887363
TI  - Changes in post-tetanic potentiation of neuromuscular transmission in chronically
      stretched muscle.
AB  - 1. Changes in the parameters of the magnitude of PTP of m.e.p.p. frequency were
      examined in rat soleus muscles chronically stretched for a variety of durations
      (4-28 days) by leg-lengthening operations. 2. On day 4 after the operation, the
      magnitude of PTP in the stretched muscles obviously increased compared to the
      control muscles. This indicates that Ca2+-conductance in the nerve terminals
      increases in the stretched muscles at day 4. 3. On day 7 after the operation,
      there was no significant difference between the magnitudes of PTP in the control
      and stretched muscles. 4. After day 14 following the operation, the magnitude of
      PTP in the stretched muscles was smaller than that in the control muscles. This
      indicates that Ca2+-conductance in the nerve terminals decreases in the stretched
      muscles after day 14.

PMID- 2887362
TI  - Biomphalaria glabrata: respiration, calcium and end products of carbohydrate
      metabolism.
AB  - 1. Lactic acid and succinic acid (end products of anaerobiosis) also occur under
      aerobic conditions in the haemolymph and excretion products of Biomphalaria
      glabrata. This phenomenon has been investigated in more detail. 2. Experiments on
      oxygen uptake, and analyses of organic acid, amino acid and calcium were carried
      out under various aerating conditions, various temperatures and in various water
      qualities. 3. No differences were found in the concentrations of the organic
      acids and calcium in the haemolymph under different aerating conditions. 4.
      Neither snail-conditioned water, nor artificial crowding effects played a role in
      the initiation of anaerobic respiration. 5. A low exposure temperature (4 degrees
      C) initiated anaerobic respiration in spite of the aeration.

PMID- 2887365
TI  - Muscle capillarity in chicks following hypoxia.
AB  - 1. Muscle capillarity was examined in chicks exposed to normobaric hypoxia with
      and without increased workload. 2. Capillarity was higher in the lateral head of
      the gastrocnemius, but not in the other muscles examined. Increased workload did
      not contribute to the effects of hypoxia. 3. Thus, hypoxia served as a stimulus
      for the development of new capillaries in muscle containing twitch fibers, but
      not in muscle containing tonic fibers.

PMID- 2887364
TI  - Ecdysteroids during embryonation of eggs of Ascaris suum.
AB  - 1. The optimal temperature for in vitro development of fertilized eggs of Ascaris
      suum was 24 degrees C. 2. Samples (2 X 10(7) eggs) were obtained from in vitro
      embryonating cultures every 3 days for 4 weeks; lipids were extracted, partially
      purified, fractionated with HPLC and analyzed for ecdysteroids by
      radioimmunoassay. 3. Free ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) were at low
      levels (less than 20 pg) in freshly excised eggs and rose to maximal values on
      day 6 of embryonation. 4. Conjugated ecdysone and conjugated 20-HE rose to
      maximal values on day 9. 5. Both free and conjugated ecdysteroids were
      undetectable from days 15 to 27 of cultivation. 6. These profiles indicate that
      ecdysteroids might have a selective role in nematode embryonation and/or tanning
      of the egg shell.

PMID- 2887366
TI  - Possible mechanism of unconjugated bilirubin toxicity on renal tissue.
AB  - 1. The effects of unconjugated bilirubin on rat renal tissue metabolism and
      organic anion transport were investigated using cortical slices. 2. Unconjugated
      bilirubin in the medium decreased slice-to-medium ratio of p-aminohippurate,
      altered intracellular Na+ and K+, and decreased ATP content without modifications
      of (Na+-K+) ATPase. 3. The effects were similar to those of ethacrynic acid and
      cyanide but less marked. 4. The presence of probenecid blocked the effect of
      pigment on intracellular electrolytes. 5. The results suggest that pigment is
      taken up by renal tissue using the organic anion transport system, and within the
      cell inhibits ATP production.

PMID- 2887367
TI  - Environmental effect on plasma thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triido-L-thyronine (T3),
      prolactin and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content in the
      mudskippers Periophthalmus chrysospilos and Boleophthalmus boddaerti.
AB  - 1. In both Periophthalmus chrysospilos and Boleophthalmus boddaerti, T4 was
      involved in enabling the fish to cope with terrestrial stress and not in
      osmoregulation in waters of different salinities. In B. boddaerti, however,
      3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) played a more significant role in osmoregulation
      under the various aquatic conditions. 2. The control of osmoregulation mechanisms
      in P. chrysospilos kept in waters of different salinities was taken over by
      prolactin instead, whereas prolactin was only involved in osmoregulation in B.
      boddaerti under extreme osmotic stress (100% SW). Prolactin is also involved in
      the terrestrial adaptations of P. chrysospilos. 3. Plasma cAMP levels in P.
      chrysospilos increased with increasing salinity of the external environment
      (Tables 4 and 5) implicating its role in the stimulation of chloride secretion
      and in intracellular isosmotic regulation. 4. Significant increase in the plasma
      cAMP level of B. boddaerti submerged in 100% SW was also observed. However, the
      plasma cAMP levels of B. boddaerti fully submerged in 30% and 50% SW were not
      significantly different from the control as these conditions simulated those of
      their natural habitats.

PMID- 2887368
TI  - Fever in snails, reflection on a negative result.
AB  - 1. Groups of aquatic snails (Limnaea auricularia) were placed in a temperature
      gradient and their thermopreferendum measured. 2. Injected with various amounts
      of killed Escherichia coli, bacterial endotoxin, human interleukin, and
      prostaglandin E1, E2 and F2 alpha, they did not develop a fever. 3. High doses of
      prostaglandins were toxic. 4. These results suggest that fever appeared in the
      course of evolution after the emergence of molluscs and before that of
      arthropods.

PMID- 2887369
TI  - Effect of feeding pattern on the sensitivity of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl
      transferase to inhibition by malonyl-CoA in the rat.
AB  - 1. The feeding pattern influences the inhibitory effects of malonyl-CoA on
      carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I. 2. The sensitivity of liver carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase-I to malonyl-CoA is increased in rats meal-fed when compared
      to rats fed ad libitum. 3. Moreover, liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I of
      meal-fed rats remains more sensitive to inhibition by malonyl-CoA during a 24
      hour fast than liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I of rats previously fed ad
      libitum.

PMID- 2887370
TI  - Calcitonin induces hypercalcemia in grey mullet and immature freshwater and sea
      water adapted rainbow trout.
AB  - 1. Changes in plasma calcium levels, in response to salmon calcitonin injections,
      were studied in freshwater and sea-water adapted trout (Salmo gairdnerii) and in
      grey mullet (Chelon labrosus). 2. Low doses (0.1 ng sCT/100 g body weight)
      elicited hypercalcemia in the two species studied. 3. High doses (0.5 microgram)
      provoked hypocalcemia only in freshwater and sea-water adapted trout. 4. An
      hypercalcemic response appears as the primordial effects of CT injections, higher
      doses of CT leading to hypocalcemic effects.

PMID- 2887372
TI  - Reduced synthetic activity as a contributing factor to weight-loss in the
      circannual cycle of Richardson's ground squirrels.
AB  - 1. Glycogen concentrations in Richardson's ground squirrels of the weight-loss
      phase were 1/4-1/2 those in animals of the weight-gain phase. White adipose lipid
      content was similar in animals in the two phases when total body weight was
      similar. 2. Specific activity of 14C in muscle glycogen of fed, starved and refed
      ground squirrels in the weight-loss phase was similar to that in starved weight
      gain phase animals. Activity in adipose lipids of fed, starved, and refed ground
      squirrels in the weight-gain phase was 5-8 times greater than that in the same
      nutritional states in weight-loss phase animals. 3. In addition to a voluntary
      reduction in food intake, a depressed synthetic activity in lipids and glycogen
      may account in part for the rapid decrease in body weight during the weight-loss
      phase of the circannual cycle.

PMID- 2887371
TI  - Effect of diabetes on natriuresis in the presence of ouabain and ethacrynic acid
      in perfused rat kidney.
AB  - 1. The effect of diabetes on renal sodium retention was investigated. 2. The
      technique involved retrograde perfusion from the renal veins via the kidneys, and
      then through the renal arteries and dorsal aorta. 3. Sodium retention by diabetic
      rat kidney was 58% lower than that in the normal rats. 4. Ouabain (15 mM) in
      perfusate increased sodium retention by 30% in normal rat kidney as compared to a
      54% increase in diabetic rat kidney. 5. Ethacrynic acid (1 mM) in perfusate
      resulted in a 42% reduction in sodium retention in the normal rat kidney as
      compared to a 43% decrease in the diabetic rat kidney. 6. Control of
      hyperglycemia in diabetic rats with insulin therapy resulted in sodium retention
      that is not significantly different from that of normal rats. 7. The results
      suggest that diabetes has no effect on the peritubular ouabain-sensitive Na--K
      ATPase pump, or the luminal ethacrynic acid-sensitive Na-K counter transport
      pump. Furthermore, the data suggest a reversible effect of diabetes on sodium
      retention during insulin therapy.

PMID- 2887373
TI  - Some regulatory aspects of thermogenesis in cold-exposed piglets.
AB  - 1. Thermoregulatory mechanisms were studied in weaned piglets fed ad libitum for
      3 weeks at 12 or 23 degrees C. 2. Cold-adapted pigs maintained a growth rate and
      a carcass composition similar to the control ones, while increasing food intake
      by 20% (P less than 0.05). 3. Lipoprotein lipase activity was increased (P less
      than 0.05) by cold exposure in white adipose tissue (WAT) and heart. A large
      enhancement of lipogenesis was observed in WAT and to a lesser extent in the
      liver while WAT composition did not change significantly in the cold. 4.
      Cytochrome oxydase activity was increased in liver (30%), perirenal fat (40%) and
      interscapular muscle (75%) of cold-exposed pigs. 5. Plasma levels of thyroid
      hormones (TSH, T3, T4) were increased in the cold. 6. Mechanisms and locations of
      heat production are discussed.

PMID- 2887374
TI  - Contraction of spleen in exercised cyprinid.
AB  - The spleens of five cyprinid fish contracted fully within 3-30 min from start of
      severe exercise, and then decreased 63-85% in weight and 72-93% in hemoglobin
      content.

PMID- 2887375
TI  - Anaerobic metabolism and activity of European lacertid lizards.
AB  - 1. Lactate production and physical performance during intense activity were
      measured in Lacerta vivipara, Podarcis muralis and Podarcis hispanica, temperate
      lizards from progressively lower latitudes. 2. Rates of lactate production during
      the initial 30 sec of bursts of activity (means = 1.75 mg g-1) and their Q10S
      (means = 1.36) are similar to previously obtained values for lizards. 3. Maximal
      anaerobic scope at activity body temperatures is lowest in Lacerta vivipara,
      which correlates with a tendency to less strenuous behaviour than that of the
      Podarcis species and may reflect the need for energy economy. 4. Q10S of maximal
      performance are lower in Lacerta vivipara and Podarcis muralis than Podarcis
      hispanica, a difference having no demonstrated metabolic basis but which is
      thermally adaptive for these cooler climate species.

PMID- 2887376
TI  - Hibernation in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): seasonal cycles of
      cold tolerance.
AB  - 1. The red-sided garter snake hibernates for about six months each year in
      Manitoba, Canada, where winter temperatures are often as low as -40 degrees C.
      Mammalian hibernators typically undergo profound changes in preparation for
      hibernation, but little is known about corresponding changes in reptiles. 2. We
      tested the importance of seasonal changes in the ability of red-sided garter
      snakes to hibernate successfully by exposing them to winter conditions at
      different times of year. 3. Animals that began hibernation in the fall were more
      likely to survive hibernation than animals that began hibernation in either early
      or late summer, despite the fact that the animals were kept on seasonally
      constant conditions prior to hibernation. 4. We suggest that these changes are
      derived from endogenous components of the yearly hibernation cycle of red-sided
      garter snakes but that only part of the cycle proceeds endogenously, i.e. it is
      not a completely endogenous circannual cycle.

PMID- 2887377
TI  - Supplementation of Ham's F10 culture medium with three different sera in the
      culturing of baboon oocytes.
AB  - 1. Ten female baboons (Papio ursinus) were stimulated for a total of 20 cycles
      with 3 ovulation induction agents. 2. Oocytes obtained were randomly allocated to
      Ham's F10 culture medium supplemented with human fetal cord serum, primate serum
      or commercial fetal bovine serum respectively. 3. Fertilization occurred (38.1
      45.5%) in all 3 supplements, but cleavage and embryo development was more
      successful in culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. 4. Eight
      embryos were cultured and 6 (75%) of these were cultured in fetal bovine serum
      supplemented medium.

PMID- 2887378
TI  - Pituitary-induced lactation in mammary gland explants from the pregnant tammar
      (Macropus eugenii): a negative role for cyclic AMP.
AB  - 1. alpha-Lactalbumin and casein have been isolated from tammar milk. 2. alpha
      Lactalbumin was induced in mammary explants by culture with anterior pituitary.
      3. Casein was induced maximally in the presence of a physiological concentration
      of prolactin alone. 4. Progesterone did not inhibit the prolactin-induced
      synthesis of casein, alpha-lactalbumin, galactosyltransferase or fatty acids. 5.
      Both dibutyryl cAMP and a combination of cholera toxin and IBMX did significantly
      inhibit the induction of casein and alpha-lactalbumin. 6. Progesterone withdrawal
      is not a component of the lactogenic trigger in this marsupial but cAMP may be a
      common intracellular signal for negative control of lactogenesis in both
      marsupials and eutherians.

PMID- 2887379
TI  - Na+ + K+-ATPase activity and transport processes in toad corneal epithelium.
AB  - 1. Ascorbic acid, diamide and N-ethylmaleimide inhibit Na+ + K+-ATPase activity
      in toad corneal epithelium. 2. Ascorbic acid, diamide and N-ethylmaleimide
      increase alpha-aminoisobutyric acid accumulation in this tissue. 3. The effects
      of these compounds on corneal amino acid and ion transport are not mediated
      through alterations in Na+ + K+-ATPase activity.

PMID- 2887380
TI  - Hematocrit and blood chemistry values in captive raptors (Gyps fulvus, Buteo
      buteo, Milvus migrans, Aquila heliaca).
AB  - 1. Eight hematological values were determined in blood samples from 88 raptors
      representing 10 species. 2. Means, standard errors, ranges and coefficients of
      variations were obtained for each parameter and species investigated. 3. The
      griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) showed mean concentrations of glucose lower than
      those of most of the other species. 4. Concentrations of urea in the buzzard
      (Buteo buteo) were higher than those of the other raptors studied, and the black
      kite (Milvus migrans) had cholesterol values greater than the other species. 5.
      Blood values of individual birds of prey in good and bad states of nutrition were
      compared, showing significant changes in cholesterol, hematocrit, urea and total
      protein values.

PMID- 2887381
TI  - Perfluorocarbons as oxygen-transport fluids.
AB  - 1. An overview of the proposed biological applications of perfluorocarbons and
      their emulsions as oxygen-transport fluids is presented. 2. Aspects of the
      properties, preparation, composition and physiological assessment of
      perfluorocarbon emulsions are discussed. 3. The experimental basis for some of
      the potential therapeutic uses of PFCs in liquid ventilation, treatment of
      decompression sickness, organ perfusion, oxygenation of ischaemic and malignant
      tissues, and as contrast media for NMR imaging is described. 4. The extent to
      which emulsified perfluorocarbons may have value as substitutes for red blood
      cells is discussed in detail. Data from both animal and human studies with such
      emulsions is reviewed. Brief consideration is also given to the possible use of
      native and modified haemoglobin in blood replacement together with recent work on
      the preparation of so-called "synthetic red cells".

PMID- 2887383
TI  - Capillary growth and diffusion distances in muscle.
AB  - 1. Tissue capillarity in muscle was modelled as square-ordered arrays with
      capillary-to-fiber ratios (C/F) from 0.5 to 'infinity'. 2. C/F up to two had
      marked effects on diffusion distances, but C/F above had only slight effects on
      average distances and almost no effect on maximal distances. 3. Capillary growth
      during normal maturation results in C/F around two. Thus, capillary growth in
      adult muscle may not be an adaptive mechanism for reducing diffusion distances.

PMID- 2887382
TI  - Acid phosphatase activity in pre- and post-spawning hake (Merluccius hubbsi).
AB  - 1. The specific activity of muscle acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) in pre- and
      post-spawning hake was investigated. 2. Specific activity values, 0.54 in pre
      spawning hakes and 1.64 in post-spawning fish, have been obtained. 3. Using a
      histochemical test, acid phosphatase has been localized mainly in the connective
      tissue. The strongest reaction has been observed in post-spawning hake. 4. The
      increase of the lysosomal activity in the connective tissue may be related to the
      changes found in the muscle texture associated with spawning.

PMID- 2887384
TI  - Redifferentiation and subsequent dedifferentiation of the livers of roosters
      resulting from acute estrogen challenges.
AB  - 1. Histologic and metabolic changes take place in livers of rooster receiving
      challenges consisting of acute doses of estrone. 2. During initial Growth and
      Redifferentiation livers rapidly increase in size by division of hepatocytes
      within most lobules, changing from cordlike to acinar configurations. 3. No new
      lobules appear and degeneration of some cells within lobules takes place even as
      cell divisions predominate. 4. Cells within lobules assume secretory features. 5.
      Vitellogenins, very low density lipoproteins, calcium and alkaline phosphatase
      increase greatly in plasma. 6. Within 35-40 days of cessation of estrogen, livers
      have returned to near normal sizes and plasmas exhibit normal parameters.

PMID- 2887385
TI  - Changes in cell membrane fluidity affect the sodium transport across frog skin
      and its sensitivity to amiloride.
AB  - 1. 1-5 mM n-hexanol added to the outer (mucosal) medium of isolated skin of the
      frog Rana temporaria increases the short circuit current (Isc) across it. 2. This
      effect shows a saturable dependency on the outer sodium concentration, also when
      NaCl is replaced by Na2SO4. 3. n-Hexanol at a concentration of 1 mM, and cold
      acclimation of the frogs, which increases the fluidity of epidermal cell
      membranes, do not affect the sensitivity of Isc to the inhibiting effect of
      amiloride. 4. n-Hexanol at a concentration (5 mM) which causes a fluidization of
      cell membrane preparations from isolated frog epidermis also increases the
      sensitivity of Isc to amiloride. 5. The effects of low concentrations of n
      hexanol and of cold acclimation probably depend on an increase of the
      permeability of apical membranes of epidermal cells to sodium caused by membrane
      fluidization. At higher concentrations of n-hexanol, a further disordering of the
      membrane structure occurs with a better access of amiloride to its action sites.

PMID- 2887386
TI  - Mechanisms of transport of Na+ and Cl- in the lizard colon.
AB  - 1. Ionic fluxes of sodium and chloride across lizard colon mucosa were measured
      and compared with the electrical characteristics of the tissue under voltage
      clamped conditions. 2. In a Ringer-bicarbonate solution there was both a net
      sodium flux (JNanet) and a net chloride flux (JClnet) from mucosa to serosa. The
      net flux residual (JR) was near zero, indicating that net sodium and chloride
      transport is the result of an electrically neutral transport mechanism. 3. In the
      presence of sodium, the net chloride flux was abolished and the short-circuit
      current (Isc) and the electrical potential difference (PD) were unchanged. In the
      absence of chloride the net sodium flux was abolished and the short-circuit
      current and electrical potential difference were not modified. 4. From an
      analysis of the effects of the inhibitors, furosemide, amiloride and disulfonic
      stilbene (DIDS), a plausible model was developed to explain the characteristics
      of sodium and chloride absorption.

PMID- 2887387
TI  - Primate in vitro fertilization research: preliminary results on the
      folliculogenic effects of three different ovulatory induction agents on the
      chacma baboon, Papio ursinus.
AB  - 1. A study was conducted on the chacma baboon, Papio ursinus with three ovulation
      induction agents in an effort to define a preferential stimulatory protocol with
      regards to the number and quality of oocytes obtained. 2. Three folliculogenic
      agents applied in four stimulatory protocol regimens comprised clomiphene citrate
      in a high (100 mg/day) and low (50 mg/day) dosage, a combination of clomiphene
      citrate and pregnant mare serum, and human menopausal gonadotropin. 3. A total of
      159 oocytes were aspirated by laparotomy from 10 baboon females in 20 induced
      cycles with an average of 8.0 +/- 5.4 oocytes per aspiration. 4. The highest mean
      number of oocytes (11.3 +/- 6.7) were obtained with the clomiphene/pregnant mare
      serum gonadotropin combination. 5. The best fertilization rate was obtained with
      clomiphene 50 mg. 6. The highest incidence of oocytic cleavage and embryo
      transfer were achieved with human menopausal gonadotropin (14.8%).

PMID- 2887388
TI  - Time courses of thermal acclimation for critical thermal minima in the
      salamanders Desmognathus quadramaculatus, Desmognathus monticola, Desmognathus
      ochrophaeus, and Plethodon jordani.
AB  - 1. We examined the time courses of thermal acclimation for critical thermal
      minima (CTMin) in the salamanders Desmognathus quadramaculatus, D. monticola, D.
      ochrophaeus, and Plethodon jordani. 2. D. quadramaculatus showed no annual
      differences in their time courses, but we noted seasonal differences in the CTMin
      with these salamanders having lower CTMin in the spring. 3. Gain in CTMin (25
      degrees C to 5 degrees C transfer) was faster than its corresponding loss (5
      degrees C to 25 degrees C transfer) in D. quadramaculatus. 4. Comparison of all
      three Desmognathus species revealed no differences in the CTMin for the 5 degrees
      C to 25 degrees C time courses, but P. jordani had lower CTMin than corresponding
      D. quadramaculatus. 5. Our results indicate that the pattern of CTMin acclimation
      correlates with the constraints acting on salamanders in their natural
      environment.

PMID- 2887389
TI  - Pyrogens fail to produce fever in the snakes Psammophis phillipsii and Lamprophis
      fuliginosus.
AB  - 1. Preferred body temperature of five diurnal, Psammophis philipsii and three
      nocturnal, Lamprophis fuliginosus, snakes was measured in a thermal gradient
      chamber by indwelling colonic thermocouples, before and after injection of a
      variety of pyrogens. 2. The snakes achieved their preferred body temperature by
      moving up and down in the gradient chamber; it was about 33 degrees C for P.
      phillipsii and 25 degrees C for L. fuliginosus. 3. The snakes did not develop
      fever in response to any of the pyrogens, whether gram-negative or gram-positive
      in origin, either on the day of injection or on the subsequent day. 4. We believe
      that fever is rare amongst reptiles.

PMID- 2887390
TI  - Work performance, thermoregulation and muscle metabolism in thyroidectomized
      goats (Capra hircus).
AB  - 1. Thyroid hormone deficiency resulted in a markedly diminished work efficiency
      of goats exercising on a treadmill at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. 2.
      The close relationship between the exercise-induced increase in core temperature
      and the magnitude of evaporative heat loss, characteristic for intact animals,
      was nearly completely abolished after thyroidectomy. 3. Muscle glycogen
      utilization and lactic acid accumulation during exercise were enhanced in
      thyroidectomized animals in spite of the lower work rate and shorter duration of
      exercise in comparison with euthyroid goats.

PMID- 2887391
TI  - Leukocyte numbers in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in
      ovo.
AB  - 1. Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave
      microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (and a specific rate
      of 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, hematological
      changes in response to an acute hemorrhage were measured in exposed and
      nonexposed (control) juveniles of both sexes. 2. Exposure did not affect
      erythroid cell numbers either before or after hemorrhage. 3. Exposure affected
      the recovery of lymphocyte and heterophil numbers after hemorrhage, but the
      effect was sex-limited. 4. These data indicate that microwave irradiation during
      embryogeny in ovo affects the ability of Japanese quail to recover from an acute
      and voluminous hemorrhage and that these radiation effects are sex-limited and
      consistent with a previous report.

PMID- 2887392
TI  - Hematological response of hemorrhaged Japanese quail after blood volume
      replacement with saline.
AB  - 1. Hematological responses to hemorrhage by phlebotomy with and without
      replacement of blood volume with saline were measured in juvenile and adult male
      Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. Recovery of total peripheral erythrocyte numbers
      and total peripheral leukocyte numbers occurred within 72 hr postphlebotomy in
      both treatment groups. 3. Saline replacement of blood volume following hemorrhage
      increased the total numbers and differential percentages of circulating
      reticulocytes at 72 hr postphlebotomy above the reticulocyte values of
      phlebotomized quail receiving no saline in both adult and juvenile Japanese
      quail.

PMID- 2887393
TI  - Iron metabolism in iron-deficient male quail.
AB  - 1. Male quails submitted 20 and 120 days to a low iron diet (7 ppm) were compared
      to female laying quails, exposed for 30 days to the same low iron regime, in
      order to compare the response of the iron metabolic control under a single
      (erythropoiesis) or a doubled (erythropoiesis and egg formation) iron demand. 2.
      Iron deposit in storage organs, the classical hematology and the intestinal iron
      absorption were analyzed in these animals. 3. In males, after 120 days, the iron
      deposits were reduced 50 and 75%, but hematological values (hematocrit and
      hemoglobin concentration) were normal, although in laying quails, after 30 days,
      an anemic condition was evident in both blood parameters and iron deposits,
      provoking an iron deficient erythropoiesis. 4. The enhancement of the intestinal
      iron uptake, confirms the anemic character of these birds.

PMID- 2887394
TI  - Role of exchange transport in the absorption of L-tryptophan in the small
      intestine of chicks.
AB  - 1. In in vitro experiments with accumulating mucosal preparations (AMP) and
      everted intestinal sacs, as well as in in vivo experiments with isolated loops of
      the small intestine the stimulating effect of a number of amino acids on L
      tryptophan uptake was investigated. 2. Under "switched off" active transport
      (anoxia, 2,4-DNF treatment, sodium ion replacement by lithium ions in the mucosal
      solution) an expressed stimulation of L-tryptophan transport was observed within
      the mucosa and across the wall of the small intestine in the presence of L
      proline, glycine, L-alpha-alanine, L-histidine and L-lysine. 3. Preincubation of
      AMP in the solutions of glycine, L-alpha-alanine and L-lysine was characterized
      by a stimulation of L-tryptophan transport, and the increase of its concentration
      in tissue was accompanied by the exit of an equivalent amount of glycine from it.
      4. These observations show the participation of exchange transport in the uptake
      of L-tryptophan in the small intestine of chicks. 5. The mechanism of exchange
      transport in chicks starts to function on the 25th day after hatching and its
      intensity depends on the character of amino acid-modifier participating in the
      process. 6. Maximum activity of the exchange transport of L-tryptophan is
      demonstrated in the middle ileum. 7. L-alpha-Alanine stimulates the absorption of
      L-tryptophan from the isolated intestinal loop proving the existence of an
      exchange transport mechanism in a living organism. 8. An increased intensity of
      exchange transport is observed when feeding chicks with diets deficient and
      enriched in tryptophan.

PMID- 2887395
TI  - The effects of ligation of the oesophagus on body and brain temperature in
      pigeons.
AB  - 1. We measured brain and colonic temperatures in adult pigeons (Columba livia)
      with or without oesophageal ligation, and with or without simultaneous eye
      covering at ambient temperatures between 24 degrees C and 45 degrees C. 2.
      Colonic and brain temperatures rose at the higher ambient temperatures; the
      temperature elevations were no different in pigeons with oesophageal ligation,
      compared to sham-operated controls. The presence of simultaneous eye covering
      also had no effect on colonic or brain temperatures. 3. Oesophageal inflation
      decreased from a rate of 2.8 +/- 1.4 per minute (mean +/- SEM) to zero, in
      anaesthetized pigeons when warmed from a colonic temperature of 40.5 degrees C to
      43.8 degrees C. 4. In pigeons oesophageal inflation plays no significant part in
      body temperature regulation or in the maintenance of a lower brain than body
      temperature even in hot ambient conditions.

PMID- 2887396
TI  - The significance of differences between means. A simulation study.
AB  - 1. Three tests of statistical significance: the confidence interval (C),
      Student's t, and Satterthwaite's corrected t were compared using a computer
      generated sampling experiment. 2. The C-test was shown to be extremely
      inefficient at detecting differences between pairs of means. The t-test performed
      as expected and Satterthwaite's correct t was slightly conservative. 3. When the
      population variances are different Satterthwaite's corrected t performed
      extremely well, the t-test was slightly liberal, while the C-test remained
      extremely insensitive. 4. It is concluded that the C-test should not be used
      (i.e. against Scheer, 1986, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83A, 405-408). 5. It is noted
      that when many t-tests are performed on one data set, alternative methods are
      appropriate.

PMID- 2887397
TI  - Relationship between seasonal energy economy and thyroid activity in farm-raised
      raccoon dogs.
AB  - 1. The levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4), total lipids and urea in blood serum
      of adult farmed raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834) were monitored
      year-round, and compared with seasonal changes in body weight and feed
      consumption during intense, maintenance and restricted fasting feeding. 2.
      Thyroid hormone levels tended to be low during winter whereas during the rest of
      the year no marked seasonal differences were observed. That thyroid hormone
      levels were influenced by altering feed intake suggests the hypothesis that the
      winter hypothyroidism observed was a result of a decreased level of voluntary
      feed intake. 3. The colder the temperature was during winter, the less the
      animals consumed the feed supplied. 4. Neither season nor feed intake level
      affected serum levels of total lipids or urea. 5. Marked seasonal changes in body
      weight of the animals were found. From maximum values occurring in early winter
      their body weight generally dropped about 30% reaching the minimum values in mid
      summer. This marked seasonal change was mainly the result of changes in
      subcutaneous fat reserves.

PMID- 2887398
TI  - The primary-secondary rumen contraction and gas expulsion in sheep (Ovis aries).
AB  - 1. Sheep rumens were insufflated with nitrogen to 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm HOH
      pressure and sustained at each pressure for 5 min. 2. Measurements included rumen
      motility, reticulorumen myoelectrical activity, eructation frequency and volume,
      and changes in tracheal pressure. 3. Associated with elevated intrarumen pressure
      was a previously unreported type of rumen contraction on which gas expulsion
      occurred, the primary-secondary contraction. 4. Gas expulsion volume was similar
      on primary-secondary and secondary contractions. 5. The maximum rumen contraction
      rate per min was 4-5 for secondaries and 1-2 for primary-secondaries. 6.
      Irrespective of the sustained initial pressure, resting intrarumen pressure was
      reached within 5 min.

PMID- 2887399
TI  - Effects of lysine and glutamic acid or [corrected] Mg++ on the conformations of
      C3 and B, and the activation of the alternative complement pathway.
AB  - The conversion of C3 and B in the mixture of C3, B, D and Mg++ ions was inhibited
      in the presence of arginine and lysine, but not in the presence of glutamic acid
      and aspartic acid among other amino acids. Application of dialyzed plasma to a
      lysine-Sepharose column resulted in elution of B and a part of D in pass-through
      fractions, and C3 and the other part of D were retained in the column,
      subsequently eluted by increase in salt concentrations. C3, B and a part of D
      were eluted in pass-through fractions, and C3 and the other part of D were
      retained in the column, subsequently eluted by increase in salt concentrations.
      C3, B and a part of D were eluted in pass-through fractions when applied to
      glutamic acid-Sepharose. A highly purified D preparation appeared in the pass
      through fraction of the lysine-Sepharose column, suggesting that D may form a
      complex in plasma. The intensity of intrinsic fluorescence of C3 decreased in the
      presence of arginine to the largest extent. Lysine affected the intensity less
      than arginine. Kd was calculated to be 0.42 mM for arginine and 0.55 mM for
      lysine in the interaction with C3. The intensity of intrinsic fluorescence of B
      decreased in the presence of aspartic acid and glutamic acid (Kd = 0.48 mM for
      aspartic acid and 0.24 mM for glutamic acid). Arginine or lysine affected the
      intensity of B less than those anionic amino acids. The presence of Mg++ ions
      resulted in a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of C3 and B.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887400
TI  - Metabolic investigations with Femodene--an oral contraceptive containing
      gestodene and ethinyloestradiol.
AB  - The metabolic effects of a new oral contraceptive Femodene (SHD 356C) containing
      75 micrograms gestodene (delta-15-levonorgestrel) and 30 micrograms
      ethinyloestradiol were studied in two groups of women. Group 1 consisted of women
      not currently using oral contraceptives; Group 2 consisted of women switching to
      Femodene from their current oral contraceptive. Changes in lipid metabolism were
      assessed by measuring serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, VLDL-C,
      HDL-C, HDL2-C and HDL3-C. Minimal changes occurred in lipid metabolism apart from
      increases in triglyceride concentrations. Women in Group 1 showed a 105% increase
      in SHBG levels and a 51% increase in caeruloplasmin levels compared to increases
      of 33% and 2% in women in Group 2. A comparison of the two groups of women
      suggested that the gestagen in Femodene exerted a less anti-oestrogenic effect
      than most of the gestagens currently used in oral contraceptives. No significant
      changes occurred in liver function (assessed by estimation of gamma-glutamyl
      transferase) or in the coagulation factors, Factor X and antithrombin III. Minor
      effects on glucose tolerance as assessed by blood glucose and plasma insulin
      levels were noted. These minimal effects on metabolism, combined with its high
      efficacy and acceptability shown in clinical trials, makes Femodene an ideal
      alternative to currently used oral contraceptives.

PMID- 2887401
TI  - Microdose intrauterine levonorgestrel for contraception. World Health
      Organization Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in
      Human Reproduction: Task Force on Intrauterine Devices for Fertility Regulation.
AB  - An intrauterine device (IUD) releasing 2 micrograms of levonorgestrel per 24
      hours was compared in a randomized multicentre clinical trial with two copper
      IUDs-the TCu 220C and the Nova T. The 2 micrograms levonorgestrel device had
      statistically significantly higher pregnancy rates (from 390 days of use) and
      higher expulsion rates (up to 570 days). In addition, the total medical removals
      and removals for bleeding were significantly higher at all intervals where the
      data were analysed. Most disturbing was a 6.7 increased relative risk of ectopic
      pregnancy with the steroid-releasing IUD compared to the combined copper IUD
      data. It is concluded that the goal of microdose administration of 2 micrograms
      levonorgestrel to the uterine cavity does not achieve the objectives of a new and
      improved IUD device which is safe and effective.

PMID- 2887402
TI  - Localization of the multidrug resistance-associated 170 kDa P-glycoprotein gene
      to mouse chromosome 5 and to homogeneously staining regions in multidrug
      resistant mouse cells by in situ hybridization.
AB  - This report describes the localization of the 170 kDa P-glycoprotein gene(s) to
      mouse chromosome 5, subbands A2 or A3. Overproduction of P-glycoprotein is
      associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR cell lines derived from the SEWA
      mouse tumor carry multiple copies of the P-glycoprotein gene. These were found to
      reside in homogeneously staining regions, situated in different locations in
      different sublines.

PMID- 2887403
TI  - Beta blockers and the sensitivity of the thallium treadmill test.
AB  - The effect beta blockers (BB) may have on the sensitivity of the thallium
      treadmill test (Th-TMT) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to test
      the hypothesis that BB decrease the sensitivity of the Th-TMT. Two hundred three
      patients over a two-year period were identified who satisfied the following
      criteria. All had symptom-limited upright treadmill exercise tests with stress
      and redistribution thallium imaging, as well as coronary angiography within two
      months of the Th-TMT. Of 58 patients with CAD not on BB, 52 had an abnormal Th
      TMT scan (sensitivity 90 percent). In comparison, the sensitivity of the Th-TMT
      scan in the 88 patients with CAD receiving BB was 76 percent (p less than 0.05).
      We conclude that BB may significantly decrease the sensitivity of the Th-TMT.
      Physicians should fully appreciate the higher false negative rate (24 vs 10
      percent) for patients on BB and consider cautious withdrawal prior to diagnostic
      studies.

PMID- 2887404
TI  - Control of postoperative pain. Nonnarcotic and narcotic alternatives and their
      effect on pulmonary function.

PMID- 2887405
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage in acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by
      sulfasalazine.
AB  - Sulfasalazine has been reported to induce pulmonary eosinophilia and
      hypersensitivity with symptoms of dyspnea and fever. We present the results of
      bronchoalveolar lavage in a patient with acute sulfasalazine-induced
      hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The lavage specimen showed a significant influx of
      eosinophils.

PMID- 2887406
TI  - [Changes in plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones in patients with
      liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 2887407
TI  - SMS 201-995 improves glucose tolerance in insulin-treated type II diabetic
      patients.

PMID- 2887410
TI  - [Genome "dactyloscopy". Characteristics of the human cloned sequence JIN 600 in
      vector M13 with properties of highly polymorphic DNA marker].

PMID- 2887409
TI  - Inhibition of 2-deoxy-glucose-induced glucagon secretion by muscarinic and alpha
      adrenoceptor blockade in the mouse.
AB  - Neuroglycopenia induced by 2-deoxy-glucose is known to activate the autonomic
      nervous system and to stimulate glucagon secretion. In this study, the relative
      contribution of the various branches of the autonomic nervous system on the 2
      deoxy-glucose-induced glucagon secretion was investigated in the mouse. An
      intravenous injection of 2-deoxy-glucose (500 mg/kg) was followed by a 5-fold
      increase in plasma levels of glucagon (P less than 0.001). This 2-deoxy-glucose
      induced glucagon secretion was impaired by pre-treatment with either the
      muscarinic antagonist methylatropine (by 83%; P less than 0.001) or the nicotinic
      antagonist hexamethonium (by 90%; P less than 0.001). Further, also the alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine inhibited the glucagon response to 2-deoxy
      glucose (by 35%; P less than 0.01). In contrast, the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist
      L-propranolol did not affect the glucagon response to 2-deoxy-glucose. It is
      concluded that the main mechanism behind the increased plasma levels of glucagon
      following administration of 2-deoxy-glucose is cholinergic activation. However,
      intact alpha-adrenoceptors are a pre-requisite for the full effect of 2-deoxy
      glucose. In contrast, beta-adrenoceptors seem to be of no importance and there
      seems to be no room for neuropeptides as mediators of the neuroglycopenia-induced
      glucagon secretion in the mouse.

PMID- 2887408
TI  - Mitochondrial changes and associated alterations induced in mice by
      streptozotocin administered in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Isolated mouse liver mitochondria incubated with streptozotocin showed decreased
      rate and extent of Ca2+ uptake, and, dependent on the concentration of
      streptozotocin and the addition of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, fluorocitrate
      or guanosine 5'-triphosphate, the retention of Ca2+ was either increased or
      decreased. Similar observations were made in liver mitochondria incubated with
      succinyl-CoA. In mitochondria isolated from the kidneys and islets of mice
      injected with streptozotocin, with and without additional injections of glucose
      and/or glucagon, the rate and extent of Ca2+ uptake were reduced and the release
      of accumulated Ca2+ was stimulated. Electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis
      showed dislocation of Ca2+-containing precipitates from the mitochondria to the
      cytosol, and stereology disclosed increased mitochondrial volume in the B cells
      of streptozotocin-treated mice. State 3 and state 4 respiration with NAD-linked
      substrates was inhibited, but succinate oxidation was unaffected, in mitochondria
      isolated from the kidneys of mice treated with streptozotocin. In the kidneys of
      streptozotocin-injected mice, the concentration of succinyl-CoA was increased,
      that of citrate and guanosine 5'-triphosphate was decreased, that of glucose 6
      phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate was unaffected, and
      the metabolite concentration ratios suggested increased mitochondrial
      [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio and decreased cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. It is
      suggested as a new hypothesis that the cytotoxicity and the diabetogenicity of
      streptozotocin are dependent on inhibited citric acid cycle enzyme activity
      (primarily that of succinyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthetase) with altered
      metabolite concentrations, leading to impairment of the mitochondrial uptake of
      Ca2+ and the activation of the pyruvate, isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate
      dehydrogenases.

PMID- 2887411
TI  - [Molecular cloning of genes coding for tumor necrosis factors: tandem
      localization of alpha and beta genes on the mouse chromosome 17].

PMID- 2887412
TI  - Lessening the use of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2887413
TI  - Treating infantile asthma in general practice.

PMID- 2887414
TI  - New topical beta-blockers for glaucoma.

PMID- 2887415
TI  - [Risk of contrast medium reactions in cardiac diagnosis. Pretreatment with
      glucocorticoids and antihistaminics in known cases of intolerance to contrast
      media].
AB  - Among 4178 patients who between 1980 and 1986 had undergone left-heart
      catheterization with left-heart injections and coronary angiography there were 76
      (1.8%) with previous reactions to contrast media. These latter patients were
      given, three days before the planned investigation, 6 alpha-methylprednisolone,
      24 mg daily by mouth, and phenhydramine hydrogenmaleinate, 150 mg daily, and two
      hours before the investigation 80 mg 6 alpha-methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
      intravenously. The effect of this prophylactic regimen was tested prospectively.
      Diatrizoate 76% was the contrast medium used. Of 4102 patients without known
      contrast-medium intolerance 137 (3.34%) had a reaction, 27 of them (0.66%) severe
      enough to require treatment. Among the 76 patients with known previous reactions,
      nine (11.8%) had reactions, one very severe requiring treatment, the others mild.
      The described pre-injection regimen thus allows indicated left-heart contrast
      medium injection to be undertaken at a justifiable risk.

PMID- 2887416
TI  - [Unusual side effects of an antidepressive-tranquilizer combination].

PMID- 2887417
TI  - Microcirculation and neurotransmitter metabolism in the pathophysiology of brain
      ischaemia. A role for calcium.
AB  - Calcium is an essential component in a multitude of cellular processes, ranging
      from muscle contraction to cell division, and hormone and neurotransmitter
      release. Disruption of calcium homeostasis at the neuronal level, which occurs in
      pathological events such as ischaemia, causes a series of biological reactions
      that ultimately lead to cell death. Furthermore, calcium-triggered events may
      influence vascular activity, causing spasm at the level of the major vessels and
      inducing changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Thus, knowledge
      of the biochemical events involved in the initiation and progression of cell
      injury occurring in acute cerebrovascular events may have important implications
      for possible strategies of pharmacological intervention such as calcium entry
      blockade.

PMID- 2887418
TI  - Long term efficacy of a controlled-release formulation of isosorbide 5
      mononitrate (Imdur) in angina patients receiving beta-blockers.
AB  - In a multicentre double-blind crossover study the clinical efficacy and
      tolerability of a controlled-release formulation, Durules, of isosorbide 5
      mononitrate (Imdur) 60mg once daily was compared with placebo over 2 weeks in 70
      patients with stable exercise-induced angina pectoris who were receiving
      concomitant long term beta-blockade. Isosorbide 5-mononitrate significantly
      improved exercise capacity and signs of myocardial ischaemia, while reducing the
      number of anginal attacks and consumption of short-acting glyceryl trinitrate
      tablets compared with beta-blocker therapy alone. During an open follow-up period
      of 1 year, there was no attenuation of the antianginal efficacy of isosorbide 5
      mononitrate. The drug was well tolerated during both phases of the study, and the
      only significant adverse effect was headache, which rapidly disappeared during
      continued treatment.

PMID- 2887420
TI  - Mononitrates in combination with beta-blocker therapy in the treatment of severe
      angina pectoris.

PMID- 2887419
TI  - Abrupt withdrawal of isosorbide 5-mononitrate (Imdur) after long term treatment
      in stable angina pectoris. A preliminary report.
AB  - 32 patients with stable angina pectoris who had been receiving a controlled
      release formulation Durules of isosorbide 5-mononitrate (Imdur) 60 to 120 mg
      daily with concomitant beta-blocker therapy for at least 1 year were entered into
      a study to evaluate possible rebound phenomena from the abrupt withdrawal of
      isosorbide 5-mononitrate and to determine whether nitrate tolerance had
      developed. Isosorbide 5-mononitrate was abruptly withdrawn and substituted with
      placebo for 2 weeks, after which the active drug was reintroduced. No
      deterioration of exercise performance could be detected during withdrawal of
      therapy, but an increase was seen after reinstitution. No tolerance was found for
      systolic blood pressure and ST segment changes or for the number of anginal
      attacks and short-acting glyceryl trinitrate tablets consumed. Three patients had
      to be hospitalised because of a sudden deterioration of symptoms on withdrawal of
      isosorbide 5-mononitrate. It was concluded that isosorbide 5-mononitrate in
      Durules has a beneficial effect and that tolerance does not appear to be
      clinically relevant.

PMID- 2887421
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase in the newborn.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase activity was measured serially in newborn infants.
      Median activity was 94 units/l, with the 95th centile at 243 units/l. It was
      unrelated to gestation. Significant increases occurred after treatment with
      phenobarbitone and with the introduction of oral feeding after parenteral
      nutrition. It was a poor indicator of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) liver
      damage.

PMID- 2887422
TI  - Disappearance of blocking type thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin
      (TBII) during thyroid and steroid medication in a patient with autoimmune
      thyroiditis.
AB  - A 55 year-old female had suffered from 3 consecutive diseases for a year. The
      diseases were ulcerative colitis, primary hypothyroidism and idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura, and had been treated with L-thyroxine (50 micrograms
      daily) and betamethasone (0.5 to 1.5 mg daily). On examination, the thyroid gland
      was not palpable at all, thyroid 99 mTc pertechnetate uptake was 0%, and an
      echogram revealed the existence of an atrophic gland. Thyrotropin binding
      inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII) in the serum was elevated to 58.0% and her IgG
      almost completely inhibited the in vitro cAMP increase due to bTSH. After 5
      months TBII turned out to be negative and the inhibitory IgG activity was reduced
      significantly. The thyroid gland also became visible scintigraphically. Thyroid
      medication was then stopped. Four months after the cessation of thyroxine, she
      felt quite well and her thyroid functions remained within the normal ranges.
      Antibody to Yersinia enterocolitica was positive at a low titer (X20) in the
      early stages, but elevated reciprocally with the fall in TBII and finally reached
      X320. In conclusion, evidence of the disappearance of blocking type TBII from the
      serum was demonstrated for the first time. Steroid might have caused some
      favorable effects, and this clinical report indicates the possibility that
      remission of hypothyroidism due to blocking type TBII can be expected.

PMID- 2887423
TI  - Effect of thyroid hormone on peroxisomal flavin enzymes in rat liver and kidney.
AB  - The effect of thyroid hormone on peroxisomal enzyme activity was studied in
      thyroidectomized- and T4-administered-thyroidectomized rats. In liver, the
      activities of isozyme A of L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase,
      urate oxidase and catalase were decreased by thyroidectomy, and the diminished
      enzyme activities were restored by T4 administration to rats. These modifications
      induced by thyroidectomy or by T4 administration, however, were prominent only in
      immature animals (20-day-old rats). Although the changes in-alpha-hydroxyacid
      oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase activities, induced by thyroidectomy or by T4
      administration, were also observed in 40-day-old rats, those in urate oxidase and
      catalase activities were not significant in 40-day-old rats. Acyl CoA oxidase
      activity was not affected by thyroidectomy or by T4 administration in either 20-
      or 40-day-old rats. In the kidney, isozyme B of L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase
      activity was reduced by thyroidectomy and the diminished enzyme activity was
      restored by T4 administration in both 20- and 40-day-old rats. D-Amino acid
      oxidase and catalase activities in kidney, however, were not significantly
      modified by thyroidectomy or by T4 administration in either 20- or 40-day-old
      rats. The results suggest that thyroid hormone can modify the peroxisomal enzyme
      activity, which is prominent in immature animals.

PMID- 2887424
TI  - Hypersomatostatinemia in chronic renal failure.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were determined
      in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Plasma SLI levels were
      significantly (p less than 0.001) elevated in 26 diabetic uremic patients (67.1
      +/- 6.8 pg/ml, mean +/- SE) and in 24 non-diabetic uremic patients (43.5 +/- 7.2
      pg/ml), when compared with 60 healthy subjects (5.0 +/- 0.7 pg/ml). Paired pooled
      plasma from uremic patients before and after hemodialysis was subjected to a
      reverse-phase octadecasilyl-silica (C-18) cartridge and then the extract was gel
      filtered on a Sephadex G-25 column (1.6 X 90 cm). Both elution profiles showed
      two peaks of SLI which coeluted with synthetic somatostatin (SS)-28 and SS-14
      markers, respectively. The SS-28-like immunoreactivity (LI) peak, which was
      estimated by using SS-14 as a reference standard, was 3-fold larger than that for
      SS-14 LI. On the basis of immunoequivalency of the two components in the present
      assay, SS-28 LI constitutes approximately 75% of circulating somatostatin. In
      conclusion, plasma SLI is substantially high in uremic patients of both diabetic
      and non-diabetic etiology and the SS-28 is a predominant form of circulating SLI
      in these patients, probably, in part, for a lower clearance of this molecule.

PMID- 2887425
TI  - Somatostatin suppresses plasma aldosterone concentration in a case of Bartter's
      syndrome.
AB  - The study was conducted to examine the effect of somatostatin on activated renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system in a case of Bartter's syndrome. After 60 minutes
      of 500 micrograms of somatostatin infusion, the plasma aldosterone concentration
      was reduced from the basal level of 250 pg/ml to 140 pg/ml, whereas plasma renin
      activity remained at the basal level. This result suggests that somatostatin may
      specifically inhibit aldosterone secretion in Bartter's syndrome and the agent
      can be applied to a treatment of this syndrome.

PMID- 2887426
TI  - Neurotransmitter regulation of thyroid activity.

PMID- 2887427
TI  - The plasma membrane ATPase of the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus
      acidocaldarius. Purification and immunological relationships to F1-ATPases.
AB  - The plasma-membrane-associated ATPase of the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium
      Sulfolobus acidocaldarius characterized in a previous work [M. Lubben & G.
      Schafer (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 164, 533-540] has been solubilized. It can be
      easily removed from the membrane by mild treatment with zwitterionic detergents,
      therefore it appears to be a peripheral membrane protein analogous to the soluble
      F1-ATPase of eubacteria and eukaryotes. Further purification has been achieved by
      subsequent gel permeation and ion-exchange chromatography. The final purity is
      greater than 70% as judged by staining intensities after SDS/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The ATPase consists of two major polypeptides of 65 kDa (alpha)
      and 51 kDa (beta) in comparable quantities; a minor band (20 kDa) is assumed to
      be a contaminant or a constitutive part of the enzyme, possibly copurified in
      substoichiometric amount. The native molecular mass of the solubilized ATPase
      determined by gel permeation is 430 kDa. Considering the precision of these
      methods, it remains open whether a 3:3 stoichiometry reflects the contribution of
      alpha and beta subunits to the quaternary structure, in analogy to known F1
      ATPases. The catalytic properties resemble those of the membrane-bound state.
      There are two pH optima at 5.3 and 8.0 in the absence and only one optimum at 6.5
      in the presence of the activating anion sulfite. Activity is strictly dependent
      on the divalent cations Mg2+ or Mn2+. ATP and dATP are hydrolyzed with highest
      rates; also other purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are cleaved significantly,
      but not ADP, pyrophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The ATPase is insensitive
      to azide or vanadate but is inhibited by relatively low concentrations of
      nitrate. Polyclonal antisera have been raised against the beta subunit of the
      Sulfolobus ATPase. Cross-reactivities with cellular or membrane extracts of a
      number of archaebacteria, eubacteria and chloroplasts have been analyzed by means
      of Western blotting and immunodecoration. A strong cross-reactivity with other
      genera of the Sulfolobales is observed, also with Methanobacterium,
      Methanosarcina, Methanolobus and Halobacterium. Even membranes of the eubacterium
      Escherichia coli and of eukaryotic chloroplast react with the antibodies. With
      one exception, in all cases the molecular mass of the cross-reacting polypeptide
      falls in the range of 51-56 kDa. Only in Halobacterium halobium, bands at 66 and
      68 kDa have been detected. In order to identify the cross-reacting polypeptides,
      the purified F1-ATPases of E. coli, chloroplasts and beef heart mitochondria have
      been tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2887428
TI  - Phenylglyoxal modification of arginines in mammalian D-amino-acid oxidase.
AB  - The presence of arginine in the active center of D-amino-acid oxidase is well
      documented although its role has been differently interpreted as being part of
      the substrate-binding site or the positively charged residue near the N1-C2 = O
      locus of the flavin coenzyme. To have a better insight into the role of the
      guanidinium group in D-amino-acid oxidase we have carried out inactivation
      studies using phenylglyoxal as an arginine-directed reagent. Loss of catalytic
      activity followed pseudo-first-order kinetics for the apoprotein whereas the
      holoenzyme showed a biphasic inactivation pattern. Benzoate had no effect on
      holoenzyme inactivation by phenylglyoxal and the coenzyme analog 8-mercapto-FAD
      did not provide any additional protection in comparison to the native coenzyme.
      Spectroscopic experiments indicated that the modified protein is unable to
      undergo catalysis owing to the loss of coenzyme-binding ability. Analyses of time
      dependent activity loss versus arginine modification or [14C]phenylglyoxal
      incorporation showed the presence of one arginine essential for catalysis. The
      protection exerted by the coenzyme is consistent with the involvement of an
      active-site arginine in the correct binding of FAD to the protein moiety.
      Comparative analyses of CNBr fragments obtained from apoenzyme, holoenzyme and
      the 8-mercapto derivative of D-amino-acid oxidase after reaction with
      phenylglyoxal did not provide unequivocal identification of the essential
      arginine residue within the primary structure of the enzyme. However, they
      suggest that it might be localized in the N-terminal portion of the polypeptide
      chain and point to a role of phenylglyoxal-modifiable arginine in binding to the
      adenylate/pyrophosphate moiety of the flavin coenzyme.

PMID- 2887430
TI  - Randomized factorial trial of high-dose intravenous streptokinase, of oral
      aspirin and of intravenous heparin in acute myocardial infarction. ISIS
      (International Studies of Infarct Survival) pilot study.
AB  - 619 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI) were randomized to
      receive either a high-dose short-term intravenous infusion of streptokinase (1.5
      MU over one hour) or placebo. Using a '2 X 2 X 2 factorial' design, patients were
      also randomized to receive either oral aspirin (325 mg on alternate days for 28
      days) or placebo, and separately randomized to receive either intravenous heparin
      (1000 IU h-1 for 48 hours) or no heparin. Streptokinase (SK) was associated with
      a nonsignificant (NS) increase in non-fatal reinfarction (3.9% SK vs 2.9%
      placebo) and decrease in mortality (7.5% vs 9.7% in hospital plus 6.1% vs 8.7%
      after discharge). After SK, there were significantly fewer strokes (0.5% vs 2.4%;
      2P less than 0.05), but significantly more minor adverse events (e.g. hypotension
      and bradycardia, allergies, bruises or minor bleeds, nausea). Aspirin was
      associated with fewer non-fatal reinfarctions (3.2% aspirin vs 3.9% placebo; NS),
      deaths (in hospital: 6.1% vs 10.5%; 2P less than 0.05, and after discharge: 7.0%
      vs 6.9%; NS), and strokes (0.3% vs 2.0%; NS). Heparin was associated with a
      decrease in reinfarction (2.2% heparin vs 4.9% no heparin; NS), though not in
      mortality (in hospital: 8.0% vs 8.5%; NS, and after discharge: 7.0% vs 6.9%; NS),
      and with a trend towards more strokes (1.6% vs 0.7%; NS) and more bruising and
      bleeding (14% vs 12%; NS). To assess more reliably the effects of aspirin and of
      this SK regimen on mortality, about 400 hospitals worldwide are now collaborating
      in a large (about 20,000 patients planned) randomized trial (ISIS-2), for which
      the present study was a pilot.

PMID- 2887429
TI  - Some peculiarities of functioning of H+-ATPase from the membranes of the
      anaerobic bacterium Lactobacillus casei.
AB  - Radiation inactivation analysis gave the target sizes of 176 +/- 5 kDa and 275 +/
      33 kDa for ATPase from anaerobic Lactobacillus casei and aerobic Micrococcus
      luteus bacteria respectively. The values are close to the known molecular masses
      of the enzymes. Thus, to function the L. casei ATPase, like the F1-ATPases,
      requires a complete structure composed of all the enzyme subunits. L. casei
      ATPase is inhibited by 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole owing to
      modification of an amino acid residue(s) with pK greater than 8.5. L. casei
      ATPase consists of six identical subunits and differs from alpha 3 beta 3 gamma
      delta epsilon-type F1-ATPases in a number of catalytic properties. Namely, ATP
      hydrolysis under the 'unisite' conditions proceeds at a relatively high rate
      suggesting the absence of cooperative interactions between the catalytic sites.
      Contrary to mitochondrial F1-ATPase. L. casei ATPase does not form an inactive
      complex with ADP. These findings imply essential differences in the operating
      mechanism for L. casei ATPase and F1 ATPase.

PMID- 2887431
TI  - Effects of single oral doses of clobazam, diazepam and lorazepam on performance
      tasks and memory.
AB  - The effects on memory and psychomotor performance and the subjective effects of
      three anxiolytic benzodiazepines (lorazepam 2 mg, diazepam 10 mg and clobazam 20
      mg p.o.) have been evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over
      study in 10 healthy volunteers. At each session, measurements were made prior to
      and +3.5 h after drug administration, except in the case of REY's test, which was
      presented at H + 1 h (learning) and was evaluated at H + 8 h and at H + 24 h
      (delayed recall). Single clinical doses of diazepam and lorazepam caused
      anterograde amnesia by disturbing acquisition, consolidation and retrieval.
      Clobazam did not impair memory. Lorazepam impaired performances in all the tests
      used to evaluate perception, immediate memory, reaction time, psychomotor skill
      and intellectual capacity. Diazepam caused a decrease in cortical arousal and the
      speed of perception of visual stimuli, whereas clobazam increased reaction time
      and reduced cortical arousal. Lorazepam caused a significant degradation of
      performance relative to the other two treatments.

PMID- 2887434
TI  - Effects of amphetamine analogs on neurotensin concentrations in rat brain.
AB  - The present study investigates the effects of amphetamine-like analogs on
      neurotensin systems and compares the same to those of methamphetamine. Like
      methamphetamine, multiple high doses of each of the analogs examined
      significantly increased the concentrations of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity
      in the striatum, substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens; these effects were
      reversible and specific. The changes in the neurotensin systems developed rapidly
      and were evident within 6 h following a single administration of two of the
      analogs studied.

PMID- 2887432
TI  - Properties of human hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Relationship to other
      inducible enzymes in patients with cholestasis.
AB  - Glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol, nopol (a monoterpenoid alcohol) and bilirubin,
      which in the rat, are catalyzed by three different enzymes, has been examined in
      liver biopsies from patients with various liver diseases, in particular
      cholestasis. These different activities were not correlated, which strongly
      suggests that at least three independently regulated forms of UDP
      glucuronosyltransferases were present in the microsomes. Non ionic detergents
      (Triton X100, Emulgen 911) and deoxycholate produced similar activation (more
      than 2-fold) of the glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol. Amphipathic substances,
      such as CHAPS (3-[3-cholamidopropyl-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate), and
      lysophosphatidylcholines maximally increased this UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
      activity, the most potent being oleoyl lysophosphatidylcholine (4-fold increase).
      Discriminant analysis of the data revealed no correlation between the three
      different UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities and the age or sex of the
      patients. A good correlation was found on multidimensional analysis between form
      1 of the enzyme (4-nitrophenol glucuronidation) and, in decreasing order of
      magnitude, epoxide hydrolase (measured with benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide as
      substrate), cytochrome P-450, 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase, aspartate
      aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase (r = 0.89); and between Form 3 of
      the enzyme (bilirubin glucuronidation) and NADPH cytochrome c reductase, alkaline
      phosphatase, (r = 0.81). These relationships may reflect the differential
      variation in enzymatic activities in various hepato-biliary diseases.

PMID- 2887433
TI  - Effects of age on behavioral responses to dopamine agonists in the rat.
AB  - This study served to examine the differential effects of age (rats aged 2 or 12
      months) on behavioral responses induced by bromocriptine and apomorphine.
      Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of bromocriptine or apomorphine produced a lower
      frequency of yawning responses, in 12-month-old rats than in 2-month-old rats.
      Apomorphine produced a more pronounced stereotyped behavior in 12-month-old rats
      than in 2-month-old rats. Apomorphine, at 0.1 mg/kg administered after
      bromocriptine (1.0-20 mg/kg) potentiated yawning behavior. The frequency of
      yawning in 2-month-old rats was pronounced at 2.5 mg/kg of bromocriptine but only
      at 5 mg/kg 12-month-old rats. Apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) did not produce perioral
      behavior in 2-month-old rats but did in 12-month-old rats. The apomorphine (1.0
      mg/kg)-induced stereotypy was stimulated dose dependently by bromocriptine in 2
      month-old-rats but not in 12-month-old rats. Bromocriptine did not produce this
      behavior when administered alone. Pretreatment of 2-month-old rats with
      reserpine, a catecholamine depletor, plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a tyrosine
      hydroxylase inhibitor, inhibited the yawning induced by bromocriptine but
      potentiated that induced by apomorphine. Such treatment did not significantly
      alter either bromocriptine or apomorphine-induced yawning responses in 12-month
      old rats. The apomorphine-induced stereotypy in 2-month-old rats was markedly
      potentiated by catecholamine depletion but was not affected in 12-month-old rats.
      These results suggest that the increasing effect on stereotypy and decreasing
      effects on yawning in the 12-month-old rats seem to result in an alteration of
      potency and of the ratio of D-2 versus D-1 receptor activity.

PMID- 2887435
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8
      OHDPAT): implications for understanding the actions of novel anxiolytics.
AB  - 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OHDPAT) has effects both characteristic
      of a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) agonist and antagonist. To investigate
      the mechanism(s) of action of 8-OHDPAT in vivo, rats were trained to discriminate
      8-OHDPAT (0.4 mg/kg) from saline and given various neuroactive compounds during
      substitution test sessions. Of the 5-HT agonists tested, d-lysergic acid
      diethylamide, 5-methoxy-n,n-dimethyltryptamine, quipazine, Ru 24969 and 1-(m
      trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine did not mimic the training drug; the dopamine
      agonists apomorphine and SKF 38393 as well as the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist
      clonidine engendered predominantly saline-lever responding. However, the novel
      anxiolytics buspirone and ipsapirone as well as the ergot derivative lisuride
      substituted completely for 8-OHDPAT. In combination tests, 5-HT (ketanserin,
      metergoline, methysergide, pirenperone), dopamine (haloperidol) and
      norepinephrine antagonists (prazosin, propranolol) failed to attenuate the 8
      OHDPAT cue. The similar stimulus properties of 8-OHDPAT and the novel anxiolytics
      (buspirone, ipsapirone) are mirrored by the common abilities of these agents to
      selectively inhibit 5-HT1A binding and release punished responding. Thus, the
      subpopulation of 5-HT1A receptors may mediate the behavioral effects of these
      compounds in animals and, in turn, the anxiolytic effects of buspirone and
      ipsapirone in humans. Although not primarily selective for 5-HT, lisuride may
      also mimic 8-OHDPAT by direct or indirect stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors.

PMID- 2887436
TI  - Repeated administration of (-)sulpiride and SCH 23390 differentially up-regulate
      D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor function in rat mesostriatal areas but not in
      cortical-limbic brain regions.
AB  - We studied the possible functional modifications of both D-1 and D-2 dopamine
      (DA) receptor subtypes following repeated administration of DA antagonists that
      act selectively on a single class of DA receptors. The functional state of D-1
      and D-2 DA receptors in particular was evaluated by measuring SKF 82526
      stimulated and bromocriptine-inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in different
      brain regions of rats treated with saline, SCH 23390, or (-)sulpiride for 21
      days. The results indicate that chronic blockade of D-1 DA receptors in striatum,
      nucleus accumbens, and substantia nigra by SCH 23390 induced up-regulation of the
      D-1 receptors without changing the functional activity of D-2 receptors.
      Likewise, chronic blockade of D-2 DA receptors by (-)sulpiride caused up
      regulation of D-2 but not D-1 DA receptors in striatum, nucleus accumbens,
      substantia nigra and pituitary. SCH 23390 or (-)sulpiride did not modify the
      functional activity of either D-1 or D-2 DA receptors located in frontal cortex
      and hippocampus. In conclusion, these results indicate that chronic treatment
      with selective D-1 or D-2 DA receptor blockers induces a receptor-specific up
      regulation which involves the DA receptors located in the nigrostriatal system
      and pituitary but not those in the limbic-cortical areas.

PMID- 2887437
TI  - HA autoreceptor assay with superfused slices of rat brain cortex and electrical
      stimulation.
AB  - Slices of rat brain cortex previously loaded with [3H]histamine ([3H]HA) via de
      novo synthesis from [3H]histidine released tritiated histamine ([3H]HA) Ca2+
      dependently in a superfused system. Both electrical field stimulation and high
      levels of K+ ions elicited this release. The extent of release depended on
      stimulation intensity. Rather strong stimuli, either by high frequency or longer
      stimulation, were required to elicit sufficient HA release for proper assessment
      of the concentration-dependence of release inhibition by drugs. The system showed
      marked depletion (less response per pulse) upon long-continued or successive
      stimulations. HA added to the superfusion medium inhibited the release evoked by
      stimulation at frequencies up to 10 Hz or with 30 mM K+ but not the release at
      higher frequencies or with 45 mM K+. The inhibition was mediated by H3 receptors,
      was concentration-dependent (pD2 = 7.4) and was complete at 10(-6) M. The H2
      agonist impromidine antagonized the inhibition competitively (pA2 = 7.1). It is
      concluded that this assay in a superfusion system with electrical stimulation is
      suitable for the assessment of H3 receptor activity of drugs.

PMID- 2887438
TI  - Somatostatin receptors on cortical neurones and adenohypophysis: comparison
      between specific binding and adenylate cyclase inhibition.
AB  - Primary cultures of mouse embryonic neurones from the cerebral cortex and rat
      pituitary membranes were used to identify and characterize further the
      somatostatin receptors coupled to an adenylate cyclase and to compare these
      receptors with specific binding sites for a non-reducible somatostatin analog.
      125I-CGP 23996 on both tissues. 125I-CGP 23996 bound specifically to a single
      population of sites on cortical neurones and pituitary membranes, with a high
      affinity (Kd = 2.76 and 1.95 nM respectively). The rank order of potency of
      somatostatin-(1-14) and some analogs (somatostatin-28, [D-Trp8,D
      Cys14]somatostatin-(1-14), native CGP) to displace 125I-CGP 23996 from its
      binding sites was similar on both tissues. Furthermore this rank order was also
      found identical for the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity on cortical
      neuronal and pituitary membranes. Finally a good correlation was found between
      the order of potencies of somatostatin analogs evaluated from binding experiments
      and adenylate cyclase assays, suggesting the presence of the same receptor
      observed under two different affinity states. According to the classification of
      somatostatin receptors by Tran and his colleagues (1985) these results support
      the hypothesis that SSA is the somatostatin receptor coupled with an adenylate
      cyclase.

PMID- 2887439
TI  - Effects of emetine and dehydroemetine at the frog neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Emetine and dehydroemetine caused concentration-dependent reduction of the
      quantal content of the endplate potential (EPP) at the frog neuromuscular
      junction. At lower concentrations, the drugs had presynaptic action only, as they
      decreased the amplitude of the EPP without significantly affecting that of the
      spontaneous miniature EPP (MEPP). At higher concentrations, the drugs had
      postsynaptic effects as well. Studies of low frequency facilitation indicated
      that although at low concentrations the effect of emetine on quantal content was
      independent of frequency of stimulation, at higher concentrations the effect
      became markedly frequency-dependent and many of the stimuli (at 4 and 8 Hz)
      failed to evoke EPPs. In the voltage-clamped transected cutaneous pectoris muscle
      emetine (10(-4) M) depressed the peak amplitude of the endplate current (EPC).
      Emetine markedly shortened the time constant of decay of the EPC (tau) at more
      negative holding potentials but did not change the single exponential character
      of the decay. The results indicate that the acute effects of emetine involve
      blocking neuromuscular transmission by acting prejunctionally at low
      concentrations and pre- as well as postjunctionally at higher concentrations. The
      prejunctional effect is due to interference with evoked release and probably,
      mobilization of acetylcholine. The postjunctional effect is due to blockade of
      the acetylcholine-activated ionic channel.

PMID- 2887440
TI  - (+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces long-term reductions in
      brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in rats.
AB  - (+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was administered to rats as a
      single 40 mg/kg injection s.c. or 40 mg/kg s.c. every second day for 4
      injections. Sixteen days following the last injection rats were killed. MDMA
      produced significant depletions of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA in the
      hippocampus and the frontal cortex. 5-HT was depleted to 30% of control value in
      the hippocampus following a single dose. 5-HT levels were not affected in the
      hypothalamus, suggesting differential effects on brain 5-HT systems. DA levels in
      the hypothalamus were significantly increased while NE levels in the frontal
      cortex were decreased to 73% of control following 4 doses of MDMA. MDMA,
      therefore, produces long-term depletions in 5-HT which suggests that it may act
      as a neurotoxin at 5-HT neurons in the brain of rats.

PMID- 2887442
TI  - Autoradiographic visualization of binding sites for [3H]somatostatin in the rat
      brain.
AB  - [4-3H][Phe6]somatostatin-14 was used to localize somatostatin binding sites in
      the rat brain by tritium-film autoradiography. The distribution of binding sites
      using 0.7 nM [3H]somatostatin confirmed that previously described for iodinated
      tyrosyl analogues of somatostatin, with highest densities of sites in the
      cerebral cortex (particularly in laminae III-V), amygdala, lateral septal
      nucleus, hippocampus and claustrum. Investigation of the pharmacological
      specificity of the binding sites showed that somatostatin-28, but not its N
      terminal dodecapeptide, somatostatin-28 (1-12) or des
      Ala1[Gly2,Lys4,Asn5,Thr12,Ser13]somatostatin displaced [3H]somatostatin. Further
      examination of the binding inhibition characteristics, using a homogenate assay,
      suggested the presence of two classes of binding sites in the cerebral cortex,
      hippocampus, midbrain and striatum. The existence of sub-populations of
      somatostatin binding sites in the rat brain has implications for future studies
      on the physiological and pharmacological significance of somatostatin receptors
      in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2887441
TI  - Intrathecal dynorphins suppress hindlimb electromyographic activity in rats.
AB  - Intrathecal administration of dynorphin A-(1-17) produced suppression of hindlimb
      electromyographic activity in rats. This effect was seen also with the [D
      Ala2]dynorphin (A-(1-17) analog. Intrathecal saline or the prototypical kappa
      opiate agonist, U50488, did not produce any change in electromyographic activity.
      These results, along with others, suggest that dynorphin or degradation
      fragment(s) of dynorphin, induces inhibition of ventral horn output and may
      possibly have toxic effects on ventral horn cells of the spinal cord.

PMID- 2887443
TI  - [3H]3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) interactions with brain membranes
      and glass fiber filter paper.
AB  - The binding of [3H]3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [( 3H]MDMA) to both rat
      brain membrane preparations and glass fiber filter papers was analyzed in the
      present study. Saturation studies indicate that [3H]MDMA binding is saturable and
      monophasic in both the presence and absence of rat brain membranes. This apparent
      'specific' binding of [3H]MDMA in both the presence and absence of brain
      homogenates was totally eliminated by pretreating glass fiber filter papers with
      polyethylenimine. Drug competition studies demonstrated that [3H]MDMA binding
      displays a distinct 'pharmacological' profile in the absence of brain tissue.
      These data indicate that apparent [3H]MDMA binding to rat brain homogenates
      results from artifactual of [3H]MDMA to glass fiber filter paper. In addition,
      uptake of [3H]MDMA into rat brain synaptosomes could not be detected. We conclude
      the [3H]MDMA has limited usefulness in radioligand binding studies.

PMID- 2887444
TI  - The distribution of beta-adrenoceptors in dog kidney: an autoradiographic
      analysis.
AB  - The distribution of beta-adrenoceptors in slide-mounted dog kidney sections was
      determined using the radioligand (-)-[125I]cyanopindolol ((-)-[125I]CYP) and
      autoradiography. Using conditions designed to prevent (-)-[125I]CYP binding to
      non-beta-adrenoceptor sites, biochemical studies revealed that (-)-[125I]CYP
      binding equilibrated within 150 min (K1 = 3.2 X 10(8) M-1 min-1), was saturable
      (KD = 30.72 +/- 2.96 pM; Bmax = 0.57 +/- 0.03 fmol/section, n = 4) and
      stereoselective with respect to the stereoisomers of propranolol and pindolol.
      Delineation of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes with the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist betaxolol and beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 demonstrated
      that the proportions of beta 1-: beta 2-adrenoceptors was between 1:6 and 1:11.
      Autoradiographic studies showed that beta 1-adrenoceptors were localized on the
      juxtaglomerular apparatus and glomeruli, while beta 2-adrenoceptors were
      localized on medullary rays. The distribution of beta-adrenoceptors with respect
      to renal function in the dog kidney is discussed.

PMID- 2887445
TI  - Inhibition of renin release by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation in the isolated
      perfused rat kidney.
AB  - The effect of the specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist BHT 933 on stimulated
      renin release was investigated in the isolated perfused rat kidney preparation.
      Renin release was stimulated with N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA) (3 microM)
      a specific A2-adenosine receptor agonist. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor stimulation with
      BHT 933 (1 microM) attenuated the stimulation of renin release by NECA. Yohimbine
      (300 nM) or prazosin (28 nM) at alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenoceptor specific
      concentrations respectively, blocked this inhibition of renin release by BHT 933.
      In all groups studied there was no significant effect of these experimental
      treatments on renal hemodynamics or electrolyte excretion. The ability of
      yohimbine or prazosin, at alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenoceptor specific
      concentrations respectively, to antagonize the effects of BHT 933 suggests a lack
      of agonist specificity for these receptor effect as previously suggested for the
      mesenteric artery.

PMID- 2887447
TI  - Beta B1 crystallin is an amine-donor substrate for tissue transglutaminase.
AB  - The effects of tissue transglutaminase on the water-soluble proteins in bovine
      lens homogenates are described. Addition of liver transglutaminase and Ca2+ to
      calf lens homogenates resulted not only in the appearance of 50- and 57-kDa
      dimers, but also in a decrease in the amount of beta B1 crystallin and the almost
      complete disappearance of beta B3 and beta A3. This is not the result of Ca2+
      induced proteolysis, since histamine completely inhibits this phenomenon. It may
      be concluded that these polypeptides are involved in beta-crystallin crosslinking
      by transglutaminase. This notion was confirmed by using beta B1- and beta Bp
      specific antisera. Both sera reacted with the 57-kDa dimer; the beta Bp-specific
      antiserum also reacted with the 50-kDa dimer. No reaction in the region 50-57 kDa
      was detectable when EDTA was used instead of Ca2+. Using reconstituted mixtures
      of beta B1- and beta Bp-crystallin chains, and N-terminally truncated derivatives
      thereof, it was shown that in the beta B1/beta Bp dimer, glutamine residue -9 of
      beta Bp crosslinks to one of the lysine residues in the N-terminal extension of
      beta B1.

PMID- 2887446
TI  - Effects of potassium and norepinephrine on calcium influx in guinea-pig vas
      deferens.
AB  - The effects of potassium (K+) and adrenoceptor agonists on 45Ca influx and
      contraction of isolated vas deferens from reserpine-treated guinea-pigs has been
      investigated. K+ (18-84 mM) increased 45Ca influx with the maximum influx
      occurring at 50 mM K+. The rate of influx upon exposure to K+ was highest in the
      first 2 min and decreased thereafter. In contrast to K+, norepinephrine,
      methoxamine and xylazine did not increase the rate of 45Ca influx. Norepinephrine
      and methoxamine, but not xylazine, inhibited 45Ca influx induced by high K+. The
      inhibitory effect of norepinephrine was also present in denervated tissues.
      Prazosin, but not yohimbine or propranolol, blocked the inhibitory effect of
      norepinephrine. Potassium-induced contractions were significantly potentiated in
      the presence of norepinephrine, especially at low calcium concentrations. We
      conclude that K+ contracts the guinea-pig vas deferens by increasing the influx
      of calcium whereas stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors prevents 45Ca influx
      elicited by high potassium.

PMID- 2887448
TI  - Regulation of growth inhibitory activity in transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts.
AB  - Treatment of the transformed mouse embryo fibroblast cell line AKR-MCA with 1%
      N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) resulted in the restoration of a nontransformed
      phenotype in these cells. In order to determine if an increase in growth
      inhibitory peptides might be responsible for these changes in growth properties
      of the DMF-treated AKR-MCA cells we examined the serum-free conditioned medium
      for its ability to inhibit the anchorage-independent growth of a human colon
      carcinoma cell line. The extracellular levels of inhibitory activity were two
      fold higher in conditioned medium derived from AKR-MCA cells than in AKR-MCA
      cells grown in 1% DMF (AKR-MCA/DMF). Fractionation of the crude conditioned
      medium indicated the presence of an Mr 20,000 inhibitory fraction in AKR-MCA/DMF
      conditioned medium which was reduced in AKR-MCA cells. This Mr 20,000 inhibitory
      activity was acid and heat stable and sensitive to dithiothreitol and trypsin. In
      addition to inhibiting the growth of a human colon carcinoma cell line this
      protein induced colony formation in AKR-2B cells and competed for binding to the
      transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor. Therefore, this Mr 20,000
      inhibitory polypeptide induced by DMF is probably TGF-beta. TGF-beta was also
      shown to inhibit the growth of AKR-MCA cells in monolayer culture.

PMID- 2887449
TI  - Lengths of immunolabeled ciliary microtubules in frog photoreceptor outer
      segments.
AB  - Monoclonal anti-tubulin antibodies were used to label microtubules in the
      connecting cilia and outer segments of retinal photoreceptors isolated from Rana
      pipiens. In paraformaldehyde-fixed rods from frogs maintained on diurnal light
      cycles, the anti-tubulin labeling of ciliary microtubules (mean length = 27
      micron) typically extends to slightly over half the length of the outer segments
      (mean length = 46 micron). Rod outer segments from frogs kept in constant
      darkness for 3-4 weeks are longer (mean length = 53 micron) than rod outer
      segments from frogs maintained in cyclic lighting. However, the distribution of
      fractional lengths of anti-tubulin labeling of ciliary microtubules is the same
      for both lighting regimens. Incubating retinas in 1.0 mM colchicine prior to
      outer-segment fixation has no effect on the length of immunolabeling of ciliary
      microtubules, suggesting that post-mortem elongation artifacts are not
      significant. Incubating retinas in 10 microM taxol prior to fixation
      significantly increases the length of stained ciliary microtubules, suggesting
      that taxol either promotes post-mortem assembly of microtubules, or that taxol
      reduces post-mortem disassembly. The mean position of the end of anti-tubulin
      labeled ciliary microtubules does not correspond to the position of disk shedding
      for any of the experimental conditions employed.

PMID- 2887450
TI  - Neuropeptides TRH and cyclo(His-Pro) share neuromodulatory, but not stimulatory,
      action on hypothalamic neurons in vitro: implication for the regulation of
      feeding.
AB  - Electrical activity of neurons in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus was
      recorded in tissue slices, to investigate central neural mechanisms underlying
      reduction of food intake caused by TRH and its metabolite, cyclo(His-Pro) [cHP].
      Application of TRH had two actions: stimulation of neuronal activity, which was
      desensitized on closely repeated applications; and modulation of neuronal
      responses to neurotransmitters, even in the absence of the stimulatory action.
      The neuromodulatory but not the direct stimulatory action could also be achieved
      by cHP. The neuromodulatory action is more likely to be a neural mechanism
      underlying the inhibition of feeding, while other biological functions, unique to
      TRH, may depend on direct stimulation. In this way, TRH could achieve different
      biological results through different modes of action on hypothalamic neurons.

PMID- 2887453
TI  - Interactions of aminophylline and three benzodiazepine compounds with amygdala
      kindled seizures in rats.
AB  - Fully amygdala-kindled rats were used to study the effect of diazepam, RO 15
      1788, and CGS-8216 on aminophylline-induced prolongation of elicited kindled
      afterdischarges. Similar proportional reductions in seizure afterdischarge
      durations were seen with diazepam and with RO 15-1788 after aminophylline
      although the absolute length of the afterdischarge durations were increased
      significantly with both drugs after aminophylline. The partial agonist effect of
      the benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788 was demonstrated before and after
      aminophylline pretreatment. However, no specific interaction (pro- or
      anticonvulsant) was demonstrated with the benzodiazepine antagonist CGS-8216
      before or after aminophylline pretreatment. Together these data do not support
      the theory that the prolongation of elicited kindled seizures by the
      methylxanthine, aminophylline, is through a specific benzodiazepine receptor
      mechanism.

PMID- 2887452
TI  - Dopaminergic cells in the caudal A13 cell group express somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity.
AB  - The caudal extension of the hypothalamic A13 dopamine cell group (A13c) was
      studied in the rat brain with immunohistochemical techniques using antibodies
      raised against the dopamine synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and
      aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Adjacent sections revealed that the
      TH- and AADC-staining patterns exhibited a clear overlap with that for
      somatostatin (SOM). Employing a double-labelling method with SOM- and AADC
      antisera and subsequent elution and restaining of the same section with TH
      antiserum, it was found that all immunoreactivities occurred in the same cell
      bodies. This study gives the first evidence for the presence of SOM
      immunoreactivity in dopamine neurons.

PMID- 2887451
TI  - Somatostatin- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities are frequently colocalized
      in neurons in the caudal brain stem of rat.
AB  - The medulla oblongata and pons of colchicine treated rats were analyzed with a
      double-staining technique using mouse monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin and
      rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against methionine-enkephalin. Numerous cells
      reacted with both antisera but cells reacting with only one antiserum were also
      observed. Double-stained cells were most frequently encountered at all levels of
      the nucleus tractus solitarii, in a well defined group in the caudal medullary
      reticular formation, along the lateral ventral surface of the medulla oblongata,
      dorsolateral to the inferior olive and in the nucleus raphe magnus. These
      findings provide further examples of coexistence of two peptides and indicate the
      possibility that somatostatin- and enkephalin-like peptides are co-released.

PMID- 2887454
TI  - Histochemical evidence for the presence of dipeptidylpeptidase IV in the Schwann
      cells of skin unmyelinated axons.
AB  - DPP IV activity was localized in the nerve fascicles of cat glabrous skin at
      light and electron microscope levels. The observation that the DPP IV end product
      was restricted to the axon-Schwann cell interface suggests that this enzyme may
      be involved in the interactions between unmyelinated axons and their Schwann
      cells.

PMID- 2887455
TI  - Family of Na+,K+-ATPase genes. Intra-individual tissue-specific restriction
      fragment length polymorphism.
AB  - Intra-individual tissue-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      has been demonstrated in DNA isolated from different mammalian tissues using
      cDNAs of alpha- and beta-subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase as hybridization probes. We
      propose that the RFLPs could result from gene rearrangements in the gene loci for
      the alpha- and beta-subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase. The changes in restriction
      patterns have been shown to occur during embryonic development and tumor
      formation. In addition, the tissue specificity of the expression of different
      genes of the family of Na+,K+-ATPase genes and their low expression in tumor
      cells have been demonstrated.

PMID- 2887456
TI  - Perivenous localisation of Na-dependent glutamate transport in perfused rat
      liver.
AB  - Periportal and perivenous hepatocytes differ in their metabolism of blood
      glutamate (Glu). Uncertainty about the mechanisms of Glu blood-liver exchange led
      us to characterise, by paired-tracer dilution, a sodium-dependent dicarboxylate
      transporter (resembling system X-ag) in sinusoidal membranes of perfused rat
      liver (Vmax = 0.18 mumol Glu/g per min, Km = 0.29 mM Glu). Tracer Glu transport
      was depressed 65% after necrosis of perivenous hepatocytes by acute CCl4
      treatment, indicating that X-ag transporter activity is located mainly in these
      cells, the sites of glutamine (Gln) synthesis from glutamate and ammonia.
      Modulation of Glu transport may influence the extent of hepatic Gln release.

PMID- 2887457
TI  - A prospective study of current diagnostic procedures for assessment of hepatic
      metastases in colorectal cancers.
AB  - In a prospective study of 305 patients with colorectal cancers, we assessed the
      diagnostic value of ultrasonography and laboratory tests. In each case laparotomy
      was carried out and the presence of liver metastases was established in 47
      patients. The results show that the laboratory tests alone are not sufficiently
      accurate to detect liver metastases. Additional accuracy can be obtained by the
      combined use of a single liver imaging test (echography) and selected laboratory
      tests (C.E.A., gamma GT, Alkaline Phosphatase).

PMID- 2887458
TI  - [Role of calmodulin-dependent reactions in regulating myocardial contractile
      function].

PMID- 2887459
TI  - [Role of endogenous neurohumoral factors in mechanisms of the pathogenesis and
      compensation of unilateral movement disorders after serial removal of the motor
      neocortex].
AB  - The role of neurohumoral factors in the mechanisms of restoring the lost motor
      functions after two successive unilateral removals of the neocortex motor region,
      was studied. The dynamics of the restoring correlated with the posture asymmetry
      factor (PAF) activity in the CSF. PAF activity was reduced during the restoring
      by an inactivation factor (FI). Periods of restoration after the 2nd extirpation
      and inactivation of PAF were shorter than after the 1st one. The existence of the
      FI before the 2nd extirpation may account for this phenomenon.

PMID- 2887460
TI  - Activity of some hydrolases in mice with transplantable lymphatic leukemia P 388.
AB  - Mice--BDF, hybrides, males aged 3 months were injected intraperitoneally with
      10(4) lymphatic leukemia cells P 388. The mice were killed by bleeding after 2.5
      and 10 days after the injection. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT),
      leucylaminopeptidase (LAP) and cobalt activated acylase activity were determined
      in the serum of the mice. The inner organs of the animals were verified
      histopathologically. A statistically significant increase in the activity of the
      examined enzymes was observed together with the development of transplantable
      leukemia. These enzymes can be helpful in early monitoring of lymphatic leukemia
      P 388 in mice--as markers of cancer growth.

PMID- 2887461
TI  - Fetal heart rate changes following external cephalic version under tocolysis near
      term.
AB  - Fifty eight gravidas near-term underwent external cephalic version using
      tocolytic treatment and continuous fetal monitoring by cardiotocograph and real
      time ultrasound. No unfavorable maternal or fetal effects were recorded. Fetal
      heart rates showed a significant decline at 10 and 30 min after the procedure
      with complete recovery at 1 h after external version, but no pathologic tracing
      was recorded. No uniform heart rate patterns due to external cephalic version
      could be found.

PMID- 2887462
TI  - Maternal mortality in the Maltese Islands.
AB  - Maternal mortality statistics from the Maltese Islands since 1935 are reviewed to
      show that there has been a marked decrease in maternal mortality rates. This
      decrease is probably related to reductions in family size and improvements in the
      perinatal care of mothers. Hypertensive disease is now the most important cause
      of maternal mortality.

PMID- 2887463
TI  - Serum ferritin levels and their significance in normal full-term pregnant women.
AB  - Serum ferritin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) method and then
      analysed in 240 normal full-term pregnant women. Their hemoglobin concentrations
      were found to be normal in the first trimester. None of them had received any
      hematonic during their whole pregnancy period. Their mean age was 27.7 years and
      the mean pregnancy duration was 39.5 weeks. Mean hemoglobin concentration in
      these normal pregnant women was 12.6 g%. Mean serum ferritin was 23.1 ng/ml. It
      was significantly lower than the mean value of the normal non-pregnant women of
      the same age. In this study, we found that even normal pregnant women, 15.42% (37
      out of the 240) had subclinical iron deficiency and 12.92% (31 out of the 240) of
      the previously normal pregnant women had clinical anemia during their term of
      pregnancy. Multiparity was found to be a factor in the prevalence of iron
      deficiency but age and gravida number played no role in the occurrence of iron
      deficiency anemia.

PMID- 2887464
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: immunogenicity, safety and transfer of
      antibodies to infants.
AB  - To determine the safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy,
      72 pregnant Nigerians who were negative for markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      were given two intramuscular doses of vaccine (Heptavax, Merck) in the third
      trimester. One month after the second dose (at T2), 84% were anti HBs positive.
      No significant effect was observed in the mothers or their newborns. Passive
      transfer of anti HBs occurred in 59% of the newborns. The antibodies disappeared
      rapidly in these infants and by 3 months only 23% had detectable antibodies. No
      HBsAg carrier status developed in this group. In contrast, the infants born to
      HbsAg positive mothers had a cummulative rate of HBV events of 20%. It is
      concluded that HBV vaccine is safe and immunogenic in pregnant females. The
      passive immunity conferred on the infants is of short duration. Therefore,
      infants in endemic areas should be vaccinated early, preferably within 3 months
      of birth. Vaccination of pregnant mothers may provide adequate protection before
      the child is vaccinated.

PMID- 2887465
TI  - Sequential radiation changes in cytology of vaginal smears in carcinoma of cervix
      uteri during radiotherapy.
AB  - The study deals with acute/immediate radiation changes in 2020 sequential vaginal
      smears in 101 patients of carcinoma of the cervix uteri, 97 were of squamous cell
      carcinoma and 4 of adenocarcinoma. The smears were collected after 12-14 days, 15
      24 days and 25 days to 6 weeks following radiotherapy. The pretreatment vaginal
      smears were collected and examined for percentage of cancer cells. Subsequent
      smears were studied for radiation changes in benign and malignant cells, such as
      cell size, vacuolation of cytoplasm, multinucleation and nuclear changes, etc. A
      gradual and linear decline in cancer cells was observed until the end of therapy;
      41.6% of patients had less than 10% cancer cells within 12-14 days of therapy,
      63.4% of patients between 15 and 24 days and 74.6% after 25 days to 6 weeks
      following radiation. Eighty three percent of the patients attained zero level at
      the end of therapy.

PMID- 2887466
TI  - Ultrasonically guided follicle aspiration for oocyte retrieval in an in vitro
      fertilization program: further simplification.
AB  - Transabdominal, transvesical aspiration of oocytes was performed in 58
      infertility patients under ultrasound guidance. In contrast to other groups, no
      particular guiding instruments were used. Wider bore needles and general
      anesthesia improved the oocyte recovery rate from 44% to 80%, thus approaching
      the one achieved by laparoscopy.

PMID- 2887467
TI  - The use effectiveness of the Copper T-200 in Matlab, Bangladesh.
AB  - Using a unique record keeping system, the use effectiveness of the Copper T-200
      is examined in rural Bangladesh. In Matlab the Copper T-200 is a highly effective
      contraceptive modality. The adopters are typically low to medium parity women
      under 30 years of age. The most important cause of termination among women in the
      study was voluntary removal of the device. The complaint most often reported was
      bleeding followed by pain and weakness. The Matlab experience suggests that
      sustained motivation and regular resupply are the two key components of this
      highly successful family planning program.

PMID- 2887468
TI  - Advanced and unsuspected secondary abdominal pregnancy misdiagnosed before
      laparotomy.
AB  - A case of advanced secondary abdominal pregnancy is presented. It happened in a
      multiparous patient, a heroin addict and with a previous secondary amenorrhea. In
      spite of having been controlled through the whole pregnancy, the ectopic
      pregnancy was not diagnosed until a laparotomy was performed, several days after
      fetal death. After full extraction of the fetus and placenta, followed by left
      adnexectomy, the postoperatory evolution was normal. Hormonal and echographic
      studies and fetal monitorings are provided, and the diagnosis and treatment are
      discussed.

PMID- 2887470
TI  - Advanced papillary adenocarcinoma of unknown origin as tumor previa during late
      pregnancy.
AB  - A 41-year-old woman with advanced abdominal adenocarcinoma presented at term
      pregnancy. The tumor was presented as previa and obstructed the delivery. A
      cesarean section was performed and a healthy child was born. At surgery diffuse
      metastatic disease was detected throughout the pelvis and abdomen and was
      partially resected. Combined chemotherapy consisting of cis-platinum, adriamycin
      and cytoxan was administered for 5 months. At second-look laparotomy no residual
      disease was found. We present an unusual presentation of metastatic abdominal
      undifferentiated carcinoma treated as ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2887469
TI  - Antepartal fetal death of one twin.
AB  - Twenty-four cases with antepartal fetal death of one twin are reported. Of the
      stillborn fetuses 5 were delivered as a fetus papyraceus, 13 had severe and 6 no
      maceration. The cesarean section rate was 25%. The placenta was monochorionic in
      12 cases. Structural defects were found in one monochorionic co-twin of a fetus
      papyraceus. Otherwise the neonatal morbidity of the liveborn co-twins was not
      increased if the low gestational age averaging 34 weeks, was taken into account.
      No manifestations of defective hemostasis were observed in the mothers.

PMID- 2887471
TI  - Highly variable minisatellites and DNA fingerprints.

PMID- 2887472
TI  - Structural-functional organization of hepatic glutamine and ammonium metabolism.

PMID- 2887473
TI  - Azodisalicylate (azodisal sodium) causes intestinal secretion. Comparative study
      of the effect of azodisalicylate, sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid and
      sulfapyridine on the water and electrolyte transfer and the morphology of the rat
      ileum and colon in vivo.
AB  - Azodisalicylate (ADS) is one of the possible successors of sulfasalazine in the
      treatment of ulcerative colitis. The following results were obtained when
      comparing the influence of ADS on net water and electrolyte transfer in tied-off
      loops of the rat ileum and colon in vivo with sulfsalazine, 5-aminosalicylic
      acid, and sulfapyridine. (1) Sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid and
      sulfapyridine had no effect on water and electrolyte transfer of the healthy
      intestinal mucosa in concentrations up to 400 mg%. (2) ADS showed a concentration
      dependent inhibition effect on net water, sodium and chloride absorption and
      stimulated secretion at concentrations higher than 100 mg%. (3) No morphological
      alterations of the mucosa could be observed by light and transmission electron
      microscopy. The observed effect of ADS might have some clinical significance in
      patients with a decreased absorptive capacity of the colon in ulcerative colitis,
      in contrast to healthy volunteers, where the high absorptive capacity of the
      colon might compensate the decreased absorption or stimulated secretion in the
      small intestine.

PMID- 2887474
TI  - Nutritional management of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis patients have an increased requirement for calories and probably
      for all the major nutrients. The newer, enteric-coated granular preparations of
      pancreatic enzyme are more effective than preceding preparations and should
      permit a normal fat intake. Recent work has emphasized the interdependence of
      respiratory disease and nutrition.

PMID- 2887475
TI  - Combination treatment: colloidal bismuth subcitrate with H2-antagonists.
AB  - A formal single-blind multicentre study has been set up to investigate the
      probable benefit of combined therapy of the cytoprotective agent De-Nol
      (colloidal bismuth subcitrate, CBS) and an acid-suppressing drug (cimetidine) in
      the treatment of duodenal ulcer. The protocol compares the therapeutic benefit of
      CBS alone and cimetidine alone with CBS + cimetidine, the treatment period being
      28 or 56 days. Patients whose ulcers heal within the therapeutic phase will be
      followed up until relapse or 12 months, whichever is the longer. The paper
      presented reports interim results from this trial. Comments and clinical
      observations on the probable value of this combined treatment and the selection
      of patients suitable for such treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2887476
TI  - Toxicity of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the dog and the rat.
AB  - Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was administered to dogs and rats orally
      once a day for a 28-day period to evaluate the morphological and
      neuropathological effects. Major clinical signs associated with the
      administration of MDMA in the dog included circling, depression, dilated pupils,
      hyperactivity, rapid breathing, and salivation. Major clinical signs in the rat
      included hyperactivity, excitability, piloerection, exophthalmos, and salivation.
      Gross observations at necropsy in the dog possibly related to administration of
      the test article included reduced testicular size (one high and one medium dose)
      and prostatic enlargement in two high-dose animals. No gross lesions were seen in
      the rats at necropsy. The medium- and the high-dose groups in both sexes in both
      the rats and the dogs gained significantly less weight than the control and low
      dose groups. Food consumption decreased the first week for the high- and medium
      dose groups, but a significant reversal toward more normal consumption was noted
      in the following weeks in both the rats and the dogs. Hematologic, clinical
      chemistry, and urinalysis values did not appear to be affected by the
      administration of the test article in the dog. In the rat clinical pathology
      variables showing a trend to decrease with dose included urinary pH, blood urea
      nitrogen, glucose, creatinine (females), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (females),
      and chloride. Clinical pathology variables showing a trend to increase with dose
      included total white blood cell count and phosphorus. Microscopically, testicular
      atrophy was present in one medium-dose and two high-dose male dogs. Prostatic
      hyperplasia was present in two high-dose male dogs. No test article-related
      lesions were seen in the brains of either species.

PMID- 2887477
TI  - Sympathetic control of cerebral arteries: specialization in receptor type,
      reserve, affinity, and distribution.
AB  - The sympathetic neuroeffector system in the mammalian cerebral circulation has a
      number of distinctive features that reflect its specialized role in this vascular
      bed: 1) there is limited alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction in large vessels
      that becomes progressively less important with branching; 2) contraction is
      limited by receptor number; small branches often seem to have no functional alpha
      adrenoceptors; 3) adrenoceptor affinity for norepinephrine is low and so is
      sensitivity; and 4) the dominant alpha-adrenoceptor subtype differs in different
      species and may have unique characteristics in some. There is a mechanism of non
      alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction involving low-affinity receptor sites-
      extraceptors--activated by sympathetic nerves. The pig has a seemingly atypical
      sympathetic mechanism. On the basis of current information the sympathetic
      neuroeffector mechanisms of the rabbit seem most clearly related to the human.
      The size, pattern, and distribution of sympathetic control suggest that the role
      of the sympathetic nerves is to protect the smaller pial arteries against the
      consequences of sudden increases in sympathetic adrenal discharge. It is not an
      important mechanism of controlling cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2887479
TI  - Computed tomography as the method of choice in the diagnosis of emphysematous
      cholecystitis.
AB  - Computed tomographic (CT) findings in 4 cases of acute emphysematous
      cholecystitis are described. The use of CT in the diagnosis of this condition is
      discussed in relation to the use of sonography and plain radiography.

PMID- 2887478
TI  - Glutathione, a first line of defense against cadmium toxicity.
AB  - Experimental modulation of cellular glutathione levels has been used to explore
      the role of glutathione in cadmium toxicity. Mice treated with buthionine
      sulfoximine [an effective irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine
      synthetase (EC 6.3.2.2) that decreases cellular levels of glutathione markedly]
      were sensitized to the toxic effects of CdCl2. Mice pretreated with a sublethal
      dose of Cd2+ to induce metallothionein synthesis were not sensitized to Cd2+ by
      buthionine sulfoximine. Mice sensitized to Cd2+ by buthionine sulfoximine were
      protected against a lethal dose of Cd2+ by glutathione mono isopropyl ester (L
      gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycylisopropyl ester), but not by glutathione. These
      results are in accord with studies that showed that glutathione mono esters (in
      contrast to glutathione) are efficiently transported into cells and converted
      intracellularly to glutathione. The findings indicate that intracellular
      glutathione functions in protection against Cd2+ toxicity, and that this
      tripeptide provides a first line of defense against Cd2+ before induction of
      metallothionein synthesis occurs. The experimental approach used here in which
      cellular levels of glutathione are decreased or increased seems applicable to
      investigation of other types of metal toxicity and of other glutathione-dependent
      biological phenomena.

PMID- 2887480
TI  - Morphologic and physiologic studies of canine ileal enteroglucagon-containing
      cells in short-term culture.
AB  - Enteroglucagon-containing cells have been maintained in short-term culture, and
      the morphologic characteristics of these cells and their response to selected
      agents have been determined. After 48 h in culture the ultrastructural appearance
      of the enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells showed evidence of polarization with
      re-formation of apical microvilli and the secretory granules concentrated at the
      opposite pole of the cell. The size of the intracellular secretory granules was
      370 +/- 15 nm. The release of enteroglucagonlike immunoreactivity was stimulated
      in a dose-dependent manner by the adrenergic agonists epinephrine and
      isoproterenol. The response to epinephrine was competitively inhibited by
      propranolol, producing a rightward shift of the dose-responsive curve. The alpha
      adrenergic agonists methoxamine and clonidine did not stimulate enteroglucagon
      release above basal. The adenyl cyclase activator forskolin also stimulated
      release of the peptide in a dose-dependent manner. Carbachol and somatostatin
      produced a dose-dependent inhibition of epinephrine-stimulated release,
      indicating direct inhibitory modulation of enteroglucagonlike immunoreactive
      cells. Somatostatin also inhibited forskolin-stimulated release. These data
      indicate that canine ileal enteroglucagon cells in short-term culture respond to
      a number of specific stimuli.

PMID- 2887482
TI  - Cyclosporine treatment of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.
AB  - A 14-yr-old boy with a 5-yr history of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis
      refractory to corticosteroid therapy was given cyclosporin A (5 mg/kg X day).
      Before cyclosporine therapy, serum aminotransferase levels were 20 times normal
      and immunoglobulin G was 4 g/dl. Within 2 wk of starting cyclosporine therapy,
      aminotransferase levels decreased; by 2 mo they were almost normal, and at 1 yr
      into therapy they were normal. A decrease in cyclosporine dosage was associated
      with an increase in aminotransferase levels, which then again decreased as the
      dose was increased. Severe growth failure observed during previous corticosteroid
      therapy reversed during cyclosporine treatment and the patient displayed "catch
      up" growth. No significant side effects were noted after 1 yr of cyclosporine
      therapy. Further evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of corticosteroid
      unresponsive autoimmune chronic active hepatitis appears warranted.

PMID- 2887481
TI  - Calcium dependence of neurotensin stimulation of circular colonic muscle of the
      rabbit.
AB  - The effect of neurotensin on smooth muscle contraction was compared in strips
      from rabbit proximal and distal circular colonic muscle. The effective dose for
      neurotensin stimulation that caused a 50% response in both tissues was similar
      (1.3 X 10(-10) M). The maximal isometric stress, however, was greater in the
      distal colon than in the proximal colon (p less than 0.01). Neurotensin
      stimulation of both proximal and distal colon was unaffected by tetrodotoxin,
      phentolamine, propranolol, naloxone, or atropine. Neurotensin-stimulated
      contraction was inhibited by "Ca2+-free" (pCa = 5.1) or La3+ buffer. Verapamil
      (10(-6) M) or nitroprusside (10(-4) M) decreased neurotensin stimulation of
      proximal and distal colon by approximately 40% (p less than 0.05). Removal of
      Ca2+ from the buffer inhibited stimulation of muscle contraction by high
      extracellular potassium [( K+]o) more than bethanechol stimulation (p less than
      0.01). La3+ (1 mM) inhibited the contraction stimulated by bethanechol or
      increased [K+]o. Although verapamil inhibited contraction by bethanechol and
      increased [K+]o by approximately 50%, nitroprusside had no effect on the
      contraction mediated by these stimulants. 8-Bromo-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cGMP) inhibited neurotensin, but not [K+]o or bethanechol
      stimulated contraction. These data suggest (a) neurotensin stimulated colonic
      contractions at a concentration that is potentially physiologic, (b) neurotensin
      stimulated colonic smooth muscle directly without neural mediation, (c)
      neurotensin stimulation of colonic muscle is controlled by [Ca2+]o and [cGMP]i.

PMID- 2887483
TI  - Use of oral antihistamines in dentistry.

PMID- 2887484
TI  - Production and characterization of antibodies to neuroparsins A and B isolated
      from the corpora cardiaca of the locust.
AB  - Antisera were raised in rabbits against neuroparsins A and B which were purified
      to near homogeneity using electroelution from 7.5% polyacrylamide electrophoresis
      gels. They were characterized using immunohistochemical, enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and protein-blotting methods. The antineuroparsin A
      and the antineuroparsin B sera have different titers and sensitivities (higher
      titer for antineuroparsin A, higher sensitivity for antineuroparsin B). They
      exhibit very good specificity. The immunohistochemical study of the entire
      central nervous system using either antineuroparsin A or antineuroparsin B sera
      shows that only the A1 type of the protocerebral median neurosecretory cells are
      immunostained. Moreover, among the numerous proteins of the median region of the
      brain and of the corpora cardiaca, each immune serum recognized only neuroparsin
      A or neuroparsin B. Displacement curves obtained for each immune serum by
      competition between either neuroparsin A or neuroparsin B demonstrate that the
      neuroparsin A is recognized as well as neuroparsin B, with both antisera
      supporting the concept that these two proteins are chemically related. The
      nonspecific binding of neuroparsins to an antisomatostatin immune serum used at
      1/100 dilution indicates that any cross-reactivities of invertebrate molecules
      obtained with very low dilutions of antisera to vertebrate molecules must be
      considered carefully before concluding any immunological relation between
      invertebrate and vertebrate products.

PMID- 2887487
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of the changes in work capacity of young chess players
      during training].

PMID- 2887485
TI  - A mouse homeo box gene, Hox-1.5, and the morphological locus, Hd, map to within 1
      cM on chromosome 6.
AB  - Mo-10, a homeo box-containing sequence in the Hox-1 complex of genes referred to
      as Hox-1.5, was found to be polymorphic in inbred and wild mice, and a strain
      distribution of three allelic forms of Hox-1.5 are reported. The position of Hox
      1.5 was mapped in backcross experiments to within 1 cM of the hypodactyly locus
      on chromosome 6. This identifies the Hd mutation as a useful model for the
      examination of homeo box expression during mammalian development.

PMID- 2887486
TI  - [Neuroendocrine and neurochemical mechanisms of the domestication of animals].
AB  - A review of experimental data documenting that domestication of animals is
      associated with hereditary reorganization of neuro-endocrine mechanisms,
      responsible for basic processes of ontogeny, is presented. The data demonstrated
      changes in gonadal and pituitary-adrenal systems in domesticated animals.
      Analysis of evidence that selection for low aggressiveness towards man is, in
      fact, the selection for definite activity of brain neurotransmitters regulating
      aggressive behaviour and emotional stress response has been carried out. Supposed
      role of modifications in the mechanisms of domestication is discussed.

PMID- 2887488
TI  - [Dynamics of mental work capacity in schoolchildren during the learning process].

PMID- 2887489
TI  - Changes in blood flow, portal pressure and shunting during the development of
      cirrhosis in response to beta-blockade.
AB  - An experimental model of cirrhosis was developed in the rat to assess the effect
      of disease and pharmacological manipulation on blood flow, shunting and portal
      pressure. With progression in the severity of histological cirrhosis there was a
      steady fall in effective liver blood flow as measured with radioisotope labelled
      colloid. This corresponded to a rise in portal pressure and shunting with a close
      correlation between the two (r = 0.7, p less than 0.01). In control animals and
      when portal hypertension was caused by extrahepatic obstruction, beta-blockade
      with propranolol, but not selective beta 2 blockade, significantly decreased
      liver blood flow. With cirrhosis there was a variable response to propranolol
      depending on the histological severity of disease, the height of portal pressure
      and degree of shunting. There is a possibility therefore that a potential may
      exist for lowering portal pressure by manipulating intrahepatic shunting.

PMID- 2887490
TI  - Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene rearrangements in acute leukemias.

PMID- 2887491
TI  - [Which drugs are allowed, which should one avoid, which are contraindicated?].

PMID- 2887492
TI  - [H2 blocker-resistant peptic ulcers. Selection of surgical patients, changes in
      indications].

PMID- 2887493
TI  - [Pain treatment with opiates--a renaissance?].

PMID- 2887494
TI  - [Revision of the therapy regimen. Captopril also improves arrhythmia and
      electrolyte disorders].

PMID- 2887495
TI  - [A median attainable therapeutic goal. Living longer and better with disease].

PMID- 2887496
TI  - [Therapeutic recommendation in cardiac insufficiency. Initial treatment--after
      infarct--in kidney disease].

PMID- 2887497
TI  - [Advancements in antihypertensive therapy. Single-agent treatment with captopril-
      diabetic hypertension].

PMID- 2887498
TI  - [The manner of rupture in heart insufficiency. ACE-inhibition more as
      vasodilation--indications].

PMID- 2887499
TI  - The costs of AIDS: a review of the estimates.

PMID- 2887501
TI  - The pancreatic glucagon and C-peptide secretion during hyperinsulinemia in
      euglycemic glucose clamp with or without somatostatin infusion in normal man.
AB  - 6 normal subjects received two times of 2 hr euglycemic glucose clamp studies
      (insulin infusion rate 40 mU/M2/min) one with and the other without somatostatin
      (SRIF) infusion (500 microgram/hr). Serum C-peptide and glucagon levels were
      measured during clamp to study the sensitivity of pancreatic alpha and beta cells
      to the suppressive effects of exogenous hyperinsulinemia during normoglycemia in
      normal subjects and to find whether SRIF had any modulative effects on endocrine
      pancreas secretion at the status of hyperinsulinemia. The results showed that in
      normal man the degree of suppression of pancreatic glucagon secretion by
      hyperinsulinemia (approximately 100 uU/ml) during euglycemic glucose clamp
      without SRIF infusion was less than that of C-peptide with mean value of 62 +/-
      4% of basal glucagon remained at the end of clamp study; while only about 30 +/-
      2% of basal C-peptide concentrations remained. But during SRIF infused glucose
      clamp studies (SRIF was infused from 60 to 120 min), 32 +/- 2% of mean basal C
      peptide concentrations and 38 +/- 6% of mean basal glucagon concentrations left
      at the end of 2 hr clamp studies when serum insulin level was about 100 uU/ml.
      For the glucose infusion rate (M value), it was significantly greater in our
      normal subjects in response to insulin + SRIF as compared to insulin alone (12.0
      + 0.9 vs 8.8 +/- 1.4; P less than 0.01). We concluded: during hyperinsulinemia
      (100 uU/ml), the sensitivity of pancreatic alpha cells to insulin seems less than
      that of beta cells in normal man at normoglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2887500
TI  - The effect of artificial sweetener on insulin secretion. 1. The effect of
      acesulfame K on insulin secretion in the rat (studies in vivo).
AB  - Acesulfame K is an artificial sweetener which has been used in the food industry
      for some years. As yet no metabolic effects have been reported. It was reported
      that the sweetener can induce a cephalic phase of insulin secretion. To analyse
      the mechanism of this phenomenon, we studied the effect of Acesulfame K on
      insulin secretion in vivo. Male Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 g were fasted
      overnight and anaesthetized with phenobarbital. A silicon catheter was inserted
      into the right cervical vein for injection of test substances and for obtaining
      blood samples. In some experiments, another catheter was inserted into the left
      cervical vein for continuous infusion. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 5, 10, 15,
      30 and 60 min after injection, and at -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120
      min after the infusion started. Injection of Acesulfame K (150 mg/kg body weight)
      increased the plasma insulin concentration at 5 min from 27.3 +/- 3.0 microU/ml
      to 58.6 +/- 4.2 microU/ml without any significant change in the blood glucose.
      Infusion of Acesulfame K (20 mg/kg body weight/min) for one hour maintained the
      insulin concentration at a high level (about 85-100 microU/ml) during this
      period, and at the same time blood glucose was gradually reduced from 103.0 +/-
      7.3 to 72.0 +/- 7.2 mg/dl. When using different amounts of Acesulfame K, the
      insulin secretion was stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion. The effect of
      Acesulfame K on insulin secretion was similar to that observed by injecting or
      infusing the same doses of glucose (150 mg/kg) body weight for injection and 20
      mg/kg body weight/min for infusion), except that no hyperglycemia was observed
      with Acesulfame K.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887502
TI  - Absence of suppressive effect of somatostatin on prolactin levels in patients
      with hyperprolactinemia.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin (SRIF: 10 micrograms/min during 120 min) on serum
      prolactin (PRL) levels was studied in eleven patients with hyperprolactinemia of
      varying causes: 2 patients with acromegaly; 2 with primary hypothyroidism; 4 with
      prolactinoma and 3 with drug (sulpiride) induced hyperprolactinemia. During SRIF
      infusion, no significant change in PRL levels was observed in any of the 4 groups
      studied except in one female patient with a prolactinoma. The biological activity
      of SRIF was demonstrated by the significant inhibition (P less than 0.05) of
      insulin levels seen in all 11 patients (52% fall in relation to basal) without
      simultaneous modification of glycemia. These data suggest that SRIF does not
      decrease PRL secretion in most patients with hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2887503
TI  - The effect of artificial sweetener on insulin secretion. II. Stimulation of
      insulin release from isolated rat islets by Acesulfame K (in vitro experiments).
AB  - The effect of the artificial sweetener Acesulfame K on insulin release in vitro
      was investigated. Pancreatic islets were obtained from Male Wistar rats.
      Acesulfame K produced a significant increase in insulin release from incubated
      islets. This effect was dose- and glucose-dependent. When islets were incubated
      with different amounts of Acesulfame K (2.5, 7.5 and 15 mM) and 15 mM glucose in
      the media for one hour, insulin concentrations were 140.2 +/- 21.1, 246.7 +/-
      32.4 and 313.9 +/- 37.7 microU/ml, respectively. When 15 mM Acesulfame K was
      added to a media containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mM glucose, insulin release from
      incubated islets after 60 min were 25.6 +/- 6.4, 65.4 +/- 12.1, 109.0 +/- 10.0,
      229.6 +/- 28.0 and 313.9 +/- 37.7 microU/ml. Incubating islets in the media
      containing arginine or acetylcholine increased insulin release significantly.
      However, when Acesulfame K was added to the media containing either arginine or
      acetylcholine, no further potentiating effect could be detected. The effect of
      Acesulfame K on insulin secretion was decreased by noradrenaline. However, the
      addition of naloxone, atropine and propranolol had no significant effect.
      Somatostatin inhibited insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets, but did
      not antagonize the action of Acesulfame K. When 2.5 mM Acesulfame K was added to
      a medium containing somatostatin, the inhibitory effect of somatostatin was
      totally neutralized. In a perifusion system, Acesulfame K stimulated both phases
      of insulin secretion. In conclusion, Acesulfame K acts directly on the pancreatic
      islets and potentiates glucose-induced insulin release.

PMID- 2887504
TI  - Suppression of growth hormone and somatomedin C by long-acting somatostatin
      analog SMS 201-995 in type I diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The effect of a new long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 (SMS) on hormonal
      mechanisms controlling the glucose metabolism was tested in 8 type I diabetics
      over a 3-day period. In addition to dietary measures and conventional insulin
      therapy, the patients received a subcutaneous dose of 50 micrograms SMS three
      times daily for 3 days. Serum growth hormone (GH) was measured at various
      intervals throughout the investigational period. Glucagon, somatomedin C (SM-C),
      triiodothyronine, thyroxine, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating
      hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) were also determined before and at the end of
      the therapy with SMS. Basal GH and plasma SM-C had decreased significantly (p
      less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively) by the 3rd day. In all cases
      the insulin requirements could be reduced (mean 28%) without deterioration of the
      metabolic control. Moreover, blood glucose profiles showed a tendency to lower
      postprandial peaks after SMS treatment. Glucagon, triiodothyronine, thyroxine,
      LH, FSH and PRL showed no significant changes. No side effects or alterations in
      laboratory chemistries were recorded. Dampening of glucose oscillations and
      counterregulatory mechanisms, and reduction of insulin dosage by SMS may enable a
      better control of unstable diabetes. Its slow plasma clearance and long action
      compared to the native peptide will warrant the use of this analog as a additive
      to standard diabetes therapy in more prolonged trials.

PMID- 2887505
TI  - Benign oncocytic endocrine tumor of the pancreas in a patient with polyarteritis
      nodosa.
AB  - An 8-cm mass in the tail of the pancreas was resected from a 40-year-old man with
      polyarteritis nodosa. The tumor cells contained abundant, finely granular,
      eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in a gyriform pattern that suggested the tumor
      was an oncocytoma of the endocrine pancreas. Electron microscopy confirmed that
      the tumor was an oncocytoma by demonstrating tumor cell cytoplasm packed with
      mitochondria. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies confirmed the
      neuroendocrine nature of the tumor by demonstrating dense-core, membrane-bound
      structures consistent with neurosecretory granules and neuron-specific enolase
      immunoreactivity. No immunoreactivity for insulin, glucagon, gastrin,
      somatostatin, or pancreatic polypeptide was found. No human chorionic
      gonadotropin alpha-chain immunoreactivity was detected. The patient is well
      without evidence of tumor five years after operation. The apparently benign
      behavior of the pancreatic endocrine oncocytoma reported here is in contrast to
      the malignant nature of another case reported recently.

PMID- 2887507
TI  - A model-based self-adjusting two-phase controller for vecuronium-induced muscle
      relaxation during anesthesia.

PMID- 2887508
TI  - Physiochemical alteration of surface membrane of axenic Entamoeba histolytica
      during repeated cholesterol passage.

PMID- 2887506
TI  - Familial hypercholesterolemia in South African Afrikaners. PvuII and StuI DNA
      polymorphisms in the LDL-receptor gene consistent with a predominating founder
      gene effect.
AB  - Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), at a prevalence of more than 1 in 100, is at
      least five times more common in one South African population group than in
      populations in North America and Europe. Fourteen homozygotic familial
      hypercholesterolemic subjects from this South African group were genotyped for
      two intragenic DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the LDL
      receptor gene. A StuI polymorphism is located in exon 8, and a PvuII
      polymorphism, in intron 15. Of ten unrelated FH homozygotes genotyped for both
      RFLPs, nine were homozygous for an S + P- haplotype, and one was heterozygous for
      an S + P-/S-P + haplotype. The remaining four were genotyped for PvuII only and
      were homozygous for P-. Compared with a previously determined population
      frequency for the latter, this represents an association (P less than 0.05)
      between the frequency for the P- allele and FH in this population, and this
      finding is consistent with the "founder gene effect" previously postulated to be
      present on genealogical and biochemical evidence.

PMID- 2887509
TI  - Elicitation of protective immunity to Entamoeba histolytica--an experimental
      study.
AB  - Immunization of hamsters with plasma membrane (PM) antigens of virulent subline
      of axenic Entamoeba histolytica (NIH: 200 V) entrapped in multilamellar
      phosphatidyl choline liposomes conferred 100% protection to a subsequent
      intrahepatic amoebic challenge. In contrast, vaccination of hamsters with live
      amoebic trophozoites injected intradermally failed to protect any of the animals.
      The protected animals had significantly high levels of anti-PM anti-amoebic
      antibodies, cellular sensitization and macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent
      cytotoxicity against amoebic trophozoites. However, none of the intradermally
      immunized animals had anti-PM anti-amoebic antibodies at the time of challenge.
      Such animals also had significantly low macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity. The data indicate the potential prophylactic use of PM
      antigens against hepatic amoebic infection.

PMID- 2887510
TI  - [Oxatomide in the treatment of chronic urticaria: evaluation of its effectiveness
      and tolerance].

PMID- 2887511
TI  - Differences in Ly 2- L3T4- thymocytes from foetal and adult murine thymus.
AB  - The thymus is the major site of mammalian T cell production. The exact steps
      which occur in the thymus and give rise to mature T cells have not been defined,
      but there is general agreement that the earliest T cells are included in the
      group of thymic lymphoid cells lacking Ly 2 (CD8) and L3T4 (CD4). This population
      represents 2-6% of adult thymocytes and the vast majority of thymocytes in the
      mouse embryo until about day 16 of gestation. It has often been assumed that the
      foetal and adult CD4- CD8- thymocytes are equivalent. This paper shows that there
      are significant differences between the CD4- CD8- cells from these sources, in
      that the adult includes at least two subsets which are undetectable in the
      embryo. These two subsets of CD4- CD8- cells are both Ly 1high, B2A2- and M1/69-;
      one is Thy 1+ and one is Thy 1-. Each represents 20-25% of adult CBA double
      negative thymocytes. Both these populations are excluded from analyses of CD4-
      CD8- thymocytes which have been further selected as Ly 1low, a procedure adopted
      in several studies of early thymocytes. Even those subpopulations of CD4- CD8-
      cells which appear to express similar markers in adult and embryo thymus are
      quite different when analysed for cell size (forward light scatter), with the
      embryonic forms being much larger.

PMID- 2887512
TI  - Evidence for a new murine immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene family.
AB  - In the course of a previous study addressing autoantibody generation in murine
      models for generalized autoimmune disorders, we observed a nonfunctional
      immunoglobulin heavy chain transcript in a B cell hybridoma from lupus-prone MRL
      Mp-lpr/lpr mice. This transcript, the cDNA sequence of which is presented here,
      is of general interest for murine immunoglobulin genetics as it cannot be
      ascribed to any known heavy chain variable region gene (Vh) family by nucleic
      acid sequence homology criteria and, hence, may represent a new Vh gene family.
      The sequence showed about equal nucleotide similarity (70-73%) to 3 other Vh gene
      families (S107, J606, 7183) and less than 65% similarity to members of the
      remaining 6 Vh gene families. Nucleic acid sequence comparisons with unpublished
      immunoglobulin sequences uncovered a highly homologous (greater than 95%)
      functional Vh transcript indicating that the suggested Vh gene family also
      encodes expressed antibody molecules.

PMID- 2887513
TI  - Major fragment of soluble peptidoglycan released from growing Bordetella
      pertussis is tracheal cytotoxin.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis is known to release a factor which promotes the loss of
      ciliated respiratory epithelium and copurifies with a soluble peptidoglycan (PG)
      fragment termed tracheal cytotoxin (TCT). The objective of this study was to
      determine whether pertussis organisms turn over and release PG derivatives in
      addition to TCT. B. pertussis Tohama (phase III) was grown in liquid Stainer
      Scholte medium containing [3H]diaminopimelic acid (DAP) to label PG specifically,
      washed to remove free label, and suspended in fresh medium without [3H]DAP.
      Molecular sieve chromatography of supernatants obtained from such cultures
      revealed a single included peak of 3H, the elution volume of which corresponded
      roughly to a disaccharide peptide monomer standard (ca. 10(3) daltons). This
      material (i) contained [3H]DAP in acid-hydrolyzable linkage, (ii) comigrated with
      1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid-containing disaccharide peptides on paper
      chromatography, (iii) was resistant to degradation by mild alkali, and (iv) was
      indistinguishable from authentic TCT by high-voltage paper electrophoresis and
      two reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography systems. Together, the
      data suggest that B. pertussis releases a markedly homogeneous set of PG
      fragments, consisting principally of TCT, and that TCT is possibly a nonreducing,
      anhydromuramic acid-containing fragment or a cyclic PG derivative.

PMID- 2887514
TI  - Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to compare local pulmonary immunity with the
      systemic immune response of Toxocara canis-infected mice.
AB  - Following infection of mice with larvae of the canine roundworm Toxocara canis,
      there is a persistent pneumonitis. Heretofore, nothing was known about the
      immunologic potential of the cells that constitute this inflammatory exudate. By
      performing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), enough inflammatory cells were obtained
      to compare the local pulmonary immune response to T. canis infection with the
      systemic immune response as reflected in the peripheral blood and spleen cells of
      the same mice. Groups of C57BL/6J female mice were given 100 infective ova and
      BAL, peripheral blood, and spleen cells collected on days 8, 11, 14, and 17
      postinfection. The percentage of eosinophils in the BAL averaged about 80% and
      was four to five times as great as that in the peripheral blood at all times
      assayed. Use of concanavalin A (ConA)-elicited lymphocyte blastogenesis to
      evaluate T-lymphocyte activity revealed that BAL T-cell activity was low on day 8
      and peaked on day 11. When the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide was used in the
      assay, there appeared to be far less BAL cell reactivity compared with BAL T-cell
      activity. Both B- and T-cell responses of the BAL cells were only a fraction of
      the responses seen concurrently in spleen cells. Use of Toxocara exoantigens in
      the blastogenesis assay revealed that Toxocara exoantigens could elicit between
      20 and 95% of the ConA response in BAL cells, while in spleen cells Toxocara
      exoantigens could only elicit 1 to 5% of the ConA response. These results suggest
      that BAL is a useful method for recovering local inflammatory cells that possess
      detectable immunologic activity. In the case of pulmonary toxocariasis,
      eosinophils account for the majority of the cells that are present, with most of
      the remaining cells being T. canis antigen-specific T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2887515
TI  - Serological response to the P fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in
      pyelonephritis.
AB  - Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from four patients with
      pyelonephritis were characterized by their O:K serotype, hemolysin production,
      mannose-resistant hemagglutination, and the serotype of the P fimbriae. These P
      fimbriae were serotyped with specific monoclonal antibodies. Serum samples from
      the patients were analyzed for the presence of specific antibodies to the P
      fimbriae. In all cases antifimbrial antibodies were found, strongly suggesting
      that these P fimbriae are expressed in vivo. However, the antibodies in the
      patient sera were not able to inhibit the mannose-resistant hemagglutination.
      This finding suggests that these antibodies react with the fimbrial components
      and not with the minor components which are responsible for adhesion.

PMID- 2887517
TI  - Reduction of fear and anxiety in adult fearful patients.
AB  - Dental fear is most often of multifactorial origin and is most successfully
      treated by behavioural therapies. The need for specialized treatments is related
      to the severity of the fear reaction and its consequences. For the majority of
      anxious patients simple treatment techniques readily available and applicable in
      general practice should be used. These procedures aim to restructure the
      patient's anticipation and evaluation of the dental situation. However, the
      establishment of specialized research and treatment centres has resulted in
      improved understanding and knowledge of the severely phobic patients with long
      standing avoidance symptoms. These individuals suffer from more disseminated
      effects of dental fear and benefit most from broadly based therapies that use
      both cognitive-behavioural and psychophysiological components. There may also be
      indications for the use of pharmacological therapies. The immediate posttherapy
      successful outcome rates are at levels of 70 to 80 per cent for broadly based
      therapies or combinations of treatment modalities. In spite of an obvious
      shortage of follow-up investigations, Swedish studies on severely phobic and
      avoiding groups have revealed that similar outcome figures may be valid over
      longer periods of time. The Swedish studies also indicate beneficial side-effects
      on the patients' general well-being and psychosocial situation.

PMID- 2887516
TI  - Plasmid-mediated surface fibrillae of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia
      enterocolitica: relationship to the outer membrane protein YOP1 and possible
      importance for pathogenesis.
AB  - The cell surface properties of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia
      enterocolitica mutants, constructed by insertional inactivation of genes located
      on the 40- to 50-megadalton virulence plasmid, were examined. Electron microscopy
      revealed an absolute correlation between expression of four plasmid-dependent,
      temperature-inducible properties related to the bacterial surface: (i) a
      fibrillar matrix covering the outer membrane, (ii) outer membrane protein YOP1,
      (iii) spontaneous autoagglutination, and (iv) mannose-resistant hemagglutination
      of guinea pig erythrocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that YOP1 is a
      structural component of the fibrillae. Experiments demonstrating inhibition of
      hemagglutination by anti-YOP1 monoclonal antibody suggested a potential role for
      YOP1 in adhesion. Insertional inactivation of the gene coding for YOP1, with
      resultant loss of the ability to express fibrillae, led to a significant
      reduction in the capacity of Y. enterocolitica, but not Y. pseudotuberculosis, to
      colonize the ileum of orogastrically infected mice. In both Y. enterocolitica and
      Y. pseudotuberculosis, inactivation of the genes coding for Ca2+ dependency
      reduced the ability to maintain intestinal colonization, regardless of the
      ability to express fibrillae. Both surface fibrillae and Ca2+ dependency seem to
      reflect pathogenic determinants which are required for the establishment of Y.
      enterocolitica infection. In Y. pseudotuberculosis, however, no clinical
      significance of the fibrillae has so far been defined.

PMID- 2887518
TI  - Protection of cynomolgus monkeys against infection by human T-cell leukemia virus
      type-I by immunization with viral env gene products produced in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Protection against human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) infection in
      cynomolgus monkeys, achieved by immunizing the animals with env gene products of
      HTLV-I produced in Escherichia coli, was evaluated. Four monkeys that had been
      immunized with the env product produced antibody against HTLV-I gp68 and gp46,
      and their sera were found to cause strong inhibition of syncytium formation of a
      cat fibroblast cell line induced by HTLV-I. Immunized and non-immunized monkeys
      were challenged with live MT-2 cells, a high HTLV-I-producer cell line. After
      challenge, all the control non-immunized monkeys were infected with HTLV-I, as
      judged by the frequent detection of HTLV-I-antigens in cultures of their
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whereas no antigens were recovered
      from PBMC of immunized monkeys. These results indicate that humoral immunity
      against HTLV-I-envelope protein elicited by immunization with the polypeptides
      synthesized in bacteria protected the monkeys against primary infection with HTLV
      I.

PMID- 2887519
TI  - Comparative effects of beta-, alpha- and combined beta- plus alpha-adrenoceptor
      blocking agents in stress-induced increase in arterial blood pressure.
AB  - Comparative efficacy of cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker (atenolol), non
      cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker (propranolol), alpha-adrenoceptor
      blocker (prazosin) and combined alpha plus beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent
      (labetalol) on cold stress and hand grip exercise-induced increase in arterial
      blood pressure and heart rate was studied in 7 healthy volunteers. The design of
      the trial was controlled, randomized, double blind and crossover. All the 4 drugs
      produced a fall in both supine and sitting systolic as well as diastolic blood
      pressure. Basal heart rate was reduced by propranolol and atenolol whereas
      prazosin and labetalol did not produce any change. The increase in both systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure induced by cold stress was significantly (p less
      than 0.01) reduced by labetalol, prazosin and atenolol in the decreasing order of
      efficacy. The increase in systolic blood pressure due to hand grip exercise was
      reduced significantly (p less than 0.05) by all the 4 drugs and the most
      effective drug was labetalol. However, the increase in diastolic blood pressure
      due to hand grip exercise was not reduced significantly by any of the drugs.
      Therefore, combined alpha and beta-receptor antagonist is more effective in
      reducing the spikes of blood pressure rise due to these stressful conditions as
      compared to pure alpha or beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

PMID- 2887520
TI  - Double-blind comparison of once-daily bopindolol and atenolol for mild-to
      moderate hypertension.
AB  - In order to compare the medium term antihypertensive effectiveness and
      tolerability of atenolol with those of bopindolol (LT 31-200), a new non
      selective beta-blocker with slight PAA (partial agonist activity), a randomized
      double-blind study was performed. Thirty-one outpatients with mild-to-moderate
      essential hypertension (WHO stage I-II) were enrolled and after a placebo run-in
      randomly allocated to bopindolol (1 to 4 mg/day) or atenolol (50 to 200 mg/day).
      The dose was titrated according to the individual pressor responses, and
      thereafter it was kept constant until the end of the treatment (12 weeks). Both
      drugs induced statistically significant decreases in SBP, DBP and HR, both in
      resting conditions and during an ergometric test. Accordingly, most patients
      achieved the main goal of the therapy, i.e., supDBP less than or equal to 90
      mmHg, 11/15 (74%) with bopindolol versus 8/13 (62%) with atenolol. There were no
      significant differences between the effects of the two compounds. Resting airway
      resistance (expressed as Peak Expiratory Flow) was not influenced by the
      treatments. The antihypertensive efficacy was still evident after 12 months in 8
      patients who were evaluated for non-comparative long-term effectiveness of
      bopindolol monotherapy, and improvements in plasma lipid profiles were also
      observed. Side effects were relatively mild and transient, with two patients in
      the atenolol group discontinuing therapy (one for inefficacy and one because of
      undesirable reactions) and one dropped out in the bopindolol group (late evidence
      of not fulfilling inclusion criteria).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887522
TI  - Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen for artificial insemination.

PMID- 2887521
TI  - An HPLC assay for sulphapyridine in plasma and its use to assess small bowel
      transit time after the administration of sulphasalazine.
AB  - An HPLC assay for sulphapyridine is described. The use of the assay to measure
      sulphapyridine produced by the action of large bowel flora on 2 g of orally
      administered sulphasalazine as a means of assessing oro-colonic transit time is
      discussed. The assay is applied to show the action on oro-colonic transit time of
      a novel gastrokinetic agent BRL 24924 which brought about a 62.8% median
      reduction in transit time at a dose of 5 mg.

PMID- 2887523
TI  - Generic drugs in reproductive medicine: is the value anticipated the value
      obtained?

PMID- 2887525
TI  - Mast cells and idiopathic male infertility.
AB  - Eighty-three testicular biopsies, done for evaluation of oligozoospermia and
      azoospermia, were reviewed. Biopsies from eight healthy fertile males served as
      control. Johnsen's scoring was used for the staging of spermatogenesis. The
      number of mast cells was counted in a 1-mm2 area to study the relationship of
      spermatogenesis and mast cell proliferation. An impairment of spermatogenesis was
      noticed as the mast cell density increased. When the Johnsen score ranged between
      1 and 4, mast cells were 24 to 112, with a mean of 57.7 cells/mm2. This value was
      highly significant when compared with control cases (P less than .001).

PMID- 2887524
TI  - Removal of completely perforating IUDs by explorative laparotomy.
AB  - Nine patients with completely perforating intrauterine contraceptive devices are
      presented. In all cases, the device was removed by explorative laparotomy. In
      eight out of the nine women, the device was found to be embedded in the omentum
      or vesical peritoneal plica. The advantages of explorative laparotomy over
      laparoscopy or colpotomy are emphasized.

PMID- 2887526
TI  - Long-acting agonists of LH-RH in the treatment of large ovarian endometriomas.
AB  - Reversible temporary medical oophorectomy using long-acting agonist analogs of LH
      RH was tried in three infertile patients suffering from large endometriomas of
      the ovary. These patients had stage IV disease according to the revised 1985
      classification of the American Fertility Society. D-Ala6-des-Gly10-LH-RH
      propylamide (D-Ala6-LH-RH PA), in a dose of 125 micrograms, was administered
      intramuscularly every 48 hours to one patient, and daily to the other two
      patients, for 22, 17, and 14 weeks, respectively. Two patients subsequently
      received 100 micrograms of D-Trp6-LH-RH for 4 weeks in order to compare its
      efficacy with D-Ala6-LH-RH PA. Clinical controls, pelvic ultrasonography, and
      routine laboratory tests and hormone assays were done periodically.
      Ultrasonography images showed a reduction in the size of endometriomas after the
      second or third week of treatment. This reduction was maintained throughout and
      continued after the period of treatment. Suppression of the pituitary and
      estrogen responses was obtained rapidly, but some transient increments were
      occasionally found. Progesterone levels always decreased and remained in the
      range of the early follicular phase. Most intervals of uterine bleeding were
      prolonged. An evident improvement of abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, and
      dyspareunia was found. Administration of D-Trp6-LH-RH was more effective than D
      Ala6-LH-RH PA in most of the parameters tested. After discontinuation of
      treatment, all three patients had a prolonged follicular phase with a normal
      luteal phase during the first cycle. One woman became pregnant in the fourth
      cycle after discontinuation of D-Ala6-LH-RH PA and delivered a normal
      baby.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887527
TI  - Bacterial infection of human oocytes during in vitro fertilization.

PMID- 2887528
TI  - Testing the fertilizing ability of motile spermatozoa separated by Percoll in
      patients with abnormal sperm analysis or sperm penetration.
AB  - The Percoll density-gradient technique was used to select motile sperm from men
      who exhibited abnormal semen analysis or unexplained infertility. The fertilizing
      ability of the spermatozoa was evaluated by the hamster ova sperm penetration
      assay (SPA). The current work is a novel approach in the usage of Percoll in an
      attempt to improve the quality of the sperm of nonfertile patients and to examine
      its results by SPA. The method succeeded in improving the penetration score of
      the fertile controls by 15% to 30%. However, no improvement of the low
      penetration score of the nonfertile patients was demonstrable. The difficulties
      inherent in using the Percoll density gradient technique are discussed.

PMID- 2887529
TI  - The effects of mesterolone on sperm count in idiopathic oligospermia.
AB  - Forty subfertile men with idiopathic oligospermia were randomly treated with
      mesterolone or with placebo for more than 4 months. Seminal analysis was
      performed thrice before treatment, and twice after 16 weeks of treatment. There
      was a significant increase of semen volume (P less than .05), mean sperm
      concentration (P less than .01), and mean total sperm count per ejaculate (P less
      than .01) with mesterolone therapy. Sperm motility and morphological
      characteristics were not modified by mesterolone therapy. Mesterolone was found
      to be effective in improving the sperm concentration in mild and moderate rather
      than in severe idiopathic oligospermia.

PMID- 2887530
TI  - Local autoimmunity in mild endometriosis.
AB  - Forty-four patients with and without mild endometriosis were tested for the
      presence in peritoneal fluid of autoantibodies against endometrial and ovarian
      antigens. Five patients with endometriosis and one patient in the control group
      had significantly elevated titers, and the mean of titers was similar in each
      group. These results suggest that local autoimmunity is not a likely phenomenon
      in patients with mild endometriosis.

PMID- 2887532
TI  - Bilateral functioning uterine anlagen with the Rokitansky-Mayer-Kuster-Hauser
      syndrome.
AB  - This report describes an adolescent female with a shallow vaginal pouch and
      bilateral functioning uterine anlagen, who presented with cyclic pelvic pain and
      a pelvic mass. Removal of both functioning uterine anlagen afforded complete
      relief of symptoms.

PMID- 2887531
TI  - Ovulation induction by human menopausal gonadotropin with ultrasonic monitoring
      of the ovarian follicles.
AB  - One hundred sixteen cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) treatment for
      ovulation induction were studied. The ovarian response to hMG treatment was
      monitored by the daily determination of serum estradiol (E2) or by daily serum E2
      and repeated ultrasonic examination of the ovaries. There were more follicles 18
      mm in diameter or larger at the time of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
      administration in the pregnancy than in the non-pregnancy cycles, and in the
      hyperstimulated than in the nonhyperstimulated cycles. The ovulatory rate and the
      pregnancy rate per cycle did not improve with the use of ultrasound. The number
      of treatment cycles required to achieve pregnancy was less in patients who had
      ultrasonic examination of the ovarian follicles. These results suggest that
      ultrasonic examination of the ovarian follicle helps to reduce the number of hMG
      cycles required to achieve pregnancy. The development of multiple follicles
      results in more pregnancies. However, the use of ultrasound does not improve the
      pregnancy rate.

PMID- 2887533
TI  - Effect of 22,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride on the spermatogenesis of a wild
      rat, Bandicota bengalensis.
AB  - The effects of 22,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride (SC-12937) on the
      spermatogenesis of the bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalenesis), heretofore
      unreported on any mammalian species, were studied. Rats were given a single
      subcutaneous injection of SC-12937 at a dosage of 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight
      and were killed on days 2 or 10 post-injection. Quantitative analysis of the
      germinal epithelium was performed on testicular sections (5 micron) stained with
      periodic acid-Schiff-hematoxylin to assess spermatogenesis. Treatment with SC
      12937 at both dosages was found to interfere with the spermatogenic process of
      this pest rat. In addition to its antispermatogenic action, at higher dosage (200
      mg/kg), this compound produced a marked suppression in accessory organ function.
      The results indicate that a single administration of SC-12937 in low dosage can
      cause spermatogenic inhibition without affecting accessory organ function in the
      bandicoot rat.

PMID- 2887534
TI  - Epididymal ligaments: anatomy and function.
AB  - Three ligaments are described in relation to the epididymis: superior and
      inferior epididymal, and vasal ligaments. The study was conducted on 38 cadavers
      and included direct dissection and histologic examination. The superior and
      inferior epididymal ligaments are triangular folds of the visceral tunica
      vaginalis, and extend from epididymis to testicle. The superior ligament binds
      the epididymal head to the testicle, protecting the fine efferent ductules from
      damage. The inferior ligament fixes body and tail and mesoepididymis; further, it
      prevents epididymal convolutions from unraveling. The vasal ligament is a fibrous
      band, which binds the proximal end of the vas to the epididymal tail. It
      maintains an acute epididymovasal angle. In two cadavers, the inferior epididymal
      and vasal ligaments were absent. Convolutions of the lower body and tail of the
      epididymis were unraveled. The mesoepididymis was broad, and the epididymis was
      freely mobile from side to side; the epididymo-vasal angle was opened. The role
      of the epididymal and vasal ligaments in fixation of the epididymis, preservation
      of blood supply to both testicle and epididymis, and preventing unraveling of
      epididymal convolutions is stressed. Absent epididymal ligaments lead to "mobile
      epididymis," which may cause infertility.

PMID- 2887535
TI  - Value of a single intraperitoneal dose of heparin in prevention of adhesion
      formation: an experimental evaluation in rats.
AB  - The effect of a single dose of intraperitoneal heparin on postoperative adhesion
      formation was examined in the rat. Seventy-two rats were divided into two groups.
      Trauma was produced with a brush in one group, and by transection of one uterine
      horn followed by microsurgical reanastomosis in the second group. Single doses of
      intraperitoneal and subcutaneous heparin were compared, with respect to adhesion
      formation, with a similarly administered dose of normal saline. A beneficial
      effect in reducing adhesion formation was demonstrated with intraperitoneal
      heparin. The effect was more pronounced after microsurgical anastomosis. No
      harmful effect on haemostasis or wound healing was observed. In view of the
      adverse effect of postoperative adhesions on the result of infertility surgery,
      we suggest that the use of intraperitoneal heparin in the human should receive
      serious consideration.

PMID- 2887536
TI  - Hybridization and partial cDNA sequence analyses of bovine lung angiotensin I
      converting enzyme.
AB  - The mRNA encoding angiotensin I-converting enzyme, a zinc-metallo dipeptidyl
      carboxyhydrolase, has been identified in extracts prepared from bovine lung
      tissue. Bovine lung poly(A) + mRNAs were subjected to electrophoresis and
      northern blot hybridization analysis using a radiolabeled synthetic 24
      deoxyoligonucleotide probe complementary to eight codons for amino acids at the
      active-site of the enzyme (Harris, R.B. & Wilson, I.B., J. Biol. Chem. 260, 2208
      2211, 1985). This amino acid sequence contains the catalytic glutamic acid
      residue. A single RNA species (approximately equal to 4 kb) was detected which is
      1 kb larger than predicted from the molecular weight of the enzyme. The excess
      nucleic acid composition may be due to leader and/or trailer sequences or the RNA
      may encode a high molecular weight precursor form of the enzyme. We have cloned
      an EcoR1-HindIII digest fragment (1400 bp) of the duplex cDNA derived from the
      bovine lung converting enzyme poly(A) + mRNA and also Bal31 deletion fragments
      generated from the 1400 bp clone. Several of the Bal31 clones contain the active
      site sequence codons of the enzyme and the complete cDNA sequence of one of these
      (72 bp) has been determined. We found the amino acid sequence at the active site
      to be -Phe-Thr-Glu-Leu-Ala-Asn-Ser-, containing the catalytic Glu residue. This
      sequence is identical with the sequence that we previously determined by manual
      Edman degradation analysis of the appropriate active-site peptide except that we
      now find Asn instead of Asp. We have sequenced 670 bp of the 1400 bp clone but
      have not yet overlapped the active-site sequence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2887538
TI  - Hb D Los Angeles [beta 121 Glu----Gln] in Japan.

PMID- 2887539
TI  - Milk-borne transmission of HTLV-I from carrier mothers to their children.
AB  - In order to clarify the natural transmission route of human T-cell leukemia virus
      type I (HTLV-I) from mother to child, we have followed two groups of children
      with ages of 1 to 3 years who were nourished either with HTLV-I-infected breast
      milk, or with non-infected milk from sero-positive, HTLV-I carrier mothers. Tests
      for the presence of antibody against HTLV-I revealed that 4 of 6 children in the
      former group developed HTLV-I infection, while only 1 of 14 children in the
      latter group became infected. The difference in HTLV-I infection rate for the
      children in the two groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.01 by chi
      square). Furthermore, 2 of 4 elder siblings in the former group developed HTLV-I
      infection, whereas only one of 8 elder siblings in the latter group became
      infected. The overall rate of HTLV-I infection of breast-fed children born to
      HTLV-I-carrier mothers was 25% (8/32) by 3 years of age. Five of 6 mothers with
      HTLV-I-infected cells in the milk also possessed infected cells in their
      peripheral blood. Conversely 5 of 6 mothers without infected cells in the
      peripheral blood possessed no infected cells in their breast milk, suggesting
      that HTLV-I-infected cells in the peripheral blood can enter the breast milk.
      None of the 8 breast-fed children born to carrier mothers whose peripheral blood
      and breast milk-borne cells were negative, developed HTLV-I infection, suggesting
      that HTLV-I transmission from mother to child is dependent upon the number of
      HTLV-I-infected cells in carrier mothers.

PMID- 2887537
TI  - The hypothalamus in Parkinson disease.
AB  - It is currently believed that Parkinson disease (PD) is due to a degenerative
      process that independently damages multiple areas of the central and peripheral
      nervous system. Loss of nigrostriatal dopamine is now widely recognized as being
      directly related to the motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonian
      patients also exhibit symptoms and signs suggestive of hypothalamic dysfunction
      (e.g. dysautonomia, impaired heat tolerance). The latter clinical features are
      supported by pathological, biochemical and endocrinological findings. Lewy body
      formation has been demonstrated in every nucleus of the hypothalamus,
      specifically the tuberomamillary and posterior hypothalamic. Preferential
      involvement of the hypothalamus was also noted in patients after post
      encephalitic parkinsonism. Loss of dopamine (30-40%) in the hypothalamus of
      affected patients has been shown in recent studies, and is compatible with the
      reported abnormalities of growth hormone release in response to L-dopa
      administration, elevated plasma levels of MSH, and reduced CSF levels of
      somatostatin and beta-endorphins in these patients. Deranged immunological
      mechanisms have been found in PD patients including the presence of
      autoantibodies against sympathetic ganglia neurons, adrenal medulla and caudate
      nucleus. On the evidence of on pathological studies demonstrating the early
      vulnerability of the hypothalamus in aging and PD, and the known role of the
      hypothalamus in immune modulation, we expect that it will be shown that primary
      damage of the hypothalamus leads to subsequent secondary degeneration of
      structures receiving direct projections from the hypothalamus. Within this
      framework, the dopaminergic systems may be damaged, since striatal dopamine
      synthesis and receptor sensitivity have been shown to be regulated by ACTH and
      alpha-MSH through direct arcuate nucleus-striatal projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887540
TI  - Proficiency testing of water microbiology laboratories in The Netherlands.
AB  - In a 3-year period, four series of simulated water samples containing selected
      test strains were distributed to more than 50 laboratories in The Netherlands for
      bacteriological testing. Participating laboratories examined the samples by
      enrichment or membrane filtration methods, or both, for total coliform organisms,
      thermotolerant coliform organisms, faecal streptococci and standard plate counts
      (37 degrees and 22 degrees C) according to Dutch standard methods. The results
      were quantitatively satisfactory: the distribution of positive and negative
      results with subsamples conformed to stochastic variation; the standard deviation
      of membrane or plate counts was usually in the range which may be expected from a
      Poisson distribution, and there was good correspondence between average counts in
      participating laboratories and those expected from controls in the organizing
      laboratory. Problems of a qualitative nature were frequently encountered,
      however. Among them were a false positive response with a strain of Enterobacter
      cloacae in the thermotolerant coliform test; a false positive result with
      Clostridium perfringens in enrichment tests for total or thermotolerant coliform
      organisms and false positive results with Micrococcus varians in the faecal
      streptococcus test by membrane filtration. It is concluded that quality
      assessment should be a consistent activity in water microbiology laboratories.
      For this purpose, stable and well characterized reference materials are needed.

PMID- 2887541
TI  - Almitrine bismesylate and the central and peripheral ventilatory response to CO2.
AB  - Effects of almitrine bismesylate on the peripheral and central chemoreflex to a
      CO2 challenge during normoxia were studied in nine alpha-chloralose-urethan
      anesthetized cats. With the dynamic end-tidal CO2 forcing technique the
      ventilatory response after a square-wave change in end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) was
      partitioned into a central and a peripheral part using a two-compartment model.
      With almitrine administered intravenously (0.6 mg/kg followed by a maintenance
      dose of 0.4 mg.kg-1 X h-1) the CO2 sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreflex
      increased on the average from 0.315 to 0.564 l.min-1 X kPa-1 (P less than 0.001,
      6 cats, 73 runs), whereas the CO2 sensitivity of the central chemoreflex remained
      the same (P = 0.87). The extrapolated PETCO2 at zero ventilation (apneic
      threshold) of the (total) steady-state response curve decreased on the average
      from 3.50 to 2.36 kPa (P less than 0.001). With the artificial brain stem
      perfusion technique it was confirmed that almitrine did not affect ventilation by
      administering it to the blood perfusing the brain stem. We conclude that
      almitrine bismesylate during normoxia enhances the CO2 sensitivity of the
      peripheral chemoreflex loop and decreases the apneic threshold due to an action
      located outside the brain stem.

PMID- 2887542
TI  - Perceived exertion and gas exchange after calcium and beta-blockade in atrial
      fibrillation.
AB  - Nine male patients (mean age 65 yr) with chronic atrial fibrillation underwent
      maximal exercise testing during placebo, beta-adrenergic (celiprolol, 600 mg), or
      calcium (diltiazem, 30 or 60 mg four times daily) channel blockade. The results
      were analyzed to determine which factors most closely related to ratings of
      perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP),
      oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), and carbon dioxide production
      (VCO2) were evaluated at rest, 3.0 mph/0% grade, the gas exchange anaerobic
      threshold (ATge), 80% of placebo maximal O2 uptake, and maximal exercise. Both
      beta-adrenergic and calcium channel blockade significantly reduced heart rate and
      systolic blood pressure relative to placebo; these effects were more profound
      during beta-adrenergic blockade and as exercise progressed. Correlation
      coefficients and estimates of slope were derived for changes in RPE during
      exercise vs. changes in HR, VO2, VE, and VCO2 during the three treatments (r =
      0.76 to 0.92, P less than 0.001). Although RPE was significantly correlated with
      HR during placebo and diltiazem therapy (r = 0.45, P less than 0.01), this was
      not the case during beta-adrenergic blockade (r = 0.31, NS). Slope of the
      regression lines between RPE and VO2, VE, and VCO2 did not differ between the
      three treatments. Slope of the regression lines between RPE and HR differed only
      during calcium channel blockade. Because the presence of atrial fibrillation and
      beta-adrenergic blockade altered the associations between RPE, VO2, and HR, these
      results suggest that VE is more closely related to RPE than the other parameters.

PMID- 2887543
TI  - Isolation, genetic mapping, and characterization of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants
      lacking gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.
AB  - Escherichia coli K-12 mutants lacking gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2)
      were isolated after mutagenesis of cells with ethyl methanesulfonate. They lost
      the enzyme activity to different extents. The mutations of two mutants that had
      lost the enzyme activity completely were mapped at 76 min of the E. coli K-12
      linkage map. These mutations made the cells neither nutrient requiring nor cold
      sensitive. The mutants leaked much more glutathione into the medium than the wild
      type. We propose the symbol ggt for these mutations.

PMID- 2887544
TI  - Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of the fimbrial antigens of Bacteroides
      nodosus.
AB  - The roles of the fimbrial subunit and the putative basal protein antigens in the
      serological classification of Bacteroides nodosus have been examined by Western
      blot (immunoblot)-antibody binding studies of fimbriae isolated from a wide range
      of strains representative of different serogroups and serotypes. Fimbrial
      subunits were recognized by antiserum against the homologous serogroup but not
      generally by heterologous antisera, whereas recognition of the basal antigen was
      independent of serological classification. Secondary cross-reaction patterns
      among fimbrial subunits indicated that some serogroups may be more closely
      related than others. Examples include serogroups C and G and serogroups D and H.
      Similar analyses of isolates classified within serotypes A1 and A2, with serotype
      specific antisera, showed that this subdivision is also determined by the
      fimbrial subunit and that significant variation does occur even at this level.
      These studies suggest that the various serogroups and serotypes of B. nodosus
      comprise a series of overlapping sets of antigenically related strains.

PMID- 2887545
TI  - Assimilation of 13NH4+ by Azospirillum brasilense grown under nitrogen limitation
      and excess.
AB  - The specific activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase
      (GOGAT) were 4.2- and 2.2-fold higher, respectively, in cells of Azospirillum
      brasilense grown with N2 than with 43 mM NH4+ as the source of nitrogen.
      Conversely, the specific activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was 2.7-fold
      higher in 43 mM NH4+-grown cells than in N2-grown cells. These results indicate
      that NH4+ could be assimilated and that glutamate could be formed by either the
      GS-GOGAT or GDH pathway or both, depending on the cellular concentration of NH4+.
      The routes of in vivo synthesis of glutamate were identified by using 13N as a
      metabolic tracer. The products of assimilation of 13NH4+ were, in order of
      decreasing radioactivity, glutamine, glutamate, and alanine. The formation of
      [13N]glutamine and [13N]glutamate by NH4+-grown cells was inhibited in the
      additional presence of methionine sulfoximine (an inhibitor of GS) and
      diazooxonorleucine (an inhibitor of GOGAT). Incorporation of 13N into glutamine,
      glutamate, and alanine decreased in parallel in the presence of carrier NH4+.
      These results imply that the GS-GOGAT pathway is the primary route of NH4+
      assimilation by A. brasilense grown with excess or limiting nitrogen and that GDH
      has, at best, a minor role in the synthesis of glutamate.

PMID- 2887546
TI  - Fimbria-associated proteins of Bacteroides loescheii PK1295 mediate intergeneric
      coaggregations.
AB  - Bacteroides loescheii PK1295 serves as a coaggregation bridge between
      Streptococcus sanguis 34 and Actinomyces israelii PK14, two gram-positive oral
      bacteria that are otherwise unable to coaggregate. Whereas coaggregation with S.
      sanguis 34 is inhibited by lactose, no simple sugar was found that inhibited
      coaggregation with A. israelii PK14. Coaggregation-defective (Cog-) mutants of B.
      loescheii PK1295 were isolated for the purpose of identifying the surface
      components responsible for the interaction with each coaggregation partner.
      Selection for spontaneously occurring Cog- mutants gave rise to two phenotypic
      classes of mutants. Type I lost the ability to coaggregate with S. sanguis 34,
      whereas type II failed to coaggregate with either S. sanguis 34 or A. israelii
      PK14. Purified fimbriae from the parent agglutinated cells of both partners, and
      agglutination with S. sanguis 34 was inhibited by lactose. Denaturing
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis demonstrated the
      presence of both a 75- and a 43-kilodalton (kDa) protein associated with parental
      fimbriae, but only a 43-kDa protein was seen with fimbriae prepared from the type
      I mutant. Neither polypeptide was found in similar preparations from the type II
      mutants. Our data suggest that coaggregation of B. loescheii PK1295 with both
      gram-positive partners is mediated by fimbria-associated proteins present on the
      surface of the gram-negative organism and that the 75- and 43-kDa polypeptides
      are responsible for the recognition of S. sanguis 34 and A. israelii PK14 cells,
      respectively.

PMID- 2887547
TI  - Structure of Bordetella pertussis peptidoglycan.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis Tohama phases I and III were grown to the late-exponential
      phase in liquid medium containing [3H]diaminopimelic acid and treated by a hot
      (96 degrees C) sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction procedure. Washed sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-insoluble residue from phases I and III consisted of complexes containing
      protein (ca. 40%) and peptidoglycan (60%). Subsequent treatment with proteinase K
      yielded purified peptidoglycan which contained N-acetylglucosamine, N
      acetylmuramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid in molar
      ratios of 1:1:2:1:1 and less than 2% protein. Radiochemical analyses indicated
      that 3H added in diaminopimelic acid was present in peptidoglycan-protein
      complexes and purified peptidoglycan as diaminopimelic acid exclusively and that
      pertussis peptidoglycan was not O acetylated, consistent with it being degraded
      completely by hen egg white lysozyme. Muramidase-derived disaccharide peptide
      monomers and peptide-cross-linked dimers and higher oligomers were isolated by
      molecular-sieve chromatography; from the distribution of these peptidoglycan
      fragments, the extent of peptide cross-linking of both phase I and III
      peptidoglycan was calculated to be ca. 48%. Unambiguous determination of the
      structure of muramidase-derived peptidoglycan fragments by fast atom bombardment
      mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry indicated that the pertussis
      peptidoglycan monomer fraction was surprisingly homogeneous, consisting of
      greater than 95% N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-alanyl-glutamyl
      diaminopimelyl++ +-alanine.

PMID- 2887549
TI  - P.R.N. medications in child state hospital inpatients.
AB  - The authors reviewed the administration of p.r.n. medications over 12 months in
      49 child psychiatry inpatients. There were 1263 p.r.n. administrations (mean +/-
      SD = 25.6 +/- 36.7 administrations/patient). Only 7 (14%) of the 49 patients had
      none; 9 (18%) had more than 50. The number of p.r.n. administrations correlated
      with the dose of regular neuroleptics and with the time spent in seclusion. Age,
      race, sex, diagnosis, neurological disorders, IQ, and self-injurious behavior
      were poor predictors of the number of p.r.n. administrations. Antihistaminics
      accounted for 54% (683) of the p.r.n. administrations, neuroleptics for 24%
      (303), and chloral hydrate for 17% (214). Seventy percent (891) of the p.r.n.
      drugs were given for disruptive behavior. Only 32% (403) of the 1263
      administrations were clearly effective, 14% (170) were ineffective, and 54% (690)
      were dubious. A controlled trial is needed to assess the efficacy of this
      ubiquitous psychiatric practice.

PMID- 2887548
TI  - Mutations that create new promoters suppress the sigma 54 dependence of glnA
      transcription in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli rpoN mutants lack sigma 54 and are therefore unable to initiate
      the transcription of glnA at glnAp2, which is required for the production of a
      high intracellular concentration of glutamine synthetase. We have found that the
      dependence on sigma 54 can be overcome by mutations that have apparently created
      a new sigma 70-dependent promoter. The position -35 RNA polymerase contact site
      of this new promoter overlaps glnAp2. The initiation of transcription at the new
      promoter is inhibited by sigma 54-RNA polymerase even in the absence of nitrogen
      regulator I-phosphate, the activator required for the initiation of transcription
      at glnAp2. The results suggest that in cells growing with an excess of nitrogen
      and therefore lacking nitrogen regulator I-phosphate, sigma 54-RNA polymerase is
      bound at glnAp2.

PMID- 2887550
TI  - Comparison of severe and mild tardive dyskinesia: implications for etiology.
AB  - Nineteen patients with severe tardive dyskinesia were compared with 45 patients
      with mild tardive dyskinesia on demographic and treatment variables. Age, sex,
      duration and number of psychiatric hospitalizations, and amount and duration of
      neuroleptic treatment did not discriminate between mild and severe tardive
      dyskinesia. Severe tardive dyskinesia patients were treated with significantly (p
      less than .01) fewer neuroleptics and had significantly (p less than .05) shorter
      neuroleptic-free periods. Onset was more rapid in severe tardive dyskinesia
      patients than in mild tardive dyskinesia patients. Severe tardive dyskinesia is
      more likely t result from greater patient vulnerability than from heavier
      neuroleptic exposure. Unipolar depressed patients who are older and on higher
      neuroleptic dosages may be more susceptible to severe tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2887551
TI  - Metoprolol in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced tremor: case report.
AB  - A case report is presented documenting definite beneficial effect of metoprolol,
      a beta-selective adrenoceptor antagonist, in alleviating neuroleptic-induced
      coarse tremors. The tremors could not be controlled with antiparkinsonian agents.
      Metoprolol may prove to be an effective alternative in managing such side effects
      as tremors. The possible mechanisms of action are discussed.

PMID- 2887552
TI  - Behavioral toxicity of antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - Extrapyramidal symptoms cause much misery, often go undiagnosed, and can
      interfere with treatment and rehabilitation. Akinesia is a behavioral state of
      diminished motoric and psychic spontaneity that is difficult to distinguish from
      the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The most useful clinical correlates of
      akinesia are a subjective sense of sedation and excessive sleeping. Akinesia
      interferes with social adjustment and may manifest as "postpsychotic depression."
      The subjective restlessness of akathisia is usually accompanied by telltale foot
      movements: rocking from foot to foot while standing or walking on the spot.
      Akathisia is strongly associated with depression and dysphoric responses to
      neuroleptics and has even been linked to suicidal and homicidal behavior in
      extreme cases.

PMID- 2887553
TI  - A double-blind crossover comparison of antiparkinson drug therapy: amantadine
      versus anticholinergics in 90 normal volunteers, with an emphasis on differential
      effects on memory function.
AB  - Anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs administered orally at standard clinically
      prescribed doses impaired new memory acquisition and mood in normal volunteer
      subjects, based on tests of free recall, recognition memory, and time production,
      self-rating of memory function, and an evaluation of mood states. Elderly
      subjects were more severely impaired than were young adults. Amantadine did not
      impair new memory acquisition, and on self-report measures, it was significantly
      better tolerated than were anticholinergics. Among patients being treated for
      psychotic illness, there are two groups in which an effort to avoid
      anticholinergic therapy is especially worthwhile because of the severe
      consequences of memory dysfunction. These individuals are young neuroleptic
      responsive patients who are in an early stage of their disease and elderly
      patients. For these two groups, amantadine should be considered as the initial
      mode of treatment, with low-dose anticholinergics being used for those patients
      who do not achieve adequate relief from extrapyramidal side effects with
      amantadine.

PMID- 2887554
TI  - Treating extrapyramidal reactions: some current issues.
AB  - "Extrapyramidal" reactions to antipsychotic drugs include acute dystonias,
      akathisia, Parkinson's syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia. Recent research suggests
      efficacy of prophylactic antiparkinson drugs in diminishing the incidence of
      acute dystonia in high-risk patients, although the use of lower neuroleptic doses
      also might lower the risk and cause fewer unwanted effects. New in the treatment
      of akathisia is the use of beta-blockers, specifically propranolol (Inderal and
      others). Many patients require maintenance antiparkinson drug therapy during
      prolonged antipsychotic drug treatment. There is no effective treatment for
      tardive dyskinesia, the prevalence of which may be growing, with an estimated
      annual incidence of new cases of 3%-4%; the elderly and patients with affective
      illness may be at greatest risk. Clinicians are also attending to the related
      syndrome of tardive dystonia.

PMID- 2887555
TI  - Extrapyramidal side effects: a historical perspective.
AB  - A historical review of the adverse reactions to neuroleptic agents-
      extrapyramidal side effects--is presented. Soon after its introduction in 1952,
      chlorpromazine was noted to induce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease. At
      first, these symptoms were thought to be related to the drug's antipsychotic
      effect. Later, more careful research showed that they are not directly associated
      with the antipsychotic activity of neuroleptic agents. More recently,
      extrapyramidal side effects have gained importance because they are significant
      factors in both the patient's acceptance of the particular drug and his or her
      social adjustment.

PMID- 2887556
TI  - On the mechanism of the reconstitution of F1-depleted ATPase complex with
      purified F1: possible conformational effects.
AB  - The membrane sector (F0) of H+-ATPase was prepared by trypsin and urea treatment
      of F1-F0 and reconstituted with purified F1. The oligomycin sensitivity of the
      reconstituted F1-F0 complex obtained by treating F1 or F0 with Mg2+ before
      binding is much higher than that obtained without Mg2+ treatment. The greater
      change in the intrinsic fluorescence of the reconstituted F1-F0 complex obtained
      by Mg2+ treatment suggests that conformational changes may occur during the
      reconstitution. We deduce that Mg2+ binds to membrane lipids, thus decreasing
      membrane fluidity and changing the physical state of the lipids to provide a
      suitable microenvironment for conformational changes in F0. The data also suggest
      that the conformational change in the F0 portion of the F1-F0 complex can be
      transmitted to the F1 portion, the conformation of which is in turn altered,
      resulting in the formation of an F1-F0 complex with high oligomycin sensitivity.
      On the other hand, Mg2+ may act on F1 directly to induce a suitable
      conformational change which is then transmitted to F0, resulting in the formation
      of an H+-ATPase with greater sensitivity to oligomycin.

PMID- 2887557
TI  - The mechanism of lead-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux.
AB  - Addition of Pb2+ to rat kidney mitochondria is followed by induction of several
      reactions: inhibition of Ca2+ uptake, collapse of the transmembrane potential,
      oxidation of pyridine nucleotides, and a fast release of accumulated Ca2+. When
      the incubation media are supplemented with ruthenium red, the effect of Pb2+ on
      NAD(P)H oxidation, membrane delta psi, and Ca2+ release are not prevented if
      malate-glutamate are the oxidizing substrates; however, the latter two lead
      induced reactions are prevented by ruthenium red if succinate is the electron
      donor. It is proposed that in mitochondria oxidizing NAD-dependent substrates,
      Pb2+ induces Ca2+ release by promoting NAD(P)H oxidation and a parallel drop in
      delta psi due to its binding to thiol groups, located in the cytosol side of the
      inner membrane. In addition, it is proposed that with succinate as substrate, the
      Ca2+ -releasing effect of lead is due to the collapse of the transmembrane
      potential as a consequence of the uptake of Pb2+ through the calcium uniporter,
      since such effect is ruthenium red sensitive.

PMID- 2887558
TI  - A human hepatoma cell line expresses a single-chain form of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase.
AB  - Mammalian gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases characterized thus far have been shown
      to be heterodimeric glycoproteins. The two subunits are derived from a single
      chain propeptide which, in the rat kidney, exhibits low transpeptidase activity
      (less than 2% of the dimeric enzyme). A human hepatoma-derived cell line, Hep G2,
      expresses relatively high transpeptidase activity. The enzyme is primarily
      localized on the cell surface and exhibits catalytic properties similar to the
      dimeric human kidney and lymphoid cell transpeptidase. Significantly, the Hep G2
      enzyme, unlike the enzyme from other human tissues, is a single-chain species, Mr
      = 120,000.

PMID- 2887559
TI  - Topographical separation of the catalytic sites of asparagine synthetase explored
      with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies which inhibited the enzymatic activity of bovine pancreatic
      asparagine synthetase were mapped to two topographically separate regions of the
      enzyme surface using competitive binding assays. Three antibodies which all
      inhibited glutamine- and NH3-dependent synthesis of asparagine bound to a common
      antigenic region. A fourth monoclonal antibody which interfered with glutamine
      binding or cleavage but not with NH3-dependent synthesis of asparagine was mapped
      to a separate region of the enzyme surface. These findings suggest a
      topographical separation between the aspartyl-AMP and glutamine-binding sites of
      bovine pancreatic asparagine synthetase. Three noninhibitory antibodies exhibited
      conformation-dependent binding and were mapped to a third region of the enzyme.
      Binding assays were used to demonstrate extensive cross-reaction of these
      antibodies with asparagine synthetases isolated from bovine liver and sheep
      pancreas. Substantial cross-reactions were also seen with the enzyme isolated
      from rat liver or pancreas, a human tumor cell line, and a mouse tumor cell line.
      Of the four antibodies that inhibited glutamine- and NH3-dependent synthesis of
      asparagine from ruminant species, only one bound to and inhibited the enzyme from
      rat liver or mouse cells, which suggests significant structural differences
      between the ruminant and rodent enzymes.

PMID- 2887561
TI  - Two types of transglutaminase in the PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line. Stimulation
      by sodium butyrate.
AB  - Transglutaminases are a class of enzymes capable of covalently cross-linking both
      intracellular and extracellular proteins. The activity of tissue transglutaminase
      is known to decrease precipitously following neoplastic transformation, and it
      has been hypothesized that transglutaminase may be involved in growth regulation.
      We have found that the differentiation promoter sodium butyrate is able to cause
      a marked increase in transglutaminase activity in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in
      a time- and dose-dependent manner. This increased transglutaminase activity is
      associated with growth arrest, as well as with striking morphological changes
      including increased cell adhesion. The transglutaminase induced by sodium
      butyrate appears to be tissue transglutaminase, based on its cytosolic
      localization, thermal lability at basic pH, and elution profile on anion-exchange
      chromatography. Untreated PC12 cells contain only small amounts of
      transglutaminase which resembles epidermal transglutaminase, an enzyme previously
      described only in skin. In contrast to sodium butyrate, nerve growth factor did
      not stimulate tissue transglutaminase in PC12 cells, although it, too, caused
      growth arrest. It is hypothesized that transglutaminase may be involved in
      certain morphological changes accompanying cellular differentiation and
      neoplastic transformation, rather than in growth regulation per se.

PMID- 2887560
TI  - Evidence for functional heterogeneity among the catalytic sites of the bovine
      heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - The characteristics of ATP hydrolysis at a single catalytic site of the bovine
      heart F1-ATPase (MF1) as originally described by Grubmeyer et al. (Grubmeyer, C.,
      Cross, R.L., and Penefsky, H.S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12092-12100) were
      compared with those of various chemically modified preparations of MF1 in which
      the steady state activity was severely attenuated. Although it was not necessary
      to age our preparations of native MF1 in the presence of 2 mM Pi to observe the
      same characteristics of single site catalysis, such aging did shift the
      equilibrium of bound substrate and bound products at the single catalytic site in
      favor of ATP. After loading a single catalytic site on the enzyme with
      substoichiometric [alpha,gamma-32P]ATP, the addition of 5-20 microM ATP or ADP
      was effective in promoting both the hydrolysis of bound [alpha,gamma-32P]ATP and
      release of radioactive products. Under these conditions, the 5-20 microM ATP
      added as promoter was hydrolyzed at a rate commensurate with the turnover rate of
      the enzyme, whereas the promoted hydrolysis of the [alpha,gamma-32P]ATP,
      preloaded at a single catalytic site, was considerably slower. Therefore, the
      high affinity, single catalytic site loaded first does not directly contribute to
      steady state ATP hydrolysis. That the single, high affinity catalytic site is not
      a "normal" catalytic site is supported by the properties of enzyme modified by 5'
      p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine which exhibits only slightly altered
      characteristics of single site catalysis and promoted single site catalysis,
      despite exhibiting severely attenuated steady state turnover. Other modified
      forms of the enzyme in which the steady state activity was severely attenuated by
      derivatization with 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoylinosine, 7-chloro-4
      nitrobenzofurazan, or 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene also bound
      substoichiometric ATP at a single catalytic site. However, the characteristics of
      single site hydrolysis by these modified forms of the enzyme differed
      considerably from those of native MF1.

PMID- 2887562
TI  - Generation of nitro radical anions of some 5-nitrofurans, 2- and 5
      nitroimidazoles by norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. A possible mechanism
      for neurotoxicity caused by nitroheterocyclic drugs.
AB  - Catecholamine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and related
      catecholamine derivatives reduce nitroheterocyclic drugs such as nitrofurantoin,
      nifurtimox, nifuroxime, nitrofurazone, misonidazole, and metronidazole in
      slightly alkaline solutions. Drugs which contain 5-nitrofurans are reduced at
      lower pH than drugs which contain 2- and 5-nitroimidazoles. 5-Nitroimidazole
      derivatives such as metronidazole and ronidazole are known to be more difficult
      to reduce than 2-nitroimidazole derivatives, due to their lower redox potential.
      Catecholamines, when reducing nitro drugs, undergo concomitant oxidation to form
      semiquinone radicals. Both semiquinone radicals and nitro anion radicals formed
      in a reaction of nitro drug and catecholamine derivative were detected by
      electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Oxygen consumption studies in solutions
      containing nitro drug and catecholamine derivative showed that nitro anion
      radicals formed under aerobic conditions reduce oxygen to form the superoxide
      radical and hydrogen peroxide. Quinones formed in the reaction of catecholamine
      and nitro drug were detected by optical spectroscopy. Biosynthetic precursors and
      some metabolic products of catecholamines were also used in these studies, and
      they all exhibited reactions similar to catecholamines. Bovine chromaffin
      granules which synthesize and store catecholamines produced the nitrofurantoin
      anion radical when intact granules were treated with nitrofurantoin. These
      radicals formed inside the granules were observed by ESR spectroscopy. The
      formation of nitrofurantoin radical, semiquinone radicals of catecholamines, and
      oxygen-derived radicals by chromaffin granules is proposed to cause damage to
      adrenal medulla, and this process may lead to neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2887563
TI  - Activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, protein kinase C, or treatment with
      intracellular free Ca2+ elevating agents increases pineal phospholipase A2
      activity. Evidence that protein kinase C may participate in Ca2+-dependent alpha
      1-adrenergic stimulation of pineal phospholipase A2 activity.
AB  - The regulation of pineal phospholipase A2 activity was studied indirectly by
      measuring the release of [3H]arachidonic acid from [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled
      tissue in organ culture and the formation of radiolabeled lysophosphatidylcholine
      by glands labeled with 32Pi or [14C]choline. Glands were transferred sequentially
      through a series of 10-min incubations in label-free medium. Norepinephrine (10(
      5) M) stimulated [3H]arachidonic acid release by 2-fold; release peaked during
      the first 10 min and returned to basal levels during the third incubation period.
      Studies with selective alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta-adrenergic agents indicated
      that norepinephrine was acting through alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. Ca2+ appears
      to play a critical role because the effects of norepinephrine were mimicked by
      treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and inhibited by inorganic Ca2+ channel
      blockers or EGTA; other [Ca2+]i elevating treatments also stimulated
      [3H]arachidonic acid release. The possibility that protein kinase C may be
      involved was studied because it is activated by the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist
      phenylephrine in the pineal gland (Sugden, D., Vanecek, J., Klein, D. C., Thomas,
      T. P., and Anderson, W. B. (1985) Nature 314, 359-361). Three protein kinase C
      activators stimulated [3H]arachidonic acid release with the same relative potency
      as that established for activation of protein kinase C (4 beta-phorbol 12
      myristate 13-acetate greater than 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate greater than 1
      oleoyl 2-acetylglycerol). The effects of norepinephrine, A23187, and protein
      kinase C activators appear to be mediated by phospholipase A2 because the effects
      of these compounds on [3H]arachidonic acid release are blocked by an established
      inhibitor of this enzyme, mepacrine, and because these compounds stimulate the
      formation of 32P- and 14C-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine by glands incubated
      with 32Pi or [14C]choline. In addition, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipase,
      another enzyme which generates arachidonic acid, did not inhibit the stimulation
      of [3H]arachidonic acid release by norepinephrine, A23187, or a phorbol ester.
      Cyclic nucleotides do not appear to play an important role in the regulation of
      phospholipase A2 activity because dibutyryl cyclic AMP does not alter
      [3H]arachidonic acid release and also because the amounts of cAMP and cGMP in the
      culture medium are not consistently associated with [3H]arachidonic acid release.
      These findings suggest that pineal phospholipase A2 activity is controlled by
      norepinephrine acting via an alpha 1-adrenergic mechanism which might involve
      Ca2+ and protein kinase C.

PMID- 2887564
TI  - Covalent cross-linking of prostaglandin E receptor from bovine adrenal medulla
      with a pertussis toxin-insensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) specifically bound to 100,000 X g pellet prepared from
      bovine adrenal medulla, and [3H]PGE2-bound proteins were solubilized with 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid. The dissociation of
      bound [3H]PGE2 from the proteins was enhanced by GTP. [3H]PGE2-specifically bound
      proteins were adsorbed onto a wheat germ agglutinin column and GTP treatment
      decreased the amount of [3H]PGE2 retained on the column. When [3H]PGE2-bound
      proteins were cross-linked in the membrane by dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate)
      and solubilized, bound [3H]PGE2 was no longer dissociated by GTP treatment,
      suggesting that cross-linking produced a stable and high-affinity complex of PGE
      receptor with a GTP-binding protein. Covalent cross-linking of the complex was
      attested by adsorption of dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate)-treated [3H]PGE2
      bound proteins to GTP-Sepharose, and co-elution of [35S]guanosine 5'-O-(3
      thiotriphosphate) binding activity and immunoreactivities of alpha o and beta
      subunits of a GTP-binding protein. The cross-linked [3H]PGE2-bound complex was
      eluted as an apparently single radioactive peak at the position of Mr = 200,000
      by gel filtration. These results have demonstrated that PGE receptor is a
      glycoprotein with an approximate Mr of 110,000, assuming that the Mr of the GTP
      binding protein is 90,000. PGE2 neither activated nor inhibited adenylate cyclase
      activity, and pertussis toxin (islet-activating protein) did not affect PGE2
      binding and its GTP sensitivity. These results suggest that the PGE receptor may
      be functionally associated with a pertussis toxin-insensitive GTP-binding protein
      and is not coupled to the adenylate cyclase system in bovine adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2887565
TI  - Two distinct forms of receptors for atrial natriuretic factor in bovine
      adrenocortical cells. Purification, ligand binding, and peptide mapping.
AB  - The atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) receptor of bovine adrenal cortex was
      solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified by sequential chromatography on ANF
      (99-126)-agarose, GTP-agarose, and wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose. Two subtypes
      of ANF receptors were isolated, both of which showed specific ANF binding,
      whereas one of the ANF receptor subtypes also possessed significant cyclase
      activity. Both of the receptors showed high capacities (Bmax = 5.7-6.8 nmol/mg of
      protein) and high affinities (Kd = 54-68 pM) for ANF-(99-126). The cyclase-free
      receptor had high affinity (Ki = 150-220 pM) to C-terminal truncated ANF analogs,
      whereas the cyclase-containing receptor had a much weaker affinity (Ki = 10(6)
      10(7) pM). When treated with dithiothreitol, the purified cyclase-containing and
      cyclase-free ANF receptors migrated as a single band at Mr 135,000 and 62,000,
      respectively, in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      purified cyclase-free receptor is not a product derived from the cyclase
      containing receptor because (i) two proteins with Mr of 135,000 and 62,000 were
      specifically labeled with 4-azidobenzoyl 125I-ANF-(102-126) in nonsolubilized
      intact membranes; (ii) the truncated ANF analogs (10(4) pM) prevented the
      photolabeling of the 62,000-dalton protein but not that of the 135,000-dalton
      protein; and (iii) two-dimensional peptide mapping showed more than 90%
      difference between the profiles of the two purified ANF receptor subtypes. This
      study provides first direct evidence for the existence of two distinct ANF
      receptors which are different not only in their pharmacological properties but
      also in their primary structure.

PMID- 2887566
TI  - Purification and characterization of two distinct complexes of assembly
      polypeptides from calf brain coated vesicles that differ in their polypeptide
      composition and kinase activities.
AB  - The binding and assembly of clathrin triskelions on vesicle membranes seem to be
      mediated by certain assembly polypeptides (Keen, J.H., Willingham, M.C., and
      Pastau, I.H. (1979) Cell 16, 303-312). These assembly polypeptides were further
      purified into two distinct complexes using hydroxylapatite chromatography. Peak 1
      consists of two major bands of 98 and 112 kDa, two minor bands of 103 and 118
      kDa, and a polypeptide of 46 kDa. Peak 2 consists of one major band of 100 kDa,
      two minor bands of 103 and 115 kDa, and a polypeptide of 50 kDa. Both complexes
      have a native molecular mass of 290 kDa as determined by gel filtration. Each 290
      kDa complex contains two polypeptides of 98-118/100-115 kDa and two polypeptides
      of 46/50 kDa. The 46-kDa polypeptide is not phosphorylated, whereas the 50-kDa
      polypeptide is. Both peaks contain 50-kDa kinase-like activity. Time courses of
      the 50-kDa phosphorylation show that the activity in peak 1 saturates much faster
      than the activity in peak 2; there may be two 50-kDa kinase activities in coated
      vesicles. A kinase that phosphorylates the polypeptides in 98-118-kDa group is
      present in peak 1 but not in peak 2. Both peaks assemble clathrin triskelions
      into cages under conditions in which the clathrin alone would not assemble. Both
      rotary shadowed and negatively stained preparations of these reassembled cages as
      well as the purified complexes were examined by electron microscopy. Thus, two
      complexes have been identified that differ in their polypeptide composition and
      kinase activities, but are similar in their ability to assemble clathrin
      triskelions into cages.

PMID- 2887567
TI  - Highly frequent single amino acid substitution in mammalian elongation factor 2
      (EF-2) results in expression of resistance to EF-2-ADP-ribosylating toxins.
AB  - Toxin-resistant polypeptide chain elongation factor 2 cDNA has been cloned from a
      mutant hamster cell line with only non-ADP-ribosylatable elongation factor 2. The
      mutation conferring resistance to diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      exotoxin A is a G-to-A transition in the first nucleotide of codon 717. Codon 715
      encodes a histidine residue that is modified post-translationally to diphthamide,
      which is the target amino acid for ADP-ribosylation by both toxins. Transfection
      of mouse L cells with a recombinant elongation factor 2 cDNA differing from the
      wild-type only by this G-to-A transition confers resistance to P. aeruginosa
      exotoxin A. The degrees of toxin-resistant protein synthesis of stable
      transfectants are dependent on the ratio of non-ADP-ribosylated elongation factor
      2 to wild-type elongation factor 2, not the amount of non-ADP-ribosylated
      elongation factor 2. The mutation creates a new Mbo II restriction site in the
      elongation factor 2 gene. Several independently isolated diphtheria toxin
      resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines show the same alteration in the Mbo II
      restriction pattern.

PMID- 2887568
TI  - Identification of the primary translation product of atrial natriuretic peptide
      receptor mRNA in a cell-free system using anti-receptor antiserum.
AB  - The primary translation product of mRNA encoding atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
      receptor has been shown to have an Mr of 58,000. Poly(A)+ RNA was isolated from
      the bovine kidney and lung and translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system
      containing [35S]methionine. Immunoprecipitation of the labeled translation
      products, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and fluorography, identified a 58-kDa protein as the primary translation product
      which is the unglycosylated precursor to be processed to the glycosylated mature
      70-kDa form found in the plasma membranes. The result lends strong support to our
      previous proposal that mature ANP receptor is composed of two disulfide-linked 70
      kDa subunits, eliminating the possibility that the two 70-kDa subunits arise from
      a larger 140-kDa precursor by proteolytic cleavage.

PMID- 2887569
TI  - Product inhibition of carboxypeptidase H.
AB  - Carboxypeptidase H is one of several enzymes required for the processing of
      peptide hormone precursors. In this study, inhibition of carboxypeptidase H by
      its peptide products was investigated. Carboxypeptidase H activity in bovine
      adrenal medulla chromaffin granules and rat adrenal medulla homogenate was
      inhibited by the peptides Met- and Leu-enkephalin, vasopressin, oxytocin,
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone, with oxytocin and ACTH 1-14 having the least effect, at concentrations
      of 2-20 mM. Inhibition by amidated peptide products (vasopressin, oxytocin,
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone) show that the final products of the precursor processing pathway can
      regulate carboxypeptidase H. These levels of peptides are similar to known
      intragranular peptide concentrations indicating that product and feedback
      inhibition of carboxypeptidase H may play a role in the control of neuropeptide
      synthesis. The proenkephalin-derived peptides Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met
      enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 competitively inhibited
      bovine and rat carboxypeptidase H with Ki values of 12.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 5.5 mM,
      respectively. The significantly greater Ki for Met-enkephalin may reflect the
      effects of higher intragranular concentration of Met-enkephalin, since one
      proenkephalin molecule contains four copies of Met-enkephalin and only one copy
      of each of the other enkephalin peptides. Thus, the products from one multivalent
      precursor molecule may equivalently inhibit carboxypeptidase H activity. Product
      inhibition of carboxypeptidase H and perhaps other processing enzymes may serve
      to limit the maximum peptide concentration within the secretory vesicle.

PMID- 2887570
TI  - Isolation of the glutamyl peptide labeled by the nucleotide analogue 2-(4-bromo
      2,3-dioxobutylthio)-1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine 2',5'-biphosphate in the active site
      of NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase.
AB  - 2-(4-Bromo-2,3-dioxobutylthio)-1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate (2-BDB-T
      epsilon A-2',5'-DP) is an affinity label for the coenzyme-binding site of pig
      heart NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Specific reaction occurs at the
      coenzyme site with an incorporation of 0.5 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme subunit
      (i.e. modification of only one subunit of the dimeric enzyme) (Bailey, J.M., and
      Colman, R.F. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 5367-5377). Modified enzyme, prepared by
      incubating 1 mg/ml isocitrate dehydrogenase with 75 microM 2-BDB-T epsilon A
      2',5'-DP in the absence and presence of substrate or coenzyme, was reduced with
      NaBH4, carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin. Nucleotidyl peptides were
      isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, followed by treatment with acid
      phosphatase (to decrease the negative charge by removing the phosphate groups
      from covalently bound reagent) and rechromatography on the same DEAE-cellulose
      column. The isolated peptides were characterized by amino acid analysis,
      dansylation, and gas-phase sequencing. A single triskaidekapeptide corresponding
      to modification of the coenzyme site by 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'-DP was identified
      as: Asp-Leu-Ala-Gly-X-Ile-His-Gly-Leu-Ser-Asn-Val-Lys. Additional evidence
      indicated that X is a glutamate residue derivatized by 2-BDB-T epsilon A-2',5'
      DP.

PMID- 2887572
TI  - Post-translational processing of preprosomatostatin-II examined using fast atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - The products and an intermediate of preprosomatostatin-II processing in the
      anglerfish islet were purified and subjected to structural analysis. The peptides
      isolated identify the site of signal cleavage (between Ser-24 and Gln-25). The
      prohormone is further processed at Arg-97 and, to a lesser extent, at the two
      adjacent basic amino acid residues Lys-61 and Arg-62. A 28-residue somatostatin
      is also generated which can be hydroxylated at Lys-23. A proteolytic processing
      site which would form the 14-residue somatostatin does not appear to be used to a
      significant degree. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) was used to
      demonstrate that the amino-terminal residues of peptides 25-60, and 25-90 are
      pyroglutamic acid, a modification which precludes Edman degradation of these
      peptides. Analysis of the peptides and tryptic peptide maps by FABMS allowed
      confirmation of the sites of prohormone conversion and indicated that terminal
      basic residues were removed during processing. Three amino acid residues were
      also found to differ from the amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA and were
      localized to specific regions by FABMS analysis. Residues found to differ from
      the cDNA (cDNA in parentheses) were: Asp-77 (Thr), Val-78 (Phe), and Gly-90
      (Glu). Mass assignments were confirmed by running a single cycle of Edman
      degradation prior to FABMS. The peptides noted above were also examined by Edman
      sequence analysis. The sequence of a cDNA clone to preprosomatostatin-II was re
      examined in light of the observed differences at the protein level. This study
      emphasizes the utility of FABMS in prohormone processing studies and in
      identification of post-translational processing events.

PMID- 2887571
TI  - Purification and properties of prostaglandin E1/prostacyclin receptor of human
      blood platelets.
AB  - Activation of platelet adenylate cyclase by prostaglandin E1 or prostacyclin is
      initiated through the interaction of the agonists with the same receptors on
      membrane. Prostaglandin E1/prostacyclin receptors of human platelets were
      solubilized in buffer, containing 0.05% Triton X-100 and protease inhibitors. The
      soluble membrane protein was chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column and
      assayed by a microfiber filter by equilibrium binding technique. The active
      fractions eluted at 0.7 M KCl were pooled, and the receptors were purified to
      homogeneity by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration with an overall recovery of 30%. The
      isolated receptor was 2,200-fold purified over the starting platelets. As
      evidenced by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the
      receptor showed a molecular mass of 190,000 daltons and is composed of two
      nonidentical subunits with molecular masses of 85,000 and 95,000 daltons. The
      interaction of prostaglandin E1 with the purified receptor was rapid, saturable,
      reversible, and highly specific. Among all prostaglandins tested, only
      prostacyclin was capable of displacing [3H]prostaglandin E1 bound to the
      receptor. Scatchard analysis of [3H]prostaglandin E1 binding to the purified
      receptor suggested the presence of a single class of high affinity binding sites
      (Kd = 9.8 nM) and a second population of low affinity binding sites (Kd = 0.7
      microM) in the same protein molecule. Incubation of the purified receptor with
      platelets stripped of the receptor by washing with low concentrations of Triton X
      100 efficiently restored the ability of prostaglandin E1 and prostacyclin to
      activate adenylate cyclase in these cells.

PMID- 2887573
TI  - Modified nuclear processing of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein RNA during inflammation.
AB  - Rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is an acute phase reactant which shows a marked
      elevation in mRNA level following inflammatory induction. It has been proposed
      that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulate the
      induction of the gene. We have studied the processing of the primary transcript
      of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. The preferred pathway of intron removal was
      determined by Northern blot analysis and was found to be unaltered after
      inflammatory stimulation. The final nuclear precursor did exhibit size
      alterations, manifest as a quantitative shift from the final precursor at 6 h to
      a second progressively shorter form at 18 and 24 h. Deadenylation of nuclear RNA
      showed that the difference in size of the precursor is due to a change in poly(A)
      tail length, which occurs after the splicing out of the last intron. Nuclear run
      on transcription assays measured a 2.5-fold increase in transcriptional activity,
      with a peak at 12 h. The highest level of cytoplasmic RNA with a long poly(A)
      tail, however, occurs before 12 h. Our data suggest that the reduction in poly(A)
      tail size is due to a rapid trimming of the tail in the nucleus and that this
      process is modified upon inflammatory induction.

PMID- 2887574
TI  - The gene for ornithine decarboxylase is co-amplified in hydroxyurea-resistant
      hamster cells.
AB  - We have constructed a cDNA library from the highly hydroxyurea-resistant hamster
      cell line 600H in which the activity of ribonucleotide reductase is elevated more
      than 80-fold. Using the technique of differential hybridization, we have isolated
      a number of cDNA clones from this library which are homologous to genomic DNA
      sequences amplified in the 600H cell line compared to the V79 parental line. One
      of these cDNA clones by sequence analysis was found to code for ornithine
      decarboxylase. This was confirmed by in vitro translation of poly(A+) RNA
      isolated by hybridization-selection followed by immunoprecipitation with
      antiserum specific for mouse ornithine decarboxylase. Genomic sequences
      homologous to the cDNA clone were shown to be sequentially amplified 6-20-fold in
      hamster cell lines selected stepwise for resistance to increasing concentrations
      of hydroxyurea. Genomic sequences homologous to a cDNA for the M2 subunit of
      ribonucleotide reductase were also amplified in these cell lines, and the degree
      of M2 sequence amplification corresponded to the degree of amplification of
      ornithine decarboxylase sequences, suggesting that the two genes had been co
      amplified during the selection of the hydroxyurea-resistant phenotype.

PMID- 2887577
TI  - Distribution and modulation of the cellular receptor for transforming growth
      factor-beta.
AB  - Scatchard analyses of the binding of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)
      to a wide variety of different cell types in culture revealed the universal
      presence of high affinity (Kd = 1-60 pM) receptors for TGF-beta on every cell
      type assayed, indicating a wide potential target range for TGF-beta action. There
      was a strong (r = +0.85) inverse relationship between the receptor affinity and
      the number of receptors expressed per cell, such that at low TGF-beta
      concentrations, essentially all cells bound a similar number of TGF-beta
      molecules per cell. The binding of TGF-beta to various cell types was not altered
      by many agents that affect the cellular response to TGF-beta, suggesting that
      modulation of TGF-beta binding to its receptor may not be a primary control
      mechanism in TGF-beta action. Similarly, in vitro transformation resulted in only
      relatively small changes in the cellular binding of TGF-beta, and for those cell
      types that exhibited ligand-induced down-regulation of the receptor, down
      regulation was not extensive. Thus the strong conservation of binding observed
      between cell types is also seen within a given cell type under a variety of
      conditions, and receptor expression appears to be essentially constitutive.
      Finally, the biologically inactive form of TGF-beta, which constitutes greater
      than 98% of autocrine TGF-beta secreted by all of the twelve different cell types
      assayed, was shown to be unable to bind to the receptor without prior activation
      in vitro. It is proposed that this may prevent premature interaction of autocrine
      ligand and receptor in the Golgi apparatus.

PMID- 2887579
TI  - Application of column switching in high-performance liquid chromatographic
      analysis of medroxalol in plasma.
AB  - An automated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) column-switching
      system is described for the analysis of medroxalol, a potential antihypertensive
      agent, in plasma. The HPLC system uses two six-port switching valves with a
      Corasil C18 short pre-column for an on-line sample clean-up and an SGE ODS
      analytical column for separation. Plasma samples were diluted with a phosphate
      buffer (pH 7.2) containing an internal standard and aliquots were injected
      directly on the HPLC system. The column-switching system was applicable to
      continuous analysis of hundreds of plasma samples since this technique provided
      very efficient on-line sample clean-up and regenerated the pre-column
      effectively. Results were in good agreement and the total analysis time was one
      third that of an alternative method.

PMID- 2887578
TI  - Continuity of care in asthma management.

PMID- 2887576
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of a peroxisomal reticulum in regenerating rat
      liver: evidence of interconnections between heterogeneous segments.
AB  - The three-dimensional (3-D) form and the interrelationship of peroxisomes (Po) in
      the model of regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy were studied by
      computer-assisted 3-D reconstruction of serial ultrathin sections. Po were
      labeled cytochemically for either catalase, which stains them all uniformly, or
      for D-amino acid oxidase (DAA-OX), which gives a heterogeneous reaction with
      lightly and darkly stained PO. In regenerating rat liver, Po exhibit marked
      pleomorphism with some budding forms and dumbbell-shaped ones. The 3-D
      reconstruction revealed many single spherical Po measuring 0.15-0.8 micron in
      diameter. In addition, two to five Po were found interconnected with each other
      via narrow 30-50-nm hourglass-shaped bridges forming a reticulum. Such aggregates
      of Po measured 1.5-2.5 microns across. Whereas all segments of this reticulum
      stained homogeneously for catalase, they exhibited a marked difference in the
      intensity of the DAA-OX reaction. These observations are consistent with the view
      of peroxisomal proliferation by budding or fragmentation from preexisting ones.
      Under such conditions of rapid growth as in regenerating liver, Po may be
      interconnected forming a reticulum. The interconnections between Po with
      differing DAA-OX activities suggest that they originate from the same parent
      organelle.

PMID- 2887575
TI  - Acidification of the cytosol inhibits endocytosis from coated pits.
AB  - Acidification of the cytosol of a number of different cell lines strongly reduced
      the endocytic uptake of transferrin and epidermal growth factor. The number of
      transferrin binding sites at the cell surface was increased in acidified cells.
      Electron microscopic studies showed that the number of coated pits at the cell
      surface was not reduced in cells with acidified cytosol. Experiments with
      transferrin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates and a monoclonal anti-transferrin
      receptor antibody demonstrated that transferrin receptors were present in
      approximately 75% of the coated pits both in control cells and in cells with
      acidified cytosol. The data therefore indicate that the reason for the reduced
      endocytic uptake of transferrin at internal pH less than 6.5 is an inhibition of
      the pinching off of coated vesicles. In contrast, acidification of the cytosol
      had only little effect on the uptake of ricin and the fluid phase marker lucifer
      yellow. Ricin endocytosed by cells with acidified cytosol exhibited full toxic
      effect on the cells. Although the pathway of this uptake in acidified cells
      remains uncertain, some coated pits may still be involved. However, the data are
      also consistent with the possibility that an alternative endocytic pathway
      involving smooth (uncoated) pits exists.

PMID- 2887580
TI  - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for procaterol in human
      urine.

PMID- 2887581
TI  - Column liquid chromatographic measurement of betaxolol in plasma or serum.

PMID- 2887582
TI  - Determination of xamoterol in human plasma by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection.

PMID- 2887583
TI  - 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism by human T-lymphotropic virus-transformed
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] by human T-lymphotropic
      virus-I (HTLV-I)-infected lymphocytes may be the cause of the hypercalcemia
      frequently found in HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia. We examined
      three HTLV-I-transformed lymphocyte cell lines, two HTLV-II-transformed
      lymphocyte cell lines, and six HTLV-negative B and T-lymphocyte leukemia cell
      lines for metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3). One HTLV-I-positive cell
      line, designated S-LB1, converted the substrate 25OH-[3H]D3 to several more polar
      metabolites, which were identified by high performance liquid chromatographic
      analysis as putative 1,25-(OH)2D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25-(OH)2D3], and
      1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25-(OH)3D3]. The other cell lines gave no
      evidence of 25OH-[3H]D3 metabolism. Likewise, phytohemagglutinin-stimulated
      normal human lymphocytes did not metabolize 25OH-[3H]D3. The characteristics of
      25OHD3 metabolism by S-LB1 cells were investigated in more detail. Kinetic
      studies revealed average Km values of 92 and 383 nM for 25OHD3 1-hydroxylase and
      24-hydroxylase, respectively. Time-course studies showed that both 1,25-(OH)2
      [3H]D3 and 24,25-(OH)2-[3H]D3 were further metabolized by S-LB1 cells to more
      polar compounds [primarily 1,24,25-(OH)3D3] and to compounds from which part of
      the side-chain had been cleaved. Exogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3 (1) inhibited endogenous
      1,25-(OH)2D3 production, (2) stimulated 24,25-(OH)2D3 production, and (3)
      stimulated production of compounds more polar than 1,25-(OH)2D3. Bovine PTH-(1
      34) had no effect on 25OH-[3H]D3 metabolism by S-LB1 cells. Our results indicate
      that the 25OH-[3H]D3-metabolizing system of cultured HTLV-I-transformed S-LB1
      lymphocytes is similar but not identical to that of kidney cell culture systems.
      It appears, however, that infection of lymphocytes with HTLV does not uniformly
      result in acquisition of the competence to metabolize 25OHD3.

PMID- 2887584
TI  - Bilateral abscessed orchiepididymitis associated with sepsis caused by
      Veillonella parvula and Clostridium perfringens: case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Veillonella species is a gram-negative coccus which is part of the anaerobic
      normal flora in the oral cavity, small intestine, upper respiratory tract,
      vagina, and urinary tract. The role that this organism plays in infection is not
      well known, and it is generally associated with other bacteria. We present a case
      of bilateral abscessed orchiepididymitis associated with septicemia due to
      Veillonella parvula and, later, to Clostridium perfringens, with the development
      of severe renal insufficiency and septic shock, which resolved favorably with
      antibiotic therapy, treatment of shock, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In
      reviewing the literature, we have not found any other case of sepsis due to
      Veillonella sp. associated with urological disorders.

PMID- 2887585
TI  - Blastocystis hominis and human disease.

PMID- 2887586
TI  - Differential protooncogene expression characterizes histopathologically
      indistinguishable tumors of the peripheral nervous system.
AB  - We have found highly predictable patterns of protooncogene expression in cell
      lines and tumor tissue of neuroblastoma (NB), a tumor of the peripheral nervous
      system (PNS). These patterns make it possible to recognize two different
      genetically definable subgroups among histopathologically indistinguishable
      tumors. Additionally, we have identified a difference in neurotransmitter
      biosynthetic enzyme activity in these two subgroups of NB. The patterns of
      protooncogene expression and neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes suggests that
      these tumors arise in different cells of the PNS.

PMID- 2887588
TI  - The value of self-report assessment in studies of anxiety disorders.
AB  - This review compares the sensitivities of a physician-rated scale, the Hamilton
      Anxiety Scale (HAS), and a patient-rated scale, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist
      (HSCL), in detecting the anti-anxiety effects of benzodiazepines in a large
      sample of placebo-controlled trials. Scales and subscales were compared within
      the same study, a methodologic feature unique to this review. The total score,
      psychic factor, and somatic factor of the HAS were equally sensitive to the
      effects of benzodiazepines. The total score, anxiety factor, and somatization
      factor of the HSCL also were equally sensitive. The HAS total score, however, was
      consistently more sensitive than any of the HSCL scores. There was no evidence
      that physicians used side effects to make their ratings more sensitive. Sedative
      side effects, however, adversely affected the sensitivity of patient ratings. The
      data suggest that patient ratings reflect a cost-benefit computation taking
      account of both antianxiety and sedative effects.

PMID- 2887589
TI  - Pharmacological management of manic psychosis in an unlocked setting.
AB  - There has been a resurgence in the past few years of exploring alternative
      pharmacological agents in the management of manic psychosis. An open clinical
      trial was conducted on an unlocked ward investigating the use of benzodiazepines
      as adjunctive therapy with lithium or carbamazepine, with some of the patients
      also receiving neuroleptics. Twelve patients meeting DSM-III criteria for bipolar
      affective disorder, manic type, were treated. Patient response was monitored with
      use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Biegel Mania Rating Scale. The
      patients all had moderately severe illness upon initiation of the trial. Results
      indicate that those patients who received benzodiazepines alone were among the
      better responders, and that when used in combination with neuroleptics, the dose
      of each drug was quite small. Minimal side effects were noted with this regimen.
      Our preliminary results suggest that benzodiazepines may be useful as adjunctive
      treatment in the management of patients with bipolar affective disorder, manic
      type.

PMID- 2887587
TI  - Interleukin 1 gene expression in adult T cell leukemia.
AB  - The adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is a T cell neoplasm etiologically associated
      with human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection. ATL cells often
      abnormally express interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptors, and ATL patients may show
      clinical evidence of hypercalcemia, osteolytic bone lesions, or increased bone
      turnover. Whereas interleukin 1 (IL-1) is not generally recognized as a product
      of T cells, this cytokine is capable of both altering IL-2 receptor expression
      and activating osteoclasts. Thus, we investigated the possibility that primary
      ATL leukemic T cells and HTLV-I-infected long-term ATL cell lines produce IL-1.
      S1 nuclease protection assays demonstrated that primary leukemic ATL cells from
      five out of six patients, as well as one patient with T4+ chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia, contained considerable quantities of IL-1 beta messenger RNA (mRNA) and
      small amounts of IL-1 alpha mRNA. These primary leukemic T cells also released
      biologically active IL-1 protein as evaluated in the murine thymocyte
      comitogenesis bioassay. In contrast to primary tumor cells, four out of six long
      term ATL cell lines produced variable amounts of IL-1 alpha mRNA in the absence
      of detectable IL-1 beta mRNA as measured by S1 nuclease protection. These data
      demonstrate that IL-1 gene (especially IL-1 beta) expression occurs in many
      primary HTLV-I-infected leukemic T cells raising the possibility that this
      mediator may play a role in the pathological changes associated with this
      leukemia. Also, these studies show that the pattern of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta
      gene expression differs between primary ATL tumor cells and long-term cultured
      ATL cell lines, indicating an interesting biological difference in these two HTLV
      I-infected cell populations.

PMID- 2887591
TI  - Delirium following benzodiazepine withdrawal.

PMID- 2887590
TI  - Atenolol and propranolol in neuroleptic-induced akathisia.

PMID- 2887592
TI  - Localization of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in the goldfish brain.
AB  - This report describes the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH
      ir) structures in the brain of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). The localization
      of TH-ir cell groups revealed by immunocytochemical techniques is largely in
      accordance with catecholamine distribution previously reported in teleosts by
      using monoamine fluorescence; however, in the telencephalon and diencephalon,
      several new cell groups are elucidated. In the telencephalon, TH-ir cell bodies
      are observed in the olfactory bulb, area ventralis telencephali, and the central
      zone of the area dorsalis telencephali. TH-ir fibers and terminals are moderately
      dense throughout the telencephalon except for a sparse innervation of the area
      dorsalis, pars medialis. Immunostained cells are present in the suprachiasmatic
      nucleus and magnocellular and parvicellular components of the preoptic nucleus.
      Immunoreactive fibers from preoptic cells can be traced caudally in two main
      tracts to the infundibulum. Dense immunoreactivity around cells in the pituitary
      provides anatomical support for catecholamine involvement in the neuroendocrine
      axis probably via preopticohypophysial connections. At middiencephalic levels,
      immunoreactive cells are present in the ventral thalamus, nucleus pretectalis
      periventricularis, pars ventralis, and paraventricular organ pars anterioris. In
      the caudal diencephalon, TH-ir cells are seen within the posterior tuberal nuclei
      and dorsal to posterior recess. No immunostained cells are observed in the
      midbrain. In the hindbrain, tyrosine hydroxylase containing cells comprise three
      groups similar to that described using Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence (Parent et
      al., '78), i.e., isthmal, central medullary, and medullospinal groups. Tyrosine
      hydroxylase immunoreactivity is interpreted as evidence for the presence of
      catecholamines and not only provides an anatomical basis for the functional
      significance of catecholamines in teleosts, but may be useful in elucidating
      homologous structures in tetrapod vertebrates, although certain sites of
      immunoreactivity may prove to be unique to teleosts.

PMID- 2887593
TI  - Distribution of acetylcholine and catecholamine neurons in the cat brainstem: a
      choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The distribution of acetylcholine neurons in the brainstem of the cat was studied
      by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and compared to that of
      catecholamine neurons examined in the same or adjacent sections by tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. The largest group of ChAT-positive (+)
      neurons was located in the lateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum within the
      pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
      rostrally and within the parabrachial nuclei and locus coeruleus nucleus more
      caudally. TH+ neurons were found to be coextensive and intermingled with ChAT+
      neurons in the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum, where the number of
      ChAT+ cells (approximately 18,500) exceeded that of the TH+ cells (approximately
      12,000). In the caudal pons, scattered ChAT+ neurons were situated in the
      ventrolateral tegmentum together with TH+ neurons. In the medulla, numerous ChAT+
      cells were located in the lateral tegmental field, where they extended in a
      radial column from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus to the ventrolateral
      tegmentum around the facial and ambiguus nuclei, occupying the position of
      preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves.
      TH+ cells were also present in this field. Neurons within the general visceral,
      special visceral, and somatic motor cranial nerve nuclei were all immunoreactive
      to ChAT. Scattered ChAT+ neurons were also present within the medullary
      gigantocellular and magnocellular tegmental fields together with a small number
      of TH+ neurons. Other groups of ChAT+ cells were identified within the
      periolivary nuclei, parabigeminal nucleus, prepositus hypoglossi nucleus, and the
      medial and inferior vestibular nuclei. Acetylcholine neurons thus constitute a
      heterogeneous population of cells in the brainstem, which in addition to
      including the somatic and visceral efferent systems, comprises many other
      discrete systems and represents an important component of the brainstem reticular
      formation. The proximity to and interdigitation with catecholamine neurons within
      these systems may be of important functional significance.

PMID- 2887594
TI  - Cholinergic innervation of hippocampal GAD- and somatostatin-immunoreactive
      commissural neurons.
AB  - This study describes the cholinergic innervation of chemically defined
      nonpyramidal neurons in the hilar region of the rat hippocampus. Cholinergic
      terminals were identified by immunocytochemistry employing a monoclonal antibody
      against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme,
      and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) technique. Nonpyramidal neurons in the
      hilar region were characterized by immunostaining with antibodies against
      glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing
      enzyme, and somatostatin (SS). The immunoreactivity to these antibodies was
      detected by using biotinylated secondary antibodies and avidinated ferritin as an
      electron-dense marker. This electron microscopic double immunostaining procedure
      enabled us to demonstrate that immunoperoxidase-labeled ChAT-immunoreactive
      terminals established symmetric synaptic contacts on the ferritin-labeled GAD-
      and SS-immunoreactive hilar cells. In additional experiments at least some of the
      GAD- and SS-immunoreactive hilar neurons were further characterized as
      commissural neurons by retrograde filling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      following an injection of the tracer into the contralateral hilus. From these
      triple labeling experiments, we concluded that at least some GABAergic and
      somatostatin-containing neurons in the hilar region, which are postsynaptic to
      cholinergic terminals, project to the contralateral hippocampus. Together with
      previous studies on the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus and fascia
      dentata, our present results thus demonstrate that different types of hippocampal
      cells, including GABAergic and peptidergic commissural neurons in the hilar
      region, receive a cholinergic input.

PMID- 2887595
TI  - Distribution of choline acetyltransferase-, serotonin-, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      , tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in monkey primary auditory cortex.
AB  - Immunohistochemical methods were used to visualize choline acetyltransferase
      (ChAT)-, serotonin-, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-, and tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH)-containing fibers in the primary auditory cortex of the cynomolgus monkey
      (Macaca fascicularis). Each antiserum revealed a subpopulation of axons with a
      distinct density and laminar distribution. ChAT-immunoreactive fibers were very
      dense in superficial layers, particularly in layers I, deep III, and IV, and very
      sparse in layers V and VI. No immunoreactive cell bodies were evident. Serotonin
      immunoreactive fibers were very dense in all cortical layers but exhibited some
      subtle laminar differences in fiber size and orientation. The densities of DBH-
      and TH-immunoreactive fibers were substantially lower than the densities of both
      ChAT- and serotonin-immunoreactive fibers, particularly in layer IV. However,
      there were substantial differences between the distribution of TH-immunoreactive
      fibers and that of DBH-immunoreactive fibers. For example, the density of TH
      immunoreactive fibers was substantially greater than that of DBH-immunoreactive
      fibers in layer I. In addition, TH-immunoreactive fibers differed from the other
      three systems in that TH-immunoreactive fibers exhibited a rostral to caudal
      gradient of decreasing density. This is the first characterization of the
      innervation of a specific cortical region by all four of these systems and the
      first detailed description of the cholinergic innervation of a primate
      neocortical region utilizing a specific anti-ChAT antiserum. These striking
      differences in density and laminar distribution suggest that the subcortical
      extrathalamic systems furnishing these axons differ significantly in their
      modulation of cortical auditory processing. These data extend observations of
      previous studies which revealed that the expansion and specialization of the
      primate neocortex is accompanied by a pronounced regional and laminar
      differentiation in the intracortical distribution of these highly divergent,
      extrathalamic afferents.

PMID- 2887597
TI  - Synaptic structure of the monoamine and peptide nerve terminals in the
      intermediolateral nucleus of the guinea pig thoracic spinal cord.
AB  - Synaptic organization of the intermediolateral nucleus of the guinea pig thoracic
      spinal cord was examined with particular focus on monoamine- and peptide
      containing nerve terminals. Axon varicosities having flat synaptic vesicles
      constituted 17% of all axons in the nucleus and formed exclusively symmetric
      synapses. Enkephalin-, substance P-, somatostatin-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and
      catecholamine-immunoreactive nerve terminals were densely distributed, while
      neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, oxytocin-, and cholecystokinin-8
      immunoreactive nerves were sparse in the nucleus. Coexistence of 5
      hydroxytryptamine and enkephalin was demonstrated, and coexistence of
      somatostatin and enkephalin as well as somatostatin and 5-hydroxytryptamine in
      the same axons was also shown by serial semithin sections. Catecholamine axons
      labelled by 5-hydroxydopamine formed axodendritic and axosomatic synapses and
      made direct synaptic contacts on the preganglionic sympathetic neurons identified
      by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Direct synaptic contacts from
      enkephalin- and substance P-immunoreactive axons to preganglionic sympathetic
      neurons were also revealed. Enkephalin-, substance P-, and 5-hydroxytryptamine
      immunoreactive axons formed axodendritic and axosomatic synapses. Catecholamine
      axon varicosities constituted 19% of all axon varicosities in the nucleus and 30%
      of them showed synaptic specializations in a sectional plane. Axon varicosities
      immunoreactive to enkephalin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and substance P constituted
      approximately 35, 19, and 13% of all axon varicosities, respectively, while those
      with synaptic contacts made up 27, 30, and 26%, respectively, in a sectional
      plane. Enkephalin-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and noradrenaline-immunoreactive axons
      showed mainly symmetric synaptic contacts.

PMID- 2887596
TI  - Comparative distribution of mRNAs for glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine
      hydroxylase, and tachykinins in the basal ganglia: an in situ hybridization study
      in the rodent brain.
AB  - Neurotransmitter-related messenger RNAs were detected by in situ hybridization in
      sections of rat and mouse brains by using 35S-radiolabelled RNA probes
      transcribed from cDNAs cloned in SP6 promoter-containing vectors. The
      distribution of messenger RNAs for glutamic acid decarboxylase, tachykinins
      (substance P and K), and tyrosine hydroxylase was examined in the striatum,
      pallidum, and substantia nigra. Dense clusters of silver grains were observed
      with the RNA probe complementary of the cellular messenger RNA for glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (antisense RNA) over most large neurons in the substantia nigra
      pars reticulata and medium-sized to large neurons in all pallidal subdivisions. A
      few very densely and numerous lightly labelled medium-sized neurons were present
      in the striatum. Among the areas examined, only the striatum contained neurons
      labelled with the antisense tachykinin RNA. Most of these neurons were of medium
      size, and a few were large. With the antisense tyrosine hydroxylase RNA, silver
      grains were found over neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and adjacent
      A10 and A8 dopaminergic cell groups. No signal was observed with RNAs identical
      to the cellular messenger RNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase or tachykinin
      (sense RNA). These results show a good correlation with immunohistochemical
      studies, suggesting that documented differences in the distribution and the level
      of glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and substance P
      immunoreactivities in neurons of the basal ganglia are related to differences in
      the level of expression of the corresponding genes rather than to translation
      accessibility, stability, or transport of the gene products.

PMID- 2887598
TI  - Self-inflicted tongue ulcer: an unusual form of factitious disorder.
AB  - Factitious disorders in the buccal cavity are infrequent. A 9-year-old boy with a
      5-year history of an artefact ulcer of the tongue is described. Psychiatric
      evaluation revealed an altered personality structure with a background of
      psychotic traits. Complete remission was observed with psychiatric management.

PMID- 2887599
TI  - Is cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase responsible for the in vivo
      phosphorylation of tyrosine aminotransferase?
AB  - Undegraded tyrosine aminotransferase was purified to near homogeneity from rat
      liver and was confirmed to be a substrate for the beef heart cyclic AMP dependent
      protein kinase catalytic subunit. Specific antibody was used to quantitate the
      amount of phosphate incorporated into the enzyme. Phosphate incorporation was
      maximal at a catalytic subunit to tyrosine aminotransferase molar ratio of 7:1
      using 200 microM ATP for 30 to 60 min at 30 degrees C. Phospho-peptide maps of
      tyrosine aminotransferase phosphorylated in vitro by the catalytic subunit were
      compared with those of amino-transferase immunoprecipitated from 32P labeled
      cells treated with and without 8-Br cAMP. Whereas the phospho-peptide maps of
      tyrosine aminotransferase isolated from cells treated with and without 8-Br cAMP
      were identical, differences were observed in the peptide map of tyrosine
      aminotransferase phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo. These results were taken to
      indicate that the catalytic subunit is not responsible for tyrosine
      aminotransferase phosphorylation in vivo.

PMID- 2887600
TI  - Autonomic effects on rat submandibular salivary glands.

PMID- 2887602
TI  - Effect of beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists on saliva proteins and dental caries in
      asthmatic children.
AB  - Twenty-four children, from 10 to 20 years old, with asthma treated with beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonists were matched with healthy controls of the same age, sex,
      and social background. Stimulated whole and parotid saliva was collected, and
      decayed and filled tooth surfaces as well as oral hygiene habits were recorded.
      The dietary and sugar intake was carefully checked by a four-day dietary record.
      The asthmatic children had a 26% lower (p less than 0.05) value for secretion
      rate of whole saliva. Seventy percent of the children with Streptococcus mutans
      counts greater than 2 X 10(5) colony-forming units/mL of whole saliva belonged to
      the asthmatic group (p less than 0.05). The concentrations of total protein and
      amylase in parotid saliva were significantly lower for the asthmatic children.
      The concentrations of potassium, salivary peroxidase, bacteria-aggregating
      glycoproteins, and secretory IgA were not affected, but the secretion rate of
      parotid saliva was 36% lower in the asthma group (p less than 0.05). Oral hygiene
      and dietary habits did not differ between the groups. The asthmatic children had
      higher DFS scores, but these were not significantly different from those of the
      healthy controls (p = 0.07). We suggest that subjects with asthma treated with
      beta 2-receptor agonists should receive special prophylactic attention.

PMID- 2887601
TI  - Membrane-associated and solubilized ATPases of Streptococcus mutans and
      Streptococcus sanguis.
AB  - The proton-translocating, membrane ATPases of oral streptococci have been
      implicated in cytoplasmic pH regulation, acidurance, and cariogenicity. Membranes
      were isolated from Streptococcus mutans GS-5 and Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 10904
      following salt-induced lysis of cells treated with lysozyme and mutanolysin. The
      ATPase activities of these membranes were 1.8 and 1.1 units per mg membrane
      protein, respectively. F1 ATPases were washed free from the membranes and
      purified by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Hydrolytic activities of
      the F1 ATPases were maximal at pH values between 6.0 and 6.6, whereas the
      membrane-bound enzymes had pH maxima of 7.5 (S. sanguis) and 6.0 (S. mutans). The
      F1 ATPases of the streptococci were similar to the well-characterized enzyme of
      Escherichia coli; they consisted of five different polypeptides and had apparent,
      aggregate molecular weights of from 335 to 350 Kd. The membrane-bound ATPases
      were characterized biochemically and found to be similar to those of proton
      translocating ATPases of E. coli and Streptococcus faecalis. Km values for the
      membranes with respect to ATP were found to be 0.9 and 1.0 mmol/L for S. mutans
      and S. sanguis, respectively. Both enzymes had specificities for purine
      triphosphates and were active with a variety of divalent cations, although
      optimal activity occurred with ATP and Mg. The membrane-associated enzymes were
      sensitive to the inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) and azide, but
      insensitive to ouabain and vanadate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887604
TI  - Management of nausea and vomiting: physiological, pharmacological, and
      therapeutic considerations.
AB  - Most incidences of nausea and vomiting can be avoided by careful movement of the
      patient from a supine position to walking, sound hemostatic principles, and
      prudent postoperative medication prescribing habits. However, when therapeutic
      intervention becomes necessary, the clinician should ascertain the probable
      source of vomiting center activation before selecting a particular
      pharmacological agent. Although many agents are available, there is little
      evidence of superior efficacy for agents other than those listed in Table 3.

PMID- 2887603
TI  - Neurotransmitter control of secretion.
AB  - It is very well established that the principal control of salivary secretion is
      derived from autonomic innervation. Transmission of a neural signal to a salivary
      gland acinar cell occurs chemically via neurotransmitters, the first messengers
      of a secretory response. Neurotransmitters bind to specific cell surface receptor
      proteins, an event which activates precise transduction mechanisms which then
      transfer the neural signal to the inside of the cell. There are two major
      transduction mechanisms operative in salivary gland acinar cells. One involves
      the generation of cAMP, the other involves the breakdown of plasma membrane
      polyphosphoinositides. For both mechanisms, the appropriate stimulated receptor
      activates a second plasma membrane protein, termed an N (or G) protein. The N
      protein requires GTP to activate an enzyme (adenylate cyclase or phospholipase
      C), which then catalyzes the formation of a second messenger (cAMP and inositol
      trisphosphate/diacylglycerol, respectively). This action provides the
      intracellular signal for secretory events (protein, fluid, electrolyte secretion)
      to begin.

PMID- 2887605
TI  - A report from the Workshop on Pharmacology, Asthma Mortality Task Force.

PMID- 2887606
TI  - Nutrition education research: reaching toward the leading edge.
AB  - The work of the past ten years in the field of nutrition education research is
      reviewed and analyzed. First, definitions of key concepts are provided. Second,
      the author reviews and assesses the influences from the five nutrition education
      research conferences held in the past. Presented are results from a survey
      conducted that asked nutrition educators about the usefulness of the five
      conferences. Third, results are presented from a review of research articles
      published since 1980 in JADA, JNE, and HERJ. Implications for designing nutrition
      education research studies are discussed. Fourth, direction is provided for the
      future of nutrition education research, with special attention given to the
      necessary link between researchers and practitioners, so that "right" questions
      get asked and "correct" answers get used.

PMID- 2887607
TI  - Studies of the in vitro effect of methylmercury chloride on rat brain
      neurotransmitter enzymes.
AB  - The in vitro effect of methylmercury (MM) on the enzymatic activities of brain
      cell specific marker enzymes, choline acetyltransferase (CAT), glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNP), glutamine
      synthetase (GS) and enolase was examined. The results demonstrate that at 100
      microM MM, GS activity was not affected whereas a small decrease in the activity
      of both GAD (20%) and enolase (10%) was observed. CNP and CAT activity appeared
      to be more sensitive toward MM with 100 microM MM producing inhibition of 50% and
      30%, respectively. The addition of sulfhydryl protecting reagents such as DTT or
      sodium thioglycolate can restore the enzyme activities to normal control levels
      despite prior exposure of the enzymes to MM.

PMID- 2887608
TI  - Studies on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) after di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
      (DEHP) exposure.
AB  - Administration of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) at doses of 250, 500, 1000 and
      2000 mg/kg to adult rats was found to significantly increase the activity of
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in liver and serum in a dose-dependent
      manner. The data indicate that DEHP can be hepatotoxic since an increase in serum
      GGT levels are indicative of hepatobiliary dysfunction and liver malignancy. An
      assay of GGT in serum of the individuals exposed to DEHP could be helpful in
      early detection of liver disorders due to this widely used plasticizer.

PMID- 2887610
TI  - Decrease in blood pressure by stimulation of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular
      nucleus with L-glutamate or weak current.
AB  - Effects of electrical and chemical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus
      (PVN) of the hypothalamus on blood pressure were examined in rats anesthetized
      with urethane-chloralose. Focal electrical stimulation (10-25 microA, 50 Hz, 0.5
      ms) of sites within the PVN consistently decreased blood pressure, while the
      stimulation of regions adjacent to the PVN produced no change or weak depressor
      response. Microinjection of L-glutamate (0.5 M, 80 nl) to the PVN consistently
      led to decreased blood pressure, while the same amount of saline injection had no
      effect. The depressor response was not affected by cervical vagotomy but was
      markedly reduced after intravenous administration of hexamethonium. The results
      suggest that activation of PVN neurons in rats leads to a decrease in blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2887609
TI  - Study of possible transmitters in the solitary tract nucleus of the cat involved
      in the carotid sinus baro- and chemoreceptor reflex.
AB  - By using a multibarrelled microelectrode, the possibility that putative
      transmitters may influence on the field potential evoked in the solitary tract
      nucleus by electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve (the NTS response)
      was examined electrophysiologically in the cat. After iontophoretic application
      of a selective antagonist to the putative transmitter, it was determined whether
      or not the NTS response was influenced. Both substance P antagonist and naloxone
      altered the NTS response recorded in the depressor and apneic (or hypopneic)
      response zone as well as in the pressor and apneustic (or inspiratory) response
      zone throughout the rostral, intermediate and commissure regions, suggesting that
      substance P and opioid peptide may play the role of excitatory transmitters.
      Under the polarizing cathodal current which may activate inhibitory inputs to the
      site of the NTS response, bicuculline and prazosin strongly enhanced the NTS
      response recorded in the pressor and apneustic zone, while naloxone weakly
      enhanced the NTS response recorded in the depressor and apneic zone. These
      results suggest that gamma-aminobutyric acid, alpha-adrenergic agonist and opioid
      peptide may have an inhibitory influence on the NTS response.

PMID- 2887611
TI  - Risks of neuroleptic drugs in children.
AB  - We surveyed members of the Child Neurology Society to examine their attitudes
      about use of neuroleptic drugs in children and their experiences with neuroleptic
      induced movement disorders. Sixty percent of the membership responded to our
      questionnaire. Of these responders, over 99% agreed that there were clinical
      indications for neuroleptics in children, but their criteria varied. Only a
      minority of the responders routinely incorporated drug holidays in the
      therapeutic plans of children treated with neuroleptics. The majority had not had
      clinical experience with patients who developed chronic movement disorders
      associated with neuroleptic treatment, but 35% (140/410) had encountered patients
      whose symptoms they considered typical of tardive dyskinesia. However, some of
      these patients did not meet strict criteria for diagnosis of this movement
      disorder. The results suggest that neuroleptic-induced movement disorders occur
      with significant frequency in children and that more detailed prospective studies
      of the risks and benefits of these drugs in children are warranted.

PMID- 2887612
TI  - Famotidine: an evolution in H2 antagonist therapy. Proceedings of a symposium.
      Sao Paulo, Brazil, September 7-12, 1986.

PMID- 2887613
TI  - Review of an extensive worldwide study of a new H2-receptor antagonist,
      famotidine, as compared to ranitidine in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of famotidine, a new potent H2-receptor antagonist, has
      been studied in 1,031 patients by 68 investigators in 19 countries in a worldwide
      dose-ranging multicenter comparative study. Three doses of famotidine (40 mg
      h.s., 20 mg b.i.d., 40 mg b.i.d.) were compared to ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d. There
      were no significant differences between the groups in baseline characteristics,
      including duodenal ulcer size. Efficacy parameters included daytime and nocturnal
      symptom relief and duodenal ulcer healing, documented by endoscopy, and defined
      as complete re-epithelialization of the ulcer crater. Significant reductions from
      baseline for day and night pain, beginning during the first 24 h period, were
      found in all four treatment groups (p less than 0.01). There was little
      difference among the four treatment groups with respect to the percentage of
      patients healed after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Healing rates for the three
      famotidine groups (40 mg h.s., 20 mg b.i.d., 40 mg b.i.d.) were 88, 92 and 92%,
      respectively, after 8 weeks of treatment as compared to 91% for the ranitidine
      group. The occurrence and type of adverse clinical experiences reported was
      similar for each of the four treatment groups. The most common adverse
      experiences were headache and diarrhea. The results of this study demonstrate
      that an h.s. dose of famotidine is equivalent to both b.i.d. famotidine and
      b.i.d. ranitidine in duodenal ulcer healing and pain relief. In view of possible
      increased patient compliance with a simplified dosage regimen, famotidine 40 mg
      h.s. is recommended in the acute treatment of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2887614
TI  - Famotidine once-a-day in the therapy of acute, benign gastric ulcer: a worldwide
      experience.
AB  - Three hundred thirty-six patients with endoscopically diagnosed benign gastric
      ulcers, randomly allocated to treatment with 40 mg famotidine at night or
      placebo, were evaluated in a double-blind multicenter trial conducted in 14
      countries worldwide. After 4 weeks, 294 patients qualified for a "per protocol"
      analysis. Complete ulcer healing was observed in 70 of 149 patients (47%) treated
      with famotidine 40 mg at night and in 45 of 145 patients (31%) receiving placebo.
      Cumulative healing rates at 6 weeks were 65 and 46%, and at 8 weeks 80 and 54%,
      respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the
      healing rates at each time point (p less than 0.01). The famotidine treatment was
      significantly more effective at rapidly reducing the incidence of ulcer-related
      symptoms. Adverse side effects reported were minor and equally distributed
      between the two groups. The results of this trial show that 40 mg famotidine
      administered at night is significantly superior to placebo in both accelerating
      the healing of benign gastric ulcers and in relieving ulcer symptoms. Since 40 mg
      famotidine administered at night suppresses exclusively nocturnal acid secretion,
      these findings support the hypothesis that this factor is also of particular
      importance in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2887615
TI  - Famotidine: effective treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
AB  - The ability of famotidine to control gastric acid hypersecretion in 32 patients
      with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was compared to that of cimetidine or ranitidine.
      Equipotent doses of each drug were determined in nine patients and famotidine was
      nine times more potent than ranitidine and 32 times as potent as cimetidine.
      Famotidine had a 30% longer duration of action than either ranitidine or
      cimetidine. The 32 patients were treated with famotidine for a mean follow-up of
      10.5 months. No hematologic, biochemical, or clinical toxicity occurred.
      Famotidine appears to be the histamine H2-receptor antagonist of choice in the
      treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

PMID- 2887616
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of famotidine: a summary.
AB  - Famotidine is a competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main
      pharmacodynamic effect in humans is inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Dose
      related suppression of basal and stimulated (meal, pentagastrin) gastric acid
      output has been shown with oral doses of 5-40 mg. The 40 mg dose is associated
      with the highest inhibitory effect, the longest duration of action, and the
      greatest response uniformity. After oral administration, antisecretory activity
      begins within 1 h, reaches a maximum in 1-3 h, and lasts 10-12 h. In addition to
      the earlier onset of effect, intravenous famotidine is about twice as potent as
      oral, a result consistent with a systemic bioavailability of oral famotidine of
      about 43%. Studies in patients and in healthy volunteers have shown that
      famotidine does not affect cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, pancreatic exocrine,
      or gastrointestinal motility functions. Oral famotidine is incompletely absorbed,
      reaching peak plasma concentrations in 1-3 h. It is eliminated primarily through
      the kidneys (about 70%), mostly as the parent compound. Its average elimination
      half-life in healthy subjects is 2.8 h. Half-life is prolonged nonlinearly in
      patients with decreased renal function. To date, clinically important
      interactions with other drugs have not been described for famotidine.

PMID- 2887617
TI  - Selective elimination of non-lpr lymphoid cells in mice undergoing lpr-mediated
      graft-vs-host disease.
AB  - The transfer of lpr BM stem cells into lethally irradiated non-lpr recipients
      (including the congenic MRL/+ differing only at the lpr locus) causes GVHD
      characterized by a wasting syndrome. In this study we investigated the
      interaction between the autoimmune (lpr) and normal (A-Thy) B, T, and RBC cell
      lineages in two types of radiation chimeras: MRL/lpr plus A-Thy----(MRL/lpr X A
      Thy)F1 and MRL/+ plus A-Thy----(MRL/lpr X A-Thy)F1. Analysis of B cell
      repopulation by competitive RIA of serum Igh-1 allotype showed that both the MRL
      and the A-Thy donor cells initially engrafted. However, by 2 to 4 mo post
      transplantation the normal A-Thy allotype was barely detectable (reduced greater
      than 2 orders of magnitude), whereas the autoimmune MRL/lpr allotype persisted at
      normal levels. Similarly, investigation of the donor origin of peripheral blood T
      cells by two-color flow cytometry showed that by 8 mo post-transplantation normal
      A-Thy T cells had been eliminated and only MRL/lpr T cells were present in the
      circulation. In contrast, erythrocytes from both the MRL/lpr and A-Thy donor
      strains successfully engrafted the F1 recipients and persisted until the
      termination of the study. Control chimeras transplanted with a mixture of MRL/+
      plus A-Thy BM were stably engrafted with both donor strains in both the erythroid
      and lymphoid populations. Additional experiments in which either B6/lpr or
      MRL/lpr (and B6/+ or MRL/+ control) BM cells were transferred into (MRL/lpr X
      B6/+)F1 and (MRL/lpr X B6/lpr)F1 recipients demonstrated that the development of
      GVHD was not simply due to increased alloreactivity by the lpr donor cells. In
      these chimeras only the recipients heterozygous (but not homozygous) for the lpr
      gene developed lpr-GVHD, although both types of recipients had identical
      genotypes except at the lpr locus.

PMID- 2887618
TI  - Immunoregulatory T lymphocytes in man. Soluble antigen-specific suppressor
      inducer T lymphocytes are derived from the CD4+CD45R-p80+ subpopulation.
AB  - Regulation of the immune response in man is largely dependent on interactions
      between cells of the cluster designation 4+ (CD4+) helper/inducer sublineage and
      the CD8+ suppressor/cytotoxic sublineage. When cultured with autologous antigen
      primed CD4+ lymphocytes, CD8+ cells differentiate into suppressor T cells (Ts)
      that specifically inhibit the response of fresh autologous CD4+ cells to the
      priming antigen only. The current study was undertaken to analyze the roles in
      this suppressor circuit of subpopulations of the CD4+ sublineage distinguished
      from one another on the basis of their binding (or lack of binding) to monoclonal
      antibodies against molecules p80 (Leu8) and CD45R (p220/Leu18/2H4). When examined
      for the proliferative responses to alloantigenic stimuli, each of the four:
      CD4+p80+, CD4+p80-, CD4+CD45R+, and CD4+CD45R- populations proliferated
      vigorously, synthesized interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon and released soluble
      IL-2 receptors. However, the responses to soluble antigens such as Candida and
      diphtheria toxoid were exhibited by CD4+CD45R-, CD4+p80+, and CD4+p80- cells, but
      not by CD4+CD45R+ cells. When examined for their ability to induced CD8+ Ts in
      the Candida-driven suppressor-induction culture system, only CD4+p80+ and
      CD4+CD45R- cells induced strong suppression. Further, when CD4+CD45R- cells were
      separated into CD4+CD45R-p80+ and CD4+CD45R-p80- subpopulations, despite the
      ability of both subpopulations to respond to Candida, only CD4+CD45R-p80+ cells
      induced autologous CD8+ Ts. Activated CD8+ Ts suppressed not only proliferation
      but also the release of soluble IL-2 receptors by autologous antigen-activated
      CD4+ cells. Thus, the antigen-specific suppressor-inducer T cells appear to be
      derived from the CD4+CD45R-p80+ (Leu3+, Leu8+, 2H4-) subpopulation of the CD4+
      sublineage.

PMID- 2887619
TI  - Stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation by monoclonal antibodies against GD3
      ganglioside.
AB  - Cell-surface gangliosides are presumed to play a role in cell growth and
      differentiation. With the use of monoclonal antibodies directed against GD3, a
      disialoganglioside expressed predominantly by cells of neuroectodermal origin, we
      have found that GD3 is expressed by a subpopulation of cells of the immune system
      including: 1) fetal thymocytes in subcortical regions and near vessels, 2) lymph
      node lymphocytes in interfollicular areas and near vessels, and 3) a small subset
      of T cells in the peripheral blood. Mouse monoclonal antibodies (two IgGs, one
      IgM, and F(ab')2 fragments) reacting with GD3 were found to stimulate
      proliferation of T cells derived from peripheral blood. Proliferation of T cells
      was observed even in cultures depleted of macrophages, suggesting that activation
      by anti-GD3 was not dependent on the presence of accessory cells. T cell
      proliferation was maximum between days 5 and 7 of stimulation and was preceded by
      expression of interleukin 2 receptors. No stimulation was observed with control
      antibodies of the identical isotype or with monoclonal antibodies recognizing the
      gangliosides GD2 or GM2. During stimulation by anti-GD3 monoclonal antibodies,
      there was an expansion of the GD3+ pool of T cells, but depletion of GD3+ T cells
      prior to stimulation abrogated the response. Proliferation induced by binding to
      GD3 could be augmented by exogenous interleukin 2 and phytohemagglutinin. Anti
      CD3 (T3) monoclonal antibodies had little or no effect. These results demonstrate
      that binding to GD3 on the surface of T cells can elicit signals for T cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 2887620
TI  - Relationship between DQ alpha and DQ beta RFLP and cell surface polymorphisms of
      class II HLA antigens.
AB  - DQ alpha and beta DNA probes of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      were hybridized to restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA with the aim of
      establishing a correspondence between the polymorphisms recognized by classical
      serology and DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). In DR
      homozygous human cell lines, three distinct PstI fragments were recognized by the
      DQ alpha probe and four PstI fragments were recognized by the DQ beta probe. Each
      fragment was associated with a different group of DR antigens. Three allelic
      forms of either DX alpha or beta genes were identified, but none showed any
      strong association with DR or DQ. Family segregation analysis at the DNA level
      further confirmed the DR linkage of the DQ alleles in estimations of gene
      frequencies of different alleles of DQ alpha, DQ beta, DX alpha and DX beta.
      Evidence was presented that the DQ alpha and DQ beta allelic forms described at
      the DNA level correspond to polymorphic determinants at the cell surface which
      can be defined serologically or in cellular assays. Our data suggest that the HLA
      DQ subregion-encoded alloantigens should be defined at the individual alpha and
      beta chain levels.

PMID- 2887621
TI  - Expression of P, type-1, and type-1C fimbriae of Escherichia coli in the urine of
      patients with acute urinary tract infection.
AB  - In vivo expression, in human urine, of P, type-1, and type-1C fimbriae by
      Escherichia coli was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. Urine samples from
      20 patients with acute urinary tract infection, as well as cultures of the
      corresponding E. coli isolates, were immunostained with three polyclonal antisera
      to P fimbriae, antiserum to type-1 fimbriae, monoclonal antibody specific for
      type-1C fimbriae, and fluorochrome-conjugated second antibodies. P fimbriae were
      found in 17 urine samples and in 18 of the isolated strains. Type-1-fimbriate
      bacteria were detected in only nine urine samples, although 18 of the isolated
      strains expressed type-1 fimbriae after growth in vitro. Four strains possessed
      type-1C fimbriae; only two expressed type-1C fimbriae in urine. The bacterial
      populations in urine were heterogeneous, and in each positive staining, only a
      fraction of the bacterial cells were reactive. The results show that E. coli P
      fimbriae are expressed and are subject to phase variation in vivo during acute
      urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2887622
TI  - Endocrine cells in the human colorectal mucosa: immunocytochemical observations
      on patients with prolapse or internal procidentia of the rectum.
AB  - We have examined the occurrence and distribution of endocrine cells storing
      serotonin and the regulatory peptides somatostatin, glicentin, peptide YY in
      rectal mucosa on 16 patients with prolapse or intussusception of the rectum.
      There were no significant differences compared with normal rectal mucosa. Our
      results do not support the assumption that these endocrine cells of the rectum
      are involved in the pathophysiology of rectal prolapse.

PMID- 2887623
TI  - Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis by sodium cromoglycate plus 0.025 per
      cent xylometazoline (a double-blind study).
AB  - The object of this double-blind study was to assess the therapeutic effects of a
      combination of two per cent sodium cromoglycate and 0.025 per cent xylometazoline
      compared with a matched placebo. Forty patients were included in the two-week
      study. The treatment was found to be rapidly effective taking only a day to
      control symptoms in almost 80 per cent of the patients in the group receiving
      active treatment. No evidence of rebound effects due to the decongestant was
      observed during the study.

PMID- 2887624
TI  - 7-Methyl bile acids: 7 beta-methyl-cholic acid inhibits bacterial 7
      dehydroxylation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in the hamster.
AB  - The effect of dietary 7 beta-methyl-cholic acid [0.075% in rodent chow (6.4
      mg/animal per day)] on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism was studied and
      compared with that of cholic acid in the hamster. Following oral administration
      of 7 beta-methyl-cholic acid for 3 weeks, the glycine-conjugated bile acid analog
      became a major constituent of gallbladder bile. Biliary cholic acid concentration
      decreased significantly, while that of chenodeoxycholic acid remained unchanged.
      Serum and liver cholesterol levels were increased by dietary 7 beta-methyl-cholic
      acid and by cholic acid. Hepatic microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity was
      inhibited (30% of the control value) by both bile acids; cholesterol 7 alpha
      hydroxylase activity was not affected. In chow controls and cholic acid-fed
      animals, bacterial 7-dehydroxylation of [14C]chenodeoxycholic acid and
      [14C]cholic acid was nearly complete. In contrast, dietary 7 beta-methyl-cholic
      acid effectively prevented the 7-dehydroxylation of the two primary bile acids.
      These results show that dietary 7 beta-methyl-cholic acid is preserved in the
      enterohepatic circulation and has an effect on serum and liver cholesterol
      concentrations similar to those produced by the naturally occurring cholic acid.
      7 beta-Methyl-cholic acid is an efficient inhibitor of the bacterial 7
      dehydroxylation of the primary bile acids in the hamster.

PMID- 2887626
TI  - Expression and purification of glutamine synthetase cloned from Bacteroides
      fragilis.
AB  - A glutamine synthetase (GS) gene, glnA, from Bacteroides fragilis was cloned on a
      recombinant plasmid pJS139 which enabled Escherichia coli glnA deletion mutants
      to utilize (NH4)2SO4 as a sole source of nitrogen. DNA homology was not detected
      between the B. fragilis glnA gene and the E. coli glnA gene. The cloned B
      fragilis glnA gene was expressed from its own promoter and was subject to
      nitrogen repression in E. coli, but it was not able to activate histidase
      activity in an E. coli glnA ntrB ntrC deletion mutant containing the Klebsiella
      aerogenes hut operon. The GS produced by pJS139 in E. coli was purified; it had
      an apparent subunit Mr of approximately 75,000, which is larger than that of any
      other known bacterial GS. There was very slight antigenic cross-reactivity
      between antibodies to the purified cloned B. fragilis GS and the GS subunit of
      wild-type E. coli.

PMID- 2887625
TI  - R-plasmid-mediated chromosome mobilization in Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Antibiotic-resistant and auxotrophic mutants of Bordetella pertussis were
      isolated. These were used as recipients for the uptake from Escherichia coli of
      broad-host-range R plasmids R68.45, RP1, and RP1 and RP4 carrying transposons
      Tn501 and Tn7 respectively. B. pertussis transconjugants from these crosses were
      used as donors to mobilize StrR, NalR, thr+ and gly+ chromosomal markers to B.
      pertussis or to B. parapertussis recipient strains. The frequency of plasmid
      transfer varied and depended on the donor and recipient strains used. Differences
      in chromosome mobilization frequencies of individual markers were observed and
      appeared to depend on the presence or absence of transposons Tn501 and Tn7 on the
      plasmid. Linkage was detected between the gly+ and NalR markers.

PMID- 2887627
TI  - A scanning electron microscope study of the effect of an enterotoxin from
      Clostridium perfringens 8-6 on mice of different ages.
AB  - Intestinal damage to mice caused by an enterotoxin from a coatless spore mutant
      of Clostridium perfringens type A (8-6) was examined by scanning electron
      microscopy. Two distinct types of damage were observed, both of which could be
      correlated with animal age. Damage appeared to occur in a specific sequence
      similar to that found in previous studies in rabbits. We conclude that the type
      of ileal tissue damage reflects the mode of toxin incorporation from the gut,
      which is a function of animal age.

PMID- 2887628
TI  - Bacteriophages F0lac h, SR, SF: phages which adsorb to pili encoded by plasmids
      of the S-complex.
AB  - Phage F0lac is an RNA-containing phage which plates only on strains carrying the
      plasmid EDP208, a pilus derepressed derivative of the unique incompatibility
      plasmid F0lac. A host range mutant, phage F0lac h, was selected which plated on
      strains carrying the ungrouped plasmid pPLS::Tn5 and lysed strains carrying
      another ungrouped plasmid TP224::Tn10 or the Com9 plasmid R71. An RNA-containing
      phage, SR, was isolated from sewage on bacteria harbouring plasmid pPLS::Tn5. It
      was antigenically distinct from the above two phages but had the same host range
      as phage F0lac h. Phages F0lac h and SR adsorbed unevenly to the shafts of the
      conjugative pili. Another phage, SF, was filamentous and plated or propagated on
      strains carrying any of the above plasmids as well as on strains harbouring IncD
      or F-complex plasmids. Plasmids TP224::Tn10 and pPLS::Tn5 were compatible with
      representative plasmids of all Inc groups also encoding thick flexible pili. The
      four plasmids EDP208, R71, TP224::Tn10 and pPLS::Tn5 were compatible with one
      another except for the reaction of TP224::Tn10 in the presence of pPLS::Tn5 which
      was slightly ambiguous. The host ranges of the bacteriophages, together with the
      serological relatedness of the thick flexible pili determined by these four
      compatible plasmids, suggested that they constitute a new complex, here
      designated S.

PMID- 2887629
TI  - Complementation of mutations in Escherichia coli and Bordetella pertussis by B.
      pertussis DNA cloned in a broad-host-range cosmid vector.
AB  - A gene library of Bordetella pertussis DNA was constructed in Escherichia coli
      using the broad-host-range cosmid vector pLAFR1. The average insert size was 24.9
      kb. From 500 members of the gene library, clones were identified which
      complemented trpE, glnA and Thr- mutations in E. coli but none which complemented
      trpD, trpC, trpB, trpA, proA or Leu- mutations. Four clones were identified which
      complemented trpE in E. coli. Anthranilate synthase activity was detected in a
      trpE strain only when it harboured a plasmid from one of these clones; activity
      was repressed when tryptophan was included in the growth medium. Two clones were
      identified which complemented glnA of E. coli. A recombinant plasmid from one of
      these clones also restored some of the nitrogen acquisition functions of glnG and
      glnL in E. coli. Expression of several B. pertussis virulence-associated products
      (haemolysin, heat-labile toxin, adenylate cyclase, filamentous haemagglutinin,
      and the cell-envelope polypeptide of Mr 30,000) was not detected in 500
      independent clones. However, by transferring the recombinant plasmids to a mutant
      of B. pertussis deficient in haemolysin and adenylate cyclase, a plasmid was
      identified which restored both these activities.

PMID- 2887630
TI  - Biochemical, behavioural, and endocrine effects of CK 204-933, a novel 8 beta
      ergolene.
AB  - CK 204-933 displaces [3H]dopamine and [3H]spiperone with high affinity from D-1
      and D-2 recognition sites in membranes of calf caudate. Results from functional
      in vitro tests suggest that it is a partial agonist at D-1 receptors and an
      antagonist at D-2 receptors. These opposite effects at dopamine receptor subtypes
      are also expressed in vivo. For instance, in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats, CK
      204-933 induces contralateral rotations which are antagonised by SCH 23390 but
      not by sulpiride. On the other hand, CK 204-933 induces a long lasting increase
      of dopamine turnover in rat striatum and antagonises apomorphine-induced gnawing
      behaviour in rats. CK 204-933 increases prolactin serum levels in rats after
      subcutaneous administration, whereas after oral administration a moderate
      decrease of prolactin serum levels was seen. The latter effect is probably due to
      the formation of active metabolites. CK 204-933 exhibits also a high affinity to
      [3H]prazosin binding sites and antagonises serotonin-mediated stimulation of
      adenylate cyclase in rat hippocampus. On the other hand, CK 204-933 has no effect
      of only very weak effects on noradrenaline and serotonin release from rat
      cerebral cortex slices, which is consistent with its weak effects on
      noradrenaline- and serotonin-turnover in rat brain. Based on these properties it
      is suggested that CK 204-933 could be of therapeutic value in brain diseases
      associated with disturbances of monoaminergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 2887631
TI  - Lipid requirement for mu opioid receptor binding.
AB  - We have previously shown that a partially purified mu opioid receptor from bovine
      brain requires lipids to exhibit full binding activity. In the present report, we
      have determined the specificity of this lipid requirement. Lipids active in this
      regard were found always to contain an acidic head group and a fatty acid with
      two or more double bonds. Free, polyunsaturated fatty acids were also able to
      confer high binding activity on the partially purified opioid receptor. The
      possible roles lipids play in opioid binding are discussed in light of these
      data.

PMID- 2887633
TI  - Sodium-dependent proline uptake in the rat hippocampal formation: association
      with ipsilateral-commissural projections of CA3 pyramidal cells.
AB  - Na+-dependent uptake of L-[3H]proline was measured in a crude synaptosomal
      preparation from the entire rat hippocampal formation or from isolated
      hippocampal regions. Among hippocampal regions, Na+-dependent proline uptake was
      significantly greater in areas CA1 and CA2-CA3-CA4 than in the fascia dentata,
      whereas there was no marked regional difference in the distribution of Na+
      dependent gamma-[14C]aminobutyric acid ([14C]GABA) uptake. A bilateral kainic
      acid lesion, which destroyed most of the CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells, reduced
      Na+-dependent proline uptake by an average of 41% in area CA1 and 52% in area CA2
      CA3-CA4, without affecting the Na+-dependent uptake of GABA. In the fascia
      dentata, neither proline nor GABA uptake was significantly altered. Kinetic
      studies suggested that hippocampal synaptosomes take up proline by both a high
      affinity (KT = 6.7 microM) and a low-affinity (KT = 290 microM) Na+-dependent
      process, whereas L-[14C]glutamate is taken up predominantly by a high-affinity
      (KT = 6.1 microM) process. A bilateral kainic acid lesion reduced the Vmax of
      high-affinity proline uptake by an average of 72%, the Vmax of low-affinity
      proline uptake by 44%, and the Vmax of high affinity glutamate uptake by 43%,
      without significantly changing the affinity of the transport carriers for
      substrate. Ipsilateral-commissural projections of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells
      appear to possess nearly as great a capacity for taking up proline as for taking
      up glutamate, a probable transmitter of these pathways. Therefore proline may
      play an important role in transmission at synapses made by the CA3-derived
      Schaffer collateral, commissural, and ipsilateral associational fibers.

PMID- 2887632
TI  - Dopamine D-1 receptor and cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation in Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - D-1 and D-2 receptor densities, evaluated respectively by [3H]SCH 23390 and
      [3H]spiperone binding, and DARPP-32 (dopamine and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate
      regulated phosphoprotein-32K) concentrations, were studied in the brains of
      control and parkinsonian subjects postmortem. D-2 receptor density was unchanged
      in the putamen of parkinsonian patients. D-1 receptor density was unchanged in
      the putamen and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) of parkinsonian patients,
      but decreased by 28% in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). DARPP-32, which
      is localized in the same structures as D-1 receptors of which it is thought to
      represent the intracellular messenger, decreased by 45% in the putamen, 66% in
      the SNR, and 79% in the SNC. The decrease in D-1 receptors in the SNC may be due
      to degeneration of pallidonigral GABAergic neurons, but some of the D-1 receptors
      may be on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons themselves. The dissociation
      between the alteration of D-1 receptor densities and DARPP-32 concentrations in
      both the striatum and substantia nigra, which are of the same order in the two
      structures, may be an index of functional hypoactivity of D-1 neurotransmission.

PMID- 2887634
TI  - A comparative study and partial characterization of multi-uptake systems for
      gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AB  - Previous work by the authors had indicated that synaptosome-enriched preparations
      from the cerebral cortex of the rat contained a high-, a medium-, and a low
      affinity uptake system for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The present study
      demonstrated that this phenomenon also prevailed in synaptosomes from rat
      diencephalon, mesencephalon, and cerebellum, although the Vmax values for the
      high- and medium-affinity systems in the cerebellum were very low relative to
      those of the other regions. When a different type of preparation containing nerve
      endings (glomeruli) was obtained from the cerebellum, it possessed a Vmax value
      for the high-affinity system that was more similar to that for the corresponding
      system in synaptosomes from the other brain regions. In contrast to the above
      situation, synaptosomes from rat olfactory bulb lacked the low-affinity uptake
      system, as did synaptosomes from dog olfactory bulb. The aspartate/glutamate
      uptake systems, as measured with D-aspartate, provided a regional pattern quite
      different from those of GABA uptake. Only two uptake systems, a high- and low
      affinity system, were observed in all regions tested. All three GABA uptake
      systems were present in cortical synaptosomes from the mouse, hamster, and guinea
      pig, and all three systems were sodium dependent, energy dependent, temperature
      sensitive, and totally inhibited by nipecotic acid.

PMID- 2887635
TI  - Phosphorylation of purified rat striatal tyrosine hydroxylase by Ca2+/calmodulin
      dependent protein kinase II: effect of an activator protein.
AB  - The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase, purified from rat striatum, was
      investigated using purified Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II.
      This kinase catalyzed the Ca2+-dependent incorporation of up to 0.8 mol 32PO4/mol
      tyrosine hydroxylase subunit (62 kilodaltons). Reverse-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography mapping of tryptic 32P-peptides established that the
      Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylated a different serine residue
      than was phosphorylated by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Limited
      proteolysis sequentially reduced the subunit Mr from 62 to 59 kilodaltons and
      finally to 57 kilodaltons, resulting in loss of the site phosphorylated by the
      Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II, but not the site phosphorylated by the
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation by the Ca2+/CaM-dependent
      protein kinase II had little direct effect on the kinetic properties of tyrosine
      hydroxylase, but did convert it to a form that could be activated twofold by
      addition of an activator protein. This heat-labile activator protein increased
      the Vmax without affecting the Km for the pterin cofactor. This effect was
      specific in that the activator protein was without effect on nonphosphorylated
      tyrosine hydroxylase or on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated by the cyclic AMP
      dependent protein kinase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that
      the "Vmax-type" activation of tyrosine hydroxylase observed upon depolarization
      of neural and adrenal tissues may be mediated by the Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein
      kinase II.

PMID- 2887637
TI  - Excitatory amino acid receptor potency and subclass specificity of sulfur
      containing amino acids.
AB  - The sulfur-containing amino acids, L- and D-cysteate, L-cysteine, L- and D
      cysteine sulfinate, L- and D-cysteine-S-sulfate, L-cystine, L- and D
      homocysteate, L- and D-homocysteine sulfinate, L-homocysteine, L-serine-O
      sulfate, and taurine were tested in two excitatory amino acid receptor functional
      assays and in receptor binding assays designed to label specifically the AA1/N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), AA2/quisqualate, and AA3/kainate receptor recognition
      sites, as well as a CaCl2-dependent L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate site, and a
      putative glutamate uptake site. Agonist efficacies were determined by chick
      retinal excitotoxicity and stimulated sodium efflux from rat brain slices. D
      Homocysteine sulfinate, L-homocysteate, and L-serine-O-sulfate had affinities
      most selective for the NMDA binding site, whereas the binding affinities of D
      cysteate, D-cysteine sulfinate, D-homocysteate, and L-homocysteine sulfinate were
      less selective. However, the correlation of agonist activity sensitive to
      blockade by D-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate or D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate in
      the functional assays with affinity in the NMDA binding assay (r = 0.87, p less
      than 0.005 and r = 0.98, p less than 0.005 for excitotoxicity and sodium efflux,
      respectively) allows characterization of these sulfur-containing amino acids as
      acting at NMDA subclass receptors. L-Homocysteate, which has been found in the
      brain, and L-serine-O-sulfate are selective agonists and could serve as
      endogenous neurotransmitters at the NMDA receptor.

PMID- 2887636
TI  - Ammonia-induced release of neurotransmitters from rat brain synaptosomes:
      differences between the effects on amines and amino acids.
AB  - The effect of NH4Cl on release of amine and amino acid transmitters from rat
      brain synaptosomes was investigated. Ammonia (0.1-10 mM) stimulated the secretion
      of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in a dose-dependent manner, in a process
      which was additive with the effect of 40 mM K+, almost unaffected by withdrawal
      of Ca2+, and markedly decreased by increasing [H+] in the medium. The NH4Cl
      induced dopamine efflux, in contrast to that caused by high [K+]e, was inhibited
      by benztropine. The release of gamma-aminobutyric acid, aspartate, and glutamate
      was unaltered by [NH4Cl] less than 5 mM, but somewhat stimulated at higher
      levels. Transmembrane pH gradient, acid inside, was dissipated by NH4Cl in a
      concentration-dependent manner and the internal alkalinization correlated with
      the stimulation of the rate of dopamine efflux. Transmembrane electrical
      potential was unaffected by [ammonia] less than 5 mM, but a small depolarization
      was observed at higher levels. It is postulated that ammonia-induced
      alkalinization of the intrasynaptic storage granules causes extrusion of amines
      into the cytoplasm and their subsequent leakage into the medium through a
      reversal of the plasma membrane transporters. A lack of correlation between the
      release of amino acid neurotransmitters and the dissipation of the delta pH
      suggests that in rat brain intrasynaptic vesicles, acidic inside, are unlikely to
      store substantial amounts of gamma-aminobutyric acid, aspartate, or glutamate.

PMID- 2887638
TI  - Heat stress and neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2887639
TI  - Coated vesicles and pits during enhanced quantal release of acetylcholine at the
      neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Frog neuromuscular junctions were stimulated by different methods to secrete
      quanta of ACh, and the attendant changes in the ultrastructure of the nerve
      terminal were assessed by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs.
      Secretion was stimulated by electrical stimulation at 2 Hz or by application of
      the secretagogues, lanthanum, ouabain or black widow spider venom, either in the
      presence or in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The numbers of synaptic
      vesicles, coated vesicles and coated pits, and the length of axolemma and area of
      axoplasm were measured on the micrographs. There was a significant increase
      (about threefold) in the total number of coated structures (vesicles plus pits)
      per micron2 of axoplasm, but the fractional increase in the number of coated pits
      exceeded the fractional increase in the number of coated vesicles. These
      increases were positively correlated with the increase in the length of axolemma
      per unit area and negatively correlated with the changes in concentration of
      synaptic vesicles, suggesting that they were due to the increases in the surface
      area of the terminal that accompany a loss of vesicles. However, the increase in
      the concentration of coated structures was not related to the number of quanta
      secreted or to the estimated number of vesicles recycled. The lack of
      correspondence between the fractional increases in the coated pits and coated
      vesicles and the poor correlation between the numbers of these structures and the
      overall parameters of the secretory process suggest that, in contrast to the
      situation in other secretory systems, coated pits and coated vesicles may not
      play a crucial role in maintaining the functional population of synaptic vesicles
      at rapidly secreting neuromuscular junctions.

PMID- 2887640
TI  - Changes in the dimensions of release sites along terminal branches at amphibian
      neuromuscular synapses.
AB  - The probability of transmitter secretion from release sites declines along the
      length of most long terminal branches (greater than 78 micron) at toad (Bufo
      marinus) neuromuscular junctions; in contrast, few short terminal branches (less
      than 78 micron) show such a decline. The present study was carried out to see if
      any of the dimensions of release sites change along the length of terminal
      branches in a way that can be correlated with the decrease in secretion
      probability. The size of presynaptic release site structures was determined by
      examining serial transverse sections through entire terminal branches with the
      transmission electron microscope; the size of postsynaptic release site
      structures was determined by examining terminal gutters with the scanning
      electron microscope after the removal of terminal branches. Long terminal
      branches showed a significant decrease in the length of their synaptic contact
      and cross-sectional area (terminal size) with distance from the origin of the
      branch. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the length of close
      apposition (less than 0.2 micron) between the nerve terminal and postsynaptic
      muscle membrane; furthermore, neither the length of postsynaptic folds nor the
      frequency of the folds along the length of the terminal gutter changed. Short
      terminal branches showed no significant differences in the dimensions of either
      presynaptic or postsynaptic release site structures. The decline in the length of
      synaptic contacts whilst the length of close apposition remains relatively
      constant is due to the progressive encroachment of Schwann cell processes between
      presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes along the length of long terminal
      branches.

PMID- 2887642
TI  - P-glycoprotein in human sarcoma: evidence for multidrug resistance.
AB  - Overexpression of an immunologically conserved, cell-surface glycoprotein (P
      glycoprotein) is consistently associated with multidrug resistance in cell lines
      in vitro. A preliminary survey of specimens from 12 solid tumor types in our
      laboratories indicates significant overexpression of P-glycoprotein in some
      sarcomas. When tested by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies directed
      against P-glycoprotein; tumors from six of 25 sarcoma patients displayed elevated
      levels of P-glycoprotein. Three of the sarcoma patients exhibiting P-glycoprotein
      had not previously been exposed to chemotherapy, implying that overexpression of
      this marker and possible concomitant multidrug resistance may not depend only on
      selection during prior drug treatments. The P-glycoprotein overexpression in the
      sarcoma specimens is evidence for the presence of multidrug resistant cells in
      these tumors; thus, our data suggest that this mode of resistance may have
      clinical significance in sarcoma patients.

PMID- 2887643
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey retina reveals
      synapses from bipolar cells to dopaminergic amacrine cells.
AB  - The synaptic organization of dopamine-containing amacrine cells in the rhesus
      monkey retina was studied using immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthetic pathway. Cell
      bodies of the TH-containing neurons were primarily in the innermost tier of the
      inner nuclear layer. Their synaptic processes, confined to the outermost stratum
      of the inner plexiform layer, contained mostly small, clear vesicles and were
      presynaptic to unlabeled amacrine cell processes and cell bodies at junctions
      that were symmetrical. Synapses onto the TH-immunoreactive neurons were from
      bipolar cell axon terminals, nonimmunoreactive amacrine cell processes, and other
      TH-containing amacrine cells in a decreasing order of predominance. The bipolar
      cells were presynaptic to the TH-containing neuronal processes at ribbon
      synapses. The size, structure, and position of the bipolar cell axon terminals,
      which, like the TH-reactive processes, were narrowly confined to the outermost
      stratum of the inner plexiform layer, indicate that they are recently described
      giant bistratified bipolar cells. The identification of this bipolar cell input
      now provides evidence for a pathway from the outer plexiform layer to
      dopaminergic amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer via a type of cone
      bipolar cell.

PMID- 2887641
TI  - Phase I trial of taxol given as a 24-hour infusion every 21 days: responses
      observed in metastatic melanoma.
AB  - Taxol, a plant product, has significant activity against certain rodent and human
      xenograft tumors. It promotes microtubule assembly in vitro, in contrast to vinca
      alkaloids, which inhibit assembly. In this phase I study, taxol was administered
      as a 24-hour continuous intravenous (IV) infusion in 65 courses to 26 patients. A
      premedication regimen of dexamethasone, cimetidine, and diphenhydramine was used
      to prevent the acute hypersensitivity reactions observed in previous studies of
      taxol. Only one episode of mild stridor occurred in this study. Peripheral
      neuropathy was the dose-limiting toxicity and was observed in 40% of patients
      treated at a dose of 250 mg/m2. Significant neutropenia of brief duration was
      also common. Pharmacokinetic studies by a high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) method demonstrated that drug plasma concentrations increased during the
      24-hour infusion and then declined rapidly. Peak plasma concentrations correlated
      with dose, and less than 5% of taxol was excreted in the urine. Most of the drug
      was bound to serum components. Partial responses of more than 3 months' duration
      were observed in four of 12 melanoma patients treated. The recommended phase II
      dose of taxol on this schedule is 250 mg/m2. Priority should be given to the
      study of taxol in melanoma.

PMID- 2887646
TI  - Analgesia and anesthesia in neonates.

PMID- 2887644
TI  - Spinal monoaminergic receptors mediate the antinociception produced by glutamate
      in the medullary lateral reticular nucleus.
AB  - Focal electrical stimulation and microinjection of the excitatory amino acid
      glutamate in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) both inhibit the heat-evoked
      tail flick (TF) reflex in rats. The stimulation-produced inhibition from the LRN
      has previously been demonstrated to be mediated by spinal monoaminergic
      receptors. In the present study, inhibition of responses to noxious thermal
      stimuli by glutamate microinjected into the LRN was examined and characterized;
      this study is the first to examine the spinal receptors mediating inhibition
      produced by selective activation of cell bodies in the LRN. Microinjection of
      glutamate (100 mM) into the LRN in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital
      produced a transient (less than 5 min) inhibition of the heat-evoked TF reflex,
      the magnitude of which increased with the volume of glutamate injected (100, 200,
      or 400 nl). This glutamate-produced inhibition of the TF reflex was antagonized
      by the intrathecal administration of phentolamine (30 micrograms), yohimbine (15
      and 30 micrograms), or methysergide (15 and 30 micrograms) to the level of the
      lumbar spinal cord, but was not antagonized by prazosin (30 micrograms) or
      naloxone (20 micrograms). Yohimbine (15 and 30 micrograms) administered to the
      level of the cervical spinal enlargement did not significantly alter inhibition
      of the TF reflex produced by glutamate microinjected into the LRN. Microinjection
      of glutamate (100 mM, 400 nl) into the LRN elevated TF latencies and hindpaw lick
      latencies in the hot plate test performed on conscious rats. This inhibition of
      responses to noxious thermal stimuli in conscious rats was short-lasting (less
      than 5 min), and was also attenuated by intrathecal administration of yohimbine
      (30 micrograms) or methysergide (30 micrograms), but not by prazosin (30
      micrograms) or naloxone (20 micrograms). While it has previously been established
      that cell bodies in the LRN mediate descending inhibition of spinal nociceptive
      reflexes, the present results establish that spinal alpha 2-adrenoceptors and
      serotonin receptors mediate LRN-produced antinociception and extend our
      understanding of LRN-mediated modulation of nociceptive responses integrated
      spinally and supraspinally.

PMID- 2887647
TI  - Vaccination against experimental hepatic amoebic infection--an evaluation of
      phosphatidylcholine liposomes as immunopotentiator.

PMID- 2887645
TI  - Excitatory amino acid-induced release of 3H-GABA from cultured mouse cerebral
      cortex interneurons.
AB  - A newly developed continuous superfusion model was used for studies of 3H-GABA
      release from cultured mouse cerebral cortex neurons. It was found that a series
      of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) representing all receptor subtypes evoked Ca2+-
      dependent release of 3H-GABA from the neurons. Quisqualate was the most potent
      agonist tested, with an EC50 value of 75 nM. L-Glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA), and kainate showed EC50 values of 12, 16 and 29 microM, respectively. The
      EAA-evoked 3H-GABA release could be blocked by a series of EAA antagonists. The
      highly selective NMDA antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) was
      found to block NMDA responses, whereas the nonselective antagonists cis-2,3
      piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) and gamma-D-glutamyl-aminomethyl sulphonic
      acid (GAMS) blocked responses to all agonists. NMDA responses were found to be
      sensitive to Mg+ blockade. EAA- as well as potassium-induced 3H-GABA release from
      the neurons could be detected as early as day 5 in culture. However, during the
      culture period up to 12 d, the responses to K+, quisqualate, and NMDA were
      increased. The ontogenetic development of binding sites for quisqualate, kainate,
      and NMDA in mouse cortex was studied using the radioligands 3H-alpha-amino-3
      hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasole propionate (3H-AMPA), 3H-kainate, and 3H-L
      glutamate, respectively. The development of binding sites for the different EAA
      receptor subtypes showed a good correlation with the development of neuronal 3H
      GABA release evoked by the excitatory amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2887648
TI  - Effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine and its antagonist idazoxan
      on the fetal lamb.
AB  - 1. The alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine was given by aortic injection to
      three groups of unanaesthetized fetal lambs in utero near term. One group was
      intact, the second had the brain stem transected just above the pons, and the
      third had bilateral section of the carotid sinus nerves and cervical vagi. 2.
      Clonidine had similar effects in all three groups. Electrocortical activity
      entered a high-voltage, low-frequency episode: breathing, neck and limb movements
      ceased; arterial pressure remained unchanged or increased; heart rate fell or
      remained unchanged, and the variation in both heart rate and blood pressure was
      much reduced. This state lasted 10-20 min, and was followed by a period of up to
      4 h during which the cycling of electrocortical activity was rapid and irregular.
      3. The alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan (0.5-2.0 mg I.A.) blocked all the
      actions of clonidine. When given alone it usually induced a short period of low
      voltage electrocortical activity and stimulated breathing movements. These
      effects were present in both the intact and brain-stem-transected groups, though
      the stimulation of breathing was significantly reduced by brain-stem transection.
      There were no consistent effects on heart rate or blood pressure. 4. The effects
      of clonidine on fetal heart rate and electrocortical activity were similar to
      those described in adults, but it also had inhibitory effects, not present in
      adults, on fetal breathing and somatic movements.

PMID- 2887649
TI  - A permissive role for the vagus nerves in the genesis of antro-antral reflexes in
      the anaesthetized ferret.
AB  - 1. The role of the vagus nerves in the genesis of antro-antral reflexes was
      investigated in the urethane-anaesthetized, splanchnectomized ferret. 2. Antral
      distension stimulated antral contractions with a threshold volume of 3.5 +/- 0.9
      ml (corresponding to an intra-antral pressure of 0.27 +/- 0.11 kPa) by a vagal
      dependent mechanism as indicated by the attenuated response seen during vagal
      blockade by cooling. Atropine (1 mg/kg) abolished the antral response to
      distension. 3. In vagotomized animals, close arterial infusions of acetylcholine
      at a dose sufficient to return antral motility to basal levels led to the
      reappearance of the reflex. Low-frequency electrical stimulation of the
      preganglionic vagal neurones had a similar effect. These effects were also
      abolished by atropine (1 mg/kg). 4. Hexamethonium (10-25 mg/kg) suppressed the
      potentiating effect of acetylcholine, indicating a ganglionic site of action. The
      attenuated response to antral distension seen in vagotomized animals in the
      absence of exogenous acetylcholine or electrical vagal stimulation was not
      sensitive to hexamethonium but abolished by atropine (1 mg/kg). 5. The results
      are consistent with the vagus performing a permissive role in the genesis of
      antro-antral reflexes mediated through local enteric pathways.

PMID- 2887650
TI  - [Carpipramine and opipramol poisoning with ventricular tachycardia].

PMID- 2887652
TI  - Beta receptor sensitivity testing in humans.

PMID- 2887653
TI  - Pitfalls in membrane binding sites studies in post-mortem human brain.
AB  - A number of neurotransmitter receptor sites have been characterized biochemically
      in post-mortem human brain from normal subjects and in several neurological and
      psychiatric diseases. Such studies are valid, however, only when appropriate pre
      mortem and post-mortem conditions are controlled. The effects of age, pre-mortem
      agonic conditions, drug therapy and post-mortem delay on the characteristics of
      five binding sites (alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta adrenergic receptors, 5HT-2
      serotoninergic receptors, imipramine binding sites) were studied. Age related
      changes in receptor number were found. Pre-mortem anoxia and hypovolemia had no
      influence on receptor characteristics. The drugs administered before death, in
      particular neuroleptics, were found to affect binding to some receptors in post
      mortem tissue. A post-mortem delay up to 24 hours after death had no effect on
      binding sites. Experimental strategies (single point values or saturation curves)
      were also compared.

PMID- 2887651
TI  - The mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor: structural and functional
      characterization of the carbohydrate moiety.
AB  - Mammalian beta-adrenergic receptors are glycoproteins consisting of a single
      polypeptide chain of Mr approximately 64,000. Treatment of purified [125I]
      labeled hamster lung beta-adrenergic receptor with alpha-mannosidase reveals two
      discrete populations of receptor consistent with previous studies using membrane
      bound photoaffinity-labeled receptor. Treatment of the [125I]-labeled receptor
      with endoglycosidase F results initially in the formation of a Mr approximately
      57,000 peptide which is further converted to Mr approximately 49,000 suggesting
      that there are two N-linked carbohydrate chains per receptor polypeptide.
      Exoglycosidase treatments and lectin chromatography of the [125I]-labeled
      receptor reveals the presence of two complex type carbohydrate chains
      (approximately 10% of which are fucosylated) on approximately 45% of the
      receptors. The remaining approximately 55% of the receptors appear to contain a
      mixture of carbohydrate chains (possibly high mannose, hybrid and complex type
      chains). Deglycosylation of the receptor by endoglycosidase F does not appear to
      alter the binding affinity of the receptor for a variety of beta-adrenergic
      agonists and antagonists. Moreover, the ability of control, alpha-mannosidase
      sensitive or insensitive (fractionated on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin) and
      neuraminidase, alpha-mannosidase or endoglycosidase F treated receptors to
      interact with the stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein in a
      reconstituted system were virtually identical. The deglycosylated receptor was
      also unaltered in its heat lability as well as its susceptibility to a variety of
      proteases. These findings demonstrate that the carbohydrate portion of the beta
      receptor does not contribute to determining either its specificity of ligand
      binding or coupling to the adenylate cyclase system.

PMID- 2887654
TI  - Repeat ileocolonoscopy in reactive arthritis.
AB  - Ileocolonoscopy on patients with HLA-B27 related disease, reactive arthritis and
      ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with peripheral arthritis, revealed the presence of
      inflammatory lesions in biopsy specimens from the ileum in 71 and 60% of the
      cases, respectively. A 2nd ileocolonoscopy was performed on 14 patients, 4 to 22
      months after the first. In 6 of the 7 patients in articular clinical remission,
      the inflammatory gut lesions had disappeared. The gut biopsies of the 7 patients
      with active joint disease continued to show inflammatory lesions. One of these
      patients underwent a 3rd ileocolonoscopy after having gone into clinical
      remission, possibly secondary to treatment with sulfasalazine; the histology was
      completely normal. The strong relationship between clinical articular
      inflammation and gut inflammation seems to support the hypothesis that in B27
      related diseases, repetitive exogenous triggering causing transgression of oral
      tolerance by increased gut permeability, provokes and maintains the joint
      inflammation.

PMID- 2887655
TI  - Sulfasalazine in "intractable" rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2887656
TI  - Synthesis and activity profiles of new dermorphin-(1-4) peptide analogues.
AB  - A new series of 12 dermorphin tetrapeptides, W-Tyr-D-MetO-Phe-Xaa-Y (W = H, H2NC
      = (NH); Xaa = Gly, Sar, D-Ala; Y = OH, OCH3, NH2) were prepared by traditional
      methods in solution and tested for opioid activity. In binding studies based on
      displacement of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor selective radiolabels from
      guinea pig brain membranes, the new analogues showed a negligible affinity for
      the kappa binding site and a preference for mu- over delta-receptors with an
      evident dependence on N- and/or C-terminal modifications; H-Tyr-D-MetO-Phe-Gly
      OCH3 was shown to be one of the most selective mu-receptor ligands reported to
      date. All these tetrapeptides display dose-related naloxone-reversible
      antinociceptive effects following intracerebroventricular (icv) or subcutaneous
      (sc) administrations in mice. In comparison to morphine, H-Tyr-D-MetO-Phe-Sar-NH2
      and the guanidino derivative H2NC = (NH)-Tyr-D-MetO-Phe-Gly-NH2 showed lower
      affinity for mu, delta, and kappa sites but exceptionally stronger analgesia:
      respectively they are 560 and 1550 times as potent an analgesic as morphine.
      Among analogues tested after sc administration, H-Tyr-D-MetO-Phe-Sar-NH2 and H
      Tyr-D-MetO-Phe-D-Ala-OH displayed the highest activities; they were respectively
      22 and 30 times more potent than morphine on a molar basis. These results
      indicate that N- or C-terminal modifications and substitution at position 2 or 4
      of dermorphin-(1-4) peptide do not only influence the affinity of the resulting
      analogues to opioid receptors but also may favorably alter their pharmacokinetic
      properties.

PMID- 2887657
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists/antagonists: the synthesis and structure-activity
      relationships of a series of indolin-2-yl and tetrahydroquinolin-2-yl
      imidazolines.
AB  - The synthesis and alpha 2-adrenergic activity of a series of indolin-2-yl and
      tetrahydroquinolin-2-yl imidazolines are described. The indolin-2-yl imidazoline
      4b was found to possess potent alpha 2-adrenergic agonist and antagonist
      activity. The modification of the substituents on the indoline ring of 4b has led
      to the separation of these activities. Substitution on the aromatic ring of 4b
      with halogen or increasing the size of the N-alkyl substituent of 4b gave alpha 2
      adrenergic antagonists without agonist activity. The N-allylindoline 4d is more
      potent than idazoxan in vitro and is equipotent in vivo, but is less receptor
      selective (alpha 2 vs. alpha 1) than idazoxan. The cis-1,3-dimethylindolin-2-yl
      imidazoline 6a is an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist equal in potency to clonidine in
      vitro, while the trans-1,3-dimethylindolin-2-yl imidazoline 6b is a moderately
      potent alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist.

PMID- 2887658
TI  - Carbostyril derivatives having potent beta-adrenergic agonist properties.
AB  - Derivatives carrying a substituent in the para position of the phenyl group of 8
      hydroxy-5-[2-[(1-phenyl-2-methylprop-2-yl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl] carbostyril (10)
      were prepared and their effects on beta-adrenoceptors evaluated in vitro.
      Unsubstituted compound 10, iodo 11, amino 12, and bromoacetamido 13 derivatives
      (all racemic) bound to the receptor with 15-100-fold lower dissociation constants
      than that of (-)-isoproterenol. All the above compounds stimulated adenylate
      cyclase more potently than (-)-isoproterenol. The intrinsic activities of
      compounds 10 and 12 were equal to that of (-)-isoproterenol. The intrinsic
      activities of compounds 11 and 13 were 1.3 and 1.2 times that of (-)
      isoproterenol, respectively. Treatment of membrane preparations with
      bromoacetamido derivative 13 resulted in an irreversible loss of binding sites,
      and thus, 13 seems to be an alkylating affinity label for beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2887660
TI  - Overview of pharmacotherapy: current status and future directions.

PMID- 2887659
TI  - Charged analogues of chlorpromazine as dopamine antagonists.
AB  - Chlorpromazine (1, CPZ) is a potent dopamine antagonist that has been used widely
      as an antipsychotic agent. Since dopaminergic antagonists, like dopaminergic
      agonists, exist in solution as the charged and uncharged molecular species, it is
      not clear which form of the amine is most important for interaction with the
      dopamine receptor. Previous work from our laboratory has indicated that a variety
      of permanently charged species could replace the amine/ammonium moiety of
      dopamine and retain dopamine agonist activity. This paper describes the synthesis
      and dopamine antagonist activity of both the trimethylammonium iodide and the
      dimethylsulfonium iodide analogues of chlorpromazine. The permanently uncharged
      methyl sulfide analogue was also synthesized; however, due to its lack of aqueous
      solubility, its pharmacological activity could not be evaluated. Binding of both
      the dimethylsulfonium iodide and the trimethylammonium iodide analogues to D-2
      dopamine receptors of rat striatal tissue was observed. The observed relative
      order of binding was CPZ greater than CPZ sulfonium analogue greater than CPZ
      ammonium analogue. These compounds had a similar order of activity in
      antagonizing the apomorphine-induced inhibition of potassium-induced release of
      [3H]acetylcholine from mouse striatal slices.

PMID- 2887661
TI  - The effect of neuroleptics on cognition and diagnosis, and their influence on
      stereotypies.

PMID- 2887663
TI  - Regulation of sterol synthesis and of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
      reductase by lipoproteins in glial cells in primary culture.
AB  - Although plasma lipoproteins have been demonstrated to have a major role in
      regulating cholesterol biosynthesis in extraneural cells, no data concerning such
      regulation are available for developing brain, when cholesterol synthesis is
      especially active. Glial primary cultures derived from neonatal rat brain and by
      morphological and biochemical criteria essentially exclusively composed of
      astrocytes were utilized to examine such regulation. When the primary cultures,
      which had been maintained in 10% fetal calf serum, were placed in 10% lipoprotein
      poor serum on day 7 of culture, an induction of sterol synthesis (1.6-2.2-fold)
      and of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase-specific
      activity (1.5-2-fold) resulted after 24 hr. Addition of low-density lipoprotein
      (LDL) to the 10% lipoprotein-poor serum prevented the induction of both sterol
      synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase. However, addition of high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL) to the 10% lipoprotein-poor serum caused a 1.5-2-fold further induction of
      sterol synthesis relative to that in cultures containing 10% lipoprotein-poor
      serum alone. In contrast to the glial primary cultures, cultures of C-6 glioma
      cells responded to replacement of 10% fetal calf serum with 10% lipoprotein-poor
      serum with much more marked increases of sterol synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase.
      Although, as with the primary cultures, addition of LDL to the C-6 glioma cell
      cultures prevented the increases in sterol synthesis and reductase activity,
      addition of HDL had no effect. Thus, these results indicate that in developing
      glial cells in primary culture, cholesterol synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase are
      capable of responsiveness to both LDL and HDL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2887662
TI  - Effects of coculture on the morphology of identified raphe and substantia nigra
      neurons from the embryonic rat brain.
AB  - The substantia nigra (SN) is one of the earliest targets of the 5-HT neurons of
      the raphe nuclei (RN). To test the hypothesis that embryonic 5-HT and
      catecholamine neurons may influence the differentiation of their target cells or
      source neurons, we have produced dissociated cell cultures from embryonic day 14
      (E14) rat rhombencephalon (containing the serotonergic RN) and mesencephalon
      (containing the dopaminergic substantia nigra, SN). These cells were grown for 6
      days in vitro, either as single cultures (RN or SN) or cocultures (RN + SN).
      Effects of coculture on the morphological development of neurons immunoreactive
      (IR) for 5-HT or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied by measuring a series of
      morphological parameters related to size of the cell body and dendritic field, as
      well as to the complexity of neurites within this field, using computer-assisted
      morphometry. Increases in a number of these parameters were found in cocultures
      compared to single cultures for both types of monoamine neurons, but a greater
      number of parameters were increased for TH-IR cells, including size of the cell
      body. Although this might suggest that there was a greater effect of coculture on
      the TH-IR (dopaminergic) cells of the SN than on the 5-HT-IR cells of the RN, we
      must consider the fact that a significant population of TH-IR cells were present
      in single RN cultures, which contributed to the total population of TH-IR cells
      in cocultures. Indeed, when morphometric parameters for TH-IR cells in RN and SN
      single cultures were compared, it was found that TH-IR cells from the RN were
      generally larger and more complex than those from the SN. Therefore, an analysis
      was made of which parameters were significantly increased for TH-IR cells in
      cocultures compared to single cultures from both SN and RN. This was the case for
      two parameters: cell body size and absolute field area, indicating that these
      increases were probably due to the effects of coculture itself rather than to
      contamination by the larger and more complex TH-IR cells from the RN. It is
      impossible to ascertain, however, whether this effect was on cells from the RN,
      SN, or both. Coculture effects on 5-HT-IR cells were easier to analyze, since no
      such cells were found in single cultures of SN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2887664
TI  - Arachidonic acid inhibits uptake of glutamate and glutamine but not of GABA in
      cultured cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - The effects of arachidonic acid (20:4) on the uptake of glutamate were studied in
      primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells and were compared to cortical
      neurons and astrocytes. At a dose of 0.005 mM, the glutamate uptake was
      significantly inhibited in cerebellar granule cells. This inhibition was dose and
      time dependent. The uptake of glutamate was equally sensitive to 20:4 in primary
      cell cultures of cortical neurons, whereas the uptake in astrocytes was much less
      sensitive to 20:4. Glutamine uptake was inhibited by 20:4 in cultured cerebellar
      granule cells and cerebral cortical astrocytes but was not affected in cerebral
      cortical neurons. Furthermore, the uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid was not
      affected by 20:4 in cerebellar granule cells.

PMID- 2887665
TI  - Differential effect of mu, delta, and kappa opioid agonists on adenylate cyclase
      activity.
AB  - D-Ala2, D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) and dynorphin1-13 (Dyn1-13) inhibited striatal
      adenylate cyclase activity, both basal and dopamine-stimulated (DA), in rats and
      guinea pigs. The kappa-agonists bremazocine (BRZ), U-50,488 (trans-3,4-dicloro-N
      methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]- benzeneacetamide), and U-69,593 (5
      alpha, 7 alpha 8 beta)-(-)-N-methyl-N-(7-(1-pyrrolidinyl-1-oxaspiro (4.5)dec-8yl)
      benzeneacetamide inhibited only the basal adenylate cyclase activity, and such an
      effect was restricted to guinea pig striatum, an area known to contain a high
      density of kappa-binding sites. Moreover, BRZ was found to antagonize the
      inhibitory effect of both DADLE and Dyn1-13 in rat striatum.

PMID- 2887667
TI  - Bladder vasodilatation and release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the
      urinary bladder of the cat in response to pelvic nerve stimulation.
AB  - In the feline urinary bladder blood flow was determined by means of a direct
      blood flow measurement technique before and during pelvic nerve stimulation.
      Simultaneous sampling of venous blood from the bladder was performed, and the
      output of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was determined by means of
      radioimmunoassay. Maximal stimulation of the pelvic nerves led to a clearcut
      increase in intravesical pressure and a small but sustained increase of blood
      flow in the bladder wall. These changes were associated with a drastic increase
      in VIP output from the bladder, increasing from a control level of 0.2 fmol./min.
      to 15 fmol./min. during stimulation. The results suggest that VIP might be the
      neurotransmitter responsible for the vasodilatation in the feline urinary bladder
      in response to pelvic nerve stimulation. The discrepancy between the moderate
      blood flow increase and the pronounced increase in VIP-release might, however,
      indicate that VIP exerts its main effects elsewhere in the bladder than in the
      vascular bed, for instance the detrusor smooth muscle.

PMID- 2887668
TI  - Clostridium perfringens as the cause of death of a captive Atlantic bottlenosed
      dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).
AB  - A previously healthy captive female bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) died
      suddenly. At necropsy, Clostridium perfringens was isolated from dorsal muscle,
      blood, left heart ventricle, thoracic fluid, and abdominal fluid. An identical
      strain was recovered from pool water. A male dolphin in the same pool had
      inflicted several "rake" marks on the dorsal surface of the female. Water-borne
      bacteria probably entered these lesions which served as the focus for anaerobe
      penetration and spread.

PMID- 2887666
TI  - Adenovirus proteins associated with mRNA and hnRNA in infected HeLa cells.
AB  - The proteins that interact with cytoplasmic and nuclear polyadenylated RNA in
      adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection of HeLa cells were examined by UV-induced RNA
      protein cross-linking in intact cells. The Ad5 100-kilodalton late nonvirion
      protein (100K protein) was cross-linked to both host and viral polyadenylated
      cytoplasmic RNA (mRNA). The cross-linking of the 100K protein to mRNA appears to
      correlate with productive infection, because the protein is not cross-linked to
      mRNA in abortive infection of wild-type Ad5 in monkey cells (CV-1) even though
      normal amounts of it are produced. However, when CV-1 cells are infected with Ad5
      hr404, and Ad5 mutant which overcomes the host restriction to wild-type Ad5
      infection in these cells, the 100K protein is cross-linked to mRNA. To identify
      and obtain antibodies to RNA-contacting proteins, a mouse was immunized with
      oligo(dT)-selected cross-linked RNA-protein complexes from Ad5-infected cells and
      the serum was used for immunoblotting experiments. It was found that in addition
      to the 100K protein, the Ad5 72K DNA-binding protein is also associated with RNA
      in the infected cells. The 72K DNA-binding protein is cross-linked to
      polyadenylated nuclear RNA sequences. These findings indicate that adenovirus
      proteins interact with RNAs in the infected cell and suggest possible mechanisms
      for the effects of the virus on mRNA metabolism.

PMID- 2887669
TI  - Research on humans published in JAMA.

PMID- 2887670
TI  - Mapping the human genome raises question: which road to take?

PMID- 2887671
TI  - With current gene markers, presymptomatic diagnosis of heritable disease is still
      a family affair.

PMID- 2887672
TI  - Hemodynamic effect of bunitrolol on patients with ischemic heart disease.
      Comparison with propranolol.
AB  - Acute hemodynamic changes induced by two beta-blocking agents, bunitrolol and
      propranolol, in patients with ischemic heart disease were studied. Besides
      possessing negative chronotropic and inotropic effects which were demonstrated by
      decreased heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI) and double product (DP) of the
      heart, propranolol significantly increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR,
      12%, p less than 0.05) and the time constant of left ventricular (LV) isovolumic
      pressure fall (T, 10%, p less than 0.01). With bunitrolol, no significant changes
      were observed in indexes reflecting chronotropic and inotropic states of the
      heart, and CI and DP were essentially unchanged. Only LV systolic pressure (-5%,
      p less than 0.01), LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP, -17%, p less than 0.01) and T
      (-10%, p less than 0.05) decreased significantly. Systemic vascular resistance
      (SVR) decreased, though insignificantly. Myocardial oxygen supply-demand balance
      in the resting state was not improved by propranolol as evidenced by the fact
      that CI decreased in proportion to the decline in DP. In contrast, ischemia at
      rest was apparently improved by bunitrolol because LV wall stress decreased due
      to the reduction in LV volume which was suggested by the decline in LV systolic
      pressure and LVEDP while CI remained constant. Improvement of the time constant T
      might be strong evidence of relief from ischemia. Bunitrolol might be effective
      even in patients with overt heart failure, especially that due to ischemic heart
      disease because of its lack of negative inotropic action and its ameliorating
      effect on ischemia at rest.

PMID- 2887675
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (Korean hemorrhagic fever)].

PMID- 2887674
TI  - [A case report of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b].
AB  - A 10-year-old girl was admitted displaying a medullary thyroid carcinoma,
      accompanying neurinomas of the tongue, marfanoid habitus, megacolon, and
      scoliosis. Although her adrenal glands were found to be unremarkable on both CT
      and ultrasonogram examination an MIBG scintiscan showed a 131-1 uptake,
      suggesting the presence of medullary hyperplasia. Remarkable nodal involvement
      with invasive features witnessed in the upper mediastinum during tertiary surgery
      four years later, following a total thyroidectomy. The TCT and CEA profiling was
      not sufficient enough to predict a recurrence. At the present state there is
      difficulty in providing an early diagnosis; through node dissection, however, is
      considered to be necessary at time of primary thyroid operation in cases with MEN
      type 2b.

PMID- 2887676
TI  - [Surface marker changes in the course of adult T cell leukemia. A case report].

PMID- 2887677
TI  - [Chronic adult T-cell leukemia with T4 and T8 positive leukemic cells associated
      with central diabetes insipidus].

PMID- 2887673
TI  - Characterization of neurohormonal changes following the production of the benign
      and malignant phases of two-kidney, two-clip Goldblatt hypertension.
AB  - The neurohormonal contribution to high blood pressure was investigated in 9
      conscious two-kidney, two-clip Goldblatt (2K2C) hypertensive dogs during
      evolution of the benign and malignant phases after application of bilateral renal
      clips (BRC). Serial measurements were taken of the plasma renin activity (PRA),
      plasma angiotensin I-immunoreactivity (Ang I-ir), plasma angiotensin II-ir (Ang
      II-ir), renin substrate (RS) catecholamines [epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine
      (NE)] and vasopressin (AVP). Immediately after BRC, the elevation of the blood
      pressure (86 +/- 3 to 110 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.01) was associated with an
      increase in heart rate (93 +/- 3 to 114 +/- 9 beats/min, p less than 0.01). These
      hemodynamic changes were accompanied by increases in PRA, Ang I-ir, Ang II-ir,
      Epi, NE and AVP. The renin angiotensin system was activated throughout the 3 week
      period following BRC, as indicated by increases in PRA, Ang I-ir and Ang II-ir.
      Catecholamines were elevated immediately after BRC, followed by a return toward
      the control values. AVP underwent a slight but not significant elevation after
      BRC, which was sustained during the 3 weeks. Production of malignant hypertension
      was affected by occlusion of one of the adjustable renal clips 3 weeks after BRC.
      A marked elevation of the blood pressure was associated with significant
      increases in PRA, Ang I-ir, Ang II-ir, Epi, NE and AVP, compared with the pre
      occlusion values. In addition, pharmacologic experiments were performed in 6 of 9
      dogs. Administration of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14225)
      reduced the blood pressure both in the benign and malignant phases of 2K2C
      renovascular hypertension, and a ganglionic blocking agent (hexamethonium) also
      decreased the blood pressure. However, a specific, vascular acting AVP antagonist
      failed to reduce the blood pressure significantly. From this study, it seems
      likely that severe renal ischemia caused by renal clipping caused the activation
      of the renin-angiotensin and the sympathetic nervous system and elevation of
      serum vasopressin. However, there are no apparent differences between the benign
      and malignant phases of renovascular hypertension, except for the marked
      elevation of neurohormone levels in malignant hypertension.

PMID- 2887678
TI  - [Adult T-cell leukemia presenting with pancytopenia followed by diabetes
      insipidus].

PMID- 2887679
TI  - Effect of neuropeptides on macrophage mediated cytotoxicity in normal donors and
      cancer patients.
AB  - The role of enkephalins, endorphins and other neuropeptides produced by the
      nervous system in the alteration of immune responsiveness is generally unknown.
      The present studies were undertaken to investigate the role of these
      neuropeptides in the modulation of cytotoxicity induced by LPS activated
      macrophages obtained from normal donors as well as breast cancer and Hodgkins
      disease patients. When the macrophages from normal donors were pretreated with
      these neuropeptides for 1 hr prior to co-culturing with target cells, macrophage
      mediated cytotoxicity was enhanced with 10(-6) M and 10(-8) M of [met]
      enkephalin, 10(-6) M of [leu]-enkephalin and 10(-6) M and 10(-12) M of alpha
      endorphin. However, when the macrophages were co-cultured with target cells in
      the presence of the neuropeptides, it was observed that 10(-6) M and 10(-12) M of
      alpha-endorphin enhanced cytotoxicity whereas no enhancement in cytotoxicity was
      observed when [met]-enkephalin or [leu]-enkephalin were added to the cultures. In
      fact, it appears that 10(-10) M of [met]-enkephalin and 10(-12) M of [leu]
      enkephalin actually suppressed macrophage mediated cytotoxicity. When the opioid
      antagonist Naloxone was incubated with the neuropeptides in the presence of the
      macrophages the enhancement of macrophage killing produced by [met]-enkephalin,
      [leu]-enkephalin or alpha-endorphin was suppressed. When the breast cancer
      patients' macrophages were pretreated with these neuropeptides, enhancement in
      cytotoxicity was observed at 10(-10) M of [met]-enkephalin, and [leu]-enkephalin
      and at 10(-8) M and 10(-12) M of alpha-endorphin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2887680
TI  - [Effects of concomitant drugs on the blood concentration of a histamine H2
      antagonist (the 3rd report)--concomitant or time lag oral administration of
      cimetidine and sucralfate].

PMID- 2887681
TI  - [Impressions on the 12th meeting of the Japanese Society of Nursing Research-
      nursing research and conceptual framework].

PMID- 2887682
TI  - Gastric acid, serum gastrin and pepsinogen I and II responses to modified sham
      feeding in tractable and intractable duodenal ulcers.
AB  - We defined duodenal ulcers (DUs) not healed within 3 months with H2-antagonists
      as "intractable", because the recurrence rate of these DUs is higher than that of
      DUs healed within the same periods, and etiological differences are suggested to
      exist among these two groups. To verify the pathophysiological differences,
      gastric analysis including modified sham-feeding (MSF) were performed in 12
      intractable, 10 tractable DUs and 5 healthy controls. By MSF stimulation, acid
      output increased in all subjects and the mean acid output of MSF amounted to
      about 60% of the tetragastrin maximum. Mean acid output of intractable DU cases
      was significantly higher than the controls in any stimulatory state and was
      different only in MSF with tractable DU. No significant changes of serum gastrin
      were recognized during MSF and both serum pepsinogen I and II are higher in DU
      cases than the control in basal state, but the two DU groups show no significant
      difference or increase by MSF or gastrin stimulation. These data suggest that
      vagal activity of intractable DUs is higher than not only healthy subjects, but
      tractable DUs and participation of gastrin in the increase of acid output by MSF
      might be denied.

PMID- 2887683
TI  - Comparison of cardiovascular effects of SGB-1534 and prazosin, selective alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonists, in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of a novel antihypertensive agent, SGB-1534, and its
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonism in the renal vasculature were investigated in
      anesthetized dogs and compared with those of prazosin. The doses of SGB-1534 (1
      100 micrograms/kg) and prazosin (3-300 micrograms/kg) were increased by a factor
      of about 3 and given i.v. in a cumulative way. SGB-1534 produced dose-dependent
      decreases in systemic (systolic, mean and diastolic) blood pressure (SBP), left
      ventricular (LV) systolic and end-diastolic pressure, and femoral vascular
      resistance, accompanied by no changes in heart rate (HR), LVdP/dt max and
      pressure-rate product. Femoral blood flow tended to increase, but the change was
      not significant. Renal blood flow and the vascular resistance remained virtually
      unchanged. Similar results were obtained with prazosin for the cardiovascular
      parameters tested except diastolic SBP and femoral vascular resistance, in which
      no significant changes occurred. SGB-1534 and prazosin dose-dependently
      attenuated renal vasoconstrictor responses to a relatively selective alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (3 or 10 micrograms) given into the renal
      artery. When the doses that attenuated the vasoconstrictor response to
      phenylephrine by 50% were compared on a weight basis, alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonistic activity of SGB-1534 was approximately 25 times more potent than
      that of prazosin in the renal vasculature of dogs. Both alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists showed a significant positive correlation between the systemic
      hypotensive effects and the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonism in the renal
      vasculature. Thus, it seems that SGB-1534, like prazosin, has a balanced effect
      decreasing afterload as well as preload and that the hypotension is mainly due to
      the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonism in the peripheral vasculatures.

PMID- 2887686
TI  - Comparison of susceptibility to phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal macrophages
      between Corynebacterium renale piliated and non-piliated clones.

PMID- 2887684
TI  - Stimulatory effect of pentobarbital and some anesthetics on gastric secretion in
      the continuously perfused stomach in rats under urethane anesthesia.
AB  - Effects of some anesthetics (pentobarbital, thiopental, alpha-chloralose and
      urethane) on gastric acid secretion were studied in the continuously perfused
      stomach in rats. Under urethane anesthesia, pentobarbital, thiopental and alpha
      chloralose showed a definite stimulation on gastric acid secretion. Pretreatment
      with atropine or hexamethonium abolished the pentobarbital-induced acid
      secretion. Pentobarbital and thiopental did not elicit acid secretion in
      bilateral truncal vagotomized rats. In spinal rats, pentobarbital also stimulated
      acid secretion, but urethane, which was subcutaneously administered, reduced
      spontaneous acid output. The present results indicated that some anesthetics
      could stimulate gastric secretion in the anesthetized rat in contrast to the
      previously described inhibitory effect in the Shay rat.

PMID- 2887685
TI  - Comparison of experimental infection in mice of Corynebacterium renale piliated
      and non-piliated clones.

PMID- 2887688
TI  - [Academic assemblies for nursing profession. International nursing conference--on
      cancer care etc].

PMID- 2887687
TI  - Mechanism of decline of natural killer cell activity in Corynebacterium parvum
      treated mice: inhibition by erythroblasts and Thy 1.2+ lymphocytes.
AB  - Injection of (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice with Corynebacterium parvum (CP), iv,
      resulted in a depression of splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity 7-17 days
      after treatment. This decline in reactivity was accompanied by an increase in
      splenic tumor-binding cells and a decrease in cytotoxic tumor-binding cells as
      evaluated in a single-cell assay. Morphologic analysis indicated that the
      increased tumor-binding cells following CP injection were due to erythroblasts
      binding to YAC-1 tumor cells. With the use of a double-fluorescent binding
      technique, nonlytic tumor-binding cells of CP-treated mice inhibited NK
      cytotoxicity of normal syngeneic mice by competing with effectors for binding to
      tumor cells. Removal of erythroblasts by hypotonic shock treatment eliminated
      this competition and significantly improved the lytic capacity of CP-treated
      mice, thus indicating that erythroblasts contributed to the suppression of NK
      activity in these mice. The presence of a second inhibitory mechanism in CP
      treated mice was found following asialo GM1 treatment or Percoll density gradient
      separation of erythroblast-depleted CP splenocytes; this inhibitory population
      was identified as Thy 1.2+ lymphocytes. Further analysis of the mechanism of
      suppression indicated that it was mediated by a soluble factor. In addition to
      the presence of suppressor cells, CP-treated mice displayed a decrease in splenic
      large granular lymphocyte content, which may also contribute to their NK
      deficiency.

PMID- 2887689
TI  - [Academic assemblies for nursing profession. A stepboard for better nursing
      care].

PMID- 2887690
TI  - [Academic assemblies for nursing profession. My first presentation at JNA
      Academic Assembly on Pediatric Nursing].

PMID- 2887691
TI  - [Use of beta-adrenoblockers after an operation in the development of functional
      pulmonary artery stenosis].

PMID- 2887692
TI  - [Ambulatory examination of children after operations for cryptorchism].

PMID- 2887694
TI  - [A patient with Takayasu arteritis and protein C and AT III deficiency].
AB  - A 24-year-old patient was admitted to our hospital because of vertigo, coldness
      and exercise-dependent pain in the left arm. She reported to have suffered from
      tuberculosis of the lung and a non-A-non-B hepatitis five years ago. Angiography
      of the aorta thoracica revealed a complete obstruction of the left arteria (a.)
      subclavia, stenosis of the a. carotis communis on both sides, of the a. carotis
      interna and the a. vertebralis on the left side as well as a non-detectable
      perfusion of the upper and medium segment of the left lung. ESR was elevated with
      89/128 mm n.W., a hypochromic anaemia, thrombocytosis, hypalbuminaemia, elevation
      of alpha 2 and gammaglobulins in serum as well as a reduced quick value were
      found. AT III and protein C concentrations in plasma were also decreased, whereby
      protein C activity was reduced additionally. HLA-B-51 was positive. Takayasu's
      arteriitis was diagnosed by us. High-dose treatment with corticosteroids led to a
      considerable improvement of the clinical status and laboratory parameters of the
      patient. As this therapy was not associated with a normalization of protein C and
      AT III concentrations in plasma, protein C and AT III deficiency could be of
      significance in the development of Takayasu's arteriitis. Until now protein C and
      AT III deficiency were not described in patients with Takayasu's arteriitis.

PMID- 2887693
TI  - Alpha 1-antitrypsin gene polymorphism related to respiratory system disease.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene
      region was studied in relation to chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) and
      pneumoconiosis. Genomic DNA of 122 studied subjects was digested with Hind III
      restriction endonuclease and hybridized with the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene probe.
      In eight patients with COAD an unusual 10-kb restriction fragment was found
      hybridizing with the probe. Three of 70 patients were homozygotes for this
      variant allele and 5 were heterozygotes, showing the presence of two fragments,
      2.7 kb and 10 kb. The presence of 10-kb restriction fragment seems to be related
      to the early development of COAD in studied subjects and therefore might be used
      as a genetic marker of the disease.

PMID- 2887695
TI  - [Endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2887696
TI  - [25th international Red Cross congress. A look from the inside].

PMID- 2887697
TI  - [Clinical aspects and therapy of drug hypersensitivity].

PMID- 2887698
TI  - Vagal release of serotonin into gut lumen and portal circulation via separate
      control mechanisms.
AB  - The mechanisms controlling vagally induced serotonin-like immunoreactivity (5
      HTLI) release into portal circulation and jejunal lumen were studied in
      individual cats. In control animals, electrical vagal nerve stimulation
      significantly enhanced both the endoluminal secretion rate of 5-HTLI and the
      release of 5-HTLI to the portal vein. The vagally induced release of 5-HTLI to
      the portal circulation was blocked by pretreatment with propranolol or
      phenoxybenzamine, or by prior removal of the superior cervical ganglia, but was
      not blocked by atropine or hexamethonium. On the contrary, the luminal secretion
      of 5-HTLI after vagal stimulation was not blocked by adrenoceptor blocking agents
      or ganglionectomy, but instead was inhibited by cholinoceptor antagonists. Thus,
      in the same experimental animal it was shown that vagally induced release of 5
      HTLI to the portal circulation was mediated by adrenoceptor mechanisms, while the
      luminal release of 5-HTLI was regulated via cholinoceptors. Based on indirect
      estimations, the apical release of 5-HT seems to be qualitatively small in
      comparison with the release into the portal circulation.

PMID- 2887699
TI  - Activity of some benzodiazepine receptor ligands with reduced sedative and muscle
      relaxant properties on stress-induced electrocorticogram arousal in sleeping
      rats.
AB  - Arousal of the electrocorticogram induced by intermittent footshocks in sleeping
      rats was originally developed to detect hypnotic compounds. A modified shortened
      protocol is described in which a 2.5-hr nonstressed control period is followed by
      drug or vehicle administration and a further 5.5-hr recording of the
      electrocorticogram in the presence of intermittent footshock. The arousal induced
      by the footshock is reversed by the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide and by agents
      that displace brain benzodiazepine binding but that do not possess the muscle
      relaxant and sedative properties of benzodiazepines (CL218872, premazepam,
      ZK91296, RU 43028, and CGS9896). Nonstressed arousal during normal waking was
      reduced to only a small extent by chlordiazepoxide or any of the other agents
      tested, suggesting that the footshock-induced arousal is sensitive to the
      anxiolytic properties of such agents.

PMID- 2887700
TI  - Histamine H1-receptor antagonist activity assessed in conscious dogs.
AB  - A simple, minimally invasive technique is described which allows assessment of
      histamine H1-receptor antagonist activity in conscious dogs. The technique is
      based on the inhibition of the tachycardia caused by intravenous administration
      of the H1-receptor agonist, 2-pyridylethylamine. The response to 2
      pyridylethylamine is dose dependent and is inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner
      by H1-receptor antagonists, such as temelastine, terfenadine, and
      chlorpheniramine. In contrast, cimetidine does not inhibit this response. This
      technique allows comparison of antagonist activity after either oral or
      intravenous administration of antagonists and also permits an assessment of the
      time course of antagonism.

PMID- 2887701
TI  - Quantitative assessment of central beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor regulation
      using CGP 20712 A.
AB  - The use of 100 nM CGP 20712 A (1-[2-((3-carbamoyl-4-hydroxy)phenoxy)ethylamino]-3
      [4-(1-methyl-4- trifluoromethyl-2-imidazolyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol
      methanesulfonate), a specific beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, in an in vitro
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding assay simplified the detection of drug-induced
      alterations in central beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor density. Injection of rats
      with DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride), a
      selective noradrenergic neurotoxin, caused an increase in neocortical and
      hippocampal beta 1-adrenoceptor density. Subchronic infusion of desipramine, a
      noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, effected a decrease in neocortical and
      hippocampal beta 1-adrenoceptor density. Subchronic infusion of clenbuterol, a
      centrally acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist, appeared to decrease striatal beta 2
      adrenoceptor density. The results are discussed in terms of the quantitation and
      regulation of central beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2887702
TI  - Computerized evaluation of Valsalva's Maneuver before and during alpha
      adrenoceptor blockade with alfuzosin.
AB  - Methodological differences exist in the evaluation of Valsalva's Maneuver. Linear
      and nonlinear mathematical models were described for beat-to-beat changes in
      blood pressure and R-R intervals occurring during the strain and release phases
      of Valsalva's Maneuver. This study indicated that the strain phase is linear,
      whereas the release phase is nonlinear; the release phase consists of a "lag
      phase," a "breakpoint," and an "overshoot phase." The alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, alfuzosin, reduced baroreflex-mediated tachycardia during the strain
      phase and prolonged the "time lag" and "pressure lag" during the release phase;
      the latter change was due entirely to the reduced systolic pressure that occurred
      with alfuzosin at the end of the strain phase.

PMID- 2887704
TI  - Internal mammary artery graft.

PMID- 2887705
TI  - [Perthes disease and the development of the acetabulum].

PMID- 2887706
TI  - [Results of Ender nailing in pertrochanteric fractures (analysis of 1462 cases)].

PMID- 2887703
TI  - The use of ex vivo platelet aggregation to confirm the in vivo alpha 2
      adrenoreceptor antagonist effect of idazoxan in man.
AB  - The aggregation of human platelets induced by adrenaline has been used as a test
      system to investigate the in vivo effect of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist
      idazoxan during initial intravenous studies with increasing doses. The inhibitory
      effect of idazoxan in vitro was confirmed; addition of idazoxan to platelet
      suspensions prior to adrenaline caused a competitive inhibition of the
      aggregatory response by specific antagonism of the platelet alpha 2
      adrenoreceptor. Following intravenous infusions of increasing doses of idazoxan
      to volunteers, a dose-dependent inhibition of the ex vivo aggregatory response to
      adrenaline was observed in isolated platelet suspensions compared to predose
      values. The inhibitory effects of idazoxan in vivo declined in a biphasic manner
      with a more rapid fall over the first hour. This reflects the kinetics of the
      drug in plasma and the semilogarithmic nature of the concentration-response line
      observed in vitro. Intravenous doses of 100 and 300 micrograms/kg were
      demonstrated to be effective antagonist doses of the platelet alpha 2
      adrenoreceptor in healthy volunteers.

PMID- 2887707
TI  - [Meniscus reinsertion in the surgical correction of fresh knee-joint
      instability].

PMID- 2887708
TI  - [Aseptic necrosis of the metatarsal head and results of surgical treatment].

PMID- 2887710
TI  - [Analysis of blood circulation in reimplanted fingers using a gamma camera].

PMID- 2887709
TI  - [Changing views on the surgical treatment of injuries of the cervical vertebrae].

PMID- 2887711
TI  - [The effect of induced synovitis on the blood circulation in the femur head].

PMID- 2887712
TI  - [Reconstruction of gliding surfaces of the hand].

PMID- 2887713
TI  - [Isolated transient paralysis of the musculus flexor pollicis longus following
      plate osteosynthesis of the radius].

PMID- 2887714
TI  - [The pathological plica mediopatellaris].

PMID- 2887715
TI  - [Closure of a complex facial defect using an osteomusculocutaneous flap from the
      latissimus dorsi].

PMID- 2887716
TI  - Effects of H1 blocking agents on age-related osteopenia in the mouse.
AB  - Old female B6AF1 mice were given acidified tap water, distilled water, one of
      five H1 blockers or chlorpheniramine (an H1 blocker) and trifluoperazine (a
      phenothiazine with no H1 blocking activity) in their drinking water for 5 months,
      and the effects of these agents on bone mineral metabolism were assessed by
      determining ash weights of femur, ilium and sacrum at the end of the study. In
      one experiment 24 h whole-body retention (WBR) of Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate
      (Tc 99m MDP, an indicator of bone metabolism) was measured at the beginning of
      the study and 40 days later. It was found that: promethazine and dimenhydrinate
      were the most effective of the H1 blockers in preventing age-related loss of bone
      mass; distilled water, chlorpheniramine, and chlorpheniramine plus
      trifluoperazine had no effect on the loss of bone mass; mean bone mass in the
      groups given meclizine and pyrilamine were greater than but not significantly
      different from that in the control group given acidified tap water; and only
      promethazine induced a significant reduction in the WBR of Tc 99m (the other H1
      blockers induced small but not significant reductions).

PMID- 2887718
TI  - [Usefulness of the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 in the treatment of
      gastrinoma].

PMID- 2887719
TI  - [Do we consume a lot of benzodiazepines?].

PMID- 2887717
TI  - Age-related changes of the function of T cell subsets: predominant defect of the
      proliferative response in CD8 positive T cell subset in aged persons.
AB  - The proportion of CD8 positive cells in the peripheral blood AET-rosette forming
      T cells from aged persons was significantly reduced than that from young persons.
      The difference in the proportion between aged and young groups became more
      significant after proliferative response to a mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or
      a specific antigen tuberculin active peptide (TAP). The purified macrophage
      deprived T cells (Twp), CD4 (T4) positive cells or CD8 positive cells were
      prepared from aged or young persons. These cell preparations lost proliferative
      response to PHA or TAP but showed marked proliferative response to the combined
      stimulation to 1 microM of ionomycin and 1 nM of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
      (PMA) at usual culture cell density (2.5 X 10(5)/ml). Proliferative responses of
      these cell preparations to the combined stimulation were significantly reduced in
      the aged than those in the young and the magnitude of the difference in the
      proliferative responses between aged and young groups was more pronounced in CD8
      positive cell population than in CD4 positive cell population. Although the cell
      preparations were relatively independent of exogenous IL-2 for the proliferative
      response to the combined stimulation of ionomycin and PMA at usual culture cell
      density, they needed exogenous IL-2 for sustained proliferation at lower culture
      cell density (5 X 10(3)/ml). These IL-2-dependent proliferative responses to the
      combined stimulation in the aged were significantly lower than those in the young
      and again the difference in the proliferative magnitude between aged and young
      groups was greater in CD8 positive population. The mechanism(s) of age-related
      change of the proportion and proliferative ability of T subsets were discussed.

PMID- 2887720
TI  - Treatment of essential hypertension today. The role of beta blockers, calcium
      antagonists, and ACE inhibitors.
AB  - The greater sensitivity of echocardiography than electrocardiography has revealed
      left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to occur in a significant minority of patients
      with systemic hypertension, with the exact prevalence dependent both on how a
      population is selected and on the sex. race, and possibly age composition of its
      members. LVH is more closely related to blood pressure recorded in the patient's
      natural setting during normal activity or exercise--whether measured by portable
      recorder or home manometer--than to blood pressure measured by the physician. A
      subgroup of patients with mild essential hypertension exhibit high cardiac output
      and evidence of supernormal myocardial contractility in the absence of LVH;
      whereas amongst patients with more sustained hypertension, LVH may be either
      concentric (associated with high ejection fractions) or eccentric (associated
      with abnormal responses to exercise). Recent data indicate that echocardiographic
      detection of LVH identifies mildly hypertensive patients at significant risk, a
      finding that may aid identification of patients for drug treatment.

PMID- 2887721
TI  - The adrenergic inhibitors.
AB  - Although most of the centrally and peripherally-acting adrenergic inhibitors have
      been available for several years, they continue to contribute importantly to
      antihypertensive therapy. There are remarkably few contraindications to their
      use. They are useful in hypertension of all grades of severity, and are also
      valuable in complicated forms of hypertension, such as those associated with
      renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive lung disease.
      They can produce some fairly predictable side effects in patients, but generally
      do not cause significant metabolic changes. These drugs also seem to be tolerated
      well by physically active patients. They appear to have desirable effects on
      cardiac structure. In general, the adrenergic inhibitors cause regression of a
      left ventricular hypertrophy, which may well be a valuable property, especially
      in older hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2887722
TI  - [Postoperative respiratory failure after parenteral administration of
      analgesics].

PMID- 2887723
TI  - Controlled trial of social work in childhood chronic illness.
AB  - Children with chronic illnesses have a doubled risk of becoming psychosocially
      maladjusted, and social-work support and counselling are commonly used to reduce
      this secondary morbidity. A randomised controlled trial of this type of
      intervention was conducted in 345 children with chronic physical disorders cared
      for in eleven specialty clinics at a children's hospital. Four months after a six
      month period of social-work services, no significant difference was found between
      social-work and control groups in overall prevalence of maladjustment. There was
      no evidence to support a preventive or therapeutic effect of social work on child
      behaviour disorder or social dysfunction on the principal outcome measure, the
      Child Behaviour Checklist. Nor was there any detectable effect on child self
      esteem, on maternal psychological function, or on the impact of the child's
      illness on the family. Furthermore, no patient subgroup could be shown to benefit
      from the intervention, and restriction of the analysis to individuals who
      received the intervention did not alter the results.

PMID- 2887724
TI  - Intrauterine growth retardation: prediction of perinatal distress by Doppler
      ultrasound.
AB  - To investigate the ability of umbilical artery Doppler findings to identify true
      cases at risk of fetal distress among 51 pregnancies clinically judged to be
      compromised by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) Doppler data were related
      to pregnancy outcome, which was classified into three groups-group 1, healthy
      babies with normal placental function (16 fetuses), group 2, fetuses with
      definite signs of placental failure (30), and group 3, non-classifiable
      pregnancies (5). Group 2 was subdivided into 2A, placental failure with manifest
      perinatal distress (19), and 2B, placental failure without perinatal distress
      (11). All 19 compromised and distressed fetuses (group 2A) had extremely
      pathological Doppler findings, even several weeks before fetal distress became
      apparent by cardiotocography. The Doppler findings in the 11 small-for-dates
      fetuses without perinatal distress (group 2B) were inconsistently normal or
      slightly pathological. All 16 normal infants (group 1) had normal antenatal
      Doppler data. The Doppler technique thus allows accurate and early recognition of
      those fetuses who will become distressed perinatally. It also helps to identify
      which fetuses clinically suspected of IUGR have an adequate placental
      circulation.

PMID- 2887725
TI  - Plasmid-mediated resistance to nalidixic acid in Shigella dysenteriae type 1.
AB  - In an epidemic of shigellosis in southern Bangladesh the causal organism,
      Shigella dysenteriae type 1, was resistant to nalidixic acid as well as to co
      trimoxazole (trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole) and ampicillin. The genes coding for
      resistance to nalidixic acid, but not those coding for resistance to co
      trimoxazole or ampicillin, are located on a conjugative 20 megadalton plasmid.
      This epidemic is of particular importance because of the resistance to nalidixic
      acid, an antibiotic to which shigellae are seldom resistant, and because plasmids
      were previously thought not to mediate resistance to nalidixic acid.

PMID- 2887726
TI  - Double-blind trial of yohimbine in treatment of psychogenic impotence.
AB  - 48 subjects meeting strict diagnostic criteria for psychogenic impotence took
      part in a 10 week placebo-controlled, double-blind, partial crossover trial of
      yohimbine (18 mg a day) for restoring erectile function. At the end of the first
      arm of the trial 62% of the yohimbine group and 16% of the placebo group reported
      some improvement in sexual function (chi 2 = 10.41, df = 2, p less than 0.05).
      21% of the originally placebo-treated group noticed some improvement over pre
      treatment levels when they were put on yohimbine in the second arm of the trial.
      Overall 46% of those who received yohimbine reported a positive response to the
      drug, a response rate very similar to that observed in a previous study of
      patients with organic impotence. Response to yohimbine thus seems to be unrelated
      to current groupings of the cause of impotence. Yohimbine is a safe treatment for
      psychogenic impotence that seems to be as effective as sex and marital therapy
      for restoring satisfactory sexual functioning.

PMID- 2887727
TI  - Preimplantation diagnosis of deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl
      transferase in a mouse model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
AB  - Male mice embryos deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT),
      derived from heterozygous (carrier) females and normal males, were diagnosed by
      biochemical microassay of HPRT activity in a single cell isolated from the eight
      cell preimplantation embryo. The sampled embryos were transferred to recipient
      mothers and examined on the 14th day of gestation to confirm the accuracy of the
      preimplantation diagnosis. The diagnosis was sufficiently rapid that freezing of
      the embryos before transfer was not necessary. Of the embryos diagnosed as HPRT
      negative all 4 that grew into fetuses were correctly identified as HPRT-deficient
      males.

PMID- 2887728
TI  - Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13: a possible association.
AB  - Pregnancies of fourteen women who gave birth to babies with trisomy 13 were
      studied retrospectively for evidence of pre-eclampsia, with twenty-eight controls
      matched for age and parity. Of the five nulliparous women who subsequently gave
      birth to a baby with trisomy 13 all had had severe pre-eclampsia, compared with
      none of the control group. The records of eleven women whose first babies had had
      trisomy 18 (four) or trisomy 21 (seven) were also studied with appropriate
      controls and none of these pregnancies had been complicated by pre-eclampsia.
      Development of pre-eclampsia may be influenced by a gene or genes on fetal
      chromosome 13.

PMID- 2887729
TI  - Reye's syndrome and aspirin: epidemiological associations and inborn errors of
      metabolism.

PMID- 2887731
TI  - Speech with a cuffed tracheostomy tube.

PMID- 2887730
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound--a marriage of inconvenience?

PMID- 2887732
TI  - What happens to the left ventricle during PTCA?

PMID- 2887734
TI  - Renal transplantation in children.

PMID- 2887733
TI  - Prediction of cardiac risk in non-cardiac surgical patients.

PMID- 2887735
TI  - A role for insulin in the aetiology and course of hypertension?
AB  - It is proposed that abnormalities of glucose and insulin metabolism have a role
      in both the aetiology and the clinical course of hypertension. There is
      resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in patients with hypertension,
      which is associated with glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia.
      Hyperinsulinaemia could contribute to hypertension by stimulating the activity of
      the sympathetic nervous system and kidney sodium and volume reabsorption. Glucose
      intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia have been identified as risk factors for
      coronary artery disease, and their presence may help explain why the frequency of
      this disease has not been reduced by treatment of hypertension. The fact that
      several antihypertensive drugs deleteriously affect glucose, insulin, and lipid
      metabolism makes it even more important to consider these factors in the
      treatment of high blood pressure.

PMID- 2887736
TI  - Failure of percutaneous liver biopsy: anatomical variation.
AB  - Anatomical variation may result in failure to obtain hepatic tissue at liver
      biopsy. A patient is reported in whom routine liver biopsy was unsuccessful.
      Subsequent computed tomography (CT) showed that the right lobe of the liver was
      partially deficient anteriorly and that the biopsy had caused an intraabdominal
      haematoma. A technically successful biopsy was subsequently carried out under
      radiological (CT) guidance. Variations in hepatic anatomy are considered and some
      conclusions are offered which may both improve the success rate and further
      reduce the morbidity of routine percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver.

PMID- 2887737
TI  - How psychiatric disorders are missed during medical consultations.
AB  - There is a strong correlation between patients' scores on a psychiatric screening
      questionnaire and the number of cues indicative of psychological disturbance that
      patients give during the medical interview. Verbal cues have the strongest
      correlation with psychological distress as measured by the questionnaire, but
      movement cues and postural cues are also important. The reason why some doctors
      are better able than others to detect psychiatric illness is that they are more
      likely to allow patients to express verbal and vocal cues.

PMID- 2887738
TI  - Cost-benefit analysis of hepatitis-B vaccination.
AB  - Since 1983 the Belgian insurance Fund for Occupational Disease (FOD) has refunded
      the cost of hepatitis-B (HB) vaccination. Vaccination has been carried out by
      occupational physicians selectively on staff in hospitals and medical-care
      institutions. At the end of 1986, 40,000 people at high risk of HBV infection had
      been vaccinated. The vaccination costs are largely offset by the benefits
      resulting from the striking fall in the number of HB cases. The financial
      investment has proved economically beneficial for the insurance fund.

PMID- 2887739
TI  - Ozone depletion and cancer risk.

PMID- 2887740
TI  - Sleep apnoea patients have more automobile accidents.

PMID- 2887741
TI  - Do we need new growth charts?

PMID- 2887742
TI  - Extracorporeal lithotripsy of gallstones.

PMID- 2887745
TI  - Worldwide variation in use of chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2887744
TI  - Enzyme-based chloramphenicol estimation.

PMID- 2887743
TI  - Prognostic relevance of tumour-cell growth fraction in malignant non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas.

PMID- 2887746
TI  - AIDS and drugs: balancing risk and benefits.

PMID- 2887747
TI  - Monitoring cocaine epidemics in Barcelona.

PMID- 2887748
TI  - Psychosis and violence in cocaine smokers.

PMID- 2887749
TI  - Prescribing for drug addicts.

PMID- 2887750
TI  - Serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis in The Gambia.

PMID- 2887751
TI  - Regional findings in Metsovo lung.

PMID- 2887752
TI  - Licensed fish-oil concentrate versus cod-liver oil.

PMID- 2887753
TI  - DNA typing of genital warts and diagnosis of sexual abuse of children.

PMID- 2887754
TI  - Combination of human fibroblast and immune interferon in chronic active hepatitis
      B.

PMID- 2887755
TI  - Effect of activated charcoal on hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2887756
TI  - HBV/HDV coinfection.

PMID- 2887757
TI  - Postoperative cardiac death.

PMID- 2887758
TI  - Aluminium-related bone disease and haemodialysis.

PMID- 2887759
TI  - Second malignancies and Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2887760
TI  - Immunisation strategy.

PMID- 2887761
TI  - Skull radiographs after head injury.

PMID- 2887762
TI  - Cigarette tar reduction.

PMID- 2887763
TI  - Nicotine chewing-gum.

PMID- 2887764
TI  - Smoking at work.

PMID- 2887765
TI  - AIDS, epidemiology, and Africa.

PMID- 2887766
TI  - AIDS and the African traditional healer.

PMID- 2887767
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus isolated from amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2887768
TI  - Serum thymidine kinase in AIDS patients treated with zidovudine.

PMID- 2887769
TI  - Coagulation factors and the progress of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2887770
TI  - Fibrinolysis and recurrence of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2887771
TI  - Relief food and vitamin C deficiency.

PMID- 2887773
TI  - Improving postgraduate and continuing education.

PMID- 2887772
TI  - Flumazenil and benzodiazepine withdrawal.

PMID- 2887774
TI  - Liver transplantation in hepatitis delta virus disease.
AB  - Seven patients with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) cirrhosis underwent liver
      transplantation. In every case the HDV infection was florid but accompanied by an
      inactive hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The patients were given anti-HB
      surface antigen (HBsAg) serum globulins and HBV vaccine. Two patients cleared the
      HBsAg and the HDV, and are alive and well 14 and 15 months, respectively, after
      transplantation. HDV infection recurred in the other five patients: hepatitis
      developed in three, another died, and the fifth was re-transplanted for causes
      unrelated to viral hepatitis (reinfection was shown by the presence of HD antigen
      in the graft). Liver transplantation is feasible in patients with HDV disease but
      involves a high risk of HDV reinfection that cannot be predicted by the
      virological pattern of the native HBV infection or prevented by conventional HBV
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 2887775
TI  - Misuse of intravenous verapamil in patients with ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Intravenous verapamil is effective in the acute termination of supraventricular
      tachycardia but is also used for broad-complex tachycardia when the diagnosis is
      uncertain. This study analysed the responses to verapamil in 57 episodes of
      ventricular tachycardia, incorrectly diagnosed as supraventricular tachycardia,
      in 32 patients. Diagnostic electrocardiographic features of ventricular
      tachycardia were present in 81% of episodes. Intravenous verapamil (mean dose 9.8
      mg) failed to terminate the tachycardia in 45 episodes (79%). 2 patients
      sustained cardiac arrest after verapamil (1 ventricular fibrillation, 1
      asystole), and in 22 episodes severe hypotension occurred. At least one serious
      adverse effect occurred in 19 patients (59%). Sinus rhythm was restored after
      verapamil on 10 occasions in 6 patients. Verapamil is ineffective and potentially
      hazardous in most patients with ventricular tachycardia. It should not be used to
      treat broad-complex tachycardia unless a supraventricular origin has been
      established.

PMID- 2887776
TI  - Successful treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type I by combined hepatic and
      renal transplantation.
AB  - A patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (hepatic peroxisomal
      alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.44] deficiency) was successfully
      treated by combined hepatic and renal transplantation. The metabolic lesion was
      corrected by replacement of the deficient hepatic enzyme activity.

PMID- 2887777
TI  - Abnormal vagal function in irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - Alimentary and cardiac autonomic nervous function was assessed in 25 patients
      with the irritable bowel syndrome. The vagally mediated increase in lower
      oesophageal sphincter pressure induced by abdominal compression was below that of
      25 controls in 13 patients. Efferent vagal function, assessed by the ratio of
      peak acid output after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia to maximal acid output after
      pentagastrin, was subnormal in 7 of 23 patients. Pulse rate variability with deep
      respiration was subnormal in 6 of 23 patients. Abnormality in these tests did not
      correlate closely with the presence of oesophagitis at endoscopy or with that of
      gastro-oesophageal reflux on pH monitoring. Thus abnormalities in autonomic
      nervous reflexes might account for the frequent occurrence of gastro-oesophageal
      reflux and may be involved in the production of disordered gastrointestinal
      motility in irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2887778
TI  - A case of disputed maternity.
AB  - It has been alleged that two Gujarati Muslim boys are not the sons of the woman
      who brought them to the United Kingdom, claiming them to be her sons. The father
      has recently died, but blood samples from the mother and her four daughters
      (whose parentage is not in doubt) allowed the paternal genotype to be deduced.
      Samples were tested for 9 blood-group systems (12 gene loci), 9 red-cell-enzyme
      systems, 6 serum protein types, 2 HLA loci, and 5 X-chromosome probes. There was
      no evidence of non-maternity of the two boys in any of these systems. The odds
      that the woman who claims to be the boys' mother, rather than any random Gujarati
      Muslim woman, is indeed the mother of the older boy are fourteen million to one,
      and that she is the mother of the younger boy five million to one.

PMID- 2887779
TI  - Aerosolised pentamidine as sole therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in
      patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - 15 patients with first episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were treated with only aerosolised
      pentamidine, which they inhaled for 20 minutes every day for 21 days. 13 of the
      15 responded to therapy. Mean PaO2 (mm Hg) and vital capacity (% predicted) were
      67.9 and 50.8 before therapy and 80.1 and 67.9 after therapy in patients
      successfully treated. No systemic side-effects occurred and serum pentamidine
      concentrations were low in all patients. The only local adverse reaction was
      cough in 12 patients. Aerosolised pentamidine may be an effective non-toxic
      treatment for P carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 2887781
TI  - Poverty, malnutrition, and world food supplies.

PMID- 2887780
TI  - Microscopic split-skin grafts: a new technique for 30-fold expansion.
AB  - Split skin was diced into 200 microns squares for use as a graft for large
      granulating wounds in pigs. "Diced" skin expanded 26-fold to give healing rates
      virtually identical with those obtainable with meshed split skin, despite a ten
      fold difference in the area of donor skin used. The technique has been
      successfully applied in five patients with venous ulcers and seems to be a simple
      alternative to tissue culture for grafting extensive wounds.

PMID- 2887782
TI  - Oral anticoagulant control.

PMID- 2887783
TI  - Neonatal lupus syndrome.

PMID- 2887784
TI  - Platelet transfusion therapy.

PMID- 2887785
TI  - In praise of embonpoint.

PMID- 2887786
TI  - The syndrome of disappearing intrahepatic bile ducts.
AB  - Diseases with disappearing intrahepatic bile ducts may be developmental,
      immunological, infective, vascular, or chemical in origin. The immunological
      group includes primary biliary cirrhosis, graft-versus-host disease, and
      sarcoidosis. HLA class 2 antigens are displayed on the bileducts and recognition
      of biliary antigens by cytotoxic T-cells leads to destruction of interlobular
      ducts. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with immunological features,
      but the hepatic histology is not that of immunological duct disease. The
      association with immunodeficiency syndromes, and the finding that secondary
      sclerosing cholangitis may occur in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome who are infected with cytomegalovirus, suggest that primary sclerosing
      cholangitis might be infective in origin. In bacterial cholangitis there is
      contiguity between the biliary system and the intestinal tract and usually, but
      not necessarily, partial biliary obstruction. Interference with the hepatic
      arterial supply to the bileducts leads to vascular cholangitis. Chemical
      cholangitis follows injection of scolicidal agents into the biliary tree.
      Diseases with disappearing bileducts have a long natural history and
      hepatocellular failure occurs late. In the late stages hepatic transplantation
      gives good results.

PMID- 2887787
TI  - Enteritis necroticans among Khmer children at an evacuation site in Thailand.
AB  - A severe illness characterised by bloody diarrhoea and intestinal dysfunction was
      recognised at an evacuation site on the Thai-Kampuchean border. From June, 1985,
      to July, 1986, the illness occurred in 62 Khmer children aged 10 months to 10
      years (mean 4 years); it was characterised by bloody diarrhoea (94%), fever
      (90%), and abdominal pain (78%). The overall mortality rate was 58%. Among 16
      children who died and underwent necropsy, small-intestinal necrosis of varying
      severity was found; in 5 of these children small-intestinal lesions with areas of
      full-thickness necrosis were seen that histologically resembled those in cases of
      enteritis necroticans (pigbel) in Papua New Guinea. Beta-toxin-producing
      Clostridium perfringens type C was isolated from 2 of 23 children from whom
      specimens for anaerobic cultures were collected, and antibodies to beta toxin
      were detected in 5 of 9 survivors but not in 10 healthy, age-matched control
      children. These cases show that enteritis necroticans can cause substantial
      morbidity and mortality outside Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2887788
TI  - Mothers and babies in prison.

PMID- 2887789
TI  - Prognostic significance of atypical epithelial hyperplasia in nipple aspirates of
      breast fluid.

PMID- 2887790
TI  - Pharmacokinetic case for giving 6-mercaptopurine maintenance doses at night.

PMID- 2887791
TI  - Cyclosporin in cadaveric renal transplantation: 5-year follow-up of a multicentre
      trial.

PMID- 2887792
TI  - Exchanging kidney transplants.

PMID- 2887793
TI  - Tetracycline prophylaxis for malaria.

PMID- 2887794
TI  - Treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and cholestatic disorders with
      ursodeoxycholic acid.

PMID- 2887795
TI  - Opioid-related deaths in Barcelona 1981-86.

PMID- 2887796
TI  - Folate deficiency and demyelination in AIDS.

PMID- 2887797
TI  - Home monitoring for infantile apnoea.

PMID- 2887798
TI  - Serum osmolality in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2887799
TI  - Cervical cancer screening.

PMID- 2887800
TI  - Efficient use of cervical screening.

PMID- 2887801
TI  - Conversion from Bordetella parapertussis to B pertussis.

PMID- 2887802
TI  - Vaccinating against Japanese encephalitis.

PMID- 2887803
TI  - Poliovaccination in the Gambia.

PMID- 2887804
TI  - Methotrexate and retinoids in combination for psoriasis.

PMID- 2887805
TI  - Comparison of podophyllotoxin and podophyllin in treatment of genital warts.

PMID- 2887806
TI  - Human papillomavirus frequency in normal cervical tissue.

PMID- 2887807
TI  - Penicillamine in Indian childhood cirrhosis.

PMID- 2887808
TI  - Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2887809
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in HTLV-1 antibody positive patients.

PMID- 2887810
TI  - Warning on serum testosterone measurement.

PMID- 2887811
TI  - Selective binding of bone matrix sialoprotein to Staphylococcus aureus in
      osteomyelitis.

PMID- 2887812
TI  - Testing taste.

PMID- 2887813
TI  - Data sheet warnings about drug safety in pregnancy.

PMID- 2887815
TI  - British Nutrition Foundation.

PMID- 2887814
TI  - Product licence for Pregnative Forte F.

PMID- 2887817
TI  - Generic bioinequivalence.

PMID- 2887816
TI  - Dietary potassium.

PMID- 2887818
TI  - Month of birth and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2887819
TI  - North Karelia project.

PMID- 2887820
TI  - Echocardiography and septal thickness.

PMID- 2887821
TI  - Lowering blood pressure.

PMID- 2887822
TI  - Treatment for Pneumocystis carinii infection in leukaemia.

PMID- 2887823
TI  - HIV and health care staff.

PMID- 2887824
TI  - Role for steroids in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS.

PMID- 2887825
TI  - Langerhans cell as primary target and vehicle for transmission of HIV.

PMID- 2887826
TI  - alpha-Interferon in anti-HIV positive patients.

PMID- 2887828
TI  - Revised definition of aids.

PMID- 2887827
TI  - Interference of rheumatoid factor in competitive HIV assay.

PMID- 2887829
TI  - Transmission of HIV by human bite.

PMID- 2887830
TI  - Head-down tilt as a physiological diuretic in normal controls and in patients
      with fluid-retaining states.
AB  - The effect of the sitting, supine, supine with legs elevated 10 degrees, and 10
      degrees head-down tilt postures on renal fluid and electrolyte handling was
      investigated in 14 patients with hypoalbuminaemic fluid-retaining states and in
      14 normal individuals. Basal (sitting) urine volume, creatinine clearance, and
      urinary electrolyte levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls.
      In patients the values of these variables increased progressively from the
      sitting to the supine to the legs elevated to the head-down postures. The
      percentage rise was higher in patients than in controls, to the extent that, in
      the head-low position, only creatinine clearance values remained lower in
      patients than in controls. The head-down posture acts as a physiological
      diuretic, enhancing diuresis by improving renal function in normal individuals
      and in patients with ascites and oedema due to hypoalbuminaemia; it also corrects
      the abnormal fluid and sodium retention in these patients.

PMID- 2887831
TI  - Carcinoma-in-situ testis in patients with assumed extragonadal germ-cell tumours.
AB  - Testicular biopsies were done in 15 consecutive patients who were believed to
      have extragonadal germ-cell tumours. 8 patients (53%) had carcinoma-in-situ (CIS)
      in the gonads, although none had clinical signs of tumour. In addition, 3 of
      these patients had small areas of invasive tumour growth. Germ-cell tumours can
      only be diagnosed as being extragonadal in origin if testicular biopsy
      appearances are normal.

PMID- 2887832
TI  - Ploidy as a prognostic determinant in surgically treated lung cancer.
AB  - The usefulness of tumour ploidy as a prognostic determinant in lung cancer was
      evaluated in a group of 100 surgically treated patients. Archival paraffin
      sections of the tumours were analysed by flow cytometry. 45% of tumours were
      aneuploid and 55% were diploid. Overall, patients with aneuploid tumours had
      significantly shorter survival (p less than 0.0005) than those with diploid
      tumours. The subset of patients without nodal involvement at operation and with
      diploid tumours had a particularly long survival rate. Of these 45 patients 41
      (91%) were alive at 2 years compared with only 16 (55%) of the 29 with aneuploid
      tumours (p less than 0.05). A group with such a favourable prognosis has not
      previously been recognised except when staging is based on total mediastinal
      nodal clearance. Ploidy was found to be independent of age, sex, type of
      operation, site of primary tumour, histology, or TNM category. On Cox
      multivariate analysis ploidy was the most important and independent prognostic
      determinant. Therefore, in patients with operable lung cancer, ploidy should be
      taken into account in planning of management, in estimation of prognosis, and in
      stratification for treatment trials.

PMID- 2887833
TI  - Absence of cell surface LFA-1 as a mechanism of escape from immunosurveillance.
AB  - During studies of T-cell recognition of autologous tumour cells, a number of
      tumour cell lines derived from patients with lymphoma proved to be poor
      stimulators of both autologous and allogeneic T-cell responses. Analysis of the
      tumour cell surface molecules indicated that expression of the lymphocyte
      function-associated antigen, LFA-1, was lacking, whereas normal leucocytes from
      these patients expressed normal levels of LFA-1. Examination of other lymphoid
      tumours revealed that most high grade lymphomas, but not most low or intermediate
      grade lymphomas, do not express the LFA-1 molecule. Furthermore, in an initial
      survey, the tumours from 5 of 7 patients with non-relapsing large cell lymphomas
      expressed LFA-1 whereas only 3 of 18 patients with relapsing lymphomas had
      tumours that did so. These findings suggest that tumour cells lacking surface LFA
      1 cannot initiate an effective immune response in vivo. This lack of
      immunogenicity might contribute to escape from immunosurveillance.

PMID- 2887834
TI  - Detection of activated lymphocytes in endocrine pancreas of BB/W rats by
      injection of 123I-interleukin-2: an early sign of type 1 diabetes.
AB  - Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL2) was labelled with iodine-123 by a modified
      chloramine T method. The labelled IL2, which had a high specific activity (100
      150 microCi/microgram) and retained its capacity for binding to the IL2 receptor
      on activated lymphocytes in vitro, was injected intravenously into BB/W diabetes
      prone and normal rats. Combined immunoperoxidase staining and autoradiography of
      organ sections revealed that labelled IL2 bound specifically in vivo to IL2
      receptor-positive cells in the spleen of both normal and BB/W rats and to
      activated lymphocytes infiltrating the pancreas of BB/W rats. The severity of
      lymphocytic infiltration correlated with the degree of radioactivity in the
      pancreas of BB/W rats. Time-activity curves, generated over organs of injected
      rats after gamma camera imaging, confirmed that radioactivity was greater in the
      pancreas of diabetes-prone than in normal rats. 123I is a suitable isotope for
      gamma camera imaging, so the intravenous injection of IL2 labelled with iodine
      123 may be valuable for the in-vivo visualisation of activated lymphocytes in
      tissues infiltrated by lymphocytes.

PMID- 2887835
TI  - Pain, anaesthesia, and babies.

PMID- 2887836
TI  - Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis.

PMID- 2887837
TI  - The need for asylum for the mentally ill.

PMID- 2887838
TI  - Steroids in haemorrhagic stroke.

PMID- 2887839
TI  - Colonoscopy or barium enema as initial investigation of colonic disease.
AB  - To determine whether double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) or fibreoptic
      examination should be the first-line investigation for colonic disease 76
      consecutive patients presenting for the first time to the outpatient clinic with
      symptoms of colonic disease deemed to need a DCBE after negative rigid
      sigmoidoscopy were entered into a trial. All underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy,
      then DCBE, and finally colonoscopy. 66 patients completed the study. DCBE alone
      gave the final diagnosis in 42 (67%) and colonoscopy alone in 60 (91%) (p =
      0.0004). A combination of flexible sigmoidoscopy and DCBE led to the diagnosis in
      50 patients (76%). With DCBE alone 73% of polyps and 64% of patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease were missed. No complications arose from the
      investigations. 32 (48%) patients found DCBE distressing and 15 (23%) found
      colonoscopy uncomfortable (p = 0.004). Its high diagnostic accuracy and relative
      lack of discomfort for patients make colonoscopy the primary procedure for
      investigating patients with large bowel symptoms referred to the general surgeon.

PMID- 2887840
TI  - Induction of puberty by pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone.
AB  - 15 girls and 17 boys with delayed or arrested puberty were treated with
      gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) for a mean of 1.04 years. GnRH was
      administered subcutaneously in a pulsatile fashion at 90 min intervals, and the
      dose was increased as required to maintain progression of puberty, initially only
      at night and subsequently over 24 h. Initial GnRH dose was 1-2 micrograms per
      pulse in the girls and 2-4 micrograms per pulse in the boys. The effect of
      treatment was monitored by serial overnight gonadotropin profiles in all patients
      and with pelvic ultrasound in the girls. The clinical features, growth
      acceleration, endocrinology, and ovarian ultrasound morphology of puberty were
      those seen in normal children. Measurement of spontaneous gonadotropin
      pulsatility after treatment had been discontinued allowed the distinction between
      20 patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and 12 who had constitutional
      delay of growth and puberty. 2 girls and 6 boys did not respond to the treatment
      regimen. These findings indicate that normal puberty is GnRH dependent.

PMID- 2887841
TI  - Two outbreaks of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by a small round structured
      virus: evidence of prolonged infectivity in a food handler.
AB  - In two outbreaks of diarrhoea and vomiting that were caused by a small round
      structured virus (SRSV) that affected over 275 people, epidemiological and
      laboratory evidence showed that certain foods were the vehicles of infection and
      suggest that one of the chefs who prepared them may have been excreting this
      virus for a long time.

PMID- 2887842
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine: responder status and timing of additional booster doses.

PMID- 2887843
TI  - Intradermal hepatitis B vaccine.

PMID- 2887844
TI  - Maternal rubella: one problem in diagnosis and another in prevention.

PMID- 2887845
TI  - Epidermal-growth-factor receptors and breast cancer.

PMID- 2887846
TI  - Rubella vaccination policy.

PMID- 2887847
TI  - Epidemic rise of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2887848
TI  - Minoxidil for male-pattern baldness.

PMID- 2887849
TI  - Lymphoma in patients taking etretinate.

PMID- 2887850
TI  - Erythromycin-induced gastrointestinal effects.

PMID- 2887851
TI  - Prevention of experimental carotid artery thrombosis by magnetic vectoring of
      aspirin.

PMID- 2887852
TI  - "Incidental" neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2887854
TI  - Failure to identify heterozygotes for galactosaemia in women with premature
      ovarian failure.

PMID- 2887853
TI  - Screening for neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2887855
TI  - Cerebral infarction associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

PMID- 2887856
TI  - Tuberculin and 'multitest' skin-tests in drug abusers.

PMID- 2887857
TI  - Death associated with hyperventilation.

PMID- 2887858
TI  - Direct catheter fulguration of atrial flutter.

PMID- 2887859
TI  - Usefulness of a clinical case-definition of AIDS in East Africa.

PMID- 2887860
TI  - Imaging cerebral damage in HIV infection.

PMID- 2887861
TI  - Pancreatic lesions in AIDS.

PMID- 2887862
TI  - Possible involvement of HIV in neuropsychiatric episode in patient seronegative
      for two (or more) years.

PMID- 2887863
TI  - Circulating cytotoxic protein generated after ethanol consumption.

PMID- 2887864
TI  - Pulsed ultrasound therapy and skin blood-flow.

PMID- 2887865
TI  - Myocardial ischaemia triggers formation of thromboxane.

PMID- 2887866
TI  - Peripheral versus central intravenous lines in emergency cardiac care.

PMID- 2887867
TI  - Compulsory admission under National Assistance Act.

PMID- 2887869
TI  - AIDS, Africa, and academics.

PMID- 2887868
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus and the law.

PMID- 2887870
TI  - Guilt after abortion.

PMID- 2887872
TI  - Selective reduction in assisted pregnancies.

PMID- 2887871
TI  - Pesticides and health.

PMID- 2887873
TI  - Peripartum cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2887874
TI  - Diabetic microangiopathy and joint disorders.

PMID- 2887875
TI  - Prednisolone does not prevent post-herpetic neuralgia.

PMID- 2887876
TI  - Social-class gradients, specific cause mortality, and accuracy of diagnosis of
      cause of death.

PMID- 2887877
TI  - Lack of c-myc gene amplification in genital tumours with different HPV status.

PMID- 2887878
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal pneumonia.

PMID- 2887879
TI  - Low phosphate levels in ventilated patients.

PMID- 2887881
TI  - Blood viscosity and lowering blood pressure.

PMID- 2887880
TI  - "Central obesity" and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2887883
TI  - Dietary fibre.

PMID- 2887882
TI  - Measuring alcohol in vapours above the eye.

PMID- 2887884
TI  - Sign of the Cheshire cat.

PMID- 2887885
TI  - Reduction of stress/catecholamine-induced cardiac necrosis by beta 1-selective
      blockade.
AB  - 114 haemodynamically stable patients with acute head injury were randomised,
      double-blind, to either placebo or atenolol given intravenously (10 mg every 6 h)
      for 3 days then orally (100 mg daily) for a further 4 days. Both groups were
      equally stressed as shown by raised arterial noradrenaline levels. In patients
      receiving placebo, but not in those receiving atenolol, there was a significant
      (p less than 0.01) positive correlation between arterial noradrenaline and levels
      of the myocardial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CKMB). 30% of the placebo group
      compared with 7.4% of the atenolol group (p less than 0.05) showed CKMB levels
      greater than 3% of total creatine kinase (compatible with myocardial damage).
      CKMB levels greater than 6% of total creatine kinase (compatible with acute
      myocardial infarction) were present in 16.7% of patients receiving placebo but in
      no patients receiving atenolol (p = 0.053). Atenolol appeared to reduce
      significantly the likelihood of supraventricular tachycardia and ST-segment and T
      wave changes and prevented cardiac necrosis seen at necropsy.

PMID- 2887886
TI  - Long latency precedes overt seroconversion in sexually transmitted human
      immunodeficiency-virus infection.
AB  - Signs of latent HIV infection were sought in stored serum samples collected
      before overt seroconversion, confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA), from 9 subjects with human-immunodeficiency-virus (HIV) infection, in
      serum from 25 seronegative sexual partners of HIV-seropositive men and from 23
      other seronegative, homosexually active men. Free HIV antigen and/or low-titre
      antibodies to recombinant structural (core, env) or non-structural (3' orf, sor,
      tat) proteins were seen 6-14 months before seroconversion in all 9 subjects who
      seroconverted. Antibodies against core proteins detected by western blot were
      usually the first sign of latent HIV infection. 5 of the 25 ELISA-negative
      exposed partners have shown HIV antigenaemia and antibodies against core proteins
      for 16-34 months. By in-situ hybridisation, HIV-specific RNA was detected in
      peripheral-blood non-lymphoid mononuclear cells in some of the latently infected
      partners. All subjects with latent HIV infection had normal numbers of T4
      lymphocytes but half of them lost their in-vitro proliferative T-cell response to
      a recall antigen (purified protein derivative of tuberculin). Early HIV
      infection, characterised by a low-level and restricted antibody response towards
      HIV core and regulatory proteins, seems mainly to affect antigen-presenting
      cells.

PMID- 2887887
TI  - Prediction of cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants: prospective
      ultrasound study.
AB  - The value of regular cerebral ultrasound scanning in predicting cerebral palsy
      (CP) was assessed in very low birthweight infants. The infants were scanned
      before discharge, and their vision and hearing were assessed at age 9 months and
      neurodevelopment was assessed at 18 months. Ultrasound abnormalities, defined
      before the study, were periventricular haemorrhage (PVH), "prolonged flare"
      (echodensity persisting in the periventricular white-matter for more than 2 weeks
      without cavitating), and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). The incidence
      of these three conditions in surviving infants was 49%, 15%, and 8%,
      respectively. 158 infants survived to be discharged from hospital and 156 had
      neurodevelopmental assessment at 18 months of corrected age. All infants with PVH
      alone and confined to the lateral ventricles were normal at follow-up. The
      presence of cysts accurately predicted abnormal outcome (94%) and was highly
      specific (96%). Prolonged flare predicted adverse outcome but the accuracy (79%)
      was less good than for cystic PVL. 12 infants had CP, and 10 of these had
      ultrasound evidence of PVL. 8 of the 13 infants with cysts had spastic CP. 4 of
      these were walking independently and had mild CP. No infant with ultrasound
      evidence of a single cyst or with cysts confined to the frontal region or centrum
      semiovale had severe CP. Cysts involving the periventricular white-matter in the
      occipital region were associated with a poor prognosis. Echolucent cystic lesions
      detected by ultrasound in the neonatal period accurately predict adverse outcome,
      and if multiple and present in the occipital region, confer a very high risk of
      severe CP.

PMID- 2887890
TI  - Pseudopolycythaemia.

PMID- 2887888
TI  - Evidence of enhanced lipid peroxidation in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients
      taking phenothiazines.
AB  - Products of lipid peroxidation in the cerebrospinal fluid are found in higher
      concentrations in patients receiving phenothiazines than in control subjects
      matched for age and sex. Especially high concentrations are found in patients
      experiencing ill-effects from phenothiazine therapy. Raised concentrations of
      cerebrospinal fluid "phenanthroline copper" in these patients suggest that metal
      catalysed mechanisms may promote the lipid peroxidation. It is suggested that
      lipid-soluble antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may be useful for the prevention
      and treatment of phenothiazine side-effects.

PMID- 2887891
TI  - Memory testing: no thermometers available.

PMID- 2887889
TI  - Antifertility actions of the progesterone antagonist RU 486 include direct
      inhibition of placental hormone secretion.
AB  - the antifertility effects of the potent antiprogestin RU 486 (mifepristone)
      during early pregnancy have been attributed to its blockade of progesterone
      receptors in the endometrium. Studies in cultured syncytiotrophoblasts have
      revealed an additional action of RU 486 at the placental level, where it impairs
      the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen
      (hPL), and progesterone. RU 486 (10 nmol-10 mumol/l) attenuated the production of
      all three placental hormones, in a dose-related manner, and its effects on hCG
      and hPL were reversed by addition of exogenous progesterone. The specific
      inhibitory effects of RU 486 on placental hormone secretion indicate that its
      antifertility actions are attributable to competitive inhibition of progesterone
      action in the trophoblast as well as in the endometrium.

PMID- 2887892
TI  - Food handlers and salmonella food poisoning.

PMID- 2887893
TI  - Predictive value of exercise electrocardiogram in symptomless subjects.

PMID- 2887894
TI  - Clostridium septicum and neutropenic enterocolitis.

PMID- 2887895
TI  - Has the management of asthma improved?
AB  - Asthma morbidity and mortality are reported to be rising in the UK, despite
      increased sales of anti-asthmatic drugs. To determine whether recent advances in
      therapy have been beneficial the results of the 1970-71 and 1981-82 national
      morbidity surveys in general practice and the Department of Health and Social
      Security surveys of prescribing for 1968 to 1985 have been examined. Between 1970
      71 and 1981-82 the number of asthmatics diagnosed rose by 75%, but, for the
      average asthmatic, consultation, home visit, and outpatients referral rates fell
      significantly by 19%, 44%, and 32%, respectively. Over the same period total
      prescribing for airflow obstruction rose by 76%. The proportion of treatment
      aimed at attack prevention increased from 10.6% to 19.4%. Thus for the average
      asthmatic management has improved because fewer consultations are required.
      Increased use of inhaled topical steroids and sodium cromoglycate is probably
      responsible for this improvement. Nevertheless preventive treatment remains under
      prescribed and asthma is still underdiagnosed.

PMID- 2887896
TI  - Emergency obstetric surgery performed by nurses in Zaire.
AB  - In rural northwestern Zaire nurses at Karawa and Wasolo hospitals were trained to
      do caesarean sections, laparotomies, and supracervical hysterectomies. In Karawa
      278 of 321 caesarean sections were done by nurse-surgeons in 18 months, with two
      deaths. In Wasolo all 32 caesarean sections in 13 months were done by the nurse
      surgeons, with 1 death. Of the 37 laparotomies done in both centres, 16 were by
      nurse-surgeons, and there were two deaths. Four of the five deaths were
      attributable to protracted labour with septicaemia (1), postoperative infection
      (2), and protracted labour with no blood pressure on admission (1). Obstetric
      operations could safely be performed by specially trained nurses in rural areas
      of developing countries and the high maternal mortality rate in such areas could
      thus be reduced.

PMID- 2887897
TI  - Fate of the vascular patient after below-knee amputation.
AB  - 50 below-knee amputations were carried out in 45 patients (25 men and 20 women),
      mean (SD) age 73 (10.5) years. The mean survival time was 22(16) months after the
      operation. In each patient the healing potential of a below-knee amputation was
      determined preoperatively by segmental pressure studies and thermographic
      delineation of skin perfusion. 33 of the stumps healed by first intention, in 14
      healing was delayed but occurred without the need for further surgery, and 3
      stumps healed after local wedge excision. The initial mobilisation rate was 90%.
      Thus, there are no grounds for carrying out an initial above-knee amputation to
      save the patient a further operation.

PMID- 2887898
TI  - Aspects of violence.

PMID- 2887899
TI  - Alternative mechanism of action of "anti-oestrogens" in breast cancer.

PMID- 2887900
TI  - Omeprazole versus ranitidine in erosive oesophagitis.

PMID- 2887901
TI  - Preservation of kidney function by use of converting-enzyme inhibitors for
      control of hypertension.

PMID- 2887902
TI  - Treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with dietary fibre.

PMID- 2887904
TI  - Granulomatous hepatitis associated with Lyme disease.

PMID- 2887903
TI  - Islet amyloid polypeptide.

PMID- 2887905
TI  - Borrelia burgdorferi and Shulman syndrome.

PMID- 2887906
TI  - Reduction in toxicity of doxorubicin by liposomal entrapment.

PMID- 2887907
TI  - Decreasing risk of leukaemia during prolonged follow-up after mitobronitol
      therapy for polycythaemia vera.

PMID- 2887908
TI  - Reversible cerebellar diaschisis in focal epilepsy.

PMID- 2887909
TI  - AIDS and drug addicts in Europe.

PMID- 2887910
TI  - Remission of AIDS-associated psoriasis with zidovudine.

PMID- 2887911
TI  - Atopic eczema in HIV-seropositive haemophiliacs.

PMID- 2887912
TI  - HIV transmission from male after only two sexual contacts.

PMID- 2887914
TI  - Autoimmunity to cardiolipin in infectious mononucleosis.

PMID- 2887913
TI  - Allopurinol/N-acetylcysteine for carbon monoxide poisoning.

PMID- 2887915
TI  - Previously undescribed cause of sciatica.

PMID- 2887916
TI  - Health of gypsies/travellers.

PMID- 2887917
TI  - Long-term care and the private sector.

PMID- 2887919
TI  - Ethics of research in childhood malnutrition.

PMID- 2887918
TI  - Surgical training and overseas doctors.

PMID- 2887920
TI  - Iatrogenic subglottic stenosis leading to tracheostomy in childhood.

PMID- 2887921
TI  - Munchausen by proxy or Meadow's syndrome?

PMID- 2887922
TI  - Uveitis after hepatitis B vaccination.

PMID- 2887923
TI  - Detoxification of pertussis vaccines.

PMID- 2887924
TI  - Cryptosporidium and drinking water.

PMID- 2887925
TI  - Diabetes mellitus and low environmental magnesium levels.

PMID- 2887926
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2887927
TI  - Spiral organisms in the baboon stomach.

PMID- 2887928
TI  - Sulphasalazine and oxidant scavenging in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2887929
TI  - Clinical significance of anti-IFN-alpha antibody titres during interferon
      therapy.

PMID- 2887930
TI  - Menstrual changes in a patient treated with etretinate.

PMID- 2887931
TI  - Fish oils as medicines.

PMID- 2887932
TI  - Interaction of cyclosporin and itraconazole.

PMID- 2887933
TI  - Transient taste-loss during treatment with etidronate.

PMID- 2887934
TI  - Hypertension during high-dose ketoconazole treatment: a probable
      mineralocorticosteroid effect.

PMID- 2887935
TI  - Mydriatic response to topical naloxone in anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2887936
TI  - Diabetes in rural West Africa.

PMID- 2887937
TI  - Avoidable drug interaction, not meningitis.

PMID- 2887938
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, the c-myc oncogene, and cell regulation.

PMID- 2887939
TI  - Prognostic assessment of female fecundity.
AB  - A clomiphene citrate (CC) challenge test was used to prospectively assess future
      fertility potential in 51 women aged 35 or more with unexplained infertility.
      Baseline (day 2-3 of the menstrual cycle) and response levels (day 9-11) of
      follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), and 17-beta
      oestradiol were measured before and after administration of 100 mg clomiphene on
      days 5-9 of the menstrual cycle. Although all the women had a normal baseline
      FSH, 18 had an exaggerated FSH response of 26 mIU/ml or more (over 2 standard
      deviations above control values); this was regarded as a diminished ovarian
      reserve (DOR). In the DOR group mean response FSH was 38.9 mIU/ml (SD 13.8) and
      in 33 women with adequate ovarian reserve (AOR) it was 11.5 (4.9) mIU/ml (p less
      than 0.0001). In the DOR group 1 of 18 patients and in the AOR group 14 of 33
      (42%) conceived (p less than 0.05). It is suggested that despite apparently
      normal ovulatory cycles, the DOR group has a compromised follicular apparatus.
      Disparity between normal oestradiol secretory capacity of the granulosa and
      diminished capacity to secrete inhibin could explain the inappropriately high FSH
      levels in response to the CC challenge.

PMID- 2887940
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae type b strains of outer membrane subtypes 1 and 1c cause
      different types of invasive disease.
AB  - Of 275 consecutive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) strains isolated from
      children with invasive disease in Finland in 1985-86, 74% were of the common
      European outer membrane protein (OMP) subtype 1 and 22% were of OMP subtype 1c,
      which is usually rare. Strains of subtype 1c caused proportionately more
      meningitis and less epiglottis than did strains of subtype 1c. Furthermore,
      children with disease due to strains of subtype 1c were younger than those with
      disease due to strains of subtype 1. The significant difference in association
      between subtype and the diagnosis of epiglottitis or meningitis remained even
      when the strong influence of age was accounted for. This finding may suggest a
      true difference in the virulence between these subtypes not previously
      demonstrated for Haemophilus influenzae type b.

PMID- 2887941
TI  - Placebo-controlled comparison of captopril, atenolol, labetalol, and pindolol in
      hypertension complicated by intermittent claudication.
AB  - In a six month placebo-controlled cross-over trial twenty patients with
      hypertension and peripheral arterial disease were randomised to captopril 25 mg
      twice daily, atenolol 100 mg once daily, labetalol 200 mg twice daily, or
      pindolol 10 mg twice daily for one month. Although all treatments were equally
      effective at lowering blood pressure, pain-free and maximum walking distances on
      a treadmill were decreased by atenolol, labetalol, and pindolol, but not by
      captopril. Post-exercise calf blood flow availability was impaired by atenolol,
      labetalol, and pindolol, but not by captopril. Despite ancillary characteristics
      of cardioselectivity, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, or combination with
      alpha-blockade, beta-blockers seem to impair the lower limb circulation in such
      patients, whereas captopril seems to preserve it, possibly by maintaining the
      collateral blood supply.

PMID- 2887942
TI  - Epithelioid angiomatosis: a distinct vascular disorder in patients with the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS-related complex.
AB  - Unusual cutaneous vascular neoplasms distinct from Kaposi's sarcoma were observed
      in five patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. The cutaneous lesions were solitary or
      multiple papules and nodules. In some patients the lesions also affected internal
      organs. Histologically the neoplasms were composed of proliferating blood vessels
      and cells with epithelioid features. Immunoperoxidase studies of one lesion
      showed that the cells expressed both factor VIII antigen, a maker for endothelial
      cells, and alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin, a marker for histiocytes. In some patients
      the lesions gradually disappeared but in two they were the cause of death, in one
      case from disseminated intravascular coagulation and in the other from laryngeal
      obstruction by the tumour.

PMID- 2887943
TI  - Cholesterol oxides in Indian ghee: possible cause of unexplained high risk of
      atherosclerosis in Indian immigrant populations.
AB  - Two populations of immigrants to London and to the West Indies from the Indian
      subcontinent have higher than expected morbidity and mortality from
      atherosclerosis but do not show the commonly accepted major risk factors. This
      study investigated the hypothesis that ghee, a clarified butter product prized in
      Indian cooking, contains cholesterol oxides and could therefore be an important
      source of dietary exposure to cholesterol oxides and an explanation for the high
      atherosclerosis risk. Substantial amounts of cholesterol oxides were found in
      ghee (12.3% of sterols), but not in fresh butter, by thin-layer and high
      performance-liquid chromatography. Dietary exposure to cholesterol oxides from
      ghee may offer a logical explanation for the high frequency of atherosclerotic
      complications in these Indian populations.

PMID- 2887944
TI  - Why does antihypertensive treatment prevent stroke but not myocardial infarction?
AB  - It is proposed that differences in autoregulatory reserve and blood oxygen
      extraction potential between the coronary and cerebral circulations explain why
      antihypertensive treatment effectively protects patients against stroke but has
      failed to reduce the increased incidence of myocardial infarction associated with
      hypertension. In the brain, oxygen extraction from the blood can be increased if
      blood pressure falls below the lower limit of autoregulation. In the coronary
      circulation, however, oxygen extraction is nearly maximum at rest, and lowering
      of blood pressure by antihypertensive therapy can lead to myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2887945
TI  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PMID- 2887947
TI  - Cells, vaccines, and world health.

PMID- 2887946
TI  - Phytic acid: new doors open for a chelator.

PMID- 2887948
TI  - Sexing of female athletes.

PMID- 2887949
TI  - Colchicine myoneuropathy.

PMID- 2887950
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection and routine childhood immunisation.
AB  - Current experience with the safety and efficacy of vaccines in infected children
      and adults is reviewed to examine the basis for decisions about routine
      immunisations of children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
      No adverse reactions to inactivated vaccines have been noted, but complications
      with live vaccines have been recorded with both BCG and smallpox. Limited
      experience with live poliomyelitis and measles vaccines in HIV-infected children
      has not yet shown any severe complications from these vaccines. Theoretical
      concerns that immunisation might accelerate the course of HIV infection are not
      supported by available data. Serological response to most inactivated and live
      vaccines is reduced in HIV-infected persons, and is related to the degree of
      immunosuppression present. Preliminary evidence suggests that the severity of
      some vaccine-preventable diseases is increased in HIV-infected children. This
      review finds general support for recommendations on immunisation of HIV-infected
      children that have been developed by the World Health Organisation.

PMID- 2887952
TI  - Hepatic transplantation in Europe. First Report of the European Liver Transplant
      Registry.
AB  - At the 32 European centres where livers are transplanted the actuarial survival
      rate for 1218 patients was 44% at 1 year and 41% at 2 years. Perioperative
      mortality (30 days) was 30%. Recipients aged under 15 years had a higher survival
      rate than those aged over 15; the differences were 22% at 1 year and 32% at 2
      years. For the 97 patients who received two or more liver grafts, actuarial
      survival was 27.7% at 1 and 2 years. Two-thirds of the transplantations were done
      since 1984. Since then the best results have been obtained for biliary atresia
      (88 cases; survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years were 87%, 74%, and
      68%). Primary biliary cirrhosis was the commonest benign indication for
      transplantation, with survival of 64% at 1 and 2 years. The proportion of
      transplantations that were done for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was
      smaller after than before 1984; among transplantations done in adults after 1984,
      those done because of hepatocellular carcinoma gave the best perioperative
      survival rate (76%) but the worst 2 year survival (30.8%).

PMID- 2887953
TI  - Some observations on dowsing and the human magnetic sense.

PMID- 2887951
TI  - Blind evaluation of the effect of octreotide (SMS 201-995), a somatostatin
      analogue, on small-bowel fistula output.
AB  - In a blind crossover trial for 4 days, after at least 7 days on conventional
      treatment, 14 patients with postoperative small-bowel fistula were randomised to
      2 days on a somatostatin analogue, octreotide (SMS 201-995), followed by 2 days
      on placebo (group 1) or vice versa (group 2), after which all patients were
      treated with octreotide until the fistula closed or reoperation was deemed
      necessary. In group 2 mean fistula output was reduced from 698 ml per 24 h
      pretreatment to 246 mg per 24 h after 2 days on octreotide; output increased from
      228 ml per 24 h to 497 ml per 24 h when treatment with octreotide was interrupted
      by placebo. In 11 patients fistulae closed spontaneously in an average of 4.5
      days after continous treatment with octreotide.

PMID- 2887954
TI  - Immunisation with paternal lymphocytes in women with recurrent miscarriage.

PMID- 2887955
TI  - Person-to-person transmission of Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2887956
TI  - Antibody to Campylobacter pylori in families of index children with
      gastrointestinal illness due to C pylori.

PMID- 2887957
TI  - Long-term treatment with azathioprine abolishes thymic lymphoid follicular
      hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2887958
TI  - Typhoid vaccines.

PMID- 2887959
TI  - Laser coronary angioplasty under direct vision.

PMID- 2887960
TI  - Trends in cholecystectomy rates in the United States.

PMID- 2887961
TI  - Amodiaquine-resistant malaria in Brazil.

PMID- 2887962
TI  - Echotomographic evidence for a highly endemic focus of hydatidosis in central
      Tunisia.

PMID- 2887963
TI  - Negative inotropic effects of famotidine.

PMID- 2887964
TI  - Motoneurone disease as manifestation of pesticide toxicity.

PMID- 2887965
TI  - Pulmonary infiltrations induced by tolfenamic acid.

PMID- 2887966
TI  - Pityriasis versicolor and sunscreens containing coconut oil.

PMID- 2887967
TI  - HIV infection in polytransfused thalassaemic patients.

PMID- 2887968
TI  - Relation between elderly and AIDS patients with drug-induced Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2887969
TI  - Dihydroneopterin and CNS infections.

PMID- 2887970
TI  - Pathogenesis of haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2887971
TI  - Wind of change in the airway.

PMID- 2887972
TI  - Lactitol, lactulose, and blood ammonia.

PMID- 2887973
TI  - Cerebral oedema in diabetic ketoacidosis.

PMID- 2887974
TI  - Chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2887975
TI  - Endoscopic versus percutaneous stents for malignant jaundice.

PMID- 2887976
TI  - Maternal rubella after 18 weeks.

PMID- 2887977
TI  - Brainstem herpes virus encephalitis.

PMID- 2887978
TI  - Hepatitis B virus and glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2887979
TI  - Innervation of zygapophyseal joint synovial folds in low-back pain.

PMID- 2887980
TI  - Multiple pregnancy and assisted reproduction.

PMID- 2887981
TI  - Choroid plexus cysts and trisomy 18.

PMID- 2887982
TI  - Hypertension in the puerperium.

PMID- 2887983
TI  - Epidemic pre-eclampsia?

PMID- 2887984
TI  - Human B-lymphotropic virus in Germany.

PMID- 2887985
TI  - Loss of life from heart attacks at different ages.

PMID- 2887986
TI  - How far to lower blood pressure?

PMID- 2887987
TI  - Private treatment for drug dependence: GMC ban upheld by Privy Council.

PMID- 2887988
TI  - [Immunologic tumor markers].

PMID- 2887989
TI  - [Life-prolonging effect of surgical therapy of gastrointestinal neoplasms].

PMID- 2887990
TI  - [Development of the life-diminishing effect of bronchial, breast and stomach
      cancer 1967 to 1982 in Saarland].

PMID- 2887991
TI  - [Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma].

PMID- 2887992
TI  - [Long-term prognosis of Crohn disease].

PMID- 2887994
TI  - [Internal medicine oncology and life insurance medicine].

PMID- 2887993
TI  - [Special preventive health measures at the work site].

PMID- 2887995
TI  - Behavioral suppression following 3,4-methylenenedioxymethamphetamine.
AB  - Rotation in rats was employed as an assay of the central dopaminergic activity of
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This agent was observed to possess
      predominantly amphetamine-like actions at low doses. However, at higher doses it
      also appears to stimulate the dopamine receptor directly. Following a third dose
      of MDMA, a significant decrease in rotation was evident to this drug and to
      amphetamine, suggesting a neurotoxic or long-term suppressive action of MDMA.

PMID- 2887996
TI  - The effects of general anaesthetics on GABAergic synaptic transmission.

PMID- 2887997
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced oral movements in rats: methodological issues.
AB  - In three separate experiments groups of rats were chronically administered
      neuroleptics in a variety of ways (chronic injections, subcutaneous implants, and
      decanoate injections) and examined for oral movements (OMs) in two different
      tests: in an open cage using a human observer, or in a plexiglas tube enclosure,
      where OMs were monitored both by a human observer and computerized video analysis
      system. These two testing methods showed different effects of neuroleptic
      administration. In the open cage, OMs tended to be enhanced during chronic
      neuroleptic exposure and to rapidly subside upon drug withdrawal. The enhanced
      OMs were especially present just after drug injections, when activity levels were
      low. In the observation tube environment, however, OMs tended to be low soon
      after drug treatments, and elevated upon withdrawal. Thus, the type of behavioral
      test used determines how neuroleptic-induced increases in oral activity should be
      interpreted.

PMID- 2887998
TI  - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a possible neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2888000
TI  - Contributions to medicine from bioavailability studies.

PMID- 2887999
TI  - Modification of certain pharmacological effects of ethanol by lipophilic alpha-1
      adrenergic agonists.
AB  - The influence of four centrally-acting alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonists, namely, 2(2
      chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenylimino) imidazolidine (St 587), cirazoline, (-)
      1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-5-methylthio-2-naphthalenamine ((-)SKF 89748A) and 2
      (2-methylindazol-4-imino)imidazolidine (Sgd 101/75) on the pharmacological
      effects of ethanol was investigated. All four drugs reduced the duration of
      ethanol-induced hypnosis in C57B1/6 mice, this effect being proportional to their
      relative potencies to exert central alpha-1 agonism. In prazosin-pretreated mice,
      St 587 failed to reduce the hypnotic effect of ethanol, which provided strong
      evidence for the role of alpha-1 agonism for the hypnosis reducing effect of St
      587. Hyperactivity induced in C57B1/6 mice by a subhypnotic dose of ethanol and
      St 587 was reported earlier. In the present study, St 587, cirazoline and (-)SKF
      89748A produced similar response, but no correlation between this effect and
      ethanol hypnosis blockade could be established. Interestingly, this hyperactivity
      response was not exhibited by Swiss-Webster, BALB/c or DBA-2 mice--strains in
      which St 587 exerted little or no antagonism to ethanol-induced hypnosis. Of the
      alpha-1 agonists, only St 587 reduced the ethanol-induced hypothermia in C57B1/6
      mice. St 587 also blocked this effect of ethanol in BALB/c mice in which this
      drug failed to reduce the ethanol-induced hypnosis. It was concluded that ethanol
      induced hypothermia and hypnosis are not interrelated. None of the alpha-1
      agonists modified the pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis or the rate of elimination
      of ethanol in C57B1/6 mice. In this strain, the reduction of the duration of
      ethanol-induced hypnosis by the alpha-1 agonists is a selective and centrally
      mediated response.

PMID- 2888001
TI  - Adult T-cell lymphoma: case report.

PMID- 2888002
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl transferase: applications in forensic pathology: I: Study of blood
      serum recovered from human bodies.

PMID- 2888003
TI  - [Serum prolactin levels in chronic schizophrenics].

PMID- 2888004
TI  - [Multi-indicators in the biochemical and clinical evaluation of exposure of
      workers in the petrochemical industry. I. Preliminary epidemiologic screening
      studies].
AB  - Eleven non-routine biochemical and clinical indicators (selected of 26
      preliminarily estimated) in Petrochemical Plant workers and in controls,
      localized in an increasing distance from the Plant (3-18-40 km), have been
      measured. Even in the 3 km distance, no effects of the Petrochemical Plant have
      been found. All the exposed groups exhibited changes in enzymes GGT and TA. We
      estimate these indicators as universal. The concentration of haptoglobin (Hp)
      changed in 3 groups, whereas sialic acid and arginase--in 2 exposed groups.

PMID- 2888005
TI  - Molecular genetics of hemophilia A in man (factor VIII deficiency).

PMID- 2888007
TI  - Health law and ethics.

PMID- 2888006
TI  - Patterns of haemagglutinating activity of Escherichia coli.
AB  - MR and MS adhesins on 169 strains of Escherichia coli subjected to different
      cultural conditions were detected. Haemagglutination Test (static settling test
      in plastic microtiter trays) was used and several species of red blood cells were
      employed. The results confirm that different media can influence the expression
      of the adhesins and that using as many species of red blood cells as possible one
      can detect different adhesins.

PMID- 2888008
TI  - Successful peripheral blood stem-cell autograft with a near-critical dose of
      myeloid progenitor cells in acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia in relapse.
AB  - Rapid, complete and sustained haemopoietic reconstitution was achieved in a 69
      year-old man with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia in relapse who received an
      autograft of peripheral blood cells that were collected during very early
      remission. The patient received 1.7 X 10(8) nucleated cells/kg bodyweight
      containing 63 X 10(4) myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM)/kg bodyweight. Trilineage
      engraftment was evident in the bone marrow seven days after the graft. Normal
      neutrophil and platelet counts were attained by day 17, on which day the patient
      was discharged from hospital. He remained in complete remission three months
      after the graft with normal blood counts and bone-marrow cellularity. The rapid
      and sustained haemopoietic activity in this patient, in conjunction with our
      previous experience of four other patients who received autografts with
      peripheral blood stem cells, supports the concept we have proposed that a minimum
      CFU-GM dose of 50 X 10(4)/kg bodyweight produces complete and sustained
      engraftment. The rapid recovery minimizes aplasia-related risks and suggests that
      such autografting can be carried out safely in first remission even in older
      patients. This technique should be considered as a new therapeutic option for
      patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2888009
TI  - Treatment of acute drug abuse reactions.

PMID- 2888010
TI  - The development of a new antihistamine: astemizole.
AB  - As compared with reference antihistamines, the action of astemizole is
      characterized by several unusual properties: highly pronounced and very specific
      histamine H1 antagonism, long duration of action and absence of central and
      sedative effects.

PMID- 2888011
TI  - Bronchodilator therapy in obstructive lung disease.
AB  - In recent years the management of patients with obstructive lung disease has been
      greatly simplified by the introduction of highly selective long-acting beta
      adrenergic agonists, slow release theophylline preparations and locally active
      anticholinergic agents. The beta adrenergic compounds are the most potent and
      many feel that they should be the first line therapy for acute episodes of airway
      obstruction. Methylxanthines continue to be used effectively in chronic disease
      and the improved bloodlevel time profiles of theophylline that are now available
      from sustained-release formulations provide better control of symptoms with fewer
      side effects than was previously possible. The new anticholinergic compounds
      currently undergoing testing show great promise in selected clinical situations.

PMID- 2888012
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of nasal disease.
AB  - Rhinitis may be classified as infectious (purulent), seasonal allergic, perennial
      allergic, perennial nonallergic (vasomotor) and nasal polyps. Pharmacotherapy can
      be local or systemic. A variety of compounds are available, including alpha
      adrenergic agonists, mast cell stabilizing agents, Beta-2 agonists,
      antihistamines, cholinergic antagonists and corticosteroids. In terms of
      histamine receptors, H1 receptors predominate in the epithelium and glands but
      both H1 and H2 receptors are present in nasal blood vessels. Trigeminus-reflex
      mediated nasal secretions, can be treated by parasympatholytic drugs.

PMID- 2888013
TI  - Cell fractionation, detergent sensitivity and solubilization of Dictyostelium
      adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase.
AB  - Cell fractionation studies have been performed, in order to obtain insight into
      the subcellular distribution of Dictyostelium adenylate cyclase and guanylate
      cyclase and also to provide a starting point for further study and isolation of
      these enzymes and their regulatory components. Adenylate cyclase and cAMP
      receptors were found in the same membrane fractions, but were distributed
      different from the plasma membrane marker alkaline phosphatase. Guanylate cyclase
      was partially soluble, partially particulate. In isopycnic gradients, particulate
      guanylate cyclase was present in other fractions than cAMP receptors and
      adenylate cyclase, but in similar ones to alkaline phosphatase. These
      observations are consistent with the hypothesis that cell-surface cAMP receptors
      and adenylate cyclase interact via a membrane-bound G-protein, whereas the
      receptors activate guanylate cyclase via a cytosolic factor. The adenylate
      cyclase activity in membranes obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation was
      retained in the presence of various detergents, while with the same detergents
      the activity of particulate guanylate cyclase was lost. This adenylate cyclase
      was solubilized as assessed by gel filtration and centrifugation experiments, and
      it behaved heterogeneous in fractionation studies. In gel filtration, the major
      component eluted at a position corresponding to a Stokes radius of 4-7 nm. A
      purification of about 70-fold as compared to the cell homogenate was obtained by
      affinity chromatography of adenylate cyclase on ATP-Sepharose. We conclude that
      cell fractionation provides useful starting material for isolation and further
      study of Dictyostelium adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2888015
TI  - Identification and molecular weight of SP1 synthesized from mRNA of human
      placenta in a wheat germ cell-free system.
AB  - Poly (A+)-mRNA obtained from human term placenta using guanidine HCl and oligo
      (dT) cellulose chromatography was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system.
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the translation products
      revealed the presence of several polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from
      10 KD to 70 KD. A single protein band representing around 1% of the total
      radioactive proteins synthesized in the presence of 2.5 micrograms of mRNA was
      isolated by immunoprecipitation, using specific antiserum against either the
      native 'Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein' or a reduced and
      carboxymethylated derivative. The molecular weight of 31-2 KD of this translation
      product corresponding to the nonprocessed precursor could account for the 43 KD
      value assigned to the protein purified form human pregnant serum.

PMID- 2888014
TI  - Microdissection and microcloning of the long arm of human chromosome 7.
AB  - DNA-fragments from the region of the long arm of human chromosome 7 to which the
      CF-locus has been mapped recently were isolated by microdissection and
      microcloning. We developed a new fixation procedure resulting in inserts of 1.0
      7.0 kb in length with a mean value of 2.9 kb. Regional mapping of three clones on
      7q was carried out by the use of different hybrid cell lines containing fragments
      of human chromosome 7.

PMID- 2888016
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: cloning and characterization of actin cDNA.
AB  - In order to study gene expression in the human parasite Entamoeba histolytica, a
      cDNA library of E. histolytica strain 200:NIH was constructed using the phage
      vector lambda gt10. Three cDNA clones (A, B and C) were selected for further
      analysis. Each of the three clones hybridized to a distinct mRNA. Two of these
      mRNAs were translated in vitro after hybrid selection, and yielded distinct
      translation products. One of these mRNAs, selected by hybridization to clone A,
      encodes the most abundantly expressed protein in E. histolytica. DNA sequence
      analysis of this cDNA clone identified the DNA as that encoding actin. The
      deduced amino acid sequence of E. histolytica actin resembles both cytoplasmic
      and muscle actins and has an unusual N-terminal glycine residue. We have shown
      that a family of actin genes is present in E. histolytica. Six different E.
      histolytica actin clones were obtained from a lambda gt10 genomic library using
      subcloned cDNA probes. Southern analysis of three different E. histolytica
      strains (200:NIH, Rhaman, and HM-1:IMSS) revealed at least four different actin
      genes. Strain HM-1:IMSS, however, differs by the presence of an additional actin
      gene.

PMID- 2888017
TI  - Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical
      signs of systemic sepsis.
AB  - We conducted a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of
      early short-term, high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate in 223 patients
      with clinical signs of systemic sepsis and a normal sensorium (112 received
      glucocorticoid and 111 placebo). Patients also received antibiotics and
      intravenous fluids. Glucocorticoid or placebo was administered intravenously by a
      bolus (30 mg per kilogram of body weight over 15 minutes) followed by infusion of
      5 mg per kilogram per hour for nine hours. The average time between the diagnosis
      of sepsis and infusion was 2.8 hours. The principal end point was 14-day
      mortality, which was similar in the placebo (22 percent) and glucocorticoid (21
      percent) groups (P = 0.97). Mortality was also not significantly different
      between those receiving placebo and those receiving glucocorticoid in subgroups
      with evidence of sepsis (21 vs. 19 percent), gram-negative bacteremia (27 vs. 7
      percent), gram-positive bacteremia (18 vs. 26 percent), or all gram-negative
      infections (25 vs. 17 percent). Resolution of secondary infection within 14 days
      was significantly higher in patients receiving placebo (12 of 23) than in those
      receiving glucocorticoid (3 of 16) (P = 0.03), but mortality rates were similar
      in both treatment groups for those with unresolved infection (36 vs. 31 percent).
      We conclude that early high-dose glucocorticoid therapy does not reduce mortality
      significantly in patients with systemic sepsis who have a normal sensorium, and
      therefore should not be used as adjunctive therapy.

PMID- 2888018
TI  - Effect of intravenous streptokinase on left ventricular function and early
      survival after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In a double-blind trial of streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction, 219
      consecutive patients presenting with infarction within four hours (mean, 3.0 +/-
      0.8) of the onset of chest pain were randomly assigned to treatment with
      streptokinase (1.5 million units) or placebo, given intravenously over 30
      minutes. The primary end point of the study was left ventricular function in
      patients with first infarctions. Patients who could undergo beta-blockade also
      received intravenous propranolol. Heparin (for 48 hours) and a combination of low
      dose aspirin and dipyridamole were administered to both groups until
      cineangiography was performed at three weeks. In the patients with first
      infarctions treated with streptokinase, the left ventricular ejection fraction
      was 6 percentage points higher (streptokinase vs. placebo, 59 +/- 10.5 vs. 53 +/-
      13.5 percent; P less than 0.005), with benefit to patients with either anterior
      infarction (57 +/- 11.9 vs. 49 +/- 15.9 percent; P less than 0.05) or inferior
      infarction (60 +/- 9.1 vs. 55 +/- 11.3 percent; P less than 0.05). Left
      ventricular function was improved regardless of whether concomitant propranolol
      was given. Survival (at 30 days) was improved with streptokinase: 2 deaths
      occurred among 79 patients who received this drug, as compared with 12 deaths
      among 93 patients who received placebo (2.5 vs. 12.9 percent, P = 0.012). Rates
      of reinfarction (streptokinase vs. placebo, 3 vs. 1 percent) and requirements for
      surgery or angioplasty (7 vs. 5 percent) were similar in the two groups. We
      conclude that administration of intravenous streptokinase (1.5 million units) to
      patients with a first myocardial infarction results in improved left ventricular
      function and short-term survival.

PMID- 2888019
TI  - Preventing hemorrhage from esophageal varices.

PMID- 2888020
TI  - The genetic defect in familial Alzheimer's disease is not tightly linked to the
      amyloid beta-protein gene.
AB  - Amyloid beta-protein (AP) is a peptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 42,000
      found in the senile plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid deposits, and
      neurofibrillary tangles of patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome
      (trisomy 21). Recent molecular genetic evidence has indicated that AP is encoded
      as part of a larger protein by a gene on chromosome 21 (refs 5-7). The defect in
      the inherited autosomal dominant form of Alzheimer's disease, familial
      Alzheimer's disease (FAD), has been mapped to the same approximate region of
      chromosome 21 by genetic linkage to anonymous DNA markers, raising the
      possibility that this gene product, which could be important in the pathogenesis
      of Alzheimer's disease, is also the site of the inherited defect in FAD (ref. 5).
      We have determined the pattern of segregation of the AP gene in FAD pedigrees
      using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The detection of several
      recombination events with FAD suggests that the AP gene is not the site of the
      inherited defect underlying this disorder.

PMID- 2888021
TI  - Genetic linkage of bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis to a DNA marker on
      chromosome 22.
AB  - Bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis (BANF) is a severe autosomal dominant
      disorder involving development of multiple tumours of the nervous system
      including meningiomas, gliomas, neurofibromas and particularly bilateral acoustic
      neuromas. We have used genetic linkage analysis with DNA markers to establish
      that the defective gene causing BANF is on chromosome 22, and is therefore
      distinct from the gene for the von Recklinghausen form of neurofibromatosis,
      which maps to chromosome 17. Linked DNA markers will be particularly valuable in
      BANF, facilitating early detection of tumours and thereby permitting more
      effective surgical intervention. In view of the reported loss of genes on
      chromosome 22 in meningiomas and acoustic neuromas, the genetic localization of
      the primary BANF defect strongly supports the concept that the disease locus
      encodes a 'tumour suppressor' gene. Isolation of this gene should provide
      insights into the pathogenesis of acoustic neuromas and other nervous system
      tumours, as well as into the control of proliferation and differentiation of
      neural crest cells.

PMID- 2888022
TI  - Conformational mutations in human mitochondrial DNA.
AB  - Variation in the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence has been extensively
      analysed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). MtDNA RFLPs
      have previously been attributed to nucleotide changes within restriction
      endonuclease recognition sites or to small insertion-deletion mutations. We now
      report that RFLPs detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis can also result
      from single nucleotide substitutions which alter the mobility of small- to medium
      sized restriction fragments that incorporate the sequence. We have defined the
      mutation responsible at two loci and have identified several possible additional
      loci. When screening human mtDNAs with multiple restriction endonucleases, such
      mutations can be misidentified as insertion-deletion mutations or counted as
      multiple polymorphic restriction sites. This can lead to errors in constructing
      restriction maps and estimating sequence diversity.

PMID- 2888023
TI  - B-HT 920, B-HT 933, and B-HT 958: presynaptic effects on electrically evoked 3H
      noradrenaline release from slices of rat brain cortex and hypothalamus.
AB  - The effects of the three azepine compounds, B-HT 920 (6-allyl-2-amino-5,6,7,8
      tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo-[4,5-d]azepine), B-HT 933 [2-amino-6-ethyl-5,6,7,8
      tetrahydro-4H-oxazolo[4,5-d]azepine; azepexole] and B-HT 958 (2-amino-6-(p-chloro
      benzyl)-4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-d]a zepine) on electrically evoked
      overflow of 3H-noradrenaline were studied. Slices from parietal cortex (Cx) or
      nucleus anterior hypothalami (nah) were incubated with 3H-noradrenaline,
      superfused at 23 degrees C or 37 degrees C in the presence of the noradrenaline
      uptake inhibitor desipramine (3 mumol/l) and field stimulated at frequencies of
      0.3 or 3 Hz. At 37 degrees C/0.3 Hz, B-HT 920 and B-HT 933 concentration
      dependently decreased the evoked overflow of tritium in both regions studied,
      whereas B-HT 958 had no effect. In a second set of experiments each drug was
      tested under three additional experimental conditions, i.e. 37 degrees C/3 Hz, 23
      degrees C/0.3 Hz and 23 degrees C/3 Hz. Increasing the stimulation frequency to 3
      Hz or lowering the superfusion temperature to 23 degrees C reduced the effects of
      B-HT 920 (1 mumol/l) and B-HT 933 (10 mumol/l) as compared to the effects at 37
      degrees C/0.3 Hz. When tested at 23 degrees C/3 Hz, both drugs did not
      significantly affect the evoked overflow of tritium in the Cx or the nah. In
      contrast, B-HT 958 (10 mumol/l), caused a facilitation of evoked overflow in both
      regions when the higher stimulation frequency or the lower superfusion
      temperature was used. Its release-enhancing action was most pronounced at 23
      degrees C/3 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888024
TI  - Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on gastrin and vomiting responses to
      apomorphine.
AB  - Apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg intravenously) was given to conscious dogs, and gastrin
      levels were measured in peripheral venous blood with a radioimmunoassay.
      Apomorphine induced an increase of gastrin levels which peaked at 5 min. The
      peripheral dopamine D-2/DA2 receptor antagonist domperidone (0.2 mg/kg), but not
      halopemide (0.1-1 mg/kg) nor the D-1/DA1 receptor antagonist SCH 23,390 (0.1
      mg/kg), blocked the gastrin response to apomorphine. Both domperidone and
      halopemide, but not SCH 23,390, blocked the apomorphine-induced vomiting. These
      results suggest that apomorphine increases gastrin levels by an action at D-2/DA2
      receptors, which are situated outside the blood brain barrier and differ from the
      receptor inducing the vomiting.

PMID- 2888025
TI  - The membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle appears to modulate uptake2 of
      3H-isoprenaline.
AB  - Segments of the rabbit main pulmonary artery and of its two branches were exposed
      for 10 min to 50 nmol/l 3H-(+/-)-isoprenaline, and the accumulation of tritium in
      the tissue was determined; COMT was inhibited in all experiments. 1. The
      accumulation of the tritium label was sensitive to 3-O-methyl-isoprenaline (OMI),
      showing that this vascular smooth muscle possesses uptake2. 2. In the presence of
      0.01 to 1 mumol/l (-)-noradrenaline, the accumulation of tritium was depressed
      (in a concentration-dependent manner). This decline involved the OMI-sensitive
      accumulation of 3H-isoprenaline. 3. The presence of any one of three selective
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists (1 mumol/l prazosin, 1 mumol/l WB4101, 10
      mumol/l corynanthine) prevented the effect of 1 mumol/l (-)-noradrenaline on the
      accumulation of tritium. However, in the absence of (-)-noradrenaline, the three
      antagonists failed to affect the accumulation of tritium. 4. 10 mumol/l
      nicorandil caused the accumulation of tritium to increase. 5. As stimulation of
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors is known to result in depolarization, and as nicorandil is
      known to hyperpolarize this smooth muscle, it is concluded that the resting
      membrane potential modulates uptake2.

PMID- 2888026
TI  - Agonist binding at alpha 2-adrenoceptors of human platelets using 3H-UK-14,304:
      regulation by Gpp(NH)p and cations.
AB  - The agonist/alpha 2-adrenoceptor interactions at human platelet membranes have
      been examined in radioligand binding studies with the full agonist ligand 3H-UK
      14,304 [5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)-quinoxaline] and the antagonist ligand
      3H-yohimbine. From association kinetics of different concentrations of 3H-UK
      14,304 (0.75-8.1 nmol/l) a KD-value of 2.37 nmol/l in agreement with the high
      affinity KD-value (KDH = 1.60 +/- 0.15 nmol/l) obtained from equilibrium binding
      studies was derived. In the presence of Gpp(NH)p about 6% of specific radioligand
      binding was observed in the association reaction. Addition of Gpp(NH)p at
      equilibrium resulted in a rapid loss (t 1/2 less than 1 min) of approximately 80%
      of bound radioligand. Dissociation after addition of an excess of phentolamine
      (10 mumol/l) showed a biphasic time course independent of the radioligand
      concentration with the proportions of 1/5 of rapidly (t 1/2 less than 2 min) and
      4/5 of slowly dissociating ligand (k-1 = 0.033 +/- 0.004 min-1). Application of a
      sequential binding model resulted in KD-values from this approach also in
      agreement with KDH from equilibrium binding studies. The rank order of potency
      for different agonists and antagonists to compete for binding with 3H-UK-14,304
      indicated an alpha 2-adrenoceptor interaction: (-)adrenaline greater than or
      equal to clonidine greater than (-)noradrenaline greater than (-)isoprenaline and
      yohimbine = rauwolscine greater than phentolamine greater than prazosin greater
      than or equal to corynanthine greater than timolol respectively. The analysis of
      competition isotherms of UK-14,304 versus 3H-yohimbine (Hill-coefficient = 0.59
      +/- 0.03) showed that the agonist binds to two affinity states of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor, with high (KDH = 1.77 +/- 0.50 nmol/l) and low affinity (KDL = 71.2
      +/- 11.6 nmol/l) respectively. From these experiments a fraction of 56.9% +/-
      2.1% of the total number of alpha 2-adrenoceptors (Bmax = 198.4 +/- 8.0 fmol/mg
      of protein) in the high-affinity state was calculated. Similar results were
      obtained from 3H-UK-14,304 saturation isotherms according to a two-state binding
      model (KDH = 1.60 +/- 0.15 nmol/l; KDL = 66.2 +/- 10.7 nmol/l; BmaxH = 57.6% +/-
      2.3%). Adrenoceptor agonists competed for specific binding of 3H-UK-14,304 and 3H
      yohimbine in a manner that suggests that the 3H-UK-14,304 (approximately 3.5
      nmol/l) labeled sites represent predominantly the agonist induced or stabilized
      high-affinity state of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2888028
TI  - Reduction with age in the relaxation to beta-adrenoceptor agonists and other
      vasodilators in rat aorta.
AB  - We have examined the relaxation produced by the beta-adrenoceptor agonists
      isoprenaline and procaterol, and by sodium nitroprusside, forskolin and
      isobutylmethylxanthine in KCl (40 mmol/l)-contracted aortae from 6 week, 3 month
      and 6 month old Sprague-Dawley rats. The maximum relaxation to all agents was
      greatest in aortae from 6 week old animals. The relaxation to the beta
      adrenoceptor agonists was virtually abolished, and the relaxation to the other
      agents significantly reduced, in aortae from 3 and 6 month old animals. There
      were no significant differences in the response to any agent between aortae from
      3 and 6 month old animals, so that the changes seen occurred in maturation from 6
      week to 3 month. The reduced vasodilator response does not occur at the level of
      the beta-adrenoceptor or adenylate cyclase, since the response to sodium
      nitroprusside was also affected, but is a general reduction in the ability of the
      aorta to relax.

PMID- 2888027
TI  - Novel anxiolytics discriminate between postsynaptic serotonin receptors mediating
      different physiological responses on single neurons of the rat hippocampus.
AB  - The effects of buspirone on hippocampal pyramidal cells of the CA1 region were
      examined by means of intracellular recordings in in vitro hippocampal brain
      slices. Bath administration of buspirone elicited a long lasting
      hyperpolarization which was mediated by an increase in potassium conductance and
      resembled the hyperpolarizing component of the response to 5-HT (5
      hydroxytryptamine). Buspirone, however, failed to mimic the depolarizing action
      of 5-HT or to reduce the calcium-activated after hyperpolarization. Quantitative
      comparisons of the hyperpolarizing responses of 5-HT and buspirone revealed that
      the maximal hyperpolarization induced by buspirone was significantly smaller than
      that induced by 5-HT. Since the buspirone induced hyperpolarization was also
      accompanied by a surmountable antagonism of 5-HT responses, these results
      indicate that buspirone behaves as a partial agonist at a subpopulation of 5-HT
      receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Administration of the buspirone
      congeners gepirone and isapirone also elicited a hyperpolarization and reduced 5
      HT responses, although they lack antidopaminergic activity, indicating that the
      effects observed with buspirone are unlikely to be mediated through dopamine
      receptors. These results indicated that novel anxiolytics can discriminate
      between functional 5-HT receptors. In conjunction with previous biochemical and
      electrophysiological studies, the present results suggest that their
      administration might alter the balance of serotonergic actions on postsynaptic
      neurons.

PMID- 2888029
TI  - Presence of opioid receptors in mesencephalic nucleus dorsalis raphe concerned in
      cardiovascular regulation in cats.
AB  - The effects of microinjection of opioid receptor agonist and antagonist into
      mesencephalic nucleus dorsalis raphe, were studied on mean arterial pressure and
      heart rate to elucidate the nature and role of these opioid receptors in
      cardiovascular regulation. Microinjection of morphine (5 micrograms and 10
      micrograms) into nucleus dorsalis raphe elicited both inhibitory and excitatory
      cardiovascular responses respectively, while microinjection of opioid receptor
      antagonist, naloxone (10 micrograms) failed to produce any significant
      cardiovascular responses. However, local pretreatment with naloxone blocked both
      inhibitory and excitatory responses of graded doses of morphine. These opioid
      receptors seem to be localised in the neurons of the nucleus since microinjection
      of morphine into neural structures adjoining nucleus dorsalis raphe failed to
      induce any cardiovascular responses. Furthermore, the dose or morphine (2
      micrograms) which was ineffective when microinjected into nucleus dorsalis raphe,
      produced inhibitory cardiovascular responses after pretreatment with LM5008, a 5
      HT uptake blocker. Similarly, the excitatory cardiovascular responses of morphine
      microinjection were blocked by spinal cord transection (C1) and p-CPA,
      guanethidine and piperoxan pretreatments, while bilateral cervical vagotomy
      failed to do so. Thus, it is likely that the inhibitory cardiovascular responses
      of morphine are mediated directly through stimulation of opioid receptors present
      in the neurons of nucleus dorsalis raphe while the excitatory responses to higher
      dose of morphine, appear to be due to a release of noradrenaline which in turn
      modulates the activity of neurons by acting on alpha adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2888030
TI  - Receptors mediating the increase in vascular permeability to kinins: comparative
      studies in rat, guinea-pig and rabbit.
AB  - The effect of bradykinin (BK) and a variety of kinin analogues and modified kinin
      fragments were assessed in several models representing the vascular permeability
      aspect of the inflammatory response. The rank order of potency of various kinin
      analogues to increase paw volume and skin vascular permeability in rats was sigma
      cyclo-(Lys1-Gly6)-BK = sigma-cyclo-kallidin much greater than BK greater than
      kallidin = methionyl-lysyl-BK much greater than des-Arg9-BK. The same order was
      seen for skin responses in day 21, rheumatoid-arthritic rats. Mepyramine, 10 mg X
      kg-1 almost completely inhibited rat skin vascular responses to histamine, had no
      effect on BK and produced a small but significant inhibition of the responses to
      both cyclic-kinins. A different rank order of potency for the kinins was produced
      in both the guinea-pig and rabbit skin; this being kallidin greater than
      methionyl-lysyl-BK greater than BK much much greater than sigma-cyclo-(Lys1-Gly6)
      BK = sigma-cyclo-kallidin greater than des-Arg9-BK. Neither of the cyclic kinins
      antagonised BK-induced increases in skin vascular permeability in guinea-pig or
      rabbit. Two modified kinin fragments, D-Pro-Phe-Arg-paranitroaniline and D-Pro
      Phe-Arg-heptylamide, which have previously been demonstrated to be putative B2
      receptor antagonists on in vitro tissues, enhanced the effect of BK in rat skin
      and when injected alone produced dose-related increases in skin vascular
      permeability in normal and rheumatoid-arthritic rats both having approximately
      half the potency of BK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888031
TI  - General and strain-specific age changes at mouse limb neuromuscular junctions.
AB  - Age changes at limb neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of CB57 and BALB/C mice were
      investigated and compared with previous results in a hybrid strain, in order to
      identify common characteristics of neuromuscular transmission and to assess the
      prevalence of signs of denervation and disuse. Resting membrane potential
      decreased with age in soleus muscles with no change in passive membrane
      properties. Miniature end-plate potential, amplitude and quantal content were
      greatly increased, with no change in muscle fiber diameter or nerve terminal
      morphometry. The various observed patterns of age changes were not those of
      disuse or denervation. Although there were diverse age changes in spontaneous
      transmitter release in different mouse strains, increased transmitter release per
      unit length of nerve terminal in limb muscle was a notably consistent finding
      across strains. It is apparently less subject to epigenetic variation during
      aging than most other reported neuromuscular physiological parameters.

PMID- 2888033
TI  - Non-uniform changes in nerve-terminal calcium homeostasis during aging.
AB  - Currently unpublished studies indicate reduced rates of calcium clearance from
      the transmitter release sites in presynaptic terminals of some, but not all,
      motor nerves in aged rats. Further evidence indicates that deficits in calcium
      regulation may not necessarily underlie observed age-related changes in evoked
      transmitter release.

PMID- 2888032
TI  - Calcium dependent aspects of synaptic plasticity, excitatory amino acid
      neurotransmission, brain aging and schizophrenia: a unifying hypothesis.
AB  - (1) The functional and structural reorganization of dendritic spines by calcium
      activated proteases is postulated to play a causal role in the production of the
      phenomenology of brain aging and in particular in the development of pathology
      and degeneration. Excitatory neurotransmission appears to be essential for the
      development of irreversible synaptic changes. (2) One of the genes modified in
      schizophrenia is postulated to be directly or indirectly linked to the control of
      excitatory neurotransmission; possibly the normal switching on of the expression
      of the adult form of the NMDA receptor is altered, resulting in an inappropriate
      functioning of this receptor. This genetic characteristic might explain the
      apparent resistance of schizophrenic brains to aging.

PMID- 2888034
TI  - Aging: effect on ex-vivo benzodiazepine binding after a diazepam injection.
AB  - Ex vivo [3H]flunitrazepam receptor occupation was determined in the brain of
      young, mature and old male Fischer 344 rats after a single intravenous injection
      of a low dose of diazepam. The two benzodiazepine receptor subtypes or
      conformations (BZ1 and BZ2) were differentiated by the displacement of
      [3H]flunitrazepam specific binding with the triazolopyridazine, CL 218,872. The
      acute diazepam injection decreased ex vivo [3H]flunitrazepam binding in only the
      senescent rats. The [3H]flunitrazepam binding at both the BZ1 and BZ2 receptor or
      receptor conformation was significantly reduced in the old rats.

PMID- 2888035
TI  - Growth hormone secretion after hypothalamic periventricular lesions in the rat.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the role of the hypothalamic
      periventricular (PV) region in the regulation of the secretory pattern of growth
      hormone (GH) in adult male rats. The PV regions were destroyed stereotaxically by
      means of a modified Halasz's knife which was lowered through the midline and
      rotated several times at the level of the region. In sham-operated controls, the
      knife was lowered to the same region but no rotation was performed. Serial blood
      samplings were performed at 10-min intervals for 10 h (10.00-20.00 h), via an
      intracardiac cannula, at 2, 4 and 6 weeks postoperatively. In 7 sham-operated
      controls, GH was secreted with a surge period of about 3.5 h, with peak levels of
      120-170 ng/ml whole blood and basal levels of about 10 ng/ml whole blood. In 11
      PV-lesioned animals, the basal levels of GH were unaltered but the surge period
      decreased to about 3.0 h and peak levels increased to about twice as high as in
      sham-operated controls. Somatostatin concentrations in the median eminence of PV
      lesioned rats were significantly decreased to about 32% of that of sham-operated
      rats. The results suggest that, via somatostatin neurons, the PV region plays an
      inhibitory role in the regulation of periodicity and peak levels of GH secretory
      bursts.

PMID- 2888036
TI  - Assessment of corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and somatostatin
      secretion by fetal hypothalamic neurons in culture.
AB  - The concomitant release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), vasopressin
      (AVP) and somatostatin (SRIF) has been followed from primary cultures of rat
      hypothalamic neurons. 18-day-old fetal rat hypothalami were dissociated
      enzymatically and mechanically, then plated and maintained in a serum-containing
      medium at a density of 2.5 x 10(6) cells per dish (equivalent to 3 hypothalami).
      Cultured neurons remained viable for up to 6 weeks, and peptide release was
      followed by immuno-assay between days 14 and 39 in culture. The incubation media
      were concentrated on C4 and C8 silica columns to facilitate detection of CRF and
      AVP. Peptide release was measured at various times up to 4 h, at which point it
      was still increasing. To optimise measurements, taking into account peptide
      degradation, a 1-hour incubation period was chosen for further studies. Release
      of CRF, AVP and SRIF by 56 mM K+ or 10 microM veratridine was statistically
      significantly greater than basal (p less than 0.01) and was Ca2-dependent. For
      CRF and AVP, stimulated release increased considerably with the age of culture,
      whereas SRIF release was steadier. Basal release for all 3 peptides did not
      fluctuate greatly over this period. Basal and stimulated release of the peptides
      continued over at least 5 successive 1-hour periods. At day 35 of culture, the
      peptide content was still increasing in a pattern which paralleled the increasing
      content in hypothalami freshly removed from age-matched rats. In conclusion, we
      have demonstrated a development of CRF, AVP and SRIF production by neurons over
      extended periods in culture as assessed by their peptide content and increasing
      responses to depolarizing stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888037
TI  - Growth hormone responsiveness in vivo and in vitro to growth hormone releasing
      factor in the spontaneously diabetic BB Wistar rat.
AB  - In order to determine whether there is an abnormality in the pituitary
      responsiveness to GRF in the diabetic rat, we examined the in vivo and in vitro
      effects of hGRF-44 NH2 (hGRF) on growth hormone (GH) release in the spontaneously
      diabetic BB Wistar rat. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, hGRF was injected
      intravenously at a dose of 500 ng/kg in male diabetic BB Wistar rats (n = 11) and
      in male control Wistar rats matched for weight (n = 11). Basal serum GH
      concentrations were significantly lower in the diabetic group, (123 +/- 5 ng/ml,
      mean +/- SEM) than in the control group (362 +/- 15 ng/ml). However, the GH
      response to hGRF was significantly greater in the diabetic group (GH increment
      873 +/- 153 ng/ml) than in the control group (268 +/- 91 ng/ml). The effect of
      hGRF was further tested in a perifusion system of freshly dispersed anterior
      pituitary cells of diabetic BB Wistar rats and control Wistar rats. Basal
      secretion rate of GH from cells of diabetic rats (0.85 +/- 0.06 microgram/2
      pituitaries X 2 min) was lower than that from cells of control rats (1.60 +/-
      0.18 micrograms/2 pituitaries X 2 min). The GH response to 2-min pulses of hGRF
      at concentrations of 1.56, 6.25, and 25 pM with and without somatostatin 10(-9) M
      was significantly greater in the diabetic group than in the control group. In
      conclusion, there is in the spontaneously diabetic rat an increased in vivo and
      in vitro GH responsiveness to exogenous hGRF suggesting an abnormality of GH
      regulation at the pituitary level.

PMID- 2888038
TI  - Effects of apomorphine and (+/-)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine,
      injected into the striatum, on the caudate spindle in the rat.
AB  - The caudate spindle in rats was observed following bilateral application of
      apomorphine (1.5-50 micrograms) and (+/-)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n
      propylpiperidine (3-PPP, 0.3-3 micrograms) into the striatum. The smallest dose
      (1.5 micrograms) of apomorphine enhanced the spindle whereas with a larger dose
      (50 micrograms), suppression occurred. The preferential dopamine (DA)
      autoreceptor (inhibitory-receptor) agonist, (+/-)-3-PPP, enhanced the spindle, in
      a dose-dependent manner. The enhancing effect of apomorphine (1.5 micrograms) and
      (+/-)-3-PPP (3 micrograms) was prevented by neuroleptics, such as haloperidol (20
      micrograms/kg, i.v.) and sulpiride (2 mg/kg, i.v.) at doses which, per se, did
      not affect the spindle. Small doses of neuroleptics are thought to block DA
      autoreceptors, suggesting that the enhancing effects of the DA agonists are
      mediated by autoreceptors. These results lend further support to the assumption
      that the development of the caudate spindle involves activation or DA receptors.
      Enhancement of the spindle, induced by injections of apomorphine into the
      striatum (small dose) and (+/-)-3-PPP, may be mediated by DA autoreceptors
      (inhibitory-receptors) located at presynaptic elements of the nigro-striatal DA
      system, while suppression may be due to stimulation of the postsynaptic DA
      receptors.

PMID- 2888039
TI  - Presynaptic and postsynaptic effects of histamine and histamine agonists in the
      superior cervical ganglion of the rat.
AB  - Extracellular and intracellular recording techniques were used to study the
      effects of histamine and the histamine agonists [impromidine (IMP) and 2
      thiazolylethylamine (2-TH)] on synaptic transmission in the superior cervical
      ganglion of the rat in vitro. At the concentrations employed (up to 10(-5) M)
      these compounds did not produce detectable effects on the electrical properties
      of the postsynaptic neurons. Histamine produced a dose-dependent reduction in the
      amplitude of the extracellularly-recorded presynaptic and postsynaptic compound
      action potential. The H2 receptor agonist impromidine reduced only the
      postganglionic compound action potential. Cimetidine, a specific H2 receptor
      antagonist, produced parallel shifts in the log dose-response curves for
      impromidine. Impromidine also reduced the average size of the evoked excitatory
      postsynaptic potential. The reduction of the mean amplitude of the excitatory
      postsynaptic potential was due to a decrease in the amount of acetylcholine (ACh)
      liberated by each preganglionic volley (mean quantal content, m) and a diminution
      in quantal size. The H1 receptor agonist, 2-TH produced a dose-dependent increase
      in the presynaptic and postsynaptic compound action potential and in m. The
      increase in m was not associated with changes in quantal size. The H1
      antagonists, pyrilamine and promethazine, did not prevent facilitation of
      ganglionic transmission induced by 2-TH. It is concluded that histamine H1 and H2
      receptors exist on preganglionic axons, or terminals in sympathetic ganglia of
      the rat. Activation of H1 receptors facilitates release of ACh whereas H2
      receptor activation results in depressed release.

PMID- 2888040
TI  - Blockade of excitatory amino acid receptors protects anoxic hippocampal slices.
AB  - Experiments in a variety of preparations have indicated that excessive activation
      of receptors for the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate may mediate
      irreversible anoxic neuronal injury. We investigated this hypothesis in the in
      vitro hippocampal slice. Rat hippocampal slices perfused for 40 min with buffer
      equilibrated with 95% nitrogen/5% carbon dioxide lost their extracellular CA1
      population spikes and failed to recover after prolonged reoxygeneration. It was
      impossible to locate cells with normal physiological properties in these anoxic
      slices with standard intracellular recording techniques. However, when excitatory
      transmission was blocked during anoxia with either high concentrations of
      magnesium or antagonists of excitatory amino acids (kynurenate or
      aminophosphonovalerate), the population spike returned to preanoxia levels.
      Intracellular recording showed that neurons in these protected slices had normal
      resting potentials, action potentials, and input resistances. These experiments
      provide additional support for the involvement of excitatory amino acids and
      their receptors in anoxic neuronal injury.

PMID- 2888041
TI  - The cytoskeletons of isolated, neuronal growth cones.
AB  - We have examined by electron microscopy the cytoskeletons of growth cones
      isolated from neonatal rat forebrain by the method of Gordon-Weeks and Lockerbie
      [Gordon-Weeks and Lockerbie (1984) Neuroscience 13, 119-136]. When fixed in
      suspension with conventional fixatives, isolated growth cones contain a central
      region filled with a branching system of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a
      cortical region immediately beneath the plasma membrane that is relatively free
      of organelles and is composed of an amorphous granular cytoplasm. The filopodia
      of isolated growth cones are also devoid of organelles and contain a cytoplasm
      that is similar in appearance to that in the cortical region. No microtubules or
      neurofilaments have been found in these growth cones. When isolated growth cones
      were prepared for electron microscopy by a method which preserves actin filaments
      [Boyles, Anderson and Hutcherson (1985) J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33, 1116-1128],
      microfilaments were found throughout the cortical cytoplasm. In the filopodia,
      the microfilaments were bundled together and oriented longitudinally. Filopodial
      microfilament bundles often extended into the body of the growth cone and could
      traverse it completely. Inclusion of Triton X-100 (1% v/v) in the fixative
      solubilized the membranes and soluble cytoplasmic proteins of growth cones,
      allowing an unobscured view of the microfilament cytoskeleton including the core
      bundle of microfilaments in filopodia. Suspended within the cytoskeleton were the
      coats of coated vesicles. These were particularly numerous at the broad bases of
      filopodia. Microfilaments bound heavy meromyosin and were cytochalasin B (2.0 X
      10(-7) M) sensitive. Individual microfilaments branched and within filopodia they
      were extensively cross-linked by thin (7 nm) filaments. Microtubules and
      neurofilaments were not seen in these cytoskeletons despite the fact that the
      fixative contained a Ca2+ chelator. When growth cones were preincubated in taxol
      (14 microM) their cytoskeletons were found to contain microtubules. These were
      located mainly in the centre of the growth cone, were absent from the filopodia
      and were contiguous with microfilaments. We conclude that the cytoskeletons of
      isolated neuronal growth cones from neurones of the central nervous system are
      mainly composed of actin microfilaments. Although microtubules are not normally
      present, there is a pool of soluble tubulin which will form microtubules in the
      presence of taxol. This may imply that those microtubule-associated proteins that
      promote tubulin polymerization are absent in the growth cone or are below the
      concentration threshold for polymerization.

PMID- 2888042
TI  - Characterization of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor component of synaptic
      transmission in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - The involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in synaptic transmission from
      Schaffer collateral-commissural fibres to CA1 neurons has been investigated in
      rat hippocampal slices. When the perfusion medium was changed from one containing
      1 mM Mg2+ to one with no added Mg2+ there was a pronounced increase in the
      amplitude of the population spike, the appearance of secondary population spikes
      and in some slices spontaneous epileptiform discharges developed. The secondary
      and spontaneous population spikes were abolished by the selective N-methyl-D
      aspartate antagonist, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate. The effects on the primary
      population spike depended on the strength of synaptic activation. At low
      intensities, the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist reduced or abolished this
      response whereas at high intensities the primary population spike was slightly
      increased in amplitude by this compound. Mg2+ had dose-dependent (20-500 microM)
      effects on synaptic responses which were identical to those of D-2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration over a range of 1-3 mM also
      reduced or abolished secondary population spikes and, at low stimulus
      intensities, the primary population spike. At higher stimulus intensities,
      however, the primary population spike was insensitive to the Ca2+ concentration
      over this range. These results demonstrate the major extent to which N-methyl-D
      aspartate receptors can contribute to synaptic transmission and epileptiform
      activity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. They also show that an important
      role of Mg2+ in this region is to prevent significant activation of this receptor
      system during low-frequency synaptic transmission.

PMID- 2888044
TI  - Major localization of aminopeptidase M in rat brain microvessels.
AB  - The localization of two enkephalin-hydrolysing aminopeptidases i.e.
      aminopeptidase M (aminopeptidase N, EC 3.4.11.2) relatively insensitive to
      puromycin (Ki = 78 microM), and a puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (Ki = 1
      microM) was studied in rat brain. The two aminopeptidases were differentially
      identified and/or localized using polyclonal anti-aminopeptidase M antibodies
      displaying anticatalytic activity and the inhibitors puromycin, bestatin and
      amastatin. Microvessels represent a major localization of cerebral aminopeptidase
      M as shown by the intense immunostaining of their walls in sections from various
      regions as well as in a fraction isolated from cerebral cortex homogenates by a
      sieving procedure. As compared to the starting homogenate, aminopeptidase M
      activity was enriched about twenty fold in this microvascular fraction.
      Aminopeptidase M was identified in this fraction by comparing the inhibitory
      potencies of antibodies and peptidase inhibitors towards the hydrolysis of
      [tyrosyl-3,5-3H, Met5]enkephalin to those found for the purified enzyme. A rather
      high aminopeptidase M activity was also localized in choroid plexuses. Following
      differential and gradient centrifugation analysis of cerebral cortex homogenates,
      aminopeptidase M activity was also enriched (by five to six fold) in fractions
      containing synaptic membranes. No significant soluble aminopeptidase M activity
      could be detected. These data suggest a dual localization of cerebral
      aminopeptidase M in microvessels and synaptic membranes consistent with its roles
      in preventing the access of circulating peptides to brain as well as in
      inactivating neuropeptides released from cerebral neurones. In comparison,
      puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase activity, which is about 100 fold higher than
      aminopeptidase M activity in brain, was relatively low in microvessels and non
      detectable in fractions enriched in synaptic membranes, being almost entirely
      restricted to soluble fractions.

PMID- 2888043
TI  - Redistribution of transmitter amino acids in rat hippocampus and cerebellum
      during seizures induced by L-allylglycine and bicuculline: an immunocytochemical
      study with antisera against conjugated GABA, glutamate and aspartate.
AB  - The effects of the convulsants L-allylglycine and bicuculline on the distribution
      of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), glutamate and aspartate in rat brains were
      assessed immunocytochemically, using antisera raised against glutaraldehyde
      protein conjugates of the respective amino acids. In accord with previous
      biochemical studies of GABA content, L-allylglycine treatment was followed by a
      decreased immunoreactivity for GABA in the hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas
      treatment with bicuculline led to an increased immunoreactivity in the
      hippocampus, but not in the cerebellum. Different cells and zones were affected
      differentially. With both convulsants the hippocampus showed the most pronounced
      changes in the neuropil of the pyramidal and granular cell layers. L-Allylglycine
      treatment led to a substantial decrease in the concentration of detectable GABA
      immunoreactive bouton-like dots in the stratum oriens, radiatum and lacunosum
      moleculare and in the deep hilar region, but did not produce statistically
      significant changes in this parameter in the outer and intermediate zones of the
      dentate molecular layer. In the cerebellum, the decrease in GABA immunoreactivity
      after L-allylglycine treatment was less in the basket cell terminals than in
      other GABA-containing elements. Neither convulsant altered the average staining
      intensity for aspartate or glutamate in the two regions studied, but L
      allylglycine reduced the level of aspartate-like immunoreactivity in hippocampal
      hilar cells. All the changes described were evident after 20 min of seizure
      activity and were qualitatively similar after 60 min of seizure (animals
      paralysed and ventilated). Our results indicate that L-allylglycine or
      bicuculline given intravenously exerts specific effects on cerebral amino acid
      metabolism. The nature and magnitude of these effects show inter-regional
      variations and also differ among cellular compartments within each region. Amino
      acid immunocytochemistry may prove to be a valuable tool for the investigation of
      metabolic changes associated with epileptic seizures and should be particularly
      useful in regions showing heterogeneous changes that would tend to cancel each
      other in biochemical analyses.

PMID- 2888045
TI  - Phelorphan, an inhibitor of enzymes involved in the biodegradation of
      enkephalins, affected the withdrawal symptoms in chronic morphine-dependent rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular administration of phelorphan (158 nmol/2 microliters), a
      blocker of dipeptidylaminopeptidase (enkephalinase B) and other enzymes involved
      in the enkephalin biodegradation, inhibited in chronic morphine-dependent rats,
      the occurrence of some of the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms. This
      effect of phelorphan was compared with an equimolar dose of the dipeptidyl
      carboxypeptidase inhibitor (enkephalinase A), thiorphan. The results indicate
      that both drugs decrease some of the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms
      (writhing, digging, head hiding, chewing, diarrhoea and Straub tail), while
      others were potentiated (penile licking) or unaltered (wet dog shakes, grooming
      and rearing). In addition, phelorphan compared with the controls or thiorphan,
      pretreated animals, increased the frequency of paw tremor, head shakes,
      scratching, erection and ejaculation, but other symptoms were decreased
      (stretching) or unaltered (teeth chattering). The results are discussed in light
      of the differences in permeability and specificity of the two enkephalinase
      inhibitors. Furthermore, these data support the hypothesis that the use of
      enkephalinase inhibitors might be a promising way for the attenuation of the
      severity of the withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2888046
TI  - Protective effect of antihistamines on cerebral oedema induced by experimental
      pneumothorax in newborn piglets.
AB  - As a consequence of general hypoxaemia evoked experimentally by bilateral
      pneumothorax, brain oedema of vasogenic type developed in newborn piglets after 4
      h survival. Histamine receptor antagonists, mepyramine (H1-receptor blocker),
      metiamide, cimetidine and ranitidine (H2-receptor antagonists) were administered
      either intraperitoneally or intrathecally to check to what extent the formation
      of brain oedema could be reduced. Mepyramine and ranitidine decreased the
      accumulation of water, sodium and albumin in the parietal cortex. By measuring
      the concentration of histamine, the presence of a histamine pool was demonstrated
      in the cerebral microvessels. The results suggest that histamine, if released
      upon hypoxic injury from the microvascular store, can take an important part in
      the development of vasogenic brain oedema.

PMID- 2888047
TI  - Dendritic morphology of indoleamine cells revealed by intracellular injection of
      lucifer yellow in fixed carp retina.
AB  - The dendritic morphology of indoleamine amacrine cells in carp retina was
      investigated by identifying their fluorescent cell bodies by preloading with
      noradrenaline followed by iontophoretic injection of Lucifer Yellow in isolated
      and aldehyde-fixed preparations under microscopic control. Although two
      subpopulations of serotonin-like immunoreactive amacrine cells (small and large
      in soma size) were found, small cells were not seen in aldehyde-fixed
      preparations. Cells preloaded with noradrenaline corresponded to large
      immunoreactive cells and were labeled with Lucifer Yellow. The cell bodies
      labeled were located at the innermost level of the inner nuclear layer, and gave
      rise to three to five primary dendrites which branched frequently and were found
      mainly in sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer. These cells examined in an
      intermediate region between the optic disc and the retinal periphery were
      pyriform in soma shape while dendritic fields were found or oval covering an area
      of 0.18 +/- 0.05 mm2 (510 +/- 80 microns in diameter). Cell density in this
      region was about 32 cells/mm2 and, therefore, their dendritic field coverage was
      approximately 6.0.

PMID- 2888049
TI  - Acetylcholine permits long-term enhancement of neuronal responsiveness in cat
      primary somatosensory cortex.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) was administered iontophoretically to single neurons in cat
      somatosensory cortex. Using extracellular recording techniques, neuronal
      responsiveness was determined at regular intervals from the number of action
      potentials produced either by iontophoretically applied glutamate or by tactile
      stimulation of the cutaneous receptive field. The responses were altered in only
      21% (13/61) of the neurons following the application of ACh alone. In contrast,
      75% (66/88) of the neurons displayed altered responses during administration of
      ACh simultaneously with either iontophoretically administered glutamate or with
      tactile stimulation of the receptive field. Forty-seven percent (29/62) of the
      responses potentiated in the presence of ACh remained enhanced for periods
      lasting from 8 min to over 1 h. The responsiveness of cortical neurons to
      afferent inputs changes during the reorganization of somatotopic maps that occurs
      after deafferentation, and perhaps during some forms of learning. As ACh has been
      implicated in some of these processes, it may be that the changes in
      responsiveness observed here following iontophoretically applied ACh are similar
      to those which facilitate the acquisition of neuronal responses to altered or
      novel afferent inputs.

PMID- 2888048
TI  - Somatostatin 28 and neuropeptide Y innervation in the septal area and related
      cortical and subcortical structures of the human brain. Distribution,
      relationships and evidence for differential coexistence.
AB  - Somatostatin 28- and neuropeptide Y-containing innervations were mapped in the
      human medial forebrain (eight control brains) with immunohistochemistry, using
      the sensitive avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Peptidergic perikarya and fibers
      had an extensive distribution: they were densest in the ventral striatum (nucleus
      accumbens, olfactory tubercle and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) and
      infralimbic cortex, of intermediate density in the medial septal area and of
      lowest density in the dorsal and caudal lateral septal nucleus. Somatostatin-like
      immunoreactive perikarya and fibers were generally more numerous than the
      neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive ones, but more faintly labeled. Their pattern
      of distribution was strikingly similar in some of the limbic structures studied
      but clearly distinct in others. Excellent overlap of neuropeptide Y and
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was detected in: (1) the medial septal area,
      where innervation occasionally formed perivascular clusters; (2) the nucleus
      accumbens and olfactory tubercle, characterized by dense patchy innervation; and
      (3) the laterodorsal septal nucleus, scarcely innervated. In the latter
      structures, most peptidergic neurons were double-labeled. On the other hand, both
      peptidergic innervations clearly differed in the lateroventral septal nucleus and
      the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis which contained distinct clusters of
      somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurons devoid of neuropeptide Y-like
      immunoreactivity. Also, the perineuronal and peridendritic axonal plexuses
      ('woolly fibers') present in these structures were only labeled with
      somatostatin. In the infralimbic cortex, the relation between the peptides varied
      according to the cortical laminae. Coexistence of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y
      frequently occurred in layer VI and in the subcortical white matter, whereas
      layer V and particularly layers II and III contained a contingent of neurons
      labeled only with somatostatin. Dense horizontal terminal networks in layers I
      and VI however were similar for both peptides. These findings support the
      existence of two different types of somatostatin-like immunoreactive perikarya as
      regards colocalization with neuropeptide Y. Their particular topographical
      segregation within the cortical and subcortical structures analysed suggest that
      they could have different connections and functional properties.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2888050
TI  - Facilitated induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation in slices perfused
      with low concentrations of magnesium.
AB  - The generation of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in area CA1 of
      hippocampal slices of the guinea-pig has been examined in solutions containing
      low concentrations of magnesium ions. It was found that the induction of long
      term potentiation is greatly facilitated in slices perfused with 0.1 mM magnesium
      but much less so with 0.5 mM magnesium solution. The long-term potentiation
      evoked by brief tetanization in 0.1 mM magnesium was prevented following
      application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate. Moreover, the response to tetanization, recorded in the
      dendritic layer, contained a much greater than normal component blocked by 2
      amino-5-phosphonovalerate. The latter represents current through postsynaptic N
      methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels, suggesting that the facilitation of long
      term potentiation is related to a facilitated opening of these channels. The
      results support the notion that the generation of long-term potentiation is
      related to current through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels which is under
      the control of extracellular magnesium ions.

PMID- 2888051
TI  - Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex in nonfamilial
      dysphasic dementia.
AB  - A nonfamilial syndrome is described in two middle-aged men who presented with
      progressive aphasia without incipient signs of cognitive impairment. In each
      case, 2 years elapsed before progressive functional decline or behavioral
      disabilities supervened. Radiologic studies documented asymmetric left cerebral
      atrophy that was progressive. The structure of the language disintegration was
      distinctive and not like that in Alzheimer's disease. Pathologic studies
      performed at postmortem examination of one patient documented asymmetric cerebral
      atrophy with nonspecific histopathologic changes. Biochemical studies revealed
      normal tissue levels of choline acetyltransferase activity, but reduced
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Since cerebral somatostatin is largely
      present in intrinsic cortical neurons, while cholinergic innervation is largely
      derived from the basal forebrain, these findings suggest that nonfamilial
      dysphasic dementia may be an example of a distinct class of dementia due to
      intrinsic cortical degeneration, with sparing of the basal forebrain.

PMID- 2888052
TI  - Carrier assessment for mothers and sisters of isolated Duchenne dystrophy cases:
      the importance of serum enzyme determinations.
AB  - DNA studies (restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage analysis and
      deletion analysis with pERT87) and serum creatine kinase/pyruvate kinase (CK/PK)
      measurements were done to determine the carrier status of 59 mothers and sisters
      of isolated Duchenne dystrophy (DD) cases. The results of DNA studies modified
      the carrier risks for 34 of the 59 (58%), but the derived risks often did not
      differ importantly from risks calculated by conventional methods. Elevated CK/PK
      provided strong evidence of the carrier state for 24 of the 59 (41%), and CK/PK
      frequently provided data unavailable through DNA studies. Serum enzyme
      determinations remain an important means of evaluating DD carrier suspects and
      are especially valuable in isolated-case families. Enzyme testing should be
      combined with DNA studies to achieve the best estimate of carrier risk.

PMID- 2888053
TI  - [Ibopamine, adrenolytic drugs and renal function].

PMID- 2888054
TI  - [Our experience in the treatment of gastric hemorrhage].

PMID- 2888055
TI  - [Premedication for endoscopic examinations with intravenous administration of
      chlordesmethyldiazepam. A controlled double-blind study with diazepam and
      placebo].

PMID- 2888057
TI  - Diagnosis of renal proximal tubular injury by urinary immunoassay for a proximal
      tubular antigen, the adenosine deaminase binding protein.
AB  - A sandwich ELISA assay has been formatted from two commercially available murine
      monoclonal antibodies, URO-4 and URO-4a, directed against a 120,000 dalton
      glycoprotein, the adenosine deaminase binding protein (ABP), found on the brush
      border of the renal proximal tubular epithelial cell. Untimed urine samples from
      37 normal individuals and urinary ABP less than 0.1 AU; 37 patients with pure
      glomerular disease had ABP less than 0.4 AU (with 29, or 76% less than 0.2 AU);
      10 patients with pre-renal azotaemia had ABP less than 0.6 (with 8, or 80% less
      than 0.3 AU). In contrast, 79 patients with post-ischaemic acute tubular necrosis
      had ABP greater than 0.6 AU. Acute renal failure due to myoglobinuria, contrast
      dye, and aminoglycoside toxicity were all associated with urinary ABP greater
      than 1.0 AU. In addition, all six patients with acute bacteraemic pyelonephritis
      had ABP greater than 0.7 AU, as opposed to ABP less than 0.2 AU in the urines of
      12 women with acute cystitis. We conclude that this monoclonal antibody based
      urinary assay is a sensitive measure of renal proximal tubular injury, reliably
      distinguishes acute tubular from glomerular disease, and may be helpful in
      differentiating forms of urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2888056
TI  - [Multicenter study on the effectiveness and tolerance of a bromazepam +
      propantheline combination in patients with irritable bowel syndrome].

PMID- 2888058
TI  - Effects of ketamine on the in vivo toxicity of quinolinate and N-methyl-D
      aspartate in the rat hippocampus.
AB  - Systemic injections of ketamine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the neurotoxicity of
      the NMDA agonists NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) and quinolinic acid injected
      into the hippocampus of the rat, although such protection was incomplete.
      Simultaneous injections of ketamine into the hippocampus decreased rather than
      increased these protective effects. In contrast, almost complete protection was
      provided by intra-hippocampal injections of DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid
      (DL-APV). The duration of anaesthesia was not responsible for the protective
      effects of systemic ketamine, as the intracerebral injections of the NMDA
      agonists produced similar neuronal lesions under both halothane or nembutal
      anaesthesia.

PMID- 2888059
TI  - Non-competitive regulation of phencyclidine/sigma-receptors by the N-methyl-D
      aspartate receptor antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid.
AB  - D-(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D(-)AP5), a selective, potent competitive
      antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type excitatory amino acid receptors
      was used to investigate the relationship between NMDA receptors and phencyclidine
      (PCP) binding. Incubation of rat brain membranes with D(-)AP5 decreased the
      apparent number of PCP/sigma-receptors in dose-dependent fashion without
      affecting their affinity for [2-thienyl-3H]cyclohexylpiperidine (TCP). These
      data, taken together with electrophysiological evidence that PCP non
      competitively antagonizes NMDA receptor-mediated transmission, are consistent
      with the hypothesis that the PCP/sigma-receptor may be situated in or near a
      channel regulated by an NMDA receptor complex.

PMID- 2888060
TI  - Chronic treatment with classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs differentially
      decreases dopamine release in striatum and nucleus accumbens in vivo.
AB  - In vivo electrochemical techniques were employed to demonstrate that repeated
      treatment with classical antipsychotic drugs reduced basal dopamine (DA) release
      in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, whereas repeated treatment with atypical
      antipsychotics decreased DA release only in accumbens. Administration of
      apomorphine temporarily reversed these decreases to values comparable to those
      measured in vehicle-treated controls. These results suggest that the delayed
      onset of antipsychotic efficacy and extrapyramidal side effects involve a
      decrease in DA release in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA terminal fields,
      respectively. The results further suggest that induction of depolarization block
      in DA neurons may be the mechanism underlying these effects.

PMID- 2888061
TI  - Innervation of facial skin but not masticatory muscles or the tongue by
      trigeminal primary afferents containing somatostatin in the rat.
AB  - Using retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye, True blue, the peripheral
      tissues innervated by trigeminal ganglion neurones containing somatostatin have
      been investigated. Of ganglion neurones retrogradely labelled from injections of
      dye into the facial skin, 3.45% were found to be immunoreactive for somatostatin.
      In contrast, none of the neurones labelled from injections of dye into the tongue
      or masseter muscle were found to contain this peptide. This demonstration of a
      restricted distribution of somatostatin-containing primary afferents raises the
      possibility that somatostatin may be involved in functions which are specific to
      skin and not to the other tissues examined.

PMID- 2888062
TI  - Extracellular overflow of glutamate, aspartate, GABA and taurine in the cortex
      and basal ganglia of fetal lambs during hypoxia-ischemia.
AB  - Extracellular levels of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids were measured in
      the cortex and striatum of asphyxiated fetal lambs. The fetus was exteriorized
      from the anesthetized ewe and dialysis probes were placed in the parietal cortex
      and caudate nucleus. Cerebral blood flow was measured with Xe-clearance. Cortical
      somatosensory-evoked potentials and electroencephalogram (EEG) were continuously
      recorded. Asphyxia was induced by clamping the umbilical cord or by graded
      compression of the maternal aorta. Asphyxia accompanied by elevated cerebral
      blood flow resulted in a moderate rise in extracellular amino acid levels. During
      extreme asphyxia, i.e. abolished evoked potentials and reduced cerebral blood
      flow, marked extracellular elevations of glutamate (3- to 11-fold), aspartate (3-
      to 7-fold), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (3- to 5-fold) and taurine (3- to 18
      fold) occurred, the higher values representing striatum. Excessive levels of
      excitatory amino acids may exert injurious effects on immature neurons during
      such hypoxic-ischemic states.

PMID- 2888063
TI  - Involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the augmenting response in rat
      neocortex.
AB  - The augmenting response was elicited in the neocortex of anaesthetized rats by 10
      Hz stimulation of thalamic nuclei. The N-methyl-aspartate (NMA) antagonists 2
      amino-5-phosphonopentanoate or 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate were applied
      topically to the exposed cortex by replacement of fluid in a small plastic
      cylinder lying on the pial surface. The antagonists delayed the development of
      augmentation and hastened its decline. It is suggested that this may indicate the
      involvement of NMA receptors in the augmenting phenomenon in cortex.

PMID- 2888064
TI  - Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced hippocampal [3H]norepinephrine release
      by phencyclidine is dependent on potassium concentration.
AB  - This study examined the ability of phencyclidine (PCP) to inhibit the responses
      to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in depolarizing concentrations of K+. The effects
      of PCP and Mg2+ on NMDA-induced norepinephrine release from hippocampal slices
      were measured during superfusion with various extracellular concentrations of K+.
      The IC50 values for Mg2+ and PCP were significantly higher in K+ concentrations
      above 6 mM. These data are supportive of the hypothesis that PCP produces a
      voltage-dependent blockade of NMDA-activated ion channels.

PMID- 2888065
TI  - Cerebral GABA-ergic and glutamatergic function in hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Measurement of amino acids in brain tissue obtained at autopsy from cirrhotic
      patients dying in hepatic coma revealed a threefold increase in glutamine and a
      concomitant decrease in brain glutamate. The GABA levels were found to be
      unaltered. Studies using an animal model of portal-systemic encephalopathy gave
      similar results. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activities were within normal
      limits, both in the brains of cirrhotic patients and portocaval-shunted rats. A
      previous study reported normal [3H]GABA binding to synaptic membrane preparations
      from cerebral cortex in these animals. Taken together, these findings suggest
      that cerebral GABA function is not impaired in hepatic encephalopathy associated
      with chronic liver disease and portal-systemic shunting. On the other hand, there
      is evidence to suggest that the releasable pool of glutamate may be depleted in
      brain in hepatic encephalopathy. Data consistent with this hypothesis include:
      Reduction in the evoked release of endogenous glutamate by superfusion of
      hippocampal slices with pathophysiological levels of ammonia; ammonia-induced
      reduction of glutamatergic neurotransmission; and an increase in the number of
      [3H]glutamate binding sites in synaptic membrane preparations from hyperammonemia
      rats and from rats with portocaval shunts. Such neurochemical changes may be of
      pathophysiological significance in hepatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2888066
TI  - Cerebral ammonia metabolism in normal and hyperammonemic rats.
AB  - Brain ammonia is generated from many enzymatic reactions, including glutaminase,
      glutamate dehydrogenase, and the purine nucleotide cycle. In contrast, the brain
      possesses only one major enzyme for the removal of exogenous ammonia, i.e.,
      glutamine synthetase. Thus, following administration of [13N]ammonia to rats [via
      either the carotid artery or cerebrospinal fluid (csf)], most metabolized label
      was in glutamine (amide) and little was in glutamate (plus aspartate). Since
      blood-and csf-borne ammonia are converted to glutamine largely, if not entirely,
      in the astrocytes, it is not possible from these types of experiments to predict
      with certainty the metabolic fate of the bulk of endogenously produced ammonia.
      By comparing the specific activity of L-[13N]glutamate to that of L-[amine
      13N]glutamine following intracarotid [13N]ammonia administration it was concluded
      that metabolic compartmentation is no longer intact in the brains of rats treated
      with the glutamine synthetase inhibitor L-methionine-SR-sulfoximine (MSO) and
      that blood and brain ammonia pools mix in such animals. In MSO-treated animals,
      recovery of label in brain was low (approximately 20% of controls), and of the
      label remaining, a prominent portion was in glutamine (amide) (despite an 87%
      decrease in brain glutamine synthetase activity). These data are consistent with
      the hypothesis that glutamine synthetase is the major enzyme for metabolism of
      endogenously--as well as exogenously--produced ammonia. The rate of turnover of
      blood-derived ammonia to glutamine in normal rat brain is extremely rapid (t1/2
      less than or equal to 3 s), but is slowed in the brains of chronically (12-14-wk
      portacaval-shunted) or acutely (urease-treated) hyperammonemic rats (t1/2 less
      than or equal to 10 s). The slowed turnover rate may be caused by an increased
      astrocytic ammonia, decreased glutamine synthetase activity, or both. In the
      hyperammonemic rat brain, glutamine synthetase is still the only important enzyme
      for the removal of blood-borne ammonia. Hyperammonemia causes an increase in
      brain lactate/pyruvate ratios and decreases in brain glutamate and brainstem ATP,
      consistent with an interference with the malate-aspartate shuttle. In vitro,
      pathological levels of ammonia also inhibit brain alpha-ketoglutarate
      dehydrogenase complex and, less strongly, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The rat
      brain does not adapt to prolonged hyperammonemia by increasing its glutamine
      synthetase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2888067
TI  - Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are unaltered in the amygdala in schizophrenia.
AB  - Although a biochemical abnormality has been postulated in the etiology of
      schizophrenia, evidence supporting this hypothesis has been conflicting. Because
      of the presence of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in limbic system
      nuclei of the brain, we examined postmortem concentrations of SLI in patients
      dying with schizophrenia and in normal controls. Concentrations of SLI in
      Brodmann cortical area 38, hippocampus, caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and
      both segments of the globus pallidus were not significantly different from
      controls. In addition, we examined both SLI and neuropeptide-Y-like
      immunoreactivity (NPYLI) in subnuclei of the amygdala and the substantia
      innominata. There were no significant alterations in either neuropeptide as
      compared with controls.

PMID- 2888068
TI  - Aluminum-induced decreases in choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase,
      and glutamate decarboxylase in selected regions of rabbit brain.
AB  - The neuropathological and neurochemical effects of intracisternally administered
      aluminum-powder suspensions were studied in adult rabbits. The right half of each
      brain was fixed for neuropathological examination, and neurotransmitter
      synthesizing enzyme activities were measured in homogenates of structures
      dissected from the left half of each brain. The neuropathological changes
      associated with aluminum-induced encephalomyelopathy, including neurofibrillary
      degeneration, were observed in several regions of the central nervous system of
      the aluminum-treated rabbits. The striatum was consistently free of changes.
      Decreases in choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase activities of
      more than 30% were observed in the striatum of animals within 14-21 d and at
      longer times after aluminum injection. The decrease in striatal choline
      acetyltransferase activity appears to be unrelated to pathological changes in the
      striatal cholinergic neurons. The decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in
      the striatum may be unrelated to neuropathological changes in dopaminergic cell
      bodies in the midbrain. Significant decreases in glutamate decarboxylase activity
      in the cerebellum may be related to cell losses in this region, whereas choline
      acetyltransferase activity deficits in the whole hippocampus remain unexplained.

PMID- 2888069
TI  - Genetic differences in mitochondrial ATPase.

PMID- 2888070
TI  - Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2888071
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa presenting with migratory soft tissue swelling.

PMID- 2888072
TI  - Prevention of childhood poisoning: efficacy of an educational program carried out
      in an emergency clinic.
AB  - For many inner-city families, the emergency clinic is the most frequent and
      sometimes the only point of contact with medical services. We hypothesized that
      this setting could serve as an opportunity to direct a health promotion at a
      population that might not receive such a message elsewhere. The objectives of the
      program were (1) to remind parents of the telephone number of the Massachusetts
      Poison Center, (2) to ensure that parents have ipecac for use in an emergency,
      and (3) to counsel parents on how to use ipecac. Of 403 families recruited from
      the emergency clinic and divided randomly into intervention and nonintervention
      groups, 262 families completed the follow-up interview 6 months later (65%).
      Results showed that 68% of intervention families compared with 42% of control
      families reported ipecac storage at follow-up (chi 2 = 7.65, P = .005) and that
      40% of intervention families v 25% of control families reported familiarity with
      the use of ipecac (chi 2 = 4.04, P = .04). Accessibility to the poison center's
      telephone number was reported by 62% of intervention families and by 49% of
      control families (chi 2 = 4.60, P = .13). Finally, 42% of intervention families v
      25% of control families reported that they had a sticker on their phone with the
      number of the poison center on it (chi 2 = 4.60, P = .03). Our results suggest
      that a brief intervention, even in an emergency clinic, can introduce the topic
      of poisoning prevention to families and can encourage the storage of syrup of
      ipecac in the home.

PMID- 2888073
TI  - Ipecac-induced emesis and reduction of plasma concentrations of drugs following
      accidental overdose in children.
AB  - Syrup of ipecac is widely used following accidental drug overdosage in children.
      Proof of its efficacy, however, in reducing the risk of poisoning is limited. We
      prospectively studied the effect of early v late induction of emesis by ipecac in
      50 children younger than 5 years of age with accidental acetaminophen poisoning.
      The mean estimated ingested dose was 165 mg/kg, and all patients vomited within
      15 to 255 (mean 78) minutes postingestion. Although the predicted four-hour
      plasma acetaminophen concentration was 97 +/- 4 micrograms/mL (mean +/- SEM,
      calculated on the basis of the estimated ingested dose), the measured four-hour
      plasma acetaminophen concentration was 34 +/- 5 micrograms/mL (P less than .01).
      To assess the efficacy of early v late ipecac-induced emesis, we used the ratio
      of measured to predicted four-hour acetaminophen plasma concentration. The ratio
      of the measured to predicted four-hour level increased as the delay in time to
      vomiting increased (r = .60, P less than .001). Ipecac syrup was administered
      more promptly when available in the home than when obtained from a pharmacy or a
      medical facility (26 +/- 8 v 83 +/- 13 minutes postingestion, respectively; P
      less than .001) and vomiting occurred earlier (49 +/- 9 v 103 +/- 12 minutes
      postingestion; P less than .01). Although the mean estimated doses ingested were
      greater in patients who received ipecac syrup at home, their four-hour plasma
      acetaminophen concentrations were lower. These data suggest that prompt
      administration of ipecac syrup results in a greater reduction in plasma
      acetaminophen concentrations in potentially toxic overdosages in
      children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888076
TI  - Sequence of a human glutamine synthetase cDNA.

PMID- 2888075
TI  - Two novel genes, fanA and fanB, involved in the biogenesis of K99 fimbriae.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the region located transcriptionally upstream of the
      K99 fimbrial subunit gene (fanC) was determined. Several putative transcription
      signals and two open reading frames, designated fanA and fanB, became apparent.
      Frameshift mutations in fanA and fanB reduced K99 fimbriae expression 8-fold and
      16-fold, respectively. Complementation of the mutants in trans restored the K99
      expression to about 75% of the wild type level, indicating that fanA and fanB
      code for transacting polypeptides involved in the biogenesis of K99 fimbriae. The
      fanA and fanB gene products FanA and FanB were not detectable in minicell
      preparations, indicating that both polypeptides are synthesized in very small
      amounts. However, in an in vitro DNA directed translation system FanA and FanB
      could be identified. The deduced amino acid sequences of FanA and FanB showed
      that both polypeptides contain no signal peptides, indicating a cytoplasmic
      location. Furthermore, the polypeptides are very hydrophilic, mainly basic, and
      exhibit remarkable homology to each other and to a regulatory protein (papB)
      encoded by the pap-operon (1). Some of these features are characteristics of
      nucleic acid binding proteins, which suggests that FanA and FanB have a
      regulatory function in the synthesis of FanC and the auxiliary polypeptides FanD
      H.

PMID- 2888074
TI  - Distinct sites of action of clostridial neurotoxins revealed by double-poisoning
      of mouse motor nerve terminals.
AB  - (1) We investigated the effects of single- and double-poisoning with tetanus
      toxin (TeTx), botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoTx A) and botulinum neurotoxin type
      B (BoTx B) on spontaneous and nerve-evoked quantal transmitter release at motor
      endplates of the triangularis sterni preparation of the mouse. (2) Inhibitory
      effects of TeTx and BoTx B on spontaneous and nerve-evoked transmitter release
      were very similar, except that the action of BoTx B required 500-fold lower
      concentrations and was less dependent on temperature. BoTx A caused stronger
      inhibition of quantal release than TeTx or BoTx B, but was comparatively much
      easier counteracted by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). (3) In contrast to BoTx A, with
      TeTx or BoTx B the increase of transmitter release following onset of 50 Hz nerve
      stimulation was delayed for a few seconds and synaptic latencies of quanta showed
      large variations. This release pattern was also evident in all double-poisoning
      experiments, regardless of intoxication sequence. (4) Inhibition of evoked
      release was found to be slightly stronger with TeTx than with BoTx B, so the
      amount of nerve-evoked quanta released after double-poisoning with any sequence
      of these toxins always approached that of TeTx. In no case supra-additive actions
      were observed. (5) A strong reduction of evoked quanta was observed when BoTx A
      was applied in addition to either of the two other toxins. With reversed
      poisoning sequences (BoTx A - TeTx or BoTx A - BoTx B) the resulting values
      remained at the extremely low level of BoTx A. (6) In the presence of 4-AP double
      poisoning with any combination between BoTx A and TeTx or BoTx B (regardless of
      intoxication sequence) revealed supra-additive effects, since the number of
      quanta released was considerably lower than that obtained with any of the toxins
      alone (in the presence of 4-AP). (7) Our results indicate that tetanus toxin and
      botulinum toxin type B have a common site of action which is different and
      independent from that of botulinum toxin type A.

PMID- 2888077
TI  - RFLPs associated with MDR2, a member of the human multidrug resistance gene
      family mapped to chromosome 7.

PMID- 2888078
TI  - Hgi AI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the human glutathione S
      transferase 2 locus.

PMID- 2888079
TI  - A PstI polymorphism for the human porphobilinogen deaminase gene (PBG).

PMID- 2888080
TI  - Presence of a TaqI polymorphism in the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) gene
      on chromosome 10.

PMID- 2888081
TI  - A HindIII polymorphism detected by the cDNA encoding amyloid beta protein of
      Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2888082
TI  - A human single-copy DNA probe (DR 47) detects a Taq I RFLP on chromosome 9
      (D9S5).

PMID- 2888084
TI  - MspI polymorphism in the 3' flanking region of the human factor VIII gene.

PMID- 2888083
TI  - A moderately frequent RFLP identified by both SacI and BanII with a probe from
      the HOX2 locus in man (17q11-17q22).

PMID- 2888085
TI  - Isolation of a full-length cDNA clone encoding human tyrosine hydroxylase type 3.

PMID- 2888087
TI  - A frequent HaeIII RFLP of the human fibronectin gene.

PMID- 2888086
TI  - An RFLP associated with the human T-cell antigen receptor alpha chain locus.

PMID- 2888088
TI  - A new RFLP for L1.4 (D5S4) an anonymous genomic clone localised to chromosome 5.

PMID- 2888089
TI  - RFLP for the human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene: HindIII.

PMID- 2888090
TI  - Multiple RFLPs demonstrated for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on
      chromosome 7.

PMID- 2888091
TI  - RFLP for the glucocorticoid receptor (GRL) located at 5q11-5q13.

PMID- 2888092
TI  - SacI RFLP in the human von Willebrand factor gene.

PMID- 2888093
TI  - A new RFLP detected with the anonymous single copy genomic clone L1.7 (D5S1).

PMID- 2888094
TI  - An Xba I polymorphism 3' to the human erythropoietin (EPO) gene.

PMID- 2888095
TI  - AvaII RFLP at the human apolipoprotein CII (APO CII) gene locus.

PMID- 2888096
TI  - Lack of interaction between cimetidine and buspirone.
AB  - Simultaneous administration of cimetidine and many benzodiazepine anxiolytics has
      resulted in decreased body clearance and marked prolongation of the half-life of
      these agents. The pharmacokinetic interaction of buspirone, a new
      nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, and cimetidine was studied in 10 healthy male
      volunteers. Each received, in order, buspirone 45 mg/day (days 1-7), no drug
      (days 8-14), cimetidine 1 g/day (days 15-21), buspirone 45 mg/day plus cimetidine
      1 g/day (days 22-28), and cimetidine 1 g/day (days 29-31). Buspirone and 1
      pyrimidinyl piperazine (1-PP), an active metabolite, pharmacokinetics, urinary
      excretion of cimetidine, a manual dexterity test, the Stroop color-word
      interference test, and a visual analog mood scale were evaluated on each
      treatment. There were no significant (p greater than 0.05) differences among
      treatments for any measurement except for a slight (31%) but significant (p less
      than 0.05) increase in the 1-PP Cmax value. These results suggest that within the
      normal therapeutic dosage ranges for both drugs, it is unlikely that a clinically
      significant interaction between them will occur.

PMID- 2888098
TI  - Influence of centrally administered somatostatin and two related peptides on
      intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes in conscious dogs.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of somatostatin
      (SRIF) and two related peptides, anti SRIF and SMS 201-995, on jejunal fluxes of
      water, Na+ and K+ were investigated in dogs prepared with a Thiry-Vella (TV)
      loop. Intestinal transport in the TV loop and concomitant transit time were also
      measured during infusion (2 mg/min) of an isotonic electrolyte solution and
      phenol-red bolus injections. Basal net water absorption was reduced significantly
      (p less than 0.01) over periods of 2 to 5 hr and in a dose-related manner, with
      ICV administrations of SRIF (5 to 100 ng/kg); doses of SRIF, 5 to 25 times higher
      but administered IV, were inactive. Similar reductions in the net fluxes of
      water, Na+ and K+ were observed over 2 to 5 hr following ICV administration of a
      putative somatostatin antagonist and SMS 201-995 at doses of 100 ng/kg. Neither
      metoclopramide (1 mg/kg), phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg) nor methysergide (0.2 mg/kg)
      given IV were able to antagonize the effects of centrally administered SRIF (100
      ng/kg) on intestinal fluxes. In contrast, the effects of SRIF were abolished
      completely by naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) but not methyl-naloxone (0.3 mg/kg) given
      systemically. It is concluded that somatostatin and the two related peptides act
      centrally to reduce jejunal absorption of water and electrolytes. The effects of
      SRIF appear to be related to opiate receptors, possible involving central nerve
      pathways which utilize opiate-like transmitters.

PMID- 2888097
TI  - The effects of adrenergic, opioid and pancreatic polypeptidergic compounds on
      feeding and other behaviors in neonatal leghorn chicks.
AB  - The present study examined the effects of intracerebral (IC) administration of
      pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), norepinephrine (NE), dynorphin
      and naloxone on food intake in 2-day-old Leghorn chicks. Of the compounds
      studied, only PP (20 micrograms) and naloxone (10 and 20 micrograms) elevated
      food intake significantly as compared to saline injections. NPY, a potent
      orexigenic agent in mammals, did not elevate consumption significantly in a dose
      related fashion. This latter finding was attributed to the occurrence of tonic
      clonic convulsions following NPY administration. However, for those chicks which
      did not exhibit behavioral convulsions, food intake appeared to be elevated by 1,
      5 and 10 micrograms of NPY. Similarly, NE did not elevate food intake but instead
      induced sedation and narcolepsy, a behavioral response which could be
      distinguished from the convulsions observed after NPY. In a separate group of
      chicks, the effect of NPY on cortical activity was examined. Bipolar electrodes
      were used to record EEG activity before and after IC injections of saline, NPY or
      NE. The behavioral convulsions induced by NPY corresponded with an increase in
      high amplitude sharp-wave activity, which persisted for up to 30 min post
      injection. Collectively, these results suggest that the neurochemical substrates
      for feeding in 2-day-old Leghorn chicks are distinct from those underlying food
      intake in adult mammals.

PMID- 2888100
TI  - Unexpectedly high levels of opioid peptides in rat brain membranes.
AB  - Several considerations led us to directly measure, using radioimmunoassay, the
      levels of dynorphin-A(1-8), cholecystokinin-8, and Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8
      (MERGL) in lysed-P2 membranes, membranes incubated 60 min at 25 degrees C in 50
      mM TRIS-HCl at pH 7.4, and membranes preincubated 60 min at 25 degrees C in TRIS
      buffer containing 0.4 M NaCl. Lysed-P2 membranes contained neuropeptides at
      levels between 0.253 and 1.727 pmol/mg protein. Incubating membranes in buffer
      alone decreased membrane peptide levels by 40 to 60%. Preincubations in the
      presence of 0.4 M NaCl resulted in even greater reductions in the peptide content
      of membranes (between 58 and 90%), without changing [3H]etorphine binding.
      Detailed comparisons of the two binding sites labeled by [3H]naloxone revealed
      changes in binding parameters induced by preincubation with NaCl. Taken
      collectively, these studies demonstrate that lysed-P2 membranes contain
      sequestered peptides that are not bound to opiate receptors.

PMID- 2888099
TI  - Effects of a novel opioid peptide antagonist on rat bladder motility in vivo.
AB  - The agonist, and opioid antagonist, effects of intracerebroventricularly (ICV)
      given D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTP), a cyclic analogue of
      somatostatin octapeptide, were evaluated using the micturition reflex of the
      anesthetized rat as the endpoint. Antagonist effects were evaluated against
      equieffective doses of selective mu [D-Ala2,NMPhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAGO) and
      delta [D-Pen2,D-Pen5] enkephalin (DPDPE) opioid agonists. At low ICV doses, CTP
      preferentially antagonized DPDPE rather than DAGO; increasing the dose of CTP
      further effectively antagonized both mu and delta agonists, while even higher
      doses showed an agonist effect alone which was not blocked by adrenergic,
      cholinergic or opioid antagonists. Selective opioid antagonist doses of CTP
      failed to block the inhibition of the micturition reflex produced by
      pentobarbital. Possible residual somatostatin like properties of CTP were tested
      by using somatostatin as a possible antagonist of equieffective doses of DPDPE
      and DAGO; somatostatin did not antagonize these agonists. Repeated exposure to
      CTP resulted in the development of acute tolerance to the agonist effect, and
      also prevented the inhibition of the reflex by high doses of somatostatin, with
      the converse experiment showing a similar pattern; thus, repeated somatostatin
      resulted in tolerance and subsequent cross-tolerance to the agonist effects of
      CTP. In animals tolerant to somatostatin, CTP nevertheless behaved as an opioid
      antagonist. The present results indicate that CTP possesses opioid antagonist
      properties in vivo which are pharmacological in nature but nevertheless retains
      residual somatostatin-like activity at higher doses.

PMID- 2888101
TI  - The degradation of dynorphin A in brain tissue in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The demonstration of analgesia following in vivo administration of dynorphin A
      (Dyn A) has been difficult. In contrast, a number of electrophysiological and
      behavioral effects reported with in vivo injection of Dyn A can be produced by
      des-tyrosine dynorphin A (Dyn A 2-17). This suggested the extremely rapid amino
      terminal degradation of dynorphin A. To test this hypothesis, we examined the
      degradation of dynorphin A following in vivo injection into the periaqueductal
      gray (PAG) as well as in vitro using rat brain membranes under receptor binding
      conditions. In vivo, we observed the rapid amino terminal cleavage of tyrosine to
      yield the relatively more stable destyrosine dynorphin A. This same cleavage
      after tyrosine was observed in vitro. Inhibition of this aminopeptidase activity
      in vitro was observed by the addition of dynorphin A 2-17 or dynorphin A 7-17 but
      not after the addition of dynorphin A 1-13, dynorphin A 1-8, dynorphin B or alpha
      neo-endorphin suggesting a specific enzyme may be responsible. The detection of
      the behaviorally active des-tyrosine dynorphin A following in vivo injection of
      dynorphin A suggests that this peptide may play an important physiological role.

PMID- 2888102
TI  - [Renal changes in viral hepatitis evaluated on the bases of gamma
      glutamyltransferase and alanyl aminopeptidase activities in the urine of
      patients].

PMID- 2888103
TI  - Effect of infection with Eimeria tenella upon the cecal bacterial population in
      monoflora chickens.
AB  - Monoflora chickens were established at 2 days of age by an oral inoculation with
      one of six species of bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium
      thermophilum, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, or
      Streptococcus faecalis) and were infected with Eimeria tenella (5 X 10(4) oocysts
      per bird) 2 days later. There were two experimental groups for each bacterium:
      birds infected with bacteria alone and birds infected with a combination of
      bacteria and E. tenella. Seven days after E. tenella infection, counts of B.
      thermophilum in the cecal contents were significantly lower for E. tenella
      infected birds than for those infected by B. thermophilum alone, whereas 10 days
      after E. tenella infection, counts were higher for E. tennella-infected birds.
      The population of L. acidophilus in the cecal contents of the E. tenella-infected
      chickens 10 days after inoculation was significantly greater than that in
      uninfected chickens. No significant differences were observed between the numbers
      of B. vulgatus, C. perfringens, and S. faecalis in cecal contents of groups with
      and without E. tenella infections.

PMID- 2888104
TI  - [Spontaneous bilateral perirenal hematoma as a complication of Wegener's
      granulomatosis].

PMID- 2888105
TI  - [Treatment of external pancreatic fistula by depot somatostatin].

PMID- 2888106
TI  - [Beta-blockaders in first-intention treatment of exercise angina pectoris].
AB  - Effort angina may be treated with nitrates, beta-blockers or calcium antagonists
      which are equally effective. The choice of the appropriate treatment sometimes
      depends on clinical data, on the contraindications indications specific to each
      therapeutic class or on side-effects. In most cases, beta-blockers should be
      preferred since their side-effects are rare provided their contra-indications are
      respected, they are easy to administer and above all, they exert a protective
      effect on the heart demonstrated after myocardial infection and highly probable
      in angina. The possible occurrence, during prolonged treatment, of unstable
      angina or myocardial infarction--both conditions in which beta-blockers alone or
      combined with other drugs have been shown to be effective--is in favour of this
      treatment. However, the frequent presence of a vasomotor factor in the different
      clinical forms of coronary disease justifies the use of vasodilators concurrently
      with beta-blockers, notably in patients with severe angina.

PMID- 2888107
TI  - The relationship of borderline personality disorder to the affective disorders.
AB  - The proposition that Borderline Personality Disorders (BPDs) are atypical forms
      of affective disorder is reviewed in the light of pharmacological, outcome and
      clinical studies. The case can be summarized briefly as follows: that the basic
      underlying cause of borderline symptomatology is an effective disorder; that mood
      disturbance, which is viewed as primarily biological, is more important than
      developmental experience and life events in maintaining borderline personality
      features; that therapies aimed at treating the mood disorder should therefore be
      expected to relieve the personality disorder. However, the pharmacological
      studies suggest that antidepressant medications have been largely ineffective in
      treating well defined BPD, except in the presence of coexisting depressive
      disorder. Indeed low dose antipsychotics have a demonstrated efficacy in the
      treatment of BPD, which does not strengthen the case for an affective etiology.
      Follow-up studies of BPDs suggest that dramatic characterological features seen
      at the time of index hospitalization tend to recede by the time patients are in
      their 30s, that major affective disorders fail to emerge over time, and that long
      term marginal functioning derives from long-term maladaptive patterns across a
      variety of areas. Clinical studies suggest that 20-60 per cent of patients with
      BPD have a concomitant depressive disorder. Conversely the prevalence of
      personality disorders in depressions varies with depressive category, with
      considerably higher incidence of personality disturbance found in non-endogenous
      depression. The high rate of coexistence of these two disorders does not imply
      causality or primacy, in the sense that it is the affective disorder which brings
      out and causes the personality disorder. The review concludes that the assertion
      that BPD represents atypical affective disorder begs the possibility that it is
      precisely in having borderline features that they are atypical, and hence
      distinct.

PMID- 2888108
TI  - The positive-negative dimension in schizophrenia: its validity and significance.
AB  - It has been recently proposed that positive (productive) and negative (deficit)
      symptoms in schizophrenia constitute distinct syndromes that carry different
      etiological, prognostic, and treatment implications. Inconclusive results to date
      may be attributable to methodological weaknesses, including problems of
      measurement and lack of longitudinal, dynamic, and multiphasic investigation. We
      describe a series of multidimensional studies on the validity and significance of
      this distinction, deriving from a new rating instrument and separate typological,
      dimensional, longitudinal, phasic, and psychopharmacological research
      perspectives. The data suggest that positive and negative features represent
      opposing polarities of psychopathology which can be reliably assessed. Various
      sources of syndromal validation were demonstrated, including construct and
      criterion-related validity and differential response to psychotropic medication.
      Positive and negative syndromes were equally prevalent in the acute and chronic
      phases of schizophrenia but stable only in the latter. The meaning of the
      syndromes also varied according to chronicity. In the chronic stage, a negative
      profile was uniquely associated with ominous genealogical, premorbid, and
      phenomenological signs, whereas in acute schizophrenia it carried favorable
      import and predicted successful outcome. The results contest a monolithic concept
      of the positive-negative distinction and fail to support the prevalent hypothesis
      of structural organic impairment underlying the negative syndrome. We instead
      postulate a dual-process model that distinguishes between neuroleptic responsive
      arousal-related (positive) and neuroleptic resistant development (negative)
      components in chronic schizophrenia.

PMID- 2888109
TI  - Expression and secretion of type beta transforming growth factor by activated
      human macrophages.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages activated with concanavalin A and peripheral blood monocytes
      activated with lipopolysaccharide secrete type beta transforming growth factor
      (TGF-beta). There is minimal TGF-beta secretion in unactivated monocytes, even
      though TGF-beta mRNA is expressed in these cells at a level similar to that in
      activated, lipopolysaccharide-treated cultures. U937 lymphoma cells, which have
      monocytic characteristics, also express mRNA for TGF-beta. Freshly isolated
      monocytes, both control and lipopolysaccharide-treated, secrete an acid-labile
      binding protein that inhibits TGF-beta action. We conclude the following: (i)
      that expression of TGF-beta mRNA is unrelated to monocyte activation, (ii) that
      secretion of TGF-beta is induced by monocyte activation, and (iii) that
      cosecretion of TGF-beta and its monocyte/macrophage-derived binding protein may
      modulate growth factor action. In contrast, monocytic expression of other growth
      factor genes, such as the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor, is not
      constitutive and requires activation.

PMID- 2888110
TI  - Cloning of partial cDNA encoding differentiation and tumor-associated mucin
      glycoproteins expressed by human mammary epithelium.
AB  - Human mammary epithelial cells secrete and express on their cell surfaces complex
      mucin glycoproteins (Mr greater than 250,000) that are developmentally regulated,
      tumor-associated, and highly immunogenic. Studies using monoclonal antibodies
      directed to these glycoproteins suggest that their molecular structures can vary
      with differentiation stages in the normal gland and in malignancy. To analyze the
      molecular nature of these glycoproteins, milk mucin was affinity-purified and
      deglycosylated with hydrogen fluoride, yielding bands at 68 and 72 kDa on silver
      stained gels. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the stripped core protein
      were developed and used to screen a lambda gt11 expression library of cDNA made
      from mRNA of the mammary tumor cell line MCF-7. Seven cross-reacting clones were
      isolated, with inserts 0.1-1.8 kilobases long. RNA blot analysis, using as a
      probe the 1.8-kilobase insert subcloned in plasmid pUC8 (pMUC10), revealed
      transcripts of 4.7 and 6.4 kilobases in MCF-7 and T47D mammary tumor cells,
      whereas normal mammary epithelial cells from pooled milks have additional
      transcripts. The expression of mRNA correlates with antigen expression as
      determined by binding of two previously characterized anti-mucin monoclonal
      antibodies (HMFG-1 and HMFG-2) to seven cell lines. Restriction enzyme analysis
      detected a restriction fragment length polymorphism when human genomic DNA was
      digested with EcoRI or HinfI.

PMID- 2888111
TI  - Role of glutamic acid-181 in DNA-sequence recognition by the catabolite gene
      activator protein (CAP) of Escherichia coli: altered DNA-sequence-recognition
      properties of [Val181]CAP and [Leu181]CAP.
AB  - It has been proposed that Glu-181 of the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP)
      makes direct contact with certain base pairs of the specific DNA site. We have
      purified wild-type CAP and two substituted CAP variants, [Val181]CAP and
      [Leu181]CAP, and have assessed the DNA-sequence-recognition properties in vitro
      with respect to positions 5, 6, 7, 8, and 16 of the DNA site. The data indicate
      that [Val181]CAP and [Leu181]CAP fail to discriminate between the consensus DNA
      base pair and the three non-consensus-DNA base pairs at 2-fold-related positions
      7 and 16 of the DNA site. In contrast, [Val181]CAP and [Leu181]CAP retain the
      ability to discriminate between different base pairs at positions 5 and 8 of the
      DNA site. We conclude that Glu-181 of CAP makes a direct contact with 2-fold
      related positions 7 and 16 of the DNA site, as proposed previously based on in
      vivo results. We propose that upon replacement of Glu-181 by valine or leucine,
      this contact is eliminated and is replaced by no other functional contact. We
      estimate that the contact by Glu-181 with each position contributes -0.7 kcal/mol
      to the total CAP-DNA binding free energy.

PMID- 2888112
TI  - Coupling of replication type histone mRNA levels to DNA synthesis requires the
      stem-loop sequence at the 3' end of the mRNA.
AB  - The role of the 3' end of mRNA in coupling between the level of histone mRNAs and
      DNA synthesis was examined. We introduced modified mouse histone H3 genes into
      mouse fibroblasts and studied the regulation of several different H3 mRNAs that
      are not terminated with a normal histone 3' end. In two cases, the stem-loop
      sequences were deleted from the mRNAs and replaced either by 3' sequences
      flanking the H3 gene or by globin 3' untranslated region sequences including the
      polyadenylylation signal. In the former case, approximately equal to 50% of the
      modified mRNA was polyadenylylated, whereas in the latter case all of the mRNA
      had a polyadenylylated terminus. In contrast to the normal histone mRNAs, these
      mRNAs, including the nonadenylylated form, were stable when DNA synthesis was
      inhibited with several drugs. The levels of two other histone mRNAs, each
      containing the stem-loop sequences as an internal part of the mRNA, also were
      stable when DNA synthesis was inhibited. These results indicate that the
      posttranscriptional coupling of histone mRNA levels to DNA synthesis requires the
      presence of the stem-loop sequences at the 3' end of the mRNA.

PMID- 2888114
TI  - Integration host factor is required for the DNA inversion that controls phase
      variation in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The on-and-off expression (phase variation) of type 1 fimbriae, encoded by fimA,
      in Escherichia coli is controlled by the inversion of a promoter-containing 314
      base-pair DNA element. This element is flanked on each side by a 9-base-pair
      inverted, repeat sequence and requires closely linked genes for inversion.
      Homology analysis of the products of these genes, fimB and fimE, reveals a strong
      similarity with the proposed DNA binding domain of lambda integrase, which
      mediates site-specific recombination in the presence of integration host factor.
      Integration host factor, encoded by himA and hip/himD, binds to the sequence 5'
      TNYAANNNRTTGAT 3', where Y = pyrimidine and R = purine, in mediating integration
      excision. In analyzing the DNA flanking the fim 314-base-pair inversion sequence,
      we found the adjacent sequence 5' TTTAACTTATTGAT 3', which corresponds perfectly
      with the consensus integration host factor binding site. To characterize the role
      of himA in phase variation, we transduced either a deletion of himA or an
      insertionally inactivated hip/himD gene into an E. coli strain with a fimA-lacZ
      operon fusion. We found the rate of phase variation decreases sharply from 10(-3)
      to less than 10(-5) per cell per generation. Southern hybridization analysis
      demonstrates that the himA mutation results in a failure of the switch-generated
      genetic rearrangement. When the transductant was transformed with a himA+
      plasmid, normal switching returned. Thus integration host factor is required for
      normal type 1 fimbriae phase variation in E. coli.

PMID- 2888113
TI  - Dissociation of bradykinin-induced prostaglandin formation from
      phosphatidylinositol turnover in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts: evidence for G protein
      regulation of phospholipase A2.
AB  - In Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts bradykinin stimulated inositol phosphate (InsP)
      formation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. The EC50 values for stimulation
      of PGE2 synthesis and InsP formation by bradykinin were similar, 200 pM and 275
      pM, respectively. Guanosine-5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate stimulated PGE2 synthesis
      and InsP formation, and guanosine-5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate inhibited both PGE2
      synthesis and InsP formation stimulated by bradykinin. Neither bradykinin
      stimulated PGE2 synthesis nor InsP formation was sensitive to pertussis toxin.
      Phorbol ester, dexamethasone, and cycloheximide distinguished between bradykinin
      stimulated PGE2 synthesis and InsP formation. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
      enhanced bradykinin-stimulated PGE2 synthesis but inhibited bradykinin-stimulated
      InsP formation. Pretreatment of cells with dexamethasone for 24 hr inhibited
      bradykinin-stimulated PGE2 synthesis but was without effect on bradykinin
      stimulated InsP formation. Cycloheximide inhibited bradykinin-stimulated PGE2
      synthesis but was without effect on bradykinin-stimulated InsP formation. When
      bradykinin was added to cells prelabeled with [3H]choline, the phospholipase A2
      products lysophosphatidylcholine and glycerophosphocholine were generated. In
      cells pretreated with dexamethasone, lysophosphatidylcholine and
      glycerophosphocholine formation induced by bradykinin were inhibited. Treatment
      of cells with phorbol ester enhanced bradykinin-induced formation of these
      metabolites. The data suggest that bradykinin receptors are coupled by GTP
      binding proteins to both phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 and that
      phospholipase A2 is the enzyme that catalyzes release of arachidonate for
      prostaglandin synthesis.

PMID- 2888116
TI  - The Leeuwenhoek lecture, 1986. Environmental carcinogens and papillomaviruses in
      the pathogenesis of cancer.
AB  - In many areas of the world there is a geographically localized high incidence of
      alimentary and bladder cancer in cattle. Studies in western Scotland have
      demonstrated that this phenomenon is associated with ingestion of bracken fern.
      However, the affected animals and herds were shown also to have an unusually high
      infection rate of alimentary papillomas caused by a previously unrecognised
      bovine papillomavirus (BPV) and that these tumors could undergo malignant
      transformation. Long-term field and experimental studies were started and
      indicate that the pathogenesis of the tumours and their relationship to virus
      infection and food-derived mutagens is complex. Results from these studies, and
      from cellular and molecular biology experiments, are presented and discussed in
      the context of recent papillomavirus findings in the human subject.

PMID- 2888115
TI  - Detection of disease-specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms in
      pemphigus vulgaris linked to the DQw1 and DQw3 alleles of the HLA-D region.
AB  - Pemphigus vulgaris in Israeli Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews and in Austrian
      non-Jewish patients is strongly associated with the DR4 and DRw6 alleles of the
      HLA-D region class II genes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
      was undertaken with DQ beta, DQ alpha, and DR beta cDNA probes. Hybridization
      with the DQ beta probe identifies Pvu II, BamHI, and EcoRV fragments that
      absolutely discriminate pemphigus vulgaris patients from healthy DR-, DQ-, and
      ethnic-matched controls. In contrast the DQ alpha and DR beta probes failed to
      identify disease-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism fragments.
      These studies indicate that DQw1 and DQw3 polymorphisms carried by pemphigus
      vulgaris patients may be directly involved in predisposition to the disease or
      may be tightly linked to the susceptibility gene itself. To our knowledge, this
      is the first example of an HLA restriction fragment length polymorphism that is
      highly associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2888117
TI  - Activation of a common effector system by different brain neurotransmitter
      receptors in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Xenopus oocytes possess 'native' muscarinic receptors, which give rise to
      oscillatory chloride currents; similar responses are elicited by activation of
      foreign receptors to serotonin, glutamate and noradrenaline, expressed in oocytes
      after injection of messenger RNA from rat brain. When low concentrations of two
      agonists are applied together, the combined response is greater than would be
      expected from the sum of the responses to each agonist applied alone.
      Potentiation of acetylcholine by serotonin is blocked by the serotonin antagonist
      methysergide; conversely, the potentiation of serotonin by acetylcholine is
      blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. This indicates that each agonist
      acts on a distinct receptor. The interactions between serotonin, acetylcholine
      and other agonists provide further evidence that the different receptors may all
      'link in' to a common receptor-channel coupling system, in which phosphoinositide
      metabolism and calcium liberation lead to the opening of chloride channels in the
      oocyte membrane.

PMID- 2888118
TI  - Metabolism of glucose into glutamate via the hexose monophosphate shunt and its
      inhibition by 6-aminonicotinamide in rat brain in vivo.
AB  - The treatment of rats for 4 h with 6-aminonicotinamide (60 mg kg-1) resulted in
      an 180-fold increase in the concentration of 6-phosphogluconate in their brains;
      glucose increased 2.6-fold and glucose 6-phosphate, 1.7-fold. Moreover, lactate
      decreased by 20%, glutamate by 8% and gamma-aminobutyrate by 12%, and aspartate
      increased by 10%. No significant changes were found in glutamine and citrate. In
      blood, 6-phosphogluconate increased 5-fold; glucose, 1.4-fold and glucose 6
      phosphate, 1.8-fold. The metabolism of glucose in the rat brain, via both the
      Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt, was investigated by
      injecting [U-14C]glucose or [2-14C]glucose, and that via the hexose monophosphate
      shunt alone by injecting [3,4-14C]glucose. The total radioactive yield of amino
      acids in the rat brain was 5.63 mumol at 20 min after injection of [U
      14C]glucose, or 5.82 mumol after injection of [2-14C]glucose; by contrast, it was
      0.62 mumol after injection of [3,4-14C]glucose. The treatment of rats with 6
      aminonicotinamide showed significant decreases in these values, owing to
      decreases in the radioactive yields of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, gamma
      aminobutyrate, and alanine+glycine+serine. Glutamate isolated from the brain
      contained approximately 43% of its radioactivity in carbon 1 after injection of
      [3,4-14C]glucose, in contrast to 13% and 18% after injection of [U-14C]glucose
      and [2-14C]glucose, respectively, in both the control and treated rats. The
      calculations based on these findings showed that approximately 69% of the 14C
      labelled glutamate was formed from [14C]acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and the
      residual 31% by 14CO2 fixation of pyruvate after injection of [3,4-14C]glucose in
      both control and treated rats. The results gave direct evidence that glutamate
      and gamma-aminobutyrate in the brain were formed by metabolism of glucose via the
      hexose monophosphate shunt as well as via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. From the
      radioactive yields of glutamate formed via [14C]acetyl CoA it was estimated that
      approximately 7.8% of the total glucose utilized was channelled via the hexose
      monophosphate shunt. Assuming that [14C]glutamate formed by carbon-dioxide
      fixation of pyruvate was also dependent on the metabolism of glucose through the
      hexose monophosphate shunt, the estimated value was approximately 9.5% of the
      total glucose converted into glutamate. The results of the present investigation,
      taken in conjunction with other findings, suggest that the utilization of glucose
      via the hexose monophosphate shunt is functionally important in the rat brain.

PMID- 2888120
TI  - The Wellcome Foundation lecture, 1986. The molecular regulators of normal and
      leukaemic blood cells.
AB  - The development of a cell-culture system for the cloning and clonal
      differentiation of different types of blood cell has made it possible to
      identify: (i), the proteins that regulate growth and differentiation of different
      cell lineages in normal and leukaemic blood cells; (ii), the molecular basis of
      normal and abnormal control of cell development in blood-forming tissue; and
      (iii), how to suppress malignancy in leukaemic cells. By using myeloid blood
      cells as a model system, it has been shown that normal blood cells require
      different proteins to induce cell viability and multiplication (growth-inducers)
      and differentiation (differentiation-inducers), that there is a hierarchy of
      growth-inducers which act at various stages of cell development, and that a
      growth-inducer can switch on production of a differentiation-inducer. Gene
      cloning has established a multigene family for these proteins. Identification of
      these proteins and their interaction has shown how growth and differentiation are
      regulated in normal development and demonstrated the mechanisms that uncouple
      growth and differentiation so as to produce malignant cells. Normal cells require
      an external source of growth-inducing protein for cell viability and
      multiplication. Cells can become leukaemic by genetically changing this normal
      requirement for growth without blocking response to normal differentiation
      inducers. The mature cells induced by adding these normal protein-inducers are
      then no longer malignant. Other genetic changes which inhibit differentiation by
      the normal blood-cell regulatory proteins can occur in the evolution of
      leukaemia. But even these leukaemic cells may still be induced to differentiate
      by other compounds that can induce differentiation by alternative pathways. The
      differentiation of leukaemic to mature cells, which stops the cells from
      multiplying, results in the suppression of malignancy by bypassing genetic
      changes that produce the malignant phenotype. The activity of blood-cell growth-
      and differentiation-inducing proteins has been shown in culture and in the body.
      They can, therefore, be clinically useful to correct defects in the development
      of normal and leukaemic blood cells.

PMID- 2888121
TI  - Growth of Paracoccus denitrificans on [2,3-13C]succinate and [1,4-13C]succinate.
      I. The flux of carbon in energy metabolism and the operation of the TCA cycle.
AB  - The metabolism of Paracoccus denitrificans, grown on either [2,3-13C]succinate or
      [1,4-13C]succinate, was investigated by using gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry. The distribution of label in a group of metabolites closely related
      to the TCA-cycle intermediates showed that the flux of carbon from succinate in
      energy metabolism in vivo was via pyruvate (malic enzyme) and acetyl CoA. The
      labelling pattern of the carboxyl groups showed that one fifth of the succinate
      pool was formed by the regeneration of succinate via the TCA cycle, and four
      fifths was supplied externally as substrate from the medium.

PMID- 2888122
TI  - Growth of Paracoccus denitrificans on [2,3-13C]succinate and [1,4-13C]succinate.
      II. Isoleucine biosynthesis.
AB  - Paracoccus denitrificans was grown on either [2,3-13C]succinate or [1,4
      13C]succinate, and extracts were analysed by using gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry. The distribution of label in isoleucine indicated that the 2
      ketobutyrate required for isoleucine biosynthesis was mainly produced from
      pyruvate by 2-keto-acid chain elongation (i.e. the 'pyruvate elongation
      pathway'). Approximately 10% of isoleucine was produced by a second pathway
      involving propionyl CoA. Threonine and glutamate were not utilized by P.
      denitrificans as a source of 2-ketobutyrate production for isoleucine
      biosynthesis under the growth conditions used.

PMID- 2888119
TI  - The interplexiform-horizontal cell system of the fish retina: effects of
      dopamine, light stimulation and time in the dark.
AB  - Interplexiform cells contact cone horizontal cells in the fish retina and
      probably release dopamine at synaptic sites. The effects of dopamine, certain
      related compounds, and light and dark regimes were tested on the intracellularly
      recorded activity of horizontal cells in the superfused carp retina to elucidate
      the functional role of the interplexiform cell. Dopamine application onto retinae
      kept in the dark for 30-40 min increased the size of the responses of cone
      horizontal cells to small-spot stimuli but decreased response size to large- and
      full-field stimuli. Dopamine also altered the response waveform of these cells;
      the transient at response onset increased in size and the depolarizing
      afterpotential decreased in size. Haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist, blocked
      these effects of dopamine application. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator,
      increased the size of the responses of the cells to small-spot stimuli.
      Superfusion of vasoactive intestinal peptide did not produce any effects on
      horizontal cells. The results indicate that dopamine produces multiple
      physiological effects on cone horizontal cells by activation of an intracellular
      enzyme system. We propose that some of these effects are probably related to an
      uncoupling of the gap junctions between horizontal cells, but that other effects
      are most likely not explained on this basis and reflect additional changes
      induced in the cells by dopamine. After prolonged periods of darkness (100-110
      min), compared with short periods (30-40 min), L-type cone horizontal cells
      exhibited responses similar to those obtained during dopamine application. Dim
      flickering or continuous light backgrounds did not mimic the effects of dopamine.
      Although dopamine application onto retinae after short-term darkness produced
      dramatic effects on L-type cone horizontal cells, little or no effect was
      observed when dopamine was applied while the effects of a previous dopamine
      application were still present or after prolonged darkness. These results suggest
      that interplexiform cells may release dopamine after prolonged darkness and that
      interplexiform cells may regulate lateral inhibitory effects mediated by L-type
      cone horizontal cells as a function of time in the dark.

PMID- 2888123
TI  - Modulation of the GABAA receptor by progesterone metabolites.
AB  - The naturally occurring progesterone metabolites 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one
      and 5 beta-pregnane-3,20-dione reversibly enhance membrane currents elicited by
      locally applied GABA in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. Such
      potentiation was not influenced by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. At
      concentrations in excess of those necessary to evoke potentiation of GABA
      currents, 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one and 5 beta-pregane-3,20-dione directly
      activated a membrane conductance. The resulting currents were potentiated by
      phenobarbitone and diazepam, and abolished by the GABAA-receptor antagonist,
      bicuculline. On outside-out membrane patches, 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one
      and 5 beta-pregnane-3,20-dione activated single channel currents of similar
      amplitude to those evoked by GABA. The results suggest that certain naturally
      occurring steroids potentiate the actions of GABA and, additionally, directly
      activate the GABAA receptor.

PMID- 2888124
TI  - Models of the Na-K pump in cardiac muscle predict the wrong intracellular Na+
      activity.
AB  - The Na-K pump in cardiac Purkinje strands has been carefully studied with voltage
      clamp and Na+-selective microelectrodes. In three of these studies both the rate
      of change of intracellular Na+ activity, a(Nai), after pump blockade, and the
      time constant of reduction of a(Nai) after an Na+ load were measured. These two
      parameters can be employed with a formalism relating pump activity to a(Nai) in
      order to predict the a(Nai) in the steady state. Several formalisms were tested:
      (a) a first-order dependence on a(Nai); (b) a model based on the assumption of a
      single, saturable, Na+-binding site that must be occupied for transport to occur;
      (c) a model based on n equivalent, saturable, Na+ binding sites per pump molecule
      all of which must be occupied for transport to occur. The first two models
      predicted an a(Nai) that is far below the value of about 6 mM that is
      experimentally obtained. The third model would work for n greater than or equal
      to 4. These results suggest that either the cardiac Na-K pump is not well
      described by available Na-K pump models for n less than 4 or that the measured
      Na+ influx rate, extrusion rate or a(Nai) are in error.

PMID- 2888126
TI  - Absence of age-related changes in the binding of the beta adrenergic antagonist
      125I-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol in rat heart.
AB  - The effect of age on the density and the affinity of beta adrenergic receptors
      was determined in the hearts of Fischer 344 rats at three ages, 6, 12, and 24
      months old. The binding of the beta adrenergic antagonist 125I
      iodohydroxybenzylpindolol (IHYP), was used to quantitate and characterize cardiac
      beta adrenergic receptors. The maximal number of binding sites (Bmax = F moles/mg
      of protein) were 26.3 +/- 2.5, 25.4 +/- 0.99, and 24.5 +/- 2.4 and the
      dissociation constants (Kd = nM) were 0.166 +/- 0.014, 0.126 +/- 0.006, and 0.135
      +/- 0.015 for 6, 12, and 24 months old animals, respectively. There were no
      significant differences among the three ages. These results support the
      contention that neither beta adrenergic receptor density or affinity changes with
      age in the ventricles of the rat heart.

PMID- 2888125
TI  - Polymorphism of photopigments in the squirrel monkey: a sixth phenotype.
AB  - We describe here a trichromatic type of squirrel monkey that resembles Old World
      monkeys in having two well-separated photopigments in the red-green part of the
      spectrum; the cones of this phenotype have peak sensitivities close to 430, 536
      and 564 nm. The existence of such animals is predicted by a genetic model that
      postulates three alleles for a single locus on the X-chromosome of the squirrel
      monkey. The three alleles correspond to three different photopigments in the red
      green spectral range. A male monkey, or a homozygous female, will be dichromatic,
      combining short-wave cones with just one of the cone types in the red-green
      range. But a female monkey, if heterozygous at the locus, draws any two of the
      three alleles from the set. X-chromosome inactivation ensures that the two
      alleles are expressed in different subpopulations of retinal cone, giving the
      monkey the basis for trichromatic colour vision. This model requires three
      trichromatic types of female squirrel monkey. The photopigment complements of two
      types have previously been reported and microspectrophotometric data are now
      given for the third type. Behaviourally, this third type of trichromat gives
      precise Rayleigh matches that are intermediate between those of the other two
      types of trichromat. The polymorphism of photopigments in the squirrel monkey may
      be maintained by the heterozygous advantage enjoyed by the trichromatic females.
      This would be an instructive instance of heterozygous advantage because it is a
      case where X-chromosome inactivation plays a crucial role in segregating the two
      different gene-products into different cells.

PMID- 2888127
TI  - Influence of neural blockages and proglumide on rat pancreatic enzyme secretion
      in response to intraluminal fatty acid.
AB  - Effects of neural blockages on pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to
      infusing fatty acid into the lumen were investigated using anesthetized rats,
      equipped with bile-pancreatic and duodenal cannulae, to evaluate the relative
      contribution of the neural and the hormonal mediations in the pancreatic
      response. Oleate (0.2 ml) was injected as a bolus into the rat duodenum, and the
      trypsin output in bile-pancreatic juice was monitored to determine the pancreatic
      enzyme secretion response with continuous return of bile-pancreatic juice to the
      intestine. When anticholinergic agents such as atropine sulfate and scopolamine
      were administrated, although basal level in pancreatic enzyme secretion fell, the
      increase of pancreatic enzyme secretion from basal level after stimulation by
      oleate was not significantly different from that of the control (no blockage).
      However, the ganglion blocker, hexamethonium, inhibited the pancreatic enzyme
      secretion in response to oleate by 94%. An adrenergic blocker, guanethidine, also
      led to as much of a decrease as the ganglion blocker-induced decrease. Adrenergic
      alpha- and beta-blockers partially, but not completely, inhibited the enzyme
      secretion. Adrenergic blockage also suppressed the basal level in pancreatic
      enzyme secretion. On the other hand, a specific CCK antagonist, proglumide,
      significantly inhibited pancreatic enzyme secretion induced by oleate in the
      presence of scopolamine. These observations suggest that pancreatic enzyme
      secretion in response to oleate is primarily mediated by CCK and that adrenergic
      modulation may play an important role in the CCK-mediated pancreatic enzyme
      secretion in response to oleate, although interpretation of these results may
      have some restriction related to anesthesia.

PMID- 2888129
TI  - Selective antagonism of renal hemodynamic changes induced by dopamine, DPDA,
      fenoldopam and quinpirole in the rat.

PMID- 2888128
TI  - Structure-activity analysis of five constrained somatostatin like peptides with
      opioid antagonist properties.

PMID- 2888130
TI  - Changes in rat adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels following chronic
      amphetamine administration.

PMID- 2888131
TI  - Mechanism of action of somatostatin in the hippocampal slice.

PMID- 2888132
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the growth cones of
      PC12 cells.

PMID- 2888134
TI  - Withdrawal syndrome following subchronic treatment with anxiolytic agents.
AB  - The acute administration of diazepam (0.1-2.5 mg/kg IP), sulpiride (0.5-20 mg/kg
      IP) and tiapride (0.5-40 mg/kg IP) to the mouse enhanced exploratory activity
      (rearings/line crossings) in the brightly illuminated white area of a two
      compartment white/black anxiety test box, with a corresponding decrease in the
      black, indicating an anxiolytic action. This profile of change was maintained
      during a twice daily administration for 7 days with diazepam (2.5 and 10 mg/kg),
      sulpiride (5 and 20 mg/kg) and tiapride (10 and 40 mg/kg). However, 8 and 48 hr
      following withdrawal of diazepam, the profile of exploratory behaviour was
      reversed to a preference for the black area: by 96 hr values for behaviour had
      returned to control levels. In contrast, an anxiolytic profile of action was
      maintained 8 and 48 hr following the withdrawal of sulpiride and tiapride, the
      values returning to control levels after 96 hr. It is concluded that a sub
      chronic treatment with diazepam, sulpiride and tiapride induces an anxiolytic
      profile of action in the mouse model, that an anxiogenic profile follows the
      abrupt withdrawal of diazepam but that this is not recorded following the abrupt
      withdrawal of sulpiride and tiapride.

PMID- 2888133
TI  - Changes of N-6 and N-3 fatty acids in liver from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR)
      and normotensive rats after diets supplemented with alpha-linolenic or
      eicosapentaenoic acids.
AB  - In spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats (WKY), diets
      supplemented with n-3 fatty acids of different chain length (alpha-linolenic
      acid, LNA-C 18:3, n-3 with linseed oil and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA-C 20:5, n-3
      with cod liver oil) were fed over a period of 22 weeks. A diet with commercially
      available pellets served as control. After the LNA-rich diet the augmentation of
      LNA was most pronounced in liver triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA),
      whereas the increase of EPA was most marked in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) when compared with the controls. Docosahexaenoic acid
      (DHA) was decreased mainly in neutral lipids. Of the n-6 fatty acids linoleic
      acid (LA) appeared significantly depressed in TG and FFA, but increased in
      phospholipids. Arachidonic acid (AA), however, was lower in all lipids. In SHR
      and WKY fed the EPA-rich diet EPA and DHA were significantly higher as compared
      to the controls on a pellet diet. On the contrary, LNA was not detectable in all
      lipid classes. LA and AA were markedly depressed. Docosenoic acids were
      significantly increased. The p/s-ratio did not reflect the changes in the
      20:5/20:4- and n-3/n-6-ratios. The data indicate a differential effect of dietary
      n-3 fatty acids of different chain length on the supply of other n-3 fatty acids.
      Moreover, after an LNA-rich diet divergent alterations of LA in neutral lipids
      and phospholipids occurred. The results are dissimilar to those obtained in
      adipose tissue. Blood pressure was not influenced by the diets in either SHR or
      WKY.

PMID- 2888135
TI  - Blockade by neuroleptics of water intake and operant responding for water in the
      rat: anhedonia, motor deficit, or both?
AB  - Four different neuroleptic drugs, haloperidol, metoclopramide, sulpiride and cis
      flupenthixol, were tested for their ability to attenuate an operant lever
      pressing response with water as reward and the corresponding consummatory act,
      i.e., the non-conditioned water intake. All four neuroleptic drugs tested more
      potently attenuated the operant lever-pressing response than the consummatory
      water intake, just as the conditioned avoidance response previously has been
      found to be more potently attenuated than the non-conditioned escape reaction.
      The results suggest that a certain class of learned behaviors, labelled operant
      or instrumental behaviors, are more susceptible to the attenuating effects of
      neuroleptic drugs than the class of behaviors labelled non-conditioned
      consummatory acts. It was further concluded that the attenuation of the lever
      pressing response could be explained by a decreased ability of the animals to
      initiate or perform the required operant response (i.e., a motor deficit) while
      the attenuated water intake caused by higher doses of the neuroleptics could be
      interpreted as a motivational effect (e.g., "anhedonia"). When studying the
      effects of the neuroleptic drugs it is therefore of great importance to know
      whether the behavior measured in the particular experimental design used is
      operant or consummatory. The implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 2888136
TI  - Self-administration of barbiturates and benzodiazepines: a review.
AB  - Studies of barbiturate and benzodiazepine self-administration are categorized by
      species and route of administration. Reinforcement, defined as self
      administration of drug greater than of a non-drug control, has been demonstrated
      most often in studies employing the IV route, and there has been greater
      reliability in this result for a given drug among barbiturates rather than among
      benzodiazepines. Most studies of PO self-administration in rodents have not
      demonstrated reinforcement, despite a number of behavioral manipulations to
      induce drug intake. Studies of PO barbiturate self-administration in monkeys have
      demonstrated reinforcement but recent studies of PO benzodiazepine self
      administration in baboons have not, although physical dependence was
      demonstrated. Reinforcement via the IG route has not been reliably demonstrated.
      Behavioral variables, including interreinforcement interval and drug self
      administration history, appear to be important determinants of whether or not
      reinforcement will be demonstrated, particularly among the benzodiazepines; but
      the range of conditions under which behavioral and pharmacological variables
      interact to promote or lessen the likelihood of self-administration of these
      drugs remains to be determined experimentally.

PMID- 2888137
TI  - Protection of CGS 10078B against ouabain-induced arrhythmia in the cat.
AB  - CGS 10078B (CGS; 1-[2,3-dihydro-1,4-(2S)-benzodioxin-2-yl]-5-[2,3-dihydro-1,4
      (2R)- benzodioxin-2-yl]-3-(1R,5S)-aza-1,5-pentanediol methane sulfonate) is an
      agent with alpha- and beta-receptor and calcium channel blocking actions. To
      study its antiarrhythmic activity, cats were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose,
      ventilated, and given atropine and gallamine. CGS (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.v.) was
      infused 15 min prior to ouabain. Bolus injections of ouabain (25 micrograms/kg,
      i.v.) were given every 15 min until death (D). Some cats were pretreated with
      reserpine (R; 5 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h prior to the experiment. In other cats 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 20 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered 3 days prior to CGS 20
      mg/kg and ouabain. Data were compared with those of Lathers [Eur. J. Pharmacol.
      64: 95, 1980], i.e., with 12 cats who received only ouabain and with 11
      pretreated with timolol (T; 5 mg/kg, i.v.) prior to ouabain. After CGS (10 or 20
      mg/kg, i.v.), but just prior to the first dose of ouabain, the blood pressure
      (BP) was decreased (p less than 0.05) from control (165 +/- 6 vs. 96 +/- 7, and
      136 +/- 5 vs. 90 +/- 10 mm Hg, respectively). Comparable heart rate (HR) values
      were also decreased (p less than 0.05) from 225 +/- 17 to 166 +/- 14 and from 193
      +/- 8 to 152 +/- 6 beats/min. 11 min after T, BP and HR had decreased (p less
      than 0.05) from 133 +/- 6 to 103 +/- 7 mm Hg and from 134 +/- 4 to 104 +/- 6
      beats/min, respectively. Ouabain did not influence these decreases in BP and HR.
      CGS (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.v.) increased (p less than 0.05) the time to ouabain
      induced arrhythmia (AR) and D. The magnitude of the protection appeared to be
      similar to that afforded by T. R given prior to CGS (20 mg/kg, i.v.) also
      increased the time to ouabain-induced AR and D while 6-OHDA increased the time to
      AR. The CGS protection against ouabain-induced AR was still present in animals
      pretreated with R or 6-OHDA. This indicates that the antiarrhythmic affect is not
      dependent upon adrenergic neuronal blockade.

PMID- 2888138
TI  - Blocking effects of nipradilol on vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial nerve
      stimulation and alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in isolated and perfused canine
      mesenteric arteries.
AB  - The stainless steel cannula inserting method was used to observe effects of
      nipradilol and prazosin on responses to periarterial electrical nerve stimulation
      and intraluminal administration of noradrenaline or phenylephrine in isolated and
      perfused canine mesenteric arteries. With small doses, nipradilol slightly
      potentiated vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline, but not periarterial
      stimulation. With a relatively large dose, nipradilol almost uniformly suppressed
      both periarterial stimulation-induced and noradrenaline- or phenylephrine-induced
      vasoconstriction. On the other hand, prazosin inhibited noradrenaline-induced
      vasoconstriction at small doses but not periarterial nerve stimulation-induced
      vasoconstrictions. At any doses, prazosin strongly inhibited noradrenaline
      induced constrictions more markedly than periarterial stimulation-induced
      constrictions. It is concluded that nipradilol has a dominant inhibitory property
      on periarterial nerve stimulation-induced constriction in isolated canine
      mesenteric arteries.

PMID- 2888139
TI  - H2-receptor antagonists as inhibitors of oxidative drug metabolism in vivo.

PMID- 2888140
TI  - Drugs other than H2-receptor antagonists as clinically important inhibitors of
      drug metabolism in vivo.

PMID- 2888141
TI  - Comparative effects of H2-receptor antagonists on drug metabolism in vitro and in
      vivo.

PMID- 2888142
TI  - Metabolic characterization of human liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 involved
      in the oxidation of debrisoquine, bufuralol and the carcinogen 2
      acetylaminofluorene.

PMID- 2888143
TI  - Effect of temperature on sulfite-mediated dark reversion of urocanase in
      Pseudomonas putida.

PMID- 2888144
TI  - [Neuroleptic modification of basic schizophrenic disorders].
AB  - After a short review of the German literature dealing with basal schizophrenic
      disturbances, the authors present the results of their own studies involving 135
      schizophrenics. A large inventory of statistical methods is used to present the
      findings gained during differential neuroleptic therapy by means of the Frankfurt
      complaints questionnaire and the structured psychopathic assessment system (SPES
      A). The studies indicate that basal schizophrenic disturbances are accessible to
      (differential) neuroleptic influence.

PMID- 2888145
TI  - The biological basis of benzodiazepine dependence.

PMID- 2888146
TI  - A review of the biochemical and neuropharmacological actions of lithium.
AB  - The pharmacological actions central to the therapeutic effects of lithium have
      not yet been established, despite almost 40 years of clinical use and scientific
      investigation. We review the biochemical and neuropharmacological data relating
      to this problem and attempt to identify profitable areas for further research.

PMID- 2888147
TI  - Computerized axial tomographic studies following long-term use of
      benzodiazepines.
AB  - Computerized axial tomography was used to compare sex and age-matched groups of
      controls and long-term benzodiazepine users for evidence of cerebral atrophy. No
      statistically significant differences were found.

PMID- 2888148
TI  - The nucleus accumbens and antidepressants: modulation of ergometrine-induced
      hyperactivity by typical and atypical antidepressants and neuroleptics in rats.
AB  - This study assesses the behavioural significance of the (-)sulpiride binding
      sites in the rat nucleus accumbens that bind antidepressants with high affinity
      and neuroleptics with low affinity. The effects were measured by intra-accumbens
      injections of typical and atypical antidepressants or neuroleptics, either given
      alone or in combination with ergometrine (1 microgram/0.5 microliter per side) on
      rat locomotor activity in a familiar environment. In addition, the after-effects
      of the combined ergometrine-drug treatment upon locomotor activity were analyzed.
      The antidepressants shared a common profile of effects. Thus, none of the
      antidepressants significantly altered locomotor activity in naive rats. Moreover,
      each antidepressant produced after-effects which were similar to those elicited
      in the acute ergometrine experiments. However, some antidepressants
      (amitriptyline and zimelidine) potentiated the ergometrine response, while other
      antidepressants (desipramine, mianserin and clorgyline) attenuated this response.
      (-)Sulpiride (0.5 microgram) decreased the ergometrine response when given
      together with ergometrine or 48 h earlier. Haloperidol had to be given in a dose
      that was 20 times higher than that of (-)sulpiride in order to be effective.
      Clozapine (1-10 micrograms) failed to alter the ergometrine response when given
      together with ergometrine. Only (-)sulpiride produced a dose-dependent
      attenuation of locomotor activity in naive rats. The present data are discussed
      in terms of the hypothesis that drugs with antidepressive effects mediate their
      behavioural effects via mesolimbic (-)sulpiride binding sites.

PMID- 2888149
TI  - Effects of neuroleptic drugs, clonidine and lithium on the expression of
      conditioned behavioral excitation in rats.
AB  - Rats with a history of daily (21 days) amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) treatment showed
      enhanced activity when under placebo in their amphetamine-associated environment.
      We found that this conditioned effect was reduced by haloperidol (0.06; 0.125;
      0.25 mg/kg), pimozide (0.25; 0.5 mg/kg) and sulpiride (8; 16; 32 mg/kg) but only
      at doses similar to or, in the case of pimozide, higher than those required to
      antagonize the unconditioned stimulant effects of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg).
      Conversely, we observed that clonidine (7; 15; 30; 60 micrograms/kg) or lithium
      regimen (between days 15 and 21) leading to lithium plasma levels of 1.3 +/- 0.1
      mEq/l, abolished amphetamine-conditioned hyperactivity but did not affect the
      unconditioned stimulation of amphetamine or locomotor activity in control rats.
      Moreover, we found that hyperactivity induced by the daily anticipation of food
      delivery shared identical pharmacological sensitivity with the behavioural
      excitation produced by a conditioning history with amphetamine. In light of the
      antimanic properties of lithium and clonidine and the ability of this latter drug
      to reduce noradrenergic transmission, our findings raise the possibility that
      incentive activity may model noradrenergic-dependent aspects of mania.

PMID- 2888151
TI  - Impairment of decision making in rats by diazepam: implications for the
      "anticonflict" effects of benzodiazepines.
AB  - Benzodiazepines, used in the clinic as anxiolytics, have in animal models been
      found specifically to attenuate behavioural suppression caused by response
      contigent aversive stimuli, non-reward or novelty. The effects have been
      interpreted in more general terms as "behavioural disinhibition" or "response
      perseveration" or in more specific terms as reduced "reward delay" or as an
      attenuation of a "behavioural inhibition system". In a recent publication we have
      described an experimental test in which decision making in the rat can be
      studied. The model is derived from ethology, in particular from optimal foraging
      theory. In order to solve the task, the animal must choose correctly between two
      options. For each option the probability of its resulting in a reward (water) has
      to be estimated on the basis of available information and to be related to the
      cost of performing it. We found that diazepam, in a dose that did not
      significantly affect the ability to perform the options per se, caused a strong
      impairment when these options, on the basis of available information, had to be
      combined into functional sequences in a decision making procedure. The results
      obtained cannot be explained on the basis of disinhibition or response
      perseveration. The hypothesis is advanced that benzodiazepines alter decision
      making in a more nonspecific may, by, for example, affecting the evaluation of
      the learned significance of stimuli in the environment.

PMID- 2888150
TI  - The time course of neuroleptic therapy for psychosis: role of learning processes
      and implications for concepts of psychotic illness.
AB  - In neuroleptic therapy for psychotic illness, clinical improvement is produced
      more slowly than is central dopamine blockade, and its time course is highly
      variable between patients. A theory of neuroleptic-responsive psychotic illness
      thus requires more than dopamine blockade, though that appears to be the first
      step in the therapeutic process. Some previous explanations given for the
      protracted time course of neuroleptic therapy are discussed, with emphasis on the
      hypothesis of delayed inactivation of midbrain dopamine neurones. For various
      reasons all explanations are unsatisfactory. An alternative hypothesis is
      proposed in which neuroleptic-responsive psychoses are seen as arising from a
      hyperactivity of the associations of thought. Such psychoses thus involve a
      disorder of a high-level learning process, namely the elaboration of memories of
      thoughts and beliefs. Neuroleptic drugs are envisaged to remedy this process, but
      not to eradicate the abnormal memories already formed. Psychotic symptoms may
      thus outlast the start of neuroleptic therapy by many weeks. It is suggested that
      the pharmacological characteristics of the hypothetical learning process involved
      in generating psychotic symptoms are analogous to those of a simpler learning
      process, defineable in animal experiments - namely, the reward component in
      instrumental conditioning. A preliminary case is made that the relative potency
      of different neuroleptic drugs in antipsychotic therapy can better be predicted
      by their relative potency in retarding such a variety of learning, than by other
      behavioural tests of these drugs.

PMID- 2888152
TI  - Comparison of the effects of quazepam and triazolam on cognitive-neuromotor
      performance.
AB  - The pharmacological activity of quazepam, a BZ1 specific benzodiazepine, was
      compared to the effects of triazolam, a BZ1, BZ2 nonspecific benzodiazepine.
      Using a double-blind procedure, single oral doses of quazepam (15 or 30 mg),
      triazolam (0.5 or 1.0 mg) and placebo were administered to 21 healthy young men
      according to a random Latin square design balanced for order of drug
      administration. The drug effects on the performance of motor coordination and
      cognitive tasks were monitored for 7 h following drug ingestion. The results did
      not indicate any differential effects on cognitive-neuromotor performance for the
      BZ1 specific quazepam and 2-oxoquazepam compared with the BZ1, BZ2 nonspecific N
      desalkylflurazepam metabolite. The impairment magnitude for 30 mg quazepam was
      closer to that of 0.5 mg triazolam. The onset of the initial drug effect was
      considerably slower for quazepam than for triazolam. The time course of the
      impairment profiles for the tasks was compared to pharmacokinetic data from
      previous studies and suggested that published pharmacokinetic rate constants
      explain only a limited portion of the impairment time course. In particular, the
      performance scores were already showing recovery from peak impairment 2 h post
      drug ingestion, although quazepam's potent N-desalkylflurazepam metabolite has
      been found to maintain a maximum plateau level from 2 to 24 h.

PMID- 2888153
TI  - Evidence that the amygdala is involved in benzodiazepine and serotonergic effects
      on punished responding but not on discrimination.
AB  - Interactions between the benzodiazepines (BZs) chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and
      midazolam (MDZ), the BZ antagonist R0 15-1788, the inverse BZ receptor agonists
      CGS 8216 and FG 7142, gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), the 5-HT2
      antagonist methysergide and the putative 5-HT agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were investigated using peripheral and intra
      amygdaloid treatments. A multiple schedule consisting of rewarded, nonrewarded
      (Time out: TO) and conflict periods was used to compare in parallel effects on
      successive discrimination between rewarded and nonrewarded periods and punished
      responding. The three components were presented in both a fixed order (Experiment
      1) and a random order (Experiments 2 and 3). Intra-amygdaloid treatments with
      GABA and the BZs selectively increased rates of punished responding. CDP given
      systemically, on the other hand, increased both TO and conflict rates, suggesting
      an additional impairment of discrimination, which was more marked in the random
      than the fixed order condition. R0 15-1788, CGS 8216 and FG 7142 given by both
      routes counteracted the anti-conflict effects of CDP given centrally or
      systemically. However increases in TO rates induced by IP CDP were antagonized
      only by IP treatments with these compounds. The two inverse agonists, but not R0
      15-1788, also counteracted increases in punished responding which were found
      after intra-amygdaloid GABA infusions. In Experiments 2 and 3 where baseline
      rates of pressing in Conflict periods were sufficiently high to detect decreases,
      CGS 8216 and FG 7142 reduced responding below control level, suggesting a
      specific anxiogenic activity. Evidence for effects of R0 15-1788 by itself was
      inconclusive. 5-HT injected into the amygdala also reduced punished responding
      below control level, whereas methysergide increased it with both central and
      peripheral treatment. Effects of 8-OH-DPAT varied according to route of
      administration. With IP treatment Conflict rates were increased, but after
      amygdaloid infusion both TO and Conflict rates were marginally reduced below
      control level, with a more consistent depression of punished responding. These
      results provide evidence that effects of BZs on punished responding are mediated
      by a GABAergic system which includes the lateral/basolateral amygdala, but which
      does not participate in BZ-induced disruption of discrimination. They also
      indicate that the antagonistic effects of CGS 8216 and FG 7142 involve a decrease
      in GABA transmission, and that these compounds may also be anxiogenic.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2888154
TI  - Effects of ethylketazocine and morphine alone and in combination with naloxone on
      schedule-controlled behavior in pigeons.
AB  - The behavioral effects of morphine and ethylketazocine were compared in pigeons
      responding under multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedules of food
      presentation. Both morphine and ethylketazocine produced dose-related decreases
      in rates of responding maintained under either schedule. Maximal effects of
      morphine were observed about 15-45 min after injection and typically lasted the
      entire session (about 60 min). Effects of ethylketazocine had a faster onset
      (maximal effects were observed within 15 min after injection), and shorter
      duration (effects diminished within the session). Ethylketazocine and morphine
      had similar potencies. Dose-effect curves for both drugs were shifted to a
      similar degree by naloxone.

PMID- 2888155
TI  - Determinants of benzodiazepine brain uptake: lipophilicity versus binding
      affinity.
AB  - Factors influencing brain uptake of benzodiazepine derivatives were evaluated in
      adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 8-10 per drug). Animals received single
      intraperitoneal doses of alprazolam, triazolam, lorazepam, flunitrazepam,
      diazepam, midazolam, desmethyldiazepam, or clobazam. Concentrations of each drug
      (and metabolites) in whole brain and serum 1 h after dosage were determined by
      gas chromatography. Serum free fraction was measured by equilibrium dialysis. In
      vitro binding affinity (apparent Ki) of each compound was estimated based on
      displacement of tritiated flunitrazepam in washed membrane preparations from rat
      cerebral cortex. Lipid solubility of each benzodiazepine was estimated using the
      reverse-phase liquid chromatographic (HPLC) retention index at physiologic pH.
      There was no significant relation between brain:total serum concentration ratio
      and either HPLC retention (r = 0.18) or binding Ki (r = -0.34). Correction of
      uptake ratios for free as opposed to total serum concentration yielded a highly
      significant correlation with HPLC retention (r = 0.78, P less than 0.005).
      However, even the corrected ratio was not correlated with binding Ki (r = -0.22).
      Thus a benzodiazepine's capacity to diffuse from systemic blood into brain tissue
      is much more closely associated with the physicochemical property of lipid
      solubility than with specific affinity. Unbound rather than total serum or plasma
      concentration most accurately reflects the quantity of drug available for
      diffusion.

PMID- 2888157
TI  - Postinfarction angina.
AB  - In conclusion, the PIA patient is at high risk, with higher early as well as late
      mortality. The pathophysiology of PIA is complex and may vary from patient to
      patient. The concepts of ischemia at a distance and ischemia in the infarct zone
      have led to a better understanding of early PIA. Coronary spasm may play an
      important role in most PIA patients as in the general population of patients with
      angina pectoris. Medical therapy is efficacious in many, although it may on rare
      occasion aggravate myocardial ischemia. Urgent coronary arteriography is
      generally safe and should be performed as soon as possible for medically
      refractory PIA. CABG appears to be safe in experienced hands, but its timing must
      be individualized. The IABP should be reserved for more unstable patients for
      fear of vascular complications. Randomized controlled trials such as the BARI
      Trial will further compare PTCA with CABG.

PMID- 2888156
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced oral dyskinesias: effects of progabide and lack of
      correlation with regional changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline
      acetyltransferase activities.
AB  - The development of vacuous chewing movements (VCMs), and changes in glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities in
      extrapyramidal nuclei were examined in rats treated chronically with
      neuroleptics. Animals were injected with flupenthixol (FLU) or haloperidol (HAL)
      decanoate for 16, 40 or 48 weeks and were then sacrificed. Another group of rats
      was treated with FLU or HAL for 48 weeks, and then withdrawn from the
      neuroleptics for 16 weeks before sacrifice. VCMs were assessed weekly, and the
      effects of the GABA agonist progabide on VCMs and locomotor activity were
      examined. GAD and ChAT activities were determined at death. The concentrations of
      Calbindin D28K (CaBP) and parvalbumin (PV) were determined in rats receiving 48
      weeks of neuroleptic treatment. VCMs first appeared after 8-10 weeks of
      neuroleptic administration, reached asymptotic rates after 18-20 weeks, and then
      remained stable for the remainder of the chronic drug administration period.
      During withdrawal, there was a steady decline in the VCM rate. The GABA receptor
      agonist progabide reduced VCMs and locomotor activity. Significant decreases in
      nigral GAD activity were observed after 40, but not after either 16 or 48 weeks
      of neuroleptic administration. CaBP and PV were unchanged after 48 weeks of
      neuroleptic treatment. In addition, ChAT activities in 16, 40 or 48 week treated
      animals did not show consistent changes after either neuroleptic. Chronic
      neuroleptic administration followed by 16 weeks of withdrawal also did not have
      any significant effects on GAD or ChAT activity in any of the brain areas
      examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888158
TI  - Myocardial infarct expansion, infarct extension, and reinfarction:
      pathophysiologic concepts.
AB  - Infarct expansion and infarct extension are events early in the course of
      myocardial infarction with serious short- and long-term consequences. Infarct
      expansion, disproportionate thinning, and dilatation of the infarct segment
      probably begin within hours of acute infarction and usually reach peak extent
      within seven to 14 days. Clinical data suggest that infarct expansion occurs in
      approximately 35% to 45% of anterior transmural myocardial infarctions and to a
      lesser extent in infarctions at other sites. Although expansion usually develops
      in large infarcts, the extent of transmural necrosis rather than absolute infarct
      size predicts its occurrence. Expansion has an adverse effect on infarct
      structure and function for several reasons. Functional infarct size is increased
      because of infarct segment lengthening, and expansion results in over-all
      ventricular dilatation. Thus, patients with expansion of an infarct have poorer
      exercise tolerance, more congestive heart failure symptoms, and greater early and
      late mortality than those without expansion. Infarct rupture and late aneurysm
      formation are two additional structural consequences of infarct expansion.
      Experimental and clinical data suggest that the incidence and severity of
      expansion can be modified by interventions. Increased ventricular loading
      conditions and steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents make expansion
      more severe. Reperfusion of the infarct segment and pharmacologic interventions
      that decrease ventricular afterload lessen the severity of expansion. Previous
      myocardial infarction and preexisting ventricular hypertrophy may also limit the
      development of infarct expansion. Infarct extension is defined clinically as
      early in-hospital reinfarction after a myocardial infarction. The pathologic
      finding of infarct extension is necrotic and healing myocardium of several
      different recent ages within the same vascular territory. Although this
      pathologic criterion usually cannot be verified, studies employing invasive and
      noninvasive assessment of patients with early reinfarction provide evidence that
      the new myocardial injury is usually in the same vascular risk region as the
      original infarction. A variety of different criteria have been applied in the
      clinical diagnosis of infarct extension, and this has resulted in a large range
      of estimated frequencies from under 10% to as high as 86%. High estimates are
      found in studies using one or two nonspecific criteria such as ST segment shift
      or reelevation of total CK. The lowest rates have been found when combinations of
      criteria are used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2888160
TI  - RBC-choline: a biological marker of the outcome of lithium prophylaxis?
AB  - We explored whether the elevation of RBC-choline and choline ratio (RBC
      choline/plasma-choline) by lithium is a specific effect of lithium, whether these
      choline parameters are characteristics of the individual patient, and whether
      they are related to prophylactic lithium response. In lithium-treated patients
      RBC-choline and choline ratio were highly elevated compared with untreated
      controls. In contrast, both values were slightly decreased in patients on
      antidepressants, and essentially unchanged in patients on neuroleptics. Repeated
      measurements showed that choline parameters were fairly stable in the individual
      patient. The interindividual variance was significantly greater than the
      intraindividual variance. In 58 affective disorder patients with established
      lithium response, high choline ratios were found to be associated with a poor
      outcome of stabilizing therapy with lithium. This finding was replicated in a new
      sample of 15 bipolar patients. If confirmed, it could be an important clue as to
      the mode of action of lithium.

PMID- 2888159
TI  - Comparison of withdrawal of buspirone and diazepam: a placebo controlled study.
AB  - In a 8-week double-blind placebo controlled study, 48 outpatients with
      generalized anxiety disorder were randomized to diazepam, buspirone, a non
      benzodiazepine anxiolytic, or placebo. During the treatment phase of 4 weeks
      duration diazepam was found to be significantly better than placebo and
      buspirone. Following abrupt withdrawal by placebo substitution the diazepam group
      showed a gradual relapse maximal after two weeks while the buspirone and the
      placebo groups did not differ. There were more cases of rebound anxiety with
      diazepam as compared to buspirone or placebo. In addition, there were three early
      terminations related to rebound anxiety in the diazepam group while there were
      none in the placebo and buspirone groups. There were significantly more new
      symptoms in the diazepam group than in the placebo or buspirone group.

PMID- 2888161
TI  - Dysregulation of neuroendocrine crossroads: depression, circadian rhythms and the
      retina--a hypothesis.
AB  - The pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of action of lithium and
      other antidepressant drugs involve alterations in circadian rhythms. These
      include changes in both the intrinsic rhythm of circadian oscillators and in the
      sensitivity of the retina to LIGHT. The retina in humans is the only
      photoreceptor for circadian entrainment. The retinal-hypothalamic-pineal axis is
      the essential pathway for neuronal entrainment of rhythms which use light as a
      phase cue. A common substance throughout this axis in many species is MELATONIN.
      Retinal melatonin has been implicated in regulation of the sensitivity of the
      retina to light. The hypothalamus, at THE NEUROENDOCRINE CROSSROADS, has a
      central role in the integration of neurotransmitters and hormones in circadian
      rhythms. DYSREGULATION of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, as well as 
      gonadal, axes has been documented in depressed patients. Abnormalities in
      circulating melatonin have also been found in patients with affective disorders.
      It is speculated that the availability of melatonin along the retinal
      hypothalamic-pineal axis may have important implications in the genesis of
      affective disorders. More specifically--is there a latent biochemical defect
      which causes a phase shift and change in circadian rhythms of melatonin and/or
      other neurotransmitters in the retina which then alters the sensitivity of the
      retina to light (for the visible spectrum) which in turn desynchronizes all other
      biological rhythms thus disrupting mental well-being? We suggest that variations
      of retinal photosensitivity in humans can be measured by using a visual testing
      system, and that depressed patients might show changes in photosensitivity which
      could be corrected when treated with lithium and/or antidepressants. It is our
      working hypothesis that the primary defect in depression may be a change in
      retinal function, and that behavioural and neuroendocrine concomitants of this
      disorder are secondary events.

PMID- 2888162
TI  - Behavioural and combined therapy in panic states.
AB  - This review will focus only on those paradigms for treatment of panic states with
      agoraphobia. Until recently the behaviour therapy literature has completely
      ignored panic disorder and has focused exclusively on the agoraphobic aspect of
      this syndrome. To summarize the behavioural therapy of panic disorder and
      agoraphobia, it appears that exposure is in the short run the most effective
      behavioural paradigm in agoraphobia. However, when contrasted with cognitive
      approaches it does not appear to be as effective in the treatment of panic
      disorder. In conclusion, it is unclear whether we can speak of antiphobic
      medications. Certainly studies of imipramine, chlomipramine, monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors, and alprazolam have demonstrated an anti-panic affect of medications
      and a subsequent improvement in phobic avoidance. However, when exposure is not
      made a part of the treatment, there is a much poorer resolution and a tendancy
      for the patient to relapse.

PMID- 2888163
TI  - Exercise-induced hyperphagia in the hamster is associated with elevated plasma
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity.
AB  - Syrian golden hamsters when allowed free access to food and an exercise wheel
      will run long distances and develop hyperphagia and accelerated linear body
      growth with high circulating levels of growth hormone and insulin. Somatostatin,
      a widely distributed brain-gut neurohormonal peptide, modulates nutrient
      absorption and may regulate food intake. To examine the role of circulating
      plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI; pg/ml) in exercise induced
      hyperphagia 4 groups of animals were studied; an unrestricted exercise group
      (279.0 +/- 107.7, n = 10); a sedentary group (121.1 +/- 40.8, n = 8); a
      restricted exercise group (107.7 +/- 12.4, n = 6); and a restricted no exercise
      group (115.5 +/- 45.9, n = 9). Thus, the unrestricted exercise group has a
      significantly elevated SRIF-LI concentration (P less than 0.01) while there was
      no difference between the other 3 groups. The elevation of plasma SRIF-LI in the
      unrestricted exercise group may represent a response to modulate increased
      nutrient entry in this group or may represent an incompletely effective satiety
      signal.

PMID- 2888164
TI  - Kawasaki syndrome: a 1986 perspective.
AB  - The history of Kawasaki Syndrome is reviewed from its first description as a rare
      but benign disease in Japan to its current recognition as a multisystem
      vasculitis with predilection for arthritis and coronary disease occurring with
      increasing frequency in diverse areas of the world. Recent studies on efficacy of
      intravenous gamma globulin therapy are described.

PMID- 2888165
TI  - [Superiority of gammaglutamyl transferase in comparison with alkaline phosphatase
      in the enzymatic study of granulomatous hepatitis].

PMID- 2888167
TI  - Regulation of growth hormone secretion from human fetal pituitaries: interactions
      between growth hormone releasing factor and somatostatin.
AB  - Using an explant culture system, we have demonstrated that human somatotropes
      respond to growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin (SRIF) from as
      early as 9.5 weeks of fetal age. Responsiveness to GRF increases significantly as
      a function of age up to midgestation while SRIF inhibition of basal growth
      hormone (GH) release does not change. SRIF has little effect on GRF-stimulated GH
      secretion from early gestation pituitaries, but its ability to block GRF
      stimulation gradually increases with fetal age from 9.5 to 16 weeks. The response
      to GRF remains predominant throughout this developmental period: 100 times more
      SRIF than GRF must be added to the cultures in order to block the GRF stimulatory
      effect and maintain GH secretion at basal (control) levels. Finally, adding SRIF
      30 min prior to the GRF does not increase the inhibitory activity of SRIF. Our
      data suggest that the mechanisms that permit an interaction between GRF and SRIF
      are developing, but slowly, in the early to midgestation human fetal somatotrope
      and that GRF stimulatory pathways predominate. This may help to explain the very
      high levels of GH in fetal serum during the first half of gestation.

PMID- 2888166
TI  - [The ontogeny of hormones of the somatotrophic axis].
AB  - The ontogenesis of the somatotropic function involving its regulatory hormones is
      considered from an anatomical and functional point of view. Embryogenesis of the
      hypothalamo-pituitary unit involving development of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal
      portal system is complete during early fetal life as shown in a certain number of
      mammalian species. The maturation of the neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling
      the secretion of fetal pituitary growth hormone is analyzed in the present paper.
      Corticosteroids may act directly on the differentiation of the somatotropic
      cells. During fetal life, the plasma level of GH is always higher than after
      birth. Despite large gaps in our knowledge, SRIF may play a prominent part in the
      regulation of the somatotropic function, sometimes mediating the effect of other
      factors, and GRF may also be active during late gestation. However, maturation is
      not complete until after birth especially that of somatomedins as well as the
      pulsatile release of GH.

PMID- 2888168
TI  - Effects of hypothalamic hormones (GRF, TRH, somatostatin) and insulin-like growth
      factor I on growth hormone secretion from prepubertal male lamb pituitary
      cultures.
AB  - We have examined the regulation of GH secretion from monolayer cultures of
      prepubertal male lamb anterior pituitary cells. Growth hormone-releasing factor
      (GRF 1-44) stimulated GH release in a dose-related manner: the maximal effective
      dose was 10(-10) M, which caused a 500% increase in basal GH secretion, while the
      half-maximal effect was reached with a dose of 2.5 x 10(-11) M (ED50).
      Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) also elicited a dose-dependent stimulation of
      GH secretion, although it was approximately 1000 times less potent than GRF. GRF
      and TRH did not have additive or synergistic effects on GH secretion.
      Somatostatin (SRIF) at a concentration of 10(-7) M maximally inhibited basal GH
      release to 40% of that of the control; the ED50 was 2.0 x 10(-9) M. Moreover, 10(
      7) M SRIF blocked the stimulation of GH secretion induced by 10(-8) M GRF.
      However, when the cells were incubated with these two peptides at an identical
      concentration (10(-8) M), GH secretion was stimulated significantly above control
      values. When added at the same concentration (10(-7) M, TRH ans SRIF nullified
      their respective effects. A dose of 100 ng/ml of synthetic IGF-I was without
      effect on basal GH release, but significantly decreased 10(-9) M GRF-induced
      stimulation of GH secretion. these data indicate that in prepubertal male lambs:
      the stimulatory effect of GRF is predominant over the inhibitory effect of SRIF,
      somatostatin inhibits TRH stimulation of GH secretion in vitro, and IGF-I may
      control GH secretion by modulating GRF effects at the pituitary level.

PMID- 2888169
TI  - Biotechnology in the potential practical application of somatotrophic hormones
      for improving animal performance.
AB  - The use of biotechnology now allows adequate supplies of previously scarce
      substances. This has enabled evaluation of some of these substances as enhancers
      of animal performance. Growth hormone (GH) shows promise as a stimulator of
      lactation in a number of species, but its effects on the stimulation of growth
      are somewhat equivocal. Somatocrinin, by virtue of its GH- releasing activity,
      may also be potentially useful, though to date the effects of somatocrinin
      administration have been less promising than those for GH directly. Somatomedin
      (IGF-1), as the active mediator of GH, might be expected to be useful in growth
      promotion but, as yet, it has not been convincingly demonstrated to stimulate
      growth in normal animals. All these hormones have the major drawback that, until
      a suitable slow-release/delivery mechanism is available, they need to be
      administered very frequently. An alternative approach, immuno-neutralization of
      the growth inhibiting effects of somatostatin, has been demonstrated to enhance
      growth; although at present still requiring multiple treatments such a technique
      potentially has many advantages.

PMID- 2888170
TI  - Effect of growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 and thyrotropin-releasing
      factor on growth hormone release in lactating sows.

PMID- 2888171
TI  - [Diet in chronic renal insufficiency--current status].

PMID- 2888172
TI  - [Physiopathologic correlations regarding changes in the lipid spectrum and
      hemostasis in patients with essential arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2888173
TI  - [Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effect of digoxin, following
      the administration of a single intravenous dose to healthy volunteers].

PMID- 2888174
TI  - [Clinical study on the efficacy of drug therapy in sick sinus node syndrome].

PMID- 2888175
TI  - [Study on the incidence and anatomo-clinical forms of digestive alcoholic
      pathology in hospitalized patients].

PMID- 2888176
TI  - [Problems of positive and differential diagnosis of gastric cancer in the stage
      of gastric mucosal manifestations].

PMID- 2888177
TI  - [Acute renal insufficiency in pregnancy and the postpartum period].

PMID- 2888178
TI  - [Seroimmunologic and bacteriologic methodology for evaluating the diagnosis of
      polyarthropathies in major collagenoses].

PMID- 2888179
TI  - [Activity of T, NK and K lymphocytes in two immunodeficiency syndromes].

PMID- 2888180
TI  - [Treatment of the hypertensive crisis].

PMID- 2888181
TI  - [Amebiasis: recent progress].

PMID- 2888182
TI  - A pharmacological approach to the analgesizing mechanism of somatostatin in
      cluster headache.
AB  - Vasodilation, conjunctival and nasal edema as well as miosis are symptoms
      associated with cluster headache (CH) attacks. Similar symptomatology is caused
      by substance P (SP) release from peripheral trigeminal nerve endings. The
      symptomatic effect of somatostatin (SRIF) during CH attacks was attributed to the
      inhibition of SP release from trigeminal neurons. This study was designed to
      evaluate both the vascular effect of SRIF on the dorsal hand vein and SRIF plasma
      levels prior to and after subcutaneous and intranasal administration in CH
      patients. A powerful venoconstriction and tachyphylaxis were demonstrated when
      SRIF was administered both as bolus and infusion. Plasma levels of SRIF in CH
      sufferers were lower than in control subjects. Subcutaneous and intranasal SRIF
      administrations induced maximal plasma levels after 5 and 10 min, respectively.
      These data suggest that SRIF plays an important role during CH attacks; however,
      its exact mechanism of action is still to be defined.

PMID- 2888184
TI  - Gastric neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia after treatment with the long-acting,
      potent H2-receptor antagonist SK&F 93479.
AB  - The time course and dose response of the neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia in the
      oxyntic mucosa of the rat was examined after treatment with the potent, long
      acting H2-receptor antagonist SK&F 93479 at doses of 0 and 1000 mg/kg orally for
      1, 3, 7, and 14 days and at doses of 0, 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg orally for 1 and
      6 months. The number of oxyntic neuroendocrine cells (chromogranin-positive)
      increased after 7 days of treatment. In the 1- and 6-month studies with doses of
      1000 mg/kg, the grading for the number of oxyntic chromogranin-positive cells was
      2.5 to 3 times the control levels, and they were distributed mostly throughout
      the mucosa, whereas at lower doses, which did not produce carcinoid tumours at 2
      years, the neuroendocrine cells were distributed in the lower half of the mucosa
      with 1.5- to 2-fold increases in grades for cell numbers. Increases in cell
      numbers and cell distribution may be useful factors in the evaluation of the
      neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia found in, for example, the Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome and chronic atrophic gastritis, in which hypergastrinaemia and fundic
      neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia are present.

PMID- 2888183
TI  - A double-antibody sandwich ELISA for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica
      antigen in stool samples of humans.
AB  - A double-antibody sandwich ELISA was developed to detect detergent-solubilized
      antigens of Entamoeba histolytica in stool samples of humans. The test system was
      evaluated for its methodical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. In
      recovery experiments the lower limit of detection was 400 ng E. histolytica (HK9)
      protein/ml stool, corresponding to approximately 2000 amoebic trophozoites/ml
      stool. Samples of 97 patients with suspected intestinal amoebiasis were examined.
      Specific antigens were detected by ELISA (= positive reaction) in 14 (93%) out of
      15 stool samples containing trophozoites of E. histolytica. In contrast, 68 (93%)
      of 73 samples with other protozoa, including Entamoeba coli, E. hartmanni,
      Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii and Giardia lamblia, did not react in the
      test system (= negative reaction). The test was shown to detect only trophozoites
      of E. histolytica and not the cyst stage. This fact could facilitate the
      differentiation between cyst carriers and persons excreting trophozoites. The
      results of this preliminary study justify a further large scale evaluation of the
      test system.

PMID- 2888185
TI  - The effects of 75 mg HOE 760, a novel H2-receptor antagonist, on daytime peptone
      stimulated and nocturnal gastric acid output in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The effects of HOE 760, a highly specific H2-receptor antagonist, on daytime
      peptone-stimulated and nocturnal gastric acid output were studied (randomized,
      double-blind crossover) in 10 healthy men. Acid output was monitored at lunch
      (1200 h to 1400 h) and dinnertime (1800 h to 2000 h) by continuous automatic
      intragastric titration; from midnight to 0600 h, output was measured by titration
      of manually aspirated gastric contents. After a 75-mg oral dose (capsule
      containing HOE 760 granules) at 0800 h peptone-stimulated acid output decreased
      for at least 12 h. Compared with placebo, significant reductions (p less than
      0.05) of 86% and 32% were observed 4-6 h and 10-12 h after drug administration.
      After another dose of 75 mg at 2100 h nocturnal acid output was significantly
      reduced (p less than 0.05) by 88%; gastric pH was increased by about 2 units
      throughout the night. HOE 760 was well tolerated. No adverse reactions occurred;
      no clinically relevant changes were noted in haematologic, biochemical, urinary,
      or electrocardiographic variables.

PMID- 2888186
TI  - Basal upper gastrointestinal motility in healthy people.

PMID- 2888187
TI  - Opioids and opioid receptors in peripheral tissues.
AB  - Opioid peptides belonging to the enkephalin, beta-endorphin or dynorphin family,
      acting on specific opiate receptors may be found in peripheral tissues.
      Enkephalins have a widespread peripheral distribution, while beta-endorphin and
      dynorphin may be found locally in the enteric nervous system. The peptides of the
      various families are formed from specific precursor molecules. Apart from the
      enteric nervous system, opioids are also found in the adrenal medulla as well as
      in several autonomic ganglia. There is some evidence of three different classes
      of opioid receptors in peripheral tissues, i.e. mu-, delta- and kappa-receptors.
      These receptors are not only found on enteric nervous and mucosa cells but also
      on various cells in the immune system where opioid peptides seem to have
      important actions and appear to link the neuroendocrine and immune systems to
      control immunological functions. The physiological as well as the
      pathophysiological role of opioid peptides in the periphery is gradually being
      elucidated and, based on such knowledge, new therapeutic implications in
      gastrointestinal or immune diseases may be developed.

PMID- 2888188
TI  - Matching of host genotype and serotypes of Coxsackie B virus in the development
      of juvenile diabetes.
AB  - Thirty-six consecutive paediatric patients (0-16 years old) with recently
      contracted juvenile diabetes (IDDM) during 1982-84 were included in the study.
      Sera were assayed for recent or current Coxsackie B virus (CBV) infection using a
      specific and sensitive IgM RIA. Eighteen patients (50%) had IgM against CBV 1-5.
      The patients were also assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) patterns with DNA probes coding for HLA-DR and DQ beta chains. The CBV
      positive patients (n = 18) had either RFLP patterns associated with HLA-DR 3 or 4
      or HLA-DQ patterns III or IV beta. Two of the CBV negative patients had neither
      HLA-DR 3 nor DR 4 and four of them had neither DQ patterns III nor IV. Eleven out
      of 18 CBV-positive patients had HLA-DQ III and DR 3 (61%) versus 5 out of 18
      (28%) of the CBV-negative patients. All 11 patients with serology positive for
      CBV 2, 3, and 5 had HLA-DR 4 and DQ IV patterns. This was significantly (P less
      than 0.01) different from all five CBV 4-positive patients, who in contrast all
      had HLA-DR 3 or HLA-DQ III patterns. CBV 1-positive patients (n = 2) all had HLA
      DR 3, 4, and HLA-DQ III, IV patterns. Thus CBV 4 seems to be significantly
      associated with a different host genetic constitution from at any rate CBV 2, 3,
      and 5, and possibly CBV 1.

PMID- 2888189
TI  - [Remarks on W. Koch's short communication "Incidence of narcosis in piglets"].

PMID- 2888190
TI  - The tat gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 induces mesenchymal tumors in
      transgenic mice.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a suspected causative agent of
      adult T-cell leukemia. One of the viral genes encodes a protein (tat) that not
      only results in transactivation of viral gene expression but may also regulate
      the expression of certain cellular genes that are important for cell growth.
      Transgenic mice that expressed the authentic tat protein under the control of the
      HTLV-1 long terminal repeat were generated, and cell types that are permissive
      for the viral promoter and the effects of the tat gene on these cells were
      studied. Three of eight founder mice with high levels of expression of the
      transgene in muscle were bred and then analyzed. All developed soft tissue tumors
      at multiple sites between 13 to 17 weeks of age. This phenotype was transmitted
      to nine of nine offspring that inherited the tat gene and were available for
      analysis. The remaining five founders expressed the transgene in the thymus, as
      well as in muscle. This second group of mice all exhibited extensive thymic
      depletion and growth retardation; in all of these mice, death occurred between 3
      to 6 weeks of age before tumors became macroscopically visible. The tat gene
      under the control of the HTLV-1 regulatory region showed tissue-specific
      expression and the tat protein efficiently induced mesenchymal tumors. The data
      establish tat as an oncogenic protein and HTLV-1 as a transforming virus.

PMID- 2888191
TI  - A transgenic mouse model for human neurofibromatosis.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been associated with the
      neurologic disorder tropical spastic paraparesis and possibly with multiple
      sclerosis. The tat gene of HTLV-1 under control of its own long terminal repeat
      is capable of inducing tumors in transgenic mice. The morphologic and biologic
      properties of these tumors indicate their close resemblance to human
      neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease), the most common single gene
      disorder to affect the nervous system. The high spontaneous incidence of this
      disease, together with the diverse clinical and pathologic features associated
      with it, suggests that environmental factors may account for some of the observed
      cases. Multiple tumors developed simultaneously in the transgenic tat mice at
      approximately 3 months of age, and the phenotype was successfully passed through
      three generations. The tumors arise from the nerve sheaths of peripheral nerves
      and are composed of perineural cells and fibroblasts. Tumor cells from these mice
      adapt easily to propagation in culture and continue to express the tat protein in
      significant amounts. When transplanted into nude mice, these cultured cells
      efficiently induce tumors. Evidence of HTLV-1 infection in patients with neural
      and other soft tissue tumors is needed in order to establish a link between
      infection by this human retrovirus and von Recklinghausen's disease and other
      nonlymphoid tumors.

PMID- 2888192
TI  - Synthetic peptide immunoassay distinguishes HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 infections.
AB  - Efforts to solve the epidemiologic puzzle of AIDS in Africa are complicated by
      the presence of multiple human retroviruses. Simple serologic tests that
      unambiguously distinguish among infections by these retroviruses are essential.
      To that end, a partially conserved immunoreactive epitope was identified in the
      transmembrane glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) types 1 and
      2. Synthetic peptides derived from these conserved domains were used in sensitive
      and specific immunoassays that detect antibodies in sera from patients infected
      with HIV-1 or HIV-2. By making single amino acid substitutions in the HIV-1
      peptide, it was possible to demonstrate HIV-1 strain-specific antibody responses
      to this epitope. Such custom-designed peptides synthesized from this domain are
      likely to detect newly discovered HIV types, define infection with specific HIV
      strains, and allow detection of group-common antibodies.

PMID- 2888193
TI  - Gastrinoma: the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

PMID- 2888194
TI  - Insulinoma and glucagonoma.

PMID- 2888195
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 2888196
TI  - Case report 429: Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL).

PMID- 2888198
TI  - Pancreatic pseudocysts.

PMID- 2888197
TI  - Prescription drug abuse and dependence in clinical practice.

PMID- 2888199
TI  - [Treatment of hemorrhagic fever with a renal syndrome].

PMID- 2888200
TI  - Evaluation of maternal and developmental toxicity. Proceedings of the consensus
      workshop. Rockville, Maryland, May 12-14, 1986.

PMID- 2888201
TI  - Problems facing the decision-maker in the risk assessment process.
AB  - This paper presents an overview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
      risk assessment process, describes problems that the Agency faces in conducting
      risk assessment, in general, and identifies some specific problems that the
      Agency confronts when conducting risk assessments on suspected developmental
      toxicants. As noted by the NAS (National Research Council: "Risk Assessment in
      the Federal Government: Managing the Process." Washington, DC: National Academy
      Press, 1983, pp 17-83), improving the quality and comprehensiveness of knowledge
      is the most effective way to improve risk assessment, but some limitations are
      inherent and may remain unresolvable. Therefore, inferences will always be
      required. The Agency's challenge is to ensure that these inferences are as
      soundly based as possible.

PMID- 2888203
TI  - Maternal factors in developmental toxicity.
AB  - The maternal organism provides the developing embryo with its physical
      environment, nutrients, and a mechanism for eliminating metabolic wastes. Since
      the physiological state of the pregnant female affects her ability to provide
      those requirements for the developing embryo, it is not surprising that there are
      maternal factors that can affect the wellbeing of the embryo. Extremes of
      maternal age in both humans and animals have been implicated in growth
      retardation, as well as autosomal trisomies. The influence of maternal size on
      fetal size is more pronounced among larger species with longer gestation periods
      such as humans and domestic animals. A clear relationship between the parity of
      the mother and potential developmental toxicity in humans has not been
      established due to the confounding influences of maternal age. Among laboratory
      rodents, however, it appears that offspring of multiparous animals are at
      increased risk of developmental toxicity. A variety of infectious agents,
      particularly viruses, have either been demonstrated or implicated as causes of
      developmental toxicity. In addition, hyperthermia is a possible confounding
      factor inherent with maternal infection. Although under experimental conditions
      hyperthermia is teratogenic in laboratory animals, a causative role for transient
      hyperthermia, which occurs during febrile states concomitant with infections,
      cannot be clearly established. Chronic maternal vascular disease states including
      essential hypertension, heart disease, or diabetes mellitus are likely to
      contribute to uteroplacental insufficiency and developmental toxicity. Poor
      maternal nutrition among humans contributes to growth retardation, but not to
      malformations. The production of "abnormal" maternal antibodies, such as are
      present in Rh incompatibility, can cause fetal wastage. An important maternal
      factor in humans is uteroplacental insufficiency, which can occur in normal
      states like twinning, as well as in abnormal conditions including reduced
      placental size, chronic maternal hypoxia, or uterine ischemia. Although all these
      maternal factors can contribute to developmental toxicity, they do not
      necessarily occur as isolated events. Some developmental toxicants exert
      deleterious effects within both the embryo and the maternal system.

PMID- 2888202
TI  - Assessment of adult toxicity in developmental versus prechronic toxicology
      studies.
AB  - There is no general agreement at the present time regarding the role of maternal
      toxicity in the manifestation of teratogenic effects or developmental toxicity
      animal studies designed to identify the teratogenic potential of chemicals. A
      survey of 90 teratology studies published in the recent literature revealed wide
      differences in the amount and nature of maternal toxicity data collected in
      teratology studies. In addition, the use of the maternal toxicity data in the
      process of interpreting developmental toxicity varied widely between authors. In
      comparison with teratology studies, there is more uniformity in the collection of
      toxicity data in prechronic toxicity studies. The guidance provided by various
      government agencies on the parameters to be observed in prechronic toxicity
      studies is much more explicit than that provided regarding the collection of
      maternal toxicity data in teratology studies. Because of the likely importance of
      maternal toxicity in the conduct and interpretation of teratology studies, it is
      recommended that more maternal toxicity data be collected in teratology studies
      and the parameters be standardized between laboratories so that data are
      comparable. Guidelines should be established for the use of maternal toxicity
      data in the interpretation of the results of teratology studies.

PMID- 2888204
TI  - The potential relationship of maternal toxicity, general stress, and fetal
      outcome.
AB  - Standard teratology bioassays generally call for a top dose level which is
      sufficient to induce some form of overt maternal toxicity such as death or weight
      loss. The presence of such maternal toxicity is often a confound in the
      interpretation of experimental results, especially at those dose levels producing
      the toxicity. While the physiological bases for the toxicity vary widely in a
      compound-related fashion, one underlying factor that remains constant for most
      induced toxicity is the presence of generalized stress in the affected animals.
      Previous studies have indicated that pregnant animals treated acutely with toxic
      levels of a variety of pharmacologically unrelated chemicals produced litters
      without a recognizable syndrome of defects, except for an increased incidence of
      supernumerary ribs (SNR). The present study reports on the effects of
      immobilization stress on the production of SNR in the Sprague-Dawley rat and the
      CD-1 mouse. Pregnant animals were immobilized in the supine position for 12-hour
      periods during the day of greatest sensitivity to SNR production (days 9 and 10
      in the mouse and rat, respectively). Animals were killed immediately before term
      and the fetuses were examined. An increase in SNR was noted in immobilized mice
      but not rats. These results suggest that such fetal effects may be the result of
      general agent-induced maternal stress.

PMID- 2888205
TI  - Approaches to defining the relationship of maternal and developmental toxicity.
AB  - Maternal and developmental toxicities reported in the literature were examined in
      an attempt to define more clearly their relationship. Relationships were
      difficult to ascertain because maternal toxicity end points are not clearly
      defined, or even assessed, in every study. However, maternal toxicity accompanied
      by developmental toxicity is the most common outcome of in vivo testing.
      Approaches to define these associations have included assessment of acute
      maternal toxicity and teratogenicity; evaluation of maternal toxicity and its
      association to developmental toxicity in general, and to malformations,
      specifically; and examination of developmental variations, embryolethality, and
      altered growth. None has demonstrated an unequivocal relationship between
      specific maternal and developmental toxicities: Developmental disruption appears
      not to result unconditionally from maternal toxicity. Maternal "stress" appears
      to have some impact on development but resists further definition at this time.
      Variations in association may be due to the extent to which maternal homeostasis
      has been compromised. Several quantitative approaches to relating maternal
      toxicity and developmental toxicity in animal systems (ie, relative teratogenic
      index, adult/developmental toxicity ratio) may provide the most satisfactory
      means of evaluating developmental toxicity testing for assessment of hazard.

PMID- 2888206
TI  - Use of the adult developmental relationship in prescreening for developmental
      hazards.
AB  - The overwhelming majority of chemicals already in commerce or brought into use
      each year have not been evaluated for their potential to adversely affect in
      utero development. Data from those that have been evaluated thus far in pregnant
      laboratory animals establish that most, but not all, were no more hazardous to
      the conceptus than they were to adult homeostasis. Most did not need standard
      developmental toxicity testing because avoidance of adult toxic exposure levels
      would have precluded abnormal in utero development. The six general principles of
      teratology when modified, expanded, and placed into this type of context of
      contemporary developmental toxicology allow an updating of the present testing
      sequence which was devised prior to 1966. The developmental hazard index (A/D
      ratio) calculated from the adult and developmental NOELs of standard Segment II
      evaluations is predicted by in vitro means. This determination, when coupled with
      adequate considerations of exposure can be used to prioritize chemicals for more
      elaborate developmental toxicity tests. Those chemicals with large ratios, i.e.,
      disruptive of embryogenesis at treatment levels too low to produce overt effects
      in the mother and/or with significant concern regarding exposure, can be
      identified and tested in pregnant laboratory animals as high priority items.
      Those with low ratios and those for which there is a low level of concern
      regarding exposure potential also can be identified and are not high priority
      items for testing in pregnant animals. The proposed tier system establishes
      priorities of testing based on exposure and the concept of target organ toxicity
      applied to the embryo. It provides intensive in vivo evaluations of those
      chemicals for which developmental effects testing is most needed and avoids use
      of resources and animals for unnecessary testing of agents that do not pose
      threats to the conceptus.

PMID- 2888207
TI  - Maternal toxicity in humans and animals: effects on fetal development and
      criteria for detection.
AB  - Evaluation of published human and animal teratology data revealed associations
      between maternal toxicity and congenital malformations and embryofetal death.
      This has been reported elsewhere in detail and is herein summarized. Regarding
      human data, intrauterine deaths were observed to occur in association with 1)
      maternal homeostatic changes due to phenylketonuria and diabetes and 2) maternal
      toxicity resulting from alcohol abuse, use of aminopterin, and, possibly,
      trimethadione. A pattern of malformations that was similar and thus suggestive of
      a common cause was noticed among malformations attributed to phenylketonuria,
      diabetes mellitus, aminopterin, alcohol, warfarin, phenytoin, phenobarbital,
      trimethadione, and valproic acid. On reviewing 234 studies of agents tested in
      hamsters, mice, rats and rabbits, a fairly strong association between maternal
      toxicity and embryo-fetal mortality was observed. Further, a consistent pattern
      of fetal malformations associated with maternotoxic effects was discovered in a
      survey of 476 studies of agents tested in these four species. In these reviews,
      it was postulated that maternal toxicity per se could possibly cause such fetal
      effects. For evaluating maternotoxic effects in experimental studies, the minimum
      maternal data required would be frequent measurements of maternal body weight and
      food consumption, signs of altered behavior, death, and gross lesions at
      necropsy.

PMID- 2888208
TI  - Comparison of maternal and fetal toxic dose responses in mammals.
AB  - The role of maternal toxicity in adverse developmental outcome and the importance
      of maternal toxicity as a factor in developmental risk assessment have received
      increasing attention in the recent literature. This paper reviews these concepts
      and some of the experimental approaches that have been used to assess their
      importance. The often non-parallel nature of maternal and fetal toxic dose
      response curves makes specific comparisons of maternal and fetal toxic doses
      quite difficult. The use of specific ratios of maternal to fetal toxic doses,
      such as the A/D ratio and the Relative Teratogenic Index is discussed, including
      some of the difficulties encountered in assigning such ratios, and a compilation
      of A/D ratios for compounds for which this ratio could be estimated in more than
      one mammalian species is included. Results of our studies on the fungicide,
      dinocap, for which the A/D ratio does not seem to be consistent across species,
      are briefly reviewed. Maternal toxicity is usually evaluated only on the basis of
      significant mortality, dose-related weight loss, or obvious external
      observations. Some examples of other more specific indications of maternal
      toxicity that may be involved in teratogenesis are presented.

PMID- 2888209
TI  - Consensus workshop on the evaluation of maternal and developmental toxicity work
      group I report: end points of maternal and developmental toxicity.
AB  - It was concluded that this conference, sponsored by the EPA, has provided an
      opportunity to state current ideas regarding the utility of data from studies in
      developmental toxicology and that the deliberations have highlighted the need to
      consider fundamental relationships between maternal and developmental effects in
      a more comprehensive manner in the future.

PMID- 2888210
TI  - Consensus workshop on the evaluation of maternal and developmental toxicity work
      group II report: study design considerations.

PMID- 2888211
TI  - Consensus workshop on the evaluation of maternal and developmental toxicity work
      group III report: low dose extrapolation and other considerations for risk
      assessment--models and applications.

PMID- 2888212
TI  - Implications of the consensus workshop on the evaluation of maternal and
      developmental toxicity.

PMID- 2888213
TI  - Developmental toxicity of dinocap in the mouse is not due to two isomers of the
      major active ingredients.
AB  - Technical-grade dinocap, a complex-mixture fungicide, is teratogenic in the CD-1
      mouse, causing cleft palate and otolith defects. In this study we compared the
      developmental toxicities of 2,4-dinitro-6-(1-methylheptyl)phenyl crotonate and
      2,6-dinitro-4-(1-methylheptyl)phenyl crotonate, model isomers of the major active
      ingredients of technical dinocap, to the known teratogenicity of the technical
      compound. Individual isomers, both isomers combined, or technical dinocap were
      administered to pregnant mice on days 7-16 of gestation. Some dams were killed at
      term and litters were removed, dead fetuses and resorptions were counted, and
      live fetuses were weighed and preserved in Bodian's fixative for examination for
      cleft palate. Other treated dams were allowed to give birth: postnatal viability
      and growth, development of swimming behavior, and otolith formation were
      evaluated. As in previous studies, technical-grade dinocap caused cleft palate
      and weight deficits in fetuses at term and increased neonatal mortality and
      abnormal swimming behavior, torticollis, and deficient otolith formation in
      surviving pups. Neither of the purified isomers exhibited any developmental
      toxicity when administered under identical conditions. Thus, it is concluded that
      these isomers are not the active teratogenic component(s) in technical-grade
      dinocap.

PMID- 2888214
TI  - Effect of prenatal reserpine exposure on development of the postnatal rat heart.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that reserpine treatment may result in altered
      heart development. In order to more fully investigate this possibility, reserpine
      was administered s.c. at 0, 0.375, or 0.75 mg/kg/day to pregnant rats on
      gestation days 12-15. Maternal weight gain, as well as pup weight on postnatal
      day (PND) 1, was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Litter size
      was unaffected, but reserpine-treated dams had more dead pups than did control
      dams. On PND 1, litters were randomly standardized at ten pups each for analysis
      on PNDs 5, 8, 15, and 22. Pup body weight and heart weight were reduced in a dose
      related manner at all ages measured. The decreased heart weights were probably
      due to decreases in cell number. Beta-adrenergic receptor concentration was
      significantly reduced only on PND 5, at the low reserpine dose, and was not
      considered to be a treatment effect. Prenatal reserpine exposure had no effect on
      levels of basal cardiac ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an enzyme associated with
      growth and development. Cardiac ODC stimulation by insulin and isoproterenol also
      showed no effects of maternal reserpine treatment. The results suggest that
      maternal reserpine treatment may lead to adverse effects in the developing
      offspring.

PMID- 2888215
TI  - Benomyl-induced craniocerebral anomalies in fetuses of adequately nourished and
      protein-deprived rats.
AB  - Benomyl, a benzimidazole fungicide, produced craniocerebral and systemic
      malformations in fetal rats when administered by gavage in doses of 31.2, 62.5,
      and 125 mg/kg of maternal body weight on days 7-21 of gestation. Malformations
      increased in incidence and severity with increasing benomyl dosage and nearly
      doubled when coupled with a protein-deficient diet. Protein deficiency alone
      produced only decreased fetal weight. High benomyl doses produced higher
      percentages of fetal resorptions and late fetal deaths, and these percentages
      also increased with protein deficiency. A benomyl dose of 62.5 mg/kg in protein
      deficiency dams, the optimal combination for a high incidence of anomalies and
      low fetal wastage, produced hydrocephalus in 69.4% of fetuses, meningocele in
      8.2%, encephalocele in 14.3%, exencephaly in 44.9%, anencephaly in 14.3%, corpus
      callosum agenesis in 26.5%, periventricular necrosis in 26.5%, and
      periventricular cellular "overgrowth" in 55.1%. The most common combination of
      anomalies was hydrocephalus, exencephaly, and periventricular "overgrowth."
      Common systemic malformations included cleft palate, micromelia, hydroureter, and
      misshapen tails. No fetus was entirely normal at the highest benomyl dose.
      Benomyl has been shown by others to bind tubulin and inhibit the formation of
      microtubules that are important in neurulation, mitosis, and cell migration
      during early brain development. Thus, it is suggested that benomyl, coupled with
      a protein-deficient diet, offers a teratogenic model with a spectrum of
      abnormalities similar to hypervitaminosis A but with a higher yield of specific
      craniocerebral anomalies.

PMID- 2888216
TI  - Mullerian remnants of male mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol.
AB  - Prenatal exposure of males to diethylstilbestrol (DES) results in reproductive
      tract teratogenesis, ie, retention of Mullerian duct remnants. The potential of
      these remnants to develop pathological changes has not been studied. Therefore,
      pregnant outbred CD-1 mice were subcutaneously injected with daily doses of DES
      (100 micrograms/kg) on days 9 through 16 of gestation. DES-exposed male offspring
      and age-matched control male mice were sacrificed at 10 to 18 mo of age and
      examined for reproductive tract abnormalities. Prominent Mullerian remnants were
      observed in 268 out of 277 (97%) of the DES-exposed male mice. These remnants
      differentiated into "femalelike structures" homologous to oviduct and uterus. The
      Mullerian remnants were often enlarged and cystic and shared supporting
      connective tissue with adjacent male structures. Previously reported lesions,
      termed "epididymal cysts," were determined histologically to be cystic
      "oviductlike" structures and were, therefore, considered a Mullerian duct
      abnormality. Pathological changes in these male oviductal and uterine homologs
      included benign and malignant lesions. In addition, epididymal structures were
      altered. Inflammation and sperm granulomas were prevalent in DES-treated mice as
      young as 10 mo old but were only observed in control mice at 18 mos. Cysts of
      epididymal duct origin, hyperplasia, and adenoma of the epididymal duct were also
      observed. No comparable abnormalities were noted in 122 control males of
      corresponding ages. The data presented in this report demonstrated that
      transplacental exposure to DES affected the differentiation and normal
      development of the male genital tract involving both the Mullerian
      (paramesonephric) and Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts. The long-term changes in
      these tissues include lesions, some of which resembled neoplasia although the
      natural history of the lesions is not known. Moreover, some previously described
      abnormalities referred to as "epididymal cysts" were associated with tissues
      derived from embryonic female origin.

PMID- 2888217
TI  - Investigation of the teratogenic effects of exercise on pregnancy outcome in
      mice.
AB  - Swiss Webster female mice were arbitrarily assigned to a heavily exercised group
      (HE), a moderately exercised group (ME), or a sedentary group (S). Exercised
      groups were subjected to a progressive treadmill training routine, 6 days a week
      (60 min per day) for a total of 9 wk. Following mating after 6 wk of training,
      treatment groups continued to exercise at preconceptual intensities. Pregnant
      mice were sacrificed on the 19th day of pregnancy, and the fetuses were
      recovered. A positive training effect was demonstrated by a significant increase
      in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the gastrocnemius muscles of exercising
      dams. The numbers of implants, resorptions, live fetuses, mean fetal weight, and
      developmental stage were unaffected by the exercise treatment. A detailed fetal
      examination revealed no significant skeletal or gross tissue abnormalities in any
      of the experimental groups.

PMID- 2888219
TI  - Agent Orange and risks to reproduction: the limits of epidemiology.

PMID- 2888218
TI  - Cyclophosphamide: interstrain differences in the production of mutagenic
      metabolites by S9-fractions from liver and kidney in different mutagenicity test
      systems in vitro and in the teratogenic response in vivo between CBA and C 57 BL
      mice.
AB  - The formation of mutagenic compounds from cyclophosphamide (CPA) by S9-fractions
      from liver (S9L) or kidney (S9K) of pregnant CBA and C 57 BL mice was
      investigated, using point mutations in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535) and the
      induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human peripheral lymphocytes
      (HPL) or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as end points. In addition, the
      teratological response of CBA and C 57 BL mice to CPA on day 11 of pregnancy was
      analysed in vivo. The results are as follows: (1) S9L from CBA mice was more
      effective than S9L from C 57 BL mice in metabolizing CPA to products inducing
      mutations in Salmonella and SCEs in HPL and CHO cells. (2) S9L was more effective
      than S9K from both strains of mice. (3) In vivo pretreatment of mice with a
      single dose of CPA (20 mg/kg) reduced the in vitro metabolizing capacity of S9L
      and S9K significantly and led to the disappearance of the interstrain difference.
      (4) The embryolethal and teratogenic effects of CPA were stronger in C 57 BL than
      in CBA mice; the types of teratological effects were partially different in the
      two strains.

PMID- 2888220
TI  - Venomous pelagic coelenterates: chemistry, toxicology, immunology and treatment
      of their stings.
AB  - Ten years have elapsed since our last review article on the toxicology of
      venomous pelagic coelenterates was published (Burnett and Calton, 1977).
      Investigation on important medusae and the chemistry of their nematocyst venoms
      have been expanding. The venomous jellyfish discussed here include the Portuguese
      man-o'war, (Physalia physalis), the sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha), the box
      jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri and/or Chiropsalmus quadrigatus), the cabbage head
      jellyfish (Stomolophus meleagris), the lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata),
      the Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi), the Moreton Bay Carybdeid medusa
      (Morbakka), and the mauve blubber (Pelagia noctiluca).

PMID- 2888221
TI  - Effects of equinatoxin on the guinea-pig atrium.
AB  - Equinatoxin is a lethal protein isolated from a sea anemone, Actinia equina. The
      toxin (0.1-3 micrograms/ml) caused an initial inhibition followed by an
      augmentation of contractions and beating rates in the isolated guinea-pig atrium.
      The inhibitory phase was transient (30-60 sec), while the stimulant phase lasted
      for about 30 min. The treated atrium showed tachyphylaxis to the toxin. The
      inhibitory effect of the toxin was diminished by tetrodotoxin and atropine and
      abolished by 8-phenyltheophylline or mepacrine. Dipyridamole, which blocks the
      uptake of adenosine in the heart, enhanced the inhibitory effect. The stimulant
      effect of the toxin was inhibited by indomethacin or mepacrine and abolished by a
      combination of both, but was not inhibited by propranolol. Bioluminescent assay
      performed during the inhibitory phase showed an increased release of ATP and
      radioimmunoassay during the stimulant phase revealed an increased release of
      prostaglandin E2 from the treated atrium. These results suggest that the cardiac
      inhibitory effect of equinatoxin is mainly due to release of adenyl compounds,
      while the cardiac stimulant effect of the toxin may result from the liberation of
      arachidonic acid and subsequent formation of prostaglandins in the guinea-pig
      atrium.

PMID- 2888223
TI  - Inhibition of hybrid resistance by 5-fluorouracil. Destruction of a Thy-1+ Lyt
      1+2- spleen cell implicated in the expression of hybrid resistance.
AB  - Hybrid resistance designates the poor proliferation of parent-strain bone marrow
      cells injected into lethally irradiated hybrids. While testing a variety of
      oncostatic drugs for their capacity to inhibit hybrid resistance, we found that 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) injected into B6D2F1 hybrids three days before grafting
      enhances the growth of parent-strain B6 bone marrow cells. Hybrid resistance can
      be restored in these 5-FU-treated B6D2F1 recipients by the injection of spleen
      cells from untreated (normal) B6D2F1 mice. Treatment of these normal B6D2F1
      spleen cells with anti-Thy-1 or anti-Lyt-1 antibodies plus complement abolishes
      their capacity to restore resistance, whereas treatment with anti Lyt-2 antibody
      plus complement has no effect. It is known that the rejection of parent-strain
      bone marrow cells by the F1 hybrid is a multistep process in which more than one
      cell type is involved, and that the final effector cell is asialo-GMI+,
      cyclophosphamide-sensitive, and responsive to IFN (possibly the natural killer
      cell). The Thy-1+Lyt-1+2- spleen cell we describe here, which is eliminated by
      the 5-FU, doesn't seem to be the final effector cell for hybrid resistance since
      transfer of spleen cells from cyclophosphamide-treated (final-effector-cell
      depleted) B6D2F1 hybrids into 5-FU treated B6D2F1 mice restores hybrid resistance
      just as well as do normal B6D2F1 spleen cells; and, when injected into 5-FU
      treated B6D2F1 hybrids, the IFN inducer pI:pC also restores resistance. The cell
      we now describe would be a third cell type, probably responsible for the initial
      recognition of grafted parent-strain bone marrow cells, which triggers the
      mechanism of hybrid resistance. This hypothesis could explain the observed
      specificity of parent-strain bone marrow graft rejection by F1 hybrids.

PMID- 2888222
TI  - Estimating the risks of transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The risk of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has
      been difficult to estimate because of the long and variable incubation period.
      Mathematical modeling suggests there may eventually be 2100 cases among persons
      aged 13 to 65 who received transfusions between 1978 and 1984. An estimated
      12,000 living transfusion recipients of all ages from these years are infected
      with the human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS. Secondary
      transmission might be prevented by testing and counseling recipients, but the
      likelihood of infection in any single recipient is small.

PMID- 2888224
TI  - Specific and nonspecific resistance to local graft-versus-host reaction in F1
      hybrids pretreated intravenously with parent-strain spleen cells. I. Two distinct
      mechanisms.
AB  - B6D2F1 hybrid mice pretreated i.v. with 5 X 10(7) spleen cells from B6 donors
      seven days earlier (B6-pretreated B6D2F1 hybrids) develop resistance to local
      GVHR induced by the subcutaneous injection of spleen cells of either B6 (GVHR-B6)
      or D2 (GVHR-D2) origin. This resistance has specific and a nonspecific components
      that concern the GVHR-B6 and the GVHR-D2, respectively. The two types of
      resistance to GVHR are neither induced under the same conditions nor mediated by
      the same mechanism. Specific resistance to GVHR is observed in B6D2F1 hybrids
      pretreated with unseparated, anti-Lyt-1.2+C' treated or 1000 rads-irradiated B6
      cells, but not in B6D2F1 hybrids pretreated with anti-Thy-1.2+C' or anti Lyt
      2.2+C'-treated B6 cells. In contrast, nonspecific resistance to GVHR is induced
      only by pretreatment with unseparated B6 cells. Treatment of B6 cells with anti
      Thy-1.2, anti-Lyt-1.2, or anti-Lyt-2.2 moAb plus C', or their irradiation at 1000
      rads completely abolishes their capacity to induce the nonspecific resistance to
      GVHR. Moreover, specific resistance to GVHR can be transferred to normal B6D2F1
      mice by injection of nylon-adherent, anti-Thy-1.2+C'-treated or 2000-rads
      irradiated, but not unseparated or nylon-nonadherent, B6-pretreated B6D2F1 spleen
      cells. Treatment of nylon-adherent B6-pretreated B6D2F1 cells with anti H-2d
      antiserum plus C' does not affect their capacity to transfer specific resistance
      to GVHR. Nonspecific resistance to GVHR can be transferred by unseparated, anti
      Lyt-1.1+C' or anti Lyt-2.1+C'-treated, but not by anti-Thy-1.2+C' anti-Lyt
      1.2+C', anti-Lyt-2.2+C'-treated or 2000-rads-irradiated B6-pretreated B6D2F1
      spleen cells. Both types of resistance are observed in B6D2F1 hybrids pretreated
      with more than 2.5 X 10(7) B6 spleen cells.

PMID- 2888225
TI  - [Species and organ differences in the activity and regulation of adenylate and
      guanylate cyclases].
AB  - The activity of adenylate and guanylate cyclases was determined in adrenal,
      heart, liver and fat tissues of guinea pigs, mice, rabbits and monkeys. The
      enzymes activities varied markedly depending both on the species and organs. The
      highest basal activities of adenylate cyclase was observed in all organs of
      guinea pigs. It was found that organs with low basal level of adenylate cyclase
      possess high guanylate cyclase. Species variations of the basal and stimulated
      adenylate cyclase activity may determine the functional activity of an organ: the
      higher the adenylate cyclase activity, the more intensive steroidogenesis in
      adrenals, lipolysis in the fat tissue, muscle contraction and nerve impulse
      conduction in heart.

PMID- 2888226
TI  - Survey: localization and operation for nonpalpable testes.

PMID- 2888227
TI  - Bovine monoclonal antibodies to the F5 (K99) pilus antigen of E. coli, produced
      by murine/bovine hybridomas.
AB  - Lymph node cells from calves immunized with purified pilus antigen of K99+
      enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were fused with mouse myeloma (NSO) cells, and
      with non-Ig producing mouse/calf hybridomas or with a bovine Ig-producing
      mouse/calf/calf secondary hybridoma. Lines secreting bovine monoclonal IgG1
      specific for K99 pilus antigen in an ELISA were obtained in each case. The two
      lines derived from xenohybridoma fusion partners have been secreting anti-K99
      bovine monoclonal antibody for over one year in continual passage. None of the
      antibodies cross-reacted with other pilus types including K88, CFAI, CFAII, 987P
      or CP; they all inhibited agglutination of horse RBC (which have a K99 receptor)
      in the presence of K99 antigen; they showed positive fluorescence in an indirect
      binding assay on K99+ ETEC and inhibited K99+ ETEC adhesion to piglet
      enterocytes. These antibodies have potential prophylactic and therapeutic use in
      control and treatment of diarrhoea.

PMID- 2888229
TI  - Hexamethonium: a probe to assess autonomic nervous system involvement in upper
      gastrointestinal functions in conscious sheep.
AB  - Hexamethonium, which inhibits cholinergic transmission by preventing
      acetylcholine release, has been considered an ideal reference drug for the
      blockade of autonomic ganglia, Auerbach plexus and reflex gastrointestinal
      secretions. The degree of inhibition of ruminant gastrointestinal functions with
      this reference drug were as follows: cyclical contractions of the reticulo-rumen
      and abomasal motility greater than gastric acid secretion and duodenal migrating
      myoelectrical complexes. Although reduced at high dosages, the initiation of
      migrating myoelectric complexes was enhanced at clinically used dosages. The
      duration of the inhibition of reticular contractions was dose-related varying
      from 0.5 to 5 h for 1.25 to 20 mg/kg subcutaneously. Abomasal motility and acid
      secretion were similarly reduced but exhibited strong and long-lasting rebound
      effects. Inhibition of the reticulum by the blockade of muscarinic receptors by
      atropine was also dose-related lasting from 0.5 to 3 h for 0.5 to 2 mg/kg,
      whereas inhibition of the abomasal motor and secretory functions lasted from 1 to
      6 h. These results suggest a higher degree of impingement of the parasympathetic
      pathways on abomasal acid secretion and motility than on the cyclical activity of
      the reticulum and only a modulatory role of the extrinsic neural activity on the
      cyclical motor events of the duodenum.

PMID- 2888228
TI  - Normal serum activities of some diagnostic enzymes in dromedary camel in Sudan.
AB  - 76 adult camel (30 males and 46 females) sera were surveyed for the normal
      activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phospho-kinase (CPK), gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The values recorded for the
      above enzymes were compared to other data in the literature.

PMID- 2888230
TI  - Comparison of CEA distribution in lesions and tumors of salivary glands as
      determined with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with
      conventional antibody to CEA (anti-CEA), nonspecific crossreacting antigen (NCA)
      absorbed polyclonal antibody to CEA (NCAa-CEA), and monoclonal antibody to CEA
      (Mono-CEA) have been compared in obstructive lesions and salivary gland tumors.
      Normal salivary glands gave strong staining of the luminal borders of acinar
      cells with anti-CEA, whereas no staining occurred with Mono-CEA. Obstructive
      lesions showed occasionally marked staining with anti-CEA in some acinar cells,
      but there was no reaction with Mono-CEA. Of 69 pleomorphic adenomas examined, 34
      were positively stained with anti-CEA, 18 with NCAa-CEA and 8 with Mono-CEA along
      the luminal borders of the tumor cells. The frequency of positive staining of
      material within tubular lumina was similar with all three immunoreagents.
      Neoplastic cells were positive with Mono-CEA in only three cases, while eight
      cases were positive with NCAa-CEA and 11 cases with anti-CEA. In salivary gland
      tumors true CEA is be found mainly at the border of tumor cells, but the
      frequency of positive reactions is low.

PMID- 2888231
TI  - An improved DAPI-DNA cytofluorometry by hypotonic cytolysis. Its application to
      tumor cell heterogeneity.
AB  - The effect of cell cytolysis on DAPI-DNA cytofluorometry was studied in order to
      eliminate nonspecific cytoplasmic hindrances in DAPI staining. A great
      improvement in the reproducibility of DNA determination was attained when cells
      were treated with hypotonic KCl (0.075 M) solution. The DNA content per cell of
      the mgC5 clonal line (normal diploid cell containing 2C DNA units) after
      hypotonic treatment was 3.07 +/- 0.06, while that of mgC5 cells without hypotonic
      treatment was 3.50 +/- 0.26, indicating a remarkable decrease from 7.4% to 2.0%
      in the coefficient of variation. In detecting tumor cell heterogeneity, our
      cytolytic method was superior to the method of counting the mode of chromosome
      number. The modal chromosome numbers of nontumorigenic m and its derivatives,
      mgC4 and mgC5, were 69, 68 and 67 respectively, while those of their tumorigenic
      counterparts, magc, mgC4V1 and mgC5V1 were 68, 66 and 67. The DNA contents of
      nontumorigenic m, mgC4 and mgC5 were 3.00 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- SD), 3.07 +/- 0.06
      and 3.07 +/- 0.12, while those of their tumorigenic counterparts, magc, mgC4V1
      and mgC5V1 were 3.67 +/- 0.15, 3.23 +/- 0.06, 3.27 +/- 0.06 respectively. A
      statistically significant difference in DNA content between the tumorigenic and
      nontumorigenic cells was observed at least at the p less than 0.05 level (t-test)
      when DNA content was employed for comparison, but not when the modal chromosome
      number was employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888232
TI  - Immunohistochemical evaluation of ras oncogene expression in pulmonary and
      pleural neoplasms.
AB  - We undertook an immunohistochemical analysis of human bronchopulmonary epithelial
      neoplasms and pleural mesotheliomas using a monoclonal antibody which recognizes
      ras oncogene products (p21ras). The monoclonal antibody, RAP-5, recognizes both
      unaltered and certain mutated p21ras. Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue
      samples of 187 lung epithelial tumors and 27 pleural mesotheliomas were
      investigated; normal and bronchiectatic lungs were similarly studied. Normal lung
      and pleural tissue did not immunostain except for occasional type II pneumocytes.
      Reactive type II pneumocytes adjacent to carcinomas and bronchiectasis
      immunostained consistently. Twenty four/34 (71%) squamous carcinomas
      immunostained. Only 8/50 (16%) adenocarcinomas immunostained focally and weakly
      whereas 19/24 (79%) bronchioloalveolar carcinomas immunostained. Eleven/18 (61%)
      large cell carcinomas immunostained with variable intensity. Eleven/13 (85%)
      carcinoids, 6/7 (85%) well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 18/21
      (86%) intermediate cell neuroendocrine carcinomas immunostained while none of 20
      small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas immunostained. Only a few mesotheliomas were
      immunostained focally. Two/14 (14%) epithelial type and 1/9 (11%) biphasic type
      mesotheliomas immunostained weakly; none of 4 spindle cell mesotheliomas
      immunostained. We conclude that while at least occasional cases of most types of
      pulmonary epithelial neoplasms express p21ras, the frequency and intensity of the
      expression are distinctly greater in certain tumor types such as squamous,
      bronchioloalveolar, and neuroendocrine neoplasm except for the small cell type.
      Contrary to these lung epithelial neoplasms, most mesotheliomas did not
      immunostain for p21ras. Whether the enhanced p21ras expression may point to a
      different mechanism of transformation or may merely reflect differentiation
      features remains undetermined.

PMID- 2888233
TI  - Induction of granulopoiesis of mastocytoma cells: ultrastructural and
      cytochemical studies on production of serotonin in a cultured mouse mastocytoma
      cell line.
AB  - Electron microscopic observations of an originally established mouse mastocytoma
      cell line (BSP-MST-2) revealed that the cytoplasm of many of the MST-2 cells
      contained small and low osmiophilic granules and a few mature electron-dense
      granules. Fluorescent- and immuno-histochemical examinations also suggested the
      immaturity of granules as the cytoplasmic reaction for serotonin (5-HT) was weak.
      Induction of further maturation of granules was investigated by administration of
      various chemical agents. Among the chemicals examined, sodium butyrate and
      hydrocortisone were effective. In the presence of 1 mM sodium butyrate for 24 h,
      the cytoplasmic granules contained an abundant dense matrix. MST-2 cells
      incubated with hydrocortisone at 5 micrograms/ml for 24 h showed a somewhat
      different granulopoietic pattern from those incubated with sodium butyrate,
      including numerous electron-dense progranules. Fluorescent- and immuno
      histochemical studies showed increased reactions of cytoplasmic 5-HT of both
      butyrate- and hydrocortisone-treated MST-2 cells. The specificity of these
      morphological and cytochemical changes was confirmed by treatment with reserpine,
      a drug which depletes cellular 5-HT; electron-dense materials were virtually
      diminished and cytochemical reactions were significantly decreased. The mode of
      induced production of 5-HT in mastocytoma granules is discussed, in relation to
      mastocyte differentiation.

PMID- 2888234
TI  - Amine dependence of proliferative activity in two transplantable lines of mouse
      colonic carcinoma.
AB  - Serotonin, histamine and their antagonists have previously been shown to
      influence both the cell proliferation rate and the volumetric growth rate of
      colonic tumours. Of these earlier studies, those on cell proliferation could not
      distinguish between direct effects on tumour cells and indirect effects on the
      host, whereas those on the volumetric growth rate of tumours, whilst suggesting
      an outcome related to the individual properties of the tumour rather than the
      host, could not distinguish between influences on cell gain, cell loss or stromal
      changes. In an attempt to distinguish between these possibilities the current
      experiments on the mitotic rate in two lines of transplantable mouse colonic
      carcinoma were undertaken. One line of tumour proved to be sensitive to
      inhibition by a histamine H2 receptor antagonist and a dopamine D2 antagonist but
      resistant to serotonin antagonists; the inhibition by histamine antagonists was
      surmountable by co-administration of histamine. The other line proved to be
      highly sensitive to the inhibitory effects of serotonin antagonist and less so to
      antagonists of the other two amines and in this case the effect of serotonin
      antagonists was surmountable by serotonin. These results suggest that the
      variations between different colonic tumours in the response to amine antagonists
      is due to differences in the extent of inhibition of cell proliferation rather
      than differences in cell loss or stromal effects. Thus it appears likely that
      amine antagonists are able to directly interfere with the proliferation of some
      colonic tumour cells.

PMID- 2888235
TI  - Involution of hyperplastic goitre in the adult male rat. Tissue compartment
      process with early iodide effect: a stereological and biochemical study.
AB  - The morphological and functional changes during involution of hyperplastic goitre
      have been investigated in the adult male rat. Male wistar rats received an iodine
      deficient diet for 6 months and during the last 2 months received
      propylthiouracil (PTU, 0.15%). By the end of this treatment (day 0), a
      hyperplastic goitre was obtained. A normal iodine supply was then given and PTU
      withdrawn. During the first 8 days of iodine refeeding, the plasma thyrotropin
      (TSH) remained at a high level (ten times the control value), whereas the thyroid
      iodide content was low on day 0, markedly increased on day 1 and decreased on day
      4. Plasma T3 and T4 levels remained unchanged for 4 days and only increased on
      day 8. The total thyroid protein concentration was low on day 0 and then
      increased rapidly on day 8 (by 34%). The volume density of colloid remained low
      and unchanged until day 8, when it started to increase. However, the thyroid
      epithelial cell volume and the volume density of capillaries were raised on day
      0, decreased rapidly in the next 8 days and more slowly later on. The total
      number of thyroid epithelial cells was considerably raised in the hyperplastic
      gland. It did not vary until day 16, when it decreased slowly, reaching a plateau
      on day 45 above the control value. The present data show that involution of
      hyperplastic goitre in the rat is due essentially to a decrease in thyroid
      epithelial cell volume and to a reduction of the increased number of capillary
      blood vessels present. The decrease in the number of epithelial cells is only
      16.5%, suggesting that the death of thyroid epithelial cells contributes little.
      Half the process of involution, which occurs from days 0 to 8, is controlled by
      the thyroid iodide concentration rather than TSH, indicating the involvement of a
      thyroid autoregulatory mechanism. It must be emphasized, however, that the
      discontinuous pattern of epithelial cell number during involution may indicate
      that some cells with larger nuclei and more rapid turnover disappear more quickly
      after iodine refeeding.

PMID- 2888236
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the rat liver during Euro-Collins storage, compared
      with hypothermic in vitro ischemia.
AB  - The ultrastructural alterations in liver tissue induced by in vitro ischemia at 4
      degrees C under conditions commonly used for transplantation (Euro-Collins
      perfused and stored liver tissue) have been compared with changes due to
      hypothermic in vitro ischemia in non-perfused liver. It was found that the
      process of cell deterioration in non-perfused liver occurred very slowly; signs
      of irreversible damage appeared in sinusoidal lining cells before hepatocytes
      (after 24 and 96 h, respectively). Liver perfused with, and stored in Euro
      Collins solution showed acceleration of the ischemical damage in both types of
      cell (irreversible damage to sinusoidal lining cells after 12 h and to
      hepatocytes after 52 h), compared with non-perfused liver. These findings
      indicate that the safe period for storage of rat liver in Euro-Collins before
      damage to the microcirculatory system is less than 12 h. It might also be
      questioned whether Euro-Collins treatment is the optimal procedure for tissue
      preservation before liver transplantation.

PMID- 2888237
TI  - Morphometric evaluation of the turnover of autophagic vacuoles after treatment
      with Triton X-100 and vinblastine in murine pancreatic acinar and seminal vesicle
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Large numbers of autophagic vacuoles were found in murine pancreatic acinar and
      seminal vesicle epithelial cells following the administration of Triton X-100 or
      vinblastine for 4 h. The autophagic vacuoles disappeared rapidly from the cells
      after the administration of cycloheximide to animals pretreated with Triton X
      100. The decay in seminal vesicle cells appeared to follow first-order kinetics
      with an estimated t1/2 of 8.7 min. The regression in pancreatic cells was equally
      rapid and less than half the initial volume of autophagic vacuoles was found at
      the 12th min after cycloheximide injection. This time, the decay curve appeared
      to be linear rather than exponential. Our data, together with the work of others,
      support the view that the average half-life of autophagic vacuoles is a fairly
      constant parameter kept within the range of 6-9 min in various types of mouse and
      rat cell when the late steps of autophagocytosis (i.e. the fusion of
      autophagosomes and lysosomes and the degradation within lysosomes) are not
      affected. The regression of autophagic vacuoles was slow in mice pretreated with
      vinblastine (t1/2 of about 27-30 min) suggesting that this drug slows down the
      turnover of autophagic vacuoles. Morphometric evaluation of the regression of the
      autophagic vacuole compartment after cycloheximide treatment can be used as a
      tool to distinguish between treatments which elevate the amount of autophagic
      vacuoles within the cells by increasing the rate of sequestration from those
      which expand the autophagic vacuole compartment by causing accumulation of
      autophagic vacuoles as a result of blockade of the late steps of the autophagic
      process.

PMID- 2888238
TI  - [Justification for the differential use of amplitude-modulated pulse therapy in
      different clinical variants of lumbar osteochondrosis].

PMID- 2888239
TI  - [Cholesterol esterase activity in the rat aorta and liver after stimulation and
      blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors].
AB  - Activities of lysosomal and cytoplasmic cholesterol esterases and cholesterol
      content in rat blood serum, liver tissue and aorta were studied after
      administration of ephedrine and propranolol. The ephedrine-induced lipolytic
      effect was fully inhibited by propranolol. The correlation between stimulation of
      beta-adrenergic receptors and activation of lipolytic enzymes was found.

PMID- 2888240
TI  - [Effect of the biotope and the intensity of invasion on the activity of various
      oxidation-reduction enzymes in Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2888241
TI  - [Lipoprotein metabolism and beta receptor blockers].
AB  - Including own results a survey is given of the side effects of beta-receptor
      blockers on the plasma lipoprotein metabolism. The formation of a from the
      coronary-preventive point of view unfavourable lipoprotein risk profile under
      influence of individual beta-receptor blockers, among others propranolol, seems
      to be connected with an inhibition of a key enzyme in the lipoprotein metabolism,
      the lecithin-cholesterol-acyl transferase. Talinolol does not show these side
      effects. It is recommended to control the triglyceride level and the HDL
      cholesterol before the induction and after the beginning of a therapy with beta
      receptor blockers and to use talinolol instead of propranolol in pre-existing
      dyslipoproteinaemia or in unfavourable changes during the treatment.

PMID- 2888243
TI  - [Mediator mechanisms of the stimulatory effect of the vagus nerves on the heart].

PMID- 2888242
TI  - [Variations in sleep onset in monotone stimulation: a review of the literature on
      short day-time nap studies].

PMID- 2888244
TI  - [The humoral link in the mechanism of formation of conditioned food refusal in
      the edible snail].
AB  - Effect was studied of hemolymph of snails-donors with conditioned food refusal,
      on learning the same habit by snails-recipients. Facilitation was observed of the
      recipients' learning depending on the quantity of injected hemolymph and the type
      of conditioned stimulus. The hemolymph of pseudo-conditioned donors inhibited the
      learning of intact snails-recipients. The possibility is suggested of appearance
      in the hemolymph of conditioned snails of one or several chemical factors,
      capable to facilitate elaboration of the same conditioned reflex.

PMID- 2888245
TI  - [Current knowledge about the rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients].
AB  - Our considerations are based upon a new concept of schizophrenia and upon our
      clinical experience which has been controlled in two catamnestic studies. The new
      concept contains the notion of vulnerability, saying that there is no specific
      process underlying mental illness but there is a variety of interacting organic
      and psychosocial factors causing a special vulnerability leading towards
      psychotic break down in situations of stress. An optimal treatment should
      therefore consist of preventing relapse and at the same time of a soft promoting
      of social learning; thus an optimal treatment is a rehabilitation. Clinical
      experience and catamnestic studies show that mentally ill patients can be
      reintegrated into occupation and independent living even after a long history of
      illness and hospitalization. But we also find a severe ongoing handicap
      concerning social relations and quality of life, a strong indicator for the fact
      that rehabilitation has to continue even after a successful reintegration.

PMID- 2888246
TI  - [Oxidative and respiratory properties of isolated human kidney mitochondria].
AB  - The oxidative and respiratory properties of isolated human renal mitochondria are
      characterized on the basis of the respiratory rates under defined conditions
      (active and decoupled respiration as well as respiration in rest) with the help
      of the respiratory control index and the ADP/O quotient. In comparison to the
      renal mitochondria of the rats the balances for the substrates succinate and
      glutamate/malate are three- to fourfold smaller.

PMID- 2888247
TI  - [Characteristics of the biological properties of a cell-free pertussis
      preparation].
AB  - The biological properties of Bordetella pertussis antigenic complex, obtained by
      a technologically simple method from the medium used for the cultivation of B.
      pertussis, were studied. The preparation was characterized by pronounced
      hemagglutinating activity, toxicity, histamine-sensitizing and leukocytosis
      stimulating activity and produced a cytopathogenic effect on the culture of
      Chinese hamster ovary cells. The detoxified preparations showed pronounced
      protective activity in experiments on the active and passive protection of mice.
      The ED50 of the preparation was 0.146 microgram of protein. In the proposed human
      immunization dose containing 10 micrograms of protein the detoxified preparation
      showed no hemagglutinating, leukocytosis-stimulating or histamine-sensitizing
      activity and proved to be nontoxic in the weight loss test on mice.

PMID- 2888248
TI  - [Psychotropic drug therapy using maintenance dosage pumps].
AB  - The article deals with questions related to the use of paracorporal automatic
      drug-administering devices designed for the prolonged administration of
      psychotropic drugs. This is the first ever experience with the use of artificial
      systems for drug administration in psychiatry. The authors have developed a
      scheme of drug administration and determined the optimal rate of injection and
      daily doses. Possible complications and side effects associated with this method
      of treatment, as well as the methods for their prevention and control are
      described in detail. According to preliminary data the administration of
      psychotropic drugs with the help of automatic devices may contribute
      significantly to the improvement of social adaptation of patients with minor
      mental disturbances and make easier the provision of psychotherapy, in particular
      it may considerably simplify functional training of patients with phobic
      abnormalities. The method appears to be especially promising with regard to
      maintenance therapy.

PMID- 2888249
TI  - [Effect of neuroleptic therapy on the structure of an episode in acute alcoholic
      psychoses].
AB  - Clinical examination of 106 patients with acute alcoholic psychoses has shown a
      definite effect of neuroleptic therapy with phenothiazine drugs on the
      pathomorphosis of psychotic attacks. It has been found that the main direction of
      the therapeutic pathomorphosis in the studied group is the appearance in the
      structure of attacks of the alternately changing main forms of alcoholic
      psychoses-delirium, verbal hallucinosis, and paranoid, as well as an increase in
      the number of patients with consciousness disturbances of delirious or delirious
      oneiric type by the end of the attack. Positive results of the use of eglonyl in
      the treatment of acute alcoholic hallucinosis are presented.

PMID- 2888250
TI  - Effects of H2-receptor antagonists on prolactin secretion: specificity and
      mediation of the response.
AB  - The effects on prolactin secretion of histamine H2-receptor antagonists infused
      intracerebroventricularly were studied in urethane anaesthetized male rats. A
      dose of 1.6 mumol cimetidine stimulated basal prolactin secretion and did not
      affect the histamine-induced release, whereas 0.4 mumol cimetidine inhibited
      basal and histamine-stimulated prolactin secretion. 0.1 mumol cimetidine had no
      effect. The more potent H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine at doses of 0.1, 0.4,
      1.6 mumol had no effect on basal prolactin secretion, whereas 0.4 and 1.6 mumol
      inhibited the histamine-stimulated secretion completely. SKF-92408, a compound
      resembling cimetidine in chemical structure but devoid of H2-receptor antagonist
      activity, stimulated basal prolactin secretion at a dose of 1.6 mumol, but had no
      effect on the histamine-induced release or at a dose of 0.4 mumol. The H2
      receptor antagonists metiamide and oxmetidine (1.6 mumol) stimulated basal
      prolactin secretion and did not prevent the response to histamine. A dose of 0.4
      or 1.6 mumol imidazole (the ring structure contained in cimetidine, SKF-92408,
      metiamide, and oxmetidine) had no effect on basal or histamine-stimulated
      prolactin secretion. The findings indicate that cimetidine stimulates prolactin
      secretion by a non-specific action when infused centrally at high doses. In
      contrast, when infused at lower doses cimetidine inhibits the basal and histamine
      stimulated secretion by blockade of H2-receptors. The prolactin-stimulatory
      action of cimetidine was not due to an H2-agonist effect, since ranitidine did
      not prevent the response. Cimetidine did not stimulate prolactin secretion via an
      effect on the dopaminergic system, since the drug had no effect on the dopamine
      concentration in hypophysial portal blood or in hypothalamic tissue and since
      inhibition of the dopamine synthesis by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine did not prevent
      the cimetidine-induced prolactin release.

PMID- 2888252
TI  - Comparison of atracurium and vecuronium in anaesthesia for renal transplantation.
AB  - In a controlled study, equipotent doses of atracurium (20 patients) or vecuronium
      (22 patients) were given randomly to patients with chronic renal failure
      anaesthetized for renal transplantation. There were no statistically significant
      differences in the degree of muscle relaxation (electromyographic twitch
      response) and circulatory parameters. Plasma histamine concentration increased in
      three patients after the first dose of atracurium, but in none of the patients
      could any signs of allergic reactions be observed. Tracheal intubation was
      difficult in six patients of the atracurium group, all of whom had diabetes
      mellitus and varying degrees of neck stiffness. The neuromuscular block response
      in diabetic uraemic patients was similar to that in other uraemic patients.

PMID- 2888251
TI  - TSH binding proteins in rat and human serum.
AB  - When serum of hypothyroid rats was fractionated on a Sephadex G-100 column, most
      of the immunoreactive TSH was found as a front running peak, together with the
      high molecular weight serum proteins. Similarly, a rTSH preparation (10 mU),
      chromatographed in the presence of 1 ml of normal rat serum also migrated at the
      front, however, when a high load of TSH (4.4 U) was added to 1 ml of serum, two
      immunoreactive peaks were found, suggesting the saturation of the front running
      fraction. Immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography of rat or human sera
      containing the respective 125I-labelled TSHs showed binding of the labelled TSH
      to IgG, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and to a third unidentified protein, migrating
      near the albumin line. In order to determine if the bound TSH is biologically
      active, the high molecular weight protein fraction was separated from hypothyroid
      rat serum by 45% ammonium sulphate precipitation. Immunoreactivity was determined
      by RIA and the biological activity was determined, in vitro, by the stimulation
      of 99Tc uptake by FRTL-5 cells. The 45% ammonium sulphate precipitate contained
      almost all of the immunoreactivity and the bioactivity of the TSH of whole serum.
      These results indicate that: a) The endogenous circulating TSH in the hypothyroid
      rat exists mainly in a protein-bound form and this protein-bound TSH contains
      most of the hormonal bioactivity of the serum. b) Exogenous TSH binds to serum
      proteins in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats and in humans. There are three protein
      fractions in these sera that bind TSH, one of which is an immunoglobulin. The
      occurrence of TSH binding immunoglobulins may involve autoimmune mechanisms.

PMID- 2888253
TI  - Premedication with midazolam in out-patient general anaesthesia. A comparison
      with morphine-scopolamine and placebo.
AB  - Strong premedication may prolong recovery and cause side-effects after short
      surgical procedures in general anaesthesia. To be operated without premedication
      may be unpleasant for the patient. Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine
      with rapid onset and short half-life. In a randomized study with 193 female
      patients, we compared the effects and side-effects of three different
      premedicants i.m.: midazolam, morphine-scopolamine (Mo-Scop) and placebo.
      Midazolam and Mo-Scop had an equal and significantly better effect than placebo
      on preoperative anxiety and alertness. Side-effects like nausea, dry mouth and
      prolonged recovery occurred significantly more often in the Mo-Scop than the
      midazolam or placebo groups. The midazolam-premedicated patients had
      significantly more amnesia compared with the other two groups. Only 3% of the
      patients would prefer no medication before anaesthesia, whereas 80% would prefer
      a combination of an anxiolytic and hypnotic premedication. Sixty-three percent of
      the patients would prefer a premedicant administered by injection. The results
      indicate that midazolam i.m. is an effective premedicant, with few side-effects,
      for short procedures in general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2888254
TI  - Histology of the normal and retained equine testis.
AB  - Abdominal, inguinal and scrotal testes of horses were examined grossly and by
      light microscopy. An average of 1.5, 2.3 and 4.6 layers of spermatogenic cells,
      and mean seminiferous tubule diameters of approximately 66.2, 83.6 and 146.6
      micron in the abdominal, inguinal and scrotal testes, respectively, were
      recorded. The interstitial spaces and the number of interstitial cells (of
      Leydig) seemed to be increased while spermatogenesis appeared to be arrested in
      the retained testes. Early spermatocytes were the most mature stages of the
      spermatogenic cells in the retained testes. An extensive vacuolation of
      spermatogenic cells was evident in these testes. The changes may result due to a
      high temperature of the abdominal environment in concert with the altered
      production of androgens.

PMID- 2888255
TI  - Somatostatin-containing and other endocrine cells in the pancreas of the
      spectacled caiman.
AB  - Light-microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to localize 4 major pancreatic
      hormones in the pancreas of the spectacled caiman, Caiman fuscus. Somatostatin,
      insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide were localized by the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase complex technique. A relatively large population of somatostatin
      containing D cells was present. The D cells were nearly as numerous as the
      insulin-containing B cells and glucagon-containing A cells which were the most
      common cell types. All three cell types were commonly intermingled with one
      another in endocrine cell areas. Pancreatic polypeptide-reactive F cells were
      absent from some regions of the pancreas, but where present were related to other
      endocrine cell types. Functional properties of the pancreatic endocrine cells in
      this anatomical variant remain to be determined.

PMID- 2888256
TI  - Age of the cell culture: a factor influencing hormonal imprinting of Tetrahymena.
AB  - Insulin imprinting of Tetrahymena pyriformis in different growth phases had been
      investigated. Cells formed in the early logarithmic phase (18-hour culture)
      showed enhanced hormone binding at the second encounter with the hormone proving
      that imprinting had developed. This phenomenon was not observed in cells formed
      in the late logarithmic phase (42-hour culture) or in the stationary phase (66
      hour culture). Lipid transformation processes, alteration of the guanyl cyclase
      activity and enhanced cell division may be responsible for this effect. Cell
      growth phase G1 was especially favourable for development of imprinting.

PMID- 2888257
TI  - Somatostatin suppression of meningioma cell proliferation in vitro.
AB  - Considering the presence of a stereospecific receptor for somatostatin (SST) in
      human meningioma cells and the possible involvement of this neuropeptide in the
      growth control of certain meningioma cell lines, the effects of SST on the
      proliferation of human meningioma cells in vitro was investigated. Tumour tissues
      for primary cell cultures were obtained surgically from 2 women with
      histopathological diagnosis of meningothelial meningioma. The incorporation of
      [3H]-thymidine into meningioma cells DNA was measured as an index of the cells
      proliferation. It was shown that SST (10(-7)-10(-5) M) significantly inhibited
      the [3H]-thymidine incorporation. The results have indicated that SST may have an
      antiproliferative effects on the meningioma tumour cells in vitro.

PMID- 2888258
TI  - The effect of non-nutritive sucking on plasma insulin, gastrin, and somatostatin
      levels in infants.
AB  - The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of non-nutritive
      sucking on plasma levels of insulin, gastrin, and somatostatin in infants. These
      hormones were measured with radioimmunoassay in plasma collected from fullterm
      and preterm infants sucking a pacifier. In fullterm infants, sucking caused a
      significant increase of insulin levels from 13 +/- 10 microU/ml to 40 +/- 36
      microU/ml and 21 +/- 17 microU/ml after 45 sec and 5 min respectively, from when
      the infants started sucking. A similar pattern was seen in preterm infants. In
      contrast, gastrin and somatostatin levels were not significantly affected. We
      suggest that sucking causes an activation of the vagal nerve, which results in
      the release of insulin. We also suggest that in infants, oral feeding is superior
      to bolus feeding, since in the latter case no vagal activation and consequently
      no release of hormones with anabolic properties occurs.

PMID- 2888259
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma medication.

PMID- 2888260
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of peptide YY in gastrointestinal endocrine
      tumors.
AB  - Fourteen cases of gastrointestinal endocrine tumors were examined
      immunohistochemically for peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, and
      somatostatin. Peptide YY cells were present in seven tumors, pancreatic
      polypeptide cells in eight tumors, glucagon cells in six tumors, and somatostatin
      cells in nine tumors. All 7 rectal endocrine tumors examined were found to
      contain peptide YY, while in the tumors of the other sites peptide YY cells were
      not detected. Peptide YY cell population in the rectal tumors was small to
      moderate in comparison with pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon cell population.
      This study suggests that peptide YY cells may be a common constituent of rectal
      endocrine tumors together with pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon cells, and
      that the peptide YY spectrum of gastrointestinal endocrine tumors may be closely
      related to the location of the tumors. Moreover, it can also be said that peptide
      YY may be used as one of the markers of rectal endocrine tumors.

PMID- 2888261
TI  - Mechanisms underlying the small intestinal fluid secretion caused by arachidonic
      acid, prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2 in the rat in vivo.
AB  - Prostanoids were given intraluminally (PGE2) or infused close intra-arterially
      (PGE1 and PGE2) or arachidonic acid was administered intraluminally to denervated
      jejunal segments of the rat in vivo. These experimental manoeuvres caused a net
      fluid secretion, although a 1,000-fold higher concentration of the prostanoids
      was needed from the luminal than from the vascular side. I.v. hexamethonium or
      serosally applied lidocaine diminished the induced fluid secretion suggesting
      that the prostanoids act mainly by eliciting local secretory reflexes in the
      enteric nervous system. This nerve-mediated secretion is not accompanied by any
      increase in tissue cAMP. However, at higher i.a. concentrations of PGE2 there
      seems to be a non-neurogenic effect on the enterocytes associated with an
      increase in tissue cAMP.

PMID- 2888262
TI  - Long-term use of benzodiazepines in psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - During the past few years the problem of over-prescribing benzodiazepines has
      been increasingly discussed. However, up to now exact data on the extent of an
      abuse of these substances are relatively scarce and controversial. An analysis
      done at the Psychiatric State Hospital Weinsburg from 1974 to 1983 regarding the
      frequency of the diagnosis "Benzodiazepine-dependence" showed that in only 150
      cases (0.5%) out of almost 33,000 admitted patients was the diagnosis
      benzodiazepine-abuse justified, with an increase since the year 1980. During a
      prospective study of the quarterly incidence in 1984, 18.5% of the patients
      admitted met the criterion of long-term use of benzodiazepines (continuous use
      for more than 3 months). Sociodemographic and clinical data are presented and an
      index of abuse/dependence is proposed.

PMID- 2888263
TI  - [Acute renal insufficiency caused by glaphenine. Presentation of a case and
      review of the literature].

PMID- 2888264
TI  - European courses of neurosurgery and other training and postgraduate education
      activities of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.

PMID- 2888265
TI  - Drug abuse: control through national and international regulatory practice.

PMID- 2888266
TI  - Cytochemical studies of the neural circuitry underlying pain and pain control.

PMID- 2888267
TI  - Spinal infusion of opiates and somatostatin.

PMID- 2888268
TI  - Biochemistry of the nervous system.

PMID- 2888269
TI  - The interleukin-2 receptor on normal and malignant lymphocytes.
AB  - Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a lymphokine synthesized by T cells following activation.
      Resting T cells do not express IL-2 receptors, but receptors are rapidly
      expressed on T cells following interaction of the antigen-specific T-cell
      receptor complex with appropriately processed and presented antigens. Anti-Tac, a
      monoclonal antibody that recognized the IL-2 receptor, has been used to purify
      the receptor. The recognized the IL-2 receptor, has been used to purify the
      receptor. The receptor is a 55-Kd glycoprotein comprised of 272 amino acids
      including a single 19-amino transmembrane domain and a short intracytoplasmic
      domain composed of 13 amino acids at the carboxy terminus. Normal resting T cells
      and most leukemic T-cell populations examined did not express IL-2 receptors;
      however, the leukemic cells of all patients with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus
      (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) expressed the Tac antigen. In
      HTLV-I-infected cells, the 42-Kd long open reading frame (tat) protein encoded in
      part by the tat region of HTLV-I may act as a transacting activator that induces
      transcription of the IL-2 receptor gene, thus providing an explanation for the
      constant association of HTLV-I infection of lymphoid cells and IL-2 receptor
      expression. The constant display of large numbers of IL-2 receptors which may be
      aberrant in the ATL cells may play a role in the uncontrolled growth of these
      leukemic T cells. Patients with the Tac-positive ATL are being treated with both
      unmodified and toxin-conjugated forms of anti-Tac monoclonal antibody directed
      toward this growth factor receptor.

PMID- 2888270
TI  - IL-2 receptor gene activation by ATL-derived factor (ADF).

PMID- 2888272
TI  - [Bore wire osteosynthesis in distal radius fracture].
AB  - Treatment results and complications of 404 percutaneous drill wire fixations in
      patients with dislocated radial fracture of typical situation will be reported.
      The most frequent complications were secondary impression of fracture, transient
      paraesthesia as well as perforation through the skin by drill wire. There was no
      case of osteitis or pseudo-arthrosis. Treatment results were judged excellent or
      good in 84% of cases, satisfactory in 11% and poor in 5%. For dislocated wrist
      fractures and for elderly patients osteosynthesis with percutaneous drill wire
      according to Willenegger is superior to non-operative procedures.

PMID- 2888271
TI  - [Total or subtotal amputation of a long finger with destruction of the
      metacarpophalangeal joint--regaining function by replantation?].
AB  - Destruction of the metacarpophalangeal joint represents one of the most
      unfavourable situations making it extremely difficult to attain useful finger
      function after replantation. Single fingers damaged in this way may therefore not
      be replanted. If several long fingers are affected, a slight residual mobility in
      the metacarpophalangeal joint can be attained by joint reconstruction or
      prosthesis implantation. If the thumb is destroyed at the same time or is not
      supplied along with the severed hand, heterotopic replantation of a long finger
      of which the metacarpophalangeal joint has been destroyed is a way of attaining
      an adequate thumb length.

PMID- 2888273
TI  - [Bore wire osteosynthesis in distal radius fractures].
AB  - In the presence of an area of extensive dorsal comminution percutaneous pinning
      is indicated in a typical distal radius fracture (Colles). It enlarges the
      stability and thus helps avoiding a secondary dislocation of the fracture.
      Indication and technique of this procedure are discussed following a series of 66
      patients. Typical mistakes are as follows: insufficient reduction, poor diverging
      of the K-wires and improper anchoring in the opposite cortex. Avoiding of these
      possible faults leads to good final results. Flexion fractures and extensive
      shattering of the bone are contraindications for percutaneous pinning of these
      fractures.

PMID- 2888274
TI  - [Choice of surgical procedure of the distal radius. Bore wire versus plate].
AB  - At the distal radius surgical treatment is indicated in fractures with defect,
      compression zone or re-dislocation, fractures with joint depression, open
      fractures and fractures with neurological and circulatory impairment. K-wire
      transfixation is mainly indicated in unstable fractures of elderly patients, in
      juvenile fractures with involvement of the epiphyseal line, and in simple
      intraarticular fractures, if the articular surface can be restored easily. T
      plate osteosynthesis is the method of choice in fractures with volar displacement
      (Smith-Goyrand), in dislocated unstable intraarticular fractures with at least
      two main fragments to support screws securely, in unstable extraarticular
      fractures, especially with large zones of compression or defects, in combined
      fractures of the scaphoid and the styloid processus of the radius, and in
      corrective osteotomies after posttraumatic misalignment. Basing on an evaluation
      of our own experience with 226 K-wire transfixations and 159 T-plate
      osteosyntheses, indication, surgical technique, postoperative treatment and
      results of the two methods are compared.

PMID- 2888275
TI  - [Tension band osteosynthesis--a method fraught with complications in surgical
      fracture treatment?].
AB  - Tension-band osteosynthesis is a simple and well-known procedure in the surgical
      treatment of fractures. An analysis of 180 patients, operated on in our hospital
      or admitted for corrective osteosynthesis, showed 23 mistakes of a minor degree
      and 20 major mistakes. Malpositioning of K-wires or cerclages caused the minor
      mistakes. Loosening of metal, failure of osteosynthesis or poor adaptation of
      fragments were responsible for the major mistakes. Tension-band osteosynthesis
      can only be successful if the principles of biomechanics are realised, if tension
      forces are transmitted by the implant, if bony buttressing is achieved by the
      fragments, and if torsion forces are converted into compressive forces (Pauwels).

PMID- 2888276
TI  - [Temporary bore wire osteosynthesis in fractures of the head of the humerus].
AB  - In a series of 27 patients it is shown that percutaneous K-wiring in fractures of
      the head of the humerus can be regarded complementary to the conservative
      treatment. It can as well compete with open reduction and internal fixation by
      means of plate-or screw-osteosynthesis. The advantages of this method are as
      follows: simple procedure, quick operation, sufficient stability and easy removal
      of the implants particularly in elderly patients.

PMID- 2888277
TI  - [Bore wire osteosynthesis in injuries of the foot].
AB  - Severe foot lesions with fractures and/or dislocations require the best
      reconstruction of form and function. The essential prerequisite for an
      undisturbed healing consists of an exact reduction with reconstruction of
      skeletal foot structure by osteosynthesis according to the lesions of the soft
      tissue. In case of extended lesions of the soft tissue, the closed reduction with
      reconstruction of the vault of the foot and the retention with Kirschner-wires,
      if necessary combined with a fixateur externe, has proven to be successful for
      stabilization.

PMID- 2888278
TI  - [Subtalar arthrodesis with tension screws from the plantar side].

PMID- 2888279
TI  - [Bore wire osteosynthesis].
AB  - Osteosynthesis by Kirschner-wires still maintains its importance in the treatment
      of certain fractures. This kind of stabilization is either used temporarily
      within the scope of an internal fixation as well as in adaptation osteosynthesis
      or in applying a tension band wiring. Especially in fractures of the growing
      skeleton and in fractures of elderly patients K-wire fixation often represents
      the method of choice. The various indications for stabilization by means of
      Kirschner-wires is demonstrated in some typical fracture localizations.

PMID- 2888280
TI  - The antiinflammatory moiety of sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, is a radical
      scavenger.
AB  - Using a novel spectrophotometric assay to detect free radical scavengers, the
      effects of sulfasalazine, a compound frequently administered in the treatment of
      chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and its main metabolites, 5-aminosalicylic
      acid (5-ASA), sulfapyridine, and N-acetyl-5-ASA, were compared with biological
      antioxidants (nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic
      acid) and antiinflammatory salicylates (acetylsalicylic acid and sodium
      salicylate). The results show that 5-ASA, but neither sulfasalazine and its other
      metabolites, nor the salicylates, shares with the biological antioxidants the
      property of being a potent scavenger of free radicals. Since 5-ASA is formed in
      millimolar concentrations in the colon of sulfasalazine-treated patients this
      mode of action may explain the beneficial effect of sulfasalazine in inflammatory
      bowel disease. Locally formed 5-ASA may break the free radical chain reaction
      initiated and maintained by activated phagocytes, thus arresting the perpetuating
      tissue destruction. This mechanism may indicate a general potential for radical
      scavengers in chronic inflammation.

PMID- 2888281
TI  - Relation between pharmacological response and receptor binding with histamine
      blocking drugs. Irreversible antagonism of three analogues of mifentidine on
      right atrium and cerebral cortex of the guinea-pig.
AB  - The effects of the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine, ranitidine, mifentidine
      and three analogues of mifentidine, were studied on the spontaneously beating
      right atrium (H2-antagonism) and membranes of the cerebral cortex (displacement
      of 3H-tiotidine), both obtained from the male guinea-pig. The choice of these
      compounds was based on preliminary experiments in which some mifentidine
      analogues were shown to displace tiotidine from the H2-receptor in a deviant
      manner. In the present study we investigated the relation between pharmacological
      response and receptor binding, also testing the degree of irreversible antagonism
      of these compounds in the atrium (functional) and cerebral cortex (binding)
      model. Our data indicate that a relation between the two different approaches for
      measuring the effect on the H2-receptor can be found, although some differences
      emerged as well.

PMID- 2888282
TI  - Pulmonary aerosol actions of LY188695 (KB2413), a new potent H1-receptor
      antagonist.
AB  - The new potent H1 receptor antagonist, LY188695 (KB2413), was delivered to guinea
      pigs as a pulmonary aerosol and its ability to inhibit histamine-induced airway
      obstruction examined. Aerosol LY188695 was more effective than inhaled
      chlorpheniramine or clemastine in reducing the pulmonary gas trapping produced by
      histamine challenge. Lung antihistamine effects occurred within minutes of a
      brief, low concentration aerosol exposure and persisted for at least 1 hour.
      LY188695 aerosol treatment did not produce significant inhibition of methacholine
      induced gas trapping. Although systemic antihistamine effects occurred 50 minutes
      after LY188695 inhalation, aerosol administration produced an enhanced local
      (i.e., lung) action compared to intravenous delivery.

PMID- 2888283
TI  - Biologic properties and genome structure of the recombinants between ectromelia
      and rabbitpox viruses.
AB  - Administration of rabbitpox virus (RPV) DNA, cleaved into 2 fragments by SmaI
      restrictase, into ectromelia virus (EMV)-infected chick fibroblast cells yielded
      recombinants whose properties were characteristic of both parents. Some
      recombinants capable of producing RPV-type lesions upon intracutaneous (i.c.)
      infection of rabbits could also produce EMV-specific lesions upon footpad
      inoculation of mice. The analysis of some recombinants as well as vaccinia virus
      strains has shown that the ability of the virus to reproduce when injected into
      the mouse footpad is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for production
      of EMV-type lesions. According to restrictase analysis of recombinant DNA, the
      genome of recombinants mainly consists of RPV DNA sequences with insertions of
      small EMV DNA fragments.

PMID- 2888285
TI  - Preparation and evaluation of anti-species and antiviral peroxidase conjugates.
AB  - Several antispecies peroxidase conjugates from human and rabbit immunoglobulins G
      (IgG) and a conjugate from IgG fraction of hyperimmune rabbit serum against the
      membranes of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infected cells have been
      prepared and characterized. The conjugates when tested in enzyme immunoassay for
      detection of antiherpetic antibodies in human and hyperimmune rabbit sera, as
      well as for detection of HSV-1 antigen in infected Vero cells appeared active and
      highly specific. Comparison with the peroxidase conjugates from antiherpetic IgGs
      prepared by means of ion- exchange and affinity chromatography has shown similar
      activities.

PMID- 2888284
TI  - Influenza virus depresses the PFC response of mice by affecting T-cell function.
AB  - Five influenza virus strains of type A and one strain of type B were used to
      elicit suppressive effect on the formation of antibody producing cells in
      response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) both in vivo and in vitro. Not only live
      virus but also the formalin inactivated one exerted immunosuppression (IS).
      Although intranasal infection only could cause disease in mice, it exerted no IS
      which, in contrast, occurred after intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of
      the virus. In nude mice these effects were not seen, but they could be elicited
      when transferred with normal T cells. The antibody response to T cell independent
      antigen such as DNP was normal. Thus, it was proved that influenza virus induced
      T cell dependent immunodeficiency. However, T cell enriched population from
      infected mice when cultured with normal spleen cells could not suppress their PFC
      response in vitro. This suggested that suppressor T cells were not required for
      the immunodeficiency caused by influenza virus.

PMID- 2888286
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against herpes simplex virus with
      the use of different viral antigens.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to herpes
      simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been performed by using different
      immunosorbents prepared by passive adsorption of four HSV-1 antigen preparations
      to the wells of polystyrene microtitre plates in order to compare the the
      sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the tests. The following antigen
      preparations have been used: virus-infected native Vero cells and their lysates,
      membrane glycoproteins and virus nucleocapsid proteins. The optimal conditions
      have been established for each assay system: the concentrations of adsorbed
      antigen and the "threshold" values of the optical density. For each antigen
      tested except of the nucleocapsid (NC) proteins, comparable antibody titres were
      found in the sera of 6 patients with different forms of herpes infections and in
      86 healthy subjects. In the sera of 6 herpetic patients the antibody titres were
      higher against NC antigen than against other antigen preparations.

PMID- 2888287
TI  - Dynamics of serum markers in the different course of hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      infection.
AB  - The presence of serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in different
      stage of illness has a specific pathogenic and diagnostic significance. Based on
      the frequency of the appearance of HBV markers in patients' sera at different
      stages of the illness, we attempted a grouping possibly helpful for
      differentiation, epidemiologic and prognostic evaluation of hepatitis. The
      significance for chronic disease development of the dynamics of HBV marker levels
      in the serum is discussed.

PMID- 2888288
TI  - Biological properties of Estero Real virus.
AB  - The pathogenicity for animals, multiplication characteristics in animals, chick
      embryos and cells, and antibody formation to the Estero Real (ER) virus are
      reported.

PMID- 2888290
TI  - Coxiella burnetii antigens for detection of Q fever antibodies by ELISA in human
      sera.
AB  - Different concentrations of chemically-treated (by potassium periodate oxidation
      or mild acid hydrolysis) purified phase I Coxiella burnetii (C.b.) corpuscles and
      natural (untreated) purified phase I and phase II C.b. corpuscles were compared
      by ELISA for detection of both phase I (directed to antigen 1) and phase II
      (directed to antigen 2) antibodies in human Q fever convalescent sera. As to the
      absorbance values the most sensitive was the antigen obtained by mild acid
      hydrolysis (0.1 mol/l HCl of phase I corpuscles for 30 min at 100 degrees C)
      followed by phase I corpuscular antigen (treated with 0.01 mol/l potassium
      periodate for 4 hr at 45 degrees C). The natural phase I (the 3rd egg passage)
      and phase II (the 162th egg passage) C.b. corpuscles gave lower absorbance with
      some sera not even distinguishing the 6th egg passage (EP6 or EP3 in phase I)
      from EP 162 or from negative controls.

PMID- 2888289
TI  - Peroxidase labelled mumps virus antigens and their application in IgM capture
      immunoassay: first experience.
AB  - Three types of mumps virus antigen have been prepared: virion antigen (MV);
      soluble nucleoprotein (NP) antigen; envelope glycoprotein (eGp) antigen. These
      antigens were coupled directly with horse-raddish peroxidase and tested by IgM
      capture technique against selected human sera. The advantage of the suggested
      design, in addition to general superiority of the IgM-capture systems, lies in
      its selectivity achieved by introducing a monoclonal antibody for IgM binding and
      in time saving due to the use of labelled antigen without the loss of sensitivity
      and specificity. The assay fulfils the criteria for quick viral diagnostic. Our
      first experience on application of the labelled antigens in enzyme immunoassay
      (EIA) is described.

PMID- 2888291
TI  - Abrogation of Junin virus encephalitis by critical cyclophosphamide timing and
      dosage.
AB  - Junin virus-induced encephalitis in suckling mouse is a delayed-type
      hypersensitivity reaction, whose immunopathologic nature has been proven by
      suppressing the thymus-dependent response. Cyclophosphamide (CY) given at day +6
      post-infection (p.i.) has been shown to modulate infection, presumably by TDTH
      lymphocyte inactivation. To determine critical timing and i.p. drug dose, brain
      histology and survival were studied in 3-day-old Balb/c mice, inoculated i.c.
      with Junin virus. Optimal protection was achieved with a non-toxic, 50 mg/kg CY
      dose at day 6 p.i. (+6): no brain tissue damage was detected in animals killed at
      day +12, when the necropsied controls exhibited widespread lesions. Other timings
      (day +3, +4, +5) proved less effective. As regards alternative dosage at day +6,
      30 mg was useless, and severe leptomeningitis was evident, whereas 40 mg
      significantly lowered mortality, and lesions were much milder and less constant.
      It seems that the 50 mg/kg CY dose must be administered at a critical time p.i.
      to inactivate sensitized TDTH lymphocytes and to reduce mortality and CNS
      pathology significantly.

PMID- 2888292
TI  - Physico-chemical properties of Estero Real virus.
AB  - Estero Real (ER) virus can pass through the Millipore membrane filter of 0.22
      micron pore size; it is sensitive to heating, sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and ether
      treatments. It replicates to the highest titres in a slightly alkaline medium.
      Actinomycin D (Act. D) does not prevent its multiplication in cell culture. The
      presence of heamagglutinin was ascertained.

PMID- 2888293
TI  - In vivo opsonization of Japanese encephalitis virus by peritoneal macrophages in
      infant mice.
AB  - Anti-JE antibody in nonneutralizable concentration and Concanavalin A are
      synergistic in protecting 10-day-old mice from lethal JE virus challenge by i.p.
      route.

PMID- 2888294
TI  - Biochemistry of rickettsiae: recent advances.
AB  - The application of new biotechnology to the study of the biochemistry of
      rickettsiae was a prominent feature of the presentations at the 3rd International
      Symposium on Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases, held in Smolenice near
      Bratislava in September 1984. This review is an attempt to summarize recent
      advances leading up to these presentations as well as the studies that have been
      reported in the two years since the meeting. Since rickettsiae are intracellular
      parasites, most reviews deal with the interaction of rickettsiae with host cells.
      It is useful, however, to focus also--as we have done--on the properties of
      rickettsiae that can be demonstrated in the absence of their hosts, although,
      undoubtedly, many of these properties reflect adaptation to an intracellular
      microenvironment.

PMID- 2888295
TI  - Coxsackievirus group B type 4 induced myocardial infarctions?

PMID- 2888296
TI  - A symposium: Use of beta blockers as antiarrhythmic agents. December 12-12, 1986,
      San Juan, Puerto Rico. Proceedings.

PMID- 2888297
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents in benign or
      potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - Classification of ventricular arrhythmias into those that are benign, potentially
      lethal and lethal is based on their associated risk for producing sudden cardiac
      death. This classification system is useful in defining indications for the
      treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and predicting differential rates of
      antiarrhythmic drug efficacy and toxicity. Whether the reduction of potentially
      lethal ventricular arrhythmias will prevent sudden cardiac death remains to be
      determined. The class II antiarrhythmic agents--the beta-adrenergic blocking
      drugs--have been shown to reduce sudden cardiac death in postmyocardial
      infarction patients, but the precise mechanism of their effect has not been
      defined. beta blockers are efficacious in approximately 50% of patients with
      benign or potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. This response is comparable
      to that seen with the class IA agent disopyramide or the class IB agents
      tocainide and mexiletine. beta blockers have favorable side-effect profiles
      including a low incidence of proarrhythmia and a lack of organ toxicity such as
      hepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis or agranulocytosis, which are concerns with class I
      and class III antiarrhythmic drugs. The proper dosage of the beta blocker is
      critical in limiting adverse effects. In a study of 23 patients with benign or
      potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias, 11 (48%) of the patients responded to
      nadolol with a reduction of greater than 75% in arrhythmia frequency, and several
      patients responded at nadolol dosages as low as 10 mg daily. Thus, it is
      plausible to consider beta blockers as first-choice antiarrhythmic therapy, even
      in patients with left ventricular dysfunction when sympathetic tone is not
      required to maintain cardiac compensation.

PMID- 2888298
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of beta blockers in ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents are effective antiarrhythmic drugs in
      patients with ventricular arrhythmias. However, these agents exert little or no
      measurable electrophysiologic effect on normal Purkinje and ventricular muscle
      fibers when administered acutely. They prevent catecholamine-induced increases in
      Purkinje fiber automaticity and may interfere with catecholamine-dependent slow
      responses. beta-adrenergic blocking drugs also prevent the decrease in
      ventricular fibrillation threshold induced by catecholamines. In the acutely
      ischemic ventricle, some beta blockers selectively depress conduction within the
      ischemic zone. The long-term administration of some beta blockers has, in
      contrast to their short-term effects, been shown to prolong action potential
      duration and effective refractory period in the ventricle. Which of these
      observed electrophysiologic effects, either alone or in combination, contributes
      to the ventricular antiarrhythmic effects of beta-blocking drugs in man is at
      present unknown.

PMID- 2888299
TI  - Electrophysiology of beta blockers in supraventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - beta-adrenergic blocking agents are efficacious in the treatment of patients with
      a variety of supraventricular tachycardias, based directly on their capacity to
      counter the effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation on sinus and atrioventricular
      nodal tissue. Specifically, beta blockers depress sinus node automaticity and
      inhibit atrioventricular nodal function by prolonging refractoriness and slowing
      conduction. Supraventricular arrhythmias that depend on these structures either
      for perpetuation or for conduction to the ventricles are predictably sensitive to
      beta blockade. These arrhythmias include sinus tachycardia, sinoatrial reentrant,
      atrioventricular nodal reentrant (dual pathway) and atrioventricular
      reciprocating (concealed bypass tract) tachycardias, as well as atrial flutter
      and fibrillation. beta blockers may also be used, in selected patients, to
      inhibit catecholamine-facilitated accessory pathway function by prolonging
      refractoriness. beta blockers offer particular clinical advantages, including an
      acceptable side-effect profile, titratable effect, varied pharmacology and
      reasonable concordance between efficacy of parenteral and oral dosage forms. The
      key element in the most effective use of these drugs appears to be an accurate
      arrhythmia diagnosis that allows for the most appropriate application of a
      reliable treatment form.

PMID- 2888300
TI  - Beta-blocker therapy for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - Two types of arrhythmias are associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome:
      those in which the accessory pathway is a required part of the reentrant circuit,
      e.g., orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, and those that
      conduct over the accessory pathway but do not require its activation for
      maintenance of tachycardia, e.g., atrial flutter/fibrillation. Increased
      sympathetic tone shortens the refractoriness of atrial and ventricular tissue;
      however, conduction in the atrium and ventricle is not considered the limiting
      factor for maintenance of atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or
      conduction over the accessory pathway in atrial arrhythmias. Intravenous beta
      adrenergic blockers given to patients in the resting state have a minimal to
      moderate effect in depressing atrioventricular nodal conduction, but have little
      or no effect on accessory pathway refractoriness or conduction in most patients.
      In patients presenting with atrioventricular reentry, intravenous administration
      of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs often is not effective to terminate
      tachycardia. However, long-term oral therapy with these agents may be beneficial,
      especially in patients in whom enhanced sympathetic tone is responsible for the
      initiation or maintenance of tachycardia.

PMID- 2888301
TI  - Long-term efficacy and safety of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists for
      supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of nadolol and atenolol, 2 new long-acting beta
      adrenergic receptor antagonists, were evaluated in patients with recurrent
      supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Intravenous and oral drug therapy was
      administered to patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia and
      atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Efficacy was judged on a short-term
      basis by programmed electrical stimulation and on a long-term basis by clinical
      parameters and serial ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings during long-term
      follow-up. In addition, the usefulness of programmed electrical stimulation to
      predict long-term efficacy was evaluated. Intravenous nadolol prevented induction
      of SVT in 6 of 8 (75%) patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant
      tachycardia, and oral nadolol prevented induction of SVT in 5 of 6 (83%)
      responders to intravenous nadolol. No episodes of sustained SVT recurred in these
      5 patients during follow-up. Intravenous nadolol also prevented induction of SVT
      in 2 of 17 (11%) patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. Both
      patients remained non-inducible during treatment with oral nadolol, and neither
      experienced recurrence of SVT during follow-up. Intravenous atenolol prevented
      induction of SVT in 5 of 6 (83%) patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant
      tachycardia. Oral atenolol prevented induction of atrioventricular nodal
      reentrant tachycardia in 4 of 5 (80%) patients responding to intravenous
      atenolol, and none of these 4 patients experienced a clinical recurrence.
      Intravenous atenolol prevented induction of SVT in 1 of 4 (25%) patients with
      atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. Oral atenolol prevented induction of SVT
      in this patient and the arrhythmia has not recurred during follow-up. During
      follow-up (1 to 37 months), drug tolerance and compliance have been excellent
      with a low incidence of adverse reactions (11%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888302
TI  - Comparison of carvedilol and atenolol for angina pectoris.
AB  - The antianginal efficacy of carvedilol, a novel beta-blocking agent with
      vasodilating action, and atenolol were compared in 12 patients with stable effort
      angina and a positive stress test response. All patients received single doses of
      placebo, carvedilol, 25 and 50 mg, and atenolol, 50 mg. Heart rate at rest was
      reduced by 11 and 12 beats/min with both drugs, but only carvedilol, 50 mg,
      reduced blood pressure at rest. Both carvedilol, 50 mg, and atenolol, 50 mg,
      increased mean exercise time (24% and 34%, respectively, compared with placebo),
      time to angina (35% and 51%, respectively), and time to 1 mm of ST-segment
      depression (54% and 102%, respectively, p less than 0.05 carvedilol vs atenolol).
      Carvedilol, 25 mg, produced smaller, directionally similar changes in exercise
      performance, which did not reach statistical significance except for time to 1 mm
      of ST depression. Both drugs in the 50-mg dose reduced ST-segment depression
      similarly at maximal and submaximal work levels and lowered heart rate and rate
      pressure product at maximal and submaximal work. Carvedilol, 50 mg alone,
      significantly lowered maximal systolic pressure and rate-pressure product at 1 mm
      of ST-segment depression. Despite some evidence of vasodilator activity for
      carvedilol, there was no significant difference in antianginal efficacy with a
      conventional beta-blocking drug.

PMID- 2888303
TI  - Paracervical ganglia of the female rat: histochemistry and immunohistochemistry
      of neurons, SIF cells, and nerve terminals.
AB  - The paracervical ganglia of the female rat were studied to elucidate the variety
      of neural elements in the ganglia. Light and electron microscopy, histochemistry,
      and immunohistochemistry were employed to reveal subtypes of neurons; small,
      intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells; and nerve terminals and to examine the
      relationships between these elements. On the basis of their histochemical
      markers, four subtypes of principal neurons were identified: acetylcholinesterase
      (ACHE)-positive, noradrenergic, neuropeptide tyrosine-immunoreactive (NPY-I), and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive (VIP-I). The NPY-I neurons
      appeared to be the most numerous and the noradrenergic the least common type of
      neuron. Four subtypes of chemically coded SIF cells were revealed: catecholamine
      containing, NPY-I, and those immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene-related peptide
      (CGRP-I) and cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8-I). The SIF cells were present as
      single cells among and adjacent to principal neurons and as large clusters near
      the edges of the ganglia or in nearby nerve trunks. Synaptic contacts on SIF
      cells, or between SIF-cell processes and neurons, were not observed. Seven
      subtypes of nerve terminals were stained: ACHE-positive, CGRP-I, CCK-8-I, VIP-I,
      substance P-I, enkephalin-I, and atrial natriuretic factor-I. Nerve terminals
      enwrapped the neurons as perineuronal plexuses in synaptic-like relationships.
      These results demonstrate that the paracervical ganglia of the female rat are a
      complex system of neural elements. For example, several classes of chemically
      coded neurons, SIF cells, and terminals exist in the ganglia. Each of these
      components contains a number of substances, some of which are putative
      neurotransmitters, which could influence activity in the ganglia or in the
      effector organs innervated by the ganglia.

PMID- 2888304
TI  - Optimal welding of beta titanium orthodontic wires.
AB  - Today the orthodontist is confronted by an array of new orthodontic wire
      materials that, when applied to appliance design, can vastly increase the
      flexibility and versatility of therapy. Welded joints, especially for the newer
      titanium alloy wires, provide a means to extend the useful applications of these
      materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum settings for
      electrical resistance welding of various configurations of titanium-molybdenum
      (TMA) wires. Specimens were of a t-joint configuration and were mechanically
      tested in torsion to simulate the failure mode most often observed in clinical
      practice. Variables included wire size, wire orientation, and welding voltage.
      Results indicated that excellent welds can be obtained with very little loss of
      strength and ductility in the area of the weld joint. Torsional loads at failure
      were at least 90% of the unwelded base material. Although a wide range of voltage
      settings resulted in high-strength welds, typically a narrow range of voltages
      yielded optimal ductility.

PMID- 2888305
TI  - Favorable effects of sulfasalazine on small bowel Crohn's disease: a long-term
      study.
AB  - Due to conflicting reports in the literature regarding the efficacy of
      sulfasalazine for Crohn's disease (CD) involving small bowel alone, we reviewed
      the treatment results of our systematic sulfasalazine treatment in CD over a 23
      yr period. We identified 28 patients with CD of small bowel alone treated between
      1 and 23 yr by means of sulfasalazine alone and who went into complete clinical
      remission. Of these, 12 also showed total regression of radiographic
      abnormalities, 12 showed partial regression, while four patients still await
      radiographic reexamination. While our data do not permit a precise estimate, it
      seems that about 25% of patients with small bowel CD respond to sulfasalazine
      alone. Reasons are discussed why our data are at variance with some and in accord
      with other reports. While our study of necessity could not be carried out in
      double-blind fashion, patients served as their own controls, having previously
      failed to respond to other treatment modalities or no treatment. We conclude that
      sulfasalazine should be tried in the treatment of CD of small bowel because of
      its relatively low toxicity and reasonably high efficacy.

PMID- 2888306
TI  - Erythrocyte-oxidized glutathione transport in pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase
      deficiency.
AB  - The oxidized form of glutathione transport was studied in human erythrocytes in
      pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (P5N) deficiency, a disorder in which the amounts of
      CTP and UTP in the erythrocytes are elevated. The inhibition of ATP-requiring
      oxidized glutathione (GSSG) transport by CTP and UTP is believed to play a role
      in elevating the levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) in the
      erythrocytes of patients with P5N deficiency. The current investigation was
      undertaken to determine if GSSG transport actually decreases in the erythrocytes
      of such patients. Erythrocytes from a 17-year-old patient and a 13-year-old
      patient with P5N deficiency hemolytic anemia and from ten normal subjects were
      used as materials for the experiment. Erythrocytes, which had been previously
      incubated with [3H]glycine, were incubated at 37 degrees C, and the rate of
      [3H]GSSG transported by the cells was estimated. The velocity of GSSG transport
      out of the erythrocytes was quite low in the patients, 3.17-3.65 nmol GSSG/ml
      erythrocytes/hr at 37 degrees C in one case, and 3.30 nmol GSSG/ml
      erythrocytes/hr in the other case, vs that in the normal controls (6.00 +/- 0.80
      nmol GSSG/ml erythrocytes/hr; mean +/- SD). The activity of gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase did not decrease in the
      patients. Decreased transport activity of GSSG in addition to a normal synthesis
      rate for GSH may explain the increased concentration of erythrocyte GSH in P5N
      deficiency.

PMID- 2888307
TI  - Diminished lymphocyte and granulocyte gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in
      acute lymphocytic leukemia and response to chemotherapy.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity (per mg protein) in blood lymphoid
      cells of 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (1.05 +/- 0.15) was
      significantly below that of controls (2.25 +/- 0.30), became normalized during
      chemotherapy-induced remission (2.47 +/- 0.26), and was low again (1.59 +/- 0.62)
      in relapsed subjects. Individual variations in the GGT activity of the blood
      lymphoid cell fraction (per mg protein) bore a significant inverse correlation to
      the number of white blood cells (WBC) as well as of blasts per ml blood. Blasts
      had minimal GGT activity; however, partial GGT deficiency was also exhibited by
      the microscopically normal circulatory lymphocytes of several patients prior to
      treatment and in relapsed subjects whose blood was still devoid of blasts.
      Significantly diminished GGT activity (per mg protein) was found in the blood
      granulocytes of ALL subjects. This deficit, restored during remission and present
      again at relapse, varied in magnitude but showed no statistically significant
      correlation to the different patients' degree of neutropenia. In about one-third
      of the newly diagnosed or relapsed pre-B ALL children, the circulatory
      granulocytes' GGT activity was only 10-20% of normal. The results suggest that 1)
      the presence or absence of this sign of functional maldifferentiation in
      granulocytes is a factor in the heterogeneity of disease manifestation among
      subjects with apparently the same type of ALL and that 2) measurement of GGT in
      the circulatory granulocytes, as well lymphocytes, may be useful for monitoring
      the efficacy of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2888309
TI  - Update on secondary forms of hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - Recent information has shed a new light on the control of parathyroid hormone
      (PTH) secretion by calcium and 1,25-(OH)2D. These new data have permitted a
      better understanding of the pathogenesis and management of secondary
      hyperparathyroidism in end-stage renal disease. Emerging evidence has suggested a
      role for secondary hyperparathyroidism in the development of certain forms of
      hypertension and osteoporosis. Recent insights have been obtained regarding the
      occurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in obese and black subjects, in
      patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I, and in manic-depressive
      patients receiving lithium therapy. This review examines some of these recent
      gains in knowledge concerning secondary hyperparathyroidism, as well as their
      clinical implications.

PMID- 2888308
TI  - Molecular analysis of a polymorphic domain of alpha satellite from the human X
      chromosome.
AB  - Alpha satellite DNA, a diverse family of tandemly repeated DNA sequences located
      at the centromeric region of each human chromosome, is organized in a highly
      chromosome-specific manner and is characterized by a high frequency of
      restriction-fragment-length polymorphism. To examine events underlying the
      formation and spread of these polymorphisms within a tandem array, we have cloned
      and sequenced a representative copy of a polymorphic array from the X chromosome
      and compared this polymorphic copy with the predominant higher-order repeat form
      of X-linked alpha satellite. Sequence data indicate that the polymorphism arose
      by a single base mutation that created a new restriction site (for HindIII) in
      the sequence of the predominant repeat unit. This variant repeat unit, marked by
      the new HindIII site, was subsequently amplified in copy number to create a
      polymorphic domain consisting of approximately 500 copies of the variant repeat
      unit within the X-linked array of alpha satellite. We propose that a series of
      intrachromosomal recombination events between misaligned tandem arrays, involving
      multiple rounds of either unequal crossing-over or sequence conversion,
      facilitated the spread and fixation of this variant HindIII repeat unit.

PMID- 2888310
TI  - A new DNA probe proximal to and closely linked to fragile X.

PMID- 2888311
TI  - Chromosome 20 deletion in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: expanded double
      blind studies.
AB  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and 2B are autosomal dominant
      syndromes in which medullary thyroid cancers are associated with adrenal
      pheochromocytomas. We have expanded our double-blind studies of high-resolution G
      banded chromosomes from lymphocytes to a total of 12 MEN-2A families, 7 MEN-2B
      (mucosal neuroma phenotype) families and 23 non-MEN control subjects. Eighteen of
      23 different control subjects were scored as having normal chromosomes 20, and 15
      of 21 MEN-2A and 4 of 8 MEN-2B patients were scored as having an interstitial
      deletion: del(20) (p12.2p12.2). These findings suggest that the dominant mutation
      in many MEN-2A and MEN-2B families is a visible deletion within band 20p12.2.
      Combining the results of these double-blind studies with those of the only other
      comparable reported double-blind series provides a statistical probability of
      less than 1/1000 that the association between MEN-2A and the deletion was
      observed by chance alone. However, the occasional discrepancies in classification
      using presently available techniques preclude the use of high resolution
      chromosome studies for the diagnosis of MEN-2.

PMID- 2888313
TI  - Dependence on multivalent cations of quantal release of transmitter induced by
      black widow spider venom.
AB  - Application of alpha-latrotoxin (alpha-LT), the active component of black widow
      spider venom (BWSV), to a vertebrate neuromuscular junction, in the presence of
      millimolar bath concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+, greatly increases the frequency
      of miniature end-plate potentials (Fmepp). We have further characterized the
      cation dependence of alpha-LT action at the frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular
      junction. The divalent cations, Ca, Sr, Ba at less than or equal to 50 microM,
      Zn, Mn, Cd at greater than or equal to 50-100 microM, and Mg at greater than or
      equal to 1.0 mM, as well as the trivalent cation La at greater than or equal to
      15 microM, all increase Fmepp exponentially to greater than or equal to 100-200 s
      1 over several minutes time. The exponential rate of rise is graded with
      extracellular cation concentration and can be reduced by increasing [K+] of the
      bath from 2 to 25-40 mM. Long-term exposure to alpha-LT in the presence of Sr2+
      or Mn2+ results in the exhaustion of the releasable quantal store of transmitter,
      which in the case of Mn2+ correlates well with depletion of synaptic vesicles.
      These data support the hypothesis that BWSV promotes an increase in Fmepp by
      increasing nerve terminal permeability to multivalent cations that enter the
      nerve terminal down their electrochemical gradients and then may bind to quantal
      release activating sites or displace Ca2+ from intracellular stores.

PMID- 2888314
TI  - Inhibitory action of peptide YY on gastric acid secretion.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of peptide YY (PYY) on
      pentagastrin-, histamine-, and bethanechol-stimulated gastric acid secretion and
      the possible mechanisms by which PYY inhibits gastric acid secretion. Six mongrel
      dogs with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulas were given an intravenous
      infusion of pentagastrin (0.5 microgram . kg-1 . h-1), histamine (18 micrograms .
      kg-1 . h-1), or bethanechol (80 micrograms . kg-1 . h-1) either alone or
      simultaneously with intravenous PYY (100, 200, 400, pmol . kg-1 . h-1). PYY (100,
      200, 400 pmol . kg-1 . h-1) inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid
      secretion in a dose-dependent manner. PYY (400 pmol . kg-1 . h-1) did not depress
      bethanechol-stimulated gastric acid secretion. PYY (400 pmol . kg-1 . h-1) also
      failed to inhibit histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Furthermore, PYY
      inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in the face of atropine,
      vagotomy, or indomethacin treatment. These findings indicate that the inhibitory
      action of PYY on gastric acid secretion is in part independent of long and short
      cholinergic pathways. These findings also indicate that the inhibitory mechanism
      of PYY is independent of prostaglandin synthesis. Our findings are discussed in
      relation to previous reports regarding the effects of PYY on gastric acid
      secretion.

PMID- 2888312
TI  - Differentiation of human neuroblastoma recapitulates neural crest development.
      Study of morphology, neurotransmitter enzymes, and extracellular matrix proteins.
AB  - Differentiation of human neuroblastoma (NB) was studied in vitro with five NB
      cell lines treated with dibutyryl cyclic adenosinemonophosphate and retinoic
      acid. Although the above agents induced different responses in the various cell
      lines, three overall morphologic phenotypes emerged: a neuronal, characterized by
      cell processes and neurosecretory granules, a flat cell without pigment, which
      displayed basal lamina pertinent to Schwann cells, and a flat pigmented cell
      which exhibited melanosomes, similarly to melanocytes. The activity of the
      Schwann cell enzyme cyclic nucleotidyl phosphohydrolase increased considerably in
      one condition, after induction of a predominantly flat cell phenotype. All
      studied NB cell lines were capable of synthesizing and expressing the
      extracellular matrix proteins laminin (LM), fibronectin (FN), and Type IV
      collagen; but a specific pattern of expression emerged after differentiation,
      which was proportional to normal tissue equivalents: neuronal--none; melanocytic-
      FN only; and Schwann cell--large amounts of FN, LM, and Type IV collagen.

PMID- 2888315
TI  - Coupling of guanine nucleotide inhibitory protein to somatostatin receptors on
      pancreatic acinar membranes.
AB  - Guanine nucleotides and pertussis toxin were used to investigate whether
      somatostatin receptors interact with the guanine nucleotide inhibitory protein
      (Ni) on pancreatic acinar membranes in the rat. Guanine nucleotides reduced 125I
      [Tyr1]somatostatin binding to acinar membranes up to 80%, with rank order of
      potency being 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] greater than GTP greater
      than GDP greater than GMP. Scatchard analysis revealed that the decrease in
      somatostatin binding caused by Gpp(NH)p was due to the decrease in the maximum
      binding capacity without a significant change in the binding affinity. The
      inhibitory effect of Gpp(NH)p was partially abolished in the absence of Mg2+.
      When pancreatic acini were treated with 1 microgram/ml pertussis toxin for 4 h,
      subsequent 125I-[Tyr1]somatostatin binding to acinar membranes was reduced.
      Gpp(NH)p further decreased somatostatin binding to islet-activating protein (IAP)
      treated acinar membranes. Pertussis toxin treatment also abolished the inhibitory
      effect of somatostatin on vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated increase in
      cellular content of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in the acini.
      Furthermore, exposure of acini to IAP caused ADP ribosylation of a membrane
      protein with Mr = 41,000 in parallel to the inhibition of cAMP accumulation in
      acini. The present results suggest, therefore, that 1) somatostatin probably
      functions in the pancreas to regulate adenylate cyclase enzyme system via Ni, 2)
      the extent of modification of Ni is correlated with the ability of somatostatin
      to inhibit cAMP accumulation in acini, and 3) guanine nucleotides also inhibit
      somatostatin binding to its receptor.

PMID- 2888316
TI  - Alterations of enzymatic activities along rat collecting tubule in potassium
      depletion.
AB  - This study was designed to correlate morphological alterations induced in rat
      collecting tubule by potassium depletion with changes in the activity of
      enzymatic markers of the cell basolateral membrane. Results show the following
      responses. 1) Potassium depletion induced a huge and progressive hypertrophy of
      the outer medullary collecting tubule (MCT). Hypertrophy was paralleled by
      enhancements of vasopressin- and forskolin-dependent adenylate cyclase (AC)
      activities. Glucagon-sensitive AC was also increased, but with a different
      kinetics, whereas isoproterenol-dependent AC was only modestly stimulated. 2) In
      cortical (CCT) and papillary collecting tubules, AC response to hormones did not
      change. The concentrating defect of K-deprived rats, therefore, does not appear
      to result from an intrinsically defective adenylate cyclase system in any portion
      of the collecting tubule. Decreased AC response of the medullary thick ascending
      limb to vasopressin and glucagon, observed after 3-5 wk of K depletion, might
      account, at least in part, for reduced hypertonicity of medullary tissue. 3) Na+
      K+-ATPase activity fell in CCT, probably in relation to decreased K secretion.
      Conversely, in MCT, Na+-K+-ATPase rose much more than tubular volume. The
      physiological significance of this latter observation remains to be established.

PMID- 2888317
TI  - AVP-induced pulmonary vasodilation during specific V1 receptor block in conscious
      dogs.
AB  - Our objectives were 1) to determine whether exogenously administered arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) can exert a vasoactive influence on the pulmonary circulation
      of conscious dogs during specific vasopressinergic-1 (V1) receptor block, and 2)
      to assess the extent to which the pulmonary vascular response to AVP during V1
      receptor block is mediated by either sympathetic beta-adrenergic or cholinergic
      receptor activation or by cyclooxygenase pathway activation. Multipoint pulmonary
      vascular pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots were constructed during normoxia in
      conscious dogs by stepwise constriction of the thoracic inferior vena cava to
      reduce Q. In dogs pretreated with a specific V1 receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5 AVP,
      10 micrograms/kg iv], AVP infusion (7.6 ng.kg-1 X min-1 iv) increased (P less
      than 0.01) Q from 139 +/- 6 to 175 +/- 8 ml.min-1 X kg-1, and decreased (P less
      than 0.01) the pulmonary vascular pressure gradient (pulmonary arterial pressure
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure: PAP-PCWP) over the entire range of Q studied
      (140 to 80 ml.min-1 X kg-1). This pulmonary vasodilator response to AVP during V1
      block was also observed following sympathetic beta-adrenergic block alone,
      following combined sympathetic beta-adrenergic and cholinergic block, and
      following cyclooxygenase pathway inhibition. Thus exogenous administration of AVP
      during specific V1 receptor block results in active, nonflow-dependent pulmonary
      vasodilation. This pulmonary vasodilator response is not mediated by reflex
      activation of sympathetic beta-adrenergic or cholinergic receptors or by
      metabolites of the cyclooxygenase pathway over a broad range of Q.

PMID- 2888318
TI  - Central opioid mechanisms and cardiovascular control in hemorrhagic hypotension.
AB  - Bleeding volume during standardized hemorrhagic hypotension was studied in
      anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats after specific stimulation or blockade
      of opiate receptor systems. Hypotension was produced by stepwise bleeding to 80,
      60, and 40 mmHg systemic arterial pressure. Subcutaneous administration of
      morphine 15 min before the bleeding resulted in a decrease, whereas subcutaneous
      administration of naloxone resulted in a significant increase in the required
      bleeding volume. Intracerebroventricularly administered met-enkephalin,
      dynorphin, or specific antisera against these peptides caused no characteristic
      alterations of the bleeding volume although met-enkephalin and dynorphin caused a
      significant decrease at the 40 mmHg level. Bleeding volume, however, was markedly
      reduced when beta-endorphin was intracerebroventricularly administered and
      significantly elevated by intracerebroventricular administration of a diluted
      beta-endorphin antiserum. These data suggest that 1) opioid mechanisms are
      participating in the control of blood pressure and of bleeding volume during
      blood loss, 2) these control mechanisms might be activated centrally, and 3) beta
      endorphin or a closely related peptide plays a major role in these control
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2888319
TI  - Functional significance of alpha-adrenergic receptors in mature coronary
      collateral circulation of dogs.
AB  - There is little information on the functional significance of alpha-adrenergic
      receptors in the dog's coronary collateral circulation. Accordingly, we
      investigated the effects of infusion of either norepinephrine (NE) or B-HT 920
      (BHT), an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, on vascular resistance of coronary
      collaterals in chloralose-anesthetized dogs 2-3 mo after placement of an Ameroid
      constrictor around the left circumflex coronary (LCX) artery. To accomplish this,
      the vagotomized left ventricle was autoperfused through the left main coronary
      ostium using a servo-controlled constant-pressure pump. Pressures of the left
      anterior descending (LAD) and peripheral LCX arteries were measured, and regional
      blood flow in LAD and LCX regions were determined with radioactive microspheres
      before and during NE infusion in the unblocked condition, following beta
      adrenergic and beta + alpha 1-adrenergic blockade with the use of propranolol and
      prazosin, respectively. The same parameters were also measured before and during
      BHT infusion following beta-adrenergic and beta + alpha 2-adrenergic blockade
      with the use of propranolol and idazoxan, respectively. In the unblocked
      condition, NE reduced LAD, LCX, and collateral resistance by 43, 50, and 31%,
      respectively. After beta-adrenergic blockade, NE increased LAD resistance (29%)
      but did not alter LCX or collateral resistance. The increase in LAD resistance
      was abolished following alpha 1-adrenergic blockade. BHT increased vascular
      resistance in LAD, LCX, and collateral circulations by 35, 29, and 45%,
      respectively. Selective alpha 2-adrenergic blockade significantly attenuated the
      vasoconstrictor response to BHT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888321
TI  - Clinical nonrecognition of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders: a cautionary
      study.
AB  - Extrapyramidal side effects are a major limitation in the use of neuroleptics,
      and tardive dyskinesia is a special public health problem. Accurate clinical
      diagnosis of extrapyramidal syndromes is necessary for effective management. The
      authors compared clinicians' recognition of the major extrapyramidal syndromes in
      48 psychotic inpatients with independent blind diagnoses by clinical researchers
      using standardized ratings. The major finding was a high rate of clinical
      underrecognition of all major extrapyramidal syndromes, especially tardive
      dyskinesia. The authors discuss the clinical predictors of nonrecognition of
      extrapyramidal side effects and recommend improved training in their detection.

PMID- 2888322
TI  - Behavioral aspects of panic disorder.
AB  - The behavioral approach to panic disorder distinguishes between agoraphobia and
      nonsituational panic and emphasizes the handicap to the patient caused by
      avoidance of agoraphobic situations. Agoraphobia is a more viable label than
      panic disorder. Behavioral treatment consists of delineating the patient's
      agoraphobic avoidance and panic profile and developing a self-exposure program to
      produce habituation. Systematic exposure to agoraphobic situations is usually of
      durable efficacy, and the treatment requires little time from clinicians.
      Antidepressant drugs, which do not interfere with exposure, are a useful addition
      when dysphoria is present, but they can have troublesome side effects.

PMID- 2888320
TI  - A role for the ventral surface of the medulla in regulation of nasal resistance.
AB  - Nasal resistance is known to be affected by changes in nasal blood volume and
      hence to depend on sympathetic discharge to nasal blood vessels. Structures
      located superficially near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla significantly
      affect respiratory and sympathetic activity and the tone of the trachea. To
      assess the importance of these structures on nasal patency, we measured
      transnasal pressure at a constant flow and examined the change in pressure
      produced by topically applied N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA). Experiments were
      performed in chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated
      cats. NMDA administered on the intermediate area of the ventral surface of the
      medulla decreased transnasal pressure and increased phrenic nerve activity. The
      response to NMDA could be diminished or abolished by application to the ventral
      medullary surface of the NMDA antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2-APV) or
      the local anesthetic lidocaine. Carotid sinus denervation and posthypothalamic
      decerebration did not alter the nasal and phrenic nerve responses to NMDA;
      however, cervical sympathetic denervation decreased these responses, both in
      intact and in bilaterally adrenalectomized animals. Therefore, activation of NMDA
      receptors on structures near the ventral surface of the medulla increases tone in
      the nasal vasculature and leads to a response pattern that includes changes in
      not only phrenic nerve activity and blood pressure but also nasal patency.

PMID- 2888323
TI  - Pindolol and propranolol in neuroleptic-induced akathisia.

PMID- 2888324
TI  - Informed consent for neuroleptics and other psychotropic agents.

PMID- 2888325
TI  - Misuse and abuse of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2888326
TI  - [Bone cement. Materials, clinical experiences, further developments].

PMID- 2888327
TI  - [Stability of cement coatings].

PMID- 2888328
TI  - [Adhesion of methylmethacrylate to bones].

PMID- 2888329
TI  - [Stress-induced structural changes in bone cement--studies of reoperated
      preparations].

PMID- 2888331
TI  - [Adhesive strength of metal/bone cement compounds and bone cement/spongioid
      bones].

PMID- 2888330
TI  - [Goals, results and consequences of long-term studies of the biochemical
      composite system Prosthesis, Cement. Bones of the hip].

PMID- 2888333
TI  - [Standardization of bone cements].

PMID- 2888332
TI  - [Penetration behavior of bone cement into the spongiosa of the marrow cavity in
      implantation of a prosthesis shaft in the tibia].

PMID- 2888334
TI  - [Processing technics and their effects--manual processing of bone cements: mixing
      technics, error-free use, dangers of erroneous handling].

PMID- 2888336
TI  - The effect of mixing technique and surgical technique on the properties of bone
      cement.

PMID- 2888335
TI  - [Injectable use of PMMA bone cements].

PMID- 2888337
TI  - [Use of polymethylmethacrylate in medicine--a historical review].

PMID- 2888338
TI  - [Effect of lamination and blood inclusions on the hardness of testing bodies of
      various cements].

PMID- 2888339
TI  - [Electronic time control of cement processing].

PMID- 2888340
TI  - [Tissue reaction to bone cement].

PMID- 2888341
TI  - [Bone and border zone changes in the use of bone cements--long-term studies of
      human biopsy, surgical and autopsy material].

PMID- 2888342
TI  - [Synthesis and composition of common bone cements].

PMID- 2888343
TI  - [Tissue damage caused by PMMA bone cement].

PMID- 2888344
TI  - [Interactions between roentgen contrast media of bone cements and endogenous
      tissues and body fluids].

PMID- 2888345
TI  - [Effect of roentgen contrast media in bone cements on connective tissue and bone
      structures].

PMID- 2888346
TI  - [Disorders of the blood supply in the femur following the cementing of
      endoprostheses--a study in dogs].

PMID- 2888347
TI  - [Animal experiments in the assessment of tolerance to bone cements].

PMID- 2888348
TI  - [Experimental testing possibilities of the morphology and mechanics of the bone
      cement boundary zone].

PMID- 2888349
TI  - [Different changes in the calcar femoris in cemented and cement-free hip
      endoprostheses].

PMID- 2888350
TI  - [Embolisms from the bone marrow canal following implantation of intramedullary
      femur head endoprostheses with polymethylmethacrylate].

PMID- 2888351
TI  - [MMA toxicity versus implantation embolisms: clinical studies].

PMID- 2888352
TI  - [Testing requirements of bone cements].

PMID- 2888353
TI  - [Pathogen spectrum in infections following total endoprostheses].

PMID- 2888354
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of various antibiotics in infected
      total endoprostheses].

PMID- 2888355
TI  - [Kinetics of the liberation of antibiotics from bone cements--results of
      comparative studies in vitro and in vivo].

PMID- 2888356
TI  - [Antibiotics and bone cements--local therapeutic significance].

PMID- 2888357
TI  - [Clinical aspects of antibiotic administration in bone cements].

PMID- 2888359
TI  - [Properties of bone cements in the plastic phase: viscosity, wetting property,
      flow behavior, penetration].

PMID- 2888360
TI  - [Clinical experiences with long-term implantation of bone cement beads containing
      antibiotics in bone infections].

PMID- 2888358
TI  - [Long-term clinical study of antibiotic administration in bone cements (follow-up
      of Balgrist cases)].

PMID- 2888361
TI  - [Use and experiences with gentamycin-PMMA chains in 500 cases of osteitis over a
      7-year period].

PMID- 2888362
TI  - [Critical remarks on local and preventive use of antibiotics].

PMID- 2888364
TI  - [Can use of gentamycin-Palacos lead to the occurrence of a toxic serum gentamycin
      level? Drug monitoring with enzyme immunoassay].

PMID- 2888363
TI  - [Side effects of gentamycin following implantation of PMMA containing gentamycin
      in the form of bead chains].

PMID- 2888365
TI  - [Failures in the use of Nebacetin-Sulfix 6].

PMID- 2888366
TI  - [Experiences with bone cement containing Nebacetin].

PMID- 2888367
TI  - [Effects of Nebacetin on the implant site].

PMID- 2888369
TI  - [Are long-term results of cemented hip joint endoprostheses really so bad?].

PMID- 2888368
TI  - [Results of 1979-1982 follow-up of Nebacetin-Sulfix 6 implanted hip and knee
      prostheses].

PMID- 2888370
TI  - [Long-term behavior of bone cements in vivo].

PMID- 2888371
TI  - [Bone cements in surface replacement of the hip joint].

PMID- 2888373
TI  - [Use of bone cements for dorsal stabilization of the cervical spine].

PMID- 2888372
TI  - [Use of bone cements in spinal surgery--indications, technic and personal
      experiences].

PMID- 2888374
TI  - [PMMA in the area of the skull and spine--experiences with cements containing
      antibiotics and antibiotic-free cements].

PMID- 2888375
TI  - [Mechanical properties of unmodified bone cements based on PMMA].

PMID- 2888376
TI  - [Experimental studies on the modification of malignant bone tumor tissue by
      artificial cements].

PMID- 2888377
TI  - [Palacos compound osteosynthesis using the autocompression plate in resection
      treatment of bone metastases].

PMID- 2888378
TI  - [Destruction of cement casings].

PMID- 2888379
TI  - [Factors in prosthesis loosening of cement-free total hip endoprostheses].

PMID- 2888380
TI  - [Loosening process of the total hip endoprosthesis with special reference to the
      cement].

PMID- 2888381
TI  - [Technic of cement removal in exchange operations with joint endoprostheses].

PMID- 2888382
TI  - [Possibilities and limits of ultrasound manipulation-removal of bone cements].

PMID- 2888383
TI  - [Possibilities for improving bone cements].

PMID- 2888384
TI  - [New development of a bone cement which swells].

PMID- 2888385
TI  - [Development of a carbon fiber-reinforced bone cement with optimized mechanical
      properties].

PMID- 2888386
TI  - [Gentamycin liberation from the low viscosity PMMA bone cement Refobacin E flow
      following TEP implantation].

PMID- 2888387
TI  - [Biocements as fixation and bridging materials in bones].

PMID- 2888388
TI  - Hard and soft animal tissue responses to unloaded solid and porous PMMA implants
      and their possible clinical applications.

PMID- 2888389
TI  - [Mechanical properties of a metal fiber-reinforced bone cement].

PMID- 2888390
TI  - [Changes in continuous vibration resistance of PMMA cement by addition of carbon
      fibers, apatite powder and granules and bone particles].

PMID- 2888391
TI  - [Experimental studies of continuous vibration behavior of bone cements].

PMID- 2888393
TI  - [Modification of the polymerization time and temperature of PMMA cement by adding
      carbon fibers and apatite particles].

PMID- 2888392
TI  - [Theoretical experimental studies of temperature distribution at the bone-cement
      boundary zone in polyethylene acetabular implants, with reference to
      intraoperatively recorded temperature courses].

PMID- 2888394
TI  - [Animal experiment histologic and biomechanical studies of tissue tolerance and
      adhesiveness of bone cement containing carbon fibers and apatite].

PMID- 2888395
TI  - [Osseous reaction following filling of the femoral marrow cavity with carbon
      fiber-reinforced Sulfix 6 bone cement in the rabbit with reference to the
      organization of the reinforcing fibers in a polymethylmethacrylate matrix].

PMID- 2888396
TI  - [Chemical and physical properties of Implast, a new bone cement].

PMID- 2888397
TI  - [First clinical study with Implast bone cement].

PMID- 2888398
TI  - [Clinical evaluation and initial results of a newly developed bone cement,
      Implast].

PMID- 2888400
TI  - [Bioactive bone cement with added glass ceramic and glass fiber reinforcement-
      physical properties, histomorphologic findings and results of animal
      experiments].

PMID- 2888399
TI  - [1-year clinical results with Implast bone cement--randomized comparative study
      with a proven bone cement].

PMID- 2888401
TI  - [Stryker "Mix Evac" bone cement mixer].

PMID- 2888402
TI  - [Modification of the mechanical properties of bone cements by additives and
      cement aging in vitro].

PMID- 2888403
TI  - [Low-viscosity bone cements especially designed for injection administration in
      orthopedics and its evaluation in vitro].

PMID- 2888404
TI  - Influence of chemical factors on maximum temperature and residual monomer in cold
      curing acrylic resin.

PMID- 2888405
TI  - [Aging behavior of bone cements--a long-term study].

PMID- 2888406
TI  - [Preclinical studies of tolerance to bone cements].

PMID- 2888407
TI  - [Content and chemical residues in hardened bone cements and their effect on
      fibroblast cultures].

PMID- 2888408
TI  - [Release of methylmethacrylate from bone cement during polymerization in bone
      marrow].

PMID- 2888409
TI  - [Release of rest monomers and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine from bone cements during
      aging and long-term placement--an in vitro study].

PMID- 2888411
TI  - [Toxicity of bone cement components].

PMID- 2888410
TI  - [Pharmacologic effects and kinetics of methylmethacrylate monomers].

PMID- 2888412
TI  - [Carcinogenicity and toxicology of components of methylmethacrylate bone
      cements].

PMID- 2888413
TI  - [Quincke edema following use of bone cement in a dialysis patient: a sequela of
      ethylene oxide allergy?].

PMID- 2888414
TI  - [Mechanical properties in micro areas of the implant site of hip joint
      endoprostheses].

PMID- 2888415
TI  - Structure and function of mitochondria: their organization and disorders.
AB  - In this lecture, recent advances in studies on the structure and function of
      mitochondria were reviewed. In particular, in order to understand the etiology of
      mitochondrial myopathies, the mechanism of the biogenesis of the mitochondrial
      structure with proteins synthesized in mitochondria and in the cytoplasm was
      discussed; namely, how proteins encoded by mitochondrial DNA are biosynthesized,
      and how nuclealy encoded proteins are targeted into the appropriate compartments
      inside the mitochondria. Recent advances in mitochondriology have made it
      possible to isolate and purify the enzyme complexes and their subunits, which are
      involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Immunochemical analyses
      using a specific antibody against each complex or subunit enabled us to detect
      defects in individual subunits in mitochondria isolated from a small amount of
      biopsied material. Several examples of molecular defects revealed by these
      methods in patients with mitochondrial myopathies were presented, and the
      principles of their therapy are discussed on the basis of the pattern of the
      defect. Specific antibodies are also a powerful tool for the cloning of the human
      cDNAs for the subunits in the mitochondrial energy-transducing machinery. This
      approach will hopefully facilitate elucidation of the genetic defects underlying
      these disorders.

PMID- 2888416
TI  - Gene rearrangements in lymphoma. Applications to dermatopathology.
AB  - Clonality is regarded as an important diagnostic feature of B-cell lymphomas, but
      until recently the clonality of T-cell proliferations could not be directly
      determined. Elucidation of the genetic events in lymphocytic differentiation has
      led to the development of an assay for clonality in both B- and T-cell
      infiltrates. Clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor genes
      can be detected by the Southern blot technique. Such rearrangements provide
      evidence of clonal proliferation, which, in the proper context, can be regarded
      as a sign of malignancy. The presence of gene rearrangements in poorly
      differentiated neoplasms may serve as evidence of hematopoietic differentiation,
      and the pattern of such rearrangements may point to either T- or B-cell lineage.
      Specific applications to dermatopathology include the evaluation of skin biopsy
      specimens for cutaneous lymphoma, evaluation of peripheral blood specimens for
      detection of Sezary's syndrome, and evaluation of lymph nodes and blood for the
      staging of mycosis fungoides.

PMID- 2888417
TI  - [Effect and side effects of oral morphine, lormetazepam and placebos as
      premedication].
AB  - In 60 patients undergoing a curettage in thiopentone induced inhalation
      anaesthesia with enflurane and N2O/O2 = 2:1, the effects of oral premedication (2
      h before anaesthesia) with 30 mg morphine (MST 30) (n = 21), 1 mg lormetazepam
      (Noctamid) (n = 19) and placebo (n = 21) on psychological (anxiety, depression
      and asthenia), physiological (blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate) and
      pain parameters (visual analogue scale, analgesic consumption) were investigated.
      The study design was single blind, randomized. Before premedication the three
      groups did not differ in one parameter and so were comparable. MST 30 had a
      significantly better anxiolytic, Lormetazepam a significantly better
      antidepressive effect than the compared substance. There were no differences in
      blood pressure and heart rate. In contrast to lormetazepam and placebo after MST
      30 there was no increase in the respiratory rate which can be explained by the
      anxiolytic stress reducing effect. There was no difference in peri- and
      intraoperative pain parameters, probably due to the type of surgery. Nausea and
      vomiting occurred more frequently after MST 30, but there was no significance. A
      higher rate was probably prevented by the application of transdermal scopolamine
      the day before surgery. The indication of analgesics (opiates) for premedication
      is discussed taking the controversy into account. The results of this study show
      that oral morphine (MST 30) has an anxiolytic effect, one of the most important
      effects a premedication should have. Further studies should investigate in which
      types of surgery the analgesic effect of MST 30 is peri- and intraoperatively
      relevant, so that advantages compared to e.g. Flunitrazepam, Midazolam or
      Lormetazepam in a higher dosage could be expected.

PMID- 2888418
TI  - [Comparative study of the effect of muscle relaxants on the intraocular
      pressure].
AB  - Control of intraocular pressure is a major concern in ophthalmic anesthesia,
      especially in the presence of glaucoma or penetrating eye injury. The use of
      succinylcholine under these conditions is controversial. This study was
      undertaken to assess the effects of the neuromuscular blocking agents
      succinylcholine, pancuronium, metocurine, vecuronium, and atracurium on the
      intraocular pressure of dogs. The study was performed on five "conditioned"
      mature male foxhounds. The dogs were intubated immediately after induction with
      thiopental 10 mg/kg and ventilated with an O2/N2O mixture (FIO2 = 0.33). The
      ventilation was controlled to maintain an endtidal CO2 concentration of 5 vol.%.
      and anesthesia maintained with a fentanyl infusion of 10 micrograms/kg per hour.
      Direct and continuous measurements were taken of blood pressure (MAP), central
      venous pressure (CVP), and intra-ocular pressure (IOP), the latter via a 22-gauge
      needle inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye. A force-displacement
      transducer was attached to the hindpaw to monitor muscle twitch following
      supramaximal stimulation of the anterior tibial nerve. These four measurements
      were displayed on a multi-channel polygraph (Figs. 1 and 2). Control values were
      obtained and then succinylcholine 1 mg/kg, pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg, metocurine 0.3
      mg/kg, vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg, or atracurium 0.4 mg/kg were given in a randomized
      fashion and on different days. Measurements of heart rate (HR), MAP, CVP, and IOP
      were noted at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after giving the neuromuscular blocking
      agent. The results, as displayed on the polygraphy, indicate that the least
      effect on IOP and cardiovascular state followed neuromuscular blockade with
      vecuronium and atracurium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888419
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of gastric endocrine cells in the stomach gland
      patch of the koala, Phascolarctos cinerus.
AB  - The relative frequency and topographical distribution of endocrine cells
      containing gut hormones were studied by immunocytochemistry in the stomach gland
      patch of the koala. Numerous somatostatin- and a moderate number of bovine
      pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were found primarily in the lower two
      thirds of the oxyntic glands. 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive cells were few
      in number and scattered throughout these glands. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells
      were observed only rarely and then were confined to the basal region of the
      oxyntic glands.

PMID- 2888420
TI  - [Male infertility in Tunisia: apropos of 373 cases].
AB  - The results of a study of 373 cases of male sterility in Tunisia are presented.
      Factors with negative effects on fertility are listed according to their
      incidence: hypogonadism, gonococci infection, following varicocele and excessive
      smoking. Important is; early diagnosis of venereal disease and its effective
      treatment; examination and treatment of men with cryptorchism (systematic
      examination of genital organs in childhood); availability of necessary technical
      means for the detection of varicoceles; finally the diagnosis and treatment of
      immunologic sterility factors.

PMID- 2888421
TI  - Analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects of epidural sufentanil and morphine in
      humans.
AB  - Thirty patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly assigned
      postoperatively into two groups for a double-blind evaluation of the analgesic
      potency and cardiorespiratory effects of either 50 micrograms sufentanil or 5 mg
      morphine injected epidurally. After sufentanil injection, good postoperative
      analgesia was obtained, with a linear analog score (LAS) of less than 5 starting
      5 min after injection and lasting for more than 6 hr. Linear analog scores
      obtained during coughing (LASC) and during movement (LASM) were less than 5 after
      10 min and lasted for more than 4 hr. Respiratory rate decreased significantly
      for 2 hr after sufentanil injection. After morphine, pain relief started after 20
      min and lasted for more than 12 hr. Respiratory rate decreased after 30 min.
      Sedation was greater after sufentanil than after morphine. PaCO2, which increased
      significantly 1 hr after sufentanil, did not change after morphine. Peak
      expiratory flow significantly improved for 2 hr after both sufentanil and
      morphine, whereas forced vital capacity improved for 4 hr after sufentanil and 8
      hr after morphine administration. Forced expiratory volume did not change with
      either drug. It is concluded that 5 mg morphine injected epidurally provides
      longer lasting analgesia than does 50 micrograms sufentanil, but that in the
      first hours analgesia is better after sufentanil. Injection of either drug was
      accompanied by remarkable cardiovascular stability.

PMID- 2888422
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of and interaction between calcium blocking drugs and
      anesthetics in chronically instrumented dogs. V. Role of pharmacokinetics and the
      autonomic nervous system in the interactions between verapamil and inhalational
      anesthetics.
AB  - To assess the role of both pharmacokinetics and the autonomic nervous system in
      the interaction between inhalational anesthetics and verapamil, dogs were
      chronically instrumented to measure heart rate, PR interval, dP/dt, cardiac
      output, and aortic blood pressure. In a first group of seven dogs, studied awake
      and during halothane (1.2%), enflurane (2.5%), and isoflurane anesthesia (1.6%),
      verapamil was infused for 30 min in doses calculated to obtain similar plasma
      concentrations (83 +/- 10, 82 +/- 6, 81 +/- 10, and 77 +/- 9 ng.ml-1,
      respectively). For the latter purpose, the infusion dose was 3 and 2
      micrograms.kg-1.min-1 awake and during anesthesia, respectively, preceded by a
      loading dose of 200, 150, and 100 micrograms.kg-1, awake, during isoflurane, and
      halothane and enflurane, respectively. In awake dogs, verapamil induced an
      increase in heart rate (24 +/- 5 bpm) and PR interval (35 +/- 9 msec) and a
      decrease in mean arterial pressure (-5 +/- 2 mmHg) and dP/dt (-494 +/- 116
      mmHg/s). Although plasma concentrations were similar in awake and in anesthetized
      dogs, the only statistically significant changes induced by verapamil were an
      increase in heart rate and a decrease in dP/dt during halothane and enflurane,
      while left atrial pressure increased only with enflurane. In a second group of
      six dogs, verapamil pharmacokinetics were determined in the presence and absence
      of a ganglionic blocking drug (chlorisondamine, 2 mg.kg-1 iv). Blockade of
      ganglionic transmission resulted in a decrease in both initial volume of
      distribution and total clearance of verapamil--changes similar to those
      previously reported with inhalational anesthetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2888423
TI  - Prolongation of QT interval in association with the administration of large doses
      of opiates.

PMID- 2888424
TI  - Comparative study of the peripheral and central effects of terfenadine and
      cetirizine 2 HCl.
AB  - The histamine cutaneous reactivity of healthy volunteers was measured after a
      single oral intake of placebo, terfenadine 60 mg and 180 mg, and cetirizine 2 HCl
      10 mg. Central side effects were evaluated by Visual Analog Scales for drowsiness
      and movement coordination. The anti-H1 cutaneous effect of cetirizine 2 HCl
      proved to be significantly more rapid, more pronounced, and longer lasting than
      that of terfenadine 60 mg. Cetirizine and terfenadine 180 mg were equipotent. The
      Visual Analog Scales for central nervous system effects did not show any
      difference between cetirizine, terfenadine, and placebo.

PMID- 2888426
TI  - Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer from Oklahoma:
      serologic evaluation and virus isolation.
AB  - Blood samples were collected from 194 white-tailed deer from 27 locations in
      Oklahoma from 1977 through 1984. Sixty-eight (35%) of the deer had antibody
      against bluetongue virus (BTV) and 78 (40%) had antibody against epizootic
      hemorrhagic disease virus. Seropositive deer were detected in each of the 4
      geographic quadrants of the state. Virus isolation was attempted in 40 deer from
      the northeast quadrant of Oklahoma (1983 through 1984); BTV was isolated from 11
      deer, but epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus was not isolated. The isolation of
      BTV serotype 11 from these deer from 1983 through 1984 coincided with reported
      isolations of this serotype in other ruminants in Oklahoma during this time.

PMID- 2888425
TI  - Jellyfish envenomation syndromes updated.
AB  - Jellyfish venoms are mixtures of toxic and/or antigenic polypeptides and enzymes
      pathogenic to human beings. As newer therapeutic agents become available to treat
      the various reactions to stings caused by these animals, an accurate diagnosis of
      the type of reaction the patient experiences and of the offending species will be
      necessary. Fatal reactions may be caused either by anaphylaxis or by the action
      of toxins in the venom on the heart, respiratory center, or kidneys. Cutaneous
      eruptions after envenomation may be local, generalized, exaggerated, recurrent,
      delayed, persistent, or occur at sites distant from the primary sting. Fat
      atrophy, pigmentary changes, vasospasm, and contractures with gangrene can occur
      after jellyfish stings. Identification of the envenoming animal can be made by
      actual visualization, examination for nematocysts on skin scraping, or
      serologically. It may also be predicted based on knowledge of location, time, and
      environmental circumstances of the encounter. First-aid measures designed to
      prevent additional nematocyst rupture are species-specific. Anaphylaxis should be
      prevented by the appropriate lifesaving measures. Other syndromes, caused by the
      toxins of the venom or mediated by humoral or cellular immune mechanisms, should
      be treated specifically.

PMID- 2888427
TI  - Life-threatening water intoxication during somatostatin therapy.

PMID- 2888428
TI  - Frequency modulation dynamics in neural networks.
AB  - The VCON model described here shares certain qualitative features of stimulus
      response characteristics with the data in FIGURE 1 and TABLE 1. At the same time,
      it provides an uncomplicated methodology for modelling neural networks that
      emphasizes their frequency aspects. In particular, models based on VCONs are
      amenable to the rotation vector method, which can be used to uncover stable
      synchronization of firing within a network. This is described in the appendix,
      where it is shown that the stable firing patterns within the network correspond
      to minima of an associated (local) energy function. We have seen here how a model
      of a simple CPG for breathing can be constructed and analyzed. Similar models for
      rhythm splitting of small mammal activity cycles, sound location networks, and
      motility in the gastrointestinal tract have been constructed, and large networks
      of VCONs have been shown to have stable spatial patterns of synchronization.

PMID- 2888429
TI  - Increased reactivity to HTLV-I in inflammatory nervous system diseases.
AB  - The presence of IgG antibodies reacting with purified and disrupted human T
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was examined by an indirect enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sera from 49 patients with multiple sclerosis
      (MS), 21 patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis (AM), 12 patients with
      Guillain-Barre syndrome (GB), and 30 patients with tension headache (TH). This
      was also assessed in the concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of most of these
      patients, as well as in sera of 60 blood donors (BD). Standardized amounts of
      serum IgG and CSF IgG were used in ELISA. For sera, higher reactivity with HTLV-I
      was found in all four patient groups compared with the BD group, but no
      significant differences were observed among the four groups. There was higher
      reactivity with HTLV-I in the CSF of patients with MS, AM, and GB compared to
      findings in patients with TH. Ten serum (2 MS, 3 GB, 3 TH, 2 BD) and 3 CSF (1 MS,
      1 GB, 1 TH) specimens considered positive by ELISA for HTLV-I were found negative
      on confirmatory Western blot analysis. We extended this study to analyze the in
      vitro production of anti-HTLV-I-IgG antibodies by the 24-hour cultivation of
      unstimulated lymphocytes from peripheral blood and CSF of 6 additional patients
      with MS directly in HTLV-I antigen-coated wells of microtiter plates. This was
      followed by determination of specific antibodies by ELISA in the same wells. No
      antibody production was measurable. Our data do not favor the hypothesis of an
      HTLV-I-related human retrovirus in the etiology of MS.

PMID- 2888430
TI  - [Cytopathogenic action of intact and antibiotic-altered populations of Bordetella
      pertussis on a human amnion cell culture].
AB  - Cytopathogenic and adhesive action of intact B. pertussis population and
      population changed under the effect of antibiotics was studied comparatively. It
      was shown that the level and character of the changes in the cell culture of line
      FL human amnion depended on the antibiotic used in the experiments. Populations
      of B. pertussis changed under the effect of tetracycline had the highest
      cytopathogenic and adhesive activity, while the activity of the population
      changed under the effect of erythromycin was the least. The decrease in the
      cytopathogenic and adhesive activity of B. pertussis changed under the effect of
      erythromycin correlated with lowering of the toxicity and the loss of the main
      agglutinogenic factors of the surface of the bacteria cell wall. The increase in
      the toxicity of the population changed under the effect of tetracycline was
      accompanied by changes in the cytopathogenic and adhesive properties of the
      culture.

PMID- 2888431
TI  - On the origin of the limited control of mitochondrial respiration by the adenine
      nucleotide translocator.
AB  - A thermodynamic control theory previously developed has been applied to
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation with emphasis on the role of delta microH
      and coupling and within the paradigm of delocalized chemiosmotic coupling. The
      basis for the observed distribution of flux control over the participating
      enzymes is shown to lie in the relative magnitudes of so-called delta microH
      elasticity coefficients, i.e., the delta microH dependencies of the different
      mitochondrial processes. In particular the relatively strong delta microH
      dependence of mitochondrial respiration is responsible for the significant role
      of the adenine nucleotide translocator in the control of oxidative
      phosphorylation. Uncoupling decreases the control exerted by this translocator on
      respiration but increases that exerted on phosphorylation.

PMID- 2888433
TI  - Preparation of functional acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA from rat mammary gland.
AB  - Poly(A)+ RNA from lactating rat mammary glands was fractionated according to size
      by isokinetic sucrose gradient centrifugation to obtain a fraction enriched for
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In vitro translation of this RNA preparation yielded
      apparent full-length acetyl-CoA carboxylase with a molecular weight of 260,000.
      The synthesized protein was identified as acetyl-CoA carboxylase by specific
      immunoprecipitation. Tests with antiserum to fatty acid synthetase, revealed that
      the fractions containing acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA also contained mRNA for
      fatty acid synthetase; both of these mRNAs were approximately 10 kb. Fatty acid
      synthetase with a molecular weight of 250,000 was synthesized. Using an in vitro
      rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system, we have shown that the amount of
      translatable acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA increases during lactation. On the fifth
      day postpartum the level of translatable acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA increased to
      a peak level seven times that on the day of parturition.

PMID- 2888432
TI  - Solubilization and properties of the liver plasma membrane transglutaminase.
AB  - We recently reported that rat liver contains a transglutaminase activity which is
      specifically associated with the lateral plasma membrane domain [D. J. Tyrrell,
      W. S. Sale, and C. W. Slife (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14833-14836]. In this
      manuscript, conditions for maintaining the activity of this plasma membrane
      associated enzyme are described and an unusual method for solubilizing the enzyme
      is detailed. When rat liver plasma membranes were stored at 4 degrees C, the
      transglutaminase activity was rapidly lost unless dithiothreitol was present. If
      calcium or EDTA were included with the reducing agent, a time-dependent
      enhancement of enzyme activity occurred. These reagents probably prevented and
      perhaps reversed the oxidation of critical thiol residues in the
      transglutaminase. When the membranes were incubated at 37 degrees C, increased
      enzyme activity was found only if 50% glycerol was added to the dithiothreitol
      and calcium-containing buffer. Under these latter conditions, a selective release
      of the enzyme from the membrane also occurred, with the enzyme remaining soluble
      after the glycerol was removed. These data, and our inability to solubilize the
      enzyme with detergents, indicate that the plasma membrane transglutaminase is a
      peripheral membrane protein which associates only with a specific plasma membrane
      domain.

PMID- 2888434
TI  - [A molecular basis for multidrug-resistance and reversal of resistance with human
      malignant cells].
AB  - Development of cellular resistance to multiple types of anticancer agents has
      been recognized as one of the major obstacles for the effective cancer
      chemotherapy. Increased expression of mdr 1 mRNA seems to be a common mechanism
      for multidrug resistance (MDR) in human malignant cells. The product of the mdr 1
      gene is P-glycoprotein. The predicted membrane orientation of the protein and
      homology with bacterial active transport proteins, and capability of the protein
      to bind hydrophobic anticancer agents are consistent with the function of P
      glycoprotein as an energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for MDR phenotype.
      Most of the hydrophobic agents which overcome MDR are cationic and amphipathic.
      These agents interact with certain polar lipids and inhibit also the binding of
      hydrophobic anticancer agents with P-glycoprotein. They might directly bind to
      the binding site of anticancer agents on P-glycoprotein and competitively inhibit
      the binding of anticancer agents. Alternatively, they might bind to polar lipids
      of membrane vesicles and indirectly inhibit the binding ability of the protein to
      anticancer agents by perturbing the membrane function.

PMID- 2888435
TI  - [A case of adult T-cell leukemia achieving complete remission with epirubicin,
      vincristine and prednisolone chemotherapy].
AB  - A 68-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of generalized
      lymphadenopathy. His abnormal findings were hepatomegaly, leukocytosis and
      elevated serum LDH. Anti-ATLA antibody was positive. As about half of the
      peripheral lymphocytes reacted to the monoclonal antibody CD25, these cells were
      considered to be compatible with ATL cells having an interleukin-2 receptor.
      Initially, recombinant beta-interferon was administered, but it was not
      effective. A combination of vincristine (VCR) and prednisolone (PDN) was
      partially effective against the lymphadenopathy, but the hepatomegaly and
      leukocytosis did not improve. 4'-epi-Adriamycin (Epirubicin), at a doses of 20
      mg/body, weekly, was subsequently added to VCR + PDN therapy. The patient
      achieved complete regression 2 months later, and has been in continuous complete
      remission for more than 3 months.

PMID- 2888436
TI  - T activation haemolysis and death after blood transfusion.
AB  - A 30 week gestation infant developed necrotising enterocolitis associated with
      Clostridium perfringens septicaemia at 3 weeks of age. He responded to treatment
      with intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and blood, but his blood haemolysed.
      Because of anaemia further blood was given, but, within minutes he died.
      Examination of his red cells showed an increase in T activation.

PMID- 2888438
TI  - Chloroquine-induced pruritus in Nigerian medical and nursing students.
AB  - Two hundred and fifty-one Nigerian medical and nursing students from the
      University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital completed a questionnaire on
      chloroquine-induced pruritus. One hundred and thirty (51.8) students experienced
      itching, and in 71 the symptoms were so distressing that chloroquine was no
      longer used for treating febrile malarial episodes. Antihistamines taken before
      chloroquine or a change in the route of administration were helpful in preventing
      or a ameliorating symptoms in some of the students. Significantly more students
      with chloroquine-induced pruritus had parents or siblings similarly affected
      compared with students who did not get pruritus, and this supports the concept of
      a pharmacogenetic basis to the disorder.

PMID- 2888437
TI  - Histamine H1 receptors on adherent rheumatoid synovial cells in culture:
      demonstration by radioligand binding and inhibition of histamine-stimulated
      prostaglandin E production by histamine H1 antagonists.
AB  - Histamine H1 receptors have been demonstrated on adherent rheumatoid synovial
      cells using biochemical and radioligand binding assays in vitro. The addition of
      histamine (17.8 mumol/l) to nine primary cultures of adherent rheumatoid synovial
      cells resulted in a two- to 21-fold increase in the production of prostaglandin E
      (PGE). This increase was inhibited by three H1 receptor antagonists (mepyramine,
      tripelennamine, and chlorpheniramine) in a dose related manner at concentrations
      below 10(-6) mol/l. Competitive binding assays with [3H]mepyramine gave ED50
      values of approximately 10(-5) mol/l for the three H1 antagonists. H2 receptor
      antagonists (cimetidine and ranitidine) did not inhibit the histamine induced
      increase in PGE and did not compete effectively with the binding of H1
      antagonists.

PMID- 2888439
TI  - Plasmodium berghei-infected mice: lack of effect of meclizine and cimetidine on
      the development of pulmonary oedema.
AB  - The involvement of histaminergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of pulmonary
      oedema observed in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice was investigated. Histamine
      concentrations in plasma and whole blood of infected and normal mice were
      determined by radioenzymatic assay during the seven days of the infection.
      Elevated plasma and whole blood histamine levels were found at the last stages of
      infection (sixth day and seventh day after ip injection of parasitized
      erythrocytes), showing a close temporal correlation between the development of
      oedema and the elevation of the circulating histamine concentrations. However,
      the treatment of infected mice with the H1- or H2-receptor antagonists, meclizine
      or cimetidine, did not change the development of pulmonary oedema. The absence of
      effects of H1- and H2-receptor blockers on this model is a suggestive evidence
      that histamine does not contribute to P. berghei-induced pulmonary oedema in
      mice.

PMID- 2888440
TI  - Responsiveness of skeletal muscle branches of the dog femoral artery to alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists before and after cold storage.
AB  - Using the cannula inserting method, we investigated the responsiveness of
      isolated skeletal muscle branches of the dog femoral artery to alpha-adrenoceptor
      agonists and potassium chloride, and the influence of cold storage (3 days and 5
      7 days, at 4 degrees C). Epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) induced a
      marked vasoconstriction in a dose-related manner. A large dose of EPI and NE
      usually induced an increase in perfusion pressure of more than 100-200 mm Hg.
      Phenylephrine (PE) and methoxamine (MT) also induced a marked constriction, but
      clonidine (CLO) and xylazine (XYL) produced only a slight vasoconstriction, even
      in large doses. Tyramine (TYR) also induced a small vasoconstrictor response. A
      large dose of KCl induced a marked vasoconstriction. The order of potency of
      constriction was EPI greater than or equal to NE greater than PE = MT much
      greater than KCl greater than CLO greater than or equal to TYR greater than or
      equal to XYL. The vasoconstrictor responses to EPI and NE were significantly
      suppressed by 3-7 days of cold storage. Vasoconstrictor responses to MT were
      slightly suppressed by cold storage. However, XYL-, CLO- and TYR-induced
      vasoconstrictions were not significantly influenced by cold storage. KCl-induced
      constriction was clearly suppressed by cold storage. These observations suggest
      that the postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptor in skeletal muscle branches of the
      femoral artery is of the alpha 1-type. Moreover, it was shown that prolonged cold
      storage (3-7 days, at 4 degrees C) resulted in a decrease in sensitivity of these
      vessels to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and in a marked decrease in sensitivity to
      KCl, suggesting a depression of the calcium channel by cold storage.

PMID- 2888441
TI  - The action of dopamine upon glycerol and fatty acid release by rat brown adipose
      tissue.
AB  - Dopamine was shown to be effective in releasing glycerol and nonesterified fatty
      acid from brown fat adipocytes. The response was inhibited by dopamine
      antagonists, and by a beta-blocker. This is further evidence that dopamine may be
      important in the release of energy from brown fat in newborn and cold-adapted
      animals.

PMID- 2888442
TI  - Pharmacological and electrophysiological analysis of the effects of nicotine on
      cat blood pressure.
AB  - Nicotine (20-60 micrograms/kg) produced an initial vasodepressor response
      followed by a vasopressor response in anaesthetized cats, the mechanism of which
      was investigated. The vasodepressor response was antagonized by atropine or by
      vagotomy and was potentiated by physostigmine or neostigmine. Nicotine increased
      the single unit activity of different peripheral sympathetic nerves and evoked
      contraction of nictitating membrane and spleen along with vasopressor response.
      The vasopressor response was antagonized by phentolamine, prazosin, guanethidine,
      bretylium, 6-OHDA, hemicholinium-3 or hexamethonium. Propranolol or atenolol
      pretreatment potentiated the vasodepressor response and was antagonized by
      atropine. Desensitization by salbutamol did not modify the response to nicotine.
      The biphasic response to nicotine remained unaltered in yohimbine pretreated, in
      adrenalectomized, and in acute spinal as well as in decapitated animals;
      intracarotid or intracerebroventricular administration of nicotine did not
      produce any response. The biphasic response to nicotine does not involve the
      stimulation of the central vasomotor centre. In conclusion, these results suggest
      that the vasodepressor response is due to the vagal cholinergic mechanism. The
      vasopressor response is a consequence of activation of different peripheral
      adrenergic nerves causing increased release of the adrenergic transmitter at the
      neuroeffector region and the alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediate vasoconstriction in the
      systemic vascular bed.

PMID- 2888443
TI  - Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on the mydriatic and bradycardic
      effects of detomidine.
AB  - Pupillary and cardiac responses to i.v. injection of detomidine (1-30
      micrograms/kg), a novel veterinary sedative analgesic, were observed in rats
      anesthetized with pentobarbital. Detomidine caused a dose-dependent mydriasis and
      bradycardia. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg,
      i.v.), prevented the detomidine-induced mydriasis in a dose-dependent manner. The
      nonselective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, tolazoline at 6 mg/kg, i.v., also
      prevented the detomidine-induced mydriasis. However, tolazoline at 3 mg/kg, i.v.,
      was not effective in preventing this effect of detomidine. The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin at 1.5 mg/kg, i.v., did not reduce the
      detomidine-induced mydriasis. In contrast to what was found with mydriasis, none
      of the antagonists at the doses studied prevented detomidine-induced bradycardia.
      When yohimbine was given i.v., 5 min after the last dose of detomidine (30
      micrograms/kg), it promptly and completely reversed mydriasis in all groups.
      However, yohimbine reversed detomidine-induced bradycardia only in the control
      group and in the animals pretreated with 1.5 mg prazosin/kg or 3 mg
      tolazoline/kg. The results suggested that the mydriatic effect of detomidine was
      mediated by the alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and that mydriasis was a good model for
      studying alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists. Although the results
      suggested that the bradycardia effect of detomidine was partially mediated by
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors, other unknown mechanisms might also be involved.

PMID- 2888445
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2888444
TI  - Comparative renal effects of calcium channel blockers in conscious spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Five calcium channel blockers with diverse chemical structures were studied for
      potential renal selectivity after oral administration of a single dose to
      conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nitrendipine (3 and 10 mg/kg) and
      diltiazem (30 and 100 mg/kg) caused significant increases in sodium and water
      excretion. In comparison, prenylamine (100 and 300 mg/kg) and flunarizine (100
      and 300 mg/kg) failed to augment sodium and water excretion. Verapamil caused
      significant natriuresis only at 30 mg/kg. These data suggest that the diuretic
      and natriuretic action is not a common property of all calcium channel blockers.
      Pretreatment with SCH 23390 (20 mg/kg), a dopamine DA1 antagonist, selectively
      attenuated the diuresis and natriuresis induced by high doses of diltiazem (100
      mg/kg) and nitrendipine (10 mg/kg) without blocking the renal responses to
      hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/kg). Similarly, reserpinization abolished the renal but
      not the hypotensive action of diltiazem. Pretreatment with indomethacin (10
      mg/kg), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor also significantly attenuated the diuresis and
      natriuresis elicited by diltiazem (100 mg/kg). These data suggest that intact
      dopamine and prostaglandin systems in the kidney are required for optimal
      expression of the renal effects of diltiazem and nitrendipine.

PMID- 2888446
TI  - Technique of preparation of hemopoietic cells of human fetal liver for
      transplantation.
AB  - The preparation of single cell suspension from human fetal liver is described.
      The technique is based on pressing the liver through wire mesh followed by
      repeated aspiration into a syringe through needles of decreasing internal
      diameter. Subsequently, the cell suspension is depleted of cell debris by a
      "triple medium sedimentation procedure" without net loss of hemopoietic cells.
      Following centrifugation and resuspension the preparation is ready for either
      transplantation or storage. About 2 and 11 X 10(9) cells were obtained per liver
      depending on the age of fetus in the range of 16 and 24 weeks of gestation in
      three representative preparations. The cell suspension contained comparable
      numbers of hemopoietic progenitors to the adult bone marrow suspension as assayed
      using plasma clot diffusion chamber technique.

PMID- 2888447
TI  - Unusual arteritis causing myocardial infarction in a child.
AB  - A 5-year-old girl presented with a diffuse inflammatory disease that consisted of
      fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and anterior uveitis. A chest x-ray film
      indicated an apparently nodular infiltrate. Her condition deteriorated abruptly,
      and she died of acute myocardial infarction. Autopsy revealed an extensive
      vasculitis that involved the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and coronary vessels. An
      aneurysm of the left coronary artery was noted. We present and discuss this case
      as an unusual arteritis in childhood, closely resembling Takayasu's disease. The
      presence of extensive erythrophagocytosis in sinus histiocytes hinted at a viral
      or immunologic origin for this child's disease.

PMID- 2888448
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in solid
      human malignancies.
AB  - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also known as cyclin, is a cell cycle
      related nuclear protein that is maximally elevated in late G1 and S phases of
      proliferating cells. In this study, PCNA was identified by paraffin-section
      immunohistochemistry in 42 of 64 solid human malignancies, and in several benign
      tissues known to contain proliferating cells. The PCNA-positive nuclei were
      randomly distributed and ranged from less than 1% (in most cases) to more than
      20% of the neoplastic cells. In general, PCNA positivity correlated with mitotic
      activity and tumor grade. Further study is necessary to evaluate PCNA as a marker
      of cellular proliferation and a potential prognostic marker in human malignancy.

PMID- 2888449
TI  - Eosinophilic granular cells in a cryptorchid testis.
AB  - Intratubular cells with numerous refractile eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules
      were identified in a cryptorchid testis from a 17-year-old boy. The staining
      properties of the granules and the ultrastructural features were studied. The
      accumulation of lipid or lysosomal inclusions accounted for the observed
      cytoplasmic granules. These granular cells were probably altered Sertoli's cells,
      the exact nature and significance of which need further study.

PMID- 2888450
TI  - Thyroid toxicity and iodothyronine deiodination.

PMID- 2888451
TI  - Increased thyroxine clearance in rats treated with high doses of a histamine H2
      antagonist, SKF 93479.

PMID- 2888452
TI  - [Endocrine cells of the APUD system in human respiratory organs].

PMID- 2888453
TI  - Mapping X-linked ophthalmic diseases. III. Provisional assignment of the locus
      for blue cone monochromacy to Xq28.
AB  - Blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is an infrequent X-linked retinal disorder typified
      by poor central visual acuity and color discrimination, early onset of nystagmus,
      variable degrees of myopia and astigmatism, and a nearly normal retinal
      appearance. The physiologic functions of rods and blue cones are preserved. The
      regional location of the genetic mutation causing BCM has been unknown. We have
      applied the modern molecular techniques of analysis of restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms to three multigenerational kindreds in which BCM is
      segregating. Significant linkage is established to two DNA markers, DXS15 and
      DXS52, each of which maps to the vicinity of Xq28. Regional localization of the
      locus for BCM has the potential to improve carrier detection and to provide
      antenatal diagnosis in families at risk for the disease.

PMID- 2888455
TI  - The "erythrocyte receptor" of T-lymphocytes and T11 target structure (T11TS):
      complementary cell interaction molecules involved in T-cell activation.
AB  - The CD2 or T11 glycoprotein on T-lymphocytes is the receptor for both sheep and
      human erythrocytes in the formation of spontaneous ("E"-)rosettes. Recent
      evidence employing monoclonal anti-T11 antibodies suggested that T11 is also a
      signal transducing molecule with a function in T-cell activation. The present
      report summarizes the identification of T11 target structure (T11TS), a natural
      ligand of T11, and its biochemical and functional characterization. T11TS is
      defined by a mAb to sheep erythrocytes that completely blocks their binding to
      CD2. It is a glycoprotein of 42 kDa MW expressed on all types of blood cells and
      some other tissues. While the anti-T11TS mAb used is specific for sheep cells, an
      antiserum raised to purified T11TS also blocks human autologous E-rosetting.
      Evidence is presented that the human lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)
      3, which had recently been shown to be the likely human ligand of CD2, is the
      structural and functional human homologue of T11TS. Functional studies on T-cell
      activation employing sheep erythrocytes as one ligand of CD2 indicate that
      binding of T11TS to the E-receptor provides one of the signals required for T
      cell activation through the CD2 molecule.

PMID- 2888456
TI  - Structure and function of the human interleukin 2 receptor gene.
AB  - The gene encoding the human Interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor consists of 8 exons
      spanning more than 25 kilobases on chromosome 10. Exons 2 and 4 were derived from
      a gene duplication event and unexpectedly also are homologous to the recognition
      domain of human complement factor B. Receptor gene transcription is initiated at
      two principal sites in normal activated T cells. Adult T cell leukemia cells
      infected with HTLV-I show activity at both of these sites, but also at a third
      transcription initiation site. Resting T cells do not contain detectable IL-2
      receptor mRNA. Within 1 hour after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a
      large, presumably nuclear precursor RNA species is seen, which then gradually
      disappears. Mature IL-2 receptor mRNA forms appear within 8 hours after
      stimulation, reach peak levels between 8 and 24 hours, and then decline. Thus in
      PHA-activated lymphocytes the rise and fall in IL-2 receptor mRNA levels precede
      by more than 24 hours the peak and decline of IL-2 receptor protein expression
      occurring at the cell surface. Nuclease S1-protection assays indicate that IL-2
      receptor mRNAs may differ in length due to the use of three different
      polyadenylylation signals. Further, these assays demonstrate the presence of
      transcripts that lack a 216-base segment within the protein-coding region and
      thus do not encode a functional IL-2 receptor. Nuclear transcription assays
      indicate that the increase in IL-2 receptor mRNA is reflected at the level of
      transcription. Thus, IL-2 receptor gene regulation controls IL-2 receptor
      expression at the cell surface and is intimately linked to the control of T-cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 2888454
TI  - Increased plasma free cortisol in ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma.
AB  - Values of plasma free cortisol (not bound to plasma proteins), total plasma
      cortisol, and percent free cortisol were determined in normal, ocular
      hypertensive, and open angle glaucomatous subjects. Median total plasma, plasma
      free, and percent free cortisol levels were higher in ocular hypertensive and
      glaucomatous individuals. The most significant differences occurred with percent
      free cortisol values between normal and glaucomatous subjects. There was a
      significant positive correlation between percent free cortisol and total cortisol
      levels in normal subjects only. For subjects with glaucoma and hypertension, the
      percent free cortisol values were independent of the total cortisol values.
      Multilinear regression analysis also indicated that besides diagnosis and level
      of total plasma cortisol, male sex, blood sampling late in the day, and increased
      diastolic blood pressure were the only variables significantly related to
      increased values of plasma free cortisol and percent free cortisol. Ocular
      medication for glaucoma and use of beta-blockers were not found to be significant
      independent variables in the regression models for either plasma free cortisol or
      percent free cortisol. These observations further suggest that a disorder of the
      pituitary adrenal axis and/or a binding of plasma cortisol is associated with
      ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma.

PMID- 2888458
TI  - The control of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2888459
TI  - Mechanisms for the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of carbamoylcholine on
      canine gastric D-cells.
AB  - We have previously reported that carbamoylcholine (carbachol), a recognized
      inhibitor of somatostatin release from D-cells, can act as stimulant following
      pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin. In the present studies we have
      observed that pertussis toxin reverses the inhibitory effects of carbachol on D
      cell stimulated with either cAMP or 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate.
      Furthermore, the stimulatory effects of carbachol on D-cells pretreated with
      pertussis toxin potentiated the actions of pentagastrin without further enhancing
      the release of 3H-inositol triphosphate from prelabeled cells. These studies
      suggest that carbachol exerts its inhibitory effects on D-cells via pertussis
      toxin sensitive guanine nucleotide binding proteins at a point distal to the
      activation of different signal transduction mechanisms and that the stimulatory
      effects of carbachol are mediated by mechanisms that are independent of membrane
      phosphoinositide turnover.

PMID- 2888457
TI  - Regulation of fatty acid synthesis and malonyl-CoA content in mouse brown adipose
      tissue in response to cold-exposure, starvation or re-feeding.
AB  - 1. The effect of nutritional status on fatty acid synthesis in brown adipose
      tissue was compared with the effect of cold-exposure. Fatty acid synthesis was
      measured in vivo by 3H2O incorporation into tissue lipids. The activities of
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase and the tissue concentrations of
      malonyl-CoA and citrate were assayed. 2. In brown adipose tissue of control mice,
      the tissue content of malonyl-CoA was 13 nmol/g wet wt., higher than values
      reported in other tissues. From the total tissue water content, the minimum
      possible concentration was estimated to be 30 microM 3. There were parallel
      changes in fatty acid synthesis, malonyl-CoA content and acetyl-CoA carboxylase
      activity in response to starvation and re-feeding. 4. There was no correlation
      between measured rates of fatty acid synthesis and malonyl-CoA content and acetyl
      CoA carboxylase activity in acute cold-exposure. The results suggest there is
      simultaneous fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in brown adipose tissue of cold
      exposed mice. This is probably effected not by decreases in the malonyl-CoA
      content, but by increases in the concentration of free long-chain fatty acyl-CoA
      or enhanced peroxisomal oxidation, allowing shorter-chain fatty acids to enter
      the mitochondria independent of carnitine acyltransferase (overt form) activity.

PMID- 2888461
TI  - The purification and subunit structure of a membrane-bound ATPase from the
      Archaebacterium Halobacterium saccharovorum.
AB  - A membrane-bound ATPase from Halobacterium saccharovorum was solubilized using
      sodium deoxycholate and Zwittergent 3-10 and purified by hydrophobic and ammonium
      sulfate-mediated chromatography. The enzyme, which had a molecular mass of 350
      kDa, was composed of two major (87 and 60 kDa) and two minor (29 kDa and 20 kDa)
      subunits. The halobacterial ATPases appear to be unlike any other ATPase
      described to date.

PMID- 2888460
TI  - A malonyl-CoA-binding protein from liver.
AB  - A soluble protein that binds malonyl-CoA without requiring cofactors has been
      purified from rat liver. Until saturated, it competes with fatty acid synthetase
      for free malonyl-CoA, temporarily reducing the rate of fatty acid synthesis at
      low levels of malonyl-CoA, as in fatty acid synthetase--coupled assays for acetyl
      CoA carboxylase. These assays yield low estimates for carboxylase activity with
      crude and partially purified homogenates containing the malonyl-CoA-binding
      protein. The protein does not inhibit assays for carboxylase activity that
      measure nonvolatile radioactivity incorporated from bicarbonate or NADH oxidation
      coupled to ADP formation. It has an Mr of 180,000 and a subunit of 90,000. It has
      a lower affinity for ATP, ADP, and acetyl-CoA and none for CO2 or fatty acid
      synthetase. No enzymatic function has been identified. The protein may regulate
      malonyl-CoA-binding enzymes.

PMID- 2888462
TI  - Increased messenger RNA concentration for carbamoyl-phosphate synthase II in
      hepatoma 3924A.
AB  - Previous investigations demonstrated that carbamoyl-phosphate synthase II
      (synthase II) (EC 6.3.5.5) activity, amount, and in vivo synthetic rate increased
      approximately 9-fold in the rapidly proliferating rat hepatoma 3924A compared to
      normal liver. This study provides evidence by Northern and RNA dot blot
      hybridizations of a 13-fold increase in the amount of hepatoma 3924A synthase II
      mRNA compared to levels in normal liver. Southern and DNA dot blots indicated
      amplification of CAD hepatoma 3924A synthase II gene product.

PMID- 2888463
TI  - Inhibition of neutrophil degranulation and superoxide production by
      sulfasalazine. Comparison with 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulfapyridine and
      olsalazine.
AB  - Sulfasalazine is a potent inhibitor of superoxide production and granule enzyme
      release by stimulated neutrophils, and modulation of these responses may
      contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. It is a composite drug consisting
      of 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine joined through an azo linkage. To
      investigate which functional groups on the molecule are active against neutrophil
      responses, 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulfapyridine and olsalazine were added to
      cells stimulated with fMet-Leu-Phe or immune complexes. The inhibitory effects of
      sulfasalazine on superoxide production, degranulation and neutrophil-mediated
      collagen degradation were closely mimicked by olsalazine, with the other two
      compounds having little effect on either function. Thus the azo link appears to
      be the important structural feature of sulfasalazine that affects neutrophil
      responses. This suggests that sulfasalazine could be anti-inflammatory in its own
      right rather than just acting as a source of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Our findings
      are also a favourable indication for olsalazine (Dipentum), which is currently
      under trial as an anti-inflammatory agent.

PMID- 2888464
TI  - The cell biology of multiple drug resistance.

PMID- 2888465
TI  - Effects of opioid compounds on desensitization of the nicotinic response of
      isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - Opioid compounds have been assessed for their ability to modify desensitization
      of nicotine-induced catecholamine secretion from cultured, bovine, adrenal
      chromaffin cells. Dynorphin-1-13 and metorphamide produced protection against
      desensitization of the nicotinic response at concentrations between 1 and 20
      microM while etorphine and morphine only produced this effect at 100 microM. The
      opioid antagonists, naloxone and diprenorphine, at 100 microM mimicked the weak
      ability of the opioid agonists to protect against nicotinic desensitization. All
      opioid compounds tested were considerably more potent at inhibiting nicotine
      induced catecholamine secretion from the cells than at protecting against
      desensitization of this response. It is concluded that adrenal opioid peptides
      probably do not act on adrenal opioid binding sites characterised from ligand
      binding studies to prevent the nicotinic response from desensitizing. They are
      unlikely, therefore, to be involved in such a mechanism to maintain catecholamine
      secretion during stress.

PMID- 2888466
TI  - Inhibitory effects of niacin and its analogues on induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase activity by diethylnitrosamine in rat liver.
AB  - Pharmacological doses of niacin and its analogues were given intraperitoneally to
      rats with and without coadministration of a hepatocarcinogenic dose of
      diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and their effects on the induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) activity in the rat liver were studied. The
      induction of ODC activity by DEN was inhibited by 74.3, 85.5, 94.6, 97.6, 72.6
      and 55.2% by nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, 3-hydroxymethylpyridine, beta
      picoline, pyridine-3-aldehyde and ethylnicotinate respectively. When given alone,
      these analogues did not induce ODC activity. All these compounds are known to
      have a niacin effect. DEN-induced ODC activity was also inhibited by 84.0, 93.3,
      52.8 and 75.9% by 6-aminonicotinamide, picolinic acid, pyridine-3-sulfonic acid
      and thionicotinamide, respectively, but, peculiarly, they induced ODC activity by
      their administration alone. These niacin analogues are known to have anti-niacin
      effects. Tryptophan, N'-methylnicotinamide and isonicotinic acid hydrazide did
      not affect the DEN-induced ODC activity but could induce ODC by themselves.
      Tryptophan belongs to the former group and isonicotinic acid hydrazide to the
      latter group. The reason for these discrepancies is discussed.

PMID- 2888468
TI  - Drinkwatchers--description of subjects and evaluation of laboratory markers of
      heavy drinking.
AB  - Clinical examination and measurement of MCV and GGT were carried out on 124 self
      referred 'healthy' Drinkwatchers, all of whom had consumed at least 80 g
      alcohol/day for more than 2 years. The majority (66.1%) were in social classes II
      and III. Sixty-three subjects (54.1%) had a raised MCV, GGT or hepatomegaly. A
      raised MCV was significantly more likely to occur in men. Forty-five subjects
      (36.3%) had an enlarged liver of whom 17 had a normal MCV and GGT. This study
      shows that MCV and GGT are poor screening tests for excessive alcohol consumption
      in 'healthy' subjects but, if used at all, MCV appears to be more sensitive in
      women and GGT in men. Neither test is an adequate substitute for a careful
      history and full clinical examination.

PMID- 2888467
TI  - Association of a 9.2-kilobase Pvu II class I major histocompatibility complex
      restriction fragment length polymorphism with ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - We analyzed DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in 53 white
      ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and 92 healthy controls, utilizing a full
      length HLA-B7 complementary DNA probe. A 9.2-kilobase (kb) Pvu II fragment was
      found to be significantly increased in frequency in B27 positive AS patients
      compared with the B27 positive control group (P = 0.00085, relative risk = 7.2).
      The presence of both B27 and the 9.2-kb RFLP in an individual conferred a
      relative risk for AS of 297, compared with a relative risk of 119 in those who
      had B27 alone. The 9.2-kb RFLP appears to be a marker for AS which, with HLA-B27,
      contributes further to susceptibility to the disease. Our findings indicate that
      this fragment and HLA-B27 segregate independently in familial studies of AS.

PMID- 2888469
TI  - Platelet affinity for serotonin is increased in alcoholics and former alcoholics:
      a biological marker for dependence?
AB  - The kinetics of 3H serotonin platelet uptake were studied in alcoholics and
      former alcoholics to see whether differences found between alcohol-preferring and
      non-preferring rats could be reproduced in man. Three groups of patients were
      studied: 10 dependent alcoholics on admission for treatment; 10 dependent
      alcoholics after 20 days of treatment; 8 former dependent alcoholics, abstinent
      for 1-11 years. Controls were non-alcoholics, matched for age and sex. The Km for
      3H serotonin uptake in platelets was lower in patients from all three groups
      compared to 15 controls. This phenomenon could be congenital or induced by the
      previous excessive intake of alcohol. We believe that this increased platelet
      affinity for serotonin, in the absence of cirrhosis of the liver and/or
      depression could be a marker for alcohol dependence, enabling the therapeutic
      effort to be focussed on these patients.

PMID- 2888471
TI  - Problems encountered with a drug-addicted patient.

PMID- 2888470
TI  - [Effect of the administration of triiodothyronine on the metabolism of Sertoli
      cells in rats].

PMID- 2888472
TI  - Advice for anaesthetists?

PMID- 2888473
TI  - Digital subtraction angiography in Takayasu arteritis.
AB  - The usefulness and limitation of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in
      Takayasu arteritis were investigated in 32 patients. Intravenous DSA was
      particularly useful in the follow-up of patients with an established diagnosis of
      Takayasu arteritis. Pulmonary arterial involvement could also be demonstrated
      with intravenous DSA as obstructive arterial changes and lack of accumulation of
      contrast medium in the pulmonary parenchyma. Detailed information concerning the
      site and extent of vascular involvement and development of collateral vessels
      were obtained with intraarterial DSA. Thickening of the thoracic aortic wall,
      however, could not be recognized with either intravenous or intraarterial DSA.
      Conventional angiography of the descending thoracic aortal is still required as
      an initial examination, particularly when there is no aortic arch involvement.
      However, there is no doubt that DSA has the potential to become the diagnostic
      procedure of choice in Takayasu arteritis.

PMID- 2888474
TI  - Vecuronium and atracurium in patients with end-stage renal failure. A comparative
      study.
AB  - Twenty patients with end-stage renal failure, undergoing kidney transplantation,
      were assigned randomly to receive either vecuronium or atracurium under evoked
      twitch tension control. The cumulative-dose technique was used to obtain 95%
      twitch depression (vecuronium: initial bolus 15 micrograms kg-1, increments 6
      micrograms kg-1; atracurium: initial bolus 100 micrograms kg-1, increments 40
      micrograms kg-1). Using ED95 values derived from the log-probit dose-response
      curves, vecuronium was 4.6 times more potent than atracurium. The durations of
      action of the initial cumulative-doses (from end of injection of the last
      increment to 25% recovery) were 11.1 +/- 3.3 min for vecuronium and 16.2 +/- 3.9
      min for atracurium (P less than 0.05). In terms of duration of action of the
      maintenance doses (vecuronium one-quarter of the total incremental dose;
      atracurium one-third) some cumulation was observed with vecuronium (interaction
      time X treatment; cumulation ratio 1.46 +/- 0.31 v. 0.98 +/- 0.10 for atracurium,
      P less than 0.001). After 2 h of surgery, the mean recovery times (25% to 75%
      twitch height) did not differ (18.5 +/- 2.8 min and 16.7 +/- 4.4 min). It is
      concluded that vecuronium might be less safe than atracurium in patients with end
      stage renal failure undergoing prolonged operations.

PMID- 2888475
TI  - Distribution and kinetics of 14C-vecuronium in rats and mice.
AB  - The distribution and kinetics of 14C-vecuronium were studied in rats and mice.
      14C-Vecuronium accumulated rapidly in the liver. Both unchanged and metabolized
      vecuronium were excreted with the bile into the intestines and stomach.
      Reabsorption in the gut was probably responsible for an enterohepatic increase in
      radioactivity in the liver after one hour. Excretion through the kidneys
      increased continuously from low values after the initial peak. Binding in
      compartments with acid mucopolysaccharides such as cartilage, connective tissue
      etc., was less important. Blood-brain barrier and placenta were permeable only to
      a small degree.

PMID- 2888476
TI  - Electrical and mechanical responses after neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium,
      and subsequent antagonism with neostigmine or edrophonium.
AB  - Six unpremedicated patients who had given their informed consent were given
      vecuronium 0.08 mg kg-1 before elective surgery. Recovery from neuromuscular
      blockade was measured electrically and mechanically. Neuromuscular blockade was
      antagonized 1 h after the administration of vecuronium with two doses of
      neostigmine 2.5 mg (three patients) or edrophonium 0.5 mg kg-1 (three patients).
      Although the onset of initial recovery was similar, subsequent recovery was
      faster when measured electrically (EMG) than when measured mechanically. Recovery
      appeared to be faster in younger patients. Reintroduction of neuromuscular
      blockade occurred after the second dose of neostigmine 2.5 mg, given to
      antagonize the block. This did not occur after either dose of edrophonium 0.5 mg
      kg-1.

PMID- 2888477
TI  - Atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium in end-stage renal failure. Dose-response
      properties and interactions with azathioprine.
AB  - Dose-response relations for atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium were
      determined in patients in end-stage renal failure for the initial neuromuscular
      blockade (using three cumulative doses) and for the maintenance of stable 90%
      response (during continuous infusion). All measurements were during renal
      transplant surgery, and the interaction of azathioprine on neuromuscular blockade
      was estimated. Mean ED95 doses were (microgram kg-1): atracurium 375.6,
      vecuronium 67.2, pancuronium 86.6; the initial blockade required significantly
      larger doses than in normal patients (37%, 20% and 45%, respectively, using ED50
      values). Mean infusion rates for 90% sustained blockade in renal failure were
      (microgram kg-1 h-1): atracurium 409.4, vecuronium 78.3, pancuronium 14.2. The
      atracurium dose was not influenced by renal function, whereas vecuronium and
      pancuronium requirements were significantly reduced by 23.2% and 61.5%,
      respectively, compared with normal patients (previous study). Azathioprine was
      injected at the rate of 1 mg kg-1 min-1 for 3 min at stable 90% neuromuscular
      blockade with constant-rate infusion of the neuromuscular blocking drug. This
      produced a relatively small and transient antagonism of blockade--probably of
      negligible clinical significance.

PMID- 2888478
TI  - Mechanism of oxygen activation by tyrosine hydroxylase.
AB  - The mechanism by which the tetrahydropterin-requiring enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) activates dioxygen for substrate hydroxylation was explored. TH contains one
      ferrous iron per subunit and catalyzes the conversion of its tetrahydropterin
      cofactor to a 4a-carbinolamine concomitant with substrate hydroxylation. These
      results are in accord with shared mechanisms of oxygen activation by TH and the
      more commonly studied tetrahydropterin-dependent enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
      (PAH) and strongly suggest that a peroxytetrahydropterin is the hydroxylating
      species generated during TH turnover. In addition, TH can also utilize H2O2 as a
      cofactor for substrate hydroxylation, a result not previously established for
      PAH. A detailed mechanism for the reaction is proposed. While the overall pattern
      of tetrahydropterin-dependent oxygen activation by TH and PAH is similar, the
      H2O2-dependent hydroxylation performed by TH provides an indication that subtle
      differences in the Fe ligand field exist between the two enzymes. The mechanistic
      ramifications of these results are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2888479
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding porcine kidney D-amino
      acid oxidase.
AB  - Complementary DNAs encoding D-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3, DAO), one of the
      principal and characteristic enzymes of the peroxisomes of porcine kidney, have
      been isolated from the porcine kidney cDNA library by hybridization with
      synthetic oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the partial amino acid
      sequences. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of two clones revealed a complete
      3211-nucleotide sequence with a 5'-terminal untranslated region of 198
      nucleotides, 1041 nucleotides of an open reading frame that encoded 347 amino
      acids, and a 3'-terminal untranslated region of 1972 nucleotides. The deduced
      amino acid sequence was completely identical with the reported sequence of the
      mature enzyme [Ronchi, S., Minchiotti, L., Galliano, M., Curti, B., Swenson, R.
      P., Williams, C. H. J., & Massey, V. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 8824-8834]. These
      results indicate that the primary translation product does not contain a signal
      peptide at its amino-terminal region for its translocation into peroxisomes. RNA
      blot hybridization analysis suggests that porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase is
      encoded by three mRNAs that differ in size: 3.3, 2.7, and 1.5 kilobases.
      Comparison of the sequences of the two cDNA clones revealed that multiple
      polyadenylation signal sequences (ATTAAA and AACAAA) are present in the 3'
      untranslated region, making the different mRNA species. The efficiency of 3'
      processing of the RNA was quite different between the two signal sequences ATTAAA
      and AACAAA. Southern blot analysis showed the presence of a unique gene for D
      amino acid oxidase in the porcine genome.

PMID- 2888480
TI  - Membrane reconstitution of high-affinity alpha 2 adrenergic agonist binding with
      guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins.
AB  - Regulation of adenylate cyclase by alpha 2 adrenergic receptors requires the
      inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein Ni. A role for this protein has
      also been suggested in the high-affinity binding of agonists to the alpha 2
      receptor. We recently reported that alkaline treatment can selectively inactivate
      alpha 2 agonist binding and Ni in human platelet plasma membranes [Kim, M.H. &
      Neubig, R.R. (1985) FEBS Lett. 192, 321-325]. Binding of the full alpha 2
      agonists epinephrine and 5-bromo-6-[N-(4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl)amino]quinoxaline
      (UK 14,304) to these membranes was determined by competition and direct
      radioligand binding, respectively. The high-affinity GTP-sensitive binding of the
      agonists is lost after alkaline treatment. Binding of [3H]UK 14,304 was
      reconstituted by poly(ethylene glycol)-induced fusion of alkaline-treated
      platelet membranes with cell membranes containing Ni but no alpha 2 receptor or
      with lipid vesicles containing purified guanine nucleotide binding proteins (N
      proteins) from bovine brain. The reconstituted binding was of high affinity (Kd =
      0.4 +/- 0.1 nM), accounted for a substantial fraction of the total alpha 2
      receptors (Bmax for [3H]UK 14,304 was 78 +/- 23% of the Bmax for [3H]yohimbine),
      and was abolished in the presence of guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imidotriphosphate)
      (GppNHp). The brain-specific protein No (predominant guanine nucleotide
      regulatory protein from bovine brain) was also effective in reconstituting high
      affinity alpha 2 agonist binding. The results presented here show that a guanine
      nucleotide regulatory protein of the No or Ni type is necessary for high-affinity
      alpha 2 agonist binding. These methods should also prove useful for future
      studies of receptor N-protein interactions.

PMID- 2888482
TI  - Positioning of a spin-labeled substrate analogue into the structure of delta 5-3
      ketosteroid isomerase by combined kinetic, magnetic resonance, and X-ray
      diffraction methods.
AB  - We have shown by kinetic and magnetic resonance measurements that a spin-labeled
      substrate analogue, spiro[doxyl-2,3'-5' alpha-androstan]-17'beta-ol, binds at the
      substrate site of crystalline delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (steroid delta
      isomerase; EC 5.3.3.1) of Pseudomonas testosteroni. The spin-labeled steroid is a
      linear competitive inhibitor with a Ki value (25 +/- 5 microM) that is consistent
      with dissociation constants obtained by direct binding measurements based on
      changes in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the nitroxide,
      longitudinal relaxation rates of water protons, and longitudinal and transverse
      relaxation rates of carbon-bound protons of the isomerase. These binding studies
      yield a stoichiometry for the nitroxide of 1 per subunit of the enzyme.
      Measurements of the longitudinal relaxation rates of water protons indicate that
      the 3-doxyl portion of the spin-label is highly immobilized yet is exposed to
      solvent. Paramagnetic effects of the nitroxide on T1 defined distances to several
      previously assigned [Benisek, W. F., & Ogez, J. R. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 5816
      5825] and newly assigned protons of the enzyme. These distances were then used to
      locate (with an accuracy of +/- 2 A) the nitroxide moiety at a unique position in
      a partially refined 2.5-A resolution X-ray structure of native isomerase. Three
      of five additional proton resonance peaks, attributed to ring-shielded methyl
      groups, could be assigned to specific residues on the basis of distances from the
      spin-label in the X-ray structure. The remaining portion of the spin-labeled
      steroid was then docked into the X-ray structure in a hydrophobic cavity of the
      enzyme. This position of the steroid is consistent with the steroid binding site
      previously proposed [Westbrook, E. M., Piro, O. E., & Sigler, P. B. (1984) J.
      Biol. Chem. 259, 9096-9103]. However, the rotational orientation of this steroid
      about its long axis could not be unambiguously established. If we assume that
      steroid substrates and the spin-labeled inhibitor bind to the same site, but with
      reversal of the 3- and 17-positions, then the phenolic hydroxyl of Tyr-55 is
      optimally positioned to function as the general acid that protonates the 3-keto
      group of the substrate, facilitated by the negative end of the dipole of a 10
      residue alpha-helix, the only helix in the molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2888481
TI  - Chloroplast F1 ATPase has more than three nucleotide binding sites, and 2-azido
      ADP or 2-azido-ATP at both catalytic and noncatalytic sites labels the beta
      subunit.
AB  - The photolabeling of chloroplast F1 ATPase, following exposure to Mg2+ and 2
      azido-ATP and separation from medium nucleotides, results in derivatization of
      two separate peptide regions of the beta subunit. Up to 3 mol of the analogue can
      be incorporated per mole of CF1, with covalent binding of one moiety or two
      moieties per beta subunit that can be either AMP, ADP, or ATP derivatives. These
      results, the demonstration of noncovalent tight binding of at least four
      [3H]adenine nucleotides to the enzyme and the presence of three beta subunits per
      enzyme, point to six potential adenine nucleotide binding sites per molecule. The
      tightly bound 2-azido nucleotides on CF1, found after exposure of the heat
      activated and EDTA-treated enzyme to Mg2+ and 2-azido-ATP, differ in their ease
      of replacement during subsequent hydrolysis of ATP. Some of the bound nucleotides
      are not readily replaced during catalytic turnover and covalently label one
      peptide region of the beta subunit. They are on noncatalytic sites. Other tightly
      bound nucleotides are readily replaced during catalytic turnover and label
      another peptide region of the beta subunit. They are at catalytic sites. No alpha
      subunit labeling is detected upon photolysis of the bound 2-azido nucleotides.
      However, one or both of the sites could be at an alpha-beta-subunit interface
      with the 2-azido region close to the beta subunit, or both binding sites may be
      largely or entirely on the beta subunit.

PMID- 2888483
TI  - Mitochondrial ATP synthase complex: interaction of its F1 adenosinetriphosphatase
      moiety with the heavy atom iodine.
AB  - Studies were carried out to determine whether a simple electron-dense "heavy
      atom" like iodine could be introduced selectively into one or more of the
      subunits of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex of rat liver. Surprisingly,
      very low amounts of iodine are incorporated into the isolated F1 moiety of this
      complex under conditions which result in a marked loss of catalytic activity.
      ATPase activity is inactivated in a concentration-dependent manner at pH 7.5 with
      half-maximal inactivation occurring at about 40 microM iodine. A maximum of only
      10 atoms of iodine are incorporated per F1 molecule under conditions where
      inhibition of ATPase activity is linearly related to iodine incorporation. The
      molecular size of F1 after iodination is unchanged, indicating that inactivation
      is due to modification of essential amino acid residues rather than subunit
      dissociation. Treatment of F1, with 20-50 microM [125I]iodine followed
      sequentially by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      autoradiography showed that the beta subunit is preferentially labeled.
      Significantly, about two atoms of iodine per beta subunit are incorporated. Some
      iodine amounting to less than 23% of the total radioactivity placed on the gels
      is recovered in the alpha and gamma subunits whereas no radioactivity is detected
      in the delta and epsilon subunits. Iodination of F1 appears to modify essential
      residues other than those involved in substrate or product binding per se. Thus,
      nucleotide binding to F1 is unaltered by iodine, and neither phosphate, MgADP,
      nor MgATP protects F1 against inhibition by this agent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2888484
TI  - Changes in pyridine nucleotide levels alter oxygen consumption and extra
      mitochondrial phosphates in isolated mitochondria: a 31P-NMR and NAD(P)H
      fluorescence study.
AB  - Isolated rat-liver mitochondria were used to study the relation between
      mitochondrial NADH levels, oxygen consumption (QO2), and extra-mitochondrial
      phosphates. Alterations in NADH and QO2 were accomplished by incubating
      mitochondria with different substrates or varying amounts of exogenous ATPase
      while monitoring QO2 and NAD(P)H fluorescence. Two sets of conditions were
      studied: (1) in the presence of excess ADP and inorganic phosphate, an increase
      in NAD(P)H fluorescence was associated with a linear increase in QO2; (2) when
      QO2 was driven by the steady-state hydrolysis of ATP by exogenous ATPase,
      increases in QO2 were associated with proportional decreases in NAD(P)H
      fluorescence. For all substrates tested this relation was linear; however, the
      slope was substrate dependent. Different substrates were able to maintain
      different NAD(P)H levels at the same QO2. To investigate this further, effects of
      changing substrates at constant QO2 on NAD(P)H and extra-mitochondrial phosphates
      were determined. Addition of glutamate + malate to mitochondria respiring on
      citrate caused a 50% increase in NAD(P)H fluorescence, a 41% decrease in ADP, and
      a 30% decrease in inorganic phosphate. Similar changes for the substrate jump,
      pyruvate + malate to glutamate + malate were found. Finally, it was determined
      that a linear relation holds between increases in NAD(P)H fluorescence and
      increases in QO2 when substrates were varied at constant, physiologic levels of
      extra-mitochondrial ADP. These results indicate that QO2 depends on NAD(P)H
      levels as well as on extra-mitochondrial phosphates over a wide range of
      respiratory rates.

PMID- 2888485
TI  - Correlation of the turnover number of the ATP synthase in liposomes with the
      proton flux and the proton potential across the membrane.
AB  - The fluorescent indicator pyranine was used for recording the internal pH of
      liposomes. The proton permeability was deduced from the velocity of the internal
      pH increase which was caused by shifting the external pH from 7 to 9. From
      valinomycin titration of the proton permeability in the presence of internal and
      external KCl (0.1 M), the permeability coefficient of H+ (PH) was obtained as 10(
      4) cm/s at 22 degrees C. The coefficient was twice this value with the ATP
      synthase isolated from Wolinella succinogenes present in the liposomal membrane
      (10 mg protein/g phospholipid). ADP and phosphate had no effect on the latter PH.
      The protonophore TTFB (5 mumol/g phospholipid) increased the PH by 3 orders of
      magnitude. The permeability coefficients of H+ and K+ were used for calculating
      the delta uH and the proton flux associated with the phosphorylation which was
      driven by gradients of H+ and K+. For the conditions of limiting permeability of
      K+, the following conclusions were drawn. (1) In the steady state of rapid ion
      flux, the electrical potential across the liposomal membrane as calculated
      according to the Goldman equation, is directed opposite to the corresponding
      Nernst potential which is calculated from the K+ gradient. (2) The maximum
      turnover numbers of phosphorylation require a delta uH of 200-220 mV across the
      liposomal membrane. These values of delta uH and the corresponding turnover
      numbers are close to those brought about by the bacterial electron transport and
      the coupled phosphorylation. (3) The velocity of phosphorylation is linearly
      related to the proton flux. The slope of the line can be explained on the basis
      of an H+/ATP ratio of approx. 3.

PMID- 2888487
TI  - Transport characteristics of L-glutamate in human jejunal brush-border membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - Previous work using human jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles has demonstrated
      the existence of a distinct transport system in man for acidic amino acids. This
      system is energized by an inwardly directed Na+ gradient and an outwardly
      directed K+ gradient. These studies further characterize the transport of L
      glutamate in the human jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles. Efflux studies
      were performed by loading the brush-border membrane vesicles with radiolabeled L
      glutamate and sodium chloride. Extravesicular K+ accelerated the efflux of L
      glutamate when compared to extravesicular Na+ or choline, indicating that
      potassium serves to recycle the carrier. Unlabeled extravesicular L-glutamate
      (but not D-glutamate) also enhanced the efflux of radiolabeled L-glutamate
      demonstrating that there is a bidirectional similarity to the transport system.
      The effect of pH on the transport system was also investigated by varying the
      intravesicular and extravesicular pH from 5.5 to 9. A pH environment of 6.5
      produced the highest initial uptake rates as well as the greatest overshoots for
      transport of L-glutamate into brush-border membrane vesicles. The imposition of
      an inwardly directed pH gradient (5.5 outside, 7.5 inside) accelerated both the
      influx and efflux of L-glutamate. These results demonstrate that the L-glutamate
      carrier system in human jejunum appears to have similar energizing
      characteristics in either direction across the brush-border membrane. In
      addition, the system operates at an optimal pH of 6.5 and protonation of the
      system may enhance its mobility.

PMID- 2888486
TI  - Fusion of negatively charged liposomes with clathrin-uncoated vesicles.
AB  - The interaction of lipid vesicles with uncoated vesicles from bovine brain has
      been studied by fluorescence energy transfer between fluorescent lipid analogs
      (NBD-PE, Rh-DOPE), by loss of fluorescence self-quenching (NBD-PE,
      carboxyfluorescein) and by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The fluorescence
      techniques monitor the mixing of membranous lipids and the induced release of
      encapsulated material. The results demonstrate a mixing of the negatively charged
      lipid (PA, PS) vesicles with the uncoated vesicles. In parallel with the lipid
      mixing a release of intravesicularly encapsulated material takes place. Lipid
      vesicles composed of zwitterionic lipids (PC, DOPC, PC:PE) do not specifically
      interact with uncoated vesicles. The electron micrographs reveal single fusion
      events. Studies on the kinetics are consistent with a fusional mechanism of the
      negatively charged lipid vesicles with uncoated vesicles.

PMID- 2888488
TI  - Regulation of PAF-acether (platelet-activating factor) biosynthesis in cultured
      human vascular endothelial cells stimulated with thrombin.
AB  - The regulating mechanisms of PAF-acether (platelet-activating factor)
      biosynthesis in cultured human vascular endothelial cells stimulated with
      thrombin were investigated. The formation of PAF-acether was maximal at 5 min
      after stimulation and gradually decreased for up to 30 min. Thrombin induced a
      rapid 3-4-fold increase in the activity which was maximal by 1 min after
      stimulation and returned progressively to basal level within 10 min. The thrombin
      induced enhancement in acetyltransferase activity was due to an increase of the
      Vmax of the acetylation reaction without a significant effect on the apparent Km
      of the enzyme for acetyl-CoA. Human endothelial cells also exhibited a basal PAF
      acether acetylhydrolase activity which was not altered upon thrombin stimulation.
      The pretreatment with 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a serine
      proteinase inhibitor reported to block the acetylhydrolase, induced about 2-times
      more PAF-acether production in response to 2.5 U/ml thrombin stimulation.
      However, this enhancement of PAF-acether formation seems to be not only due to
      the inhibition of the acetylhydrolase, but also to the influences on the
      activities of the acetyltransferase and other enzymes such as phospholipase A2.
      These results suggest a key role for acetyltransferase and acetylhydrolase in the
      regulation of PAF-acether formation and catabolism in thrombin-stimulated human
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2888489
TI  - Correlation of changes in transglutaminase activity and polyamine content of
      neoplastic tissue during the metastatic process.
AB  - Transglutaminase activity and the levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine
      and spermine were measured in two transplantable rat sarcomata: P8 which
      metastasises consistently to the lung, and P7 which metastasises infrequently.
      With the P7 sarcoma no metastases were detected following implantation;
      similarly, no significant changes occurred in the levels of transglutaminase
      activity, putrescine, spermidine or spermine during tumour growth. However, with
      the P8 sarcoma at approx. 30 days after implantation there was a marked decrease
      in transglutaminase activity, mirrored exactly by a 20-fold increase in the
      levels of acid-soluble putrescine. Measurement of covalently-bound polyamines in
      the P8 sarcoma indicated a significant and corresponding decrease in the levels
      of bound putrescine. The timing of these changes coincided with the time at which
      the P8 sarcoma was shown to have metastasised, and suggests that the changes
      observed may be related to this phenomenon.

PMID- 2888490
TI  - Preganglionic stimulation increases the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase
      in the superior cervical ganglion by both cAMP-dependent and Ca2+-dependent
      protein kinases.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk increases
      the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the superior cervical ganglion of
      the rat by a nicotinic mechanism and by a noncholinergic mechanism. We have
      measured the incorporation of [32P]Pi into specific tryptic phosphopeptides in
      tyrosine hydroxylase in order to identify the protein kinases that phosphorylate
      this enzyme in electrically stimulated ganglia. 32P-labeled tyrosine hydroxylase
      was isolated from the ganglion by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and was subjected to tryptic hydrolysis. Seven tryptic peptides
      were resolved from these hydrolysates by two-dimensional thin-layer
      electrophoresis and chromatography. Preganglionic stimulation (20 Hz, 5 min)
      increased the incorporation of 32P into four of these peptides. In the presence
      of cholinergic antagonists, however, electrical stimulation increased the
      labeling of only one phosphopeptide. From a comparison of the effects of
      preganglionic stimulation with the effects of agonists that activate specific
      protein kinases, we conclude that electrical stimulation increases the
      phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase by both a cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      and a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. The nicotinic component of
      preganglionic stimulation appears to be mediated by a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase, while the noncholinergic component appears to be mediated by cAMP
      dependent protein kinase. Although protein kinase C can phosphorylate tyrosine
      hydroxylase, this kinase does not appear to participate in the stimulation
      induced phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the superior cervical
      ganglion.

PMID- 2888491
TI  - The effect of dexamethasone, insulin and triiodothyronine on microsomal NADPH
      cytochrome-c (P-450) reductase in primary cultures of isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - NADPH-cytochrome-c (P-450) reductase, a flavoprotein, is a constituent of the
      hepatic microsomal polysubstrate monooxygenase and catalyzes the transfer of
      electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P-450. The hormonal regulation of NADPH
      cytochrome-c reductase activity and protein has been examined in insolated
      hepatocytes cultured as monolayers for 48 h in Waymouth's MB752/1 medium
      fortified with insulin, dexamethasone and triiodothyronine. No similarity between
      the response of NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase and of tyrosine aminotransferase and
      malate dehydrogenase activity to dexamethasone and triiodothyronine treatment
      could be detected. In the absence of hormones about 65% of the original NADPH
      cytochrome-c reductase activity and protein estimated by the immunochemical
      staining technique was retained. Culture of hepatocytes in insulin (10.0 mU/ml)
      or dexamethasone (100 nM) alone but not triiodothyronine improved the retention
      of reductase activity and protein. Only when hepatocytes were cultured in
      insulin, triiodothyronine and dexamethasone could NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase
      activity and protein be maintained at the original level. Dexamethasone alone was
      found to enhance consistently retention of reductase protein, but not reductase
      activity, to approximately the same level as in freshly isolated hepatocytes. The
      results suggest that microsomal NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase activity and protein
      can be maintained in isolated hepatocytes at the original level by culturing the
      cells in dexamethasone, insulin and triiodothyronine.

PMID- 2888492
TI  - Phospholipidic second messengers and calcium.
AB  - A number of signal molecules bind to surface receptors of target cells and
      generate intracellular messengers from inositol-containing phospholipids. The
      phosphatidyl inositol (4, 5) bisphosphate is hydrolyzed into inositol (1, 4, 5)
      trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These messengers, via changes in the
      concentrations of cytosolic Ca2+ and H+ and/or protein phosphorylations, couple
      the signal to a variety of responses including activation of metabolism,
      secretion, aggregation, phototransduction, cell proliferation and possibly
      contraction.

PMID- 2888493
TI  - Thy-1: a lymphoid cell subset marker capable of delivering an activation signal
      to mouse T lymphocytes.
AB  - Monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibodies are capable of activating mouse T cells in the
      absence of an antigen-specific signal. Therefore, Thy-1 appears to be connected
      to an alternative signal transduction pathway, operative in thymocytes as well as
      in neuronal cells, since this molecule is also present on brain. Biochemical data
      have shown that this molecule is differentially glycosylated with respect to its
      cellular distribution. Structure and sequence comparisons revealed a strong
      homology with the immunoglobulin primordial domain. In addition, the Thy-1
      glycoprotein has the particularity of being anchored to the membrane via a
      glycophospholipid tail. Gene transfer experiments in different cell types have
      been performed to analyze the mechanism of the Thy-1 pathway of activation.

PMID- 2888494
TI  - Reproductive tract lesions in male mice treated neonatally with tamoxifen.
AB  - Male mice of the NMRI/Tg strain were treated with tamoxifen for the first 3 days
      after birth. The affected mice were sterile, with multiple reproductive tract
      lesions. These lesions included testicular hypoplasia, intraabdominal testes,
      epididymal cysts, and squamous metaplasia of accessory glands.

PMID- 2888495
TI  - In vivo pharmacological characterization of alpha adrenergic receptors in sheep
      myometrium and their physiological meaning.
AB  - Utero-cervical responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation was
      electromyographically evaluated in vivo in adult ovariectomized ewes. Spontaneous
      motility and drug-induced changes were quantified with a microcomputer. Our
      results suggested that the two activity patterns previously described on the
      ovine genital tract could be respectively controlled by alpha-2 and alpha-1
      adrenergic mechanisms. Alpha-2 receptors could be assigned to a chronotropic
      function by activating a hypothetical zone triggering the outbreak of discrete
      episodes of motility (regular activity); this function is apparent at the cervix
      even in the absence of estrogen priming. On the other hand, alpha-1 receptors
      could be assigned to an inotropic function, regulating mainly the magnitude of
      estrogen-dependent utero-cervical motility (irregular activity).

PMID- 2888496
TI  - Localization of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase in the rat testis.
AB  - The activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase in testes is comparable on a
      protein basis to the amount of activity found in liver and accounts for a
      significant amount of the total activity found in the rat. The enzyme is
      localized to the seminiferous tubules of the testes. In attempting to further
      localize this enzyme, activity remained the same when reported on a protein basis
      in cryptorchid testes as compared to controls, and activity was found in bovine
      sperm cells obtained from the caput epididymis. These results are consistent with
      the localization of this enzyme in both the Sertoli cells and the germ cells.

PMID- 2888497
TI  - Up- and down-regulation of membrane receptors as possible mechanisms related to
      the antiulcer actions of milk in rat gastric mucosa.
AB  - The effects of a cow's milk diet on receptor activity and histamine metabolism in
      gastric glands and mucosa isolated from adult rats were examined. The milk diet
      was associated with (1) a decreased mobilization of H2 receptors by histamine and
      (2) an increased mobilization of PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) receptors in mucous
      cells (cytoprotective effect) and parietal cells (antiacid effect). These changes
      are not observed for the receptors reducing pentagastrin- and histamine-induced
      gastric acid secretion (pancreatic/enteroglucagons, somatostatin) and stimulating
      mucus, bicarbonate and pepsin secretions in the rat (secretin). Cimetidine
      produced a parallel displacement of the histamine dose-response curve, suggesting
      competitive inhibition between this classical H2 receptor antagonist and
      histamine in the two experimental groups. Prostaglandins and other components in
      milk such as EGF (epidermal growth factor) and somatostatin might therefore
      protect gastric mucosa by a differential control of PGE2 and histamine H2
      receptor activity either directly (PGE2 in milk) or indirectly (inhibition of
      endogenous histamine synthesis/release and stimulation of PGE-I
      synthesis/release).

PMID- 2888498
TI  - Gene diagnosis: detection of genetic disorders by DNA analysis.

PMID- 2888499
TI  - Opioid agonist/antagonists in general anaesthesia.
AB  - Pain is a symptom that is universally recognized yet poorly treated. Almost every
      patient undergoing surgery will experience pain postoperatively. There is
      increased interest in the control of this pain and many new analgesics have been
      introduced. One such group of analgesics, the agonist/antagonist opioids, has
      evoked much interest among anaesthetists.

PMID- 2888500
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome superimposed on tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - A 30-year-old man with a 3-year history of tardive dyskinesia developed a
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome while having reserpine and lithium; his symptoms
      worsened following three doses of neuroleptic medication and improved with
      bromocriptine. The pre-existing dyskinesia made the presentation confused, and
      delayed proper diagnosis.

PMID- 2888501
TI  - Changes in auditory P3 event-related potential in schizophrenia and depression.
AB  - Event-related potentials during a two-tone discrimination task were recorded in
      24 schizophrenic patients, 16 depressed patients and 59 control subjects.
      Recordings were made when patients were medication-free. Fourteen schizophrenic
      and 13 depressed patients were retested at 1 and 4 weeks after the start of
      treatment, and 13 schizophrenic patients were also tested between 6 and 24 months
      after the initial recordings. In the schizophrenic group, the P3 latency was
      significantly prolonged compared with that in the control and the depressed
      groups, and remained unchanged both after 4 weeks treatment with therapeutic
      doses of neuroleptic drugs and at long-term follow-up. In the depressed group,
      the P3 latency did not differ from that of controls. P3 amplitude by contrast was
      reduced in both the acutely depressed and schizophrenic groups and following
      treatment became normal in the depressed group but remained reduced in the
      schizophrenic group. It is suggested that a prolonged P3 latency and reduced P3
      amplitude indicate an impairment of auditory information processing in some
      patients with schizophrenia which is independent of the presence of acute
      psychotic symptoms and is not influenced by neuroleptic medication.

PMID- 2888502
TI  - Depression in the elderly living in the community. Its presentation and features.
AB  - A prevalence of depression of 13% was found among 139 coloured persons aged 65
      years and over, living in the community in Cape Town, which accords with figures
      elsewhere. A high rate of hypochondriasis was found, but there was a low rate of
      suicidal intent, which could be explained by good social support. Observed
      depression and a depressed mood occurred in almost all depressed patients; as
      defined in the Present State Examination, these items appear to be an excellent
      screen for depression.

PMID- 2888503
TI  - CSF neuropeptides in euthymic bipolar patients and controls.
AB  - Levels of vasopressin, somatostatin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide,
      corticotrophin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotrophin in CSF were determined
      in lithium-treated and unmedicated euthymic bipolar patients and controls, in a
      search for a trait marker in affective disorder. No group differences in levels
      of these peptides were found. Highly significant positive correlations were found
      among these peptides (with the exception of neurotensin), suggesting that their
      presence in CSF is functionally significant, as opposed to the result of random
      diffusion from the interstitial space of the brain.

PMID- 2888504
TI  - The relative stability of positive and negative features in chronic
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The mental states of 92 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia were assessed on
      two occasions 4 years apart. The relationship between the two ratings was
      examined in the 84 patients who were either consistently on or consistently off
      neuroleptics. Negative features were more stable than positive, but were not
      irreversible. Every feature examined was shown to resolve in some cases.

PMID- 2888505
TI  - Khat psychosis.

PMID- 2888506
TI  - A patient with resistant schizophrenia.

PMID- 2888508
TI  - Peripheral gangrene associated with beta-blockade.

PMID- 2888507
TI  - Ethanol retards desensitisation of simple phobias in non-alcoholics.
AB  - Twenty non-alcoholic patients with DSM-III defined simple phobias for small
      animals received behavioural approach tests and exposure therapy while under the
      influence of a moderately intoxicating dose of ethanol or after placebo
      administration. Ethanol did not demonstrate any acute anti-anxiety effect, but
      retarded the rate of behavioural in vivo desensitisation, without changing the
      final treatment outcome. State-dependent effects of ethanol on anxiety were not
      demonstrated. This study supports prior research indicating no anti-anxiety or
      'tension-reducing' effects of ethanol for simple phobias.

PMID- 2888509
TI  - Prospective trial of operative versus non-operative treatment of severe
      vesicoureteric reflux in children: five years' observation. Birmingham Reflux
      Study Group.
AB  - Children with severe vesicoureteric reflux were allocated randomly to either
      operative or non-operative treatment and followed up. Altogether 161 children
      were observed for two years, of whom 104 were followed up for five years. Reflux
      was abolished in 98% of ureters reimplanted, but more than half of the patients
      treated non-operatively continued to show severe reflux at five years. Two
      patients progressed to end stage renal failure, and a further four with extensive
      bilateral renal scarring became hypertensive. There were no significant
      differences between treatment groups in the incidence of breakthrough urinary
      infection, renal excretory function and concentrating ability, renal growth,
      progression of existing renal scars, or new scar formation. Progressive scarring
      occurred at all ages but was significantly more common during the first two
      years' observation. Furthermore, new scars developed exclusively during the first
      two years' observation, affecting 10 children aged 2-7 at allocation. Neither
      treatment can claim superiority or fully protect the kidneys from further damage,
      and efforts must continue to be directed towards identifying those at risk before
      scarring develops.

PMID- 2888510
TI  - Analgesic effect of somatostatin analogue (octreotide) in headache associated
      with pituitary tumours.

PMID- 2888512
TI  - Acute stress erosions: can they be prevented?

PMID- 2888513
TI  - Adult onset Hallervorden-Spatz disease with neurofibrillary pathology. A discrete
      clinicopathological entity.
AB  - Three adults with progressive cognitive decline and extrapyramidal dysfunction
      were studied. They were all mentally retarded women without known chromosomal
      abnormalities, ranging in age at the time of onset from 31 to 42 yrs with an
      average duration of illness of 6 yrs. Neurological signs were stereotyped and
      consisted of a unilateral equinovarus foot posture followed by progressive
      dementia, rigidity and quadriparesis. Identical pathological findings were noted
      in all cases. There was marked deposition of iron-containing pigments in the
      globus pallidus and reticulate zone of the substantia nigra. Numerous axonal
      spheroids were noted in these areas and in the gracile and cuneate nuclei. In
      addition to these typical changes of Hallervorden-Spatz disease (HSD), abundant
      neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were found within the hippocampus, neocortex,
      nuclei of basal forebrain, subthalamic nucleus and brainstem reticular formation.
      Rare Hirano bodies and granulovacuolar degeneration were noted within the
      hippocampus; neuritic plaques and amyloid deposits were absent. Ultrastructurally
      the NFTs were mostly paired helical filaments (PHFs) with a diameter of 20 to 25
      nm and a half-periodicity of 80 nm. Straight filaments and incompletely twisted
      forms were also seen. Immunocytochemistry with polyclonal antibodies to PHFs was
      positive in a distribution identical to that of Bodian-positive NFTs. Biochemical
      analysis of frozen frontal cortex from 1 case revealed a 94% depletion of the
      cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity was within normal range. Study of 1 case with laser microprobe
      mass analysis revealed evidence of aluminium accumulation in tangle-bearing
      hippocampal neurons. Adjacent tangle-free neurons failed to show comparable
      accumulations. These findings indicate that adult onset HSD occurring in mentally
      retarded individuals may represent a distinct clinicopathological entity
      associated with neurofibrillary pathology without amyloid deposition.

PMID- 2888511
TI  - Somatostatin.

PMID- 2888514
TI  - Stress-induced alterations in neurotensin, somatostatin and corticotropin
      releasing factor in mesotelencephalic dopamine system regions.
AB  - The effects of exposure to acute mild footshock stress on concentrations of
      neurotensin-, somatostatin-, and corticotropin-releasing factor-like
      immunoreactivity (li) in mesotelencephalic dopamine system regions of the rat
      were examined. Mild stress exposure resulted in a selective and regionally
      specific increase in neurotensin-li concentrations in the ventral tegmental area
      (VTA), source of the dopaminergic innervation of the mesocortical and mesolimbic
      dopaminergic terminal fields. Concentrations of somatostatin- or corticotropin
      releasing factor-li were not changed in any area examined. Levels of the dopamine
      metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, were increased only in the VTA and
      medial prefrontal cortex. These data suggest that neurotensin in the VTA may be
      involved in environmentally elicited activation of certain mesotelencephalic
      dopamine neurons.

PMID- 2888515
TI  - Cortical effects of neurotoxic damage to the nucleus basalis in rats: persistent
      loss of extrinsic cholinergic input and lack of transsynaptic effect upon the
      number of somatostatin-containing, cholinesterase-positive, and cholinergic
      cortical neurons.
AB  - Ibotenic acid injections into the nucleus basalis (Ch4) resulted in a near-total
      loss of cortical cholinesterase fibers. This loss of cholinergic input is
      irreversible for at least 6 months. The degeneration of cholinergic input has no
      transsynaptic effect upon the number of cortical somatostatinergic, cholinergic
      and cholinesterase-positive (cholinoceptive) neurons.

PMID- 2888516
TI  - The developmental appearance of Thy-1 antigen in the avian nervous system.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody against chicken Thy-1 glycoprotein was utilised in an
      indirect binding assay and an immunohistochemical technique to investigate the
      developmental appearance of Thy-1 in the chicken nervous system. The largest
      increase of Thy-1 levels in chicken forebrain during embryonic development
      coincided with the major period of neuronal development and synapse formation but
      preceded the major period of myelination. Immunohistochemical localisation
      studies on sections of chicken cerebellum, retina and spinal cord during this
      period showed that Thy-1 first appeared in regions of tissue which contained
      differentiated synapses of axons; however, not all such areas were Thy-1
      positive. Areas of tissue rich in actively dividing neuroblasts or postmitotic
      undifferentiated neurons, such as the external granular layer of the cerebellum,
      showed very little staining. The disappearance of Thy-1-specific staining with
      age observed in the white matter of sections of cerebellum and spinal cord was
      due to the masking effect of myelination and not to a loss of Thy-1 from neuronal
      membranes.

PMID- 2888517
TI  - Chronic cocaine administration depletes tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in
      the meso-limbic dopamine system in rat brain: quantitative light microscopic
      studies.
AB  - Chronic administration of cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP, every 12 hours for 10
      consecutive days) produced a large decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase staining
      axons and terminal boutons in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in rats.
      This treatment also produced a depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity
      in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain when examined 60 days following the
      final cocaine injection. These effects were quantitated using a Leitz Data
      Acquisition and Display System. This analysis revealed a 59% and 65% decrease in
      tyrosine hydroxylase positive staining terminal processes in the frontal cortex
      and nucleus accumbens, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative light microscopic
      analysis showed a 52% decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase positive material in the
      ventral tegmental area. These data demonstrate that chronic administration of
      cocaine produces a long-term, if not permanent, loss of tyrosine hydroxylase
      enzyme in both the cell bodies of the midbrain ventral tegmental area as well as
      in the nerve terminals in post-synaptic target regions of the forebrain.

PMID- 2888518
TI  - [Adrenaline activates oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria through
      alpha 1-receptors].
AB  - We studied the effects and mode of action of epinephrine on the oxidative
      phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. With either succinate or beta
      hydroxybutyrate as substrate, i.v. injection of 1.5 microgram/100 g epinephrine
      increased the respiratory rates by 30-40% in state 3 (with ADP), and by 20-30% in
      state 4 (after ADP phosphorylation), so that the respiratory control ratio (state
      3/state 4) changed little. The respiratory stimulation by epinephrine was maximal
      20 minutes after its injection. The action of epinephrine on mitochondria was
      blocked by pretreatment of the animals with the alpha 1-antagonist prazosin but
      not by treatment with the beta-antagonist propranolol. I. v. injection of 10
      micrograms/100 g phenylephrine evoked the same mitochondrial response as
      epinephrine. I. v. administration of 50 micrograms/100 g dibutyryl cyclic AMP
      enhanced glycaemia but did not affect mitochondrial respiration. Epinephrine
      therefore has an alpha 1-type of action on mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation.

PMID- 2888519
TI  - [Importance of urinary enzymes as a marker of post-ischemic proximal tubular
      involvement in rat].
AB  - We have studied in rats the influence of renal ischemia on urinary excretion of
      three brush border membrane enzymes (gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline
      phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase) and of a lysosomal one (N-acetyl-B-D
      glucosaminidase). Urines were collected over 24 hours periods during three days
      before and after a 45 minutes renal artery clamping. Urinary GGT, PAL and LAP
      excretion were significantly increased on the first day after renal ischemia, but
      returns to normal values on the second day. Urinary NAG activity increases on the
      first day, but contrary to the latter enzymes, reached to normal values only on
      the third day. Enzymuria seems to be a useful marker of tubular injury occurring
      after a temporary renal ischemia in the rat.

PMID- 2888520
TI  - [Neurogenic syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone].

PMID- 2888521
TI  - [Establishment of an animal model for the study of epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2888522
TI  - [Complement-mediated solubilization of the immune complex in patients with
      epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2888523
TI  - [Effect of type I allergy on the pathogenesis of epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2888524
TI  - [Determination of plasma kallikrein and prekallikrein in patients with epidemic
      hemorrhagic fever and its clinical significance].

PMID- 2888525
TI  - Beta-blocker therapy and the risk of anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2888526
TI  - Extraadrenal paragangliomas. An immunocytochemical and ultrastructural report.
AB  - Although the majority of extraadrenal paragangliomas are nonfunctional, some of
      these tumors are associated with hormone production and clinical symptoms,
      notably hypertension. The authors have investigated 22 paragangliomas, five of
      which were diagnosed as clinically functional in a light microscopic
      immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study (nine cases). Histologically,
      all the paragangliomas exhibited similar features, with a "Zellballen" pattern of
      polygonal cells. All 22 cases were strongly immunoreactive to protein gene
      product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) antisera and moderately reactive to antineuron-specific
      enolase (NSE) sera. Ten cases (five functional) were focally immunoreactive to
      antichromogranin sera. Seven cases (four functional) were immunoreactive to
      neuropeptide Y and enkephalin antisera, and six (five functional) to tyrosine
      hydroxylase antisera. The clinically functional tumors expressed at least two of
      the antigens, enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, or tyrosine hydroxylase, whereas none
      of the 17 nonfunctional possessed more than one of these. Electron microscopic
      study revealed cells from all the nine cases studied to contain secretory
      granules. Granule sizes ranged from 100 to 280 nm and the morphologic examination
      of the secretory granules generally showed a dense core with a membrane-bound
      halo of variable size. Secretory granules were observed in the five functional
      cases and these were larger (220-280 nm) than those seen in the nonfunctional
      tumor cells (100-180 nm). Also, tumor cells from the functional cases contained
      numerous dilated mitochondrial profiles.

PMID- 2888527
TI  - Multiple malignant rectal carcinoid tumors with immunocytochemical demonstration
      of multiple hormonal substances.
AB  - This case report deals with a patient who presented with 17 small carcinoid
      tumors of the rectum, the largest measuring less than 1 cm in diameter. After a
      review of the literature on this subject, this case is believed to be highly
      unusual in several respects: (1) despite their small size, these tumors resulted
      in multiple metastases to the regional lymph nodes; (2) both primary tumors and
      metastases were extensively and strongly argentaffin; and (3) most tumors and
      metastases contained, when investigated by immunocytochemistry, several
      biologically active substances such as serotonin, somatostatin, and glucagon-like
      immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2888529
TI  - Initiation of carcinogenesis by a dietary deficiency of choline in the absence of
      added carcinogens.
AB  - The feeding for 10 or 11 weeks of young male Fischer-344 rats, a diet devoid of
      choline and low in methionine, leads to the appearance of gamma
      glutamyltransferase-positive foci of altered hepatocytes in the liver and to the
      induction of initiated resistant hepatocytes. The latter are known to contain the
      primary precursor cells for the ultimate development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
      This initiation of carcinogenesis with the choline-devoid diet is prevented by
      added choline. These observations indicate that a dietary deficiency may, by
      itself, without known contaminating or added carcinogens, initiate the
      carcinogenic process.

PMID- 2888528
TI  - Liver cell proliferation induced by the mitogen ethylene dibromide, unlike
      compensatory cell proliferation, does not achieve initiation of rat liver
      carcinogenesis by diethylnitrosamine.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether mitogen-induced cell
      proliferation is as effective as compensatory cell proliferation in achieving
      initiation of carcinogenesis in rat liver. Male Wistar rats were injected with a
      single non-necrogenic dose of the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DENA)
      during the peak of DNA synthesis following the administration of the hepatic
      mitogen ethylene dibromide (EDB) or a necrogenic dose of CCl4. After subjecting
      the animals to a promoting procedure, the rats were sacrificed and the initiated
      hepatocytes were monitored as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) positive
      foci. The results indicate that while DENA administration during compensatory
      cell proliferation results in the formation of GT positive foci, no enzyme
      altered foci were produced when the carcinogen was given during liver hyperplasia
      induced by EDB, despite the fact that at the time of carcinogen administration,
      the extent of cell proliferation, as monitored by thymidine incorporation into
      DNA, was the same in both the groups.

PMID- 2888530
TI  - Tyrosine aminotransferase gene expression in a temperature-sensitive adult rat
      liver cell line.
AB  - Regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase gene expression was studied in an adult
      rat hepatocyte line (RALA255-10G) which is temperature sensitive for the
      maintenance of the differentiated liver phenotype. Glucocorticoid hormones such
      as cortisol were necessary for expression of the aminotransferase gene. In the
      absence of these steroids, enzyme synthesis, activity, and mRNA accumulation were
      virtually abolished. In the presence of cortisol at 33 degrees C, RALA255-10G
      cells showed characteristics of malignant transformation and contained little
      tyrosine aminotransferase activity, synthesized low levels of this enzyme, and
      produced low levels of enzyme mRNA. At 40 degrees C, cells maintained in the
      presence of cortisol regained the normal, differentiated phenotype, and tyrosine
      aminotransferase synthesis and mRNA accumulation were greatly increased. This
      increase in aminotransferase synthesis paralleled the increase in the enzyme
      mRNA. However, after a temperature shift-up, tyrosine aminotransferase activity
      was increased only for the first 2 days, probably due to thermal inactivation of
      this enzyme at 40 degrees C. Dibutyryl cAMP alone was not sufficient to induce
      expression of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene, but it enhanced the induction
      caused by cortisol. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that the enhanced
      expression of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene at 40 degrees C and in the
      presence of cortisol or cortisol plus dibutyryl cAMP resulted from an increase in
      both the number of cells producing this enzyme and the quantity of tyrosine
      aminotransferase synthesized per cell.

PMID- 2888531
TI  - Partial parallelism and partial blockade by bryostatin 1 of effects of phorbol
      ester tumor promoters on primary mouse epidermal cells.
AB  - Bryostatin 1, a macrocyclic lactone, functions like the phorbol esters
      biochemically in binding to and activating protein kinase C. Biologically,
      however, although it induces some phorbol ester responses such as mitogenesis in
      Swiss 3T3 cells, it paradoxically blocks the effects of the phorbol esters on
      differentiation in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells and Friend erythroleukemia
      cells. Since the phorbol esters induce proliferation and terminal differentiation
      in distinct subpopulations of epidermal basal cells, we have now examined the
      action of bryostatin 1 in that system. Bryostatin 1 decreased epidermal growth
      factor binding and induced ornithine decarboxylase activity, the latter a marker
      of proliferation. The magnitude of the maximal induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase was less than for phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. Bryostatin 1 only
      transiently caused the morphological change typical of phorbol ester treatment
      and did not induce transglutaminase or cornified envelope production, markers of
      the differentiative pathway. Combined treatment with bryostatin 1 and phorbol
      12,13-dibutyrate gave similar results to treatment with bryostatin 1 alone, i.e.,
      slight reduction to complete inhibition of phorbol ester action, depending on the
      response. The mechanism may reflect time dependent block of the protein kinase C
      pathway by bryostatin 1 in this system; although bryostatin 1 inhibited epidermal
      growth factor binding at short incubation times (1-2 h), by 4 h of incubation its
      inhibition was markedly reduced and it correspondingly blocked inhibition of
      epidermal growth factor binding by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. Since induction of
      terminal differentiation is proposed to be an essential component of phorbol
      ester mediated tumor promotion in skin, our findings suggest that bryostatin 1
      may function as an inhibitor of phorbol ester promotion.

PMID- 2888533
TI  - Coronary artery to bronchial artery anastomosis in Takayasu's arteritis.
AB  - A 27-year-old woman presented with ischemia of the left arm and dizziness
      together with acute lateral wall myocardial ischemia. Physical examination showed
      narrowing of the arteries to the head and neck and upper limbs suggesting
      Takayasu's arteritis. Angiography demonstrated pulmonary and systemic
      involvement. There was complete occlusion of the right upper lobe pulmonary
      artery and a large collateral artery from the circumflex coronary artery which
      anastomosed with the right bronchial artery. This anastomotic channel has not to
      our knowledge been described Takayasu's arteritis.

PMID- 2888534
TI  - Comparison of the effect of beta adrenergic antagonists with different ancillary
      properties on isolated canine and human coronary arteries.
AB  - Experiments were performed on canine and human isolated coronary arteries to
      characterise human coronary beta adrenoceptors and to determine whether or not
      beta blocking agents with different ancillary properties unmask the alpha
      adrenergic effect of noradrenaline in a similar way. The inhibitory effects of
      atenolol (a beta1 selective antagonist), epanolol (a beta1 selective antagonist
      with modest intrinsic sympathetic activity), and propranolol (a non-selective
      antagonist) were assessed on isoproterenol concentration-response curves.
      Regression analysis provided slopes not significantly different from unity and
      similar pA2 values for each agent in both preparations. In a second group of
      experiments, the effects of noradrenaline (10 mumol.litre-1) were assessed in the
      absence and presence of beta blockade. At equipotent doses (1 log or 2 log units
      from the pA2 values) each beta blocking agent unmasked the alpha effect of
      noradrenaline in the same way. This alpha effect of noradrenaline (10 mumol.litre
      1) was completely abolished by prazosin 1 mumol.litre-1 in canine coronary
      arteries but only partially antagonised in human coronary arteries. Thus the
      property of a beta blocking agent to unmask the alpha adrenergic effect of
      adrenaline is mainly related to its affinity for the coronary smooth muscle beta
      adrenoceptors. These beta adrenoceptors were very similar in both preparations
      and appear to be mainly beta1. The alpha adrenoceptors seem, nevertheless, to be
      different and resistant to prazosin in human preparations.

PMID- 2888532
TI  - Pharmacological, molecular, and cytogenetic analysis of "atypical" multidrug
      resistant human leukemic cells.
AB  - We previously described the cross-resistance patterns and cellular pharmacology
      of a human leukemic cell line, CEM/VM-1, selected for resistance to the
      epipodophyllotoxin teniposide (M. K. Danks et al., Cancer Res., 47: 1297-1301,
      1987). Compared to CEM/VLB100, which is a well characterized "classic" multidrug
      resistant (MDR) cell line, the CEM/VM-1 cells display "atypical" multidrug
      resistance (at-MDR) in that they are cross-resistant to a wide variety of natural
      product antitumor drugs, except the Vinca alkaloids, and they are not impaired in
      their ability to accumulate radiolabeled epipodophyllotoxin. We have extended our
      characterization of this at-MDR cell line in the present study. In comparison to
      CEM/VLB100 cells, we found that CEM/VM-1 cells are not cross-resistant to either
      actinomycin D or colchicine. Verapamil and chloroquine, which enhance the
      cytotoxicity of vinblastine in CEM/VLB100 cells, had little or no ability to do
      so in the CEM/VM-1 cells. Membrane vesicles of the two resistant sublines were
      examined for overexpression of the MDR-associated plasma membrane protein (P
      glycoprotein, Mr 170,000 protein, or 180,000 glycoprotein) by photoaffinity
      labeling with the vinblastine analogue N-(p-azido[3-125I]salicyl)-N'-beta
      aminoethylvindesine. We were unable to visualize the MDR-associated protein in
      the CEM/VM-1 membranes with this photoaffinity probe under conditions in which
      the P-glycoprotein was readily seen in the membranes of CEM/VLB100 cells.
      Furthermore, no hybridization of the pMDR1 complementary DNA was seen in slot
      blot analyses of the RNA from at-MDR cells, indicating that the mdr gene coding
      for P-glycoprotein is not overexpressed as is the case in the classic MDR cells.
      However, cytogenetic analysis indicated that the CEM/VM-1 cells contained an
      abnormally banded region on chromosome 13q, suggesting that a gene other than mdr
      may be amplified in these cells. Thus, despite the two cell lines having
      approximately equal degrees of resistance to epipodophyllotoxins, our data
      indicate that the mechanism(s) responsible for at-MDR is different from that for
      classic, P-glycoprotein-associated MDR.

PMID- 2888535
TI  - [Observation of the serological effect and immune resistance of 2-dose
      immunization with adsorbed DTP].

PMID- 2888536
TI  - [The first isolation of the HFRS virus from the lung of Rattus norvegicus and the
      blood of patients in JinZhou Prefecture].

PMID- 2888537
TI  - Ectopic expression of Thy-1 in the kidneys of transgenic mice induces functional
      and proliferative abnormalities.
AB  - Hybrid human--mouse Thy-1.1 genes were injected into pronuclei of Thy-1.2 mice to
      produce transgenic animals. A hybrid gene composed of the 5' part of the mouse
      Thy-1.1 gene combined with the 3' human untranslated regions was expressed
      abnormally in the kidney podocytes, which resulted in severe protein-uria and
      subsequent death in several founder mice. A hybrid Thy-1 gene composed of the
      human coding region with the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the mouse gene was
      expressed abnormally in a different part of the kidney (the tubular epithelia),
      which resulted in a proliferative kidney disorder. In addition, a neoplasm was
      found in the brain of one of these mice. These results show that the Thy-1
      protein can play an important role in the activation, proliferation, and
      differentiation of many different cell types.

PMID- 2888538
TI  - A lymphoproliferative abnormality associated with inappropriate expression of the
      Thy-1 antigen in transgenic mice.
AB  - The Thy-1 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein of unknown function expressed on
      mouse T lymphocytes, neurons, and hematopoietic stem cells. To alter the normal
      pattern of Thy-1 expression during hematopoietic differentiation, we created
      transgenic mice using a hybrid Thy-1 gene containing a transcriptional enhancer
      of the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (E mu). Strains of mice bearing the
      Thy-1.2/E mu gene express the Thy-1.2 antigen on mature B lymphocytes and their
      progenitors, and develop a heritable lymphoid hyperplasia characterized by
      massive expression of the Thy-1.2 antigen in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. The
      phenotype associated with inappropriate developmental regulation of the Thy-1
      gene suggests that the Thy-1 antigen may play a role in inducing activation or
      differentiation events on early lymphocyte progenitor cells.

PMID- 2888539
TI  - [Worldwide distribution of mosquitoes in the subfamily Anophelinae and its
      relation to the transmission of malaria].

PMID- 2888540
TI  - [Methods of determining beta blockers in biological material].

PMID- 2888541
TI  - Adsorption of catecholamines on a gold electrode surface studied by specular
      reflection measurement.

PMID- 2888542
TI  - Adrenergic and serotonergic receptor-blocking potencies of terazosin, a new
      antihypertensive agent, as assessed by radioligand binding assay.

PMID- 2888543
TI  - [Calmodulin content in the rabbit reticulocyte and influence of opioid peptides
      on calmodulin activity in its membrane].

PMID- 2888544
TI  - Enhancement of low-dose N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced hyperplastic liver nodules
      by pre-existing cirrhosis.
AB  - The potentiating effect of pre-existing cirrhosis on the formation of
      hyperplastic liver nodules and/or foci was investigated by feeding a low dose
      (0.008%) of 2-N-fluorenylacetamide (FAA) in a choline-deficient (CD) diet for 32
      weeks to cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic rats. Liver cirrhosis was induced by feeding
      the rats a CD diet for the preceding 36 weeks. The number and area of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase-positive hyperplastic liver nodules and/or foci were
      significantly larger in cirrhotic rats exposed to low-dose FAA than in non
      cirrhotic rats similarly treated. Hyperplastic liver nodules and/or foci were not
      observed in rats continuously fed a CD diet alone for 68 weeks (control cirrhotic
      rats). The results suggest that cirrhotic liver might alter the metabolic
      response to FAA, even at low doses, and lead to enhanced induction of
      hyperplastic liver nodules and/or foci.

PMID- 2888546
TI  - Differential diagnosis of genetic disease by DNA restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms.
AB  - DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are used for diagnosis of
      genetic disease in families known to be affected by specific disorders, but RFLPs
      can be also useful for the differential diagnosis of hereditary disease. An RFLP
      pattern represents the inheritance of chromosomal markers in a family, and such a
      pattern may be compatible with the inheritance of a certain disorder in that
      family. Probabilities to find such a pattern if the disorder were present and if
      it were absent can be combined with the prior probabilities of disease considered
      in the differential diagnosis on the basis of previous clinical and laboratory
      data. Bayes' theorem is used to calculate the posterior probabilities of the
      diseases in question. This approach is illustrated in a family suffering from
      either spinal muscular atrophy (an autosomal recessive disease) or Becker
      muscular dystrophy (an X-chromosomal disorder). Probabilities to exclude a
      certain disorder can be calculated in advance, as some RFLP patterns are not
      compatible with the presence of that disorder.

PMID- 2888545
TI  - A method to quantitate the relative initiating and promoting potencies of
      hepatocarcinogenic agents in their dose-response relationships to altered hepatic
      foci.
AB  - The relative response to various initiating doses of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and
      dimethylbenz[a]anthracene of the induction of numbers and size (vol. % of liver)
      of altered hepatic foci (AHF) in livers of adult female rats of the Sprague
      Dawley and Fischer 344 (F-344) strains was studied by methods of quantitative
      stereology in the presence and absence of the promoting agent, phenobarbital (PB,
      0.05% in the diet). In all cases, a relatively linear response with dose, even at
      the lowest doses employed, was obtained except for the numbers of AHF at the
      highest dose of DEN (30 mg/kg), which was not significantly different from that
      at a dose of 10 mg/kg in F-344 female rats. Similar dose-response data were
      obtained at various doses of two promoting agents effective in
      hepatocarcinogenesis, PB and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), in
      livers of F-344 female rats following initiation with DEN (10 mg/kg) 24 h post
      70% hepatectomy. The response to these agents exhibited threshold levels below
      which no increase in number or vol. % of liver of AHF was noted in comparison
      with that in livers of animals not treated with the promoting agents. At several
      subthreshold doses of both PB and TCDD an inhibition of AHF formation and growth
      (measured as vol. % of liver) was observed. Based on quantitative stereologic
      calculations, parameters for the estimation for the relative potency of chemicals
      as initiating or promoting agents have been established. These are defined as:
      initiation index = no. of foci induced X liver-1 X [mmol/kg body wt]-1 and
      promotion index = Vf/Vc X mmol-1 X weeks-1, where Vf is the total volume fraction
      (%) occupied by AHF in the livers of rats treated with the test agent and Vc is
      the total volume of AHF in control animals which have only been initiated. These
      parameters were calculated for a number of agents based on data published in the
      literature and from those reported herein. Neither parameter varied significantly
      with the dose of the initiating agent based on the data in this paper. The range
      of promotion indices extended over more than eight orders of magnitude, whereas
      that of initiation indices was much less variable. Such parameters may be useful
      as quantitative estimates of the potency of hepatocarcinogenic agents, such
      values having potential application to risk estimations.

PMID- 2888547
TI  - Effects of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - The 24-h hormonal and metabolic profiles obtained in five non-insulin-dependent
      diabetics receiving twice daily s.c. injections of the long-acting somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995 (50 micrograms) have been compared with those obtained
      following placebo injection. Injections were given 30 min before breakfast and
      the evening meal. GH secretion was not suppressed by the analogue administered in
      this manner. Despite suppression of serum insulin levels following breakfast and
      the evening meal, blood glucose levels were similar during the two study periods
      with no evidence of worsening in diabetic control. Prolonged suppression of
      plasma glucagon levels was observed and the nocturnal elevation in serum TSH
      levels was abolished. Free T4 levels fell significantly following the analogue
      but total T3 levels were unaffected. Blood alanine levels were elevated
      throughout the study period following SMS 201-995 but changes in lactate,
      pyruvate, glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate were minor. All five subjects suffered
      gastrointestinal side-effects. SMS 201-995 (50 micrograms) given twice daily
      before meals does not cause a deterioration in metabolic control, does not
      suppress 24-h GH secretion and causes significant side-effects in patients with
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2888548
TI  - Cellular and humoral immunity in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease
      before, during and after antithyroid drug treatment.
AB  - Many reports of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in relation to
      treatment of Graves' disease have been published and with variable results
      concerning prediction of permanent remission or relapse after therapy. A range of
      methods has been used and little has been published measuring TSI by using their
      ability to stimulate cyclic AMP production in human thyroid cells in monolayer
      culture. We therefore conducted a prospective study of the predictive value of
      such an assay in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease before, during and
      after treatment of one year with methimazole and thyroid hormone substitution.
      Furthermore, the possible relationship between activated suppressor T lymphocytes
      and TSI in patients followed before, during and after medical therapy has been
      studied. Patients were divided into two groups; group I, 15 patients, who stayed
      in remission and group II, 14, who relapsed during the first year after
      discontinuation of therapy. Mean TSI activity did not differ between the two
      groups before and during the first half year of medication. In the second half
      year of treatment, however, mean TSI activity was significantly lower in group I.
      TSI activity at the end of treatment appeared to have no value in predicting
      final outcome. Increased TSI activity in group II during treatment was reflected
      in an increased pertechnetate thyroidal uptake as compared to that in group I.
      There was no relationship between changes in TSI activity and T cell subsets (Leu
      1, 2a, 3a). We found no difference in T lymphocytes between the two groups at any
      time during observation. Subsets of T lymphocytes in both patient groups did not
      differ from normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888549
TI  - Effect of SMS 201-995, a long-acting somatostatin analogue, on the secretion and
      morphology of a pituitary growth hormone cell adenoma.
AB  - The present study reports the effects of SMS 201-995, a long-acting somatostatin
      analogue, on blood GH levels, glucose tolerance and tumour morphology in a 36
      year-old, previously untreated acromegalic woman. Treatment (50 micrograms s.c.,
      8-hourly) resulted in marked suppression of GH concentration and an improvement
      in glucose tolerance. After 10 d of treatment, the tumour was removed by
      transsphenoidal surgery and studied by histology, immunohistochemistry,
      transmission electron microscopy and morphometry. Histologically, the tumour was
      an acidophilic adenoma which contained immunoreactive GH in many adenoma cells.
      By electron microscopy, the tumour was composed of densely granulated
      somatotrophs containing numerous large secretory granules and many lysosomes
      showing crinophagy. No cell necrosis or vascular impairment were evident. Using
      morphometry, the tumour was compared with 10 densely granulated somatotroph
      adenomas, removed from acromegalic patients not treated with somatostatin. The
      nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of the adenoma subjected to SMS 201-995 treatment
      were smaller, and the lysosomes occupied more of the cytoplasmic volume than
      those of controls. The nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, cytoplasmic volume densities of
      endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, secretory granules and
      secretory granule diameters were within the range of control adenomas. In vitro,
      treated adenoma cells secreted GH and retained responsiveness to both GRH
      stimulation and somatostatin suppression. The morphologic findings after SMS 201
      995 treatment, are consistent with suppression of GH release. There is no
      evidence that somatostatin has any direct cytotoxic or vasotoxic effects. It
      appears that SMS 201-995 represents a potent and promising drug in the medical
      treatment of acromegaly, however, more work is needed to elucidate the mechanism
      of somatostatin suppression and to provide evidence for adenoma shrinkage.

PMID- 2888550
TI  - A comparison between the effects of SMS 201-995, bromocriptine and a combination
      of both drugs on hormone release by the cultured pituitary tumour cells of
      acromegalic patients.
AB  - The in-vivo reaction of the plasma GH concentration to the administration of the
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995, bromocriptine and their combination were
      compared with the in-vitro effects of both compounds and their combination on GH
      release and the GH tumour cell content of 9 acromegalic patients. Exposure of
      cultured GH-secreting pituitary tumour cells for 4-96 h to SMS 201-995 showed a
      variable, but in all instances during longer incubations statistically
      significant inhibition of GH release, which paralleled the sensitivity of GH
      secretion to the drug in vivo. This inhibitory effect on GH release was in two of
      the eight tumours accompanied by a decrease in the GH tumour cell content after
      24-72 h of culture. These changes either reflect an inhibition of GH synthesis
      and/or an increase in intracellular breakdown (crinophagy) of GH and might be the
      basis for the tumour shrinkage which has been observed in about half of the
      acromegalic patients during long-term SMS 201-995 therapy. The inhibitory effects
      of bromocriptine on GH secretion were antagonized by haloperidol, while the
      inhibitory effect of SMS 201-995 was not affected by the dopamine receptor
      antagonist. This suggests that the effects of SMS 201-995 and bromocriptine are
      mediated via separate mechanisms involving different receptors. Additive but no
      potentiating inhibitory effects of both drugs on GH release were observed in a
      group of six patients in vivo and in three of six tumours in vitro.

PMID- 2888551
TI  - The relationships between serum T3 index, thyroid volume, and thyroid
      stimulating, TSH receptor binding and thyroid growth stimulating antibodies in
      untreated Graves' disease.
AB  - This study represents an international double-blind collaborative study of
      abnormal immunoglobulin activity in untreated Graves' disease. Laboratories in
      two countries participated in a comparison of thyrotrophin binding inhibiting
      (TBII), thyroid stimulating (TSAb), and growth stimulating (TGI) immunoglobulins
      with clinical data, including ultrasonically measured thyroid size. The
      correlation between TGI and thyroid volume (n = 25, Rs = 0.54, P less than 0.05)
      and the fact that 9 of 10 patients with high range TGI values had large goitres
      establish the relationship between TGI and goitre, confirming that the in-vitro
      activity of these antibodies is related to an in-vivo action. In addition, both
      TBII and TSAb correlated with serum free T3 indices (TBII: n = 60, Rs = 0.46, P
      less than 0.001, and TSAb: n = 60, Rs = 0.64, P less than 0.001). Moreover, both
      TBII and TSAb correlated with thyroid volume (TBII: n = 60, Rs = 0.37, P less
      than 0.01, and TSAb: n = 60, Rs = 0.41, P less than 0.01) suggesting that these
      antibodies are also important in development of goitre in Graves' disease.
      Finally, some correlation between the antibodies was observed. TBII correlated
      with TSAb (n = 60, Rs = 0.47, P less than 0.001), and in the 16 patients with
      positive TGI results, this activity correlated with TBII (Rs = 0.54, P less than
      0.05), but not with TSAb. Also some cases were found with corresponding high
      range TBII and TGI, while negative for TSAb, suggesting a close relationship
      between the in-vitro measurement of TSH binding and TGI.

PMID- 2888552
TI  - Inverted tandem duplication generates a duplication deficiency of chromosome 8p.
AB  - An adult female with sever mental retardation and dysmorphic features is
      described. A de novo chromosomal aberration involving 8p was found. The karyotype
      was 46, XX, inv dup (8) (p12----p23.1). Dosage studies with the DNA probe D8S7,
      which is located at 8p23----8pter, showed that the patient was monosomic for this
      marker. Thus the de novo rearrangement generated a duplication-deficiency
      chromosome. The possible mechanisms of formation of this abnormal chromosome are
      discussed.

PMID- 2888553
TI  - Suggestion of linkage of a major locus for nonsyndromic orofacial cleft with F13A
      and tentative assignment to chromosome 6.
AB  - A Danish material of 58 pedigrees with nonsyndromic orofacial cleft, selected out
      of a comprehensive Danish material for suggestiveness of autosomal dominant
      inheritance, was studied for linkage with 42 non-DNA polymorphic marker systems.
      Both cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) and cleft lip alone (CP)
      were, for the purpose of linkage analysis, scored as if they were due to an
      autosomal dominant gene with complete penetrance. The highest lod score was with
      the blood clotting factor XIIIA (F13A): for males alone z = 3.40 at theta = 0.00,
      for females alone z = 0.30 at theta = 0.21, and for these together z = 3.66 at at
      theta = 0.00 for males and 0.26 for females. Since F13A is known to be located
      distally on chromosome 6, we tentatively assign a major locus for orofacial cleft
      to this region. Since both CL(P) and CP pedigrees contribute to the positive
      score, the question arises whether this locus carries two cleft alleles.

PMID- 2888554
TI  - The somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in acromegaly: prolonged, preferential
      suppression of growth hormone but not pancreatic hormones.
AB  - The treatment of acromegaly is not optimal at present, since many patients have
      continued growth hormone hypersecretion. We report the acute effects of a cyclic
      octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, SMS 201-995 (Sandoz) in 9 nondiabetic,
      acromegalic patients between the ages of 30 and 74. We report potent and
      prolonged dose-dependent effects to suppress growth hormone secretion. A single
      50 micrograms dose of SMS 201-995 inhibited growth hormone concentration rapidly
      within 15 minutes, with maximal effect in 75 minutes. Maximal inhibition was of
      the order of 80%, with absolute concentrations under 2 micrograms/L for about 6
      hours in 5 of 7 patients. Growth hormone concentrations remained significantly
      suppressed below placebo control for up to 24 hours after a single dose of SMS
      201-995, but the inhibitory effects on insulin and C-peptide concentrations were
      limited to 2 hours. The effects on glucagon secretion were minimal, and also
      evident for only 2 hours. Mild transient postprandial elevations of plasma
      glucose and FFA were documented. No adverse effects were noted; routine
      hematology, biochemistry, and vital signs were not altered. Thus SMS 201-995,
      with preferential effects at the pituitary somatotroph, holds considerable
      promise as an attractive and viable alternative for treatment of acromegaly.

PMID- 2888555
TI  - The decrease in non-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in female hyperthyroid
      Graves' disease is secondary to the hyperthyroidism.
AB  - There has recently been considerable interest generated in the significance of
      changes in the peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets in patients with autoimmune
      thyroid disease. Previously, monoclonal antibodies that recognized T cells (Leu
      1+ cells), T helper/inducer cells (Leu 3a+ cells), and T suppressor/cytotoxic
      cells (Leu 2a+ cells), have been used to enumerate these subsets. Using 2 new
      monoclonal antibodies (anti-Leu-8 and anti-Leu-15), in addition to the above 3
      antibodies, and 2-colour flow cytometry, we have enumerated the total T, T
      helper/inducer, T suppressor/cytotoxic, T helper (Leu 3a+8-), T inducer (Leu
      3a+8+), T suppressor (Leu 2a+15+), and T cytotoxic (Leu 2a+15-) cells in 22
      patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease, 38 patients with 131I-treated Graves'
      disease and 10 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. All patients and controls
      were female. We found that hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease had
      significantly lower T suppressor/cytotoxic cells (p less than 0.05) than did
      controls, and that this was mainly due to a decrease in T suppressor cells (p
      less than 0.01). Furthermore, patients with severe hyperthyroidism had a more
      significant decrease in T suppressor/cytotoxic (p less than 0.001) and T
      suppressor (p less than 0.001) cells, and an increase in the T helper/inducer:T
      suppressor/cytotoxic (p less than 0.01) and T helper:T suppressor (p less than
      0.01) cell ratios. Patients who were euthyroid more than 1 year after 131I
      therapy for Graves' disease had normal T cell subsets and ratios, whether or not
      TSH receptor antibody or other thyroid auto-antibody titres were elevated. Ten
      females with Hashimoto's thyroiditis also had normal T cell subsets.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888556
TI  - Systemic analgesics during labor.

PMID- 2888557
TI  - Epidural and spinal narcotic analgesia.

PMID- 2888558
TI  - Anesthesia for preterm delivery, breech presentation, and multiple gestation.

PMID- 2888559
TI  - HCG stimulation in children with cryptorchidism.
AB  - Fifty-eight children with cryptorchidism have been given hCG stimulation testing,
      31 with bilateral cryptorchidism, 22 with unilateral, and 5 with prior
      unsuccessful orchiopexy. Hormonal studies were carried out prior to and following
      stimulation. In bilateral cryptorchidism, bilateral descent was observed in 32
      percent of cases and in unilateral, the success rate was 55 percent. From their
      data, the authors concluded that hCG is not indicated if patients present
      elevated LH and FSH levels or if the basal T levels are in the pubertal range. In
      the other subjects, the hCG test will permit the determination of the presence or
      absence of testosterone production and in some cases it results in testicular
      descent. Finally, in cases of failure that require surgery, the hCG will
      stimulate tissue growth enhancing the success of orchiopexy.

PMID- 2888560
TI  - Commentary on HCG stimulation in children with cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2888561
TI  - Effect of indomethacin on bombesin-like immunoreactivity, somatostatin and
      gastrin secretion from rat stomach.
AB  - In the present study the effect of indomethacin-induced prostaglandin deficiency
      was examined on the release of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (BLI), a putative
      peptidergic neurotransmitter, from the isolated perfused rat stomach. In
      addition, gastrin and somatostatin (SLI) secretion was determined. Pretreatment
      of rats with indomethacin (2 mg/kg X h) resulted in a 3-fold increase of basal
      BLI secretion. In response to acetylcholine (2 X 10(-6) M) BLI rose from 2,000 to
      4,000 pg/min, whereas in controls BLI increased from 400 to 1,400 pg/min. While
      absolute values for BLI secretion were higher in indomethacin-treated stomachs
      the relative increase above baseline was lower (100 vs. 250%). In control rats
      the increase in BLI secretion in response to acetylcholine was abolished when the
      acidity in the gastric lumen was increased from pH 7 to pH 2. After indomethacin,
      however, the stimulatory effect of acetylcholine during luminal pH 7 and pH 2 was
      identical. The decrease of SLI by acetylcholine at luminal pH 7 was abolished in
      indomethacin-treated stomachs in response to 10(-6) M acetylcholine, and 2 X 10(
      6) M had even a stimulatory effect on SLI secretion. Indomethacin pretreatment
      reduced gastrin secretion at luminal pH 7. These data demonstrate that endogenous
      prostaglandins exert an inhibitory tone on basal and stimulated BLI and
      stimulated SLI secretion in the rat stomach. It is suggested that endogenous
      prostaglandins also inhibit the release of a peptidergic neurotransmitter,
      similar to their effect on the classical neurotransmitters acetylcholine and
      norepinephrine.

PMID- 2888563
TI  - Oxygen consumption and luminescence of Maurolicus photophores stimulated by
      adrenalin.
AB  - 1. Abdominal photophores isolated from Maurolicus muelleri freshly collected in
      the Strait of Messina show a stable oxygen consumption rate of 149.8 +/- 10.1
      nmoles g-1 min-1 (N = 31). 2. In the presence of adrenalin (5 X 10(-4) mol/l),
      the photophores that did not luminesce showed a 78% decrease of the resting
      oxygen uptake. When the photophores did luminesce, the oxygen consumption never
      increased above the resting level, instead, it decreased at a different rate
      according to the amount of light emitted. 3. Photophores pretreated with MnCl2
      (40 mM) and stimulated with adrenalin (5 X 10(-4) mol/l), showed a rapid and
      large emission of light associated with a significant increase of the oxygen
      consumption above the resting level. 4. The results are discussed with reference
      to the control mechanism of luminescence in mesopelagic and epipelagic fish.

PMID- 2888562
TI  - The antihypertensive agents: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic monitoring.
AB  - There are currently six major classes of antihypertensive drugs. This article
      focuses on those agents developed and marketed since 1980, paying particular
      attention to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the various compounds.

PMID- 2888564
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of kanamycin in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
AB  - 1. Kanamycin disposition was studied in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) following
      single doses IP. Both plasma t1/2 and Vd of the drug increased with increasing
      time after drug indicating redistribution and tight binding of kanamycin to deep
      tissue compartments. 2. Kanamycin was eliminated unchanged with a t1/2 plasma =
      27 hr; perilymph = 89 hr; endolymph = 183 hr; aqueous humor = 54 hr; and CSF = 58
      hr. 3. Kanamycin was absorbed by frogs from environmental water. 4. Environmental
      conditions must be carefully specified and monitored, as well as the
      physiological state of the animals when studying the effects of drugs on
      Amphibia.

PMID- 2888565
TI  - Effects of biogenic amines and related agonists and antagonists on the isolated
      heart of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L.
AB  - 1. Effects of noradrenaline and the related compounds adrenaline, dopamine,
      octopamine, tyramine, clonidine and isoprenaline were studied in isolated heart
      preparations from the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. 2. All analogues produced a
      positive inotropic affect, with noradrenaline being the most potent substance.
      The chronotropic effects of the tested compounds differed widely. 3. The action
      of substances of the phenylethanolamine group were not antagonized by propranolol
      but were partly antagonized by phentolamine. 4. Serotonin and its analogues also
      produced cardio-excitation. These effects were blocked by cyproheptadine but not
      by methysergide. 5. These results indicate the presence of two different
      receptors in the Sepia myocardium: one type reacting with noradrenaline most
      effectively and a second type being stimulated by serotonin.

PMID- 2888566
TI  - The effects of low pH on egg and alevin survival of kokanee and sockeye salmon,
      Oncorhynchus nerka.
AB  - 1. The effects of low pH water on embryogenesis and vitellogenesis in kokanee and
      sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were investigated. Eggs were exposed to low
      pH from fertilization to 45 days post-median hatch or to an episodic exposure at
      pH 4.0. Adult kokanee were also exposed to low pH just prior to ovulation and
      spawning. 2. The most sensitive stages of development during chronic or episodic
      exposure to low pH were early embryonic development and newly-hatched alevins. 3.
      Incubation of eggs at low pH caused a lower median survival, delayed hatching,
      higher alevin mortality and reduced the efficiency of yolk conversion to tissue
      of yolk-sac alevins. Those effects were more pronounced when the eggs were
      fertilized at low pH. 4. Exposure of sexually mature kokanee salmon to acidified
      water reduced egg and alevin survival, delayed embryo hatching and decreased the
      percent hatch. Those effects were more pronounced when their eggs were incubated
      at low pH.

PMID- 2888567
TI  - Cardiotoxic effects of catecholamines in guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus) and in
      albino rat (Rattus norvegicus). A comparative study.
AB  - 1. Cardiotoxic effects of catecholamines in guinea-pigs and rats were compared.
      Substantially lesser cardiotoxic effects of isoprenaline (2 X 40 mg/kg b.w.) were
      found in guinea-pigs, as judged by morphologic examination. 2. When isolated
      hearts were perfused in vitro, noradrenaline (5 X 10(-6) M) induced less damage,
      judged by enzyme leakage (ASAT) and electron microscopy analysis. 3. Myocardial
      ATP and creatine phosphate are normally higher in guinea-pigs than in rats, and
      no difference was found between the two species when subjected to noradrenaline.
      4. Glycogen was higher in guinea-pig myocardium, and glycogenolysis during
      noradrenaline perfusion was substantially greater in guinea-pig hearts than in
      rat hearts. 5. Obtained data are interpreted with respect to the recent findings
      that, not only natural history, but also some physiological traits [blood gas
      transporting system (Kreuzer and Turek, 1981, Medizinische Aspekte der Hohe, pp.
      15-23)] make guinea-pigs similar to high altitude mammals, and to earlier
      findings that high altitude hypoxia adapted rats display lesser vulnerability of
      cardiac muscle by anoxia and by catecholamines.

PMID- 2888568
TI  - Metabolism and DNA-binding in vivo of aflatoxin B1 in medaka (Oryzias latipes).
AB  - 1. The medaka (Oryzias latipes), a small aquarium fish, was shown to possess the
      capacity to rapidly activate AFB1 in vivo at 25 degrees C to intermediates that
      bind to DNA. 2. The dose-response for in vivo AFB1-DNA binding was linear over
      the range 70-550 micrograms AFB1/kg body weight. 3. Maximum binding occurred
      within the first 24 hr after i.p. injection of [3H]AFB1, followed by a rapid loss
      of adducts. 4. Aflatoxicol (AFL) and unreacted AFB1 were found by HPLC analysis
      to be the major products excreted into water after AFB1 exposure, with excretion
      of AFL as early as 2 min after AFB1 injection. 5. These studies show that medaka
      possess enzymatic systems similar to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for
      biotransformation of AFB1 to the epoxide and to other phase I and phase II
      metabolites.

PMID- 2888569
TI  - The venom of the wasp Campsomeris sexmaculata (F.) blocks synaptic transmission
      in insect CNS.
AB  - 1. The action of the venom of the wasp Campsomeris sexmaculata on the insect CNS
      has been studied using the cercal nerve-giant interneuron preparation of the
      sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach. 2. The venom blocks synaptic
      transmission either transiently (at low concentration) or for a long time (at
      higher concentration), and causes a permanent depolarization of the neuron with a
      delay. 3. The venom does not affect directly the axonal excitability.

PMID- 2888570
TI  - Block of synaptic transmission in insect CNS by toxins from the venom of the wasp
      Megascolia flavifrons (Fab.).
AB  - 1. The effects of the venom and its fractions of Megascolia flavifrons have been
      studied on synaptic transmission and axonal excitability of the giant interneuron
      of the cockroach. 2. The venom does not affect axonal excitability, but blocks
      synaptic transmission, and induces postsynaptic depolarization with a delay. 3.
      Five different active fractions have been recognized. 4. Three fractions of them
      contain substances already identified as histamine, Thr6 bradykinin and Thr6
      bradykinin-Lys-Ala (megascoliakinin). 5. Three fractions contain activities,
      which have not yet been chemically identified. 6. All of them, and also
      bradykinin block synaptic transmission; histamine was not active.

PMID- 2888571
TI  - Some physiological and biochemical indices of zinc toxicity in two freshwater
      fishes, Clarias lazera and Tilapia zilli.
AB  - 1. The effects of lethal zinc concentrations on some physiological and
      biochemical parameters in Clarias lazera and Tilapia zilli were investigated. 2.
      The analyses of lactate, pyruvate and glycogen in both liver and muscle tissues
      and the relation among them have been studied in detail. 3. Significant increases
      were observed in liver and serum proteins, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
      erythrocyte count (RBCs), haematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin
      (HB) concentrations. 4. Zinc exposure reduced liver and serum acid phosphatase
      (ACP) as well as liver alkaline phosphatase (ALP).

PMID- 2888572
TI  - Short-term effects of mercury on survival, behaviour, bioaccumulation and ionic
      pattern in the catfish (Clarias lazera).
AB  - 1. The fresh-water fish, Clarias lazera, was exposed to 13 lethal and sublethal
      concentrations of mercury. 2. The median tolerance limit (TLm) at different
      exposure periods, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr, appears to be as follows: 0.96, 0.88,
      0.81 and 0.72 ppm Hg2+/l, respectively. 3. From the subacute tests, the maximum
      acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for this fish was between 0.10 and 0.22
      ppm Hg2+/l. 4. Behavioural changes, tissue Hg2+ distribution and serum ionic
      patterns were recorded during both the acute and subacute exposure periods.

PMID- 2888573
TI  - The toxicity to Clarias lazera of copper and zinc applied jointly.
AB  - 1. The acute toxicity to juvenile Clarias lazera of a mixture of copper and zinc
      over a 96 hr exposure period was determined. Fish were exposed to the summation
      of half the 96 hr TLm value of each toxicant. 2. Percentage survival was much
      reduced indicating that the metals potentiate each others lethal action. 3.
      Comparison between metal residues in fish exposed to copper and zinc or to their
      mixture showed that the uptake of one metal was decreased by the presence of the
      other. 4. Toxic effects of the mixture on the physiological parameters studied
      were mainly attributable to copper, indicating that the presence of zinc did not
      influence the mode of action of copper.

PMID- 2888574
TI  - Some aspects on L-dopa decarboxylase and p-tyrosine decarboxylase in the central
      nervous and peripheral tissues of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana.
AB  - 1. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activities toward L-DOPA (L-3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine), 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) and p-tyrosine in different
      tissues of the sclerotized and newly ecdysed cockroach were analyzed. 2. The
      ratios of enzyme activity with regard to L-DOPA and p-tyrosine varied
      considerably in the tissues and between the two different growth stages. 3. A
      DOPA decarboxylase and a p-tyrosine decarboxylase were separated by gel
      filtration and ion exchange chromatography. 4. The optimal pH requirement for
      both enzymes was 7.5 with the exception of the one decarboxylating 5-HTP. 5. The
      molecular weights of the cockroach brain DOPA decarboxylase and tyrosine
      decarboxylase were estimated to be 120,000 and 100,000, respectively. 6. Unlike
      the mammalian aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, the cockroach DOPA decarboxylase
      cannot be activated by a small amount of benzene. 7. An increase of over 50-fold
      of DOPA decarboxylase activity and a 50% reduction of tyrosine decarboxylase
      activity in the epidermal tissue of the newly ecdysed animals was observed. 8. In
      the fully sclerotized cockroach, a reversible endogenous inhibitor(s) of DOPA
      decarboxylase in the integument was observed, suggesting that the DOPA
      decarboxylase is suppressed in the epidermal tissues when ecdysis does not occur.

PMID- 2888575
TI  - The hydra GSH receptor. Pharmacological and radioligand binding studies.
AB  - 1. The GSH-induced feeding response of hydra has been studied using
      pharmacological and biochemical methods. 2. Dopaminergic agonists inhibit the
      response, whereas dopaminergic blocking agents increase it. Phosphodiesterase
      inhibitors completely inhibit the feeding response. 3. The specific binding of
      the competitive inhibitor of feeding response, [3H]glutamate, to hydra cellular
      fractions has been evaluated, and a strong GSH-sensitive binding has been
      observed in a nematocyst-rich fraction. 4. After pharmacological reduction of the
      nematocyst number, both feeding response and glutamate binding are severely
      reduced. 5. Ca2+ ions must be present for the feeding response to occur, whereas
      glutamate binding occurs both without Ca2+ and in the presence of EDTA.

PMID- 2888576
TI  - Effect of neurotensin on the smooth muscle of the chicken crop.
AB  - 1. The effect of neurotensin was studied in the isolated smooth muscle of the
      chicken crop. 2. This peptide induced concentration-dependent (10(-10)-10(-8)
      mol/l) contractions of muscle strips. 3. The response to neurotensin was not
      modified after incubation of the preparation with atropine, indomethacin,
      naloxone and tetrodotoxin. The neurotensin-exerted contractions are therefore
      probably myogenic. 4. These properties of neurotensin indicate a possible role
      for this peptide in the control of crop motility.

PMID- 2888578
TI  - The identification of arsenobetaine as the sole water-soluble arsenic constituent
      of the tail muscle of the western king prawn Penaeus latisulcatus.
AB  - 1. Samples of tail muscle of the western king prawn, Penaeus latisulcatus
      collected from two locations were examined separately for the presence of
      arsenobetaine and other arsenic compounds. 2. For both samples the aqueous
      extract accounted for greater than 97% of the total arsenic. 3. The water-soluble
      arsenic was present as one compound only which was isolated and identified as
      arsenobetaine.

PMID- 2888577
TI  - Melanin storing cells in anuran gut.
AB  - 1. The location, distribution and morphological characteristics of the pigment
      cells found in the frog gut are described. 2. The pigment cells show long and
      large protoplasmic projections. At the ultrastructural level, the nucleus is
      elongated with prominent nucleolus and dense marginal chromatin. The cytoplasm is
      full with pigment granules (2500-7500 A) and typical premelanosome structures
      have been observed. 3. The pigment cells number is higher in the esophagus and
      large intestine than in the stomach or small intestine and the pigment cells are
      always located in close contact with blood vessels and nervous structures
      (ganglia and fibres). 4. We have observed that the pigment content depends upon
      seasonal variations, increasing during the cold months. 5. We have demonstrated
      by histological methods that the cells pigment content is melanin. 6. According
      to their morphological and tinctorial characteristics the anuran gut melanin
      storing cells are similar to the skin epidermal melanocytes.

PMID- 2888579
TI  - Effects on dogfish haematology and liver composition after acute copper exposure.
AB  - 1. Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula was subjected to experimental acute copper
      pollution. At the lowest concentration no changes were recorded on haemoglobin
      levels whilst decreases of the erythrocyte number and haematocrit was found. 2.
      At higher concentrations near to the lethal doses, a general reduction of all
      blood parameters was observed. 3. Liver composition (protein, glycogen and lipid
      levels) was not affected by any copper concentration, over the duration of the
      experiments. 4. Results are discussed in relation to physiological responses of
      fish, acute concentration and metal action.

PMID- 2888580
TI  - Uptake, distribution, and elimination of dietary quinoline by rainbow trout
      (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) readily absorbed 14C-quinoline from pelleted
      food and whole-body concentrations reached apparent equilibrium after 10 days
      feeding. Maximum whole body concentrations of 14C-quinoline were only 30 eta g/g
      of quinoline plus metabolites after 7 days depuration. 2. Initial rates of uptake
      and elimination varied widely among tissues. The uptake rate constants ranged
      from 0.0006/day for muscle to 0.1455/day for gallbladder plus bile. Mean
      elimination half-life for quinoline and its metabolites ranged from 0.4 days in
      gills to 8.7 days for muscle. 3. Depending on tissue, 58-83% of the stored
      radioactivity was present as metabolites. About 14% of the radioactivity in the
      bile was present as glucuronide conjugates. 4. Rainbow trout eliminated 66% of
      the ingested dose 24 hr after feeding. Biliary and fecal excretion were minor
      routes of elimination.

PMID- 2888581
TI  - Activity of the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb (RO-13-5223) on Triatoma
      infestans (Hemiptera).
AB  - 1. Fenoxycarb (RO-13-5223) exhibits a strong juvenile hormone type of activity
      against Triatoma infestans. 2. Topical treatment of last-stadium nymph with the
      juvenoid caused the formation of superlarvae, adult-larvae intermediates and
      adultoids. The ED50 was 0.02 microgram/insect. 3. Taking into account
      abnormalities in oceli, head, thorax, legs, wings, abdomen, conexivo and external
      genitalia, a scoring system to evaluate the retention of juvenile characters
      after moulting was developed. 4. Intermediate dose of the juvenoid produced the
      prolongation of the last instar nymph. 5. Abnormal individuals formed composite
      cuticles possessing both nymph and adult morphological features.

PMID- 2888582
TI  - Hepatic metabolism of cyclodiene insecticides by constitutive forms of cytochrome
      P-450 from lower vertebrates.
AB  - 1. Multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 were separated from the hepatic microsomes
      of untreated male rats, pigeons (Columbia livia), razorbills (Alca torda),
      puffins (Fratercula arctica), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), using anion
      exchange chromatography and DEAE-cellulose. 2. In some cases cytochrome P-450
      forms were further purified on hydroxylapatite and carboxymethyl-sephadex
      columns. 3. Considerable differences in the distribution of forms between these
      five species were evident from elution profiles on DEAE cellulose, and on
      analysis of the cytochrome P-450 containing pools by SDS-PAGE. 4. The metabolism
      of two organochlorine compounds, aldrin and the dieldrin analogue HCE, were
      studied in (a) intact microsomes and (b) reconstituted systems containing
      cytochrome P-450, from each of the five species. 5. In spite of their close
      structural similarity, significant differences were found between the two
      substrates in the distribution of catalytic activity between the cytochrome P-450
      isozymes of each species.

PMID- 2888583
TI  - Intracellular injection of dopamine enhances acetylcholine responses of neuron R2
      in the Aplysia abdominal ganglion.
AB  - 1. At different levels of the holding potential on neuron R2 membrane in the
      Aplysia depilans abdominal ganglion, dopamine injected intracellularly increases
      the amplitude of both inward and outward currents recorded in response to the
      application of acetylcholine (ACh) to the ganglion surface. 2. The addition of
      dopamine to the external perfused solution produces generation of inward currents
      and a decrease in the cell response to the ACh. 3. The enhancing effect of
      injected dopamine on ACh responses is retained after inhibition of
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by a specific organophosphorous inhibitor, compound
      Gd-42. 4. The modulating effect of injected dopamine on ACh responses is
      discussed in terms of the existence of intracellular receptors of
      neurotransmitters in the differentiated cells.

PMID- 2888584
TI  - The action of parotoid venom on the heart of the toad (Bufo ictericus ictericus
      Spix 1824) and its effects on the inhibition caused by vagal stimulation.
AB  - 1. The administration of crude venom of the parotoid glands of the toad Bufo
      ictericus ictericus to the in situ (via abdominal vein) or isolated heart of this
      anuran causes both chronotropic and inotropic effects. 2. While under action of
      parotoid venom, the heart of the animal is insensitive to vagus nerve
      stimulation. 3. This blocking of vagal action is dose dependent and it is
      suggested that it results from a functional antagonism between the venom
      constituents and the acetylcholine liberated by the nerve endings on stimulation.
      4. The venom constituents probably involved in this antagonism are catecholamines
      (adrenaline and noradrenaline), tryptamine derivatives (serotonin and
      bufotenidin) and genins (bufagin and bufotoxin), possibly also ATP. 5.
      Adrenaline, noradrenaline and serotonin, or a mixture of the three, mimic, at
      least partially, the blocking of vagal action caused by crude venom. 6. The
      blocking action of crude venom can be prevented by previously or simultaneously
      adding acetylcholine to the infused crude venom. This prevention is dose
      dependent. 7. The blocking action persists in the boiled venom and in the
      material dialysed from crude venom.

PMID- 2888585
TI  - L-glutamate and potassium-induced contractures in denervated cockroach muscles.
AB  - 1. The effects of denervation on the mechanical responses to various
      concentrations of L-glutamate in retractor unguis muscle of cockroach
      (Perilpaneta americana) was examined, comparing them with contractures induced by
      high potassium saline. 2. The dose-response curve was shifted to the lower
      concentrations of L-glutamate after 9 days of denervation. 3. Following a
      transient increase in the maximum contracture tension, it decreased with days
      after denervation and reached a constant level by several days. However, from 16
      to 20 days after denervation, the tension ratios of the maximum glutamate to
      potassium contractures were significantly higher than that of the innervated
      muscles. 4. A sustained contracture was observed on and after treatment of L
      glutamate in the denervated muscle. Pretreatment of the muscle by concanavalin A
      facilitated to induce L-glutamate contracture. 5. It was suggested that the
      sensitivity of the muscle membrane to L-glutamate was increased in the denervated
      muscle.

PMID- 2888586
TI  - Changes in the blood of Wistar rats in acute poisoning with ethanol and
      acetaldehyde.
AB  - 1. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ethanol and
      acetaldehyde on the erythrocyte and leucocyte system of Wistar rats. 2.
      Administration of the ethanol or acetaldehyde caused a considerable drop in the
      number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin level and haematocrit value in rats. 3. The
      mean erythrocyte volume was smaller after only 0.5 hr of exposure to ethyl
      alcohol. 4. The solutions used caused changes in the leucocyte system expressed
      in distinct neutrophilic leucocytosis. 5. Changes in the leucogram were reflected
      in the increase in the leucocyte index. 6. The degree of intensity of changes in
      both the erythrocyte and leucocyte system point to the greater toxicity of ethyl
      alcohol intoxication than is the case of acetaldehyde in a toxically
      corresponding dose (i.e. 0.5 and 5 g/kg body wt respectively).

PMID- 2888587
TI  - Relationships between tissue contaminant concentrations in a small sample of
      seabirds.
AB  - 1. The metal and organochlorine contaminant concentrations were measured in a
      small sample of three seabird species collected from St Kilda, Scotland, UK, and
      the relationship between concentrations of different contaminants within and
      between tissues was compared. 2. There was little evidence that the concentration
      of a contaminant in one tissue was indicative of the concentration in any other
      tissue. 3. Generally, different contaminants had not co-accumulated in tissues;
      this was so even for the lipophilic compounds (DDE and PCBs), with the exception
      of puffin fat. 4. There was a tendency for the species containing the most fat to
      contain the highest concentrations of lipophilic contaminants and there was some
      suggestion that the fat in muscle could play a role in determining PCB
      concentrations.

PMID- 2888589
TI  - Effects of morphine on adrenaline responses of uteri from progesterone or
      estradiol treated mice.
AB  - 1. The effect of a chronic morphine treatment on the in vitro contractile
      responses of the mouse uterus to adrenaline was studied. 2. Chronic morphine
      treatment induced a supersensitivity state in the uteri from both progesterone
      and estradiol treated mice. 3. The acute administration of morphine to the uteri
      from morphine tolerant-dependent and progesterone treated mice induced a further
      increase of the contractile effect of adrenaline. 4. Reserpine administration did
      not further increase the supersensitivity of the mouse uterus to adrenaline
      induced by a chronic morphine treatment. 5. Reserpine suppressed the acute
      effects of morphine in the uteri from tolerant-dependent mice.

PMID- 2888588
TI  - Studies on comparative drug metabolism by hepatic cytochrome P-450-containing
      microsomal enzymes in quail, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys and rats.
AB  - 1. These studies were carried out to compare certain hepatic microsomal drug
      metabolizing enzymes of quail, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys and rats. 2.
      Comparison of relative liver weights of the species indicated that the rats had
      the largest weight followed by turkeys, ducks, geese, chickens and quail. 3. Rats
      ranked highest in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content followed in decreasing order
      by turkeys, geese, chickens, ducks and quail. 4. Microsomal benzphetamine N
      demethylase activity was significantly higher in geese and turkeys than that for
      the rest of the species. 5. Geese, chickens and turkeys showed similar aniline
      hydroxylase activity, while it was markedly lower in quail and ducks with rats
      being intermediate.

PMID- 2888590
TI  - Effects of adrenaline on the isolated heart of the trout (Salmo gairdneri R.)
      before and after transfer from fresh water to sea water.
AB  - 1. Adrenaline induces positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the isolated
      heart of the trout (Salmo gairdnerii) via the stimulation of beta
      adrenoreceptors. 2. The effects are relatively more marked in winter than in
      spring. But there is no seasonal variation as in the cel. The intrinsic
      reactivity of the heart is not basically modified after a transfer from fresh
      water to sea water. 3. However, after such a transfer, adrenaline induces an
      increase of the membrane resting potential which suggests that adrenaline can
      enhance the activity of the Na/K pump and/or modify the Ca/K balance and could
      improve the cardiac performances during the "crisis period" following the
      transfer.

PMID- 2888592
TI  - Comparative acute toxicity of DDT metabolites among American and European species
      of planarians.
AB  - 1. DDT metabolism in a North American species of planarian leads to the formation
      of metabolites more toxic than the parent compound. 2. The increased toxicity of
      DDT metabolites is similar to acute toxicity data reported previously in a
      European species. 3. It is suggested that planarians lack a direct mechanism for
      DDT detoxification, since two North American and one European species are known
      to metabolize DDT initially to DDE and DDD.

PMID- 2888591
TI  - Glutathione content and GSH S-transferase activity in midgut gland of Procambarus
      clarkii. Sex differences, the effect of fasting, and their implications in
      cadmium toxicity.
AB  - 1. Glutathione content and GSH S-transferase activity in the midgut gland of
      Procambarus clarkii (P. c.) of different sex and body weight are presented. 2.
      Procambarus clarkii females' GSH concentration in the midgut gland decreases to a
      higher extent upon fasting, compared with males. 3. Procambarus clarkii females,
      both in control and fasting conditions, have a slightly higher GSH S-transferase
      activity than males. 4. Cadmium present in water only affects GSH content and GSH
      S-transferase activity (after 96 hr) in midgut gland, with cadmium chloride
      concentrations higher than 100 micrograms/l.

PMID- 2888593
TI  - The distribution of zinc and copper in plasma, erythrocytes and erythrocyte
      membranes of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. The zinc and copper concentration of plasma was determined in rainbow trout,
      lake trout, walleye and whitefish. 2. These fish had mean plasma zinc
      concentrations ranging from 9.3 to 15.1 ppm and copper concentrations from 0.6 to
      1.3 ppm. 3. In rainbow trout, the concentration of zinc and copper is greater in
      the erythrocyte membrane than in the total erythrocyte. 4. Ultrafilterable plasma
      zinc and copper concentration in rainbow trout was determined to be 0.03 and
      0.019 ppm, respectively. 5. Dialysis of rainbow trout plasma against 20 mM EDTA
      results in removal of 99% of the zinc and 88% of the copper from plasma proteins.

PMID- 2888594
TI  - Corticotropin-like material in pigeon brains.
AB  - 1. Pigeon brain acetone powder was extracted with a mixture of acetone, water and
      hydrochloric acid (40:21:1 v/v/v). The extract was added to a large volume of
      chilled acetone. 2. The resultant precipitate was washed with cold acetone and
      then chromatographed on Sephadex G-25. The void volume peak constituted fraction
      A. The trailing peak immediately following fraction A was divided into two
      fractions designated B and C. 3. Fraction B (mol. wt less than 5,000) stimulated
      corticosterone production in isolated rat adrenal cells while the other fractions
      were devoid of similar ACTH-like bioactivity. 4. None of the fractions showed
      activity in the opiate radioreceptor assay or hot plate test, implying the
      absence or presence of only trace amounts of opiate-like materials. Other
      possibilities that cannot be ruled out include the presence of molecules with
      substitutions in the sequence by amino acids that result in little or no
      activity.

PMID- 2888596
TI  - [Effect of various preventive procedures on the microflora in pathological
      gingival pockets].

PMID- 2888595
TI  - Mechanism of transport and storage of neurotransmitters.
AB  - This review will focus on the bioenergetics, mechanism, and molecular basis of
      neurotransmitter transport. As indicated in the next section, these processes
      play an important role in the overall process of synaptic transmission. During
      the last few years, direct evidence has been obtained that these processes are
      coupled chemiosmotically, i.e., the accumulation of neurotransmitters is driven
      by ion gradients. Two types of neurotransmitter transport systems have been
      identified: sodium-coupled systems located in the synaptic plasma membrane of
      nerves (and sometimes in the plasma membrane of glial cells) and proton-coupled
      systems which are part of the membrane of intracellular storage organelles. From
      a bioenergetic point of view, the sodium-coupled systems are especially
      interesting, since it has recently been discovered that many systems require
      other ions in addition to sodium. It has now been demonstrated in several cases
      that, besides sodium ions, these additional ions, such as chloride and potassium,
      serve as additional coupling ions. These systems will be reviewed here in
      considerable detail with emphasis on the role of the additional ions. In the
      second part of the review we shall focus on neurotransmitter transport into
      storage organelles. Although both sodium and proton coupled systems have been
      reviewed in the past, there has been a shift from a kinetic and thermodynamic to
      a biochemical approach. In fact, a few transporters have been identified and
      functionally reconstituted. These developments have of course been incorporated
      in this review.

PMID- 2888598
TI  - [Traumatic tooth injuries in children. Examination of patients].

PMID- 2888597
TI  - [Traumatic injury to the teeth of children. Classification, etiology and
      epidemiology].

PMID- 2888600
TI  - Lower leg lateral skin flap. Report of 7 cases.

PMID- 2888599
TI  - Drug-induced left ventricular failure in patients with pulmonary disease.
      Endomyocardial biopsy demonstration of catecholamine myocarditis.
AB  - Three patients with severe chronic lung disease had left ventricular failure
      develop with marked impairment of cardiac function. Ejection fractions by
      radioactive blood pool ventriculography were 0.17, 0.24, and 0.20. Right
      ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens showed interstitial hemorrhage and
      foci of interstitial polymorphonuclear leukocytes, strongly suggestive of
      catecholamine myocarditis. These patients had used beta-adrenergic agonist
      inhalants and methylxanthines. One of them clearly abused the inhalant and had
      elevated levels of urinary catecholamines. Progressive deterioration of pulmonary
      and cardiac function occurred in two patients, with death within three months of
      the initial myocardial biopsy. Concomitant use of beta-adrenergic agonists and
      methylxanthines may cause myocarditis with left ventricular failure in
      susceptible patients.

PMID- 2888601
TI  - Early diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome by IgM ELISA technique.

PMID- 2888602
TI  - [Primary hyperparathyroidism--experiences with concomitant diseases, symptoms,
      preoperative diagnosis and surgical procedure over a period of 14 years].
AB  - In a 14-years period (1970-1984) eight-three patients were operated on for
      primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) at the University Hospital of Erlangen.
      Special attention was paid to associated diseases, symptoms, preoperative
      diagnostic parameters were serum calcium, parathyroid hormone in venous blood,
      cyclic AMP in 24 h-urine. In 15.7% only borderline increased serum calcium values
      were measured. Ulcer incidence in pHPT was 19% as compared with approx. 7% in the
      general population. There was no increased incidence of pancreatitis in pHPT. The
      possibility of an association of pHPT with the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
      syndrome was emphasized and measures of early diagnosis proposed.

PMID- 2888603
TI  - [Effects of electroacupuncture of the hand on the release of transmitters of
      monoamines in the tissues at different areas of brain in rats].

PMID- 2888604
TI  - [Estimating the MAC (maximal allowable concentration) of harmful gases in the
      submarine chamber].

PMID- 2888605
TI  - Regulation of the immune response by ergot alkaloids.
AB  - We tested the effect of 33 ergot alkaloids (natural and semisynthetic) on the
      induction of antibody formation in isolated spleen cells by antigen in tissue
      cultures. The results are quantitatively expressed as the number of antibody
      forming cells. The group of natural ergot alkaloids (ergopeptines) exerted an
      effective inhibitory action on the antibody response. Compounds derived from
      lysergic acid are completely inactive in this respect. A new, very active
      semisynthetic drug (Table 1, compounds 2) derived from inactive lysergol was
      described. The compounds interacting with alpha-adrenergic-receptors on
      lymphocytes (methoxamine, phentolamine, prazosin act synergistically with the
      inhibitory effect of ergopeptine alkaloids.

PMID- 2888606
TI  - Systemic Timentin is superior to oral tinidazole for antibiotic prophylaxis in
      elective colorectal surgery. University of Melbourne Colorectal Group.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial was undertaken
      to compare two different prophylactic antibiotic regimens in patients undergoing
      elective colorectal surgery. Systemic Timentin, a combination of ticarcillin and
      the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid, was assigned to 101 patients. Oral
      tinidazole, an agent active only against anaerobic bacteria, was assigned to 102
      patients. The wound infection rate was 2.4 percent in the patients receiving
      Timentin and 14 percent in those receiving tinidazole (P = 0.01). Multivariate
      analysis of factors affecting the wound infection rate showed that the only
      factor that independently reached statistical significance was the prophylactic
      antibiotic used. The mortality of patients receiving Timentin prophylaxis was 3.4
      percent compared with 8.9 percent of those receiving tinidazole (P = 0.15). The
      clinical anastomotic leakage rate was 1.3 percent in patients receiving Timentin
      and 13 percent in those receiving tinidazole (P = 0.01). These results, together
      with those of two previously published clinical trials by this group, indicate
      that antibiotic prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery should consist of a
      short course of an agent effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bowel
      flora.

PMID- 2888607
TI  - Effect of somatostatin 14 on pure human pancreatic secretion.
AB  - While it is well known that large doses of somatostatin inhibit human pancreatic
      enzyme secretion, it is still unknown whether low doses are also effective and
      whether the peptide is able to inhibit bicarbonate production. Eight subjects
      with external transduodenal drainage of the main pancreatic duct performed after
      biliary tract surgery were studied. Somatostatin was infused at progressively
      increasing rates of 0.05, 0.15, 0.45, and 1.35 micrograms/kg/hr, for 30 min/dose,
      during pancreatic stimulation with secretin, 25 ng/kg/hr, and cerulein, 10
      ng/kg/hr. Somatostatin, at the dose of 0.05 microgram/kg/hr (shown to produce
      blood levels similar to those measured after a meal) did not affect pancreatic
      secretion in any of the subjects. The successive three higher doses caused a
      significant and dose-dependent inhibition of protein concentration and output and
      of bicarbonate output. Bicarbonate concentration was slightly but significantly
      reduced only by the two highest doses of somatostatin. At each dose level, the
      inhibition of protein output was much more marked than the inhibition of
      bicarbonate output. The maximal inhibition of protein output (at 1.35
      micrograms/kg/hr somatostatin) was 73.9 +/- 5.4%, and that of bicarbonate output
      was 55.9 +/- 6.4%. The results demonstrate that: (1) the administration of
      somatostatin at a low dose level does not affect human exocrine pancreatic
      secretion, at least under the experimental conditions of this study; and (2) the
      administration of larger doses of somatostatin inhibits pancreatic secretion of
      both protein and bicarbonate dose-dependently. The inhibitory effect on protein
      output is significantly greater than that on water and bicarbonate production.

PMID- 2888608
TI  - Effect of somatostatin analog on water and electrolyte transport and transit time
      in human small bowel.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to investigate how a somatostatin analog (201
      995 Sandoz), which is now commonly used for treatment of patients with gut
      hormone-producing tumors, affects water and ion absorption and transit time in
      the normal jejunum. Six healthy volunteers were given somatostatin analog
      intravenously at a dose of 1 microgram/kg/hr. At the same time, jejunal water and
      ion movement and transit time were measured using the triple-lumen tube technique
      [perfusion of a plasma-like electrolyte solution with PEG as a nonabsorbable
      marker at a rate of 15 ml/min; dye dilution curves ([3H]mannitol, [14C]PEG, BSP)
      for determination of jejunal transit time]. During somatostatin analog
      administration, transit time through a 30-cm segment of perfused jejunum
      increased from 4.0 min to 17.0 min. While the somatostatin analog increased
      jejunal transit time, it had no effect on net water and electrolyte absorption
      under steady-state conditions. The effect of somatostatin analog on the proximal
      small bowel is similar to the action of an eight-times higher dose of intravenous
      native somatostatin previously studied. The effect of the analog on transit time
      suggests a potentially beneficial effect in patients with large-volume diarrhea
      in which no tumor or circulating secretagogue can be identified, such as in
      pseudopancreatic cholera syndrome.

PMID- 2888610
TI  - Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in vagal inhibitory pathway to the lower
      esophageal sphincter of the opossum.
AB  - We assessed the characteristics of muscarinic neural transmission in the vagal
      inhibitory pathway to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of anesthetized
      opossums. LES relaxation was induced by electrical stimulation of the cervical
      vagus. Measurements were made of LES relaxation before and after intravenous
      administration of nicotinic (hexamethonium), serotonergic (5-Meo-DMT),
      nonselective muscarinic (atropine), and selective muscarinic (pirenzepine-M1 and
      4-DAMP-M2) antagonists. The latency of LES relaxation was increased substantially
      by pirenzepine and atropine, increased slightly by hexamethonium, but was not
      affected by 4-DAMP or 5-Meo-DMT. Given as concurrent intravenous infusions,
      hexamethonium, 5-Meo-DMT and 4-DAMP added to pirenzepine or atropine did not
      significantly increase LES relaxation latency above that caused by pirenzepine or
      atropine alone. None of the antagonists alone had a significant effect on percent
      LES relaxation. The combination of pirenzepine or 4-DAMP with hexamethonium and 5
      Meo-DMT did not affect percent LES relaxation. The combination of atropine with
      hexamethonium and 5-Meo-DMT reduced LES relaxation to 18%. The combination of
      pirenzepine and 4-DAMP with hexamethonium and 5-Meo-DMT, however, had no effect
      on percent LES relaxation. We conclude that muscarinic participation in vagally
      induced LES relaxation exhibits two functional receptor subtypes: (1) M1
      receptors that determine LES relaxation latency and are antagonized by
      pirenzepine or atropine, and (2) non-M1, non-M2 receptors (Mx receptors) that
      contribute to the magnitude of LES relaxation and are antagonized by atropine,
      but not by pirenzepine or 4-DAMP.

PMID- 2888609
TI  - Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, neurotensin,
      cholecystokinin octapeptide, and secretin on intestinal absorption of amino acid
      in rat.
AB  - The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SRIF),
      neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), and secretin (SEC) on the
      intestinal absorption of amino acid were investigated. Six groups of Wistar rats
      were studied: (1) controls; (2) VIP treated; (3) SRIF treated; (4) NT treated;
      (5) CCK-8 treated; (6) SEC treated. [3H]Leucine was given intraluminally through
      a cannula at the ligament of Treitz, a number of blood samples were obtained
      through a superior mesenteric vein catheter 1-60 min after administration of
      [3H]leucine, and the radioactivity of plasma was measured to evaluate the
      absorption of [3H]leucine. It was shown that VIP and SRIF significantly inhibited
      the absorption of [3H]leucine (by 59.1% and 38.7%, respectively), whereas NT, CCK
      8, and SEC significantly enhanced absorption (by 44.2%, 49.6%, and 39.1%,
      respectively). Radioimmunoassays of VIP, SRIF, and NT showed that at least some
      of the hormones or peptides exerted their effects on absorption of leucine at or
      near their physiological concentrations.

PMID- 2888612
TI  - Influence of drugs on brain neurotransmitters and behavioral states during
      development.
AB  - Neurotransmitters are present at very early stages of brain development. They may
      have trophic effects on maturation of target neurons and mediate the behavioral
      repertoire of the immature brain. Many centrally acting drugs which are used
      during pregnancy and early childhood for the treatment of e.g. hypertension,
      depression, epilepsy, sleep disorders, or hyperkinetism influence brain
      neurotransmitters and behavioral states. Disturbances observed later in life in
      animal and man, due to perinatal interference of such drugs with brain
      neurotransmitters and behavioral states, are not gross physical malformations but
      rather subtle behavioral and neurological symptoms such as hyperactivity,
      emotional lability, perceptual motor disturbances, attentional distractibility
      and sleep disturbances.

PMID- 2888611
TI  - Study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic activity of almitrine
      bismesylate in infants during the recovery phase following bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia.
AB  - The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of almitrine bismesylate were studied in 6
      infants (age 2.5-9.5/months) during the recovery phase following bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia. The infants did not require assisted ventilation, but needed oxygen
      therapy with an FiO2 of 25-30% in stable condition. One to three hours after a
      single oral dose of almitrine (1.5 mg/kg), there was a marked increase in
      transcutaneous PO2 (TcPO2) (mean 2kPa) followed by a regular decrease to the
      baseline level. Nine to fourteen days after repeated administration of almitrine
      (1.5 mg/kg/12 h) in 4 children, the mean gain in TcPO2 was only 0.85 kPa. There
      was a very early flagging in efficacy of almitrine, since none of the children
      could be weaned from oxygen therapy. The absorption peak occurred 1-3 h after the
      administration of the compound. The maximum almitrine concentration was 173 +/-
      44 ng/ml; plasma clearance was 21.9 +/- 6.6 ml/min and the volume of distribution
      was 18.7 +/- 2.1 liters/kg. The drug was eliminated biphasically. In the 4
      studies with repeated drug administration, the pharmacokinetic results suggested
      that a steady state was still not achieved after 9-14 days of treatment. These
      results and the absence of any sustained effect of repeated doses of the drug
      raise the problem of a particular type of almitrine metabolization in the infant.

PMID- 2888613
TI  - Renal transport processes and glutathione conjugate-mediated nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2888614
TI  - Species differences in disposition of benzo[a]pyrene.
AB  - Comparison of disposition of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) among Sprague-Dawley rats,
      Gunn rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs was performed. [3H]B[a]P was administered
      intratracheally to animals, and the rate of excretion of radioactivity into bile,
      types of metabolites of B[a]P in bile, and distribution of radioactivity among
      tissues were determined. In Sprague-Dawley rats, Gunn rats, and guinea pigs, the
      rate of excretion of radioactivity was dependent upon the administered dose.
      Excretion and tissue distribution of radioactivity were qualitatively similar
      among these species although quantitative differences were observed. In hamsters,
      the rate of excretion was essentially independent of dose at the concentrations
      examined (0.16 and 350 micrograms). The major difference between hamsters and the
      other species was that increased amounts of radioactivity were retained in lungs
      of hamsters at the lower dose with a proportional decrease in the amount of
      radioactivity excreted into bile. The types and relative amounts of conjugated
      and nonconjugated metabolites of B[a]P were similar in bile of Sprague-Dawley
      rats and hamsters. Smaller amounts of glucuronides and larger amounts of sulfate
      conjugates were detected in bile of Gunn rats than in bile of Sprague-Dawley rats
      or hamsters. Metabolites in bile of guinea pigs were markedly different from
      those in the other species in that approximately 90% of the metabolites were
      thioether conjugates. Buthionine sulfoxime was used to reduce tissue levels of
      glutathione in Sprague-Dawley rats. When liver and lung glutathione levels were
      reduced to 30% and 82% of control levels, respectively, the amount of
      radioactivity excreted into bile was not significantly different from
      controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888615
TI  - Uptake, toxicity, and distribution of benzo[a]pyrene and monooxygenase induction
      in the topminnows Poeciliopsis monacha and Poeciliopsis lucida.
AB  - Poeciliopsis lucida and Poeciliopsis monacha are freshwater viviparous fishes
      susceptible to tumorigenesis by brief exposure to waterborne procarcinogens. The
      hepatic monooxygenase system and the uptake, toxicity, and distribution of
      benzo[a]pyrene (BP) were characterized as a first step in exploring relationships
      between xenobiotic metabolism and cancer in these fishes. Waterborne BP was
      lethal at a dose of 3.75 mg/liter with a 24-hr exposure. During a 24-hr exposure
      to 1.0 mg/liter (3.97 mumol/liter) [3H]BP, an average of 8.27 nmol of BP was
      taken up per fish. Of this total, 64-70% was in the gallbladder or gut,
      indicating rapid metabolism and excretion. Basal levels of aryl hydrocarbon
      hydroxylase (AHH) activity were fairly high, about 0.6 nmol/min/mg. Maximal
      induction by BP occurred at a dose of 1.0 mg/liter, but with AHH activities only
      about twice the levels in untreated fish. Sensitivity to inhibition by alpha
      naphthoflavone (ANF) increased slightly in treated fish. Induced AHH and also 7
      ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities declined slowly after a single
      treatment, approaching pre-exposure levels after 7 days. Monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies to cytochrome P-450E, the AHH and EROD catalyst in the
      marine fish scup (Stenotomus chrysops), inhibited AHH and EROD activities in
      untreated Poeciliopsis, indicating structural similarity between the catalysts in
      these fish species. Untreated Poeciliopsis evidently contain a counterpart to
      scup cytochrome P-450E, the major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible from
      in scup. High levels of basal activity and the pattern of monooxygenase induction
      could be involved in the sensitivity of these fishes to polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbon and other procarcinogens.

PMID- 2888617
TI  - The metabolism and elimination of pyrilamine maleate in the rat.
AB  - The metabolism and elimination of pyrilamine (2-[(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)(p
      methoxybenzyl)amino]pyridine) were characterized after the iv administration of
      7.0 mg/kg or 0.7 mg/kg pyrilamine maleate plus [14C]pyrilamine maleate to adult
      male Fischer-344 rats. Approximately 29% and 38% of the administered dose was
      excreted in the urine in the first 24 hr in the high and low dose groups,
      respectively, as determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Fecal excretion
      accounted for 27% and 30% of the administered dose in the first 24 hr in the high
      and low dose groups, respectively, as confirmed via combustion analysis. The 24
      hr urinary metabolic products consisted of one major and four minor radiolabeled
      compounds. The major metabolite was isolated by reversed-phase high performance
      liquid chromatography and identified as the O-glucuronic acid conjugate of O
      demethyl pyrilamine. This was accomplished by comparison of the chromatographic
      characteristics of this metabolite's aglycon with that of an authentic standard
      of O-demethyl pyrilamine and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the
      unhydrolyzed conjugate. Pyrilamine and its N-oxide and O-demethyl derivatives
      were also identified after isolation by reversed-phase high performance liquid
      chromatography and comparison of their mass spectral and/or chromatographic
      properties with those of authentic compounds. The plasma metabolic profile was
      essentially the same as the urinary profile except for the absence of O-demethyl
      pyrilamine. The plasma elimination of pyrilamine fit a one-compartment open model
      and was first order. The terminal plasma elimination half-life of pyrilamine did
      not increase with increasing doses (2.3 hr, 0.7 mg/kg; 1.5 hr, 7.0 mg/kg) and
      thus pyrilamine does not exhibit dose-dependent elimination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888616
TI  - Determination of metabolite pharmacokinetics for orally administered prodrugs.
AB  - The theoretical evaluation of a pharmacokinetic precursor/metabolite model was
      accomplished utilizing an integral approach based on clearance. Particular
      attention was paid to prodrugs where a single active intermediate results
      directly from the parent drug. This model, however, can be utilized for any drug
      in which a single first-pass metabolic adduct results. Complete elucidation of
      the first-pass and metabolic systemic pharmacokinetics is possible when plasma
      and urine concentration data are available after only oral drug administration.
      The generality of the model does not require prior knowledge of whether the
      metabolite was formed systemically or presystemically, and only limited metabolic
      pathway profiling. The model was applied to the evaluation of the angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor prodrug pentopril.

PMID- 2888618
TI  - N-debenzylation of pyrilamine and tripelennamine in the rat. A new metabolic
      pathway.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 20 mg/kg of pyrilamine or tripelennamine
      intraperitoneally. The extract obtained from an enzymatically hydrolyzed urine
      was derivatized with or without Tri-Sil Z and analyzed by GC/MS. 2-(2
      Dimethylaminoethyl)aminopyridine, 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)aminopyridine, 2-[4
      hydroxybenzyl-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine, 2-[4-hydroxybenzyl-(2
      methylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine, 2-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine, and 2-[3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine were detected as metabolites of pyrilamine. 2
      (2-Dimethylaminoethyl)aminopyridine, 2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)aminopyridine, 2
      [alpha-hydroxybenzyl-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine, 2-[4-hydroxybenzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine, 2-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine, and 2-[3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine were detected as metabolites of tripelennamine.
      Thus, N-debenzylation of tripelennamine and N-demethoxybenzylation of pyrilamine
      occurs in vivo, through an intermediate of alpha-carbon oxidation and represents
      a new metabolic pathway for these compounds. The identity of the metabolite was
      confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample of 2-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)aminopyridine. The pharmacological implication of 2-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)aminopyridine, one of the metabolites of pyrilamine and
      tripelennamine, is discussed.

PMID- 2888619
TI  - Species-dependent glucuronidation of drugs by immobilized rabbit, rhesus monkey,
      and human UDP-glucuronyltransferases.
AB  - The utility of immobilized microsomal enzymes from rabbit liver for the synthesis
      of a variety of conjugated drug metabolites has been demonstrated in our
      laboratory. Here, this capability is extended to microsomal preparations from
      monkey and human liver. A comparative study of glucuronidation of various
      substrates was carried out using immobilized uridine-5'
      diphosphoglucuronyltransferase from rabbit, rhesus monkey, and human liver. The
      three drugs used for the study (sulfadimethoxine, oxazepam, and cyproheptadine)
      were chosen on the basis of their previously reported in vivo species differences
      in glucuronidation. Aglycons were incubated with UDP-glucuronic acid in the
      presence of immobilized UDP-glucuronyl-transferase at pH 7.4 for 16 hr at 37
      degrees C. Glucuronide products were purified by high performance liquid
      chromatography and further characterized by thin layer chromatography and mass
      spectometry. Species-dependent glucuronidation was observed in all three cases.
      Differences in the in vitro product formation paralleled in vivo species
      differences for the three drugs studied. The same glucuronides were produced by
      immobilized human liver microsomes as have been found to be formed in vivo from
      the three drugs studied.

PMID- 2888620
TI  - Metabolism and disposition of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol)
      in rats.
AB  - Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol, BE) is a major industrial
      chemical with multiple and diverse uses that may result in significant risk of
      human exposure and environmental contamination. The current studies were
      undertaken to investigate the metabolism and disposition of this chemical in male
      F344 rats. Data presented in this report showed that BE is rapidly absorbed after
      gavage administration, metabolized, and eliminated. Tissue distribution of BE
      revealed that BE is distributed to all tissues with the highest levels
      (determined 48 hr after dosing) detected in the forestomach followed by the
      liver, kidney, spleen, and the glandular stomach. However, the increase in the
      tissue concentration in rats treated with 500 mg/kg (as compared to that in rats
      treated with 125 mg/kg BE) was not proportional to the increase in BE dose. The
      major route of BE elimination was in the urine, followed by 14CO2 exhalation. The
      portion of the BE dose eliminated in urine or as 14CO2 was significantly higher
      in rats treated with 125 mg/kg than in the rats treated with 500 mg/kg. This may
      indicate that saturation of BE-metabolizing enzymes occurs at the high dose. A
      small portion (8%) of the administered dose (500 mg/kg) was excreted in the bile
      in 8 hr after dosing. Qualitative and quantitative HPLC analysis of the urinary
      and biliary metabolites of BE revealed that the major urinary metabolite,
      butoxyacetic acid (BAA), accounted for more than 75% of the radioactivity
      excreted in the urine. The second major metabolite in urine was the glucuronide
      conjugate of BE (BEG).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888621
TI  - Phencyclidine iminium ion. NADPH-dependent metabolism, covalent binding to
      macromolecules, and inactivation of cytochrome(s) P-450.
AB  - The phencyclidine iminium ion (PCP-Im+), a potentially reactive 2,3,4,5
      tetrahydropyridinium species, is formed by the cytochrome(s) P-450-catalyzed
      alpha-carbon oxidation of phencyclidine (PCP), a commonly abused psychotomimetic
      agent. Incubation of PCP-Im+ with liver microsomes obtained from phenobarbital
      induced rabbits resulted in over 50% loss of microsomal N-demethylase activity
      and 30% reduction in cytochrome(s) P-450 content. These effects were
      concentration-dependent, irreversible, and exhibited pseudo-first order kinetics,
      characteristics of a mechanism-based enzyme inactivation process. Incubation of
      3H-PCP-Im+ with liver microsomes resulted in covalent binding of radioactive
      material to macromolecules by a process that also was NADPH-dependent. PCP-Im+
      was metabolized by liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and this metabolism
      was inhibited by SKF 525A and carbon monoxide. HPLC analysis has led to the
      preliminary characterization of an oxidized metabolite of PCP-Im+ which also is
      formed from PCP. These results support the proposal that this
      tetrahydropyridinium metabolite of PCP is biotransformed in a cytochrome(s) P-450
      catalyzed reaction to form reactive species capable of covalent interactions with
      biomacromolecules.

PMID- 2888622
TI  - Stereoselectivity of naphthalene epoxidation by mouse, rat, and hamster
      pulmonary, hepatic, and renal microsomal enzymes.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated the formation of three glutathione conjugates
      during the hepatic and pulmonary microsomal metabolism of naphthalene in the
      presence of reduced glutathione and cytosolic enzymes containing the glutathione
      transferases. These glutathione conjugates now have been identified by negative
      ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, by proton NMR spectroscopy, and by
      chemical synthesis from the (1S,2R)- and (1R, 2S)-naphthalene 1,2-oxide
      enantiomers as isomeric hydroxyglutathionyldihydronaphthalene derivatives. All
      three glutathione adducts yielded prominent mass spectral ions at m/z 450 (M-H)-,
      432 (dehydration product), and 306 (glutathionyl moiety) which were consistent
      with the monoglutathionyl derivatives of hydroxydihydronaphthalene. Signals in
      the proton NMR spectra at 3.60 and 4.95 ppm (adduct 1) and 3.60 and 4.95 ppm
      (adduct 2) indicated that these conjugates were diastereomers of 1-hydroxy-2
      glutathionyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. Corresponding signals for H1 and H2 at 4.22
      and 4.45 ppm for adduct 3 showed that this isomer was generated from attack of
      glutathione at the 1 position of the naphthalene 1,2-oxide. Incubation of
      synthetic (1S, 2R)-naphthalene 1,2-oxide with glutathione in the presence of
      glutathione transferases resulted in the formation of adducts 1 and 3 in
      approximately equal proportions; under identical conditions, glutathione
      conjugate 2 was formed from (1R, 2S)-naphthalene 1,2-oxide. Incubation of
      naphthalene, glutathione, and glutathione transferases with pulmonary, hepatic,
      or renal microsomal preparations from mouse, rat, and hamster resulted in the
      formation of all three glutathione conjugates. Substantial differences in the
      rates of formation of the individual conjugates were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888623
TI  - Comparative defluorination and cytochrome P-450 loss by the microsomal metabolism
      of fluoro- and fluorochloroethenes.
AB  - Halogenated ethenes are oxidatively metabolized by cytochrome P-450 to
      intermediates which inactivate cytochrome P-450 by destroying heme and to
      epoxides which may react with cellular macromolecules or decompose to other
      products. To determine the relative capabilities of fluoroethenes to inactivate
      cytochrome P-450 and undergo metabolism, fluoride release, cytochrome P-450 loss,
      and heme loss due to the metabolism of trifluorochloroethene (TFCE),
      chlorodifluoroethene (CDE), difluoroethene (DFE), and trifluoroethene (TFE) were
      compared in rat hepatic microsomes. Fluoride release, in order of decreasing
      amounts of fluoride released, followed the order: CDE greater than TFCE much
      greater than TFE greater than DFE. In contrast, in order of each compound's
      decreasing effectiveness to destroy both cytochrome P-450 and heme, the following
      sequence was obtained: TFE greater than CDE greater than TFCE greater than DFE.
      In phenobarbital-induced hepatic microsomes, TFE inactivated up to 67% of the
      cytochrome P-450, whereas DFE inactivated only up to 17%. The results of this
      study indicate that chloro substituents enhance defluorination of the ethenes,
      and that cytochrome P-450 inactivation by the fluoroethenes is highly dependent
      on the degree and nature of the halogen substituents.

PMID- 2888624
TI  - Noncovalent binding of 3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene and its
      metabolites to liver cytosolic proteins and its role in their nuclear
      translocation.
AB  - When liver cytosol prepared from rats administered [14C]3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4
      aminoazobenzene was subjected to Sephadex gel chromatography, four peaks (I-IV)
      of radioactivity containing proteins and one peak (V) of radioactivity devoid of
      protein were obtained. Forty to fifty-five per cent of the radioactivity in the
      protein peaks was butanol-extractable. When the protein peaks were subjected to
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, over 90% of the
      radioactivity was separated from the proteins, indicating lack of covalent
      binding. Several differences in the metabolite patterns were seen when the
      butanol-extractable metabolites from the five chromatographic peaks were analyzed
      by TLC. When pooled fractions of the peaks were incubated with isolated rat liver
      nuclei, only radioactivity associated with peak II was translocated into the
      nucleus. Translocation was time- and temperature-dependent and was maximal at 40
      min at 37 degrees C. Only 10 to 12% of the radioactivity associated with peak II
      could be translocated even in the presence of an excess of nuclei, indicating
      that specific protein metabolite adduct(s) present in this fraction is/are
      translocated. Five per cent of translocated radioactivity was irreversibly bound
      to DNA, 3% to RNA, 67% to non-histone proteins, and 7.5% to histones; the
      remaining was not associated with any of these macromolecules.

PMID- 2888625
TI  - Effect of cytochrome P-450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase modifying factors
      on the in vitro metabolism of amiodarone by rat and rabbit.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to affirm hepatic cytochrome P-450 involvement in the
      biotransformation of the class III antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone (Am;
      Cordarone X) to its major metabolite, desethylamiodarone (DEA). Male Sprague
      Dawley rats and male New Zealand white rabbits were treated with phenobarbital
      (PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) (to induce cytochrome P-450 (PB-inducible
      cytochrome(s) P-450) or P-448 (MC-inducible cytochrome P-450). In vivo decreases
      in rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 were achieved either by a single ip
      dose of CCl4 or by a 2-day treatment with CoCl2. In vitro biotransformation of Am
      by hepatic microsomes from PB-induced and 3-MC-induced rats and PB-induced
      rabbits was significantly greater than that from noninduced animals. Conversely,
      in vitro DEA production was significantly decreased with hepatic microsomes from
      CCl4- and CoCl2-pretreated rats. The classic P-450 inhibitors, piperonyl
      butoxide, SKF 525A, n-octylamine, and CO provided a significant reduction in the
      in vitro formation of DEA by microsomes from induced animals. In vitro DEA
      formation by hepatic microsomes from PB- and 3-MC-induced rats was significantly
      decreased by 0.5 mM chloroquine (specific inhibitors of PB-inducible
      cytochrome(s) P-450) and 0.3 mM quinacrine (specific inhibitor of MC-inducible
      cytochrome(s) P-450), respectively. Further evidence for involvement of gut
      microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase was provided by the inhibition of gut
      microsomal-mediated in vitro DEA formation in the presence of methimazole.
      Methimazole had no effect on hepatic microsomal DEA production in vitro.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888626
TI  - Effects of genetic or chemically induced diabetes on imipramine metabolism.
      Respective involvement of flavin monooxygenase and cytochrome P-450-dependent
      monooxygenases.
AB  - Imipramine metabolism has been studied in both type I (streptozotocin-induced
      insulin-deficient) and type II (genetically insulin-resistant) diabetes in mice.
      In both types of diabetes, the formation of imipramine N-oxide is increased. In
      type I diabetes, desmethyl- and 2-hydroxyimipramine are additionally increased.
      The inhibition of imipramine metabolism by anti-cytochrome P-450 reductase
      antibodies led to the conclusion that cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases
      are not involved in the N-oxidation of imipramine. This metabolic route is only
      supported by the flavin monooxygenase, whose activity is increased by diabetes.
      The pharmacological implications of altered imipramine metabolism in diabetic
      states are discussed in relation to the drug metabolism in human diabetes.

PMID- 2888627
TI  - Stereoselective metabolism of 2-phenylpropionic acid in rat. I. In vitro studies
      on the stereoselective isomerization and glucuronidation of 2-phenylpropionic
      acid.
AB  - Optical isomerization of 2-phenylpropionic acid (hydratropic acid, HTA) was
      studied in the organs of male rat in vitro. (R)-(-)-HTA was not isomerized by rat
      liver homogenate even after the addition of CoA, ATP, and Mg2+ to the incubation
      mixture; however, it was isomerized slowly but significantly in liver slices.
      This suggests that some additional factor(s) are required for the optical
      isomerization of HTA in rat liver homogenate. Kidney slices showed about 3-fold
      higher isomerizing activity of (R)-(-)-HTA than liver slices. (S)-(+)-HTA was
      also slightly isomerized to (R)-(-)-HTA in kidney slices suggesting that the
      isomerization of HTA is stereoselective but not stereospecific. The liver and the
      kidney were considered to be the major organs for isomerization of HTA, since the
      isomerizing activity of the small intestine was low and other tissues examined
      were inactive. Change of the incubation medium of liver slices from Krebs-Ringer
      bicarbonate buffer to Krebs-Ringer buffer without bicarbonate, 0.25 M sucrose
      solution with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) or 0.9% NaCl solution with 0.05 M
      Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) increased the isomerization rate of (R)-(-)-HTA to (S)
      (+)-HTA, but decreased the glucuronide formation. During incubation of racemic
      HTA with liver slices, (S)-(+)-enantiomer percentage in HTA acyl glucuronide (HTA
      G) increased with time, whereas that of the free HTA remained nearly constant.
      These results suggested the stereoselective hydrolysis of (R)-(-)-HTA-G in liver
      slices, which was confirmed by the results from incubation of HTA-G with rat
      liver preparations. Kidney homogenate also preferentially hydrolyzed (R)-(-)-HTA
      G.

PMID- 2888628
TI  - Stereoselective metabolism of 2-phenylpropionic acid in rat. II. Studies on the
      organs responsible for the optical isomerization of 2-phenylpropionic acid in rat
      in vivo.
AB  - The contribution of the liver and kidney to the optical isomerization of (R)-(-)
      2-phenylpropionic acid (hydratropic acid (HTA] was examined by iv injection of
      racemic HTA (20 mg/kg) to nephrectomized and bile duct-ligated rats (NEBL-rats),
      eviscerated rats with nonfunctioning livers (EVIS-rats), rats with ligated
      bilateral ureters and bile ducts (BUBL-rats), and sham-operated rats. The
      decrease of (R)-(-)-enantiomer percentage of HTA in plasma of EVIS-rats from 53%
      (5 min) to 45% (60 min) clearly proved the contribution of the kidney on the
      optical isomerization of (R)-(-)-HTA in vivo. In NEBL-rats, the decrease of (R)-(
      )-enantiomer percentage of HTA in plasma was only 2% in 55 min, but the (R)-(-)
      enantiomer percentages of HTA acyl glucuronide (HTA-G) in plasma and liver at 1
      hr after dosing were 40% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the contribution of
      the liver on the isomerization was also suggested. Only a trace amount of HTA-G
      was detected in the EVIS-rats plasma and kidney, confirming the low glucuronic
      acid-conjugating activity of HTA in rat kidney. But, in the BUBL-rats,
      stereoselective hydrolysis of (R)-(-)-HTA-G in the kidney was suggested. Both the
      stereoselective glucuronidation of (S)-(+)-HTA and the stereoselective hydrolysis
      of (R)-(-)-HTA-G in rat liver might be responsible for the enrichment of (S)-(+)
      HTA-G in the liver.

PMID- 2888629
TI  - Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated human beta-endorphin in
      rats. An application of the capillary membrane-limited model.
AB  - In order to simulate the distribution and elimination of radioiodinated human
      beta-endorphin (125I-beta-EP) after iv bolus injection in rats, we proposed a
      physiologically based pharmacokinetic model incorporating diffusional transport
      of 125I-beta-EP across the capillary membrane. This model assumes that the
      distribution of 125I-beta-EP is restricted only within the blood and the tissue
      interstitial fluid, and that a diffusional barrier across the capillary membrane
      exists in each tissue except the liver. The tissue-to-blood partition
      coefficients were estimated from the ratios of the concentration in tissues to
      that in arterial plasma at the terminal (pseudoequilibrium) phase. The total body
      plasma clearance (9.0 ml/min/kg) was appropriately assigned to the liver and
      kidney. The transcapillary diffusion clearances of 125I-beta-EP were also
      estimated and shown to correlate linearly with that of inulin in several tissues.
      Numerically solving the mass-balance differential equations as to plasma and each
      tissue simultaneously, simulated concentration curves of 125I-beta-EP
      corresponded well with the observed data. It was suggested by the simulation that
      the initial rapid disappearance of 125I-beta-EP from plasma after iv injection
      could be attributed in part to the transcapillary diffusion of the peptide.

PMID- 2888630
TI  - The metabolism of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride. Liberation of deuterium from
      the piperidine ring during hydroxylation.
AB  - The metabolism of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride (RA), a new histamine-2
      receptor antagonist, was studied by GC/MS in rats and dogs in vivo. The co
      administration of 14C-RA and RA-d10 labeled with deuterium in the piperidine ring
      expedited the isolation and identification of 15 urinary metabolites. The major
      metabolites in both animals were M-1, M-8, M-10, and M-11; M-4 could be found
      only in the rat. The aromatic and piperidine ring-hydroxylated metabolites were
      found in small amounts in both species. Following the administration of RA-d10 to
      rats and dogs, oxygenated metabolites on the piperidine ring, such as M-3 and M
      4, were isolated and their analysis indicated the unexpected loss of three or
      four deuterium atoms from the ring. Also, first and second isotope effects were
      observed on the conversion rate in vivo and retention time in HPLC, respectively.

PMID- 2888631
TI  - 6-Fluoro-2-methylspiro(chroman-4,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione and related
      compounds as inducers of monooxygenase in rat liver microsomes.
AB  - The relationship between the structure of spirohydantoin derivatives and their
      inducing effects on hepatic monooxygenase system was studied. At the dose of 1
      mumol/kg (0.3 mg/kg), 6-fluoro-2-methylspiro(chroman-4,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'
      dione (M79175) was found to exhibit an inducing effect on benzphetamine N
      demethylase. On the contrary, the inducing effect of Sorbinil, in which the 2
      methyl group on the chroman ring of M79175 was replaced by hydrogen atom, on
      benzphetamine N-demethylase was 100 times less than that of M79175. The
      substitution of the methyl group of M79175 with the dimethyl group did not affect
      the inducing effect, whereas the substitution with the hexyl group resulted in
      the loss of the inducing effect on drug oxidation activities tested at a dose of
      10 mg/kg. Furthermore, cyclohexane spiro-2,6-chloro-1'-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl)spiro(chroman-4,4'-imidazolid ine)-2' , 5'-dione (M79193) had
      an inducing effect on total cytochrome P-450 content, but had no inducing effect
      on benzphetamine N-demethylase. In addition, M79175 was found to induce
      cytochrome P-450 which is immunochemically related to one of the major forms of
      phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450(PB-1], but not cytochrome P-450
      which is immunochemically related to the major form of 3-methylcholanthrene
      inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450(MC-1]. On the other hand, M79193 was found to
      induce neither P-450(PB-1) nor P-450(MC-1).

PMID- 2888633
TI  - Inhibition and induction of hepatic drug metabolism in rats and mice by
      nafimidone and its major metabolite nafimidone alcohol.
AB  - Nafimidone, a candidate anticonvulsant agent, and its metabolite (nafimidone
      alcohol) demonstrated potent inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism in male rats.
      Inhibition occurred both in vivo following acute administration as a prolongation
      of hexobarbital sleeping time and as an elevation of plasma hexobarbital levels,
      and in vitro following addition to hepatic microsomes as a disruption of ethyl
      morphine N-demethylation and aniline p-hydroxylation. Inhibition of ethylmorphine
      N-demethylation was of a mixed type, whereas aniline p-hydroxylation was
      inhibited in a noncompetitive manner; the micromolar Ki values obtained for both
      enzymes were severalfold lower than those obtained for imidazole. Nafimidone
      alcohol produced a type II difference spectrum when added to rat hepatic
      microsomes. The Ks value was 2.1 microM. Chronic administration of nafimidone
      alcohol caused induction of hepatic drug metabolism typified by shortening of
      pentobarbital sleeping time in vivo in male mice and a doubling of hepatic
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 content in male rats. In rats, these changes were
      associated with a 30-fold elevation in the Vmax for microsomal ethoxyresorufin O
      deethylase and a moderate increase in the Vmax for microsomal ethylmorphine N
      demethylase, but no change in either the rate of aniline p-hydroxylation, 4
      hydroxybiphenyl- or 4-methylumbelliferone UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, or the
      activity of the flavoprotein reductase component. These data suggest induction of
      a predominating cytochrome P-448-type of Phase I drug-metabolizing activity by
      nafimidone alcohol.

PMID- 2888632
TI  - Disposition of nafimidone in rats.
AB  - The absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 14C-nafimidone, a
      novel anticonvulsant, have been studied in rats. Nafimidone was completely
      absorbed following single oral doses of 10 and 100 mg/kg. After both iv and oral
      administration, nafimidone was rapidly eliminated from plasma (t 1/2 about 5
      min), with concomitant formation of a pharmacologically active, nonconjugated
      metabolite, nafimidone alcohol. Systemic clearance of nafimidone from plasma
      after iv administration was approximately 2 times higher than hepatic blood flow
      in rats, and the oral bioavailability was 15%. However, the AUC of nafimidone
      alcohol was 30% higher after oral administration of nafimidone than that after iv
      administration of nafimidone. It is likely that, given its pharmacological
      activity, nafimidone alcohol is the more important species pharmacologically.
      Distribution of nafimidone-related radioactivity was widespread with highest
      concentrations associated with liver, kidney, adrenals, and the gastrointestinal
      tract. Elimination of radioactivity from tissues was rapid and complete, except
      that retention was noted in arterial vessels and in the ocular melanin of
      pigmented rats. Determination of hepatic and brain levels of nafimidone and
      nafimidone alcohol showed no detectable levels of nafimidone in either tissue.
      However, levels of nafimidone alcohol in liver and brain were as much as 13-fold
      and 2-fold, respectively, higher than levels in plasma. After either iv or oral
      administration of 14C-nafimidone, approximately two-thirds of the radioactivity
      was recovered in urine. The major urinary metabolites of nafimidone after a 100
      mg/kg dose were characterized and shown to be dihydroxydihydronaphthalene,
      substituted nafimidone alcohol, and the 1-beta-glucuronide of nafimidone alcohol.

PMID- 2888634
TI  - The metabolic fate of oxazepam in mice.

PMID- 2888635
TI  - Formation of the taurine conjugate of benzoic acid in rainbow trout, Salmo
      gairdneri.

PMID- 2888636
TI  - A phenolic metabolite of phencyclidine: the formation of a pharmacologically
      active metabolite by rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 2888637
TI  - Evaluation of temazepam and diphenhydramine as hypnotics in a nursing-home
      population.
AB  - Seventeen nursing home residents with sleeping problems were enrolled in a
      randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of temazepam 15 mg, diphenhydramine
      (DPH) 50 mg, and placebo. Each drug was given for five consecutive nights with a
      72-hour washout period between drugs. Subjects were assessed three times weekly
      with tests of psychomotor and cognitive function and four times weekly with
      observer sleep diaries and morning sleep questionnaires. Three subjects failed to
      complete the study. By report of the subjects, DPH resulted in shorter sleep
      latency than did placebo (t = 2.77, p less than 0.05). On the fifth night, use of
      DPH was associated with longer duration of sleep than temazepam (t = 2.88, p less
      than 0.05). No significant difference in tests of neurologic function was noted
      although, compared with placebo, subjects performed more poorly on seven of eight
      tests while taking temazepam and five of eight tests while taking DPH. Several
      instances of daytime hypersomnolence were noted in subjects taking temazepam and
      DPH, but none in subjects given placebo.

PMID- 2888638
TI  - Effect of ranitidine on chloroquine disposition.
AB  - Ten healthy, male volunteers (aged 19-27 yr; weight 62-67 kg) were randomly
      distributed into control and test groups of five subjects each in a controlled
      study on the effect of ranitidine on chloroquine disposition. The control group
      subjects received two tablets of chloroquine sulfate (300-mg base) only. The test
      group subjects received ranitidine 250 mg hs for four days prior to the
      administration of chloroquine sulfate and throughout the sample collection
      period. Blood samples (5 ml) were collected from the time of the chloroquine
      administration to the seventh day after drug administration. The samples were
      analyzed for chloroquine content by a combination of thin-layer chromatography
      and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The Wilcoxon test at 0.05 significance level
      was used to compare the disposition parameters between control and test groups.
      Ranitidine therapy was associated with no significant alterations in chloroquine
      oral clearance rate, elimination rate constant, and apparent volume of
      distribution. Unlike cimetidine, ranitidine does not interact pharmacokinetically
      with chloroquine. Ranitidine, therefore, may be the H2-receptor antagonist of
      choice for ulcer patients receiving chloroquine.

PMID- 2888639
TI  - Fate map of the eye-antennal imaginal disc of the tumorous-head mutant of
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - In specific genetic backgrounds, a mutation in the tuh-3 gene results in the
      homeotic transformation of head structures to either leg disc derivatives or
      structures normally found in the extreme posterior end of wild-type animals. The
      origins of the homeotic structures were mapped to defined positions in the eye
      antennal imaginal disc by transplanting abnormal regions of discs isolated from
      tuh-3 mutants into host mwh;e4 larvae. These metamorphosed implants were removed
      and differentiated structures were identified. Of 211 successfully recovered
      implants, 157 gave rise to homeotic tissue: abdominal tergite, male or female
      external genitalia and/or leg tissue. Transformations to abdominal tergite
      occurred primarily in cells taken from the eye region of the compound disc. Male
      and female genitalia arose most often in implants taken from the antennal portion
      of the disc, although some tissue taken from the lateral region of the eye disc
      also gave rise to external genitalia. Leg structures came exclusively from
      implants from the antennal region of the imaginal disc. These results suggest
      that cells from within specific regions of the eye-antennal compound disc are
      constrained in their developmental potential. An obvious constraint observed with
      this mutation is a dorsal/ventral one: Cells from the eye disc, a dorsal
      structure, primarily gave rise to other dorsal structures, abdominal tergite
      tissue. Cells from the antennal disc, a ventrally derived structure, primarily
      gave rise to other ventral structures including genital tissue and distal leg.

PMID- 2888640
TI  - Differentiation and grafting of haemopoietic stem cells from early
      postimplantation mouse embryos.
AB  - Haemopoietic stem cells evidently arise in early post-implantation mouse embryos
      at day 6 of gestation, a day earlier than previously thought (Moore & Metcalf,
      1970). Disaggregated embryonic cells were injected into mice given a lethal dose
      of X-irradiation. The presence of donor haemoglobin (Whitney, 1978) and donor
      lymphocytic glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) (Siciliano & Shaw, 1976) to detect
      donor erythrocytes and lymphocytes, respectively, were monitored by starch gel
      electrophoresis. The presence of donor cells was also assessed by using donor
      embryos carrying the T6 marker chromosomes. Decidual cells dissected free of
      embryos did not colonize any recipients. Disaggregated cells from early mouse
      embryos first colonized the liver and then repopulated the haemopoietic systems
      of recipients, producing adult donor haemoglobin within 2-3 days and donor GPI
      within 3-5 days. 80% of grafted X-irradiated recipients survived and donor
      markers were found in each of them. All nongrafted controls died within 14 days
      of X-irradiation and none of them showed donor markers. Disaggregated embryonic
      cells could be grafted across major histocompatibility barriers unlike adult bone
      marrow. Haemopoietic stem cells could not be identified in disaggregated cells
      from embryos aged less than 6 days gestation.

PMID- 2888641
TI  - The mitochondrial myopathies. Defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and
      oxidative phosphorylation system.

PMID- 2888642
TI  - Neurotransmitter amino acids in epilepsy.

PMID- 2888643
TI  - Mechanisms of anticonvulsant drug action.
AB  - The actions of clinically used anticonvulsant drugs on sustained high frequency
      repetitive firing of action potentials and on responses to gamma aminobutyric
      acid (GABA) have been determined using mouse neurons in cell culture, and a
      classification of anticonvulsant drug actions has been developed based on these
      cellular actions. Actions of the anticonvulsant drugs were accepted as clinically
      relevant only if they occurred at concentrations achieved in cerebrospinal fluid
      or in plasma unbound to plasma proteins. Based on their cellular mechanisms of
      actions, drugs have been divided into 3 categories: (1) Phenytoin, carbamazepine
      and valproic acid limited sustained high frequency repetitive firing but did not
      alter GABA responses. (2) Phenobarbital and the benzodiazepines, clonazepam,
      diazepam and nitrazepam, augmented postsynaptic GABA responses. These drugs
      limited sustained high frequency repetitive firing only at concentrations above
      the therapeutic range in ambulatory patients, but equal to concentrations
      achieved in the acute treatment of status epilepticus. (3) Ethosuximide failed to
      reduce sustained high frequency repetitive firing or enhance GABA responses even
      at supertherapeutic concentrations. Limitation of sustained high frequency
      repetitive firing by anticonvulsant drugs correlated well with efficacy against
      generalized tonic-clonic seizures in man and against maximal electroshock
      seizures in experimental animals. Enhancement of postsynaptic GABA responses
      correlated with efficacy against generalized absence seizures in man and against
      pentylenetetrazol seizures in animals. Ethosuximide, however, did not alter GABA
      responses or sustained high frequency repetitive firing suggesting that its
      action against generalized absence seizures in man and pentylenetetrazol seizures
      in experimental animals occurs by an additional, as yet unknown, mechanism.

PMID- 2888644
TI  - Biochemical and morphological changes in the aging brain.

PMID- 2888645
TI  - Cysteamine-induced decrease of somatostatin in rat brain synaptosomes in vitro.
AB  - The mechanism of somatostatin depletion induced by cysteamine [2
      mercaptoethylamine (CySH)] was studied in isolated nerve endings (synaptosomes)
      from rat brain in vitro. A dose-dependent reduction of somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SLI) was observed which reached its maximal extent (41%) at a
      concentration of 300 microM CySH after 1-5 min. There was no release of
      somatostatin into the incubation medium. CySH at concentrations of up to 10 mM
      did not interfere in the RIA. Among a variety of compounds, structurally related
      to CySH 4-aminothiophenol, 2-aminothiophenol and N,N-dimethylaminothiol exhibited
      the highest efficacy in decreasing somatostatin (60%, 50%, 30%, respectively, at
      10 mM and 10 min). The disulfide form of CySH cystamine and dimercaprol resulted
      in about 15% reduction after 10-min incubation, whereas taurine, alanine,
      cysteine, and mercaptoethanol were inactive. A saturable, sodium-dependent uptake
      process was found for the disulfide form of [35S]CySH cystamine [Michaelis-Menten
      constant (Km) = 18.6 microM, maximum velocity (Vmax) = 2.3 nmol/mg protein X 3
      min) which was inhibited by cysteine (87% at 1 mM). [35S]CySH, at concentrations
      of 20 microM or less, was not stable in buffer solution. It underwent
      considerable nonenzymatic conversion into its dimeric form (60% at 37 C and 3
      min), however it exhibited the same kinetic data for its uptake. Size exclusion
      HPLC of purified hypothalamic synaptosomes revealed a major SLI peak coeluting
      with synthetic somatostatin-14 and two minor peaks representing somatostatin-28
      and a 13,000 mol wt protein. The three molecular forms of somatostatin were
      reduced to varied extent by CySH (somatostatin-14 by about 70%, somatostatin-28
      by 15%, and the high mol wt form by 30%). Our experiments suggest that high
      affinity uptake of CySH may precede its action in decreasing somatostatin levels.
      Increased release or inhibition of synthesis of somatostatin have been excluded
      as possible mechanisms. It is suggested that SLI is equally affected in nerve
      endings and in perikarya.

PMID- 2888646
TI  - Plasma growth hormone (GH) response to intravenous GH-releasing factor (GRF) in
      adult rats: evidence for transient pituitary desensitization after GRF
      stimulation.
AB  - The ability of human (h)GRF-(1-29)NH2 to stimulate GH secretion was studied in
      cannulated adult rats. In order to suppress endogenous GRF secretion and the
      inhibitory action of hypothalamic somatostatin (SRIF), rats were anesthetized
      with sodium pentobarbital. Intravenous administration of hGRF-(1-29)NH2 elicited
      a dose-dependent response of plasma GH, with 250 ng/kg being the smallest
      effective dose in male rats. In female rats, for each dose tested (250 to 70,000
      ng/kg), the GH response represented only about 60% that of male rats. Repeated iv
      stimulations with hGRF-(1-29)NH2 at short time intervals (45 min) produced
      transient desensitization of pituitary responsiveness to GRF: a blunted GH
      response to the second and third stimulations was observed both in male and in
      female rats and for each dose tested. Similar blunted responses were also
      obtained with repeated injections of native hGRF-(1-44)NH2. The possibility that
      these blunted responses could be due to incomplete suppression of hypothalamic
      SRIF secretion by sodium pentobarbital was excluded by the use of rats that were
      passively immunized against SRIF; in these rats, it was shown that at least 65%
      of the inhibition of the GH response after the second GRF stimulation was
      unrelated to SRIF action. Similar transient desensitization to repeated hGRF-(1
      29)NH2 stimulations was also observed in conscious rats that were passively
      immunized against SRIF. This occurrence of blunted responses was shown to be
      related to the length of the time interval between GRF stimulations, with longer
      intervals resulting in less or no desensitization. It appears thus that
      modulation of pituitary responsiveness to the action of GRF is mediated by at
      least two independent mechanisms in the rat: in addition to the inhibitory action
      imposed by hypothalamic SRIF, which induces periods of refractoriness to the
      action of GRF, it was shown in this study that in the pituitary level each GRF
      stimulation also induces a transient desensitization of somatotrophs for about 1
      h. This period of refractoriness might not be due to excessive stimulation with
      GRF, since it was also observed with the lowest dose of hGRF-(1-29)NH2 that gave
      a significant release of GH. Finally, a sex difference was confirmed for the
      response of anesthetized adult rats to stimulation with hGRF-(1-29)NH2,
      reflecting a sex steroid-induced modification of pituitary responsiveness to GRF
      stimulation.

PMID- 2888648
TI  - Pre-operative medication reviewed: oral temazepam compared with papaveretum and
      hyoscine.
AB  - Oral temazepam was compared with papaveretum and hyoscine for pre-operative
      medication. The oral premedication was associated with less subjective unpleasant
      side-effects and greater anxiolytic properties. It was adjudged to be superior by
      the anaesthetic and nursing staff as well as by the patients themselves. Oral
      premedication was also less time-consuming to administer, and there was a small
      saving in the cost of drugs and equipment.

PMID- 2888647
TI  - The rat posterior pituitary contains a potent prolactin-releasing factor: studies
      with perifused anterior pituitary cells.
AB  - We previously reported that removal of the posterior pituitary abolished the
      suckling-induced rise in plasma PRL. This suggested that the posterior pituitary
      contains a PRL-releasing factor (PRF). Using perifused anterior pituitary cells,
      the objectives of this study were 1) to examine whether the posterior pituitary
      contains PRF activity as compared to the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), and 2)
      to determine to what extent substances known to be present in the posterior
      pituitary and/or MBH contribute to this activity. Anterior pituitary cells,
      attached to Cytodex beads, were perifused with medium 199. Tissues were extracted
      with acid, lyophilized, and reconstituted in medium 199. Tissue extracts and
      synthetic compounds were introduced to the cells in short pulses. Fractions were
      collected and analyzed for PRL, LH, and GH by RIA. Posterior pituitary extracts
      contained a potent substance(s) which stimulated PRL release in a concentration
      dependent manner, but did not alter LH secretion. As little as 1% of the extract
      increased PRL release. In contrast, the MBH extract contained significantly less
      PRF activity but was capable of stimulating and inhibiting LH and GH release,
      respectively. Cerebellar extracts did not alter PRL secretion. Of more than 25
      neuroactive substances tested in the perifusion system, oxytocin, TRH, and
      angiotensin II (A II) appeared as likely candidates for PRF. Therefore, the
      specific receptor antagonists d(CH2)5Tyr(Me) ornithine vasotocin (for oxytocin),
      chlordiazepoxide (for TRH), or saralasin (for A II) were infused together with
      the posterior pituitary extract. These antagonists completely abolished the PRL
      releasing activities of their respective peptides but failed to reduce the PRF
      activity of the posterior pituitary. In contrast, PRF activity in the MBH was
      nearly eliminated by the TRH antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The rat posterior
      pituitary contains a potent PRF capable of inducing a rapid, hormone-specific,
      concentration-dependent stimulation of PRL release from perifused anterior
      pituitary cells. 2) The MBH contains significantly less PRF activity, which is
      largely attributable to TRH. 3) Although the chemical identity of PRF is yet
      unknown, the PRF activity in the posterior pituitary is not accounted for by
      oxytocin, TRH, or A II.

PMID- 2888649
TI  - Isoproterenol sensitivity in heat tolerant and relatively heat intolerant men.
AB  - Recent research has demonstrated that pharmacologic blockade of beta
      adrenoceptors predisposes to hyperthermia during prolonged exercise. To
      investigate the hypothesis that beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity to catecholamines
      may be an important determinant of exertional heat tolerance, we performed a
      cross-sectional study comparing the heart rate responses to graded doses of
      isoproterenol in 6 heat tolerant and 6 relatively heat intolerant men. We
      observed no significant difference (p greater than 0.1) between the heat tolerant
      (0.9 +/- 0.68 microgram) and heat intolerant (1.19 +/- 0.61 microgram) subjects
      in the dose of isoproterenol that produced a 25 beat.min-1 increment in heart
      rate. Although the possibility of a relationship between beta-adrenoceptor
      sensitivity and the ability to tolerate exercise in heat cannot be entirely
      excluded on the basis of these data, our study clearly demonstrates the lack of a
      correlation between cardiac pacemaker sensitivity to isoproterenol and exertional
      heat tolerance.

PMID- 2888650
TI  - Role of the essential thiol group in the thiol-activated cytolysin from
      Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - A hemolysin, 0-toxin, produced by Clostridium perfringens has one cysteinyl
      residue in the free thiol form which is essential for its hemolytic activity. The
      cysteinyl residue was shown to be located at a position about 5 kDa from the C
      terminus of the molecule by the method of cysteine-specific chemical cleavage.
      Modification of the residue with a thiol-blocking agent, 5,5'-dithiobis(2
      nitrobenzoic acid), reduced the binding affinity of the toxin to sheep
      erythrocytes to 1/100 that of intact toxin, resulting in a failure of binding at
      low cell concentrations (0.5%). Thus the failure of hemolysis at low cell
      concentrations is primarily ascribed to a decreased affinity of the toxin for
      erythrocytes. Effects of the modification on the lytic processes were examined
      using high cell concentrations where considerable amounts of modified toxin bound
      to the cells. The modified toxin hemolyzes erythrocytes once it binds to them;
      however, the efficiency of hemolysis is reduced by the modification. These, and
      additional results indicating that modification alters the sensitivity of toxin
      molecules to protease digestion, show that thiol-modification inactivates the
      toxin by affecting both binding and the subsequent lytic processes, probably
      through a conformational change introduced in the toxin molecules.

PMID- 2888651
TI  - Adenosine-provoked angina pectoris-like pain--time characteristics, influence of
      autonomic blockade and naloxone.
AB  - In a study to characterize the time characteristics and the influence of blockade
      of beta, cholinergic and opioid receptors on the chest pain induced by adenosine,
      this agent was given as a bolus into a peripheral vein of six healthy volunteers
      (4 men) 24-45 years of age. On the first day the maximum tolerable dose was
      determined in each case. On the second day three doses of adenosine (1/3, 2/3,
      and a full maximum tolerable dose) and three doses of placebo were given as
      single blind doses in randomized order. Thereafter metoprolol (10 mg to males, 8
      mg to females), followed by 1 mg atropine and then 0.4 mg naloxone were given
      intravenously. After each agent the test procedure was repeated. Heart rate and
      atrio-ventricular blocks were recorded by electrocardiography and respiration by
      dynamic spirometry. One minute after each dose of adenosine, the chest pain was
      scored. The maximum tolerable dose of adenosine was 8.0-15.9 mg. All subjects
      experienced angina pectoris-like pain. Following injection, onset of respiratory
      stimulation, AV-block and chest pain occurred after 14 +/- 4.0, 19 +/- 5.4 and 21
      +/- 6.4 s, the differences being highly significant. Maximal respiratory
      stimulation occurred after 18 +/- 4.6, not statistically different from the onset
      of AV-block which in its turn occurred earlier (P less than 0.005) than the time
      for maximal central chest pain, 29 +/- 7.8 seconds. Metoprolol induced a 20%
      slowing of heart rate. After atropine there was a 30% faster heart rate.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888652
TI  - Carotid and coronary artery involvement in infantile periarteritis nodosa
      possibly induced by Coxsackie B4 infection. Favourable course under
      corticosteroid treatment.

PMID- 2888653
TI  - Changes in serum prolactin after electroconvulsive and epileptic seizures.
AB  - Serial serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were measured after epileptic
      seizures and seizures following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). There was a
      large and rapid rise in PRL after ECT seizures but a much more variable PRL
      response after spontaneous seizures. Only epileptic seizures of longer duration
      and of grand mal character resulted in a more substantial rise in PRL. In ECT
      seizures there was a significant positive correlation between the duration of
      seizures and the rise in postictal PRL. The postictal PRL curves over 24 h were
      similar in both spontaneous seizures and ECT seizures. Interictally there were no
      difference in PRL levels between epileptic patients compared to patients with
      other neurological diseases or healthy volunteers. Chronic treatment with drugs
      affecting dopamine transmission had a profound effect on PRL secretion, and a
      dose-dependent significant increase in PRL with neuroleptics was observed.

PMID- 2888654
TI  - Ischemic heart arrest: nitrogenous metabolism in energy-depleted human
      myocardium.
AB  - Seventeen patients undergoing radical correction of Fallot's tetrad or defects of
      interventricular septum were investigated. Needle biopsies from the left
      ventricular apex region were obtained at the 1st min after cross-clamping of the
      aorta and at the end of cardiac arrest to determine adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
      glutamate, aspartate, alanine and ammonia. The losses of ATP during clamping
      period were related to decrease in glutamate. The fall in ATP by more than 20% of
      the initial level was accompanied by a significant decrease in aspartate, an
      accumulation of alanine and ammonia in cardiac tissue but did not affect
      glutamine content. The data obtained prove the participation of specific
      nitrogenous compounds of human heart, and especially glutamate, in response to
      energy depletion during ischemia.

PMID- 2888655
TI  - Testicular autotransplantation for intraperitoneal cryptorchidism in childhood. A
      case against neglecting the venous anastomosis.
AB  - A case of autotransplantation of an intra-abdominal testis into the scrotum in a
      9-year-old boy using a microsurgical technique without venous anastomosis is
      described in detail. The operation failed subsequently due to venous outflow
      obstruction and the testis underwent atrophy 6 months postoperatively. It was
      suggested that both the arterial and venous anastomoses may be necessary for the
      management of this difficult surgical problem.

PMID- 2888656
TI  - Oncogene amplifications, rearrangements, and restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms in human leukaemia.
AB  - We have determined the prevalence of amplification and rearrangements for c-myc,
      c-myb, c-mos, bcr, c-abl, c-Ha-ras-1, c-N-ras, and c-K-ras-2 in a total of 51
      cases of human leukaemia (19 patients with AML, 13 cases with CML, 14 cases with
      ALL, and 5 cases with CLL). Amplifications at a level of more than 2 two copies
      per haploid genome are apparently very rare and were found only once for c-myb in
      a c-ALL patient. Oncogene rearrangements were not found except for bcr, which was
      rearranged in all cases of CML, and 5 cases of ALL studied. Restriction fragment
      lengths polymorphisms (RFLPs) were also analysed. A previously described rare 5
      kb EcoRI allele at the c-mos locus was absent in our patients. Rare alleles at
      the c-Ha-ras-1 locus were found to be significantly more prevalent in our
      patients than in a control group. Transfection experiments revealed no dominant
      transforming oncogenes in the tumour DNA of 3 patients carrying such rare
      alleles.

PMID- 2888657
TI  - Characterization of gamma-glutamyltransferase from neoplastic and non-neoplastic
      liver tissues in man and during rat liver hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - The activity and the affinity for concanavalin A-Sepharose (Con A) of liver gamma
      glutamyltransferase (gamma GT) were investigated in man, under various clinical
      conditions and in rats during experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. In man, gamma GT
      activity was higher than normal in hepatomas and (except for 1 case of
      hemochromatosis) also higher in the surrounding cirrhotic liver. The proportion
      of gamma GT which did not bind to Con A (Con A- form) was also increased in the
      tumors and in the surrounding liver, yet (with the same exception as above) to a
      greater extent in the hepatomas. In rat, gamma GT activity was higher in fetal
      liver (15-fold) and in hepatocarcinomas (10-fold) than in normal adult liver;
      total liver gamma GT activity gradually increased during progression from foci of
      altered cells to neoplastic nodules and tumors. The proportion of the Con A- form
      of gamma GT in the early or late stage of the carcinogenic process did not
      significantly differ from that in normal adult or regenerating rat liver, i.e.
      about 20% of the total activity. By contrast, nearly all the gamma GT from fetal
      rat liver bound to Con A. This suggests that gamma GT expression in rat liver
      carcinoma does not correspond to so-called retrodifferentiation process.

PMID- 2888658
TI  - Action of mifentidine on the secretory response to sham feeding and pentagastrin
      and on serum gastrin in duodenal ulcer patients.
AB  - A study has been done in 10 duodenal ulcer patients of the effect of a single
      oral dose of 10 mg mifentidine on the acid and pepsin responses to sham feeding
      after 1 h 30 min and to pentagastrin after 4 h 15 min. The study followed a
      double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Gastric juice
      was collected for 5 h 15 min after treatment. Blood was sampled for up to 3 h 30
      min to determine the effects of mifentidine on serum gastrin. Mifentidine
      suppressed basal acid output by 77% and sham feeding-stimulated acid output by
      71% vs the placebo values. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid output was inhibited by
      30% throughout the pentagastrin infusion. The suppressant effect of the drug on
      pepsin output was not as marked as on acid secretion. Mifentidine did not affect
      the serum gastrin level during the basal and sham feeding phases. No untoward
      effects were reported by the patients. The results show that 10 mg mifentidine
      p.o. produced a large reduction in the acid output in response to sham feeding
      and pentagastrin without affecting the serum gastrin responses.

PMID- 2888659
TI  - Histamine-producing cell-stimulating activity. A biological activity shared by
      interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - The histamine-producing cell-stimulating factor (HCSF) was first described as a
      lymphokine which is produced during secondary mixed leukocyte culture and which
      induces increased histamine synthesis by murine hematopoietic cells. It has been
      shown that it is different from interleukin 3 (IL 3), despite the fact that pure
      IL 3 expresses HCSF activity. Our results provide evidence that this factor
      (constitutively produced by the P388 D1 cell line) is identical with granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) i.e.: (a) physiochemical properties
      of HCSF and GM-CSF, such as molecular weight, isoelectric charge, hydrophobicity
      and behavior during affinity chromatography, are indistinguishable and both
      activities coelute during all biochemical purification procedures; (b) increased
      bone marrow cell histamine synthesis induced by P388 D1-derived HCSF is inhibited
      by anti-GM-CSF antiserum; (c) the GM-CSF cDNA probe hybridizes with a poly(A)+RNA
      from P388 D1 cells while no hybridizing signal was obtained with poly(A)+RNA from
      WEHI-3 and from P815 cells. On the other hand, the IL 3 cDNA probe hybridizes
      with a 1.0-kb poly(A)+RNA from WEHI-3 but not with those from P388 D1 and P815.
      Moreover, well known sources of GM-CSF, such as lung conditioned medium and semi
      purified GM-CSF from phytohemagglutinin-induced supernatant of the murine T
      lymphoma LBRM-33-5 A4 (preparation devoid of IL 3), as well as recombinant murine
      GM-CSF, induce increased histamine synthesis by hematopoietic cells. All these
      results demonstrate that, in our culture conditions, the P388 D1 cell line
      spontaneously produces GM-CSF which is responsible for the P388 D1-induced HCS
      activity. Consequently, the latter is a property shared by the two distinct
      hematopoietic growth factors acting on the less committed cells, i.e. IL 3 and GM
      CSF, whereas M-CSF or G-CSF are unable to induce histamine production.
      Interestingly, IL-4 which is known to support established mast cell line
      proliferation cannot induce HCS activity. In addition, none of the other
      cytokines tested, such as IL 1, IL 2, interferons or tumor necrosis factor can
      express HCS activity. This expression seems to be a specific property of IL 3 and
      GM-CSF.

PMID- 2888660
TI  - Immunoglobulin VH region genes of the mouse are organized in overlapping
      clusters.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism has been compared between the Igh loci
      of C57BL/6 and MOLF/EI (Mus musculus molossinus) mice utilizing probes which
      detect the C gamma 2b gene and genes from nine VH-gene families. Distinct
      restriction site patterns were found for the CH genes and for VH families PC7183,
      Q52 and X24. VH families V31 and J558 showed identical patterns. Mixed patterns
      of identical and distinct bands were detected in VH families S107, J606, V3660
      and VGAM3.8. This indicates that a recombination took place involving the Igh
      loci of a M. m. molossinus and a progenitor of the C57BL/6 strain. The breakpoint
      of recombination maps to the chromosomal region carrying VH families S107, J606,
      VGAM3.8 and V3660. VH families PC7183, Q52 and X24 map 3' to the recombination
      breakpoint and proximal to the DH-JH-CH region, whereas VH families V31 and J558
      accordingly map 5' to the recombination breakpoint and distal to DH-JH-CH. This
      order of VH families was confirmed by deletion mapping utilizing hybridomas which
      are haploid either for the Ighb or for the Igha locus. The mapping data indicate
      that the VH families of the mouse are organized in overlapping clusters. This
      notion is confirmed by demonstration of the physical linkage of VH genes from
      families V31 and J558 in the Igha locus.

PMID- 2888661
TI  - Differential effects of heroin on opioid levels in the rat brain.
AB  - Dependence on the potent narcotic agent heroin in rats was produced by the
      implication of double-coated pellets. Chronic administration of this drug induced
      significant alterations in dynorphin B and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ME
      RGL) levels in discrete areas of the rat brain. The level of the latter increased
      by 53.6% in the substantia nigra while the levels of dynorphin B increased in the
      globus pallidus and ventral tegmental area (188.0 and 41.8%, respectively).

PMID- 2888662
TI  - Guinea-pig vas deferens preparation may contain both receptors and phencyclidine
      receptors.
AB  - Electrically induced contractions of guinea-pig vas deferens were potentiated by
      sigma drugs such as d-pentazocine and d-SKF-10047 and also by phencyclidine-like
      drugs. Non-sigma drugs like morphine, buprenorphine, DADLE, U-50488 and l
      ketocyclazocine did not potentiate contractions. The potentiations were
      antagonized by haloperidol and BW234U. Although the potentiation may not be
      definitively mediated by sigma receptors or phencyclidine receptors alone, the
      preparation may provide an interesting tool for studying endogenous ligands which
      might act like sigma or phencyclidine drugs.

PMID- 2888663
TI  - Correlation between nitric oxide formation during degradation of organic nitrates
      and activation of guanylate cyclase.
AB  - Organic nitrates develop their vasodilating potency by stimulating the enzyme
      guanylate cyclase. There are still several theories concerning the molecular
      mechanism of enzyme activation, the most likely of which sees nitric oxide (NO.)
      as the true modulator of the soluble guanylate cyclase. We therefore examined the
      release of nitric oxide from organic nitrates by means of a difference
      spectrophotometric method and found that our results correlated well with the
      extent of enzyme activation. The more NO. was liberated from the compounds in
      question, the higher was the enzyme activation observed. When the examined
      nitrates were used in a concentration which caused a half-maximal enzyme
      stimulation, the result was a NO. liberation of striking uniformity. This
      correlation also applied to SIN-1 for which it has been assumed up to now that
      the intact molecule itself is able to stimulate the enzyme and not the nitric
      oxide released from it. We found the reaction between organic nitrates and
      cysteine to be highly dependent on temperature, while the extent of the observed
      enhancement increased with the number of nitrate groups per molecule. We also
      studied the potential effects of certain compounds on non-enzymatic NO. release
      and found that, in addition to methylene blue, thionine and brilliantcresyl blue,
      but not ferricyanide, were also effective inhibitors. So it seems likely that
      both an enzymatic and a non-enzymatic mode of inhibition of enzyme activity does
      exist. Since oxyhemoglobin is an effective scavenger of nitric oxide, its
      addition can inhibit enzyme activation by nitrovasodilators. Our results stress
      the important role of the non-enzymatic liberation of NO. from organic nitrates
      and related compounds as possible, perhaps even as the principal mode of
      activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitrovasodilators.

PMID- 2888664
TI  - Ketanserin: systemic and regional hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats. Role of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - The systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of ketanserin were investigated in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) using either the pulsed Doppler or the
      microsphere technique. In addition, the contribution of ketanserin alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking properties to these hemodynamic effects was assessed.
      Ketanserin, directly after infusion or secondarily after bolus injection, induced
      dose-dependent decreases in blood pressure and regional vascular resistances.
      Peripheral vasodilatation was not homogeneous, affecting in a decreasing rank
      order: muscle = spleen greater than brain = kidney = total peripheral resistance
      = liver greater than mesentery = skin. Cardiac output and hindlimb blood flow
      increased, renal blood flow was maintained whereas mesenteric blood flow was
      decreased. Prazosin pretreatment, followed by PGF 2 alpha infusion in order to
      restore initial vascular tone, reduced the ketanserin-induced decrease in blood
      pressure (by about 70%) and abolished the drug-induced reductions in regional
      vascular resistances, indicating that these effects in SHRs were mostly due to
      the alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking properties of the drug.

PMID- 2888665
TI  - Relative potencies of neurokinins in guinea pig trachea and human bronchus.
AB  - The three endogenous neurokinins, substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and
      neurokinin B (NKB), as well as NKA-(4-10), carbachol, acetylcholine and
      histamine, were tested in guinea pig tracheae and human bronchi in order to
      compare the activities of peptides and non-peptide agents and to characterize the
      neurokinin receptors by means of agonists. Neurokinin A and NKA-(4-10) were
      potent stimulants of the two preparations: pD2 values for NKA-(4-10) averaged
      8.62 in the guinea pig trachea and 7.50 in the human bronchus. The rank order of
      potency of neurokinins was NKA-(4-10) greater than NKA greater than SP greater
      than NKB in the human bronchus and NKA-(4-10) greater than NKA greater than NKB
      greater than SP in the guinea pig trachea. SP was 2-3 orders of magnitude less
      active than NKA and appears to be a partial agonist. NKB is inactive on the human
      bronchus. Compared to non-peptide agents, NKA had an affinity 2-3 orders of
      magnitude greater than acetylcholine and histamine but produced only 75-80% of
      the maximal effect of acetylcholine. The present results indicate that
      neurokinins contract the human bronchus by activating a NK-A receptor type which
      is more sensitive to NKA than to SP and is insensitive to NKB. The guinea pig
      trachea appears to be a complex preparation containing not only NK-A but also
      other neurokinin receptors.

PMID- 2888666
TI  - Further pharmacological characterization of a D-2-like dopamine receptor on
      growth hormone producing cells in Lymnaea stagnalis.
AB  - A preliminary study has revealed that a mammalian D-2-like dopamine (DA) receptor
      mediates hyperpolarization of the neuroendocrine growth hormone-producing cells
      (GHCs) in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. An extensive pharmacological
      characterization of this receptor was performed in the present study. Several
      mammalian D-2 receptor agonists (e.g. aminotetralins) and antagonists (e.g.(-)
      sulpiride) showed agonistic and antagonistic effects, respectively. However, some
      selective D-2 receptor agonists (e.g. N 0437) and antagonists (e.g. domperidone)
      failed to show agonistic or antagonistic effects, respectively. It is concluded
      that the dopamine receptor mediating hyperpolarization of the GHCs displays,
      besides some similarities, several differences from the mammalian D-2 receptor.

PMID- 2888667
TI  - Phencyclidine-induced head-weaving observed in mice after ritanserin treatment.
AB  - Ritanserin (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg s.c.), a selective serotonin (5
      HT2) receptor antagonist, produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the head-twitch
      response induced in mice by phencyclidine (PCP) and 5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT). In contrast, ritanserin, dose dependently
      increased PCP- and 5-MeODMT-induced head-weaving. There was a significant inverse
      relationship between head-twitch and head-weaving responses. Pretreatment with p
      chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg i.p.), a serotonin synthesis inhibitor,
      attenuated the head-weaving induced by the combination of PCP (12.5 mg/kg i.p.)
      and ritanserin but PCPA did not alter the 5-MeODMT-induced head-weaving. These
      results indicate that PCP induces head-weaving by interacting with a 5-HT
      receptor (possibly of the 5-HT1 subtype) indirectly after 5-HT release and
      induces head-twitch by interacting with 5-HT2 receptors directly.

PMID- 2888668
TI  - Opposing central autonomic actions of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists on oculomotor tone.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the afferent sciatic nerve produces reflex mydriasis in
      anesthetized rats. The alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan (10-100 micrograms/kg i.v.)
      inhibited this reflex in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, the alpha 1
      antagonist prazosin (30-300 micrograms/kg i.v.), produced a dose-related
      enhancement of the reflex. Single dose administration of the alpha 2-antagonists
      yohimbine (3.0 mg/kg i.v.), rauwolscine (3.0 mg/kg i.v.) and idazoxan (1.0 mg/kg)
      also blocked the reflex, whereas the alpha 1-antagonists phenoxybenzamine (3.0
      mg/kg i.v.), corynanthine (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) and prazosin (1.0 mg/kg i.v.)
      potentiated this response. These studies demonstrate that alpha 2-antagonists
      block and alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists potentiate alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated inhibition of oculomotor tone.

PMID- 2888669
TI  - Effect of calcium agonists and antagonists on cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - In cerebellar cultures, comprising predominantly granule neurones,
      dihydropyridine (DHP) Ca2+ agonists were potent stimulators of voltage-sensitive
      45Ca2+ uptake. Their effect was maximal in partially depolarized cells; at 15 mM
      K+e half maximal stimulation occurred at about 5 X 10(-8) M BAY K 8644 and 10(-7)
      M (+)-(S)-202791. Organic Ca2+ antagonists were effective inhibitors of voltage
      sensitive calcium entry into granule cells: the order of potency in blocking
      uptake induced by sub-maximal concentration of K+ and BAY K 8644 was nifedipine
      greater than (-)-202791 greater than D600. BAY K 8644 also stimulated the release
      of glutamate, the transmitter of the granule cells, from depolarized cells.
      Granule cells are therefore a class of neurones whose responsiveness to organic
      Ca2+ effectors is similar to that of cardiac and smooth muscle. The discrepant
      findings on the effect of calcium effectors in various preparations of nervous
      tissues may thus reflect a differential distribution of voltage-sensitive Ca2+
      channels in different neuronal cell types.

PMID- 2888670
TI  - Two populations of neurotensin binding sites in murine brain: discrimination by
      the antihistamine levocabastine reveals markedly different radioautographic
      distribution.
AB  - Monoiodo-[125I-Tyr3]neurotensin (NT) bound to a high affinity, low capacity
      binding component and a lower affinity, high capacity component in rat brain
      synaptic membranes. The antihistamine H1 agent levocabastine, which bears no
      structural relationship to NT, selectively and totally inhibited NT binding to
      its low affinity binding sites. The IC50 for levocabastine was 7 nM. Lowering the
      temperature of the binding assay from 25 to 4 degrees C markedly reduced the
      affinity of the high affinity NT binding site but did not affect the ability of
      levocabastine to discriminate between high and low affinity NT binding sites in
      rat brain membranes and tissue sections. Radioautographic studies of [125I
      Tyr3]NT binding to rat brain tissue sections in the absence and presence of
      levocabastine revealed markedly different regional distributions of the two NT
      binding components. The levocabastine-sensitive NT binding site was present in
      membranes from rat and mouse brain but absent from rabbit brain membranes and
      from human brain tissue sections. It was also absent from mouse neuroblastoma
      N1E115 and human colonic adenocarcinoma HT29 cell membranes, two cell lines which
      have previously been shown to possess NT receptors functionally coupled to
      intracellular second messenger-generating systems. These findings are discussed
      in the light of the known properties of the high and low affinity NT binding
      sites in rat brain.

PMID- 2888671
TI  - Supersensitivity of d-amphetamine-induced hyperthermia in rats following
      continuous treatment with neuroleptics.
AB  - Following short term treatments with the neuroleptic drugs haloperidol,
      chlorpromazine and oxypertine, there was an increase in the sensitivity of rats
      to the hyperthermic effects of d-amphetamine. There was no significant difference
      in the body temperature of control and neuroleptic-treated rats prior to
      challenge with d-amphetamine. No change in the maximal hyperthermic response was
      observed. It is possible that these responses may be related to the neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome occasionally observed in human patients following short term
      neuroleptic treatments.

PMID- 2888672
TI  - Fibroblasts modulate expression of Thy-1 on the surface of skeletal myoblasts.
AB  - Thy-1 antigen is a well-characterized cell-surface glycoprotein known to be
      variably expressed in many different tissues, including lymphocytes, brain, and
      muscle. Its function remains unknown. In skeletal muscle, both in vivo and in
      vitro, the antigen has been reported on immature but not on adult tissue, and its
      disappearance corresponds roughly to the time of myoblast fusion. Using
      monoclonal H36 antibody to identify myoblasts unambiguously, we demonstrate here
      that Thy-1 is expressed only on a small (less than 1%) fraction of rat skeletal
      muscle myoblasts in heterogeneous primary cultures, but the number of myoblasts
      that express Thy-1 rises to a steady level of about 70% when fibroblasts are
      removed from secondary cultures. Restitution of fibroblasts or growth of purified
      myoblasts in medium conditioned by fibroblasts greatly suppresses this increase
      in myoblast Thy-1 expression. Thus an interaction between fibroblasts and
      myoblasts, mediated by a soluble nondialyzable molecule, modulates expression of
      Thy-1 on the myoblast outer membrane.

PMID- 2888673
TI  - Glutathione metabolism in normal and cystinotic fibroblasts.
AB  - Intracellular concentrations of glutathione and activities of the enzymes gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione synthetase, and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase were measured in confluent cultured human fibroblasts cell lines
      from 14 normal cell lines and four cystinotic cell lines. gamma-Glutamyl
      transpeptidase had a wide range of variability while the glutathione synthetic
      enzymes, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase, had
      narrower variations and also exhibited no apparent relationship to glutathione
      content. No differences in the activities of these enzymes were found between
      normal and cystinotic cells in confluent cell cultures. The activities of the
      above enzymes and the cell number and content of glutathione, cystine, DNA, and
      total protein in two normal and two cystinotic fibroblast cell lines were
      measured during growth. The following growth-dependency patterns were observed:
      (1) gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity increased markedly in lag and
      early log phases in both normal and cystinotic cells and decreased rapidly to low
      confluent levels thereafter. (2) gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase showed the same
      wide range of activity noted at confluency but activities decreased in the log
      phase of growth, a pattern also seen in cystinotic cells. (3) Glutathione
      synthetase activity remained relatively constant during growth of normal cells
      but exhibited a peak of activity during lag and early growth of cystinotic cells.
      (4) Comparative glutathione levels of normal and cystinotic cells were not
      significantly different and exhibited similar fluctuations with time. (5) The
      cystine content of normal and cystinotic cells unexpectedly rose to high levels
      in the lag phase, then decreased to 0.1 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein in normal
      cells and to 0.3 to 1.2 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein in cystinotic cells during
      the log phase. As confluency was approached, normal cell cystine remained at low
      levels while cystinotic cell cystine rose to characteristically high levels of 50
      to 100-fold greater than normal cells at late confluency. These studies extend
      our understanding of the regulation of glutathione and cystine content in
      cultured fibroblasts and suggest that glutathione content is closely controlled
      throughout the cell cycle in the face of varying activities of its anabolic and
      catabolic enzymes.

PMID- 2888674
TI  - Differential expression and modulation of Thy-1 on myoblast clones.
AB  - In the preceding paper [J. S. Schweitzer, M. A. Dichter, and S. J. Kaufman, 1987,
      Exp. Cell Res. 172, 1] we demonstrated that expression of Thy-1 antigen by rat
      skeletal muscle myoblasts in culture is modulated by fibroblasts. Growth of
      myoblasts with myofibroblasts, or in medium in which fibroblasts have been grown,
      causes a sharp reduction in the percentage of myoblasts that express Thy-1
      antigen on their membrane. In this paper we demonstrate that there are two
      populations of myoblasts that can be distinguished by their capacity to respond
      to the Thy-1-modulating factor (TMF). The majority of Thy-1-positive or -negative
      myoblasts grown at clonal densities are responsive to TMF. A second myoblast
      clonal type is Thy-1 positive and fuses to form contractile myotubes, but is
      insensitive to TMF and has a more fibroblast-like morphology. These clonal
      phenotypes are stable upon passage in vitro and may represent distinct subsets of
      the myogenic lineage.

PMID- 2888675
TI  - Transforming growth factor type beta can act as a potent competence factor for
      AKR-2B cells.
AB  - Transforming growth factor type beta (TGF beta) is a pleiotropic regulator of
      cell growth with specific high-affinity cell-surface receptors on a large number
      of cells; its mechanism of action, however, is poorly defined. In this report, we
      utilized the mouse fibroblast line AKR-2B to explore the question of the temporal
      requirements during the cell cycle in regard to both the growth inhibitory and
      the growth stimulatory action of TGF beta. The results indicate that AKR-2B cells
      are most sensitive to the inhibitory action of TGF beta during early to mid-G1.
      In addition, TGF beta need be present only briefly (as little as 1 min) in order
      to exert its inhibitory effect on EGF-induced DNA synthesis. Likewise, the
      stimulatory effect of TGF beta in the absence of EGF requires only an equally
      brief exposure to TGF beta. Use of homogeneous 125I-labeled TGF beta in a cell
      binding assay demonstrates that TGF beta bound to cell-surface receptors can
      readily exchange into the culture medium T1/2 = 120 min), helping to rule out the
      possibility that persistent receptor-bound TGF beta is the source of a continuous
      stimulus. The data indicate that TGF beta exposure induces a stable state in the
      cell (T1/2 = 20 h) similar to but distinct from the state of "competence" induced
      by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).

PMID- 2888676
TI  - Metabolism of glutamine and glutamate in monkey lens.
AB  - In rat and bovine lenses, the primary source of intracellular glutamate has been
      shown to be glutamine transported from the surrounding fluids, whereas
      extracellular glutamate is less readily utilized. For comparison, glutamine and
      glutamate metabolism were studied in a primate. Fresh, intact lenses from Rhesus
      monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were incubated in balanced salt medium containing
      [15N]glutamate (Group A) or amino-labeled [15N]glutamine (Group B). In contrast
      to other species, the monkey lenses metabolized the glutamate more rapidly than
      the glutamine, although glutamine entered the lenses more rapidly than glutamate.
      Formation of labeled aspartate, alanine, proline, and serine was more rapid in
      Group A than in Group B, but labeling of the lenticular glutamate + glutamine
      pool was more rapid in Group B. This indicated that, in monkey lenses,
      deamidation of glutamine is sufficiently slow to limit the entry of glutamine
      into pathways requiring or preferring glutamate. The difference in rates of
      deamidation of glutamine in intact monkey lenses and rat lenses was confirmed by
      measuring the rate of ammonia release by lenses incubated with glutamine.

PMID- 2888677
TI  - Correlation between histopathological, clinical and biochemical parameters in S
      antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis in guinea-pigs.
AB  - Footpad immunization with purified bovine retinal S-antigen in complete Freund's
      adjuvant was used to induce experimental allergic uveitis in 32 guinea-pigs.
      Thirteen animals immunized only with complete Freund's adjuvant were used as
      controls. Ninety-three point seven per cent of the animals immunized with S
      antigen developed clinical experimental allergic uveitis while none of the
      controls had any clinical manifestation of uveitis. Histopathological analysis in
      the experimental group revealed mono- and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in
      the choroid, ciliary body and iris. Simultaneous disruption of the outer segment
      of photoreceptor cell layer was also noticed. For the anterior segment of the eye
      there was a strong correlation between the histopathological grading and the
      clinical grading. For the posterior segment this correlation was, however, poor.
      Histopathological changes in the eye were correlated with the clinical grading
      and biochemical parameters (phospholipase A2, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene C4,
      proteins and myeloperoxidase) measured from aqueous humour, serum samples and
      ciliary body-iris homogenate. Protein and phospholipase A2 levels in the aqueous
      humour correlated well with the histological grading of the anterior segment of
      the eye. The myeloperoxidase activity, measured from ciliary body-iris
      homogenate, also correlated with the inflammatory cell infiltration in the
      anterior segment. Leukotriene C4 and prostaglandin E2 levels in aqueous humour
      did not correlate with the histopathological, or with the clinical grading,
      although elevated mean values were recorded in eyes having uveitis. Gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase, measured in the serum, had a poor correlation with the
      histological grading for the anterior segment. All other parameters, measured in
      serum, did not correlate with the histopathological or the clinical grading.
      Histopathological changes in the anterior uvea are thus reflected by elevated
      protein and phospholipase A2 levels in aqueous humour as well as by
      myeloperoxidase activity in ciliary body-iris homogenate.

PMID- 2888678
TI  - Interplexiform cells in macaque monkey retina.
AB  - The presence of interplexiform cells in primate retina has been disputed, with
      the dopaminergic interplexiform cell in the New World monkey being the most fully
      understood. We have examined interplexiform cells in the Old World monkey using
      immunocytochemistry with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of visualization.
      In several species of macaque retina, two types of interplexiform cells are
      found. One stains with antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase, a biosynthetic enzyme
      for dopamine, and the other stains with antisera to gamma aminobutyric acid
      (GABA). The cell bodies of these two populations of interplexiform cells are
      located among the amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer, and they send
      processes into both the inner and outer plexiform layers. GABA-positive
      interplexiform processes to the outer plexiform layer arise from the cell body
      while tyrosine hydroxylase-positive interplexiform processes most often originate
      from the heavily tyrosine hydroxylase-stained sublamina one of the inner
      plexiform layer. Cell-body diameter measurements and morphology suggest that
      these are different neuronal populations.

PMID- 2888679
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of vasoconstriction of isolated canine ophthalmic and
      ciliary arteries to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Effects of five alpha-adrenoceptor agonists were investigated on the canine
      internal, external ophthalmic and ciliary arteries by the use of several kinds of
      antagonists. These arteries were isolated with the optic nerve and perfused with
      Tyrode solution under a constant flow rate at 37 degrees C. Control perfusion
      pressure was within 40-80 mmHg. Each drug solution except sodium nitroprusside
      (SNP) was administered by a microinjector into the endothelial side of the artery
      through a cannulated tubing, and SNP was administered by being dissolved into the
      perfusion solution. The response was obtained as changes in perfusion pressure.
      Results were as follows: (1) epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE),
      phenylephrine (PHE), and KCl induced a marked vasoconstriction in these arteries,
      although xylazine (XYL) and clonidine (CLO) did not produce any significant
      change; (2) bunazosin, a potent alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocker, antagonized the
      effects of NE and PHE in a dose-related manner, and did not affect the responses
      to KCl; (3) diltiazem reduced the KCl-induced vasoconstriction in a dose-related
      manner, and it did not significantly influence the vascular responses to NE; (4)
      SNP reduced the NE-induced vasoconstriction but the KCl-induced vasoconstriction
      was only suppressed by a large dose of SNP. From these results, it is suggested
      that; (1) these arteries contain alpha-1 but not alpha-2 adrenoceptors; (2) NE
      induced vasoconstriction is independent of the Ca2+ inward current but probably
      involves intracellular Ca2+ ion movement; (3) SNP may influence intracellular
      Ca2+ movement in these arteries.

PMID- 2888680
TI  - In vitro maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells with lymphoid and myeloid
      repopulating ability by a cloned murine adherent bone marrow cell line.
AB  - Colonies containing blast cells (greater than 95%) have been characterized in 14
      day cultures of normal murine bone marrow or spleen cells, stimulated by an
      adherent bone marrow cell line, B.Ad. These blast cell colonies occurred at a
      frequency of 1-2 per 2.5 X 10(4) bone marrow or 2.5 X 10(5) spleen cells and
      contained from 0.7 to 14.7 X 10(4) cells. Assay of individual blast cell colonies
      showed that they contained day 8 and day 13 colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-S)
      and from 11 to 10,434 in vitro CFC. Chromosomally marked blast colony cells were
      transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients and shown to produce both
      myeloid and lymphoid progeny in the recipients' bone marrow, spleen, mesenteric
      lymph node, and thymus.

PMID- 2888681
TI  - Localization of glutamate, glutaminase, aspartate and aspartate aminotransferase
      in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray.
AB  - Glutamate and aspartate are putative excitatory neurotransmitters in the central
      nervous system. The present study utilized novel monoclonal antibodies against
      fixative-modified glutamate and aspartate and polyclonal antisera against the
      amino acid synthesizing enzymes, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase, to
      analyze the distribution of these amino acids in the rodent midbrain
      periaqueductal gray. Glutamate-, aspartate-, glutaminase- and aspartate
      aminotransferase-like immunoreactive neurons, fibers and processes are present
      throughout the rostrocaudal length of the periaqueductal gray. Glutamate- and
      glutaminase-like immunoreactive neurons displayed a similar homogeneous pattern
      of distribution, being localized predominantly to the lateral and dorsal
      subdivisions of the periaqueductal gray. Co-localization experiments suggest that
      glutamate and glutaminase are in fact co-contained within the same PAG neurons.
      Aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactive neurons were distributed in a
      pattern similar to glutamate and glutaminase with the exception that fewer cells
      were stained in the dorsocaudal and the rostral third of the PAG. Aspartate-like
      immunoreactive neurons were less numerous than glutamate-like immunoreactive
      cells and were located in the lateral aspect of the PAG. These results
      demonstrate a specific and distinct distribution of glutamate and aspartate
      immunoreactive neurons and support recent data suggesting that glutamate and
      aspartate serve as excitatory neurotransmitters in the PAG.

PMID- 2888682
TI  - Early visual deafferentation of the cortex results in an asymmetry of
      somatostatin labelled cells.
AB  - Biologically active peptides are distributed widely throughout the nervous
      system. The distribution of each is not random, but follows a relatively specific
      pattern. Although the time course of development of a number of peptides has been
      traced, the factors which determine their distribution and function remain
      unknown. In this study we report changes which occur preferentially in the
      distribution of one peptide, somatostatin, in the visual cortex of the rat, as a
      consequence of early unilateral eye removal. Because the uncrossed retinal
      projection is so small in the rodent, this manipulation substantially reduces the
      visual innervation of the cortex ipsilateral to the remaining eye, and is
      correlated here with an asymmetry in the number of somatostatin positive cells.

PMID- 2888683
TI  - Trichinella spiralis: genetic evidence for synanthropic subspecies in sylvatic
      hosts.
AB  - Isolates of the nematode genus Trichinella from sylvatic hosts differ in their
      potential to reproduce in domestic swine. The structure of the genomic DNA from
      13 sylvatic isolates from North America and 5 pig isolates, 4 from North America
      and 1 from Asia, was examined and correlated with the infectivity of the isolate
      for domestic pigs. DNA restriction fragment length differences, identified by
      ethidium bromide staining and by hybridization with 32P-labeled ribosomal RNA,
      served as molecular markers to classify each isolate. All 5 pig isolates and 8 of
      13 sylvatic isolates had a high infectivity and reproductive capacity in pigs.
      All isolates that were highly infectious for pigs regardless of host origin had
      similar DNA characteristics and were classified operationally as T. spiralis
      spiralis (pig) and those of the second group as T. spiralis ssp. A DNA clone of
      repetitive DNA from T. s. spiralis, pBP2, was selected from a library of genomic
      DNA in plasmid pUC8. When used as a probe, pBP2 hybridized only to the DNA of T.
      s. spiralis isolates, thus making it a useful diagnostic reagent to predict
      whether new isolates are highly infectious for pigs (i.e., T. s. spiralis). These
      results show that T. s. spiralis occurs in wild mammals and this should be
      considered a serious obstacle to efforts to eradicate trichinellosis from
      domestic swine.

PMID- 2888685
TI  - The quantitative significance of asbestos fibres in the ambient air.

PMID- 2888684
TI  - Neural control of the circulatory system of Aplysia.

PMID- 2888686
TI  - Influence of level of dietary protein on tryptophan-induced promotional activity
      in induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci of rat liver.
AB  - The influence of varying the dietary protein content on the emergence of gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-positive foci in the livers of male rats fed
      elevated (2%) L-tryptophan (TRP) after being exposed to a hepatocarcinogen was
      investigated. Subtotal hepatectomies were performed, and 18 hr later the rats
      were treated with diethylnitrosamine (30 mg/kg). Ten days later four dietary
      groups were followed for 10 weeks: (1) control diet containing 21% protein (C);
      (2) control diet containing 5.3% protein (C-LP); (3) C + TRP; and (4) C-LP + TRP.
      Rats fed the C-LP diet developed heavier livers but fewer and smaller GGT + foci
      than did rats fed the C diet. Rats fed elevated TRP diets (C + TRP and C-LP +
      TRP) developed more and larger GGT + foci than did rats fed the regular control
      diets (C and C-LP), indicating that the promotional effect of elevated dietary
      TRP was similar at the two levels of dietary protein.

PMID- 2888687
TI  - Adherence of bacteria to cardiac valve prostheses.
AB  - The adherence of bacterial cells to valvular prostheses has been studied.
      Bacteria were selected on the basis of their surface features (fimbriae,
      hydrophobicity and specific receptors). It was found that only strains having
      fimbriae and high cell surface hydrophobicity adhered to bioprostheses, while
      they did not adhere to metallic prostheses to any significant extent. Adherence
      to bioprostheses depended on the exposure time and it was affected by the saline
      concentration of the suspension medium. Furthermore, different bacterial binding
      capacity was observed for bioprostheses from different companies.

PMID- 2888688
TI  - Clinical and epidemiological aspects of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
      (HFRS) in Greece.
AB  - Twenty-three cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome were serologically
      diagnosed in rural populations of Greece between 1982 and 1985. The clinical
      picture of the disease was severe, (3 deaths recorded among 23 cases) and more
      closely resembled Korean hemorrhagic fever than nephropathia epidemica.
      Examination of patients' sera by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) assays and
      plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT) tests using Hantaan 76-118, Puumala, and
      Seoul (Urban rat-associated Hantaan-like) viruses, suggested that the virus
      existing in Greece is either prototype Hantaan virus or a distinct virus which is
      closely related to Hantaan. Small mammal survey results suggest that Apodemus
      flavicollis may be the host of this virus. Serosurvey results of 2,653 blood
      samples taken from apparently healthy residents (farmers, shepherds, and
      woodcutters) from 22 of 54 counties in Greece, showed the percentage of
      seropositives to be 4%, with a range from 0 to 14%. Fifteen of 22 counties were
      characterized as endemic areas of the virus due to the presence of seropositive
      individuals. In 6 of the 15 endemic areas, overt human disease was serologically
      diagnosed.

PMID- 2888689
TI  - [Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of new nitro-5-imidazole derivatives].
AB  - Syntheses are given for derivatives of the type: 2-amino-1-[(1-methyl-5-nitro-2
      imidazolyl) methyleneimino] imidazole, of new hydrazones of 1-methyl-5
      nitroimidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and also for semicarbazones and a hydrazone of 1
      methyl-5-nitro-2-(4-formyl-styryl)imidazole.

PMID- 2888690
TI  - On the rate of F1-ATPase turnover during ATP hydrolysis by the single catalytic
      site. Evidence that hydrolysis with a slow rate of product release does not occur
      at the alternating active site.
AB  - Under conditions of molar excess of enzyme, isolated F1-ATPase from beef heart
      mitochondria catalyses ATP hydrolysis biphasically. The rate constants for
      product release are approximately 10(-1) and 10(-4)-10(-3) s-1, respectively. The
      slow phase of ATP hydrolysis is insensitive to EDTA. [gamma-32P]ATP splitting in
      the slow phase cannot be chased from the enzyme during several catalytic
      turnovers. It follows from these results that the slow single-site hydrolysis of
      ATP (kcat approximately 10(-4) s-1), initially observed by Grubmeyer et al.
      [(1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12092-12100], is not carried out by the normal
      catalytic site. In contrast, the phase of rapid ATP hydrolysis (kcat
      approximately 10(-1) s-1) is completely prevented by EDTA and is believed to be
      the normal function of the normal catalytic site of F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2888691
TI  - Subjective assessment of the effect of cataract surgery and a review of long term
      aims. Oxford Cataract Treatment and Evaluation Team (O.C.T.E.T.).
AB  - A questionnaire designed to test subjective assessment of functional improvement
      was given to 327 patients in a randomised controlled trial one year after
      operation for cataract. Approximately one-third of the patients had a contact
      lens fitted after intracapsular extraction (I/C) and two-thirds had intraocular
      implants after both I/C and extracapsular extraction. The great majority of
      patients admitted to functional improvement irrespective of treatment mode. A
      review of objective data from the study suggests that the beneficial effects of
      surgery are likely to be long lasting.

PMID- 2888692
TI  - Multi-centre double-blind comparison of terfenadine once daily versus twice daily
      in patients with hay fever.
AB  - This double-blind, randomized multi-centre study was designed to compare efficacy
      and tolerability of 120 mg terfenadine taken once daily (in the morning) with the
      established regimen of 60 mg terfenadine taken twice daily in the treatment of
      seasonal rhinitis. Two comparable groups, a total of 191 hay fever patients, were
      treated for 1 week. Symptom severity was assessed by the investigators before and
      at the end of the treatment (visual analogue scale), and daily by the patient
      (four-point rating scale). All symptoms improved to a similar degree in both
      groups. Differences between the two groups were not statistically significant,
      except for nasal symptoms in three cases as assessed by the visual analogue scale
      in one centre (better relief in the group given 120 mg terfenadine once daily).
      Tolerability was good and similar in both groups. The data presented show that in
      the treatment of hay fever 120 mg terfenadine given once daily is an effective,
      convenient and well tolerated alternative to the regimen of 60 mg terfenadine
      given twice daily.

PMID- 2888693
TI  - Effect of H2-receptor blockade on gastric mucus composition. A comparative study
      with ranitidine and famotidine.
AB  - The effects on gastric mucus by two different H2-receptor antagonists, famotidine
      and ranitidine, have been investigated in 20 patients with duodenal ulcer. Before
      and after 4 weeks' treatment with either drug the quality of mucus secretion was
      assessed by means of a 'mucoprotective index'. A significant (P less than 0.01)
      decrease in the values of this index was observed in famotidine-treated subjects,
      whereas no changes were detected in those given ranitidine. The findings of this
      study with famotidine are in keeping with the results previously reported with
      cimetidine using the same method. It is suggested that blockade of gastric H2
      receptors alters the composition of gastric mucus in man. This effect is not
      shared by ranitidine.

PMID- 2888694
TI  - A comparison of the effects of bromocriptine and somatostatin on growth hormone
      gene expression in the rat anterior pituitary gland in vitro.
AB  - The effects of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine (BCR) have been compared with
      those of somatostatin (SS) on growth hormone (GH) synthesis and secretion by rat
      anterior pituitary cells in vitro. Both BCR and SS produced a dose-related
      reduction in GH release. Cytoplasmic GH mRNA levels were unchanged by BCR
      treatment and this finding was associated with an increase in total intracellular
      GH content. The reduction in GH release seen following SS treatment was
      accompanied by a fall in cytoplasmic GH mRNA levels and no significant change in
      intracellular GH content. These results suggest that the effects of BCR are
      predominantly on GH release mechanisms, whereas SS appears not only to regulate
      hormone release but also to regulate GH gene expression at a pre-translational
      level.

PMID- 2888695
TI  - Loss of early phase of insulin release in humans impairs glucose tolerance and
      blunts thermic effect of glucose.
AB  - Loss of the early phase of insulin release has been documented in both type I
      (insulin-dependent) and type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes; however, the
      physiological importance of this loss is unsettled. We created a model of loss of
      the early phase of insulin release in normal volunteers. Somatostatin (SRIF) was
      briefly infused (from -5 to 15 min) during intravenous (IVGTT) and oral (OGTT)
      glucose tolerance tests. The thermic response to oral glucose was determined
      under these conditions by indirect calorimetry. Early insulin release was totally
      blocked during IVGTT and OGTT by SRIF infusion. During the IVGTT, glucose
      tolerance was deteriorated in association with loss of the early phase of insulin
      release as indicated by a decrease in the K value (control 1.9 +/- 0.36 vs. SRIF
      1.1 +/- 0.27, P less than .001). Higher plasma glucose concentrations were
      observed during SRIF tests in the OGTT at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min; total
      glycemic excursion was larger during the SRIF test (9473 +/- 3089 mg X dl-1 X 5 h
      1) when compared with the control condition (6583 +/- 2329 mg X dl-1 X 5 h-1).
      During the OGTT the total amount of glucose oxidized (control 56 +/- 4.2 vs. SRIF
      55 +/- 3.4 g/5 h) was similar in both conditions, suggesting that nonoxidative
      pathways of glucose disposal were responsible for the deterioration in glucose
      tolerance. Surprisingly, we found that glucose-induced thermogenesis was reduced
      in association with loss of the early phase of insulin release (control 102 +/-
      21.3 vs. SRIF 72 +/- 27.8 J/5 h, P less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2888696
TI  - Calculated pattern of intraportal insulin appearance without independent
      assessment of C-peptide kinetics.
AB  - Prehepatic beta-cell insulin release can be calculated with C-peptide
      measurements, but this requires independent determination of kinetics of C
      peptide disappearance from plasma. We introduce an approach by which a prehepatic
      insulin release pattern is calculated from plasma insulin and C-peptide, without
      separate C-peptide kinetic analysis. Human insulin and C-peptide were infused
      intraportally into conscious dogs (n = 11) at equimolar rates; endogenous insulin
      and C-peptide release were suppressed with somatostatin (0.8 micrograms . kg-1 .
      min-1). Insulin and C-peptide were infused at basal and equimolar rates (range 19
      72 pmol/min in dogs), and the infusions were slowly increased, in stepwise
      fashion, to a maximum at 60 min (range 152-613 pmol/min) and subsequently
      renormalized at either 85 (n = 6) or 195 (n = 5) min. Plasma insulin and C
      peptide measurements were described simultaneously by a composite model of
      insulin and C-peptide plasma kinetics, with the molar intraportal appearance rate
      due to the infusion R(t) as an unknown input for both insulin and C-peptide
      catabolism. The model assumes one-compartment disappearance kinetics for both
      peptides. Fitting the model to the measured insulin and C-peptide data, we were
      able to compute the insulin-appearance pattern accurately for every experiment;
      calculated and actual secretion rates were highly correlated (r = .93-.97) and
      had very similar temporal patterns. Also calculated were the fractional
      disappearance rates for human insulin (t1/2 = 6.9 min) and C-peptide (t1/2 = 14
      min) in the dog, as well as the C-peptide distribution volume (12.3 +/- 0.5% body
      wt).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888697
TI  - Effect of atropine and somatostatin on bombesin-stimulated plasma immunoreactive
      trypsin release in man.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the effect of atropine and somatostatin,
      two inhibitors of intraduodenal pancreatic enzyme secretion, on bombesin
      stimulated release of plasma immunoreactive trypsin in 6 healthy volunteers.
      Infusion of 5 ng/kg.min bombesin during 30 min induced significant increases in
      plasma trypsin from 206 +/- 20 to 334 +/- 44 ng/ml (p less than 0.01). Atropine
      (15 ng/kg as i.v. bolus followed by 5 ng/kg.h) had no influence on the bombesin
      stimulated increase in plasma immunoreactive trypsin (207 +/- 20 to 326 +/- 54
      ng/ml). Somatostatin (125 micrograms as i.v. bolus followed by 125 micrograms/h)
      also failed to inhibit the plasma trypsin response to bombesin (207 +/- 18 to 663
      +/- 166 ng/ml). These results point to major differences in the regulation of
      plasma and intraduodenal trypsin secretion.

PMID- 2888698
TI  - Linkage analysis of the human insulin receptor gene and maturity onset diabetes
      of the young.
AB  - The cloning of the insulin receptor cDNA has permitted the definition of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms at that locus. These polymorphisms were
      used to study the role of the insulin receptor in four pedigrees with maturity
      onset diabetes of the young through linkage analyses. When each pedigree was
      individually analysed, no linkage was demonstrated in the two larger pedigrees,
      implying that an insulin receptor defect was not responsible for the
      predisposition to diabetes in these pedigrees. One of these pedigrees was known
      to be hypoinsulinaemic, while insulin levels were unavailable in the second
      pedigree. In the two smaller pedigrees, however, a single haplotype cosegregated
      with diabetes. One of these pedigrees is known to be hyperinsulinaemic. The small
      size of the pedigrees which demonstrated cosegregation precluded statistical
      proof of linkage. Nonetheless, the presence of an uncommon insertional
      polymorphism which cosegregated with diabetes in both pedigrees was improbable
      and suggested that this insertion could be responsible for diabetes in these
      families. This study thus may be additional evidence for heterogeneity in
      maturity onset diabetes of the young. For the two larger pedigrees, the insulin
      gene and HLA region have already been eliminated as genetic markers. This study
      provides data which eliminate a third candidate gene in these two pedigrees.

PMID- 2888699
TI  - A species comparison of the toxicity of nabilone, a new synthetic cannabinoid.
AB  - Acute, subchronic, and chronic studies were conducted in various species to
      evaluate and compare the toxicity of nabilone, a new synthetic 9-ketocannabinoid
      that is orally effective for the treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by
      cancer chemotherapy agents. The oral LD50 in mice and rats for nabilone
      formulated as a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) codispersion was in excess of 1000
      mg/kg. Among nonrodents, rhesus monkeys had a higher tolerance to the CNS
      depression induced by single oral doses of nabilone-PVP than did dogs. Rats fed
      dietary mixtures of nabilone-PVP which provided approximate daily nabilone doses
      of 1 to 93 mg/kg tolerated treatment for 3 months with no deaths. Treatment
      related changes (at doses greater than or equal to 5 mg/kg) were limited to
      reduced body temperature, slight-to-moderate decreases in weight gain, and
      behavioral changes (e.g., hyperactivity, hyperirritability to touch, and
      hypoactivity). All dogs treated for 3 months with daily oral doses of up to 1.0
      mg/kg survived; treatment-related effects were limited to transient episodes of
      ataxia and anorexia. Nabilone treatment of rats and dogs for 3 months produced no
      evidence of systemic toxicity in the clinical chemistry, hematology, or pathology
      parameters examined. Chronic treatment of dogs with daily oral doses of nabilone
      PVP equal to 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg of nabilone/kg produced cumulative toxicity; by
      the end of 7 months, 2, 6, and 7 dogs in the respective dose groups had died. In
      a number of instances, death was preceded by one or more convulsive episodes. In
      contrast to the dog, the toxic potential of nabilone was minimal in rhesus
      monkeys treated with nabilone-PVP for 1 year at daily oral nabilone doses of up
      to 2.0 mg/kg. The enzymatic reduction of the 9-keto group of nabilone to form
      carbinol metabolites was a major metabolic pathway for nabilone in dogs but not
      in rhesus monkeys. The carbinols were long-lived metabolites in the plasma of
      dogs and accumulated in the plasma compartment with time. Furthermore, the
      carbinol metabolites were found to concentrate in the brain tissues of treated
      dogs. Although the precise mechanism for this marked species difference in
      chronic toxicity is not known, the metabolic differences responsible for the
      presence of the carbinol metabolites at high concentrations in the plasma and
      brain over time may play a role in the toxicity observed in the dog.

PMID- 2888700
TI  - [Hypercalcemia and neoplasms].

PMID- 2888701
TI  - Comparison of the biochemical changes in the jejunal mucosa of dogs with aerobic
      and anaerobic bacterial overgrowth.
AB  - Subcellular biochemical changes in the jejunal mucosa have been compared in dogs
      with either aerobic or anaerobic bacterial overgrowth to explore relationships
      between composition of the flora and mucosal damage. Affected animals comprised
      17 German shepherd dogs with chronic diarrhea or weight loss, or both. Analysis
      of duodenal juice demonstrated aerobic overgrowth in 10 cases, most frequently
      comprising enterococci and Escherichia coli, and obligate anaerobic overgrowth in
      7 cases, most frequently including Clostridia spp. Histologic changes were
      minimal; however, examination of peroral jejunal biopsy specimens by sucrose
      density gradient centrifugation revealed specific biochemical abnormalities. In
      the dogs with aerobic overgrowth, there was a selective loss of brush border
      alkaline phosphatase activity, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity was
      increased, whereas activities of disaccharidases and aminopeptidase N were
      unaltered. In contrast, anaerobic overgrowth was associated with a reduction in
      brush border density, indicative of a considerable fall in the glycoprotein-to
      lipid ratio of the brush border membrane, whereas brush border enzyme activities
      were unaltered. There was a loss of peroxisomal catalase activity in dogs with
      aerobic overgrowth, and an indication of mitochondrial disruption in dogs with
      anaerobic overgrowth, but little evidence for damage to other subcellular
      organelles. These findings demonstrate that aerobic and anaerobic overgrowth may
      be associated with distinct but different mucosal abnormalities particularly
      affecting the brush border membrane.

PMID- 2888702
TI  - Influence of vagal integrity on gastrin and somatostatin release in dogs.
AB  - Plasma gastrin and somatostatin responses to ingestion of a solid meal, to
      insulin hypoglycemia, and to intravenous infusion of gastrin-releasing peptide
      were measured in 4 conscious dogs with and without bilateral cryogenic blockade
      of the cervical vagus nerves. Vagal cooling to -2 degrees C abolished meal
      stimulated rises in plasma gastrin and somatostatin. Atropine did not modify the
      gastrin response to cooling but bethanechol reduced the magnitude of inhibition
      to 37% +/- 9% without influencing plasma somatostatin. Gastrin-releasing peptide
      elevated postprandial plasma gastrin during vagal blockade to levels comparable
      to those with the vagus intact but did not alter the nadir plasma somatostatin
      response. The plasma gastrin and somatostatin rises associated with insulin
      hypoglycemia were similarly inhibited by cooling to -2 degrees C. Cooling to 12
      degrees C, which selectively blocks vagal inhibitory pathways, had no effect on
      meal-stimulated gastrin release and partially decreased the plasma gastrin
      response to insulin hypoglycemia. Thus, gastrin release by food and by insulin
      hypoglycemia is mediated by a vagal nonmuscarinic excitatory pathway that is
      independent of changes in circulating plasma somatostatin but may include
      participation by the candidate neurotransmitter gastrin-releasing peptide.

PMID- 2888703
TI  - Subsensitivity to beta-adrenoceptor agonists in right atria isolated from
      footshock-stressed rats.
AB  - 1. The effects of three daily sessions of inescapable footshock on the
      sensitivity of rat isolated right atria to the chronotropic effect of
      norepinephrine, tyramine and soterenol were studied. 2. Inescapable footshock
      induces subsensitivity to norepinephrine and tyramine. The maximum response to
      the partial agonist soterenol was reduced. 3. In vitro denervation and addition
      of cocaine prevented the demonstration of inescapable footshock-induced
      subsensitivity to norepinephrine. 4. It is concluded that repeated inescapable
      footshock stress reduces the number of atrial beta 1-adrenoceptors and increases
      the efficiency of the neuronal reuptake process.

PMID- 2888704
TI  - Nifedipine vasodilates human forearm arteries and dorsal hand veins constricted
      by specific alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation.
AB  - 1. The local dilative effect of the calcium entry blocker nifedipine on forearm
      arteries and dorsal hand veins has been studied in 27 healthy male volunteers. 2.
      Nifedipine induced an increase of blood flow by 1190% (P less than 0.001) in the
      forearm. 3. The construction of the hand veins induced by stimulation of either
      postsynaptic alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptors was reduced (P less than 0.001) by
      nifedipine. 4. The calcium entry blocker nifedipine is a potent dilator of human
      forearm arteries as well as of dorsal hand veins.

PMID- 2888705
TI  - Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation on electrophysiological properties and
      mechanics in rat papillary muscle.
AB  - 1. Electrophysiological and inotropic responses to stimulation of alpha
      adrenoceptors were examined in isolated rat papillary muscles. 2. Stimulation of
      alpha-adrenoceptors caused two major electrophysiological changes, i.e.
      prolongation of action potential duration (APD) and hyperpolarization of resting
      membrane potential. 3. The time course of the inotropic responses to alpha
      adrenoceptor stimulation was composed of an initial, short-lasting and small
      positive phase followed by a negative phase and then a second increasing phase.
      4. Nifedipine abolished the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated positive inotropic effect
      whereas unaffecting the negative inotropic effect, the APD prolongation and the
      hyperpolarization. 5. In quiescent muscles alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation also
      produced hyperpolarization, which was blocked by Ba2+.

PMID- 2888706
TI  - Tissue and plasma distribution of exogenous growth hormone-releasing factor
      analogue (GRF1-29NH2) after intravenous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal
      injection in the rat.
AB  - 1. The administration of 125I-labelled growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)
      analogue 1-29NH2 by intravenous, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection to
      rats leads to rapid (i.v.) or slow (s.c. and i.p.) increases in plasma
      radioactivity followed by extensive breakdown of the peptide. 2. Tissues
      possessing GRF-like immunoreactivity such as gastric antrum (but not fundus),
      duodenum and ileum showed in vitro specific uptake of 125I-GRF probably mediated
      by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors. 3. Pituitary (the primary
      target organ for GRF) but neither thyroid nor parathyroid exhibited specific
      uptake of 125I-GRF.

PMID- 2888707
TI  - [Cloning of the ADE2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and localization of the ARS
      sequence].
AB  - Mutational changes in ADE2 result in the accumulation of red pigment in cells,
      which serves as an indicator for the selection of mutants. This easily detectable
      phenotype of red-coloured colonies can account for the wide use of ade2 mutants
      in yeast genetics. ADE2 gene was cloned in a shuttle vector by complementing the
      ade2 mutation in the yeast. It was shown that the 2.2 kbp HindIII fragment of
      yeast DNA contains structural sequences of the ADE2 gene as well as the ARS
      sequence. Deletion analysis of the 5' end of the ADE2 gene showed the ARS
      sequence to be situated at the distal end of the 1 kbp HindIII fragment. Removal
      of the ARS sequence does not influence ADE2 gene complementation ability.
      Transformants containing the ADE2 gene comprised in their plasmids form white
      colonies. Loss of the plasmids results in colour change of colonies.

PMID- 2888708
TI  - Y-chromosomal DNA polymorphism in mouse inbred strains.

PMID- 2888709
TI  - Brain neurotransmitters in aging and dementia: similar changes across diagnostic
      dementia groups.
AB  - Reductions of the levels of transmitter substances and of the activities of
      enzymes involved in their synthesis have been demonstrated in the aging brain.
      The sensitivity to the aging process varies for different transmitters and brain
      regions. Dopamine neurons are more age-sensitive than most other neurons
      investigated. The metabolism of monoaminergic neurotransmitters is enhanced in
      the aging brain, as evidenced by increased metabolite/neurotransmitter ratios,
      perhaps to compensate for the loss of transmitter. In various types of dementia,
      including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT),
      several neurotransmitter indices are reduced, as compared to age-matched
      controls. Moreover, a decrease in neurotransmitter metabolites suggests that
      compensatory mechanisms are insufficient. No correlation could be found between
      the neurotransmitter changes and the histological changes characteristic of AD
      (senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles). Neither could any relationship
      between multiple infarctions and neurotransmitter indices be detected. Recently
      observed changes in the lipid composition of the white matter, indicating
      demyelinization, in the brains of patients with AD/SDAT, emphasize the
      multifactorial aspects of dementia. Taken together, the data underline the
      difficulties in drawing clear demarcation lines between normal and pathological
      aging and between different subgroups of dementia. Despite the obvious
      difficulties, future therapeutic efforts should aim at substitution for the
      neurotransmitter deficiencies. Preventive measures have to await the
      clarification of the mechanisms underlying neural degeneration. Studies of the
      toxicity of oxygen and of autoxidation products are among the areas of research
      that may help to shed light on this problem.

PMID- 2888710
TI  - [Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on dihydro-orotase activity of the liver, kidney and
      uterus of rats].

PMID- 2888711
TI  - Effect of sulphasalazine and its metabolites on the generation of reactive oxygen
      species.

PMID- 2888712
TI  - Risk factors for tardive dyskinesia according to primary psychiatric diagnosis.
AB  - The role of different variables in the development of tardive dyskinesia was
      examined among patients in two different diagnostic categories. Age and length of
      hospitalization were associated with development of tardive dyskinesia in the
      schizophrenic subjects while parkinsonism and alcoholism were related to tardive
      dyskinesia in the affective disorder patients. Schizophrenic subjects constituted
      the largest absolute number of tardive dyskinesia patients, but in relative terms
      they represented the patient population least likely to develop tardive
      dyskinesia in comparison to affective disorder and organic mental disorder
      subjects. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2888713
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a diethylnitrosamine-initiated woodchuck
      hepatocyte cell line.
AB  - Woodchucks free from woodchuck hepatitis virus were treated with
      diethylnitrosamine in vivo for 2 months, and then hepatocytes obtained by
      enzymatic perfusion were cultured with the hepatopromoter phenobarbital. This in
      vivo-in vitro procedure gave rise to proliferating epithelial cell foci, from one
      of which the presently described hepatocyte cell line (WLC-3) was established and
      characterized. WLC-3 cells possess morphological and biochemical features of
      differentiated hepatocytes, including glucose-6-phosphatase activity and albumin
      production. Histopathological analysis of the tumor which developed transitorily
      in nude mouse subcutis after inoculation of the cell line revealed glandular
      structures comprising cells of hepatocellular-like morphology. This is the first
      established woodchuck hepatocyte cell line free from woodchuck hepatitis virus
      and is therefore expected to be useful for studying the mode of gene expression
      and viral proliferation of woodchuck hepatitis virus and the mechanisms
      underlying woodchuck hepatitis virus-related hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2888714
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in non-Hodgkin lymphoma with peripheral T-cell type:
      effect of HTLV-I infection.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies were done in lymph node and peripheral leukemic cells from
      sixteen patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma with peripheral T-cell type. Ten
      patients were positive for human T-cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I) proviral DNA in
      tumour cells and six were negative. The former group had a higher tendency for
      leukemic conversion and poorer prognosis than the latter. However, no definite
      difference on the numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities between
      these two groups was found. The most frequent chromosome abnormalities: 14p+,
      14q+ and No. 6 abnormalities were detected in both groups. These results may
      indicate that HTLV-I does not play a specific role in chromosome abnormalities of
      non-Hodgkin lymphoma with peripheral T-cell type.

PMID- 2888715
TI  - Peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 42 cases.
AB  - We analysed the clinical and pathologic features of 42 patients with
      immunologically confirmed peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The median age was 60 years
      and the male to female ratio was 1:1. A prior lymphoproliferative or autoimmune
      disorder was present in 14 per cent of the patients. Signs of advanced disease
      were usually present from the onset, such as B symptoms (55 per cent),
      generalized lymphadenopathy (57 per cent), stage III/IV disease (62 per cent),
      and elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (68 per cent). Primary
      extranodal disease (14 per cent), hepatomegaly (12 per cent), splenomegaly (12
      per cent), lung/pleural involvement (12 per cent), skin involvement (21 per
      cent), and bone marrow involvement (28 per cent) were uncommon. Lymphocytopenia
      was present in 64 per cent of the patients, and none of nine patients tested were
      serologically positive for human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-I)
      infection. Among 38 patients receiving combination chemotherapy, 20 (53 per cent)
      achieved a complete remission. The actuarial median survival of all patients was
      17 months. Age greater than 60 years and stage III/IV disease predicted a poor
      clinical outcome, whereas the large cell histological subtype predicted a
      favourable outcome. Prospective clinical studies using uniform treatments and a
      uniform histologic classification scheme are needed to confirm these findings.

PMID- 2888716
TI  - Renal-limited polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - A case of classic (large vessel) polyarteritis nodosa in which the disease was
      apparently confined in the kidneys is described. The findings in this case
      support the concept of renal-limited polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2888717
TI  - Mapping of a restriction fragment length polymorphism within the human aldolase B
      gene.
AB  - Peripheral blood DNA was hybridized to the full-length cDNA and the cloned
      structural gene of human aldolase B. With PvuII endonuclease a restriction
      fragment length polymorphism was detected that was present in the heterozygous
      state in about 21% of the individuals tested. A map of the human aldolase gene
      was constructed for the two groups of individuals found to produce different
      fragments after PvuII digestion. This allowed the localization of the polymorphic
      site within the gene, which was found to be due to the loss of a PvuII site in
      the last intron upstream from the 3' end. This polymorphism may be used as a
      genetic marker to study individuals affected by hereditary fructose intolerance.

PMID- 2888718
TI  - Isolation of a polymorphic genomic clone from chromosome 7. Physical and genetic
      linkage studies to markers around the cystic fibrosis locus.
AB  - A peptide prepared from purified factor 13B (F13B) was sequenced, and a single,
      long oligonucleotide corresponding to its cognate DNA sequence was constructed
      and used to screen a chromosome 7 specific genomic library. The positive clone
      isolated, designated pKV13, was only related to F13B at the oligonucleotide
      region, but has proved to be a valuable chromosome 7 marker. pKV13 maps to 7pter
      q22 in hybrid cell lines, and is present in a chromosome-mediated gene transfer
      (CMGT) cell line that also contains met and other 7q probes. pKV13 defines a
      common MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and is genetically
      linked to two markers on the long arm of chromosome 7, B79a and COLIA2, both
      themselves linked to the cystic fibrosis locus. Multipoint linkage analysis
      demonstrates that KV13 maps centromeric to both B79a and COLIA2. pKV13 has been
      used to demonstrate the existence of rearrangements within CMGT hybrids, and will
      also prove valuable in multipoint linkage studies of other 7q markers. Finally,
      pKV13 provides a new polymorphic locus for the characterisation of 7q deletions
      in myeloid disorders such as myelodysplastic syndrome.

PMID- 2888719
TI  - Detection of novel centromeric polymorphisms associated with alpha satellite DNA
      from human chromosome 11.
AB  - The pericentromeric region of human chromosomes is composed of diverse classes of
      repetitive DNAs, which provide a rich source of genetic variability. Here, we
      describe two novel centromeric polymorphisms associated with a subset of alpha
      satellite repetitive DNA, D11Z1, which is specific for human chromosome 11.
      Segregation and inheritance of the polymorphisms are demonstrated and their
      relative frequencies are determined. These polymorphisms may be useful genetic
      tools for distinguishing between individual chromosome 11 centromeres. In
      addition, these polymorphisms may be applied to the development of a centromere
      based genetic linkage map of chromosome 11. Molecular models for the generation
      of these polymorphisms are discussed.

PMID- 2888720
TI  - Close linkage of random DNA fragments from Xq 21.3-22 to X-linked
      agammaglobulinaemia (XLA).
AB  - Linkage analysis of 15 families affected by X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA)
      showed close linkage with three probes located towards the centre of the long arm
      of the X chromosome. No cross-overs were found using pXG12 (DXS94) lod 6.6 or S21
      (DXS17) lod 4.4. One cross-over was found with 19.2 (DXS3). This confirms and
      extends a previous linkage study (Kwan et al. 1986) which demonstrated linkage
      with S21 and 19.2. Of the families 14 were informative for either pXG12 or S21
      and these probes should thus be of great diagnostic value. No evidence of
      heterogeneity was found in the XLA families but several cross-overs within this
      region were detected in a family with the X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome confirming
      this disease as a separate clinical entity.

PMID- 2888721
TI  - A hypervariable repeated sequence on human chromosome 1p36.
AB  - When used to probe Southern blots of TaqI-digested DNAs from unrelated
      individuals, p1-79, a 900 bp subclone of a random human cosmid, revealed at least
      50 fragments, many of which were polymorphic. Each of 27 unrelated individuals
      tested with p1-79 displayed a distinct band pattern. Similar variation was seen
      with several other enzymes, including HaeIII, MspI, PstI and PvuII, whereas other
      enzymes yielded primarily large fragments of greater than 40 kb. In situ
      hybridization of p1-79 showed that the loci of hybridization are clustered on
      human chromosome band 1p36; localization of all TaqI fragments to chromosome 1
      was confirmed with a human-rodent somatic cell hybrid panel. DNA sequencing of p1
      79 revealed several copies of a 39 bp repeat whose variation in copy number might
      be the basis of the observed length polymorphisms. Studies of 3-generation Utah
      families suggest that the numerous restriction fragments homologous to p1-79 are
      inherited as haplotypes, implying that recombination within this cluster of loci
      is rare and allowing the cluster to serve as a useful marker for human gene
      mapping.

PMID- 2888722
TI  - Crossovers in two German cystic fibrosis families determine probe order for MET,
      7C22 and XV-2c/CS.7.
AB  - We have followed the segregation of the probes pJ3.11, 7C22, pB79a, and MET
      through cystic fibrosis families in the German Democratic Republic with two
      affected sibs. Two families with a crossover between MET and the CF phenotype
      were detected. In one of these families recombination was also observed between
      the DNA probe 7C22 and CF, and between the markers XV-2c and CF, which suggests
      that XV-2c, MET and 7C22 are all on the same side of CF. The other MET
      recombinant family is informative with XV-2c and does not recombine, which
      excludes the genetic order XV-2c--MET--CF if multiple recombinant events are
      disregarded. These two families together demonstrate that recombinations may
      occur in a very small genetic interval, which has important implications for
      prenatal diagnosis based on data from linked markers.

PMID- 2888723
TI  - Construction of a chromosome 16-enriched phage library and characterization of
      several DNA segments from 16p.
AB  - A flow sorted chromosome 16-enriched recombinant library was produced to isolate
      DNA probes useful for constructing a linkage map of 16p, primarily for the study
      of adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD). The APKD locus has been mapped to
      chromosome 16 by linkage with the probe 3'HVR, which is located in the region
      16p12----pter. Of the 48 single-copy fragments isolated from this new phage
      library, 39 (81%) were found to be chromosome 16 specific. Probes mapping to
      chromosome 16 were regionally localized by hybridizing to flow-sorted spot blots
      of translocation products from lymphoblastoid cell lines containing the
      rearrangements t(1;16) or t(11;16). Translocation breakpoints at 16p13.11 and
      16p11.1 were utilized to subdivide chromosome 16 into three regions: Twenty-six
      probes were mapped to 16p11.1----16qter, two to 16p11.1----16p13.11, and eleven
      to 16p13.11----16pter. Probes from 16p were examined for their recognition of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Seven polymorphic probes were
      found which recognized eleven RFLPs. Six of the seven probes have RFLPs which are
      reasonably informative (polymorphism information contents (PIC) of over 0.25).
      Two of these identify polymorphisms with three different alleles, one of which
      has a PIC value of over 0.4. These probes may aid in the diagnosis of APKD and
      contribute towards a linkage map of chromosome 16.

PMID- 2888724
TI  - Indirect haemagglutination test using gonococcal pilus antigen: how useful to
      diagnose gonorrhoea?
AB  - In 1979 an indirect haemagglutination test (gonococcal antibody test) using
      gonococcal pilus antigen replaced the gonococcal complement fixation test as our
      routine procedure to show gonococcal antibodies. In the diagnosis of current
      gonorrhoea the sensitivity of the gonococcal antibody test was far superior to
      that of the gonococcal complement fixation test (about 55% versus 9% for first
      episode gonorrhoea). To evaluate the usefulness of the test result the following
      population groups were studied: 1376 patients undergoing medical examination for
      gonorrhoea (386 had gonorrhoea), 1384 healthy people aged 15-65, 54 patients with
      meningococcal disease, 30 children with respiratory tract infection, and 254
      patients with evidence of various diseases other than neisserial infections that
      might be associated with symptoms of arthritis. These investigations showed that
      (1) non-specific positive gonococcal antibody test results occur rarely, (2) at
      least half the people who have had gonorrhoea remain seropositive (with titres of
      1/40 to 1/160), and (3) a positive test result is more significant the younger
      the patient and the higher the titre. For younger people a positive test result
      should always be followed up by bacteriological examination; in all age groups
      titres of 1/320 or more should indicate medical examination for current
      gonorrhoea.

PMID- 2888725
TI  - Action of anticytoskeletal compounds on in vitro cytopathic effect, phagocytosis,
      and adhesiveness of Trichomonas vaginalis.
AB  - The cytopathic effects of Trichomonas vaginalis treated with inhibitory
      concentrations of anticytoskeletal compounds (mebendazole, griseofulvin,
      colchicine, taxol, and cytochalasin B) were studied in mouse CLID fibroblast
      cultures. The evaluation, at different times, of cell numbers and morphological
      alterations showed that cytopathic effect was considerably reduced when protozoa
      were pretreated with mebendazole and griseofulvin, whereas colchicine, taxol, and
      cytochalasin B had less effect. Furthermore, treatment with mebendazole,
      griseofulvin, and colchicine decreased adhesiveness of the protozoan, whereas
      treatment with cytochalasin B and colchicine completely inhibited its phagocytic
      activity. From these results it may be concluded that alterations induced in the
      trichomonal cytoskeleton may affect its adhesiveness and its in vitro cytopathic
      effect, but there is no direct correlation between protozoan phagocytosis and its
      in vitro pathogenic effect.

PMID- 2888726
TI  - DNA polymorphism of human HLA-linked complement C4 allotypes, including C4 null
      alleles, in the Finnish population.
AB  - Human HLA-linked complement C4 gene products, C4A and C4B, show extensive genetic
      polymorphism. In both loci, an allele without a gene product, C4 null, is also
      observed. We have performed a restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA samples
      from individuals having all common (frequency over 1%) C4 protein allotypes
      observed in the Finnish population. Only one allotype-specific RFLP marker was
      observed. With some enzymes a DNA polymorphism was observed, which was not
      detectable by C4 protein typing. Analysis of 10 different C4B null haplotypes and
      4 C4A null haplotypes suggested that only one haplotype, HLA-B8 C4A0 B1, carried
      a C4A gene deletion. This was observed in all 4 unrelated individuals homozygous
      for this haplotype.

PMID- 2888727
TI  - Allelic forms of the alpha- and beta-chain genes encoding DQw1-positive
      heterodimers.
AB  - On chromosome 6, in the HLA region, the DQ subregion is located immediately
      centromeric to the DR subregion. Even though only three serological specificities
      to date have been officially recognized (DQw1, DQw2, and DQw3), it seems likely
      that the phenotypical polymorphism expressed by DQ molecules is much more
      complex. There are reasons to believe that fixed alpha-beta combinations exist,
      each of them associated with a different DR allele. DQw1 is a determinant present
      on DQ molecules that are found associated with DR1-, DR2-, and DRw6-positive
      haplotypes. By restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, we recognized
      three allelic DQ-alpha and three allelic DQ-beta patterns associated with DQw1.
      In addition, one of these alpha/beta pairs associated with DR1, two with DR2, and
      a fourth with DRw6. We have obtained evidence using nucleotide sequencing that
      there are as many allelic forms of DQ-alpha and DQ-beta genes as there are
      different molecular DQ-alpha and DQ-beta patterns. The DQ-alpha and DQ-beta
      chains of DQw1-positive molecules each are encoded by at least three distinctly
      different allelic genes, and particular alpha/beta gene combinations are
      associated with the same DR alleles as their corresponding molecular alpha/beta
      pairs.

PMID- 2888728
TI  - HLA-DQw3.2 allele of the DR4 haplotype is associated with insulin-dependent
      diabetes; correlation between DQ beta restriction fragments and DQ beta chain
      variation.

PMID- 2888729
TI  - H-T5 and H-T16, recognized by T-cell clones, are encoded by a gene(s) linked to
      Thy-1.2.

PMID- 2888730
TI  - Recognition of the galactose- or N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin of
      Entamoeba histolytica by human immune sera.
AB  - Cure of amebic liver abscess is associated with resistance to recurrent invasive
      amebiasis and the development of a humoral and cell-mediated immune response. We
      determined whether human immune sera contain blocking antibody for the 170
      kilodalton (kDa) galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc)-binding lectin
      of Entamoeba histolytica. By Western blot (immunoblot) of whole amebae subjected
      to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, all eight immune
      sera studied here prominently recognized a 170-kDa amebic protein. Western blot
      of the purified Gal/GalNAc lectin with pooled human immune sera (PHIS) confirmed
      that the 170-kDa band was the adherence lectin. Immunoprecipitation of
      [35S]methionine-metabolically-labeled amebae with the antilectin monoclonal
      antibody H8-5 and with PHIS demonstrated that the 170-kDa lectin was the major
      antigen recognized by PHIS. The in vitro adherence of E. histolytica trophozoites
      to CHO cells at 4 degrees C was inhibited by prior exposure of amebae to greater
      than or equal to 1.0% PHIS. The humoral response to the Gal/GalNAc-binding lectin
      of the parasite may contribute to the development of protective immunity against
      invasive amebiasis.

PMID- 2888731
TI  - The erythrocyte and epithelial cell receptors for Haemophilus influenzae are
      expressed independently.
AB  - The Anton blood group antigen has been shown to be the erythrocyte receptor for
      Haemophilus influenzae. Cord erythrocytes, which lack the Anton antigen, were not
      agglutinated by H. influenzae (L. van Alphen, J. Poole, and M. Overbecke, FEMS
      Microbiol. Lett. 37:69-71, 1986). Twenty-eight erythrocyte suspensions from
      newborns less than 4 days old were also not agglutinated, but 23 of 56
      erythrocyte suspensions from 4- to 50-day-old newborns and 23 of 35 erythrocyte
      suspensions from older infants were agglutinated. Positive hemagglutination
      correlated with the presence of the Anton antigen on the erythrocytes for 163 of
      173 (P less than 0.0001). Adherence of H. influenzae to buccal epithelial cells
      obtained from six newborns within 3 days after birth was as strong as that found
      with adult epithelial cells, whereas the erythrocytes from five of six of these
      newborns were not agglutinated by the bacteria. Adherence of H. influenzae to
      epithelial cells of 15 donors was not inhibited by anti-Anton serum. Moreover, H.
      influenzae carrying fimbriae adhered to epithelial cells of an Anton-negative
      donor. From these results we conclude that the age at which the erythrocyte
      receptor for H. influenzae is expressed is the same as for the Anton antigen, but
      that the receptor on the epithelial cells is already expressed at birth and is
      not identical to the Anton antigen.

PMID- 2888732
TI  - Characterization of plasmids encoding the adherence factor of enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Volunteer studies have shown that a 60-megadalton plasmid is required for full
      virulence of the human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain E2348/69
      (O127:H6). The plasmid, designated pMAR2, encodes localized adherence to HEp-2
      cells in tissue culture via the adhesin known as the EPEC adherence factor (EAF).
      Using a DNA probe for the EAF, we have previously shown that these genes are
      specific for EPEC and are usually encoded on plasmids ranging from 55 to 65
      megadaltons. In this study, Southern blot analysis and S1 nuclease homology
      determination reveal a high degree of sequence conservation among these plasmids,
      despite some variation in restriction maps. Phenotypic characterization of the
      prototype EAF plasmid pMAR2 reveals that the plasmid belongs to the group IncFII
      and is negative for alpha-hemolysin, colicin, and aerobactin synthesis, as well
      as biochemical markers and antibiotic resistance. Regions encoding adherence to
      HEp-2 cells were localized by Tn801 insertion mutagenesis. Adherence genes were
      then cloned as two distinct plasmid regions which confer the adherence phenotype
      only when complementing each other in trans.

PMID- 2888733
TI  - Construction and characterization of Bordetella pertussis toxin mutants.
AB  - Pertussis toxin is one of the major virulence determinants produced by Bordetella
      pertussis. The DNA encoding the structural genes for pertussis toxin was cloned
      in Escherichia coli, and pertussis toxin subunit S4 was expressed under the
      control of the tac promoter. Mutations were introduced into the cloned toxin
      genes, and a conjugative shuttle vector system was devised for delivering the
      mutations from E. coli back into B. pertussis. The mutations were introduced by
      allelic exchange into the chromosome of B. pertussis resulting in a series of B.
      pertussis strains which were isogenic except at the loci encoding the structural
      genes for pertussis toxin. These B. pertussis strains were utilized to study the
      biogenesis of pertussis toxin. Polar mutations in the S1 gene led to a lack of
      detectable S2 or S4 subunits in whole-cell lysates, suggesting a polycistronic
      arrangement for these genes. Mutations in the S5 subunit gene resulted in a
      truncated S1 subunit, while mutations in the S4 gene resulted in a lack of
      detectable S2 subunit, suggesting that physical relationships among the toxin
      subunits are directly reflected in the stable biogenesis of the subunits.

PMID- 2888734
TI  - Influences of conjugal genetic transfer functions of colicin V plasmids on
      adhesion of Escherichia coli to murine intestinal tissue.
AB  - Cells of strains of Escherichia coli K-12 291 bearing one of three colicin V
      plasmids, pF54, pH247, or pF70, were tested in comparison with cells of strain
      291 for their ability to adhere to murine intestinal tissue in vitro. The
      plasmids were either repressed or derepressed in conjugal genetic transfer
      functions. The strains bearing pF54 and pH247 repressed in transfer functions
      (pColVF54 luminal diameter r and pColVH247 luminal diameter r) adhered in higher
      numbers to the murine tissue than did the host strain lacking the plasmid or the
      strains containing the plasmids with active transfer functions (pColVF54drd and
      pColVH247drd). The number of cells (CFU) of strain 291(pColVF54 luminal diameter
      r) adherent to the tissue was related directly to the time of incubation (up to
      30 min) and to the number of cells (CFU) to which the tissues were exposed. As
      indicated by tests for sensitivity to F factor (F)-pilus-specific bacteriophages,
      the cells of strains bearing the plasmids derepressed for conjugal functions had
      F pili on their surfaces, while such structures were missing from cells of the
      parental strain (291) and the strains containing the plasmids in repressed form.
      This finding was supported by transmission electron microscopy of cells of strain
      291, 291(pColVF54 luminal diameter r), and 291(pColVF54drd). F pili could be seen
      on cells of the latter strain but not on those of the parental strain or the
      strain bearing pColVF54 luminal diameter r. Pili other than F pili were not seen
      on cells of the strains bearing pF54 in either form. Strains 291(pColVF70drd) and
      291(pColVF70 luminal diameter r) adhered to the tissues in numbers comparable to
      those of strain 291. Nevertheless, these findings are further evidence that for
      certain colicin V plasmids (A. M. Nilius and D. C. Savage, Infect. Immun. 43:947
      953, 1984), conjugal genetic transfer functions influence properties that may be
      important in the pathogenesis of invasive E. coli strains.

PMID- 2888735
TI  - Hyperthermia and human spermatogenesis: enhancement of the inhibitory effect
      obtained by 'artificial cryptorchidism'.
AB  - Decreased sperm count and motility were observed in men after induction of local
      testicular hyperthermia by raising the testicles into the inguinal canal during
      the day in adult volunteers. A similar technique in which the testicles were
      better maintained in the inguinal canal resulted in more marked suppression of
      spermatogenesis. As assessed by the total motile sperm count, the mean inhibitory
      effect of hyperthermia was at least 97% after 2 months using this technique. This
      effect of 'artificial cryptorchidism' may be of practical interest in the
      manipulation of male fertility.

PMID- 2888736
TI  - Pharmaco-EEG and psychometric studies with a novel selective benzodiazepine
      agonist/antagonist Ro 23-0364.
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the encephalotropic and psychotropic
      properties of Ro 23-0364, a novel imidazobenzodiazepine with mixed benzodiazepine
      agonist/antagonist properties, were investigated as compared with the pure
      agonist diazepam utilizing quantitative EEG and psychometric analyses as well as
      clinical observations. Ten normal volunteers received randomized (latin square)
      and at weekly intervals single oral doses of placebo, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg
      Ro 23-0364 and 10 mg diazepam as reference drug. EEG-recordings and evaluation of
      pulse, blood pressure and side effects were carried out at the hours 0, 1, 2, 4,
      6, and 8; psychometric tests at the same times except the first hour. Computer
      assisted spectral analyses of the EEG demonstrated after 10 mg diazepam a typical
      "anxiolytic" pharmaco-EEG profile characterized by an increase of beta-activity,
      decrease of alpha-activity and absolute and relative power of the dominant
      frequency, furthered by an acceleration of the centroid of the total activity and
      a slowing of the centroid of the combined delta/theta-activity. In addition,
      there was an increase of delta-activity specifically in the resting recording
      condition suggesting also sedative properties of the reference compound. Ro 23
      0364 induced in the vigilance-controlled recordings a similar profile as diazepam
      although less pronounced-thereby exhibiting tranquilizing qualities. However, in
      the resting condition the most consistent change was an augmentation of
      delta/theta-activity along with an attenuation of alpha-activity, which was
      evident already in the lower dosage range and is reminiscent also of changes seen
      after sedative neuroleptic drugs (although the centroid slowing was missing).
      These data indicate a selective sedation of the mixed agonist/antagonist in the
      resting state. Dose-efficacy calculations based on EEG-changes demonstrated the
      reference compound, 1.0 and 0.5 mg Ro 23-0364 different from placebo. 10 mg
      diazepam was by far the most CNS-active compound inducing significantly more
      changes than the three doses of the mixed agonist/antagonist. Within the latter
      the two higher doses were superior to 0.25 mg but could not be differentiated
      from each other. Time-efficacy calculations showed the maximal encephalotropic
      effect of diazepam within the first two hours while the peak effect of 1.0 mg and
      0.5 mg Ro 23-0364 fell into the 6th and 4th hour, respectively. There were no
      differences between the time periods after 0.25 mg although there was a trend
      towards high activity in the first two hours followed by a trough in the 4th and
      6th hour and thereafter again an increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2888737
TI  - Effect of bucindolol on plasma HDL cholesterol subfractions and other plasma
      lipids in essential hypertensive patients.
AB  - The effect on plasma lipids of a new beta-blocker bucindolol, which possesses
      weak alpha-adrenergic blocking property and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity,
      given orally over a 3-month period as a monotherapy or with a thiazide diuretic
      to 44 patients with essential hypertension was studied. The mean level of plasma
      HDL cholesterol concentration increased significantly during 3 months monotherapy
      with bucindolol or with bucindolol and diuretic. This increase was due to the
      increase of HDL3 subfraction. There were no significant changes in the
      concentrations of plasma triglycerides or total cholesterol during treatment. The
      ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol increased significantly. The
      concentration of apoprotein A-I decreased significantly in both treatment groups,
      but the level of apoprotein B remained constant among treatment groups. The
      results support the earlier observations that beta-adrenergic blocking agents
      with different pharmacologic properties differ as regard to their effects on
      plasma lipids and lipoproteins.

PMID- 2888738
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of famotidine in man.
AB  - Famotidine (F) is an effective new H2-receptor antagonist. Knowledge of its
      pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism is scanty. Therefore, we investigated
      the disposition of F in 6 healthy male volunteers following a single oral (40 mg)
      and intravenous (20 mg) dose. F and a metabolite were monitored in plasma or
      urine by a HPLC method. After intravenous administration plasma levels declined
      biexponentially with an initial half-life (t1/2) of 0.5 h and a terminal t1/2 of
      4.0 h. F was slightly bound to plasma proteins (less than 1 to 15%) and its
      distribution volume averaged 1.13 l/kg. About 72% of the dose could be recovered
      as unchanged F in urine. Thus, hepatic clearance contributes to the total plasma
      Cl of 309 ml/min only 88 ml/min. Consequently, a high hepatic first-pass effect
      can be excluded. Following oral administration maximum plasma concentrations of
      104 +/- 39 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) were observed after 2.3 +/- 1 h. F was eliminated
      with a t1/2 of 3.6 +/- 1.1 h and its absolute bioavailability ranged from 20 to
      66%. In urine an oxidized metabolite could be identified which accounts to about
      2% of the given dose. In conclusion, F is rapidly eliminated mainly by the renal
      route and its t1/2 is slightly longer than those of other available H2-receptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2888739
TI  - Opiates in the restless legs syndrome.

PMID- 2888740
TI  - The antianxiety agents.

PMID- 2888741
TI  - [Adult T-cell leukemia--from retrovirus-induced T-cell leukemia in dermatologic
      patients. Clinical histologic and epidemiologic studies].
AB  - In 1976, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) was reported as a special form of T-cell
      leukemia. In such cases the following criteria are prominent: strong inclination
      to leukemic change, incidence of abnormal cells in the peripheral blood, and the
      existence of an endemic area at the time of the outbreak of the disease. The
      abnormal tissue infiltrating ATL cells originate from peripheral blood T
      lymphocytes, and in these lymphocytes the causal retrovirus HTLV-I could be
      proven. Since pathognomonic cutaneous manifestations can be observed among almost
      50% of the patients, knowledge of this disease is of great importance to
      dermatologists. Two cases are reported focussing on the clinical and
      histopathologic findings concerning the cutaneous manifestations.
      Epidemiologically, up to 1984, we collected and analyzed 153 Japanese cases.
      There is a minor difference in sex distribution, but the incidence of ATL is
      highest among people in their fifties. The region of Kyushu, especially the
      southwestern part, and of Okinawa proved to be the endemic centers of ATL.

PMID- 2888742
TI  - Peptidergic innervation of the rat Harderian gland.
AB  - The immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP),
      Neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin (CCK), Neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin
      gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rat Harderian glands was examined. Numerous VIP-
      and CCK-like immunoreactive nerves were found in close apposition to the acini.
      Sparse numbers of NT-, NPY-, and CGRP-like immunoreactive nerves were observed in
      close proximity to the acini and blood vessels. Some VIP-like immunoreactive
      nerves were shown to be co-localized with acetylcholinesterase-positive
      cholinergic nerves.

PMID- 2888743
TI  - Sexual difference in the histochemical characteristics of "altered cell foci" in
      the liver of aged Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - The distributions of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and the placental form of
      glutathione S-transferase (GSTP) were examined in the livers of 18-month-old and
      23-month-old SPF F344/DuCrj rats of both sexes. The number of the enzyme-altered
      foci in males was greater than in females, and it increased with age in animals
      of both sexes. Histologically, most of the foci in males consisted of
      eosinophilic or clear hepatocytes, while those in females were predominantly
      basophilic. More than 75% of the foci in males stained positively for GGT and
      GSTP. In contrast, more than 80% of the foci in females were GGT- and GSTP
      negative. Thus, though both enzymes have been widely used for analysis of
      carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, it appears that GGT and GSTP are
      inappropriate as markers of preneoplastic lesions in natural hepatocarcinogenesis
      in female rats.

PMID- 2888744
TI  - A note on adhesion of bacteria to chicken muscle connective tissue.
AB  - Laboratory cultures of bacteria were tested for the ability to attach to collagen
      fibres of intact chicken muscle connective tissue. All salmonellas, fimbriate
      strains of Escherichia coli and a strain of Campylobacter coli were able to
      attach to tissue only when suspended in distilled water. Prior immersion of
      tissue in sterile water for 20 min or extended immersion in these bacterial
      suspensions was a prerequisite for adhesion. Attachment could be prevented by the
      addition of physiological levels of sodium chloride to the attachment medium.
      Furthermore, attached bacteria could be removed by rinsing tissues in saline
      media.

PMID- 2888745
TI  - Role of the parasympathetic nervous system in airway hyperresponsiveness after
      ozone inhalation.
AB  - Airway hyperresponsiveness develops in dogs after ozone inhalation. This study
      examined the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in ozone-induced airway
      hyperresponsiveness in dogs. Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (n = 8) and
      histamine (n = 4) were measured before and after exposure to ozone (3 ppm for 30
      min). The provocative concentration of each agonist was measured on two randomly
      assigned days separated by at least 1 wk. On one day a control experiment was
      performed, and on the other day the dogs were pretreated with the ganglionic
      blocker hexamethonium bromide in doses that block ganglionic transmission. The
      acetylcholine provocative concentration decreased on the control day from 5.5
      mg/ml (%SE 1.8) before ozone to 0.5 mg/ml (%SE 2.0) after ozone (P less than
      0.0001). After pretreatment with hexamethonium the acetylcholine provocative
      concentration decreased from 9.0 mg/ml (%SE 1.8) before ozone to 1.0 mg/ml (%SE
      2.0) after ozone (P = 0.002). The results were similar when histamine was used as
      the agonist. Therefore, ganglionic blockade does not prevent airway
      hyperresponsiveness after ozone inhalation, and a parasympathetic reflex
      mechanism is not responsible for airway hyperresponsiveness after ozone
      inhalation in dogs.

PMID- 2888746
TI  - Possible sensory receptor of nonadrenergic inhibitory nervous system.
AB  - To determine the sensory receptor of the nonadrenergic inhibitory nervous system
      (NAIS), 22 cats were anesthetized and serotonin was continuously administered (50
      250 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 iv) to increase pulmonary resistance (RL) to 377 +/-
      57% (SE) of the control value. We then 1) mechanically irritated the trachea, 2)
      intravenously administered capsaicin (5 micrograms/kg), or 3) induced hypoxia
      (arterial PO2 30-40 Torr) to stimulate irritant and bronchial C-fiber receptors,
      pulmonary C-fiber receptors, or the carotid body (chemoreceptors), respectively.
      After treatment with atropine (3 mg/kg iv) and propranolol (2 mg/kg iv), the
      serotonin-induced change in RL was reduced by 58.6 +/- 14.3% by mechanical
      irritation and 63.3 +/- 12.1% by intravenous capsaicin. However, hypoxia produced
      no dilatation of the airways. In further experiments, we employed capsaicin
      inhalation to stimulate bronchial C-fiber receptors. Inhaled capsaicin (0.1%, for
      5 breaths) also reduced RL by 79.2 +/- 9.2% of the elevated value, after atropine
      and propranolol. Treatment with a ganglionic blocking agent, hexamethonium (2
      mg/kg iv), abolished bronchodilator responses, implying that a reflex pathway
      through vagal nerves is involved in this phenomenon. These results suggest that
      pulmonary and bronchial C-fiber receptors may be involved as sensory receptors in
      NAIS reflex bronchodilatation.

PMID- 2888747
TI  - Hematologic consequences of viral infections.
AB  - This article summarizes the current medical literature regarding the effects of
      viral infections upon the hematopoietic system. The article discusses the effect
      of viral infections upon peripheral blood counts, cellular immune system, and the
      bone marrow. In addition, a few selected syndromes, including human parvovirus,
      EBV, and HTLV infections, are discussed.

PMID- 2888748
TI  - Activation of tyrosinase in mouse melanoma cell cultures.
AB  - Tyrosinase activity increased in Cloudman S-91 mouse melanoma cell homogenates
      incubated at 37 degrees C for a minimum of 8 h. Enzyme activity continued to
      increase for 48 h at which time the maximal level of activation was observed.
      Activation did not occur at 4 degrees C and did not occur in the cytosol fraction
      of the cell, suggesting that the response was localized to melanosomes. The
      activated enzyme was resistant to solubilization with the nonionic detergent,
      Triton X-100, and preparation of homogenates in this detergent did not inhibit
      the temperature-dependent activation of the melanosomal fraction of the cell. The
      activation process increased the Vmax of tyrosinase 10-fold and lowered the Km by
      a factor of 2 as determined by the tyrosine hydroxylase assay. The increase in
      tyrosinase activity was detectable by three assay methods: tyrosine
      hydroxylation, melanin synthesis, and by tyrosine decarboxylation. The formation
      of melanin, however, was found to be 1/20 that of either tyrosine hydroxylation
      or decarboxylation, a finding which suggests that the melanin pathway may be
      blocked at 5,6-dihydroxyindole. The "self-activation" response could not be
      mimicked by incubating cell homogenates with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
      Activated tyrosinase could be inhibited by the addition of fresh cell extracts, a
      finding which suggests that tyrosinase inhibitors may be present in these cells.

PMID- 2888749
TI  - Multiple endocrinal neoplasia.

PMID- 2888750
TI  - Role of glutamate dehydrogenase in ammonia assimilation in nitrogen-fixing
      Bacillus macerans.
AB  - Pathways of ammonia assimilation into glutamic acid in Bacillus macerans were
      investigated by measurements of the specific activities of glutamate
      dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. In ammonia
      rich medium, GDH was the predominant pathway of ammonia assimilation. In nitrogen
      fixing cells in which the intracellular NH4+ concentration was 1.4 +/- 0.5 mM,
      the activity of GDH with a Km of 2.2 mM for NH4+ was found to be severalfold
      higher than that of glutamate synthase. The result suggests that GDH plays a
      significant role in the assimilation of NH4+ in N2-fixing B. macerans.

PMID- 2888751
TI  - Purification and characterization of the F1 ATPase from Bacillus subtilis and its
      uncoupler-resistant mutant derivatives.
AB  - The F1 ATPase of Bacillus subtilis BD99 was extracted from everted membrane
      vesicles by low-ionic-strength treatment and purified by DEAE-cellulose
      chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and anion-exchange high
      performance liquid chromatography. The subunit structure of the enzyme was
      examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the
      absence and presence of urea. In the absence of urea, the alpha and beta subunits
      comigrated and the ATPase was resolved into four bands. The mobility of the beta
      subunit, identified by immunoblotting with anti-beta from Escherichia coli F1,
      was altered dramatically by the presence of urea, causing it to migrate more
      slowly than the alpha subunit. The catalytic activity of the ATPase was strongly
      metal dependent; in the absence of effectors, the Ca2+-ATPase activity was 15- to
      20-fold higher than the Mg2+ -ATPase activity. On the other hand, sulfite anion,
      methanol, and optimally, octylglucoside stimulated the Mg2+ -ATPase activity up
      to twice the level of Ca2+ -ATPase activity (specific activity, about 80 mumol of
      Pi per min per mg of protein). The F1 ATPase was also isolated from mutants of B.
      subtilis that had been isolated and characterized in this laboratory by their
      ability to grow in the presence of protonophores. The specific activities of the
      ATPase preparations from the mutant and the wild type were very similar for both
      Mg2+- and Ca2+ -dependent activities. Kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km for Mg-ATP)
      for octylglucoside-stimulated Mg2+ -ATPase activity were similar in both
      preparations. Structural analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      isoelectric focusing indicated that the five F1 subunits from ATPase preparations
      from the mutant and wild-type strains had identical apparent molecular weights
      and that no charge differences were detectable in the alpha and beta subunits in
      the two preparations. Thus, the increased ATPase activity that had been observed
      in the uncoupler-resistant mutants is probably not due to a mutation in the F1
      moiety of the ATPase complex.

PMID- 2888752
TI  - Genetic instability and DNA amplification in Streptomyces lividans 66.
AB  - Streptomyces lividans 66 exhibits genetic instability, involving sequential loss
      of resistance to chloramphenicol (Cams) and subsequent mutation of argG.
      Associated with this instability is the amplification of a 5.7-kilobase (kb)
      amplified DNA sequence (ADS). We have characterized a second, independent pathway
      of genetic instability, involving sequential loss of resistance to tetracycline
      (Tets) followed by mutation in nitrogen assimilation (Ntr). We detected DNA
      amplification in many of these mutant strains, as well as other reiterations
      coresident with the 5.7-kb ADS in Cams Arg mutants. However, in contrast to the
      5.7-kb ADS, none of the novel elements were observed to amplify at high
      frequency. The mutation of argG is due to a deletion, one endpoint of which is
      defined by the 5.7-kb ADS. This amplification derives from a structure, the
      tandemly duplicated amplifiable unit of DNA (AUD), present in the wild-type
      genome. We found that progenitor strains containing just a single-copy AUD failed
      to reproducibly generate amplification of this element in Cams argG mutants, and
      DNA deletion endpoints proximal to the element were found to be unspecific. These
      results suggest that a duplicated AUD structure is required for high-frequency
      amplification and that this reiteration can subsequently buffer the extent of
      deletion formation in the relevant chromosomal region.

PMID- 2888753
TI  - A Lewis X hapten is the major glycolipid of Japanese quail intestine.
AB  - A fucolipid isolated from Japanese quail intestine was identified as beta
      galactosyl-1,4-(alpha-fucosyl-1,3-) beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-1,3-beta-galactosyl
      1,4-beta-glucosyl-1,1-cera mide, a glycolipid which exhibits X-hapten activity.
      Analysis of the tissue at various embryonic stages showed that the fucolipid is
      characteristically present at later stages of organogenesis.

PMID- 2888754
TI  - Effect of amino acid at the beta 6 position on surface hydrophobicity, stability,
      solubility, and the kinetics of polymerization of hemoglobin. Comparisons among
      Hb A (Glu beta 6), Hb C (Lys beta 6), Hb Machida (Gln beta 6), and Hb S (Val beta
      6).
AB  - Surface hydrophobicity, stability, solubility, and kinetics of polymerization
      were studied using hemoglobins with four different amino acids at the beta 6
      position: Hb A (Glu beta 6), Hb C (Lys beta 6), Hb Machida (Gln beta 6), and Hb S
      (Val beta 6). The surface hydrophobicity increased in the order of Hb C, Hb A, Hb
      Machida, and Hb S, coinciding with the hydrophobicity of the amino acid at the
      beta 6 position. Solubility of the oxy-form of these hemoglobins decreased in
      relation to increases in their surface hydrophobicity, suggesting that the
      solubility is controlled by the strength of hydrophobicity of the amino acid at
      the beta 6 position. The solubility of the oxy-form of these hemoglobins is
      always higher than that of the deoxy-form. There is a similar linear relationship
      between the solubility and surface hydrophobicity among deoxyhemoglobins A, C,
      and Machida. However, the solubility of deoxy-Hb S deviated significantly from
      the expected value, indicating that the extremely low solubility of deoxy-Hb S is
      not directly related to the hydrophobicity of the beta 6 valine. Kinetic studies
      on the polymerization of deoxy-Hb Machida revealed a distinct delay time prior to
      polymerization. This confirms our previous hypothesis that beta 6 valine is not
      responsible for the delay time prior to gelation. The kinetics of the
      polymerization of 1:1 mixtures of sickle and non-sickle hemoglobins were similar
      to those of pure Hb S, suggesting that only one of the two beta 6 valines is
      involved in an intermolecular contact. In mixtures of equal amounts of Hb S and
      Hb A, Hb C, or Hb Machida, half of the asymmetrical AS, SC, and S-Machida hybrid
      hemoglobins behaved like Hb S during nucleation, while the other half behaved
      like the non-sickle hemoglobin.

PMID- 2888755
TI  - Influence of cell-cell contact on levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured
      bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - We have studied the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by cell-cell contact in
      primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Preparation of dissociated
      chromaffin cells from bovine adrenal medullae or the harvesting of cultured cells
      resulted in a rapid decrease of the specific mRNA(TH) (defined as the amount of
      mRNA(TH) (where TH represents tyrosine hydroxylase) per microgram of total RNA).
      The decrease in mRNA(TH) levels appears to be stimulated by the loss of cell
      contact, as it occurs much more rapidly than would be expected from the turnover
      rate of mRNA(TH) in cultured cells. Similarly an enhanced rate of tyrosine
      hydroxylase enzyme degradation was observed in chromaffin cells when brought into
      low contact cultures. In contrast to the decrease in mRNA(TH) levels, however,
      the decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme levels was not so rapid and could be
      prevented in high contact cultures. The mRNA(TH) increased 4-fold in high contact
      cultures relative to dissociated cells within 1 day after plating. Similarly the
      rate of synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme molecules was maximal after 1
      day, although the increase in the absolute amount of tyrosine hydroxylase
      occurred only slowly. The increase in specific mRNA(TH) by cell contact was
      inhibited by alpha-amanitin, indicating that cell contact evokes an increase in
      tyrosine hydroxylase levels by increasing the transcription of mRNA(TH), in
      addition to inhibiting the degradation of tyrosine hydroxylase molecules.

PMID- 2888756
TI  - Subunit interaction elicited by partial inactivation with L-methionine
      sulfoximine and ATP differently affects the biosynthetic and gamma
      glutamyltransferase reactions catalyzed by yeast glutamine synthetase.
AB  - Yeast glutamine synthetase can be irreversibly inactivated in the presence of L
      methionine sulfoximine, ATP, and a divalent cation Mn2+ or Mg2+. Kinetic studies
      with partially inactivated enzymes show that inactivation of a given subunit in
      the octameric glutamine synthetase affects the activities of its neighboring
      subunit such that the rate of the inactivation as well as the gamma
      glutamyltransferase activity of the noninactivated subunits decreases while their
      biosynthetic activity is enhanced. This outcome of subunit interaction is the
      same irrespective of whether Mn2+ or Mg2+ is used to fulfill the divalent cation
      requirement of glutamine synthetase for the inactivation reaction and the gamma
      glutamyltransferase reaction. Although only Vmax is affected in the gamma
      glutamyltransferase assay, both Km (glutamate) and Vmax are changed in the
      biosynthetic assay.

PMID- 2888757
TI  - Ethanol-elicited alterations in the oligomycin sensitivity and structural
      stability of the mitochondrial F0 . F1 ATPase.
AB  - Liver mitochondria from rats fed ethanol chronically demonstrated a 35% decrease
      in mitochondrial ATPase activity. Moreover, the ATPase activity was inhibited
      only 61% by addition of oligomycin. Treatment of mitochondria from ethanol-fed
      rats with the detergent, Lubrol-WX, caused the release of 36% of the F1 from the
      resulting inner membrane particles. In comparison, only 5% of the F1 was
      dissociated when control mitochondria were subjected to the Lubrol treatment.
      However, when the units of ATPase activity from the supernatant and particles
      obtained after Lubrol treatment were added together, their sums were equivalent
      in preparations from control and ethanol-fed animals. Moreover, polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis analyses indicated equal amounts of the alpha + beta subunits
      of F1 in mitochondria from control and ethanol-fed rats. Reconstitution
      experiments with urea particles and F1 prepared from both control and ethanol
      mitochondria revealed a decrease in oligomycin sensitivity which could be
      attributed to an alteration in the functioning of either the oligomycin
      sensitivity conferring protein or a membrane sector subunit that interacts with
      oligomycin. Analysis by reconstitution also demonstrated that there were no
      ethanol-elicited alterations in the properties of the F1 portion of the ATP
      synthase complex. These observations indicate that the activity of the ATP
      synthase complex is altered significantly by ethanol-elicited changes in the
      functioning of those polypeptides involved in modulating both oligomycin
      sensitivity and the association of F1 with membrane sector subunits.

PMID- 2888758
TI  - Hormonal regulation of myosin heavy chain and alpha-actin gene expression in
      cultured fetal rat heart myocytes.
AB  - Thyroid hormone regulates the expression of ventricular myosin isoenzymes by
      causing an accumulation of alpha-myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA and inhibiting
      expression of beta-MHC mRNA. However, the mechanism of thyroid hormone action has
      been difficult to examine in vivo because of its diverse actions. Accordingly,
      hormonal control of expression of six MHC isoform mRNAs and cardiac and skeletal
      alpha-actin mRNAs was studied in primary cultures of fetal rat heart myocytes
      grown in defined medium. The results indicate that in the absence of thyroid
      hormone, cultured heart cells express predominantly beta-MHC and cardiac alpha
      actin mRNAs. Addition of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) caused a rapid induction
      of alpha-MHC mRNA and decreased beta-MHC mRNA levels without affecting the
      skeletal muscle MHC mRNAs. There was an almost parallel change in the myosin
      isoenzymes. Cardiac alpha-actin mRNA levels were transiently increased by T3
      treatment, but skeletal alpha-actin was unaffected. Elimination of insulin and
      epithelial growth factor from the medium did not alter the effects of T3 on
      cardiac MHC mRNA expression. Addition of various adrenergic agents to the medium
      had no appreciable effect on cardiac MHC mRNA expression despite the presence of
      functionally coupled alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Addition of steroid
      hormones, muscarinic agents, and glucagon to the medium also had no effect. Thus,
      under defined conditions, T3 is able to regulate MHC gene expression at a
      pretranslational level without the need for other exogenous factors.

PMID- 2888759
TI  - Tryptophan synthase alpha subunit glutamic acid 49 is essential for activity.
      Studies with 19 mutants at position 49.
AB  - We have obtained a complete set of 20 variants of the alpha subunit of tryptophan
      synthase of Escherichia coli at position 49 in order to extend our previous
      studies on the effects of single amino acid replacements at position 49 on
      structure and function. Thirteen mutant alpha subunits have been newly
      constructed by site-directed mutagenesis using oligonucleotides. Six mutants were
      available from previous studies. We find that the wild type and all of the mutant
      alpha subunits form alpha 2 beta 2 complexes with the beta 2 subunit of
      tryptophan synthase with similar association constants and similarly stimulate
      the activity of the beta 2 subunit in the synthesis of L-tryptophan from L-serine
      and indole. Thus none of the changes at position 49 produces a change in the
      conformation of the alpha subunit which significantly interferes with normal
      subunit interaction. However, the 19 mutant alpha 2 beta 2 complexes are
      completely devoid of activity in reactions normally catalyzed by the active site
      of the alpha subunit. This is the first time that these several activities have
      been measured with a series of highly purified alpha subunits altered by mutation
      at a single site. Our finding that the mutant in which glutamic acid 49 is
      substituted by aspartic acid is totally devoid of alpha activity is especially
      significant and is strong evidence that glutamic acid 49 is an essential
      catalytic base in the reaction catalyzed by the alpha subunit. This result is
      consistent with the results of previous genetic studies, with evolutionary
      comparisons using sequence analysis, and with recent results from x-ray
      crystallography of the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase from
      Salmonella typhimurium.

PMID- 2888760
TI  - The effects of chloroplast coupling factor reduction on the energetics of
      activation and on the energetics and efficiency of ATP formation.
AB  - There are two separate aspects to the energetic control over the initiation of
      ATP formation by chloroplast thylakoid membranes: (i) the free energy requirement
      for the phosphorylation of ADP and (ii) the energy-dependent transformation of
      the coupling factor into a catalytically active state. Using flash excitation, we
      have been able to distinguish between limitations imposed on ATP formation by the
      energetics of coupling factor activation from limitations imposed by the
      thermodynamics of ADP phosphorylation. We have placed particular emphasis on the
      effects of coupling factor reduction. ATP hydrolysis, ATP synthesis, and the
      release of tightly bound [14C]ADP were initiated by fewer flashes in thylakoid
      membranes in which the coupling factors were prereduced than in membrane samples
      in which the coupling factor remained oxidized. Only under conditions in which
      ATP synthesis occurred against a large chemical potential (i.e. delta GATP) did
      the onset of net ATP synthesis require a larger electrochemical potential than
      did the activation of the coupling factor. Thus, only at delta GATP values
      greater than about 51 kJ.mol-1 for thylakoid membranes with oxidized coupling
      factors and about 45 kJ.mol-1 when the coupling factors are reduced was the onset
      of ATP synthesis dictated by the thermodynamic equilibrium between ATP and ADP.
      At lower delta GATP values, the electrochemical potential became energetically
      adequate to phosphorylate ADP prior to becoming adequate to activate the coupling
      factor. These data indicate that reduction of the coupling factor lowers the
      delta pH necessary for activation from approximately 2.9 to approximately 2.6
      units. Accompanying the lower energetic requirement for the activation of the
      reduced coupling factor was an increase in the efficiency of ATP synthesis under
      conditions of limiting energization.

PMID- 2888761
TI  - Is pyrophosphate an analog of adenosine diphosphate for beef heart mitochondrial
      F1-ATPase.
AB  - Beef heart mitochondrial F1 possesses three pyrophosphate-binding sites, which
      comprises one high affinity binding site (Kd approximately equal to 1 microM) and
      two lower affinity sites (Kd approximately equal to 20 microM). High affinity
      pyrophosphate binding required the presence of Mg2+ in the incubation medium.
      Pyrophosphate competed with ADP, but not with Pi for binding to mitochondrial F1.
      Upon binding of 3 mol of pyrophosphate/mol of F1, one of the three tightly bound
      nucleotides present in native F1 was released. Like ADP and in contrast to Pi,
      pyrophosphate enhanced the fluorescence intensity of F1-bound aurovertin, and it
      prevented the photolabeling of F1 by 2-azido-ADP. As aurovertin and 2-azido-ADP
      are ligands of the beta subunit of F1, it is likely that pyrophosphate binds
      preferentially to the beta subunit. Whereas the binding affinity of F1 for Pi was
      increased by concentrations of pyrophosphate lower than 100 microM, it was
      decreased by a higher concentration of pyrophosphate. This biphasic effect of
      pyrophosphate on Pi binding was not observed with ADP, which, at all
      concentrations tested, inhibited Pi binding. Except for the effect of
      pyrophosphate on Pi binding to F1, for all the other effects, pyrophosphate
      mimicked ADP. It is suggested that pyrophosphate and ADP share the same binding
      site on F1 and that pyrophosphate interacts with the same amino acid residues as
      those interacting with the alpha and beta phosphate groups of ADP.

PMID- 2888762
TI  - Characterization of the human blood coagulation factor XII gene. Intron/exon gene
      organization and analysis of the 5'-flanking region.
AB  - A human genomic phage library was screened using a human factor XII cDNA as a
      hybridization probe. Two overlapping phage clones were isolated which contain the
      entire human factor XII gene. DNA sequence and restriction enzyme analysis of the
      clones indicate that the gene is approximately 12 kilobase pairs in size and is
      comprised of 13 introns and 14 exons. Exons 3-14 are contained in a genomic
      region of only 4.2 kilobase pairs with introns ranging in size from 80 to 554
      base pairs. The coding sequence of factor XII consists of multiple putative
      domains that are homologous to putative domains found in fibronectin and tissue
      type plasminogen activator. These regions were found as separate exons in the
      gene. The intron/exon gene organization is similar to the serine protease gene
      family of plasminogen activators and not to the clotting factor family. Analysis
      of the 5' end of the gene shows that it does not contain the typical TATA and
      CAAT sequences found in other genes. This is consistent with the finding that
      transcription of the gene is initiated at multiple sites.

PMID- 2888763
TI  - Biosynthesis of heterogeneous forms of multidrug resistance-associated
      glycoproteins.
AB  - Multidrug-resistant J774.2 mouse macrophage-like cells, selected for resistance
      to colchicine, vinblastine, or taxol, overexpress antigenically related
      glycoproteins with distinct electrophoretic mobilities. These plasma membrane
      glycoproteins are likely to play a pivotal role in the expression of the
      multidrug resistance phenotype. To determine how these multidrug resistance
      associated glycoproteins differ, the biosynthesis and N-linked carbohydrate
      composition of these proteins were examined and compared. Vinblastineor
      colchicine-selected cells made a 125-kDa precursor that was rapidly processed
      (t1/2 approximately equal to 20 min) to mature forms of 135 and 140 kDa,
      respectively. Heterogeneity between the 135- and 140-kDa forms of the molecule
      can be attributed to N-linked carbohydrate. In contrast, taxol-selected cells
      made two precursors, 125 and 120 kDa, which appeared within 5 and 15 min after
      the onset of pulse labeling, respectively. They were processed to mature forms of
      140 and 130 kDa. Since a single deglycosylated precursor or mature form was not
      observed after enzymatic removal of N-linked oligosaccharides, other differences,
      besides N-linked glycosylation, which occur in early processing compartments, are
      likely to account for the two multidrug resistance-associated glycoproteins in
      taxol-selected cells. These results demonstrate that a family of multidrug
      resistance-associated glycoproteins can be differentially expressed.

PMID- 2888764
TI  - Evidence for catalytic cooperativity during ATP hydrolysis by beef heart F1
      ATPase. Kinetics and binding studies with the photoaffinity label BzATP.
AB  - The photoaffinity analog of ATP, 3'-O-(4-benzoyl) benzoyl ATP (BzATP), was used
      to covalently modify the catalytic sites on the beef heart mitochondrial F1
      ATPase. In the absence of actinic illumination, BzATP was a slow substrate for
      the enzyme (Vmax = 0.19 mumol min-1 mg-1; kcat/Km = 2.2 X 10(6) M-1s-1) and
      behaved as a classical competitive inhibitor versus ATP (Ki = 0.85 microM). Under
      photolytic conditions, BzATP inactivated F1 with pseudo first-order kinetics, and
      the photoinactivation reaction showed rate saturation suggesting specific,
      reversible binding of BzATP to F1 prior to covalent bond formation. ATP protected
      against F1 photoinactivation (Kprotect = 0.3 microM) and partially covalently
      modified F1 yielded the same Km for ATP as unmodified enzyme. These results
      strongly suggested that BzATP was bound to catalytic sites on the enzyme. In the
      absence of photolysis, BzATP saturated two binding sites on the F1 (KD = 1.6
      microM), and under photolytic conditions, 1 mol of BzATP was shown to be
      covalently liganded to the beta subunit of the enzyme coincident with 100% loss
      in ATPase activity. Previous studies with the mitochondrial F1-ATPase have
      suggested a mechanism involving catalytic cooperativity during ATP hydrolysis.
      Our demonstration of a molar stoichiometry of 1 for photoinactivation is in
      accord with this mechanism. It is suggested that either F1 is unable to hydrolyze
      covalently bound BzATP, or that subsequent to hydrolysis, the BzADP product can
      not be released from the catalytic site. It is therefore inferred that F1
      hydrolytic activity requires cooperativity between multiple, viable catalytic
      sites and that covalent modification of a single catalytic site is sufficient for
      complete enzyme inactivation.

PMID- 2888765
TI  - Mechanisms for direct inhibition of canine gastric parietal cells by
      somatostatin.
AB  - To examine the potential mechanisms by which somatostatin inhibits gastric acid
      secretion we studied its effects on isolated canine gastric parietal cells. Using
      125I-[Leu8-D-Trp22-Tyr25]somatostatin-28 as ligand, we identified somatostatin
      binding sites in parietal cell-enriched fractions of fundic mucosa. Two binding
      sites with respective dissociation constants of 3.2 X 10(-9) and 2.1 X 10(-7) M
      were identified. Somatostatin-14 and -28 were equally potent both in displacing
      bound ligand and in inhibiting parietal cell activity as measured by
      [14C]aminopyrine uptake. Pertussis toxin reversed the ability of somatostatin to
      inhibit the uptake of [14C]aminopyrine and production of cAMP by parietal cells
      stimulated with histamine and forskolin but not with dibutyryl cAMP or
      pentagastrin. Furthermore, somatostatin had no effect on parietal cell membrane
      inositol phospholipid turnover or changes in protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid
      dependent enzyme) activity induced by carbachol or pentagastrin. These data
      indicate that somatostatin directly inhibits parietal cell activity via
      mechanisms both dependent on and independent of the pertussis toxin-sensitive
      inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

PMID- 2888766
TI  - The sequence and expression of the divergent beta-tubulin in chicken
      erythrocytes.
AB  - We report here the complete sequence of a highly divergent chicken erythrocyte
      beta-tubulin, c beta 6, which appears to represent a major exception to the
      observation that the primary sequences and sites of expression of beta-tubulin
      isotypes are conserved within vertebrates. The amino acid sequence was deduced
      from overlapping cloned cDNAs identified in a chicken erythroblast cDNA library
      contained in the expression vector, lambda gt11. Compared with other chicken beta
      tubulins, among which the maximum sequence divergence is only 8%, c beta 6
      tubulin is more hydrophobic, contains seven fewer net negative charges, and
      exhibits a surprising 17% overall divergence in its amino acid sequence. DNA and
      RNA blot analyses show that c beta 6-tubulin is present as a single gene copy in
      the chicken genome and is specifically expressed in the bone marrow. Comparisons
      of RNA blots and immunoblots of various cells and tissues confirm that this beta
      tubulin isotype is contained specifically in erythrocytes and thrombocytes and
      accounts for 75% of the beta-tubulin mRNA species contained in developing
      erythroblasts. Interestingly, c beta 6-tubulin exhibits 18% amino acid sequence
      divergence relative to MB1, the analogous hematopoietic beta-tubulin contained in
      mouse.

PMID- 2888767
TI  - Identification of dopamine receptor subtypes in the hypotensive action of SK&F
      85174 in anesthetized rats.
AB  - 1 We have performed experiments to determine the effect of SK&F 85174 on blood
      pressure in anaesthetized rats and identify dopamine receptor subtype(s) involved
      in its action. 2 SK&F 85174 decreased blood pressure in a dose-related manner.
      There were no significant changes in heart rate. The hypotensive action was short
      lasting and was significantly antagonized by the selective DA1-receptor
      antagonist. SCH 23390 (100 micrograms/kg). This dose of SCH 23390 did not alter
      the hypotension produced by the DA2-receptor agonist, quinpirole. 3 The DA2
      receptor antagonist, domperidone (25 micrograms/kg), did not significantly alter
      the hypotension produced by lower doses of SK&F 85174, but antagonized the
      hypotensive action of the highest dose of SK&F 85174 by about 35%. This dose of
      domperidone antagonized the hypotension produced by quinpirole by 85% without
      affecting the hypotensive action of the DA1-receptor agonist, fenoldopam. 4 These
      results show that at lower doses of SK&F 85174, the hypotension is due primarily
      to DA1-receptor activation, whereas DA2-receptor activation may also contribute
      to the blood pressure decrease produced by higher doses of SK&F 85174.

PMID- 2888768
TI  - The lack of the effect of DA-1 and DA-2 dopamine agonists on the isolated guinea
      pig atria.
AB  - 1 The effects of dopamine and both DA-1 and DA-2 dopamine receptor agonists have
      been studied on the contractile force of electrically driven guinea-pig left
      atria and frequency of spontaneously beating right atria. 2 Pretreatment of
      animals with reserpine caused a parallel rightward shift of the concentration
      response curve to dopamine of either preparation. 3 Propranolol, but not
      domperidone, shifted to the right the dose-response curve for the positive
      inotropic and chronotropic effects of dopamine. 4 Neither apomorphine,
      fenoldopam, bromocriptine nor piribedil had effects on the frequency and
      contractile force of the isolated guinea-pig atria. 5 These results suggest that
      DA-1 and DA-2 dopamine receptors are neither directly nor indirectly
      (prejunctional effect) involved in the inotropic and chronotropic effects of
      dopamine in isolated guinea-pig atria.

PMID- 2888769
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric vascular disease.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study eight children with known
      vascular disease proved by angiography. Congenital and acquired large vessel
      disease was equally well demonstrated noninvasively by both MRI and angiography,
      and in one patient MRI provided superior information about pulmonary artery
      patency.

PMID- 2888770
TI  - Acquisition of antigens characteristic of adult pericentral hepatocytes by
      differentiating fetal hepatoblasts in vitro.
AB  - Antigens specific to pericentral hepatocytes have been studied in adult mouse
      liver, during fetal development, and in cultured fetal hepatoblasts. Antibody
      reactive with glutamine synthetase stained all fetal liver cells but almost all
      cells lost this antigen after birth; only a single layer of pericentral cells
      retained it in adulthood. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies to major urinary
      protein (MUP) did not detect the antigen until approximately 3 wk after birth,
      after which time the cells within 6-10 cell diameters of the central veins were
      positive. Cultured fetal liver cells from embryos at 13 +/- 1 d of gestation were
      capable of differentiating in vitro to mimic events that would occur had the
      cells remained in the animal. About 10-20% of the explanted cells grew into
      clusters of hepatocyte-like cells, all of which stained with albumin antibodies.
      MUP monoclonals were reactive with one-half of the differentiated fetal
      hepatocytes. Glutamine synthetase was present in all hepatocytes after several
      days in culture and gradually decreased and remained in only occasional cells,
      all of which also contained the MUP antigen. These findings suggest that a
      sequence of gene controls characterizes expression of specific genes in
      developing liver, and that differentiating fetal hepatoblasts are capable of
      undergoing similar patterns of gene activity in culture.

PMID- 2888771
TI  - Control of microtubule nucleation and stability in Madin-Darby canine kidney
      cells: the occurrence of noncentrosomal, stable detyrosinated microtubules.
AB  - The microtubule-nucleating activity of centrosomes was analyzed in fibroblastic
      (Vero) and in epithelial cells (PtK2, Madin-Darby canine kidney [MDCK]) by double
      immunofluorescence labeling with anti-centrosome and antitubulin antibodies. Most
      of the microtubules emanated from the centrosomes in Vero cells, whereas the
      microtubule network of MDCK cells appeared to be noncentrosome nucleated and
      randomly organized. The pattern of microtubule organization in PtK2 cells was
      intermediate to the patterns observed in the typical fibroblastic and epithelial
      cells. The two centriole cylinders were tightly associated and located close to
      the nucleus in Vero and PtK2 cells. In MDCK cells, however, they were clearly
      separated and electron microscopy revealed that they nucleated only a few
      microtubules. The stability of centrosomal and noncentrosomal microtubules was
      examined by treatment of these different cell lines with various concentrations
      of nocodazole. 1.6 microM nocodazole induced an almost complete depolymerization
      of microtubules in Vero cells; some centrosome nucleated microtubules remained in
      PtK2 cells, while many noncentrosomal microtubules resisted that treatment in
      MDCK cells. Centrosomal and noncentrosomal microtubules regrew in MDCK cells with
      similar kinetics after release from complete disassembly by high concentrations
      of nocodazole (33 microM). During regrowth, centrosomal microtubules became
      resistant to 1.6 microM nocodazole before the noncentrosomal ones, although the
      latter eventually predominate. We suggest that in MDCK cells, microtubules grow
      and shrink as proposed by the dynamic instability model but the presence of
      factors prevents them from complete depolymerization. This creates seeds for
      reelongation that compete with nucleation off the centrosome. By using specific
      antibodies, we have shown that the abundant subset of nocodazole-resistant
      microtubules in MDCK cells contained detyrosinated alpha-tubulin (glu tubulin).
      On the other hand, the first microtubules to regrow after nocodazole removal
      contained only tyrosinated tubulin. Glu-tubulin became detectable only after 30
      min of microtubule regrowth. This strongly supports the hypothesis that alpha
      tubulin detyrosination occurs primarily on "long lived" microtubules and is not
      the cause of the stabilization process. This is also supported by the increased
      amount of glu-tubulin that we found in taxol-treated cells.

PMID- 2888772
TI  - Lysyl oxidase activity and elastin/glycosaminoglycan interactions in growing
      chick and rat aortas.
AB  - Hydrophobic tropoelastin molecules aggregate in vitro in physiological conditions
      and form fibers very similar to natural ones (Bressan, G. M., I. Pasquali
      Ronchetti, C. Fornieri, F. Mattioli, I. Castellani, and D. Volpin, 1986, J.
      Ultrastruct. Molec. Struct. Res., 94:209-216). Similar hydrophobic interactions
      might be operative in in vivo fibrogenesis. Data are presented suggesting that
      matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) prevent spontaneous tropoelastin aggregation in
      vivo, at least up to the deamination of lysine residues on tropoelastin by matrix
      lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase inhibitors beta-aminopropionitrile,
      aminoacetonitrile, semicarbazide, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide were given to
      newborn chicks, to chick embryos, and to newborn rats, and the ultrastructural
      alterations of the aortic elastic fibers were analyzed and compared with the
      extent of the enzyme inhibition. When inhibition was greater than 65% all
      chemicals induced alterations of elastic fibers in the form of lateral aggregates
      of elastin, which were always permeated by cytochemically and immunologically
      recognizable GAGs. The number and size of the abnormal elastin/GAGs aggregates
      were proportional to the extent of lysyl oxidase inhibition. The phenomenon was
      independent of the animal species. All data suggest that, upon inhibition of
      lysyl oxidase, matrix GAGs remain among elastin molecules during fibrogenesis by
      binding to positively charged amino groups on elastin. Newly synthesized and
      secreted tropoelastin has the highest number of free epsilon amino groups, and,
      therefore, the highest capability of binding to GAGs. These polyanions, by virtue
      of their great hydration and dispersing power, could prevent random spontaneous
      aggregation of hydrophobic tropoelastin in the extracellular space.

PMID- 2888773
TI  - Pathways of glutamine and glutamate metabolism in resting and proliferating rat
      thymocytes: comparison between free and peptide-bound glutamine.
AB  - Pathways of glutamine metabolism in resting and proliferating rat thymocytes were
      evaluated by in vitro incubations of freshly prepared or 60-h cultured cells for
      1-2 h with [U14C]glutamine. Complete recovery of glutamine carbons utilized in
      products allowed quantification of the pathways of glutamine metabolism under the
      experimental conditions. Partial oxidation of glutamine via 2-oxoglutarate in a
      truncated citric acid cycle to CO2 and oxaloacetate, which then was converted to
      aspartate, accounted for 76 and 69%, respectively, of the glutamine metabolized
      beyond the stage of glutamate by resting and proliferating thymocytes. Complete
      oxidation to CO2 in the citric acid cycle via 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and
      isocitrate dehydrogenase accounted for 25 and 7%, respectively. In proliferating
      cells a substantial amount of glutamine carbons was also recovered in pyruvate,
      alanine, and especially lactate. The main route of glutamine and glutamate
      entrance into the citric acid cycle via 2-oxoglutarate in both cells is
      transamination by aspartate aminotransferase rather than oxidative deamination by
      glutamate dehydrogenase. In the presence of glucose as second substrate,
      glutamine utilization and aspartate formation markedly decreased, but complete
      oxidation of glutamine carbons to CO2 increased to 37 and 23%, respectively, in
      resting and proliferating cells. The dipeptide, glycyl-L-glutamine, which is more
      stable than free glutamine, can substitute for glutamine in thymocyte cultures at
      higher concentrations.

PMID- 2888774
TI  - Coated vesicles and protein sorting.

PMID- 2888775
TI  - Isolation of an endocytic compartment from A431 cells using a density
      modification procedure employing a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody
      complexed with colloidal gold.
AB  - Our objective was to isolate a prelysosomal compartment involved in receptor
      mediated endocytosis in human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cells. The isolation
      protocol involves density modification of endosome elements in A431 cells, caused
      by the receptor-dependent binding and internalization at 20 degrees C of
      colloidal gold-transferrin receptor antibody (B3/25) particles. The use of 125I
      labelled gold-B3/25 provides a radioactive marker for the endosome compartment,
      the major peak being recovered at the bottom of a continuous sucrose gradient at
      a density of 1.23g ml-1. Enzyme markers characteristic of other cytoplasmic
      compartments are present only in negligible amounts in this fraction and L
      [35S]methionine-labelling of the cells indicates approximately a 200-fold
      enrichment of 125I-labelled gold-B3/25 versus protein. Electron microscopy of the
      endosome-rich fraction reveals that we have isolated a highly purified population
      of small gold-containing vesicles and tubules from which the transferrin receptor
      can be immunoprecipitated using the B3/25 antibody. Gel electrophoresis and
      fluorography of L-[35S]-methionine-labelled cells suggests that these elements
      contain a characteristic profile of approximately 10 major proteins of which
      three appear to be specifically enriched. In cells incubated with
      [125I]transferrin, 12% of the ligand sediments with the gold-labelled elements.
      We conclude, therefore, that the components we have isolated play a role in the
      intracellular processing of the transferrin-transferrin receptor complexes.

PMID- 2888776
TI  - Enhancement of pheomelanogenesis by L-dopa in the mouse melanocyte cell line,
      TM10, in vitro.
AB  - Cells of TM10, an established cell line, are melanocytes that contain equal
      amounts of eumelanin (black pigment) and pheomelanin (yellow pigment). The
      content of pheomelanin drastically increased when the cells were cultured in
      growth medium containing 0.2mM-L-dopa (L-dihydroxyphenylalanine), which is the
      common precursor for both eumelanogenesis and pheomelanogenesis. After this
      treatment, the amount of pheomelanin was 3.7-fold greater than that of control in
      TM10, whereas the amount of eumelanin changed very little. In contrast, 5-S
      cysteinyl-dopa, which is the specific precursor for pheomelanogenesis downstream
      of L-dopa, did not cause preferential increase in pheomelanogenesis.
      Ultrastructural observations also confirmed these results; in 0.2mM-L-dopa, an
      increase in the number of pheomelanosomes was observed in the cytoplasm of TM10
      cells. Our results also suggest that the L-dopa treatment results in a decrease
      in tyrosinase activity per melanosome.

PMID- 2888777
TI  - Vasomotor effects of neurotransmitters and modulators on isolated human pial
      veins.
AB  - Vasomotor reactivity of human pial veins, obtained in conjunction with
      neurosurgical operations, was studied in vitro. The effect of transmitters in
      nerves previously recognized in these vessels, as well as that of
      neuromodulators, was characterized. A comparison of these effects with their
      effects in the nearby pial arteries of the same patients was made. It was found
      that the veins were equipped with more sensitive alpha-adrenergic receptors
      (lower EC50 values) than the arteries. The reverse was found for 5
      hydroxytryptamine. Acetylcholine, which causes an endothelium-dependent dilation
      of pial arteries, contracted the veins despite an apparently intact endothelium.
      Considering the lower maximum values in veins, responses to histamine, the
      neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide, bradykinin, and neuropeptide Y;
      and prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGF2 alpha) were principally the same in the
      arteries and veins. The dilatory responses to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      and substance P were less pronounced in veins than in arteries. The veins only
      transiently contracted to a depolarizing potassium solution; calcium influx
      promotors and inhibitors, as well as calcium-free solution, did not affect the
      contractile ability of the vein, contrasting to the reactivity of the artery.
      This clearly indicates that the veins are not substantially dependent upon
      calcium influx for their acute contractile ability.

PMID- 2888778
TI  - Pharmacological treatment of cancer pain.

PMID- 2888779
TI  - Determination of isofloxythepin in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - A method for the determination of isofloxythepin in biological fluids by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry is described. Isofloxythepin was readily
      converted into the trimethylsilyl ether by treatment with N,O
      bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. This derivative was separated on a 5% OV
      101 column and determined, employing newly prepared isofloxythepin-d7 as an
      internal standard. Clean-up of isofloxythepin in blood and urine was efficiently
      achieved by back-extraction with hexane or hexane-toluene (9:1) under acidic and
      basic conditions, while isofloxythepin glucuronide in biological fluids was
      isolated by ion-exchange chromatography on Dowex 50W-X4 resin. The detection
      limit of isofloxythepin by this method was 50 pg. The blood and urine levels of
      isofloxythepin after oral administration of the drug to dogs were monitored by
      the proposed method.

PMID- 2888780
TI  - Determination of the agonist-antagonist anxiolytic agent 6-(2-chlorophenyl)-4
      hydroxy-4H-imidazo[1,5-a]-[1,4]benzodiazepine- 3-carboxamide and its benzophenone
      carboxylic acid metabolite in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A rapid, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)
      assay was developed for the determination of 6-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-4H
      imidazo[1,5-a]-[1,4]benzodiazepine- 3-carboxamide (I) and its benzophenone
      carboxylic acid metabolite, 1-[2-(2-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl]-4-(aminocarbonyl)-1H
      imidazole-5-car boxylic acid (II) in plasma. The assay involves the extraction of
      both compounds into benzene from buffered plasma (pH 5.4) and subsequent analysis
      by reversed-phase HPLC. The overall recovery of I and II is 98.3 +/- 9.4 and 59.7
      +/- 15.7% for dog plasma, 86.0 +/- 14.7 and 52.8 +/- 15.1% for rat plasma and
      98.1 +/- 9.3 and 66.9 +/- 18.0% for human plasma, respectively. The sensitivity
      limit of the assay for I and II is 20.0 and 40.0 ng/ml of plasma using
      ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The assay was used in studies in dog and rat.

PMID- 2888781
TI  - Automated pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde for the determination
      of neurotransmitter amino acids using reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2888782
TI  - Free fatty acids block growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone-stimulated GH
      secretion in man directly at the pituitary.
AB  - Increases in plasma FFA levels inhibit GH responses to a variety of
      pharmacological and physiological stimuli. To gain further insight into the
      mechanism by which FFA exert their effect, we studied the plasma GH responses to
      GHRH-(1-44) (1 microgram/kg, iv) in normal subjects in whom plasma FFA levels
      were raised by a lipid-heparin infusion (250 mL 10% Intralipid plus 2500 U
      heparin). Paired tests were performed in 10 normal subjects, with and without
      lipid-heparin pretreatment. Lipid-heparin infusion from -30 to 120 min increased
      mean FFA levels from 0.41 +/- 0.03 (+/- SEM) to 3.12 +/- 0.40 mmol/L at 120 min.
      The mean plasma GH levels after GHRH administration were lower at all times;
      however, the values were significantly different (P less than 0.05) only at the
      later times (45, 60, and 90 min). When considered individually, an all or none
      pattern was observed; 5 subjects had no plasma GH response to GHRH, and 5 had no
      reduction. To investigate the time relationships between the FFA peak and
      subsequent GH blockade, a different protocol of paired tests was performed with
      GHRH with or without a different lipid-heparin infusion protocol. Lipid-heparin
      was infused from -90 to 0 min, with an additional heparin pulse at -15 min, to
      obtain a higher and earlier (0 min) FFA increase. FFA increased from 1.06 +/-
      0.19 to 11.61 +/- 0.83 mmol/L at zero time. The GHRH-induced GH secretory peak
      (15.8 +/- 3.5 ng/ml) at 15 min was completely blocked (0.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml), and
      the mean plasma GH levels were also lower at 30, 45, and 60 min. To determine
      whether the FFA-induced blockade of GH secretion was exerted in the pituitary, a
      series of in vitro studies was conducted using monolayer cultures of rat anterior
      pituitary glands, with GHRH concentrations of both 10(-10) and 10(-8) M and 10(
      5) M forskolin to stimulate GH release. Both caprylic and oleic acid inhibited
      basal GH release and GHRH- or forskolin-induced GH release. PRL release was not
      altered, nor were toxic actions noted on the cells. In conclusion, FFA are able
      to block GH secretion directly at the pituitary level.

PMID- 2888783
TI  - Polymorphism of the T cell receptor beta-chain in Graves' disease.
AB  - We investigated the T cell antigen receptor constant (TCR beta) beta-chain genes
      of patients with Graves' disease using restriction fragment length polymorphism
      analysis. Genomic DNA from patients and normal subjects was digested with the
      restriction endonuclease Bg1 II, transferred to nylon membranes using the
      Southern blot technique, and hybridized with a TCR beta probe. A significant
      increase in the frequency of the 10.0; 9.2-kilobase heterozygous phenotype was
      found in GD (68.6%) vs. 42.1% in normal subjects (P = 0.003). Using the complex
      phenotype TCR homozygote (hetero) DR3 as a reference (odds ratio = 1.00), we
      found that the risk for Graves' disease was restricted to TCR beta
      heterozygote/DR3+ individuals (odds ratio = 8.31; chi 2 = 11.82; P = 0.0009); in
      the absence of TCR beta heterozygosity, DR3 was not significantly associated with
      the disease. These results suggest that TCR beta chain genes also are associated
      with susceptibility to GD and that the association is most pronounced in (or
      restricted to) those individuals who are HLA DR3 positive.

PMID- 2888784
TI  - Toxic multinodular goiter: a variant of autoimmune hyperthyroidism.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine whether at least a subgroup of patients with
      toxic multinodular goiter may have autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) activity, measured by a sensitive bioassay
      employing cultured human thyroid cells, was determined in patients with toxic
      multinodular goiter and other thyroid disorders. All patients with active Graves'
      disease (n = 47) had detectable serum TSI activity, whereas TSI was undetectable
      in patients with thyroid disease not believed to be of autoimmune origin: toxic
      adenoma (n = 13), cold nodule (n = 5), and nontoxic goiter (n = 19), with a
      single exception in the latter group. Toxic multinodular goiter (n = 26) was
      diagnosed based on clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism associated
      with a multinodular goiter on palpation and scintiscan. The toxic multinodular
      goiter group was then subclassified according to scintiscan pattern (type A,
      diffuse but uneven distribution of technetium uptake; type B, multiple discrete
      nodules of varying size and function). All but 1 of the 11 TSI-positive toxic
      multinodular goiter patients had a type A scintiscan pattern. The patients with
      the type A scintiscan pattern were younger and more often had elevated
      antithyroid antibody titers, ophthalmopathy, and concurrent development of goiter
      and hyperthyroidism (rather than long-standing goiter preceding hyperthyroidism)
      compared to the type B patients. Thus, a subgroup of patients with clinically
      defined toxic multinodular goiter (type A) probably have autoimmune
      hyperthyroidism (a variant of Graves' disease), while in another subgroup (type
      B) hyperthyroidism is not related to an autoimmune etiology (a variant of toxic
      adenoma).

PMID- 2888785
TI  - SMS 201-995 induces a continuous decline in circulating growth hormone and
      somatomedin-C levels during therapy of acromegalic patients for over two years.
AB  - Ten acromegalic patients, four previously untreated, were studied before and at
      regular intervals during treatment with the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS
      201-995 (200-300 micrograms daily for 2 or 3 sc injections for 16-108 weeks). All
      patients had rapid clinical improvement, with disappearance of excessive
      perspiration, paresthesias, and headache within the first 6 weeks of therapy. The
      mean 24-h serum GH concentrations fell from 44.0 +/- 7.8 (+/-SE) micrograms/L
      before to 5.9 +/- 1.0 microgram/L at the end of therapy. The GH levels from 2-6 h
      after the acute administration of 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 before the start of
      therapy correlated significantly with the mean 24-h GH concentrations after 16
      108 weeks of treatment (P less than 0.05). The initially increased serum
      somatomedin-C (Sm-C) levels normalized in 5 of these 10 patients; the mean values
      were 7.3 +/- 0.9 U/mL before and 2.9 +/- 0.7 U/mL at the end of therapy. The Sm-C
      and mean GH levels continuously decreased during long term therapy; the
      concentrations after 1.5-2 yr of therapy were significantly lower than those
      after 6-12 months of therapy (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01,
      respectively). A slight decrease in the size of the pituitary tumor was noted by
      computed tomography in three of six patients. Transient clinically detectable
      steatorrhea occurred in two patients. Postprandial hyperglycemia occurred during
      therapy in eight patients, while in two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      carbohydrate tolerance improved in one and deteriorated in the other. SMS 201-995
      is a highly effective medical treatment for acromegaly. Clinically improvement
      occurs rapidly, and the inhibition of serum GH and Sm-C levels persisted even
      after more than 1 yr of therapy. No important subjective side-effects were noted.
      SMS 201-995 is an excellent drug in patients in whom acromegaly persists after
      surgery and for interim treatment to shorten the period of clinical activity
      after irradiation.

PMID- 2888786
TI  - Human homoeobox-containing genes in development.
AB  - The homoeobox is a 183-bp DNA sequence conserved in several Drosophila genes
      controlling segmentation and segment identity. Homoeobox sequences have been
      detected in the genome of species ranging from insects and annelids to
      vertebrates, and homoeobox-containing genes have been cloned from sea urchin,
      Xenopus, mouse and man. We have recently isolated human homoeobox-containing
      complementary DNA clones which represent transcripts from four different human
      genes. We have studied the expression of these genes in tissues of human embryos
      and fetuses at 5-10 weeks post-conception. Most of them appear to be expressed in
      a stage- and tissue-specific pattern. We report here on the genomic organization
      of a number of human homoeoboxes and their transcriptional organization in human
      placenta.

PMID- 2888787
TI  - Apical Na+/H+ antiporter and glycolysis-dependent H+-ATPase regulate
      intracellular pH in the rabbit S3 proximal tubule.
AB  - The apical transport processes responsible for proton secretion were studied in
      the isolated perfused rabbit S3 proximal tubule. Intracellular pH (pHi) was
      measured with the pH dye, 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein. Steady
      state pHi in S3 tubules in nominally HCO3(-)-free solutions was 7.08 +/- 0.03.
      Removal of Na+ (lumen) caused a decrease in pHi of 0.34 +/- 0.06 pH/min. The
      decrease in pHi was inhibited 62% by 1 mM amiloride (lumen) and was unaffected by
      50 microM 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (lumen) and Cl-
      removal (lumen, bath). After a brief exposure to 20 mM NH4Cl, pHi fell by
      approximately 0.7 and recovered at a rate of 0.89 +/- 0.15 pH/min in the nominal
      absence of Na+, HCO3-, organic anions, and SO4(2-) (lumen, bath). 1 mM N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (lumen), 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide (lumen), 0.5 mM
      colchicine (bath), and 0.5 mM iodoacetic acid (lumen, bath) inhibited the Na+
      independent pHi recovery rate by 73%, 55%, 77%, and 86%, respectively, whereas 1
      mM KCN (lumen, bath) did not inhibit pHi recovery. Reduction of intracellular,
      but not extracellular chloride, also decreased the Na+-independent pHi recovery
      rate. In conclusion, the S3 proximal tubule has an apical Na+/H+ antiporter with
      a Michaelis constant for Na+ of 29 mM and a maximum velocity of 0.47 pH/min. S3
      tubules also possess a plasma membrane H+-ATPase that can regulate pHi, has a
      requirement for intracellular chloride, and utilizes ATP derived primarily from
      glycolysis.

PMID- 2888788
TI  - Role of the Na+/H+ antiporter in rat proximal tubule bicarbonate absorption.
AB  - Amiloride and the more potent amiloride analog, 5-(N-t-butyl) amiloride (t
      butylamiloride), were used to examine the role of the Na+/H+ antiporter in
      bicarbonate absorption in the in vivo microperfused rat proximal convoluted
      tubule. Bicarbonate absorption was inhibited 29, 46, and 47% by 0.9 mM or 4.3 mM
      amiloride, or 1 mM t-butylamiloride, respectively. Sensitivity of the Na+/H+
      antiporter to these compounds in vivo was examined using fluorescent measurements
      of intracellular pH with (2', 7')-bis(carboxyethyl)-(5,6)-carboxyfluorescein
      (BCECF). Amiloride and t-butylamiloride were shown to be as potent against the
      antiporter in vivo as in brush border membrane vesicles. A model of proximal
      tubule bicarbonate absorption was used to correct for changes in the luminal
      profiles for pH and inhibitor concentration, and for changes in luminal flow rate
      in the various series. We conclude that the majority of apical membrane proton
      secretion involved in transepithelial bicarbonate absorption is mediated by the
      Na+-dependent, amiloride-sensitive Na+H+ antiporter. However, a second mechanism
      of proton secretion contributes significantly to bicarbonate absorption. This
      mechanism is Na+-independent and amiloride-insensitive.

PMID- 2888789
TI  - Bevantolol: a beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonist with unique additional actions.
AB  - Bevantolol is a beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonist that has been shown to be as
      effective as other beta blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and
      hypertension. Some interesting additional properties, such as the absence of the
      side effect of cold extremities, required investigation, and a great deal of new
      evidence has been accumulated during the last three years. This new data is
      consistent with the proposal put forward a couple of years ago that bevantolol
      interacts with alpha-adrenoceptors. All the available evidence, published and
      unpublished, has been reviewed and fits into a coherent pattern, here arranged
      into five sections. Chemistry: affinity for alpha-adrenoceptors. Animal
      experiments confirm both agonist and antagonist effects on alpha-receptors, in
      addition to antagonist activity at beta-1 receptors. In addition, bevantolol has
      electrophysiologic effects, including bradycardia by a direct action on the sinus
      node and a class 1 antiarrhythmic action. Investigations in humans have shown
      that although bevantolol has a short half-life, good control of hypertension can
      be achieved on once-a-day dosing. SAFETY: bevantolol has remarkably few side
      effects, does not cause cold extremities, and does not significantly affect
      glomerular filtration rate in patients with renal impairment. Evidence has been
      obtained in man for interaction with alpha-adrenoceptors in the brain; and in the
      peripheral circulation bevantolol does not, as do other beta blockers, increase
      peripheral vascular resistance, but reduces it. It is suggested that all the
      additional actions of bevantolol can be attributed to a partial agonist action on
      alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2888790
TI  - Short-term effects of beta blockers atenolol, nadolol, pindolol, and propranolol
      on lipoprotein metabolism in normolipemic subjects.
AB  - The short-term effect of the blockade of the beta-adrenergic receptors on serum
      lipoproteins and the plasma activities of the enzymes involved in the metabolism
      of the serum lipoproteins: lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and
      lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was evaluated in ten healthy
      normolipemic and normotensive subjects. In the first part of the study, the first
      three-day period of placebo was followed by another three-day period during which
      propranolol (120 mg/d) was given. In the second, third, and fourth part of the
      study, the same schedule was used but pindolol (15 mg/d), nadolol (160 mg/d),
      atenolol (100 mg/d) were given respectively instead of propranolol. The four
      drugs induced a significant blockade of the beta-adrenergic receptors as
      evaluated by the measurement of the double two-step test of Master (-45%).
      Despite similar blockade, the effect on serum lipid concentrations depended on
      the type of drug: propranolol induced an increase in triglycerides and apoprotein
      B-concentrations and a decrease in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (HDL-C) and apoprotein AI-concentrations. Pindolol provoked only a slight
      decrease of serum HDL-C concentration. Nadolol and atenolol elicited a lowering
      of the same magnitude in HDL-C. Except for a possible slight increase in plasma
      LCAT activity on propranolol, there was no significant change in the plasma
      activities of LPL, HL, and LCAT during the blockade of the beta-adrenergic
      receptors with the drugs used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888791
TI  - The effects of a beta-2 selective adrenergic agonist and a beta-nonselective
      antagonist on theophylline clearance.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists have been shown to alter theophylline
      pharmacokinetics. It was the purpose of this study to characterize further the
      effects that terbutaline and propranolol have on theophylline disposition. In
      nine healthy male volunteers, mean parameters for theophylline disposition did
      not change after four days of terbutaline (5 mg q8h). Theophylline clearance,
      however, did change within the subjects. Clearance increased in five subjects,
      decreased in three, and remained unchanged in one volunteer. Pretreatment with
      four days of terbutaline (5 mg q8h) and propranolol (60 mg q8h) significantly
      decreased mean theophylline clearance (60.1 +/- 12.9 vs 40.6 +/- 9.9
      mL/min/1.73m2; P less than .01) increased half-life (8.37 +/- 1.77 vs 12.32 +/-
      2.70 hours; P less than .05), and increased postinfusion theophylline
      concentration (13.5 +/- 2.7 vs 18.95 +/- 2.5 micrograms/mL; P less than .001). In
      five subjects theophylline clearance increased after terbutaline pretreatment
      (64.6 +/- 13.0 vs 75.0 +/- 13.9 mL/min/1.73m2). The percentage increase ranged
      from 3.9 to 28.5%. These subjects were restudied after receiving propranolol
      alone (60 mg q8h). Comparison between the propranolol and terbutaline study and
      the propranolol alone study indicated no mean change in clearance in these five
      subjects (41.8 +/- 12.7 vs 36.1 +/- 5.1 mL/min/1.73m2). Thus it appears that the
      changes observed in these five subjects after terbutaline pretreatment may have
      been random in occurrence as has been shown to occur with theophylline
      disposition and are not related to terbutaline pretreatment. It is concluded that
      beta-2 adrenergic stimulation does not alter theophylline pharmacokinetics,
      whereas nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonism profoundly affected theophylline
      disposition. This is an additional reason not to use propranolol in patients who
      receive theophylline.

PMID- 2888792
TI  - Esmolol-digoxin drug interaction.
AB  - An open-label baseline-controlled study was conducted in 11 healthy male subjects
      to study the possible interaction between the cardioselective, short-acting beta
      blocker esmolol and digoxin when administered concurrently under steady-state
      conditions. Steady-state concentration, elimination half-life, and the total body
      clearance of esmolol were not changed significantly (P greater than .05) by
      digoxin. Digoxin peak concentration and the time to reach the peak concentration
      were not affected by esmolol. However, the digoxin AUC during the six-hour
      esmolol infusion increased from 2.60 +/- 0.59 to 2.88 +/- 0.75 ng.hr/mL (P less
      than .05). There were no clinically significant changes in the heart rate and
      blood pressure during this drug interaction study. The PR intervals were similar
      between digoxin monotherapy and esmolol plus digoxin combined treatment. Although
      digoxin did not influence the kinetics of esmolol, the small increase seen in
      digoxin serum concentration during the combination therapy warrants that caution
      be exercised during concurrent administration of esmolol and digoxin to patients.

PMID- 2888793
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of esmolol, an ultrashort-acting beta blocker.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of esmolol were evaluated in 12 male patients at rest
      (mean age, 51 +/- 10 years) undergoing routine cardiac catheterization.
      Hemodynamic measurements were obtained during baseline (prior to esmolol), at
      steady state (during an intravenous infusion of esmolol 300 micrograms/kg/min),
      and at 30 minutes after stopping esmolol (postinfusion). Esmolol produced
      hemodynamic effects similar to the effects of other beta blockers. Significant
      reductions in rate-pressure product (mean decrease, 15%), cardiac index (mean
      decrease, 17%), stroke volume index (mean decrease, 13%), left ventricular stroke
      work index (mean decrease, 20%), and left ventricular ejection fraction (mean
      decrease, 18%) were observed. In contrast to other beta blockers, all hemodynamic
      effects of esmolol had returned to baseline values within 30 minutes after the
      infusion stopped. One patient exhibited hypotension during the esmolol infusion;
      this episode resolved without sequelae after discontinuation of esmolol. In
      summary, the effects of esmolol at rest on hemodynamic parameters and left
      ventricular function are similar to other beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Due to
      its ultrashort half-life, esmolol can be administered safely in critically ill
      patients whose disease status makes treatment with currently available beta
      blockers risky.

PMID- 2888794
TI  - The effect of beta blockers on cardiac neural discharge associated with coronary
      occlusion in the cat.
AB  - The effect of timolol on postganglionic cardiac sympathetic neural discharge,
      blood pressure, heart rate, and rhythm changes associated with acute coronary
      occlusion of the left anterior descending artery was examined and compared with
      the effects of the beta blockers practolol and metoprolol. Timolol (5 mg/kg, IV)
      was infused 15 minutes prior to coronary occlusion in cats anesthetized with
      alpha-chloralose. Control heart rate fell from 129 +/- 10 to 106 +/- 2 one minute
      prior to coronary occlusion and remained at 106 +/- 2 beats/minute in the minute
      prior to arrhythmia. Control blood pressure fell from 126 +/- 20 to 91 +/- 19 and
      stabilized at 99 +/- 19 mm Hg one minute prior to coronary occlusion. Mean time
      to arrhythmia and death was 4.7 +/- 2.3 and 68.0 +/- 51.0 minutes (P greater than
      .05 vs no drug), respectively. Three cats died and two were sacrificed six hours
      after coronary occlusion. Blood pressure fell to 86 +/- 20 mm Hg two minutes
      after coronary occlusion, rose to 95 +/- 23 mm Hg at ten minutes, and remained
      there for ten minutes. Timolol did not alter postganglionic cardiac sympathetic
      neural discharge prior to coronary occlusion. Two minutes after coronary
      occlusion, mean postganglionic cardiac sympathetic neural discharge was 128 +/-
      27 and increased to 139 +/- 36 impulses/second (% control) 4 minutes after
      coronary occlusion. A similar trend was found for the data recorded in 15 nerves
      (eight cats) in which coronary occlusion was initiated without timolol. The data
      suggest that a difference exists among beta blockers because prior to coronary
      occlusion, the cardioselective drugs metoprolol (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, IV) and
      practolol (8 mg/kg, IV) depressed postganglionic cardiac sympathetic neural
      discharge whereas noncardioselective timolol did not. Because all three beta
      blockers increased the times to arrhythmia and death (although the increase was
      significant only after metoprolol and practolol), the acute protective mechanism
      does not appear to be due primarily to a depression of spontaneous sympathetic
      neural discharge.

PMID- 2888795
TI  - Effects of celiprolol on systemic and forearm circulation in hypertensive
      patients: a double-blind cross-over study versus metoprolol.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy of a new beta-receptor blocking agent, celiprolol,
      was compared with that of a well-established antihypertensive drug, metoprolol.
      Their systemic and forearm hemodynamic effects were investigated using
      echocardiography and two-dimensional pulsed Doppler flowmetry, respectively.
      Twenty hypertensive patients completed a double-blind, cross-over, randomized
      study using celiprolol and metoprolol. Two six-week courses with celiprolol or
      metoprolol were preceded and followed by a two-week placebo period; the total
      duration of the study was 18 weeks. In spite of a comparable efficacy in reducing
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure (about 10% of the basal value), the two
      drugs showed quite different systemic and regional hemodynamic effects.
      Celiprolol induced a significant decrease in forearm vascular resistance (from
      157 +/- 17 to 113 +/- 13 mm Hg/mL/s, P less than .01) and total peripheral
      resistance (from 1596 +/- 90 to 1398 +/- 91 dyne.s.cm-5, P less than .05) whereas
      cardiac output remained unchanged and forearm blood flow increased. Metoprolol
      reduced cardiac output (from 6.5 +/- 3 to 5.7 +/- 3 L/min, P less than .05),
      through a reduction in heart rate, since stroke volume was unchanged. Both drugs
      did not significantly modify cardiac performance, as evaluated by left ventricle
      fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Thus, the two drugs seem to reduce
      blood pressure through different hemodynamic mechanisms.

PMID- 2888796
TI  - Nizatidine, and H2-receptor antagonist: disposition and safety in the elderly.
AB  - Nizatidine is an orally active H2-receptor blocker. Its disposition and safety in
      eight young and 12 elderly volunteers were investigated. Single oral doses of
      nizatidine were administered: from 100 mg to 300 mg in the elderly, and from 100
      mg to 350 mg in the young. The nizatidine AUC was directly proportional to dose
      for both groups. Calculated pharmacokinetic variables in the elderly vs. the
      young were t1/2 = 1.9 vs. 1.6 hr; CLp/f = 32 vs. 40 L/hr, and Vd beta/f = 1.2 vs.
      1.3 L/kg. The impaired renal function of some elderly volunteers prolonged
      nizatidine elimination and lowered its clearance. Renal impairment rather than
      advanced age per se was the predominant factor in decreasing the nizatidine
      elimination rate. Because Clcr correlated directly with nizatidine renal
      clearance, Clcr values may be used to estimate nizatidine dosage reductions in
      renal insufficiency. During the trial, no serious adverse effects occurred.

PMID- 2888797
TI  - MR imaging of the adrenal gland in Sipple disease.
AB  - We assessed imaging techniques [nuclear, CT, and magnetic resonance (MR)] in the
      diagnosis of pheochromocytomas in 10 patients with Sipple disease. Nine patients
      underwent surgery. Magnetic resonance detected all adrenal and ectopic lesions.
      Metaiodobenzylguanidine scans had two false-negative results. Computed tomography
      missed an ectopic lesion that was associated with bilateral medullar hypertrophy
      and had a false-positive result (a cortical nonhyperfunctioning adenoma). In our
      opinion MR may replace both CT and nuclear scans in the work up of Sipple
      disease.

PMID- 2888798
TI  - Development of memory-enhancing agents in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2888799
TI  - The effect of fatty acid infusion on growth hormone secretion in the ovine fetus:
      evidence for immaturity of pituitary responsiveness in utero.
AB  - The fetal growth hormone response to a 2-h intravenous infusion of a free fatty
      acid emulsion, Intralipid, was studied in the late gestation ovine fetus. Fetuses
      received low, medium or high dose Intralipid infusions for 2 h. Low dose
      infusions (0.5-0.7 ml/kg, n = 3) produced no significant changes in growth
      hormone concentrations. Both medium (2.0-4.0 ml/kg, n = 6) and high (4.1-6.0
      ml/kg, n = 4) dose infusions elicited a significant decrease (P less than 0.01)
      in fetal growth hormone concentrations. At the high dose, growth hormone
      concentrations comparable to those seen in newborn lambs (28.5 +/- 10.6 ng/ml),
      were observed. Such an inhibition of growth hormone has not previously been seen
      in fetuses. To determine the possible mechanism of this effect, studies of the
      fetal growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing factor and somatostatin
      in the presence of Intralipid were undertaken. During control studies with growth
      hormone releasing factor alone, there was a significant (P less than 0.05)
      increase in fetal growth hormone levels within 20 min of administering the growth
      hormone releasing factor bolus (0.1 microgram/kg, n = 5). Intralipid infusion
      (2.0-4.0 ml/kg, n = 4), inhibited the response to growth hormone releasing
      factor. In control studies with somatostatin infusion (50 micrograms/kg bolus
      followed by 50 micrograms/kg infusion for 2 h, n = 3), there was a significant (P
      less than 0.005) but partial decrease in growth hormone concentrations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888800
TI  - Medical treatment of patients with Barrett's esophagus.

PMID- 2888801
TI  - A comparative study of metronidazole and sulfasalazine in active, not severe,
      ulcerative colitis. An Israeli multicenter trial.
AB  - Since metronidazole (M) was found to be effective in Crohn's disease, we
      evaluated its efficacy in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis (UC). Forty
      six outpatients with acute, nonsevere UC were studied. Forty-two concluded the
      trial. Twenty-three received M 1.35 g/day and 19 received sulfasalazine (S) 4.5
      g/day for 28 days in a randomized double-blind study. Six of 23 receiving M
      improved (26%) as against 13 of 19 patients receiving S (68%) (p less than 0.01).
      No significant side effects were noted. We conclude that M is ineffective in the
      therapy of an acute attack of UC.

PMID- 2888802
TI  - Collagenous colitis and rheumatoid arthritis with response to sulfasalazine. A
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Collagenous colitis has been associated with rheumatoid arthritis in only a few
      cases. We describe a 76-year-old man with chronic rheumatoid arthritis whose
      diarrhea and abdominal pain came from collagenous colitis. He had a good clinical
      response to sulfasalazine. We review the clinical and histopathological features
      of collagenous colitis, together with the different therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 2888803
TI  - Sulfasalazine lung. Desensitization to sulfasalazine and treatment with acrylic
      coated 5-ASA and azodisalicylate.
AB  - A patient with ulcerative colitus developed fever, dyspnea, eosinophilia, and
      pulmonary infiltrates while taking sulfasalazine. The abnormalities resolved when
      the sulfasalazine was stopped but the colitus recurred. Desensitization to
      sulfasalazine was unsuccessful, but treatment with azodisalicylate (olsazine)
      controlled the colitus and did not cause pulmonary problems.

PMID- 2888804
TI  - Complement activation in patients with amebic liver abscess.
AB  - Serum or plasma concentrations of components of the classical (C1q, C4) and
      alternative (C3, factor B) pathways, regulatory protein factor H, and one of the
      C3 products of degradation, C3d, were determined in 19 patients with amebic liver
      abscess (ALA). Patients were divided into two groups. Thirteen patients that
      recovered under medical treatment who had a significantly shorter clinical course
      on admission (P less than 0.05) (group 1) exhibited either normal (C1q; C4;
      factor B; C3d) or increased levels of these components (C3, P less than 0.001;
      factor B, P less than 0.01). On the other hand, 16 patients that recovered after
      medical treatment and abscess drainage (group 2) exhibited significantly
      diminished serum levels of C1q (P less than 0.05), C3 (P less than 0.001), factor
      B (P less than 0.01) and factor H (P less than 0.05), and normal levels of C4,
      and C3d as compared to the control group. The relationships among the complement
      components studied were suggestive of activation of the complement system through
      the classical pathway in patients within group 1 and through both pathways in
      group 2. Sera of 3 out of the 5 patients who initially exhibited low plasma
      levels of C3d showed an increase during convalescence. Plasma levels of C3d were
      demonstrated to show a direct correlation with serum albumin and SGOT in this
      group of patients. Possible implications of the complement system in the
      immunopathogenesis of ALA are discussed.

PMID- 2888805
TI  - Vancomycin-resistant leuconostocs, lactobacilli and now pediococci.

PMID- 2888806
TI  - A hospital outbreak caused by a chlorhexidine and antibiotic-resistant Proteus
      mirabilis.
AB  - An outbreak of urinary-tract infection involving a strain of Proteus mirabilis
      resistant to gentamicin and several other antibiotics affected 90 patients in
      Southampton between July 1980 and May 1985. The outbreak strain was also
      resistant to chlorhexidine and this, in combination with the antibiogram and
      Dienes' test, permitted differentiation from other P. mirabilis strains. The
      outbreak had features in common with other Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks, although
      certain aspects of the population involved have made it particularly difficult to
      control. The outbreak commenced shortly after the introduction of a catheter care
      policy which involved the use of chlorhexidine, and although the majority of the
      cases were colonized before this policy was enforced, chlorhexidine had been used
      extensively for other procedures within the district. Preliminary evidence
      suggests that there is no genetic linkage between the chlorhexidine and multiple
      antibiotic resistance.

PMID- 2888807
TI  - Serotypes and biochemical profiles of British hospital strains of Enterobacter
      cloacae in relation to site of infection and antibiotic susceptibility.
AB  - Comparisons were made between the O-serotype, API 20E profile, site of isolation
      and antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae.
      Correlations were found between autoagglutinable strains and urinary-tract
      infection, and API 20E profile 3305573 and strains isolated from blood. The
      proportion of strains sensitive to amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime
      and trimethoprim were 100%, 93%, 91%, 83% and 89%, respectively. No individual
      resistances or patterns of resistance were associated with O-serotype or
      biochemical profile. Strains isolated from urinary-tract infections were the most
      resistant, 40% being resistant to five or more antimicrobials compared to 18%,
      12% and 4% for strains from blood, wounds and sputum, respectively. There were no
      readily identifiable phenotypes within E. cloacae that possessed unique
      characteristics that could contribute to infections in hospitals.

PMID- 2888808
TI  - The resistance of urinary tract pathogens to chlorhexidine bladder washouts.
AB  - Isolates of Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis,
      Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus faecalis from urinary-tract infections in
      spinally-injured patients together with Escherichia coli 10418 were challenged
      with chlorhexidine (200 mg l-1) in a model of a catheterized bladder under
      conditions which simulate the bladder washout technique. All species survived the
      antiseptic. Organisms growing on the wall of the bladder model appeared to be
      particularly resistant and electron microscopy showed that these cells were
      embedded in a protective glycocalyx. The effect of chlorhexidine bladder washouts
      on the bacterial flora in the urine of patients was also observed and shown to be
      minimal and temporary. Examination of urinary sediments from patients revealed
      the presence of micro-colonies of bacteria embedded in a polysaccharide matrix.
      We conclude that bladder washouts with chlorhexidine are not likely to eliminate
      established infections with organisms that occur in patients with indwelling
      bladder catheters.

PMID- 2888809
TI  - Heat shocking as a useful adjunct to routine phage typing of Staphylococcus
      aureus.
AB  - The heat shock technique (heating a culture at 55 degrees C for 3 min immediately
      before phage typing) has been used in our laboratory as an adjunct to routine
      phage typing for 2 years. This has enabled phage typing patterns to be determined
      on isolates otherwise recorded as untypable. The method is easily performed and
      standardized. Phage patterns were found to be reproducible and adequate
      discrimination was achieved. We found the technique provided significant
      information which was not available by conventional typing.

PMID- 2888810
TI  - The effectiveness of ethanol gauze for hand disinfection in surgical wards.
AB  - The effectiveness of ethanol gauze in removing transient bacteria on the hands
      was investigated in a surgical ward during clinical nursing rounds. Two nurses
      with similar duties were selected as subjects for each round; one disinfected her
      hands with ethanol gauze when moving between patients while the other immersed
      her hands in 0.05% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate when aware of contaminating
      her hands. Hand samples were taken after preliminary disinfection before the
      round, and again after the round on 37 occasions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
      Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in nurses using ethanol gauze, except in
      one nurse where S. aureus was isolated from both the pre- and postround hand
      culture. Both organisms were detected on four occasions from the postround hand
      cultures in the chlorhexidine group. Acinetobacter anitratus was not removed by
      pre-round disinfection, and was found on five and 11 occasions from the postround
      hand cultures in the ethanol gauze and chlorhexidine groups, respectively.

PMID- 2888811
TI  - Nosocomial legionellosis associated with use of oxygen bubble humidifiers and
      underwater chest drains.
AB  - In 1 year 12 of 48 patients who developed fatal pneumonia following admission
      with non-respiratory disorders to the Hospital Molinette, Torino, yielded
      Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from lung at autopsy. Patients were
      hospitalized on seven different wards for different conditions; only two of the
      wards had air conditioning but legionellas were not isolated from these. All
      patients were in poor health or immunocompromised. Some patients had inhaled
      humidified oxygen from piped supplies and three had undergone surgery. Legionella
      pneumophila serogroup 1 was detected in the water of oxygen bubble humidifiers
      and an underwater chest drain. The contaminated devices had been filled with tap
      or distilled water and the hospital water supply was found to be contaminated
      with L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Our findings suggest that filling bubble
      humidifiers or underwater chest drains with tap water is a potential hazard and
      should be avoided.

PMID- 2888812
TI  - The effects of cefotetan disodium on haemostasis.
AB  - A 7-day course of intravenous cefotetan disodium was given to nine patients. No
      significant changes were observed in haematological or biochemical parameters and
      serum vitamin K1 levels, prothrombin times, factor VII levels, thrombin times and
      activated partial thromboplastin times remained within the normal ranges
      throughout the treatment period in all patients. There was no evidence of
      clinical bleeding in any patient although in two the bleeding time was prolonged
      up to 13.0 min after 7 days' therapy. Notably, adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP)
      induced platelet aggregation responses were significantly increased (P less than
      0.05) at the end of the treatment period. These data indicate that cefotetan
      disodium at a dose of up to 4 g daily can be used without risk of a bleeding
      diathesis. In situations associated with vitamin K1 deficiency, potential
      prolongation of the prothrombin time should be avoided by prophylactic vitamin K1
      administration.

PMID- 2888814
TI  - Salmonella screening of pregnant women.
AB  - Over a 9-year period all maternity patients were screened by rectal swab for
      salmonella excretion at the time of delivery. 30,471 mothers were screened and 60
      (0.2%) yielded salmonellas, 43 (72%) of whom were symptomless excretors. Seven of
      the 60 babies (12%) excreted salmonellas, all of which were the same organism as
      in the mothers. Five had uncomplicated gastroenteritis in the neonatal period,
      but no mother or child suffered invasive disease and no incidents of hospital
      cross-infection occurred. These results show that screening is unjustified unless
      there are problems of cross-infection.

PMID- 2888813
TI  - The effect of antibiotic prophylaxis and topical antiseptics on the bacterial
      flora of the skin after cardiac surgery.
AB  - A controlled trial of antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery compared a two
      dose regimen of teicoplanin with a longer conventional course of flucloxacillin
      and tobramycin. In 12 patients the susceptibility of the bacterial skin flora of
      four different sites to each of the three antibiotics was determined and the
      results are reported here. Less than 1% of the Gram-positive colonies showed
      reduced sensitivity to teicoplanin (MIC greater than or equal to 4 mg l-1).
      Before operation, 99% inhibition of Gram-positive growth was achieved at 26 (54%)
      of 48 sites by 1 mg l-1 of flucloxacillin and 13 (27%) sites by 2 mg l-1
      tobramycin. By the 7th day after operation there was a significant reduction in
      the number of sites showing similar sensitivity to flucloxacillin [16 (33%)
      sites, P less than 0.05]. The use of teicoplanin was not associated with the
      emergence of Gram-negative skin flora but tobramycin promoted acquisition of
      aminoglycoside-resistant strains.

PMID- 2888815
TI  - Outbreak of Shigella sonnei dysentery on a long stay psychogeriatric ward.
AB  - A ward outbreak of diarrhoea associated with Shigella sonnei on a long stay
      psychogeriatric ward is described. Nine patients and three staff had positive
      stool cultures for S. sonnei. The source of infection of the index case was not
      discovered. Environmental factors at ward level which predispose long stay
      hospitals to such outbreaks are discussed.

PMID- 2888816
TI  - Use of teicoplanin for Hickman catheter associated staphylococcal infection in
      immunosuppressed patients.
AB  - Antibiotic-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci are a frequent cause of
      infection in indwelling central venous (Hickman) catheters. Teicoplanin has been
      evaluated in the treatment of 19 immunosuppressed patients with staphylococcal
      Hickman catheter infections, nine of whom were septicaemic. All infections were
      eradicated, with minimal side effects. In 16 cases, the catheter was retained
      until no longer required. Two recurrent infections were eradicated by a second
      course of teicoplanin. We conclude that teicoplanin is an effective and well
      tolerated antibiotic in the treatment of Hickman catheter infections in
      immunosuppressed patients.

PMID- 2888817
TI  - Chlorhexidine resistance among bacteria isolated from urine of catheterized
      patients.
AB  - Seventy-four of 155 catheter specimens of urine yielded organisms resistant to
      chlorhexidine. The inhibitory effect of urine against chlorhexidine is reported.

PMID- 2888818
TI  - Antibiotic dependence in a strain of Neisseria pharyngis.
AB  - A strain of Neisseria pharyngis was isolated in pure culture from a specimen of
      sputum. Growth was markedly enhanced by sub-lethal concentrations of rifampicin,
      spectinomycin, erythromycin and clindamycin. The effect was temporary with
      tetracycline. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed.

PMID- 2888819
TI  - Silicone oil as a reservoir for nosocomial infection.
AB  - Two episodes of infection with epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus (EMRSA) associated with silicone oil baths are described. In vitro studies
      indicated that certain organisms, including EMRSA, can survive in silicone oil
      for several days. We conclude that the oil acted as a reservoir for continuing
      infection in our patients. We suggest routine care of silicone oil baths in order
      to prevent cross infection.

PMID- 2888820
TI  - Sterility of incontinence pads and sheets.

PMID- 2888821
TI  - Relative stability of sodium hypochlorite liquids and sodium dichloroisocyanurate
      effervescent disinfectant tablets.

PMID- 2888822
TI  - The phenotype of thymocytes derived from a single clonogenic precursor.
AB  - Clonogenic repopulation of the thymus of thymus-homing bone marrow cells leads to
      intrathymic populations representing all four major Lyt-2- and L3T4-defined
      phenotypes. Although all four phenotypes may be represented in a single clone,
      quite often a striking bias in the proportion of L3T4 single positive to Lyt-2
      single positive cells may exist within a clone, but not in the host thymocytes in
      general. Because at any one time these clones may be located in specific
      subregions of the thymus (specifically cortex only, medulla only, or cortex and
      medulla), we propose the hypothesis that different microenvironments in the
      thymus might, in fact, be responsible for the predominant maturation of different
      single positive mature thymic subsets.

PMID- 2888823
TI  - Inhibition of monocyte oxidative responses by Bordetella pertussis adenylate
      cyclase toxin.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis and the other Bordetella species produce a novel adenylate
      cyclase toxin which enters target cells to catalyze the production of
      supraphysiologic levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
      In these studies, dialyzed extracts from B. pertussis containing the adenylate
      cyclase toxin, a partially purified preparation of adenylate cyclase toxin, and
      extracts from transposon Tn5 mutants of B. pertussis lacking the adenylate
      cyclase toxin, were used to assess the effects of adenylate cyclase toxin on
      human peripheral blood monocyte activities. Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence of
      monocytes stimulated with opsonized zymosan was inhibited greater than 96% by
      exposure to adenylate cyclase toxin-containing extract, but not by extracts from
      adenylate cyclase toxin-deficient mutants. The chemiluminescence responses to
      particulate (opsonized zymosan, Leishmania donovani, and Staphylococcus aureus)
      and soluble (phorbol myristate acetate) stimuli were inhibited equivalently. The
      superoxide anion generation elicited by opsonized zymosan was inhibited 92%
      whereas that produced by phorbol myristate acetate was inhibited only 32% by B.
      pertussis extract. Inhibition of oxidative activity was associated with a greater
      than 500-fold increase in monocyte cAMP levels, but treated monocytes remained
      viable as assessed by their ability to exclude trypan blue and continued to
      ingest particulate stimuli. The major role of the adenylate cyclase toxin in the
      inhibition of monocyte oxidative responses was demonstrated by: 1) little or no
      inhibition by extracts from B. pertussis mutants lacking adenylate cyclase toxin;
      2) high level inhibition with extract from B. parapertussis, a related species
      lacking pertussis toxin; and 3) a reciprocal relationship between monocyte cAMP
      levels and inhibition of opsonized zymosan-induced chemiluminescence using both
      crude extract and partially purified adenylate cyclase toxin. Pertussis toxin,
      which has been shown to inhibit phagocyte responses to some stimuli by a cAMP
      independent mechanism, had only a small (less than 20%) inhibitory effect when
      added at concentrations up to 100-fold in excess of those present in B. pertussis
      extract. These data provide strong support for the hypothesis that B. pertussis
      adenylate cyclase toxin can increase cAMP levels in monocytes without
      compromising target cell viability or impairing ingestion of particles and that
      the resultant accumulated cAMP is responsible for the inhibition of oxidative
      responses to a variety of stimuli.

PMID- 2888824
TI  - The immune response to Schistosoma mansoni infections in inbred rats. VI.
      Regulation by T cell subpopulations.
AB  - These studies assess the roles of subpopulations of T lymphocytes in inducing and
      modulating resistance to Schistosoma mansoni. CDF rats were depleted of RT 7.1+
      (anti-Pan-T), W3/25+ (anti-T helper/inducer), or OX8+ (anti-T suppressor) cells
      by the in vivo administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The development of
      parasites and immunity to challenge by S. mansoni were compared with results in
      undepleted normal and congenitally athymic rats. Discrete subpopulations of T
      lymphocytes were adoptively transferred to ascertain effects upon parasite
      development and the protective immune response. In vitro studies, involving
      utilizing cocultivation of cell subpopulations +/- cyclosporin A, were utilized
      to dissect mechanisms. Depletion of T lymphocytes by anti-RT7.1 mAb and anti
      W3/25 mAb resulted in augmented initial worm development, suboptimal resistance,
      and decreased antibody and delayed-type hypersensitive reactivity directed
      against schistosome antigens. Depletion with OX8 mAb produced opposite effects.
      The adoptive transfer of T cell subpopulations produced concordant results with T
      cell regulation expressed B cell-dependent effector mechanisms. The coadoptive
      transfer of cells resulted in the suppression of resistance afforded by the
      W3/25+ cells by OX8+ cells, which could be augmented in vitro by cyclosporin A.
      Thus, protective immunity to S. mansoni in rats is regulated by discrete
      subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The findings suggest the possibility of
      selective immune regulation of resistance based on the manipulation of specific T
      cell subpopulation.

PMID- 2888825
TI  - Isolation of a 220-kilodalton protein with lectin properties from a virulent
      strain of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - A 220-kilodalton (kDa) protein with lectin properties was isolated from Entamoeba
      histolytica strain HM1:IMSS and was purified by Sepharose 4B chromatography and
      electroelution from 5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The protein contains 9%
      carbohydrate by weight; is rich in hydrophobic residues; and is very immunogenic
      in mice, hamsters, and rabbits. The protein binds to fixed monolayers of MDCK
      cells and inhibits trophozoite attachment to the cultured cells. The 220-kDa
      protein agglutinates human erythrocytes, and agglutination is inhibited by
      micromolar concentrations of hyaluronic acid, chitin, chitin-derived products
      (chitotriose), and antibodies to the purified protein. The 220-kDa protein is
      recognized by an antibody to the membrane but not by antibodies to other
      subcellular fractions. We therefore suggest that this 220-kDa protein with lectin
      properties is a component of the plasma membrane and could be one of the putative
      "receptor" molecules involved in cell and/or matrix attachment.

PMID- 2888826
TI  - Use of antibodies to characterize a 220-kilodalton surface protein from Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Antibodies were prepared against a 220-kilodalton (kDa) protein partially
      purified by Sepharose 4B chromatography of Entamoeba histolytica strain HM38:IMSS
      homogenates, and the protein was found to have lectin properties. The antibodies
      specifically recognized this protein in trophozoite homogenates. Immunologically
      related molecules with the same molecular weight were identified by polyclonal
      antibodies in strains HM1:IMSS, Entamoeba invadens, and Entamoeba histolytica
      Laredo. Six monoclonal antibodies recognized only the 220-kDa protein present in
      strains HM38 and HM1, a result indicating the presence of similar epitopes in the
      proteins from virulent strains isolated from humans. All the antibodies against
      the 220-kDa protein have the following properties: (1) they bind to the plasma
      membrane of live or fixed trophozoites, (2) they partially inhibit the adhesion
      of trophozoites to erythrocytes and cultured cells, and (3) they inhibit
      erythrophagocytosis.

PMID- 2888827
TI  - Colonization factor antigens and a new fimbrial type, CFA/V, on O115:H40 and H-
      strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in central Australia.

PMID- 2888828
TI  - [A case of Takayasu's arteritis associated with nephrotic syndrome, aortic
      regurgitation and amyloidosis].

PMID- 2888829
TI  - Plasma growth hormone, somatostatin, insulin and glucagon inter-relationships
      during infusion of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor in young and
      adult ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).
AB  - Human pancreatic GH-releasing factor (hpGRF) increased the concentrations of
      plasma GH when infused i.v. into immature ducks. A dose-dependent increase in
      plasma GH was observed within 10 min of the start of infusion and was maintained
      during the 30-min infusion period. Simultaneous infusion of somatostatin S-14
      prevented the increase in plasma GH induced by hpGRF, but when the infusion had
      finished there was a rebound increase in plasma GH. Infusion of the highest dose
      of hpGRF (800 ng/kg per min) in adult ducks had no significant effect on plasma
      GH. Plasma somatostatin concentrations were reduced during the infusion of hpGRF
      in young but not in adult ducks. This observation suggests that the stimulatory
      effect of hpGRF on GH secretion may be partly due to its inhibitory effect on
      somatostatin secretion. Infusion of hpGRF in ducklings also increased the
      concentrations of glucagon and decreased levels of insulin in the plasma.
      Peripheral plasma glucagon and insulin levels in adult ducks were unaffected by
      hpGRF infusion. These results indicate that in ducklings, hpGRF increases plasma
      GH and glucagon concentrations and lowers plasma somatostatin and insulin levels.
      In the adult, these hormonal responses to hpGRF are not maintained. The highly
      stimulatory effect of hpGRF on GH secretion in ducklings may explain why plasma
      GH concentrations are high in these birds.

PMID- 2888830
TI  - The role of the hypothalamic beta-adrenergic system in controlling the LH rise in
      short-term castrated rats.
AB  - Intraventricular infusions of adrenaline and various pharmacological agents
      acting on beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes were carried out in rats
      orchidectomized 16 h previously. Infusions (10 microliter) of solutions
      containing the drugs were administered under anaesthesia induced with alphaxalone
      and alphadolone. Levels of LH were measured in plasma collected immediately
      before and at predetermined intervals after the infusion. The acute rise in LH
      levels after castration was increased still further by isoprenaline (a mixed beta
      1- and beta 2-agonist), fenoterol (a beta 2-agonist) and atenolol (a beta 1
      antagonist). In contrast, prenalterol (a beta 1-agonist) and (2RS,3RS)-3
      isopropylamino-1-(7-methylindan-4-yloxy)++ +butan-2-ol (ICI 118,551) (a selective
      beta 2-antagonist) were inhibitory to LH release. Adrenaline itself, salbutamol
      (another selective beta 2-agonist), propranolol (a mixed beta-antagonist) and
      metoprolol (a beta 1-antagonist) did not significantly alter plasma LH
      concentrations at the doses administered. The stimulatory effect of isoprenaline
      on LH release was partially reduced when given together with ICI 118,551, but was
      not affected when administered simultaneously with atenolol. The inhibitory
      effect of ICI 118,551 was, however, prevented by concomitant administration with
      fenoterol, as was that of prenalterol when infused with atenolol. The results
      suggest that the hypothalamic mediation of the short-term changes in LH release
      in response to castration is exerted, at least in part, through the activation of
      a beta 2-stimulatory component and the suppression of a beta 1-inhibitory
      component.

PMID- 2888831
TI  - Undescended testis and hormone levels in early pregnancy.
AB  - A case-control study was carried out on mothers of boys with undescended testis
      to investigate the hypotheses that raised maternal levels of oestrogen or reduced
      levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin in early pregnancy might be factors in
      the environment of the fetus associated with this condition. No significant
      difference in the levels of either of these hormones was found, though, if
      anything, levels of oestrogen may have been lower in cases than in controls, and
      not higher as previously postulated.

PMID- 2888833
TI  - A determinant of resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to killing by human
      phagocytes: an outer membrane lipoprotein of about 20 kDa with a high content of
      glutamic acid.
AB  - A protein of about 20 kDa was extracted by sodium cholate (1%, w/v) from outer
      membranes of a strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, BS4 (agar), which is resistant to
      killing by human phagocytes. When the protein was purified by repeated
      fractionation on Sephadex G75, contamination with other outer-membrane proteins
      and lipopolysaccharide was negligible. The protein contained a full complement of
      amino acids, with high levels of glutamic acid. Carbohydrate, detected by the
      anthrone method and by sugar and hexosamine analysis, was present, but at very
      low levels. There was a significant content of fatty acids (about 5.7% of the
      protein), indicating a lipoprotein. The 20 kDa lipoprotein: (1) neutralized the
      ability of antiserum against whole organisms of BS4 (agar) to reduce the
      resistance of this strain to phagocyte killing; (2) evoked in mice an antiserum
      which reduced this resistance and immunoblotted only with 20 kDa lipoprotein in
      the cholate extract of outer membranes; and (3) promoted resistance to
      intracellular killing of an otherwise phagocyte susceptible gonococcal strain
      (BSSH). This is strong evidence that it is a determinant of gonococcal resistance
      to phagocyte killing.

PMID- 2888832
TI  - Pathogenesis of arteritis of SL/Ni mice. Possible lytic effect of anti-gp70
      antibodies on vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - The SL/Ni strain of mice spontaneously develops a necrotizing polyarteritis (NPA)
      that is histologically quite similar to human polyarteritis nodosa. This NPA most
      frequently affected parametrial tissues and/or ovaries of females and small
      arterioles of the major salivary glands. Electron microscopic studies of early
      arterial lesions revealed massive budding of C-type particles from arterial
      smooth muscle cells just before or at the onset of arteritis. In addition,
      binding of mouse IgG and C3 to the plasma membrane of virus-producing smooth
      muscle cells was shown by immunoelectron microscopy. Antibody-bound muscle cells
      showed disintegration of their plasma membrane, but degeneration and necrosis of
      muscle cells were not associated with dense infiltration of neutrophils. SL/Ni
      mice had natural antibodies that bound specifically to a fibroblast cell line
      infected with an endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) recovered from
      a SL/Ni mouse. Most of the natural antibodies were cytotoxic in the presence of
      murine complement. Western blot immunoassays revealed that among 14 SL/Ni female
      mice tested, all of the 9 mice that were affected by arteritis had anti-gp70
      antibodies, while the 3 anti-gp70- mice were not affected. The presence of anti
      p30 or anti-p15 (anti-p12) antibodies, which were also detected in some SL/Ni
      mice, did not correlate with the development of arteritis. These results strongly
      support the hypothesis that NPA in SL/Ni mice is mediated by the lysis of
      arterial smooth muscle cells due to the deposition of cytotoxic natural
      antibodies directed to cell membrane-bound gp70 molecules of an endogenous
      ecotropic MuLV.

PMID- 2888834
TI  - Isolation of a repeated DNA sequence from Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - A repeated DNA sequence in the genome of Bordetella pertussis has been
      demonstrated. At least 20 copies of this sequence could be observed in either
      BamHI or EcoRI restriction enzyme digests of chromosomal DNA; fragments carrying
      the repeated DNA sequence ranged in size from about 1.5 to 20 kbp. The repeated
      DNA sequence was cloned from two separate regions of the B. pertussis genome, as
      shown by restriction enzyme site maps of the two clones and by hybridization
      studies. A small number of differences in the pattern of hybridization of the
      repeated DNA sequence to chromosomal DNA from several strains of B. pertussis was
      observed. No repeated DNA sequences were observed in one strain each of B.
      parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, and there was no hybridization of B.
      pertussis DNA to Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA. The repeated DNA sequence was
      subcloned on a 2.54 kbp BamHI fragment from one of the two original clones.
      Restriction enzyme digests and hybridization studies showed that the repeated DNA
      sequence was about 1 kbp in size and had a single, internal ClaI site.

PMID- 2888835
TI  - Genetic analysis of variant pilin genes from Neisseria gonorrhoeae P9 cloned in
      Escherichia coli: physical and immunological properties of encoded pilins.
AB  - A series of genomic DNA fragments that encode gonococcal pilins from four well
      characterized pilus variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain P9 have been cloned
      in Escherichia coli K12. At least nine classes of cloned P9 pilin genes have been
      identified on the basis of restriction mapping of cloned pilin-encoding DNA and
      physical and immunological analysis of expressed pilin proteins. Each antigenic
      variant of strain P9 possesses many genomic segments of pilin gene information,
      although our results suggest that strain P9 contains only a single pilin
      expressing (pilE) locus.

PMID- 2888836
TI  - Interaction of lactoferrin and transferrins with the outer membrane of Bordetella
      pertussis.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis was able to grow in vitro under conditions where the only
      iron present was bound to the iron-binding proteins ovotransferrin, transferrin
      or lactoferrin. Under these conditions the bacteria produced neither hydroxamate
      nor phenolate-catecholate siderophores to assist in the procurement of iron.
      Examination of B. pertussis outer-membrane preparations by SDS-PAGE and
      immunoblotting showed that the iron-binding protein ovotransferrin was bound
      directly to the bacterial surface. Assays of the binding of radiolabelled
      transferrin by the bacteria showed that the association was a specific process
      and that there was turnover of the bound proteins. Competitive binding assays
      indicated that lactoferrin could be bound in the same way. It is suggested that
      B. pertussis obtains iron directly from host iron-binding proteins during
      infection.

PMID- 2888837
TI  - Phage tf-1: a filamentous bacteriophage specific for bacteria harbouring the IncT
      plasmid pIN25.
AB  - Phage tf-1 is a filamentous phage which is about 800 nm in length, 10 nm in width
      and has slightly tapered ends. The phage was isolated from sewage and formed
      plaques or propagated only on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and
      Klebsiella oxytoca strains harbouring the IncT plasmid pIN25 at 30 degrees C. It
      adsorbed in large numbers to pIN25-encoded long thick flexible conjugative pili
      formed at 30 degrees C and also to the short form of these pili synthesized at 37
      degrees C. The reason for the failure to form plaques at 37 degrees C is not
      known. The adsorption site is a short length of the pilus shaft extending 100-200
      nm back from the distal tip. Efficient phage tf-1 adsorption to the same site was
      found for pili determined by other IncT plasmids in spite of the fact that phage
      tf-1 did not plate or propagate on strains harbouring them. However, areas of
      specific partial clearing on lawns of these plasmid-containing bacteria were
      produced by phage in high concentrations. Lack of plaque-formation could be due
      to inefficient intracellular assembly coupled to avid adsorption of any liberated
      phage to pili. The phage differs from all but one other filamentous phage by
      being sensitive to diethyl ether.

PMID- 2888838
TI  - The involvement of glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase in ammonia
      assimilation by Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - Wild-type Aspergillus nidulans grew equally well on NH4Cl, KNO3 or glutamine as
      the only nitrogen source. NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4)
      and glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activities varied with the type and
      concentration of nitrogen source supplied. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity
      (EC 1.4.7.1) was detected but it was almost unaffected by the type and
      concentration of nitrogen source supplied. Ion exchange chromatography showed
      that the GOGAT activity was due to a distinct enzyme. Azaserine, an inhibitor of
      the GOGAT reaction, reduced the glutamate pool by 60%, indicating that GOGAT is
      involved in ammonia assimilation by metabolizing the glutamine formed by GS.

PMID- 2888839
TI  - Impaired platelet aggregation and thromboxane generation in essential fatty acid
      deficient rats.
AB  - ADP-induced platelet aggregation and thrombin-induced thromboxane B2 generation
      in diluted whole blood from rats fed a fat-free diet supplemented with 10% (by
      weight) hydrogenated coconut oil [essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient] were
      significantly lower than that in animals fed 10% safflower oil [(SFO) rich in
      linoleic acid] or 10% marine oil (rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and
      docosahexaenoic acid). Plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly lower and
      liver function was impaired in the EFA-deficient group compared with the other
      two groups. Platelet responsiveness to ADP was restored when plasma from the EFA
      deficient rats was replaced by plasma obtained from rats fed a nonpurified diet.
      ADP responsiveness and thrombin-stimulated thromboxane B2 production in diluted
      whole blood were also restored after 2 wk of injections of 100 mg ethyl linoleate
      every 48 h, and partially restored by injections of 100 mg ethyl alpha
      linolenate. When ADP-induced platelet aggregation was examined in washed
      platelets, the impaired ADP aggregation (found when platelets of the EFA
      deficient rats were suspended in their own plasma) was not observed at either
      high (9.5 microM) or low (1.0 microM) ADP concentrations. Although thrombin
      stimulated thromboxane B2 production in washed platelets in the EFA-deficient
      rats was lower than that in the SFO-fed rats, the magnitude of aggregation was
      not different. In addition, inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation
      by apyrase (0.06 U/mL) was identical in the two groups. These results suggest
      that impaired platelet aggregation in EFA deficiency is related more to plasma
      factors than to inherent platelet properties and that restoration of normal liver
      function is associated with normal platelet function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2888840
TI  - Effect of locally generated angiotensin II on noradrenergic neuroeffector
      function in the rat isolated caudal artery.
AB  - The effects of angiotensin II and its precursors angiotensin I and
      tetradecapeptide renin substrate were investigated in isolated segments of the
      rat caudal artery. Each peptide constricted the rat caudal artery and also
      enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation (0.5 Hz, 10
      s). The threshold concentrations for each peptide in enhancing sympathetic
      vasoconstrictor responses were lower than those required to produce
      vasoconstriction. Tetradecapeptide renin substrate was the least potent of the
      three peptides and had the slowest onset of action. Angiotensin II and
      angiotensin I each enhanced noradrenergic transmission to the same degree,
      whether perfused through the lumen or added to the adventitial surface of the
      artery. In contrast, tetradecapeptide renin substrate was more potent when
      applied to the adventitial surface. The effects of angiotensin I were blocked by
      the converting enzyme inhibitor enalaprilat, whereas the effects of
      tetradecapeptide renin substrate were unaltered by enalaprilat, or by the renin
      inhibitors pepstatin or a decapeptide renin inhibitor. These findings suggest
      that tetradecapeptide renin substrate and angiotensin I may be converted to
      angiotensin II within the rat caudal artery, with subsequent enhancement of
      noradrenergic neuroeffector function. However, the enzyme responsible for the
      conversion of tetradecapeptide renin substrate cannot be determined from the
      present findings.

PMID- 2888841
TI  - Three additional DNA polymorphisms in the met gene and D7S8 locus: use in
      prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - We have used cloned DNA sequences from the 5' end of the met locus and the D7S8
      locus to locate new restriction fragment length polymorphisms. TaqI and MspI
      polymorphisms with frequencies of 0.34/0.66 and 0.10/0.90, respectively, for met
      and a PvuII polymorphism (0.15/0.85) at D7S8 are described. We used these new
      markers to analyze our reference panel of cystic fibrosis pedigrees and found
      that they provided additional information in several families. No evidence for
      recombination was observed between the 5' end of met and previously described met
      markers. We present examples of the use of the met markers in the clinical
      diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and summarize our analysis of 29 clinical cases
      including eight prenatal diagnoses. We conclude that DNA-based prediction of
      cystic fibrosis is an effective clinical diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 2888842
TI  - Long-term treatment of refractory neonatal hypoglycemia with long-acting
      somatostatin analog.

PMID- 2888843
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2888844
TI  - Gastrointestinal manifestations of Sipple syndrome in children.
AB  - The diagnosis and management of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
      type IIA and type IIB are of special challenge to pediatric surgeons. Patients
      characteristically present early in life with significant intestinal symptoms at
      a time when the characteristic phenotypic features of MEN IIB are frequently
      absent. We are reporting 12 patients with MEN type II (9 with type IIA and 3 type
      IIB or Sipple's syndrome), all of whom presented with gastrointestinal
      manifestations. All 12 patients had signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction
      during the neonatal period. An unusual association of Hirschsprung's disease and
      MEN IIA was noted in our nine patients found among a kindred of 92 individuals.
      All three patients with Sipple's syndrome (MEN IIB) had severe gastrointestinal
      symptoms since birth, including recurrent pseudoobstruction. The possibility of
      MEN type II should be considered in all cases of bowel obstruction in the newborn
      period. Screening for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid must be carried out from
      infancy. A detailed family history is very important to avoid unnecessary surgery
      for bowel obstruction in Sipple's syndrome.

PMID- 2888845
TI  - A comparative investigation of glycinebetaine and dimethylsulphoxide as liposome
      cryoprotectants.
AB  - The release of streptomycin from lecithin liposomes following a freeze-thaw cycle
      was used to measure the cryoprotective activities of glycinebetaine and
      dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). At concentrations between 4 and 8% w/v in the external
      solution, glycinebetaine was superior to DMSO at freezing rates faster than 50
      degrees C min-1. At lower rates their activities were similar, and drug loss
      ranged between 10 and 20% depending upon freezing rate and cryoprotectant
      concentration. The pattern of streptomycin loss when the concentrations of
      cryoprotectants inside and outside the liposome were varied indicated that
      glycinebetaine, in contrast to DMSO, does not diffuse across the liposome
      membrane. The activity of glycinebetaine was not impaired by the presence in the
      membrane of cholesterol or charged lipids.

PMID- 2888846
TI  - The influence of viscosity on the migration of chloramphenicol and 4
      hydroxybenzoic acid through glycerogelatin gels.
AB  - Migration of chloramphenicol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid from solutions in 1
      octanol into Glycerol Suppository Base, BP and soft gelatin capsule shells is
      reported. Rates of migration through the gels, quantified in terms of diffusion
      coefficients, are given. An electron spin resonance probing technique was used to
      determine the microscopic viscosity. The latter, rather than the bulk viscosity,
      was shown to be the major rheological influence on the rate of diffusion.

PMID- 2888847
TI  - Common ion effect on solubility and dissolution rate of the sodium salt of an
      organic acid.
AB  - The solubility and the dissolution rate of the sodium salt of an acidic drug (REV
      3164; 7-chloro-5-propyl-1H,4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxaline-1,4-dione)
      decreased by the effect of common ion present in aqueous media. The solubility of
      the sodium salt of REV 3164 in a buffered medium was much lower than that in an
      unbuffered medium. Also, the presence of NaCl decreased its solubility in water.
      The apparent solubility product (K'sp) of the salt, however, did not remain
      constant when the concentration of NaCl was changed. A decrease in K'sp value
      with the increase in NaCl concentration was observed; for example, the K'sp
      values at 0 and 1 M NaCl were 7.84 X 10(-4) and 3.94 X 10(-4) M2, respectively.
      Even when corrected for the effect of ionic strength, the solubility product
      decreased. This decrease in the solubility product in the presence of NaCl
      indicated a decrease in the degree of self-association (increase in activity
      coefficient) of the drug in aqueous media.

PMID- 2888848
TI  - Effect of moderate haemodilution with Fluosol-DA or normal saline on indocyanine
      green and (+)-propranolol kinetics.
AB  - Indocyanine green (ICG) and (+)-propranolol kinetics were determined in the rat
      following moderate (50%) blood exchange with either Fluosol-DA or 0.9% NaCl
      (saline). Rats received an intravenous ICG dose (5 mg kg-1) before an intravenous
      dose of (+)-propranolol (2.5 mg kg-1) 0.5, 24, 48 or 72 h after haemodilution and
      were compared with non-exchanged controls. Haemodilution with Fluosol-DA reduced
      the ICG elimination rate constant during the first 24 h while a significant
      reduction was seen 48 h after normal saline exchange. ICG clearances tended to be
      less than the control value, and were significantly reduced only at 24 h after
      Fluosol-DA exchange due to a reduced Varea. (+)-Propranolol half-life was
      significantly increased 48 and 72 h after saline exchange; (+)-propranolol
      clearance was also significantly reduced 72 h after Fluosol-DA exchange. ICG
      clearance may be reflecting a hypovolaemic change which occurs after
      haemodilution, which would reduce the hepatic blood flow. However, (+)
      propranolol clearance was not altered, suggesting that the hepatic blood flow is
      not changed. It is possible that ICG clearance is changed due to alterations in
      its extraction ratio instead of hepatic blood flow changes.

PMID- 2888849
TI  - Cyclosporin: measurement of fraction unbound in plasma.
AB  - A reproducible ultracentrifugation method has been developed for the measurement
      of the fraction of cyclosporin (CyA) unbound in plasma. The sample is centrifuged
      to remove any particulate matter, ultracentrifuged in polyallomer tubes and then
      frozen in liquid nitrogen. Appropriate sections are then cut from the tube for
      determination of the concentration of radioactivity and calculation of fraction
      drug unbound. Using this method, the fraction unbound has been measured in plasma
      from renal transplant patients receiving CyA and found to range between 0.04 to
      0.122. The binding is temperature-dependent and principally hydrophobic.

PMID- 2888850
TI  - Effect of nadolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, on myocardial metabolism
      in the dog ischaemic heart.
AB  - The effect of nadolol at a dose of 1 mg kg-1, i.v. on the ischaemic myocardial
      metabolism has been examined in the dog. Ischaemia was induced by ligating the
      left anterior descending coronary artery for 3 min, and nadolol was injected 5
      min before ligation. Ischaemia caused myocardial metabolic changes; it decreased
      energy charge potential and inhibited glycolytic flux through phosphofructokinase
      reaction. Pretreatment with nadolol lessened the decrease in energy charge
      potential and the inhibition of glycolytic flux being caused by ischaemia.
      Nadolol may have a beneficial effect on the ischaemic myocardium.

PMID- 2888851
TI  - Influence of pinacolyl dimethylphosphinate on soman storage in rats.
AB  - Atropinized rats pretreated with pinacolyl dimethylphosphinate (PDP) or saline
      were intoxicated with 6 X LD50 soman and, after 30 and 60 min, the absolute
      amounts of soman in diaphragms and lungs were measured gas chromatographically.
      The absolute amounts of free soman in both types of tissues were similar and were
      decreased after 60 min intoxication compared with the 30 min intoxication period.
      Pretreatment of rats with PDP reduced the amount of soman in the tissues by 63
      78%. Incubation of isolated diaphragms and lungs with sodium fluoride (2.5 mM)
      increased the amount of free soman in these tissues by 2.6 X 10(3) and 16 X
      10(3)%, respectively. An assay to study the binding of tritiated PDP was
      developed. Although this assay was suitable to study the binding of tritiated
      quinuclidinyl benzilate to rat brain, no binding between tritiated PDP and
      diaphragm or brain tissue could be detected. It was concluded that PDP may
      counteract soman storage by another mechanism than occupation of binding sites.

PMID- 2888852
TI  - Alcuronium pharmacodynamics in dogs: effect-concentration relationships in the
      diaphragmatic and limb muscles.
AB  - Previous studies suggest that the muscles of the diaphragm are less sensitive to
      neuromuscular blocking agents than the limb muscles. However, this difference has
      not been characterized directly in terms of relaxant drug plasma concentrations.
      The pharmacodynamics of the non-depolarizing muscle relaxant alcuronium were
      therefore investigated in nine dogs using a constant-rate infusion regimen with
      simultaneous measurement of muscle paralysis in the limb and diaphragm. Maximum
      paralysis between 95 and 100% was achieved in both muscle groups, within
      approximately the same time interval. However, during onset of and offset of
      effect, the pharmacodynamic parameters ECp50 and ECp95 for the limb muscle were
      lower than in the diaphragm. From a pharmacodynamic effect model it was also
      predicted that Css(50) and Css(95) for the limb muscles are half those values for
      the diaphragm. Thus, the diaphragm is less sensitive to the action of alcuronium
      than are limb muscles. The half-time for equilibration of alcuronium between
      plasma and the effect site was two-fold lower for the diaphragm, and the rate of
      recovery from paralysis in diaphragmatic muscles was twice that observed in limb
      muscles. Collectively, these data suggest that there is a greater margin of
      safety in the diaphragmatic muscles and that the response of the peripheral limb
      muscles to nerve stimulation provides only a conservative index of recovery from
      competitive neuromuscular block in the diaphragmatic muscles.

PMID- 2888853
TI  - Effects of diclofenac sodium and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate on
      electrical parameters of the mucosal membrane and their relation to the
      permeability enhancing effects in the rat jejunum.
AB  - The effects of diclofenac sodium and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)
      on electrical parameters of rat jejunal membrane were investigated, together with
      measurement of the mucosal-to-serosal flux of sulphanilic acid or L
      phenylalanine. Both adjuvants increased the flux rate of sulphanilic acid to a
      similar extent when added to the mucosal solution at 10 mM, but there were
      apparent differences in their effects on the electrical parameters. The addition
      of EDTA induced the gradual reduction in the membrane resistance (Rm) by 6-8 ohm
      cm-2, while the effect of diclofenac on Rm was complicated and concentration
      dependent. The short circuit current (Isc) was reduced rapidly to the level of 30
      40 microA cm-2 by the addition of diclofenac, but was less affected by EDTA. The
      flux rate of L-phenylalanine was decreased extensively by diclofenac or the 10 mM
      concentration of EDTA, suggesting an inhibition of carrier-mediated transport
      systems in the membrane. Together with our preceding communication (Yamashita et
      al 1985, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 37: 512-513), it became obvious that the sites of
      action of diclofenac and EDTA were different, the former directly interacting
      with the epithelial cell to alter the permeability and functions of the cell
      membrane, while the primary effect of EDTA could be at the intercellular
      junctions.

PMID- 2888854
TI  - L-dopa esters as potential prodrugs: behavioural activity in experimental models
      of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Intraperitoneal administration of the 2-tetrahydropyranylmethyl, phenoxyethyl,
      ethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl and methyl ester prodrugs of L-dopa produced locomotor
      activity in reserpine-pretreated mice with equal intensity and duration to that
      observed following administration of L-dopa itself. Administration of the 2-(1
      methoxy)propyl ester produced a more prolonged effect while the p
      methoxyphenylethyl, n-propyl, phenylethyl, m-trifluoromethylbenzyl, cyclohexyl, p
      chlorophenylethyl and benzyl ester prodrugs were less active than L-dopa itself.
      On oral administration, the ethyl and methyl ester prodrugs were more effective
      than L-dopa in reversing reserpine-induced akinesia in mice. The 2
      tetrahydropyranylmethyl, 2-(1-methoxy)propyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, n-propyl, benzyl
      and phenoxyethyl ester prodrugs produced effects comparable with those of L-dopa.
      In contrast, the cyclohexyl, m-trifluoromethylbenzyl, phenylethyl, p
      chlorophenylethyl and p-methoxyphenylethyl ester prodrugs were less effective
      than L-dopa on oral administration. Intraperitoneal administration of L-dopa and
      the ester prodrugs of L-dopa to rats with a prior 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)
      lesion of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) produced contraversive circling
      responses. Rotation observed following administration of the n-propyl, 2
      tetrahydropyranylmethyl, methyl and ethyl ester prodrugs was more intense than
      that observed following administration of L-dopa itself. Rotation produced by the
      administration of L-dopa and the cyclohexyl, 2-(1-methoxy)propyl, phenylethyl, p
      chlorophenylethyl, p-methoxyphenylethyl, benzyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, phenoxyethyl
      and m-trifluoromethylbenzyl ester prodrugs was identical. Ester prodrugs of L
      dopa may be as effective as L-dopa itself in producing motor activity but overall
      none of the compounds tested was markedly more potent or of longer duration than
      L-dopa itself.

PMID- 2888855
TI  - The cardiovascular actions of dopexamine hydrochloride, an agonist at dopamine
      receptors and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the dog.
AB  - The receptor pharmacology of the cardiovascular effects of dopexamine
      hydrochloride in the anaesthetized dog (given by i.v. infusion of 3 X 10(-9)-10(
      7) mol kg-1 min-1) has been analysed by the use of selective receptor antagonists
      and of ganglionic blockade. The increases in cardiac output, contractility, and
      rate were antagonized by the beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118551. Renal
      blood flow rose secondary to reduction in renal vascular resistance and this was
      antagonized by SCH 23390, a highly selective DA1-receptor antagonist. Peripheral
      vasodilation and reduction of blood pressure were mediated by a combination of
      DA1- and DA2-receptor and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation. In a separate group of
      dogs, the cardiac stimulant effects of dopexamine HCl were partially reflex and
      were reduced by ganglion block, revealing responses due to stimulation of cardiac
      beta 2-adrenoceptors. Thus the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist action of dopexamine
      HCl is not only partly responsible for afterload reduction but also leads to
      direct cardiac stimulation. From its cardiovascular profile, dopexamine HCl is
      likely to be of use in acute treatment of heart failure.

PMID- 2888856
TI  - Water distribution in creams prepared using cetostearyl alcohol and cetrimide.
AB  - The water distribution in an antiseptic cream formulation prepared using
      cetostearyl alcohol and cetrimide has been studied using thermogravimetric
      analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, ultracentrifugation and scanning
      electron microscopy. In addition to a free water phase two types of
      interlamellarly fixed water were found, one associated with the liquid
      crystalline network around the oil droplets and one associated with the liquid
      crystalline network of the bulk. The latter was in equilibrium with the free
      water and can be classed as freely drainable.

PMID- 2888857
TI  - Fundamental properties of metronidazole formulations in relation to tableting.
AB  - A study has been made of the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin and
      methylcellulose binding agents on the fundamental and tableting properties of a
      metronidazole-lactose-starch formulation. A material constant, alpha, was derived
      from the measured values of tensile strength of the materials. The values of
      alpha for the formulations are lower than that for metronidazole and depend on
      the nature and concentration of binder present. In terms of tableting properties,
      alpha supplements the information obtained from the ratios of elastic recovery to
      plastic compression (ER/PC) and from the brittle fracture index values (BFI) of
      the materials, although its influence appears to be limited at low values of
      ER/PC.

PMID- 2888858
TI  - Determination of the apparent failure viscosity of tablets.
AB  - Quantitative differences in the plasticity of several direct compression
      excipients were found to be distinguishable using normalized work of failure
      determinations. New parameters were developed to characterize the importance of
      changes in strain rate application during a diametral crushing test. Failure
      viscosity was found to have a similar sensitivity to normalized work of failure
      measurements and was also able to distinguish small changes in plastic behaviour.
      In cases where it is not possible to measure tablet deformation during tablet
      crushing, failure viscosity determinations could provide an alternative method
      for characterizing differences in deformation behaviour.

PMID- 2888859
TI  - Unloaded polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: efficiency against bloodstream
      trypanosomes.
AB  - The potential use of polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles in antiparasitic
      chemotherapy is described. The nanoparticles on their own proved to have
      trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in-vitro but not against
      Trichomonas vaginalis or Entamoeba histolytica. The trypanocidal activity was
      partly confirmed in-vivo with T. brucei-infected mice.

PMID- 2888860
TI  - The biliary excretion of acenocoumarol in the rat: stereochemical aspects.
AB  - Within 24 h, 50% of a single dose of the acenocoumarol enantiomers was recovered
      in bile and 20% in urine of Wistar rats. The elimination products were mainly
      (greater than 90%) the 6- and 7-hydroxyacenocoumarol as conjugates in the bile
      but free in the urine. Only R-acenocoumarol, free and conjugated, was excreted in
      bile. There were no gross differences between the enantiomers in metabolic
      pattern or in the amount of metabolites formed. A significant difference was
      observed for the biliary excretion of the 7-hydroxy metabolite; the ratio of free
      and conjugated 7-hydroxyacenocoumarol was three times higher for the S- than for
      the R-isomer. An unknown third metabolite was recovered in bile in higher amounts
      with the S- than with the R-acenocoumarol. Only traces of this metabolite were
      recovered from urine. The data show an extensive biliary excretion of
      acenocoumarol and demonstrate stereoselective mechanisms in the excretion
      processes.

PMID- 2888861
TI  - Non-specific prolongation of the effects of general depressants by pyrazole and 4
      methylpyrazole.
AB  - The liver alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors, pyrazole and 4-methylpyrazole, have
      been tested for their ability to prolong drug-induced sleep times in mice. Both
      drugs (at 1 mmol kg-1 i.p.) prolonged the duration of loss of righting reflex
      following chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone, barbitone, temazepam and halothane,
      but not diethyl ether. This suggests that the effects of these pyrazoles are not
      specific to the inhibition of liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2888862
TI  - Inhibitory role of D-1 dopamine receptors for the jerks induced by B-HT 920 in
      rats.
AB  - Jerks of the head and upper trunk produced by the dopamine agonist B-HT 920 in
      reserpine-treated rats were abolished by the D-1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF
      38393. The combined treatment with SKF 38393 and B-HT 920 instead resulted in
      stereotypies and locomotion. B-HT 920 also caused jerks when given after the D-1
      receptor antagonist SCH 23390 to rats not pretreated with reserpine. The results
      indicate that B-HT 920 induces jerks by stimulation of postsynaptic D-2-like
      dopamine receptors provided that the D-1 receptors are not activated.

PMID- 2888863
TI  - The effects of acute reserpine administration on the sensitivity of the isolated
      pacemaker from rat heart to isoprenaline and noradrenaline.
AB  - The effects of reserpine on the sensitivity of the isolated pacemaker from rat
      heart to the chronotropic effect of isoprenaline and noradrenaline were studied.
      A single large dose of reserpine (2.5 mg kg-1) administered to rats 24 h before
      killing induces supersensitivity of the isolated pacemaker to isoprenaline,
      leaving unaltered the responsiveness of the pacemaker to noradrenaline. Reserpine
      at the dose of 1.0 mg kg-1 did not alter the sensitivity of the pacemaker to the
      catecholamines. Only the larger dose of reserpine raised the corticosterone
      plasma level. It is possible that a corticosterone-mediated inhibition of the
      extraneuronal uptake process is responsible for the supersensitivity to
      isoprenaline. Large doses of reserpine should not be used in experiments aimed to
      study cardiac sensitivity to isoprenaline or extraneuronal uptake and metabolism
      of the catecholamine.

PMID- 2888864
TI  - Stereoselective blockade of central [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding to multiple
      sites (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C) by mianserin and propranolol.
AB  - The interaction of the enantiomers of mianserin and propranolol with the binding
      of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) to the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C sites, and
      with the binding of [3H]ketanserin to the 5-HT2 site, has been evaluated in rat
      brain membranes. A stereoselective interaction at the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C
      sites was demonstrated for both compounds, with (+)-mianserin being a more potent
      displacer than (-)-mianserin and (-)-propranolol being more potent than (+)
      propranolol. Only mianserin interacted in a stereoselective manner with the 5-HT2
      site, (+)-mianserin being the more potent isomer. The stereoselective association
      of mianserin and propranolol with the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1C sites may prove
      useful in the characterization of these sites.

PMID- 2888865
TI  - Persistent depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites in mice by TMMP, an
      analogue of MPTP.
AB  - TMMP (1-methyl-4-[methylpyrrol-2-yl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mimicked MPTP (1
      methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) in causing persistent depletion of
      striatal dopamine and its metabolites one week after the last of four daily
      subcutaneous injections in mice. MMPP (1-methyl-4-[1-methylpyrrol-2-yl]-4
      piperidinol) produced no depletion of dopamine or its metabolites under these
      conditions. None of the three compounds affected dopamine or its metabolites when
      administered orally. TMMP was even more rapidly oxidized by type B monoamine
      oxidase in-vitro than was MPTP, but MMPP was a very poor substrate for the
      enzyme. The lack of neurotoxicity of MMPP toward nigrostriatal dopamine neurons
      when it was given orally or subcutaneously to mice contrasts with previously
      reported results in monkeys, in which case MMPP was reported to be neurotoxic.

PMID- 2888866
TI  - Gastric ulcerogenicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in mice with
      mucosa sensitized by cholinomimetic treatment.
AB  - A novel technique is described for the assay of acute gastric irritancy of non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in mice in which (a) the gastric
      mucosa is sensitized to the irritant actions of the drugs by co-administration of
      bethanechol chloride to increase acid and pepsin production, and (b) the area and
      number of haemorrhagic lesions in the glandular mucosa is measured quantitatively
      by visual image analysis. The technique has been used to assess the acute gastric
      irritancy of 20 NSAIDs in mice. In relation to published values for their acute
      and chronic anti-inflammatory activities, drugs with low relative gastric
      irritancy (e.g. carprofen, chloroquine, diclofenac, fenbufen, tenoxicam,
      tilomisole) were differentiated from the drugs of higher relative irritancy.

PMID- 2888867
TI  - Photolytic degradation of benorylate: effects of the photoproducts on cultured
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The photodegradation of benorylate [4'-(acetamido)phenyl-2-acetoxybenzoate], a
      drug frequently used in rheumatoid arthritis therapy, has been examined under
      different sets of experimental conditions. Several photoproducts have been
      isolated and identified on the basis of their IR, NMR, and MS spectra. The most
      significant photochemical process is the photo-Fries rearrangement of benorylate,
      leading to 5-acetamido-2'-acetoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone (1). This compound
      undergoes a rapid transacylation to the isomeric 5'-acetamido-2'-acetoxy-2
      hydroxybenzophenone (2). A primary culture of rat hepatocytes has been used to
      evaluate the possible toxicity of these two benzophenones, keeping in mind the
      following criteria: leakage of cytosolic enzymes, attachment index to culture
      plates, gluconeogenesis from lactate and fructose, glycogen balance, and albumin
      synthesis. At the concentrations assayed, neither of the two major photoproducts
      of benorylate (benzophenones 1 and 2) had significant toxic effects on liver
      cells in culture.

PMID- 2888868
TI  - Selective ganglionic blockade of vagal inputs to sinoatrial and/or
      atrioventricular regions.
AB  - Vagal postganglionic neurons to sinoatrial (SAN) and atrioventricular (AVN) nodal
      regions of the canine heart have been localized surgically around the right
      pulmonary vein-atrial fat pad and in the fat pad overlying the epicardium at the
      inferior vena cava-inferior left atrial junction, respectively. Local ganglionic
      blocking doses (total of 5 mg per injection) of hexamethonium were injected into
      the pulmonary vein-atrial fat pad to block selectively right and left vagal
      inputs to the SAN region without interrupting vagal inputs to AVN. Conversely,
      hexamethonium injected into the inferior vena cava-inferior left atrial pad
      selectively blocked vagal control of arteriovenous conduction without interfering
      seriously with vagal control of SAN function. Vagal ganglia situated in pulmonary
      vein-atrial fat pad also exercise moderate but incomplete control of right atrial
      contractile force. Lesser vagal control of atrial inotropism is localized in the
      inferior vena cava-inferior left atrial fat pad. Ganglia situated in a large fat
      pad on the dorsal epicardial surface of the left atrium (left atrial fat pad)
      appear to play little or no role in SAN or AVN regulation, although some left
      preganglionic axons may pass through it en route to the AVN region. Vagal
      stimulation is associated with prompt and profoundly negative chronotropic and
      dromotropic responses, but in response to the same stimulation, a negative change
      in atrial contractile force is much slower in development and is much longer
      lasting. Such precise anatomical localization and differentiation of the
      intrinsic vagal regulation of SAN, AVN and contractile force opens new avenues of
      research on the neural regulation of cardiac performance.

PMID- 2888869
TI  - Comparative analysis of beta-1 adrenoceptor agonist and antagonist potency and
      selectivity of cicloprolol, xamoterol and pindolol.
AB  - The partial beta adrenoceptor agonist properties of cicloprolol, xamoterol and
      pindolol have been compared in vivo (anesthetized catecholamine-depleted or
      pithed rats) and in vitro (guinea pig or rat right atria and guinea pig tracheal
      muscle preparations) conditions. All three compounds increased heart rate in the
      former preparations, and their intrinsic activities relative to isoproterenol
      were 0.7, 0.65 and 0.45, respectively. The positive chronotropic effects of
      cicloprolol or xamoterol were competitively antagonized by betaxolol or
      propranolol; however, part of those induced by pindolol were resistant to these
      beta adrenoceptor antagonists. None of these compounds increased the spontaneous
      beating rate of isolated guinea pig atria; however, xamoterol only increased
      heart rate in isolated rat atria, and its intrinsic activity with respect to
      isoproterenol was 0.4. Pindolol, xamoterol and cicloprolol behaved as competitive
      beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonists against isoproterenol-induced tachycardia in a
      pithed rat model. In order to mimic the intrinsic effects of the partial agonist
      drugs, control dose-response curves for isoproterenol were determined in pithed
      rats in which the base-line heart rate was elevated by thoracic spinal cord
      stimulation. In this in vivo preparation, xamoterol and pindolol were more potent
      beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonists than cicloprolol; however, cicloprolol and
      xamoterol, in contrast to pindolol, were selective for beta-1 adrenoceptors. In
      isolated spontaneously beating guinea pig right atria, cicloprolol and xamoterol
      were equipotent beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonists but were about 50 times less
      potent than pindolol. In isolated rat atria, the beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonist
      potency of xamoterol was greater (pA2 = 8.7) than in guinea pig atria (pA2 =
      7.8). The potencies of cicloprolol and pindolol did not vary between these
      species. In catecholamine-depleted rats, high i.v. doses of cicloprolol had
      vasodilator activity that was partly mediated by beta-2 adrenoceptors. In
      carbachol-contracted guinea pig trachea, cicloprolol and xamoterol, in contrast
      to pindolol, were relatively inactive against isoproterenol-induced relaxation.
      In conclusion, cicloprolol and xamoterol, similarly to pindolol, behave as
      agonists and antagonists of beta-1 adrenoceptors. However, only cicloprolol and
      xamoterol show an elevated degree of selectivity toward the beta-1 adrenoceptor
      subtype.

PMID- 2888870
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of the cardiac actions of xamoterol, a beta adrenoceptor
      antagonist with partial agonistic activity, in guinea pig heart: evidence for
      involvement of adenylate cyclase system in its cardiac stimulant actions.
AB  - The pharmacological effects of xamoterol, a beta adrenoceptor antagonist with
      partial agonistic activity, were examined in guinea pig cardiac preparations and
      compared with those of isoproterenol to assess possible mechanisms of its cardiac
      stimulant actions. Xamoterol produced a positive inotropic effect in the
      papillary muscles and a positive chronotropic effect in the spontaneously beating
      right atria in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximum inotropic and
      chronotropic effects of xamoterol were about 33 and 35% of those of
      isoproterenol, respectively. Although xamoterol failed to produce a consistent
      increase in contractile force in the left atria, the positive inotropic effect of
      the agent was observed clearly in preparations obtained from reserpine-pretreated
      animals. The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of xamoterol were
      antagonized by atenolol, but not by ICI 118,551. On the other hand, xamoterol
      antagonized competitively the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to
      isoproterenol. In papillary muscles the increases in contractile force induced by
      xamoterol and isoproterenol were depressed markedly in the presence of carbachol
      or adenosine. In all of left atria, right atria and papillary muscles obtained
      from reserpine-pretreated animals, xamoterol caused a significant elevation in
      cyclic AMP levels, while inhibiting the isoproterenol-induced increase in cyclic
      AMP levels. Computer-assisted analysis of concentration-response curves for the
      inhibition by xamoterol of the binding of [125I]iodocyanopindolol in the
      membranes from guinea pig ventricles showed the existence of the 5'
      guanylylimidodiphosphate sensitive, highly affinity site of beta adrenoceptors
      for xamoterol, suggesting that xamoterol may induce the formation of a ternary
      complex with the beta adrenoceptor and a stimulatory guanine nucleotide
      regulatory protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888871
TI  - Palytoxin-induced contraction and release of prostaglandins and norepinephrine in
      the aorta.
AB  - Mechanism of action of a potent marine toxin, palytoxin (PTX), in blood vessels
      was examined using rat and rabbit aortas. PTX in the concentrations of 10(-10) to
      10(-8) M induced contraction in rat aortas. The rate of rise of contraction and
      the maximum contractile tension due to 10(-10) M PTX became greater when
      endothelium was removed from aortic strip. Methylene blue, 5 X 10(-6) M, also
      increased both the rate of rise and maximum tension. These results suggest that
      PTX may release a relaxing substance from endothelium which may inhibit the
      contraction induced by PTX itself. In contrast to this, the 10(-8) M PTX-induced
      contraction became smaller when endothelium was removed from the aorta. This
      contraction was partially inhibited by 10(-5) M indomethacin. Verapamil (10(-6)
      M) also inhibited a portion of this contraction and these inhibitors showed an
      additive inhibitory effect. Prazosin (10(-7) M) did not affect this contraction.
      Similar results were obtained in aortas without endothelium. Using thin-layer
      chromatography, it was found that PTX (10(-8) M) increased the release of
      prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha from rat aortas with
      endothelium. In rabbit aortas, 10(-8) M PTX induced a contraction which was
      partially inhibited by 10(-6) M verapamil, 10(-5) M indomethacin or 10(-7)
      prazosin. The same concentration of PTX increased [3H]norepinephrine release from
      rabbit aortic adventitia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888872
TI  - Analysis of putative alpha-1s adrenoceptor agonism by Sgd 101/75 in the rat
      anococcygeus muscle.
AB  - Sgd 101/75 [2-(2-methylindazol-4-imino)-imidazolidine hydrochloride] is an alpha
      1 adrenoceptor agonist that shows a greater sensitivity to receptor alkylation
      with phenoxybenzamine (POB) than norepinephrine (NE) (present study). J. Coates,
      D.G. Weetman and their co-workers have concluded that Sgd 101/75 is selective for
      a subtype of alpha-1 receptors, i.e., alpha-1s. The present studies have shown
      that Sgd 101/75 was a full agonist in the rat anococcygeus muscle and acts at
      alpha-1 adrenoceptors, as determined by Schild analysis of prazosin antagonism
      (pKB = 9.24 +/- 0.21, slope = 0.87 +/- 0.13). Alkylation experiments showed that
      the contractile effects of Sgd 101/75 were more sensitive to POB than the effects
      of NE. These experiments also allowed the determination of KA values for these
      agonists (Sgd 101/75 KA = 1.5 +/- 0.6 X 10(-5) M, NE KA = 2.6 +/- 1.0 X 10(-6)
      M). At 3 X 10(-8) M POB (10 min), the contractile effect of Sgd 101/75 was
      eliminated, whereas the concentration-effect curve for NE was shifted
      approximately one log unit to the right with a 20% decrease in maximal response.
      After similar POB treatment, incubation with Sgd 101/75 (60 min, 3 X 10(-6) to 3
      X 10(-4) M) shifted the NE curve to the right in a concentration-dependent
      manner. Schild regression of these data yielded a pKB = 5.22 +/- 0.09 and slope =
      0.87 +/- 0.08. This pKB (-log KB) showed that Sgd 101/75 was competing for the
      same receptor after POB treatment and before POB treatment (mean of -log KA =
      4.92 +/- 0.12).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2888873
TI  - ICI 147,798: a novel diuretic agent with beta adrenoceptor blocking activity.
AB  - ICI 147,798 is a novel compound which has both diuretic and beta adrenoceptor
      blocking properties in a single molecule. The natriuretic activity at 30 mg/kg
      p.o. was about 65% of the hydrochlorothiazide value at 10 mg/kg p.o. in saline
      loaded rats; the corresponding kaliuretic activity was 42%. The natriuretic and
      the kaliuretic activity of ICI 147,798 in dogs were similar to that of
      hydrochlorothiazide over the doses 1 to 20 mg/kg p.o., although significantly
      less kaliuresis was obtained with ICI 147,798 at 1 mg/kg p.o. In the toad bladder
      preparation (analogous to the distal mammalian nephron), ICI 147,798 inhibited
      Na+ transport with mucosal and serosal IC50 values of 56 and 120 microM,
      respectively. ICI 147,798 inhibited isoproterenol-induced tachycardia in rats,
      cats, guinea pigs and dogs; these effects were associated with antagonism of
      isoproterenol vasodepressor responses. The pKB values of ICI 147,798 were 9.1 and
      8.8 in isolated right atria and trachea of guinea pigs, respectively. ICI 147,798
      did not exhibit local anesthetic activity in rabbit cornea and intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity in catecholamine-depleted dogs and rats. Duration of
      beta blockade after a p.o. dose of 1 mg/kg in dogs followed the sequence: nadolol
      greater than ICI 147,798 greater than atenolol greater than timolol greater than
      propranolol. It is concluded that ICI 147,798 is a novel diuretic agent with
      nonselective beta blockade, and it appears to have the potential of a direct
      tubular action.

PMID- 2888874
TI  - Characteristics of 1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
      induced neurotoxicity in the mouse.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2'CH3-MPTP) was shown
      previously to be a more potent neurotoxicant than 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mice. The present investigation was conducted to
      determine possible reasons for the greater potency of 2'CH3-MPTP and to determine
      if its neurotoxic action might be similar to that of MPTP. 2'CH3-MPTP was a much
      better substrate for monoamine oxidase than was MPTP (Km values of 66 and 114
      microM and Vmax values of 3433 and 1389 nmol/g of tissue per hr for 2'CH3-MPTP
      and MPTP, respectively) and it is likely that this is an important feature which
      contributes to its greater potency. In addition, its pyridinium metabolite, 1
      methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)pyridinium was found to be an excellent substrate for
      the dopamine carrier with Km and Vmax values (513 nM and 4.1 nmol/g of tissue per
      min, respectively) similar to those of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (872 nM and
      5.2 nmol/g of tissue per min, respectively). In vivo, 2'CH3-MPTP-induced
      neurotoxicity, like MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, was attenuated by the
      pretreatment of mice with a dopamine uptake inhibitor (mazindol or GBR 13069).
      However, selective doses of the monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors, deprenyl or
      MDL 72145, failed to prevent in vivo neurotoxicity induced by 2'CH3-MPTP although
      these doses effectively blocked MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. Protection against
      2'CH3-MPTP-induced neurotoxicity was observed only at a nonselective dose of MDL
      72145 which blocked both MAO-B and MAO-A activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2888875
TI  - In rat hippocampus, somatostatin 14 and muscarinic receptor ligands modulate an
      adenylate cyclase belonging to a common domain of the receptor.
AB  - In hippocampal slices, somatostatin 14 and its stable analog L363 [cyclo(Phe-Pro
      Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr)] fail to modify muscarinic signal transduction mediated by
      stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown, whereas somatostatin 14 mimics
      oxotremorine in inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity of hippocampal membranes.
      The simultaneous addition of somatostatin 14 and oxotremorine elicits a
      nonadditive convergent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Both L363 and
      oxotremorine nonadditively stimulate a high-affinity guanosine 5'-triphosphatase
      activity of hippocampal membranes. This stimulation could be operative in
      mediating the convergent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity elicited by the
      binding of specific ligands to somatostatin and muscarinic recognition sites
      present in hippocampal membranes. Because L363 competitively displaces muscarinic
      agonists fand antagonists from their specific recognition sites, one might infer
      that the two recognition sites interact functionally; that is, somatostatin
      reduces the efficacy of oxotremorine and/or vice versa.

PMID- 2888876
TI  - Mechanisms mediating the positive inotropic and chronotropic changes induced by
      dopexamine in the anesthetized dog.
AB  - Mechanisms contributing to the increments in heart rate (HR) and cardiac
      contractile force (CCF) produced by dopexamine (DPX) were studied in anesthetized
      dogs. Intravenous infusions of DPX (4.0 micrograms/kg/min) produced increments in
      HR, CCF and renal blood flow and decrements in mean arterial pressure (MAP). The
      sequential administration of atenolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) administered at a dose
      selective for beta-1 adrenoceptors, propranolol (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) and the DA1
      dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 (10 micrograms/kg i.v.) blocked the DPX
      induced changes in HR, CCF, MAP and renal blood flow, respectively. After
      ganglionic blockade, the increments in HR and CCF produced by DPX (4.0 and 16.0
      micrograms/kg i.v.) were reduced 90 and 76%, respectively, with little or no
      change in its hypotensive effect. In separate dogs, administration of the beta-2
      adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol (0.55 microgram/kg i.v.) produced a comparable
      decrement in MAP but smaller increments in HR and CCF than produced by DPX (16.0
      micrograms/kg i.v.). DPX (64 micrograms/kg i.v.) also produced greater increments
      in HR during cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation (1 Hz, 0.5 msec, supramaximal
      voltage) than before nerve stimulation. Therefore, we tested the effect of DPX
      (1.0, 4.0 and 8.0 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) on the increments in HR, CCF and MAP
      produced by norepinephrine (0.25 microgram/kg i.v.) and the indirect acting
      sympathomimetic amine, tyramine (60 micrograms/kg i.v.). DPX potentiated the
      increments in HR, CCF and MAP produced by norepinephrine and suppressed those
      produced by tyramine. Thus, the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of
      DPX in the intact dog are due primarily to baroreceptor-mediated stimulation and
      inhibition of neuronal uptake of norepinephrine.

PMID- 2888877
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic inhibition of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells in vitro: a voltage
      clamp study.
AB  - 1. The effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine on the membrane
      properties of Purkinje cells were analysed in sagittal slices of adult rat
      cerebellum by the use of intracellular recordings performed at a somatic level in
      the single-electrode voltage-clamp mode. 2. In preliminary current-clamp
      experiments, clonidine elicited in all cells a hyperpolarization 3-8 mV in
      amplitude, accompanied by a 15-35% increase of the input resistance when it was
      added to the bath at a concentration of 2-5 microM. 3. In voltage-clamped cells
      at a potential of -65 mV. the same concentration of clonidine always induced an
      outward shift of the holding current (0.2-0.5 nA in amplitude), thus
      corresponding to the hyperpolarization seen in current-clamp experiments, and
      this effect was accompanied by a clear increase of membrane resistance.
      Furthermore, clonidine markedly depressed the inward relaxations induced by
      hyperpolarizing commands of amplitude less than 10-20 mV whereas those induced by
      larger steps were much less affected. All these effects of clonidine were
      reversible when the drug was washed out. 4. When the slices were bathed in a
      medium containing 10 mM-Cs and 5 X 10(-6) M-tetrodotoxin, the inward relaxations
      induced by hyperpolarizing steps were abolished. However, a small inward current
      was still present when the membrane potential was stepped back to -65 mV, which
      was in turn blocked by the Ca-channel blocker Cd. This inward Ca current was also
      blocked by 2-5 microM-clonidine in the bath. 5. All these effects of clonidine
      were abolished by the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists prazosin and phentolamine at
      concentrations of 0.5 and 40 microM respectively in the bath. In contrast, they
      were only weakly antagonized or unaffected by 2 microM of the alpha 2-adrenergic
      antagonist yohimbine. 6. On the basis of these results and of a previous work on
      the ionic basis of the inward rectification of Purkinje cells (Crepel & Penit
      Soria, 1986), it appears that these neurones exhibit a well developed alpha
      (possibly alpha 1)-adrenergic inhibition of a low-threshold Ca conductance and a
      Ca-dependent K conductance operating near resting potential.

PMID- 2888878
TI  - Quantal currents evoked by graded intracellular depolarization of crayfish motor
      axon terminals.
AB  - 1. Quantal transmitter release was examined at nerve terminals of the excitatory
      motor axon of the crayfish opener muscle. The magnitude of synaptic currents,
      recorded with macro-patch electrodes at a nerve terminal, served as a measure of
      quantal size. Transmitter release was initiated by pulses of depolarizing current
      applied intracellularly to the axonal terminals after application of
      tetrodotoxin. Quantal release was altered by a variety of methods and the
      resulting quantal output and quantal size were measured. 2. Amplitude
      distributions of quantal events were obtained during experimental manipulations
      which altered the rate of quantal release by up to 25-fold. These manipulations
      consisted of: varying pulse amplitude or pulse duration; facilitating the release
      by prolonged depolarization; and application of a potassium channel blocker, 4
      aminopyridine. 3. The amplitude of quantal events is impervious to marked changes
      in presynaptic depolarization and is not affected by experimental procedures
      which promote accumulation of calcium ions in the terminals. The vesicular
      mechanism of release, in which transmitter substance is prepackaged in vesicles
      which individually undergo exocytosis at a release zone, could account for the
      observed results.

PMID- 2888879
TI  - Importance of vagal input in maintaining gastric tone in the dog.
AB  - 1. Using a gastric barostat to quantify variations in gastric tone, we had
      previously demonstrated that food ingestion or intestinal nutrient perfusion
      induces gastric relaxation. These data suggested a basal tonic contraction of the
      stomach during fasting. 2. To determine the role of vagal input in maintaining
      fasting gastric tone, we prepared two chronic canine models, either isolating
      both cervical vagal trunks in a cutaneous tunnel or including the
      supradiaphragmatic vagi within an implanted cooling jacket. In the fasted
      conscious dogs, we then studied the effect, on gastric tone, of acute and
      reversible vagal blockade by cooling. 3. Cervical vagal cooling produced a
      reversible gastric relaxation and increased the heart rate. Supradiaphragmatic
      vagal cooling produced a similar gastric relaxation without the cardiac effect.
      4. Adrenergic blockade did not change either the base-line gastric tone or the
      cooling-induced relaxation. Adrenaline decreased gastric tone, but vagal cooling
      still produced a significant relaxation. 5. Atropine alone or combined with
      adrenergic antagonists produced a gastric relaxation that was not further
      increased by vagal cooling. Bethanechol increased gastric tone, an effect
      unchanged by vagal cooling. 6. We conclude that gastric tone during fasting is
      maintained by a cholinergic input, which is vagally mediated at both the cervical
      and the supradiaphragmatic levels.

PMID- 2888881
TI  - Parasympathetic nervous control of tracheal vascular resistance in the dog.
AB  - 1. The dog trachea has a copious subepithelial vasculature supplied at the
      cranial end by arteries from the superior thyroid artery. The parasympathetic
      innervation is partly in the superior laryngeal nerves, stimulation of which
      causes vasodilatation on both sides. 2. Section of these nerves causes a small
      dilatation, suggesting that there is no significant resting parasympathetic
      dilator tone. 3. The dilator response to nerve stimulation is about halved when
      atropine is given, indicating a cholinergic mechanism. 4. The residual
      vasodilatation on nerve stimulation in the presence of atropine is reduced but
      not abolished by hexamethonium, suggesting that an antidromic vasodilator pathway
      can be activated. 5. Stimulation of the nerves increased tracheal mucosal
      thickness at the same time as vascular resistance decreased. Thus vasodilator
      mechanisms of parasympathetic origin may contribute to tracheal mucosal swelling
      and hyperaemia. 6. There is considerable vascular anastomosis between the two
      sides of the trachea, and possibly also a crossing-over of the parasympathetic
      innervation.

PMID- 2888880
TI  - On the excitatory post-synaptic potential evoked by stimulation of the optic
      tract in the rat lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the excitatory post
      synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.) evoked by electrical stimulation of the optic
      tract were studied in projection neurones of the ventral and dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus (l.g.n.) of the rat in vitro. 2. No difference was found in
      the rise time of e.p.s.p.s. recorded in the dorsal and ventral l.g.n. and in
      their threshold for action potentials. At membrane potentials more negative than 
      60 mV, e.p.s.p.s. in the dorsal l.g.n. were always followed by a Ca2+-dependent
      potential. Its amplitude could easily reach threshold for generating an action
      potential and thus evoke firing from an e.p.s.p. that was subthreshold at resting
      potential. No Ca2+ potential was observed to follow e.p.s.p.s. recorded in the
      ventral l.g.n. 3. At resting potential the excitability of dorsal and ventral
      cells was unaffected following an initial shock to the optic tract. However, in
      dorsal neurones, at potentials more negative than -60 mV, the presence of Ca2+
      potentials evoked by the e.p.s.p.s. resulted in a period of decreased
      excitability. 4. Using intrasomatic injection of Cs+ the reversal potential (E)
      of the e.p.s.p. and of the depolarization produced by glutamate could be measured
      in the same l.g.n. neurone. They were: Eepsp, -0.9 mV; and Eglut, -3.9 mV. 5.
      gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG), an excitatory amino acid antagonist, reversibly
      inhibited the e.p.s.p. and depolarization produced by quisqualate and glutamate
      by a competitive action. The concentration of DGG that produced 50% inhibition
      (IC50) was 2.7 mM. 6. D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), the potent and
      selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, had no effect on the e.p.s.p.
      both in the presence and absence of Mg2+. The isomers of 2-amino-4
      phosphonobutyrate (APB) were inactive or had a non-specific action on the
      e.p.s.p. 7. No difference could be detected in either the reversal potential or
      the action of the antagonists between neurones of the dorsal and the ventral
      l.g.n. 8. These results suggest that Ca2+-dependent potentials play an important
      role in modulating synaptic efficacy in principal neurones of the dorsal l.g.n.
      The quisqualate/kainate nature of the optic nerve receptors and the similarity of
      Eepsp and Eglut constitute strong support in favour of a glutamate-like substance
      as the transmitter of the optic nerve.

PMID- 2888882
TI  - Statistics of neuromuscular transmitter release in young and old mouse muscle.
AB  - 1. It was reported previously that in limb muscles of old (27-30 months) CBF-1
      mice, quantal content (m) of evoked transmitter release was increased compared to
      that in young (9-12 months) mice. In diaphragm muscles there was no change with
      age. The object of the present study was to determine whether the age-related
      increase in transmitter release was due to increase in the binomial parameter n
      or the parameter p. The analysis also involved consideration of goodness-of-fit
      between observed and expected binomial distribution of the data. 2. Spontaneous
      miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) and evoked end-plate potentials
      (e.p.p.s) were recorded with intracellular techniques from soleus and diaphragm
      muscles bathed in low-Ca high-Mg medium. The goodness-of-fit between the observed
      e.p.p amplitude distribution and that expected from a binomial distribution was
      evaluated by chi 2 test. 3. In different muscles and at different ages, the
      percentage of fibres with binomial e.p.p. distributions varied from 17 to 44%,
      even though in all fibres there was a similar proportionality between direct
      quantal content and the reciprocal of the square of the coefficient of variation
      of e.p.p. amplitudes. In addition, apparent graphical agreement between observed
      and theoretical binomial e.p.p. distributions was often not substantiated by the
      chi 2 criterion. 4. In soleus muscles from young mice, lowering the stimulus
      frequency from 10 to 0.5 Hz and shortening the train length from 250 to 100
      pulses increased the prevalence of binomial e.p.p. distributions, but the same
      result was not obtained in diaphragm or soleus muscles from old mice. If the mean
      amplitude of groups of 10 e.p.p.s in any train showed any drift (greater than
      10%) then that train was excluded from the results. Thus, in order to make valid
      age comparisons, only fibres with binomial e.p.p. distributions were analysed
      further. 5. There was no change with age in m, n or p in diaphragm muscles, but
      in soleus muscles from old animals a nearly 2-fold increase in n entirely
      accounted for the increase in m. 6. If, as proposed by others, n represents the
      number of release sites, then the ageing soleus neuromuscular junction may have
      increased numbers or length of active zones or associated membrane components.

PMID- 2888883
TI  - Contributions of inhibitory mechanisms to the shift responses of X and Y cells in
      the cat lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - 1. Adult cats were anaesthetized with a mixture of halothane, nitrous oxide and
      oxygen to record from single neurones of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
      (d.l.g.n.) with five-barrel glass micro-electrodes. Periphery effects (shift
      effects) were elicited by large-field phase-reversing gratings presented in the
      visual field outside the conventional receptive field area. 2. A range of
      transient excitatory responses was found in X and Y cells. Y cells had phasic
      shift effects with significantly higher amplitudes and shorter durations (mean 52
      impulses/s, 135 ms) than those observed in the tonic shift effects of X cells
      (mean 24 impulses/s, 169 ms). All Y cells and most X cells responded to
      stimulation of remote retinal regions. About 7% of the X cells displayed no shift
      effect. 3. Micro-ionophoresis of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist
      bicuculline, acetylcholine (ACh) and L-glutamate specifically influenced the
      shift effects of X and Y cells. 4. During continuous application of the GABA
      antagonist bicuculline the differences in maximal response rates and amplitudes
      of X and Y cells were eliminated. The maintained activity raised predominantly in
      X cells and the early peak rates increased more in X- than in Y-cell shift
      effects, leading to equal average peak rates of 100 and response amplitudes of
      about 85 impulses/s in both cell classes. The characteristic time courses of X-
      and Y-cell responses were not affected. 5. Micro-ionophoretic application of ACh
      caused a combination of excitatory and disinhibitory effects. Maintained activity
      as well as early parts of stimulus-evoked responses were similarly raised in X
      and Y cells. In addition, the Y-cell shift effects became less phasic by
      elevation of the late response part. Sodium pentobarbitone, used to block ACh
      excitation, suppressed the ACh-induced effects in the early phase of the X- and Y
      cell shift effects and the increase of maintained activity in Y-cells, while the
      effect on the late part of Y-cell responses persisted. Elevation of background
      activity partially remained in X cells, and the X-cell responses became tonically
      prolonged at the same time. 6. L-Glutamate increased the activity of X and Y
      cells without changing the characteristic shift-effect properties of both cell
      classes. 7. It is concluded that different short- and long-lasting inhibitory
      mechanisms shape the responses of d.l.g.n. neurones to stimulation outside the
      conventional receptive field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2888884
TI  - Influence of depolarizing pulse duration on the time course of transmitter
      release in lobster.
AB  - 1. Experiments have been made at lobster neuromuscular synapses to study synaptic
      delays and in particular the phenomenon known as 'latency shift'. Earlier work
      had suggested that synaptic delay becomes prolonged when pulses of long duration
      are applied to presynaptic terminals. 2. By observing single quanta, prolonged
      depolarizing pulses at low and moderate amplitudes have been shown to shift the
      peak of the synaptic delay histogram. There is however no increase in the minimal
      delay. 3. The apparent differences between these and earlier results have been
      shown to depend on differences in experimental procedures. In particular, in the
      present study equal numbers of pulses are applied at the various pulse durations
      and the number of quanta that had been released is presented.

PMID- 2888885
TI  - The secretory actions of histamine in rat small intestine.
AB  - 1. Histamine caused a dose-dependent rise in the transintestinal potential
      difference in vivo that was competitively blocked by H1, but not by H2
      antagonists. This effect of histamine was also reduced by the cyclo-oxygenase
      inhibitor indomethacin. 2. Histamine induced a net secretion of fluid by the
      small intestine and this effect was reduced by indomethacin. 3. In intestinal
      sheets histamine increased the potential difference, short-circuit current and
      tissue resistance. This response was decreased in the absence of Cl- and in the
      presence of furosemide, suggesting that Cl- secretion was responsible for the
      observed electrical changes. This was confirmed by direct measurement of ion
      fluxes which showed an increase in net Cl- secretion together with an inhibition
      of net Na+ absorption. 4. The response to histamine was Ca2+-dependent since it
      was inhibited by removal of serosal Ca2+ and by verapamil. 5. Indomethacin caused
      a dose-dependent reduction in the response of intestinal sheets to histamine,
      without affecting the rise in short-circuit current induced by mucosal glucose or
      serosal prostaglandin E2. Mepacrine also inhibited the response to histamine, but
      not that to prostaglandin E2. 6. It is concluded that histamine induces
      intestinal secretion by stimulating the production of prostaglandins which then
      activate the secretory process.

PMID- 2888886
TI  - A fast electrophoretic isoenzyme technique for the identification of invasive and
      non-invasive Entamoeba histolytica and "E. histolytica-like" organisms.
AB  - Cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE) was used to separate glucosephosphate
      isomerase, hexokinase, malic enzyme, and phosphoglucomutase extracted from
      invasive and non-invasive Entamoeba histolytica and "E. histolytica-like"
      organisms. Each of these morphologically similar organisms possessed a unique CAE
      isoenzyme profile that can be used as an aid in their identification. The CAE
      technique used to obtain these isoenzyme profiles is rapid, simple, and
      economical, and it requires neither specialized training nor elaborate equipment.

PMID- 2888887
TI  - Application of free tissue transfers to the foot.
AB  - During the past five years we have used three sources of free tissue transfers in
      26 patients to reconstruct defects of the ankle and dorsum, hind, mid- and
      forefoot, defects poorly or unamenable to traditional reconstructive methods.
      These included free muscle transfers covered with a skin graft, temporoparietal
      fascia also covered with a graft, and radial forearm skin or fascia. In addition,
      six complex defects were reconstructed with composite tissue free transfers,
      usually tendinocutaneous flaps. There was one partial flap loss. All were
      successful in both healing the defect and in providing functional restoration,
      except in the forefoot. From an analysis of these cases, we have developed
      indications for various transfers based on the functional needs of the area
      involved and donor site requirements.

PMID- 2888888
TI  - Psychological treatment for benzodiazepine dependence.

PMID- 2888889
TI  - Identification and characterization of specific binding sites for somatostatin in
      cytosol of bovine cystic duct mucosa.
AB  - Specific binding sites for somatostatin have been detected in cytosolic fraction
      of bovine cystic duct mucosa. At 37 degrees C, the interaction of 125I-Tyr11
      somatostatin with cytosolic fraction was rapid, reversible, specific and
      saturable. At equilibrium, the binding of tracer was competitively inhibited by
      native peptide in the 1 nM to 2 microM range of concentrations. Scatchard
      analysis of binding data suggested the presence of two distinct classes of
      somatostatin binding sites: a class with a high affinity (Kd = 7.8 +/- 0.3 nM)
      and a low capacity (1.3 +/- 0.3 pmol somatostatin/mg protein) and a class with a
      low affinity (Kd = 129.1 +/- 2.0 nM) and a high capacity (43.5 +/- 6.7 pmol
      somatostatin/mg protein). The binding sites were shown to be highly specific for
      somatostatin since neuropeptides present in cystic duct such as Leu-enkephalin,
      neurotensin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide did practically not
      show competition. These findings suggest that somatostatin could contribute to
      the regulation of the functions of the cystic duct mucosa in physiological and
      pathological conditions.

PMID- 2888890
TI  - Similarity of central and peripheral alpha-1 adrenoceptors in rat and rabbit.
AB  - In order to examine species and tissue differences in alpha 1 adrenoceptors,
      binding experiments were performed using 3H-prazosin and membrane homogenates of
      central nervous and peripheral tissues of rabbit (cortex and spleen), and rat
      (cortex, spleen, and liver). Saturation studies indicated one binding site for 3H
      prazosin, with apparent log molar dissociation constants (pKD) ranging from 9.43
      to 10.20. The rank orders of affinities of three competing antagonists (prazosin
      much greater than idazoxan greater than rauwolscine) and five agonists
      (cirazoline greater than clonidine approximately equal to (-)-norepinephrine
      greater than (-)-phenylephrine greater than (+)-norepinephrine) were typical of
      alpha 1 receptors in all tissues. There were small but significant differences in
      the mean affinities of rauwolscine, idazoxan and cirazoline among the five
      tissues. No significant differences in pseudo-Hill coefficients were observed
      among tissues, although agonist binding curves were shallow (.7 to .85) and
      prazosin competition curves were significantly steeper (greater than .85).
      Guanine nucleotide did not affect the position or slope of the (-)-norepinephrine
      competition profile in rat cortex. These results demonstrate a qualitative
      similarity among central and peripheral alpha 1 receptors of the rat and rabbit,
      with small differences observed between central and peripheral sites in both
      species.

PMID- 2888891
TI  - Routine use of beta-blockers following myocardial infarction: a note of dissent.

PMID- 2888892
TI  - Small bowel ischemia due to necrotizing vasculitis following serous otitis media.

PMID- 2888893
TI  - Principles of DNA-based prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: an introduction
      for the clinician.

PMID- 2888894
TI  - N6-(2,2-diphenylethyl)adenosine, a novel adenosine receptor agonist with
      antipsychotic-like activity.

PMID- 2888895
TI  - Studies on histamine H2 receptor antagonists. 2. Synthesis and pharmacological
      activities of N-sulfamoyl and N-sulfonyl amidine derivatives.
AB  - A series of N-sulfamoyl and N-sulfonyl amidines have been prepared and tested in
      vitro for H2 antihistamine activity on guinea pig atrium. In addition, several
      selected compounds were assessed as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion induced
      by histamine in anesthetized dogs. Structure-activity relationship studies showed
      that those compounds containing 2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]thiazole exhibited
      potent H2-receptor antagonist activity. Introduction of alkyl or aralkyl groups
      to the terminal nitrogen of the sulfamoyl moiety reduced biological activities.
      Sulfamoyl amidines were more potent in both tests than sulfonyl amidines. Of
      these compounds, 3-[[[2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]-4-thiazolyl]methyl]thio]- N2
      sulfamoylpropionamidine (2e, famotidine) showed extremely high potency in both
      assays and was selected for clinical trials as an antiulcer agent. Acid-catalyzed
      hydrolysis of famotidine gave the sulfamoyl amide 6 at room temperature and the
      carboxylic acid 7 at elevated temperatures. 15N NMR spectrum showed that
      famotidine in solution existed in only one of several possible tautomers derived
      from the amidine and the guanidine moieties. Nitrosation of famotidine was
      performed under mild condition and proved to occur on the 5-position of the
      thiazole ring.

PMID- 2888896
TI  - 2,4-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolines. 3. 2-(4-Heterocyclylpiperazin-1-yl)
      derivatives as alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists and antihypertensive agents.
AB  - A series of 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2(4-heterocyclylpiperazin-1-yl)quinazolines (3)
      was prepared and screened for alpha-adrenoceptor affinity and antihypertensive
      activity. These quinazoline derivatives showed high binding affinity (ca. 10(-10)
      M) and selectivity (greater than 10,000) for alpha 1-adrenoceptors in vitro, with
      no relevant activity at alpha 2 sites. Several compounds displayed similar
      activity to prazosin (Ki = 1.9 X 10(-10) M) while the dimethoxytriazine
      derivative 30 (Ki = 8 X 10(-11) M) was more potent. Like prazosin (pA2 = 8.37 +/-
      0.24), 30 proved to be a potent (pA2 = 8.63 +/- 0.15), competitive antagonist of
      the alpha 1-mediated vasoconstrictor action of norepinephrine. The high binding
      affinity of series 3 is most likely due to formation, at physiological pH, of the
      protonated, alpha 1-adrenoceptor pharmacophore 33, coupled with efficient
      hydrophobic interactions of the quinazoline 2-substituents. Computer-assisted
      super-imposition of prazosin and 30 showed little structural correspondence
      between the furoyl and dimethoxytriazine moieties, and specific interactions of
      these molecular fragments with the receptor protein appear unlikely. Series 3 was
      evaluated for antihypertensive activity after oral administration (5 mg/kg) to
      spontaneously hypertensive rats, and blood pressure was recorded after 1 and 6 h.
      In vivo performance was markedly dependent on the nature of the distal
      heterocyclic system and various derivatives demonstrated superior or equivalent
      profiles to prazosin, with respect to both antihypertensive efficacy and duration
      of action.

PMID- 2888898
TI  - Antipsychotic activity of substituted gamma-carbolines.
AB  - Several novel substituted gamma-carbolines were synthesized and examined in a
      series of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological tests to determine potential
      antipsychotic activity. Most compounds were orally active in blocking the
      conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in rats but did not antagonize apomorphine
      induced stereotyped behavior. Compound 17 (Wy-47,384), a gamma-carboline with a 3
      (3-pyridinyl)propyl side chain, was selected for development as an atypical
      antipsychotic agent because of its potent and selective profile in preclinical
      psychopharmacological tests. It blocked CAR in rats with an AB50 of 14 mg/kg po,
      showed weak affinity for the D2 receptor site (Ki = 104 nM), and showed
      differential potency in antagonizing apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior
      (ED50 = 11 mg/kg ip) and climbing behavior (ED50 = 4 mg/kg ip). Such activities
      are suggestive of antipsychotic efficacy combined with a low potential for
      extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability.

PMID- 2888897
TI  - 1,3-Dialkyl-4-(iminoarylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ols. A series of novel potential
      antipsychotic agents.
AB  - 2-(Diethylamino)-N-[4-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl] acetamide
      (1) was recently found to have an antipsychotic-like profile in behavioral animal
      tests but, unlike clinically available antipsychotic agents, did not interact
      with dopamine receptors. Compound 1 was apparently metabolized to (5-amino-1,3
      dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(2-fluorophenyl)methanone (2), which was both active in
      the behavioral animal tests and toxic. The synthesis and pharmacological
      evaluation of a series of 1,3-dialkyl-4-(iminoarylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ols are
      described in which the hydroxy and imine functionalities were selected as
      possible isosteric replacements for the amino and ketone groups of the earlier
      series. The initial target, 1,3-dimethyl-4-(iminophenylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ol
      (28), like known antipsychotics, reduced spontaneous locomotion in mice at doses
      that did not cause ataxia, and unlike known agents, it did not bind to D2
      dopamine receptors in vitro. An examination of the SAR of related compounds
      indicated that maximal activity was obtained with analogues containing methyl
      groups at the 1- and 3-positions on the pyrazole ring and with a 3-chloro
      substituent on the phenyl ring. Replacement of the hydrogen atom of the imine
      moiety with various substituents led to loss of activity. Attempts to synthesize
      the 2-fluorophenyl compound analogous to 2 resulted in ring-closure to 1,3
      dimethyl[1]benzopyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4-(1H)-one (65). 4-[(3
      Chlorophenyl)iminomethyl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol (41) was evaluated in
      additional tests. It inhibited conditioned avoidance responding in both rats and
      monkeys but, unlike available antipsychotic drugs, did not elicit dystonic
      movements in a primate model of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side
      effects.

PMID- 2888899
TI  - Combined analgesic/neuroleptic activity in N-butyrophenone prodine-like
      compounds.
AB  - Some 4-phenyl-4-piperidinols, corresponding esters, and related compounds with a
      p-fluorobutyrophenone chain on nitrogen were synthesized and evaluated in in
      vitro and in vivo tests in order to examine their ability to interact
      contemporaneously with opioid and dopamine receptors. The propionyloxy
      derivatives showed a good combination of analgesic and neuroleptic activity. With
      a 3-methyl substituent on the piperidine ring, the beta-configuration was the
      more active form not only for analgesic activity, as expected from previous
      results on prodines, but also for neuroleptic activity. Haloperidol and its
      propionate were also tested as reference compounds.

PMID- 2888900
TI  - A computerized information management system for educational programs in the
      health sciences.
AB  - The Physician Assistant Program at the University of Florida has developed and
      implemented a computerized information management system that eliminates time
      consuming duplication of effort in record-keeping and covers all functional
      components of the educational program. Data-base files for admissions, curriculum
      and/or evaluation design, student records, graduate follow-up, and research
      activities and a master file for administrative activities permit rapid accessing
      and transfer of information across files, continual updating of information, and
      efficient generating of records and reports pertaining to all program functions.
      Research about the program is enhanced through the correlation of data available
      in the five data-base files. This comprehensive system facilitates the audit of
      the program's educational process and the evaluation of its accomplishment of its
      stated objectives. The system can be easily adapted for use by other educational
      programs in medicine and the allied health sciences.

PMID- 2888901
TI  - The recent evolutionary origin of the phenylalanine-sensitive isozyme of 3-deoxy
      D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in the enteric lineage of bacteria.
AB  - Evolutionary events that generated the three regulatory isozymes of 3-deoxy-D
      arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase present in contemporary strains
      of Escherichia coli have been proposed recently [Ahmad et al. (1986) J Bacteriol
      165:146-154]. The phylogenetic subdivision of gram-negative prokaryotes studied
      (Superfamily B) includes enteric bacteria, an Oceanospirillum cluster,
      pseudomonad Group I (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa), pseudomonad Group V (e.g.,
      Xanthomonas), and the Acinetobacter grouping. DAHP synthase-phe, a regulatory
      isozyme subject to allosteric control by L-phenylalanine, was the last member of
      the isozyme family to evolve. Thus, DAHP synthase-phe is absent throughout
      Superfamily B except within the enteric lineage. Bacteria that make up the
      enteric lineage (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Erwinia, Serratia, Proteus, Aeromonas,
      and Alteromonas) were examined in detail; DAHP synthase-phe was present in each
      of these organisms. Therefore, the isozyme originated between the separation of
      the enteric and Oceanospirillum lineages, prior to the divergence of Alteromonas
      putrefaciens (44% homology with E. coli by DNA:rRNA hybridization) from the rest
      of the enteric lineage. DAHP synthase-tyr and DAHP synthase-trp were uniformly
      present within the enteric lineage, although it was often necessary to derepress
      DAHP synthase-trp by physiological manipulation in order to demonstrate its
      presence.

PMID- 2888902
TI  - Antinociceptive actions of intravenous alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in sheep.
AB  - The antinociceptive activity of the intravenously administered alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists, clonidine and xylazine, was measured in sheep using
      thermal and mechanical pressure threshold detection systems. Both drugs
      demonstrated clear antinociceptive activity for both forms of threshold stimuli
      and clonidine at 6 micrograms/kg i.v. was more potent and longer lasting than
      xylazine at 50 micrograms/kg i.v. The antinociceptive effects were reversed by
      idazoxan (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), but were not affected by naloxone at 0.2 mg/kg i.v.
      indicating that these effects were mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2888903
TI  - The role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as a neurotransmitter in canine
      penile erection: a combined in vivo and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid polypeptide found in the
      human gut and genitourinary tract, primarily affects vasodilation and smooth
      muscle relaxation. These effects have led to speculation that this neuropeptide
      may be a neurotransmitter in certain bodily functions, such as penile erection.
      We therefore designed an in vivo animal model to elucidate the influence of VIP
      and VIP antibody on the different stages of penile erection. We also performed
      immunohistochemical studies of the penile tissue to obtain further information
      about the distribution of VIP in the corpora cavernosa. Intracavernous injection
      of VIP induced penile erection. Its effect on arterial inflow was minor, but it
      caused active venous outflow restriction and was important in maintaining
      erection. VIP antibody blocked venous outflow restriction during neurostimulation
      induced erection. VIP was found in the cavernous tissue (in the area between the
      smooth-muscle cells and the sinusoidal spaces) in close proximity to the
      arteries. We conclude that VIP is a neurotransmitter in the erectile tissue of
      the penis, and that its effects are similar to those from electrostimulation of
      the cavernous nerve. VIP increases arterial flow, decreases venous flow, and
      induces sinusoidal relaxation.

PMID- 2888904
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in genital anomalies.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging, a new radiographic modality that is not dependent on
      ionizing radiation or intravenous contrast agents, was used to identify
      undescended testes in 11 patients. Of 14 undescended testes 13 were identified
      and the only testis that was not seen was in a patient with surgically proved
      unilateral anorchism. We also used magnetic resonance imaging in 9 patients with
      various types of intersex. The anatomy of the corpora cavernosa, vagina, uterus
      and gonads was well seen in each instance.

PMID- 2888905
TI  - Long-term effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (buserelin) on
      cryptorchid testes.
AB  - We studied 48 prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism between 1 year 3 months and 11
      years old who were treated with buserelin every other day for 6 months. Urinary
      luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, and testosterone remained
      unchanged during the entire treatment period. In boys older than 7 years a slight
      but significant increase in testosterone was noted in the first morning voided
      urine at the end of treatment. Testicular biopsies were obtained at orchiopexy in
      all patients in whom testicular descent was not complete (83 per cent). A
      significant increase in the number of germ cells was observed in patients with
      unilateral and those with bilateral cryptorchidism, indicating that 6 months of
      buserelin therapy improved the fertility status even when testes were in an
      undescended position during treatment.

PMID- 2888906
TI  - Fertility in cryptorchidism: improved timing of fixation and treatment in an
      experimental model.
AB  - Modifications were made in an experimental model in the rat to make it more
      analogous to human cryptorchidism and more useful in evaluating treatment. The
      age of experimental bilateral cryptorchidism was changed from 3 days to 11 days.
      Neither group was able to father offspring. The age at orchiopexy also was
      modified from the range of 21 to 28 days to exactly 21 days. The ability to
      father offspring improved significantly (72 versus 30 per cent) and it was not
      significantly different from previously reported sham operated rats (84 per
      cent). The current experimental model demonstrates that early surgical treatment
      can restore fertility to mechanically cryptorchid animals. The model can be used
      to evaluate the effects of varying types and timing of treatment.

PMID- 2888907
TI  - Neuroscience, AIDS head agenda at AMA-NY Hospital-Cornell conference.

PMID- 2888908
TI  - Treatment of external gastrointestinal fistulas by a combination of total
      parenteral nutrition and somatostatin.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with external gastrointestinal fistulas were treated with a
      combination of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and somatostatin (ST). There was
      a significant fall in fistula output within the first day of treatment (p less
      than 0.001). On the first day of combined therapy, the reduction of fistula
      output was 70%, and in 68% of the cases, the fistula output fell to less than 50%
      of the initial level. Spontaneous closure was observed in 82% of the cases, and
      the time taken to close the fistula ranged between 1 and 14 days of starting
      therapy [5.4 +/- 0.7 days (mean +/- SEM)]. The response to TPN-ST treatment
      occurred, irrespective of age and sex of patients, duration and daily output of
      the fistulas before ST use, and their location in the gastrointestinal tract.
      Infection of fistula output was a factor of adverse prognosis. In all cases, and
      in the absence of mechanical obstacles, treatment that combines TPN and ST could
      be tried and continued up to 14 days in cases in which the fistula output falls
      more than 50% on the first day of treatment.

PMID- 2888909
TI  - [Comparative studies on hemodynamic effects of intravenous cimetidine, ranitidine
      and famotidine in intensive care unit patients].

PMID- 2888910
TI  - [Immunology in obstetrics. 5. Immunity in perinatal infections (3): Current
      topics on viral infections--AIDS and ATL (adult T-cell leukemia)].

PMID- 2888911
TI  - [Impression on the 22nd Congress of the Japanese Medical Society: with special
      reference to the Nursing Symposium].

PMID- 2888912
TI  - [The 22nd Congress of the Japanese Medical Society: a nursing student's view].

PMID- 2888913
TI  - [Reflection on the annual general meeting of the Japanese Association of Nursing:
      a thought as a member of a giant professional organization: hope for democratic
      organization and management].

PMID- 2888914
TI  - [Impression on the general meeting of the Japanese Association of Nursing:
      discussion of the keypoints of the 1987 meeting of the association].

PMID- 2888915
TI  - Characterization of the activity of a platelet activating factor antagonist, CV
      3988.
AB  - CV-3988 inhibited the vascular permeability increase induced by C16-PAF and C18
      PAF in rat skin in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition was shown to be
      specific and competitive with PAF on its receptor by the following observations:
      parallel shift of the dose-response curve; crossing of double reciprocal plots on
      the intersection of the ordinate; and no inhibition on other autacoids such as
      bradykinin, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and LTC4. PAF-induced blood pressure
      fall in rats was also suppressed by pretreatment with CV-3988 selectively.

PMID- 2888916
TI  - Effects of nipradilol, a new beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent with vasodilating
      properties, on transmural energy metabolism in the underperfused canine heart.
AB  - Effects of nipradilol on hemodynamics and transmural energy metabolism of
      underperfused (ischemic) canine hearts were investigated. The ischemic heart was
      prepared by constricting a tube connecting the circumflex coronary artery with
      the carotid artery for 10 min so that the perfusion pressure (CPP) was reduced to
      30 mmHg. The reduction in CPP resulted in decreases in coronary blood flow (CBF)
      by 70%, regional myocardial contractile force (MCF) by 30%, myocardial ATP
      contents by 32% (inner layer)-22% (outer) and creatine phosphate by 75% (inner)
      60% (outer). Increases in the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) by
      4.8 mmHg, myocardial inorganic phosphate contents by 1.9 times (inner)-1.3
      (outer) and lactate by 4.3 times (inner)-2.4 (outer) were also observed. In dogs
      with normal hearts, an infusion of nipradilol (10 micrograms/kg/min, i.v., for 15
      min) decreased CPP by 25%, CBF by 40%, cardiac effort index by 45% and MCF by 30
      to 40%, and it slightly increased LVEDP without affecting myocardial high-energy
      phosphate and lactate levels. In ischemic hearts, nipradilol infusion starting 5
      min before ischemia attenuated the ischemia-induced elevation of LVEDP to 1.8
      mmHg, and the ischemia-induced changes in high-energy phosphate contents to 1/2
      (inner)-1/3 (outer) and changes in lactate to 1/6 (inner)-1/10 (outer). These
      results indicate that nipradilol improves the ischemic derangement of both
      transmural energy metabolism and hemodynamics.

PMID- 2888917
TI  - In vitro characterization of alpha-adrenergic receptor in rabbit detrusor muscle.
AB  - In the isolated detrusor smooth muscle of the rabbit urinary bladder,
      acetylcholine, prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha, histamine and methoxamine produced
      dose-dependent contractions. The order of efficacy was acetylcholine greater than
      PGF2 alpha greater than histamine greater than methoxamine. Acetylcholine and
      oxotremorine increased tension remarkably in the rabbit detrusor muscle; and McN
      A-343 also developed tension, but with weaker sensitivity and efficacy. The
      contractile response to acetylcholine was competitively antagonized by atropine
      (pA2 9.24) and pirenzepine (pA2 6.96), respectively. Histamine and 2
      pyridylethylamine caused dose-dependent contractions. On the other hand, dimaprit
      caused no response in this tissue. Mepyramine (pA2 8.80) competitively
      antagonized the contraction induced by histamine, whereas cimetidine failed to
      antagonize the contraction even at a high concentration of 10(-5) M.
      Norepinephrine, phenylephrine and methoxamine have greater efficacies in the
      ability to contract than clonidine. R(-)- and S(+)-YM-12617 and YM-12617 (pA2
      10.4, 8.31 and 9.75, respectively) and prazosin (pA2 8.13), phentolamine (pA2
      7.55) and yohimbine (pA2 6.44) competitively antagonized the contraction elicited
      by methoxamine. These results suggest that the contraction of rabbit detrusor
      muscle can be mediated by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors as well as M2-muscarinic
      and H1-histaminergic receptors and suggest that the contractile force mediated by
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist is smaller than those stimulated by the other
      receptor agonists.

PMID- 2888918
TI  - Potentiating effect of tyramine on acetaldehyde-induced vasoconstriction in
      isolated dog mesenteric arteries.
AB  - The stainless steel cannula inserting method was used to investigate the effects
      of acetaldehyde on isolated and perfused dog mesenteric arteries. Acetaldehyde
      when intraluminally administered induced a marked vasoconstriction, but
      repetitive injections of acetaldehyde caused tachyphylaxis. Acetaldehyde-induced
      vasoconstrictions were blocked by bunazosin, an alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist.
      After tyramine treatment, the acetaldehyde-induced constriction was consistently
      restored temporarily. It is suggested that tyramine may induce a release of
      norepinephrine mostly from the vesicle to the neuronal cytosol, and acetaldehyde
      may cause a release of norepinephrine from the cytosol to the extracellular space
      in the isolated canine mesenteric artery.

PMID- 2888919
TI  - [Appearance of ATL cell and ATLA-related reactions in diffuse panbronchiolitis].

PMID- 2888920
TI  - [Appearance of ATLA-related reactions and ATL-like cells in idiopathic
      interstitial pneumonia].

PMID- 2888921
TI  - [Preventive measures against intractable asthma--from a behavioral point of
      view].

PMID- 2888922
TI  - [Biofeedback therapy of bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2888923
TI  - [Aorto-arteritis (Takayasu disease) in clinical picture].

PMID- 2888924
TI  - Prostaglandin-E2 receptors in the rat kidney: biochemical characterization and
      localization.
AB  - A radiohistochemical technique yielding data on the distribution and
      characteristics of PGE2-receptor binding in tissue sections is described. The
      binding of tritiated PGE2 (3H-PGE2) to slide-mounted tissue sections had all the
      characteristics associated with ligand-receptor interactions: it was saturable,
      of high affinity and displayed high specificity for PGE2 binding. From the
      binding curves a Hill coefficient of 1.1 was calculated which suggests the
      presence of a homogeneous receptor population. Pretreatment with indomethacin for
      four days resulted in a 66% increase in maximal binding capacity (Bmax) without
      any change in affinity. The distribution of receptor was mapped in rats with and
      without indomethacin pretreatment and compared to the distribution of Tamm
      Horsfall glycoprotein, a specific marker for the thick ascending limb of Henle.
      In both groups the PGE2 receptor showed striking regional variation. In the
      untreated group the distribution of PGE2 receptors was similar to that of the
      thick ascending limb of Henle, with maximal density in the outer medullary zone.
      After indomethacin pretreatment, however, a striking increase in inner medullary
      binding was observed together with increased binding in the cortex. Thus, in
      accordance with the main action of PGE2 being regulation of renal water and
      sodium excretion, we found the highest receptor density in areas of the kidney
      dominated by the thick ascending limb of Henle and collecting tubules, and much
      less binding to glomeruli and cortical vessels. In order to investigate
      characteristics and distribution of PGE2 receptor binding, however, it was
      mandatory that endogenous prostanoid synthesis is blocked.

PMID- 2888925
TI  - [Physiologic and immunologic aspects of the adaptation of man to increased heat
      exposure in an enclosed environment].
AB  - Physiological and immunological investigations have shown that on day 2 of
      adaptation to the warming enclosed environment the test subjects may develop
      pustular skin disease. A certain role in the disease is played by the
      autoinfection process aggravated by sensitization of the organism to
      autoantigens.

PMID- 2888926
TI  - Probability of quantal transmitter release from nerve terminals: theoretical
      considerations in the determination of spatial variation.
AB  - The release of transmitter occurs in discrete quantal units, such that the number
      released (m) is equal to the number available (n) times the average probability
      of release (p). Although a common method of estimating these parameters is to use
      simple binomial statistics, results may be biased if there is spatial or temporal
      variation in n and p (vars p, vart n, vart p). The problem arises in the
      simultaneous analysis of five variables, which is impractical due to the
      complexity and margin of error involved. The proposed solution is to eliminate
      two variables (vart n, vart p) by assuming stationarity and to obtain the
      required information from the first three moments of m. The resulting quadratic
      equation gives two solutions, p1 and p2. Computer simulation of quantal output as
      a function of vars p indicates that p1 is the better estimator of p when vars p
      is small, but that p2 is better when vars p is large. This changeover or
      "inflection" occurs at points which correspond to the maximum vars p obtainable
      by unimodal distributions of p (larger vars p being obtained by bimodal
      distributions). Comparison of the simulated histogram of m with those predicted
      by p1 and p2 shows that p1 provides the better fit, whether vars p is large or
      small. This discrepancy indicates that histogram analysis is unable to
      distinguish the appropriate estimate. The major limitations in the procedure can
      be met by assuming (1) stationarity (which can be attained and tested
      experimentally), and (2) normal distribution of p (since vars p is then less than
      "inflection" point, p1 will always be the correct estimate). The overall findings
      demonstrate that vars p and unbiased estimates of n and p may be calculated,
      provided reasonable assumptions are made. This in turn should allow the continued
      use of quantal parameters for describing transmitter release.

PMID- 2888927
TI  - Mechanisms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
AB  - The basic mechanism or mechanisms of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) are
      still unknown despite extensive research on alcoholism. There are, however, two
      major hypotheses or groups of hypotheses. Increasing experimental evidence
      supports adaptive changes in membrane lipids and/or proteins in response to
      prolonged high alcohol concentrations which might cause abnormal function after
      withdrawal of alcohol in general or more specifically in certain receptor sites.
      Changes in the formation or concentration of some receptor ligands as a
      consequence of alcohol metabolism are, however, also possible. Both can cause
      changes in neurotransmission, and these have been found in several systems.
      Although all studies do not agree, there seems to be some reduction in gabaergic,
      enkephalinergic, and possibly in dopaminergic function and increase in
      glutaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic and possibly in serotoninergic and
      tryptaminergic activity at least in some neurons during AWS. These may be
      involved in producing some symptoms, but the variable whole AWS, particularly its
      two phases, remains to be explained.

PMID- 2888928
TI  - Cerebral monoamine neurotransmitters in opioid withdrawal and dependence.
AB  - The functioning of cerebral monoaminergic neurons is altered during withdrawal
      from morphine. Our results suggest that the functioning of cerebral dopaminergic
      and possibly 5HTergic neurons might be regulated by opioid mechanisms and these
      neurons may be important in the reinforcing and rewarding effects of morphine.
      The limbic dopaminergic neurons seem to be more vulnerable to chronic opioid
      administration than the striatal ones. The cerebral noradrenergic neurons seem to
      be linked with physical signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

PMID- 2888929
TI  - Aminergic regulation of neuroendocrinological functions: theoretical background
      and some clinical examples.
AB  - Remarkable progress has been made during recent years in the central regulation
      of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors and the respective anterior
      pituitary hormones. There are two nearly universal inhibitory organizations:
      short tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons and somatostatinergic system
      originating from the periventricular hypothalamus and terminating to the median
      eminence. It is now known that e.g. dopamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine
      enhance while 5-hydroxytryptamine and GABA inhibit somatostatin secretion. These
      transmitters are also involved in the regulation of all releasing factors and
      pituitary hormones. Clinical applications have been developed based on the
      regulation of prolactin and growth hormone. Inhibitory TIDA neurons are
      undoubtedly the major determinants of prolactin secretion. Hyperprolactinaemia is
      one of the most common endocrinological side-effects of the drugs antagonizing
      dopaminergic transmission. Expectedly, dopaminergic drugs (bromocryptine,
      lergotrile, piribedil, dopamine and levodopa) are quite effective in reducing
      high prolactin levels regardless of the reason. The secretion of growth hormone
      is predominantly under dual dopaminergic control: hypothalamic stimulation and
      pituitary inhibition. The former masters the function of the normal gland, while
      the peripheral inhibitory component takes over in acromegalic gland. Hence
      dopaminergic drugs are able to reduce elevated growth hormone levels in 30-50% of
      the acromegalic patients. In normal man, dopamine agonists increase growth
      hormone levels. An analogous situation can be seen in Cushing's disease regarding
      ACTH secretion.

PMID- 2888930
TI  - Neurochemical aspects of amino acid transmitters and modulators.
AB  - The presynaptic and postsynaptic actions of amino acid transmitters gamma
      aminobutyrate, glutamate, aspartate and glycine in the central nervous system are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2888931
TI  - Protection against hypoxic/ischaemic brain damage with excitatory amino acid
      antagonists.
AB  - Selective neuronal loss in the hippocampus following transient forebrain
      ischaemia appears to be excitotoxic in origin. The early cytological changes in
      the rat hippocampus (1-2 hours after 10 or 30 minutes of ischaemia) have the
      ultrastructural appearances of an excitotoxic lesion. Focal injection of an
      excitatory amino acid antagonist acting competitively on the N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptor, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (2-APH) in one hippocampus
      protects against the early cytopathology, and, when repeated 4 and 10 hours after
      the ischaemia, partially protects against selective nerve cell loss. Systemic
      administration of 2-APH or of a non-competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor,
      ketamine, also protects against neuronal loss. Blockade of excitatory
      transmission at the NMDA receptor may provide a therapeutic approach to the acute
      treatment of cerebral ischaemia.

PMID- 2888932
TI  - GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex and drug actions.
AB  - This short review describes the benzodiazepine receptors, their interplay with
      GABAergic transmission and chloride ionophore, the search for endogenous ligands,
      and the drug responses that can be evoked through these receptors. Benzodiazepine
      receptors offer a unique pathway through which opposite drug actions e.g.,
      anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects can be exerted, and these actions can be
      inhibited with competitive receptor antagonists. The most plausible endogenous
      ligand for benzodiazepine receptors discovered so far, a polypeptide DBI, exerts
      actions opposite to those of the benzodiazepines used in clinical therapy. This
      has been the stimulus for a new look at the physiological role for these
      receptors.

PMID- 2888933
TI  - Chemical neurotransmission in the central nervous system as a target for drug
      treatment. Proceedings of a symposium. Helsinki, January 5-6, 1987.

PMID- 2888934
TI  - Monoaminergic mechanisms in affective disorders.
AB  - The monoamine hypothesis of depression originally proposed that depression is
      caused by a central deficiency of biogenic amines, and antidepressants were
      considered to work by correcting this deficiency. In the course of time, many
      studies have analysed monoamine metabolites in the urine, plasma and
      cerebrospinal fluid of patients and healthy controls under different conditions
      to test the hypothesis. These studies have failed to identify a robust metabolic
      disorder in depressive patients as a group. Certain subgroups of depressed
      patients have shown deviations in biogenic amine metabolism, the most consistent
      being reduced levels of the major serotonin and dopamine metabolites in the
      cerebrospinal fluid. Noradrenaline metabolism is influenced by the activity of
      the sympathetic nervous system, and thus increases in anxious patients regardless
      of their clinical diagnosis. On the other hand, development of new
      antidepressants and advances in receptor techniques, together with modern
      electrophysiologic and behavioural studies have given increasing support to a
      receptor supersensitivity hypothesis of depression, based on the evidence that
      antidepressants lead to subsensitivity or down regulation of beta-adrenoceptors,
      and adaptive changes may occur also in other receptor systems after two three
      weeks of antidepressant treatment. There is also growing evidence on the manifold
      interplay of noradrenergic and serotonergic systems in the mechanism of actions
      of effective antidepressant treatments, including the new and more selective
      therapeutic compounds. The rapidly increasing knowledge of the neurotransmitter
      receptors as well as of the relations between the different regulatory systems
      may lead to more specific intervention strategies in efforts to correct the
      biological malfunction in the heterogeneous collection of diseases classified as
      affective disorders.

PMID- 2888935
TI  - Effect of alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation of isolated canine, ferret and guinea
      pig airways.
AB  - Functional responses and subtypes of alpha-adrenoceptors in canine trachealis
      smooth muscle were investigated using the agonists; epinephrine, norepinephrine,
      SK&F 89748 (alpha 1-selective) and BHT-933 (alpha 2-selective) in the presence of
      a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. Tissue contractility to these agonists was in the
      range of 16 to 46% of the maximum response to serotonin. SK&F 89748 was most
      effective in canine airways; however, the contractions could be abolished by
      methysergide. Neither precontraction of the airways by KCl nor degree of beta
      adrenoceptor blockade increased the reactivity of SK&F 89748 in this tissue.
      Reactivity of ferret and guinea pig airways to norepinephrine in the presence of
      beta-adrenoceptor blockade was insignificant. Responses of guinea pig airways to
      tyramine was about 1,000-fold less than those observed for vascular smooth
      muscle. Taken together these data suggest that alpha-adrenoceptors do not have
      any significance in the pathogenesis of airway hyperreactivity in dog, ferret and
      guinea pig airways. Moreover, adrenoceptors in guinea pig airways appear to be
      hormonal beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2888936
TI  - Ritanserin assessments in plasma and CSF by means of HPLC technique with
      fluorescence detection.
AB  - A specific HPLC-technique based on fluorescence detection was developed for assay
      of ritanserin, a serotonin receptor-blocking agent, in plasma and CSF. In 5 ml
      sample volumes, the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/ml, the recovery of ritanserin
      was 83 +/- 5%, and the inter-assay variability, expressed as the coefficient of
      variation, was 9.5% in the 2-788 ng/ml concentration range. When the values
      determined by this technique were compared with the results obtained by means of
      an independent HPLC-method with UV-detection, the coefficient of correlation was
      0.995 (p less than 0.001). However, our technique proved to be more specific and
      less complicated.

PMID- 2888938
TI  - [HTLV infections in women--a review].

PMID- 2888937
TI  - Topographic brain mapping of EEG in neuropsychopharmacology--Part II. Clinical
      applications (pharmaco EEG imaging).
AB  - Multi-lead analysis of drug-induced changes in human brain function as monitored
      by the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and subsequent imaging of
      topographic pharmaco-EEG maps has become possible and practical with the advent
      of modern mini- and micro-computers. The present paper gives a survey about
      topographic analyses of pharmaco-EEG data obtained in systematic double-blind,
      placebo-controlled studies in normal healthy volunteers involving representative
      drugs of 5 different psychopharmacological classes, such as neuroleptics
      (chlorprothixene), antidepressants (imipramine), tranquilizers (diazepam),
      psychostimulants (caffeine), and antihypoxidotics/nootropics (pyritinol). The
      determination of cerebral bioavailability utilizing time- and dose-efficacy
      relations, as well as the evaluation of bioequipotency of different formulations
      of compounds is shown. Topographic pharmaco-EEG seems not only to confirm our
      previous knowledge that quantitative analysis of the human EEG in combination
      with certain statistical procedures ("quantitative pharmaco-EEG") is a valuable
      method to determine if, how, when and at which dosage a drug will be centrally
      effective, but also to have the potential to show effects of psychotropic drugs
      on the target organ--the human brain--which could not be previously picked up by
      single lead recordings. Topographic pharmaco-EEG imaging can be viewed as an
      enlargement of our armamentarium to better understand the mode of action of
      psychotropic drugs in human neuropsychopharmacology, as well as to monitor and
      (eventually) predict therapeutic efficacy in patients.

PMID- 2888939
TI  - Prediction of endocrine response in breast cancer by immunocytochemical detection
      of oestrogen receptor in fine-needle aspirates.
AB  - An immunocytochemical technique has been developed to detect the oestrogen
      receptor (ER) in samples obtained by fine-needle aspiration of primary or
      secondary breast carcinoma tissue. 45 (75%) of 60 samples contained sufficient
      cells for analysis. 19 (90%) of 21 patients who responded to endocrine therapy
      had samples with ER-positive cells compared with only 7 (39%) of 18 of those who
      did not respond (p less than 0.001). This test, which causes little pain to the
      patient and does not need a surgical biopsy, is as accurate as any other method
      of predicting the response to endocrine treatment in breast cancer.

PMID- 2888940
TI  - Human papillomavirus infections in women with and without abnormal cervical
      cytology.
AB  - 9295 smears, obtained from women attending three gynaecological hospitals for
      routine screening, were examined for human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11
      and HPV 16 and 18 infections by filter in-situ hybridisation. The data were
      compared with cytological findings. In women with normal cytological smears HPV
      infection was identified in about 10% of women aged between 15 and 50 years and
      in less than 5% of those aged over 50. In women with abnormal smears (cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] I, II, and III and invasive cancer) HPV infection
      was detected in 35-40%; this rate seemed to be age-independent. the Peak
      incidence of CIN appeared several years after that of HPV infection. In women
      aged greater than 30 years it also declined earlier than did HPV positivity. The
      age-group distribution of women with CIN I, II, and III differed significantly
      from that of patients with invasive cancer. Only about a third of HPV-positive
      patients remained virus-positive, probably because of fluctuations in virus
      production and the insensitivity of the test system used. It is possible that
      filter in-situ hybridisation underestimates the total rate of HPV infections by a
      factor of 2 to 3.

PMID- 2888941
TI  - DNA polymorphism of human porphobilinogen deaminase gene in acute intermittent
      porphyria.
AB  - A common two-allele MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human
      erythroid porphobilinogen (PBG)-deaminase gene was investigated in 33 unrelated
      patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) and 20 controls. The
      polymorphism was tightly linked (lod score 3.14; no recombinants) to the locus
      for AIP as identified by measurement of erythrocyte PBG-deaminase activity. The
      frequency of the polymorphism in the AIP patients did not differ significantly
      from that in the controls. No common polymorphisms for eight other restriction
      endonucleases were found in either group. In 30 of the AIP patients no
      crossreacting immunological material (CRIM) was produced by the mutant PBG
      deaminase allele. The MspI polymorphism enabled each PBG-deaminase allele to be
      distinguished in subjects heterozygous for the polymorphism; thus a major gene
      deletion was excluded as the cause of the CRIM-negative mutation in all of the 18
      families that contained an affected CRIM-negative individual heterozygous for the
      polymorphism. In suitable families, the MspI polymorphism provides a more certain
      way of identifying carriers of the AIP gene than current enzymatic methods and
      major gene deletions are unlikely to be present in more than a small proportion
      of the commonest type of AIP, the CRIM-negative form.

PMID- 2888942
TI  - Double-blind comparison of captopril alone against frusemide plus amiloride in
      mild heart failure.
AB  - Captopril alone as therapy for mild heart failure was compared with a combination
      of frusemide and amiloride in a double-blind randomised crossover trial in 14
      patients who had previously been treated with diuretics. Although 10 patients
      remained stable on captopril alone, 4 patients deteriorated, with the development
      of pulmonary oedema of breathlessness. All 4 patients had had pulmonary oedema
      previously, unlike the patients who remained stable. Angiotensin converting
      enzyme inhibition alone is not sufficient treatment for patients with mild heart
      failure and a history of overt pulmonary oedema.

PMID- 2888944
TI  - Treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2888943
TI  - Blood and protein loss via small-intestinal inflammation induced by non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs.
AB  - Nearly three-quarters of patients on long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have small-intestinal inflammation, the consequences
      of which are largely unknown. Two potentially important complications, blood and
      protein loss from the small intestine, have been studied. 49 patients on NSAIDs
      underwent study with an indium-111 labelled leucocyte technique which localises
      and measures intestinal inflammation. 32 patients underwent simultaneous study
      with technetium-99m labelled red blood cells (RBC), which showed identical sites
      of localisation to 111In-leucocytes in 19. Intestinal blood loss was measured in
      8 patients by use of chromium-51 labelled RBC, and a significant correlation
      between blood loss and intestinal inflammation was found. Intestinal protein loss
      was assessed in 9 patients with 51Cr-labelled proteins; patients with NSAID
      induced small-intestinal inflammation were found to have a protein-losing
      enteropathy. These studies show that small intestinal inflammation caused by
      NSAIDs is associated with blood and protein loss, both of which may contribute to
      the general ill-health of rheumatic patients.

PMID- 2888945
TI  - Monitoring during general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2888946
TI  - Fish oils in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2888947
TI  - ICRF-187 and razoxane in cancer treatment.

PMID- 2888948
TI  - Myelopathy hand.

PMID- 2888949
TI  - Like PTH.

PMID- 2888950
TI  - Explanation for potency of repeated oral doses of morphine?
AB  - Morphine given by injection is the standard by which all other strong analgesics
      are measured, but when given orally in single doses it is a poor analgesic. With
      repeated oral administration it becomes very effective and it may be that on
      repeated dosage active metabolites, particularly morphine-6-glucuronide, account
      for much of the analgesic activity. Enterohepatic circulation may also contribute
      to the maintenance of blood and tissue levels of morphine and its metabolites in
      chronic use.

PMID- 2888951
TI  - Arm circumference and other factors in children at high risk of death in rural
      Bangladesh.
AB  - Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured monthly for 6 months in about 500
      children aged 6-36 months from rural Bangladesh. Children who would die within 1
      month of screening could be identified with 94% specificity and 56% sensitivity-
      almost twice the sensitivity achieved by other anthropometric screening schemes
      for this level of specificity. Specificity was slightly improved when the absence
      of breast-feeding, concurrent diarrhoea, oedema, and acute respiratory infection
      were taken into account. Children at high risk of death can be detected by
      monthly measurement of MUAC, which may be used in poor communities where
      interventions have to be selective.

PMID- 2888952
TI  - Experience with hepatitis B vaccination in nurses in a hospital for the mentally
      handicapped.
AB  - The extent of HBV infection in the staff of a large hospital for the mentally
      handicapped was investigated. Nurses with direct patient contact were identified
      as a particular risk group and hepatitis B vaccination was offered to them. Of
      the 500 who received a full course of vaccination 96% had detectable antibodies 9
      months after starting vaccination. High titres (over 1000 IU/l) were found in
      59.4%. Females responded better than males and the response was age-dependent. In
      only 2 of 20 non-responders did lasting immunity develop with a fourth dose of
      vaccine. Antibody titre decreased rapidly in all vaccinees followed up. In
      vaccinees with an initial titre above 100 IU/l the decrease in titre could be
      reversed by a booster dose. Those with a titre below 100 IU/l had a variable
      response to the booster dose and lasting immunity developed in only a few. A
      recall system was started that predicts when a booster dose will be required to
      maintain a protective level of antibody. Servicing such a vaccination programme
      is not easy.

PMID- 2888953
TI  - Are some hypertensive patients overtreated? A prospective study of ambulatory
      blood pressure recording.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) was recorded in hypertensive patients whose
      physicians had been asked to reduce diastolic pressure measured in the office to
      90 mm Hg or less. 34 hypertensive patients with a diastolic pressure measured by
      their physician of 95 mm Hg or more despite antihypertensive therapy had their
      treatment changed with the aim of achieving this pre-set goal within 3 months. At
      the beginning and the end of the study, ambulatory BP was monitored during the
      daytime with a portable non-invasive recorder. The results of the ambulatory
      recordings were not made available to the physicians until completion of the
      study. In half the patients the ambulatory diastolic pressure was already 90 mm
      Hg or less at the start. In these patients, treatment adjustment did not further
      decrease ambulatory BP. In contrast, patients who initially had an ambulatory
      diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg had a significantly decreased ambulatory BP at
      the end of the study. Intensifying the therapy of hypertensive patients who have
      a normal ambulatory BP may result in overtreatment without any real gain in BP
      control.

PMID- 2888954
TI  - Population screening for aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 2888955
TI  - Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 2888956
TI  - Cognitive function, undernutrition, and missed breakfast.

PMID- 2888957
TI  - Repetition strain injury.

PMID- 2888958
TI  - Cyclosporin, nifedipine, and gingival hyperplasia.

PMID- 2888959
TI  - Non-invasive diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2888960
TI  - Neonatal long lines for intravenous antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2888961
TI  - Propofol infusion and green urine.

PMID- 2888962
TI  - Neonatal afibrinogenaemia due to sodium valproate.

PMID- 2888963
TI  - Immunity in sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2888964
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin and blood group antibodies.

PMID- 2888965
TI  - Outbreak of psittacosis associated with a cockatiel.

PMID- 2888966
TI  - Diverse tropism of HBLV (human herpesvirus 6)

PMID- 2888967
TI  - Marin County agent, an astrovirus.

PMID- 2888968
TI  - Immune basis for pre-eclampsia evidence from oocyte recipients.

PMID- 2888969
TI  - Leucoerythroblastosis in breast carcinoma.

PMID- 2888970
TI  - Clinical relevance of a serological cross-reaction between Escherichia coli O157
      and Brucella abortus.

PMID- 2888971
TI  - Academic medical staff changes in England and Wales 1984-87.

PMID- 2888972
TI  - Mortality and social class.

PMID- 2888973
TI  - Self experimentation.

PMID- 2888974
TI  - Adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer.

PMID- 2888975
TI  - Father Damien, leper priest.

PMID- 2888976
TI  - Tobacco-sponsored sport on television.

PMID- 2888977
TI  - Awareness of hypoglycaemia in diabetes.

PMID- 2888978
TI  - Insulin and hypertension.

PMID- 2888979
TI  - Tannin and oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 2888980
TI  - Treatment of menorrhagia.

PMID- 2888981
TI  - Serum creatine kinase (brain specific) as predictor for impaired psychomotor
      development of very preterm infants.

PMID- 2888982
TI  - Should AIDS be notifiable?

PMID- 2888983
TI  - Aggressive psychosis in AIDS patient on high-dose steroids.

PMID- 2888984
TI  - Peptide T[4-8] is core HIV envelope sequence required for CD4 receptor
      attachment.

PMID- 2888985
TI  - Brazilian purpuric fever: epidemic purpura fulminans associated with antecedent
      purulent conjunctivitis. Brazilian Purpuric Fever Study Group.
AB  - In late 1984, 10 children in a small, rural town in Brazil had high fever
      associated with vomiting and abdominal pain. Within 12-48 h of the onset of
      fever, purpura developed associated with vascular collapse and peripheral
      necrosis. All 10 children died. Cerebrospinal fluid examinations did not suggest
      meningitis and, when done, tests were negative for Neisseria meningitidis. Other
      culture, serological, and necropsy examinations did not reveal a cause. Case
      finding uncovered another cluster of similar illness in children in a second town
      and sporadic cases in five other cities. Two case-control studies demonstrated
      that children who became ill were significantly more likely than control children
      to have had conjunctivitis during the month before illness. This conjunctivitis
      was purulent, preceded the onset of more severe disease by 3-15 days, and had
      resolved before fever began. Although no conjunctival cultures were obtained from
      case-children, Haemophilus aegyptius was the most common pathogen isolated from
      other conjunctival cultures during the epidemic. This organism was also isolated
      from a non-aseptic skin scraping from 1 case child. A 25-megadalton plasmid
      distinguished the H aegyptius isolates epidemiologically associated with illness
      from other Brazilian conjunctival isolates. Brazilian purpuric fever is a newly
      recognized syndrome of epidemic purpura fulminans associated with antecedent
      purulent conjunctivitis, possibly caused by H aegyptius.

PMID- 2888986
TI  - Haemophilus aegyptius bacteraemia in Brazilian purpuric fever. Brazilian Purpuric
      Fever Study Group.
AB  - Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is a fulminant, often fatal childhood illness that
      was first recognised in 1984. An outbreak in Serrana, Sao Paulo State in March to
      May, 1986, resulted in 11 cases. Haemophilus aegyptius was isolated from normally
      sterile body fluids in 10 children (9 from blood and 1 from cerebrospinal fluid
      contaminated with blood), consistent with a direct role for H aegyptius in the
      pathogenesis of BPF. The ability to define cases by positive blood cultures
      permitted an evaluation of the spectrum of illness of this disease. 5 culture
      positive cases were clinically similar to those previously described; the other 5
      had milder illness without petechial or purpuric skin manifestations at the time
      the bacterium was isolated. Blood cultures were a sensitive means of diagnosing
      BPF; cultures were positive in 5 of 6 patients that met the full clinical case
      definition. Treatment of conjunctivitis did not appear to prevent BPF. However,
      children treated with intravenous antimicrobials early in the systemic illness
      had a trend toward better survival, suggesting that early therapy may prevent
      progression of the illness.

PMID- 2888987
TI  - Acute and chronic pituitary failure resembling Sheehan's syndrome following bites
      by Russell's viper in Burma.
AB  - Pituitary function was investigated in 9 patients in shock after Russell's viper
      bites and in 24 individuals who had been severely envenomed 2 weeks to 24 years
      previously. 3 out of 9 patients had hypoglycaemia and inappropriately low serum
      cortisol, plasma growth hormone, and plasma prolactin concentrations. 4 who died
      had pituitary haemorrhage and 1 had adrenal haemorrhage as well. Of the 24 who
      had apparently recovered from bites, 7 had clinical features of hypopituitarism
      and no response in plasma growth hormone or prolactin concentrations to symptom
      producing insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. 4 of these 7 had a sluggish serum
      cortisol response to 'Synacthen Depot' and 5 had an abnormal cortisol response to
      hypoglycaemia. 4 men with symptoms who were tested had low serum testosterone
      concentrations; serum thyroxine was also low in these men but not in 2 women with
      menstrual disturbances and impaired insulin responses. Of the 17 individuals
      without clinical evidence of endocrine disease, 4 had pituitary hormonal
      abnormalities. Russell's viper envenoming may thus produce a disorder resembling
      Sheehan's syndrome.

PMID- 2888988
TI  - Cell-mediated cytotoxic response to respiratory syncytial virus in infants with
      bronchiolitis.
AB  - A cell-mediated cytotoxic response to respiratory syncytial (RSV) was
      demonstrated in the peripheral blood of 4 of 22 infants with acute bronchiolitis.
      These 4 infants were aged 3 weeks to 3 months. No such response was found in
      infants older than 4 months. All 4 infants with a positive response had mild
      infections.

PMID- 2888989
TI  - Autonomic function in mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 2888990
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnoea and lower airways obstruction.

PMID- 2888991
TI  - Schizophrenia and organic disease.

PMID- 2888992
TI  - Conservative management of the ruptured spleen.

PMID- 2888993
TI  - Difficult intubation.

PMID- 2888994
TI  - Dyspepsia: a dilemma for doctors?

PMID- 2888995
TI  - Clinic experience of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by use of linked DNA
      probes.
AB  - 96 families at risk of having a child with cystic fibrosis have been counselled
      about prenatal diagnosis by the use of linked DNA probes. Of the first 30
      pregnancies 9 children have been born and confirmed to be free from CF, as
      predicted; 8 pregnancies were terminated (1 of these was found to be miscarrying
      at time of termination); 12 pregnancies, in which the fetuses are predicted to be
      unaffected, are in progress; and 1 has miscarried. No couple with a prenatal
      prediction of CF decided to continue with the pregnancy. 1 pregnancy was
      terminated because of a 50:50 chance of an affected fetus. In 1 twin pregnancy
      the affected fetus was selectively aborted, and the other baby was confirmed
      after birth to be unaffected, as predicted. In the other twin pregnancy the two
      chorionic plates could not be samples separately; the pregnancy was continued on
      the basis of normal findings for the lower plate, and both twins have turned out
      to be normal. Many couples at risk see early prenatal diagnosis as a way to help
      them have an unaffected child.

PMID- 2888997
TI  - Decisions to limit treatment.

PMID- 2888996
TI  - Are children with lymphoblastic leukaemia given enough 6-mercaptopurine?

PMID- 2888998
TI  - The Pasteur Institute.

PMID- 2888999
TI  - Treatment of myotonia.

PMID- 2889000
TI  - Double-contrast barium enema.

PMID- 2889001
TI  - Breath alcohol analysis.

PMID- 2889002
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound: radiologist or endoscopist, not both.

PMID- 2889003
TI  - Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13.

PMID- 2889004
TI  - N-myc oncogene amplification and catecholamine metabolism in patients with
      neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2889005
TI  - Repeated low doses of anti-rhesus gammaglobulin in aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2889006
TI  - Topical podophyllin for genital warts.

PMID- 2889007
TI  - Immunosuppressant therapy in AIDS.

PMID- 2889008
TI  - Zidovudine for lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia associated with AIDS.

PMID- 2889009
TI  - Particle agglutination assay for anti-HIV.

PMID- 2889010
TI  - Borrelia infection as a cause of presenile dementia.

PMID- 2889011
TI  - Non-parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in children in the UK.

PMID- 2889012
TI  - Survival and calcaemic status of geriatric inpatients.

PMID- 2889013
TI  - Calcium carbonate as phosphate binder in dialysis.

PMID- 2889014
TI  - Neuroendocrine differentiation in atrial myxomas.

PMID- 2889015
TI  - Post-herpetic neuralgia.

PMID- 2889016
TI  - Hallucinations during morphine administration.

PMID- 2889018
TI  - Psychopathology of violence.

PMID- 2889017
TI  - Retinoids and malignancy.

PMID- 2889019
TI  - Unilateral Raynaud's symptoms evoked during dream report.

PMID- 2889020
TI  - Temazepam abuse.

PMID- 2889021
TI  - Adolescent colorectal cancer and dioxin exposure.

PMID- 2889022
TI  - Early diagnosis of malignant melanoma by surface microscopy.

PMID- 2889023
TI  - Lysosomal alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency: a new inherited metabolic
      disease.

PMID- 2889024
TI  - Linkage of tuberous sclerosis to ABO blood group.

PMID- 2889025
TI  - Susceptibility to coeliac disease involves genes in HLA-DP region.

PMID- 2889026
TI  - Low prevalence of Huntington's disease in Finland.

PMID- 2889027
TI  - Genetic typing and confirmation of parenthood.

PMID- 2889028
TI  - Anomalous protein complement of sperm nuclei in some infertile men.

PMID- 2889029
TI  - Difficulties for the European Regional Committee.

PMID- 2889030
TI  - Cancer in offspring of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer.
AB  - A multicentre retrospective cohort study of long-term survivors of childhood and
      adolescent cancer identified 7 cases of cancer among 2308 offspring (0.30%) of
      2283 case-survivors and 11 cases among 4719 offspring (0.23%) of 3604 controls.
      Overall, the observed numbers of cases were not significantly different from
      those expected in the general population. Among offspring of case-survivors
      observed for the first 5 years of life, the group with the most person-years of
      follow-up, 5 cancers were reported (3 confirmed), compared with 1.7 expected, a
      significant excess due mostly to boys whose mothers survived cancer. Some
      offspring with cancer had known single-gene traits; others resembled previously
      recognised patterns of family cancer. The remainder may represent chance
      occurrences or new cancer family syndromes, such as an association with malignant
      melanoma. The study had an overall 79% power to detect a 3-fold excess of cancer
      among offspring of case-survivors, but no excess was observed. The number person
      years of follow-up in the second decade of life, when most cases of cancer
      developed, was small.

PMID- 2889031
TI  - Erythrocyte crenation induced by free fatty acids in patients undergoing
      extracorporeal circulation.
AB  - Normal erythrocyte morphology is necessary for proper distribution of blood-flow
      in the microcirculation. Erythrocyte shape was studied in 20 patients undergoing
      extracorporeal circulation (EC) during coronary bypass surgery. Crenated
      erythrocytes comprised a mean 64% of all erythrocytes during and 29% after EC.
      Free fatty acid (FFA) content of the erythrocyte membranes was significantly
      increased at both times, and FFA content correlated with the proportion of
      crenated erythrocytes. Washing crenated cells with defatted albumin solution
      transformed them back to discocytes, simultaneously removing more FFA than that
      removed from pre-EC discocytes. The plasma FFA to albumin ratio became
      disproportionately increased during EC; the increased level correlated with
      severity of erythrocyte crenation. Maintaining a higher level of albumin during
      EC by adding 50 g human albumin to the extracorporeal system prevented
      erythrocyte crenation. Entry of plasma FFA not bound to albumin into erythrocyte
      membranes during EC causes massive erythrocyte crenation.

PMID- 2889032
TI  - Mineralocorticoid activity of liquorice: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      deficiency comes of age.
AB  - The sodium retention associated with liquorice ingestion has been thought to be
      due to a direct mineralocorticoid effect, despite the fact that it does not seem
      to occur in patients or animals with severe adrenal insufficiency. This study in
      seven normal subjects given liquorice showed that sodium retention is associated
      with a significant change in cortisol metabolism indicating inhibition of 11-beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-OHSD). Congenital deficiency of this enzyme
      produces a syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. It is suggested that in
      both conditions there is a defect in the renal conversion of cortisol to
      cortisone by 11 beta-OHSD which results in high intrarenal cortisol levels,
      acting on type 1 mineralocorticoid receptors to cause sodium retention.

PMID- 2889033
TI  - Influence of major histocompatibility complex region genes on human longevity
      among Okinawan-Japanese centenarians and nonagenarians.
AB  - The frequencies of 80 HLA antigen phenotypes in 82 centenarians and 20
      nonagenarians in Okinawa, Japan, were compared with those in other healthy adults
      in various age-brackets. Subjects aged over 90 had an extremely low frequency of
      HLA-DRw9 and an increased frequency of DR1. In this age-group the relative risk
      of corrected (for number of antigens) p value for HLA-DRw9 were 5.2 and 0.0001,
      respectively; those for HLA-DR1 were 13.3 and 0.0367, respectively. Since a high
      frequency of DRw9 and a low frequency of DR1 are associated with autoimmune or
      immune deficiency diseases, the genetic protection against these disorders may
      contribute to longevity.

PMID- 2889034
TI  - Sexual abuse of children.

PMID- 2889035
TI  - Proteases, antiproteases, and emphysema.

PMID- 2889036
TI  - Osteoporosis.

PMID- 2889037
TI  - Tropical ulcers.

PMID- 2889038
TI  - Made to last.

PMID- 2889039
TI  - Facial cooling and perception of dyspnoea.

PMID- 2889040
TI  - Child sexual abuse--an increasing rate of diagnosis.
AB  - In 2 years in Leeds, two paediatricians diagnosed sexual abuse in 94 boys and 243
      girls. 38% were under 5 at diagnosis and the mean age was 8.0 years. 39%
      presented following disclosure by the child. 83% of boys and 25% of girls had
      anal signs and 58% of girls had genital signs. 60% of abusers were related to the
      child and half of these were natural fathers. 25% of all abusers were teenagers
      and 5% were women. The abuser was convicted in 25% of cases and protective legal
      orders were sought in 36%. Sexual abuse is emerging as a major child and mental
      health problem that requires new resources in training and personnel.

PMID- 2889041
TI  - Investigation of the sexually abused child.

PMID- 2889042
TI  - New dosimetry of atomic bomb radiations.
AB  - The reassessment of the radiation dosimetry from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki
      atomic bombs is almost complete. Since atomic bomb survivors provide a major
      source of data for estimates of risk of cancer induction by radiation the impact
      of the new dosimetry on risk estimates and radiation protection standards is
      important. The changes include an increase of about 20% in the estimated yield of
      the Hiroshima bomb and a reduction in the estimated doses from neutrons in both
      cities. The estimated neutron dose for Hiroshima is about 10% of the previous
      estimate. The neutron doses are now so small that direct estimates of neutron
      relative biological effectiveness may be precluded or be much more difficult.
      There is little change in most of the gamma ray organ doses because various
      changes in the new estimates tend to cancel each other out. The new estimate of
      the attenuation of the free-in-air kerma by the walls of the homes is about twice
      that used in the previous dosimetry. But the transmission of gamma radiation to
      the deep organs such as bone marrow is significantly greater than earlier
      estimates. Probably future risk estimates for radiogenic cancer will be somewhat
      higher because of both the new dosimetry and the new cancer mortality data. New
      risk estimates should be available in 1988.

PMID- 2889043
TI  - Antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigen in systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 2889044
TI  - New treatment for infertility due to congenital absence of vas deferens.

PMID- 2889045
TI  - Barrett's oesophagus.

PMID- 2889046
TI  - Nebulised budesonide in severe infantile asthma.

PMID- 2889047
TI  - Low frequency of slow debrisoquine hydroxylation in a native Chinese population.

PMID- 2889048
TI  - Chemotherapy free survival.

PMID- 2889049
TI  - Myelosuppression after methotrexate, mitozantrone, and mitomycin C combination
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2889050
TI  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with hereditary spherocytosis in three
      generations of one family.

PMID- 2889051
TI  - Bone erosions in rheumatic diseases.

PMID- 2889052
TI  - Plasmid-mediated resistance to nalidixic acid and new 4-quinolones?

PMID- 2889053
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis in antenatal clinics.

PMID- 2889054
TI  - Transabdominal placental biopsy.

PMID- 2889055
TI  - Oestradiol implants: what dose, how often?

PMID- 2889056
TI  - Changing pattern of duodenal ulcer?

PMID- 2889057
TI  - Dihydroergotamine and the pelvic pain syndrome.

PMID- 2889058
TI  - Modified trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole doses in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 2889059
TI  - Delayed appearance of HIV infection in children.

PMID- 2889060
TI  - Modification of HIV competitive assay to reduce frequency of false negative
      results.

PMID- 2889061
TI  - Life-threatening hyperkalaemia after bladder decompression for high pressure
      chronic retention.

PMID- 2889062
TI  - Exchanging kidney transplants.

PMID- 2889063
TI  - Rank injustice and academic promotion.

PMID- 2889064
TI  - Cervical cancer screening.

PMID- 2889065
TI  - AIDS advice to haemophiliacs.

PMID- 2889066
TI  - Prognosis of meningococcal septicaemia.

PMID- 2889067
TI  - Epidemic group A meningococcal disease in Haj pilgrims.

PMID- 2889068
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias caused by nebulised beta-agonist therapy.

PMID- 2889069
TI  - DNA typing of genital warts and diagnosis of sexual abuse in children.

PMID- 2889070
TI  - Microhaematuria in children: starting point for adult hypertension?

PMID- 2889071
TI  - Reye's syndrome and aspirin.

PMID- 2889072
TI  - Small round structured viruses and persistence of infectivity in food handlers.

PMID- 2889073
TI  - Viral gastroenteritis and food handlers--melon off the menu.

PMID- 2889074
TI  - Amiodarone and thyroid.

PMID- 2889075
TI  - Anatomical variation and percutaneous liver biopsy failure.

PMID- 2889076
TI  - Loss of life from heart attacks at different ages.

PMID- 2889077
TI  - Metallothionein and copper in liver disease.

PMID- 2889078
TI  - Advising pregnant women in Ireland to go abroad for abortion is unlawful.

PMID- 2889079
TI  - Long-term effects of intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction:
      final report of the GISSI study. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochi
      nasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI).
AB  - Long-term follow-up of 98.3% of the 11,712 patients recruited in the GISSI trial
      of intravenous streptokinase (SK) in acute myocardial infarction has shown
      persistence of the beneficial effect observed during the hospital phase. At 12
      months a significant difference in mortality was seen in the whole population
      (17.2% in SK group versus 19.0% in controls, p = 0.008, relative risk 0.90), and
      in the 0-3 and 3-6 h groups (relative risks 0.89 and 0.87, respectively). For
      most of the other strata according to which the trial population has been
      analysed, the magnitude and the direction of the effects were also substantially
      the same as those recorded in the hospital phase. SK thrombolysis should be
      considered among the recommended treatments of the acute phase, at least up to 6
      h from onset of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2889080
TI  - Aortic and mitral valve calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease.
AB  - The frequency and aetiology of aortic valve and mitral annular calcification was
      studied by echocardiography in 87 patients aged 35-70 on maintenance
      haemodialysis for a mean of 7.5 years (range 0.5-19). Aortic valve calcification
      (AVC) was found in 24 patients (28%) and mitral annular calcification (MAC) was
      found in 31 (36%). AVC was severe and produced aortic stenosis in 5 patients with
      a tricuspid aortic valve (mean age 51.6 years), which confirms that calcific
      aortic stenosis is a complication of chronic uraemia. MAC was associated with
      functional mitral stenosis in 1 patient. Premature AVC and MAC were associated
      with an increased calcium X phosphate product and long-term haemodialysis. There
      were no significant differences between those patients with aortic stenosis and
      those with AVC but no stenosis. Patients with AVC had an increased incidence of
      MAC and vascular calcification. Premature AVC and MAC is frequent in dialysis
      patients and appears to be related to abnormal calcium and phosphate metabolism
      and to increased mechanical stress on the valve cusps. In a small but important
      group of patients on long-term dialysis, premature valve calcification is severe
      and produces aortic stenosis, or less frequently, mitral stenosis.

PMID- 2889081
TI  - Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese HBsAg
      carrier children.
AB  - 24 Chinese children aged 1.5-5 years and positive for hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase (HBV
      DNAp), and HBV DNA on at least three occasions in the 6 months before the trial
      were randomised to receive either vitamin B complex or intramuscular recombinant
      alpha 2-interferon (r-IFN) ('Roferon') 10 X 10(6) IU/m2 thrice weekly for 12
      weeks. In all 12 subjects receiving r-IFN, HBV DNAp and HBV DNA levels fell
      during the course of r-IFN injections. Within 4 weeks of cessation of r-IFN
      injection, the HBV DNAp and HBV DNA returned to pre-trial levels except in 2
      subjects, in whom loss of HBV DNAp and HBV DNA was sustained for up to 18 months
      from onset of the trial. 1 child lost HBeAg at 18 months. 2 of the 12 children in
      the placebo group also had a sustained loss of HBV DNAp and HBV DNA during the 18
      months, with 1 child losing HBeAg at 18 months. All 24 subjects remained positive
      for HBsAg. r-IFN produced very slight side-effects except for pyrexia and the
      "flu" syndrome, both of which showed rapid tachyphylaxis. In the dose given r-IFN
      was safe but had no long-term beneficial effects on HBsAg carriage in Chinese
      children.

PMID- 2889082
TI  - Selective immunodeficiency affecting staphylococcal response.
AB  - Eight patients with recurrent staphylococcal infections, necessitating up to 213
      hospital admissions in one patient, gave normal results with the usual
      immunological investigations, including measurement of serum IgG and IgG2. In the
      staphylococcal inhibition test all showed persistently subnormal results,
      corrected by the addition of compatible normal plasma or normal IgG therapy for 6
      months to 21 years, and one died from staphylococcal septicaemia 6 months after
      withdrawal of treatment. The impairment in anti-staphylococcal response, with
      failure to produce adequate antibodies, was probably acquired in utero in four
      patients and inherited in two. In these six patients symptoms started soon after
      4 months. In the remaining two the syndrome was acquired later in life.

PMID- 2889083
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide and blood pressure in a geographically defined
      population.
AB  - Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was measured in 717 subjects in a cross
      sectional study of patients with hypertension (treated and untreated) and
      normotensive controls, representatives of a geographically defined population.
      ANP concentrations did not differ between the groups and there was no correlation
      with blood pressure. These results do not support the view that hypertensive and
      normotensive subjects have different ANP concentrations; they also call into
      question the role of ANP in the development of high blood pressure.

PMID- 2889085
TI  - A continuum of psychosis?

PMID- 2889084
TI  - The carotid siphon: a natural arterial filter?

PMID- 2889086
TI  - The International Water Decade.

PMID- 2889087
TI  - Duodenal ulcers in childhood.

PMID- 2889088
TI  - Drop-outs from clinical trials.

PMID- 2889089
TI  - What eye test tests eyes best?

PMID- 2889090
TI  - Paediatric intensive care units.

PMID- 2889091
TI  - Energy requirements of pregnancy. An integrated study in five countries:
      background and methods.

PMID- 2889092
TI  - Energy requirements of pregnancy in Scotland.
AB  - Measurements of energy intake, basal metabolic rate, body weight and composition,
      and physical activity were made on 88 women throughout pregnancy. Mean weight
      gain (from 10 wk to 40 wk gestation) was 11.7 kg, birthweight 3370 g, and
      placental weight 641 g. Maternal fat gain (from 10 wk) calculated by three
      methods was 2.1 kg. The total rise in basal metabolism for the whole of pregnancy
      was calculated to be 126 MJ (1 MJ = 239 kcal). The total increase in energy
      intake was estimated as 88 MJ. There was little evidence of any changes in either
      the energy cost of physical activity or the time spent in these activities. The
      total energy cost of laying down fetal and maternal tissues and the increased
      metabolism was 281 MJ, which was offset by a possible increase in energy intake
      of only 88 MJ. The most likely explanation for the deficit of 193 MJ is that many
      small reductions in energy expenditure occurred which were not detectable by the
      methods used.

PMID- 2889093
TI  - Salmonella ealing infections associated with consumption of infant dried milk.
AB  - In an outbreak of Salmonella ealing infections in November and December, 1985,
      the proportion of infants infected was in excess of the normal distribution
      pattern and the cases were geographically widespread. All the infected infants
      had been fed with a dried-milk product from one manufacturer. Despite intensive
      efforts to isolate S ealing from packets of the product, it was found only in low
      numbers in 4 of 267 sealed packets. The source of infection was traced to the
      factory spray-drier, which had a hole in its inner lining, allowing escape of
      powder and its return from contaminated insulation material. The plant was closed
      and the equipment scrapped and later replaced. It is recommended that raw milk
      and whey, which frequently contain salmonellae, should not be allowed onto the
      site of milk-drying plants.

PMID- 2889094
TI  - Quinolone/ureidopenicillin cross-resistance.

PMID- 2889095
TI  - Treatment of loin pain/haematuria syndrome by renal autotransplantation.

PMID- 2889096
TI  - Guidelines on halothane hepatitis.

PMID- 2889098
TI  - Missed psychiatric cues.

PMID- 2889097
TI  - Apnoeic oxygenation of a brain-dead patient.

PMID- 2889099
TI  - Familial retinol-binding-protein deficiency?

PMID- 2889100
TI  - Increasing incidence of cancer of the tongue in the United States among young
      adults.

PMID- 2889101
TI  - Fate of conceptuses after IVF.

PMID- 2889102
TI  - Rising mortality from cancer of the tongue in young Scottish males.

PMID- 2889103
TI  - Vacuolated erythrocytes.

PMID- 2889104
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine and health workers' compensation claims.

PMID- 2889105
TI  - Nicaragua: war and mental health.

PMID- 2889106
TI  - Chile's academics under threat.

PMID- 2889107
TI  - Autonomic neuropathy and HIV infection.

PMID- 2889108
TI  - Conditions in Brixton Prison hospital block.

PMID- 2889109
TI  - Tobacco-sponsored sport on television.

PMID- 2889110
TI  - Isolation of HIV-1 from monocytes but not T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2889111
TI  - Routine tests for HIV antigen.

PMID- 2889112
TI  - Value of screening for sexually transmitted diseases in patients requesting HIV
      testing.

PMID- 2889113
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and gastric manipulation for morbid obesity.

PMID- 2889114
TI  - Renal hypophosphataemia has several mendelian forms.

PMID- 2889115
TI  - Pathophysiology of myalgic encephalitis.

PMID- 2889116
TI  - "Peroxidation" in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2889117
TI  - Awareness of hypoglycaemia in diabetes.

PMID- 2889118
TI  - Vitamin B12 deficiency, demyelination, and multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2889119
TI  - Itraconazole and cyclosporin nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2889120
TI  - Serum levels of interleukin-6 and acute phase responses.

PMID- 2889121
TI  - Scope and limitations of in vivo brain dialysis: a comparison of its application
      to various neurotransmitter systems.
AB  - Brain dialysis is rapidly becoming a routine research method with a wide range of
      applications. Since 1982 this sampling technique is frequently used as a method
      to study the in vivo release of endogenous neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
      noradrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine and certain amino acids. In this review
      most of the studies that have appeared in this field, are evaluated. Special
      attention was given to the question whether the neurotransmitter content in the
      dialysate is related to neurotransmission. Criteria such as the presence of a
      high tissue/dialysate concentration ratio, the sensitivity of the transmitters to
      membrane active compounds and the occurrence of receptor-mediated effects, are
      discussed. It is concluded that dopamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine found
      in the dialysate are directly derived from neurotransmission, whereas the
      overflow of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters is related to neurogenic as
      well as to metabolic events.

PMID- 2889122
TI  - Effects of naloxone on basal and vagus nerve-induced secretions of GRP, gastrin,
      and somatostatin from the isolated perfused rat stomach.
AB  - The effects of naloxone, an opiate antagonist, on basal and vagus nerve-induced
      secretions of GRP, gastrin, and somatostatin were examined using the isolated
      perfused rat stomach prepared with vagal innervation. Naloxone (10(-6) M)
      significantly inhibited basal somatostatin secretion in the presence and absence
      of atropine and of hexamethonium, whereas basal GRP and gastrin secretion was not
      affected by naloxone. Electrical stimulation (10 Hz, lms duration, 10V) of the
      distal end of the subdiaphragmatic vagal trunks elicited a significant increase
      in both GRP and gastrin but a decrease in somatostatin. Naloxone (10(-6) M)
      failed to affect these responses in the presence or absence of atropine. On the
      other hand, when hexamethonium was infused, naloxone significantly inhibited both
      the GRP and gastrin responses to electrical vagal stimulation. Somatostatin
      secretion was unchanged by vagal stimulation during the infusion of hexamethonium
      with or without naloxone. These findings suggest that basal somatostatin
      secretion is under the control of an opiate neuron and that opioid peptides might
      be involved in vagal regulation of GRP and gastrin secretion.

PMID- 2889123
TI  - Influence of experimental acute renal failure on somatostatin levels and binding
      in rabbit fundic and duodenal mucosa.
AB  - Rabbits with bilateral ureteral ligation of four-days duration showed a
      significant decrease of somatostatin content in gastric fundic mucosa (but not in
      proximal duodenal mucosa) as well as in the binding capacity of both high- and
      low-affinity binding sites without changes in the affinity values in cytosol of
      fundic and proximal duodenal mucosa, whereas the fasting plasma somatostatin
      levels increased as compared to control conditions. The number of somatostatin
      binding sites was inversely related to plasma levels of the peptide and support
      the hypothesis of somatostatin regulating its own binding sites. The current
      finding provides evidence that diminished somatostatin binding may be a
      contributory factor in the somatostatin gastroduodenal resistance of uremia.

PMID- 2889124
TI  - Antagonism of AP-5- and amphetamine-induced behaviour by timelotem as compared
      with clozapine and haloperidol.
AB  - Bilateral intrastriatal injection of DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5),
      that blocks glutamatergic transmission at the N-methyl-d-aspartate preferring
      receptor, induces sniffing and body turns and reduces grooming in rats.
      Timelotem, a representative of the newly developed chemical class of anellated
      benzodiazepines antagonized specifically AP-5-induced sniffing and body turns.
      Classical (haloperidol) as well as atypical (clozapine) neuroleptics had recently
      been shown to antagonize AP-5-induced sniffing; clozapine, like timelotem, but
      not haloperidol, additionally antagonized AP-5-induced body turns. Further,
      timelotem antagonized amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour in rats, but was
      found less active than haloperidol in this test. Comparing the activity of drugs
      in both paradigms revealed that haloperidol inhibited AP-5-induced sniffing and
      amphetamine-induced stereotypies within the same dose range, but timelotem and
      clozapine were found more potent in the AP-5 test than in the amphetamine test.
      Thus, detailed drug profiles discriminate timelotem and clozapine from
      haloperidol, linking timelotem again to atypical antipsychotic compounds.

PMID- 2889125
TI  - Prednisone decreases CSF somatostatin in healthy humans: implications for
      neuropsychiatric illness.
AB  - Several neuropsychiatric illnesses, including depression and Alzheimer's disease,
      are reported to be characterized by hypercortisolemia and by reduced levels of
      cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (CSF-SLI). To investigate
      a possible causal linkage between these abnormalities we administered prednisone,
      80 mg orally per day for 5 days, to 9 healthy volunteers. We observed significant
      prednisone-induced reductions in CSF-SLI. Moreover, the magnitude of these
      reductions was inversely related to the magnitude of prednisone-induced
      reductions in plasma ACTH levels, suggesting a functional interaction between
      circulating corticosteroids, central somatostatin and pituitary ACTH release.

PMID- 2889126
TI  - [Radiation pathomorphology of the APUD system].
AB  - Complex histological, histochemical, immunological and electron-microscopic
      studies made it possible to receive new data on functional morphology of the
      endocrine cells of the APUD system in norm, radiation exposure and tumor growth.
      The data obtained are being discussed and analysed and optimal methods of
      optimization of radiation and chemotherapy of malignant tumors are being
      developed.

PMID- 2889127
TI  - [Treatment of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2889128
TI  - [50th anniversary of the death of the distinguished statesman G. K. Ordzhonikidze
      (1886-1937)].

PMID- 2889129
TI  - Identification of regulatory elements of cloned genes with functional assays.

PMID- 2889130
TI  - Incidence and some characteristics of fimbriae FY and 31A of Escherichia coli
      isolates from calves with diarrhea in Japan.
AB  - Escherichia coli isolates from calves with diarrhea (1 day to 8 weeks old, 140
      individuals) were surveyed for the three immunologically distinct fimbrial
      adhesins FY, 31A, and K99. Of a total of 1,370 strains isolated, 96 (7.0%), 34
      (2.5%), 75 (5.5%), and 13 (0.9%) were identified as FY+, 31A+, FY+.31A+, and
      K99+, respectively. The K99+ strains also manifested heat-stable enterotoxin
      production (ST+), while FY+, 31A+, and FY+.31A+ strains were ST-. Expression of
      FY and 31A was repressed at lower temperatures or poor aeration. The FY+ and 31A+
      E. coli showed mannose-resistant hemagglutinating activity with bovine
      erythrocytes. Electron microscopy revealed that FY is a gently curled fimbria
      with a mean diameter of 4.2 nm, and 31A is a fimbria with a mean diameter of 5.1
      nm. The molecular mass of protein subunits was found to be approximately 20
      kilodaltons (Kd) and 19 Kd for FY and 31A, respectively. Lethal diarrhea of
      neonatal calves was induced by challenge with the combination of a K99+.ST+ E.
      coli strain and either a 31A+ E. coli strain or a 31A+ E. coli strain plus an FY+
      E. coli strain under the experimental conditions in which lethal diarrhea was not
      induced by challenge with a K99+.ST+ E. coli strain alone.

PMID- 2889131
TI  - The role of melatonin and serotonin in aging.
AB  - The hypothesis presented in this paper defines aging as a pathological process
      originating in the pineal gland. This results in a diminished output of
      melatonin, along with a diminished melatonin to serotonin ratio, leading to a
      decline in adaptive processes and a predictable syndrome manifested by the
      "diseases of the aged" (DOA) and subsequent death of the organism. That is, aging
      is a syndrome of relative melatonin deficiency resulting from the gradual failure
      of the pineal gland.

PMID- 2889132
TI  - Lipids covalently bonded to pteridines and to nucleotides may bind
      neurotransmitters, and may be cleaved into second messengers for opiates.
AB  - By hypothesis: 1.) lipid-pteridines and lipid-nucleotides, while fixed in the
      external side of membranes at the ends of nerve cells, bind neurotransmitters and
      perhaps opiates; 2.) during their normal metabolism in animals they are cleaved
      by phospholipases into pteridines and nucleotides which act as 2nd messengers for
      opiates. These 2nd messengers, some with tri-iodo-thyronine, act by sandwiching
      about circulating neurotransmitters; 3.) dinucleotides containing neopterin are
      specific 2nd messengers for steroids; and 4.) lipid-RNAs are the molecular
      locations in the brain which contain memories.

PMID- 2889133
TI  - Unnecessary investigations for impalpable testes.

PMID- 2889134
TI  - The treatment of psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic airways
      obstruction.
AB  - Patients with chronic airways obstruction have been reported as presenting with
      psychiatric illnesses commonly. The anxiety and depressive disorders, which are
      the most common psychiatric illnesses, are known significantly to affect
      patients' level of occupational and social function. Four cases are presented to
      illustrate the differing presentations of psychiatric illness in patients with
      chronic airways obstruction. Conventional psychiatric treatment modalities can be
      used successfully, in spite of severe airways obstruction, and may lead to a
      markedly improved quality of life for these patients.

PMID- 2889135
TI  - [Clinical observations in acute benzodiazepine poisoning].

PMID- 2889136
TI  - [Urinary secretion of alpha-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and alanine
      aminopeptidase in the healthy newborn infant at term].

PMID- 2889137
TI  - Allogenotypes defined by short DQ alpha and DQ beta cDNA probes correlate with
      and define splits of HLA-DQ serological specificities.
AB  - HLA-DR and -DQ serotyped cell lines and peripheral blood leucocytes were analysed
      by Southern blot allogenotyping. Using a short DQ beta cDNA probe, a DQ beta
      allelic series was defined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      with the restriction endonuclease TaqI. This DQ beta allelic series correlates
      with, and defines splits of, the HLA-DQ serological specificities DQw1 (DQ beta
      1a and DQ beta 1b RFLPs), DQw2 (DQ beta 2a and DQ beta 2b RFLPs) and DQw3 (DQ
      beta 3a and DQ beta 3b RFLPs). By sequential use of a short DQ alpha cDNA probe a
      second, DQ alpha allelic series is defined by RFLP. This series correlates to a
      lesser extent than DQ beta RFLPs with the HLA-DQ serological specificities. Thus,
      two DQ alpha RFLPs correlate with a single DQ serotype (DQ alpha 1a and DQ alpha
      1c with DQw1), but three DQ alpha RFLPs correlate with more than one DQ serotype
      (DQ alpha 1b with DQw1 and DQw3; DQ alpha 2 with DQw2 and DQw3; DQ alpha 3 with
      DQw2 and DQw3). Individual DQ beta and DQ alpha RFLP subtypes appear to correlate
      with single, or associated HLA-DR specificities. Specific combinations of DQ beta
      with DQ alpha RFLPs also correlate with HLA-Dw splits of DR2 and DRw6. A system
      for HLA-DNA typing is described, which uses RFLP patterns generated by sequential
      hybridization of TaqI-digested DNAs with short DR beta, DQ beta and DQ alpha cDNA
      probes. The DQ beta and DQ alpha probes not only identify the DQ allele, but
      because of linkage disequilibrium with DR, help to assign the DR allele, which
      may not always be identified with a DR beta probe alone.

PMID- 2889138
TI  - Identification and characterization of Thy-1 homologues from bovine thymocytes.
AB  - Two forms of Thy-1 homologues of apparent mol. wt of 25,000 (designated BTp25)
      and 45,000 (designated BTp45) were isolated from bovine thymocyte membrane by
      solubilization, affinity chromatography with Con A, and preparative SDS-PAGE.
      Both forms reacted with a rabbit antiserum to murine Thy-1 in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BTp45 is most likely a dimer of BTp25, since the two
      are indistinguishable in their amino acid compositions. Comparison of amino acid
      compositions of BTp25 and BTp45 to that of rodent and human Thy-1 by the S delta
      Q index revealed significant relatedness among these molecules. BTp25 and BTp45
      demonstrate more structural homology to rodent Thy-1 than to human Thy-1.
      Detailed chemical analyses indicate that bovine Thy-1 homologues contain neutral
      sugars and fatty acids covalently bound to the polypeptide chain; therefore, they
      are lipoglycoproteins.

PMID- 2889139
TI  - Complementary DNA for a human subgroup IV immunoglobulin lambda-chain.
AB  - We have cloned a cDNA (p3C4 lambda 5) encoding a human immunoglobulin lambda
      chain of human-mouse heterohybridoma, H6-3C4, which produces a human monoclonal
      antibody against human sperm surface antigen. Amino acid sequence deduced from
      the nucleotide sequence of V lambda (V lambda 3C4) of cloned cDNA was closely
      related to that of SHV lambda protein, a member of subgroup IV. Southern blot
      analysis of human genomic DNAs by using V lambda 3C4 as a probe detected at least
      8 cross-hybridizing members of subgroup V lambda IV. Restriction enzyme fragment
      polymorphism (RFLP) appeared to be present in normal individuals with V lambda
      3C4 gene.

PMID- 2889140
TI  - Mutagenic evaluation of etintidine (BL-5641), a novel histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist, using the chromosome aberration test in CHL cells and the
      micronucleus test in mice.
AB  - The mutagenic effects of etintidine (BL-5641), a novel histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist, was assessed using the chromosome aberration test in CHL cells and
      the micronucleus test in mice. (1) Etintidine did not show any chromosome
      aberrations in the presence or absence of S9 mix at any concentration tested. (2)
      Etintidine did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic
      erythrocytes even at the dose of 50% of the LD50 at single (24 h) and
      chronological preparation after drug administration.

PMID- 2889141
TI  - Medical and surgical treatment for unstable angina.

PMID- 2889142
TI  - The adherence of Escherichia coli to the intestinal epithelium of piglets.
AB  - The ability of some pathogenic strains of E. coli to adhere to the intestinal
      epithelium significantly enhances their effectivity. This adhesion of particular
      pigs' strains is mediated by specific pili possessing the K 88 antigen found on
      the outer membrane of the bacterial cell. In in vitro experiments with isolated
      piglets' enterocytes, a considerable adherence of the E. coli K 88+ strain was
      found when compared with the same bacterial strain but lacking this plasmid
      directed antigen. Comparable results were obtained in in vivo experiments with
      ligated intestinal loops as well as with monoassociated piglets. Furthermore, the
      adherence ability is most pronounced at the early postnatal period and is
      negligible in adult pigs.

PMID- 2889143
TI  - Two forms of transforming growth factor-beta distinguished by multipotential
      haematopoietic progenitor cells.
AB  - Type-beta transforming growth factors (TGF-beta s) are polypeptides that act
      hormonally to control proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. Two
      distinct homodimeric TGF-beta polypeptides, TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 have been
      identified which show approximately 70% amino-acid sequence similarity. Despite
      their structural differences, TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 are equally potent at
      inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. The
      recent immunohistochemical localization of high levels of TGF-beta in the bone
      marrow and haematopoietic progenitors of the fetal liver has raised the
      possibility that TGF-beta s might be involved in the regulation of
      haematopoiesis. Here we show that TGF-beta 1, but not TGF-beta 2, is a potent
      inhibitor of haematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. TGF-beta 1 inhibited
      colony formation by murine factor-dependent haematopoietic progenitor cells in
      response to interleukin-3 (IL-3) or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF), as well as colony formation by marrow progenitor cells
      responding to CSF-1 (M-CSF). The progenitor cell lines examined were
      approximately 100-fold more sensitive to TGF-beta 1 than TGF-beta 2, and
      displayed type-I TGF-beta receptors with affinity approximately 20-fold higher
      for TGF-beta 1 than TGF-beta 2. These results identify TGF-beta 1 as a novel
      regulator of haematopoiesis that acts through type-I TGF-beta receptors to
      modulate proliferation of progenitor cells in response to haematopoietic growth
      factors.

PMID- 2889144
TI  - Germline mosaicism and Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutations.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular disease with
      an incidence of approximately 1 in 3,500 newborn boys. The DMD locus has a high
      mutation frequency: one third of the cases is thought to result from a new
      mutation. Linkage studies using probes to detect restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms and DNA deletion studies have greatly improved DMD carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis. Here we report on two families in which a
      pERT87 (DXS164) deletion was transmitted to more than one offspring by women who
      showed no evidence for the mutation in their own somatic (white blood) cells. We
      also show that the deletion in both siblings in one of the families is identical,
      indicating that the deletion must have occurred during mitosis in early germline
      proliferation, leading to a germline mosaicism. This phenomenon may turn out to
      be a major factor contributing to the induction of DMD mutations, and has
      important implications for the counselling of DMD families.

PMID- 2889145
TI  - A partial deletion of the muscular dystrophy gene transmitted twice by an
      unaffected male.
AB  - A gene of unknown function located in band Xp21 on the short arm of the human X
      chromosome gives rise to X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy, of either
      Duchenne or Becker type, when mutated. The gene encodes a large muscle-specific
      transcript of about 14 kilobases (kb) and its genomic size extends over more than
      1,800 kb. The high mutation rate (about 10(-4) per generation) is likely to
      result from the large target size. Submicroscopic deletions, detectable with one
      or more of the dozen cloned DNA probes available for regions within the gene,
      constitute a significant proportion of the mutations. Because no such deletions
      have been found in normal individuals, it is assumed that intragenic deletions
      are the molecular basis of the mutations. The origin of deletions can be traced
      in families. With sufficient data collected, it will soon be possible to answer
      questions about the relative frequencies of mutations in male and female
      gametogenesis and about the timing of mutational events in mitotic or meiotic
      stages of germ cell development. We have studied a four generation family
      containing males who have Duchenne muscular dystrophy due to deletion of the
      sequence recognized by intragenic probe J-Bir. The deletion was present in two of
      five daughters of a woman who herself did not have the deletion. Haplotype
      analysis on 15 members of this family using nine informative restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP) markers indicated that the J-Bir deletion chromosome
      was transmitted from the unaffected father.

PMID- 2889146
TI  - Critics denounce first genome map as premature.

PMID- 2889147
TI  - Indian health planners shun insecticides in disease control.

PMID- 2889148
TI  - Direct detection of more than 50% of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutations by
      field inversion gels.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder affecting about 1 in
      3,500 males. It is allelic with the milder Becker muscular dystrophy. The
      biochemical basis for both diseases is unknown and no effective treatment is
      available. Long-range physical mapping has shown that the DMD gene, localized in
      Xp21, is extremely large, exceeding 2 million base pairs. Until now, carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis has involved the use of linked restriction
      fragment length polymorphism markers which detect muscular dystrophy-associated
      deletions in about 10% of the cases. Field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE)
      allows the detection of structural rearrangements in 21 out of 39 of the DMD
      patients studied (54%), of which 14 (65%) were not detected by conventional
      methods. Large deletions seem to make up a much higher fraction of the DMD
      mutations than so far indicated by other methods. A region prone to deletion was
      located in the distal half of the gene. FIGE analysis could provide a valuable
      extension of information for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. The
      technique should be generally applicable to the study of diseases involving
      structural chromosomal rearrangements.

PMID- 2889149
TI  - [Takayasu's disease as the cause of myocardial infarct in an infant].

PMID- 2889150
TI  - [Epidemiology of AIDS and HIV infections in the Netherlands; current status and
      prognosis for 1987-1990].

PMID- 2889151
TI  - [Salazosulfapyridine or 5-aminosalicylic acid].

PMID- 2889152
TI  - [Acute abdomen caused by torsion of an undescended testis].

PMID- 2889153
TI  - Ultrastructural evidence for gamma aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive synapses on
      somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya in the periventricular anterior
      hypothalamus.
AB  - Somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya in the periventricular anterior
      hypothalamus were demonstrated to be surrounded by gamma aminobutyric acid GABA
      immunoreactive nerve terminals, by combining pre-embedding immunocytochemistry
      for somatostatin and gold labelling post-embedding immunocytochemistry for GABA.
      Ultrastructural studies revealed that in each 100-nm section, cells
      immunoreactive for somatostatin (n = 62) were contacted by a mean of 7.6 +/- 0.4
      terminal profiles of which 3.0 +/- 0.3 (40%) were GABA-immunoreactive. Most GABA
      immunoreactive terminals contained clear rounded vesicles and, where synaptic
      specializations were well demonstrated, appeared to be symmetric. The finding
      provides evidence that there is a significant GABA input to somatostatin neurons,
      an observation strengthening the hypothesis that GABA may inhibit somatostatin
      neurons, thereby causing increased secretion of growth hormone.

PMID- 2889154
TI  - Frontiers in neuropharmacology. Introduction to the session on modulators.

PMID- 2889155
TI  - Is dopamine a transmitter in the periphery?
AB  - There is now substantial experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that a
      dopaminergic neuronal system is present in peripheral tissues. This evidence
      includes identified and characterized dopaminergic receptors, the presence of
      relatively large concentrations of dopamine and DOPAC in some neurons and organ
      systems, and the differential loss of norepinephrine or dopamine following
      treatment with catecholaminergic neurotoxins. There are still many studies that
      remain to be completed, however, existing evidence is consistent with a
      peripheral dopaminergic neuronal system.

PMID- 2889156
TI  - Evolving concepts on the interactions between antidepressant treatments and
      monoamine neurotransmitters.
AB  - Most research on the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and repeated
      electroconvulsive shock (ECS) has focussed on changes in monoamine chemistry and
      function. Most antidepressant treatments, on repeated administration, decrease
      the number of beta-adrenoceptors in the cortex, a change which does not occur if
      5-HT pathways to the cortex are lesioned, suggesting that 5-HT neurones play a
      permissive role in the change and high-lighting the complex neurotransmitter
      interactions that are present. Several drugs and electroconvulsive shock also
      attenuate the function of alpha 2-adrenoceptors (shown both by the sedation
      response and change in MOPEG-SO4 that occurs after injection of clonodine).
      Repeated treatment with the majority of antidepressant drugs decreases the number
      of 5-HT2 receptor and function. However, repeated electroconvulsive shock
      increases both these parameters. In contrast the hypothermic response which
      follows injection of the 5HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)
      tetralin-(8-OHDPAT) is attenuated not only after a range of diverse
      antidepressant drugs but also electroconvulsive shock. This suggests that the
      5HT1A receptor is subsensitive after both antidepressant drugs and
      electroconvulsive shock. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a wide range of
      antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive shock lead, on repeated
      administration, to an increase in the number of GABAB receptors and the
      enhancement of the degree of inhibition of release of 5-HT in cortical slices by
      the GABAB agonist baclofen suggests that a functional correlate of this change
      can be demonstrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889157
TI  - Adrenaline in the CNS: in vivo evidence for a functional pathway innervating the
      hypothalamus.
AB  - This article reviews the evidence, obtained from studies employing the technique
      of intracerebral dialysis, to monitor changes in extracellular adrenaline in the
      hypothalamus, that adrenaline is released from nerve endings in the hypothalamus
      and has a functional role. Studies using [3H] adrenaline to determine the
      specificity of uptake mechanisms for adrenaline indicate that labelled adrenaline
      is also taken up by noradrenergic nerve endings. This supports the need to
      develop techniques to monitor changes in endogenous release of adrenaline. In
      this study, it has been shown that inhibition of phenylethanolamine-N
      methyltransferase selectively decreases tissue levels in the hypothalamus and in
      vivo release of adrenaline, while monoamine oxidase inhibition and antagonism of
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors increases the release of both adrenaline and noradrenaline.
      The "selective" noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP4 caused an initial increase in the
      release of both catecholamines, followed by a marked decrease in their release.
      Stimulation of the adrenaline-containing neurones in the rostral ventrolateral
      medulla (C1 region) increased the release of adrenaline in the posterior
      hypothalamus, but not that of noradrenaline, while also increasing mean arterial
      blood pressure. Pharmacological evidence indicates that B2-adrenoceptors in the
      hypothalamus and the spinal cord are involved in the rise in mean arterial
      pressure, as the response is reduced by a selective B2-antagonist (ICI 118551).
      The rise in mean arterial blood pressure during C1 stimulation is enhanced by the
      alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan, supporting observations that alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      are involved in the pre-synaptic regulation of release of adrenaline.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889158
TI  - Behavioral pharmacology of central nervous system stimulants.
AB  - Central nervous system stimulants can be distinguished on the basis of their
      differential effects in various behavioral tests. There are sufficient
      differences between these drugs to suggest that one could develop CNS stimulants
      with more selective behavioral actions.

PMID- 2889159
TI  - Chronic pharmacological manipulation of dopamine receptors in brain.
AB  - Dopamine receptors in the brain play an important role in the treatment of
      schizophrenia and in the development of tardive dyskinesia. In Parkinson's
      disease the loss of dopamine innervation and the use of chronic administration of
      L-DOPA or therapy with dopamine agonists also affects the function of dopamine
      receptors in brain. Subacute administration of neuroleptic drugs to rodents for a
      few weeks followed by the withdrawal of the drug induces supersensitivity of
      dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, the long-term administration of
      neuroleptic drugs to rodents shows that typical neuroleptic drugs can induce
      functional supersensitivity of dopamine receptors despite continued
      administration of drug. In contrast, atypical neuroleptics such as sulpiride, do
      not appear to induce the same changes in the activity of dopamine receptors. The
      functional supersensitivity of dopamine receptors produced by repeated
      administration of neuroleptic is reflected in changes in cholinergic, gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and peptide neuronal
      systems. Chronic treatment of parkinsonian patients with drugs may obscure the
      changes in the function of dopamine receptors caused by the disease process.
      However, chronic administration of L-DOPA to normal rats and to rats with a
      unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway induced with 6-hydroxydopamine
      does not produce a down-regulation of the number of dopamine receptors. Rather,
      these experiments indicate the development of a functional supersensitivity of
      dopamine receptors in the absence of any obvious change in the nature of dopamine
      receptor populations in brain. In conclusion, while pharmacological manipulation,
      using neuroleptic drugs, produces the expected development of receptor
      supersensitivity, studies involving chronic treatment with agonists suggests that
      dopamine receptors do not always respond as would be predicted. It appears that
      there are aspects of the regulation of dopamine receptors in brain following
      pharmacological manipulation which remain to be resolved.

PMID- 2889160
TI  - Behavioural and ECoG spectrum power effects after intraventricular injection of
      drugs altering dopaminergic transmission in rats.
AB  - In rats with cannulae permanently implanted into the third cerebral ventricle,
      the effects of different pharmacological manipulations affecting dopaminergic
      mechanisms, were studied on behaviour and electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity,
      continuously quantified in its spectrum power. The intraventricular injection
      (0.1-1 nmol) of (-)3PPP[3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) N-n-propylpiperidine], a specific
      agonist at dopamine (DA) autoreceptors, produced dose-dependent behavioural
      sedation or sleep and an increase in ECoG spectrum power, with a predominant
      increase in the lower frequency bands. Short episodes of stereotyped movements,
      wet-dog syndrome, penile grooming and erection were also observed. Similar
      behavioural and ECoG effects were elicited by the intraventricular injection of R
      (+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrohydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepi ne-7-ol (SCH
      23390), a selective antagonist at D1 postsynaptic receptors, although these were
      preceded by a short period of behavioural and sexual stimulation. In addition,
      the intraventricular administration of some neuroleptics, chloropromazine and
      haloperidol, produced behavioural and ECoG slow wave sleep. No significant
      changes were observed with a neuroleptic drug, 1-sulpiride, which is reputed to
      act selectively as an antagonist at dopamine D2 receptors. In conclusion, the
      present experiments add new evidence in favour of the idea that dopaminergic
      mechanisms are involved in mammalian species in the control of arousal and that
      both post-synaptic D1 and D2 receptors may take part in such a control.

PMID- 2889161
TI  - Effects of continuous administration for 12 months of amine-depleting drugs and
      chlorpromazine on striatal dopamine function in the rat.
AB  - Rats received either chlorpromazine (33-36 mg/kg/day), oxypertine (6.3-7.3
      mg/kg/day), tetrabenazine (6.0-6.7 mg/kg/day) or reserpine (0.28-0.30 mg/kg/day)
      continuously for up to 12 months. Chlorpromazine and tetrabenazine reduced
      spontaneous locomotor activity of animals after 1 month of treatment. Thereafter,
      locomotor activity in animals treated with chlorpromazine returned to control
      levels, whereas treatment with tetrabenazine increased locomotion. Oxypertine
      enhanced spontaneous locomotor activity after 9 months of administration only,
      whereas treatment with reserpine did not alter this activity at any time during
      the study compared to age-matched controls. Treatment with tetrabenazine enhanced
      stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine (0.063-1.0 mg/kg s.c.) throughout
      the study. In contrast, stereotypy in animals administered chlorpromazine,
      oxypertine or reserpine was the same as in control animals throughout the 12
      months of treatment. Levels of dopamine in the striatum were reduced after the
      first month of administration of chlorpromazine, but thereafter returned to
      control values. Treatment with oxypertine for up to 12 months did not alter
      concentrations of dopamine in the striatum, whereas administration of
      tetrabenazine and reserpine caused a decrease. All treatments with drugs
      consistently reduced the content of homovanillic acid in the striatum during the
      study. The Bmax for specific binding of [3H]spiperone in the striatum was
      increased by continuous treatment of animals with chlorpromazine, oxypertine or
      tetrabenazine, although the effects of oxypertine and tetrabenazine were only
      transient. Administration of reserpine did not alter the Bmax for specific
      binding of [3H]spiperone. The Bmax for specific binding of [3H]piflutixol in the
      striatum was unchanged by any treatment for up to 12 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889162
TI  - The effects of cortical ablation on multiple unit activity in the striatum
      following dexamphetamine.
AB  - Bilateral removal of the fronto-parietal cortex of the rat resulted in decreased
      spontaneous multiple-unit activity recorded in the striatum of freely-moving
      rats. Cortical ablations changed the neuronal response in the striatum to
      systemic administration of dexamphetamine (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) from excitation in
      control animals (88%) to inhibition in ablated animals (61%). Furthermore,
      catalepsy, induced by haloperidol, but not by morphine, was markedly attenuated
      after cortical ablation. These changes were accompanied by a 23% decrease in the
      specific binding of [3H]spiperone in the striatum. The binding of [3H]met
      enkephalin was unaffected by the cortical lesions. Levels of glutamate in the
      striatum decreased from 8.88 +/- 0.5 mumols/g in control animals to 6.93 +/- 0.37
      mumols/g after bilateral cortical ablation. On the other hand, cortical ablations
      did not alter the content of either the gamma-aminobutyric acid or glutamine of
      the striatum. It is concluded that the excitatory response, observed in striatal
      neurons in freely-moving animals, is dependent upon an intact cerebral cortex and
      requires intact cortico-striatal afferents. The results further suggest that
      neurons in the striatum are under the tonic influence of glutamate, released from
      cortico-striatal afferents. Lastly, some dopamine D2 binding sites in the
      striatum are located on cortico-striatal afferent terminals and blockade of these
      striatal D2 sites may be involved in the induction of catalepsy by neuroleptic
      drugs.

PMID- 2889163
TI  - Inhibition of [3H][3-MeHis2]thyrotropin releasing hormone recognition sites in
      the rat brain by tifluadom, a kappa opiate receptor agonist.
AB  - The effect of tifluadom (TIF), a postulated kappa-opiate agonist with a
      benzodiazepine (Bz) structure, on the binding of [3H][3-MeHis2]thyrotropin
      releasing hormone [( 3H]MeTRH) to receptors for thyrotropin releasing hormone
      (TRH) in membranes from rat brain was determined. Tifluadom inhibited the binding
      of [3H]MeTRH with an IC50 value of 1.88 microM. When the binding was carried out
      in the presence of an IC20 concentration of tifluadom, the Bmax value of
      [3H]MeTRH was decreased by 20% but no change in the Kd value was noted,
      indicating that the inhibition was apparently noncompetitive. Ro 15-1788 a
      benzodiazepine antagonist, as well as bicuculline, a gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) antagonist did not antagonize the effect of tifluadom on the binding of
      [3H]MeTRH suggesting that the benzodiazepine receptors are not involved in the
      action of tifluadom. Since tifluadom is suggested to be a kappa-opioid agonist,
      the effect of other kappa-opiate ligands were also tested for their ability to
      affect TRH receptors. The drugs used were ethylketocyclazocine, dynorphin(1-13)
      and 5-bromo-6-(2-imidazoline-2-ylamino)quinoxaline (U-50,488H). The order of
      potency of these compounds to inhibit the binding of [3H]MeTRH to membrane from
      the rat brain was in the following order: tifluadom greater than U-50,488H
      greater than dynorphin-(1-13) greater than ethylketocyclazocine. It is concluded
      that tifluadom inhibits the binding of [3H]MeTRH to receptors in brain in a
      noncompetitive manner. The effect does not appear to be mediated through
      benzodiazepine receptors but possibly through kappa-opiate receptors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889164
TI  - Involvement of catecholaminergic neurones and alpha-adrenoceptors in the wet-dog
      shake and forepaw licking behaviour produced by the intrathecal injection of an
      analogue of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (CG 3509).
AB  - Intrathecal injection of the analogue of TRH, CG 3509, into conscious rats
      produced dose-related wet-dog shakes and forepaw licking, which showed a bell
      shaped relationship of intensity to dose. Pretreatment with alpha-MPT
      intraperitoneally, markedly reduced levels of noradrenaline and dopamine in the
      spinal cord and brainstem and attenuated both CG 3509-induced responses, while
      intrathecal treatment with DSP4 selectively reduced noradrenaline in the spinal
      cord without affecting either behaviour. Since denervation supersensitivity may
      develop following treatment with DSP4, these results are not inconsistent with a
      proposal that bulbospinal noradrenergic neurones modulate the behaviour induced
      by CG 3509. Wet-dog shakes and forepaw licking induced by CG 3509 were reduced by
      pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine or prazosin, suggesting that a tonic
      noradrenergic pathway may facilitate both behavioural responses through alpha 1
      adrenoceptors. Methoxamine, combined with CG 3509 partially attenuated the wet
      dog shake behaviour, but methoxamine produced marked hindlimb jerking which might
      physiologically antagonise wet-dog shakes. Concomitant administration of
      clonidine and CG 3509 potently reduced wet-dog shakes in a dose-related manner
      but did not significantly affect forepaw licking, while idazoxan did not
      significantly affect either response. The latter findings imply that alpha 2
      adrenoceptors play different roles in modulating the two behavioural responses
      and the possible synaptic location of the receptors is discussed. Taken together
      these results suggest that CG 3509 may release noradrenaline from bulbospinal
      neurones regulating motor function.

PMID- 2889165
TI  - Noradrenaline-induced emesis. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor mediation in the area
      postrema.
AB  - The emetic action of noradrenaline was investigated in unanesthetized cats, after
      it was injected into the cerebral ventricles through chronically implanted
      cannulae. Intracerebroventricular injection of noradrenaline produced dose
      dependent and shortlasting emesis, which was abolished after ablation of the area
      postrema. However, copper sulphate, given orally, evoked emesis in cats with an
      ablated area postrema. The selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine,
      as well as the mixed alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor blocking drugs,
      phentolamine, tolazoline, phenoxybenzamine and dihydroergotamine, but not the
      selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, all injected into the
      cerebral ventricles, attenuated or blocked the emesis evoked by
      intracerebroventricular injection of noradrenaline. Of the alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, only yohimbine produced dose-dependent inhibition of the emesis
      induced by noradrenaline. On the contrary, selected beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      agents, an antimuscarinic drug, a ganglionic blocking agent, an antihistamine,
      dopamine antagonists and a 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist, all injected into the
      cerebral ventricles, had no significant effect on the emesis induced by
      noradrenaline, similarly injected. The emetic response to intracerebroventricular
      injection of noradrenaline, as well as to intragastric administration of copper
      sulphate was not altered in cats pretreated with intracerebroventricular
      injections of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and bretylium. On the other hand, the
      emetic response to intracerebroventricular injection of noradrenaline and to
      intragastric administration of copper sulphate was attentuated or blocked in cats
      pretreated with reserpine intracerebroventricularly. Moreover, in cats pretreated
      with intracerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine and hemicholinium,
      the emesis induced by intracerebroventricular administration of noradrenaline but
      not that produced by intragastric injection of copper sulphate, was
      depressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889166
TI  - Effects of ketamine and (+)cyclazocine on 4-aminopyridine and "magnesium free"
      epileptogenic activity in hippocampal slices of rats.
AB  - The effects of ketamine and (+)cyclazocine on three in vitro models of epilepsy:
      the "Mg2+ free", the 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and, for comparison, the penicillin
      model were studied. These data indicate that the two compounds had an inhibitory
      effect in hippocampal slices of rats, bathed in "Mg2+ free" solution at a
      concentration that did not influence the basal field potential. They also had an
      inhibitory effect on the penicillin model, but at concentrations ten times
      greater than those effective against "Mg2+ free" model. On the other hand,
      (+)cyclazocine was equally active against epileptogenic activity produced by 4-AP
      and "Mg2+ free" solution, while ketamine failed to produce an effect on
      epileptiform activity induced by 4-AP.

PMID- 2889167
TI  - (1S,2R)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propylamino)tetralin ([+]-AJ-76) elevates
      transmitter synthesis in dopaminergic neurons surviving a partial nigrostriatal
      lesion.
AB  - (+)-AJ-76 is a novel compound with a spectrum of actions suggesting that it is a
      selective antagonist of dopamine (DA) autoreceptors. In animals with partial
      lesions of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, in which DA synthesis of
      surviving neurons was elevated, (+)-AJ-76 further increased DA synthesis above
      levels produced by the lesion alone. This finding suggests that (+)-AJ-76 might
      be of value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2889168
TI  - An overview of medically related problems in the cold environment.

PMID- 2889169
TI  - [Controlled clinical evaluation of 2 hypnotic triazole benzodiazepines, estazolam
      and triazolam, used the night before surgical interventions].
AB  - In order to study the efficacy of estazolam versus triazolam in preoperative
      patients, two groups of 49 patients each were treated with 2 mg estazolam and 0.5
      mg triazolam in a single dose, the night before surgery. This controlled study
      was designed to evaluate sleep patterns, emotional status on awakening and side
      effects, by the administration of a questionnaire either in the morning of the
      day before (baseline) or on the morning of surgery. The results show better sleep
      patterns after estazolam excepting the duration of sleep that was the same for
      the two drugs. The better emotional status upon awakening in the morning before
      surgery and the lower incidence of side effects in the patients treated with
      estazolam, lead to the conclusion that estazolam is clearly better than triazolam
      in the treatment of preoperative patients.

PMID- 2889170
TI  - In vitro evaluation of the activity of Entamoeba histolytica studies on motility.
AB  - The tube migration test for leukocyte function studies has been modified to test
      the motility of Entamoeba histolytica. The test was more sensitive to the effect
      of antiamebic drugs than was a test for phagocytic activity. A 50% reduction in
      amebic motility was seen instantly after exposure to metronidazole (40 mg/l). A
      similar reduction of phagocytosis at the same concentration of the drug was seen
      only after two hours' preexposure. The extent of amebic migration in the test
      tube is dependent on factors such as concentration of parasites, temperature and
      incubation time. The tube migration test is cheap and simple and could be a
      valuable supplement to existing screening methods for potential antiamebic drugs.

PMID- 2889171
TI  - AMPA is a powerful neurotoxin in the chicken retina.
AB  - Intravitreal (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleacetic acid (AMPA) is
      a powerful excitotoxin on the chicken retina. Doses of 10 nmol/eye produce half
      maximum destruction of cholinergic amacrine cells, making AMPA equipotent with
      kainic acid. The effects of AMPA can be distinguished from those of kainic acid
      morphologically, and from those of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid by the failure of 2
      amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (2-AP5) to block those of AMPA. Both
      morphologically, and in response to 2-AP5, the effects of AMPA and quisqualic
      acid are indistinguishable, but AMPA is much more potent than quisqualic acid,
      presumably due to the uptake and inactivation of quisqualic acid.

PMID- 2889172
TI  - L-glutamate and N-methyl-D-asparatate actions on membrane potential and
      conductance of cat abducens motoneurones.
AB  - The actions of L-glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were studied with
      intracellular recordings from cat abducens motoneurones. Amino acids were
      electrophoresed extracellularly from the same 7-barreled electrode types as those
      used in the spinal cord. Depolarization development, conductance changes and
      firing pattern induced by amino acids were very similar to those described for
      spinal motoneurones. The shape of NMDA depolarization suggests a uniform
      distribution of the involved receptors on the membrane of the motoneurone.

PMID- 2889173
TI  - Regional distribution of the membrane-bound pyroglutamate amino peptidase
      degrading thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rat brain.
AB  - The brain regional distribution of membrane-bound pyroglutamate aminopeptidase
      degrading thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rat was studied using a specific
      radiometric assay. The distribution was not homogeneous: a 10-fold difference was
      observed between regions. The highest activity was detected in olfactory bulb
      while the lowest was in the cervical part of spinal cord. There was no
      correlation with the regional distribution of enzyme activity vs TRH levels,
      previously reported TRH receptors or in vitro TRH release. The differential
      distribution of this enzyme is consistent with the hypothesis that it is
      responsible for extracellular degradation of neuroactive peptides.

PMID- 2889174
TI  - Spider toxin blocks excitatory amino acid responses in isolated hippocampal
      pyramidal neurons.
AB  - Using the 'concentration-clamp' technique we have investigated the action of Joro
      spider toxin (JSTX), as a specific blocker of glutamate receptor, on freshly
      isolated rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. The neurons showed prominent
      responses to L-glutamate (L-Glu), quisqualate (QA) and kainate (KA) and JSTX
      blocked completely the both responses. The blocking action of toxin was dose
      dependent at the concentrations of toxin between 4.8 X 10(-12) and 4.8 X 10(-8)
      M, and was remarkably similar in cell to cell trials. The kinetics of blockade
      was revealed by applying the toxin to the non-desensitizing KA response. We
      suggest that the JSTX spider toxin may be a valuable tool in ligand binding
      studies of QA/KA receptors in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2889175
TI  - Is neurotransmitter histamine predominantly inactivated in astrocytes?
AB  - Rat synaptosomes and astroglia cell-enriched fraction were tested for the uptake
      of histamine (HA) and its precursor histidine, and the activities of the HA
      synthesizing enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HD) and HA-metabolizing enzyme,
      histamine methyltransferase (HMT). While histidine uptake was more active into
      synaptosomes than into astrocytes, only astrocytes were capable of a significant
      HA uptake. Kinetic analysis of the astrocytic HA uptake revealed a high affinity
      low capacity system (Km = 5 X 10(-7) M, Vmax = 1.6 X 10(-12) mol.min-1 X mg-1)
      similar to the astroglial transport systems for other neurotransmitters. HMT was
      70% more active in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, whereas HD activity was not
      different in these two preparations. The results indicate that astrocytes could
      be the major site of neurotransmitter HA inactivation.

PMID- 2889176
TI  - [The homeo box: facts and hypotheses].
AB  - A review of the published data pertaining to studies of homeo box, a homologous
      DNA sequence found in genomes of various organisms. The following aspects of this
      important phenomenon are considered: expression of homeo box-containing genes,
      pattern of their organization, localization of corresponding proteins, possible
      function of proteins, evolution of homeo box.

PMID- 2889177
TI  - Knowledge of diabetic retinopathy before and 18 years after the Airlie House
      Symposium on Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy.
AB  - In 1968, The Airlie House Symposium evaluated the current knowledge of the
      natural history of diabetic retinopathy. The effects of tight metabolic control,
      pituitary ablation, and photocoagulation were discussed at length. Xenon arc
      photocoagulation was the mainstay of therapy and was usually applied focally to
      individual patches of new vessels. Photocoagulation of background retinopathy was
      rarely done. Panretinal photocoagulation was in its infancy, the ruby laser was
      newly introduced, there were no data on the use of the argon laser, and automated
      vitrectomy had not been introduced. Participants in the symposium set the stage
      for the acquisition of valid clinical data from which important therapeutic
      conclusions have subsequently been drawn by (1) summarizing the areas of
      consensus and disagreement, (2) devising a standard classification of diabetic
      retinopathy, and (3) proposing controlled clinical trials for unanswered
      questions.

PMID- 2889178
TI  - [Somatostatin therapy in acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2889179
TI  - [Demonstration of seasonal changes of circadian rhythms of amikacin
      chrononephrotoxicity in rats].
AB  - The present study investigates the chronobiological approach of the amikacin
      induced nephrotoxicity in rats treated with a single sublethal dose administered
      at different times of day. The nephrotoxicity is appreciated by gamma-glutamyl
      transferase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase urinary excretion, respectively a
      brush border and a lysosomal enzyme. These excretions peak out at 14:00 and reach
      a through at 20:00. In contrast, in a precedent experimentation, in
      october/november, we evidence gamma-glutamyl-transferase excretion increased at
      20:00. So, we evidenced with amikacin not only a circadian but also a seasonal
      susceptibility in rats.

PMID- 2889180
TI  - [Chrononephrotoxicity of amikacin after 7-day chronic poisoning in rats].
AB  - We have studied the chrononephrotoxicity of amikacin during and after a prolonged
      treatment in rats. Animals received by intramuscular route a daily dose of 400
      mg/kg during 7 days at four different times (08:00, 14:00, 20:00 or 02:00). Large
      time-dependent variations in renal injury had been evidenced by several
      parameters and particularly by enzymuria. This injury is maximal when
      administration is made at 14:00. These data confirmed results obtained in
      previous investigations. The knowledge of chrononephrotoxicity could permit an
      optimization of drugs in clinics.

PMID- 2889181
TI  - Testicular undescent and torsion.
AB  - The higher the testis resides above the scrotum, the more dysgenetic the
      morphology is likely to be. High testes are rarely responsive to HCG and should
      be treated by orchiopexy by the age of 2 to 3 years. The undescended testis does
      not mature normally after the age of 2 years and may produce adverse effects on
      the contralateral descended testis, possibly by an autoimmune mechanism. A course
      of HCG for boys with low-lying undescended testes, both unilateral and bilateral,
      may produce descent in as many as 15 per cent of patients and may make the
      technical aspects of orchiopexy easier in those who do not respond. Unilateral
      cryptorchid testes that are dysplastic or located high should generally be
      removed before adolescence.

PMID- 2889182
TI  - Hyposecretion of beta-adrenergically induced sweating in cystic fibrosis
      heterozygotes.
AB  - In order to determine if expression of the cystic fibrosis gene can be detected
      in heterozygotes, we determined sweat responses induced by local stimulation with
      cholinergic and beta-adrenergic agents for 20 heterozygotes, 19 age- and sex
      matched controls, and five subjects with cystic fibrosis. Active sweat glands
      were counted and sweat droplets were collected in constant bore capillaries and
      measured optically. Each subject was tested two to six times. The central finding
      was that the sweat response of carriers was significantly lower than controls to
      beta-adrenergic stimulation (p = 0.0013, two-tailed t test; p less than 0.02,
      Mann-Whitney U), while cystic fibrosis homozygotes did not sweat at all. In
      contrast, the cholinergic sweat responses did not differ between carriers and
      controls. For both groups the correlation between cholinergic and beta-adrenergic
      sweating was positive, but a linear regression of beta-adrenergic sweat responses
      as a function of cholinergic sweat responses yielded slopes that were
      significantly different for the two groups. The ratio of beta-adrenergic to
      cholinergic sweating was plotted for each subject; the mean ratio of the carriers
      was approximately half of the mean for the controls (p = 0.0002 using t test or p
      less than 0.002 using the Mann-Whitney U). Our results confirm previous studies
      and provide new evidence that carriers have, on average, a beta-adrenergically
      stimulated secretory response that is significantly reduced relative to the
      control response.

PMID- 2889184
TI  - CF1ATPase beta- and epsilon-subunit genes are separated in the sweet potato
      chloroplast genome.

PMID- 2889183
TI  - A mouse homeobox containing gene on chromosome 11: sequence and tissue-specific
      expression.
AB  - We have molecularly cloned a mouse homeobox containing gene by isolating cDNA and
      genomic clones. The gene is located in a previously described cluster on
      chromosome 11 (Hart et al. (1985) Cell 43, 9-18) and was identified as the Hox2.3
      gene. We present the complete mRNA sequence of this gene and describe
      similarities to other homeobox containing genes, among which its human homologue,
      the cl gene. High expression of the Hox2.3 gene was found in kidney, testis, and
      spinal cord of adult mice, in the spinal cord of 12.5-17.5 day embryos and in
      differentiating EC cells depending on their treatment. Three different treatments
      of the pluripotent EC cell line P19, each leading to the induction of a specific
      differentiation pathway, resulted in all cases in induction of Hox2.3; however,
      major quantitative differences in this response were observed.

PMID- 2889185
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the pilin gene from Bacteroides nodosus strain 238
      (serogroup G).

PMID- 2889186
TI  - A second useful polymorphism for the cytosolic thymidine kinase gene (TK1) with
      the enzyme BstEII which will allow haplotying at this locus on chromosome 17 (q21
      q22).

PMID- 2889187
TI  - A BamHI RFLP recognised by an anonymous chromosome 20 probe, p4.8 (D20S14).

PMID- 2889188
TI  - Sequence analyses of extrachromosomal Sau3A and related family DNA: analysis of
      recombination in the excision event.
AB  - Previously, we reported a recombination-prone human alphoid-like repetitive DNA
      (Sau3A family) which is characterized by abundance in the extrachromosomal
      fraction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. We suggested a specific
      homologous recombination to be responsible for the DNA excision from the
      chromosomes and also the sequence rearrangement in the chromosomes. In order to
      investigate the nature of the recombination further, 8 different clones were
      obtained which hybridized with Sau3A probe among over 1,500 extrachromosomal DNA
      clones. Restriction mapping and nucleotide sequence analyses showed two to be
      Sau3A monomers and dimers, four Sau3A recombinants, as observed previously, one a
      recombinant of the Sau3A-related sequence on chromosome 17, and one a new Sau3A
      related sequence. Sequence analyses of the recombination junctions in the
      recombinant clones indicated a specific homologous recombination also to be
      responsible for all but one clone. The molecular mechanism and biological
      significance associated with the recombination are discussed.

PMID- 2889189
TI  - A PPY cDNA clone identifies a frequent RFLP.

PMID- 2889190
TI  - An EcoRI polymorphism associated with a human genomic clone from band 11p13.

PMID- 2889191
TI  - Human gastrin (GAS) RFLP recognised by digestion with BamHI or EcoRI.

PMID- 2889192
TI  - A TaqI RFLP detecting single copy fragment (G80) from chromosome 7 p13-p15
      (D7S373).

PMID- 2889193
TI  - Multiple Taq I RFLPs at the human manganese superoxide dismutase (S0D2) locus on
      chromosome 6.

PMID- 2889194
TI  - BamHI RFLP at the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) locus on chromosome 11.

PMID- 2889195
TI  - Human natriuretic peptides (ANP) gene locus: BsmI RFLP.

PMID- 2889196
TI  - Two polymorphisms in the human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene.

PMID- 2889197
TI  - Human cDNA probe (OL167,D21S109) detects RFLP on chromosome 21.

PMID- 2889198
TI  - TaqI polymorphism in the human LDL receptor gene.

PMID- 2889199
TI  - Effect of porcine gastrin releasing peptide on gastric secretion and motility and
      the release of hormonal peptides in conscious cats.
AB  - The effect of porcine gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) was compared to those of
      bombesin (BBS) and pentagastrin (PG) in conscious cats. GRP and BBS augmented
      acid and pepsin secretions, as well as antral motility with an early effect
      comparable to that produced by pentagastrin with an elevation of low amplitude
      contractions and a diminution of high amplitude contractions. BBS and GRP
      increased plasma gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels and decreased
      motilin levels measured by a C terminus-directed antiserum. In all cases, BBS and
      GRP displayed parallel dose-response curves. PG showed slight differences in the
      slopes of the dose-response curves slopes of the dose-response curves except for
      acid secretion stimulation where no difference was noted (PG was the most
      effective) and for pepsin stimulation where the difference was large (PG was much
      less effective). According to the different targets studied, BBS was 4 to 9 times
      more potent than GRP, 6 to 200 times more than PG. Gastrin release, elicited by
      the lowest ED50 of both BBS and GRP, should be considered as their primary effect
      in the cat.

PMID- 2889200
TI  - Met-enkephalin concentrations in striatum respond reciprocally to alterations in
      dopamine neurotransmission.
AB  - The striatum is richly innervated by both enkephalinergic and dopaminergic
      neurons, providing an anatomic framework from which intimate functional
      interrelationships between these neuronal systems may be postulated. Accordingly,
      many functional processes within dopamine neurons have been shown to be modulated
      by opioid peptides. In the present study we confirm predictable reciprocal
      effects in enkephalin neurons, brought about by modification of dopamine
      neurotransmission. Dopamine receptor blockade reliably increased striatal Met
      enkephalin concentrations by about 50%, whereas chronic treatment with a potent
      long-acting dopamine receptor agonist was necessary to demonstrate a small 10-20%
      decrease in Met-enkephalin concentrations. Depletion of presynaptic dopamine also
      resulted in a marked 50-60% augmentation of Met-enkephalin levels, that could be
      prevented by concomitant treatment with a dopamine analogue. Increasing dopamine
      turnover and release by a mu-opioid agonist decreased Met-enkephalin
      concentrations, as might have been predicted. Thus we have shown a marked
      dopaminergic influence that maintains striatal Met-enkephalin concentrations by
      near maximal tonic inhibitory effects.

PMID- 2889201
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of aminopeptidase M in rat brain and periphery:
      relationship of enzyme localization and enkephalin metabolism.
AB  - An antiserum specific for rat aminopeptidase M has been used for the
      immunohistochemical localization of the enzyme in rat brain and peripheral
      tissues. The enzyme in brain is localized exclusively on blood vessels. Within
      the pituitary the enzyme was associated with the vasculature in the posterior
      lobe, on the surface of the intermediate lobe and on the surface of some cells in
      the anterior lobe. In the liver, fine cell staining was observed between
      parenchymal cells, in the ileum the entire lumenal surface was stained, while in
      the kidney both proximal tubular and a central tubular staining was detected. In
      each tissue aminopeptidase M is localized such that it can limit diffusion across
      specific barriers. Aminopeptidase M activity in brain has been proposed to
      function in the degradation of synaptically released enkephalins. Its
      localization on blood vessels requires that enkephalins diffuse prior to
      degradation, a concept not in concert with current hypotheses. Based on these
      studies it is proposed that diffusion away from enkephalinergic synapses plays a
      key role in terminating enkephalin action.

PMID- 2889202
TI  - Opiate peptide receptor types on cultured mouse spinal neurons.
AB  - mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor agonists, morphiceptin, Leu-enkephalin and
      dynorphin reduced monosynaptic EPSPs evoked in spinal cord neurons by stimulation
      of spinal cord neurons in a mouse cell culture system. The incidence of the cell
      pairs which responded to morphiceptin, Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin was 3%, 63%
      and 37% respectively. Statistical analysis showed the effect of Leu-enkephalin
      was presynaptic. When tested with Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin, 6 cell pairs
      responded to both Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin, 5 cell pairs only responded to
      Leu-enkephalin, none of the cell pairs responded only to dynorphin (n = 18). It
      is suggested that some cells have only delta receptors, but kappa receptors
      coexist with delta receptors. Opiate receptors of the mu type are rare on SC
      neurons.

PMID- 2889203
TI  - Morphological studies on the effect of taxol on cultured human prostatic cancer
      cells.
AB  - The effect of taxol, an experimental antitumor drug, was studied in vitro on
      human prostatic cancer cells. Different concentrations of taxol, varying from 5
      microM to 0.01 nM, were used. The effect of taxol was examined by light and
      electron microscopy. Taxol had a marked cytotoxic effect on prostatic cancer
      cells down to a 10 nM concentration of taxol when observed by light microscopy.
      However, by electron microscopy, the specific effect of taxol was seen even with
      a 1 nM concentration of taxol. Taxol induced the appearance of numerous round
      cells after a few days and, subsequently, progressive death of the tumor cells.
      Among the surviving tumor cells, large tumor cells were noted as well as many
      multinucleated tumor cells. By electron microscopy, the round tumor cells showed
      mitotic figures with a high amount of cytoplasmic microtubules. Nonmitotic cells
      were often multinucleated and contained a high number of cytoplasmic microtubules
      and microtubule-related structures. The results show that taxol, even at very low
      concentrations, has a highly cytotoxic effect on prostatic cancer cells; and when
      a very low concentration of taxol is used with no obvious cytotoxic effect at the
      light microscopic level, specific taxol-induced ultrastructural alterations can
      be observed.

PMID- 2889204
TI  - [Factors in sudden and non-sudden death after myocardial infarction].
AB  - Attempts at preventing total and sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction
      can only succeed if its mechanisms and its contributing of determinant factors
      are known. It is now well established that sudden deaths account for one-half of
      mortality cases and that in the vast majority of cases these deaths are due to
      malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Several sudden death risk factors have been
      identified, including ventricular dysrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction and
      myocardial ischaemia. A number of therapeutic trials on the prevention of post
      infarction death have been conducted, but so far only beta-blockers have proved
      effective in reducing the incidence of total and sudden cardiac death. It is
      permissible to think, however, that other, discerningly selected treatments might
      also be effective.

PMID- 2889205
TI  - [Microbial inhibitors of phospholipase C].
AB  - Inhibitors of the Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C were prepared from the
      filtrates of the culture liquids of Streptomyces saracetidus and Streptomyces
      species using soluble and cross-linked polyelectrolytes. The technological scheme
      of isolation involves ultrafiltration. The inhibitors produced by the two strains
      had different chemical nature. The preparation obtained from Str. saraceticus was
      proved to be a complex of inhibitors that were separated by gel-chromatography
      into a major polypeptide with a molecular weight of 5500-6500 and a low-molecular
      weight glycopeptide. The inhibitor obtained from Str. species was found to be a
      high-molecular weight protein.

PMID- 2889206
TI  - [Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism combined with anosmia (Kallmann's syndrome)].
AB  - Diagnosis in Kallmann's syndrome is often erroneous and results in the
      administration of inadequate therapy. The aim of the study was to define
      characteristic features of a course of disease and to administer adequate
      therapy. It has been established that cases of Kallmann's syndrome are rather
      frequent. Patients with hypogonadism should be examined with respect to anosmia
      because such a combination suggests the diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome. The
      selection of a therapeutic method should be strictly individual bearing in mind a
      degree of hypoplasia and the presence of cryptorchism. In the combination of
      Kallmann's syndrome with cryptorchism CG therapy results in the elimination of
      cryptorchism without surgery in most patients. Chorionic gonadotropin should be
      administered in combination with androgens in marked testicular hypoplasia in any
      period at the reproductive age; later on it can be only chorionic gonadotropin.
      Correct diagnosis and adequate therapy lead to sex and social rehabilitation of
      patients with Kallmann's syndrome decreasing the number of sterile men.

PMID- 2889207
TI  - [Functional interrelations of monoamines, thyrotropic hormone and thyroid
      hormones in hyperprolactinemia].
AB  - Functional interrelationships of serotonin, dopamine, prolactin, TRH and thyroid
      hormones in patients with hyperprolactinemia were studied. Altogether 26 patients
      with amenorrhea in hyperprolactinemia without clinical signs of disorder of
      thyroid function were examined. The levels of serotonin and dopamine were
      determined by spectrofluorimetry, the level of hormones was determined by a
      radioimmunoassay. An increase in the level of serotonin and a decrease in the
      level of dopamine in all the patients, a decrease in TRH and T4, and an increase
      in T3 were noted. The levels of monoamines, TRH and thyroid hormones showed
      correlation. It has been concluded that disorder of the monoaminergic mechanisms
      of regulation creates conditions for the rearrangement of hormonal
      interrelationships in the neuroendocrine functional system and determines the
      involvement of the hypophyseothyroid system in the pathological process.
      Therefore patients with hyperprolactinemia are at risk of developing thyroid
      functional disorders.

PMID- 2889208
TI  - Region-specific expression of mouse homeobox genes in the embryonic mesoderm and
      central nervous system.
AB  - The homeobox is a 180-base-pair sequence characteristically found in homeotic and
      segmentation genes in Drosophila. Several copies of homeoboxes are also found in
      the mammalian genome, but it is not known whether these are components of
      morphogenetic loci in mammals as well. As a step toward understanding the
      function of mammalian homeoboxes, we have used in situ hybridization to define
      the spatial pattern of expression of two mouse homeobox genes in the
      midgestational mouse embryo. The two mouse homeoboxes studied here, Hox 1.2 and
      Hox 1.4, are located 20 kilobases apart on mouse chromosome 6. Our results
      demonstrate the following: (i) Hox 1.2 transcripts are localized mainly in the
      posterior myelencephalon, in the cervical central nervous system (CNS), and in
      several thoracic prevertebrae; (ii) Hox 1.4 transcripts are localized mainly in
      the posterior myelencephalon and in the cervical CNS; (iii) within the CNS region
      expressing Hox 1.4, the level of Hox 1.4 transcripts is higher in the mantle
      layer than in the ependymal layer and higher in the dorsal than in the ventral
      area. The specific localization of Hox 1.2 and Hox 1.4 transcripts in the
      embryonic CNS and the restricted pattern of expression along the rostrocaudal
      axis are strikingly reminiscent of the expression pattern of Drosophila
      homeoboxes in the fly embryo and larvae. Despite the different developmental
      strategies adopted by Drosophila and mammals, functional similarities may exist
      between Drosophila and mammalian homeobox genes.

PMID- 2889209
TI  - The Florey lecture, 1987. Corticomotoneuronal projections: synaptic events
      related to skilled movement.
AB  - During infancy, children develop an expanding repertoire of movement skills in
      parallel with the maturation in their brains of direct nerve-fibre connections
      between the cerebral cortex and motoneurons in the spinal cord. These
      corticomotoneuronal connections are characteristic of primates and can be studied
      in monkeys; in these animals, refinement in the control of movements of the hand
      is also associated with increasing development of corticomotoneuronal
      connections. In monkeys, motoneurons innervating distally acting muscles are
      preferentially excited by convergent activities in corticomotoneuronal fibres.
      This excitation has been demonstrated to be effective in natural functional
      states when a conscious monkey is performing learned movement tasks. Extensive
      intraspinal arborizations of individual corticomotoneuronal fibres could permit
      the engagement of large numbers of local motoneurons and related interneurons by
      each of these fibres. Abolition of corticomotoneuronal influences, after section
      of the pyramidal tracts, causes a permanent deficit in fractionation of use of
      muscles of the forelimb and an inability to carry out independent movements of
      the fingers.

PMID- 2889210
TI  - Alpha ganglion cells in mammalian retinae.
AB  - Retinae from species of six orders of mammals (table 1) were processed by an on
      the-slide neurofibrillar staining method to establish whether alpha-type ganglion
      cells are generally present in placental mammals. Alpha cells of the domestic
      cat, where they were first defined as a type, are used as a standard of
      reference. Alpha cells were found in all the twenty species examined;
      characteristically they have the largest somata and large dendritic fields with a
      typical branching pattern. In keeping with the common morphology there are inner
      and outer stratifying subpopulations and therefore a presumptive 'on-centre' and
      'off-centre' responsiveness to light. Depending on the species, alpha cells form
      between 1 and 4% of the ganglion-cell population and their dendritic fields cover
      the retina three to four times. The morphology of alpha ganglion cells, and many
      of their quantitative features, are conserved in mammals coming from different
      habitats and having a wide variety of behaviours. Because it is known different
      habitats and having a wide variety of behaviours. Because it is known from the
      cat that alpha ganglion cells have brisk-transient or Y receptive fields it is
      possible that all placental mammals possess this physiological system.

PMID- 2889211
TI  - Direct and relayed projection of periodontal receptor afferents to the cerebellum
      in the ferret.
AB  - Field potentials in the cerebellar cortex of the ferret have been studied in
      response to stimulation of alveolar, muscular and cutaneous branches of the
      trigeminal nerve. Responses from the alveolar nerves are unusual in their very
      short latency. Evidence based on latency analysis, frequency following and
      comparison with other well-known inputs supports the view that the earliest field
      potentials are due to direct, unrelayed afferents, which terminate as mossy
      fibres. There is, in addition, a monosynaptically relayed afferent path via mossy
      fibres. The alveolar nerve afferents concerned with the direct projection are
      shown to come from periodontal mechanoreceptors and not from cutaneous receptors.
      No such connections are found from jaw-muscle spindle afferents. The direct and
      relayed periodontal pathways are both ipsilateral and crossed. They terminate in
      the cerebellar cortex in the parvermal region of lobules IV, V and VI. The
      functional significance of the direct periodontal afferent projection is
      considered particularly in the light of parallels with the vestibular system,
      which also has direct and relayed cerebellar projections.

PMID- 2889212
TI  - Focal synaptic potentials due to discrete mossy-fibre arrival volleys in the
      cerebellar cortex.
AB  - The previously described direct and relayed projections of periodontal afferents
      to the cerebellar cortex have been examined in detail by extracellular field
      potential analysis. Advantage is taken of the very small temporal dispersion of
      the afferent volleys to permit identification of the presynaptic spike potential
      of mossy fibres, the subsequent synaptic potential and the firing of granule
      cells. Changes in form of the presynaptic potential with depth are compared with
      published descriptions of presynaptic potentials elsewhere. The negative synaptic
      potential in the granular layer is shown to have a positive aspect in the
      molecular layer. Granule-cell firing can, under some conditions, yield a
      population spike interrupting the synaptic potential wave. Records are presented
      showing all-or-none complex waves, which appear to be single glomerular
      potentials, not previously described in the mammalian cerebellum. Their
      distinction from cellular spike potentials is emphasized.

PMID- 2889213
TI  - The effects of catecholamines on tension reactivation in cardiac muscle.
AB  - The effects of adrenaline and the beta-agonist isoprenaline on the time course of
      tension reactivation were studied in several cardiac tissues. The aim of the
      study was to assess whether experimental evidence can be found for a role of the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum in the reactivation of tension. It was assumed that
      calcium recycles between different parts of the reticulum, and that this
      recycling may affect tension repriming. Isoprenaline was assumed to enhance such
      recycling by increasing the uptake of calcium, following its release during a
      preceding contraction. Isoprenaline (in the range of 40 nM to 4 microM) was found
      to enhance tension repriming in adult guinea pig atria. However, in adult rat
      atria, isoprenaline often gave a complex effect, with a smaller degree of
      repriming at short intervals, and enhanced repriming at longer intervals. This
      was thought to reflect the balance between the enhancing effect of the drug on
      calcium recycling and an augmented release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
      In striking contrast, there was no effect of isoprenaline on tension repriming in
      neonatal guinea pig atria and a retardation in neonatal rat atria. This was
      interpreted as reflecting the lack of a sarcoplasmic network in the neonatal
      tissue. The effects of isoprenaline on tension repriming in the frog atrium
      (which also has a sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum network) were also found to be
      complex; low concentrations (40 nM) enhanced the process, and high concentrations
      (0.4 microM) retarded it. Intermediate levels often produced a 'crossover'
      effect: more reactivation at short intervals, and less at long intervals. The
      interpretation of these results was that there are two processes which interact
      to determine the amount of tension produced at short intervals after each
      contraction: the basal reactivation process and some augmenting mechanism
      superimposed on it. This mechanism is probably related to other behavioural
      features of cardiac muscle, such as rate-dependent increases in membrane calcium
      currents. It is relevant mainly in those cases where tension repriming depends on
      membrane calcium currents. Further experiments (in the frog atrium) with elevated
      calcium and with the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (both of which slowed
      down the reactivation process) also support this idea. These agents elevate
      internal calcium levels, and presumably saturate the augmenting mechanism (by
      producing maximal tension responses).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2889214
TI  - Spatial properties of neurons in the monkey striate cortex.
AB  - Contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency was determined for 138
      neurons in the foveal region of primate striate cortex. The accuracy of three
      models in describing these functions was assessed by the method of least squares.
      Models based on difference-of-Gaussians (DOG) functions where shown to be
      superior to those based on the Gabor function or the second differential of a
      Gaussian. In the most general case of the DOG models, each subregion of a simple
      cell's receptive field was constructed from a single DOG function. All the models
      are compatible with the classical observation that the receptive fields of simple
      cells are made up of spatially discrete 'on' and 'off' regions. Although the DOG
      based models have more free parameters, they can account better for the variety
      of shapes of spatial contrast sensitivity functions observed in cortical cells
      and, unlike other models, they provide a detailed description of the organization
      of subregions of the receptive field that is consistent with the physiological
      constraints imposed by earlier stages in the visual pathway. Despite the fact
      that the DOG-based models have spatially discrete components, the resulting
      amplitude spectra in the frequency domain describe complex cells just as well as
      simple cells. The superiority of the DOG-based models as a primary spatial filter
      is discussed in relation to popular models of visual processing that use the
      Gabor function or the second differential of a Gaussian.

PMID- 2889215
TI  - Current concept for improving treatment of prostate cancer based on combination
      of LH-RH agonists with other agents.

PMID- 2889216
TI  - A.P.U.D. type endocrine tumour of the prostate. Incidence and prognosis in
      association with adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2889217
TI  - Antihistaminic treatment of allergic rhinitis: a double-blind study with
      terfenadine versus dexchlorpheniramine.
AB  - A double-blind study was carried out in 65 patients with seasonal rhinitis to
      compare the effectiveness and tolerance of terfenadine and dexchlorpheniramine.
      Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment for 1 week with either 60
      mg terfenadine twice daily or 2 mg dexchlorpheniramine maleate 3-times daily.
      Before and after treatment, patients underwent RAST and skin prick tests for
      reactivity to pollen and those who were positive also had rhinomanometric
      measurements made of nasal resistance. Diary cards were used by patients to
      record the severity of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, watery,
      irritated and red eyes, itching of the nose, throat and eyes, and cough. Details
      were also kept of the frequency and severity of any side-effects. Pollen counts
      were taken daily during the treatment period. The results showed that both
      terfenadine and dexchlorpheniramine produced good or excellent relief of the main
      symptoms in 78% and 73% of the patients, respectively. There was no significant
      correlation between the pollen count and reduced symptom severity. Both drugs
      produced a reduction in total nasal resistance but this was not significantly
      different from initial values, neither was there a significant difference between
      treatment. Terfenadine was well tolerated and side-effects incidence was
      significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than in patients treated with
      dexchlorpheniramine, particularly so with reference to drowsiness.

PMID- 2889218
TI  - Long term administration of some antipsychotic drugs increases body weight and
      feeding in rats. Are D2 dopamine receptors involved?
AB  - Long term administration of the antipsychotic drugs thioridazine,
      trifluoperazine, haloperidol, and sulpiride increased body weight in rats. This
      effect was found to be sex dependent, that is, while female rats were prone to
      gain weight, male rats did not. Chlorpromazine and fluphenazine decreased body
      weight in male rats but did not affect females. The mechanism of body weight gain
      was investigated with sulpiride. A linear relationship between dose of sulpiride
      and body weight gain was found. Also, sulpiride increased caloric intake, and
      both actions were counteracted by bromocriptine, a specific D2 receptor agonist.
      These results confirm that antipsychotic drugs affect feeding and body weight and
      suggest that hyperphagia and body weight gain might be mediated by blockade of
      dopamine receptors of the D2 type.

PMID- 2889219
TI  - Novel benzodiazepine receptor ligands stimulate intake of hypertonic NaCl
      solution in rehydrating rats.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to determine the degree of generality of previous
      findings that anxiolytics increased the ingestion of hypertonic saline in
      rehydrating rats. Further, potential differential effects amongst recently
      described benzodiazepine receptor partial agonists were explored. Finally, the
      hypothesis that benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonists would decrease
      the ingestion of hypertonic NaCl solution was tested. Results indicated that full
      agonists (midazolam, ZK 93423, zopiclone) produced substantial dose-related
      increases in hypertonic saline consumption. The putative 5-HT1A agonist,
      buspirone, produced only a dose-dependent decrease in saline intake. Partial
      agonists fell into two distinct categories: ZK 91296, CL 218,872 and two novel
      benzodiazepines, Ro16-6028 and Ro17-1812, also increased saline ingestion. In
      contrast, two pyrazoloquinolines, CGS 9896 and CGS 9895, had no significant
      effect on intake. Two compounds, CGS 8216 and FG 7142, described as
      benzodiazepine partial inverse agonists, did not significantly affect consumption
      of the hypertonic saline.

PMID- 2889220
TI  - Effect of clonidine on consummatory negative contrast and on novelty-induced
      stress.
AB  - In Experiments 1 and 1a rats were shifted from 32% to 4% sucrose solutions. The
      resultant negative contrast effect in consummatory behavior was not alleviated by
      clonidine (3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 micrograms/kg). The lower dose of the
      drug had no effect on behavior, the higher doses reduced consumption in shifted
      and unshifted rats in a dose dependent fashion. In Experiment 2 clonidine (6.25,
      12.5 micrograms/kg) raised plasma glucose levels in a dose dependent fashion when
      the animals were exposed to a novel environment. These results are at variance
      with those obtained with chlordiazepoxide (and other anxiolytics in the case of
      contrast effects) and suggest limits on the degree to which clonidine can be
      considered to function as an anxiolytic.

PMID- 2889221
TI  - The effect of MDA and MDMA ("Ecstasy") isomers in combination with pirenpirone on
      operant responding in mice.
AB  - The behaviorally disruptive effects of the optical isomers of 1-(3,4
      methylenedioxyphenyl-2-aminopropane) (MDA) and its N-methyl derivative (MDMA)
      were evaluated in 27 mice trained to bar-press for a liquid food reinforcement.
      In addition, a second study was conducted in which mice were pretreated with
      either saline or the 5-HT-2 antagonist, pirenpirone, prior to the administration
      of either MDMA or MDA using the same behavioral procedure. The results indicated
      that the behaviorally disruptive effects produced only by R(-)-MDA, but not those
      of S(+)-MDA, R(-)-MDA, nor of S(+)-MDMA, were significantly attenuated by
      pirenpirone. These findings support previous research findings which indicate
      that this isomer may be producing its behaviorally disruptive effects via an
      action on 5-HT-2 receptors.

PMID- 2889222
TI  - Adenosine modulates the dopaminergic function in the nigro-striatal system by
      interacting with striatal dopamine dependent adenylate cyclase.
AB  - Behavioral and pharmacological evidences suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms in
      striatum might be counteracted by adenosine or potentiated by its pharmacological
      antagonists methylxanthines. To test whether adenosine modulation of the
      dopaminergic function could be, at least in part, due to an interaction at the
      level of the adenylate cyclase complex, we studied the effects of the adenosine
      analog R-Phenyl-isopropil-adenosine (R-PIA) on basal and dopamine-sensitive
      adenylate cyclase in rat striatum. R-PIA, which interacts with both adenosine A1
      inhibitory and A2-stimulatory receptors, dose-dependently inhibited the
      stimulation induced by dopamine, and seemed to utilize the same pool of enzyme
      linked to dopaminergic D1 receptors. Two experimental approaches leading to
      supersensitivity of striatal dopaminergic receptors, (i.e., 6-hydroxy-dopamine
      injection in substantia nigra and reserpine administration) also induced
      upregulation of adenosine-dependent adenylate cyclase in striatum, and altered R
      PIA modulation of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Conversely, after
      subchronic treatment with neuroleptics such as haloperidol or sulpiride,
      upregulation of 3H-Spiroperidol binding in striatum was not associated with
      changes of R-PIA dependent adenylate cyclase in this area. It is concluded that
      adenosine might modulate post-synaptic responses to dopamine via adenosine
      receptors which functionally interact with dopaminergic D1 receptors in striatum.

PMID- 2889223
TI  - Postsynaptic effects of alpha agonists on adrenoceptors of the reserpinized rat
      vas deferens.
AB  - The activities of the alpha-1 antagonist prazosin and alpha-2 antagonist
      yohimbine were evaluated against noradrenaline (NA), methoxamine (Me) and
      clonidine (Clo) on the reserpinized rat vas deferens. Prazosin antagonized
      competitively Me but not NA and Clo. On the other hand yohimbine showed a low and
      not competitive antagonism towards all the three agonists. Similar results were
      obtained when the antagonistic activities were tested in the presence of the
      alternative antagonist, in the attempt to isolate a single receptor population.
      We can conclude that the smooth musculature of the rat vas deferens contains
      prevalently alpha-1 adrenoceptors and a small population of NA activated
      receptors resistant to alpha-2 antagonists.

PMID- 2889224
TI  - Biosensors. A discussion. 28 and 29 May 1986.

PMID- 2889225
TI  - Amperometric enzyme electrodes.
AB  - Three different types of amperometric enzyme electrode are described. The first
      type uses a conducting organic-salt electrode to oxidize NADH. Results for
      sensors for ethanol and for bile acids are presented. In the second type of
      sensor, flavoenzymes are directly oxidized on the surface of the conducting
      organic-salt electrode. Results for five different enzymes are described. The
      mechanism of the enzyme oxidation is discussed and the reaction is shown to take
      place by heterogeneous redox catalysis and not by homogeneous mediation. The
      enzymes are strongly adsorbed on the electrode; microelectrodes for in vivo
      studies can be constructed without a membrane. Results for in vivo studies of
      changing glucose levels in the brain of a freely moving rat are presented. The
      third type of sensor is designed to measure low levels of toxic gases such as H2S
      and HCN. This is done by monitoring the inhibition by the toxic gas of the
      activity of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase.

PMID- 2889226
TI  - Immunosensors.
AB  - The current trends and future aspects of the research and development of
      immunosensors are overviewed. A non-labelled immunosensor, whose selectivity
      depends on immunochemical affinity of an antigen for its corresponding antibody,
      has been developed as the basis for the potentiometric determination of an
      antigen, with an antibody-bound membrane or electrode. Non-labelled immunosensors
      for syphilis antibody, blood typing, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and
      human serum albumin have been investigated. In contrast with non-labelled
      immunosensors, labelled immunosensors may be characterized by marked enhancement
      of sensitivity. Of these labelled immunosensors, enzyme immunosensors that use
      the chemical amplification of a labelling enzyme for sensitivity are promising.
      Enzyme immunosensors with an oxygen electrode have been developed to determine
      AFP, HCG, IgG and toxin. Bioaffinity sensors with a preformed metastable ligand
      receptor complex, which are similar to the enzyme immunosensor have been found
      effective for the determination of thyroxine (T4), biotin, and insulin.

PMID- 2889227
TI  - Electrochemical immunoassays.
AB  - Immunoassays are routinely used to detect, specifically, low levels of many
      antigens. The trend away from the use of radioisotopic labels has resulted in a
      proliferation of alternative labels, many of which have electrochemical activity.
      The more successful of these assays have used enzyme labels, coupled with
      amperometric or potentiometric methods of detection of the products. A number of
      assays have also been designed which are specifically electrochemical in origin,
      not simply adaptations of currently used spectrophotometric methods. Much effort
      has been expended in developing a potentiometric immunoassay that measures the
      change in potential that should occur when an antibody binds to its antigen. The
      use of electroactive labels has resulted in a number of assays for drugs. The
      advantages of an enzyme-linked mediated assay for lidocaine, an antiarrhythmic
      drug, are discussed.

PMID- 2889228
TI  - Optical biosensors for immunoassays: the fluorescence capillary-fill device.
AB  - This paper reports, for the first time, details of a novel type of optical
      biosensor for immunoassays, the fluorescence capillary-fill device (FCFD). This
      is based on a straightforward adaptation of the technology used to mass
      manufacture liquid-crystal display (LCD) cells to give cheap disposable
      immunosensors. These merely require contact by the sample to give a result in
      about a minute, and use certain principles of optical fibres and waveguides to
      avoid the need for operator attention, for physical separation methods or for
      washing steps. After a very brief introductory review and classification of
      optical biosensors, the main features of the FCFD and its associated
      instrumentation are described. The optical characteristics of the FCFD are then
      described, followed by accounts of the immunoassay method, the measurement system
      used in the experiments, the fabrication of FCFD sensors and a detailed
      description of the design of a competitive immunoassay for human immunoglobulin G
      (hIgG). The experimental details and the results of a first attempt at such an
      assay are then presented and discussed. It is concluded that the demonstration of
      this assay is a significant achievement, because the format of the FCFD, its
      manufacturing process and its instrumentation are completely novel. Certain
      problem areas have been identified and quantified; intended further work on these
      is outlined.

PMID- 2889229
TI  - Microelectrodes in medicine.
AB  - The chief applications of microelectrodes in medicine are in experimental studies
      of tissue and cell behaviour and of metabolism. Microprobes have been developed
      for a wide range of specific substrates and for the detection of bioelectric
      potentials. They have provided information that now forms the basis of much of
      our understanding of biological phenomena. Their inherent characteristics, such
      as fragility and 'drift', render them unsuitable for general clinical application
      except at the surface of organs. The heterogeneity of tissues makes it necessary
      to specify the exact anatomical location of microelectrode measurements and the
      probes themselves must be of a form that neither distorts, damages, nor
      stimulates reactions from, the cells or blood vessels with which they are in
      contact.

PMID- 2889230
TI  - Biosensors in process control.
AB  - Improvement in bioprocess control will require development of monitors for a wide
      range of cell-growth and downstream-process parameters. These requirements are
      examined in terms of the development and application of biosensor devices and
      physical measurement techniques. Acoustic, dielectric and laser light scattering
      techniques are discussed primarily as monitors and analysers for biomass
      parameters. Developments with biosensor devices are discussed in terms of their
      application in membrane sampling-flow analysis probes and the potential of more
      direct biosensing principles.

PMID- 2889231
TI  - Introduction to the principles and applications of biosensors.
AB  - A biosensor is an analytical device that responds to an analyte in an appropriate
      sample and interprets its concentration as an electrical signal via a suitable
      combination of a biological recognition system and an electrochemical transducer.
      As a result of recent scientific and technological progress, such devices are
      likely to play an increasingly important role in generating analytical
      information in all sectors of human endeavour, from medicine to the military. In
      particular, biosensors will form the basis of cheap, simple devices for acquiring
      chemical information, bringing sophisticated analytical capabilities to the non
      specialist and general public alike. The market opportunities for the rapid
      exploitation of novel developments in this sector are substantial. Biosensor
      research is also likely to have a significant impact on the development of modern
      electronics.

PMID- 2889232
TI  - Structure and electrochemistry of oxidoreductases.
AB  - The principles on which Nature has developed multifunctional redox centres,
      covering a large range of potentials, protected from water and oxygen and
      surrounded by highly specific proteins, are demonstrated. Structures and
      accessibilities of the active sites of iron-sulphur proteins, sulphur proteins,
      flavoproteins, cytochromes and copper proteins are correlated with their
      possibilities and modes of electron exchange with natural partners, artificial
      mediators and (modified) electrodes. The participation of charge-transfer and
      tunnelling processes in electron transport is demonstrated, and a suitable
      relative orientation of the partners is recognized as one of the most important
      requirements for electrochemical communication between large molecules and
      electrodes. The use of specifically modified electrode surfaces, for example
      those based on electroconductive polymers, is proposed as one of the aspects of
      future developments for direct electron transfer to proteins.

PMID- 2889233
TI  - Enzyme electrodes and their application.
AB  - Starting from the state of the art, principles for improving the analytical
      characteristics of enzyme electrodes are discussed. Coupling of appropriate
      amperometric electrode processes with enzyme systems, e.g. urease or
      aminopeptidases, results in a simplification of operation. Optimal sample
      frequencies are realized on the basis of enzyme membranes, with both a small
      characteristic diffusion time and a high enzyme activity, applied in a well
      designed sample-processing system. Coupled enzyme reactions of the sequence or
      competition type are successfully used for extension to new analytes, e.g.
      inhibitors, cofactors or alternative substrates. Cyclization of the analyte
      enhances the sensitivity of enzyme electrodes to the nanomolar concentration
      range. Enzymic anti-interference layers are a tool for improving the sensor
      specificity. The operational characteristics of enzyme electrodes are thus
      adaptable to any given analytical problem.

PMID- 2889234
TI  - Electron-transfer biosensors.
AB  - The electrochemistry of redox proteins is now well established. Conditions exist
      which allow electron-transfer reactions of all simple proteins to proceed rapidly
      and reversibly at electrodes. Coupling of the electrode reaction to enzymes, for
      which the redox proteins act as cofactors, allows exploitation of this good
      electrochemistry. This is well illustrated by the enzyme-catalysed
      electrochemical oxidation of p-cresol to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which has been
      shown to proceed along with coupling to the electrode via the copper protein,
      azurin, or the organometallic compound ferroceneboronic acid. Ferrocene
      derivatives, in general, show a degree of versatility, coupling the electron
      transfer reactions of many enzymes. Thus derivatives of the ferricinium ion act
      as excellent electron-transfer reagents from the enzyme glucose oxidase. The
      system is capable of detecting glucose in blood. Similar procedures, in
      conjunction with the appropriate enzyme, have yielded assays for, among others,
      H2O2 and cholesterol.

PMID- 2889235
TI  - Alcohol, acetaldehyde and salsolinol-induced alterations in functions of cerebral
      GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex.
AB  - Effects of alcohol (ethanol) and acetaldehyde on the metabolism and function of
      primary cultured GABAergic neurons and that of salsolinol, a condensation product
      of acetaldehyde with dopamine, on cerebral GABA/benzodiazepine (BZP) receptor
      complex were investigated. In vitro addition of acetaldehyde induced a
      significant reduction not only on the content of GABA but also on the basal and
      GABA-activated [3H]flunitrazepam ([3H]FLN) bindings in primary cultured neurons.
      In contrast, alcohol exhibited only suppressive effects on [3H]FLN binding as
      well as on the enhancement of [3H]FLN binding by GABA. On the other hand,
      salsolinol showed a significant stimulatory effect on [3H]FLN binding to cerebral
      particulate fractions obtained from alcohol-untreated mice in the presence of
      NaCl. Although a similar activation of cerebral [3H]FLN binding by salsolinol was
      found in alcohol-treated mice, this activation was significantly weaker in
      alcohol-withdrawn mice than those found in alcohol-untreated as well as alcohol
      inhaled mice. These results strongly suggest that acetaldehyde may have more
      important pathophysiological roles than those of alcohol in the exhibition of
      neurotoxicity during alcohol intake. The present results also suggest that
      salsolinol may have a modulatory role on cerebral benzodiazepine receptor and the
      decreased capacity of such a modulating mechanism may be involved in the
      exhibition of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, possibly by decreasing the function of
      endogenous ligands for benzodiazepine receptor in the brain.

PMID- 2889236
TI  - Serum dopamine beta hydroxylase activity and tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - A case-control study was done to test the effect of serum dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (DBH) activity on tardive dyskinesia (TD) among 85 schizophrenic
      outpatients treated with neuroleptics. In contrast to the results of several
      previous studies, we found no significant association between serum DBH activity
      and the occurrence or severity of TD, controlling for other TD predictors.

PMID- 2889237
TI  - [Developments in the specialty of medical psychology--observed at the 4th
      Psychology in Medicine Congress of the Society for Medical Psychology, 15-17 May
      1986, Berlin].

PMID- 2889238
TI  - Polyarteritis and the kidney.
AB  - We report data on 43 patients with polyarteritis affecting the kidneys. The
      majority (41 patients) had renal histological evidence of microscopic
      polyarteritis. Although most patients (30 of 43) had significant renal impairment
      at the time of diagnosis (serum creatinine greater than 250 mumol/l) only five
      had a symptom, macroscopic haematuria, that directed attention to the kidneys. In
      the majority of patients in whom data was available there was rapid deterioration
      in renal function between presentation and diagnosis. Renal function at diagnosis
      was worse in patients aged over 50 of whom 20 out of 29 had a serum creatinine
      greater than 500 mumol/l compared with only four of 14 patients aged less than
      50. The prognosis was worse in patients over 50 (41 per cent died), in patients
      with a serum creatinine higher than 500 mumol/l (54 per cent died) and in
      patients treated with intravenous methylprednisolone, (four also had intravenous
      cyclophosphamide) (38 per cent died). The major cause of death was sepsis and the
      actuarial one-year survival was 62 per cent. These results suggest that our
      approach to treatment should be modified towards lessening immunosuppression in
      older patients and in patients with renal failure at diagnosis.

PMID- 2889239
TI  - The molecular pathology of haemophilia.
AB  - The great success of recombinant DNA technology in unravelling the pathology of
      the thalassaemias at a molecular level has encouraged the application of these
      methods to other single gene disorders of man in the hope of gaining a deeper
      insight into the biochemical defects underlying them. An example of this approach
      is provided by the sex-linked recessive disorders of blood clotting: haemophilia
      and Christmas disease. These clinically indistinguishable, life-long disorders
      result from the deficiency or abnormality of the clotting proteins factor VIII
      and factor IX, respectively, which both participate in the activation of factor X
      in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. This paper looks at the
      information concerning the molecular biology and pathology of the haemophilias
      which has recently been forthcoming. The genes for factor VIII and factor IX have
      both been successfully cloned within the past five years, with that of factor
      VIII, achieved in 1984, being a particular tour de force. It encompasses 0.1 per
      cent of the human X chromosome and is the largest gene yet characterised. Gene
      cloning is the starting point from which gene probes can be designed to elucidate
      the molecular pathology of the haemophilias. The implications of these
      discoveries for the practice of clinical medicine are reviewed, with special
      emphasis on prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection by means of restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms, and replacement therapy with recombinant factor
      VIII.

PMID- 2889241
TI  - Pharmacology and structure-activity relationships of alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2889240
TI  - Stem and stromal cell reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice following
      transplantation of hematopoietic tissue from donors of various ages.
AB  - If the limited life span of hematopoietic tissues in vitro is due to a finite
      proliferative capacity of individual stem cells, one might expect tissues of
      young donors to possess a greater proliferative capacity and to contain a larger
      population of primitive stem cells than those of older donors. To test this
      hypothesis, we used 12- and 8-day spleen colony formation (CFU-s) to assay more
      and less primitive stem cell subpopulations of three murine hematopoietic
      tissues: fetal liver (FL) and weanling (WBM) and adult (ABM) bone marrow.
      Subsequently, the same assays and a stromal cell assay were performed on the bone
      marrow from groups of lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with these tissues.
      Comparison of the CFU-s content of the donor tissues revealed that FL contained a
      significantly greater proportion of primitive stem cells as evidenced by a (Day
      12):(Day 8) CFU-s ratio of 3.0 +/- 1.0 as compared to 0.9 +/- 0.1 for WBM and
      ABM. In addition, at 21 weeks post-transplantation the CFU-s/femur values of the
      FL reconstituted group were significantly greater than those of the ABM and WBM
      reconstituted groups. These results suggest that fetal hematopoietic tissue
      contains a greater proportion of primitive stem cells and has a greater
      proliferative potential than hematopoietic tissue from older donors. No
      differences were seen in stromal cell reconstitution of the three experimental
      groups. In all cases, assayable fibroblast colony forming cells (CFU-f) remained
      at 20-40% of control values, even at 21 weeks postreconstitution.

PMID- 2889242
TI  - Common structural features of drugs, transmitters and peptides in the central
      nervous system.

PMID- 2889243
TI  - Evidence of pili k88 and k99 as protecting antigens: immunization against enteric
      swine colibacillosis by sow vaccination.

PMID- 2889244
TI  - [Electromyographic study of the effects of vecuronium bromide compared with those
      of pancuronium, tubocurarine, fazadinium and suxamethonium].

PMID- 2889245
TI  - [Urinary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as an index of renal tubular lesions
      during controlled hypotension produced by sodium nitroprusside].

PMID- 2889246
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2889247
TI  - [In vitro activity of mezlocillin on bacterial adhesion, phagocytosis and
      haemoagglutination of several anaerobic germs].

PMID- 2889248
TI  - [Research on the formulation and quality evaluation of salazopyrine tablets].

PMID- 2889249
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia syndrome in neuroleptic therapy. General considerations and
      clinical observations on forty cases investigated.

PMID- 2889250
TI  - Physiology of the upper urinary tract.

PMID- 2889251
TI  - [Pharmacodynamic effects of the beta-blocker mepindolol administered
      transdermally to healthy volunteers].

PMID- 2889252
TI  - Mapping genes in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
AB  - The genetics of the various forms of epilepsy can be best understood by knowing
      where the affected gene is located. Genetic methodologies used to explore the
      genetics of epilepsy now include segregation analysis, linkage analysis and
      recombinant DNA technology. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), a form of
      idiopathic epilepsy with a strong genetic component, provides informative
      pedigrees for linkage studies. Preliminary results demonstrate the heterogenous
      nature of the JME syndrome.

PMID- 2889253
TI  - [Neuropathies and almitrine. 14 cases].
AB  - Previously reported cases of peripheral neuropathies occurring during almitrine
      therapy had only a few weeks follow-up after having stopped the drug. We have
      studied clinical and electrophysiological data 6 to 12 months after almitrine had
      been given up in 9 patients from a group of 14 whose epidemiologic, clinical,
      electrophysiological and pathological data had been registered. In 7 of them,
      without any chronic respiratory deficiency, almitrine was administered as
      almitrine bismesilate and raubasine, and in 7 others (6 with chronic respiratory
      deficiency) as almitrine bismesilate alone. In patients who had another possible
      cause of neuropathy, clinical disorders appeared after a lesser total quantity of
      almitrine (p less than 0.05). Clinical data were suggestive of sensory peripheral
      neuropathies of feet and lower third of legs. Electrophysiological data suggested
      distal axonopathy in spite of the absence of denervation: amplitudes of sensory
      potentials were reduced and nerve conduction velocities were moderately
      decreased. Biopsies revealed mild neurogenic atrophy of muscles and distal
      axonopathy. Clinical improvement was very slow and 6 to 12 months later, most of
      the patients still presented decreased vibration sense and ankle reflexes loss,
      but all of them were still improving. Amplitudes of sensory potentials and
      sensory nerve conduction velocities were significantly improved (p less than
      0.05) but motor nerve conduction velocities were not (p greater than 0.05). Our
      study shows: 1) clinical, electrophysiological and pathological data similar to
      those previously reported; 2) subclinical disturbances of motor functions in
      lower limbs and sensory functions in upper limbs; 3) some patients presented with
      unusual signs: posture tremor (3 cases), painful legs and moving toes (1 case);
      4) peripheral neuropathies may occur during almitrine therapy even in patients
      without any chronic respiratory insufficiency; 5) peripheral neuropathies
      occurred with lower doses in patients with other factors predisposing to
      neuropathies; 6) patients' improvement was very slow; 7) in 9 cases the
      imputability of these peripheral neuropathies to almitrine is plausible. We
      suggest not to prescribe almitrine without caution, especially in patients with
      other factors of neuropathy. Treatment should be regularly interrupted.

PMID- 2889254
TI  - Proceedings of a satellite symposium on famotidine: further developments in H2
      receptor antagonist therapy. World Congresses of Gastroenterology meeting. Sao
      Paulo, Brazil, 12 September 1986.

PMID- 2889255
TI  - Comparison of once-daily bedtime administration of famotidine and ranitidine in
      the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. A multicenter, double-blind,
      controlled study.
AB  - A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled study was conducted in 234
      duodenal ulcer patients to compare the efficacy and safety of the H2-receptor
      antagonists famotidine and ranitidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.
      Patients received 40 mg famotidine (119 patients) or 300 mg ranitidine (115
      patients) once daily at bedtime for 4 weeks. If ulcer lesions persisted,
      treatment was extended to 6 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by relief of symptoms
      and endoscopic findings of ulcer healing. Safety was determined on the basis of
      reports of side effects, results of laboratory tests, and, in selected patients,
      changes in plasma levels of hormones. The 4- and 6-week healing rates achieved
      with famotidine were 76% and 91%, respectively, and with ranitidine they were 76%
      and 87%, respectively; the differences in healing rates for the two drugs were
      not statistically significant. Similarly, both drugs provided satisfactory relief
      of pain and dyspeptic symptoms. However, famotidine produced significantly (P
      less than 0.05) greater relief of postprandial fullness and heartburn. The
      incidence of untoward effects was low in both treatment groups, and abnormal
      results in laboratory tests were observed in only one patient, a chronic
      alcoholic receiving famotidine, who withdrew from the study because of a slight
      elevation in serum transaminase levels. One patient in the ranitidine treatment
      group dropped out of the study because of a generalized urticarial rash; however,
      a causal relationship between drug and effect could not be established. The
      authors conclude that famotidine may be regarded as the best alternative to
      ranitidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2889256
TI  - Famotidine: postmarketing clinical experience.
AB  - A postmarketing survey of famotidine usage (phase IV survey) tracked 6346
      patients at 602 locations from August 1985 to April 1986. Through the survey, the
      efficacy and the safety of famotidine were studied. The patients included 4618
      cases of peptic ulcer, 106 cases of reflux esophagitis, 1006 cases of upper
      gastrointestinal tract bleeding, 343 cases of bleeding and ulcer prophylaxis, and
      273 cases of gastritis and other diseases, totalling 6346 patients. Efficacy was
      analyzed by type of disease in terms of overall improvement; results of
      intermittent hemostatic efficacy were obtained for upper gastrointestinal tract
      bleeding; and safety was assessed. Overall, the results were good; the 8-week
      healing rate was 92.4%, and 72.3% of patients had their bleeding controlled
      within 7 days of beginning famotidine therapy. Side effects occurred in only
      0.43% of patients, and abnormalities in laboratory test results were observed in
      less than 1% of patients. Gastrointestinal side effects, especially constipation,
      occurred most frequently. Most side effects were mild. The results of this
      postmarketing survey indicate that famotidine is a safe and effective H2-receptor
      antagonist.

PMID- 2889257
TI  - Clinical benefits of intravenously administered famotidine in the treatment of
      upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by peptic ulcer and stress ulcer
      disease.
AB  - Bleeding may stop spontaneously in mild or moderate cases of GI bleeding.
      Therefore, to prove that H2-receptor antagonists effectively stop GI bleeding,
      evaluation of the results of treatment in patients who are classified as severe
      cases by the Nagao taxonomy is needed. Data from the literature show that
      mortality is higher in patients with specific endoscopic findings, such as active
      bleeding, visible vessels, clot, or stain, than it is in patients without these
      findings. The criteria for establishing whether H2-receptor antagonists
      effectively control GI bleeding in severe cases include a reduction in mortality,
      in the rate of recurrent bleeding, or in the rate of emergency surgery. Data
      gathered from a current multicenter trial assessing the efficacy of 20 mg
      famotidine administered intravenously twice daily show that the rate of emergency
      surgery in patients with bleeding ulcer is 8.6%, which is substantially less than
      the 54.2% rate found in a retrospective review of patients treated before the
      introduction of H2-receptor antagonists. In addition, there were no deaths among
      famotidine-treated patients. Similarly, among patients with bleeding caused by
      stress ulcer, the percentage who were treated with famotidine and required
      emergency surgery was much less than that in the historical control group (15.8%
      versus 40.0%). Famotidine was effective in greater than or equal to 88% of
      patients with peptic ulcers and in 78.9% of patients with stress ulcers.
      Recurrent bleeding occurred more often in patients with exposed blood vessels.
      Intravenously administered famotidine is, therefore, effective for the control of
      GI bleeding caused by severe peptic ulcer and stress ulcer disease.

PMID- 2889258
TI  - Famotidine in the treatment of gastritis.
AB  - H2-receptor antagonists are widely used in the treatment of diseases such as
      gastric and duodenal ulcers, hemorrhage of the upper digestive tract, and the
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. However, the usefulness of H2-receptor antagonists in
      treating erosions and/or mucosal hemorrhages has not been established. A
      multicenter, double-blind, comparative trial was conducted to determine the
      effects of famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, for such lesions. Patients
      received one of three oral doses (5, 10, or 20 mg) of famotidine twice daily for
      2 weeks. The comparative efficacy and safety of the three dosages of famotidine
      in the treatment of lesions were evaluated, using an assessment of subjective
      symptoms, endoscopic findings, and adverse reactions. Symptoms, including
      epigastric pain, heartburn, and discomfort, were relieved in a substantial number
      of patients as early as 3 days after beginning treatment with famotidine.
      Moreover, less than 30% of patients complained of these symptoms after 2 weeks of
      famotidine therapy. There were no significant differences among the three dosages
      in relief of symptoms. Endoscopic assessment for the presence of erosion and
      hemorrhage after 1 and 2 weeks of famotidine treatment showed that the 10- and 20
      mg doses were more effective in healing erosions and hemorrhages than was the 5
      mg dose. After 2 weeks of treatment, 88.5% and 91.7% of the patients in the 10-
      and 20-mg dosage groups, respectively, did not have evidence of erosions or
      hemorrhages, compared with 73% of patients in the 5-mg group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889259
TI  - Once-daily administration of famotidine for reflux esophagitis.
AB  - An open-labeled study of once-daily administration of 40 mg famotidine was
      conducted in 24 patients with endoscopically confirmed reflux esophagitis. The
      mean age of the patients was 62.8 years. Most had stage I or stage II esophagitis
      of 1 years' duration or less. After 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of treatment,
      endoscopically documented healing was reported in 50%, 75%, 82%, and 83% of
      patients, respectively. Among specific endoscopic findings documented at the
      start of the study there was clearing of white exudate in 83% of patients, and
      redness cleared in 50% of patients after 16 weeks of treatment. Symptomatic
      improvement was observed in 73% of patients after 2 weeks, and this increased to
      81% and 85% after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, respectively. Painful symptoms
      cleared within 2 weeks in 68% of patients, and this increased to 77% after 8
      weeks of once-daily therapy. Famotidine was well tolerated. Historically, reflux
      esophagitis has not responded satisfactorily to drug treatment. The reported
      symptomatic response and the response documented by endoscopy after therapy with
      40 mg famotidine once daily at bedtime are encouraging. Further studies should be
      conducted to define the role of famotidine in the treatment of reflux
      esophagitis.

PMID- 2889260
TI  - Famotidine: a notable lack of drug interactions.
AB  - Cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, has been shown to inhibit the oxidative
      metabolism of several drugs by interacting with the hepatic cytochrome P450
      system, which is involved in phase-I oxidative drug metabolism. Ranitidine,
      another H2-receptor antagonist, has been shown to have an extremely low level of
      interaction with the cytochrome P450 system. The potential of famotidine, a new
      H2-receptor antagonist with a guanylthiazole ring structure, to interact with the
      cytochrome P450 system has been extensively evaluated. Many of the studies used
      cimetidine and/or ranitidine as active controls. In vitro studies investigated
      the potential effects of famotidine coadministration on aminopyrine and diazepam
      demethylase activity, disturbances of P450 spectra, and effects on the metabolism
      of specific substrates such as deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin and demethylation
      of benzphetamine. Famotidine and ranitidine showed negligible interaction with
      the cytochrome P450 reactions studied, in contrast to the rather marked
      interaction demonstrated with cimetidine. Several in vivo animal studies
      investigated the effect of famotidine on hexobarbital sleeping time; plasma
      concentrations of diazepam, warfarin, and propranolol; antipyrine elimination
      kinetics; and warfarin prothrombin complex activity. Famotidine and ranitidine
      demonstrated either no evidence or minimal evidence of interaction with
      cytochrome P450 functions, in direct contrast to marked interactions produced by
      cimetidine. Human studies investigated the potential of an interaction with the
      coadministration of famotidine and aminopyrine, antipyrine, diazepam,
      theophylline, phenytoin, and warfarin. Coadministration of famotidine had no
      effect on the pharmacokinetic variables of theophylline, diazepam,
      desmethyldiazepam, and phenytoin and no effect on the half-life of antipyrine and
      aminopyrine or on the prothrombin time ratios associated with warfarin
      therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889261
TI  - The morphological changes in the vestibular sensory epithelia following
      electrical stimulation.
AB  - The morphological changes of the vestibular sensory epithelia of the guinea pig
      following electrical stimulation were investigated using scanning electron
      microscope. Positive and negative square wave pulse stimulation was given through
      a silver ball electrode placed on the round window membrane for one hour. The
      current intensities used were 100, 200 and 300 microA. While the direct current
      stimulation at intensities of 100 or 200 microA did not cause any significant
      changes, severe damage of the utricular macula and the ampullar crista of the
      lateral semicircular canal was observed at 300 microA. The degenerative changes
      such as fusion of sensory hairs, protrusion of the cuticular plate and loss of
      sensory cells were found on both the utricle and the semicircular canal. In the
      most severely damaged area, the sensory epithelial surface was badly torn apart.
      In the clinical application of direct current to the inner ear for relieving
      tinnitus, special attention should be paid to the vestibular organ.

PMID- 2889262
TI  - Morphological changes in the vestibular epithelia and ganglion induced by
      ototoxic drug.
AB  - The morphological changes of the vestibular sensory epithelia and the vestibular
      ganglions induced by Gentamicin(GM) were investigated using scanning electron
      microscope, transmission electron microscope and light microscope. The guinea
      pigs were injected with a single application of 4 mg (0.1ml) of GM into the
      middle ear through the tympanic membrane. The vestibular organs and the ganglions
      were observed up to 6 months after the treatment. Four days after the injection,
      fused, ballooned and missing cilia were observed in the vestibular sensory
      epithelia. These changes progressed and extended toward the periphery of the
      crista and the macula. The changes of the vestibular ganglions were first
      observed one month after the treatment. The degenerative process started from
      destruction of the mitochondrial cristae and vacuolization of the cytoplasm in
      the Schwann cell. The next step of the change was dissociation of the myelin
      sheath around the ganglion cell. The cytoplasmic organelles in the ganglion cell
      gradually deteriorated. At the later stage, the myelin sheath around the ganglion
      cell disappeared and the number of the cell reduced. Furthermore, the myelin
      sheath of the nerve fiber was dissociated. In this study the signs of the
      vestibular ganglion damage were later than that of the vestibular organ. However,
      we thought the changes in the ganglion are probably due to direct influence of
      GM, since the degeneration was found to develop in a relatively short period.

PMID- 2889263
TI  - ["Chewing accidents", pre-existing conditions, late sequelae/recurrence, the
      Accident Insurance Law and private insurance].

PMID- 2889264
TI  - [Regulation of immune responses by the autonomic nervous system and the
      endocrines].

PMID- 2889265
TI  - [Is Dale's principle still valid?].

PMID- 2889266
TI  - AIDS transmission and insects.

PMID- 2889267
TI  - Clonal analysis of human colorectal tumors.
AB  - The clonal composition of human colorectal tumors was studied by means of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). First, X-linked RFLPs were
      used to examine the pattern of X chromosome inactivation in colorectal tumors of
      females. All 50 tumors examined showed monoclonal patterns of X chromosome
      inactivation; these tumors included 20 carcinomas as well as 30 adenomas of
      either familial or spontaneous type. Second, RFLPs of autosomes were used as
      clonal markers to detect the somatic loss or gain of specific chromosomal
      sequences in colorectal tumors. Among other changes, it was found that somatic
      loss of chromosome 17p sequences occurred in over 75 percent of the carcinomas
      examined, but such loss was rare in adenomas. These data support a monoclonal
      origin for colorectal neoplasms, and suggest that a gene on the short arm of
      chromosome 17 may be associated with progression from the benign to the malignant
      state.

PMID- 2889268
TI  - [Changes of transplantation pecurialities of fetal liver hemopoietic stem cells
      after short-term culture in diffusion chamber in vivo].

PMID- 2889269
TI  - Subdural empyema and epidural abscess: recent experience in a community hospital.
AB  - We treated 31 cases of localized central nervous system infection over a seven
      year period in our community hospital. The causes included brain abscess in 18
      cases (58%); cranial subdural empyema (CSE) in six cases (20%); spinal epidural
      abscess (SEA) in four cases (13%); cranial epidural abscess (CEA) in two cases
      (6%); and spinal subdural empyema (SSE) in one case (3%). Both CSE and CEA were
      often caused by sinusitis and manifested by fever, headache, altered sensorium,
      and focal neurologic signs. Treatment consisted of drainage by burr holes or
      craniotomy followed by long-term administration of parenteral antibiotics. Though
      all patients with CSE and CEA survived, half had severe residual neurologic
      deficits. Both SEA and SSE were manifested by fever, spinal pain, and loss of
      motor function, and both were treated by laminectomy drainage and antibiotic
      administration. One patient died and three of the other four had residual
      neurologic deficits or back pain. Diagnosis of CSE and CEA was facilitated by CT
      scanning, while clinical examination, CT scanning, and myelography were useful in
      diagnosing SEA; SSE was not suspected preoperatively.

PMID- 2889270
TI  - Potential vectors of non-periodic form of Brugia malayi in East Kalimantan,
      Indonesia.

PMID- 2889271
TI  - The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in stray dog and its potential vector in
      Amphur Muang Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand.

PMID- 2889272
TI  - Physical and genetic localization of quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase gene
      (QDPR) on short arm of chromosome 4.
AB  - A portion of a cDNA clone corresponding to the 3' end of the human quinonoid
      dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) mRNA was used as a probe to physically map the
      QDPR gene by analysis of somatic cell hybrid lines. The provisional assignment of
      QDPR to chromosome 4, based on expression of the human enzyme in hybrids, was
      confirmed. The gene was further regionally localized on the short arm to 4p16.1--
      -4p15.1. This physical localization places QDPR in the same area of the genome
      that contains the defect causing Huntington's disease (HD). The QDPR probe
      revealed a restriction fragment length polymorphism with the enzyme BanII,
      permitting determination of its genetic proximity to D4S10, an anonymous DNA
      marker tightly linked to HD. QDPR is only loosely linked to D4S10, excluding any
      primary role for the gene in HD.

PMID- 2889273
TI  - Assignment of human tryptophan hydroxylase locus to chromosome 11: gene
      duplication and translocation in evolution of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases.
AB  - A cDNA clone for rabbit tryptophan hydroxylase was used as a probe to identify
      human tryptophan hydroxylase gene fragments in a panel of hamster-human somatic
      cell hybrids and determine its chromosomal location in man. A single locus was
      identified for tryptophan hydroxylase on chromosome 11. Tryptophan hydroxylase is
      a member of the superfamily of pterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases
      which includes tyrosine hydroxylase, located at 11p15.5-p15, and phenylalanine
      hydroxylase, located at 12q22-q24.1 in human. The locations of these genes and
      the evolutionary distance between their sequences suggest that at least three
      distinct genetic events have occurred during the evolution of the aromatic amino
      acid hydroxylase superfamily: two sequential gene duplications giving rise to the
      three distinct hydroxylase loci, and a translocation which separated the
      tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylase loci on chromosome 11 from the phenylalanine
      hydroxylase locus on chromosome 12.

PMID- 2889274
TI  - [Is the use of the mammary artery for the reconstruction of coronary arteries
      associated with a higher incidence of complications?].

PMID- 2889275
TI  - [Sulfasalazine therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2889276
TI  - Management of Henoch-Schonlein purpura and polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2889277
TI  - Immunochemical characterization of the transglutaminase-catalyzed polymer of
      activated platelets.
AB  - Platelet proteins which contribute to transglutaminase-catalyzed polymer
      formation in activated platelets were identified by an immunochemical approach
      using the Western blot technique. The cross-linked polymer was purified from
      thrombin- or Ca2+-ionophore A23187-activated platelets by a sucrose density
      gradient procedure in reducing conditions and in the presence of a non-ionic
      detergent. Following transblotting of non-crosslinked platelet proteins from a
      Laemmli-type gel onto nitrocellulose, the platelet protein "lanes" were incubated
      with unabsorbed antibodies, or antibodies absorbed with purified polymer.
      Antibodies to native whole platelets as well as specific antibodies were used.
      The results show that myosin, actin, glycoproteins IIb, IIIa, and tubulin are
      present in the polymer.

PMID- 2889278
TI  - [Beta blockaders and anxiety--an alternative to benzodiazepines?].

PMID- 2889279
TI  - [Acupuncture effective not only in China].
AB  - The use of acupuncture in veterinary science is reviewed. The significance of
      this method under field conditions is discussed. Investigations on the mechanism
      of action and the effects of acupuncture are also discussed. Statistical studies
      showed that acupuncture may induce physiological and analgetic effects.

PMID- 2889280
TI  - Effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on glutamate-induced seizures in
      rats.
AB  - We investigated effects of TRH on glutamate-induced seizures in rats. Rats were
      injected intraperitoneally with sodium glutamate in a dose (22.3 mmole/kg)
      equivalent to ED95 for generalized convulsions. Twenty five min later TRH in a
      dose of maximum effect (40 micrograms in the tartrate form) was injected
      intracerebroventricularly in order that the time of peak effect was simultaneous
      with the onset of seizure which was anticipated from the preliminary study. TRH
      delayed the onset of initial seizures significantly, though neither occurrence
      nor incidence of various seizure activities was affected. A trend of delay in the
      mean time of death was also observed. These results suggest that TRH has an
      inhibitory action against glutamate-induced seizures in rats, albeit mild.

PMID- 2889281
TI  - A controlled trial of six-month and nine-month regimens of chemotherapy in
      patients undergoing radical surgery for tuberculosis of the spine in Hong Kong.
      Tenth report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on Tuberculosis of the
      Spine.
AB  - Sixty patients in Hong Kong with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic,
      thoraco-lumbar or lumbar spine were allocated at random to either a 6-month (6M)
      or a 9-month (9M) regimen of daily isoniazid plus rifampicin, supplemented in all
      patients by streptomycin twice a week for the first 6 months. All patients had
      the modified 'Hong Kong' operation of radical resection of the lesion and
      insertion of autologous bone grafts. After exclusions, the main analyses of this
      report concern observations for 3 years on 51 patients (25 6M, 26 9M). The
      clinical and radiographic condition of the two series on admission was broadly
      similar. At 18 months, 19 of the 25 6M and 22 of the 26 9M patients had a
      favourable status, achieved on the allocated regimen that is, they had no
      clinical evidence of active disease, in particular no sinus or clinically evident
      abscess and no central nervous system lesions; they were capable of full physical
      activity and radiographically the lesion was quiescent. At 3 years, 24 patients
      in each series had a favourable status. Of the remaining three patients, one (9M)
      was clinically favourable but his spinal lesion was reported not yet quiescent at
      radiographic assessment. The other two patients (one in each series) had a
      favourable status in every respect except that they had required modifications of
      the allocated regimen; both had had a sinus at the site of the operation scar
      requiring surgical excision, with additional chemotherapy in one (9M). These
      modifications apart, all 25 6M and 25 of the 26 9M patients had a favourable
      status at three years. A sinus or clinically evident abscess was present on
      admission in seven patients (5 6M, 2 9M) and had resolved by 3 months in all
      seven, although one patient (6M) developed a sinus at the operation site
      subsequently. A further four patients (1 6M, 3 9M) developed an abscess or sinus
      for the first time after the start of treatment, but all resolved within 6
      months. Two patients (one 6M, one 9M) had a mild paraparesis and one (9M) a cauda
      equina lesion on admission; all had resolved by 9 months. Radiographic evidence
      of bony fusion of the affected vertebral bodies had occurred in 36% of 25 6M and
      42% of 26 9M patients at 6 months, in 44% and 77% respectively at 9 months (P =
      0.03), 68% and 88% respectively at 18 months and 100% in both series at 36
      months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2889283
TI  - Elastic fibers in tunica propria of undescended and contralateral scrotal testes
      from cryptorchid patients.
AB  - Elastic fibers in the tunica propria of the testes from cryptorchid patients and
      normal fertile adults were examined by light (Weigert resorcin-fuchsin stain) and
      electron microscopic techniques. In the testes from normal fertile adults,
      elastic fibers were proved to exist in the tunica propria by light and electron
      microscopy, and were located in the fibrous and cellular layers of the tunica
      propria. In the undescended testes from the cryptorchid patients, during
      prepubertal and pubertal periods, elastic fibers could not be visualized in the
      tunica propria, but were found after puberty. The positive Weigert reaction of
      the tunica propria in the undescended testes from postpubertal cryptorchid
      patients, however, was markedly weaker than that in normal control patients,
      suggesting diminution of elastic fibers. This diminution of elastic fibers in the
      undescended testes from postpubertal cryptorchid patients was also substantiated
      by electron microscopy. However, in the contralateral scrotal testes, elastic
      fibers appeared during puberty and were observed after puberty in the same manner
      as in normal testes. Thus, the present study suggested retarded appearance of
      elastic fibers in puberty and impaired development of those fibers after puberty,
      in the undescended testes of cryptorchid patients.

PMID- 2889282
TI  - Optimal discrimination of mild hyperparathyroidism with total serum calcium,
      ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone measurements.
AB  - The serum concentrations of calcium, albumin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
      the plasma levels of ionized calcium were determined in 124 healthy subjects, 89
      patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), 23 of whom had the syndrome of
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) and 43 patients who had
      hypercalcaemia of other causes than HPT (non-HPT), in most cases due to
      widespread malignancies. The total serum calcium was corrected for the serum
      albumin concentration (CaM). Healthy females over the age of 50 had higher CaM,
      than younger females and the women of all ages also had, higher serum PTH levels
      than males. For all study groups both the intra- and inter-diurnal variations
      were small for all the studied variables. Discriminant function and optimal
      discriminatory limits were calculated with the help of computer programs. A
      consideration of all the individuals in the discriminant analysis, revealed that
      measurements of CaM alone separated most HPT patients both from the healthy
      subjects and from the non-HPT patients. However, when only those who had
      borderline values (defined as CaM between 2.45 and 2.75 mmol/l) were included it
      turned out that measurements of ionized calcium markedly improved the delineation
      of mild HPT from the healthy subjects and that, in addition, PTH measurements
      helped to exclude those with non-HPT hypercalcaemia. The optimal discriminatory
      levels of serum calcium were calculated as the levels which caused the minimum
      loss in terms of misclassification when attention was paid to the relative
      importance of false positive to false negative classifications and to the
      prevalence of HPT. The optimal discriminatory level for serum calcium for a
      weighting ratio between false positive to false negative of 1:1, and a prevalence
      of HPT of 1%, was calculated to be 2.68 mmol/l and for a prevalence of 50% 2.56
      mmol/l. In the latter situation a weighting ratio of 10:1 for false positive to
      false negative gave a level of 2.63 mmol/l while a weighting ratio of 1:10
      corresponded to an optimal discriminatory level of 2.47 mmol/l.

PMID- 2889284
TI  - Influence of idazoxan on the respiratory blood gas changes induced by alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist drugs in conscious sheep.
AB  - Administration of either xylazine (50 micrograms/kg) or detomidine (10
      micrograms/kg) caused a significant degree of arterial hypoxaemia in six
      conscious sheep. This effect was independent of any changes produced by changes
      in posture as all the sheep remained standing. Administration of the specific
      alpha 2-antagonist drug idazoxan (0.1 mg/kg bodyweight) five minutes before
      injection of either of the drugs completely abolished the hypoxaemia. These
      results lend support to the view that the respiratory effect of these drugs is
      mediated via alpha 2-adrenoceptor activity.

PMID- 2889285
TI  - Epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Zambia, 1985.

PMID- 2889286
TI  - Occurrence and properties of FY(Att25)+ Escherichia coli associated with
      diarrhoea in calves.
AB  - Escherichia coli producing the adhesive antigen FY(Att25) were isolated from 46
      of 1341 (3.4 per cent) E coli isolated from calves on 20 of 164 (12.1 per cent)
      farms in Scotland and England. Twenty of the 46 calves had diarrhoea and in nine
      of these animals there were mixed infections with rotavirus, coronavirus,
      cryptosporidium and Salmonella typhimurium. The F41 fimbrial adhesin was found on
      one of the FY(Att25)+ E coli. This strain also produced heat stable enterotoxin.
      The remaining FY(Att25)+ isolates did not produce other adhesins, enterotoxins or
      verotoxins. The FY(Att25) antigen was not detected on 109 pathogenic E coli
      isolated from calves, chickens, lambs, pigs or man.

PMID- 2889287
TI  - British congress for IVSA.

PMID- 2889288
TI  - Comparison of surface hydrophobicity of piliated and non-piliated clones of
      Corynebacterium renale and Corynebacterium pilosum.
AB  - Piliated (P+) and non-piliated (P-) clones of Corynebacterium renale and C.
      pilosum were similar in hydrophobicity as measured by hydrophobic interaction
      chromatography, bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons and the salt aggregation
      test. Therefore, the previously reported adherence of P+ clone to various cells,
      which is more effective than that of P- clone, may be uncorrelated with the
      degree of hydrophobicity of both clones of these bacteria. Hydrophobicity of P+
      and P- clones was found to be high when measured by hydrophobic interaction
      chromatography and bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons, but low when measured by
      the salt aggregation test.

PMID- 2889289
TI  - Hepatotoxicity of immunotoxins made with saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein
      from Saponaria officinalis.
AB  - Immunotoxins were prepared by conjugating saporin, a ribosome-inactivating
      protein from Saponaria officinalis, to a monoclonal antibody against the Thy1.1
      antigen, or to its F(ab')2 fragment. The immunotoxins were eight- to 16-fold more
      toxic to mice than free saporin. Injection of the immunotoxins induced necrosis
      of the liver and spleen, whereas free saporin caused necrosis of the epithelium
      of the kidney tubules. The cytoplasm of the hepatic parenchymal cells was
      affected by the immunotoxins, lesions being apparent in the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum and, later, in the mitochondria. These changes were associated with a
      reduced capacity to synthesise proteins both in the intact liver and by isolated
      liver microsomes. Studies of the in vivo distribution showed that 90% of the free
      saporin was removed from the bloodstream, mainly by the kidneys, within 10 min of
      injection. By contrast, the immunotoxins persisted in the blood for several hours
      and the only organ in which they consistently accumulated was the liver. The
      hepatotoxic effect of the immunotoxins was not due to their binding to liver
      cells via the antigen-binding sites or the Fc-piece of the antibody moiety, nor
      was it due to hepatic recognition of carbohydrate in the immunotoxin. It is
      concluded that free saporin, although capable of entering liver cells, is
      filtered so rapidly by the kidney that liver damage does not occur to a
      significant extent. Filtered saporin, however, is reabsorbed by renal tubules,
      whose epithelial cells are damaged. The antibody-saporin conjugate is too large
      to filter at the glomerulus and so has greater opportunity to penetrate into and
      to damage the hepatic parenchymal cell.

PMID- 2889290
TI  - Altered enzyme expression in propylnitrosamine-induced Syrian hamster lung
      lesions.
AB  - Focal proliferative and neoplastic lung lesions induced in Syrian hamsters by
      dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine (DHPN) were investigated using a combined
      histochemical, autoradiographic and electron microscopic approach. Expression of
      elevated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gammaglutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT) activities and levels of immunohistochemically demonstrable
      glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) were evident in epithelial cells
      of focal proliferative populations and bronchioloalveolar neoplasms. Binding for
      the GST-C form, normally only weak, became very pronounced in the stromal
      elements of DHPN-induced lesions. Increased labelling with tritiated thymidine
      was associated with increase in morphological atypia within the tumours. Although
      the enzyme phenotype findings were equivocal the presence of lamellar bodies in
      some cells of focal proliferative and neoplastic lesions suggested an origin from
      alveolar type II cells. The present results regarding changed enzyme phenotype in
      lung lesions suggest important similarities at the biochemical level for the
      process of neoplasia in the different target organs of DHPN in the hamster and
      indicate that GST-P may be a useful 'marker' for lung neoplasia.

PMID- 2889291
TI  - Epidermal cell proliferation. I. Changes with time in the proportion of isolated,
      paired and clustered labelled cells in sheets of murine epidermis.
AB  - A new technical approach to analysing labelled cells in sheets of epidermis is
      presented. The changes in the proportion of isolated single labelled cells,
      paired or clusters of 3, 4, or more than 4, labelled cells in sheets of epidermis
      from the back of the mouse have been analysed at various times up to 500 h after
      3HTdR administration at either 03.00 h or 15.00 h. The technique is not dependent
      on the relative number of labelled cells (i.e. the labelling index) but on the
      spatial distribution of labelled cells. The data cannot be adequately explained
      on the basis of a simple homogeneous stem cell population in the basal layer but
      can be better understood on the basis of an hierarchical stem cell-dividing
      transit proliferative model. The data are consistent with an average cell cycle
      time of about 100 h but there are suggestions of considerable cell kinetic
      heterogeneity. The data also suggest that the amount of lateral cell movement
      within the basal layer is small. The results may suggest that some stem cells
      either loose label in a manner similar to that suggested by Cairns (1975) i.e.
      through a process of selective segregation of their DNA strands, or that they
      have an extremely short S phase duration as postulated earlier (Potten et al.
      1982). The present data have been extensively mathematically modelled in an
      accompanying paper. The model which best fits all the data is an hierarchical
      scheme with three cell divisions in the transit population but some branches of
      the lineage may be prematurely terminated by the early production of post-mitotic
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889292
TI  - Epidermal cell proliferation. II. A comprehensive mathematical model of cell
      proliferation and migration in the basal layer predicts some unusual properties
      of epidermal stem cells.
AB  - The clustering of 3HTdR labelled cells in the epidermal basal layer and their
      changes with time have been modelled mathematically and cannot be adequately
      fitted by an earlier model of the cell kinetic organisation of the skin. A more
      refined model analysis was performed based on Monte Carlo computer simulations of
      cell layers which take cell division, cell aging and lateral as well as vertical
      cell migration into account. A large variety of hypothetical scenarios was tested
      to see if each could provide a fit to the clustering data. The analysis provides
      further support for the concept of a cell kinetic heterogeneity with a stem
      transit-postmitotic differentiation scheme. In the best overall model scheme
      three transit divisions are predicted but unlike in the earlier model it is now
      postulated that postmitotic cells can be produced at all stages in the lineage
      rather than only at the end of the amplification scheme. Most important, the
      model predicts that stem cells and most of the transit cells differ in the way
      they process 3HTdR label. Grain dilution is an important mechanism to explain the
      fate of some labelled cells in the tissue, but on its own it can only
      consistently explain the data if the stem cells have a very low labelling index
      (LI less than or equal to 1%) which implies a very short biologically
      unreasonable S-phase. If a higher LI (longer S-phase) is assumed for the stem
      cells other mechanisms must be predicted to explain the lack of large clusters
      and the increase in time of the singles. The selective segregation of chromosomes
      at mitosis is one such mechanism. However, on its own a large number of cells
      would have to behave in this way (i.e. both stem and T1 cells). If combined with
      other assumptions such as some grain dilution this selective segregation may be
      restricted only to stem cells. In addition the model allows cell production and
      migration rates to be estimated and the analysis can be related to the EPU
      concept. Indeed the model itself would tend to automatically generate an EPU like
      structure. The model quantitatively reproduces LI, PLM, CL and clustering data.

PMID- 2889294
TI  - Distribution of growth hormone and prolactin in secretory granules of the normal
      and neoplastic human adenohypophysis.
AB  - Growth hormone [GH] and prolactin [PRL] can be demonstrated simultaneously in
      electron micrographs by means of the double immunocytochemical labeling technique
      using colloidal gold particles of two different sizes. This method was used to
      study biopsy specimens obtained from 15 patients suffering from acromegaly, 11
      patients suffering from prolactinomas, and eight biopsy specimens obtained during
      adenomectomy from the normal, paraadenomatous pituitary tissue. Four granule
      populations with different immunoreactions were found: (1) granules containing GH
      only, (2) granules containing PRL only, (3) mixed granules containing GH and PRL,
      and (4) granules displaying no immunoreactivity. The existence of mixed granules
      indicated that the two hormones are synthesized by the same cell and in
      communicating compartments of the cells; i.e., the rough-surfaced endoplasmic
      reticulum. The number of GH-containing granules (pure GH granules and mixed GH
      PRL granules) was greater than that of PRL-containing granules (pure PRL granules
      and mixed PRL-GH granules) in adenomas causing acromegaly and in the normal
      pituitary tissue, whereas the opposite was true for prolactinomas. The number of
      PRL-containing granules was larger in biopsy specimens from patients who had
      acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia than in patients with acromegaly and normal
      serum PRL levels.

PMID- 2889293
TI  - S-100-positive T cells are largely restricted to a CD8-positive, 9.3-negative
      subset.
AB  - The present report concerns the demonstration of the exclusive detection among
      peripheral blood T-lymphocytes of the S-100 protein within the CD8-positive
      subpopulation which lacks the antigen recognized by the 9.3 monoclonal antibody.
      Highly purified human peripheral blood T-cell subsets, obtained by means of
      panning techniques, were first stained, by an immunofluorescence method, with
      purified anti-S-100 protein antibodies. The vast majority of S-100 protein- (and,
      specifically, its beta subunit) positive cells were detected in the CD8-positive,
      9.3-negative subset. This subset had previously been shown to comprise all the
      alloantigen-specific and histamine-inducible suppressor T-cells. Other T-subsets,
      even those showing either CD8-positivity (but 9.3-positivity) or 9.3-negativity
      (but CD8-negativity), were, as a rule, S-100 negative. Immunoelectronmicroscopy
      confirmed that the S-100-positive cells, showing peroxidase activity within the
      cytoplasm, were found exclusively within the CD8-positive, 9.3-negative subset.
      This finding of S-100 protein in cells of a specific T8 suppressor subset extends
      the range of the known distribution of this protein and may have important
      implications concerning its role in the modulation of immune responses.

PMID- 2889295
TI  - Quantitative histology of muramyl dipeptide-potentiated induction of tumor
      necrosis by endotoxins.
AB  - Combinations of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and toxic or detoxified endotoxin induced
      necrosis and subsequent disappearance of solid Meth A tumors in syngeneic mice.
      Toxic endotoxin alone was far less effective. MDP and detoxified endotoxin had
      negligible antitumor effects of their own. These observations were confirmed by
      histological examination. Neither MDP nor detoxified endotoxin induced
      significant changes in and around the tumor by 4, 24, and 48 h after intravenous
      administration when compared with saline treatment. MDP amplified various effects
      of toxic endotoxin such as the induction of hyperemia, mitotic arrest, mast cell
      depletion, non-hemorrhagic necrosis and reduction in lymphocyte infiltrates, but
      did not affect hemorrhagic necrosis or the influx of polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes. The combination of MDP and detoxified endotoxin lacked the latter two
      effects, but the other effects were similar to, although slightly less marked
      than those induced by the toxic combination. Because the degree of hyperemia was
      proportional to the degree of subsequent non-hemorrhagic necrosis, MDP seems to
      potentiate necrosis by enhancing mechanisms leading to hyperemia and mast cell
      mediators might be involved in the latter effect. Lymphocyte influx and the
      therapeutic outcome are likely to be related, since exclusively therapeutic
      treatments reduced the influx of these cells.

PMID- 2889296
TI  - [A simple and sensitive modification of the fluorimetric method for determining
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain tissue].
AB  - A simple and sensitive modification of fluorimetric method for determination of
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the small samples of brain tissue is described.

PMID- 2889297
TI  - Arthropod-borne viruses isolated in Czechoslovakia.

PMID- 2889298
TI  - [H2 receptor antagonists in the therapy of peptic ulcer disease].
AB  - Today histamine-H2-receptor antagonists are the most intensively investigated
      drugs in the therapy of acid related diseases. They are characterized by a clear
      mechanism of action, a convenient application form, a high tolerability, a low
      incidence of side effects, and a large therapeutic window. The single nocturnal
      dosage regimen of H2-blockers follows the concept to reduce substantially night
      time acidity only, which is believed to play a decisive pathogenetic role in
      peptic ulcer disease, while during day time physiological acid secretion remains
      unaffected. The clinical efficacy of this application form has been well
      documented in the healing and symptomatic relief of acute peptic ulcers. However,
      about 30% of patients still suffer from ulcer pain after a 2 weeks treatment
      period. A more flexible dosage regimen, which is more adapted to the ulcer
      symptoms of the patient will probably lead to even better clinical results.

PMID- 2889299
TI  - [Omeprazole in the therapy of acid-induced diseases].
AB  - Omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole which inhibits profoundly and long
      lasting human acid secretion. The maximum inhibition effect of omeprazole begins
      after 3-5 days treatment. Even after 28 days application no significant rebound
      effects were seen after withdrawal from the medication. Omeprazole was clinically
      tested on several thousand patients. The daily doses of 20 mg to 60 mg in cases
      of duodenal ulcer led to healing rates of 60-100% after 14 days. In direct
      comparative studies omeprazole was superior in cases of duodenal ulcers to
      cimetidine and ranitidine. With regard to gastric ulcers identical successful
      results were seen with 20 mg omeprazole daily as with 2 X 150 mg ranitidine
      daily. Omeprazole was also superior to H2-blockers in the treatment of erosive
      reflux-oesophagitis. Results from long-term therapy with the exception of
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are not yet available. In the clinical studies,
      omeprazole proved to be well tolerated. Its definite place in the management of
      peptic ulcer disease, however, remains to clearly established.

PMID- 2889300
TI  - [Somatostatin and opioids, secretin and VIP--protectors of the mucosa?].
AB  - Somatostatin is located predominantly in D-cells of the antral and fundic area of
      the stomach and in the duodenal bulb. Furthermore, somatostatin is contained in
      neurons of the extrinsic and intrinsic nervous system. Somatostatin inhibits
      gastric acid, pepsin and gastrin secretion, and it stimulates gastric mucous
      secretion. All in all, somatostatin could exert protection of the gastric mucosa
      by reduction of aggressive and augmentation of protective mechanisms. There is,
      however, no evidence for a role of somatostatin in the pathogenesis of peptic
      ulcer. Endogenous opioids which have to be considered as potential peptidergic
      neurotransmitters increase vagal and postprandial gastric acid secretion and
      accordingly cannot be considered as a protective factor. Vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP), also a peptidergic neurotransmitter, reduces acid and stimulates
      mucous and bicarbonate secretion. If this is of physiological relevance remains
      to be established. Secretin might be a protective factor for the gastric mucosa
      by stimulating mucous and bicarbonate secretion. On the other hand, it augments
      pepsin secretion which might attenuate any potential protective effects of
      secretin.

PMID- 2889301
TI  - [Screening of benzo- and thienodiazepines in urine with Emit ST and thin-layer
      chromatography within the scope of substance abuse].
AB  - All 24 Benzo- and Thienodiazepines which are used in drugs in the FRG were added
      to drug free urine in different concentrations and examined by Emit ST as well as
      by TLC. In addition the acid hydrolysis products of diazepines were analysed by
      TLC. A modification of the extraction procedure is described, which shortens
      analysis time considerably. The detection limits were determined and it will be
      discussed how both methods, Emit and TLC, are suited for a wide-ranging drug
      screening program.

PMID- 2889302
TI  - States causing infertility in adulthood in children with undescended testis.
AB  - A total of 1386 operations for undescended testis was made in 1250 boys. In 774
      of them an apparently intact testis and epididymis were found. In 612, such
      epididymal developmental abnormalities were detected which exclude or do not make
      possible the passage of sperms from these organs to the deferent duct. It is
      believed to be plausible that the large number of cases with infertility is due,
      also in individuals with a unilateral cryptorchidism, to the abnormal fusion of
      the epididymis in both testes.

PMID- 2889304
TI  - Perforation and necrosis of the colon complicating polyarteritis nodosa. Case
      report.
AB  - Polyarteritis nodosa in a 23-year-old man gave rise to caecal perforation,
      colonic infarction and, later, severe gastrointestinal bleeding with fatal
      outcome. The necessity of early surgical intervention to improve prognosis in
      cases with severe gastrointestinal improvement is emphasized.

PMID- 2889303
TI  - Effects of betaxolol on heart rate in patients with a recent transmural
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - A randomized double-blind trial was performed with betaxolol, a beta 1-selective
      and long-acting beta-blocker, in patients with a recent first uncomplicated acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI). Patients were treated between the 3rd and 14th day
      after the onset of AMI with either a single oral dosage of 20 mg betaxolol or
      placebo. The effects on heart rate, ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias
      were studied by continuous 24 hours ECG recordings on the 7th and between the 9th
      to 12th after the onset of AMI and by a submaximal exercise test on the 12th day.
      Hourly mean, peak and minimal heart rate were during the whole day significantly
      lower in the active treatment group. In betaxolol treated patients diurnal
      variations in heart rate were definitely changed. No differences in the
      occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias were found between both groups; auricular
      fibrillation was more common in placebo treated patients. Heart rate and pressure
      rate product were significantly higher during exercise in the placebo group.
      During exercise ventricular arrhythmias were infrequent in both groups. The
      clinical tolerance of betaxolol was excellent.

PMID- 2889305
TI  - [Digital necrosis: a paraneoplastic syndrome].

PMID- 2889306
TI  - The effect of subcutaneous infusion versus subcutaneous injections of a
      somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on the diurnal GH profile in acromegaly.
AB  - Multiple sc injections of a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) are
      currently used in the treatment of acromegaly. However, plasma GH concentration
      often reaches a pathological level (less than 5 micrograms/l) between two
      injections. In seven patients with active acromegaly we compared, in a short-term
      trial, the effect of SMS 201-995 administered by continuous sc infusion (50
      micrograms and 100 micrograms a day) and by three sc injections (100 micrograms
      each). In six patients, plasma GH levels were significantly reduced regardless of
      the mode and dose of treatment (P less than 0.05). However, comparing diurnal
      profiles, 100 micrograms continuous sc infusion was more effective than
      discontinuous administration in reducing the number of GH levels above 5
      micrograms/l (P less than 0.01). In two patients, continuous infusion was the
      only way to decrease all plasma GH values below 5 micrograms/l during the diurnal
      profile determination. Moreover, even when, in a long-term study, the dose of
      multiple injections was progressively increased to 500 micrograms three times a
      day, GH levels remained consistently elevated in one of these patients. Thus, in
      some acromegalic patients continuous sc injection seems currently the most
      efficient way of treatment with SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2889307
TI  - Plasma growth hormone in acromegalic patients. Demonstration of highly
      reproducible diurnal profiles in individual patients.
AB  - The effects of the selective alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist idazoxan on
      diurnal variations in plasma growth hormone levels were studied in acromegalic
      patients. Seven patients entered the study; six patients had been unsuccessfully
      treated with either pituitary adenotomy, bromocriptine or other drug therapy or a
      combination of the two procedures. Plasma growth hormone levels were measured at
      hourly intervals over a period of 24 h under control conditions and following 4
      days treatment with either placebo or idazoxan (20 mg po, three times a day); the
      comparison of idazoxan with placebo was a double blind cross-over study. Except
      in one patient, the diurnal growth hormone plasma profiles were virtually
      superimposable under control conditions and following either placebo or idazoxan;
      each patient had a characteristic profile. Four patients had impressive nocturnal
      elevations ranging from about 40 to 200 per cent above average daytime levels.
      Only one had definite paradoxical early postprandial peaks. These observations
      are contrary to accepted views on growth hormone levels in acromegalic patients.
      The majority of our patients thus had profiles reminiscent of the normal diurnal
      plasma growth hormone pattern albeit at a higher level indicating some preserved
      central drive. The rather high prevalence in the present study of patients having
      relapses after adenomectomy may indicate that a selection had been made of cases
      with hypothalamic aetiology. Administration of the selective alpha 2
      adrenoreceptor antagonist idazoxan did not modify plasma growth hormone profiles
      in these patients.

PMID- 2889308
TI  - Growth hormone responses to the releasing hormones GHRH and GnRH and the
      inhibitors somatostatin and bromocriptine in TRH-responsive and non-responsive
      acromegalics.
AB  - In acromegalics, the percent peak GH responses to TRH (pTRH) and bromocriptine
      (pBr) are inversely related with those to GHRH, favouring the hypothesis that in
      the adenomas of some patients there is a preponderance of GH-producing cells with
      lactotrope-like characteristics, whereas in others pure somatotropes predominate.
      The aim of the present study was to investigate whether patients responsive to
      TRH with allegedly lactotrope-like tumours differ from those patients not
      responding to TRH with more somatotrope-like adenomas in their answer to the GH
      inhibitors Br and SRIH and the releasing hormones GHRH and GnRH. The present
      study demonstrates that the observed reciprocal relations between the GH
      responses to GHRH, TRH and Br are only present in acromegalics paradoxically
      responding to TRH (pGHRH vs pTRH -0.73, pGHRH vs pBr -0.60, pTRH vs pBr +0.54, P
      less than 0.0002-P less than 0.02, N = 20), not in TRH-non-responders (N = 10).
      In contrast, in these latter patients, not in the former, close relations were
      found between the percent peak GH responses to GnRH (pGnRH) and pGHRH (r = +0.81,
      P less than 0.005) and between pGnRH and the percent maximum GH decrements in
      response to SRIH (pSRIH) (r = +0.64, P less than 0.05). Expectedly, the GH
      response to Br in the TRH-responders was significantly higher than in the non
      responders (75 +/- 4% vs 54 +/- 3%, P less than 0.02), although it was also
      substantial in the latter. The GH response to SRIH was remarkedly similar in both
      groups (64 +/- 5 vs 57 +/- 9%, P greater than 0.10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2889309
TI  - Thyroid stimulating antibody: an index of thyroid stimulation in Graves' disease?
AB  - Early (20 min) thyroid radio-iodine uptake (ERU) and thyroid-stimulating
      antibodies (TSab) were determined in 27 untreated unselected patients with
      Graves' disease at the time of diagnosis. In 21 subjects the same tests were
      further performed in parallel during combined carbimazole-L-T3 therapy (mean
      duration of follow-up: 10.8 +/- 5.8 months; mean +/- SD). TSab was determined by
      a cAMP-human thyrocyte culture stimulation assay and expressed in microliter
      equivalent of a TSab standard/ml (microliter-eq/ml). Before treatment, ERU,
      ranging from 15 to 54% of the injected dose (normal less than or equal to 8%
      dose) correlated with serum T3 (r: 0.54; P less than 0.01); TSab, ranging from 6
      to 85 microliter-eq/ml was detected in 21/27 patients. There was a significant
      correlation between ERU and TSab (Spearman rank test: r: 0.57; P less than 0.01).
      During the first months of treatment, 5 of the 21 patients sequentially studied
      had undetectable TSab levels throughout the study and in these patients ERU
      decreased by 57% of its initial value; the remaining 16 subjects were divided
      into two groups according to ERU changes: in group A (9 patients), initial ERU
      decreased by 50% or more or the absolute value became less than 20% of the dose
      and TSab decreased from 10.9 +/- 4.8 microliter-eq/ml to 5.3 +/- 1.6 microliter
      eq/ml (P less than 0.01); in group B (7 patients), the fall of ERU was less than
      50% or the absolute value remained greater than 20% of the dose and TSab values
      remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889310
TI  - The role of opiate, dopaminergic, and adrenergic systems in the hypothalamo
      pituitary dysfunction in obesity.
AB  - In order to evaluate the role of opiate, dopaminergic and adrenergic systems in
      the mechanism of hypothalamo-pituitary disturbances in obesity, 9 obese women and
      14 healthy women were investigated. Serum GH, LH, beta-endorphin and cortisol
      concentrations were measured after administration of clonidine, an alpha 2
      adrenergic receptor agonist, and naloxone, an opiate antagonist. Additionally,
      PRL levels were measured after administration of the dopamine receptor blocker
      metoclopramide. An impaired GH response to clonidine and naloxone was found in
      obese women. However, a marked increase in beta-endorphin was observed in obese
      patients after clonidine administration. Naloxone did not cause any significant
      change in beta-endorphin release. Neither clonidine nor naloxone induced any
      change in LH release. Serum PRL concentrations in response to metoclopramide were
      significantly higher in obese patients than in healthy women. IN CONCLUSION:
      Disturbed activity in opiate, adrenergic, and dopaminergic systems may be of
      pathogenetic importance in a hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction in obesity. The
      occurrence of hypothalamic amenorrhoea as well as the presence of abnormalities
      of the central nervous system regulation of GH, PRL, ACTH, cortisol, insulin and
      vasopressin output might point to a generalized hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction
      in obesity.

PMID- 2889311
TI  - Clinical outcome of HIV infection.

PMID- 2889312
TI  - Pain therapy: from theoretical research to clinical application.
AB  - After a brief review of the supraspinal and spinal effects of morphine, the
      reference substance for studies on analgesia, the authors expose a synthesis of
      the recent literature regarding neurotransmitter involvement in pain perception
      and transmission. From these data, some future prospects for pain treatment
      research are identified.

PMID- 2889313
TI  - Cryoanalgesia for post-thoracotomy pain relief.
AB  - A randomized study comparing the postoperative requirements of narcotics of three
      groups of patients (Group I: no analgesia; Group II: internal intercostal nerve
      block; Group III: cryoanalgesia) was conducted. This study was performed in order
      to assess the efficiency of cryoanalgesia versus internal intercostal nerve block
      to obtain pain relief after thoracotomy. Regarding post-operative narcotic
      requirements (Piritramide-Dipidolor), there was no significant difference between
      Group I and Group II patients, but patients from Group III required a
      significantly lower amount of narcotics during the first 36 postoperative hours
      (p less than 0.01). We conclude that, although cryoanalgesia does not provide
      complete post-thoracotomy pain relief, it is however an easy and safe method and
      is more efficient than internal intercostal nerve block for pain relief after
      thoracotomy.

PMID- 2889315
TI  - Recent advances in the inherited methylmalonic acidemias.
AB  - Methylmalonic acidemia results from decreased activity of methylalonyl-CoA
      mutase, an enzyme required for the catabolism of four amino acids. A cobalamin
      (vitamin B12) compound is required as coenzyme. Several inherited mutations of
      the mutase apoenzyme or of cobalamin coenzyme synthesis have been identified.
      Clinical disease is most commonly recognized as a severe protein intolerance
      state although a wide range of symptoms has been appreciated. Current therapy
      emphasizes strict dietary management and use of vitamin B12 in cobalamin
      responsive patients.

PMID- 2889314
TI  - The effect of labetalol on contractility of human myometrial preparations.
AB  - Because of results in animal experiments which demonstrated a partial beta 2
      adrenoceptor activity of labetalol on rat uterine smooth muscle the present study
      was conducted in human preparations. The following results were obtained: 1.
      Rhythmic uterine contractions with a defined steady-state amplitude and frequency
      were elicited spontaneously and after methylergometrine. 2. Labetalol reduced
      amplitude of contractions dose-dependently after 3 h of incubation. Frequency was
      unaffected. 3. The tocolytic effect of labetalol is apparent only at high
      concentrations, above those used in the treatment of hypertension. 4. Neither
      beta 2-specific adrenoceptor blockade with ICI 118,551 nor alpha-blockade with
      phentolamine changed amplitude of contraction, either alone or in combination
      with labetalol. 5. Labetalol has little tocolytic effect on human myometrium in
      vitro. This effect is unrelated to alpha- or beta-antagonism, but seems to depend
      on a direct smooth muscle depressant effect. In conclusion, from the present in
      vitro experiments using human myometrial preparations, it seems unlikely that
      labetalol would interfere with the normal process of labor when used for the
      treatment of pregnancy hypertension.

PMID- 2889317
TI  - Fecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in newborn children and
      relation to development of extraintestinal E. coli infections.
AB  - The incidence of E. coli pyelonephritis before the age of one year among the
      children born at Danderyd Hospital during a ten year period was studied. During
      the study period, 4 or 5 outbreaks of E. coli pyelonephritis occurred among the
      children who had previously been staying in the hospital's neonatal ward. These
      outbreaks seemed to have been caused by nosocomial spread of and fecal
      colonization with certain virulent E. coli strains among the children staying in
      the ward during certain periods of time. The strains that were spread in the ward
      seemed to belong to certain pyelonephritogenic E. coli clones of the serotypes
      O6:K5, O4:K3 and possibly O6:K2. Although the children became fecally colonized
      with the strains in the neonatal ward, most fell ill some time after they had
      left the ward. The mean age at the development of their first pyelonephritis was
      3.4 months for the boys and 6.2 months for the girls, who had been cared for in
      this ward. A correlation between the number of infections and the bed occupancy
      of the ward could be found (p less than 0.01). The risk for a child staying in
      the ward during an outbreak to develop pyelonephritis was about 5-10%. There was
      a baseline incidence rate of 0.6-0.7% during non-epidemic periods. During one of
      the outbreaks there was also an increased incidence rate of E. coli septicemia
      among the children staying in the neonatal ward. The predictive value of fecal
      colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli for the later development of
      extraintestinal E. coli infections was studied in a 2.5 year prospective study.
      During this study period there was a baseline incidence rate of 10-20% fecal
      colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli among the children staying in both the
      neonatal and maternity wards, interrupted only by minor peaks of colonization
      with such strains. Length of stay in the neonatal ward and a high bed occupancy
      of the neonatal ward were statistically correlated to fecal colonization with P
      fimbriated E. coli strains (p less than 0.01). During the prospective study there
      was no difference in the incidence rates of pyelonephritis before the age of one
      year between the neonatal and maternity ward children. These incidence rates were
      0.59% and 0.66%, respectively. Only one of the 113 children from the neonatal
      ward who were fecally colonized with P-fimbriated E. coli strains later developed
      pyelonephritis. Thus, there was no predictive value of fecal colonization with P
      fimbriated strains for the later development of pyelonephritis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2889316
TI  - P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in children with acute cystitis.
AB  - P-fimbriation of Escherichia coli is an important factor in the pathogenesis of
      childhood pyelonephritis. The present study investigates children with single
      episodes of symptomatic non-febrile urinary tract infection, i.e. cystitis, with
      respect to clinical appearance and bacteriology, especially the frequency of P
      fimbriated E. coli. The study included 75 children, 57 of whom had their first
      attack of urinary tract infection. E. coli was the causative agent in 88% (66/75)
      of the infections, and 48% (32/66) of E. coli strains were P-fimbriated. No
      association was found between identification of P-fimbriated E. coli at index
      infection and proneness to reinfection during the following six-month period. It
      is suggested that P-fimbriated E. coli is a virulence factor even in lower
      urinary tract infections, when occurring in single, symptomatic episodes.

PMID- 2889318
TI  - [Effects of exciting the habenula by L-glutamic acid on the pain threshold and
      acupuncture analgesia].

PMID- 2889319
TI  - Effects of ginsenosides on sympathetic neurotransmitter release in pithed rats.

PMID- 2889320
TI  - [Erythema multiforme, ulcerative colitis and salazopyrine].

PMID- 2889322
TI  - [Controlled arched osteotomy for the correction of malposition in healed
      fractures].
AB  - The guided arched osteotomy and the oscillating saws specially developed for this
      operation have proven to be a competent technique to correct malposition
      following fractures. Its essential advantage is that the equipment offers the
      possibility to perform an exact and protective cylindrical cut, which assures
      exact parallel, relatively large contact areas and hence a favourable postulate
      for the healing action. Moreover, the saddle-shaped contact area offers
      protection against unwanted rotation. Furthermore, the shortening of the bone is
      limited to the width of the very thin saw cut performed. An additional advantage
      is offered in the possibility to carry out further correction without the
      necessity of a repeated osteotomy, should the x-ray control show that the primary
      correction has not turned out satisfactorily.

PMID- 2889323
TI  - [Early functional treatment of humerus shaft fractures by the Sarmiento method].
AB  - The functional treatment of humerus shaft fractures with a brace according to
      Sarmiento is described. Reported are the results of the functional treatment of
      47 humerus shaft fractures. Every humerus shaft fracture normally treated
      conservatively, including the humerus shaft fractures in polytraumatised patients
      and those patients with a primary radial nerve injury, can be treated in this
      way. The functional treatment of humerus shaft fractures results in a quick and
      uneventful healing of the fracture with a good function and cosmetic aspect.

PMID- 2889321
TI  - Fibre and the diabetic diet. An evaluation of the metabolic response to
      standardized meals.
AB  - Dietary fibre has a beneficial influence on glucose homeostasis, varying for
      different fibre sources. Fruit, wheat, rye and beet fibre were studied in
      isoenergetic meals for NIDD patients and healthy volunteers. The effects of
      extrusion cooking and flaking were also evaluated. The metabolic response was
      followed by continuous glucose monitoring and by analyses of pancreatic and
      gastrointestinal hormones as well as plasma lipid concentrations, For NIDD
      patients the effects, reflected in the area and the shape of the glucose curve,
      were greater for the more soluble fibre types, but the insulin and C-peptide
      responses were largely unaffected by dietary fibre. Beet fibre gave increased
      somatostatin concentrations also in age-matched healthy controls. They showed,
      however, unchanged plasma glucose responses and markedly decreased insulin and C
      peptide levels. These changes were associated with less pronounced postprandial
      glycerol reduction, but otherwise none of the fibre preparations affected the
      postprandial lipemia. Extruded bread, based on wholegrain wheat flour, with high
      availability of in vitro starch, elicited a greater glucose response than
      wholegrain wheat bread, associated with a modest increase of GIP and insulin and
      with a stimulated early glucagon secretion. Flaked rye seemed to contain both
      faster and slower carbohydrates than the corresponding rye bread of similar fibre
      content. Analyses of the glucose curves suggested that the effect of fibre might
      be mediated by an effect on glucose absorption and parallel experiments in rat
      indicated that a delayed rate of gastric emptying might contribute. Further, the
      liver glycogen content was higher in rats given a slowly absorbed gastric load. A
      realistic increase in fibre content, given in long-term treatment, improved the
      metabolic control in NIDD patients, by decreasing the fasting blood glucose and
      LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as the LDL/HDL ratio. Hypothetically, slower
      absorption achieved with dietary fibre increases the proportion of glycogen in
      the liver. This postprandial improvement may cause the long-term trend to
      normalization of the fasting blood glucose level.

PMID- 2889324
TI  - [Rupture of the tibiofibular syndesmosis without osseous fibular injury].
AB  - Within 3 years 12 injuries of the anterior fibulo-tibial ligament without
      fracture of the fibula were recorded prospectively. In relation to the total
      number of the ankle joint fractures during the same period the incidence is 3.3%.
      The rupture of the ligament arose in all cases from a forced eversion combined
      with supination or pronation of the foot. Clinical characteristics are the
      circumscribed painful palpation of the area of the ligament together with
      eversion pain of the foot. Arthrography is the most sensitive diagnostic
      procedure, which, however, may be avoided if the clinical situation is absolutely
      clear. Differential diagnosis consists mainly in the rupture of the fibulo-talar
      ligament including a tear of the anterior capsule of the ankle joint. Treatment
      should always be surgical - suture of the ligament, reinforcement of the
      syndesmosis by means of a positioning screw. Aftercare is functional without
      external fixation.

PMID- 2889325
TI  - [Surgical management of fresh injuries of the outer ligament of the upper ankle
      joint in local anesthesia].
AB  - Fresh, isolated external ligament ruptures in adults have been surgically treated
      almost without exception under local anaesthesia for more than a year now at the
      Department of Surgery of the Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) at
      Aachen. No complications due to anaesthesia developed in these 119 patients; all
      of them expressed great satisfaction at this mode of surgical approach. What is
      more: this method is less costly and requires less personnel than surgery under
      peridural anaesthesia or intratracheal (intubation) anaesthesia. Hence, in the
      authors' opinion, isolated fresh ruptures of the outer ligaments of the ankle
      joint should be operated on more often under local anaesthesia than is actually
      being done at present.

PMID- 2889327
TI  - [Implant changes in sliding endoprostheses].
AB  - Analysis of 6 failures of resurfacing gliding prostheses of the knee with
      necessary exchange operations. By this procedure of exchange of the loosened
      parts of the alloplasty, a good functional result could be achieved with the
      exception of one case. Importance of careful preoperative indication of gliding
      prostheses of the knee, where axis deviations of the leg as well as instability
      of the collateral ligaments should be particularly observed.

PMID- 2889326
TI  - [Dislocation of the patella--causality in legal accident insurance].
AB  - Fifty-two expertises on connections between cause and effect of patellar
      dislocations were examined with a view to improving the standards of medical
      expertizing. On principle, the mechanism of injury is the decisive criterion in
      determining whether the injury can be considered capable of causing the
      dislocation. It was found that in about one-half of the cases the dislocation was
      wrongly attributed to the event and that a reasonable connection existed in only
      one-quarter of the cases. The typical causes of error in reasoning - first
      dislocation, impressive pattern of injury, no degenerative changes - are listed
      and discussed. The importance of the pattern of damage for the first occurrence
      of a dislocation is demonstrated. The suitability of different courses of events
      for contributing essentially to the dislocation is discussed.

PMID- 2889328
TI  - [Cement-free implanted total hip endoprosthesis of the Mittelmeier model.
      Clinical experiences and results following 6 years of use mainly in accident
      induced hip changes].
AB  - We give a review of the results of 165 implantations in 143 patients. Uncemented
      endoprostheses (type Mittelmeier) for replacement of hip joints were implanted
      from September 1979 to December 1985 at the Berufsgenossenschaftliche
      Unfallklinik Frankfurt/Main. When we started to implant uncemented prostheses the
      complication rate was higher than in conventional implantations. Most of the
      complications could be gradually avoided. The current complication rate is equal
      in both procedures. Long-term results will be known in a few years' time. We will
      they also know whether the method is advantageous for younger patients.

PMID- 2889329
TI  - [Surgical treatment of tumor-induced destruction of the spine].
AB  - Surgery for treatment of destructions of the spine varies depending on
      localization and tumour status. If the body of the vertebra is affected, the
      ventral approach allows radical tumour resection as far as possible. The
      following stabilization is effected by filling the defect and carrying out
      osteosynthetical fusion. Of 38 patients, three had benign tumours, whereas ten
      patients had primary malignant and 25 had metastatic tumours. The results show
      that surgical treatment is justified also in palliative indications; although
      survival time is not prolonged, the quality of life can be improved.

PMID- 2889330
TI  - [Rupture of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis without ankle fracture].
AB  - Rupture of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis without fracture of the fibula may
      be a rare event, but in the presence of certain clinical signs, it should be
      investigated (pain and haematoma above the syndesmosis, pain at eversion and
      dorsal flexion, history of dislocation of the joint). The diagnostic procedure of
      choice is the arthrography of the ankle-joint. A so-called isolated posterior
      tibial fragment may lead to the diagnosis of a complex ligamentous injury.

PMID- 2889331
TI  - Antiallergic action of TMK-777, a leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor.

PMID- 2889332
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on prostaglandin E2 gastric intraluminal release in
      humans.

PMID- 2889333
TI  - Leukotrienes in Crohn's disease: effect of sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic
      acid.

PMID- 2889334
TI  - Cholinergic influence on prostaglandin E2 stimulated duodenal bicarbonate in the
      conscious rat.

PMID- 2889335
TI  - Activity changes of vasoactive autacoids during passage through the human
      fetoplacental vasculature.

PMID- 2889336
TI  - In vitro effect of octadecatrienoic acid on human platelet function.

PMID- 2889337
TI  - Plasticity of prostaglandin E2 receptor in human macrophages and the ternary
      complex of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2889338
TI  - New evidence with selective agonists and antagonists for the subclassification of
      PGE2-sensitive (EP) receptors.

PMID- 2889339
TI  - Solubilization, separation, and reconstitution of brain prostaglandin E2 receptor
      and GTP-regulatory component.

PMID- 2889340
TI  - [Neurotransmitters and the lower urinary tract].

PMID- 2889341
TI  - Esmolol: a titratable short-acting intravenous beta blocker for acute critical
      care settings.
AB  - Esmolol (Brevibloc) is an intravenous, short-acting, titratable, cardioselective
      beta blocker with a very rapid onset and offset of action (t1/2 = 9.2 minutes).
      Esmolol-induced beta blockade can be maintained as long as infusion is continued.
      It exhibits neither intrinsic sympathomimetic activity nor significant membrane
      stabilizing activity. It is rapidly metabolized by an esterase in the erythrocyte
      cytosol to an inactive acid metabolite. Its hemodynamic and electrophysiologic
      effects are similar to those of other beta blockers. Unlike the effects of other
      beta blockers, however, the effects of esmolol dissipate rapidly to baseline
      within 30 minutes after its discontinuation. Evidence obtained from clinical
      studies indicates that esmolol is effective and safe in reducing the ventricular
      rate in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, and in reducing the
      heart rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction and/or unstable angina.
      Esmolol has also been shown to be effective and safe in attenuating the
      tachycardia and hypertension seen during the intraoperative period. Data from
      postoperative patients indicate that esmolol is ideal as sole-agent therapy for
      the treatment of moderate postoperative hypertension associated with a
      hyperdynamic state. The short duration of action and titratability of esmolol
      make it an ideal drug for use in patients in whom the clinical need for beta
      blockade is limited in duration, and it offers additional safety in patients in
      whom beta blockade is beneficial; however, it might be precluded because of
      coexisting contraindications. To date, experience with esmolol in over 1200
      patients has been gathered, and the adverse effect profile is basically similar
      to that reported here.

PMID- 2889342
TI  - Choice of antihypertensive drug therapy.

PMID- 2889343
TI  - Arrhythmias as predictors of sudden death.
AB  - Two methods are available for exploring arrhythmias in cardiac patients who are
      at risk of sudden death: Holter monitoring and invasive electrophysiology.
      Despite numerous studies, the predictive value of these techniques, in terms of
      prognosis, remains poor for many reasons. Neither technique considered
      individually can give reliable prognostic indications simply because each
      technique addresses different issues which are only partially involved in the
      mechanism of sudden death. Invasive electrophysiology, by artificially provoking
      an arrhythmia, detects the potential substrate which may ultimately lead to
      lethal arrhythmias. Although this is an important technique it is insufficient
      because merely identifying the substrate for an arrhythmia does not necessarily
      mean that arrhythmia will occur. On the other hand, ambulatory ECG allows
      monitoring of spontaneous arrhythmias which may be considered as potential
      initiating factors in arrhythmias. However, even if initiating factors and
      potential substrates are present, they are not sufficient conditions to cause
      lethal arrhythmias to occur. When there is an opportunity to scrutinize the
      mechanism of arrhythmias which are indeed lethal, as in sudden death, it appears
      that the lethal event results from the intervention of a new factor which was
      either absent or not considered during preceding investigations. In coronary
      patients, curiously, ischemia more often provokes cardiac arrest or an
      electromechanical dissociation rather than a ventricular tachycardia or
      fibrillation. Sudden death is not infrequently of iatrogenic origin, because of
      the arrhythmogenic effect of powerful antiarrhythmic drugs. More important,
      ventricular fibrillation often occurs in the setting of a progressively increased
      sympathetic tone, which explains either the particular seriousness of a
      previously known arrhythmia or the occurrence of an arrhythmia which was never
      before observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889344
TI  - The role of drugs in countering adverse pathophysiological profiles: influence on
      hemodynamics.

PMID- 2889345
TI  - Beta blockers and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension.
AB  - It is now generally accepted that hypertension-induced left ventricular
      hypertrophy (LVH) represents a phenomenon of multifactorial origin.
      Antihypertensive therapy with beta-blocking drugs influences most of the factors
      involved in the control of left ventricular mass. Therefore, although initial
      animal experiments yielded conflicting results, it is not surprising that a great
      deal of evidence has been accumulated in clinical studies showing that successful
      long-term antihypertensive treatment with beta blockers induces regression of LVH
      in hypertensive subjects. Differences in molecular structure among various beta
      blocking agents do not seem to influence this property. On the contrary, the
      question of whether reversal of LVH represents a beneficial or harmful byproduct
      of antihypertensive treatment with beta blockers is still unanswered. Animal and
      clinical studies suggest that left ventricular systolic function is unchanged or
      even improved after regression of LVH, whereas the ability of the heart to
      withstand recurrence of hypertension is slightly reduced. Furthermore,
      development of LVH in hypertensive subjects is associated with abnormalities in
      diastolic function which are not reduced by reversal of LVH induced by
      antihypertensive treatment with beta blockers.

PMID- 2889346
TI  - The influence of non-beta-blocking drugs on the lipid profile: are diuretics
      outclassed as initial therapy for hypertension?
AB  - Diuretic drugs, when used in the treatment of hypertension, raise the blood
      concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density or very low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol. Triglycerides often increase as well. Thiazide,
      phthalimidine, loop, potassium-sparing, and methylindoline drugs produce a
      similar effect. Only indapamide, a methylindoline agent with vasodilator
      activity, has been free of adverse lipid effects. It remains unclear whether it
      is the low dose of indapamide or some other quality that frees it of this effect.
      In long-term diuretic therapy, total cholesterol returns to, or below, baseline
      values, suggesting that the lipid elevations are transitory. However, in studies
      with adequate control groups, total cholesterol declines below baseline valves in
      control subjects such that an adverse differential in lipid values persists in
      long-term treatment. Selective alpha-1-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs cause no
      change or favorable alterations in lipid concentrations in short-term and long
      term (1 year) treatment. Among all antihypertensive drugs, this class of agents,
      and especially prazosin, has produced the most consistently salutary lipid and
      metabolic effects. Although less well examined, guanabenz, clonidine, guanfacine,
      and diltiazem have been associated with favorable lipid changes. Captopril and
      nifedipine have caused no change in lipid-lipoprotein values in limited
      investigations. These agents are preferable to diuretics and certain beta
      blockers with respect to short-term effects on lipids and lipoproteins. Their
      ultimate superiority as monotherapy depends on whether they lower blood pressure
      equally well. Lowering of the probability of coronary heart disease in
      hypertensive patients depends as much on blood pressure control as on lipid
      effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889347
TI  - Coronary arteriography performed by a physician assistant.
AB  - Funding constraints and an oversupply of cardiologists mitigate against continued
      training of increasing numbers of cardiology fellows. In some institutions, the
      workload of the catheterization laboratory is an overriding factor. The ability
      of a physician assistant to perform some of this work was tested to determine if
      the number of fellows and the content of the fellowship training program could be
      uncoupled from the catheterization laboratory workload. Among the first 150
      patients in whom coronary arteriography was performed by a physician assistant,
      no patient died or had a myocardial infarction or stroke. Two patients (1.3%) had
      minor complications: a retinal embolus and an infected puncture site. The
      complication rate in 150 consecutive cases performed by fellows was also 1.3%, a
      small myocardial infarction and a transient ischemic attack. Procedure times for
      the physician assistant and for the fellows were 41 +/- 13 and 44 +/- 18 minutes
      for preoperative patients and 62 +/- 24 and 70 +/- 20 minutes for postoperative
      patients. Corresponding fluoroscopy times were 11 +/- 5 and 12 +/- 7 minutes for
      the preoperative and 22 +/- 12 and 20 +/- 6 for postoperative patients. Only
      preoperative fluoroscopy times were statistically different (p = 0.02). Thus,
      substituting a physician assistant for a fellow to perform coronary arteriography
      is an option in institutions at which the number of studies exceeds the training
      needs of fellows.

PMID- 2889348
TI  - The specialized physician assistant: an alternative to the clinical cardiology
      trainee.

PMID- 2889349
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of beta-blocking drugs influencing
      choice in treatment of systemic hypertension.
AB  - Diuretics and beta blockers are the mainstay in treating mild and moderate
      systemic hypertension, but there is controversy as to which should be used first.
      Recent evidence of an increase in sudden death and a greater number of
      intolerable side effects in the diuretic-treated groups in the Multiple Risk
      Factor Intervention Trial in the U.S. and the Medical Research Council Trial in
      Great Britain has prompted some to suggest beta blockers as first-line therapy.
      However, beta blockers also have side effects, such as decreased ventricular
      function in patients with mild heart failure, increased airways resistance in
      those with chronic obstructive lung disease, increased plasma lipids, in
      particular low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased problems in
      patients with peripheral vascular disease and those with diabetes requiring
      insulin treatment. Many new beta-blocking drugs with different pharmacokinetic
      and pharmacodynamic properties allow the physician to choose the best one for
      each patient. beta-blocking drugs with long durations of action, high levels of
      bioavailability, beta 1 selectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity appear
      most suitable for therapy. Cardioselectivity is suggested for patients with
      obstructive lung disease and peripheral vascular disease, and diabetic patients
      who take insulin. Long durations of action permit infrequent administration and
      recently agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity have been shown to have
      less effects on plasma lipid levels. Acebutolol also reduces ventricular
      arrhythmias, and may therefore be used to reduce sudden death in patients with
      coronary artery disease. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of
      beta-blocking drugs can indicate the most appropriate choice for hypertensive
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889350
TI  - Effects of adrenoceptor-blocking drugs on plasma lipoprotein concentrations.
AB  - Evidence from numerous clinical trials has indicated that beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking agents without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity increase plasma
      triglycerides and decrease high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with
      hypertension or coronary artery disease. There appears to be little or no
      difference between the nonselective and cardioselective drugs in this regard. In
      contrast, beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and alpha 1
      blockers appear not to have these effects. The changes induced by adrenoceptor
      blocking agents in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and their possible
      significance in relation to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease are
      discussed.

PMID- 2889351
TI  - Antihypertensive therapy and the concept of total cardiovascular protection.
AB  - Drug-induced reduction of elevated blood pressure decreases cardiovascular
      mortality and morbidity in patients with moderate and severe hypertension.
      Furthermore, antihypertensive drug studies in mild hypertensive subjects
      (diastolic blood pressure 90 to 104 mm Hg) have shown protection against stroke,
      left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure and progression of renal
      damage, as well as improved patient longevity. The Hypertension Detection and
      Follow-up Program trial, recently carried out in the U.S., documented reduced
      coronary artery disease events (fatal and nonfatal) in special drug-treated
      patients with mild hypertension. From the standpoint of practical management and
      considering the ubiquity of essential hypertension, a modified stepped-care
      regimen advocating initial drug therapy with a beta blocker and addition of low
      dose thiazide diuretic when necessary constitutes a judicious approach for
      widespread application. Although there are 8 orally active beta blockers
      currently approved in the U.S. for clinical use in systemic hypertension, only
      acebutolol possesses all of the salutary pharmacologic properties of
      cardioselectivity, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and hydrophilicity, thereby
      making this compound an effective and safe beta-blocking agent for first-order
      management of a broad segment of the hypertensive population.

PMID- 2889352
TI  - Treatment of systemic hypertension.
AB  - Most patients with high blood pressure (BP) can be managed by using one of 4
      classes of compounds: a diuretic, beta blocker, converting enzyme inhibitor or
      calcium antagonist. It is becoming clear, however, that different patients
      respond to different drugs and that side effects also vary from 1 patient to
      another. In many patients in whom 1 drug is not sufficient to lower BP, the
      combination of a low dose of 2 drugs, particularly a diuretic combined with a
      beta blocker or a converting enzyme inhibitor, is an effective way of decreasing
      BP further. An understanding of the mechanisms whereby drugs lower BP and why
      they are additive with some drugs and not with others is clearly important in the
      more rational use of drugs. The finding that much lower doses of drugs can be
      used is also important; the combination of a low dose of 2 drugs may not only be
      more effective in lowering BP but also have less side effects than a higher dose
      of a single drug. In patients with more resistant hypertension that is not
      controlled by 1 or 2 drugs combined, the next logical step is to add a third
      drug. Before doing this, however, it is important to check that the patient is
      complying with treatment and to consider secondary causes. Ideally, such patients
      should be referred to someone with a special interest in high BP as they are more
      likely to have an underlying cause for their hypertension.

PMID- 2889353
TI  - Short-term preoperative radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. An interim
      analysis of a randomized multicenter trial. Stockholm Rectal Cancer Study Group.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1985, 694 patients with clinically resectable rectal
      adenocarcinoma entered a controlled clinical trial of radiotherapy (25 Gy over 5
      7 days) prior to surgery, as compared with surgery alone. At a median follow-up
      time of 34 months, the incidence of pelvic recurrence among 545 patients operated
      on "for cure" was significantly reduced in the radiotherapy group (p less than
      0.01). The relative reduction rate was similar among patients with Dukes' A, B,
      and C tumors. No significant differences between the treatment groups were
      observed with regard to frequency of distant metastasis or survival. The
      postoperative mortality--defined as death within 30 days of surgery--was 7% in
      the radiotherapy group as compared to 2% in the group randomized to surgery only
      (p less than 0.01). This mortality mainly occurred among patients aged above 75
      years, and the difference between the groups may have been due to the fact that
      the irradiated volume was fairly large. In younger patients, there was no
      significantly increased mortality with radiotherapy.

PMID- 2889354
TI  - Hepatic effects of drugs used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Although one member of the H2 blocker family (oxmetidine) proved to be
      intrinsically hepatotoxic, overt hepatic injury attributable to cimetidine and
      ranitidine is decidedly rare, given the tens of millions of patients who have
      received these medications. Even considering the fact that serious adverse
      reactions may be underreported by as much as a factor of 100, the number of
      reports submitted to the FDA-DDE of possible hepatic toxicity associated with
      these agents supports this low incidence. Whether or not a similarly low
      incidence will be seen with famotidine and the newer H2 receptor antagonists
      still under investigation must await additional clinical experience. The major
      effect of cimetidine on the liver is inhibition of the mixed function oxidase
      system responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and other compounds.
      Ranitidine and famotidine at usual doses do not appear to share the same drug
      interaction potential. Although cimetidine may potentiate the action of several
      medications with a narrow therapeutic range, possibly leading to clinical
      toxicity, its inhibitory effect on oxidative metabolism also appears to be the
      basis for its unique, potentially hepatoprotective role against injury due to
      acetaminophen and certain other hepatotoxins. Whether or not cimetidine will
      become clinically useful in the setting of acute acetaminophen overdose remains
      speculative at this time. The investigational drug, omeprazole, a substituted
      benzimidazole, is also capable of inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 system.
      Antacids, sucralfate, and other coating agents are devoid of any hepatotoxic
      potential, as they are essentially nonsystemic compounds. E-type prostaglandins
      currently under investigation for treatment of peptic ulcer disease do not appear
      to be intrinsically hepatotoxic, and, in fact, may have important
      hepatoregulatory and hepatoprotective properties.

PMID- 2889355
TI  - Cats--source of protection or infection? A case-control study of hemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome.
AB  - In the first case-control study analyzing risk factors in sporadic hemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome, 111 cases occurring in Shanghai in 1983 and 1984 and
      136 matched controls were studied. Three factors were associated with risk of
      disease: travel in the month before onset of illness, intense exposure to rodents
      in the home, and cat ownership. Risk associated with cat ownership was not
      confounded by exposure to rodents in the home. Neither cat ownership nor risk
      associated with rodent exposure was confounded by history of travel. The role of
      cats as reservoir hosts of Hantaan virus is undefined, but this epidemiologic
      study indicates that infected cats may pose an important risk in the spread of
      this virus to humans. A survey of peridomestic animals in suburban Shanghai
      disclosed Hantaan virus infections in two rodent species and in an insectivore,
      Suncus murinus.

PMID- 2889356
TI  - An XXX male resulting from paternal X-Y interchange and maternal X-X
      nondisjunction.
AB  - A 2-year-old boy was found to have a 47,XXX karyotype. Restriction-fragment
      length-polymorphism analysis showed that, of his three X chromosomes, one is of
      paternal and two are of maternal origin. The results of Y-DNA hybridization were
      reminiscent of those in XX males in two respects. First, hybridization to
      Southern transfers revealed the presence in this XXX male of sequences derived
      from the Y-chromosomal short arm. Second, in situ hybridization showed that this
      Y DNA was located on the tip of the X-chromosomal short arm. We conclude that
      this XXX male resulted from the coincidence of X-X nondisjunction during maternal
      meiosis and aberrant X-Y interchange either during or prior to paternal meiosis.

PMID- 2889358
TI  - Treatment of diabetic diarrhea and orthostatic hypotension with somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - A diabetic patient was treated with a somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, to
      control chronic diarrhea and orthostatic hypotension. The patient was injected
      with 50 micrograms, 100 micrograms, and 150 micrograms of SMS 201-995
      subcutaneously twice daily for three days at each dose. Stool weight decreased
      from a basal mean value of 906 g per 24 hours to 628 g, 445 g, and 408 g per 24
      hours, respectively. Diarrhea remained suppressed for 18 months when the patient
      was last seen. When SMS 201-995 was then given at 5 micrograms to 10 micrograms
      per hour by continuous subcutaneous infusion, stool weight decreased to a mean of
      321 g per 24 hours. Basal blood pressure, which averaged 99/71 mm Hg, rose to
      133/91 mm Hg five minutes after 75 micrograms of SMS 201-995 was injected
      subcutaneously; it remained elevated for six hours after injection. Serum motilin
      levels decreased significantly from 126 pg/ml before injection of SMS 201-995 to
      52 pg/ml after injection. Serum norepinephrine levels rose from 50 pg/ml supine
      (normal range, 150 to 550 pg/ml) and 52 pg/ml erect before injection of SMS 201
      995 to 72 pg/ml supine and 110 pg/ml erect after injection. SMS 201-995 may raise
      blood pressure, in part by increasing the release of circulating norepinephrine.

PMID- 2889357
TI  - Distribution of beta-thalassemia mutations in south China and their association
      with haplotypes.
AB  - DNA from 93 Chinese beta-thalassemia chromosomes were hybridized to eight
      different mutant oligomers to determine their specific mutation. Four mutations
      accounted for 87% of the chromosomes; in descending frequencies, these mutations
      were codon 41/42, IVS-2 nt654, codon 17, and -28. Since codon 41/42 mutation can
      be associated with multiple beta-thalassemia haplotypes, codon 41/42 is probably
      a hot spot for the 4-bp deletion. The distributions of these mutations were
      mapped to various regions in south China. These data are useful for the planning
      of prenatal diagnosis programs in other Chinese communities worldwide.

PMID- 2889359
TI  - Regulation of guanylate cyclase by atrial natriuretic factor and the role of
      cyclic GMP in vasodilation.

PMID- 2889360
TI  - Renal hemodynamics and natriuresis induced by the dopamine-1 agonist, SKF 82526.
AB  - The intrarenal infusion of dopamine (DA) during alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      blockade has been reported to increase renal blood flow (RBF) and sodium
      excretion by occupation of DA-1 receptors. In addition, DA may potentially
      influence renal function by occupation of DA-2 receptor subtypes. This study was
      designed to examine the hemodynamic and/or tubular mechanisms of the natriuretic
      effect of DA-1 in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. The intrarenal infusion
      of the DA-1 agonist, SKF 82526 (10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) M), resulted in dose
      related increases in RBF and absolute and fractional sodium excretion. These
      changes were not associated with alterations in urinary prostaglandin E2, F2
      alpha, or kallikrein excretion. To determine the role of RBF in the natriuresis
      due to SKF 82526 infusion (10(-7) M), the renal artery was constricted to return
      RBF to control levels during continued SKF 82526 infusion. Although absolute and
      fractional sodium excretion decreased during this maneuver, they remained higher
      than control. These studies support both a hemodynamic and a tubular mechanism
      for the natriuretic effect of the DA-1 agonist, SKF 82526. These effects do not
      appear to be mediated by the renal prostaglandin or kallikrein systems.

PMID- 2889361
TI  - Neuroanatomic localization of the inhibitory effect of TRH on growth hormone
      secretion.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of centrally administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone
      (TRH) on the plasma growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)
      in the rat was studied in relation to the anatomic loci involved. Experiments
      were performed in animals with bilateral electrolytic lesions in the medial
      preoptic (MPO) area or with anterolateral hypothalamic deafferentation and in
      sham-operated controls. Blood samples were obtained every 10 to 20 min from and
      drugs were injected into freely moving animals with indwelling cannulas in the
      right atrium and lateral cerebral ventricle. In control animals, the plasma GH
      response to GHRH, 1 microgram iv, was almost completely inhibited by TRH, 1
      microgram icv, injected 5 min previously. In animals with either MPO lesions or
      anterolateral hypothalamic deafferentation in which median eminence somatostatin
      immunochemical staining was almost completely eliminated, the GH response to GHRH
      was enhanced and TRH did not exhibit any inhibitory effect. These results,
      together with the previous observation that the inhibitory effect of TRH is
      blocked by prior treatment with anti-somatostatin serum, suggest that the effect
      of TRH is mediated by stimulation of somatostatin-containing neurons in the
      periventricular nucleus of the MPO area.

PMID- 2889362
TI  - Myometrial desensitization after ritodrine infusion.
AB  - We have developed a model in pregnant sheep to investigate pharmacological agents
      used for suppression of preterm labor. This model allows repetitive
      determinations of uterine contractility and simultaneous measurements of
      myometrial receptor and postreceptor events. We used the model to study the beta
      adrenergic agent ritodrine. We infused 11 pregnant sheep with ritodrine and 3
      with physiological saline for 24 h. Oxytocin boluses were given before and at 5
      and 22 h after onset of the infusion. Myometrial biopsies were obtained before
      and immediately after the infusion. After 22 h of ritodrine infusion, uterine
      contractility in response to the same oxytocin bolus was 50% greater than at 5 h
      (P less than 0.02). Myometrial membrane beta-adrenergic receptor density
      decreased 49% (P less than 0.005), and catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase
      activity was reduced 70% (P less than 0.005). The model thus demonstrates that
      use of the beta-adrenergic agonist ritodrine in a clinically relevant manner
      results in tachyphylaxis of its effects on both physiological parameters and the
      receptor cascade system.

PMID- 2889363
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on glucose homeostasis in conscious long-fasted dogs.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin plus intraportal insulin and glucagon replacement
      (pancreatic clamp) on carbohydrate metabolism were studied in conscious dogs
      fasted for 7 days so that gluconeogenesis was a major contributor to total
      glucose production. By use of [3-3H]glucose, glucose production (Ra) and
      utilization (Rd) and glucose clearance were assessed before and after
      implementation of the pancreatic clamp. After an initial control period,
      somatostatin (0.8 microgram . kg-1 . min-1) was infused with intraportal
      replacement amounts of glucagon (0.42 ng . kg-1 . min-1) and insulin. The insulin
      infusion rate was varied to maintain euglycemia and then kept constant (68 +/- 16
      microU . kg-1 . min-1) for 250 min. Plasma glucagon was similar (84 +/- 14 and 89
      +/- 19 pg/ml) before and during somatostatin infusion, while plasma insulin was
      lower (9.3 +/- 0.9 and 6.6 +/- 0.5 microU/ml, P less than 0.05). Plasma glucose
      levels remained similar (89 +/- 2 and 96 +/- 9 mg/dl), while Ra and Rd and the
      ratio of glucose clearance to plasma insulin were significantly (P less than
      0.05) increased (from 2.18 +/- 0.12 to 3.21 +/- 0.35 and 2.30 +/- 0.09 to 3.26 +/
      0.38 mg . kg-1 . min-1, and 0.30 +/- 0.03 to 0.59 +/- 0.11, respectively). Net
      hepatic lactate uptake and [14C]alanine plus [14C]lactate conversion to
      [14C]glucose increased (P greater than 0.05) (from 9.32 +/- 0.47 to 16.54 +/-
      2.97 mumol . kg-1 . min-1 and 100 to 263 +/- 37%, respectively). In conclusion,
      somatostatin alters glucose clearance in 7-day fasted dogs, resulting in changes
      in several indices of carbohydrate metabolism.

PMID- 2889364
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on nonesterified fatty acid levels modifies glucose
      homeostasis during fasting.
AB  - In the 7-day fasted conscious dog, unlike the postabsorptive conscious dog,
      somatostatin infusion results in decreased levels of nonesterified fatty acids
      (NEFA) and increased glucose utilization (Rd) even when insulin and glucagon
      levels are held constant. The aim of this study was to determine whether NEFA
      replacement in such animals would prevent the increase in Rd. In each of three
      protocols there was an 80-min tracer equilibration period, a 40-min basal period,
      and a 3-h test period. During the test period in the first protocol saline was
      infused, in the second protocol somatostatin was infused along with intraportal
      replacement amounts of insulin and glucagon ("hormone replacement"), while in the
      third protocol somatostatin plus the pancreatic hormones were infused with
      concurrent heparin plus Intralipid infusion ("hormone replacement + NEFA").
      Glucose turnover was assessed using [3-3H]glucose. The peripheral levels of
      insulin, glucagon, and glucose were similar and constant in all three protocols;
      however, during somatostatin infusion, exogenous glucose infusion was necessary
      to maintain euglycemia. The NEFA level was constant during saline infusion and
      decreased in the hormone replacement protocol. In the hormone replacement plus
      NEFA protocol, the NEFA level did not change during the first 90-min period and
      then increased during the second 90-min period. Rd was constant during saline
      infusion, increased in the hormone replacement protocol, but was constant in the
      hormone replacement plus NEFA protocol. After a prolonged fast in the dog, 1)
      somatostatin directly or indirectly inhibits adipose tissue NEFA release and
      causes a decrease in the plasma NEFA level, and 2) this decrease in the NEFA
      level causes an increase in Rd.

PMID- 2889365
TI  - Role of somatostatin neurons in intestinal peristalsis: facilitatory interneurons
      in descending pathways.
AB  - The role of somatostatin neurons in the regulation of peristalsis was examined in
      segments of rat colon that permit separate characterization of the ascending
      contraction and descending relaxation components of the peristaltic reflex.
      Release of somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) increased
      significantly only during descending relaxation. Preincubation of the segment
      with somatostatin antiserum (final concentration 1:40) decreased VIP release and
      descending relaxation. Addition of somatostatin (1 nM to 1 microM) augmented VIP
      release and descending relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. Together
      the results implied that the increase in somatostatin release was coupled to, and
      responsible for, the increase in VIP release, which in turn was responsible for
      descending relaxation. The results are consistent with the topography of
      myenteric VIP neurons (which project into circular muscle) and somatostatin
      neurons (which project caudad within the plexus) and the pharmacological
      properties of the two peptides. Somatostatin antiserum had no effect on basal VIP
      release or ascending contraction, indicating that somatostatin neurons were not
      involved in the regulation of ascending contraction. The study suggests that
      somatostatin neurons of the myenteric plexus act as facilitatory interneurons in
      descending pathways.

PMID- 2889366
TI  - Glycine-extended progastrin processing intermediates: accumulation and
      cosecretion with gastrin.
AB  - Glycine-extended intermediates of peptide processing serve as substrates for
      carboxyl-terminal amidation, hence activation, of many brain-gut peptides. To
      explore the dynamics of accumulation and secretion of these important
      intermediates we utilized primary cultures of canine antral mucosal G-cells as a
      model system. Glycine-extended progastrin processing intermediates (G-Gly)
      accumulated rapidly in G-cells cultured in ascorbate-deficient media, exhibiting
      a fourfold increase over a 51-h culture period, while gastrin content fell to
      less than half of the initial level. In contrast, G-cells cultured in ascorbate
      supplemented media accumulated G-Gly at a relatively low rate, while gastrin was
      preserved at a higher level. Under either condition, G-Gly and gastrin were
      progressively released into the culture media. The release of both
      immunoreactivities could be stimulated by bombesin and inhibited by somatostatin
      in similar fashion. By electron microscopy, the cultured G-cells exhibited no
      ultrastructural alterations. These data suggest that 1) the cellular homeostasis
      of G-Gly is regulated by the activity of an ascorbate-dependent amidation enzyme
      similar to one previously described in pituitary tissues, 2) carboxyl-terminal
      amidation is not an obligatory step for secretion of gastrin, and 3) the
      proportions of gastrin and G-Gly cosecreted from G-cells reflect their
      proportional accumulation within G-cell secretory granules. The physiological
      relevance of the released G-Gly has yet to be determined.

PMID- 2889367
TI  - Inhibitory control of proximal colonic motility by the sympathetic nervous
      system.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the sympathetic nervous
      system provides a tonic inhibitory input to the colon in chloralose-anesthetized
      cats. Proximal and midcolonic motility were monitored using extraluminal force
      transducers. An intravenous bolus injection of 5 mg of phentolamine in 14 animals
      elicited a pronounced increase in proximal colon contractility. The minute
      motility index changed from 0 +/- 0 to 26 +/- 4 after phentolamine
      administration. Midcolonic motility also increased in response to phentolamine.
      Specific blockade of alpha 2-receptors, but not alpha 1-receptors, caused the
      same response seen with phentolamine. alpha-Adrenergic blockade increased colon
      contractility after spinal cord transection but not after ganglionic blockade.
      Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors was also performed before vagal and pelvic
      nerve stimulation and in both cases increased colonic motility. Vagal stimulation
      alone had no effect on colonic contractility, while pelvic nerve stimulation
      increased motility at the midcolon. alpha-Receptor blockade did not alter the
      ineffectiveness of vagal stimulation but did unmask excitatory effects of pelvic
      nerve stimulation on the proximal colon. All excitatory colonic responses were
      prevented by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors. These data indicate that
      tonic sympathetic nervous system activity exerts an inhibitory effect on colonic
      motility. The inhibitory effect is mediated through alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
      Based on these findings, we suggest that alterations in sympathetic nervous
      system activity may be extremely important for the regulation of circular muscle
      contractions in the colon.

PMID- 2889368
TI  - Facilitatory role of efferent renal nerve activity on renal sensory receptors.
AB  - The effects of decreasing and increasing efferent renal nerve activity (ERNA) on
      the renorenal reflex responses to stimulation of renal mechanoreceptors (MR)
      (increased ureteral pressure) or renal chemoreceptors (CR) (retrograde
      ureteropelvic perfusion with 0.9 M NaCl) were examined in anesthetized rats.
      During prevailing ERNA, renal MR stimulation increased ipsilateral afferent renal
      nerve activity (ARNA) from 6 to 41 counts/s (spike counter) (n = 37) and from 2
      to 6 resets/min, (voltage integrator) (n = 23), contralateral urine flow rate
      from 5.3 to 7.4 microliters . min-1 . g-1 (n = 38) and urinary sodium excretion
      from 0.7 to 1.1 mumol . min-1 . g-1 (n = 38) (all P less than 0.01), without
      affecting mean arterial pressure or contralateral glomerular filtration rate.
      Similar results were obtained with renal CR stimulation. Decreasing ERNA 74 +/-
      4% by hexamethonium, 10% body weight isotonic saline volume expansion, or
      inflation of a balloon at the junction of right atria and superior vena cava
      abolished the increase in ipsilateral ARNA and the contralateral diuresis and
      natriuresis produced by stimulation of renal MR or CR. Increasing ERNA 254 +/-
      120% (peak response, n = 15, P less than 0.01) by placing the rat's tail in 53
      degrees C water increased basal ARNA 249 +/- 80% (n = 6, P less than 0.05) and
      enhanced the ipsilateral ARNA response 202 +/- 78% (n = 9, P less than 0.01) to
      renal MR stimulation. These results indicate that ERNA exerts a facilitatory
      effect on renal MR and CR and their afferent renal nerve fibers in the renorenal
      reflexes.

PMID- 2889369
TI  - Baroreflex mechanisms buffering alpha-adrenergic agonists in conscious dogs.
AB  - To determine the relative importance of the mechanisms utilized by the arterial
      baroreflex in buffering the pressor and vasoconstrictor responses to alpha
      adrenergic receptor agonists, we studied responses to norepinephrine and
      phenylephrine in conscious dogs. The dogs were studied 2-8 wk after
      instrumentation with aortic catheters and aortic electromagnetic flow probes to
      measure arterial pressure and cardiac output. Total peripheral resistance was
      calculated on-line by a digital computer. The dogs were studied after beta
      adrenergic receptor blockade (propranolol 1.0 mg/kg) to eliminate the
      complicating inotropic effects of the agonists studied. Norepinephrine (0.2
      microgram/kg bolus) increased mean arterial pressure by 30 +/- 3 mmHg, total
      peripheral resistance by 51 +/- 4 mmHg . l-1 . min-1, and decreased heart rate by
      26 +/- 3 beats/min. After arterial baroreceptor denervation, norepinephrine
      increased mean arterial pressure by 69 +/- 8 mmHg, total peripheral resistance by
      48 +/- 6 mmHg . l-1 . min-1, and heart rate did not change. After ganglionic
      blockade (hexamethonium 40 mg/kg), norepinephrine increased mean arterial
      pressure by 76 +/- 3 mmHg, total peripheral resistance by 47 +/- 4 mmHg X l-1 X
      min-1, and heart rate did not change. Only after elimination of the buffering by
      heart rate by use of cholinergic receptor blockade (atropine 0.1 mg/kg) or
      ventricular pacing could buffering of the vasoconstrictor responses to alpha
      adrenergic receptor agonists be demonstrated. Thus in conscious dogs the primary
      mechanism for buffering increases in arterial pressure induced by alpha
      adrenergic receptor agonists is compensatory changes in heart rate and cardiac
      output with little buffering of total peripheral resistance.

PMID- 2889370
TI  - Vasoconstrictor role for vasopressin in conscious, sodium-depleted rats.
AB  - To define the role of vasopressin as a vasoconstrictor hormone in sodium
      depletion, systemic hemodynamics and regional blood flow distribution were
      examined in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats after 6 days of a low-sodium diet.
      Studies were performed after selective or combined blockade with the vasopressin
      antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP (AVPA), enalaprilat (CEI), and phentolamine
      (PHENTOL). Plasma levels of vasopressin were increased significantly after CEI
      and increased further after PHENTOL and CEI plus PHENTOL. AVPA had no effect on
      blood pressure, whether given alone or in the presence of PHENTOL, CEI, or CEI
      plus PHENTOL. Significant falls in peripheral vascular resistance associated with
      reflex increases in cardiac output were observed when AVPA was given to animals
      pretreated with either CEI or PHENTOL but not both. AVPA alone produced no
      significant changes in regional blood flow distribution, but a vasoconstrictor
      action of vasopressin in the renal vascular bed was revealed after prior
      treatment with CEI or PHENTOL. Muscle blood flow was also increased in the
      PHENTOL plus AVPA group compared with the PHENTOL group. No significant
      additional effects of AVPA were revealed by pretreatment with CEI, PHENTOL, or
      CEI plus PHENTOL for mesenteric, hepatic, splenic, or cerebral vascular beds. It
      is suggested that vasopressin acts as a vasoconstrictor hormone in conscious
      sodium-depleted rats when either the renin-angiotensin system or alpha-adrenergic
      system is inhibited but not when both systems are blocked. The renal vascular bed
      is an important site for vasopressin-induced vasoconstriction under these
      circumstances.

PMID- 2889371
TI  - Attenuation of baroreceptive mechanisms by cardiovascular sympathetic afferent
      fibers.
AB  - By sectioning spinal dorsal roots from C8 to T6, we analyzed the contribution of
      sympathetic cardiovascular afferent fibers to the reflex bradycardia induced by
      arterial pressure rises in 24 anesthetized and in 21 decerebrate cats. In
      anesthetized cats, the reflex bradycardia was obtained in 16 animals with
      occlusions of the thoracic aorta and in 8 animals with phenylephrine injections
      (25-75 micrograms/kg). In both experimental conditions, the dorsal root section
      enhanced the bradycardia response, which thus increased from 15 +/- 3 to 20 +/-
      3% during aortic constrictions and from 11 +/- 3 to 19 +/- 6% during
      phenylephrine injections (P less than 0.05). The enhancement, after rhizotomy of
      the reflex bradycardia during aortic occlusion, was more pronounced in eleven
      decerebrate cats as it increased from 21 +/- 4 to 34 +/- 4%, P less than 0.05. In
      five vagotomized and decerebrate cats, the reflex bradycardia was also increased
      after rhizotomy despite the overall reduction of the reflex response. In five
      decerebrate cats with beta-adrenergic receptor blockade (propranolol 0.2-0.4
      mg/kg iv), aortic occlusion resulted in a small reduction in heart rate which was
      not significantly affected by dorsal root section. Our data indicate that
      excitatory reflexes mediated by dorsal roots are likely to modulate the
      inhibitory supraspinal reflexes that determine the heart rate reduction during
      acute rises in arterial blood pressure.

PMID- 2889372
TI  - Myocardial potassium uptake during alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor stimulation.
AB  - The changes in myocardial K+ balance during alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor
      stimulation were compared in 10 anesthetized open-chest pigs by intracoronary
      isoproterenol and phenylephrine infusions. K+ concentration was continuously
      recorded by polyvinyl chloride catheter-valinomycin minielectrodes in arterial
      and coronary sinus blood. The arterial-coronary sinus difference and accumulated
      myocardial K+ uptake were calculated after computerized data sampling.
      Isoproterenol (2.5 nmol/min ic) reduced coronary sinus K+ transiently to a nadir
      of 0.37 (0.23-0.53) mM (median and 95% confidence interval) below control. The
      accumulated K+ uptake amounted to 139 (63-215) mumol/100 g. After beta-blockade
      by propranolol, phenylephrine (100 nmol/min ic) induced a transient coronary
      sinus K+ lowering of 0.16 (0.13-0.21) mM and an accumulated K+ uptake of 30 (20
      41) mumol/100 g, both values less than those of isoproterenol (P less than
      0.001). Myocardial contractility increased only during isoproterenol infusion,
      arterial blood pressure rose slightly by phenylephrine, but changes in myocardial
      O2 extraction and lactate uptake did not indicate cardiac ischemia. We conclude
      that both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor stimulation induce a myocardial K+ uptake
      presumably due to increased Na-K pump activity, the latter more efficiently.

PMID- 2889373
TI  - Altered intracellular adrenoceptor distribution in myocardium of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The number of membrane-bound beta-adrenoceptors is reduced in the myocardium of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats, and this decline may account for the decreased
      inotropic responsiveness to beta-agonists. It is not known, however, whether the
      total complement of cellular beta-receptors is lower in hypertensive animals.
      This issue was examined using two different approaches: acid elution of cell
      surface-bound beta-receptor ligands and comparison of the number of receptors in
      the plasma membrane and a postcytosolic vesicular fraction. Approximately 30% of
      the total beta-receptors were located intracellularly in Wistar-Kyoto rats
      compared with 42% for spontaneously hypertensive rats. Similarly, a decline in
      membrane-bound beta-receptors in hypertensive rats was balanced by a rise in
      receptors associated with the vesicular fraction. In contrast, alpha 1
      adrenoceptors were higher in the membrane and lower in the vesicular fraction of
      hypertensive rats without a significant difference in total alpha-receptors
      compared with normotensive animals. Differences in adrenergic responsiveness in
      this, and perhaps other, models of cardiac hypertrophy reflect altered
      intracellular distribution of adrenoceptors, which may be under the control of
      the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2889374
TI  - Persistent fetal pulmonary hypoperfusion after acute hypoxia.
AB  - To determine the effects of duration of hypoxia on fetal pulmonary blood flow and
      vasoreactivity, we studied the response of the fetal pulmonary vascular bed
      before, during, and after prolonged (2-h) and more brief (30-min) exposures to
      acute hypoxia in 19 chronically instrumented unanesthetized fetal lambs. Left
      pulmonary arterial blood flow was measured by an electromagnetic flow transducer.
      Fetal PO2 was lowered by delivering 10-12% O2 to the ewe. During 2-h periods of
      hypoxia left pulmonary arterial blood flow decreased, and main pulmonary arterial
      and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. The increase in pulmonary vascular
      resistance was sustained throughout the 2-h period of hypoxia. After the return
      of the ewe to room air breathing, pulmonary vascular resistance remained elevated
      for at least 1 h despite the rapid correction of hypoxemia and in the absence of
      acidemia. In contrast, after 30 min of hypoxia, left pulmonary arterial blood
      flow, pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance returned to
      base-line values rapidly with the termination of hypoxia. The persistent
      pulmonary hypoperfusion after 2 h of hypoxia was attenuated by alpha-adrenergic
      blockade and was characterized by a blunted vasodilatory response to increases in
      fetal PO2. When fetal PO2 was elevated during the posthypoxia period in the
      presence of alpha-blockade, pulmonary blood flow still remained unresponsive to
      increases in fetal PO2. We conclude that 2-h periods of acute hypoxia can
      decrease fetal pulmonary vasoreactivity, and we speculate that related mechanisms
      may contribute to the failure of the normal adaptation of the pulmonary
      circulation at birth.

PMID- 2889375
TI  - Cortical control of thermogenesis induced by lateral hypothalamic lesion and
      overeating.
AB  - Increased O2 consumption was found in rats after bilateral lesions of the lateral
      hypothalamus (LH) or during voluntary overeating. This phenomenon appears to be
      mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in both conditions, since it is
      blocked by the beta-blocker propranolol administration. In the first experiment
      we showed that the brain cortex is involved in the thermogenesis induced by LH
      lesion and this effect is mediated by SNS, since bilateral functional
      decortication induced by cortical-spreading depression (CSD) impaired the
      increase of O2 consumption to the same extent as administration of propranolol.
      In the second experiment the role played by the cerebral cortex on thermogenesis
      in rats during voluntary overeating of "cafeteria" diet and in control rats was
      investigated. Cafeteria rats showed a significantly higher colonic temperature,
      brown adipose tissue temperature (Tbat), and rate of O2 consumption than control
      animals. CSD led to a significant decrease of Tbat and O2 consumption in
      cafeteria rats but not in controls. On the basis of the results obtained in the
      two experiments, the possibility that the cerebral cortex could be involved in
      the metabolic responses for reduction of body weight to the "set-point" is
      hypothesized.

PMID- 2889376
TI  - Sustained remission in drug-free schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The inability to determine which schizophrenic patients do not require
      maintenance medication is a significant gap in current knowledge. This report
      describes 23 largely chronic DSM-III schizophrenic patients who, after a period
      of inpatient treatment, sustained good outcome without maintenance antipsychotic
      medication over an average of 15 years. Retrospective study of these patients
      revealed that their distinguishing characteristics at admission included better
      premorbid social and occupational adjustment, higher levels of accrued
      psychosocial competence and acquired skills, fewer hebephrenic traits, and the
      preservation of affect (depressed mood). Hence, even within a largely chronic
      patient sample, classic predictors of good outcome may also be useful in
      predicting sustained remission without medication.

PMID- 2889377
TI  - CSF somatostatin in patients with Alzheimer's disease, older depressed patients,
      and age-matched control subjects.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was measured in the CSF of 12 patients with
      Alzheimer's disease, 15 age-matched control subjects, and 20 older depressed
      subjects. Patients with dementia or depression were found to have lower CSF
      somatostatin concentrations than control subjects despite markedly different
      clinical presentations. Severity of depression was clearly different in all three
      groups but showed no significant correlation with CSF concentration of
      somatostatin. There was a significant positive correlation between CSF
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and cognitive functioning in all 47 subjects,
      but this association was not statistically significant within individual
      diagnostic groups. These data raise interesting questions about possible
      biological links between Alzheimer's disease and depression in older patients.

PMID- 2889378
TI  - Frequency and presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a prospective
      study.
AB  - In an 18-month prospective assessment of 679 hospitalized, neuroleptic-treated
      patients, the authors, using previously defined operational criteria, diagnosed
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome in six cases (0.9%). This supports their earlier
      finding that the syndrome appeared in about 1% of neuroleptic-treated patients.

PMID- 2889379
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and lethal catatonia.

PMID- 2889380
TI  - Diagnosing and defining neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2889381
TI  - Prevalence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2889382
TI  - Reducing antipsychotic drug prescribing for nursing home patients: a controlled
      trial of the effect of an educational visit.
AB  - We conducted a statewide, controlled trial of the efficacy of an educational
      visit in reducing antipsychotic drug prescribing for nursing home patients.
      Frequent antipsychotic drug prescribers were visited by a trained physician
      counselor who stressed known drug risks for elderly patients and suggested
      techniques for reducing antipsychotic drug use. Although well-received, the visit
      did not reduce antipsychotic drug prescribing. This negative finding suggests
      that future interventions address factors within the nursing home which encourage
      antipsychotic drug use.

PMID- 2889383
TI  - Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-secreting pancreatic tumor in a patient
      with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I.
AB  - A growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-secreting pancreatic tumor in a 36-year
      old man, who had typical, familial, multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I
      with hyperparathyroidism and acromegaly, is described. The resected tumor,
      weighing 30 g, showed unusual histological features characterized by a meningioma
      like arrangement of crescent-shaped cells and contained many cells that reacted
      with C-terminal specific antibody to GHRH-44 and a few somatostatin
      immunoreactive (IR) and calcitonin-IR cells, but no GH-IR cells. A high
      concentration of IR-GHRH (9.8-13.2 micrograms/g wet weight tissue) with the full
      molecular size of GHRH-44 was detected in a tumor extract. Electron
      immunocytochemical study by the protein A-gold method revealed GHRH-IR granules
      with a mean diameter of 147 nm. After removal of the tumor, the plasma IR-GHRH
      level became normal (decreasing from 299 to 16.1 pg/ml) and the plasma IR-GH
      level also decreased, but still remained slightly high (decreasing from 42.4 to
      9.6 ng/ml), suggesting the presence of an adenomatous lesion in the hypophysis.

PMID- 2889384
TI  - Immunological studies in amebiasis: isotypic characterization of specific
      antibodies by enzyme-linked immunofiltration assay.
AB  - Fifty sera from 17 cases of invasive amebiasis (15 hepatic localizations, 1
      ameboma, 1 diffused colic localization) were studied by enzyme-linked
      immunofiltration assay (ELIFA). IgM and IgE anti-Entamoeba histolytica were
      detected in 10 and 15, respectively, of the 17 patients studied. IgM and IgE
      antibodies were found simultaneously in 10 cases; these 2 isotypes were only
      recognized twice in the same serum by the same antigenic components. During post
      therapy monitoring, in less than 90 days IgE or IgM-Ab regressed completely in
      half the cases. If they appeared or reappeared after the third month, prognosis
      was bad. In addition to its value for diagnosis and prognosis, the ELIFA allowed
      us to detect the functional antigenic components revealed more particularly by
      some IgG, IgM, IgE, or IgA antibodies.

PMID- 2889385
TI  - The electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of strains of Entamoeba histolytica
      isolated in two major cities in Canada.
AB  - The isoenzyme patterns of 92 isolates of Entamoeba histolytica from British
      Columbia and 28 from Ontario were determined. Seropositivity for E. histolytica
      was assessed by indirect hemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      in the one center and by ELISA and amebic gel diffusion in the other. In both
      British Columbia and Ontario nonpathogenic zymodemes I and III were most common.
      A newly described isoenzyme pattern was identified in Ontario. Only 9 of 120
      zymodeme patterns identified were found to be pathogenic strains of E.
      histolytica. Pathogenic isolates were strongly correlated with clinical symptoms
      and seropositivity.

PMID- 2889386
TI  - Further biochemical characterization of chronic Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
      Microtus montanus infection.
AB  - Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic
      oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in
      the serum and livers of Microtus montanus infected with Trypanosoma brucei
      gambiense. Only liver TAT and serum ALP showed significant changes. In addition,
      blood glucose, pyruvate and lactate, and liver glycogen levels were assayed. All
      four compounds showed significant changes, strongly suggesting increased glycogen
      mobilization and increased catabolic activity. Interestingly, the serum ketone
      levels were very low and no significant changes were observed. These chronically
      infected animals had an organic aciduria in which pyruvate, lactate, beta
      hydroxybutyrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, phenylpyruvate, and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
      were significantly increased. The possible significance of these observations is
      discussed.

PMID- 2889387
TI  - Clorazepate therapy for intractable epilepsy.
AB  - Thirty-one epileptic patients with seizures refractory to conventional
      anticonvulsants were treated by adding clorazepate dipotassium to their regimen.
      Twelve cases showed improvement in seizure frequency, three of whom attained a
      seizure free state. Response to clorazepate was not related to the type of
      epilepsy, but patients with secondary generalized epilepsy tended to be less
      responsive than those with partial epilepsy. Among the various seizure types,
      generalized tonic-clonic seizures and simple partial seizures showed, although
      not significant, a tendency to be more responsive to clorazepate therapy than
      other seizure types, including complex partial seizures, atypical absence, atonic
      seizures, and tonic seizures. Drowsiness was the main adverse effect, of which 14
      patients complained. Six patients were withdrawn from clorazepate because of
      drowsiness, but in the remaining 8 patients, this side effect disappeared within
      a week. The appearance of adverse effect was not related to the dose of
      clorazepate given. Clorazepate may be an effective secondary anticonvulsant in
      the treatment of intractable epilepsy.

PMID- 2889388
TI  - Effects of benzodiazepines on laryngeal reflexes. Comparison of lormetazepam and
      Diazemuls.
AB  - Of 20 volunteers, five were given intravenous Diazemuls 15 mg over 15 seconds,
      and three groups of five were given lormetazepam 2 mg intravenously over 10, 20
      and 60 seconds, respectively. Laryngeal reactivity and psychomotor function were
      tested at intervals from prior to injection until 4 hours after injection. For
      equivalent degrees of depression of psychomotor function, lormetazepam depressed
      the laryngeal reflex less than Diazemuls (p = 0.004). Lormetazepam give over 60
      seconds depressed the laryngeal reflex more than when given over 10 seconds (p =
      0.008) or over 20 seconds (p = 0.048), although a significant difference was not
      demonstrated between the 10-second and 20-second groups. These results concur
      with experimental evidence that benzodiazepine receptor multiplicity exists,
      which allows various members of the benzodiazepine group of drugs to exhibit
      differing therapeutic ratios for their various effects.

PMID- 2889389
TI  - Comparison of two regional techniques for postoperative analgesia in children
      following herniotomy and orchidopexy.
AB  - This study compares the quality and duration of analgesia in two groups of
      patients aged between 1 and 13 years who received either caudal anaesthesia with
      plain bupivacaine 0.25% or an iliohypogastric and inguinal nerve block combined
      with skin infiltration using bupivacaine 0.25% with adrenaline 1:200,000. The
      results indicate no significant difference in the duration or quality of the
      analgesia provided by the two techniques. There was no difference in the
      incidence of vomiting or the time of first micturition between the two groups.

PMID- 2889390
TI  - Prolongation of neuromuscular blocking effect of vecuronium by antibiotics.
AB  - A case is described of prolonged neuromuscular block in a patient who was given
      the muscle relaxant vecuronium followed by bolus injections of the antibiotics
      gentamycin and clindamycin.

PMID- 2889391
TI  - Intranasal nitroglycerine attenuates pressor response to tracheal intubation in
      beta-blocker treated hypertensive patients.
AB  - The effect of intranasal nitroglycerine on the pressor response to laryngoscopy
      and tracheal intubation was studied in 40 adult hypertensive patients treated
      with beta-blocking drugs. Nitroglycerine 0.75 mg, administered intranasally 30
      seconds before induction of anaesthesia, was compared with a placebo solution of
      saline. Haemodynamic variables were measured for 10 minutes after laryngoscopy
      and tracheal intubation. Heart rate did not change significantly in either group.
      Systolic as well as mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly for the
      first 5 minutes in the control group, whereas patients in the nitroglycerine
      group showed a decrease in systolic as well as in mean arterial pressure. No
      patient in the nitroglycerine group showed a decrease in systolic arterial
      pressure greater than 20 mmHg. In conclusion, intranasal nitroglycerine
      ameliorates the pressor response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in beta
      blocked patients.

PMID- 2889392
TI  - [Antagonism of an intubation dose of vecuronium].
AB  - To study the problem of rapid antagonization of an intubation dose of vecuronium
      (0.08 mg/kg), 36 surgical patients undergoing barbiturate/halothane anesthesia
      were given edrophonium 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/kg or neostigmine 0.04, 0.06, and
      0.08 mg/kg precisely 5 min following injection of the muscle relaxant. T1 twitch
      (T1/Tc) and train-of-four (TOF) ratios (T4/T1) of the hypothenar muscle were
      monitored every 20 s with the aid of a commercially available EMG monitor (Datex
      Relaxograph). As documented by T1 and T4/T1 follow-up curves (Figs. 1 and 2) and
      derived parameters of relaxation as well (Dur25, Dur50, Dur75, recovery index,
      and reversal time; Table 4), both edrophonium and neostigmine resulted in a
      significantly shorter duration of vecuronium blockade (P less than 0.001). The
      mean time for recovery of TOF ratio to above 0.7 was between 10.8 +/- 6.0
      (neostigmine 0.08 mg/kg) and 21.2 +/- 7.8 (neostigmine 0.06 mg/kg) min (mean +/-
      SD) following injection of the antagonist as compared to 58 +/- 18.4 min in the
      control group (P less than 0.001). Recurarization did not occur. Differences
      between drugs and dose-dependent effects were minimal; edrophonium did not prove
      superior to neostigmine with the exception of less pronounced muscarinic side
      effects, hence less bradycardia and a minimum heart rate of 57 +/- 8.2 bpm 20 min
      after the injection of neostigmine as opposed to 72 +/- 8.2 bpm following
      edrophonium (P less than 0.05; Fig. 4). As to the restitution of a ventilatory
      force sufficient to allow spontaneous breathing, no definite conclusions can be
      made.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889393
TI  - [Intravenous anesthetics and human neutrophil granulocyte motility in vitro].
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) form a major part of the body's nonspecific
      first line of defense. An early event, prerequisite for the effective restriction
      of microbial invasions, is the chemotactic movement of activated neutrophils
      towards the invading organisms. To date, only limited and contradictory data
      exist regarding the effects of various intravenous anesthetic agents on
      neutrophil migration. In this study, the influence of ketamine, etomidate,
      midazolam, diazepam, and six commonly used i.v. barbiturates (hexo-, pheno-,
      pentobarbital, methohexital, thiopental, thiobutobarbital) on the in vitro
      motility of isolated human PMN was tested. Purified PMN (greater than 95%) were
      obtained from venous blood samples of healthy adults by dextran sedimentation,
      subsequent ammonium chloride treatment for red blood cell lysis, and Ficoll
      Hypaque gradient centrifugation. Random and chemotactic migration were assessed
      under 1% agarose in the presence of 10(-3)-10(-7) M logarithmic dilutions of the
      agents in antibiotic free migration medium (MEM). N-fMet-Leu-Phe (FMLP) served as
      the standardized chemical attractant (10(-7) M). PMN motility was unaffected by
      ketamine and etomidate, but a significant (P less than 0.001), dose - related
      depression could be observed with both benzodiazepines at concentrations
      exceeding 10(-5) M (Fig. 1). Except at 10(-3) M concentration, this migratory
      inhibition proved to be easily reversible (Fig. 3). At the highest concentration
      tested (10(-3) M), all the barbiturates caused a significant (P less than 0.001)
      but completely reversible depression of random as well as chemotactic PMN
      migration (Table 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889394
TI  - [Status of postoperative pain therapy in West Germany. Results of a
      representative survey].
AB  - To determine how pain is assessed and managed in the early postoperative period,
      what the prescribing habits and general opinions on postoperative pain are, and
      what suggestions for future improvement could be made, questionnaires were sent
      to 430 anesthesia departments in the FRG. Of these, 188 were returned (38%
      response). Systemic treatment (opiates, major and minor tranquilizers,
      peripherally acting analgesics and spasmolytics) was preferred in most cases,
      although regional anesthesia/analgesia seems to be rather popular. Data are given
      not only for analgesic techniques, but also for the most frequently used drugs.
      The study highlighted deficiencies in communication between the anesthetic staff
      and the patients that resulted in poor assessment of acute pain problems. The
      findings indicate a need to document pain and pain relief more often and more
      precisely in order to improve postoperative pain control.

PMID- 2889395
TI  - Tooth injury associated with anaesthesia.

PMID- 2889396
TI  - Dental damage during anaesthesia and surgery.
AB  - A review of the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) files on dental damage
      following anaesthesia or surgery was undertaken along with a survey of New
      Zealand anaesthetists asking about their practice with respect to protection of
      teeth during anaesthesia. These results confirm that damage is relatively common
      and that the majority of damaged teeth (62%) were known to have been previously
      restored, or weakened through periodontal disease prior to the damage occurring.
      The anaesthetists surveyed thought that dental damage was even more common than
      shown from the ACC records, and yet the vast majority of them did not routinely
      use specific protective guards and 45% of them did not ever use protective guards
      of any type.

PMID- 2889398
TI  - Glutamine and glutamate: automated quantification and isotopic enrichments by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - A method is described for simultaneous quantification of glutamine and glutamate
      plasma levels and isotopic enrichments in these compounds. Glutamine and
      glutamate are analyzed intact as their tertiary-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives.
      Deuterated glutamine and glutamate are used as internal standards for
      quantification by reverse isotope dilution. Preparation of plasma samples is
      accomplished by adding ammonium formate as an ion-pairing agent followed by
      extraction of the amino acids into 4.3:1 methanol:water. Negligible amounts of
      glutamine to glutamate conversion are observed during the sample preparation and
      GC/MS analysis. Since glutamine is analyzed intact, both single and double
      [15N]glutamine labels can be quantified. [15N]Glutamine at 0.2 to 11 mol% excess
      was measured in plasma with an average relative standard error of 3.8%, and
      [15N]glutamate over a range of 0.4 to 9 mol% excess was measured with a mean
      relative standard error of 12%. At glutamate levels above 1 mol% excess 15N, the
      mean relative standard error was 6%. Finally, automated sample injection into the
      GC/MS and automated data reduction are used for the analysis of samples by GC/MS.

PMID- 2889397
TI  - A clinical comparison of atracurium and vecuronium in women undergoing
      laparoscopy.
AB  - In a double-blind, prospective, randomised trial in 30 women undergoing
      laparoscopy, atracurium and vecuronium were compared in equipotent (2 X ED95)
      doses. In the atracurium group, first twitch depression was significantly greater
      at one minute, and degree of fade significantly greater at one and two minutes,
      but thereafter neuromuscular monitoring showed no significant difference between
      the groups. Clinically there was no significant difference between the drugs.
      Mild intraoperative hypotension was equally common in both groups as was sinus
      bradycardia. Reversal and recovery were comparable in the two groups. Neostigmine
      was required in all patients and in three (one atracurium, two vecuronium) a
      second dose was required in all patients and in three (one atracurium, two
      vecuronium) a second dose was administered on clinical grounds. Antagonism of the
      neuromuscular block is required with surgery of this duration despite the
      intermediate duration of action of the relaxant drugs.

PMID- 2889399
TI  - Determination of camazepam and bromazepam in human serum by adsorptive stripping
      voltammetry.

PMID- 2889400
TI  - Comparative development of gastrin and somatostatin cell populations in the
      pancreas, stomach, and duodenum of the rat during the perinatal period.
AB  - The comparative growth patterns of endocrine gastrin and somatostatin cell
      populations were examined in the rat, during the perinatal period, to investigate
      possible relationships between their development and that of gastric acid
      secretion, gastrin and somatostatin hormones being implicated in the regulation
      of acid secretion. Total cell populations were estimated daily in the pancreas,
      stomach, and duodenum, by using a quantitative morphological method, from 19 days
      postcoitum to 8 days postpartum. In the pancreas, both cell types were present at
      19 days postcoitum. After increasing, gastrin cells abruptly dropped from 4 days
      postpartum, while somatostatin cells continued to increase. In the stomach,
      gastrin cells seemed to appear at 19 days postcoitum, increasing with age.
      Somatostatin cells appeared only after birth and could be precisely quantified
      from 4 days postpartum. In the duodenum, the two cell types were present in
      similar numbers at 19 days postcoitum and increased similarly with age.
      Comparison of gastrin and somatostatin cell developmental behavior with previous
      data on the ontogeny of acid secretion shows a parallelism between the appearance
      of basal H+ fluxes at 20-21 days postcoitum and the high daily multiplication of
      the gastrin cell number in the three organs. Additionally, the marked decrease of
      pancreatic gastrin cell population at 4 days postpartum and the simultaneous
      development of the gastric somatostatin cell population might explain, among
      other mechanisms, the diminution of gastric acid secretion noted after birth.

PMID- 2889401
TI  - Stimulatory effects of halothane and isoflurane on fluoride release and
      cytochrome P-450 loss caused by metabolism of 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene, a
      halothane metabolite.
AB  - The structural similarity of the halothane metabolite, 2-chloro-1,1
      difluoroethene (CDE), to haloethenes that are metabolized by and inactivate
      cytochrome P-450, suggests that CDE may undergo secondary metabolism and degrade
      these isozymes. This possibility was examined in hepatic microsomes by
      determining fluoride release and cytochrome P-450 loss due to CDE metabolism in
      the presence of several anesthetics. CDE alone decreased cytochrome P-450 from
      phenobarbital-treated rats by as much as 37%, but the addition of isoflurane or
      halothane to incubations containing CDE increased the loss of cytochrome P-450
      nearly twofold. Fluoride release was enhanced approximately 2.5 to 3 times by
      halothane or isoflurane; however, fluroxene inhibited fluoride release and did
      not enhance the loss of cytochrome P-450. Extrapolation of these results to the
      clinical situation suggests that the metabolism of CDE produced during halothane
      anesthesia and the accompanying cytochrome P-450 loss may contribute to the
      inhibition of drug metabolism produced by halothane.

PMID- 2889402
TI  - The effects of succinylcholine on mouth opening.
AB  - Mouth opening and the resistance to opening developed by the muscles of
      mastication were measured in 63 children anesthetized with halothane and relaxed
      with succinylcholine, pancuronium, or vecuronium. Measurement of mouth opening,
      induced by a constant test force, was made when each patient was deeply
      anesthetized, as judged by clinical parameters. Succinylcholine, vecuronium, or
      pancuronium was then administered. The mouth opening measurement was repeated
      immediately after the loss of limb muscle twitch response and 45 s following the
      loss of twitch response. For the 24 patients receiving succinylcholine, there was
      a significant reduction in mean mouth opening (P less than 0.0001) and a
      significant increase in jaw stiffness (P less than 0.0001) immediately after limb
      relaxation. Forty-five seconds after full limb relaxation was attained, the mean
      mouth opening was still reduced (P less than 0.0001) and the mean jaw stiffness
      was still increased (P less than 0.0003) in the succinylcholine group. Patients
      receiving either vecuronium or pancuronium did not show a significant change of
      mouth opening or jaw stiffness following limb relaxation. Three patients, who
      received succinylcholine, required several attempts at tracheal intubation due to
      increased resistance to mouth opening. Anesthesia and surgery proceeded in all
      patients. None of the patients developed malignant hyperthermia. In view of the
      fact that a reduction in mouth opening was a constant finding when
      succinylcholine was administered during halothane anesthesia, the assumption that
      isolated "masseter spasm" or jaw stiffness heralds malignant hyperthermia should
      be reconsidered.

PMID- 2889403
TI  - Continuous infusion of vecuronium: the effect of anesthetic agents.
AB  - The authors studied the effects of enflurane, isoflurane, and fentanyl, each in
      combination with 60% nitrous oxide, on the vecuronium infusion rate necessary to
      maintain constant 90% depression of control muscle twitch tension. Thirty healthy
      surgical patients were given an initial 0.1 mg/kg bolus of vecuronium, followed
      by an infusion of vecuronium at an initial rate of 1.0 microgram . kg-1 . min-1.
      After 1 h of steady-state 90% twitch depression, plasma vecuronium concentrations
      (Css90) were measured by capillary column gas chromatography. Total plasma
      clearance of vecuronium was estimated using Css90 values. Vecuronium infusion
      rates (mean +/- SD) were similar for patients given enflurane (0.28 +/- 0.13
      microgram . kg-1 . min-1) and isoflurane (0.30 +/- 0.13 microgram . kg-1 . min
      1), but significantly higher in patients given fentanyl (0.92 +/- 0.37 microgram
      . kg-1 . min-1). Values for Css90 in the patients receiving enflurane and
      isoflurane were similar (71 +/- 34 and 72 +/- 44 ng/ml, respectively), but
      significantly higher in those receiving fentanyl (165 +/- 48 ng/ml). Total plasma
      clearance was similar during enflurane, isoflurane, and fentanyl anesthesia (4.4
      +/- 2.6, 4.6 +/- 1.2, and 5.6 +/- 1.9 ml X kg-1 min-1, respectively). The authors
      conclude that patients receiving isoflurane and enflurane require markedly lower
      vecuronium infusion rates to achieve 90% neuromuscular blockade than those
      receiving fentanyl. The enhancement of neuromuscular blockade by isoflurane and
      enflurane represents a change in the pharmacodynamics of vecuronium-induced
      neuromuscular blockade, rather than a change in pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2889404
TI  - High-dose almitrine bismesylate inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in
      closed-chest dogs.
AB  - The effect of almitrine bismesylate on the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor
      (HPV) response was studied in seven closed-chest dogs anesthetized with
      pentobarbital and paralyzed with pancuronium. The right lung was ventilated
      continuously with 100% O2, while the left lung was ventilated with either 100% O2
      ("hyperoxia") or with an hypoxic gas mixture ("hypoxia": end-tidal PO2 = 50.1 +/-
      0.1 mmHg). Cardiac output (CO) was altered from a "normal" value of 3.10 +/- 0.18
      l . min-1 to a "high" value of 3.92 +/- 0.16 l . min-1 by opening arteriovenous
      fistulae which allowed measurements of two points along a pressure-flow line.
      These four phases of left lung hypoxia or hyperoxia with normal and high cardiac
      output were repeated in the presence and absence of almitrine. Almitrine
      bismesylate was administered as a constant infusion of 14.3 micrograms . kg-1 .
      min-1 for a mean plasma concentration of 219.5 +/- 26.4 ng . ml-1. Relative blood
      flow to each lung was measured with a differential CO2 excretion (VCO2) method
      corrected for the Haldane effect. With both lungs hyperoxic, the percent left
      lung blood flow (%QL-VCO2) was 44 +/- 1%. When the left lung was exposed to
      hypoxia, the %QL-VCO2 decreased significantly to 22 +/- 1%. However, with the
      administration of almitrine, the %QL-VCO2 during left lung hypoxia increased
      significantly to 36 +/- 2%. The arterial oxygen tension decreased significantly
      between hyperoxia (PaO2 = 633 +/- 6 mmHg) and hypoxia (271 +/- 31 mmHg). With the
      addition of almitrine, there was no change during hyperoxia; however, during
      hypoxia, the PaO2 decreased significantly to 124 +/- 15 mmHg. Cardiac output did
      not influence these findings. The pulmonary vascular conductance (G) is the slope
      of the pressure-flow line.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889405
TI  - Heart rate and rhythm following an edrophonium/atropine mixture for antagonism of
      neuromuscular blockade during fentanyl/N2O/O2 or isoflurane/N2O/O2 anesthesia.

PMID- 2889406
TI  - Vecuronium: effect on intracranial pressure and hemodynamics in neurosurgical
      patients.

PMID- 2889407
TI  - The inhibition of stress-induced beta-endorphin secretion by histamine receptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2889408
TI  - Evaluation of enzymes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in cases of
      cerebrovascular accidents.
AB  - Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT),
      and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were measured serially in the serum and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 22 patients with fresh stroke and an equal number of
      age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. It was observed that levels of
      these enzymes in the CSF of control subjects were very low but were significantly
      elevated (p less than 0.001) in both serum and CSF in patients with stroke. The
      elevation was greater in the CSF than in the serum and was maximum during the
      first four days of stroke. Thereafter, the enzymatic activity declined. Of all
      these enzymes, GGTP in CSF correlated best with the clinical picture. It was
      possible to differentiate between the ischemic and hemorrhagic type of stroke on
      the basis of CSF levels of GGTP (greater than 60.0 units in hemorrhagic stroke).
      There was no correlation between GGTP levels in CSF and serum or among GOT, GPT,
      and GGTP in CSF. It can be concluded, therefore, that estimation of GGTP in CSF
      is helpful not only in predicting the degree of cerebral damage and functional
      outcome of the patient following stroke but also in differentiating the type of
      stroke.

PMID- 2889409
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in dairy and beef cattle at the growth
      hormone and prolactin loci.
AB  - Two bovine populations, a Holstein-Friesian dairy stock and a synthetic (Baladi X
      Hereford X Simmental X Charolais) beef stock, were screened for restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the growth hormone and prolactin genes.
      Most RFLPs at the growth hormone gene are apparently the consequence of an
      insertion/deletion event which was localized to a region downstream of the
      structural gene. The restriction map for the genomic region including the growth
      hormone gene was extended. Two HindIII RFLPs at the growth hormone locus, as well
      as several RFLPs at the prolactin gene, seemed to be the consequence of a series
      of point mutations. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility that
      minor genomic variability underlies quantitative genetic variation.

PMID- 2889410
TI  - A partial cDNA clone for porcine glucosephosphate isomerase: isolation,
      characterization and use in detection of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms.
AB  - A cDNA library for porcine skeletal muscle was established in the vector pBR322.
      The library was screened with an oligonucleotide probe coding for a hexapeptide
      from glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi). A positive clone with an insert of about
      450 bp and restriction sites for PstI, BamHI and PvuII was isolated. A 362-bp
      PstI fragment was sequenced and shown to contain the codons for the hexapeptide
      as well as the remaining 29 amino acids of this Gpi peptide. The PstI fragment
      was used to probe pig genomic DNA. The restriction enzymes PvuII and SacI
      detected a set of polymorphisms with five bands, behaving as a set of
      insertion/deletion polymorphisms.

PMID- 2889412
TI  - Alterations in selected serum biochemical constituents in equids after induced
      hepatic disease.
AB  - Effects of induced cholestasis and hepatocellular necrosis and of fasting on
      serum biochemical constituents including bile acids, IgA, bilirubin, alkaline
      phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), arginase, and the clearance of
      sodium sulfobromophthalein were studied in 4 groups of equids. The reference
      value for serum bile acids, as determined by an enzymatic colorimetric procedure
      for horses and ponies was 5.94 +/- 2.72 mumol/L, there being no statistical
      difference for horses and ponies. Sample collection at time of feeding had no
      effect on serum bile acid concentration. Seemingly, serum bile acids, arginase,
      and GGT were the most sensitive indicators of cholestasis and/or hepatocellular
      necrosis and would form an essential minimum effective battery of tests to
      diagnose and prognose hepatic disease in equids. These tests provided a measure
      of hepatobiliary transport function (bile acids), cell necrosis (arginase), and
      cholestasis (GGT and bile acids).

PMID- 2889411
TI  - [Macroenzymes in human plasma. 2. Macrogamma-glutamyltransferase, macroalanine
      aminopeptidase, macroalkaline phosphatase, macroaminotransferases and other
      macroenzymes].
AB  - The authors propose here the second part of the review concerning the plasma
      macroenzymes. Informations are given about the high-molecular mass forms of gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), alkaline phosphatase
      (ALP), aminotransferase, acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase
      dehydrogenase. For almost all these enzymes, the presence of enzyme
      immunoglobulins complexes may be observed in some plasma, but a specific immune
      character of these complexes has not always been proved. The membrane origin of
      GGT, AAP and ALP is responsible for the existence of special circulating
      macroforms: enzyme-lipoproteins associations due to the amphiphilic nature of
      some forms of these enzymes, and complexes between enzymes and membrane
      components. Although the knowledge about the structure of all these macroenzymes
      is increasing, the clinical interest to consider their existence because of the
      diagnostic uncertainties they may induce.

PMID- 2889414
TI  - Effect of beta-agonists and anticholinergic drugs on bronchial reactivity.

PMID- 2889413
TI  - Changes in autacoid and neuropeptide contents of lung cells in asbestos-induced
      pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis
      in the rat can affect the levels of autacoids and peptides in freshly isolated
      lung cells. Lung fibrosis was experimentally induced in rats by a single
      intratracheal instillation of 5 mg UICC Canadian chrysotile B fibers. Isolated
      lung cells were prepared from normal and from asbestos-exposed rats. These cells
      were also fractionated on bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients. The contents of
      serotonin (5-HT), histamine (HIST), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and
      bombesin (BN) were measured in isolated total cell preparations as well as in
      density-fractionated cell populations from normal and from asbestos-exposed rats.
      Analysis of total lung cell preparation showed the presence of heterogeneous
      populations in normal rat lung. After asbestos exposure, there were significant
      changes in these cell populations as evidenced by significant increases in
      lymphocyte and mast cell numbers. In addition, increased levels of 5-HT, HIST,
      and VIP were observed in isolated lung cells obtained from rats exposed to
      asbestos 1, 3, and 6 months after instillation. BN content was unchanged 3 months
      after treatment, but was significantly increased at the 6 month-interval,
      suggesting a different pattern of response for this neuropeptide. Density
      fractionation of various cell populations further showed selective changes in
      specific cell fractions of lung after asbestos exposure. At 6 months, increased
      levels of 5-HT, HIST, and VIP were associated with cell fraction 7, whereas
      changes in BN content were found in cell fractions 2 and 3. Similarly, there was
      a significant increase of mast cells in fraction 7 at the 6-month
      interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889415
TI  - Airway responsiveness in infancy.

PMID- 2889416
TI  - Ibuprofen interferes with the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. A randomized,
      double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ibuprofen compared with acetaminophen.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of ibuprofen on blood pressure control in
      patients being treated with antihypertensive drugs. DESIGN: Randomized, blinded,
      placebo-controlled, parallel trial of ibuprofen compared with acetaminophen and
      with placebo in 3-week treatment periods. SETTING: A general internal medicine
      clinic at a university hospital. PATIENTS: Forty-five patients with essential
      hypertension controlled by treatment with at least two antihypertensive drugs
      were enrolled. Of these, 41 completed the study; treatment was discontinued in 3
      of the 15 patients in the ibuprofen group due to breakage of the drug capsules,
      and after randomization in 1 of the 14 patients in the placebo group due to
      unstable angina. All 15 patients in the acetaminophen group completed the study.
      INTERVENTIONS: All previous antihypertensive regimens were continued. During the
      3-week treatment, ibuprofen, 400 mg, was administered orally every 8 hours;
      acetaminophen, 1 g, orally every 8 hours; or placebo, 2 capsules, orally every 8
      hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the ibuprofen group, the mean increase
      from baseline after 3 weeks of treatment was significant in the average supine
      diastolic blood pressure (6.4 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 11.75;
      p = 0.0239); supine mean arterial pressure (6.6 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.25 to 11.95; p =
      0.0205); and sitting mean arterial pressure (5.8 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.57 to 10.04; p
      = 0.0123). The mean increase in blood pressure variables in the ibuprofen group
      was significantly different compared with the mean increase in the variables in
      the placebo group after 3 weeks of treatment: supine systolic blood pressure (7.1
      mm Hg compared with -4.5 mm Hg; 95% CI for the difference in means, 2.5 to 20.6;
      p = 0.0133); supine diastolic pressure (6.4 mm Hg compared with 0.0; 95% CI for
      difference in means, 0.87 to 12.4; p = 0.0250); supine mean arterial pressure
      (6.6 mm Hg compared with -1.5; 95% CI for difference in means, 2.0 to 14.2; p =
      0.0110); sitting systolic pressure (6.8 mm Hg compared with -3.7; 95% CI for
      difference in means, 2.0 to 19.0; p = 0.0169); sitting diastolic pressure (5.3 mm
      Hg compared with -1.1; 95% CI for difference in means, 0.76 to 12.1; p = 0.0273);
      and sitting mean arterial pressure (5.8 mm Hg compared with -2.0; 95% CI for
      difference in means, 1.5 to 14.1; p = 0.0169).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2889417
TI  - Factors that affect the induction of gamma glutamyltransferase in epileptic
      patients receiving anti-convulsant drugs.
AB  - Serum samples from 335 epileptic patients receiving one or more anticonvulsant
      drugs, phenobarbitone, primidone and phenytoin, have been analysed for
      biochemical liver profile (BLP) and serum drug concentration. The results show
      that the induction of serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) is affected by the
      sex and age of the patient, type of anti-convulsant drug prescribed and duration
      of treatment. It is less affected by serum drug concentration. It is suggested
      that these factors must be considered when interpreting results involving serum
      GGT activity as the index of microsomal enzyme induction.

PMID- 2889418
TI  - Stress, coronary disease, and coronary death.
AB  - Evidence of a positive association between cardiovascular illness and
      psychological stress presented in the literature is generally not totally
      convincing, which in part is due to methodological problems in defining and
      measuring psychophysiological and psychosocial variables. However, both reports
      in the literature and the clinical experience of most physicians present numerous
      examples of sudden, unexpected cardiac death, in which the event in all
      probability has been either induced or hastened by stressful life experiences.
      This applies to fatal and non fatal cardiac attacks, since both are often
      preceded by emotional stress. There is pathoanatomical evidence of specific
      myocardial damage induced by catecholamine release during stressful emotions.
      Histochemical studies have revealed copious amounts of noradrenaline stored in
      myocardium especially in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Epidemiological
      surveys on the relationships between life-stress and coronary mortality and
      morbidity have demonstrated certain positive associations in many cross-sectional
      studies as well as in certain prospective studies. Most positive evidence has
      been accumulated from studies on the influence of loneliness on cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality. Animal experiments have demonstrated repeatedly that
      psychological stress evoked by aversive sensoric stimuli or unsuccessful social
      striving induce cardiovascular pathology including myocardial damage,
      hypertension, vascular changes and increased risk of sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 2889419
TI  - DNA polymorphisms in human population studies: a review.
AB  - The use of restriction endonucleases and DNA probes to expand the range of
      informative polymorphisms should be of immense value in the study of human
      populations. To date, this approach has been only minimally used, but results are
      available for markers in the major histocompatibility complex and the globin gene
      clusters. In addition, isolated studies using other probes have been published.
      The ease of the techniques involved, the rate at which new DNA polymorphisms are
      being found and the range of information provided should ensure that use of this
      approach expands rapidly.

PMID- 2889421
TI  - Relationship of simian T-lymphotropic virus type III to human retroviruses in
      Africa.

PMID- 2889420
TI  - Expression of cyclin (PCNA) and the phosphoprotein dividin are late obligatory
      events in the mitogenic response.
AB  - Analysis of the overall patterns of gene expression at the polypeptide synthesis
      level has revealed two S-phase specific, proliferation sensitive nuclear proteins
      [cyclin (PCNA) and dividin (phosphoprotein)] whose rate of synthesis increases at
      the G1/S transition border of the cell cycle. All available evidence suggests
      that expression of these proteins are late obligatory events in the mitogenic
      response.

PMID- 2889422
TI  - Muscles and their neural control.
AB  - The session on 'The Muscles and Their Neural Control' comprised papers that
      covered an extremely broad field, ranging from single membrane channels to
      integration at the motor unit level. To start with the molecular mechanisms, slow
      noninactivating sodium channels were postulated to be the common denominator in a
      number of myopathies, their activation causing depolarization and thus muscle
      weakness. New ideas were presented regarding muscle insulin receptors as the main
      target for neurotrophic influences, as well as transmitter release at
      nonmammalian motor nerve terminals. Changes in muscle compliance seem to be
      involved in adaptation of spindle sensitivity and reflex activity. Also, data
      were presented in favor of a neurotoxic component in myotrophic lateral
      sclerosis. Analysis of stationary motor unit discharges can differentiate
      parkinsonian patients without tremor from normal controls. Long-term use
      dependent factors that change muscle properties have considerable effects on the
      way in which contractile force is graded.

PMID- 2889423
TI  - Motor functions of the basal ganglia.
AB  - This session dealt with the structure and function of the basal ganglia and their
      role in motor control. The key issues discussed in the first four presentations
      concerned the pathophysiology of movement performance in parkinsonian patients
      and in animal models of this disease. Three papers were presented on
      neurochemically specified subsystems of the basal ganglia. Therapeutic aspects
      (stereoencephalotomy and chronic electrical stimulation of neural tissue) were
      discussed in the last two papers. A brief account is given on the highlights of
      each of these reports.

PMID- 2889424
TI  - Activation of Mg-ATP hydrolysis in isolated Rhodospirillum rubrum H+-ATPase.
AB  - The effects of lauryl dimethylamine oxide on the Rhodospirillum rubrum H+-ATPase
      have been studied. This detergent activates Mg2+-dependent ATP hydrolysis in the
      isolated R. rubrum F0-F1 34-fold, whereas the Ca2+-ATPase activity is only
      slightly modified. ATPase activation by lauryl dimethylamine oxide enhances the
      effect on ATP hydrolysis exerted by free Mg2+ ions. Concentrations of free Mg2+
      in the range of 0.025 mM favor activation while higher concentrations inhibit
      ATPase activity by approximately 70%. Steady-state kinetic analysis shows that
      lauryl dimethylamine oxide induces a complex kinetic behavior for Mg-ATP in the
      chromatophores, similar to the untreated F0-F1 complex. The initial rate value
      for Mg-ATP unisite catalysis was found to be 6.3 times higher (3.5 X 10(-3) mol
      Pi per mol R. rubrum F0-F1 per second) in the presence than in the absence of
      detergent, where the initial rate was 5.5 X 10(-4) mol Pi per mol R. rubrum F0-F1
      per second. These experiments show that lauryl dimethylamine oxide shifts the
      cation requirement for ATP-hydrolysis of the isolated R. rubrum H+-ATPase from
      Ca2+ to Mg2+ and that it activates both multisite and unisite catalysis. Results
      are discussed in relation to the possibility of a regulatory role by Mg2+ ions on
      ATP hydrolysis expressed through subunit interactions.

PMID- 2889425
TI  - Purification and characterization of tyrosine aminotransferase activities from
      Anchusa officinalis cell cultures.
AB  - Three activities of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT; EC 2.6.1.5), the enzyme which
      catalyzes the first step of the tyrosine pathway leading to the formation of
      rosmarinic acid (alpha-O-caffeoyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid), have been
      extensively purified from cell suspension cultures of Anchusa officinalis L. and
      subsequently characterized. TAT-1, TAT-2, and TAT-3 differ slightly in native
      molecular weights (180,000-220,000) and are composed of subunits (4 X 43,000 for
      TAT-1 and 4 X 56,000 for TAT-2). All three enzymes show a pronounced preference
      for L-tyrosine over other aromatic amino acids, but TAT-2 and TAT-3 can also
      effectively utilize L-aspartate or L-glutamate as a substrate. For amino acceptor
      cosubstrates, either oxaloacetate or alpha-ketoglutarate can be utilized equally
      well by TAT-1, while the former is the most effective alpha-keto acid for TAT-2
      and the latter is the best for TAT-3. All the TAT activities display high pH
      optima (8.8-9.6), and are inhibited by the tyrosine metabolite 3,4
      dihydroxyphenyllactate. TAT-2 and TAT-3 are also inhibited by rosmarinic acid.

PMID- 2889426
TI  - Sezary-like syndrome in a 10-year-old girl with serologic evidence of human T
      cell lymphotropic virus type I infection.
AB  - A 10-year-old girl with a Sezary-like syndrome is described. At age 6 months, her
      skin involvement began as psoriatic plaques. Generalized erythema,
      lymphadenopathy, and pruritus developed into erythroderma. Her general condition
      has been good in spite of severe pruritus and erythroderma. Atypical cells were
      found in the peripheral blood in numbers of 2500/mm3 and were present in the
      dermis of a skin biopsy specimen. When examined by electron microscopy, these
      cells showed lobulated or indented nuclei and were similar to Sezary cells. The
      patient showed a high titer (1:1280) of antihuman T-cell lymphotropic virus type
      I antibody. Her mother was also positive with a titer of 1:40 and seems to be a
      healthy carrier.

PMID- 2889427
TI  - Immunoglobulin lambda light chain genes in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) obtained by hybridisation of an
      immunoglobulin lambda constant region probe to Eco RI digests of genomic
      deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) obtained from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and control
      subjects have been compared. Polymorphic bands of 8, 13, 18, and 23 kb
      (kilobases) were shown. The 8/8 genotype and 8 kb allele were increased and the
      8/18 genotype and 18 kb allele decreased in the RA group. This effect was
      independent of HLA and Gm. These findings suggest that genes linked to the loci
      for the immunoglobulin lambda constant region may influence susceptibility to RA.

PMID- 2889429
TI  - Cholesterol induced changes in glucose-6-phosphate generating enzymes,
      concanavalin A agglutinability and haemolytic activity of axenic Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Repeated passage of the 200-NIH strain of Entamoeba histolytica through
      cholesterol-enriched axenic growth medium induced marked increases in
      cholesterol, phosphoglucomutase and hexokinase levels and a less prominent rise
      in the protein content of amoebic cells. There was also pronounced enhancement of
      haemolytic activity and Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinability of the culture,
      but no significant change was observed in glucose phosphate isomerase. These
      cholesterol-induced effects persisted to a large extent when amoebae were
      subsequently repassaged through normal axenic medium lacking exogenous
      cholesterol, but changes in cellular cholesterol and protein levels did not
      persist. Qualitatively similar results were obtained whether the sterol was
      layered as a film on the glass walls of the culture tubes or supplied as
      sonicated micells, but the latter was in general more effective.

PMID- 2889428
TI  - Management of NSAID induced gastrointestinal disturbance.

PMID- 2889430
TI  - Use of the automated tail suspension test for the primary screening of
      psychotropic agents.
AB  - Mice, when suspended by the tail, will alternate between active attempts to
      escape and immobility. A specially developed computerized device (ITEMATIC-TST)
      automatically measures the duration of immobility of 6 mice at one time and at
      the same time provides a measure of the energy expended by each animal, the power
      of the movements. Use of these 2 parameters enables activity profiles to be
      generated which can distinguish different classes of psychotropic activity.
      Immobility is decreased by antidepressants and psychostimulants, but increased by
      neuroleptics and minor tranquillizers. Minor tranquillizers can be distinguished
      from neuroleptics in that they decrease the power of the movements, whereas
      neuroleptics are without effect on this parameter. The present experiments were
      undertaken to see whether the activity profiles generated in this procedure could
      indeed be useful for primary psychotropic screening. Eighteen compounds,
      including antidepressants, neuroleptics, minor tranquillizers,
      sedative/hypnotics, dopaminergic stimulants and 3 dummy compounds were first
      submitted to a shortened primary observation procedure for dose finding and were
      then investigated at 2 doses in the automated tail suspension test. All
      experiments were conducted blind. The results obtained largely confirm the
      activity profiles already reported in this test and show that the combined use of
      primary observation and the automated tail suspension test permit the unambiguous
      identification of the pharmacological activity of 15 of the compounds tested with
      tentative identification of the 3 remaining compounds.

PMID- 2889431
TI  - Secretomotor and mucolytic effects of mabuterol, a novel bronchodilator.
AB  - Action of mabuterol, a novel bronchodilator, on the respiratory secretion system
      was investigated, and the following effects were confirmed: 1) increase of output
      volume, amounts of protein and pulmonary surfactant in respiratory fluid; 2)
      decrease of sputum viscosity; 3) fragmentation of the sputum structure and 4)
      promotion of the mucociliary transport of particles. The results in the present
      study may, at least partly, substantiate clinical efficacy such as improvement of
      pulmonary function, favourable effects on expectoration and amelioration of
      symptoms observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2889432
TI  - A simplified in vitro assay correlating amebicidal activity with chelation by 8
      hydroxyquinoline and related compounds.

PMID- 2889433
TI  - Interaction of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica with human
      complement.

PMID- 2889434
TI  - Isoenzyme patterns of strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in British
      Columbia.

PMID- 2889435
TI  - The reliability of Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in clinical laboratory
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2889436
TI  - [Neurobiological approach to anxiety].

PMID- 2889437
TI  - [Pharmacology of anxiolytic agents in the cardio-vascular domain].

PMID- 2889438
TI  - Cognitive dysfunction, negative symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia in
      schizophrenia. Their association in relation to topography of involuntary
      movements and criterion of their abnormality.
AB  - Little is known of factors that, on an individual basis, confer vulnerability to
      the emergence of involuntary movements (tardive dyskinesia) during long-term
      neuroleptic treatment. In this study of 88 chronic schizophrenic inpatients, 22
      variables (four demographic, 14 medication history, and four features of illness)
      were compared for any association(s) with the presence, by differing topographies
      and criteria of abnormality, and severity of involuntary movements. Irrespective
      of the criterion used, the presence of marked cognitive dysfunction-muteness bore
      a consistent and highly significant primary association with both the presence
      and the overall severity of orofacial dyskinesia; no such association was found
      in relation to the presence of limb-truncal dyskinesia. Flattening of affect was
      the only other variable consistently associated with the presence of orofacial
      movements. The reliability and prominence of the association between the presence
      of orofacial, but not of limb-truncal, movements and cognitive dysfunction
      negative symptoms suggest that these varying topographies may not constitute a
      unitary syndrome. This strong association, not with indexes of neuroleptic
      exposure but rather with features of the illness for which that treatment was
      prescribed, suggests some neurologic process, more subtle than may previously
      have been appreciated, as a vulnerability factor of some importance. In
      schizophrenia it appears to be intimately related to the disease process.

PMID- 2889439
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia and steady-state serum levels of thiothixene.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between serum
      levels of the neuroleptic agent thiothixene and tardive dyskinesia in
      schizophrenics of a wide age range. Forty-one male schizophrenic subjects, 21
      with tardive dyskinesia and 20 without, were given a fixed dosage of thiothixene
      hydrochloride (10 mg orally four times daily) after a drug-free period of one
      week. Higher steady-state serum levels of thiothixene (obtained after five days
      of a fixed-dosage schedule) were associated with greater degrees of tardive
      dyskinesia. This relationship was independent of the relationship between tardive
      dyskinesia and age.

PMID- 2889440
TI  - Response of the mouse epididymal duct to the disappearance and reappearance of
      spermatozoa induced by temporal cryptorchidism.
AB  - Cryptorchid surgery to move the testis and epididymis to the abdomen was
      performed in mice of 60 days of age; one week later the mice were subjected to
      further surgery to reposition the organs in the scrotum. The mice were sacrificed
      at 1 week intervals until 11 weeks after the initial operation. After the first
      operation, spermatozoa in the epididymal duct rapidly disappeared and were almost
      absent until the 4th week. Then spermatozoa appeared again, increased, and
      reached normal numbers by 10 weeks. With the disappearance of the spermatozoa, a
      PAS-positive material, which is believed to be secreted in the middle part of the
      head of the epididymal duct (ABE et al., 1982), was accumulated in the epididymal
      duct in the body and tail of the epididymis, and PAS-positive inclusions appeared
      in the principal cells of the duct in the body 2 weeks after the first operation.
      The inclusions developed in size and number during the aspermia period, then
      decreased in number with the reappearance of spermatozoa from the 5th week to
      ultimately disappear by 10 weeks after the first operation. We have previously
      demonstrated that such inclusions appear also after efferent duct ligation, which
      interrupts the flow of spermatozoa and testicular fluid into the epididymal duct
      (ABE et al., 1982). Both present and previous findings indicate that the
      appearance of PAS-positive inclusions depends on the absence of spermatozoa in
      the epididymal duct irrespective of the presence of the testicular fluid in the
      duct. It is suggested that the PAS-positive material is utilized by spermatozoa
      and, in the absence of spermatozoa, is accumulated in the lumen and ingested by
      the principal cells of the epididymal duct in the body of the epididymis.

PMID- 2889441
TI  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
      in an atypical host.
AB  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a unique retrovirus associated
      with specific malignancies of T cells in humans. The virus is endemic to Japan,
      the Caribbean, Africa, and the southeastern United States. We report here the
      first case of HTLV-I-associated lymphoma in an atypical host. The incidence of
      antibodies in this individual with a T-cell malignancy strongly suggests HTLV-I
      virus as the causative agent. Direct identification of viral DNA using an HTLV-I
      specific probe provides definitive evidence of infection.

PMID- 2889442
TI  - [H2-antihistaminics. 35. Synthesis and H2-antagonistic action of
      imidazolylmethylthioalkyl-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles].

PMID- 2889443
TI  - Maturation process of Japanese encephalitis virus in cultured mosquito cells in
      vitro and mouse brain cells in vivo.
AB  - The maturation process of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in C6/36 cells in
      vitro and in mouse brain cells in vivo was studied by electron microscopy. In the
      C6/36 cell infection, 500 to 2250 virions per cell were released into the medium
      during the period of study; yet, no virus budding process was observed at the
      host cell membranes. JE virions at various maturation stages appeared within the
      cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of infected cells at 24 hours
      p.i.; and, although C6/36 cells did not show a well-developed Golgi apparatus,
      the virions appeared to be carried to the cell surface within host-cell secretory
      vesicles for extracellular release as early as 24 hours p.i. The occurrence of a
      secretory-type intracellular transport of maturing JE virus particles was well
      recognizable in brain cells of infected mice, in which JE virus particles were
      found almost exclusively in the cisternae of RER, in the Golgi apparatus, and in
      various vesicles, including coated vesicles, in the vicinity of the Golgi
      apparatus. Our previous study of dengue-2 virus morphogenesis and our present
      study of JE virus morphogenesis differed substantially at various stages of
      maturation. Possible mechanisms which explain these differences were discussed.

PMID- 2889445
TI  - [Immunoregulation by suppressor T cells: discovery of a new immunoregulatory
      system through internal imaging].

PMID- 2889444
TI  - Restriction enzyme maps of the macropodid herpesvirus 2 genome.
AB  - The DNA of macropodid herpesvirus 2 (dorcopsis wallaby herpesvirus) was analysed
      using restriction enzymes and molecular cloning techniques. Sets of EcoRI and
      SalI clones were prepared which represented approximately 85 per cent of the
      genome, and these clones were used to map the DNA by double-digestion and
      hybridization experiments. Data on uncloned regions were obtained by analysing
      fragments excised from agarose gels, and terminal fragments were identified by
      exonuclease III digestion. The genome was shown to be approximately 135 kilobases
      (kb) long. It has a long unique sequence (95 kb) bounded by repeat sequences (5.5
      kb) and joined at one end to a short unique sequence (15 kb) also bounded by
      repeat sequences (7.0 kb) in a manner similar to that of herpes simplex viruses 1
      and 2.

PMID- 2889446
TI  - [APUD and mast cells of the gastrointestinal system: immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural identification].
AB  - A rationale for sequential immunohistochemical studies of the endocrine function
      of APUD cells is described, as exemplified by a study of serotonin-containing
      cells in rat small intestine, involving preparation of paraffin and semithin
      sections of epoxide resin-embedded tissue, followed by electron-microscopic
      examination of cells detected by the immunoperoxidase technique. With the
      approach described, it has been shown that a positive immunohistochemical
      reaction to antiserotonin antiserum is given, along with EC cells, by those mast
      cells disposed in groups near the EC cells as well as among connective-tissue
      cells of villi under the basement membrane. It is suggested that by collecting
      and accumulating the serotonin synthesized by specialized EC cells, mast cells
      transport it to sites of utilization as required by the specific arrangement.

PMID- 2889447
TI  - [RFLP: initial experiences in forensic molecular genetics].

PMID- 2889448
TI  - [Forensic application of DNA fingerprints].

PMID- 2889449
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor and sodium nitroprusside increase cyclic GMP in
      cultured rat lung fibroblasts by activating different forms of guanylate cyclase.
AB  - We used cultured rat lung fibroblasts to evaluate the role of particulate and
      soluble guanylate cyclase in the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-induced
      stimulation of cyclic GMP. ANF receptors were identified by binding of 125I-ANF
      to confluent cells at 37 degrees C. Specific ANF binding was rapid and saturable
      with increasing concentrations of ANF. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD)
      was 0.66 +/- 0.077 nM and the Bmax. was 216 +/- 33 fmol bound/10(6) cells, which
      corresponds to 130,000 +/- 20,000 sites/cell. The molecular characteristics of
      ANF binding sites were examined by affinity cross-linking of 125I-ANF to intact
      cells with disuccinimidyl suberate. ANF specifically labelled two sites with
      molecular sizes of 66 and 130 kDa, which we have identified in other cultured
      cells. ANF and sodium nitroprusside produced a time- and concentration-dependent
      increase in intracellular cyclic GMP. An increase in cyclic GMP by ANF was
      detected at 1 nM, and at 100 nM an approx. 100-fold increase in cyclic GMP was
      observed. Nitroprusside stimulated cyclic GMP at 10 nM and at 1 mM a 500-600-fold
      increase in cyclic GMP occurred. The simultaneous addition of 100 nM-ANF and 10
      microM-nitroprusside to cells resulted in cyclic GMP levels that were additive.
      ANF increased the activity of particulate guanylate cyclase by about 10-fold, but
      had no effect on soluble guanylate cyclase. In contrast, nitroprusside did not
      alter the activity of particulate guanylate cyclase, but increased the activity
      of soluble guanylate cyclase by 17-fold. These results demonstrate that rat lung
      fibroblasts contain ANF receptors and suggest that the ANF-induced stimulation of
      cyclic GMP is mediated entirely by particulate guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2889450
TI  - Stimulation of lysyl oxidase (EC 1.4.3.13) activity by testosterone and
      characterization of androgen receptors in cultured calf aorta smooth-muscle
      cells.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated a greater incidence of atherosclerotic
      cardiovascular disease in men than in women of child-bearing age, suggesting that
      vascular interactions with sex steroids may effect pathogenesis in these cases.
      In the present study, it was found that the presence of 10-100 nM-testosterone in
      the growth medium of calf aortic smooth-muscle cells in culture stimulates lysyl
      oxidase activity approx. 2.5-fold in the medium and 5.5-fold in the fraction
      bound to the cell layer. Androgen receptors were identified in these cultured
      smooth-muscle cells, and their properties were very similar to those in the
      cytosolic fraction of whole bovine aortic tissue. These receptors appeared to be
      specific for androgen, of high affinity (Kd = 0.4 nM) and of low capacity (9000
      sites/cell). The present results indicate that the aortic smooth-muscle cell is a
      cellular target for androgens, and thus raise the possibility that the
      development of fibrotic arterial lesions involving the deposition of excess
      collagen may in part be regulated by androgen-mediated stimulation of collagen
      cross-linkage formation as catalysed by lysyl oxidase.

PMID- 2889451
TI  - Proctolin degradation by membrane peptidases from nervous tissues of the desert
      locust (Schistocerca gregaria).
AB  - The hydrolysis of the insect neuropeptide proctolin (Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr) by
      enzyme preparations from the nervous tissue of the desert locust (Schistocerca
      gregaria) was investigated. Neural homogenate degraded proctolin (100 microM) at
      neutral pH by cleavage of the Arg-Tyr and Tyr-Leu bonds to yield Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr,
      Arg-Tyr and free tyrosine. Arg-Tyr was detected as a major metabolite when the
      aminopeptidase inhibitors amastatin and bestatin were present to prevent Arg-Tyr
      breakdown. Around 50% of the proctolin-degrading activity was isolated in a
      30,000 g membrane fraction and was shown to be almost entirely due to
      aminopeptidase activity. The aminopeptidase had an apparent Km of 23 microM, a pH
      optimum of 7.0 and was inhibited by 1 mM-EDTA and amastatin [IC50 = 0.3 microM],
      but was relatively insensitive to bestatin, actinonin and puromycin.
      Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride (1 mM) and p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonic acid (1
      mM) had no effect on this enzyme activity. Although the bulk of the Tyr-Leu
      hydrolytic activity was located in the 30,000 g supernatant, some weak activity
      was detected in a washed membrane preparation. This peptidase displayed a high
      affinity for proctolin (Km = 0.35 microM) and optimal activity at around pH 7.0.
      Synaptosome- and mitochondria-rich fractions were prepared from crude neural
      membranes. The aminopeptidase activity was concentrated in the synaptic-membrane
      preparation, whereas activity giving rise to Arg-Tyr was predominantly localized
      in the mitochondrial fraction. The subcellular localization of the membrane
      aminopeptidase is consistent with a possible physiological role for this enzyme
      in the inactivation of synaptically released proctolin.

PMID- 2889453
TI  - Regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis/secretion by catecholamine in
      cultured mouse astroglial cells.
AB  - The nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis/secretion by cultured mouse astroglial
      cells was modulated by catecholamine. In quiescent cells, epinephrine (EN) and
      dopamine (DA) markedly increased the NGF content in the conditioned medium (CM).
      Conversely, EN, DA, and norepinephrine (NE) decreased the NGF content in growing
      cells. Cholinergic agonists, metacholine and carbamylcholine, slightly increased
      the NGF content in quiescent cells, but showed no effects on growing cells. Other
      neurotransmitters tested had no effects on either growing or quiescent cells.
      These results suggest that catecholamine is one of the molecules responsible for
      regulation of NGF synthesis/secretion in the mouse brain.

PMID- 2889452
TI  - Influence of beta adrenergic blockers and their combinations with anticholinergic
      drugs on epileptiform activity in rabbit hippocampus.
AB  - The influence of alpha- and beta-receptor antagonists combined with drugs which
      act as antagonists at muscarinic and nicotinic receptor sites on epileptic focus
      produced by topic penicillin application was investigated. The beta-receptor
      blocking agent caused a faster and more intense activity of epileptogenic focus
      in comparison with activity in control animals, but the number of seizures
      decreased relatively for 25%. N-receptor antagonists diminished the facilitating
      effect of the beta-receptor antagonist on focal activity. Combination of m- and
      beta-receptor antagonists did not influence the spike activity of the focus.
      Treatment with alpha-receptor antagonists enhanced spikes and number of seizures
      only insignificantly. The combination of alpha- and n-receptor blocking
      substances does not influence the development of the epileptic process. The alpha
      receptor antagonist together with the m-receptor blocking drug induces a
      facilitation of spike activity.

PMID- 2889454
TI  - Evidence for imidazoline binding sites in basolateral membranes from rabbit
      kidney.
AB  - [3H]-RX 781094 and [3H]-rauwolscine, two potent alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists,
      were used to characterize alpha 2 receptor in basolateral membranes from rabbit
      kidney. However, the following findings suggest that the imidazoline [3H]-RX
      781094 binds to an heterogeneous population of binding sites: 1) dissociation
      plot was biphasic with a fast and slow component, 2) in saturation experiments,
      [3H]-RX 781094 labels 3.5 more binding sites than [3H]-rauwolscine (p less than
      0.02), 3) competition studies showed that molecules with imidazoline structure
      completely inhibited the [3H] RX 781094 binding; in contrast, only 25% of binding
      was affected by non-imidazoline alpha 2 adrenergic compounds. These results
      suggest that in basolateral membranes from rabbit kidney, [3H] RX781094 labels
      alpha 2 adrenergic and non-adrenergic receptors which might be imidazoline
      preferring binding sites.

PMID- 2889455
TI  - Activation of the Ha-ras gene in C3H 10T1/2 cells transformed by exposure to N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - A transfectable, presumably mutationally activated, c-Ha-ras gene was identified
      in a clonal population of 10T1/2 cells established from a Type II focus induced
      by exposure of a parental, wild-type population to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine (MNNG).

PMID- 2889456
TI  - Dexamethasone effects on somatostatin receptors in pancreatic acinar AR4-2J
      cells.
AB  - The effects of glucocorticoids on somatostatin binding and cAMP response in the
      rat pancreatic acinar carcinoma AR4-2J cell line were examined. Dexamethasone
      treatment reduced the number of somatostatin receptors 2.5 fold without any
      change in receptor affinity. In addition, dexamethasone increased the sensitivity
      of the cells to somatostatin-inhibited cAMP formation and restored the biphasic
      pattern of cAMP response to somatostatin previously observed in normal pancreatic
      acinar cells. Such effect may be associated with the glucocorticoid-promoted
      cellular pancreatic differentiation of AR4-2J cells.

PMID- 2889458
TI  - Analgesic and respiratory effects of extradural sufentanil in volunteers and the
      influence of adrenaline as an adjuvant.
AB  - The effects of extradural sufentanil 50 micrograms were investigated in 10 normal
      volunteers. Eight of these were studied at a second session when adrenaline
      1:200,000 was added to the sufentanil. Well-defined segmental analgesia developed
      rapidly after plain sufentanil and lasted approximately 3 h. Respiration was
      depressed for about the same period and was greatest in the first 2 h, as shown
      by a 15% increase in PECO2, while the slope and VE50 of the carbon dioxide
      response curve were depressed by 45% and 55%, respectively. Moderate drowsiness
      occurred in most subjects, while other side effects of itching, nausea and
      urinary retention occurred less frequently and were not severe. Addition of
      adrenaline 1:200,000 intensified segmental analgesia and prolonged duration to 5
      h, while side effects were lessened. It is concluded that extradural sufentanil
      shows considerable promise for clinical use, and that the risk: benefit ratio is
      improved by adding adrenaline 1:200,000.

PMID- 2889457
TI  - [The anxiolytic action of phenoxypropanolamine derivatives in comparison with
      propranolol, diazepam and placebo].
AB  - The hypothesis that the phenoxypropanolamine derivative CGP 361 A possesses
      anxiolytic activity was examined in 80 female healthy volunteers. Each volunteer
      received the treatment under double-blind conditions as part of a 1-way analysis
      of variance design. The medication factor had 4 levels (CGP 361 A, propranolol,
      diazepam and placebo). Stress was induced by asking subjects to deliver a free
      speech in front of a video camera. The anxiety was measured using adjectives
      list, state-trait-anxiety inventory and visual analogue scales. The physiological
      equivalents observed were pulse rate and skin resistance. The results support the
      hypothesis that a single dose of 10 mg CGP 361 A has a higher anxiolytic effect
      than 10 mg propranolol, 5 mg diazepam and placebo, with the peripheral beta
      blocking effects (established by pulse rate) being no stronger than with
      propranolol. No subjective or objective sedation has been determined under the
      different drug conditions.

PMID- 2889459
TI  - Peripheral vascular effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade: comparison of two
      agents.
AB  - 1. The effects of atenolol (100 mg), a beta 1-adrenoceptor blocker, and
      bevantolol (200 mg) were compared on heart rate, blood pressure, lung function
      and on the peripheral circulation in normal volunteers before and after
      isoprenaline infusion. Recordings were obtained 2 and 24 h following a single
      dose and 24 h after continuous dosage for 7 days. 2. The effect of atenolol on
      the blockade of beta-adrenergic stimuli, as measured by the ability to reduce
      isoprenaline-induced tachycardia, was greater than that of bevantolol. Though
      both drugs achieved a similar reduction in systolic pressure there was a
      significantly greater reduction in diastolic pressure with bevantolol. The lung
      function tests gave similar results to those with other beta-adrenoceptor
      blockers. 3. Atenolol produced a fall in peripheral blood flow consistent with
      unopposed peripheral alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. The effect of bevantolol
      differs from that of atenolol, an initial fall in peripheral blood flow being
      followed by a rapid recovery to baseline or greater. This effect may be due to
      partial alpha-adrenoceptor agonist activity.

PMID- 2889460
TI  - The effects and dose-response relationship of xamoterol in patients with
      ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - 1. In a double-blind placebo controlled four-way crossover study the effects and
      dose response relationships of xamoterol were studied in nine patients with
      angina and dyspnoea secondary to chronic left ventricular dysfunction. The
      duration of exercise on a treadmill and heart rate were measured at the end of
      each phase of the study at 2 h and 24 h after dosing. 2. Xamoterol at 200 mg and
      400 mg orally once daily had no effect on the mean resting heart rate but there
      was a small (5.7 beats min-1) but significant reduction in resting heart rate on
      600 mg at 2-2.5 h after dosing. All three doses of xamoterol significantly
      reduced the maximum exercise heart rate at 2-2.5 h after dosing. 3. Xamoterol at
      all three doses significantly increased exercise duration at 2-2.5 h after dosing
      but not at 24 h. 4. Mean plasma xamoterol concentration at both 2-2.5 h and 24 h
      after dosing were dose related. The EC50 for xamoterol is 33.5 ng ml-1, where
      EC50 is the effective plasma concentration required to produce 50% of the maximum
      effect on exercise heart rate.

PMID- 2889461
TI  - The effect of famotidine on renal function in patients with renal insufficiency.
AB  - The effect of famotidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal
      tubular creatinine secretion was evaluated in twelve patients with reduced renal
      function (creatinine clearance 10-60 ml min-1). Creatinine and inulin clearances
      were determined at baseline and for 4 h after a 10 mg intravenous dose of
      famotidine. Famotidine renal clearance exceeded inulin clearance by an average of
      152%, indicating that renal tubular secretion of famotidine occurred. No
      significant changes in the clearances of creatinine or inulin, or the fractional
      clearance of creatinine were observed after famotidine administration. These data
      suggest that famotidine, unlike cimetidine, does not inhibit renal tubular
      secretion of creatinine. Thus, famotidine does not affect creatinine-dependent
      measurements of renal function and is unlikely to alter the renal elimination of
      basic drugs.

PMID- 2889462
TI  - Doppler ultrasound features of stenosis of the aorta in a pregnancy complicated
      by Takayasu's arteritis. Case report.

PMID- 2889463
TI  - Maxillofacial and dental soccer injuries in Finland.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1982 there were 8640 accidents to registered soccer players in
      Finland. Of these, 552 (6.4%) affected the maxillofacial and dental regions.
      Medical records were located relating to 537 of these cases (97%). There were a
      total of 843 injuries, of which 681 (80.8%) affected the teeth or alveolar
      processes, and 95 (11.2%) were fractures of the lower or middle third of the
      facial skeleton. The most common cause of the accidents (in 86.4% of cases) was
      contact with another player. The mean cost of maxillofacial and dental injuries
      was over twice as high as the mean cost relating to all soccer injuries. The need
      for the use of mouthguards by soccer players to protect against such injuries is
      discussed.

PMID- 2889464
TI  - Epsilon subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase: effects on affinity for aurovertin
      and inhibition of product release in unisite ATP hydrolysis.
AB  - The epsilon subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase is a tightly bound but
      dissociable partial inhibitor of ATPase activity. The effects of epsilon on the
      enzyme were investigated by comparing the ATPase activity and aurovertin binding
      properties of the epsilon-depleted F1-ATPase and the epsilon-replete complex.
      Kinetic data of multisite ATP hydrolysis were analyzed to give the best fit for
      one, two, or three kinetic components. Each form of F1-ATPase contained a high
      affinity component, with a Km near 20 microM and a velocity of approximately 1
      unit/mg. Each also exhibited a component with a Km in the range of 0.2 mM. The
      velocity of this component was 25 units/mg for epsilon-depleted ATPase but only 4
      units/mg for epsilon-replete enzyme. The epsilon-depleted enzyme also contained a
      very low affinity component not present in the epsilon-replete enzyme. In unisite
      hydrolysis studies, epsilon had no effect on the equilibrium between substrate
      ATP and product ADP.P1 at the active site but reduced the rate of product release
      15-fold. These results suggest that epsilon subunit slows a conformational change
      that is required to reduce the affinity at the active site, allowing dissociation
      of product. It is suggested that inhibition of multisite hydrolysis by epsilon is
      also due to a reduced rate of product release. epsilon-depleted F1-ATPase showed
      little of no modulation of aurovertin fluorescence by added ADP and ATP.
      Aurovertin fluorescence titrations in buffer containing
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) revealed that epsilon-depleted enzyme had
      high affinity for aurovertin (Kd less than 0.1 microM) regardless of the presence
      of nucleotides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889465
TI  - Acceptor-donor relationships in the transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of
      lens beta-crystallin subunits.
AB  - Following the isolation of the N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine-containing
      polymers from human cataracts, our efforts were directed to induce such cross
      links experimentally in rabbit lens, and evidence was obtained for the selective
      reactivities of certain beta-crystallin subunits in this transglutaminase
      catalyzed event. In the present work, we examined the enzymatic cross-linking of
      purified crystallins individually (alpha, beta H, beta L, and gamma) and in
      combinations, with particular emphasis on forming the approximately 55K dimer.
      This species was the primary product in the cross-linking of beta H-crystallins;
      beta L also reacted with transglutaminase. Neither alpha- nor gamma-crystallins
      formed appreciable amounts of cross-linked structures with transglutaminase.
      Dansylcadaverine, known to compete against the reactive lysines of proteins in
      forming N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-bridges, was shown to inhibit the
      generation of dimeric and higher ordered oligomers from beta H and beta L. The
      fluorescent amine specifically labeled only two subunits in beta H (approximately
      29-30K and approximately 26K) and one in beta L (approximately 26K), identifying
      these substrates as possessing transglutaminase-reactive endo-gamma-glutaminyl
      residues. An antiserum to bovine beta Bp recognized the approximately 23K subunit
      of rabbit beta-crystallins and also the approximately 55K dimer, suggesting that
      the approximately 23K protein participates as a lysine donor in generating the
      cross-linked dimer with transglutaminase. Inasmuch as the same antiserum reacts
      with an approximately 50K material reported to appear in increasing amounts with
      age in human lens, the results lend added support to the physiological
      significance of transglutaminase in the aging of lens.

PMID- 2889466
TI  - Isolation of products and intermediates of pancreatic prosomatostatin processing:
      use of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry as an aid in analysis of
      prohormone processing.
AB  - Major products and an intermediate in the proteolytic processing pathway of
      preprosomatostatin I from anglerfish (Lophius americanus) were purified and
      characterized. Proteolytic mapping by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was
      used to rapidly locate regions of the peptides whose masses deviated from those
      deduced from the cDNA sequence. Amino acid analysis and partial Edman sequencing
      were also used to confirm the structures. The protein structural data indicate a
      Glu for Gly substitution at position 83 of preprosomatostatin I (aPPSS-I,
      numbering from the initiator Met) relative to the cDNA sequence. Two of the
      peptides isolated, aPPSS-I (26-52) (7.5 nmol X g-1) and aPPSS-I (26-92) (49.5
      nmol X g-1), define signal cleavage as occurring between Cys-25 and Ser-26. A
      partial sequence was obtained from fragment ions in the mass spectrum of a
      peptide corresponding to aPPSS-I (94-105) (58 nmol X g-1). The 14-residue
      somatostatin [SS-14 corresponding to aPPSS-I (108-121)] has previously been
      isolated [Noe, B. D., Spiess, J., Rivier, J. E., & Vale, W. (1979) Endocrinology
      (Baltimore) 105, 1410-1415]. Taken together, these peptides suggest a pathway for
      prosomatostatin I processing in which the residues corresponding to SS-14 and the
      immediately preceding 14 residues are cleaved from the prohormone via
      endoproteolysis (order of cleavage not determined). The fragment aPPSS-I (94-105)
      was isolated in lower yield than SS-14 and may represent a secondary site of
      cleavage. Subsequent cleavage at arginine-53 results in the minor peptide aPPSS-I
      (26-52).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889467
TI  - ADP, chloride ion, and metal ion binding to bovine brain glutamine synthetase.
AB  - The binding of divalent cations and nucleotide to bovine brain glutamine
      synthetase and their effects on the activity of the enzyme were investigated. In
      ADP-supported gamma-glutamyl transfer at pH 7.2, kinetic analyses of saturation
      functions gave [S]0.5 values of approximately 1 microM for Mn2+, approximately 2
      mM for Mg2+, 19 nM for ADP.Mn, and 7.2 microM for ADP.Mg. The method of
      continuous variation applied to the Mn2+-supported reaction indicated that all
      subunits of the purified enzyme express activity when 1.0 equiv of ADP is bound
      per subunit. Measurements of equilibrium binding of Mn2+ to the enzyme in the
      absence and presence of ADP were consistent with each subunit binding free Mn2+
      (KA approximately equal to 1.5 X 10(5) M-1) before binding the Mn.ADP complex
      (KA' approximately equal to 1.1 X 10(6) M-1). The binding of the first Mn2+ or
      Mg2+ to each subunit produces structural perturbations in the octameric enzyme,
      as evidenced by UV spectral and tryptophanyl residue fluorescence changes. The
      enzyme, therefore, has one structural site per subunit for Mn2+ or Mg2+ and a
      second site per subunit for the metal ion-nucleotide complex, both of which must
      be filled for activity expression. Chloride binding (KA' approximately equal to
      10(4) M-1) to the enzyme was found to have a specific effect on the protein
      conformation, producing a substantial (30%) quench of tryptophanyl fluorescence
      and increasing the affinity of the enzyme 2-4-fold for Mg2+ or Mn2+. Arsenate,
      which activates the gamma-glutamyl transfer activity by binding to an allosteric
      site, and L-glutamate also cause conformational changes similar to those produced
      by Cl- binding. Anion binding to allosteric sites and divalent metal ion binding
      at active sites both produce tryptophanyl residue exposure and tyrosyl residue
      burial without changing the quaternary enzyme structure.

PMID- 2889468
TI  - Organization and evolution of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
AB  - This report describes the organization of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene
      and compares its structure with the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Both
      genes are single copy and contain 13 exons separated by 12 introns. Remarkably,
      the positions of 10 out of 12 intron/exon boundaries are identical for the two
      genes. These results support the idea that these hydroxylase genes are members of
      a gene family which has a common evolutionary origin. We predict that this
      ancestral gene would have encoded exons similar to those of TH prior to
      evolutionary drift to other members of this gene family.

PMID- 2889469
TI  - Effects of some alcohols on the conformation of mitochondrial H+-ATPase complex
      and F1-ATPase from pig heart.
AB  - The conformations of the H+-ATPase complex and F1-ATPase in low concentrations of
      methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol and t-butanol were studied by
      circular dichroism. For F1-ATPase, all but methanol first increased and then
      decreased the circular dichroism magnitude of helical bands as the alcohol
      concentration was increased. With ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol and t
      butanol, the alpha-helix content reached a maximum at about 5% alcohol and began
      to decrease at 10%. The content of beta-sheet showed the opposite effect,
      reaching a minimum at 5% and increasing slightly at higher concentrations. None
      of the alcohols studied had a significant effect on the conformation of the H+
      ATPase complex. This difference implies that the alcohols had a greater effect on
      free F1-ATPase than on the membrane-bound F1-ATPase. The hydrophobic protein F0
      and the membrane lipids in the H+-ATPase complex may stabilize and protect F1
      from the effects of the alcohols.

PMID- 2889470
TI  - Thermal inactivation of electron-transport functions and F0F1-ATPase activities.
AB  - Bovine heart submitochondrial particles in suspension were heated at a designated
      temperature for 3 min, then cooled for biochemical assays at 30 degrees C. By
      enzyme activity measurements and polarographic assay of oxygen consumption, it is
      shown that the thermal denaturation of the respiratory chain takes place in at
      least four stages and each stage is irreversible. The first stage occurs at 51.0
      +/- 1.0 degrees C, with the inactivation of NADH-linked respiration, ATP-driven
      reverse electron transport, F0F1 catalyzed ATP/Pi exchange, NADH and succinate
      driven ATP synthesis. The second stage occurs at 56.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C, with the
      inactivation of succinate-linked proton pumping and respiration. The third stage
      occurs at 59.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C, with the inactivation of electron transfer from
      cytochrome c to cytochrome oxidase and ATP-dependent proton pumping. The ATP
      hydrolysis activity of F0F1 persists to 61.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C. An additional
      transition, detectable by differential scanning calorimetry, occurring around
      70.0 +/- 2.0 degrees C, is probably associated with thermal denaturation of
      cytochrome c and other stable membrane proteins. In the presence of either
      mitochondrial matrix fluid or 2 mM mercaptoethanol, all five stages give rise to
      endothermic effects, with the absorption of approx. 25 J/g protein. Under aerobic
      conditions, however, the first four transitions become strongly exothermic, and
      release a total of approx. 105 J/g protein. Solubilized and reconstituted F0F1
      vesicles also exhibit different inactivation temperatures for the ATP/Pi
      exchange, proton pumping and ATP hydrolysis activities. The first two activities
      are abolished at 49.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C, but the latter at 58.0 +/- 2.0 degrees
      C. Differential scanning calorimetry also detects biphasic transitions of F0F1,
      with similar temperatures of denaturation (49.0 and 54.0 degrees C). From these
      and other results presented in this communication, the following is concluded.
      (1) A selective inactivation, by the temperature treatment, of various functions
      of the electron-transport chain and of the F0F1 complex can be done. (2) The ATP
      synthesis activity of the F0F1 complex involves either a catalytic or a
      regulation subunit(s) which is not essential for ATP hydrolysis and the proton
      translocation. This subunit is 10 degrees C less stable than the hydrolytic site.
      Micromolar ADP stabilizes it from thermal denaturation by 4-5 degrees C, although
      ADP up to millimolar concentration does not protect the hydrolytic site and the
      proton-translocation site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2889471
TI  - Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: a clock mutant, prd-1, is altered in
      membrane fatty acid composition.
AB  - The fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids of Neurospora crassa mutants
      with altered periods were determined to test the possibility that some of these
      mutants might have altered membrane composition. In liquid shaker culture in
      constant light the bd (band) strain, which has a normal period (21.6 h),
      exhibited a growth-dependent increase in linoleic acid content and a decrease in
      linolenic acid content during early log phase growth. By late log phase, fatty
      acid composition was essentially constant. The phospholipid fatty acid
      compositions of bd strains containing mutations at the frq (frequency) and chr
      (chrono) loci were indistinguishable from that of the bd strain under the
      conditions used. However, a bd strain containing a mutation at the prd-1 (period)
      locus, as well as prd-1 segregants from a cross of this strain to a bd strain,
      had altered patterns of growth-dependent fatty acid composition; linoleic and
      linolenic acid contents changed more slow than in the bd strain and continued to
      change throughout growth. In addition, the fatty acid composition of a bd prd-1
      strain on solid medium differed from that of the bd strain. It is proposed that
      the prd-1 mutation leads to altered membrane homeostasis, which in turn affects
      circadian rhythmicity because some or all components of the rhythm-generating
      system are membrane-localized.

PMID- 2889472
TI  - Inhibition of erythrocyte transglutaminase by GTP.
AB  - The guanine nucleotides GTP, GDP and GMP inhibit the activity of erythrocyte
      transglutaminase (protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13)
      in a decreasing order of effectiveness. The inhibition is more apparent at low
      than at saturating levels of calcium ions and is not due to the chelation of
      Ca2+, but to an interference with the process of activation by the cation. This
      inhibition is likely to contribute to the latency of erythrocyte transglutaminase
      in physiological conditions.

PMID- 2889473
TI  - A simple method for the rapid determination of the stereospecificity of NAD
      dependent dehydrogenases applied to mammalian IMP dehydrogenase and bacterial
      NADH peroxidase.
AB  - The stereospecificity of IMP dehydrogenase (IMP:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC
      1.1.1.205) from two different sources was determined. The enzyme preparations
      were obtained from murine lymphoblasts and from Escherichia coli. Both enzymes
      transferred the 2-3H of IMP to the pro-S position of carbon atom C-4 of the
      nicotinamide ring in NAD. Thus, B-sided stereospecificity is common to the enzyme
      from two very different species. In addition, the studies described here
      demonstrate that alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH peroxidase, used as auxiliary
      enzymes, in combination with a microdistillation procedure, should permit rapid
      determination of the stereospecificity of any NAD-dependent dehydrogenase for
      which the appropriate tritiated substrate is available.

PMID- 2889474
TI  - Inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase by sesquiterpene lactones.
AB  - Inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase had previously been determined to be a
      likely target enzyme for the sesquiterpene lactones, a class of potential anti
      neoplastic drugs. IMP dehydrogenase was purified approx. 770-fold from the P-388
      lymphocytic leukemia tumor cell line. The Km values for the substrates, IMP and
      NAD, were determined to be 12 microM and 25 microM, respectively. Xanthine
      monophosphate (XMP) was shown to be a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 67
      microM. Mycophenolic acid gave mixed-type inhibition with a Ki of 8 nM for the
      noncompetitive component and a Ki of 2 nM for the competitive component.
      Dissociation constants (Kd) and rate constants for inhibition of IMP
      dehydrogenase by nine different sesquiterpene lactones were determined. The
      highest Kd was seen with 2,3-dihydrohelenalin while the lowest Kd was observed
      with bis-helenalinyl malonate. Binding of the drugs by IMP dehydrogenase
      increased as the size of the drug increased. Also, changes in structure at
      position 6 had a relatively large effect on the Kd. There was no correlation with
      hydrophobicity, as determined by octanol/water partition. The first-order rate
      constants for the reaction of the sesquiterpene lactones with IMP dehydrogenase
      (k1) and the second-order rate constants for the reaction of the sesquiterpene
      lactones with glutathione (k2) were also determined. The rate constants for most
      of the sesquiterpene lactones with the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety were
      similar and were approximately twice as great as the rate constants for those
      sesquiterpene lactones with only the alpha, beta-unsaturated cyclopentenone ring.
      Microlenin had approximately 5-times the reactivity of the other sesquiterpene
      lactones towards IMP dehydrogenase, but had approximately the same reactivity
      towards glutathione, suggesting that it was bound to the enzyme in a way which
      facilitated its reaction with one or more essential sulfhydryls. The same
      procedure was used for a series of N-substituted maleimide compounds with the N
      substituent ranging in size from a methyl group to a benzyl group. The binding of
      the maleimide compounds was generally tighter than for the sesquiterpene lactones
      and there was an increase in binding with size.

PMID- 2889475
TI  - [The nature of H+-K+-exchange in anaerobically and aerobically grown S.
      typhimurium].
AB  - H+-K+-exchange via the Trk-like system of K+ accumulation takes place in
      anaerobically grown S. typhimurium LT-2 with stable ratio of DCC-sensitive ionic
      fluxes, equal to 2H+ of a cell for one K+ of the medium. This exchange is now
      observed in the mutant S. typhimurium TH-31 with unfunctional H+-ATPase. H+-K+
      exchange in aerobically grown S. typhimurium LT-2 has unstable ratio of ionic
      fluxes. The rate of K+ uptake in anaerobically grown bacteria is higher than that
      in the aerobically grown ones. Q10 is about 1.8 both for H+ transfer and K+
      uptake in anaerobically grown bacteria, but it is 1.7 and 0.9 respectively in the
      aerobically grown ones. Delta psi is not changed by different temperatures both
      in anaerobically and aerobically grown bacteria. The distribution of K+ in
      anaerobically grown bacteria is higher than 10(3) and the potassium equilibrium
      potential is much higher than the measured delta psi. In aerobically grown
      bacteria the distribution of K+ is in good conformity with the measured delta
      psi. H+ and K+ transport in anaerobically grown cells is likely to proceed by the
      same mechanism, which includes H+-ATPase and the Trk-like system. In aerobically
      grown bacteria these transport systems work separately, and the Trk-like system
      as K+-ionophore serving for K+ uptake across the electrical field on the
      membrane.

PMID- 2889476
TI  - [Activity of glutathione-dependent enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase in
      the liver and myocardium of rats with vitamin A deficiency].
AB  - The alimentary deficiency of vitamin A causes marked shifts in the metabolism of
      GSH: the levels of GSH, GSSG and cysteine in the liver increase, while the
      activities of glutathione-S-transferase (using glycerol as substrate) and gamma
      glutamyltransferase in the liver show a rise. At the same time, vitamin A
      deficiency causes a decrease of the glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity
      in the liver. The data obtained are discussed in terms of the role of GSH and
      enzymes of GSH metabolism in the protection of cells against the damaging
      influence of lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2889477
TI  - [Guanylate cyclase from human blood platelets].
AB  - Human blood platelets were disrupted by ultrasonication, and the guanylate
      cyclase activity was determined in the 105,000 g supernatant. The guanylate
      cyclase preparation obtained in the absence of dithiothreitol (DTT) was
      characterized by a nonlinear dynamics of cGMP synthesis during incubation at 37
      degrees C. The use of 0.2 mM DTT during platelet ultrasonication stabilized the
      guanylate cyclase reaction and did not influence the enzyme activity. With a rise
      in DTT concentration up to 2 mM the guanylate cyclase activity diminished. Sodium
      nitroprusside stimulated the enzyme; this effect was enhanced in the presence of
      DTT. The maximum guanylate cyclase activity was revealed at 4 mM Mn2+ or Mg2+ and
      with 1 mM GTP. In the presence of Mn2+ the enzyme activity was higher than with
      Mg2+. The apparent Km values for GTP in the presence of 4 mM Mn2+ and Mg2+ was 30
      and 200 microM, respectively. At GTP/cation ratio of 1:4 the Km values for Mn2+
      and Mg2+ were nearly the same (249 and 208 microM, respectively). It was assumed
      that besides being involved in the formation of the GTP-substrate complex, Mn2+
      exerts a strong influence on guanylate cyclase by oxidizing the SH-groups of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2889478
TI  - Visuomotor performance of schizophrenic patients and normal controls in a picture
      viewing task.
AB  - The eye movements of 20 partially remitted schizophrenic outpatients (ICD-9)
      under neuroleptic maintenance medication and those of 20 normal controls were
      recorded using corneal reflection pupil-center measurement. The visuomotor
      performance during a 1-min picture viewing task was studied on the basis of
      several eye movement parameters. Clinical evaluation comprised self-ratings
      (Frankfort Complaint Questionnaire) and observer ratings (BPRS, CGI, GAS), as
      well as recording of current daily neuroleptic dosage (mg CPZ). The main results
      are that schizophrenics differ from normals in their correlational pattern of
      fixation- and movement-related parameters, reflecting two opposite viewing styles
      in schizophrenics: staring and extensive scanning. Both styles are differently
      related to clinical symptomatology. There was no strongly marked relationship
      with neuroleptic dosage.

PMID- 2889479
TI  - Smoking and tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2889480
TI  - Sequence analysis of a cDNA clone encoding the C-terminal end of human complement
      factor H.
AB  - Peptide sequencing of the complement system regulatory protein, factor H,
      permitted the synthesis of a mixed sequence oligonucleotide probe. Human liver
      cDNA libraries were screened and factor H-specific clones selected. No full
      length clone was obtained, but the largest available clone, R2a, was found to
      encode the C-terminal 657 amino acids of factor H. The derived amino acid
      sequence consists of 10 contiguous internally homologous segments, each about 60
      amino acids long. Sequences homologous to these are found in several other
      complement and non-complement proteins. Such sequences are likely to represent a
      particular type of tertiary structure subunit.

PMID- 2889482
TI  - [Role of the locus coeruleus in the mechanism of different types of analgesia].
AB  - The activity of antinociceptive mechanisms during exposure to cold swim stress
      (CSS), inescapable foot shock (FS) and morphine administration (10 mg/kg) was
      studied in rats subjected to bilateral lesions of locus coeruleus (LC). It has
      been shown that under all types of stimulation the latent periods (LP) of
      nociceptive reactions of paw licking and tail flick were significantly increased,
      as compared to baseline level, thus suggesting suppression of the pain
      sensitivity. In rats subjected to CSS and morphine administration significantly
      shorter LP were revealed in the experimental group, compared to the control,
      which suggested partial inhibition of antinociceptive mechanisms activity after
      LC lesion. FS did not cause any differences in the experimental and control
      groups. It is concluded that LC lesions cannot completely inhibit the
      antinociceptive mechanisms activated by CSS and morphine injection. In FS
      monoamine mechanisms of LC do not seem to play an important role in the
      functioning of antinociceptive mechanisms.

PMID- 2889481
TI  - [A new principle in the analysis of the analgesic action of morphine].
AB  - Possible application of sensory decision theory of pain for the experimental
      assessment of neuropsychophysiological mechanisms of opiate analgesia has been
      demonstrated. The analgetic effect of morphine was found to be mediated through
      the influence on the measurement and estimation of pain stimulus.

PMID- 2889483
TI  - Molecular characterization of chromosome 7 long arm deletions in myeloid
      disorders.
AB  - Partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 is a common abnormality in the
      bone marrow cells of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). This study was undertaken to characterize the
      chromosome breakpoints in molecular terms and to determine if hemizygosity or
      submicroscopic deletions occur in patients without any cytogenetically detectable
      abnormality of chromosome 7. We studied restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      with 10 chromosome 7-specific DNA probes in separated WBC fractions. No molecular
      abnormalities occurred in lymphocyte-derived DNA. Several probes located in band
      7q22 or distally thereof detected deletion of one allele in granulocyte-derived
      DNA from all four patients with chromosome 7 long arm deletion. In the
      granulocytes of one patient heterozygosity for the T cell receptor beta chain
      gene (in band 7q35) indicated that the deletion was interstitial. NJ-3, a
      proalpha2(I)collagen gene probe (in band 7q21-22) detected heterozygosity in the
      granulocytes of one patient. No hemizygosity or deletions were found in four
      patients with two normal chromosomes 7. These results confirm that mature
      granulocytes but not lymphocytes are derived from the abnormal clone.
      Interstitial deletions exist, and the extent of deleted genomic material varies
      among patients.

PMID- 2889484
TI  - Evidence for the interleukin-2 dependent expansion of leukemic cells in adult T
      cell leukemia.
AB  - Interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor/Tac antigen is abnormally expressed on cells of
      patients with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) caused by infection with human T
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Twenty-five patients with ATL were examined
      to determine whether their leukemic cells continued to show IL-2-dependent
      proliferation. In 21 patients, the in vitro proliferation of HTLV-I-infected
      nonleukemic T cell clones was found to be dependent on IL-2. However, clonality
      analysis based on T cell receptor gene rearrangement profiles and the site of
      HTLV-I provirus integration revealed IL-2-dependent growth in leukemic cells in
      four patients with ATL. These results provide evidence for the IL-2-dependent
      proliferation of leukemic cells in some ATL patients.

PMID- 2889485
TI  - Correlation of chromosome abnormalities with histologic and immunologic
      characteristics in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma.
      Fifth International Workshop on Chromosomes in Leukemia-Lymphoma.
AB  - To correlate cytogenetic findings with histology and immunophenotype, 260 newly
      diagnosed patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 31 with adult T cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) were studied at the Fifth International Workshop on
      Chromosomes in Leukemia-Lymphoma. Clonal chromosome abnormalities were found in
      85% of cases of NHL and in all cases of ATL. The most significant associations of
      histology with cytogenetics involved the 8q24 and 14;18 translocations. Of 23 NHL
      patients with an 8q24 translocation, 20 (87%) had small noncleaved cell (SNC)
      lymphoma. Of 57 NHL patients with a t(14;18)(q32;q21), 37 (65%) had a follicular
      lymphoma, and at least 13 others (23%) had a diffuse lymphoma of follicular
      center cell origin. Five others including two who also had an 8q24 translocation
      had SNC lymphoma; tumors in these patients lacked the monomorphic features seen
      in those with only an 8q24 translocation. The most striking associations of
      immunology with cytogenetics involved rearrangements of 14q11-13, abnormalities
      of 1p, trisomy 3, and trisomy 12. Abnormalities of 14q11-13 were correlated with
      T cell disease. Among 138 NHL and 24 ATL cases that lacked involvement of 8q24,
      t(14;18), or rearrangements of 14q11-13, abnormalities of 1p and trisomy 3 were
      significantly associated with the T cell phenotype (P less than .01) and trisomy
      12 with the B cell phenotype (P less than .01). No karyotype difference was found
      between Japanese ATL and non-Japanese T cell lymphomas except that +3 occurred
      more often in the former (P = .06). Although the 8q24 translocations in 23
      patients were distributed relatively equally among geographic regions (United
      States, ten; Europe, ten; Japan, three), the t(14;18) in 57 patients was much
      less frequently seen in Japan than in the other parts of the world (United
      States, 31; Europe, 21; Australia, four; Japan, one). Thirty-nine chromosome
      bands had breaks in five or more cases; a number of protooncogenes and genes
      related to lymphocyte function located in these bands are likely to be involved
      in the development of lymphoma. Thus, besides confirming the close association of
      particular chromosome abnormalities with histology, we have identified a number
      of new associations that merit molecular analysis.

PMID- 2889486
TI  - Localization of a collagen-interactive domain of human von Willebrand factor
      between amino acid residues Gly 911 and Glu 1,365.
AB  - A collagen-binding domain of von Willebrand factor (vWF) has been identified in
      the central part of the molecule by comparing the binding properties of vWF and
      Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease-generated vWF fragments with collagen. The
      binding of purified human vWF to human type III collagen was found to be
      specific. At saturation, 38 to 50.2 micrograms of vWF bound per milligram of
      collagen. Scatchard plots derived from binding isotherms demonstrated the
      presence of at least two classes of binding sites. Purified vWF was digested with
      S aureus V-8 protease into two complementary fragments (SpIII and SpII). SpII,
      the C-terminal end of vWF (amino acid residues 1,366 to 2,050), was totally
      devoid of affinity for collagen. Contrarily, purified SpIII, the N-terminal part
      of vWF (residues 1 to 1,365), totally displaced vWF binding and specifically
      bound to collagen. At saturation, 25 to 45 micrograms of SpIII bound per
      milligram of collagen. Scatchard plots demonstrated the presence of a single
      class of binding sites. SpIII was further digested with the same enzyme to
      generate SpI, a 52-kilodalton fragment from the C-terminal part of SpIII
      (residues 911 to 1,365). Spl induced a dose-dependent inhibition of both vWF and
      SpIII binding to collagen. A series of six monoclonal antibodies against SpIII
      that completely abolished vWF and SpIII interaction with collagen also bound to
      SpI. In conclusion, SpI extending between amino acid residues 911 and 1,365 of
      vWF contains a specific site that interacts with human type III collagen.

PMID- 2889487
TI  - A model for experimental asthma: provocation in guinea-pigs immunized with
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Guinea-pigs were sensitized with killed Bordetella pertussis (3.85 X 10(11) cells
      . kg-1). The presence of the immediate type of immune response was verified by
      passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). In anaesthetized spontaneously-breathing
      guinea-pigs respiration rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, dynamic lung
      resistance and dynamic lung elastance were estimated on the basis of airflow
      velocity and pressure in the oesophagus. After provocation by a single
      intravenous injection of the killed cells, respiratory frequency, elastance and
      resistance increased but tidal volume decreased. The preventive effects of
      aminophylline and clemastine (50 microns . kg-1, i.v.) were observed. B.
      pertussis not only alters adrenergic function but provocation in B. pertussis
      sensitized guinea-pigs seems to be a good model for bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2889488
TI  - The beta-adrenoceptors of lymphocytes in asthmatic patients treated with beta
      agonists.
AB  - Numbers of beta-adrenoceptors in intact human lymphocytes of asthmatics treated
      continuously with the usual doses of beta-agonists have been estimated.
      Lymphocytes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation as described by
      BOYUM [4]. The binding experiment was performed with (-)3H-dihydroalprenolol
      which is a high affinity beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. There was no difference
      between the mean values of the binding sites of asthmatic patients and those of
      the normal volunteers. In asthmatic patients, a significant correlation was found
      between the density of receptors and the percentage increase of FEV1 after
      salbutamol inhalation. Symptoms of drug tolerance were not observed in patients
      treated with therapeutic doses of beta-agonists.

PMID- 2889489
TI  - Mechanical and electrical responses to alpha-adrenoceptor activation in the
      circular muscle of guinea-pig stomach.
AB  - 1 In the circular muscle of the corpus region of the guinea-pig stomach, the
      effects of catecholamines on mechanical activity were studied with simultaneous
      recording of membrane potential by use of intracellular microelectrodes. In order
      to investigate responses mediated through alpha-adrenoceptors, the beta
      adrenoceptors were blocked by propranolol (10(-6) M) in most experiments. 2
      Adrenaline (less than 10(-6) M) produced a monophasic contraction with little
      change in membrane potential. At higher concentrations (greater than 10(-5) M),
      adrenaline usually produced an early transient contraction followed by a slow
      tonic contraction. During the early phase, the membrane was hyperpolarized and
      slow waves were reduced in amplitude. 3 The phasic contractions superimposed on
      the late slow phase of the contractile response were higher in frequency and
      larger in amplitude than in controls before adrenaline application. These changes
      were associated with an increase in the amplitude and frequency of slow waves,
      and with a spike-like component appearing on the top of each slow wave. 4
      Adrenaline-induced changes in mechanical and electrical activity were inhibited
      by prazosin, but largely unaffected by yohimbine. In some preparations, there was
      a transient weak inhibition of phasic contraction before muscle tone was
      increased by adrenaline, and this became more pronounced in the presence of
      yohimbine. 5 Phenylephrine, selective for alpha 1-receptors, produced responses
      very similar to those of adrenaline, whereas agonists selective for alpha 2
      receptors, clonidine and B-HT 920, produced only a small slow contraction without
      any clear change in membrane potential. 6 It is concluded that in the circular
      muscle of guinea-pig stomach, the contractile response and changes in the
      electrical slow wave activity produced by adrenaline are both mediated mainly
      through the activation of alpha-receptors.

PMID- 2889490
TI  - The expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-mediated component during
      epileptiform synaptic activity in hippocampus.
AB  - 1 The possible involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptors in
      epileptiform synaptic activity in the kainic acid (KA) lesioned hippocampus was
      investigated. In this chronic model of epilepsy there is a loss of both the early
      and the late components of synaptic inhibition as well as changes in the membrane
      properties of the surviving CA1 pyramidal cells. 2 The action of the specific
      NMDA-receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV) was tested on
      evoked bursts of action potentials recorded intracellularly from cells of
      lesioned hippocampi. The effects of D-APV on control synaptic responses from the
      contralateral, unlesioned hippocampi were also recorded. 3 In the presence of
      Mg2+ (1 mM), D-APV (20 microM) had a profound effect on the evoked epileptiform
      activity. Both the number of action potentials in the burst, as well as the area
      under the excitatory postsynaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) was considerably reduced.
      Furthermore this D-APV-sensitive component of the epileptiform burst had a very
      early onset, coincident with the first action potential in the burst. 4 D-APV (20
      microM) was ineffective in blocking the e.p.s.p. evoked by Schaffer collateral
      afferents onto CA1 cells in slices of hippocampus contralateral to the KA lesion.
      5 D-APV had no effect on the passive membrane properties of either population of
      cells. Hyperpolarizing potentials such as the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
      (i.p.s.ps) or the afterhyperpolarization following a current-induced burst of
      action potentials were also unaffected. 6 It appears that an NMDA-receptor
      component is expressed during synaptically evoked epileptiform activity in this
      chronic model of epilepsy.

PMID- 2889491
TI  - Postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediate venoconstriction in the hindquarters
      circulation of anaesthetized cats.
AB  - 1 A study was made of the subtypes of postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors which
      mediate arterial and venous constriction in the hindquarters circulation of
      anaesthetized cats, as measured by changes in perfusion pressure and vena cava
      blood flow, respectively. 2 It was found that, while noradrenaline caused
      constriction in both the arterial and venous compartments, methoxamine caused
      only arterial constriction. Clonidine and B-HT 920 also caused arterial and
      venous constriction although autodesensitization to both drugs occurred. 3 The
      ability of either prazosin or yohimbine to antagonize the constrictor effects of
      noradrenaline was also examined. It was found that the combination of both
      antagonist drugs abolished both the arterial and venous constrictor effects of
      noradrenaline. However, there was a greater prazosin-resistant response to
      noradrenaline in the venous compartment as compared with the arterial effects of
      noradrenaline. Yohimbine caused approximately equal reductions in the effect of
      noradrenaline in both arteries and veins, which was greater than that observed
      with prazosin. 4 These results suggest that, in the cat hindquarters, both alpha
      1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are present in the arterial circulation, whereas
      there are mainly alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the venous circulation.

PMID- 2889493
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade prevents cardiac glycoside-evoked neurotransmitter
      release from sympathetic nerves in dog saphenous vein.
AB  - 1 The effect of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists upon neurotransmitter release
      evoked by cardiac glycosides from sympathetic nerve terminals has been
      investigated in dog saphenous vein. 2 In rings of saphenous vein preloaded with
      [3H]-noradrenaline, acetylstrophanthidin (ACS) caused a concentration-dependent
      efflux of 3H (EC50 ca. 4.4 microM) that was attenuated by phentolamine and
      yohimbine but not by prazosin. 3 In helical strips of saphenous vein superfused
      with ACS at EC50 the efflux of 3H-compounds in general, and of [3H]-noradrenaline
      in particular, occurred after a short delay and increased with time to a maximum
      reached at 75 min. Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, but not prazosin reduced
      the efflux of [3H]-noradrenaline and of total 3H-compounds throughout the time
      course of the ACS-evoked effect. 4 In helical strips of saphenous vein the
      glycoside ouabain also caused an increase in [3H]-noradrenaline and in total 3H
      efflux that was attenuated by phentolamine. 5 By contrast with the above, in
      bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, which appear to have no functional
      alpha-adrenoceptors, ACS caused a small, but significant increase in 3H-efflux
      which was not prevented by phentolamine. 6 Phentolamine, at concentrations that
      attenuate markedly the ouabain- or ACS-evoked increase in 3H-efflux from dog
      saphenous vein, did not cause significant inhibition of cocaine-sensitive [3H]
      noradrenaline uptake nor did it reduce the extent of the 3H-efflux evoked either
      by tyramine or by reduced extracellular Na+. These findings imply that
      phentolamine does not affect ACS-evoked neurotransmitter release by an action on
      the catecholamine uptake mechanism. 7. It is concluded that the cardiac glycoside
      evoked increase in neurotransmitter release from noradrenergic nerve terminals
      ofdog saphenous vein is modulated by a mechanism that involves an alpha2-
      adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2889492
TI  - Antisecretory and antiulcer effect of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine in
      the rat: comparison with ranitidine.
AB  - 1 The effects of the new H2-receptor antagonist famotidine, administered orally,
      on gastric secretion and emptying as well as on experimentally-induced gastric
      and duodenal ulcers were studied in the rat. Ranitidine was used as a reference
      compound. 2 Both compounds inhibited acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner.
      Calculated ED50 values were 0.80 and 6.84 mg kg-1 for famotidine and ranitidine,
      respectively. However, the duration of the antisecretory action was the same for
      both drugs. 3 The effect of the two drugs, administered at equiactive
      antisecretory doses, on gastric emptying was different. Ranitidine significantly
      accelerated the emptying rate whereas famotidine had no effect. 4 Famotidine
      reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, ulcer incidence in stomachs of dimaprit
      treated rats and in duodena of cysteamine-treated animals with a potency
      respectively 2 and 7 times higher than that of ranitidine. 5 Famotidine is
      therefore an effective antisecretory and untiulcer compound. Its potency, but not
      its efficacy, is higher than that of ranitidine. Moreover, the duration of the
      antisecretory action is virtually the same for both drugs.

PMID- 2889495
TI  - The Scottish First Episode Schizophrenia Study. II. Treatment: pimozide versus
      flupenthixol. The Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group.
AB  - In a randomised double-blind study, 46 first episode schizophrenics were given
      pimozide or flupenthixol for up to 5 weeks; the mean daily dose at the end was
      18.8 mg pimozide and 20 mg flupenthixol. There were no significant between-drug
      differences in the effect on mental state or behaviour; positive schizophrenic
      symptoms responded to treatment, negative symptoms did not. Most patients
      required anti-Parkinsonian medication. Poor response was associated with
      'organicity'. A switch to maintenance therapy after 5 weeks, the outcome of
      successful treatment and patient cooperation, was achieved in only 54%. There was
      no relationship between plasma prolactin levels and severity of schizophrenic
      symptoms in unmedicated patients. Pimozide produced greater elevation of plasma
      prolactin. Plasma neuroleptic levels showed drug compliance was satisfactory
      throughout in only 54%.

PMID- 2889496
TI  - A case of resistant schizophrenia.

PMID- 2889494
TI  - The protective effects of sulphasalazine against ethanol-induced gastric damage
      in rats.
AB  - 1 The inhibitory action of sulphasalazine on ethanol-induced gastric damage was
      studied in rats. 2 Sulphasalazine (62.5 or 125 mg kg-1, s.c.) did not affect
      basal gastric acid secretion but increased pepsin output. 3 Ethanol (40% v/v, 10
      ml kg-1, p.o.) produced severe gastric glandular mucosal damage and lessened the
      stomach emptying rate of resin pellets, but it increased the levels of
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-like activity in the glandular mucosa. 4 Sulphasalazine
      markedly prevented ethanol-induced damage and significantly elevated gastric wall
      mucus levels both in basal conditions and in the presence of ethanol. 5
      Sulphasalazine caused a small insignificant increase in mucosal PGE2 levels in
      both control and ethanol-treated rats. The drug significantly increased mucosal
      PGE2 levels in indomethacin-treated animals, but did not prevent indomethacin
      induced mucosal damage. 6 Sulphapyridine but not 5-aminosalicylic acid,
      constituents of sulphasalazine, showed a similar antilesion action to the parent
      drug, and prevented gastric wall mucus depletion in ethanol-treated animals. 7
      This study elucidates the protective effects of sulphasalazine against ethanol
      induced gastric lesions. The antagonistic action appears to be mediated, at least
      partly, through the preservation of gastric wall mucus by sulphapyridine.

PMID- 2889497
TI  - A case of resistant schizophrenia.

PMID- 2889498
TI  - Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and mean cell volume in alcoholics.

PMID- 2889499
TI  - HLA-B27 related arthritis, sulphasalazine and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2889500
TI  - Comparison of faecal florae in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and controls.
AB  - The faecal flora of 25 out-patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was
      compared with that of 25 age- and sex-matched controls. A comprehensive survey
      revealed a significantly higher carriage rate of Clostridium perfringens in the
      RA population (88%) than controls (48%) (p less than 0.01). Coliform counts also
      tended to be higher, but there were no other significant differences between
      patients and controls. When the study was enlarged to include a further 113 RA
      patients with variable disease activity and a further 38 controls, clostridia
      were again more frequently carried by those with RA (70%) than controls (45%) (p
      less than 0.01) and clostridial counts were significantly higher in the patient
      group (p = 0.006). Moreover, counts in patients with active or moderately active
      disease were significantly higher than in those with inactive disease (p less
      than 0.001). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Cl. perfringens
      plays a role in triggering or is otherwise associated with disease activity in
      RA. The findings may be alternatively an effect of the disease or its treatment
      with, for example, anti-inflammatory drugs.

PMID- 2889501
TI  - Effects of sulphasalazine on faecal flora in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:
      a comparison with penicillamine.
AB  - Twenty-six out-patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were randomly
      allocated to treatment with sulphasalazine (SASP) or D-penicillamine (DPA).
      Faecal samples were collected from all patients at 4-weekly intervals and
      examined for changes in faecal flora during treatment. Both treatment groups
      showed substantial clinical improvement. In the SASP-treated group this was
      accompanied by significant falls in counts of Cl. perfringens and E. coli. No
      such changes were seen in the DPA-treated group. These results suggest that
      SASP's efficacy in RA may be related to its antibacterial properties.

PMID- 2889502
TI  - The ascending testis--anatomical obstruction to descent at orchiopexy.

PMID- 2889503
TI  - Effect of the pre-operative response to H2 receptor antagonists on the outcome of
      highly selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.
AB  - From 1979 to 1984, 141 consecutive patients (110 men, 31 women) underwent highly
      selective vagotomy (HSV) for duodenal ulcer (DU). All patients had received pre
      operative treatment with full dose H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA). Indications
      for surgery were: persistent relapse on withdrawal of H2RA, 107 (75.9 per cent);
      no response to H2RA, 30 (21.3 per cent); intolerance of H2RA, 1 (0.7 per cent);
      acute DU bleed, 2 (1.4 per cent); duodenal stenosis, 1 (0.7 per cent). Follow-up
      with a median of 47 months (24-85 months) revealed six patients (4.4 per cent)
      with endoscopically proven recurrence, three of whom were on non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Only one patient with recurrent DU was a non
      responder to H2RA pre-operatively. Twenty-five patients remained symptomatic
      after HSV without ulcer recurrence, of which a highly significant proportion (41
      per cent) were non-responders (P less than 0.001). The pre-operative response to
      H2RA does not indicate the likelihood of ulcer recurrence after HSV. However, non
      responders are more likely to continue with dyspeptic symptoms despite the
      successful healing of their ulcers. The DU recurrence rate in patients taking
      long-term NSAIDs is disappointingly high (33 per cent), putting the use of HSV in
      these patients into question.

PMID- 2889504
TI  - Psoriasis as a side effect of beta blockers.

PMID- 2889505
TI  - Regular review: somatostatin.

PMID- 2889506
TI  - Acute stress erosions: can they be prevented?

PMID- 2889507
TI  - Impact of molecular biology on clinical genetics.

PMID- 2889508
TI  - Cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central
      amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned
      emotional responses.
AB  - Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the central
      amygdaloid nucleus were examined in awake and anesthetized rats. Stimulation
      through chronically implanted electrodes evoked increases in arterial pressure
      and heart rate in awake, freely behaving rats. The responses, which were
      dependent upon the frequency and the intensity of the stimulus, were not
      consistently related to the presence of evoked amygdaloid afterdischarges or to
      evoked behavioral reactions. Following induction of anesthesia, stimuli delivered
      to the same rats through the same fixed electrodes produced decreases in blood
      pressure and heart rate. Microinjection of L-glutamate into the amygdala of
      freely behaving rats also elicited increases in arterial pressure and heart rate,
      indicating that the cardiovascular changes evoked by electrical stimuli are due
      to excitation of local neurons rather than fibers of passage. The timing and
      pattern of the response elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala in the
      awake but not the anesthetized rat closely corresponds with that evoked by an
      acoustic conditioned emotional stimulus.

PMID- 2889509
TI  - Molecular action mechanism of spider toxin on glutamate receptor: role of 2,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in toxin molecule.
AB  - Joro spider toxin (JSTX) isolated from Nephila clavata was shown to inhibit L
      glutamate binding to rat brain synaptic membranes in a dose-dependent manner. 2,4
      Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (2,4-DHPA), a common moiety of spider toxins, also
      inhibited specifically L-glutamate binding at a concentration similar to that of
      the toxin. The binding activity inhibited by 2,4-DHPA or JSTX was recoverable on
      addition of ferric compound. These results suggest that 2,4-DHPA is a functional
      moiety in the toxin molecule and the biological action of spider toxin is
      explained by direct interaction with an Fe-S center which is known to play an
      important role for the glutamate binding.

PMID- 2889510
TI  - Modulation of the excitability of septohippocampal terminals in the rat: relation
      to neuronal discharge rate.
AB  - The excitability of the axonal terminals of medial septal neurons projecting to
      the dentate gyrus has been studied in the anesthetized rat under various
      experimental conditions: spontaneous or drug-induced variations in neuronal soma
      discharge rate, conditioning stimulation of afferent pathways (perforant path,
      commissural pathway, fimbria-fornix). It has been observed that terminals
      excitability is inversely correlated to the level of neuronal ongoing activity.
      These effects were observed on virtually all septal neurons projecting to the
      dentate gyrus. Since about one half of the septohippocampal neurons are likely to
      be cholinergic, it follows that such a phenomenon is not transmitter specific.

PMID- 2889511
TI  - Histamine sensitive sites in hippocampus: their probable role on prolactin
      release in male rats.
AB  - The effect of histamine (HA), 3-methyl-histamine (3MHA), HA antagonists or drugs
      interfering with HA synthesis, microinjected into the hippocampus (HPC), on
      prolactin (PRL) secretion were studied in rats. Three experiments were performed.
      In Experiment 1, increasing doses of HA or 3-MHA (9-90 nmol) were microinjected
      stereotaxically into the ventral HPC of adult male rats. In Experiment 2, 135
      nmol of pyrilamine (PYR, an H1-HA-antagonist) or ranitidine (RAN, an H2-HA
      antagonist) were administered locally into the ventral HPC. Fifteen min later,
      the rats were microinjected again with 45 nmol of HA. In Experiment 3, rats were
      microinjected with different doses of HA-antagonists or with 20 nmol of alpha
      fluormethyl-histidine (FMH, an inhibitor of the enzyme of HA synthesis) and later
      subjected to an immobilization stress of 15 min duration. In all cases, the PRL
      plasma concentrations were measured in blood samples taken at different time
      intervals (0-120 min) after the last brain injection. Results showed that HA
      applied locally in ventral HPC induced an increase in PRL levels which was
      statistically significant from saline-injected rats between 5-30 min after the
      HPC stimulation. On the contrary, local applications of 3-MHA did not change
      significantly the PRL blood levels (Experiment 1). Only PYR did block partially
      the PRL response due to HA in basal conditions. RAN in these later conditions had
      no effect (Experiment 2). When animals were subjected to stress neither PYR nor
      RAN, alone or in combination, locally applied were able to block the PRL increase
      due to stress. Only FMH blunted significantly the hormone response.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889512
TI  - Rostral hypothalamus: a new neuroanatomical site of neurochemically-induced
      emesis in the cat.
AB  - The localized effect of noradrenergic agonists administered directly in the
      anterior hypothalamic preoptic area (AH/POA) in inducing emesis in the cat was
      investigated. Of the noradrenergic agonists tested, which included
      norepinephrine, clonidine, phenylephrine and methoxamine, only clonidine in doses
      of 5.0-50.0 micrograms was found to evoke emesis consistently when micro-injected
      in a volume of 1.0 microliter into AH/POA of the unrestrained cat. The emetic
      response to clonidine was short-lasting, generally dose-dependent in terms of
      latency and frequency, and occurred in bouts of one to three episodes. The
      sequence of the vomiting response, beginning with licking and retching,
      functionally resembled a normal pattern of an emetic response. The clonidine
      induced emesis was not antagonized by the following antagonists micro-injected in
      AH/POA just prior to clonidine: alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, yohimbine, RX
      781094 and phentolamine; the antimuscarinic drug, atropine; the serotonin
      antagonist, methysergide; the opioid antagonist, naloxone; and the dopamine
      antagonist, chlorpromazine. Therefore, it would appear that clonidine-induced
      emesis is not mediated by alpha noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic,
      muscarinic and opiate receptor systems within the AH/POA of the cat. Finally, the
      obtained results show that apart from the area postrema and a circumscribed zone
      of the brain-stem reticular formation, the hypothalamus is now implicated as a
      neuroanatomical site in the central nervous system mechanism underlying
      neurochemically-induced emesis.

PMID- 2889513
TI  - [Results of virology research in organic and functional psychoses].

PMID- 2889514
TI  - 'The fire coral' (Millepora dichotoma) as a cause of burns: a case report.
AB  - A case of a full skin thickness burn after contact with a Hydrozoa, Millepora
      dichotoma, is described. The poison secreted by specialized cells on the spines
      of this marine animal is a strong local irritant. Deep burns due to this agent do
      not appear to have been described before.

PMID- 2889515
TI  - An overview of the human interleukin-2 receptor: molecular, biochemical, and
      functional properties.

PMID- 2889516
TI  - Comparative effects of rauwolscine, prazosin, and phentolamine on blood pressure
      and cardiac output in anesthetized rats.
AB  - The endogenous role of the alpha-adrenergic system in the maintenance of mean
      arterial pressure (MAP), total peripheral resistance (TPR), cardiac output (CO)
      and its distribution, and plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine release was
      investigated by the administration of selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists to
      halothane-anesthetized rats. The blockade of alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and both alpha 1
      and alpha 2-receptors was accomplished by i.v. infusions of prazosin,
      rauwolscine, and phentolamine, respectively. The microsphere technique was used
      for the determination of CO and its distribution. Since the infusions of the
      three antagonists caused similar decreases of MAP and heart rate, the results
      suggest that postjunctional alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors are both important in
      the control of MAP. During the infusion of prazosin, TPR was decreased but CO was
      not changed. In contrast, CO was decreased but TPR was not changed during the
      infusions of rauwolscine and phentolamine. Thus, CO was reduced after the
      blockade of alpha 2- but not alpha 1-receptors. All three antagonists caused an
      increase in percent distribution of CO to the lungs and muscle, suggesting that
      the sympathetic nervous system plays the greatest vasoconstrictor influence in
      the lungs and muscle via stimulations of both subtypes of alpha-adrenoceptors.
      The administration of either prazosin or rauwolscine caused little change in
      plasma catecholamine levels. In contrast, phentolamine caused large increases in
      both epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. Therefore catecholamine release was
      only increased after concurrent blockade of both alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2889518
TI  - A randomized controlled trial of amantadine in fatigue associated with multiple
      sclerosis. The Canadian MS Research Group.
AB  - One hundred and fifteen patients with definite multiple sclerosis (M.S.) and
      chronic persistent fatigue were studied. This ten-week cross-over study consisted
      of a 2-week baseline period and two 3-week treatment periods separated by a 2
      week washout. Patients received either amantadine 100 mg bid or matching placebo
      capsules. Fatigue, the effect of fatigue on an individually pre-selected activity
      and its effect on activities of daily living, were evaluated. Amantadine produced
      a small but statistically significant decrease in fatigue. An important placebo
      effect was noted. Mean fatigue during the washout period was lower than during
      the placebo run-in period, independently of which treatment had been given first.
      Side effects were numerous both on amantadine and on placebo. Only insomnia was
      significantly more common with amantadine.

PMID- 2889517
TI  - Stereospecific binding of a new benzazepine, [3H]SCH23390, in cortex and
      neostriatum.
AB  - The binding of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 to membrane preparations from rat
      cerebral cortex was examined using enantiomers of dopamine agonists and
      antagonists to compete with the bound [3H]SCH23390 at its Kd value. The
      competition curves were compared with those obtained with preparations from the
      neostriatum. The results demonstrate that specific [3H]SCH23390 binding in the
      cerebral cortex has the same pharmacological profile as in the neostriatum, so
      that this radioligand can be used to label dopamine D1 receptors in brain regions
      with a sparse dopaminergic innervation.

PMID- 2889519
TI  - "Seabather's eruption".

PMID- 2889520
TI  - Local and systemic reactions from jellyfish stings.

PMID- 2889521
TI  - Coelenterate (cnidarian) stings and wounds.

PMID- 2889522
TI  - Immunotherapy using the streptococcal preparation OK-432 for the treatment of
      uterine cervical cancer. Cervical Cancer Immunotherapy Study Group.
AB  - The effectiveness of immunotherapy using a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, was
      evaluated for cervical cancer. The 382 eligible patients were stratified by
      presence/absence of surgical operation and clinical stage, and then, in each
      stratum, were randomly divided into two groups: an OK-432 treatment group and a
      control treatment group. The 3-year recurrence-free rates of 221 patients in the
      OK-432 group and 161 patients in the control group were 71.9% and 58.6%,
      respectively. The intergroup difference was statistically significant (P less
      than 0.05). Delayed skin reactions to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Su
      polysaccharide extracted from Streptococcus pyogenes Su-strain (Su-PS) and
      peripheral lymphocyte counts were reduced within two months after the initiation
      of therapy in both groups. The observed immunological changes were apparently
      reversed by 3 months after the start of the therapy in the OK-432 group, but this
      took at least one year in the control group, with significant intergroup
      differences at 6 and 12 months of the therapy (P less than 0.01). These results
      indicate that OK-432 can be considered as one of the most effective and useful
      immunotherapeutic agents for cervical cancer.

PMID- 2889523
TI  - Analysis of 13q RFLP in multiple endocrine neoplasia type II kindreds.

PMID- 2889524
TI  - Genetics of cancer predisposition.

PMID- 2889525
TI  - Inability of mitogen-induced liver hyperplasia to support the induction of enzyme
      altered islands induced by liver carcinogens.
AB  - Experiments were designed to determine whether liver cell proliferation induced
      by direct mitogens is as effective as compensatory cell proliferation consequent
      to previous cell loss, in supporting the growth of enzyme-altered islands in the
      liver induced by chemical carcinogens. Male Wistar rats were given injections of
      a single nonnecrogenic dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or benzo(a)pyrene during
      the S phase following the administration of four different liver mitogens,
      namely, lead nitrate, ethylene dibromide, nafenopin, and cyproterone acetate, or
      during compensatory cell proliferation following partial hepatectomy or a
      necrogenic dose of CCl4. The carcinogen-altered hepatocytes were monitored as
      gamma-glutamyltransferase- or placental glutathione S-transferase-positive foci
      using a 2-wk promoting regimen consisting of 0.03% 2-acetylaminofluorene coupled
      with a necrogenic dose of CCl4. The results indicate that, unlike compensatory
      cell proliferation induced by partial hepatectomy or CCl4, the mitogen-induced
      cell proliferation did not result in a significant number of enzyme-altered
      islands, despite the fact that the extent of cell proliferation at the time of
      carcinogen administration, as monitored by the examination of labeled cells, is
      similar with both types of proliferative stimuli.

PMID- 2889526
TI  - Pleiotropic drug resistance in hepatocytes induced by carcinogens administered to
      rats.
AB  - The effect of hepatocarcinogen administration in vivo on the induction of
      pleiotropic drug resistance was studied in primary monolayer cultures of adult
      rat hepatocytes using a cytotoxicity assay in vitro. Dietary 2
      acetylaminofluorene, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, aflatoxin B1,
      ethionine, and diethylnitrosamine rapidly induced resistance to doses of
      Adriamycin, methotrexate, cycloheximide, and aflatoxin B1 which were cytocidal to
      normal hepatocytes from untreated rats. Up to 95% of some hepatocyte preparations
      became drug resistant before any new hepatocyte phenotypes could proliferate.
      Drug resistance was measured at 24 h after initiation of 2-acetylaminofluorene
      feeding and remained stable throughout the 16 wk of carcinogen exposure. When
      limited carcinogen exposure was followed by a return to a basal non-carcinogen
      containing diet for many months, the hepatocytes in the resultant hepatocellular
      carcinomas also displayed pleiotropic drug resistance, and the cells of the
      peritumorous liver did so to a lesser extent. Drug resistance was not induced by
      chronic administration of the tumor promoters phenobarbital, choline-deficient
      diet, phorbol, nor with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, but was induced to a
      variable extent by three hepatotoxins (ethanol, methotrexate, carbon
      tetrachloride). Whereas the early appearing drug resistance appears to be an
      adaptation of the liver to the presence of a toxic carcinogen, the late
      resistance which does not disappear after withdrawal of the inducing carcinogen
      may be a constitutive characteristic of chemically induced hepatocellular
      carcinomas.

PMID- 2889527
TI  - Distribution and biochemical characterization of somatostatin receptors in tumors
      of the human central nervous system.
AB  - Fifty-two brain tumors, consisting of 17 astrocytomas, 4 oligodendrogliomas, 20
      glioblastomas, 3 neurinomas, 2 ependymomas, 1 neurofibroma, 1
      ganglioneuroblastoma, 1 medulloblastoma, 1 plexus papilloma, 1 teratoma, and 1
      germinoma, were tested for their content of specific somatostatin receptors using
      autoradiographic techniques or in vitro binding assays with membrane homogenates.
      Somatostatin receptors were found in most of the differentiated glia-derived
      tumors such as astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas whereas the poorly
      differentiated glioblastomas were usually free of receptors. Tumors originating
      from neuroblasts, i.e., ganglioneuroblastoma and medulloblastoma, contained a
      high density of somatostatin receptors, whereas neurinomas and neurofibromas as
      well as the ependymomas, one teratoma, and one plexus papilloma were lacking such
      receptors. In one germinoma, low amounts of somatostatin receptors were observed
      over the lymphocytic elements. Receptor-positive tumors had saturable and high
      affinity receptors with pharmacological specificity for somatostatin and
      somatostatin analogues resembling that of normal human central nervous system
      tissue. In most instances, they could be labeled with two different iodinated
      radioligands, a somatostatin octapeptide derivative (204-090) or a somatostatin
      28 analogue. This is the first time that somatostatin receptors have been shown
      to exist not only on neuronal structures of the central nervous system but also
      on glial elements. The precise function of such somatostatin receptors on glial
      cells, which may be different from neurotransmission, remains to be determined.

PMID- 2889528
TI  - Effect of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, on gastric secretion in
      healthy subjects.
AB  - The effects of 20 mg of famotidine or placebo on secretion of gastric juice and
      gastric acid were studied in ten healthy subjects in a randomized, crossover
      study. Gastric juice was aspirated and collected at hourly intervals for 24 hours
      after oral administration, and acid output was calculated based on gastric juice
      output and acid concentration. Secretion of gastric juice and acid output were
      lower after famotidine was administered than after placebo; over the 12-hour post
      administration period, the hourly acid concentrations were significantly lower
      after famotidine than after placebo. During the 12 hours after famotidine or
      placebo, gastric juice output was 180.7 +/- 32.1 ml (mean +/- SE) in the placebo
      group and 64.7 +/- 9.1 ml in the famotidine group (P less than 0.01); acid
      concentrations were 49.3 +/- 3.8 mmol/L in the placebo group and 9.6 +/- 3.1
      mmol/L in the famotidine group (P less than 0.01); acid output was 8.89 +/- 1.59
      mmol in the placebo group and 0.55 +/- 0.17 mmol in the famotidine group (P less
      than 0.01). These results support the effectiveness of a 12 hour or possibly a 24
      hour dosing interval for famotidine.

PMID- 2889529
TI  - Effect of a new H2-blocker, famotidine, in reflux esophagitis among severely
      handicapped children.
AB  - Vomiting, hematemesis, and esophagitis resulting from gastroesophageal reflux or
      hiatal hernia are frequently observed in severely handicapped children. This
      study was conducted to determine whether the use of a new H2-antagonist,
      famotidine, could prevent recurrence of reflux esophagitis among such children.
      Seventeen severely handicapped, bedridden children admitted to a children's
      medical center between April 1985 and September 1986 were studied. All had
      vomiting or hematemesis as a main symptom, and the cause of esophagitis was
      suggested to be gastroesophageal reflux in 13 cases and hiatal hernia in four.
      Six had been previously treated with cimetidine or other drugs or a combination
      thereof without relief. Famotidine was administered at about 1 to 2 mg/kg/day,
      two times daily to patients weighing more than 10 kg and three times daily to
      those weighing less than 10 kg. In 13 cases, famotidine was administered
      intravenously for between seven and ten days and then given orally, while the
      rest were given the drug orally from the outset. The following results were
      obtained: (1) improvement was seen within seven days after start of famotidine
      treatment, and reduction of vomiting or hematemesis or both was reached within
      two weeks in 70% of cases and within three weeks in 94%; (2) famotidine was
      markedly effective in 29% and moderately effective in 41%; in no case was the
      drug ineffective; (3) no side effects were observed; five patients had transient,
      mild elevation of SGOT . SGPT, but this was not attributable to the drug.

PMID- 2889530
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity of amniotic fluid in the 2d trimester of
      pregnancy].

PMID- 2889531
TI  - Genomic footprinting reveals cell type-specific DNA binding of ubiquitous
      factors.
AB  - Using in vivo dimethylsulfate footprinting, we have analyzed protein-DNA
      interactions within two regions upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT)
      gene that are characterized by an altered chromatin structure in TAT-expressing
      as compared to nonexpressing cells. All the identified protein contacts to DNA
      are found exclusively in the TAT-expressing hepatoma cells. In vitro analyses of
      specific DNA-binding factors in crude nuclear extracts yield DNAase I footprints
      that correlate well with the binding sites in vivo. Surprisingly, all DNA-binding
      activities are present in nuclei of TAT-expressing and nonexpressing cells,
      indicating that the mere presence of factors is not sufficient for their
      interaction with a binding site in vivo. Genomic sequencing reveals methylation
      of CpG dinucleotides in the regions analyzed in nonexpressing cells, whereas no
      methylation is found in TAT-expressing cells. In vitro methylation at a cytosine
      residue within a footprint region prevents the interaction of a factor with its
      binding site.

PMID- 2889533
TI  - [Testicular dystopia in school-age children].

PMID- 2889532
TI  - [Comparison of tofizopam with oxazepam in the treatment of anxiety neuroses].

PMID- 2889534
TI  - 1,5-Benzoxathiepin derivatives. I. Synthesis and reaction of 1,5-benzoxathiepin
      derivatives.

PMID- 2889535
TI  - 1,5-Benzoxathiepin derivatives. II. Synthesis and serotonin S2-receptor-blocking
      activity of aminoalkyl-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzoxathiepin-3-ols and
      related compounds.

PMID- 2889536
TI  - The effects of fatigue on physician performance--an underestimated cause of
      physician impairment and increased patient risk.
AB  - Evidence is reviewed demonstrating the high level of drug and alcohol abuse and
      marital disharmony among physicians and the particularly high rate among
      anaesthetists. The relationship between these factors and the effects of fatigue
      is explored. The current evidence for reduction in physician performance and
      vigilance resulting from fatigue and sleep loss is reviewed. Supplementary
      indirect evidence is surveyed which suggests that increased experience may not
      compensate adequately for this reduced performance. Since hours of work can be
      controlled, it is essential that anaesthetists, their professional organizations
      and regulatory agencies ensure that pressure for efficiency does not result in
      fatigue and the consequent compromise of both patient and physician health and
      safety.

PMID- 2889537
TI  - Effect of vitamin E on the induction and evolution of enzyme-altered foci in the
      liver of rats treated with diethylnitrosamine.
AB  - The effects of dietary vitamin E (VE) on the steps of hepatocarcinogenesis, the
      induction and growth of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci and
      their evolution into persistent nodules, were analyzed in the liver of rats
      treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). The induction of GGT-positive foci was
      inhibited by a diet containing 0.36-1.5% VE given after initiation with 200 mg/kg
      body weight (b.w.) DEN for 6 weeks with partial hepatectomy (PH) on week 3. The
      numbers and areas of GGT-positive foci were enhanced by diets containing 0.36 and
      0.72% VE, given for 1 week after initiation with 10 mg/kg b.w. DEN and PH,
      followed by selection by 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and carbon
      tetrachloride (CCl4), but these were not enhanced by a diet containing 1.5% VE.
      Remodeling of hyperplastic nodules was not affected by the diet containing 0.72%
      VE given after initiation with DEN and selection for 12 weeks. The staining
      characteristics of GGT were different between remodeling and persistent nodules,
      except for those of the glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P). The
      results obtained suggest that VE could prevent the very early events during
      hepatocarcinogenesis, the induction of phenotypically altered foci, but could no
      longer affect the later stages, the evolution of foci into persistent nodules.

PMID- 2889538
TI  - Effect of a rhodium complex on alterations of hepatic function in thioacetamide
      induced hyperplastic noduligenesis in rats.
AB  - An in vivo model of liver hyperplastic noduligenesis was induced in rats by long
      term administration of thioacetamide (TAM) (50 mg/kg/day i.p.). Three doses of 50
      mg/kg of an antitumoral Rh(III) complex were administered at 14, 9 and 5 days
      before the end of TAM treatment. Plasma and urine were obtained from either TAM
      or Rh(III) complex or TAM plus Rh(III) complex treated rats to determine the
      interactions of both substances with the biochemical parameters related to liver
      function. The rise in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP),
      gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and the unchanged activities in the aspartate
      and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT) in plasma of TAM-treated rats indicated
      that the disease induced by this substance can be considered as a chronic
      obstructive biliary disease with indices of cell proliferation and tumors. The
      increased concentration of bilirubin both in the plasma and urine of TAM-treated
      rats suggested liver cholestasis and hepatobiliary obstruction. The very low
      values of creatinine clearance indicated that there was some degree of kidney
      failure due to the effect of TAM. The increased concentration of ammonia both in
      plasma and urine were probably a consequence of the decreased flux in the urea
      cycle in the liver. The Rh(III) complex alone did not produce significant changes
      in the plasma enzyme activities. The only significant changes were found in the
      concentrations of uric acid and ammonia in the urine. When the Rh(III) complex
      was administered to TAM-treated rats, significant restoration of the following
      parameters were observed: plasma enzymatic activities, blood bilirubin and
      ammonia, uric acid and creatinine in the urine and the creatinine clearance.
      These results suggest that the altered liver function induced by TAM can be
      restored by Rh(III) complex. The mechanisms by which this complex acts to
      counteract the TAM-induced changes are not yet established.

PMID- 2889540
TI  - Beta-blockade--rational or irrational therapy for congestive heart failure?

PMID- 2889539
TI  - Immunologic identification of lymphocyte subsets in experimental murine
      myocarditis with encephalomyocarditis virus. Different kinetics of lymphocyte
      subsets between the heart and the peripheral blood, and significance of Thy 1.2+
      (pan T) and Lyt 1+, 23+ (immature T) subsets in the development of myocarditis.
AB  - To clarify the immune mechanism in myocarditis, immunofluorescence techniques
      with laser flow cytometry were used to examine serial changes in lymphocyte
      subsets in the heart, spleen, and peripheral blood of DBA/2 and BALB/c mice
      inoculated with encephalomyocarditis virus (Experiment I). B cells were
      identified by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled rabbit anti-mouse
      immunoglobulin. T-cell subsets were identified with rat anti-Thy 1.2, and
      nonpolymorphic Lyt 1 and Lyt 2 monoclonal antibodies plus fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-labelled anti-mouse immunoglobulin. On days 7 and 14
      postinfection, the percentage of Thy 1.2+ (pan T) cells in both strains had
      decreased in the peripheral blood; B cells showed no significant changes
      throughout the entire period. On the other hand, Thy 1.2+ (pan T) and Lyt 1+, 23+
      (precursor and immature) T cells appeared to occupy the major portion of the
      myocardium on days 7 and 14 when congestive heart failure developed. To confirm
      this, serial immunohistologic studies (immunoperoxidase staining) of the hearts
      of DBA/2 and BALB/c mice with encephalomyocarditis virus-induced myocarditis were
      performed (Experiment II). In Experiment II, most of the stained cells in the
      hearts of both strains were Thy 1.2 positive and Lyt 1 and Lyt 2 positive on days
      7 and 14. Thus, Experiments I and II demonstrated that lymphocytes at the site of
      inflammation in acute viral myocarditis carried antigenic markers that differed
      from those of peripheral lymphocytes and suggested that Thy 1.2+ (pan T) cells,
      especially the Lyt 1+, 23+ subset (immature T cells and T-cell subset precursors)
      were involved in the development of myocarditis in these animals.

PMID- 2889542
TI  - Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for detecting carriers
      of "fragile X" syndrome.
AB  - Recombinant DNA technology promises to play an increasingly important role in the
      future of medicine. Application of this technology to the study of human disease
      will help us to define and clarify the molecular pathology of many clinical
      disorders, provide new diagnostic tools and approaches, and, finally, will
      provide new therapeutic agents including gene-replacement therapy. We have begun
      to exploit these powerful new techniques to aid in the laboratory diagnosis of
      several genetic disorders for which reliable assays are currently not available,
      such as "Fragile X" syndrome.

PMID- 2889541
TI  - The effect of amino acid L-glutamate on the extended preservation ex vivo of the
      heart for transplantation.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of L-glutamate on the
      extended preservation of the heart ex vivo added to a hypothermic preservative
      solution. Ten sheep hearts were removed after application of cold crystalloid
      potassium cardioplegia. The hearts were immersed in iced normal saline and right
      ventricular and left ventricular intraventricular balloons were connected to
      transducers to measure compliance. Thermistor probes were placed in the
      interventricular septum. The heart was mounted on a retrograde perfusion
      apparatus via the cannula in the brachiocephalic trunk and placed in an isolated
      glass cylinder. The perfusion apparatus consisted of a roller pump, a heat
      exchanger, and a pediatric membrane oxygenator. Control determinations and those
      after 8 hr of preservation were made while the hearts were perfused with enriched
      autologous blood. Right and left ventricular compliance, left ventricular
      systolic and diastolic pressures, right ventricular systolic and diastolic
      pressures, left ventricular dP/dt, coronary arteriovenous oxygen consumption,
      lactate production, and heart weight were measured. Results showed significantly
      improved left and right ventricular systolic function with L-glutamate
      preservation. Whole heart oxygen consumption in the L-glutamate group showed a 4%
      increase, while the placebo group showed a significant decrease in oxygen
      consumption after 8 hr of preservation. The glutamate-preserved hearts also
      showed no change in lactate production after 8 hr of preservation as compared
      with a 81% increase in the placebo group. After 8 hr of perfusion there was 67%
      increase in the heart weight of the control and a 42% increase in the L-glutamate
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889543
TI  - Determination of delta-aminobutyric acid and other amino acids in cerebrospinal
      fluid of pediatric patients by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
AB  - The reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic system described here is capable of
      resolving the neurotransmitter amino acids aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plus 21 other amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) in a single analysis. The amino acids, derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde,
      are separated in 65 min. Concentrations of glutamine less than or equal to 600
      mumol/L can be measured at the same time as GABA greater than or equal to 10
      nmol/L. Using this method, we have determined reference intervals for amino
      acids, including GABA, in CSF in a group of pediatric patients who underwent
      lumbar puncture before myelography, and who were subsequently shown to have
      normal myelograms. These intervals are generally lower than those previously
      reported for childhood, but we believe this results from a more rigid selection
      of the control group. In addition, artifactual increases in concentrations of
      free neurotransmitters, caused by breakdown of amino acid conjugates, are
      minimized by (a) immediate freezing of the CSF samples to prevent enzyme-mediated
      changes, (b) omission of a deproteinization step, and (c) precolumn
      derivatization to reduce on-column breakdown of amide and peptide forms.

PMID- 2889544
TI  - Measurement of six enzymes with the Kodak DTSC Module, a physician's office
      analyzer.
AB  - We evaluated the performance of the Kodak DTSC Module for determination of
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (2.5.1.2),
      alkaline phosphatase (3.1.3.1), creatine kinase (2.7.3.2), gamma
      glutamyltransferase (2.3.2.2), and lactate dehydrogenase (1.1.1.27). The DTSC is
      a "special chemistry" accessory for the DT60 analyzer; the same multilayer film
      technology as that of the Ektachem 700 is used. The overall precision, assessed
      over a three-month period with two serum-based quality control materials, ranged
      from 2.2 to 8.0%. DTSC results for patients' specimens correlated well with those
      by the Technicon RA-1000 analyzer. The performance of the analyzer in linearity
      and interference studies was satisfactory for clinical use. The DTSC is simple to
      operate and has no technique-dependent step; it should be useful for the
      physician's office laboratory.

PMID- 2889545
TI  - The crypt-villus distribution of the 10,000 Mr intestinal calcium binding protein
      in human jejunum.
AB  - The amount of small intestinal calcium-binding protein was studied in biopsies of
      human jejunum sectioned perpendicular to the long axis of the villi. Brush-border
      aminopeptidase N activity was measured to distinguish undifferentiated crypt
      cells from mature villus cells. The amount of calcium-binding protein as measured
      by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay was highest at the villus tip and
      gradually decreased to near zero values in the crypt. The distribution of calcium
      binding protein observed is parallel to that found in vitamin D repleted rats.
      The present study indicates that the mature enterocyte in man is fully committed
      to express calcium-binding protein in accordance with the view that these cells
      are considered the most active in the calcium absorptive mechanism.

PMID- 2889546
TI  - Assay for cerebroside sulfate (sulfatide) sulfatase in cultured skin fibroblasts
      with the natural activator protein.
AB  - A simple procedure was developed to assay the ability of arylsulfatase A in
      extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts to degrade the natural substrate,
      sulfatide, in the presence of the physiological activator protein but without
      detergents. Inhibitory substances were removed by dialysis and by batch-wise ion
      exchange chromatography. The enzyme recoveries during purification were monitored
      with a newly developed method that employs the chromogenic substrate 4
      nitrocatecholsulfate at an incubation temperature of 4 degrees C. The residual
      sulfatidase activities determined with this procedure in fibroblasts from
      patients with various forms of MLD correlated well with the severity of the
      disease.

PMID- 2889547
TI  - Clinical electroencephalographic variables suggesting extrapyramidal side effect
      risk.
AB  - Previous work has suggested that paroxysmal EEG dysrhythmias in psychiatric
      patients may be associated with an increased incidence of such diverse side
      effects as dyskinetic movements, extrapyramidal symptoms, iatrogenic seizures,
      and somatic/affective effects of oral contraceptives. The new analyses presented
      here extend these observations by using a large sample of 375 neuroleptically
      treated psychiatric patients with independently secured awake and asleep
      admission EEG studies. Those patients with minor paroxysmal EEG dysrhythmias are
      much more likely than normal EEG patients to receive anti-EPS medication during
      their treatment program. Furthermore, using data obtained from direct examination
      for EPS signs, neuroleptically treated patients with paroxysmal dysrhythmias as
      contrasted with those with normal EEGs, display statistically significant
      increases in EPS symptoms regardless of whether or not they are receiving
      concurrent anti-EPS medication at the time of examination. Prediction of side
      effect risk for the individual patient is not permitted by the strengths of
      associations reported for grouped data. However, it is suggested that future
      studies concerned with pharmacological side effect development in humans might
      benefit from stratification of samples by presence or absence of major and/or
      minor paroxysmal EEG patterns.

PMID- 2889548
TI  - Resolution of hypergastrinaemia after parathyroidectomy in multiple endocrine
      neoplasia syndrome type I (MEN type I).
AB  - The treatment of choice for gastric acid hypersecretion in MEN type I has now
      changed from total gastrectomy to the long-term administration of H2 receptor
      blockers or similar agents. However, the importance of parathyroidectomy for the
      concomitant hypercalcaemia is not fully realized. A case is reported of a subject
      with MEN type I, who was initially treated with parathyroidectomy and H2 receptor
      blockade. Following parathyroidectomy, there was a rapid fall of the markedly
      elevated gastrin levels to the upper limit of the normal range. During follow-up
      of 2.5 years, there has been no increase in serum gastrin, and the subject's
      gastric symptoms have resolved, despite the cessation of H2 blockade. Infusion of
      calcium to pre-operative levels and superimposed secretin stimulation after this
      period of time closely reproduced the pre-operative hypergastrinaemia. On
      screening, the subject's only child was found to have hypercalcaemia but normal
      serum gastrin levels and pituitary function; parathyroidectomy has been carried
      out. No abnormality of gastrin secretion has been found during follow-up. This
      case highlights the importance of early parathyroidectomy in this syndrome.

PMID- 2889549
TI  - Effects of SMS 201-995 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2889550
TI  - The effect of a new non-sedative H1-receptor antagonist (LN2974) on the itching
      and scratching of patients with atopic eczema.

PMID- 2889551
TI  - Interaction of vasopressin, angiotensin and alpha-adrenergic system in sodium
      depletion in the rat.
AB  - 1. The role of vasopressin in cardiovascular adaptation to sodium depletion was
      examined in rats after 6 days on a low sodium diet. Studies were performed after
      selective or combined blockade with d(CH2)5 Tyr(Me)AVP (AVPA), enalaprilat (CEI)
      and phentolamine (PHENTOL). AVPA alone had no effect on systemic haemodynamics or
      regional blood flow distribution. After CEI or PHENTOL pretreatment, AVPA led to
      significant falls in peripheral resistance and increases in cardiac output and
      renal blood flow. In sodium depletion, endogenous vasopressin acts as a
      vasoconstrictor hormone, particularly in the kidney, when either the renin
      angiotensin or alpha-adrenergic system is inhibited.

PMID- 2889552
TI  - The effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on blood lipid levels.
AB  - This review examines the effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on blood
      lipids. These agents have been effective in the treatment of angina and
      hypertension and in the reduction of recurrence of ischemic cardiac disease, such
      as myocardial infarction. Many beta blockers, however, have an adverse effect on
      blood lipids, especially by reducing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      and increasing triglycerides. One result is an unfavorable influence on the
      cholesterol ratio (expressed either as low-density lipoprotein [LDL]/HDL or total
      cholesterol/HDL). These cholesterol parameters have been shown to have a strong
      influence on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Studies have shown that
      antihypertensive therapy has reduced the incidence of cerebrovascular disease
      but, in many instances, has not reduced the incidence of CHD. A hypothesis for
      this lesser effect on coronary disease is that antihypertensive agents may be
      adversely affecting blood lipids. Thus, while one major risk factor for CHD is
      reduced, another may be somewhat enhanced. Pharmacologic properties of some beta
      blockers such as peripheral alpha blockade (e.g., with labetalol) or intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA) (e.g., with pindolol) may counteract some of these
      negative lipid effects. An investigational beta blocker, bevantolol, which will
      be marketed shortly in the United States, has been effective in antihypertensive
      therapy. Bevantolol has been shown to lower LDL cholesterol and not adversely
      affect HDL cholesterol; in this way, bevantolol favorably influences the serum
      lipoprotein profile. Whether this effect will have clinical significance remains
      to be seen.

PMID- 2889553
TI  - Neuromodulators and respiratory control in the infant.
AB  - In this review some of the neuromodulators involved in respiration control are
      discussed with special regard to the newborn. The term neuromodulator is defined
      relatively widely herein. Various types of neuromodulators have been found to
      affect respiratory control. These effect are more pronounced in the fetus and the
      neonate than in the adult. A disturbed balance between excitatory and inhibitory
      neuromodulators is postulated as causing the instability of respiratory control
      often seen in infants.

PMID- 2889554
TI  - The clinical pharmacology of bopindolol, a new long-acting beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, in hypertension.
AB  - Bopindolol is a new long-acting, nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with
      partial agonist activity. Its acute (24 hours, 2 mg, administered orally) and
      long-term (3 weeks, 2 to 4 mg) hemodynamic and hormonal effects were studied in a
      single-blind placebo-controlled trial in 10 hypertensive subjects. The initial
      response (mean +/- SE) to bopindolol was a fall in cardiac output (-12% +/- 2%)
      and heart rate (-11% +/- 2%). Mean arterial pressure began to fall 3 to 4 hours
      after administration in parallel with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance,
      which had increased initially. Twenty-four hours after administration, mean
      arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were reduced by 12% +/- 2% and
      12% +/- 5%, respectively. By that time heart rate and cardiac output did not
      differ from baseline values despite beta-blockade. After 3 weeks of treatment
      mean arterial pressure had fallen by 9% +/- 2% and renal blood flow and
      glomerular filtration rate were not changed. One week after withdrawal from
      treatment mean arterial pressure and heart rate were no longer reduced, but beta
      blockade could still be demonstrated, establishing the long duration of action of
      the drug.

PMID- 2889555
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium administered by bolus and
      infusion during halothane or balanced anesthesia.
AB  - Vecuronium was administered to two patient groups as a single intravenous dose,
      60 micrograms/kg, combined with an infusion, 1 microgram/min/kg. Anesthesia was
      maintained for the first group with a halothane-nitrous oxide technique; the
      second group received fentanyl-barbiturate-tranquilizer-nitrous oxide. As the
      infusion ended, plasma vecuronium concentrations were 0.34 (+/- 0.10)
      microgram/ml for the halothane group and 0.32 (+/- 0.07) microgram/ml for the
      fentanyl group, associated with 93% (+/- 8) and 88% (+/- 10) twitch depression,
      respectively. Vecuronium plasma concentration-time data were combined with the
      simultaneous intensities of neuromuscular blockade to model the kinetic-dynamic
      values for each patient. For the halothane group the steady-state volume was 0.21
      (+/- 0.04) L/kg, the clearance was 2.9 (+/- 0.1) ml/min/kg, and the elimination
      half-life was 100 (+/- 36) minutes; for the fentanyl group these were 0.20 (+/-
      0.08) L/kg, 3.2 (+/- 0.1) ml/min/kg, and 84 (+/- 43) minutes, respectively.
      Plasma concentrations associated with 50% blockade averaged 0.2 microgram/ml for
      both groups. Neither the pharmacokinetics nor the pharmacodynamics of vecuronium
      in humans differed between these two patient groups.

PMID- 2889556
TI  - Tissue cultivation as a method for preservation of human foetal islet parenchyma-
      a correlated biochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometric investigation.
AB  - Tissue culture of human foetal pancreas slices, obtained at a gestational age
      between 10 and 19 weeks, as a method of preservation and to pool the material
      before transplantation was investigated. Before and after 2 weeks of culture the
      pancreatic insulin content, the insulin secretion in response to glucose and
      isobutylmethylxanthin (IBMX) as well as the protein biosynthesis were measured.
      In addition, the distribution of the insulin immunoreactive cells was examined,
      as well as their relative volume density. After 2 weeks' culture an increase of
      the basal insulin secretion was observed; this was probably due to the glucose
      content (10 mmol/l) in the culture medium. Neither the stimulated insulin
      secretion, nor the protein biosynthesis, the insulin content, and the B-cell
      volume were altered by the used culture conditions. It was concluded that tissue
      culture is a suitable method to preserve human foetal pancreas slices before
      transplantation.

PMID- 2889557
TI  - The human interleukin-2 receptor: a molecular and biochemical analysis of
      structure and function.

PMID- 2889558
TI  - Current concepts in clinical therapeutics: anxiety disorders, Part 2.

PMID- 2889559
TI  - Alfentanil hydrochloride: a new short-acting narcotic analgesic for surgical
      procedures.
AB  - The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical use, adverse effects,
      dosage, and administration of the short-acting synthetic narcotic analgesic
      alfentanil hydrochloride are reviewed. Alfentanil is a tertiary amine with an
      ionization constant of 6.5, resulting in approximately 10% ionization at
      physiologic pH. When compared with fentanyl, alfentanil has a faster onset and
      one third the duration of action, one fourth to one tenth the potency, less lipid
      solubility, greater protein binding, and a much greater unionized fraction at
      physiologic pH. Alfentanil is approximately 20-40 times less potent than
      sufentanil on a weight basis, but it has a faster onset and shorter duration of
      action. After i.v. injection, alfentanil is distributed in the body according to
      a two- or three-compartment model. When given to young and middle-aged patients
      for various surgical procedures, alfentanil has an elimination half-life of 70-99
      minutes independent of the dose or route of administration. Clinical studies
      comparing alfentanil with fentanyl in short surgical procedures are reported;
      alfentanil produces earlier peak analgesic effect, faster recovery of
      consciousness, and a more pronounced narcotic effect without increased adverse
      effects. When alfentanil was given in high doses for anesthesia induction, chest
      wall rigidity occurred frequently. Like fentanyl, alfentanil was found to produce
      a high incidence of nausea and vomiting. It was more effective when administered
      by infusion than by bolus. Alfentanil is useful for supplementation of analgesia
      for outpatient surgical procedures, as an infusion for maintenance of anesthesia
      during surgery, and perhaps as an induction agent.

PMID- 2889560
TI  - Akathisia: a distressing complication of neuroleptic treatment.

PMID- 2889561
TI  - How closely do circulating blood glucose levels reflect feeding state in fowls?
AB  - 1. Amounts of food eaten in 30 min, by fasted-refed immature hens, were not
      correlated with plasma glucose levels before feeding, or with increases in
      glucose after feeding. 2. When previously fasted birds were given 0, 5, 10, 15 or
      20 g food to eat, their plasma glucose increased by similar amounts with 10, 15
      and 20 g, by slightly less with 5 g, and hardly at all with 0 g. 3. When food was
      removed from free-feeding birds, their plasma glucose levels declined slightly in
      2 hr and then remained steady. They declined markedly further overnight, but
      recovered to a level higher than before deprivation when 10 g food was provided.
      4. Four hours darkness during normal daytime had no effect on plasma glucose in
      fasted-refed birds, but sight of food and presentation of an empty food pan
      caused slight increases in glucose in 24-hr fasted birds. 5. It is concluded that
      blood glucose in fowls fluctuates around several "typical" levels, but that there
      is also much variation between and within birds. Direct (absorbed) and indirect
      (thermogenic) consequences of feeding probably both contribute to fluctuations in
      glucose, and these seem more likely to influence regulation of food intake in the
      longer-term rather than the short-term.

PMID- 2889562
TI  - Comparative thermoregulatory response to passive heat loading by exposure to
      radiofrequency radiation.
AB  - 1. Colonic and tail skin temperature of the unrestrained Fischer rat were
      measured immediately after a 90 min exposure to 600 MHz radiofrequency radiation
      in a waveguide-type system. Ambient temperature (Ta) was maintained at either 20,
      28 or 35 degrees C. The specific absorption rate (SAR) in dimensions of W/kg was
      controlled at a constant level through a feedback control circuit. 2. The SAR
      needed to elevate colonic and tail skin temperature decreased with increasing Ta.
      For example, a 0.5 degrees C elevation in colonic temperature occurred at SARs of
      4.3, 0.9 and 0.5 W/kg when Ta was maintained at 20, 28 and 35 degrees C,
      respectively. 3. Data from the present study were combined with data from earlier
      studies to assess the impact of varying Ta on the thermogenic effect of RF
      radiation in different species. In species ranging in mass from 0.02 to 3.2 kg, a
      double logarithmic plot of body mass versus SAR needed to elevate colonic
      temperature by 0.5 degrees C was linear and inverse with a high goodness of fit
      (r2 = -0.94). 4. The highly correlated allometric relationship shows that, as
      body mass decreases, the relative impact of Ta on the thermogenic effect of RF
      radiation increases.

PMID- 2889563
TI  - Interrelationship between metabolism of tritiated water, 22sodium and dry matter
      intake by beef cattle consuming wheat straw and poultry litter in free choice.
AB  - 1. Metabolism of tritiated water and 22sodium was studied in six beef cows under
      Mediterranean summer conditions in order to find whether the turnover of these
      tracers can be used to evaluate pasture intake. 2. The diet of the cows included
      ad libitum access to two components which were given separately in different
      troughs: one was poultry litter and the other was wheat straw, to simulate the
      dry pasture. 3. Voluntary daily dry matter intake (111 g/kg0.75) was unexpectedly
      high considering the low digestibility of the feed. 4. The assumptions of
      constant ratios of water intake to water turnover and of dry matter intake to
      water intake were confirmed. Consequently, dry matter intake was determined
      accurately from water turnover measurements. 5. Sodium intake was practically
      equal to sodium turnover and most of the sodium secreted in feces was of
      endogenous origin. 6. Pasture intake can be predicted from sodium turnover once
      the concentration in feed and water consumed is known.

PMID- 2889564
TI  - Influence of nitrate and nitrite on electrolyte transport by the rat small and
      large intestine.
AB  - 1. The influence of nitrate and nitrite on net absorption of electrolytes (Na+,
      K+, Cl-) and water from ligated loops was studied at various intestinal sites in
      rats. 2. Nitrate strikingly reduced Cl- absorption in rat proximal and distal
      colon, whereas Na+ absorption was reduced only moderately. Nitrite also reduced
      Cl- absorption in the colon. 3. Nitrate showed no significant effect on
      electrolyte absorption in the small intestine. 4. The results suggest that Cl
      /HCO3- on exchange is the major route of Cl- absorption in the colon, whereas
      this mechanism seems not to be of importance for Cl- absorption by the small
      intestine.

PMID- 2889565
TI  - Polyhormonal regulation of avian and mammalian corticosteroidogenesis in vitro.
AB  - 1. The combined actions of ACTH, corticosterone and prolactin (PRL) in the acute
      regulation of corticosteroidogenesis were investigated using isolated
      adrenocortical cells from intact and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats (Rattus
      norvegicus) and from intact male domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). 2.
      Exogenous corticosterone suppressed to about 50% ACTH-induced corticosterone
      production of cells from either species. This suppression, in part, was due to
      corticosterone degradation. 3. oPRL, in the presence or absence of ACTH, raised
      corticosterone production of hypox rat cells, but not intact rat and domestic
      fowl cells. 4. In addition, oPRL counteracted the corticosterone-induced
      suppression of net ACTH-stimulated corticosterone production of hypox rat and
      intact domestic fowl cells, but not intact rat cells. 5. The potency of oPRL with
      domestic fowl cells was 4 times that with hypox rat cells. 6. Furthermore, in
      domestic fowl cells, the effect of oPRL was Ca2+-dependent.

PMID- 2889566
TI  - Growth hormone and seawater adaptation in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.
AB  - 1. Effects of growth hormone (GH) were examined on short-term aspects of seawater
      adaptation in coho salmon smolts. 2. Injection of somatostatin (SRIF) immediately
      prior to seawater entry suppressed plasma GH levels, but did not have any
      significant effects at 6 or 12 hr on hematocrits, plasma glucose or plasma Na+
      levels. 3. Plasma GH levels increased 250% within 36 hr after seawater exposure.
      4. Plasma glucose levels, in contrast, were significantly lower in the seawater
      fish after 36 hr post-exposure. 5. Plasma Na+ levels increased to 190 mEq/1 by 24
      hr but subsequently returned to freshwater levels while hematocrits showed no
      significant changes over the 72 hr of exposure. 6. The significance of these
      results is discussed in terms of successful seawater adaptation in coho salmon.

PMID- 2889567
TI  - alpha-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) and MCH (melanin concentrating
      hormone) actions in Bufo ictericus ictericus melanophores.
AB  - 1. The darkening actions of MCH (melanin concentrating hormone), alpha-MSH and
      the synthetic analog [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH on the toad, Bufo ictericus
      ictericus, melanophores were studied regarding the role of calcium in the hormone
      receptor coupling, signal transduction and intracellular pigment translocation.
      2. In the absence of external calcium, MCH and both melanotropins still elicit
      maximal skin darkening. 3. Verapamil, a calcium-channel blocker, completely
      abolishes the alpha-MSH-induced response and partially inhibits MCH-induced
      darkening, although the calcium carrier, ionophore A23187, was unable to promote
      any pigment translocation. 4. Since darkening responses promoted by cyclic
      nucleotides proceeded normally in the presence of verapamil and extracellular
      calcium was not necessary for melanotropin dispersing action, it is suggested
      that the blocking activity obtained with verapamil is probably due to an
      impairment of the Ca2+-dependent adenylate cyclase activity. 5. Reversal of
      melanotropin-induced darkening could be obtained with melatonin, in both normal
      and Ca2+-free Ringer, whereas MCH darkening is reversed by melatonin only in the
      absence of calcium. 6. The results seem to indicate that calcium is not required
      for hormone receptor binding and pigment migration, whereas it is specifically
      needed for signal transduction.

PMID- 2889568
TI  - The influence of dehydroepiandrosterone on basal and gonadotrophin-stimulated
      testosterone secretion by Mongolian gerbil interstitial cells incubated or
      superfused in vitro.
AB  - 1. Testosterone secretion by Mongolian gerbil interstitial cells incubated in the
      absence of HCG linearly increased with cell concentration (1 x 10(5) cells: 0.6
      ng/4 hr, 10 x 10(5) cells: 8.0 ng/4 hr). Addition of 100 mIU HCG resulted in a
      drastic increase of testosterone secretion which was linear between
      concentrations of 1 x 10(5) and 4 x 10(5) cells. 2. Compared to HCG-stimulated
      testosterone release, secretion was significantly higher by cells incubated with
      60-100 ng DHEA. 3. During the 4-hr incubation period, 53-69% of added
      progesterone and 72-88% of added dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were converted to
      testosterone by cells freshly prepared or stored for 1-3 days at 4 degrees C. On
      the other hand, prolonged storage at 4 degrees C resulted in a marked decrease of
      HCG-stimulated testosterone secretion. 4. Testosterone secretion by interstitial
      cells superfused in vitro increased with the length of HCG (100 mIU/ml)
      application from 0.08 to 0.22 ng/10(6) cells/min (10 and 60 min, respectively). A
      much faster and pronounced elevation was found when cells were stimulated with
      DHEA (200 ng/ml: 0.06-0.80 ng/10(6) cells/min, 0 and 20 min, respectively). 5.
      After interstitial cells have been stimulated with a DHEA (200 ng/ml) pulse for
      30 min and then superfused with medium only for an additional 30 min,
      testosterone secretion remained significantly elevated and could not be further
      stimulated by superfusing medium which contained as much as 100 mIU/ml HCG.

PMID- 2889569
TI  - Isolation and characterization of single myocardial cells from the quail,
      Coturnix coturnix japonica.
AB  - 1. The enzymatic cell isolation technique was applied to the bird heart resulting
      in myocytes of which 10-50% maintained their spindle-shaped morphology, excluded
      the vital dye, Evans blue and tolerated physiological concentration of Ca2+ ions.
      2. The length of spindle-shaped myocytes was on average 289 +/- 7 microns, and
      the maximum width was 10.2 +/- 0.3 microns. The mean length of the sarcomeres was
      2.18 +/- 0.03 microns. 3. In electron micrographs the fine structure of the
      spindle-shaped myocytes looked normal--regular sarcomeric organization with clear
      A and I bands, mitochondria with tightly located cristae and well-developed
      sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). 4. Most (80%) of the spindle-shaped myocytes were
      quiescent in physiological calcium concentration and practically all of them
      could be induced to twitch by electric field stimulation. Some beat spontaneously
      showing mostly slowly-propagating (135 +/- 6 microns/sec at 20 degrees C)
      contraction waves, so-called phasic contractions. Sometimes spontaneous twitch
      type contractions could also be seen.

PMID- 2889570
TI  - Physiological and behavioural responses in the hen (Gallus domesticus) to
      nociceptive stimulation.
AB  - 1. Physiological and behavioural parameters were examined in the hen in response
      to a noxious and non-noxious stimulus. 2. Two distinct patterns emerged depending
      on the type of stimulus (noxious----crouching, non-noxious----wingflapping). 3.
      The responses seen in the hen to the two different types of stimuli appear to be
      similar to those occurring in mammals.

PMID- 2889571
TI  - Glucose oxidation by adipose tissue of the edible dormouse (Glis glis) during
      hibernation and arousal: effect of insulin.
AB  - 1. The effect of insulin on U-14C-glucose oxidation by adipose tissue isolated
      from hibernating or arousing edible dormouse has been studied. 2. CO2 production
      derived from radioglucose was analysed point by point during in vitro rewarming
      (from 6 to 37 degrees C). 3. The rate of temperature increase was 2 degrees/5 min
      in order to mimic the rate of rewarming during the spontaneous arousal of the
      dormouse. 4. Insulin did not increase the glucose oxidation by the adipose tissue
      from hibernating dormouse whereas adipocytes from active animal present high
      insulin sensitivity. 5. These results suggest that insulin resistance occurs
      during hibernation.

PMID- 2889572
TI  - Sound reception in two anabantid fishes.
AB  - 1. Pure tone displacement sensitivity and bandwidth were measured from the
      saccule of the ear in two anabantid species (Trichogaster trichopterus and
      Helostoma temincki) using microphonic potentials with a 1 microV RMS threshold
      for the second harmonic of the stimulus frequency. 2. Saccular microphonics were
      recorded in both species from 80 to 1600 Hz, with lowest thresholds between 100
      and 200 Hz. The overall microphonic response curves (sensitivity and bandwidth)
      of the two species were statistically similar to one another with an analysis of
      variance, although there were statistically different thresholds at 100 and 800
      Hz. 3. The hair cell orientation patterns of the saccular epithelia differ in the
      two species. Consequently, the comparative sizes of the saccular sensory
      epithelium and numbers of sensory hair cells were examined. The saccular sensory
      epithelium of Helostoma is about 40% larger and contains nearly 50% more hair
      cells than the saccular epithelium of a comparably sized Trichogaster. 4. An
      extracranial air bubble, located in the suprabranchial chamber, is found in both
      species. The bubble has direct access to the saccular chamber in Trichogaster
      through a foramen which is absent in Helostoma. Despite the difference in
      morphology and the larger numbers of sensory hair cells in Helostoma, hearing
      sensitivity and bandwidth is similar in the two species. Although the structural
      differences in the auditory periphery do not affect pure tone sensitivity and
      bandwidth, other aspects of fish hearing such as frequency discrimination,
      discrimination of signals in the presence of noise, and/or sound localization
      ability may be affected by these structural differences.

PMID- 2889573
TI  - Metabolic utilization of diets by polyploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. Nitrogen (NH4) excretion and oxygen consumption were measured in four groups
      of juvenile rainbow trout (36-40 g): triploids obtained by a heat shock treatment
      (3n); triploids obtained by mating diploid females with tetraploid males (3n/4n);
      tetraploids (4n) and a diploid control (2n). 2. No differences in daily N
      excretion patterns and in N excretion rate measured as a percentage of N intake
      were detected between groups. 3. Oxygen consumption of the 2n group was
      significantly inferior to that of the 3n and 4n groups but not to the 3n/4n
      group. 4. SDA, specific dynamic action (measured as a percentage of the energy
      intake), ranged from 5.6 to 8.6% and was not different between groups. 5. Protein
      energy catabolism measured as per cent of total energy expenditure was
      significantly higher in the 2n group than in polyploid groups.

PMID- 2889575
TI  - Role of the pineal gland in the activity of nervous structures involved in sexual
      processes of the male rat.
AB  - 1. The role of the pineal gland and melatonin in the regulation of the sexual
      processes of the male rat has been studied by means of the O2-uptake of brain
      areas that are involved in these processes, i.e. the hypothalamus, amygdala,
      septal area and posterior cortex. 2. Inhibition of the O2-uptake of the above
      mentioned nervous structures was observed in the blinded and/or melatonin-treated
      rats or castrated + blinded rats. 3. The testes also showed a decreased O2-uptake
      when the rats were blinded and/or melatonin-treated.

PMID- 2889574
TI  - Gonadotropin stimulated androgen secretion of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri
      Richardson) testis in vitro.
AB  - 1. The secretion of five androgens was quantified from trout testes under GTH
      stimulation in vitro before and after the onset of milt production, and a general
      increase of basal and GTH stimulated androgen secretion was recorded during this
      period. 2. 11-Ketotestosterone, testosterone, and in spermiating males, 11 beta
      hydroxytestosterone as well showed GTH dependent concentration increases, while
      androstenetrione and 11 beta-hydroxyandrostendione were found in highly variable
      amounts. 3. 17 beta-Hydroxyandrogen glucuronides in the medium (with the
      exception of testosterone) and tissue androgens were by far exceeded by the free
      androgens in the medium.

PMID- 2889576
TI  - Effects of kainic acid on synaptic transmission in electroreceptors (the ampullae
      of Lorenzini) of skates.
AB  - 1. Effects of kainic acid (KA) on resting and evoked activities of the ampullary
      electroreceptor were studied in marine skates (Raja clavata). 2. Perfusion of the
      basal membrane with 10(-6)-10(-9) M KA produced significant and reversible
      changes in impulse activity depending on initial firing rate. 3. When synaptic
      transmission was blocked by perfusion with elevated Mg2+, the resting and evoked
      activities were restored if KA was added. 4. The results are consistent with the
      view that KA is a potent excitant of the ampullae receptors and its effects
      appear to be presynaptic.

PMID- 2889577
TI  - Temperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity: the effects of temperature on
      membrane immunoglobulin capping on channel catfish B lymphocytes.
AB  - 1. In order to better understand ligand-induced redistribution of membrane
      receptors and lymphocyte activation in ectothermic vertebrates, flow cytometry
      was used to monitor the effects of both in vivo acclimation temperature and in
      vitro assay temperatures on the kinetics of monoclonal antibody-induced membrane
      immunoglobulin (mIg) capping on channel catfish lymphocytes. 2. It was observed
      that the kinetics of mIg capping were dependent on in vitro assay temperatures,
      in vivo acclimation temperatures, and the length of time of in vivo acclimation.
      In the latter situation in vivo acclimation of fish to 27, 22 and 17 degrees C
      was considered complete after 3 weeks, while acclimation to 12 degrees C required
      a minimum of 5 weeks. 3. The energies of activation required for mIg capping
      ranged from 33 to 24 kcal/mol; lower energies of activation were observed with
      lower temperature acclimation. 4. It was also noted that the lower energies of
      activation were associated with concomitant decreases in cellular phospholipid
      saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratios. 5. It appears that channel catfish B
      cell mIg capping, presumably a requisite for immune function, can be
      significantly affected by environmental temperatures; most likely such effects
      are attributable to changes in plasma membrane viscosities.

PMID- 2889578
TI  - Seasonal changes in circulating levels of thyroid hormones are not dependent on
      the age in Djungarian hamsters Phodopus sungorus.
AB  - 1. Plasma levels of total and free thyroxine (T4; FT4) and triiodothyronine (T3;
      FT3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in adult and senescent Djungarian hamsters
      at different times of the year. 2. Seasonal changes of both hormones were found
      in adult and senescent hamsters. 3. However, except for total thyroxine, the
      patterns were different in both groups of hamsters. 4. These results suggest,
      that in Djungarian hamsters age-related changes of thyroid function do not affect
      the secretory activity of the thyroid gland rather than the phase of the seasonal
      cycle.

PMID- 2889579
TI  - Determination of cardiac output and other reference physiology parameters in
      lightly anesthetized dogs.
AB  - 1. Cardiac output; arterial, pulmonary artery, central venous and pulmonary wedge
      pressures; heart rate, hematocrit, and plasma sodium and potassium; arterial and
      mixed venous blood gases; and respiratory rates were measured in 45 mixed sex,
      non-pregnant, clinically normal mongrel dogs of 8-30 kilograms body weight
      following light anesthesia with halothane/50% N20-02. 2. Arithmetic means and
      standard deviations were calculated to develop tables of reference values. 3.
      Mean measured cardiac outputs were found to be 31-59% higher in these dogs than
      the values indicated by published standards; cardiac indices were 30-44% higher;
      heart rates were 16-30% lower; calculated stroke volumes were 60-112% greater;
      and total peripheral resistances were 35-57% less than the standard published
      values. 4. All other measured or calculated parameters fell within previously
      published canine or human reference limits.

PMID- 2889580
TI  - Blood volume recovery in hemorrhaged Japanese quail.
AB  - 1. Blood volume and plasma biochemical changes and feed and water consumption in
      response to a hemorrhage by phlebotomy of 30% of the calculated total blood
      volume with and without replacement of blood volume with physiological saline
      were determined in juvenile male Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. Plasma protein
      and osmolality decreased rapidly posthemorrhage and did not recover by 72 hr
      posthemorrhage. 3. Plasma glucose, Na+ and K+ increased within 1 hr
      postphlebotomy. Plasma Na+ returned to nonphlebotomized levels within 6 hr
      postphlebotomy. 4. Saline replacement of blood volume resulted in hypervolemia
      within 3-5 min postphlebotomy. 5. Phlebotomized quail receiving no saline
      recovered blood volume to 0 hr (nonphlebotomized) levels within 1 hr
      postphlebotomy.

PMID- 2889581
TI  - Hepatic lipogenesis in genetically lean and fat chickens. In vitro studies.
AB  - 1. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, malic enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      and delta 9-desaturase activity was measured in liver extracts from 5- to 11-week
      old genetically lean or fat chickens. 2. A significant difference between the two
      lines of chickens was shown as concerns desaturating activity only, which was 45%
      higher in the fat animals than in the lean ones. 3. This result is consistent
      with the hypothesis of a higher rate of lipoprotein processing and secretion in
      the liver of the fat line chickens.

PMID- 2889582
TI  - Plasmid-mediated surface fibrillae of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia
      enterocolitica. Correlation with outer membrane protein YOP1, autoagglutination,
      and hemagglutination.

PMID- 2889583
TI  - Nonangiographic imaging of the pulmonary arteries: CT and MR.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) has provided a imaging modality by which the central
      pulmonary arteries can be studied noninvasively. CT provides cross-sectional
      images which accurately depict the pulmonary arteries and adjacent structures.
      Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with its ability to image vessels without
      contrast media provides a potential truly noninvasive means of examining the
      pulmonary arteries. These modalities are well suited to evaluate pathology
      involving the central pulmonary arteries. Normal CT and MR anatomy is illustrated
      and discussed. The clinical presentation and appearance of pathological processes
      involving the pulmonary arteries are described.

PMID- 2889584
TI  - [Prostaglandin E2 receptor and uterine bleeding caused by intrauterine devices].

PMID- 2889585
TI  - An experimental contribution to the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - 1. Benzodiazepines and strong analgesics raise considerably the ventricular
      fibrillation threshold and thus electrically stabilize the heart in the early
      stage of myocardial ischaemia. 2. Benzodiazepines markedly potentiate the
      electrostabilizing effect of the beta-blocker metipranolol. 3. Trimecaine per se
      does not electrically stabilize the heart in the first hour of ischaemia. When
      combined with a benzodiazepine, trimecaine stabilizes the heart also in this
      early stage of myocardial ischaemia. 4. Infusion of a benzodiazepine (midazolam)
      combined with fractionated administration of a potent analgesic (fentanyl) does
      not produce pronounced changes in the haemodynamics and ventilation of healthy
      subjects. 5. Benzodiazepines and strong analgesics exert a favourable effect on
      the neurovegetative stress response in the early stage of acute myocardial
      ischaemia. They can be therefore recommended as a component in the treatment of
      patients with acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2889586
TI  - Hepatic bile formation in the rat. Addition of vasoactive intestinal peptide to
      the equation.
AB  - While changes in gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal secretion in response to
      more recently identified gastrointestinal peptides have been characterized, there
      has been less investigation into effects of these hormones on hepatic bile
      production. The isolated perfused rat liver model has been used to examine
      effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin, bombesin, and
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on bile flow and bile acid transport. No
      changes were seen following bolus administration of bombesin (3 X 10(-8)-1.5 X
      10(-6) M) or TRH (3 X 10(-7)-3 X 10(-6) M), while somatostatin (6 X 10(-6) M)
      produced a small decrease in bile flow without any change in bile acid output.
      VIP (3 X 10(-7) M) caused a highly significant increase in both volume of bile
      flow (0.85 +/- 0.8 to 1.11 +/- 0.09 microliter/min/g liver, P less than 0.001)
      and bile acid output (31.6 +/- 1.5 to 43.2 +/- 1.7 nmol/min/g liver, P less than
      0.001). Elimination of Ca2+ from liver perfusate did not prevent VIP-induced
      increases in bile flow and bile acid output, and no synergistic effect of
      concomitant theophylline administration was observed. While effects of VIP on
      bile flow appear to be due to alterations in hepatic transport of bile acids, the
      exact mechanism(s) producing these changes remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2889588
TI  - GGT test.

PMID- 2889587
TI  - Malignant insulinoma with metastasis to gallbladder and bone, accompanied by past
      history of peptic ulcer and hyperthyroidism.
AB  - A case of a malignant insulinoma in a 53-year-old female is presented. In 1973,
      the patient underwent caudal pancreatectomy for a malignant insulinoma. Ten years
      later, it was discovered that the insulinoma had spread to the bones. On
      admission for cholecystectomy because of a gallbladder polyp and gallstones, she
      often experienced hypoglycemic attacks, and both calcium and glucagon provocation
      tests elicited marked release of insulin. Selective angiography of the common
      hepatic artery showed a tumor blush near the hilum of the liver.
      Immunohistochemical staining of the gallbladder polyp and the bone tumors proved
      positive for insulin. Plasma levels of insulin and prolactin were abnormally
      high. The patient had also been treated for a perforated duodenal ulcer and
      hyperthyroidism. It is concluded that this may have been a case of a multiple
      endocrine neoplasia.

PMID- 2889589
TI  - [Legal problems of the use of opioids in the rescue service].

PMID- 2889590
TI  - The effect of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio on protein synthesis and expression of
      a stage-specific antigen in early cleaving mouse embryos.
AB  - The nucleocytoplasmic ratio of fertilized mouse eggs was manipulated by removing
      or injecting cytoplasm by micropipette, and bisection of denuded eggs to obtain
      both pronuclei in one half of the eggs cytoplasm. The experimental eggs were
      capable of cleavage to the morula stage and, in some instances, developed to the
      blastocyst stage similar to unmanipulated eggs. The removal of large quantities
      of cytoplasm by micropipette and injecting them into a recipient egg did not
      provide sufficient numbers of viable eggs, whereas transfer of smaller quantities
      (about a quarter of the cytoplasm) was less deleterious, at least for recipient
      eggs. However, the alteration of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio by this method was
      not of the correct magnitude for the purpose of this experiment. Therefore,
      bisection was the preferred method whereby the nucleocytoplasmic ratio was
      doubled. This resulted in both pronuclei residing in one half of the egg's
      cytoplasm. Half eggs with one pronucleus (haploid) but retaining a
      nucleocytoplasmic ratio similar to unmanipulated control eggs served as
      additional controls for the bisection experiments. Protein synthesis was analysed
      by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, showing that the 2-cell- and 4-cell-stage
      bisected embryos with double and normal nucleocytoplasmic ratio expressed
      equivalent protein synthesis patterns as control embryos of the same stage.
      Likewise, the stage-specific surface antigen SSEA-1 did not appear before the 6-
      to 8-cell stage. Also in cytoplasm transfer experiments, there was no indication
      that altering the nucleocytoplasmic ratio in either direction changed the timing
      of stage-specific gene expression. These results support the idea that stage
      specific gene activity during early mouse cleavage might proceed in parallel to
      DNA replication cycles and is independent of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.

PMID- 2889591
TI  - Developmental and spatial patterns of expression of the mouse homeobox gene, Hox
      2.1.
AB  - The Hox 2.1 gene forms part of a cluster of homeobox-containing genes on mouse
      chromosome 11. Analysis of Hox 2.1 cDNAs isolated from an 8 1/2-day p.c. mouse
      embryo library predicts that the gene encodes a 269 amino acid protein (Mr,
      29,432). This deduced protein contains a homeobox 15 amino acids from the carboxy
      terminus and is very rich in serine and proline. A second partially conserved
      region present in several other genes containing homeoboxes, the hexapeptide Ile
      Phe-Pro-Trp-Met-Arg, is located 12 amino acids upstream of the homeodomain and is
      encoded by a separate exon. Analysis of Hox 2.1 gene expression reveals a complex
      and tissue-specific series of RNA transcripts in a broad range of fetal tissues
      (lung, spinal cord, kidney, gut, spleen, liver and visceral yolk sac). Comparison
      of the temporal patterns of gene expression during development and in the adult
      suggests that Hox 2.1 is regulated independently in different tissues. Evidence
      is also presented that transcripts from other loci have extensive homology to the
      Hox 2.1 gene in sequences outside of the homeobox. In situ hybridization shows
      that Hox 2.1 transcripts are regionally localized in the spinal cord in an
      apparent anterior-posterior gradient extending from the hind brain. The
      distribution of RNA also displays a cell-type specificity in the lung, where
      mesodermal cells surrounding the branching epithelial cell layer accumulate high
      levels of Hox 2.1 transcripts.

PMID- 2889592
TI  - [Physical exhaustion and fatal heat stroke].

PMID- 2889593
TI  - [Takayasu's arteritis in a young girl with hypertension].

PMID- 2889594
TI  - Isolation and characterization of tetrahydropterin oxidation products generated
      in the tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase) reaction.
AB  - The catalytic mechanism of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase, EC
      1.14.16.2), isolated from the cytosolic fraction of bovine adrenal medulla, was
      studied by new techniques of product isolation and characterization. Using either
      (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin, (6RS)-tetrahydroneopterin, or 6-methyl
      tetrahydropterin, as the cofactors, three enzymatic oxidation products could be
      isolated and identified from the reaction mixture by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and rapid-scanning spectroscopy: (a) the 4a-hydroxy derivatives,
      (b) the quinonoid dihydropterins, and (c) the stable 7,8-dihydropterins. Stopped
      flow spectroscopy revealed that the formation of the 4a-hydroxy-tetrahydropterins
      preceded the formation of the quinonoid forms with both L-tyrosine and L
      phenylalanine as the substrate. The formations of 4a-hydroxy-tetrahydropterins
      and hydroxylated amino acids were tightly coupled as recently shown in the
      phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase reaction [Haavik, J., Doskeland, A. P. & Flatmark,
      T. (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 160, 1-8]. No detectable carbinolamine dehydratase
      activity was present in the enzyme preparation.

PMID- 2889595
TI  - Association of the precursor of cathepsin D with coated membranes. Kinetics and
      carbohydrate processing.
AB  - Specific anti-chlathrin antibodies were used to isolate clathrin-coated membranes
      from homogenates of metabolically labelled fibroblasts. The isolated membranes
      were extracted with detergents and cathepsin D was isolated from the extracts.
      The 53-kDa precursor of cathepsin D was transiently associated with the coated
      membranes with a maximum approximately 60 min after synthesis. At maximum about
      4.0% of the precursor was recovered with the coated membranes and the associated
      precursor contained complex oligosaccharides. The proportion of complex
      oligosaccharides in the coated membrane-associated precursor did not differ from
      that in the total precursor. These data support the view that coated membranes
      are involved in the transport of cathepsin D between trans Golgi and a
      prelysosomal organelle.

PMID- 2889596
TI  - Characterization of the Na+-stimulated ATPase of Propionigenium modestum as an
      enzyme of the F1F0 type.
AB  - The ATP-hydrolyzing activity of Propionigenium modestum was extracted from the
      membranes with Triton X-100 or by incubation with EDTA at low ionic strength. The
      ATPase in the Triton extract was highly sensitive to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide but
      not to vanadate. These properties are characteristic for enzymes of the F1 F0
      type. The ATPase was specifically activated by Na+ ions yielding a 15-fold
      increase in catalytic activity at 5 mM Na+ concentration. The additional presence
      of 1% Triton X-100 caused a further 1.5-fold activation. In the absence of Na+
      Triton stimulated the ATPase about 13-fold. The Triton-stimulated ATPase was
      further activated about 1.5-2-fold by Na+ addition. The ATPase extracted by the
      low-ionic-strength treatment was purified to homogeneity by fractionation with
      poly(ethylene glycol) and gel chromatography. The enzyme had the characteristic
      F1-ATPase subunit structure with Mr values of 58,000 (alpha), 56,000 (beta),
      37,600 (gamma), 22,700 (delta), and 14,000 (epsilon). The F1-ATPase was not
      stimulated by Na+ ions. The membrane-bound ATPase was reconstituted from the
      purified F1 part and F1-depleted membranes, thus further indicating an F1 F0
      structure for the ATPase of P. modestum. Upon reconstitution the ATPase recovered
      its stimulation by Na+ ions, suggesting that the binding site for Na+ is
      localized on the membrane-bound F0 part of the enzyme complex.

PMID- 2889597
TI  - Structural characterization of peptides derived from prosomatostatins I and II
      isolated from the pancreatic islets of two species of teleostean fish: the daddy
      sculpin and the flounder.
AB  - The primary structures of three peptides from extracts from the pancreatic islets
      of the daddy sculpin (Cottus scorpius) and three analogous peptides from the
      islets of the flounder (Platichthys flesus), two species of teleostean fish, have
      been determined by automated Edman degradation. The structures of the flounder
      peptides were confirmed by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The peptides
      show strong homology to residues (49-60), (63-96) and (98-125) of the predicted
      sequence of preprosomatostatin II from the anglerfish (Lophius americanus). The
      amino acid sequences of the peptides suggest that, in the sculpin,
      prosomatostatin II is cleaved at a dibasic amino acid residue processing site
      (corresponding to Lys61-Arg62 in anglerfish preprosomatostatin II). The resulting
      fragments are further cleaved at monobasic residue processing sites
      (corresponding to Arg48 and Arg97 in anglerfish preprosomatostatin II). In the
      flounder the same dibasic residue processing site is utilised but cleavage at
      different monobasic sites takes place (corresponding to Arg50 and Arg97 in
      anglerfish preprosomatostatin II). A peptide identical to mammalian somatostatin
      14 was also isolated from the islets of both species and is presumed to represent
      a cleavage product of prosomatostatin I.

PMID- 2889598
TI  - Quantitative measurement of the error in the cryptic stereospecificity of
      methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.
AB  - 1. Samples of methylmalonyl-CoA and (2H3)methylmalonyl-CoA were prepared by a
      combination of chemical and enzymic methods. After ion-exchange chromatography
      the unlabelled methylmalonyl-CoA was pure, the deuterated substance contained 11
      12% dephospho-CoA derivative. 2. The sample of unlabelled methylmalonyl-CoA was
      incubated in deuterated buffer with catalytic amounts of methylmalonyl-CoA
      mutase, epimerase, and coenzyme B12. The progress of the reaction was monitored
      directly by 1H-NMR spectroscopy at 500 MHz. After equilibrium was established, a
      slow mutase-catalysed deuterium incorporation into migratable positions of
      succinyl-CoA was observed. 3. The sample of (2H3)methylmalonyl-CoA was incubated
      in unlabelled buffer with a mixture of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, epimerase and
      coenzyme B12. In withdrawn aliquots, the reaction was interrupted by
      acidification and the lyophilised samples were examined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in
      deuterium oxide. Both rearrangement and protium incorporation into migratable
      positions of succinyl-CoA were monitored. 4. At comparable methylmalonyl-CoA to
      succinyl-CoA conversion rates, deuterium loss from migratable positions was 4-6
      times faster than the corresponding protium loss. It is confirmed that the
      stereochemical error of the mutase is amplified by isotope discrimination when
      deuterium is in migratable positions, whereas it is diminished when protium is in
      migratable positions.

PMID- 2889599
TI  - The effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on atherosclerosis and its
      complications.
AB  - Epidemiologic and experimental data are reviewed to determine whether treatment
      with beta-adrenergic blocking agents ('beta blockers') is likely to be
      antiatherogenic. Both indirect and direct evidence are considered. Indirect
      evidence is derived from studies of the effects of beta blockers on the risk
      factors for atherosclerosis, or on the disease sequelae of atherosclerosis.
      Direct evidence refers to studies in which atherosclerosis is an endpoint.
      Regarding indirect evidence, the data generally are consistent with a retarding
      or neutral effect of beta blockers on atherosclerosis. For example stroke
      incidence is reduced when hypertension is treated with beta blockers. About half
      of these same studies also show a reduction in the incidence of myocardial
      infarction, a complication that may be more closely related to atherosclerosis
      extent and severity than is stroke, which can have a nonatherosclerosis origin.
      The most important potential negative effect of beta blockers occurs with respect
      to serum lipid concentrations. However, there is no evidence that atherosclerosis
      is worsened as a result of pharmacologically induced alterations of serum lipids.
      The direct evidence more clearly indicates a retarding effect of beta blockers on
      atherosclerosis, with 11 of 13 studies having outcomes in this direction.
      However, interpretation of these studies is complicated by the fact that all of
      the data are derived from animal models, some of which are not similar to human
      beings in the development of atherosclerosis. Also, the studies are diverse, not
      only in the research designs and species utilized, but also in the type of beta
      blocker employed, the degree of beta blockade achieved, and the anatomic location
      of lesions. In summary, the data suggest that treatment with beta blockers may
      retard atherosclerosis. A more definitive answer requires efforts in two
      directions: (a) studies on atherosclerosis in selected populations of human
      beings, using cineangiography or autopsy material; and (b) additional, well
      controlled studies in appropriate animal models.

PMID- 2889600
TI  - By what means might beta blockers prolong life after acute myocardial infarction?

PMID- 2889601
TI  - Potential role of somatostatin analogues in the treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2889602
TI  - Enhanced biliary gamma-glutamyltransferase excretion following prolonged alcohol
      consumption in rats.
AB  - In order to study the question of whether chronic ethanol consumption may alter
      the biliary excretion of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), female rats were
      pair-fed nutritionally adequate liquid diets containing either ethanol (36% of
      total calories) or isocaloric carbohydrates for 24 days. Compared to pair-fed
      controls, the administration of the alcohol-containing diet resulted in an
      increased biliary excretion of gamma-GT (5.84 +/- 0.73 mU 6 h-1 100 g-1 b.w. vs.
      8.82 +/- 0.79, P less than 0.001). This was associated with a corresponding
      enhanced biliary output of total bile acids. An apparent linear relation between
      the biliary output rates of gamma-GT and those of total bile acids was observed
      both in alcohol-fed animals (r = 0.83) and in their pair-fed controls (r = 0.95).
      In addition, there was a significant increase of gamma-glutamyltransferase
      activities in the liver homogenate and in liver plasma membranes, both in
      fractions rich in bile canalicular and basolateral membranes and in those rich in
      blood sinusoidal site. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activities as well as
      serum bile acid concentrations were also enhanced by 96.8% (P less than 0.001)
      and 233% (P less than 0.001), respectively. These data show that chronic alcohol
      consumption enhances hepatic gamma-GT activities, leading to an increased efflux
      of gamma-GT into the bile and possibly into the blood out of the liver cell.
      Furthermore, these data suggest the involvement of bile acids with their
      solubilizing properties for the biliary excretion of gamma-GT.

PMID- 2889603
TI  - Relationship between growth hormone and somatomedin-C levels in untreated
      acromegaly, after surgery and radiotherapy and during medical therapy with
      sandostatin (SMS 201-995).
AB  - Several conflicting reports have been published with regard to the relationships
      between circulating growth hormone (GH), Somatomedin-C (SM-C) levels and clinical
      activity during different stages of therapy of acromegaly. We did not find a
      significant correlation between (fasting, post-prandial and mean 24-h) plasma GH
      and SM-C concentrations in twenty-two untreated acromegalic patients. There was a
      statistical significant correlation, however, if only the GH levels below 100
      micrograms 1(-1) were considered (n = 18 patients, P less than 0.01). The
      distribution of molecular forms of GH ('little', 'big' and 'big-big') did not
      differ between the four patients with GH levels above 100 micrograms 1(-1) and in
      four patients with levels between 40 micrograms 1(-1) and 80 micrograms 1(-1).
      Therefore, it is suggested that GH levels of 80-100 micrograms 1(-1) maximally
      activate Somatomedin-C production in man and that further increases in GH in
      general will not result in a further increase in SM-C generation. There was a
      significant correlation between GH and SM-C levels in forty-nine acromegalic
      patients after surgery and/or radiotherapy (P less than 0.001). In twenty-three
      of thirty-one patients with elevated SM-C levels the disease was subjectively
      still active, while this was the case in none of the patients with normal SM-C
      levels. In eight patients the disease was considered not to be clinically active
      any more, despite slightly increased SM-C levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2889604
TI  - Equal potency of nifedipine to inhibit alpha 1-(dobutamine and BDF 6143) and
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor (B-HT 920) induced pressor responses in pithed rats; lack of
      effect of phenoxybenzamine.
AB  - Intravenous (i.v.) dobutamine and BDF 6143 were partial agonists in increasing
      diastolic pressure in beta-adrenoceptor-blocked pithed rats. The log dose-pressor
      effect curves were not influenced by yohimbine (1 mg/kg i.v., -15 min) but were
      markedly shifted to the right by prazosin (0.1 mg/kg i.v., -15 min) indicating
      the exclusive involvement of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Nifedipine (0.1-1 mg/kg i.a.,
      -15 min) non-competitively inhibited the pressor effects of dobutamine and BDF
      6143 as well as of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agent B-HT 920 with equal potency.
      The -log ED50 values calculated for nifedipine amounted to 6.25 +/- 0.12, 6.16 +/
      0.14 and 6.20 +/- 0.10, respectively. Phenoxybenzamine (3 or 10 micrograms/kg
      i.v., -60 min) did not affect the effectiveness of nifedipine (0.1 mg/kg) to
      inhibit the pressor effects of dobutamine and BDF 6143. Following treatment with
      Bay k 8644 (1 mg/kg i.a., -15 min), the log dose-pressor effect curves for
      dobutamine and BDF 6143 were shifted to the left and the maximum responses were
      elevated. Our findings suggest that the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-induced pressor
      effects of dobutamine and BDF 6143 rely heavily on the influx of Ca2+, and are
      indistinguishable in this respect from the effects initiated by alpha 2
      adrenoceptor stimulation. The data further support the view that the sensitivity
      of alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor effects to inhibition by Ca2+ entry
      blockers depends on the extent to which Ca2+ influx contributes to the overall
      response and is not determined by the intrinsic activity or by the receptor
      reserve of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist.

PMID- 2889605
TI  - Desipramine given repeatedly enhances behavioural effects of dopamine and d
      amphetamine injected into the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The effect of desipramine (DMI) was studied after its repeated administration (10
      mg/kg p.o., twice daily, 14 days) to rats, on the action of dopamine and d
      amphetamine injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens. DMI, applied
      repeatedly but not acutely, prevented the sedative effect of dopamine and
      enhanced its stimulating action, as assessed by the open-field test. Repeated
      administration of DMI also enhanced d-amphetamine-induced locomotor
      hyperactivity. The number of [3H]SCH 23390 binding sites (D-1) in the limbic
      system decreased while the number of [3H] spiperone ones (D-2) remained
      unchanged. The results indicate that, like other antidepressant drugs studied
      earlier, DMI enhances neurotransmission in the dopamine mesolimbic system
      (nucleus accumbens) of the rat.

PMID- 2889606
TI  - Hypothermia and poikilothermia induced by a kappa-agonist opioid and a
      neuroleptic.
AB  - When an opioid acting selectively at the kappa opioid receptor is administered
      subcutaneously to rats along with a neuroleptic at an ambient temperature of 20
      degrees C a marked hypothermia ensues. The combination of U-50,488H (a kappa
      agonist) and chlorpromazine (a neuroleptic) caused a drop in body temperature
      amounting to as much as 11 degrees C, with all animals recovering after 24-48 h.
      Naloxone partially reversed the hypothermia. Similar, but less dramatic,
      decreases in body temperature occurred with other neuroleptics and weaker kappa
      agonists. The induction of poikilothermia was indicated when the body temperature
      approached the environment temperature and lethality resulted in 100% of the
      animals at ambient temperatures of 5 degrees C or 35 degrees C. The potential
      utility of this or similar combinations of drugs lies in such diverse
      applications as cardiac surgery, treatment of the near-drowning syndrome and
      space travel.

PMID- 2889607
TI  - Synergistic activity of sodium cromoglycate and beta 2-stimulants in rat lung
      anaphylaxis.
AB  - Using a model of passive anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in the rat, the
      combined inhibitory effects of sodium cromoglycate and the beta 2-adrenoceptor
      agonists fenoterol and salbutamol were shown to be synergistic. Synergism was
      most evident in animals strongly sensitised with relatively high levels of IgE
      antibodies, in which the individual drugs showed reduced potency.

PMID- 2889609
TI  - Weakening of naloxone antagonism in vitro and in vivo with octreotide (SMS 201
      995).
AB  - Octreotide, a potent long-acting somatostatin analogue, has been shown to have a
      wide range of physiological actions. We have demonstrated a somatostatin-like
      inhibition of the electrically evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens and
      an opioid antagonistic property in the same tissue. In addition, pretreatment
      with octreotide reduced the potency of naloxone antagonism in vitro in the mouse
      vas deferens and in vivo in the mouse charcoal meal test. The latter effect
      suggests that the agonist receptor interactions are taking place on sites
      allosteric to the agonist site and that the conventionally accepted concept of
      opioid antagonism may have to be modified.

PMID- 2889608
TI  - Changes in the biological activity of autacoids during passage through the human
      perfused fetoplacental lobule.
AB  - Changes in the biological activities of a number of autacoids after a single
      passage through the human perfused fetoplacental lobule have been assessed by
      bioassay, whilst recording fetal vascular resistance. Bradykinin did not affect
      vascular resistance, but its biological activity on the superfused bioassay
      tissues fell by approximately 98%, whereas des-Asp1-angiotensin I activity
      increased at least 80-fold and the vascular resistance rose. All these effects
      were inhibited by captopril. Angiotensin II increased vascular resistance but its
      activity on the bioassay tissues was not changed. 5-Hydroxytryptamine activity
      was reduced by 67-90% and resistance to flow was not affected. The activities of
      prostaglandins D2, E2, and F2 alpha were slightly reduced. Prostaglandins D2 and
      F2 alpha caused vasoconstriction, their maximum effects being greater than those
      of either of the angiotensins. The TxA2-mimetic U46619 was approximately 90 times
      more potent than PGF2 alpha, as a vasoconstrictor, but the maximal effects were
      comparable. Thus, autacoid activity can be reduced, augmented or not affected
      during passage through the human perfused fetal placental vasculature.

PMID- 2889610
TI  - Primary afferent terminal excitability in the normal and spastic mutant mouse
      spinal cord.
AB  - A microcomputer-based system has been used to apply the technique of excitability
      testing to the study of the actions of a range of pharmacological agents on the
      excitability of single primary afferent terminals in the mouse spinal cord in
      vitro. GABAA analogues all evoked increases in excitability that were bicuculline
      sensitive. GABA itself also evoked biphasic changes in excitability, or
      occasionally only suppressed terminal excitability. This latter effect was often
      enhanced in the presence of bicuculline, and resembled the action of the GABAB
      agonist, baclofen. The GABAA action could be enhanced by concurrent application
      of either benzodiazepine, midazolam or flurazepam. Bicuculline alone frequently
      decreased excitability. This action could be abolished by blocking synaptic
      activity with a low Ca2+ high Mg2+ superfusate, and was therefore considered to
      be due to reduction of the tonic action of GABA released at synaptic connections.
      Comparison of the action of these agents on terminals in the spastic mutant mouse
      showed an increased sensitivity of the GABA response to the benzodiazepines in
      mutant animals.

PMID- 2889611
TI  - Isapirone is a partial agonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptors in
      the rat hippocampus: electrophysiological evidence.
AB  - Using iontophoretic techniques we observed that in vivo isapirone (TVX Q 7821), a
      selective ligand for the 5-HT1A binding site, at low ejection currents (5-30 nA)
      antagonised 5-HT and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (DPAT)-induced
      suppression of hippocampal unit activity, with little effect on baseline firing
      rate itself. At higher ejection currents (20-100 nA) or following prolonged
      application, isapirone inhibited unit firing. Responses to GABA were unaffected
      by isapirone. These data demonstrate that isapirone is a 5-HT1A receptor
      antagonist with partial agonist properties on 5-HT sensitive neurones in the rat
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2889612
TI  - Histochemical studies on gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity of pancreatic
      acinar cell lesions induced by 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and/or azaserine
      in rats.
AB  - The utility of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) as an enzyme marker
      during pancreatic acinar cell carcinogenesis in rats was assessed by measuring
      its enzyme-histochemical performance in pancreatic acinar cell lesions induced by
      4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) and/or azaserine in partially
      pancreatectomized Fischer 344 and Wistar rats. Rats were given a single
      intravenous injection of 4-HAQO (10 or 7 mg/kg body weight) 3 days after partial
      pancreatectomy followed by intraperitoneal injections of azaserine (30 mg/kg)
      once a week for 10 weeks, or the same treatment without azaserine. The animals
      were sacrificed at 3, 6, 10, 12 and 18 months. 4-HAQO predominantly induced
      basophilic foci in Fischer rats, while in Wistar rats acidophilic foci and
      acidophilic hyperplastic nodules were predominant. A preferential enhancement of
      the induction of acidophilic foci and hyperplastic nodules was exhibited in
      Fischer rats following co-administration with azaserine. Normal acinar cells were
      positive for gamma-GTP. 90 to 100% of basophilic foci were either negative or
      slightly positive for gamma-GTP, whilst 68 to 98% of acidophilic foci were
      positive. The gamma-GTP activities of acidophilic hyperplastic nodules were more
      variable between nodules than within nodules, and either co-administration of
      azaserine or extension of experimental duration time appeared to increase the
      gamma-GTP positive nodules. Between the gamma-GTP positive and decreased nodules,
      no histological but some morphometrical differences were observed. As far as the
      nodules induced by 4-HAQO in Fischer rats were concerned, all of the gamma-GTP
      decreased nodules had thin fibrous capsules and exhibited ultrastructurally more
      atypia than the positive ones. Present study thus revealed that gamma-GTP is
      neither a useful nor invariable enzyme marker during pancreatic acinar cell
      carcinogenesis in rats.

PMID- 2889613
TI  - Sympatho-inhibitory mechanisms acting at sympathetic ganglia to attenuate
      hypothalamic-induced pressor effect in the cat.
AB  - Pressor and tachycardic effects induced in the cat by stimulation of a lateral
      hypothalamic (LH) site, are shown to be mediated by sympathetic ganglia nicotinic
      receptor, and potentiated under atropine methyl nitrate sympathetic ganglia
      blockage. It is postulated that a sympatho-inhibitory pathway muscarinic
      ganglionic mechanism, co-activated by the LH stimulation, attenuates the pressor
      and tachycardic effects, the potentiation presumably being a manifestation of
      blockage of that mechanism.

PMID- 2889614
TI  - Characterization of metal binding peptides from cadmium resistant plant cells.
AB  - The majority of the cellular cadmium (less than 80%) in cadmium resistant Datura
      innoxia cells is bound to a small, metal induced peptide which is not
      metallothionein. This peptide consists of glutamate, cysteine and glycine in a
      ratio between 2:2:1 and 3:3:1 and has an apparent molecular weight of 776, under
      denaturing conditions. It is heat stable and complexes with cadmium to produce
      multimeric forms which are separable by gel filtration. Chemical analyses suggest
      that some amino acids are not joined by classical peptide linkages. This
      indicates that the synthesis of the peptide may not be directed by mRNA and that
      induction of its synthesis may not involve increased transcription from a
      putative gene corresponding directly to this peptide. A smaller proportion
      (greater than 15%) of the cellular cadmium is bound to a larger compound which is
      also heat stable and binds copper more readily than cadmium in vivo. This larger
      compound has an amino acid composition similar, in some respects, to
      metallothioneins.

PMID- 2889615
TI  - Identical twin marrow transplantation for 5 patients with chronic myeloid
      leukaemia: role of DNA finger-printing to confirm monozygosity in 3 cases.
AB  - 5 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) have been treated by BMT from
      identical twin donors. Syngeneity of the twins was established by conventional
      methods in the first 2 patients. These included the similarity of phenotype,
      dermatoglyphics and analysis of red cell isoenzymes and blood groups. 2 of the
      other patients had received multiple blood transfusions prior to referral for BMT
      thereby invalidating red cell analysis. However genetic identity was confirmed in
      these patients by the method of DNA 'finger-printing' which demonstrated
      identical restriction-fragment length polymorphisms. Conclusive proof of
      syngeneity in twins prior to BMT is important since it obviates the need for T
      cell depletion and/or post-graft immunosuppression to prevent graft-versus-host
      disease (GVHD). All 5 patients were conditioned with high-dose chemoradiotherapy
      prior to BMT and all patients are alive and disease-free at a median follow-up of
      12 months. In conclusion, we report a new, reliable method for determining
      syngeneity of twins which has bearing on the technical approach to BMT.

PMID- 2889616
TI  - Different molecular defects of G gamma (A gamma delta beta)o-thalassaemia in
      Thailand.
AB  - DNA from members of 2 Thai families with conditions considered to be delta beta
      thalassaemia were studied by using restriction endonuclease DNA mapping. The
      propositus in family A is a double heterozygote for beta-thalassaemia and delta
      beta-thalassaemia. DNA analysis reveals a deletion of the beta-globin gene
      cluster starting at the area between the Sac I and Eco RI sites near the 3' end
      of the G gamma-gene and extending through the A gamma-, delta- and beta-genes to
      an unknown extent downstream. In family B, the propositus is delta beta
      thalassaemia/Hb E. Deletion of the beta-globin gene cluster begins in the large
      intervening sequence of the A gamma-gene and removes both delta- and beta-genes
      downstream.

PMID- 2889617
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of Cordanum].

PMID- 2889618
TI  - Glutamate acting on NMDA receptors stimulates neurite outgrowth from cerebellar
      granule cells.
AB  - The effect of endogenous glutamate on neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule
      cells in culture was examined. Neurite outgrowth was inhibited by enzymatic
      removal of endogenous glutamate from the culture medium. The broad-spectrum
      glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate also inhibited neurite outgrowth from
      granule cells in serum-containing and serum-free cultures; the inhibition by
      kynurenate was reversed by exogenous glutamate. Neurite outgrowth was inhibited
      to the same extent by the NMDA receptor antagonist APV. These results indicate
      that endogenous glutamate, possibly released by granule cells themselves,
      stimulated neurite outgrowth through activation of the NMDA class of glutamate
      receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors on developing neurons may be an important
      mechanism for the regulation of neuronal growth and differentiation.

PMID- 2889619
TI  - A common bicyclic protein kinase cascade inactivates the regulatory enzymes of
      fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis.
AB  - A highly purified rat liver protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl
      CoA carboxylase, and causes rapid inactivation of microsomal HMG-CoA reductase in
      the presence of MgATP. Both effects are stimulated in an identical manner by AMP,
      and are greatly reduced by prior treatment of the kinase with purified protein
      phosphatase. The dephosphorylated kinase can be reactivated in the presence of
      MgATP, apparently due to a distinct kinase kinase, and this reactivation is
      stimulated by nanomolar concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA. These results show that
      a common, bicyclic protein kinase cascade can potently inactivate the regulatory
      enzymes of both fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis.

PMID- 2889620
TI  - Epidermal growth factor as a new regulator of induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase by glucocorticoids.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) dose-dependently enhanced the induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase by glucocorticoids in primary cultures
      of adult rat hepatocytes without itself having any effect on these enzymes in the
      absence of glucocorticoids. The amplifications were observed even with
      dexamethasone at high concentrations (10(-6) M-10(-5) M) that had a maximal
      effect. EGF had no effect on induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by glucagon
      or Bt2cAMP. The effect of EGF was also observed in adrenal-ectomized and
      submaxillary gland-ectomized rats. These results suggest that EGF is an
      endogenous amplifier of the action of glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2889621
TI  - Cross-reconstitution of isolated F1-ATPase from potato tuber mitochondria with F1
      depleted beef heart and yeast submitochondrial particles.
AB  - Cross-reconstitution of isolated potato mitochondrial F1-ATPase with F1-depleted
      beef heart and yeast submitochondrial particles is reported. Potato F1 binds to
      the heterologous membrane and confers oligomycin sensitivity on the ATPase
      activity of the reconstituted system. Binding of F1 is promoted by the presence
      of Mg2+ with the maximal stimulatory effect at 20 mM. Mg2+ increase the
      sensitivity to oligomycin of the reconstituted system consisting of potato F1 and
      yeast membranes, however, they do not influence oligomycin sensitivity of potato
      F1 and beef heart membranes.

PMID- 2889622
TI  - Catalytic and noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites of chloroplast F1 ATPase.
      Photoaffinity labeling and peptide sequencing.
AB  - Exposure of chloroplast F1 ATPase to 2-azido-ATP results in the noncovalent tight
      binding of 2-azido-ATP or 2-azido-ADP to noncatalytic or to catalytic sites.
      Subsequent photolysis results in covalent labeling of adjacent tryptic peptides
      of the beta-subunit. Binding at noncatalytic sites results in labeling of
      tyrosine 385 by an ATP or an ADP moiety. Binding at catalytic sites results in
      labeling of tyrosine 362 by only an ADP moiety. Similar labeling patterns are
      observed for the heat-activated or the membrane-bound enzymes.

PMID- 2889623
TI  - Catalytic and noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites of the Escherichia coli F1
      ATPase. Amino acid sequences of beta-subunit tryptic peptides labeled with 2
      azido-ATP.
AB  - Under appropriate conditions tight, noncovalent binding of 2-azido-adenine
      nucleotides to either catalytic or noncatalytic binding sites on the E. coli F1
      ATPase occurs. After removal of unbound ligands, UV-irradiation results primarily
      in the covalent incorporation of nucleotide moieties into the beta-subunit in
      both catalytic and noncatalytic site labeling experiments. Minor labeling of the
      alpha-subunit was also observed. After trypsin digestion and purification of the
      labeled peptides, microsequencing studies identified two adjacent beta-subunit
      tryptic peptides labeled by 2-azido-ADP or -ATP. These beta-subunit peptides were
      labeled on tyrosine-331 (catalytic sites) and tyrosine-354 (noncatalytic sites)
      in homology with the labeling patterns of the mitochondrial and chloroplast
      enzymes.

PMID- 2889624
TI  - [Experience with prophylactic work of feldsher and midwife centers].

PMID- 2889625
TI  - [Deontology in the work of epidemiological health station specialists].

PMID- 2889626
TI  - [Structure of the pressor reaction to angiotensin].
AB  - In anesthetized rats, 1938 blood pressure (BP) responses to i.v. injections of
      angiotensin II were studied. 6 types and 21 subtypes of responses were
      distinguished: vasopressor response followed by BP normalizing (type 1; 42%) or
      by a transitory BP drop (type 2; 7%); BP elevation without its subsequent
      decrease (type 3; 3%) preliminary sharp increase of BP followed by a "classic"
      angiotensin pressor effect (type 4; 3%); biphasic response--a depressor response
      followed by a pressor one (type 5; 27%); depressor response alone (type 6; 18%).
      Depressor phases were increased by phentolamine and indomethacin, and were
      inhibited by atropine and spasmolytin. The responses to angiotensin II seem to
      have a vector character, cholinergic system attenuating this response.

PMID- 2889627
TI  - Workshop on 'optimization of influence of ovarian steroid consumption on cancer
      risk'. European Organization for Co-operation in Cancer Prevention Studies.

PMID- 2889628
TI  - Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Report of 14 cases.
AB  - From 1978 to 1985 we have found 14 cases of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
      (VAIN) in patients previously hysterectomized. VAIN was detected by an abnormal
      cytology; diagnostic process included a second cytology, colposcopy, Schiller
      test, and directed biopsies. VAIN was classified as grade I in 5 patients
      (35.7%); grade II in 5 patients (35.7%); and grade III in 4 patients (28.6%).
      Pathogenic classification of VAIN was: VAIN de novo 9 cases (64.3%); VAIN after
      vaginal irradiation, 3 cases (21.4%); VAIN following incomplete removal of a
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, one case (7.1%); and VAIN as manifestation of
      a multicentric neoplasia of the lower genital tract, one case (7.1%). The mean
      time between hysterectomy and VAIN diagnosis was 6.9 years; this time was larger
      for those women hysterectomized by benign uterine diseases (9.0 years vs. 2.4
      years). Our conclusion is that patients who have lost their uterus by malignant
      or benign diseases should be followed-up with periodic vaginal cytology in order
      to detect vaginal neoplasia in its pre-invasive stages.

PMID- 2889629
TI  - Uterine artery ligation to control postpartum hemorrhage.
AB  - Bilateral uterine artery ligation was performed for 32 patients in order to
      control intractable postpartum hemorrhage in 25 of them (currative ligation) and
      as prophylaxis against postpartum hemorrhage in seven (elective ligation). Mass
      ligation was used for 29 patients and isolation ligation for three. Among the 25
      patients for whom curative ligation was performed, successful hemostasis was
      achieved in 20 patients (80%) and the technique failed in five (20%). This
      failure was due to a clotting defect in three and placenta previa accreta in two
      patients. Twenty-four patients (96%) survived and one died as a result of a
      clotting defect. Among five patients followed up, normal menstruation occurred
      with pregnancy in three of them.

PMID- 2889630
TI  - Outpatient diagnostic endometrial aspiration curettage with a new aspiration
      curette.
AB  - During a period of 2 years (1981-1982), 226 outpatient endometrial aspiration
      curettages (EACs) were performed with a new aspiration curette that had been
      developed by the authors. All patients had risk for general anesthesia. From 17
      of them, endometrial polyps were removed by the EAC. Endometrial carcinoma was
      diagnosed in eight others, adenomatous hyperplasia in four, and cystic
      hyperplasia in two women. The main advantage of the new curette is the ability to
      aspirate endometrial polyps through its modified opening.

PMID- 2889631
TI  - Traditional obstetrics; a Nigerian experience of a traditional birth attendant
      training program.
AB  - A survey was conducted of 150 Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) living in the
      peri-urban slum area of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The purpose was to determine
      demographic characteristics as well as knowledge about midwifery practices prior
      to introducing a training program. The participants in the survey had volunteered
      for a free, 3-week training program in modern obstetrics. Information was
      collected by questionnaire which was read to the participants. The findings show
      that: (1) useful service is being rendered by the TBAs; (2) there are areas where
      the introduction of simple methods of aseptic technique, changes in some
      nutritional practices and increased knowledge on the benefits of immunization may
      improve the outcome for mothers and infants living in traditional societies in
      Nigeria. The findings serve as a guide for the development of content of TBA
      training programs.

PMID- 2889632
TI  - Fetal liver measurements by ultrasonography.
AB  - A total of 378 measurements of fetal liver size were made from 18 weeks gestation
      through term. Statistical analysis of the results showed a highly significant
      correlation between fetal liver measurements and gestational age, biparietal
      diameter, and fetal femur length (R = 0.93, R = 0.89, R = 0.89, respectively).
      Ultrasonic measurement of the fetal liver is a reliable indicator of fetal growth
      in the third trimester, as growth rates of the biparietal diameter and head
      circumference are blunt. Furthermore, consecutive measurements of fetal liver
      size enhance the detection of symmetrical, fetal growth, by acquisition of
      various ultrasonic parameters such as biparietal diameter, fetal femur length,
      fetal abdominal circumference and so forth.

PMID- 2889633
TI  - Cesarean section; changing patterns in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Analysis of 8000 cesarean births in the Maternity and Children's Hospital,
      Riyadh, Saudi Arabia documents an increase in the cesarean section (CS) rate from
      3.9% in 1979 to 9.9% in 1984. This increase is mainly attributed to indications
      such as repeat section (37.2%) and fetal distress (28.5%). Increase in the
      diagnosis of fetal distress was related to the introduction of electronic fetal
      monitoring and this diagnosis was not substantiated by Apgar score of the
      neonate. Because of the social preference for large families in Saudi Arabia,
      over-use of cesarean section should be avoided. For this reason, critical
      analysis of fetal distress and adequate trial of labor for patients with previous
      cesarean section is mandatory.

PMID- 2889634
TI  - Predisposing factors in the formation of true knots of the umbilical cord-
      analysis of morphometric and perinatal data.
AB  - Fifty-four umbilical cords with a true knot were analysed and compared to 108
      normal cords. True knots were found in 1.22% of births. They occurred at a
      significantly higher rate in longer cords (P less than 0.00001), in male fetuses
      (P less than 0.05) and in multiparous women (P less than 0.003). Signs of fetal
      distress were observed more frequently in female fetuses, especially in those
      with longer cords. A true knot seems to disrupt the significant correlation (P
      less than 0.007) between cord length and birth weight that we observed in
      controls. The present study reviews the literature on the subject and suggests a
      possible mechanism for true knot formation.

PMID- 2889635
TI  - Growth retardation, size at birth and perinatal mortality in twin pregnancy.
AB  - The records of 194 consecutive pairs of twins were reviewed. Univariate and
      multivariate analyses of relative risks (RR) of perinatal death were performed.
      Perinatal mortality rate was higher in small-for-gestational-age twins and in
      fetuses with discordancy in size at birth more than 20% and 25%. The RR of
      perinatal death for small-for-gestational-age twins was 4.8 (2.74-8.42 95% CI).
      For intertwin birth-weight percent differences of 20% and 25%, the RR was 5.48
      (3.2-9.38 95% CI) and 7.2 (3.87-13.42 95% CI). Population mortality attributable
      risk in the two populations (10.36% and 14.5%, respectively) demonstrates the
      importance of the prenatal assessment of the respective size of twins in
      preventing perinatal death.

PMID- 2889637
TI  - Uterine fibromyomata: presentation and management in northern Nigeria.
AB  - A study of uterine fibromyomata at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital,
      Zaria indicates that the condition occurs in 7.8% of new gynecology cases.
      Infertility 87.2%, menstrual disturbance 70.4%, in association with chronic
      pelvic inflammatory disease 43.4%, anemia 25.0% and hypertension 25.5% were the
      commonest presentations. Total abdominal hysterectomy was commonly performed due
      to the high rate of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. Post-operative morbidity
      was due to pyrexia in 28.6%, hemorrhage in 7.1% and wound infection in 6.6% of
      the series.

PMID- 2889636
TI  - Trial of labor following cesarean section--a study of 212 patients.
AB  - Data on the trial of labor of patients with a prior cesarean section are largely
      confined to studies in the First World. These results and methods may not apply
      to patients in developing countries. This trial studied the management of rural
      patients with a prior cesarean section, and tested exclusion criteria in use at
      the base hospital. Of those allowed a trial labor, 52% delivered vaginally. No
      maternal or fetal mortality occurred, and the outcome suggested a place for the
      controlled trial labor in selected patients.

PMID- 2889638
TI  - Placenta percreta with bladder involvement: case report and review of literature.
AB  - The authors present a very infrequent case of invasive placenta in a 33-year-old
      caucasian primigravida, admitted in our Department because of labor. In the
      course of a cesarean section performed for failure of progress, the presence of a
      highly adherent placenta located in the anterior part of the lower uterine
      segment which affected the posterior vesical wall was discovered. Recommendations
      for management are discussed.

PMID- 2889639
TI  - Formation of rat copulatory plug: purified seminal vesicle secretory proteins
      serve as transglutaminase substrates.
AB  - An in vitro system has been used to study the role of purified rat seminal
      vesicle proteins in the formation of the copulatory vaginal plug. Proteins II, IV
      (or S) and V (or F) were each separately coagulated using the transglutaminase in
      coagulating gland extracts. In each case the coagulum required Ca2+ ions for its
      formation and was insoluble in denaturing solvents. In experiments with
      [3H]lysine, proteins II and S incorporated [3H]lysine into glu-lys dipeptide with
      similar kinetics. Both the N-terminal and C-terminal glutamine residues of
      protein S participated in the reaction.

PMID- 2889640
TI  - Accumulation of free amino acids in growing Xenopus laevis oocytes.
AB  - The sizes of amino acid pools in growing Xenopus laevis oocytes have been
      measured. The total free amino acid content per oocyte increases nearly 25-fold
      during oocyte growth. Together, glutamic acid and aspartic acid account for
      approximately 59-75% of the total amino acid pool in Xenopus oocytes. On the
      other hand, methionine and cysteine are the least abundant of the amino acids
      detected, each accounting for less than 0.7% of the total pool in developing
      oocytes. It is argued that the acid-extractable amino acid pool represents the
      precursor pool used in protein synthesis.

PMID- 2889642
TI  - [Lipid metabolic dynamics and hormonal background during adaptation to prolonged
      psychoemotional and physical loads].

PMID- 2889641
TI  - In vivo regulation of non-insulin-mediated and insulin-mediated glucose uptake by
      cortisol.
AB  - In vivo glucose uptake (Rd) occurs via two mechanisms: insulin-mediated glucose
      uptake (IMGU), which occurs in insulin-sensitive tissues, and non-insulin
      mediated glucose uptake (NIMGU), which occurs in both insulin-sensitive and non
      insulin-sensitive tissues. To determine whether these two pathways for in vivo
      glucose disposal are regulated independently, we studied the effect of stress
      levels of cortisol on IMGU and NIMGU in seven normal subjects after an overnight
      fast. To study NIMGU, somatostatin (SRIF, 600 micrograms/h) was infused to
      suppress endogenous insulin secretion and create severe insulinopenia, and
      glucose turnover was measured isotopically while serum glucose was clamped at
      approximately 200 mg/dl for 240 min. Separate studies were performed during the
      overnight infusion of saline or hydrocortisone (HCT; 2.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1).
      The final 120 min of each study were used for data analysis. Under these
      conditions, insulin action is absent, and Rd = NIMGU. NIMGU was 204 +/- 11 mg/min
      and 208 +/- 8 mg/dl during saline and HCT, respectively (P NS). Therefore, HCT
      did not modulate NIMGU. To measure the effect of cortisol on Rd, hyperglycemic
      (200 mg/dl)-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies (30 mU.m-2. min-1) were performed
      during the infusion of saline or HCT. The results demonstrate that during saline
      infusion, steady-state rates of Rd (10.4 +/- 0.8 mg.kg-1.min-1) were achieved by
      160 min; in contrast, during HCT infusion, Rd never reached steady state but
      increased from 4.5 +/- 0.2 in the 2nd h to 7.6 +/- 0.4 mg.kg-1.min-1 in the 4th
      h, P less than .01.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889643
TI  - Human bile duct carcinoma cell line producing abundant mucin in vitro.
AB  - A human bile duct carcinoma cell line, designated OZ, was established from
      ascitic effusion of a patient who suffered from obstructive jaundice due to the
      clogging of the common bile duct with mucinous substances secreted by the cancer
      cells. OZ was found to be capable of producing mucin in vitro and pools of mucin
      were macroscopically identified on the monolayer of the cells. On the electron
      micrographs, cell coat type mucin and abundant intracytoplasmic desmosomes were
      observed. The OZ cells secreted carcinoembryonic antigen in culture and had high
      enzymatic activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The tumor heterotransplanted
      into nude mice also showed mucin production.

PMID- 2889644
TI  - A restriction fragment length polymorphism in the 5' non-transcribed spacer of
      the rDNA of Tetrahymena thermophila inbred strains B and C3.
AB  - The ribosomal DNA of Tetrahymena thermophila is a 21-kb palindromic molecule
      which replicates autonomously in the macronuclei of this species. In addition to
      the rRNA coding regions, there are 5' and 3' flanking sequences which are not
      transcribed (non-transcribed spacer; NTS). The 5' NTS contains a bidirectional
      origin of DNA replication and promoter elements which direct transcription. We
      have identified a restriction fragment length polymorphism in the rDNA 5' NTS by
      comparing the B and C3 inbred strains of T. thermophila. There is a 42-bp region
      present in the C3 but not in the B strain rDNA; we present evidence that this
      difference most likely represents a deletion in the B strain rather than an
      insertion in the C3 strain. We also include a revised version of the nucleotide
      sequence of the 5' NTS DNA of inbred strain B.

PMID- 2889645
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of the methods for utilizing wastes created in producing
      printed-circuit boards].

PMID- 2889646
TI  - [Expert method of constructing a complex index of work capacity by K. K.
      Platonov's test].

PMID- 2889647
TI  - [The use of a suprofen-benzodiazepine combination in dental sedation].

PMID- 2889649
TI  - Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal
      motor disturbances in the rat.
AB  - The effects of phentolamine, yohimbine and prazosin on laparotomy induced
      intestinal motor disturbances were studied in anaesthetised fasted rats
      previously equipped with electrodes, chronically implanted on the duodenum and
      jejunum. During continuous recording of interdigestive myoelectric activity,
      laparotomy under thiopental anaesthesia (Nesdonal 40 mg/kg ip) induced a primary
      phase of total inhibition of spiking activity lasting 26.1 +/- 1.3 min (mean +/-
      SE) followed by a period of disorganised activity, the first propagated migrating
      myoelectric complex (MMC) occurring 71.4 +/- 7.9 min after laparotomy.
      Phentolamine (3 mg/kg), or yohimbine (1 mg/kg) given im before laparotomy
      decreased by 48 and 49%, respectively, the duration of postsurgical inhibition,
      with a normal MMC pattern occurring immediately after. In contrast, there was
      only a shortening of the postlaparotomy initial inhibition of spiking activity
      after im prazosin (100 micrograms/kg), with a late (50-60 min) recovery of the
      MMC pattern. These results suggest that the initial inhibition of intestinal
      motility induced by laparotomy may involve alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors,
      while the disruption of the MMC pattern is mainly caused by the activation of
      alpha-2 receptors.

PMID- 2889648
TI  - Sulphasalazine induced seminal abnormalities in ulcerative colitis: results of
      mesalazine substitution.
AB  - Seminal abnormalities are commonly found during sulphasalazine treatment.
      Although these changes appear reversible after drug withdrawal this may result in
      colitis relapse. Animal studies suggest that 5-aminosalicylic acid, the active
      component of sulphasalazine, does not impair fertility. Sixteen patients with
      quiescent ulcerative colitis were studied. Each patient produced three samples of
      semen at weekly intervals. Of the 48 samples analysed 39.6% showed oligospermia,
      41.7% showed an increased number of abnormal forms and 91.7% showed impaired
      motility. Nine patients substituted enteric coated mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic
      acid) for sulphasalazine for a minimum period of three months. During this time
      one patient developed a salmonella associated colitis relapse; the others
      remained well. Improvement in sperm count (p less than 0.02), motility (p less
      than 0.001) and morphology (p less than 0.02) occurred in all cases. To date,
      four successful pregnancies have resulted, three in couples complaining of long
      term infertility. Treatment with enteric-coated mesalazine allows the recovery of
      seminal abnormalities induced by sulphasalazine in patients with colitis.

PMID- 2889651
TI  - Role of the BSG in the development of international gastroenterology. British
      Society of Gastroenterology.

PMID- 2889650
TI  - Increased activity of digestive enzymes in ileal enterocytes adapting to proximal
      small bowel resection.
AB  - The ability of adapting ileal enterocytes to express different digestive enzymes
      in their brush border membranes was tested in young female Wistar rats (n = 72)
      receiving 60% proximal small bowel resection. In control rats with intestinal
      transection both neutral aminopeptidase and alpha-glucosidase activities were
      shown, by quantitative cytochemistry, to increase during enterocyte migration
      over the lower part of the villus; thereafter enzyme activities declined or
      remained approximately constant. Proximal enterectomy increased the amount of
      alpha-glucosidase but not neutral aminopeptidase activity appearing during early
      enterocyte development. Thymidine labelled autoradiography showed that the rate
      of enterocyte migration along the ileal villus nearly doubled after jejunal
      resection (19.3 v 11.1 microns/h). Nevertheless, the time taken for both
      peptidase and saccharidase activities to appear at maximal rates in the brush
      border membrane was diminished by about five hours. Thus ileal enterocytes adapt
      to proximal small bowel resection by selective increments in enzyme expression,
      findings that contradict the previous hypothesis of simple metabolic immaturity.

PMID- 2889652
TI  - [Reconstruction in Achilles tendon rupture and simultaneous covering of a skin
      and soft tissue defect using the myocutaneous gastrocnemius sliding flap].
AB  - A functioning Achilles tendon with soft tissue reconstruction in one stage is
      presented. The medial and lateral gastrocnemius musculocutaneous unit can be
      raised as a neurovascular sliding flap with split-thickness skin graft closure of
      the defect in the popliteal fossa.

PMID- 2889653
TI  - [RFLP in the diagnosis of disease].

PMID- 2889654
TI  - [Locally applied cardioselective beta blocker and histamine provocation in
      patients with obstructive airway disease].

PMID- 2889655
TI  - [With josamycin endogenous infection resistance is maintained. Scientific
      workshop on josamycin at the 15th International Congress of Chemotherapy. 23 July
      1987, Istanbul].

PMID- 2889656
TI  - The use of analgesics in terminal care.

PMID- 2889657
TI  - Pre-exposure to glucagon impairs glucose recovery after insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia in man.
AB  - The effect of a two hour period of hypo- and hyperglucagonemia on a subsequent
      insulin-induced hypoglycemia was studied in nine healthy volunteers.
      Hypoglucagonemia was provoked by somatostatin (50 micrograms/h) and
      hyperglucagonemia by glucagon infusion (3.25 ng/kg/min) together with
      somatostatin, while saline alone was given as control. Hypoglycemia was induced
      by insulin infusion (2.4 U/h) for two hours. The hyperglycemic effect of glucagon
      was transient and similar nadir glucose levels were obtained in the three
      experiments. Preinfusion with glucagon impaired glucose recovery in spite of
      preserved secretion of epinephrine during restitution of blood glucose in this
      experiment. It is concluded, that a period of elevated glucagon levels
      deteriorates the restitution of blood glucose following hypoglycemia.
      Hyperglucagonemia, commonly apparent in poorly controlled diabetics, may
      therefore be of importance in explaining the impaired recovery of blood glucose
      seen in such patients after hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2889658
TI  - Antipsychotic agents of the future.

PMID- 2889659
TI  - Correlation of neuroleptic dose and neurotoxicity in patients given lithium and a
      neuroleptic.

PMID- 2889660
TI  - A somatic cell hybrid panel for localizing DNA segments near the Huntington's
      disease gene.
AB  - Thirty-four random DNA probes from the terminal half of the human chromosome 4
      short arm were further localized within 4pter----p15.1. A panel of somatic cell
      hybrid lines defining six chromosomal regions within 4pter----p15.1 was
      constructed using human cell lines containing translocation or deletion
      chromosomes. The vast majority of the DNA sequences, 32 of 34 or 94%, mapped to
      the three most proximal regions comprising 4p16.1----4p15.1. Only two probes were
      localized distal to 4p16.1: one in the region 4p16.3----4p16.1 and one in 4p16.3.
      D4S10, a polymorphic DNA marker linked to the Huntington's disease defect, has
      previously been mapped to the terminal region of 4p with conflicting assignments
      to 4p16.1 and 4p16.3. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      demonstrated hemizygosity for D4S10 in a patient with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome
      resulting from an unbalanced translocation t(4;8)(p16.3;p23.1), supporting the
      4p16.3 localization. Our panel of somatic cell hybrids provides a rapid method
      for mapping new probes to the same vicinity as that of D4S10. However, the
      relative paucity of such DNA segments identified here suggests that a more
      directed approach may be required to generate additional markers near the HD
      gene.

PMID- 2889661
TI  - Chromosome-specific alpha satellite DNA from human chromosome 1: hierarchical
      structure and genomic organization of a polymorphic domain spanning several
      hundred kilobase pairs of centromeric DNA.
AB  - The human alpha satellite repetitive DNA family is organized as distinct
      chromosome-specific subsets localized to the centromeric region of each
      chromosome. Here, we report he isolation and characterization of cloned repeat
      units which define a hierarchical subset of alpha satellite on human chromosome
      1. This subset is characterized by a 1.9-kb higher-order repeat unit which
      consists of 11 tandem approximately 171-bp alpha satellite monomer repeat units.
      The higher-order repeat unit is itself tandemly repeated, present in at least 100
      copies at the centromeric region of chromosome 1. Using pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis we estimate the total array length of these tandem sequences at
      the centromere of chromosome 1 to be several hundred kilobase pairs. Under
      conditions of high stringency, the higher-order repeat probe hybridizes
      specifically to chromosome 1 and can be used to detect several associated
      restriction fragment length DNA polymorphisms. As such, this probe may be useful
      for molecular and genetic analyses of the centromeric region of human chromosome
      1.

PMID- 2889662
TI  - Genetic mapping of nine DNA markers in the q11----q22 region of the human X
      chromosome.
AB  - We have ordered nine polymorphic DNA markers within detailed map of the proximal
      part of the human X chromosome long arm, extending from band q11 to q22, by use
      of both physical mapping with a panel of rodent-human somatic hybrids and
      multipoint linkage analysis. Analysis of 44 families (including 17 families from
      the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain) provided highly significant linkage
      data for both order and estimation of map distances between loci. We have
      obtained the following order: DXS1-DXS159-DXYS1-DXYS12-DXS3-(DXS94 , DXS178)
      DXYS17. The most probable location of DXYS2 is between DXS159 and DXS3, close to
      DXYS1 and DXYS12. The high density of markers (nine loci within 30 recombination
      units) and the improvement in the estimation of recombination frequencies should
      be very useful for multipoint mapping of disease loci in this region and for
      diagnostic applications.

PMID- 2889663
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease using restriction
      fragment length polymorphism analysis.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) was performed
      with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using probes
      flanking the gene. The male fetus and an affected male displayed the same
      haplotype for RFLPs belonging to six linked loci extending from DXS164 to DXS7,
      which encompass the CGD locus, and for which the mother was heterozygous.
      Diagnosis of an affected fetus was confirmed after termination of the pregnancy
      by the study of fetal granulocytes using the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction
      test. In informative families prenatal diagnosis of CGD can be made earlier by
      RFLP analysis than by fetal blood sampling.

PMID- 2889664
TI  - State of the science: methods of pain control: review of research and literature.

PMID- 2889665
TI  - Modulation of granulocyte functions by bacterial exotoxin and endotoxins.
AB  - The modulation of granulocyte functions by bacterial exotoxins (Streptolysin O,
      alveolysin, theta toxin) and endotoxins from salmonella and lipid A is described
      here. Incubation of polymorphonuclear granulocytes with thiol-activated toxins
      resulted in an increased leukotriene generation. Toxin-pretreated PMNs revealed
      an increased omega oxidation of LTB4, which may explain why toxin-stimulated
      cells release more LTC4 than LTB4. Furthermore, toxin-pretreated PMNs showed a
      decreased leukotriene generation on subsequent stimulation with the Ca-ionophore
      A 23187 or opsonized zymosan.

PMID- 2889666
TI  - Transcription of IL-2 receptor gene is stimulated by ATL-derived factor produced
      by HTLV-I(+) T cell lines.
AB  - In HTLV-I transformed T-cell lines established from the patients with adult T
      cell leukemia (ATL), there is a constitutive activation of the normal IL-2
      receptor (IL-2-R) gene. These cell lines continuously produce an ATL-derived
      factor (ADF), an IL-2-R inducing factor without IL-2 activity. ADF enhances the
      expression of the IL-2-R through the augmentation of the IL-2-R mRNA in the HTLV
      I(+) T-cell line (ED) as well as the NK cell line cells (YT). In YT cells, the
      transcriptional initiation of the promoter of the IL-2-R gene was enhanced by ADF
      but not by IL-2. Production of ADF by HTLV-I(+) T-cell lines may be involved in
      the abnormal expression of IL-2-Rs on these cells.

PMID- 2889667
TI  - Enhancement of the interleukin 2 receptor expression on T cells by multiple B
      lymphotropic lymphokines.
AB  - Three new human lymphokines, interleukin-5, BSF-2 and BSF-MP6, were shown to be
      active in the enhancement of the IL-2 receptor expression on T cells, although
      they do not stimulate growth of the T cells.

PMID- 2889668
TI  - Interleukin-1 alpha and beta genes: linkage on chromosome 2 in the mouse.
AB  - Two interleukin-1 polypeptides, alpha and beta, are known, and cDNAs
      corresponding to each have been described. Genomic cloning and Southern blotting
      experiments suggest that in the mouse each is encoded by a gene present in one
      copy per haploid genome. Analysis of a panel of somatic cell hybrids carrying
      various mouse chromosomes on a constant Chinese hamster background indicates that
      both genes map to mouse chromosome 2. Further, analysis of the inheritance of DNA
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with each gene in
      recombinant inbred strains of mice shows the two loci to be tightly linked to one
      another, and to lie approximately 4.7 centimorgans distal to B2m (beta-2
      microglobulin). We have named the locus encoding IL-1 alpha Il-1 alpha and the
      locus encoding IL-1 beta Il-1b.

PMID- 2889669
TI  - Molecular analysis distinguishes two HLA-DR3-bearing major histocompatibility
      complex extended haplotypes.
AB  - We detected restriction fragment length polymorphisms that distinguish the
      extended haplotype HLA-B8,DR3,SCO1 from HLA-B18,DR3,F1C3O at the DR beta and DQ
      beta loci with five of seven restriction endonucleases used. One set of
      restriction fragments was always found on HLA-B8,DR3,SCO1 and associated with
      DRw52a, while the other was present on HLA-B18, DR3,F1C3O and correlated with
      DRw52b (the gene encoding the subtype of DRw52 associated with the BO1 or LB-Q1
      antigen). Furthermore, using a full-length DQ beta gene probe, we found division
      in the DQw2 haplotype, in which DQw2a always associated with HLA-B8, DR3,SCO1,
      while DQw2b always occurred with HLA-B18,DR3,F1C3O. Our evidence thus indicates
      that serologically defined HLA-DR3, HLA-DRw52, and HLA-DQw2 are each produced by
      two structurally very different sets of genes, one set occurring in HLA-B8,
      DR3,SCO1, and the other in HLA-B18,DR3,F1C3O.

PMID- 2889670
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of DP genes defines three new DP
      alleles.

PMID- 2889671
TI  - Inhibition of in vitro generation of cytotoxicity against tumor cells by
      monoclonal antibody to Thy-1.
AB  - The Thy-1 molecule on murine T lymphocytes has been suggested to play a role in
      cellular activation events leading to a variety of immunologic functions. We
      present evidence that this molecule may be involved in signals leading to the in
      vitro generation of cytotoxic T cells against several tumor cell lines used as
      stimulators in mixed tumor-lymphocyte culture. The presence of monoclonal
      antibody against a polymorphic determinant on the Thy-1 molecule markedly reduced
      the generation of cytotoxicity after three days of culture of murine splenocytes
      with stimulator tumor cells bearing low levels of Ia antigen. In contrast, no
      effect was seen when the stimulators were either allogeneic splenocytes, or a
      tumor cell line expressing large amounts of Ia. These results suggest that the
      Thy-1 molecule is critically involved in events leading to the generation of
      cytotoxic effectors under some, but not all conditions.

PMID- 2889672
TI  - Phenothiazine poisoning.

PMID- 2889673
TI  - Cyproheptadine poisoning.

PMID- 2889674
TI  - Fluoride inhibition of proton-translocating ATPases of oral bacteria.
AB  - The ATPases of isolated membranes of lactic acid bacteria were found to be
      inhibited by fluoride in a complex manner. Among the enzymes tested, that of
      Streptococcus mutans GS-5 was the most sensitive to fluoride, and the initial
      rate of hydrolysis of ATP was reduced 50% by approximately 3 mM fluoride. The
      enzyme of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 4646 was the most resistant, and about 25 mM
      fluoride was required for 50% inhibition. The response to fluoride appeared to
      involve reversible, noncompetitive inhibition during short exposure to low levels
      of fluoride and nonreversible inhibition at higher fluoride levels. In addition,
      kinetic studies of the effects of fluoride on the enzymes of membranes of S.
      mutans and L. casei indicated that reversible inhibition was at least partly
      overcome at high levels of either ATP or Mg. The effects of pH on fluoride
      inhibition of ATPases were markedly different from the effects of pH on
      inhibition of acid/base regulation of intact cells by fluoride. It appeared that
      formation of HF was not required for inhibition of the ATPases. F1 ATPases
      isolated from the membranes by washing with buffers of low ionic strength proved
      to be less sensitive to fluoride than the membrane-associated F1F0 holoenzymes,
      and it was concluded that the F0 or membrane sector of the holoenzyme is involved
      in fluoride inhibition.

PMID- 2889675
TI  - Hyperprolactinemia as a marker of neurotransmitter imbalance in uremic
      population.
AB  - Serum prolactin (PRL) levels are elevated in patients with chronic renal failure
      (CRF) but the mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities are not fully
      understood. PRL secretion is undoubtedly influenced by many substances, which can
      be variously altered in uremia: monoamines, endogenous opiates and PTH. Our data
      suggest that in early renal failure PRL levels are already significantly high and
      the 24-h pattern of PRL secretion is significantly different from that in
      controls. PRL derangements could be due in mild renal failure, to unknown factors
      (GABA?); in severe CRF, to a major change in dopaminergic activity; in
      hemodialysis (HD), to a low turnover of monoamines, and in peritoneal dialysis
      (PD) to increased activity of serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems.

PMID- 2889676
TI  - Specific abnormalities of chromosome 14 in patients with acute type of adult T
      cell leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - Chromosome analysis was performed on 1 patient with diffuse lymphoma of mixed
      type by histologic diagnosis and on 7 patients with the acute type of adult T
      cell leukemia (ATL). Specific abnormalities in chromosome 14 at break band q11
      with the assigned locus of the alpha-chain gene of the T-cell antigen receptor
      were identified in 6 of 8 patients. Inv(14) (q11q32) was found in 2 patients and
      translocation of chromosome 14 at break band q11 was observed in 4. Donor
      chromosomes involved in translocation of the 14q11 varied, i.e., chromosomes 3, 7
      or X, with the exception of one patient whose donor chromosome origin could not
      be determined. The breakpoint in chromosome 3 was in band p25, a region reported
      to include the locus of the c-raf-I oncogene. In chromosome 7, it was in band
      p11, a region reported to include the locus of the c-erb-B oncogene, and in the
      sex chromosome X, it was in band q11. One patient also had a chromosome 14
      aberration at break band q32. Of the 2 remaining patients, one had lost
      chromosome 14 and the other had an isochromosome 14q. Our observation and other
      reported findings suggest that the rearrangement of chromosome 14 at break band
      q11 is specific for lymphoma-type or acute-type ATL patients, and aberrations of
      proto-oncogene expression or the coding sequence by recombination involving a T
      cell antigen receptor gene due to chromosome inversion or chromosome
      translocation may play an important role in T-cell neoplasia including ATL.

PMID- 2889677
TI  - Lack of correlation between rare Ha-ras alleles and urothelial cancer in Japan.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of Ha-ras gene was surveyed by
      Southern blot analysis in leukocyte DNA from 55 normal individuals and 58
      urothelial cancer patients in Japan. Three common alleles and 4 rare alleles were
      classified. The frequency of common alleles in normal Japanese individuals
      differed from that in Caucasians previously reported; a 7.2-7.5-kb BamHI fragment
      of common allele was not observed in Japanese individuals. No significant
      increase in frequency of the rare Ha-ras allele was observed in the group of
      cancer patients. Moreover, no significant difference in frequency was observed
      for the 3 common alleles. Tumor DNA was compared with leukocyte DNA in 30
      urothelial cancer patients: in 3 of 8 cases with heterozygous Ha-ras locus,
      decreased intensity of one band, indicating partial loss of one allele in tumor
      DNA, was observed. In 3 tumors with either deletion of one Ha-ras allele or a
      rare Ha-ras allele, expression of Ha-ras gene was examined by Northern blot
      analysis. Such genetic alterations did not always result in a marked increase in
      Ha-ras expression. These data suggest that these genetic alterations are not
      directly related to Ha-ras expression, and that RFLP of Ha-ras gene is not a
      useful genetic marker for urothelial cancer. On the other hand, deletion of one
      Ha-ras allele was observed in 1 of 5 cases of bladder cancer and in 2 of 3 cases
      of renal pelvic cancer, suggesting that that deletion may be important in the
      development of urothelial cancer.

PMID- 2889678
TI  - Procaterol metered aerosol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.
AB  - The activity and tolerability of procaterol, a recently introduced beta 2
      adrenergic drug, were evaluated in comparison with fenoterol and a placebo in a
      single blind, cross-over study, using a metered aerosol formulation. Twelve
      patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with reversible
      bronchial obstruction were enrolled. Before and 30, 120, 240, 360, 480 min after
      drug administration, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at the
      first second, forced expiratory flow at 25-75% and 75-85% respectively of the
      FVC, thoracic gas volume and the specific airways conductance were calculated.
      Procaterol 20 mcg showed a significant bronchodilating activity as well as
      fenoterol 400 mcg. This activity was already significant within 30 min, achieved
      its maximum after two hours and lasted more than eight hours. Side-effects were
      complained of by 41% of patients treated with procaterol and by 50% treated with
      fenoterol; procaterol showed less cardiovascular effects than fenoterol.

PMID- 2889679
TI  - Short-term sleep laboratory studies with cinolazepam in situational insomnia
      induced by traffic noise.
AB  - In a double-blind, placebo-controlled sleep-laboratory study the short-term
      effects of cinolazepam--a recently introduced 1,4 benzodiazepine with a half-life
      of 9 h--on the all-night sleep, morning awakening and early morning behaviour
      were investigated in 20 young normal subjects, whose sleep was experimentally
      disturbed by nocturnal traffic noise. The latter was prerecorded on tape and
      reproduced by loud speakers throughout the night with a sound pressure level of
      68-90 dB(A) (energy equivalent mean noise level LAeq: 79dB(A)). According to the
      parallel group design subjects received either a placebo or 40 mg cinolazepam.
      Specifically, they spent nine nights in the sleep laboratory: two adaptation
      nights, one baseline night on placebo, three drug or placebo nights, and three
      post-drug/placebo nights under traffic noise. Somnopolygraphic investigations
      were carried out between 22h30 and 06h00. The drug was given orally half an hour
      before bedtime. Each 30 sec epoch was scored according to the criteria of
      Rechtschaffen and Kales. In the morning the subjects were awakened by 1000 Hz
      tones which were increased in loudness in 10 dB steps in two minute intervals. A
      sleep self-rating scale for sleep and awakening quality was completed half an
      hour after the morning toilet. Thereafter noopsychic and thymopsychic variables
      were evaluated utilizing a psychometric test battery. Statistical analyses of
      objective sleep variables demonstrated a significant improvement of sleep
      maintenance after 40 mg cinolazepam as reflected by an increase of sleep
      efficiency, decrease of wake time (during total sleep period) and number of
      awakenings as compared with the placebo. Sleep architecture was only affected
      slightly: sleep stage S1 decreased, S2 increased, while S3, S4 and SREM (S rapid
      eye movement) remained unchanged. Subjective sleep quality improved significantly
      as well. In the mornings there were no hangover signs, neither in subjective nor
      in objective psychometric and psychophysiological variables. Finally, the study
      suggests that man can adapt subjectively to nocturnal traffic noise over one
      week, although the improvement of objective sleep variables over time did not
      reach the level of statistical significance.

PMID- 2889680
TI  - Diagnosis and management of hirsute women.

PMID- 2889681
TI  - Superovulation of habitual aborters with subtle luteal phase deficiency.
AB  - Five habitual aborters without a known organic cause of their pregnancy losses
      were studied in detail by serial blood sampling for immunoreactive estrogen,
      progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and the ratio of
      the two. All patients had premenstrual spotting regularly. Luteal phase
      progesterone levels on the 6th postovulatory day were significantly lower (11.8
      +/- 1.2 ng/mL, mean +/- SEM) than in control patients (20.8 +/- 3.5 ng/mL, mean
      +/- SEM). Results of immunoreactive estrogen, FSH, and LH assays and the FSH/LH
      ratio did not reveal a discernible pattern of deviation from normal. Indirect
      immunofluorescence of blood samples from all habitual aborters showed evidence of
      autoimmunity in three of five patients without clinical symptoms of autoimmune
      disease. Treatment by superovulation produced at least one living child in each
      couple. The balance of pregnancy outcome changed from 100% abortion (N = 31)
      before treatment to 31% (N = 13) after treatment. These results suggest that
      treatment with superovulation may be the treatment of choice for habitual
      aborters with a subtle luteal phase deficiency.

PMID- 2889682
TI  - Spontaneous abortion rate in patients with endometriosis treated with
      progesterone.
AB  - Several reports suggest that women with endometriosis have a higher risk of
      spontaneous abortions when left untreated; however, these studies did not control
      for the presence of possible luteal phase defects. This study was designed to
      document the frequency of spontaneous abortions in women with endometriosis and
      ovulation defects treated prophylactically with progesterone, compared with
      similar patients without endometriosis. All the women had late luteal phase
      endometrial biopsies dating perfectly normal. Our findings show an increase in
      the rate of spontaneous abortions (25.7%) in women with endometriosis as compared
      with the entire group (3.8%). However, when the result for the group with
      endometriosis is compared with the subgroup of patients at diagnostic laparoscopy
      not showing endometriosis, the results are similar (30%). We conclude that when
      properly matched groups are compared, there is no increased risk of spontaneous
      abortions in women with endometriosis. Since we perform laparoscopies only in
      women failing to conceive after a reasonable number of seemingly normal cycles,
      the apparently high incidence of abortions in this group may be secondary to
      other factors that not only may lengthen the time needed for conception but also
      increase the abortion risk after conception.

PMID- 2889683
TI  - Tissue specificity and species cross-reactivity of porcine zona antigens isolated
      by gel filtration.
AB  - Antisera raised against two different doses of a major component of porcine zona
      pellucida isolated by gel filtration formed two precipitin lines with the
      components in agar double-diffusion gel. The antisera produced a positive
      immunofluorescence on the zona pellucida in sections of ovaries of pig, human,
      baboon, cow, sheep, rabbit, rat, mouse, hamster, and guinea pig. The antisera did
      not react with 58 different porcine tissues or five body fluids by
      immunofluorescence or immunodiffusion. No changes were observed in the
      fluorescence on the zona or in the precipitin lines when the antisera were
      previously absorbed with liver, erythrocytes, or plasma; however, after
      absorption with the porcine zona component both fluorescence and precipitin lines
      were completely abolished. Furthermore, control antisera against porcine
      erythrocyte ghosts and follicular fluid did not develop any immunofluorescence on
      the porcine zona. Both antisera to PZ-alpha and PZ-beta obtained by use of
      preparative SDS-PAGE developed the same immunofluorescence on the porcine zona
      shown by the antiserum to the zona component. These findings indicate that the
      major component of the porcine zona contains at least two zona-specific antigens,
      which have cross-reactivity with zona antigens of several other mammals,
      including humans.

PMID- 2889684
TI  - Thymosin alpha 1 levels in human seminal plasma and follicular fluid: implication
      in germ cell function.
AB  - High levels of thymosin alpha 1 (T alpha 1) were detected in human seminal plasma
      and follicular fluid. In the seminal plasma of 19 males studies, T alpha 1 levels
      varied from 614 to 2,604 pg/mL (mean +/- SD, 1,682.4 +/- 453.9 pg/mL). There was
      a correlation between the T alpha 1 levels and the total number of sperm in the
      ejaculate (r = .18) and seminal volume (r = .26). The infertile males, who had
      low levels of T alpha 1 also demonstrated fewer sperm, reduced motility, and
      lower semen volume. In follicular fluid collected from 24 follicles of 10
      infertile females, T alpha 1 levels varied from 1,019 to 6,384 pg/mL (mean +/-
      SD, 3,572.8 +/- 1,599.7 pg/mL), which were higher when compared with the
      corresponding serum levels (mean +/- SD, 1,666.9 +/- 1,378.9 pg/mL). T alpha 1
      levels present in follicular fluids which had "immature" oocytes were lower when
      compared with follicular fluids which had "intermediate" or "mature" oocytes. The
      immunoreactive T alpha 1 present in seminal plasma of males and in the follicular
      fluids of females may be involved in some aspect of germ cell maturation and
      function. The measurement of T alpha 1 levels may be useful in the diagnosis and
      treatment of male and female infertility, and also as a novel marker for the
      assessment of maturity of oocytes required for in vitro fertilization-embryo
      transfer.

PMID- 2889685
TI  - Testicular enzymes as a marker of development in human fetus.
AB  - The activities of different testicular enzymes, as a marker of development, have
      been determined at various gestational ages. The enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase
      shows peak activity between 25 and 28 weeks of gestation, whereas the peak of
      hyaluronidase was observed between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation. The activities
      of pentose phosphate enzymes, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and
      transketolase in developing human fetus reach the highest level between 25 and 28
      weeks and 21 and 24 weeks of gestation, respectively, indicating the most
      actively synthesizing period of the fetus for providing NADPH and ribose-5
      phosphate for steroidogenesis and nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis.

PMID- 2889686
TI  - Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on ovulation, mating and
      conception in androgen-sterilized rats.
AB  - Attempts were made to induce pregnancy in androgen-sterilized rats. Because it is
      known that the preovulatory LH surge is absent in androgen-sterilized rats, a
      classical approach was taken to circumvent the probable deficit in cyclic release
      of LH by giving a subcutaneous injection of LH-RH (400 ng) every four days.
      Cyclic injection of LH-RH induced a regular estrus cycle in the greater part of
      treated females, whereas a saline-treated control group showed a persistent
      estrous smear. The number of eggs recovered and the mating rate increased with
      subsequent treatment with LH-RH, indicating a priming effect by the initial
      injection. However, when mated animals were autopsied on day 10 (sperm = day 1),
      no pregnancies had occurred. When a pituitary gland was transplanted from a
      normal rat into the kidney capsule of an androgen-sterilized rat in order to
      maintain functional corpora lutea, implantation occurred in 38% of the group of
      females treated with five separate LH-RH injections. Endometrial trauma in
      androgen-sterilized rats elicited a better response in the group which received
      multiple LH-RH injections than the group which received a single injection. These
      results indicate that the cyclic LH surge may be a necessary factor for induction
      of pregnancy in androgen-sterilized rats.

PMID- 2889687
TI  - Neurogenic involvement in follicular development and ovulation--a probability.
AB  - A combination of histofluorescence and histochemical and ultrastructural methods
      revealed the architecture of adrenergic and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
      containing structures in pregnant and non-pregnant rat ovary. Besides vascular
      innervation, cholinergic and adrenergic nerves ran in paths contiguous to
      developing follicles and innervated the interstitial glands. The granulosa cells
      showed nonspecific AChE activity; however, there was a significant zone of
      specific AChE activity present in the thecal region. It is concluded that cyclic
      fluctuations of hormones influence variations in number, intensity, and staining
      density of neuronal elements. The specificity of catecholamine fluorescence was
      confirmed by lack of fluorescence on reserpinization.

PMID- 2889688
TI  - Serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin, and progesterone in infertile female
      Africans.
AB  - To determine the prevalence of hormonal abnormalities in infertile African women,
      serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, and
      progesterone were estimated using radioimmunoassay techniques during the
      midluteal phase in 2,047 female partners of infertile relationships. Of the
      patients investigated, 1,085 (53%) had abnormal serum levels of one or more of
      the hormones studied. Hyperprolactinemia, found in 537 (26.2%) of the patients,
      was the commonest hormonal abnormality. Serum progesterone level of 3 ng/mL or
      below which is indicative of anovulation was found in 235 (11.5%) patients, while
      the value of 5 ng/mL or below, suggestive of inadequate luteal functions, was
      found in another 121 (5.9%) patients. Since hyperprolactinemia, anovulation, and
      defective luteal function are treatable endocrine disorders, routine endocrine
      evaluation of infertile females in African societies is suggested.

PMID- 2889689
TI  - Characterization of histamine receptors mediating contraction and relaxation of
      the ovarian follicle wall.
AB  - Histamine is known to be present in ovarian tissue and may play a role in the
      ovulation process. The effect of histamine on the follicular smooth musculature
      was investigated using strips from the protruding part of mature bovine
      follicles, mounted in vitro for registration of isometric motor activity.
      Histamine contracted the preparation in a concentration-dependent manner. The
      response was inhibited competitively by the specific H1 receptor antagonist
      pyrilamine while the adrenergic alpha-receptor antagonist phentolamine had no
      clear-cut effect. A Schild plot revealed a pA2 value of 8.81, corresponding to a
      mean KB value (dissociation constant for receptor-antagonist complex) of (7.5 +/-
      3.2) X 10(-9) M. After potassium depolarization and blockade of the contractile
      H1-receptors with pyrilamine, histamine induced a concentration-dependent
      relaxation of the follicle wall preparation. This response could be inhibited by
      the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (which also potentiated the contractile
      effect in the absence of pyrilamine). The pA2 value for the cimetidine-induced
      inhibition was 6.25, and KB was found to be (6.5 +/- 3.0) X 10(-7) M. The beta
      receptor antagonist propranolol was effective only in very high concentrations.
      It is suggested that a possible role for histamine during follicle rupture is
      mediated via specific receptors in the follicular smooth musculature.

PMID- 2889690
TI  - The effect of jejunoileal bypass (JIB) in the obese Zucker rat on a sub-group of
      enteroendocrine cells.
AB  - The effect of jejunoileal bypass in lean and obese Zucker rats on a number of
      enteroendocrine cell types was investigated 5 weeks following surgery to remove
      80 percent of the small bowel from continuity. The endocrine cells containing
      somatostatin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, enteroglucagon and
      neurotensin were investigated. In control rats enteroglucagon cell number was
      decreased in obese compared to lean animals (5 +/- 1 vs 11 +/- 1 cells/mm).
      Following jejunoileal bypass the enteroglucagon cell population increased two
      fold in both the functional and bypassed bowel in obese rats but was not elevated
      in lean animals. A significant increase in the number of cholecystokinin cells in
      the bypassed loop of the jejunum in both lean and obese bypassed rats was
      observed. The cholecystokinin cell population was also markedly elevated in the
      functional jejunum of obese but not lean bypassed rats. Only small changes were
      noted in cell numbers of gastric inhibitory polypeptide, somatostatin and
      neurotensin containing cells, suggesting that individual cell types have specific
      stimuli for proliferation. Epithelial height, a measure of intestinal adaptation,
      was similar in lean and obese rats in both the control and bypassed states, but
      weight loss in obese bypassed animals was significantly greater than that of lean
      bypassed rats. The hyperinsulinemia of obese rats was only partially normalized
      by jejunoileal bypass. These data indicate that jejunoileal bypass has effects on
      specific enteroendocrine cells which differ between lean and obese Zucker rats,
      and between individual cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889691
TI  - Immunological, histological and biochemical assessment of brown adipose tissue
      activity in neonatal, control and beta-stimulant-treated adult dogs.
AB  - Significant levels of mitochondrial uncoupling protein were demonstrated on
      neonatal dog mitochondria prepared from perirenal, bladder and subcutaneous
      adipose tissue sites. The protein was not detected in homogenates of adipose
      tissue samples from the same sites in adult, control dogs. However, chronic
      treatment of adult dogs with a beta-stimulant (LY 79730) led to the appearance of
      detectable amounts of uncoupling protein in perirenal and bladder but not
      subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Decreases in mean cell diameter, increases in
      the frequency of multilocular cells and of cytochrome oxidase and creatine kinase
      were also associated with the effects of treatment on dog adipose tissue. The
      results demonstrate the age-related decline in dog brown adipose tissue and its
      reversal by chronic treatment with beta-stimulant.

PMID- 2889692
TI  - Testicular-epididymal fusion abnormality in undescended testis.
AB  - In the course of 1195 operations, performed in children with cryptorchidism, the
      testes were studied for size, turgor and fusion with the epididymis. Inquiries
      were made into the reasons of fusion disorders which were conspicuously numerous.
      Attention is called to this not too familiar condition which seems to play an
      important role in the emergence of fertility disorders in men with congenital
      cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2889693
TI  - The incidence of carcinoma in situ in postpubertal undescended testis.
AB  - In a retrospective study of 32 adult males undergoing "preventive" orchiectomy
      for unilateral undescended testis the average age of the patients at the time of
      orchiectomy was 28.3 years (range 16-63). Macroscopically, all the testes were
      atrophic and there was no evidence of tumour. In all surgically removed testes
      histological examination showed atrophied germinative epithelium and absence of
      spermatogenesis. In one patient, aged 16, an obvious carcinoma in situ was
      identified. In another 3 patients, aged 18, 19 and 29, atypical germ cells were
      found. Unilateral undescended testis in postpubertal patients should be treated
      by orchiectomy instead of orchiopexy.

PMID- 2889694
TI  - Pseudomonas osteomyelitis of the foot following puncture wounds.

PMID- 2889695
TI  - Immunochemical evidence for an active (F1-F0)-ATPase in mycoplasmas.
AB  - In all Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma and Spiroplasma species tested, a protein capable
      of reacting with antibodies prepared against the beta subunit of the proton
      ATPase complex from yeast, chloroplasts and Escherichia coli was detected. The
      reactive protein of M. gallisepticum was found to be catalytically active,
      suggesting that mycoplasmas, as other bacteria, possess a proton-translocating
      ATPase. Characterization of the ATPase activity of M. gallisepticum indicates
      that this organism also possesses a Na+-stimulated ATPase activity that differs
      from the proton-ATPase in its pH profile and its resistance to
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD).

PMID- 2889696
TI  - Identification of the proton ATPase operon in Mycoplasma strain PG50 by
      heterologous hybridization.
AB  - We have identified genes for the membrane-bound [H+]ATP synthetase in Mycoplasma
      strain PG50. Using the Escherichia coli ATP synthetase genes as a probe in
      heterologous hybridization under low stringency conditions, homologous sequences
      were detected in restriction enzyme-cleaved DNA from Mycoplasma strain PG50. From
      a genomic library. An EcoRI fragment harboring most of the homologous sequences
      was isolated. A 669-bp region of the fragment has been sequenced. The deduced
      amino acid sequence of the only large open reading frame shows an overall
      homology of 53% to a region in the C-terminal part of the alpha subunit of the E.
      coli ATP synthase. The hybridization data indicates that the entire atp operon is
      conserved in Mycoplasma strain PG50. A similar search for the Mycoplasma strain
      PG50 gene corresponding to dnaA gave no result.

PMID- 2889697
TI  - Heterogeneity of Mycoplasma hominis as detected by a probe for atp genes.
AB  - Use of a plasmid containing part of the atp operon of Mycoplasma PG50 as a probe
      in Southern blots show that this region can be used to detect the presence of
      Mycoplasma species in general. DNA from 14 different strains of M. hominis was
      analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by the use of the
      same PG50 probe. The M. hominis strains exhibit considerable polymorphism,
      although some groupings can be observed. These groupings are compared to those
      obtained for the same strains by other means. The groups are not conserved, thus
      further demonstrating the heterogeneity of M. hominis.

PMID- 2889698
TI  - Mosquito spiroplasmas from France and their ecology.
AB  - Spiroplasmas have been isolated previously from a number of blood-sucking
      arthropods, including ticks, horseflies, and deerflies. More recently,
      spiroplasmas were isolated from mosquitoes from the USA, France, and Taiwan.
      Spiroplasmas isolated from mosquitoes from France belong to at least three
      serogroups and are serologically different from one of the Taiwan isolates, Sp2.
      Our Ar 1343 strain is the prototype of a new serogroup (XIII). During 3
      consecutive years (1983-85), the ecology of these spiroplasmas was studied in
      different biotopes near, and in, the Isere River Valley in Savoia, France. A
      total of 23 strains was isolated from four species or groups of mosquitoes (Aedes
      sticticus/vexans, Ae. cantans/annulipes, Ae. cinereus/geminus and Coquillettidia
      richiardii). Spiroplasmas were isolated only from female mosquitoes and only
      during June and July. An as yet unidentified virus was also isolated from three
      mosquito pools, one of which yielded spiroplasmas. Spiroplasma viruses were not
      detected. Antibody to our Ar 1357 isolate was found in 4 of 20 sera from cows
      living in the areas studied, but not in sera from wild rodents or in sera from
      rabbit or pigeon sentinels. Finally, preliminary results are presented on the
      effects of experimental infection of Ae. aegypti with the Ar 1357 isolated
      (serogroup XXII).

PMID- 2889699
TI  - New spiroplasmas from insects and flowers: isolation, ecology, and host
      association.
AB  - Eight spiroplasma strains from insects and one from spring flowers failed to
      react with antisera specific for any of the 11 described spiroplasma groups, with
      sera directed against spiroplasma Group I subgroups, or with sera directed
      against two unnumbered groups previously reported to occur in tabanid flies.
      Strains, all from Maryland, were isolated from the hemolymph of the spotted
      cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata and the lampyrid beetle Ellychnia
      corrusca, and the guts of the cantharid beetles Cantharis bilineatus and C.
      carolinus. Other strains were obtained from a tabanid fly, Tabanus gladiator and
      from the firefly Photuris pennsylvanica in Maryland and from the mosquito Culex
      tritaeniorhynchus in Taiwan. An isolate from pooled Cicadulina bipunctella
      leafhoppers in Syria apparently represented a unique group. A single isolate from
      spring flowers in Oklahoma also appeared to be unrelated to existing groups or
      subgroups. One-way deformation tests using sera prepared against known beetle and
      tabanid spiroplasmas showed each of the above strains to be unique. Although
      these results strongly indicate that the nine strains studied are representatives
      of unique new spiroplasma groups, the formal designation of new groups awaits
      fulfillment of recently proposed criteria.

PMID- 2889700
TI  - Synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to rRNA for group- and species
      specific detection of mycoplasmas.
AB  - A variety of genetic probes has been used for the detection of pathogenic
      bacteria. Here we present a straightforward approach for the development of group
      and species-specific oligonucleotide probes complementary to mycoplasmal rRNA.
      These probes are useful not only for the identification of mycoplasmas in
      clinical specimens, but also for the detection of Mollicutes in contaminated cell
      cultures. Radiolabeled rDNA probes detected less than 1 x 10(3) organisms in an
      RNA-DNA hybridization procedure.

PMID- 2889701
TI  - Immunocytochemical colocalization of histamine, histidine decarboxylase, 5
      hydroxytryptamine and tyrosine hydroxylase in the superior cervical ganglion of
      the rat.
AB  - The coexistence of histamine, histidine decarboxylase (the enzyme synthesizing
      histamine), 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyrosine hydroxylase (the rate-limiting
      enzyme in catecholamine synthesis), was studied in the rat superior cervical
      ganglion with the indirect immunofluorescence method. Possible colocalization was
      examined by staining consecutive sections with two different antibodies, or
      alternatively in the same section by eluting the first antibody with a mild
      solution containing potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid, and by staining
      the same section with another antibody. It was shown that tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactivity was found both in large principal nerve cells and in small
      cells, which on the basis of their size and high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio
      corresponded to small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Histamine, histidine
      decarboxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivities were observed only in
      SIF cells. Those SIF cells which were immunoreactive for histamine, histidine
      decarboxylase or 5-hydroxytryptamine also contained tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactivity. On the other hand, all tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive SIF
      cells were also immunoreactive for histidine decarboxylase or 5
      hydroxytryptamine. Some of the SIF cells, which were non-reactive for histamine,
      were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2889703
TI  - Migraine headache: a call for humane treatment.

PMID- 2889702
TI  - Cytochemistry of gamma-glutamyltransferase in haemic cells and malignancies.
AB  - An improved cytochemical method for the demonstration of gamma
      glutamyltransferase is described. The enzyme was demonstrated in almost all
      normal leucocytes and in platelets. There was markedly reduced activity in most
      lymphoproliferative disorders. In a single case of Hodgkin's disease, T
      lymphocytes showed slight to moderate activity contrasting with the marked
      activity displayed by Reed-Sternberg cells. The plasma cells of multiple myeloma
      and plasma cell leukaemia showed activity equal to or stronger than that of their
      normal counterparts. In acute myeloid leukaemia the positivity varied widely in
      blast cells, but was consistently increased in monoblasts of acute monoblastic
      leukaemia. gamma-Glutamyltransferase may serve as a differentiation marker in the
      study of granulocytic and lymphocytic cell lineages.

PMID- 2889704
TI  - Viewbox. Duplicated collecting system with atrophic lower pole moiety.

PMID- 2889705
TI  - Carcinoma arising in an ileostomy.

PMID- 2889707
TI  - A firm grasp of the big picture.

PMID- 2889706
TI  - How much do you know about the new Illinois Medical Practice Act?

PMID- 2889708
TI  - An accomplishment that remains incomplete.

PMID- 2889709
TI  - The Illinois Medical Licensing Board.

PMID- 2889711
TI  - The Physician Disciplinary Data Bank.

PMID- 2889710
TI  - A fresh approach to discipline.

PMID- 2889712
TI  - Urinary bladder rupture in a two-year-old horse: sequel to a surgically repaired
      neonatal injury.
AB  - After routine cryptorchid castration, a 2-year-old Thoroughbred colt was admitted
      72 hours later because of depression, abdominal distention, and pollakiuria, with
      production of small quantities of urine. A diagnosis of a ruptured bladder was
      made on the basis of a large volume of abdominal fluid and a disparity between
      the urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations in the serum (70 mg/dl and 8.4
      mg/dl, respectively) and in the abdominal fluid (154 mg/dl and 43 mg/dl,
      respectively). The colt had undergone surgical correction of a ruptured urinary
      bladder at 4 days of age, and a 5-cm tear through one of the previous scars was
      identified and repaired during exploratory celiotomy. The previous injury to the
      bladder was extensive and may have left an inherent weakness in the bladder wall.
      Evidence of adhesion formation or urethral obstruction was not found. The
      combination of a full bladder and the trauma associated with induction of
      anesthesia may have contributed to the recurrence of bladder rupture.

PMID- 2889713
TI  - Transformation of human leukocytes by co-cultivation with HTLV-1-associated
      myelopathy patients' leukocytes.
AB  - Sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with human T-cell leukemia virus
      type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy (HAM) were analyzed by Western blotting,
      and normal human leukocytes were transformed by co-cultivation with HAM patients'
      leukocytes. The sera and CSF from all HAM patients formed specific bands with
      HTLV-1 viral proteins, including p19, p24, p28, p32, p40 and p53. After 2-3 weeks
      of co-cultivation, scattered foci of cell aggregates were noted on macrophage
      sheets. Surface markers of the transformed cells were OKT3(+), OKT4(+), OKT8(-),
      IL-2 receptor(+) and EBNA(-). Chromosome analysis showed a normal karyotype. HTLV
      1 viral genome was integrated into DNA isolated from transformed cell lines.
      Electron microscopy revealed type C virus particles in transformed T-cell lines.
      These results indicate that peripheral leukocytes from HAM patients can transform
      HTLV-1-negative leukocytes and HAM patients have the potential to acquire adult T
      cell leukemia in the future.

PMID- 2889714
TI  - High levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptors released from human retrovirus
      infected cells.
AB  - Soluble interleukin 2 receptors (IL 2R) from human retrovirus-infected cells were
      analyzed. All the T cell lines integrated with human T cell lymphotropic virus
      (HTLV)-I and -II, or transfected with HTLV-I gag-pX gene, were found to release
      high levels of IL 2R constitutively. In contrast, this was not found in T cell
      lines in which HTLV-I was integrated but not expressed, human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV)-infected T cell lines, or T cell, B cell, granulocyte and macrophage
      cell lines which were HTLV-I negative. These results raise the possibility that
      the pX-gene product might stimulate the generation of soluble IL 2R. In the sera
      from patients with adult T cell leukemia, large amounts of IL 2R were released,
      in contrast to sera from healthy carriers of HTLV-I. The molecular weight of IL
      2R was determined to be about 50 KD by size-exclusion HPLC.

PMID- 2889715
TI  - Loss of genes on chromosome 22 in medullary thyroid carcinoma and
      pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Using polymorphic DNA markers, we compared the constitutional and tumor genotypes
      of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2 A). We found loss of
      constitutional heterozygosity at the D22S9 locus in one out of 9 medullary
      thyroid carcinomas (MTCs). No loss of heterozygosity was detected at 12 other
      loci in any of the MTCs tested. Loss of heterozygosity at D22S9 and/or D22S1 was
      also demonstrated in 2 out of 5 pheochromocytomas tested. These results suggest
      that loss or mutation of a gene on chromosome 22 may play an important role in
      tumorigenesis in MEN2A.

PMID- 2889716
TI  - Dose response of two synthetic human growth hormone-releasing factors on growth
      hormone release in heifers and pigs.
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate the biological potency of two synthetic
      human growth hormone-releasing factors, hGRF (1-44)NH2 and hGRF (1-29)NH2, on
      growth hormone (GH) release in young dairy heifers (n = 10) and pigs (n = 10). In
      each species, the GH response to an iv injection (0, .067, .2, .6 and 1.8 nmol.kg
      1 body weight) of each peptide was evaluated in a double 5 X 5 Latin square
      design. In each square, there were five animals injected with either hGRF (1
      44)NH2 or hGRF (1-29)NH2. Main effects were doses (n = 5) of hGRF and days (n =
      5) of injection. In both species, data indicated that hGRF (1-44)NH2 and hGRF (1
      29)NH2 equally stimulate GH secretion at all doses. In dairy heifers, average
      peak concentrations (81.7, 94.7, 84.5 and 93.7 ng.ml-1 vs 91.5, 81.0, 94.3 and
      91.6 ng.ml-1) and area under the GH response curve (3,661, 4,541, 7,196 and 6,788
      ng.ml-1.min vs 3,000, 3,982, 5,639 and 6,724 ng.ml-1.min) were not different (P
      greater than .05) between hGRF(1-44)NH2 and hGRF(1-29)NH2 at .067, .2, .6 and 1.8
      nmol.kg-1, respectively. Similarly, in pigs, average peak concentrations (35.6,
      38.6, 76.5 and 73.8 ng.ml-1 vs 28.7, 30.0, 41.3 and 80.8 ng.ml-1) and area under
      the GH curve (1,576, 1,567, 3,299 and 3,622 ng.ml-1.min vs 1,115, 1,658, 1,482
      and 2,528 ng.ml-1.min) were not different (P greater than .05) between both
      peptides. A biphasic release of GH after hGRF (1-44)NH2 and hGRH (1-29)NH2
      injection was observed at the highest dose in heifers. The GH response to hGRF
      injection was much more variable in pigs as compared with dairy heifers. In
      conclusion, hGRF (1-44)NH2 and its (1-29)NH2 fragment are equipotent in
      stimulating GH release in dairy heifers and pigs.

PMID- 2889717
TI  - Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: where have we come
      in 50 years?

PMID- 2889718
TI  - Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: substitution of glutamic acid 553 with
      aspartic acid drastically reduces toxicity and enzymatic activity.
AB  - Glutamic acid 553 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) has been identified
      by photoaffinity labeling as a residue within the NAD binding site (S.F. Carroll
      and R.J. Collier, J. Biol. Chem. 262:8707-8711, 1987). To explore the function of
      Glu-553 we used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to replace this residue with
      Asp in cloned ETA and expressed the mutant gene in Escherichia coli K-12. ADP
      ribosylation activity of Asp-553 ETA in cell extracts was about 1,800-fold lower
      and toxicity for mouse L-M929 fibroblasts was at least 10,000-fold lower than
      that of the wild-type toxin. Extracts containing Asp-553 ETA inhibited the
      cytotoxicity of authentic ETA on L-M929 fibroblasts, suggesting that the mutant
      toxin competes for ETA receptors. The results indicate that Glu-553 is crucial
      for ADP-ribosylation activity and, consequently, cytotoxicity of ETA.
      Substitution or deletion of this residue may be a route to new ETA vaccines.

PMID- 2889719
TI  - Proton leakiness caused by cloned genes for the F0 sector of the proton
      translocating ATPase of Escherichia coli: requirement for F1 genes.
AB  - To study expression of uncG, the gene coding for the gamma subunit of the
      Escherichia coli proton-translocating ATPase, deletions were made in the
      intergenic region between uncA, the gene coding for the alpha subunit, and uncG.
      Two deletions which fused uncA and uncG coded for alpha-gamma fusion polypeptides
      which were synthesized well both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that uncG
      expression is normally controlled by nucleotides in the intergenic region.
      Multicopy plasmids carrying these fusion genes and the genes for the other
      subunits of the ATPase had a harmful effect on the growth of E. coli. The effect
      was overcome by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, indicating that the cells probably
      leaked protons. The deleterious effect was eliminated by making a nonpolar
      deletion in the upstream F0 gene uncB, or by cloning each of the uncA-uncG fusion
      genes onto a separate plasmid, removed from the F0 genes, thus demonstrating that
      the fusion genes were not primarily responsible for the proton permeability. A
      plasmid which carried F0 genes and the gene for the delta subunit caused
      deleterious proton leakiness in unc+ cells but not in cells from which the unc
      operon was deleted. The proton leakiness caused by these different plasmids was
      therefore due to the production of a leaky F0 proton channel and required the
      presence of F1 genes. The results support a model for ATPase assembly in which F1
      genes or polypeptides are involved in the formation or opening of the F0 proton
      channel.

PMID- 2889721
TI  - Seizures following triazolam withdrawal despite benzodiazepine treatment.
AB  - The authors report a case of a 55-year-old man undergoing a triazolam withdrawal
      syndrome that was recognized and treated with high doses of benzodiazepines, but
      the patient nevertheless developed seizures. Reasons for the occurrence of these
      seizures despite treatment are discussed within the context of the differential
      potency that exists among benzodiazepines in binding to central and peripheral
      benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2889720
TI  - Location of F plasmid transfer operon genes traC and traW and identification of
      the traW product.
AB  - As part of an analysis of the conjugative transfer genes associated with the
      expression of F pili by plasmid F, we have investigated the physical location of
      the traC and traW genes. We found that plasmid clones carrying a 2.95-kilobase
      EcoRI-EcoRV F transfer operon fragment were able to complement transfer of F lac
      traC mutants and expressed an approximately 92,000-dalton product that comigrates
      with TraC. We also found that traW-complementing activity was expressed from
      plasmids carrying a 900-base-pair SmaI-HincII fragment. The traW product was
      identified as an approximately 23,000-dalton protein. The two different F DNA
      fragments that expressed traC and traW activities do not overlap. Our data
      indicate that the traC gene is located in a more-tra operon promoter-proximal
      position than suggested on earlier maps and that traW is distal to traC. These
      results resolve a long-standing question concerning the relationship of traW to
      traC. The clones we have constructed are expected to be useful in elucidating the
      role of proteins TraC and TraW in F-pilus assembly.

PMID- 2889722
TI  - Rebound anxiety in panic disorder patients treated with shorter-acting
      benzodiazepines.
AB  - Rebound--the relative worsening of symptoms on discontinuation of treatment as
      compared to baseline symptoms--is distinguished from withdrawal. Case reports and
      a clinical study are presented to illustrate the management of patients with
      panic disorder who are taking short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines and
      are experiencing rebound anxiety. The authors present the results of switching
      over to clonazepam 48 patients with panic disorder who were experiencing rebound
      effects with alprazolam. Eighty-two percent (39) of the patients rated clonazepam
      as being "better" than alprazolam due to decreased dosing frequency and lack of
      interdose anxiety. The authors conclude that clonazepam can be a useful
      alternative to alprazolam and other short-acting benzodiazepines in the treatment
      of anxiety disorders. Clonazepam offers the advantage of antipanic efficacy
      without the relative side effect problems seen with tricyclic antidepressants and
      monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

PMID- 2889723
TI  - Withdrawal and detoxification from benzodiazepine dependence: a potential role
      for clonazepam.
AB  - Alprazolam and triazolam dependence and withdrawal may be uniquely problematic.
      This paper describes current clinical approaches to benzodiazepine withdrawal,
      with a focus on recent experience with alprazolam. The withdrawal characteristics
      of the triazolobenzodiazepines are discussed, and the epidemiology of
      benzodiazepine dependence is reviewed. Estimates of the incidence of alprazolam
      abuse are provided from Drug Abuse Warning Network data. The only two case
      reports in the literature of failure of cross tolerance between alprazolam and
      other benzodiazepines are noted to be open to alternative interpretations. A case
      is reported in which a patient was successfully detoxified with clonazepam from a
      very high dose of alprazolam. The author concludes that clonazepam may have a
      role in withdrawal from high-dose alprazolam dependence.

PMID- 2889724
TI  - Clonazepam: new uses and potential problems.
AB  - Clonazepam is a high-potency benzodiazepine labeled for use as an anticonvulsant.
      Increasingly, clonazepam has been used in the treatment of a variety of
      psychiatric disorders. The authors discuss its potential clinical applications,
      including (1) use as an adjunct to neuroleptics for treating psychosis, (2)
      management of specific psychotropic side effects, (3) alternative treatment for
      certain pain syndromes, and (4) a primary treatment for severe agitation,
      atypical psychosis, and anxiety disorders. Apparent treatment-emergent side
      effects including depression, disinhibition, and sexual dysfunction are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2889725
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of transglutaminase and its
      application to the purification of human erythrocyte transglutaminase and
      platelet factor XIII.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the assay of
      transglutaminase [EC 2.3.2.13] activity. Casein and dansylcadaverine were used as
      substrates and the reaction was stopped by adding an excess amount of EGTA.
      Casein-bound dansylcadaverine was separated from free dansylcadaverine by high
      performance liquid chromatography on a TSK SW gel column on the basis of the
      differences in the molecular weight and hydrophobicity. The sensitivity was
      approximately 0.04 nmol of casein-bound dansylcadaverine in the assay mixture.
      With this assay method, human erythrocyte transglutaminase and platelet factor
      XIII were purified by successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl
      S-300, which were common for both enzymes, followed by Blue Sepharose CL-6B and
      DEAE Bio-Gel A for erythrocyte transglutaminase or Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B for
      platelet factor XIII. The purification factors and activity yields were 15,300
      fold and 22% for erythrocyte transglutaminase and 43.8-fold and 33% for platelet
      factor XIII.

PMID- 2889726
TI  - Single site catalysis of the F1-ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the
      effect of inorganic phosphate on it.
AB  - The kinetical characteristics of ATP hydrolysis by mitochondrial F1-ATPase from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) have been studied under conditions where only a
      single catalytic site per enzyme molecule bound ATP. Four major features were
      observed, that is, fast ATP binding to the enzyme, slow product release from the
      enzyme, an equilibrium close to unity between ATP and products on the enzyme, and
      promotion of ATP hydrolysis on the second addition of a large excess of ATP (cold
      chase). These are essentially the same as the kinetical characteristics observed
      for beef heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase, which were called as unisite catalysis by
      Grubmeyer et al. (Grubmeyer, C. et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12092-12100),
      although the release of a hydrolysis product, Pi, from the yeast enzyme appeared
      to occur significantly faster than that from the beef enzyme, which resulted in a
      decreased extent of cold chase promotion of ATP hydrolysis of the yeast enzyme.
      The yeast F1-ATPase showed unisite catalysis even in the absence of Pi in the
      reaction mixtures, while it was reported for the beef F1-ATPase that the presence
      of Pi in the reaction mixture was essential for unisite catalysis (Penefsky, H.S.
      & Grubmeyer, C. (1984) in H+-ATPase (ATP Synthase) (Papa, S. et al., eds.) pp.
      195-204, The ICSU Press). Another difference in the Pi effect on the kinetics was
      that ATP hydrolysis was initiated without a lag time in the absence of Pi in the
      case of the yeast enzyme when a 1,000-fold molar excess of ATP per enzyme
      molecular was mixed with the enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889727
TI  - Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the interaction of reduced flavoprotein D
      amino acid oxidase with pyridine carboxylates.
AB  - The equilibrium constants and the rate constants (binding and dissociation
      constants) between reduced D-amino acid oxidase and pyridine carboxylates were
      obtained at various pH values (from pH 6.0 to 8.3). The pH dependence of the
      constants is consistent with the previous conclusion from a resonance Raman study
      that pyridine carboxylates in the form of a cation protonated at the N atom can
      bind to the reduced enzyme, but those in the neutral form cannot bind, showing
      that the positive charge of cationic pyridine carboxylates interacts with the
      negative charge of the anionic reduced flavin in the reduced enzyme. The binding
      rate constants of picolinate and nicotinate in the cationic form for the reduced
      enzyme were quite similar to each other, but the dissociation rate constant of
      picolinate is several times smaller than that of nicotinate. Thus, it is
      concluded that the difference in affinity of picolinate and nicotinate for the
      reduced enzyme is derived from the difference of the dissociation rate constants.

PMID- 2889728
TI  - Electronegativity of aromatic amines as a basis for the development of ground
      state inhibitors of lysyl oxidase.
AB  - Benzylamine derivatives containing para substituents of differing
      electronegativity as well as isomers of aminomethylpyridine have been assessed
      for their substrate and inhibitor potentials toward lysyl oxidase. Substituted
      benzylamines with increasingly electronegative para substituents had the lowest
      KI values and thus were the most effective inhibitors of the oxidation of elastin
      by lysyl oxidase. The kcat values for these compounds as substrates of lysyl
      oxidase were also reduced with increasingly electronegative para substituents.
      Both the Dkcat and D(kcat/Km) kinetic isotope effects decreased with increasingly
      electronegative p-substituents in [alpha, alpha'-2H]benzylamines. In contrast,
      there was no Dkcat solvent isotope effect with [2H] H2O while the D(kcat/Km)
      solvent isotope effect tended to increase with increasingly electronegative p
      substituents. These results are consistent with the stabilization of an enzyme
      generated substrate carbanion and thus the retardation of substrate oxidation by
      electronegative substituents. Such ground state stabilization thus can result in
      compounds with increased potential for the inhibition of the oxidation of protein
      substrates of lysyl oxidase.

PMID- 2889729
TI  - Membrane binding characteristics of two forms of transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - Cartilage-inducing factors A and B (CIF-A and CIF-B) from bovine bone have
      recently been identified as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) (Seyedin,
      S.M., Thompson, A. Y., Bentz, H., Rosen, D. M., McPherson, J. M., Conti, A.,
      Siegel, N. R., Galluppi, G. R., and Piez, K. A. (1986) J. Biol. Chem., 261, 5693
      5695) and a unique protein homologous to TGF-beta (Seyedin S. M., Segarini, P.
      R., Rosen, D. M., Thompson, A. Y., Bentz, H., and Graycar, J. (1987) J. Biol.
      Chem., 262, 1946-1949), respectively. Although the biological activities of TGF
      beta and CIF-B are similar, the divergence of CIF-B from the highly conserved
      amino acid sequence of TGF-beta prompted an investigation of its receptor binding
      properties. Three classes of cell surface binding components were identified.
      Class A has exclusive affinity for TGF-beta; class B has greater affinity for CIF
      B; and class C has equal affinity for both proteins. A high molecular weight
      component, the predominant binding species, was further characterized and shown
      to consist of two components that are either class B or class C. The differential
      binding properties of TGF-beta and CIF-B to cell surface components suggest that
      there are biological activities unique to each of the proteins.

PMID- 2889730
TI  - Nucleotide binding sites and chemical modification of the chromaffin granule
      proton ATPase.
AB  - The purified proton ATPase of chromaffin granules contains five different
      polypeptides denoted as subunits I to V in the order of decreasing molecular
      weights of 115,000, 72,000, 57,000, 39,000, and 17,000, respectively. The
      purified enzyme was reconstituted as a highly active proton pump, and the binding
      of N-ethylmaleimide and nucleotides to individual subunits was studied. N
      Ethylmaleimide binds to subunits I, II, and IV, but inhibition of both ATPase and
      proton pumping activity correlated with binding to subunit II. In the presence of
      ADP, the saturation curve of ATP changed from hyperbolic to a sigmoid shape,
      suggesting that the proton ATPase is an allosteric enzyme. Upon illumination of
      the purified enzyme in the presence of micromolar concentrations of 8-azido-ATP,
      alpha-[35S]ATP, or alpha-[32P]ATP subunits I, II, and IV were labeled. However,
      at concentrations of alpha-[32P]ATP below 0.1 microM, subunit II was exclusively
      labeled in both the purified and reconstituted enzyme. This labeling was
      absolutely dependent on the presence of divalent cations, like Mg2+ and Mn2+,
      while Ca2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ had little or no effect. About 0.2 mM Mg2+ was
      required to saturate the reaction even in the presence of 50 nM alpha-[32P]ATP,
      suggesting a specific and separate Mg2+ binding site on the enzyme. Nitrate,
      sulfate, and thiocyanate at 100 mM or N-ethylmaleimide and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo
      2-oxa-1,3-diazole at 100 microM prevented the binding of the nucleotide to
      subunit II. The labeling of this subunit was effectively prevented by micromolar
      concentrations of three phosphonucleotides including those that cannot serve as
      substrate for the enzyme. It is concluded that a tightly bound ADP on subunit II
      is necessary for the activity of the enzyme.

PMID- 2889731
TI  - Nodulin-100 of soybean is the subunit of sucrose synthase regulated by the
      availability of free heme in nodules.
AB  - A cDNA sequence encoding a nodule-specific protein, nodulin-100, was identified
      among the abundant transcripts of poly(A)+ RNA from soybean nodules. Purification
      of nodulin-100 from the soluble fraction of nodule extract yielded an abundant
      protein with a subunit of approximately 90 kDa having properties of sucrose
      synthase (UDP-glucose:D-fructose 2-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.13).
      Nodule sucrose synthase of soybean is a tetrameric enzyme. Antibodies raised
      against this protein cross-reacted with the hybrid-released translation product
      of nodulin-100 cDNA, suggesting that nodulin-100 is the subunit of this enzyme.
      This was confirmed by partial DNA sequence analysis which showed 73% sequence
      homology at the amino acid level with maize sucrose synthase. Nodule sucrose
      synthase was found to dissociate rapidly into monomers in the presence of heme,
      suggesting that the availability of free heme may regulate the activity of this
      enzyme. Sucrose synthase activity increases rapidly during nodule development and
      declines during senescence. A model is presented which suggests that this enzyme
      plays a key role in maintaining the carbon economy of the nodules and the free
      heme may be involved in the flow of carbon to the bacteroids. As the degradation
      of leghemoglobin occurs during senescence, a concomitant decrease in sucrose
      synthase activity is observed.

PMID- 2889732
TI  - Purification of the N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding proteolipid of a higher
      plant tonoplast H+-ATPase.
AB  - The H+-ATPase of Beta vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) comprises at least three
      functionally distinct subunits of Mr = 67,000, 57,000, and 16,000, respectively
      (Manolson, M. F., Rea, P. A., and Poole, R. J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12273
      12279). The hydrophobic carboxyl reagent N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)
      inactivates the enzyme with pseudo-first order kinetics, and the concentration
      dependence of the reaction indicates that DCCD interacts with a single site on
      the enzyme to exert its inhibitory effect. The apparent pseudo-first order rate
      constant (k0) is reciprocally dependent on membrane protein concentration, which
      is expected if a large fraction of the DCCD partitions into the lipid phase. k0
      has a nominal value of 1000 M-1 min-1 at a protein concentration of 250
      micrograms/ml, although when phase partitioning is taken into account, the true,
      protein concentration-independent value of k0 is calculated to be about an order
      of magnitude lower. [14C]DCCD primarily labels the Mr = 16,000 polypeptide of
      native tonoplast vesicles. Binding is venturicidin-insensitive and occurs at a
      rate similar to the rate of enzyme inactivation, implying that inhibition is a
      direct result of covalent modification of the Mr = 16,000 polypeptide. Labeling
      of the containing Mr = 8,000 subunit of mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase is, on the
      other hand, faster by a factor of 5 and totally abolished by venturicidin. These
      results confirm that the Mr = 16,000 polypeptide which copurifies with tonoplast
      H+-ATPase activity is a subunit of the enzyme. Most of the DCCD-reactive Mr =
      16,000 subunit is extracted from acetone:ethanol-washed tonoplast vesicles by
      chloroform:methanol. [14C]DCCD bound to the Mr = 16,000 polypeptide is enriched
      in the chloroform:methanol extract by 5-fold compared with native tonoplast and
      the specific activity (nmol of [14C]DCCD/mg of protein) can be increased a
      further 37-fold by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. It is concluded that the Mr =
      16,000 subunit of the tonoplast H+-ATPase is a proteolipid.

PMID- 2889733
TI  - Isolation and reconstitution of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive proton
      pore of the clathrin-coated vesicle proton translocating complex.
AB  - The clathrin-coated vesicle proton translocating complex is composed of a maximum
      of eight polypeptides. The function of the components of this system have not
      been defined. Proton pumping catalyzed by the reconstituted, 200-fold purified
      proton translocating complex of clathrin-coated vesicles is inhibited 50% at a
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)/protein ratio of 0.66 mumol of DCCD/mg of
      protein. At an identical DCCD/protein ratio, the 17-kDa component of the proton
      pump is labeled by [14C]DCCD. Through toluene extraction, the 17-kDa subunit has
      been isolated from the holoenzyme. The 17-kDa polypeptide diminished
      proteoliposome acidification when coreconstituted with either bacteriorhodopsin
      or the intact clathrin-coated vesicle proton translocating ATPase. In both
      instances, treatment of the 17-kDa polypeptide with DCCD restored proteoliposome
      acidification. Moreover, the proton-conducting activity of the 17-kDa polypeptide
      is abolished by trypsin digestion. These results demonstrate that the 17-kDa
      polypeptide present in the isolated proton ATPase of clathrin-coated vesicles is
      a subunit which functions as a transmembranous proton pore.

PMID- 2889734
TI  - Escherichia coli H+-ATPase. Glutamic acid 185 in beta subunit is essential for
      its structure and assembly.
AB  - The uncD gene for the beta subunit of Escherichia coli H+-ATPase was cloned
      downstream of the lac promoter and mutagenized (Glu-185----Gln or Lys) by an
      oligonucleotide-directed procedure. The recombinant plasmid was introduced into a
      strain in which the unc operon for subunits of H+-ATPase was deleted. The wild
      type or mutant beta subunit synthesized amounted to about 10% total cell protein
      and was mainly found in the cytoplasmic fraction. These subunits could be
      purified to almost homogeneity by conventional procedures. The wild-type and two
      mutant beta subunits had essentially the same Kd values for 8-anilinonaphthalene
      1-sulfonate, aurovertin, and ATP, although the fluorescence intensities of 8
      anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate and aurovertin were significantly less when bound
      to the two mutant beta subunits than when bound to the wild-type subunit. The
      three beta subunits showed essentially the same circular dichroism spectra,
      indicating alpha-helical contents of about 16-18%. Thus, the mutations did not
      cause marked change of the secondary structure of the subunit. However,
      measurements of theta 208 during linear increase in temperature suggested that
      replacement of Glu-185 by Gln or Lys slightly changed the stability of the
      secondary structure. Only trace amounts of alpha beta gamma complexes could be
      reconstituted using the two mutant beta subunits. These results suggest that Glu
      185 or the region in its vicinity may be essential for subunit assembly. The
      methods developed in this study should be useful for further studies on the beta
      subunit.

PMID- 2889735
TI  - Mapping of nucleotide-depleted mitochondrial F1-ATPase with 2-azido-[alpha
      32P]adenosine diphosphate. Evidence for two nucleotide binding sites in the beta
      subunit.
AB  - Photolabeling of nucleotide binding sites in nucleotide-depleted mitochondrial F1
      has been explored with 2-azido [alpha-32P]adenosine diphosphate (2-N3[alpha-32P]
      ADP). Control experiments carried out in the absence of photoirradiation in a
      Mg2+-supplemented medium indicated the presence of one high affinity binding site
      and five lower affinity binding sites per F1. Similar titration curves were
      obtained with [3H]ADP and the photoprobe 3'-arylazido-[3H]butyryl ADP [( 3H]NAP4
      ADP). Photolabeling of nucleotide-depleted F1 with 2-N3[alpha-32P]ADP resulted in
      ATPase inactivation, half inactivation corresponding to 0.6-0.7 mol of photoprobe
      covalently bound per mol F1. Only the beta subunit was photolabeled, even under
      conditions of high loading with 2-N3[alpha-32P]ADP. The identification of the
      sequences labeled with the photoprobe was achieved by chemical cleavage with
      cyanogen bromide and enzymatic cleavage by trypsin. Under conditions of low
      loading with 2-N3[alpha-32P]ADP, resulting in photolabeling of only one vacant
      site in F1, covalently bound radioactivity was located in a peptide fragment of
      the beta subunit spanning Pro-320-Met-358 identical to the fragment photolabeled
      in native F1 (Garin, J., Boulay, F., Issartel, J.-P., Lunardi, J., and Vignais,
      P. V. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 4431-4437). With a heavier load of photoprobe,
      leading to nearly 4 mol of photoprobe covalently bound per mol F1, an additional
      region of the beta subunit was specifically labeled, corresponding to a sequence
      extending from Gly-72 to Arg-83. The isolated beta subunit also displayed two
      binding sites for 2-N3-[alpha-32P]ADP. When F1 was first photolabeled with a low
      concentration of NAP4-ADP, leading to the covalent binding of 1.5 mol of NAP4
      ADP/mol F1, with the bound NAP4-ADP distributed equally between the alpha and
      beta subunits, a subsequent photoirradiation in the presence of 2-N3[alpha
      32P]ADP resulted in covalent binding of the 2-N3[alpha-32P]ADP to both alpha and
      beta subunits. It is concluded that each beta subunit in mitochondrial F1
      contains two nucleotide binding regions, one of which belongs to the beta subunit
      per se, and the other to a subsite shared with a subsite located on a juxtaposed
      alpha subunit. Depending on the experimental conditions, the subsite located on
      the alpha subunit is either accessible or masked. Unmasking of the subsite in the
      three alpha subunits of mitochondrial F1 appears to proceed by a concerted
      mechanism.

PMID- 2889736
TI  - Tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone-induced
      synthesis of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme complex in rat ovarian
      granulosa cells.
AB  - The effect of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) on follicle-stimulating hormone
      (FSH)-induced synthesis of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage (SCC) enzyme
      complex was studied in rat ovarian granulosa cells cultured for 48 h in serum
      free medium. Cell proteins were radiolabeled with [35S]methionine, followed by
      immunoprecipitation of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P
      450SCC) as well as the iron-sulfur protein adrenodoxin. Polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and fluorography of the immunoprecipitates showed that TPA, when
      added in combination with FSH (50 ng/ml) or dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP; 1 mM),
      suppressed the stimulatory effects of these compounds on the synthesis of the SCC
      components in a concentration-dependent fashion. The effect of TPA was
      accompanied by decreased progesterone formation and decreased cAMP accumulation.
      The structural analog of TPA, phorbol-4 alpha-didecanoate, which does not
      activate protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme), had no effect on
      the FSH- or Bt2cAMP-stimulated synthesis of SCC and progesterone or on cAMP
      formation. In addition to inhibiting the synthesis of these proteins, TPA greatly
      reduced the FSH- and Bt2cAMP-induced increase in levels of mRNA encoding the
      precursor form of P-450SCC. It is concluded that the effect of the phorbol ester
      TPA to inhibit FSH-stimulated progesterone formation in cultured ovarian
      granulosa cells of the rat involves decreased synthesis of the components of the
      SCC enzyme complex due to reduced levels of mRNA encoding the precursor forms of
      these proteins. The results are indicative that TPA not only inhibits FSH
      mediated stimulation of cAMP formation but also may block cAMP-mediated induction
      of SCC synthesis. It is postulated that the effects of TPA may reflect the
      physiological role of protein kinase C in the regulation of ovarian
      steroidogenesis.

PMID- 2889737
TI  - The radial forearm flap in burn reconstruction.

PMID- 2889738
TI  - Cold injury: a collective review.
AB  - Cold injury remains a crippling problem. Although research is opening new avenues
      of accurate diagnosis and expeditious treatment, the gold standard against which
      these methods must be measured continues to be conservative treatment.

PMID- 2889739
TI  - Existence of two populations of cyclin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen during
      the cell cycle: association with DNA replication sites.
AB  - Pulse-chase experiments have revealed that cyclin, the auxiliary protein of DNA
      polymerase-delta, is stable during the transition from growth to quiescence in
      3T3 cells. Immunoblotting together with immunofluorescence analysis has shown
      that the amount of cyclin after 24 h of quiescence is 30-40% of that of growing
      cells and that it presents a nucleoplasmic staining. Immunofluorescence studies
      show the existence of two populations of cyclin during the S phase, one that is
      nucleoplasmic as in quiescent cells and is easily extracted by detergent, and
      another that is associated to specific nuclear structures. By using
      antibromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence to detect the sites of DNA synthesis, it
      was shown that the staining patterns of the replicon clusters and their order of
      appearance throughout the S phase are identical to those observed for cyclin. Two
      dimensional gel analysis of Triton-extracted cells show that 20-30% of cyclin
      remains associated with the replicon clusters. This population of cyclin could
      not be released from the nucleus using high-salt extractions. This demonstrates
      that cyclin is tightly associated to the sites of DNA replication and that it
      must have a fundamental role in DNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2889741
TI  - High lateral mobility of endogenous and transfected alkaline phosphatase: a
      phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein.
AB  - The lateral mobility of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the plasma membrane of
      osteoblastic and nonosteoblastic cells was estimated by fluorescence
      redistribution after photobleaching in embryonic and in tumor cells, in cells
      that express AP naturally, and in cells transfected with an expression vector
      containing AP cDNA. The diffusion coefficient (D) and the mobile fraction,
      estimated from the percent recovery (%R), were found to be cell-type dependent
      ranging from (0.58 +/- 0.16) X 10(-9) cm2s-1 and 73.3 +/- 10.5 in rat
      osteosarcoma cells ROS 17/2.8 to (1.77 +/- 0.51) X 10(-9) cm2s-1 and 82.8 +/- 2.5
      in rat osteosarcoma cells UMR106. Similar values of D greater than or equal to
      10(-9) cm2s-1 with approximately 80% recovery were also found in fetal rat
      calvaria cells, transfected skin fibroblasts, and transfected AP-negative
      osteosarcoma cells ROS 25/1. These values of D are many times greater than
      "typical" values for membrane proteins, coming close to those of membrane lipid
      in fetal rat calvaria and ROS 17/2.8 cells (D = [4(-5)] X 10(-9) cm2s-1 with 75
      80% recovery), estimated with the hexadecanoyl aminofluorescein probe. In all
      cell types, phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C released 60-90% of
      native and transfection-expressed AP, demonstrating that, as in other tissue
      types, AP in these cells is anchored in the membrane via a linkage to PI. These
      results indicate that the transfected cells used in this study possess the
      machinery for AP insertion into the membrane and its binding to PI. The fast AP
      mobility appears to be an intrinsic property of the way the protein is anchored
      in the membrane, a conclusion with general implications for the understanding of
      the slow diffusion of other membrane proteins.

PMID- 2889740
TI  - Structure of the novel membrane-coating material in proton-secreting epithelial
      cells and identification as an H+ATPase.
AB  - Specialized proton-secreting cells known collectively as mitochondria-rich cells
      are found in a variety of transporting epithelia, including the kidney collecting
      duct (intercalated cells) and toad and turtle urinary bladders. These cells
      contain a population of characteristic tubulovesicles that are believed to be
      involved in the shuttling of proton pumps (H+ATPase) to and from the plasma
      membrane. These transporting vesicles have a dense, studlike material coating the
      cytoplasmic face of their limiting membranes and similar studs are also found
      beneath parts of the plasma membrane. We have recently shown that this membrane
      coat does not contain clathrin. The present study was performed to determine the
      structure of this coat in rapidly frozen and freeze-dried tissue, and to
      determine whether the coat contains a major membrane protein transported by these
      vesicles, a proton pumping H+ATPase. The structure of the coat was examined in
      proton-secreting, mitochondria-rich cells from toad urinary bladder epithelium by
      rapidly freezing portions of apical membrane and associated cytoplasm that were
      sheared away from the remainder of the cell using polylysine-coated coverslips.
      Regions of the underside of these apical membranes as large as 0.2 micron2 were
      decorated by studlike projections that were arranged into regular hexagonal
      arrays. Individual studs had a diameter of 9.5 nm and appeared to be composed of
      multiple subunits arranged around a central depression, possibly representing a
      channel. The studs had a density of approximately 16,800 per micron2 of membrane.
      Similar arrays of studs were also found on vesicles trapped in the residual band
      of cytoplasm that remained attached to the underside of the plasma membrane, but
      none were seen in adjacent granular cells. To determine whether these arrays of
      studs contained H+ATPase molecules, we examined a preparation of affinity
      purified bovine medullary H+ATPase, using the same technique, after incorporation
      of the protein eluted from a monoclonal antibody affinity column into
      phospholipid liposomes. The affinity-purified protein was shown to be capable of
      ATP-dependent acidification. In such preparations, large paracrystalline arrays
      of studs identical in appearance to those seen in situ were found. The dimensions
      of the studs as well as the number per square micrometer of membrane were
      identical to those of toad bladder mitochondria-rich cells: 9.5 nm in diameter,
      16,770 per micron2 of membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2889743
TI  - Assay for tyrosine hydroxylase in hypothalamic homogenates using high-performance
      liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - A highly sensitive and reliable assay for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in
      hypothalamic homogenates of male rats using high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection is described. Modification of
      sample preparation and chromatographic conditions led to a complete separation of
      L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and alpha-methyldopa from all interfering
      catecholamines and their metabolites. This assay is highly sensitive; 2 pmol of L
      DOPA formed enzymatically could be measured. We were able to determine TH
      activity in tissue pieces weighing less than 1 mg. TH activity was not changed
      after storage for three months at -80 degrees C. In hypothalamic homogenates the
      Michaelis constant (KM) for L-tyrosine was 80.5 +/- 6.5 mumol/l and the maximal
      velocity (Vmax) was 132.5 +/- 10.5 pmol/mg of protein per min for L-DOPA formed
      enzymatically.

PMID- 2889742
TI  - Localizing the subunit pool for the temporally regulated polar pili of
      Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - The pili of the stalked bacterium Caulobacter crescentus are assembled at a
      specific time in the life cycle at one pole of the cell and are composed of the
      monomer protein, pilin. A previous study demonstrated that the onset of pilin
      synthesis occurs well before pili appear on the surface, suggesting that pilin
      accumulates within the cell. In the present study, an electron microscope
      immunocytochemistry assay was used to determine the subcellular location of this
      unassembled pilin and its fate during pilus assembly and cell division.
      Populations of synchronously growing cells were embedded in epoxy resin at
      selected times during the cell cycle. Ultrathin sections were treated with pilin
      specific antibody, followed by protein A coupled to colloidal gold. It was
      determined that the cellular location for unassembled pilin was the cell
      cytoplasm. All cell membranes and regions of nuclear material were poorly
      labeled. Quantitation demonstrated that label density increased during the period
      of pilin synthesis and declined during the period of pilus assembly and
      maintenance. The pilin pool was not unequally segregated at division; e.g., to
      the daughter cell that is elaborating pili. Mutants which have simultaneously
      lost the ability to produce flagella, pili, and other polar organelles, possibly
      due to alterations in the specialized region of polar organelle assembly, were
      also examined by the immunocytochemistry technique. There was no significant
      difference in the pilin pool size relative to the wild type, indicating that
      pilin synthesis continues in the absence of a functioning assembly site. This
      pattern of synthesis and assembly for the pilus is significantly different from
      that of the polar flagellum which is produced at the same time and location on
      the cell surface. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesized
      organization center at the cell pole which may have a major role in directing the
      assembly of all the polar structures.

PMID- 2889744
TI  - Determination of timelotem dihydrogenmaleate and its main metabolite N
      desmethyltimelotem in plasma by capillary gas chromatography.

PMID- 2889745
TI  - Determination of duoperone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2889746
TI  - Determination of fentanyl and alfentanil in plasma by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

PMID- 2889747
TI  - Determination of azelastine and desmethylazelastine in human plasma by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A manual-injection liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection
      permitted determination of a new antiasthmatic drug, azelastine, and its
      desmethyl metabolite extracted from human plasma. Reliable quantitation was
      achieved to at least 0.3 ng/ml for each analyte. No interference was seen in co
      chromatography of sixteen other substances, which were potential co-medications
      (or their metabolites) as used in standard asthma or allergy treatment.

PMID- 2889748
TI  - Shrinking of a growth hormone-producing pituitary tumor by continuous
      subcutaneous infusion of the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995.
AB  - SMS 201-995, a long-acting somatostatin analog, was given as the initial
      treatment to an acromegalic patient. SMS 201-995 (200 micrograms, sc, three times
      daily) reduced, but did not normalize, serum GH levels. Complete and prolonged
      control of GH secretion was obtained with a 600-micrograms daily continuous sc
      infusion (CSI), and the patient was treated in this way for 6 months. Rapid
      improvement of clinical signs and symptoms of acromegaly occurred, as did major
      tumor shrinkage. The other pituitary functions did not change. After 6 months,
      the daily SMS 201-995 dose was progressively reduced; GH secretion remained
      suppressed. After 12 months of treatment, GH secretion was controlled with a CSI
      of 100 micrograms SMS 201-995 daily, but not with two daily sc 100-micrograms
      injections. Further significant reduction in tumor size occurred. We conclude
      that CSI of SMS 201-995 resulted in constant GH normalization and marked clinical
      and morphological improvement. This form of treatment should be considered as an
      alternative to ablative treatment of acromegaly.

PMID- 2889749
TI  - Effects of alpha 1-adrenergic blockade on pulsatile luteinizing hormone, follicle
      stimulating hormone, and prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - Central noradrenergic mechanisms may participate in the regulation of pulsatile
      gonadotropin secretion in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO). To
      examine this possibility we measured serum LH, FSH, and PRL concentrations at 10
      min intervals and total testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol at 60-min intervals
      for 8 h basally and during the infusion of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist
      thymoxamine (10 micrograms/kg X min) in 10 young women with PCO. Mean and
      integrated serum LH concentrations as well as LH pulse frequency were not
      significantly altered (P = NS) during the thymoxamine infusion. However, we found
      an increase in LH pulse amplitude as both net (P less than 0.002) and percent (P
      less than 0.002) increment, as well as mean LH peak values (P less than 0.05)
      during alpha 1-adrenergic blockade. There were no significant changes in
      pulsatile FSH and PRL secretion or gonadal sex steroids during these experimental
      conditions. These data suggest that in PCO patients, 1) brain noradrenergic
      mechanisms do not play a stimulatory role in regulating the frequency of
      pulsatile LH secretion, 2) central noradrenergic activity inhibits LH pulse
      amplitude, and 3) PRL and FSH pulsatility are not altered by central
      noradrenergic blockade.

PMID- 2889750
TI  - Differential alterations of the circulating prosomatostatin-derived peptides
      during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man.
AB  - Insulin-induced hypoglycemia stimulates a rise of somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SLI) in the venous circulation of man. Plasma SLI is comprised
      of a heterogenous group of peptides including somatostatin-28 (SS-28)
      somatostatin-28-(15-28), somatostatin-28-(16-28), and prosomatostatin (Pro-SS).
      To determine which of these Pro-SS related peptides is released after
      hypoglycemia, we developed an immunoadsorption method that rapidly and accurately
      separates SS-28 from the other somatostatins. This method involves the selective
      retention of SS-28 on a conjugate of agarose with immunoglobulins that recognize
      an epitope in the NH2-terminal region of SS-28. Pro-SS, SS-28-(15-28), SS-28-(16
      28), henceforth referred to collectively as SS-28-(15-28), and SS-28, once
      separated, were then analyzed by RIA with a COOH-terminal antibody. Ten normal
      men were studied after an overnight fast. Pork insulin (0.05 U/kg) was injected
      iv, and blood was collected before and after the onset of hypoglycemia. The mean
      basal SS-28-(15-28) level was 13 +/- 1 (+/- SEM) pg/mL, and the mean basal SS-28
      levels were 19 +/- 3 (+/- SEM) pg/mL. Plasma SS-28-(15-28) did not increase after
      insulin administration, but the mean SS-28 level increased by 76% (P less than
      0.01). We propose that the release of SS-28, presumably from the gastrointestinal
      tract, during hypoglycemia occurs as a result of activation of the autonomic
      nervous system and speculate that SS-28, because of its ability to inhibit
      insulin secretion, may be important in counterregulation during glucopenia.

PMID- 2889751
TI  - Puncture wound osteochondritis of the foot caused by CDC group Vd.
AB  - A case of puncture wound osteochondritis of the foot caused by CDC group Vd is
      presented because of the unusual nature of the infecting organism. This organism
      may be confused with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the usual pathogen responsible for
      this type of infection, but does not have a similar antimicrobial susceptibility
      profile. For this reason, it is important to obtain appropriate culture specimens
      and to identify and test the susceptibility of bacterial isolates from cases of
      puncture wound-associated osteochondritis so that optimal therapeutic regimens
      can be determined.

PMID- 2889752
TI  - Retroviruses and human disease.
AB  - Over the past 25 years animal retroviruses have been favoured subjects of
      research by virologists, oncologists, and molecular biologists. Retroviruses have
      given us reverse transcriptase, oncogenes, and cloning vectors that may one day
      be exploited for human gene therapy. They have also given us leukaemia and the
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Kawasaki disease and tropical spastic
      paraparesis are thought to be associated with retrovirus infection, and other
      diseases such as de Quervain's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, acquired
      hypogammaglobulinaemia, and certain forms of non-A, non-B hepatitis have come
      under passing suspicion of a retroviral aetiology. With AIDS threatening to
      become pandemic, and a second AIDS virus appearing in West Africa, human
      retroviruses are under intensive study for new antiviral drugs targeted to their
      unique mode of replication, and for the development of vaccines.

PMID- 2889754
TI  - Glycine: an alternative transmitter candidate of the pallidosubthalamic
      projection neurons in the rat.
AB  - Autoradiographic retrograde tracing techniques with radioactive transmitters were
      used to analyse the identity of a putative transmitter in the rat
      pallidosubthalamic (GP-STN) pathway. One to 2 hours after the stereotaxic
      injection of 3H-glycine restricted to the STN, a large number of neuronal somata
      were radiolabeled in the GP. No comparable labeling was observed following the
      injection of 3H-gamma-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) into the same nucleus even with
      survival times as long as 6 hours. Specifically, no significant somatic labeling
      was detected either in the GP or in the caudoputamen (CPU). Only when 3H-GABA was
      injected into the substantia nigra did CPU and GP neurons become labeled. On the
      contrary, STN neuronal somata were invariably labeled 6 hours after the
      intrapallidal injection of 3H-GABA, whereas no perikaryal labeling was observed
      in the STN after 3H-glycine injection into the GP. The perikaryal labeling was
      prevented in all cases by intraventricular administration of colchicine 1 day
      before the isotope injections. The observations suggest that 3H-glycine was
      preferentially transported retrogradely through the GP-STN pathway, and 3H-GABA
      through the STN-GP projection. In view of the recent controversy on the role of
      GABA as a putative transmitter of the GP-STN projection, we now propose glycine
      as an alternative transmitter candidate of these critically situated neurons in
      the basal ganglia.

PMID- 2889753
TI  - Haemophilia A: carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis by linkage analysis using
      DNA polymorphism.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within or close to the factor
      VIII locus are very useful for genetic linkage analysis. Such RFLPs allow a
      mutant allele to be tracked in a family, segregating haemophilia A even when, as
      is usually the case, the precise mutation causing failure to synthesise factor
      VIII is unknown. To date two markers tightly linked to the factor VIII locus have
      been described, one of which is highly polymorphic and therefore informative in
      most kindreds. A significant crossover rate, however, does not make diagnosis
      absolute. Three intragenic RFLPs have been defined, which, taken together, are
      informative in about 70% of women, providing virtually deterministic genetic
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2889755
TI  - Localization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the cat
      hypothalamus, with special reference to fluorescence histochemistry.
AB  - The present study examines the distribution and morphological characteristics of
      neurons containing immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the cat
      hypothalamus. We used the indirect immunoperoxidase technique on vibratome
      sections. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cell bodies were widely distributed
      in discrete regions of the cat hypothalamus. Several principal cell groups were
      identified. They were seen in the posterior and dorsal hypothalamic areas, zona
      incerta, dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic areas, arcuate nucleus,
      periventricular nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and an area of the tuber
      cinereum and preoptic area. These cells presented two different morphological
      characteristics; small with two to three short processes and medium to large,
      multipolar with three to five long dendritic trees. The atlas is presented in
      twelve cross-sectional drawings of the cat hypothalamus from the level A8.5 to
      A15 of the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic planes. We also examined the distribution
      of hypothalamic catecholamine fluorescent neurons by using the aqueous aldehyde
      method in combination with glyoxylic acid applied to vibratome sectioned tissues,
      which improves sensitivity. Comments are made on the relative localizations of
      the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive and aldehyde-induced histofluorescent
      cells, as well as on species differences between the cat, rat, and mouse.

PMID- 2889756
TI  - Lymphomatoid papulosis. A follow-up study of 30 patients.
AB  - Thirty patients, 13 female and 17 male, have been followed from 3 months to 22
      years (mean, 81 months; median, 63 months) and special studies have been
      performed on a proportion of these in order to try to predict malignant
      evolution. Age at onset was from 20 to 70 years (mean, 43 years; median, 42
      years). Duration of disease was from 1 to 30 years (mean, 119 months; median 161
      months). Seven patients also had parapsoriasis en plaque or plaque-stage mycosis
      fungoides at the time of diagnosis and one patient had erythroderma. None of the
      22 uncomplicated lymphomatoid papulosis patients developed malignant cutaneous
      lymphoma during the period of observation, while the remaining 8 patients who had
      concurrent parapsoriasis en plaque, mycosis fungoides, or erythroderma did not
      deteriorate further. Single-cell deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) measurements on the
      dermal infiltrate were done in 13 patients and were abnormal in 7 patients. Two
      of these had greatly abnormal DNA histograms and at the same time an abnormal
      clinical presentation with multiple nodules and tumors. The remaining five
      patients had DNA histograms that indicated a potential for malignancy. Monoclonal
      antibody studies were performed on skin biopsy specimens of 10 patients. The
      dermal infiltrate was dominated by T-helper lymphocytes and some Hodgkin and Reed
      Sternberg cells could be detected by the antibodies Ki-1, Ki-24, and Ki-27. Human
      T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) antibodies were found in 3 of 18 patients
      examined. Treatment with psoralens plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) was effective
      (partial or complete remission) in six patients but they relapsed at cessation of
      therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889757
TI  - [Comparison of the efficacy of analgesics in pain after oral surgery].

PMID- 2889758
TI  - The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase II pilot study: tissue
      plasminogen activator followed by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group is investigating
      whether percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or intravenous beta
      receptor blockers, or both, are useful adjuncts to recombinant tissue-type
      plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial
      infarction (TIMI II study). A total of 317 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction were treated an average of 2.7 hours after the onset of chest pain
      during the course of a nonrandomized pilot investigation with 150 mg of rt-PA
      given over 6 hours. This dose of rt-PA resulted in a high rate of infarct-related
      coronary artery patency (82 and 87% of patients catheterized an average of either
      1 or 32 hours after entry, respectively) and a low 21 day mortality rate of 4.4%.
      Coronary angioplasty was performed successfully in greater than 90% of patients
      with appropriate anatomy and in greater than 50% of those treated with rt-PA. In
      75 patients treated within 2 hours of the onset of chest pain only 2 (2.7%) were
      dead by 6 weeks. However, five cases of intracranial hemorrhage were noted, and
      the rt-PA dose was subsequently reduced to 100 mg given over 6 hours. The TIMI II
      design and the results of the TIMI II pilot study are discussed.

PMID- 2889759
TI  - Antidepressant withdrawal syndromes: phenomenology and pathophysiology.

PMID- 2889760
TI  - Anticholinergic equivalents and parkinsonism: a model for predicting side-effects
      of antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - The tendency of antipsychotics to produce extrapyramidal side-effects varies
      inversely with their antimuscarinic activity. This paper reviews the
      antipsychotic and antimuscarinic potency of these drugs and compares the total
      antimuscarinic activity in standard daily doses of antipsychotics, antiparkinson
      agents and antidepressants. The authors examine factors associated with tolerance
      of benztropine withdrawal in 39 inpatients. Patients with serious EPS relapse
      after benztropine withdrawal had an excess of antipsychotic over antimuscarinic
      activity in their remaining medications. The results suggest an optimal ratio
      between total antipsychotic and anticholinergic doses, and a simple model for
      predicting antiparkinson drug requirements.

PMID- 2889761
TI  - An open clinical trial of fenfluramine in chronic schizophrenia: a pilot study.
AB  - The reports of hyperserotonaemia in chronic schizophrenics and the indications
      that fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug, may be of therapeutic value in
      hyperserotonaemic autistic children, were the rationale for this clinical trial.
      Fenfluramine was administered to 4 treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenic in
      patients. They were studied for 14 weeks: 2 baseline weeks, 8 on fenfluramine
      (maximal dose 120 mg/day for 4 weeks) and 4 post-fenfluramine. Plasma levels of
      fenfluramine and nor-fenfluramine indicated good compliance. Platelet serotonin
      concentration decreased in all 4 subjects, weight loss was noted in 2. Clinical
      changes (assessed by rating psychiatric symptoms and ward behaviour) were
      observed in 3: moderate sustained improvement in 1, a short-lived activation
      followed by a slight improvement in another, and a brief amelioration with
      subsequent worsening in the third. The time and pattern of these changes suggest
      that they were due to fenfluramine.

PMID- 2889762
TI  - Epidemiology of nosocomial infections due to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.

PMID- 2889763
TI  - Surveillance of colonization and late-onset septicaemia in neonates.
AB  - Twenty-seven newborns had an episode of late-onset sepsis (septicaemia or
      bacterial meningitis after 48 h of age) over an 18 month period. Preceding or
      simultaneous surface cultures were available from 26 babies. Colonization with
      the organism causing sepsis could only be documented in 10 cases. Colonization
      with aminoglycoside-resistant Gram negative organisms was common but there were
      only two cases of systemic sepsis with a resistant organism. Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa frequently colonized babies over the first 8 months of the survey, but
      subsequently virtually ceased to colonize babies, although it continued to be a
      common cause of late-onset sepsis. These findings do not support the utility of
      routine surveillance of organisms colonizing neonates in predicting bacteria
      causing late-onset sepsis. They also cast doubt on the value of eliminating
      colonizing organisms by expensive infection control measures.

PMID- 2889764
TI  - An outbreak of infection with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a
      special care baby unit: value of topical mupirocin and of traditional methods of
      infection control.
AB  - This report deals with the problems associated with a high incidence rate of
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in low birth weight infants in a
      regional special care baby unit. Strict isolation facilities were not used and
      the outbreak was promptly brought under control by the use of intensive
      traditional methods of infection control and the use of topical mupirocin in a
      paraffin base.

PMID- 2889765
TI  - Control of a Serratia marcescens outbreak in a maternity hospital.
AB  - During the period between October 1984 and January 1985, an outbreak of Serratia
      marcescens took place in the Serlin Maternity Hospital in Tel-Aviv. Four major
      and six minor infections were noted in newborn and preterm infants. An additional
      group of 24 neonates were asymptomatic carriers of S. marcescens. Extensive
      control measures were undertaken, including closing the SCBU to further
      admissions and the opening of a new SCBU. Other measures included maintaining
      babies in cohort groups, strict handwashing, and use of gloves and gowns. There
      was also intensified encouragement of breast feeding and thorough cleansing and
      disinfection of the SCBU and nurseries. After 3 months, the outbreak was
      controlled. No identified source for the outbreak was detected. We feel that the
      extensive measures employed were responsible for controlling the outbreak within
      a relatively short time.

PMID- 2889766
TI  - Estimating the infection rate in mothers following caesarean section.
AB  - Some hospitals send comparatively few swabs to their laboratories for
      examination, consequently any measure of infection that depends on routinely
      analysed swabs is likely to underestimate the actual level of infection. In a
      survey of routine wound swabs from mothers following caesarean section, it was
      found that the average infection rate in 31 hospitals was 6%, with considerable
      variation between the hospitals. Further consideration of the data as described
      in this paper shows that the actual infection rate was about 14%, with much less
      variation between hospitals.

PMID- 2889767
TI  - Biotyping of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus using the API 2ONE system.
AB  - The API 2ONE system for the identification of non-fermentative Gram-negative
      bacilli enables the discrimination of a possible 209 different biotypes of
      Acinetobacter spp. and consequently has potential for use as an Acinetobacter
      spp. typing system. A total of 122 separate strains of Acinetobacter spp.
      isolated in Nottingham hospitals over a 4 year period from a wide variety of
      clinical specimens, divided into 31 different biotypes which were stable over a 1
      year storage period. Two biotypes predominated, one of which was a multiply
      resistant strain of A. calcoaceticus variant anitratus. The API 2ONE system was
      found to be a rapid method for biotyping strains of Acinetobacter spp. and was
      helpful in monitoring cross-infection and spread of particular strains of
      Acinetobacter spp. in the hospital environment.

PMID- 2889768
TI  - Seasonal prevalence of nosocomial Aeromonas hydrophila infection related to
      aeromonas in hospital water.
AB  - A seasonal variation in nosocomial Aeromonas hydrophila infection was correlated
      with the number of aeromonas in the hospital water supply. The high summer
      prevalence of A. hydrophila infection coincided with periods when water counts
      from storage tanks were highest. The waterborne origin of these infections
      highlights the importance of maintaining clean water supplies, especially where
      storage tanks are used. Monitoring A. hydrophila in hospital water, particularly
      during the summer months, may prove helpful.

PMID- 2889769
TI  - Acquisition of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa on an intensive therapy unit.
AB  - During a 9-month period, patients, staff and environment were monitored in order
      to trace the source of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa on our intensive therapy
      unit (ITU). Of 81 patients studied, 14 (17%) acquired 15 different pyocin types
      while on the ITU. The most frequent site of colonization was the rectum (11
      patients). Rectal strains subsequently appeared in urine (two patients), wound
      (one) and sputum (four) of six patients. Three episodes of cross-infection (wound
      (two), urine (one] occurred without development of rectal colonization. Strains
      isolated from the environment and staff were not implicated. While
      gastrointestinal carriage of P. aeruginosa may not be detected on admission to
      the ITU, excessive use of antibiotics may be responsible for apparent acquisition
      of the organism followed by endogenous transfer of the rectal strains to other
      sites of the body.

PMID- 2889770
TI  - A placebo-controlled trial of the effect of two preoperative baths or showers
      with chlorhexidine detergent on postoperative wound infection rates.
AB  - The effect of preoperative whole-body washing with chlorhexidine detergent on the
      incidence of postoperative wound infection was assessed in a placebo-controlled
      trial of 1989 patients. Patients bathed or showered with chlorhexidine, placebo,
      or conventional bar soap, on two occasions in the 24 h before operation. The
      overall infection rate for patients treated with chlorhexidine was 9%, against
      12.8% in the bar soap and 11.7% in the placebo groups; in the 'clean' surgery
      group infections were 7.2% against 10.2% and 10%, respectively. The
      Staphylococcus aureus infection rate in the 'clean' group was 3% for
      chlorhexidine against 6% for bar soap.

PMID- 2889771
TI  - Contamination of the environment of spinal cord injured patients by organisms
      causing urinary-tract infection.
AB  - Various environmental sites closely associated with spinally-injured patients
      were examined for contamination by organisms concurrently causing urinary
      infection. Of 30 episodes studied, the same organism was recovered from bedding
      on 20 occasions, from nine of 20 bath towels and less frequently from face
      cloths, clothing, wheelchairs and bedside units. The results indicate that
      contact with the immediate environment of spinal patients with urinary infection
      may lead to contamination of hands, and confirm and expand the need for
      handwashing by patients and staff.

PMID- 2889772
TI  - Pseudomonas peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: laboratory
      predictors of treatment failure.
AB  - Five episodes of pseudomonas peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) which were not cured by intraperitoneal antibiotics
      were studied to assess causes for treatment failure. The activity of gentamicin
      and ceftazidime against these strains was decreased in the presence of sterile
      used dialysate compared with nutrient broth. Likewise, kinetic studies showed
      that in dialysate therapeutically used concentrations of antibiotics failed to
      kill the isolates over 24 h. All five pseudomonas strains were adherent to
      silicone rubber Tenckoff catheter segments. An in vitro model of CAPD peritonitis
      demonstrated that persistence of viable adherent bacteria, after exposure to
      therapeutic concentrations of gentamicin and ceftazidime, contributes to the
      failure of antibiotics to cure pseudomonas CAPD peritonitis.

PMID- 2889773
TI  - 'Methicillin-resistant' Staphylococcus aureus in a regional neonatology unit.
AB  - In December 1985 a neonate was transferred to a Yorkshire Regional Neonatology
      Unit (RNU) from a neighbouring hospital and was subsequently found to be
      colonized with a 'methicillin-resistant' strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
      Spread of the MRSA was controlled by routine cross-infection methods. The RNU was
      not closed to new admissions, the economic cost of control measures was small and
      no neonatal death was attributable to MRSA infection. Eradication of the MRSA
      from the RNU was associated with a decline in frequency of coagulase-negative
      staphylococci (CNS) from blood cultures, but the overall frequency of positive
      blood cultures did not decline and there was a rise in frequency of isolation of
      Gram-negative bacterial species. The decline in frequency of CNS isolates from
      blood cultures may have resulted from a reduction in the level of cross
      colonization of neonates with antibiotic-resistant CNS strains and also increased
      usage of erythromycin and vancomycin.

PMID- 2889774
TI  - Colonization of patients with spinal cord injury with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
      Klebsiella pneumoniae at different institutions.
AB  - Colonization of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae
      was studied in patients with spinal cord injury at two institutions in Los
      Angeles County. The method of care of patients was similar at both institutions.
      A high prevalence of perineal colonization with P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae
      and similar serotypes of Pseudomonas were seen at both institutions. This
      colonization probably reflects the type of bladder management in patients with
      spinal cord injury. It would be of interest to examine other facilities to
      determine if colonization is influenced by techniques or local factors.

PMID- 2889775
TI  - Contamination of small-volume medication nebulizers and its association with
      oropharyngeal colonization.
AB  - The effect of the use of small-volume medication nebulizers on oropharyngeal
      colonization with potentially pathogenic Gram-negative bacilli was investigated
      in 95 patients with respiratory disease, of whom 54 used nebulizers and 41 were
      controls. Inhalation therapy had a significant effect on colonization, with a
      relative risk of more than four. Age over 60 years also showed a significant
      association with colonization. One-third of the nebulizers sampled were
      contaminated, 71% with Gram-negative bacilli. A direct route of contamination
      could be demonstrated in 28% of the patients. Medication nebulizers should be
      thoroughly cleaned after use and stored dry between patients.

PMID- 2889776
TI  - What makes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistant to dry heat inactivation?

PMID- 2889777
TI  - Hospital outbreak of multi-resistant Acinetobacter anitratus: an airborne mode of
      spread?

PMID- 2889778
TI  - Multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2889779
TI  - Effect of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade on blood pressure and iliac vascular
      resistance in normotensive and Goldblatt hypertensive dogs; influence of dietary
      salt and DOCA-salt.
AB  - Instrumented normotensive and two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertensive dogs
      were placed on normal salt, high salt and DOCA-salt regimens and the effect on
      mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and iliac vascular resistance (IVR)
      determined. High salt and DOCA-salt did not alter these variables in the
      Goldblatt hypertensive group. DOCA-salt increased MAP in the normotensives by 12
      mmHg; however, IVR was not significantly increased by this treatment. In order to
      determine the degree of sympathetic tone in the iliac vascular bed, the change in
      IVR evoked by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, urapidil and prazosin, was
      assessed. There were similar reductions in MAP and IVR after alpha 1-blockade in
      both groups of dogs, regardless of the salt regimen. However, urapidil caused a
      greater decrease in MAP in the normotensives than in the hypertensives. Captopril
      administration after alpha 1-blockade caused further reductions in MAP and IVR in
      the hypertensives, and in the MAP of the normotensive dogs on normal or high
      salt, indicating that the renin-angiotensin system maintained blood pressure in
      these groups. These results suggest that sympathetic tone is not increased by
      high salt- or DOCA-salt in normotensive or Goldblatt hypertensive dogs for the 8
      11 day duration of these treatments.

PMID- 2889780
TI  - Immunosuppression by succinylacetone. II. Prevention of graft-vs-host disease.
AB  - Succinylacetone is a seven-carbon organic ketoacid that we have previously shown
      to inhibit tumor allograft rejection as well as the primary antibody response to
      sheep erythrocytes in rats. Because it appeared to be such a potent
      immunosuppressive agent in our initial studies, we evaluated succinylacetone for
      its ability to block graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in adult F1 rats injected with
      parental strain spleen cells. Untreated ACE X Lewis F1 rats given Lewis strain
      spleen cells died of GVHD, with a mean survival of 24 days. By contrast, 62% of
      F1 rats in the group treated with succinylacetone survived, and the deaths that
      occurred in this group occurred significantly later. To confirm this observation
      and determine whether succinylacetone would interfere with bone marrow
      engraftment, lethally irradiated adult Wistar-Furth rats were reconstituted with
      syngeneic or totally allogeneic Fisher 344 lymphohemopoietic cells consisting of
      equal numbers of bone marrow and spleen cells. All animals given allogeneic cells
      without additional immunosuppressive treatment developed severe GVHD and died by
      day 42. By contrast 92% of the allogeneic cell recipients that had been treated
      with succinylacetone were long term survivors. Cytotoxicity typing of peripheral
      lymphocytes demonstrated greater than 90% donor-type lymphocytes persisting in
      the succinylacetone-treated recipients as long as 255 days post-transplantation.
      No chronic or late developing acute GVHD was observed even though the animals
      received succinylacetone as the sole immunosuppressant for only 28 days after
      transplantation. Furthermore, hemopoietic reconstitution in recipients of
      syngeneic cells was essentially identical between the control group and the group
      treated with succinylacetone. In addition, no gross or histologic evidence for
      renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, or neurologic toxicity was observed in
      the long term transplant survivors treated with succinylacetone. These data
      indicate that succinylacetone treatment is effective in preventing lethal GVHD in
      this allogeneic bone marrow transplantation system while permitting normal
      hemopoietic reconstitution in the absence of significant chronic toxicity to
      other major organ systems.

PMID- 2889781
TI  - Improved procedure for the isolation of functionally active lymphoid cells from
      the murine intestine.
AB  - An isolation procedure for functionally active lamina propria lymphoid cells
      (LPL) from the murine intestine is described. The procedure involved EDTA
      dithiothreitol incubation of intestinal tissue to remove epithelial and
      intraepithelial cells, followed by collagenase digestion of the basement membrane
      to liberate part of the LPL. The LPL were suspended by squeezing the remaining
      tissue strips through a nylon gauze filter. Functional activity was tested by
      enumeration of the immunoglobulin-secreting cells in the cell suspensions
      obtained by an isotype-specific protein A plaque-forming cell assay. On average 1
      2 X 10(8) LPL were isolated from the intestine of C3H/He mice. 11% of these cells
      actively secreted Ig. From these Ig-secreting cells 99% produced IgA. The
      isolation procedure described in this paper permitted a higher recovery of viable
      cells than has previously been obtained with other methods.

PMID- 2889783
TI  - Ratio of Langerhans cells to Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in murine epidermis
      influences the intensity of contact hypersensitivity.
AB  - We have initiated a series of studies in vivo to investigate the physiologic role
      of Langerhans cells and Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in the development and
      regulation of contact hypersensitivity. The density of I-A+ Langerhans cells and
      Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in ammonium thiocyanate-separated epidermal
      sheets was determined in ten strains of inbred mice using immunofluorescence
      microscopy with monoclonal anti-I-A and anti-Thy-1 antibodies. Mice of different
      inbred strains were sensitized by painting the left ear with varying doses of
      either oxazolone or trinitrochlorobenzene. From five to 20 days after
      sensitization, groups of mice were challenged with the relevant antigen and the
      intensity of contact hypersensitivity, as measured by ear swelling, was
      determined. We then determined whether the intensity and/or duration of contact
      hypersensitivity in different strains of mice was influenced by the density of
      Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells or the ratio of I-A+ Langerhans cells to Thy-1+
      dendritic epidermal cells. We found that there was marked variability in the
      density of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells and I-A+ Langerhans cells in the ten
      strains of mice studied. The ratio of I-A+ Langerhans cells to Thy-1+ dendritic
      epidermal cells ranged from 0.5 in C57BL/10J mice to greater than 22 in A/J and
      BALB/cByJ mice. When small amounts of contact sensitizers were used to induce
      contact hypersensitivity (e.g., 20 micrograms of oxazolone or
      trinitrochlorobenzene), there was consistent strain variability in the intensity
      of ear swelling. There was a significant correlation between the ratio of I-A+
      Langerhans cells to Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells and the intensity of contact
      hypersensitivity (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.85, p = 0.002). Strains
      with the highest ratios of I-A+ Langerhans cells to Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal
      cells had the most ear swelling. There were no consistent differences in the
      duration of contact hypersensitivity observed among the ten different strains.
      Our results indicate that Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells may play a physiologic
      role in down-regulating contact hypersensitivity in vivo.

PMID- 2889784
TI  - Nurses' knowledge of pain issues: a survey.

PMID- 2889782
TI  - Rapid induction of Thy-1 antigenic markers on keratinocytes and epidermal immune
      cells in the skin of mice following topical treatment with common preservatives
      used in topical medications and in foods.
AB  - Earlier experiments from our laboratory revealed that the medication most
      commonly used for depigmenting patients with vitiligo, monobenzyl ether of
      hydroquinone (MBEH), when applied to the skin of DBA/2 mice caused an increase in
      the population density (cells/mm2) of identifiable Ia+ and ATPase+ Langerhans
      cells. Further, this increase in Langerhans cell density could be correlated with
      an increase of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactivity to dinitrofluorobenzene
      (DNFB). The current experiments demonstrated that other compounds chemically
      similar to MBEH, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated
      hydroxyanisole (BHA), which are used as preservatives/antioxidants in many
      topical medications, cosmetics, food, and rubber products, can in five days
      significantly increase the population density of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal
      cells. These compounds had no effects on Ia+ cells. This observation suggests
      that the Thy-1+ DEC cells may be more mobile and/or their surface markers may be
      readily expressed and are not a slowly mobile (trafficking) population of cells
      as suggested by the results of previous work. In addition, these parasubstituted
      phenolic compounds behaved like pertussis toxin and induced Thy-1 and Ia
      expression on keratinocytes. These changes in Thy-1 immune markers were not
      accompanied by functional alterations in the immune response to contact allergens
      as measured by the ear swelling technique.

PMID- 2889785
TI  - [A case of smoldering adult T-cell leukemia with generalized cryptococcosis].

PMID- 2889786
TI  - Synthesis of a thiophosphate analog of dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine: a
      phospholipase C substrate.
AB  - Dioctanoylthiophosphatidylcholine, a racemic thiophosphate analog of L-alpha
      dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine, has been synthesized and isolated by flash
      chromatography. In contrast with the didecanoylthiophosphatidylcholine
      synthesized previously, the analog is easily dispersed on sonication in aqueous
      media and is rapidly hydrolyzed to produce a free thiol group in the presence of
      the extracellular phospholipase C from either Bacillus cereus or Clostridium
      perfringens. When 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitro-benzoic acid) was included as a thiol
      reactive chromogenic agent, the resultant measurement of product release, as an
      increase in absorbance at 412 nm, showed a linear relationship with added enzyme.

PMID- 2889787
TI  - Influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the concentration of
      immunoreactive somatostatin in the retina and peripheral blood of the rat: effect
      of insulin treatment.
AB  - Changes in somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were examined in the retina
      and peripheral blood of diabetic rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) and
      insulin. There was no change in retinal SLI content at 4 and 11 days after
      administration of STZ but, thereafter, SLI increased progressively in the
      diabetic animals by 220% at 18 days and 300% at 27 days. Plasma SLI levels
      increased by 500% at 11 days and maintained similar levels thereafter. Diabetic
      animals treated with insulin (3-5 i.u. daily) for 27 days showed a significant (P
      less than 0.01) decrease of retinal and plasma SLI levels compared with untreated
      diabetic animals. It is concluded that there is a significant increase of retinal
      and plasma SLI levels in diabetic rats which tends to normalize after several
      days of insulin treatment.

PMID- 2889788
TI  - In-vivo evaluation of dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of gonadotrophin
      secretion from the pituitary gland of the goldfish, Carassius auratus.
AB  - Dopamine acts directly on the pituitary to modulate gonadotrophin (GtH) secretion
      in goldfish (Carassius auratus). In the light of this important role for dopamine
      in the regulation of goldfish reproduction, this investigation was designed to
      evaluate the receptor specificity of this dopamine inhibition and to describe the
      use of domperidone, a specific dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, in the
      manipulation of pituitary function in goldfish. To investigate the specificity of
      dopamine inhibition of GtH secretion, selected dopamine receptor antagonists were
      injected i.p. to block dopamine receptors thereby increasing GtH secretion as
      reflected by increased serum concentrations of GtH. Serum GtH levels were
      significantly increased by the active stereoisomer (-)-sulpiride in a dose
      related fashion; (+)-sulpiride had no effect. Comparison of dopamine antagonists
      at low doses indicated that only domperidone and pimozide caused significant
      increases in serum concentrations of GtH. Dopamine antagonists potentiated the
      action of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) with an order of
      potency of domperidone = pimozide greater than metoclopramide = fluphenazine.
      [3H]Domperidone, injected i.p. with unlabelled domperidone, entered the blood and
      achieved maximum concentrations 12 h after injection, but did not accumulate in
      the brain in appreciable amounts. Gonadal 3H radioactivity was usually equal to
      or in excess of blood radioactivity, while [3H]domperidone was highly
      concentrated in the pituitary in a time-dependent fashion, with maximal
      accumulation occurring 24 h after injection. The time-course of pituitary
      accumulation of [3H]domperidone correlated well with the temporal increase in
      serum GtH levels in response to i.p. injected domperidone or domperidone plus an
      analogue of LHRH. Domperidone increased serum concentrations of GtH in a dose
      related fashion; an analogue of salmon GnRH (sGnRH-A) increased the sensitivity
      and magnitude of the serum GtH response to domperidone. Serum concentrations of
      GtH were increased by sGnRH-A in a dose-related fashion; a low dose of
      domperidone substantially increased the sensitivity of the serum GtH response to
      sGnRH-A. These results indicate that dopamine inhibits GtH secretion from the
      goldfish pituitary by acting through a specific mechanism mediated by a dopamine
      D2 receptor. Domperidone increased serum concentrations of GtH, potentiated the
      action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormones and did not pass into the brain after
      i.p. injection into goldfish. The data also suggest that dopamine and GnRH,
      although acting through different receptors, influence the effect of each other
      on GtH release.

PMID- 2889789
TI  - Endocrine control of plasma concentrations of calcium-binding protein in the pig.
AB  - The aetiology of the rise in plasma calbindin-D9K (vitamin D-induced calcium
      binding protein; CaBP), following insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, was studied in
      the pig. ACTH led to a rise in plasma concentrations of both CaBP and cortisol.
      Metyrapone, which blocks cortisol synthesis, abolished the increases in plasma
      concentrations of CaBP and cortisol normally observed in response to insulin
      induced hypoglycaemia. However, there was no significant rise in plasma
      concentrations of CaBP in response to pharmacological or physiological doses of
      cortisol. Injection of clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, led to a rise in
      plasma concentrations of CaBP, whereas phenylephrine, an alpha 1-adrenergic
      agonist, tended to exert an inhibitory effect. Also, administration of
      phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) before injection of insulin abolished
      the usual increase in plasma concentrations of CaBP, whereas propranolol (a beta
      adrenergic blocker) enhanced the normal increase in plasma concentrations of CaBP
      in response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic
      agonist, was without effect on plasma CaBP. Neither GH nor glucagon appear to be
      involved in the rise in plasma CaBP following insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
      Although atropine abolished the effect of acute hypoglycaemia on plasma CaBP,
      carbamylcholine was without effect on plasma CaBP concentration. It is concluded
      that the increases in plasma CaBP induced by either ACTH or alpha 2-adrenergic
      stimulation may be interrelated since the administration of ACTH can lead to
      raised plasma concentrations of catecholamines.

PMID- 2889790
TI  - Studies of the parathyroid hormone gene in normal subjects, and in subjects with
      primary hyperparathyroidism and familial benign hypercalcaemia.
AB  - Familial benign hypercalcaemia (FBH) closely resembles primary
      hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) both clinically and biochemically. Using a cDNA probe
      for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene we have studied restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms in normal British subjects and have shown them to be similar
      to those found in previous studies in a German population. The pattern of
      inheritance of these restriction fragment length polymorphisms in a family with
      FBH shows that the PTH gene is not involved in the pathogenesis of the condition.
      Limited studies in PHPT indicate that it is unlikely that a major structural
      defect or rearrangement is responsible for the sporadic form of the disease.

PMID- 2889791
TI  - Inter-strain homology of pilin gene sequences in Neisseria meningitidis isolates
      that express markedly different antigenic pilus types.
AB  - Neisseria meningitidis isolates examined in this study elaborated one of two
      pilus types that were antigenically markedly different. Each pilus type reacted
      either with SM1, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope common to all
      gonococcal pili, or with a polyclonal antiserum raised against meningococcal pili
      that did not react with SM1, but not both. Total genomic DNA from all N.
      meningitidis isolates analysed, irrespective of pilus type, contained at least
      one region with extensive homology to a gonococcal pilE probe. Different N.
      meningitidis strains possessed one of several configurations of genomic pilE
      homologous segments. Chromosomal rearrangement of pilE-homologous sequences was
      associated with P+ to P- pilus phase transition in the strains examined. The
      arrangement of pilE-homologous segments in total genomic DNA from N. meningitidis
      isolated from the blood and cerebro-spinal fluid of the same patient was
      apparently identical.

PMID- 2889792
TI  - Chromosomal DNA probes for the identification of Bacteroides species.
AB  - We compared 22 Bacteroides species by DNA-DNA homology studies using the S1
      endonuclease method. None of the currently defined species shared more than 30%
      DNA homology with any other species examined with the exception of B. buccae and
      B. capillus (which along with B. pentosaceus are now considered a single
      species), which shared 86% of their DNA sequences. Two clusters showed weak
      genetic relationships, with DNA homology greater than 10%. The first cluster
      included B. coporis, B. disiens, B. bivius, B. intermedius and B.
      melaninogenicus. The second cluster included B. fragilis, B. eggerthii, B.
      ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron and B. uniformis. Five of the oral species, B.
      asaccharolyticus, B. gingivalis, B. loescheii, B. intermedius and B.
      melanogenicus, were chosen for study as whole chromosomal probes in dot blot
      assays. These were tested against 243 clinical strains biochemically identified
      as Bacteroides species. The DNA probes correctly identified 94% of the clinical
      strains. DNA probe and biochemical identification was 100% for two of the five
      species. In contrast, only 86% of the strains biochemically identified as B.
      intermedius were identified by the DNA probe. The DNA probes gave a species
      identification to seven strains which could not be biochemically identified.

PMID- 2889793
TI  - glnA mutations conferring resistance to methylammonium in Escherichia coli K12.
AB  - Cells of Escherichia coli K12 were sensitive to 100 mM-methylammonium when
      cultured under nitrogen limitation, and resistant when grown with an excess of
      either NH4Cl or glutamine. Glutamine synthetase activity was required for
      expression of the methylammonium-sensitive phenotype. Mutants were isolated which
      were resistant to 100 mM-methylammonium, even when grown under nitrogen
      limitation. P1 bacteriophage transduction and F' complementation analysis
      revealed that the resistance-conferring mutations mapped either inside the glnA
      structural gene and/or elsewhere in the E. coli chromosome. Glutamine synthetase
      was purified from the wild-type and from some of the mutant strains. Strains
      carrying glnA-linked mutations that were solely responsible for the
      methylammonium-resistant phenotype yielded an altered enzyme, which was less
      active biosynthetically with either ammonium or methylammonium as substrate.
      Sensitivity to methylammonium appeared to be due to synthesis of gamma
      glutamylmethylamide by glutamine synthetase, which was synthesized poorly, if at
      all, by mutants carrying an altered glutamine synthetase enzyme.

PMID- 2889794
TI  - Linkage of the scrapie-associated fibril protein (PrP) gene and Sinc using
      congenic mice and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
AB  - Sinc, with two alleles p7 and s7, is the major gene determining the incubation
      period of all strains of scrapie in mice. The major protein (PrP) of scrapie
      associated fibrils is encoded by a cellular gene and we have used a cDNA copy of
      the hamster PrP mRNA to carry out restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      analysis of different inbred mouse strains including VM(Sincp7) and VM(Sincs7)
      congenic mice. In VM(Sincp7) mice, a 5.5 kb XbaI fragment hybridized to the PrP
      cDNA sequence whereas VM(Sincs7) congenic mice had a 3.8 kb XbaI fragment. The VM
      X VM(Sincs7) congenic F1 mice had both the 5.5 kb and the 3.8 kb fragments. The
      Sincs7 donor mouse strain, C57BL, had the 3.8 kb fragment suggesting that the
      Sinc gene and the gene coding for PrP are linked, and could even be the same
      gene. Other Sincp7 inbred mice (IM and MB) had the 5.5 kb fragment but so too did
      some Sincs7 strains (RIII and VL), implying that the XbaI site polymorphism is
      not functionally involved in the difference between the two Sinc alleles. We have
      mapped the polymorphic XbaI site to the 3' flanking region of the PrP gene. TaqI
      and HhaI were also found to show polymorphisms in the inbred mouse strains
      studied. The apparent RFLP with HhaI may be a result of differences in
      methylation rather than in sequence.

PMID- 2889795
TI  - Central action of ipsapirone, a new anxiolytic drug, on serotoninergic,
      noradrenergic and dopaminergic functions.
AB  - Ipsapirone (TVX Q 7821, 2-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-1,2
      benzisothiazol-3- (2H)one-1, 1-dioxidehydrochloride), a new anxiolytic drug in
      respect of the evaluation of its effect on central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
      noradrenaline and dopamine functions was studied. It was found that ipsapirone
      inhibits induced by 8-OH-DPAT and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine (agonists of 5-HT1A
      receptors) behavioural effects (flat body posture and forepaw treading) in normal
      and reserpinized rats. Ipsapirone partly inhibited in rats but not in mice the 8
      OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia. Ipsapirone, administered at high doses, decreased
      the body temperature in rats and mice, inhibited the 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced
      head twitches in mice and the tryptamine-induced convulsions and tremor in rats.
      In the hind limb flexor reflex preparation of the spinal rat only high doses of
      the drug inhibited stimulation induced by quipazine, m-chlorphenylpiperazine, 8
      OH-DPAT and St 587 (an agonist of alpha 1-adrenoceptors). Ipsapirone did not
      block the fenfluramine- and m-chlorphenylpiperazine-induced hyperthermia in rats
      at an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C. The drug did not affect clonidine
      induced sedation and inconsiderably attenuated clonidine-induced hypothermia in
      mice. It attenuated the d-amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in mice and
      rats but, given alone, decreased the locomotor activity. The obtained results
      indicate that ipsapirone exhibits 5-HT1A antagonistic effect, and only at high
      doses it can also produce an inhibitory effect on 5-HT2 and the alpha 1
      adrenergic function.

PMID- 2889796
TI  - In vivo microdialysis studies on the effects of decortication and excitotoxic
      lesions on kainic acid-induced calcium fluxes, and endogenous amino acid release,
      in the rat striatum.
AB  - The in vivo effects of kainate (1 mM) on fluxes of 45Ca2+, and endogenous amino
      acids, were examined in the rat striatum using the brain microdialysis technique.
      Kainate evoked a rapid decrease in dialysate 45Ca2+, and an increase in the
      concentration of amino acids in dialysates in Ca2+-free dialysates. Taurine was
      elevated six- to 10-fold, glutamate two- to threefold, and aspartate 1.5- to
      twofold. There was also a delayed increase in phosphoethanolamine, whereas
      nonneuroactive amino acids were increased only slightly. The kainic acid-evoked
      reduction in dialysate 45Ca2+ activity was attenuated in striata lesioned
      previously with kainate, suggesting the involvement of intrinsic striatal neurons
      in this response. The increase in taurine concentration induced by kainate was
      slightly smaller under these conditions. Decortication did not affect the kainate
      evoked alterations in either dialysate 45Ca2+ or amino acids. These data suggest
      that kainate does not release acidic amino acids from their transmitter pools
      located in corticostriatal terminals.

PMID- 2889797
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic regulation of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase in organ
      cultured chick pineal gland: characterization with agonists and modulation of
      experimentally stimulated enzyme activity.
AB  - In the chicken pineal gland, norepinephrine, released at sympathetic nerve
      endings, plays a role in synchronizing the circadian rhythm of melatonin
      synthesis. This effect appears to be exerted via an adrenergic inhibition of
      arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, the melatonin rhythm-generating enzyme. The
      present study indicates that the nighttime peak of N-acetyltransferase activity
      developed by organ-cultured chick pineal glands is inhibited by adrenergic
      agonists with a potency order characterizing alpha 2-adrenergic receptors: UK
      14,304 greater than clonidine greater than alpha-methylnorepinephrine =
      epinephrine greater than cirazoline greater than phenylephrine greater than
      isoproterenol. The mechanism of this alpha 2-adrenergic response was further
      analyzed in organ cultures, by studying the ability of clonidine to block the
      cyclic AMP-dependent and the depolarization-dependent stimulations of N
      acetyltransferase activity. Clonidine prevented the rise in N-acetyltransferase
      activity evoked by the adenylate cyclase activators forskolin and cholera toxin
      or by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20,1724. The stimulatory effect of
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP was also blocked by clonidine. Activation of pineal alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors effectively prevented the stimulation of N-acetyltransferase
      by depolarizing concentrations of KCl. The possibility that the alpha 2
      adrenergic effect might be exerted at a step distal to cyclic AMP production is
      discussed.

PMID- 2889798
TI  - [3H]norepinephrine release from hippocampal slices is an in vitro biochemical
      tool for investigating the pharmacological properties of excitatory amino acid
      receptors.
AB  - [3H]Norepinephrine ([3H]NE) efflux from preloaded rat hippocampal slices was
      increased in a dose-dependent manner by excitatory amino acids, with the
      following order of potencies: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) greater than kainic
      acid (KA) greater than L-glutamate greater than or equal to D,L-homocysteate
      greater than L-aspartate greater than quinolinic acid greater than quisqualic
      acid. The effect of the excitatory amino acids was blocked by physiological
      concentrations of Mg2+, with the exception of KA. D,L-2-Amino-7
      phosphonoheptanoic acid dose-dependently inhibited the NMDA effect (ID50 = 69
      microM), whereas at 1 mM it was ineffective versus KA. The release of [3H]-NE
      induced by quinolinic acid was blocked by 0.1 mM D,L-2-amino-7
      phosphonohepatanoic acid. gamma-D-Glutamylglycine dose-dependently inhibited the
      KA effect with an ID50 of 1.15 mM. Tetrodotoxin (2 microM) reduced by 40 and 20%
      the NMDA and KA effects, respectively. The data indicate that [3H]NE release from
      hippocampal slices can be used as a biochemical marker for pharmacological
      investigations of excitatory amino acid receptors and their putative agonists and
      antagonists.

PMID- 2889799
TI  - Formation and utilization of the active sulfate donor [35S]3'-phosphoadenosine 5'
      phosphosulfate in brain slices: effects of depolarizing agents.
AB  - The accumulation and utilization of [35S]3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate
      (PAPS) were studied in slices from rat cerebral cortex incubated in the presence
      of inorganic [35S]sulfate. [35S]PAPS levels were directly evaluated after either
      isolation by ion-exchange chromatography or quantitative enzymatic transfer of
      its active [35S]sulfate group to an acceptor phenol under the action of added
      phenolsulfotransferase activity. [35S]PAPS formation was also indirectly followed
      by incubating slices in the presence of beta-naphthol and measuring the levels of
      [35S]beta-naphthyl sulfate ([35S]beta-NS). Whereas [35S]PAPS levels rapidly
      reached a plateau, [35S]beta-NS formation proceeded linearly with time for at
      least 1 h, an observation indicating that the nucleotide was continuously
      synthesized and utilized for endogenous sulfation reactions. [35S]PAPS formation
      in slices was completely and rather potently blocked by 2,6-dichloro-4
      nitrophenol (IC50 = 10 microM), an inhibitor of the PAPS-synthesizing enzyme
      system in a cytosolic preparation. [35S]PAPS accumulation and [35S]beta-NS
      formation were strongly reduced by depolarizing agents such as potassium or
      veratridine. At millimolar concentrations, various excitatory amino acids
      (glutamate, aspartate, cysteate, quisqualate, and homocysteate) also elicited
      similar effects, whereas kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate were inactive. This
      suggests that PAPS synthesis is turned off when cerebral cells are strongly
      depolarized.

PMID- 2889800
TI  - Stimulation of [3H]dopamine release by nicotine in rat nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The mesolimbic system of the brain has been shown to be involved in the reward
      properties of a number of agents. It is possible that release of monoamines by
      nicotine in this brain area could be related to the pleasurable aspects related
      to cigarette smoking. In this investigation, the effect of nicotine on the
      release of [3H]dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat was studied. It was
      shown that nicotine produced a concentration-dependent increase in [3H]dopamine
      release at concentrations of 0.1 microM and above. The increase in release was
      found to be almost completely calcium dependent. The nicotine-induced release was
      only partially blocked by the nicotinic antagonists hexamethonium and d
      tubocurarine. A number of cholinergic agonists, as well as other compounds, were
      tested for their capacity to mimic the effect of nicotine. At equimolar
      concentrations there was, at most, only 50% of the activity of nicotine. The
      results of this study demonstrate that nicotine stimulates the release of
      dopamine in the nucleus accumbens at concentrations similar to those in the blood
      of cigarette smokers. This suggests that the release of monoamines in specific
      nuclei of the mesolimbic system may be an important determinant of the desire to
      smoke cigarettes.

PMID- 2889801
TI  - Utilization of plasma fatty acid in rat brain: distribution of [14C]palmitate
      between oxidative and synthetic pathways.
AB  - Radioactivity within individual brain compartments was determined from 5 min to
      44 h after intravenous injection of [14C]palmitate into awake Fischer-344 rats,
      aged 21 days or 3 months. Total radioactivity peaked broadly between 15 min and 1
      h after injection, declined rapidly between 1 and 2 h, and then more slowly. In 3
      month-old rats, the lipid and protein brain fractions were maximally labeled
      within 15 min after [14C]palmitate injection, then retained approximately
      constant label for up to 2 days. Radioactivity in the aqueous brain fraction
      comprised mainly radioactive glutamate and glutamine, and peaked at 45 min, when
      it comprised 48% of total brain radioactivity, then decreased to 27% of the total
      at 4 h, 15% at 20 h, and 10% at 44 h. Percent distribution of radioactivity
      within the different brain compartments, 4 h after intravenous injection of
      [14C]palmitate, was similar in 21-day-old and 3-month-old rats, despite higher
      net brain uptake in the younger animals. The results indicate that about 50% of
      plasma [14C]palmitate that enters the brain of adult rats is incorporated rapidly
      into stable protein and lipid compartments. The remaining [14C]palmitate enters
      the aqueous fraction after beta-oxidation, and is slowly lost. At 4 h after
      injection, 73% of brain radioactivity is within the stable brain compartments;
      this fraction increases to 86% by 20 h.

PMID- 2889802
TI  - Immunohistochemistry and biosynthesis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in spinal
      sensory ganglia.
AB  - N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is a nervous system-specific dipeptide which has
      been implicated in chemical neurotransmission. Antisera were prepared against
      NAAG in order to study its cellular distribution. When these antisera were
      applied to tissue sections of rat spinal sensory ganglia, NAAG-like
      immunoreactivity was detected within a subpopulation of relatively large neuronal
      cell bodies in cervical, lumbar, and thoracic ganglia. In order to confirm the
      presence of NAAG within these neurons, the dipeptide was extracted and purified
      from spinal ganglia using high-performance liquid chromatography and its
      composition confirmed by amino acid analysis. Further, the biosynthesis of NAAG
      was studied in vitro by following the incorporation of either [3H]glutamine or
      [3H]glutamate into the glutamate residue of the purified dipeptide. [3H]Aspartate
      was not incorporated efficiently into NAAG under these conditions, suggesting a
      precursor role for the large N-acetylaspartate pool. The incorporation of
      radiolabeled amino acids into newly synthesized NAAG by spinal sensory ganglia
      was not inhibited by incubation of the cells with anisomycin or cycloheximide at
      concentrations which significantly inhibited protein synthesis. These data
      suggest that NAAG is present in a subpopulation of primary afferent spinal
      neurons and that its biosynthesis is mediated by a dipeptide synthetase.

PMID- 2889803
TI  - Benzodiazepine receptor binding of triazolobenzodiazepines in vivo: increased
      receptor number with low-dose alprazolam.
AB  - Triazolobenzodiazepines are in clinical use as hypnotics and anxiolytics. We
      analyzed in vivo receptor binding and brain concentrations of alprazolam,
      triazolam, and estazolam. Drug concentrations measured in the cerebral cortex 1 h
      after administration were directly proportional to dose for all three compounds.
      In vivo receptor binding, as defined by the specific uptake of [3H]Ro15-1788,
      decreased with increasing doses of estazolam and triazolam, a finding indicating
      dose-related increases in receptor occupancy due to these compounds. Triazolam
      was substantially more potent, with an IC50 value of 16 ng/g, compared with 117
      ng/g for estazolam. At higher doses of alprazolam (greater than 0.2 mg/kg),
      receptor binding by [3H]Ro15-1788, likewise decreased with increasing dose of the
      former drug. However, at lower doses of alprazolam (0.02-0.05 mg/kg), which
      resulted in cortex concentrations of 2-7 ng/g, receptor binding was increased
      above control values in cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus but not in several
      other brain regions. Binding returned to control values at doses of greater than
      or equal to 0.01 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained in time course studies. At
      8 and 10 h after a dose of 1 mg/kg i.p., corresponding to cortex concentrations
      of 2.7-7 ng/g, receptor binding was increased compared with controls. Similarly,
      at 1, 2, and 3 h after a single dose of 0.05 mg/kg, corresponding to cortex
      concentrations of 3.7-5.8 ng/g, receptor binding was also increased. The apparent
      affinity of benzodiazepine receptors for clonazepam in mice receiving alprazolam
      (0.05 mg/kg) was unchanged from that in untreated control mice, an observation
      suggesting that low doses of alprazolam increased receptor number.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889804
TI  - Neonatal and adult 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions differentially alter
      tachykinin and enkephalin gene expression.
AB  - The present investigation examined the effects of neonatal and adult 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of dopaminergic neurons on opioid and
      tachykinin peptides and their gene expression in the rat basal ganglia. This work
      was undertaken to determine if changes in these neuropeptide systems were
      contributing to the differing behavioral responses observed between neonatally
      and adult-lesioned rats after dopamine agonist administration. [Met5]Enkephalin
      (ME) content was increased in striatal tissue from both 6-OHDA-lesioned groups
      when compared with unlesioned controls. Dynorphin-A (1-8) content was not altered
      by the 6-OHDA lesions. The tachykinin peptides substance P and neurokinin A were
      significantly decreased in level in the striatum and substantia nigra of
      neonatally lesioned rats, but not in the adult-lesioned rats, when compared with
      unlesioned controls. Proenkephalin mRNA abundance (quantified by an RNA-cDNA
      hybridization technique) and precursor level (as reflected by cryptic ME content)
      were increased in the striatum of both neonatally and adult-lesioned rats. The
      abundance of preprotachykinin mRNA coding for the tachykinin peptides was
      markedly decreased in the neonatally lesioned rats, whereas only a small
      reduction was observed in the adult-lesioned rats. These results suggest that
      destruction of dopamine-containing terminals with 6-OHDA elevates the level of ME
      by accelerating transcriptional and/or translational processes; conversely, the
      reduced content of tachykinins in neonatally lesioned rats may be due to a
      reduction in such processes. Thus, preproenkephalin-A and preprotachykinin gene
      expression are differentially regulated after lesioning of catecholamine
      containing neurons, an observation suggesting a close functional relationship
      among these neurotransmitter systems. Furthermore, of the peptides studied, only
      levels of the tachykinin peptides were differentially altered in the striatum and
      substantia nigra of the neonatally lesioned rats compared with adult-lesioned
      rats; therefore, these peptides may be associated with the distinctive behavioral
      differences between neonatally and adult 6-OHDA-lesioned rats given dopamine
      agonists.

PMID- 2889805
TI  - Factors affecting the outcome in subdural empyema.
AB  - The case reports of 102 patients with subdural empyema, diagnosed in the years
      1935-83, were reviewed to determine the factors affecting the outcome.
      Statistical analysis (likelihood ratio tests with chi square approximation and
      logistic regression) showed that year of diagnosis (p less than 0.01) and level
      of consciousness at the moment of diagnosis (p less than 0.01) had a significant
      bearing on the chance to survive and that these same two factors (each factor p
      less than 0.01) and extent of subdural pus accumulation at the moment of
      diagnosis (p less than 0.05) had a significant bearing on the chance of survival
      without severe disability. Among others the duration of the disease up to the
      moment of diagnosis and the mode of the first surgical procedure had no
      significant bearing on the outcome. These results together with those in the
      literature are discussed and it is concluded that diagnosis and treatment before
      the patient lapses into stupor or coma, increases the chance of survival and that
      with adequate management a mortality rate of 10% or lower is to be expected.

PMID- 2889806
TI  - Fixed-dose combination medications for the treatment of hypertension: a critical
      review.
AB  - Aside from the retrospective analysis of Clark and Troop (1), no large-scale
      controlled study has been designed specifically to assess the advantages and
      disadvantages of fixed-dose antihypertensive combinations. The use of fixed-dose
      antihypertensive combinations is no longer the anathema of the academician. The
      principal advantages of fixed-ratio combinations are simplicity of use,
      potentiation of blood-pressure-lowering efficacy, and potential counterbalancing
      of certain side effects. An additional advantage might be improvement in broad
      based cost effectiveness, that is, a potential reduction in the need for frequent
      laboratory surveillance and in the frequency of office visits. The principal
      disadvantage is the relative inflexibility of dosage adjustment. Antihypertensive
      therapy should be initiated with a single drug preparation, with subsequent
      substitution of a combination product when appropriate. Tables 4 and 5 summarize,
      respectively, some of the important factors to consider and the theoretical
      requirements when contemplating the use of fixed-dose antihypertensive
      combinations. Diuretic/beta-blocker combinations are particularly attractive
      because of the enormous long-term experience with each component, their proven
      efficacy and additional salutary effects, their generally acceptable and
      sometimes offsetting side effects, and their potential for once-a-day dosing. It
      seems likely that CEI/diuretic and perhaps calcium-channel blocker/diuretic
      combinations also have great merit.

PMID- 2889807
TI  - Relations between vascular structure and blood pressure.

PMID- 2889808
TI  - Structural and functional modifications of peripheral large arteries in
      hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2889809
TI  - Fetal frontal cortex transplanted to injured motor/sensory cortex of adult rats.
      II. VIP-, somatostatin-, and NPY-immunoreactive neurons.
AB  - Fetal frontal cortex transplants that survived 2-9 months in cavities in adult
      rat motor/sensory cortex were processed for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP), somatostatin 14 (SS), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunocytochemistry, and
      NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. All transplants had surviving VIP, SS,
      NPY, and NADPH-d neuronal perikarya and fibers with normal adult morphology. The
      number of peptidergic neurons within transplants, however, often appeared to be
      less than that in equivalent areas of host cortex. Most transplanted SS and VIP
      neuronal perikarya did not migrate to form the laminae characteristic of normal
      cortex. A few transplants had SS and VIP cells arranged in laminae in which the
      VIP processes were parallel to one another and perpendicular to one transplant
      surface, approximating normal host neocortex. VIP, NPY, and SS fibers crossed
      between host brains and transplants, suggesting that peptide host-transplant
      interactions are possible. All adult host cortical and most transplanted NPY
      neurons colocalized with NADPH-d. The failure of some transplanted NPY neurons to
      express NADPH-d suggests these transplanted cells may be functionally impaired,
      but that they can survive without the NADPH-d enzyme.

PMID- 2889810
TI  - Calcium antagonists: a review of the recent comparative trials.
AB  - A review of published studies was undertaken to assess the efficacy and patient
      tolerability of calcium antagonists compared with established antihypertensive
      therapy, i.e. beta-blockers and diuretics. Randomized controlled trials
      undertaken in Caucasian patients with mild to moderate hypertension were
      evaluated. Only 12 trials fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the review and
      they differed considerably with regard to design, method of analysis, and drug
      and dose regimen used; a formal pooled analysis of the data was not feasible. Few
      trials demonstrated significant differences in blood pressure control between
      treatments. Side effects were rarely seen, or were not assessed, and the number
      of patients studied was relatively small. Two large unpublished trials have
      recently evaluated the slow-release twice-daily formulation of 20 mg nifedipine,
      50 mg atenolol and the fixed combination of 50 mg atenolol + 20 mg nifedipine,
      using a randomized double-blind crossover design. Mean blood pressure with
      atenolol was consistently lower than with nifedipine although this achieved
      statistical significance in only one study (P less than 0.01). Fixed combination
      therapy gave a greater antihypertensive effect than either atenolol or nifedipine
      administered alone (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.001). Side effects were
      most common with nifedipine treatment, less common with combination therapy and
      occurred least commonly with atenolol alone (P less than 0.001). In one study
      involving 44 patients (aged 20-70 years), side effects attributable to peripheral
      vasodilation secondary to nifedipine therapy, e.g. flushing and sweats, were
      significantly greater (P less than 0.05) with nifedipine (n = 11) than with
      atenolol (n = 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2889811
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the clinic: quality of life.
AB  - In mild to moderate hypertension the benefit:risk ratio of treatment cannot be
      predicted for an individual patient. Antihypertensive drug therapy can therefore
      only be justified if the patient's quality of life remains unimpaired.
      Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are considered to improve the
      'quality of life'. However, only two trials have assessed the influence of
      antihypertensive drugs on 'quality of life', and it is interesting that both used
      captopril as a comparative drug. Although both studies differed in their 'quality
      of-life' definitions and in their assessment methods, in the overall analysis of
      change, both favoured captopril. There are no published trials comparing the
      effects of enalapril with other antihypertensive agents on major aspects of
      quality of life. Our own results show that enalapril and atenolol are equivalent,
      both in terms of antihypertensive efficacy and incidence of side effects.

PMID- 2889812
TI  - Hypertension in pregnancy.
AB  - Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy are clinically important because they can
      adversely influence the health and life of both mother and baby. Hypertensive
      disease is the commonest cause of maternal mortality in England and Wales,
      accounting for 20.4% of maternal deaths. It is depressing to note that most, if
      not all, of these deaths are preventable. Three broadly different kinds of
      hypertension can be identified as potential complications of pregnancy: chronic
      hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and pre-eclampsia. Where
      chronic hypertension is treated with methyldopa and PIH is treated with atenolol,
      there is evidence that therapy is beneficial in terms of immediate pregnancy
      outcome and is not harmful to the child. Atenolol is currently being evaluated in
      combination with nifedipine to treat cases of early onset of severe pre
      eclampsia, and preliminary results are encouraging. Prevention rather than cure
      should be the aim in managing hypertensive diseases during pregnancy. Early
      intervention can prevent serious problems later on.

PMID- 2889813
TI  - Beta-blockers in hypertension.
AB  - Following the early and important observations more than two decades ago, by
      Prichard and Gillam that beta-blockers had a useful antihypertensive effect, this
      class of compounds has become widely accepted in the treatment of elevated
      arterial pressure. Today there are numerous different compounds available within
      the beta-blocker class, with marked differences in their ancillary properties.
      Undoubtedly, the blockade of beta 1-adrenoceptors is the effect needed to achieve
      the reduction in blood pressure, and this selectivity also offers some advantages
      from a safety point of view. However, in some circumstances, ancillary properties
      such as beta 2-blockade may offer advantages, as can intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity. The fact that beta-blockers have become first-line treatment for
      hypertension in many countries and that memoranda produced by the World Health
      Organization and the International Society of Hypertension jointly advocate beta
      blockers as one alternative for basic therapy reflects the positive balance
      between efficacy and side effects seen with these agents. It is also an
      indication that positive long-term clinical experience has been accumulated with
      beta-blockers. Finally, secondary prevention against coronary heart disease is
      well documented for beta-blockers. For this reason there have been great hopes
      for many years that beta-blockers would also have a primary preventive effect
      against coronary heart disease when used in the treatment of hypertension.
      Indications are now accumulating that, at least in some subgroups of patients,
      beta-blockers may have such an effect. Thus, although newer classes of compounds
      appear to be extremely competitive, beta-blockers are likely to play an important
      role in the treatment of hypertension for many years to come.

PMID- 2889814
TI  - Will the results of the recent trials influence current antihypertensive therapy?
      A round-table discussion.

PMID- 2889815
TI  - [A strongly suspected case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma manifested as
      salivary gland tumor].

PMID- 2889816
TI  - Genetic determination of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the
      mouse.
AB  - The hereditary factors that affect mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      activity were investigated in highly inbred mouse strains (CXBI/ByJ, C57BL/6ByJ,
      and BALB/cJ). The progenitor strains and their F1 hybrids, were compared for
      mesencephalic TH activity with each other and with replicated F2 generations.
      Quantitative and non-parametric genetic analysis of the data raise the
      possibility that there is a major gene with robust additive effect that is
      primarily responsible for the difference between the progenitor strains with
      intermediate and high mesencephalic TH activity. Strain differences in
      mesencephalic TH activity have been linked to differences in number of dopamine
      (DA) neurons in that area. If genetic variation of mesencephalic TH activity is
      entirely attributable to variation in number of mesencephalic dopamine (DA)
      neurons, identification of the genetic sources of variation of mesencephalic TH
      activity may take us a step closer to animal models and preparations that are
      needed in the study of the physiological and constitutional mechanisms of human
      disorders in which DA neurotransmission is involved.

PMID- 2889817
TI  - Murine tyrosine hydroxylase maps to the distal end of chromosome 7 within a
      region conserved in mouse and man.
AB  - The locus of the structural gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase, Th, the rate
      limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis, was mapped to the distal end of
      mouse Chromosome (Chr) 7. A DNA probe of genomic origin of rat tyrosine
      hydroxylase was used to detect restriction fragment length variants among 8
      inbred mouse strains. The strain distribution pattern of Th allelic variants in 3
      sets of recombinant inbred mouse strains was determined. Comparison of the strain
      distribution patterns of Th alleles with those of previously typed loci suggested
      Th was located on Chr 7. The Chr 7 assignment for Th was confirmed by analyzing
      108 mice produced from an (NZB X SM)F1 X NZB backcross. Moreover, the Th locus
      was positioned distally on Chr 7. Mouse Chr 7 and human Chr 11p (the location of
      the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene) are known to share several homologous loci.
      With the addition of Th, the homology between the distal 2/3 of mouse Chr 7 and
      human Chr 11p appears extensive.

PMID- 2889818
TI  - Isolated gonadotropin deficiency in boys: clinical characteristics and growth.
AB  - Analysis of the clinical findings and growth in 20 boys with isolated
      gonadotropin deficiency revealed a heterogeneous group of physical abnormalities.
      Ten of these patients were hyposmic or anosmic (Kallmann syndrome). Abnormalities
      found in our patients included undescended testes, gynecomastia, and ocular or
      skeletal anomalies. Regardless of the presence of hyposmia, patients without
      testicular enlargement (less than 2 cm3), had serum luteinizing hormone (LH)
      responses to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) that were the same as in
      prepubertal boys. By contrast, five boys with testicular enlargement (greater
      than 2 cm3), some of whom had hyposmia, had a greater serum LH response to LRF
      than did prepubertal boys. Adrenarche was moderately delayed; although all boys
      initially had normal serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, four boys
      eventually developed elevated serum levels. Bone ages were delayed compared with
      chronologic age in boys who had the condition after 15 years of age. The rate of
      linear growth was normal, and final adult heights were normal with testosterone
      therapy, although linear growth continued longer in these boys than in boys with
      normal pubertal progression. Although none of the patients was obese at the time
      of diagnosis, three patients developed obesity after initiation of testosterone
      therapy.

PMID- 2889819
TI  - Treatment of acromegaly with a somatostatin analog in a patient with McCune
      Albright syndrome.

PMID- 2889820
TI  - Torsion of an undescended intraabdominal benign testicular teratoma.
AB  - A 4-year-old well boy was seen because of an asymptomatic left testicle
      undescended since birth; the testis was not palpable and the right side was
      normal. After an episode of left lower quadrant and left hip area pain, with some
      bladder symptoms and left leg limping, a work-up including a CAT scan showed a
      calcified retroperitoneal pelvic tumor on the left side. At laparotomy, an
      infarcted mass was found in the pelvis just above the internal ring. It was a
      torsion of an undescended intraabdominal testis with a benign testicular
      teratoma. The tumor was removed and his recovery was uneventful.

PMID- 2889821
TI  - Pediatric implications of multiple endocrine neoplasia.
AB  - The association of endocrine tumors from several sites has been known for over 50
      years but the familial aspects of these relationships have only been appreciated
      since 1954. The original term multiple familial endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) was
      changed to multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN). This report describes two children
      aged 8 and 11 years, who are cousins with MEN IIa. A strong family history
      prompted investigation of these children. Pentagastrin stimulation resulted in
      elevated serum calcitonin levels and subsequent surgery. Unsuspected medullary
      thyroid carcinoma was found in each child. Proper screening of high-risk
      individuals should prevent this potentially lethal condition from becoming a
      major problem.

PMID- 2889822
TI  - Omphalocele, cryptorchidism, and brain malformations.
AB  - Nineteen male infants died with a large omphalocele and 52% had associated
      cryptorchidism. However, two different groups with both omphalocele and
      cryptorchidism were recognized: (1) Eleven patients with omphalocele without
      brain malformation and an incidence of undescended testes not significantly
      different from the normal population; (2) Eight patients with omphalocele and
      brain malformation all having cryptorchidism. A comparison of the groups
      indicated that intact intraabdominal pressure during intrauterine life is not a
      main driving force of testicular descent, whereas normal testicular descent may
      occur only when the brain is normally developed. Whenever a child with
      omphalocele and cryptorchidism is examined, careful evaluation of the central
      nervous system is indicated. This triad of malformations may have prognostic and
      therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2889823
TI  - The metabolism of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride in rat and dog liver
      homogenates.
AB  - The metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
      When an equimolar mixture of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and its deuterated
      compound, labeled with ten deuterium atoms in the piperidine ring, was incubated
      with the 9000 X g supernatant (S-9) fraction of either rat or dog liver
      homogenate, the oxygenated metabolites of the piperidine ring such as the 3
      hydroxypiperidine derivative (M1) and the 2-oxopiperidine derivative (M2) were
      isolated from rats but M2 was not isolated from dogs. These results suggested
      that the species differences in the metabolism of the piperidine ring in vitro
      are similar to that in vivo. The deuterium isotope effect (H/D) was 1.34 for M1
      and 1.47 for M2 in rats, while the value for M1 in dogs was 1.69. On the other
      hand, the formation of these oxidative metabolites was inhibited by carbon
      monoxide in incubations using hepatic microsomes, suggesting that the reaction
      was catalyzed by cytochromes P-450.

PMID- 2889824
TI  - Analysis of structural requirements for the absorption of drugs and
      macromolecules from the nasal cavity.
AB  - An octapeptide and a protein, of molecular weights 800 and 34,000, respectively,
      were found to have nasal bioavailabilities of 73 and 0.6%, respectively, in the
      rat. This data, combined with reported values for 23 other compounds, indicated
      good availability without adjuvants for all molecules up to 1000 molecular weight
      (mean 70%, SD between compounds 26%, n = 15) with a decline in availability above
      this value. The relationship between absorption and molecular weight was modeled
      assuming competition between constant clearance from the nasal cavity and
      molecular weight-dependent transport through the mucosa. Deviations of absorption
      from values predicted by this model did not correlate with factors such as
      charge, hydrophobicity, or susceptibility to aminopeptidases, but the relative
      absorption of cyclic and cross-linked peptides and proteins was significantly
      greater than that of linear peptides. It is argued that the most likely route for
      transport is through junctions between cells and that surface-active adjuvants
      (MW 6000) which markedly enhance insulin uptake may act by rendering hydrophobic
      areas of contact of the junctional proteins temporarily hydrophilic. The nasal
      route is suitable for efficient, rapid delivery of many molecules of molecular
      weight less than 1000. With the use of adjuvants, this limit can be extended to
      at least 6000 and possibly much higher.

PMID- 2889825
TI  - The heavyweight runner.

PMID- 2889826
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid-induced modulation of acetylcholine release from the
      guinea pig lung.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content was measured biochemically and the effect
      of GABA on the release of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in strips of the
      guinea pig lung preloaded with [3H]choline. GABA contents were highest in the
      middle sections of the lung, as compared with proximal and distal areas. GABA
      evoked the release of [3H]ACh from the strips of the lung. The effect of GABA was
      mimicked by muscimol and antagonized by bicuculline and furosemide. Perfusion
      with Ca++-free medium and tetrodotoxin, but not nipecotic acid, inhibited the
      GABA- and muscimol-evoked release of [3H]ACh, thereby indicating that the
      released ACh was of neuronal origin. Diazepam and pentobarbital potentiated the
      muscimol-evoked [3H]ACh release. On the other hand, GABA reduced the KCl (40 mM)
      evoked release of [3H]ACh in the presence of tetrodotoxin and bicuculline and
      baclofen mimicked the inhibitory effect of GABA. The effects of GABA and baclofen
      were not altered by alpha and beta adrenergic antagonists. These findings provide
      evidence for two types of GABA receptors in the lung of the guinea pig, and these
      receptors are involved in regulating the release of ACh.

PMID- 2889827
TI  - Differential serotonin2 receptor recovery in mature and senescent rat brain after
      irreversible receptor modification: effect of chronic reserpine treatment.
AB  - We report here the differential time course of recovery of [3H]ketanserin-labeled
      serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptors in frontal cortex of mature (4 months old) and
      senescent (28 months old) male Fischer 344 rats. We provide evidence that the
      irreversible modification of 5-HT2 serotonin receptors by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2
      ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline occurs at the ligand binding site and that this
      treatment does not appear to affect the interaction of these receptors with their
      guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. Senescent rats exhibited significantly
      reduced (-20%) maximum receptor density levels of 5-HT2 receptors compared with
      their mature counterparts. The time course of recovery of [3H] ketanserin binding
      to 5-HT2 receptors after irreversible receptor modification by a single
      peripheral injection of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline was
      significantly slower in senescent rats. The slower recovery was a function of
      decreases in both the receptor production rate and the degradation rate constant
      in senescent rats compared with mature rats. Interestingly, chronic reserpine
      treatment resulted in a significant decrease in control maximum receptor density
      values in both mature (-17%) and senescent (-18%) rats. Although the receptor
      production rate and receptor degradation rate constants in both mature and
      senescent reserpinized rats were slightly decreased, there was no significant
      change in the overall rates of receptor recovery when compared with their
      respective age-matched nonreserpinized counterparts. These data indicate that
      both the steady state levels and "turnover" of 5-HT2 receptors are decreased in
      senescence and that these receptors can be down-regulated by chronic reserpine
      treatment.

PMID- 2889828
TI  - Veterans Administration Cooperative Dental Implant Study--comparisons between
      fixed partial dentures supported by blade-vent implants and removable partial
      dentures. Part I: Methodology and comparisons between treatment groups at
      baseline.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine whether fixed partial dentures supported by
      dental implants provide an acceptable alternative to conventional removable
      partial dentures in patients with Kennedy class I or class II edentulous
      conditions. The acceptability of the new treatment will be based on success
      rates, impact on the health of the remaining dentition, masticatory performance,
      patient satisfaction, and maintenance care and cost. The study was planned also
      to provide comparisons between two designs commonly used by dentists for
      fabricating removable partial dentures. The designs differed only in terms of the
      type of the retainer (clasp type) and tooth support (rest location). A total of
      272 patients with Kennedy class I and class II edentulous conditions were
      assigned on a random basis to one of the treatment groups, 134 to receive a
      removable partial denture and 138 a fixed partial denture supported by a blade
      vent implant. All of the patients were medically screened and met prespecified
      criteria for oral hygiene, bone support for abutment teeth, and size of the
      residual ridge. Thirty-four patients were eliminated from the study before
      completion of their treatment. An additional six patients with early implant
      failures were reentered in the study and followed up as a separate group. The
      remaining 232 patients received comprehensive dental care, including removable
      partial dentures for 118 and fixed partial dentures for 114 patients. A series of
      examinations, radiographs, masticatory performance tests, patient satisfaction,
      food selection questionnaires, and dietary history were completed before
      initiation of the treatment, 16 weeks after the insertion of an RPD or an
      implant, and thereafter at 6-, 18-, 36-, and 60-month intervals. In addition,
      patients were seen at 6-month intervals for a recall dental examination, oral
      prophylaxis, plaque instructions, radiographic survey of the implant, and any
      needed dental treatment. The randomization stratification approach produced two
      treatment groups with comparable age, number of remaining maxillary and
      mandibular teeth, type of opposing dentition, and percent of patients with
      Kennedy class I and class II edentulous conditions. The mean scores of bone
      support, tooth mobility, and sulcular depths of abutment teeth were also similar.
      Significant but comparable improvements in oral hygiene and sulcular depth
      occurred in the two groups after treatment. The periodontal health scores at the
      16-week interval serve as the baseline to measure subsequent changes in
      periodontal health.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2889829
TI  - Design and synthesis of phosphonate inhibitors of glutamine synthetase.
AB  - Inhibitors 1-4 have been shown previously to undergo enzymatic phosphorylation by
      glutamine synthetase (GS). Phosphonates 6-9 were designed as chemically stable
      analogues of these phosphorylated inhibitors, incorporating either a tetrahedral
      sulfur group (6-8) (-S-, -SO-, -SO2-) or phosphinate (9) adjacent to
      methylphosphonic acid. Phosphonates 6-8 resemble the transiently stable
      phosphorylated methionine sulfone (2), whereas 9 resembles phosphorylated 2-amino
      4-phosphonobutyric acid (4). When tested as inhibitors of glutamine synthetase
      from bacteria, mammals, and plants, analogue 9 proved to be the most potent, with
      a Ki value of 7.5 X 10(-5) M vs. the Escherichia coli enzyme. Analysis of the
      inhibition data for 6-9 suggests that a replacement of the oxygen bridging the
      tetrahedral sulfur (6-8) or phosphinate (9) and the terminal phosphate with a
      hydrophobic methylene drastically reduces the enzyme's affinity for inhibitors.
      Enhanced affinity of GS for phosphonate 9 may result from interaction of the
      negative charge on the phosphinate with Mn2+ at the active site.

PMID- 2889830
TI  - 2-Phenylpyrroles as conformationally restricted benzamide analogues. A new class
      of potential antipsychotics. 1.
AB  - 2-Phenylpyrroles were synthesized as conformationally restricted analogues of the
      substituted benzamide sultopride and the butyrophenones haloperidol and
      fluanisone. Dopamine antagonistic activity is maintained if the 2-phenylpyrrole
      side chain is linked to the pharmacophoric N-ethylpyrrolidine moiety of
      sultopride or to the 4-substituted piperazine moiety of fluanisone but is lost if
      the 2-phenylpyrrole is combined with the 4-substituted piperidine moiety of
      haloperidol. The 2-phenylpyrrole analogue 1 of sultopride is in vitro 0.25 and in
      vivo 3 times as potent as the parent compound. Its binding to the dopamine D-2
      receptors is, in analogy to the substituted benzamides, strongly sodium
      dependent. The 2-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrole analogue 5 of fluanisone is superior in
      vitro as well as in vivo to the corresponding benzamide 7 and the butyrophenone
      fluanisone. The increase in activity is not only due to a higher affinity for the
      D-2 receptors but also to an enhanced oral absorption (ratio po/ip = 4.5 vs 40
      for the benzamide and 60 for fluanisone). Compound 5 is further characterized by
      a high selectivity for the D-2 receptors, in contrast to the benzamide and
      butyrophenone analogues (ratio D-2/alpha 1 = 60, 2.0, and 0.3, respectively). The
      binding to the D-2 receptors has little dependence on sodium. The 2-phenylpyrrole
      5 shares with the benzamide 7 a low potential to induce catalepsy, which is in
      contrast to haloperidol. So, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1
      piperazinyl]methyl]pyrrole (5) is the prototype of a new class of sodium
      independent dopamine D-2 antagonists, which may be particularly useful as
      potential antipsychotics with a low propensity to induce acute extrapyramidal
      side effects.

PMID- 2889831
TI  - A genomic search for linkage of neurofibromatosis to RFLPs.
AB  - Our initial attempt to map NF was directed towards chromosomes 4 and 19, both of
      which had provided positive evidence for linkage in previous reports. This
      analysis showed no evidence in support of either hypothesis. Our second attempt
      at mapping NF was a general search of the genome, analysing a set of markers
      selected according to their degree of polymorphism, chromosomal location, ease of
      use, and availability. Data for linkage analysis were obtained from 17 multiplex
      families which are segregating a gene for NF. Linkage analyses were performed
      using PAP. Of note is the lod score of +1.17 at a recombination fraction of 0.1
      between NF and the centromere of chromosome 17.

PMID- 2889832
TI  - Linkage of the tuberous sclerosis locus to a DNA polymorphism detected by v-abl.
AB  - Linkage analysis was undertaken in six families with tuberous sclerosis (TS)
      using a restriction fragment length polymorphism detected by v-abl. No
      recombinants were observed in 13 informative meioses (four phase known) giving a
      maximum lod score of 3.18 at zero recombination (confidence limits 0 to 0.15).
      This provides further evidence for the assignment of TS to 9q34 and should
      facilitate cloning of the structural gene, genetic counselling, and first
      trimester prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2889833
TI  - Testicular cancer risk in boys with maldescended testis: a cohort study.
AB  - Testicular maldescent is considered as a predisposing condition for development
      of testicular malignancy. Male subjects with a history of cryptorchidism have
      been suggested by some authors to have a 40 to 50 times increased risk of testis
      cancer. However, the magnitude of this risk is a point of considerable
      disagreement. Therefore, we studied the records of 506 consecutive patients
      hospitalized for maldescended testis from January 1949 to December 1960. Testis
      cancer developed in 6 patients, which when compared to the 1.3 expectant Danish
      incidence rate, yielded a statistically significant relative risk of 4.7 (95 per
      cent confidence interval 1.7 to 10.2). Thus, our study confirmed that male
      subjects with a history of testicular maldescent have an increased risk for
      testis cancer, although the magnitude of this risk was lower than suggested
      previously.

PMID- 2889834
TI  - Rhinitis and asthma.

PMID- 2889835
TI  - Immunologic aspects of cardiovascular disease.
AB  - The current classification scheme of the diverse inflammatory cardiovascular
      diseases permits a clinical staging and facilitates prognostic assessment and
      therapeutic decision making. Ultimately, improvement in the classification of and
      definitive therapy for these conditions awaits better definition of the
      interaction among specific etiologic agents, host factors, and the immune system
      responsible for these diseases.

PMID- 2889836
TI  - [Effects of gall powder on the spore-forming and enterotoxin-producing abilities
      of Clostridium perfringens].

PMID- 2889837
TI  - [A study of the incidence of ATL (adult T-cell leukemia) and anti-ATLA (antibody
      to the ATL-associated antigen) in an ATL-non-endemic area].

PMID- 2889838
TI  - [New therapeutic methods--technics, application, efficiency and problems-
      endoscopic lithotripsy. b) Laser lithotripsy].

PMID- 2889839
TI  - [Diagnostic methods in adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2889840
TI  - [Recent development of virology: human oncogenic retrovirus].

PMID- 2889841
TI  - [Early responses in urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and gamma
      glutamyltransferase under acute exposure to simulated 6,000 m altitude].

PMID- 2889842
TI  - [A case report; ATL with acquired ichthyosis and diffuse infiltration to the
      myocardium].

PMID- 2889843
TI  - Zoonotic implications of Hantaan-like viruses: an introduction.

PMID- 2889844
TI  - Epidemiology of Hantaan and related viruses.
AB  - Hantaan and related viruses, the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome (HFRS), are significant human pathogens. Current epidemiologic evidence
      indicates that these pathogens are disturbed more widely than once believed, and
      they are likely to cause disease when man comes into close contact with infected
      rodents. This report summarizes the characteristics of the Hantaanp-related
      viruses of the genus Hantavirus including epidemiology, ecological
      characteristics, routes of transmission, and mechanisms of virus maintenance.

PMID- 2889845
TI  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: clinical aspects.
AB  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute viral fever which
      typically progresses through five stages: an acute grippe, followed by hemorrhage
      and shock, acute renal insufficiency from tubulo-interstitial nephritis, and
      recovery. Death from circulatory or renal failure occurs in 5%-15% of cases. In
      mild or abortive forms of the disease, associated with viral strains enzootic in
      Scandinavia the illness is milder. Hemorrhage and shock occur with lower
      frequency and the fatality rate is less than 1%. Pathologic examination of HFRS
      cases from Asia discloses generalized congestion, hyperemia, and hemorrhage, with
      scattered foci of necrosis in numerous organs. Congestion and hemorrhage are most
      evident in the kidney medulla. Widespread microscopic evidence of capillary and
      vascular dysfunction is found, with endothelial cell swelling, perivascular
      edema, diapadesis of erythrocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration. Hemorrhage
      and inflammation in the renal interstitium and tubular epithelial degeneration
      characterize the kidney pathology. Limited data indicate pathogenic roles for
      cell destruction from viral infection as well as immune mediated mechanisms. No
      specific therapy is available.

PMID- 2889846
TI  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: mode of transmission to humans.
AB  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a viral disease spread to humans
      from persistently infected rodents and other small mammals. The consensus of
      opinion regarding the mechanism of transmission to man indicates a principal role
      for respiratory infection from aerosols of infectious virus from rodent urine,
      feces and saliva. Interhuman, secondary spread of infection does not occur. The
      role of ectoparasites in virus transmission is undefined. However, epidemiologic
      considerations and virologic studies indicate possible roles for chiggers and
      gamasoid mites.

PMID- 2889847
TI  - Control of laboratory acquired hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in
      Japan.
AB  - By the end of 1985, 126 human cases of laboratory acquired hemorrhagic fever with
      renal syndrome (HFRS) were recorded in Japan. Seroepidemiological studies
      revealed that laboratory rats exhibited high IFA titers against Hantaan or
      related viruses at locations where HFRS patients occurred. Laboratory researchers
      contracted HFRS more frequently than laboratory animal technicians or caretakers,
      although a laboratory animal caretaker died of the disease. Inhalation of HFRS
      virus contaminated air in an animal facility is the likely cause of infection
      with this virus. Wound infection during animal experiments may be another
      important route of infection. Infection of laboratory rats can occur by
      transferring animals from contaminated to other animal facilities. Tissue
      fragments or cells of transplantable animal tumors are a potential source of
      spreading the HFRS virus. Eradication of HFRS virus from a contaminated animal
      facility can be achieved best by elimination of all animals in the room,
      especially when human HFRS is associated with an infected colony. In some cases,
      when IFA titers of the sera of the rats tested were low, infection apparently
      disappeared without instituting any particular control measures other than
      ordinary procedures for care and management of laboratory animals. HFRS viruses
      have not yet been eradicated from all animal facilities in Japan. Therefore,
      serological monitoring of laboratory rats continues.

PMID- 2889848
TI  - Cloning of rat "prion-related protein" cDNA.
AB  - Rat prion-related protein (PrP) cDNA has been cloned and sequenced. Comparison of
      this cDNA with those from human, hamster, and mouse indicates extremely high
      conservation (about 95%). The deduced partial rat PrP possesses: (a) a highly
      conserved region composed of repetitive sequences in what is presumably an
      extracellular domain, (b) a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, (c) a highly
      charged region which should stop membrane transfer, (d) a substantial cytoplasmic
      domain (which contains all of the nonconservative substitutions and a high
      proportion of conservative substitutions), and (e) a hydrophobic C-terminus. Dot
      and Northern blot analyses suggest a limited expression of PrP in rat tissues and
      indicate that PrP expression is decreased in the brain during the acute phase
      response systemically. Our results lend support to the notion that PrP is a
      highly conserved, normal cellular membrane protein of essential (although
      unknown) biologic function, which may be deposited in fibrillar amyloid form as a
      result of abnormal processing.

PMID- 2889849
TI  - A permissive role for extracellular Ca2+ in regulation of prolactin production by
      1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in GH3 pituitary cells.
AB  - A clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH3) that spontaneously synthesizes
      and secretes prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) was used as model system to
      study the mechanism of action of 1,25-(OH)2D3. We have previously demonstrated
      that these cells possess specific cytosol binding proteins for 1,25-(OH)2D3 (Haug
      and Gautvik, 1985). When the GH3 cells were incubated in a serum-free, chemically
      defined medium of low extracellular Ca2+ concentration, 1,25-(OH)2D3 stimulated
      PRL production in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulation was detectable at 10(
      11) M, and the maximum effect (2-fold increase) was observed at 10(-9) M (ED50 =
      2 x 10(-11) M). The dose-response curve was bell-shaped, and at 10(-6) M 1,25
      (OH)2D3 even suppressed PRL production to about 75% of controls. The stimulatory
      effect was first seen after 2 days and was maximal after 4 days. On a molar basis
      25-OHD3 and 1-OHD3 were at least 100 times less potent than 1,25-(OH)2D3, while
      24,25-(OH)2D3 had no effect on PRL production. At an extracellular concentration
      of Ca2+ as low as 4 x 10(-5) M the stimulatory effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was small
      (1.3-fold). Increasing extracellular Ca2+ to 1.5 x 10(-4) M increased the 1,25
      (OH)2D3-induced PRL response to 2.1-fold. In contrast to the biphasic effect of
      1,25-(OH)2D3 on PRL production, GH production was decreased to about 60% of
      controls at 10(-8) M and above. These findings indicate that in serum-free medium
      the stimulatory effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on PRL production is critically dependent
      on the concentration of extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2889850
TI  - Skeletal muscle relaxant action of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in
      the rat.
AB  - The aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea produced skeletal muscle relaxation in
      rats following i.p. or oral administration, as assessed by the prolongation of
      pull-up time. The i.p. route of administration was more effective. When compared
      with chlordiazepoxide (20 mg/kg, i.p.), diazepam (40 mg/kg, i.p.) and dantrolene
      sodium (30 mg/kg, oral), the extract (200-1000 mg/kg, i.p.) proved a more
      effective skeletal muscle relaxant. With 1000 mg/kg i.p., 80% lethality was seen.
      The LD50 in an acute toxicity test in mice was 1040 mg/kg i.p.

PMID- 2889851
TI  - Hormonal activity of the transplanted pancreas in dogs.

PMID- 2889852
TI  - Allelic variation of the c-raf-1 oncogene in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Polymorphic variation of the c-raf-1 proto-oncogene is reported here for the
      first time. In a study of 21 individuals, including 17 with non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma and three healthy controls, we have identified three c-raf-1 alleles.
      One variant allele was observed in both a mother and her son, both of whom had
      lymphoma, but in no other case. The other variant allele was observed in two
      patients with lymphoma and in a healthy control.

PMID- 2889853
TI  - Southern blot analysis of BII cell line--a putative variant of HL-60.
AB  - Southern blot analysis of various genes was used to compare the human
      promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and the BII cell line, which reportedly
      arose as a spontaneous differentiation inducer-resistant variant from an HL-60
      culture. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor gene restriction
      fragment polymorphism, due to a partial deletion of one of the alleles of this
      gene in HL-60, was not observed in the BII cells. Furthermore, the p53 oncogene,
      most of which is deleted in the HL-60 cell line, was found to be intact in the
      BII cell line. Human leukocyte antigen typing revealed that the two cell lines
      shared the A locus but differed at the B locus. Several unique restriction
      fragments hybridizing to human leukocyte antigen class I and DR beta gene probes
      were observed in the DNA digests of each cell line. Altogether these data provide
      definitive evidence that BII represents a human cell line of different origin
      than HL-60. Further lineage determination of this cell line could add a useful
      member to the group of leukemic cell lines.

PMID- 2889854
TI  - Refinement and precision in the classification of murine lymphomas by genotyping
      with immunoglobulin and T cell receptor probes.
AB  - Of 114 murine leukemia virus induced lymphomas and 12 lymphoid hyperplasias, T
      cell receptor beta-chain gene and immunoglobulin gene constellation
      (immunogenotype) was compared with histology and surface marker expression
      (immunomorphology). In 53 out of 114 lymphomas (45%), definite conclusions
      concerning cell lineage were possible only after genotyping. Fifteen follicular
      center cell lymphomas with a clear phenotype (13 tumors with B and 2 tumors with
      T cell markers) were genotypically classified in agreement with their phenotype.
      Of another 21 follicular center cell tumors (12 null cell tumors lacking T or B
      cell-specific antigens and 9 tumors phenotypically composed of mixtures of T and
      B cells), B cell lineage was determined upon genotyping in 17 cases. All 41
      lymphoblastic tumors with a T cell phenotype and 6 out of 7 lymphoblastic tumors
      with a T cell phenotype and 6 out of 7 lymphoblastic tumors with a B cell
      phenotype, upon DNA analysis were indeed classified as T and B cell tumors,
      respectively. Of another 10 lymphoblastic tumors (phenotypically 4 null cell
      lymphomas, 6 mixtures of T and B cells) genotyping established lineage in 9
      cases. Fifteen lymphoblastic neoplasms showing lineage infidelity because of
      simultaneous expression of a T (Thy-1) and a B cell (B220) marker were clearly of
      T cell genotype. Only 4 out of 114 lymphomas tested retained both Ig and T cell
      receptor genes in germline configuration, although 6 lymphomas in these series
      had both Ig and T cell receptor genes rearranged. Four of twelve lesions
      histologically classified as hyperplasias nevertheless contained a monoclonal B
      cell population at the DNA level. Immunogenotypic evaluation of lymphomas allows
      precise lymphoma lineage determination even in cases where marker analysis falls
      short, and is clearly superior in detecting mono- or oligoclonality in lymphomas
      versus polyclonality in benign lesions.

PMID- 2889855
TI  - PCNA (cyclin) autoantibodies and monoclonal antibodies reveal similar patterns of
      cyclin (PCNA) antigen staining in human cultured cells.
AB  - Double immunofluorescence and [3H]thymidine autoradiographic analysis of the same
      field of transformed human amnion cells (AMA) reacted with proliferating cell
      nuclear antigen (PCNA) autoantibodies and a monoclonal antibody (mAb 19F4)
      specific for cyclin (PCNA) revealed similar patterns and sequence of cyclin
      (PCNA) antigen staining during S-phase. These results suggest that
      immunofluorescence patterns obtained with PCNA autoantibodies reflect in fact
      patterns of cyclin (PCNA) antigen staining.

PMID- 2889856
TI  - Determination of clonality in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia by restriction
      fragment length polymorphism and methylation analysis.
AB  - Determination of cellular clonality in hematological malignancies provides
      fundamental information that is important in understanding the pathogenesis of
      these disorders. We present here an extension of one approach to accomplish this
      that is based on the interpretation of different methylation patterns on active
      and inactive X chromosomes within the region of the hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase gene spanned by a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism. The successful application of the method to determine clonality is
      described for three female patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2889857
TI  - The third international workshop and conference on human leukocyte
      differentiation antigens with an up-to-date overview of the CD nomenclature.

PMID- 2889858
TI  - Mid to late S-phase replication of the nucleolus in lymphoid human Molt-4 cells.
AB  - Indirect immunofluorescence staining of synchronized lymphoid human Molt-4 cells
      with proliferating cell nuclear antigen autoantibodies specific for cyclin
      revealed nucleolar staining only in cells in mid to late S-phase. These results
      together with similar earlier observations in epithelial and fibroblasts cells
      indicate that this organelle replicates in mid to late S-phase in cultured
      somatic cells.

PMID- 2889859
TI  - [Life environment, healing and treatment with neuroleptics in schizophrenia].

PMID- 2889860
TI  - Timing of strict diet in relation to fetal damage in maternal phenylketonuria. An
      international collaborative study by the MRC/DHSS Phenylketonuria Register.
AB  - 64 infants born to women with phenylketonuria (PKU) were grouped according to the
      mother's dietary treatment in pregnancy. 17 infants, whose mothers were receiving
      a strict low phenylalanine diet and had blood phenylalanine concentrations below
      600 mumol/l at the time of conception, had normal birthweights and head
      circumferences and no malformations. In the 29 infants whose mothers were
      receiving either a relaxed diet or a normal diet at conception but who started a
      strict diet at some time during pregnancy, birthweights and head circumferences
      were below those in healthy infants and there was an excess of malformations; the
      findings closely resembled those for the 18 infants whose mothers received no
      treatment during pregnancy. The birthweights and head circumferences of the 64
      infants were inversely related to the maternal phenylalanine concentrations
      around the time of conception. Only a strict diet started before conception is
      likely to prevent fetal damage.

PMID- 2889861
TI  - Study of hereditary fructose intolerance by use of 31P magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy.
AB  - The effect of fructose on liver metabolism in patients with hereditary fructose
      intolerance (HFI) and in heterozygotes for HFI was studied by 31P magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). In patients with HFI (n = 5) ingestion of small
      amounts of fructose was followed by an increase in sugar phosphates and decrease
      in inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the liver that could be detected by 31P-MRS. 31P
      MRS could be used to diagnose fructose intolerance and to monitor the patients'
      compliance with a fructose-restricted diet. In heterozygotes (n = 8) 50 g
      fructose given orally led to accumulation of sugar phosphates and depletion of Pi
      in the liver. Fructose also induced a larger increase in plasma urate in
      heterozygotes than in control subjects. The effect of fructose on liver Pi and
      plasma urate was most pronounced in heterozygotes with gout (n = 3).
      Heterozygosity for HFI may predispose to hyperuricaemia.

PMID- 2889862
TI  - Chloramphenicol use and childhood leukaemia in Shanghai.
AB  - A population-based case-control interview study of 309 childhood leukaemia cases
      and 618 age and sex matched controls showed a significant dose-response relation
      between chloramphenicol and risk of both acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and
      acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL), treatment for more than 10 days being
      associated with risks of 11.0 and 12.0, respectively. A significant risk of ANLL
      was also observed with the use of syntomycin, a drug pharmacologically related to
      chloramphenicol. The risks remained high when analyses were limited to either
      first or latest use of these antibiotics more than 2 years before diagnosis.
      Although the association may have non-causal explanations, the results warrant
      cautious prescribing patterns and further investigations into the leukaemogenic
      potential of chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2889863
TI  - Correlation of type A behaviour with adrenergic receptor density: implications
      for coronary artery disease pathogenesis.
AB  - In 17 healthy young men who had a parent with documented early coronary disease,
      ratings of type A behaviour correlated with upregulated lymphocyte beta 2
      receptor density and inversely with the ratio of platelet alpha 2 to lymphocyte
      beta 2 receptor density ratio. This indicates a correlation of type A behaviour
      with receptor-based determinations of increased peripheral alpha-adrenergic
      balance, consistent with increased coronary arterial vasoconstriction, perhaps
      leading to coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2889864
TI  - Clinical status of IVF, GIFT, and related techniques.

PMID- 2889865
TI  - A poison tree.

PMID- 2889866
TI  - What can be done for night waking in children?

PMID- 2889867
TI  - Flow cytometry and gestational trophoblastic disease.

PMID- 2889868
TI  - A non-nuclear war; is there no alternative?

PMID- 2889869
TI  - Energy requirements of pregnancy in The Netherlands.
AB  - 57 healthy Dutch women were studied longitudinally from early pregnancy until 2
      months post partum. Regular measurements were made of energy intake in food,
      basal metabolic rate, body weight and body fat mass, and levels of physical
      activity. Some data were obtained before conception in 23 women. The energy cost
      of pregnancy calculated as the energy deposited as new tissues plus the
      associated increase in basal metabolism amounted to 286 MJ (1020 kJ/day), which
      is only 11% lower than the theoretical estimate of requirements of 323 MJ (1 MJ =
      239 kcal). Energy intake throughout the first 10 wk of pregnancy was identical to
      that before pregnancy. Energy intake was only 200 kJ/day higher in late than in
      early pregnancy (not significant), and the cumulative increase in energy intake
      over pregnancy was estimated as 22 MJ (about 80 kJ/day). There is, therefore, an
      energy gap in pregnancy of about 940 kJ/day. It is proposed that the main
      mechanisms by which the pregnant body is able to save energy and to bridge the
      energy gap are by adjustments to physical activity and an increase in work
      efficiency and an adaptation of the metabolic response to food. Savings on
      physical activity by behavioural adaptations will not exceed 355 kJ/day.

PMID- 2889870
TI  - Criteria for severe aplastic anaemia.
AB  - To study the validity of currently accepted international criteria for severe
      aplastic anaemia, 213 consecutive cases of bone marrow aplasia from a single
      institution were analysed. The distribution percentiles of peripheral blood
      values and multivariate analysis showed that the current reticulocyte count limit
      of 1% (corrected for haematocrit) is inadequate an an indicator of severe disease
      and should be substantially lowered. Since the choice of treatment in aplastic
      anaemia may depend on the prognosis current criteria for severe aplastic anaemia
      should be modified.

PMID- 2889871
TI  - What should be done about smallpox virus?

PMID- 2889872
TI  - Triple and quadruple immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation.

PMID- 2889873
TI  - Fibronectin as possible adjunct in treatment of severe malnutrition.

PMID- 2889874
TI  - Therapeutic range of cyclosporin in renal transplant patients by specific
      monoclonal radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2889875
TI  - Cyclosporin-induced dysmorphic changes in the BB/W rat.

PMID- 2889876
TI  - Myopia and cataract.

PMID- 2889877
TI  - Real-time NMR imaging of coronary vessels.

PMID- 2889878
TI  - "Sciatica" and lumbosacral disc prolapse.

PMID- 2889879
TI  - Diabetes-associated peptide.

PMID- 2889880
TI  - Hypoglycaemia unawareness.

PMID- 2889881
TI  - "Main-street" diabetes in West Africa.

PMID- 2889882
TI  - Correction of hypokalaemia via oral route.

PMID- 2889883
TI  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perforated peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2889884
TI  - Angioscopy and intra-operative coronary laser angioplasty.

PMID- 2889885
TI  - Exercise-induced hypotension.

PMID- 2889886
TI  - How far to lower blood pressure?

PMID- 2889887
TI  - Cholesterol, ghee, and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2889888
TI  - Doxycycline prophylaxis for malaria.

PMID- 2889889
TI  - Steroids and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 2889890
TI  - Steroids for pneumonitis after bone-marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2889891
TI  - Aerosolised pentamidine.

PMID- 2889892
TI  - Clinical case definition of AIDS in African adults.

PMID- 2889893
TI  - Increasing HIV-2-associated AIDS in Senegal.

PMID- 2889894
TI  - Speed and central venous lines.

PMID- 2889895
TI  - Faecal bile acids, dysplasia, and carcinoma in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2889896
TI  - Contemporary growth charts.

PMID- 2889897
TI  - Intrauterine growth retardation: prediction of perinatal distress by Doppler
      ultrasound.

PMID- 2889898
TI  - Aspirated stool samples from infants with gastroenteritis.

PMID- 2889899
TI  - Venous occlusion and estimation of serum constituents.

PMID- 2889900
TI  - Timentin resistance.

PMID- 2889901
TI  - Bladder instability or urethral causes?

PMID- 2889902
TI  - Epidermal cells in culture.

PMID- 2889903
TI  - Baking soda and pruritus.

PMID- 2889904
TI  - Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis.

PMID- 2889905
TI  - Protective effect of oestrogen in pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2889906
TI  - Anticardiolipin antibodies and occlusion of coronary artery bypass grafts.

PMID- 2889907
TI  - An epidemic of abortion bills.

PMID- 2889908
TI  - What makes some children short-sighted?

PMID- 2889910
TI  - The University of Chile in crisis.

PMID- 2889909
TI  - Hyperprolactinaemia; when is a prolactinoma not a prolactinoma?

PMID- 2889911
TI  - Gynecological ultrasound.

PMID- 2889912
TI  - Of cabbages and queens.

PMID- 2889913
TI  - Intervention for fetal obstructive uropathy: has it been effective?
AB  - The best management of fetal hydronephrosis is controversial. Despite the lack of
      experimental evidence that prenatal drainage of the obstructed urinary tract
      substantially improves ultimate renal function, various forms of percutaneous
      intervention on the fetal bladder and kidney have been used. To evaluate the
      efficacy of intervention for suspected fetal obstructive uropathy, all published
      reports of drainage of the fetal urinary tract up to December, 1985, were
      reviewed. In the 57 reported cases, the most common type of intervention was
      placement of a vesicoamniotic shunt (37%). Complications occurred in 25 cases
      (44%), including inadequate shunt drainage or migration (19%), onset of premature
      labour within 48 h (12%), urinary ascites (7%), and chorioamnionitis (5%). Of 28
      fetuses with associated oligohydramnios, only 6 (21%) survived. 2 of these
      survivors had vesicoamniotic shunts, 2 single or multiple bladder aspirations, 1
      an external renal drainage catheter, and 1 in-utero vesicostomy. Because of the
      high complication rate and lack of evidence of improved survival from in-utero
      drainage procedures, a prospective, randomised trial is needed to compare
      survival with and without vesicoamniotic shunt placement.

PMID- 2889914
TI  - Energy requirements of pregnancy in rural Thailand.
AB  - The energy cost of pregnancy was measured in rural Thai women between 10 wk
      gestation and term. The energy cost of pregnancy, which includes the increase in
      basal metabolic rate (BMR), the energy equivalent of maternal fat laid down, and
      the assumed energy equivalent of fetal fat and fetal and maternal protein, was
      202 MJ (1 MJ = 239 kcal). BMR increased by 100 MJ overall and maternal fat gain
      averaged about 1.3 kg, equivalent to 60 MJ. The energy cost was more than covered
      by an overall increase in food intake of 238 MJ with little evidence of any
      complementary reduction in total energy expenditure by reduced physical activity.

PMID- 2889915
TI  - Decreased mortality among male prisoners.
AB  - The mortality among a population of male prisoners between 1977 and 1983 was
      compared with that among the general French population. The overall mortality
      rate (for all deaths except external causes) was lower among prisoners (SMR = 84;
      p less than 0.05). Moreover, the risk of dying from all causes, as well as from
      malignant neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system, and suicides fell
      significantly with increasing duration of imprisonment. These findings suggest
      that the lifestyle specific to imprisonment might overcome the prejudicial effect
      of risk factors such as alcohol, tobacco, or drug abuse that tend to be common
      among prisoners.

PMID- 2889916
TI  - Institutional ethics.

PMID- 2889917
TI  - Child sexual abuse.

PMID- 2889918
TI  - Warts and diagnosis of sexual abuse.

PMID- 2889919
TI  - Myocardial magnesium content, histology, and antiarrhythmic response to magnesium
      infusion.

PMID- 2889920
TI  - Focal glomerulosclerosis in neonatal kidney grafts.

PMID- 2889921
TI  - Azathioprine and myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2889922
TI  - Epidemic regional jejunitis: a new clinical entity?

PMID- 2889923
TI  - Vascular assessment before amputation.

PMID- 2889924
TI  - Lack of serum immune response to Blastocystis hominis.

PMID- 2889925
TI  - Evidence for catch-up growth in adolescence.

PMID- 2889926
TI  - Repetition strain injury.

PMID- 2889927
TI  - Adverse reactions to duplex scanning.

PMID- 2889928
TI  - Successful removal of anti-phospholipid antibody during pregnancy using plasma
      exchange and low-dose prednisolone.

PMID- 2889929
TI  - Heart transplantation for peripartum cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2889930
TI  - Declines in proportion of Kaposi's sarcoma among cases of AIDS in multiple risk
      groups in New York City.

PMID- 2889931
TI  - Latency preceding seroconversion in sexually transmitted HIV infection.

PMID- 2889932
TI  - Castanospermine and other plant alkaloid inhibitors of glucosidase activity block
      the growth of HIV.

PMID- 2889933
TI  - Characteristic rash associated with staphylococcal pneumonia.

PMID- 2889934
TI  - Hyperphenylalaninaemia in parenterally fed newborn infants.

PMID- 2889935
TI  - Smoking and polycythaemia.

PMID- 2889936
TI  - Alcohol and medical education.

PMID- 2889937
TI  - Medical Research Council Questionnaire on Respiratory Symptoms (1986)

PMID- 2889938
TI  - Faith healers in the mental health team.

PMID- 2889939
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging as a clinical service.

PMID- 2889940
TI  - Coronary heart disease mortality rates.

PMID- 2889941
TI  - Brain copper in Wilson's disease.

PMID- 2889942
TI  - Hepatotoxicity due to bindazac.

PMID- 2889943
TI  - Ploidy as prognostic determinant in pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2889944
TI  - Plasma viscosity changes after sham plasmapheresis.

PMID- 2889945
TI  - Laser photovaporisation and menorrhagia.

PMID- 2889946
TI  - Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13.

PMID- 2889947
TI  - Hyperventilation and anaesthetic requirement in babies.

PMID- 2889948
TI  - Pain and awareness during general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2889949
TI  - Monitoring for anaesthesia.

PMID- 2889950
TI  - Difficult intubation.

PMID- 2889951
TI  - Antigliadin and antireticulin antibodies in coeliac disease and at onset of
      diabetes in children.

PMID- 2889952
TI  - Cytopathic effect of verotoxin on endothelial cells.

PMID- 2889953
TI  - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in testis cancer.

PMID- 2889954
TI  - Erythromycin and gastrointestinal motility.

PMID- 2889955
TI  - Management of dyspepsia.

PMID- 2889956
TI  - Informed consent: a Canadian case in a British perspective.

PMID- 2889957
TI  - Reduced morbidity from skeletal metastases in breast cancer patients during long
      term bisphosphonate (APD) treatment.
AB  - 131 patients with osteolytic metastases from breast cancer were randomised to
      receive long-term oral treatment with aminohydroxy-propylidene-bisphosphonate
      (APD), 300 mg daily (n = 70), or to act as controls (n = 61) in a multicentre
      trial. Specific antitumour therapy was at the discretion of the clinician and
      variable. An interim analysis was made after a median follow-up of 13 months in
      the APD group and 14 months in the controls. There was a significant reduction in
      pathological fractures and severe bone pain in the APD group, and hypercalcaemia
      was prevented. Consequently the necessity for radiotherapy for skeletal
      complications was more than halved; the number of systemic therapy changes was
      also reduced. Gastrointestinal side-effects of APD led to a drop-out of 8% of
      patients. Oral supportive APD therapy is simple and convenient, and significantly
      reduced skeletal morbidity in advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2889958
TI  - Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics on clotting factors and
      the risk of ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - The Northwick Park Heart Study (NPHS) has demonstrated associations of high
      levels of factor VII coagulant activity (VIIc) and of plasma fibrinogen
      concentration with the risk of subsequent ischaemic heart disease (IHD). In cross
      sectional data from the 2023 white men in NPHS, lifetime duration of smoking was
      a determinant of initial plasma fibrinogen levels. Fibrinogen levels had
      apparently begun to fall soon after smoking was discontinued but it was over 5
      years before they had returned to levels found in life-long non-smokers. In
      prospective data, smoking cessation and the adoption or resumption of smoking
      were associated with a decrease or an increase, respectively, of about 0.15 g/l
      in plasma fibrinogen. These changes would lower or raise the risk of IHD by about
      20%. A switch from cigarettes to cigars was associated with a large increase in
      fibrinogen. A substantial part of the relation between smoking and IHD appears to
      be mediated through the fibrinogen concentration. Following changes in body mass,
      VIIc rose in those who had given up smoking and fell in those who resumed.

PMID- 2889959
TI  - Genetic and cultural inheritance of plasma fibrinogen concentration.
AB  - Genetic and cultural heritability of plasma fibrinogen concentration was
      estimated by path analysis with environmental indices in 85 families identified
      by means of probands with early myocardial infarction and in 85 families randomly
      selected from the general population. A substantial proportion of the variance of
      the plasma fibrinogen level, 51%, was accounted for by genetic heritability,
      whereas the cultural heritability was negligible. No intergenerational
      differences were indicated in genetic or cultural heritability. The combined
      effect of obesity and smoking was found to explain 3% of the variance of the
      plasma fibrinogen level. The demonstration of such substantial genetic control
      further supports the view that plasma fibrinogen is a primary risk factor for CHD
      rather than a reflection of the severity of manifest disease.

PMID- 2889960
TI  - Effect of symptomless bacteriuria in childhood on subsequent pregnancy.
AB  - The outcome of 52 pregnancies in 34 women who had had bacteriuria in childhood
      was compared with that of normal control pregnancies. The prevalence of
      bacteriuria at the first antenatal visit was significantly higher (p less than
      0.001) in previously bacteriuric women (35%) than in controls (5%), and acute
      pyelonephritis developed in 10% compared with 4% of controls. Pre-eclampsia
      (arterial pressure above 140/90 mm Hg with proteinuria above ++) developed in 4
      of 12 previously bacteriuric women known to have renal scarring (5 of 16
      pregnancies), in only 1 of 22 previously bacteriuric women without scars (1 of 36
      pregnancies), and in 1 of 52 controls (p less than 0.001). Women with renal scars
      were also more likely to undergo induction of labour (44% of pregnancies) and
      operative delivery (57% of pregnancies) than previously bacteriuric mothers
      without scars (17%, 22%) or control mothers (16%, 20%). The infants of previously
      bacteriuric mothers were not significantly smaller than those of healthy control
      mothers, but Apgar scores were lower among offspring of previously bacteriuric
      mothers with scarred or normal kidneys (p less than 0.001). Fetal outcome was,
      however, satisfactory in all cases.

PMID- 2889961
TI  - Increased permeability of hamster microcirculation to glycosylated albumin.
AB  - The permeability of the microcirculation to native and glycosylated albumin was
      tested in 25 non-diabetic Syrian hamsters. The microvasculature of the cheek
      pouch was studied by a fluorescent video-microscopy technique after the animals
      had been injected with fluorescent native or glycosylated albumin or with both.
      Native albumin remained in the cheek pouch microvasculature, whereas glycosylated
      albumin leaked out of the microvascular bed along the postcapillary and
      collecting venules. The extravascular leakage of glycosylated albumin, probably
      due to its electrical or conformational change, may represent the initial event
      in the development of diabetic microangiopathy.

PMID- 2889962
TI  - Is cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonitis in transplant recipients an
      immunopathological condition?
AB  - The conventional explanation for the high fatality rate due to cytomegalovirus
      (CMV) pneumonitis among allogeneic transplant recipients is that
      immunosuppression renders the host unable to control replication of this
      opportunistic agent. However, evidence from studies in man and the murine model
      of CMV show that virus replication in the lung is unrelated to the development of
      pathological effects, and that a host immune response is required for the
      induction of pneumonitis. Thus the hypothesis is that limited CMV replication in
      the lungs leads to display of a virus-coded protein, which is recognised by host
      T-cells, and that the pneumonitis is due to an uncontrolled accumulation and
      recruitment of such cells in the lungs. The reason why CMV is found in the lungs
      of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) without producing
      pneumonitis is probably because these patients cannot mount the pathogenic T-cell
      response. According to the hypothesis stated here, if the immune capabilities of
      AIDS patients can be restored, life-threatening CMV pneumonitis may develop.

PMID- 2889963
TI  - Neutrophils from subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease show enhanced
      chemotaxis and extracellular proteolysis.
AB  - Peripheral polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) from subjects with emphysema or
      bronchiectasis digested significantly more iodine-125-labelled fibronectin (on
      average, 250% and 280%, respectively) than did those from control subjects. PMN
      from patients with bronchiectasis contained significantly more of the serine
      proteinase elastase than did the control cells, which may have contributed to
      their greater extracellular proteolysis. PMN from patients with emphysema, but
      not those with bronchiectasis, showed enhanced chemotaxis (on average 260%) in
      response to a chemotactic peptide compared with control cells. Thus, PMN from
      subjects with chronic obstructive lung diseases can digest more extracellular
      connective tissue protein than PMN from healthy subjects. This behaviour suggests
      a mechanism for the pathological tissue damage associated with these disorders.
      Furthermore, the sensitivity to chemotactic factors of PMN from emphysematous
      patients would contribute to the larger numbers of these cells in their lung
      tissues, thus increasing further the proteolytic burden in the lungs.

PMID- 2889964
TI  - Oesophageal varices associated with busulphan-thioguanine combination therapy for
      chronic myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - 5 patients receiving continuous busulphan and 6-thioguanine for chronic myeloid
      leukaemia (CML) were found to have oesophageal varices associated with abnormal
      liver function tests. 3 of these cases presented with gastrointestinal
      haemorrhage and 1 patient died. The 2 other cases had varices discovered at
      endoscopy. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) of the liver was identified as
      the cause of portal hypertension in the 4 patients on whom liver biopsies were
      done. The administration of busulphan and thioguanine in combination is likely to
      be associated with the development of NRH, with portal hypertension and
      oesophageal varices occurring in a substantial proportion of cases.

PMID- 2889965
TI  - High rate of Plasmodium vivax relapse following treatment of falciparum malaria
      in Thailand.
AB  - Within two months of treatment for falciparum malaria, Plasmodium vivax
      infections developed in 58 (33%) of 174 patients who had received a quinine or
      quinidine regimen and in 46 (32%) of 145 patients who had received mefloquine
      with inpatient follow-up of more than six weeks. The time to vivax relapse was
      significantly longer after mefloquine treatment (median 47 days, range 30-65)
      than after quinine or quinidine treatment (21 days, 15-36; p less than 0.0001).
      All patients remained outside areas of malaria transmission. These findings
      suggest a very high rate of double infection in Thailand with acute suppression
      of vivax by falciparum malaria, and warrant evaluation of radical therapy with
      primaquine in certain patients with acute falciparum malaria.

PMID- 2889966
TI  - Procollagen type I production by hepatocytes: a marker of progressive liver
      disease?
AB  - The presence of collagen-producing cells and its relation to disease activity
      were determined in cryostat liver tissue sections from subjects with active
      cirrhosis (n = 15), inactive cirrhosis (n = 5), chronic persistent hepatitis (n =
      8), or normal histology (n = 3) by means of an immunofluorescence technique using
      a monoclonal antibody to the carboxy-terminal domain of procollagen type I (anti
      Pc). In all patients with active cirrhosis hepatocytes showed a strong
      intracellular staining with anti-Pc; in 4 of them bileducts also showed a
      membrane-like reaction. By contrast, tissue sections from chronic inactive liver
      disease and normal liver were essentially negative. These findings suggest that
      in chronic liver disease hepatocytes and sometimes biliary epithelium produce
      collagen and that production is related to disease activity. The detection of
      active production of procollagen type I by hepatocytes could become a useful
      marker of progressive liver disease.

PMID- 2889967
TI  - Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits human platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium.
AB  - The adhesion of human platelets to monolayers of bovine endothelial cells in
      culture was studied to determine the role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in
      the regulation of platelet adhesion. The adhesion of unstimulated and thrombin
      stimulated platelets, washed and labelled with indium-111, was lower in the
      presence than in the absence of bradykinin or exogenous nitric oxide. The
      inhibitory action of both bradykinin and nitric oxide was abolished by
      haemoglobin, but not by aspirin, and was potentiated by superoxide dismutase to a
      similar degree. It is suggested that the effect of bradykinin is mediated by the
      release of nitric oxide from the endothelial cells, and that nitric oxide release
      contributes to the non-adhesive properties of vascular endothelium.

PMID- 2889968
TI  - Crack.

PMID- 2889969
TI  - Airs, waters, places.

PMID- 2889970
TI  - Scrotal ultrasonography.

PMID- 2889971
TI  - Telling patients about their medicines.

PMID- 2889972
TI  - Commissioning international health.

PMID- 2889973
TI  - Calcium and chronic liver disease.

PMID- 2889974
TI  - Pain relief in polycystic kidney disease.

PMID- 2889975
TI  - Changing association between community occupational structure and ischaemic heart
      disease mortality in the United States.
AB  - The changing association between community occupational structure and ischaemic
      heart disease mortality in white men and women of the United States from 1968 to
      1982 has been investigated. Occupational structure was represented by the
      proportion of workers in white-collar jobs. A negative association, with lower
      mortality in communities with higher levels of white-collar employment, emerged
      over the period in both men and women. The results for men may be interpreted as
      suggesting a recapitulation in the US of the changing association between social
      class and heart disease observed in Britain. Occupational structure, however,
      reflects resources and opportunities in a community derived from its contribution
      to the national and international economy. Thus the growing inequalities in heart
      disease mortality presented in this ecological study relate more appropriately to
      communities than to individual workers.

PMID- 2889976
TI  - Tamoxifen and benign breast problems.
AB  - The agent tamoxifen plays an important part in the treatment of breast cancer.
      Although it acts as an antioestrogen by binding to oestrogen receptors, it also
      has oestrogen agonistic effects on the liver. Recent toxicity studies in rats
      have revealed that after high dosages both cataracts and hepatocellular
      carcinomas develop. For these reasons it has been suggested that use of tamoxifen
      be discontinued for the treatment of benign conditions such as severe cyclical
      mastalgia and also for trials on the prevention of breast cancer. It is argued
      that the development of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats is the result of the
      known oestrogen agonist activity of tamoxifen, with similar results being found
      in a few women receiving oral contraceptives, the use of which still continues.
      Studies of the use of the agent for benign conditions should evolve in the
      context of controlled clinical trials in order that important new indications for
      tamoxifen are not overlooked.

PMID- 2889977
TI  - Energy requirements of pregnancy in The Gambia.
AB  - At most times of the year adjustments in maternal energy expenditure and energy
      balance in rural Gambian women can provide sufficient energy to sustain
      reasonable rates of fetal growth without an increase in food intake, although
      this study suggests that the overall level of energy intake has been
      substantially underestimated in the past. At certain times of year, however, pre
      harvest food shortages and the energy demands of subsistence farming did
      substantially reduce maternal fat stores and fetal growth. Dietary
      supplementation, already known to increase birthweight, also had measurable
      effects on the mothers' physiology, resulting in increased energy expenditure on
      basal metabolism and improving maternal fat deposition. These findings suggest
      that the precise energy cost of pregnancy varies as a function of the additional
      energy intake consumed at this crucial period.

PMID- 2889978
TI  - Independent International Commission on Health Research for Development.

PMID- 2889979
TI  - Information for patients about medicines.

PMID- 2889980
TI  - Are benzodiazepines useful in anxiety?

PMID- 2889981
TI  - Violent crime and occupational exposure to organic solvents.

PMID- 2889982
TI  - ACE inhibitors, atheroma, and renal function.

PMID- 2889983
TI  - Flavone-8-acetic acid inhibits ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination and
      prolongs bleeding time.

PMID- 2889984
TI  - Screening for neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2889985
TI  - Zinc, glutamate receptors, and motoneurone disease.

PMID- 2889986
TI  - Recombinant erythropoietin and blood pressure.

PMID- 2889987
TI  - Barrett's oesophagus and colon cancer.

PMID- 2889988
TI  - Razoxane and acute promyelocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 2889989
TI  - Preprandial intranasal insulin as adjuvant therapy in type II diabetics.

PMID- 2889990
TI  - Combination of recombinant interferons alpha and gamma in treatment of chronic
      hepatitis B.

PMID- 2889991
TI  - Liver transplantation for primary hepatic cancer in childhood.

PMID- 2889992
TI  - "Guiding" echotomography before percutaneous liver biopsy.

PMID- 2889993
TI  - Plugging liver biopsy sites with coagulation factors.

PMID- 2889994
TI  - Naltrexone and bulimic symptoms.

PMID- 2889995
TI  - Yohimbine and psychogenic impotence.

PMID- 2889996
TI  - Linked DNA markers in clinical diagnosis of juvenile Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2889997
TI  - Bartholin's abscess associated with Eikenella corrodens.

PMID- 2889998
TI  - Eikenella corrodens and intrauterine contraceptive device.

PMID- 2889999
TI  - Hypertension in the puerperium.

PMID- 2890000
TI  - Multiple pregnancy and assisted reproduction.

PMID- 2890001
TI  - Gaza's health services.

PMID- 2890002
TI  - Pathophysiology of akathisia.

PMID- 2890003
TI  - Live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccine.

PMID- 2890004
TI  - Aerosolised pentamidine treatment at home.

PMID- 2890005
TI  - Interferon-alpha in sera of HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2890006
TI  - Immunoblot test with recombinant HIV antigens.

PMID- 2890007
TI  - Langerhans cells as primary target cells for HIV infection.

PMID- 2890008
TI  - Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and history of malaria.

PMID- 2890009
TI  - Pica, paper, and pseudoporphyria.

PMID- 2890010
TI  - Treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2890011
TI  - Lipid delivery and catheter obstruction during cyclic total parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 2890012
TI  - Serum cholesterol and cancer in the NHANES I epidemiological follow-up study.

PMID- 2890013
TI  - Tuberous sclerosis and ABO.

PMID- 2890014
TI  - No association between griseofulvin and conjoined twinning.

PMID- 2890015
TI  - Warning on plasma oestradiol measurement.

PMID- 2890016
TI  - Free fatty acids during extracorporeal circulation: the role of heparin.

PMID- 2890017
TI  - Child sexual abuse: disclosure of medical records and consent to examination for
      purposes of police investigation.

PMID- 2890018
TI  - Outcome in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and
      haemodialysis: 4-year analysis of a prospective multicentre study.
AB  - In a study in seven large renal units in England, the morbidity and mortality of
      all patients starting continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and
      haemodialysis during 1983-85 were monitored prospectively over a 4-year period
      and related to reasons for choice of therapy and potential risk factors. 610 new
      patients (median age 52 years, range 3-80 years) started CAPD; 16% had diabetes
      mellitus and 21% cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. 329 patients (median
      age 48 years, range 5-77 years) started haemodialysis; 7% had diabetes mellitus
      and 17% cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. The Kaplan-Meier patient
      survival estimates at 4 years were 74% for haemodialysis and 62% for CAPD;
      technique survival figures for the same period were 91% for haemodialysis and 61%
      for CAPD. Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis showed that
      cerebrovascular/cardiovascular disease, age over 60 years, and diabetes mellitus
      were important predictors for survival in CAPD patients; there were no risk
      factors associated with permanent change to haemodialysis. In the haemodialysis
      group early change to CAPD was associated with presence of cerebrovascular or
      cardiovascular disease. The major cause of drop-out in both groups was
      transplantation. The mean length of hospital admission was 14.8 days per patient
      year for CAPD and 12.4 days per patient-year for haemodialysis.

PMID- 2890019
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and recurrence of duodenal ulcers--a 12-month follow-up
      study.
AB  - In 39 patients with endoscopically healed duodenal ulcers repeat endoscopy and
      two antral biopsies after 1 year showed a relapse rate of 59%. Only post
      treatment Campylobacter pylori status was a significant predictor of endoscopic
      relapse. 79% of patients who remained culture positive had a relapse, compared
      with 27% of culture-negative patients. Relapse was more likely (66%) in patients
      with a recurrence of C pylori after apparent eradication of the organism than in
      those who remained negative for C pylori (10%). No patient who remained negative
      for C pylori had histological gastritis, whereas all with recurrence of C pylori
      showed histological gastritis. These findings suggest an important role for C
      pylori in duodenal ulcer relapse in the year after treatment.

PMID- 2890020
TI  - Hypersensitivity to G2 chromatid radiation damage in familial dysplastic naevus
      syndrome.
AB  - Skin fibroblasts from 25 members of nine kindreds with familial dysplastic naevus
      syndrome (DNS), 12 apparently normal spouses, and 11 additional unrelated normal
      individuals were tested for G2 cell-cycle phase sensitivity to ionising
      radiation. The cells from individuals with DNS or hereditary cutaneous malignant
      melanoma with DNS (HCMM/DNS) had significantly more chromatid breaks and gaps
      when entering metaphase 0.5-1.5 h after G2 phase X-irradiation (1 Gy) than those
      from unaffected controls. In two cases, the test results positively identified
      individuals before the clinical diagnosis of DNS. A clinically normal obligate
      carrier of the HCMM/DNS gene showed the enhanced G2 radiosensitivity. Moreover,
      in a test on 1 proband, the sensitivity was apparent in peripheral blood
      lymphoblasts. Enhanced G2 chromatid radiosensitivity may be a marker of genetic
      susceptibility to HCMM/DNS.

PMID- 2890021
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme and the cough reflex.
AB  - The effect of inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on standard cough
      challenge was investigated in a double-blind, randomised study in sixteen normal
      volunteers. Captopril (25 mg) or matched placebo was given by mouth 2 h before
      inhalation of nebulised distilled water, citric acid, and incremental doses of
      capsaicin (0.5-20 mumol/l). Distilled water and citric acid challenge were not
      significantly changed by captopril pretreatment. However, captopril significantly
      shifted the dose-response curve to capsaicin inhalation. The geometric mean dose
      of capsaicin causing 20 coughs/min was 1.3 mumol/l for captopril and 2.8 mumol/l
      for placebo pretreatment (p = 0.04). Cough is a recognised side-effect of ACE
      inhibitors; the observation that cough challenge is changed by these drugs in
      normal subjects implies a role for ACE in the cough reflex, possibly by
      metabolism of substrates other than angiotensin I.

PMID- 2890022
TI  - HLA-DQ beta-chain polymorphism in HLA-DR4 haplotypes associated with rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - With a cDNA probe for the DQ beta gene, two variants of the DR4-linked DQw3 (3.1
      and 3.2) allele were analysed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), healthy
      individuals, and homozygous cell lines. The DQw3.1 allele, identified by 3.4 kb
      (HindIII), 2.3 kb (SstI), and 3.7 kb and 6.9 kb (BamHI) restriction fragment
      lengths, was expressed in 100% (of 18) DR4-positive patients, compared with only
      19% (of 16) of DR4-positive controls including one of five homozygous cell lines.
      This DQ beta variant showed a highly significant association (relative risk = 78;
      p less than 10(-6) with RA and may therefore play an important part in
      susceptibility to RA.

PMID- 2890023
TI  - Aching muscles after exercise.

PMID- 2890024
TI  - Treating Reiter's syndrome.

PMID- 2890025
TI  - Endoscopic laser resection in inoperable tracheobronchial and oesophageal tumors.

PMID- 2890026
TI  - CAPD--the white knight?

PMID- 2890027
TI  - Research in conflict with teaching.

PMID- 2890028
TI  - Energy requirements of pregnancy in the Philippines.
AB  - 40 rural Philippine women were studied longitudinally from 11-16 wk pregnancy
      until 3 months post partum. Energy intake, body weight, fat mass, basal metabolic
      rate (BMR), and physical activity patterns were recorded every 6 wk. The
      cumulative energy cost of pregnancy over the second and third trimesters of
      pregnancy was 189 MJ (1130 kJ/day). There was no increase in energy intake,
      rather a very small reduction over the final two trimesters. Changes in physical
      activity provided part of the estimated energy needs (375-415 kJ/day throughout
      the second and third trimesters of pregnancy). These measurements leave an
      unexplained deficit of at least 700 kJ/day. Nevertheless, there was an adequate
      mean birthweight (2885 g) and a 10% incidence of low birthweight. The findings
      seem to suggest that pregnancy outcome can be successful despite marginal energy
      intake.

PMID- 2890029
TI  - Energy requirements of pregnancy: an integration of the longitudinal data from
      the five-country study.

PMID- 2890030
TI  - Nurses in the Transfusion Service.

PMID- 2890031
TI  - The so-called 10-day rule.
AB  - The 10-day option aimed at restricting all radiography of potentially fertile
      women to the first third of the menstrual cycle was introduced in 1959 without
      any valid supporting evidence. No earlier or later experimental evidence has
      indicated that diagnostic radiography involving the early embryo might carry a
      measurable risk to the individual developing in utero.

PMID- 2890033
TI  - Radiation, cancer risk, and the new dosimetry.

PMID- 2890032
TI  - Bile acids in health and disease.

PMID- 2890034
TI  - Atenolol in irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2890035
TI  - Somatostatin and symptomatic relief of irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2890036
TI  - Ghee, cholesterol, and heart disease.

PMID- 2890037
TI  - Overwhelming myocarditis due to Cryptococcus neoformans in an AIDS patient.

PMID- 2890038
TI  - Aerosolised pentamidine.

PMID- 2890039
TI  - Surgery and risk of AIDS in HIV-positive patients.

PMID- 2890040
TI  - Transabdominal placental biopsy.

PMID- 2890041
TI  - Phenytoin infusion in severe pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2890042
TI  - Colposcopy of women with cervical HPV type 16 infection but normal cytology.

PMID- 2890043
TI  - Colonoscopy or barium enema as initial investigation of colonic disease.

PMID- 2890044
TI  - Loss of bileducts after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2890045
TI  - Piezoelectric lithotripsy of gallstones.

PMID- 2890046
TI  - Cocaine and acute porphyria.

PMID- 2890047
TI  - Dark urine after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.

PMID- 2890048
TI  - Doctors and the death penalty.

PMID- 2890049
TI  - Drop-outs from clinical trials.

PMID- 2890050
TI  - Exchanging kidney transplants.

PMID- 2890051
TI  - Dyspepsia: the dilemma.

PMID- 2890052
TI  - Tropical ulcers.

PMID- 2890053
TI  - Stroke due to intravascular coagulation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

PMID- 2890054
TI  - Testicular cancer in leather tanners exposed to dimethylformamide.

PMID- 2890055
TI  - Isotretinoin dose and teratogenicity.

PMID- 2890056
TI  - Inherited deletion at Duchenne dystrophy locus in normal male.

PMID- 2890057
TI  - In-situ hybridisation of the beta-amyloid protein probe to chromosome 9 in
      patients with familial Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2890058
TI  - Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2890059
TI  - Longitudinal serological study of rubella immunity in South Yorkshire.

PMID- 2890060
TI  - Brazilian purpuric fever, Haemophilus aegyptius, and endotoxin.

PMID- 2890062
TI  - Fish oils in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2890061
TI  - CAWD or COLD?

PMID- 2890063
TI  - Cystic fibrosis and ileal carcinoma.

PMID- 2890064
TI  - Stable isotope dilution method for diagnosis of medium chain acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2890065
TI  - Interpretation of "serious professional misconduct": changing the rules.

PMID- 2890066
TI  - [Results of follow-up of operations in pediatric patients with indirect inguinal
      hernia].
AB  - This paper present the results of follow-up examinations of 2801 operated
      inguinal hernias. In comparison with the high excision of the hernial sac plus
      "crude suture", the standard Bassini technique produces poorer results as regards
      recurrence, testicular atrophy and secondary maldescent. The mortality of
      elective herniotomy was 0.016% in this series.

PMID- 2890067
TI  - [Health risks of estrogen medication?].

PMID- 2890068
TI  - [Prognosis and assessment of the degree of disability in hip joint
      endoprostheses].

PMID- 2890069
TI  - [Cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis in intervertebral disk damage and other diseases
      of the central nervous system].

PMID- 2890070
TI  - [Increased life expectancy of patients with transverse spinal paralysis caused by
      modern special treatment].

PMID- 2890071
TI  - [Life expectancy and prognosis for employment after contracting tuberculosis].

PMID- 2890072
TI  - [Mild hypertension. What have the extensive intervention studies accomplished?].

PMID- 2890073
TI  - Disturbances of sleep and wakefulness associated with the use of antihypertensive
      agents.
AB  - Sleep disturbances are frequently associated with the use of antihypertensive
      drugs. They are observed mainly during the administration of drugs that affect
      central adrenergic mechanisms. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists which readily
      penetrate into the brain (propranolol, pindolol) increase wakefulness and/or
      decrease REM sleep. Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists (clonidine, guanfacine)
      markedly reduce the duration of REM sleep. The catecholamine depleting agent
      reserpine increases REM sleep during single or repeated-dose administration,
      while the MAOI phenelzine shows opposite effects. The 5-HT2 antagonist
      ritanserin, which is chemically related to the antihypertensive agent ketanserin,
      increases slow wave sleep while REM sleep is decreased. Sleep disturbances have
      not been reported during the administration of calcium entry antagonists.
      However, they seem to modify the effects of hypnotics and CNS stimulants. There
      are no formal studies on the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
      and vasodilators on sleep in man.

PMID- 2890074
TI  - An investigation of tolerance to the actions of leptogenic and anorexigenic drugs
      in mice.
AB  - This study compared the effects of chronic administration of anorexigenic drugs
      on weight loss in mice. Tolerance to the effects of peripheral anorexigenic
      peptides, viz. cholecystokinin-octapeptide and bombesin, developed rapidly.
      Morphine, cocaine and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate caused weight loss and
      appeared similar to d-amphetamine in mechanisms of action. A high dose of
      fluoxetine (25 mg/kg) proved to be a potent leptogenic agent but was also
      associated with death in some animals. A lower dose of fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) was
      associated with the development of tolerance. Calcitonin, a potent anorexigenic
      agent, did not produce weight loss and tolerance to its anorectic effect had
      developed by 10 days. Animals varied widely in their individual responsiveness to
      a given drug. Peripheral administration of peptide YY caused weight loss. We
      conclude that acute or chronic effects of agents on food intake do not
      necessarily predict effects on body weight. However, neurotransmitters that
      enhance feeding centrally appear to cause weight loss when administered
      peripherally.

PMID- 2890075
TI  - Central effects of adenosine analogs on stress-induced gastric ulcer formation.
AB  - Rats subjected to restraint stress developed gastric lesions that could be
      reduced by R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) administered
      intracerebroventricularly. This protective effect was reversed by 8
      sulfophenyltheophylline given centrally, and by peripherally administered 8
      phenyltheophylline. These results suggest that central adenosine receptors
      mediate the effect. In subsequent studies it was found that if the absolute level
      of ulcer formation in control rats was low, R-PIA had no ulcer protective effect.
      Thus, although it appears that adenosine receptors are important in attenuating
      pathological gastric responses to stress, this attenuation seems to be dependent
      on the level of ulcer formation in control animals.

PMID- 2890076
TI  - [Multi-indicator biochemical and clinical evaluation of occupational exposure of
      workers in the petrochemical industry. II. Results of the search for early
      clinico-biochemical signs of exposure to toxic substances present in the
      petrochemical industry. Analysis of the results of 5-year epidemiological
      studies].
AB  - The activities of GGT (EC 2.3.2.1.) and glycine transaminidase (EC 2.6.2.1.)
      increased in all studied groups after at minimum four years of exposure to:
      acetobenzene, furfurol, ethylene--derivatives, polypropylene and butadiene.
      Besides these universal indicators the specific ones were found for a particular
      group of exposure: for acetobenzene--sialic acid, haptoglobine and IgA, for
      furfurol--sialic acid and haptoglobine, for ethylene--derivatives--haptoglobine,
      ceruloplasmine and the activity of arginase of the red blood cells, for
      polypropylene--IgA, for butadiene--proteolytic activity. These changes are
      treated as a manifestation of adaptive processes--the answer of the body to the
      environmental stimuli but not as the signs of early damage. The need of
      verification of the results by prospective studies is stressed.

PMID- 2890077
TI  - Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and its clinical applications.

PMID- 2890078
TI  - Hepatic response to insulin in control of glucose kinetics in the neonatal lamb.
AB  - Imprecise control of neonatal glucose homeostasis may be partially due to
      decreased hepatic response to insulin. In prior kinetic studies the effect of
      that response could not be determined because the hormonal effects of insulin
      could not be separated from those of glucagon. Somatostatin (SRIF) suppresses
      secretion of both and has been used to differentiate the hormonal effects.
      Eighteen term lambs (age 4.2 +/- 0.3 days and birth weight 4.0 +/- 0.2 kg (M +/-
      SEM] were infused with 0.9% NaCl at 0.06 mL.kg-1 min-1 plus 100 microCi/kg D[6
      3H] glucose by prime plus constant infusion. Ra (production) and Rd (utilization)
      were measured during infusion of SRIF or SRIF plus replacement insulin (0.2 mU.kg
      1 min-1). There was a rise in pl. glucose (98 +/- 10 to 119 +/- 10 mg/dL (P less
      than .0001)); a fall (46.2%) in pl insulin [13 +/- 2 to 7 +/- 1 microU/mL (P less
      than .0004); a rise in Ra (7.8 +/- 1.5 to 13.2 +/- 4.1 mg.kg-1 min-1 P less than
      .047); and a rise in Rd (7.7 +/- 1.4 to 11.3 +/- 3.0 mg.kg-1 min-1 (P less than
      .047)) in SRIF treated animals compared to nontreated controls. There was no
      change in plasma glucagon (454 +/- 182 to 255 +/- 141 pg/mL) in SRIF treated
      animals compared to nontreated controls. All perturbations were eliminated when
      SRIF plus replacement insulin produced control insulin levels. Insulin
      suppression in the neonatal period resulted in glucagon being unopposed which
      produced an elevated rate of glucose production and elevated plasma glucose
      concentration.

PMID- 2890079
TI  - Hypophysectomy does not alter the effects of somatostatin or growth hormone on
      canine splanchnic biogenic amine release.
AB  - We have demonstrated previously that growth hormone (GH) and somatostatin
      (somatotropin release inhibitory factor, SRIF) exert comparable effects on the
      release of splanchnic biogenic amines. The purpose of the present investigation
      was to study further the response of the two hormones and see whether the
      similarity persists in dogs completely deprived of endogenous GH. Experiments
      were conducted in seven hypophysectomized dogs fitted with an indwelling portal
      catheter. Two to 4 weeks after surgery the responsiveness of their
      catecholaminergic neurons was tested by an injection of human beta-endorphin (20
      micrograms/kg); it caused a rise in portal catecholamine levels equivalent to
      that seen in intact dogs. Then the effect of a spike concentration of SRIF or GH
      on hepatic portal and peripheral levels of free serotonin and catecholamines was
      studied, all by radioenzymatic methods. The intravenous injection of ovine GH
      (100 micrograms/kg) or equimolar amounts of SRIF (7.5 micrograms/kg) produced in
      the hepatic portal circulation a transient but statistically significant rise of
      serotonin and a concomitant reduction in the concentration of dopamine,
      norepinephrine, and epinephrine. No changes were found in the peripheral
      circulation. The response patterns to SRIF or GH were virtually identical, which
      is in keeping with our other data, suggesting that the effect of GH on splanchnic
      biogenic amine secretion is SRIF-dependent and mediated by SRIF-containing
      neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890080
TI  - Cloning and expression of 130-kd mosquito-larvicidal delta-endotoxin gene of
      Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Five recombinant E. coli clones exhibiting toxicity to Aedes aegypti larvae were
      obtained from a library of 800 clones containing XbaI DNA fragments of 110 kb
      plasmid from B. thuringiensis var. israelensis. All the five clones (pMU
      14/258/303/388/679) had the same 3.8-kb insert and encoded a major protein of 130
      kDa which was highly toxic to A. aegypti larvae. Three clones (pMU 258/303/388)
      transcribed the 130 kD a gene in the same direction as that of lac Z promoter of
      pUC12 vector whereas the transcription of the other two (pMU 14/679) was in the
      opposite direction. A 1.9-kb fragment of the 3.8 kb insert coded for a protein of
      65 kDa. Partial DNA sequence of the 3.8 kb insert, corresponding to the 5'
      terminal of the 130 kDa gene, revealed a continuous reading frame, a Shine
      Dalgarno sequence and a tentative 5'-regulatory region. These results
      demonstrated that the 3.8 kb insert is a minimal DNA fragment containing a
      regulatory region plus the coding sequence of the 130 kDa protein that is highly
      toxic to mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2890081
TI  - Three fim genes required for the regulation of length and mediation of adhesion
      of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae.
AB  - Three novel fim genes of Escherichia coli, fimF, fimG and fimH, were
      characterized. These genes were not necessary for the production of fimbriae but
      were shown to be involved in the adhesive property and longitudinal regulation of
      these structures. Complementation experiments indicated that both the major
      fimbrial subunit gene, fimA, and the fimH gene in combination with either the
      fimF or the fimG gene were required for mannose-specific adhesion. The fimF, fimG
      and fimH gene products were likewise shown to play a major role in the fimbrial
      morphology as longitudinal modulators. The amount of FimF, FimG and FimH proteins
      appeared to control the length and number of the fimbriae. The DNA sequence of a
      2050 bp region containing the three genes was determined. The corresponding
      protein sequences all exhibited homology with the fimbrial subunit protein, FimA.

PMID- 2890082
TI  - Expression of the larvicidal gene of Bacillus sphaericus 1593M in the
      cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2.
AB  - A 3.6 kb HindIII DNA fragment from Bacillus sphaericus 1593M was cloned and
      expressed in Escherichia coli and B. subtilis using pHV33 as shuttle vector and
      in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2 with pUC303 as shuttle vector. The
      level of toxin activity of the respective recombinant plasmids pGsp04 and pGsp12
      against Culex mosquito larvae was found to be the same in Escherichia coli and in
      the cyanobacterium.

PMID- 2890083
TI  - Purification and characteristics of glucocorticoid antagonizing factor in
      endotoxemia.
AB  - The present study involved the purification of GAF (glucocorticoid antagonizing
      factor) released in blood of endotoxemic mice, using the inhibition rate of
      tryptophan oxygenase (TO) activity in the mice liver as a parameter, to determine
      if this plays a role in metabolic disorders. GAF-rich serum in zymosan-primed and
      endotoxin-injected mice was subjected to chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B,
      Blue Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-200 superfine columns. Finally, GAF fractions
      were purified by chromatography on a DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column. The purified
      GAF showed a single band in electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
      polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weight of GAF was estimated to be 90,000. The
      purified GAF was regarded as glycoprotein. No factor (100 micrograms) exhibited
      lethal action on mice. The activity of TO in cortisone treated mice after
      injection of purified GAF was markedly lower than that in cortisone alone treated
      mice. On the other hand, there were no differences in tyrosine aminotransferase
      activities between the GAF plus cortisone injected group and cortisone only
      treated group. The glucose level after injection of GAF in cortisone treated mice
      initially showed hyperglycemia, but declined toward hypoglycemia 2 hr after
      injection, and thereafter returned nearly to the normal range by 4 hr. The liver
      glycogen level in GAF plus cortisone-treated mice was markedly lower than that in
      cortisone-alone treated mice.

PMID- 2890084
TI  - Increase in intradermal vascular permeability caused by pertussis toxin from
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Rabbits that were injected intradermally with pertussis toxin (PT), produced from
      Bordetella pertussis, showed slight edema and erythema at the injection sites,
      but not hemorrhage nor necrosis. The edema lesions were stained blue by the
      intravenous injection of Pontamine Sky Blue 6B dye, suggesting that PT caused
      increased vascular permeability, similarly to the permeability factor (PF) of
      cholera toxin. The reaction of the PF of PT could be determined by measuring the
      diameter of the blue area. The diameter of the blue area bore a good linear
      relationship to the logarithm of the dose of PT. The activity of the PF was
      neutralized by anti-PT rabbit serum. Detoxification of PT with formalin did not
      increase the vascular permeability, but reverted pertussis toxoid showed a PF
      reaction in proportion to the reverted leukocytosis-promoting and histamine
      sensitizing activities of PT. The supernate of a Bordetella pertussis culture
      also induced a PF reaction and the reaction could be made clear by heating the
      supernate at 56 C for 30 min, but the supernate of Bordetella bronchiseptica did
      not induce the reaction at all.

PMID- 2890085
TI  - Maintenance therapies in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2890086
TI  - Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome involving the liver.
AB  - A case of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome that originated in Malaysia is
      reported. The patient presented with clinical symptoms which were not typical of
      the disease as seen in endemic regions. Renal involvement, which is
      characteristic of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, was mild, and the
      predominant symptom was a persistently marked elevation of serum transaminase
      levels that was suggestive of hepatitis. Liver involvement has not been described
      in the Asian form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The patient
      developed a petechial skin rash and had severe thrombocytopenia. Serological
      confirmation of the diagnosis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was
      obtained by the demonstration of significant antibody rises to hantaviruses in
      the patient's acute- and convalescent-phase sera.

PMID- 2890087
TI  - Experiments with the nematocysts of Carybdea rastoni ("Jimble")

PMID- 2890088
TI  - Choice of antihistamines for allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2890089
TI  - [The clinical picture of benzodiazepine and alcohol poisoning].

PMID- 2890090
TI  - [Immuno-histochemical study of medullary thyroid carcinoma].
AB  - Five peptide hormones including calcitonin (CT) and gastrin-releasing peptide
      (GRP), serotonin (5HT), CEA, nervous tissue specific proteins and monoclonal
      antibody Leu-7 were immuno-histochemically studied on 60 cases of medullary
      thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In addition, localization of varied products in the
      tumor cells and its relations with the clinical features in some cases were
      evaluated. MTC contains a variety of products in many cases, and CT and CEA were
      positive in all cases. In 50 of the 57 cases (87.7%), GRP was positive, which
      suggested that GRP could be a novel tumor marker for this tumor. Furthermore, in
      tumor cells and C-cell hyperplastic foci, identical cells were sometimes revealed
      to possess both CT and GRP. Existence of somatostatin (SS), substance-P (SP),
      beta-MSH, 5 HT, Leu-7 and NSE in the tumor cells were confirmed. NSE was positive
      in 32 of the 47 cases (61.8%) which could confirm that MTC possesses
      neuroendocrine nature. In two cases of autopsy in which the tumors were highly
      malignant in clinical course and undifferentiated in histology, most tumor cells
      showed poor stainability for peptide hormones, suggesting that specific qualities
      as neuroendocrine tumor had been lost. In familial cases, the tumor tended to
      contain multiple substances.

PMID- 2890091
TI  - Cholinergic function and alpha-bungarotoxin binding in PC12 cells.
AB  - The cell line PC12, derived from an adrenal chromaffin cell tumor, expresses both
      ganglionic (C6) acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and an alpha-bungarotoxin (BGT)
      binding protein of unknown function. We measured nicotinic Na+ fluxes of 180-260
      nmol/mg protein X min and 0.35-0.8 pmol [125I]BGT binding sites/mg protein; 45
      65% of the [125I]BGT binding was to intracellular sites. We blocked ganglionic
      Na+ fluxes with reversible and irreversible inhibitors and tested whether a
      residual BGT-sensitive flux could be identified. No such flux was detected. These
      experiments place an upper limit on the amount of an undetected Na+ flux such
      that we question whether the BGT binding protein could act as a functional nAChR
      X Na+ flux and [125I]BGT binding were irreversibly inactivated by the affinity
      directed antagonist 4-(N-maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium bromide (MBTA), and
      the appearance of new nAChRs and BGT binding proteins was monitored. New
      ganglionic nAChRs appeared at a rate of 0.029 hr-1, corresponding to a steady
      state turnover t1/2 of 24 hr. BGT binding protein was synthesized more rapidly (K
      = 0.11 hr-1, t1/2 = 6.5 hr). When protein synthesis was simultaneously blocked
      with cycloheximide, insertion of BGT binding protein into the plasma membrane
      decreased to 11% of control values. Cycloheximide also induced a biphasic decline
      in intracellular BGT binding sites. Incubation of PC12 cells in 5 mM
      carbamylcholine for varying intervals resulted in a rapid 30% loss of Na+ flux
      activity. In contrast, the concentration of BGT binding protein did not change.

PMID- 2890092
TI  - Dual action of excitatory amino acids on the metabolism of inositol phosphates in
      striatal neurons.
AB  - Glutamate is able to stimulate inositol phosphate (IP) formation in striatal
      neurons in primary culture, mainly via an excitatory amino acid receptor of the
      quisqualate subtype. In the present study we show that carbachol (Carb)-(a
      cholinergic agonist), but not neurotensin or norepinephrine-induced IP production
      could be reduced by 40% when measured in the presence of Glu. The inhibition of
      the Carb response by Glu was dose dependent and reproduced by N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA). Quisqualate elicited an additive response with Carb. 2-Amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (APV) completely reversed the NMDA-induced inhibition. APV had
      no significant effect on Glu- or kainate-induced inhibition. Therefore, striatal
      neurons contain at least three different excitatory amino acid receptors: a
      quisqualate receptor triggering the stimulation of IP metabolism, and an NMDA and
      a kainate receptor, both able to decrease the Carb-induced IP formation.

PMID- 2890093
TI  - Inhibition of platelet aggregation by carbon monoxide is mediated by activation
      of guanylate cyclase.
AB  - Carbon monoxide (CO) inhibits human platelet aggregation triggered with threshold
      levels of agonists like arachidonate, ADP, collagen, thrombin, or the
      prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue U46619. This inhibition is counteracted by
      illumination with light above 400 nm indicating the involvement of a ferrous
      hemoprotein. An earlier suggestion that the mechanism of CO inhibition involves
      the cytochrome P450 protein thromboxane A2 synthase was ruled out as well as the
      involvement of the iron containing enzymes like cyclooxygenase or 12
      lipoxygenase. In the presence of CO, no arachidonate was released from
      phospholipids, no increase of intracellular calcium levels was observed, and
      phospholipase C was not activated suggesting that the transducing mechanisms from
      the receptors to phospholipase C was effected in the presence of CO. cAMP levels
      were also unchanged but cGMP levels showed an increase of about 30%. By
      comparison with the guanylate cyclase stimulator nitroprusside, it was shown that
      such levels could block aggregation. In a 10,000 X g supernatant, CO enhanced
      guanylate cyclase activity 4-fold, supporting the view that CO acts by increasing
      platelet cGMP levels. With respect to the mechanism of guanylate cyclase action,
      the binding of CO to the regulatory subunit of guanylate cyclase must be
      responsible for the observed activation. It is concluded that cGMP is an
      important feedback regulator of the Pl response and that already a 25% increase
      in its steady state levels can cause inhibition of platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2890094
TI  - Heterogeneity of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors revealed by chlorethylclonidine.
AB  - Chlorethylclonidine (CEC) has previously been shown to inactivate only a
      subpopulation of the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain. We
      compared alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in different tissues to determine whether
      such selective inactivation might reveal the presence of distinct receptor
      subtypes. Pretreatment of broken cell preparations with 10 microM CEC for 10 min
      caused a 70-80% decrease in the density of specific 125IBE 2254 binding sites in
      rat liver and spleen, a 25% decrease in neocortex, but no significant loss in
      kidney, hippocampus, heart, vas deferens, or caudal artery. The effect of CEC in
      liver was not reversed by extensive washing, suggesting irreversible
      inactivation. The selectivity between different tissues was due to differences in
      the efficacy of CEC inactivating the binding sites and not due to differences in
      binding affinity. To determine whether the effects on 125IBE 2254 binding
      reflected selective inactivation of functional receptors, contractile responses
      of rat spleen and vas deferens were examined. Pretreatment of intact tissues with
      100 microM CEC for 30 min caused a large decrease in the potency and maximal
      contraction to norepinephrine in spleen but had no effect in vas deferens.
      Inhibition of specific 125IBE 2254 binding by various agonists and antagonists
      was determined in CEC-sensitive (liver, spleen) and insensitive (hippocampus, vas
      deferens) tissues. Although many drugs had similar affinities in all tissues,
      others were substantially less potent in the CEC-sensitive tissues. These
      experiments suggest that there are at least two subtypes of alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptors with different pharmacological properties in mammalian tissues, only
      one of which is inactivated by CEC.

PMID- 2890095
TI  - Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of newly discovered halogenated coral
      prostanoids from the Japanese stolonifer Clavularia viridis on human myeloid
      leukemia cells in culture.
AB  - The antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of newly discovered halogenated
      coral prostanoids (chlorovulone, bromovulone, and iodovulone) from the Japanese
      stolonifer Clavularia viridis and their related compounds were determined in HL
      60 cells in culture. The order of antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of
      naturally occurring marine prostanoids against HL-60 cells was chlorovulone I
      greater than bromovulone I = iodovulone I greater than clavulone I or II greater
      than prostaglandin A2. The IC50 (concentrations required to inhibit cell growth
      by 50%) value (0.03 microM (0.01 microgram/ml)) and cytotoxic effects (greater
      than 0.3 microM (0.1 microgram/ml)) of chlorovulone I were about 200 and 100
      times stronger than those of prostaglandin A2, respectively, on the molar basis.
      From our data on the structure-activity relationship of the halogenated coral
      prostanoids and the related compounds, we elucidated that 1) the
      alkylidencyclopentenone structure in these prostanoids was essential for the
      antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against HL-60 cells and the
      introduction of halogen function at C-10 position in the structure enhanced the
      activities (C1 = F greater than Br = I greater than H); 2) the stereospecificity
      of the 12-hydroxyl group in the chlorovulone molecule was not required for the
      activities; 3) the presence of dienone (C5-6 and C7-8) in the structure
      potentiated the activities. Bivariate DNA/bromodeoxyuridine analysis with a flow
      cytometer showed that chlorovulone I transiently arrested the cell cycle
      progression from G1 to S after 24-hr exposure to the nontoxic concentrations
      (0.03 and 0.09 microM) and caused the lasting blockade of leukemia cells in G1 at
      the cytotoxic concentration. These results suggest that these coral prostanoids
      and related compounds may be a promising antileukemic agent.

PMID- 2890096
TI  - Regulation of troponin C synthesis in primary culture of chicken cardiac muscle
      cells.
AB  - Cardiac myocyte cell culture from fourteen day old embryonic chicken heart was
      prepared. This cultured cell system was used to examine the regulation of
      troponin C (TnC) synthesis in cardiac muscle. To examine the regulation of TnC
      polypeptide synthesis, cardiac myocyte cells were pulse labelled with 35S
      methionine at different days after plating. The synthesis of TnC was measured by
      determining the amount of radioactivity incorporated into the TnC polypeptide
      following separation by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. These measurements
      showed that TnC synthesis was maximum in 36 to 48 h old cultures and reached its
      lowest level in 4 day old cultures. This was in contrast to the synthesis of
      actin and tropomyosin. Synthesis of these polypeptides were lowest in 36 to 48 h
      old cultures and was maximum in 7 day old cultures. To examine whether the
      synthesis of TnC polypeptide paralleled the levels of TnC mRNA the sequences
      homologous to quail slow TnC cDNA clone were measured by hybridisation. The
      results showed that the decrease in the synthesis of troponin C polypeptide
      cannot be fully explained by the decrease in the steady state level of troponin C
      mRNA. The possibility of a role of translational control of troponin C mRNA in
      this process is discussed.

PMID- 2890097
TI  - Isolation of telomere DNA from Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The most distal known gene on Neurospora crassa linkage group VR, his-6, was
      cloned. A genomic walk resulted in isolation of the telomere at VR. It was
      obtained from a library in which the endmost nucleotides of the chromosome had
      not been removed by nuclease treatment before being cloned, and mapping indicates
      that the entire chromosome end has probably been cloned. Sequences homologous to
      the terminal 2.5 kilobases of DNA from VR from these Oak Ridge N. crassa strains
      are found at other sites in the genome. To characterize these sites, I crossed an
      Oak Ridge-derived his-6 strain with a wild-type strain of different genetic
      background (Mauriceville) and characterized the hybridization patterns seen in
      the progeny. It appears that the sequences homologous to the VR terminus are
      found at genetically different sites in the two parental strains, and no
      hybridization to the VR telomere from Mauriceville was detected. The other
      genomic copies identified in the Oak Ridge parent were not telomeres. I suggest
      that any repeating sequence blocks found immediately adjacent to the VR terminus
      in Oak Ridge strains must be small and that the repeating element identified in
      that background may be an N. crassa transposable element integrated near the the
      chromosome end at VR.

PMID- 2890098
TI  - Amplification of the IMP dehydrogenase gene in Chinese hamster cells resistant to
      mycophenolic acid.
AB  - The regulation of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) was analyzed in Chinese hamster V79
      cell variants that exhibit different degrees of resistance to the cytotoxic
      effect of mycophenolic acid, a specific inhibitor of IMPDH. Western blot
      (immunoblot) analysis with an IMPDH antiserum revealed a 14- to 27-fold increase
      in the amount of enzyme in the mycophenolic acid-resistant cells. The antiserum
      was also used to screen for a phage containing the IMPDH cDNA sequence from a
      lambda gt11 expression library. Northern blot (RNA blot) analyses of total
      cellular and poly(A)+ RNA showed that an IMPDH cDNA probe hybridized to a 2.2
      kilobase transcript, the amount of which was associated with increased
      resistance. Southern blotting with the probe indicated an amplification of the
      IMPDH gene in the mycophenolic acid-resistant cells. Our findings suggest that
      the acquired mycophenolic acid resistance of the V79 cell variants is associated
      with increases in the amount and activity of IMPDH and the number of IMPDH gene
      copies.

PMID- 2890100
TI  - The effects of benzodiazepines upon the fidelity of mitotic cell division in
      cultured Chinese hamster cells.
AB  - 4 benzodiazepine sedatives, namely diazepam, medazepam, midazolam and bromazepam
      were investigated for their effects upon the fidelity of cell division in both
      low passage number and immortalised Chinese hamster cell lines. The study
      revealed substantial differences in the effect of these structurally related
      drugs upon mitosis, which may reflect different mechanisms of action of the drugs
      in cultured cells. Diazepam and medazepam exposure of immortal and low passage
      number cells resulted in the formation of monopolar mitotic spindles and
      subsequent metaphase arrest. The production of these spindles may be explained by
      the inhibition or centriole separation . In contrast, midazolam and bromazepam
      failed to produce observable changes in spindle structure. All 4 benzodiazepines
      produced significant toxicity in low passage number cells whereas, immortalised
      cells were more resistant to their toxic effects. They all induced metaphase
      chromosome dislocations in immortalised cells, whereas only diazepam and
      medazepam produced such effects in the low passage number cell line. In general,
      immortal cells appeared to be less sensitive to the toxic effects of
      benzodiazepines than the low passage number cells.

PMID- 2890099
TI  - Regulated expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene by epidermal growth factor.
AB  - The addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to cultures of the rat PCG2
      pheochromocytoma cell line increased the level of RNA coding for tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH). A region of DNA containing 5'-flanking sequences of the TH gene
      was fused to a heterologous gene and transfected into a rat anterior pituitary
      cell line, GH4. The TH gene sequences from +27 to -272 contained information
      sufficient for the induction of TH by EGF. Two regions within this TH DNA were
      extensively homologous to the EGF regulatory element of the rat prolactin gene.

PMID- 2890101
TI  - Purification and characterization of a tyrosine aminotransferase from Crithidia
      fasciculata.
AB  - Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT, EC 2.6.1.5) from the kinetoplastid, Crithidia
      fasciculata, was purified over 2000 fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. The
      native form of the enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 100,000,
      whereas under denaturing conditions it produced two polypeptides of approximately
      50,000 and 48,000, respectively. Absence of a reaction with the periodic acid
      Schiff stain suggested that the crithidial enzyme was not a glycoprotein. It was
      relatively stable and remained active over a wide range of pH and temperature. It
      exhibited a broad substrate specificity and was able to utilize L-tyrosine, L
      tryptophan, and L-phenylalanine as amino donors. Antiserum produced against
      partially purified crithidial tyrosine aminotransferase failed to inhibit the
      enzymatic activity. The same antiserum cross-reacted with a soluble extract from
      Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, but not with that from normal mouse liver,
      confirming evolutionary conservatism between the two protozoa.

PMID- 2890102
TI  - Synthesis of a somatostatin-like peptide by Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The intracellular parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, was found to synthesize a
      peptide similar to mammalian somatostatin. High performance liquid chromatography
      of acetic acid extracts of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes revealed a
      metabolically labeled peptide that co-eluted with rat somatostatin and that was
      reactive with antibody against rat somatostatin. Bioassay of partially purified
      Plasmodium peptide demonstrated somatostatin activity. Acetic acid extracts from
      non-synchronized infected cultures were shown by radioimmunoassay to contain the
      equivalent of 150 molecules of somatostatin per parasite. Somatostatin was not
      detectable in erythrocytes of non-infected cultures.

PMID- 2890103
TI  - Specificity of a cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica towards the alpha 1
      CB2 peptide of bovine collagen type I.
AB  - The cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica was shown to hydrolyze the
      cyanogen bromide peptide alpha 1-CB2 of calf skin collagen type I yielding two
      split products. Amino acid analyses of the formed peptides and estimation of the
      amino-terminal residues revealed that the alpha 1-CB2 peptide was exclusively
      cleaved between Gly10 and Leu11 within the sequence -Arg9-Gly10-Leu11-yielding
      two peptides with 7 and 29 amino acids, respectively. Under identical conditions
      the ratio of hydrolysis of the Gly10-Leu11 bond in the alpha 1-CB2 peptide to the
      Gly23-Phe24 bond within the internal sequence -Arg22-Gly23-Phe24- of bovine
      insulin B-chain was 100:65. The enzyme was found to split both benzyloxycarbonyl
      Arg-Arg-methoxy-2-naphthylamide and benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg-Gly-2-naphthylamide.
      The ratio of hydrolysis of these substances was 100:11.6. Benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly
      Arg-2-naphthylamide was a very poor substrate for the enzyme.

PMID- 2890104
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of the hexokinase isoenzymes from
      pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns (zymodemes) are increasingly used to
      distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Entamoeba
      histolytica. Isolates of E. histolytica from asymptomatic and symptomatic cases
      have been shown to differ in the electrophoretic mobility of their hexokinase and
      phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes. The hexokinase isoenzymes from a non-pathogenic
      strain and from a pathogenic strain of E. histolytica were purified by fast
      protein liquid chromatography in several steps, which included a separation by
      size, chromatofocusing, and anion exchange chromatography. The isoenzymes
      differed in their isoelectric points, which ranged from pH 4.8-5.4, but had very
      similar kinetic properties and almost identical apparent molecular weights
      (48,000) in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, as well as on gel
      filtration columns. Comparison of tryptic peptide analysis of each of the
      isoenzymes indicated considerable homology between the non-pathogenic and
      pathogenic forms. Antibodies produced against each of the two pathogenic
      hexokinase isoenzymes inhibited their enzymatic activity. The antibodies also
      inhibited the activity of the isoenzymes of the non-pathogenic strain. Our
      findings suggest that the isoenzymes have structural similarities, and that the
      pathogenic ones differ from the non-pathogenic ones in their electromobility due
      to post-translational modifications.

PMID- 2890105
TI  - Co-release of glutamate and aspartate from cholinergic and GABAergic
      synaptosomes.
AB  - Glutamate and aspartate are known to be released in a calcium-dependent fashion
      by depolarizing stimulation of mammalian brain synaptosomes (isolated nerve
      endings), an observation which strengthens their claims to be neurotransmitter
      candidates. The source of these compounds has been interpreted as the exclusively
      glutamatergic or aspartatergic synaptosome sub-populations assumed to be present
      in the standard heterogeneous preparations from mammalian brain. Several
      neurotransmitter-specific synaptosomal surface markers have recently been
      identified by immunolysis studies and these have allowed separation of
      subpopulations of synaptosomes by an affinity purification method. These markers
      appear to be closely related to the biosynthetic enzyme for the principal
      neurotransmitter released by each sub-category of synaptosome. We have isolated
      highly purified, metabolically active, GABAergic and cholinergic synaptosomes
      from cerebral cortex using antisera recognizing either glutamate decarboxylase
      (GAD) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), in conjunction with magnetic
      microspheres covalently coupled to Protein A (ref. 8), and now report that these
      synaptosomes release both glutamate and aspartate, in addition to their principal
      neurotransmitter, when treated with chemical depolarizing agents.

PMID- 2890106
TI  - Centrifugal fibres synapse on dopaminergic interplexiform cells in the teleost
      retina.
AB  - In teleost fish, centrifugal fibres originating in the olfactory bulb and
      containing FMRFamide-like and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-like
      peptides project to the retina and terminate along the border of the inner
      nuclear and inner plexiform layers. Using a novel simultaneous two-colour
      immunolabelling technique, we have found that these centrifugal fibres are often
      closely apposed to the dopaminergic interplexiform cells. Contacts between
      centrifugal fibres and dopaminergic interplexiform cells were observed by
      electron microscopy to be conventional type synaptic junctions. Since the
      dopaminergic interplexiform cells make synapses on horizontal and bipolar cells,
      providing an intraretinal centrifugal pathway for information flow from the inner
      to the outer plexiform layers, we conclude that every neuron in the teleost
      retina is potentially susceptible to central influences via these centrifugal
      fibres and dopaminergic interplexiform cells.

PMID- 2890107
TI  - [Agoraphobia and (or) depression?].

PMID- 2890108
TI  - [The effect of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids].

PMID- 2890109
TI  - [Study by Amsterdam pharmacists concerning amounts of tranquilizers and sedatives
      delivered to 'normal' patients and drug users].

PMID- 2890110
TI  - [Current viewpoints in the pathogenesis and therapy of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2890111
TI  - [Consensus on management of the undescended testis].

PMID- 2890112
TI  - Characterization of quisqualate recognition sites in rat brain tissue using DL
      [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and a
      filtration assay.
AB  - The binding of [3H]AMPA (DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic
      acid), a ligand for the putative quisqualate excitatory amino acid receptor
      subtype, was evaluated using centrifugation and filtration receptor binding
      techniques in rat brain crude synaptosomal membrane preparations. Maximal
      specific binding of [3H]AMPA occurred in Triton X-100 treated membranes in the
      presence of the chaotropic agent potassium thiocyanate (KSCN). The effects of
      KSCN on binding were reversible and optimal at 100 mM. Supernatant obtained from
      detergent-treated membranes inhibited specific [3H]AMPA and [3H]kainic acid
      binding, suggesting the presence of an inhibitory agent which was tentatively
      identified as glutamate. Using centrifugation, saturation analysis revealed two
      distinct binding sites in both the absence and presence of KSCN. The chaotrope
      was most effective in increasing binding at the low affinity binding site,
      enhancing the affinity (Kd) without a concommitant change in the total number of
      binding sites. Using filtration, a single binding site was detected in Triton
      treated membranes. Like the data obtained by centrifugation, KSCN enhanced the
      affinity of the receptor (Kd value = 10 nM) without altering the number of
      binding sites (Bmax = 1.2 pmol/mg protein). The rank order of potency of various
      glutamate analogs in the [3H]AMPA binding assay was quisqualate greater than AMPA
      greater than L-glutamate greater than kainate greater than D-glutamate,
      consistent with the labeling of a quisqualate-type excitatory amino acid receptor
      subtype. L-glutamic acid diethylester, and 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
      (AP7) were inactive. The present technique provides a rapid, reliable assay for
      the evaluation of quisqualate-type excitatory amino acid agonists and/or
      antagonists that may be used to discover more potent and selective agents.

PMID- 2890113
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic receptor regulation of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase in brain synaptic
      membranes.
AB  - The effects of alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor ligands on Ca2+/Mg2+
      ATPase have been studied using synaptosomal plasma membranes isolated from rat
      brain cortex. Both phenylephrine and clonidine inhibited Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, in a
      concentration-dependent fashion. IC50 values for half-maximal inhibition for
      phenylephrine and clonidine were 29 microM and 18 microM, respectively. The
      inhibitory effect of phenylephrine was reversed by the alpha antagonist prazosin
      while yohimbine and rauwolscine reversed the inhibition of enzyme activity by
      clonidine. The two antagonist subtypes were effective only against the respective
      agonist subtypes, demonstrating distinct subtype preferences. Analysis of the
      kinetics of enzyme inhibition indicate both agonists to be noncompetitive. Some
      evidence suggests that yohimbine may exhibit mixed agonist/antagonist properties
      which depend on [Ca2+]. The present study provides biochemical evidence to
      support auto receptor alpha-adrenergic receptor regulation of neurotransmitter
      release.

PMID- 2890114
TI  - Altered expression of a heat shock protein in the mammalian nervous system in the
      presence of agents which affect microtubule stability.
AB  - In vitro incubation of the isolated rabbit retina at elevated temperature results
      in the synthesis of a heat shock protein of M.W. 74,000 (hsp74). Recently we have
      demonstrated that this protein is associated with preparations of purified
      retinal microtubules and intermediate filaments. In order to examine the
      possibility that hsp74 synthesis is related to cytoskeletal stability, the
      effects of agents known to specifically affect microtubules were examined using
      an in vitro retinal system. Taxol, an antimitotic agent which stabilizes
      microtubules, was found to reduce the level of hsp74 synthesized in response to
      elevated temperature. Colchicine, a potent microtubule de-stabilizing agent, did
      not induce hsp74 synthesis in the absence of elevated temperature, however, under
      heat shock conditions, hsp74 synthesis was elevated in the presence of
      colchicine. Kinetics of microtubule assembly were similar in preparations
      isolated from cerebral hemispheres of control and hyperthermic animals however,
      microtubules from the latter were altered in appearance and exhibited a higher
      degree of crosslinking.

PMID- 2890115
TI  - Cholinergic stimulation of inositol phosphate production in cultured anterior
      pituitary cells.
AB  - The effects of acetylcholine and of the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol on
      inositol phosphate production were studied in cultured rat anterior pituitary
      cells. In the presence of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine,
      acetylcholine significantly (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.01) stimulated
      inositol phosphate formation in a concentration-related fashion: carbachol, but
      not oxotremorine, produced similar effects. The increase in the amount of
      inositol phosphates (primarily inositol trisphosphate and inositol bisphosphate)
      was very rapid, an effect potently antagonized by the muscarinic receptor
      antagonist atropine. This agent significantly attenuated the stimulatory effect
      of carbachol on growth hormone (GH) release. These results indicate that the
      effects exerted by acetylcholine on anterior pituitary function (i.e. GH release)
      may be mediated, at least in part, by receptor-activated polyphosphoinositide
      hydrolysis. In addition, acetylcholine and carbachol's relation with other
      intracellular pathways and with hormone release is discussed.

PMID- 2890117
TI  - Emesis induced by cisplatin in the ferret as a model for the detection of anti
      emetic drugs.
AB  - The intravenous injection of cisplatin in the ferret caused a consistent emetic
      (vomiting/retching) response. Emesis induced by cisplatin was abolished by the 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) M-receptor antagonists ICS205-930, zacopride, dazopride
      and metoclopramide. The neuroleptic agents haloperidol, fluphenazine,
      domperidone, sulpiride and tiapride also antagonized emesis induced by cisplatin
      but only a proportion of the animals were completely protected and diazepam and
      prednisolone only reduced the intensity of the response. It is concluded that
      compounds used in the clinic to antagonise emesis induced by chemotherapy are
      effective in the ferret model. Antagonism of emesis induced by cisplatin in the
      ferret was most potently achieved by the use of the 5-HT M-receptor antagonists
      ICS205-930 and zacopride. However, an antagonism of dopamine receptors would
      appear relevant to the anti-emetic effects of the neuroleptic agents and may
      contribute to the anti-emetic effects of metoclopramide. Diazepam and
      prednisolone exert their modest antagonism by unknown mechanisms. The use of the
      5-HT M-receptor antagonists is revealed as a novel approach to the treatment of
      emesis induced by cisplatin.

PMID- 2890118
TI  - Behavioural consequences of the infusion of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens
      of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).
AB  - Marmosets, shown to have comparable levels of spontaneous locomotor activity,
      assessed in cages equipped with infra-red photocell units, could be separated
      into "high", "moderate" and "low activity" responders on the basis of their
      locomotor hyperactivity response to peripherally administered (-)N-n
      propylnorapomorphine [(-)NPA]. Animals selected as "low" and "high activity"
      responders to (-)NPA were subjected to chronic infusion of dopamine, or its
      solvent, bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens for 13 days through Alzet osmotic
      minipumps. Both "low" and "high activity" responders exhibited an increased
      locomotor activity which peaked on days 6-7 of the infusion. This hyperactivity,
      caused by infusion of dopamine was antagonised by small doses of sulpiride and
      fluphenazine. After the infusion, the level of spontaneous locomotor activity of
      the marmosets was unchanged from pre-infusion values. However, 2-3 weeks after
      discontinuing the infusion, the animals initially classified as "low activity"
      responders showed markedly enhanced activity when challenged with (-)NPA, and
      conversely, animals initially classified as "high activity" responders showed a
      reduced responsiveness to (-)NPA. It is concluded that the consequences of a
      persistent increase in the activity of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the
      brain of the marmoset are to (a) enhance locomotor activity during infusion and
      (b) after discontinuing infusion, to modify the locomotor responsiveness to
      challenge with a dopamine agonist, with the direction of the change dependent on
      the initial basal locomotor responsiveness to (-)NPA.

PMID- 2890116
TI  - Modulation by enkephalin analogues and neuroleptics of apomorphine-induced
      stereotypy and turning behaviour in rats.
AB  - The aim of the present investigation was to examine which areas of the brain
      might mediate the anti-apomorphine action of some opioids, which were found
      previously to be active upon subcutaneous application. As the first step, the
      substances were injected intracerebroventricularly or into the nucleus accumbens,
      a mesolimbic region which is rich in dopamine, and the inhibition of stereotypy
      induced by apomorphine was quantified. In a separate group of animals (rats with
      unilateral lesion of the nigra) the antagonism of turning behaviour elicited by
      apomorphine was measured. Substances examined were morphine, a mu-selective
      opiate; D-Ala2,Nle5-enkephalin sulphonic acid (ES), a delta-selective opioid
      peptide; D-Met2,Pro5-enkephalinamide (EA), a highly potent but non-selective
      opioid; and two dopamine receptor blockers, haloperidol and chlorpromazine, for
      comparison. Examining the antagonism of turning behaviour induced by apomorphine,
      the order of potency was EA greater than haloperidol greater than morphine
      greater than ES approximately equal to chlorpromazine if injections of the
      substances were intracerebroventricular and EA greater than morphine much greater
      than haloperidol approximately equal to ES much greater than chlorpromazine when
      administered into the nucleus accumbens. The order of potency for the suppression
      of stereotypy induced by apomorphine was EA much greater than haloperidol greater
      than morphine greater than ES greater than chlorpromazine upon
      intracerebroventricular application and EA much greater than haloperidol greater
      than morphine ES greater than chlorpromazine if injected into the nucleus
      accumbens. The data indicate that endogenous opioids might inhibit the activity
      of dopamine in brain through the nucleus accumbens.

PMID- 2890119
TI  - Purification of a kappa-opioid receptor subtype from frog brain.
AB  - A kappa-opioid receptor subtype was purified from a digitonin solubilized
      preparation of frog brain membranes using affinity chromatography. The affinity
      resin was prepared by coupling D-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin to Sepharose-6B matrix.
      After elution of the receptor by 50 mumol naloxone, the kappa-subtype was
      separated from the mu- and delta-subtypes by gel permeation chromatography on
      Sepharose-6B. The purified receptor binds 3,900 pmol [3H]-ethylketocyclazocine
      per mg protein (a 4,300-fold purification over the membrane-bound receptor) with
      a KD of 8.3 nM. The purified receptor protein exhibits high affinity for kappa
      selective ligands. The purified fraction shows two bands (Mr 65,000 and 58,000)
      in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2890121
TI  - Tank turret crush injuries of the foot.

PMID- 2890120
TI  - Neuronal uptake and laminar distribution of tritiated aspartate, glutamate, gamma
      aminobutyrate and glycine in the prestriate cortex of squirrel monkeys:
      correlation with levels of cytochrome oxidase activity and their uptake in area
      17.
AB  - The neuronal uptake and laminar distribution of cortically injected tritium
      labeled gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), aspartic acid, glutamate and glycine was
      examined in the prestriate cortex of squirrel monkeys. The intent of this
      investigation was not to examine the role of these amino acids as
      neurotransmitters, but to correlate the distribution of tritium-labeled neurons
      with their levels of cytochrome oxidase activity. A comparison of the number of
      these labeled neurons was made between the metabolically active "puff" and the
      less active "nonpuff" regions. In addition, these results were contrasted with
      the findings in area 17. With each tritiated amino acid tested, labeled neurons
      that had either high or low levels of cytochrome oxidase activity were present in
      all laminae. However, the density of labeled neurons varied between lamina for a
      given amino acid as well as between different amino acids. While many neurons
      that were cytochrome oxidase-reactive were also tritium-labeled, cytochrome
      oxidase activity was not a prerequisite for the sequestering of tritium label. In
      fact, many of the labeled neurons exhibited relatively low levels of cytochrome
      oxidase activity. Similar to area 17, few aspartate- or glutamate-labeled neurons
      were present in laminae II-III. The number of labeled neurons for both amino
      acids increased in laminae IV-VI, with the greatest increase observed in laminae
      V-VI. Gamma-aminobutyrate-labeled neurons were more prevalent in laminae I and
      upper II than in the other laminae, whereas in area 17, a greater proportion of
      the labeled neurons were found in laminae V-VI. With the exception of the
      uppermost laminae, where GABA-labeled neurons were more abundant, the number of
      glycine-labeled neurons was significantly greater throughout most laminae than
      with the other amino acids examined. The density of glycine-labeled neurons in
      lamina IV, however, was significantly less than the number observed in lamina III
      even though lamina III was farther away from the injection site which was at the
      boundary between laminae V-VI. Glycine-labeled neurons were, on average, larger
      than those labeled with any other amino acid. Similar to area 17, more GABA- and
      glycine-labeled neurons were observed within the puff regions than in nonpuff
      regions. No puff/nonpuff differences were observed in the distribution of leucine
      injected controls. Labeled neurons for each amino acid included stellate-,
      fusiform- and pyramidal-shaped cells, each of varying sizes. However, outside the
      intensely labeled injection sites, no GABA-labeled pyramidal cells were
      observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2890122
TI  - [Effects of long-term therapy with somatostatin].

PMID- 2890123
TI  - The regional distribution of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in control and
      Alzheimer's disease striatum.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity
      (NPYLI) were measured in subdissections of both normal and Alzheimer's disease
      (AD) striatum at 5 coronal levels. Concentrations of both neuropeptides were
      relatively homogeneously distributed in the coronal and anterior-posterior planes
      except for a trend towards increased concentrations in the tail of the caudate
      and the posterior putamen. The nucleus accumbens showed 2-3-fold higher
      concentrations of both SLI and NPYLI than the rest of the striatum. There were no
      significant differences between control and AD brains. The high concentrations of
      SLI and NPYLI in the nucleus accumbens suggest that this region may receive
      somatostatin-neuropeptide Y afferents and that somatostatin and neuropeptide Y
      may play a role in the modulation of motor activity.

PMID- 2890124
TI  - Colocalization of GABA and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities in the axons
      innervating the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary: an ultrastructural
      immunogold study.
AB  - Distribution of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and dopaminergic
      innervations was studied in the rat neurointermediate lobe using antibodies
      against GABA and tyrosine hydroxylase. In light microscopy, immunoperoxidase
      staining revealed similar distribution patterns of the axons reacting with both
      antibodies. Diffusely scattered in both lobes, they were more concentrated along
      the marginal zone of the neural lobe. Application of a double, recto-verso,
      immunogold labelling method in electron microscopy revealed systematic
      colocalization of GABA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities in the
      axons innervating the intermediate lobe; in the neural lobe, almost all GABA
      immunoreactive axons were also labelled for TH. Thus, GABA and dopamine, hitherto
      reported to occur in distinct axons, in fact colocalize in the axonal systems
      which innervate the pituitary neurointermediate lobe. These observations suggest
      possible interactions (pre- or postsynaptic) of both transmitters in the
      functional regulation of the intermediate and neural lobes.

PMID- 2890125
TI  - The toxicity of MPTP to dopamine neurons in culture is reduced at high
      concentrations.
AB  - The toxicity of MPTP to dopamine (DA) neurons was studied in dissociated cell
      cultures from rat embryo mesencephalon. The cultures were exposed to MPTP (from
      0.1 to 200 microM) for 7 days and were analyzed by catecholamine
      histofluorescence after incubation with alpha-methylnorepinephrine, by tyrosine
      hydroxylase (T-OH) immunocytochemistry and by [3H]DA uptake. Treatment with MPTP
      at the lower range of concentrations (between 0.1 and 5 microM) resulted in a
      dose-dependent reduction of the uptake of [3H]DA, which had a maximum effect at 5
      microM. Further increase in the concentration of MPTP (from 10 to 200 microM)
      resulted in progressive attenuation of the toxic effect. Exposure to 200 microM
      MPTP did not produce significant reduction in the uptake of [3H]DA. Increased
      survival of DA neurons at the higher concentrations of MPTP, was documented by
      catecholamine histofluorescence and by T-OH immunocytochemistry in cultures
      treated with 10 and 100 microM MPTP. MPTP was shown to be a potent inhibitor of
      MPP+ uptake by DA neurons in culture. In the presence of 100 or 200 microM MPTP,
      the uptake of MPP+ was reduced to less than 20% of control levels. Therefore, the
      reduction of MPTP toxicity at the high concentrations can be explained, at least
      in part, by the inhibition of the uptake of MPP+ (the toxic metabolite of MPTP
      oxidation) in the presence of high concentrations of MPTP.

PMID- 2890126
TI  - [Retroviruses and the development of lymphoma].
AB  - Retroviruses are small, RNA-containing enveloped viruses which are widely
      distributed in nature. They exist in many animal species as well as in man.
      Exogenous virus strains are horizontally transmitted between individuals of a
      given species, like all other virus groups. Endogenous virus strains have managed
      some time during evolution to infect germ line cells like oocytes and
      spermatocytes and are thus transmitted vertically from parents to offspring.
      Several retrovirus strains possess oncogenes, i.e., acutely tumor-inducing genes.
      There are four human retrovirus strains so far. The initially discovered strain,
      HTLV-I, is accepted to be a co-factor in the development of an acute T-cell
      leukemia in adults. HTLV-II has repeatedly been isolated from cells of patients
      with hairy cell leukemia. Its etiological significance is unclear at present.
      HTLV-III/LAV-1, now designated HIV-1, is the causative agent of AIDS. HTLV-IV and
      LAV-2 are additional HIV-1 related strains and are supposed to cause AIDS as
      well. What is known about the pathogenicity of the human retrovirus strains will
      be discussed.

PMID- 2890127
TI  - [Effect of commercial beta blockers and their combination with artificial tears
      on the duration of tear film stability].
AB  - The influences of 8 different beta-blockers on the tear film stability-measured
      on the breakup time (BUT) of normal and healthy volunteers-was compared. All beta
      blockers led to BUT reduction, however, the lowest influence was observed with
      levobunolol. The duration of this effect was compared with that of levobunolol,
      timolol and metipranolol. While the minor BUT alterations induced by levobunolol
      recovered after 30 min and were completely restored after 1 h, those of the two
      other beta-blockers lasted for over 2 h. The combination of timolol 0.5% with
      different artificial tears containing mainly polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 1.4%,
      methylcellulose and polyacrylic acid initially led also to BUT reduction. The
      best results were obtained with PVA 1.4%.

PMID- 2890128
TI  - Bone and joint infections in children.
AB  - The current approach to the diagnosis and treatment of bone and joint infections
      in children is presented. Guidelines for the surgical and medical regimen of each
      are outlined.

PMID- 2890129
TI  - [Erythema chronicum migrans Lipschutz].

PMID- 2890131
TI  - [New problems in the treatment of hypertension].

PMID- 2890130
TI  - [Treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease].

PMID- 2890132
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of hyperventilation in arthritic rats.
AB  - The study examined the validity of increased minute volume of ventilation as a
      measurement of chronic pain in arthritic rats. The opiates morphine and R 62 818
      attenuated arthritic hyperventilation, but only at doses which also reduced the
      ventilatory response to CO2 in normal rats. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin and suprofen, the corticosteroids, cortisone and
      dexamethasone, and the tranquillizers, haloperidol and chlordiazepoxide, were
      essentially ineffective except at doses that also produced anti-inflammatory
      and/or toxic effects. A combination of an in itself ineffective dose of R 62 818
      with an ineffective dose of suprofen did attenuate arthritic hyperventilation,
      and the combination constituted the only pharmacological treatment that did so in
      the absence of anti-inflammatory, toxic or intrinsic respiratory effects. The
      data are consistent with the hypothesis that pain rather than acidosis mediates
      arthritic hyperventilation. They also suggest that combinations of an opiate with
      an NSAID may perhaps be effective in alleviating this pain.

PMID- 2890134
TI  - Genetics and mosquito control.

PMID- 2890133
TI  - Electrophoretic studies in mosquitoes: recent advances.

PMID- 2890135
TI  - Clostridium perfringens meningitis in an infant: case report and literature
      review.

PMID- 2890136
TI  - Enzymuria in neonates during treatment with gentamicin or tobramycin.

PMID- 2890137
TI  - Comparative two-phase clinicopharmacological trial of a new antihistaminic, EGYT
      2062, setastine.
AB  - During the two-phase clinicopharmacological trial in humans of a new
      antihistaminic compound EGYT-2062, setastine developed by EGIS Pharmaceutical
      Company, Budapest, was tested the tolerance to the drug, its pharmacodynamic
      effect by i. c. histamine and acetylcholine tests, and its effect on the CNS by
      neuropsychiatric examination on eight healthy volunteers. The side-effects
      appearing during treatment were recorded. A self-controlled blind study was
      performed. The reference compound was clemastine. Based on the results, for
      prolonged use a dose of 2 mg three times/day (t.i.d.) is recommended. The
      antihistaminic effect of setastine almost equalled that of clemastine given in a
      dose of 1 mg t.i.d., while its antiacetylcholine effect exceeded it, and in view
      of its few psychic side-effects, might be tolerated better than clemastine.

PMID- 2890138
TI  - EcoRI RFLP at 19 cen-q13.2 identified by the anonymous DNA sequence pPM6.7
      (D19S18).

PMID- 2890139
TI  - RFLP for C2/11 (D7S374), a cosmid for chromosome seven.

PMID- 2890140
TI  - The OTA report: a policy analysis.

PMID- 2890141
TI  - Central beta- and alpha-adrenolytic activities of adimolol.
AB  - The central adrenergic blocking activity of adimolol (ADL) was studied in rats
      and mice in the tests which can differentiate beta-, alpha 1-, and alpha 2
      adrenolytic effects. Clenbuterol- and salbutamol-induced sedation in rats (open
      field test) and clenbuterol-induced hyperthermia (at high ambient temperature)
      were antagonized by low doses of ADL (0.1-1.0 mg/kg ip). ADL (10 mg/kg ip)
      attenuated the clonidine-induced aggression in mice, and its higher doses (20 and
      40 mg/kg ip) depressed the hind limb flexor reflex of the spinal rat and
      counteracted the stimulatory action of clonidine. ADL at doses from 2.5 to 40
      mg/kg ip affected neither the clonidine-induced sedation in rats and mice
      (locomotor activity, open field test), nor the hyperthermia (at high
      temperature). The hypothermia (at a room temperature of 21 degrees C) induced by
      clonidine was partially antagonized. The Ki values for ADL displacement of 3H
      dihydroalprenolol and 3H-prazosin binding in the rat cerebral cortex were 1.2 nM
      and 951 nM respectively. These results indicate that ADL is a potent antagonist
      of central beta-adrenoceptors and has a weaker alpha 1-adrenolytic action. The
      central alpha 2-antagonistic effect is either very weak or absent.

PMID- 2890142
TI  - [Mechanisms of viral leukemogenesis. II. T-cell leukemia associated with
      retroviruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II].

PMID- 2890143
TI  - [Neuroreceptors].

PMID- 2890144
TI  - Delirium tremens. Update on an old disorder.
AB  - A retrospective study of patients who probably had delirium tremens during
      hospitalization for alcohol dependency is reported. Predictors of delirium
      tremens were daily heavy alcohol use, a past history of delirium tremens, and a
      past history of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Management included general measures
      and specific therapy for complications. Mortality was only 4.9%, which reflects
      the improved management techniques now available. The use of multiple
      interventions proved most effective.

PMID- 2890145
TI  - Anaphylaxis. Why it happens and what to do about it.
AB  - Anaphylaxis is an often severe, potentially life-threatening symptom complex.
      Urticaria, airway edema, vascular collapse, asthma, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
      are common clinical signs. Recently recognized syndromes of anaphylaxis include
      reactions due to exercise, food preservatives, aspirin, steroids, dialysis,
      various serums, and human seminal fluid. Initial therapy is directed at
      maintaining an effective airway and circulatory system. Administration of aqueous
      epinephrine is always indicated. Other measures may include oxygen delivery by
      controlled flow, administration of an aerosolized beta agonist, slow infusion of
      aminophylline, and rapid infusion of intravenous fluid. Patients with severe
      acute reactions should be monitored in-hospital.

PMID- 2890146
TI  - Bronchial asthma. Mechanisms and management of a complex obstructive airway
      disease.
AB  - Airway hyperreactivity to physical, chemical, and pharmacologic stimuli is a
      hallmark of bronchial asthma. In patients with extrinsic (allergic) asthma, in
      whom an immunologic mechanism of the IgE type can be demonstrated, specific
      sensitivity develops to a variety of common environmental substances, including
      pollen, fungus spores, house dust mites, and animal danders. Persons with
      intrinsic asthma, in whom immunologic mechanisms are hard to demonstrate, often
      have chronic sinus disease and nasal polyps and manifest clinical intolerance to
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. Evaluation of asthma includes a history and
      complete physical examination, skin tests, radioallergosorbent tests, pulmonary
      function tests, blood gas determination, and inhalation challenge tests.
      Treatment is focused on environmental control, pharmacotherapy, and
      immunotherapy.

PMID- 2890147
TI  - Duodenal ulcer. Who should have long-term maintenance therapy?
AB  - Duodenal ulcer frequently recurs in some high-risk patients, particularly those
      who smoke. Maintenance therapy with H2-receptor antagonists or sucralfate reduces
      the recurrence rate and appears to be safe over a one-year period. Not all
      patients with healed duodenal ulcer are candidates for maintenance therapy,
      however, and selection should be based on evaluation of such risk factors as
      smoking habits, previous recurrence, and history of complications. Intermittent
      treatment of acute episodes may be an alternative.

PMID- 2890148
TI  - Pharmacological control of human gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2890149
TI  - Famotidine pharmacokinetics following oral and intravenous administration in
      patients with liver disease: results of a preliminary study.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of famotidine were studied following single oral and
      intravenous 20-mg dose administration and after multiple oral 40-mg doses in 11
      patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis of varying severity and in five healthy
      control subjects. No significant differences were observed, following single
      intravenous administration, in mean plasma famotidine half-lives or in mean
      plasma famotidine clearance values between the cirrhotic and control groups.
      Equally, values for mean maximum plasma famotidine concentrations and for mean
      times to peak plasma concentrations, estimated following single oral
      administration, were comparable between the groups. The mean (+/- s.d.) systemic
      availability of the drug, estimated from the areas under the curves, was 36 +/-
      24% in the control subjects and 46 +/- 24% in the patients with cirrhosis. No
      significant increases were observed in trough plasma famotidine concentrations
      following multiple oral doses in the patients with cirrhosis and there was no
      evidence of drug accumulation. No significant changes were observed in
      psychometric performance in any of the patients or control subjects during the
      multiple-oral-dose study. Thus no significant changes occur in famotidine
      disposition in patients with cirrhosis even when their disease is decompensated.
      No reduction in drug dosage should therefore be necessary in these patients.
      Famotidine may produce less neurological side effects in patients with liver
      disease than the histamine H2-receptor antagonists used currently.

PMID- 2890150
TI  - Effect of oral famotidine on 24-hour intragastric acidity.
AB  - Twenty-four hour intragastric acidity was measured in nine volunteer subjects in
      a single-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study comparing the effects of
      famotidine with ranitidine. The volunteer subjects received famotidine (40 mg at
      night), famotidine (20 mg at night), ranitidine (300 mg at night) or placebo in a
      predetermined random order. Twenty-four hour intragastric acidity was measured
      after the seventh dose of each drug or placebo. Famotidine (20 mg), famotidine
      (40 mg) and ranitidine, all caused a significant decrease of intragastric
      nocturnal acidity when compared with placebo (P less than 0.01), with no effect
      during the daytime (P greater than 0.05). Treatment with all the drugs caused a
      significant rise of fasting plasma gastrin concentration compared with placebo (P
      less than 0.05).

PMID- 2890151
TI  - Drug treatment for haematemesis and melaena.
AB  - Searches for useful medical treatments for upper gastrointestinal bleeding have
      generally ignored the need for very large case numbers if useful effects are to
      be detected. Available results are compatible with clinically valuable treatment
      effects, which can only be detected if present in very large studies.

PMID- 2890152
TI  - Hypersensitivity reactions to drugs in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - We describe a patient with AIDS in whom recurrent drug eruption and fever
      following administration of various unrelated agents developed. Previous drug
      exposure was uneventful. A possible mechanism for this phenomenon is described.

PMID- 2890153
TI  - Salmonella intracerebral and subdural abscess--report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of the rarely encountered Salmonella typhi subdural empyema are
      reported. The first was in an 11 month old infant and the second in a 25 year old
      adult. Neither of them suffered from typhoid fever. The causative organism was
      not suspected until the culture report was obtained. Both patients responded
      satisfactorily to therapy.

PMID- 2890154
TI  - Treatment with neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2890155
TI  - The benzodiazepines as substances of abuse.

PMID- 2890156
TI  - A new device to measure drug-induced changes on reactive and coordinative skills
      of human performance.
AB  - A computerized device for simultaneous measurement of coordinative and reactive
      skills related to driving was developed and tested in two consecutive trials of
      psychoactive agents in healthy volunteers. The test system comprises a vehicle, a
      driving computer (Sinclair QL), and the programming and measurement computer (IBM
      PC). The computerized driving programme projects to the colour--TV screen a
      winding road, and the driver has to keep the car on the road by turning the
      steering wheel. The driving proceedes at a fixed, fairly rapid rate for 5 min.,
      and the numbers of tracking errors (deviations from the road) as well as the
      tracking percentage (relative length of the track driven off the road) were
      computed separately for both halves of the track. During the latter half of the
      track 60 visual or/and sound stimuli were given in random order, and the driver
      had to respond or not respond to them by pressing a button or by pushing a foot
      pedal. The number of reaction errors and the cumulative reaction time were
      recorded. The programme also provides a histogramme that relates the number of
      deviations from the road to their duration, enabling a visual judgement of the
      severity of errors. Matched versions (mirror image, reverse direction) of tracks
      of varying severity were offered to reduce learning effect during the trial. When
      testing the device in two placebo-controlled double-blind and cross-over trials,
      a considerable practice effect on tracking and reaction strategies took place,
      but after proper training the baselines remained reasonably stable.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890157
TI  - Dose-response effect of somatostatin-14 on human basal pancreatic hormones.
AB  - The effect of increased doses of Somatostatin-14 (3, 10, 30, 100, 300
      micrograms/h) on basal release of insulin, pancreatic glucagon and pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP) was investigated on eight normal volunteers. Levels of
      Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was determined in order to correlate the
      increased SLI levels with the degree of islet hormone inhibition (r = 0.9947, p
      less than 0.01). By increasing the basal levels of SLI by one-third, a
      significant inhibition (p less than 0.01) of insulin, glucagon, and PP was noted
      (78.5, 78.6, 75.2%, respectively, on basal levels). The maximal effect was
      obtained with 300 micrograms/h for insulin, with 30 micrograms/h for glucagon and
      100 micrograms/h for PP. In evaluating the relative inhibitory potency of
      somatostatin, expressed as ED50, the theoretic potency of somatostatin on each
      peptide had similar values, ranging from 30 to 10 micrograms/h. The present data
      show that a minimal peripheric increase in SLI is able to regulate basal islet
      pancreatic hormones.

PMID- 2890158
TI  - Reconstitution of the lysosomal proton pump.
AB  - Lysosomal membrane proteins solubilized with octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside were
      reconstituted into proteoliposomes using acetone/ether-washed phospholipids from
      Escherichia coli. Assays of the quenching of acridine orange fluorescence showed
      that addition of both ATP and valinomycin to K+-loaded proteoliposomes led to the
      formation of a pH gradient that was acidic inside. ATP-driven acidification took
      place in the absence of permeant anions and was inhibited by the "protonophore",
      carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, indicating that only H+ was
      transported actively. Proton translocation was readily blocked by N
      ethylmaleimide (10 microM gave 50% inhibition of fluorescence quenching) but was
      unaffected by oligomycin (50 nM), orthovanadate (50 microM), or ouabain (0.5 mM);
      similarly, only N-ethylmaleimide affected ATP hydrolysis by proteoliposomes (88%
      inhibition). Other work showed that reconstitution of ATP-driven proton
      translocation required the presence of glycerol during protein solubilization and
      that optimal recovery depended on the use of both glycerol and phospholipid at
      this stage. We conclude that acidification of the lysosome is mediated by an
      ATPase capable of electrogenic H+ translocation without molecular coupling to
      other ionic species.

PMID- 2890159
TI  - Sequence of an intestinal cDNA encoding human gastric inhibitory polypeptide
      precursor.
AB  - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a 42-amino acid hormone that stimulates
      insulin secretion in the presence of glucose. Complementary DNA clones encoding
      human GIP were isolated from a library prepared with RNA from duodenum. The
      predicted amino acid sequence indicates that GIP is derived by proteolytic
      processing of a 153-residue precursor, preproGIP. The GIP moiety is flanked by
      polypeptide segments of 51 and 60 amino acids at its NH2 and COOH termini,
      respectively. The former includes a signal peptide of about 21 residues and an
      NH2-terminal propeptide of 30 amino acids. GIP is released from the precursor by
      processing at single arginine residues. There is a region of nine amino acids in
      the COOH-terminal propeptide of the GIP precursor that has partial homology with
      a portion of chromogranin A as well as pancreastatin.

PMID- 2890160
TI  - Increased expression of the putative growth factor receptor p185HER2 causes
      transformation and tumorigenesis of NIH 3T3 cells.
AB  - The HER2 gene encodes a cell-surface glycoprotein with extensive homology to the
      epidermal growth factor receptor. Recently it was found to be amplified in about
      30% of primary human breast malignancies. In experiments designed to assess the
      role of the HER2 gene in oncogenesis, we found that overexpression of unaltered
      HER2 coding sequences in NIH 3T3 cells resulted in cellular transformation and
      tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2890161
TI  - Constitutive overexpression of a growth-regulated gene in transformed Chinese
      hamster and human cells.
AB  - Comparison by subtractive hybridization of mRNAs revealed a moderately abundant
      message in highly tumorigenic CHEF/16 cells present at very low levels in closely
      related nontumorigenic CHEF/18 cells. After cloning and sequencing the
      corresponding cDNA, computer comparison showed closest homology with the human
      connective tissue-activating peptide III (CTAP III). The human tumor cell cDNA
      hybridizing with the Chinese hamster clone was isolated, sequenced, and found to
      have closer similarity to the Chinese hamster gene than to CTAP III. Thus, the
      cloned cDNAs from Chinese hamster and human cells represent a different gene,
      named gro. Studies of its transcriptional regulation have shown that expression
      is tightly regulated by growth status in normal Chinese hamster and human cells
      and relaxed in the tumorigenic cells so far examined.

PMID- 2890162
TI  - Pancreastatin and islet hormone release.
AB  - The effect of pancreastatin on the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
      was studied in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. After an initial equilibration
      period (-20 to 0 min) with a basal glucose concentration (3.3 mM), the pancreata
      were perfused with either 16.7 mM glucose (0-40 min) or with 20 mM arginine (0-20
      min). Pancreastatin was introduced 10 min prior to and throughout the
      administration of the high glucose and arginine and continued during their
      perfusion. As expected, the glucose and the arginine augmented insulin and
      somatostatin release. Pancreastatin (1 and 10 nM) markedly suppressed the first
      phase of insulin release with both insulinogogues used, while the early
      somatostatin secretion was not significantly decreased. However, the peak
      incremental somatostatin response to arginine was reduced by 50% (P less than
      0.05). Conversely, the peptide (10 nM) tended to augment arginine-induced
      glucagon release. Pancreastatin (100 nM) also suppressed glucose-stimulated
      insulin release from isolated rat islets. These pancreastatin-mediated
      alterations in islet hormone release are reminiscent of those known to
      characterize non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Therefore, the significance of
      pancreastatin in islet physiology and pathophysiology deserves special
      consideration.

PMID- 2890163
TI  - Reduced expression of multiple forms of the alpha subunit of the stimulatory GTP
      binding protein in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia.
AB  - We examined the expression of the alpha subunit of the stimulatory GTP-binding
      protein (Gs) in fibroblasts of subjects with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type
      Ia by transfer blot hybridization and S1 nuclease analyses. Six subjects with PHP
      type Ia showed decreased steady-state content of Gs alpha mRNA. S1 nuclease
      analysis indicates that both long and short forms of Gs alpha mRNA are decreased,
      with no apparent change in the ratio of long to short forms in PHP compared with
      normal individuals. It appears likely that in some cases of PHP type Ia the
      genetic lesion affects the maintenance of mRNA levels for all forms of the Gs
      alpha subunit.

PMID- 2890165
TI  - Dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon are enriched in culture
      through immunoreaction with monoclonal antibody to neural specific protein 4 and
      flow cytometry.
AB  - Dopaminergic neurons represent a rare neurotransmitter phenotype within the
      mammalian central nervous system. The mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons form the
      ascending dopaminergic pathways in mammals and are involved in motor and limbic
      functions. Here we report that about 30% of all developing mouse mesencephalic
      cells, including virtually all of the dopaminergic phenotype, express surface
      membrane determinant(s) recognized by a monoclonal antibody to neural specific
      protein 4 (NSP4). We have been able to isolate and culture neurons from the
      mesencephalon according to their expression of NSP4, using the anti-NSP4
      immunoreaction in conjunction with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cultures
      of NSP4+-sorted cells showed a significant enrichment in three morphologically
      distinct putative dopaminergic phenotypes when compared to unsorted mesencephalic
      cultures, whereas the cultures of NSP4--sorted cells were virtually devoid of
      dopaminergic neurons. This flow cytometric enrichment in dopaminergic neurons
      should provide the necessary cells for multidisciplinary study of dopaminergic
      phenotype differentiation.

PMID- 2890164
TI  - Somatostatin analogs as adjuncts to agonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone in the treatment of experimental prostate cancer.
AB  - The combination of a long-acting delivery system for the agonist [D
      Trp6]luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ([D-Trp6]LH-RH) with modern
      somatostatin analogs was studied in the Dunning R-3327H rat prostate cancer
      model. Microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH releasing 25 micrograms/day were injected
      once a month. In the first experiment the adjunct was the somatostatin analog D
      Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2 (RC-121), administered at a dose of 2.5
      micrograms twice a day, and the therapy was continued for 70 days. Tumor volume
      was significantly decreased by [D-Trp6]LH-RH microcapsules or RC-121 given alone.
      The combination of microcapsules and analog RC-121 caused a greater inhibition of
      tumor growth than the single agents. Similar effects were seen when the percent
      increase in the tumor volume was examined. The inhibition of tumor growth caused
      by the [D-Trp6]LH-RH microcapsules was greater than that caused by RC-121. The
      combination of the two agents was again the most effective, resulting in the
      smallest increase in tumor volume. Tumor weights were much lower in the groups
      treated with microcapsules or RC-121 alone than in controls. The lowest tumor
      weights were obtained in the group that received the combination of [D-Trp6]LH-RH
      microcapsules and RC-121. Similar results were obtained in the second experiment,
      in which the animals were treated for a period of 83 days with microcapsules
      containing the somatostatin analog D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2 (RC
      160) that released 5 micrograms/day and were injected twice a month alone or in
      combination with microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH. Microcapsules of analog RC-160
      given alone significantly decreased tumor growth as measured by the final tumor
      volume, the percentage change from the initial tumor volume, and the reduction in
      tumor weight. The inhibition of tumor growth induced by [D-Trp6]LH-RH
      microcapsules was greater than that caused by RC-160. The most striking decrease
      in tumor weight and volume was obtained in animals treated with microcapsules of
      [D-Trp6]LH-RH combined with the delayed delivery system for RC-160. The overall
      response to the combination therapy could reflect the inhibition by somatostatin
      analogs of the proliferation of prostate cancer cells through a decrease in
      growth hormone and prolactin release and interference with endogenous growth
      factors, in addition to the main effect, which is the suppression by [D-Trp6]LH
      RH of the growth of androgen-dependent tumor cells. Our results indicate that
      somatostatin analogs enhance the inhibitory effects of [D-Trp6]LH-RH on the
      growth of prostate tumors. The administration of somatostatin analogs in
      combination with microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH might improve clinical response
      in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma.

PMID- 2890166
TI  - Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase by L-659,699.
AB  - A beta-lactone isolated from Fusarium sp. has been shown to be a potent specific
      inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase
      [(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA-lyase (CoA-acetylating), EC,
      4.1.3.5] from rat liver. The structure of this beta-lactone, termed L-659,699, is
      (E,E)-11-[3-(hydroxy-methyl)-4-oxo-2-oxytanyl]-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4 -
      undecadienenoic acid. A partially purified preparation of cytoplasmic HMG-CoA
      synthase from rat liver was inhibited by L-659,699 with an IC50 of 0.12 microM.
      The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetoacetyl-CoA
      synthetase, and fatty acid synthase were not inhibited to any extent by this
      compound. In cultured Hep G2 cells, the compound inhibited the incorporation of
      [14C]acetate into sterols with an IC50 of 6 microM, while incorporation of
      [3H]mevalonate into sterols in these cells was not affected. The activity of HMG
      CoA reductase in the cultured Hep G2 cells was induced in a dose-dependent manner
      by incubation with L-659,699. A 37-fold increase in reductase was observed after
      a 24-hr incubation with 62 microM L-659,699. The effect of a number of analogs of
      L-659,699 on HMG-CoA synthase is also discussed.

PMID- 2890167
TI  - Engraftment of a clonal bone marrow stromal cell line in vivo stimulates
      hematopoietic recovery from total body irradiation.
AB  - Whether bone marrow stromal cells of donors contribute physiologically to
      hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution after marrow transplantation is unknown.
      To determine the transplantability of nonhematopoietic marrow stromal cells,
      stable clonal stromal cell line (GB1/6) expressing the a isoenzyme of glucose-6
      phosphate isomerase (Glu6PI-a, D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase; EC 5.3.1.9)
      was derived from murine long-term bone marrow cultures and made resistant to
      neomycin analogue G418 by retroviral gene transfer. GB1/6 cells were
      fibronectin+, laminin+, and collagen-type IV+ and collagen type I-; these GB1/6
      cells supported in vitro growth of hematopoietic stem cells forming colony
      forming units of spleen cells (CFU-S) and of granulocytes, erythrocytes, and
      macrophage/megakarocytes (CFU-GEMM) in the absence of detectable growth factors
      interleukin 3 (multi-colony-stimulating factor), granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor, granulocyte-stimulating factor, or their poly(A)+ mRNAs. The
      GB1/6 cells produced macrophage colony-stimulating factor constitutively.
      Recipient C57BL/6J (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase b) mice that received 3-Gy
      total-body irradiation and 13 Gy to the right hind limb were injected i.v. with
      GB1/6 cells. Engrafted mice demonstrated donor-originating Glu6PI-a+ stromal
      cells in marrow sinuses in situ 2 mo after transplantation and a significantly
      enhanced hematopoietic recovery compared with control irradiated nontransplanted
      mice. Continuous (over numerous passages) marrow cultures derived from
      transplanted mice demonstrated G418-resistant, Glu6PI-a+ stromal colony-forming
      cells and greater cumulative production of multipotential stem cells of recipient
      origin compared with cultures established from irradiated, nontransplanted
      control mice. These data are evidence for physiological function in vivo of a
      transplanted bone marrow stromal cell line.

PMID- 2890169
TI  - Fibrinogen and liver function parameters during PGE1-therapy.

PMID- 2890168
TI  - Carcinogen-induced mdr overexpression is associated with xenobiotic resistance in
      rat preneoplastic liver nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas.
AB  - We have previously reported the isolation of a human breast cancer cell line
      resistant to doxorubicin (adriamycin; AdrR MCF-7 cells) that has also developed
      the phenotype of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR in this cell line is associated
      with increased expression of mdr (P glycoprotein) gene sequences. The development
      of MDR in AdrR MCF-7 cells is also associated with changes in the expression of
      several phase I and phase II drug-detoxifying enzymes. These changes are
      remarkably similar to those associated with development of xenobiotic resistance
      in rat hyperplastic liver nodules, a well-studied model system of chemical
      carcinogenesis. Using an mdr-encoded cDNA sequence isolated from AdrR MCF-7
      cells, we have examined the expression of mdr sequences in rat livers under a
      variety of experimental conditions. The expression of mdr increased 3-fold in
      regenerating liver. It was also elevated (3- to 12-fold) in several different
      samples of rat hyperplastic nodules and in four of five hepatomas that developed
      in this system. This suggests that overexpression of mdr, a gene previously
      associated with resistance to antineoplastic agents, may also be involved in the
      development of resistance to xenobiotics in rat hyperplastic nodules. In
      addition, although the acute administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene induced an 8
      fold increase in hepatic mdr-encoded RNA, performance of a partial hepatectomy
      either before or after administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene resulted in a
      greater than 80-fold increase in mdr gene expression over that in normal
      untreated livers. This represents an important in vivo model system in which to
      study the acute regulation of this drug resistance gene.

PMID- 2890170
TI  - Improving cancer patients' pain control through education.
AB  - While patient accrual for this study is not yet complete, it appears that the
      intervention may be helping patients to feel more in control over their pain,
      take the correct medication dosage and take action to prevent side effects. At
      this point, the experimental subjects seem much less worried about tolerance to
      pain medications. The early results suggest some sociodemographic differences in
      response to pain which, if they persist, should probably be considered as factors
      in designing patient education programs.

PMID- 2890171
TI  - A common algorithm for the transduction, amplification and cellular response to
      photons, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2890172
TI  - Regulation and role of guanylate cyclase-cyclic GMP in vascular relaxation.
AB  - Three classes of vasodilators mediate their effects through the activation of
      guanylate cyclase and the increased synthesis of cyclic GMP. Nitrovasodilators
      such as nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, hydroxylamine, azide, etc. result in the
      generation of the nitric oxide free radical that activates the cytosolic
      (soluble) isoenzyme form of guanylate cyclase. These agents have been useful in
      increasing cyclic GMP synthesis in numerous model systems and these effects are
      independent of extracellular calcium. The increased synthesis of cyclic GMP and
      the activation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase result in the altered
      phosphorylation of many smooth muscle proteins including the dephosphorylation of
      myosin light chain, which is associated with vascular and tracheal smooth muscle
      relaxation. These latter effects may result from cyclic GMP decreasing cytosolic
      free calcium concentrations and the activity of myosin light chain kinase.
      Another class of vasodilators, designated endothelium-dependent vasodilators,
      includes a long list of agents such acetylcholine, histamine, A23187, ATP,
      thrombin, etc. that relax vessels only when the endothelium is intact. These
      agents result in the increased endothelial synthesis and/or release of a
      factor(s) designated endothelial-derived relaxant factor (EDRF), the structure of
      which is unknown. This labile factor also activates the soluble isoenzyme form of
      guanylate cyclase in the smooth muscle resulting in cyclic GMP accumulation and
      the same cascade of events as above. There is evidence that even under basal, non
      stimulated conditions there is EDRF release that influences vascular tone due to
      the increased synthesis of cyclic GMP. A third class of vasodilators, atrial
      natriuretic factor (ANF) or atriopeptins, includes a family of peptides that are
      produced in cardiac atria and other tissues and influence cardiovascular volume
      and dynamics by causing natriuresis, diuresis, vasodilation and decreased renin,
      aldosterone and vasopressin secretion. These peptide hormones also increase
      cyclic GMP synthesis in vascular, renal, adrenal and other tissues. These effects
      are mediated through specific ANF receptors that couple to and activate the
      membrane (particulate) isoenzyme form of guanylate cyclase and increase cyclic
      GMP-dependent protein kinase activity. There are two ANF receptor subtypes in
      most cells and tissues that are 130,000 and 66,000 daltons. The ANF receptor of
      about 130,000 daltons, designated receptor ANF-R1 copurifies with particulate
      guanylate cyclase through numerous procedures and may be part of the membrane
      associated guanylate cyclase complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2890173
TI  - Influence of some beta blockers (pindolol, atenolol, timolol and metoprolol) on
      aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism in human platelets.
AB  - The effects of four beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on platelet aggregation,
      formation of thromboxane from exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) in platelets, on AA
      incorporation in platelet phospholipids, and on platelet phospholipase activity
      were studied. Of the four drugs pindolol inhibited thromboxane formation in a
      dose-related (0.25-1.0 mM) manner apparently by exerting its influence at the
      cyclooxygenase (CO) level. This drug also inhibited aggregation induced by AA,
      collagen, epinephrine and ADP. Atenolol and metoprolol though not showing
      inhibition of AA-induced aggregation did inhibit collagen- and ADP-induced
      aggregation; metoprolol reversed ADP-induced aggregation, and abolished second
      phase of epinephrine-induced aggregation. Timolol did not inhibit aggregation
      induced by all the aggregating agents. Atenolol inhibited (by ca. 10%) TxB2
      formation in platelets from exogenous as well as endogenous AA at rather high
      concentrations (1.0 mM). Metoprolol and timolol did not do so. The observations
      reported here can be best explained by taking into account the membrane
      stabilizing effects and lipophilic properties of the drugs.

PMID- 2890174
TI  - Effect of histamine H2-receptor antagonists on DNA synthesis in adult rat
      hepatocytes in primary culture. Cimetidine enhanced hepatocytes proliferation
      stimulated with insulin and epidermal growth factor.
AB  - The effects of three of the most widely used histamine H2-receptor antagonists,
      cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine, on liver cell growth were studied in vitro
      using adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture, because these antagonists are
      commonly given to patients with hepatic cirrhosis or fulminant hepatic failure
      for protection against peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. At their
      clinically effective concentrations in the blood (0.5-5 micrograms/ml cimetidine,
      0.25-2.5 micrograms/ml ranitidine and 0.05-0.5 microgram/ml famotidine), these
      three antagonists did not have any effect on replicative DNA synthesis either in
      the presence or absence of insulin plus epidermal growth factor (EGF). However,
      unexpectedly DNA synthesis stimulated by insulin and EGF was found to be enhanced
      by 0.05-0.5 mg/ml cimetidine, although it was unaffected or inhibited by
      ranitidine and famotidine at the concentrations tested. Cimetidine caused maximal
      enhancement of 1.5-2 times the control level of DNA synthesis at a concentration
      of 0.25 mg/ml. Cimetidine also had an enhancing effect at submaximal
      concentrations of insulin and EGF, but neither cimetidine nor the other
      antagonists had any stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis in the absence of insulin
      plus EGF. This enhancement of DNA synthesis by cimetidine resulted in significant
      increase in the total DNA content of the hepatocytes in culture. Under the
      conditions used, cimetidine had the lowest toxicity of these three antagonists
      and ranitidine the highest, as judged from data on DNA synthesis and the total
      protein content of cultured hepatocytes, leakage of aminotransferases from the
      cells and morphological observations.

PMID- 2890176
TI  - Diagnosis of allergic disease.
AB  - The diagnosis of allergic disease has to be individualized to each patient. In
      general, it consists of a good clinical history, a physical examination, and
      identification of specific relevant allergies by both in vitro and in vivo tests.
      These will contribute to an assessment of the patient's clinical status and
      severity of disease. One must always be aware that nonallergic mechanisms can
      also trigger an attack in atopic individuals. These are clinically
      indistinguishable from those provoked by an allergen-IgE immune response. We
      predict that the computer and accurate in vitro tests will join us in our
      offices. Before the end of this century, this high technology will make the
      clinical allergist a very precise diagnostician.

PMID- 2890175
TI  - 2-substituted tetralin derivatives as conformationally restricted butyrophenone
      analogs.
AB  - Five related derivatives of 2-(2-piperidinoethyl)tetralin have been synthesized
      as partially rigid analogs of the neuroleptic butyrophenones. Their in vitro
      dopamine receptor binding properties and in vivo inhibition of dexamphetamine
      induced locomotor activity are described. 1-Phenyl-2-(2-piperidinoethyl)-3,4
      dihydronaphthalene hydrochloride (8) is about 1% as potent as haloperidol.

PMID- 2890177
TI  - Practical diagnosis and treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.
AB  - Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis is a common chronic disorder affecting children
      and adults. Effective treatment includes a variety of pharmacologic agents:
      antihistamines, sympathomimetics, cromolyn, corticosteroids or parenteral
      immunotherapy. Correct diagnosis is crucial for selecting appropriate and
      beneficial therapy.

PMID- 2890178
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of allergic disease.
AB  - In 1987 the clinician has available to him a wide range of pharmacologic agents
      with which to treat allergic disease. These drugs used alone or in combination
      may eliminate or significantly modify allergic symptoms in any organ system. The
      appropriate use of several drugs in combination can alleviate the need to accept
      partial resolution of symptoms. However, due to the complexity of some of these
      agents and the possibility of drug interactions and associated side effects a
      thorough understanding of their use and pharmacology is needed.

PMID- 2890179
TI  - Intraoral welding of pure titanium.

PMID- 2890181
TI  - [Structure and function of blood coagulation factor XIII (transglutaminase)].

PMID- 2890180
TI  - [Modification with dyes of the effects of laser irradiation on various enzymes of
      glutamic acid metabolism].
AB  - In the in vivo experiments it has been shown that a mixture of low-intensity
      helium-neon laser radiation and dyes modifies the effect of laser radiation on
      the activity of basic enzymes of glutamic acid metabolism.

PMID- 2890182
TI  - Effect of rioprostil and colchicine on CCl4-acute liver damage in rats.
      Relationship with plasma membrane lipids.
AB  - The effects of colchicine (10 g/day p.o. for 7 days) and rioprostil (2-decarboxy,
      2-hydroxymethyl-15-deoxy-16-RS-hydroxy-16-methyl-prostaglandin-E1) (20 g/kg s.c.,
      a single dose) on the enzymatic and histological markers of acute liver damage
      were studied in rats intoxicated with a single oral dose of CCl4. The rats were
      sacrificed 24 h after CCl4. The lipid composition of the liver plasma membranes
      was also determined. The increase in Alk. Phosp., GGTP and GPT activities and
      bilirubin concentration in serum as well as the histological images produced by
      CCl4 were equally prevented by the treatments with colchicine or rioprostil. CCl4
      changed the lipid composition of the liver plasma membrane by increasing PI and
      PC and decreasing SM, PS and PEA. There was a decrease in the
      cholesterol/phospholipid ratio at the expense of a reduction of
      cholesterol/protein ratio and elevation in phospholipid/protein ratio. Colchicine
      and rioprostil also prevented these lipid alterations. The results suggest that
      the plasma membrane is an important site of action of CCl4 and of the 2 drugs
      studied. We postulate that the plasma membrane rather than other organelles is
      the target for the cytoprotective actions of prostaglandins.

PMID- 2890183
TI  - The presence and actions of NPY in the canine endocrine pancreas.
AB  - Immunofluorescent staining for neuropeptide Y (NPY) in canine pancreatic tissue
      was performed together with an evaluation of the effects of synthetic NPY on the
      release of insulin (IRI), glucagon (IRG) and somatostatin (SLI) from the duodenal
      lobe of the canine pancreas in situ. NPY-like immunoreactivity was localized in
      perivascular nerve fibers throughout the acinar tissue. NPY-immunoreactive fibers
      were also demonstrated in the islets, usually surrounding blood vessels but also
      occasionally in fibers associated with endocrine cells, primarily at the
      periphery of islets. In addition, the ganglia dispersed in the pancreatic
      parenchyma were densely innervated by NPY-immunoreactive fibers, and these
      ganglia regularly contained cell bodies staining for NPY. Direct infusion of NPY
      into the pancreatic artery (p.a.) produced a dose-dependent decrease of
      pancreatic SLI output and of pancreatic venous blood flow. Low-dose p.a. infusion
      of NPY (50 pmol/min) had no effect on basal IRI or IRG output or on the islet
      response to glucose (5-g bolus, i.v.). High-dose p.a. infusion of NPY (500
      pmol/min) transiently stimulated IRI output and modestly increased IRG output.
      However, the comparatively sparse innervation of canine islets with NPY-like
      immunoreactive fibers and the relatively minor effects of large doses of
      synthetic NPY on pancreatic hormone release lead us to conclude that this peptide
      is not an important neuromodulator of islet function in the dog.

PMID- 2890184
TI  - Somatostatin: peripheral venoconstrictive activity and interaction with
      monoamines in man.
AB  - The mechanism of somatostatin venoconstriction and tachyphylaxis in the human
      hand vein in vivo has been investigated. No cross-tachyphylaxis was observed
      between somatostatin and 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine
      or tyramine-induced venoconstriction. Somatostatin potentiates the
      venoconstrictive activity of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine, but not that
      of 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyramine. Phentolamine antagonizes the somatostatin
      induced venoconstriction, whereas methysergide, haloperidol and morphine do not.
      It is suggested that somatostatin could act on specific receptors in the hand
      vein, but the mechanism of somatostatin venoconstriction and interaction with
      vasoactive monoamines remains to be defined.

PMID- 2890185
TI  - Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of dogs with an Eck
      fistula.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the brains of Eck fistula dogs,
      prepared as an experimental model of hepatic encephalopathy, was measured to
      investigate the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. The values were studied
      in comparison with the concentrations of amino acids where the imbalance was
      suggested to cause hepatic encephalopathy. SLI levels in the parietal and
      temporal cortex of Eck fistula dogs were 76.0 +/- 12.0 (mean +/- S.E.M., fmol/mg
      wet wt.) and 113.4 +/- 23.7, and those of controls were 144.0 +/- 11.8 and 186.9
      +/- 19.2, respectively, the differences being statistically significant (P less
      than 0.005, P less than 0.05). No significant difference in gel filtration
      profiles of SLI in extracts from parietal and temporal cortex was observed
      between Eck fistula dogs and controls. Tyrosine and phenylalanine, which are
      suggested to be precursors of false neurotransmitters, were significantly
      increased in the parietal cortex of the Eck fistula dogs, and phenylalanine was
      significantly increased in the temporal cortex of these dogs. There was a
      significant negative correlation between SLI and phenylalanine concentrations in
      the parietal and temporal cortex (r = -0.7171, P less than 0.01). These results
      suggest that the reduced SLI may be one of the factors which cause the
      neuropsychiatric disturbances in hepatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2890186
TI  - [Parkinsonism and dementia].

PMID- 2890187
TI  - [Causes of edentulous mouth: retrospective study carried out in the Mont Amba
      University Hospital].

PMID- 2890188
TI  - Psychotropic drug use with successful and unsuccessful community placed
      developmentally disabled groups.
AB  - While psychotropic drug use data have been reported for public residential
      facilities (PRF) and community residential facilities (CRF), no data have been
      reported for individuals discharged from PRFs and CRFs, especially with respect
      to how such usage relates to successful and unsuccessful placement. This study
      reports psychotropic drug use at the time of PRF discharge, at CRFs for
      successful placements, upon PRF readmission for unsuccessful placements, and
      factors related to successful and unsuccessful CRF placements.

PMID- 2890190
TI  - The action of hormones on the rat uterus and mammary gland gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase activity.
AB  - The gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity of rat uterus and mammary gland was
      studied in ovariectomized, hypophysectomized and ovariectomized-hypophysectomized
      rats under different hormonal and drug treatments. The uterine enzyme appears to
      be mainly dependent on a direct action of estradiol and the mammary gland
      enzymatic activity is dependent on prolactin. Our result, however, do not exclude
      a possible role of estradiol in the regulation of prolactin effects on mammary
      gland enzymatic activity.

PMID- 2890189
TI  - The effects of intermittent drug therapy on stereotypy and collateral behaviors
      of mentally retarded persons.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of
      intermittent drug therapy on stereotyped and collateral behaviors of six
      profoundly mentally retarded, institutionalized, adult males. The subjects, all
      of whom had received antipsychotic medication for more than three years, had
      their maintenance dosages gradually reduced by almost half during the eight-month
      study. A multiple baseline across subjects design was utilized to assess drug
      effects on object and body stereotypy and a range of collateral behaviors. While
      there was individual variation across behaviors and subjects, the main finding
      was that despite the marked reduction in medication, there were no general
      changes of clinical significance in any of the behaviors. This finding is of
      considerable therapeutic importance since a very large number of
      institutionalized mentally retarded persons receive similar long-term medication
      for behavior problems and there is some concern regarding the adverse side
      effects of such treatment.

PMID- 2890191
TI  - Role of glutathione metabolizing enzymes in nickel mediated induction of hepatic
      glutathione.
AB  - The administration of nickel to rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the
      level of hepatic glutathione and in the activities of glutathione reductase and
      glutathione-S-transferase with a concomitant decrease in the activities of
      glutathione peroxidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The increase in hepatic
      glutathione may be due to the decrease in the activities of glutathione utilizing
      enzymes and increase in the activity of glutathione reductase leading to the
      increased turnover of glutathione.

PMID- 2890192
TI  - Encomium to the devil.

PMID- 2890193
TI  - Pituitary adenomas of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I syndrome.
AB  - In a series of 1,500 pituitary adenomas surgically resected at Mayo Clinic, 41
      (2.7%) occurred in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN-I).
      Of the 40 patients (18 males, 22 females), 21 (52%) presented with clinical
      evidence of a pituitary neoplasm, 13 with hyperparathyroidism, and two with
      functional islet cell tumor. Of the 41 tumors, 11 (27%) were microadenomas, and
      30 (73%) were macroadenomas. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated the
      following reactivities: GH (4), GH/PRL (6), GH/PRL/glycoprotein (7),
      GH/ACTH/glycoprotein (1), PRL (16), PRL/TSH (1), ACTH (3), and null cell adenoma
      (3). We conclude that, in comparison with pituitary adenomas occurring in the
      general population, those occurring in association with MEN-I are (1) more often
      endocrinologically functional, (2) more frequently GH- or PRL-producing, and (3)
      clinicopathologically similar in terms of the subjects age and sex as well as of
      tumor size and invasiveness.

PMID- 2890194
TI  - [Personal experiences in the study of thyroid autoimmunity and endocrine
      exophthalmia].

PMID- 2890195
TI  - [Confirmation of the identity of intestinal amoebae and evaluation of the
      virulence of Entamoeba histolytica by isoenzyme electrophoresis].

PMID- 2890196
TI  - [The importance of the medical interview in patients with functional chest
      pains].

PMID- 2890197
TI  - [Treatment of psycho-neuro-autonomic disorders of menopause: contribution of
      veralipride compared with a barbiturate sedative (proxibarbal)].

PMID- 2890198
TI  - Mesalazine tolerance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and previous
      intolerance or allergy to sulphasalazine or sulphonamides.
AB  - Fifty patients intolerant of or allergic to sulphasalazine (SASP) or
      sulphonamides were treated with mesalazine. Eighty per cent of patients continued
      treatment during the time of follow-up (mean, 8.4 months); 14% (7 of 50 patients)
      had to stop the treatment with mesalazine because of side effects. The patients
      with allergic reactions, including rash, fever, and systemic manifestations from
      SASP, were most likely to be intolerant of or allergic to mesalazine (four of
      seven patients); two of them developed a similar reaction from both SASP and
      mesalazine. Two patients (2 of 12) with previous haematologic side effects had to
      discontinue mesalazine treatment, one because of mild neutropaenia and one
      because of an elevation of liver enzyme values. One patient experienced
      gastrointestinal side effects from both mesalazine and SASP. Altogether, 4 (4 of
      50) patients experienced gastrointestinal symptoms from mesalazine. Two of them
      had had a flare-up of the symptoms of the colitis when treated with SASP. All
      side effects were rapidly reversible after withdrawal of the drug. Patients with
      severe allergic reactions with systemic manifestations from SASP should be
      treated with caution with 5-aminosalicylic acid preparations.

PMID- 2890199
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on human gastric blood flow evaluated by endoscopic laser
      Doppler flowmetry.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin on human gastric blood flow has been evaluated by
      endoscopic laser Doppler flowmetry. A bolus injection of 250 micrograms
      somatostatin intravenously caused a transitory decrease in the gastric blood flow
      of 40%. After continuous infusion of somatostatin for 1 h no change in the
      gastric microcirculation could be demonstrated in spite of significantly elevated
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in plasma. The results do not give evidence
      that somatostatin has a possible beneficial effect in patients with gastric
      bleeding caused by a significant gastric blood flow reduction.

PMID- 2890200
TI  - [Somatostatin-producing endocrine pancreatic tumor in Recklinghausen's
      neurofibromatosis. Case report and literature review].
AB  - Somatostatin-producing tumors of the pancreas were first described in 1977. In
      1983 a syndrome involving multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN) was named type III
      A. This syndrome consists of carcinoid of the duodenum, often producing
      somatostatin, and von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis) or
      pheochromocytoma. The case is reported of a 62-year-old man with familial
      neurofibromatosis and a tumor of the head of the pancreas spreading into pars II
      of the duodenum. After Whipple's duodenopancreatectomy the patient exhibited no
      further symptoms. Immunohistochemistry served to prove the production of
      somatostatin and small amounts of calcitonin in the tumor.

PMID- 2890201
TI  - [Hypothalamic factors: recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances].
AB  - During the last few years, many neuropeptides have been isolated, characterized
      and synthesized. Neuroendocrinology is one area in which there has been major
      progress, particularly through the isolation of two new hypothalamic factors,
      corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and growth hormone releasing factor (GRF).
      CRF specifically stimulates pituitary secretion of ACTH and other peptides
      derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (beta-lipotropin, beta-endorphin), while GRF,
      together with somatostatin, controls secretion of the growth hormone. Knowledge
      of the structures of the hypothalamic factors has allowed the synthesis of the
      native substances as well as many potent analogues with agonist and antagonist
      properties. These substances have numerous clinical applications. LHRH or its
      analogues are presently used or being tested in various conditions such as
      treatment of hormone-related cancers (prostate, breast), endometriosis,
      idiopathic precocious puberty as well as in sterility problems. The recent
      availability of long acting somatostatin analogues has raised great therapeutic
      expectations in various endocrine and digestive diseases. Whereas GRF can be used
      in the treatment of short stature, CRF has so far not been shown to be a
      potential important therapeutic agent. However, its clinical application as a
      diagnostic test is clearly useful in many situations. There is a promising future
      for the clinical applications of these substances in various endocrine, digestive
      and perhaps in psychiatric diseases, and in hormone-related cancers.

PMID- 2890202
TI  - [Unusual cases of coronary death].
AB  - Stenosing coronary artery sclerosis is the most common cause of sudden unexpected
      death. In this report we present three exceptions: 1. A mycotic coronary aneurysm
      ruptures and results in pericardial tamponade; 2. in a young woman Takayasu
      aortitis encroaches on the ostium and mainstem of the left coronary; 3.
      fibromuscular dysplasia of the right coronary artery causes death in a 56-year
      old male.

PMID- 2890203
TI  - [Participation of female colleagues on our panels].

PMID- 2890204
TI  - [Regulation of cardiovascular activity by the ventrolateral medulla].

PMID- 2890205
TI  - [Advances in the study of the regulation of pancreatic enzymes secretion].

PMID- 2890206
TI  - Absence of duplication of chromosome 21 genes in familial and sporadic
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The possibility that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by overexpression or
      duplication of one or more genes on chromosome 21 has been raised by the
      observation of AD-like neuropathologic changes in individuals with Down syndrome
      and by the mapping of both the defect for familial AD and the amyloid beta
      protein gene to this autosome. Possible duplication on chromosome 21 was
      investigated in both familial and sporadic AD by means of restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms for the amyloid and SODI loci, as well as for DNA markers in
      the vicinity of the familial AD defect and in the critical Down syndrome region
      of chromosome 21. No evidence of increased DNA dosage was observed in either
      brain or leukocytes of patients with inherited or sporadic forms of AD.
      Duplication of these regions is therefore not a frequent event in either form of
      AD. Furthermore, no significant allelic association was detected between AD and
      any of the loci, including the amyloid and SODI genes, providing no support for
      the hypothesis that defects in these specific genes are the primary cause of AD.

PMID- 2890207
TI  - The amyloid beta protein gene is not duplicated in brains from patients with
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding portions of the amyloid beta protein were
      used to investigate possible amyloid gene duplication in sporadic Alzheimer's
      disease. A strategy employing two Eco RI restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected by the amyloid cDNAs was used. RFLPs allow the
      detection of a 2:1 gene dosage in the DNA of any individual who is heterozygous
      for a particular RFLP. The amyloid gene regions homologous to the cDNAs used were
      not duplicated in the DNA from brains of individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's
      disease. Similar results were also obtained with a strategy employing a test for
      3:2 gene dosage.

PMID- 2890208
TI  - Molecular genetics: applications to the clinical neurosciences.
AB  - Application of molecular biology, by means of linkage analysis and DNA probes
      that demonstrate restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), has resulted
      in the chromosomal localization of the genes responsible for a number of
      neurological disorders. Characterization of the structure and function of
      individual genes for these diseases is in an early stage, but information
      available indicates that the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic
      expression of neurological diseases encompass a wide range of genetic errors
      ranging from the most minor (a single-base pair mutation) to large chromosomal
      deletions. Linkage analysis can now be used for genetic counseling in several of
      these disorders.

PMID- 2890209
TI  - A DNA segment encoding two genes very tightly linked to Huntington's disease.
AB  - The discovery of D4S10, an anonymous DNA marker genetically linked to
      Huntington's disease (HD), introduced the capacity for limited presymptomatic
      diagnosis in this late-onset neurodegenerative disorder and raised the hope of
      cloning and characterizing the defect based on its chromosomal location. Progress
      on both fronts has been limited by the absence of additional DNA markers closer
      to the HD gene. An anonymous DNA locus, D4S43, has now been found that shows
      extremely tight linkage to HD. Like the disease gene, D4S43 is located in the
      most distal region of the chromosome 4 short arm, flanked by D4S10 and the
      telomere. In three extended HD kindreds, D4S43 displays no recombination with HD,
      placing it within 0 to 1.5 centimorgans of the genetic defect. Expansion of the
      D4S43 region to include 108 kilobases of cloned DNA has allowed identification of
      eight restriction fragment length polymorphisms and at least two independent
      coding segments. In the absence of crossovers, these genes must be considered
      candidates for the site of the HD defect, although the D4S43 restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms do not display linkage disequilibrium with the disease gene.

PMID- 2890210
TI  - Long-term neuropathological and neurochemical effects of nucleus basalis lesions
      in the rat.
AB  - The long-term effects of excitotoxic lesions in the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis of the rat were found to mimic several neuropathological and
      chemical changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neuritic plaque-like
      structures, neurofibrillary changes, and neuronal atrophy or loss were observed
      in the frontoparietal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex 14
      months after the lesions were made. Cholinergic markers in neocortex were
      reduced, while catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism was largely unaffected at
      this time. Bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis increased
      somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in the cortex of the rat by at least 138 and 284
      percent, respectively, suggesting a functional interaction between cholinergic
      and peptidergic neurons that may differ from that in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2890211
TI  - [Drugs against pain].

PMID- 2890212
TI  - [Effects of exogenous and endogenous somatostatin on serum insulin concentration
      in streptozotocin diabetic mice].

PMID- 2890213
TI  - [Effect of beta-adrenergic agonist on segmental coronary arterial resistance in
      the dog].

PMID- 2890214
TI  - Selection and characterization of mycophenolic acid-resistant leukemia cells.
AB  - We isolated four mycophenolic acid (MA) -resistant clones (MA0.4, MA2, MA5, MA20)
      of murine leukemia (L1210) cells which were 2- to 125-fold more resistant than
      the parent cells to MA and had a 4- to 50-fold increase in the activity of the
      enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDase). The MA-resistant phenotype
      was unstable after passage of MA0.4, MA2, and MA5 without MA, but stable after
      passage of MA20 without MA. All MA-resistant cell lines lost IMPDase activity
      after passage without MA. However, only MA20 lost IMPDase activity after passage
      with MA. The enzyme from all cell lines had similar kinetic parameters. The
      levels of a single polypeptide of approximately 57,000 daltons was increased in
      MA5, and the levels decreased after passage of the cells without MA. These
      results indicate that three of the selected cell lines are resistant to MA
      because of an increase in the amount of enzyme IMPDase, while the stability of
      the resistant phenotype of MA20 and its less than expected IMPDase activity that
      this cell line may have a second mode of resistance.

PMID- 2890215
TI  - Regional localization of the murine Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene on the mouse
      X chromosome.
AB  - The murine locus corresponding to the human Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy
      (DMD) gene has been regionally mapped on the mouse X chromosome by hybridizing
      DNA from interspecies mouse crosses with a cDNA clone for the mouse Dmd gene. The
      results demonstrate that the relative organization of genes on the murine and
      human X chromosomes is more divergent than has previously been postulated.
      Furthermore, the mouse Dmd gene maps to a similar region of the X chromosome as
      does the mouse muscular dystrophy mutation mdx, providing further evidence that
      the mdx mutant may be a murine equivalent of human DMD. However, Southern
      analysis of portions of the mouse Dmd gene has not yet revealed any differences
      between mdx and wild-type mice.

PMID- 2890216
TI  - [Hormonal function of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2890217
TI  - [Advantages and disadvantages of drug combinations in cardiovascular therapy].

PMID- 2890218
TI  - Electroimmunoassay of prothrombin.
AB  - Electroimmunoassay of normal (10-Gla) and Gla-deficient prothrombins containing 0
      to 9 Gla (gamma-carboxyglutamyl) residues performed in EDTA against anti-
      (normal) prothrombin showed that each of the Gla-deficient proteins contained as
      much antigenic activity as does the normal molecule. In the presence of Ca2+,
      however, normal prothrombin appeared to show the least while 0- to 2-Gla
      variants, the most activity. This anomaly arises from the presence of antibodies
      (Ca-IIAb) which form antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes when the conformation of
      the antigen is stabilized in Ca2+. For example, upon fractionation of the
      antisera and mixing Ca-IIAb (bound to 10-Gla prothrombin, Affi-gel column and
      eluted by replacing Ca2+ with EDTA) with those reacting with prethrombin1 (non
      Gla portion of the molecule), rocket heights in Ca2+ decreased the most with 10-
      and 9-Gla (32%), followed by 13% with 8-Gla, 2% with 7-Gla and none with 2-Gla
      prothrombins--indicating that Ca-IIAb do cross react with 7-, 8- and particularly
      9-Gla prothrombins. This was also confirmed by the fact that anti 7-Gla but not
      anti 0-Gla sera contained some antibodies which reacted only in the presence of
      Ca2+.

PMID- 2890219
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to prothrombin.
AB  - Hybridoma technology was used for the production of murine monoclonal antibodies
      to bovine normal prothrombin. Hybrid cell cultures were assayed for the
      production of antibodies, both in the absence and presence of calcium ions, by
      Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Antibody-producing cell lines were
      cloned two times and grown as ascites tumors. Monoclonal antibodies (McAb),
      isolated by affinity chromatography (Protein A-Sepharose), were tested for their
      affinity for normal (10-Gla) and dicoumarol-induced abnormal prothrombins
      containing 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9 gamma-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues. A total of 24
      McAb were obtained and the immunoglobulins were of the IgG1 subclass. Nine of the
      twenty-four McAb did not require Ca2+ for the formation of Ag-Ab complexes, and
      reacted equally with normal and Gla-deficient prothrombins. These antibodies had
      affinity for prethrombin1 (P1) but not for the Gla-containing prothrombin
      fragment1 (F1) portion of the molecule. In contrast, the 15 Ca2+-dependent McAb
      reacted with F1 but not with P1. They discriminated the abnormal prothrombins
      based upon their Gla content. For example, though all the Ca2+-dependent McAb
      formed Ag-Ab complexes with 9-, essentially none formed with 5- or less-Gla
      prothrombins. [Some reacted equally with 9- and 10-Gla (normal) prothrombin while
      others had only 25% of normal affinity for 9-Gla isomer]. Only four and twelve of
      the 15 McAb had some affinity for 7- and 8-Gla variants, respectively. These
      results show that antibodies which react with the Ca2+-stabilized conformation of
      prothrombin are not specific for normal prothrombin, as has been reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 2890220
TI  - [The non-scrotal testis].
AB  - In this article the classification of the nonscrotal testis is elucidated with a
      description of all forms of incomplete testicular descent. A great deal of
      attention is paid to the process of reaching the proper diagnosis, outlining the
      procedure for physical examination. The risk of infertility, the rather rare
      occurrence of testicular tumor, and a disturbance of the psychosexual
      development, are reasons why the undescended testis should be treated. How the
      undescended testis should be treated, hormonal or surgical, depends entirely on
      the position of the testis. LHRH nasal spray may induce descent in testes that
      have emerged from the inguinal canal and can be manipulated to at least the
      scrotal entrance. Surgical treatment is indicated for all undescended testes that
      have not emerged from the inguinal canal as well as all ectopic testes, and for
      those testes that failed to descend with hormonal therapy. The treatment protocol
      for all types of nonscrotal testes is discussed and schematically presented.

PMID- 2890221
TI  - HLA class I- like antigen expression on human leukemic cells.
AB  - The expression of HLA class I- like molecules was analyzed on human acute and
      chronic leukemic cells. The presence on leukemic cells of class I- like
      molecules, absent on the patient's normal lymphocytes, was examined by complement
      dependent lymphocytotoxicity using platelet absorbed alloantisera that recognize
      HLA-linked, 45-12 kd, beta-2-microglobulin associated molecules, selectively
      expressed on PHA-activated cells. A positive reactivity of the anti- class I-
      like alloantisera was found in 50% of the acute leukemias (cALL, T-ALL and AML),
      independently of the lineage of differentiation, while chronic lymphocytic
      leukemias (B-CLL) were constantly negative. It is suggested that beta-2
      microglobulin associated HLA molecules may represent markers of leukemic blast
      activation and/or maturation state.

PMID- 2890222
TI  - Two alleles detected for HLA-DZ alpha on the basis of a polymorphic restriction
      site in the third exon.
AB  - The restriction enzyme ApaI has been used to define Restriction Fragment Length
      Polymorphism (RFLP) within the DZ alpha gene. Digestion of genomic DNA of 96
      individuals with ApaI reveals the existence of two different patterns. Both
      homozygous and heterozygous individuals were detected. Hardy-Weinberg analysis
      indicates that DZ alpha is part of a di-allelic system with allele frequencies of
      50%. DZ alpha polymorphism in the population studied does not correlate with
      serologically determined class I and HLA-DR, DQ and cellular DP typing data. A
      limited family study demonstrates that DZ alpha polymorphism segregates with HLA
      class II phenotypes.

PMID- 2890223
TI  - Endocrine cells of gastric aberrant pancreas by PAP staining method.
AB  - Histopathological classification of gastric aberrant pancreas has been done by
      Heinrich's criteria. However in some case it was difficult to detect incomplete
      Langerhans' island consisting of several endocrine cells or a single endocrine
      cell by usual H-E staining. To identify the distribution of incomplete
      Langerhans' islands and endocrine cells, we applied an enzyme antibody method
      utilizing PAP method for 7 cases of gastric aberrant pancreas. It became easy to
      identify the endocrine cells such as single cell and islet cells by using the PAP
      method. In all 3 cases of aberrant pancreas classified as Heinrich type II and
      one of 2 case of type III, Langerhans' islands or endocrine small cell groups and
      single cells were found. The PAP staining method was useful to determine the
      Heinrich's classification of the aberrant pancreas.

PMID- 2890224
TI  - Kainic acid as a tool to study the regulation and function of opioid peptides in
      the hippocampus.
AB  - Kainic acid (KA), an excitatory neurotoxin, was used as a tool to study the
      metabolism of hippocampal opioid peptides and their functional role in the
      expression of wet-dog shakes (WDS). A single intracerebral injection of KA (1
      microgram/rat) caused recurrent motor seizures lasting 3-6 h. During the
      convulsive period, native Met5-enkephalin-like (ME-LI) and dynorphin A(1-8)-like
      (DYN-LI) immunoreactivities in hippocampus decreased by 31 and 63%, respectively.
      By 24 h after dosing, the hippocampal opioid peptides had returned to control
      levels, and by 48 h ME-LI had increased 270% and DYN-LI 150%. Immunocytochemical
      analysis revealed that ME-LI and Leu5-enkephalin-like (LE-LI) immunostaining in
      the mossy fibers of dentate granule cells and the perforant-temporoammonic
      pathway had decreased visibly by 6 h and had increased markedly by 48 h following
      KA. A visible decrease in DYN-LI in mossy fiber axons within 6 h was followed by
      a substantial increase at 48 h. To determine whether the increases in hippocampal
      ME-LI reflected changes in ME biosynthesis, levels of mRNA coding for
      preproenkephalin (mRNAenk) and cryptic ME-LI cleaved by enzyme digestion from
      preproenkephalin were measured. Following the convulsive period (6 h), mRNAenk
      was 400% of control, and by 24 h, cryptic ME-LI was 300% of control. Increases in
      native and cryptic ME-LI and in mRNAenk were also noted in entorhinal cortex, but
      not in hypothalamus or uninjected striatum. Our data suggest that KA-induced
      seizures cause an increase in ME release, followed by a compensatory increase in
      ME biosynthesis in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Several lines of
      evidence from this study have suggested that hippocampal enkephalins are
      intimately related to KA-elicited WDS. The shaking behavior was attenuated by
      pretreatment with naloxone or antisera against [Met5]-enkephalin. We also
      observed that KA-induced WDS can be mimicked by intrahippocampal injection of
      enkephalin-related peptides. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that intact
      dentate granule cells are essential for KA- and enkephalin-induced WDS, since a
      colchicine injection into the ventral hippocampus, which selectively destroys
      granule cells, abolished this behavior.

PMID- 2890225
TI  - Development of Thy 1 positive mouse thymocytes. Analysis of early fetal
      thymocytes by flow microfluorometry.
AB  - Early mouse fetal thymocytes were analyzed for cell size and amount of Thy 1 by
      flow microfluorometry. There were very few Thy 1 positive cells in the embryonic
      thymus of the 13th day; in the 14th day fetal thymus, the number of Thy 1
      positive cells increased, though the Thy 1 content remained at relatively low
      levels. Both the number of Thy 1 positive cells and the content of Thy 1 greatly
      increased by the 15th day, but the Thy 1 content was still definitely lower than
      that of adult thymocytes. These results indicate that Thy 1 negative thymocyte
      precursors increase in Thy 1 content gradually when they differentiate into
      thymocytes. The present study also suggests that immature thymocytes like the
      15th day fetal thymocytes, even though they are definitely Thy 1 positive, bear
      Thy 1 at much lower levels than most of the adult thymocytes, indicating a
      distinct difference in Thy 1 content between immature thymocytes and most of the
      adult thymocytes.

PMID- 2890226
TI  - Facilitation of syngeneic stem cell engraftment by anti-class I monoclonal
      antibody pretreatment of unirradiated recipients.
AB  - We have established a murine model of syngeneic bone marrow transplantation based
      on the use of monoclonal antibody as the sole conditioning regimen in
      unirradiated recipients. Administration of a single injection of monoclonal
      antibody directed against major histocompatibility complex-encoded class I
      determinants facilitated permanent hemopoietic stem cell engraftment without any
      apparent side-effects. Whereas untreated hosts exhibited a maximal chimerism of
      15% at donor cell doses of up to 12 X 10(7) bone marrow cells, pretreatment by 2
      mg of anti-class I antibody one week prior to transplantation of 3 X 10(7)
      syngeneic bone marrow cells resulted in a mean donor representation of about 80%.
      The antibody can be given up to four weeks prior to transplantation, and the
      degree of donor engraftment observed is a function of the dose of antibody
      administered. The fact that specific antibody enhanced engraftment in two strain
      combinations indicates that antibody is the active agent in facilitating
      engraftment and that facilitation is not strain-restricted. Anti-class I
      antibodies of the IgG2a, but not IgG1, isotype are effective in promoting
      engraftment. Although the isotype requirement suggests a role for antibody
      mediated cytotoxicity in promoting stem cell engraftment, the extensive time
      frame of facilitation suggests that other effects of the antibody may also be
      involved. The model of syngeneic bone marrow transplantation we describe here
      will be useful in studying the mechanisms regulating stem cell engraftment and
      may have potential clinical application as an approach to autologous marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2890227
TI  - Autologous stem cell transplantation using peripheral blood stem cells.

PMID- 2890228
TI  - [A favorable outcome of intestinal necrosis caused by periarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2890229
TI  - Enterotoxaemia in water buffaloes caused by Clostridium perfringens type A.

PMID- 2890230
TI  - T-cell lymphomas of the stomach: morphological and immunological studies
      characterizing two cases of T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Using cytochemical, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical techniques in 20
      primary malignant lymphomas of the stomach, we found 18 B-cell and 2 T-cell
      lymphomas. Primary T-cell lymphoma in the stomach has not been previously
      reported. The T cells in both cases were reminiscent of T immunoblasts with
      prominent nucleoli and a basophilic cytoplasm. Case 1 showed a cytological
      relationship to pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma, large cell type. Case 2 contained in
      addition some cells not previously described in T-cell lymphomas, resembling
      immature plasma cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. Focal positivity
      to acid phosphatase and dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV suggests the T-cell nature of
      both lymphomas. In both cases the tumour cells were OKT 11 and OKT 4 positive,
      and negative for OKT 8. Thus, both cases represent high-grade malignant T-cell
      lymphomas which correspond phenotypically to T-helper cell lymphoma. Case 2
      revealed a further immunohistochemical peculiarity: atypical immunoblasts reacted
      positively with Ki-1 antibody. Thus, it is a Ki-1 lymphoma of T-cell type.

PMID- 2890231
TI  - The establishment and characterization of two new cell lines derived from a
      single human colonic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Two cell lines with different in vitro growth characteristics were established
      from a single mucinous colonic adenocarcinoma. Epithelial cells of the line 5583
      E demonstrated anchorage-dependent growth while those of line 5583-S were
      anchorage-independent and grew as multicellular floating spheroids. Both cell
      lines shared common characteristics with respect to the expression of
      differentiation markers (secretory component, carcinoembryonic antigen), mucins
      and karyotype (trisomy 12 and 14, marker chromosome) but also showed consistent
      differences. In nude mice 5583-S cells formed moderately differentiated mucinous
      adenocarcinomas with high carcinoembryonic antigen and mucin production, whereas
      5583-E xenografts were poorly differentiated and almost entirely failed to
      produce carcinoembryonic antigen and mucins. The plating efficiency of 5583-E
      cells appeared to be greater and doubling time shorter than those of 5583-S
      cells. Furthermore, 5583-E cells showed an extra isochromosome, 1q. The cell
      lines were genotypically and phenotypically stable over a period of 2 years. Our
      results reemphasize that multiple cell lines with heterogeneous phenotypic and
      genotypic characteristics can be obtained from a single primary tumor.

PMID- 2890232
TI  - Effect of estrophilic platinum complex on the mouse uterus.
AB  - Resistance of hormone-dependent mammary carcinoma to cisplatin as a potent
      antitumor agent led to the synthesis of other estrophilic platinum complexes. In
      this investigation, the effects of a newly synthesized estrogen-receptor affine
      platinum complex on the mouse uterus were studied using light and electron
      microscopy. The results have been compared with Tamoxifen, cisplatin and the
      estrophilic ligand. Both estrophilic ligand and estrophilic platinum complex
      produced strong estrogenic effects as well as features characteristic of the
      uterine epithelial cell in the luteal phase of the cycle, corresponding to a
      massive stimulation of the surface and glandular epithelial cells. The uteri
      showed large glandular lumina. An increase in the number of multivesicular and
      residual bodies, accompanied by a proliferation of eosinophilic granulocytes, was
      also seen. The appearance of inter- and intracellular lumina and the activation
      of smooth muscle cells represent further characteristic effects of the
      estrophilic ligand and estrophilic platinum complex. Anticipated increases in the
      incidence of cell death and/or deviant cyto-nuclear architecture in the uteri
      treated with cisplatin or platinum complex, were not observed.

PMID- 2890234
TI  - Morphometric study of alterations of extrafocal hepatocytes of rat liver treated
      with N-nitrosomorpholine.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the hepatocarcinogen N
      nitrosomorpholine for 7 weeks and observed for up to 40 weeks after withdrawal of
      the carcinogen. In addition to the focal preneoplastic lesions described earlier
      there were also alterations in extrafocal hepatocytes and these changes have been
      quantified morphometrically. Since the periportal and perivenous hepatocytes were
      not altered to the same extent, cells of the periportal zone (PPZ) and cells of
      the perivenous zone (PVZ) were measured separately. Immediately after stopping
      treatment there was marked enlargement of the hepatocellular cytoplasm and of the
      nuclei in both the PPZ and the PVZ and a reduction in the number of binuclear
      hepatocytes. While these alterations were totally reversed during the first 10
      weeks after treatment ceased in the PPZ, statistically significant changes in
      nuclear size, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and number of binuclear cells persisted
      in the PVZ up to 40 weeks after the end of treatment. We suggest that both the
      foci of altered hepatocytes as well as the persisting changes in extrafocal
      hepatocytes may be involved in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2890233
TI  - Ultrastructural observations in the carbonyl iron-fed rat, an animal model for
      hemochromatosis.
AB  - Rats fed a carbonyl iron-supplemented diet for 4-15 months were studied for iron
      content and morphologic changes in the liver, spleen, intestinal mucosa, pancreas
      and heart. All organs had an increased iron content measured by atomic
      absorption, with the highest concentrations in the liver and spleen. The
      periportal distribution of stored iron in the liver was similar to that in human
      hemochromatosis. In animals treated beyond 6 months Kupffer cells and sinusoidal
      lining cells also showed cytosiderosis. Electron microscopy provided information
      on ferritin and hemosiderin content and distribution within parenchymal and
      sinusoidal cells of the liver but no excessive fibrosis was found. Except for the
      spleen, the other organs showed less iron deposition. Iron-filled lysosomes
      (siderosomes) were found in macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria and
      pancreas, as well as in enterocytes, pancreatic acinar cells and heart muscle
      cells. Heavily iron-laden siderosomes had increased membrane instability which
      was demonstrated both morphologically and by measurements of latent lysosomal
      enzyme activities. Even though cirrhosis was not found, the distribution pattern
      of accumulated storage iron and lysosomal lability indicated that the carbonyl
      iron-fed rat is a suitable experimental model for human hemochromatosis.

PMID- 2890235
TI  - Estimates of the number of clonogenic cells in crypts of murine small intestine.
AB  - There is a proliferative cell hierarchy in the mouse intestinal crypt with
      ancestral stem cells which can regenerate all components of the lineage after
      injury (clonogenic cells). The number of these clonogenic or regenerative cells
      per crypt can be estimated from radiobiological experiments where doses of
      radiation are used to kill cells and ablate crypts. Various approaches can be
      adopted which provide different estimates of this number of cells. One of the
      conventional approaches used in the past provided estimates of about 70-80
      clonogenic cells per crypt (i.e. about 50% of the proliferative or 30% of all
      crypt cells). A technically simpler approach has recently been suggested. This
      has been used here to provide many independent estimates of the number of crypt
      clonogenic cells. These suggest about 32 clonogenic cells exist per crypt i.e.
      about half the previous estimate and about twice the number of putative
      "functional" stem cells (those which operate as stem cells in the normal steady
      state crypt). The reasons for the differences are discussed. The new estimates
      are compatible with the hypothesis that the crypt contains a ring of about 16
      functional stem cells which are expected to be clonogenic, besides which there is
      a second ring of 16 clonogenic cells which represent early transit cells (the
      immediate daughters of the stem cells) which can act as clonogenic cells if
      required after radiation injury.

PMID- 2890236
TI  - Calcium antagonists and heat-induced hepatic injury.
AB  - Several laboratories have demonstrated the value of the isolated perfused rat
      liver as a suitable model for heat-induced hepatic injury in vivo. Membrane
      changes caused by perfusion of rat livers at 42 degrees C for 90 min were similar
      to those induced by toxic chemicals or hypoxia. In an evaluation of several
      categories of drugs reported to reduce cell injury, calcium antagonists
      (nifedipine, dantrolene, and verapamil), were evaluated for their therapeutic
      potential for heat injury. Isolated rat livers were perfused at 42 degrees C for
      90 min with and without calcium antagonists. Livers were also perfused at 37
      degrees C. Potassium and transaminase leakage, bile production and ultrastructure
      were used to evaluate their responses. Neither of the three calcium antagonists
      significantly improved any of the functional parameters measured. However,
      dantrolene produced dilated or vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum in the
      heated livers. These changes suggest selective intracellular action on
      endoplasmic reticulum of heated livers. Ring-shaped mitochondria and vesicular
      endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the heated, verapamil-treated livers, but
      these could not be quantitatively distinguished from controls. Nifedipine did not
      appear to alter intracellular membranes, but did increase bile production.

PMID- 2890237
TI  - Autointerference in silver accumulation in macrophages without affecting
      phagocytic, migratory or interferon-producing capacity.
AB  - Silver accumulation and processing in mouse peritoneal macrophages was studied in
      vitro by autometallographic visualization of intracellular silver. During the
      first 24 h of incubation in a medium containing from 5 microM to 20 microM of
      silver lactate, an inverse relationship between silver concentration in the
      former and visualizable silver in macrophages was recorded. Later, however, the
      cells treated with higher silver concentrations accumulated most silver. Cells
      exposed to silver concentrations above these levels exhibited acute coagulation
      necrosis and disintegrated within the first 15 min of silver treatment.
      Macrophages treated with silver lactate concentrations not causing acute
      cytotoxicity showed no impairment of their phagocytic, migratory or interferon
      producing capacities. The significance of autointerference in silver accumulation
      and processing in macrophages is discussed, and a functional defect in the
      lysosome/phagosome system is suggested as a basis for the phenomenon.

PMID- 2890238
TI  - No evidence for involvement of plasma proteins or blood-borne cells in amyloid
      plaque formation in scrapie-affected mice. An immunohistoperoxidase study.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate blood-brain permeability and the
      possible involvement of plasma proteins and blood-borne cells in amyloid plaque
      formation in scrapie-affected mice. No abnormal extravasation of intravenously
      injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was found and with immunocytochemical
      techniques no plasma proteins were detected in neuropil from scrapie-affected
      mice. In contrast to an earlier report, these findings suggest that the blood
      brain barrier is essentially intact in scrapie-affected mice. Using
      immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical methods no cells belonging to the
      monocyte-macrophage lineage were detected in association with amyloid plaques.
      Thus, by these methods there was no evidence that plasma proteins or blood-borne
      cells are involved in amyloid plaque formation in scrapie-affected mice. However,
      astrocytes were consistently found to be associated with amyloid plaques at all
      stages of their development.

PMID- 2890239
TI  - DNA-cytophotometry of benign compound and intradermal naevi, Spitz epithelioid
      naevi and malignant melanomas.
AB  - Single cell DNA cytophotometry was used to characterize seven compound, ten
      intradermal and six Spitz naevi as well as 23 primary cutaneous malignant
      melanomas. Compound and intradermal naevi were characterized by a smaller nuclear
      area than both Spitz naevi and malignant melanomas. Tumour ploidy could not be
      used as a single criterion of malignancy since both diploid and hyperdiploid
      melanomas were encountered. The very low mean optical density of Spitz naevi
      served to distinguish these lesions from malignant melanomas.

PMID- 2890240
TI  - [Treatment of nocturnal enuresis].

PMID- 2890241
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of loprazolam and its principal metabolite in young subjects and
      elderly hospital patients.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetics of loprazolam and its principal pharmacologically active
      metabolite, the piperazine N-oxide, were compared in young subjects (aged 21-25
      years) and elderly patients (aged 63-86 years) following single oral evening
      doses (0.5 mg and 1 mg). 2. Plasma loprazolam was assayed by a specific
      h.p.l.c./g.c. method. The N-oxide metabolite was assayed by gas chromography. 3.
      Mean times to peak plasma concentration of loprazolam did not differ
      significantly between young and elderly subjects and ranged from 1.6-2.7 h. There
      was, however, a longer mean time to peak concentration of the N-oxide metabolite
      in the elderly but this was only statistically different after the 0.5 mg dose
      (4.5 mg young, 6.4 h elderly). 4. Mean peak plasma concentrations of loprazolam
      did not differ significantly between young and elderly nor did plasma
      concentrations of the N-oxide metabolite. 5. Although the mean elimination half
      life of loprazolam was not statistically significantly different between young
      and elderly subjects (range 10.9-16.0 h) there was a trend towards somewhat
      longer half-lives in the elderly. Furthermore, there was a small but significant
      increase in the half-life of the N-oxide metabolite in the elderly after the 1 mg
      dose from 11.7 h to 16.7 h. 6. The areas under the plasma concentration time
      curves for both loprazolam and its N-oxide were greater in the elderly being some
      50-68% (mean 132.0 and 111.5 ng/ml h) above those found in young subjects (mean
      89.8 and 66.0 ng/ml h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890242
TI  - Almitrine bismesylate.
AB  - There is a place in therapy for an orally active respiratory stimulant. Almitrine
      bismesylate is a respiratory agonist which: 1. Effectively increases PaO2 in a
      unique way, principally by stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors. 2.
      Appears to have an effect on blood gases through mechanisms other than
      stimulation of ventilation which could be on ventilation-perfusion relationships,
      or even metabolic, for which there is as yet no firm evidence. 3. After chronic
      administration has a plasma elimination half-life of 20-30 days. This could
      result in plasma accumulation of the drug, and means that drug intolerance
      problems are not readily resolved by stopping the tablets. Special dosing
      schedules may be required. 4. Has an action on the pulmonary vasculature which is
      mainly vasoconstrictor (and vasodilator in acute hypoxia in animal studies).
      Present evidence regarding the effect of long-term administration on pulmonary
      haemodynamics is conflicting. 5. May have an adverse, possibly dose-related
      effect on dyspnoea in some patients - more work is needed on patient
      characteristics associated with good drug tolerance. 6. Has an adverse effect on
      peripheral nerve function in some patients. Whether this is de novo, or
      aggravation of a preexisting lesion has yet to be established. Thus, although
      almitrine is effective in increasing PaO2 and as an experimental drug is
      fascinating, its clinical use remains to be clearly defined. The most powerful
      argument for the therapeutic use of almitrine would be the demonstration of a
      beneficial effect on mortality; either in acute exacerbations of respiratory
      failure, or in the same way as LTO2 exerts an effect in chronically hypoxaemic
      patients.

PMID- 2890243
TI  - [Drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis].
AB  - A review is given about more recent methods for therapy of the rheumatoid
      arthritis as well as of the osteoarthrosis. Of a large importance in the
      treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis and of the osteoarthrosis is the method of
      clinical tests of non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs and of the so-called disease
      activity modifying substances. Own experiences and results of controlled,
      clinical open and double-blind studies were given.

PMID- 2890244
TI  - Acellular pertussis vaccine prepared by a simple extraction and toxoiding
      procedure.
AB  - An extract containing predominantly pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous
      haemagglutinin (FHa) was obtained from culture supernates of Bordetella pertussis
      by a single-step procedure using dye-ligand chromatography. The
      pathophysiological activities associated with the pertussis toxin component were
      removed by treatment with a water-soluble carbodiimide. The product was stable at
      4 degrees C, was non-toxic for mice, induced high levels of IgG antibodies to
      both PT and FHa in vaccinated animals as judged by ELISA, and protected mice from
      intracerebral and intranasal challenge with B. pertussis.

PMID- 2890245
TI  - [Guanylate cyclase--its functions normally and in pathology].

PMID- 2890246
TI  - [Comparison of the pathological manifestations of higher nervous activity and the
      molecular biology processes of the brain in the dynamic development of
      experimental neuroses].

PMID- 2890247
TI  - [Pathogenetic problems of experimental neuroses].

PMID- 2890248
TI  - [Intracellular functions of neurotransmitters. The phylo- and ontogenetic
      aspects].
AB  - The neurotransmitters found in early ("pre-nervous") embryos of Metazoa operate
      at the intracellular level. In these embryos, the transmitter receptors (or their
      functional equivalents) and adenylate cyclase coupled with them are localized
      intracellularly. Intracellular functions of neurotransmitters may be also found
      in the differentiated neurons of adult animals.

PMID- 2890249
TI  - [Mitogenic action of the liquid phase of a microbial suspension of Bordetella
      pertussis].
AB  - The suspension of B. pertussis cells in 0.15 M NaC1 solution, used for the
      preparation of corpuscular pertussis vaccine contains components loosely bound to
      microbial cells and producing pronounced mitogenic effect on mouse splenocytes at
      a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. The mitogenic activity of B. pertussis is
      due to complex substances (lipopolysaccharide, protein, nucleic acids) with a
      wide range of molecular weights (70,000 to greater than 400,000). The mitogenic
      factor showing no leukocyte-stimulating and protective activity has been isolated
      by sedimentation with ammonium sulfate and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The
      mitogenic activity of B. pertussis lipopolysaccharide in the blast transformation
      test has been confirmed.

PMID- 2890250
TI  - [Adhesion of Bordetella pertussis].

PMID- 2890251
TI  - [Metabolic characteristics of brain proteins and neuromediators in the late
      postresuscitation period].
AB  - Interferometric and cytophotometric examination of the neurons of the motor area
      of the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus in dogs in the late postresuscitation
      period has revealed a significant decrease in protein concentrations and activity
      of acetylcholinesterase (ACE), an increase in the activity of
      acetylcholinesterase (ACE), an increase in the activity of monoamine oxidase
      (MAO) and size of the cells of layers III and V of the motor cortex and caudate
      nucleus type I Golgi's neurons 12 days after clinical death. One month after
      resuscitation the protein concentrations were considerably higher than the normal
      values, levels of ACE normalized, levels of MAO in layer III of the motor cortex
      normalized but rose drastically in layer V and in the caudate nucleus. Neurons in
      type I Golgi's cells and in layer III of the motor cortex diminished in size. On
      the basis of their own and literature date the authors conclude that the motor
      cortex neurons are more sensitive to conditions of the terminal status than the
      caudate nucleus neurons and that protein metabolism and that of neuromediators
      interact in the process of restoration of the patient's neurological status.

PMID- 2890252
TI  - Toxicity of mosquitocides on freshwater mussel larvae.
AB  - The effect of four insecticides also used for mosquito-killing (Fyfanon ULV, K
      Othrin ULV, Unitox 7 ULV and Unitox 20 ULV) was studied on the larvae (glochidia)
      of two freshwater mussel species, Anodonta cygnea and Anodonta anatina. In
      addition to the determination of the 24-96 h LC50 values of the insecticides,
      studies were also performed on their effect exerted on a physiological process,
      the tryptamine-(TA)-induced activation of the larvae in normal and 24 h test. On
      the basis of the LC50 values, Fyfanon and Unitox 20 were found to be the most
      toxic to the studied mussel larvae, however, the TA-induced adductor muscle
      activity, as physiological process, was also inhibited by Unitox 7 in relatively
      low concentrations. This effect may reduce the chance of further development of
      the larvae, by exerting harmful effect on the number of freshwater mussels.

PMID- 2890253
TI  - [Chlordesmethyldiazepam as an anesthesia-inducing agent: time of loss of
      consciousness. Statistical analysis in man].
AB  - .1 mg/kg e.v. of chlordesmethyldiazepam, a 1.4 benzodiazepine derivative, were
      given in induction of anaesthesia of 60 plastic-reconstructive surgery patients
      respectively in 30 (Group 1.30 patients) and in 60 sec (Group 2.30 patients) to
      assess the times to spontaneous closing of the eyes and to disappearance of the
      palpebral reflex. It is concluded that the reflex times are not significantly
      different in both groups.

PMID- 2890254
TI  - [Sensorimotor polyneuropathy induced by almitrine dimesylate. Anatomo-clinical
      study of a case].
AB  - A 65-year-old male patient with chronic obstructive long disease developed a
      severe motor and sensory polyneuropathy during the treatment with almitrine
      bismesylate (Vectarion). Electrophysiological and neuropathological
      investigations demonstrated a distal axonopathy. A medicamentous origin was
      suspected since other causal factors were lacking. Eight months after stopping of
      treatment, the functional recovery was complete. The authors discuss the recent
      data recorded in the literature concerning the neurological complications induced
      by this new drug, which is increasingly administered in diseases of the
      respiratory tract.

PMID- 2890255
TI  - No antibodies to HTLV-I and HIV in patients with dementia in Finland.
AB  - Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have often progressive dementia.
      Human T cell lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I) infection has not been reported
      to cause dementia. We tested antibodies to HTLV-I and HIV in serum and
      cerebrospinal fluid in 69 Finnish patients referred because of dementia to an
      outpatient department of neurology. No antibodies to HTLV-I and HIV were detected
      in patients with the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, vascular
      dementia, secondary dementia due to a specific cause, or in cases of atypical
      dementia.

PMID- 2890256
TI  - Possibilities of immunohistochemical investigation on human temporal bone.
AB  - After preliminary studies on human tonsillar tissue, lymph node tissue, or tissue
      from the appendix, it could be shown that after a fixation in Bouin solution or
      in sublimate-formaldehyde solution and subsequent embedding of the tissue in
      paraffinwax, the structure of the immunoglobulins present in the tissue remains
      intact. Even after long-term decalcification of the fixed tissue in EDTA, its
      structure does not alter and the immunoglobulins can be detected in high dilution
      either by the direct immunofluorescence method or with peroxidase-antiperoxidase.
      Human temporal bones from healthy individuals were fixed in Bouin solution or in
      sublimate-formaldehyde solution and incubated for sufficient time in EDTA
      decalcification solution until they were radiologically free of calcium. After
      embedding in paraffinwax or Paraplast, the immunoglobulins of the middle ear
      mucosa could be identified with the immunohistochemical methods described above.
      For the first time, localized immunoglobulins including the secretory component
      in the endolymphatic sac could also be demonstrated. The method is so sensitive
      that the binding of antibodies from the serum of patients with possibly
      immunopathological inner ear conditions can be detected by means of the indirect
      immunofluorescence test. Furthermore, other immunohistochemical assay methods can
      also be carried out with these methods (e.g. neuropeptide detection.

PMID- 2890257
TI  - The mumps-specific T cell response in healthy individuals and insulin-dependent
      diabetics: preferential restriction by DR4-associated elements.
AB  - An increased frequency of mumps-specific T lymphocytes restricted by DR4
      associated elements has previously been described in DR4 heterozygotes. Here we
      report that the preferential restriction elements may be present on DR4 molecules
      expressing either Dw4 or Dw14. No particular genomic DQ-beta-polymorphism was
      associated with the preferential restriction elements.

PMID- 2890258
TI  - Effect of some benzodiazepines on the secretion of thyrotropic hormone and
      prolactin under conditions of experimental stress.
AB  - The effects of diazepam and medazepam, administered repeatedly orally, on the
      secretion of thyrotropic hormone and prolactin in male sexually matured albino
      rats were investigated under conditions of acute cold and immobilization stress.
      The agents were administered for 30 days in doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg for diazepam,
      and 1 and 10 mg/kg for medazepam. Sixty minutes after the last injection, the
      animals were placed under conditions of low temperature--+4 degrees C (cold
      stress) and of immobilization (immobilization stress) for 60 min. The content of
      thyrotropic hormone (TTH) and of prolactin in the serum of the control and
      experimental animals was determined using radioimmunological methods. Diazepam
      and medazepam were found to inhibit prolactin secretion under stress, affecting
      TTH secretion only in high doses: 5 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg medazepam. The
      TTH content was reduced under conditions of cold stress. The role of GABA and of
      the benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system in the regulation of
      the secretion of prolactin and TTH under states of stress is discussed.

PMID- 2890259
TI  - Glucose transport into skeletal muscle. Influence of contractile activity,
      insulin, catecholamines and diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The influence of contractile activity, insulin, catecholamines and diabetes
      mellitus on the acute as well as long-term regulation of glucose transport into
      skeletal muscle was investigated. In Paper I, glucose uptake was determined in
      the perfused hindlimb preparation; in Papers II-VI the glucose transport process
      was studied independently of glucose metabolism by determining the uptake of the
      non-metabolizable glucose analogue 3-O-methylglucose into isolated rat
      epitrochlearis muscles. The main findings are: Acute regulation of muscle glucose
      transport: 1. Muscle contraction-induced glucose uptake does not require the
      presence of insulin. 2. Exercise and a maximal insulin stimulus have additive
      effects on glucose transport. 3. Catecholamines decrease non-insulin-mediated
      glucose transport in the absence of albumin, whereas in the presence of albumin
      an enhancement occurs. 4. The effects of catecholamines are abolished during beta
      adrenergic blockade, but remain unaffected during alpha-adrenergic blockade. Long
      term regulation of muscle glucose transport: 5. The rat epitrochlearis muscle, a
      thin, predominantly fast-twitch muscle of the forearm, was shown to be a suitable
      preparation for the study of factors regulating glucose transport capacity on a
      long-term basis, since it maintains energy stores and tissue oxygenation for
      periods of at least 14 h. 6. Sustained insulin deficiency results in marked
      decreases in basal (40-45%), contraction-induced (50-60%), and insulin-stimulated
      (65-70%) glucose transport into rat epitrochlearis muscle. 7. The decreased
      contraction-induced glucose transport capacity can be prevented by frequent
      exercise during the period of insulin deficiency. 8. The decreased insulin
      responsiveness of the muscle glucose transport system can be reversed either by
      treating previously untreated diabetic rats with insulin or by in vitro
      incubation of the muscles for 12-14 hours. 9. The in vitro normalization of the
      insulin-stimulated glucose transport capacity (a) does not require the presence
      of serum or insulin, (b) occurs despite high (30 mM) concentrations of glucose,
      (c) is incomplete in the presence of diabetic serum and (d) is blocked to the
      amount of 30-80% in the presence of protein synthesis inhibition. On the basis of
      these findings, the following is concluded: Muscle contraction can activate the
      glucose transport system independently of insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2890260
TI  - Neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline mechanisms in relation to reserpine induced
      impairment of sympathetic neurotransmission in the cat spleen.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying the reserpine-induced impairment of the functional
      responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and output of noradrenaline (NA) and
      neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) were studied using the isolated
      blood-perfused cat spleen. Splenic nerve stimulation (10 Hz for 2 min) during
      control conditions caused perfusion-pressure increase, volume reduction and an
      increased output of NA and NPY-LI. After administration of phenoxybenzamine, the
      nerve stimulation-induced perfusion-pressure increase was almost abolished, the
      volume reduction inhibited and the output of NPY-LI enhanced. After subsequent
      addition of propranolol, a clear-cut increase in perfusion pressure upon nerve
      stimulation reappeared. Local infusion of NPY caused a potent, long-lasting,
      adrenoceptor-resistant increase in perfusion pressure and a relatively smaller
      volume reduction of the spleen. Twenty-four hours after reserpine pretreatment (1
      mg kg-1 i.v.), which depleted the splenic content of NA greater than 95% and NPY
      LI by about 50%, the functional responses upon nerve stimulation were markedly
      reduced. Preganglionic denervation or pretreatment with the ganglionic-blocking
      agent chlorisondamine did not influence the NA depletion after reserpine
      treatment. A considerable, adrenoceptor antagonist-resistant, long-lasting
      functional response as well as a markedly enhanced output of NPY-LI then occurred
      upon nerve stimulation. In conclusion, reserpine treatment combined with
      interruption of preganglionic impulse flow reveals non-adrenergic, nerve
      stimulation evoked splenic functional responses which could be mediated by
      release of a cotransmitter peptide like NPY.

PMID- 2890261
TI  - Increased motor activity following combined stimulation of B-HT 920-sensitive and
      D-1 dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2890262
TI  - Glycogen and glycogen-hydrolysing lysosomal enzyme activity in mouse liver:
      effects of fasting, adrenoceptor antagonism and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
AB  - Whereas the phosphorolytic breakdown of liver glycogen is known to be of great
      physiological importance, the functional role of the hydrolytic glycogenolysis in
      the lysosomal system is less well understood. In the present study the effects of
      fasting, alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonism and insulin-induced
      hypoglycaemia on liver lysosomal glycogen-hydrolysing enzyme activity were
      investigated in mice. In freely fed mice the glycogen-hydrolysing activity (acid
      amyloglucosidase) was only 50% of the maltose-hydrolysing activity (acid
      maltase). Starvation for 24 h reduced the acid amyloglucosidase activity by
      approximately 30% (P less than 0.001), whereas the activities of acid maltase,
      acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase appeared unaffected. N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase activity was moderately (20%; P less than 0.01) enhanced by
      fasting. Thus, liver lysosomal enzyme activities may change independently of each
      other during fasting. Further, during short-term hypoglycaemic conditions (45
      min) induced by endogenous or exogenous insulin, the activity of liver acid
      amyloglucosidase was found to be moderately reduced (15-20%). Blockade of alpha-
      and beta-adrenoceptors by phentolamine and propranolol did not result in any
      apparent influence on acid amyloglucosidase activity except for the indirect
      effect exerted by the phentolamine-induced hypoglycaemia. A moderate negative
      correlation (r = -0.51; P less than 0.001) between total liver glycogen
      concentration and acid amyloglucosidase activity was observed in a series of 43
      freely fed NMRI mice. Our data show that in mouse liver the acid maltase activity
      predominates over the acid amyloglucosidase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2890263
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor stimulation increases the pH of parotid acinar cells.
AB  - To characterize the effect of L-norepinephrine on intracellular pH (pHi) in
      parotid acinar cells, were measured the accumulation of 14C-labelled 5,5
      dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione ([14C]DMO), in slices of parotid glands from
      Sprague-Dawley rats. L-Norepinephrine enhanced the [14C]DMO uptake in a
      concentration-dependent manner with half-maximal effect at about 1 microM and
      maximum effect at about 1 mM. The half-maximal effect corresponded to an increase
      in pHi by 0.08 units and was reduced by 2 microM L-propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist), but was not affected by 2 microM phentolamine (alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist). The results suggest that L-norepinephrine increases intracellular pH
      in rat parotid acini and that this effect may be mediated by beta-adrenoceptor
      stimulation.

PMID- 2890264
TI  - Exercise and mental health.
AB  - This paper reviews the mood altering properties of exercise and its potential in
      the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. The role of the brain
      monoamines, opioid peptides, the sympathetic nervous system, and cognitive
      behavioural theory as mediating pathways for the psychological benefits of
      exercise is critically examined. Clinical trials on exercise are reviewed and
      suggestions are made for future research in this field.

PMID- 2890265
TI  - Is the dexamethasone suppression test predictive of response to specific
      antidepressant treatment in major depression?
AB  - The authors attempt to correlate the response to dexamethasone suppression test
      (DST) with a clinical response to antidepressant drugs in 68 patients with major
      depression. Antidepressants that influence noradrenergic or serotonergic
      transmission with relative different potencies were selected and used in standard
      doses for 6 weeks. The response was evaluated weekly by raters blind to DST
      results and to antidepressant medications prescribed. The retrospective analysis
      failed to correlate DST response with outcome of treatment. Therefore the present
      results suggest that this laboratory test does not help to identify subgroups of
      depressed patients responding preferentially to various antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2890266
TI  - Brain neurotransmission in panic disorder.
AB  - For two decades it has been hypothesized that schizophrenia and depression are
      related to alterations in the activity of specific neurotransmitters in brain; to
      a great extent, these theories are based on the assumed mode of action of
      antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs. With the available knowledge of how panic
      anxiety can be effectively treated (and elicited) with drugs, it is now
      reasonable to formulate hypotheses also regarding the contribution of central
      neurotransmitters to the generation of panic. As will be discussed in this brief
      review, three substances seem to be of particular importance in this context:
      serotonin, noradrenaline and GABA. In view of this concept, the putative mode of
      action of the atypical benzodiazepine derivative alprazolam, which in contrast to
      other benzodiazepines has been attributed effectiveness in the treatment of
      panic, will also be discussed.

PMID- 2890267
TI  - The fatty acid composition of Northern-Canadian marine and terrestrial mammals.
AB  - The low mortality from cardiovascular disease in Greenland Eskimos has been
      attributed to their consumption of diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids. These fatty
      acids are found in fish and marine mammal lipids. Whereas the fatty acid
      composition of several fish species has been documented, information is more
      limited on the mammals which feature significantly in the diets of many Arctic
      populations. This study investigated the fatty acid composition of commonly eaten
      marine mammals, as well as the polar bear and caribou. The tissue fatty acid
      composition was species-dependent, probably reflecting to some degree differences
      in feeding habits. The marine mammals and the amphibious polar bear, but not the
      caribou, contained substantial quantities of long chain omega-3 fatty acids.
      These studies further document the transfer of omega-3 fatty acids through the
      food chain to man and suggest that marine mammal and polar bear lipids are
      significant sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

PMID- 2890268
TI  - Comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and slow release furosemide as adjuvant therapy
      to beta-blockers in the treatment of moderate hypertension.
AB  - Fifty hypertensive patients on beta-blocker therapy with supine blood pressure
      greater than or equal to 95 mmHg were included in a parallel group, double-blind
      study for 12 weeks to compare blood pressures, metabolic and adverse effects of
      additional treatment with diuretics. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) 25 mg daily was
      added to one group and furosemide 30 mg daily in a slow-release preparation,
      Lasix Retard (LR), to the other. Blood pressure decreased significantly and
      similarly in both groups from about 155/101 to about 144/95 mmHg (p less than
      0.01). Diastolic blood pressure was lowered to less than or equal to 90 mmHg in
      29% of the HCT patients and in 59% of the LR patients. Serum potassium decreased
      significantly from 4.05 mmol/l to 3.62 mmol/l on HCT, while the decrease on LR
      from 4.13 mmol/l to 4.05 mmol/l was not significant. Serum urate increased
      significantly, although within the normal range, on HCT. No change in fasting
      blood glucose or HbA1C was observed in any group. The patients were asked to
      report 40 different possible side-effects on a visual analogue scale at every
      visit. The side-effects already observed on beta-blockers did not change
      consistently on additional therapy with either HCT or LR. Thus, additional
      treatment with HCT or LR to patients already treated with beta-blockers results
      in an equal further blood pressure reduction, but in contrast to treatment with
      HCT, addition of LR does not affect serum potassium concentrations.

PMID- 2890269
TI  - Serum phosphate increase during short-term beta-adrenoceptor blockade in
      thyrotoxicosis.
AB  - We studied the changes in blood plasma electrolytes during acute and short-term
      treatment with four different beta-adrenergic-blocking agents in 31 patients with
      hyperthyroidism. Serum phosphate increased during the first four hours and
      remained elevated after one week both after cardioselective (acebutolol) and non
      cardioselective (oxprenolol, pindolol and timolol) beta-blockade (p less than
      0.05). Albumin decreased after four hours but no change was found after one week.
      Serum creatinine increased after one week in the acebutolol-treated group, while
      sodium, potassium and albumin-corrected calcium in serum did not change. The
      hyperphosphatemic effect may be due to blockade of beta 1-adrenoceptors, since
      the effect of the cardioselective acebutolol was no less than that of the non
      cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor blockers.

PMID- 2890270
TI  - Receptosomes in the arterial smooth muscle cell.

PMID- 2890271
TI  - Software Survey Section.

PMID- 2890273
TI  - A possible physiological basis for effectiveness of acupuncture against
      psychosomatic disorders.
AB  - Acupuncture and Oriental meditation, particularly of Zen Buddhists have essential
      features in common. The physiological correlates of these features are discussed
      as they apply to therapy of psychosomatic disorders. Both acupuncture and
      meditation are characterized by alpha rhythms of the encephalograms, by relaxed
      wakefulness, by analgesia, by their pervasion of virtually the entire body. This
      set of correspondences is taken as sufficient to postulate that acupuncture
      induces a stillness with properties similar to those of the "quiet" of
      meditation. This induced deep relaxation may account for the vasolidation and
      increased vascular-capillary flow, intrinsic in acupuncture. Among the shared
      properties are the presence of low physiological noise-level and unresponsiveness
      to the aversive components of conditioned stimuli.

PMID- 2890272
TI  - Successful treatment of itching and atopic eczema by transcutaneous nerve
      stimulation.
AB  - Low-frequency (2 Hz) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) may
      produce prolonged and widespread sympatho-inhibition resulting in improved skin
      microcirculation with increased skin temperature in patients with peripheral
      vascular insufficiency. The method has previously been used successfully to
      improve peripheral circulation in such patients and to accelerate healing of
      chronic skin ulcers of various etiology. The present report deals with healing of
      atopic eczema and relief of pruritus by low-frequency TNS treatment in a patient
      who was followed for 2 years, the first 8 months with daily recordings of the
      effects, and then for an additional 16 months during which period TNS only
      occasionally was used. TNS also produced increased plasma levels of ACTH,
      cortisol and vasoactive intestinal polypeptides (VIP). The mechanisms of the
      favourable clinical effects are discussed.

PMID- 2890274
TI  - Long-term treatment of chronic pain with acupuncture. Part II.
AB  - A 5-year trial of acupuncture therapy in the Finnish NHS is surveyed. The
      material of 348 pain patients has been described in Part I. Acupuncture was less
      effective in the elderly, in patients with a psychiatric history, on high doses
      of analgesics, and in those with longstanding pain. Twenty six per cent of the
      patients were relieved of pain for more than two years. The response to treatment
      was not influenced by the patients social status or his expectations of benefit.

PMID- 2890275
TI  - Interrelationships between the heart and central nervous system: localization of
      neuro-transmitters and imaging of their associated nuclei, including the raphe
      nuclei & the locus coeruleus, as well as the imaging of the heart and its
      representation areas in slices of the human central nervous system using the "Bi
      Digital O-Ring Test" imaging method.
AB  - Using microscopic slides of specific tissues from the human body or pure
      substances including neuro-transmitters such as serotonin, dopamine,
      norepinephrine, etc., as reference control substances in the Bi-Digital O-Ring
      Test Molecular Identification Method, the author was able to localize and image
      normal and abnormal internal organs, and to localize and trace the distribution
      of neurotransmitters in the different parts of the central nervous system. Using
      microscopic slides of different parts of the heart, we were able to image the
      outline of the heart as well as the SA node, AV node, tricuspid valve, mitral
      valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, coronary arteries, and aorta and its
      branches, including the vertebral arteries, without using any bulky or expensive
      imaging instruments. Using serotonin as a reference control substance on the
      different parts of the central nervous system, it was possible to demonstrate the
      6 well-known raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus (which contains serotonin &
      norepinephrine), as well as the distribution of serotonin in the cerebrum and the
      cerebellum, all of which closely resembled previously published well-known
      neuroanatomical structures and distributions of neurotransmitters. As an
      extension of this work, possible representations of different internal organs on
      the central nervous system were examined using microscopic slides of different
      internal organs as reference control substances. The results indicated that the
      entire heart is represented primarily in the medulla oblongata, and that the SA
      node and the upper half of the left atrium are represented in the caudal end of
      the pons; the right side of the heart (i.e. R-atrium, AV node, tricuspid valve, R
      ventricle) is represented on the right side of the medulla oblongata, and the
      left side of the heart (i.e. lower half of the L-atrium, mitral valve, L
      ventricle) is represented on the left side of the medulla oblongata, and the
      upper half of the left atrium is represented in the caudal end of the left side
      of the pons. The bottoms of the ventricles are located near the spinal cord.
      Furthermore, the right and the left sides of the heart are represented in
      specific areas of each side of the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral
      cortex, and there are connecting pathways between the representation areas of
      identical parts of the heart, through the corpus callosum and other neuro
      pathways.

PMID- 2890276
TI  - Hypoalgesic effect of laser photobiostimulation shown by rat tail flick test.
AB  - We demonstrated a 50% increase in pain threshold following laser
      photobiostimulation (LPBS), employing rat tail-flick test. Helium-neon laser (1
      mW) of three different pulsing frequencies (4, 60, and 200 Hz) was applied on
      tail low resistance point for 15 seconds and tail-flick latencies were measured
      30 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days later. LPBS of 4 Hz produced
      hypoalgesia of rapid onset and short duration while the response to 60 Hz was
      delayed and lasted longer. LPBS of 200 Hz did not produce any hypoalgesia.

PMID- 2890277
TI  - The use of cell markers in the study of human hematopoietic neoplasia.

PMID- 2890278
TI  - New classes of tumor promoters: teleocidin, aplysiatoxin, and palytoxin.

PMID- 2890279
TI  - Studies on biomodulators of glucocorticoid actions; the nature and the modes of
      actions of glucocorticoid potency amplifiers.
AB  - We have found many compounds that amplify the action of glucocorticoid without
      themselves having any glucocorticoid-like action and have proposed the concept of
      'Glucocorticoid Action Biomodulators'. These biomodulators consist of
      'Glucorticoid Sensitivity Amplifiers', which greatly amplify the action of
      glucocorticoid at doses of glucocorticoid that alone have minimal effects, and
      'Glucocorticoid Potency Amplifiers', which markedly enhance the effect of
      glucocorticoid at doses that have maximal effects. Potent activators of protein
      kinase C, such as 1,2-racemic dioctanoylglycerol, 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13
      acetate, and epidermal growth factor (EGF), markedly enhanced the induction of
      tyrosine aminotransferase and ornithine decarboxylase by dexamethasone in
      adrenalectomized rats in vivo and in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in
      vitro. They amplified enzyme induction by even a large amount of dexamethasone
      that had a maximal effect, but had no effect in the absence of glucocorticoid.
      These modes of amplification show that these compounds are 'Glucocorticoid
      Potency Amplifiers'. They amplified not only enzyme induction in liver but also
      growth inhibition by glucocorticoid of solid tumor L5178Y lymphoblasts. They
      specifically amplified the actions of glucocorticoids and did not amplify the
      actions of other steroids, such as 17-beta estradiol, glucagon and insulin. The
      induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by glucocorticoid and its amplification by
      EGF were both inhibited by 1-(5-iso-quinoline-sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, an
      inhibitor of protein kinase C, and not by N-[2-(methylamino)-ethyl]-5
      isoquinoline-sulfonamide, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein
      kinases, suggesting that the induction and the amplification are mediated by
      protein kinase C.

PMID- 2890280
TI  - Leukotriene C4 metabolism by hepatoma cells and liver.
AB  - The metabolism of the glutathionyl leukotriene LTC4 in the mercapturic acid
      pathway was studied in suspensions of AS-30D hepatoma cells and hepatocytes, as
      well as in vivo in the bile duct-cannulated rat and in primates. 1. Isolated
      hepatocytes actively took up cysteinyl leukotrienes and metabolized LTC4 not only
      to LTD4 and LTE4 but also to N-acetyl-LTE4 and to metabolites more polar than
      LTC4. 2. AS-30D hepatoma cells are deficient in the transport system for the
      uptake of cysteinyl leukotrienes. Peptide cleavage of LTC4 to LTD4 and LTE4 was
      catalyzed by ectoenzymes of these cells. Inactivation of gamma
      glutamyltransferase by acivicin and inhibition of LTD4 dipeptidase by
      penicillamine largely prevented further catabolism of LTC4 and LTD4,
      respectively. 3. [3H]LTC4 injected i.v. into rats was rapidly eliminated from the
      circulating blood, taken up by the liver, and excreted into bile where 77% of the
      administered radioactivity was recovered within 1 hr. The biliary LTC4
      metabolites included LTD4, N-acetyl-LTE4, and metabolites more polar than LTC4.
      4. Inhibition of [3H]LTC4 metabolism in vivo by i.v. penicillamine shifted the
      pattern of biliary cysteinyl leukotrienes; an extended half-life of [3H]LTD4 was
      associated with a retarded formation of N-acetyl-LTE4 and of polar metabolites.
      5. Endogenous cysteinyl leukotrienes elicited by trauma were measured after HPLC
      separation by radioimmunologic analysis in plasma and bile of rats. The biliary
      concentration of these leukotrienes was up to 100 times as great as in plasma. N
      Acetyl-LTE4 was the predominant endogenous metabolite in rat bile. 6. In the
      monkey Macaca fascicularis, cysteinyl leukotrienes were predominantly eliminated
      from blood via the liver into bile; renal excretion amounted to about 50% of the
      hepatobiliary elimination. Absorption of cysteinyl leukotrienes from the
      intestine resulted in enterohepatic circulation of these mediators. 7.
      Metabolites of [3H]LTC4 injected i.v. in the monkey were analyzed in bile and
      urine. In addition to polar metabolites and a small percentage of [3H]LTD4,
      [3H]LTE4 was a predominant metabolite particularly in bile. LTE4 was also the
      major endogenous cysteinyl leukotriene detected by radioimmunologic analysis in
      monkey bile. 8. LTE4 was the predominant endogenous cysteinyl leukotriene
      measured in human bile in patients suffering from acute pancreatitis. The
      detected amounts of LTE4 may be sufficient to induce known phenomena associated
      with acute pancreatitis including the shock-like reaction.

PMID- 2890282
TI  - Parasite behaviour: understanding platyhelminth responses.

PMID- 2890281
TI  - Interaction of adrenal and pancreatic hormones in the control of hepatic enzymes
      during development.
AB  - In the liver of suckling rats, the synthesis of hepatic tyrosine
      aminotransferase, serine dehydratase, and phosphofructokinase 2 as well as of
      renal beta-glucosidase is controlled by the circulating concentrations of adrenal
      and pancreatic hormones. Glucagon is capable of stimulating enzyme synthesis only
      in the presence of a steroid hormone. Dexamethasone and estradiol have been found
      to exert a permissive function on the inducibility of the studied enzymes by
      glucagon. Between the hormones of the adrenal medulla and glucagon antagonistic
      effects in enzyme induction were observed. Obviously, this antagonism is mediated
      by the alpha 1-adrenergic signal transferring system. A characteristic age
      dependence of enzyme induction by dexamethasone has been established. This might
      be correlated to alterations in the degree of methylation of the respective
      promoters. The methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine influences significantly the
      enzyme induction by glucocorticoid hormones.

PMID- 2890283
TI  - PGE binding in isolated hepatocytes: regulation during fasting.

PMID- 2890284
TI  - Chick retina generates platelet-activating factor.

PMID- 2890285
TI  - Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in man: effect of essential fatty acids on fatty
      acid composition.
AB  - Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency (ALAD) is described in five adults receiving long
      term gastric tube feeding with a commercially available powdered formula mixed
      with water and/or skimmed milk. Three patients receiving the same powder mixed
      with whole milk showed no signs of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). The
      patients showed scaly dermatitis and skin atrophy. In four patients,
      supplementing with cod liver oil and soya oil for 4 weeks normalized n-3 acids in
      plasma and red cells, while n-6 acids remained unchanged or decreased slightly.
      At the same time, skin changes were normalized. In the fifth patient,
      supplementing with ethyl linolenate started to normalize skin changes within 5
      days, and after 2 weeks had increased the red cell concentration of 22:6n-3
      threefold. Simultaneously, 20:4n-6 increased twofold, to above control level.
      Minimal daily requirement of alpha-linolenic acid and of long-chain n-3 acids is
      estimated to be 0.2% to 0.4% and 0.1% to 0.2% of calories, respectively.

PMID- 2890286
TI  - Sulfasalazine and its anti-inflammatory metabolite, 5-aminosalicylic acid: effect
      on arachidonic acid metabolism in human neutrophils, and free radical scavenging.

PMID- 2890287
TI  - A study of cryptorchidism. III: The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in
      the testes of cryptorchid patients.
AB  - The complex carbohydrates in the undescended and contralateral scrotal testes of
      patients with cryptorchidism, were examined by light microscopic histochemical
      methods, in comparison with those of normal testes. In the undescended testes,
      histochemical reactions for acidic and neutral complex carbohydrates were
      apparently weaker than in the normal testes, especially pronounced in the
      seminiferous tubular walls. In the germinal and supporting cells of the
      undescended testes, the amount of galactose residues in the complex carbohydrates
      decreased from the prepubertal to post-pubertal periods. Periodic acid-Schiff
      reaction also revealed a decrease in the glycogen content in the germinal and
      supporting cells of the undescended testes from pre-pubertal to post-pubertal
      periods.

PMID- 2890288
TI  - Mammogram interpretation by physician assistants.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine whether a health maintenance
      organization (HMO) desirous of providing low-cost, quality mammography could
      employ physician assistants (PAs) to interpret mammograms under the supervision
      of HMO radiologists. After intensive training in mammographic interpretation,
      four PAs individually interpreted 727 mammograms of 470 normal breasts, 75
      breasts with benign breast masses, and 182 breasts with cancer. The
      interpretations by the PAs were more sensitive and as specific as those made by
      six HMO radiologists who interpreted the same cases, and as effective as those by
      radiologists described in the literature. In receiver-operating-characteristic
      curve analysis, the areas under curves for PAs were larger than those under
      curves for radiologists. Interpretations by PAs took less time and cost less than
      did those by radiologists; the dispositions recommended by PAs were similar to
      those recommended by radiologists. We conclude that properly trained, evaluated,
      and supervised PAs can interpret mammograms. Legal, practical, and ethical
      considerations dictate that this can best be accomplished under the direction of
      radiologists who are well trained in mammography.

PMID- 2890289
TI  - Drug therapy in the elderly: effects on mental status.
AB  - Persons over age 65 receive 25 to 30 percent of all drug prescriptions. Since the
      elderly often require numerous medications for multiple medical problems, the
      opportunity for deleterious drug interactions is increased. Overmedication,
      coupled with the older patient's susceptibility to drug toxicity, increases the
      risk of poor compliance and behavioral disturbances.

PMID- 2890291
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of cigarette smoking in patients with and without
      chronic beta-blocker therapy.
AB  - After refraining from smoking for at least 8 hours, 22 adult male habitual
      smokers underwent baseline electrophysiologic study including atrial and
      ventricular burst pacing and programmed premature stimulation with single
      extrastimuli. After smoking 2 of their usual brand of cigarettes in rapid
      succession, the electrophysiologic protocol was repeated. Nicotine, catecholamine
      and carbon monoxide concentrations all increased significantly. Smoking increased
      heart rate and improved atrioventricular conduction in the 13 patients receiving
      chronic beta-blocker therapy (mostly for angina pectoris); increases in heart
      rate and improvement in atrioventricular conduction were not different
      statistically from those seen in patients not receiving beta-blocker therapy,
      suggesting the possibility of a direct effect of nicotine or other components of
      tobacco smoke. Ventricular refractoriness was not altered and atrial and
      ventricular arrhythmias were not increased by smoking. Persistent sympathomimetic
      actions of cigarette smoking may explain in part the failure of beta-blocking
      drugs to reduce cardiac mortality risk in smokers after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2890290
TI  - Electropharmacology of flestolol for supraventricular tachycardia without
      associated structural heart disease.
AB  - Flestolol is an ultrashort-acting beta-blocking drug with a half-life of 6.9
      minutes. Its antiarrhythmic efficacy was studied in 21 patients with spontaneous
      and inducible supraventricular tachycardia: atrioventricular (AV) nodal
      tachycardia in 6 patients and orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia in 15. It
      increased the effective refractory period of the AV node in all patients with AV
      nodal tachycardia (fast pathway, p less than 0.02; slow pathway, p less than
      0.01), but did not alter the anterograde (n = 8) or retrograde (n = 9) refractory
      periods of accessory pathways. Flestolol prevented initiation of tachycardia by
      causing block in anterograde AV nodal conduction. It was more effective in
      patients with AV nodal tachycardia (5 of 6) than in those with AV reciprocating
      tachycardia (4 of 15, p less than 0.03). In patients in whom it was ineffective,
      the mean tachycardia cycle length increased by 54 ms because of an increase in AH
      interval (p less than 0.0001, n = 11). The cycle length of tachycardia induced 30
      minutes after infusion was similar to the cycle length in the control state (354
      vs 355 ms, n = 16). Flestolol's kinetics permitted clinically indicated
      electropharmacologic testing of a second antiarrhythmic drug in 8 patients and
      control of ventricular rate until arrhythmia surgery in 1 patient with incessant
      tachycardia. No hypotension or toxicity occurred. Our findings indicate that
      flestolol's principal antiarrhythmic effects are on the AV node, similar to the
      effects of other beta-blocking drugs. Its ultrashort duration of action is an
      advantage during electropharmacologic testing.

PMID- 2890292
TI  - Efficacy of bucindolol in systemic hypertension.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of oral bucindolol, a non-selective beta-adrenergic
      blocking agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and direct vasodilating
      properties, were studied at rest and during handgrip exercise with a flotation
      directed pulmonary artery catheter in 12 patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension. After the initial dose of 150 mg of bucindolol, blood pressure (BP)
      was significantly reduced and cardiac output was increased (from 5.9 +/- 0.8 to
      6.8 +/- 1.6 liters/min) in the supine position and during exercise (p less than
      0.05). Systemic vascular resistance was reduced (from 1,555 +/- 339 to 1,311 +/-
      467 dynes s cm-5, p less than 0.01) at rest and without significant changes
      during exercise. There were increases in heart rate (13 +/- 13%, p less than
      0.01) and right atrial (69 +/- 77%, p less than 0.05), pulmonary arterial (38 +/-
      24 %, p less than 0.001) and pulmonary artery wedge pressures (62 +/- 46%, p less
      than 0.001) during exercise. Bucindolol did not change these variables at rest or
      during exercise. Bucindolol increased plasma norepinephrine levels both at rest
      (from 330 +/- 151 to 588 +/- 320 ng/liter, p less than 0.01) and during exercise
      (from 468 +/- 220 to 685 +/- 390 ng/liter, p less than 0.05). After 4 weeks of
      bucindolol with doses of 50 to 200 mg 3 times daily, BP was reduced in both
      supine and standing positions (mean arterial BP of 11 +/- 7% [p less than 0.001]
      and 11 +/- 6% [p less than 0.001], respectively), without changes in cardiac
      output, systemic vascular resistance or plasma norepinephrine level.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890293
TI  - Carrier detection in the hemophilias.
AB  - The subject of carrier detection in the hemophilias has received new impetus in
      the past several years. Treatment complications arising from clotting factor
      concentrates have become more evident and earlier prenatal diagnosis and new
      genetic markers for the clotting factor genes have focused interest on this area.
      Until now, carrier diagnosis has relied upon standard pedigree analysis and
      clotting factor assays. The results obtained using these methods are
      probabilistic, and the coagulation tests are unavoidably influenced by the
      effects of random X chromosome inactivation and the inherent variability of the
      methods involved. With the cloning and characterization of both factor IX and
      factor VIII genes, has come the capability of using gene analysis to diagnose the
      carrier state. This usually involves the detection of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) and their use as linked markers for the defective clotting
      factor gene. In hemophilia A, the combined use of three intragenic RFLPs and two
      closely linked, highly polymorphic extragenic markers will make carrier
      information available to approximately 90% of kindred. In hemophilia B,
      phenotypic analysis has been complicated by the more heterogeneous expression of
      the gene defect. To date, five intragenic and one closely linked RFLP have been
      reported, as well as two protein polymorphisms detectable by monoclonal antibody
      immunoassays. With the combined use of these genetic markers it is likely that
      accurate carrier assignment will be available to more than 80% of hemophilia B
      families.

PMID- 2890294
TI  - A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning
      disorders, and school problems.
AB  - Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, hereditary, neurobehavioral disorder of
      childhood. To determine the frequency of various behavioral manifestations, we
      have compared 47 random normal controls to 246 patients with TS, 17 with
      attention-deficit disorder (ADD), and 15 with ADD secondary to a TS gene (ADD
      2(0) TS). All subjects were examined prospectively with a 425-item questionnaire
      based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Diagnostic and Statistical
      Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III). The TS patients were divided into grade 1
      (too mild to treat [17.5%]), grade 2 (requiring treatment [58.9%]), and grade 3
      (severe [23.6%]). Patients in all three grades of TS were significantly different
      from controls for DSM III symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and
      hyperactivity. Sixty-two percent of TS patients had ADD, compared with 6.3% of
      controls; and 48.8% had ADD with hyperactivity (ADDH), compared with 4.2% of
      controls. In the majority of TS patients, the natural history of the disease was
      to start with ADDH and 2.4 years later develop motor and vocal tics. Among TS
      patients, 39% had previously received medication for ADDH or behavior problems,
      compared with 2% of the controls. Although stimulants can occasionally exacerbate
      tics, there was no evidence that stimulants cause TS and they are often a
      valuable adjunct to the treatment of TS. It is estimated that 10%-30% of ADDH is
      due to or associated with the presence of a TS gene. TS patients had a
      significantly increased frequency of (1) attending classes for the educationally
      handicapped, (2) placement in classes for the severely emotionally disturbed, (3)
      attending any special classes, (4) severe test anxiety, (5) stuttering, (6)
      letter, number, or word reversal, (7) reading very slowly, and (8) poor retention
      of material read. A reading-problem score (dyslexia) greater than or equal to 3
      was present in 26.8% of TS patients, compared with 4.2% of controls. Number
      reversal, word reversal, and poor retention were significant even for the TS
      patients with tics too mild to treat. The multiple ways in which TS impacts
      school performance, as well as potential remedies, are discussed.

PMID- 2890296
TI  - DNA restriction-site polymorphisms associated with the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene.
AB  - Restriction-site variation in and around the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene has been
      studied using two genomic probes. With use of restriction enzymes SstI, MspI, and
      AvaII, three polymorphic sites have been described with a 4.6-kb probe in the 5'
      portion of the gene. With use of a 6.5-kb probe, polymorphisms in the coding and
      3' regions of the gene have been detected with AvaII, MaeIII, and TaqI. All of
      these polymorphisms are of sufficiently high frequency to be useful in genetic
      mapping studies. The polymorphisms with AvaII and MaeIII (6.5-kb probe) are
      particularly useful for prenatal diagnosis. PI types and M subtypes tend to be
      associated with specific DNA haplotypes; there are two different types of DNA
      haplotypes associated with PI M1. The extent of linkage disequilibrium differs
      throughout the region of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene.

PMID- 2890295
TI  - Development of a single probe for documentation of chimerism following bone
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - Although numerous genetic markers are available for studying chimerism after bone
      marrow transplantation (BMT), there remains a need for a practical and highly
      informative method that is applicable in the early posttransplantation period.
      Using DNA restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs), we have evaluated
      the feasibility of developing a single synthetic oligonucleotide probe to study
      post-BMT chimerism. We have thus tested three candidate probes, termed O-3315-32,
      O-3315-80, and O-AY-29, that are homologous to tandemly repetitive sequences. Our
      results demonstrated donor-specific and recipient-specific fragments in 11 of 11
      HLA-matched sibling pairs tested using probes O-3315-32 and O-3315-80. When probe
      O-AY-29 was used, 14 of 17 sibling pairs showed both donor and recipient markers,
      one had only a recipient marker, and two were identical. We showed that each of
      the three synthetic probes was effective in documenting donor marrow engraftment,
      mixed hematopoietic chimerism, the patient's pre-BMT phenotype (by using cultured
      skin fibroblasts obtained after BMT), and the origin of the malignant
      hematopoietic cells (i.e., of donor or recipient origin) in patients who
      developed recurrent hematologic malignancy following BMT. Compared with the use
      of cloned genomic probes, there are several important advantages to the use of
      synthetic oligonucleotide probes in studying post-BMT chimerism. Synthetic probes
      have absolute hybridization specificity and can be designed to suit the purposes
      of an individual study, since they have adjustable specificity that can be
      altered by changes in the length of the probe and by changes in the hybridization
      temperature. A single synthetic probe analogous to several highly polymorphic
      loci can have a polymorphism information content sufficiently high so that all
      but a small percentage of BMT patients could be followed easily; for example, if
      a probe were complementary to three highly polymorphic unlinked loci, it would
      discriminate approximately 98% of sibling donor/recipient pairs. This would be
      accomplished using only one restriction-endonuclease digestion and only one gel
      electrophoresis. Since other genetic markers, e.g., red blood cell antigens,
      immunoglobulin allotypes, and chromosome analysis, are not uniformly informative
      and, in some cases, cannot be used in the early posttransplantation period, the
      use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes for analysis of DNA RFLP is emerging as
      the method of choice for studies of post-BMT chimerism. This method will allow
      for the development of new knowledge that has not been possible with previous
      methods.

PMID- 2890297
TI  - Linkage of DNA probe B79a (D7S13) to cystic fibrosis.
AB  - We have conducted, in 64 affected families, a study of linkage between the
      anonymous DNA segment pB79a (D7S13) and the locus for cystic fibrosis (CF) on
      chromosome 7q. The maximum lod score was 12.60 at theta = .08 (confidence bounds
      .045-.135). Although D7S13 is not sufficiently close to CF for routine use in DNA
      based prenatal diagnosis, it will be helpful in certain families when other
      nearby markers are uninformative. D7S13 will also be useful for refining the
      linkage map of the CF region.

PMID- 2890298
TI  - Neutrality tests of highly polymorphic restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms.
AB  - The allele frequency data of Baird et al. were tested using Ewens-Watterson
      sampling theory for goodness of fit to the infinite-alleles model of neutral
      evolution. Although probes of both the HRAS-1 and D14S1 loci identify highly
      diverse restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms, the observed values of gene
      identity (F) and the common allele frequency (C) are not significantly different
      from the neutral expectation. Allele frequency distributions show a tendency
      toward a deficit in diversity for HRAS-1 and a slight excess diversity for D14S1.
      The direction of these departures is consistent with potential selective effects
      of the Harvey-ras oncogene and hitchhiking of the D14S1 locus to closely linked
      immunoglobulin genes. Direct chi 2-tests of goodness of fit of the observed and
      expected allele frequency distributions reveal significant departures in the
      caucasoid and Hispanic HRAS-1 distributions but not in any of the other tests.

PMID- 2890299
TI  - Understanding the use of behavioral rating scales in studies evaluating the
      efficacy of antianxiety and antidepressant drugs.
AB  - Behavioral rating scales commonly used in efficacy studies of antianxiety and
      antidepressant drugs are described, and the appropriate use of these scales in
      clinical studies is discussed from the perspective of pharmacists who must
      evaluate such studies. Defined first are four attributes by which all rating
      scales are developed and evaluated: standardization, normalization, validity, and
      reliability. In psychopharmacology research, rating scales are used to select
      subjects for study, assess the severity of an illness, measure change in behavior
      over time, and determine treatment efficacy. Four types of rating scales (patient
      self-assessment, interview-based, ward-observation, and assessment by significant
      others) are defined. Some of the most commonly used behavioral rating scales are
      classified and described; their individual advantages and limitations are
      evaluated. Knowledge of the characteristics of the various behavioral rating
      scales is essential to understanding how they can be used most appropriately in
      drug-efficacy studies to measure changes in behavior and mood.

PMID- 2890300
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2: the value of screening and central
      registration. A study of 15 kindreds in The Netherlands.
AB  - Since 1975, 10 families with the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)-2A syndrome
      and five with the MEN-2B syndrome, making a total of 101 patients, have been
      identified in The Netherlands. Twenty-three of the MEN-2A patients died before
      the start of the screening program. The average age of the patients whose death
      was due to pheochromocytoma (n = 11) or medullary thyroid carcinoma (n = 12) was
      34.9 and 49.2 years, respectively. Eighty-seven patients with the MEN-2A syndrome
      and eight with the MEN-2B syndrome underwent thyroidectomy for C-cell hyperplasia
      and/or medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eighteen patients had signs or symptoms
      caused by MEN-2A (group A), 60 were relatives of these patients who had been
      found to be affected at the first screening of the family (group B), and nine
      relatives had had negative screening results that later became positive (group
      C). Five patients had signs or symptoms due to MEN-2B (group A) and three were
      relatives of these patients who had been found to be affected at the initial
      screening (group B). To assess the effect of screening, we compared these groups
      with respect to the occurrence of metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma at
      thyroidectomy and the results of the postoperative calcitonin tests. Among the
      MEN-2A families, 72 percent of group A, 33 percent of group B, and none of group
      C were found to have metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma at surgery. In the
      MEN-2B families, all five patients in group A and one of the three patients in
      group B had metastatic disease. The "cure rates" in these three groups with MEN
      2A, as determined by stimulated calcitonin assessment, were 11, 57, and 100
      percent, respectively. One of the five patients with MEN-2B in group A and two of
      the three patients in group B showed normalization of the stimulated calcitonin
      value after surgery. From these results, it may be concluded that screening can
      lead to the detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in an earlier stage, which
      in turn may permit curative treatment and improvement of both prognosis and life
      expectancy. The need for supervision of affected families by central registration
      to promote periodic examination and to guarantee the continuity of such screening
      is discussed.

PMID- 2890301
TI  - Hyperventilation and panic disorder.
AB  - Hyperventilation syndrome and panic disorder are both common, serious, and easily
      treatable disorders. The similarity of their symptoms and physiology, the
      demonstration of hyperventilation during spontaneous and laboratory-induced panic
      episodes, provocation of panic-like symptoms in some patients with panic disorder
      using hyperventilation, the importance of psychologic factors in producing
      hyperventilation, and successful treatment of panic disorder with breathing
      retraining all indicate a strong association between these two conditions. About
      50 percent of patients in each group show evidence of both disorders. It is
      suggested that many patients in each group show evidence of both disorders. It is
      suggested that many patients with either diagnosis have the same disorder and
      share a biologically and often genetically determined hypersensitivity of a
      central "alarm" system. Panic and hyperventilation provoked by inappropriate
      activation of this system are postulated to reinforce each other by a positive
      feedback loop. Treatments directed at any part of this loop are likely to be
      successful. Clinical implications of the link between these conditions are
      discussed.

PMID- 2890302
TI  - A lymphoproliferative disorder caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type I.
      Demonstration of a continuum between acute and chronic adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - A 35-year-old black man is described who had a human T-lymphotropic virus type I
      (HTLV-I) infection while living in a non-endemic region. A lymphoproliferative
      disorder developed that might be considered as a transition stage between acute
      and chronic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. This suggests that HTLV-I-induced
      neoplasias represent a continuous disease spectrum.

PMID- 2890303
TI  - Close linkage of the Wieacker-Wolff syndrome to the DNA segment DXYS1 in proximal
      Xq.
AB  - Linkage studies with RFLPs were performed in a large family in which the Wieacker
      Wolff syndrome is segregating. In this new syndrome (McKusick, 1986, No. 31458)
      patients have congenital contractures, progressive neuropathic muscle atrophy,
      involving also some cranial nerves with oculomotor apraxia and dyspraxia of the
      face and tongue muscles, and mental retardation. This is an X-linked recessive
      syndrome. We found close linkage between the syndrome locus and the DNA segment
      DXYS1 (z = 3.225 at theta = 0.0) in proximal Xq.

PMID- 2890304
TI  - Increased tubular enzyme excretion in preeclampsia.
AB  - The pathophysiology of preeclampsia includes ischemia and microinfarctions of the
      kidney, which could induce renal tubular cells to release enzymes into urine. We
      therefore measured the concentrations of two markers of renal tubular damage, N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase, in urine specimens from
      women with mild or severe preeclampsia and compared the results with those from
      healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women. The median urinary concentrations of N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase in women without
      preeclampsia increased progressively through the first, second, and third
      trimesters and reached maximum values of 1.12 and 0.77 U/mmol creatinine,
      respectively. Median concentrations of the two enzymes were significantly higher
      in women with mild preeclampsia (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase = 1.40, alanine
      aminopeptidase = 1.12 U/mmol creatinine) or severe preeclampsia (N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase = 2.90, alanine aminopeptidase = 1.26 U/mmol creatinine). This
      increased enzyme excretion indicates subclinical preeclamptic renal tubular
      damage.

PMID- 2890305
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist infusion increases plasma prostaglandin F levels
      in pregnant sheep.
AB  - Recent evidence of a stimulatory effect of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists on
      prostaglandin production by human fetal membranes in vitro prompted us to
      investigate whether prostaglandins are increased during beta-agonist infusion in
      vivo. On days 120 to 125 of gestation, blood samples were drawn from the aorta
      and vena cava of five crossbred ewes at 15-minute intervals for 1 hour before,
      during, and for 1 hour after a 3-hour infusion of isoproterenol (0.16
      microgram/kg/min) or normal saline solution. Plasma prostaglandin F2 alpha levels
      increased (177% +/- 13% SEM over baseline; p less than 0.002) in maternal aorta,
      while plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha levels increased in
      both aorta and vena cava (354% +/- 47% and 309% +/- 75% over baseline,
      respectively; p less than 0.002) during isoproterenol infusion but not during
      saline solution infusion. No change was seen in plasma prostaglandin E2 levels.
      The increase in plasma stimulatory prostaglandins in the pregnant ewe during beta
      agonist infusion is compatible with the increased uterine activity observed after
      myometrial desensitization by continuous beta-agonist infusion.

PMID- 2890306
TI  - Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on retention of asbestos fibers in various
      morphologic compartments of the guinea pig lung.
AB  - For investigation of mechanisms whereby smoking might potentiate asbestos-related
      disease, guinea pigs were given 0.5 mg UICC amosite by intratracheal
      instillation. Half the animals were subsequently exposed to cigarette smoke.
      Animals were sacrificed at 1 day, 7 days, and 1 month after exposure. Lungs were
      lavaged and macrophages separated from the lavage fluid. Lung fiber
      concentration, numbers of fibers in macrophages, and fiber sizes from tissue
      (TFs), macrophages (MFs), and macrophage-free lavagate (FFs) were determined by
      electron microscopy. Smoke-exposed animals retained greater numbers of fibers in
      lung tissue by 1 month but had greater total numbers of fibers in macrophages at
      all time periods. In both smokers and nonsmokers, fibers in the three morphologic
      compartments had distinctly different lengths: the longest fibers were found
      associated with the lung tissue; the macrophages always contained the shortest
      fibers; and the macrophage-free lavagate had fibers of intermediate size.
      However, fiber widths and aspect ratios did not show the same clear separation by
      anatomic compartment, suggesting that in both smoking and nonsmoking animals
      length is the size parameter which is most important in determining fiber
      clearance. Smoking did not affect the lengths of MFs but did produce a
      progressive reduction in the lengths of FFs and TFs with time. These data
      indicate that smoking causes a marked increase in the number of fibers retained
      in the lung within macrophages and suggest that either macrophage removal via the
      mucociliary escalator or macrophage mobility is impaired by cigarette smoke.
      However, smoking does not change the sizes of fibers in macrophages and does not
      appear to depress phagocytic capacity. These observations imply that failure of
      macrophage clearance and subsequent re-release of fibers into the medium may at
      least partially explain the changes in fiber sizes and eventual increases in
      tissue fiber concentrations in smoke-exposed animals.

PMID- 2890307
TI  - A comparative trial of pharmacologic strategies in schizophrenia.
AB  - An open comparative trial was conducted involving 42 schizophrenic outpatients
      randomly assigned to one of two methods of drug administration: continuous
      medication (N = 21) and targeted medication plus psychosocial intervention (N =
      21). The results, which suggest an extensive similarity with respect to outcome
      for the two treatments over a 2-year period, argue for the continuation of
      research on the relative effectiveness of the targeted drug approach,
      particularly in cases judged suitable for drug reduction strategies.

PMID- 2890308
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism in Japan.
AB  - The authors studied neuroleptic drug response in 126 inpatients in Japan. They
      found similar prevalences and risk factors of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic
      induced parkinsonism in Japan and the West, despite cross-cultural differences in
      psychiatric practice.

PMID- 2890309
TI  - Follow-up study of 11 patients with potentially reversible tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - The authors followed the course of 11 patients with potentially reversible
      tardive dyskinesia while they were taking minimum effective neuroleptic doses.
      After 10 years, the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia had disappeared in eight
      patients, were minimal or questionable in one, and had become persistent in two.

PMID- 2890310
TI  - Time course of effects of clonidine.

PMID- 2890311
TI  - The control of intra-ocular pressure during the induction of anaesthesia for
      emergency eye surgery. A high-dose vecuronium technique.
AB  - A technique of rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia for use in patients with
      penetrating eye injuries is described. This utilises a three maximal breaths
      method of pre-oxygenation, the intravenous injection of thiopentone and high dose
      vecuronium (0.2 mg/kg). Using the loss of eyelash reflex as the starting point
      for timing, all patients were intubated after 60 seconds without coughing and
      bucking. No postintubation increases in intra-ocular pressure were seen in 70% of
      patients and in no patient did the increase in intra-ocular pressure exceed 5
      mmHg. After 3 minutes of apnoea, the minimum haemoglobin oxygen saturation was
      94% with a mean value of 97.6%.

PMID- 2890312
TI  - Prolonged neuromuscular blockade in an infant.

PMID- 2890313
TI  - Priming with vecuronium in obstetrics.

PMID- 2890314
TI  - The effects of vecuronium on intra-ocular pressure.
AB  - The effects of vecuronium on intra-ocular pressure were investigated in doses of
      0.1 mg/kg during steady state anaesthesia (n = 5), 0.1 mg/kg as part of a normal
      sequence induction preceded by thiopentone (n = 10), and 0.15 mg/kg as part of a
      rapid sequence induction with vecuronium administered prior to thiopentone (n =
      10). Administration of vecuronium during steady state anaesthesia was associated
      with a significant decrease. Vecuronium produced a small reduction in pressure
      during a normal sequence induction, following a significant reduction after
      thiopentone. Tracheal intubation during normal sequence and rapid sequence
      inductions produced increases in pressure above the pre-intubation value
      (significantly so in the case of normal sequence induction); however, the intra
      ocular pressure always remained below the pre-induction value, which suggests
      that vecuronium 0.15 mg/kg is a suitable relaxant as part of a rapid sequence
      induction technique where the use of suxamethonium is contraindicated.

PMID- 2890315
TI  - Recurarisation after vecuronium in a patient with renal failure.

PMID- 2890316
TI  - Quantitation of genes and transcripts by saturation hybridization in urea
      solutions using strand-selected probes.
AB  - This report describes methods for quantifying specific sequences in preparations
      of single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acids. We use saturating amounts of
      hybrid-selected, strand-specific probes and perform hybridizations in urea
      solutions. Hybrids (RNA-DNA or DNA-DNA) are then analyzed by either of two
      methods. The first employs standard S1 nuclease digestion, precipitation of
      resistant material on glass fiber filters, and assay by liquid scintillation
      counting. This method is generally chosen in the assay of rare transcripts in
      total nucleic acid extracts as well as preparations of polyadenylated RNA. The
      second employs the separation of excess probe from probe-target hybrids by gel
      electrophoresis, recovery of hybrids on ion-exchange paper, and determination of
      cpm bound by liquid scintillation counting. This method is of particular value in
      the assay of double-stranded sequences and the quantitation of restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms. Whereas both methods are accurate over ranges of
      target abundance representing at least several orders of magnitude, the latter
      ("NA45 assay") is most sensitive, and the selection of M13-bound or unbound DNA
      fragments by this method can be exploited in a variety of other applications.

PMID- 2890317
TI  - Separation of DNA restriction fragments by ion-exchange chromatography on FPLC
      columns Mono P and Mono Q.
AB  - Separation of DNA restriction fragments by FPLC ion-exchange chromatography on
      Mono Q and Mono P columns was investigated. The columns were found to be
      particularly suitable for the separation of fragments up to 500-600 bp long.
      Larger fragments can also be separated although less effectively. We found the
      following practical working ranges for the parameters investigated: pH, 4 to 11;
      flow rate, 0.05 to 0.6 ml/min corresponding to separation times between 2 and 20
      h. (better resolution is achieved at lower flow rates); gradient slope; between
      0.5 mM eluting salt/ml buffer and over 5 mM/ml (better resolution is achieved at
      lower gradient slopes; eluting ionic strength was found to be independent of
      gradient slope); gradient composition, chloride salts of smaller monovalent
      cations eluted the DNA at lower ionic strengths but separations obtained were
      similar; additives, substances such as urea, formamide, and EDTA can be added
      without chromatographic effects; sample amount: amounts from 2.5 to 200
      micrograms were applied, corresponding to single peak content of from 42 ng to 74
      micrograms DNA. Yields were generally over 90% and the chromatographed DNA was
      fully accessible to restriction enzyme cleavage. Separations occurred
      predominantly according to DNA size, but AT-rich fragments were retarded in a
      predictable way.

PMID- 2890318
TI  - Neuromuscular interaction of magnesium with succinylcholine-vecuronium sequence
      in the eclamptic parturient.

PMID- 2890319
TI  - [Neuromediator activity in the postresuscitation period following severe combined
      experimental and clinical trauma].

PMID- 2890320
TI  - The surgical treatment of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: an update.
AB  - Forty-six professors of surgery in answers to a questionnaire reported that 143
      patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome had been admitted to their hospitals
      within the last 2 years. The bed capacity of these hospitals totaled 27,019. In
      extrapolating these figures, it is seen that the capacity of the 46 institutions
      averaged 587 beds per hospital, and that an average 71.5 patients with Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome were admitted each year. In other words, a hospital with 587
      beds might expect 1.55 yearly admissions of patients suffering from this disease.
      Two surgical methods have emerged as today's main treatment choices for Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome that is unaccompanied by isolated gastrinoma. These are 1)
      preoperatively administered H2 blockers followed by less-than-total gastrectomy,
      truncal vagotomy, and postoperative H2-blocker therapy; and 2) preoperatively
      administered H2 blockers followed by highly selective vagotomy plus postoperative
      H2-blocker therapy. Only seven of 46 respondents still maintain that total
      gastrectomy should be carried out to cure the disease. All respondents advocate
      excision of an isolated gastrinoma as the treatment of choice if one is found at
      surgery.

PMID- 2890321
TI  - A combined regimen for the prophylaxis of Curling's ulcer.
AB  - After severe thermal injury, acute gastroduodenal mucosal lesions occur in up to
      80 per cent of patients. Prior to prophylactic antacid therapy, one-third of
      these lesions progressed to ulceration, which frequently resulted in major life
      threatening hemorrhage. Antacid treatment regimens have dramatically reduced this
      complication. However, the incidence of occult complications that result in
      increased morbidity has remained unchanged. We evaluated prospectively a combined
      treatment regimen using antacid, an H2-receptor antagonist, and enteral feeding
      in 60 patients who had serious burns (mean burn size, 36% body surface area) in
      this series. The incidence of both overt and occult complications was 3 per cent
      and in no patient did a perforation develop nor was operative intervention
      required. No patient died of the complications of Curling's ulcer. Combination
      therapy may be of value in other patients prone to stress ulceration.

PMID- 2890322
TI  - [Pyoderma gangrenosum: treatment by salazosulfapyridine].

PMID- 2890323
TI  - [Human retroviruses. Significance for pediatrics].

PMID- 2890325
TI  - [When and how should one operate on primary open-angle glaucoma?].

PMID- 2890324
TI  - The concept of coupling blood flow to brain function: revision required?
AB  - A tight coupling exists between brain function and cerebral perfusion in most
      situations. The Roy and Sherrington hypothesis has been widely accepted to
      account for the phenomenon: increased neuronal metabolic activity will give rise
      to the accumulation of vasoactive catabolites, which decrease vascular resistance
      and thereby increase blood flow until normal homeostasis is reestablished.
      However, the hypothesis does not account for the disproportionate increase in
      flow that occurs in a number of circumstances. There are additional difficulties
      in reconciling more recent experimental data with the Roy and Sherrington
      hypothesis. In this review we direct attention toward the rich perivascular nerve
      supply to all parts of the cerebral circulation as possibly being an alternative
      control system allowing for rapid parallel changes in flow and neuronal activity.

PMID- 2890326
TI  - Chautauqua '87--a peak experience.

PMID- 2890327
TI  - Kinetics of reduction by free flavin semiquinones of algal cytochromes and
      plastocyanin.
AB  - It had been shown that plastocyanin and cytochrome c-553 are functionally
      interchangeable in algae and that the physiological electron transfer reactions
      are sensitive to ionic strength. The isoelectric points of these proteins range
      from very acidic to basic depending upon species, and naturally occurring amino
      acid substitutions of charged residues have been shown to affect the kinetics of
      electron transfer, presumably through alteration of protein net charge. We have
      now shown that these naturally occurring amino acid substitutions also affect the
      kinetics of nonphysiological electron transfer reactions, and that we can
      quantitate the extent of nonconservation of charge. The reduction of plant and
      algal proteins by FMN semiquinone is sensitive to ionic strength and the effects
      can be correlated with net protein charge with regard to sign, but not to
      magnitude, with the charge at the site of electron transfer varying from +3
      through 0 to -3. We had previously observed in a large variety of electron
      transfer proteins from bacteria (G. Tollin, T. E. Meyer, and M. A. Cusanovich
      (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 853, 29-41) that charge localized at the site of
      electron transfer, rather than net protein charge, was more likely to affect
      kinetics. This also appears to be the case with the algal proteins. By comparison
      of protein structures, we have been able to predict which substitutions are
      likely to be responsible for the kinetic effects in the algal proteins and to
      discuss the implications of such changes for function.

PMID- 2890328
TI  - The effects of exchange-inert metal-nucleotide complexes on the kinetics of beef
      heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - The inhibition of beef heart mitochondrial F1 by exchange-inert metal-nucleotide
      complexes was examined. Mono- and bidentate Cr(NH3)4ATP were found to be mixed
      noncompetitive inhibitors of F1-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis (values of Ki = 0.5 and
      0.1 mM; values of alpha = 0.2 and 24, respectively). Rh(H2O)nATP was also found
      to be a mixed noncompetitive inhibitor of F1-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis (Ki = 0.3
      mM, alpha = 0.7). These compounds were used in a series of dual inhibition
      experiments, along with mono- and bidentate CrATP and Co(NH3)4ATP. All the
      exchange-inert metal-nucleotides examined were found to be mutually exclusive
      inhibitors of F1, indicating that they all bind to the same site(s). It is
      postulated that the pKa of the metal-coordinated ligands is related to the
      potency of inhibition by these compounds. It appears probable that the exchange
      inert nucleotide complexes are binding to site(s) in addition to the catalytic
      site(s) of F1.

PMID- 2890329
TI  - The stereoselectivity of the Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C: hydrolysis
      of thiophosphate analogs of phosphatidylcholine.
AB  - Thiophosphate containing analogs of phosphatidylcholine have been synthesized
      with varying degrees of structural complexity. These analogs have been used in a
      continuous spectrophotometric assay for phospholipase C from Clostridium
      perfringens in order to examine the requirement for substrate ester
      functionalities and the stereoselectivity of the enzyme. The substrate analogs
      with ester groups in the nonpolar portion of the molecule were acceptable
      substrates for phospholipase C, while those analogs without ester functionalities
      were not hydrolyzed. Substrate analogs with chiral centers were resolved using
      the stereospecificity of phospholipase A2 from Crotalus atrox venom. These
      resolved substrates were used to study the biphasic hydrolytic time courses
      observed when rac-dioctanoylphosphatidylthiocholine was used as substrate. The
      "naturally occurring" enantiomer with R absolute configuration was rapidly
      hydrolyzed in the presence of phospholipase C while the "nonnaturally occurring"
      enantiomer with S configuration was slowly hydrolyzed only after a long induction
      or "lag" period. The selectivity for the R enantiomer over the S enantiomer can
      be lessened by altering the composition of the substrate micelles resulting in
      accelerated rates of hydrolysis of the S enantiomer.

PMID- 2890330
TI  - Isolation and structural studies of the intact scrapie agent protein.
AB  - Purification of the scrapie agent by methods using digestion with proteinase K
      yields a protein product, PrP-27-30, with an apparent mass of 27-30 kDa (D. C.
      Bolton et al. (1982) Science 218, 1309-1311; S. B. Prusiner et al. (1982)
      Biochemistry 21, 6942-6950). In contrast, a 33-37 kDa glycoprotein, HaSp33-37,
      was the major protein component isolated from scrapie-affected hamster brain by a
      procedure that did not use protease digestion. The purified fractions containing
      HaSp33-37 had greater than 10(11) LD50 units of the scrapie agent per milligram
      of protein. Proteinase K digestion of HaSp33-37 gave a product indistinguishable
      from PrP-27-30 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      immunoblotting. The amino acid sequence of the first 22 residues of HaSp33-37 was
      determined. The sequence coincided with that predicted for the N-terminus of the
      precursor to PrP-27-30 (K. Basler et al. (1986) Cell 46, 417-428; N. K. Robakis
      et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 6377-6381) after processing by
      signal protease. HaSp33-37 was digested with N alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine
      chloromethyl ketone-trypsin to produce a 29-32 kDa protein fragment; following
      digestion this fraction retained complete biological activity. The amino terminal
      sequence of the 29-32 kDa protein corresponded to a position intermediate between
      the amino termini of HaSp33-37 and PrP-27-30. We conclude that HaSp33-37 is the
      intact form of the scrapie agent protein and that PrP-27-30 is produced by
      proteinase K degradation when this enzyme is introduced during isolation of the
      scrapie agent.

PMID- 2890331
TI  - Hyperglycemic effect of lidamidine in the rat.
AB  - Lidamidine, a new antidiarrheal agent, produced a dose-dependent increase in
      plasma glucose levels in fed rats. The hyperglycemic response was evident 10 min
      after oral administration of lidamidine and lasted for 4 hr. Lidamidine's effect
      was absent in alloxanized rats. Insulin administration prevented the
      hyperglycemia. Pretreatment with the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine
      or RX781094A blocked the hyperglycemic response, while prazosin, propranolol, and
      hexamethonium pretreatment had no effect. These results indicate that the
      hyperglycemic effect of lidamidine is primarily due to the activation of
      peripherally located alpha 2-adrenoceptors that inhibit the release of insulin
      from pancreatic beta-cells.

PMID- 2890332
TI  - Evolutionary relationship between Enterobacteriaceae: comparison of the ATP
      synthases (F1F0) of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - The ATP synthase complex of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KF1F0) has been purified and
      characterized. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the purified F1F0 complexes revealed an
      identical subunit pattern for E. coli (EF1F0) and K. pneumoniae. Antibodies
      raised against EF1 complex and purified EF0 subunits recognized the corresponding
      polypeptides of EF1F0 and KF1F0 in immunoblot analysis. Protease digestion of the
      individual subunits generated an identical cleavage pattern for subunits alpha,
      beta, gamma, epsilon, a, and c of both enzymes. Only for subunit delta different
      cleavage products were obtained. The isolated subunit c of both organisms showed
      only a slight deviation in the amino acid composition. These data suggest that
      extensive homologies exist in primary and secondary structure of both ATP
      synthase complexes reflecting a close phylogenetic relationship between the two
      enterobacteric tribes.

PMID- 2890333
TI  - [H2-antihistaminics. 36. Isolamtidine and analogs].

PMID- 2890334
TI  - Derivatives of 2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. XI: trans-6,9-dimethoxy
      2,3,4a,5,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-naphth[2,3-b]1, 4-oxazines--tricyclic analogs trans
      2-amino-3-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxytetralins.

PMID- 2890335
TI  - Ether derivatives of 3-amino-1,2-propanediols, VI. Syntheses and pharmacological
      investigations of 5,8-bis-[2-hydroxy-3-(alkylamino)propoxy]-1,4
      dihydronaphthalenes.

PMID- 2890336
TI  - Analyses of drugs by polarographic methods, XXX: Electrochemical behavior of
      metaclazepam[7-bromo-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(methoxyme thyl)- 1- methyl
      1H-1,4-benzodiazepine] and assay of its formulations.

PMID- 2890337
TI  - [Morphofunctional state of the APUD-system cells of the lungs in hyaline membrane
      disease of newborn infants].
AB  - Examination of these cells in newborn infants with hyaline membrane disease.
      (HMD) has demonstrated involvement of neuroendocrine elements in its patho- and
      morphogenesis. A crucial factor in HMD development is immaturity of the lungs,
      one sign of which is the presence of numerous serotonin-containing cells.
      Degranulation of APUD cells and serotonin lease under exposure to pathogenic
      factors initiate pathologic reactions in the lungs and account for the earliest
      manifestations of the disease.

PMID- 2890338
TI  - [Direct myocardial revascularization with the left gastro-epiploic artery. A new
      alternative to aortocoronary bypass. A case report].

PMID- 2890340
TI  - Drug dependence in clinical medicine.

PMID- 2890339
TI  - Topographic distribution of Thy-1 positive cells in epithelial tissues of BALB/c
      mice.
AB  - Epithelial sheets prepared from murine oral epithelia (palate, lining mucosa,
      gingiva) and oesophagus contained dendritic and round Thy-1 positive (+) cells
      similar to those observed in epidermis by immunofluorescence microscopy. Bladder,
      intestine and tracheal epithelium did not contain such cells. Thus, cells bearing
      the cells-surface glycoprotein Thy-1, like Ia-antigen-bearing Langerhans cells,
      may be restricted to stratified squamous epithelia.

PMID- 2890341
TI  - A young woman with malignant hypertension.

PMID- 2890342
TI  - A survey of management of arrhythmias following myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2890343
TI  - Brain monoamine concentrations in turkey poults infected with Bordetella avium.
AB  - Six hours post-hatch, large white turkey poults were inoculated intranasally with
      5 X 10(7) organisms of the "W" isolate of Bordetella avium. Three hours after
      inoculation and subsequently on days 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 postinoculation, 30
      infected and 30 uninfected control poults were injected intramuscularly with
      alpha methylparatyrosine (AMPT, 250 mg/kg), and an additional 30 of each group
      received a saline vehicle. Three hours after AMPT injection, whole brains from
      treated and untreated poults from both infected and control groups were removed,
      weighed, and frozen until assayed for norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and
      serotonin (5-HT). B. avium-infected poults had a significant reduction in steady
      state NE and Da and a greater depletion of NE and DA after AMPT treatment
      compared with control poults. Infected poults had significantly reduced whole
      brain 5-HT concentrations, which persisted through 21 days postinoculation.
      Altered brain NE, DA, and 5-HT concentrations suggest that the B. avium-infected
      poults may be less able to cope with additional stressors.

PMID- 2890344
TI  - A comparison of two methods of training resistance to visually-induced motion
      sickness.
AB  - This report concerns the use of two methods of training subjects to tolerate
      visually-induced motion sickness (VMS). Sixteen subjects were selected on the
      basis of their response to a motion sickness history questionnaire and assigned
      to one of four groups on the basis of their ability to tolerate visually-induced
      motion (VM). One group received 10 sessions of confidence building and
      desensitization training (BT); a second group received 10 sessions of EMG and
      temperature biofeedback (FB); a third group received 10 sessions of BT and 10
      sessions of FB (BTFB); and a fourth group received no treatment (C). The results
      indicated that the BT and BTFB groups exhibited significant increases in
      tolerance to VM when pretreatment measures were compared to posttreatment
      measures, while no significant differences in pre-post measures were observed in
      the FB or C groups. A similar pattern emerged from the symptomatology data.

PMID- 2890345
TI  - Differential effects of competitive benzodiazepine receptor antagonists on the
      anticonflict activity of Go 4962.
AB  - The anticonflict activity of the triazolobenzothiadiazine Go 4962 (40 mg/kg po)
      in the four-plate test using male NMRI mice was selectively antagonized by beta
      CCE (10 mg/kg iv), but not by Ro 15-1788 (20 mg/kg ip) or CGS 8216 (20 mg/kg ip),
      although Go 4962 has affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor. In contrast, the
      anticonflict activity of diazepam (4 mg/kg po) was antagonized by all three BZ
      antagonists. Relative to known putative anxiolytics, this profile of Go 4962 is
      unexpected and unique.

PMID- 2890346
TI  - Proteins of the kidney microvillar membrane. Enzymic and molecular properties of
      aminopeptidase W.
AB  - Aminopeptidase W is a newly discovered enzyme of the renal and intestinal brush
      borders, having been first isolated as a 130 kDa glycoprotein recognized by a
      monoclonal antibody [Gee & Kenny (1985) Biochem. J. 230, 753-764]. It is
      particularly effective in the hydrolysis of dipeptides, Glu-Trp (Km 0.57 mM;
      kcat. 6770 min-1) being a favoured substrate. Dipeptides with tryptophan,
      phenylalanine or tyrosine in the P1 position were rapidly hydrolysed, but the
      requirements in respect of the P1 residue were not stringent. The activity of
      aminopeptidase W is markedly influenced by ionic conditions. The highest activity
      was observed in 100 mM-Tris/HCl, pH 8; phosphate ions were strongly inhibitory.
      Activity was also greatly affected by bivalent metal ions, and the magnitude and
      direction of the effects depended on the nature of the buffer anions and on pH.
      The most effective inhibitors were amastatin and bestatin. Some thiols also
      inhibited, but other chelating agents, EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, had no
      effect over the concentration range 1-10 mM. Other group-specific inhibitors, for
      cysteine, serine or aspartic peptidases, were also ineffective. Some molecular
      properties were studied. Deglycosylation by treatment with N-glycanase diminished
      the apparent subunit Mr from 130,000 to 90,000. The enzyme contained zinc, 1.2
      atoms/subunit, and in spite of the atypical properties of this enzyme in respect
      of chelating agents, a zinc-catalysed mechanism is the most probable. Its roles
      in digestion and in renal function are not yet clear.

PMID- 2890347
TI  - Bradykinin action in the rat duodenum: receptor binding and influence on the
      cyclic AMP system.
AB  - Bradykinin binds to a single class of binding sites at rat duodenum plasma
      membranes. In the presence of endogenous calcium and at low bradykinin
      concentrations the receptor activation is followed by a stimulation of adenylate
      cyclase activity and the elevation of the cAMP level. In the absence of calcium
      and at high peptide concentrations the cAMP level is lowered via both inhibition
      of adenylate cyclase and stimulation of cAMP-phosphodiesterase. These different
      changes in the cAMP level might be correlated with the biphasic pharmacological
      action of bradykinin in the rat duodenum. The results suggest that one type of
      bradykinin (B2) receptor is able to initiate several effectuation mechanisms.

PMID- 2890348
TI  - Glutamate-blood cardioplegia improves ATP preservation in human myocardium.
AB  - Two groups of patients subjected to radical correction of Fallot's tetrad and
      defects of interventricular septum were investigated to ascertain whether the
      addition of glutamic acid to blood cardioplegic perfusate could improve
      preservation of myocardial ATP during cardiac arrest. In the control group (17
      patients) the myocardial protection was performed by repeated infusions of cold
      blood potassium cardioplegic solution; in the 2nd group (24 patients)
      cardioplegic perfusate containing glutamic acid (20 mmol/l) was used. Left
      ventricular biopsies were taken during the first minute after cross-clamping of
      the aorta and before the release of the aortic clamp to determine ATP, glutamate
      and lactate. The cross-clamping time averaged 32 min in both groups. In the
      patients of the control group the losses of ATP correlated with the decrease in
      glutamate during the clamping period. A maintenance of a higher myocardial
      glutamate content by glutamate-containing cardioplegic perfusate prevented ATP
      fall or increased its level in patients of the 2nd group. There was no
      significant difference in lactate levels between the two groups by the end of the
      cardiac arrest. We conclude that enrichment of blood cardioplegic solution by
      glutamic acid, which may act as a substrate for anaerobic energy production,
      provides more effective myocardial protection during ischemic heart arrest.

PMID- 2890349
TI  - Induction of zinc-thionein by estradiol and protective effects on inorganic
      mercury-induced renal toxicity.
AB  - The castrated or unoperated male rats received an intravenous injection of HgCl2
      at a dose of 0.7 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.) after pretreatment with 30% ethanol
      or estradiol dissolved in 30% ethanol at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg b.w. subcutaneously
      twice a day for six consecutive days. Renal total protein, gamma-GTP and K
      excretion in the rats treated with Hg and estradiol were significantly lower than
      the corresponding values in the rats treated with Hg alone, suggesting that
      pretreatment with estradiol ameliorates the renal toxicity of Hg in male rats.
      Pretreatment with estradiol significantly increased Hg and Hg-thionein(Hg-MT)
      concentrations in the renal cortex of the animals treated with Hg, though in the
      liver this agent did increase the Hg-MT without elevation of Hg concentration.
      Treatment with estradiol alone (0.5 mg/kg, s.c., twice a day, for six consecutive
      days) significantly increased the zinc-thionein (Zn-MT) concentration in the
      kidney and liver. Simultaneous treatment with 10(-5) M estradiol and Hg in human
      amniotic-fluid cells caused a significant increase in the uptake of Hg and the
      synthesis of Hg-MT, suggesting that estradiol may directly stimulate an
      accumulation of Hg into the cells and the synthesis of Hg-MT. Together, all of
      the above findings suggest that pretreatment with estradiol may increase the
      uptake of Hg, which in turn leads to the increase in the Hg-MT concentration. The
      induction of Zn-MT by pretreatment with estradiol may account for the protective
      effect of estradiol on Hg-induced renal toxicity.

PMID- 2890350
TI  - Effects of beta 1- and beta 1 + beta 2-antagonists on training-induced myocardial
      hypertrophy and enzyme adaptation.
AB  - The effects of beta 1- and beta 1 + beta 2-antagonists on the myocardial
      adaptation to exercise training were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats
      randomly divided into trained (treadmill, 1 hr/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks at
      27 m/min, 15% grade) without drug (TC), sedentary without drug (SC), trained
      treated with atenolol (TA) (10 mg/kg body wt, i.p.), trained treated with
      propranolol (TP, 30 mg/kg body wt, i.p.), and sedentary propranolol. Doses of
      both beta-antagonists were titrated to decrease the exercise heart rate by 25%
      compared to the controls. The heart weight and heart/body weight ratio were
      significantly greater in TC (1.28 +/- 0.07 g (P less than 0.01); 296 +/- 12
      mg/100 g body wt (P less than 0.05) respectively) than in SC (1.09 +/- 0.04 g and
      268 +/- 11 mg/100 g body wt), or in TP and TA. Myocardial mitochondrial protein
      was unchanged by training or beta-blockade. Citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl
      CoA dehydrogenase activities were not altered. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase
      activity was increased in SP compared to SC. Training increased hexokinase
      activity only in TC (5.22 +/- 0.12 vs 4.26 +/- 0.23 mumol/min/g wet wt, P less
      than 0.01). Lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly (P less than
      0.01) in both TC (383 +/- 14 mumol/min/g wet wt) and TA (372 +/- 14 mumol/min/g
      wet wt) compared to SC (276 +/- 14 mumol/min/g wet wt), but not in TP versus SP.
      These data indicate that (1) beta-adrenergic blockade prevents training-induced
      cardiac hypertrophy; (2) beta-antagonists have little effect on the myocardial
      oxidative capacity; and (3) while the training induction of myocardial hexokinase
      is inhibited by both beta 1- and beta 1 + beta 2-antagonists, myocardium may
      increase its ability to utilize lactate during exercise with training despite
      beta 1-blockade.

PMID- 2890351
TI  - Binding in vitro of pipequaline (45319 RP) onto plasma proteins and blood cells
      in man.
AB  - Serum binding of pipequaline, a new anxiolytic drug, was studied in vitro by
      equilibrium dialysis. The percent binding in serum is high, 96.3%, and remains
      constant within the range of therapeutic concentrations. Investigations performed
      on isolated proteins with a wide range of concentrations showed one site with a
      high affinity constant (Ka = 450,000 M-1) for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and two
      sites with a lower affinity constant (Ka = 58,000 M-1) for human serum albumin.
      Binding to lipoproteins was saturable, with an affinity constant of 22,000 less
      than or equal to Ka less than or equal to 35,000 M-1. Over the range of
      therapeutic concentrations, the ratio of pipequaline concentrations in serum and
      red blood cells remained constant (14.4%) and was shown to be dependent on the
      free fraction of pipequaline in serum.

PMID- 2890352
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonistic action of amiloride.
AB  - 1. In isolated perfused rat liver, the effects of alpha-adrenergic stimulation by
      phenylephrine (2 microM), such as an increase of portal pressure, glucose output,
      Ca2+ release into the perfusate and the characteristic K+ flux changes across the
      hepatocyte plasma membrane were almost completely abolished in the presence of
      amiloride (0.5 mM). 2. When the phenylephrine concentration was raised to about
      100 microM, the effects of the alpha-adrenergic agonist on hepatic metabolism,
      Ca2+ and K+ fluxes, but not on the portal venous pressure, were restored,
      suggesting a competitive antagonism by amiloride. 3. Amiloride antagonized in a
      concentration-dependent manner noradrenaline-induced isometric contractions of
      strips of the rabbit pulmonary artery. The concentration-response curve of
      noradrenaline was shifted to the right, and the maximal response obtained was
      also depressed, suggesting a mixed competitive and non-competitive antagonism.
      The estimated amiloride-adrenoceptor-dissociation constant was 8 microM. 4. The
      affinity of amiloride to the alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes was determined
      by radioligand binding assays using [125I]BE 2254 binding to rat liver plasma
      membranes (alpha 1-subtype), [3H]yohimbine binding to human platelet membranes
      (alpha 2-subtype), (-)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding to rabbit lung
      membranes in presence of the beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 (beta 1
      subtype) and ICYP binding to rat lung membranes in presence of the beta 1-blocker
      atenolol (beta 2-subtype). In all systems, amiloride inhibited specific ligand
      binding concentration-dependently, the Ki values for amiloride were about 25, 52,
      148 and 161 microM for alpha 1- alpha 2-, beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor
      subtypes, respectively. 5. It is concluded that amiloride in concentrations below
      those required for inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger is a potent antagonist of
      alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in a variety of experimental systems. Whether the
      adrenergic antagonism of amiloride is important for antihypertensive therapy,
      remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2890353
TI  - Polarography: a new tool in the elucidation of drug-albumin interactions.

PMID- 2890354
TI  - The neurotransmitter amino acid transport systems. A fresh outlook on an old
      problem.

PMID- 2890355
TI  - The scavenging of oxidants by sulphasalazine and its metabolites. A possible
      contribution to their anti-inflammatory effects?
AB  - Sulphasalazine (Salazopyrin) and its metabolites sulphapyridine and 5
      aminosalicylate are powerful scavengers of the hydroxyl radical, determined by
      pulse radiolysis and confirmed by assays based on deoxyribose degradation by
      hydroxyl radicals. 5-Aminosalicylate can also protect alpha 1-antiprotease
      against attack by the myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant hypochlorous acid. The
      ability to scavenge oxidants produced at sites of inflammation may contribute to
      the anti-inflammatory action of sulphasalazine and its metabolites.

PMID- 2890356
TI  - Role of the intestinal flora in the acetylation of sulfasalazine metabolites.

PMID- 2890357
TI  - Preclinical safety evaluation of the benzodiazepine quazepam.
AB  - 7-Chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-1,4-
      benzodiazepine-2-thione (quazepam, Sch 16134, Dormalin) was evaluated for
      evidence of systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity in
      several laboratory animal species including the hamster. Mutagenic potential was
      also assessed in one in vivo and three in vitro assays. In some studies, diazepam
      was used as a comparative control. Oral LD50 values were greater than 5000 mg/kg
      in the mouse and rat while i.p. LD50 values were approximately 900 and 2900 mg/kg
      in the mouse and rat, respectively. Studies in hamsters for 4 weeks at doses up
      to 500 mg/kg/d and for 51 weeks at doses up to 120 mg/kg/d demonstrated that the
      liver was the principal target organ in this species with the effects upon the
      liver related to dose and duration of dosing. Studies in the squirrel monkey for
      13 and 52 weeks at doses up to 50 mg/kg/d demonstrated a transient ataxia,
      hypoactivity and somnolence during the initial two weeks of dosing. No unusual
      necropsy or microscopic observations were noted in the 13-week study. Male
      reproductive organs of quazepam-dosed monkeys were reduced in weight after 52
      weeks. Moderate to marked impairment of spermatogenesis and higher liver weights
      with moderate to marked fatty change in both sexes were observed in groups given
      diazepam. Abrupt withdrawal of quazepam or diazepam after 52 weeks of dosing was
      associated at all dose levels with excitability, hyperactivity and convulsions.
      Two quazepam- and all diazepam-dosed monkeys died.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2890358
TI  - Effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of the new beta-blocker betaxolol.
AB  - The effect of cimetidine on the new beta-blocker betaxolol (Kerlone) was
      investigated in 7 healthy volunteers. Propranolol was used as a reference beta
      blocking drug. In the control study, a single oral dose of propranolol (80 mg)
      was given (D0) followed by 5 daily doses of cimetidine (1 g) (D1-D6) and a second
      oral dose of propranolol (D7). The study was repeated with 20 mg of betaxolol
      replacing the propranolol dose. The oral clearance of propranolol was
      significantly decreased (21%). No significant effect of cimetidine on the
      kinetics of betaxolol was observed.

PMID- 2890359
TI  - Apolipoprotein B gene variants are involved in the determination of serum
      cholesterol levels: a study in normo- and hyperlipidaemic individuals.
AB  - We have investigated the frequencies of 3 restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the apolipoprotein B (apo B) gene in normo- and
      hyperlipidaemic individuals. In individuals with type III hyperlipidaemia, the
      allele frequency for the RFLP detected with XbaI was significantly different from
      the allele frequency in normolipidaemic individuals and in those with other types
      of hyperlipidaemia. No significant difference in allele frequency was found among
      these groups for the RFLPs detected with MspI or EcoRI. Within a sample of 62
      normolipidaemic individuals, homozygotes for the X2 allele (cutting site) of the
      XbaI RFLP had a significantly higher serum cholesterol level than homozygotes for
      the XI allele, with individuals of the genotype X1X2 having an intermediate value
      (X2X2 mean 5.71 mmol/l, X1X1 mean 4.81 mmol/l, X1X2 mean 5.30 mmol/l). There were
      also significant differences in serum triglyceride levels in individuals with
      different XbaI genotypes. In these normolipidaemic individuals there was no
      correlation between the EcoRI and MspI RFLP genotypes and levels of any serum
      lipid variable. Information from the XbaI and EcoRI RFLPs was used in conjunction
      to define apo B haplotypes. These haplotypes are a more precise measure of the
      genotypic variation, and they explain a greater fraction of the serum cholesterol
      and triglyceride levels than the single-site polymorphisms considered separately.
      This study suggests that variations in the gene for apo B are associated with the
      determination of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels both in patients with
      type III hyperlipidaemia and in the normal population.

PMID- 2890360
TI  - [Study and management of cryptorchism: gonadotropin and orchiopexy].

PMID- 2890361
TI  - Thy-1 solubilization from mouse T cells by phosphatidylinositol-specific
      phospholipase C: biochemical and antigenic characterization.
AB  - Membrane anchorage of mouse and rat Thy-1 antigens results from the post
      translational attachment of a non-proteic tail terminated by a
      phosphatidylinositol group. In order to determine the biochemical and antigenic
      properties of the material released by phosphatidylinositol-specific
      phospholipase C (PI-PLC), we studied, by one-(1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) gel
      electrophoresis and by immunoprecipitation, the supernatant of surface-labelled
      mouse T cells treated with purified Staphylococcus aureus PI-PLC. The major
      protein released by this enzymatic treatment showed an apparent molecular weight
      (MW) and an isoelectric focusing (IEF) pattern identical to those of detergent
      solubilized, immunoprecipitated Thy-1. In addition, a sandwich radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) utilizing two Thy-1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was used to
      quantitate the amounts of PI-PLC-released and spontaneously shed Thy-1.
      Considerable differences in susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage and in
      spontaneous shedding were observed for a variety of mouse T-cell populations,
      including thymocytes and hybridoma, helper and cytotoxic cloned T cells, even
      though time-course experiments demonstrated that excess enzyme was used. It might
      be useful to consider these differences in the cell biology of Thy-1 and the
      occurrence of other PI-linked proteins of the lymphocyte surface in terms of
      their implications in the transduction of activation signals.

PMID- 2890362
TI  - Residual myocardial jeopardy in patients with Q-wave and non-Q-wave infarctions.
AB  - The correlation between the presence of areas of jeopardized myocardium and the
      electrocardiographic patterns of anterior and inferior Q-wave and non-Q-wave
      infarctions was studied in 486 patients who had had stable symptoms for at least
      six months after a single myocardial infarction. Myocardial jeopardy was
      identified on a ventriculogram in the right anterior oblique position if normal
      or hypokinetic wall motion was seen in all segments distal to a lesion that
      caused stenosis of greater than 50% and less than 100% in the proximal or mid
      left anterior descending coronary artery (anterior jeopardy), or in the proximal
      or mid right coronary artery or proximal circumflex coronary artery in a left
      dominant circulation (inferior jeopardy). Patients with non-Q-wave anterior
      infarctions had a significant increase in the frequency of jeopardized myocardium
      when compared with patients with Q-wave inferior or anterior infarctions. The
      group with non-Q-wave anterior infarction also had a significantly lower
      percentage of myocardial segments with absent wall motion in the area of
      infarction than all other groups. This combination of coronary narrowing with
      retained wall motion may contribute to the increased frequency of reinfarction
      seen in some studies of non-Q-wave infarction.

PMID- 2890363
TI  - Pre-treatment with beta blockers and the frequency of hypokalaemia in patients
      with acute chest pain.
AB  - Plasma potassium concentration was measured at admission in 1234 patients who
      presented with acute chest pain. One hundred and ninety five patients were on
      beta blockers before admission. The potassium concentrations of patients admitted
      early (within four hours of onset of symptoms) were compared with those admitted
      later (4-18 hours after onset of symptoms). There was a transient fall in plasma
      potassium concentrations in patients not pre-treated with beta blockers. This was
      not seen in patients who had been on beta blockers before admission. Non
      selective beta blockers were more effective than cardioselective agents in
      maintaining concentrations of plasma potassium. These findings suggest a
      mechanism for the beneficial effects of beta blockers on morbidity and mortality
      in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2890364
TI  - An evaluation of priming with vecuronium.
AB  - Priming with vecuronium was evaluated in three groups of patients. Group 1 (n =
      10) received tubocurarine 0.05 mg kg-1, group 2 (n = 19) received physiological
      saline and group 3 (n = 21) received vecuronium 0.012 mg kg-1. After 4 min
      maximum inspiratory pressure was measured. Anaesthesia was induced with
      thiopentone 6-8 mg kg-1 and controlled ventilation with nitrous oxide and oxygen
      via a face mask instituted. The ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist. At 5 min
      group 1 patients received suxamethonium 1.5 mg kg-1, group 2 received vecuronium
      0.072 mg kg-1, and group 3 received vecuronium 0.060 mg kg-1. Intubation was
      accomplished at 6.5 min in all patients in group 1, 89% in group 2 and 90% in
      group 3. Patients in group 1 had no twitch response to stimulation at the time of
      intubation. Mean T4:T1 ratios at 6.5 min were 0.82 in group 2 and 0.61 in group 3
      (P less than 0.05). Intubating conditions were excellent in all group 1 patients,
      and in 53% and 67% of groups 2 and 3, respectively. Two patients in group 3 did
      not tolerate the priming dose and many had subjective complaints. Four group 3
      patients could not sustain head lift and five showed decreased inspiratory
      pressure. Priming did not improve intubating conditions when compared with a
      single bolus technique and was not well tolerated.

PMID- 2890365
TI  - Vecuronium or suxamethonium for rapid sequence intubation: which is better?
AB  - The effects of suxamethonium, and of vecuronium given after three subparalyzing
      (priming) doses, on the time of onset of neuromuscular blockade and on the
      resultant intubating conditions were compared. This study involved five groups of
      10 patients (ASA class I or II) who were premedicated with flunitrazepam 0.015 mg
      kg-1 i.m. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 6 mg kg-1 and fentanyl 0.003
      mg kg-1. In groups 2, 3 and 4 the patients were given a priming dose of
      vecuronium 0.01, 0.015 and 0.02 mg kg-1, respectively. Three minutes later the
      intubating dose of vecuronium was given: 0.1 mg kg-1 (group 1), 0.09 mg kg-1
      (group 2), 0.085 mg kg-1 (group 3), 0.08 mg kg-1 (group 4). When the
      electromyographic response was 95% of control, the trachea was intubated. In
      groups 2, 3 and 4, the onset time was significantly decreased compared with group
      1. Increasing the priming dose from 0.01 mg kg-1 did not offer any advantage. The
      duration of blockade (time from the intubating dose to 15% recovery) was not
      significantly increased with any priming dose. In group 5, the trachea was
      intubated after suxamethonium 1.5 mg kg-1. Mean onset time, which was
      significantly shorter than in the other groups, was half that of the groups that
      received a priming dose. Intubation conditions were better in group 5 than in the
      other groups (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2890366
TI  - Influence of "priming" on the potency of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking
      agents.
AB  - Dose-response curves have been constructed to determine the ED50 and ED95 (doses
      required to produce a 50% and a 95% block, respectively) following administration
      of a small "priming" dose of atracurium 50 micrograms kg-1, vecuronium 10
      micrograms kg-1 or pancuronium 10 micrograms kg-1. The myoneural blockers were
      administered subsequently as a single bolus. The results were compared with
      previously published work on these drugs, in which no priming dose had been
      administered. The respective ED50 and ED95 values in the primed and control
      groups were 122 and 126 micrograms kg-1 and 208 and 226 micrograms kg-1,
      respectively, for atracurium; 26 and 23 micrograms kg-1 and 42 and 39 micrograms
      kg-1, respectively, for vecuronium; and 31 and 30 micrograms kg-1 and 56 and 60
      micrograms kg-1, respectively, for pancuronium. The values showed no significant
      differences between the respective primed and control groups. Contrary to
      previous suggestions, our results show no enhancement of blockade when these
      drugs were administered in divided doses.

PMID- 2890367
TI  - Serum activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in relation to estimated
      alcohol consumption and questionnaires in alcohol dependence syndrome.

PMID- 2890368
TI  - Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: an epidemiological indicator of alcohol
      consumption?

PMID- 2890369
TI  - Treatment of severe psoriasis with etretin (RO 10-1670).
AB  - Eighty patients with severe psoriasis were treated in a double-blind fashion with
      either an initial dose of 10 mg, 25 mg or 50 mg of etretin daily or with placebo.
      Follow-up examinations were carried out monthly and the efficacy of treatment was
      evaluated by using the PASI score. Adverse effects of the treatment were recorded
      monthly; liver enzymes, cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. After 2
      months of treatment the maintenance dose was reduced in some of the patients
      either because of complete remission or adverse effects. After 2 months
      treatment, groups receiving 25 mg/day and 50 mg/day showed significantly lower
      PASI scores than the placebo group. The 10 mg/day group showed a response
      intermediate between the 25 mg and 50 mg groups and the placebo group. Thus, the
      optimal initial dose seems to be approximately 25 mg/day and the maintenance dose
      somewhat lower. Six months after the start of treatment there were no significant
      differences between the four groups; the last follow-up examination took place
      during the summer and some of the patients probably experienced spontaneous
      improvement. Although clinical adverse effects were frequent in all groups,
      severe side effects, namely hair loss and paronychia, occurred frequently only
      among patients treated with an initial dose of 50 mg of etretin daily. The effect
      of treatment on liver enzymes, cholesterol and triglycerides was minimal.

PMID- 2890370
TI  - Beta-thalassaemia in Campania: DNA polymorphism analysis in beta A and beta thal
      chromosomes and its usefulness in prenatal diagnosis.
AB  - In order to evaluate the feasibility of first trimester prenatal diagnosis of
      beta-thalassaemia by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in Campania,
      one of the most affected regions in Southern Italy, DNA polymorphism analysis was
      performed on 40 unrelated patients, affected with homozygous beta-thalassaemia,
      and on their parents. Frequency of the presence of the Hinc II epsilon, Hind III
      G gamma and A gamma, Hinc II psi beta and 3' psi beta, Ava II psi beta, Ava II
      beta and Bam HI 3' beta sites have been determined in the beta A and beta thal
      chromosome samples. In 31 families (over 75%), RFLPs enabled tracing the beta
      thalassaemia mutations in both father and mother (100% diagnosis). In the
      remaining nine families, RFLPs enabled tracing only one of the two mutations (50%
      diagnosis) because the other parent was found to be homozygous in all the
      analysed polymorphic sites. Restriction haplotypes, assembled on the basis of
      linkage analysis, were most heterogeneous, hence a wide heterogeneity of
      mutations is expected.

PMID- 2890371
TI  - Use of circulating stem cells to accelerate myeloid recovery after autologous
      bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2890372
TI  - Comparative studies on the hypercholesterolaemia induced by excess dietary
      tyrosine or polychlorinated biphenyls in rats.
AB  - 1. The effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and excess tyrosine on
      serum and liver lipids, urinary ascorbic acid and catecholamines were compared in
      male Wistar rats. 2. Serum levels of cholesterol, urinary ascorbic acid,
      norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and histamine were significantly increased
      in rats given either PCB or excess tyrosine. 3. The hypercholesterolaemia induced
      by PCB or excess tyrosine was blocked by the adrenergic alpha-blocker,
      phenoxybenzamine. 4. The present results suggest causal interrelations between
      the hypercholesterolaemia induced by dietary PCB or excess tyrosine and the
      secretion of catecholamines.

PMID- 2890373
TI  - Characterization of the M1(Ala213) type of alpha 1-antitrypsin, a newly
      recognized, common "normal" alpha 1-antitrypsin haplotype.
AB  - alpha 1-Antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) is a highly pleomorphic 52-kDa serum glycoprotein
      that functions as the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. Of these, the most
      common normal alpha 1AT haplotypes identified by isoelectric focusing (IEF) of
      serum are those of the M family, including M1, M2, and M3. In the course of
      studying the alpha 1AT type Z gene, we identified a restriction endonuclease
      BstEII polymorphism in the M1 gene that predicted the existence of a previously
      unidentified, but relatively common, haplotype of M, referred to as M1(Ala213)
      [Nukiwa, T., Satoh, K., Brantly, M. L., Ogushi, F., Fells, G. A., Courtney, M., &
      Crystal, R. G. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15989-15994]. In this study we have
      cloned both alpha 1AT genes from an individual heterozygous for the M1(Ala213)
      and M1(Val213) haplotypes. Sequencing of the coding exons of both demonstrated
      that they are identical except for the Ala-Val difference at residue 213. The
      codominant transmission of the M1(Ala213) gene was demonstrated in a family
      study. Evaluation of 39 genomic samples of Caucasians with the IEF haplotype M1
      demonstrated haplotype frequencies of 68% for M1(Val213) and 32% for M1(Ala213).
      alpha 1AT serum levels of individuals inheriting the M1(Ala213) gene in a
      homozygous fashion were in the same range as those for homozygous M1(Val213) as
      was the rate of association of the M1(Ala213) protein with neutrophil
      elastase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890374
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of glutamate-190 in the hinge region of yeast 3
      phosphoglycerate kinase: implications for the mechanism of domain movement.
AB  - In order to evaluate a possible contribution of glutamate-190, situated in the
      hinge region of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), to the mechanism of the
      substrate- and sulfate-induced domain movement, we have constructed two point
      mutants, Gln-190 and Asp-190, using oligonucleotide-directed in vitro
      mutagenesis. The Michaelis constants of the mutants for ATP and 3
      phosphoglycerate were not significantly altered, whereas the catalytic activities
      were decreased, both in the absence and in the presence of sulfate ions. In the
      absence of sulfate, the Gln-190 and Asp-190 mutants exhibited 26% and 36% of the
      activity of the native enzyme. In the presence of 30 mM Na2SO4, a concentration
      at which native PGK exhibits maximum activation, the relative activities of the
      Gln-190 and Asp-190 mutants were 6% and 9%, respectively. In contrast to the
      native enzyme, which undergoes activation at low sulfate concentrations and
      inhibition at high concentrations, both mutants showed a complete loss of the
      salt activation effect. These results suggest that Glu-190 is not directly
      involved in the binding of substrates but might be important for conformational
      flexibility. We have also demonstrated that, similarly to native PGK, both
      mutants are completely inactivated by the incorporation of 1 mol of glycine ethyl
      ester/mol of enzyme. Appreciable protection against inactivation is observed in
      the presence of both substrates, MgATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. Only limited
      protection is observed in the presence of the individual substrates, suggesting
      that the modification does not occur at the substrate binding sites.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890375
TI  - F0 portion of Escherichia coli ATP synthase: orientation of subunit c in the
      membrane.
AB  - Incubation of right-side-out oriented membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli with
      tetranitromethane resulted in the nitration of tyrosine residues (Tyr-10 and Tyr
      73) of subunit c from the ATP synthase. Cleavage of the protein with cyanogen
      bromide and separation of the resulting fragments, especially of the tyrosine
      containing peptides, clearly demonstrated that the distribution of the nitro
      groups is similar at any time and at any pH value chosen for the analysis.
      Furthermore, the percentage of 3-nitrotyrosine present in the two peptide
      fragments was in good agreement with that obtained for the intact polypeptide
      chain. While the modification of the tyrosine residues in subunit c with the
      lipophilic tetranitromethane is independent of the orientation of the membrane
      vesicles, the subsequent partial conversion of the 3-nitrotyrosine to the amino
      form only occurred when membrane vesicles with right-side-out orientation were
      treated with the ionic, water-soluble sodium dithionite, which at certain
      concentrations cannot penetrate biological membranes. Cleavage of subunit c
      isolated from nitrated and subsequently reduced membrane vesicles and separation
      of the resulting fragments by high-pressure liquid chromatography showed that the
      3-nitrotyrosine in the Tyr-73-containing peptides has been completely reduced,
      while the nitro group in peptides containing Tyr-10 remained nearly unaffected.

PMID- 2890376
TI  - Catalytic hydrolysis and synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate by stereoisomers
      of covalently labeled F1-adenosinetriphosphatase and reconstituted
      submitochondrial particles.
AB  - Bovine heart F1-adenosinetriphosphatase (F1) was labeled specifically and
      precisely with 7-chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-[14C]benzoxadiazole ([14C]NBD-Cl). The
      stereospecifically labeled F1 (O-beta'-[14C]-NBD-F1) was partially reactivated by
      LiCl treatment, which could cause rearrangement of the beta subunits to form O
      beta', beta''-[14C]NBD-F1. Both labeled enzymes were used to combine with F1
      deficient submitochondrial particles (ASU) to form the reconstituted particles O
      beta'-NBD-F1-ASU and O-beta', beta''-NBD-F1-ASU, respectively. A comparison of
      the observed steady-state rates of catalytic ATP hydrolysis and oxidative
      phosphorylation by these specifically labeled submitochondrial particles (SMP)
      with those of the unlabeled control samples suggests that oxidative
      phosphorylation involves more active sites of F1 than catalytic ATP hydrolysis. A
      comparison of the observed ATPase activity of uncoupled labeled SMP and the
      activity for ATP-driven reverse electron transport in coupled labeled SMP with
      the corresponding values of the unlabeled control samples shows that the observed
      fractional inhibition ATP hydrolysis is the same for both the coupled SMP and
      uncoupled SMP and is determined only by the state of stereospecific labeling of
      F1. The effect of preincubation under simulated oxidative phosphorylation
      conditions on the ATPase activity of the unperturbed, specifically NBD-labeled
      submitochondrial particles was also examined. The data show that respiration
      generated proton flux does not cause the beta subunits in bovine heart proton
      ATPase to continue switching places with each other during oxidative
      phosphorylation. Samples of NBD-F1 with specific labels on its nonhydrolytic
      beta'' subunits but none on its hydrolytic beta' subunit were prepared by a three
      cycle process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890377
TI  - Ligand-induced conformational changes in the Escherichia coli F1 adenosine
      triphosphatase probed by trypsin digestion.
AB  - Digestion of the F1-ATPase of Escherichia coli with trypsin stimulated ATP
      hydrolytic activity and removed the delta and epsilon subunits of the enzyme. A
      species represented by the formula alpha 1(3) beta 1(3) gamma 1, where alpha 1,
      beta 1 and gamma 1 are forms of the native alpha, beta and gamma subunits which
      have been attacked by trypsin, was formed by trypsin digestion in the presence of
      ATP. In the presence of ATP and MgCl2, conversion of gamma to gamma 1 was
      retarded and the enzyme retained the epsilon subunit. These results imply that
      binding of ATP to the beta subunits alters the conformation of ECF1 to increase
      the accessibility of the gamma subunit to trypsin. The likely trypsin cleavage
      sites in the alpha, beta and gamma subunits are discussed. ECF1 from the alpha
      subunit-defective mutant uncA401, or after treatment with N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, was present in a
      conformation in which the gamma subunit was readily accessible to trypsin and
      could not be protected by the presence of ATP and MgCl2. In a similar manner to
      native E. coli F1-ATPase, the hydrolytic activity of the trypsin-digested enzyme
      was stimulated by the detergent lauryldimethylamine N-oxide. Since the digested
      enzyme lacked the epsilon subunit, a putative inhibitor of hydrolytic activity, a
      mechanism for the stimulation which involves loss or movement of this subunit is
      untenable.

PMID- 2890378
TI  - Dissociation-reconstitution experiments support the presence of two catalytic
      beta-subunits in mitochondrial F1.
AB  - Mitochondrial F1, inactivated to various extents with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa
      1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl), was dissociated with LiCl and reconstituted after removal
      of the salt. This procedure resulted in a reactivation that corresponded with a
      reactivation theoretically expected on the basis of the assumption that the
      reassociation of beta-subunits into native F1 molecules is random and that two
      out of the three beta-subunits are directly involved in catalysis. Repeated
      inactivation of such reactivated F1, followed by the same dissociation
      association procedure, resulted in similar data. After inactivation of F1 by
      covalent binding of 2-N-AT(D)P to one catalytic site, no reactivation upon
      dissociation-reassociation was obtained due to the fact that such modified F1 did
      not dissociate under the experimental conditions used.

PMID- 2890379
TI  - Defective distal regulatory element at the 5' upstream of rat prolactin gene of
      steroid-nonresponsive GH-subclone.
AB  - The prolactin-nonproducing (PRL-) GH cell strains (rat pituitary tumor cells in
      culture). GH12C1 and F1BGH12C1, do not respond to steroid hormones estradiol or
      hydrocortisone (HC). However, the stimulatory effect of estradiol and the
      inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on prolactin synthesis can be demonstrated in
      the prolactin-producing GH cell strain, GH4C1. In this investigation we have
      examined the 5' end flanking region of rat prolactin (rat PRL) gene of steroid
      responsive, GH4C1 cells to identify the positive and negative regulatory elements
      and to verify the status of these elements in steroid-nonresponsive F1BGH12C1
      cells. Results presented in this report demonstrate that the basel level
      expression of the co-transferred Neo gene (neomycin phosphoribosyl transferase)
      is modulated by the distal upstream regulatory elements of rat PRL gene in
      response to steroid hormones. The expression of adjacent Neo gene is inhibited by
      dexamethasone and is stimulated by estradiol in transfectants carrying distal
      regulatory elements (SRE) of steroid-responsive cells. These responses are not
      observed in transfectants with the rat PRL upstream sequences derived from
      steroid-nonresponsive cells. The basal level expression of the host cell alpha-2
      tubulin gene is not affected by dexamethasone. We report here the identification
      of the distal steroid regulatory element (SRE) located between 3.8 and 7.8 kb
      upstream of the transcription initiation site of rat PRL gene. Both the positive
      and the negative effects of steroid hormones can be identified within this
      upstream sequence. This distal SRE appears to be nonfunctional in steroid
      nonresponsive cells. Though the proximal SRE is functional, the defect in the
      distal SRE makes the GH substrain nonresponsive to steroid hormones. These
      results suggest that both the proximal and the distal SREs are essential for the
      mediation of action of steroid hormones in GH cells.

PMID- 2890380
TI  - Interaction of phosphonates related to glutathione with the rat kidney gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase.
AB  - Various phosphonic and sulfonic glutamate analogues as well as phosphonopeptides
      related to glutathione were studied for their interaction with rat kidney gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase activity. We found, in all cases, that the presence
      of a phosphonic group increases the affinity for the enzyme. Among the
      tripeptides tested, the phosphonic analogue of ophthalmic acid (gamma Glu-Abu-Gly
      P) is the most potent inhibitor. The glutamate and cysteine sites of the enzyme
      seem to be involved in the binding of this compound, since either substrate
      protects against inhibition. The types of inhibition with respect to the
      different substrates show dissimilar behaviors of the tripeptides, in spite of
      their structural analogy. Investigations relative to the role of the divalent ion
      Mg2+ provided evidence that the actual inhibitors are Mg2+-tripeptide complexes
      for the phosphonic compounds, whereas chelation with a metal ion is not required
      for inhibition by glutathione.

PMID- 2890381
TI  - [Molecular organization of glutamate-sensitive chemo-stimulated nerve cell
      membranes. Interaction of monoclonal antibodies with glutamate-binding membrane
      proteins in the rat brain, human neuroblastoma and molluscan neurons].
AB  - Hybrid cells obtained by fusion of myeloma PX63-Ag8-653 with immune splenocytes
      of BALB/c mice were found to produce monoclonal antibodies with a high degree of
      specificity to rat and human brain. The kinetics of specific IgG binding to
      purified fractions of glutamate-binding membrane proteins from rat and human
      brain were analyzed in Scatchard plots. The presence of a single type of binding
      sites with Kd = 100 nM was demonstrated. The monoclonal antibodies were shown to
      inhibit the specific binding of tritium-labeled L-glutamate to different brain
      synaptic membranes. Addition of monoclonal antibodies to the incubation medium
      induced a modulating effect of physiological responses to L-glutamate in
      Planorbarius corneus neurons. The possible use of specific antibodies to
      glutamate-binding proteins as immunochemical markers for the study of glutamate
      receptor topography on membrane surface was demonstrated with the aid of
      neuroblastoma cells N18 Tg2a and rat brain tissue slices. An analysis of
      glutamate receptor binding sites with the use of monoclonal antibodies revealed
      that these antibodies specifically recognize the active center in the receptor
      molecules which have identical antigen determinant sites in different biological
      systems.

PMID- 2890382
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockers decrease levels of luteinizing hormone in plasma of
      orchidectomized rats.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic antagonists, propranolol and bornaprolol (FM-24), at greater
      than 2 mg/kg (as [-] form) significantly depressed plasma levels of luteinizing
      hormone (LH) in orchidectomized rats. This occurred in the absence of
      consistently significant changes in interpulse intervals or amplitudes of
      pulsatile LH release. Nadirs of plasma LH decreased significantly even at low
      blocker doses, with a clear dose dependence for both drugs. The highly
      significant decrease of plasma LH induced by blocker dosages causing greater than
      93% inhibition of beta-adrenergic binding in the anterior pituitary gland was
      shown to occur without significant changes in binding of specific ligands at
      pituitary dopamine receptors and hypothalamic alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. The
      above evidence indicates that beta-blockers may lower LH release in vivo at the
      level of pituitary beta-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2890384
TI  - [Antibodies to morphine and neuromediators in the blood serum of chronic
      alcoholics].
AB  - The data on the presence of antibodies to morphine and neurotransmitters
      (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) in the blood serum of chronic alcoholics
      are presented. The antibodies were detected by the modification of complement
      fixation test. 82% of chronic alcoholics showed significantly elevated levels (P
      less than 0.01) of antibodies to morphine (5.34 +/- 0.65% of complement fixed)
      when compared to the control group (2.41 +/- 0.52% of complement fixed), which
      was an indirect evidence of the presence of endogenous morphine-like compounds in
      men and their role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A general group of
      alcoholics could be divided into subgroups with significantly elevated and
      decreased levels of antibodies to the appropriate neurotransmitter, as compared
      to the control group, which significantly differed from each other. Similar
      results were obtained in chronically alcoholized rats.

PMID- 2890383
TI  - [Ratio of brain synaptosome Na, K-ATPase to dopamine receptors].
AB  - Activating (0.3-3 microM) or inhibitory (0.03-0.3 mM) effects of dopamine (DA) in
      the absence of Ca2+, and its inhibitory effect in the presence of Ca2+ on Na,K
      ATPase activity of synaptosomes from the caudate nucleus of the rat brain were
      confirmed. Na,K-ATPase was shown to be inhibited by 6 neuroleptics, with the
      degree of inhibition stronger in the presence of Ca2+. It was found that: 1) the
      biphasic or monophasic nature of DA action on Na,K-ATPase activity was preserved
      in the presence of neuroleptics, 2) DA enhances the inhibitory effects of
      neuroleptics on the enzyme, 3) the inhibitory effects of DA on Na,K-ATPase are
      enhanced by Ca2+ ions. The mechanisms of the modifying action of DA on
      synaptosomal Na,K-ATPase are discussed.

PMID- 2890385
TI  - [Effect of fentolamin on the resistance of the coronary vessels and on the
      frequency of the heart rate].
AB  - The effects of phentolamine on coronary resistance and heart rate, as well as the
      influence of beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade on phentolamine effects were studied on
      the isolated cat hearts. Phentolamine reduced coronary resistance in 100% of
      cases (-25.9 +/- 4.4%; p less than 0.001) and increased heart rate only in 31.6%
      of cases (+9.1 +/- 1.4%); on average the alterations of heart rate were
      nonsignificant (p less than 0.1). After beta 1-blockade with Cordanum the rate of
      coronary dilation reduced (p less than 0.001), the changes in coronary resistance
      being nonsignificant (p greater than 0.1). Basal coronary resistance and tone
      during phentolamine infusion without or after beta 1-blockade were identical (p
      greater than 0.1). Thus, the reduction of coronary resistance during phentolamine
      infusion was due to beta 1-adrenomimetic activity of the drug.

PMID- 2890386
TI  - [Peptidoglycan isolated from Lactobacillus bulgaricus: its effect, mediated by
      the complement system, on pre-T-cell maturation].
AB  - Peptidoglycan from Lactobacillus bulgaricus converts mouse pre-T-cells into theta
      positive cells and activates the complement. It has been observed that the effect
      depends on serum peptidoglycan concentration and the time of the interaction of
      the activated complement with mouse pre-T-cells. The action of peptidoglycan was
      replaced by C3a complement component.

PMID- 2890387
TI  - [Criteria of the sensitivity of Zajdela and Morris hepatoma cells to
      glucocorticoids].
AB  - Glucocorticoids induce tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis in 7777 Morris
      hepatoma but fail to do so in Zajdela hepatoma. This internal property indicates
      the resistance to the hormone. However, both hepatoma cell lines do respond to
      the triamcinolone acetonide in a similar way, as judged by some other criteria,
      e. g. interaction with the immobilized hormone on the inert carrier, adhesion to
      glass and kinetic parameters of alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity. Moreover,
      both cell types respond to glucocorticoids by modification of synthesis of some
      proteins, as revealed previously by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results
      show that in case of tumour cells which retain their specific receptor apparatus
      but do not respond to glucocorticoids by usual criteria, the conclusion whether
      tumour cells are hormone-sensitive or not has to be drawn from the analysis of
      their multiple response judging by several assays.

PMID- 2890388
TI  - Long-term monoclonal reconstitution of erythropoiesis in genetically anemic W/Wv
      mice by injection of 5-fluorouracil-treated bone marrow cells of Pgk-1b/Pgk-1a
      mice.
AB  - The spleen colony-forming assay does not represent the number of hematopoietic
      stem cells with extensive self-maintaining capacity because five to 50 spleen
      colony-forming units (CFU-S) are necessary to rescue a genetically anemic (WB X
      C57BL/6)F1-W/Wv(WBB6F1-W/Wv) mouse. We investigated which is more important for
      the reconstitution of erythropoiesis, the transplantation of multiple CFU-S or
      that of a single stem cell with extensive self-maintaining potential. The
      electrophoretic pattern of hemoglobin was used as a marker of reconstitution and
      that of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), an X chromosome-linked enzyme, as a tool
      for estimating the number of stem cells. For this purpose, we developed the
      C57BL/6 congeneic strain with the Pgk-1a gene. Bone marrow cells were harvested
      after injection of 5-fluorouracil from C57BL/6-Pgk-1b/Pgk-1a female mice in which
      each stem cell had either A-type PGK or B-type PGK due to the random inactivation
      of one or two X chromosomes. When a relatively small number of bone marrow cells
      (ie, 10(3) or 3 X 10(3] were injected into 200-rad-irradiated WBB6F1-W/Wv mice,
      the hemoglobin pattern changed from the recipient type (Hbbd/Hbbs) to the donor
      type (Hbbs/Hbbs) in seven of 150 mice for at least 8 weeks. Erythrocytes of all
      these WBB6F1-W/Wv mice showed either A-type PGK alone or B-type PGK alone during
      the time of reconstitution, which suggests that a single stem cell with extensive
      self-maintaining potential may sustain the whole erythropoiesis of a mouse for at
      least 8 weeks.

PMID- 2890389
TI  - Seminoma after "orchidectomy": a salutary tale.

PMID- 2890390
TI  - Effectiveness of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2890391
TI  - Neuropharmacological and neurochemical properties of N-(2-cyanoethyl)-2
      phenylethylamine, a prodrug of 2-phenylethylamine.
AB  - 1 N-(2-cyanoethyl)-2-phenylethylamine (CEPEA) was examined as a possible prodrug
      of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA). 2 Pharmacokinetics of PEA and CEPEA were
      investigated in rat brain, blood and liver by gas chromatography with electron
      capture detection (GC-ECD). Interactions of PEA and CEPEA with putative
      neurotransmitter amines were investigated by use of high performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection (h.p.l.c.-e.c.). 3 Administration
      of PEA caused transient increases in PEA concentrations which decreased rapidly
      in brain and blood and at a slower rate in liver. Administration of CEPEA caused
      sustained elevations of PEA concentrations and elimination of PEA was markedly
      decreased in these tissues relative to the situation after administration of PEA
      itself. 4 Administration of CEPEA caused more prolonged decreases in brain
      noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations than those
      observed after PEA administration, although values increased to control levels
      eventually.

PMID- 2890392
TI  - Inhibition of Uptake1 by dopexamine hydrochloride in vitro.
AB  - 1 Dopexamine hydrochloride, a compound under evaluation for the acute treatment
      of heart failure, was examined in vitro for its ability to prevent neuronal
      uptake of noradrenaline. 2 Despite possessing only weak beta 1-adrenoceptor
      agonist activity in paced guinea-pig left atria, dopexamine hydrochloride was
      only 23 times less potent than isoprenaline in augmenting responses of field
      stimulated atrial preparations. 3 This potent effect was not observed in field
      stimulated atria depleted of noradrenaline by reserpine and in the presence of
      cocaine was greatly reduced (1 microM) or abolished (50 microM). 4 Dopexamine
      hydrochloride (3 microM) potentiated the inotropic effect of exogenous
      noradrenaline in paced atria, thereby resembling cocaine (10 microM) and dopamine
      (30 microM), both of which are known inhibitors of Uptake. 5 The sodium-dependent
      uptake of [3H]-noradrenaline into rabbit brain synaptosomes was prevented by
      dopexamine hydrochloride (IC50 26 nM) and cocaine (IC50 108 nM), as well as by
      two other catecholamines used in the treatment of heart failure, dopamine (IC50
      270 nM) and dobutamine (IC50 380 nM). 6 The cardiac stimulant effect of
      dopexamine hydrochloride reported in dogs and in patients with heart failure, may
      therefore be due in part to potentiation of endogenous catecholamines.

PMID- 2890393
TI  - Evidence that 8-hydroxy-2-(n-dipropylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) is a selective
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist on guinea-pig submucous neurones.
AB  - 1 Intracellular recordings were made from neurones of the submucous plexus and
      from submucosal arteriolar smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum for the purpose of
      examining the the actions of 8-hydroxy-2-(n-dipropylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). 2
      8-OH-DPAT (10 nM-20 microM) had no direct presynaptic or postsynaptic actions on
      submucous plexus neurones. 3 Membrane hyperpolarizations induced in neurones by
      noradrenaline or UK 14304 were competitively antagonized by 8-OH-DPAT. For dose
      ratios up to 40, Schild plots were linear with slopes not significantly different
      from unity; pA2 values for the 8-OH-DPAT antagonism of postsynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptors were 6.9-7.2. 4 The inhibitory synaptic potential, which is due to
      activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors located on submucous plexus neurones, was
      selectively inhibited by 8-OH-DPAT; the IC50 value for inhibition of the
      inhibitory synaptic potential was 250 nM. 5 Neuronal hyperpolarizations mediated
      through activation of delta-opioid receptors or somatostatin receptors were
      unaffected by 8-OH-DPAT (0.1-1 microM). 6 The ability of noradrenaline and UK
      14304 to inhibit the release of acetylcholine at synapses in the submucous
      plexus, and to inhibit the release of the transmitter which mediates the
      excitatory junction potential in the submucosal arteriolar smooth muscle, was
      also blocked by 8-OH-DPAT. 7 These results suggest that some of the actions of 8
      OH-DPAT previously ascribed to agonism at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors
      may actually result from blockade of the actions of endogenously released
      noradrenaline acting on alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2890395
TI  - Atypical germ cells in prepubertal cryptorchid testes.
AB  - Four cases of prepubertal cryptorchid testes with atypical germ cells were
      studied. These cells were characteristically large, showing a wide, pale
      cytoplasm and a large nucleus with both fine and coarse granular chromatin.
      Ferritin was shown to be absent. It is possible that these cells are dysplastic
      in nature and that they could form the basis of a premalignant intratubular
      lesion. Thus periodic follow-up of these patients is recommended.

PMID- 2890394
TI  - Positive inotropic effects of histamine in anaesthetized dogs.
AB  - 1 The cardiovascular effects of histamine were examined in dogs anaesthetized
      with pentobarbitone 2 The effect of histamine on heart rate, blood pressure, left
      ventricular pressure, dP/dtmax and dP/dt: IIT (integrated isometric tension) was
      compared in the presence and absence of autonomic reflexes and blood pressure
      control. 3 In innervated animals with no attempt to control blood pressure,
      histamine produced dose-dependent decreases in blood pressure and heart rate and
      either positive or negative inotropic actions. 4 When autonomic reflexes were
      abolished, this variability in inotropic response was reduced and histamine
      produced a slight positive inotropic response. There was a decrease in blood
      pressure and a positive chronotropic response to histamine. 5 When blood pressure
      was controlled and the cardiac nerves were intact, histamine produced a decrease
      in heart rate. However, in the denervated animals, there was a slight increase in
      heart rate. 6 Inotropic responses to histamine in the blood pressure controlled
      groups were less variable than when blood pressure was uncontrolled. In all of
      these animals there was an increase in contractility, the increase being more
      marked in the denervated group. 7 The H2-receptor agonist impromidine produced a
      positive inotropic action in intact animals with uncontrolled blood pressure.

PMID- 2890396
TI  - Genito-urinary anomalies in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

PMID- 2890397
TI  - Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC).

PMID- 2890398
TI  - Ten centre trial of artificial surfactant (artificial lung expanding compound) in
      very premature babies. Ten Centre Study Group.
AB  - A protein free artificial surfactant (artificial lung expanding compound; ALEC)
      composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol was assessed
      for its effect on the main complications of prematurity in a prospective two
      stage randomised trial of 328 unselected babies delivered at between 25 and 29
      weeks of gestation. Babies were randomised to receive approximately 100 mg
      artificial surfactant suspension or 1 ml saline. This was given at birth into the
      pharynx with up to three more endotracheal doses if the baby was intubated during
      the first day. Treatment with artificial surfactant reduced the neonatal
      mortality from 27% to 14%, the incidence of parenchymal brain haemorrhages from
      24% to 16%, and the severity of the respiratory distress syndrome. In the first
      10 days babies treated with artificial surfactant who survived averaged 19 hours
      less in greater than 30% oxygen, 20 hours less ventilation, and 17 hours less
      supplemental oxygen. Artificial surfactant had no effect on the incidence of
      pneumothoraces, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, patent ductus arteriosus, or
      postnatal infections and no serious side effects. Artificial surfactant (ALEC)
      given to very premature babies at birth significantly reduces their mortality and
      the respiratory support needed and should prove a valuable addition to treatment.

PMID- 2890399
TI  - From whom do children catch pertussis?

PMID- 2890400
TI  - Undescended testes in low birthweight infants.

PMID- 2890402
TI  - Changes in renal functions during beta-blocker carazolol administration in acute
      heat-stressed pigs.

PMID- 2890401
TI  - Membrane phenotype and response to deoxycoformycin in mature T cell malignancies.
AB  - The adenosine deaminase inhibitor deoxycoformycin was used in low doses to treat
      19 patients with clinically aggressive T cell malignancy with a mature membrane
      phenotype. The patients comprised eight with prolymphocytic leukaemia, two with
      chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, four with adult T cell leukaemia-lymphoma, three
      with Sezary syndrome, and two with T cell lymphoma. Two thirds of the patients
      had been resistant or minimally responsive to combination chemotherapy. Complete
      remission was obtained in five patients (two with prolymphocytic leukaemia and
      one each with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, adult T cell leukaemia-lymphoma, and
      Sezary syndrome) and partial remission in two others. Unmaintained complete
      remission lasting more than one year was seen in three patients. Responses were
      obtained only in patients with CD4+,CD8-membrane markers (seven out of 10), and
      no responses were recorded in any of the nine patients with a different
      phenotype. In this series remission appeared to correlate with the membrane
      phenotype of the neoplastic cell and not with the cytopathological diagnosis.
      Future studies should establish the biochemical basis for the greater sensitivity
      of CD4+ lymphoid cells to deoxycoformycin.

PMID- 2890403
TI  - Excitatory and inhibitory effects of dopamine on neuronal activity of the caudate
      nucleus neurons in vitro.
AB  - Effects of dopamine on the rat caudate nucleus neurons were examined in a slice
      preparation using an intracellular recording technique. Perfusion of the bath
      with a low concentration (1 microM) of dopamine produced a depolarization
      concomitant with an increase in the spontaneous firing and the number of action
      potentials evoked by a depolarizing pulse applied into the cells. In contrast,
      higher concentrations (100-500 microM) of dopamine inhibited the spontaneous and
      current-induced firings without apparent effects on the resting membrane
      potential. In addition, during application of a high concentration (100 microM)
      of dopamine there was a marked elevation of the threshold potential of the action
      potential elicited by a higher depolarizing current. Simultaneous application of
      haloperidol (0.5-5 microM) antagonized both excitatory and inhibitory effects
      induced by the low and high concentrations of dopamine, respectively. In
      addition, the excitatory effect induced by a low concentration (1 microM) of
      dopamine was antagonized by domperidone (0.5 microM), a selective D2 receptor
      antagonist, while the inhibitory effect by a high concentration (100 microM) was
      blocked by SCH 23390, a selective D1 receptor antagonist. These results strongly
      suggest that the postsynaptic sites of caudate nucleus neurons have at least two
      subtypes of dopamine receptors (D1 and D2 receptors) that mediate inhibitory and
      excitatory responses of the neuron to dopamine, respectively.

PMID- 2890404
TI  - Norepinephrine in the interpeduncular nucleus of the rat: normal distribution and
      the effects of deafferentation.
AB  - We used correlative biochemical and histochemical methods to examine (1) the
      norepinephrine (NE) projection from the paired locus coeruleus (LC) to the
      midline interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) of the adult rat and (2) the ability of the
      LC to respond to denervation of their target following removal of noradrenergic
      afferents (6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the LC) or non-noradrenergic afferents
      (lesion of the paired fasciculi retroflexi(FR]. Histofluorescence revealed that
      the NE innervation from the two LC to the IPN is symmetric and overlapping. This
      projection is confined to rostral, central, and intermediate subnuclei and is
      absent from lateral and dorsal subnuclei. We found no evidence for homotypic
      collateral sprouting of undamaged LC neurons into the IPN following unilateral LC
      lesion. Bilateral LC lesions also did not induce sprouting by NE-containing
      neurons from other systems (e.g. the superior cervical ganglion or the lateral
      tegmental group) or from those LC neurons that survived the 6-hydroxydopamine
      lesion. Histofluorescence following bilateral FR lesions confirmed an earlier
      observation that apparent hyperinnervation of the IPN by LC afferents is elicited
      following removal of non-noradrenergic afferents. Measurements of the turnover
      rate of NE in the IPN of control animals and those that received bilateral FR
      lesions indicate an increased NE content and increased turnover rate of NE in the
      IPN of lesioned animals. Taken together these results suggest an increased number
      of NE terminals and an increase in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase. No
      change in NE content or turnover rate was seen in the frontal cortex from these
      same animals. This is consistent with a target-dependent regulation of
      heterotypic collateral sprouting.

PMID- 2890405
TI  - Hippocampal cells primed with quisqualate are depolarized by AP4 and AP6, ligands
      for a putative glutamate uptake site.
AB  - The glutamate analog 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (AP4), which in control slices
      has little effect on Schaffer synaptic responses in hippocampal area CA1, reduces
      Schaffer responses in slices treated with quisqualate. We have shown that this
      effect of AP4 is associated with depolarization of CA1 neurons and a persisting
      small reduction in Schaffer response amplitude. 2-Amino-6-phosphonohexanoate also
      depressed Schaffer responses following priming with quisqualate, but 2-amino-7
      phosphonoheptanoate did not. Treatment with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4
      isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) did not sensitize
      slices to AP4. The pharmacology of this 'priming effect' of quisqualate
      corresponds to that of a putative uptake site. We suggest the effects of AP4 (and
      AP6) result from exchange for previously accumulated quisqualate.

PMID- 2890406
TI  - Cellular localization of soluble and membrane-bound forms of arylsulfatase in rat
      brain.
AB  - The cellular localization of the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the enzyme,
      arylsulfatase (ArS), in rat brain was investigated by measuring their activities
      in rat striatum after unilateral lesioning with the neurotoxin, kainic acid.
      Membrane-bound ArS (C form of ArS) activity was found to increase after lesioning
      and the increase paralleled that of the astroglial marker enzyme, glutamine
      synthetase. Total soluble ArS (A and B forms of ArS) was shown to decrease on day
      2 after the kainic acid injection but rapidly increase thereafter. When the two
      soluble forms of arylsulfatase were measured separately, the activity associated
      with the A form was found to initially decrease followed by a rapid increase in
      activity, whereas the activity of the B form of the enzyme increased over the
      entire duration of the experiment. These data suggest that the ArS-C and B form
      of arylsulfatase predominate in proliferating astroglial cells, whereas the A
      form of arylsulfatase is present both in neuronal cell bodies and astroglia
      associated with the rat striatum.

PMID- 2890407
TI  - Neurons in the area postrema are the only catecholamine-synthesizing cells in the
      medulla or pons with projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (C1-area)
      in the rabbit.
AB  - We have identified, in the rabbit medulla and pons, neurons which project to the
      C1-region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. By combining tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunohistochemistry with retrograde transport of Fluoro-Gold we determined
      whether any of the retrogradely labelled neurons synthesize catecholamines. The
      only doubly labelled cells were located in the area postrema. No other group of
      catecholamine-synthesizing neurons in either the medulla or the pons was found to
      project to the C1-area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Pharmacological
      agents which lower arterial pressure by stimulating adrenoceptors in the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla may act on receptors which are not innervated by
      catecholamine-synthesizing perikarya located outside the C1-region.

PMID- 2890408
TI  - A possible neurotransmitter role for CGRP in a hair-cell sensory organ.
AB  - We report that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increases the discharge
      rate of afferent fibers innervating hair cells in the lateral line organ of
      Xenopus laevis. We have localized CGRP-like immunoreactivity in small, presumably
      efferent, fibers innervating the lateral line organ. In addition to providing
      evidence for a neurotransmitter role for CGRP in a sensory system, these results
      may help explain the non-cholinergic excitatory effect seen with efferent
      stimulation in this and other hair cell organs such as the inner ear.

PMID- 2890409
TI  - Voltage-dependency of the responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells to excitatory
      amino acids.
AB  - The voltage-dependency of the responses of Purkinje cells to excitatory amino
      acids was examined in rat cerebellar slices, using intrasomatic recordings with
      the single electrode voltage-clamp. In standard perfusion medium, the
      depolarizations evoked in these neurones by ionophoretic pulse applications (less
      than 300 ms) of L-glutamate, L-aspartate and quisqualate in their dendritic
      fields had underlying inward currents which did not increase or even decreased,
      as the holding potential was shifted to values more negative than -65 mV. This
      'abnormal' voltage-dependency was still present in Mg2+ -free solution but was
      abolished in the presence of CsCl2 (10 mM) in the perfusion medium. When TTX (5
      microM) and CdCl2 (0.1 mM) were further added to the bath in order to block
      regenerative conductances, thus broadening the range of the clamp voltages to
      more positive values than -50 mV, the current-voltage relation between -80 and 0
      mV for responses to L-glutamate and L-asparate was almost linear. Our results
      support the view that low doses of both amino acids act on Purkinje cells
      essentially via the activation of receptors which are not of the N-methyl-D
      aspartate type.

PMID- 2890410
TI  - Quinolinate is a weak excitant of cortical neurons in cell culture.
AB  - Defined concentrations of quinolinate (QUIN) were administered to murine cortical
      neurons in culture impaled for intracellular recording. In physiological
      recording medium containing 1 mM Mg, concentrations of QUIN up to 2 mM had
      minimal effect on membrane potential and input resistance; only at higher
      concentrations did QUIN produce consistent depolarizations, which were
      accompanied by apparent increases in membrane resistance. In the absence of Mg,
      responses to QUIN were larger and were accompanied by decreases in membrane
      resistance, but QUIN was still a weak neuroexcitant, exhibiting an ED50 of
      greater than 1 mM. Phthalic, dipicolinic and nicotinic acids, structural
      analogues of QUIN, were even less potent neuroexcitants. The relationship between
      QUIN depolarization amplitude and membrane potential was linear in the absence of
      Mg, but in the presence of 1 mM Mg showed a non-linearity consistent with the
      voltage-dependent Mg block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated
      responses described by others. QUIN responses had a marked dependence on the
      presence of extracellular Na, and an extrapolated reversal potential of +12 mV,
      consistent with the large involvement of an Na influx. The responses were
      attenuated by the selective NMDA receptor antagonists, DL-2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate and ketamine, as well as by the broad spectrum antagonist
      kynurenate, but not by L-glutamate diethylester or gamma-D-glutamylaminomethyl
      sulfonate, compounds reported to block quisqualate or kainate receptors. The
      present study is consistent with the suggestion of other workers that QUIN
      neuroexcitation is mediated in large part by an Na influx through cation
      permeable NMDA-activated channels, but provides new quantitative data suggesting
      that the potency of QUIN as a cortical neuroexcitant is low. This low potency may
      argue against a role for QUIN as a traditional fast excitatory neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2890411
TI  - Glutamate-induced ionic currents in cultured neurons from the rat superior
      colliculus.
AB  - The ionic currents induced in cultured rat superior colliculus neurons by rapid
      application of glutamate (Glut) and the glutamate receptor agonists quisqualate
      (Quis) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were examined using the whole-cell patch
      clamp technique. Dissociated cell cultures consisting exclusively of superficial
      gray layer neurons from rats aged E21-P2 were used. After 7-10 days in vitro, all
      neurons responded to Glut and the selective agonists, NMDA and Quis. Glut was a
      mixed agonist, and a variable fraction (10-100%) of Glut-activated currents was
      due to involvement of NMDA receptors. The NMDA response was strongly regulated by
      extracellular Ca and Mg levels and modified by exposure to Quis. Quis transiently
      removed the block of NMDA-activated currents by D-amino-phosphonovaleric acid
      (APV).

PMID- 2890412
TI  - Extensive co-existence of neuropeptides in the rat visual cortex.
AB  - The peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique has been used to
      examine the co-existence of peptides within individual neurons of the rat visual
      cortex. Pairs of consecutive paraffin sections were stained alternately for 2 of
      the 4 peptides: somatostatin (SRIF), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP),
      cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Analysis revealed the co
      existence of SRIF with VIP, CCK and NPY and between VIP and CCK. These results
      show that the co-localization of neuropeptides in cortical neurons is more
      widespread than previously demonstrated.

PMID- 2890413
TI  - Development of spontaneous and glutamate-evoked activity is altered by chronic
      ethanol in cultured cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
AB  - The effects of continuous exposure to ethanol on the cytological and
      physiological development of a central nervous system (CNS) neuron were studied
      using the cultured Purkinje neuron of the rat cerebellar cortex. Purkinje neurons
      in fetal rat brain cultures which are established at one day before birth show
      development comparable to that described in vivo in other studies. In culture,
      Purkinje neurons progress from immature rounded cells with fine neurites to
      mature neurons with a branched dendritic structure. These structural changes are
      accompanied by an increase in the duration and complexity of the excitatory
      response to glutamate, by transitions in the patterns of spontaneous activity,
      and by an increase in mean firing rate. Our results demonstrate that chronic
      exposure to a low concentration of ethanol (90 mg%; 19.5 mM) during development
      selectively alters the electrophysiological but not the morphological properties
      of Purkinje neurons. Specifically, ethanol treatment reduces the responsiveness
      of these neurons to glutamate, delays the expected developmental transitions in
      patterns of spontaneous activity, and induces increased spontaneous bursting
      activity, particularly at the stage of dendritic formation. Impairment of
      responsiveness to glutamate is significant in that it may reflect the compromise
      by ethanol of a major excitatory pathway in the cerebellar cortex, resulting from
      the decreased efficacy of glutamatergic input from parallel fibers. In contrast
      to the results of other studies using adult neurons as a model for the effects of
      ethanol, our work suggests that the developing CNS neuron does not become
      tolerant; that is, in the continuing presence of ethanol, it does not express
      physiological function equivalent to that of the control.

PMID- 2890414
TI  - Neural membrane glycoproteins associated with chicken Thy-1: an anti-idiotypic
      antibody study.
AB  - In order to investigate the possible binding of Thy-1 to other neuronal cell
      surface proteins, anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised using a panel of anti-Thy
      1 monoclonal antibodies. Anti-idiotypic antibodies were selected for their
      ability to bind to day-old chick brain membrane components in enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and to bind to membrane glycoproteins as determined
      by Western transfer immunoblotting assays. The 5 monoclonal anti-idiotypic
      antibodies bind to a membrane glycoprotein component of 70 kDa, and one of the
      antibodies also binds to 3 higher molecular weight components of 160 kDa, 120 kDa
      and 90 kDa. These antibodies bind to areas of the chicken cerebellum known to be
      rich in Thy-1. It is postulated that these molecules are associated with Thy-1,
      and that the role of Thy-1 on the neuronal cell surface, may be to form complexes
      with, and/or to stabilise these higher molecular weight glycoproteins during
      synaptic development.

PMID- 2890415
TI  - Intrathecal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) activates both nociceptive and
      antinociceptive systems.
AB  - Injection of the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) into the
      spinal subarachnoid space of rats produces both hyperalgesic and analgesic
      effects. At lower concentrations (0.5 mM) little behavioral effect is elicited by
      the drug. However, brief hyperalgesia followed by several minutes of analgesia
      can be detected in these animals. Higher concentrations of the drug produce
      vocalization, caudally directed scratching and biting and hyper-responsiveness to
      light touch. The NMDA antagonist, arginine vasopressin, produces analgesia when
      injected by itself and completely reverses all effects of NMDA. NMDA-induced
      analgesia, but not hyperalgesia, is reversed by intrathecal administration of
      naloxone, methysergide and phentolamine. The analgesic effects of both agonist
      and antagonist are markedly potentiated by spinalization. These results suggest
      the involvement of NMDA receptors in both the transmission of pain and the
      mediation of spinal segmental pain inhibitory mechanism.

PMID- 2890416
TI  - Neuropeptides mark functionally distinguishable cholinergic enteric neurons.
AB  - Subpopulations of physiologically identified cholinergic enteric neurons in cell
      culture contain somatostatin (SOM)- or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- like
      immunoreactivity (LIR). These subpopulations differ in their synaptic effects on
      other neurons: cholinergic neurons that contain SOM-LIR cause fast nicotinic
      excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that have significantly larger
      amplitudes than do EPSPs caused by cholinergic neurons that lack SOM-LIR.
      Cholinergic neurons containing VIP-LIR cause slow non-cholinergic depolarizations
      in addition to fast nicotinic EPSPs. These findings are the first correlation
      between neuropeptide content and functional differences in the synaptic effects
      of subpopulations of cholinergic enteric neurons.

PMID- 2890417
TI  - Sex steroid effects on extrahypothalamic CNS. I. Estrogen augments neuronal
      responsiveness to iontophoretically applied glutamate in the cerebellum.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test whether 17 beta-estradiol (E2) could alter
      neuronal activity or responsiveness to iontophoretically applied amino acid
      neurotransmitters in an area not reported to contain classical E2 receptors. Such
      a region is the cerebellum, which was selected as a model system for these
      studies because it has been well characterized electrophysiologically.
      Extracellular activity of cerebellar Purkinje neurons was recorded from urethane
      anesthetized, adult, ovariectomized rats using multibarrel glass micropipets.
      Spontaneous firing rate and responses of single units to microiontophoretic
      pulses (10 s pulses every 40 s) of GABA (10-50 nA) or glutamate (GLUT, 3-40 nA)
      were examined before, during and after iontophoretic (0.25 mM 17 beta-estradiol
      hemisuccinate) or jugular i.v. (100, 300 or 1000 ng/kg 17 beta-estradiol)
      administration of E2. Both modes of E2 administration resulted in a significant
      increase in Purkinje cell excitatory responses to GLUT, independent of the
      direction of change in spontaneous firing rate. This effect was seen as early as
      one minute after iontophoretic application of E2 and 10-40 min following i.v. E2.
      In all cases, recovery to the control level of response was not observed by 2 h
      following E2 administration. 17 alpha-E2 (300 ng/kg) resulted in a less
      pronounced, transient increase in GLUT response, while a lower dose (100 ng/kg)
      did not have any effect. Prior administration of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen did
      not prevent any of the observed E2 effects. In addition, estrogen-priming did not
      alter E2-induced potentiation of GLUT responses. In contrast to the effect of E2
      on GLUT responsiveness, GABA-mediated inhibition of Purkinje cells was either
      increased, antagonized or unchanged following E2 application. In summary, this
      study suggests the hypothesis that circulating levels of E2 may alter neuronal
      sensitivity to specific neurotransmitter substances within the cerebellar
      circuitry.

PMID- 2890418
TI  - Sex steroid effects on extrahypothalamic CNS. II. Progesterone, alone and in
      combination with estrogen, modulates cerebellar responses to amino acid
      neurotransmitters.
AB  - In a preliminary report we have shown that both intravenous and local application
      of progesterone (P) are capable of increasing cerebellar Purkinje cell
      responsiveness to microiontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      and decreasing responsiveness to glutamate (GLUT) in the urethane-anesthetized,
      ovariectomized adult rat. In the present study we have examined the time course
      of effects of several doses of P and different combinations of both E2 and P on
      responses of individual Purkinje cells to GABA and GLUT. Extracellular activity
      of single Purkinje neurons was recorded using multibarrel glass micropipets.
      Spontaneous firing rate and responses of neurons to microiontophoretic pulses (10
      s pulses every 40 s) of GABA (10-50 nA) and GLUT (3-40 nA) were examined before
      and after jugular i.v. administration of P or E2/P combinations to ovariectomized
      rats. In some cases animals received s.c. injections of E2 (2 micrograms) at 24
      and 48 h before the day of recording. This injection schedule results in maximal
      reproductive effects of P. Within 5-15 min after P administration (5,50 or 500
      micrograms) to ovariectomized rats, Purkinje cell responses to GLUT were
      decreased by 87%, and inhibitory responses to GABA were increased by 50%, with no
      associated change in spontaneous firing rate. In addition, the magnitude of the
      change in amino acid response was directly proportional to the dose of P. In most
      cases, complete recovery was observed 20-45 min after P administration. E2
      pretreatment did not alter these P-induced effects. Combinations of E2 (300
      ng/kg) and P (50 or 500 micrograms) injected simultaneously resulted in effects
      on GLUT responsiveness which were similar to those seen with P alone, while
      effects similar to E2 alone were observed with administration of E2 plus P at 5
      micrograms. The administration of a protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin (30
      mg/kg, i.v.), 20 min before the recording session did not prevent any of the
      above steroid effects. These results indicate that sex steroids can act to alter
      neuronal responsiveness to putative neurotransmitters in a CNS region not known
      to contain steroid receptors and that the particular combination of steroids will
      determine the neuronal response. These findings further suggest that the observed
      steroid-induced alterations in Purkinje cell responsiveness do not appear to
      require genomic mechanisms.

PMID- 2890419
TI  - Effect of D890 on membrane properties of neocortical neurons.
AB  - D890, a derivative of the Ca2+ channel antagonist D600, was intracellularly
      applied from conventional microelectrodes into pyramidal neurons of neocortical
      slices. The effects of D890 were ascertained by evaluating alterations in
      membrane properties following drug administration and by comparing these neurons
      to untreated controls. The amplitude of action potentials (APs) evoked by
      depolarizing current pulses was attenuated by up to 30% within about 15 min after
      impalement with D890-containing electrodes. AP rate of rise was reduced by up to
      80% and duration was increased. These effects were dependent upon the rate of
      stimulation. When depolarizing pulses were delivered at low rates of stimulation
      (e.g. 0.1 Hz), the overshoot of evoked APs declined by about 10%. At higher
      frequencies (greater than 2 Hz) the AP overshoot decreased by up to 90%. These
      effects were mostly reversible on decreasing the frequency of stimulation. A half
      maximal effect was attained at about 1 Hz, when APs of control neurons were
      unaltered. In neurons impaled with D890-containing electrodes, depolarizing
      current pulses delivered in the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and
      tetrodotoxin elicited high threshold calcium spikes which had a duration between
      20 and 200 ms. In the early phase of D890 application, the duration of Ca2+
      spikes decreased in a reversible frequency-dependent manner; after prolonged
      application, however, the recovery was incomplete. On the average, Ca2+ spike
      amplitude and duration decreased by 20% and 50%, respectively, suggesting that
      D890 usually produces an incomplete blockade of the underlying CA current. The
      duration of the slow envelope of orthodromically evoked epileptiform paroxysmal
      depolarizing shifts (DSs), induced by bath application of 10(-5) M bicuculline,
      was frequency dependent and consistently increased from about 20 ms to 150 ms
      (half amplitude width) at frequencies above 0.5 Hz. In the presence of D890, the
      action potentials superimposed on the slow envelope of the DS were attenuated,
      but neither the amplitude nor the frequency-dependent progressive prolongation of
      the DS was altered. Application of TEA in the presence of bicuculline (10(-5) M)
      increased the amplitude and duration of the DS in neurons impaled with D890
      containing electrodes. Under these conditions, the durations of DSs evoked by low
      frequency orthodromic stimulation (greater than 0.5 Hz) were still progressively
      prolonged, while, in the same neuron, directly evoked Ca2+ spikes progressively
      decreased in amplitude and duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2890420
TI  - Antibodies to dynorphin A(1-13) but not beta-endorphin inhibit electrically
      elicited feeding in the rat.
AB  - Highly specific antibodies to dynorphin A(1-13), infused into the lateral
      ventricle, elevated brain stimulation threshold for eliciting feeding behavior.
      Antibodies to beta-endorphin had little or no effect. Temporal analysis of the
      anorectic action indicated a striking similarity to the effect of systemically
      administered naloxone. These findings suggest that central dynorphin is involved
      in the control of ingestive behavior and that the anorectic action of naloxone
      may result from antagonism of dynorphinergic transmission.

PMID- 2890422
TI  - Ontogeny of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the human fetus and infant
      spinal cord.
AB  - The localization and distribution of somatostatin like-immunoreactivity (SSLI) in
      postmortem human fetus and infant spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were
      studied by using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. SSLI, which was
      mostly located within varicose fibers and terminal-like structures, occasionally
      within cell bodies, was detected during early fetal life (on gestational week 9
      and beyond). The changes occurring from the early to the late fetal and infant
      stages mainly resulted in a progressive increase in the number of somatostatin
      like immunoreactive fibers within most of the gray areas. On the whole the
      majority of immunolabelled fibers and terminal-like structures were observed over
      the superficial layers of the dorsal gray including the marginal zone and the
      substantia gelatinosa. Other regions displaying a moderate number of somatostatin
      like immunoreactive fibers were the intermediate gray and the gray commissure
      area around the central canal. A few scattered immunofluorescent fibers were
      unevenly distributed over the white matter especially in the lateral and ventral
      funiculus areas and near the ventral motor nuclei. A few somatostatin-like
      immunoreactive cell bodies were occasionally found in the superficial layers of
      the dorsal gray and in the intermediolateral gray. Immunolabelled cells were
      further usually visualized in dorsal root ganglia. Although the distribution
      patterns of somatostatin-like immunoreactive structures were similar throughout
      the entire spinal cord, the highest density of immunolabeled fibers, however, was
      seen at the lumbosacral level. Our results indicate that in the human spinal cord
      SSLI is already widespread before birth. It is further suggested that
      somatostatin ontogenesis in human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia begins
      early in fetal life.

PMID- 2890421
TI  - Interaction between enkephalin and dopamine in the avian retina.
AB  - Biochemical and pharmacological techniques were utilized to investigate the
      interaction between the enkephalinergic and dopaminergic systems in the chicken
      retina. Exogenously applied enkephalin and its analogues were observed to inhibit
      the release of preloaded dopamine from the retina. This inhibition was
      concentration-dependent and was suppressed by the opiate antagonist, naloxone.
      The relationship between enkephalinergic and dopaminergic amacrine cells was
      studied in retinas which were subjected to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatments.
      6-OHDA degenerated approximately 80-90% of those cells which exhibit high
      affinity uptake of [3H]dopamine. In 6-OHDA-treated retinas, the capacity of 3H
      labelled [D-Ala2]methionine enkephalinamide to bind specifically to opiate
      receptors was substantially reduced (only 70-75% of the control). Scatchard
      analyses and ligand displacement studies indicated that this decrease in binding
      was due to a reduction in the number of opiate receptors. Taken together, these
      observations strongly indicate that a fraction of the opiate receptors in the
      chicken retina (25-30%) are closely associated with the population of
      dopaminergic amacrine cells.

PMID- 2890423
TI  - Clinical perspectives of beta-carbolines from first studies in humans.
AB  - First results from studies in healthy subjects with the beta-carbolines ZK 91
      296, ZK 95 962 and ZK 93 426 are reviewed. ZK 91 296 and ZK 95 962, characterized
      as partial benzodiazepine agonists in preclinical research, were unable to induce
      some typical benzodiazepine effects like sedation when administered intravenously
      in high doses. ZK 95 962, reported to be effective in photoepileptic patients,
      was able to reverse lormetazepam-induced sleep as documented by EEG-parameters.
      The benzodiazepine receptor antagonist ZK 93 426 dose-dependently elicited
      alertness, restlessness and mild apprehension--symptoms opposite those known for
      the benzodiazepines. The activating effect of ZK 93 426 was confirmed by the
      results from e.g., self-rating scales and the logical reasoning test. In another
      placebo-controlled study comparing the effects of ZK 93 426 alone and in
      combination with lormetazepam vigilosomnograms obtained after ZK 93 426 alone
      clearly confirmed the activating effect. In combination with lormetazepam ZK 93
      426 was able to reverse the benzodiazepine induced sleep. The attenuation of
      benzodiazepine effects was also evident from multiple sleep latency tests. Our
      results support findings from animal experiments which classify these beta
      carbolines as benzodiazepine receptor ligands with partial agonist and antagonist
      properties. beta-Carbolines may prove to be beneficial drugs in the treatment of
      anxiety, convulsions and diseases with an impairment of cognitive functions as
      well as in the reversal of unwanted benzodiazepine effects.

PMID- 2890424
TI  - [The effect of local anesthetics and beta adrenolytics on the fluidity of lipids
      and biological membranes].

PMID- 2890425
TI  - Anatomy and pathology of the basal ganglia.
AB  - Neurotransmitters of the basal ganglia are of three types: I, amino acids; II,
      amines; and III, peptides. The amino acids generally act ionotropically while the
      amines and peptides generally act metabotropically. There are many examples of
      neurotransmitter coexistence in basal ganglia neurons. Diseases of the basal
      ganglia are characterized by selective neuronal degeneration. Lesions of the
      caudate, putamen, subthalamus and substantia nigra pars compacta occur,
      respectively, in chorea, dystonia, hemiballismus and parkinsonism. The differing
      signs and symptoms of these diseases constitute strong evidence of the functions
      of these various nuclei. Basal ganglia diseases can be of genetic origin, as in
      Huntington's chorea and Wilson's disease, of infectious origin as in Sydenham's
      chorea and postencephalitic parkinsonism, or of toxic origin as in MPTP
      poisoning. Regardless of the etiology, the pathogenesis is often regionally
      concentrated for reasons that are poorly understood. From studies on Parkinson
      and Huntington disease brains, evidence is presented that a common feature may be
      the expression of HLA-DR antigen on reactive microglia in the region where
      pathological neuronal dropout is occurring.

PMID- 2890426
TI  - Motor, behavioral and pharmacologic findings in Tourette's syndrome.
AB  - We studied 112 patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS); the male-to-female ratio
      was 3.8, the mean age of onset was 7.3 years, and the average duration of
      symptoms prior to the initial evaluation was 15.2 years. Seventy-nine percent of
      the patients had at least one family member with motor or vocal tics, and an
      additional 10 percent had a family member with marked obsessive-compulsive
      behavior. Simple motor tics occurred as the presenting symptom in about one-third
      of patients; one-third had multiple motor tics at the onset, and another third
      started with vocal tics. During the course of the illness all patients developed
      multifocal motor tics and 86 percent had vocal tics. Verbal and mental coprolalia
      was present in 44 percent of the patients. Copropraxia was seen in 19 percent of
      patients, and both coprolalia and copropraxia were more frequent among the males
      than expected. Attentional deficit disorder was diagnosed in 36 percent of the
      patients and 32 percent had obsessive-compulsive personality. Sleep disturbances
      were reported by 62 percent of the patients and polysomnographs in 34 patients
      showed motor and vocal tics during all stage of sleep, sleep apnea, abnormal
      arousal pattern, and other sleep disturbances. Patients with mild symptoms
      improved with clonidine or clonazepam, but those with more advanced disorder
      required fluphenazine, pimozide, haloperidol or tetrabenazine.

PMID- 2890427
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the foot and ankle.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging enhances the inherent differences in the density of
      tissues to allow the diagnosis of pedal disorders not readily observed by other
      diagnostic means. The technique is particularly useful for the evaluation of the
      nature and extent of soft tissue pathology. In addition, certain osseous and
      joint disorders, such as osteomyelitis and Sudeck's atrophy, may be detected in
      their incipient stages.

PMID- 2890429
TI  - Cerebral vasculitis associated with hairy cell leukemia.
AB  - Hairy cell leukemia was diagnosed in a 74-year-old man. He was followed for 5
      years when he developed confusion and focal neurological signs. Despite
      investigation and treatment he died. Postmortem study revealed isolated primary
      necrotizing vasculitis affecting the cerebral arteries. No leukemic infiltration
      of the central nervous system was found. There is a recognized association
      between hairy cell leukemia and generalized necrotizing vasculitis of
      polyarteritis type, however, this is the first case report of isolated cerebral
      vasculitis associated with this condition. The importance of excluding infective
      (mycotic) arteries in this type of case is emphasized.

PMID- 2890428
TI  - 2'-Deoxycoformycin therapy in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - Six Caribbean patients with histologically and immunologically characterized
      adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) were treated intravenously (IV) with 2'
      deoxycoformycin (DCF) at a dose of 5 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, 8, 15, and 22 with four
      additional weekly doses to convert any partial responses (PR) to complete
      responses (CR). Patients were considered eligible for this study if refractory to
      or relapsed from combination chemotherapy, had a life expectancy of 4 weeks or
      more, a performance status greater than or equal to 50%, normal renal and hepatic
      function, and no chemotherapy within 4 weeks. Clinical characteristics of the
      patients in this study included lymphadenopathy in five patients, skin
      involvement in four patients, bone marrow infiltration in five patients, and
      central nervous system involvement in two patients. Circulating ATL cells were
      present in four patients, and three were hypercalcemic. Of five patients
      evaluable for response, there was one PR of 1 month, and two minor responses
      lasting 2 and 3 weeks. The median duration of survival for all treated patients
      was 3 weeks or more. The DCF was associated with moderate side effects, including
      conjunctivitis in three patients, nausea and vomiting in two patients,
      progressive hepatic insufficiency in one patient, and moderate myelotoxicity in
      three patients. Infections occurred in four patients, including two cases of oral
      candidiasis and two cases of fatal neutropenic sepsis in patients receiving
      concurrent intrathecal methotrexate. As a single agent, DCF appears to have
      limited activity in advanced refractory/relapsed ATL. Studies in the future
      should explore DCF in combination with other cytotoxic agents as initial therapy
      in better-risk patients.

PMID- 2890431
TI  - Characterization of a mammary carcinoma elaborated factor stimulating gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase expression in bone marrow cells.
AB  - The elevation of bone marrow gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and alkaline
      phosphatase (AP) content in rats carrying mammary carcinoma 5A (MC), reproduced
      in a short-term (48-h) liquid culture of normal bone marrow cells, was found to
      be attributable to a blood-borne protein factor with an apparent molecular weight
      of 60,000. Partial purification, based on the extent of stimulation of GGT
      expression in this culture, increased the specific activity of the host serum
      from 1.5 to 40 units and that of MC extracts from 6 to 560 units. Production of
      the factor by MC in vitro, however, resulted in specific activities of 3000 units
      in the conditioned medium, and a further 60-fold purification was achieved by
      DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The chemical
      characteristics of the MC-elaborated protein indicate nonidentity to previously
      isolated colony formation stimulating factors which also induced GGT (and AP)
      expression by rat bone marrow cells. Most of the AP inducing ability of the MC
      serum and MC-conditioned medium copurified with and was still present in
      preparations with the highest specific activity vis a vis GGT. In mouse (instead
      of rat) bone marrow cells, however, no AP response accompanied the stimulation of
      GGT expression by MC (or colony formation stimulating factor) preparations.

PMID- 2890430
TI  - Phenotypically selective promotion of diethylnitrosamine-initiated altered
      hepatocyte foci by dietary phenobarbital or a topically applied coal-derived
      organic mixture in male and female rats.
AB  - Relative frequencies of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated foci of altered
      hepatocytes appearing in response to promotion by either dietary phenobarbital or
      a topically applied coal-derived organic mixture (CDM) were investigated in male
      and female rats. The focus population was examined for two histochemical markers,
      elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GG(+)] and iron exclusion [FE(-)], giving
      rise to 3 detectable focus phenotypes, i.e., GG(+) foci, FE(-) foci, and
      GG(+)/(FE(-) foci. Frequencies of the 3 phenotypes were quantitated through the
      use of serial frozen sectioning and computer-assisted image analysis. In
      agreement with our prior observations, cutaneous exposure to CDM or dietary
      phenobarbital promoted the expression of DEN-initiated foci. However, the current
      data showed that this promoting effect of CDM occurred only in females and was
      restricted to foci with the GG(+)/FE(-) phenotype. Dietary phenobarbital, on the
      other hand, promoted both the GG(+) and GG(+)/FE(-) phenotypes and was effective
      in both males and females, although a sex-related differential in the promoting
      efficiency of phenobarbital was also observed. The pronounced heterogeneity in
      the responses of the 3 focus phenotypes suggests that each phenotype is the
      consequence of a specific type of genomic alteration with a specific capacity to
      undergo phenotypic expression in response to a given promoting stimulus.

PMID- 2890432
TI  - Reciprocal cross-resistance in human rhabdomyosarcomas selected in vivo for
      primary resistance to vincristine and L-phenylalanine mustard.
AB  - Primary resistance to vincristine (VCR) has been selected in rhabdomyosarcoma
      xenograft HxRh12 by sequential administration of VCR at 1.5 and subsequently 3
      mg/kg/passage. The resistant tumor (HxRh12/VCR-3) was approximately 4-fold
      resistant to VCR and resistance was stable in the absence of selecting pressure
      (greater than 2 yr). HxRh12/VCR-3 was 2- to 3-fold cross-resistant to L
      phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) but only slightly cross-resistant to ifosfamide. To
      determine whether selection for primary resistance to L-PAM conferred cross
      resistance to VCR we selected an L-PAM-resistant subline of rhabdomyosarcoma
      xenograft HxRh28 (HxRh28/L-PAM-13). This tumor was 2- to 3-fold resistant to L
      PAM and 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-L-alanyl-3-[m-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-aminophenyl]-L-
      alanyl-L-methionine ethoxyhydrochloride, cross-resistant to cyclophosphamide and
      ifosfamide, and completely resistant to VCR under in vivo conditions.
      Pharmacokinetic studies in HxRh12/VCR-3 showed decreased retention of [G-3H]VCR
      but not alteration in metabolism. Expression of mdr1, a gene that encodes P
      glycoprotein, associated with the multiple drug resistance phenotype, was
      examined. Expression of mdr1 was detected in both HxRh12 and HxRh28 tumors,
      sensitive to VCR, but there was no increase in expression in tumors selected for
      primary resistance to VCR or L-PAM. Data suggest that mechanisms other than those
      associated with "classical" multiple drug resistance confer resistance in these
      tumors. In clinical evaluation against childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, L-PAM has
      demonstrated only slight activity in patients relapsing on conventional therapy
      (including VCR) but demonstrated marked activity in patients with advanced
      previously untreated disease. It appears likely, therefore, that cross-resistance
      between VCR and L-PAM as demonstrated in this model may have clinical
      significance.

PMID- 2890433
TI  - Immunodetection and modulation of cellular growth with antibodies against native
      transforming growth factor-beta 1.
AB  - In an attempt to identify and quantitate latent and active forms of transforming
      growth factor beta (TGF beta) without the use of cell cultures and to test for
      autocrine stimulation by TGF beta, rabbit antibodies were raised against native
      human and porcine platelet-derived TGF beta. A radioimmunoassay for TGF beta was
      developed using radioiodinated TGF beta, anti-TGF beta antibodies, and protein A.
      Inhibition in the radioimmunoassay was achieved with nanogram quantities of TGF
      beta, comparable to the sensitivity of radioreceptor assays. Analyses of the TGF
      beta levels of conditioned medium from cultured cells indicated that the latent
      form(s) of TGF beta is not detectable in the radioimmunoassay established using
      antibodies raised against native TGF beta. Immunoprecipitation analysis of
      radiolabeled conditioned medium revealed a specific Mr 25,000 band only after
      acidification. A Mr 62,000 protein was observed with and without prior
      acidification of the medium but could not be competed with unlabeled TGF beta in
      the immunoprecipitation indicating antigenic unrelatedness. The anti-TGF beta IgG
      inhibited the binding of [125I]TGF beta to the cell surface receptors in a
      radioreceptor assay. TGF beta inhibition of A549 cell growth was reversed by the
      antibodies, which also neutralized the growth inhibitory effects of TGF beta on
      AKR-2B cells in a monolayer [3H]thymidine incorporation assay as demonstrated by
      prevention of TGF beta inhibition of insulin and epidermal growth factor
      stimulated DNA synthesis. The antibodies also effectively inhibited spontaneous
      soft agar growth of AKR-MCA fibroblasts, providing evidence for autocrine
      secretion of TGF beta as a mechanism of their anchorage-independent growth.

PMID- 2890434
TI  - Transforming growth factors.
AB  - The term transforming growth factor (TGF) has been applied to peptides that have
      the ability to confer the transformed phenotype on untransformed fibroblastic
      indicator cells in vitro. Peptides representing two distinct classes of TGFs have
      been purified to homogeneity. Type alpha and type beta TGFs are distinguished
      both chemically by their unique amino acid sequences and biologically by their
      different activities on cells. Type alpha TGFs are single chain peptides of 50-53
      amino acids cross-linked by three disulphide bonds. They have strong homology to
      epidermal growth factor with which they compete for receptor binding. Type beta
      TGFs have a homodimeric structure comprised of two chains of 112 amino acids,
      each containing nine cysteine residues; TGF beta binds to a unique cell surface
      receptor. Type alpha TGFs are usually mitogenic for fibroblasts, whereas type
      beta TGFs have bifunctional effects on cell growth and can either stimulate or
      inhibit growth of the same cells, depending on conditions. The interactions of
      type alpha and beta TGFs can be either synergistic or antagonistic. Though the
      development of peptide antagonists to type alpha TGFs may have therapeutic
      potential for the treatment of malignancy, type beta TGFs may inhibit
      tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2890435
TI  - Interruption of systemic venous return with portal continuation: assessment using
      magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - A case of interruption of both the superior and infrahepatic inferior vena cava
      with portal continuation of the systemic venous return is described. This unusual
      abnormality is probably acquired and represents the result of earlier, silent
      thrombosis of the venae cavae. Magnetic resonance imaging provided valuable
      anatomic information supplementing venography.

PMID- 2890436
TI  - Distinct prion proteins in short and long scrapie incubation period mice.
AB  - The Prn-i gene, controlling scrapie incubation period, is linked to or congruent
      with the murine prion protein (PrP) gene, Prn-p. In prototypic mouse strains with
      long (l/Ln) and short (NZW) incubation periods, Prn-p transcription is initiated
      at similar multiple sites. The predicted NZW and l/Ln PrP proteins differ at
      codons 108 and 189. Codon 189, highly conserved in mammals, lies within a
      polymorphic BstEll site that is retained in 17 mouse strains known to have short
      or intermediate incubation times, but is absent in l/Ln and two other inbred mice
      with long incubation times. Codon 108 in mice with short or intermediate
      incubation times encodes Leu; in mice with long incubation times it encodes Phe.
      The correlation of PrP sequence with length of scrapie incubation period
      suggests, but does not formally prove, congruency between Prn-p and Prn-i.

PMID- 2890437
TI  - The segmentation and homeotic gene network in early Drosophila development.

PMID- 2890438
TI  - A complex genetic locus, polyhomeotic, is required for segmental specification
      and epidermal development in D. melanogaster.
AB  - Two mutagenic events are required to make null mutations of polyhomeotic (ph),
      which suggests that the locus is complex. Amorphic mutations (ph degrees) die in
      mid-embryogenesis and completely lack ventral thoracic and abdominal epidermal
      derivatives, whereas single-event mutations lead to transformations similar to
      those of known dominant gain of function mutants in the Antennapedia and bithorax
      complexes. After a chromosomal walk, the ph gene was localized using deficiencies
      and ph mutations that result from DNA rearrangements. Hybridization analyses show
      that there are two large, duplicated sequences in the ph region, and DNA lesions
      affecting either one of these repeats alter the function of the ph locus. We
      propose a model that may account for this unusual functional organization.

PMID- 2890439
TI  - Synthesis of biologically active fibroblast-activating factor (FAF) by xenopus
      oocytes injected with T lymphocyte mRNA.
AB  - Activation of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes results in the production of
      fibroblast-activating factor (FAF), a mediator which stimulates fibroblast
      proliferation. This lymphokine, which may provide a molecular link between cell
      mediated immune reactions and fibroplasia, has been identified as a T-cell
      product both in vitro and in vivo. In order to study the mechanisms of synthesis
      and activity of FAF, poly(A) RNA was isolated from concanavalin A-stimulated T
      lymphocytes and injected into Xenopus oocytes. The injected oocytes translated
      the messenger RNA and produced a material with the biological and biochemical
      properties of human FAF. The oocyte product induced proliferation in serum-free
      quiescent fibroblast monolayers and exhibited the same molecular weight and
      charge as the T-cell-derived factor. Oocytes injected with poly(A)-RNA from
      unstimulated T lymphocytes produced little, if any, FAF activity. We conclude
      that activation of T lymphocytes enhances transcription of FAF mRNA as detected
      in the oocyte translation assay. This translated material has biological activity
      and biochemical characteristics consistent with FAF and is suitable for further
      studies on the expression and synthesis of FAF (poly)peptides.

PMID- 2890440
TI  - Biphasic binding of 125I-iodocyanopindolol to beta-adrenergic receptors in rat
      cerebral cortical membranes. I. Assessment by the use of agonists.

PMID- 2890441
TI  - [Treatment and care of complications of peritoneal dialysis in epidemic
      hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2890442
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers in patients
      with aortic valve disease.
AB  - To compare haemodynamic responses associated with equipotent doses of
      neuromuscular blockers and high-dose fentanyl (50 micrograms.kg-1), 40 patients
      with aortic valve stenosis (AS) and 20 patients with aortic insufficiency (AI)
      were randomized to four study groups to receive the following: (1) pancuronium
      0.12 mg.kg-1, (2) vecuronium 0.12 mg.kg-1, (3) atracurium 0.4 mg.kg-1, or (4)
      pancuronium-metocurine mixture (0.4 mg + 1.6 mg/ml): 1 ml/10 kg). Neuromuscular
      blockers were injected at the same time with the fentanyl; haemodynamics were
      recorded with the patients awake (baseline), at two minutes post-induction, and
      at two and five minutes after intubation. In patients with AS, pancuronium
      increased heart rate more than vecuronium or atracurium; heart rates were also
      higher with the pancuronium-metocurine mixture than with vecuronium. Although
      there were no ECG signs of ischaemia, one patient given pancuronium developed
      severe hypotension associated with tachycardia. Reductions in SVR after
      atracurium allowed small but significant (p less than 0.01) decreases in MAP
      which were well tolerated; one patient, however, did develop severe hypotension.
      Intubation resulted in significant (p less than 0.01) increases in MAP in the
      pancuronium-metocurine mixture group. Vecuronium permitted the most stable
      overall haemodynamic course at all measurement times. In contrast, patients with
      AI showed stable haemodynamics after vecuronium, pancuronium and the pancuronium
      metocurine mixture; one patient became tachycardic following vecuronium.
      Atracurium caused unexplained elevations in diastolic and mean arterial pressures
      which were significant when compared to vecuronium (p less than 0.01). These
      results in increases in PCWP; mean PA pressures and CVP were also increased.
      These effects of atracurium inpatients with Al need further evaluation.

PMID- 2890443
TI  - Inhibition of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by buthionine sulfoximine,
      a glutathione synthesis inhibitor.
AB  - DL-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione-depleting agent, was found
      to diminish the nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum).
      Pretreatment of rats with BSO (4 mmol/kg s.c.) 2 h prior to cisplatin, either as
      a single dose of 5 mg/kg or at a daily dose of 2.5 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days,
      resulted in diminished elevations of plasma BUN concentration and decreased
      cisplatin-induced inhibition of renal gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase activity measured 6 days following treatment.
      Administration of BSO prior to cisplatin at 7.5 mg/kg did not significantly alter
      the effect of cisplatin on either BUN concentration or enzyme activity. The
      influence of BSO pretreatment on the antitumor activity of cisplatin was studied
      using implantation of a murine bladder cancer (MBT-2) in C3H mice. Pretreatment
      of mice with BSO (5 mmol/kg) did not influence cisplatin antitumor efficacy.

PMID- 2890444
TI  - Modulation of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in normal rat hepatocytes in culture
      by cell density, epidermal growth factor and agents which alter cell
      differentiation.
AB  - To help clarify whether elevation of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in
      hepatocytes is associated with particular pattern(s) of liver differentiation,
      adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture were maintained for up to 5 days under
      conditions considered to alter differentiation in liver or other cells: basal GGT
      activity in untreated cultures and inducibility of the enzyme by known inducers
      such as dexamethasone, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or pregnenolone 16
      alpha-carbonitrile were measured. Basal and induced GGT activities were maximal
      in confluent cultures and declined with decreasing cell density, an effect
      probably mediated by cell contact rather than factors in the culture medium.
      Opposite effects of cell density on GGT and DNA synthesis suggest that increased
      GGT activity is not linked with growth. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increased
      basal GGT and augmented the action of xenobiotic inducers in lower density
      cultures, giving GGT activities approaching the levels in confluent cells. EGF
      had no effect on confluent cultures. Activators of protein kinase C such as
      tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate had significant but small inducing effects on GGT.
      Agents including all-trans retinoic acid, butyrate and dimethylsulfoxide which
      are considered to favour terminal differentiation in many cell types, all partly
      blocked induction of GGT by dexamethasone, EGF or xenobiotics. The results are
      consistent with (but do not prove) the view that elevated GGT activity may be
      associated with liver phenotype(s) distinct from terminal differentiation but not
      necessarily linked with growth.

PMID- 2890445
TI  - The preparative isolation of endosome fractions: a review.
AB  - The endosome is an intracellular, acidic, membrane-bound, subcellular compartment
      to which endocytosed ligands, receptors and plasma membrane proteins are conveyed
      before sorting and delivery to destinations elsewhere in the cell. The
      preparative isolation of elements of this compartment has been achieved
      successfully using various appropriate combinations of density gradient
      ultracentrifugation, electrophoretic, gel filtration and immunoaffinity
      techniques. These methods for isolating endosome fractions are reviewed together
      with the difficulties of establishing markers for such fractions. The isolation
      of an endosome fraction from the pathway of polymeric IgA transcytosis in rat
      liver is discussed to exemplify successful isolation procedures and appropriate
      subcellular markers.

PMID- 2890446
TI  - Endothelium-derived relaxing factor from pulmonary artery and vein possesses
      pharmacologic and chemical properties identical to those of nitric oxide radical.
AB  - The objective of this study was to elucidate the close similarity in properties
      between endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and nitric oxide radical (NO).
      Whenever possible, a comparison was also made between arterial and venous EDRF.
      In vascular relaxation experiments, acetylcholine and bradykinin were used as
      endothelium-dependent relaxants of isolated rings of bovine intrapulmonary artery
      and vein, respectively, and NO was used to relax endothelium-denuded rings.
      Oxyhemoglobin produced virtually identical concentration-dependent inhibitory
      effects on both endothelium-dependent and NO-elicited relaxation. Oxyhemoglobin
      and oxymyoglobin lowered cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, increased
      tone in unrubbed artery and vein, and abolished the marked accumulation of
      vascular cGMP caused both by endothelium-dependent relaxants and by NO. The
      marked inhibitory effects of oxyhemoglobin on arterial and venous relaxant
      responses and cGMP accumulation as well as its contractile effects were abolished
      or reversed by carbon monoxide. These observations indicate that EDRF and NO
      possess identical properties in their interactions with oxyhemoproteins. Both
      EDRF from artery and vein and NO activated purified soluble guanylate cyclase by
      heme-dependent mechanisms, thereby revealing an additional similarity in heme
      interactions. Spectrophotometric analysis disclosed that the characteristic shift
      in the Soret peak for hemoglobin produced by NO was also produced by an
      endothelium-derived factor released from washed aortic endothelial cells by
      acetylcholine or A23187. Pyrogallol, via the action of superoxide anion, markedly
      inhibited the spectral shifts, relaxant effects, and cGMP accumulating actions
      produced by both EDRF and NO. Superoxide dismutase enhanced the relaxant and cGMP
      accumulating effects of both EDRF and NO. Thus, EDRF and NO are inactivated by
      superoxide in a closely similar manner. We conclude, therefore, that EDRF from
      artery and vein is either NO or a chemically related radical species.

PMID- 2890447
TI  - Augmentation of renal blood flow and sodium excretion in hypertensive patients
      during blood pressure reduction by intravenous administration of the dopamine1
      agonist fenoldopam.
AB  - Activation of dopamine1 (DA1) receptors relaxes vascular smooth muscle,
      especially in the renal vascular bed. Fenoldopam, the first selective DA1
      receptor agonist that can be administered to man, was infused intravenously in 17
      patients with essential hypertension (mean blood pressure 152/101 mm Hg). It
      reduced blood pressure in a dose-dependent fashion at doses between 0.025 and 0.5
      microgram/kg/min and the antihypertensive effect was sustained during 2 hr
      infusions. In 10 patients studied during free-water diuresis, fenoldopam
      increased renal plasma flow by 42%, glomerular filtration rate by 6%, and sodium
      excretion by 202%, while lowering mean arterial pressure by 12% (all p less than
      .05). Similar promotion of sodium excretion was observed during blood pressure
      reduction in six additional patients studied without water loading. Pronounced
      enhancement of renal function in spite of blood pressure reduction suggests that
      fenoldopam might have a special role in the treatment of patients with
      hypertension and renal impairment.

PMID- 2890448
TI  - Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to dynamic exercise: normal subjects
      versus patients with heart disease.
AB  - Exercise testing has assumed a position of growing importance in the assessment
      of patients with chronic congestive heart failure. The hemodynamic and
      neurohumoral adjustments that occur during dynamic exercise are very complex, but
      are basically designed to ensure that oxygen delivery is commensurate with oxygen
      demand. These responses are clearly altered in the presence of certain types of
      heart disease. Patients with chronic congestive heart failure have an attenuated
      heart rate and blood pressure response throughout exercise, but this is most
      clearly evident when the data are expressed as a percent of peak oxygen
      consumption (VO2) rather than as a function of absolute VO2. Likewise, the
      sympathetic response to exercise is altered in patients with heart failure.
      Plasma norepinephrine is normally augmented as a function of VO2 during exercise,
      but this augmentation occurs during the later stages (beyond 50% of peak VO2).
      Patients with congestive heart failure show a greater than normal augmentation of
      plasma norepinephrine during exercise when the data are expressed in terms of
      absolute VO2. However, when the data are expressed as a percent of peak VO2,
      there appears to be a relative attenuation of the sympathetic response to
      exercise. Current information suggests that increased plasma norepinephrine and
      renin activity during exercise in patients with heart failure are not directly
      related to a decrement in nutritive blood flow to skeletal muscles. The
      mechanisms responsible for exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure
      are not known, but do not seem directly related to a decrement in cardiac output
      or an increase in left ventricular filling pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2890449
TI  - Production and certification of an enzyme reference material for gamma
      glutamyltransferase (CRM 319). Part 1: Preparation and characterization.
AB  - We have produced a batch of lyophilized gamma-glutamyltransferase as enzyme
      reference material. The "light" enzyme form was purified from pig kidney to a
      relatively high specific activity (120 kU/g) and was essentially free of
      contaminating enzymes. The partly purified gamma-glutamyltransferase, lyophilized
      in a matrix containing bovine serum albumin (Fraction V, 60 g/L), yielded a batch
      of 4000 ampules and was stored at -20 degrees C. The vial-to-vial variability
      with respect to the catalytic concentration of the final product (CV 0.6%) and
      its stability (predicted loss of activity at -20 degrees C was less than 0.01%
      per year) were considered sufficient to allow the use of this preparation for a
      certification procedure. The behavior of the reference material in comparison
      with human serum samples was evaluated three ways: (a) by kinetic
      characteristics, (b) by the ratio of activities for duplicate determinations by
      different methods, and (c) by use of the reference material to convert values
      obtained by various methodologies to those by the IFCC proposed method. The
      material appeared to be commutable for the two methods studied. The difference in
      the ratios obtained for patients' samples and reference material was less than +/
      5%, and the recalculated values for patients' samples as determined with the
      reference material differed from values determined by the IFCC method by no more
      than 4.8%.

PMID- 2890450
TI  - Production and certification of an enzyme reference material for gamma
      glutamyltransferase (CRM 319). Part 2: Certification campaign.
AB  - We describe the process of certification for a gamma-glutamyltransferase
      reference material (CRM no. 319). Fifteen laboratories participated to this
      interlaboratory evaluation. All steps of the measurements were controlled in an
      effort to locate potential sources of variations. In particular, the exclusion of
      some data was strictly documented or justified by the non-observance of the IFCC
      method and (or) discrepancies in instrumentation, reconstitution of the
      lyophilized samples, or measurement technique. Inaccuracy in the reconstitution
      of the lyophilized material was +/- 0.68%, and the molar absorptivity of the 5
      amino-2-nitrobenzoate reported by each laboratory was within +/- 2% limits of the
      value reported by the IFCC. Calculated from the sets of accepted results, the
      total CV among samples was 2.6% and the overall CV was 3.2%. Within-day and
      between-day CVs were 1.1% and 1.4%, respectively. The greatest variation for a
      single component was the between-laboratory variability (CV 3.1%); the within
      laboratory CV, including the day effect, was 1.8%. Finally, the certified value
      for the catalytic concentration of this enzyme in the reconstituted lyophilized
      reference material was 86.8 U/L with an uncertainty of +/- 2.1 U/L (0.95
      confidence interval). The uncertainty appeared to be compatible with the end-use
      of this reference material.

PMID- 2890451
TI  - Diagnostic significance of different urinary enzymes in patients suffering from
      chronic renal diseases.
AB  - The urinary enzymes alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase
      (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), and ribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.22) were measured in 66
      healthy persons and 52 patients suffering from chronic renal diseases
      (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis). The residual renal function of patients
      characterized by 99mTc-diethylenetriaminopentaacetate isotope clearance was only
      moderately reduced. Except for gamma-glutamyltransferase, patients generally
      showed increased urinary enzyme excretions. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was
      more sensitive to detect renal dysfunction than the other enzymes and the
      conventional parameters serum creatinine, total protein excretion, and the
      measurement of glomerular filtration rate. The determination of this enzyme can
      be recommended as a suitable diagnostic parameter in nephrology.

PMID- 2890452
TI  - The absence of gamma-glutamyltransferase in erythrocyte membranes.

PMID- 2890453
TI  - Efferent renal nerve activity in hypertensive man.
AB  - In a series of investigations we have evaluated efferent renal nerve activity in
      hypertensive man. Net renal release of noradrenaline, calculated as the arterio
      venous gradient for noradrenaline across the kidney times flow, was taken as an
      index of local adrenergic activity. Renal blood flow, under various
      circumstances, was determined by xenon-washout. At rest noradrenaline release was
      variable but enhanced release, indicative of increased sympathetic activity,
      invariably was found during isometric exercise. The latter was associated with
      renal vasoconstriction. Further studies, employing intrarenal infusions of either
      the alpha-1 antagonist doxazosin or the alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine in doses
      that do not produce systemic effects, demonstrate that adrenergic
      vasoconstriction both at rest and during isometric exercise is accomplished
      mainly through alpha-2 receptors. It may be that an alpha- adrenoceptor mediated
      vascular response also determines the efficacy of chronic beta-blockade.

PMID- 2890454
TI  - The enteric nervous system in the control of motility and secretion.

PMID- 2890455
TI  - Introduction of genomic diagnosis of classical phenylketonuria to the health care
      system of the German Democratic Republic.
AB  - The phenylketonuria (PKU) dispensary of the Children's Hospital of the Charite,
      Berlin, GDR, cares for about 140 affected families, representing about one-third
      of all PKU families in the GDR. Of these families, 15 expressed their desire for
      an additional child given the availability of a reasonably reliable prenatal
      diagnosis procedure. They were investigated by linked RFLP analysis applying a
      phenylalanine-hydroxylase-cDNA probe. Full genetic predictability for prospective
      fetuses could be obtained for all of them. In eight cases this was possible by
      the use of one restriction enzyme, and in the remaining seven by a combination of
      the information from two restriction-enzyme patterns. No recombination between
      linked RFLP and the PKU phenotype could be observed in 40 meioses from the
      investigation of eight families with two affected children each.

PMID- 2890456
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of glycerol-kinase deficiency associated with a DNA deletion
      on the short arm of the X-chromosome.
AB  - Amniocentesis was performed in a woman who previously had given birth to a boy
      who died at 12 months of age with a diagnosis of glyceroluria and adrenal
      insufficiency. A high amount of glycerol (9.0 standard deviations above mean for
      controls) was found in the amniotic fluid. Enzyme activity of glycerol-kinase
      (ATP:glycerol-3-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.30) in the cultured amniotic fluid
      cells was very low. The pregnancy was terminated and a male fetus was aborted.
      Examinations of DNA isolated from the fetus did demonstrate deletions of two out
      of 16 DNA probes mapping to the short arm of the X-chromosome. The probes failing
      to hybridize to DNA from the fetus were C7 (DXS28) and L1.4 (DXS68), both mapping
      to Xp21.3 and located terminal to the Duchenne locus.

PMID- 2890457
TI  - Nature of the gastric acid-gastrin feedback loop in the fetal sheep.
AB  - 1. The neonates of sheep and other species have a decreased gastric acid
      secretion but an elevated plasma gastrin concentration. 2. Since low gastric acid
      secretion is a stimulus for gastrin release in mature animals the present study
      examined whether the relative hypochlorhydria in the sheep fetus was sustaining
      the hypergastrinaemia. 3. Fetal plasma gastrin was measured following fetal
      gastric acidification (pentagastrin infusion) and gastric neutralization
      (parietal cell blockade with the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole) in chronically
      cannulated fetal sheep from 101 days until term (145 days). 4. Acutely raising
      gastric pH with omeprazole increased plasma gastrin in the mature sheep. However,
      in the fetus increasing the pH with omeprazole or decreasing pH with pentagastrin
      had no effect on fetal plasma gastrin. This was true for fetuses from all age
      groups. 5. The results indicate that the gastric acid-gastrin feedback loop is
      not functional in the fetus and that the hypergastrinaemia at birth is therefore
      not the result of the relative hypochlorhydria. 6. The time after birth when the
      gastric acid-gastrin feedback loop matures remains to be determined.

PMID- 2890458
TI  - The relationship between neuroleptic dosage and cognitive functioning in chronic
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - A review of the effects of phenothiazines on cognitive function suggests that
      phenothiazine derivatives facilitate performance on tests of cognitive function,
      at least in subjects who are thought disordered. Drug effects frequently depend
      on the dose administered, however, and the response to various doses of some
      drugs (e.g., antidepressants) is frequently nonlinear. In our study, 23
      hospitalized males with chronic psychotic disorders, and stabilized on dosages of
      neuroleptics with chlorpromazine equivalents of from 50 to 7,200 milligrams
      daily, were tested in the morning and in the evening of the same day with the
      Mini-Mental State examination [1]. Cognitive functioning was positively
      correlated (+0.49) with dosage, but the relationship was curvilinear. Functioning
      improved with increasing dose up to a dose of about 2,000 milligrams daily;
      beyond that dosage (and up to 7,200 milligrams daily) functioning plateaued.
      Scores on same-day retest were essentially unchanged regardless of dose. The
      implication of these findings for the management of chronic psychotic patients is
      discussed.

PMID- 2890460
TI  - H2-receptor blocking agents and hepatic drug elimination.

PMID- 2890459
TI  - Absorption studies of the H2-blocker nizatidine.
AB  - The absolute and relative bioavailability of nizatidine, an H2-blocker, was
      studied in healthy male volunteers. The absolute oral bioavailability, relative
      to that after intravenous administration, was 98% +/- 14%. The bioavailability of
      single and multiple oral doses of 150 mg nizatidine was unaffected by concurrent
      food ingestion; nizatidine may be administered either with or without food. The
      relative bioavailability of nizatidine was compared when given simultaneously
      with placebo or Gelusil, 30 minutes after propantheline, or 60 minutes before
      activated charcoal. Gelusil reduced the amount of nizatidine absorbed by about
      10%, charcoal reduced it by about 30%, and propantheline did not affect it.

PMID- 2890461
TI  - Effectiveness of 15-mL versus 30-mL doses of syrup of ipecac in children.
AB  - The rates at which 15- and 30-mL doses of syrup of ipecac induced emesis within
      30 minutes were evaluated in pediatric patients treated for accidental poisoning.
      A two-year prospective study was conducted to collect data on 4306 pediatric
      patients (aged one to six years) who received syrup of ipecac to treat accidental
      poisoning. Patients received either 15-mL (during 1983) or 30-mL (during 1984)
      doses of syrup of ipecac and 120-240 mL of water or clear liquid. Time of
      administration and time of the first episode of emesis were reported by the
      person administering the syrup of ipecac; the difference between these times was
      recorded as the time to emesis. Successful emesis was defined as emesis within 30
      minutes after ipecac administration, while failure was defined as emesis
      occurring more than 30 minutes after administration. Success and failure rates
      were compared using chi-square analysis. Syrup of ipecac 15 mL was administered
      to 1905 patients, resulting in a failure-to-produce-emesis rate of 8.82% (168
      patients). Syrup of ipecac 30 mL was administered to 2401 patients, resulting in
      a 0.08% failure rate (two patients). A repeat dose of ipecac syrup in the 15-mL
      group yielded a 99.74% success rate, which was not significantly different from
      the 99.96% success rate after a single dose of 30 mL. Although syrup of ipecac
      dosing in pediatric patients is controversial, our data suggest that increasing
      the standard pediatric dose from 15 to 30 mL significantly reduces the emesis
      failure rate.

PMID- 2890462
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs in the management of hypertension.

PMID- 2890463
TI  - Blood flow uphill and downhill: does a siphon facilitate circulation above the
      heart?
AB  - 1. Despite the continuity of the circulatory system, blood flowing down the veins
      of the neck does not assist blood flowing up the arteries. Because of collapsible
      veins, gravitational pressure gradients are not matched in arterial and venous
      sides of circulatory loops above the heart as would be necessary for a siphon to
      operate. 2. All animals have arterial blood pressures capable of lifting the
      blood to the head without the assistance from a siphon. In cases of longer
      vertical distances, such as in giraffes and climbing snakes, the heart does more
      work against the effects of gravity on the arterial blood column. 3. The
      potential energy of the blood in the head is lost as frictional heat produced in
      the veins.

PMID- 2890465
TI  - Urine analysis of European moles Talpa europaea and white rats Rattus norvegicus
      kept on a carnivore's diet.
AB  - 1. The urine compositions of the European mole Talpa europaea and of the white
      rat Rattus norvegicus (albino) kept on a carnivore's diet were compared. 2. The
      urine of moles contained bicarbonate while that of rats kept on a carnivore's
      diet did not. 3. Urine volume per 100 g body mass over 24 hr was significantly
      higher in the mole than in the rat. 4. The results of this study suggest that the
      mole, like other subterranean mammals on the one hand and caecal fermenters on
      the other, may use its kidneys as a pathway for releasing bicarbonate in its
      hypercapnic environment.

PMID- 2890464
TI  - The fruit bat as an experimental model of the neuropathy of cobalamin deficiency.
AB  - The fruit bat provides a unique small mammal model of the neurological changes
      associated with cobalamin deficiency. Work with this model has shown that
      methionine moderates the development of the neurological impairment. This action
      does not appear to be via the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, but its role in
      the provision of formate is not excluded. Furthermore, methylation reactions in
      the nervous system are not impaired in severe cobalamin deficiency, despite low
      levels of methionine synthetase activity. The accumulation of physiologically
      inactive analogues of cobalamin also do not appear to be aetiologically important
      in the neuropathy. Brain folates are minimally affected by severe cobalamin
      deficiency, although liver folates decrease significantly. Deranged GABA function
      in the brain may play a role in the symptomatology of cobalamin deficiency. There
      is some evidence for the hypothesis that deranged fatty acid metabolism in neural
      tissue contributes to altered membrane structure and hence function. Changes in
      the properties of membrane proteins may play a contributory role. The biochemical
      basis of the neuropathy has still to be fully elucidated.

PMID- 2890466
TI  - The physiology of infection with nematodes: the role of intracellular pH in the
      development of the early parasitic stage.
AB  - 1. H2CO3, the host's signal which induced (less than 25 min) the Ca2+-dependent
      development of the first parasitic stage of Haemonchus contortus, produced a
      diphasic change in the pHi (less than 30 min), measured with 5,5-dimethyl-2,4
      oxazolidinedione, in the infective stage. The intensity of the diphasic change
      was related to the [H2CO3] and so to the efficiency of the stimulus for
      development. 2. MES and HEPES buffers induced a rapid rise in pHi of infective
      stages in step with pHo. Ortho-and pyrophosphate induced greater changes in pHi.
      Such buffers did not initiate development. 3. These and other results suggest
      that the stimulus for development, H2CO3, induced an energy-dependent Ca2+/H+
      exchange mediated by mitochondria of the infective stage, which initiated
      development of the parasitic stage.

PMID- 2890467
TI  - Peripheral nerve conduction in the fruit bat with nitrous oxide induced vitamin
      b12 deficiency.
AB  - Fruit bats Rousettus aegyptiacus were depleted of vitamin B12 by exposure to the
      gas nitrous oxide (N2O-oxygen, 1:1 v/v) for 57-80 days. Conduction velocities
      along the fastest fibres of the ulnar nerve, as well as the first and second
      peaks, were similar in control and vitamin b12 depleted animals. It is concluded
      that neurological impairment resulting from depletion of vitamin B12 by N2O does
      not involve significant impairment of ulnar nerve function in this species.

PMID- 2890468
TI  - Comparative studies of elemental composition on ejaculated fowl, bull, rat, dog
      and boar spermatozoa by electron probe X-ray microanalysis.
AB  - 1. Comparative analyses of the concentrations of bulk and trace elements on the
      head, midpiece and tail regions of the ejaculated fowl, bull, rat, dog and boar
      spermatozoa were performed using X-ray microanalysis with scanning electron
      microscopy. 2. Although the pattern of distribution of elements on the surface of
      the three different subcellular regions was, in general, similar among all the
      species, there were substantial shifts in absolute concentrations. 3.
      Concentration of magnesium on the dog spermatozoa was significantly higher (about
      2 times) than those of the other species. 4. Zinc, copper, iron and manganese
      concentrations were higher on fowl spermatozoa compared with those of the other
      species studied. 5. The Na-to-K ratios on the midpiece ranged from 1.46 (rat) to
      2.26 (dog).

PMID- 2890469
TI  - The enterohepatic recycling of bile choline in sheep.
AB  - 1. Measurement of unesterified choline in blood samples taken from five conscious
      multi-cannulated sheep indicated a significant production of unesterified choline
      by the alimentary tract, as judged by the portal venous minus arterial difference
      and significant uptake by the liver, as judged from the portal venous minus
      hepatic venous and arterial minus hepatic venous differences. 2. A mean liver
      blood flow rate of 1.68 +/- 0.22 1/min for the five sheep was determined by
      bromosulphophthalein clearance and, combined with the differences in unesterified
      choline across organs, gave a production rate of free choline of 9.1 mmol/day by
      the alimentary tract and an uptake by the liver of 13.2 mmol/day. 3. Infusion of
      [methyl-3H]choline chloride into the portal vein of a sheep over 1 hr and
      subsequent isolation of the bile for several days showed over 70% cumulative
      recovery of the radioactivity in the choline moiety of bile phosphatidylcholine
      over a 120 hr period. 4. Subsequent infusion 17 days later of bile lipid
      [3H]choline via a duodenal fistula also gave approx. 70% cumulative recovery of
      radioactivity in the choline moiety of newly secreted bile phosphatidylcholine in
      120 hr. 5. These results show a very extensive enterohepatic recirculation of
      bile choline in the sheep, which is in contrast to the situation in monogastric
      animals.

PMID- 2890470
TI  - Fluid secretion rates from mouse and rat parotid glands are markedly different
      following pilocarpine stimulation.
AB  - 1. Parotid saliva production in two commonly employed laboratory animals, mouse
      and rat, was studied following pilocarpine stimulation. 2. When normalized to
      body wt, average parotid saliva output rates in mice were 3-4-fold greater than
      those observed in rats. When parotid salivary flow rates were normalized to gland
      weight, mice still displayed 2-3-fold higher values than rats. 3. The Na+ and K+
      content of parotid saliva showed small differences between the two species, while
      saliva from rats contained 3-fold higher protein levels than observed with mice.

PMID- 2890471
TI  - Glucose uptake after immobilization in fast and slow skeletal muscle in rats.
AB  - 1. 3-O-methylglucose uptake was studied after immobilization in rat extensor
      digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (Sol) muscles. 2. The immobilization of the
      ankle was done in one of extreme positions by plaster casts. 3. In both
      positions, 3-O-methylglucose uptake in EDL increased and that in Sol decreased
      after immobilization. 4. When immobilization was released uptake returned to
      control level. 5. The change in uptake after immobilization and after release of
      immobilization was earlier in Sol.

PMID- 2890472
TI  - Parathyroid hormone stimulation of renal adenylate cyclase in various vertebrate
      species: evidence for an effect in the frog.
AB  - The effect of [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH-(1-34)amide on renal plasma membrane adenylate
      cyclase, in the presence of 0.1 mM guanylylimidodiphosphate was measured in rat,
      chicken, frog and trout. All species showed an enrichment of at least 8-fold
      (relative to homogenate) in the marker enzyme Na+,K+-ATPase. A significant dose
      dependent adenylate cyclase stimulation was found in frog, with affinity values
      similar to those of rat and chicken (ED50=8, 10 and 3 nM, respectively), but not
      in trout. The frog response was specific since [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH-(3-34)amide
      strongly inhibited the agonist-stimulated enzyme. These results suggest the
      existence of a PTH-like substance in anurans acting via cyclic AMP formation in
      the kidney.

PMID- 2890473
TI  - Inhibitory effect of the extract from Zizyphus jujuba leaves on sweet taste
      responses of the chorda tympani in the rat and hamster.
AB  - 1. One of the fractions obtained from the extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves
      suppressed the response of the chorda tympani to sucrose, both in the rat and
      hamster. 2. In the rat and man, suppressive effect was found to be significant in
      responses to various sugars and artificial sweeteners but not in some sweet amino
      acids.

PMID- 2890474
TI  - Scaling of maximal lifespan in bats.
AB  - 1. Values for maximal lifespan in heterothermic and homeothermic bats as a
      function of body weight, brain weight and lifetime basal energy consumption were
      submitted to linear (log-log) and multiple regression analysis. 2. The results of
      the regression analyses of maximal lifespan in bats were compared with those
      reported for non-flying mammals based on both narrow and wide weight ranges. 3.
      It was found that the regression lines (linear or multiple) for maximal lifespan
      in bats (heterothermic or homeothermic) lie well above the regression lines for
      non-flying mammals. 4. Predictions of maximal lifespan in heterothermic bats
      based on estimated lifetime basal energy consumption and body weight are in
      reasonable agreement with observed values when torpor and hibernation behaviour
      are taken into account. 5. But observed values of maximal lifespan in
      homeothermic bats were found to lie substantially above the regression lines
      derived for non-flying mammals. 6. It was concluded that existing hypotheses do
      not account for the long lifespan observed in bats generally.

PMID- 2890475
TI  - An analysis of the adenosine receptors responsible for modulation of an
      excitatory acetylcholine response on an identified Helix neuron.
AB  - 1. Electrophysiological recordings were made from an identified neuron, F1, in
      the isolated suboesophageal ganglionic mass of Helix aspersa. 2. Bath applied
      adenosine (AD) (60-600 nM) depressed the depolarisation induced in the cell F1 by
      bath or iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh). L-Phenylisopropyladenosine
      (L-PIA) also depressed the ACh response but NECA had no depressive effect. This
      effect of AD or L-PIA is inhibited by 12 microM 8-phenyltheophylline and is
      believed to be mediated by an A1 receptor. 3. If the proportion of the excitatory
      ACh response that was carried by calcium ions was increased, the percentage
      depression of this modified response by AD was significantly greater. 4. There
      was a residual current evoked by ACh in high calcium/sodium free Ringer. This ACh
      induced current was antagonized by 3 mM cobalt or 50 microM verapamil suggesting
      that it was calcium mediated. This residual current was also completely abolished
      by 0.6 microM AD. 5. Lower bath concentrations of AD (0.6-6 nM) and L-PIA than
      caused the depression of the ACh response and also adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      (0.7 microM) and alpha,beta-methylene ATP (0.6 microM), enhanced the ACh D
      response. The relative potencies of AD and its two analogues 5'-N
      ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA) and L-PIA in causing this enhancement of the ACh
      response were: NECA greater than AD greater than L-PIA. This is the potency
      ranking described for an A2 receptor.

PMID- 2890476
TI  - Xenobiotic biotransformation in livers and lungs of adult black-tailed deer:
      comparison with domestic goat and sheep.
AB  - 1. The capacity of liver and lung tissue of black-tailed dear (Odocoileus
      hemionus columbianus) to biotransform xenobiotics was compared in vitro to the
      domestic sheep and goat. Donor animals were all females of varying ages. Tissues
      from the black-tailed deer were collected in the wild. A variety of
      biotransformation enzymes were measured in both microsomal and cytosolic
      fractions. 2. Deer liver was lower in total cytochrome P450 concentration, but
      mono-oxygenase activities were greater compared to sheep and goat. The opposite
      was true for the lung. 3. Epoxide hydrolase activities were significantly
      different in deer vs sheep and goat. 4. In general, both hepatic and pulmonary
      activities were more similar between sheep and goat than either species compared
      to the deer, however, the magnitude of the hepatic differences did not exceed 5
      fold. 5. Based on these limited results, there is no reason to discredit the
      sheep or goat as a toxicity testing model for deer.

PMID- 2890477
TI  - Mixed-function oxidase activity in seabirds and its relationship to oil
      pollution.
AB  - 1. The hepatic activity of epoxide hydrolase, aldrin epoxidase, aminopyrine N
      demethylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, benzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxylase and UDP
      glucuronyl transferase was determined in adult herring gulls (Larus argentatus)
      at various stages of the breeding season. 2. MFO activity was measured for adult
      Leach's storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), guillemot (Uria aalge) and
      Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica). For most assays the values were highest
      for the puffin. 3. MFO activity in both nestling and adult Atlantic puffins was
      determined. The degree of induction caused by a single internal dose of Prudhoe
      Bay crude oil in adult puffins and that caused by multiple internal doses in
      nestling puffins was measured.

PMID- 2890478
TI  - GABA binding in bovine adrenal medulla membranes is sensitive to baclofen.
AB  - 1. The data summarized in this report reveals the existence of GABA binding in
      the bovine adrenal medulla membranes. 2. Since this binding was displaced not
      only by muscimol and bicuculline but also by baclofen, results suggest the
      possibility that both types of receptors (GABAA and GABAB) could be present in
      bovine adrenal membranes.

PMID- 2890479
TI  - Hepatic biotransformation in lean and obese Wistar Kyoto rats: comparison to that
      in streptozotocin-pretreated Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - 1. Phase I and phase II biotransformation was compared in streptozotocin-induced
      hypoinsulinemic (STZ) and genetic hyperinsulinemic (WKY-fatty) rats. 2. Total
      cytochrome P-450 concentrations were reduced in both STZ and WKY, whereas styrene
      oxide hydrolase and benzphetamine N-demethylase activities were normal in STZ and
      reduced in WKY. 3. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was decreased toward
      testosterone and 1-naphthol in STZ and WKY, and was increased toward estrone in
      the obese female WKY. 4. Glutathione S-transferase activity was decreased in STZ
      toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, ethacrynic acid and sulfobromophthalein, but
      was similar to that in normal rats for WKY.

PMID- 2890481
TI  - Metabolic activation of 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy
      acetylaminofluorene to bacterial mutagens with mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
      and carp (Cyprinus carpio) subcellular preparations.
AB  - 1. The mode of activation of 2-aminofluorene (AF), 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)
      and N-hydroxy-acetylaminofluorene (OH-AAF) to Salmonella typhimurium TA 98
      mutagens was investigated in subcellular fractions from the digestive gland of
      the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and from the liver of carp Cyprinus carpio.
      2. In carp liver microsomes the activation of OH-AAF was due to very active
      deacetylase, in contrast to undetectable deacetylase-dependent activation in
      mussel microsomes. 3. AF and AAF are activated in mussel microsomes exclusively
      by a noninducible FAD-containing monooxygenase, whereas in carp microsomes in
      addition deacetylase and inducible cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase are involved.
      4. N,O-Acetyltransferase, sulfotransferase and paraoxon sensitive cytosolic
      enzyme (PSCE) are involved in activation of OH-AAF, AF and AAF in both carp and
      mussel cytosols. 5. The metabolic activation of OH-AAF, AF and AAF to bacterial
      mutagens found in carp liver is similar to that described in livers of
      experimental mammalian species and strikingly different from the mode of
      activation found in mussel digestive gland.

PMID- 2890480
TI  - Difference in calcium sensitivities of the sodium transporting systems in the
      nervous system of susceptible and kdr-resistant houseflies, Musca domestica L.
AB  - 1. The synaptosomal preparations from the kdr-resistant strains have lower
      responsiveness to externally applied Ca2+ than the susceptible counterparts with
      respect to their Na+/Ca2+ exchange, Na+ uptake, Na+-Ca2+ protein kinase
      phosphatase and its phosphorylation activities. 2. In vivo toxicity tests support
      the above in vitro observation in that the kdr-resistant strain shows a
      significant cross-resistance to agents known to affect the Na+ channel
      operations, those which increase intracellular Ca2+ or act as effective Ca2+
      substitutes. 3. Such evidence indicates a possibility of a causal relationship
      between kdr resistance and the reduction of Ca2+ sensitivity by these ATP
      utilizing systems including the Na+ transporting systems in the resistant
      insects.

PMID- 2890482
TI  - Inhibition of growth and respiration of Leishmania mexicana by the antitumor
      agent lonidamine.
AB  - 1. The antitumor drug lonidamine inhibited growth of promastigotes of Leishmania
      mexicana in axenic culture. 2. Fifty percent inhibition was attained at 0.42 mM,
      and was reflected mainly in an increase in lag time, with less effect on final
      cell yield. 3. The drug was leishmanistatic, since when a non-growing culture in
      the presence of 0.5 mM lonidamine was centrifuged and the cells resuspended in
      fresh medium, growth started and reached the control value. 4. Both coupled and
      FCCP-uncoupled respiration of intact promastigotes were inhibited by lonidamine;
      50% inhibition was attained at 0.5 and 0.4 mM, respectively. 5. The results
      suggested that the mechanism of inhibition of growth of L. mexicana is, as
      proposed in the case of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and Trypanosoma brucei
      procyclic trypomastigotes, through inhibition of the energy metabolism.

PMID- 2890483
TI  - Inhibition of Na+-Ca2+ exchange mechanism in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles by
      harmaline.
AB  - 1. Harmaline was found to inhibit the Na+-Ca2+ exchange mechanism present in
      cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles. 2. The inhibition was dose-dependent and was
      observed in the range 10(-5) M-10(-2) M harmaline. 3. The effect was demonstrated
      on both 45Ca2+-uptake and 45Ca2+-efflux. 4. The observed Ki value for harmaline
      inhibition of 45Ca2+-uptake was found to be 2.5 X 10(-4) M.

PMID- 2890484
TI  - Chemical denervation of the myenteric plexus of the muscular stomach of turkeys.
AB  - 1. The thin caudoventral muscle (TCM) of the muscular stomach of domestic turkeys
      was surgically exposed and painted with solutions of saline or 0.1, 0.25, 0.5,
      and 1.0% benzalkonium chloride (BC), a cationic surfactant shown to irreversibly
      damage neurons but not muscle tissue in mammals. 2. Following fluoroscopic
      observations of gastric motility for 2 weeks, turkeys were euthanized, the entire
      muscular stomach was excised and weighed, and serial frozen sections of the TCM
      were taken for evaluation of the number and size of neurons in the myenteric
      plexus. 3. Treatment with 0.5 and 1.0% BC resulted in loss of motility in the
      TCM, significant hypertrophy (P less than 0.001) of the CTM, a 70% decrease in
      number and 60% decrease in size of myenteric neurons, and a 4-fold increase in
      thickness of the serosa, compared with saline-treated controls.

PMID- 2890485
TI  - A comparison of dressed crab and a cadmium salt (CdCl2) as cadmium sources in rat
      diets.
AB  - 1. A long term low level exposure experiment was conducted on rats in order to
      determine the metabolic patterns of realistic environmental dietary levels of
      cadmium from different sources. 2. Male and female rats were fed a diet for 6
      months with a high crab content containing 4 mg Cd/kg as organic bound cadmium
      from dressed crab, a diet with low crab content containing 0.2 mg Cd/kg as
      organic bound cadmium, a casein based diet containing 4 mg Cd/kg as cadmium
      chloride and a low cadmium level control diet. 3. Analysis of the cadmium levels
      in the kidney, liver and spleen showed that uptake from the dressed crab was only
      half of that from the diet fortified with cadmium chloride.

PMID- 2890486
TI  - Binding of [14C] DDT by submitochondrial particles.
AB  - 1. Binding of [14C] DDT by submitochondrial particles and by liposomes prepared
      from lipids extracted from the particles was studied by the discontinuous sucrose
      gradient method. 2. Binding of the insecticide was a biphasic linear function of
      the biomembrane- and liposome-concentration with a break in the binding curve
      occurring at identical concentrations of phospholipid for both the biomembrane
      and vesicle. The biphasic binding curve is interpreted in terms of decreased
      availability of binding sites as a result of particle-particle interaction. 3.
      [14C] DDT was bound mainly by the membrane lipids and only negligible binding was
      detected for the delipidated membrane. 4. A 100-200-fold excess of unlabeled DDT
      had no effect on the binding of [14C] DDT and a 600-fold excess of unlabeled DDT
      reduced the binding by 20% suggesting that binding of [14C] DDT by lipids was
      nonspecific. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the strong inhibition
      by DDT of mitochondrial bioenergetics.

PMID- 2890487
TI  - Lead effects in the chick during selenium deficiency.
AB  - 1. Growing chicks (Gallus domesticus) were fed a selenium-deficient diet
      supplemented with 0 or 2000 ppm lead (Pb) and 0 or 0.1 ppm selenium (Se). 2.
      Selenium addition stimulated growth at 0 but not at 2000 ppm Pb, while Pb
      depressed growth at both levels of Se. 3. Selenium addition stimulated Se
      dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver, but Pb was without
      effect on GSH-Px activity. 4. Lead addition increased non-protein sulfhydryl
      (NPSH) concentrations in liver, kidney and thigh muscle. NPSH levels were not
      altered by Se. 5. The reported antagonism between Pb and Se does not appear to be
      mediated through effects on GSH-Px or NPSH metabolism.

PMID- 2890488
TI  - The mouse neocortical slice: preparation and responses to excitatory amino acids.
AB  - 1. An improved method of preparing wedges of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum
      from 500 microM thick coronal sections using mouse brain is described. 2. The
      characteristics of mixing in the two compartment baths is fully reported. 3.
      Cortical tissue could be depolarized relative to callosal tissue by superfusion
      of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), quinolinate, kainate or quisqualate. 4. At higher
      concentrations of agonists the depolarization was followed by a small
      hyperpolarization. This hyperpolarization was abolished by 5 microM ouabain. 5.
      Neither TTX (1 microM) nor bicuculline (50-62.5 microM) significantly affected
      the amplitude of the responses to the excitatory amino acids. 6. Responses to
      NMDA and quinolinate were selectively reduced by magnesium ions, 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate or ketamine.

PMID- 2890489
TI  - Osmoregulatory actions of angiotensin II are independent of adrenergic receptor
      mechanisms in the duck, Anas platyrhynchos.
AB  - 1. Intravenous infusion of a physiological dose of fowl angiotensin II (ANG II)
      in salt-loaded ducks raised systemic arterial blood pressure, inhibited nasal
      salt gland fluid and solute secretion, and stimulated renal-cloacal urine
      production. 2. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade by propranolol lowered arterial
      pressure but did not prevent the effects of ANG II on salt and water excretion.
      3. Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade by prazosin decreased both arterial
      pressure and plasma glucose levels, but it did not impair the osmoregulatory
      actions of ANG II. 4. These observations indicate that redistribution by ANG II
      of salt and water excretion is independent of adrenergic receptor mechanisms and
      therefore does not depend on the sympathomimetic activity of the hormone.

PMID- 2890490
TI  - Responses of the melanophores of the medaka, Oryzias latipes, to adrenergic
      drugs: evidence for involvement of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors mediating melanin
      aggregation.
AB  - 1. Melanin-aggregation response of the medaka melanophores to a series of
      adrenergic drugs were examined. 2. Concentration-response curves for the drugs
      indicated that the melanin-aggregating effects of alpha 2 adrenergic agonists,
      naphazoline, tramazoline and clonidine, were more than 100-fold greater than that
      of alpha 1 agonists, phenylpropanolamine, phenylephrine, oxymetazoline and
      methoxamine. 3. The inhibitory effect of alpha 2 antagonist, yohimbine, on the
      cell responses to the agonists were also about 100-fold greater than that of
      alpha 1 antagonists, corynanthine and prazosin. 4. These results indicate that
      adrenergic receptors which mediate melanin-aggregation response of the cells are
      alpha 2 in nature.

PMID- 2890491
TI  - A subtype of adenosine receptors mediating pigment dispersion in leucophores of
      the medaka: evidence for an A2-receptor.
AB  - 1. Adenosine and its derivatives induced dispersion of leucosomes in leucophores
      of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. 2. Among the purines used, 5'-N
      ethylcarboxiamideadenosine was the most effective and its potency was far greater
      than that of adenosine, N6-L-phenylisopropyladenosine and N6-cyclohexyladenosine.
      3. Methylxanthines inhibited the purine action competitively, but beta adrenergic
      antagonists and dipyridamole did not. 4. Beta adrenergic agonists and forskolin
      synergistically augmented the purine action, while Li+ blocked it competitively.
      5. The results suggest that medaka leucophores possess A2 adenosine receptors on
      the cell membranes, the stimulation of which induces leucosome-dispersion
      response by increasing the cellular level of cyclic AMP through activation of
      adenylate cyclase activity.

PMID- 2890492
TI  - Characterization of some monooxygenase activities and solubilization of hepatic
      cytochrome P-450 in two species of freshwater fish, the nase (Chondrostoma nasus)
      and the roach (Rutilus rutilus).
AB  - 1. Hepatic monooxygenase activities were studied in microsomal fractions from two
      species of freshwater fish, the nase (Chondrostoma nasus) and the European roach
      (Rutilus rutilus). 2. These activities were determined by using four substrates,
      7-ethoxycoumarin, 7-ethoxyresorufin, benzo(a)pyrene, and 2,5-diphenyloxazole and
      were characterized according to pH, temperature, cofactors, and the differential
      effects of two inhibitors, metyrapone and alpha-naphthoflavone. 3. Solubilization
      of microsomes was achieved by the use of detergents, with a good recovery of the
      cytochrome P-450.

PMID- 2890493
TI  - Comparison of basal glutathione S-transferase activities and of the influence of
      phenobarbital, butylated hydroxy-anisole or 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin on enzyme
      activity in male rodents.
AB  - 1. Hepatic cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, toward five
      substrates, were shown to vary markedly among three laboratory rodent species. 2.
      Basal GST activities for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (hamster greater than mouse
      greater than rat), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (mouse greater than rat greater
      than hamster), p-nitrobenzyl chloride (rat = mouse = hamster),
      bromosulfophthalein (rat greater than mouse greater than hamster) and 1,2-epoxy-3
      (p-nitrophenoxy)propane (mouse greater than rat = hamster) differed with respect
      to magnitude and distribution among species. 3. GST substrate activities in
      response to phenobarbital, butylated hydroxy-anisole or 5,5'-diphenylhydantoin
      treatment were increased more often in mouse and rat as compared to the hamster.
      4. These results suggest that basal GST activity, as well as inducibility, differ
      among rodent species. Since GST are involved in detoxication processes,
      differences in GST properties may underlie variability in species sensitivity to
      toxicants.

PMID- 2890494
TI  - The saliva of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis--II. Inhibition of platelet
      aggregation and of leukocyte activity and examination of reputed anaesthetic
      effects.
AB  - 1. Leech saliva inhibits platelet aggregation induced by collagen, ADP and
      epinephrine. 2. Leech saliva inhibits superoxide production by neutrophils
      stimulated by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate or polyhistidine. The effect is due
      in part at least to eglin. 3. Reputed anaesthetic effects of leech saliva were
      not detected.

PMID- 2890495
TI  - Evidence that herbicides relaxing smooth and oblique-striated muscles affect the
      muscle cell membrane.
AB  - 1. From the example of two herbicides [chlorpropham (CIPC) and terbutryn], it has
      been shown that such compounds inhibit spontaneously occurring, as well as
      pharmacologically (ACh, KCl, caffeine) or electrically (negative DC) evoked tonic
      and phasic activities in different smooth and oblique-striated muscles of snails
      [penis retractor muscle (PRM) of Helix], worms (torsos and muscle segments of
      Lumbricus and Eisenia) and mice (small intestine of Mus). In PRM preparations,
      experiments with the denervating drugs 6-OHDA, -5,6-DHT, and reserpine, or with
      the serotonergic receptor blocker methysergide, produced evidence that the
      herbicidal side-effect was not caused by action on the nervous system. 3. A
      relaxant effect on ACh-evoked contractions in the PRM was induced by drugs
      altering the Ca2+ equilibrium, for example, theophylline, papaverine,
      chlorpromazine, or trifluoperazine. 4. In addition, an extracellular Ca2+
      deficiency or the presence of papaverine led to an enhancement of a CIPC-caused
      inhibition of ACh- or KCl-induced contractions. 5. The amplitudes of chemically
      evoked contractions in "skinned muscle cells" of Helix PRM or Lumbricus segments
      were influenced neither by CIPC nor by terbutryn. 6. CIPC was concentrated by the
      intact PRM and by a membrane containing PRM fraction, as well as by the worms'
      circular muscle system. 7. A fluorescent CIPC analogue, dansyl-3-chloroaniline,
      characterized by a similar inhibiting property on the induced contractions was
      detected at the border of PRM cells. 8. It is concluded that in the different
      muscle systems the side-effect of the herbicidal compounds is located in the
      outer muscle cell membrane where a Ca2+-dependent mechanism may be concerned.

PMID- 2890496
TI  - Esmolol.

PMID- 2890497
TI  - Preliminary report on a cooperative international study on sclerosing
      encapsulating peritonitis.

PMID- 2890498
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), guanylate cyclase, and intraocular pressure in
      the rabbit eye.
AB  - Synthetic rat atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was examined for effects on
      guanylate-and on adenylate cyclase activity in ciliary process homogenates and
      for effects on intraocular pressure in the albino rabbit eye. Ciliary process
      guanylate cyclase was associated predominantly with the particulate fraction and
      was partially activated by ANP (EC50, approximately 1 nM) relative to a maximal
      dose of Na Nitroprusside (2 uM), whereas particulate adenylate cyclase (basal as
      well as forskolin-stimulated activity) showed no responses to ANP at doses up to
      0.3 uM. Particulate cAMP phosphodiesterase activity was stimulated by low doses
      of cGMP (1-5 uM) in ciliary processes. Thus, ANP, acting via guanylate cyclase,
      has the potential to regulate phosphodiesterase activity and indirectly decrease
      cAMP levels in membranes derived from ciliary processes. Intravitreous injection
      of ANP (2-4 ug/eye) caused a small decrease (1-1.5 mm Hg) in intraocular pressure
      measured 16-24 hours after injection but the pressure had returned to normal by
      40 hours. The findings demonstrate regulation of biochemical and pharmacological
      responses by ANP in the albino rabbit eye suggesting that this peptide may play a
      physiological role in secretory functions of ciliary processes.

PMID- 2890499
TI  - Toxic and allergic cutaneous reactions to jellyfish with special reference to
      delayed reactions.

PMID- 2890500
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasia].

PMID- 2890501
TI  - Glyburide decreases insulin requirement, increases beta-cell response to mixed
      meal, and does not affect insulin sensitivity: effects of short- and long-term
      combined treatment in secondary failure to sulfonylurea.
AB  - In 20 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and secondary
      failure to sulfonylurea, a double-blind randomized study was performed comparing
      two regimes: insulin plus placebo (IP) and insulin plus glyburide (IG). The
      protocol included two hospitalization periods (days 1-18 and 78-85) and follow-up
      at the outpatient clinic for 325 days. The metabolic control was kept as tight as
      possible. The subjects underwent normoglycemic clamp studies and meal tests with
      determination of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, somatostatin, and gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide in plasma. On IG, they demonstrated marked and long
      lasting improvement of metabolic control: HbA1c decreased from 11.1 +/- 0.3% on
      day 3 to 8.3 +/- 0.4% (P less than .001) on day 78 and 9.1 +/- 0.5% (P less than
      .001) on day 325. In subjects on IP, the corresponding values were 10.3 +/- 0.5,
      8.4 +/- 0.4 (P less than .001), and 8.9 +/- 0.5% (P less than .05). Body weight
      increased by 6.0 +/- 1.5 kg (P less than .005) on IG and 2.9 +/- 2.1 kg (NS) on
      IP. The daily insulin requirement decreased on IG from 62.5 +/- 12.9 U/day on day
      7 to 33.5 +/- 8.8 U/day on day 83 and 34.6 +/- 8.9 U/day on day 325. On IP the
      insulin requirement was almost constant: 62.0 +/- 10.7 U/day on day 7, 55.5 +/-
      7.7 U/day on day 83, and 54.7 +/- 7.9 U/day on day 325. Insulin sensitivity
      measured with the hyperinsulinemic clamp (plasma insulin approximately equal to
      130 microU/ml) was similar on IP and IG at the initiation of the study and was
      unchanged on days 18 and 85. A key observation of this study, although the
      mechanism is unclear, is that isoglycemic-meal-related insulin requirement was
      diminished by insulin treatment, indicating improvement of meal-related insulin
      sensitivity. Glyburide increased basal and meal-but not glucagon-stimulated
      insulin and C-peptide levels, and also augmented the effect of meals on
      somatostatin release. We conclude that in NIDDM, IG regime promptly and
      continuously decreased insulin requirement and improved metabolic control. This
      effect is, at least during the first 3 mo, mainly due to enhanced insulin
      secretion. IG and IP treatment had no effect on insulin sensitivity during
      hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic clamp, whereas meal-related insulin sensitivity
      was augmented.

PMID- 2890502
TI  - Chromosomal localization of the mouse homolog of the Huntington's disease linked
      G8 (D4S10) marker.
AB  - The human DNA probe G8 defines D4S10, a polymorphic locus tightly linked to the
      Huntington's disease gene on human chromosome 4. A subclone of G8, pSC33, showed
      significant cross-hybridization to discrete restriction fragments in total
      genomic mouse DNA. The probe detected restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) with the enzymes Taq I and Msp I, permitting chromosomal localization of
      the mouse G8 homolog by linkage analysis using three sets of recombinant inbred
      mouse strains: BXH, BXD, and AKXD. The mouse locus was mapped to the central
      region of chromosome 11 at 1 centiMorgan from the SPARC gene, a locus whose human
      counterpart is on human chromosome 5.

PMID- 2890503
TI  - New murine homeoboxes: structure, chromosomal assignment, and differential
      expression in adult erythropoiesis.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence, chromosomal assignment, and preliminary transcriptional
      analysis of four murine homeoboxes is presented. Three of these are linked to the
      Hox-2 gene complex on chromosome 11, whereas the fourth, Hox-4, was assigned to
      mouse chromosome 12. A comparative analysis of homeobox sequences reveals that
      two of our sequences represent the previously described Hox-2.3 loci, whereas a
      third, mh19, could represent the predicted Hox-2.6 locus. Homeoboxes Hox-2.2 and
      Hox-2.3 are the cognates of two previously reported human homeoboxes that belong
      to a similar gene cluster on a closely related human chromosome (Chr 17),
      suggesting that homeoboxes may have been preserved as clusters during evolution.
      Moreover Hox-4, mh19, and the previously described Hox-1.5 homeobox form a
      separate subgroup of mammalian homeoboxes (90-92% amino acid and nucleotide
      homology). All four homeoboxes are expressed in the mouse embryo. Of special
      interest is the expression of mh19, a 4.2-kb transcript of which appears to be
      connected to the induced differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells.

PMID- 2890504
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive cells in esophageal abrasive balloon
      cytology and their clinical significance].
AB  - gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(gamma-GT) activity of cells from esophageal
      abrasive balloon cytocollection in 150 outpatients was detected and the
      characteristics of gamma-GT positive cells were studied in 107/150 cases. The
      gamma-GT positive cells may have been squamous cancer cells, dysplastic,
      hyperplastic or normal epithelial cells seen simultaneously or individually on a
      smear. The normal intermediate and superficial layer cells with positive gamma-GT
      were very frequently observed on the positive cytological smears. The
      hyperplastic and dysplastic cells were less frequently observed on the smear as
      compared with that of the high incidence area. Of 150 specimens, no cancer cells
      or gamma-GT activity was detected in 35; gamma-GT positive cells were observed in
      70 out of 73 positive smears (95.9%); negative cancer cells and gamma-GT positive
      cells were seen in the rest 42. 25 of these 42 patients were followed and 19
      became diagnosed as esophagus cancer by repeated abrasive balloon, biopsy or X
      ray examination. It is suggested that the persistent gamma-GT strongly positive
      cells be a signal of the existence of cancer. In other words, gamma-GT detection
      on the smears can be used as an adjuvant parameter in cytology to improve
      cytological diagnosis.

PMID- 2890505
TI  - Studies on the effects of pharmacological agents on antigen-induced arthritis in
      BALB/c mice.
AB  - The model of antigen-induced monoarticular arthritis in BALB/c mice, originally
      described by Brackertz et al. (1), has been examined with regard to disease
      pathogenesis and the activities of established antirheumatic agents. The acute
      phase of the arthritis, up to 7 days after intra-articular (IA) challenge, was
      characterized by intense polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration into the
      challenged joint, synovial lining cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, accumulation
      of mononuclear cells within the subsynovial tissue, and pannus formation.
      Erosions of articular cartilage and bone commenced 7-14 days after IA challenge
      and progressed with time. Chronic synovitis was still evident 56 days after IA
      challenge. Prednisolone at 1 and 5 mg/kg, when administered against an
      established arthritis (dosing days 14-42), suppressed the histopathological
      changes. A similar level of suppression was observed when prednisolone was
      administered from days 0-42, indicating that the drug had no additional effect on
      the development phase of the arthritis. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      agents (NSAIAs) indomethacin, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen failed to suppress
      either the established or developing disease. Daily treatment with D
      penicillamine, tiopronin or chloroquine on days 14-42 had no significant effect
      on the arthritis; treatment with either D-penicillamine or chloroquine on days 0
      56 was also ineffective. When administered on days 14-42 or 0-42 neither gold
      thiomalate nor auranofin were able to suppress the erosive changes.
      Sulphasalazine (10-30 mg/kg) suppressed the arthritis whereas sulphapyridine was
      inactive. Azathioprine (20 mg/kg) suppressed the erosive changes when
      administered over days 14-42 or 0-42; this activity was associated with
      toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890506
TI  - Structural modification of H2-receptor antagonists provide post-H2-receptor
      gastric antisecretory activity.
AB  - Structural analogues (e.g., Wy-46,499) of a known H2-antagonist (Wy-45,662) were
      found to inhibit acid secretion in the pylorus ligated rat and to block forskolin
      and DBcAMP-stimulated [14C]amino-pyrine (AP) uptake by rat isolated gastric
      mucosal cell preparations. Wy-45,662 (N-[3-[3-(1
      piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl]thieno [3,4- d]isothiazol-3-amine 1, 1-dioxide),
      a very potent histamine H2-antagonist and antisecretory agent in the rat (ED50
      approximately equal to 0.3 mg/kg), had no effect in vitro at 1 microM on
      forskolin-induced [14C]AP uptake while 10 nM Wy-45,662 completely suppressed
      histamine-stimulated [14C]AP uptake. In contrast, the N-benzylated form of Wy
      45,662, Wy-46,499, dose-dependently (1 X 10(-7) -3 X 10(-6)M) suppressed
      forskolin-stimulated [14C]AP uptake while retaining modest antisecretory activity
      (ED50 approximately equal to 8 mg/kg) in vivo. Wy-46,499's modest antisecretory
      activity was thus attributable to inhibition via a post-histamine H2-receptor
      mechanism.

PMID- 2890507
TI  - Risk factors for alcohol hepatotoxicity among male alcoholics.
AB  - Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
      alcohol dependence. A common precursor to cirrhosis is alcoholic hepatotoxicity
      evident clinically by elevated serum liver enzymes. In this study 50 male
      patients with significant (greater than two times upper limits of normal)
      elevation of liver enzymes attending a veterans inpatient alcohol treatment
      center were matched by age and time since last drink to 50 male veterans without
      elevated liver enzymes. Patients with elevated liver enzymes were found to be
      more likely to be daily drinkers, less likely to indulge in binge drinking
      patterns or have alcoholic blackouts, and showed a trend towards a less severe
      pattern of alcoholism. Significant gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) elevations
      were found in patients consuming an average of 7 beers/day for 5 years, and
      significant aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevations were found in patients
      consuming a threshold of 12 beers/day for 10 years. These findings are consistent
      with current research suggesting alcoholic cirrhosis is a result of a threshold
      exposure to alcohol in alcoholics with an additional environmental or genetic
      risk factor.

PMID- 2890508
TI  - The influence of relapse rate on the choice of duodenal ulcer therapy.

PMID- 2890509
TI  - [Betablocker vs placebo in vasomotor headache. A double-blind crossover study].
AB  - Vasomotor headaches are commonly, especially in the international literature,
      classified under ordinary migraine. Since beta-blockers seem to be the drug of
      choice in the prevention of migraine, 30 patients were given placebo and three
      times 40 mg propranolol in a double-blind cross-over trial. Among 24 fully
      assessable sets of tests only four showed a decrease in the frequency of
      headaches by more than 50%. In three patients the frequency actually increased
      over the placebo effect.

PMID- 2890511
TI  - [Poisoning with beta receptor blockers].

PMID- 2890510
TI  - [Intracoronary thrombus in patients with unstable angina pectoris].
AB  - Intracoronary thrombi were found in 20 of 52 patients (38%) who had coronary
      angiography because of treatment-resistant unstable angina. Unrelated to the
      angiographic finding, eight patients (15%) sustained a myocardial infarction, and
      two died during their hospital stay. Only one patient (5%) with and six patients
      (19%) without intracoronary thrombi were stabilized and discharged from hospital.
      The remaining patients either had an aortocoronary bypass (n = 31) or
      transluminal balloon angioplasty (n = 13). These findings underline the
      importance of intracoronary thrombus formation in the pathogenesis of treatment
      resistant unstable angina.

PMID- 2890512
TI  - [Jellyfish poisoning].
AB  - While bathing in the Indian Ocean a 31-year-old German woman came into contact
      with a jelly-fish, probably of the species Chrysaora quinquecirrha. Initial signs
      were inflammatory cutaneous changes on the upper trunk, and both arms and feet.
      Over the next few days massive edematous swelling developed over the trunk, in
      addition to signs of arterial underperfusion in the hands and legs. Under
      treatment with urokinase and prostaglandin E1 the circulatory disorder in the
      feet completely disappeared. But the edema on the arms and hands got worse and
      huge bullae developed. On the assumption of a compartment syndrome a bilateral
      fasciotomy was performed. Wound healing proceeded normally. However, even after
      six months there remained extensive sensory and motor defects in both hands and
      arms.

PMID- 2890514
TI  - Drug treatment of phobias. Efficacy and optimum use.
AB  - In the last decade anxiety disorders have been the focus of intensive research in
      the psychiatric community, resulting in a rapid growth in our understanding of
      these illnesses. Diagnostic, biological, and psychopharmacological investigations
      have revealed important distinctions among these disorders which enable the
      clinician to make well-informed therapeutic choices and frequently ameliorate or
      even eliminate anxiety symptoms and related phobic behaviour. The principles of
      treatment can be simply stated: 1. Careful diagnostic evaluation through history
      and exclusion of medical and psychiatric conditions which mimic anxiety
      disorders. 2. Treatment selection based on diagnosis and formulation with the
      patient of the goals and expected outcome of pharmacotherapy. 3. Systematic
      application of each drug treatment in sufficient dosage and for an adequate
      duration permitting progression to the next agent when results are not optimal.
      4. Addition of non-pharmacological interventions, usually behavioural therapy, to
      decrease phobic behaviour. 5. Development of a maintenance or discontinuation
      strategy tailored to the needs of the patient.

PMID- 2890513
TI  - Celiprolol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties and its therapeutic use in hypertension and angina pectoris.
AB  - Celiprolol is a new 'cardioselective' beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug with
      intrinsic sympathomimetic (partial agonist) activity and a weak vasodilating
      effect. Celiprolol appears not to cause bronchoconstriction or inhibit the effect
      of bronchodilating drugs in asthmatic patients and there is some evidence that it
      may have mild bronchodilating activity in such patients. Some studies suggest
      that celiprolol, because of vasodilation, may be less likely to reduce blood flow
      to the peripheries than other beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and hence cause
      fewer peripheral vascular side effects. Significant inhibition of exercise
      tachycardia occurs 24 hours after a single oral dose of celiprolol. In
      preliminary therapeutic trials celiprolol 200 to 600mg once daily was similar in
      efficacy to propranolol 40mg to 80mg twice daily or atenolol 100mg once daily in
      patients with mild to moderate hypertension or angina pectoris. If the apparent
      pharmacodynamic advantages of celiprolol are confirmed in well designed
      therapeutic trials then celiprolol should represent a definite advance in beta
      adrenoceptor blocking therapy.

PMID- 2890515
TI  - Somatostatin receptors on pituitary somatotrophs, thyrotrophs, and lactotrophs:
      pharmacological evidence for loose coupling to adenylate cyclase.
AB  - Pharmacological characterization of somatostatin (SRIF) receptors located on
      somatotrophs, thyrotrophs, and lactotrophs was attempted by measuring the effects
      of 14 structural agonists of somatostatin (SRIF) on the inhibition of basal and
      GRF-stimulated GH and basal and TRH-stimulated PRL and TSH secretion. We also
      checked the abilities of the analogs to displace [125I]N-Tyr-SRIF binding to
      pituitary cell membranes and their potency to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity.
      There was a very good correlation (r = 0.975) between the displacement of [125I]N
      Tyr-SRIF and the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by the analogs. The
      effects of the analogs on secretion of the three hormones followed the same rank
      order of potency. However, the active analogs displayed 2-6 times lower
      affinities in inhibiting PRL than GH or TSH secretions. The shift in affinity was
      even more pronounced in the case of the lower potency of the analogs as
      inhibitors of adenylate cyclase activity compared to hormone secretions.
      Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml; 24 h) blocked SRIF
      inhibition of basal and GRF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity and decreased
      by 83% [125I]N-Tyr-SRIF binding. It also blocked the ability of SRIF to inhibit
      GRF-induced GH and TRH-induced PRL and TSH secretion. However, pertussis toxin
      also increased GRF stimulation of GH secretion and decreased TRH stimulation of
      both TSH and PRL secretion. We conclude from our data that SRIF-binding sites
      located on the three target cells of the adenohypophysis are of a single class.
      These binding sites are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase, but the
      inhibition of hormone secretions by SRIF cannot be explained solely through
      adenylate cyclase inhibition. Another mechanism of transduction must be involved
      in the actions of SRIF on its three pituitary target cells.

PMID- 2890516
TI  - Tissue-type plasminogen activator in somatostatin cells of rat pancreas and
      hypothalamus.
AB  - Plasminogen activators (PAs) proteolytically convert plasminogen to plasmin,
      which, in turn, can degrade most proteins. This system has been implicated in a
      variety of biological processes. Using immunocytochemical methods, we here
      describe the localization of tissue-type PA (t-PA) in rat somatostatin cells. In
      the pancreatic islets, a low number of strongly t-PA-immunoreactive cells was
      found. By sequential staining, we found these cells to constitute a subpopulation
      of the somatostatin cells. Biochemical analysis of extracts from isolated rat
      islets demonstrated the presence of t-PA, and immunoblotting analysis
      demonstrated one band with a similar electrophoretic mobility. No urokinase-type
      PA immunoreactivity was found in the rat endocrine pancreas. A granular t-PA
      immunoreactivity resembling that found in adjacent sections with somatostatin
      antiserum was found in the median eminence of the hypothalamus. No t-PA
      immunoreactivity could be detected in somatostatin cells of the gastric and
      intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 2890517
TI  - A case of von Recklinghausen's disease associated with pheochromocytoma and
      papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
AB  - A 58-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of headache,
      dizziness and intermittent elevation of blood pressure. Multiple cafe-au-lait
      spots and neurofibromas had appeared on the back and the limbs since the age of
      30 years. At the age of 54 years she underwent total thyroidectomy because of
      papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. On admission, the levels of plasma
      norepinephrine and epinephrine, urinary norepinephrine and normetanephrine were
      all within the normal range. However, urinary excretion of metanephrine was
      markedly increased to 1.49 +/- 0.45 (Mean +/- SD) mg/day and that of epinephrine
      was also slightly increased. The computed tomographic scans of the abdomen and
      the scintigraphy with 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine revealed a tumor mass in the
      region of the right adrenal gland. The tumor was histologically confirmed to be
      pheochromocytoma at the operation. In her family history, her mother and one of
      her two sisters had von Recklinghausen's disease and another sister suffered from
      follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. As far as we know, this paper is the
      first report of a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease associated with both
      pheochromocytoma and non-medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, and her
      family.

PMID- 2890518
TI  - Pathogenesis and mechanism of traumatic injuries to teeth.

PMID- 2890519
TI  - Clathrin and coated vesicles.

PMID- 2890520
TI  - Exercise capacity, energy metabolism, and beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Comparison
      between a beta 1-selective and a non-selective beta blocker.
AB  - The effects of beta 1 and beta 1/2 blockade on exercise capacity were studied in
      9 healthy normotensive subjects. Progressive maximal bicycle ergometer tests,
      followed by an endurance test at 80% of maximal work load, were performed during
      randomized, double-blind 3 day treatment periods with placebo, atenolol (beta 1)
      and oxprenolol (beta 1/2). The reduction of maximal work capacity (ca. 10%) was
      similar with atenolol and oxprenolol, despite a more pronounced maximal heart
      rate reduction with atenolol (from 175 +/- 2 to 132 +/- 3 beats.min-1) than with
      oxprenolol (to 138 +/- 2 beats.min-1). Exercise time during the endurance test
      was reduced from 36 +/- 4 min with placebo to 27 +/- 3 min with atenolol (p less
      than 0.05) and 24 +/- 3 min with oxprenolol (p less than 0.01) (atenolol vs.
      oxprenolol: p less than 0.05). During the endurance test, plasma glycerol and non
      esterified fatty acid concentrations were reduced with both atenolol and
      oxprenolol. The glycerol reduction was more pronounced with oxprenolol than with
      atenolol, plasma NEFA concentrations being similar. Plasma glucose and lactate
      concentrations were reduced by oxprenolol but not with atenolol. These data show
      that submaximal exercise capacity at work loads representing similar relative
      exercise intensities is reduced during non-selective and beta 1-selective beta
      blockade. This reduction may be related to the effects of beta 1 blockade on
      energy metabolism, with possibly an additional effect of beta 2 blockade.

PMID- 2890522
TI  - The Lopressor Intervention Trial: multicentre study of metoprolol in survivors of
      acute myocardial infarction. Lopressor Intervention Trial Research Group.
AB  - The Lopressor Intervention Trial (LIT) was a double-blind, randomized, placebo
      controlled, multicentre study designed to evaluate the effect of oral metoprolol
      on overall mortality in patients surviving a recent acute myocardial infarction.
      Patient enrollment began in August 1979 and ended on 15 April 1982, with 2395
      patients (1200 on placebo and 1195 on metoprolol). Hospitalized patients, 45 to
      74 years of age, began therapy from 6 to 16 days after their myocardial
      infarction. Following a short titration period, maintenance therapy with
      metoprolol 100 mg b.i.d. or placebo was continued for up to 1 year. Enrollment
      was prematurely terminated because of a progressive and marked decline in patient
      accession; it was not feasible to reach the original goal of 3200 patients in a
      practical period of time. This target sample size was based on an anticipated 1
      year placebo mortality rate of 10%, a 50% reduction in total mortality with
      metoprolol and premature discontinuation of study medication in no more than 15%
      of patients in the metoprolol group. Two primary analyses were planned: total
      mortality among all randomized patients at 7 and at 12 months of trial entry.
      After 7 months of treatment there were 54 deaths in the placebo group and 42
      deaths in the metoprolol group. After 1 year there were 62 deaths in the placebo
      group and 65 in the metoprolol group. Thus, the 1 year placebo mortality rate of
      5.2% was half that predicted at the outset. In addition, study medication was
      prematurely discontinued in over 30% of patients in the metoprolol
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890521
TI  - A D-mannose-specific lectin from Gerardia savaglia that inhibits
      nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNA.
AB  - A new lectin has been isolated from the coral Gerardia savaglia by affinity
      chromatography, using locust gum as an absorbent, and D-mannose as eluant. Final
      purification was achieved by Bio-Gel P300 gel filtration. The agglutinin is a
      protein composed of two polypeptide chains with a Mr of 14800; the two subunits
      are not linked by disulfide bond(s). The isoelectric point is 4.8, the amino acid
      composition is rich in the acidic amino acids aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
      The absorption maximum for the protein was at 276 nm; with a molar absorption
      coefficient of 1.27 X 10(5) M-1 cm-1. The lectin precipitated erythrocytes from
      humans (A, B and O), sheep, rabbit and carp with a titer between 2(5) and 10(10);
      the affinity constant for lectin binding to sheep red blood cells was 2.8 X 10(8)
      M-1 and the number of binding sites, 3.2 X 10(5)/cell. Ca2+ ions are required for
      full activity; the pH optimum lies in the range between 6 and 11. Inhibition
      experiments revealed that the lectin is specific for D-mannose. The lectin is
      mitogenic only for those spleen lymphocytes from mice which had been activated by
      lipopolysaccharide. An interesting feature of this lectin is its ability to bind
      to glycoproteins present in nuclei from CV-1 monkey kidney cells. The fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-labelled lectin reacted with six polypeptides in the nuclear
      envelope from rat liver (Mr 190,000, 115,000, 80,000, 62,000, 56,000 and 42,000)
      and with two polypeptides in the nuclear matrix or pore complex lamina fraction
      (Mr 190,000 and 62,000). The lectin inhibited the nuclear envelope mRNA
      translocation system in vitro. It is suggested that this effect is due to an
      interaction of the lectin with the nuclear glycoproteins gp190 and/or gp62.

PMID- 2890523
TI  - Effect of beta-blockers on the relation between QT-interval and heart rate in
      exercise ECG.
AB  - QT-interval prolongation is a recognized risk indicator for ventricular
      arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The effect of beta-blockers on the change
      of the QT-interval relative to the change in heart rate was studied in 269 male
      patients who underwent computer-interpreted exercise tests. None of the patients
      studied used anti-arrhythmic drugs, diuretics or digoxin. In 141 men on beta
      blockers the relation between Q-peakT interval and heart rate could be described
      as follows: Q-peakT = -1.48 X heart rate + 415. In 128 patients not on beta
      blockers this relation was: Q-peakT = -1.14 X heart rate + 379. The difference of
      the slopes is 0.34 (0.22 - 0.46, 95% confidence interval). This difference was
      even more pronounced in a subgroup of coronary patients: 0.44 (0.30 - 0.57, 95%
      confidence interval). These results indicate that in men using beta-blockers the
      QT-interval shortens faster with increasing heart rate than in men not using
      them. At high heart rates patients on beta-blockers have a shorter QT-interval
      than those not using them. These observations could explain the beneficial effect
      of beta-blockers on exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in
      coronary patients.

PMID- 2890524
TI  - Mechanism of action and efficacy of verapamil and beta-blockers in exercise
      induced ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - To determine the antiarrhythmic efficacy of beta-blockers (beta-B) and verapamil
      (V) in exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia (Ex-VT), nine patients with
      reproducible Ex-VT (in two consecutive exercise tests) were studied by means of
      electrophysiologic study (EPS) in basal conditions and serial exercise testing
      after beta-B (metoprolol 25 mg tid to 100 mg qid; oxprenolol 40 mg tid) and/or V
      (80-160 mg tid). Ejection fraction was normal in four cases and depressed in
      five. Of these nine patients, four developed Ex-VT during chronic amiodarone
      treatment, which was continued. During EPS, VT was induced at a critical atrial
      pacing rate in one case, and with the extrastimulus technique in four.
      Ventricular tachycardia was not inducible with either technique in four patients.
      Five of the six patients on beta-B and none of the seven on V developed Ex-VT,
      although they achieved the same or higher work-loads as compared to the basal
      exercise tests. In the case with rate-dependent VT, beta-B and V prevented VT at
      work-loads, sinus rates and double products significantly higher than those
      obtained in basal conditions. In the others, maximal heart rate and double
      product were lower on beta-B and showed a wide variability on V. V and beta-B
      appeared to be highly effective in preventing Ex-VT, in patients with normal
      heart as well as in those with greatly depressed ejection fraction. Both of the
      drugs appeared to suppress re-entry or triggered activity in the patient with
      rate-dependent Ex-VT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890525
TI  - Opioid analgesia in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: fentanyl versus
      alfentanil.
AB  - More than 1,600 patients have been treated by extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy (ESWL) under fentanyl analgesia without any complications or severe
      side-effects. As secondary respiratory depression is still under discussion, we
      investigated the value of alfentanil--a short-term acting opioid--with special
      interest in its efficacy and side-effects. Neither fentanyl nor alfentanil
      significantly influenced blood pressure, respiratory rate and blood gases. With
      regard to minor side-effects and patient's acceptance, alfentanil analgesia
      should be preferred during ESWL treatment.

PMID- 2890526
TI  - Unilaterally impalpable testis.
AB  - Thirty children presenting with a unilateral impalpable testis and a normally
      descended contralateral testis underwent surgical exploration. The testis was
      absent ('vanishing testis') in 12 cases (40%) and orchidectomy for a dysgenetic
      testis was performed in a further 5 cases. The overall rate of monorchism
      following surgery was therefore 56%. It is desirable that parents be advised of
      this possibility pre-operatively.

PMID- 2890527
TI  - Comparison of antitumor activity of standard and investigational drugs at
      equivalent granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell inhibitory concentrations
      in the adhesive tumor cell culture system: an in vitro method of screening new
      drugs.
AB  - We compared the in vitro growth inhibition of primary human tumor cells in the
      adhesive tumor cell culture system (ATCCS), exposed to the investigational agents
      caracemide, spirogermanium and taxol and to standard chemotherapy agents at
      equitoxic concentrations for granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC)
      in vitro. Clinically active standard agents tested at up to GM-CFC 90% inhibitory
      concentrations (IC90) resulted in in vitro activity (greater than or equal to 50%
      tumor growth inhibition) in at least 30% of tumors tested. In vitro responses for
      taxol, caracemide and spirogermanium were 78%, 9% and 7%, respectively. This
      paper proposes a model that incorporates two hypotheses: (1) myelotoxic drugs
      which inhibit tumor growth at concentrations equal to or less than equitoxic GM
      CFC ICs will demonstrate clinical activity; and (2) both myelotoxic and
      particular nonmyelotoxic drugs inactive in vitro at these doses will not be
      active clinically. If this drug screening concept is valid, taxol may be
      clinically more active than caracemide and spirogermanium.

PMID- 2890528
TI  - Identification of intrathymic T progenitor cells by expression of Thy-1, IL2
      receptor and CD3.
AB  - Immature (L3T4-/Lyt-2- "double-negative") thymocytes were separated into several
      functionally distinct fractions based on their expression of IL2 receptors, Thy-1
      and CD3. The majority (60-70%) of double-negative thymocytes in young adult mice
      lack detectable IL2 receptor expression, have high levels of Thy-1 and rapidly
      "progress" to a L3T4+ or L3T4+/Lyt-2+ stage when cultured for 20 h in simple
      medium. In contrast, the IL2 receptor-positive fraction retains the double
      negative phenotype for as long as it survives in culture and addition of IL2 has
      little or no effect on such cells. IL2 does generate strong proliferation from a
      fraction of cells expressing low levels of Thy-1, but not detectable IL2
      receptors. Such culture generates an unusual population of double-negative cells
      that expresses the pan-B cell molecule B220 and which kill both the NK target
      cell line YAC-1 and the NK-resistant line EL4. This Thy-1-low fraction includes
      all of the double-negative thymocytes capable of T cell reconstitution. Thy-1-low
      fraction could be further separated into two populations with regards to CD3
      expression. CD3- but not CD3+ population could reconstitute mature T cells,
      indicating that Thy-1-low, IL2R- and CD3- cells are the most enriched population
      of intrathymic T cell progenitors.

PMID- 2890529
TI  - Mott cells: a model to study immunoglobulin secretion.
AB  - Mott cells are plasma cells defective in immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion. They
      display this defect by accumulating Ig in the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      detectable by Ig+ intracellular inclusion. We have previously produced hybridoma
      cell lines (Alanen, A. et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1985. 15: 235) in which this
      phenotype is preserved, and shown the inability of these cells to secrete the Ig.
      In order to study this defect further, we fused these hybridoma cells with a
      kappa-secreting hybridoma cell line, Sp1, and, using double selection with
      hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine and ouabain, obtained hybrid cell lines
      expressing various combinations of the three Ig chains involved (Mott gamma 1,
      Mott kappa and Sp1 kappa chains). We studied the presence of Ig+ inclusions in
      these cells as well as Ig secretion by metabolic labeling and
      immunoprecipitation. All inclusion-positive clones expressed both Mott heavy and
      Mott light chains with or without the Sp1 light chain, whereas none of the
      inclusion-negative clones produced both Mott-derived Ig chains. In all of the
      clones, even those with inclusions, the Ig secretion was at least partially
      rescued by the fusion. This occurred also in an inclusion-positive clone which
      maintained the original Ig status of the Mott without Sp1 kappa chain, indicating
      a complementation by the cell fusion of some cellular factor involved in Ig
      secretion. Furthermore, we injected Xenopus oocytes with mRNA isolated from three
      different original Mott cell hybridomas and could show secretion of the Ig, which
      is not secreted from the original Mott cells, from the oocytes.

PMID- 2890530
TI  - Anti-Thy-1-induced proliferation of immature thymocytes expressing the CD3
      associated gamma/delta heterodimer.
AB  - A series of rat monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against the Thy-1 molecule
      have been evaluated for their ability to stimulate immature (CD4-8-) murine
      thymocytes. CD4-8- thymocytes could be induced to proliferate by several anti-Thy
      1 mAb provided that exogenous interleukin 1 or interleukin 2 was provided.
      Apparently non-stimulatory anti-Thy-1 mAb could be rendered stimulatory if cross
      linked by a rabbit anti-rat immunoglobulin reagent. Anti-Thy-1-stimulated CD4-8-
      thymocytes were found to uniformly express CD3 but did not stain positively with
      F23.1, a mAb reactive with alpha/beta T cell receptors utilizing the V beta 8
      gene family. Immunoprecipitation analysis of such stimulated CD4-8- thymocytes
      indicated that they expressed a CD3-associated heterodimer of 45 kDa/35 kDa most
      likely corresponding to the product of the gamma and (putative) delta T cell
      receptor genes. Taken together, these data demonstrate that anti-Thy-1 mAb
      selectively activate a subset of CD4-8- thymocytes committed to the gamma/delta T
      cell receptor lineage.

PMID- 2890531
TI  - Antagonism by E. coli endotoxin of some cardiovascular effects induced in the rat
      by two alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - E. coli endotoxin (0.01, 0.1 and 1 microgram/kg i.v.) 1 h before alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists B-HT 933 and clonidine (i.v.) antagonized their
      bradycardiac and hypotensive effects in intact rats. This antagonism seems not to
      depend on the presence of the adrenal glands since similar results were obtained
      in adrenalectomized rats. Endotoxin at higher doses (1 and 10 micrograms/kg)
      suppressed the hypotensive and reduced the bradycardiac effect of clonidine
      injected i.c.v. (5 micrograms/kg). In contrast, endotoxin (up to 100
      micrograms/kg) did neither increase arterial pressure nor heart rate in the
      pithed rat. This suggests the participation of a central site of action for
      endotoxin. However, E. coli endotoxin (1, 10 or 100 micrograms/kg) did not
      decrease the inhibition by clonidine of the tachycardia induced by stimulation of
      the cardioacceleratory nerve. This excludes peripheral presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blockade by endotoxin. Only 100 micrograms/kg decreased the pressor
      response to clonidine in the pithed rat. These results show that E. coli
      endotoxin is a potent modificator of the cardiovascular regulation in the rat. It
      antagonized central alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated cardiovascular effects at doses
      lower than those acting on postsynaptic peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2890532
TI  - The role of lysyl oxidase and collagen crosslinking during sea urchin
      development.
AB  - Lysyl oxidase, the only enzyme involved in collagen crosslinking, is shown to be
      present in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The enzyme
      specific activity increases over six-fold during development, showing the
      greatest rise during gastrulation and prism larva formation. The enzyme is
      inhibited by the specific inhibitor, beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN). Continuous
      BAPN treatment of S. purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus embryos from late cleavage
      stages onward increases the amount of noncrosslinked collagen present in prism
      larvae. When BAPN is added at the 128- or 256-cell stage it causes developmental
      arrest at the mesenchyme blastula stage. Embryos can be maintained in the
      arrested state for at least 96 h and will resume normal development and
      morphogenesis following BAPN removal. If BAPN is added after the mesenchyme
      blastula stage, it has little adverse effect on development; consequently
      nonspecific toxic effects of the drug are unlikely. The results suggest that
      lysyl oxidase and collagen crosslinking play a vital role in primary mesenchyme
      migration, gastrulation, and morphogenesis during sea urchin development and
      indicate that BAPN may be very useful in studying the extracellular matrix-cell
      interactions at the cellular and molecular level.

PMID- 2890533
TI  - Evidence for a role of the hepatic endocytic compartment in the modulation of the
      extracellular matrix.
AB  - The presence of fibronectin in rat liver endocytic compartment was investigated
      using biochemical and immunological approaches. Three endosome subfractions were
      separated from postmitochondrial lysosome supernatants using sucrose and
      isoosmotic Nycodenz gradients. Using these endosomes the presence of fibronectin
      in the "early" and "late" endosome subfractions and in a receptor-enriched
      fraction was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Furthermore,
      immunofluorescence studies using an anti-rat fibronectin antiserum and an anti
      rat endosome antiserum showed similar patterns of staining in frozen liver
      sections. The results indicate that the components of the extracellular matrix
      extend into the endocytic compartment and suggest that fibronectin is
      internalised in a manner similar to that of some plasma membrane proteins.

PMID- 2890534
TI  - Nephropathia epidemica: incidence of clinical cases and antibody prevalence in an
      endemic area of Sweden.
AB  - The incidence of nephropathia epidemica (NE) was compared with the NE antibody
      prevalence in normal population in a highly endemic area of Sweden (Vasterbotten
      county). The antibody prevalence rate in the oldest age groups were found to be
      14 and 20 times higher than the accumulated life-risk of being hospitalized with
      NE for men and women respectively. Whether the infection in persons not admitted
      to hospital is subclinical, atypical or clinically fulminant, remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 2890535
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia following long-term remission from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - A female patient who had been initially diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      (NHL) and achieved complete clinical remission with combined chemotherapy,
      developed overt adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) after 9 yr of disease-free survival.
      This is the first case of the development of ATL following the complete remission
      of NHL. Secondary malignant neoplasms are not well-documented in patients
      previously diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease. Although there have been a few
      reports concerning the occurrence of secondary malignancy in patients with non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), there has never been a documented case of ATL following
      long-term survival from NHL. Here, we report a case of typical adult T-cell
      leukemia (ATL) which occurred after 9 yr disease-free survival from NHL.

PMID- 2890536
TI  - A first case of complete remission of beta-interferon sensitive adult T-cell
      leukemia.
AB  - A case of complete remission of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) induced by beta
      interferon is reported. A 46-year-old male was diagnosed as ATL because of the
      increased number of ATL cells with deeply indented and lobulated nuclei in the
      peripheral blood, accompanied by elevated values of the lactic dehydrogenase, the
      alkaline phosphatase, and the calcium in the serum. The result of the cell
      surface marker analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was compatible with ATL
      and anti-ATL associated antibody (ATLA) was positive. The integration of proviral
      deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of human T-cell leukemia virus type I(HTLV-I) was
      proved in the peripheral blood lymphocytes using Southern blot hybridization.
      Since an ordinal chemotherapy was not so effective for this patient, he was
      treated with 1.8 X 10(7) units of recombinant beta-interferon (beta-IFN) per day
      for 7 days as one course. After 5 courses of treatment, a markedly favorable
      response was recognized, and he achieved complete remission. A lower dose of beta
      IFN (9 X 10(6) units per day for 3 days as one course, one or two courses per
      month) has been continued and he has still been in a complete remission state for
      10 months. It is concluded that beta-IFN should be used to treat ATL.

PMID- 2890537
TI  - Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death.
AB  - During the involution of lead nitrate-induced hyperplasia in rat liver a
      significant increase of transglutaminase activity, enzyme concentration,
      transglutaminase messenger RNA and protein-bound epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine
      (product of transglutaminase action) coincided with programmed death (apoptosis)
      of hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical examination showed the appearance of
      transglutaminase in apoptotic hepatocytes. An increased transglutaminase level
      was also detected during glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of rat thymocytes.

PMID- 2890538
TI  - Transmembrane proton-motive potential of Spiroplasma floricola.
AB  - In Spiroplasma floricola, the transmembrane proton-motive potential delta p was
      studied. It is composed of a transmembrane electric potential difference, delta
      psi, and a transmembrane proton gradient, delta pH, according to delta p = delta
      psi - (Z.delta pH). Using a potential-sensitive carbocyanine dye and 5,5'
      dimethyl[2-14C]oxazolidine-2,4-dione as probes, delta psi and delta pH were
      measured at different [H+] of the medium, and delta p was calculated to be
      remarkably constant at -123 mV +/- 16% over a wide range of external pH values.
      Inhibition experiments indicated that it is generated by a membrane-bound,
      electrogenic, proton-translocating ATPase.

PMID- 2890539
TI  - Somatostatin and calcitonin modulate gastropod internal defense mechanisms.
AB  - Immunoreactive somatostatin and calcitonin are stored in selected mammalian
      leukocytes. Synthetic somatostatin and calcitonin can alter the functional
      activity of certain mammalian blood cells. These findings suggest that the two
      enteroneuro-peptides serve as modulators of the mammalian immune system. The aim
      of the present study is to determine whether the 2 peptides are also found in
      gastropod blood cells and whether they may participate in the regulation of the
      gastropod internal defense mechanisms. We found that somatostatin-like and
      calcitonin-like substances are located in a distinct population of hemocytes from
      the pond snail Physella heterostropha and that the amount of immunoreactive
      calcitonin in hemocytes increases after an injury to the body wall. Synthetic
      somatostatin and calcitonin stimulate the attachment of latex beads to in vitro
      cultured hemocytes. We conclude that the somatostatin- and calcitonin-like
      substances may serve as modulators of the internal defense system of gastropods.

PMID- 2890540
TI  - Effects of arginine and arginine plus somatostatin infusion on insulin release in
      diabetic patients submitted to pancreas allotransplantation.
AB  - The present study was aimed at evaluating the role of the Autonomic Nervous
      System (ANS) in the insulin (IRI) response to arginine in humans. Nine patients
      who were recipients of simultaneous segmental pancreatic and renal grafts (6
      receiving steroids and azathioprine as immuno suppression therapy, 3 treated with
      Cyclosporine A), 3 non-diabetic patients with kidney grafts (receiving steroid
      and azathioprine) and 10 normal subjects were studied. Arginine induced a clear
      IRI release in all subjects with no significant difference among the groups.
      Somatostatin (SRIF) inhibited IRI release to a similar degree in all subjects.
      Since the transplanted pancreas is completely denervated, these data suggest that
      the integrity of the ANS is not essential to the IRI response to arginine, nor
      for the inhibitory effect of SRIF on IRI release.

PMID- 2890541
TI  - Differential effects of sodium butyrate and dimethylsulfoxide on gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
AB  - Sodium butyrate and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), two known chemical inducers of cell
      differentiation, were examined on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Both agents reduce
      the proliferative capacity of MCF-7 cells, as reflected by inhibition of colony
      formation in semisolid agar. Sodium butyrate is shown to enhance markedly the
      activity of two plasma membrane-bound enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase. DMSO does not enhance the activity of these enzymes, but
      rather induces a small decrease in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. The
      present results show that although both agents inhibit cell proliferation, they
      have a distinct effect on phenotypic expression.

PMID- 2890543
TI  - Weak estrogenic activity of phenol red in the culture medium: its role in the
      study of the regulation of prolactin release in vitro.
AB  - Phenol red, which is commonly used in culture media as a pH indicator, has
      recently been shown to possess estrogenic properties. In this study we
      investigated the effects of phenol red on prolactin release and synthesis by
      cultured female and male rat anterior pituitary cells and on the sensitivity of
      these cells of dopamine, TRH and somatostatin (SRIF). It was shown that phenol
      red stimulated rat prolactin release and cell content in a dose-dependent manner.
      The effects of 30 microM phenol red, which is the medium concentration in our
      regular culture medium, and a submaximally active concentration of 17 beta
      estradiol (E2) were additive. Male rat pituitary cells were far more responsive
      to phenol red and also to E2 than female pituitary cells. The antiestrogen
      tamoxifen (100 nM) significantly inhibited the phenol red-stimulated prolactin
      release by male rat pituitary cells but caused a 2-fold increase of prolactin
      release in the absence of phenol red. 30 microM phenol red did not modulate the
      responsiveness of female and male rat lactotrophs to dopamine, TRH or SRIF. We
      propose from our results that the estrogenic effect of 30 microM phenol red is
      too weak in order to alter the responsiveness of rat lactotrophs to dopamine, TRH
      and SRIF but the presence of phenol red in culture media should be considered
      when the effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on rat prolactin release and
      synthesis in vitro are studied.

PMID- 2890542
TI  - Effects of a preparation containing a standardized ginseng extract combined with
      trace elements and multivitamins against hepatotoxin-induced chronic liver
      disease in the elderly.
AB  - A preparation containing a standardized ginseng extract which has been shown to
      exert anti-hepatotoxic activity in vitro, combined with trace elements and multi
      vitamins was compared to placebo in 24 elderly out-patients with toxin-induced
      (alcohol and drugs) chronic liver disease in order to evaluate its effect on
      liver function. Each patient was blindly treated either with the preparation
      containing ginseng extract or placebo for 12 weeks. The preparation containing
      ginseng extract significantly modified bromsulphthalein retention and blood zinc
      levels when compared to pre-treatment levels and to placebo. Serum bile acids,
      and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase before and after a fatty meal were
      significantly reduced after treatment with the test preparation and not with
      placebo. When the two treatment groups were compared, however, no significant
      difference in these parameters was observed. These results suggest that treatment
      with the preparation containing ginseng extract could improve the detoxifying
      activity of the liver in elderly patients with toxin-induced chronic liver
      disease.

PMID- 2890544
TI  - Extracellular matrix changes PC12 cell shape and processing of newly synthesized
      dopamine.
AB  - PC12 cells on extracellular matrix (ECM) or plastic were incubated with 3H
      tyrosine (3H-TY) in the presence and absence of serum or cold tyrosine. 3H
      Dopamine (3H-DA) was determined in medium and cells from 1 to 48 h later with
      Dowex cation exchange chromatography. In serum-free and tyrosine-free medium,
      PC12 cells on ECM released significantly more 3H-DA, whereas cells on plastic had
      a significantly higher cellular content of 3H-DA, but total 3H-DA (medium plus
      cells) was equal in ECM and plastic cultures. When 3H-TY was added to tyrosine
      containing medium, there was a significant decrease in the levels of 3H-DA
      detected and the differences between ECM and plastic cultures were attenuated,
      but the patterns of secretion and storage were similar to those observed with
      tyrosine-free medium and total synthesis did not decline at 48 h. Serum decreased
      the efficiency of the resin to retain 3H-DA from culture medium, attenuated the
      difference in dopamine release between ECM and plastic cultures, and contributed
      to variations in 3H-TY uptake. The morphometric relationship between the cell
      membrane and the internal compartment in PC12 cells of different shapes was also
      characterized. The perimeter length and area of the midsection of cells were
      determined with a modular system for quantitative digital analysis. The perimeter
      length of cells on ECM was significantly greater than cells on plastic, whereas
      the internal areas were similar. The ratio of perimeter length to area (P/A) for
      all cells on ECM was 30% higher than the P/A ratio for cells on plastic. The
      ratio of P/A for a subpopulation of very flat cells on ECM was 70% higher than
      the ratio for round cells on plastic. Immunocytochemistry for tyrosine
      hydroxylase revealed a more diffuse distribution of this enzyme in cells on ECM.
      These data suggest that there is an increase in the ratio of cell surface area to
      cell volume as PC12 cells spread on ECM which could facilitate secretory vesicle
      fusion with the cell membrane, and hence, exocytosis. Although there is a
      concomitant increase in the secretion of dopamine and a decrease in the storage
      of dopamine, the change in cell shape does not appear to immediately alter the
      synthesis of dopamine.

PMID- 2890545
TI  - Cell cycles and in vitro transdifferentiation and regeneration of isolated,
      striated muscle of jellyfish.
AB  - Isolated, mononucleated, cross-striated muscle cells of a medusa can
      transdifferentiate in vitro to various new cell types and even form a complex
      regenerate. The transdifferentiation events follow a strict pattern. The first
      new cell type resembles smooth muscle and is formed without a preceding DNA
      replication. This cell type behaves like a stem cell and by quantal cell cycles
      produces all other new cell types. Some preparations develop an inner and an
      outer layer separated by a basal lamella. Formation of these layers does not
      depend on DNA replication. When layers do not form, each division results in
      nerve cells and smooth muscle cells. If separation into layers occurs, then a
      regenerate will be formed, and in the course of only two cell cycles all
      necessary cell types to form a functional regenerate will differentiate.

PMID- 2890546
TI  - Reduction of gastric acidity with ranitidine or famotidine: early evening dosage
      is more effective than late evening dosage.
AB  - The antisecretory effect of a once daily dose of ranitidine and famotidine was
      examined after administration of the drugs either immediately after dinner or 3 h
      after dinner. A placebo-controlled multiple cross-over study was performed in 7
      healthy ambulatory volunteers. They were given, on 6 separate days at least 1
      week apart, either placebo, ranitidine 300 mg or famotidine 40 mg, either
      immediately after dinner or 3 h later. Breakfast, lunch and dinner were
      standardized. 24-Hour intragastric acidity was measured with a combined glass
      electrode. Duration of secretory inhibition by a drug was defined as the
      nighttime period between the first rise of pH above and the final fall below 3.5.
      This value represents the 95% upper confidence limit of nighttime pH values
      during placebo treatment. Secretory inhibition with early and late administration
      of ranitidine lasted for 10.7 and 7.3 h, respectively (p = 0.012). With
      famotidine it lasted for 10.1 and 7.1 h, respectively (p = 0.005). Gastric
      acidity after dinner was decreased by early but not late intake of ranitidine and
      famotidine. Thus, both ranitidine and famotidine were more effective when taken
      early, immediately after dinner, than when taken late in the evening. This
      observation might affect the mode of ulcer treatment with these drugs.

PMID- 2890547
TI  - The effects of hyperglycaemia on isotopic measurement of glucose utilisation
      using [2(3)H], [3(3)H] and [6(14)C] glucose in patients with type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - To determine whether hyperglycaemia alters the accuracy with which [2(3)H] and
      [3(3)H]glucose reflect glucose turnover measured with [6(14)C]glucose in patients
      with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, glucose utilisation rates were
      measured during a simultaneous infusion of [2(3)H], [3(3)H] and [6(14)C]glucose
      after maintenance of normoglycaemia overnight and when glucose concentrations
      were clamped at 5.3, 7.5 and 9.7 mmol/l while insulin and glucagon concentrations
      were held constant. Glucose utilisation rates determined with all three isotopes
      were comparable in the diabetic patients at all glucose concentrations studied.
      On the other hand, glucose utilisation rates in nondiabetic subjects determined
      with [6(14)C]glucose were greater (p less than 0.01) than those determined with
      [3(3)H]glucose and lower (p less than 0.04) than those determined with
      [2(3)H]glucose during the 5.3, 7.5 and 9.7 mmol/l clamps. Nevertheless, glucose
      utilisation rates in the diabetic patients were lower (p less than 0.05) than
      those in the nondiabetic subjects for each glucose isotope. We conclude that
      hyperglycaemia does not alter the pattern of metabolism of [2(3)H] or
      [3(3)H]glucose in patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2890548
TI  - [Effect of sub-bacteriostatic doses of aztreonam on the adhesion of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa].
AB  - The effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of Aztreonam towards the adhesiveness
      of an uropathogenic strain of P. aeruginosa was tested. The filamentous forms,
      morphologically altered by the action of the antibiotic, were not capable of
      adhering to human uroepithelial cells. This phenomenon was due to an alteration
      of bacterial structures responsible for the adhesion and was not related to a
      steric hindrance caused by the antibiotic on either the bacterial structures or
      the cell receptors.

PMID- 2890549
TI  - Glutamate and related acidic excitatory neurotransmitters: from basic science to
      clinical application.
AB  - There is convincing evidence that acidic amino acids, in particular L-glutamate,
      or substances containing them serve as the major excitatory neurotransmitters in
      the brain. At least three distinct receptors mediate the excitatory effects of
      this class of neurotransmitters. Pharmacological studies with agonists and
      antagonists of these receptors suggest that they may mediate the
      neurodegenerative consequences of Huntington's disease, status epilepticus, and
      hypoxemia, and that glutamate receptor antagonists have clinical potential as
      anticonvulsants, analgesics, and neuroprotective agents.

PMID- 2890550
TI  - Olsalazine sodium in the treatment of ulcerative colitis among patients
      intolerant of sulfasalazine. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled,
      double-blind, dose-ranging clinical trial.
AB  - Sixty-six outpatients with active ulcerative colitis who were intolerant of
      sulfasalazine were treated in a double-blind randomized trial. They received
      placebo or olsalazine sodium in daily doses of 0.75, 1.5, or 3 g. Overall, 35% of
      patients receiving olsalazine improved clinically, compared to 16% of patients
      receiving placebo. When the colitis activity at study entry was compared with
      that observed at the completion of the study period, statistically significant or
      nearly significant improvement was demonstrated within the combined olsalazine
      group (p = 0.01) and within patient groups receiving olsalazine at daily doses of
      1.5 g (p = 0.04) and 3 g (p = 0.055). A dose-response relationship was suggested
      because 16%, 29%, 27%, and 50% of patients improved in the placebo and 0.75-, 1.5
      , and 3-g olsalazine groups, respectively, (p = 0.04). A similar pattern of
      improvement was seen when sigmoidoscopic criteria were used, although a dose
      response relationship was not demonstrated. There were no differences between the
      treatment and placebo groups for any of the adverse effects or laboratory
      variables reported at baseline or during the trial period. Four patients were
      withdrawn because of adverse reactions: 2 developed a skin rash while receiving
      olsalazine and 2 had diarrhea, one while on olsalazine and the other while on
      placebo. The data suggest that olsalazine is effective for the treatment of
      ulcerative colitis and is well tolerated among patients intolerant to
      sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2890551
TI  - Neurohormonal regulation of gastrointestinal immunity.

PMID- 2890553
TI  - A trans-acting suppressor restores splicing of a yeast intron with a branch point
      mutation.
AB  - Splicing of introns from Saccharomyces cerevisiae pre-mRNA requires the conserved
      sequence TACTAAC; the 3'-most A residue is utilized as the site of branch
      formation. We showed previously that the transcript from an actin-HIS4 gene
      fusion containing the mutation TACTAAC to TACTACC (designated C259) is spliced
      inefficiently, thereby preventing growth on the histidine precursor histidinol.
      By selecting for growth on histidinol, we have identified a mutant in which the
      splicing of the C259 transcript is increased fourfold; splicing of other mutated
      introns is not significantly improved. The mutant locus encodes a trans-acting
      suppressor. A single mutation, rna16-1, is sufficient for suppression; however,
      suppression is maximized in heterozygous diploids containing both rna16-1 and the
      wild-type allele RNA16. In addition, wild-type pre-mRNAs (and lariat
      intermediates) accumulate in rna16-1 cells. We propose that the RNA16 locus
      encodes a component of the splicing machinery.

PMID- 2890552
TI  - Sequences in the pea rbcS-3A gene have homology to constitutive mammalian
      enhancers but function as negative regulatory elements.
AB  - The pea rbcS-3A gene, which codes for a key component of the photosynthetic
      machinery, requires light for its expression. Analysis of chimeric constructs in
      transgenic tobacco plants has shown that a 280-bp fragment from the 5' noncoding
      region can act as a light-inducible transcriptional enhancer. Further
      characterization of this enhancer identifies a 58-bp sequence containing two
      regulatory elements that can decrease transcription in the dark. One has a high
      degree of homology to the SV40 core enhancer, the other to the adenovirus 5 E1A
      enhancer and the constitutive part of the human interferon-beta gene enhancer.
      Deletion of the 58-bp sequence uncovers additional light-responsive elements
      (LREs) located further upstream and downstream.

PMID- 2890554
TI  - Expression of a homeo domain protein in noncontact-inhibited cultured cells and
      postmitotic neurons.
AB  - The murine Hox 1.3 gene is one of six homeo box genes clustered on chromosome 6.
      Our analysis of Hox 1.3 cDNA and genomic clones indicates that the gene is
      organized into two exons and encodes a 270-amino-acid homeo domain protein. The
      predicted protein is rich in serine, glycine, and proline residues, and its homeo
      domain is identical to the Hox 2.1 domain. During embryogenesis, the gene is
      maximally expressed at midgestation but is also expressed to a lesser extent in
      many adult tissues possessing different cell lineages. Hox 1.3 transcripts are
      also present in cultured fibroblasts. The Hox 1.3 protein accumulates in the
      nuclei of nonconfluent cultured fibroblasts but is greatly diminished in contact
      inhibited nongrowing cells. Thus, the expression of the Hox 1.3 gene correlates
      with growth in embryos and cultured cells. Paradoxically, it is also expressed in
      certain subsets of postmitotic, fully differentiated neurons, most notably the
      Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, the pyramidal and dentate neurons of the
      hippocampus, and the motor neurons of the spinal cord. This complex pattern of
      expression suggests that Hox 1.3 may provide a function required by many cell
      types in addition to any role it may have in morphogenesis.

PMID- 2890555
TI  - Use of repetitive sequences to identify DNA polymorphisms linked to regA, a
      developmentally important locus in Volvox.
AB  - The regA locus plays a centrally important role in Volvox development by
      preventing somatic cells from redifferentiating as germ cells; until now,
      approaches to cloning regA, as a preliminary to molecular analysis of its
      function, have been lacking. Here a novel approach is described that uses
      repetitive-sequence probes to rapidly identify restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) linked to regA. Genomic DNA was cut with restriction
      enzymes having 4-base recognition sequences and then electrophoresed long enough
      to run most fragments off the gel; the remaining long (1- to 20-kb) fragments
      were resolved into numerous, reproducibly identifiable bands. On Southern blots
      of such preparations, six repetitive-sequence probes were used to identify 1232
      bands, 24% of which were polymorphic between two closely related strains. Ninety
      four RFLPs, for which inheritance patterns have been analyzed, fall into 36
      "segregation groups," within which no recombination was observed in the limited
      progeny sample analyzed. Eight RFLPs cosegregated perfectly with alleles at the
      mating-type (mt) locus. More significantly, four RFLPs exhibited linkage to the
      regA locus, providing a potential starting place for a chromosome walk designed
      to clone the locus.

PMID- 2890556
TI  - Geriatric hypertension: antihypertensive therapy in coronary artery disease.
AB  - Systemic hypertension is a common clinical problem in the elderly. There is
      emerging evidence to suggest that with careful utilization of antihypertensive
      drugs, blood pressure can be lowered in the elderly population. Whether isolated
      systolic hypertension should be treated aggressively remains an unanswered
      question despite the evidence that systolic hypertension can cause certain
      cardiovascular complications. An elderly patient with hypertension and
      concomitant coronary artery disease merits proper blood pressure control with
      appropriate drugs to prevent progression of coronary disease. The therapeutic
      objective is not only to lower the blood pressure but to accomplish this goal
      with drugs which are likely to have a favorable effect on coronary artery
      disease. Changing trends in the drug therapy of hypertension indicate that
      calcium antagonists and beta-blocking drugs offer a therapeutic advantage in
      elderly hypertensive patients with coronary artery diseases.

PMID- 2890557
TI  - Somatostatin in the elderly: diurnal plasma profile and secretory response to
      meal stimulation.
AB  - Plasma somatostatin levels were determined during a 24-hour period and after a
      meal test in 7 and 5 elderly subjects (76-90 years), respectively. The data
      obtained were compared with those recorded in young adult subjects (22-30 years).
      Increased basal somatostatin values were found in elderly subjects (20.0 +/- 1.5
      pg/ml) when compared to young adults (14.1 +/- 0.6 pg/ml; p less than 0.01).
      Also, the mean 24-hour somatostatin levels were higher in the elderly (21.3 +/-
      0.8 pg/ml) than in young adults (16.7 +/- 0.5 pg/ml; p less than 0.01), and minor
      diurnal variations were found in the former group. The response to the meal test
      was less evident in the elderly than in the control group. The data obtained
      indicate an increased basal somatostatin production associated with a diminished
      variability throughout the 24-hour period and in relation to meals.

PMID- 2890558
TI  - Alterations of humoral, cell mediated and antibody dependent cell mediated
      cytotoxic responses during the course of amoebic infection in guinea pigs.
AB  - The cellular and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) responses of
      splenic lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages obtained from animals at variable
      intervals after inoculation were studied against trophozoites of axenic E
      histolytica (NIH:200). Cytotoxic responses of effector cells from infected
      animals were compared with those of effector cells from vaccine stimulated and
      unstimulated uninfected control animals. Cellular and antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxic responses of the effector cells from animals during the establishment
      and acute phase of infection were significantly suppressed, compared with
      unstimulated uninfected and vaccinated (FI amoebic proteins stimulated) effector
      cells. The effector cells from animals recovered from infection showed enhanced
      cytotoxic responses against trophozoites of E histolytica. The suppressed
      cytotoxic response was accompanied by impairment of cytotoxic cell activities and
      lack, or very low level of anti-FI antibodies in the sera of animals during the
      establishment phase of infection. With the rise in anti-FI antibodies in the sera
      of animals ADCC could be induced effectively against trophozoites of E
      histolytica, which seem to result in clearance of amoebic infection.

PMID- 2890559
TI  - Organ culture of rabbit ileum as a model for the investigation of the mechanism
      of intestinal damage by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Organ culture of rabbit ileum has been established as a model for the
      investigation of the mechanism of intestinal damage by enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli (EPEC). Loops of rabbit ileum were filled in vivo with saline,
      non-enteropathogenic P-fimbriate E coli (PFEC), or EPEC. After 45 minutes the
      loops were washed, then mucosal biopsies were taken and cultured for up to 48
      hours. The earliest changes discernable by electron microscopy were observed at
      18 hours postinfection, at which time EPEC were closely adherent to the surface
      of enterocytes at the base of microvilli, some of which were elongated. By 24
      hours postinfection there were large areas of brush border effacement with
      pedestal formation around the EPEC. No such damage was seen in biopsies from the
      control loops (saline, PFEC), and intracellular ultrastructure was extremely well
      preserved in all preparations for up to 48 hours. While there were no differences
      at eight hours, biochemical analyses at 24 hours postinfection showed a marked
      increase in the release of brush border enzymes into the culture medium from EPEC
      infected explants compared to explants from the control loops. These findings
      provide morphological and biochemical evidence for damage to the microvillus
      membrane by EPEC, and validate organ culture of rabbit ileum as a model for the
      investigation of EPEC-pathogenicity.

PMID- 2890560
TI  - A mixed endocrine adrenal tumour causing steatorrhoea.
AB  - A 60 year old man developed steatorrhoea, weight loss, mild diabetes mellitus,
      labile hypertension and limb cramps. Raised plasma concentrations of
      catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline and a computed tomography-scan showing
      an adrenal tumour strongly suggested a pheochromocytoma. Adrenoreceptor blockade
      reversed the symptoms, decreased faecal fat, and increased duodenal trypsin to
      normal concentrations. After adrenalectomy the patient was asymptomatic and there
      was no steatorrhoea. The blood glucose concentrations became normal.
      Immunocytochemistry revealed the tumour cells to store large amounts of
      enkephalin and somatostatin reactive material and moderate amounts of
      immunoreactive beta-endorphin and dynorphin.

PMID- 2890561
TI  - Acid suppression in duodenal ulcer: a meta-analysis to define optimal dosing with
      antisecretory drugs.
AB  - FVMany different dosage schedules of antisecretory drugs for the treatment of
      duodenal ulcer are recommended. The relationship between degree of acid
      suppression and therapeutic efficacy has not been precisely defined for these
      drugs. We have examined the association between suppression of intragastric
      acidity and duodenal ulcer healing rates for a number of therapeutic regimens.
      For the H2 receptor antagonists alone, the most significant correlation with
      healing rates was with suppression of intragastric acidity at night (r = 0.926; p
      = 0.0001). When other classes of drug: high dose antacid, omeprazole and a
      synthetic prostaglandin (enprostil) were included in the analysis, the closest
      correlation was with suppression of total 24 hour intragastric acidity (r =
      0.911; p less than F0.0001). Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to
      investigate the relative contributions to healing of suppression of acidity
      during the day and night. Suppression of nocturnal acidity was found to be the
      single most important factor in explaining healing rates. No further benefit was
      obtained with daytime suppression for H2 receptor antagonists; suppression of
      acidity at night accounted for 86.1% of the observed variation in healing rates
      among different regimens of H2 receptor antagonists. When all classes of drugs
      were analysed, inclusion of daytime suppression produced a significant
      improvement in correlation over nocturnal suppression alone. Drug regimens
      providing potent suppression of nocturnal acidity produce the highest healing
      rates in controlled clinical trials. The healing rate for any dose regimen of an
      antisecretory drug can be predicted from a knowledge of its effect on
      intragastric acidity. For the H2 receptor antagonists, suppression of nocturnal
      acidity is the most relevant in this context. Moderate suppression of acidity
      achieves ulcer healing rates at four to eight weeks which are comparable with
      those seen with potent suppression at two to four weeks. Increasing degrees of
      suppression merely accelerate healing.

PMID- 2890562
TI  - [Effects of antiallergic agents on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The inhibition
      of arachidonic acid release and superoxide production].
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the effects of antiallergic agents on the
      functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in terms of its arachidonic acid
      release and superoxide-anion generation. The stimulations of arachidonic acid
      release by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) were effectively
      diminished by 20 microM of azelastine as well as clemastine. Challenges of 20
      microM and 50 microM of these agents inhibited approximately 50% and 100% of the
      arachidonic acid release, respectively. On the contrary, inhibitions of over 50%
      were not caused by cromoglycate, chlorpheniramine and diphenhydramine at
      concentrations up to 50 microM. The potency of the above examined drugs on the
      superoxide generations from PMNs were similar to the effects of arachidonic acid
      release. Ketotifen, however, showed intermediate effects indicating that a
      challenge of 50 microM ketotifen inhibited approximately 50% of the arachidonic
      acid release without having an effect on the superoxide generation. These
      experimental observations suggested that one of the important roles of the
      antiallergic agents including azelastine (known as a chemical mediator release
      inhibitor) and clemastine (known as a histamine H1 receptor antagonist) could be
      an inhibition of the first step of the arachidonic acid cascade.

PMID- 2890564
TI  - Proceedings of the third annual summer meeting of the American Orthopaedic Foot
      and Ankle Society. July 17-19, 1987, Sante Fe, New Mexico. Abstracts.

PMID- 2890563
TI  - Effects of toxic doses of a novel histamine (H2) antagonist on the rat thyroid
      gland.
AB  - The oral administration of high doses of a histamine H2 antagonist SK&F 93479 (up
      to 1000 mg/kg/day) to male rats for up to 21 days resulted in alterations in
      thyroid morphology indicative of increased activity of the thyroid gland.
      Measurement of thyroidal 125I incorporation substantiated these findings.
      Treatment with SK&F 93479 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in thyroidal
      iodide incorporation. This was apparent after a single dose of the compound and
      was reversible after dosing for 7 days. The increased incorporation of 125I into
      the thyroid gland was apparently dependent on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
      since both hypophysectomy and pretreatment with thyroxine (T4) markedly reduced
      thyroidal 125I uptake. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and
      pituitary TSH concentrations were not altered by SK&F 93479 treatment, and in TRH
      challenge experiments circulating TSH concentrations showed no change from
      control levels. These data suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary sensitivity was
      unaltered by treatment with SK&F 93479. Pharmacological ablation of thyroidal
      mast-cell function did not alter the thyroid response to 125I accumulation after
      SK&F 93479 dosing, indicating that the action of the compound is probably not
      dependent on changes in thyroid mast-cell histamine. Circulating T4 and TSH
      levels were altered in SK&F 93479-treated rats. Generally, T4 levels were reduced
      6 hr after dosing and TSH levels were elevated 24 hr after dosing.
      Triiodothyronine (T3) levels were unaffected by SK&F 93479 treatment. The effect
      of SK&F 93479 treatment on T4 clearance was measured by examining the elimination
      of radioactivity from the circulation of rats previously injected with 125I
      labelled T4. One oral dose of 1000 mg SK&F 93479/kg markedly increased T4
      clearance. These results suggest that SK&F 93479 affects thyroid activity
      indirectly by a primary effect on T4 clearance. Reductions in circulating T4 lead
      to increased TSH levels and subsequent stimulation of thyroid activity.

PMID- 2890565
TI  - Inpatient treatment of complicated agoraphobia and panic disorder.
AB  - Despite recent advances in the treatment of agoraphobia and panic disorder, some
      patients do not respond to standard outpatient regimens of biological and
      psychosocial intervention and may require more intensive, closely supervised
      care. The authors describe a specialized inpatient program that integrates
      pharmacotherapy, intensive levels of exposure and other behavioral therapies, a
      structured and strategically reinforcing environment, panic and anxiety
      management strategies, and other interventions designed specifically for patients
      with complicated panic-based disorders. Outcome data for 25 patients indicate
      that after a mean stay of 35 days, 19 patients were significantly improved. These
      preliminary results suggest that appropriately designed inpatient programs offer
      an effective treatment option for some patients with refractory conditions of
      agoraphobia or panic disorder.

PMID- 2890566
TI  - Segmental Takayasu (giant cell) aortitis with rupture and limited dissection.
AB  - Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the aorta and its main
      branches, with variable extents of involvement. Rarely is it sharply localized in
      an isolated segment of the aorta, and it seldom occurs in an elderly person.
      Clinically, Takayasu arteritis produces symptoms of vascular insufficiency,
      predominantly because of the occlusive disease and less commonly because of
      aneurysmal disease of the affected arteries. An unusual case of segmental
      Takayasu arteritis confined to the infrarenal abdominal aorta in an elderly woman
      is described, in which rupture and fatal hemoperitoneum were the initial
      manifestations of the disease.

PMID- 2890567
TI  - Leydig cells within the aspermatogenic seminiferous tubules.
AB  - Cells identical to Leydig cells were found within a peritubular boundary layer
      and even inside a basal lamina of seminiferous tubules in three male patients
      (two with inguinal cryptorchism and one with infertility). The seminiferous
      tubules of all patients showed a moderate to marked thickening of the boundary
      layer and a complete loss of spermatogenic cells. The "ectopic Leydig cells" were
      characterized by the presence of Reinke crystals or an extensively developed
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum. These cells were believed to have differentiated in
      situ from myoid cells within the boundary layer and also to have invaded from the
      interstitial tissue in the form of mature Leydig cells. The occurrence of ectopic
      Leydig cells appeared to parallel the extent of loss of the Sertoli cells and
      also that of the thickening of the boundary layer. The functional significance of
      the ectopic occurrence might be implicated in the impaired spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2890569
TI  - Linkage relationships of X-linked choroideremia to DXYS1 and DXS3.
AB  - Choroideremia is a distinct blinding condition with an X-linked pattern of
      inheritance. We have analyzed two RFLPs, DXS3 and DXYS1, for linkage with the
      choroideremia locus (TCD) within three kindreds. A maximum LOD score of 3.98 was
      obtained at theta = 0.14 for TCD:DXS3. The summed maximum LOD score from this
      study and from previously published TCD:DXYS1 data is 5.23 at theta = 0.05.
      Contrary to previous reports, the present data demonstrate that these two RFLPs
      are not tightly linked to the choroideremia gene locus.

PMID- 2890568
TI  - The Kidd (JK) blood group locus assigned to chromosome 18 by close linkage to a
      DNA-RFLP.
AB  - The close linkage between the PstI-restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) disclosed by the L2.7 genomic DNA probe and the Kidd blood group locus is
      described. The maximum lod score is +8.53 at recombination fraction theta = 0.03.
      The upper probability limit of the recombination fraction is theta 1 = 0.11. The
      L2.7 probe, previously assigned provisionally to chromosome 17, is by the present
      study assigned to chromosome 18. This also assigns the Kidd blood group locus
      (JK) to chromosome 18. Accepting previous deletion mapping, the shortest regions
      of overlap (SRO) for JK is 18q11-12, whereas one of our hybrids assigns L2.7 to
      18p11-pter, suggesting centromeric localisation of the linkage group. JK has been
      assigned previously to chromosome 2 because of its provisional linkage to IGK
      which in turn has been mapped to 2p12. Our own JK-IGK linkage data do in fact
      support the previous positive lod scores at high recombination fractions (total
      lods +4.12 at theta1 = 0.30). No obvious explanation for the conflicting gene
      mapping data is found.

PMID- 2890570
TI  - Anderson Fabry disease, a close linkage with highly polymorphic DNA markers
      DXS17, DXS87 and DXS88.
AB  - Anderson Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by alpha
      galactosidase A deficiency. Hemizygous males and some heterozygous females
      develop renal failure and cardiovascular complications in early adult life. We
      have investigated six large UK families to assess the possible linkage of five
      polymorphic DNA probes to the Anderson Fabry locus, previously localised to Xq21
      24. No recombination was found between Anderson Fabry disease and DXS87, DXS88
      and DXS17, which gave lodmax = 6.4, 6.4 and 5.8 respectively at theta = 0.10,
      (upper confidence limit 0.10). DXS3 gave lodmax 2.9 at theta = 0.10 (upper
      confidence limit 0.25). DXYS1 was excluded from linkage. The best fit map
      (DXYS1/DXS3) theta = 0.192 (DXS17/DXS87/DXS88/Anderson Fabry locus) provided no
      information about the order of loci in parentheses due to the absence of
      recombinants. The close linkage of DXS17, DXS87 and DXS88, together with alpha
      galactosidase A estimation, can be used for antenatal diagnosis and carrier
      detection until the application of a gene specific probe has been evaluated.

PMID- 2890571
TI  - Familial deletion in Becker type muscular dystrophy within the pXJ region.
AB  - A family of an isolated patient with Becker muscular dystrophy has been
      investigated by DNA analysis. Southern blotting and hybridization were performed
      with six probes (C7, pERT87.15, pERT87.1, pXJ1.1, pXJ2.3, 754) mapping in the
      Xp21 region. A deletion within the pXJ region was demonstrated in the proband,
      his mother and all three sisters. The segregation pattern for the restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) observed with the pXJ probes as well as
      with pERT87.15, pERT87.1 and 754 probes indicates that the deletion is of
      grandpaternal origin.

PMID- 2890572
TI  - Four DNA polymorphisms on the short arm of the X chromosome: allele frequencies
      in a German and in a Turkish population.
AB  - Four restriction fragment length polymorphisms, revealed by cloned arbitrary X
      chromosome segments (L1.28, RC8, pD2, 754) were studied in samples (50
      individuals each) of a German and a Turkish population. All previously reported
      alleles of these polymorphisms were found in both populations, except the
      infrequent RC8 allele B3 (3.0 kb fragment), which was absent in both groups. The
      observed minor alleles were found to be rarer in the German series than in the
      Turkish group, but there was no conclusive evidence of essentially different
      allele frequencies in either population. However, the frequencies of the RC8
      allele B2 (5.3 kb fragment) were differing at the 5% significance level. The
      allele frequencies of the four polymorphisms are presented and compared with
      those reported from other European regions.

PMID- 2890574
TI  - Cooperation between T and B cells. A minimal model.

PMID- 2890573
TI  - A role for IFN-gamma and NK cells in immune responses to T cell-regulated
      antigens types 1 and 2.
AB  - Responses to antigens that have been previously recognized as T cell-independent
      are now known to be dependent on some form of T-cell (or T cell-derived) help.
      This T-cell dependency, however, can be most easily noted when responses to small
      resting B cells are examined, since responses of larger, size-separated B cells
      to TNP-Ficoll require little if any T-cell help. The type of ancillary "help"
      that is required for the responses to type 1 and type 2 antigens exhibits certain
      similarities as well as differences. Thus, responses to both of these antigens
      can be stimulated in the presence of L3T4- or L3T4+ cells as well as in the
      presence of IL2. However, while the presence of IFN-gamma may be significantly
      inhibitory for the responses to the type 2 antigen TNP-Ficoll, they do not appear
      to influence the response to the type 1 antigen TNP-BA. Furthermore, while
      vigorous elimination of NK cell activity from purified B-cell populations
      enhances the response to TNP-Ficoll, it has no discernible effect on the response
      to TNP-BA. These results suggest that determination of type 1 and type 2 antigens
      may be made not only based on the characteristics of the carrier molecule but
      also on the nature of ancillary help that needs to be provided for these antigens
      to stimulate optimal responses. Type 1 antigens have polyclonal B-cell activating
      properties and stimulate responses which are not influenced by IFN-gamma, type 2
      antigens have no polyclonal B-cell activating properties and stimulate responses
      which can be influenced by IFN-gamma.

PMID- 2890575
TI  - Molecular genotyping of the HLA-DQ alpha gene region.
AB  - Restriction fragment analysis has been applied to genomic DNA extracted from
      human tumor cell lines. Polymorphic restriction fragments encompassing the HLA-DQ
      alpha gene were observed upon digestion with Bgl II, Eco RI, and Hind III.
      Analysis of these polymorphic fragments (or allogenotopes) showed that for each
      restriction enzyme a series of three differently sized allogenotopes existed.
      Clusters of cosegregating allogenotopes belonging to the different allelic series
      defined three different allogenotypes. Each allogenotype exhibited a distinctive
      restriction map generated by digestion with five restriction enzymes. Comparison
      of these restriction maps showed that generation of the polymorphisms observed at
      the HLA-DQ alpha region in these sets of cell lines is not caused by a single
      event. In some B- and T-lymphoma cell lines a fourth allogenotype was found. The
      restriction site map of genomic DNA from these cell lines suggested that the
      latter distribution of restriction enzyme sites was most probably generated by
      recombination between two of the previously observed allogenotypes at a crossover
      site(s) adjacent to the HLA-DQ alpha gene.

PMID- 2890576
TI  - Association of membranous nephropathy with T-cell receptor constant beta chain
      and immunoglobulin heavy chain switch region polymorphisms.
AB  - We have investigated T-cell antigen receptor constant beta chain genes (Tcr C
      beta) and immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain switch region genes of HLA-DR-typed
      patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) employing DNA restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. When a Tcr C beta probe in conjunction with
      the restriction endonuclease Bgl II was used, a significant increase in the
      frequency of a 10.0; 9.2 kb heterozygous RFLP phenotype was found in MN (75.0%
      versus 42.1% in controls; P = 0.002). When Sst I-restricted DNA from MN patients
      was hybridized with a DNA probe homologous to the switch region flanking the Ig C
      mu heavy chain gene (S mu), there was a significant decrease in the frequency of
      the 2.1; 2.6 kb heterozygous RFLP phenotype in MN (24.0% versus 54.6% in
      controls; P = 0.004). These results suggest that Tcr beta and Ig heavy chain
      loci, as well as HLA antigens, may be important in the pathogenesis of MN.

PMID- 2890577
TI  - T-cell receptor VT beta genes in natural populations of mice.
AB  - The composition of 15 VT beta gene subfamilies has been examined by Southern
      hybridization among a broad spectrum of colony bred rat and mouse species
      extending phylogenetically from Rattus to Mus musculus domesticus. Most mouse
      species contain a similar content of VT beta genes as determined by the number of
      hybridizing restriction fragment (RF) bands. Furthermore, the extent of
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) appears to be limited. Some VT
      beta gene families, however, are missing from Rattus (VT beta 7, VT beta 12) and
      M. shortridgei (VT beta 9, VT beta 16). Extension of the VT beta survey to a
      panel of 38 wild caught mice reveals that nearly a third lack specific
      hybridization to the VT beta 5 probe. Previous reports have established that the
      mouse inbred strains SJL, C57BR, C57L, and SWR lack 50% of their VT beta
      repertoire, including VT beta 5 (Behlke et al. 1985). This study demonstrates
      that natural populations of mice also carry a significantly reduced VT beta gene
      repertoire.

PMID- 2890578
TI  - HLA-DR, DQ, and DX alpha RFLPs and their associations with serologically defined
      HLA-DR and -DQ antigens.

PMID- 2890579
TI  - Lipidic nitrosating agents produced from atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and a
      nitrosamine produced in vivo from amyl nitrite.
AB  - In studies on nitrosating agent(s) formed in skin of mice exposed to nitrogen
      dioxide, we showed that: (i) N-nitrosomethylaniline was produced in skin of mice
      exposed to nitrogen dioxide and then painted with N-methylaniline; (ii) a
      nitrosating precursor in methyl linoleate is associated with peroxidation
      products; (iii) cholesterol is a major nitrosating precursor in mouse skin,
      probably because it produces the nitrosating agent, cholesteryl nitrite; (iv)
      cholesteryl nitrite enhances autoxidation of lipids in vivo and on mouse skin
      and, like sodium nitrite, catalyses the autoxidation of iodide; (v) N
      nitrosomethylaniline was produced in mice injected intraperitoneally with
      methylaniline and gavaged with amyl nitrite; and (vi) nitrosating agents may
      occur normally in human skin lipids.

PMID- 2890580
TI  - Molecular dosimetry of DNA alkylation during chronic exposure to carcinogens.
AB  - Incorporation of the molecular dosimetry of DNA adducts is being proposed as a
      means for placing quantitative risk assessment on a stronger scientific basis.
      While this is likely to be an improvement over straight mathematical
      extrapolation, we believe that a more holistic approach that incorporates even
      more biology is needed. Therefore, we have begun to quantify the dose-response
      relationships for N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by
      characterizing the major promutagenic DNA adduct, O4-ethyldeoxythymidine (O4
      etdT); hepatocyte proliferation; and hepatocyte initiation in rats continually
      exposed to drinking-water containing NDEA. The results show that O4-etdT
      accumulates to apparent steady-state concentrations that are proportional to dose
      at all but the highest exposures, at which less than linear amounts are found.
      This appears to be due to excessive cytotoxicity, since hepatocyte proliferation
      is markedly increased at high but not at low exposures. Hepatocyte initiation, as
      determined by the presence of gamma-glutamyl transferase-positive foci, appears
      to have limitations in sensitivity that preclude investigations at low exposures.
      These methods may provide valuable insight into mechanisms of
      hepatocarcinogenesis at moderate exposures. Collecting these data should help to
      identify endpoints that may be relevant for human risk assessment.

PMID- 2890581
TI  - Structure and physiological actions of rat atrial natriuretic factor.
AB  - Natriuretic substances were purified from rat atrium (atrial natriuretic factor,
      ANF) and were shown to be identical with the inhibitor of norepinephrine-induced
      contraction of smooth muscle. Four native forms were isolated and their amino
      acid sequences were determined. The presence of a high-molecular-weight
      prohormone was shown. Complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding for the precursor was
      cloned and used to deduce the amino acid sequence of the prohormone. Genomic DNA
      for ANF was cloned and two introns were found. Several ANF peptides were
      synthesized. Structure-function studies showed that the ring structure was
      essential for the activity. Antibodies produced against the synthetic 25-amino
      acid residue ANF were used to develop a radioimmunoassay. The presence of ANF in
      rat plasma demonstrated that ANF is a circulating hormone. ANF was also found in
      the hypothalamus of rats. The ANF in plasma was found to be a low-molecular form,
      whereas that in atria and hypothalamus consisted of both the high-molecular
      weight precursor and low-molecular-weight active ANF. The presence of messenger
      RNA for ANF was determined using ANF cDNA as a probe and was considered as
      evidence for ANF synthesis in the brain, atrium, and ventricles. ANF was shown to
      be released from the brain. ANF administered intracerebroventricularly was shown
      to inhibit angiotensin II and thirst-induced dipsogenesis. In vitro and in vivo
      experiments showed ANF inhibits release of vasopressin from posterior pituitary
      and renin from the kidneys. The hypotensive effect of ANF was examined at various
      doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890582
TI  - Isolation and function of a Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment.
AB  - A fragment was obtained by treating Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with 2
      nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid, a reagent which specifically cleaves the amino
      terminal peptide bond of cysteine residues. The fragment (molecular weight,
      15,000) was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fragment had
      no cytotoxic effect on Vero cells but competitively inhibited enterotoxin-induced
      51Cr release. Binding of 125I-labeled fragment to Vero cells was comparable to
      that of enterotoxin. Moreover, 125I-labeled fragment did not bind to FL cells,
      which lack receptor for enterotoxin. We conclude that the fragment contains the
      binding domain of enterotoxin. The amino acid composition of the fragment
      suggests that it is located on the carboxyl-terminal part of enterotoxin.

PMID- 2890583
TI  - Adherence of Salmonella typhimurium to small-intestinal enterocytes of the rat.
AB  - The adherence of radiolabeled Salmonella typhimurium to freshly isolated
      enterocytes of rats was studied. The results established that type 1 fimbriated
      strains adhered in significantly higher numbers than did related nonfimbriated
      strains. Adherence was inhibited by D-mannose and methyl alpha-D-mannoside.
      Results of kinetic studies indicated that adherence was biphasic; the number of
      bacteria that adhered per enterocyte remained constant for approximately 20 min
      and then increased rapidly under the assay conditions. The second phase was
      associated with structural damage to the enterocytes. The addition of
      chloramphenicol did not prevent the initial attachment of bacteria to enterocytes
      but did prevent the second phase. Viable and nonviable bacterial cells adhered to
      enterocytes, but only viable bacteria were destructive. Freshly isolated
      enterocytes (trypan blue impermeable) and enterocytes stored overnight (trypan
      blue permeable) were infected by viable S. typhimurium in a similar manner,
      suggesting that metabolic activity of the host cell was of less consequence than
      metabolic activity of the bacterial cells. A model for the role of mannose
      sensitive fimbriae as a virulence factor is proposed.

PMID- 2890584
TI  - In vivo emergence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli variants lacking genes for
      K99 fimbriae and heat-stable enterotoxin.
AB  - Neonatal pigs were inoculated with porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 431,
      which carries genes for K99 fimbriae and STaP enterotoxin. Colonies of strain 431
      were recovered from feces of pigs for up to 17 days after inoculation and tested
      for hybridization with gene probes for K99 and STaP. Variants of strain 431 that
      did not hybridize with the probes were considered to have lost the genes.
      Variants were recovered from 10 of 13 suckling pigs that survived the infection.
      Only 0.4% of the isolates recovered during the first 2 days after inoculation
      were variants. Of the isolates recovered 3 to 5 days after inoculation, 20 to 36%
      were variants. Variant colonies were detected more frequently among pigs in some
      litters than in others. The litter with the highest number of variant-shedding
      pigs had the dam with the highest titer of K99 antibody in her colostrum.
      Variants also occurred in colostrum-deprived, artificially reared pigs. However,
      the number of variants detected was lower and they occurred later in the course
      of the infection in colostrum-deprived pigs than in suckling pigs. More variants
      were detected and they were detected earlier in colostrum-deprived pigs fed anti
      K99 monoclonal antibody than in controls fed anti-K88 monoclonal antibody. Loss
      of STaP appeared to be secondary to loss of K99 in that some variants lacked only
      K99 (K99- STaP+) and some lacked both genes (K99- STaP-), but none was of the
      K99+ STaP- type. Our results confirmed reports of gene loss from enterotoxigenic
      E. coli during infection. They are consistent with the hypothesis that variants
      emerge under in vivo selection pressure of K99 antibody and with the speculation
      that gene loss may be an important component of protection in vaccinated
      populations. However, the emergence of variants did not appear to play a major
      role in the recovery of individual pigs from clinical disease.

PMID- 2890586
TI  - Molecular cloning of the Escherichia coli O75X adhesin.
AB  - The uropathogenic strain Escherichia coli IH11128 (O75:K5:H-) exhibits a mannose
      resistant O75X adhesin. The genes encoding the O75X adhesin were cloned from a
      clinical strain and transferred to E. coli K-12 derivatives. The recombinant
      plasmids were found to express a 15-kilodalton fimbrial subunit protein, a
      fimbrialike extracellular structure, and mannose-resistant hemagglutination. An
      indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to study attachment of the clone and
      purified adhesin to frozen sections of human kidney. The clone bound selectively
      to the interstitial areas and notably to Bowman's capsule. The purified adhesin
      bound to the basement membrane of the tubules and to Bowman's capsule.

PMID- 2890585
TI  - Polyclonal B-cell-activating factors produced by spleen cells of mice stimulated
      with a cell homogenate of Trypanosoma gambiense.
AB  - The effect of injection of a cell homogenate of Trypanosoma gambiense into mice
      on the production of soluble factors responsible for the induction of polyclonal
      B-cell activation (PBA) by their spleen cells was examined. PBA was induced by
      injection of the cell homogenate and was also detected in mice treated with
      either the serum or the spleen cells of mice treated with the cell homogenate.
      PBA-inducing activity became detectable in the serum and spleen cells as early as
      12 h after injection of the cell homogenate, reached a peak on day 2, and then
      decreased. This activity was also detected in the culture medium of spleen cells
      obtained 2 days after injection of the cell homogenate. For determination of the
      type of spleen cells producing the PBA-inducing factor, the day 2 spleen cells
      were fractionated on the basis of differences in their adhesive properties.
      Spleen cells in the effluents from a Sephadex G-10 column (T and B cells) and a
      nylon wool column (T cells) and those adhering to a plastic flask (macrophages)
      all produced the PBA-inducing factor. The production of PBA-inducing factor by
      whole spleen cells and by cells adherent to the plastic flask was not affected by
      treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement. These data suggest that
      soluble factors derived from macrophages and T cells could contribute to the
      induction of PBA. The PBA-inducing activity in the conditioned medium was
      completely inactivated by treatment at pH 2.0, heating at 56 degrees C for 30
      min, or exposure to 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The results are discussed in
      relation to cytokines that could affect B-cell activation.

PMID- 2890587
TI  - Phospholipase D activity of Vibrio damsela cytolysin and its interaction with
      sheep erythrocytes.
AB  - Exposure of sheep erythrocytes to sublytic amounts of Vibrio damsela cytolysin
      markedly reduced their membrane sphingomyelin content and their sensitivity to
      lysis by the sphingomyelin-dependent cytolysins staphylococcal sphingomyelinase C
      (beta-toxin) and helianthin. The toxin was found to be a phospholipase D active
      against sphingomyelin.

PMID- 2890588
TI  - Altered HLA antigens expressed on T and B lymphocytes of adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma patients and their relatives.
AB  - The HLA types of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 36 adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) patients were examined and compared with those of 45
      healthy relatives of these patients, and with those of 10 non-ATLL families
      including 80 healthy members. Thirty-one percent of ATLL patients showed either a
      gain or a loss of HLA antigens determined by the presence of alien HLA antigens
      or the absence of inherent HLA antigens deduced from familial haplotype analysis.
      The antigen specificity of HLA gained or lost was variable and differed from case
      to case among ATLL patients. Although the gain of HLA was detected only in ATLL
      patients, the loss of HLA was found both in ATLL patients and in asymptomatic
      healthy relatives. The rate of HLA loss in ATLL patients (8.4%) and their
      relatives (17.8%) was much higher than in relatives of non-ATLL patients (1.1%).
      The HLA gain and loss revealed in the PBL of ATLL patients were confirmed by
      altered HLA phenotypes in the cloned T and B cells established from ATLL
      patients. Our results suggest that latently infecting HTLV-I may induce altered
      HLA phenotypes in T and B cells, primarily with loss of HLA antigens in a
      population of asymptomatic virus carriers, and secondarily with a gain of HLA
      antigens after the development of ATLL.

PMID- 2890589
TI  - Haemodynamic dose-response actions of cicloprolol in left ventricular dysfunction
      due to ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - Cicloprolol is a cardioselective beta-1 partial agonist; its haemodynamic and
      radionuclide (nuclear stethoscope) effects were determined in 22 patients with
      impaired left ventricular function due to coronary artery disease. Following a 20
      min stable control period, the effects of four doses of cicloprolol (0.025,
      0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg at 10 min intervals) were measured at rest 5-10 min
      after each intravenous injection. The effects of the cumulative 0.2 mg/kg dosage
      were assessed during supine bicycle exercise and compared with a control exercise
      period. At rest there were significant increases in systolic arterial without
      change in mean blood pressure. The heart rate and cardiac index were unchanged.
      There was a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction with a
      reduction in filling pressure and volume. Patients with resting heart rate below
      75 beats/min and with ejection fraction greater than 35% showed the greatest
      improvement. During supine bicycle exercise, ejection fraction was increased
      compared to control (31 +/- 2 to 36 +/- 2; P less than 0.01), cardiac volume
      reduced and exercise tachycardia attenuated. These data suggest that cicloprolol
      may be of value where beta-blockade is considered in the presence of underlying
      left ventricular dysfunction due to ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 2890590
TI  - A comparison of psychotropic drug use between the general population and clients
      of health and social service agencies.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to study the epidemiology of psychotropic drug
      use among the general population and to draw comparisons to drug use among
      clients of medical, mental health, and social services in the same jurisdiction.
      Results showed considerably higher percentages of users for all drug categories
      among agency clientele. Age and sex differences in drug use replicated previous
      research in the general population but were noticeably absent among the clients
      of local services. Notably, the proportion of long-term daily users of minor
      tranquilizers in the agency population was about three times that of the general
      population. However, tranquilizer users in the two populations were similar in
      many respects. Results of the study are discussed in terms of the need for
      screening for persons with psychotropic drug problems in health and social
      services.

PMID- 2890591
TI  - Long-term antihypertensive therapy with beta-blockers: submaximal exercise
      capacity and metabolic effects during exercise.
AB  - The effects of long-term (6 months) antihypertensive treatment with three
      different types of beta-blockers (propranolol, nonselective without ISA;
      pindolol, nonselective with ISA; metoprolol, beta 1-selective without ISA) on
      submaximal exercise capacity and metabolic variables during submaximal endurance
      exercise were studied in seven subjects with essential hypertension. Exercise
      tests were performed on a bicycle ergometer at 70% of estimated VO2 max. Similar
      reductions of resting and exercise blood pressure and exercise heart rate were
      obtained with the three beta-blockers. Exercise time was significantly reduced by
      all three beta-blockers during chronic antihypertensive therapy. The reduction
      tended to be more pronounced after 5-6 months of treatment than after 1 week (P =
      0.06). During exercise, the plasma glycerol and nonesterified fatty acid
      concentrations were reduced. Plasma glucose concentration was reduced at the end
      of the exercise test during propranolol treatment only. Plasma lactate
      concentrations tended to be increased, but the difference was significant during
      pindolol treatment only. Oxygen uptake tended to decrease and respiratory
      exchange ratio to increase. Plasma potassium concentrations during exercise were
      significantly increased with all three beta-blockers. The effects on the
      metabolic variables during exercise were similar after 1 week and during long
      term (20/24 weeks) beta-blocker treatment. The study shows that submaximal
      endurance exercise capacity is impaired in patients with essential hypertension
      on beta-blocker therapy and that the impairment is maintained during long-term
      antihypertensive beta-blocker treatment.

PMID- 2890592
TI  - The pulsatile administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) for
      induction of ovulation.

PMID- 2890593
TI  - New approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of the luteinized unruptured follicle
      syndrome.
AB  - Ultrasound has been employed in diagnosing the luteinized unruptured follicle
      syndrome (LUF). Eighty-nine of 333 infertility patients were found to have LUF.
      The patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 was on no fertility
      medication. Twenty-five of 39 of this group released with HCG alone. Ten of the
      nonreleasers to HCG did release with HMG mixed with HCG. Group 2 patients had
      been treated with clomiphene and found to have LUF. Thirteen of 16 patients
      released with HCG and one of the failures released with HMG-HCG. Group 3 patients
      had been treated with HMG and had failed to release the ova despite HCG. Thirty
      one of 33 did release with HMG-HCG. Twenty-six of 89 patients achieved a
      pregnancy within six months of therapy and 20 of 36 patients with all fertility
      factors corrected achieved a pregnancy.

PMID- 2890594
TI  - Control of hyperprolactinemia with pergolide.
AB  - Ten patients with clinical, laboratory and radiographic evidence compatible with
      the diagnosis of prolactinoma were treated with two dopamine agonists. One group
      (N = 6) took bromocriptine and the other group (N = 4) used pergolide, a longer
      acting agent. Both medications were found to reduce prolactin levels
      significantly from baseline, but an oscillatory pattern with significant
      fluctuation was seen in the mean prolactin levels in the patients taking
      bromocriptine. Three patients did not achieve euprolactinemia on bromocriptine,
      2.5 mg qid, the maximum dose used in this study. All of the study group taking
      pergolide became euprolactinemic rapidly; no more than a single dose of 100
      micrograms/day was required. Tumor reduction was noted in two patients taking
      bromocriptine and two taking pergolide. The duration of side effects was shorter
      and compliance was improved on pergolide therapy.

PMID- 2890595
TI  - The contraceptive and hormonal requirements of the premenopausal woman: the years
      from forty to fifty.
AB  - There is a growing awareness that many women over 40 require both contraceptive
      protection and hormonal replacement for the symptoms of the climacteric. These
      women are still menstruating and the risk of pregnancy remains, overshadowed by
      the increased life-threatening risk due to childbirth in this age group. The risk
      of mortality due to the use of oral contraceptives is little increased for the
      nonsmoking woman in the over 40 years compared with the years under 40. In
      contrast, women over 40 who smoke are best advised not to use hormonal
      contraceptives. It is evident from all the existing data that combination therapy
      is strongly advised if any replacement therapy is to be given a woman. There is
      considerable evidence suggesting that estrogen alone may be insufficient therapy
      and progestogen should be added to prevent endometrial hyperplasia, decrease the
      risk of breast cancer and prevent bone loss. In the premenopausal woman, such
      therapy should also provide contraception. Many physicians allow women 35 to 45
      who do not smoke to continue on an oral contraceptive if there is no
      contraindication. However, a minimum-dose product has yet to be found close to
      the ideal of fulfilling both the contraceptive and therapeutic needs of women
      traversing a physiologically very hazardous period.

PMID- 2890596
TI  - Carcinoembryonic antigen activity in human seminal plasma.
AB  - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunoreactivity in the seminal plasma of 101 men
      was studied by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). It was found that (1) mean CEA (or CEA
      like activity) in seminal plasma is about 8.5 times higher than the upper CEA
      limit in normal serum; (2) there is no statistically significant difference
      between the antigen levels of normal controls and various groups of men with
      fertility problems, as well as between men with normal and those with abnormal
      spermiogram; (3) the prostate seems to be the main site of origin of CEA or CEA
      like activity in the seminal plasma.

PMID- 2890597
TI  - Comparison of corticosteroid therapy in the prevention of pelvic tissue reaction
      and adhesion formation.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of glucocorticoids
      administered in equivalent doses with respect to inflammatory response, fibrosis
      and adhesion formation. The animal model used was the Sprague-Dawley rat. The
      surgical technique involved incision and eversion of a portion of the proximal
      uterine horn. The glucocorticoids administered included methylprednisolone
      acetate (Medrol, The Upjohn Company), 6.25 mg/kg; hydrocortisone acetate
      (Hydrocortisone, Merck Sharp and Dohme), 25 mg/kg; betamethasone phosphate
      (Celestone Phosphate Injection, Schering Corp.), 1 mg/kg; and dexamethasone
      sodium phosphate (Hexadrol, Organon Pharmaceuticals), 1 mg/kg. These
      glucocorticoids were compared with a control solution of normal sodium chloride
      for injection (Abbott Laboratories), 0.5 mL/rat. Four weeks after the initial
      surgery, the uterine horns were histologically evaluated for inflammatory
      response, fibrosis and adhesion formation. Betamethasone phosphate produced a
      significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in fibrosis when compared with all other
      corticosteroid or control solutions. There was no statistically significant
      difference in the degree of inflammation or adhesion formation.

PMID- 2890598
TI  - Doppler sonography, contact scrotal thermography and venography: a comparative
      study in evaluation of subclinical varicocele.

PMID- 2890599
TI  - Morphological studies of human endometrium during continuous LH-RH agonist
      treatment.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic studies were performed on endometrial biopsies
      from seven healthy women after 2 to 17 months of daily intranasal luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist treatment for contraceptive purposes.
      Hormone analyses revealed inhibition of ovulation in all the women. Light
      microscopy showed an inactive or weak proliferative endometrial pattern, with no
      signs of hyperplasia. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial and stromal cells of the
      endometrium displayed signs of low metabolic activity. Since the results are
      contradictory to those earlier presented by others, further studies are necessary
      to exclude the potential risk of hyperestrogenic stimulation of the endometrium
      during continuous LH-RH agonist treatment.

PMID- 2890600
TI  - Changes in reproductive behavior and urinary pheromone induction in rats through
      beta-adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - Treating rats in proestro with beta-adrenergic stimulants (epinephrine and
      phenotherol bromhydrate) significantly increases the instances of fertile coitus.
      Concurrently, it induces the excretion through the urine of compounds with
      pheromonal action that affect males and females of the same strain, increasing
      their reproductive activity.

PMID- 2890601
TI  - Conformational features of dynorphin A-(1-13), Laser Raman spectroscopic studies.
AB  - Conformational features of dynorphin A-(1-13) were examined by laser Raman
      spectroscopy. Dynorphin A-(1-13) appears to have a mixture of extended beta
      pleated sheet and "random" structure.

PMID- 2890602
TI  - Endocrine and metabolic changes in response to the peroral administration of beta
      adrenergic agonists in calves.

PMID- 2890603
TI  - The use of psychotropic drugs in a family practice in a community of low socio
      economic status.

PMID- 2890604
TI  - Role of conventional management and alternative therapies in limiting infarct
      size in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2890605
TI  - HLA-DR and -DQ DNA polymorphisms: new linkage relationships established by RFLP
      genomic typing in Polynesians and Melanesians.
AB  - Class II restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of DR beta, DQ beta,
      and DQ alpha loci were examined in Polynesians of the southwest Pacific and in
      non-Austronesian-speaking Melanesians from the Papua New Guinean Highlands.
      Polynesians, previously considered to have a restricted set of HLA-DR antigens,
      showed class II gene heterogeneity associated with DR2, DR5, DRw6, and DRw8
      RFLPs. Furthermore, Melanesians and Polynesians share certain antigens such as
      DRw6 and DRw8, but the DR beta 2 genes associated with DRw6 and the DQ genes
      associated with DRw8 are population-specific and show little or no overlap. This
      study has shown that genetic analysis of closely linked polymorphic genes is a
      powerful anthropological tool and supports the view that Polynesians represent an
      independent colonizing group in the Pacific, rather than a group evolved from
      within Melanesia.

PMID- 2890606
TI  - T-cell receptor alpha chain V region polymorphism linked to primary autoimmune
      hypothyroidism but not Graves' disease.
AB  - T-cell receptor alpha- and beta-chain polymorphisms have been investigated in
      patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Using a cDNA probe for the T-cell
      receptor alpha chain, a 1.4-kb V alpha Taq I restriction fragment was found in 25
      of 33 patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism compared to 33 of 61 control
      subjects (p less than 0.05) and 16 of 43 patients with Graves' disease (p less
      than 0.001 compared to patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism). Moreover, when
      Graves' patients were divided according to HLA-DR3 status, there was a
      significantly reduced frequency of the 1.4-kb V alpha fragment in HLA-DR3
      negative patients (p less than 0.05 compared to controls). There was no
      significant association of either thyroid disorder with polymorphisms of the T
      cell receptor alpha- or beta-chain-constant region genes, after Taq I and Bgl II
      digestion, respectively. These results show that inherited variation in T-cell
      receptor genes, recognizable before any somatic event has taken place, may play a
      role in susceptibility to autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2890608
TI  - How to get ahead in medicine: "Invent a pessary".

PMID- 2890607
TI  - HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes defined by restriction fragment analysis. Correlation to
      serology.
AB  - Through the analysis of RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of the
      HLA-DR beta, -DQ alpha, and -DQ beta genes from 70 serologically well
      characterized individuals, we have established unique HLA-DR-DQ RFLP haplotypes
      correlating to all of the DR1-w14 specificities. The RFLP of DR beta, DQ alpha,
      and DQ beta genes is very high using the restriction enzyme TaqI and 21 DR-DQ
      RFLP haplotypes were defined with this restriction enzyme. Our analysis confirms
      the strong linkage disequilibrium between alleles in the DR and DQ loci. DR beta
      RFLP indicates a common ancestor for the DR alleles within either of the
      supertypic DRw52 and DRw53 specificities. The DQ beta gene shows a high degree of
      RFLP, and the RFLP alleles partly reflect the serologic DQw1-w3 specificities.
      The results presented here also demonstrate the heterogeneity of DRw6 (DRw13 and
      DRw14) associated haplotypes, and the DRw13 related Dw18 and Dw19 specificities
      were found to have distinct DR-DQ haplotypes. The DQw1 positive haplotypes DR1,
      2, w10, w13, and w14 are related with regard to DQ alpha and DQ beta RFLPs and
      the DRw52 positive haplotypes DR3, w11, and w12, as well as the DRw53 positive
      haplotypes DR4, 7, and w9, are related with regard to DR beta and DQ alpha RFLPs.
      These findings indicate that polymorphic sequences around the DQ alpha gene are
      associated with DR beta and DQ beta polymorphism, which suggests a location of
      the DQ alpha gene between DR beta and DQ beta.

PMID- 2890609
TI  - Evaluating capitation payments. What are your odds?

PMID- 2890610
TI  - Infected intrapulmonary bronchial cyst.

PMID- 2890611
TI  - ISMS organization.

PMID- 2890612
TI  - Illinois state government.

PMID- 2890613
TI  - A unique T-cell line derived from an HTLV-1-negative adult T-cell leukemia
      patient.
AB  - A unique T-cell line, designated ATL-5T, was established from lymphoma cells in
      pericardial effusion of an adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patient not carrying HTLV
      1 provirus. The cell line is OKT4 and/or Leu3a+ and OKT8 and/or Leu2a+, but
      interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R)- and HTLV-1 provirus genome negative, and has
      cytogenetically abnormal karyotypes. The cell line contains rearranged T-cell
      receptor beta-chain gene, which was identical in rearrangement pattern to the T
      cell receptor beta-chain gene in primary cells. These results suggest that
      factors other than HTLV-1 may sometimes be associated with HTLV-1-negative ATL.
      The ATL-5T cell line we describe here is unique, and should contribute to further
      elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-negative ATL
      and HTLV-1-positive ATL.

PMID- 2890614
TI  - Aberrant expression of ganglioside and asialoglycosphingolipid antigens in adult
      T-cell leukemia cells.
AB  - Gangliosides (GM3, GD3, GM2, gangliotetraose-series gangliosides) and their
      asialo derivatives of several adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cell lines (ATL-1K, ATL
      3I, ATL-5S, and MT-2 cells) and the lymphocytes from a patient with ATL were
      quantified by highly sensitive enzyme-immunostaining on silica gel thin layer
      chromatograms using specific antiglycolipid antibodies. GM2 and GD3 gangliosides
      and asialo GM1 (GA1) newly appeared in all cultured ATL cells and the lymphocytes
      from patients with ATL but not in normal human T-lymphocyte-rich fraction.
      Gangliotetraose-series gangliosides, GM1a, GD1a and GD1b, were also found in
      cultured ATL cells, but were not detected in normal human lymphocytes or the
      lymphocytes of a patient with ATL. Quantitative immunostaining analysis of GM2,
      GD3 gangliosides and GA1 in T-cell lines from non ATL leukemia (Molt-3, CEM and
      Jurkat) revealed GM2 gangliosides in all the T-cells from non ATL tested and GA1
      in Jurkat cells, but no GD3 ganglioside was found in the non ATL leukemia cells
      tested. The above results indicate that ganglioside GD3 may be a T-cell
      glycosphingolipid antigen associated with ATL, and ganglioside GM2 and GA1 may be
      useful as surface markers related with ATL, as well as T-cell lymphoma. The
      contents of GA1, GM3, GD3, GM2 and gangliotetraose-series gangliosides in ATL
      cells were all different, even though all the cells used have a common antigen
      reactive with monoclonal OKT-4 antibody, indicating that there are several
      subsets of human inducer/helper T-cells, which possess different metabolism and
      expression of gangliosides.

PMID- 2890615
TI  - Potent inhibitory effect of antibiotic 1233A on cholesterol biosynthesis which
      specifically blocks 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase.

PMID- 2890616
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity identifies possible catecholaminergic
      fibers in the organ of Corti.
AB  - Antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were used in an immunocytochemical
      examination of catecholamines in the cochlea. In cryostat sections, tyrosine
      hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities fibers were
      seen in the modiolus that did not extend to the organ of Corti. These
      corresponded to blood vessel-associated and non-blood vessel-associated fibers
      that have been previously described with histofluorescence. In surface
      preparations, tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity was seen in the organ of
      Corti, in the inner and tunnel spiral bundles, suggesting an efferent component
      may be catecholaminergic.

PMID- 2890617
TI  - Coexistence of putative neuroactive substances in lateral olivocochlear neurons
      of rat and guinea pig.
AB  - We have used the retrograde axonal transport of Fast Blue, injected intra
      cochlearly, to identify in the rat lateral superior olive (LSO) neurons which
      belong to the lateral olivocochlear system (LOCS). Using immunohistofluorescence
      technique, we have localized within Fast Blue-labeled neurons immunostainings for
      enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8), dynorphins (alpha
      neo-endorphin, dynorphin 1-17) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Many Fast
      Blue-labeled neurons did not show any immunostaining, but all the immunostained
      neurons found in the LSO were Fast Blue-labeled. In immunohistofluorescence
      colocalization experiments of two antigens, we could colocalize within the same
      neurons of the rat LSO immunostainings for ChAT and enkephalins and for ChAT and
      dynorphins. In each case, neurons only immunostained for ChAT, enkephalins or
      dynorphins could also be observed. A colocalization of the immunostainings for
      Met-enkephalin and dynorphins within neurons of the guinea pig and rat LSO was
      also found. However, in this case, neurons which did not show colocalization were
      only Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive, thus suggesting that all the dynorphins
      immunoreactive LSO neurons also contain enkephalins. These findings support the
      idea that the neurons of the LSO which contain ChAT-, enkephalin- or dynorphin
      immunostainings project to the cochlea and belong to the LOCS. It can also be
      concluded that acetylcholine, enkephalins and dynorphins coexist within a same
      population of neurons of the LOCS, although other patterns of co-containment of
      neuroactive substances within LOCS neurons may also exist.

PMID- 2890619
TI  - Cellular transglutaminase has affinity for extracellular matrix.
AB  - Cellular transglutaminase (TGase) was demonstrated as an intracellular enzyme by
      immunofluorescence in WI-38 cells. Following cell membrane perturbation by Triton
      X-100 treatment, TGase was bound to the extracellular matrix and was found to
      coexist with fibronectin as visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. The
      binding of TGase to the cell matrix was blocked by anti-fibronectin antibody.
      Exogenous sources of soluble TGase were transferred to the extracellular matrix
      of an untreated or methanol fixed cell. The experimental data indicated that
      "particulate bound" TGase is a consequence of soluble TGase binding to the
      extracellular matrix following cell rupture.

PMID- 2890618
TI  - Culture of mouse brain capillary endothelial cell lines that express factor VIII,
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and form junctional complexes in vitro.
AB  - The isolation and culture of cell lines from mouse brain capillary endothelium
      (MBE) is described. Cells migrating from collagenase-treated capillary fragments
      proliferated rapidly in the 1st wk of culture forming large epithelioid
      cobblestonelike colonies. The cells showed only marginal proliferation after 2 to
      3 wk in culture, until peripheral cells migrated away from the colony which
      exhibited a marked degree of proliferation. These cells were trypsinized and
      subcultured to confluence. The cells can be maintained for well over 40 passages
      and seem to retain their endothelial morphology. The endothelial origin of these
      cells was demonstrated by positive immunoperoxidase reactivity with Factor VIII
      related antigen, specific binding of Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin and gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Electron microscopic examination of the MBE
      cells showed junctional complexes including intermediate junctions, but no tight
      junctions. The overall ultrastructure indicates that a degree of
      dedifferentiation has occurred, the cells ultrastructurally resembling immature
      endothelium. An earlier investigation of cultured mouse brain endothelial cells
      reported a cell line that had lost many functional and structural
      characteristics. Our study demonstrates, as the previous one, that a certain
      degree of dedifferentiation needs to occur if MBE cells are to be maintained for
      long-term culture. However, the degree of dedifferentiation seems to be variable,
      depending in part on the culture conditions employed.

PMID- 2890620
TI  - Autolytic system of Staphylococcus simulans 22: influence of cationic peptides on
      activity of N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase.
AB  - Pep 5 and nisin are cationic peptide antibiotics which in addition to their
      membrane-disruptive action induce autolysis in staphylococci. To investigate the
      mechanism of lysis induction, the influence of the peptides on the activity of
      the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase of Staphylococcus simulans 22 was studied.
      In experiments with isolated cell walls at low ionic strength, the amidase
      activity was stimulated by the addition of Pep 5 and nisin, as well as by
      polylysine, streptomycin, and mono- and divalent cations. The concentrations
      necessary for activation depended on the nature of the cation and ranged from 5
      microM for poly-L-lysine (n = 17) to 150 mM for Na+ at a cell wall concentration
      of 100 micrograms of cell walls per ml. No effect was observed if the cell walls
      were devoid of polyanionic constituents. Kinetic data suggested that the amidase
      bound to the teichoic and teichuronic acids of the cell wall and was thereby
      inhibited. Cationic molecules reversed this inhibition, most likely by displacing
      the enzyme from the polyanions. If the concentrations of the larger peptides were
      high in relation to cell wall concentration, the activation turned into
      inhibition, presumably by interfering with the access of the enzyme to its
      substrate. These experiments demonstrate that the activity of the amidase is
      modulated by basic peptides in vitro and help to explain how Pep 5 and nisin may
      cause lysis of treated cells.

PMID- 2890621
TI  - Relationship between two major immunoreactive forms of arginase in Neurospora
      crassa.
AB  - Two major immunoreactive proteins of Mr 41,700 and 36,100 have been detected in
      crude mycelial extracts with polyclonal antibodies raised against arginase
      purified from Neurospora crassa. The latter corresponded to the protein used to
      obtain the antibodies. Both polypeptides were either missing or present in very
      low amounts in mutant strains having little or no detectable arginase activity.
      The relative proportion of the two species was altered in strains containing the
      nitrogen catabolite regulatory mutation nit-2. Peptide mapping indicated that the
      two species are very closely related, but several of the peptides which appeared
      to be identical by staining reacted differently with the antibodies. Both species
      were produced by in vitro translation of poly(A)+ mRNA, although the larger
      species was produced to a much smaller extent than was expected from its
      abundance in vivo. The results suggest the existence of multiple forms of
      arginase in N. crassa which differ in their response to nitrogen catabolite
      regulation.

PMID- 2890622
TI  - Identification of two ancillary subunits of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae by
      using antibodies against synthetic oligopeptides of fim gene products.
AB  - We have chemically synthesized oligopeptides corresponding to the NH2-terminal
      stretch of two gene products, designated FimG and FimH, of the fim gene cluster
      of Escherichia coli. These synthetic peptides, designated S-T1FimG(1-16) and S
      T1FimH(1-25)C, evoked antibodies in rabbits that reacted with 14- and 29
      kilodalton subunits, respectively, of dissociated fimbriae encoded by the
      recombinant plasmid pSH2 carrying the genetic information for the synthesis and
      expression of functional type 1 fimbriae. Neither of these fimbrial proteins was
      detected in dissociated fimbrial preparations from nonadhesive E. coli cells
      carrying the mutant plasmid pUT2002, containing a restriction site-specific
      deletion of fimG and fimH. Anti-S-T1FimH(1-25)C inhibited the adherence of type 1
      fimbriated E. coli to epithelial cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that
      anti-S-T1FimH(1-25)C, but not anti-S-T1FimG(1-16), bound to intact type 1
      fimbriae of E. coli at the fimbrial tips and at long intervals along the fimbrial
      filaments. Anti-S-T1FimG(1-16) appeared to be directed at epitopes not accessible
      on the intact fimbriae and consequently failed to bind to intact fimbriae or to
      block fimbrial attachment. Our results suggest that the fimG and fimH gene
      products are components of type 1 fimbriae and that FimH may be the tip adhesin
      mediating the binding of type 1 fimbriated E. coli to D-mannose residues on
      mucosal surfaces.

PMID- 2890623
TI  - Cloning of genes that suppress an Escherichia coli K-12 alanine auxotroph when
      present in multicopy plasmids.
AB  - To facilitate molecular analyses of a previously uncharacterized gene involved in
      alanine synthesis, attempts were made to clone the wild-type allele of this gene,
      alaA, with a mini-Mu plasmid element used for in vivo cloning. Seventy-six
      independent Ala+ plasmids were isolated and characterized. Physiological,
      enzymological, and restriction endonuclease analyses indicated that three
      different genes, none of them alaA, were cloned. These genes were avtA+, which
      encodes the alanine-valine transaminase (transaminase C); tyrB+, which encodes
      the tyrosine-repressible transaminase (transaminase D); and a previously
      undescribed gene, called alaB, which encodes an alanine-glutamate transaminase.

PMID- 2890624
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding type 1 fimbrial subunits of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the subunits of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium type 1 fimbriae were determined. Comparison
      of the predicted amino acid sequences of the two subunits revealed domains in
      which the sequences were highly conserved. Both gene products possessed signal
      peptides, a fact consistent with the transport of the fimbrial subunit across the
      membrane, but these regions showed no amino acid homology between the two
      proteins. The predicted N-terminal amino acid sequences of the processed fimbrial
      subunits were in good agreement with those obtained by purification of the
      fimbrial subunits.

PMID- 2890626
TI  - Two cases of benzodiazepine toxicity in children.
AB  - While benzodiazepines have been widely used in adult populations, their role in
      the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents has not been well
      established. The authors report on two cases in which benzodiazepine use resulted
      in psychotic symptoms. The importance of eliciting a careful history as well as
      being familiar with drugs' side effects and withdrawal effects is stressed.

PMID- 2890627
TI  - Autologous transplantation with circulating hemopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Circulating stem cells exist in sufficient numbers in mouse, dog, and man to
      allow collection and transplantation after ablative treatment. Preclinical
      studies in the mouse have shown a low concentration, with a transplantation
      potential ratio of bone marrow to blood of 1:100. The ratio of circulating stem
      cells to bone marrow stem cells is more favorable in the dog (1:10-20). Recent
      pilot studies carried out in different centers with 10 patients have shown that
      this approach is feasible in man, too. It appears that 5 X 10(8) mononuclear
      cells/kg of body weight collected by seven or eight leukapheresis procedures of
      about 4 hrs each is sufficient for fast hemopoietic recovery after marrow
      ablative treatment. Potential advantages of the use of blood stem cells over bone
      marrow stem cells are the decreased likelihood of contamination with malignant
      cells, the avoidance of general anesthesia, and the infusion of immunocompetent
      cells, which might hasten immunorecovery in the autologous setting.

PMID- 2890625
TI  - Mechanism of attachment of swarm cells of Thiothrix nivea.
AB  - Swarm cells of Thiothrix nivea were found to possess a group of fimbriae at one
      pole. The other pole either was bare or possessed from one to three fimbriae. By
      using this polarity as a marker, it was found that the initial step in attachment
      of swarm cells involves the fimbriated pole and that this initial step is
      followed by the production of holdfast material.

PMID- 2890628
TI  - Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Control of enzyme activity by the "propeptide"
      region of factor X.
AB  - A liver microsomal enzyme catalyzes the vitamin K-dependent posttranslational
      carboxylation of specific glutamyl residues of a limited number of plasma
      proteins to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues. The intracellular precursor forms of
      these proteins are known to contain a homologous basic amino acid-rich propeptide
      region between the signal peptide region and the amino terminus of the mature
      protein. This region of the precursor protein has been implicated as a possible
      recognition site for the carboxylase enzyme. A 20-residue peptide containing the
      octadecapropeptide of human clotting factor X has now been shown to strongly
      stimulate the activity of the enzyme toward a noncovalently linked substrate.
      This stimulatory effect is seen at less than micromolar concentrations and is
      accompanied by a decrease in the Km of the glutamic acid substrate. These
      observations raise the possibility that the catalytic activity of other enzymes
      involved in protein processing may be regulated by a portion of their normal
      substrates.

PMID- 2890629
TI  - Structure of the peptide network of pneumococcal peptidoglycan.
AB  - The peptide network of Streptococcus pneumoniae cell walls was solubilized using
      the pneumococcal autolytic amidase (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, EC
      3.5.1.28). The peptide material was fractionated into size classes by gel
      filtration followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography which
      resolved the peptide population into over 40 fractions. About 40% of the lysines
      present participate in cross-links between stem peptides. The main components (3
      monomers, 5 dimers, and 2 trimers), accounting for 77% of all the wall peptides,
      were purified. Their structures were determined using a combination of amino acid
      and end-group analysis, mass spectrometry, and gas-phase sequencing. Two
      different types of cross-links between stem peptides were found. In the most
      abundant type there is an alanylserine cross-bridge between the alanine in
      position 4 of the donor stem peptide and the lysine at position 3 of the acceptor
      peptide, as in type A3 peptidoglycan. In the second type of cross-link there is
      no intervening cross-bridge, as in the type A1 peptidoglycan of Gram-negative
      bacteria. The data indicate that pneumococcal peptidoglycan has a structural
      complexity comparable to that recently shown in some Gram-negative species.

PMID- 2890630
TI  - The role of protein structure in the mitochondrial import pathway. Analysis of
      the soluble F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor.
AB  - A series of proteins containing defined internal and presequence deletions in the
      F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor have been synthesized in vitro using a linked
      transcription-translation system. These different forms of the protein have been
      analyzed by the combination of gel filtration and in vitro mitochondrial import
      studies. These studies reveal that the soluble F1 beta-subunit precursor (55 kDa)
      forms a homooligomeric assembly of apparent molecular weight 230,000 on gel
      filtration analysis. The formation of this tetrameric beta-protein was dependent
      on the sequence between residues 122 and 144 of the precursor and was independent
      of the presence of a mitochondrial presequence within the first 19 residues of
      the precursor. When the tetrameric F1 beta-precursor was partially purified from
      the translation reaction it was incompetent for import into mitochondria.
      However, import of the partially purified beta-subunit could be restored by
      addition of reticulocyte lysate protein. In the absence of the tetramer-forming
      sequence, the protein behaved as an aggregate complex approximately 400 kDa in
      size. Formation of the high molecular weight aggregate and import into
      mitochondria was dependent upon a functional presequence at the amino terminus of
      the precursor. These studies are discussed in terms of the maintenance of an
      import competent structure for mitochondrial precursors and role of soluble
      factors in this process.

PMID- 2890631
TI  - Receptor-mediated phosphorylation of spermatozoan proteins.
AB  - These studies are the first to report egg peptide-mediated stimulation of protein
      phosphorylation in spermatozoa. Speract (Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly)
      or resact (Cys-Val-Thr-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Cys-Val-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH2)
      stimulated the incorporation of 32P into various proteins of isolated
      spermatozoan membranes in the presence, but not absence, of GTP. The Mr of three
      of the phosphorylated proteins were 52,000, 75,000, and 100,000. GTP gamma S
      (guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate] but not GDP beta S (guanosine 5'-O-(2
      thiodiphosphate] or GMP-PNP (guanylyl imidodiphosphate) also supported the
      peptide-mediated stimulation of protein phosphorylation. The peptides markedly
      stimulated guanylate cyclase activity, and GTP gamma S or GTP but not GMP-PNP
      served as effective substrates for the enzyme. The accumulation of cyclic AMP was
      not stimulated by the peptides. Subsequently, it was shown that added cyclic GMP
      or cyclic AMP increased 32P incorporation into the same membrane proteins as
      those observed in the presence of peptide and GTP. The amount of cyclic GMP (up
      to 3 microM) formed by membranes in the presence of peptide and 100 microM GTP
      equated with the amount of added cyclic GMP required to increase the 32P content
      of a Mr 75,000 protein selected for further study. 32P-Peptide maps of the Mr
      75,000 protein indicated that the same domains were phosphorylated in response to
      cyclic nucleotides or to egg peptide and GTP. Intact cells were subsequently
      incubated with 32P to determine if the radiolabeled proteins observed in isolated
      membranes also would be obtained in intact cells. The 32P contents of proteins of
      Mr 52,000, 75,000, and 100,000 were significantly increased by the addition of
      resact. Peptide maps confirmed that the increased 32P incorporation obtained in a
      Mr 75,000 protein of isolated membranes occurred on the same protein domains as
      the 32P found on the Mr 75,000 protein of intact cells. These results suggest
      that a GTP or GTP gamma S requirement for peptide-mediated protein
      phosphorylation in spermatozoan membranes is mainly due to the enhanced formation
      of cyclic GMP, and it therefore is likely that peptide-induced elevations of
      cyclic nucleotide concentrations in spermatozoa are responsible for the specific
      increases in 32P associated with at least three sperm proteins, all apparently
      localized on the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2890632
TI  - Cross-linking study of the quaternary fine structure of mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - A method has been developed for exploring the quaternary fine structure of
      oligomeric proteins by crosslinking studies and applied to bovine heart
      mitochondrial F1-ATPase. The F1 was first labeled with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro
      [14C]benzene, subsequently reduced with sodium hydrosulfite, and finally cross
      linked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. Gel electrophoresis in
      the chemically modified protein in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and
      mercaptoethanol showed the existence of a 105-115-kilodalton molecular species in
      addition to the five monomeric subunits of F1. This cross-linked species could be
      alpha 2, alpha beta, or beta 2. Isolation of the cross-linked species and
      titration with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) showed the absence of
      sulfhydryl group. Therefore, the cross-linked species must be the dimer beta 2.
      After digestion of the purified beta 2 with pepsin, a single radioactive peptide
      was isolated. Determination of the amino acid sequence of this peptide and
      comparison of its radioactivity with the total radioactivity on beta-subunits
      show that it was formed exclusively by cross-linking Lys162 of one beta-subunit
      with Glu199 of another beta-subunit. The observation that two beta-subunits can
      be cross-linked by a rigid phenylenediamine bridge of 5.7- or 4.3-A length is
      difficult to reconcile with the widely assumed structure of F1 with the alpha-
      and beta-subunits occupying alternate corners of a planar hexagon, but is
      consistent with the structure in which a triangular set of three beta-subunits
      sits above a triangular set of three alpha-subunits in a staggered conformation.

PMID- 2890634
TI  - Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of vacuolar H+ATPase from bovine
      kidney.
AB  - Vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase from bovine kidney was purified in one step
      by immunoprecipitation and immunoaffinity chromatography using an immobilized
      anti-H+ATPase monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody affinity matrix
      coprecipitated polypeptides with Mr of 70,000, a cluster at 56,000, 45,000,
      42,000, 38,000, 33,000, 31,000, 15,000, 14,000, and 12,000 from solubilized
      bovine kidney microsomal membranes, a pattern that was unaffected by different
      detergent washing conditions. A nearly identical pattern of polypeptides was
      observed in H+ATPase partially purified by an entirely independent method. The
      immunoaffinity purified H+ATPase had reconstitutively active ATP-induced
      acidification and potential generation that was inhibited by N-ethylamaleimide.
      The purified enzyme had specific activities as high as 3.1 mumol/min/mg protein,
      dual pH optima at 6.5 and 7.2, and a Km for ATP of 150 microM. The substrate
      preference was ATP greater than ITP much greater than UTP greater than GTP
      greater than CTP. The affinity purified H+ATPase was stimulated by phosphatidyl
      glycerol greater than phosphatidyl inositol much greater than phosphatidyl
      choline greater than phosphatidyl serine. The immunoaffinity purified enzyme did
      not require monovalent anions or cations for activity, and the divalent cation
      preference for activity was Mn, Mg much greater than Ca greater than Co much
      greater than Sr, Ba. The enzyme was not inhibited by ouabain, azide, or vanadate,
      but had kappa 1/2 inhibitory concentrations of 22.2 microM for N-ethylmaleimide,
      14.9 microM for NBD-Cl, 4.9 microM for N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 13.8 microM
      for 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, and 315 microM for Zn,
      values close to those for inhibition of proton transport in the native vesicles.
      The affinity purified kidney enzyme has similarities to but also significant
      differences in structural and enzymatic properties from those reported for other
      vacuolar H+ATPase.

PMID- 2890635
TI  - Structure of a human serum amyloid A gene and modulation of its expression in
      transfected L cells.
AB  - The structure of a human serum amyloid A (SAA) genomic clone (SAAg9) has been
      analyzed and the nucleotide sequence of the coding regions is compared with that
      of the cDNA for apoSAA1. The leader and coding sequences of exons 2 and 3 are
      identical to SAA1. However, there are 10 nucleotide and 7 derived amino acid
      substitutions in exon 4. These changes are identical to the amino acid sequence
      of the amyloid protein associated with familial Mediterranean fever. In
      particular, the amino acid substitution (Thr to Phe) at residue 69 of SAA1 may
      have an important role in this type of hereditary amyloidosis. The genomic clone
      SAAg9 has been transfected into mouse L cells, and constitutive expression of
      human specific mRNA and protein were observed in stable transfected clones. The
      expression of both SAA mRNA and protein were increased by incubation of the
      transfected cells with purified human interleukin-1 (IL-1), both human and mouse
      recombinant IL-1, and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha. The
      induction of SAA is pretranslational and is likely to be mediated by protein
      factor(s) since incubation with cycloheximide diminished IL-1-dependent increase
      in SAA mRNA.

PMID- 2890633
TI  - Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to vacuolar H+ATPase of
      renal epithelia.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody to vacuolar H+ATPase isolated from bovine kidney medulla
      was produced and characterized by immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry.
      The antibody, immobilized on beads, specifically immunoprecipitated both
      solubilized N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive ATPase activity and proton-transporting
      vesicles from renal microsomes; control experiments with an "irrelevant"
      monoclonal antibody showed no immunoprecipitated activity. By fluorescent
      immunocytochemistry, the antibody stained the membranes of intracellular vacuolar
      compartments in LLC-PK1 cells. Immunocytochemical staining showed that the
      monoclonal antibody colocalized partially with N-(3-[2,4
      dinitrophenyl)amino)propyl)-N-(3-amino-propyl)methylamine, a probe for acidic
      compartments, with the endocytic markers dextran and transferrin, with the
      lysosomal probe alpha 2-macroglobulin, and with clathrin. The anti-vacuolar
      H+ATPase antibody showed no colocalization with staining for mitochondrial
      H+ATPase. The anti-vacuolar H+ATPase antibody should serve as a specific probe
      for examining the distribution and dynamics of the vacuolar proton pump in renal
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2890637
TI  - Mutations that uncouple the beta-adrenergic receptor from Gs and increase agonist
      affinity.
AB  - The deletion of residues 239-272 from the hamster beta-adrenergic receptor
      resulted in a loss of the ability of the receptor, expressed in mouse L cells, to
      stimulate adenylate cyclase (Dixon, R. A. F., Sigal, I. S., Rands, E., Register,
      R. B., Candelore, M. R., Blake, A. D., and Strader, C. D. (1987) Nature 326, 73
      77). This mutant receptor (D(239-272)beta AR) bound the agonist isoproterenol
      with a single class of binding sites, in contrast to the wild-type beta
      adrenergic receptor, which exhibited two classes of agonist affinity sites. We
      now report that the affinity of D(239-272)beta AR for isoproterenol is relatively
      insensitive to detergent solubilization or to treatment with either GTP or NaF,
      indicating the absence of a receptor-Gs interaction. Whereas deletions within the
      region of amino acids 229-258 did not reduce the ability of the receptor to
      couple to Gs or to stimulate adenylate cyclase, the deletion of either of the
      regions 222-229 or 258-270 resulted in receptors which were unable to couple to
      Gs. The affinities of D(222-229)beta AR, D(239-272)beta AR, and D(258-270)beta AR
      toward isoproterenol were greater than that observed for the low affinity,
      uncoupled form of the wild-type receptor. These results suggest a role for the
      regions of the beta-adrenergic receptor encompassing amino acids 222-229 and 258
      270, which are predicted to form amphiphilic helices, in the agonist-promoted
      activation of Gs.

PMID- 2890636
TI  - The major metabolite of doxorubicin is a potent inhibitor of membrane-associated
      ion pumps. A correlative study of cardiac muscle with isolated membrane
      fractions.
AB  - Doxorubicin (adriamycin) is a highly effective cancer chemotherapeutic drug but
      its clinical utility is limited by its cardiotoxicity. Doxorubicinol, the major
      metabolite of doxorubicin, is up to 10 times more potent than doxorubicin at
      inhibiting isometric contraction of the papillary muscle isolated from the right
      ventricle of rabbit heart. Doxorubicinol also increases resting tension of
      isolated cardiac muscle indicative of incomplete relaxation between contractions,
      a characteristic of doxorubicinol but not of doxorubicin. This study assesses the
      effect(s) of doxorubicinol on a variety of ion pumps which may explain, in part,
      the action of the metabolite in the intact muscle. We find the doxorubicinol is a
      potent inhibitor (IC50 less than 5 micrograms/ml) of calcium-stimulated ATPase
      activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum from canine heart and rabbit skeletal muscle.
      At comparable levels, doxorubicinol is also a potent inhibitor of (Na + K)-ATPase
      of cardiac sarcolemma and the Mg-dependent ATPase activity referable to the F0F1
      proton pump of mitochondria. For each of these ion pumps, doxorubicinol is at
      least 80 times more potent an inhibitor than doxorubicin. Doxorubicinol, between
      10 and 50 micrograms/ml, increases resting tension up to 4-fold in isolated
      papillary muscles cyclically contracting at 30 times/min. Resting stress is
      relatively insensitive to doxorubicin. Thus, doxorubicinol is a potent inhibitor
      of several key cationic pumps that directly or indirectly regulate cell calcium
      and inhibits relaxation in the isolated fiber preparation. These observations add
      a new dimension to understanding the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin.

PMID- 2890638
TI  - Activation of rat caudate tyrosine hydroxylase phosphatase by tetrahydropterins.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphatase activity in rat caudate nucleus was separated
      into three peaks by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. [32P]Tyrosine hydroxylase
      phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was dephosphorylated only
      by the major peak eluting at 0.3 M NaCl, while tyrosine hydroxylase
      phosphorylated by Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase was also
      dephosphorylated by two calcium-inhibited phosphatases. The Vmax of the enzyme in
      the major DEAE peak was increased by 10 microM tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) from
      0.78 to 5.0 fmol min-1 mg-1 while the Km was only slightly affected, increasing
      from 45 to 62 pM. The activation could not be reversed by dilution. On Sephadex G
      200, the enzyme was found to consist of two major forms with molecular masses of
      420 and 100 kDa. In contrast to the activation of liver phosphatases by freezing
      with beta-mercaptoethanol, activation by tetrahydrobiopterin was not associated
      with a shift in the molecular weight of the phosphatase to lower molecular weight
      forms. Other reduced pterins, including tetrahydroneopterin, 6
      methyltetrahydropterin, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, also activated the enzyme,
      while oxidized pterins had no effect. GTP, the metabolic precursor of
      tetrahydrobiopterin, was a potent inhibitor of the phosphatase reaction,
      inhibiting by 65% at a concentration of 1 microM. These findings suggest a close
      regulatory interrelationship between the tetrahydrobiopterin synthetic pathway
      and catecholamine biosynthesis.

PMID- 2890639
TI  - The hydrophobic tryptic core of the beta-adrenergic receptor retains Gs
      regulatory activity in response to agonists and thiols.
AB  - The function of structural domains of the beta-adrenergic receptor were probed by
      studying the ability of tryptic fragments of the receptor to catalyze the binding
      of guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate (GTP gamma S) to the GTP-binding regulatory
      protein, Gs. beta-Adrenergic receptor purified from turkey erythrocytes was
      treated with trypsin under nondenaturing conditions. Such treatment decreased
      beta-adrenergic ligand binding activity by only 15-25%. Active components of the
      limit digest were repurified by affinity chromatography on alprenolol-agarose and
      then reconstituted with purified Gs into unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. After
      reconstitution, the proteolyzed receptor was able to catalyze agonist-stimulated
      binding of GTP gamma S to Gs at a rate and extent equivalent to that of the
      nonproteolyzed receptor. The proteolyzed receptor was also partially activated
      upon reduction by dithiothreitol, as previously reported for the intact receptor
      (Pedersen, S.E., and Ross, E.M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14150-14157). The
      repurified, active tryptic digest contained two detectable peptides. One, of
      approximately 2 X 10(4) Da, contained either four or five of the amino-terminal
      membrane-spanning domains plus the intervening hydrophilic loops but not the
      amino-terminal extracellular, glycosylated peptide. The second, of 9,000-10,000
      Da, was composed essentially of the two carboxyl-terminal membrane-spanning
      domains and the intervening extracellular, hydrophilic loop. These data indicate
      that most of the large intracellular hydrophilic loop and the hydrophilic,
      carboxyl-terminal region of the receptor are not necessary for the agonist
      stimulated regulation of Gs.

PMID- 2890640
TI  - Inactivation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, but not of glutamine
      synthetase, by S-sulfocysteine and S-sulfohomocysteine.
AB  - The reactions catalyzed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutamine
      synthetase are thought to proceed via enzyme-bound gamma-glutamyl phosphate
      intermediates. We investigated the possibility that S-sulfocysteine and S
      sulfohomocysteine might act as analogs of gamma-glutamyl phosphate or of the
      associated putative tetrahedral intermediates. The D- and L-enantiomers of S
      sulfocysteine and S-sulfohomocysteine were found to rapidly inactivate rat kidney
      gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase but to be reversible inhibitors of sheep brain
      glutamine synthetase. Inactivation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase does not
      require ATP and is associated with noncovalent binding of close to 1 mol of
      inactivator/mol of enzyme. The findings indicate that the S-sulfo amino acids are
      transition-state analogs, and that binding of S-sulfo amino acid to the enzyme
      induces formation of a very stable enzyme-inactivator complex. The data suggest
      that stabilization of the enzyme-inactivator complex results from interactions
      involving the sulfenyl sulfur atom of the S-sulfo amino acid and the active site
      thiol group of the enzyme.

PMID- 2890641
TI  - Early effects of beta-adrenergic and muscarinic secretagogues on lipid and
      phospholipid metabolism in guinea pig parotid acinar cells. Stimulation of 2,3-sn
      diacylglycerol formation by isoproterenol.
AB  - The early effects (0-120 s) of the beta-adrenergic secretagogue isoproterenol
      (2.10(-5) M) and the muscarinic secretagogue carbamoylcholine (2.10(-6) M) on
      various parameters of lipid and phospholipid metabolism were studied in isolated
      guinea pig parotid acinar cells. Both agonists enhanced within 10-20 s the
      incorporation of radioactive palmitate into the diacylglycerol, the triglyceride,
      and the phosphatidylinositol fractions but significantly diminished radioactive
      palmitate recovered in the acyl-CoA fraction. Carbamoylcholine decreased and
      isoproterenol increased the recovery of radioactive palmitate in the free fatty
      acid fraction. All changes had returned almost to control levels after 120 s. In
      cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonate, carbamoylcholine exerted similar effects,
      whereas isoproterenol was almost ineffective. Both agonists stimulated the
      incorporation of radioactive glycerol into diacylglycerols 2-3-fold, while only
      carbamoylcholine stimulated the incorporation of [32P]phosphate into
      phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidate. Both agonists induced an increase in
      total diacylglycerols, carbamoylcholine being about twice as effective as
      isoproterenol. A lower concentration of carbamoylcholine (6.5.10(-7) M) had the
      same quantitative effect as 2.10(-5) M isoproterenol on the increase of total
      diacylglycerols. Even under these conditions carbamoylcholine, but not
      isoproterenol led to a significant translocation of protein kinase C from the
      soluble to the particulate fraction. Isoproterenol remained ineffective in this
      respect also when intracellular free calcium was increased with a calcium
      ionophore. This is explained by the finding that isoproterenol stimulates
      preferentially the formation of 2,3-sn-diacylglycerol, and carbamoylcholine
      preferentially stimulates the formation of 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol. The results
      indicate that in the guinea pig parotid acinar cell the two agonists do not only
      lead to activation of a triglyceride lipase (isoproterenol) or phosphoinositide
      specific phospholipase(s) (carbamoylcholine), but also to a rapid change of flux
      through a number of other enzyme-catalyzed reactions involved in diacylglycerol
      turnover.

PMID- 2890642
TI  - The GDP-fucose:N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferases of LEC11 and
      LEC12 Chinese hamster ovary mutants exhibit novel specificities for glycolipid
      substrates.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the GDP-fucose:N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L
      fucosyltransferase (alpha (1,3) fucosyltransferase (Fuc-T)) activities expressed
      by the Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants LEC11 (Fuc-TI) and LEC12 (Fuc-TII) are
      different enzymes and indicated that Fuc-TI might act on sialylated lactosamine
      sequences (Campbell, C., and Stanley, P. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 11208-11214).
      In this paper we show that CSLEX-1, a monoclonal antibody specific for NeuNac
      alpha (2,3)Gal beta (1,4)(Fuc alpha (1,3))GlcNAc beta 1 sequences, bound to LEC11
      cells but not to LEC12 cells. Direct evidence that Fuc-TI could act on sialylated
      substrates was sought with a series of glycolipid acceptors. Optimal assay
      conditions in crude cell extracts were determined with nLc4, a glycolipid which
      accepted fucose with both Fuc-TI and Fuc-TII to generate the Lex antigenic
      determinant. The two enzymes differed in their detergent sensitivities, pH
      optima, Mn2+ requirements, and apparent Km values for nLc4. When sialylated
      glycolipids were examined as substrates, Fuc-TI added fucose to IV3NeuNAcnLc4 but
      not to IV6NeuNAcnLc4, whereas Fuc-TII was unable to utilize either glycolipid as
      a substrate. Further studies showed that Fuc-TI and Fuc-TII possess novel
      specificities for glycolipids containing two lactosamine sequences as potential
      fucose acceptors. Fuc-TI exhibited good activities with VI3NeuNAcnLc6 and
      VI6NeuNAcnLc6 whereas Fuc-TII had very low activity with both substrates.
      Glycosidase digestions of the labeled products showed that Fuc-TI added fucose
      primarily to the internal N-acetylglucosamine of both glycolipids. The same
      preference for the internal N-acetylglucosamine was shown by Fuc-TI when nLc6 was
      the acceptor. In contrast, Fuc-TII preferred to transfer fucose to the external
      acceptor site of nLc6, consistent with the low activities of Fuc-TII with
      sialylated nLc6 derivatives. Thus the two enzymes preferentially add fucose to
      different N-acetylglucosamines in the same substrate, nLc6. This indicates that
      the biosynthetic pathway for fucosylation of polylactosamine sequences in
      glycolipids and glycoproteins will vary depending upon the particular alpha
      (1,3)fucosyltransferase present.

PMID- 2890643
TI  - Structural determination of the oligosaccharide side chains from a glycoprotein
      isolated from the mucus of the coral Acropora formosa.
AB  - An extracellular mucous glycoprotein has been isolated from the hard coral
      Acropora formosa. The glycoprotein contains sulfated oligosaccharide side chains
      attached through O-glycosidic linkages to serine and threonine, the principal
      amino acids (77%) in the polypeptide. The oligosaccharide side chains consist of
      D-arabinose, D-mannose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine with smaller amounts of D
      galactose, L-fucose, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but no sialic or uronic acids.
      Alkaline borohydride reductive cleavage resulted in a mixture of oligosaccharide
      alditols. Six oligosaccharides were purified by high performance liquid
      chromatography. The structures of these oligosaccharides, which do not resemble
      those of any other glycoprotein so far examined, were determined by a combination
      of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of methylation products and NMR
      spectroscopy. All oligosaccharides contain a reducing terminal mannitol residue
      with N-acetylglucosamine linked to carbon 2, 4, or 6 of the mannitol. There is no
      evidence for linkage of N-acetylglucosamine to any other glycoses in the
      glycoprotein. Galactose was detected in two oligosaccharides linked to the 4
      position of mannitol. Arabinose (Ara) was found in only one oligosaccharide. This
      was probably due to hydrolysis of the labile arabino-furanoside linkages.
      Evidence is presented which indicates the arabinose occurs primarily at the
      terminal position of oligosaccharide side chains. The structures of the
      oligosaccharides isolated from the glycoprotein were: (Formula: see text).

PMID- 2890644
TI  - Clathrin assembly proteins: affinity purification and a model for coat assembly.
AB  - Assembly protein (AP) preparations from bovine brain coated vesicles have been
      fractionated by clathrin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Two distinct
      fractions that possess coat assembly activity were obtained and are termed AP-1
      and AP-2. The AP-1, not retained on the resin, has principal components with
      molecular weights of 108,000, 100,000, 47,000, and 19,000. The AP-2, bound to the
      resin and eluted by Tris-HCl at a concentration that parallels the latter's
      effect on coat disassembly, corresponds to the active complex described
      previously (Zaremba, S., and J. H. Keen, 1983, J. Cell Biol., 97:1339-1347). Its
      composition is similar to that of the AP-1 in that it contains 100,000-, 50,000-,
      and 16,000-mol-wt polypeptides in equimolar amounts; minor amounts of 112,000-
      and 115,000-mol-wt polypeptides are also present. Both are distinct from a
      recently described assembly protein of larger subunit molecular weight that we
      term AP-3. These results indicate the existence of a family of assembly proteins
      within cells. On incubation with clathrin both AP-1 and AP-2 induce the formation
      of coat structures, those containing AP-1 slightly smaller (mean diameter = 72
      nm) than those formed in the presence of AP-2 (mean diameter = 79 nm); both
      structures have been detected previously in coated vesicle preparations from
      brain. Coats formed in the presence of AP-2 consistently contain approximately
      one molecule each of the 100,000-, 50,000-, and 16,000-mol-wt polypeptides per
      clathrin trimer. By low angle laser light scattering the molecular weight of
      native AP-2 was determined to be approximately 343,000, indicating that it is a
      dimer of each of the three subunits, and implying that it is functionally
      bivalent in clathrin binding. A model for AP-mediated coat assembly is proposed
      in which a bivalent AP-2 molecule bridges the distal legs or terminal domains of
      two clathrin trimers that are destined to occupy adjacent vertices in the
      assembled coat. Binding of a second AP-2 molecule locks these two trimers in
      register for assembly and further addition of AP-2 to free trimer legs promotes
      completion of the clathrin lattice. Effects of AP binding on the angle and
      flexibility of the legs at the hub of the trimer (the "pucker") are suggested to
      account for the characteristic size distributions of coats formed under varied
      conditions and, more speculatively, to contribute to the transformation of flat
      clathrin lattices to curved coated vesicles that are thought to occur during
      endocytosis.

PMID- 2890645
TI  - A microtubule-associated protein from Xenopus eggs that specifically promotes
      assembly at the plus-end.
AB  - We have isolated a protein factor from Xenopus eggs that promotes microtubule
      assembly in vitro. Assembly promotion was associated with a 215-kD protein after
      a 1,000-3,000-fold enrichment of activity. The 215-kD protein, termed Xenopus
      microtubule assembly protein (XMAP), binds to microtubules with a stoichiometry
      of 0.06 mol/mol tubulin dimer. XMAP is immunologically distinct from the Xenopus
      homologues to mammalian brain microtubule-associated proteins; however, protein
      species immunologically related to XMAP with different molecular masses are found
      in Xenopus neuronal tissues and testis. XMAP is unusual in that it specifically
      promotes microtubule assembly at the plus-end. At a molar ratio of 0.01 mol
      XMAP/mol tubulin the assembly rate of the microtubule plus-end is accelerated 8
      fold while the assembly rate of the minus-end is increased only 1.8-fold. Under
      these conditions XMAP promotes a 10-fold increase in the on-rate constant (from
      1.4 s-1.microM-1 for microtubules assembled from pure tubulin to 15 s-1.microM
      1), and a 10-fold decrease in off-rate constant (from 340 to 34 s-1). Given its
      stoichiometry in vivo, XMAP must be the major microtubule assembly factor in the
      Xenopus egg. XMAP is phosphorylated during M-phase of both meiotic and mitotic
      cycles, suggesting that its activity may be regulated during the cell cycle.

PMID- 2890646
TI  - Differential effects of temperature on cAMP-induced excitation, adaptation, and
      deadaptation of adenylate and guanylate cyclase in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Extracellular cAMP induces excitation of adenylate and guanylate cyclase in
      Dictyostelium discoideum. Continuous stimulation with cAMP leads to adaptation,
      while cells deadapt upon removal of the cAMP stimulus. Excitation of guanylate
      cyclase by cAMP has a lag time of approximately 1 s; excitation of adenylate
      cyclase is much slower with a lag time of 30 s. Excitation of both enzyme
      activities is less than twofold slower at 0 degrees C than at 20 degrees C.
      Adaptation of guanylate cyclase is very fast (t1/2 = 2.4 s at 20 degrees C), and
      virtually absent at 0 degrees C. Adaptation of adenylate cyclase is much slower
      (t1/2 = 110 s at 20 degrees C) but not very temperature sensitive (t1/2 = 290 s
      at 0 degrees C). At 20 degrees C, deadaptation of adenylate cyclase is about
      twofold slower than deadaptation of guanylate cyclase (t1/2 = 190 and 95 s,
      respectively). Deadaptation of adenylate cyclase is absent at 0 degrees C, while
      that of guanylate cyclase proceeds slowly (t1/2 = 975 s). The results show that
      excitation, adaptation, and deadaptation of guanylate cyclase have different
      kinetics and temperature sensitivities than those of adenylate cyclase, and
      therefore are probably independent processes.

PMID- 2890647
TI  - Multiple type-beta transforming growth factors and their receptors.
AB  - Type beta transforming growth factors are a group of homologous structurally
      related polypeptides that act on a wide variety of cell types to alter their
      proliferative and phenotypic properties. TGF-beta s form a group within a larger
      family of polypeptides that control developmental processes in organisms from
      humans to Drosophila. We have found that at least three distinct forms of TGF
      beta are present in mammalian tissues. We have identified a family of cell
      surface glycoproteins that bind TGF-beta s with high affinity and specificity.
      Examination of the interactions between individual forms of TGF-beta and the
      individual TGF-beta receptor species has illustrated a complex pattern of ligand
      receptor associations. Occupancy of a particular receptor type by TGF-beta can be
      correlated to the dictation of specific effects on cell proliferation and cell
      differentiation.

PMID- 2890648
TI  - Ornithine decarboxylase activity during rat spermatogenesis in vivo and in vitro:
      selective effect of hormones and growth factors.
AB  - We have established the patterns of ornithine decarboxylase activity (an enzyme
      related to cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation) during rat testicular
      development and studied the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet
      derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-type beta (TGF-beta),
      and a serum-free, hormone/growth factor-supplemented medium (TKM) on ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC) activity in Sertoli-spermatogenic cell cocultures and
      cultured seminiferous peritubular cells prepared from sexually immature rats (20
      22 days old). Results were correlated with timing of ODC activities during rat
      testicular development. We have found that: (1) although EGF, alone or combined
      with PDGF and TGF-beta, and TKM stimulated ODC activity in Sertoli-spermatogenic
      cell cocultures after 6 and 24 h of stimulation, PDGF exerted an inhibitory
      effect, and (2) cultured peritubular cells stimulated with EGF, PDGF, TGF-beta
      (and their combinations), and TKM displayed an increase in ODC activity after 6 h
      of stimulation, but ODC activities for most of these treatments declined
      considerably 24 h after stimulation. Light microscopic autoradiographic studies
      of [3H]thymidine labeled samples demonstrated that (1) clones of spermatogenic
      cells traverse S phase synchronously, (2) Sertoli cells are not significantly
      radiolabeled, probably because of contact inhibition achieved by high cell
      plating density, and (3) peritubular cells are significantly [3H]thymidine
      labeled in the presence of TKM, a culture medium that facilitates spermatogenic
      cell long-term viability and differentiation. We conclude that TKM and EGF have
      stimulatory effects on the biochemical pathway that precedes synchronous DNA
      synthesis in spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes, and that ODC activity
      is a sensitive marker for monitoring these events.

PMID- 2890649
TI  - 'Elephant man' with severe hypertension.

PMID- 2890650
TI  - Separation of racemic pharmaceuticals by high-performance liquid chromatography
      on silica gel modified with carbohydrate residues.
AB  - Derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose covalently connected to aminopropyl-silica
      gel were used as chiral selectors in the separation of racemic pharmaceuticals.
      beta-Receptor blockers, adrenergic drugs and compounds with secondary amino
      functions could be separated after appropriate derivatization.

PMID- 2890651
TI  - An enzyme immunoassay for dengue antibody using infected cultured mosquito cells
      as antigen.
AB  - A simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for dengue virus antibody detection used
      infected tissue culture cells as antigen. C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells infected
      with dengue virus, and uninfected control cells were fixed with 3.3% formalin.
      This technique eliminated microplate coating and laborious antigen preparation,
      and it facilitated rapid screening of large numbers of sera. Formalin also
      inactivated dengue virus infectivity. Microplates prepared by this technique
      could be stored at -20 or -70 degrees C for at least two months. Human sera were
      adsorbed with C6/36 cells prior to testing in the EIA in order to reduce
      nonspecific binding to C6/36 cells.

PMID- 2890652
TI  - Use of enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid hybridization for detecting Sindbis
      virus in infected mosquitoes.
AB  - Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were inoculated intrathoracically with prototype Sindbis
      virus, held at 26.7 degrees C for from 0-95 h and placed at -70 degrees C.
      Individual mosquitoes were tested for virus by plaque assay in Vero cells, for
      viral RNA by nucleic acid hybridization using a cloned cDNA probe, and for viral
      protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Virus was detected by plaque assay
      as early as 8 h after infection. Sindbis virus RNA was detected by nucleic acid
      hybridization 18 h after infection and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 10 h
      after infection. The results of these comparisons suggest that both nucleic acid
      hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are applicable to direct
      detection of Sindbis virus in mosquitoes containing virus at levels usually found
      during arbovirus epidemics.

PMID- 2890653
TI  - Neuroendocrine regulation of thyrotropin release in cultured human pituitary
      cells.
AB  - The regulation of TSH release in man was investigated using cell cultures derived
      from human pituitaries obtained within 24 h of accidental death. TRH stimulated
      TSH release in a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 was 2.9 +/- 0.6 (+/- SEM)
      nmol/L, similar to that reported for rat pituitary cell cultures. The release of
      TSH was calcium dependent, since the calcium channel antagonist verapamil
      inhibited TRH-stimulated TSH release, and the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated
      TSH release. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate stimulated TSH secretion,
      while dibuytryl cAMP had no effect. Epinephrine and serotonin stimulated TSH
      release, and dopamine and somatostatin inhibited TRH-stimulated TSH release.
      These findings have directly demonstrated that the regulation of TSH secretion by
      hypothalamic neuropeptides and biogenic amines in the human pituitary is similar
      to that in the rat. The development of a tissue culture system to study
      thyrotrophs from postmortem human pituitaries provides the means for detailed
      studies of the regulation of TSH secretion in man.

PMID- 2890654
TI  - Isolation of the galactose-binding lectin that mediates the in vitro adherence of
      Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica adheres to human colonic mucus, colonic epithelial cells,
      and other target cells via a galactose (Gal) or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc)
      inhibitable surface lectin. Blockade of this adherence lectin with Gal or GalNAc
      in vitro prevents amebic killing of target cells. We have identified and purified
      the adherence lectin by two methods: affinity columns derivatized with galactose
      monomers or galactose terminal glycoproteins, and affinity columns and
      immunoblots prepared with monoclonal antibodies that inhibit amebic adherence. By
      both methods the adherence lectin was identified as a 170-kD secreted and
      membrane-bound amebic protein. The surface location of the lectin was confirmed
      by indirect immunofluorescence. Purified lectin competitively inhibited amebic
      adherence to target cells by binding to receptors on the target Chinese hamster
      ovary cells in a Gal-inhibitable manner.

PMID- 2890655
TI  - Rat and human colonic mucins bind to and inhibit adherence lectin of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Establishment of adherence by Entamoeba histolytica is mediated by a 170-kD
      Gal/GalNAc inhibitable lectin and is required for cytolysis and phagocytosis of
      mammalian target cells. We studied the biochemical mechanisms of the in vitro
      interaction between rat and human colonic mucins and axenic E. histolytica
      trophozoites. Crude mucus prevented amebic adherence to Chinese hamster ovary
      (CHO) cells by up to 70%. Purification of the colonic mucins by Sepharose 4B
      chromatography, nuclease digestion, and cesium chloride gradient centrifugation
      resulted in a 1,000-fold enrichment of the inhibitory mucins. Purified rat mucin
      inhibited amebic adherence to and cytolysis of homologous rat colonic epithelial
      cells. Oxidation and enzymatic cleavage of rat mucin Gal and GalNAc residues
      completely abrogated mucin inhibition of amebic adherence. The binding of rat
      125I-mucin to amebae was galactose specific, saturable, reversible, and pH
      dependent. A monoclonal antibody specific for the 170-kD amebic Gal/GalNAc lectin
      completely inhibited the binding of rat 125I-mucin. Rat mucin bound to Affigel
      affinity purified the amebic lectin from conditioned medium. Colonic mucin
      glycoproteins act as an important host defense by binding to the parasite's
      adherence lectin, thus preventing amebic attachment to and cytolysis of host
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2890656
TI  - Endothelium-dependent responses in autogenous femoral veins grafted into the
      arterial circulation of the dog.
AB  - Endothelium-dependent responses differ in arteries and veins of the dog.
      Experiments were performed to determine whether chronic grafting of veins into
      the arterial circulation would alter the endothelium-dependent responses of the
      veins. Segments of femoral veins were grafted to the femoral artery of the dog. 6
      wk after surgery the venous grafts were removed from the dog, cut into rings, and
      suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. In some rings the
      endothelial cells were removed. Acetylcholine and alpha 2-adrenergic agonists did
      not cause endothelium-dependent relaxations in venous grafts. The calcium
      ionophore (A23187) initiated such relaxations which were not mediated by
      prostanoids. Endothelium-dependent relaxations were also observed in venous
      grafts to ADP, thrombin, and arachidonic acid. In segments of graft where myo
      intimal hyperplasia was prominent, relaxations to ADP, thrombin, and A23187 were
      blunted and in some segments contractions were observed. These results
      demonstrate the ability of the endothelium of venous grafts to initiate changes
      in tone of the smooth muscle.

PMID- 2890657
TI  - Cytoprotective effects of glycine and glutathione against hypoxic injury to renal
      tubules.
AB  - Roles for both the tripeptide, GSH, and individual amino acids in modifying the
      cellular response to oxygen deprivation-induced injury have been suggested by
      prior work in kidney and other tissues, but the precise interrelationships have
      not been clearly defined. We have studied the effects of GSH, its component amino
      acids, and related compounds on the behavior of isolated renal proximal tubules
      in a well characterized model of hypoxic injury in vitro. GSH, the combination of
      cysteine, glutamate, and glycine and glycine alone, when present in the medium
      during 30 min hypoxia, a duration sufficient to produce extensive irreversible
      injury in untreated tubules, were protective. Significant effects were detected
      at 0.25 mM concentrations of the reagents, and protection was nearly complete at
      concentrations of 1 mM and above. Glutamate and cysteine alone were not
      protective. The exogenous GSH added to the tubule suspensions was rapidly
      degraded to its component amino acids. Treatment of tubules with GSH or cysteine,
      but not glycine, increased intracellular GSH levels. Oxidized GSH was protective.
      Serine, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine, and a panel of agents known to modify
      injury produced by reactive oxygen metabolites were without benefit. These
      observations identify a novel and potent action of glycine to modify the course
      of hypoxic renal tubular cell injury. This effect is independent of changes in
      cellular GSH metabolism and appears to be unrelated to alterations of cell thiols
      or reactive oxygen metabolites. Further elucidation of its mechanism may provide
      insight into both the basic pathophysiology of oxygen deprivation-induced cell
      injury and a practical way to ameliorate it.

PMID- 2890658
TI  - Selective binding of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 to islet cells revealed
      by quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography.
AB  - Quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography was used for comparing the
      binding of labeled somatostatin-14 (S-14) and somatostatin-28 (S-28 section) to
      islet cells. Monolayer cultures of rat islet cells were incubated with [125I
      Tyr11]S-14 (S-14 section) or [125I-Leu8, D-Trp22, Tyr25]S-28 (S-28 section) in
      the presence or absence of excess unlabeled peptides. Autoradiographic grains
      (ARG) associated with individual islet cells were identified and expressed as the
      mean number per B, A, and D cells. Specific ARG associated with S-14 were found
      over B and A cells. S-28 section-related specific ARG were concentrated over B,
      A, as well as D cells. The highest density of S-14 section labeling occurred over
      A cells, which under conditions of maximum labeling (37 degrees C for 60 min)
      contained five times as many ARG as did B cells. By contrast, under the same
      incubation conditions, the labeling density with S-28 section was maximal over B
      cells, which contained four and five times as many grains as A and D cells,
      respectively. These observations show preferential association of S-14 section
      with the A cell and S-28 section with the B cel provide strong evidence for the
      existence of separate binding sites for S-14 section and S-28 section on A and B
      cells, respectively, which presumably mediate the previously reported glucagon
      selective inhibitory effect of S-14 and the insulin-selective action of S-28.

PMID- 2890659
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the C1 inhibitor gene in hereditary
      angioneurotic edema.
AB  - Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) results from the deficiency of the
      inhibitor of the first component of human complement (C1-INH). It is inherited as
      an autosomal dominant trait. Heterogeneity of this defect has been shown at the
      protein and mRNA level. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA was performed after
      digestion with six different restriction endonucleases in 24 families affected
      with type 1 HANE (low antigenic and functional C1-INH levels) and five with type
      2 (low functional C1-INH levels and normal or elevated levels of dysmorphic C1
      INH). Blots were hybridized with a C1-INH cDNA probe of 1,227 bp. With one enzyme
      (Pst I), two different patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) were detected. One was present in one kindred with type 1 HANE and the
      other appeared the same in one type 1 and in one type 2 family, thus indicating
      that each RFLP resulted from a different mutation. Analysis of a total of 34
      members of these three families suggested that the polymorphisms are tightly
      linked to the mutation responsible for the disease. Using a 170-bp probe we
      showed that the three different mutations leading to these polymorphisms are
      located in the same region of the C1-INH gene. These data suggest that different
      mutations in the same region of the C1-INH gene are responsible for C1-INH
      deficiency in these families. Most of these mutations are probably point
      mutations or other "minor" defects and do not appear to be due to major deletions
      or rearrangements.

PMID- 2890660
TI  - Effect of adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic agonists on atrial natriuretic
      peptide secretion by isolated rat atria. Potential role of the autonomic nervous
      system in modulating atrial natriuretic peptide secretion.
AB  - Stretching of the atrial wall is a known stimulant for atrial natriuretic peptide
      (ANP) secretion. Little is known about other factors that may influence ANP
      secretion. We examined the effects of the neurotransmitters of the autonomic
      nervous system on ANP secretion from isolated rat left atria. Superfusion with 10
      muM norepinephrine produced a biphasic rise in ANP secretion with a peak response
      2.5-fold above baseline secretion. To determine whether the response to
      norepinephrine primarily reflected alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptor
      stimulation, atria were superfused with 0.1 muM isoproterenol or 10 muM
      phenylephrine and 1 muM propranolol. ANP secretion in response to isoproterenol
      was biphasic, similar to the response to norepinephrine. Phenylephrine evoked a
      monophasic ANP secretory response, which was delayed in onset relative to that of
      isoproterenol or norepinephrine. Superfusion with 10 muM methacholine alone had
      no effect on ANP secretion, but rapidly attenuated norepinephrine-stimulated
      secretion by 67%. From these observations we conclude: (a) Both alpha- and beta
      adrenergic agonists directly and distinctively stimulate ANP secretion; (b)
      Norepinephrine stimulates ANP secretion by both alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      mechanisms, however the secretory response pattern of norepinephrine reflects a
      predominence of beta-adrenergic activity; (c) Under basal conditions,
      methacholine does not influence ANP secretion; and (d) Methacholine inhibits
      norepinephrine-stimulated ANP secretion. Thus, in vivo, activation of the
      sympathetic nervous system may enhance ANP secretion, whereas a rise in
      parasympathetic tone may lower ANP secretion.

PMID- 2890661
TI  - Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists stimulate Na+-H+ antiport activity in the rabbit
      renal proximal tubule.
AB  - The role of adrenergic agents in augmenting proximal tubular salt and water flux,
      was studied in a preparation of freshly isolated rabbit renal proximal tubular
      cells in suspension. Norepinephrine (NE, 10(-5) M) increased sodium influx (JNa)
      60 +/- 5% above control value. The alpha adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine (10(
      5) M), inhibited the NE-induced enhanced JNa by 90 +/- 2%, while the beta
      adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, had a minimal inhibitory effect (10 +/- 2%).
      The alpha adrenergic subtype was further defined. Yohimbine (10(-5) M), an alpha2
      adrenergic antagonist but not prazosin (10(-5) M), an alpha1 adrenergic
      antagonist completely blocked the NE induced increase in JNa. Clonidine, a
      partial alpha2 adrenergic agonist, increased JNa by 58 +/- 2% comparable to that
      observed with NE (10(-5) M). Yohimbine, but not prazosin, inhibited the clonidine
      induced increase in JNa, confirming that alpha2 adrenergic receptors were
      involved. Additional alpha2 adrenergic agents, notably p-amino clonidine and
      alpha-methyl-norepinephrine, imparted a similar increase in JNa. The clonidine
      induced increase in JNa could be completely blocked by the amiloride analogue,
      ethylisopropyl amiloride (EIPA, 10(-5) M). The transport pathway blocked by EIPA
      was partially inhibited by Li and cis H+, but stimulated by trans H+, consistent
      with Na+-H+ antiport. Radioligand binding studies using [3H]prazosin (alpha1
      adrenergic antagonist) and [3H]rauwolscine (alpha2 adrenergic antagonist) were
      performed to complement the flux studies. Binding of [3H]prazosin to the cells
      was negligible. In contrast, [3H]rauwolscine showed saturable binding to a single
      class of sites, with Bmax 1678 +/- 143 binding sites/cell and KD 5.4 +/- 1.4 nM.
      In summary, in the isolated rabbit renal proximal tubular cell preparation,
      alpha2 adrenergic receptors are the predominant expression of alpha adreno
      receptors, and in the absence of organic Na+-cotransported solutes, alpha2
      adrenergic agonists enhance 22Na influx into the cell by stimulating the brush
      border membrane Na+-H+ exchange pathway.

PMID- 2890662
TI  - Adaptation of methods for glutamate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase
      activities to a centrifugal analyser: assessment of their clinical use in anoxic
      states of the liver.
AB  - Sensitive, precise, and rapid methods for the measurement of alcohol
      dehydrogenase (ADH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were developed on the Cobas
      Bio centrifugal analyser. The optimal pH for ADH in caucasians was 9.8. Non
      linearity of ADH enzyme activity was observed when samples were diluted in
      saline; linearity was restored when inactivated serum was used as diluent. ADH
      was shown to be a sensitive index of liver anoxia due to cardiorespiratory
      disturbance (clinical sensitivity 90%) and generalised anoxia. GDH exhibited
      sensitivity equal to that of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) but was inferior to
      gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the detection of specific liver disease. Both
      ADH and GDH were sensitive indicators of alcoholic liver disease.

PMID- 2890663
TI  - Plasma intestinal alkaline phosphatase and intermediate molecular mass gamma
      glutamyltransferase activities in the differential diagnosis of jaundice.
AB  - An assessment was made of the value of: (i) the demonstration of intestinal
      alkaline phosphatase in plasma for the differentiation of intrahepatic from post
      hepatic jaundice in 122 jaundiced patients; and (ii) the demonstration of an
      intermediate molecular mass gamma glutamyltransferase in plasma for the
      identification of post-hepatic cholestasis in 74 jaundiced patients. The first
      test had a diagnostic sensitivity of only 32% with a specificity of 86%; the
      second test had a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 75%. It is concluded that
      neither procedure is worth while.

PMID- 2890664
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of flestolol, a new short-acting, beta
      adrenergic receptor antagonist.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of flestolol, a new short-acting, beta
      adrenergic receptor antagonist, were examined in nine healthy subjects after a
      constant intravenous infusion of 5 micrograms/kg/min for 72 hours. Flestolol
      blood levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. In all
      subjects, flestolol blood concentration attained steady state 30 minutes after
      initiation of infusion. The mean +/- standard deviation steady-state
      concentration of flestolol was 31.1 +/- 12.0 ng/mL. The elimination half-life
      averaged 7.2 minutes. The mean +/- standard deviation total body clearance was
      181 +/- 66 mL/min/kg. The apparent volume of distribution and the area under the
      curve averaged 1.89 L/kg and 2.23 micrograms-hr/mL, respectively. Flestolol did
      not cause any significant change (P greater than .05) in the heart rate or
      systolic or diastolic blood pressure from the baseline. Flestolol significantly
      (P less than .05) attenuated the isoproterenol-induced increase in heart rate and
      systolic blood pressure and decrease in diastolic blood pressure in comparison
      with baseline. The average maximum reduction in isoproterenol tachycardia was in
      the range of 63% to 79% during flestolol infusion. There was a rapid recovery
      from beta blockade after termination of flestolol infusion; the recovery averaged
      96% 20 minutes after the infusion was stopped. We conclude that flestolol
      exhibits a very short half-life and is cleared mainly by extrahepatic routes. It
      is an effective beta blocker and possesses a short duration of action.

PMID- 2890665
TI  - The acute and chronic effects of betaxolol on blood pressure, renin-aldosterone,
      and renal function in essential hypertension.
AB  - The effects of betaxolol, a long-acting, lipid-soluble, cardioselective, beta
      adrenergic antagonist on renal function have not been previously reported. The
      present study was designed to prospectively assess the acute and chronic
      antihypertensive, humoral, and renal response to betaxolol, administered once
      daily, to patients with essential hypertension. After a four-week placebo run-in
      period, 13 patients with essential hypertension were treated with betaxolol
      monotherapy for a total of eight months. Results indicate that blood pressure is
      reduced, and renal function remains stable. These findings are consistent with
      previous observations with other beta-adrenergic antagonists.

PMID- 2890666
TI  - Nocturnal doses of ranitidine and nizatidine do not affect the disposition of
      diazepam.
AB  - The disposition of diazepam (D) after a single oral dose of 10 mg was evaluated
      in nine healthy male volunteers under the following conditions (randomized,
      double-blind, crossover design): D + comedication of placebo and D + nocturnal
      dosing with 300 mg ranitidine or 300 mg nizatidine. Plasma concentrations of D
      and its major active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam (DD), were monitored by a gas
      liquid chromatography-electron-capture detection assay for 84 hours. Neither
      ranitidine nor nizatidine had any significant effect on the hepatic elimination
      of D as characterized by its terminal half-life (mean +/- SD) of 35.3 +/- 24.2
      hours (+ ranitidine: 30.1 +/- 9.9 hr; + nizatidine: 37.3 +/- 18.3 hr) or total
      plasma clearance of 28.2 +/- 12.0 mL/min (+ ranitidine: 26.5 +/- 7.9 mL/min; +
      nizatidine: 26.7 +/- 10.4 mL/min). Likewise, the formation of DD as measured by
      its AUC was not affected by ranitidine or nizatidine. Thus, it can be concluded
      that concomitant once-daily dosing (300 mg nocturnally) with ranitidine or
      nizatidine does not impair hepatic drug metabolism.

PMID- 2890667
TI  - Sulfasalazine and related new drugs.

PMID- 2890668
TI  - The influence of food on the oral absorption of bevantolol.
AB  - The bioavailability of bevantolol was compared in 12 healthy volunteers given
      single doses of the drug as the HCl salt after an overnight fast, or 15 minutes
      before or after a standardized breakfast in a nonblind, randomized crossover
      design. Bevantolol was rapidly absorbed in all three treatment groups, with
      maximum concentrations (Cmax) observed at 1.0, 0.9, and 1.8 hours for the
      fasting, before breakfast, and after breakfast groups, respectively. Time to Cmax
      was significantly longer than fasting only when bevantolol was given after
      breakfast. Food ingestion did not significantly affect Cmax, total of absorbed
      drug, or the drug elimination rate. Since food only slightly decreases the drug
      absorption rate and has no measurable effect on the extent of drug absorption,
      the relationship of bevantolol administration to meals is not expected to
      influence therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2890669
TI  - Hemodynamic effects during rest and exercise of bucindolol in hypertensive men.
AB  - Bucindolol is an investigational beta-adrenergic blocking agent with intrinsic
      sympathomimetic and vasodilatory activity in animals. In a double-blind, six-way,
      crossover study of six mild-to-moderate hypertensive men, the effects of
      bucindolol 100, 200, and 300 mg/d on resting blood pressure, heart rate, forearm
      blood flow, and vascular resistance measured by pneumoplethysmography, and blood
      pressure and heart rate after cycle and handgrip exercise were compared with
      those of propranolol 160 and 320 mg/d and placebo after q12h administration for
      five doses. Both bucindolol and propranolol significantly suppressed heart rate
      after cycle exercise in comparison with placebo (-33 to -48 beats/min),
      demonstrating beta blockade. Suppression of resting heart rate by propranolol (
      20 beats/min) was significantly (P less than .05) greater than bucindolol (-7 to 
      8 beats/min); a similar treatment difference in heart rate was noted after
      handgrip exercise (-18 to -19 vs -1 to -8 beats/min, respectively). Bucindolol
      and propranolol decreased resting blood pressure to the same extent (in
      comparison with placebo; P less than .05 at peak activity, 2 hr postdose).
      Bucindolol tended to increase forearm blood flow and decrease forearm vascular
      resistance (P less than .05 at 4 hr postdose) in comparison with placebo. The
      effect of propranolol on forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance was
      not significant compared with placebo. These data are consistent with intrinsic
      sympathomimetic and vasodilatory activity of bucindolol in hypertensive men.

PMID- 2890670
TI  - Respiratory effects of quazepam and pentobarbital.
AB  - Quazepam is a new benzodiazepine that may provide good hypnotic action with
      negligible effect on motor coordination or respiration. Sleep laboratory studies
      on human volunteers have shown quazepam 15 mg to be an effective hypnotic dose,
      with the 30-mg dose being optimal. At these doses, there was no deterioration of
      motor performance, and the drug, when given nightly for two weeks, continued to
      exert hypnotic effects without serious adverse effects. Therefore, this study was
      designed to compare the respiratory effects of quazepam 15 and 30 mg to those of
      pentobarbital 50 and 150 mg and to placebo. Five adult male volunteers received
      each dose at separate times. A double-blind technique was employed for controlled
      rebreathing studies, to a ventilation of 40 L/min or a PETCO2 of 8%. Respiratory
      curves were compared with controls. The mean displacement curve at the 20-liter
      intercept showed a depressant effect for pentobarbital 150 mg at two hours and a
      stimulant effect for quazepam 15 mg at two hours but a slight depression effect
      for quazepam 30 mg at three hours compared with placebo. The slope of the
      respiratory curve was not affected.

PMID- 2890671
TI  - The efficacy of piquindone, a new atypical neuroleptic, in the treatment of the
      positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
AB  - Piquindone (RO22-1319), a new "atypical" neuroleptic, was administered for 2
      weeks to 37 schizophrenic patients, and the effects of treatment were examined in
      a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. "Atypical" neuroleptics are those that
      block animal behaviors that model antipsychotic actions in humans at doses lower
      than those necessary to block animal behaviors that model extrapyramidal actions.
      Our results demonstrate that piquindone led to moderate but significant
      improvements in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and to improvements in
      negative symptoms just below the level of statistical significance. This supports
      the notion that neuroleptics categorized as "atypical" in preclinical experiments
      may prove to be clinically efficacious in humans. In addition, our anecdotal
      observations were that piquindone caused minimal extrapyramidal symptoms. This is
      consistent with the preclinical data and suggests that atypical neuroleptics may
      be associated with fewer extrapyramidal side effects in humans than conventional
      neuroleptics. However, this must be substantiated by further research.

PMID- 2890672
TI  - Prediction of neuroleptic-induced dystonia.
AB  - For patients receiving neuroleptics, age, sex, neuroleptic potency, and dose all
      influence the likelihood of a dystonic reaction. Little is known, however, of the
      relative importance of these factors or of the feasibility of predicting dystonia
      in individual patients. We reviewed 135 charts of psychotic inpatients to examine
      these factors and their usefulness in predicting dystonia. Age, sex, neuroleptic
      type, dose, and occurrence of dystonia were recorded for the first 4 days of drug
      treatment and were used to construct a linear discriminant function that
      classified the cases as to whether dystonia was expected. Internal cross
      validation was performed, and the error rate of this classification procedure was
      calculated. Forty-nine (36%) of the patients had dystonia. A younger age was the
      most powerful predictor of dystonia. Male gender was second in predictive power
      with minor effects from neuroleptic dose and potency. The overall error rate
      (false-positive and false-negative errors combined) of the discriminant function
      was 30%. These results suggest the possibility of predicting dystonia in
      individual patients but should be regarded with caution since the predictive
      procedure has not been tested prospectively. If confirmed, these data may allow
      treatment strategies that protect patients from dystonia while sparing patients
      not at risk unnecessary treatment with antiparkinson agents.

PMID- 2890673
TI  - Treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with zotepine.

PMID- 2890674
TI  - Clinical evolution of cutaneous T cell lymphoma in a patient with antibodies to
      human T-lymphotropic virus type I.
AB  - A woman who emigrated to the United States from the Dominican Republic developed
      the first signs of cutaneous T cell lymphoma during the last trimester of her
      pregnancy. This patient, found to have a positive reaction against human T
      lymphotropic (leukemia-lymphoma) virus type I (HTLV-I), was followed up
      prospectively from the appearance of the initial skin lesion to the development
      of high-count helper T cell leukemia. Antibodies reactive with the core protein
      of HTLV-I were also identified in her husband and mother but not in her 2-year
      old daughter. Examination of the patient's course provides clues about the
      latency period and transmission of HTLV-I and highlights similarities between
      HTLV-I-positive and HTLV-I-negative cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2890675
TI  - CT appearance of liver metastases from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.

PMID- 2890676
TI  - Benzodiazepine dependence.
AB  - Benzodiazepines (BDPs) are widely used drugs that are effective in controlling
      the symptoms of anxiety. Tolerance develops rapidly to some of the effects but
      not to anxiolytic effect in most patients. Dependence occurs at usual therapeutic
      doses and in a small proportion of patients is accompanied by an enormous
      increase in the dose taken. The majority of subjects using very high doses are
      dependent on other substances concurrently. On discontinuing BDPs patients may
      suffer from relapse of the original condition, rebound in the severity of the
      symptoms of the original condition or the onset of new symptoms in an abstinence
      syndrome. If BDPs are discontinued abruptly there may be severe consequences such
      as seizures. With tapering of the dose, even if this is rapid and from high dose,
      high potency BDP, the subject will probably experience considerable discomfort
      but rarely life-threatening effects. Whilst there is concern that BDPs are used
      too freely, the conditions treated are accompanied by significant morbidity and
      mortality. The prevalence of pure BDP dependence is low and it is still a matter
      of debate as to how often BDPs should be prescribed, for which conditions and for
      what length of time.

PMID- 2890677
TI  - Beta-blockers in anxiety disorders.
AB  - Studies evaluating the antianxiety and antipanic properties of beta-blockers do
      not support their routine use in treating either generalized anxiety disorder or
      panic disorder. The use of propranolol for anxiety disorders accompanied by
      physical symptoms, especially cardiovascular complaints, may be effective in some
      patients when combined with benzodiazepines or perhaps in some non-responders to
      conventional treatment. Better designed studies are needed to evaluate the exact
      role of beta-blocking agents in treating anxiety. The efficacy of propranolol in
      patients with panic disorder has not been widely researched, but preliminary
      results have not been encouraging. Propranolol may provide symptomatic relief in
      some patients with residual somatic complaints (i.e., palpitations and
      tachycardia), when combined with the patient's ongoing drug regimen. Because beta
      blockers may induce depression, they should be used cautiously--if at all--in
      panic patients with concurrent depressive illness.

PMID- 2890678
TI  - Benzodiazepines in panic disorder and agoraphobia.
AB  - Benzodiazepines, particularly alprazolam, are quickly becoming the drugs of first
      choice in the treatment of many cases of panic and agoraphobia. The reason for
      this choice is that these drugs are safer to use, quicker in onset of action,
      easier for the physician to prescribe and more pleasant for the patient to take
      than the alternatives. Although the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia
      has been best studied with the benzodiazepine alprazolam, it now appears likely
      that other benzodiazepines, for example diazepam, lorazepam and chlorazepam, may
      also be effective when correctly used. There is no reason at this point to
      believe that any of the benzodiazepines are unique in this regard. Future
      research will undoubtedly clarify this observation. In the meantime, it is hoped
      that some of the guidelines in this paper will help the practicing clinician in
      the management of his patient with this disabling and neglected disease.

PMID- 2890679
TI  - Drug treatment of social phobia.
AB  - Social phobia is a potentially serious anxiety disorder that has attracted
      research interest in the U.S.A. very recently. Patients with social phobia suffer
      severe anxiety only in the context of social situations. Men are more likely to
      be afflicted than women. Alcohol and drug abuse are frequent complications. Two
      classes of medication are promising in treating this condition--beta-adrenergic
      receptor blockers and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Data supporting the use of
      these drugs are reviewed and recommendations for pharmacologic management of
      social phobics are outlined.

PMID- 2890680
TI  - Drug treatment of anxiety disorders: update 1987.

PMID- 2890681
TI  - Benzodiazepines: selective administration.
AB  - Benzodiazepines are unique chemicals with anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle
      relaxant and hypnotic properties. Twelve preparations of this group are available
      in the U.S.A.: two of them belong to the triazolo and one to the 3-nitro groups,
      the remaining ones are 3-OH or 2-keto benzodiazepines. A number of commonly
      employed drugs interact with benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists
      which block only one of its actions have been isolated. These promise to lead to
      preparations with only anxiolytic action without sedation or anticonvulsant
      action in the future. Guidelines for the selection of the proper drug and for the
      prevention of dependence are described.

PMID- 2890682
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic and calcium antagonists on the development of
      anaphylactoid reactions from radiographic contrast media during cardiac
      angiography.
AB  - Anaphylactoid reactions (ARs) occurring in patients receiving propranolol have
      been described as unusually severe and having a "sluggish" response to
      epinephrine. Although the mechanism of ARs to iodinated radiographic contrast
      media is not IgE mediated, because of widespread use of beta-adrenergic blocking
      agents, we undertook a prospective study to determine the incidence of AR to
      radiographic contrast media during cardiac angiography. Nine hundred fifty-two
      consecutive patients were divided into four groups according to concomitant
      chronic medications. Group I (447 patients) were receiving no beta-adrenergic
      blocking agents or calcium antagonists. Group II (216 patients) were receiving a
      beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Group III (147 patients) were receiving a calcium
      antagonist but not a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Group IV (142 patients) were
      receiving both a calcium antagonist and a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. The
      reaction rates, respectively, in the four groups were 4.47%, 7.41%, 5.44%, and
      4.93%. The rates of ARs were not associated with the use of concomitant
      medications in any of the groups (chi 2 = 2.531; p = 0.47). The probability of a
      type II error in comparison of groups I and II was 0.75 should the true incidence
      of reactions in patients receiving beta-adrenergic antagonists be 7.41%. No
      difference in the incidence of AR was observed between patients taking selective
      and nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agents in group II. Specific ARs
      occurring in patients receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents were usually mild
      and often without need for specific pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 2890683
TI  - Clonidine-induced suppression of plasma catecholamines in states of adrenal
      medulla hyperfunction.
AB  - To assess adrenal medulla activity in states of hyperfunction, a single 0.3 mg
      oral dose of clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres) was given to twelve patients with
      varying evidence of familial adrenal medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytomas
      from kindreds with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 syndrome (MEN-2), seven
      patients with sporadic pheochromocytomas and six normal subjects. Mean arterial
      blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels were lower than baseline
      values 2 h after clonidine in the normal subjects. Plasma epinephrine (E) rose in
      one normal but fell in the remainder after clonidine administration. In sporadic
      pheochromocytoma patients, E fell slightly in 4 and NE fell in 3 while mean
      arterial blood pressure was not significantly lower than baseline values in 7
      patients 2 h after clonidine. In MEN-2, mean arterial blood pressure fell and
      there was a variable response of plasma E and NE to clonidine, which appears to
      be related to the presence of detectable anatomic (CT scan) and functional (131I
      mlBG scintigraphy) abnormalities of the adrenal medulla. These findings are thus
      compatible with the spectrum of adrenal medulla dysfunction and the presumed
      development of pheochromocytoma in this syndrome.

PMID- 2890685
TI  - Percutaneous treatment of an intrahepatic abscess caused by a penetrating
      duodenal ulcer.
AB  - We present a well-documented case of duodenal ulcer that penetrated into the
      quadrate lobe of the liver with subsequent abscess and fistula formation. An
      accurate diagnosis depended on the use of ultrasound to identify the presence of
      an abnormal gas pattern in the liver which had been mistaken for bowel on
      computed tomography. Successful percutaneous drainage under ultrasound guidance
      was then accomplished. This is the first recorded case we can find in which
      percutaneous drainage combined with antibiotic and H2 blocker therapy was able to
      supplant the surgical treatment of liver abscess with an enteric fistula. The
      diagnosis and management of this condition are discussed. Special reference is
      made to the use of ultrasound to overcome a major pitfall in the use of computed
      tomography for diagnosing liver abscesses with fistula formation.

PMID- 2890684
TI  - Usefulness of basal catecholamine plasma levels and clonidine suppression test in
      the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
AB  - In the present paper we report our experience on the utility of basal plasma
      catecholamine (CA) measurement and of the clonidine-suppression test in the
      diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Basal noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) were
      assayed in plasma samples of 27 subjects affected by pheochromocytoma. When
      compared to basal values obtained in hypertensive patients without
      pheochromocytoma, one or both the CA resulted pathologically elevated in all
      patients except one. The response to the clonidine-suppression test was evaluated
      in 41 hypertensive patients suspected of having a pheochromocytoma measuring
      plasma NA and A in basal conditions and 2 and 3 h after oral administration of
      300 micrograms clonidine. Extensive laboratory and instrumental findings
      confirmed the presence of pheochromocytoma only in 12 patients. Among the other
      29 patients basal plasma CA resulted higher than normal in 4 patients. In
      patients without pheochromocytoma clonidine induced a significant fall in both NA
      and A plasma levels. The decrease in NA was observed in each patient. The 12
      patients with pheochromocytoma showed a pathological elevation of one or both the
      CA. In this group clonidine did not significantly suppress plasma CA. The
      individual responses were extremely variable. Our data confirm the validity of
      plasma CA measurement as a diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
      The results of the clonidine-suppression test were generally confirmatory of the
      basal CA plasma values but in the 4 hypertensive patients without
      pheochromocytoma who showed basal plasma CA higher than normal clonidine resulted
      a useful tool in excluding the presence of pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2890686
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of P170 at the plasma membrane of multidrug
      resistant human cells.
AB  - P170 (P-glycoprotein) is a membrane protein found in high levels in multidrug
      resistant cultured cell lines. We have localized this protein using monoclonal
      antibody MRK16 by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in the multidrug
      resistant human carcinoma cell line KB-C4. The P170 determinant recognized by
      antibody MRK16 was found on drug-resistant KB-C4 cells, but not on parental drug
      sensitive KB-3-1 cells. The determinant was present on the external surface of
      the plasma membrane and on the luminal side of Golgi stack membranes. P170 was
      excluded from coated pits at the plasma membrane and absent from endocytic
      vesicles and lysosomes. This determinant was detected only in small amounts in
      the endoplasmic reticulum. The high protein concentration of P170 in the plasma
      membrane is consistent with a role of this protein as a drug efflux pump at the
      cell surface.

PMID- 2890687
TI  - Beta-adrenergic-receptor-mediated suppression of interleukin 2 receptors in human
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Adrenergic receptor agonists are known to attenuate the proliferative response of
      human lymphocytes after activation; however, their mechanism of action is
      unknown. Since expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptors is a prerequisite for
      proliferation, the effect of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists on lymphocyte IL-2
      receptors was studied on both mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and IL-2-dependent T
      lymphocyte cell lines. In both cell types the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist
      isoproterenol blocked the expression of IL-2 receptors, as determined with the IL
      2 receptor anti-TAC antibody. To determine the effect of beta-adrenergic agonists
      on expression of the high affinity IL-2 receptors, [125I]IL-2 binding studies
      were performed at concentrations selective for high affinity sites. No
      significant effect of beta-adrenergic agonists on high affinity IL-2 receptor
      sites could be detected. The data demonstrate that beta-adrenergic receptor
      agonists down-regulate IL-2 receptors primarily affecting low affinity sites.

PMID- 2890688
TI  - Mapping of C2, Bf, and C4 genes to the swine major histocompatibility complex
      (swine leukocyte antigen).
AB  - Three miniature swine lines, inbred for swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) haplotypes,
      a, c, and d, and a recombinant line, haplotype g, were analyzed for possible
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) by Southern blot hybridization
      with human C2, factor B (Bf), and C4 specific probes. The search for RFLP by
      using a human C2 probe failed to reveal any variants. However, a Taq I
      polymorphism was identified with the human Bf probe and Bam HI and Pvu II
      polymorphisms were identified with the human C4 probe. Overlapping restriction
      fragments were found with the C2 and Bf probes, which strongly suggests close
      linkage of C2 and Bf genes in swine. Segregation analyses of the Bf and C4
      polymorphisms indicated that the polymorphic fragments followed a Mendelian
      pattern of inheritance. The recombinant haplotype g, which expresses class I
      genes of haplotype c and class II genes of haplotype d, was shown to produce an
      identical RFLP pattern, by using the Bf and C4 probes, as haplotype d, but
      different from that of haplotype c. This indicates that there is a close
      association of [C4-Bf-C2] and class II genes in miniature swine. Although these
      data do not show conclusively the location of the [C4-Bf-C2] genes, it is
      hypothesized that swine [C4-Bf-C2] genes are located between the class II and
      class I genes, as has been demonstrated in mouse and man.

PMID- 2890689
TI  - Molecular variation of human major histocompatibility complex DQw3 beta-chains.
AB  - Histocompatibility leukocyte antigen DQ molecules exhibit polymorphism of both DQ
      alpha- and beta-chains. Histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DQw3 is associated
      with both DR4 and DR5 and can be further subdivided by reactivity with the
      monoclonal antibody TA10. To determine the molecular nature of the DQ polymorphic
      alleles associated with the DR4 haplotype, we have sequenced and analyzed DQ
      alpha and beta cDNA clones obtained from a DR4, Dw4, DQw3 cell line which is TA10
      positive. The DQ alpha-chain sequence was identical to previously published
      sequences from the DR4 haplotype, but the DQ beta sequence differed from
      published DR4-DQ beta sequences obtained from DQw3-positive TA10-negative cell
      lines by eight amino acids, six of which were located in the beta 1 domain. Thus,
      the TA10 serologic determinants reside on the DQ beta-chain. A TA10-specific
      oligonucleotide probe was constructed based on the DQ beta sequence, and its
      specificity was confirmed in a panel of TA10-positive and TA10-negative cell
      lines. An additional band was observed in Southern blotting experiments which may
      indicate a donor sequence for gene conversion.

PMID- 2890690
TI  - Isolation of a hantavirus from a severely ill patient with hemorrhagic fever with
      renal syndrome in Greece.

PMID- 2890691
TI  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: report of a case in Malaysia.

PMID- 2890692
TI  - A morphometric study of coated pit formation on the subplasmalemmal surface of
      murine peritoneal macrophages after adhesion to glass.
AB  - Murine peritoneal macrophages were settled onto treated and untreated glass at 4
      degrees C. The cells were warmed to 37 degrees C and at different time intervals,
      after being briefly in buffer containing 1 mM ZnCl2, they were subjected to a
      stream of buffer regulated by a peristaltic pump. By controlling the time of
      extraction with the buffer stream, it was possible to remove all attached
      cytoskeletal filaments and relatively clean preparations of the subplasmalemmal
      surface could be obtained. Platinum replicas of the remaining ventral
      subplasmalemmal surfaces were prepared and examined by transmission electron
      microscopy and the extent of clathrin pit formation was assessed
      morphometrically. It was found that clathrin-coated pits and vesicles formed on
      untreated or positively charged glass surfaces after only 2 min at 37 degrees C,
      reaching a peak in 2 hr, when approximately 5% of the available surface was
      occupied by these structures. The proportion of plasmalemma occupied by coated
      pits was higher on the ventral membranes of resident macrophages settled onto
      glass surfaces treated with BSA/anti-BSA (greater than 10% of the total
      substratum-attached membrane). There was no demonstrable difference in the extent
      of clathrin-coated pit formation between resident and exudate macrophages.

PMID- 2890694
TI  - Atypical acinar cell lesions of the pancreas in mice induced by 4
      hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide.
AB  - The carcinogenic effect of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide (4-HAQO) on exocrine
      pancreas of mice after a single intravenous (i.v.) injection was investigated. At
      a dose of 24 mg/kg body weight, 100% of the mice killed at the end of 40 weeks
      had developed atypical acinar cell foci (AAF) in the pancreas. Each pancreas
      contained an average of 18.3 +/- 2.7 AAF. Cells in AAF were arranged as acini and
      their cytoplasm contained eosinophilic zymogen granules. The nuclei were large,
      round to oval, basally located and contained 1-2 prominent nucleoli. Cells in AAF
      showed a markedly increased mitotic activity with an index of 4 +/- 0.7/1000
      cells as compared to a value of 0.25 +/- 0.25 in the acinar cell population of
      control pancreas. Autoradiographic studies showed a labeling index of 23 +/- 3 in
      AAF as compared to only 1.5 +/- 0.29 in the pancreatic acinar cells of controls.
      These findings indicate that 4-HAQO induces pancreatic lesions in mice which are
      quite similar to the acidophilic foci observed in rat pancreas and may serve as
      another useful model for studies of pancreatic carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2890693
TI  - Pancreatic hormones in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels of plasma and pancreas were studied in the rat
      after streptozotocin (STZ) injection. In 4 weeks of observation, plasma PP was
      elevated up to 4 times the control values with marked hyperglycemia and
      insulinopenia. At 4 weeks, intravenous (i.v.) glucose tolerance tests and i.v.
      insulin tolerance tests were performed. In the glucose tolerance test, control
      rats responded with a 10-fold increase in plasma insulin and 15% decrease in
      plasma PP levels, whereas STZ-diabetic rats produced no increase of plasma
      insulin and an approximately 50% reduction of plasma PP levels with marked
      hyperglycemia. In the insulin tolerance test, diabetic rats showed a marked
      increase in plasma PP levels and less increase in plasma insulin levels than the
      controls. In diabetic rats, pancreatic insulin levels were reduced to about 3.5%
      of control, whereas those of somatostatin (SRIF), PP and glucagon were elevated
      to 8.3, 2.7 and 1.4 times control, respectively. In a morphometric study, islet
      areas of diabetic rats were seen to be reduced to about 10% of control. With in
      vitro perfused pancreatic slices, STZ-diabetic pancreas released much more
      glucagon and PP than control pancreas. Thus, STZ injection in the rat caused
      marked beta-cell damage as well as hyperplasia of SRIF, PP and glucagon cells,
      with glucagon and PP hypersecretion.

PMID- 2890695
TI  - Role of secretin and CCK in the stimulation of pancreatic secretion in conscious
      dogs. Effects of atropine and somatostatin.
AB  - The role of gut hormones, such as secretin and CCK, in the stimulation of
      pancreatic secretion by duodenal HCl or oleate and by meat feeding has been
      studied in conscious dogs before and after pretreatment with atropine and
      somatostatin. Plasma hormones were measured by specific and sensitive
      radioimmunoassays. Duodenal perfusion with HCl and oleate stimulated dose
      dependently pancreatic HCO3 and protein secretion and raised plasma levels of
      secretin and CCK, respectively. Atropine reduced significantly both HCO3 and
      protein secretion but did not affect plasma secretin and CCK levels in these
      studies. Both exocrine pancreatic secretion and plasma secretin and CCK levels
      were suppressed by somatostatin. Meat feeding caused a marked pancreatic HCO3 and
      protein secretion accompanied by a significant increase in plasma secretin and
      CCK which seem to play an important role in the postprandial pancreatic
      stimulation. Both atropine and somatostatin reduced the pancreatic secretion
      induced by exogenous hormones but only somatostatin, but not atropine,
      significantly decreased plasma secretin and CCK responses to intestinal
      stimulants. We conclude that both atropine and somatostatin reduce the pancreatic
      responses to duodenal HCl or oleate or to meat feeding but only somatostatin is
      capable of suppressing the release of secretin and CCK.

PMID- 2890696
TI  - [An epidemiologic study on rats associated with outbreak of hemorrhagic fever
      with renal syndrome--comparison with antibodies for two virus strain, Hantaan
      virus 76-118 strain and newly isolated WKM strain].

PMID- 2890697
TI  - [An epidemiologic study on HFRS after six years surveillance--comparison with
      antibodies for two virus strain, Hantaan virus 76-118 strain and WKM strain in
      members of college].

PMID- 2890699
TI  - [QT prolongation syndrome].

PMID- 2890698
TI  - Immunological concepts in insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2890700
TI  - [A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with myoglobinuric acute
      renal failure].

PMID- 2890701
TI  - Influence of factor XIII and fibronectin on fiber size and density in thrombin
      induced fibrin gels.
AB  - The possible role of fibronectin as a molecular anchor for fibrin to ground
      substance, the ability of factor XIII to cross-link fibronectin to fibrin, and
      the demonstrated differences between purified fibrin and fibrin formed in plasma
      prompted this study of the effect of both proteins on fibrin assembly and
      structure. The influences of activated factor XIII (FXIIIa) and fibronectin were
      studied by use of turbidity techniques. Fibronectin over a concentration range of
      0 to 800 micrograms/ml produced no change in either the mass-length ratio or
      density of fibrin fibers in 1 mg/ml fibrin gels. FXIIIa at concentrations as high
      as 6.5 mumol/L, although not altering fiber mass-length ratio, caused a 30%
      increase in fiber density. Gels formed in the presence of fibronectin plus FXIIIa
      demonstrated increasing fiber mass-length ratios and increasing fiber density
      with increasing fibronectin concentration. Mass-length ratios for gels formed in
      the presence of 3.24 mumol/L FXIIIa increased from 3.25 to 5.20 x 10(13)
      daltons/cm as the fibronectin concentration increased from 0 to 800
      micrograms/ml. Fiber density increased from 13.6 to 19.1 x 10(22) daltons/cm3
      over the same fibronectin range. These results imply that FXIIIa-induced
      structural changes such as increased elastic modulus may be mediated in part by
      increased fiber density. Fibronectin alone has virtually no impact on fibrin
      assembly, but in the presence of FXIIIa becomes incorporated into fibrin and
      results in increased fiber size and density.

PMID- 2890702
TI  - Uricoteley:its nature and origin during the evolution of tetrapod vertebrates.
AB  - The hepatic mechanism for detoxication of ammonia formed during amino acid
      gluconeogenesis in uricotelic vertebrates requires the intramitochondrial
      synthesis of glutamine by glutamine synthetase. This glutamine then serves as a
      precursor of uric acid in the cytosol. The evolutionary development of uricoteley
      thus required the localization of glutamine synthetase in liver mitochondria. The
      mechanism for the mitochondrial import of glutamine synthetase in uricotelic
      vertebrate liver is not yet known. Tortoises, extant relatives of the stem
      reptiles, possess both the ureotelic and uricotelic hepatic systems. It therefore
      seems likely that the genetic events allowing the mitochondrial localization of
      glutamine synthetase in liver occurred in the amniote amphibian ancestors of the
      stem reptiles. The selection of ureoteley by the theropsids and of uricoteley by
      the sauropsids were major events in the divergence and subsequent evolution of
      these two lines. Once established in the sauropsid line, uricoteley has persisted
      through to the higher reptiles, crocodilians, and birds. Uricoteley was in part
      responsible for the radiation of the archosaurs during the Triassic as a water
      conserving mechanism in the adult, thereby allowing them to invade the arid
      environments of that period. Contrary to dogma, uricoteley was probably of minor
      significance in the development of the cleidoic egg. Neither mammalian nor avian
      embryonic liver tissues catabolize amino acids to any great extent, so it is
      inappropriate to attribute to them a kind of "waste" nitrogen metabolism.

PMID- 2890703
TI  - Isolation frequency and growth properties of HIV-variants: multiple simultaneous
      variants in a patient demonstrated by molecular cloning.
AB  - The biological properties and efficiency of isolation of different HIV (LAV/HTLV
      III, ARV, and AAV) subtypes were evaluated by recovering and growing HIV on fresh
      peripheral human lymphocytes. Cultures for virus isolation were performed from
      more than 180 German AIDS, ARC, LAS, and virus-exposed asymptomatic patients. The
      virus isolation rate depended on the state of health of the patients being close
      to 80% in AIDS patients, 30-40% in ARC/LAS patients, and lower in asymptomatic
      HIV seropositive patients. The cytopathic effects of the HIV isolates obtained on
      lymphocyte-cell cultures ranged from no effect to marked syncytia formation and
      cytopathogenicity. Marked differences were also observed in the replication rate
      of the various isolates. These properties were stable in all in vitro passages of
      the viruses performed so far and allowed to tentatively define four subtypes of
      HIV. In the majority of AIDS cases with neurological symptoms well-growing
      strains were obtained from peripheral blood, while all but two isolates from the
      cerebrospinal fluid of the same patients grew remarkably slowly and to only low
      titres on lymphocytes, suggesting that selection of variants for growth at
      specific sites of the body occurs. For one of the most cytopathogenic strains the
      influence of several variables of culture conditions (cell type, corticosteroids,
      IL-2, and polybrene) on virus replication was studied. Apart from polybrene, all
      parameters strongly influenced replication.

PMID- 2890704
TI  - Spread of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) in the Dutch homosexual community.
AB  - Sequential sera of 697 homosexual men, participating in a prospective study (1984
      1986) of the risk to acquire human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS, were
      tested for antibodies to human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-I) by particle
      agglutination and immunoblotting. No intravenous drug users were included in this
      trial. Three men (0.4%) were HTLV-I antibody positive at intake and an additional
      2 at the end of the observation period, resulting in an attack rate of
      approximately 0.3%. One of the 3 men with HTLV-I antibodies at intake was a
      Brazilian. One man had an acute HTLV-I infection after sexual intercourse with a
      Brazilian during holiday in Brazil. No serological cross-reactivity with HIV was
      observed nor a relationship with other sexually transmissible viral or bacterial
      infections. In contrast to HIV no relationship with anogenital intercourse was
      noted; both primary HTLV-I infected men practiced only orogenital intercourse.
      This suggests that HTLV-I was imported in the Dutch homosexual community after
      HIV was introduced in the Netherlands. HTLV-I appears to spread slower within the
      homosexual community than HIV and possibly by other routes.

PMID- 2890705
TI  - Cytomegalovirus infections in adult T-cell leukemia patients.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection frequently occurred in patients with malignant
      lymphoma of T-cell origin, especially with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). This was
      evidenced by histopathological examination at autopsy, isolation of CMV, and
      detection of CMV antibodies that indicate recent or active infection. Cellular
      immune response was suppressed in most ATL patients when examined by skin
      hypersensitivity reaction to purified protein derivatives (PPD), streptococcal
      antigens (SuPs), and phytohaemoagglutinin (PHA). None of the CMV-positive
      patients reacted to them. Thus, the presence of tumor cells of T-cell origin and
      the absence of skin hypersensitivity reaction seem to be risk factors for CMV
      infection. Each CMV isolate exhibited unique DNA fingerprints, suggesting that
      cross-infection of CMV did not occur among the ATL patients on the same ward.

PMID- 2890706
TI  - The characterization of the dopaminergic profile of EMD 23,448, and indolyl-3
      butylamine: selective actions on presynaptic and supersensitive postsynaptic DA
      receptor populations.
AB  - The effects of the dopamine (DA) agonist EMD 23,448 on central normosensitive and
      supersensitive DA receptors were investigated. EMD 23,448 only slightly inhibits
      rat striatal DOPA synthesis in vivo and does not inhibit the enhanced striatal
      DOPA synthesis elicited by acute administration of haloperidol. Also unlike other
      DA agonists it does not increase striatal acetylcholine levels. However, it
      inhibits striatal DOPA synthesis in rats with DA receptors rendered
      supersensitive by chronic treatment with haloperidol. EMD 23,448 also effectively
      inhibits the enhanced striatal DOPA synthesis elicited by administration of GBL.
      Furthermore, EMD 23,448 selectively reduces, in a dose-dependant way, DA
      utilization in nerve terminals of the central caudate and in dotted terminals of
      the ventral striatum but DA utilization in the substantia nigra is unaffected.
      The most marked reduction of DA utilization was induced in the anteromedial
      frontal cortex. These results indicate that EMD 23,448 selectively stimulates
      presynaptic DA receptors and supersensitive postsynaptic DA receptors. Behavioral
      experiments in animals with normosensitive and supersensitive DA receptors also
      indicate that EMD 23,448 effectively stimulates presynaptic and supersensitive
      postsynaptic DA receptors. Receptor binding studies have shown that EMD 23,448
      has a high affinity for the D2 DA receptors, but it ineffectively promotes the
      coupling of the DA receptors with the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
      However, at supersensitive striatal DA receptors the coupling is shown to be
      enhanced by EMD 23,448. The selectivity of EMD 23,448 for presynaptic DA
      receptors might, at least in part, be related to the presence of DA receptor
      reserves which are sensitive to EMD 23,448. With regard to the selectivity of EMD
      23,448 for supersensitive postsynaptic DA receptors an increase in the efficiency
      of the coupling mechanism upon activation by EMD 23,448 is probably involved.

PMID- 2890707
TI  - Sleep and benzodiazepine receptor sub-types.
AB  - CL 218,872, which preferentially binds to benzodiazepine (BZ) type 1 receptors,
      and flurazepam, which is thought to bind to both types 1 and 2, were given alone
      and in combination to rats. CL 218,872 had little effect on sleep latency, but
      significantly increased total sleep time. As expected, flurazepam both shortened
      sleep latency and prolonged total sleep. Pretreatment with CL 218,872 had no
      effect on these alterations in sleep induced by flurazepam. The implications for
      possible significance of sub-typing of BZ receptors are discussed.

PMID- 2890708
TI  - Search for the familial Alzheimer's disease gene.
AB  - The application of molecular genetic techniques to the study of autosomal
      dominantly inherited Familial Alzheimer's Disease may provide a means to
      determine the chromosomal location of the defective gene causing this form of
      Alzheimer's disease. Knowledge of the chromosomal location of the defective gene
      will provide a basis for isolating and characterizing this gene. Preliminary
      investigations indicate that several candidate genes can be excluded as the site
      of the defect. Current data also indicate that the defective gene does not reside
      close to random DNA markers on the distal portion of chromosome 21. Additional
      DNA markers on the proximal portion of chromosome 21 long arm are currently being
      investigated.

PMID- 2890709
TI  - Intracerebroventricular cholinergic drug administration in Alzheimer's disease:
      preliminary results of a double-blind study.
AB  - In June 1983, we began evaluating intracerebroventricular (ICV) cholinergic drug
      infusion in patients with biopsy-documented Alzheimer's disease (AD). An initial
      trial in four patients showed this treatment approach to be feasible, but
      objective improvement in cognitive or social function was not documented
      (Harbaugh et al., 1984; Harbaugh, 1986). A double-blind, placebo-controlled
      crossover study involving a larger number of patients has since been done. The
      results of this study, presented here, document a statistically significant
      improvement in some cognitive test results during periods of drug infusion.
      However, the clinical applicability of this treatment approach is still
      questionable. A collaborative, double-blind study evaluating activities of daily
      living and cognitive test results during drug and placebo infusion is presently
      underway and should better define the safety and efficacy of this treatment
      approach for patients with AD.

PMID- 2890710
TI  - Dementing conditions studied with PET.
AB  - Papers published between 1980 and 1986 reporting PET scans performed on patients
      with dementia are reviewed. Application of PET in clinical practice is limited to
      date. However, PET methods contribute to clarify pathophysiology of the
      dementias. Some possibilities for future investigations are outlined but progress
      will be slow due to the complexities of the technique.

PMID- 2890711
TI  - Isolated brain microvessels as in vitro equivalents of the blood-brain barrier:
      selective removal by collagenase of the A-system of neutral amino acid transport.
AB  - On treatment with collagenase, brain microvessels, together with several protein
      components, lose some enzymatic activities such as alkaline phosphatase and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase, whereas no change occurs in the activities of 5'
      nucleotidase and glutamine synthetase. The energy-requiring "A-system" of polar
      neutral amino acid transport is also severely inactivated, whereas the L-system
      for the facilitated exchange of branched chain and aromatic amino acids is
      preserved. In the collagenase-digested microvessels, this leads to loss of the
      transtimulation effect of glutamine on the transport of large neutral amino
      acids, because such transtimulation is due to a cooperation between the A- and L
      systems. By contrast, NH4+ maintains (and even enhances) its ability to stimulate
      the L-system of amino acid transport, presumably through glutamine synthesis
      within the endothelial cells.

PMID- 2890713
TI  - A micromethod for the isolation of large and small microvessels from frozen
      autopsied human brain.
AB  - Microvessels were isolated from autopsied human brain using a simple procedure
      involving disruption, sieving, and centrifugation on a sucrose density gradient.
      The present procedure is characterized by isolation, from frozen autopsied brain,
      of materials either from the cerebral cortex or white matter, and subsequent
      separation of the capillary fraction from the large vessel fraction. The
      preparation appears highly purified under phase-contrast microscopic examination.
      The purity was also established by the enrichment of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity and by the nearly negligible cerebroside content in the
      vessel fractions as compared to the brain homogenate.

PMID- 2890712
TI  - Intracellular pH and catecholamine synthesis in cultured bovine adrenal medullary
      cells: effect of extracellular Na+ removal.
AB  - Incubation of cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells in Na+-free sucrose medium
      or in Na+-free Cs+ medium enhanced the synthesis of 14C-catecholamines from
      [14C]tyrosine about two- to threefold or sixfold, respectively. The increment of
      14C-catecholamine synthesis produced by Na+-free medium was partially dependent
      on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP also stimulated the
      synthesis of 14C-catecholamines in adrenal medullary cells, and the effects of
      Na+ removal and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (5 mM) on the synthesis were almost
      additive. The intracellular pH measured by using a weak acid 5,5
      dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione was 7.14 in control cells and when Na+ was replaced
      by sucrose or Cs+, it shifted down to 6.56 or 5.66, respectively. The fall in
      intracellular pH and the stimulation of 14C-catecholamine synthesis were
      similarly dependent on the concentration of Na+ in the medium. The optimal pH of
      soluble tyrosine hydroxylase was 5.5-6.0 both in control cells and in cells
      incubated in Na+-free medium. These results suggest that removal of extracellular
      Na+ increases the synthesis of catecholamines, at least in part, by shifting the
      intracellular pH toward the optimal pH of tyrosine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2890714
TI  - Glutamate receptor subtypes in cultured cerebellar neurons: modulation of
      glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid release.
AB  - Using cerebellar, neuron-enriched primary cultures, we have studied the glutamate
      receptor subtypes coupled to neurotransmitter amino acid release. Acute exposure
      of the cultures to micromolar concentrations of kainate and quisqualate
      stimulated D-[3H]aspartate release, whereas N-methyl-D-aspartate, as well as
      dihydrokainic acid, were ineffective. The effect of kainic acid was concentration
      dependent in the concentration range of 20-100 microM. Quisqualic acid was
      effective at lower concentrations, with maximal releasing activity at about 50
      microM. Kainate and dihydrokainate (20-100 microM) inhibited the initial rate of
      D-[3H]aspartate uptake into cultured granule cells, whereas quisqualate and N
      methyl-DL-aspartate were ineffective. D-[3H]Aspartate uptake into confluent
      cerebellar astrocyte cultures was not affected by kainic acid. The stimulatory
      effect of kainic acid on D-[3H]aspartate release was Na+ independent, and partly
      Ca2+ dependent; the effect of quisqualate was Na+ and Ca2+ independent. Kynurenic
      acid (50-200 microM) and, to a lesser extent, 2,3-cis-piperidine dicarboxylic
      acid (100-200 microM) antagonized the stimulatory effect of kainate but not that
      of quisqualate. Kainic and quisqualic acid (20-100 microM) also stimulated gamma
      [3H]-aminobutyric acid release from cerebellar cultures, and kynurenic acid
      antagonized the effect of kainate but not that of quisqualate. In conclusion,
      kainic acid and quisqualic acid appear to activate two different excitatory amino
      acid receptor subtypes, both coupled to neurotransmitter amino acid release.
      Moreover, kainate inhibits D-[3H]aspartate neuronal uptake by interfering with
      the acidic amino acid high-affinity transport system.

PMID- 2890715
TI  - Ubiquitin-directed antibodies inhibit neuronal transporters in rat brain
      synaptosomes.
AB  - Affinity-purified antibodies specific for ubiquitin were found to inhibit the
      sodium-dependent uptake of [3H]choline, gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid [( 3H]GABA),
      [3H]glutamate, [3H]norepinephrine, [3H]aspartate, and [3H]serotonin in rat
      cerebral cortical synaptosomes at a low concentration (10 micrograms/ml). These
      antibodies (termed anti-Ub) had no effect on the sodium-independent uptake of
      these substances or their calcium-dependent efflux. Synaptosomal [3H]deoxyglucose
      uptake was not affected in normal Krebs Ringer buffer containing 10 mM glucose,
      but was inhibited in glucose-free medium. Other nonneuronal sodium-dependent
      transport processes were found to be unaffected by 10 micrograms/ml anti-Ub,
      suggesting that anti-Ub does not bind indiscriminantly to sodium-binding sites on
      sodium-dependent organic solute transporters. Finally, anti-Ub inhibited sodium
      dependent [3H]GABA and [3H]glutamate uptake in plasma membrane ghosts, devoid of
      membrane potential, which were derived from rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes.
      These results suggest that neuronal transporters or sites proximal to them may be
      ubiquitinylated on the plasma membrane surface.

PMID- 2890716
TI  - Beta-endorphin, somatostatin, and prolactin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of
      epileptic patients after generalised convulsion.
AB  - The possible role of different peptidergic systems in the postictal stage of
      human epilepsy was studied by measuring beta-endorphin, somatostatin, and
      prolactin levels by radioimmunoassay of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from nine
      epileptic patients. The first sample was taken within 2 hours after generalised
      tonic-clonic convulsion, and the second sample was obtained interictally after 1
      4 days without any kind of clinically observable seizures. beta-endorphin was
      elevated postictally (p = 0.044) compared with interictal levels. SLI and PROL
      were similar in both samples. The present study suggests that in humans beta
      endorphin is released into CSF during generalised seizures. This may indicate
      that neurons containing beta-endorphin are activated during a seizure.

PMID- 2890717
TI  - Development of the ultrastructural features of somatostatin-immunoreactive
      neurons in the rat visual cortex.
AB  - The peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique has been used to
      examine the development of the ultrastructural features of somatostatin (SRIF)
      immunoreactive neurons in the visual cortex of the rat between embryonic day 17
      and postnatal day 32. In the adult, stained neurons are distributed in layers II
      through VI and characterized by an abundance of cytoplasm containing a plethora
      of organelles, most conspicuous of which are cisternae of granular endoplasmic
      reticulum organized in parallel arrays. In embryonic tissue, SRIF-positive cells
      are present in the subplate and in the border between the cortical plate and
      marginal zone. These cells possess scanty cytoplasm containing a few organelles;
      synapses onto immunoreactive perikarya and dendrites are evident at this stage.
      At birth and in early postnatal life, labelled cells are confined to the subplate
      region. Already at this age a number of cells display signs of ultrastructural
      features which characterize them in adult life. At the end of the first postnatal
      week, SRIF-immunoreactive neurons span a considerable spectrum of maturity. At
      one extreme are a few cells with little cytoplasm surrounding a large nucleus and
      at the other are the majority of labelled neurons showing abundant cytoplasm
      including prominent arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Labelled cells
      first appear in the more superficial layers at the beginning of the second
      postnatal week and attain a distribution similar to that observed in adult
      animals at the end of this week. At this time their ultrastructural features
      closely resemble those of their adult counterparts, and differences in
      cytoplasmic maturity between superficial and deep labelled cells are not evident.
      This suggests that the SRIF-producing neurons in the superficial layers begin to
      express this peptide after they complete their migration and have acquired their
      morphological features. Maturation proceeds during the third postnatal week; at
      this stage most cells acquire their mature nuclear and cytoplasmic features and
      an adult complement of synapses. However, a number of SRIF-immunoreactive cells
      contain a particularly prominent accumulation of cytoplasmic organelles and
      appear hypertrophic.

PMID- 2890718
TI  - Microtubule-mitochondrial associations in regenerating axons after taxol
      intoxication.
AB  - Ultrastructural examination of regenerating axons within rat sciatic nerve
      injected locally with the microtubule assembly-promoting compound, taxol, has
      revealed the frequent association of microtubules with axoplasmic organelles, in
      particular mitochondria. This was characterized by the prodigious accumulation of
      axonal microtubules, some of which became aligned to form multilayered channels
      within which axoplasmic organelles were sequestered. Between each layer of
      microtubules forming the walls of these channels, a 5 nm filament, believed to
      derive from microtubule side-arm material, was present. The findings suggest that
      these microtubule channels might play a role in mitochondrial traffic across the
      lesion area. Similar but much less elaborate associations within axons between
      microtubules and axoplasmic organelles, including mitochondria, have been
      described previously. Within regenerating axonal sprouts, intermediate filaments
      were found only at later timepoints when they commonly occurred within the
      microtubule channels. It is proposed that taxol impedes axonal regrowth at an
      early stage of cytoskeleton formation and that that the present observations
      represent drug-induced exaggerations of a normal phenomenon.

PMID- 2890720
TI  - A new low-molecular-weight component promoting adrenergic development in cultured
      chick sympathetic neurons.
AB  - A low-molecular-weight component present in medium conditioned by cultured chick
      liver cells (LCM) enhances the adrenergic properties of dissociated chick
      superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons in culture (Zurn and Mudry, 1986). This
      substance cannot replace NGF as a survival, growth, or differentiation factor.
      However, in the presence of NGF, it stimulates neuronal metabolism and
      catecholamine (CA), but not ACh production by the SCG neurons. The effect on
      transmitter production is greater than that on neuronal metabolism. Yet this is
      not due to an increase in the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the
      rate-limiting enzyme in CA synthesis. Interestingly, the effect of LCM on CA and
      ACh production, but not on neuronal metabolism, is potentiated in the presence of
      a large excess of NGF. The active component(s) present in LCM has a molecular
      weight lower than 500 Da and is not inactivated by heat or pronase treatment. So
      far, none of the small molecules tested (ascorbic acid, pyruvate, glucose, L
      glutamic acid, glutathione, etc.) were able to mimic the effects of LCM on the
      SCG neurons. Thus this report describes a novel low-molecular-weight component
      different from NGF that promotes metabolism and adrenergic development in
      cultured chick sympathetic neurons.

PMID- 2890719
TI  - A comparison of computer-controlled versus manual administration of vecuronium in
      humans.
AB  - The short elimination half-life of vecuronium suggests it may be delivered more
      efficiently by continuous infusion than by traditional bolus injections. The
      objective of this study was to compare manual administration with computer
      controlled administration. Anesthesia was induced in 22 patients (American
      Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] physical status I and II) with fentanyl and
      sodium thiopental and maintained with halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen.
      Neuromuscular function was assessed at the hypothenar eminence and the adductor
      pollicis (train-of-four stimulation). A bolus of 0.1 mg/kg of vecuronium was
      given to obtain 100% twitch depression for tracheal intubation. After twitch
      height returned to 25% of control, relaxation was maintained by traditional bolus
      injections (group 1, n = 7), manually controlled continuous infusion (group 2, n
      = 7), or computer-controlled continuous infusion (group 3, n = 8). In all three
      groups the desired level of relaxation was 90% twitch depression. Variability of
      relaxation differed significantly among the three groups (group 1: 10.5%, group
      2: 12.4%, group 3: 7.1%). Twitch height was more constant with computer control
      than with either bolus injections or manual infusion (P less than 0.05). There
      was no statistically significant difference in the drug requirement (group 1:
      1.60 microgram/kg/min, group 2: 1.51 microgram/kg/min, group 3: 1.45
      microgram/kg/min). Variability in the mechanomyogram (n = 12) was much higher
      than in the electromyogram (n = 10). Computer-controlled infusion may be a useful
      adjunct for the anesthesiologist who desires a stable level of patient relaxation
      when using short-acting, non-depolarizing relaxants.

PMID- 2890721
TI  - Catecholaminergic properties of cholinergic neurons and synapses in adult rat
      ciliary ganglion.
AB  - Parasympathetic neurons of the ciliary ganglion are innervated by preganglionic
      cholinergic neurons whose cell bodies lie in the brain stem; the ganglion cells
      in turn provide cholinergic innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the eye.
      Noradrenergic innervation of the iris is supplied by sympathetic neurons of the
      superior cervical ganglion. Using immunocytochemical and histochemical
      techniques, we have examined the ciliary ganglion of adult rats for the
      expression of cholinergic and noradrenergic properties. As expected, the
      postganglionic ciliary neurons possessed detectable levels of choline
      acetyltransferase immunoreactivity (ChAT-IR). Unexpectedly, many ciliary neurons
      also exhibited immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-IR). Some had
      dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like (DBH-IR) immunoreactivity, but none contained
      detectable catecholamines, even after treatment with nialamide and L-DOPA. A
      sparse plexus of fibers exhibiting faint TH-IR was present in the irises of
      acutely sympathectomized rats. The terminals of preganglionic axons in the
      ciliary ganglion exhibited not only immunoreactivity for ChAT, but also for TH
      and contained stores of endogenous catecholamine. Neither ciliary neurons nor
      their preganglionic innervation accumulated detectable stores of exogenous
      catecholamines. Rats sympathectomized as neonates by treatment with 6
      hydroxydopamine subsequently had a greater proportion of neurons possessing
      detectable TH-IR in the ciliary ganglion; both the TH-IR perikarya and their
      axons in the iris were more intensely immunofluorescent. TH-IR was present in the
      ciliary neuron cell bodies of mouse, guinea pig, and ferret. These species,
      however, lacked detectable TH-IR or catecholamine stores in preganglionic
      terminals. These observations indicate that mature, functionally cholinergic
      neurons from 2 different embryonic origins, postganglionic ciliary neurons
      derived from the neural crest and preganglionic neurons derived from the neural
      tube, display several catecholaminergic properties.

PMID- 2890722
TI  - Alpha-2 adrenergic regulation of melatonin release in chick pineal cell cultures.
AB  - The chick pineal gland expresses a circadian rhythm of melatonin biosynthesis,
      with elevated levels at night and low levels during the day. The rhythm of
      melatonin is regulated both by circadian oscillators located within the gland
      itself and by adrenergic input from the sympathetic nervous system. Previous work
      has shown that norepinephrine administration inhibits melatonin biosynthesis, as
      measured by the activity of the enzyme serotonin N-acetyltransferase. As a first
      step toward understanding the mechanisms by which norepinephrine regulates
      melatonin production in the chick pineal, we have identified the adrenergic
      receptor involved. Dissociated chick pineal cell cultures were prepared and
      melatonin release was measured on days 5 and 6 of culture using radioimmunoassay.
      The effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the nocturnal increase of
      melatonin release during the 12 hr dark portion of a LD12:12 light cycle were
      determined. Norepinephrine inhibited melatonin release in a dose-dependent
      manner, with an average EC50 of 19.7 nM +/- 2.23 (SEM). Melatonin release values
      ranged from 100 to 4% of the level seen in control cultures, depending on the
      dose of norepinephrine. The physiological response to epinephrine,
      norepinephrine, and isoproterenol was stereospecific. The (-) stereoisomer was 6,
      8, and 37 times more potent than the (+) stereoisomer, respectively. EC50 values
      (in nM) for adrenergic agonists were as follows: alpha-methyl-(-)-norepinephrine,
      2.46; tramazoline, 3.06; guanabenz, 3.31; clonidine, 3.70; oxymetazoline, 4.29; (
      )-epinephrine, 7.44; (-)-norepinephrine, 19.7; (-)-isoproterenol, 463; and (-)
      phenylephrine, 659. Schild analysis was used to determine the relative potency of
      adrenergic antagonists. pA2 values for adrenergic antagonists were as follows:
      rauwolscine, 9.55; RX78 1094, 8.32; yohimbine, 8.14; phentolamine, 7.11;
      prazosin, 5.93; and (-)-propranolol, less than 6. The relative potencies of both
      adrenergic agonists and antagonists demonstrate that alpha-2 receptors mediate
      norepinephrine-induced inhibition of melatonin release in chick pineal cell
      cultures. The identification of alpha-2 receptors in chick pineal cells should
      aid in our understanding of the biochemical events initiated by receptor
      activation that regulate melatonin synthesis.

PMID- 2890723
TI  - Membrane properties and adrenergic responses in locus coeruleus neurons of young
      rats.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from locus coeruleus neurons in slices taken
      from rats 8-26 d of age. Neurons from these animals exhibited spontaneous action
      potentials, which were superimposed on slow (0.3-3 Hz) rhythmic depolarizations.
      The frequency of these potentials was closely related to the age of the animals
      from which the slice was taken, the slowest frequencies being observed in tissues
      from the youngest animals. In adult animals, such rhythmic activity was only
      rarely observed under normal recording conditions. The rhythmic depolarizations
      had a slow rate of rise and fall, were 3-15 mV in amplitude, were not affected by
      tetrodotoxin, and were abolished in solutions that contained elevated magnesium
      content. When the membrane potential was hyperpolarized by passing current
      through the recording electrode, the depolarizing rhythmic activity persisted
      even at very negative potentials (-120 mV). These depolarizations appear to be
      generated by the inward movement of calcium ions, probably in dendritic regions
      of the neuron. Superfusion of phenylephrine caused membrane depolarizations,
      increased the frequency of action potentials and of the slow, rhythmic
      depolarizations in about 80% of the cells from young rats, whereas it had no
      effect or a depressant action on cells from adults. Noradrenaline hyperpolarized
      the cells through an alpha 2-adrenoceptor and abolished the slow depolarizations.
      In cells from young rats, the hyperpolarization produced by noradrenaline reached
      a maximum and then declined, such that there was a "sag" in the membrane
      potential toward the resting potential following the peak of the
      hyperpolarization. Following the washout of noradrenaline, the membrane potential
      repolarized before moving toward the resting level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2890724
TI  - Taxol interferes with the interaction of microtubule-associated proteins with
      microtubules in cultured neurons.
AB  - Treatment of neurons with taxol leads to the formation of microtubule bundles in
      which individual microtubules are much more closely spaced than in untreated
      neurons (Letourneau and Ressler, 1984). This suggests that taxol interferes with
      the mechanisms that regulate microtubule spacing in situ. I have determined
      whether treatment of neurons with taxol alters the composition of their
      microtubules, reasoning that such alterations may be related to the taxol-induced
      alterations in microtubule spacing. Cultures of sympathetic neurons were
      incubated with 35S-methionine and either taxol, podophyllotoxin, a potent
      microtubule-depolymerizing agent, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent for
      the drugs. The levels of labeled microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) assembled
      into microtubules in the various cultures were then assayed biochemically. I
      focused on 4 MAPs: tau, chartins, MAP-2, and the MAP with a molecular mass of
      210,000 Da (210 kDa). In untreated cultures, these MAPs are prominent components
      of microtubules. The levels of all MAPs, as well as tubulin, in microtubules were
      greatly reduced in cultures treated with podophyllotoxin, compared to controls.
      Taxol had varied effects on the interaction of MAPs with microtubules in situ.
      Microtubules formed in the presence of taxol contained normal or slightly
      elevated levels of tau and the 210 kDa MAP compared to microtubules in control
      cultures. In contrast, microtubules formed in the presence of taxol were almost
      completely devoid of chartin MAPs and MAP-2 compared to controls. These results
      show that taxol interferes with the interaction of some, but not all, MAPs with
      microtubules in situ. The altered MAP composition of microtubules in taxol
      treated neurons may contribute to the abnormal spacing of microtubules seen in
      such neurons.

PMID- 2890725
TI  - Phenotypic properties of catecholamine-positive cells that differentiate in avian
      neural crest cultures.
AB  - We have investigated several phenotypic features of the catecholamine-positive
      (CA+) cell population that develops in quail neural crest cultures. The number,
      spatial distribution, and morphology of CA+ and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive
      (TH+) cells are similar at all ages examined, suggesting that these 2 cell
      classes are identical. Neither CA+ nor TH+ cell bodies or processes were stained
      using antisera that recognize the 70 or 160 kDa subunits of chicken neurofilament
      protein. Other cell bodies and fibers in the cultures (which were CA- and TH-)
      were stained with these neurofilament antisera. The uptake and storage of 3H
      norepinephrine by neural crest cultures containing CA+ cells were inhibited in
      the presence of desmethylimipramine and by incubation at 0 degrees C, but were
      unaffected by normetanephrine. Overnight treatment with reserpine eliminated
      histochemically detectable CA fluorescence from the cultures. Chronic reserpine
      treatment from day 2 to 7 in vitro prevented the appearance of CA+ cells, while
      normal numbers of TH+ and somatostatin-like immunoreactive (SLI) cells developed.
      The number and light-microscopic morphology of the CA+ cells that developed in
      these cultures were not dramatically altered by either exogenous NGF or 6
      hydroxydopamine. Using the method of Grillo et al. (1974), we have demonstrated
      that the CA+ cells observed in the light microscope corresponded to cells
      containing abundant cytoplasmic granular vesicles (GV) characteristic of
      catecholamine storage granules observed in other systems. The GV diameters were
      quite similar in cells examined after 5, 7, 14, and 21 d in vitro. Most GV were
      50-200 nm in diameter and were distributed in a unimodal manner, with the
      observed modal values in the range of 85-115 nm at the ages examined. The number
      of GV/micron2 of cytoplasmic area remained quite constant at all ages examined.
      These data, taken together with other available information, suggest that the CA+
      cells that differentiate in our neural crest cultures resemble, in many respects,
      the small, intensely fluorescent cells found in autonomic ganglia and extra
      adrenal chromaffin tissue of many species. At present, we do not know if the CA+
      cells that differentiate in our neural crest cultures are a stable endpoint of
      development or whether they are a developmental intermediate in adrenergic
      differentiation that is normally observed only transiently during the development
      of avian sympathetic ganglia in vivo, but that can persist under our tissue
      culture conditions.

PMID- 2890726
TI  - Quantitative distribution of the glycine receptor in the auditory brain stem of
      the gerbil.
AB  - The concentration and relative distribution of glycine receptors were determined
      for gerbil brain stem auditory nuclei using 3H-strychnine and quantitative
      autoradiographic techniques. Significant binding was observed in the
      anteroventral cochlear nucleus, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the lateral superior
      olivary nucleus, and the inferior colliculus. A non-uniform distribution of
      binding was seen in 3 of these nuclei, such that the greatest concentration of
      glycine receptors was located in the high-frequency regions. An analysis of
      neuron soma density suggested that the amount of post-synaptic membrane could
      partially explain the distribution of receptor.

PMID- 2890727
TI  - Acute alloxan diabetes alters the activity but not the total quantity of acetyl
      CoA carboxylase in rat liver.
AB  - Alloxan diabetes has repeatedly been shown to reduce lipogenesis in rat liver
      concomitant with decreased activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase. This and other
      observations led to the deduction that insulin is required for the synthesis of
      acetyl CoA carboxylase even though the actual amount of enzyme was not measured.
      We have developed methods to determine the quantity of acetyl CoA carboxylase in
      crude tissue extracts with which we have reexamined the role of insulin in
      regulating the amount of the enzyme in liver of acute (3-d) alloxan diabetic
      rats. The results show that although there was a decrease in the quantity of the
      active cytoplasmic form of acetyl CoA carboxylase in the liver of alloxan
      diabetic rats, there was a corresponding increase in the quantity of relatively
      inactive forms of the enzyme associated with mitochondria. Thus, the total amount
      of enzyme was minimally affected by the diabetic state. Instead, the results
      indicate that decreased acetyl CoA carboxylase activity in liver of the diabetic
      rats was attributable to a shift in the subcellular distribution of the enzyme
      from the active cytoplasmic to inactive mitochondrial forms. We have shown
      previously that subcellular distribution of the enzyme is dietary dependent.
      Results of this study implicate insulin in the mobilization and activation of
      mitochondrial acetyl CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2890729
TI  - The occurrence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb, in two children of an
      affected mother.
AB  - Two children with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, Type IIb, (MEN IIb),
      whose natural mother died from complications of general anesthesia, due to
      undiagnosed bilateral pheochromocytomas, are described. Of particular interest is
      the fact that the daughter presented with many stigmata of the syndrome,
      including the typical facies, while her brother had no obvious clinical
      manifestations of the syndrome. Both children to date have undergone total
      thyroidectomy, and pathology reports have confirmed the presence of medullary
      thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2890728
TI  - Aspartame-sweetened beverage: effect on plasma amino acid concentrations in
      normal adults and adults heterozygous for phenylketonuria.
AB  - Twelve normal subjects ingested either unsweetened beverage (n = 6) or beverage
      providing 4 mg/kg body weight as aspartame (APM) (n = 6). Neither beverage had
      any significant effect on plasma aspartate or phenylalanine concentrations. After
      this study, eight normal and six obligate phenylketonuric (PKU) heterozygous
      adults each ingested a 354-mL (12-oz) beverage serving on two occasions in a
      randomized cross-over design. On one occasion the beverage was not sweetened; on
      the other occasion, the beverage provided 10 mg APM/kg body weight. Plasma amino
      acid concentrations were measured throughout the 2-h study period. The addition
      of 10 mg APM/kg body weight to the beverage had no significant effect on plasma
      aspartate concentration. APM ingestion increased plasma phenylalanine levels of
      normal subjects from a mean +/- SD baseline value of 5.09 +/- 0.82 mumol/dL to a
      high mean value of 6.73 +/- 0.75 mumol/dL. In PKU heterozygous subjects the
      plasma phenylalanine level increased from a mean +/- SD of 9.04 +/- 1.71 to a
      high mean value of 12.1 +/- 2.08 mumol/dL. The data indicate ready metabolism of
      the aspartate and phenylalanine portion of APM when administered at levels likely
      to be ingested by individuals who drink diet beverages.

PMID- 2890730
TI  - Behavioral treatment of food refusal in a child with short-gut syndrome.

PMID- 2890731
TI  - The effect of particle size and concentration on the adhesive characteristics of
      a model drug-carrier interactive system.
AB  - The effect of concentration and particle size on the adhesive tendency of drug
      particles in a model interactive system was investigated using a centrifuge
      technique. The model interactive system consisted of drug powders adhered to
      coated glass carrier beads. Adhesion profiles of per cent of drug remaining on
      the carrier versus the square of the speed of rotation were a logarithmic normal
      function. Increase in the adherent particle size and concentration decreased the
      adhesive tendency of all drug powders studied. Particle collisions during
      detachment and the formation of multiparticulate layers even before the monolayer
      saturation of the carrier surface were responsible for the reduced adhesive
      stability of the drugs on the carrier as the particle loading increased.

PMID- 2890732
TI  - Experimental investigation of adhesion between powders and surfaces.
AB  - The adhesion between two pharmaceutical powders (poly (ethylene glycol) 4000 and
      Sta-Rx 1500) and various metal and polymer substrates has been investigated. The
      powders were either deposited on the substrates with negligible force or forced
      on by spinning in a centrifuge. The force required to remove the particles was
      then evaluated by spinning the substrate-powder samples in a centrifuge and
      counting the remaining powder after rotation at various speeds. The median
      adhesive force between the powders and various substrates was similar in the case
      of particles deposited with negligible force, with the exception of adhesion to
      PTFE, which was about one-third of the force. After the powders had been forced
      on to the substrate surface the median adhesive force increased. This increase
      was approximately five-fold for the Sta-Rx 1500 and up to thirty-fold for the PEG
      4000. Differences in the adhesion between each powder and the various substrates
      were now evident with, for example, Sta-Rx 1500 adhering to stainless steel with
      a force of 1510 X 10(-9) N, but to Dural with a force of 2380 X 10(-9) N.

PMID- 2890733
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of n-alkyltrimethylammonium bromides: influence of
      specific growth rate and nutrient limitation.
AB  - The antimicrobial activity of an homologous series of n-alkyltrimethylammonium
      bromides has been assessed towards Escherichia coli grown at a variety of
      specific growth rates and under various conditions of nutrient limitation. For
      each individual set of growth conditions activity was parabolically related to
      the n-alkyl chain length of the compounds and thus to compound lipophilicity (log
      P). The compound that showed optimal activity and thereby optimal lipophilicity
      (log Po) changed according to growth rate and nutrient limitation. Such changes
      are related to variations in the gross cell envelope composition of the cultures
      (phospholipid, lipopolysaccharide, neutral lipids, proteins). The data therefore
      support the hypothesis that changes in growth rate and nutrient limitation alter
      the overall lipophilicity of the cell envelope and thereby the optimal value of
      log P for compounds to traverse it. Additionally, the data suggest that for the
      compounds examined, the neutral acidic:neutral phospholipid ratios of the cell
      envelope, also influence the permeation of it.

PMID- 2890734
TI  - Influence of time and chloride ions on the interaction of cisplatin with human
      albumin in-vitro.
AB  - The interaction of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cisplatin) with human serum
      albumin (HSA), dissolved in phosphate buffer with or without sodium chloride (0.1
      M) has been examined at pH 7.4 and mu = 0.154. Equal volumes of cisplatin and HSA
      solutions were incubated at 37 degrees C for various times and filterable
      platinum concentrations versus time measured by flameless atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. Binding kinetics differed depending on the buffer solutions
      used and on the time elapsing between cisplatin dissolution and outset of
      incubation with HSA. Experimental data were fitted to a theoretical equation used
      to calculate the number of nucleophilic sites per HSA molecule. Titrations of the
      HSA sulphydryl group content before and after incubation with a cisplatin
      solution were made, from which it was shown that the lone SH-group of the HSA
      macromolecule is involved in cisplatin binding. We also studied HSA's sensitivity
      towards denaturing agents when it was complexed with cisplatin. This sensitivity
      was decreased upon cisplatin binding. Also, the binding capacities of HSA and the
      HSA-Pt(II) complex to both tryptophan and warfarin were compared to determine the
      possible influence of cisplatin upon the binding to HSA of other drugs; this
      influence was negligible.

PMID- 2890735
TI  - Macrophage activation through phagocytosis of muramyl dipeptide encapsulated in
      gelatin microspheres.
AB  - Gelatin microspheres containing muramyl dipeptide (MDP) were prepared by
      crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. They were added to mouse peritoneal macrophages
      (PMs) to potentiate the tumour growth inhibitory activity. The PMs which had
      internalized the microspheres exhibited growth inhibitory activity to syngeneic,
      allogeneic, and xenogeneic tumour cells. A similar effect was observed for PMs
      incubated with free MDP, but the MDP encapsulated in the microspheres was more
      efficient in enhancing the PM activity than the free MDP. In addition, PMs were
      activated in much shorter periods upon incubation with the microsphere
      encapsulated MDP. The duration of activity could be controlled for up to 7 days
      by changing the extent of crosslinking of microspheres. Dose-response experiments
      established that microsphere-encapsulated MDP is able to activate PMs to inhibit
      growth of tumour cells at concentrations approximately 2000 times lower than the
      free MDP present in media. The activity of PMs was also acquired on
      intraperitoneal injection of the microspheres, in contrast to PMs with the free
      MDP.

PMID- 2890736
TI  - Cardiovascular responses in rats with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Cardiovascular responses were determined in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF)
      produced by five sixths nephrectomy and in sham-operated rats. The conscious
      systolic blood pressure of rats with CRF was significantly higher than the
      pressure in controls although, after anaesthesia, there were no significant
      differences in the mean arterial pressure between the two groups of rats. The
      pressor responses to noradrenaline in rats with CRF were not significantly
      different from those recorded in sham-operated controls. The bradycardia elicited
      by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve was significantly diminished in rats
      with CRF. However, indomethacin treatment (1 mg kg-1 s.c. twice daily for 2 days)
      abolished the differences in response to vagal stimulation. Changes in heart rate
      in response to electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve and to
      bolus i.v. injections of isoprenaline and carbachol were similar in rats with CRF
      and controls. The most notable disturbance of cardiovascular function in rats
      with CRF is the diminished cardiac chronotropic response to vagal stimulation
      which appears to be mediated by a presynaptic action of prostaglandins.

PMID- 2890737
TI  - Hypothermic effect of GABA in conscious stressed rats: its modification by
      cholinergic agonists and antagonists.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) intraperitoneally injected (i.p.) produced a dose
      dependent hypothermia in restrained rats. GABA-induced hypothermia (1000 mg kg-1)
      was antagonized by pretreatment with atropine (2.5 and 10 mg kg-1 i.p.), hyoscine
      butylbromide (2.5 mg kg-1 i.p.), hexamethonium (0.75 mg kg-1 i.p.) or
      physostigmine (0.2 mg kg-1 s.c.). Hexamethonium (7.5 mg kg-1 i.p.) did not
      influence the hypothermia induced by GABA. The antagonism by physostigmine of
      GABA-induced hypothermia was attenuated by pretreatment of the rats with either
      alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg kg-1 i.p.) or hexamethonium (7.5 mg kg-1 i.p.),
      but it was potentiated by either atropine (5 mg kg-1 i.p.) or hexamethonium (0.75
      mg kg-1 i.p.). The data indicate that GABA-induced hypothermia may be partly
      mediated by acetylcholine release. Muscarinic receptors may play an important
      role in the effect of GABA. The results support the hypothesis of nicotinic
      presynaptic receptors modulating noradrenergic nerve endings that play a part in
      the hypothermic response of GABA.

PMID- 2890739
TI  - The effect of blending time on particle adhesion in a model interactive system.
AB  - The adhesive tendency of drug particles in a model drug carrier interactive
      system increased with blending time. The degree of interaction was measured using
      a centrifuge technique; the resultant adhesion profile of per cent retained on
      the carrier versus the square of the speed of rotation was a logarithmic normal
      function that allowed the determination of the S50 to characterize the adhesion
      tendency. The relative degree of adhesion of the drug particles in the
      interactive mixtures and the rate to attain adhesion saturation in the
      interactive system during the mixing process was markedly different for the three
      mixtures studied. The increased adhesive tendencies during blending were probably
      associated with triboelectrification of the drug and carrier particles.

PMID- 2890738
TI  - An HPLC assay procedure of sensitivity and stability for measurement of
      acetylcholine and choline in neuronal tissue.
AB  - A method is presented for the sensitive and specific determination of
      acetylcholine and choline in neuronal tissue. The method is based on the
      separation of acetylcholine and choline by reversed-phase HPLC, passing the
      eluent into a post-column reactor containing choline oxidase and
      acetylcholinesterase covalently bound to vinyl sulphone bonded onto a
      hydroxyethyl methacrylate support, and electrochemical detection of the hydrogen
      peroxide formed. The limit of detection of the procedure is 1 pmol for
      acetylcholine and 500 fmol for choline. The excellent baseline stability of the
      method ensures the rapid and reliable processing of a large number of samples.

PMID- 2890740
TI  - The packing characteristics of physical and formulated mixtures of
      oxytetracycline and lactose powders.
AB  - Measurements have been made of the tap densities and angles of internal flow of
      physically mixed and formulated mixtures of oxytetracycline and lactose powders.
      The differences between the two types of mixtures are ascribed to differences in
      the packing and surface morphologies of the particles.

PMID- 2890741
TI  - Evaluation of reversible polymorphic phase transitions by thermal analysis.
AB  - Crystalline states of 1,2-dihydro-6-neopentyl-2-oxonicotinic acid, an
      investigational antidiabetic drug, were evaluated by thermal analyses. Two
      polymorphs were detected for the drug, Form I (m.p. 193 degrees C) and Form II
      (m.p. 196 degrees C). Interconversion of the polymorphs upon cyclic solid-melt
      transitions provided confirmation of the crystal forms. Solidification of the
      melt was observed to occur either at 162 or 182 degrees C with the formation of
      Form I or Form II crystals, respectively. Form I underwent partial conversion to
      Form II upon heating at 10 degrees C min-1 when nucleating crystals of Form II
      were present in the sample. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms
      were recorded for different lots of the drug, solvent-recrystallized samples, and
      a series of known mixtures of Form I and II polymorphs. The study illustrates the
      usefulness of cyclic heat-cool studies to characterize polymorphic crystal forms
      of drugs.

PMID- 2890742
TI  - Determination of the aryltetralin lignan content of podophyllum resins and
      roots/rhizomes.
AB  - A simple, quantitatively reproducible method for determining the aryltetralin
      lignan content of the resins and roots/rhizomes of Podophyllum hexandrum and P.
      peltatum is described. The method confirms that P. hexandrum resins and
      roots/rhizomes contain approximately four times the quantity of lignans as do
      those of P. peltatum and also that there is a significant variation in the lignan
      content of P. hexandrum resins.

PMID- 2890743
TI  - Binding of chlorpromazine, phenytoin and aspirin to the erythrocytes and
      lipoproteins in whole human blood.
AB  - The quantitative binding of 14C-labelled chlorpromazine, phenytoin or aspirin (at
      10 microM) to blood cells and plasma lipoproteins in whole human blood or to the
      washed erythrocytes in an isotonic protein-free medium has been studied. The
      fractions of chlorpromazine, phenytoin and aspirin bound to the blood cells in
      whole blood amounted to about 40, 14 and 2% of the total amount added, and those
      to the lipoproteins amounted to 7, 2 and 1%, respectively. Their binding to the
      washed erythrocytes in protein-free medium was 95, 76 and 40%, respectively.
      Their octanol:water partition coefficients were 214, 170 and less than 0.1,
      respectively. These results suggest that the amphiphilic drugs with relatively
      high hydrophobicity may be bound to the blood cells, mainly to erythrocytes, to
      considerable extents when administered clinically, and also that their binding to
      plasma lipoproteins may not be negligible.

PMID- 2890744
TI  - Prostaglandin D2-induced catalepsy in rats: role of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
AB  - Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), the major PG in the rat brain, induced a dose-related
      catalepsy in rats on intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration. This
      cataleptic response was significantly attenuated following the i.c.v.
      administration of pharmacological agents that decrease rat brain 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) activity. PGE1 synergized but PGF2 alpha antagonized the
      catalepsy induced by PGD2. PGD2 and PGE1 have previously been shown to augment
      rat brain 5-HT activity, whereas PGF alpha inhibited it. It is therefore likely
      that the observed effects of these PGs on catalepsy involve a central 5-HT
      mechanism.

PMID- 2890745
TI  - Desensitization of beta-adrenoceptors following repeated injections of 2
      substituted 4-phenylquinolines.
AB  - The chronic effects of five 2-substituted 4-phenylquinoline derivatives on the
      sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP-generating system in the rat brain
      cortex have been determined, and compared with those of the typical and atypical
      antidepressants imipramine and trazodone, respectively. Acute treatment (single
      i.p. dose of 20 mg kg-1) and sub-chronic treatment (20 mg kg-1 daily for 10 days)
      induced no significant desensitization of the beta-adrenoceptors. However,
      chronic treatment (20 mg kg-1 daily for 3 weeks) significantly decreased the
      isoprenaline-induced increase in cyclic AMP, suggesting desensitization. This
      effect, coupled with previous findings, points to a potential role of these
      compounds as antidepressants.

PMID- 2890746
TI  - Lack of inotropic selectivity of phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitors in-vitro.
AB  - Phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors form a diverse category of chemical
      structures which display positive inotropic activity, but it is unclear as to how
      force/rate selective these are on the heart. In this study several recently
      developed PDE inhibitors, almost all of which are selective for the cardiac PDE
      III isoenzyme, were compared with the xanthine PDE inhibitor IBMX and with
      ouabain and the direct and indirect adenylate cyclase activators, forskolin and
      isoprenaline, respectively. These compounds were active in increasing paced
      guinea-pig left atrial force, the order of potency being: isoprenaline greater
      than ouabain greater than forskolin greater than pimobendan greater than IBMX
      greater than sulmazole greater than buquineran greater than carbazeran greater
      than milrinone greater than piroximone greater than amrinone. Ro 13-6438 and
      enoximone were however, both inactive. With the exception of buquineran and
      carbazeran, which produced bradycardia and were therefore force specific, all of
      the recently discovered PDE inhibitors increased the rate of contraction of the
      right atria and they were rate selective to the same extent as IBMX, isoprenaline
      and forskolin. Sulmazole, the only force selective PDE inhibitor of the compounds
      studied, was intermediate between IBMX and ouabain in force/rate selectivity and
      pimobendan showed no selectivity. Since both these agents also possess other
      actions, then these results suggest that in general, PDE III inhibitors do not
      show advantageous force selectivity in guinea-pig atria.

PMID- 2890747
TI  - Beta-adrenergic activities of octopamine and synephrine stereoisomers on guinea
      pig atria and trachea.
AB  - The activities of the (-)- and (+)-forms of m- and p-octopamine and m- and p
      synephrine on beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig atria and trachea
      have been compared with that of noradrenaline. The rank order of potency of the (
      )-forms on beta 1-adrenoceptors was noradrenaline greater than m-synephrine
      greater than m-octopamine = p-octopamine greater than p-synephrine. m-Synephrine
      was 100-fold, m- and p-octopamine about 6000-fold, and p-synephrine about 40,000
      fold less active than noradrenaline. The (+)-forms were 1-2 orders of magnitude
      less active than their (-)-counterparts. The four (-)-compounds were more than
      four orders of magnitude less active than noradrenaline on beta 2-adrenoceptors,
      and the (+)-forms had no detectable activity in concentrations as high as 10(-4)
      M. If m- and p-octopamine are co-released with noradrenaline in amounts
      proportional to their concentration, their activities at these structures are too
      low to be physiologically significant.

PMID- 2890748
TI  - Postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptor mechanisms in rat vas deferens and ageing.
AB  - Postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptor mechanisms in vasa deferentia isolated from 3,
      6, 18 and 40 week-old rats were studied by analysis of the concentration-response
      curve of noradrenaline and the Scatchard plot of specific binding of [3H]prazosin
      to microsomal fractions. The maximum tension developed by noradrenaline also
      increased with age from 3 to 18 weeks. The efficacy of noradrenaline and capacity
      of the maximum binding sites of [3H]prazosin increased with increasing age, while
      the dissociation constants of noradrenaline (KA) and prazosin (Kd) were not
      changed with age. The increase of the maximum tension was proportional to the
      increase in efficacy. The increase of efficacy for noradrenaline in the vasa
      deferentia from rats of different ages is due to the increase in the total
      concentration of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2890749
TI  - Effects of chronic treatment with amiodarone on hepatic demethylation and
      cytochrome P450.
AB  - The effect of chronic treatment with amiodarone on hepatic oxidative metabolism
      using an in-vivo [14C]aminopyrine breath test and on hepatic cytochrome P450 was
      examined in Wistar rats. Aminopyrine demethylation was significantly impaired but
      returned to pretreatment values following amiodarone for 4 weeks. In contrast the
      levels of cytochrome P450 were significantly depressed during treatment and at 4
      weeks following treatment. While an inhibitory effect on oxidative metabolism may
      explain the reported drug interactions with amiodarone, the discrepancy between
      its in-vivo effects and cytochrome P450 levels may suggest the development of
      'compensatory' extra-hepatic site of drug metabolism.

PMID- 2890750
TI  - Comparative biodistribution of methotrexate and monoclonal antibody-methotrexate
      complexes in mice.
AB  - The biodistribution of radiolabelled methotrexate and immune complexes of
      methotrexate and a murine monoclonal anti-methotrexate antibody has been compared
      in mice. Complexes formed in-vitro with the antibody, but not with control
      immunoglobulin. The complexes were, characteristically, acid labile. In-vivo,
      blood levels, organ distribution and whole body catabolism of methotrexate in
      immune complexes were similar to those of free antibody, and markedly different
      from those of free drug. These findings suggest the feasibility of prolonging the
      survival of drugs and altering in-vivo distribution using complexes with
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2890751
TI  - The influence of aromatic substituents on the binding of substituted benzamides
      to dopamine D-2 receptors: congruent QSAR and MEP analyses.

PMID- 2890752
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Review with podiatric case studies.

PMID- 2890753
TI  - Pedal envenomation by a stingray. A case report.

PMID- 2890754
TI  - Recovery of chronotropic responsiveness after systemic 6-hydroxydopamine
      treatment: studies in the pithed rat.
AB  - In pithed rats, neurally mediated chronotropic responses to thoracolumbar
      stimulation were reduced substantially 1 day after animals were treated with the
      neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA), which produced a subtotal destruction of
      postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals. However, the chronotropic responses
      of 6-HDA-treated rats recovered to near normal within 1 week despite 90%
      depletion of cardiac norepinephrine (NE). This recovery of function appeared to
      depend upon function in surviving sympathetic nerves, and was associated with
      increased synthesis and release of NE from those neurons as well as diminished
      inactivation of NE. The gradual development of post-junctional changes, most
      notably an increase in the density of myocardial beta adrenergic receptors,
      resulted in enhanced sensitivity to NE and contributed to cardiac function 3
      weeks after 6-HDA treatment. In addition, the adrenal medulla increased its
      synthesis of catecholamines after 6-HDA treatment and thereby contributed to
      cardiac function, which was especially evident during prolonged sympathoadrenal
      stimulation. Some of these same adaptations have been observed when rats are
      subjected to chronic stress, and thus common mechanisms of neuroplasticity may
      mediate the sympathoadrenal responses to stress and to subtotal injury.

PMID- 2890755
TI  - Different affinity states of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors defined by agonists and
      antagonists in bovine aorta plasma membranes.
AB  - Evidence for a nonlinear relationship between alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
      occupancy and tissue responses, together with the finding of different affinity
      states for agonist binding, has raised the possibility of functional
      heterogeneity of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. We have conducted studies to
      examine: 1) binding characteristics of [3H]prazosin, 2) competition of
      antagonists at these sites and 3) different affinity states of the receptor for
      agonists and modulation of these states by 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate
      [Gpp(NH)p]. A plasma membrane-enriched vesicular fraction (F2; 15%/33% sucrose
      interphase) was prepared from the muscular medial layer of bovine thoracic aorta.
      [3H]Prazosin binding was characterized by a monophasic saturation isotherm (KD =
      0.116 nM, Bmax = 112 fmol/mg of protein). Antagonist displacement studies yielded
      a relative potency order of prazosin greater than or equal to WB4104 much greater
      than phentolamine greater than corynanthine greater than yohimbine greater than
      or equal to idazoxan greater than rauwolscine. Competition curves for unlabeled
      prazosin, WB4101 (2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxyethyl)-aminomethyl-1,4 benzodioxane) and
      phentolamine were shallow and were best modeled to two binding sites with
      picomolar and nanomolar KD values. Gpp(NH)p was without effect on antagonist
      affinity. Agonist (epinephrine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine) competition
      with [3H]prazosin binding was biphasic with pseudo-Hill slopes less than 1.0.
      Binding was best described by a two-site model in which the average contribution
      of high affinity sites was 23% of total binding. KD values for the high affinity
      site ranged from 2.9 to 18 nM, and 3.9 to 5.0 microM for the low affinity
      site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890756
TI  - Somatostatin effects on gastric electrolytes and pepsin in dogs with various
      secretory stimuli.
AB  - To determine possible sites and mechanisms of action of somatostatin (SS) in
      gastric secretory mucosa, secretion of pepsin, H+, Cl-, Na+ and K+ was stimulated
      in conscious fistula dogs by i.v. infusion of bethanechol, pentagastrin and
      histamine in the absence and presence of SS-14. At low dose (0.5 micrograms or
      300 pmol/kg/h), SS-14 potently inhibited H+ and pepsin stimulated by bethanechol
      (80 micrograms/kg/h) to less than 5% of control; it required 2 micrograms or 1200
      pmol/kg/h of SS-14 to achieve similar inhibition of pentagastrin (1.5
      micrograms/kg/h)-stimulated secretion. In both cases, gastric [K+] was depressed
      by SS-14 infusion and recovered before H+ and pepsin. Similar sensitivity to SS
      suggests a Ca++-dependent mechanism or pathway of stimulation by gastrin similar
      to that by cholinergic agonists. By contrast, histamine, which acts via cyclic
      AMP pathways, was not inhibited by a large dose of SS-14 (20 micrograms/kg/h). SS
      inhibition is thus agonist (or pathway)- rather than organ- or cell-specific.

PMID- 2890757
TI  - Muscarine-stimulated neurotransmitter release from PC12 cells.
AB  - The effect of muscarine on neurosecretion was studied in the rat pheochromocytoma
      cell line, PC12. When PC12 cells were exposed to muscarine the cells responded
      rapidly with elevation of cellular inositol trisphosphate levels, elevation of
      intracellular free Ca++ and release of stored transmitter. These three phenomena
      were totally inhibited by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, but were
      unaffected by the nicotinic antagonist, d-tubocurarine. Muscarine did not
      stimulate the production of cyclic GMP in these cells. The muscarine-stimulated
      increases in inositol trisphosphate, intracellular free Ca++ and neurotransmitter
      release displayed similar time courses and concentration dependencies suggesting
      that the secretion observed may be associated with the formation of inositol
      trisphosphate and elevation of intracellular free Ca++. The increase in
      intracellular free Ca++ appeared to be due to a mobilization of Ca++ from
      intracellular stores inasmuch as the increase in intracellular free Ca++ was not
      inhibited by the voltage-dependent Ca++ channel antagonist, nifedipine, at
      concentrations demonstrated to block K+-induced Ca++ influx into the cells, and
      little or no uptake of 45Ca++ was noted when cells were stimulated with
      muscarine. Elevation of inositol trisphosphate, intercellular free Ca++ and
      stimulation of transmitter release were, however, inhibited by the absence of
      extracellular Ca++. The results suggest that muscarine-stimulated release of
      neurotransmitter may be associated with an inositol trisphosphate-induced
      mobilization of intracellular Ca++.

PMID- 2890758
TI  - Alpha-1 adrenoceptor-induced Ca++ movements in rat aorta: antagonism by
      phenoxybenzamine and N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline.
AB  - The influx of 45Ca++ produced by l-norepinephrine (3 X 10(-7) or 10(-5) M) and K+
      (100 mM) in rat aorta was not significantly influenced by phenoxybenzamine (1 or
      3 X 10(-8) M) present for 5 or 10 min. However, the l-norepinephrine (3 X 10(-7)
      or 10(-5) M)-mediated 45Ca++ efflux was markedly attenuated by this treatment.
      Higher concentrations of phenoxybenzamine, as well as extension of the time of
      exposure, impaired the 45Ca++ influx to l-norepinephrine, but not that to K+. In
      contrast, prazosin (10(-9)-10(-7) M), as well as N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2
      dihydroquinoline (10(-7) or 10(-6) M for 5 or 10 min), was equally effective in
      antagonizing the 45Ca++ in and efflux caused by l-norepinephrine. Exposure of rat
      aorta to 1.3 X 10(-9) M phenoxybenzamine for 30 min significantly shifted the log
      concentration-contractile response curve to the full alpha-1 adrenoceptor
      agonist, l-phenylephrine, to the right and reduced its maximum response but
      failed to alter the contraction to the partial agonist Sgd 101/75 (indanidine).
      Conversely, incubations with 2.0, 2.2 and 3.0 X 10(-8) M N-ethoxycarbonyl-2
      ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline invariably affected the contractions to Sgd 101/75
      more than those to l-phenylephrine. In pithed rats, N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2
      dihydroquinoline (1 or 2 mg/kg i.v., -30 min), as well as phenoxybenzamine (0.1
      mg/kg i.v., -30 min), enhanced the effectiveness of nifedipine to inhibit the
      vasopressor responses to the alpha-1 adrenoceptor stimulant, cirazoline.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890759
TI  - Amino acid influences on seizures elicited within the inferior colliculus.
AB  - Using a model in which seizure activity was elicited electrically from the
      inferior colliculus, the influence of both inhibitory and excitatory putative
      neurotransmitter amino acids on this seizure activity was assessed by
      manipulating neurotransmitter amino acid function. It was found that i.c.v.
      administration of the inhibitory amino acids taurine (2.5 micrograms) or glycine
      (30 micrograms), or the gamma-aminobutyric acidA agonist, muscimol (300 ng),
      significantly elevated the threshold current necessary to initiate seizure
      activity from the inferior collicular cortex. Similarly, the microinjection of
      muscimol (10 or 30 ng) or racemic baclofen (20 or 60 ng), a gamma-aminobutyric
      acidB agonist, into the inferior collicular cortex significantly elevated the
      seizure threshold current, but inferior collicular microinjections of taurine (1
      microgram) or glycine (1 microgram) exerted no effect on the seizure threshold
      current. When excitatory amino acid influences were assessed on seizure
      production, neither ventricular administration of glutamate or aspartate (100
      micrograms) nor inferior collicular administration of glutamate (1 or 10
      micrograms) or aspartate (10 micrograms) changed the seizure initiation
      threshold. Although the site administration of 30 or 100 ng of N-methyl-D
      aspartic acid did not alter the seizure initiation threshold, 300 ng of N-methyl
      D-aspartic acid significantly lowered the amount of electrical stimulation
      necessary to elicit the seizure activity. Conversely, blockade of N-methyl-D
      aspartic acid receptors in the inferior colliculus with L-3-amino-7
      phosphonoheptanoic acid (100 ng) or gamma-glutamylglycine (200 ng) significantly
      elevated the threshold current for seizure production, whereas microinjection of
      DL-3-amino-phosphonobutyric acid (200 ng) or glutamic acid diethyl ester (1
      microgram) had no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2890760
TI  - Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide as cardiotonic neurotransmitter in guinea
      pig left atria.
AB  - A potential neurotransmitter role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in
      nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerves was examined in the left atrium of
      guinea pigs. In the presence of atenolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist), prazosin
      (alpha adrenoceptor antagonist) and atropine (muscarinic antagonist), transmural
      nerve stimulation (TNS) elicited a positive inotropic response which was slow in
      both onset and decay. Inasmuch as this TNS-induced positive inotropic response
      was abolished by tetrodotoxin, it can be considered that the response was
      mediated by intracardiac NANC nerves. Numerous CGRP-like immunoreactive nerves
      were detected in the left atrium. Exogenously applied CGRP produced a positive
      inotropic response in a dose-dependent manner. Neither substance P nor vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide exerted a positive inotropic effect. CGRP-like
      immunoreactive nerves and the TNS-induced NANC response was not affected by
      surgical sympathectomy of the heart or reserpine pretreatment but were
      specifically abolished by the pretreatment of animals with capsaicin. These
      results suggest that CGRP is the potential neurotransmitter of NANC nerves in the
      left atrium of guinea pigs.

PMID- 2890761
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate hypoxic neuronal injury in cortical
      culture.
AB  - The ability of several glutamate receptor antagonists to reduce hypoxic cortical
      neuronal injury was quantitatively examined in cell cultures derived from fetal
      mice. Cultures exposed to hypoxia for 8 hr showed by the following day widespread
      neuronal injury, which was substantially attenuated by addition of the specific N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV).
      The protective effect of APV was concentration dependent (ED50 about 2 microM)
      and stereospecific (D-APV approximately 100 times more potent that L-APV). Neuron
      protective effects were also observed with several other NMDA antagonists: 2
      amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate, phencyclidine and (+)-SKF 10,047 [(+)-N
      allylnormetazocine]--as well as with the nonspecific glutamate antagonists D
      glutamylglycine and kynurenate. In addition, a similar antagonist profile was
      observed with a chemical model of hypoxic neuronal injury, produced by brief
      exposure to high concentrations of cyanide. In contrast, 1 mM concentrations of
      glutamate diethylester and gamma-aminomethyl sulfonate, compounds reported in
      some studies to preferentially antagonize non-NMDA glutamate receptors, failed to
      protect neurons against either hypoxia or cyanide. These results are consistent
      with the hypothesis that NMDA receptors are preferentially involved in the
      pathogenesis of hypoxic cortical neuronal injury and suggest that cortical cell
      culture may be a useful system in which to quantitatively characterize the
      pharmacology of that injury.

PMID- 2890762
TI  - Tensile bond strength of low-fusing solder joints with the use of a nickel
      chromium-beryllium base metal alloy.

PMID- 2890763
TI  - Neuroleptic dose: a statistical model for analyzing historical trends.
AB  - Neuroleptic dosing practices during inpatient treatment of schizophrenia were
      examined for 1490 admission episodes during 1973 through to 1982 in two wards of
      a university hospital. Chlorpromazine-equivalent dose levels (CPZE) declined 50%
      between 1974 and 1980. As expected, length of treatment and choice of drug were
      both strongly related to CPZE. The general drop in CPZE is not explained by
      shorter treatment and changing choice of drug, however. Oral fluphenazine,
      haloperidol, and depot fluphenazine are used to higher maximum levels than
      chlorpromazine and other neuroleptics, when maximum dose is reached after one
      week or longer. The results illustrate that by seeking an appropriate statistical
      model, aggregate trends in dosing practices can be described while avoiding
      several of the shortcomings of earlier surveys of hospital practice.

PMID- 2890764
TI  - A taxometric method for diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - A taxometric method for diagnosis of drug-induced tardive dyskinesia is
      described. The method, using items from the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
      (AIMS) as indicators of the syndrome, is applied in a sample of children
      diagnosed earlier as autistic and participating in an ongoing treatment program.
      The method includes procedures for estimation of the prevalence rate of the
      syndrome and the valid positive and false positive rates for each indicator of
      the syndrome and it includes tests (referred to as "consistency tests") for
      checking the internal validity or goodness-of-fit of the statistical model. The
      agreement of the taxometric classification with that obtained by using criteria
      suggested by Schooler and Kane was very good. In general, the results were
      encouraging enough to warrant further study of this kind of method for the
      detection and diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2890765
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2890766
TI  - Inappropriate traditional treatment resulting in limb amputation.
AB  - Four cases are described where inappropriate treatment by the traditional Nepali
      spiritualist healer or jhankri resulted in amputation of a previously healthy
      limb. Such treatments may involve the use of tourniquets, burning, scarification
      and herbal remedies.

PMID- 2890767
TI  - ATP synthase from bovine mitochondria. The characterization and sequence analysis
      of two membrane-associated sub-units and of the corresponding cDNAs.
AB  - ATP synthase from bovine mitochondria is a complex of 13 different polypeptides,
      whereas the Escherichia coli enzyme is simpler and contains eight subunits only.
      Two of the bovine subunits, b and d, which had not been characterized, have been
      isolated from the purified enzyme. Subunits with sizes corresponding to bovine
      subunits b and d are evident in preparations of the enzyme from mitochondria of
      other species. Partial protein sequences have been determined by direct methods.
      On the basis of some of this information, two oligonucleotide mixtures, 17 and 18
      bases in length, have been synthesized and used as hybridization probes in the
      isolation of clones of the cognate cDNAs. The sequences of the two proteins have
      been deduced from their DNA sequences. Subunit b is 214 amino acid residues in
      length and has a free N terminus. Subunit d is 160 amino acid residues long. Its
      N-terminal alanine is blocked by an N-acetyl group, as demonstrated by fast atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry of N-terminal peptides. The sequence near the N
      terminus of the b subunit is made predominantly of hydrophobic residues, whereas
      the remainder of the protein is mainly hydrophilic. This N-terminal hydrophobic
      region may be folded into an alpha-helical structure spanning the lipid bilayer.
      In its distribution of hydrophobic residues, this protein resembles the b
      subunits of ATP synthase complexes in bacteria and chloroplasts. The b subunit in
      E. coli forms an important structural link between the extramembrane sector of
      the enzyme F1, and the intrinsic membrane domain, FO. It is proposed that the
      bovine mitochondrial subunit b serves a similar function. If this is so, the
      mitochondrial enzyme, as the chloroplast ATP synthase, contains equivalent
      subunits to all eight of those that constitute the E. coli enzyme. Subunit d has
      no extensive hydrophobic sequences, and is not apparently related to any subunit
      described in the simpler ATP synthases in bacteria and chloroplasts.

PMID- 2890768
TI  - Chelating-agent suppression of cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity.
AB  - The administration of sodium N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine (NaG) at 500
      mg/kg, i.p., or sodium calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) at 632.5
      mg/kg, i.p., reduces the serum enzyme levels characteristic of hepatic damage
      following the intravenous administration of cadmium chloride (3.5 mg
      CdCl2.2.5H2O/kg). Some effect on serum enzyme levels was found even when the
      interval between administration of cadmium chloride and that of the antagonist
      was as great as 4 h. The enzymes examined included aspartate aminotransferase
      (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), and
      alkaline phosphatase (AP). A histopathological examination of the livers of such
      animals also reveals the presence of a significant protective action.

PMID- 2890769
TI  - Interleukin-3 modulation of mouse bone marrow derived mast cell receptors for
      somatostatin.
AB  - Receptors for somatostatin (SOM) were identified on mouse bone marrow derived
      mast cells (MBMMC) and shown to vary in expression with the state of
      proliferation and differentiation of the MBMMC. Flow cytometric studies of the
      binding of fluorescein-labeled SOM and concurrent analyses of the binding of
      [125I]SOM demonstrated that the population of MBMMC capable of recognizing SOM
      specifically is that exhibiting a proliferative response to interleukin-3. The
      MBMMC that bound SOM reached a maximal number at 72 hr following the addition of
      interleukin-3, and were distributed principally in the G2/M phase of the cell
      cycle. SOM did not influence directly the proliferative responses of MBMMC to
      interleukin-3. The level of expression of SOM receptors thus may reflect the
      state of differentiation of mast cells, as well as determining the functional
      sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of SOM.

PMID- 2890770
TI  - HLA-DR restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms in narcolepsy.
AB  - Seventeen white patients from the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic complaining of
      excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) were selected for restriction-fragment-length
      polymorphism (RFLP) studies. Fourteen of the patients with clinically diagnosed
      narcolepsy were seropositive for DR2. RFLP analysis of these patients compared
      with a homozygous DR2-Dw2 cell line failed to reveal any polymorphism when
      digested with six restriction endonucleases and hybridized with three different
      cDNA probes. None of the three patients with central nervous system hypersomnia,
      a syndrome similar to narcolepsy, were DR2-positive. We conclude that any
      polymorphism of the DR beta, DQ alpha, or DQ beta genes of DR2 narcoleptics that
      might distinguish them from DR2 normals cannot be resolved through RFLP analysis.

PMID- 2890771
TI  - Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of the spleen: II. Tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH)-positive nerve terminals form synapticlike contacts on lymphocytes in the
      splenic white pulp.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry was used to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive
      profiles in the spleen of the adult Fischer 344 rat. At the light microscopic
      level, numerous varicose nerve profiles were seen in the white pulp, particularly
      surrounding the central arteries and their arteriole branches. At the electron
      microscopic level, varicosities were seen in close proximity to smooth muscle
      cells of the arteries, and directly abutting lymphocytes (presumable T
      lymphocytes) of the nearby periarteriolar lymphatic sheath. There were no
      intervening cell processes between the TH-positive terminals and the lymphocyte.
      The opposing membranes were smooth and evenly spaced approximately 6 nm apart.
      Additional TH-positive nerve profiles were seen in the inner marginal zone and
      within trabeculae. The correlation between this immunocytochemical staining and
      previously demonstrated histofluorescence for norepinephrine leads to the
      conclusion that lymphocytes in the splenic white pulp have direct associations
      with noradrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. This association
      provides a route by which the autonomic nervous system could directly influence
      specific immune system effector cells.

PMID- 2890772
TI  - The use of a radiorespirometric assay for testing the antibiotic sensitivity of
      catheter-associated bacteria.
AB  - A 14C-radiorespirometric assay was used to show the sensitivity of fixed-film
      (sessile), catheter-associated and free-living (planktonic) cells of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa to varying concentrations (100 micrograms/mL to 1000 micrograms/mL)
      tobramycin sulfate. This strain of P. aeruginosa has an MIC of 0.6 microgram/ml
      and an MBC of 50 micrograms/mL when tested by conventional methods. When 14C
      glutamic acid was used as a substrate in this radiorespirometric assay, it could
      be completed in less than one hour and planktonic samples showed a significant
      reduction in mineralization activity (evolution of 14CO2) within eight hours of
      the antibiotic challenge. These changes in respiratory activity appeared to be
      dose and time dependent. Within 18 hr. at 1000 micrograms/mL, there was no
      significant residual respiratory activity in planktonic samples. Some residual
      respiratory activity was detected, however, in samples exposed to 100
      micrograms/mL for 36 hours. The mineralization activity of sessile catheter
      associated bacteria was unaffected by four hr. and eight hr. exposures to 1000
      micrograms/mL of the antibiotic. A significant reduction in respiratory activity
      was recorded in catheter samples exposed for 18 hr. or more at each concentration
      examined. Unlike the planktonic samples, however, the antibiotic challenge failed
      to eradicate the metabolic activity of the attached bacteria. Antibiotic
      stressed, catheter-associated bacteria transferred to a post-exposure enrichment
      broth showed a limited ability to re-establish respiratory activity. This
      apparent recovery was limited to antibiotic exposures less than 24 hr. and was
      not observed in planktonic samples. The radioisotopic assay is a non-culture
      method which can be used to assess the antibiotic sensitivity of both planktonic
      bacteria and "in situ" biofilm populations. Clinically, it can be used to
      demonstrate that some adherent biofilm bacteria can survive the exposure to
      antibiotics that is achieved in routine chemotherapy.

PMID- 2890773
TI  - [Bronchial asthma and airway hypersensitivity--2) Theory of beta-adrenergic
      receptor blockade].

PMID- 2890774
TI  - [Progress of therapeutic agents for asthma--1) Progress of anti-asthmatic
      agents].

PMID- 2890775
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of aortic stenosis in a patient with
      Takayasu aortitis].

PMID- 2890776
TI  - Expression of proliferation-associated nuclear antigen in human malignancies.
AB  - 40 specimens consisting of 27 carcinomas, 9 lymphomas, 2 thymomas, 1 sarcoma and
      1 neurinoma were studied by immunoperoxidase technique to demonstrate a cell
      proliferation-associated antigen defined by proliferating cells (PC) antibody.
      Though PC antibody expression did not seem to correlate well with histologic
      grading of carcinomas, positivity to this was consistently more intense in
      carcinomas than in normal epithelia. Correlation with histologic grading of
      lymphomas was more significant: the high grade types, e.g. ATL, exhibited greater
      positivity than intermediate grade types, e.g. diffuse medium lymphoma and
      certainly much more than low grade types, e.g. follicular lymphomas. These data
      were compared to another proliferation-associated antigen, the transferrin
      receptor.

PMID- 2890777
TI  - Effect of prostacyclin in preventing cinchophen-induced gastric ulcers in the
      dog.

PMID- 2890778
TI  - Non-neural electrical responses of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit basilar
      artery to electrical field stimulation.
AB  - In smooth muscle cells of the rabbit basilar artery, field stimulation evoked a
      depolarizing response which consisted of a fast (1-3 s duration) and a following
      slow (1-4 min duration) component. The amplitude of these responses increased in
      an intensity-dependent manner and, when exceeding 10-15 mV, a spike potential was
      generated. During generation of the slow depolarization, ionic conductances of
      the membrane were increased. When outward current pulses with long duration (2-3
      s) were applied to the smooth muscle using the partition stimulating method,
      electrotonic potentials and spike potentials were generated. The cessation of the
      current pulse caused repolarization of the membrane with time constant of 250-350
      ms. The depolarizing responses were resistant to tetrodotoxin, sympathetic
      transmission blocking agents (guanethidine, bretylium, or 6-hydroxydopamine
      treatment), receptor antagonists for 5-hydroxytryptamine (methysergide), dopamine
      (haloperidol), ACh (atropine), noradrenaline (phentolamine), ATP (alpha,beta
      mATP) or histamine (mepyramine), blockade of synthesis of prostaglandins or
      thromboxane A2 (indomethacin) or high Mg2+, low Ca2+ solution. Smooth muscle cell
      membrane of the basilar artery was depolarized by 5-hydroxytryptamine (above 0.1
      microM) or histamine (above 10 microM) but not by ACh (up to 100 microM) or
      noradrenaline (up to 10 microM). The depolarization induced by 5
      hydroxytryptamine or histamine was antagonized by methysergide or mepyramine,
      respectively. Denervation of the vessel by storing in a cold condition (4 degrees
      C) decreased but did not abolish the depolarizing response. The decrease in
      amplitude of the depolarizing response during cold storage was attributed to
      associated depolarization of the smooth muscle membrane. Internal perfusion of
      the vessel with distilled water abolished generation of the depolarizing
      response, and this procedure also abolished the endothelium-dependent relaxation
      induced by ACh during the potassium contraction. The results suggest that the
      depolarizing response evoked by field stimulation is generated by substances
      released from non-neural components, possibly from the endothelial cells.

PMID- 2890779
TI  - An antagonistic activity of etizolam on platelet-activating factor (PAF). In
      vitro effects on platelet aggregation and PAF receptor binding.
AB  - The antagonistic effect of etizolam, an anti-anxiety drug, on platelet-activating
      factor (PAF) was investigated in rabbit platelets in vitro. Etizolam inhibited
      PAF-induced aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 3.8 microM,
      about one tenth that of triazolam (IC50 = 30 microM). At 300 microM, it inhibited
      both ADP and arachidonic acid-induced aggregation only slightly, while the other
      anti-anxiety drugs tested had no effect on PAF-induced aggregation even at this
      concentration. Etizolam and triazolam inhibited the specific binding of 3H-PAF to
      PAF receptor sites on washed rabbit platelets with IC50 values of 22 nM and 320
      nM, respectively. Diazepam and estazolam were inactive even at 1 microM. These
      results indicate that etizolam is a specific antagonist of PAF.

PMID- 2890780
TI  - Effects of catecholamines on isolated canine facial veins.
AB  - The buccal segment of the canine facial vein which was precontracted moderately
      with prostaglandin F2 alpha relaxed to different extents in response to dopamine
      (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (Epi) and isoproterenol (Isp). Propranolol
      (10(-6) M) reversed the relaxation responses to contractions. In the presence of
      an alpha-adrenoceptor blockade and inhibitors of neuronal and extraneuronal
      uptakes, the four catecholamines relaxed the vein fully, and the order of pD2
      values was Isp (8.34) greater than Epi (7.53) approximately equal to NE (7.50)
      much greater than DA (5.31). The results indicate that in the canine facial vein,
      beta-adrenoceptors predominate over alpha-adrenoceptors, and the subtype of beta
      adrenoceptor may be the beta 1-type.

PMID- 2890781
TI  - Effect of 5-(3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propoxy)indan (BP-528) on
      benzodiazepine receptor bindings and gamma-aminobutyric acid release.
AB  - The action of a new type of anti-anxiety compound, 5-(3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1
      piperazinyl]-propoxy)indan (BP-528), was tested on benzodiazepine receptor
      bindings and on [3H]-GABA release. BP-528 did not alter [3H]-diazepam binding to
      rat cerebral cortical and hippocampal membranes either in the presence or absence
      of GABA; and the binding of [3H]-propyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate at low
      concentration (0.04 nM), which labels only the type I benzodiazepine receptor,
      was not changed by BP-528. BP-528 did not interact with the GABA-benzodiazepine
      receptor complex, which is related to the anti-anxiety activity of
      benzodiazepines. This compound affected neither GABA binding nor GABA uptake. Ten
      micromolar BP-528 depressed high K+-induced [3H]-GABA release from preloaded rat
      hippocampal slices. However, the same concentration of BP-528 also inhibited high
      K+-induced calcium uptake by rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes.

PMID- 2890782
TI  - Positive inotropic action of kappa opiate agonists, ethylketocyclazocine and
      dynorphin-A(1-13), in isolated rat atrium.
AB  - The effect of various opiate agonists on the contraction of isolated rat atrium
      was investigated. Ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) (30-100 microM) and dynorphin-A(1
      13) (10-30 microM), which are kappa-type agonists, caused positive inotropic
      effects on electrically stimulated left atrium in a dose-dependent manner. In
      addition, EKC decreased the frequency of spontaneous beating in the right atrium.
      Morphine (mu-type), [Met5]- and [Leu5]-enkephalin (delta-type) did not affect
      both the developed tension and frequency of contractions. These results indicate
      that the positive inotropic action is specific for kappa-type opiate agonists.

PMID- 2890783
TI  - Effects of H2-receptor antagonists on 3H-cimetidine binding and histamine
      stimulation of cellular cAMP in isolated guinea pig gastric glands.
AB  - 3H-Cimetidine binding to plasma membranes of isolated guinea pig gastric glands
      was investigated, and the effects of five H2-receptor antagonists on 3H
      cimetidine binding and histamine stimulation of cellular cAMP were compared. Of
      the five cations tested, Cu++ markedly increased specific 3H-cimetidine binding.
      3H-Cimetidine had high affinity (Kd = 0.41 x 10(-6) M) and low affinity (Kd =
      12.8 x 10(-6) M) binding sites. Cimetidine and etintidine were potent inhibitors
      of 3H-cimetidine binding, while famotidine, ranitidine and TZU-0460 were not.
      Histamine stimulation of cellular cAMP was competitively inhibited by H2-receptor
      antagonists yielding pA2 values of 6.41 for cimetidine, 6.82 for etintidine, 6.87
      for ranitidine, 6.94 for TZU-0460 and 7.60 for famotidine. Because the KB value
      (log KB = -pA2) of 0.39 x 10(-6) M for cimetidine is close to the Kd value for
      the high affinity 3H-cimetidine binding site, it is presumed to represent a part
      of the H2-receptor, and the relative potency of etintidine against cimetidine in
      inhibiting 3H-cimetidine binding is similar to that in inhibiting histamine
      stimulation of cellular cAMP. These results suggest that imidazole-derived H2
      receptor antagonists (cimetidine and etintidine) and non-imidazole H2-receptor
      antagonists (famotidine, ranitidine and TZU-0460) compete with histamine at
      different sites on the H2-receptor of the gastric glands.

PMID- 2890784
TI  - [The effects of aorto coronary bypass grafting with the internal mammary artery-
      with special reference to the evaluation of left ventricular wall motion].

PMID- 2890785
TI  - Enterotoxigenicity of heat-resistant and heat-sensitive strains of Clostridium
      perfringens.

PMID- 2890786
TI  - Comparison of two anti-Thy 1.1-abrin A-chain immunotoxins prepared with different
      cross-linking agents: antitumor effects, in vivo fate, and tumor cell mutants.
AB  - The A-chain of the plant toxin abrin was covalently linked to monoclonal anti-Thy
      1.1 antibody (OX7) with the use of either N-succinimidyl-3-(2
      pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) or 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride (2IT). The SPDP
      reagent generates a linkage containing a disulfide bond and an amide bond,
      whereas the 2IT reagent generates a linkage containing a disulfide bond and an
      amidinium bond. The two immunotoxins were powerfully and specifically toxic to
      Thy 1.1-expressing murine AKR-A lymphoma cells in vitro. Both reduced the rate of
      protein synthesis of the cells by 50% at a concentration of 10(-11) M. However,
      clonogenic assays revealed that about 1% of the AKR-A cells survived treatment
      with high concentrations of OX7-SPDP-abrin A, whereas only about 0.1% survived
      treatment with similar concentrations of OX7-2IT-abrin A. Several clones of the
      surviving cells were isolated. Of 11 clones of cells that had survived exposure
      to OX7-SPDP-abrin A, 10 were resistant to further treatment with OX7-SPDP-abrin A
      but had normal sensitivity to OX7-2IT-abrin A. These clones expressed moderate to
      high levels of the Thy 1.1 antigen and were fully sensitive to abrin. In
      contrast, all 10 clones of cells that had survived exposure to OX7-2IT-abrin A
      were substantially or entirely resistant to both immunotoxins. They expressed low
      to high levels of the Thy 1.1 antigen and were fully sensitive to abrin. The 2IT
      linked immunotoxin was much more effective than the SPDP-linked immunotoxin at
      protecting nu/nu mice against the growth of AKR-A lymphoma cells in the
      peritoneal site. A single iv injection of 0.3 nmol OX7-2IT-abrin A eradicated at
      least 99.99% of the tumor cells, as judged from the extension in the median
      survival time of the animals, whereas OX7-SPDP-abrin A eradicated only about 99%
      of the cells. The tumors that developed in the animals that received OX7-2IT
      abrin A were Thy 1.1-negative, whereas those in the recipients of OX7-SPDP-abrin
      A generally expressed normal levels of the Thy 1.1 antigen. The difference in
      antitumor activity of the immunotoxins was not due to differences in their in
      vivo fate, inasmuch as they were cleared from the bloodstream at an identical
      rate and broke down at the same rate to release free antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2890787
TI  - Tumor-host wasting not explained by adrenal hyperfunction in tumor-bearing
      animals.
AB  - This study addressed the question of whether hypercorticism in tumor-bearing
      animals contributes to the wasting of body fat and lean body mass, particularly
      that of skeletal muscles. For this purpose, hydrocortisone-substituted nongrowing
      sarcoma-bearing and control C57BL/6J mice were used that were either
      adrenalectomized or sham-operated prior to experimentation. Adrenalectomy in
      itself did not alter food intake or body composition in normal animals. Tumor
      bearing mice and pair-weighted control animals had elevated urinary excretion of
      corticosteroids compared with the urinary excretion in freely fed controls. The
      malignant tumor induced the well-recognized wasting in tumor-bearing animals,
      irrespective of the presence of the adrenal glands. Therefore, an elevated
      corticosteroid production did not account for the wasting of body fat, lean body
      mass, skeletal muscle proteins, or decreased RNA activity in quadriceps muscles
      from tumor-bearing animals, although such muscles were sensitive to physiologic
      doses of injected hydrocortisone (20 micrograms/day). Tyrosine aminotransferase
      (TAT) activity in liver tissue from tumor-bearing animals was higher than that
      induced by pharmacologic doses of hydrocortisone in normal animals. Physiologic
      doses of hydrocortisone induced hepatic TAT activity, but pair-weighed control
      animals with the same degree of hypercorticism as was found in tumor-bearing
      animals had normal TAT activity in liver tissue. Although hypercorticism is
      present in tumor-bearing animals, the results demonstrate that cancer cachexia
      can start and proceed independently of the adrenal glands. Therefore, adrenal
      hyperfunction is not the proximate cause for the development of experimental
      cancer cachexia induced by anorexia.

PMID- 2890788
TI  - [Principles of differentiated therapy of patients with hypertension of a benign
      course].

PMID- 2890789
TI  - [Surgery of complicated forms of cryptorchism].

PMID- 2890790
TI  - [Cryptorchism--current treatment principles].

PMID- 2890791
TI  - [Treatment with betaxolol and placebo eyedrops in patients with glaucoma and
      reactive airway diseases].
AB  - The study communicated here was designed to evaluate the absence of pulmonary
      beta-blockade as detected by a histamine provocation in betaxolol-treated
      patients suffering from open-angle glaucoma and coexisting obstructive airway
      disease. The study was a randomized, double-masked crossover trial, comparing
      betaxolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution and placebo. Ten patients (4 male, 6 female)
      were eligible by demonstrating baseline off-therapy IOP values exceeding 22 mmHg
      and a FEV1 value that was reduced by 15% to 20% following histamine provocation.
      After an appropriate washout period, baseline IOP and pulmonary function (FEV1,
      FVC) were tested. One drop of test medication (betaxolol or placebo) was
      instilled in both eyes; tonometry and a pulmonary function test were performed 90
      minutes later. The patients then underwent a histamine provocation test. The
      concentration of histamine necessary to reduce FEV1 and FVC by 15% to 20% was
      recorded. The IOP was significantly reduced in patients treated with betaxolol,
      but not in those given placebo. FEV1 and FVC values 90 minutes after treatment
      with betaxolol or placebo were not significantly different from baseline values.
      After histamine provocation the FEV1 was, as expected, significantly decreased
      from baseline (15% to 20%) in both treatment groups. There was no statistical
      difference in the histamine concentration necessary to reduce the FEV1 by 15% to
      20% between placebo (5.60 mg/ml) and betaxolol (5.25 mg/ml) treatments. This
      demonstrates that betaxolol has no pulmonary beta-blocking effect. Our study
      suggests that ophthalmic treatment with betaxolol in patients with glaucoma and
      obstructive airway disease enhances pulmonary safety due to the beta-1
      cardioselective action of the drug.

PMID- 2890793
TI  - [Chronic pyelonephritis in patients with a history of hemorrhagic fever with
      nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 2890792
TI  - [Preoperative management of newborn infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia
      (2)].
AB  - Four infants (three boys and one girl, ages 12-89 days) with persistent
      hyperinsulinism secondary to nesidioblastosis (two) or microadenoma of the
      pancreas (two) were treated with cyclic somatostatin (S) as part of the
      preoperative management until subtotal pancreatectomy was performed within 12 to
      35 days. The individual dose dependent response of glucoregulatory hormones to
      exogenous was evaluated by means of the "somatostatin sensitivity test" (SST).
      Thereby S was infused in stepwise increasing doses, as dictated by the prevailing
      blood glucose levels, until normoglycemia was achieved concomitantly with a
      dextrose infusion at rates of 5 mg/kg/min. This procedure resulted only in a
      partial suppression of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, HGH and cortisol, without
      recurrence of hypoglycemia. Compared to baseline levels, plasma concentrations of
      insulin decreased by 61%, of C-peptide by 64% and a rise of glucagon by 23% was
      observed. The SST which can be performed under routine clinical conditions, is a
      useful procedure for evaluating the individual S-dose necessary to achieve
      normoglycemia. The risk of total S-induced suppression of hormones, such as IRI,
      IRCP, HGH, glucagon and cortisol can be omitted.

PMID- 2890794
TI  - [Allergy in hemorrhagic fever with nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 2890795
TI  - Somatostatin and analogs lack splanchnic vasoconstrictive effects in anesthetized
      pigs.
AB  - Due to an apparently selective vasoconstrictive effect on the splanchnic
      circulation, somatostatin (SRIF) has been advocated for the treatment of variceal
      hemorrhage. The present study was designed to compare and contrast the systemic
      and splanchnic hemodynamic effects of SRIF and two of its long-acting analogs
      (SMS 201,995 and L 363,568) with those of Pitressin. Anesthetized pigs were
      subjected to laparotomy for placement of an electromagnetic flowmeter on the main
      trunk of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Systemic hemodynamic parameters of
      arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were monitored with thermodilution
      catheters. Portal venous blood was collected for measurement of plasma levels of
      SMS 201,995 and L 363,568 and for determination of gastrin levels during infusion
      of the latter analog. Experimental drugs were administered via an aortic cannula
      in a range (5-10 mg/kg bolus and 5-10 mg/kg/min continuous infusion) of dosages.
      At the higher dosages, SRIF, SMS 201,995, and L 363,568 decreased SMA blood flow
      (mean% +/- SD) 5.6 +/- 2.2, 1.6 +/- 4.4, and 8.0 +/- 3.8 after 10 min. None of
      the values achieved significance when compared to variation in baseline
      determinations. Pitressin (0.25 units, intravenously) produced a consistent and
      highly significant (P less than 0.001) reduction-in SMA flow after 5 min.
      Pharmacologic levels of SMS 201,995 and L 363,568 were reliably achieved in
      portal blood and the latter produced significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in
      portal venous levels of gastrin. SRIF and its long-acting analogs produced no
      significant splanchnic nor systemic hemodynamic effects in this model.

PMID- 2890796
TI  - Effects of oscillator frequency on phase-locking in the lamprey central pattern
      generator.
AB  - The central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion can be thought of as a chain
      of segmental oscillators coupled together that produces the basic locomotor
      pattern. The isolated spinal cord of the lamprey is an excellent preparation in
      which to formulate general principles for the operation of the CPG. The stability
      of the preparation and the ease with which surgical lesions can be made in the
      cord have allowed the study of the coordinating system with a convenience
      unobtainable in more complex vertebrates. Mathematical models have been developed
      to help analyze the CPG and other systems of coupled oscillators. The models have
      pointed to two important parameters for determining the relative timing of a
      system of coupled oscillators: the nature of the coupling and the difference in
      frequency among the oscillators. The latter is dealt with here. In lampreys, the
      frequency differences of the segmental oscillators along the cord can be quite
      large. This factor is shown to be related to changes in the intersegmental phase
      lags during serotonin modulation of fictive swimming. An understanding of some
      effects of the frequency difference is also shown to have been important in
      helping to formulate a protocol for the demonstration of functional regeneration
      in the isolated spinal cord preparation.

PMID- 2890797
TI  - In vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations for study of motor systems for
      mammalian respiration and locomotion.
AB  - Recently developed in vitro preparations of the brainstem-spinal cord from
      neonatal rat suitable for investigation of motor control systems for mammalian
      locomotion and respiration are described. The preparations remain viable for
      extended periods under standard in vitro conditions and generate rhythmic motor
      patterns for locomotion and respiration. The methodology of the preparations and
      characteristics of the motor output patterns are described. The preparations
      retain functional circuitry for major components of the motor control systems,
      including brainstem respiratory and spinal locomotor pattern generating networks,
      brainstem locomotor command regions, descending bulbospinal and ascending spinal
      pathways, and mechanosensory afferent input systems. They therefore offer
      potential for investigation of diverse aspects of the mammalian respiratory and
      locomotor control systems.

PMID- 2890798
TI  - Molecular biology in clinical haematology.

PMID- 2890799
TI  - [Salazopyrine and reactive arthritis].

PMID- 2890801
TI  - Exploratory behavior and the dual activity of some psychoactive drugs. Part 1.
AB  - Animal behavior in a free environment involves the orienting reflex, a major
      component of which is exploratory behavior. Exploration is an essential, life
      preserving component of animal higher nervous functions and the experiments
      presented here show that exploratory behavior may differ according to the
      experimental subjects' emotional baseline. Exploratory performance may
      accordingly be affected differently by psychoactive drugs.

PMID- 2890800
TI  - [Preoperative treatment of hypoglycemia caused by an insulinoma with the
      somatostatin analog SMS 201-995].

PMID- 2890802
TI  - [Treatment with neuroleptics is not dangerous for the patient. The risk of
      tardive dyskinesia is increased in overdosing].

PMID- 2890803
TI  - [Use and abuse of benzodiazepines--a psychiatric and epidemiologic review].

PMID- 2890804
TI  - [Experiences from a department of general psychiatry. Detoxication of patients
      with benzodiazepine dependence].

PMID- 2890805
TI  - Protective activity of Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever.
AB  - The protective efficacy against typhoid fever of a single intramuscular injection
      of 25 micrograms of the Vi capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was assessed in a
      randomised double-blind controlled trial. Vaccination of 11,384 children was
      followed by 21 months' surveillance. 47 blood-culture-proven cases of typhoid
      occurred in children who received meningococcal A + C CPS vaccine and 19 cases in
      those vaccinated with Vi CPS. Protective efficacy was 60% calculated from the day
      of vaccination and 64% from 6 weeks after vaccination. Surveillance also included
      11,691 unvaccinated children; 173 cases occurred in this group. Protective
      efficacy in relation to the unvaccinated group was 77.4% and 81.0% after 21
      months, calculated immediately and 6 weeks after vaccination, respectively.
      Vaccination was associated with minimum local side-effects, and an increase in
      anti-Vi antibodies occurred, as measured by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Antibody levels remained significantly raised at 6 and 12
      months post vaccination. Vi CPS is thus a safe and effective means of typhoid
      vaccination.

PMID- 2890806
TI  - Endogenous restoration of noradrenaline by precursor therapy in dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase deficiency.
AB  - DL-dihydroxyphenylserine was given by mouth in a single-blind, placebo-controlled
      trial to two patients with orthostatic hypotension due to dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase deficiency, in the hope of providing noradrenaline by endogenous
      decarboxylation. Dose-dependent increases in blood pressure were obtained over
      the range 150-600 mg. After 600 mg mean arterial pressure rose 33 and 19 mm Hg
      and these rises were tightly correlated with an increase in plasma noradrenaline
      (r = 0.995, p less than 0.001 and r = 0.88, p less than 0.05). Urinary
      noradrenaline increased from undetectable levels to 338 and 511 micrograms/24 h.
      Standing time (a correlate of functional capacity) also increased significantly
      in both patients. No side-effects were noted.

PMID- 2890807
TI  - Effect of unnatural noradrenaline precursor on sympathetic control and
      orthostatic hypotension in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency.
AB  - A patient with severe orthostatic hypotension due to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      deficiency was treated with the unnatural aminoacid D,L-threo-3,4
      dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS) in the hope that it would serve as a substrate of
      aromatic-L-aminoacid decarboxylase to produce (-)-noradrenaline. With a dose of
      500 mg twice daily by mouth, blood pressure rose gradually from 100/55 to 145/85
      mm Hg, and orthostatic hypotension disappeared. After 4 months' treatment the
      patient is free of symptoms and able to live a normal life. DOPS switched on the
      production of noradrenaline and reduced the excessive production of dopamine.
      During treatment plasma noradrenaline rose normally after standing and after
      infusion of tyramine, a biogenic amine that liberates stored neurotransmitter
      from sympathetic nerve terminals. These data demonstrate that in congenital
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency dopamine instead of noradrenaline is
      released as the sympathetic neurotransmitter but that the integrity of the
      sympathetic neuron is otherwise intact.

PMID- 2890808
TI  - Interferons as mediators of psychiatric morbidity. An investigation in a trial of
      recombinant alpha-interferon in hepatitis-B carriers.
AB  - A significant increase in psychiatric morbidity, assessed by standard measures,
      was demonstrated in a group of patients receiving recombinant alpha-interferon
      for chronic hepatitis-B virus infection. In some cases the psychiatric symptoms
      were severe enough to need urgent psychiatric attention. The changes seemed most
      severe in patients with coexistent human immunodeficiency virus infection. The
      mental state changes are clinically reminiscent of those in the "post-viral"
      psychiatric syndromes.

PMID- 2890811
TI  - Psychiatric day hospitals for all?

PMID- 2890809
TI  - Effect of haem arginate therapy on porphyrin metabolism and mixed function
      oxygenase activity in acute hepatic porphyria.
AB  - The effect of haem arginate on porphyrin metabolism and haemoprotein function was
      studied during seven attacks of acute hepatic porphyria in 5 patients. In each
      attack it greatly reduced the overproduction of porphyrin precursors and
      repressed the overactivity of the rate-controlling enzyme of haem synthesis delta
      aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) synthase measured in leucocytes. Antipyrine clearance,
      an index of the oxidative function of cytochromes P-450, the major group of
      hepatic haemoproteins, was increased during haem therapy. Thus, haem arginate not
      only suppresses the overproduction of haem precursors but also improves hepatic
      oxidative metabolism in acute porphyria.

PMID- 2890810
TI  - Hepatocellular cancer: differences between high and low incidence regions.

PMID- 2890812
TI  - Cancer cytogenetics in clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2890813
TI  - Intracerebral haematoma from aneurysm rupture: operation in moribund patients?

PMID- 2890814
TI  - Omeprazole.

PMID- 2890815
TI  - HIV infection: confidentiality for doctors.

PMID- 2890816
TI  - Infection today.

PMID- 2890817
TI  - Antiviral therapy.

PMID- 2890818
TI  - Interpreting survival rates for the treatment of decompensated diabetes: are we
      saving too many lives?
AB  - Discussion of the case of a patient admitted to hospital with decompensated
      diabetes revealed a conflict in attitudes to resuscitation of the patient from
      that disorder and from cardiac arrest. A survey was sent to 200 diabetologists
      and 200 cardiologists in the United Kingdom, asking about their management of
      diabetes and their therapeutic approaches to cardiac arrest for 3 elderly
      patients admitted with severe decompensated diabetes. The response rate was poor
      (27%) but the answers showed that all 3 patients were more likely to be
      resuscitated from decompensated diabetes than from cardiac arrest. Possible
      reasons for a different approach to the two conditions are discussed, and
      suggestions are put forward for a greater involvement by patients in decisions
      about future resuscitation.

PMID- 2890819
TI  - Geographical and secular trends in stroke incidence.

PMID- 2890820
TI  - Effects of sleeping with the bed-head raised and of ranitidine in patients with
      severe peptic oesophagitis.
AB  - Sleeping with the bed-head raised is commonly recommended as treatment for
      patients with troublesome oesophagitis, but its effect has not been objectively
      tested. Ranitidine therapy is useful in oesophagitis, but it does not often
      produce complete relief of symptoms. The effects of each of these treatments
      alone and in combination have been studied in 71 patients with severe (grade III)
      peptic oesophagitis. Each treatment improved both symptoms and endoscopic
      appearances significantly more than placebo did. However, the combination of the
      two treatments was much better than either alone; the reduction in pain score and
      the area of ulceration healed were about twice those with either treatment alone.
      Smoking more than five cigarettes per day or drinking more than 30 g alcohol per
      day significantly reduced the effectiveness of ranitidine therapy, but age, sex,
      body weight, or the presence of a hiatus hernia had no detectable effect.

PMID- 2890821
TI  - Screening for neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2890822
TI  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, plasma half-lives, and adverse reactions.

PMID- 2890823
TI  - Increasing frequency of adult IgA nephropathy in the UK?

PMID- 2890824
TI  - Full-spectrum classroom light and sickness in pupils.

PMID- 2890825
TI  - Blood aluminium levels in preterm infants fed parenterally or with cows' milk
      formulae.

PMID- 2890826
TI  - How liquorice works.

PMID- 2890827
TI  - Spironolactone and hyperkalaemia in patients with impaired renal failure.

PMID- 2890828
TI  - Potential analgesic contribution from morphine-6-glucuronide in CSF.

PMID- 2890829
TI  - Sewage pollution of bathing water.

PMID- 2890830
TI  - Main line sewage.

PMID- 2890831
TI  - Safety of pasteurised milk.

PMID- 2890832
TI  - Salmonella and food handlers.

PMID- 2890833
TI  - Erythrocyte crenation, myocardial damage, and free fatty acids.

PMID- 2890834
TI  - Pain, anaesthesia, and babies.

PMID- 2890835
TI  - Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in a case in northern Albania.

PMID- 2890837
TI  - Conservation of smallpox virus.

PMID- 2890836
TI  - Meningococcal disease due to group A Neisseria meningitidis in contacts of Mecca
      pilgrims.

PMID- 2890838
TI  - HIV and the pancreas.

PMID- 2890839
TI  - False-positive anti-HIV tests and blood donation.

PMID- 2890840
TI  - HIV antigen screening in blood donors.

PMID- 2890841
TI  - Borrelia infection and presenile dementia.

PMID- 2890842
TI  - Epithelioid angiomatosis: a variant of Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2890843
TI  - Central obesity and coronary heart disease in men.

PMID- 2890844
TI  - Facial cooling and perception of dyspnoea.

PMID- 2890845
TI  - Medical care at Brixton Prison.

PMID- 2890846
TI  - Investigation of sexual abuse.

PMID- 2890847
TI  - Should the dose of hepatitis B vaccine be reduced in newborn babies?

PMID- 2890848
TI  - Increased nigral iron content in postmortem parkinsonian brain.

PMID- 2890849
TI  - Pyriformis syndrome.

PMID- 2890850
TI  - T-lymphocyte alveolitis in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.

PMID- 2890851
TI  - Confidentiality for doctors who are HIV positive.

PMID- 2890852
TI  - Improvement in the haemostatic defect of uraemia after treatment with recombinant
      human erythropoietin.
AB  - Patients with uraemia have a defect of primary haemostasis expressed as long skin
      bleeding times and reduced platelet adhesion to the arterial subendothelium.
      Transfusion of red cells shortens the bleeding time and stops bleeding symptoms
      in uraemia. This study investigated whether the efficacy of recombinant human
      erythropoietin in correcting anaemia and the improvement in haemostasis are
      correlated. Recombinant human erythropoietin was given to seven consecutive
      patients with chronic uraemia, a history of bleeding, severe anaemia (haematocrit
      below 23%), and long bleeding times (above 19 min). The progressive rise in
      haematocrit induced by increasing doses of recombinant human erythropoietin was
      paralleled by a pronounced shortening of the bleeding time. Platelet adhesion to
      the subendothelium of human umbilical arteries, very low before the study,
      increased greatly in all patients and became normal in six. None of the patients
      bled during the study period.

PMID- 2890853
TI  - Evidence for tumour necrosis factor/cachectin production in cancer.
AB  - Labile tumour-necrosis-factor-like (TNF) activity was detected by means of an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 50% of 226 freshly obtained serum samples
      from cancer patients with active disease. In contrast, only 3% of 32 samples from
      normal subjects and 18% of 39 samples from cancer patients with no clinically
      evident disease were positive for this factor, with low levels of activity.
      Greater proportions of serum samples from patients with ovarian or oat-cell
      carcinoma were positive (69% and 63%) than those from patients with lymphoma
      (26%). RNA preparations from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and solid tumours
      were probed with TNF complementary DNA; evidence of TNF messenger RNA was found
      in 8 of 11 samples of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from cancer patients,
      but only 1 of 8 normal subjects, and in 2 of 6 colorectal tumours. As yet the
      inducing stimulus and the clinical significance of TNF production in cancer are
      not understood.

PMID- 2890854
TI  - Effects of combined pancreatic and renal transplantation on diabetic neuropathy:
      a two-year follow-up study.
AB  - To investigate whether diabetic neuropathy can be reversed after pancreatic
      transplantation 13 diabetic patients were examined by means of conventional
      electroneurography and tests on autonomic function before and 6, 12, and 24
      months after combined renal and pancreatic transplantation. 15 diabetic patients
      receiving a kidney graft only and 15 non-diabetic kidney graft recipients served
      as controls. Before transplantation neuropathy was most advanced in the two
      diabetic groups. Both diabetic groups showed a similar slight but significant
      improvement of nerve conduction after transplantation. In the non-diabetic group
      nerve conduction became essentially normal. No group showed improvement in
      autonomic dysfunction. The improvement in nerve conduction after combined kidney
      and pancreas transplantation was most probably due to the elimination of uraemia.
      Furthermore, 2 years of normoglycaemia did not reverse the diabetic neuropathy to
      an important extent at this late stage of the disease.

PMID- 2890855
TI  - Potential of urinary neopterin excretion in differentiating chronic non-A, non-B
      hepatitis from fatty liver.
AB  - Urinary neopterin excretion was measured in 26 patients with histologically
      proven chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis (16 chronic persistent hepatitis, 10
      chronic active hepatitis) and in 16 patients with steatosis. The potential of
      neopterin levels to discriminate between the two patient groups was compared with
      that of standard laboratory variables. Neopterin levels and triglycerides were
      shown to be the best variables for discriminating between the hepatitis and fatty
      liver patients, neopterin being the more specific of the two. Neopterin excretion
      in chronic persistent hepatitis was not statistically different from that in
      chronic active hepatitis. In the absence of specific tests, increased neopterin
      excretion seems to be a useful marker for diagnosing chronic non-A, non-B
      hepatitis and particularly in differentiating it from fatty liver.

PMID- 2890856
TI  - Ultrasonic assessment of complications during first trimester of pregnancy.
AB  - 624 women were referred to an emergency gynaecological ultrasound clinic with a
      provisional diagnosis of threatened miscarriage based on a history of amenorrhoea
      and vaginal bleeding with or without abdominal pain. High-resolution abdominal
      sector scanning was used to assess fetal size and viability, as well as uterine
      and placental size, to identify features which might indicate imminent fetal
      death. In 158 women there was no evidence of pregnancy; 60 women had an ectopic
      pregnancy. In the remaining 406 women ultrasound examination correctly identified
      the underlying cause of vaginal bleeding at first presentation in all but the 6
      who subsequently aborted. 3.9% of the patients had a second empty sac and 5.4%
      had an intrauterine haematoma; none of these women subsequently aborted. 2
      patients had early-onset oligohydramnios and spontaneous abortion occurred in
      both.

PMID- 2890857
TI  - Specific interleukin-1 inhibitor in serum and urine of children with systemic
      juvenile chronic arthritis.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity and inhibition were studied in serum and urine from
      nine patients with systemic juvenile chronic arthritis (S-JCA). In afebrile
      patients IL-1 activity was normal or high. Serum from two afebrile S-JCA patients
      taken during a period of severe disease activity had an enhancing effect on the
      activity of exogenous IL-1. Secondary amyloidosis subsequently developed in one
      of these patients. In contrast, in febrile patients' serum and urine IL-1
      activity was low, apparently reflecting the presence of a strong inhibitor of IL
      1 activity measured by the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production by synovial
      cells. This inhibition was greatest at the time of peak temperature, suggesting
      the possibility of feedback regulation during fever. This novel identification in
      S-JCA of a specific IL-1 inhibitor that competes at the IL-1 receptor level may
      be an important step in the understanding of the pattern of fever and the
      evaluation of disease in patients with S-JCA.

PMID- 2890858
TI  - Consequences of new radiation dosimetry.

PMID- 2890859
TI  - Syndrome X.

PMID- 2890860
TI  - Transplantation for acute liver failure.

PMID- 2890861
TI  - Dying for a drink.

PMID- 2890862
TI  - Traumatic corneal abrasion.

PMID- 2890863
TI  - Antimicrobial agents: a widening choice.

PMID- 2890864
TI  - A population-based evaluation of sustained mechanical ventilation of newborn
      babies.
AB  - The scope and impact of sustained assisted ventilation were investigated within a
      cohort of 11,061 babies born to a geographically defined community. 76 (0.7%)
      normally formed newborn infants and 3 with major anomalies had respiratory
      failure potentially treatable by mechanical ventilation. 31 (0.3%) weighed less
      than 1000 g. 28 infants underwent more than 8 hours' assisted ventilation, which
      was initiated as an emergency in 14 cases, as an elective measure to minimise the
      hazards of transport in 10, and as a therapeutic option for apnoea in 4.
      Pneumothorax requiring drainage complicated the ventilation of 10 infants, 7 of
      whom died and 2 were subsequently disabled. Of the 14 ventilated survivors
      examined at school age, 2 had serious persisting disabilities associated with the
      ventilation and 2 with other perinatal events; of the 10 considered normal, 5 had
      had emergency ventilation.

PMID- 2890865
TI  - Role of the pharmaceutical industry in major clinical trials.

PMID- 2890867
TI  - WHO consultation on prevention and control of AIDS in prisons.

PMID- 2890866
TI  - AIDS in prison.
AB  - A survey carried out in 17 countries on behalf of the Council of Europe shows how
      prison doctors and administrations have reacted to the AIDS epidemic in ways that
      are not always scientifically and ethically sound. The pressing need to control
      HIV infection in prison, to counsel and support seropositive prisoners, to care
      for prisoners who get AIDS, and to cope with the psychosocial pressures within a
      closed, authoritarian environment pose a serious challenge to prison medical
      services; it is far from certain that they have sufficient resources and
      professional independence to cope. Failure to react adequately to the AIDS
      epidemic in prisons would have serious consequences both for the community as a
      whole and for the ethical position of prison doctors.

PMID- 2890869
TI  - Carcinoma-in-situ of testis in patients with assumed extragonadal germ-cell
      tumours.

PMID- 2890868
TI  - Alleviation of motion sickness by nifedipine.

PMID- 2890871
TI  - Pseudopolycythaemia.

PMID- 2890870
TI  - Gender verification of female athletes.

PMID- 2890872
TI  - Awareness of hypoglycaemia in diabetes.

PMID- 2890873
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2890874
TI  - 6-Mercaptopurine dosage.

PMID- 2890875
TI  - What makes some children shortsighted?

PMID- 2890877
TI  - Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2890876
TI  - "Superwarfarin" (bromodialone) poisoning in two children resulting in prolonged
      anticoagulation.

PMID- 2890878
TI  - Is atrial distension the physiological stimulus for release of atrial natriuretic
      peptide?

PMID- 2890879
TI  - Immunological mechanisms of cyclosporin in skin allograft.

PMID- 2890880
TI  - Colchicine myoneuropathy.

PMID- 2890882
TI  - Nursing position of babies delivered by caesarean section.

PMID- 2890881
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PMID- 2890883
TI  - Cycad use and motor neurone disease in Irian Jaya.

PMID- 2890884
TI  - Detection of relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by cusum analysis of
      peripheral blood-count.

PMID- 2890885
TI  - Safety of equine rabies immune globulin.

PMID- 2890886
TI  - DNA probes which unambiguously distinguish Taenia solium from T saginata.

PMID- 2890887
TI  - Ploidy as prognostic determinant in lung cancer.

PMID- 2890888
TI  - HIV testing on all pregnant women.

PMID- 2890889
TI  - Is infection with HIV a risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?

PMID- 2890890
TI  - Breast-feeding and HIV infection.

PMID- 2890891
TI  - Thrombolysis at home.

PMID- 2890892
TI  - Duodenal ulcer incidence.

PMID- 2890893
TI  - Clostridium septicum and neutropenic enterocolitis.

PMID- 2890894
TI  - Duodenal ulcers in childhood.

PMID- 2890895
TI  - Mortality and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in the elderly.

PMID- 2890896
TI  - Is antipaternal cytotoxic antibody a valid marker in the management of recurrent
      abortion?

PMID- 2890897
TI  - Lactitol, lactulose, and blood ammonia.

PMID- 2890898
TI  - H2-receptor antagonist non-responders.

PMID- 2890899
TI  - Courtroom science and standards of proof.

PMID- 2890900
TI  - Controlled trial of endoscopic sclerosis in bleeding peptic ulcers.
AB  - Of 113 patients in whom endoscopy revealed a bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcer
      55 were randomly allocated to receive endoscopic sclerosis (ES) (injections of
      adrenaline/polidocanol) plus cimetidine while 58 received cimetidine alone as
      controls. 3 patients treated with ES (5.5%) compared with 25 controls (43.1%) had
      a major recurrent haemorrhage during their hospital stay. ES also led to
      significant reductions in the need for emergency surgery (3 vs 20 patients),
      transfusion requirements (mean 0.42 [SD 1.1] vs 2.7 (3.19) U), and the length of
      hospital stay (11.6 [5.1] vs 16.2 [11.3] days). ES as an adjunct to conventional
      medical treatment is an effective and safe emergency therapy for gastrointestinal
      bleeding due to peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2890901
TI  - Effective strategy for prenatal prediction of Duchenne and Becker muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - Deletions in the gene sequence for Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular
      dystrophy were detected in affected males with four cDNA probes, Cf56a, Cf23a,
      Ca1A, and Cf27. Most of the deletions were seen with only one of the probes.
      Cf23a detected all BMD deletions seen with Cf56a and some that were not. The same
      markers also detected restriction fragment length polymorphisms for those cases
      where deletions were not evident. The probes were also used successfully for
      prenatal diagnosis in two families each with two DMD affected males. In DMD
      families successive application of probes Cf56a, Ca1A, and Cf27 will give a 70%
      chance of detecting the mutation. BMD families should first be screened with the
      Cf23a probe.

PMID- 2890902
TI  - Fetal breathing movements are not a reliable predictor of continued lung
      development in pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios.
AB  - Fetal breathing activity was monitored by ultrasonography in 14 patients with
      oligohydramnios (4 with fetal anuria and 10 with premature rupture of the
      membranes). 45 patients with intact membranes, with normal amniotic fluid volume,
      and matched for gestational age were the controls. Fetal breathing movements were
      seen in all 8 patients who died in the perinatal period with a necropsy diagnosis
      of lung hypoplasia. While patients with premature rupture of the membranes
      (irrespective of outcome) spent the same or less time breathing than controls,
      fetuses with renal anomalies, oligohydramnios, and lung hypoplasia spent more
      time breathing than controls. The observation of fetal breathing activity is not
      helpful in identifying patients with oligohydramnios at risk of lung hypoplasia.

PMID- 2890903
TI  - Glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36: a physiological incretin in man.
AB  - The physiological role of glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36 amide (GLP-1 7-36) in man
      was investigated. GLP-1 7-36-like immunoreactivity was found in the human bowel;
      its circulating level rose after oral glucose and after a test breakfast. When it
      was infused into seven volunteers at a rate to mimic its postprandial plasma
      concentration in the fasting state, plasma insulin levels rose significantly and
      glucose and glucagon concentrations fell. During an intravenous glucose load, it
      greatly enhanced insulin release and significantly reduced peak plasma glucose
      concentrations, compared with a control saline infusion, even inducing
      postinfusion reactive hypoglycaemia. By comparison, infusion of glucose-dependent
      insulinotropic peptide (GIP) to physiological levels was less effective in
      stimulating insulin release. These observations suggest that GLP-1 7-36 is a
      physiological incretin and that it is more powerful than GIP. The observation of
      greatly increased postprandial plasma GLP-1 7-36 levels in patients with
      postgastrectomy dumping syndrome suggests that it may mediate the
      hyperinsulinaemia and reactive hypoglycaemia of this disorder.

PMID- 2890905
TI  - Primary health care: government's worthy words amid the gloom.

PMID- 2890904
TI  - Reduced in-vitro susceptibility to mefloquine in West African isolates of
      Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - West African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum were more susceptible to
      chloroquine but less susceptible to mefloquine than were Southeast Asian
      isolates. The West African isolates were more sensitive to halofantrine than to
      mefloquine. Since neither mefloquine nor halofantrine has been used in West
      Africa, the findings suggest that P falciparum may be inherently resistant to
      mefloquine and that mefloquine should be introduced cautiously to West Africa.
      Moreover, halofantrine may be of greater value than mefloquine for controlling
      multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in West Africa.

PMID- 2890906
TI  - Mifepristone--contragestive agent or medical abortifacient?

PMID- 2890907
TI  - Progress in management of epididymitis?

PMID- 2890908
TI  - Human embryo research: vote for progress.

PMID- 2890909
TI  - New shoulders for old.

PMID- 2890910
TI  - Renal transplantation and the skin.

PMID- 2890911
TI  - Is "improvement" real with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the
      management of renovascular hypertension?
AB  - 58 hypertensive patients with suspected renovascular disease underwent renal
      arteriography, and 29 (52%) were found to have renovascular disease. Percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty was technically successful in 14 (50%) of the 29. The
      effect on blood pressure was assessed over 20 months. Technically successful
      transluminal angioplasty led to cure of hypertension in 4 patients (29%) and
      "improvement" in 5 (36%). However, "improvement" occurred spontaneously in 8
      (32%) of the 25 patients found on arteriography not to have renovascular disease
      and who received no intervention. This suggests that reported improvement after
      transluminal angioplasty may be spurious and that the true benefit of the
      procedure can be assessed only from the cure rate. About 50% of patients with
      fibromuscular renovascular disease are cured of their hypertension but only about
      8% of patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease benefit from the
      procedure.

PMID- 2890912
TI  - Aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI): a new perspective on
      pathogenesis and nomenclature of benign breast disorders.
AB  - A framework for understanding and management of benign breast disorders is
      presented, based on the notion that most breast complaints can be explained as
      minor aberrations of the normal processes of development, cyclical change, and
      involution. The generic term ANDI (aberrations of normal development and
      involution) is introduced to allow breast problems to be placed within an overall
      framework of pathogenesis; this concept also permits more detailed individual
      assessment with respect to normality and disease. Fibrocystic disease and its
      synonyms are discarded in favour of terms that are strictly descriptive of the
      clinical and/or histological picture.

PMID- 2890913
TI  - Clinical use of the quinolones.

PMID- 2890914
TI  - Delta hepatitis.

PMID- 2890915
TI  - Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid renders children with biliary atresia
      suitable for liver transplantation.

PMID- 2890917
TI  - Passive smoking and chronic obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 2890916
TI  - Leukaemia near Massachusetts nuclear power plant.

PMID- 2890918
TI  - Immunisation of the preterm baby.

PMID- 2890919
TI  - Which transformation for normalising skinfold and fatness distributions?

PMID- 2890920
TI  - Pasini's regional jejunitis.

PMID- 2890921
TI  - LFA-1, LFA-3, and ICAM-1 expression in Burkitt's lymphoma.

PMID- 2890922
TI  - Isolation of hepatitis A virus from polluted river water on FRP/3 cells.

PMID- 2890923
TI  - Prediction of onset of pre-eclampsia in patients with pregnancy-induced
      hypertension by continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound.

PMID- 2890924
TI  - Leuconostoc, an emerging vancomycin-resistant pathogen.

PMID- 2890925
TI  - Factor XII deficiency associated with loin pain/haematuria syndrome.

PMID- 2890926
TI  - Rett's syndrome and ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency.

PMID- 2890927
TI  - Absence of parvovirus and cytomegalovirus in red-cell aplastic crises in glucose
      6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2890928
TI  - Fatness and the energy cost of carrying loads in African women.

PMID- 2890929
TI  - HIV-1 seroprevalence and AIDS diagnostic criteria in Central African Republic.

PMID- 2890930
TI  - Lactulose and ammonia.

PMID- 2890931
TI  - Zidovudine for lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis in AIDS.

PMID- 2890932
TI  - Good intentions, unfortunate consequences.

PMID- 2890933
TI  - Responsibility and illness.

PMID- 2890934
TI  - Sociology and medicine.

PMID- 2890935
TI  - Continuum of psychosis.

PMID- 2890936
TI  - Genetics training for doctors.

PMID- 2890937
TI  - Pica, paper, and porphyria.

PMID- 2890939
TI  - Vancomycin-associated lacrimation.

PMID- 2890938
TI  - Time course of cyclosporin/itraconazole interaction.

PMID- 2890940
TI  - Zygomycetic gangrenous cellulitis.

PMID- 2890941
TI  - Naturally occurring gastritis associated with Campylobacter pylori infection in
      the rhesus monkey.

PMID- 2890942
TI  - Shunt treatment for fetal obstructive uropathy.

PMID- 2890943
TI  - Diploid cell rabies vaccine, six doses or five?

PMID- 2890944
TI  - Osteoporosis research: a new direction?

PMID- 2890945
TI  - Erythromycin and gastrointestinal motility.

PMID- 2890946
TI  - Importing khat, legal but dangerous.

PMID- 2890947
TI  - Adverse reactions to duplex scanning.

PMID- 2890948
TI  - Surgical retrieval of epididymal spermatozoa.

PMID- 2890949
TI  - An attempt to remedy through the courts a lack of NHS facilities.

PMID- 2890950
TI  - Draft legislation on infertility services and embryo research.

PMID- 2890951
TI  - The European Stroke Prevention Study (ESPS). Principal end-points. The ESPS
      Group.
AB  - In a multicentre double-blind trial, 2500 patients with a clinical diagnosis of a
      recent cerebrovascular event of atherothrombotic origin (transient ischaemic
      attack, reversible ischaemic neurological deficit, or stroke) were randomised to
      receive either dipyridamole 75 mg plus acetylsalicylic acid 325 mg (DP-ASA, 1250
      patients) or placebo (1250 patients) thrice daily. Follow-up was twenty-four
      months. On intention-to-treat analysis, 473 patients reached an end-point (stroke
      or death from any cause), 190 on DP-ASA and 283 on placebo. Survival curves for
      end-points showed 33% benefit in favour of the DP-ASA group (p less than 0.001).
      108 patients died in the DP-ASA group and 156 in the placebo group (p less than
      0.01). Results of an explanatory analysis were similar.

PMID- 2890952
TI  - Improved early diagnosis of adult polycystic kidney disease with flanking DNA
      markers.
AB  - A new polymorphic DNA marker for the diagnosis of autosomal dominant adult
      polycystic kidney disease (APKD) has been identified. The new marker, 24-1,
      flanks the APKD gene on the side opposite to the alpha globin on the short arm of
      chromosome 16. When both DNA polymorphisms bracketing the gene are informative
      the reliability of prenatal and presymptom diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease
      in non-recombinants (92% of cases) is more than 99%.

PMID- 2890954
TI  - Negligible sublingual absorption of nifedipine.
AB  - The sublingual absorption of nifedipine was investigated in 11 healthy
      volunteers. After the subjects bit a capsule containing 10 mg nifedipine in
      solution and did not swallow for 20 min (at which time the mouth was washed out),
      absorption was slow and led to low plasma levels (median 10 ng/ml). After the
      same subjects bit and swallowed a capsule, absorption was faster and higher
      plasma levels were achieved 982 ng/ml). Biting a capsule and swallowing its
      contents is recommended in cardiovascular emergencies.

PMID- 2890953
TI  - Outbreak of fever caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis.
AB  - A large outbreak of streptobacillary fever, confirmed by the isolation of
      Streptobacillus moniliformis from blood culture, affected 304 people, 43% of the
      total population of 700 in a boarding school. Raw milk initially appeared to be
      the vehicle of infection, but detailed epidemiological investigation showed
      significant statistical associations between the development of illness and the
      consumption of both milk and water. Further analysis showed that the association
      with water was independent of that with milk and that water was therefore more
      likely to have been the vehicle of infection. Opportunity for contamination of
      water by rats existed, although contamination was not confirmed by the isolation
      of S moniliformis from either rats or the water supply.

PMID- 2890955
TI  - Spinal cord degeneration in divers.
AB  - Spinal cords from 8 professional and 3 amateur divers who died accidentally were
      examined histopathologically. Marchi-positive degeneration was found in the cords
      of 3 professional divers, variously affecting the posterior, lateral, and to a
      lesser extent the anterior columns. In 1 there was degeneration of afferent
      fibres within the posterior columns.

PMID- 2890956
TI  - Accounting for perioperative deaths.

PMID- 2890957
TI  - Anaemia in premature infants.

PMID- 2890958
TI  - Sudden-onset strabismus in childhood.

PMID- 2890959
TI  - Tumoral calcinosis.

PMID- 2890960
TI  - Epilepsy and headache.

PMID- 2890962
TI  - Bacterial diarrhoea and its treatment.

PMID- 2890961
TI  - Fetal heart rate monitoring during labour--too frequent intervention, too little
      benefit?
AB  - For many obstetricians and midwives continuous electronic fetal heart rate
      monitoring during labour has replaced the traditional method of intermittent
      auscultation. Of the eight prospective randomised controlled trials designed to
      assess its value in obstetric care, four were concerned with mothers defined as
      being at high-risk, three with normal or low-risk patients, and the eighth with
      the total population of a maternity hospital over several months. None suggested
      any major advantage of continuous fetal heart rate monitoring over intermittent
      surveillance in terms of neonatal mortality, morbidity, cord blood pH values, or
      the five minute Apgar score. The rates of caesarean section and forceps delivery
      were higher in the continuously monitored group. For low-risk mothers there is a
      good case for a return to the traditional method of intermittent auscultation
      with its lower false-positive rate, lesser incidence of intervention, and
      opportunity for greater contact between the maternity care staff and the mother.

PMID- 2890963
TI  - Leucocyte typing--OKCD?

PMID- 2890965
TI  - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. A glance back and a
      look at the future.

PMID- 2890964
TI  - Lessons from the confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths in three NHS
      regions.

PMID- 2890966
TI  - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. Some personal
      reflections.

PMID- 2890967
TI  - Lysis of basilar artery occlusion with tissue plasminogen activator.

PMID- 2890968
TI  - Remission of Crohn's disease with antimycobacterial chemotherapy.

PMID- 2890969
TI  - Congenital malformations after in-vitro fertilisation.

PMID- 2890971
TI  - Scrotal ultrasonography.

PMID- 2890970
TI  - Relapse after autografting with peripheral blood stem cells.

PMID- 2890972
TI  - HTLV-I-associated spastic paraparesis in an Italian woman.

PMID- 2890973
TI  - Asbestos exposure and carcinoma of penis.

PMID- 2890974
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide, blood pressure, and age.

PMID- 2890976
TI  - Psychiatric disturbances in patients with dyspepsia of unknown cause.

PMID- 2890975
TI  - Podophyllin/podophyllotoxin.

PMID- 2890977
TI  - Child sexual abuse.

PMID- 2890978
TI  - An apparent homozygous X-linked disorder with carbohydrate-deficient serum
      glycoproteins.

PMID- 2890979
TI  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perforated peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2890980
TI  - Screening test for ataxia telangiectasia.

PMID- 2890981
TI  - HLA genes and longevity.

PMID- 2890982
TI  - Air conditioning and disease.

PMID- 2890983
TI  - Anaesthesia, teeth, and litigation.

PMID- 2890984
TI  - Crisis in the NHS.

PMID- 2890985
TI  - More magnetic resonance scanners?

PMID- 2890987
TI  - AIDS and medical ethics.

PMID- 2890986
TI  - Intraprofessional competitive prescribing for the drug addict.

PMID- 2890988
TI  - Latency preceding seroconversion in sexually transmitted HIV infection.

PMID- 2890989
TI  - Bisexuality, a risk factor for HIV infection in military men.

PMID- 2890990
TI  - Radiation, cancer risk, and the new dosimetry.

PMID- 2890991
TI  - Radiation experiments on British soldiers.

PMID- 2890992
TI  - Ten-day rule.

PMID- 2890993
TI  - Monitoring oestradiol implantation.

PMID- 2890994
TI  - Mifepristone (RU 486) and second-trimester termination.

PMID- 2890995
TI  - Benzodiazepine overconsumption in pregnancy.

PMID- 2890996
TI  - A policy on benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2890997
TI  - Simplified method for evaluating proximal tubular fluid reabsorption.

PMID- 2890998
TI  - Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis.

PMID- 2890999
TI  - Ribavirin.

PMID- 2891000
TI  - Treatment of multiresistant Salmonella typhi with oral ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2891001
TI  - Screening for fetal and genetic abnormality.

PMID- 2891003
TI  - [Anamnesis and findings in expert assessment].

PMID- 2891002
TI  - Assisted reproduction and selective reduction of pregnancy.

PMID- 2891004
TI  - [Borderline syndrome and its significance in expert assessment].

PMID- 2891005
TI  - [HDL diagnosis].

PMID- 2891006
TI  - [Preventive health exemplified by preventive cardiology].

PMID- 2891007
TI  - [Prognosis, periods of hospitalization and work disability in type I diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 2891008
TI  - [Incidence and mortality of malignant neoplasms. An analysis of Saarland data
      1979-1984].

PMID- 2891009
TI  - [Regional distribution of mortality of cancer patients in the Hamburg city
      district 1970-1972 and its comparison with the distribution 1960-1962].

PMID- 2891010
TI  - [AIDS and life insurance. Considerations of insurability from the medical
      viewpoint].

PMID- 2891011
TI  - Subcellular distribution of dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in rat
      adenohypophysis in comparison with luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating
      hormone.
AB  - Dynorphin and other proenkephalin B-derived peptides exist in the rat
      adenohypophysis in high concentrations and may have important roles in endocrine
      function. At the cellular level, dynorphin peptides are colocalized with the
      gonadotropins in at least a subpopulation of gonadotrophs. In this study
      dynorphin-containing particles were compared with secretory granules containing
      luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by means of
      differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. When
      anterior pituitary homogenate of male rats was subjected to differential
      centrifugation, about 70% of both dynorphin- and LH-containing particles
      sedimented at 30,000 x g. LH granules and dynorphin-containing particles
      comigrated in continuous sucrose density gradients both under nonequilibrium
      conditions as well as when equilibrium was attained. FSH storage granules were
      found to sediment in slightly denser fractions, with substantial overlap. Hence,
      dynorphin-containing particles and gonadotropin-containing granules exhibit
      similar characteristics. These hormones may, therefore, be colocalized also at
      the subcellular level or stored in separate but similar vesicles.

PMID- 2891012
TI  - Adrenergic receptors are not mediators in the lipolytic effect of somatostatin in
      rat adipocytes.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic receptors have been purported to act as possible mediators in the
      lipolytic effect of somatostatin in vivo. Investigations with isolated rat
      adipocytes studying the lipolytic activity of somatostatin (1.7 x 10(-7) M),
      glucagon (8.1 x 10(-8 M) and norepinephrine (10(-6) M), have shown that the
      lipolytic effect stimulated by somatostatin is not altered by 10(-5) M
      propranolol (beta-antagonist); is significantly enhanced by 10(-5) M
      isoproterenol (beta-agonist) and is not altered by the addition of 10(-6) M
      phenoxybenzamine (alpha-antagonist) or 10(-6) M phenylephrine (alpha-agonist).
      Similar results were found when lipolysis was stimulated by glucagon, whereas the
      lipolytic effect stimulated by norepinephrine was blocked by propranolol. These
      results indicate that the direct lipolytic effect of somatostatin on isolated rat
      adipocytes does not seem to be mediated through mechanisms involved with
      adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2891014
TI  - Myocardial flow and function after regional beta-blockade in exercising dogs.
AB  - This study was designed to examine the contribution of beta 1- and beta 2
      adrenergic receptors in modulating coronary blood flow and cardiac function in
      exercising dogs. Dogs were chronically instrumented to measure left circumflex
      flow velocity (CFV), heart rate, regional left ventricular function [systolic
      shortening, (%S) and maximum velocity of shortening (dL/dt(s)max)], and global
      left ventricular function [left ventricular pressure (LVP and dP/dtmax)].
      Exercise significantly increased LVP (31 +/- 4%), dP/dtmax (130 +/- 17%), heart
      rate (116 +/- 20%), %S (28 +/- 6%), dL/dt(s)max (89 +/- 23%), and CFV (91 +/-
      25%). Regional injection of the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol (1.0 mg)
      into the circumflex artery during exercise was associated with decreases in LVP (
      8 +/- 3%), dP/dtmax (-17 +/- 3%), %S (-15 +/- 4), dL/dt(s)max (-13 +/- 4%), and
      CFV (-22 +/- 4%). Selective beta 1-receptor blockade with atenolol (1.0 mg, i.c.)
      was associated with similar decreases in LVP (-7 +/- 3%), dP/dtmax (-33 +/- 4%),
      %S (-12 +/- 3%), dL/dt(s)max (-17 +/- 2%), and CFV (-18 +/- 3%) during exercise.
      In contrast, selective beta 2-receptor blockade with ICI 118551 (250 micrograms,
      i.c.) produced significant decreases in only CFV (-11 +/- 2%) during exercise.
      Thus, the data suggest that the reductions in myocardial contractile function and
      flow after regional beta-blockade are primarily due to a decrease in myocardial
      beta 1-receptor stimulation. In addition, there apparently is a small involvement
      of either coronary vascular or pre-synaptic beta 2-receptors in mediating the
      coronary vascular flow response during exercise.

PMID- 2891013
TI  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and cyclo (His-Pro)-like immunoreactivities in the
      cerebrospinal fluids of 'normal' infants and adults, and patients with various
      neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders.
AB  - Levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - and cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP)-like
      immunoreactivities and the activity of enzyme Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase
      (PAPase) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of over 100 normal adults
      (NA) and infants, and adult patients with various neurologic and neuropsychiatric
      disorders (NNDA). Levels of TRH and CHP in CSF of over 70% of the NA group were
      below 50 and 500 pg/ml respectively. The TRH- and CHP-like immunoreactivities in
      the remainder of the 30% of NA specimens exhibiting higher peptide concentrations
      were enzymatically and chromatographically characterized and were found to behave
      like authentic peptides. The levels of both of these peptides were significantly
      elevated in the CSF of most of the NNDA patients. An elevation in the CSF level
      of CHP was significantly correlated with the level of TRH, but not PAPase.
      Results from this study suggest that CSF elevation of TRH level may be due to a
      nonspecific response to stress that may be associated with hospitalization,
      myelogram procedure, and/or the neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases for
      which the patients were admitted.

PMID- 2891015
TI  - Studies of high and low insulin responders with the hyperglycemic clamp
      technique.
AB  - We have investigated insulin responsiveness in relation to insulin sensitivity
      during sequential hyperglycemic clamping in low insulin responders (LIR), high
      insulin responders (HIR) and in women with a history of gestational diabetes
      (GD). Designation of HIR and LIR was done on the basis of mathematical modeling
      of the insulin response to a glucose infusion test. Insulin sensitivity was
      determined by a somatostatin-insulin-glucose infusion test (SIGIT) according to
      which LIR were subdivided into groups with higher or lesser sensitivity.
      Hyperglycemic clamping (60 min, 11 mmol/L of glucose) induced diphasic insulin
      and C-peptide responses in all groups. Insulin and C-peptide responses were
      significantly higher in HIR than in other groups. The ratio of first phase to
      total insulin response was higher in HIR v GD but did not differ between other
      groups. A second identical clamp was performed after a 60-minute rest period.
      Except in HIR, insulin levels attained were then moderately but significantly
      higher than during the first clamp. Conversely, the glucose utilization
      (mg/kg/min) to insulin (mU/L) = M/L ratio was markedly increased in LIR with high
      insulin sensitivity but not in other groups. We conclude that (1) large and
      consistent differences exist in glucose-induced insulin secretion from the
      pancreas between nondiabetic subjects; (2) time dynamics of insulin secretion and
      priming effects of glucose are similar in LIR with lesser and higher sensitivity;
      and (3) in the latter group a glucose stress affects insulin sensitivity more
      markedly than insulin responsiveness.

PMID- 2891016
TI  - Purification of type-beta transforming growth factor from human platelets.

PMID- 2891017
TI  - An assay for type-beta transforming growth factor receptor.

PMID- 2891018
TI  - Identification of receptors for type-beta transforming growth factor.

PMID- 2891019
TI  - A prostaglandin theory of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - A subgroup of patients with schizophrenia or other psychoses may have an
      increased PGE receptor sensitivity in the brain, which may be due to low levels
      of PGE. Some of these patients may develop a severe dopaminergic blockade when
      given neuroleptics which stimulate PGE synthesis. This may lead to the symptoms
      of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Calcium channel blockers inhibit the
      prostaglandin output caused by norepinephrine and these agents may prove useful
      in the treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2891021
TI  - Terazosin for hypertension.

PMID- 2891020
TI  - The treatment of tremor.

PMID- 2891022
TI  - [Terfenadine and automobile driving. A placebo controlled double-blind study of
      the effect of different antihistamines on driving behavior].

PMID- 2891023
TI  - Disruption of neostriatal development in rats following perinatal exposure to
      mild, but chronic carbon monoxide.
AB  - The vulnerability of the developing neostriatum to mild, but chronic hypoxia was
      evaluated in weanling rats exposed only in utero or from conception through
      postnatal day 10 to 0, 75, 150, and 300 ppm carbon monoxide (CO). The exposure
      conditions produced maternal carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels of about 11, 19, and
      27 percent. HbCO levels of 5 percent are maintained by human cigarette smokers
      while comparable levels in non-smokers average less than 1%. Significant
      elevations in DNA and the neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), were observed in the
      striatum of 21-day-old rats following the combined pre- and neonatal CO exposure.
      These neurochemical changes were observed 11 days after CO exposure was
      terminated and, therefore, cannot be interpreted as acute responses to reduced
      oxygen. These data indicate that the immature neostriatum is altered by even mild
      hypoxic insults presented during the time of neuronal proliferation and
      synaptogenesis.

PMID- 2891024
TI  - Prenatal cocaine use associated with down regulation of receptors in human
      placenta.
AB  - Cocaine use during pregnancy has been associated with abruptio placentae and
      spontaneous abortions. These effects may be secondary to the vasoconstrictive
      effects of cocaine or to other alterations. Since it has been demonstrated that
      the use of opiates during pregnancy alters placental receptors, the effects of
      cocaine on placental receptors was studied. Women who used cocaine during
      pregnancy showed a significant lowering of the total number of beta-adrenergic
      receptor binding sites and delta-opiate receptor binding sites. The decreases in
      Bmax for each of these receptors was not associated with a decrease in the Kp.
      The potential causes for the receptor down regulation and effects are discussed.

PMID- 2891025
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I
      (HTLV-I) infection--North Carolina.

PMID- 2891026
TI  - In vitro study of alpha 2-adrenoceptor turnover and metabolism using the
      adenocarcinoma cell line HT29.
AB  - We have utilized the adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 as an in vitro model to
      investigate the turnover and the metabolism of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor. The
      biosynthesis rate of the receptor was studied in postconfluent HT29 cells, when
      its density expressed as fmol/mg of cell membrane protein is constant, by
      following the recovery of the receptor binding capacity after blockade with the
      non-reversible alpha-adrenergic antagonist benextramine. Study of the inhibition
      of [3H]yohimbine and [3H]UK-14,304 binding showed that benextramine was a more
      potent antagonist at alpha 2-adrenoceptor than phenoxybenzamine. The incubation
      of intact HT29 cells for 30 min in the presence of 10(-5) M benextramine
      irreversibly blocked more than 95% of the alpha 2-adrenoceptors and totally
      suppressed the inhibitory effect of UK-14,304 on cyclic AMP production. The
      blockade appeared specific, since benextramine effects were prevented by alpha 2
      adrenergic agents. Moreover, neither vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      responsiveness nor other tested aspects of the regulation of the adenylate
      cyclase was altered by the treatment. Study of the time course of receptor
      recovery after irreversible blockade indicated that alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      reappeared in the cells with a monoexponential kinetic. The linearization of the
      repopulation curve obtained with the labeled antagonist [3H]yohimbine allowed the
      determination of the rate constant for receptor degradation (k = 0.0268 +/-
      0.0025 hr-1) and the rate of receptor synthesis (6.91 +/- 0.64 fmol/mg of cell
      membrane protein/hr) corresponding to the synthesis of about 500
      receptors/cell/hr. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor half-life was 26 +/- 3 hr.
      Measurement of the biological effects associated to the alpha-adrenoceptor
      stimulation during the course of receptor recovery indicated a relationship
      between the number of cell receptors and the percentage of inhibition of the
      cyclic AMP accumulation induced by forskolin. The receptor reappearance was
      totally inhibited by either actinomycin or cycloheximide or tunicamycin, showing
      that the recovery corresponded to de novo synthesized receptor and giving
      indirect evidence for the glycoproteic nature of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor.
      Deprivation for glucose or glutamine also impeded the recovery process; by
      contrast, addition of UK-14,304 or clonidine did not interfere, indicating that
      the expression of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor is not subject to homologous
      regulation in the HT29 cell.

PMID- 2891027
TI  - Relationship between alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding sites and the functional
      receptors inhibiting norepinephrine release in rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - The properties of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding sites and the receptors
      inhibiting [3H]norepinephrine (3H-NE) release from slices of cerebral cortex were
      compared. [3H]RX 781094, an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist radioligand,
      labeled a single class of binding sites in membranes at 37 degrees with the
      pharmacological specificity expected of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. 5'
      Guanylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and NaCl caused small increases in the
      potencies of antagonists at the 3H-RX binding sites but decreased the potencies
      of agonists 4-22-fold. Antagonists blocked the inhibition of potassium-evoked 3H
      NE release caused by exogenous NE with potencies similar to those in competing
      for 3H-RX binding sites. Partial receptor inactivation with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2
      ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) was used to determine whether there was a
      receptor reserve. EEDQ dose-dependently decreased both the density of 3H-RX
      binding sites and the maximal inhibition of 3H-NE release by different agonists.
      For most agonists, KA values calculated after the receptor inactivation did not
      differ significantly from EC50 values; however, for epinephrine a small receptor
      reserve was apparent. The proportion of 3H-RX binding sites lost was similar to
      the proportion of functional receptors lost after EEDQ treatment. The functional
      KA values for agonists correlated most closely with KD values for the low
      affinity binding state observed in the presence of Gpp(NH)p and NaCl. However,
      both epinephrine and NE still showed two-site binding curves under these
      conditions, and it was the high affinity subpopulation of sites observed in the
      presence of Gpp(NH)p and NaCl which resembled most closely the functional KA
      values. These data suggest that 3H-RX labels binding sites with properties
      similar to the alpha 2-adrenergic receptors inhibiting 3H-NE release in cerebral
      cortex. There is little or no receptor reserve for this effect, and there appears
      to be a binding state for the natural catecholamine agonists which has an
      affinity lower than that for mediating this functional response.

PMID- 2891028
TI  - Domains of beta-tubulin essential for conserved functions in vivo.
AB  - The relationship between the primary sequence of tubulins and their properties in
      cells was studied by gene transfection experiments. Previously, we studied a
      chimeric beta-tubulin formed from chicken beta-tubulin-2 sequences in the amino
      terminal portion and the highly divergent Saccharomyces cerevisiae TUB2 sequences
      in the carboxy-terminal 25% of the molecule. In the cytoplasm of cultured animal
      cells, this protein incorporates into all microtubule structures and assembles
      with the same efficiency as endogenous tubulin. We show that the protein products
      of chimeric genes with an increasing proportion of yeast sequence, extending 5'
      of the carboxy-terminal 25%, are abnormal in two ways. First, they assemble with
      a significantly lower efficiency than the original chimeric protein or the
      endogenous tubulins. Second, they are less stable in the cytoplasm. The results
      suggest that the position of the yeast sequences is crucial in determining the
      properties of the molecule. Results of analyses of 1 deletion mutation and 10
      linker insertions in the original chimeric tubulin suggest that those changes
      made outside the carboxyl terminus completely disrupt assembly activity, while
      those made in the carboxyl terminus do not.

PMID- 2891030
TI  - Serotonergic mechanisms of hallucinogenic drug effects.

PMID- 2891029
TI  - Murine Hox-1.7 homeo-box gene: cloning, chromosomal location, and expression.
AB  - A new murine homeo-box, called Hox-1.7, has been identified in a rare cDNA from
      F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. The Hox-1.7 homeo-box is 68 and 72% homologous to
      the Drosophila antennapedia (Antp) and iab-7 homeo-boxes, respectively. A major
      2.5-kilobase transcript and several minor transcripts were detected by Northern
      blot (RNA blot) analysis in adult tissues as well as in midgestational embryos.
      The posterior spinal cord was found to be a major site of Hox-1.7 expression in
      12.5-day-old embryos. Somatic cell hybrids were used to map the Hox-1.7 gene to
      mouse chromosome 6. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with
      either the Hox-1.7 gene or the previously known Hox-1 complex were identified.
      Their distribution patterns in recombinant inbred mouse strains were used to
      determine the linkage between the two loci as well as to other loci on chromosome
      6. This maps Hox-1 and Hox-1.7 close to two mouse loci that affect morphogenesis,
      postaxial hemimelia (px) and hypodactyly (Hd).

PMID- 2891031
TI  - Massive intraabdominal bleeding in polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2891032
TI  - Nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients given sucralfate as compared with
      antacids or histamine type 2 blockers. The role of gastric colonization.
AB  - Gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia may result from retrograde colonization of the
      pharynx from the stomach, and this may be more likely when the gastric pH is
      relatively high. We studied the rate of nosocomial pneumonia among 130 patients
      given mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit who were receiving as
      prophylaxis for stress ulcer either sucralfate (n = 61), which does not raise
      gastric pH, or conventional treatment with antacids, histamine type 2 (H2)
      blockers, or both (n = 69). At the time of randomization to treatment, the two
      groups were similar in age, underlying diseases, and severity of acute illness.
      Patients in the sucralfate group had a higher proportion of gastric aspirates
      with a pH less than or equal to 4 (P less than 0.001) and significantly lower
      concentrations of gram-negative bacilli (P less than 0.05) in gastric aspirates,
      pharyngeal swabs, and tracheal aspirates than did patients in the antacid-H2
      blocker group. The rate of pneumonia was twice as high in the antacid-H2 group as
      in the sucralfate group (95 percent confidence interval, 0.89 to 4.58; P = 0.11).
      Gram-negative bacilli were isolated more frequently from the tracheal aspirates
      of patients with pneumonia who were receiving antacids or H2 blockers. Mortality
      rates were 1.6 times higher in the antacid-H2 group than in the sucralfate group
      (95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 2.50; P = 0.07). Although our results
      fell just short of statistical significance when they were analyzed according to
      intention to treat, they suggest that agents that elevate gastric pH increase the
      risk of nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving ventilation by favoring
      gastric colonization with gram-negative bacilli. We conclude that in patients
      receiving mechanical ventilation, the use of a prophylactic agent against stress
      ulcer bleeding that preserves the natural gastric acid barrier against bacterial
      overgrowth may be preferable to antacids and H2 blockers.

PMID- 2891034
TI  - Incidence of recreational use of 3,4-methylenedimethoxymethamphetamine (MDMA,
      "ecstasy") on an undergraduate campus.

PMID- 2891033
TI  - Expression of opioid peptides in tumors.
AB  - We looked for opioid peptides and their precursors in 108 tumors of both
      neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine origin, using a monoclonal "pan-opioid"
      antibody, 3-E7, which recognizes the tetrapeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe (the sequence
      responsible for pharmacologic activity in all known opioid peptides), in
      conjunction with polyclonal antibodies directed against representative peptides
      of each of the three precursors (alpha-endorphin, [met]enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu,
      and dynorphin B). Using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique, we observed
      consistent cytoplasmic immunoreactivity (at least focally) in all of 15 adrenal
      pheochromocytomas, all of 6 thyroid medullary carcinomas, and all of 5 pituitary
      adenomas. Opioid staining was also observed in parathyroid adenomas (8 of 9),
      pancreatic islet-cell tumors (7 of 10), carcinoid tumors from various sites (18
      of 26), and paragangliomas (1 of 2). There was no immunoreactivity in pulmonary
      small-cell carcinomas, Merkel-cell tumors of skin, neuroblastomas, or any of the
      non-neuroendocrine tumors examined. The expression of alpha-endorphin,
      [met]enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, and dynorphin B varied from tumor to tumor; however,
      positive staining with the "pan-opioid" antibody was found in each tumor
      containing at least one of the three precursors. Opioid peptide immunoreactivity
      was also detected in non-neoplastic cells of the adrenal medulla, pancreatic
      islets, pituitary, intestinal and bronchial mucosa, and intestinal myenteric
      plexuses. We conclude that opioid expression within tumors is most likely due to
      enhanced expression of a normal cell product and that opioid peptides are useful
      markers of neuroendocrine differentiation in many tumors.

PMID- 2891035
TI  - The burden of proof in linking AIDS to scrapie.

PMID- 2891036
TI  - Maternal regulation of zerknullt: a homoeobox gene controlling differentiation of
      dorsal tissues in Drosophila.
AB  - The homoeobox gene zerknullt (zen) plays an important role in the differentiation
      of dorsal tissues during Drosophila development. zen- embryos show
      transformations in the dorsal-most regions of the fate map, and lack several
      tissues that normally derive from these regions, including the amnioserosa and
      optic lobe. zen displays a simple dorsal on/ventral off pattern as early as
      cleavage cycle 10-11 (ref. 2). We have prepared a polyclonal antibody against a
      full-length zen protein, and used this to examine its pattern of expression in
      mutants that disrupt dorsal-ventral polarity. Most or all of the maternally
      expressed genes that are involved in this process have been previously identified
      and fall into two classes, so called 'dorsalizers' and 'ventralizers' (see refs 4
      7, reviewed in ref. 8). On the basis of our analysis of zen expression in each of
      these maternal mutants we propose that one or more of the dorsalizing genes
      encodes a repressor which inhibits the expression of zen in ventral regions of
      developing embryos. The ventralizing gene cactus might play an important role in
      restricting the activity of this repressor to ventral regions, thereby permitting
      the activation of zen in those dorsal tissues where its function is critically
      required.

PMID- 2891037
TI  - Cholinergic modulation of the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the guinea pig
      ileum.
AB  - Isolated segments of the guinea pig ileum were vascularly perfused and the
      release of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA into the portal venous effluent
      determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Test substances were applied
      via the arterial perfusion medium. Oxotremorine inhibited concentration
      dependently the release of 5-HT and 5-HIAA (by 47% at 1 mumol/l). Scopolamine
      (0.1 mumol/l) did not affect the release of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, but antagonized the
      effect of oxotremorine. In the presence of TTX (1 mumol/l), oxotremorine (1
      mumol/l) increased the release of 5-HT by 150% and that of 5-HIAA by 220%. This
      increase was completely blocked by scopolamine. Hexamethonium (100 mumol/l) and
      TTX (1 mumol/l) reduced the release of 5-HT by 32 and 40%, respectively. DMPP (10
      mumol/l) increased the release of 5-HT by 57%, and this effect was prevented by
      hexamethonium. Neither DMPP nor hexamethonium significantly affected the release
      of 5-HIAA. The enhancing effect of DMPP on 5-HT release was increased and
      prolonged in the presence of TTX or scopolamine. Nicotine (1, 10 or 30 mumol/l)
      alone did not cause a consistent increase in the release of 5-HT. However, in the
      presence of scopolamine nicotine increased the release of 5-HT by 57%. In
      conclusion, the release of intestinal 5-HT is facilitated via muscarine and
      nicotine receptors located on the enterochromaffin cells. Indirect evidence
      suggests that the release of 5-HT is additionally modulated by an as yet unknown
      inhibitory neurotransmitter released by muscarine receptor activation.

PMID- 2891038
TI  - The role of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the coronary vasoconstrictor
      responses to neuronally released and exogenous noradrenaline in the dog.
AB  - 1. Coronary vasoconstriction was examined in response to the neuronal release of
      noradrenaline produced by bilateral carotid occlusion and the infusion of
      tyramine (5-50 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) in anaesthetized dogs which had been
      vagotomized and treated with the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (1.0
      mg/kg i.v.). These responses were compared to those produced by the infusion of
      noradrenaline (0.1-0.5 micrograms/kg/min i.v.). 2. Similar increases in late
      diastolic coronary resistance were produced by bilateral carotid occlusion (0.70
      +/- 0.25 mm Hg min/ml), and intravenous infusions of tyramine, 20
      micrograms/kg/min (0.70 +/- 0.12 mm Hg min/ml) and noradrenaline, 0.5
      micrograms/kg/min (0.59 +/- 0.11 mm Hg min/ml). 3. Selective antagonism at alpha
      1-adrenoceptors with prazosin (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) attenuated the coronary
      constrictor response to bilateral carotid occlusion (0.36 +/- 0.09 mm Hg min/ml),
      tyramine (0.12 +/- 0.06 mm Hg min/ml) and noradrenaline (0.18 +/- 0.07 mm Hg
      min/ml). Antagonism at alpha 2-adrenoceptors with idazoxan (1 mg/kg i.v.)
      attenuated the coronary vasoconstriction produced by bilateral carotid occlusion
      (0.30 +/- 0.06 mm Hg min/ml), tyramine (0.17 +/- 0.08 mm Hg min/ml) and
      noradrenaline (0.12 +/- 0.03 mm Hg min/ml). Combined antagonism at both alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-adrenoceptors with prazosin and idazoxan abolished the responses to
      bilateral carotid occlusion, tyramine and noradrenaline. 4. These results show
      that coronary vasoconstriction produced by either neuronally released or
      exogenous noradrenaline is mediated by both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
      It appears that in the coronary resistance vessels of the dog postjunctional
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are both innervated by sympathetic nerves.

PMID- 2891039
TI  - Pharmacological profile of a new potent and specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, L-657,743.
AB  - L-657,743,(2S,12bS)1',3'-dimethylspiro(1,3,4,5',6,6',7,12 b-octahydro-2H-
      benzo[b]furo[2,3-a]quinolizine)-2,4'-pyrimidin-2'-one, was tested in several in
      vitro and in vivo models for alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism. L-657,743 exhibited
      a high affinity (less than or equal to 1 nM) for alpha 2-adrenoceptors labelled
      by [3H] rauwolscine or [3H]clonidine with a 240-fold selectivity versus alpha 1
      adrenoceptors labelled by [3H]prazosin. L-657,743 was a potent, selective, and
      competitive alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist in the rat isolated vas deferens (pA2
      = 9.3 vs. clonidine; pA2 = 7.1 vs methoxamine). In vivo, L-657,743 potently
      blocked clonidine-induced mydriasis in the rat and stimulated cerebrocortical
      norepinephrine synthesis, two indices of central alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism.
      L-657,743 exhibited a comparatively low affinity for several monoamine receptor
      subtypes (D1, D2, 5-HT1, 5-HT2) in radioligand binding assays in vitro and a
      comparatively low potency to alter the synthesis of brain DA and 5-HT in vivo
      indicating a marked alpha 2-specificity versus other monoamine receptor
      mechanisms. Compared to yohimbine, L-657,743 had considerably higher alpha 2
      antagonist potency and alpha 2/alpha 1 selectivity and was significantly more
      alpha 2-specific (i.e., vs. DA, 5-HT receptors).

PMID- 2891040
TI  - Trifluoperazine-sensitive activation of the spontaneous transmitter release at
      the frog motor endplates by low doses of procaine.
AB  - Low concentrations of procaine (10(-6)-5 X 10(-5) mol/l) induced a significant
      increase of the spontaneous quantal transmitter release in the neuromuscular
      junctions of the frog cutaneous pectoris nerve-muscle preparation. The frequency
      of miniature endplate potentials (mepps) was increased although their size
      slightly decreased probably on the account of a partial block of Na+-channels at
      the postsynaptic membrane. The activatory effect of pre-caine was not altered
      under experimental conditions known to change the Ca2+ fluxes across the nerve
      terminal membrane such as using a Ca2+-free Ringer, or a Ca2+-channel blocker
      (D600), a high K+ Ringer or, finally, a low Na+ Ringer. In the presence of
      caffeine no change of procaine-induced activation appeared. Trifluoperazine
      (TFP), in a concentration known to specifically block calmodulin, completely
      blocked the procaine-induced increase of mepp frequency. These data suggest that
      procaine presumably by way of a calmodulin-dependent mechanism is related to the
      free cytosolic Ca2+ equilibrium. It is possible that procaine increases the free
      cytosolic Ca2+ concentration by blocking an active calmodulin-dependent Ca2+
      extrusion mechanism.

PMID- 2891041
TI  - Identification of the neuroeffector transmitter in jejunal branches of the rabbit
      mesenteric artery.
AB  - Vasoconstriction or excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) evoked by nerve
      stimulation (15 field pulses at 2 Hz every 3 min) were recorded in rabbit
      isolated jejunal arteries. The resting diameter of the arteries and its decrease
      in response to stimulation was measured by a photoelectric method.
      Vasoconstriction was insensitive to prazosin 0.1 or 1 mumol/l. Yohimbine 1
      mumol/l considerably enhanced, whereas alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta
      meATP) 1 mumol/l abolished the contractile response. In order to test the effect
      of exogenously applied transmitter candidates, noradrenaline (0.1-1 mumol/l) and
      ATP (10-30 mumol/l) were added in concentrations which evoked a vasoconstriction
      comparable to that induced by electrical stimulation. The action of noradrenaline
      was prevented by prazosin 0.1 mumol/l, but was unaffected by both yohimbine 1
      mumol/l and alpha,beta-meATP 1 mumol/l. Alpha,beta-meATP 1 mumol/l depressed the
      effect of ATP. The e.j.ps evoked by a train of 15 pulses showed facilitation up
      to the third response and thereafter depression; a partial summation was also
      observed. Prazosin 0.1 mumol/l did not change the e.j.p. amplitudes. By contrast,
      when yohimbine 0.1 or 1 mumol/l was added to the prazosin-containing medium, both
      the late e.j.ps in the train and the summation were enhanced in a concentration
      dependent manner. Alpha,beta-meATP 1 mumol/l almost abolished the e.j.ps. In
      conclusion, in rabbit jejunal arteries, stimulation of postganglionic sympathetic
      nerves may release noradrenaline together with ATP which is probably the sole
      neuroeffector transmitter under our conditions. Transmitter release seems to be
      modulated by the activation of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Under the
      stimulation conditions of the present experiments the released transmitter does
      not activate postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2891042
TI  - Pertussis toxin does not attenuate alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of
      noradrenaline release in mouse atria.
AB  - 1. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (0.03 and 0.1 mumol/l)
      significantly inhibited stimulation-induced overflow of radioactivity from mouse
      isolated atria preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline. This effect of clonidine was
      blocked by idazoxan (0.3 mumol/l) but not prazosin (0.3 mumol/l), indicating that
      an alpha 2-adrenoceptor was involved. 2. In some experiments mice were injected
      with pertussis toxin (1.5 micrograms/mouse) 4 days before their atria were
      removed and subsequently incubated with [3H]-noradrenaline. Alternatively,
      isolated atria from untreated mice were suspended in Krebs-Henseleit solution,
      incubated for 16 h with pertussis toxin (1.0 and 4.0 micrograms/ml) or vehicle
      and subsequently incubated with [3H]-noradrenaline. The effectiveness of
      pertussis toxin pretreatment was assessed indirectly using carbachol. Carbachol
      caused a dose dependent fall in both the rate and force of contraction of
      isolated, spontaneously beating atria from mice pretreated with vehicle in vivo
      or in vitro. This effect of carbachol was not seen in atria from mice pretreated
      with pertussis toxin in vivo or in vitro, suggesting that active toxin penetrated
      the myocardium. 3. Pertussis toxin pretreatment, either in vivo or in vitro did
      not alter the inhibitory effect of clonidine (0.03 and 0.1 mumol/l), or the
      facilitatory effect of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (1.0
      mumol/l), on the stimulation-induced overflow of radioactivity. These results
      suggest that alpha 2-adrenoceptor modulation of noradrenaline release from
      sympathetic nerve terminals is not dependent on an inhibitory guanine-nucleotide
      binding protein.

PMID- 2891043
TI  - Effect of endothelium and carbachol on alpha-adrenoceptor agonist stimulated
      uptake and efflux of 45Ca in rat isolated aorta.
AB  - Preincubation with carbachol (10 microM) did not affect basal 45Ca accumulation
      by rat isolated aortic segments complete with endothelium, although 45Ca
      accumulation was enhanced by removal of endothelium. This confirms the
      observation that in the presence of endothelium Ca2+ influx in rat aorta is
      antagonized, and indicates that the basal release of an endothelial derived
      factor might be sufficient to maximally antagonize basal Ca2+ influx, or
      alternatively that EDRF released as a result of muscarinic stimulation does not
      have identical effects to the factor released under basal conditions.
      Accumulation of 45Ca stimulated by B-HT 920 but not that stimulated by
      phenylephrine was antagonized in the presence of endothelium. Contractions
      elicited by B-HT 920 were abolished in the presence of endothelium while
      contractions evoked by phenylephrine were reduced by about 50%. Preincubation
      with 10 microM carbachol antagonized both phenylephrine (1 microM) stimulated
      45Ca accumulation and contractile responses in the presence of endothelium to
      about the same extent. Therefore, it might be concluded that the inhibitory
      effect of EDRF in this tissue is due to an inhibition of stimulated Ca2+ influx.
      However, while addition of carbachol to tissues precontracted with phenylephrine
      elicited an immediate relaxation in the presence of endothelium, this relaxation
      could not be correlated with a reduction in tissue accumulation of 45Ca.
      Carbachol also antagonized the phenylephrine-induced reduction of tissue 45Ca
      content (i.e. efflux of Ca2+), in tissues preloaded with 45Ca. This implies that
      the initial endothelial-mediated relaxant effect of carbachol in precontracted
      tissues cannot be explained either by reduced influx or by an enhanced efflux of
      Ca2+ from the smooth muscle cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891045
TI  - Analysis of the nature of antagonism of the reserpine-induced hypothermia by
      imipramine.
AB  - Antagonism of reserpine-induced hypothermia is an animal model used in the
      screening of antidepressants. The activity of imipramine on this test is partly
      impaired by propranolol. This effect of imipramine was analyzed using specific
      adrenoceptor and 5-HT receptor blocking drugs in order to determine the nature of
      this effect of propranolol. The non-selective beta 1-beta 2 adrenoceptor
      antagonist, propranolol as the specific beta 1 adrenoceptor antagonist betaxolol,
      but not the specific beta 2 blocking drug DL-erythro-3-isopropylamino-1-(7-methyl
      4-indanyloxy)-2-butanol hydrochloride 313.9 (ICI 118,551), partly antagonized the
      effect of imipramine at 30 min. None of the serotonin (5-HT) receptor
      antagonists, methysergide, metergoline, ritanserin and buspirone, impaired the
      effect of imipramine. On the contrary, methysergide alone antagonized reserpine
      induced hypothermia and methysergide or metergoline increased the action of
      imipramine. Propranolol impaired neither the hypothermia induced by an agonist at
      the 5-HT 1A receptors: 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) nor
      the increase in spontaneous motor activity induced by an agonist at the 5-HT 1B
      receptors: 5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)1-H indole (Ru 24,969). It
      is concluded that the effect of propranolol is not the result of a blockade of 5
      HT 1A, 5-HT 1B or 5-HT 2, but is in part due to blockade of beta 1 adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2891044
TI  - Further studies on (+/-)-YM-12617, a potent and selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist and its individual optical enantiomers.
AB  - YM-12617, 5-[2-[[2-(o-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]propyl]- 2
      methoxybenzenesulfonamide HCl is structurally novel, an extremely potent and
      highly selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist. An asymmetric center exists at
      the alpha-carbon atom in the phenethylamine portion of YM-12617, therefore two
      optical enantiomers exist. alpha-Adrenoceptor blocking properties and hypotensive
      activities of YM-12617 and its enantiomers have been compared in vitro and in
      vivo. 1. In the isolated rabbit aorta, R(-)- and S(+)-YM-12617 competitively
      antagonized phenylephrine-induced contraction with pA2 values of 9.95 and 7.69,
      respectively. Although R(-)- and S(+)-YM-12617 were also competitive antagonists
      toward UK-14,304 at prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the isolated guinea
      pig ileum, the affinities of R(-)-YM-12617 (pA2 = 6.18) and S(+)-YM-12617 (pA2 =
      5.64) for these receptors were 5,900 and 110 times lower than those displayed for
      postjunctional alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the isolated rabbit aorta. 2. R(-)- and
      S(+)-YM-12617 displaced both 3H-prazosin and 3H-idazoxan binding to rat brain
      membranes; however, the affinities of the R(-)- and S(+)-enantiomers for alpha 1
      adrenoceptors (pKi = 9.95 and 7.83, respectively) were 21,000 and 72 times higher
      than those for alpha 2-adrenoceptors (pKi = 5.62 and 5.97), respectively. 3.
      Based on pA2 values obtained in the isolated tissues and pKi values in the
      binding assays, R(-)-YM-12617 was 132-182 times more potent than S(+)-YM-12617 as
      an antagonist at alpha 1-adrenoceptors. In contrast, the R(-)- and S(+)
      enantiomers were similar in potency at blocking alpha 2-adrenoceptors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891046
TI  - Kinetic analysis of the interaction of mifentidine with gastric H2-receptors in
      the conscious dog.
AB  - The H2-receptor antagonists mifentidine and cimetidine were compared for their
      ability to antagonize the activation of H2-receptors in the conscious dog. Dose
      response curves to dimaprit in stimulating gastric secretion were displaced to
      the right in a dose-related fashion by both drugs. Schild and Eadie-Hofstee
      analysis of these data indicated that mifentidine and cimetidine inhibited in
      vivo activation of H2-receptors in a manner compatible with competitive
      surmountable antagonism. Mifentidine displayed a 24fold greater potency than
      cimetidine as H2 antagonist in the conscious dog.

PMID- 2891047
TI  - [Treatment of asthma in childhood].

PMID- 2891048
TI  - [Early diagnosis in sex-linked agammaglobulinemia].

PMID- 2891049
TI  - [Drugs in angina pectoris].

PMID- 2891050
TI  - [Consensus management policy for the undescended testis].

PMID- 2891051
TI  - [Treatment of local infections, cranial and spinal, with suction irrigation
      drainage. Experiences in 60 patients].
AB  - In 60 cases with postoperative infection we used local suction/irrigation
      drainage with primary wound closure. This method has some advantages 1. Healing
      needs much less time, especially in spinal localisations and 2. in one third of
      cranial infections removal of the bone flap was not necessary.

PMID- 2891052
TI  - [Local treatment of infections in neurosurgery with gentamicin PMMA chains
      (Septopal)].
AB  - Treatment of infections after neurosurgical operations at the head and vertebral
      column is lengthy and stressful for the patient. Hence, we implanted--as has been
      routine in septic bone surgery for a long time--carriers of antibiotics for local
      antibiotic therapy in the form of Septopal chains. The course of treatment and
      the results obtained in 16 patients are presented. In all patients the wound
      cavities were filled with Septopal chains after debridement. In the course of 6
      12 days the chains projecting from the skin by a stab incision were extracted
      sphere by sphere. The treated wound healed immediately in 14 patients; healing
      was delayed in 2 patients, but there were no complications. Since the use of
      Septopal chains results in local gentamicin levels which are so high that the
      conventional classification of germs into gentamicin-sensitive/gentamicin
      resistant is of minor importance, the wounds healed without complications even in
      those patients where the germs had been classified as "resistant" in the routine
      antibiogram. Thus, Septopal offers the advantage of primary wound closure without
      secondary contamination or scatter into the environment (intensive-care ward!),
      shorter treatment time, reduced stress for the patient and more rapid
      mobilisation.

PMID- 2891053
TI  - Acute subdural and subgaleal empyema.
AB  - A case is presented in which the initial CT scan failed to demonstrate subdural
      suppuration over both convexities. Definitive CT finding of subdural empyema
      (SDE) was only positive at an advanced stage, when a bilateral subgaleal empyema
      also spread out. Because of the fulminant development of the subdural empyema and
      the delayed diagnosis, the outcome was fatal in spite of neurosurgical operation.
      Subdural empyema is a neurological and neurosurgical emergency. Early diagnosis
      is imperative, because the mortality is about 25-40% and the outcome depends upon
      the promptness of diagnosis and the appropriate operation. In the recent
      literature the value of computerised tomography for early detection of subdural
      empyema is controversial. Some reports failed to demonstrate any evidence of
      purulent subdural collection in CT scans while others were able to make an early
      diagnosis. This report presents a case which demonstrates the difficulties in
      making an early diagnosis of a subdural empyema by CT.

PMID- 2891054
TI  - Monotherapy or polytherapy in migraine.
AB  - The majority of current therapeutic papers concerns the prophylactic therapy of
      migraine using only one drug, very few advocating the simultaneous use of two
      drugs. The theoretical usefulness of polytherapy in migraine is examined with
      examples from personal experience, and found justified.

PMID- 2891055
TI  - Genotypic differences in central neurotransmitter responses to aging in mice.
AB  - Dopamine, serotonin, cholinergic and somatostatin responses to aging have been
      followed in striatum and hippocampus of two inbred strains of mice (C57BL and
      BALB/c). A striking strain dependency is noted. Dopaminergic mechanisms in BALB/c
      mice become particularly defective in striatum where both dopamine release and
      dopamine turnover are affected. Also, striatal cholinergic activity and
      somatostatin levels are more disturbed in BALB/c than in C57BL mice. For
      cholinergic neurotransmission and somatostatin levels, similar results are noted
      in hippocampus. Conversely, C57BL mice react to aging by increased serotonin
      turnover in hippocampus and decreased 5HIAA levels in both structures studied,
      whereas the BALB/c strain remains unaffected. Also, structure dependency is
      observed: in C57BL mice serotonin turnover appears to be unchanged in striatum
      and increased in hippocampus; in the BALB/c the slowing down of dopamine activity
      in striatum is not observed in hippocampus. This unequal capacity of central
      neurotransmitters and neuromodulators to adapt to aging processes, depending upon
      the genotype, the nervous structure and the neurotransmitter considered may be
      involved in man in specific pathologies in aged individuals.

PMID- 2891056
TI  - Age-induced differentiation of morphine's effect on cyclic nucleotide metabolism.
AB  - Male ICR mice, immature (25 days old), mature adult (3 months old) and aged (22
      months old), were injected with morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg, SC) or were implanted
      with morphine pellets (75 mg). Age-matched controls received saline injections or
      placebo pellets. One hour after injections and 72 hours after pellet implantation
      (when tolerance to morphine had occurred), the mice were decapitated and the
      frontal cortex and cerebellum were removed. Basal activities of adenylate
      cyclase, guanylate cyclase, cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and cyclic GMP
      phosphodiesterase were determined in both brain regions. Results showed that
      there are age- and region-differentiated effects of morphine on these enzymes.

PMID- 2891058
TI  - A fraction enriched in dendrodendritic synaptosomes isolated from rat olfactory
      bulb: morphology and transmitter release.
AB  - A fraction enriched in dendro-dendritic synaptosomes was isolated from rat
      olfactory bulb by a rapid method. Synaptosomes preserved their ultrastructure and
      showed configurational changes in relation to incubation in physiological ion
      medium as described earlier in the case of cortical synaptosomes. Dendro
      dendritic synaptosomes were larger and contained more mitochondria than cortical
      synaptosomes. Doublets of terminals synapsing with each other were frequently
      seen and each terminal contained synaptic vesicles. Oxygen consumption of dendro
      dendritic synaptosomes was decreased by ouabain and increased by 2,4
      dinitrophenol. High-potassium medium evoked a considerable release of GABA and
      dopamine but not of noradrenaline or serotonin in accordance with histochemical
      published data.

PMID- 2891057
TI  - Similarities of adenosine uptake systems in astrocytes and neurons in primary
      cultures.
AB  - Uptake of extracellular adenosine was studied in primary cultures of astrocytes
      or neurons. Both cell types showed a high affinity uptake. The Km values were not
      significantly different (6.5 +/- 3.75 microM in astrocytes and 6.1 +/- 1.86
      microM in neurons), but the intensity of the uptake was higher in astrocytes than
      in neurons (Vmax values of 0.16 +/- 0.030 and 0.105 +/- 0.010 nmol x min-1 x mg-1
      protein, respectively). The temperature sensitivity was similar in the two cell
      types. Adenosine uptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines inhibited the adenosine
      uptake systems in both astrocytes and neurons with IC50 values in the high
      nanomolar or the micromolar range and the rank order of potency was similar in
      the two cell types. In both cell types the (-) isomers of two sets of
      benzodiazepine stereoisomers were more potent than the (+) isomers. Dixon
      analysis showed that dipyridamole, papaverine, hexobendine and chlordiazepoxide
      inhibited the adenosine uptake competitively and clonazepam noncompetitively in
      both cell types.

PMID- 2891061
TI  - The clinical significance of the P15 wave of the somatosensory evoked potential
      in tentorial herniation.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median nerve stimulation and auditory
      brainstem evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded in 16 comatose patients who had
      suffered transtentorial herniation (TH) due to intracranial haematoma,
      hydrocephalus or tumour. An attempt was made to correlate the changes in the N14
      P15 component of the central conduction time (CCT) and the I-V interpeak
      latencies (IPLs) of the BAEP with the clinical severity of TH. The N14-P15
      component was not affected in seven patients at the diencephalic or early third
      nerve stage, and six of these seven showed normal I-V IPLs. All six patients at
      the late third-nerve/midbrain stage or worse, however, showed abnormalities in
      the N14-P15 components. Interestingly, five patients showed dissociation of SEP
      and BAEP abnormalities suggesting a differential sensitivity of the medial and
      lateral lemnisci in the brainstem to ischaemia and/or compression. All five
      patients in whom the P15 potential was absent on either side had a poor outcome
      and there was a correlation between the electrical failure in the N14-P15
      component and the degree of brainstem damage caused by TH as assessed clinically.
      Reversible loss of the P15 potential by brainstem retraction has been shown in
      intraoperative SEP monitoring during aneurysm surgery. Prolonged compression of
      the upper brainstem seems to cause irreversible loss of the P15 which should be
      regarded as being due to irrecoverable brainstem dysfunction.

PMID- 2891060
TI  - Chick brain glutamine synthetase and Mn2+-Mg2+ interactions.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (GS) from the chick brain was purified to apparent
      homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by affinity
      chromatography, electrofocusing and Sephadex G-150 chromatography. The purified
      enzyme showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate analysis in polyacrylamide
      gel. By sedimentation equilibrium analysis and gel electrophoresis analysis, it
      was shown that the enzyme has a subunit molecular weight of 45,000 and a native
      molecular weight of 364,000, which is consistent with an octameric structure.
      Sedimentation analysis in the presence of Mg2+ revealed three different forms of
      macromolecules corresponding respectively to a monomer, a tetramer and an
      octamer. Among eight cations tested (Ca2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Li+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+,
      Zn2+) only Co2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ supported GS activity; the order of activatory
      ability was Mg2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Mn2+. The maximum activating
      effect of Mn2+ occurs only within a very narrow range of concentration: with an
      excess of cation causing strong inhibition of GS activity. For each cation,
      maximal GS activity occurs at a defined cation/ATP ratio. A regulatory system in
      which Mn2+, modulates the Mg2+ dependent GS activity, is proposed; such cation
      interactions may be of significance in the intracellular control of glutamine
      synthesis.

PMID- 2891059
TI  - Differential alteration of dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate release during
      anoxia and/or 3,4-diaminopyridine treatment.
AB  - The potassium-stimulated release of acetylcholine (ACh), glutamate (GLU) and
      dopamine (DA) from mouse striatal slices was studied during anoxia and/or 3,4
      diaminopyridine (DAP) treatment. Anoxia, in the presence of calcium, increased DA
      and GLU release, but depressed ACh release. Omission of calcium from an anoxic
      incubation further stimulated GLU and DA release and impaired ACh release. Under
      normoxic conditions, DAP (100 microM) increased the release of all three
      neurotransmitters; the sensitivity of the slices to DAP changed with the presence
      or absence of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in the preincubation media.
      During an anoxic incubation, DAP did not ameliorate the anoxic-induced, K+
      stimulated impairment of ACh release, but significantly reduced the K+-stimulated
      release of GLU and DA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that
      hypoxia induces a presynaptic deficit that may underlie postsynaptic ischemic
      induced changes. Amelioration of these presynaptic alterations in
      neurotransmitter release may be an effective approach to preventing hypoxic
      induced damage.

PMID- 2891062
TI  - Measurement of somatosensory evoked potential in the Mongolian gerbil: the
      effects of cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - Normal somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) as well as changes after incomplete
      cerebral ischaemia following bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCO) were
      characterized in the Mongolian gerbil. BCO significantly decreased cerebral blood
      flow (CBF). Reperfusion CBF at 10 min and 2, 3 and 4 h was significantly below
      preischaemic control values. BCO decreased SEP amplitude but had no effect on EP
      P3 central conduction time. BCO did significantly increase EP-P11 central
      conduction time. Reperfusion amplitudes at 10 min and 2, 3 and 4 h revealed a
      significant increase only at 4 h when compared to the ischaemic amplitude. EP-P11
      central conduction time at 10 min reperfusion showed dramatic improvement
      compared to ischaemic values, although values at 2, 3 and 4 h reperfusion were
      not statistically different from ischaemic values. A separate group of animals
      prepared identically but without BCO showed no significant changes in either SEP
      or CBF over time. These studies establish the protocol necessary to measure SEP
      in the Mongolian gerbil. In the future SEP may be used as an integral tool in the
      study of the primary determinants of neurophysiological recovery following
      cerebral ischaemia.

PMID- 2891063
TI  - Inhibitory effect of pentobarbital on phospholipase C activity in ischaemic rat
      brain.
AB  - Ischaemic rat brains were examined for temporal changes in phospholipase C
      activity with phosphatidylinositol; the effects of pentobarbital on the activity
      also were investigated. Ischaemia was produced by decapitation. Pentobarbital (60
      mg/kg) was administered i.p. for 15 min before decapitation. The removed heads
      were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1, 5, 15 or 30 min and then quickly frozen in
      liquid nitrogen. After isolation of subcellular fractions from the brains,
      phospholipase C activity was measured for cytosol and microsomes, using
      radioactive phosphatidylinositol as a substrate. The results demonstrated that
      brain phospholipase C predominantly localized in the cytosol was dependent on
      Ca2+ for full activity and had neutral pH optima. Although the enzyme activity
      did not increase during ischaemia, pentobarbital inhibited phospholipase C
      activity in the cytosol but not in the microsomes. These observations suggest
      that pentobarbital may exert a cerebral protective action due to, at least in
      part, the repression of phospholipase C followed by a reduction of
      phosphatidylinositol breakdown, preventing perturbation to the integrity of
      membranes, during ischaemia.

PMID- 2891064
TI  - Spontaneous progressive thrombosis and surgical resection of a giant aneurysm of
      the posterior cerebral artery in an 18-year-old.
AB  - The rare case is reported of an 18-year-old boy with giant fusiform aneurysm of
      the P1 and P2 segments of the posterior cerebral artery. The symptoms were two
      episodes of sudden headache with transient third-nerve palsy. The aneurysm
      developed into almost complete thrombosis over five months. The posterior
      cerebral artery distal to the aneurysm was also thrombosed and reirrigated by
      collateral channels without visual field deficit. The aneurysm was treated by
      resection. The development of this giant aneurysm, the progressive thrombosis and
      the clinical characteristics are discussed.

PMID- 2891065
TI  - Origin of short latency somatosensory evoked potential in cats: especially
      potentials derived from thalamus and cortex.
AB  - Short latency somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) was recorded in cats to
      identify the potentials originating from the cortex and the thalamus, and the
      following results were obtained. When SSEP was elicited on the bregma by
      stimulation of the contralateral superficial radial nerve, P2, P4, P4.5, P5.5,
      P7, P8, N8.5, P11, P9.5, N11.5, N12.5 and N14 were recognized. Of these
      components N11.5, N12.5 and N14 consisted of large negative potential (LNP). When
      KCl was applied to the sensorimotor cortex to induce spreading depression, the
      positive component of the primary evoked potential was markedly decreased and the
      negative component disappeared. In SSEP, components preceding N8.5 were
      unchanged. N8.5-P11 and P11-N12.5, however, markedly diminished or disappeared.
      The latency of the first component of the field potential recorded in the VPL
      nucleus of the thalamus was about 5 ms. When a small amount of Nembutal was
      injected into VPL nucleus, components between P2 and P4.5 remained unchanged, but
      P5.5 disappeared. P7, P8 and N8.5 were preserved. The amplitude of N8.5-P11 was
      markedly decreased and LNP disappeared. From these results, among various
      components of SSEP, P5.5 should originate from the thalamus, and P7, P8 and N8.5
      from the extralemniscal system. N8.5-P11 should mainly represent post-synaptic
      potential (PSP) in the deep somatic layer, and P11-N12.5 represent PSP in the
      apical dentrites of the sensorimotor cortex. N14 probably represents PSP via the
      diffuse projection system. Thus, LNP should consist of complex potentials of
      specific and non-specific sensory systems.

PMID- 2891066
TI  - Intracranial pressure behaviour and its relation to the outcome of surgical CSF
      shunting in normotensive hydrocephalus.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with suspected normotensive hydrocephalus were surgically
      treated by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ventriculoatrial or peritoneal shunt. The
      results of surgery were considered in relation to clinical history and different
      diagnostic examinations: pneumoencephalography, CT scan, isotope cisternography,
      transfer from CSF to blood of isotope-labelled serum albumin, constant infusion
      manometric test, intraventricular pressure recording. Intracranial pressure (ICP)
      was analysed during both resting conditions and spontaneously (REM phase of
      sleep) or artificially induced (jugular compression) increases. The ventricular
      enlargement (as shown by CT scan) and the slope of the intracranial elastance
      (the ratio of the differences between the maximum and minimum values of pulse ICP
      and the correspondent values of the diastolic ICP under the same dynamic
      conditions) provided the most reliable data for diagnosis and surgical prognosis.

PMID- 2891067
TI  - Constrictive structural elements in human cerebral arteries following aneurysmal
      subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - Histoimmunological, histochemical, and histological studies were conducted on
      cerebral arteries from four living patients with a recent aneurysmal subarachnoid
      haemorrhage. There appeared to be a correlation between the severity of vasospasm
      and the magnitude of pathological findings. Large myofibroblast cells and type V
      collagen within the medial layer were abundant in arteries showing marked
      vasospasm, but were less conspicuous in those showing milder involvement.
      Intracranial arteries from patients who died from non-cerebral causes did not
      demonstrate these changes. In ruptured vessels, there was also a positive
      fluorescence for actin-myosin filaments in layers of the arterial wall other than
      the media. It is postulated that the intimal and adventitial actin-myosin,
      myofibroblasts and type V collagen may contribute to cerebral vasospasm by
      holding the damaged vessel in a contracted phase during the healing period.

PMID- 2891068
TI  - Supratentorial pressures. Part I: Differential intracranial pressures.
AB  - Dynamic supratentorial pressure changes may differentially alter tissue pressure
      and intraventricular fluid pressure. To evaluate these pressures, we used a
      floppy cuff intracerebral catheter and an intraventricular catheter in the cat
      and rhesus monkey. Baseline intraventricular pressures exceeded intracerebral
      pressure in both species. Intraventricular pressure was 3-4 mmHg in cats and 6-14
      mmHg in monkeys, while the intracerebral pressure was in the range 0-4 mmHg in
      both. Saline injection into the spinal or cranial subarachnoid space resulted in
      a greater increase in ventricular fluid pressure, and the time for return to
      baseline was one and a half times longer in the intraventricular compartment.
      Jugular venous and abdominal compression resulted in a greater rise in the
      ventricular pressure than intracerebral pressure. Inflation of subdural balloons
      and intracerebral injection of silicone caused a differential pressure across the
      brain with the pressure being greatest in the ipsilateral hemisphere and lowest
      in the contralateral hemisphere. Rapidly evolving epidural masses produced varied
      results. We did not evaluate compensatory pressure changes in these animals.
      Those pressures that involve cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics alter
      intraventricular pressure more than tissue pressure. Alternatively, rapidly
      forming masses tend to increase tissue pressure near the mass more than
      intraventricular pressure.

PMID- 2891070
TI  - Exposure time and frequency of irradiation in brain tumours.
AB  - The survival of a group of patients with malignant gliomas of the brain submitted
      to radical surgery and radiotherapy was studied. The average survival was nearly
      4 times longer with X-ray treatment than with cobalt 60 irradiation when a
      comparison was made between 24 patients with glioblasto-astroblastoma (grade 3-4)
      who received one or the other type of treatment (12 patients in each group).
      These results are ascribed to the fact that the daily exposures to X-ray were
      much longer than with cobalt and so, during those prolonged sessions, a greater
      number of tumour cells could be destroyed as they successively reached the pre
      mitotic period of enhanced vulnerability to radiation. A smaller group of
      patients irradiated with linear accelerators fared worse than those who received
      X-ray treatment. Changes to the parameters of irradiation used at the present
      time with cobalt units or linear accelerators are suggested.

PMID- 2891069
TI  - Supratentorial pressures. Part II: Intracerebral pulse waves.
AB  - Intracerebral pulse waves were recorded in cat and monkey while intracranial
      pressure (ICP) manipulations were performed. The intracerebral pulse waves
      appeared comparable to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsations. The wave forms were
      divided into multiple smaller waves, designated P1 to P4. The P1 component was
      primarily of arterial origin and was accentuated by increasing ICP unrelated to
      increased venous pressure, most commonly from a mass lesion. Bilateral carotid
      occlusion resulted in decreased amplitude of P1. Venous hypertension from jugular
      venous or sagittal sinus occlusion, on the other hand, accentuated waves P2 and
      P3 more than P1. This is consistent with a Starling resistor model of the
      cerebral venous system in which mass lesions may compress low-pressure veins and
      accentuate the arterial pressure-dependent P1 wave, whereas venous hypertension
      causes increased prominence of the later P2 and P3 waves.

PMID- 2891071
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebroventricular fluid of patients with
      basal midline tumours.
AB  - The concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was determined by
      specific radioimmunoassay in the cerebroventricular fluid of patients with
      tumours of the basal midline and compared to findings in patients with multiple
      sclerosis. Mean SLI levels of the two groups were not significantly different. In
      patients with basal tumours (astrocytoma, craniopharyngioma, etc.) SLI levels
      varied widely and tended to increase with increased intracranial pressure.
      Lateral ventricular SLI levels decreased in patients with blockade of foramen
      Monro and in patients with communicating hydrocephalus or post-radiation
      encephalopathy. There was no apparent correlation with dysfunction of the
      hypothalamohypophyseal axis.

PMID- 2891072
TI  - Functional supersensitivity to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist after repeated
      treatment with antidepressant drugs is not conditioned by beta-down-regulation.
AB  - The effect of repeated administration of desipramine, and the (+)- and (-)
      enantiomers of oxaprotiline (10 mg/kg i.p., twice daily for 14 days) on the
      binding of beta- and alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the cortex of the rat brain were
      studied. The functional consequences of such treatment were measured in a
      behavioural model, involving the exploratory activity of rats in response to
      administration of the alpha 1-agonist phenylephrine. Desipramine and (+)
      oxaprotiline decreased the binding of [3H]dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA) to beta
      adrenoceptors in the cortex, did not change the binding of [3H]prazosin to alpha
      1-adrenoceptors, but enhanced behavioural responses to phenylephrine. A
      behavioural facilitation was also observed after administration of (-)
      oxaprotiline, a substance which does not change the binding of [3H]DHA. These
      results indicate that a functional supersensitivity to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonist, after repeated treatment with antidepressants is not conditioned by beta
      down-regulation.

PMID- 2891073
TI  - Thyrotrophin releasing hormone degradation by rat synaptosomal peptidases:
      production of the metabolite His-Pro.
AB  - The dipeptide, His-Pro, is the major product of the degradation of TRH by rat
      synaptic membranes in vitro. A small amount of His-Pro is also formed from TRH by
      the synaptosomal soluble fraction. From inhibitor studies, the main route to His
      Pro appears to involve removal of the pGlu residue by membrane-bound metal
      dependent pyroglutamylaminopeptidase followed by deamidation. The deamidation
      step is not mediated by proline endopeptidase (EC3.4.21.26) nor
      dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (EC3.4.14.5) since it is insensitive to bacitracin and
      diprotin-A, and may therefore involve a novel membrane-bound TRH metabolizing
      enzyme. His-Pro is degraded rapidly by the soluble synaptosomal fraction,
      presumably by prolidase (EC3.4.13.9) and more slowly by the synaptic membrane
      fraction.

PMID- 2891074
TI  - Rat brain PCP receptors: alterations in binding parameters following chronic
      administration of opiate agonists and antagonists.
AB  - Phencyclidine (PCP) is a widely abused drug of the arylcyclohexylamine class
      which is capable of producing symptoms of acute psychosis in man. PCP interacts
      with a specific CNS receptor, for which a putative endogenous peptide ligand has
      been identified. We have investigated whether PCP receptor binding parameters are
      modulated by activity in central opiate pathways. We have found that chronic
      administration of both an opiate agonist (etonitazene) and an opiate antagonist
      (naloxone) are able to decrease the affinity of the PCP receptor for TCP, a
      thienyl derivative of PCP. Furthermore, naloxone, but not etonitazene, resulted
      in a significant increase in the Bmax of TCP binding to the PCP receptor. These
      results suggest that neural activity mediated by CNS opioids systems is capable
      of affecting the binding parameters of the PCP receptor.

PMID- 2891075
TI  - Influence of protease inhibitors on the antidepressant activity of oxytocin.
AB  - Both in the behavioral despair test and in the learned helplessness test, the
      antidepressant-like activity of oxytocin (0.500 mg/Kg i.p.) was prevented by the
      administration of a protease inhibitor (EACA, 400 mg/Kg i.p.; pepstatin, 0.1
      mg/Kg i.p.). On the other hand, the linear tripeptide tail of oxytocin, MIF-1,
      was inactive in the behavioral despair test, and less active than oxytocin in the
      learned helplessness test. We conclude that the antidepressant activity of
      oxytocin is due to its cleavage to some smaller fragment(s) different from MIF-1.

PMID- 2891077
TI  - Drug influences on learning and memory in aged animals and humans.
AB  - In this article the effects of neurotransmitter systems or specific drugs on
      cognitive functions of aged animals and humans are reviewed. While there have
      been used many different pharmacologic and behavioral approaches to treat and
      test cognitive deficits in aged animals and geriatric or demented patients, there
      is still the question of the validity of animal models of human disorders.
      Attempts are made to show that there are parallels and similarities. These
      similarities suggest that the neurological and neurochemical changes observed may
      play common roles in similar behavioral deficits observed in aged animals and
      humans.

PMID- 2891076
TI  - Lithium and haloperidol differentially alter the dynorphin A (1-8) and enkephalin
      levels in the neurointermediate lobe of rat pituitary.
AB  - Repeated administration of the antimanic drug lithium (4 mEq/kg/day for 2, 4 or 6
      days, i.p.) to rats produced a progressive decline and eventual depletion of
      dynorphin-A (1-8) (DYN) concentration whereas Met5-enkephalin (ENK) was only
      marginally decreased in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NIL).
      Administration of a neuroleptic haloperidol neither affected ENK and DYN levels
      nor influenced lithium-induced changes. The study reveals that lithium produces a
      preferential perturbation in the dynorphin system relative to the enkephalin
      system. These results taken together with other evidence, indicate that dynorphin
      is possibly coreleased with vasopressin following lithium administration and
      provide a pharmacological support to the previously described colocalization and
      corelease of these endogenous peptides in the NIL.

PMID- 2891078
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of pro-somatostatin-derived peptides in the human
      brain.
AB  - The distribution of pro-somatostatin-derived-peptide-positive profiles was
      examined by indirect immunohistofluorescence in nine post-mortem human brains
      (age 58-73 years). Three specific antisera were used for this study which
      recognize, respectively, somatostatin-28, somatostatin-28 (1-12) and somatostatin
      (1-14). Pro-somatostatin-derived-peptide-positive immunoreactive profiles were
      observed throughout the neuraxis. Cell bodies were found within archeo-, paleo-
      and neocortical areas, the subcortical white matter, in the nucleus accumbens,
      caudate nucleus and putamen, as well as in the hypothalamus, the reticular
      thalamic nucleus and the reticular formation of the brainstem. Fibers and
      terminals were seen in the same areas as well as in various thalamic nuclei, in
      the brainstem and spinal cord. Pro-somatostatin-derived-peptide-positive fibre
      tracts include the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the diagonal band of
      Broca, the stria medullaris, the inter-thalamic adhesion, the posterior
      commissure and the spinothalamic tract. Furthermore, differences between human
      and animal brains were noted and some somatostatin systems reported which may be
      implicated in certain human neuropathological states.

PMID- 2891080
TI  - Mismatches between neurotransmitter and receptor localizations in brain:
      observations and implications.

PMID- 2891079
TI  - Autoradiographic localization of cerebellar excitatory amino acid binding sites
      in the mouse.
AB  - We have investigated the cellular localization of cerebellar excitatory amino
      acid binding sites in normal mice, in mice deficient in granule cells and,
      perhaps, stellate, basket and Golgi cells (granuloprival mice) and in mice
      lacking Purkinje cells. In the molecular layer of normal mouse cerebellum, the
      quisqualate-sensitive binding sites were the predominant type of excitatory amino
      acid receptor and there were relatively few N-methyl-D-aspartate or kainate
      sensitive binding sites. The granule cell layer of normal mice contained a
      mixture of all 3 types, the N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive binding sites being
      predominant. In the molecular layer of granuloprival mice, the number of
      quisqualate-sensitive binding sites was increased to 214% of control (P less than
      0.01), whereas N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive binding sites were decreased to 62%
      of control (P less than 0.001) and kainate-sensitive binding sites were
      unchanged. In the granule cell layer of these mice, quisqualate-sensitive binding
      sites were increased to 200% (P less than 0.01), N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive
      binding sites were decreased to 47% (P less than 0.001) and kainate-sensitive
      binding sites were decreased to 49% (P less than 0.01 of their respective control
      values. In the molecular layer of mice lacking Purkinje cells, quisqualate
      sensitive binding sites were reduced to 29% (P less than 0.001) of control and N
      methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive binding sites were unchanged. In the granule cell
      layer of these mice, neither quisqualate nor N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive
      binding sites were changed. These results suggest that (1) quisqualate-sensitive
      binding sites are located principally on dendrites of Purkinje cells and that
      they up-regulate after deafferentation; (2) N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive
      binding sites are located on granule cells and, perhaps, stellate, basket and
      Golgi cells, and (3) kainate binding sites are located on cell bodies of granule
      and, perhaps, Golgi cells.

PMID- 2891081
TI  - Feedback inhibition of opioid peptide release in the hypothalamus of the rat.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing factor initially stimulates the release of beta-endorphin
      and dynorphin from rat hypothalamic slices in vitro; with time, in the continued
      presence of corticotropin-releasing factor, the release of both these peptides
      declines. The studies described here were undertaken to test whether this decline
      could be due to the operation of inhibitory feedback mechanisms associated with
      the function of the opioidergic neurons. When the opioid receptor antagonist
      naloxone was added to the superfusion medium in the presence of corticotropin
      releasing factor, the time-related decrease in opioid release was not observed.
      Potassium ions also caused an increase, followed by a decrease, in opioid peptide
      release, and naloxone also prevented the latter from occurring. In addition,
      naloxone on its own, produced a Ca2+-dependent increase in the non-stimulated
      release of beta-endorphin and dynorphin, and this action was resistant to
      tetrodotoxin. These findings suggest that opioid receptors mediate inhibitory
      feedback effects upon the secretory activity of beta-endorphin and dynorphin
      neurons in the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2891082
TI  - Methamphetamine-induced reduction in D1 and D2 dopamine receptors as evidenced by
      autoradiography: comparison with tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
AB  - As determined by autoradiographic techniques, multiple high doses of
      methamphetamine elicited a reduction in dopamine receptor population (both D1 and
      D2) in several areas of the rat central nervous system. D1 receptors were labeled
      with the D1-selective antagonist, [3H]SCH 23390, and D2 receptors were labeled
      with the D2-selective neuroleptic, [3H]sulpiride. Scatchard analysis, obtained
      from saturation data in caudate-putamen, indicated that the receptor alterations
      were due to a decrease in the number of receptors (Bmax) without an apparent
      change in affinity (Kd). A time course demonstrated that five doses of
      methamphetamine were required to elicit significant changes in receptors in most
      brain areas examined. The onset of the receptor alterations in various brain
      regions correlated with the development of methamphetamine-induced depression of
      striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. In most brain areas, the dopamine
      receptors returned to normal within 7 days following methamphetamine.

PMID- 2891083
TI  - Brain glutamate deficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Amino acid contents were measured in autopsied brains of eight patients with the
      sporadic form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in brains of control
      subjects dying without neurologic or psychiatric disease. Glutamic acid content
      was reduced in most brain regions and in the cervical cord in the ALS patients,
      while glutamine contents were normal. Taurine contents were increased, and gamma
      aminobutyric acid contents were decreased in some brain regions in the ALS
      patients. The brain glutamate deficiency in ALS is unexplained, but insufficient
      production or release of this excitatory neurotransmitter might have important
      secondary effects on motor neurons.

PMID- 2891084
TI  - [Surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer disease. Our experience after the
      advent of H2-antagonist drugs].

PMID- 2891085
TI  - [Influence of H2-blocking drugs on the surgical therapy of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2891086
TI  - [Influence of anti-H2-receptors on the surgery of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2891087
TI  - [Peptic ulcer: changes in the surgical approach after the introduction of H2
      antagonists in clinical practice].

PMID- 2891088
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for the coexistence of cholinergic and
      catecholaminergic phenotypes in neurones of the vagal motor nucleus in the adult
      rat.
AB  - Catecholaminergic nerve cell bodies have been recently identified in the rat
      spinal cord. They lie in the rostral cervical segments and at the lumbosacral
      junction. Among them, many are located in parasympathetic areas. This finding led
      us to investigate the interactions between these catecholaminergic neurones and
      the cholinergic ones. To address this question, we performed sequential
      immunocytochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) in the same sections. We could then identify the co-expression
      of both TH and ChAT-like immunoreactivities (LI) in some perikarya of the
      cervical spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Such cells are located in the caudal
      extension of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNX) as well as in the
      caudal part of the medullary DMNX itself. Such a co-expression of TH-LI and ChAT
      LI could not be found in the lumbosacral region, another parasympathetic
      territory where cell bodies displaying TH-LI were intermingled with those
      containing ChAT-LI. This is one of the first demonstrations of the co-existence
      of catecholaminergic and cholinergic phenotypes in some neurones of the adult
      mammalian nervous system. These observations also support the presence of
      catecholaminergic efferents within the vagus nerve.

PMID- 2891089
TI  - Effects of repeated systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in vitro and
      tyrosine hydroxylase content.
AB  - We examined both in vitro tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and TH content
      determined by a new enzyme immunoassay in the mouse striatum after repeated
      systemic injection of MPTP. Repeated systemic administration of MPTP to mice (30
      mg/kg per day, subcutaneously for 8 days) caused an approximately 65% decrease of
      both TH activity and TH content in the striatum. The intensity of
      immunohistochemical staining of TH protein in the striatum was also reduced in
      MPTP-treated mice. These results indicate that the reduction of TH activity in
      vitro after the repeated administration of MPTP is due to reduction of TH protein
      as a result of nerve degeneration.

PMID- 2891090
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the human cerebral cortex: a novel
      catecholaminergic group?
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons with morphological
      features of interneurons were found throughout the human cerebral cortex.
      Quantitative estimates in 14 different cytoarchitectonic areas revealed a
      specific regional distribution pattern, neurons being less dense in primary
      cortical areas and denser in higher order associative areas and some limbic
      related areas. A partial relationship was noted between the density of labeled
      neurons and that of the known dopaminergic innervation. The role of the cortical
      TH-IR neurons in catecholaminergic function, however, remains unclear since the
      presence of other catecholaminergic synthesizing enzymes, dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase, could not be demonstrated at their level.
      Similar neurons have been observed transiently in the rodent cortex during
      development; their persistence and topographical extension in the human brain
      warrants further study on their possible functional role.

PMID- 2891091
TI  - Effects of dynorphin1-13 on cardiac rhythm and cyclic adenosine monophosphate
      (cAMP) levels in the isolated perfused rat heart.
AB  - We have studied the effects of dynorphin1-13 on cardiac rhythm and cAMP levels in
      the isolated perfused rat heart. The standard Langendorff isolated heart
      preparation was used. The myocardial cAMP levels and the incidence of cardiac
      arrhythmias were determined after injection of dynorphin1-13. Dynorphin1-13
      caused simultaneously cardiac arrhythmias and an increase in myocardial cAMP
      levels in a dose-dependent manner, and both effects were antagonized by naloxone.
      Further studies are needed to determine whether myocardial cAMP mediates the
      dynorphin-induced cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2891092
TI  - Problems with the use of the toe-spreading reflex in rats as an assay in nerve
      regeneration studies.
AB  - Stages in the return of the toe-spreading reflex after sciatic nerve injury were
      examined using the rat. It was found that the earliest stages in the return of
      the reflex do not indicate nerve regeneration, but rather reflect the development
      of adrenalin sensitivity in denervated muscles. Probably systemic adrenalin
      released during the reflex-testing procedure causes muscle contractions which
      imitate a nerve-induced toe-spread reflex.

PMID- 2891093
TI  - Possible presence of [3H]glutathione (GSH) binding sites in synaptic membranes
      from rat brain.
AB  - Reduced as well as oxidized forms of glutathione exhibited a significant
      displacement of the specific binding of [3H]L-glutamic acid (Glu), a potential
      candidate for the central excitatory neurotransmitter, to the rat brain synaptic
      membranes. In order to elucidate these findings, an attempt was made to determine
      whether or not the synaptic membranes contained the binding sites for this
      peptide using [3H]glutathione (GSH) as a ligand. The specific binding activity
      was detected in the synaptic membranous preparations and found to be dependent on
      the incubation temperature and incubation time. The binding reached a plateau
      within 60 min of incubation at 2 degrees C and 30 degrees C. [3H]GSH binding
      increased linearly with increasing concentrations of membranous proteins
      employed. Scatchard analysis revealed that the binding sites consisted of two
      separate independent components rather than being comprised of a single
      constituent. A significant and concentration-dependent displacement of the
      binding was induced not only by the addition of GSH, but also by the inclusion of
      some GSH derivatives without SH-moiety, such as the oxidized form of glutathione,
      S-methyl-glutathione and S-hexyl-glutathione. The binding was also significantly
      inhibited by various alpha- and gamma-peptides containing L-Glu, but not by those
      containing D-Glu. Amongst 4 different agonists and antagonists used for the
      subclassification of the central Glu receptors, an agonist, quisqualic acid, and
      an antagonist, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, exhibited a significant
      inhibition of the binding at the highest concentration employed. These results
      suggest that the rat brain synaptic membranes may contain structure-selective,
      temperature-dependent, high affinity and saturable binding sites for glutathione.

PMID- 2891094
TI  - Reversal potentials of rod horizontal cell responses in the carp retina.

PMID- 2891095
TI  - Neuromodulators in the retina: an immunohistochemical analysis.

PMID- 2891097
TI  - Retinal arteriovenous shunts in Takayasu disease.
AB  - The authors followed up on a series of 24 eyes in 12 patients with Takayasu
      disease in its moderate to advanced stage over the past 10 years. They paid
      particular attention to arteriovenous shunt formation in the retina. The authors
      could identify two types of arteriovenous shunts based on rapid sequence
      fluorescein angiography. In six eyes, arteriovenous shunts had formed at
      arteriovenous crossings through direct communication of arterial and venous lumen
      in the midperipheral retina. In 22 eyes, arteriovenous shunts had formed
      consequent to dilation of capillaries, formation of preferential channels, and
      obliteration of neighboring capillaries. These two types seemed to be basic
      patterns of discrete arteriovenous shunts that characterize Takayasu disease in
      its advanced stage.

PMID- 2891096
TI  - Effect of some putative transmitters on amacrine cells and on spreading
      depression potential.

PMID- 2891098
TI  - Lymphoma 1987. An interim approach to diagnosis and classification.
AB  - When immunophenotyping is used for diagnosis, it is essential to use panels of
      antibodies, rather than a single marker for a specific tumor type. There is
      virtually no single marker that is absolutely diagnostic and completely reliable
      for any particular neoplasm. For the most important clinical differential
      diagnoses--reactive versus neoplastic lymphoid lesions and lymphoma versus
      nonlymphoid tumor--relatively simple panels of antibodies are usually sufficient.
      In the former situation, immunoglobulin heavy and light chains (G, M, kappa,
      lambda) and a pan-T-cell antibody (Leu-4) will usually provide the answer. For
      the latter circumstance, kappa and lambda, a pan-leukocyte antibody, a pan-B-cell
      (B1), and a pan-T-cell antibody (Leu-4) along with cytokeratin constitute the
      initial panel. Further subclassification of lymphomas and leukemias can proceed
      using other antibodies as indicated in the preceding specific sections on the
      lymphomas. The use of specific antibodies for nonlymphoid tumors will be dictated
      by the morphologic appearance of the tumor. These may be used as a second panel
      if the initial screening does not establish a diagnosis of lymphoma. Performing
      and interpreting immunohistologic studies requires experience, and probably
      should not be attempted by laboratories that do not encounter a large number of
      lymphomas. Frozen tissue can be obtained and stored at -20 degrees for a few
      days; if immunohistologic studies are deemed necessary, the frozen tissue can be
      sent on dry ice to a reference laboratory. In preparing biopsy specimens for
      immunohistologic studies, and in interpreting the results of these studies, it is
      necessary to bear in mind the fact that morphology remains the most important
      tool for the diagnosis and subclassification of hematologic neoplasms. Obtaining
      tissue for marker studies should not be permitted to interfere with adequate
      morphologic examination. Similarly, artifacts and technical problems can
      occasionally lead to misleading results; the immunohistologic studies must be
      interpreted in light of the case as a whole, and should never be allowed to
      contradict common sense.

PMID- 2891099
TI  - [Changes in the reactivity of the venous section of the systemic vascular bed to
      the administration of vasoactive substances in experimental hypertension].

PMID- 2891100
TI  - Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa resists nonopsonic phagocytosis by human
      neutrophils and macrophages.
AB  - Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important respiratory pathogen in patients
      with cystic fibrosis, and once acquired is virtually impossible to eradicate.
      Although mucoid P. aeruginosa is generally believed to be resistant to
      phagocytosis, the mechanism is not understood fully. We studied the nonopsonic
      phagocytosis by human neutrophils or macrophages of eight mucoid/nonmucoid P.
      aeruginosa pairs (three isogenic and five "wild-type"). Mucoid strains were
      relatively resistant to nonopsonic phagocytosis but the nonmucoid types were
      phagocytosis-susceptible as assessed by visual inspection and chemiluminescence
      assays. The mucoid and nonmucoid variants had equal numbers of pili but different
      surface characteristics as determined by biphasic partitioning in polyethylene
      glycol and dextran. The mucoid exopolysaccharide of mucoid strains appears to
      alter the surface characteristics of P. aeruginosa thereby rendering them
      resistant to nonopsonic phagocytosis. The resistance of mucoid variants of P.
      aeruginosa to nonopsonic phagocytosis may provide a survival advantage to these
      bacteria early in the course of pulmonary infection before opsonic antibody and
      complement are present in respiratory secretions.

PMID- 2891101
TI  - Ascendency of the black bottle (activated charcoal).

PMID- 2891102
TI  - Cholecystokinin (CCK8) regulates glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin secretion
      from isolated rat pancreatic islets: interaction with glucose.
AB  - The effect of CCK8 on glucagon, insulin and somatostatin release and its
      interaction with glucose was studied in freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets.
      While glucose alone inhibited glucagon secretion [half-maximal effect (EC50) =
      4.6 mM], glucose in the presence of 10 nM CCK8 increased glucagon release (EC50 =
      6.9 mM). This effect of CCK8 was dose-dependent at 11.1 mM glucose (EC50 = 1.0
      nM). The dose-response curve for glucose on insulin secretion was shifted to the
      left by 10 nM CCK8; the EC50 of glucose was 11.6 and 9.3 mM in the absence and
      presence of CCK8, respectively. Glucose alone enhanced somatostatin release; this
      glucose-induced release was further increased by 10 nM CCK8. Our data indicate
      that first, CCK8 is able to reverse the inhibitory effect of glucose on glucagon
      secretion, second, CCK8 sensitizes the beta cell to the insulinotropic effect of
      glucose, and third, CCK8 enhances the effect of glucose on somatostatin release.

PMID- 2891104
TI  - An anonymous single-copy clone, pC63, from chromosome 17q23-qter identifies a
      frequent RFLP [HGM9 No. D17S21].

PMID- 2891103
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a human ribosomal protein gene with enhanced
      expression in fetal and neoplastic cells.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma is strongly associated with hepatitis B virus carrier
      patients who usually have HBV sequences integrated in the chromosomal DNA of
      liver cells. To assess the possible effects of HBV regulatory sequences (e.g.,
      the enhancer) on expression of neighboring host genes we have screened for
      cellular genes that are both overexpressed and adjacent to integrated HBV
      sequences in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The cloned cDNA for one such gene
      encodes a protein similar to the E. coli L-3 ribosomal protein which is thought
      to play a role in mRNA binding to the ribosome. The protein encoded by the cDNA
      localizes to the nucleolus and is also found in ribosomes; possibly it is the
      mammalian homologue of L-3 (MRL3). The expression of MRL3 is higher in colon
      carcinoma and lymphoma cell lines than in normal liver, placenta and diploid
      fibroblasts, and is also higher in fetal than in adult liver. Therefore, MRL3
      overexpression seems to be a property of rapidly dividing cells and is not
      directly linked to oncogenesis.

PMID- 2891105
TI  - Cosmid 1-26 defines four RFLPs on chromosome 17q23-qter [HGM9 No. D17S20].

PMID- 2891106
TI  - Identification and mapping of RFLPs for human tissue factor (HTF) to chromosome
      1p.

PMID- 2891107
TI  - A second Xba I polymorphic site within the human von Willebrand factor (vWF)
      gene.

PMID- 2891108
TI  - Two additional RFLPs at the D4S10 locus, useful for Huntington's disease (HD)
      family studies.

PMID- 2891109
TI  - Bgl II RFLP at the human erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT) locus
      on chromosome 1.

PMID- 2891110
TI  - Hind III RFLP in the lipoprotein lipase gene, (LPL).

PMID- 2891111
TI  - A new TaqI polymorphism detected by the cDNA encoding amyloid beta protein of
      Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2891112
TI  - RFLP of the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene (PLAP).

PMID- 2891113
TI  - An anonymous genomic probe (p lambda KP20.1) detects a multi-allelic locus on
      chromosome 19 (D19S25).

PMID- 2891114
TI  - Autoantibody to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen neutralizes the activity
      of the auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase delta.
AB  - Two murine monoclonal antibodies to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen
      (PCNA), a rabbit anti-N-terminal peptide antibody and human auto-antibody to PCNA
      reacted with the auxiliary protein for DNA polymerase delta from fetal calf
      thymus following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, confirming the identity
      of PCNA and the auxiliary protein. Undenatured auxiliary protein was
      immunoprecipitated by the human autoantibody, but not by the monoclonal
      antibodies, which were raised to SDS-denatured PCNA, nor by the anti-N-terminal
      peptide antibody, suggesting that the epitopes recognized by both the monoclonal
      antibodies and the anti-peptide antibody are not exposed in the native protein.
      The human anti-PCNA autoantibody neutralized the activity of the auxiliary
      protein for DNA polymerase delta, but did not inhibit the activity of pol delta
      itself. The ability of pol delta to utilize template/primers containing long
      stretches of single-stranded template was inhibited by the anti-PCNA
      autoantibody, whereas the activity of pol alpha on such templates was not
      affected, confirming the specificity of the auxiliary protein for pol delta. The
      ability of PCNA, a cell cycle-regulated protein, to regulate the activity of pol
      delta suggests a central role for pol delta in cellular DNA replication.

PMID- 2891115
TI  - Sph I restriction fragment length polymorphism on human chromosome 16 detected
      with an APRT gene probe.

PMID- 2891116
TI  - Multi-allelic RFLP for M27 beta, an anonymous single copy genomic clone at Xp11.3
      Xcen [HGM9 provisional no. DXS255].

PMID- 2891117
TI  - Multiple RFLPs at the human apolipoprotein D (APOD) locus.

PMID- 2891119
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMHZ14 on chromosome 1p
      (D1S60).

PMID- 2891118
TI  - A complex Hind III polymorphism in the human apolipoprotein-B gene (APOB).

PMID- 2891120
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEKH7.4 to chromosome 1
      (D1S65).

PMID- 2891121
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence for NRAS pMCR3 on chromosome
      1.

PMID- 2891122
TI  - Lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, and the central nervous system side effects of
      beta blockers.
AB  - One of the attributes of beta-adrenergic blocking agents that has distinguished
      these drugs from each other is degree of lipophilicity. While this feature may
      play a role in facilitating passage across the blood-brain barrier, it is
      essential to realize that crossing the barrier is not necessarily synonymous with
      the ability to cause central nervous system (CNS) effects. Several studies have
      found some degree of CNS side effects, particularly tiredness and fatigue, with
      atenolol, a hydrophilic beta blocker. Pindolol, a moderately lipophilic beta
      blocker, has been reported to cause greater disturbances on electroencephalogram
      (EEG) than propranolol, the most highly lipophilic beta blocker. The
      investigational agent bevantolol exhibits a moderate degree of lipophilicity and
      a low frequency of CNS side effects. Drug-induced increases in plasma
      catecholamine levels, the possible saturation of CNS receptor sites at relatively
      low drug levels, and the specific structural details of beta-blocker molecules
      have been suggested as possible contributory factors in determining the degree of
      CNS effects.

PMID- 2891123
TI  - Beta-blocker therapy for hypertension. Considerations in selecting the most
      appropriate agent.

PMID- 2891124
TI  - Use of antipsychotic drugs in depression. Problems and opportunities.
AB  - Antipsychotic drugs have an important place in pharmacologic treatment of
      depression. Major depression with psychotic features responds poorly to treatment
      if an antipsychotic is not used in addition to an antidepressant; however, an
      antipsychotic confers no additional benefit in nonpsychotic depression.
      Antipsychotic drugs do have significant short- and long-term side effects,
      including pseudoparkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. The
      possibility of a good therapeutic response with minimal side effects can be
      increased if psychotic depression is diagnosed accurately and the antipsychotic
      is prescribed according to established clinical guidelines.

PMID- 2891125
TI  - Medical genetics for clinicians. 1. Recent advances in diagnostic technology.
AB  - During the last 15 years, the potential for diagnosis and treatment of genetic
      disorders has rapidly expanded. In general, patients with multisystem
      abnormalities that include retarded physical growth and delayed development are
      candidates for chromosome analysis. Because failure to consider a genetic cause
      for a disorder can be disastrous, physicians need to familiarize themselves with
      genetic principles and new genetic technology.

PMID- 2891126
TI  - Critical review of clinical trials in senile dementia--I.

PMID- 2891127
TI  - Somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 long term therapy for vipoma.
AB  - The definitive treatment of a pancreatic tumour secreting vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide is surgical removal of the tumour, but when curative resection is not
      possible symptomatic treatment of the endocrine hyperfunction is important.
      Streptozotocin, although effective for palliation, can involve unpleasant side
      effects. We report the long term use of subcutaneous somatostatin analogue SMS
      201-995 in an elderly man presenting with severe watery diarrhoea and anaemia due
      to a pancreatic vipoma. Good symptomatic improvement has been achieved with no
      side effects over a period of 24 months. We suggest there is a use for
      subcutaneous SMS 201-995 in elderly patients with inoperable pancreatic gut
      hormone producing tumours with metastases and in those where surgery would carry
      a high operative risk.

PMID- 2891128
TI  - Influence of a wheat diet on mortality of broiler chickens associated with
      necrotic enteritis.
AB  - In an experiment to determine methods of incorporating soft winter wheat into
      broiler diets, a significant increase in mortality was observed in broilers fed
      wheat in crumbled diets. This increase in mortality was associated with necrotic
      enteritis with Clostridium perfringens indicated as the causative pathogen and
      complicated by a coccidiosis outbreak. When yellow corn was used in the diet,
      mortality was 2.9%. Use of all wheat, ground with a hammer mill, increased
      mortality to 28.9%. However, roller mill-ground wheat diet resulted in a
      mortality of 18.1%. When the grain component was approximately 50% wheat and 50%
      corn, mortality was 12.6% for broilers fed hammer mill-ground wheat and 3.4% for
      roller mill-ground wheat. Grain and feed were tested for several mycotoxins. Low
      levels of deoxynivalenol were found in both corn and wheat diets, but no
      differences between the corn and wheat-based diets were found that would explain
      the incidence of enteritis.

PMID- 2891129
TI  - Neurotransmitters and pain control.

PMID- 2891131
TI  - The role of nonopioid peptides in pain.

PMID- 2891132
TI  - Gastro-intestinal hormones.

PMID- 2891130
TI  - Functional aspects of multitransmitter neurons. Studies of interactions among pro
      opiomelanocortin products.

PMID- 2891133
TI  - Selective D1 and D2 receptor manipulation in Cebus monkeys: relevance for
      dystonia and dyskinesia in humans.
AB  - Selective D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) antagonists and agonists were given to 4 Cebus
      monkeys who had previously received haloperidol treatment for 4 years. SCH 23390
      (a selective D1 antagonist) and raclopride (a selective D2 antagonist) induced
      identical syndromes consisting of dystonia and oral dyskinesia. Biperiden (an
      anticholinergic drug) and LY 171555 (a selective D2 agonist) completely
      antagonized the dystonia and dyskinesia induced by SCH 23390 as well as
      raclopride. The combined treatment with LY 171555 and SCH 23390 (but not LY
      171555 and raclopride) caused pronounced sedation. LY 171555 induced repetitive
      movements of head, legs and trunk, but no oral dyskinesia. SKF 38393 (a partial
      D1 agonist) caused slight sedation, minimal oral dyskinesia and a significant
      reduction in D2 agonist-induced repetitive movements.

PMID- 2891134
TI  - A DNA sequence of 15 base pairs is sufficient to mediate both glucocorticoid and
      progesterone induction of gene expression.
AB  - To define the recognition sequence of the glucocorticoid receptor and its
      relationship with that of the progesterone receptor, oligonucleotides derived
      from the glucocorticoid response element of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene
      were tested upstream of a heterologous promoter for their capacity to mediate
      effects of these two steroids. We show that a 15-base-pair sequence with partial
      symmetry is sufficient to confer glucocorticoid inducibility on the promoter of
      the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. The same 15-base-pair sequence
      mediates induction by progesterone. Point mutations in the recognition sequence
      affect inducibility by glucocorticoids and progesterone similarly. Together with
      the strong conservation of the sequence of the DNA-binding domain of the two
      receptors, these data suggest that both proteins recognize a sequence that is
      similar, if not the same.

PMID- 2891135
TI  - Human placental Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit: cDNA cloning, tissue expression, DNA
      polymorphism, and chromosomal localization.
AB  - A 2.2-kilobase clone comprising a major portion of the coding sequence of the
      Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit was cloned from human placenta and its sequence was
      identical to that encoding the alpha subunit of human kidney and HeLa cells.
      Transfer blot analysis of the mRNA products of the Na+,K+-ATPase gene from
      various human tissues and cell lines revealed only one band (approximately 4.7
      kilobases) under low and high stringency washing conditions. The levels of
      expression in the tissues were intestine greater than placenta greater than liver
      greater than pancreas, and in the cell lines the levels were human
      erythroleukemia greater than butyrate-induced colon greater than colon greater
      than brain greater than HeLa cells. mRNA was undetectable in reticulocytes,
      consistent with our failure to detect positive clones in a size-selected (greater
      than 2 kilobases) lambda gt11 reticulocyte cDNA library. DNA analysis revealed a
      polymorphic EcoRI band and chromosome localization by flow sorting and in situ
      hybridization showed that the alpha subunit is on the short arm (band p11-p13) of
      chromosome 1.

PMID- 2891136
TI  - Genetic linkage map of human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers.
AB  - High-density genetic maps of individual human chromosomes will permit accurate
      localization of disease-associated genes and provide signposts that will be
      useful in the construction of physical maps. We have constructed a genetic map of
      chromosome 7 with 63 polymorphic DNA markers by using segregation data from 23
      three-generation families and recently developed multilocus linkage-analysis
      techniques. The map spans 250 centimorgans in females and 170 centimorgans in
      males, with much of the difference being concentrated in a few intervals. The
      density and informativeness of the markers are such that there is a high
      probability of detecting linkage to any disease gene on this chromosome for which
      20 phase-known meioses are available.

PMID- 2891137
TI  - Subcellular compartmentalization of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium with
      catecholamines in adrenal medullary chromaffin vesicles may explain the lack of
      toxicity to adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - Cultures of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells accumulated 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by a
      process that was prevented by desmethylimipramine. The subcellular localization
      of the incorporated [methyl-3H]MPP+ was examined by differential centrifugation
      and sucrose density gradient fractionation and was found to be predominantly
      colocalized with catecholamines in chromaffin vesicles, and negligible amounts
      were detected within the mitochondrial fraction. When chromaffin cell membranes
      were made permeable with the detergent digitonin in the absence of calcium, there
      was no increase in the release of [3H]MPP+, indicating that there is negligible
      accumulation of the neurotoxin in the cytosol. Simultaneous exposure to digitonin
      and calcium induced cosecretion of MPP+ and catecholamines. Stimulation of the
      cells with nicotine released both catecholamines and MPP+ at identical rates and
      percentages of cellular content in a calcium-dependent manner. Last, when cells
      were incubated with MPP+ in the presence of tetrabenazine (an inhibitor of
      vesicular uptake), the chromaffin cell toxicity of MPP+ was potentiated. We
      submit that the ability of the chromaffin cells to take up and store MPP+ in the
      chromaffin vesicle prevents the toxin's interaction with other structures and,
      thus, prevents cell damage. As an extension of this hypothesis, the relative
      resistance of some brain monoaminergic neurons to the toxic actions of 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine may result from the subcellular sequestration
      of MPP+ in the storage vesicle.

PMID- 2891138
TI  - Molecular cloning and analysis of the regulation of nit-3, the structural gene
      for nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The nit-3 gene of Neurospora crassa encodes the enzyme nitrate reductase and is
      regulated by nitrogen catabolite repression and by specific induction with
      nitrate. The nit-3 gene was isolated from a cosmid-based genomic library by dual
      selection for benomyl resistance and for the ability to complement a nit-3 mutant
      strain using the sibling-selection procedure. The nit-3 gene was subcloned as a
      3.8-kilobase DNA fragment from a cosmid that carried an approximately 40-kilobase
      N. crassa DNA insert. A restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
      revealed that the cloned segment displayed tight linkage to two linkage-group-4
      markers that flank the genomic location of nit-3. RNA gel blot analyses of RNA
      from wild-type and various mutant strains were carried out to examine the
      molecular mechanism for regulation of nit-3 gene expression. The nit-3 gene was
      transcribed to give a large mRNA of approximately 3.4 kilobases, the expected
      size to encode nitrate reductase. The nit-3 gene was only expressed in wild-type
      cells subject to simultaneous nitrogen derepression and nitrate induction. A
      mutant of nit-2, the major nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora, did not have
      detectable levels of nit-3 gene transcripts under the exact conditions in which
      these transcripts were highly expressed in wild type. Similarly, a mutant of nit
      4, which defines a minor positive-acting nitrogen control gene, failed to express
      detectable levels of the nit-3 transcript. Nitrate reductase gene expression was
      partially resistant to nitrogen repression in a mutant of the nmr gene, which
      appears to be a regulatory gene with a direct role in nitrogen catabolite
      repression. Results are presented that suggest that the enzyme glutamine
      synthetase does not serve any regulatory role in controlling nitrate reductase
      gene expression.

PMID- 2891139
TI  - cDNA sequence, protein structure, and chromosomal location of the human gene for
      poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
AB  - Recently we described a full-length cDNA for the human nuclear enzyme poly(ADP
      ribose) polymerase. Here, we report the chromosomal localization and partial map
      of the human gene for this enzyme as well as the complete coding sequence for
      this protein. The nucleotide sequence reveals a single 3042-base open reading
      frame encoding a protein with a predicted Mr of 113,135. A comparison of this
      deduced amino acid sequence with the amino acid sequence of three peptides
      derived from human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase revealed a match of 27 amino acid
      residues. A computer-derived structural analysis of the enzyme and a search for
      similarities with other proteins confirmed that the polymerase belongs to a
      subfamily of DNA/NAD-binding proteins and DNA-repair proteins. Possible Zn2+
      binding "fingers," a nucleotide-binding fold, and a nuclear transport signal were
      noted. Additionally, chromosomal mapping has identified polymerase-hybridizing
      sequences on human chromosomes 1 (the active gene), 13, and 14 (processed
      pseudogenes). Using the polymerase cDNA as a probe, we also have detected several
      DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in normal humans.

PMID- 2891140
TI  - Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene is located at region q21.3-q22 of
      chromosome 7 and genetically linked with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The regional chromosomal location of the human gene for plasminogen activator
      inhibitor type 1 (PAI1) was determined by three independent methods of gene
      mapping. PAI1 was localized first to 7cen-q32 and then to 7q21.3-q22 by Southern
      blot hybridization analysis of a panel of human and mouse somatic cell hybrids
      with a PAI1 cDNA probe and in situ hybridization, respectively. We identified a
      frequent HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the PAI1 gene
      with an information content of 0.369. In family studies using this polymorphism,
      genetic linkage was found between PAI1 and the loci for erythropoietin (EPO),
      paraoxonase (PON), the met protooncogene (MET), and cystic fibrosis (CF), all
      previously assigned to the middle part of the long arm of chromosome 7. The
      linkage with EPO was closest with an estimated genetic distance of 3
      centimorgans, whereas that to CF was 20 centimorgans. A three-point genetic
      linkage analysis and data from previous studies showed that the most likely order
      of these loci is EPO, PAI1, PON, (MET, CF), with PAI1 being located centromeric
      to CF. The PAI1 RFLP may prove to be valuable in ordering genetic markers in the
      CF-linkage group and may also be valuable in genetic analysis of plasminogen
      activation-related diseases, such as certain thromboembolic disorders and cancer.

PMID- 2891141
TI  - Regulation of cAMP content and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in airway
      smooth muscle.

PMID- 2891143
TI  - Studies on putative neurotransmitters in an animal model of hereditary blindness.

PMID- 2891142
TI  - Docosahexaenoic acid metabolism and inherited retinal degenerations.

PMID- 2891144
TI  - Behavioral effects of N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE; "EVE").
AB  - Eight male rats were trained to discriminate 2.0 mg/kg N-ethyl-3,4
      methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE) from its vehicle using a two-lever, food
      motivated operant discrimination task. Once trained, the rats showed a dose
      dependent decrease in discriminative accuracy following administration of
      decreased doses of MDE (ED50 = 0.75 mg/kg). Administration of 1.5 mg/kg 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a recently restricted Schedule I drug,
      produced 100% MDE-appropriate responding in the MDE-trained rats and decreased
      discriminative performance was similarly observed following lower doses of MDMA
      (ED50 = 0.62 mg/kg). The difference in relative potencies of MDE and MDMA in rats
      is reminiscent of those seen in human abusers who report effective oral
      psychotomimetic doses. Time-course data indicated that MDE has a fast onset, 100%
      drug-correct responding 10 min post-injection, and a peak effect between 10-20
      min with declining effect at 60-120 min post-administration. These findings along
      with those of others show a pharmacological similarity between MDE and MDMA.
      Implications as to the future scheduling of MDE are discussed.

PMID- 2891145
TI  - Reversal of opioid-induced muscular rigidity in rats: evidence for alpha-2
      adrenergic involvement.
AB  - Compounds from several different pharmacological classes were tested for their
      ability to reverse the muscular rigidity induced by an intravenous dose of
      fentanyl that also caused loss of the righting reflex (LOR). Opioid antagonists
      reversed the entire syndrome--LOR and rigidity but, generally, rigidity could be
      reversed nonspecifically by doses of compounds that caused LOR by themselves
      (e.g., CNS depressants). Muscle relaxants and agonists of histamine, which
      appeared to be acting peripherally, were also effective. On the other hand,
      serotonergic drugs and dopamine agonists were not. However, dopaminergic
      antagonists with adrenolytic activity (i.e., chlorpromazine, haloperidol)
      reversed rigidity, whereas sulpiride did not. Moreover, rigidity reversed by
      neuroleptics could be restored by piperoxane, an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist.
      In addition, clonidine and other alpha-2 agonists selectively reversed only
      rigidity following systemic or central administration at doses several orders of
      magnitude lower than other compounds tested. It is proposed that opioid-induced
      rigidity is reversed by inhibition of sympathoadrenal outflow which can be
      accomplished selectively, centrally, by alpha-2 agonists.

PMID- 2891146
TI  - New, man-made N2-fixing systems.
AB  - The major inputs of fixed N into the global nitrogen cycle are assessed and
      compared as indicators of both the need for and the likely basis of new,
      complementary, man-made N2-fixing processes. The development, since 1964, of the
      purely chemical, highly reactive systems for the reduction of N2, including those
      driven electro- and photochemically, is traced, along with the parallel efforts
      to synthesize metal-N2 complexes (the first step in any likely fixation process)
      and subsequently protonate them to produce hydrazine or ammonia. These
      experimental approaches are convergent. Successful cycling or catalysing of some
      of these N2-binding systems has been achieved. The advantages and limitations of
      the more successful systems are noted. Approaches to this problem via direct
      modelling of the nitrogenase active site are outlined, as is the one successful
      use of such complexes in achieving N2 reduction. This wealth of effort on the
      reductive approaches contrasts vividly with the almost complete absence of
      research on N2 oxidation. Currently, only a re-evaluation of the arc discharge
      process is continuing. Finally, the author's studies of the extruded molybdenum
      containing prosthetic group of nitrogenase, the enzymic N2-reducing site, are
      described in relation to future N2-fixing systems.

PMID- 2891147
TI  - The relationships of Uronemus: a carboniferous dipnoan with highly modified tooth
      plates.
AB  - Previous accounts of the dentition of the Carboniferous dipnoan Uronemus have
      stressed the significance of the scattered small denticles. These, together with
      the marginal teeth and ridges, have been interpreted as primitive characters of
      the dipnoan dentition shared with three other genera: the Devonian Uranlophus and
      Griphognathus and the Carboniferous to Permian Conchopoma. Genera with tooth
      plates have been considered to be a monophyletic group in which tooth plates are
      a derived character; Uronemus has been excluded from this group in all previous
      investigations dealing with the significance of the dentition for determining
      relationships among dipnoans. The macromorphology of the dentition of Uronemus
      has been re-examined and correlated with the histology of all the dental tissues.
      Optical study of thin sections and scanning electron microscope study of the
      adjacent cut surfaces has shown that the hard, wear-resistant dentine of the
      teeth and ridges is petrodentine. The arrangement, growth, wear and histology of
      the dental tissues have been compared with those of denticulated and tooth-plated
      genera. The arrangement of new teeth relative to the tooth ridge, the pattern of
      wear along the ridge, and the type of dentine and its growth indicate that the
      dentition of Uronemus is best interpreted as a tooth plate with one long lingual
      tooth ridge and reduced lateral tooth rows. Therefore the marginal tooth ridges
      are not considered to be homologous with those of denticulate dipnoans such as
      Uranolophus. The presence of petrodentine, a tissue type only found in forms with
      tooth plates, is consistent with the view that the dentition is derived by
      modification of a radiate tooth plate. The denticles covering restricted regions
      of the palate and lower jaw are considered to have been a secondary acquisition.
      The suggestion that Conchopoma is a close relative of Uronemus is not accepted,
      and possible new relationships have been proposed. New data on Scaumenacia and
      Phaneropleuron, two other genera previously compared with Uronemus, are
      presented. Rhinodipterus, a form with elongate lingual ridges, is also discussed.
      Phaneropleuron is shown to have radiate tooth plates and not a marginal row of
      conical teeth as previously described. It is proposed that the tooth plate of
      Uronemus is derived from a dipterid type of plate. A discussion of some of the
      other factors involved in determining the relationships of the genus is
      given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2891148
TI  - Comparative morphology, histology and growth of the dental plates of the Devonian
      dipnoan Chirodipterus.
AB  - The dental plates of the Devonian lungfish Chirodipterus australis Miles
      (Osteichthyes; Dipnoi) are shown to have achieved their characteristic morphology
      by a growth process different from that assumed for the plates of genera such as
      Dipterus. Each plate was thickened by the addition of layers of bone that also
      extended the plate labially, thus providing the base on which and into which
      dentine grew. Distinctive features of the dentition are: (a) labial increase of
      the dentine mass by the addition of blister-like denticles of simple enamel
      covered dentine, which is initially ingrown by pleromic dentine and subsequently
      resorbed and replaced by petrodentine; (b) increase in the midline by a similar
      process that results in the addition of one (or possibly two) new ridges; (c)
      resorption of the posterior edge of the pterygoid plates and the posterior and
      posteromedial edges of the prearticular plates, with subsequent development over
      the resorbed surfaces of several generations of simple regenerative dentine; (d)
      resorption and redeposition of pleromic dentine and bone in a triangular region
      posteromedially on the pterygoid plates; (e) the formation of tuberosities that
      simulate teeth at a short distance in from the labial edge, by four processes:
      formation of an undulating plate margin, differential growth of petrodentine
      (hard compact dentine) within the pulp cavity, differential wear of the
      petrodentine and the adjacent bone plus pleromic dentine, and slightly greater
      growth of the petrodentine towards the occlusal surface relative to the adjacent
      bone and dentine; (f) expansion of the large flat surfaces of the plates by
      gradual replacement of the bone and dentine at the proximal ends of the furrows
      and also by the development of linkages of petrodentine across the furrows; (g)
      development of isolated tuberosities on the flat posterolateral parts of the
      plates. The petrodentine of the ridges, tuberosities and plateaus of the plates
      is indistinguishable structurally and in its mode of growth from the petrodentine
      in extant species of dipnoans. Plates similar to those of C. australis have been
      observed in Stomiahykus, Archaeonectes, Conchodus, Palaedaphus and Sunwapta, as
      well as several species usually referred to as Dipterus. Sunwapta may be
      congeneric with C. australis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2891149
TI  - Organization of lumbar spinal outflow to distal colon and pelvic organs.
AB  - The lumbar sympathetic outflow projects through the lumbar splanchnic, lumbar
      colonic, and hypogastric nerves (and to a lesser degree through the sacral
      sympathetic chain and pelvic nerves). It is thought to be involved in the
      regulation of the storage and evacuation functions of the following three organ
      systems: lower urinary tract, hindgut, and reproductive organs. In addition, it
      controls vascular resistance and capacitance. Thus the target tissues of the
      postganglionic neurons are vascular smooth muscle, visceral smooth muscles,
      probably secretory epithelia, and also neurons in the enteric nervous system and
      the pelvic ganglia. The preganglionic neurons are situated in the caudal part of
      the spinal representation, neurons associated with the colon being located
      rostral to those associated with the pelvic organs. Most lie medial to the
      classical intermediolateral cell column that may contain mainly vasoconstrictor
      neurons. Most (if not all) preganglionic neurons are cholinergic; some also
      contain an identified peptide. Most of the postganglionic neurons are situated in
      the inferior mesenteric ganglion (or equivalent structures); again, those
      projecting to the colon lie rostral to those projecting to the pelvic organs.
      Others lie in intercalated prevertebral ganglia, in the pelvic plexus, and in
      sacral paravertebral ganglia. The majority is noradrenergic, and most also
      contain one or several peptides, the topographical distribution of which appears
      to characterize functional subgroups of neurons. The terminations of
      noradrenergic axons in many pelvic organs probably make close contact with both
      vascular and nonvascular effectors. In the colon, most endings are located in the
      enteric plexuses. The responses of these organs to electrical stimulation of
      visceral nerves, and their reflex responses (together with those observed in the
      efferent axons of visceral nerve trunks) to electrical and natural stimulation of
      afferent fibers, lead to the general conclusion that several distinct classes of
      pre- and postganglionic neurons exist. 1) Vasoconstrictor neurons demonstrate
      ongoing activity with cardiac rhythm and appropriate reflexes to stimulation of
      cardiovascular afferent receptors and respond only weakly to natural stimulation
      of visceral receptors. 2) MR neurons respond to visceral stimuli but are not
      influenced from arterial baro- and chemoreceptors. These show at least two
      different response patterns consistent with their separate involvement in the
      reciprocal behavior of the colon and bladder. 3) Other neurons are silent in
      anesthetized animals and do not respond to any stimuli used thus far.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2891150
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists and male sexual behavior: II. Erectile and
      ejaculatory reflexes.
AB  - Three alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists, yohimbine, idazoxan, and imiloxan, all
      shown to have stimulatory effects on sexual arousal/motivation, were studied to
      identify their possible effects on the other two major components of male
      copulatory behavior: erection and ejaculation. Genital reflex ex copula tests
      were used in order to assess these two responses without the confounding factors
      of mating behavior. Dose ranges were yohimbine: 0.25-4.0 mg/kg; idazoxan: 1.0-8.0
      mg/kg; and imiloxan: 12.5-50.0 mg/kg. Lower doses of two of the drugs
      significantly enhanced the frequency of erections, while the third (yohimbine)
      showed a strong trend in that direction. At higher doses, all three alpha 2
      antagonists produced significant reductions in the number of rats showing penile
      reflexes, including both erections and ejaculations. In those rats which did show
      penile reflexes, higher doses of yohimbine (4.0 mg/kg) inhibited the frequency of
      erections, while the higher dose of idazoxan showed a trend towards such
      inhibition. Thus, profound, largely inhibitory effects of these agents were
      demonstrated at dose ranges which have been shown to enhance sexual arousal.
      These data indicate that within the nervous system alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists can modulate erectile and ejaculatory mechanisms quite independently
      from effects on arousal/motivation.

PMID- 2891151
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists and male sexual behavior: I. Mating behavior.
AB  - Three alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine, idazoxan, and imiloxan were
      compared by examining the effects of a single injection on male rat copulatory
      behavior. Dose ranges were: yohimbine: 0.25-8.0 mg/kg; idazoxan: 0.25-8.0 mg/kg;
      imiloxan: 12.5-50.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine and idazoxan administration produced
      significant increases in the number of animals copulating to ejaculation and all
      three drugs increased the rate of copulation as evidenced by reductions in
      ejaculation latency and intercopulatory interval. Only yohimbine significantly
      reduced mount latency and postejaculatory interval, but yohimbine and imiloxan
      significantly reduced intromission latency and idazoxan showed a similar trend.
      The highest yohimbine dose suppressed sexual activity. A time-course experiment
      with yohimbine (2.0 mg/kg) and idazoxan (4.0 mg/kg) showed stimulation at 75 min
      and a trend at 5. To further explore the arousal-stimulating capacity of the two
      more effective drugs, a mounting test with genital anesthetization was used.
      Yohimbine but not idazoxan showed marked increases in mounting at 1.0-4.0 mg/kg.
      Both drugs had a suppressive effect at the highest doses. These data support the
      involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the regulation of male sexual behavior,
      specifically by facilitating sexual arousal, with no effects on ejaculatory
      threshold, as measured by intromission frequency. Yohimbine is the most globally
      effective agent and it is likely that factors other than yohimbine's alpha 2
      antagonism may play a role in its unique, consistent and broad behavioral
      effects.

PMID- 2891152
TI  - [Sex. The twilight of the myth of Adam and Eve?].

PMID- 2891153
TI  - Simultaneous bilateral foot reconstruction using a single radial forearm flap.
AB  - The radial forearm septocutaneous flap is an excellent source of thin tissue with
      an anatomically consistent network of large vessels that simplify microsurgical
      transfer. It may be divided into multiple flaps leaving a single donor-site
      defect. The clinical usefulness of this concept is demonstrated in a single case
      in which simultaneous coverage of electrical burns of both feet was required.

PMID- 2891154
TI  - Amebic liver abscess: diagnosis and treatment evaluation with MR imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance images were obtained before and after treatment in 17 patients
      with 29 amebic liver abscesses. Pretreatment T1-weighted images showed a sharply
      circumscribed, heterogeneous, low-signal-intensity mass, devoid of normal hepatic
      tissue and corresponding to the abscess cavity as measured sonographically. T2
      weighted images showed the abscess cavity as a hyperintense region and also
      showed a larger region of hyperintensity extending from the cavity margins to the
      liver surface, corresponding to edematous but morphologically normal liver
      tissue. After treatment, the abscess cavity became homogeneously hypointense on
      T1-weighted images, corresponding to liquefaction of the abscess center. With
      successful treatment, concentric rings corresponding to (a) an inner margin of
      inflamed granulation tissue, (b) bands of type I collagen, and (c) the outer
      margin of atrophic and/or mildly inflamed liver tissue became prominent on T1-
      and T2-weighted images. T2-weighted images showed rapid resolution of the
      perifocal hepatic edema.

PMID- 2891155
TI  - Chromatographic characterization of dynorphin and [Leu5]enkephalin
      immunoreactivity in guinea pig and rat testis.
AB  - Tissues of the reproductive tract have been shown to contain mRNAs coding for pro
      opiomelanocortin (POMC), pro-enkephalin and pro-dynorphin. However, the amounts
      of immunoreactive opioid peptides in these tissues are low, and in the case of
      the enkephalins and dynorphin, the molecular species responsible for the
      immunoreactivities have not been characterized. The chromatographic properties of
      dynorphin and enkephalin immunoreactivities in extracts of guinea pig and rat
      testis have therefore been determined. Dynorphin A and dynorphin B
      immunoreactivity was heterogeneous, with a significant amount attributable to
      high-molecular-weight forms. About 20% of the dynorphin A immunoreactivity, and
      about 40% of the dynorphin B immunoreactivity, in guinea pig testis extracts
      behaved as authentic dynorphin A or B, respectively during fractionation by ion
      exchange, gel filtration and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both high-
      and low-molecular-weight forms of [Leu5]enkephalin immunoreactivity were also
      present, with roughly 50-70% of the immunoreactivity attributable to low
      molecular-weight forms. In extracts of guinea pig testis only a small part of
      this immunoreactivity eluted as authentic [Leu5]enkephalin during high
      performance liquid chromatography. In rat testis most of the low-molecular-weight
      [Leu5]enkephalin immunoreactivity behaved as the authentic peptide. These results
      confirm that opioid peptides are produced in guinea pig and rat testis, and
      demonstrate that immunoreactive forms of the peptides similar to those found in
      brain and pituitary are present in the tissue.

PMID- 2891156
TI  - [Testicular autotransplant--microsurgical technic].

PMID- 2891157
TI  - [Facilitation of endotracheal intubation with vecuronium after using previous
      doses for priming neuromuscular transmission].

PMID- 2891158
TI  - [Continuous epidural perfusion of morphine by a pump for postoperative
      analgesia].

PMID- 2891159
TI  - [Fazadinium and presynaptic effects].

PMID- 2891160
TI  - [Gastrointestinal pathology following orthotopic transplantation of the liver in
      the pig].

PMID- 2891161
TI  - [Effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on gastric secretion: experimental study
      in dogs].

PMID- 2891162
TI  - Effects of wheat bran on exocrine pancreas secretion in the pig.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of wheat bran consumption on
      exocrine pancreas secretion in pigs. Sixteen Large-White pigs were divided into
      two groups. The first group (control) was fed a diet without wheat bran and the
      second one (experimental) a diet containing 40% wheat bran. After one week the
      animals were fitted with two permanent fistulae (in the pancreatic duct and the
      duodenum) and/or with a catheter in a carotid artery. After an 8-day recovery
      period, pancreatic secretion (volume, protein content and output, chymotrypsin,
      trypsin, lipase and amylase activities) and plasma levels of some gastro
      intestinal peptides [secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP), somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)] were measured over
      an experimental period of 5 days. The results show that wheat bran intake induced
      an increase in the volume (+ 115%) and protein output (+ 36%) of the pancreatic
      juice secreted in a 24-hour period, whereas protein concentration decreased. All
      enzyme activities were enhanced by wheat bran. The plasma levels of secretin,
      VIP, somatostatin and PP were higher in the experimental than in the control
      group. On the contrary, plasma CCK levels were not affected by wheat bran
      consumption.

PMID- 2891164
TI  - [Current thinking on the chemical transmission of information in the
      neuroendocrine system].

PMID- 2891163
TI  - Production and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies directed against the K88
      fimbrial adhesin produced by Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic for piglets.
AB  - Fifty murine monoclonal antibodies were produced against a purified preparation
      of K88ab antigen. Two monoclonal antibodies were selected for further studies
      together with a monoclonal antibody directed against the c region of K88 (5CA3).
      Monoclonal antibody K88-13 bound to all K88+ Escherichia coli examined, whereas
      K88-18 and 5CA3 bound to K88ab+ and K88ac+ strains, respectively. The monoclonal
      antibodies failed to react with K88+ E coli grown at 18 degrees C or with K88- E
      coli grown at 37 degrees C or 18 degrees C. Binding of monoclonal antibody K88-13
      to K88 antigen was blocked by OK antisera to G7 (O8:K87 K88ab) and Abbotstown
      (O149:K91 K88ac), whereas absorbed antisera to K88b, c and d had no effect.
      Monoclonal K88-18 was inhibited by OK G7 antiserum and absorbed antiserum to
      K88b. One hundred and forty-nine strains of K88+ E coli representing seven
      somatic O groups were agglutinated by antibody K88-13; 142 of these, from at
      least six somatic O groups were agglutinated by 5CA3 and the remainder by K88-18.
      Monoclonal antibody K88-13 bound to cryostat sections of ileum from piglets
      infected with E coli strains Abbotstown and G7. K88-18 and 5CA3 bound only to
      sections from piglets infected with G7 and Abbotstown strains, respectively. It
      is concluded that monoclonal antibody K88-13 recognises an epitope on the a
      region of K88 while monoclonal antibody K88-18 is directed towards the b region.
      These monoclonal antibodies together with 5CA3 can be used to routinely identify
      K88+ E coli isolates.

PMID- 2891165
TI  - [New concepts of synaptic functioning].

PMID- 2891166
TI  - [Environmental hygiene activities in the present century and their reflection in
      the pages of the Revista Medico-Chirurgicala].

PMID- 2891167
TI  - [Fibronectin in pathology].

PMID- 2891168
TI  - [Present status and perspectives in immunologic therapy].

PMID- 2891169
TI  - [Current data regarding new positive inotropic drugs].

PMID- 2891170
TI  - [Treatment of the hypertensive crisis. I].

PMID- 2891171
TI  - [Beta adrenergic blockers as anti-arrhythmia agents].

PMID- 2891172
TI  - [Socio-professional and familial integration of patients with insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus type I].

PMID- 2891173
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of quinidine following the administration of a single
      intravenous dose or single and repeated oral doses in human subjects].

PMID- 2891174
TI  - [Bidimensional echocardiographic exploration in the evaluation of the sequelae of
      myocardial infarction and its complications].

PMID- 2891175
TI  - [Immunologic abnormalities, quantitative and qualitative, in chronic active liver
      disease].

PMID- 2891176
TI  - [Ultrastructural aspects of cells in Hodgkin's lesions].

PMID- 2891177
TI  - [Immunologic changes in patients with urinary infection].

PMID- 2891178
TI  - [Beta adrenergic receptor agonists in hospital practice].

PMID- 2891179
TI  - Kinetic parameters of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat's preoptic region during
      sleep deprivation and recovery induced by ambient temperature.
AB  - The role of catecholaminergic mechanisms in determining the changes in the rat's
      preoptic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration during sleep
      deprivation and recovery induced by ambient temperature was investigated in the
      present study. To this end, the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate
      limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, was measured in the preoptic
      region of rats maintained in: (a) control (22 degrees C for 52 h), (b)
      deprivation (-10 degrees C for 52 h), and (c) recovery (22 degrees C for 4 h
      after 48 h at -10 degrees C) conditions. The enzyme followed a Michaelis-Menten
      kinetic. The analysis of substrate-related kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) did
      not show any clear-cut difference between experimental conditions, which, as
      already known, induce both sleep deprivation and recovery in relation to
      significant cAMP changes.

PMID- 2891180
TI  - Molecular basis of bacterial adhesion in the oral cavity.
AB  - The two varieties of fimbriae identified on oral strains of actinomyces have
      distinct functional properties. The type 1 fimbriae of Actinomyces viscosus T14V
      mediate attachment to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite. Type 2 fimbriae--on A.
      viscosus and the only fimbriae detected on A. naeslundii WVU45--are associated
      with lectin activity. Interaction of these fimbriae with complementary receptors
      initiates bacterial attachment to Streptococcus sanguis 34 and sialidase-treated
      epithelial cells and the killing of actinomyces by polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMNs). Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and related oligosaccharides
      inhibit these processes, and mutants lacking type 2 fimbriae do not participate
      in them. The actinomyces lectin is similar to lectins from Ricinus communis and
      Bauhinia purpurea that agglutinate certain strains of oral streptococci, block
      attachment of actinomyces to epithelial cells, and inhibit killing of actinomyces
      by PMNs. The S. sanguis receptor for the actinomyces lectin comprises repeating
      hexasaccharide units with GalNAc termini. Used as probes, the peanut agglutinin,
      with specificity for Gal(beta-3)GalNAc, and the lectin from B. purpurea detect a
      160-kilodalton (kdal) band in SDS-PAGE-separated epithelial cell extracts and a
      100-kdal band in PMN extracts. These may be receptors for type 2 fimbriae. A.
      viscosus genes encoding subunits of types 1 and 2 fimbriae have been cloned in
      Escherichia coli; the type 1 subunit is 65 kdal and the type 2 subunit is 59
      kdal. Submandibular immunization of mice with a mixture of type 1 and type 2
      fimbriae evokes the production of IgA and IgG antibodies in serum and saliva that
      inhibit in vitro adsorption of A. viscosus to SHA. These antibodies may modulate
      colonization of teeth by this organism.

PMID- 2891181
TI  - [Current status of tuberculosis therapy at the 10th Congress of U.S.S.R.
      phthisiologists. (Kharkov, 1-3 October 1986)].

PMID- 2891182
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on liver blood flow and liver metabolic activity in
      patients with cirrhosis.
AB  - In a group of 10 patients with cirrhosis, protal hypertension, and previous
      gastro-intestinal bleedings, hepatic plasma flow, indocyanine green clearance and
      intrinsic hepatic clearance were determined before and during i.v. infusion of
      somatostatin (7.5 micrograms/min). The same study protocol was performed in a
      further seven patients with cirrhosis infused with placebo. All these parameters
      were significantly decreased by the drug (p less than 0.05; less than 0.01; less
      than 0.01, respectively) mean decrease being 12, 9 and 8%, respectively, while no
      significant change occurred in the placebo-infused patients. These data indicate
      that somatostatin infused at a dose of 7.5 micrograms/min in cirrhotics provokes
      a slight decrease in hepatic plasma flow and in liver metabolic activity. This
      effect may contribute to further decrease hepatic removal of harmful substances
      and may increase systemic concentration of drugs metabolized by the liver.

PMID- 2891183
TI  - Relative selectivity of different beta-adrenoceptor antagonists for human heart
      beta 1- and beta 2-receptor subtypes assayed by a radioligand binding technique.
AB  - The affinity constants of inhibition (Ki values) for both beta 1- and beta 2
      receptor subtypes were determined for four different beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists by a radioligand binding technique in a human myocardial membrane
      preparation. The radioligand was the high affinity antagonist [125I]-(-)
      iodocyanopindolol (ICYP), and the drugs tested were atenolol, metoprolol, ICI
      141,292 and ICI 118,551. Different concentrations of the drugs at test were
      allowed to compete with a constant concentration of ICYP for the specific binding
      sites (beta-receptors). Ki values for beta 1- and beta 2-receptors for each beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist were developed from these data by computer calculations.
      Atenolol and metoprolol were found to differ slightly regarding potency (absolute
      Ki values) and to be practically equal regarding relative selectivity (approx.
      40; i.e. ratio between high and low Ki values), while ICI 141,292 was found to
      have slightly higher relative selectivity (approx. 60) and much higher potency.
      All these drugs exhibited highest affinity for the beta 1-receptor population. In
      contrast, ICI 118,551 exhibited a very high relative selectivity (approx. 300)
      with highest affinity for the beta 2-receptor subtype. The method represents a
      good supplement to physiological and clinical examinations of selectivity of beta
      blockers, and offers several advantages regarding simplicity, specificity and
      accuracy.

PMID- 2891184
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of a long-acting somatostatin analogue in patients with
      liver cirrhosis.
AB  - The influence of SMS 201-995 (octreotide, Sandostatin), a long-acting
      somatostatin analogue, on splanchnic haemodynamics was studied in 15 patients
      with liver cirrhosis and in 5 healthy individuals before, during, and after 60
      min of intravenous SMS infusion (25 and 50 micrograms/h, respectively). No
      adverse effects of the SMS infusion were seen. In the basal state the estimated
      hepatic blood flow was 1.04 +/- 0.08 l/min (mean +/- SE) in the patients and 1.62
      +/- 0.09 l/min (P less than 0.001) in the controls. At 15 min after the beginning
      of the infusion the blood flow had already decreased by 15-30% (P less than 0.05
      0.01). The reduction was more marked in controls than in patients, and it
      persisted in both groups during and for 60 min after the infusion. Wedged hepatic
      venous pressure, measured in the patients, was 20 +/- 2 mmHg in the basal state
      and 18 +/- 1 mmHg during the infusion (P less than 0.05), and it remained at this
      level for 60 min after the infusion. Free hepatic venous pressure was unchanged
      throughout the study. Splanchnic oxygen uptake was similar in the two groups in
      the basal state and remained unaltered during and after SMS infusion. Both heart
      rate and arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged during
      SMS administration. In summary, SMS infusion results in a fall in hepatic blood
      flow and a slight but significant decrease in wedged hepatic venous pressure,
      whereas no effect was noted on the systemic circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891185
TI  - Circulating immunoreactive somatostatin in gastrointestinal diseases. Decrease
      after vagotomy and enhancement in active ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel
      syndrome, and duodenal ulcer.
AB  - The main source of circulating immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) seems to be the
      gastrointestinal tract. We therefore investigated plasma IRS in patients with
      various gastrointestinal diseases. Mean basal IRS oscillated between 46 and 73
      pg/ml. A postprandial rise was observed in all patients and age-matched controls.
      However, the increment was significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer
      (159 +/- 20 pg/ml), active ulcerative colitis (176 +/- 17 pg/ml), and irritable
      bowel syndrome (194.4 +/- 20.4 pg/ml). Patients with duodenal ulcers who
      underwent vagotomy showed a decreased postprandial increment (107 +/- 10 pg/ml)
      when compared with active duodenal ulcer patients. No difference was demonstrable
      between controls and individuals with gastric ulcer, and patients with inactive
      ulcerative colitis. These results suggest that vagal innervation plays a role in
      postprandial IRS stimulation, whereas gastric hyperacidity, acute lesions of the
      colonic mucosa, and hypermotility of the gastrointestinal tract are associated
      with an exaggerated postprandial IRS response. Since somatostatin is known to
      influence many gastrointestinal functions, these variations in circulating IRS
      concentrations may be of pathophysiologic importance.

PMID- 2891186
TI  - The use of a long-acting somatostatin analogue in the treatment of advanced
      endocrine malignancies with gastrointestinal symptoms.
AB  - Four patients with advanced endocrine malignancies were treated with a
      somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) for palliation of hormone-induced symptoms
      during 3-6 months. Two had the carcinoid syndrome (one midgut and one foregut),
      one had medullary thyroid carcinoma and an ectopic ACTH syndrome, and one patient
      had a metastatic gastrinoma. The carcinoid patients had excellent symptomatic
      relief with a low dose of the drug, 50 micrograms subcutaneously twice daily, in
      one case despite progression of tumour disease and biochemical tumour markers.
      These findings indicate an action of the drug not only on hormonal release but
      also at peripheral sites. The patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma had relief
      of gastrointestinal symptoms when the drug dose was increased (100 micrograms
      twice daily). The levels of ACTH in peripheral blood were reduced, but not the
      calcitonin levels. The gastrinoma patient had undergone a major pancreatic
      resection (Whipple procedure) and was treated with omeprazole. SMS 201-995
      reduced the peripheral gastrin levels acutely, but during the treatment fasting
      gastrin values increased, and the tumour growth progressed. Treatment was stopped
      owing to elevated fasting glucose level, increased steatorrhoea, and clinical
      attacks of cholangitis. Special attention is advocated for patients with major
      pancreatic resection and biliary reconstruction, who may be susceptible to
      physiological effects of somatostatin (or its analogues)--that is, impaired
      insulin release and decreased motility.

PMID- 2891187
TI  - [The disseminated endocrine system of man. A contribution of pathology].
AB  - The disseminated (or diffuse) endocrine system is composed of many single cells
      and small groups of cells disseminated in the whole organism, capable of
      producing biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones. They are also called APUD
      cells and were first detected in the mucosa of the intestinal tract, where they
      occur in highest concentration. Carcinoids are tumors of disseminated endocrine
      cells which sometime retain their hormone-producing capacity. These hormones are
      key factors in the control of numerous bodily functions; some are transported by
      way of the bloodstream, while others probably exercise their functions only
      within the tissue immediately adjacent to the producing cells (paracrine
      function). It is an interesting fact that almost identical hormones are found
      within the brain and within the peripheral autonomic nervous system, where they
      act as neural transmitters.

PMID- 2891189
TI  - Transmission of AIDS virus.

PMID- 2891188
TI  - A new prosomatostatin-derived peptide reveals a pattern for prohormone cleavage
      at monobasic sites.
AB  - Cleavage of the peptide bonds of preprosomatostatin at basic residues near the
      carboxyl terminus yields somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28, and somatostatin-28 (1
      12). However, little is known about the molecular forms derived from the amino
      terminal portion of the precursor, even though this part of the prohormone is
      highly conserved through evolution. By using an antibody against the amino
      terminus of prosomatostatin, a decapeptide with the structure Ala-Pro-Ser-Asp-Pro
      Arg-Leu-Arg-Gln-Phe, corresponding to preprosomatostatin (25-34), was isolated
      from the endocrine portion of the rat stomach, the gastric antrum. The antral
      decapeptide may represent a bioactive product generated from prosomatostatin
      after a monobasic cleavage similar to that involved in the formation of
      somatostatin-28. In fact, a monobasic cleavage requires two basic residues and a
      domain containing nonpolar amino acids such as alanine or leucine, or both.

PMID- 2891190
TI  - Quantal release of transmitter is not associated with channel opening on the
      neuronal membrane.
AB  - The traditional view that quantal release of neurotransmitter results from the
      fusion of transmitter-containing vesicles with the neuronal membrane has been
      recently challenged. Although various alternative mechanisms have been proposed,
      a common element among them is the release of cytoplasmic transmitter, which, in
      one view, could occur through large conductance channels on the presynaptic
      membrane. Six nerve-muscle cell pairs were examined with a whole-cell patch clamp
      for the presence of such channels that are associated with the production of
      miniature end-plate potentials. Examination of the neuronal membrane current
      during the occurrence of 822 miniature end-plate potentials produced no evidence
      of large channels. Thus it is unlikely that quantal release is mediated by such
      channels in the neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2891191
TI  - Noncovalent and covalent interactions of thrombospondin with polymerizing fibrin.

PMID- 2891192
TI  - [Reconstructive surgery in post-traumatic soft tissue damage of the lower leg and
      foot].

PMID- 2891193
TI  - [Rapid and sensitive assay of monoamine transmitters and their metabolites in
      biological samples using high performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection].

PMID- 2891194
TI  - Neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumor of the lung and type I multiple endocrine
      neoplasia.
AB  - We have described a case of MEN-I in association with a benign pulmonary
      carcinoid tumor. Two other members of our patient's family also had MEN-I and
      benign carcinoid or adenomatous lung tumors. Hormonal assays of our patient's
      carcinoid lesion showed the production of gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide,
      neurotensin, and somatostatin, but not serotonin, a hormonal profile distinct
      from those previously reported in carcinoid lung tumors unassociated with MEN-I.

PMID- 2891195
TI  - [Changes in the levels of cyclic nucleotides and various neuromediators in
      alcoholic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2891196
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers--to treat or not to treat?

PMID- 2891197
TI  - A longitudinal study of asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic zymodemes of
      Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - The value of treating subjects who pass Entamoeba histolytica cysts in their
      faeces is currently in question. In the endemic Durban area iso-enzyme
      electrophoresis of E. histolytica isolates indicated that 1% of the asymptomatic
      population are infected with pathogenic zymodemes. The outcome of these
      potentially invasive infections was established by means of a longitudinal
      survey. All subjects had strongly positive serological responses--10% of them
      developed amoebic colitis while the rest remained asymptomatic and spontaneous
      cure occurred within 1 year. Infections with pathogenic zymodemes occurred in
      family units and closely related individuals. Since they were cyst passers, good
      evidence was obtained for the existence of a carrier state for pathogenic E.
      histolytica. The value of sero-epidemiological surveys in determining the
      prevalence of pathogenic E. histolytica in a community was highlighted. Treatment
      of asymptomatic carriers with pathogenic zymodemes of E. histolytica is as
      essential as treatment of patients with invasive amoebiasis, and in both cases
      all contacts of affected individuals must also be treated if they are found to
      harbour pathogenic zymodemes of E. histolytica in order to ensure control of
      disease transmission.

PMID- 2891198
TI  - Takayasu's aorto-arteritis. A report of 11 cases at King Edward VIII Hospital,
      Durban.
AB  - Eleven cases of histologically confirmed Takayasu's aorto-arteritis seen at King
      Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, are presented. The morphological features of the
      various histological stages are highlighted. The anatomical distribution of
      lesions is also discussed.

PMID- 2891199
TI  - Myocardial ischaemia--metabolism and its modification.
AB  - Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) kills by myocardial failure or by the sudden
      development of lethal ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation.
      Impaired coronary flow causes myocardial ischaemia, which acutely predisposes to
      ventricular fibrillation. If ischaemia is sustained, it may develop into cell
      necrosis (myocardial infarction). All these clinical manifestations of IHD depend
      on myocardial metabolic changes which in turn can be modified by pharmacological
      manipulation such as beta-adrenergic blockade or by reperfusion. The mechanism of
      reperfusion injury appears to be metabolic in origin, related either to free
      radicals or excess accumulation of cytosolic calcium.

PMID- 2891200
TI  - Caudal block for analgesia after paediatric inguinal surgery.
AB  - Two hundred and eleven children aged 1-5 years were studied after undergoing
      herniorrhaphy or orchiopexy. In 111 cases a caudal block was used for
      postoperative analgesia. This was administered immediately after induction of
      anaesthesia, using bupivacaine 0.25% plain (0.7 ml/kg lean body mass), and was
      successful in 100 patients. A mean analgesic level (+/- SE) of T9.9 +/- 0.47 was
      achieved (range L2-T6). In 5 cases no block occurred and in 6 the level was below
      T12. The other 100 children acted as controls. Behaviour patterns were more
      restful in the caudal block group on awakening and less opiate was required
      during the first 5 postoperative hours. No complications resulted.

PMID- 2891201
TI  - Effect of parathyroidectomy in patients with hyperparathyroidism, Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome, and multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: a prospective study.
AB  - This study evaluates prospectively the effect of parathyroidectomy on basal acid
      output (BAO), maximal acid output (MAO), fasting serum gastrin, secretin
      stimulated serum gastrin, and sensitivity to antisecretory medication in 10
      consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome (ZES), and multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I). After
      parathyroidectomy, 9 of 10 patients remained normocalcemic, and each had a lower
      BAO; 6 of 9 no longer had gastric acid hypersecretion (less than 15 mEq/hr).
      Seven of 9 normocalcemic patients had a lower MAO, and a decrease in fasting
      serum gastrin. Two patients showed no evidence of ZES, a normal BAO, normal
      fasting serum gastrin concentration, and a negative secretin response after
      parathyroidectomy. Parathyroidectomy also reduced the dose of histamine H2
      receptor antagonist required to control gastric acid secretion in 60% of
      patients. After successful parathyroidectomy three patients were studied for drug
      sensitivity, and each had greater acid inhibition with a given dose of histamine
      H2-receptor antagonist than preoperatively. One patient remained hypercalcemic
      after surgery and had no change in BAO, MAO, or gastrin. All patients with
      postoperative normocalcemia will have a lower BAO, 80% a lower MAO, 80% a
      decreased fasting serum gastrin, and 33% a negative secretin test. Antisecretory
      medication dose can be reduced because patients have reduced BAO and increased
      sensitivity to histamine H2-receptor antagonist. The study supports
      parathyroidectomy as the initial surgical procedure of choice in patients with
      PHP, ZES, and MEN-I.

PMID- 2891202
TI  - Somatostatin analogue inhibition of isolated parietal cell secretion.
AB  - Somatostatin, somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF), is a regulatory
      peptide that has proved to directly inhibit parietal cell acid secretion.
      However, the therapeutic usefulness of SRIF has been limited by a brief plasma
      half-life. Several analogues of SRIF that are effective in suppressing acid
      secretion in vivo have been developed. This study was undertaken to compare the
      effects of SRIF and two analogues, SMS 201-995 and L-363,568, on in vitro acid
      secretion. We used isolated rabbit parietal cells prepared by collagenase
      digestion and counterflow elutriation. Acid secretion was assessed by the
      accumulation of 14C-aminopyrine within the cells. Two types of secretagogues were
      utilized: histamine (10(-6) mol/L), a membrane receptor agonist which acts by
      means of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP, and forskolin (10(-6) mol/L), a direct
      activator of adenylate cyclase. SRIF, SMS 201-995, and L-363,568 (10(-11) to 10(
      7) mol/L) all significantly inhibited histamine-stimulated 14C-AP uptake (p less
      than 0.001). On a molar basis, SMS 201-995 was 10 times more potent and L-363,568
      was 40 times more potent than SRIF. SRIF, SMS 201-995, and L-363,568
      significantly inhibited forskolin-stimulated 14C-AP uptake (p less than 0.005).
      The inhibitory effects of SRIF and both analogues on forskolin-stimulated acid
      secretion was, however, significantly less than that observed with histamine (p
      less than 0.05). These results demonstrate increased in vitro potency of SRIF
      analogues compared with the native peptide. The data are consistent with the
      hypothesis that SRIF and its analogues function at more than one site within the
      parietal cell.

PMID- 2891203
TI  - Passage of somatostatin analogue across human and mouse skin.
AB  - Recent studies have documented beneficial effects of the somatostatin analogue,
      SMS 201-995 (hereafter referred to as SMS), when administered subcutaneously to
      patients with a variety of disorders. Since SMS is a small peptide, we tested the
      ability of two penetrant enhancers--dimethylsulfoxide and N-decylmethylsulfoxide
      (C10MS)--to promote transcutaneous passage of SMS. Samples of skin from human
      cadavers and hairless mice were tested in a static diffusion chamber. Application
      of SMS in conjunction with 1% C10MS resulted in rapid transdermal passage of SMS.
      These data were confirmed for hairless mouse skin in experiments with a modified
      diffusion chamber having continuous flow-through of receptor fluid in the
      subdermal reservoir. In this system, the cumulative amount of SMS that permeated
      hairless mouse skin was 20 micrograms/cm2/24 hours. Topical application of SMS
      with C10MS beneath a patch to mice confirmed in vitro data. Topical application
      of 10 micrograms of SMS resulted in plasma SMS levels of greater than 8,000 pg/ml
      within 2 hours. We conclude that SMS will cross both human and mouse skin, with a
      clinically significant flux, when administered topically with C10MS. The data
      support the feasibility of in vivo human trials of topical SMS therapy.

PMID- 2891204
TI  - Effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on molecular species of gastrin in
      gastrinoma.
AB  - Somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) has been shown to decrease total serum
      gastrin in patients with gastrinoma; however, the gastrin level rarely returns to
      normal, despite the near-complete inhibition of acid secretion. This implies that
      SMS may have an inhibitory action on the biologically active molecular species of
      gastrin and have little effect on biologically inactive species. To test this
      hypothesis, we determined the effect of SMS on the molecular species of gastrin
      in eight patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Serum obtained before
      treatment and 6 hours and 18 hours after treatment (SMS 1 microgram/kg,
      subcutaneously) was sampled and assayed for molecular species of gastrin by means
      of gel filtration chromatography and fractional quantitation of gastrin species
      by radioimmunoassay. There was a significant decrease in the amount of G-34 and G
      17 species. BBG and G-14 decreased, a change not significant at 6 hours but
      significant 18 hours after SMS. The distribution of the various molecular species
      as a percent of total immunoreactive gastrin was analyzed before and after SMS.
      There was a shift in the distribution of the molecular species, so that 6 hours
      after SMS treatment nearly 50% of total gastrin activity was accounted for by BBG
      and component I. SMS seems to have a different potency to inhibit release of the
      various gastrin molecular species. This observation may explain the failure of
      total gastrin levels to return to normal after SMS treatment in patients with the
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

PMID- 2891205
TI  - [More candor in future national conferences].

PMID- 2891206
TI  - [From clinical nursing: long-term tube feeding can cause deficiency diseases].

PMID- 2891207
TI  - [Several features and mechanisms of lesions of the cardiovascular system in a
      severe course of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].
AB  - Peculiarities of lesions of the cardiovascular system were studied in 332
      patients with a grave course of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome. Deep
      cardiovascular disorders manifesting themselves in low or high arterial pressure,
      ECG changes, hemodynamic disorders in the greater and lesser circulation,
      disorder of the morphological structure of the myocardium and small vessel walls
      were revealed.

PMID- 2891208
TI  - [Beta blockade in acute myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2891209
TI  - Toxic effects of mosquito coil (a mosquito repellent) smoke on rats. I.
      Properties of the mosquito coil and its smoke.
AB  - The physical and chemical properties of the mosquito coil, a commonly used
      mosquito repellent in Asia and South America, were analysed. The smoke emitted
      from the burning mosquito coil consists of submicron particles (diameter less
      than 1 micron) coated with a considerable amount of heavy metals, allethrin and a
      wide range of organic vapors, such as phenol and o-cresol. Therefore, a lengthy
      exposure to this smoke will cause adverse effects on the consumers.

PMID- 2891210
TI  - Toxic effects of mosquito coil (a mosquito repellent) smoke on rats. II.
      Morphological changes of the respiratory system.
AB  - A group of 20 female albino rats was exposed to mosquito coil smoke, 8 h a day, 6
      days per week, for 60 days. An additional group receiving air exposure served as
      control. The smoke-exposed animals had a lower body weight than the controls.
      Smoke-induced histopathological lesions, including an inflammation of the
      tracheal epithelium, atelectasis of the lung parenchyma, emphysema, increase of
      alveolar macrophages in the alveolar space and perivascular infiltration of
      polymorphonuclear cells were observed in the experimental rats. An elevation of
      enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase,
      glutamate oxoacetate transaminase and acid phosphatase were found in the serum of
      the smoke-exposed rats indicating the enzymes were released from the damaged
      tissues into the blood stream.

PMID- 2891211
TI  - Effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS201-995) on cyclosporine levels.

PMID- 2891212
TI  - [Interhemisphere asymmetry of neuromediators in the brain of albino rats].
AB  - The presence of interhemispherical asymmetry in the content of acetylcholine,
      norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine is shown in experiments on albino rats.
      In this case no differences are observed in the acetylcholinesterase,
      monoamineoxidase and dopadecarboxylase activities in the left and right
      hemispheres. An assumption is advanced that neuromediatory interhemispherical
      asymmetry of the brain is connected with interhemispherical peculiarities of
      their storage, excretion and inverse capture. The data obtained should be taken
      into account in the study of pathogenesis of nervous-physical diseases and in the
      study of the mechanism of neurotropic drugs action.

PMID- 2891213
TI  - Sawfly poisoning in sheep and goats.
AB  - In September 1984 some sheep in a flock of 250 suffered depression, anorexia,
      incoordination and difficulty in rising; 50 ewes and weaners died. Post mortem
      examination revealed petechial bleeding, massive acute liver necrosis and in some
      animals degeneration of the kidney tubules. The rumen and gut contained many
      larvae of the blue-black birch sawfly (Arge pullata). Laboratory and field
      observations indicated that these were the cause of the illness.

PMID- 2891214
TI  - Protection of sheep against footrot with a recombinant DNA-based fimbrial
      vaccine.
AB  - Recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells containing the Bacteroides nodosus
      fimbrial subunit gene under the transcriptional control of a strong promoter
      produce large amounts of B. nodosus-type fimbriae. We have carried out
      vaccination trials which show that these fimbriae are just as effective as either
      natural fimbriae or whole cell preparations of B. nodosus in inducing protective
      immunity against homologous footrot challenge. The recombinant-produced fimbriae
      are also effective therapeutically in accelerating the rate of healing of pre
      existing footrot lesions. These results confirm that the structural subunit of
      the fimbrial strand is a primary protective antigen against footrot, and
      demonstrate the practicality and potential of recombinant DNA approaches to the
      development of new vaccines against B. nodosus and other Type 4 fimbriate
      pathogens.

PMID- 2891215
TI  - Early adrenal infection by herpes simplex virus type-1 (Miyama + GC strain):
      special reference to inoculation dose and spread from the adrenal to the central
      nervous system.
AB  - Male C3H/HeN mice, aged 5 weeks, were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with
      different doses (1 x 10(3), 1 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6) pfu) of the herpes
      simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) (Miyama + GC strain). The LD50 of this virus was
      10(2) pfu (i.p.) per mouse. All the mice in each group died 12 days after
      inoculation. Adrenal necrosis was found to be dose-dependent, the threshold dose
      being 5 x 10(5) pfu. In addition, encephalitis and inflammatory cell infiltration
      in abdominal ganglia appeared in 3-4 days after inoculation. By the plaque
      method, HSV-1 was detected first in the adrenal glands, then in neurons in the
      spinal cord and the brain. These findings suggest that in mice inoculated with
      doses of virus sufficient to infect the adrenal gland, HSV-1 spreads to the
      central nervous system through peripheral nerves after replication in the
      adrenal.

PMID- 2891216
TI  - Establishment of a new human thyroid medullary carcinoma cell line. Morphological
      studies.
AB  - A new human medullary carcinoma cell line has been established from a thyroid
      tumor removed from a 76-year-old female patient. The cultured cells grew in
      suspension, formed round islands and did not attach to the plastic dish. The
      doubling time of 48 h is the shortest recorded for C-cell lines. Ultrastructural
      studies disclosed that the cells had a few short profiles of rough endoplasmic
      reticulum, numerous ribosomes and polyribosomes, a poorly developed Golgi
      apparatus and small secretory granules (75 nm in mean diameter).
      Immunohistochemical staining for somatostatin was positive. These results show
      that, compared with previously established C-cell lines, this cell line has a
      rapid growth rate, is morphologically less differentiated, but retains a hormone
      production potential.

PMID- 2891217
TI  - Mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat following unilateral
      nephrectomy and compensatory renal growth.
AB  - The nephropathy induced by mercuric chloride was assessed in unilaterally
      nephrectomized (NPX) and sham-operated (SO) rats using histological and
      urinalysis techniques. This assessment was carried out in order to test whether
      or not rats are more susceptible to the nephrotoxic effects of mercuric chloride
      after unilateral nephrectomy and a period allowing for compensatory renal growth.
      Twelve days after surgery both NPX and SO rats were given a single 1.5, 2.0 or
      2.5 mumol/kg dose of mercuric chloride (i.v.). Twenty-four hours after the 1.5 or
      2.0 mumol/kg dose of mercuric chloride was administered, cellular and tubular
      necrosis in the pars recta segments of proximal tubules in the outer medulla was
      more severe in NPX rats than in SO rats. Moreover, the urinary excretion of a
      number of cellular enzymes (e.g. lactate dehydrogenase) and plasma solutes (e.g.
      albumin) was greater in NPX rats than in SO rats. At the 2.5 mumol/kg dose of
      mercuric chloride, renal tubular damage was quite extensive in both groups of
      rats; to such an extent that possible differences in renal tubular damage between
      the NPX and SO rats could not be determined histologically. However, the urinary
      excretion of alanine aminopeptidase was greater in the NPX rats than in the SO
      rats. Therefore, based on the aforementioned findings, rats that have undergone
      and adapted to a reduction in renal mass (i.e. unilateral nephrectomy) appear to
      be more vulnerable to the nephrotoxic effects of mercuric chloride than rats with
      two normal kidneys.

PMID- 2891218
TI  - Gap junction ultrastructure in rat liver parenchymal cells after in vivo
      ischemia.
AB  - The ultrastructure of gap junctions between rat liver parenchymal cells has been
      studied after in vivo ischemia, with and without subsequent blood reflow. Freeze
      fracture replicas were analysed by electron microscopic observation, optical
      diffraction and morphometric analysis. In control specimens gap junction
      connexons were widely dispersed and arranged in nearly random fashion over nearly
      the whole junctional area, with only minute spots of hexagonal connexon
      arrangement. An ischemic period of 30 min, from which the vast majority of cells
      are capable of recovery after restoration of the blood supply, usually entails
      only a slight enlargement of the areas of hexagonally arranged connexons. After
      120 min of ischemia without reflow, which results in necrosis of most parenchymal
      cells, all gap junctions showed a completely hexagonal arrangement of connexons.
      The numerical density of connexons after 30 and 120 min of ischemia without
      reflow was significantly higher than in controls, whereas after 30 min of
      ischemia followed by 2 h of reflow the numerical density had returned to control
      levels. A fully hexagonal arrangement of gap junction connexons, as occurs after
      longer periods of ischemia, seems to be related to irreversible cell damage and
      presumably to metabolic uncoupling of cells. This was preceded by an increase in
      the numerical density of connexons, which is probably a reversible phenomenon.

PMID- 2891219
TI  - Necrotizing activity of tumor necrosis factor: histopathological investigation
      using Meth A sarcoma and granulation tissue.
AB  - The action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was investigated histopathologically in
      mice using methylcholanthrene A (Meth A)-induced sarcomas and granulation tissue
      induced by autotransplantation of fragments of liver and spleen. Highly purified
      murine TNF caused hemorrhagic necrosis of both the tumors and the granulation
      tissue. Proliferation of tumor capillaries, demonstrated microangiographically,
      occurred 2 h after TNF administration and hyperemia of tumor vessels was obvious
      after 3-6 h. Hyperemia and capillary leakage were also observed in the
      granulation tissue 6 h after TNF injection and hemorrhage was noted in the
      epidermis after 12 h. These results strongly suggest that the in vivo necrotizing
      action of TNF is mainly related to capillary injury.

PMID- 2891220
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of decreased L-pyruvate kinase in enzyme
      altered rat liver lesions produced by different carcinogens.
AB  - Preneoplastic liver lesions were produced in female Wistar rats by application of
      25 mg/kg N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM), 14 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine (DENA), 0.075
      mg/kg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or 160 mg/kg safrole. These carcinogens were
      administered in two equal doses 12 and 24 h after partial hepatectomy. The
      animals then received sodium phenobarbital (0.1% in tap water) for up to 410
      days. Numerous altered hepatic foci (AHF) and hyperplastic nodules (HN) were
      detected enzyme histochemically by their negative ATPase reaction after
      application of AFB1, DENA and NNM; some AHF and HN were also caused by the weak
      carcinogen safrole. Immunohistochemically these lesions were also L-pyruvate
      kinase (L-PK)-negative with a high coincidence with regard to their number and
      area. These results confirm the role of L-PK, an enzyme affecting the pentose
      phosphate pathway, as a negative marker of preneoplastic liver lesions.

PMID- 2891221
TI  - Rat renal carcinogenesis after chronic simultaneous exposure to lead acetate and
      N-nitrosodiethylamine.
AB  - Chronic oral administration of lead acetate and/or N-nitrosodiethylamine to rats
      produces three different types of renal cell tumors composed of basophilic,
      chromophobic or oncocytic cells. The most frequent tumor, often visible
      macroscopically, is made up of basophilic cells and forms tubular, cystic, pseudo
      papillary or solid structures; it may show considerable cellular atypia but does
      not metastasize or invade the surrounding parenchyma. Chromophobic and oncocytic
      tumors are rare and can only be detected with the microscope; they usually form
      cystic or solid structures. Basophilic and chromophobic tumors arise from
      specific segments of the proximal tubules, characteristic for each carcinogen:
      P2, P3C and P3M for lead acetate; P2 and P3C for N-nitrosodiethylamine.
      Karyomegalia in proximal tubule cells appears to be irrelevant in renal
      carcinogenesis. However, the appearance of basophilic and chromophobic cells in
      P2, P3C and P3M segments is considered to be an early change in tumor
      development. Oncocytic microadenomas originate from collecting ducts showing
      focal oncocytic transformation. Synergistic or inhibitory effects are not
      observed after chronic simultaneous administration of lead acetate and N
      nitrosodiethylamine, although both carcinogens act in common on P2 and P3C
      proximal tubule segments.

PMID- 2891222
TI  - [Detection of foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Estonian SSR].
AB  - Examination by the enzyme-immunoassay of organs of 10 small mammal species
      trapped in different landscape zones of the Estonian SSR revealed the presence of
      HFRS virus antigen in organs of bank voles and field mice. Radioimmunoassay
      studies of serum specimens from donors demonstrated the presence of antibody to
      HFRS virus in 2.54% of those examined.

PMID- 2891225
TI  - [Age specific frequency effects in a psychophysical reference system test].

PMID- 2891226
TI  - [Schizophrenic thought disorders. Identification of parameters of reasoning
      processes for computer-assisted diagnostic findings in psychiatric diagnosis.
      II].

PMID- 2891224
TI  - [Treatment of duodenal ulcer with famotidine].
AB  - In a prospective double blind study the efficacy and safety of the new H2
      receptor antagonist famotidine was compared with ranitidine. 48 patients with
      endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer were randomly allocated to receive
      famotidine 40 mg once at night, 20 mg bid, 40 mg bid or ranitidine 150 mg bid.
      After 4 weeks of treatment the ulcers of 7/12, 10/12, 9/12 and 6/12 patients were
      healed; the corresponding rates after 8 weeks were 9/12, 12/12, 11/12 and 10/12.
      Statistically there was no significant difference between the various groups.
      Adverse events of any clinical importance were not observed. These data indicate,
      that famotidine is as effective and as safe as ranitidine for the treatment of
      acute duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2891223
TI  - Diabetes, dietary protein and glomerular hyperfiltration.
AB  - These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the
      Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from
      transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs Homer A. Boushey, Professor of Medicine,
      and David G. Warnock, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Dr
      Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of
      Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine,
      University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
      94143.

PMID- 2891227
TI  - [Dental injuries in children and adolescents--examination and diagnosis].

PMID- 2891228
TI  - [Effect of the TRH analog DN-1417 on the appearance of frontal midline theta
      activity (Fm0)].
AB  - The distinct 0 rhythm which appears in the frontal midline area during the
      performance of mental tasks is called Fm0. The appearance of Fm0 shows individual
      differences and a close relationship to the personality traits of the subject. It
      is also reported that administration of diazepam or alcohol brings about an
      increase of Fm0 along with lowering of the anxiety level. In the present study,
      the TRH analog DN-1417 (80 mg) was administered to 8 healthy male students for 15
      days. They were all extrovert in nature and had no great neurotic tendencies as
      measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). EEG recording,
      determination of the blood concentration of DN-1417, and Spielberger's State
      Trait Anxiety Inventory-I (STAI-I) were carried out before, during, and after
      drug administration. The appearance of Fm0 showed significant increase during and
      just after drug administration. As to anxiety, the STAI-I score showed no
      significant change. There was no correlation between blood concentration and Fm0.
      From these results, we considered that the change of appearance of Fm0 due to
      drug administration was not necessarily associated with change of the anxiety
      level, and that DN-1417, a DA releaser, increased the appearance of Fm0.

PMID- 2891229
TI  - Identification in blood stains through DNA typing with C4 and HLA-DR probes.
AB  - A restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using double digestion of DNA
      preparations with XbaI and BglII restriction enzymes and hybridization with C4
      and HLA-DR probes is described. The typing conditions selected reveal extensive
      individual variation in both C4 and DR gene regions. In our panel of 46 unrelated
      individuals, 37 different phenotypic patterns were recognized when both probes
      were used, and preliminary discriminative power values of 0.865 and 0.914 were
      calculated for C4 and DR beta, respectively. The probability of a chance match
      using both systems is probably about 1.5.10(-2). The potential of this method for
      individual identification of blood stains was demonstrated on DNA prepared from 6
      month-old dried blood stains from seven panel individuals. The seven individuals
      were all identified when comparing stain DNA patterns with panel control
      patterns. No RFLP pattern changes were observed following storage of blood
      stains. Based on these experiments with C4 and DR beta DNA typing under
      laboratory conditions, it is concluded that DNA typing with such probes may
      become a powerful tool in future stain identification analyses.

PMID- 2891230
TI  - [Clinical testis transplantation. Review of indications, surgical technic and
      results of auto-, allo- and isotransplantation].
AB  - Human testicular transplantation using microsurgical technique is gaining
      popularity. Since 10 years autotransplantation of the testis proved to be a
      surgical technique with a definitive place in the therapy of high abdominal
      cryptorchidism. It is a procedure to be employed in situations where appropriate
      mobilisation yields an ineffective orchidopexy. In a review of 130 cases in the
      literature a success rate of 87% is reported. The problems of diagnostic
      procedures, of the indication and the possibilities of ischemia protection are
      described. Iso- and allotransplantation of the human testis are reported from few
      centers, but the results are excellent. Therefore, the operative technique and
      the long-term results are described in detail.

PMID- 2891231
TI  - [Use of the peroxidase method of immunoenzyme analysis for detecting Clostridium
      perfringens cells].
AB  - The possibility of using the peroxidase method of the enzyme immunoassay for the
      detection of C. perfringens cells in the culture fluid of strains, as well as in
      affected tissues in cases of anaerobic gas gangrene infection, has been shown.
      This method is highly specific, convenient and takes but 1.5 hrs.

PMID- 2891232
TI  - [Possible serodiagnosis of pertussis infection by an immunoenzyme method].
AB  - The sera of children and adults with a history of pertussis, as well as the sera
      of children immunized in three injections, have been studied in the enzyme
      immunoassay. The levels of antibodies to Bordetella pertussis protein and
      lipopolysaccharide, and to disintegrated B. pertussis cells have been determined;
      a serum titer of 1:1,600 and higher is considered as a criterion for the
      serological diagnosis of pertussis.

PMID- 2891233
TI  - [Use of specific Bordetella pertussis antibodies in immunoenzyme analysis for
      detecting the pertussis antigen].
AB  - The competitive EIA technique with the use of peroxidase-labeled B. pertussis
      antigen has been developed. The data obtained in our investigations suggest the
      possibility of using this technique for the detection of B. pertussis antigen in
      faucial smears obtained from patients.

PMID- 2891234
TI  - [Disorders of the lower extremities in top marathon runners].

PMID- 2891235
TI  - Insulin resistance following nocturnal hypoglycaemia in insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Glucose metabolism was studied by a somatostatin-insulin-glucose infusion test
      (SIGIT) for 8 h in 7 male patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. They
      were investigated on two occasions in random order, with and without preceding
      hypoglycaemia induced between 3.00 and 4.00 h. SIGIT was started at 7.00 h when
      blood glucose was restored to normal and the counterregulatory hormones had
      returned to basal values. As expected, hypoglycaemia evoked an enhancement of the
      plasma levels of GH (43.7 +/- 10.1 vs 4.4 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l), cortisol (690 +/
      59 vs 140 +/- 32 nmol/l), glucagon (225 +/- 35 vs 143 +/- 25 ng/l), and
      epinephrine (3.80 +/- 1.00 vs 0.10 +/- 0.03 nmol/l). During the SIGIT, the levels
      of circulating free insulin and counterregulatory hormones were similar in the
      two tests notwithstanding that excessive hyperglycaemia appeared when SIGIT was
      preceded by hypoglycaemia. The present study thus demonstrates that nocturnal
      hypoglycaemia induces insulin resistance in insulin-dependent diabetic patients
      not deprived of insulin.

PMID- 2891236
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of hFSH as an index of Sertoli cell function in
      the human testis.
AB  - The FSH receptor in the human testis has not been well characterized in vivo.
      Using an immunoperoxidase technique we have attempted the immunocytochemical
      localization of FSH in testicular tissue from patients with a variety of
      disorders including oligo- or azoospermia (N = 6), cryptorchidism (N = 3), and
      prostatic carcinoma (N = 3). Specific staining for hFSH was observed inside the
      seminiferous tubule, generally near the basal membrane in all except the
      cryptorchid patients. Specific staining was also localized in the luminal area of
      the seminiferous tubule. In most cases, FSH-positive cells were also found in the
      interstitium, with a minority of the cells being macrophages. The latter were
      more prevalent in the undescended testes and in orchiectomy specimens from
      patients with prostatic cancer. The pattern of FSH localization observed in this
      study probably represents receptorbound hormone, and may reflect damage to the
      Sertoli cell and its tight junctions. Further study of the changes in receptor
      distribution as an indication of Sertoli cell malfunction, may be helpful in our
      understanding of human testicular disorders.

PMID- 2891237
TI  - Use of Y-chromosome specific probe for detection of engraftment of bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2891238
TI  - Relationship between posttetanic count and response to carinal stimulation during
      vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
AB  - The correlation between degree of peripheral neuromuscular blockade and response
      to carinal stimulation was evaluated in two groups of 25 patients: one group was
      anaesthetized with thiopental, N2O and halothane, and the other group received
      thiopental, N2O and fentanyl. The degree of peripheral blockade was evaluated
      using train-of-four (TOF) and posttetanic twitch (PTC) stimulation of the ulnar
      nerve. The degree of diaphragmatic paralysis was evaluated indirectly by
      stimulating the carina and observing the corresponding muscular response, which
      was graded as severe, mild or absent. During halothane anaesthesia a PTC of 0
      always indicated that no response to carinal stimulation could be elicited. On
      the appearance of the first response to posttetanic twitch stimulation (PTC = 1),
      2% of the patients showed a mild response to carinal stimulation. At the first
      response to TOF stimulation, 48% of the patients reacted with a mild response.
      During thiopental, N2O, fentanyl anaesthesia one of 25 patients showed a mild
      response to carinal stimulation at a PTC of 0. When PTC was 1, 20% of the
      patients reacted mildly to the stimulation. At the first response to TOF
      stimulation, 92% showed a response to carinal stimulation; 24% of these responses
      were severe, necessitating intervention. It is concluded that the TOF response
      elicited peripherally is a late sign of neuromuscular recovery of the diaphragm,
      and that the method of counting posttetanic twitches is superior to the TOF
      response in evaluating early recovery of this muscle. Further, to ensure total
      diaphragmatic paralysis, the neuromuscular blockade of the peripheral muscles
      should be so intense that no response to posttetanic twitch stimulation (PTC = 0)
      can be elicited.

PMID- 2891239
TI  - A comparative microphotometric analysis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)
      in the skin and mycosis fungoides (MF).
AB  - In the skin lesions of 16 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and 13 mycosis
      fungoides (MF), morphological features of cutaneous infiltrates and their cell
      kinetics were evaluated through microphotometry of nuclear DNA content and
      nuclear size on Feulgen-stained sections. Lymphomas comprising some giant cells
      with irregular-shaped nuclei were found only in ATLL and these cells revealed
      aneuploid high DNA values. In contrast, neoplastic cells with pale cytoplasm in
      the Giemsa stain were seen more frequently in MF (69.5%) than in ATLL (12.5%).
      Patterns of the cutaneous infiltration according to skin microenvironments such
      as perivascular areas, dermal papillae, and periadnexal areas, were similar in
      the both entities. In the perivascular areas a mixed proliferation of lymphoma
      cells and non-neoplastic lymphocytes was conspicuous. The lymphoma cells were
      determined by high DNA values and large nuclear sizes. But the ratio of lymphoma
      cells to non-neoplastic cells in the infiltrates in the perivascular areas was
      higher in ATLL than in MF. In the dermal papillae and around the skin appendages,
      lymphoma cells predominated. Lymphoma cells which formed a plaque or tumor in the
      dermis contained many actively proliferating cells having higher DNA values and
      larger nuclear sizes than the lymphoma cells without tumor formation. One case of
      ATLL intermediate cell type showed, however, few proliferating cells inspite of
      tumor formation, suggesting a pooling or a long life-span in the skin.

PMID- 2891240
TI  - [Effects of tetrahydropalmatine and some other isoquinoline alkaloids on the
      uptake of [3H]dopamine into rat striatal synaptosomes and vesicular store].

PMID- 2891241
TI  - [Role of protein kinases in the transmission of extracellular signals with
      special reference to the nervous system].

PMID- 2891242
TI  - [Histamine in the central nervous system of mammals].

PMID- 2891243
TI  - Murine Peyer's patches are capable of generating a cytotoxic T cell (CTL)
      response to nominal antigens.

PMID- 2891244
TI  - Characterization and mitogenic responsiveness of murine mammary gland mononuclear
      cells.

PMID- 2891245
TI  - [CT cisternography in the diagnosis of nasal cerebrospinal fluid fistulas].
AB  - Four out of 12 patients with CT-cisternography were operated on. The CT findings
      were all confirmed at operation. In three patients with positive CT findings, the
      fistula was located at operation. In one case with negative CT findings,
      operation revealed no fistula either. Advantages of CT-cisternography are
      reliability of positive findings and the possibility of locating the fistula in
      some cases. The procedure bears relatively little risk and can be repeated.

PMID- 2891246
TI  - [Traumatic genesis of an aneurysm of the pericallosal artery].
AB  - This is a report on a sac-shaped aneurysm of the pericallosal artery (that part
      of the anterior cerebral artery that follows the anterior communicating artery)
      also known as arteria pericallosa or pars postcommunicalis of the anterior
      cerebral artery. To exclude a fistula of the carotis cavernosus, angiography was
      performed that clearly showed an aneurysm of the pericallosal artery while there
      was no fistula of the carotis cavernosus. The vascular sac is considered to be
      due to trauma--this conclusion being arrived at on the basis of local conditions
      at the aneurysm and because of physical force having been exercised by a severe
      contusion of the cranium. The case was treated with success. It is discussed in
      this article with reference to relevant literature.

PMID- 2891247
TI  - [Etiology and therapeutic possibilities of post-traumatic erectile impotence].
AB  - Based on 12 patients with posttraumatic erectile dysfunction due to pelvic
      fractures, ruptures of urethra and straddle-trauma, the diagnostic and
      therapeutic means in the management of erectile failure are discussed. The most
      frequent etiology encountered in posttraumatic erectile failure were combined
      arterial-neurogenic lesions followed by insufficiencies of the venae profundae
      penis as a sequelae of pelvic fractures or symphyseal ruptures. Promising
      therapeutic alternatives represent injections of cavernous bodies with vasoactive
      drugs, penile implants and also in suitable cases penile revascularization
      procedures.

PMID- 2891248
TI  - [Surgical therapy of dislocation fractures of the head of the humerus in adults.
      Personal procedure and results].
AB  - Surgical intervention is indicated in the vast majority of humerus head fracture
      dislocations. In the present paper, we report on the results of 24 such
      interventions performed between 1975 and 1984. Implantation of a T-plate is
      considered the standard procedure to obtain osteosynthetic stability during
      exercise. However, in elderly patients or in cases of multiple fragment fracture,
      this procedure is inadequate to achieve the required stability. In such cases,
      development of a humerus head necrosis would rather be promoted. If a
      sufficiently stable osteosynthesis without the risk of necrosis cannot be
      achieved, we prefer replacement of the humerus head by a shoulder prosthesis to
      humerus head resection, resection-interposition-arthroplasty or shoulder
      arthrodesis. However, not only optimal surgical management of humerus head
      fracture dislocations has a decisive influence on the later function of the most
      flexible human joint with the important rotator cuff, but also properly performed
      active and systematic postoperative physiotherapy.

PMID- 2891249
TI  - [Involvement of the inner malleolus and deltoid ligament in supination trauma of
      the ankle joint].
AB  - Additional ligament ruptures or fractures of the medial side of the ankle joint
      accompanying the lateral ligament rupture are rare. These injuries are more often
      in traumas with pronation-eversion movements of the foot. In cases of lateral
      ligaments ruptures we only found in 2.8% and in 5.9% additional medial injuries.
      This is confirmed by different biomechanical experiments. Experimentally the
      delta ligament rupture could mostly be caused by pronation-eversion movements or
      by forced plantar flexion of the foot. The diagnosis of bony lesions of the
      medial malleolus might be easy by X-ray, but ligament lesions of the medial ankle
      joint can be diagnosed easily too be using the stress X-ray controlling the
      medial talar tilt as a sign of medial instability. Because the necessity of
      surgical treatment is less important than of the lateral ligaments we recommend
      this procedure in cases of bilateral instability or if dislocation is obvious.

PMID- 2891250
TI  - [Traumatology of the alar ligaments].
AB  - A postmortem study of craniocerebral traumas of varying severity was done to
      determine the pattern of injury of the alar ligaments. It was found that in the
      entire group of patients (n = 30) the alar ligaments were ruptured or suffused
      with blood 11 times. No close relationship was found between the massive nature
      of the cranial trauma and the severity of the injury of the alar ligaments. In
      some cases the alar ligaments were not at all involved even though the skull had
      suffered extensive osseous lesions, whereas on the other hand the ligaments were
      injured even though only soft parts had been involved (e.g., haematoma or
      dehiscent wounds of the scalp). Ruptures of the alar ligaments were typically
      involved in extended ruptures of the ligamentous apparatus (see Figure 6a
      involving the ligamentum apicis dentis, ligamentum transversum atlantis,
      m.atlanto-occipitalis anterior, m.tectoria, m.atlanto-axialis anterior et
      posterior). In some cases the pattern of injury of the alar ligaments was found
      to be decisive in enabling reconstruction of the course of the accident. Damage
      to the alar ligaments near the dens axis represent rotation injuries. On the
      other hand, insertion tears out of the condyli occipitales must be related to a
      lateral thrust tendency in indirect fracture of the skull (bursting fracture).
      Within this overall framework a new mechanism of fracture of the condylus
      occipitalis is described. As a matter of principle, the alar ligaments can become
      involved in consequence of rotation, traction and compression of the cranium.

PMID- 2891251
TI  - [The so-called accident neurosis--a controversial concept].
AB  - After a short presentation of the legal bases concerning the field of legal
      accident insurance in the F.R.G., the development of psychic syndromes after
      accidents is described. The fact is stressed that such a development is always
      the result of a concurrence of several factors: the personality of the person
      involved, the accident itself--whereby one has to point out that not the event is
      decisive, but its result--, the relation between the medical physician and his
      patient, the fact of being insured against accidents, as well as further effects
      originating from the patient's environment. In the second part, the problem of
      judging the causal connection of the psychic symptomatology and the accident is
      discussed in detail. In this connection the terminological problems are
      investigated, too. It is underlined that the term "accident neurosis" does not
      fit at all, because it only seems to be classifying, but in fact different
      psychic developments demonstrated here in detail, are enclosed in this term. It
      is suggested to avoid that notion in future. Finally, the problem of granting a
      pension is discussed; also the question what kind of psychic consequences an
      actually given pension may bring, and finally the problem of treatment for these
      difficult patients.

PMID- 2891252
TI  - [An adolescent femoral neck dislocation fracture].

PMID- 2891253
TI  - Genetic strategies for neuromuscular diseases.

PMID- 2891254
TI  - Constructing a complete restriction map of human chromosome 19.

PMID- 2891255
TI  - Molecular genetic strategies to investigate Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2891256
TI  - Attempts to identify the chromosomal localization of the Friedreich's ataxia
      locus.

PMID- 2891257
TI  - X-linked muscular dystrophies: studies through functional assay and DNA
      polymorphisms.

PMID- 2891258
TI  - Genetic and physical demarcation of the locus for dystrophia myotonica.

PMID- 2891259
TI  - Toward a molecular understanding of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

PMID- 2891260
TI  - DMD carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis via recombinant DNA methods.

PMID- 2891261
TI  - Cellular and humoral mechanisms of cytotoxicity: structural and functional
      analogies.

PMID- 2891263
TI  - Taxol inhibits N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced human
      neutrophil polarization and H2O2 production while decreasing [3H]FMLP binding.
AB  - We have studied the effect of taxol on two N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced neutrophil functions and the possible mechanism by
      which it inhibits these functions. Taxol inhibited FMLP-induced human neutrophil
      polarization (a characteristic change in neutrophil shape in response to a
      chemotactic stimulus) and H2O2 generation. Taxol also decreased the specific
      binding of [3H]FMLP to human neutrophils at 4 degrees C. The decreased binding of
      FMLP to its receptor may be responsible for the inhibition by taxol of FMLP
      induced polarization and H2O2 generation.

PMID- 2891262
TI  - Biology and genetics of hybrid resistance.

PMID- 2891265
TI  - A longitudinal study in a rural Tanzanian community 1982-1984.

PMID- 2891264
TI  - Histamine induced elevation of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in human
      monocytes.
AB  - We have previously reported histamine desensitization of human blood mononuclear
      leukocytes resulting in reduced cAMP responses to beta-adrenergic agonists,
      histamine and prostaglandin E1. This heterologous desensitization occurred at
      low, micromolar histamine concentrations and was accompanied by elevation of cAMP
      phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in these cells. We have now investigated the
      activity of PDE in the lymphocyte and monocyte fractions of mononuclear
      leukocytes to determine the site of histamine effect. PDE activity per cell was
      higher in monocytes (0.075 +/- 0.070 units) than lymphocytes (0.026 +/- 0.08)
      units). Monocytes responded to 10(-6) M histamine stimulation with a much greater
      increase in PDE activity (0.354 +/- 0.1 units) than did lymphocytes (0.047 +/-
      0.015 units). Histamine receptor studies, using thiazolylethylamine and
      chlorpheniramine as H1-agonist and antagonist respectively and dimaprit and
      cimetidine as H2-agonists and antagonists respectively, indicated that the
      histamine stimulation of PDE activity is mediated predominantly through H1
      histamine receptor in the monocytes and the H1 receptor in the lymphocytes.
      Previously histamine had been thought to increase cyclic AMP by acting on H2
      receptors to activate adenylate cyclase. Our studies show that stimulation of H1
      or H2 receptors by low histamine concentration can cause the opposite effect i.e.
      increased catabolism and a net reduction in cAMP levels. The localization of this
      effect predominantly to monocytes indicates a potentially important mechanism for
      histamine action on immune regulation.

PMID- 2891266
TI  - Longitudinal study on the health status of children in Kikwawila village,
      Tanzania: study area and design.
AB  - The paper describes the study area and the project design of a longitudinal study
      on the health status of children undertaken in Kikwawila village in southeastern
      Tanzania from 1982 to 1984. This rural village is situated in the Kilombero river
      plain (270 m above sea level) and extends over 50 km2. A census in 1982 (repeated
      in 1984) revealed that 1152 (1406) people lived in 260 (299) households of the
      nucleated roadside settlements of the sectors Kikwawila and Kapolo. The vital
      statistics showed an infant mortality rate estimate of 198/1000 which was far
      above the regional (140%) and the national (137%) averages. Over 30 tribes were
      recorded but 6 tribes formed 84% of the population. The population was
      predominantly muslim (75%). Most adult inhabitants (90%) were subsistence farmers
      cultivating an average of 3.7 acres per household. Rice, maize and cassava were
      the main crops of the area. At the beginning of the study, the village had no
      village health post, dispensary or health centre and it lacked an adequate and
      safe water supply. A great proportion of the population (67%) had to rely on
      water from unprotected hand dug wells and from rivers for domestic purposes. Only
      half of the households had a simple pit latrine. Even when latrines were present,
      they collapsed after heavy rains due to loose, unconsolidated soils, termites and
      the high water table. These difficulties affected the sustained success of
      sanitation campaigns. The study area represented a typical settlement of the
      Kilombero valley and was, with regard to most demographic, ethnic, agricultural
      and health characteristics, considered a suitable pilot area. A primary health
      care programme based on village health workers was implemented in parallel with
      complementary community based studies on the causes, interrelations and control
      measures of the major health problems faced by the community, and possible
      control measures.

PMID- 2891267
TI  - Longitudinal study on the health status of children in a rural Tanzanian
      community: parasitoses and nutrition following control measures against
      intestinal parasites.
AB  - Three repeated cross-sectional surveys were undertaken among children (1 month to
      15 years) of a rural community in southeastern Tanzania. The study was part of a
      longitudinal project on the interactions among nutrition, parasitic infections
      and immunity within a primary health care programme emphasizing village health
      workers. All children underwent interviews and parasitological, anthropometric,
      anamnestic and clinical examinations. Out of 550-590 children examined each year,
      a cohort of 170 children could be followed for three consecutive years. Malaria
      was holo- to hyperendemic in the community, P. falciparum accounting for greater
      than 90% of the infections. The parasite and spleen rates were 88% and 67%,
      respectively, and the average enlarged spleen index was 2.0 among children from 2
      9 years in 1982. Transmission of malaria was high and stable as indicated by a
      parasite rate of 80% among infants between 1 month and 1 year during the whole
      period of study. G. lamblia, hookworm (N. americanus), Strongyloides spp. and
      Schistosoma haematobium were highly prevalent and annual incidence rates were
      high, while Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris and Trichuris were of minor
      importance. Prevalence and incidence of parasitic infections did not differ by
      sex. Multiparasitism was very frequent and less than 11% of all children were
      parasite-free in each year. Not a single child remained parasite-free for three
      consecutive years. An anthropometric assessment showed a high degree of stunting
      (35-71%) and a substantial proportion of wasting (3-20%). The growth potential
      was normal in girls and boys during the whole period of study. There were
      indications that malaria was the main contributory factor to growth retardation
      among young children. Hookworm infection did not significantly affect the packed
      cell volume of the children, probably owing to the low intensity of infection.
      Due to the multiparasitism and the lack of parasite-free individuals, single
      parasite and single-nutrient effects were difficult to unravel. A latrine
      campaign followed by a single mass treatment against hookworm (single oral dose
      of albendazole, 400 mg) and/or G. lamblia (single oral dose of ornidazole, 40
      mg/kg) only temporarily affected the prevalence and incidence of G. lamblia, and
      only resulted in a decrease in the intensity of hookworm infections up to six
      months after the interventions. As the effects of the latrine campaign and a
      single mass treatment on the parasite load were only transient, no sustained
      impact on nutritional variables was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2891268
TI  - Longitudinal study on the health status of children in a rural Tanzanian
      community: comparison of community-based clinical examinations, the diseases seen
      at village health posts and the perception of health problems by the population.
AB  - Standardised household interviews among adults and children, open-ended
      questionnaires, and clinical examinations administered during cross-sectional
      health status surveys, as well as the registers of village health posts (VHP),
      were used to assess the pattern of health problems of a rural community in
      southeastern Tanzania, and their results compared. All four approaches gave very
      similar results for the two major health problems (fever/malaria and abdominal
      pain or discomfort) which were mentioned by both children and adults. The
      parasitological data from the cross-sectional surveys also revealed hyperendemic
      P. falciparum malaria and a high prevalence and incidence for infections with
      hookworm (N. americanus), Strongyloides, and G. lamblia. However besides
      consistently revealing the two major health problems, each approach showed a
      distinct pattern for the additional health problems: household interviews and
      open-ended questionnaires resulted in a higher ranking of problems that had not
      yet been solved by the health care facilities available in the community at the
      time of the interview. This view was further biased by the fact that the
      interviews were done by people representing the health professionals. The
      statistics from the registers of VHP clearly reflected the types of treatment
      provided by this service. Malnutrition and various eye problems only became
      evident during the clinical examination of the population. However, the clinical
      examination did not identify the importance of the abdominal problems in the
      community. The cross-sectional survey (questionnaires, clinical examination)
      chiefly showed the health problems affecting the population around the time of
      the surveys (end of the dry season). Interestingly, the registers of the VHP did
      not show marked seasonal variations in the morbidity statistics for this
      community. Both questionnaire approaches and the registers of VHP showed a change
      in both the morbidity and the disease perception pattern that may reflect the
      effects of interventions launched at community level (activities of village
      health workers, mass-treatment against hookworm and G. lamblia). The study
      indicated that the individual ranking of the major health problems matched with
      data from health status surveys. It also pointed to the possibility that disease
      perception patterns could become a tool for community diagnosis and for the
      monitoring of health care programs.

PMID- 2891269
TI  - Serum proteins and zinc as parameters to monitor the health of children in a
      rural Tanzanian community.
AB  - Total protein concentration, zinc, prealbumin, albumin, alpha-1-, alpha-2-, beta-
      and gammaglobulin concentrations were measured in serum samples collected in
      three successive years (1982, 1983 and 1984) from children (1 month-15 years) of
      Kikwawila village, Tanzania. The analysis of a total of 1590 serum samples
      provided the baseline data for children living in a rural Tanzanian community.
      The total protein values and the concentrations of betaglobulin were within the
      range described for Caucasians. Albumin, prealbumin, alpha-1- and alpha-2
      globulin concentrations were below these standard values. On the other hand the
      gammaglobulin concentration was twice as high. The concentrations of total
      protein, gammaglobulin and prealbumin correlated with age. From 1982 to 1983 a
      significant decrease of most of the serum components (incl. zinc) was observed,
      although in children older than 2 years the alpha-1-globulins increased. All
      values increased again from 1983 to 1984, except for the zinc concentration,
      which decreased further. The individual fluctuations were analysed by comparing
      paired values for the children participating in the period 1982-1983, or 1983
      1984. The proportion of children showing large fluctuations, sometimes exceeding
      the selected limits of tolerance, was larger in the period 1982-1983 than 1983
      1984. This was consistent with the overall pattern found for all children. The
      prealbumin level, which has been postulated to be an indicator for malnutrition
      or borderline malnutrition, was analysed in detail. The values were far below
      normal values (200-300 mg/l), reaching a plateau with 130 mg/l among 4-6-year-old
      children. The individual fluctuations indicated a decrease from 1982 to 1983,
      which was considerable both in terms of the proportion of children showing a
      decrease (55%) and in the magnitude of the decrease. There was an increase from
      1983 to 1984 but this increase did not compensate for the loss in 1983.
      Prealbumin concentrations showed a slight trend towards decreased values with
      stunting and wasting. No direct correlation was found between the other
      biochemical parameters and the parasite or anthropometric data collected at the
      same time. It was difficult to establish direct relationships between the
      biochemical parameters, which mainly indicate the health status of the child at
      the time-point of the survey, and anthropometric parameters which reflect the
      history of the individual over a long period. No direct correlation could be
      established between the biochemical parameters and the parasitological
      data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2891270
TI  - A longitudinal study on relations of retinol with parasitic infections and the
      immune response in children of Kikwawila village, Tanzania.
AB  - From 1982 to 1984 170 children of Kikwawila village (Kilombero district,
      Tanzania) were followed for nutritional (anthropometric measures, hematocrit,
      serum retinol, prealbumin, and zinc concentrations), parasitological (malaria
      parasitemia, urinary schistosomiasis, intestinal parasites) and immunological
      characteristics. Between 2.9% and 12.4% had serum retinol levels less than 100
      micrograms/l which indicate deficiency. Retinol concentrations were correlated
      with age, hematocrits, prealbumin levels and mid upperarm circumferences. The
      latter correlation may be useful in nutritional surveys and primary health care
      programs for the identification of populations at risk of retinol deficiency. No
      association was found between average retinol levels and the presence of
      parasites, with the exception of malaria. Retinol levels were inversely
      correlated with malaria parasitemia in 1982, and directly correlated with
      antibody titers to synthetic sporozoite peptide in 1984. Since retinol, malaria
      parasitemia, and antisporozoite antibodies increased with age, confounding by age
      could not be excluded. Six months after administration of ornidazole in a single
      oral dose of 10 mg/kg, a significant effect on the prevalence of Giardia lamblia
      was found. Following treatment, average retinol levels were increased in persons
      with confirmed G. lamblia infections, but not in uninfected or untreated
      controls.

PMID- 2891271
TI  - Food consumption patterns in a rural Tanzanian community (Kikwawila village,
      Kilombero District, Morogoro Region) during lean and post-harvest season.
AB  - A survey on food consumption was undertaken in 32 out of 260 households of a
      rural Tanzanian community (Kikwawila village, Morogoro Region) during the lean
      season (February) and the post-harvest season (August) in 1983. The survey
      revealed that the staples maize, rice and cassava are equally important food
      items of the diet during the lean season. In August, the post-harvest season,
      rice dominated the food pattern and often replaced the porridge made from maize
      or cassava. Green vegetables, especially cassava leaves, were the main relish
      dish for the majority of households in February. Fish became a daily item of the
      diet of most families in August. Concentrated energy sources such as fats, oil
      and sugar were scarce in both survey periods. The diets of all age groups of the
      population surveyed were highly deficient in energy (mean adequacy 58%) and
      protein (50%) in February. The FAO/WHO-recommended standards (Passmore et al.,
      1974) were met for protein in August but energy deficiency was still observed
      (mean adequacy 65%). The variations in energy intake were not only seasonal, but
      were also age and sex dependent. Young males (10 to 16 years) followed by the
      infants (6 months to 3 years) and old females (greater than 60 years) were the
      groups with lowest adequacy (less than 50%) in February. Males (10 to 60 years)
      had the greatest energy deficits in August. Iron requirements were generally met
      in most age groups during both seasons. However, children under 3 years as well
      as adolescent and adult females (mean adequacy 54-65% in August) were at risk for
      anaemia. The seasonal pattern of the diet did significantly influence the vitamin
      A intake. While the requirements were fully met in February, a deficiency was
      noted in August. The low adequacy (40%) for vitamin A during the post-harvest
      season could be related to the scarcity of leafy vegetables in the diets. The
      data are discussed and related to the health problems observed in the community
      during the post-harvest season for three consecutive years.

PMID- 2891272
TI  - Agricultural production in Kikwawila village, southeastern Tanzania.
AB  - Food production, land utilisation and agricultural structures were surveyed at
      Kikwawila village, north of Ifakara (Kilombero District, Morogoro Region) in
      1984. This study was part of a more comprehensive, longitudinal programme to
      investigate the health status of a rural community, aiming in particular at the
      interrelations between nutrition, parasitic infections, immunity and the
      environment. Out of 340 households, 100 were interviewed and their subsistence
      farming activities recorded. The soil was found to be of great variability, being
      fertile where it was of alluvial origin but of reduced potential where it was non
      alluvial. In all, 70 plant species were registered as being cultivated, with
      rice, maize, cassava and beans providing the main staple food. Apart from a few
      exceptions, the fields were cultivated without any mechanization. The seasonal
      distribution of agricultural work is described, but no detailed workload analysis
      of the villagers with regard to age and sex has been performed. At the foot of
      the mountains, where artificial irrigation has been introduced, dry season
      cropping was practised in addition to the prevailing wet season farming, which
      rendered the cultivation of marketable crops (mainly tomatoes) possible. The
      farmers were found to be imaginative and capable of adapting to various
      conditions, irrespective of their tribal origins. Alternatively, the quality of
      the soil and the unreliable availability of water set limits to the potential of
      food production in the area. Although land is still available, it is becoming
      more scarce as the human population increases. The further impoverishment of the
      land represents an imminent danger. Therefore, top priority ought to be given to
      soil conservation, followed by intercropping and/or crop rotation, seed
      production and crop protection against game and pests. Means of implementing such
      measures are discussed. It is suggested that Community Agricultural Workers be
      installed, elected by the villagers and trained to establish the link between the
      existing agricultural extension service and the farmers' communities.

PMID- 2891273
TI  - Monitoring of community health status: experience from a case study in Tanzania.
AB  - The experience from the first four years of a longitudinal study on
      interrelations between nutrition, parasitic infections, immunity and
      environmental factors in a rural community, Kikwawila village (southeastern
      Tanzania) is reviewed. Two elements supported the implementation of the project.
      Firstly, the multidisciplinary approach with surveys across a range of biomedical
      and agricultural science disciplines has enabled the elucidation of part of the
      complexity of the mutually reinforcing, changing interrelations which can affect
      child health. Secondly, the primary health care component based on village health
      workers which paralleled the research project has facilitated the longitudinal
      character of the study and has triggered some community participation. The
      studies also indicated that the indigenous perceptions of disease, signs and
      symptoms may be used as an integrative tool to monitor health care programmes.
      Already during an initial stage of a project, the indigenous health perspectives
      could become indicators for community participation and could help to determine
      the strategy of applied research and control measures within primary health care.

PMID- 2891274
TI  - [N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in human semen: its relation to
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activity in seminal plasma and
      reproductive tissues, and relation between seminal mucoprotein concentration and
      seminal NAG, and gamma-GTP activities].
AB  - N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma
      GTP) activities in seminal plasma obtained from male infertile patients and these
      activities in reproductive tissues obtained from cryptorchids and patients with
      bladder tumors were studied. Seminal mucoprotein concentration was also measured.
      The mean NAG and gamma-GTP activity in seminal plasma was 2,092 +/- 794 mU/ml and
      10,942 +/- 4,179 mIU/ml, respectively. The mean seminal mucoprotein concentration
      was 28.0 +/- 5.7 mg/ml. In seminal plasma, a significant correlation was obtained
      between NAG and gamma-GTP (p less than 0.001). and between gamma-GTP and
      mucoprotein concentration (p less than 0.05). However, there was no correlation
      between NAG and mucoprotein concentration. In the reproductive tissue high gamma
      GTP activity was observed in the testicular tissue and in the external gland of
      the prostate. The activity in the epididymis was higher in the tail than in the
      head. High NAG activity was observed in the epididymal head and in the internal
      gland of the prostate. In the testicular tissue, NAG activity was low. These
      findings showed that in the seminal plasma NAG and gamma-GTP activities were
      closely related but in the reproductive tissue, these activities located in
      different areas.

PMID- 2891275
TI  - Different electrophoretypes of human rotaviruses in Hungary.
AB  - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rotaviral double-stranded ribonucleic acid
      (RNA) extracted directly from faecal specimens collected in three different parts
      of Hungary was applied to characterize and distinguish 21 randomly selected viral
      isolates. This technique made it possible to define 7 different
      electrophoretypes. Of the isolates 11 exhibited an identical "long"
      electrophoretic migration pattern. "Short" RNA pattern was found in two cases,
      and one atypical rotavirus was also revealed. This is the first description of
      rotavirus RNA electrophoretypes in Hungary.

PMID- 2891276
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2 of influenza virus
      haemagglutinin.
AB  - Anti-haemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies were prepared and their HA1 or HA2
      specificity was determined by solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) using purified
      viral haemagglutinin (HA) and haemagglutinin glycopolypeptides HA1 and HA2, by
      radioimmunoprecipitation followed with SDS-PAGE, by immunoblotting and by
      inhibition of virus-induced haemagglutination. The capacity of these methods to
      estimate HA1 or HA2 specificity of anti-HA monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) was
      compared. HA1 specificity was demonstrated for all hybridomas originating from
      lymphocytes of mice immunized with complete influenza virus, except IIF4
      hybridoma which was HA2-specific. All hybridomas obtained with lymphocytes from
      mice immunized with HA glycopolypeptide HA2 were HA2-specific. Anti-HA2 MoAb
      neither inhibit haemagglutination induced by the virus or by HA subunits nor
      neutralized viral infectivity, either alone or in mixture. As expected, all anti
      HA1 MoAb were H3 subtype-specific, showing usually good reactivity only with
      viruses close to the virus strain used for immunization. Two anti-HA1 MoAb (IVA1
      and IVG6) showed unusual cross-reactivity within the H3 subtype. All anti-HA2
      MoAb were broadly cross-reactive within the H3 subtype. Moreover, a half of them
      showed high cross-reactivity with influenza viruses of the H7 HA subtype. But the
      same antibodies did not react with HA of H1, H2 and H8 subtypes.

PMID- 2891278
TI  - Production of human influenza virus in a stabile line of guinea pig tongue cells
      expressing endogenous oncovirus: an electron microscopic study.
AB  - Guinea pig tongue (GPT) cells represent a highly sensitive host system for
      influenza A/WSN (H1N1) infection as evidenced by numerous ultrastructural
      changes, considerable production of NS1 protein and widespread budding of viral
      particles at the cytoplasmic membrane. Vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
      and of the Golgi complex were transported to the apical area of cell membrane,
      where the budding of virions took place. Numerous microtubules were directed
      vertically to these portions of plasma membrane. In contrast, maturation of the
      endogenous oncovirus particles occurred at the lateral cytoplasmic membrane.
      Beneath the area of oncovirus maturation and release, a network was seen of
      microfilaments oriented towards the plasma membrane. The cytoplasm of GPT cells
      contained numerous nonstructural protein inclusions, which evidently accumulated
      at the periphery of nucleoli and were seen to reach the cytoplasm crossing the
      pores of nuclear membrane.

PMID- 2891277
TI  - Studies on influenza-virus virulence in recombinants between epidemic and vaccine
      strains.
AB  - Influenza virus recombinants between epidemic strains A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1),
      A/USSR/382/78 (H3N2) and vaccine strains A/Leningrad/9/46 (H1N1),
      A/Victoria/35/72/50 (H3N2) have been tested for virulence for humans and albino
      mice; their genome structure has also been determined. It has been shown that
      after the replacement of surface antigens of A/Leningrad/9/46 (H1N1) strain by
      surface antigens of A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) or A/USSR/382/78 (H3N2), strains, the
      virus becomes totally nonpathogenic for mice whereas its virulence for humans is
      enhanced. The combination in recombinant X/28 (H1N1) of haemagglutinin and
      neuraminidase of A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) virus and othercomponents of
      A/Leningrad/9/46 virus determines its high affinity to the epithelium of the
      upper respiratory tract of humans, as well as its marked virulence for
      seronegative volunteers. Genetic mechanisms of influenza virus virulence and the
      involvement of surface proteins in its specific manifestations are discussed. It
      has been shown that pathogenic properties and the affinity of the virus to
      particular tissues are determined by different genes and their reasortment can
      result in the appearance of essentially new properties in recombinants.

PMID- 2891279
TI  - Effect of human leukocyte interferon on HBsAg production in PLC/PRF/5 human
      hepatoma cell line.
AB  - We describe the effect of the natural human interferon alfa (HuIFN alfa) on HBsAg
      production in PLC/PRF/5 cells. Decreased HBsAg production was regularly
      demonstrated 48 hr after the treatment of cells with 3-300 IU of HuIFN alfa/ml;
      it lasted for further 24-48 hr depending from the amount of interferon (IFN)
      added. We found no differences in the sensitivity to HuIFN alfa of non-confluent
      cells as compared to cells which had reached confluency. The decrease of the
      extracellular HBsAg excretion seems to be due to inhibition of intracellular
      HBsAg formation.

PMID- 2891280
TI  - Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in clinical specimens.
AB  - Results of the direct immunofluorescence (IF) test in 152 clinical specimens
      (throat swabs) were compared with those of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
      isolation. The prevalence of RSV infections in the upper and lower respiratory
      tract was high especially in infants until 12 months of age. The average RSV
      isolation rate was 18.42%, whereas the virus antigen detection was positive in
      19.74% of cases. The agreement between virus isolation and direct IF was 92.1%,
      the sensitivity of IF being 82.14% and its specificity 94.35%.

PMID- 2891281
TI  - Studies on pathogenesis of fowl pox: virological study.
AB  - One-month-old WLH chickens were inoculated with a field isolate of fowl pox virus
      (FPV) by intradermal (i.d.) and intratracheal (i.t.) routes. In intradermally
      infected chickens, the virus in titrable amounts was first detected in the skin
      at the inoculation site on day 2 and in lungs on day 4 followed by viraemia on
      the day 5 post-infection (p.i.). Subsequently the virus was recovered from liver,
      spleen, kidney and brain, but not from the heart. The chickens infected by i.t.
      route showed an almost similar outcome with minor differences as the virus was
      first demonstrated in the lungs on day 2 p.i., viraemia occurred on day 4 p.i.
      Initiation of pocks at the inoculation site in i.d. infected birds was observed
      on days 3 to 4 p.i., generalized cutaneous pock lesions appeared from 7 to 8 days
      p.i.

PMID- 2891282
TI  - Evaluation of EIA kits for the detection of HIV antibodies.
AB  - We compared four commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits for the
      detection of HIV antibodies using immunoblot analysis as a confirmatory test. The
      kits gave satisfactory results as far as sensitivity and specificity are
      concerned as required for the use in the laboratories of blood banks. For the
      sera of patients on haemodialysis, haemophiliacs, patients "under observation"
      for AIDS and homosexuals the results obtained by Behring and Organon kits were
      less satisfactory, as the number of false positive results was much higher than
      with kits produced by Genetic and Wellcome. The frequency of false negative
      results was small in the tests using Organon and Genetic kits, while using
      Behring and Wellcome kits no false negative results were found.

PMID- 2891283
TI  - Isolation of influenza A viruses from migratory waterfowls in San-in District,
      Western Japan, in the winter of 1982-1983.
AB  - From November 1982 to March 1983, winter migratory waterfowls of some species
      staying in San-in District, Western Japan, were surveyed for influenza virus at
      five stations. A total of eight influenza A viruses were isolated from 354 faeces
      samples of whistling swans; in contrast, no virus was isolated from any sample of
      261 black-tailed gulls, of 113 pintails and of 10 mallards. Five of eight
      isolates belonged to human pandemic subtype H2N2, two isolates belonged to fowl
      plague subtype H7N7, and the remaining one to subtype H4N6.

PMID- 2891284
TI  - Herpes simplex virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - Antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were tested in the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 262 schizophrenic patients by virus neutralization
      test (VNT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). While VNT in the
      presence of complement revealed antibodies to HSV-1 in 18.3% of samples, ELISA
      was positive in 61.2% of cases; both tests were positive in 42 samples (16%).

PMID- 2891285
TI  - Contrast agent nephrotoxicity: comparison of ionic and nonionic contrast agents.
AB  - The effects on glomerular and proximal tubular function of an ionic contrast
      agent (sodium meglumine diatrizoate) and a nonionic agent (iopamidol) were
      compared in 34 patients with normal renal function. The patients received large
      doses (2.5 ml/kg body weight) of contrast material for IV digital subtraction
      angiography. Urine samples, collected before, immediately after, and on the first
      and third days after digital subtraction angiography, were analyzed for albumin,
      alanil-aminopeptidase, alpha-glucosidase, and beta-2-microglobulin. The changes
      noted were mild and of short duration with both contrast agents, despite the high
      dose given. These results suggest that, at least as far as renal toxicity is
      measured by these tests is concerned, ionic monomers can be safely used instead
      of more expensive nonionic media in procedures, such as digital subtraction
      angiography, that require high doses of contrast material.

PMID- 2891286
TI  - Low sensitivity of clinical MR imaging to small changes in the concentration of
      nonparamagnetic protein.
AB  - This study attempts to determine the magnitude of change in the concentration of
      a nonparamagnetic protein (human serum albumin) required to effect a detectable
      change in signal intensity on a clinical imaging unit. For a range of protein
      concentrations from 0-6100 mg/dl the concentration could not be predicted by
      inspecting the images. Measurement of displayed signal intensity failed to
      distinguish concentrations of 0.09-3700 mg/dl, while 6100 mg/dl gave slightly
      higher intensity signals. Although this low sensitivity represents expected
      behavior for low concentrations, the failure to differentiate the higher
      concentrations implies limitations imposed by clinical imaging techniques. Our
      results suggest that additional factors, such as paramagnetic material and motion
      as well as differences in protein concentration, may be involved in the MR signal
      intensities observed in pathologic CSF and cystic CNS collections.

PMID- 2891287
TI  - Anapsos, an antipsoriatic drug, in atopic dermatitis.
AB  - An open, controlled study was carried out in young patients with atopic
      dermatitis, who during one month received oral anti-psoriatic drug, anapsos (n =
      46), or antihistamines (n = 30), simultaneously with topic applications. The
      activity and extension of the cutaneous lesions improved under both treatments,
      but more markedly with anapsos in spite of the fact that topical applications did
      not contain steroids in the group treated with anapsos, and the effect was still
      appreciable several months after interruption of medication. Anapsos, which was
      well tolerated, considerably relieved the respiratory symptoms of all patients
      with asthma. Studies performed on patients with atopic dermatitis have shown high
      IgE levels, eosinophils and T4 counts, and a marked decrease in T8 suppressor
      cells in peripheral blood. Our data also show a slight decrease in T8 cells (%),
      a significant increase in T4 sub-sets (%) and a high T4/T8 ratio as a previously
      reported by several authors. Such an imbalance between helper and suppresor cells
      may cause alterations in the response to extrinsic and intrinsic antigens, as
      shown in particular by the abnormally high IgE levels observed in atopic
      dermatitis. Anapsos was associated with a correction in T lymphocytes imbalances,
      specifically through the increase of the initially low T8 cells levels and
      subsequent normalization of the mean T4/T8 index. The tolerance and promising
      therapeutic activity of this antipsoriatic drug deserve further research in other
      conditions characterized by a deficit of suppressor cells.

PMID- 2891288
TI  - Complete evaluation of the cardiovascular lesions in 24 patients with Takayasu's
      aortitis using four-image, intravenous digital subtraction angiography.
AB  - We studied the entire distribution of cardiovascular lesions with the use of
      intravenous digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in 24 patients having
      Takayasu's aortitis. The aorta, its branches, pulmonary vessels, and left
      ventricle were assessed by neck (anteroposterior), abdominal (anteroposterior),
      and chest (right and left anterior oblique) images. DSA showed multiple arterial
      lesions (n = 24) including proximal renal artery stenoses (n = 4), pulmonary
      arterial stenoses (n = 4), inferior-superior mesenteric arterial anastomoses (n =
      3), brachiocephalic arterial aneurysms (n = 2), aortic root aneurysm (n = 1),
      diffuse left ventricular hypokinesis (n = 1), subclavian steal phenomenon (n =
      1), and right aortic arch (n = 1). The incidence of total occlusion was highest
      in the right subclavian artery (n = 12). Average percent luminal stenosis (mean
      +/- S.D.) over the aorta and its branches tended to be smaller in patients with
      prior corticosteroid therapy (17.3 +/- 14.6%) than in those without (22.0 +/-
      9.8%), but the difference was not significant. DSA (four-series) was useful in
      assessing the whole disease spectrum and often revealed subclinical lesions in
      this disease.

PMID- 2891289
TI  - Use of nitrates in unstable angina pectoris.
AB  - The rationale for using intravenous nitrates in patients hospitalized with severe
      angina pectoris is that physiologic action is almost immediate. Many studies and
      clinical experience indicate that the use of this preparation results in a marked
      diminution of recurrent angina episodes in most patients. If adverse reactions
      such as severe hypotension or bradycardia occur, decreasing the dose or stopping
      it entirely corrects the problem. Intravenous nitroglycerin can be used in
      combination with other known antianginal agents, such as beta blockers and
      calcium antagonists. In clinical practice most patients are treated with nitrates
      and beta blockers or calcium antagonists because the combination of drugs may
      reduce ischemia and symptoms more than each drug used alone over a long period.

PMID- 2891290
TI  - Demographic considerations in the selection of antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - Because of the growing number of antihypertensive agents that are suitable for
      initial therapy in mild and moderate hypertension, it is important to identify
      factors that influence the response to various medications. Although individual
      patient considerations, such as associated illnesses and potential side effects,
      are of primary importance in choosing therapy, the influence of demographic
      factors has received increasing attention. The effect of age, race and gender on
      the response to antihypertensive therapy will be examined. Several studies have
      indicated that the beta blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitors are more effective in younger than in older patients. Conversely,
      there is a trend toward greater responses in older subjects to the diuretics and
      calcium antagonists. In the few studies available that have compared agents in
      various classes, it appears that diuretics, and probably calcium antagonists, are
      significantly more effective than beta blockers or ACE inhibitors in patients
      over 60 years of age. However, the interdrug differences in young patients are
      probably less important. With regard to race, the relative lack of effect of beta
      blockers and ACE inhibitors in blacks is well accepted; in comparative studies,
      diuretics proved significantly better. From the few available studies, it does
      not appear that the calcium antagonists are more potent in either racial group,
      but they may be superior to the beta blockers and ACE inhibitors in blacks. Far
      less information is available concerning differences in antihypertensive
      responses between men and women. There is some suggestion that women may be less
      responsive to beta blockers than men.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891291
TI  - Efficacy and safety of sustained-release diltiazem as replacement therapy for
      beta blockers and diuretics for stable angina pectoris and coexisting essential
      hypertension: a multicenter trial.
AB  - To determine if a sustained-release form of the calcium entry blocker diltiazem
      would be a satisfactory substitute for the combination of beta-adrenergic
      blocking agent and thiazide diuretic in the treatment of systemic hypertension
      and angina pectoris, 38 patients were studied in a 4-center trial. Blood pressure
      and heart rate were measured in the supine position, immediately after and 5
      minutes after standing. Modified Bruce protocol treadmill tests were performed to
      determine the time to onset of 1 mm ST-segment depression, time to onset of chest
      pain and time to termination of exercise. Diltiazem monotherapy resulted in
      equivalent blood pressure control in 28 of 38 patients (74%). In the remaining
      patients, blood pressure control was achieved with resumption of the diuretic.
      Blood pressure with beta blocker plus diuretic compared with diltiazem were, in
      the supine position 137 +/- 22/82 +/- 7 (+/- 1 standard deviation) versus 139 +/-
      22/82 +/- 8 mm Hg, immediately after standing 131 +/- 20/84 +/- 9 versus 133 +/-
      21/82 +/- 10 mm Hg and after standing for 5 minutes 134 +/- 19/85 +/- 8 versus
      137 +/- 18/85 +/- 9 mm Hg (difference not significant for each). The heart rate
      with diltiazem was higher supine (67 +/- 11 versus 60 +/- 11 beats/min), standing
      (73 +/- 13 versus 64 +/- 14 beats/min) and 5 minutes after standing (73 +/- 14
      versus 63 +/- 14 beats/min, p less than 0.01 for each).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2891292
TI  - Autocrine-paracrine mechanisms of vascular myocytes in systemic hypertension.
AB  - Recent data demonstrate that in addition to its conduit function, the blood
      vessel is an active synthetic and secretory organ containing several autocrine
      and paracrine systems that are involved with the local regulation of its own
      function. The endothelium plays a pivotal role in modulating the balance between
      thrombogenesis and thrombolysis. In addition, it secretes vasorelaxant and
      vasoconstrictive substances, growth factors and inflammatory mediators that exert
      paracrine influences on vascular myocyte function. The vascular myocyte also
      expresses autocrine substances which influence its own function. The autocrine
      systems include angiotensin, prostaglandins, platelet-derived growth factor,
      insulin-like growth factor and heparin. These local factors exert modulatory
      influences on myocyte contractility and growth. It is conceivable that genetic or
      acquired abnormalities of one or several of these check and balance systems can
      result in increased vascular tone, generalized vascular hypertrophy or
      hyperplasia, or a combination, and contribute to the pathogenesis of
      hypertension. These autocrine-paracrine systems may be important targets for
      antihypertensive drug development.

PMID- 2891293
TI  - Prostatic carcinoma with endocrine features. A report of a neoplasm containing
      multiple immunoreactive hormonal substances.
AB  - A case of prostatic carcinoma with the cellular patterns of an adenocarcinoma and
      carcinoid tumor is reported. The tumor contained ultrastructural dense core
      neuroendocrine granules, and immunoperoxidase staining revealed prostatic acid
      phosphatase, prostatic-specific antigen, chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase,
      serotonin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), somatostatin, parathormone,
      calcitonin, bombesin, and glucagon but no insulin. The patient had exhibited
      hypercalcemia that may have been related to hormone production by the tumor. The
      literature on the endocrine aspect of the prostate and its tumor is reviewed.

PMID- 2891294
TI  - H2-receptor antagonists and duodenal ulcer recurrence: analysis of efficacy and
      commentary on safety, costs, and patient selection.
AB  - Maintenance treatment to prevent duodenal ulcer recurrence has been studied in
      more than 100 trials. These trials, together with reports of long-term safety of
      maintenance therapy, risk factors of ulcer recurrence, and economic implications
      of different strategies of long-term ulcer management have been analyzed.
      Recurrence rates with the FDA-approved drugs for maintenance therapy, cimetidine,
      ranitidine, and famotidine are comparable when compared as "weighted" or
      "unweighted" means. H2-blockers reduce the annual recurrence from nearly 70% to
      about 25%. The duration of maintenance treatment is uncertain, but probably
      should not be less than 1 yr. Cimetidine maintenance for up to 5 yr has not
      disclosed new side effects, and the rate of reactions decreases after the first
      yr. Maintenance is economically superior to intermittent treatment or surgery in
      the ulcer population, but long-term management should be individualized according
      to risk factors for recurrence.

PMID- 2891295
TI  - Antibody to hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome viruses (Hantaviruses) in the
      United States.
AB  - Hantaviruses similar to those which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
      have been isolated from rodents in the United States. Serologic evidence suggests
      that these viruses infect humans. Clinical disease has not, however, been
      associated with infection in the United States. To expand knowledge of the
      distribution of Hantaviruses in the United States and attempt to identify a
      clinical syndrome associated with infection, a serologic survey was undertaken of
      US Forestry Service personnel and US Geological Survey personnel in Mississippi,
      Virginia, and Alaska. In addition, sera from persons with unidentified illnesses
      were collected from state public health laboratories in Washington state and
      Virginia. One of 85 sera (1.2%) from Forestry Service personnel in Mississippi
      and one of 79 sera (1.3%) from Forestry Service personnel in Virginia, and nine
      of 360 sera (2.5%) from Forestry Service and Geological Service personnel in
      Alaska were tested by immunofluorescent assay and were found to have antibody to
      Hantaan, Tchoupitoulas, or Prospect Hill viruses, ranging in titer from 1:32 to
      1:512. Those persons questioned revealed no renal disease, hemorrhagic
      phenomenon, or unidentified febrile illnesses. Sera from two persons in Virginia,
      collected at the time of an illness, had antibody titers of 1:32 and 1:64,
      respectively, to Prospect Hill virus. An etiologic role for Prospect Hill virus
      could not be confirmed. Current information would suggest that Hantaviruses do
      not present a public health problem in the United States.

PMID- 2891296
TI  - Dysfunctional alpha-globin genes in hemoglobin H disease in blacks: variation in
      restriction fragment size permits the detection of the -alpha/-alpha T genotype.
AB  - Hemoglobin H (HbH) disease is most often due to deletion of three of the four
      alpha-globin genes (genotype --/--alpha). In black subjects although the 
      alpha/chromosome is common, the --/haplotype is very rare and few examples of HbH
      disease have been detected. We have studied three black siblings with HbH by
      restriction endonuclease mapping of the alpha-like gene complex (5'-zeta-psi zeta
      psi alpha 2-psi alpha 1-alpha 2-alpha 1-3') using zeta- and alpha- specific
      probes. The presence of size differences in the previously described
      hypervariable region between the zeta and psi zeta genes results in a restriction
      fragment length polymorphism which permitted the detection of single alpha genes
      on both number 16 chromosomes in these subjects. Quantitative DNA hybridization
      by a slot-blot technique confirmed that their genomes contained two alpha-globin
      genes. The results establish that in these black subjects HbH disease is
      associated with dysfunctional alpha-globin genes (genotype: -alpha/-alpha T).

PMID- 2891297
TI  - Exercise tolerance changes following renal transplantation.
AB  - Maximal exercise capacity was measured in 20 nondiabetic patients with end-stage
      renal disease before and soon after successful renal transplantation. Maximal
      oxygen consumption increased significantly in all patients posttransplant.
      Increases in maximal heart rate and heart rates at 70% of maximal levels were
      also observed. The changes in maximal oxygen consumption were not significantly
      correlated with changes in hematocrit. The removal of uremia may result in
      improved functioning of one or more of the systems involved in oxygen transport
      and utilization that determine exercise capacity.

PMID- 2891298
TI  - Globin gene-associated restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms in southern
      African peoples.
AB  - The combination of polymorphic restriction-enzyme sites in the 3' region of the
      beta-globin gene cluster shows very little variation in southern-African Bantu
      speaking black and Kalahari !Kung San populations. The sites of the 5' region, on
      the other hand, show marked variation, and two common haplotypes are present--the
      "Negro" type (- - - - +) and the "San" type (- + - - +)--in frequencies of .404
      and .106, respectively, in the Bantu-speakers and .262 and .405, respectively, in
      the San. Twenty of 23 beta s-associated haplotypes in southern-African Bantu
      speaking black subjects were the same as that found commonly in the Central
      African Republic (CAR)--i.e., the "Bantu" type--a finding providing the first
      convincing biological evidence for the common ancestry of geographically widely
      separated speakers of languages belonging to the Bantu family. The (-alpha)
      haplotype has a frequency of .21 in the Venda, .07 in both the Sotho-Tswana and
      the Nguni, and .06 among the !Kung San. These data are interpreted in the light
      of Plasmodium falciparum malaria selection and population movements in the
      African subcontinent.

PMID- 2891299
TI  - Isolation and regional mapping of DNA sequences unique to human chromosome 21.
AB  - To isolate DNA sequences unique to chromosome 21 we have used a recombinant-DNA
      library, constructed from a mouse-human somatic-cell hybrid line containing
      chromosome 21 as the only human chromosome. Individual recombinant phage
      containing human DNA inserts were identified by their hybridization to total
      human DNA sequences and by their failure to hybridize to total mouse DNA
      sequences. A repeat-free human DNA fragment was then subcloned from each of 14
      such recombinant phage. An independent somatic-cell hybrid was used to assign all
      14 subcloned fragments to chromosome 21. Thirteen of the fragments have been
      regionally mapped using a somatic-cell hybrid containing a human 21 translocation
      chromosome. Two probes map proximal to the 21q21.2 translocation breakpoint, and
      11 probes map distal to this breakpoint, placing them in the region 21q21.2
      21q22. One of seven probes used to screen for restriction-fragment-length
      polymorphisms recognized polymorphic DNA fragments when hybridized to genomic DNA
      from unrelated individuals. These 14 unique probes provide useful tools for
      studying the structure and function of human chromosome 21 as well as for
      investigating the molecular biology of Down syndrome.

PMID- 2891300
TI  - Atopic dermatitis: the (wet) wrap-up.

PMID- 2891301
TI  - Periodic interactions of GH-releasing factor and somatostatin can augment GH
      release in vitro.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) is secreted as pulses in vivo. To understand the signals
      governing this periodicity, we have established a perifusion-based model of
      pulsatile GH release. Male rat anterior pituitaries were dispersed and perifused
      with pulses of human growth hormone-releasing factor-(1--40) (GHRF), with or
      without a continuous or discontinuous somatostatin tonus. An experiment was
      composed of a 1-h base-line collection followed by four 3-h cycles; each
      contained single or paired 10-min infusion(s) of 3 nM GHRF. In testing the impact
      of somatostatin, the protocol was identical except that 0.3 nM somatostatin was
      added 30 min into the base-line period and then was either continued throughout
      the study or withdrawn during the periods of GHRF infusion. GH base lines with
      somatostatin were lower than vehicle base lines (P less than 0.05). GHRF pulses
      generated consistent peaks of GH release between 200 and 300 ng. min-1. (10(7)
      cells)-1, and these peaks were not altered by continuous somatostatin. In
      contrast, withdrawal of somatostatin during GHRF administration elicited markedly
      higher GH peaks (P less than 0.05) and more total GH release (P less than 0.05).
      This response could not be accounted for by the additive effects of GHRF and
      somatostatin withdrawal.

PMID- 2891302
TI  - Regulation of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content in newborn rabbit liver.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between postnatal metabolic and hormonal
      changes and the accompanying rapid increase in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide
      content (ATP + ADP + AMP) in rabbit liver. The cytosolic NAD+/NADH concentration
      ratio, calculated from tissue pyruvate and lactate values, increased linearly 6.6
      fold during the 1st postnatal h. The mitochondrial NAD+/NADH concentration ratio,
      calculated from tissue acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate values, increased 28
      fold by 30 min postnatal. These changes in NAD+/NADH suggest that tissue
      oxygenation occurs rapidly and that oxygen supply rather than substrate supply is
      limiting for mitochondrial respiration in the immediate postnatal period. The
      normal increase in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content that occurs within 2
      h after birth was inhibited by hypoxia (5% O2). Glucagon stimulated the postnatal
      increase in mitochondrial adenine nucleotides but had no effect in combination
      with hypoxia. Both glucose and somatostatin injections inhibited the increase in
      mitochondrial adenine nucleotides and increased the insulin-to-glucagon ratio.
      Isoproterenol or dibutyryl cAMP stimulated, but propranolol did not inhibit, the
      normal increase in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content. Phentolamine did not
      stimulate the postnatal accumulation of adenine nucleotides. In summary, the
      results show that the insulin-to-glucagon ratio is probably the most important
      hormone regulator of the rapid recompartmentation of adenine nucleotides into the
      mitochondrial matrix and that tissue oxygenation is strictly permissive for this
      hormone effect in the first 2 h after birth.

PMID- 2891303
TI  - Endogenous opioids may mediate secondary damage after experimental brain injury.
AB  - Although endogenous opioids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of spinal
      cord injury and brain ischemia, the role of specific opioid peptides and opiate
      receptors in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury remains unexplored.
      This study examined regional changes in brain opioid immunoreactivity and
      cerebral blood flow (CBF) after fluid-percussion brain injury in the cat and
      compared the effect of an opiate antagonist (Win 44,441-3 [Win-(-)]) with its
      dextroisomer Win 44,441-2 [Win-(+)] (which is inactive at opiate receptors) in
      the treatment of brain injury. Dynorphin A immunoreactivity (Dyn A-IR) but not
      leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity accumulated in injury regions after
      traumatic injury; Dyn-IR increases also occurred predominantly in those areas
      showing significant decreases in regional CBF. Administration of Win-(-) but not
      Win-(+) or saline at 15 min after injury significantly improved mean arterial
      pressure, electroencephalographic amplitude, and regional CBF and reduced the
      severity and incidence of hemorrhage. Win-(-) also significantly improved
      survival after brain injury. Taken together, these findings suggest that
      dynorphin, through actions at opiate receptors, may contribute to the
      pathophysiology of secondary brain injury after head trauma and indicate that
      selective opiate-receptor antagonists may be useful in treatment of traumatic
      brain injury.

PMID- 2891304
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits cAMP-mediated cholinergic transmission in the myenteric
      plexus.
AB  - The mechanism by which somatostatin acts to modulate cholinergic transmission is
      not clear. In this study we investigated the role of the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cAMP) system in mediating cholinergic transmission in the guinea
      pig myenteric plexus and examined the ability of somatostatin to alter
      acetylcholine (ACh) release stimulated by various cAMP agonists. Forskolin, 8
      bromo-cAMP, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and cholera toxin each
      stimulated the release of [3H]ACh in a dose-related manner. Addition of
      theophylline enhanced the release of [3H]ACh stimulated by these cAMP agonists.
      In contrast 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase,
      antagonized the action of forskolin, VIP, and cholera toxin but had no effect on
      that evoked by 8-bromo-cAMP. These observations suggest that cAMP may serve as a
      physiological mediator for ACh release from myenteric neurons. Somatostatin
      inhibited release of [3H]ACh evoked by various cAMP agonists in a dose-related
      manner. Maximal inhibition, observed in the presence of 10(-6) M somatostatin was
      48 +/- 5, 47 +/- 9, and 43 +/- 12% of control for forskolin-, VIP-, and cholera
      toxin-evoked release of [3H]ACh. In contrast somatostatin at 10(-6) M inhibited
      only 20 +/- 5% of the release of [3H]ACh stimulated by 8-bromo-cAMP. Pretreatment
      with pertussis toxin antagonized the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the
      release of [3H]ACh evoked by forskolin, VIP, or cholera toxin but had no effect
      on the inhibitory action of somatostatin on the release of [3H]ACh evoked by 8
      bromo-cAMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891305
TI  - [3H]QNB binding and contraction of rabbit colonic smooth muscle cells.
AB  - We used radioligand binding and studies of cell contraction to characterize
      muscarinic receptors on dispersed smooth muscle cells from rabbit proximal and
      distal colon. Cells obtained after serial incubations in collagenase were used to
      measure binding of tritiated quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB). AT 37 degrees C,
      specific [3H]QNB binding was saturable and linearly related to cell number.
      Nonlinear regression analysis was used to determine the affinity of [3H]QNB for
      its receptor. In the distal colon the Kd was 60 pM, and the mean number of
      receptors was 1.2 X 10(6)/cell. Compared with cells from the distal colon, cells
      from the proximal colon had a lower affinity (Kd = 337 pM) but similar numbers of
      receptors. The concentrations of the antagonists atropine, secovorine, and
      pirenzepine, which were required for inhibition of 50% [3H]QNB binding (IC50),
      were 8, 5, and 870 nM, respectively, suggesting that the receptors are of the M2
      muscarinic subclass. Hill coefficients for these agents were 1.1, 0.9, and 1.1,
      suggesting binding to a single receptor. The IC50 for the muscarinic agonists
      bethanechol and oxotremorine were 80 and 0.57 microM, respectively. Hill
      coefficients were 0.67 for both, suggesting more complex interactions involving
      receptors of different affinities. In studies of cell contraction, bethanechol
      stimulated a dose-dependent decrease in cell length with half the maximal
      contraction occurring at 100 pM. These results suggest that 1) contraction is
      mediated by binding of bethanechol to M2-muscarinic receptors and that 2) there
      are a large number of spare receptors in colonic smooth muscle.

PMID- 2891306
TI  - Neural, hemodynamic, and renal responses to stimulation of intestinal receptors.
AB  - Stimulation of visceral receptors with bradykinin has been shown to cause reflex
      increases in sympathetic nerve activity and systemic arterial pressure. In this
      investigation, serosal receptors of the intestine were stimulated by bradykinin
      in anesthetized cats to 1) compare mesenteric and renal sympathetic responses, 2)
      compare hemodynamic responses in mesenteric and renal beds, and 3) determine
      changes in renal function. This stimulation in intact animals caused pressor
      responses, significantly greater excitation of mesenteric than renal nerves,
      significantly greater mesenteric than renal vasoconstriction, diuresis,
      natriuresis, and, in denervated kidneys, increases in fractional sodium
      excretion. In vagotomized, sinoaortic-denervated cats, stimulation of intestinal
      receptors caused excitation of mesenteric nerve activity greater than renal for
      only 30 s. This sympathetic reflex response led to pressor responses, equal
      mesenteric and renal vasoconstriction, diuresis, natriuresis, and increased
      fractional excretion of sodium only in denervated kidneys. When abdominal
      perfusion pressure was held constant with an aortic snare in these same animals,
      the sympathetic reflexes initially caused greater mesenteric than renal
      vasoconstriction and antidiuresis and antinatriuresis only in innervated kidneys.
      These findings demonstrate that the intensity of hemodynamic and renal responses
      to stimulation of visceral receptors correlates well with the magnitude of
      sympathetic nerve responses.

PMID- 2891307
TI  - Accelerometric assessment of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Accelerometric measures associated with resting the hand, posturing the arm, and
      moving the arm were taken in 10 patients with tardive dyskinesia and eight
      schizophrenic patients matched for diagnosis, age, sex, likelihood of medication
      to induce extrapyramidal symptoms, and chlorpromazine-equivalent dose. A
      multivariate analysis of variance and follow-up univariate analyses revealed that
      the tardive dyskinesia patients showed 1) greater amplitude of dyskinetic
      movements, 2) lower peak frequency of dyskinetic movements, and 3) more spikes
      points beyond four standard deviations from the mean. Multiple discriminant
      analyses revealed that all patients were correctly classified as to presence or
      absence of tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2891308
TI  - Prospective seroepidemiology of hantaviruses and population dynamics of small
      mammal communities of Baltimore, Maryland.
AB  - We used a prospective seroepidemiological study, in conjunction with a mark
      release-recapture protocol, to investigate the transmission of hantaviruses in
      four rodent species from Baltimore, Maryland, from June 1984 to June 1986. A
      total of 1,208 captures of 762 rodents provided 984 individual blood samples. The
      antibody prevalence, as determined by frequency of reciprocal indirect
      fluorescent antibody (IFA) titers greater than or equal to 32, was 33.9% in rats
      (Rattus norvegicus, n = 466), 28.3% in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus, n =
      67), 1.4% in house mice (Mus musculus, n = 146), and 1.2% in white-footed mice
      (Peromyscus leucopus, n = 83). Populations of all rodents were maximal during the
      fall and winter months, but population trends were not clearly associated with
      periods of virus transmission. The mean incidence of seroconversion to a
      Hantavirus for rats was 12.06/100 rats/month, but incidence rates could not be
      established for other species. Rats which seroconverted were generally sexually
      mature animals, and there was evidence of transmission throughout the year.
      Animals which seroconverted to a Hantavirus achieved high IFA titers, and
      remained seropositive for the duration of the study.

PMID- 2891309
TI  - Symposium: The epidemiology of mosquito-borne virus encephalitides in the United
      States, 1943-1987. In honor of William C. Reeves, Ph.D., M.P.H. Professor of
      Epidemiology.

PMID- 2891310
TI  - Professor William C. Reeves: scholar, teacher, and friend.

PMID- 2891311
TI  - Epidemiology and ecology of the California serogroup viruses.
AB  - The California serogroup viruses are important human pathogens, originally
      discovered in the United States, but now recognized to occur and cause disease in
      many parts of the world. In addition to their significance to public health,
      study of their natural history has resulted in a better understanding of the way
      in which arboviruses are maintained in nature. Viruses of the California
      serogroup have also been carefully investigated on the molecular level, resulting
      in a better appreciation of how viruses are constructed, organized, and
      replicate. William C. Reeves, in whose honor this symposium is held, has
      contributed throughout his career to each of these fields of endeavor. His
      pioneering work on these viruses, beginning with the discovery of the prototype
      California encephalitis virus, has helped to establish the foundations upon which
      our current understanding of these viruses is built.

PMID- 2891312
TI  - Overwintering mechanisms of mosquito-borne arboviruses in temperate climates.
AB  - It can be concluded from the data cited that transovarial transmission is a
      plausible explanation for the overwintering of mosquito-borne bunyaviruses of the
      California serogroup. Vertical transmission of mosquito-borne flaviviruses could
      explain the overwintering of this group of viruses, but this is far from having
      been established. At present, the mechanism by which mosquito-borne alphaviruses
      pass the winter is obscure.

PMID- 2891313
TI  - Strategies for surveillance, prevention, and control of arbovirus diseases in
      western North America.
AB  - Present strategies for surveillance, prevention, and control of arbovirus
      diseases in western North America have been developed from more than 4 decades of
      epidemiological research and development of mosquito control technology. Methods
      of prediction of outbreaks remain imprecise, although our understanding of
      sources of variation associated with indicators used for prediction is improving.
      Well organized and funded systematic mosquito abatement remains the most
      effective method of prevention of human cases of mosquito-borne virus disease,
      although emergency methods must be employed when outbreaks are imminent. The
      development of information management systems technology, use of recent
      developments of sampling theory, and research on vector competency and related
      areas should permit much better precision in estimates of impending outbreaks.

PMID- 2891314
TI  - Historical perspectives on the epidemiology and ecology of mosquito-borne virus
      encephalitides in the United States.

PMID- 2891315
TI  - The discovery decade of arbovirus research in western North America, 1940-1949.

PMID- 2891316
TI  - Topical levocabastine, a selective H1 antagonist, in seasonal allergic
      rhinoconjunctivitis.
AB  - Sixty-six patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to birch pollens,
      participated in an efficacy evaluation of topically applied, nasal and ocular,
      levocabastine, a highly selective H1 antagonist. A single blind comparison was
      performed between nasal levocabastine and flunisolide, a topical glucocorticoid
      preparation. Ocular levocabastine was compared with topical
      naphazoline/antazoline eye drops. Nasal and ocular symptom scores were recorded
      during a 31-day period. Pollen counts of birch pollens were done simultaneously.
      A global assessment of treatment efficacy was also made. In the comparison
      between the ocular treatments a significantly higher number of patients cited
      levocabastine excellent--it also had the advantage of fewer daily
      administrations. For nasal symptom scores the topical glucocorticosteroid therapy
      was in favour by number of sneezes. As for side effects, 44% of the patients
      complained of local irritation from naphazoline/antazoline eye drops or
      flunisolide nasal spray, but none with the levocabastine preparations. Topical
      levocabastine may provide an interesting alternative in the treatment of allergic
      rhinoconjunctivitis.

PMID- 2891317
TI  - Treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Denmark.

PMID- 2891318
TI  - [Atracurium and vecuronium: interaction with three orally administered calcium
      antagonists in animal experiments].
AB  - Interactions between calcium antagonists (CA) and muscle relaxants have been
      reported however due to the extremely high dosages of CA used in these studies,
      the clinical relevance of the observed interactions has been questioned. In order
      to simulate clinical practice--which entails long-term oral treatment and
      significant reductions in systolic blood pressure--CA were administered to rats
      orally (by gavage) for 8 days at a dosage that induced a systolic blood pressure
      decrease of not more than 25 +/- 5 mmHg. Ten groups of six male Sprague-Dawley
      rats each, body weight (BW) 313 +/- 23 g, were subjected to oral administration
      of three different CA: nitrendipine (1 mg/kg BW), nisoldipine (1 mg/kg BW), and
      diltiazem (100 mg/kg BW) or their solvents (control) three times daily by gavage
      for a period of 8 days. One hour after the last dose of drug or solvent, the rats
      were anesthetized (pentobarbital 60 mg/kg BW) and mechanically ventilated via
      tracheostomy. Monitoring included rectal temperature, carotid artery pressure,
      central venous pressure, heart rate, blood gases, and end-tidal CO2. Evoked train
      of-four (T4) twitch tension of the right tibialis anterior muscle was recorded
      continuously. After equilibration of vital signs and muscle twitch tension,
      vecuronium (150 micrograms/kg BW) or atracurium (500 micrograms/kg BW) was
      injected into the internal jugular vein four times at 5-min intervals after
      twitch tension had totally recovered and T4 fade had disappeared. Twitch
      depression, duration 90, and onset time of neuromuscular block in CA-pretreated
      animals were compared to control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891319
TI  - Use of cyanuric chloride-activated paper for detection of subpicogram quantities
      of specific DNA sequences and its application to linked restriction fragment
      length polymorphism analysis in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy affected family.
AB  - Conditions for the optimal use of cyanuric chloride-activated (CCA) paper in
      Southern transfer hybridization experiments of genomic DNA were investigated.
      They depend critically on pH and ionic strength during transfer and on the
      composition of the hybridization solution. Simplified hybridization conditions
      using a SSC/dextran sulfate system at 65 degrees C without sodium dodecyl sulfate
      and the complex Denhardt's solution are applied. CCA paper allows repeated use in
      hybridization experiments. Under optimized conditions CCA paper allows a more
      sensitive detection of single-copy gene sequences in the subpicogram range than
      do nylon membranes. Application of these transfer and hybridization conditions
      with our newly developed CCA paper to carrier determination and prediction of the
      healthy male haplotype demonstrates its usefulness for prenatal counseling of a
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy family.

PMID- 2891320
TI  - Postnatal sequential development of dopaminergic and enkephalinergic perineuronal
      formations in the lateral septal nucleus of the rat correlated with local
      neuronal maturation.
AB  - Tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH-IR) and methionine-enkephalin like immunoreactivity
      (MetE-IR) were analyzed in the lateral septal nucleus (LSN) of the rat from birth
      (PO) to adulthood. TH-IR labeled specifically the dopaminergic (DA) pericellular
      arrangements of the LSN, as checked by negative dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and
      phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase-IR. TH-IR and Met-IR processes were
      present at birth in the medial LSN and extended lateralwards and caudalwards from
      P0 to P6 to constitute two main DA terminal fields (medial and lateral)
      surrounding a MetE one. Within these fields, the development of perineuronal
      baskets followed a similar medial to lateral sequence: DA axons first surrounded
      a few neuronal cell bodies at P3 in the medial part of the intermediate LSN; at
      P6, Met-IR axons encircled more laterally located perikarya, and only at P9, some
      neurons located along the ventricle in the lateral DA field became surrounded.
      The initial aspect of TH-IR baskets consisting of few axons surrounding the cell
      body rapidly evolved in a positive network encapsulating the perikaryon and long
      segments of the proximal dendrites, whereas MetE-IR varicosities remained
      restricted around the perikaryon and the initial dendritic segments.
      Ultrastructural study at P14 revealed numerous TH-IR and MetE-IR axosomatic and
      axodendritic profiles. TH-IR axosomatic varicosities exhibited asymmetrical
      synapses, whereas MetE-IR ones displayed rare symmetrical contacts. The medio
      lateral gradient of development of the perineuronal baskets was parallel to the
      postnatal neuronal development of the LSN as evaluated by cytological criteria:
      neuronal density, cell size and Nissl staining. Therefore, the formation of DA
      and MetE perineuronal arrangements in the LSN does not seem to be subordinate to
      the nature of the neurotransmitter they contain but related to the level of
      differentiation of their target neurons. A similar sequential set-up in the
      development of afferences paralleling the neuronal differentiation is discussed.

PMID- 2891321
TI  - Investigation of peripheral androgen resistance in genital hypoplasia associated
      with congenital growth hormone deficiency.
AB  - In a male infant with congenital growth hormone deficiency and genital hypoplasia
      (micropenis, cryptorchidism and small scrotum) androgen receptors, tissue
      specific 5 alpha reductase and steroid excretion pattern were determined in order
      to test the hypothesis of peripheral androgen resistance. A reduced number of
      cytosolic binding sites (Nmax) was found for the T and DHT receptor in patients
      foreskin compared to controls (n = 9) of similar age. The specific affinity (Kd)
      of the cytosolic receptor, however, was normal. Tissue specific 5 alpha reductase
      determination revealed a Vmax of 3.3 pmol/mg/h (controls 15.8 +/- 1.4). Analysis
      of urinary steroid excretion pattern revealed decreased levels of T metabolites,
      indicating impaired T metabolism. We postulate, that genital hypoplasia in
      patients with congenital GH deficiency is associated with impaired target organ
      responsiveness to androgen hormones caused by abnormalities within the pathway of
      intracellular reactions of T utilization.

PMID- 2891322
TI  - Evidence of sperm nuclear chromatin heterogeneity in ex-cryptorchid subjects.
AB  - Ex-cryptorchid subjects are frequently affected by infertility, even if the
      usually determined seminal parameters are still within the normal range. We
      evaluated in this study, in 14 ex-unilateral cryptorchid adult males (22-28
      years), with normal sperm concentration, morphology and viability, the resistance
      of sperm nuclear chromatin to denaturation, using the fluorochrome acridine
      orange, which fluorescences green when bound to native DNA (double stranded) and
      red when bound to denaturated DNA (single stranded). Our findings demonstrate
      that the percentage of green-stained cells with acridine orange was significantly
      lower in our patients than in controls (p less than 0.001). We therefore suggest
      that the chromatin of ex-cryptorchid subjects' spermatozoa has a decreased
      resistance to denaturation and we hypothesize that this finding may explain the
      infertility of these patients, when the common seminal parameters are still
      within the normal range.

PMID- 2891323
TI  - Opioid analgesia at peripheral sites: a target for opioids released during stress
      and inflammation?
AB  - The peripheral analgesic effects of opiates were evaluated in a rat model of
      inflammation. The experimental design excluded a potential central nervous system
      site of action for the observed analgesia. After the injection of carrageenan
      (CARRA) in the plantar surface of both hind paws, an opiate was injected into one
      paw and saline was injected into the other paw. The inflamed paws injected with
      the mu-agonist, fentanyl (0.3 micrograms) or the kappa-agonist,
      ethylketocyclazocine (10 micrograms) were significantly less hyperalgesic (P less
      than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively) than were the contralateral
      inflamed paws injected with saline. At these doses, fentanyl and
      ethylketocyclazocine were devoid of systemic effects. Another mu-agonist,
      levorphanol (20, 40, 80, or 160 micrograms) and dextrorphan (160 micrograms), its
      dextrorotatory isomer, were used next to evaluate opioid specificity. Levorphanol
      produced a dose-related blockade of CARRA-induced hyperalgesia (P less than
      0.005). In contrast, 160 micrograms of dextrorphan was inactive. These results
      demonstrate that local administration of opiates into an inflamed paw produces a
      dose-related, stereospecific analgesia restricted to the injected area.

PMID- 2891324
TI  - The enflurane-sparing effect of alfentanil in dogs.
AB  - Some investigators believe that the dog is less sensitive than are humans to the
      anesthetic/analgesic actions of opioids. The alfentanil plasma concentration
      [ALF] vs anesthetic effect relationship has been determined for humans undergoing
      surgery. This study was designed to determine the [ALF] vs anesthetic
      relationship for alfentanil in the enflurane-anesthetized dog and thereby to
      provide data by which the [ALF] vs anesthetic effect relationships in the dog and
      in humans could be compared. Mongrel dogs (n = 10) were anesthetized with
      enflurane, and enflurane MAC (EMAC) was determined in each dog. After this, each
      dog received at least three incremental infusions of alfentanil using infusion
      rates of 0.625, 1.6, 8, 32, or 80 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. EMAC and [ALF] were
      determined during each infusion rate. There was a linear increase in [ALF]
      produced by incremental infusions of alfentanil (r = 0.999). Administration of
      alfentanil produced a dose-dependent reduction of EMAC up to a maximum of 72.5 +/
      3.7% (mean +/- SEM) at 32 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 ([ALF] = 960 +/- 86 ng/ml); a
      ceiling effect was evident. The degree of EMAC reduction (69%) produced by an
      infusion rate of 8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 ([ALF] = 223 +/- 13 ng/ml) was not
      statistically different from the EMAC reductions produced by infusion rates of 32
      (73% reduction at [ALF] = 960 +/- 86 ng/ml) or 80 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 (70%
      reduction at [ALF] = 2613 +/- 247 ng/ml) (P greater than 0.05). The relative
      potency of alfentanil was one-seventh to one-tenth that of fentanyl studied under
      identical conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891325
TI  - Does diaphragmatic paralysis precede hand paralysis with vecuronium?

PMID- 2891326
TI  - Vecuronium and prolonged neuromuscular blockade in postpartum patients.

PMID- 2891327
TI  - Comparative pharmacokinetics of spinal opioids in humans: a step toward
      determination of relative safety.

PMID- 2891328
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine and meperidine in humans.
AB  - Five groups of surgical patients, each comprising six individuals, received
      epidural doses of morphine or meperidine, and the plasma and CSF kinetics were
      studied. Three groups received epidural doses of morphine 3 mg in 1 or 10 ml or
      meperidine 30 mg in 1 ml. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and central venous blood
      opioid concentrations were measured intermittently for 6 h after injection. Two
      groups received epidural doses of morphine 3 mg in 1 ml or meperidine 30 mg in 1
      ml, and opioid CSF concentrations were determined over a 24-h period. Morphine
      appeared rapidly in plasma, and maximum plasma concentrations were usually
      detected 5 min after injection and averaged 33 ng.ml-1 in the 1-ml volume group
      and 40 ng.ml-1 in the 10-ml volume group. The terminal plasma half-life averaged
      91 +/- 34 min and 87 +/- 27 min, respectively (mean +/- SEM). Maximal plasma
      concentrations of meperidine were usually detected 10 or 15 min post-injection
      and averaged 196 +/- 29 ng.ml-1. The terminal plasma half-life averaged 124 +/-
      26 min. Morphine crossed the dura relatively slowly, and the absorption half-life
      across the dura averaged 22 min. Maximal CSF concentrations were usually seen 60
      90 min post-injection. In contrast, meperidine crossed the dura quickly, with an
      absorption half-life averaging 7.6 +/- 2.0 min. Maximal CSF concentrations were
      seen 15 or 30 min post-injection. Morphine and meperidine concentrations remained
      several times higher in the CSF than in the plasma. The fraction of the opioid
      dose crossing the dura was calculated to be 3.6% for morphine and 3.7% for
      meperidine. There were no significant differences in the kinetics of morphine
      administered in 1 or in 10 ml when CSF was sampled close to the site of lumbar
      epidural injection. The CSF concentration-time curves of both drugs decreased
      biexponentially after the initial rise due to diffusion across the dura. The
      early half-life in CSF averaged 73.3 +/- 11.5 min for morphine and 71.3 +/- 3.1
      min for meperidine, and the late half-life averaged 369 +/- 113 min for morphine
      and 982 +/- 449 min for meperidine. Dose-normalized morphine and meperidine CSF
      concentrations after epidural administration showed that meperidine
      concentrations were down to one-fourth the corresponding morphine concentrations
      from the 2nd to the 15th h after administration, which may partly explain the
      longer duration of analgesia from morphine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2891329
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intrathecal morphine and meperidine in humans.
AB  - Two groups of surgical patients each comprising six individuals received an
      intrathecal injection of morphine 0.3 mg or meperidine 10 mg. Cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) and plasma were sampled frequently during a 6-h period and analyzed for
      morphine or meperidine. Maximum plasma morphine concentrations were found 5-10
      min after injection, and averaged 4.5 +/- 1.1 ng.ml-1 (mean +/- SEM). Maximum CSF
      morphine concentrations were considerably higher than maximum plasma
      concentrations, 6410 +/- 1290 ng.ml-1. Maximum plasma concentrations of
      meperidine were also measured 5 or 10 min after injection and were low (36 +/- 9
      ng.ml-1) compared with the maximum CSF concentrations (364 +/- 105 micrograms.ml
      1). After a rapid initial decline for about 15 min after injection, the CSF
      concentrations decreased with a half-life of 89.8 +/- 16.1 min for morphine and
      68.0 +/- 5.1 min for meperidine during the rest of the study period. The initial
      volume of distribution in CSF was similar for both drugs, or 22 +/- 8 ml for
      morphine and 18 +/- 5 ml for meperidine. After 6 h, 1.6 +/- 0.9% of the injected
      morphine dose and 0.41 +/- 0.09% of the meperidine dose remained in the initial
      volume of distribution. Large inter-individual differences in morphine and
      meperidine CSF kinetics existed, which may explain some of the reported
      individual differences in duration of effects. The disappearance of meperidine
      from CSF tended to be faster than that of morphine, which may be explained, in
      part, by the differences in lipid solubilities of the drugs.

PMID- 2891330
TI  - Drug actions at mammalian motor nerve endings: the suppression of neostigmine
      induced fasciculations by vecuronium and isoflurane.
AB  - The occurrence of fasciculations following administration of agents is a well
      known pharmacologic phenomenon. Using the cat soleus nerve-muscle preparation,
      intravenous neostigmine doses between 20-200 micrograms/kg evoked fasciculations
      in a dose-related manner. The data demonstrate that the fasciculations were the
      result of the direct effect of neostigmine acting at the motor nerve endings.
      Vecuronium in a dose-related manner (3 and 5 micrograms/kg iv) suppressed this
      prejunctional activity of neostigmine. The prejunctional effect of vecuronium
      explains its effectiveness in preventing succinylcholine-induced fasciculations.
      In the presence of isoflurane (end-tidal concentration 0.20-0.25%), the
      suppressant effect of vecuronium on motor nerve endings was enhanced. The
      prejunctional action of isoflurane may be a major contribution to the additive
      effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and potent inhalation agents.

PMID- 2891331
TI  - Analgesia and ventilatory response to CO2 following epidural sufentanil in
      children.
AB  - The authors studied the effects of epidural sufentanil (0.75 microgram.kg-1)
      after urologic surgery in 15 children ranging in age from 4 to 12 yr, and in
      weight from 14 to 47 kg. The onset and duration of analgesia were 3.0 +/- 0.3 and
      198 +/- 19 min, respectively (mean +/- SEM). Side effects included pruritus
      (3/15), nausea and vomiting (5/15), drowsiness (10/15), and urinary retention
      (1/11). No apnea was observed. Periosteal analgesia and ventilation were studied
      in eight of the children (mean age 8.6 +/- 0.8 yr). There was significant
      periosteal analgesia of the tibia (30, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection) and
      of the radius (60, 90, and 120 min after injection). Resting respiratory rate and
      tidal volume did not change during the study. Resting minute-ventilation
      decreased from 6.3 +/- 0.5 l.min-1 preoperatively to 5.6 +/- 0.6 l.min-1 (P less
      than 0.05) postoperatively, before epidural sufentanil injection; it did not
      decrease further after epidural sufentanil. Similarly, end-tidal CO2 tension
      increased significantly from 37.2 +/- 0.7 mmHg preoperatively to 39.9 +/- 1.2
      mmHg (P less than 0.05) postoperatively, before epidural sufentanil; epidural
      sufentanil did not cause a further significant increase in end-tidal CO2 tension.
      The slope of the CO2 ventilatory response curve decreased significantly from 1.68
      +/- 0.12 l.min-1. mmHg-1 preoperatively to 1.10 +/- 0.13 l.min-1.mmHg-1 (P less
      than 0.01) postoperatively. There were further significant decreases to 0.68 +/-
      0.10 and 0.89 +/- 0.16 l.min-1.mmHg-1 30 and 60 min after epidural
      sufentanil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891332
TI  - The effects of psychological desensitization on levels of patient comfort during
      oral surgical procedures.
AB  - The efficacy of psychological desensitization to reduce clinical pain associated
      with oral surgery was compared to diazepam plus meperidine I.V. Premedication. A
      visual analog scale was used to rate pain during local anesthesia administration
      and oral surgery. Psychological desensitization of patients who are to receive
      only local anesthesia during oral surgical procedures appears to be a
      significantly effective means of controlling patient pain perception. Such
      desensitization does not appear to be significant, however, in patients
      intravenous sedation.

PMID- 2891333
TI  - Five-year follow-up of a controlled trial of five 6-month regimens of
      chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical
      Research Council.
AB  - In a study in Hong Kong, Chinese patients with sputum-smear-positive pulmonary
      tuberculosis were allocated at random to five 6-month antituberculosis regimens.
      Four were pyrazinamide-containing regimens: 3 of these were given 3 times a week
      throughout, and contained isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide together with (1)
      streptomycin and ethambutol (HRZSE3), (2) streptomycin but no ethambutol (HRZS3),
      and (3) ethambutol but no streptomycin (HRZE3). The fourth contained the same
      drugs as Regimen 3, but was given daily throughout (HRZE7). The fifth regimen
      contained isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, and ethambutol, given 3 times a
      week, but no pyrazinamide (HRSE3). As previously reported, all 833 patients with
      drug-susceptible strains of tubercle bacilli pretreatment had a favorable
      bacteriologic response during chemotherapy, and bacteriologic relapse during the
      2 yr (18 months after the end of chemotherapy) occurred in 9 (1.4%) of 626
      patients in the pyrazinamide series (Regimens 1 to 4 combined) compared with 13
      (7.8%) of 166 in the nonpyrazinamide series (Regimen 5) (p less than 0.001). The
      patients have been assessed at 4 and 5 yr after admission to the study. During
      the 5 yr, the total relapse rates for patients with drug-susceptible strains
      pretreatment were 3.4% for the pyrazinamide series compared with 10.3% for the
      nonpyrazinamide series (p less than 0.001). The results for the pyrazinamide
      series were also very good for the 104 assessable patients with strains resistant
      to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both drugs pretreatment: there was 1 failure
      during chemotherapy, 1 relapse during the first 2 yr and 2 subsequent relapses.

PMID- 2891334
TI  - Coexistence of multiple peptides and classic transmitters in airway neurons:
      functional and pathophysiologic aspects.

PMID- 2891336
TI  - [Neuroleptics: vigilance].

PMID- 2891335
TI  - The electrophysiologic and neurochemical properties of paratracheal neurones in
      situ and in dissociated cell culture.
AB  - Although our knowledge of the intrinsic innervation of the airways is at present
      rather limited, it would appear that these neurones have several features in
      common with other intramural ganglia. They show a level of electrophysiologic
      diversity that might permit considerable integration and modulation to take
      place. Furthermore, the localization of a wide variety of neuropeptides in the
      neurones and in fibers within the paratracheal ganglia indicates that they may
      also possess the neurochemical specialization necessary to allow these ganglia to
      act as sites of complex local regulation.

PMID- 2891337
TI  - HLA-DQ restriction fragment length polymorphisms in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2891338
TI  - Immunogenetics of spontaneous, drug-induced, and experimental myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2891339
TI  - 1986 Runme Shaw memorial lecture: The role of viruses & AIDS in cancer.

PMID- 2891340
TI  - Bronchodilators: beta 2 agonists versus theophylline.
AB  - Beta 2 agonists are best administered by inhalation since this route provides
      maximum therapeutic effect with minimum side effects. Plasma levels are lower and
      muscle cramps, tachycardia and tremor less common. Inhalation may be carried out
      by use pressurised inhalers (with various modification if necessary), by a
      Rotahaler with Salbutamol powder, and by nebulisers. All have their uses. Apart
      from their immediate bronchodilator effect, it is customary to give Beta 2
      agonists routinely before inhalation beclomethasone, and there is evidence that
      regular use of Beta 1-agonists has a useful suppressive effect. In severe chronic
      asthma high doses may be indicated and be effective where conventional doses have
      failed. The introduction of reliable sustained-release preparation of
      theophylline and its derivatives together with plasma assays theophylline levels
      has enabled therapy to be optimal and side effects to be lessened. The
      therapeutic range is a plasma concentration of 10-20 mg/l. There are large
      individual variations in hepatic clearance of theophylline, which may also be
      influenced by age, liver disease, drugs and viral infections. Theophyllines are
      less effective as bronchodilators than Beta 2-agonists but in chronic severe
      asthma have a place for their additive effect. They are used most frequently to
      suppress nocturnal asthma and early morning wheezing.

PMID- 2891341
TI  - Treatment of intractable pain.
AB  - The mechanism of acute pain is believed to be mainly a neurophysiological event
      involving the transmission along A delta and fibers to the neuraxis and then via
      discrete paths to higher cortical levels. This incoming signal can undergo
      modification at a levels, either by other incoming signals, or by descending
      inhibition. In its refractory form chronic pain probably represents a complex
      balance of a nociceptive stimulus and its interaction with the co-existing
      psychological state, and behavioral factors. To successfully treat chronic pain
      it is necessary to direct therapy at the tissue damage (if any), the
      psychological state of the patient, and the environment in which the pain
      complaint is made, This often needs a multidisciplinary therapeutic environment
      to effect change.

PMID- 2891342
TI  - Back-up lights.

PMID- 2891343
TI  - [Bilateral Sertoli cell tumor].

PMID- 2891344
TI  - The effectiveness of mosquito coils containing esbiothrin under laboratory and
      field conditions.
AB  - Tests were made to correlate the chemical content of mosquito coils with the
      knockdown and bite-inhibitory action of the smoke in the laboratory and with the
      protective effect in field use. Smoke from a blank coil, containing no
      pyrethroid, gave no knockdown, 10% inhibition of biting in the laboratory using
      Aedes aegypti, and 39% protection in field tests in village huts on the Kenyan
      coast with a mixed population of mosquitoes including 71% Anopheles gambiae.
      Coils containing low experimental contents of 0.044% and 0.099% Esbiothrin, an
      isomer blend rich in the D-allethrolone ester of D-trans-chrysanthemic acid, gave
      rapid knockdown in both small chamber and 25 m3 room tests, and 71% and 94%
      inhibition of biting respectively in the laboratory. In the field they gave 74%
      and 84% protection from mosquitoes alighting. Chemical content was therefore a
      good guide to knockdown and bite inhibition in the laboratory and also to the
      considerable protection found in the field.

PMID- 2891345
TI  - [A case of hemoglobin D Punjab in Tunisia. Characterization and structural
      study].
AB  - Hb D Punjab is a hemoglobin abnormality due to the substitution of a glutamic
      acid by a glutamic on the hemoglobin beta chain: beta 121 Glu----Gln. Authors
      report here the first case of this rare variant in a tunisian family.

PMID- 2891347
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist (DG-5128) on intractable
      asthma].

PMID- 2891346
TI  - Multiplication and distribution of type 2 dengue and Japanese encephalitis
      viruses in Toxorhynchites splendens after intrathoracic inoculation.
AB  - The nonhematophagous mosquito Toxorhynchites (Tx.) splendens was found to be the
      most susceptible to type 2 dengue (D-2) and Japanese encephalitis (JEV) viruses
      among three hosts examined by virus titration and replication assays. After
      inoculation with D-2, the number of viral antigen positive cells in the head,
      thorax and abdomen increased up to day 15 and D-2 reached the maximum titer of
      8.4 log10 PFU/g in the head on day 15. Hemocytes were the earliest cell type that
      could be detected as D-2 antigen positive on day 2. Multiplication of JEV was
      faster than that of D-2 in the mosquito. The number of JEV antigen positive cells
      in each part of the mosquito increased up to day 3, JEV reaching the maximum
      titer of 8.0 log10 PFU/g in the abdomen on day 3. Hemocytes and fat body cells
      (FBC) could be detected as JEV antigen positive cells on day 1. The time course
      of D-2 and JEV infection suggested that intrathoracically inoculated viruses were
      probably initially phagocytosed by hemocytes and/or FBC, and multiplied primarily
      in their cytoplasm. The infected hemocytes were then transported by the flow of
      body fluid and viruses were disseminated to other susceptible organs, such as
      ganglia, salivary glands, etc. The results obtained indicate that the course of
      infection of D-2 and JEV in Tx. splendens is similar to that in vector
      mosquitoes. Tx. splendens is therefore very useful for the study of these
      viruses.

PMID- 2891348
TI  - A histological study of the effects of different alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic
      agonists on the rat submandibular gland.
AB  - Rat submandibular glands were exposed to various sialagogues, including
      carbachol, clonidine, noradrenaline and cyclocytidine. The effects of these drugs
      were morphologically compared. Clonidine, which is an alpha-2-agonist, caused no
      depletion of granules in the serous cells examined. Noradrenaline and
      cyclocytidine, which are alpha-1-agonists, showed remarkable depletion of
      secretory granules in the serous cells. Carbachol caused visible and abundant
      salivation in the animals, but was found to produce only partial granular
      depletion of both serous and mucous cells. To induce experimentally a complete
      depletion of granular serous cells, cyclocytidine was found to be an excellent
      choice as a sialagogue with no side-effects on the cardiac and respiratory
      system.

PMID- 2891349
TI  - Detection of K88 and K99 fimbrial antigens on Escherichia coli by
      coagglutination.
AB  - Coagglutination was used to detect K88 and K99 fimbrial antigens on Escherichia
      coli, and results were compared to an enzyme immuno assay (EIA). When pili
      suspensions were tested by both methods, 28 of 66 cultures were shown to have K88
      and 11 of 31 cultures had K99 antigens. No pili suspensions were positive by
      coagglutination that were not positive by EIA. Testing of cell suspensions gave
      equivalent results to pili suspensions for K99 when tested by coagglutination.
      Two cell suspensions reacted with the K88 coagglutination which could not be
      confirmed by testing of pili suspensions, while a further 20 out of 43 cultures
      gave equivalent results with both cell and pili suspensions for K88 when tested
      by coagglutination.

PMID- 2891350
TI  - Concordance and discordance of cognitive, behavioural and somatic self-ratings as
      a function of exposure: a Discan analysis.

PMID- 2891351
TI  - Hepatic glutamine metabolism.
AB  - The outstanding role of glutamine in hepatic nitrogen metabolism in general has
      been the subject of extensive research within the past few years. Hepatic
      glutaminase shows an extraordinary pH sensitivity, is not inhibited by glutamate
      and is activated by its product ammonium, thereby contrasting the kidney enzyme.
      In the absence of ammonium virtually no activity can be detected. Control of
      hepatic glutamine degradation is exerted at the level of glutaminase activity and
      glutamine transport across the plasma and mitochondrial membranes. These
      transport systems establish glutamine concentration gradients across the
      respective membranes: with a physiological extracellular glutamine concentration
      of 0.6 mM, the cytosolic and mitochondrial concentrations are 7 and 20 mM,
      respectively, both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore mitochondrial glutaminase is
      operating in vivo near its Km of 22-28 mM. In the intact liver acinus,
      glutaminase and the enzymes of the urea cycle are localized in the periportal
      hepatocytes, whereas glutamine synthetase is restricted to small hepatocyte
      population in the perivenous area; i.e., at the outflow of the sinusoid.
      Therefore, following the sinusoidal bloodstream, urea and glutamine synthesis are
      anatomically switched around. With respect to hepatic ammonium detoxication, this
      organization represents functionally the sequence of a periportal low-affinity
      system (urea synthesis) and a perivenous high-affinity system (glutamine
      synthesis) for ammonium removal. The role of glutamine synthetase is that of a
      scavenger for ammonium which has escaped periportal urea synthesis before the
      sinusoidal blood reaches the systemic circulation. The role of glutaminase is
      seen in a pH-modulated ammonium amplifier inside the mitochondria of the
      periportal compartment, thereby determining flux through the urea cycle.
      Periportal glutaminase and perivenous glutamine synthetase are simultaneously
      active, resulting in the so-called intercellular glutamine cycle. The role of
      this cycle is to improve the efficiency of hepatic urea synthesis at the
      physiologically low portal ammonium concentrations, thereby compensating the
      comparatively low ammonium affinity of carbamoylphosphate synthetase, the rate
      controlling enzyme of the urea cycle. Normally, periportal glutamine breakdown is
      matched by a compensatory perivenous glutamine resynthesis; thus no net glutamine
      turnover is observed. In addition, intercellular glutamine cycling is an
      effective means of adjusting flux of portal ammonium into either urea or
      glutamine according to the needs of systemic pH regulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2891352
TI  - Regulation of ciliary adenylate cyclase by Ca2+ in Paramecium.
AB  - In the ciliated protozoan Paramecium, Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotides are believed to
      act as second messengers in the regulation of the ciliary beat. Ciliary adenylate
      cyclase was activated 20-30-fold (half-maximal at 0.8 microM) and inhibited by
      higher concentrations (10-20 microM) of free Ca2+ ion. Ca2+ activation was the
      result of an increase in Vmax., not a change in Km for ATP. The activation by
      Ca2+ was seen only with Mg2+ATP as substrate; with Mn2+ATP the basal adenylate
      cyclase activity was 10-20-fold above that with Mg2+ATP, and there was no further
      activation by Ca2+. The stimulation by Ca2+ of the enzyme in cilia and ciliary
      membranes was blocked by the calmodulin antagonists calmidazolium (half
      inhibition at 5 microM), trifluoperazine (70 microM) and W-7 (50-100 microM).
      When ciliary membranes (which contained most of the ciliary adenylate cyclase)
      were prepared in the presence of Ca2+, their adenylate cyclase was insensitive to
      Ca2+ in the assay. However, the inclusion of EGTA in buffers used for
      fractionation of cilia resulted in full retention of Ca2+-sensitivity by the
      ciliary membrane adenylate cyclase. The membrane-active agent saponin
      specifically suppressed the Ca2+-dependent adenylate cyclase without inhibiting
      basal activity with Mg2+ATP or Mn2+ATP. The ciliary adenylate cyclase was shown
      to be distinct from the Ca2+-dependent guanylate cyclase; the two activities had
      different kinetic parameters and different responses to added calmodulin and
      calmodulin antagonists. Our results suggest that Ca2+ influx through the voltage
      sensitive Ca2+ channels in the ciliary membrane may influence intraciliary cyclic
      AMP concentrations by regulating adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2891354
TI  - Inhibition of plant acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by the herbicides sethoxydim
      and haloxyfop.
AB  - Incorporation of [14C]acetate or [14C]pyruvate into fatty acids in isolated corn
      seedling chloroplasts was inhibited 90% or greater by 10 microM sethoxydim or 1
      microM haloxyfop. At these concentrations, neither sethoxydim nor haloxyfop
      inhibited [14C]acetate incorporation into fatty acids in isolated pea
      chloroplasts. Sethoxydim (10 microM) and haloxyfop (1 microM) did not inhibit
      incorporation of [14C]malonyl-CoA into fatty acids in cell free extracts from
      corn tissue cultures. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) from corn
      seedling chloroplasts was inhibited by both sethoxydim and haloxyfop, with I50
      values of 2.9 and 0.5 microM, respectively. This enzyme in pea was not inhibited
      by 10 microM sethoxydim or 1 microM haloxyfop.

PMID- 2891355
TI  - Revertant of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe with modified alpha subunits of
      mitochondrial ATPase-ATPsynthase: impaired nucleotide interactions with soluble
      and membrane-bound enzyme.
AB  - A partial revertant from a mutant with modified alpha subunits of mitochondrial
      ATPase-ATPsynthase has been obtained for the first time from the yeast
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The purified F1 contains a lower amount of endogenous
      nucleotides as compared to the wild-strain enzyme. In contrast to the wild-type,
      the F1 ATPase activity from the revertant does not exhibit bicarbonate-sensitive
      negative cooperativity. The revertant Michaelis constant for Mg-ATP is very
      similar to that of normal F1 in the presence of bicarbonate while the Vm is
      slightly lower. The revertant enzyme is much less sensitive to inhibitions by ADP
      and by azide. It is proposed that the lack of negative cooperativity of revertant
      F1 ATPase activity is due to lower affinity for ADP, the release of which is no
      longer the rate-limiting step.

PMID- 2891353
TI  - Glycolipid anchors are attached to Thy-1 glycoprotein rapidly after translation.
AB  - The attachment of glycolipid anchors to the Thy-1 glycoprotein during
      biosynthesis was followed by the change of detergent-binding properties of
      biosynthetically labelled Thy-1 precursors upon phospholipase C treatment in the
      murine thymoma lines BW5147 and S1A. In S1A, 80% of the Thy-1 molecules were
      phospholipase-C-sensitive after a 2 min pulse with [35S]methionine, indicating
      that these molecules were already anchored via a glycolipid tail. In BW5147, 47%
      of the Thy-1 molecules had phospholipase-C-sensitive anchors attached after a 1.5
      min labelling and, with longer pulses, this percentage rose to 76%. Tunicamycin
      did not block the addition of glycolipid anchors, and glycolipid attachment also
      occurred at 21 degrees C. The findings suggest that the attachment of glycolipid
      anchors occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2891356
TI  - Effect of spermine on tyrosine hydroxylase activity before and after
      phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - The effect of spermine on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity purified from bovine
      adrenal medulla was examined before and after phosphorylation by the catalytic
      subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase). Before
      phosphorylation, spermine (less than 1 mM) inhibited the enzymatic activity, and
      negative cooperative effect of spermine on TH (Hill coefficient = 0.7) was
      observed from the kinetic analysis concerning 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin
      (6MPH4). Spermine interacted noncompetitively toward tyrosine and the Ki for
      spermine was calculated to be 68 microM. Phosphorylation abolished the ability of
      spermine to inhibit TH activity in a negative cooperative manner against the
      pterin cofactor, and also increased four-fold the Ki value against the substrate.
      These results suggest that spermine may inhibit TH activity by interacting with
      the pterin binding site of the enzyme molecule in a manner of negative
      cooperativity, and that this inhibition is reversed by the conformational change
      of regulatory domain of TH after phosphorylation by A-kinase.

PMID- 2891357
TI  - Effects of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists on carbachol-stimulated catecholamine
      synthesis in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells.
AB  - We examined the effects of alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenergic agonists on synthesis
      of catecholamines in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Clonidine, an alpha
      2-adrenergic agonist, inhibited carbachol-stimulated synthesis of
      [14C]catecholamines from [14C]tyrosine in a concentration-dependent manner.
      Clonidine also inhibited carbachol-induced uptake of 45Ca2+ into cells at
      concentrations similar to those that inhibited the synthesis of
      [14C]catecholamines. Other alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, oxymetazoline and
      guanfacine, also strongly inhibited carbachol-stimulated synthesis of
      [14C]catecholamines. alpha 1-Adrenergic agonists, phenylephrine and norfenefrine,
      did not affect the synthesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.2) activity in a
      soluble fraction of cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells was assayed after gel
      filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column. Stimulation of the cells with carbachol
      increased the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase. Clonidine, oxymetazoline, and
      guanfacine all suppressed the carbachol-induced increase in activity of tyrosine
      hydroxylase in the cells. These results suggest that alpha 2-adrenergic agonists
      inhibit carbachol-stimulated synthesis of catecholamines by suppression of
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity, probably through the inhibition of Ca2+ uptake.
      However, the involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the inhibitory effects of
      alpha 2-agonists on catecholamine synthesis is still unsettled, since yohimbine
      failed to antagonize the inhibitory effect of clonidine on the synthesis in
      cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells.

PMID- 2891359
TI  - Depression of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity following the acute
      administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
AB  - The psychotomimetic agent, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, produced a rapid,
      persistent and dose-dependent reduction in cortical tryptophan hydroxylase
      activity when administered acutely to rats. This effect did not occur in vitro
      and did not require N-demethylase activity in the whole animal. Kinetic analysis
      revealed the loss of enzyme activity to be due to an alteration in Vmax with no
      change in the affinity of the enzyme for either its cofactor or substrate.
      Coadministration of the serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitor, citalopram, only
      partially antagonized the loss of tryptophan hydroxylase activity 3 hr after
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine, but completely prevented the loss of cortical 5
      HT. Recovery of enzyme activity did occur by 1 week if the neurotoxic effect of
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine was blocked by fluoxetine. The effect of
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine on 5-HT synthesis was not affected by pretreatment
      with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, reserpine or yohimbine. Ketanserine and
      methiothepin, 5-HT receptor antagonists, did partially block the
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced loss of tryptophan hydroxylase activity,
      suggesting a possible role for neurotransmitter release in the acute effects of
      the drug on enzyme activity.

PMID- 2891358
TI  - Characterization of histamine type 1 receptors on natural suppressor lymphoid
      cells.
AB  - Using the radioligand H1 antagonist [3H]pyrilamine, we have characterized the
      histamine type 1 receptor on cloned murine natural suppressor cells (NS). A
      single, specific binding site for [3H]pyrilamine exists on these cells. The
      binding was saturable and reversible by various specific H1 receptor antagonists.
      The rank order of potency for displacement of [3H]pyrilamine binding from the H1
      receptor by H1 receptor antagonists was promethazine = pyrobutamine greater than
      pyrilamine greater than diphenhydramine greater than chlorpheniramine. The
      histamine type-2 agonists, impromidine and dimaprit, and antagonists, cimetidine
      and ranitidine, as well as selected non-histamine agonists, did not displace
      [3H]pyrilamine from its binding sites on the natural suppressor cells. The data
      indicate that the theoretical KD was 1.1 +/- 0.3 X 10(-7) M while the measured KD
      of binding for [3H]pyrilamine was 6.0 +/- 0.8 X 10(-8) M; the maximum binding was
      4.13 nM and the number of binding sites/cell was 2.14 +/- 0.29 X 10(6) (N = 3).

PMID- 2891360
TI  - Changes in the enzyme activities involved in nitrogen assimilation in
      Mycobacterium smegmatis under various growth conditions.
AB  - Glutamate dehydrogenase (aminating) and glutamine synthetase activities were
      assayed in Mycobacterium smegmatis following growth on various carbon and
      nitrogen sources. The activities (expressed as nmoles product formed/min/mg crude
      extract protein) of these two enzymes were higher in crude extracts from glucose
      grown cells than in glycerol- or fructose-grown cells. In the presence of
      succinate, pyruvate, fumarate or acetate in the growth medium, both these enzyme
      activities were lower than those in citrate-grown cells. The glutamate
      dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was the same in asparagine and glutamine-grown
      cells. Ammonium chloride, alanine or glutamic acid, when used as nitrogen source,
      resulted in low GDH activity as compared to asparagine-grown cells. Glutamine
      synthetase activity was considerably lower (2-4 fold) when the cells were grown
      on alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid or ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source
      than those in asparagine-grown cells. Glutamate and ammonium chloride, when
      present in the growth medium, repressed both glutamate dehydrogenase and
      glutamine synthetase, though the degree of repression was small. The results
      suggest that only a weak transcriptional control operates for these enzyme
      activities in M. smegmatis.

PMID- 2891361
TI  - [A case of multiple subdural empyema complicated by intracranial mycotic
      aneurysm].

PMID- 2891362
TI  - Generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative splicing: mechanistic and
      biological implications.

PMID- 2891363
TI  - Human tumor and immunodeficiency viruses.

PMID- 2891364
TI  - Does injection of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers before thiopentone
      affect their speed of onset? A study of tubocurarine and vecuronium.
AB  - In an open sequential pharmacodynamic study in 40 patients, the rate of onset of
      neuromuscular blockade using tubocurarine or vecuronium was measured. Comparison
      was made between groups of 10 patients who received thiopentone followed by
      either blocker and a "reverse" sequence where the blocker was injected before
      thiopentone. There was a small difference between groups, amounting to a few
      seconds in rate of onset of block, but this was not suggestive of a systematic
      effect of the drug sequence.

PMID- 2891365
TI  - Use of neostigmine in the antagonism of residual neuromuscular blockade produced
      by vecuronium.
AB  - Recovery from neuromuscular block produced by vecuronium was studied in 50
      patients using electromyography and the train-of-four technique. Twenty patients
      received neostigmine 2.5 mg, 10 when the initial response of the train-of-four
      was 50% of control and 10 when it was 10%. Neostigmine 5 mg was investigated in a
      similar manner and in 10 patients spontaneous recovery was studied. In all
      patients the time to 70% recovery of the initial response and of the train-of
      four ratio was followed. Neostigmine significantly reduced the time to 70%
      recovery of both ratios with both degrees of block, but neostigmine 5.0 mg did
      not give a substantially more rapid recovery than 2.5 mg. No evidence of a
      neostigmine-induced block was encountered. neostigmine 2.5 mg was rapidly
      effective in antagonizing vecuronium-induced block, even when initial recovery
      was only slight: there was no advantage in using neostigmine 5.0 mg.

PMID- 2891366
TI  - Combination of fentanyl, etomidate and vecuronium may cause severe vagotonic
      state.

PMID- 2891367
TI  - The effect of nedocromil on weal reactions in human skin.
AB  - 1. Nedocromil 2% iontophoresed into human skin had no effect on wealing produced
      by intradermal histamine, 48/80 or house dust mite antigen. 2. Iontophoresis of
      0.002-2% nedocromil itself resulted in dose-related wealing. 3. This wealing was
      reduced by 62 +/- 8% s.e. mean by the H1-receptor antagonist terfenadine which
      decreased histamine wealing by 68 +/- 2% s.e. mean. 4. Nedocromil may therefore
      act as a weak agonist on a skin mast cell receptor concerned with histamine
      release.

PMID- 2891368
TI  - Non-invasive instrumental techniques to detect terfenadine and temelastine
      induced suppression of histamine weals in man.
AB  - 1. The effectiveness of chronic dosing with temelastine (SK&F 93944) 75 mg twice
      daily and terfenadine 60 mg twice daily compared with placebo in inhibiting the
      weal and flare response to intradermal histamine was assessed using non-invasive
      objective assessment techniques. 2. The mean weal thickness, as measured by the A
      scan pulsed ultrasound device, was significantly decreased by both temelastine
      and terfenadine when compared with placebo. 3. There was a significant reduction
      in both the areas of the weal and the weal and flare, as measured by a digitizing
      tablet linked to a microcomputer, following treatment with temelastine and
      terfenadine compared with placebo and also between temelastine and terfenadine.
      4. No significant difference was found in blood flow in the weal or flare as
      measured by the laser doppler flowmeter among any of the groups tested. 5. The
      ultrasound and digitizer techniques aid objectivity and precision in the
      investigation of the effects of drugs on histamine induced weals. 6. Temelastine
      and terfenadine were found to possess antihistaminic effects on histamine induced
      weal and flare in the skin.

PMID- 2891369
TI  - Sedative and cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, a novel selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist, in healthy volunteers.
AB  - 1. Single intravenous doses (25, 50 and 100 micrograms) of medetomidine (MPV-785,
      an imidazole derivative), a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, were
      administered to eight healthy male volunteers in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled study. 2. The following dose-related effects, all of which were
      compatible with an agonistic action of the drug at alpha 2-adrenoceptors, were
      noted: reductions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (maximum 18/11 mm Hg),
      heart rate (maximum 10 beats min-1), saliva secretion (maximum 84%) and
      noradrenaline levels in plasma (maximum 70%). 3. Dose-dependent sedation or
      impairment of vigilance was also observed, both by subjective and objective
      (critical flicker fusion threshold) assessments, with the highest dose actually
      inducing sleep in five of the subjects. 4. The observed effects were in general
      agreement with those previously seen after intravenous administration of the
      centrally acting antihypertensive alpha 2-adrenoceptor activating drug,
      clonidine, but of a shorter duration. 5. The relative importance of alpha 2
      adrenoceptors located in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system for
      the drug's cardiovascular effects could not be determined, but the high lipid
      solubility of the compound and the rapid onset of sedation are in favour of a
      major central component. 6. Medetomidine may be a useful tool for the
      investigation of the physiology and pharmacology of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in man.
      In addition, the therapeutic and diagnostic uses of the compound should be
      investigated in pathological conditions related to increased sympathetic neuronal
      activity.

PMID- 2891370
TI  - Effects of antacids and food on absorption of famotidine.
AB  - The effect of a high potency antacid and food on the bioavailability of
      famotidine was studied in 17 healthy volunteers in an open randomized three-way
      cross-over trial. After an overnight fast, famotidine was administered to each
      subject as follows: 40 mg famotidine orally alone; 40 mg orally with antacid; and
      40 mg orally with a standard breakfast. Coadministration of the antacid caused a
      small but significant reduction in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of
      famotidine from 81.1 +/- 54.2 to 60.8 +/- 21.6 ng ml-1 (P less than 0.05) and a
      small decrease in the area under plasma concentration-time curve [AUC] from 443.3
      +/- 249.2 to 355.0 +/- 125.1 ng ml-1 h (P greater than 0.05). However, there was
      only a minimal effect of food on these parameters; the Cmax and [AUC] were 81.6
      +/- 29.6 ng ml-1 and 434.8 +/- 145.9 ng ml-1 h, respectively.

PMID- 2891371
TI  - Dual surface makers and HTLV-I proviral DNA in a cutaneous tumour nodule in a
      case of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
AB  - The phenotypic and morphological profiles of atypical cells in a case of adult T
      cell leukaemia/lymphoma were studied using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and
      electron microscopy. Retroviral sequence restriction analysis showed the presence
      of human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) in the skin lesion. Our
      case showed several unique features in the clinical, haematological,
      histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. An erythematous plaque and
      tumour nodules in the skin were found without any abnormal lymphocytes such as
      flower cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow HTLV-I proviral DNA was
      detected in the skin tumour cells but not in the peripheral blood lymphocytes,
      and in the tumour nodule, atypical cells showed a distinct difference in
      morphology between cerebriform cells in the upper dermis and large lymphoid cells
      in the lower dermis. The cerebriform cells had, immunohistochemically, a T
      helper/inducer (Th/i) phenotype whereas the large lymphoblastoid cells possessed
      both the Th/i and T suppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c) phenotypes. Ki-I antigen was
      detected in the large lymphoblastoid cells, but not in the cerebriform cells.

PMID- 2891372
TI  - Menstrual regulation by intramuscular injections of 16-phenoxy-tetranor PGE2
      methyl sulfonylamide or vacuum aspiration. A randomized multicentre study. World
      Health Organization Task Force on Post-ovulatory Methods for Fertility
      Regulation.
AB  - A multicentre trial was conducted to compare the efficacy and side-effects of an
      intramuscularly administered PGE2 analogue and vacuum aspiration in women with a
      delay of up to 21 days in the expected onset of menses. A total of 473 such women
      were randomly allocated to treatment with either 16-phenoxy-W-17, 18, 19, 20
      tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide (three intramuscular injections of 0.5 mg at 3
      h intervals) or vacuum aspiration, and the outcome of therapy assessed 1, 2 and 6
      8 weeks later. Retrospective analysis of hCG levels indicated that 419 (88.6%)
      women had been pregnant at the time of treatment. With few exceptions,
      administration of the PGE2 analogue induced vaginal bleeding in both pregnant and
      non-pregnant women but the duration and subjectively perceived amount of bleeding
      were greater than after vacuum aspiration. Both treatments were equally
      effective. In pregnant women the overall frequency of complete abortion was 91%
      for prostaglandin treatment and 94% for vacuum aspirations. If non-pregnant women
      were included, the respective success rates (i.e. percentages of women not
      pregnant 2 weeks after treatment) were 92% and 95%. Gastrointestinal side-effects
      and lower abdominal pain requiring intramuscular analgesia were more common after
      prostaglandin therapy than following vacuum aspiration in both pregnant and non
      pregnant women.

PMID- 2891373
TI  - Rotation of nucleotide sites is not required for the enzymatic activity of
      chloroplast coupling factor 1.
AB  - New heterobifunctional photoaffinity cross-linking reagents, 6-maleimido-N-(4
      benzoylphenyl)hexanamide, 12-maleimido-N-(4-benzoylphenyl)dodecanamide, and 12
      [14C]maleimido-N-(4-benzoylphenyl)dodecanamide, were synthesized to investigate
      the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by chloroplast coupling factor 1. These reagents
      react with sulfhydryl groups on the gamma-polypeptide. Subsequent photolysis
      cross-links the gamma-polypeptide covalently to alpha- and beta-polypeptides. The
      cross-linkers prevent major movements of the gamma-polypeptide with respect to
      the alpha- and beta-polypeptides but are sufficiently long to permit some
      flexibility in the enzyme structure. When approximately 50% of the gamma
      polypeptide was cross-linked to alpha- and beta-polypeptides, a 7% loss in ATPase
      activity was observed for the longer cross-linker and a 12% loss for the shorter.
      These results indicate that large movements of alpha- and beta-polypeptides with
      respect to the gamma-polypeptide are not essential for catalysis. In particular,
      rotation of the polypeptide chains to create structurally equivalent sites during
      catalysis is not a required feature of the enzyme mechanism.

PMID- 2891374
TI  - Thermodynamics of active-site ligand binding to Escherichia coli glutamine
      synthetase.
AB  - Active-site ligand interactions with dodecameric glutamine synthetase from
      Escherichia coli have been studied by calorimetry and fluorometry using the
      nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), L-glutamate,
      L-Met-(S)-sulfoximine, and the transition-state analogue L-Met-(S)-sulfoximine
      phosphate. Measurements were made with the unadenylylated enzyme at pH 7.1 in the
      presence of 100 mM KCl and 1.0 mM MnCl2, under which conditions the two
      catalytically essential metal ion sites per subunit are occupied and the
      stoichiometry of active-site ligand binding is equal to 1.0 equiv/subunit.
      Thermodynamic linkage functions indicate that there is strong synergism between
      the binding of AMP-PNP and L-Met-(S)-sulfoximine (delta delta G' = -6.4 kJ/mol).
      In contrast, there is a small antagonistic effect between the binding of AMP-PNP
      and L-glutamate (delta delta G' = +1.4 kJ/mol). Proton effects were negligible
      (less than or equal to 0.2 equiv of H+ release or uptake/mol) for the different
      binding reactions. The binding of AMP-PNP (or ATP) to the enzyme is entropically
      controlled at 303 K with delta H = +5.4 kJ/mol and delta S = +150 J/(K.mol). At
      303 K, the binding of L-glutamate (delta H = -22.2 kJ/mol) or L-Met-(S)
      sulfoximine [delta H = -45.6 kJ/mol with delta Cp approximately equal to -670 +/-
      420 J/(K.mol)] to the AMP-PNP.Mn.enzyme complex is enthalpically controlled with
      opposing delta S values of -29 or -46 J/(K.mol), respectively. The overall
      enthalpy change is negative and the overall entropy change is positive for the
      simultaneous binding of AMP-PNP and L-glutamate or of AMP-PNP and L-Met-(S)
      sulfoximine to the enzyme. For the binding of the transition-state analogue L-Met
      (S)-sulfoximine phosphate (which inactivates the enzyme by blocking active
      sites), both enthalpic and entropic contributions also are favorable at 303 K
      [delta G' approximately equal to -109 and delta H = -54.8 kJ/mol of subunit and
      delta S approximately equal to +180 J/(K.mol)].

PMID- 2891375
TI  - Site-directed mutants of staphylococcal nuclease. Detection and localization by
      1H NMR spectroscopy of conformational changes accompanying substitutions for
      glutamic acid-43.
AB  - The high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of staphylococcal nuclease suggests
      that the gamma-carboxylate group of Glu-43 is directly involved in catalysis as a
      general base that facilitates the attack of water on the substrate
      phosphodiester. We have used primer-directed, site-specific mutagenesis to
      generate aspartate, glutamine, asparagine, alanine, and serine substitutions for
      this residue. The Vmax/Km for the aspartate mutant is reduced 1400-fold and the
      values for the charge-neutral mutations are reduced 5000-fold relative to the
      wild-type enzyme. Although these reductions in catalytic efficiency might appear
      useful in quantitatively estimating the importance of general basic catalysis in
      the reaction catalyzed by the wild-type enzyme, the thermal stabilities and 1H
      NMR spectral properties of the mutants suggest that such interpretations are
      ambiguous. All five mutants have higher melting temperatures for thermal
      denaturation than the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that the mutants have enhanced
      thermal stabilities relative to the wild-type enzyme. Chemical shift changes
      relative to the wild type are observed in both the aromatic and upfield-shifted
      methyl group regions of the 1H NMR spectra of the aspartate and serine mutants,
      suggesting the presence of conformational differences between the wild-type and
      mutant enzymes. That these conformational differences may be large enough to be
      mechanistically relevant is suggested by comparisons of the magnitudes of nuclear
      Overhauser effect (NOE) correlations between the aromatic and upfield-shifted
      methyl group regions observed via two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect
      correlation spectroscopy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891376
TI  - The proton pore in the Escherichia coli F0F1-ATPase: a requirement for arginine
      at position 210 of the a-subunit.
AB  - Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate three mutations in the uncB gene
      encoding the a-subunit of the F0 portion of the F0F1-ATPase of Escherichia coli.
      These mutations directed the substitution of Arg-210 by Gln, or of His-245 by
      Leu, or of both Lys-167 and Lys-169 by Gln. The mutations were incorporated into
      plasmids carrying all the structural genes encoding the F0F1-ATPase complex and
      these plasmids were used to transform strain AN727 (uncB402). Strains carrying
      either the Arg-210 or His-245 substitutions were unable to grow on succinate as
      sole carbon source and had uncoupled growth yields. The substitution of Lys-167
      and Lys-169 by Gln resulted in a strain with growth characteristics
      indistinguishable from a normal strain. The properties of the membranes from the
      Arg-210 or His-245 mutants were essentially identical, both being proton
      impermeable and both having ATPase activities resistant to the inhibitor DCCD.
      Furthermore, in both mutants, the F1-ATPase activities were inhibited by about
      50% when bound to the membranes. The membrane activities of the mutant with the
      double lysine change were the same as for a normal strain. The results are
      discussed in relation to a previously proposed model for the F0 (Cox, G.B.,
      Fimmel, A.L., Gibson, F. and Hatch, L. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 849, 62-69).

PMID- 2891377
TI  - Distinct phases of the fluorescence response of the lipophilic probe N-phenyl-1
      naphthylamine in intact cells and membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The fluorescence of the lipophilic probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN) bound to
      intact cells of Escherichia coli is quenched by the addition of glucose,
      succinate, D-lactate, pyruvate, formate and glycerol. Partial recovery of
      fluorescence occurs on anaerobiosis. Use of mutants with defects in the ATP
      synthase or the respiratory chain show that quenching of fluorescence may be
      energized either by ATP hydrolysis or by substrate oxidation through the
      respiratory chain. Permeabilization of the outer membrane by treatment of intact
      cells with EDTA, or use of a mutant with an outer membrane permeable to
      lipophilic substances, results in a more rapid binding of NPN and in a decrease
      in quenching observed on substrate addition. NPN binds rapidly to everted
      membrane vesicles, but does not respond to membrane energization. It is proposed
      that inner membrane energization in intact cells alters the binding or
      environment of NPN in the outer membrane. The fluorescence recovery which occurs
      on anaerobiosis has two components. One component represents a reversal of the
      changes which occur on membrane energization. The other component of the
      fluorescence change is insensitive to the uncoupler CCCP and resembles the
      behaviour of NPN with everted membrane vesicles. It is suggested that a portion
      of the fluorescence events seen with NPN involves a response of the probe to
      changes in the inner membrane.

PMID- 2891378
TI  - 2-Keto-3-fluoroglutarate: a useful mechanistic probe of 2-keto-glutarate
      dependent enzyme systems.
AB  - 2-Keto-3-fluoroglutaric acid prepared by acid hydrolysis of its diethyl ester is
      stable, as the free acid in aqueous solution at pH 2, and can be stored at -20
      degrees C for several years. Both enantiomers are reduced by NADH in the presence
      of glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) to the two diastereomers of 3-fluoro-L
      glutamate, which are stable at neutral pH and at high pH unless heated. 2-Keto-3
      fluoroglutarate exists in solution almost entirely as a hydrate both at low and
      neutral pH. Both enantiomers of ketofluoroglutarate react with the pyridoxamine
      forms of aspartate, alanine and 4-aminobutyrate transaminases to give fluoride
      release. 2 mol of cosubstrate amino acid react for each mol of
      ketofluoroglutarate (KFG) when starting from the pyridoxamine form of the enzyme:
      2 RCHNH2COOH + KFG + H2O----F- + NH4+ + glutamate + 2 RCOCOOH. Both diastereomers
      of fluoroglutamate are decarboxylated by glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15)
      with fluoride release: KFG + H2O----CO2 + F- + HCOCH2CH2COOH. By contrast, only
      one isomer of fluoroglutamate will react with the pyridoxal form of glutamate
      oxalacetate transaminase to give fluoride release: HOOCCHNH2CHFCH2COOH + H2O---
      4F- + NH4+ + HOOCCOCH2CH2COOH. The enzymatic decarboxylation of 3
      fluoroisocitrate produces only one enantiomer of ketofluoroglutarate, which is
      reduced to threo (2R,3R)-3-fluoroglutamate by NADH and glutamate dehydrogenase:
      [2R,3S]-HOOCCH(OH)CF(COOH)CH2COOH + NADP+----[3R]-KFG + CO2 + NADPH + H+. The
      proton, 13C, and 19F-NMR parameters of ketofluoroglutarate and the two
      fluoroglutamate diastereomers are presented. These molecules are useful probes of
      enzymatic mechanisms thought to involve carbanion intermediates.

PMID- 2891379
TI  - F-244 specifically inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase.
AB  - A beta-lactone isolated from Scopulariopsis sp. shows a potent inhibition of
      cholesterogenesis. The structure of this beta-lactone, termed F-244, is 3,5,7
      trimethyl-12-hydroxy-13-hydroxymethyl-2,4-tetradecadiendioic acid 12,14-lactone.
      The inhibition site of F-244 in cholesterol synthesis was studied. The growth of
      Vero cells was inhibited at 6.25-12.5 micrograms/ml of F-244. The inhibition of
      growth was overcome by the addition of mevalonate to the culture medium, but not
      by the addition of acetate. In a rat liver enzyme system, the incorporations of
      [14C]acetate and [14C]acetyl-CoA into digitonin-precipitable sterol were 50%
      inhibited by 0.58 microgram/ml of F-244. The incorporation of [14C]mevalonate was
      not affected. Studies on the effects of F-244 on the three enzymes involved in
      mevalonate biosynthesis demonstrated that the drug specifically inhibits HMG-CoA
      synthase with IC50 value of 0.065 microgram/ml. The effect of analogs of F-244 on
      HMG-CoA synthase was also investigated.

PMID- 2891380
TI  - Aggregation and thermo-inactivation of glutamine synthetase from an extreme
      thermophile, Bacillus caldolyticus.
AB  - The extreme thermophile, Bacillus caldolyticus, contains two regulatory isoforms
      of glutamine synthetase (glutamate-ammonia ligase, EC 6.3.1.2), E-I and E-II,
      produced as separate gene products. Light scattering and electron microscopy data
      indicate that these thermophilic enzymes aggregate to higher molecular weight
      species in two stages: initial polymerization of native dodecamers, followed by
      'melting' of the aggregated species to produce amorphous denatured protein. The
      initial stages of the aggregation occurred at temperatures below those for time
      dependent denaturation, especially for E-II. In contrast, mesophilic (B.
      subtilis) enzyme showed no evidence of temperature-dependent aggregation. Thus,
      aggregation may be a stabilizing mechanism for the thermophilic systems. Bound
      metal ions and substrates caused dramatic increases in the temperatures at which
      aggregation and loss of activity occurred for thermophilic enzymes. Certain
      combinations of ligands (e.g., MnATP + L-glutamate) acted synergistically, so
      that these complexes denatured only above 90 degrees C. Various models were
      considered for heat-driven aggregation followed by denaturation, plus ligand
      stabilization. Taken together, the data are most consistent with unfolding of
      subunits within the dodecameric unit, rather than unfolding to monomers prior to
      aggregation.

PMID- 2891381
TI  - [Possible mechanism of ATP formation in energy-transforming biological
      membranes].
AB  - An "elementary act" of ATP formation from ADP and Pi in energy-transducing
      organels (mitochondria, chloroplasts and chromatophores) can be realized without
      closed membrane vesicles, pieces of membranes and F0-component of H+ATPase. The
      "elementary act" is initiated by a rather fast deprotonation of several acid
      groups of the coupling factor F1 (or CF1), this process leads to structurally non
      equilibrium state of the enzyme due to the appearance of "additional" negative
      charges in unchanged protein globula. The endergonic step of ATP synthesis, i. e.
      release of tightly-bound ATP into the aqueous medium, occurs during
      conformational relaxation of the non-equilibrium state of H+ATPase. Closed
      membrane vesicles are necessary for a cyclic return of the enzyme to the initial
      state with protonized functional groups, this provides multiple synthesis of ATP
      under the steady state and quasi-stationary conditions. The energetical aspects
      and details of possible schemes of ATP synthesis initiated by artificial
      electrochemical gradient of protons, as well as ATP formation during oxidative
      and photophosphorylation are discussed here.

PMID- 2891382
TI  - Propranolol and somatostatin interactions with the hyperglycemic effects of
      glucagon, octopamine, noradrenaline and cAMP in worker honeybees in vivo.
AB  - The hyperglycemic effects of vertebrate glucagon, octopamine and noradrenaline,
      are depressed when propranolol or somatostatin is simultaneously injected into
      emerging adult worker bees. The inhibitory action of the peptidic antagonist
      (somatostatin) is more marked against the peptidic agonist (glucagon) and the
      action of the aminergic antagonist (propranolol) is more marked against the
      aminergic agonist (octopamine). Somatostatin seems to be inactive against the
      hyperglycemic effects of cyclic AMP itself. Lastly, octopamine and cAMP might
      share a common stimulatory activity towards the honeybee's hemolymph trehalases.

PMID- 2891383
TI  - Amitriptyline in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia.

PMID- 2891384
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced akathisia: propranolol versus benztropine.

PMID- 2891385
TI  - Identification of the specific proteins associated with differentiation of
      spermatogonia in mice by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Protein synthesis in testicular germ cells was studied during the differentiation
      of Type A spermatogonia in testes from adult cryptorchid mice to Intermediate and
      Type B spermatogonia in organ culture by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. By
      comparing the patterns of Type A spermatogonia with those of differentiated
      (Intermediate and Type B) spermatogonia, we found two newly synthesized protein
      spots that correlated with differentiation. The isoelectric points (pIs) and
      molecular weights (MWs) of these proteins were estimated to be approximately pI
      5.4, MW 67,000, and pI 5.8, MW 28,000, respectively.

PMID- 2891386
TI  - Fractional exponential decay of a membrane protein population due to capture by
      coated pits.
AB  - We consider the lateral diffusion of receptors, or other membrane proteins, in
      the outer membranes of certain cells, and their capture by coated pits. It is
      shown, for the case in which the coated pits are in fixed random positions, that
      the long-time decay of the total number of uncaptured proteins is of the
      fractional exponential form, N(t) = N0 exp [-square root of (t/tau)], and not of
      the pure exponential form, N(t) = N0 exp(-t/tau), which is usually assumed.

PMID- 2891387
TI  - Genotypes of thalassemia major and intermedia in Italy.

PMID- 2891388
TI  - Expression of TGF-beta gene in adult T cell leukemia.
AB  - Peripheral mononuclear cells from adult T cell leukemia (ATL) patients were
      analyzed in comparison with other types of leukemia cells, for the expression of
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA, for the presence of TGF-beta
      activity (colony stimulating activity for normal rat kidney fibroblasts [NRK]) in
      conditioned medium and for their susceptibility to exogenous TGF-beta. Highly
      elevated TGF-beta mRNA levels were observed in all five ATL cell samples tested;
      however, in three acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) samples, in one acute
      lymphatic leukemia (ALL), and one chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), TGF-beta
      expression was relatively lower. In normal peripheral mononuclear cells TGF-beta
      mRNA was weakly detectable. Colony stimulating activity for NRK found in the
      conditioned medium from ATL cells as well as other leukemia cells correlated well
      with the levels of TGF-beta mRNA expression. In all three ATL samples tested,
      stimulation of 3H-thymidine uptake by purified TGF-beta from platelets was
      apparent. These results suggest that ATL cells are secreting active TGF-beta in a
      relatively high amount, as compared with other leukemia cells, and may
      proliferate in response to the factor via an autocrine manner. Furthermore,
      considering that TGF-beta stimulates bone resorption, we can speculate that the
      relatively high amount of TGF-beta in ATL cells contributes to the hypercalcemia
      frequently seen in ATL patients.

PMID- 2891389
TI  - Acute compartment syndromes of the foot.
AB  - The early recognition and treatment of impending compartmental ischemia in the
      foot in the context of severe injuries will prevent the late sequelae of
      myoneural necrosis. When suspected, simple tests will confirm the diagnosis. If
      the clinical findings are equivocal, compartment pressure monitoring is an
      essential diagnostic tool. Methods of measuring compartment pressures in the foot
      are outlined. Prompt decompression of the compartment syndrome with appropriate
      fasciotomies either by medial or dorsal longitudinal incisions is indicated to
      preserve function and form of the foot.

PMID- 2891390
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease: the in vitro effect of sulphasalazine and other
      agents on prostaglandin synthesis by human rectal mucosa.
AB  - 1. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2 alpha synthesis in vitro by human rectal mucosa
      was significantly greater in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) than
      in controls. 2. The addition of 250 microM sulphasalazine (SASP) significantly
      increased synthesis by rectal mucosa from patients with IBD, (ulcerative colitis
      and Crohn's disease) and controls after 1 h of incubation in Krebs' solution at
      37 degrees C. 3. Flurbiprofen, indomethacin, sodium salicylate and 5
      aminosalicylic acid decreased PGE2 and F2 alpha synthesis. 4. Sodium
      carbenoxolone decreased PGF2 alpha synthesis but had no effect on PGE2. Disodium
      cromoglycate, sulphapyridine, salicylazosulphadimidine and methylsulphasalazine
      had no effect on PG synthesis. 5. The data show marked variations in effect on PG
      synthesis in vitro of substances that have been investigated clinically for their
      actions on IBD.

PMID- 2891391
TI  - Choice of therapy in angina.
AB  - Ischaemic heart disease is one of the most serious health problems in the Western
      world. Angina is the commonest symptom and its therapy is still palliative,
      although complete relief from symptoms can generally be achieved by appropriate
      drugs or revascularization procedures. The degree of disability caused varies and
      therapeutic choice depends on patient characteristics and causative factors in
      the production of angina. This article reviews the management of angina from
      ischaemic heart disease assuming other causes like valvular disease, congenital
      anomalies, arteritis and cardiomyopathies have been excluded.

PMID- 2891392
TI  - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and narcotic analgesics. A critical review of the
      implications for treatment.
AB  - There has been a recent renewal of interest in the use of monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors, but the concurrent administration of narcotic analgesics is often a
      cause for concern. This review clarifies the different types of MAOI/narcotic
      interactions and offers guidelines for the use of narcotic analgesics in the
      presence of MAOIs. The MAOI/pethidine interaction has two distinct forms: an
      excitatory and a depressive form. Pethidine must never be used in the presence of
      MAOIs because of the risk of a fatal excitatory interaction. Morphine does not
      cause this excitatory interaction, and is the drug of choice provided an
      allowance is made for possible potentiation of the depressive narcotic effect. It
      is inevitable that strong analgesia will occasionally be required as an emergency
      measure in patients on MAOIs, and insufficient attention is paid in psychiatric
      textbooks to the two different types of interactions and their therapeutic
      implications.

PMID- 2891393
TI  - Macrocytosis and sulphasalazine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2891394
TI  - Vascular corrosion casts of the dog testis after experimental microvascular
      surgical orchiopexy. A scanning electron microscope study.
AB  - Five mongrel dogs underwent microvascular surgical orchiopexy by anastomosing the
      testicular artery and vein with the respective caudal epigastric vessels. In
      order to assess the effect of a 40 to 50-min period of warm ischaemia (the time
      required to make the anastomosis) on the testicular blood vasculature, plastic
      corrosion casts were made of the operated testes and compared with non-operated
      control specimens. The resulting blood vessel casts were inspected in the
      scanning electron microscope. One case of testicular atrophy developed, caused by
      a postoperative wound abscess. Comparing operated with non-operated testes, no
      differences in vascularisation, pattern or density of arterial supply, capillary
      network and venous drainage were seen. These findings are in agreement with data
      from the literature concerning histological, hormonal and clinical results.

PMID- 2891395
TI  - Anatomical findings at orchiopexy.
AB  - The anatomical findings at orchidopexy for cryptorchid testis were recorded for
      60 boys aged between 6 months and 18 years. In 11 patients (18.3%) bilateral
      cryptorchidism was present. At operation, atrophied testicular tissue was found
      in two patients and one testis was found to be absent; 69.1% (47/68) of the
      remaining testes were found in the superficial inguinal pouch at operation, 27.9%
      (19/68) were in the inguinal canal, one was in the femoral triangle and one was
      high in the scrotum. In 35 testes (51.5%) there was an associated hernial sac. In
      54 testes (79.4%) the gubernaculum testis was attached to an anatomical site
      other than the lower scrotum. In 26 (38.2%) there was a fascial block to descent
      into the scrotum and one or other of these findings was present in 64 testes
      (94.1%). These findings suggest that failure to establish a patent route from the
      superficial inguinal region to the scrotum and the passage of the gubernaculum
      along this route are the abnormalities responsible for failure of testicular
      descent.

PMID- 2891396
TI  - Torsion of testis following orchiopexy.

PMID- 2891397
TI  - Kinins.

PMID- 2891398
TI  - Cryptorchidism in Scotland.

PMID- 2891399
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis associated with human T lymphotropic virus type I in
      an east African naturalised in Sweden.

PMID- 2891400
TI  - Cocktail stick injuries: delayed diagnosis of a retained foreign body.

PMID- 2891401
TI  - Peripheral type benzodiazepine binding sites are a sensitive indirect index of
      neuronal damage.
AB  - The effects of excitotoxic lesions on the neuronal marker enzymes choline
      acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase and on the levels of 'peripheral
      type' benzodiazepine binding sites (PTBBS) (a putative glial marker) have been
      compared to see whether PTBBS provide a suitable if indirect quantitative index
      of neuronal damage. Intrastriatal injection of excitotoxic compounds provoked a
      dose-dependent increase in the levels of PTBBS. The potency order was the
      following: kainate greater than AMPA greater than N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      greater than quisqualate. The maximal increases in this parameter were 400, 470,
      320 and 210% for kainate (12 nmol), AMPA (100 nmol), NMDA (500 nmol) and
      quisqualate (250 nmol), respectively. 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (100 nmol)--an
      antagonist of the NMDA receptor subtype--completely blocked the increase in PTBBS
      induced by NMDA (250 nmol), but was without effect against the other
      excitotoxins. Increases in binding levels were in general mirrored by a decrease
      in choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase activity. However, PTBBS
      were a more sensitive indirect index of neuronal damage than neuronal enzymes
      because the alterations in binding were statistically significant at doses of
      excitotoxins lower than those causing a loss of marker enzymes. It is concluded
      that PTBBS are a suitable and sensitive means of detecting discrete neurotoxic
      changes and that its measurement will help in the study of other pathological and
      experimental models.

PMID- 2891402
TI  - Is octopamine a 'false transmitter'? Regional distribution and serial changes in
      octopamine and noradrenaline following locus coeruleus lesions.
AB  - The effects of electrolytic lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC) on endogenous
      octopamine and noradrenaline levels were observed at various temporal intervals.
      Noradrenaline was assayed from halved tissue samples by high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) while octopamine was determined from the other halves of
      the brain samples by radioenzymatic assay methods accompanied by chromatographic
      separation. Brains were dissected into 8 regions: cerebellum, anterior and
      posterior cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla/pons, midbrain and striatum.
      Assays were performed at postlesion intervals of 4, 8, 13 and 18 days. The rates
      of depletion of noradrenaline at the tested intervals roughly matched those of
      octopamine in the anterior cortex, posterior cortex and striatum. In the
      cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and pons/medulla, levels of octopamine
      diminished later than those of noradrenaline, at times showing an initial
      increase within the first week after the LC lesion. In the midbrain however, this
      pattern was reversed, octopamine levels initially decreasing in parallel with
      noradrenaline but subsequently recovering to significantly higher values. The
      results do not unequivocally support the hypothesis that octopamine is present in
      the brain solely as a 'false transmitter' in noradrenergic neurones. Neither,
      however, do they provide clear support for earlier contentions that octopamine is
      likely to play a role in central neurones as a synaptic transmitter, independent
      of the noradrenergic system.

PMID- 2891403
TI  - An ultrastructural description of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the rat
      cerebellar cortex.
AB  - This study provides the first ultrastructural description of glutamate-like
      immunoreactive neurons and processes in the cerebellar cortex of the rat.
      Glutamate-like immunoreactivity was seen in parallel fibers, granule cell
      perikarya, Purkinje cell dendrites, and mossy fiber glomeruli. These data support
      previous studies that have suggested that granule cells may use glutamate as a
      neurotransmitter. However, not all granule cells or all parallel fibers were
      glutamate-like immunoreactive, suggesting that some granule cells may use
      transmitters other than glutamate. The presence of glutamate-like
      immunoreactivity in mossy fibers supports the hypothesis that some cerebellar
      afferent systems may use glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2891404
TI  - Presence of tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in anterior pituitary adenomas and
      ectopic anterior pituitaries in male rats.
AB  - There is evidence for local regulatory effects of dopamine (DA) and
      norepinephrine (NE) on the release of prolactin (PRL) and other hormones from the
      anterior pituitaries transplanted to an ectopic site. In order to further explore
      these suspected regulatory mechanisms and to determine if they may exist also in
      pituitary tumors, we have examined the activity of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) in
      ectopic pituitaries and in hyperplastic pituitaries of estrogen-treated rats.
      Adult male rats with a pituitary graft in each kidney and sham-operated controls
      were examined 5 weeks after surgery. Rats implanted for 3 months with Silastic
      capsules containing diethylstilbestrol (DES) or with empty capsules were used 10
      weeks after the capsules were removed. TH activity in ectopic anterior
      pituitaries of grafted rats was significantly higher than that measured in the
      eutopic anterior pituitaries of control animals. Similarly, TH activity was
      significantly higher in DES-induced pituitary tumors than in control pituitaries.
      These data support the possible existence of local catecholaminergic mechanism(s)
      that could be modulating PRL secretion from pituitary tumors and from ectopic
      pituitaries.

PMID- 2891405
TI  - Synaptosomal neurotransmitter uptake systems in the retina and brain nuclei of
      light- and dark-adapted rabbits.
AB  - High affinity uptake rate for [14C]aspartate and [3H]dopamine by retinal
      homogenate (H), Pl (outer plexiform layer, OPL), and P2 (inner plexiform layer,
      IPL) retinal synaptosomal fractions were not significantly different between
      light- and dark-adapted rabbits. However, there were significant increases in the
      dark in [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid high affinity uptake rate by retinal H and P2
      but not that of Pl. There was a significantly higher [3H]choline uptake rate by
      retinal H, Pl and P2 in the dark-adapted compared to light-adapted rabbits, but
      there was no significant change in this rate for synaptosomal fractions from the
      lateral geniculate body, superior colliculus, visual cortex (VA I + II), caudate
      nucleus (CN) and hippocampus (HP). Data obtained in this study, along with
      reports of others, indicate that the change in retinal neurotransmission
      functions may not always be parallel with the change in high affinity uptake
      rates of neurotransmitters by retinal synaptosomal fractions. Data obtained
      indicate an increase in retinal cholinergic neuronal activities in the dark and
      indicate that optic nerves are not cholinergic and cholinergic neurons in brain
      nuclei, such as VA, CN and HP, are not significantly influenced by optic nerve
      inputs in light and dark conditions.

PMID- 2891406
TI  - Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are almost exclusively found in the same neurons
      in the telencephalon of turtles.
AB  - In mammals, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are largely found in the same
      neurons of the telencephalon. To determine if this is a phylogenetically ancient
      feature of telencephalic organization, the brain of red-eared turtles was
      examined using immunofluorescence double-labeling procedures. The results showed
      that somatostatin and NPY are found almost exclusively in the same neurons in the
      telencephalon of turtles, but these neuropeptides rarely co-occur in neurons
      outside the telencephalon. Thus, the extensive co-occurrence of NPY and
      somatostatin appears to be a feature of telencephalic organization that was
      present in the reptilian common ancestors of mammals and modern reptiles.

PMID- 2891407
TI  - Identification of serotonergic neurons in human brain by a monoclonal antibody
      binding to all three aromatic amino acid hydroxylases.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, PH8, has been isolated and shown by immunocytochemistry to
      bind to serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons in sections of the rat and
      human brain. In human brain, obtained at autopsy, particular fixation and
      embedding conditions eliminate the labelling of catecholaminergic neurons while
      leaving intact the labelling of serotonergic neurons. This property makes the
      antibody of potential use for structural studies of serotonergic neurons in the
      normal and diseased human brain. PH8 was raised to pure monkey phenylalanine
      hydroxylase and has been shown to bind to the 50,000 mol. wt. phenylalanine
      hydroxylase polypeptide. Immunocytochemical and immunochemical evidence is
      presented in support of the hypothesis that the labelling of serotonergic and
      catecholaminergic neurons results from the binding of PH8 to tryptophan and
      tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively.

PMID- 2891408
TI  - The distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the rat
      cerebral cortex: light and electron microscopic studies.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatin (SOM)-immunoreactive neurons in rat motor and
      somatosensory cortices was studied by immunohistochemistry at both light and
      electron microscopic levels. Three types of SOM-positive neurons were described.
      Type A cells are large to medium in size, multipolar in shape and have 3-5 long
      primary cell processes. Type B cells are medium to small, fusiform in shape and
      have two primary processes. These two subtypes show abundant subcellular
      organelles and are heavily stained throughout their cytoplasm. Type C cells are
      small, ovoid or fusiform in shape and are lightly stained. These previously
      undescribed cells are the largest SOM-immunoreactive population in the cortex.
      Ultrastructurally they have few subcellular organelles and only a patchy
      immunostaining in the cytoplasm. SOM-immunoreactive neurons occur in all cortical
      layers except I, and are most numerous in layer V of the somatosensory and motor
      cortex. In SOM-positive dendrites, electron-dense immunoreactive/peroxidase end
      product is primarily associated with microtubules. Fine deposits also occur deep
      to the postsynaptic membrane asymmetric synapses making contact with such
      dendrites.

PMID- 2891409
TI  - Evidence for N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-mediated modulation of the
      commissural input to central vestibular neurons of the frog.
AB  - We have investigated the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the
      excitatory synaptic transmission to central vestibular neurons in the isolated
      superfused brainstem of the frog. In superfusate containing 1 mM Mg2+ field
      potentials in the vestibular nuclei evoked by electrical stimulation of either
      the ipsi- or the contralateral VIIIth nerve were not affected by bath-applied D-2
      amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV, 25-50 microM), a selective NMDA antagonist.
      In a low Mg2+ solution postsynaptic field potential components were larger than
      control but still unaffected by D-APV. Ipsi- and contralaterally evoked
      excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) differed in their shape parameters as
      well as in their pharmacological sensitivity. Ipsilaterally evoked EPSPs were not
      affected by D-APV and has a rise time that was faster than that of
      contralaterally evoked EPSPs. The peak amplitude of hte latter was reduced by D
      APV (25-50 microM) to about 65% of the control value in the presence of 1 mM
      Mg2+. During bath application of NMDA (100 microM) an increased input resistance
      and repetitive de- and hyperpolarizing membrane potential shifts were observed.
      Similar events were observed during a reduction of the Mg2+ concentration. Bath
      application of NMDA (0.1-1 microM) resulted in an enhanced size of the recorded
      EPSPs. Dendritic and somatic EPSPs were simulated on a computer with the
      assumption of a constant NMDA receptor activation and a pulse-like non-NMDA
      receptor activation. The results of these simulations are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the efficacy of non-NMDA-mediated vestibular commissural synaptic
      transmission is modulated through tonically activated NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2891410
TI  - Differential dopaminergic innervation of the two pallidal segments in the
      squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).
AB  - Immunohistochemical studies with an antiserum raised against tyrosine hydroxylase
      have allowed us to demonstrate a dense dopaminergic innervation of the globus
      pallidus in the squirrel monkey. This innervation derived mostly from two
      fascicles that detached themselves from the major ascending dopaminergic bundle
      arising from midbrain dopamine cell bodies and running in the lateral
      hypothalamus. Dopaminergic fibers reached the globus pallidus by coursing along
      its two major output pathways: the lenticular fasciculus dorsally and the ansa
      lenticularis ventrally. At pallidal levels, dopaminergic fibers abounded in
      medullary laminae and arborized profusely within the internal pallidal segment,
      whereas the external pallidum displayed only few short fibers that prevailed in
      its dorsal portion. These findings provide the first evidence that the primate
      globus pallidus receives a massive and differentially distributed dopaminergic
      input.

PMID- 2891411
TI  - The innervation of intraocular spinal cord transplants by cografts of locus
      ceruleus and substantia nigra neurons.
AB  - The nucleus locus ceruleus and the substantia nigra were sequentially cografted
      with spinal cord in the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rats. The double
      grafts were allowed to mature in oculo. After a survival time of 2 months, half
      of the number of rats were sacrificed, the grafts were dissected out and prepared
      for tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and Falck-Hillarp monoamine
      histochemistry. The remaining animals were sacrificed after 12-14 months and
      processed according to the same protocol. No ingrowth from the sympathetic ground
      plexus in the host iris was seen in single spinal cord grafts at any of the
      survival times. At the shorter survival time there were no or very few
      catecholaminergic nerve fibers from the locus ceruleus or substantia nigra that
      were innervating the spinal cord cograft. In double grafts that were allowed to
      remain in oculo for 12-14 months, the entire spinal cord graft was innervated
      with varicose, catecholamine-containing nerve fibers. The locus grafts were able
      to innervate the spinal cord cografts much more densely than the substantia nigra
      grafts. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that isolated intraocular spinal
      cord grafts can be innervated by adjacent central catecholamine neurons. However,
      this is done in a delayed manner as compared to other models. The isolated
      replicas of descending adrenergic pathways to the spinal cord thus formed should
      provide useful information about the function of descending spinal catecholamine
      pathways.

PMID- 2891412
TI  - The effects of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists on the generation of
      motor activity in the isolated chick spinal cord.
AB  - We have investigated the action of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists
      on spontaneous motor activity produced by an isolated preparation of the chick
      lumbosacral cord. Bath application of N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (NMDA) or D
      glutamate increased the occurrence and duration of spontaneous episodes of motor
      activity. Both NMDA-induced and spontaneous activity were reversibly inhibited by
      several excitatory amino acid antagonists including 2-amino-5-phosphono valeric
      acid and gamma-D-glutamyl glycine in a dose-dependent manner. These results
      suggest that motor activity in the chick spinal cord may be regulated by the
      release of endogenous excitatory amino acids from spinal interneurons.

PMID- 2891413
TI  - Lesions of putative glutamatergic pathways potentiate the increase of inositol
      phospholipid hydrolysis elicited by excitatory amino acids.
AB  - The stimulation of inositol phospholipid (PI) hydrolysis by excitatory amino
      acids was measured in the rat hippocampus or striatum after 3 different chemical
      or surgical lesions of putative glutamatergic pathways. Intrahippocampal
      infusions of kainate preferentially destroyed neurons in the CA3-4 areas,
      denervating the CA1 area of the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus.
      Infusions of colchicine selectively destroyed granule cells of fascia dentata,
      denervating the CA3 area of the ipsilateral hippocampus. Ablation of the frontal
      cortex selectively reduced the glutamatergic afferents to the striatum. These 3
      lesions potentiated the ibotenate, glutamate and quisqualate stimulation of PI
      hydrolysis, while N-methyl-D-aspartate remained ineffective. This stimulation was
      inhibited by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid but not by phencyclidine. These
      lesions also increased the stimulation of PI hydrolysis elicited by
      norepinephrine, but failed to enhance the stimulation by carbamylcholine. These
      results support the hypothesis that signal transduction in a subclass of
      excitatory amino acid receptors present in rat brain may undergo plastic
      modifications following denervation.

PMID- 2891414
TI  - Somatostatin centrally inhibits vasopressin secretion during haemorrhage.
AB  - Somatostatin is a hypothalamic inhibiting factor which has been reported to be
      involved in the regulation of the secretion of several anterior pituitary
      hormones. To determine if somatostatin plays a role in the control of vasopressin
      secretion from the posterior pituitary, we examined the effects of
      intracerebroventricular infusion of somatostatin-14 and a super-active analogue,
      cyclo-(N-Me-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe), on the concentration of plasma
      vasopressin in response to haemorrhage in conscious sheep. Haemorrhage (15 ml/kg
      over 15 min) elevated plasma vasopressin. Treatment with either somatostatin-14
      or the analogue inhibited the elevation of plasma vasopressin induced by
      haemorrhage. The inhibition may result from an effect of somatostatin on
      neurotransmitter afferent inputs to the hypothalamus which trigger vasopressin
      release during haemorrhage. Our study demonstrates for the first time that
      somatostatin administered centrally inhibits vasopressin secretion during
      haemorrhage in the conscious animal.

PMID- 2891415
TI  - Ro 15-1788, CGS 8216, picrotoxin, and pentylenetetrazol: do they antagonize
      anxiolytic drug effects through an anxiogenic action?
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that agents that inhibit GABAergic function,
      particularly at sites on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex, have intrinsic
      anxiogenic properties. The present experiments further characterize the
      behavioral effects of these receptor complex inhibitors, using the "defensive
      burying" test, which is reasonably selective for anxiolytics. Putative blockers
      of the GABA-receptor coupled chloride channel, picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol,
      and the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 each blocked
      the anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide. However, these compounds failed to
      exert significant anxiogenic effects in the burying test. These findings suggest
      that different animal models of anxiolytic drug effects are not equally sensitive
      to the possible anxiogenic effects of drugs that act at the GABA/benzodiazepine
      receptor complex.

PMID- 2891416
TI  - Autoradiographic analysis of muscarinic cholinergic and serotonergic receptor
      alterations following methamphetamine treatment.
AB  - Autoradiographic examination of the response of muscarinic cholinergic (M1 and
      M2) receptors to multiple doses of methamphetamine has been performed in several
      regions of the rat brain. Both muscarinic receptor subtypes were identified with
      [3H]-N-methylscopolamine, while M1 receptors were specifically labeled with [3H]
      pirenzepine. No change in muscarinic receptors labeled with [3H]-pirenzepine was
      found in any of the brain regions examined following methamphetamine treatment;
      however, [3H]-N-methylscopolamine binding was significantly reduced (24-40%).
      These results indicate that M1 receptors remained unchanged after the drug
      treatment, while M2 receptors were reduced in many areas of the rat central
      nervous system following multiple high doses of methamphetamine. Five doses of
      methamphetamine (6-hour interval between doses) were required to elicit the
      receptor changes in all brain regions analyzed. Within 7 days after drug
      treatment, the receptor number returned to control values in the affected brain
      areas. Additionally, the response of serotonin (5-HT1 and 5-HT2) receptors to
      methamphetamine was examined and found to be reduced in a few brain areas
      analyzed. The receptor changes were accompanied by METH-induced decreases in
      tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase activities.

PMID- 2891417
TI  - Localization of D-amino acid oxidase in Bergmann glial cells and astrocytes of
      rat cerebellum.
AB  - The localization of D-amino acid oxidase in rat cerebellum was systematically
      studied in serial fixed sections at the levels of both light and electron
      microscopy using a coupled peroxidation method based on the intensifying effect
      of nickel ions. Deposits were only seen in astrocytes and Bergmann glial cells,
      and not in neuronal components, endothelial cells or ependymal cells. In the
      molecular layer, heavy deposits were present in the profiles of Bergmann glial
      processes around the complexes of synapses where the parallel fiber varicosities
      form synapses with the thorns emerging from the spiny branchlets of Purkinje cell
      dendrites. In the Purkinje cell layer, the oxidase-containing processes of
      Bergmann glial cells enveloped basket cell axons, their terminals, the terminals
      of the recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons and Purkinje cell bodies. In
      the granular layer, the cerebellar glomeruli were enveloped by the heavily
      stained processes of astrocytes. Based on this characteristic localization of the
      oxidase, we discussed the physiological role of the oxidase in connection with
      the function of glial cells.

PMID- 2891418
TI  - L-homocysteic acid: an endogenous excitotoxic ligand of the NMDA receptor.
AB  - L-Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) has been proposed as a natural transmitter at the N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of excitatory amino acid receptor based on
      recent evidence that L-HCA occurs L-HCA occurs naturally in the mammalian CNS, is
      released from K+ stimulated brain slices in a calcium-dependent manner and may be
      contained in nerve terminals located in certain brain regions that have a high
      density of NMDA receptors. Here we report that L-HCA potently induces a pattern
      of cytopathology in the ex vivo chick retina which mimics the pattern of NMDA but
      not kainic acid (KA) neurotoxicity. We also show that known NMDA antagonists,
      including Mg++, D-aminophosphonopentanoate and certain anesthetics, analgesics,
      and sedative hypnotics block the neurotoxic actions of L-HCA in direct proportion
      to their efficacy in blocking NMDA neurotoxicity. While there is a perfect
      correspondence between agents that block NMDA and L-HCA neurotoxicity, only a few
      such agents are active against KA neurotoxicity. We find that 3H-Glu binding is
      inhibited more potently by L-HCA (Ki = 67 microM). Moreover the patterns with
      which L-HCA and NMDA displace 3H-Glu binding in autoradiograms appear essentially
      identical. These findings are consistent with the proposal that L-HCA is an
      endogenous ligand at NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2891420
TI  - [Vecuronium for intubation and relaxation in cesarean section].

PMID- 2891419
TI  - [Appreciation of the quality of and recovery from anesthesia with the combination
      continuous-flow propofol-alfentanyl].

PMID- 2891421
TI  - [Dental mutilations in exotic civilizations and their significance].

PMID- 2891422
TI  - Is there a role for renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the pathogenesis of
      hypertension?
AB  - Current information suggests that alpha 2-adrenoceptors do not directly influence
      vascular resistance or Na reabsorption in the rat kidney. To reexamine the
      effects of alpha 2-agonists we used isolated rat kidneys perfused at 37.5 degrees
      C with precise measurement of renal artery pressure and flow. The recirculating
      perfusate contained pyruvate as the sole metabolic substrate which enabled us to
      use gluconeogenesis as an index of proximal tubular alpha 1-responses. Clonidine
      and guanfacine in 100 nM concentrations decreased phosphate excretion without
      altering Na, Cl, or K reabsorption or gluconeogenesis; 500 nM concentrations
      increased vascular resistance and decreased glomerular filtration rate and Na,
      Cl, and K excretion with no significant effect on gluconeogenesis. Prior
      thyroparathyroidectomy prevented the antiphosphaturic but not the antinatriuretic
      or vascular responses. Clonidine, an alpha 2-agonist with some alpha 1-activity,
      was a more potent vasoconstrictor than methoxamine or guanfacine. In the presence
      of prazosin (1 microM), norepinephrine (60 nM) stimulated phosphate reabsorption;
      norepinephrine alone did not stimulate phosphate reabsorption which indicates
      alpha 1-antagonism of this alpha 2-response to NE. These results and a literature
      review suggest that increased renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors could raise renal
      vascular resistance, reduce renin secretion, and antagonize parathyroid hormone
      effects on Pi, Ca, HCO3, and Na reabsorption to produce a low renin type of
      hypertension with increased proximal Na reabsorption and abnormal Ca and Pi
      excretion.

PMID- 2891423
TI  - Calcium handling in vasoconstriction to stimulation of alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - Vasoconstriction to stimulation of postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors involves different mechanisms of Ca2+ mobilization. Alpha 2
      adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in vivo as well as in vitro is invariably
      and effectively antagonized by Ca2+ channel blockers, such as nifedipine or
      verapamil, and is therefore primarily carried by influx of extracellular Ca2+. On
      the other hand, alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation has been linked to both influx
      of extracellular Ca2+ and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The
      sensitivity of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction to blockade by Ca2+
      channel antagonists depends on how much both mechanisms of Ca2+ mobilization
      contribute to the contraction process, and varies between vascular tissues and
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists. The experimental evidence for the differential
      utilization of Ca2+ in vasoconstriction to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulation is reviewed.

PMID- 2891424
TI  - Binding of the hydrophilic beta-adrenergic antagonist [3H]CGP-12177 to cardiac
      tissue slices: characterization and ontogenetic studies in dogs.
AB  - A new technique was developed to characterize the binding of a hydrophilic beta
      adrenergic antagonist, [3H]CGP-12177, to 1-mm thick slices of canine cardiac
      tissue. This technique was used to quantify the density (Bmax) and the affinity
      (Kd) of these receptors in the right ventricular conus (RVC) and the left
      ventricle (LV) at day 1 to 6 weeks of age, and in the adult. Binding was found to
      be reversible, saturable, stereospecific, of high affinity, and thermolabile.
      There was an increase in the density of beta-adrenergic receptors between day 1
      (Bmax = 2.2 +/- 0.3 fmol/mg tissue in RVC and 2.9 +/- 0.8 fmol/mg tissue in the
      LV) and 2 weeks of age postnatally, after which it remained constant until 6
      weeks of age (Bmax = 7.5 +/- 0.4 and 6.8 +/- 0.9 fmol/mg tissue in RVC and LV,
      respectively); however, by 6 weeks of age it had not reached adult levels (10.3
      +/- 1.0 fmol/mg tissue). The affinity of these receptors did not change between
      early neonatal life (Kd = 1.3 +/- 0.4 nM) and adulthood (Kd = 1.4 +/- 0.2 nM).
      The density of beta-adrenergic receptors in the RVC was similar to that in the
      LV. This new method of quantifying beta-adrenergic receptors in cardiac tissue is
      simple and fast, and requires minimal tissue handling. It proved to be useful in
      studying the development of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors with age.

PMID- 2891425
TI  - Vagal inhibition of gastric acid secretion: evidence for cholecystokinin as the
      inhibitory transmitter in the mouse stomach.
AB  - In the mouse isolated stomach preparation, electrical stimulation of vagal
      preganglionic fibres activated cholinergic excitatory pathways and noncholinergic
      inhibitory pathways to the gastric glands. Both were blocked by hexamethonium
      suggesting that there is at least one nicotinic synapse in each. The inhibitory
      vagal response was blocked by dibutyryl cyclic GMP, an established
      cholecystokinin antagonist which abolished cholecystokinin-mediated inhibition of
      acid secretion. It is suggested that there are direct inhibitory vagal pathways
      to the gastric glands and that cholecystokinin may be the inhibitory transmitter.

PMID- 2891426
TI  - The influence of higher temperature on dengue-2 virus infected C6/36 mosquito
      cell line.
AB  - Dengue-2 virus infection of C6/36 cells was studied at 28 and 37 degrees C. In
      infected cells maintained at 28 degrees C, syncytial development was seen on day
      4 postinfection, whereas at 37 degrees C, extensive syncytial development was
      seen by 32 h. Extracellular virus titre was found to correlate with the
      cytopathic changes. Nine Dengue-2 virus specified proteins were observed in
      polyacrylamide analyses of cytoplasmic extracts of C6/36 infected cells. All the
      proteins were observed, although in varied intensities by 32 h postinoculation at
      37 degrees C and only on day 4 postinoculation at 28 degrees C. The GP60
      glycoprotein appeared at 32 h postinfection when the cells were maintained at 37
      degrees C and became prominent only on day 5 at 28 degrees C. The results
      revealed that a higher temperature accelerated the onset of cytopathic effects,
      hastened the development of virus specified proteins, and also enhanced the titre
      of extracellular infectious virus. The importance of the accumulation of the
      envelope protein GP60 for the development of CPE was indicated.

PMID- 2891427
TI  - Changes in the hydrophobic characteristics of Clostridium perfringens spores and
      spore coats by heat.
AB  - The hydrophobic characteristics of Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8679 spores were
      demonstrated by adherence to toluene in a toluene-aqueous partition system.
      Spores and spore coat preparations were hydrophobic. Vegetative cells and spores
      extracted with a dithiothreitol-sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment known to remove
      spore coats were not hydrophobic. A heat activation treatment (75 degrees C for
      20 min) which promotes more rapid spore germination increased the hydrophobicity
      of intact spores and decreased that of isolated spore coats. The hydrophobic
      changes were reversed by washing and stabilized by 0.5% glutaraldehyde. Heat
      induced hydrophobic changes were observed in spore coats prepared from spores
      that were preheated and washed before rupturing in a buffer containing
      glutaraldehyde. These results suggest the occurrence of a heat-induced change in
      the spore coat (possibly in the conformation of a macromolecule) which was stable
      only within the architectural confines of the intact spore.

PMID- 2891429
TI  - Sulfasalazine and male infertility.

PMID- 2891428
TI  - Migraine.
AB  - Recent advances in migraine therapy include the recognition of analgesic or
      ergotamine abuse as a cause of chronic daily migraine, the introduction of
      effective non-narcotic drugs such as chlorpromazine, dihydroergotamine and
      corticosteroids for the treatment of intractable migraine attacks, the increased
      number of beta-blockers now recognized as effective prophylactic agents and the
      introduction of calcium-channel blockers for prophylaxis. There is a sufficient
      variety of antimigraine drugs, and therapy should be successful for most
      sufferers.

PMID- 2891430
TI  - The relationship between anxiety and depression in children: rating scales and
      clinical variables.
AB  - The present study examined the relationship between anxiety and depression in
      children in the context of proposed adult models. The results support the
      qualitative distinction between anxious and depressed patient groups on subsets
      of rating scale measures and clinical variables. In contrast to anxious children
      who were younger, (day patients) had been ill for longer than one year, presented
      with behavioral problems, and were low on observer ratings of depressive
      symptoms; depressed children were older, (inpatients) had been ill for less than
      one year, presented with emotional problems and were high on observer ratings of
      both anxious and depressive symptoms. The finding that the older depressed
      children were concurrently anxious while the younger anxious children were not
      concurrently depressed is discussed from the viewpoint of a hypothesized temporal
      sequence between anxiety and depression. The implication of this and other
      related findings are discussed in regard to their importance for differential
      diagnosis and prognosis.

PMID- 2891431
TI  - Treatment of heroin withdrawal with guanfacine: an open clinical investigation.
AB  - The alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulant, guanfacine, was used to treat, under open
      conditions, heroin addicts who volunteered to withdraw from heroin usage. Thirty
      four addicts (29 males, 5 females) aged 17 to 31 years were treated for 5 to 15
      days with varying doses of guanfacine (0.03 up to 1.75 mg daily). Efficacy was
      determined by the "Opiate Withdrawal Checklist" (OWCL), administered several
      times during the day, and by the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale. All
      symptom categories of the OWCL, except "sleep disturbances" were equally
      ameliorated by the treatment. According to the CGI, 88% of the cases were judged
      as having had a very good or good improvement. Tolerability to the medication was
      judged as good or very good in 94% of the cases.

PMID- 2891432
TI  - Acromegaly from ectopic growth hormone-releasing hormone secretion by a malignant
      carcinoid tumor. Successful treatment with long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS
      201-995.
AB  - A 26-year-old man with acromegaly secondary to ectopic growth hormone-releasing
      hormone (GHRH) secretion by a metastatic carcinoid tumor is the subject of this
      study. He previously failed to respond to conventional therapeutic modalities
      (partial hypophysectomy, pituitary irradiation, high-dose bromocriptine and a
      combination of streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil) and was treated with long
      acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (Sandoz, East Hanover, NJ). Growth
      hormone and somatomedin C concentrations became normal, and GHRH-LI (GHRH-like
      immunoreactivity) was suppressed by more than 60%. The growth hormone response to
      exogenous GHRH 1-40 was stopped and growth hormone rise to thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone (TRH) was significantly attenuated. A significant shrinkage of the
      pituitary gland was observed. Similarly, the size of the metastatic carcinoid
      lesions decreased dramatically and was accompanied by a normalization of liver
      function. After almost 2 years of SMS 201-995 therapy, the patient was well and
      had no clinical signs of acromegaly. Thus, SMS 201-995 appears to be a remarkably
      effective agent for treatment of acromegaly secondary to ectopic GHRH secretion.

PMID- 2891433
TI  - Absence of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in lung metastasis in rats with
      hepatocellular carcinomas induced by ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator.
AB  - The incidence of lung metastasis in rats with hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC)
      induced by ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator and the expression of
      gammaglutamyl transeptidase (GGT) in the metastatic lesions was studied. HCC were
      induced in 75 male F-334 rats by chronic dietary administration of ciprofibrate
      (0.025% w/w) for 16-22 months. The incidence of lung metastasis was 25% in rats
      killed between 14 and 16 months which increased to 56% in rats killed between 20
      and 22 months. The lung metastases were multifocal and present in both the blood
      vessels and parenchyma. All the metastatic foci examined for the expression of
      GGT by histochemical stain were devoid of this enzyme. The results of this study
      clearly demonstrate the malignant behavior of ciprofibrate-induced liver tumors
      and the absence of GGT expression in metastatic lesions a phenotypic property
      that is peculiar to the primary HCC induced by several peroxisome proliferators.

PMID- 2891434
TI  - Modulation of tissue and epidermal transglutaminases in mouse epidermal cells
      after treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and/or retinoic acid in
      vivo and in culture.
AB  - Retinoic acid (RA) induces tissue transglutaminase (TGASE) and inhibits terminal
      differentiation induced either by calcium ion or by the tumor promoter 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in primary mouse epidermal cells in
      culture. The relevance of these effects on cultured cells to the antipromoting
      action of RA was investigated in female BALB/c and CD-1 mice in vivo. Tissue
      TGASE was distinguished from epidermal TGASE on the basis of different
      thermolability at pH 9 or elution from the anion exchanger Mono Q. After topical
      application of 3 to 5 micrograms (10 to 17 nmol) of RA to the shaved back skin,
      the specific activity of tissue TGASE increased up to 30-fold primarily in the
      basal cell fraction of Percoll-separated epidermal cells. Enzyme activity
      returned to basal levels by 7 days. Treatment with TPA (10 micrograms or 17
      nmol/mouse) induced an increase in epidermal TGASE which reached a maximum at 12
      h after application, primarily in suprabasal cells. RA applied 1 h before TPA
      caused no reduction of TPA-induced epidermal TGASE, but the increase in tissue
      TGASE due to RA was markedly inhibited by TPA. The effects of TPA and RA on TGASE
      activities in primary epidermal cells in culture were similar to those in vivo
      except that RA reduced the induction of epidermal TGASE by TPA. In culture the
      induction of epidermal TGASE by TPA was independent of Ca2+ concentration in the
      medium above 0.03 mM, but cornified envelope formation was markedly enhanced by
      Ca2+ above the level required for maintaining a basal cell population (0.03 to
      0.05 mM). The TPA-induced formation of cornified envelope in the presence of
      elevated Ca2+ was completely inhibited by RA if cells were pretreated with RA for
      24 h. Our results are consistent with RA causing a reprogramming of epidermal
      cells that alters their response to differentiation stimuli.

PMID- 2891435
TI  - Lack of albumin as genotypic marker of preneoplastic analbuminemic rat
      hepatocytes transplanted within albumin-positive liver.
AB  - In analbuminemic rats, preneoplastic hepatocytes lack the capability to produce
      albumin. On the other hand, the hepatocytes of F1 hybrids born from parents of
      analbuminemic rats and normal rats retain their capability to produce albumin,
      since the analbuminemia is inherited as a recessive trait in rats. We isolated
      hyperplastic nodule cells from Nagase's analbuminemic rats and transplanted them
      into the livers of F1 hybrid rats by infusion into the mesenteric vein. The host
      rats were subjected to a short term dietary 2-acetylaminofluorene and underwent a
      two-thirds partial hepatectomy to promote the growth of preneoplastic
      hepatocytes. Within 10 to 13 days after transplantation, may albumin-negative
      hepatocytic nodules were formed in the albumin-positive host livers. Almost all
      the albumin-negative nodules expressed conventional biochemical markers for
      preneoplastic hepatocytes. Eight to 9 weeks after the transplantation, almost the
      same number of albumin-negative nodules were observed as on days 10-13. However,
      roughly a half of the albumin-negative nodules showed no biochemical markers. The
      results indicate that the majority of early preneoplastic lesions revert to
      become phenotypically normal after removal of the promoting stimuli.

PMID- 2891436
TI  - Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of tumors in nude mice derived from a
      multidrug-resistant human leukemia cell line.
AB  - We have evaluated whether selection of a human tumor leukemic line for resistance
      to vinblastine (Velban; VLB) alters its tumorigenicity. To address this question,
      CEM and CEM/VLB100 cells [which express the multiple drug-resistant (MDR)
      phenotype via amplification of the P-glycoprotein gene] were characterized by
      several techniques including chromosome banding, in situ hybridization, Southern
      blotting, RNA dot blotting, in vitro drug sensitivity, and tumorigenicity in nude
      mice. Analysis of the chromosome banding patterns of both drug-sensitive CEM
      cells and the MDR CEM/VLB100 cells revealed that the two lines differed primarily
      by the presence of a large metacentric marker chromosome associated with the
      acquisition of VLB resistance. In situ hybridization of a P-glycoprotein
      complementary DNA to metaphase chromosomes showed that the amplified P
      glycoprotein genes in the CEM/VLB100 cell line were localized to this large
      marker. Tumorigenicity of both the CEM and CEM/VLB100 cell lines was measured
      after injection of 10(7) cells/nude mouse. The results showed that 4 of 4 drug
      sensitive and 4 of 5 drug-resistant cell lines formed tumors in 5-10 wk. By
      comparison with the parental line, three of the four tumors arising from the
      CEM/VLB100 line retained their drug-resistance properties as measured by
      vinblastine resistance in vitro and elevated P-glycoprotein mRNA expression
      associated with P-glycoprotein gene amplification. In addition, tumors retaining
      the MDR phenotype also retained the large metacentric marker chromosome. One
      tumor arising from CEM/VLB100 reverted to the drug-sensitive phenotype, with a
      resultant decrease in P-glycoprotein mRNA expression and loss of P-glycoprotein
      gene amplification. This revertant was also missing the large metacentric marker
      present in all cells from the CEM/VLB100 parent. Our experiments show that the
      acquisition of the MDR phenotype resulting from overexpression of P-glycoprotein
      in the plasma membrane does not effect the tumorigenicity of human CEM cells.

PMID- 2891437
TI  - Mechanism of H-ras oncogene activation in mouse squamous carcinoma induced by an
      alkylating agent.
AB  - A mouse skin squamous cell carcinoma induced by topical application of the direct
      acting alkylating agent beta-propiolactone contains an activated H-ras oncogene
      with an A----T transversion at the second nucleotide of codon 61. The mutation
      was detected in NIH3T3 transfectant and original tumor DNA by an XbaI restriction
      enzyme polymorphism and confirmed by oligonucleotide "mismatch" hybridization.
      The mutation was not seen in the liver of the same animal. The activated oncogene
      also exhibited several restriction enzyme polymorphisms in transfectant DNA due
      to a reciprocal translocation 3' to the coding region of the gene, which occurred
      during transfection. The activating mutation was found in only 1 of 6 beta
      propiolactone induced mouse skin tumors examined, the only tumor with a
      transforming H-ras oncogene. This is a much lower frequency of activation than
      that previously reported for the same tumor type induced by polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons. The A----T transversion mutation is consistent with a potentially
      direct mutagenic effect of a specific beta-propiolactone-DNA adduct.

PMID- 2891438
TI  - erbA-related sequence coding for DNA-binding hormone receptor localized to
      chromosome 3p21-3p25 and deleted in small cell lung carcinoma.
AB  - Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is characterized by a consensus deletion in the
      short arm of chromosome 3. Using a panel of cell lines and somatic cell hybrids
      containing various rearrangements involving chromosome 3, we have localized the
      erbA beta sequence (which codes for a thyroid hormone receptor) to the region
      3p21----3p25 which overlaps the consensus deletion in SCLC. Moreover, we have
      shown by Southern blot analysis that at least one copy of the erbA beta sequence
      is deleted in all six SCLCs so far studied. Normalized ratios of hybridization
      intensities of the erbA beta probe to intensities of probes for somatostatin
      (3q28) and raf(3p24-25) ranged from 0.28 to 0.56 and 0.32 to 0.71, respectively,
      in the six tumors and tumor lines. In view of the importance of the role these
      genes are known or suspected to play in biological regulation, our results
      suggest that the erbA beta sequence is a candidate for a recessive oncogene
      involved in the genesis of SCLC.

PMID- 2891439
TI  - Bovine leukaemia: facts and hypotheses derived from the study of an infectious
      cancer.
AB  - Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is the aetiological agent of a chronic lymphatic
      leukaemia/lymphoma in cows, sheep and goats. Infection without neoplastic
      transformation has also been demonstrated in pigs, rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees
      and rabbits and observed in capybaras and water buffaloes. Structurally and
      functionally, BLV is a relative of human T lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-I
      and HTLV-II) since all three viruses show clear-cut sequence homologies. The
      pathology of the BLV-induced disease, most notably the absence of chronic
      viraemia, a long latency period and lack of preferred proviral integration sites
      in tumours, is similar to that of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma induced by HTLV
      I. The most striking feature of the three naturally transmitted leukaemia viruses
      is the X region located between the env gene and the long terminal repeat (LTR)
      sequence. The X region contains several overlapping long open reading frames, one
      of which, designated XBL-1, encodes a trans-activator function capable of
      increasing the level of gene expression directed by BLV-LTR and is most probably
      involved in genetic instability of BLV-infected cells of the B-cell lineage. The
      'genetic instability' may put the cell into a state of fragility, ready to move
      along a number of stages towards full malignancy. Little is known about these
      events and their causes and we present some theoretical possibilities. BLV
      infection has a worldwide distribution. In temperate climates the virus spreads
      mostly through iatrogenic transfer of infected lymphocytes. In warm climates and
      in areas heavily populated by haematophagous insects, there are indications of
      insect-borne propagation of the virus.

PMID- 2891440
TI  - Naturally occurring leukaemia viruses in wild mice: how good a model for humans?
AB  - This article presents a historical perspective of the wild mouse leukaemia virus
      (MuLV) model system in light of the prevailing concepts in the early 1970s when
      this work was carried out. The epidemiology and natural history of MuLV and its
      associated lymphoma in wild mice were remarkably predictive of later events
      associated with human T-lymphotrophic virus infection and adult T-cell leukaemia
      in man. Striking similarities were noted in the exogenous mode of virus
      transmission, the regional and familial clustering of virus infection in
      association with specific lymphomas, the low pathogenicity and long latent
      period, the neurotropism, the virus stability and the nature of viral integration
      in resultant lymphomas. The wild mouse model was more accurate than the inbred
      mouse model in pointing the way to human disease. These results illustrate the
      importance of studying natural history in the 'real world' and the limitations of
      laboratory artefacts such as those created by inbreeding of laboratory mice.

PMID- 2891441
TI  - Phase I trial of taxol in patients with advanced cancer.
AB  - Taxol is a unique plant-derived antineoplastic agent that appears to exert its
      cytotoxic effect by interfering with microtubule structure and function. In this
      phase I trial, in which the drug was given as a brief iv infusion every 3 weeks,
      the dose-limiting toxicity was leukopenia, with thrombocytopenia being seen much
      less frequently. Sensory neuropathy was frequently seen at the highest dosage,
      with numbness and paresthesias appearing in a glove-and-stocking distribution. In
      some cases, this appeared to be a cumulative effect. Total alopecia was common.
      Other toxic effects observed included nausea and vomiting, mucositis, myalgias,
      and phlebitis. The frequent occurrence early in the study of acute cardiovascular
      and pulmonary toxicity suggestive of hypersensitivity reactions was decreased in
      frequency and severity by prolonging the infusions and premedication with
      corticosteroids and antihistamines. Two heavily treated patients appeared to
      respond to this agent, one with non-small cell lung cancer and one with ovarian
      cancer. Based on these data, we recommend a starting dose in phase II trials of
      212 mg/m2 in patients with minimal prior therapy and 170 mg/m2 in heavily treated
      patients. At least initially, these trials should be carried out in institutions
      familiar with the use of this drug.

PMID- 2891442
TI  - Phase I study of taxol administered as a short i.v. infusion daily for 5 days.
AB  - Taxol inhibits cell division by promoting the assembly and stabilization of
      microtubules. This report describes the results of a phase I trial of taxol
      administered as a short iv infusion daily for 5 days every 4 weeks. Sixteen
      patients with refractory malignancy received 21 courses of taxol at five doses
      between 5 and 40 mg/m2/day X 5. The first nine patients received taxol as a 60
      minute infusion. Two patients experienced anaphylactoid reactions, one at the 5
      mg/m2/day and the second at the 15-mg/m2/day X 5 dose levels. These reactions
      were characterized by facial flushing, tachypnea, and hypotension within several
      minutes of drug administration. These anaphylactoid reactions occurred on the
      first day of treatment in the first patient and on the first day of the second
      course in the second patient. These reactions may be related to the rapid
      administration of the polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor EL) vehicle in which
      taxol is formulated. No anaphylactoid reactions were observed in the seven
      patients who received taxol as a 6-hour infusion with antihistamine and
      prednisone premedication. Dose-related myelosuppression was seen; leukopenia (wbc
      count less than 1000/mm3) and granulocytopenia (granulocytes less than or equal
      to 200/mm3) occurred on Days 8 and 9 in two of two patients treated at the 40
      mg/m2/day X 5 level. Thrombocytopenia was mild, with a platelet nadir of 87,000
      95,000/mm3 at the highest dose level. Premedication with glucocorticoids and
      antihistamines coupled with a prolonged 6-hour infusion permitted taxol to be
      administered at 30 mg/m2/day X 5 safely without immediate life-threatening
      reactions.

PMID- 2891443
TI  - Total synthesis of X hapten, III3 Fuc alpha-nLc4 Cer.
AB  - Total synthesis of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-[alpha-L- fucopyranosyl-
      (1----3)]-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-beta- D-
      galactopyranosyl- (1----4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----1)-2-N-tetracosanoyl
      (2S,3R ,4E)- sphingenine was achieved by use of the key glycosyl donors O
      (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D- galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl
      alpha-L-fucopyranosyl) - (1----3)]-O-(2- acetamido-6-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-(2,4,6-tr i-O- acetyl- beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1---
      4)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyrano syl trichloroacetimidate and fluoride,
      as well as key glycosyl acceptor 3-O-benzoyl-2-N-tetracosanoyl- (2S,3R,4E)
      sphingenine, in an unambiguous manner.

PMID- 2891444
TI  - [Action of famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, on the papillary muscle and
      atrium of the guinea pig, in vitro].

PMID- 2891445
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty involving internal mammary artery bypass
      grafts: a femoral approach.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is an effective technique for the
      treatment of selected patients with ischemic heart disease due to coronary artery
      stenosis. Successful angioplasty in saphenous vein bypass grafts has been
      documented, but little experience has been reported using angioplasty in internal
      mammary artery to coronary artery bypass grafts. Nine of ten patients with
      stenosis in the internal mammary artery to coronary artery anastomosis or in the
      coronary vessel distal to the anastomosis site were successfully treated with
      angioplasty. One patient developed restenosis 1 month after the procedure, and a
      repeat angioplasty was successful. In one patient, the balloon catheter could not
      be advanced through the left internal mammary artery to the stenosis site.
      Technical features of internal mammary artery angioplasty are discussed,
      including the use of specially designed guiding wires, guiding catheters, and
      balloon catheters that facilitate angioplasty involving internal mammary arteries
      from the femoral approach.

PMID- 2891446
TI  - Regulation of antibody secretion by hybridoma cells. I. Suppression of antibody
      secretion by coculture of hybridoma cells with idiotype-induced suppressor cells.
AB  - In this study, we have demonstrated that antibody secretion by hybridoma cell
      lines can be down-regulated by idiotype-specific immune spleen cells or by nylon
      wool nonadherent spleen cells. This suppression of antibody secretion can be
      abolished by treating the idiotype-specific immune spleen cells with anti-Thy 1.2
      plus complement. The hybridoma we used for most of our experiments secretes IgM
      specific for the cross-reacting haptens 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) and 2,4
      dinitrophenyl (DNP). Suppression was achieved by direct coculture of hybridoma
      cells with immune cells from animals which were injected with affinity-purified
      hybridoma antibody-coupled syngeneic spleen cells. The suppressed and control
      cultures contained similar numbers of viable hybridoma cells, suggesting that a
      simple cytotoxic effect is not responsible. Idiotype specificity was established
      in experiments showing that two idiotype immune animals immunized with antibody
      from two different IgM anti-TNP hybridomas could suppress the hybridoma to which
      they were immunized but could not affect the other hybridoma. Immune spleen cells
      required 3-4 days of coculture with hybridoma cells before maximum suppression
      was achieved. The kinetics of the response suggest that the final effector
      suppressor cell is generated during the coculture period and that a second
      signal, perhaps a product of the hybridoma cells, may be required.

PMID- 2891447
TI  - Axonal tubulin and microtubules: morphologic evidence for stable regions on
      axonal microtubules.
AB  - Biochemical studies indicate that axonal tubulin is composed of at least two
      distinct pools that differ in cold solubility and biochemical composition [Brady
      et al: J. Cell Biol. 99:1716-1724]. To determine the morphologic correlate of
      cold-insoluble tubulin, segments of rat optic nerves were exposed to a series of
      in vitro experimental conditions that affect microtubules (MTs), including cold,
      podophyllotoxin (PT), triflupromazine (TFP), and taxol, and then examined by
      electron microscopy. Longitudinal sections of control axons showed MTs oriented
      parallel to the long axis of the axons. Axons exposed to cold, PT, and TFP showed
      short segments of MTs in association with cytoskeletal disarray. Morphometric
      studies were used to distinguish between a simple malorientation of MTs
      (undulation or zigzags in their course) and the loss of labile segments of MTs,
      leaving the stable portions behind. The lengths of MT segments were measured in
      longitudinal sections, and the numbers of MTs were determined in the cross
      sections. All MT segment-length histograms showed a unimodal distribution. Cold
      and PT produced a simple shift of the control histogram to the shorter length
      MTs. In cross sections the numbers of MTs in cold- and PT-exposed axons were
      significantly decreased, indicating that the presence of short segments of MTs in
      the longitudinal plane of sections was due to a loss of portions of MTs. Taxol,
      an agent that promotes MT assembly, reversed the cold effect partially and
      resulted in increases in both MT segment length and number. These studies
      indicate that stable MT segments are portions of longer MTs containing both
      stable and labile regions. Furthermore, these findings are consistent with the
      hypothesis that cold-insoluble tubulin functions as a transportable MT-organizing
      complex in the axon.

PMID- 2891448
TI  - "Pull" and "push" in neurite elongation: observations on the effects of different
      concentrations of cytochalasin B and taxol.
AB  - Neurite elongation involves two distinct cytoskeletal functions the "push" of
      anterograde transport of the cytoskeleton and associated organelles to the
      neurite tip, and the "pull" exerted by protrusion and generation of tensions in
      the growth cone. We investigated the roles of these two activities in neurite
      elongation via the drugs taxol and cytochalasin B (CB), which act on the key
      cytoskeletal components, microtubules and actin filaments, respectively. When
      neurons are treated with concentrations of CB below 0.2 micrograms/ml, neurite
      elongation, growth cone protrusion, and neurite tension are all inhibited in a
      similar concentration dependent manner. Protrusive activity and tensions are
      absent at CB concentrations above 0.3 micrograms/ml, yet neurite elongation
      continues at a plateau level. Thus, "pull" does modulate, but it is not required
      for neurite elongation. Surprisingly, the inhibitory effects of taxol on neurite
      elongation are removed by the addition of CB at levels that substantially disrupt
      the actin filaments of neurites. The neurites extended by taxol-CB neurons are
      unbranched and curiously unattached to the substratum. When CB is added to taxol
      treated neurons, neurite extension begins rapidly, even if protein synthesis is
      severely reduced. We propose that taxol inhibits microtubule transport in
      neurites, and this inhibition of "push" is reversed by the disruptive effects of
      CB on the cytoplasmic matrix, allowing taxol-induced microtubule bundles to be
      transported distally.

PMID- 2891449
TI  - Microinjected carboxylated beads move predominantly poleward in sea urchin eggs.
AB  - Observations on living mitotic cells have suggested that material in the spindle
      moves poleward during mitosis. In order to investigate this movement, sea urchin
      eggs have been microinjected with 0.25-micron diameter carboxylated fluorescent
      beads. When fluorescent beads were injected into unfertilized Lytechinus
      variegatus eggs, no motility was detected. When injected into mitotic cells,
      beads moved to the spindle poles. Individual beads moved rapidly, in a saltatory
      fashion, and followed generally linear paths. Beads appeared to move along astral
      fibers, were generally excluded from the spindle proper, and accumulated at the
      spindle poles. Some dispersion of the beads away from the pole was observed as
      cells completed mitosis, but the majority of beads retained a polar location.
      After depolymerization of spindle microtubules with nocodazole, some dispersion
      of beads into the cytoplasm was also observed. Beads moved along taxol-induced
      astral microtubules and accumulated at astral centers. These observations reveal
      that negatively charged beads accumulate rapidly at mitotic centers, moving
      toward the minus end of the microtubules. Neither the bidirectional motility of
      similar beads in interphase cells nor the plus-end-directed bead motility seen in
      axons was observed in these mitotic cells.

PMID- 2891450
TI  - Overuse injuries in sport: the foot.
AB  - The authors discuss the clinical characteristics and treatment of such overuse
      injuries of the foot as plantar fasciitis, Haglund's syndrome, Jones' fracture,
      and tarsal navicular stress fractures. A consideration of orthotic devices is
      also provided.

PMID- 2891451
TI  - [Traditional Chinese medicine combined with Western medicine in the treatment of
      epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2891452
TI  - Hemodynamic and neural mechanisms of action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in
      the rat.
AB  - The mechanisms mediating the effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on
      the cardiovascular system were studied in the conscious rat.
      Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of TRH (8 pmol-80 nmol/kg) induced
      dose-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac
      index. Hindquarter blood flow increased due to vasodilation, while an increase in
      renal and mesenteric vascular resistance caused a decrease in blood flow in the
      respective organs. The plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were
      increased by TRH, while there was no change in plasma renin activity or
      vasopressin. The cardiovascular actions of i.c.v. TRH were not influenced by
      blockade of the renin-angiotensin system or vasopressin receptors. The ganglion
      blocker chlorisondamine and the alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist
      phentolamine (2 mg/kg i.v.) abolished the increase in blood pressure and
      mesenteric vasoconstriction after i.c.v. TRH. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) blocked
      the TRH-induced increase in cardiac index, heart rate, and hindquarter blood
      flow. The hindquarter vasodilation induced by TRH was also blocked by the
      selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 188,551 (1 or 2 mg/kg i.v.), while
      the beta 1-adrenoceptor blocker practolol (10 mg/kg i.v.) had no effect on the
      hindquarter vasodilation produced by TRH but totally blocked the increase in
      cardiac index. In adrenal demedullated rats, the systemic hemodynamic effects of
      i.c.v. TRH were diminished along with the decrease in renal blood flow and
      increase in renal vascular resistance; however, the increase in hindquarter blood
      flow was attenuated only in adrenal demedullated rats pretreated with the
      sympathetic blocker bretylium. The renal vasoconstriction induced by i.c.v. TRH
      was not abolished by renal denervation. In sinoaortic debuffered rats, the
      pressor, tachycardic, and mesenteric vasoconstrictor responses to centrally
      administered TRH were significantly potentiated. Taken together, these data
      suggest that the putative neurotransmitter TRH may play a role in central
      regulation of cardiac functions and organ blood flow distribution through both
      the sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla. A pivotal role for beta 2
      adrenoceptors in mediation of hindquarter vasodilation is also demonstrated.

PMID- 2891454
TI  - In situ analysis of alpha-adrenoceptors on arteriolar and venular smooth muscle
      in rat skeletal muscle microcirculation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether both alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors exist on vascular smooth muscle of microvessels and whether
      adrenergic constriction of anatomically distinct microvascular segments is
      differentially subserved by either receptor subtype. The cremaster skeletal
      muscle of anesthetized rats was acutely denervated and suspended in a Krebs bath
      containing cocaine, normetanephrine, and propranolol to block uptake1, uptake2,
      and beta-receptors, respectively. Intravital microscopy was used to study large
      distributing arterioles (mean diameter, 100 microns), small precapillary
      arterioles (25 microns), and capacitance venules (140 microns). Concentration
      response (diameter change) curves were obtained for bath-added agonists
      norepinephrine (mixed alpha 1/alpha 2), phenylephrine (alpha 1), and B-HT 933
      (alpha 2) in the absence or presence of antagonists prazosin (alpha 1) and
      yohimbine (alpha 2). Apparent pD2(-log ED50) values for large arterioles and
      venules were, respectively, as follows: norepinephrine (7.41 and 7.15),
      phenylephrine (5.95 and 5.41), and B-HT 933 (5.05 and 5.06). Low concentrations
      of prazosin (10(-8) M) and yohimbine (10(-7) M) produced receptor subtype
      selective antagonism and parallel, dextral displacement of norepinephrine curves
      for large arterioles and venules. The large arteriole pKB (-log KB) was 7.83 +/-
      0.65 for prazosin and 7.36 +/- 0.46 for yohimbine. Higher concentrations of
      prazosin (10(-7) and 3 X 10(-7) M) and yohimbine (10(-6) M) produced further
      dextral but nonparallel displacement of norepinephrine curves. In contrast,
      receptor subtype-selective concentrations of only yohimbine inhibited adrenergic
      constriction of small, precapillary arterioles; but prazosin had no effect at
      receptor subtype-selective concentrations. These data suggest that adrenergic
      regulation of large arterioles and venules in skeletal muscle uses both alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Precapillary arterioles, however, may be subserved
      predominantly by alpha 2-receptors.

PMID- 2891453
TI  - Attenuation of the reflex pressor response to muscular contraction by an
      antagonist to somatostatin.
AB  - Although group III and IV fibers are known to compose the afferent pathway of the
      reflex arc causing the pressor response to static muscular contraction, little is
      known about the neurotransmitters released by these muscle afferents.
      Somatostatin might be one of these neurotransmitters because this peptide is
      found in the terminals of fine afferent fibers ending in the dorsal horn of the
      lumbar spinal cord. Therefore, in chloralose-anesthetized cats, the reflex
      pressor response to static contraction was examined before and after subarachnoid
      injections onto the lumbosacral cord of a peptide antagonist to somatostatin. We
      found that before giving the antagonist, the pressor response to contraction of
      the triceps surae muscles in 12 cats averaged 33 +/- 4 mm Hg, while 37 +/- 7
      minutes after giving the antagonist, the pressor response averaged only 18 +/- 3
      mm Hg (p less than 0.001). In contrast, the antagonist to somatostatin had no
      effect on either the pressor response to electrical stimulation of the cut
      central end of the sciatic nerve or the pressor response to stimulation of the
      posterior diencephalon. Furthermore, subarachnoid injection of a peptide
      antagonist to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone had no effect on the reflex
      pressor response to static contraction. Our findings are consistent with the
      hypothesis that somatostatin plays a role in the spinal transmission of the
      contraction-induced pressor reflex arising from hind limb skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2891455
TI  - Variation of urinary enzymes N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alanine
      aminopeptidase, and lysozyme in patients receiving radio-contrast agents.
AB  - A urinary enzyme pattern consisting of two lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-beta
      glucosaminidase and lysozyme, and one enzyme originating from kidney tubular
      brush border membrane, alanine-aminopeptidase, were studied in 30 patients
      undergoing intravenous urography and arteriography. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase
      and lysozyme showed the greatest diagnostic sensitivity and were still abnormal
      on the fifth day after the administration of radio contrast agent. The results,
      which are statistically significant (Student's t test), suggest that radio
      contrast agents are potentially nephotoxic.

PMID- 2891456
TI  - Urinary enzyme activities in patients treated with gold and other antirheumatic
      drugs.
AB  - We have studied 48 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), except salicylates, in 31 of whom parenteral
      gold was associated as therapeutic agent. In order to assess initial tubular
      involvement, the activities of some urinary enzymes were measured: N
      acetylglucosaminidase (NAG, EC 3.2.1.30), microsomal amino-peptidase (MAP, EC
      3.4.11.2) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2). Results were compared
      with a control group of 51 subjects of similar age, with no rheumatic symptoms
      and normal renal function. Both groups of patients (31 with gold therapy and 17
      without) showed a significantly increased activity of NAG in urine, but the
      increase was greater in those treated with gold. MAP and GGT were not elevated
      significantly in either group. There was no correlation, however, between the
      increase of NAG and the cumulative dose of gold. NAG, MAP and GGT activities in
      serum yielded no relevant information. All the usual tests of renal function were
      also normal. Determination of NAG in urine may be regarded as a sensitive test,
      capable of detecting selective involvement of renal tubular cells, whose final
      diagnostic and prognostic significance merits further evaluation.

PMID- 2891457
TI  - Artifacts in RFLP analyses of human DNA samples co-precipitated with t-RNA.

PMID- 2891458
TI  - A rapid and efficient screening method for DNA restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms.
AB  - Genomic loci displaying DNA sequence polymorphisms represent useful landmarks on
      the genetic linkage map. We describe an integrated experimental approach to
      facilitate the detection of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)
      with useful allelic frequencies at loci covered by cloned DNA sequences. The
      essential feature of the screening method presented is the pooling of DNA from
      unrelated individuals for Southern blot hybridization analyses using non
      repetitive DNA sequences identified in and preparatively isolated from genomic
      lambda phage clones. This procedure results in the detection of RFLP with maximal
      values of heterozygosity while counterselecting for RFLP with unfavourable
      allelic frequencies. The described experimental protocol should therefore
      facilitate the identification and characterization of polymorphic loci with
      frequent heterozygosity.

PMID- 2891459
TI  - T cell receptor beta chain polymorphisms are associated with insulin-dependent
      diabetes.
AB  - We investigated the T cell receptor constant beta chain (TCR C beta) genes of
      patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) using DNA restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Genomic DNA from patients and
      controls was digested with the restriction endonuclease Bg1 II and transferred to
      nylon filters using the Southern blot procedure. This enzyme identifies a
      polymorphic site between the two TCR C beta chain genes. We have found a highly
      significant increase in the frequency of the 10.0; 9.2 kilobase heterozygous
      phenotype in patients with IDDM (62.7% versus 42.0% in normal controls; P =
      0.0006). In identical twin pairs, this association was most striking in those
      concordant for IDDM (79.2% versus 42.0% in controls; P = 0.0006).

PMID- 2891460
TI  - Antibody-directed affinity therapy applied to the immune system: in vivo
      effectiveness and limited toxicity of daunomycin conjugated to HPMA copolymers
      and targeting antibody.
AB  - The applicability of targeting therapy intervention in lymphatic tissue was
      studied. The effect was measured as the inhibition of anti-sheep red blood cell
      antibody response expressed in plaque-forming cells. Daunomycin was used as the
      effective drug and polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Iak antibody
      served for targeting. Both components were coupled to a soluble N-(2
      hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer with oligopeptidic side sequences
      which permitted a controlled release of the drug in the target tissue. HPMA
      copolymer conjugates with side sequences Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly cleavable by lysosomal
      enzymes decreased in vivo the antibody reaction by 60-85%. A comparable amount of
      free targeting antibody was without a significant effect. Injection of targeted
      daunomycin decreased the toxicity of the drug against hematopoietic precursors in
      bone marrow colony-forming unit-spleen 80 times compared to the same amount of
      free drug. The in vivo effectiveness of targeted daunomycin was confirmed
      morphologically. Application of free daunomycin lead to a significant irritation
      of Kupffer cells in liver while none of the daunomycin-antibody-copolymer
      conjugate had such an effect.

PMID- 2891462
TI  - A three-year prospective study of systemic manifestation in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a systemic disease can attack many other organs in
      addition to the joints. A variety of pathological lesions of the blood vessels
      are responsible for the extra-articular features (EAF). In the present study, we
      investigated firstly whether the presence of blood vessel changes in one organ-
      namely the skin--may indicate blood vessel pathology and, consequently, EAF in
      other organs. Secondly, we investigated the number of EAF in individual patients
      with RA, and observed whether this changed during the course of the disease.
      Fifty-one RA-patients (40 female, 11 male; ages had a mean of 49.5, minimum 19,
      maximum 73 years; mean duration of RA was 7.3, minimum 0.25, maximum 41 years)
      were included in the study. Punch biopsies from the posterior calf were examined
      immunohistologically for vessel wall immune deposits. Further, EAF were
      determined by means of instrumental clinical methods such as pulmonary function
      test, echocardiography, electromyography, and nerve conduction velocity
      measurement. At the first investigation 21/51 patients had skin vessel wall
      immune deposits (SVWID). Five patients--all showed SVWID at first investigation-
      died during the three-year investigation period, 10 patients could not be
      followed-up for unknown reasons; the skin biopsy of one patient could not be
      assessed. At the final investigation, we found SVWID in 11/35 patients. SVWID
      positive patients had more EAF compared to SVWID-negative patients; this was true
      both, at the first investigation (1.85 EAF/patient vs 1.05 EAF/patient) and at
      the final investigation (1.91 EAF/patient vs 0.67 EAF/patient).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891463
TI  - Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents.
AB  - Glaucoma is described, and the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics,
      clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of betaxolol
      and levobunolol in comparison with timolol are reviewed. Betaxolol and
      levobunolol are two beta-adrenergic blocking agents being marketed as ophthalmic
      solutions for treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular
      hypertension (OHT). Betaxolol is a relatively cardioselective beta-adrenergic
      blocker, while levobunolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
      Double-blind comparative trials have suggested that betaxolol has an equal to
      slightly lower efficacy and levobunolol has equal efficacy in reducing
      intraocular pressure (IOP) compared with timolol, the first ophthalmic beta
      blocker. A mean reduction in intraocular pressure of 15-35% occurs with both
      betaxolol and levobunolol and is reported to be maintained with prolonged use.
      Betaxolol is associated with a higher (25%) incidence of local ocular adverse
      reactions than timolol. However, betaxolol produces less systemic beta 2- and
      possibly beta 1-adrenergic receptor blockade than either timolol or levobunolol.
      Betaxolol may be relatively safer to use in patients with reactive airway disease
      than either timolol or levobunolol. Levobunolol causes a similar to greater
      incidence of local ocular adverse reactions and similar systemic beta blockade
      compared with timolol. Levobunolol may possibly be longer acting than timolol,
      allowing more patients to be controlled by once-daily dosing. Betaxolol and
      levobunolol appear to be similar to timolol in controlling IOP in patients with
      POAG and OHT; additional experience with these agents is needed to assess the
      advantages and disadvantages of each agent.

PMID- 2891465
TI  - The pro alpha 1 (IV) collagen gene is linked to the D13S3 locus at the distal end
      of human chromosome 13q.

PMID- 2891464
TI  - Recognition and treatment of attention deficit disorder.
AB  - The proposed etiologies, clinical features, prognosis, and drug therapy of
      attention deficit disorder (ADD) are reviewed. Attention deficit disorder is a
      common neurobehavioral problem in children that manifests as hyperactivity,
      impulsivity, and inattention. It may persist into adolescence and adulthood and
      predispose the patient to antisocial and substance-abuse disorders. Stimulant
      agents are the drugs of first choice for pharmacologic treatment of ADD.
      Methylphenidate is the most frequently used stimulant because of its reduced
      potential for abuse and less troublesome adverse effects compared with
      dextroamphetamine. Stimulant medications are usually well tolerated, with
      nervousness and insomnia being the most common adverse effects. The potential for
      stimulant-induced growth suppression during long-term treatment should be dealt
      with prospectively by providing drug holidays. Tricyclic antidepressants and
      monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be used in patients who do not respond
      adequately to stimulant agents. Low doses of the antipsychotic agents
      haloperidol, chlorpromazine, or thioridazine may be used as adjunctive treatment
      for ADD symptoms of hyperactivity and aggressiveness. Attention deficit disorder
      is not a benign disorder that children necessarily outgrow. Pharmacologic therapy
      should be combined with nonpharmacologic therapy to provide the greatest long
      term benefits.

PMID- 2891461
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients
      with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Lignocaine (lidocaine) and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are widely used after
      acute myocardial infarction. The therapeutic value of these agents depends on the
      achievement and maintenance of safe and effective plasma concentrations.
      Lignocaine pharmacokinetics after acute myocardial infarction (MI) are controlled
      by a number of variables. The single most important is left ventricular function,
      which affects both volume of distribution and plasma clearance. Other major
      factors include bodyweight, age, hepatic function, the presence of obesity, and
      concomitant drug therapy. Lignocaine is extensively bound to alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein, a plasma protein which is also an acute phase reactant. Increases
      in alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration occur after an acute MI, decreasing
      the free fraction of lignocaine in the plasma and consequently decreasing total
      plasma lignocaine clearance without altering the clearance of non-protein-bound
      lignocaine. Complex changes in lignocaine disposition occur with long term
      infusions, and therefore early discontinuation of lignocaine infusions (within 24
      hours) should be undertaken whenever possible. Because the risk of ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia declines rapidly after the onset of an acute MI, lignocaine
      therapy can be rationally discontinued within 24 hours in most patients.
      Lignocaine has a narrow toxic/therapeutic index, so that pharmacokinetic factors
      are critical in dose selection. In contrast, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists'
      adverse effects are more related to the presence of predisposing conditions (such
      as asthma, heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, etc.) than to plasma concentration.
      The pharmacokinetics of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are important to help
      assure therapeutic efficacy, to provide information about the anticipated time
      course of drug action, and to predict the possible role of ancillary drug effects
      (such as direct membrane action) and loss of cardioselectivity. Lipid solubility
      is the main determinant of the pharmacokinetic properties of a beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist. Lipid-soluble agents like propranolol and metoprolol are well
      absorbed orally, and undergo rapid hepatic metabolism, with important presystemic
      clearance and a short plasma half-life. Water-soluble drugs like sotalol,
      atenolol, and nadolol are less well absorbed, and are eliminated more slowly by
      renal excretion. Clinical assessment of beta-adrenoceptor antagonism is more
      valuable than plasma concentration determinations in evaluating the adequacy of
      the dose of a particular beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2891466
TI  - The use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, i.v. nitrates and calcium channel
      blocking agents following acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2891467
TI  - Fluid secretion by gallbladder mucosa in experimental cholecystitis is influenced
      by intramural nerves.
AB  - The normal fluid absorption across the gallbladder mucosa is, in experimental
      cholecystitis, changed to an active net fluid secretion. This fluid secretion,
      studied in anesthetized cats, is not abolished by extrinsic gallbladder
      denervation and is unaffected by atropine but is strongly reduced by
      intraarterial tetrodotoxin or intraluminal administration of lidocaine
      hydrochloride. Intravenous somatostatin or hexamethonium administration also
      reduce this secretion. Indomethacin, known to abolish this fluid secretion, did
      not further reduce it when administered after nerve blocking agents in the
      present study. These data demonstrate that the prostaglandin-induced gallbladder
      fluid secretion in experimental cholecystitis is influenced by intramural nerves.
      It is suggested that gallbladder inflammation is associated with prostaglandin
      induced activation of intrinsic nerves which may stimulate the epithelial cells
      to fluid secretion. In the obstructed gallbladder, this secretion causes
      gallbladder distension by increasing the intraluminal pressure. This mechanism
      may have a key role in the pathophysiology of acute cholecystitis.

PMID- 2891468
TI  - Possible mode of action of 5-aminosalicylic acid.
AB  - Despite the extensive use of sulfasalazine (SAS) and/or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5
      ASA) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and, more recently, rheumatoid
      arthritis, their mode of action has not been elucidated so far. None of the
      numerous pharmacological and biochemical effects described, including
      immunosuppressive, antifolate, and modulatory actions on lymphocyte and leukocyte
      functions, could be defined unequivocally as mediating their beneficial activity.
      Recently, interest has focused on actions of SAS and 5-ASA on the various enzymes
      of the arachidonic acid cascade. Mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease generates excessive amounts of cyclooxygenase products such as
      prostaglandins (PG) as well as 5-lipoxygenase products such as leukotriene (LT)
      B4 and sulfidopeptide-LT. Both PG and LT exert proinflammatory actions and are
      potentially important mediators of mucosal inflammation. SAS and 5-ASA, however,
      have been found to inhibit PG synthesis under certain experimental conditions
      only, while increasing PG formation under other conditions. While SAS was found
      to inhibit colonic LTB4 synthesis, 5-ASA was reported to selectively affect the
      cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism in this tissue. Our results
      demonstrate that, like the parent compound, the metabolite 5-ASA in a dose
      dependent manner inhibits release of LTB4 and sulfidopeptide-LT from normal human
      colonic mucosa (IC50 3.5 and 3.7 mmol/liter, respectively). Indomethacin, which
      has no efficacy in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, on
      the other hand, selectively inhibited PGE2 formation in normal and inflamed
      colonic mucosa (IC50 1.7 and 1.0 mmol/liter, respectively) without reducing
      synthesis of LTB4 or sulfidopeptide-LT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891469
TI  - Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid preparations in treatment of inflammatory bowel
      disease. An update.
AB  - Therapeutic efficacy of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) preparations is reviewed.
      In the acute treatment of Crohn's disease, Pentasa and Salofalk seem to be more
      effective than placebo. When it is given in an equimolar 5-ASA regimen, Salofalk
      appears to be at least as effective as sulfasalazine (SAS) in the treatment of
      both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Asacol and SAS are equally effective
      in maintenance therapy of ulcerative colitis. Dipentum was more efficient than
      placebo. There was only a low incidence of side effects from oral 5-ASA
      preparations, but larger-scale trials may be needed for a more accurate profile
      of adverse reactions.

PMID- 2891470
TI  - Accuracy of C-peptide:insulin molar ratio as a measure of hepatic removal of
      insulin.
AB  - We measured transhepatic C-peptide and insulin concentrations in plasma, and
      hepatic removal of insulin, to examine whether the practice of reporting the C
      peptide:insulin molar ratio as a measure of the hepatic removal of insulin is
      valid. In anesthetized dogs (n = 6), during electromagnetic hepatic blood flow
      monitoring, endogenous insulin was suppressed with somatostatin, while equimolar
      proportions of porcine insulin and simian C-peptide (2.4 and 6.0 pmol/kg.min)
      were infused during two consecutive 45-min periods. Insulin reached steady state
      within 20 min (t1/2 = 4.5 min); however, C-peptide concentrations continued to
      rise (t1/2 V 12.5 min). The ratio decreased when the peptide infusion was changed
      to the higher rate and increased when it was stopped, reflecting the more rapid
      removal of insulin than of C-peptide. Hepatic removal of insulin remained
      constant during the two infusion periods (average 60% extraction) and never
      correlated with the changing molar ratios. Hepatic net flux of insulin correlated
      with the ratio (P less than 0.05) only while plasma insulin concentrations were
      rising during constant-rate infusion. We therefore conclude that the molar ratio
      is not a reliable measure of the hepatic removal of insulin during non-steady
      states of insulin or C-peptide.

PMID- 2891471
TI  - Criteria for the acceptability of experimental evidence for the enantiomeric
      composition of xenobiotics and their metabolites.

PMID- 2891472
TI  - The metabolism of the abortifacient terpene, (R)-(+)-pulegone, to a proximate
      toxin, menthofuran.
AB  - (R)-(+)-Pulegone, the major monoterpene component of the abortifacient mint oil,
      pennyroyal oil, is metabolized by hepatic microsomal monooxygenases of the mouse
      to a hepatotoxin. The formation of a toxic metabolite is apparently mediated by
      cytochromes P-450 of the phenobarbital class inasmuch as phenobarbital
      pretreatment of mice increases, whereas beta-naphthoflavone pretreatment
      decreases, the extent of hepatic necrosis caused by pulegone. Furthermore, two
      inhibitors of cytochromes P-450, cobaltous chloride and piperonyl butoxide, block
      toxicity. An analog of (R)-(+)-pulegone that was labeled with deuterium in the
      allylic methyl groups was found to be significantly less hepatotoxic than the
      parent compound. The results indicate that oxidation of an allylic methyl group
      is required for generation of a hepatotoxic metabolite. Menthofuran was
      identified as a proximate toxic metabolite of (R)-(+)-pulegone, and
      investigations with (R)-(+)-pulegone-d6 and 18O2 strongly indicate that
      menthofuran is formed by a sequence of reactions that involve: 1) oxidation of an
      allylic methyl group, 2) intramolecular cyclization to form a hemiketal, and 3)
      dehydration to form the furan.

PMID- 2891474
TI  - Influence of a purified diet and route of administration on the metabolism and
      disposition of estradiol in B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - The metabolism and disposition of [6,7-3H]estradiol ([3H]E2) given by gavage (po)
      or intravenously (iv) were examined in female B6C3F1 mice fed either the purified
      AIN-76A (AIN) or cereal-based NIH-07 (NIH) diet for a period of 8 weeks prior to
      treatment with E2. Initially, 40.6 Ci of [3H]E2 was given iv to each mouse.
      Subsequently, 45.6 Ci of [3H]E2 was given po to the same mice. Samples of blood,
      urine, and feces were obtained during a 48-hr period after each dosing. Total
      radioactivity was determined for each sample. Urine and plasma samples were
      analyzed by HPLC, and the radiolabeled metabolites were tentatively identified
      and quantified. Statistical comparisons were made of the effects of diet, route
      of administration, and interactions among groups. Analysis revealed: 1) greater
      fecal than urinary excretion of radioactivity regardless of route of
      administration or diet fed, 2) more radioactivity excreted in the urine of AIN
      fed than in NIH-fed mice, significantly different only after iv administration (p
      less than 0.02), and 3) a greater feces:urine ratio of excreted radioactivity
      following iv than po administration and from NIH-than AIN-fed mice. Metabolite
      profiles showed: 1) no differences in urine due to route of administration, 2)
      estriol conjugates dominated urinary metabolites, 3) accumulation of radioactive
      material in plasma that apparently was tritiated water, with more rapid
      accumulation of tritiated water after po than iv administration, 4) relatively
      more plasma estradiol-17-glucuronide, estriol-3-sulfate, and estriol in po- than
      in iv-treated mice, 5) estradiol-3, 17-sulfate in plasma of iv- but not po
      treated mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891473
TI  - The disposition and metabolism of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, an in vitro inhibitor of
      human T-lymphotrophic virus type III infectivity, in mice and monkeys.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the anti-human T-lymphotrophic virus type
      III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus agent 2',3-dideoxycytidine have been
      examined in BDF1 mice and rhesus monkeys, with ancillary enzyme studies carried
      out on tissue derived from both the latter species and also from human subjects.
      For the pharmacokinetic studies, 2',3-dideoxycytidine and its catabolic product
      2',3-dideoxyuridine have been separated and measured in plasma, urine, and
      cerebrospinal fluid by a reverse HPLC method. For metabolic studies, tritium
      labeled drug (labeled in the 5- and 6-positions of the pyrimidine ring) has been
      employed, utilizing an ion exchange HPLC analytical method suitable for the
      separation of the parent nucleoside from its mono-, di-, and triphosphates in
      cell extracts and in tissue homogenates. The drug is rapidly cleared from plasma
      in a biphasic manner (terminal t 1/2 in BDF1 mice and rhesus monkeys of 67 min
      and 109 min, respectively) following an iv bolus dose of 325 mg/m2. This two
      compartment open model is predictive of plasma concentrations during long term ip
      infusions in mice. Dideoxycytidine is predominantly excreted in the urine as
      unchanged parent compound, although a minor urinary metabolite (2,3
      dideoxyuridine) is detected in the monkey but not in the mouse. Oral absorption
      of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine is rapid, with plasma levels approaching those seen
      after iv administration within 45 min in the mouse. Entry to the central nervous
      system is also rapid, but the cerebrospinal fluid to plasma AUC ratio after iv
      administration is only 0.026-0.040 in rhesus monkeys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2891475
TI  - Distribution of trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and tandem mass spectrometric detection
      of its urinary mercapturic acid in the rat.
AB  - The distribution of trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (t-4HH), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid
      metabolite and a lipid peroxidation product, was studied following the injection
      of [3H]t-4HH into the hepatic portal vein of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Less than
      3% of the tritium label remained in the liver 24 hr after administration with
      levels in the other major organs correspondingly lower. The majority of recovered
      radioactivity (77-83%) appeared in the urine with 60-69% appearing within 8 hr
      after administration. Most of the urinary radioactivity (75%) was recovered in an
      acidic fraction following acid/base extraction. A tandem mass spectrometry
      technique using negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionization in
      combination with Mass-analyzed Ion Kinetic Energy Spectrometry verified that a C
      3 mercapturic acid conjugate of trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal was produced as a
      urinary metabolite. This compound presumably forms via a Michael addition of
      glutathione at C-3 of t-4HH followed by hydrolysis of glutamate and glycine and
      acetylation to yield the mercapturic acid. While Michael additions of glutathione
      to t-4HH-related compounds have been observed in vitro, these results provide in
      vivo evidence of this mechanism.

PMID- 2891476
TI  - The role of the liver in mediating the acute toxicity of the pesticide methyl
      parathion in the mouse.
AB  - Mouse livers perfused in situ with the pesticide methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl O
      P-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) resulted in the appearance of the toxic
      metabolite, methyl paraoxon (O,O-dimethyl-O-P-nitrophenyl phosphate), in the
      effluent perfusate. Mouse whole blood rapidly detoxified methyl paraoxon in
      vitro, but not at a rate sufficient to prevent transport of at least some of this
      toxic metabolite from liver to other tissues in vivo. The hepatic disposition and
      biotransformation of methyl parathion in perfused livers were altered markedly by
      changes in protein binding of methyl parathion to perfusate, but only slightly by
      changes in perfusate flow rates that maintained viable livers. Pretreatment of
      mice with phenobarbital daily for 4 days (80 mg/kg, ip) induced hepatic
      microsomal activation of methyl parathion to methyl paraoxon in vitro and
      increased the clearance of methyl parathion by perfused mouse livers. However, in
      contrast to perfusion of methyl parathion into livers from saline-pretreated
      mice, perfusion of methyl parathion into livers from phenobarbital-pretreated
      mice did not lead to the appearance of methyl paraoxon in effluent perfusate.
      Nevertheless, methyl paraoxon was produced intrahepatically during these
      perfusions since hepatic cholinesterase activities were depressed compared to
      livers from phenobarbital-pretreated mice perfused without methyl parathion.
      Furthermore, phenobarbital pretreatment antagonized the acute toxicity of methyl
      parathion in vivo in the mouse. These data demonstrate that the net result of the
      biotransformation of methyl parathion by livers in untreated mice is metabolic
      activation, whereas the net result by livers of phenobarbital-pretreated mice is
      detoxification.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891477
TI  - Ketorolac tromethamine absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and
      pharmacokinetics in animals and humans.
AB  - Ketorolac tromethamine (KT), a potent non-narcotic analgesic, with cyclooxygenase
      inhibitory activity, was administered (14C-labeled and unlabeled) intravenously
      (iv), orally (po), and intramuscularly (im) in solution to humans, cynomolgus
      monkeys, rabbits, rats, and mice. KT was absorbed rapidly (Tmax less than 1.0 hr)
      and efficiently (greater than 87%) following po and im doses in all species. The
      plasma half-life of ketorolac (K) ranged from 1.1 hr (rabbits) to 6.0 hr
      (humans). The protein binding of K ranged from 72.0% (mouse) to 99.2% (humans).
      Linear pharmacokinetics of K was observed in the mouse after single oral doses of
      KT ranging from 0.25 to 16 mg/kg. Radioactivity was excreted predominantly into
      urine, ranging from 78.9% (mouse) to 102% (monkey) following iv doses. The dose
      was excreted into urine primarily as K conjugates, K, and p-hydroxy-K in humans.
      The monkey was similar to humans with respect to kinetics, but did not form the p
      hydroxy metabolite. The rabbit was unusual in that it exhibited substantial
      presystemic metabolism (50%). The rat excreted a much higher percentage of
      radioactivity into the feces and formed an additional unidentified metabolite.
      The most comparable species with respect to humans metabolically was the mouse.
      The metabolism and excretion of K was similar following iv, po, and im doses
      within each species studied.

PMID- 2891478
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of physostigmine in the rat after
      intravenous administration.
AB  - The time course of physostigmine (Phy) and metabolites in plasma, brain, and
      muscle, the inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in plasma, and
      cholinesterase (ChE) activity in brain and muscle were studied in rat after iv
      bolus administration of 3H-Phy (100 micrograms/kg). The semilogarithmic plot of
      plasma Phy concentration versus time indicates a biphasic decline. These data
      were analyzed by nonlinear computer fitting program (PC-NONLIN) using a two
      compartment open model with bolus input and first order elimination. The
      pharmacokinetic constants A, B, alpha, beta, AUC, K10 half-life, alpha-half-life,
      beta-half-life, K10, K12, and K21 were obtained. The alpha-half-life and the beta
      half-life were 1.31 and 15.01 min, respectively. The apparent volume of
      distribution was found to be 270 ml. The clearance was 12.43 ml min-1. The half
      life of Phy in brain was 11 min. The brain to plasma ratio (1.69) peaked at 15
      min. Phy is metabolized to eseroline and three other metabolites, M1, M2, and M3.
      The distribution studies showed that the radioactivity per g of tissue was
      highest in kidney and liver, whereas the percentage of the administered dose in
      terms of radioactivity was maximum in muscle followed by liver. The maximum
      inhibition of BuChE (52%) correlates with the highest Phy concentration (84.6
      ng/ml) in plasma at 2 min and 70% of the enzymic activity recovered by 45 min.
      The maximum inhibition of ChE (63%) in the brain correlates with the highest Phy
      concentration (128 ng/g) at 3 min, and 85% of the enzymic activity was recovered
      within an hour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891479
TI  - Oxidation of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor pyrazole to 4-hydroxypyrazole by
      microsomes. Effect of cytochrome P-450 inducing agents.
AB  - Pyrazole and its analogues are widely used to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase and
      to block the metabolism of ethanol. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate
      that pyrazole is oxidized to 4-hydroxypyrazole by isolated rat liver microsomes.
      A HPLC procedure employing UV and electrochemical detection was developed for the
      separation and quantitation of 4-hydroxypyrazole. Pyrazole metabolism was NADPH
      dependent, sensitive to inhibition by carbon monoxide, and was depressed in the
      presence of other substrates such as aniline or ethanol. Prior treatment of rats
      with either pyrazole or 4-methylpyrazole resulted in an increase in pyrazole
      oxidation to 4-hydroxypyrazole by microsomes. Increases were observed when rates
      were expressed either per mg of protein or per nmol of P-450. Microsomes from
      pyrazole- and 4-methylpyrazole-treated rats had Km values for pyrazole of about
      0.29 and 0.14 mM, respectively, and Vmax values of about 0.5 and 0.7 nmol of 4
      hydroxypyrazole per min per mg of protein, respectively. Chronic consumption of
      ethanol for 24 days resulted in an increase in pyrazole oxidation (per mg of
      protein and per nmol of P-450) as compared to pair-fed controls. By contrast,
      phenobarbital treatment lowered the rate of production of 4-hydroxypyrazole.
      Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in an increase in pyrazole oxidation
      when rates were expressed per mg of protein, but not per nmol of P-450. These
      results show that pyrazole is oxidized to 4-hydroxypyrazole by microsomes in a P
      450-dependent manner and that this metabolism can be increased by certain
      inducers, e.g. pyrazole, 4-methylpyrazole, and chronic ethanol treatment.

PMID- 2891480
TI  - Disposition of the monoclonal antibody-vinca alkaloid conjugate, KS1/4-DAVLB
      (LY256787), in Fischer 344 rats and rhesus monkeys.
AB  - The conjugate, KS1/4-DAVLB, of the murine monoclonal antibody KS1/4 with the
      vinca alkaloid 4-desacetylvinblastine (DAVLB) was administered intravenously to
      rats and monkeys. Terminal plasma half-life (t1/2) values were measured as
      radioequivalents and as functionally immunoreactive antibody conjugate after
      dosing with KS1/4-[3H]DAVLB. The t1/2 values, determined radiometrically, were
      145 hr and 62 hr in male rats after 10 and 100 mg/kg doses and 92 hr and 90 hr in
      male and female monkeys after a 40 mg/kg dose. Comparable results were obtained
      when the functionally immunoreactive conjugate concentrations were determined by
      an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The ratio of 35S:3H in the plasma
      after dosing rats with 100 mg/kg [35S]KS 1/4-[3H]DAVLB remained reasonably
      constant during 336 hr. Less than 1% of the total vinca alkaloid equivalents
      present in the plasma at any time could be extracted as free vinca species; the
      major vinca alkaloid metabolities present at early time points were hemisuccinate
      derivatives of DAVLB, whereas, at later times, DAVLB and its N-oxide were equally
      as concentrated. The major pathway of elimination was fecal with about one-half
      of the administered radioactivity cleared in 150-250 hr. After dosing with
      [35S]KS 1/4-[3H]DAVLB, the ratio of 35S:3H radioactivity in the bile was
      substantially less than that in the plasma. Evaluation of radioactivity eluted
      from the bile by size-exclusion HPLC showed that almost all of the tritium was
      associated with material of lower molecular weight than that of KS 1/4
      DAVLB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891481
TI  - Mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P-450 by heterocyclic analogues of
      phencyclidine.
AB  - Three homologues of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine (PCP) containing the five-,
      six-, and seven-membered heterocyclic ring (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine
      (PCPY), PCP, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)hexamethyleneimine (PCHMI) were preincubated
      with microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver. The microsomes were then
      diluted, an additional charge of NADPH was added, and N-demethylation of
      benzphetamine was determined. Preincubation of the microsomes with the analogues
      lowered P-450-dependent N-demethylation by a process that was NADPH-dependent,
      reduced CO binding to microsomes, and followed pseudo-first order kinetics. The
      relative rates of inactivation, PCP greater than or equal to PCPY greater than
      PCHMI, agreed with the order of inhibition of CO binding to reduced microsomes.
      This mechanism-based inhibition was not observed with phenylcyclohexylamine,
      indicating that the substituted nitrogen is necessary. The substituted nitrogen
      must also be part of a heterocyclic ring since the diethylamino analogue of PCP
      did not exhibit the same type of inhibition a heterocyclic ring is involved.
      These trends correlated with the expected relative stabilities of the cyclic form
      of the carbinolamine suggesting that the inhibitory species was formed from the
      closed ring isomer.

PMID- 2891482
TI  - Relationship between the murine Ah phenotype and the hepatic uptake and
      metabolism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
AB  - The influence of the Ah locus on the hepatic uptake and metabolism of 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was studied using isolated hepatocytes from Ah
      responsive C57BL/6J (C57) and nonresponsive DBA/2J (DBA) mice. Hepatocytes from
      control and TCDD-pretreated C57 and DBA mice were incubated with purified [14C]
      TCDD (2.2 microM) for 8 hr in the metabolism studies or 2 hr in the uptake
      studies. Mice were pretreated 7 days prior to hepatocyte isolation with TCDD at
      doses that maximally induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity (C57: 3
      micrograms/kg, ip; DBA: 30 micrograms/kg, ip) or at doses approaching the LD50
      value (C57: 150 micrograms/kg, ip; DBA: 600 micrograms/kg, ip). Hepatocytes
      isolated from untreated C57 and DBA mice had similar uptake of [14C]TCDD, and, at
      all doses, TCDD pretreatment increased [14C]TCDD uptake. The rates of hepatic
      TCDD metabolism over the first 2 hr of incubation were similar for control C57
      and DBA mice, although some qualitative differences in metabolites were detected
      by HPLC. TCDD pretreatment at doses of 3 and 30 micrograms/kg for C57 and DBA
      mice, respectively, produced no detectable quantitative or qualitative changes in
      TCDD metabolism, despite increases in cytochrome P-450 content, 7-ethoxyresorufin
      O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolism. Pretreatment
      of C57 and DBA mice with the respective LD50 doses of TCDD decreased the rate of
      TCDD metabolism by hepatocytes, although cytochrome P-450 content, EROD activity,
      and BaP metabolism were increased. These results suggest that the uptake and the
      rate of hepatic metabolism of TCDD do not correlate with genetic differences at
      the murine Ah locus.

PMID- 2891483
TI  - The in vitro activity, radioimmunoassay cross-reactivity, and molecular weight of
      thirteen rabbit cyclosporine metabolites.
AB  - Thirteen metabolites of cyclosporine were isolated from the bile of rabbits
      receiving intravenous cyclosporine. The molecular weights of these metabolites
      were determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. These molecular
      weights were consistent with hydroxylated, N-demethylated, and carboxylated
      metabolites of cyclosporine as described previously. The in vitro activities of
      the metabolites were established using mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte
      proliferation assays. Only the two monohydroxylated metabolites were found to
      have significant activity, this being between 5 and 10% of that of the parent
      drug. The metabolites were also compared with cyclosporine in two commercial
      radioimmunoassay kits. The metabolites were found to cross-react with the parent
      drug in amounts ranging from 20 to 100%, with the least polar metabolites cross
      reacting the most strongly. It is concluded that the cross-reacting metabolites
      measured by the presently available radioimmunoassays for cyclosporine probably
      do not represent significant additional immunosuppressive activity in vivo.

PMID- 2891485
TI  - The disposition of N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)benzene[U-14C]sulfonamide in the
      rat.
AB  - Rats given a single oral dose of N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)benzene[U
      14C]sulfonamide (14C-DAS) excreted 64.2% of the 14C in the urine and 22.4% in the
      feces within 96 hr. Compounds accounting for 86% of the 14C in the 0-24-hr urine
      were isolated by a variety of chromatographic techniques and identified by IR,
      NMR, and MS analysis. Approximately 4% of the 14C in the urine was the parent
      compound. The structures of 14C-metabolites in the urine indicated that 14C-DAS
      was metabolized by at least three pathways which included: 1) hydroxylation and
      glucuronic acid conjugation at the 4-position of the benzene ring; 2)
      hydroxylation, and sulfate ester and glucuronic acid conjugation at the 5
      position on the heterocyclic ring; and 3) hydroxylation and glucuronic acid
      conjugation of one methyl group on the heterocyclic ring.

PMID- 2891484
TI  - In vivo and in vitro renal metabolism and excretion of benzoic acid by a marine
      teleost, the southern flounder.
AB  - In mammals, benzoic acid is primarily metabolized to its glycine conjugate,
      hippuric acid, which is readily excreted via the renal organic anion transport
      system. Teleost fish have not been shown to make glycine conjugates of carboxylic
      acids. Therefore, metabolism, excretion, and renal transport of benzoic acid were
      examined in the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Excretion of
      injected [14C]benzoic acid was slow (10% of the administrated dose/day) and
      followed zero order kinetics. More than 95% of the excreted label was a single
      metabolite which was shown by hydrolysis and TLC to be benzoyltaurine. Isolated
      renal tubules and both hepatic and renal mitochondria produced benzoyltaurine in
      vitro. Excretion of benzoic acid and benzoyltaurine were not limited by plasma
      binding (less than 5% bound). To examine whether the slow excretion reflected
      renal transport, the transport of 100 microM benzoic acid, benzoyltaurine, and
      hippuric acid were determined in isolated renal tubules. All three compounds were
      accumulated via a probenecid- and cyanide-sensitive mechanism. Probenecid
      sensitive uptake at 60 min of hippuric acid (436 nmol/mg) was greater than that
      of benzoyltaurine (164 nmol/mg) and both exceeded uptake of benzoic acid (63
      nmol/mg). The same pattern was seen at 10 microM, except that tissue:medium
      ratios were even greater, indicating at least partial saturation of transport at
      100 microM. Thus, the slow excretion of benzoic acid by these flounder was due to
      a combination of factors, including slow metabolism of benzoic acid to
      benzoyltaurine, saturation of the transport of benzoyltaurine, and low affinity
      of secretory transport for benzoic acid and benzoyltaurine, relative to hippuric
      acid, the mammalian metabolite.

PMID- 2891486
TI  - The development of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in the neonatal calf
      and its effect on drug disposition.
AB  - Mixed function oxidase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was measured in
      liver microsomal preparations from 1-, 7-, and 42-day-old, male, Holstein calves.
      Liver samples were obtained by a surgical biopsy procedure that allowed for
      multiple samples to be taken from a single individual. Microsomal protein content
      doubled between 7 and 42 days of age and reached adult levels during this time.
      Cytochrome P-450 content increased 2-fold during the first week and remained
      constant thereafter. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity doubled during the
      first week, but then returned to its initial level by 42 days of age. UDP
      glucuronyltransferase activity was well developed at 1 day of age and reached
      adult levels by 7 days of age. Mixed function oxidase activity was less well
      developed; activities at 1 day of age were only 17-50% of those at 42 days of age
      for O-deethylation, O- and N-demethylation, and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylation.
      Development of hepatic drug-metabolizing activity was discussed in relation to
      the age-related increase in the rate of elimination of the antibacterial compound
      trimethoprim.

PMID- 2891487
TI  - The metabolism of 7-ethylbenz[a]anthracene by rat liver microsomal preparations.
AB  - 7-Ethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-EBA) is a much weaker carcinogen than the 7-methyl
      analogue (7-MBA), and this difference may be based upon differences in the
      pathways by which the two compounds are metabolized and activated. In the present
      work, 7-EBA and the related 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxyethyl derivatives (7-OHEBA
      and 7-beta-OHEBA) have been incubated with microsomes prepared from the livers of
      rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene, the metabolites were extracted and
      purified by TLC, and the products present in the dihydrodiol band were examined
      by analytical HPLC. Metabolites were identified by comparison with authentic
      reference standards and by their chromatographic, UV, fluorescence, mass, and NMR
      spectral characteristics. The 7-EBA metabolites included the 1,2- 3,4, 5,6- 8,9-
      and 10,11-dihydrodiols, the 3,4- 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols of 7-alpha-OHEBA,
      and three phenolic dihydrodiols that were not completely characterized. No 7-beta
      OHEBA derivatives were detected as metabolites of 7-EBA. The results obtained so
      far have not revealed any qualitative differences in the routes by which 7-EBA
      and 7-MBA are metabolized in rat liver microsomal preparations.

PMID- 2891488
TI  - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the renal clearance of
      salicyluric acid and the interaction with phenolsulfonphthalein in the dog.
AB  - Plasma kinetics and renal excretion of salicyluric acid (SUA, 0.8 g) administered
      iv, with and without concomitant administration of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP),
      were studied in the beagle dog. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that tubular
      secretion is the predominant route of excretion, and that secretion is inhibited
      by PSP. A physiologically based kidney model is presented comprising all the
      functional characteristics of the kidney that determine the excretion of SUA,
      i.e. renal plasma flow, urine flow, nonlinear protein binding, glomerular
      filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular accumulation. The model enabled an
      accurate description and analysis of the measured plasma levels and renal
      excretion rates. The interaction with PSP could be adequately described with the
      model by noncompetitive inhibition of the carrier-mediated uptake of SUA into the
      tubular cells. Furthermore, a small but significant reduction in nonrenal SUA
      clearance was observed. Model calculations showed that, in the control
      experiments, tubular secretion was accompanied by a pronounced accumulation of
      SUA within the cells, which was clearly diminished in the presence of PSP. The
      predicted accumulation ratios were in good agreement with previously reported in
      vitro values.

PMID- 2891489
TI  - Bioactivation of tetrachloroethylene. Role of glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed
      conjugation versus cytochrome P-450-dependent phospholipid alkylation.
AB  - The metabolism of [14C]tetrachloroethylene (Tetra) and its metabolite S-(1,2,2
      trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC) was investigated with in vitro systems to
      substantiate metabolic pathways of Tetra deduced from in vivo experiments. In the
      presence of NADPH, rat hepatic microsomal fractions metabolized Tetra to soluble
      metabolites, which were identified as trichloroacetic acid and oxalic acid by gas
      chromatography/mass spectroscopy and a metabolite largely bound to microsomal
      macromolecules. The majority of the alkylated macromolecules were identified as N
      trichloroacetylated phospholipids by high performance liquid chromatography and
      GC/MS. When Tetra was incubated with hepatic microsomes and cytosol in the
      presence of 10 mM glutathione, but in the absence of NADPH, the formation of a
      polar metabolite other than trichloroacetic acid and oxalic acid was observed.
      This metabolite was identified, after hydrolysis to the corresponding cysteine
      conjugate, as S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-glutathione (TCVG). Microsomal GSH S
      transferases catalyzed TCVG formation more efficiently than cytosolic GSH S
      transferases; the competitive substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene inhibited
      TCVG formation. In the presence of both NADPH and GSH, TCVG formation in
      microsomes was decreased, indicating that oxidative metabolism and GSH
      conjugation of Tetra are competitive reactions. The Tetra metabolite TCVC was
      cleaved by bacterial cysteine conjugate b-lyase to dichloroacetic acid and
      pyruvate. The obtained results substantiate the postulated pathways of Tetra
      biotransformation and demonstrate that both oxidative and conjugative reactions
      occur in hepatic Tetra metabolism. Phospholipid alkylation, which occurs during
      oxidative metabolism, may be a deactivation reaction, whereas TCVG formation,
      renal metabolism to TCVC, and cleavage of TCVC by b-lyase under formation of
      mutagenic intermediates may contribute to the nephrocarcinogenic effect of Tetra.

PMID- 2891491
TI  - Direct detection of new flucytosine metabolites in human biofluids by 19F nuclear
      magnetic resonance.
AB  - 19F nuclear magnetic resonance was used for the analysis of flucytosine (FC; 5
      fluorocytosine) metabolites in biological fluids of a patient with cryptococcal
      meningitis who was intravenously injected with this drug at a daily dose of 7.5 g
      (2.5 g at 8-hr intervals). This method allows a direct, simultaneous, and
      quantitative determination of all the fluorinated metabolites of FC, in the range
      of sensitivity allowed by the spectrometer (sensitivity threshold, 0.01 mM). In
      urine, in addition to the already reported metabolites [unmetabolized FC and
      alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL)], three new metabolites were identified: a
      glucuronide of FC (GLFC), 6-hydroxy-5-fluorocytosine (60HFC), and fluoride ion F
      . The same metabolites (except F-) were found in plasma. In cerebrospinal fluid,
      only unchanged FC and GLFC were observed. The total urinary excretion during an 8
      hr period between two injections of FC was 100.4% of the injected dose. Unchanged
      FC was the major excretory product accounting for 96.1% of the total. GLFC and
      6OHFC made up, respectively, 2.7% and 1.2% of the excreted metabolites. The
      proportions of F- and FBAL were very low, respectively, 0.3% and 0.1% of the
      excreted metabolites. The global urinary excretion over a 24-hr period was 102%
      of the injected dose. The proportions of metabolites were very close to those
      obtained for the 8-hr period. In plasma, the proportions of metabolites were
      analogous to those determined in urine. In cerebrospinal fluid, GLFC represents
      1% of the fluorinated metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891490
TI  - Glucuronidation in vitro and in vivo. Comparison of intestinal and hepatic
      conjugation of morphine, naloxone, and buprenorphine.
AB  - The glucuronidation of morphine, naloxone, and buprenorphine by the liver and
      intestine has been assessed both in vitro and in vivo in the rat. Using
      microsomes, Vmax/Km ratios were estimated as measures of intrinsic enzyme
      activity, and a wide range of ratios were obtained (500-fold). The ratio for the
      intestine was consistently less than for the liver, and the rank order of
      activities within each tissue was morphine less than naloxone less than
      buprenorphine. Using various routes of administration, plasma concentration-time
      profiles for each compound were determined and used to estimate hepatic and
      intestinal extraction ratios. These extraction ratios were dose-independent and
      more substantial for the liver than the intestine. For each tissue, buprenorphine
      and naloxone showed similar extraction, whereas morphine was less. Plasma binding
      and blood/plasma concentration ratios were determined, and perfusion models were
      used to calculate intrinsic clearance. This in vivo parameter of enzyme activity
      showed a wide range (200-fold), comparable to the spread of microsomal Vmax/Km
      ratios. Although the in vivo parameters consistently gave measures 10- to 30-fold
      higher than the in vitro parameters, the rank order was identical for the two
      sets. These data suggest that a comparative approach to correlate in vitro and in
      vivo data has advantages over the use of absolute drug characteristics.

PMID- 2891492
TI  - Influence of gonadal hormones upon rat hepatic acetaminophen sulfotransferases.

PMID- 2891493
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen, vancomycin, and antipyrine in the Hanford
      miniature swine.

PMID- 2891494
TI  - Effect of cyclosporine on hepatic oxidative and conjugative metabolism in rats.

PMID- 2891495
TI  - [Treatment of esophageal varices bleeding with vasoactive substances].

PMID- 2891496
TI  - [Anti-asthmatic agents in pregnancy].

PMID- 2891497
TI  - The P300 metric in schizophrenia: effects of probability and modality.

PMID- 2891498
TI  - [GABA receptors in the central nervous system. Biochemical and pharmacological
      aspects].

PMID- 2891499
TI  - [GABA and anxiety].

PMID- 2891500
TI  - Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: a new look at pathophysiology.

PMID- 2891501
TI  - The role of the multichain IL-2 receptor complex in the control of normal and
      malignant T-cell proliferation.
AB  - Antigen-induced activation of resting T-cells induces the synthesis of
      interleukin-2 (IL-2), as well as the expression of specific cell surface
      receptors for this lymphokine. There are at least two forms of the cellular
      receptors for IL-2, one with a very high affinity and the other with a lower
      affinity. We have identified two IL-2 binding peptides, a 55-kd peptide reactive
      with the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody, and a novel 75-kd non-Tac IL-2 binding
      peptide. Cell lines bearing either the p55, Tac, or the p75 peptide alone
      manifested low-affinity IL-2 binding, whereas cell lines bearing both peptides
      manifested both high- and low-affinity receptors. Fusion of cell membranes from
      low-affinity IL-2 binding cells bearing the Tac peptide alone with membranes from
      a cell line bearing the p75 peptide alone generates hybrid membranes bearing high
      affinity receptors. We propose a multichain model for the high-affinity IL-2
      receptor in which both the Tac and the p75 IL-2 binding peptides are associated
      in a receptor complex. In contrast to resting T-cells, human T-cell lymphotropic
      virus I-associated adult T-cell leukemia cells constitutively express large
      numbers of IL-2 receptors. Because IL-2 receptors are present on the malignant T
      cells but not on normal resting cells, clinical trials have been initiated in
      which patients with adult T-cell leukemia are being treated with either
      unmodified or toxin-conjugated forms of anti-Tac monoclonal antibody directed
      toward this growth factor receptor.

PMID- 2891502
TI  - Specific expression of the Hox 1.3 homeo box gene in murine embryonic structures
      originating from or induced by the mesoderm.
AB  - The murine Hox 1.3 homeo box-containing gene is expressed largely in mesoderm
      derived or mesoderm-induced embryonal structures, as evidenced by in situ
      hybridization techniques. Expression is spatially limited to the thoracic region,
      specifically to components of segmental origin such as embryonal ribs and
      vertebrae and their precursors such as the equivalent sclerotomes, somites and
      somatic condensations. In addition, expression can be found in parts of embryonal
      lung, stomach tissue, gut and kidney, tissues whose formation is based on
      induction of region-specific mesoderm, as well as in some ectoderm-derived
      tissues. The expression is temporally controlled for the transcripts and can only
      be detected while the thoracic structures are being formed (days 8-13), but not
      at day 18 of gestation when the embryo is mature. These data suggest a role of
      Hox 1.3 gene in the generation of tissues derived from or induced by the
      embryonal mesoderm.

PMID- 2891504
TI  - Ectopic pituitary and hypothalamic hormone syndromes.
AB  - The pathophysiology and diagnosis of ectopic hormone syndromes are discussed, and
      a classification of hypothalamic and pituitary ectopic syndromes is provided.
      Ectopic hypothalamic syndromes resulting from tumor elaboration of GRH, GnRH,
      CRF, and SRIF and ectopic pituitary hormone hypersecretion of GH, PRL, and TSH
      are reviewed comprehensively. A practical approach to the clinical work-up and
      management of these newly described disorders is provided.

PMID- 2891503
TI  - Hox-1.6: a mouse homeo-box-containing gene member of the Hox-1 complex.
AB  - Hox-1.6, a mouse homeo-box-containing gene member of the Hox-1 complex, is
      described. The Hox-1.6 homeo-box shows more divergence than the other members of
      the complex with the Drosophila Antennapedia-like homeo-box class. This
      previously undescribed gene was studied with respect to its transcription pattern
      and was found to be expressed during mouse fetal development in an intestine
      specific manner in adults, and in tumours or cell types exhibiting early
      endodermal-like differentiation. The study of embryonic partial Hox-1.6 cDNA
      clones revealed structural features common to other Drosophila and vertebrate
      homeo-box-containing genes, but also indicated that Hox-1.6 transcripts might
      display splicing patterns more complex than those known for other vertebrate
      homeo-genes. One of these cDNA clones contains a rather short open reading frame
      which would encode a protein of approximately 14.5 kd. The use of this clone as a
      probe for S1 nuclease mapping confirmed that different Hox-1.6 transcripts were
      present both in embryonic total RNA and in embryonal carcinoma cell cytoplasmic
      RNA. These various transcripts are probably generated by an alternative splicing
      mechanism and may thus encode a set of related proteins.

PMID- 2891505
TI  - A recombinagenic effect of strychnine in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The aroC321 allele in Salmonella typhimurium permits a positive selection for
      genetic duplications. Bacteria that contain a large genetic duplication are
      detected as tryptophan prototrophs in aroC321 strains and occur at a spontaneous
      frequency greater than 1/10(4) cells plated on the selection medium. Duplications
      originate by a recombinational mechanism, and the induction of duplications by
      chemicals or radiation may therefore be considered to be a recombinagenic effect.
      We have found that strychnine is a potent recombinagen in this system; it causes
      a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of genetic duplications, and very high
      frequencies of duplications are recovered at high doses. In contrast, brucine,
      the 2,3-dimethoxy derivative of strychnine, caused no increase in duplication
      frequencies under the identical conditions.

PMID- 2891506
TI  - Mitochondrial precursor proteins are imported through a hydrophilic membrane
      environment.
AB  - We have analyzed how translocation intermediates of imported mitochondrial
      precursor proteins, which span contact sites, interact with the mitochondrial
      membranes. F1-ATPase subunit beta (F1 beta) was trapped at contact sites by
      importing it into Neurospora mitochondria in the presence of low levels of
      nucleoside triphosphates. This F1 beta translocation intermediate could be
      extracted from the membranes by treatment with protein denaturants such as
      alkaline pH or urea. By performing import at low temperatures, the ADP/ATP
      carrier was accumulated in contact sites of Neurospora mitochondria and
      cytochrome b2 in contact sites of yeast mitochondria. These translocation
      intermediates were also extractable from the membranes at alkaline pH. Thus,
      translocation of precursor proteins across mitochondrial membranes seems to occur
      through an environment which is accessible to aqueous perturbants. We propose
      that proteinaceous structures are essential components of a translocation
      apparatus present in contact sites.

PMID- 2891507
TI  - Liquid crystal thermography in the localization of undescended testicles.
AB  - Liquid crystal thermography (LCT) for the localization of undescended testicles
      was performed in 28 patients, in 21 of whom ultrasonography (US) was also
      performed: Among the 21 operated cases, LCT correctly localized the testicles in
      19, and US in 18 cases. LCT may be used in screening for undescended testicles.

PMID- 2891508
TI  - Biosynthesis of intestinal microvillar proteins. Forskolin reduces surface
      expression of aminopeptidase N.
AB  - The effect of forskolin on the biosynthesis and intracellular transport of pig
      intestinal aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) was studied in organ cultured mucosal
      explants. The drug which activates adenylate cyclase and hence the cAMP-dependent
      glycogenolytic pathway did not affect the explant content nor microvillar
      enrichment of the enzyme. Forskolin, however, caused a decrease in the
      microvillar expression of aminopeptidase N which developed in a time-dependent
      manner from about 40% by 80 min to 80% by 4 h of labeling. The intracellular pool
      size of the transient, high mannose glycosylated form of aminopeptidase N was
      unaffected by forskolin, indicating a normal synthesis in the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum. The decrease in surface expression is therefore caused by an induced
      posttranslational degradation of the enzyme, most likely taking place in the
      Golgi complex. The degradatory effect on newly synthesized aminopeptidase N was
      not accompanied by any morphological alterations of the enterocyte; in
      particular, the microvillar membrane appeared entirely unaffected by forskolin.
      The results obtained provide evidence for the existence of a posttranslational
      mechanism, whereby a polarized cell is capable of regulating its expression of
      apical proteins.

PMID- 2891510
TI  - International Symposium on Pediatric and Surgical Andrology: Cryptorchidism.
      March 26-27, 1987, Basle, Switzerland. On the occasion of the 125th anniversary
      of the Children's Hospital Basle.

PMID- 2891509
TI  - Molecular biology of phenylketonuria.

PMID- 2891511
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the cryptorchid testis.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate seven patients with undescended
      testes. In six patients the presence or absence of testicular tissue was
      predicted correctly prior to surgery. Spermatic cord structures, if present, were
      accurately visualized in all patients.

PMID- 2891512
TI  - Relevance of urinary gonadotrophins.
AB  - The assay of urinary LH and FSH in first morning void urine can be used for the
      differential diagnosis between anorchism and bilateral cryptorchidism with
      impalpable testes. Furthermore, levels of urinary LH and FSH excretion and their
      response to intranasal stimulation with LH-RH prove helpful in the follow-up of
      patients under hormonal treatment, i.e. prolonged stimulation in
      hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism or suppression by an LH-RH analogue, for instance
      in precocious puberty. By increasing the sensitivity of the assay, the value of
      urinary gonadotrophins for the differential diagnosis and survey of hormonal
      treatment in very young children can be examined, and investigations of this kind
      are currently taking place. The method used obviously cannot assess the
      bioactivity of the excreted hormone, nor can it depict the pulsatility of
      gonadotrophin secretion.

PMID- 2891513
TI  - The pituitary-gonadal axis in cryptorchid infants and children.
AB  - We have attempted to document in cryptorchid children that there is an LH
      deficiency and a secondary deficiency of testosterone. We have shown a diminished
      LH peak after LH-RH in cryptorchid versus normal infants (P less than 0.05). The
      postnatal surge of testosterone is significantly low (P less than 0.001) in
      permanent cryptorchids versus infants with secondary testicular descent, whose
      levels are similar to those in controls. In permanent cryptorchids during the
      same period (0-4 months), LH and testosterone levels were significantly lower (P
      less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 respectively) than in infants with secondary
      descent, and the levels of testosterone and LH were correlated in both
      populations. In children, a low basal level of LH was observed at pubertal stage
      P2, and LH peak after LH-RH was significantly reduced at stages P1 and P2 (P less
      than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 respectively). The post-stimulatory levels of
      testosterone after hCG were reduced at the same stages (P less than 0.01, P less
      than 0,05), and the two levels were correlated (P less than 0.01). No differences
      are seen for LH and testosterone afterwards. It has been possible to show by
      immunofluorescence on pituitary cells the occurrence of antigonadotropin cell
      antibodies (AGCA) in more than 50% of our patients, with no relation to age and
      no correlations between endocrinological data and the presence or absence of
      AGCA. The relatively low success rate of hCG treatment, mainly in young children,
      and of GnRH irrespective of the regimen of treatment, does not exclude the role
      of primary LH deficiency in cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2891514
TI  - Fertility in cryptorchidism. An overview in 1987.
AB  - Both hormonal and surgical treatment of cryptorchidism have undergone an
      evolution, resulting in improved management of this condition. Current factors
      influencing fertility are reviewed, with regard to present and future treatment.

PMID- 2891515
TI  - Germ cell counts in semithin sections of biopsies of 115 unilaterally cryptorchid
      testes. The experience from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
AB  - One hundred and fifteen biopsies from unilateral cryptorchid prepubertal patients
      were embedded in Epon. Semithin sections were examined by light microscope and
      the germ cell count per tubule was calculated. The mean number of germ cells was
      normal from birth to 12 months of age and dropped below the lower limits of
      normal between 1 and 2 years. Germ cell counts rose considerably during the 18
      months observation period with the highest counts occurring in the last 6 months.
      Variability in the clinical diagnosis of cryptorchidism or inherent heterogeneity
      in the testicular histology of cryptorchidism are possible explanations.

PMID- 2891516
TI  - The epididymis and testicular descent.
AB  - The surgical findings in 197 consecutive cases of cryptorchidism demonstrate a
      63% incidence of unfurled epididymides. This anomaly was more prevalent with
      bilateral cryptorchidism. The associated hernias, testicular and epididymal
      appendages were also more common in the unfurled epididymides cases, particularly
      in those that were bilateral.

PMID- 2891517
TI  - Therapeutic results in cryptorchidism after combination therapy with LH-RH nasal
      spray and hCG.
AB  - Seventy-two boys with 81 cryptorchid testes were treated with combined LH-RH
      nasal spray and hCG in the period between 1983 and 1985. Cryptocur (LH-RH) was
      applied as nasal spray at a dose of 1.2 mg daily over a period of 14 days. In all
      of the patients, hCG treatment was carried out subsequently according to the WHO
      guidelines with five intramuscular injections at 2-day intervals. Primary
      treatment results considerably improved using the regimen. The rate of complete
      descent was 86.4% at the end of therapy and later dropped to 70.6% after 2 years
      follow-up. These results support the experience of Hadziselimovic et al. with
      this combined treatment.

PMID- 2891518
TI  - LH-RH nasal spray treatment for cryptorchidism. A double-blind, placebo
      controlled study.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of LH-RH nasal spray in
      treatment of cryptorchidism involving 252 prepuberal boys with 301 undescended
      testes, showed a success rate of 9% (14 testes) for LH-RH and 8% (10 testes) for
      placebo. Including a subsequent open study and a second course of LH-RH as
      required, the rate for LH-RH rose to 18% (48 testes). The follow-up period saw
      late descent in another 5% (14 testes), in a few cases coinciding with the onset
      of puberty. Retrospective evaluation revealed a previous scrotal position of the
      testes for 43% of the boys with success of treatment and even for 17% of the boys
      with failure of treatment. In many of these cases surgery revealed an anatomical
      anomaly that might have caused testicular ascent. Hormonal evaluation revealed no
      abnormalities in cryptorchid boys compared with control subjects, nor was there a
      divergence in values before and after treatment. The lower the pretreatment
      testicular position, the better the rate of success.

PMID- 2891519
TI  - Results of combined hormonal and surgical treatment for undescended testis in
      boys under 3 years of age. A randomized study.
AB  - The effects of hormonal treatment (LH-RH, LH-RH plus hCG) on undescended testis
      were studied on 42 testicles in 37 boys under 3 years of age. Descensus was
      achieved primarily in 40% but eight testicles reascended. A new course of hCG
      resulted in descensus in three cases. Altogether, therefore, full descensus could
      be achieved in 29% of cases with hormonal treatment. Hormonal treatment is
      recommended before surgery.

PMID- 2891520
TI  - Intranasal LH-RH treatment of cryptorchidism. A clinical trial and 5 years follow
      up.
AB  - The effect of intranasal LH-RH on cryptorchidism was investigated in 45
      prepubertal boys with 68 undescended testes. A daily dose of 1.2 mg LH-RH was
      given for 4 weeks. A total of 16 testes (24%) descended. Follow-up examination 5
      years later showed that relapse had occurred in two cases. Fifty-two testes did
      not descend during the LH-RH treatment. However, seven of these testes descended
      spontaneously during puberty. So far surgical treatment has been carried out in
      39 of the remaining 45 testes. Anatomical anomalies (ectopic position of the
      testis, open processus vaginalis, abnormal epididymis) explained the failure of
      LH-RH to cause descent in the majority of the surgically treated cases.

PMID- 2891521
TI  - Intranasal LH-RH for cryptorchidism: response to initial treatment and to
      treatment after relapse.
AB  - Fifty-three prepubertal boys with unilateral (n = 38) or bilateral (n = 15)
      cryptorchidism were treated for 4 weeks with synthetic LH-RH (Cryptocur, Hoechst)
      1.2 mg daily, divided into 3 X 400 micrograms and administered intranasally.
      Complete descent was observed in 54% of testes--37% in the boys with unilateral
      cryptorchidism and 77% in the boys with bilateral cryptorchidism. Follow-up
      examination 6 months after therapy showed relapse in 30%, and a second
      therapeutic trial with intranasal LH-RH was effective in all these cases.
      Treatment of cryptorchidism with intranasal synthetic LH-RH, 3 X 400
      micrograms/day, seems to be very effective, painless and without major side
      effects. However, follow-up is mandatory.

PMID- 2891522
TI  - LH-RH treatment for cryptorchidism. Randomized study and 10-year follow-up
      results.
AB  - A randomized study (LH-RH treatment or surgery) of 60 cryptorchid children
      between 2 and 9 years of age was performed. Testicular biopsy obtained in all
      patients undergoing orchiopexy showed histological changes compatible with
      cryptorchidism. Only maldescended and non-retractile testes were treated. LH-RH
      treatment was successful in 59% of the patients. Ten years later, 52% of testes
      remained descended. Thus LH-RH treatment is effective in achieving descent of
      true cryptorchid testes.

PMID- 2891523
TI  - Management of the intra-abdominal testis.
AB  - A survey was made of 30 pediatric urologists for their current practice.
      Localization, important for operative approach, is done by venography and
      arteriography; ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance
      imaging; and laparoscopy, the last most often immediately before operation. The
      preferred operation is the long-loop vas orchiopexy; two-stage orchiopexy and
      microsurgical auto-transplantation are alternatives.

PMID- 2891524
TI  - Microvascular orchiopexy.
AB  - In the period between 1981 and 1986, 22 microvascular testicular
      autotransplantations were performed on 18 patients at the Royal Manchester
      Children's Hospital. The preoperative assessment, the operative technique, and
      the follow-up results are discussed. Of 22 transplanted testes, four (18.2%)
      became partially or totally atrophic. The early results are very encouraging;
      however, only long-term postpubertal follow-up regarding both fertility and
      malignancy can reveal the real value of this operation.

PMID- 2891525
TI  - Primary and secondary testicular atrophy.
AB  - 1. (a) Primary and secondary testicular atrophy is caused by ischaemia, most
      frequently after intrauterine and prepuberal testicular torsion. (b) After
      standard orchiopexy, and especially after orchiopexy in high undescended testis,
      secondary testicular atrophy is frequent. (c) The histological condition of a
      cryptorchid testis does not predict atrophy. Immediate detorsion and/or
      prophylactic fixation as well as subtle technique in orchiopexy are essential. 2.
      Sympathetic orchiopathy of a unilateral atrophic testis was not proven in
      cryptorchidism and testicular torsion. There is considerable evidence of primary
      bilateral disease. 3. Testicular atrophy as an aetiological factor in the
      development of testicular tumor remains open to debate.

PMID- 2891526
TI  - Treatment of cryptorchidism with low doses of buserelin over a 6-months period.
AB  - In a collaborative study, 48 prepubertal boys with undescended testes ranging in
      age from 15 months to 11 years were treated with low-dose intranasal buserelin
      following an every-other-day programme for a period of 6 months. Urinary LH, FSH,
      and testosterone were not altered during the treatment period. Boys over 7 years
      of age experienced a slight but significant rise in testosterone at the end of
      treatment. Testicular descent was achieved in only 17% of boys. In the remainder,
      bilateral testicular biopsies were obtained during orchiopexy. Grouped analysis
      showed a significant increase in the number of germ cells per tubule in both
      unilateral and bilateral cryptorchid boys, suggesting that buserelin treatment of
      the testis in a cryptorchid position is capable of improving fertility potential.
      If time-matched controls are compared to treated boys of the same age, again a
      significant difference is observed indicating that buserelin treatment does
      increase the germ cell count.

PMID- 2891527
TI  - Screening for cryptorchid boys risking sterility and results of long-term
      buserelin treatment after successful orchiopexy.
AB  - This long-term prospective follow-up study showed that in cryptorchid patients a
      significant correlation exists between the number of germ cells at the time of
      orchiopexy (prepuberty) and the spermiogram, and thus a biopsy has a prognostic
      value. Fifty percent of our patients had a germ cell count of less than 0.1 per
      tubule and belong to the risk group for sterility. Successful surgery could not
      induce a significant increase of germ cells in the risk group, although it does
      prevent secondary testicular damage. Patients with cryptorchidism developed after
      birth have significantly better chances of fertility than those with primary
      cryptorchidism. The priming effect of testosterone in the first months of life is
      important for male fertility. In patients belonging to the risk group treated
      with buserelin, a significant age-dependent increase in germ cell count occurred.

PMID- 2891528
TI  - Hormonal regulation of testicular descent.
AB  - The involvement of testosterone in testicular descent and the mechanism of
      testicular descent were analyzed and discussed.

PMID- 2891529
TI  - Development of cryptorchid testes.
AB  - Development of normal germ cells during childhood is a continuous process which
      ends at puberty. Cryptorchid gonads have severe impairment of their germ cell
      development which is more pronounced the higher the gonads are situated. However,
      all newborns with intra-abdominal testes had a normal number of germ cells. This
      strongly supports the theory that cryptorchidism is a disease and not a
      malformation. As a consequence, adequate and early treatment of cryptorchid boys
      should be undertaken in order to preserve good chances of fertility.

PMID- 2891530
TI  - Disposition of [3H]cloflumide, a new neuroleptic drug, in rats.
AB  - The disposition of cloflumide (VUFB 15496), 2-chloro-7-fluoro-10 [4
      (carbamoylethyl)piperazino]-10,11-dihydrodibenzo [b,f] thiepin methansulfonate, a
      new neuroleptic agent, following single oral and intravenous dose was studied in
      the rat using radiotracer techniques. [3H]Cloflumide was almost completely
      absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; peak plasma levels of the parent drug
      were attained within 4 h of oral drug administration. The mean residence time of
      the unchanged drug was 2.75 h after intravenous administration. The total
      neuroleptic activity in plasma determined by radioreceptor assay paralleled with
      plasma cloflumide level indicating that the dopamine inhibiting action is
      mediated solely by the parent drug. Concentration of radioactive substances was
      high in the liver and kidneys; in the brain was slightly higher than blood level.
      Total radioactive meterial as well as unchanged cloflumide were mostly excreted
      in feces (87 and 10%, respectively). At 3 days postdosing, 96% of the
      administered dose was recovered.

PMID- 2891531
TI  - Baroreceptor function in man following peripheral alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor stimulation.
AB  - Methoxamine and alpha-methyl-noradrenaline were administered to six healthy male
      subjects on separate days as rapid bolus injections until blood pressure
      increased by approximately 30 mmHg; Valsalva's Manoeuvre was carried out on each
      occasion. Propranolol (80 mg) or placebo was administered (random order, double
      blind, weekly intervals) and the observations were repeated after 2 h.
      Baroreceptor sensitivity (delta R-R interval ms/mmHg systolic BP) was less (p
      less than 0.05) with alpha-methyl-noradrenaline than methoxamine. Propranolol
      abolished the differences in baroreceptor-mediated bradycardia following alpha
      methyl-noradrenaline and methoxamine, and shifted the baroreceptor sensitivity
      regression lines (p less than 0.05) to the left. During the release phase of
      Valsalva's Manoeuvre baroreceptor sensitivity was increased following
      propranolol. The smaller baroreceptor-mediated bradycardia response observed with
      alpha-methyl-noradrenaline does not support the hypothesis that pre-synaptic
      alpha-adrenoreceptors have a physiological role in the modulation of baroreceptor
      function in man, and may be due to alpha-methyl-noradrenaline having beta 1
      agonist activity.

PMID- 2891533
TI  - Flosequinan as a third agent for the treatment of hypertension: a placebo
      controlled, double-blind study.
AB  - The acute and short term antihypertensive effect of flosequinan was determined in
      16 hypertensive patients whose blood pressure was inadequately controlled despite
      treatment with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent and a diuretic. Erect and
      supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced by
      flosequinan over the treatment period as compared to placebo. Heart rate was
      unchanged by flosequinan. Adverse effects were limited to mild headache in 3
      patients and taste disturbance in 1 patient, possibly due to salivary excretion
      of the drug. Flosequinan is a potentially useful vasodilator for the treatment of
      hypertension.

PMID- 2891532
TI  - Absorption of an aqueous solution of a new synthetic somatostatin analogue
      administered to man by gavage.
AB  - To determine the local gastrointestinal absorption of a new synthetic
      somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995 = Sandostatin), an intestinal tube was passed
      in eight healthy volunteers and on different days an aqueous solution was
      administered at four different locations: stomach, proximal duodenum, ligament of
      Treitz and jejunum. In a follow-up study, an oro-ileal tube was passed in six of
      the original volunteers and the drug solution was administered in to the terminal
      ileum. The aqueous solution of SMS was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
      tract after local application, and it was well tolerated. Absorption of the drug
      from the different sites was comparable, although there was a tendency to
      decreased peptide absorption after ileal administration. Absorption of the drug
      was quite variable between the subjects and the different locations. The dose
      corrected systemic availability relative to subcutaneous administration in
      another study was 0.28%. However, significant plasma SMS concentrations were
      achieved, suggesting that oral delivery of the polypeptide may eventually be
      possible for long-term treatment of a variety of disorders.

PMID- 2891534
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of temazepam after day-time and night-time oral administration.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic disposition of temazepam was compared after a day-time and
      night-time dose in an open randomised crossover study. Twelve healthy male
      volunteers received a single oral dose of 20 mg temazepam in a soft gelatine
      capsule at 0900 h or 2200 h. Blood samples were taken immediately before dosing
      and at selected times over the 36-h period after each dose. The absorption of
      temazepam was slower after evening administration; the absorption half-life and
      time to reach maximal plasma concentration being 0.53 h and 1.67 h respectively,
      compared to 0.38 h and 1.02 h following morning administration. Considering
      distribution characteristics, evening administration produced a lower peak plasma
      temazepam concentration (362 ng/ml) compared with a day-time level of 510 ng/ml.
      Distribution half-life after night-time administration was increased compared
      with day-time administration (1.76 h vs 1.03 h). A significantly higher
      percentage of the drug, relative to Cmax, remained in the plasma at 8 and 24 h
      after evening dosing (39.3 and 15.4% compared to 24.7 and 11.2% following day
      time administration). In spite of the half-lives of absorption, distribution and
      elimination all being longer after the evening dose, the overall bioavailability,
      as measured by the area under the curve (AUC) was comparable after the two times
      of administration. Similarly the difference in the mean residence time (MRT) of
      the two doses was within accepted limits. It is concluded that a
      chronopharmacokinetic effect was seen for temazepam; however it is unlikely to be
      of any clinical significance.

PMID- 2891535
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thiazinamium in asthmatic patients.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thiazinamium (Multergan) were
      studied after intravenous and intramuscular administration to 7 males with
      chronic reversible airways obstruction. Disposition after i.v. administration was
      described by a clearance of 0.54 l.min-1, central compartment volume of 14.8 l,
      distribution rate constant 0.092 min-1, and an elimination rate constant of
      0.0044 min-1. The corresponding estimates after i.m. administration were 0.324
      l.min-1, 34.1 l, 0.035 min-1, and 0.0018 min-1. The bronchodilator response
      (expressed as % predicted FEV1) after i.v. administration was characterized by
      maximum increase in FEV1 of 33.9%, with an EC50 of 12.8 ng.ml-1 and an
      equilibration half-time of 11 min. Corresponding parameter estimates after i.m.
      administration were 32.2%, 18.8 ng.ml-1, and 9 min. Anticholinergic activity,
      measured by the change in heart rate after i.v. administration, showed maximum
      increase of 76 beats.min-1, with an EC50 of 176 ng.ml-1 and an equilibration half
      time of 1.3 min. After i.m. administration the corresponding values were 120
      beats.min-1, 250 ng.ml-1, and 3 min. The optimal plasma concentration of
      thiazinamium was about 100 ng.ml-1, which should give a near maximal
      bronchodilator response (over 80% of predicted normal) and a heart rate of about
      100 beats.min-1.

PMID- 2891536
TI  - Effect of 6-hourly intermittent intravenous boluses of oxmetidine and ranitidine
      on gastric acidity and serum prolactin.
AB  - The effect on 24-h gastric juice volume and pH of 30 min intravenous infusions of
      200 and 400 mg oxmetidine and 50 mg ranitidine, administered at 6-hourly
      intervals, has been investigated in 12 healthy male subjects. After each infusion
      period a median intragastric pH greater than 5 was obtained with all active
      treatments, which also caused a significantly elevated 24-h median pH versus
      placebo. The 24-h median pH following ranitidine did not differ significantly
      from that after either oxmetidine treatment. There was a sharp decrease in
      gastric volume secretion within 2 h of infusion of each active treatment. There
      was no significant difference between active treatments in the time required to
      reach an intragastric pH greater than 5. No active treatment was able to maintain
      the pH greater than 5 for longer than 4 h (average 3 h). It is concluded that in
      patients at risk of stress ulcer, continuous infusion therapy with H2-blockers
      should be employed both for pharmacokinetic and practical reasons. It should be
      accompanied by regular measurement of pH in order to monitor any fall in pH.
      Alternatively, shorter time intervals than 6 h should be used for bolus therapy.

PMID- 2891538
TI  - Differentiation of B cell progenitors in vitro: generation of surface IgM+ B
      cells, including Ly-1 B cells, from Thy-1- asialoGM1+ cells in newborn liver.
AB  - We have established a stromal adherent cell line (ST2) from fetal liver that
      promotes growth and differentiation of early B lineage cells. Many cells in the
      "null population" (3-5%) from newborn liver that lack antigens found on mature
      erythroid, myeloid or lymphoid cells proliferate extensively on this ST2 layer.
      Further division of this cell fraction on the basis of Thy-1 and asialoGM1 (aGM1)
      expression discriminates cells that predominantly proliferate from those that
      differentiate on the ST2 layer. Among four populations, Thy-1+ aGM1- cells
      proliferate most but yield few B220+ cells. In contrast, Thy-1- aGM1+ cells
      proliferate to a very limited extent, but most (greater than 90%) start to
      express B220 and a large fraction (up to 50%) become surface IgM+ after 2 weeks
      of culture. These B cells include cells expressing the pan-T cell molecule Ly-1,
      that is, Ly-1 B cells. Curiously, this Thy-1- aGM1+ cell population is largely
      absent from bone marrow in adult mice.

PMID- 2891537
TI  - Adrenergic system and carbohydrate metabolism. Effects of beta-receptor blockade
      on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in normoglycaemic
      patients.
AB  - The effects of 3 weeks of treatment with the beta-receptor blocking agent
      propranolol and a placebo on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and peripheral
      insulin sensitivity have been evaluated in 7 normoglycaemic hypertensive patients
      by an oral glucose tolerance test and the insulin clamp technique. Significant
      changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed at
      the end of propranolol treatment, but there were no associated changes in glucose
      tolerance, insulin secretion or peripheral insulin sensitivity. No difference was
      observed in glucagon, growth hormone and free fatty acids between propranolol and
      placebo treatment. The results support the view that the hypothetical pancreatic
      glucoreceptor, at least in non-acute studies, is not affected by beta blockade.
      In addition, there was no effect on tissue sensitivity to insulin.

PMID- 2891539
TI  - The role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in human T lymphocyte activation. Inhibitors
      and antibodies against dipeptidyl peptidase IV suppress lymphocyte proliferation
      and immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV), an ectoenzyme in the cell membrane of T
      lymphocytes, is an important constituent in the process of lymphocyte activation.
      This conclusion is drawn from the following observations: (a) Proliferation of
      peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by mitogenic lectins (phytohemagglutinin,
      concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen) is suppressed in the presence of DP IV
      inhibitors. This effect is specific and applies to an irreversible suicide
      inhibitor as well as to a competitive one in a dose-dependent fashion. (b)
      Inhibition of DNA synthesis was also induced by a polyclonal anti-DP IV
      immunoglobulin. (c) As a consequence of impaired T cell function the production
      of immunoglobulins by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes is also markedly
      reduced in the presence of DP IV inhibitors.

PMID- 2891541
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade during myocardial ischemia in dogs:
      effect on cardiac O2 supply and consumption.
AB  - The effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade and activation on ischemic regional and
      microregional myocardial O2 supply/consumption parameters was assessed in 28 open
      chest, anesthetized dogs. Ten minutes after LAD occlusion, dogs were given i.v.
      saline, 2 mg/kg propranolol, 0.2 mg/kg pindolol, or 1 microgram/kg per min
      isoproterenol. Coronary blood flow was determined using radioactive microspheres
      before and 2 h after LAD occlusion while O2 supply/consumption parameters were
      determined using microspectrophotometry. Ischemia resulted in a 66% reduction in
      subendocardial flow in controls in the ischemic zone and no experimental
      treatment significantly altered this flow. Pindolol resulted in a significant
      improvement in the ischemic regional subendocardial/subepicardial flow ratio
      (from 0.69 in the control ischemic region to 0.88 during pindolol treatment). O2
      extractions were significantly increased and O2 consumptions were significantly
      depressed in the ischemic regions of all groups. O2 extractions were increased to
      a lesser degree in the ischemic region with the use of pindolol and propranolol.
      Propranolol and pindolol both significantly decreased the proportion of veins
      with low (0-20%) O2 saturations in the ischemic region indicating an improved
      microregional distribution of blood flow and/or O2 consumption within the
      ischemic region.

PMID- 2891540
TI  - Purified lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 and T11 target structure are
      active in CD2-mediated T cell stimulation.
AB  - In this study we have used cells expressing LFA-3 or T11TS, the human and sheep
      forms of the ligand of CD2, as well as the purified LFA-3 and T11TS molecules
      themselves to study their effects on T cell activation via the CD2-mediated
      "alternative pathway". Sheep red blood cells, which bind to CD2 via T11TS in E
      rosette formation, and human autologous monocytes, which express the LFA-3
      molecule, both induce proliferation of resting T cells in the presence of per se
      submitogenic concentrations of anti-T11(2) plus anti-T11(3) monoclonal antibodies
      (mAb). This effect is blocked by mAb to LFA-3, T11TS and CD2 known to inhibit CD2
      ligand interaction. In addition, purified LFA-3 and T11TS, when added at ng
      amounts to cultures containing submitogenic concentrations of anti-T11(2 + 3)
      mAb, are also strongly mitogenic for resting human T cells. Thus, both LFA-3 and
      T11TS are potent co-stimulators of the alternative pathway of T cell activation
      but by themselves do not provide a mitogenic signal. This finding is discussed
      with regard to a physiological role of CD2-LFA-3 interaction in T cell
      activation.

PMID- 2891542
TI  - Pituitary-adrenal mediation of dermorphin-induced inhibition of gastric emptying
      in rats.
AB  - The role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the inhibition of gastric emptying
      caused by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of dermorphin was
      examined. Dermorphin given i.c.v. (1, 10, 100 ng per rat) slowed emptying in a
      dose-related manner. Hypophysectomy or sub-diaphragmatic bivagotomy reduced, and
      adrenalectomy prevented the inhibition of gastric emptying associated with
      dermorphin. Dermorphin inhibition of gastric emptying is thus specially dependent
      upon intact adrenals.

PMID- 2891543
TI  - The effect of agonists at the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex on the
      duration of immobility of mice in the forced swimming test.
AB  - In the present study, we examined the effect of various agents which affect in a
      different manner the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-chloride ionophore complex
      system in relation to the immobile behavior of mice in the forced swimming test.
      The benzodiazepines diazepam and flurazepam, the barbiturates pentobarbital and
      phenobarbital, zopiclone and beta-CCP (propyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate)
      enhanced the immobile behavior in a dose-dependent manner. In the doses used
      here, these agents produced almost no muscle relaxant action. Ro15-1788 and beta
      CCM (methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate) themselves had no effect on the
      duration of immobility. However, Ro15-1788 and beta-CCM reversed the enhancing
      effect produced by all 6 drugs. These results indicate that the enhancement of
      the duration of immobility of mice may be somehow correlated to the anxiolytic
      action but not to the muscle relaxant action. The effect may be mainly mediated
      by the benzodiazepine receptor, which forms a part of the GABA-benzodiazepine
      receptor-chloride ionophore complex. Furthermore it is suggested that there were
      behavioral similarities in the effects of beta-CCP and benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2891544
TI  - The D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 stimulates while the D-1 agonist SKF 38393 fails to
      affect dopamine release in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats.
AB  - SCH 23390, from doses of 0.012 mg/kg s.c., dose dependently stimulated the
      release of dopamine (DA) and the output of its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid and homovanillic acid, in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats implanted
      with transcerebral dialysis fibers. SKF 38393 failed to modify DA release and
      metabolism at doses of 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg s.c. but at 25 mg/kg s.c. it abolished
      the effect of 0.025 mg/kg of SCH 23390. Administration of gamma-butyrolactone
      (700 mg/kg s.c.), which blocks the firing of DA neurons, prevented the effect of
      0.050 mg/kg s.c. SCH 23390. The results indicate that D-1 receptors control the
      release of DA, probably through stimulation of the firing of DA neurons.

PMID- 2891545
TI  - Synaptosomal free [Ca2+] is reduced by clonidine and dynorphin A-(1-13) and
      increased by idazoxan.
AB  - Intrasynaptosomal free calcium concentrations measured in rat cortical
      synaptosomes using the calcium sensitive fluorescent dye quin 2, were found to be
      0.107-0.122 microM (n = 33). Stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors or kappa-opiate
      receptors with clonidine (0.1-100 microM) or dynorphin A fragment (1-13) (0.2-5.0
      microM) respectively, produced a dose dependent reduction in the
      intrasynaptosomal free calcium concentration. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated
      reduction produced by clonidine (100 microM) was antagonised by the selective
      alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan (RX781094) (200 microM). Dynorphin A-(1-13) (1
      microM) caused a reduction which was antagonised by a high (20 microM) but not
      low (2.0 microM) concentration of naloxone. We conclude that unlike the mu- and
      delta-opiate receptor, stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors or kappa-opiate
      receptors elicits changes in intrasynaptosomal free calcium concentration which
      are independent of the voltage sensitive calcium channel. This does not preclude
      the possibility that the alpha 2-adrenoceptor and kappa-opiate receptor also have
      an effect at the voltage sensitive calcium channel.

PMID- 2891546
TI  - Bradykinin receptor antagonists used to characterize the heterogeneity of
      bradykinin-induced responses in rat vas deferens.
AB  - The application of bradykinin to the isolated, transmurally stimulated rat vas
      deferens caused two effects: increase of the basal tension of the tissue and
      potentiation of the magnitude of electrically driven twitches. These bradykinin
      responses were not evenly distributed along the ductus. The direct contractile
      action of bradykinin was found to be stronger in the epididymal half of the
      tissue while the potentiation of the muscle twitches was more pronounced in the
      prostatic half of the rat ductus. Bradykinin is more potent to potentiate the
      electrically driven twitches than to act as a postjunctional agonist. Tyr
      bradykinin, [Tyr5]bradykinin and [Tyr8]bradykinin exhibited significant
      differences in the potency ratio to produce each of these responses. [Thi5,8,D
      Phe7]bradykinin is a weak postjunctional agonist but was a full agonist to
      potentiate the electrically induced twitches. Furthermore, this compound
      antagonized the bradykinin-induced contractions. [Hyp3,Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin
      was devoid of agonist activity at either pre- or postjunctional sites; it behaved
      as a pure antagonist and was more than potent its non-hydroxylated analog. The
      addition of a D-Arg residue at the amino terminal increased the antagonist
      potency significantly. The pA2 of D-Arg-[Hyp3,Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin to
      antagonize the postjunctional effect of bradykinin was 6.35, a value that
      differed significantly from the value of 6.93 required to block the prejunctional
      effect of the peptide. The bradykinin receptor antagonists did not modify
      significantly the magnitude of the contractile responses caused by angiotensin
      II, norepinephrine or 5-hydroxy-tryptamine.

PMID- 2891547
TI  - Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation increases plasma glucagon levels in
      the mouse.
AB  - The effects of activation of the alpha-adrenoceptors on glucagon secretion are
      not yet clear. We therefore injected the alpha 1-selective agonist phenylephrine
      and the alpha 2-selective agonist clonidine (0.05-50 nmol/kg) intravenously to
      mice and measured the plasma glucagon levels. We found that both phenylephrine
      and clonidine enhanced the plasma glucagon levels. The peak level of plasma
      glucagon was seen at 2 min after clonidine injection whereas phenylephrine
      enhanced the plasma glucagon levels throughout a 10 min period after the
      injection. Furthermore, both clonidine and phenylephrine potentiated the plasma
      glucagon response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol and exerted additive
      stimulatory effects on the plasma glucagon response to both the beta-adrenoceptor
      agonist terbutaline and the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin, CCK-8. The
      elevated plasma insulin levels after injection of carbachol or terbutaline were
      lowered by clonidine but not by phenylephrine whereas the CCK-8-induced increase
      in plasma insulin levels was not affected by either clonidine or phenylephrine.
      We conclude that both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation enhances
      plasma glucagon levels in the mouse, and that alpha 2- but not alpha 1
      adrenoceptor activation lowers plasma insulin levels.

PMID- 2891548
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for an alpha 2-adrenergic inhibitory control of
      transmitter release in the rabbit mesenteric artery.
AB  - Excitatory junction potentials (e.j.p.s) evoked by nerve stimulation with 15
      pulses at 1 Hz were recorded from muscle cells of the rabbit isolated mesenteric
      artery. Clonidine and B-HT 933 depressed all e.j.p.s in the train. The percentage
      inhibition was inversely related to the number of pulses. Yohimbine, rauwolscine
      and tolazoline reduced the early e.j.p. amplitudes but enhanced the later ones.
      The percentage facilitation of e.j.p.s increased with the number of pulses until
      a maximum was reached. Prazosin and corynanthine did not influence the first few
      e.j.p.s but potentiated the subsequent ones; their effects were less pronounced
      than those of yohimbine and rauwolscine. All the drugs antagonized the inhibition
      by clonidine but the effects of yohimbine and rauwolscine were more marked than
      those of prazosin and corynanthine. Phenylephrine, St 587 and noradrenaline
      depressed the e.j.p.s. Yohimbine diminished the effects of these substances and
      was a stronger antagonist of phenylephrine than prazosin. We suggest that, in the
      rabbit mesenteric artery, noradrenaline and the neuroeffector transmitter
      (probably ATP) are co-released from the terminals of postganglionic sympathetic
      nerves. Noradrenaline activates presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors and thereby
      depresses transmitter release. The degree of presynaptic inhibition depends on
      the number of pulses applied, i.e. on the biophase concentration of
      noradrenaline.

PMID- 2891549
TI  - Lidamidine inhibits intrinsic contractile patterns of the rat proximal colon.
AB  - Lidamidine is a clinically effective antidiarrheal agent that inhibits intestinal
      secretion, reduces intestinal transit, and inhibits smooth muscle contraction.
      Yet, its specific effects upon colonic motility have not been thoroughly
      examined. The purpose of our studies was to examine lidamidine's inhibitory
      effects upon colonic contractile patterns in the rat and identify the responsible
      receptor mechanism. Fasted male rats were anesthetised and equipped with an
      intraluminal cannula positioned at the proximal end of a 10 cm fluid-filled
      segment of the ascending colon (basal pressure, 10 cm H2O). Intraluminal pressure
      was monitored by a transducer attached to a closed fluid-filled system. All drugs
      were administered intravenously by slow infusion. A regular pattern of distinct
      contractile complexes was observed over a 70 min period. These contractions
      increased intraluminal pressure to 39 +/- 1.2 cm H2O (mean +/- S.E.), occurred at
      a frequency of 0.3 per min and lasted from 1 to 2.5 min. Inhibition of these
      contractile patterns was observed with either atropine (0.1 mg/kg) or lidamidine
      (3.0 mg/kg). A 20 min pretreatment with idazoxan (3.0 mg/kg) antagonized
      lidamidine's but not atropine's effect. Trimazosin (1 mg/kg) or propranolol (0.3
      mg/kg) pretreatment did not antagonize the lidamidine-generated inhibition. These
      results indicate that lidamidine inhibits an intrinsically generated,
      cholinergically controlled pattern of colonic contractions primarily by an alpha
      2-receptor-mediated mechanism.

PMID- 2891550
TI  - Antagonism by neuroleptics of serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors of normal
      human brain in vitro.
AB  - Using radioligand binding techniques and human frontal cortex, we determined the
      equilibrium dissociation constants (KDs) of 17 neuroleptics at the serotonin 5
      HT1A and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors with [3H]WB4101 and [3H]ketanserin,
      respectively. At the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, the most and least potent
      neuroleptics were chlorprothixene (KD = 230 nM) and fluphenazine (KD = 40
      microM), respectively. At the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor, the most and least potent
      neuroleptics were spiperone (KD = 0.38 nM) and molindone, (KD = 5 microM),
      respectively.

PMID- 2891551
TI  - The effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on stimulation-evoked release of
      [3H]norepinephrine (NE) from rat hypothalamic and cerebral cortical slices.
AB  - The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on stimulation-evoked release of
      [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) in rat hypothalamic and cerebral cortical slices were
      investigated. NPY inhibits the stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NE from
      hypothalamic, but not from cerebral cortical slices. NPY potentiates the
      inhibition of [3H]NE release by the alpha 2-agonist UK 14,304 in the hypothalamic
      slices. The blockade of alpha 2-adrenoceptors by RX 781094 diminishes the
      inhibitory effects of NPY. These results suggest that in the hypothalamic slices
      the action of NPY might be in part mediated by the alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2891552
TI  - Inhibitory effects of noradrenaline and dopamine on calcium influx and
      neurotransmitter glutamate release in mammalian brain slices.
AB  - Noradrenaline and dopamine (0.1-100 microM) inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake and glutamate
      release induced by veratrine (25 microM) in cortical and striatal slices but were
      without effect when added alone. Each parameter was inhibited in a dose-dependent
      manner by noradrenaline in cortical slices (IC50 = 0.05 microM) and by dopamine
      in striatal slices (IC50 = 0.08 microM). Noradrenaline (0.01-100 microM) was
      without influence on veratrine-induced 45Ca2+ influx or glutamate release in the
      striatal preparation, and likewise dopamine was inactive in cortex slices. The
      use of adrenoceptor antagonists suggests that the action of noradrenaline is
      mediated by the alpha 2-receptor which is thought to be adenylate cyclase linked.
      Dopamine appeared to be acting through the D-2 receptor.

PMID- 2891553
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction in isolated, perfused
      dog skeletal muscle arteries.
AB  - The mechanism of the vasoconstriction caused by 5-HT was analysed
      pharmacologically in isolated, perfused skeletal muscle branches of the canine
      femoral artery. An intraluminal injection of serotonin (5-HT) produced a marked
      vasoconstriction and the dose-response curve was bell-shaped. The 5-HT-induced
      response was inhibited by methysergide and ketanserin but a larger dose of
      ketanserin (10-30 micrograms) reduced the maximal responses to 5-HT, indicating
      its general depressant action. Norepinephrine (NE) and KCl-induced constrictions
      were not significantly affected by methysergide. Ketanserin significantly
      suppressed the NE-induced response at a relatively large dose but not the KCl
      induced one. 5-HT- and KCl-induced constrictions were not modified by a potent
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, bunazosin. It is considered that 5-HT may
      mediate its contractile effect on these arteries via specific 5-HT2 receptors but
      not alpha-adrenoceptors. Diltiazem at a relatively large dose (30-100 micrograms)
      slightly but significantly depressed NE-induced constrictions, and KCl-induced
      responses were markedly depressed by diltiazem (10-100 micrograms). On the other
      hand, 5-HT-induced constrictions were not suppressed by diltiazem at any of the
      doses used. It was shown that cold storage (at 4 degrees C, for 3-7 days) did not
      significantly modify 5-HT-induced responses although the KCl-induced effects were
      suppressed. Thus, it is considered that the calcium channel in these vessels may
      be dominantly depressed by cold storage. It is concluded that 5-HT-induced
      constriction in skeletal muscle arteries may be independent of the influx of
      extracellular Ca ions.

PMID- 2891554
TI  - Behavioral effects of several new anxiolytics and putative anxiolytics.
AB  - The behavioral effects of several new anxiolytics and putative anxiolytics were
      evaluated in two tests sensitive for anxiolytic activity. In the first test, rats
      were trained to lever-respond for sweetened milk under a multiple variable
      interval fixed-ratio (VI-FR) schedule of reinforcement. In the FR component a
      brief electric shock coincided with the presentation of reward (i.e. conflict
      procedure). Treatment of these rats with diazepam, tracazolate, CGS-9896, and the
      pyrimidinylpiperazine derivatives buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone (TVX Q 7821)
      significantly increased responding that was suppressed by foot-shock. A common
      metabolite of the pyrimidinylpiperazines, l-PP, had no affect on punished
      responding. A second group of rats was trained to discriminate diazepam from
      saline using a two-lever operant choice procedure. Diazepam-stimulus
      generalization occurred to CGS-9896, CL 218,872, zopiclone and tracazolate, but
      not to buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone or l-PP. It was concluded that while all
      of the new compounds examined appear to share an anxiolytic effect as
      demonstrated by their activity in the conflict procedure, the
      pyrimidinylpiperazine agents do not share discriminative stimulus properties
      which are common to drugs which act via the benzodiazepine receptor.

PMID- 2891555
TI  - Different dopamine receptor subtypes mediate the neurogenic vasodilation produced
      by fenoldopam and SK & F 85174 in the dog hindlimb.
AB  - The present study was performed to examine the effects of the mixed DA-1/DA-2
      receptor agonist. SK & F 85174, on hindlimb vascular resistance and identify the
      DA receptor subtypes involved in the neurogenic hindlimb vasodilation produced by
      this compound. Bilateral hindlimb perfusion at controlled flow rates was carried
      out in anesthetized dogs and one hindlimb was surgically denervated whereas the
      other limb was kept neurally intact. Intravenous administration of SK & F 85174
      and fenoldopam, a DA-1 receptor agonist, produced decreases in mean blood
      pressure and in the perfusion pressure in the innervated limb. Perfusion pressure
      in the denervated limb was not altered by fenoldopam and was increased by SK & F
      85174. The DA-2 receptor antagonist, S-sulpiride, inhibited the neurogenic
      vasodilation produced by SK & F 85174 but not that produced by fenoldopam. The DA
      1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, did not alter the hindlimb vasodilatory effects
      of either SK & F 85174 or fenoldopam in these animals, but it antagonized the
      hypotensive responses to both of these agents. Intra-aortic administration of SK
      & F 85174 and fenoldopam also resulted in neurogenic hindlimb vasodilation with
      the maximum response to fenoldopam occurring significantly faster than SK & F
      85174 (2.5 +/- 0.16 vs. 9.8 +/- 1.2 s). S-Sulpiride antagonized the hindlimb
      vasodilation produced by SK & F 85174 but not by fenoldopam. R-Sulpiride
      antagonized the hindlimb vasodilatory effect of fenoldopam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891556
TI  - Isolation of hemopoietic stem cell subsets from murine bone marrow: I.
      Radioprotective ability of purified cell suspensions differing in the proportion
      of day-7 and day-12 CFU-S.
AB  - We have studied the ability of bone marrow cell suspensions greatly differing in
      the relative proportion of day-7 and day-12 spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S)
      to rescue mice from radiation-inflicted death, and to repopulate the irradiated
      bone marrow and spleen with nucleated cells. Counterflow centrifugal elutriation
      in combination with removal of adherent cells and fluorescence-activated cell
      sorting on differences in wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-fluorescein isothiocyanate
      (FITC) affinity and light scatter properties were used consecutively to enrich
      large numbers of hemopoietic stem cells from mouse bone marrow. Enrichments of 50
      to 200-fold have been achieved for day-12 CFU-S and radioprotective ability
      (RPA), permitting 50% of lethally irradiated mice to survive over a period of 30
      days with as few as 50-80 donor cells. The ratio of day-7 and day-12 CFU-S in the
      various suspensions could be significantly modulated on the basis of their WGA
      binding and perpendicular light scatter characteristics. This finding enabled us
      to investigate the properties of day-7 and day-12 CFU-S with respect to their
      RPA. We found a highly significant log/log relationship between enrichment
      factors for (1) RPA, (2) the number of day-12 CFU-S, and (3) spleen cellularity
      as measured on day 13. In addition, similar numbers of sorted and unfractionated
      day-12 CFU-S were required to obtain the same level of protection. Enrichment for
      RPA was significantly less related to either the number of day-7 CFU-S injected,
      or the bone marrow cellularity of the irradiated mice on day 13.

PMID- 2891557
TI  - Isolation of hemopoietic stem cell subsets from murine bone marrow: II. Evidence
      for an early precursor of day-12 CFU-S and cells associated with radioprotective
      ability.
AB  - Counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE) in combination with plastic adherence
      and fluorescence-activated cell sorting were used consecutively to enrich
      functionally different subpopulations of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (HSC)
      from mouse bone marrow. The nonadherent CCE fractions were labeled with wheat
      germ agglutinin (WGA)-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and sorted according to
      differences in fluorescence within various windows on the basis of forward (FLS)
      and perpendicular (PLS) light scatter. The sorted cells were then assayed for
      their (1) in vivo colony-forming ability (day-7 and day-12 spleen colony-forming
      units [CFU-S]), (2) radioprotective ability (RPA; 30-day survival), and (3) their
      ability to repopulate the bone marrow or spleen over a 13-day period with day-12
      CFU-S, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM), nucleated cells, or
      cells associated with RPA. The highest incidence of day-12 CFU-S and cells with
      RPA was obtained by sorting the most WGA-positive cells with relatively high PLS
      (enrichment, 50- to 200-fold), lowering the effective dose (ED 50/30) to an
      average of 80 cells. The separative procedure enabled hemopoietic stem cells that
      repopulate both bone marrow and spleen with secondary RPA cells, CFU-S-12, and
      CFU-GM to be enriched and separated from part of the RPA cells, CFU-S-12, and
      cells that reconstitute the cellularity of bone marrow and spleen. These data
      suggest that cells generating both day-12 CFU-S and RPA cells differ from day-12
      CFU-S and RPA cells themselves on the basis of PLS characteristics and affinity
      for WGA. Such early stem cells have also been detected in sorted fractions
      meeting the FLS/PLS characteristics of lymphocytes.

PMID- 2891558
TI  - The decrease in long-term marrow repopulating capacity seen after transplantation
      is not the result of irradiation-induced stromal injury.
AB  - Marrow cells from nonirradiated F1-W/Wv mice repopulated slightly less well than
      cells from lethally irradiated recipients. Therefore, avoiding irradiation of
      recipients did not improve the relative repopulating ability of their marrow
      cells. In other experiments, F1-W/Wv mice were transplanted by parabiosis with
      marrow of WBB6F1-+/+ (F1-+/+) mice, avoiding cellular handling and irradiation.
      Marrow cells transplanted to F1-W/Wv mice by this procedure demonstrated slightly
      better repopulating ability than did marrow cells transplanted by injection.
      However, they performed no better than those transplanted by parabiosis to
      irradiated F1-+/+ recipients. Significant impairment of stromal function after
      irradiation was not indicated. Apparently, stem cell damage caused by
      transplantation may have greater importance in causing loss of stem cell
      replicative potential than effects of irradiation-induced stromal injury.

PMID- 2891559
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive intrinsic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - Using specific antisera against the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), in combination with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and/or
      the avidin-biotin complex method, we have found a new group of TH immunoreactive
      (TH-I) neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. Numerous TH-I cells were observed all
      over the isocortex, that is, frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions,
      and in some parts of the allocortex such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the
      retrosplenial cortex and anterior part of the insular cortex. In contrast, they
      were rare in the perirhinal cortex, posterior part of the insular cortex,
      piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation. TH-I cells were
      situated throughout all cortical layers, but were most concentrated in layer
      II/III. Although TH-I cells were heterogeneous in shape, the majority were
      bipolar. All TH-I cells so far examined appeared to be of the nonpyramidal type.
      The majority of these intrinsic TH-I neurons also contained the GABA-like
      immunoreactivity and thus could be regarded as a subpopulation of cortical
      GABAergic neurons.

PMID- 2891560
TI  - Dopamine and somatostatin modulated adenylate cyclase activity in the rat caudate
      putamen following unilateral cortical ablation.
AB  - Dopamine and somatostatin-14 (SRIF) were incubated with a membrane fraction of
      rat caudate-putamen (CP) tissue in an adenylate cyclase assay in order to examine
      the D-1-receptor coupled adenylate cyclase activity 5 days and 3 weeks after
      unilateral ablation of the left frontal and lateral cortex. Five days after
      decortication the ipsilateral basal and dopamine stimulated adenylate cyclase
      activity was increased by about 30% compared to that of the contralateral side.
      Three weeks after decortication no significant difference could be seen. On
      either side basal and dopamine stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was not
      significantly decreased compared to sham operated controls. Somatostatin (10(-7)
      mol/l) reduced basal adenylate cyclase activity of the ipsilateral CP five days
      following lesioning and reduced the maximal stimulation induced by dopamine. The
      effects of somatostatin were most marked in the absence and at low concentrations
      of dopamine (10(-7)-10(-6) mol/l). The effects of somatostatin in the lesioned CP
      were no longer apparent three weeks following surgery. These results do not
      favour a presynaptic localization of D-1-receptors on cortico-striate projection
      fibers and suggest that somatostatin is involved in the interaction of the
      cortico-striate and nigro-striatal projection systems and may play a role in the
      regulation of D-1-receptor linked adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2891561
TI  - Anomeric specificity of glucose-induced somatostatin secretion.
AB  - In isolated perfused rat pancreases, the alpha-anomer of D-glucose is more potent
      than beta-D-glucose not solely in stimulating insulin release and suppressing
      glucagon output, but also in causing somatostatin secretion.

PMID- 2891562
TI  - Analysis of pharmaceutical solid forms by diffuse infrared reflectance
      spectroscopy. Note II.

PMID- 2891563
TI  - [Influence of klofelin on the analgesic and autonomotropic effects of narcotic
      analgesics].
AB  - In conscious rats clopheline (0.1-0.25 mg/kg), in contrast to promedol, morphine
      and fentanyl administered at analgesic doses, suppressed nociceptive reactions of
      arterial blood pressure produced by a mechanical stimulation and intracardiac
      infusion of bradykinin. The use of clopheline in combination with narcotic
      analgesics potentiated the analgesic effect and significantly inhibited
      nociceptive hemodynamic reactions without changing the background level of
      arterial blood pressure.

PMID- 2891564
TI  - [Systems analysis of the effect of fenazepam on animal behavior by the methods of
      the pattern recognition theory].
AB  - The pattern recognition theory was used to demonstrate that phenazepam effect on
      the differentiation of structured visual stimuli by animals is connected with the
      alteration of the processes of visual information elaboration in the
      somatosensory and association cortex.

PMID- 2891565
TI  - [Effect of nonselective and cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade on fatty
      acid metabolism in the myocardium].
AB  - Effects of beta-adrenoblocker obsidan and selective beta-adrenoblocker cordanum
      on metabolism of fatty acids in the rat myocardium were studied. Obsidan
      increased the concentration of triglycerides and decreased that of nonesterified
      fatty acids in the myocardial tissue, reduced the amounts of ketone bodies, beta
      oxybutyrate and acetoacetate, accelerated oxidation of fatty acids by myocardial
      mitochondria. Cordanum produced no changes in beta-oxybutyrate concentration,
      decreased the concentrations of acetoacetate, induced accumulation of
      triglycerides. The drug reduced respiration control at the expense of an increase
      in controlled respiration rate. Thus, in contrast to total beta-adrenergic
      blockade induced by obsidan, cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade by cordanum
      results in a decrease of myocardial oxygen consumption and a reduction of
      respiration controlled respiration rate.

PMID- 2891566
TI  - [Effect of ildamen on the heart conduction system in ischemic heart disease
      patients].
AB  - Thirty-four patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were studied: 18 IHD
      patients with latent forms of disturbances of conductivity in the
      atrioventricular junction and sinus node sickness syndrome revealed at frequency
      stimulation of the heart; 16 patients with acute myocardial infarction
      complicated with the atrioventricular junction blockade of II and III degrees.
      Ildamen solution (4 mg) was slowly intravenously infused to all patients under
      study. Exerting the beta-stimulating effect, ildamen positively influences
      restoration of the disordered function of the pacemaker and conduction system of
      the heart: through immediate action on these systems and an increase of the
      coronary blood flow contributing to improvement of nutrition of the condition
      system of the heart.

PMID- 2891567
TI  - Clostridium perfringens iota toxin ADP-ribosylates skeletal muscle actin in Arg
      177.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens iota toxin ADP-ribosylates actin. Substrates of C.
      perfringens toxin are both non-muscle beta/gamma-actin and skeletal muscle actin.
      This finding suggests that C. perfringens iota ADP-ribosylates the same amino
      acid in skeletal muscle and non-muscle actin as does C. botulinum C2 toxin in non
      muscle actin. Protein chemical analysis involving thermolysin cleavage on
      [32P]ADP-ribosylated actin or tryptic digestion followed by a secondary
      thermolysin cleavage of the radiolabelled fragments showed one major site of ADP
      ribosylation. From its amino acid composition and sequence, the radiolabelled
      peptide was identified as peptide 175-177, locating the acceptor ADP-ribosyl
      amino acid as Arg-177.

PMID- 2891568
TI  - Familial cancer: opportunities for clinical practice and research.
AB  - Families carrying an inherited risk of cancer are important for two reasons. In
      clinical practice they may provide opportunities for early diagnosis or
      prevention. They are of interest for research because the inherited gene may
      increase the risk of a specific cancer by 1000-fold or more, and we would like to
      know what these genes do.

PMID- 2891569
TI  - [Characteristics of the feldsher's work with middle-aged and elderly persons].

PMID- 2891570
TI  - [Role of the family in the prevention of alcoholism (material for talks)].

PMID- 2891571
TI  - [Joint work of the feldsher with the biology teacher in the hygiene education of
      schoolchildren].

PMID- 2891572
TI  - [The history of paramedical education].

PMID- 2891574
TI  - [Late orthodontic management and prosthetic rehabilitation of a child after
      accidental injuries].

PMID- 2891573
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2891575
TI  - Enhanced proteolytic susceptibility of oxidized proteins.

PMID- 2891576
TI  - Central versus peripheral effect of clonidine on hepatic venous plasma glucose
      concentrations in fasted rats.
AB  - To evaluate whether clonidine exerts its action within the central nervous system
      or outside the central nervous system to induce hyperglycemia, we compared the
      effects of clonidine injected into the third cerebral ventricle or intravenously
      on hepatic venous plasma glucose concentrations in fasted rats. Clonidine
      administration produced a dose-dependent hyperglycemia in each case. At all
      tested doses (5, 50, and 100 nmol) the hyperglycemic responses to clonidine
      injected intravenously were not significantly different from those to clonidine
      injected into the third cerebral ventricle. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with
      yohimbine (50 nmol) or phentolamine (50 nmol), both alpha-adrenergic antagonists,
      reduced the hyperglycemic response to clonidine (100 nmol) given intravenously,
      but these antagonists preinjected into the third cerebral ventricle did not
      reduce the response. Moreover, no significant differences in venous plasma
      clonidine concentrations were observed when intravenous and third cerebral
      ventricle injections of clonidine (100 nmol) were compared. These results suggest
      that clonidine-induced hyperglycemia is mainly mediated by the peripheral
      mechanism rather than through the central mechanism. To gain an insight into the
      peripheral mechanism for the hyperglycemic action of clonidine, we measured the
      plasma immunoreactive glucagon and insulin concentrations after intravenous
      clonidine (100 nmol). We found that plasma immunoreactive glucagon concentrations
      significantly increased, whereas plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations did
      not change significantly despite hyperglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891577
TI  - [Artificial stable functional feedback and the neuroregulatory correction of
      psychoautonomic disorders].

PMID- 2891578
TI  - Neurotransmitters: past, present, and future directions.
AB  - As originally conceived, central neurotransmitters operated uniformly, exciting
      or inhibiting postsynaptic targets by receptors that activated passive ionic
      conductances. As the list of transmitter substances and their actions expanded,
      concepts of transmitter actions have broadened and grown more complex to include
      a variety of intramembranous and intracytoplasmic second messengers that can
      regulate both active and passive ionic conductances. Present-day research
      directions center on further expansion of the lists of identified transmitter
      candidates, and on the more precise characterization of their sites and
      mechanisms of receptor regulation and transduction. Current research is also
      illuminating the means by which neurotransmitters act in a coordinated fashion to
      regulate common synaptic targets. Future directions will likely include new forms
      of interneuronal, intraneuronal, and glial signals, including lipids, steroids,
      and as-yet-undiscovered superfamilies of peptides and receptors. Although recent
      advances in understanding specific transmitters have been achieved largely
      through in vitro electrophysiological analyses, it is hoped that future research
      will recast these events in the context of the intact functioning brain.
      Neurotransmitters are likely to remain a productive focus of future research.

PMID- 2891579
TI  - Cross-dependence to opioid and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists in NG108-15
      cells.
AB  - Clonidine, a partial alpha 2-agonist, has been used empirically to alleviate
      opiate withdrawal symptoms, but the mechanism of its effects is not completely
      understood. We studied the interactions of opioid and adrenergic receptor
      agonists in the NG108-15 cells, which are a model of opiate dependence. We
      determined that in these cells the adenylate cyclase (AC) [EC 4.6.1.1; ATP
      pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing)  overshoot response to opioid or alpha 2-agonist
      withdrawal can be significantly attenuated or suppressed by the other agonist.
      Subsequently, the AC overshoot response can be triggered with the antagonist to
      the second agonist to which the cells were not dependent. These results
      demonstrate that convergent dependence to morphine and alpha 2 agonists can occur
      in a homogeneous cell population without neuronal loops. Therefore, the basic
      mechanisms that can account for convergent dependence in this model take place at
      the level of intracellular regulatory pathways that do not require neuronal
      networks.

PMID- 2891580
TI  - [Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux: analysis of randomized double-blind
      trials].
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyze the results and the quality of methodology
      of 51 controlled double blind trials in the medical treatment of gastroesophageal
      reflux. The results of H2 receptor antagonist treatment were evaluated by the
      pooling method. Evaluation of methodology was carried out by using a special form
      filled in by two independent observers. The major criticisms in methodology were:
      small sample size, unblind evaluation of end-points, inappropriate statistical
      tests for small samples, and inaccurate handling of the withdrawals. There were
      only two trials concerning antacids versus placebo: one showed that Novaluzid
      improved symptoms and another that Maalox did not differ from placebo. The
      effectiveness of alginic acid and domperidone on either symptoms or endoscopic
      lesions was not demonstrated. Metoclopramide and bethanechol produced significant
      relief of reflux symptoms. Sucralfate and bethanechol were better than placebo in
      improvement of esophagitis endoscopic lesions. The H2-inhibitors efficiently
      relieved symptoms and esophagitis. Pooling analysis showed that H2-inhibitors
      were superior to placebo in the healing of esophagitis; the odds ratios were 2.5
      for cimetidine and 3.3 for ranitidine, without significant difference. Omeprazole
      was better than ranitidine in relief of symptoms and esophagitis. The comparison
      of cimetidine alone with cimetidine plus metoclopramide showed that combined
      therapy was better in one trial out of two. New controlled trials are necessary
      to compare these different drugs and their association.

PMID- 2891581
TI  - [Is gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase constantly normal in benign recurrent
      cholestasis?].

PMID- 2891582
TI  - Interactions of aromatic amino acids with gastric secretagogues in humans.
AB  - To determine the interactions of phenylalanine and tryptophan with gastric
      secretagogues, acid secretory studies were performed in 10 healthy subjects.
      Phenylalanine and tryptophan potentiated the gastric secretory responses
      following low doses of pentagastrin, whereas their effects on acid secretion
      stimulated by low doses of histamine or the cholinergic bethanecol were additive.
      Phenylalanine and tryptophan did not increase maximal acid output stimulated by
      pentagastrin, histamine, or bethanecol. Doses of the H2-receptor antagonist
      ranitidine, the prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol, atropine, and somatostatin
      that produced approximately 50% inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid
      secretion significantly inhibited phenylalanine- and tryptophan-stimulated acid
      secretion. After the combination of either phenylalanine or tryptophan with
      pentagastrin, the H2-receptor antagonist significantly inhibited gastric acid
      secretion, whereas somatostatin, atropine, and the prostaglandin E1 analogue were
      not effective. These results indicate that both phenylalanine and tryptophan
      potentiate gastric acid secretion stimulated by a submaximal dose of
      pentagastrin, whereas their effects on histamine- and bethanecol-stimulated
      secretion are additive. The potentiating effects of phenylalanine and tryptophan
      on pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion depend, at least in part, on intact
      histamine pathways.

PMID- 2891583
TI  - Successful treatment of idiopathic secretory diarrhea of infancy with the
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - The somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 has been reported to be effective in
      treating adult secretory diarrhea due to vasoactive intestinal polypeptidoma. We
      report the effectiveness of this drug in treating severe refractory secretory
      diarrhea of uncertain etiology in an infant. The patient developed diarrhea
      within the first few days of life, with mean stool output of 250 ml/kg.day
      (expected 10 ml/kg.day). Small bowel biopsy showed mild focal enteritis. Serum
      levels of known gastrointestinal secretagogues were normal. No tumor was
      detected. Diarrhea was not adequately controlled by various drug treatments.
      Addition of subcutaneous SMS 201-995 produced a significant sustained decrease in
      stool output to 80-100 ml/kg.day. During SMS 201-995 treatment, no metabolic,
      hormonal, or growth abnormalities were noted. SMS 201-995 was discontinued after
      9 mo because of patient irritability. Stool output rose immediately to 173
      ml/kg.day, and remained stable for 6 mo. It is concluded that SMS 201-995 was a
      safe and effective treatment in this single childhood case of severe idiopathic
      secretory diarrhea.

PMID- 2891584
TI  - Regulation of gastric somatostatin secretion in the mouse by luminal acidity: a
      local feedback mechanism.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether somatostatin secretion
      induced by histamine or pentagastrin in the isolated luminally perfused mouse
      stomach was a direct effect of the secretagogues on gastric somatostatin cells or
      an indirect effect mediated by the increase in luminal acidity. Perfusion of the
      lumen with exogenous acid (80-480 nmol/min) caused an increase in somatostatin
      secretion in proportion to the increase in luminal acidity. The increase in
      somatostatin secretion was resistant to tetrodotoxin and attained maximal levels
      (61.6% +/- 8.7% above basal level) similar to those elicited by maximal doses of
      secretagogues. Conversely, neutralization of basal acid secretion with
      bicarbonate (20-160 nmol/min) caused a decrease in somatostatin secretion in
      proportion to the decrease in luminal acidity. Similarly, neutralization of the
      secretagogue-induced increments in acid secretion with bicarbonate or inhibition
      of the increments with cimetidine abolished the corresponding increments in
      somatostatin secretion. It is proposed that acid-induced release of somatostatin
      in proximity to parietal cells serves as a negative feedback mechanism
      restraining acid secretion.

PMID- 2891585
TI  - Age-related differences in receptors for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin
      in the small and large intestine of children.
AB  - Escherichia coli that produce heat-stable enterotoxin are a worldwide cause of
      diarrheal disease, especially in children. We examined small and large intestinal
      specimens from children of various ages for the presence of E. coli heat-stable
      entero-toxin receptors and determined whether the number of receptors or the
      binding affinity of these receptors was related to the age of the child. We
      observed specific binding of 125I-heat-stable enterotoxin to all small intestinal
      and colonic specimens. However, a greater number of receptors per microgram of
      membrane protein were present in infants and the number of receptors rapidly
      decreased with increasing age. We also observed that increased heat-stable
      enterotoxin stimulation of guanylate cyclase was correlated with increased
      receptor density. We suggest that a greater number of gastrointestinal receptors
      for heat-stable enterotoxin, capable of activating more guanylate cyclase, may
      contribute to the increased severity of diarrhea noted in young children exposed
      to enterotoxigenic E. coli.

PMID- 2891586
TI  - Somatostatin may not be a hormonal messenger of fat-induced inhibition of gastric
      functions.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate somatostatin as a hormonal inhibitor
      of gastric functions in humans. Seven healthy volunteers were investigated on 6
      separate days. Peptone meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion was measured by
      intragastric titration for 2 h and gastric emptying was estimated with a dye
      dilution technique. The effect of intravenous administration of somatostatin at
      0, 12.5, 50, 100, and 200 pmol/kg.h was investigated and related to the effect of
      intragastric administration of 100 ml of vegetable oil. Plasma somatostatinlike
      immunoreactivity was elevated during intravenous administration of somatostatin
      at 100 and 200 pmol/kg.h, whereas no increase was detected in response to the
      oil. Somatostatin infusion at 100 and 200 pmol/kg.h significantly inhibited the
      acid secretion by 25% and 65%, and the oil reduced the acid output by 41%.
      Somatostatin at 100 and 200 pmol/kg.h significantly enhanced gastric emptying,
      whereas the oil inhibited gastric emptying. These observations suggest that
      somatostatin may not be an important hormonal messenger of fat-induced inhibition
      of acid secretion or gastric emptying.

PMID- 2891587
TI  - Immunoglobulin A in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - The diagnostic relevance of the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration and
      liver deposition of IgA for chronic excessive alcohol consumption was evaluated
      in 164 patients with biochemical liver abnormalities. A relationship was
      demonstrated between the amount of daily alcohol consumption and the two IgA
      parameters and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. A continuous pattern of IgA
      deposition along hepatic sinusoids proved to be the best diagnostic feature,
      combining a specificity of 0.91 with a sensitivity of 0.75. Although serum IgA
      has a specificity of 0.78, its diagnostic value is restricted by a sensitivity of
      0.50, making it not superior to serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Furthermore,
      serum IgA proved to be related to liver histopathology. High levels of serum IgA
      are found in hepatitis and cirrhosis, without significant differences between
      alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients. However, in the case of mild histopathologic
      changes in the liver, such as steatosis and fibrosis, significantly higher serum
      IgA concentrations are found in alcoholic than in nonalcoholic liver disease.

PMID- 2891588
TI  - Effects of recA mutations on pilus antigenic variation and phase transitions in
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Intragenic recombination between the single complete pilin gene (expression
      locus) and multiple, distinct, partial pilin gene copies (silent, storage loci)
      is thought to account for the generation of pilus antigenic diversity and
      piliation phase (on-off) changes exhibited by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The
      mechanisms operating in the genomic rearrangements associated with these forms of
      pilus variation were investigated through the study of isogenic strains of
      gonococci bearing either wild-type or altered recA alleles. Examination of the
      rates of pilus phase variation and the genetic basis for changes in piliation
      status displayed by these strains show that recA mediated homologous
      recombination is required for these high frequency events and confirm that the
      nonpiliated state results from mutations in the expressed pilin gene. In a strain
      that is deficient in recA mediated homologous recombination, pilus phase
      variation occurs at a 100-1000-fold reduced rate and results predominantly from
      one class of spontaneous frameshift mutations within the pilin structural gene.

PMID- 2891589
TI  - Updated use of digitalis and nitrates in the elderly.
AB  - Myocardial ischemia may be produced by a wide variety of pathophysiologic
      scenarios. Currently, long-acting nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium blocking
      drugs are available to treat ischemia. Each class of therapy poses potential
      problems for the elderly, and therapy must be individualized. Long-acting
      nitrates are probably not the best choice of monotherapy since tolerance develops
      to their use over time. Congestive heart failure, a common sequela to myocardial
      infarction, is currently best treated by diuretics and vasodilating drugs. These
      therapies are generally well-tolerated by the elderly. Digitalis, which is not
      easily given to the elderly due to potential toxicity, is probably best avoided
      in this patient group unless needed to treat arrhythmia. Careful differential
      diagnosis of congestive heart failure is a critical pre-condition to starting any
      therapy for heart failure, particularly in the elderly patient.

PMID- 2891591
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in cells of T-lymphoid origin is decreased in
      cultures with 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is a specific enzyme for cells of T-lymphocytic
      lineage. It has been attempted to induce DPP IV activity in DPP IV negative T
      lymphoid leukaemias by 12-o-tetradecanoylphrobol-13-acetate (TPA). Isolated cells
      from peripheral blood of 6 healthy blood donors and 22 patients with various
      types of leukaemia were cultivated in RPMI-1640 medium with 20% fetal calf serum
      alone (control) or supplemented with 20% human placenta conditioned medium (HPCM)
      or with 16 nmol/l TPA for 3 days. The percentage of DPP IV positive lymphocytes
      from blood donors remained unchanged in control and HPCM cultures, but decreased
      significantly in TPA cultures. Leukemic cells from three DPP IV positive cases of
      acute T-lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) reacted to the TPA treatment in a similar
      manner. Leukaemic cells of two DPP IV negative T-ALL cases remained negative in
      all three types of cultures, thus no induction of DPP IV activity was found.
      Other normal blood cells as well as leukaemic cells of 7 null-ALL, 1 preB-ALL, 3
      B-CLL and 6 AML patients were DPP IV negative before and after cultivation in all
      types of culture. These findings showed that DPP IV is specifically expressed in
      cells of T-lymphocytic lineage even after short-term cultivation. HPCM was found
      to have no effect on DPP IV activity in T-lymphoid cells.

PMID- 2891590
TI  - [Role of glutamic acid in preserving ATP in the human myocardium during
      cardioplegia].

PMID- 2891592
TI  - A new family with congenital factor XIII deficiency showing a deficit of both
      subunit A and B. Type I factor XIII deficiency.
AB  - In this study we present a new case of Factor XIII deficiency. The proposita, a
      34 year old woman, showed a deficiency of both subunit a and subunit b, and a
      moderate bleeding tendency. Because of the concomitant decrease of subunits a and
      b the proposita is considered to be an example of Type I disease. Factor XIII
      levels were less than 10% both as activity and antigen. Several family members
      showed intermediate levels of both subunit a and b and were asymptomatic. They
      were considered to be heterozygotes. The hereditary pattern is autosomal
      incompletely recessive. Type I disease appears much less frequent than Type II.

PMID- 2891593
TI  - Characterization of the submerged growth of Moraxella bovis.
AB  - A submerged batch cultivation of Moraxella bovis in a medium containing enzymic
      casein hydrolyzate and supplemented with dialyzed ram blood was described. Up to
      the growth limitation the bacteria grew exponentially without a lag phase and
      with a doubling period of 64 min. During the exponential phase no significant
      decrease of viable cells and cell autolysis were observed. Amino acids were the
      limiting factor. At the end of growth glutamic acid, threonine and serine were
      detected at the lowest concentrations. Substrate limitation led to an
      irreversible decrease of the metabolic activity. Growth yield on oxygen was 2.3 X
      10(9) cells per mg O2. The fraction of respiration required for growth-uncoupled
      processes was negligible. During the cultivation ammonia was produced and the pH
      increased but it was not the inhibitory factor. Respiration was not limited by
      oxygen at concentrations higher than 0.63 mumol O2 per L. Sufficient pili were
      produced.

PMID- 2891595
TI  - [Secondary prevention following myocardial infarct. Which drug treatment is safe
      today?].

PMID- 2891596
TI  - [The brain--an endocrine gland. The classical distinction in neural and humoral
      control of organ function is no longer tenable].

PMID- 2891594
TI  - Physiology of a wild strain and high yielding mutants of Streptomyces rimosus,
      producing oxytetracycline.
AB  - A wild-type Streptomyces strain, yielding 1 g/L of oxytetracycline was compared
      with mutants giving up to 7 g/L, using complex media in stirred and shaken
      culture. Increased production of oxytetracycline was associated with high
      specific production rates and a longer production period. The superiority of the
      mutants was associated with changes in morphological behaviour during growth in
      submerged culture, and in their patterns of growth and respiration, coupled with
      increased resistance to the product. The productivity of the mutants was
      sensitive to the rate of stirring, the type of calcium carbonate used in the
      medium and the type of inoculum. Careful control of these factors was necessary
      to obtain high yields of oxytetracycline. With the exception of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase, the levels of enzymes measured and of amounts of adenylates in the
      mycelium did not appear to be related to the degree of antibiotic production.

PMID- 2891597
TI  - [Pharmacological characterization of chicken cardiac beta-adrenoceptors].
AB  - Pharmacological properties of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors of embryonic chick (16
      18 day in ovo), hatched chick (3-5 days after hatching) and adult chicken (20
      weeks after hatching) were investigated. Pharmacological analysis using subtype
      specific agonists and antagonists showed that cardiac beta-adrenoceptors of
      embryonic chick and hatched chick could not be classified as beta 1- or beta 2
      adrenoceptors. Scatchard analysis of specific [125I]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP)
      binding revealed ICYP bound to two different population of binding sites (high
      and low affinity) in all stages; Kd and Bmax of these sites remained unchanged
      before and after hatching, although Bmax but not Kd was found to increase in
      adult chicken. Displacement of ICYP with propranolol (a nonspecific beta
      antagonist), ICI 118,551 (a specific beta 2-antagonist) and atenolol (a specific
      beta 1-antagonist) indicated the presence of two affinity binding sites for all
      of the antagonists. Ki values for these antagonists at the high affinity binding
      sites were almost identical to pA2 values obtained from their antagonistic
      effects on isoproterenol inotropic response, suggesting that the high affinity
      binding sites for ICYP bear the pharmacological significance. Significant
      increase in sensitivity to the inotropic effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists
      was observed in the hatched chick heart, whereas Ki values calculated from
      displacement of ICYP with these agonists in the presence of GppNHp were not
      changed. Dobutamine which was a Partial agonist in the embryonic chick heart, was
      found to behave as a full agonist in the hatched chick heart. These result
      suggested that chicken cardiac beta-adrenoceptors show different properties from
      either beta 1- or beta 2-adrenoceptors reported in mammalian hearts, and coupling
      between binding and adenylate cyclase might be more efficient after hatching.

PMID- 2891598
TI  - [Structural analysis of the class II gene region of rat MHC (RT1)--a novel beta
      chain gene mapped to RT1. B region].
AB  - In the present study, genomic DNAs obtained from intra-RT1 recombinant rats were
      subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RELP) analysis, using HLA
      DP beta cDNA as a probe. Out of 8 strains of rats whose haplotypes were evaluated
      serologically, 3 strains (NIG-III, LEJ, and DA. 1I (BI)), including 1 congenic
      strain, had RT1. A/B recombinant haplotypes (RT1. AqB1D1, AuBbDb, and AnBaDa,
      respectively). After digestion with BglII or HincII, RFLP analysis of these
      strains with HLA-DP beta probe showed strong bands associated with RT 1. A
      haplotypes, in addition to some weaker cross-hybridizing bands. That is, after
      BglII digestion, 4.2kb band was detected associated with RT 1. Aq, 2.1 kb band
      with A1 and Ab, 4.3 kb band with Au, respectively. After HincII digestion, 1.2 kb
      band was detected in association with RT1. Aa and 13.0 kb band with An,
      respectively. From these results I conclude that the recombination events have
      occurred within the class II region of RT1, especially between B beta gene and a
      novel class II beta gene which is proposed to be mapped near RT1. A region. The
      novel gene seems to be a candidate for DP beta-like gene in RT1, because it
      strongly hybridized with HLA-DP beta cDNA. As in the mouse or the man, a
      recombinational hotspot might be generated around this novel gene, which provides
      another evidence for the structural homology among the MHCs of these three
      species.

PMID- 2891599
TI  - Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on circulating levels of plasma growth
      hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin in children.
AB  - In response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (0.1 U insulin/kg body weight, i.v.)
      plasma levels of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (SLI), and
      growth hormone (GH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 10 children with short
      stature. Insulin injection resulted in a significant increase in plasma GHRH
      values at 15 min (10.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 17.1 +/- 3.1 pg/ml; p less than 0.05)
      preceding the increase in plasma GH levels (1.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 13.6 +/- 1.2 ng/ml; p
      less than 0.001). SLI concentrations peaked between 15 and 60 min after insulin
      injection (20.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 47.1 +/- 6.2 pg/ml; p less than 0.01). No correlation
      was present between plasma GHRH or SLI levels and plasma GH concentrations. A
      significant negative correlation could be established between maximum increments
      of plasma GHRH and SLI levels (r = -0.843; p less than 0.01) in response to
      insulin injection. This finding suggests a possible relationship between these
      two hormones at peripheral level.

PMID- 2891600
TI  - Treating tremor induced by lithium.

PMID- 2891601
TI  - Ultrastructural observations on the cytomegalic inclusion cell in peripheral
      blood.
AB  - A 31-year-old woman with adult T-cell leukemia developed interstitial
      pneumonitis. Large abnormal cells different from those of adult T-cell leukemia
      appeared in the peripheral blood. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the buffy coat of
      peripheral blood revealed these cells to be cytomegalic inclusion cells. Electron
      microscopy disclosed cytomegalovirus particles in these inclusion cells. Virus
      particles were seen in both the nuclei and cytoplasm. Dense bodies characteristic
      of cytomegalovirus infection were also seen in the cytoplasm. This is the first
      report of cytomegalovirus particles found in the peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells.

PMID- 2891602
TI  - Localization at a subband level of polymorphic 13q14 DNA probes for diagnosis of
      hereditary retinoblastoma and Wilson disease.
AB  - Two single-copy DNA sequences, pG24E6.8 (D13S21) detecting a low-frequency MspI
      RFLP and pG14E1.9 (D13S22) detecting a high-frequency Dra I RFLP, have been
      isolated and cloned from a human chromosome 13-specific phage library and
      localized at 13q14. Their subband localization was described using a panel of
      cell lines from patients with different chromosome 13 deletions. A quantitative
      analysis of hybridization signals was carried out, taking for reference a single
      copy DNA sequence from another chromosome. D13S21 and D13S22 were both assigned
      to q14.1-14.2, which also harbors the genes responsible for retinoblastoma and
      Wilson disease. The Dra I polymorphism detected by pG14E1.9 is a very suitable
      one for linkage studies in families with either disease.

PMID- 2891603
TI  - Loss of heterozygosity and the origin of meningioma.
AB  - In some human tumors, loss of particular genes manifested indirectly by loss of
      heterozygosity for specific RFLPs seems to uncover either heterozygous deletions
      leading to a gene doses effect or homozygous deletions due to a silent allele at
      the corresponding locus, both causing the loss of regulatory functions
      (antioncogenes, suppressor genes). Meningioma, a benign human tumor derived from
      the coverings of brain and spinal cord, is associated with complete loss, rarely
      deletion, of one chromosome 22. About 60% of meningiomas exhibit monosomy 22 in
      all or part of cells; however, about 40% display a normal karyotype. Comparison
      of constitutional and tumor genomes from 12 patients showed loss of
      heterozygosity on 22 in three cases, suggesting the involvement of events at the
      DNA level.

PMID- 2891604
TI  - Inherited and de novo deletion of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene locus at
      16q22.1----q22.3 in a patient with tyrosinemia type II.
AB  - Tyrosinemia II is an autosomal-recessively inherited condition caused by
      deficiency in the liver-specific enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT; EC
      2.6.1.5). We have restudied a patient with typical symptoms of tyrosinemia II who
      in addition suffers from multiple congenital anomalies including severe mental
      retardation. Southern blot analysis using a human TAT cDNA probe revealed a
      complete deletion of both TAT alleles in the patient. Molecular and cytogenetic
      analysis of the patient and his family showed one deletion to be maternally
      inherited, extending over at least 27 kb and including the complete TAT
      structural gene, whereas loss of the second TAT allele results from a small de
      novo interstitial deletion, del 16 (pter----q22.1::q22.3----qter), in the
      paternally inherited chromosome 16. Three additional loci previously assigned to
      16q22 were studied in our patient: haptoglobin (HP), lecithin: cholesterol
      acyltransferase (LCAT), and the metallothionein gene cluster MT1,MT2. Of these
      three markers, only the HP locus was found to be codeleted with the TAT locus on
      the del(16) chromosome.

PMID- 2891605
TI  - The study of a French family with two duplicated C4A haplotypes.
AB  - The finding of two duplicated C4A haplotypes in a normal French family led to a
      detailed study of their C4 polymorphism. The father had an extremely rare
      A*6A*11, B*QO haplotype inherited by all of his children and the mother had the
      more common A*3A*2, B*QO haplotype. Two HLA identical daughters only have four
      C4A alleles. The father's A11 allotype expresses Ch:1 (Chido) rather than Rg:1
      (Rodgers) and represents a new Ch phenotype Ch:1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6. In order to
      clarify the genetic background in this unusual family, DNA studies of restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were undertaken. The father's rare
      haplotype, which expresses two C4A allotypes, results from a long and a short C4
      gene normally associated with the A*6, B*1 that also exhibits the Bg/II RFLP. As
      it travels in an extended MHC haplotype HLA A2, B57(17), C2*C, BF*S, DR7 that is
      most frequently associated with A*6, B*1, we postulate that the short C4B has
      been converted in the alpha chain region to a C4A gene which produces a C4A
      protein. This report of a short C4A gene is the first example in the complex
      polymorphism of C4.

PMID- 2891607
TI  - DNA sequence variation within the beta-glucuronidase gene complex among inbred
      strains of mice.
AB  - Tightly linked to the gene that encodes murine beta-glucuronidase (GUS) are three
      GUS-specific regulatory elements. Together, these elements define the GUS gene
      complex. Specific alleles of each regulatory element are associated with a
      specific GUS structural allele. These associations define the three common forms
      (haplotypes) of the GUS gene complex, designated A, B, and H. As an initial step
      in defining the DNA determinants of each regulatory element and to develop DNA
      markers for the common haplotypes, we have identified several DNA variants by
      blot hybridization analysis of restricted genomic DNA using GUS-specific cDNA
      probes. Of 30 tested restriction endonucleases, 24 reveal DNA polymorphisms that
      distinguish B- and H-haplotype DNA from that of the A haplotype. Of these 24, 18
      uncover a restriction fragment length polymorphism in which the polymorphic
      fragment of A-haplotype DNA is 200-300 bp larger than the corresponding fragment
      of B- or H-haplotype DNA. DNA sequence analysis of this polymorphic region
      reveals the presence of a short, interspersed repetitive element of the B2 family
      within A-haplotype DNA which is absent in DNAs of B- or H-haplotype mice. None of
      the DNA variations revealed by these analyses can be associated at this time with
      variation in the regulatory or structural properties of GUS among the common
      haplotypes. Nevertheless, they do provide useful haplotype-specific markers
      within the GUS gene complex which are of critical importance for DNA transfer
      experiments in transgenic mice and in cultured cells.

PMID- 2891608
TI  - Sequence analysis of the murine Hox-2.2, -2.3, and -2.4 homeo boxes: evolutionary
      and structural comparisons.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequences and deduced the amino acid sequences
      of three tandemly arranged murine boxes of the Hox-2 homeo box gene complex on
      mouse chromosome 11 (Hox-2.2, -2.3, and -2.4). The type and position of
      differences with other sequenced homeo boxes were analyzed. Hox-2.2 is nearly
      identical with its cognate human homeo box Hu-2. Hox-2.3 shares 59 of 61 amino
      acids with the Antennapedia homeo domain of Drosophila and the MM-3 homeo domain
      of Xenopus and shows 60 of 61 amino acid identity with human HuC1. Hox-2.3, MM-3,
      and HuC1 also share a stretch of six glutamic acid residues followed by a stop
      codon 15-20 amino acids 3' of the homeo domain. Hox-2.4 is relatively divergent
      from most of the other homeo boxes sequenced to date; however, it matches the Hox
      3.1 murine homeo domain at 60 of 61 positions. Sequence comparisons with other
      murine homeo domains, together with previous studies of their genomic
      organization and chromosomal location, provide support for the hypothesis of a
      large-scale duplication resulting in the two major murine homeo box gene
      complexes Hox-1 and Hox-2.

PMID- 2891606
TI  - Familial deletion of Xp21.2 with glycerol kinase deficiency and congenital
      adrenal hypoplasia.
AB  - Congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH) and glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) were
      diagnosed in a male during the neonatal period. On prometaphase chromosomes there
      was an interstitial deletion involving Xp21.2 and possibly Xp21.3 in the
      propositus and his mother. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was excluded on the
      basis of normal serum creatine kinase and a muscle biopsy. Molecular
      hybridization of DNA from the propositus with 11 probes covering Xp21, including
      the DMD locus, was normal. In situ hybridization with the probe pERT87.15 showed
      a normal signal at the expected site indicating that the DMD locus was preserved
      and not translocated. This suggests that the DMD locus is located at the most
      proximal part of the sub-band Xp21.2 or in Xp21.1, and that the DXS68 (probe L1)
      is far from it on the distal flanking DNA.

PMID- 2891609
TI  - ECG studies with astemizole.
AB  - 1 Six healthy volunteers took part in a 2-week haemodynamic safety study of
      astemizole. 2 They were given 30 mg daily (3 X 10 mg tablets) for the first 3
      days and 10 mg daily for the next 12 consecutive days. 3 Heart rate, blood
      pressure, ECG and systolic time intervals at rest were measured before the start
      and five times during the day. 4 No changes were observed in any of the
      parameters measured. The configuration of the ECG was not influenced. 5 Serum
      concentrations of astemizole plus hydroxylated metabolites measured at the end of
      the study were 16 times lower than those detected in a patient overdosing on 200
      mg astemizole.

PMID- 2891610
TI  - Characterization of the MHC class II region in cattle. The number of DQ genes
      varies between haplotypes.
AB  - The organization of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region in
      cattle was investigated by Southern blot analysis using human probes
      corresponding to DO, DP, DQ, and DR genes. Exon-specific probes were also
      employed to facilitate the assessment of the number of different bovine class II
      genes. The results indicated the presence of single DO beta and DR alpha genes,
      at least three DR beta genes, while the number of DQ genes was found to vary
      between MHC haplotypes. Four DQ haplotypes, DQ alpha 1 beta 1 to DQ alpha 2 beta
      4, possessed a single DQ alpha and a single DQ beta gene whereas both these genes
      were duplicated in eight other haplotypes, DQ alpha 3 beta 5 to DQ alpha 9 beta
      12. No firm evidence for the presence of bovine DP genes was obtained. The same
      human probes were also used to investigate the genetic polymorphism of bovine
      class II genes. DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha, DR beta, and DO beta restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were resolved and in particular the DQ
      restriction fragment patterns were highly polymorphic. Comparison of the present
      result with the current knowledge of the class II region in other mammalian
      species suggested that the DO, DP, DQ, DR, and DZ subdivision of the class II
      region was established already in the ancestor of mammals. The DP genes appear to
      be the least conserved class II genes among mammalian species and may have been
      lost in cattle. The degree of polymorphism of different class II genes, as
      revealed by RFLP analyses, shows striking similarities between species.

PMID- 2891611
TI  - Diversity of the mouse T cell receptor C gamma 1 gene: structural analysis in
      C57BL/Ka.
AB  - We have isolated an unusual T cell receptor gamma chain cDNA clone (gamma 7.1)
      from a library made from RNA derived from adult thymus of C57BL/Ka mice. This
      cDNA clone corresponds to the appropriately processed C gamma 1 constant region
      exons preceded by 1.5 kb of J-C gamma 1 intron. The gamma 7.1 coding region is
      extremely homologous to the C gamma 1 gene of BALB/c mice, differing at the
      protein level by a single deletion (alanine 139) and a single substitution. This
      latter change eliminates the sole N-linked sugar attachment site, providing a
      basis for strain-specific glycosylation patterns. The J-C gamma 1 intronic region
      contains two DNA segments (termed psi J gamma 1 and psi J gamma 2) that are
      highly reminiscent of joining (J) segments; both have potentially functional
      recombination and donor splice sequences flanking an open reading frame. Northern
      analysis suggests that gamma 7.1 may be derived from a large, variable region
      containing precursor.

PMID- 2891612
TI  - Extensive genomic polymorphism in mouse 21-hydroxylase region.

PMID- 2891613
TI  - Taq I-generated HLA-DQ alpha polymorphism in Japanese patients with narcolepsy.
AB  - Taq I-generated HLA-DQ alpha restriction fragment length polymorphism was
      examined in Japanese patients with narcolepsy. All patients were DR2 positive and
      shared a 6.0 kb fragment, although this fragment was found only in 54% of the
      healthy DR2-positive Japanese. This finding added the DQ alpha gene to the list
      of candidates for the possible narcolepsy-susceptibility gene. In contrast, there
      was no complete association between narcolepsy and DX alpha restriction fragment
      length polymorphism. These findings suggest that a narcolepsy-susceptibility gene
      is located closer to the DQ locus than to the DX locus.

PMID- 2891614
TI  - The same MHC recombinational hot spots are active in crossing-over between
      wild/wild and wild/inbred mouse chromosomes.
AB  - Four recombinational breakpoints were mapped in the K-A interval of the mouse
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by Southern blot analysis. The breakpoint
      in B10.SBR, containing a b/s recombinant MHC haplotype, is located about 45 kb
      upstream of the A beta 2 gene close to the breakpoint in B10.AQR. Crossover in
      two cas3/cas4 and one cas4/cas3 recombinant haplotypes has taken place in the
      previously identified K/A beta 3 and A beta 3/A beta 2 recombinational hot spots.
      The same hot spots are thus active in crossover between two Mus musculus
      castaneus MHC haplotypes and in crossover between a laboratory and a M. m.
      castaneus MHC haplotype.

PMID- 2891615
TI  - Mitogenic effect of polyclonal anti-porcine lymphocyte E-receptor antiserum IgG.
AB  - In the present paper we report the mitogenic effect of the sheep anti-porcine
      lymphocyte E-receptor antiserum IgG(APERIgG) on porcine peripheral T-lymphocytes
      in vitro. The effect was apparently dose-dependent and not seen in the B
      lymphocyte cultures. Kinetic study showed that the maximal 3H-thymidine
      incorporation, similar to that induced by Con A, occurred on the third day of
      incubation. Neither F(ab')2 nor Fab fragment of APERIgG was able to induce cell
      proliferation, indicating that the integrity of IgG molecule was essential for
      cell response. It was very interesting to note that though there is cross
      antigenicity between porcine and human E-receptors, no similar effect could be
      produced by APERIgG in human peripheral lymphocyte cultures under the same
      experimental conditions, suggesting the existence of minor difference in
      structure between the porcine and human E-receptors.

PMID- 2891616
TI  - Maternal immunization with P fimbriae for the prevention of neonatal
      pyelonephritis.
AB  - Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were immunized with purified P fimbriae from
      Escherichia coli during the last trimester of pregnancy. Infants born of these
      mothers were compared with those from nonimmunized rhesus mothers. A delay in the
      onset of renal disease after bladder infection showed protection from passive
      immunization. This was associated with a high antibody titer in serum. In
      addition to delayed onset of renal infection, a decreased number of immunized
      monkeys developed pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2891617
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to fimbria-associated adhesins of
      Bacteroides loescheii PK1295.
AB  - Bacteroides loescheii PK1295 fimbriae, which mediate the lactose-sensitive
      coaggregation with Streptococcus sanguis 34 and the lactose-insensitive
      coaggregation with Actinomyces israelii PK14, were injected into mice to raise
      adhesin-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Supernatants of hybridomas were
      screened for the capacity to inhibit coaggregation and agglutinate intact
      bacteria. Of the 10 MAbs that were isolated, 4 were specific and potent
      inhibitors of the coaggregation between B. loescheii and S. sanguis and two other
      MAbs specifically inhibited the B. loescheii-A. israelii interaction. None of the
      six MAbs which inhibited adherence were capable of agglutinating whole cells of
      B. loescheii, whereas the four remaining MAbs agglutinated whole cells but had no
      effect on coaggregation. Fab fragments of two MAbs, one that inhibited the
      coaggregation with S. sanguis and another that inhibited the interaction with A.
      israelii, also were shown to inhibit the respective coaggregation interactions,
      suggesting that each of the immunoglobulins recognized its adhesin molecule at or
      near the active sites. By immunoblotting or immunoprecipitation, the S. sanguis
      adhesin-specific MAbs reacted with a 75-kilodalton polypeptide present in fimbria
      enriched preparations, whereas the A. israelii adhesin-specific MAbs recognized a
      45-kilodalton polypeptide in the same preparations. By screening hybridoma
      supernatants directly for their capacity to block coaggregation, we isolated MAbs
      which were used to establish that the B. loescheii-S. sanguis and the B.
      loescheii-A. israelii interactions were mediated by different adhesins.

PMID- 2891618
TI  - Virulence properties of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O8: KX105 strains
      isolated from diarrheic piglets.
AB  - Twenty-two enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) O8:KX105 strains isolated from
      1- to 7-week-old diarrheic piglets were examined for virulence properties.
      Thirteen strains caused acute watery diarrhea in orally infected, colostrum
      deprived newborn piglets, whereas the remaining nine did not. The
      enteropathogenic strains colonized the small intestine, albeit with lower
      intensity than classical porcine ETEC. They produced the heat-stable STb and heat
      labile LT enterotoxins, whereas the nonenteropathogenic strains produced the STb
      enterotoxin alone. None of the E. coli O8:KX105 strains exhibited mannose
      resistant hemagglutination with erythrocytes from 12 species. Ten of the
      enteropathogenic and two of the nonenteropathogenic strains were positive for
      mannose-sensitive hemagglutination. These strains produced rodlike fimbriae 3 to
      5 nm in diameter, whereas no fimbriae were detected on the other strains. None of
      the 22 strains produced the fimbrial antigens F4, F5, F41, F2, F3, FY(Att 25),
      and F165. Of the 13 enteropathogenic strains, 10 expressed the F6 antigen in the
      intestines of infected piglets but not in cultures. The other three
      enteropathogenic strains apparently lacked all of the known fimbrial antigens
      from porcine ETEC.

PMID- 2891619
TI  - Stimulation of superoxide and lactoferrin release from polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes by the type 2 fimbrial lectin of Actinomyces viscosus T14V.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-dependent destruction of Actinomyces viscosus
      T14V is initiated by the recognition of galactose-containing receptors on
      sialidase-treated PMNs by the lectin associated with the type 2 fimbriae of these
      bacteria. A. viscosus T14V also stimulates the respiratory burst in PMNs as well
      as the release of contents of the secondary granules, as determined by the
      presence of lactoferrin in the culture supernatants. Under the experimental
      conditions employed, these bacteria do not induce the release of beta
      glucuronidase, a constituent of primary granules. None of the three PMN responses
      studied occurs in cultures containing a mutant of A. viscosus T14V that lacks
      fimbriae. Activation of the PMNs is mediated by the lectin associated with the
      type 2 fimbriae, as demonstrated by the finding that beta-linked galactosides
      inhibit stimulation of the respiratory burst. Thus, the interaction of the
      Actinomyces fimbrial lectin with its complementary receptors on PMNs results not
      only in killing of these bacteria but also in the release of reactive oxygen
      intermediates and enzymes that may be detrimental to surrounding host tissues.

PMID- 2891620
TI  - Bacteroides gingivalis fimbriae stimulate production of thymocyte-activating
      factor by human gingival fibroblasts.
AB  - In a previous report (Y. Ohmori, S. Hanazawa, S. Amano, T. Miyoshi, K. Hirose,
      and S. Kitano, infect. Immun. 55:947-954, 1987), we showed that human gingival
      fibroblasts spontaneously produce thymocyte-activating factor (FTAF), which
      stimulates mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation. In the present study, we
      examined the effect of Bacteroides gingivalis fimbriae on FTAF production by the
      cells, because the fimbriae may be involved in attachment of the organism to
      periodontal tissues. We show here that the fimbriae bind to the cells, which may
      subsequently lead to the stimulation of FTAF production by the cells.

PMID- 2891621
TI  - Influence of hCG treatment on the metabolism of progesterone and pregnenolone in
      vitro by the human undescended prepubertal testis.
AB  - Testicular biopsies were taken from 56 prepubertal and pubertal boys, aged 3-17
      years, with undescended testes. The biopsies were incubated in vitro with 3H
      progesterone or 3H-pregnenolone. Fifteen of the boys had been treated with human
      chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) prior to operation. Nine boys were operated on
      within 1 week of the last injection of hCG while the others were operated on
      between 12 days and 2 years after hCG treatment. In non-treated prepubertal boys
      very small amounts of substrate were converted by means of the enzymes 3 beta
      hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase and 17 alpha-hydroxylase and virtually no
      testosterone was produced. Immediately after treatment with hCG there was a large
      increase in the conversion of substrate by 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 3 beta
      hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase. Considerable amounts of testosterone were formed,
      especially from pregnenolone, while smaller amounts were formed from
      progesterone. This suggests that testosterone production occurred primarily via
      the delta 5 pathway, at least beyond the 17 alpha-hydroxylase-step. Within 2
      weeks of the last hCG injection, steroidogenic activity had decreased towards
      levels similar to those found in prepubertal testis from untreated boys. These
      observations indicate that hCG treatment of boys with undescended testes does not
      result in irreversible or even long-lasting stimulation of their steroidogenic
      function.

PMID- 2891622
TI  - Changes in the secretion of ABP into testicular interstitial fluid with age and
      in situations of impaired spermatogenesis.
AB  - Androgen-binding protein (ABP) was measured in serum and testicular interstitial
      fluid (IF) from rats during sexual maturation or in adult rats in which
      impairment of spermatogenesis had been induced by (i) testosterone withdrawal
      following Leydig cell destruction, (ii) local heating (43 degrees C) of the
      testes for 30 min or (iii) induction of unilateral cryptorchidism (UCD). The
      changes observed were related to the IF levels of testosterone and, in most
      instances, to the serum levels of FSH. The levels of ABP in serum and IF
      decreased together with age, being highest at 30 days, falling steeply by 40 days
      and then slowly but progressively up to 100 days of age. A similar pattern was
      observed for serum FSH, except that the initial fall occurred beyond 40 days of
      age. Treatment with EDS or exposure to local heating caused comparable reductions
      in testicular weight (25-30% by 7 days after treatment, 50% by 21-28 days) and
      raised the serum levels of FSH. In both groups the levels of ABP in IF were
      increased by two- to three-fold while the levels of testosterone were either
      reduced markedly (EDS-treatment) or remained unchanged (local heating). In rats
      made UCD for 60 days, the weight of the abdominal testis was reduced by 75%,
      compared with the contralateral scrotal testis, while the IF levels of ABP and
      testosterone were significantly increased (55%) and decreased (90%),
      respectively. Short-term (3 days) deprivation of testosterone in adult rats,
      following immunoneutralization of LH, was without significant effect on IF levels
      of ABP. It is concluded that ABP secretion into IF is increased in situations of
      subnormal (or sub-adult) numbers of germ cells and this is usually associated
      with high levels of FSH. Measurement of ABP levels in IF should prove of value
      for the monitoring of Sertoli cell function in vivo and may be of diagnostic use
      for the detection of changes in germ cell numbers.

PMID- 2891623
TI  - Cooling prevents ischaemic testicular damage after spermatic cord clamping in
      rats.
AB  - A controlled trial was conducted on four groups of seven rats to evaluate any
      beneficial effect of cooling to 15 degrees C on testicular ischaemia induced by
      clamping of the spermatic cord for 2, 4, 6 or 8 h. At operation the microscopic
      appearance of the testes on unclamping was a poor guide to ultimate viability,
      whereas by the third day macroscopic and microscopic appearances concurred. When
      killed on the third day, testicular histology demonstrated that increasing
      periods of clamping led to gross ischaemia and infarction when testes were
      maintained at 37 degrees C, and this was reduced greatly by testicular cooling.
      For each period of clamping, maintenance of spermatogenesis, expressed in terms
      of Johnsen's histological scores, was significant (P less than 0.01), being 2 (37
      degrees C) vs 5.3 (15 degrees C) for 8-h clamping. It is proposed that testicular
      cooling should be used during autotransplantation of testes in humans.

PMID- 2891624
TI  - Epidemiological features of HTLV-I carriers and incidence of ATL in an ATL
      endemic island: a report of the community-based co-operative study in Tsushima,
      Japan.
AB  - To extend the epidemiological study on adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) in
      Japan, the geographical and demographic characteristics of carriers of human T
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and patients with ATL were analyzed in
      Tsushima Island, which is one of the typical endemic areas of ATL in Kyushu,
      Japan. Even on the small island of Tsushima (710 km2; pop. 48,875; 123 villages),
      the positive rates of anti-HTLV-I antibody among the 58 villages studied varied
      from 2% to 50%, a fact that is probably associated with the historical events
      affecting the movement of the indigenous population of Tsushima Island. The
      positive rate of anti-HTLV-I antibody in males increased little with age;
      however, the female rate increased distinctly with age in moderate and high HTLV
      I-endemic villages where more than 15% of the inhabitants had positive anti-HTLV
      I antibody. Analysis of anti-HTLV-I antibody positivity between spouses confirmed
      that HTLV-I was more contagious from husband to wife than from wife to husband,
      which corresponded to the fact that the positive rate of anti-HTLV-I antibody in
      females older than 30 years was higher than that in males. Recently the rate of
      carrier children from HTLV-I carrier mothers was estimated at around 20%. The
      recent annual incidence rates of ATL among 1,000 HTLV-I carriers older than 40
      years living in Tsushima Island was estimated at 2.2 in males, 0.8 in females.

PMID- 2891625
TI  - Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I): a
      fifteen-year follow-up study in Okinawa, Japan.
AB  - Okinawa prefecture is one of the endemic areas for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
      (ATLL) in Japan. In this study, 2,013 serum specimens drawn serially over a
      period of 15 years (1968-1983) from 311 mother/child pairs in Okinawa were tested
      for antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and by indirect immunofluorescence. The prevalence rate of
      HTLV-I antibodies was 20.9% (65 cases) in the mothers and 3.2% (10 cases) in the
      children. Of the 65 seropositive mothers, 10 (15.4%) had seropositive children.
      This study revealed a significant difference between the prevalence rates of HTLV
      I antibodies in mothers and children. In addition, children born to seropositive
      mothers had acquired their HTLV-I antibodies by the age of 3 years, and were
      still seropositive at the age of 18 years. No initially seronegative child was
      found to have seroconverted during the period investigated.

PMID- 2891626
TI  - Transplacental induction of a specific mutation in fetal Ha-ras and its critical
      role in post-natal carcinogenesis.
AB  - Mouse skin tumors were produced after transplacental initiation [with 7,12
      dimethylbenz(a)anthracene], only when the skin was treated post-natally with a
      tumor-promoting agent (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate). DNA analysis of
      tumors showed that all carcinomas analyzed contained a specific mutation (A to T
      transversion) at the 61st codon of c-Ha-ras. Fifty per cent of the papillomas
      analyzed also had this same mutation. The A to T transversion at the 61st codon
      of Ha-ras was heterozygous in all positive papillomas and carcinomas. No such
      mutation was found when benzo(a)pyrene was used as an initiating agent. These
      results indicate that fetal c-Ha-ras can be transplacentally activated through a
      specific point mutation by a carcinogen, but a cell harboring such a mutation may
      remain dormant until it encounters a tumor-promoting stimulus.

PMID- 2891627
TI  - Melphalan-induced appearance of potent antitumor immune reactivity in tumor
      bearer lymphocytes co-expressing the Lyt 2 and the L3T4 antigens.
AB  - We have previously shown that Sephadex G-10-adherent spleen cells from mice
      bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor can suppress the in vitro generation of a primary
      anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxic response. Here we show that following low dose melphalan
      (L-phenylalanine mustard; L-PAM) therapy of such tumor bearing mice their
      Sephadex G-10-adherent spleen cells no longer suppressed but actually brought
      about the generation of enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity when added to the
      immunization culture of normal spleen cells and MOPC-315 tumor cells. This
      immunopotentiating activity of the Sephadex G-10-adherent spleen cells from L-PAM
      treated MOPC-315 tumor bearers was attributed to T-cells which co-express the Lyt
      2 and the L3T4 antigens based on results of experiments employing negative
      selection. Specifically, depletion of Lyt 2+ cells or of L3T4+ cells abolished
      the ability of the Sephadex G-10-adherent splenic cell population from L-PAM
      treated MOPC-315 tumor bearers to bring about the generation of enhanced
      antitumor cytotoxicity when added to the immunization culture of normal spleen
      cells. Moreover, the immunopotentiating activity was not restored when a
      population of Sephadex G-10-adherent spleen cells depleted of Lyt 2+ cells was
      admixed with a population of Sephadex G-10-adherent spleen cells depleted of
      L3T4+ cells. In light of the unusual phenotype of the immunopotentiating cells in
      the spleens of L-PAM treated MOPC-315 tumor bearing mice (i.e. Lyt 2+ L3T4+), and
      since the vast majority of thymocytes in normal adult BALB/c mice co-express the
      Lyt 2 and the L3T4 antigens, we evaluated the effect of low dose L-PAM therapy on
      the antitumor immune reactivity of thymocytes from MOPC-315 tumor bearing mice. A
      low dose of L-PAM was found to render thymocytes from MOPC-315 tumor bearers, but
      not from normal mice, capable of bringing about the generation of enhanced lytic
      activity when added to the immunization culture of normal spleen cells and MOPC
      315 tumor cells. At the same time, the thymocytes from L-PAM treated MOPC-315
      tumor bearers were unable to develop an antitumor cytotoxic response of their own
      when immunized in vitro in the absence of normal spleen cells. The possibility
      that the Lyt 2+ L3T4+ immunopotentiating cells in the spleens of L-PAM treated
      MOPC-315 tumor bearers represent immature cells that have been induced by the
      chemotherapy to migrate from the thymus into the spleen is discussed.

PMID- 2891628
TI  - Pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary disease.

PMID- 2891629
TI  - Varicocele: medical and surgical treatment.
AB  - Varicocele is the most frequent finding in male infertility. Thirty percent of
      infertile male patients requesting treatment present with varicocele. Between
      December 1971 and December 1984, 151 infertile patients presenting varicocele
      were treated in this study: 28 underwent medical treatment, 38 surgical
      treatment, and 23 both medical and surgical treatment. The spermograms of all the
      patients were studied before and after treatment. The following variables were
      considered: volume, sperm count, percentages of general motility and of grade III
      sperm, and of oval forms. There was not a significant statistical difference in
      the analysis of the spermogram parameters before and after treatment in the three
      groups. The pregnancy rate for the medical-surgical group was 60.9% and for the
      surgical group 47.4%--not a statistically significant difference. The purely
      medically treated group had a pregnancy rate of 25%, which is significantly lower
      than the other groups.

PMID- 2891631
TI  - The importance of laparoscopic coagulation of mild endometriosis in infertile
      women.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of fulguration of endometriotic implants in patients with
      mild endometriosis, we divided 123 patients into two groups: (A) patients whose
      endometriotic implants were coagulated, and (B) patients whose implants were left
      intact. In group A, 42 of 69 (60.8%) patients achieved a pregnancy within eight
      cycles following laparoscopic fulguration, in comparison with 10 of 54 (18.5%)
      patients from group B. The difference between this study and others is that all
      other infertility factors were meticulously corrected prior to laparoscopic
      treatment, and patients were allowed at least eight "normal" cycles before their
      endometriosis was treated. This is a report of 8 months' postoperative follow-up.
      The study was prospective and treatment was assigned randomly. We feel that
      laparoscopic fulguration significantly improves fertility in these carefully
      selected patients.

PMID- 2891630
TI  - Postcoital test abnormalities in relation to contraceptive use.
AB  - Abnormalities of cervical mucus can have a bearing on a woman's fertility. One
      means of detecting the presence of such abnormalities is the postcoital test
      (PCT). As part of a population-based case control study of risk factors for
      infertility, the reproductive, contraceptive, medical, and sexual histories of
      women seeking treatment for infertility who had abnormal PCT results were
      compared with those of fertile controls. A greater proportion of infertile women
      with an abnormal PCT had previously used a diaphragm than had control women
      (relative risk (RR) = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1-11.3). The excess risk associated with
      use of a diaphragm was particularly high for women who had used one for longer
      than one year (RR = 7.3, 95% CI = 1.4-37.8), or within one year of attempting to
      conceive (RR = 5.5, 95% CT = 1.4-22.1). No increased risk was associated with the
      use of other barrier methods, oral contraceptives, or the intrauterine device.

PMID- 2891632
TI  - Hysteroscopic evaluation and endocrinological aspects of women with mullerian
      anomalies and oligomenorrhea.
AB  - In a prospective study of 28 consecutive patients with oligomenorrhea, two had
      uterus didelphys, and the incidence of mild mullerian anomalies was 50.0%,
      assessed by hysterosalpingography (HSG). The objects of the study were (1) to
      confirm these mullerian anomalies hysteroscopically, (2) to assess the predictive
      value of an abnormal and a normal fundal contour on the HSG, and (3) to find
      anamnestic, chromosomal, or hormonal characteristics, if any, for women with
      oligomenorrhea and mullerian anomalies. Twelve patients underwent HSG followed by
      hysteroscopy, at which a septum or fundal convexity was confirmed in six out of
      seven patients in whom HSG had shown a mild to moderate indentation of the
      fundus, but showed no such sign in any of the five patients in the control group
      in whom the uterine contours had been normal on the HSG (P less than .01). There
      were no evident anamnestic, chromosomal, or hormonal characteristics for women
      having uterine developmental anomalies and oligomenorrhea, but there was a major
      or minor shift in certain androgenic metabolites in some of the patients in this
      group. It is concluded that HSG seems of great value in diagnosing uterine septa,
      but hysteroscopy afforded more precise information concerning the degree of
      fundal anomaly. Longitudinal, more standardized studies are needed for further
      elucidation of the etiology of the oligomenorrhea in these patients.

PMID- 2891633
TI  - Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and the genital mycoplasmas in a
      nonmetropolitan population.
AB  - Results of cultures from patients with nonspecific urethritis (NSU) during a 4
      year period were retrospectively analyzed. NSU cultures included chlamydiae and
      mycoplasmas. Seventy-five of 2,408 cultures run by the Missoula Community
      Hospital microbiology laboratory were positive for chlamydiae (3%). Seventy-five
      of 1,944 mycoplasma cultures were positive for Mycoplasma hominis (4%), 532 of
      1,944 for Ureaplasma urealyticum (27%), and 305 of 1,944, for both (15%), for a
      total of 46% culture positive for any genital mycoplasma. Results of a
      prospective study of 40 NSU patients' cultures were tabulated separately. From
      these 40 patients, no chlamydiae were isolated, but the cultures were 15%
      positive for M. hominis, 42% positive for U. urealyticum, and 10% positive for
      both. These studies suggest that the prevalence of chlamydiae may vary with
      patient population and geographic area. In our population, the mycoplasmas appear
      to be over 15 times as common (3% vs. 46%).

PMID- 2891634
TI  - Lack of correlation of ultrasonographically determined ovarian size with age,
      ponderal index, and hormonal factors in 45 patients with polycystic ovarian
      disease.
AB  - An ultrasonographic study was performed on 45 patients with polycystic ovarian
      disease. These patients demonstrated hirsutism, menstrual disturbances, or
      infertility, as well as an increased LH/FSH ratio and/or evidence of
      hyperandrogenemia. Ovarian size was not correlated with age, Ponderal Index,
      serum testosterone, prolactin, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or
      LH/FSH ratio in the 45 subjects studied.

PMID- 2891635
TI  - Initial experiences with subcutaneous pulsatile human menopausal gonadotropin
      administration: successful induction of ovulation in patients with polycystic
      ovarian disease.
AB  - Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) was administered to 10 patients with
      polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) who had failed to ovulate in response to
      clomiphene citrate. Five patients (group 1) were treated with intramuscular hMG
      injections daily, on an individually adjusted regimen. Five others (group 2) were
      stimulated with subcutaneous hMG in a pulsatile fashion by means of a portable
      infusion minipump. The pulse doses ranged between 3.5 and 7.7 IU FSH per pulse at
      a constant frequency of 90 minutes. Sixteen of 18 treatment cycles were
      ovulatory, 9 under intramuscular, and 7 under subcutaneous treatment. A total of
      two patients conceived with singleton pregnancies, one in each treatment group.
      Neither ovarian hyperstimulation nor complications of injections were noted. The
      amount of subcutaneous hMG required to achieve ovulation was significantly less
      (46.5%; P less than .001) than that needed with intramuscular administration.
      However, there were no differences in the duration of stimulation periods, the
      lengths of luteal phases, or serum E2 and gonadotropin levels between the groups.
      In conclusion, pulsatile subcutaneous hMG administration may be an alternative
      delivery mode for patients with PCOD.

PMID- 2891636
TI  - Cyclic fluctuations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide measured
      radioimmunologically in various regions of the human fallopian tube.
AB  - Levels of the neuropeptide VIP were measured by radioimmunoassay in the isthmus,
      ampulla, and fimbriated end of the human fallopian tube during the follicular,
      ovulatory, and luteal phases as defined by plasma estradiol and progesterone
      concentrations. The regional concentration of VIP was in the order isthmus
      greater than ampulla greater than fimbriae. The VIP concentration increased by
      170% from the follicular through the ovulatory to the luteal phase in the
      isthmus. Such a tendency was seen also in the ampulla when the peptide level was
      expressed in terms of the total regional content. In fact, when expressed as
      total content, VIP was highest in the ampulla at all cyclic stages. Since there
      are no major fluctuations in the water content of the tubal tissues in the three
      phases, the observed changes in VIP levels represent real fluctuations at the
      neural level in a manner similar to that previously shown for the
      neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

PMID- 2891637
TI  - Cryptorchidism: a morphological study of 670 biopsies.
AB  - Among a series of 512 boys with an empty scrotum, 495 (96.7%) were found to have
      cryptorchidism, 4 had ectopia and 13 unilateral anorchia. Cryptorchidism was
      bilateral in 106 boys (21.4%). The only anomaly consistently associated with
      cryptorchidism was a detached epididymis, present in 31 patients. A total of 670
      biopsies were studied, 441 of which came from cryptorchid and 229 from scrotal
      testes. Spermatogonial counts, performed according to Mancini's method, showed
      the germ cell population to be diminished in nearly all cryptorchid testes. The
      seven boys who still had a well preserved germ cell population were found in a
      group of 51 patients operated before age three; four of the seven boys with
      normal counts were below age one. No difference in the mean spermatogonial counts
      was found between uni- und bilateral cryptorchidism and ectopia, with the
      exception of bilaterally intraabdominal testes whose spermatogonial cell loss was
      particularly severe. Mean counts remained constant during childhood, no gradual
      increase with age having been observed. The scrotal testes in unilateral
      cryptorchidism showed cell loss in 30.1% of the cases, the germ cell depletion
      being severe in one out of every six cases. In the remaining scrotal testes, the
      counts were in the low normal range with a significantly lower mean than that
      found in scrotal testes associated with anorchia. Control biopsies were performed
      several months or years after orchidopexy in 18 boys with unilateral and in 24
      boys with bilateral cryptorchidism. Orchidopexy does not improve the number of
      germ cells in either originally cryptorchid or in scrotal testes, the only
      postoperative change being an increase in tubular diameter. A search for
      malignant tumours which could have developed in this series has remained
      negative. According to our data, no optimal time for orchidopexy can be proposed.
      The damage to germ cells, once established, seems to remain unchanged during
      childhood at least after age three, and does not warrant special timing for
      operative correction of cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2891638
TI  - MEN-2 syndrome: the value of screening and central registration; a study of six
      kindreds in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2891639
TI  - Characteristics of a family with the MEN-2A syndrome.

PMID- 2891640
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A: a Northern Ireland and Australian family.

PMID- 2891641
TI  - Screening for early asymptomatic pheochromocytoma in MEN-2.

PMID- 2891642
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin in MEN-2 and sporadic
      pheochromocytomas: an immunohistochemical study.

PMID- 2891643
TI  - Clinical value of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen doubling times in
      medullary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2891644
TI  - Subtotal adrenalectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.

PMID- 2891645
TI  - Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and micronodules in close relatives of MEN-2A
      patients: pitfalls in early diagnosis and reevaluation of criteria for surgery.

PMID- 2891646
TI  - Immunohistochemistry in medullary thyroid carcinoma: prognosis and distinction
      between hereditary and sporadic tumors.

PMID- 2891647
TI  - Plasma and tumor levels of somatostatin (SRIF) and somatostatin immunochemistry
      in medullary thyroid carcinoma: apparently discrepant preliminary results.

PMID- 2891648
TI  - Different mechanisms of calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and
      somatostatin regulation by glucocorticoids in a cell culture of human medullary
      thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2891650
TI  - Application of minisatellite DNA probes to linkage in MEN-2.

PMID- 2891649
TI  - Studies of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A syndrome: linkage analyses and
      comparison of constitutional and tumor genotypes.

PMID- 2891651
TI  - One large kindred excludes a locus for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A from
      about 25% of the human autosomal genetic map.

PMID- 2891653
TI  - The Second International Workshop on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
      Syndromes. Cambridge, England, September 17-20, 1986. Proceedings.

PMID- 2891652
TI  - Where is the locus for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A?

PMID- 2891654
TI  - Impact of prospective screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.

PMID- 2891655
TI  - Screening in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2891656
TI  - Ultracytochemical localizations of adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase and
      cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity on the trophoblast in the
      human placenta. Direct histochemical evidence.
AB  - Ultracytochemical localizations of cyclic nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes, namely
      adenylate cyclase (AC), guanylate cyclase (GC) and cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase (PDE), have been demonstrated in the human term placenta. AC
      activity was found positive on the basal plasma membrane of the
      syncytiotrophoblast and on the pinocytotic vesicle of the fetal capillary
      endothelial cell. GC activity was observed to be strong on the plasma membrane of
      the microvilli of the syncytiotrophoblast. The cAMP PDE activity was shown
      positive both on the basal plasma membrane and on the microvillous membrane,
      while cGMP PDE activity was exclusively confined to the microvilli of the
      syncytiotrophoblast. These observations suggest that the syncytiotrophoblast
      plays an important role in the cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the human term
      placenta and that there might be significant functional differences between its
      basal plasma membrane and its microvillous membrane.

PMID- 2891658
TI  - Protect our children.

PMID- 2891657
TI  - Alteration in hematopoietic stem cell seeding and proliferation by both high and
      low dose rate irradiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro.
AB  - The mechanism of physiologic alteration by high (HDR) or low dose rate (LDR) (5
      or 120 cGy/min) irradiation of plateau-phase bone marrow stromal cell cultures
      was investigated using a technique of in vitro bone marrow transplantation.
      Purified stromal cell cultures from C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, or (C57BL/6J X DBA2/J)F1
      (B6D2F1) mouse marrow were irradiated to doses of 2.5 to 10 Gy at LDR or 10-100
      Gy at HDR and were then engrafted in vitro with nonadherent hematopoietic cells
      from murine continuous bone marrow cultures. Parameters of engraftment
      quantitated included: (1) numbers of adherent proliferating hematopoietic cell
      colonies, "cobblestone islands" (2) cumulative production of nonadherent
      hematopoietic cells over 8 weeks after engraftment, (3) M-CSF, GM-CSF and multi
      CSF (IL-3) dependent hematopoietic progenitor cells forming greater than or equal
      to 50 cell colonies in semisolid medium, (4) cumulative production of CFUs, and
      (5) number of adherent stromal cells positive for detectable extracellular
      laminin or collagen type IV (markers of endothelial cells, reticular adventitial
      cells, or sinus lining cells). There was a decrease in cobblestone island
      formation between 5 and 10 Gy and this parameter possibly increased at doses of
      50 and 100 Gy. There was no difference between HDR and LDR irradiation to 10 Gy.
      Irradiation to doses above 10 Gy decreased support of engrafted cells forming CFU
      GM and CFU-GEMM. Measures of CFUs after 10 Gy were variable but indicated a
      possible increase with HDR and no effect of LDR at 1 week and a decrease in both
      HDR and LDR groups at 3 weeks after engraftment. Thus, LDR and HDR irradiation in
      vitro alter several specific parameters of marrow stromal cell support for
      engrafted hematopoietic stem cells.

PMID- 2891660
TI  - Evaluating capitation payments.

PMID- 2891659
TI  - The viewbox. Blastomycosis.

PMID- 2891661
TI  - Hold harmless agreements. Benefits and drawbacks.

PMID- 2891663
TI  - Colorectal carcinomas.

PMID- 2891662
TI  - Surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2891664
TI  - Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2891665
TI  - Cancer of the trachea.

PMID- 2891666
TI  - Dr. Charles Chandler of Chandlerville.

PMID- 2891667
TI  - Adolescent sexuality.

PMID- 2891668
TI  - What is a Certified Medical Assistant?

PMID- 2891669
TI  - [International Confederation of Midwives, 21st Congress].

PMID- 2891670
TI  - Induction of preleukemic stage of adult T cell leukemia-like disease in rabbits.
AB  - Two HTLV-I-carrying T cell lines were prepared from peripheral lymphocytes of a
      virus-infected (B/J X Chbb:HM) F1 rabbit, and these cells were inoculated
      intraperitoneally into 5 newborn F1 rabbits. These animals were killed 3-5 weeks
      later. Their leukocyte counts were higher than those in normal control animals,
      with abnormal lymphocytes amounting to 3-5% of total leukocytes. Histological
      examination showed leukemic infiltration in liver, spleen, lung and kidneys of
      all these animals. The peripheral lymphocytes at first lacked HTLV-I antigens,
      but became antigen-positive after in vitro culture. Southern blot analysis of
      these cells revealed HTLV-I integration patterns different from those of the
      inoculated cells.

PMID- 2891671
TI  - HTLV-I carrier mothers with high-titer antibody are at high risk as a source of
      infection.
AB  - High-titer antibody against HTLV-I in carrier mothers is proposed as a secondary
      parameter for risk of viral transmission to the children via milk. For titration
      of antibodies, a less expensive modified gelatin particle agglutination assay
      (approximately 40% of the standard cost) was developed. None of 11 carrier
      mothers with antibody titers of less than 4000 had carrier children, whereas 11
      out of 17 mothers with titers of 256,000 or higher had carrier children. The
      antibody titer was correlated with antigen-bearing cells detectable in cultures
      of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes, which was previously described as a marker of
      risk for transferring HTLV-I to children.

PMID- 2891672
TI  - Decreased sensitivity to phalloidin of aged F344/DuCrj rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The phalloidin sensitivity of hepatocytes resulting in the formation of
      cytoplasmic blebs was examined with cells isolated from 73- to 74-week-old and 99
      to 100-week-old F344/DuCrj rats of both sexes by a collagenase perfusion method.
      The cells isolated from aged rats were less sensitive to the toxin than those
      obtained from 10- to 14-week-old rats. The decrease in the sensitivity was more
      marked in males than in females, and it appeared at an earlier age in the former
      than in the latter. Phalloidin consumption experiments showed decreases in the
      cellular uptake of the toxin in aged rats, and these were more marked in males
      than in females. The low cellular uptake of the toxin seemed to play an important
      role in the low sensitivity of the cells in aged rats. Although histological and
      histochemical examinations showed the development of foci of altered hepatocytes
      in the aged rat liver, the foci were estimated to account for less than 1.5% of
      liver tissues. Thus, the decrease in the sensitivity of the cells isolated from
      whole liver tissues might mainly be attributed to the decrease in the sensitivity
      of otherwise normal-looking hepatocytes.

PMID- 2891673
TI  - Effect of the repartitioning agent cimaterol on growth, carcass and skeletal
      muscle characteristics in lambs.
AB  - Ten crossbred (Suffolk X Rambouillet) whether lambs were randomly assigned to
      receive 0 or 10 ppm cimaterol (CIM) in a completely mixed high-concentrate diet
      for 8 wk. Total weight gain and feed efficiency were improved 29% (P less than
      .05) and 14%, respectively, in the CIM-fed group. CIM also improved (P less than
      .01) dressing percent by 4.9 percentage points and improved yield grade by one
      grade. CIM increased longissimus muscle (LD) area 38% (P less than .01) and the
      yield of four lean cuts 28% (P less than .01). No difference was found in the
      proportion of type I (slow-contracting, oxidative) and type II (fast-contracting,
      mixed glycolytic/oxidative) fibers in LD and semitendinosus (ST) muscles between
      control and CIM groups, indicating no change in fiber type. The cross-sectional
      area of type II fibers in LD and ST muscles of the CIM group was 2,081 and 1,951
      micron 2 as compared with 1,391 and 1,296 micron2 of the control group,
      respectively. The increase was approximately 50% (P less than .01). No difference
      was found in cross-sectional area of type I fibers, indicating that the increase
      of muscle mass was due to hypertrophy of type II fibers only. DNA concentration
      (micrograms/g wet muscle or microgram/g protein) of CIM muscle was much lower (P
      less than .01) than that of control muscle, suggesting that the protein accretion
      in muscle was accomplished without additional incorporation of nuclei from
      satellite cells.

PMID- 2891674
TI  - Cholinergic neuromodulation by prostaglandin D2 in canine airway smooth muscle.
AB  - To determine whether prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) modulates cholinergic
      neurotransmission in airway smooth muscle and, if so, what the mechanism of
      action is, we studied bronchial segments from dogs under isometric conditions in
      vitro. PGD2 (10(-8)-10(-5) M) elicited dose-dependent muscle contraction, which
      was reduced after blockade of muscarinic receptors, so that 50% effective dose
      (ED50) increased from 1.3 +/- 0.3 X 10(-6) to 3.9 +/- 1.0 X 10(-6) M by atropine
      (10(-6) M) (mean +/- SE, P less than 0.05). Physostigmine, at a concentration
      insufficient to alter base-line tension (10(-8) M), enhanced the PGD2-induced
      contraction and decreased ED50 to 6.4 +/- 0.5 X 10(-7) M (P less than 0.05). When
      added at the highest doses that did not cause spontaneous contraction (1.9 +/-
      0.5 X 10(-7) M), PGD2 increased the contractile response to electrical field
      stimulation (1-50 Hz) by 21.9 +/- 6.6% (P less than 0.001). In contrast to this
      effect, the response to administered acetylcholine was not affected by PGD2. On
      the other hand, PGD2-induced augmentation of the response to electrical field
      stimulation (5 Hz) was further increased from 23.6 +/- 3.0 to 70.4 +/- 8.8% in
      the presence of physostigmine (10(-8) M) and was abolished by atropine but not
      affected by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine or the histamine H1
      blocker pyrilamine. These results suggest that the contraction of airway smooth
      muscle induced by PGD2 is in in part mediated by a cholinergic action and that
      PGD2 prejunctionally augments the parasympathetic contractile response, likely
      involving the accelerated release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2891676
TI  - Characterization of glutamic acid uptake by bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial
      cells.
AB  - L-Glutamic acid uptake by bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in culture
      increased linearly with time up to 30 min and did not show saturation with
      increased substrate concentration up to 6 X 10(-3) M. The uptake per cell
      decreased as cell density increased and was lowest when the cells became fully
      confluent. Most of the uptake was sodium dependent, although the relative
      contribution of sodium-independent uptake increased with an increase in cell
      density. Cysteic and aspartic acid strongly inhibited L-glutamic acid uptake, but
      at higher cell densities this effect was less pronounced than at low densities.
      Other amino acids, including leucine, glutamine, and serine, exerted a modest
      inhibitory effect at both high and low cell densities. Thus pulmonary arterial
      endothelial cells contain similar membrane transport systems for L-glutamic acid
      as those previously described for fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and nerve cells.
      However, quantitative properties of the transport systems differ depending on the
      state of cellular density in monolayers.

PMID- 2891675
TI  - Exercise training and the arterial baroreflex.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that endurance training would attenuate the carotid sinus
      baroreflex in rats, studies were undertaken with 25 nontrained (NT) and 22
      trained (T) male Sprague-Dawley rats that were exercised for 11-14 wk. Maximal O2
      consumption was significantly increased 10% after training. The left carotid
      sinus region was functionally isolated in anesthetized animals. Subsequently,
      static carotid sinus pressure was raised in 20-Torr increments from 95 Torr until
      a maximal response in systemic arterial pressure and regional blood flows was
      recorded. Compared with the NT group, baroreflex control of blood pressure and
      calculated regional resistance of the T animals was less responsive to changes in
      carotid sinus pressure. Resting blood pressure, heart rate, and changes in
      peripheral blood flow velocity were similar for the two groups. Peripheral
      sensitivity to phenylephrine-HCl and hexamethonium bromide were also similar in
      the T and NT groups. It was concluded that the arterial baroreflex control of
      blood pressure was attenuated by exercise training. These findings support the
      concept that the trained individual is at disadvantage during hypotensive
      episodes and that endurance training will attenuate the sympathetic component of
      the arterial baroreflex.

PMID- 2891678
TI  - Medium vessel vasculitis of cutaneous type.

PMID- 2891677
TI  - Effect of hyperoxia on glutathione levels and glutamic acid uptake in endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Intracellular glutathione was increased by 80% after exposure of bovine pulmonary
      arterial endothelial cells to 80% O2 (hyperoxia) for 24 h. No change in
      glutathione occurred in cells exposed to hypoxia (3% O2) for a corresponding
      period of time. The rate of uptake of [3H]glutamic acid also increased by 35-55%
      after 24 h of exposure of cells to hyperoxia, whereas exposure to hypoxia had no
      effect on the [3H]glutamic acid uptake. The increase in glutamic acid uptake
      reflected a specific effect on amino acid transport systems rather than a change
      in cell membrane permeability. The major portion of the increased uptake was
      inhibited by the elimination of sodium and the addition of the competitive
      inhibitor, cystine, to the incubation medium. Thus increases in glutamic acid
      uptake parallel increases in cellular glutathione, and glutamic acid may be a
      regulating factor in the increase in glutathione after exposure to hyperoxia.

PMID- 2891679
TI  - Temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant with an altered initiation codon of
      the uncG gene for the H+-ATPase gamma subunit.
AB  - A mutant of Escherichia coli showing temperature-sensitive growth on succinate
      was isolated, and its mutation in the initiation codon (ATG to ATA) of the uncG
      gene (coding for the gamma subunit of H+-ATPase F0F1) was identified. This strain
      could grow on succinate as the sole carbon source at 25 and 30 degrees C, but not
      at 37 or 42 degrees C. When this strain was grown at 25 degrees C on succinate or
      glycerol, its membranes had about 15% of the ATPase activity of wild-type
      membranes, whereas when it was grown at 42 degrees C, its membranes had about 2%
      of the wild-type ATPase activity. Membranes of the mutant grown at 25 or 42
      degrees C could bind F1 functionally, resulting in about 40% of the specific
      activity of wild-type membranes. The gamma subunit was identified in an EDTA
      extract of membranes of the mutant grown at 25 degrees C, but was barely
      detectable in the same amount of extract from the mutant grown at 42 degrees C.
      These results indicate that initiation of protein synthesis from the AUA codon is
      temperature sensitive and that the gamma subunit is essential for assembly of F1
      in vivo as shown by in vitro reconstitution experiments (S. D. Dunn and M. Futai,
      J. Biol. Chem. 255:113-118, 1980).

PMID- 2891680
TI  - Molecular analysis and regulation of the glnA gene of the gram-positive anaerobe
      Clostridium acetobutylicum.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a 2.0-kilobase DNA segment containing the Clostridium
      acetobutylicum glnA gene was determined. The upstream region of the glnA gene
      contained two putative extended promoter consensus sequences (p1 and p2),
      characteristic of gram-positive bacteria. A third putative extended gram-positive
      promoter consensus sequence (p3), oriented towards the glnA gene, was detected
      downstream of the structural gene. The sequences containing the proposed promoter
      regions p1 and p2 or p3 were shown to have promoter activity by subcloning into
      promoter probe vectors. The complete amino acid sequence (444 residues) of the C.
      acetobutylicum glutamine synthetase (GS) was deduced, and comparisons were made
      with the reported amino acid sequences of GS from other organisms. To determine
      whether the putative promoter p3 and a downstream region with an extensive
      stretch of inverted repeat sequences were involved in regulation of C.
      acetobutylicum glnA gene expression by nitrogen in Escherichia coli, deletion
      plasmids were constructed lacking p3 and various downstream sequences. Deletion
      of the putative promoter p3 and downstream inverted repeat sequences affected the
      regulation of GS and reduced the levels of GS approximately fivefold under
      nitrogen-limiting conditions but did not affect the repression of GS levels in
      cells grown under nitrogen-excess conditions.

PMID- 2891681
TI  - Sequential regulation of developmental events during polar morphogenesis in
      Caulobacter crescentus: assembly of pili on swarmer cells requires cell
      separation.
AB  - Pili, along with the flagellum and DNA bacteriophage receptors, are structural
      markers for polar morphogenesis in Caulobacter crescentus. Pili act as primary
      receptors for a number of small, C. crescentus-specific DNA and RNA
      bacteriophages, and the timing of pilus-dependent adsorption of bacteriophage
      phiCb5 in synchronized cell populations has led to the general conclusion that
      pili are formed coordinately with the flagellum and other polar surface
      structures in the predivisional cell. The use of rotary platinum shadow casting
      and electron microscopy as a direct assay for formation of flagella and pili in
      synchronous cell cultures now shows, however, that when expressed as fractions of
      the swarmer cell cycle, flagella are assembled on the predivisional cells at
      approximately 0.8 and that pili are assembled on the new swarmer cells at
      approximately 0.1 of the next cell cycle. Adsorption of pilus-specific
      bacteriophage phiCb5 prevented the loss of pili from swarmer cells during
      development, which suggests that these structures are retracted at the time of
      stalk formation. Examination of temperature-sensitive cell division mutants
      showed that the assembly of pili depends on completion of cell separation. These
      results indicate that the stage-specific events required for polar morphogenesis
      in C. crescentus occur sequentially, rather than coordinately in the cell cycle,
      and that the timing of these events reflects the order of underlying cell cycle
      steps.

PMID- 2891682
TI  - Use of lac fusions to measure in vivo regulation of expression of Escherichia
      coli proton-translocating ATPase (unc) genes.
AB  - In-frame fusions to lacZ were constructed in two adjacent genes of the unc operon
      of Escherichia coli, uncA and uncG, which code for the alpha and gamma subunits
      of the proton-translocating ATPase. After each fusion was moved into the E. coli
      chromosome, measurement of beta-galactosidase activities from single-copy genes
      showed that uncA was expressed significantly better in vivo than was uncG, but
      the relative expression dependent on the chromosomal location of each fusion and
      the presence or absence of other unc genes.

PMID- 2891683
TI  - Treatment-resistant mania with primary hypothyroidism: a case of recovery after
      levothyroxine.
AB  - A manic-depressive woman was unresponsive to treatment with lithium and
      neuroleptics during a period of mania. Additional levothyroxine treatment of her
      primary hypothyroidism resulted in rapid and complete recovery from her mania.

PMID- 2891684
TI  - Long-term anxiolytic therapy: the issue of drug withdrawal.
AB  - Although widespread use has confirmed their efficacy as anxiolytic agents, the
      benzodiazepine drugs are indicated only for short-term or intermittent therapy at
      as low a therapeutic dose as possible because of their liability for causing
      dependence or abuse. When first introduced, benzodiazepine drugs appeared to be
      therapeutically equal or superior to barbiturate agents, while causing fewer side
      effects, being safer in overdose, and producing fewer dependence and abuse
      problems. Although benzodiazepine drugs have become the most commonly prescribed
      anxiolytic agents, evidence has emerged that their use in long-term therapy can
      cause severe withdrawal problems, even when relatively low doses are used or when
      the drug is discontinued gradually. Based on results from both animal models and
      clinical investigations, buspirone appears to be as effective in treating anxiety
      as the benzodiazepine drugs while causing fewer withdrawal problems. Data suggest
      no appreciable propensity to cause physical dependence or abuse associated with
      buspirone therapy. The drug demonstrates no cross-tolerance with either the
      barbiturate agents or the benzodiazepine drugs and seems to be a dysphoriant at
      high doses rather than a euphoriant. Although buspirone seems to be an
      appropriate drug for patients requiring longer-term anxiolytic therapy, careful
      monitoring for withdrawal problems and other adverse side effects is essential as
      buspirone is introduced to successive markets.

PMID- 2891685
TI  - Accident- and injury-related health-care utilization among benzodiazepine users
      and nonusers.
AB  - Benzodiazepine tranquilizers have been found to cause psychomotor and cognitive
      impairment, and there is evidence of an increased rate of automobile accidents
      among users of these drugs. To determine whether benzodiazepine users are more
      likely than nonusers to experience accidental injury requiring medical attention,
      we examined health-care utilization among 7,271 such users and an age- and sex
      matched sample of 65,439 nonusers, all of whom were enrolled in an "HMO-like"
      health insurance plan. Benzodiazepine users and nonusers were identified through
      a review of 4 months' prescription drug claims. Six months' health-care claims
      for each user and nonuser subsequent to the first observed claim for a
      benzodiazepine or nonbenzodiazepine agent, respectively, were compiled. Claims
      related to accidents were identified on the basis of physician-recorded
      diagnoses. Our results indicate that benzodiazepine users were significantly (p
      less than .01) more likely than nonusers to experience (1) at least one accident
      related episode of care; (2) a greater number of accident-related hospital
      admissions; and (3) a greater number of accident-related inpatient days. Accident
      related utilization was also significantly higher when users had recently filled
      a prescription for a benzodiazepine agent. Benzodiazepine users, however, also
      utilized significantly more non-accident-related health-care services than
      nonusers. The nature of the association between benzodiazepine use and a higher
      accident-related utilization is thus unclear. A pretest-posttest study is now
      being undertaken to ascertain the significance of these findings.

PMID- 2891686
TI  - Effects of minor tranquilizers and antidepressants on psychomotor performance.
AB  - Results of laboratory and epidemiologic studies have raised concern that
      psychotropic drugs may contribute to accidents. This article reviews studies of
      the effects of minor tranquilizer and antidepressant drugs on psychomotor
      performance. Data clearly demonstrate that the most commonly prescribed
      tranquilizer, diazepam, impairs many aspects of psychomotor performance for
      several hours after dosing, and there is no evidence that behavioral tolerance
      develops with continued drug use or that patients are differently affected than
      nonpatients. Lorazepam similarly impairs psychomotor performance. Other
      frequently prescribed benzodiazepine drugs have not been sufficiently examined to
      warrant conclusions about their psychomotor effects. A newly marketed
      nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, buspirone, has been shown to have few effects on
      performance skills. Only one antidepressant, amitriptyline, has been studied
      thoroughly enough to conclude that it impairs psychomotor performance. The few
      studies of other, newer antidepressants suggest they may cause less impairment;
      however, more research is needed to confirm this.

PMID- 2891687
TI  - Consent and liability: special problems with anxiolytics.
AB  - The use of benzodiazepine anxiolytic therapy has sometimes been associated with
      certain adverse reactions. The authors discuss the extent to which the clinician
      is responsible for warning patients that benzodiazepine therapy may result in
      addiction, withdrawal problems, and/or impaired cognitive and motor skills. The
      development of new anxiolytics such as buspirone, which seem to exert less effect
      on cognitive and motor skills and lack addiction potential (and thus withdrawal
      problems), presents the clinician with a treatment alternative. The authors
      review two legal cases involving benzodiazepine-induced driving impairment and
      discuss whether the clinician is obligated to prescribe the agent that generally
      demonstrates the least interference with such common activities as driving.
      Primary issues that arise in the discussion of physician responsibility are
      informed consent (both verbal and written) and the documentation of all treatment
      decisions. The authors recommend quality care and individualized treatment to
      avoid liability.

PMID- 2891688
TI  - Antianxiety therapy: potential value of long-term treatment.
AB  - Although short-term therapy for patients with anxiety disorders has been the
      accepted mode of therapy, it has become increasingly evident that certain
      patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and chronic illness
      may require longer-term therapy. Therapeutic goals for such patients include
      reducing anxiety symptoms, returning the patient to normal or near-normal
      functioning, and improving quality of life. Clinicians must choose the
      appropriate drug regimen with regard to duration, continuous versus intermittent
      treatment, and administration on a daily versus as-needed basis. Because of the
      nature of some anxiety disorders, intermittent therapy very often may be
      preferred. Benzodiazepines are highly effective and safe anxiolytics, but with
      continuous use these agents have demonstrated psychologic and physical dependence
      problems. Other agents, such as tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors, also relieve anxiety, although they have been shown to be unsuited
      for indiscriminate use. Buspirone, a newer anxiolytic, seems to be both effective
      and without abuse or dependence potential. In all cases, the prudent clinician
      should combine good patient management within the context of a good doctor
      patient relationship.

PMID- 2891689
TI  - Serial plasma prolactin levels in neuroleptic-induced galactorrhea: a case
      report.
AB  - A patient was successfully treated with bromocriptine for neuroleptic-induced
      galactorrhea. The correlations of the weekly plasma prolactin levels with the
      severity of galactorrhea (p less than .005) and with the duration of treatment (p
      less than .001) were highly significant. Because symptomatic relief occurs an
      average of 6 to 8 weeks after initiation of pharmacotherapy, clinicians presently
      manage neuroleptic-induced galactorrhea by trial and error. The authors suggest
      that weekly plasma prolactin levels may provide a readily obtainable, early
      indicator of proper dosage and thus minimize the chance of iatrogenic illness.

PMID- 2891690
TI  - "Noncomplainers" or "noncompliers".

PMID- 2891691
TI  - Injection site leakage of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2891693
TI  - The properties of hybrid F1-ATPase enzymes suggest that a cyclical catalytic
      mechanism involving three catalytic sites occurs.
AB  - Maximal rates of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by F1-ATPase enzymes are known to
      involve strong positive catalytic site cooperativity. There are three potential
      catalytic nucleotide-binding sites on F1. Two important and unanswered questions
      are (i) whether all three potential catalytic sites must interact cooperatively
      to yield maximal rates of ATP hydrolysis and (ii) whether a cyclical three-site
      mechanism operates as suggested by several authors. We have studied these two
      questions here by measuring the ATPase activities of hybrid enzymes containing
      normal beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-subunits together with different
      combinations of mutant and normal alpha-subunits. The mutant alpha-subunits were
      derived from uncA401, uncA447, and uncA453 mutant E. coli F1-ATPase, in which
      positive cooperativity between catalytic sites is strongly attenuated by defined
      mis-sense mutations. Our data show that three normal catalytic sites are required
      to interact in order to achieve maximal ATPase rates and suggest that a cyclical
      mechanism does operate. Hybrid enzyme containing one-third mutant alpha-subunit
      and two-thirds normal alpha-subunits had substantial but submaximal activity,
      showing that cooperativity between three sites in a noncyclical fashion, or
      between pairs of sites, can achieve effective catalysis.

PMID- 2891692
TI  - Isolation and sequence of the promoter region of the human multidrug-resistance
      (P-glycoprotein) gene.
AB  - Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance is an important problem in cancer
      therapy. Multidrug resistance results from overexpression of the MDR 1 gene,
      which encodes a drug-efflux pump called P-glycoprotein. We have isolated a 1
      kilobase genomic fragment containing the major transcription initiation sites for
      the human MDR 1 gene. Ribonuclease protection experiments using this fragment
      indicate that normal human adrenal, colon, and liver cells, the human hepatoma
      cell line HepG2, and vinblastine-selected human KB multidrug-resistant cells
      initiate transcription of the MDR 1 gene at the same site within this fragment.
      The 0.43-kilobase region upstream from the major transcription initiation site
      linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene showed promoter activity in
      CV-1 monkey kidney cells and in human KB cells. The putative promoter region has
      a consensus CAAT box and two GC box-like sequences, but no TATA sequence. This
      identification and isolation of promoter sequences for the MDR 1 gene will permit
      studies on how expression of this gene is regulated in normal human tissues and
      cancers.

PMID- 2891694
TI  - Mutation of a conserved glycine residue modifies the vanadate sensitivity of the
      plasma membrane H+-ATPase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - The structural gene pma+1 for the H+-ATPase from the fission yeast
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been isolated and sequenced. The intron-less gene
      encodes for a protein of Mr = 99,769 which is 75% homologous to those of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa. The S. pombe pma+1 gene
      complements not only S. pombe pma-1-1 but also S. cerevisiae pma-1-4 mutants
      selected for in vitro vanadate-resistant ATPase activity. The sequence of the S.
      pombe mutant pma-1-1 allele reveals that the glycine residue 268, which is
      perfectly conserved in the transduction domain of all animal and fungal transport
      ATPases sequenced so far, is modified into an aspartate residue by the mutation.
      Replacement of glycine 268 by aspartate has been monitored by the appearance of a
      new PvuI restriction site in the mutant DNA. Mitotic cosegregation has been
      observed between the PvuI site and vanadate-resistant ATPase activity in a
      growing population of S. pombe transformants.

PMID- 2891695
TI  - Characterization of the cyclic AMP-independent actions of somatostatin in GH
      cells. I. An increase in potassium conductance is responsible for both the
      hyperpolarization and the decrease in intracellular free calcium produced by
      somatostatin.
AB  - The neuropeptide somatostatin causes membrane hyperpolarization and reduces the
      intracellular free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in GH pituitary cells. In
      this study, we have used the fluorescent dyes bisoxonol (bis,-(1,3
      diethylthiobarbiturate)-trimethineoxonol) and quin2 to elucidate the mechanisms
      by which these ionic effects are triggered. Addition of 100 nM somatostatin to
      GH4C1 cells caused a 3.4 mV hyperpolarization and a 26% decrease in [Ca2+]i
      within 30 s. These effects were not accompanied by changes in intracellular cAMP
      concentrations and occurred in cells containing either basal or maximally
      elevated cAMP levels. To determine which of the major permeant ions were involved
      in these actions of somatostatin, we examined its ability to elicit changes in
      the membrane potential and the [Ca2+]i when the transmembrane concentration
      gradients for Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and K+ were individually altered. Substitution of
      impermeant organic ions for Na+ or Cl- did not block either the hyperpolarization
      or the decrease in [Ca2+]i induced by somatostatin. Decreasing extracellular Ca2+
      from 1 mM to 250 nM abolished the reduction in [Ca2+]i but did not prevent the
      hyperpolarization response. These results show that hyperpolarization was not
      primarily due to changes in the conductances of Na+, Cl-, or Ca2+. Although the
      somatostatin-induced decrease in [Ca2+]i did require Ca2+ influx, it was
      independent of changes in Na+ or Cl- conductance. In contrast, elevating the
      extracellular [K+] from 4.6 to 50 mM completely blocked both the somatostatin
      induced hyperpolarization and the reduction in [Ca2+]i. Furthermore,
      hyperpolarization of the cells with gramicidin mimicked the effect of
      somatostatin to decrease the [Ca2+]i and prevented any additional effect by the
      hormone. These results indicate that somatostatin increases a K+ conductance,
      which hyperpolarizes GH4C1 cells, and thereby secondarily decreases Ca2+ influx.
      Since the somatostatin-induced decrease in [Ca2+]i is independent of changes in
      intracellular cAMP levels, it may be responsible for somatostatin inhibition of
      hormone secretion by its cAMP-independent mechanism.

PMID- 2891696
TI  - Characterization of the cyclic AMP-independent actions of somatostatin in GH
      cells. II. An increase in potassium conductance initiates somatostatin-induced
      inhibition of prolactin secretion.
AB  - The neuropeptide somatostatin inhibits prolactin release from GH4C1 pituitary
      cells via two mechanisms, inhibition of stimulated adenylate cyclase activity and
      an undefined cAMP-independent process. Somatostatin also hyperpolarizes GH4C1
      cells and reduces their intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in a cAMP
      independent manner. To determine whether these ionic changes were involved in the
      cAMP-independent mechanism by which somatostatin inhibited secretion, changes in
      cAMP levels were prevented from having any biological consequences by performing
      experiments in the presence of a maximal concentration of a cAMP analog. Under
      these conditions, inhibition of prolactin release by somatostatin required a
      transmembrane concentration gradient for K+ but not one for either Na+ or Cl-.
      However, elimination of the outward K+ gradient did not prevent somatostatin
      inhibition of vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated hormone release.
      Therefore, somatostatin's cAMP-mediated mechanism does not require a K+ gradient,
      whereas its cAMP-independent inhibition of secretion appears to result from a
      change in K+ conductance. Consistent with this conclusion, membrane
      hyperpolarization with gramicidin (1 microgram/ml) mimicked somatostatin
      inhibition of prolactin release. In addition, the K+ channel blocker
      tetrabutylammonium prevented the effects of somatostatin on the membrane
      potential, the [Ca2+]i and hormone secretion. Nonetheless, a K+ gradient was not
      sufficient for somatostatin action. Even in the presence of a normal K+ gradient,
      somatostatin was only able to inhibit prolactin release when the extracellular
      Ca2+ concentration was at least twice the [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, the calcium
      channel blocker, nifedipine (10 microM), which prevents the action of
      somatostatin to reduce the [Ca2+]i, specifically blocked inhibition of prolactin
      release via somatostatin's cAMP-independent mechanisms. Therefore, a decrease in
      Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels produces both the fall in
      [Ca2+]i and inhibition of hormone secretion in response to somatostatin.

PMID- 2891697
TI  - Rearrangement of both alleles of human chromosome 8 in HeLa cells, one of them as
      a result of papillomavirus DNA integration.
AB  - Integration of papillomavirus in the genome of the host cell has been found
      associated with malignant cases of cervical carcinoma. To determine what role
      viral integration plays as part of the pathogenic mechanism resulting in a cancer
      cell, the structure of integrated papillomavirus DNA (human papillomavirus DNA
      18) segments and its cellular flanking sequences in HeLa cells as well as the
      corresponding normal human allele have been characterized. All integrated viral
      DNA segments have the same human DNA sequences in their 5' flank. The use of
      human sequence flanking the viral DNA as a probe detected the presence of four
      different forms of this human DNA region based on restriction fragment length
      polymorphism. Three of these forms can be linked to integrated viral DNA from
      human papillomavirus 18. The remaining form could not be linked to viral DNA and
      did not have a germline pattern in its 5'-end suggesting that it was also
      structurally altered. None of the forms of the human sequence present in HeLa
      cells has the complete structure of the germline normal allele characterized in
      DNA from placenta and human fibroblasts IMR-90. This observation suggests that
      HeLa cells carry a structural alteration in both alleles of the same locus, one
      of which was caused by integration of papillomavirus DNA. This locus is located
      on a chromosome fragile site. These rearrangements will result in a homozygous
      situation which is interpreted as affecting a recessive phenotype which might be
      involved in some aspect of tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2891698
TI  - Characterization and function of catalytic subunit alpha of H+-translocating
      adenosine triphosphatase from vacuolar membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A
      study with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.
AB  - Subunit alpha (Mr 89,000) from vacuolar membrane H+-translocating adenosine
      triphosphatase of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to bind 8
      azido[alpha-32P]adenosine triphosphate. Labeling by this photosensitive ATP
      derivative was saturable with an apparent dissociation constant of 10(-6) to 10(
      5) M and decreased in the presence of ATP and ADP. The enzyme was inactivated by
      7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl), with about 1 microM causing
      half-maximal inactivation in the neutral pH range. This inactivation was
      prevented by the presence of ATP, ADP, or adenosyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (AMP
      PNP). The original activity was restored by treating the inactivated enzyme with
      2-mercaptoethanol. Kinetic and chemical studies of the inactivation showed that
      the activity was lost on chemical modification of a single tyrosine residue per
      molecule of the enzyme. When the enzyme was inactivated with [14C]NBD-Cl, subunit
      alpha was specifically labeled, and this labeling was completely prevented by the
      presence of ATP, GTP, ADP, or AMP-PNP. From these results, it was concluded that
      subunit alpha of yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase has a catalytic site that contains a
      single, essential tyrosine residue. The kinetics of single site hydrolysis of
      [gamma-32P]ATP (Grubmeyer, C., Cross, R. L., and Penefsky, H. S. (1982) J. Biol.
      Chem. 257, 12092-12100) indicated the formation of an enzyme-ATP complex and
      subsequent hydrolysis of bound ATP to ADP and Pi at the NBD-Cl-sensitive
      catalytic site. NBD-Cl inactivated the single site hydrolysis and inhibited the
      formation of an enzyme-ATP complex. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide did not affect the
      single site hydrolysis, but inhibited the enzyme activity under steady-state
      conditions.

PMID- 2891699
TI  - Structure and expression of the rat transthyretin (prealbumin) gene.
AB  - The rat transthyretin gene, 7.3 kilobase pairs (kb) long, with 14.5 kb of 5'
      flanking and 12.2 kb of 3' flanking region was cloned and characterized. The gene
      contained four exons. A "TATA box" sequence (5'-TATATAA-3') and a "CAAT box"
      sequence (5'-GTCAAT-3') were located 23 and 95 nucleotides upstream,
      respectively, from the major transcription start site. Nucleotides -51 to -189
      were highly conserved (93% homology between rats and humans, 97% homology between
      rats and mice). Tandem repeats of sequences of 5'-AC-3' and 5'-ACACATGC-3' in the
      5' flanking region, of 5'-GAAA-3' in the first intron, and of 5'-GT-3' in the
      third intron of the gene were observed. Using specific cDNA probes, tissue
      specificity and regulation of transthyretin mRNA biosynthesis during
      embryogenesis were analyzed. Transthyretin expression occurred first in the yolk
      sac, then decreased when expression increased in fetal liver. Presumptive choroid
      plexus cells in the inner lining of the neural tube expressed transthyretin early
      in gestation (11 days before birth) with a maximum immediately preceding the
      spurt of brain growth around birth. Partial hepatectomy of adult rats induced
      both an acute phase response and regenerative growth in liver. The decrease in
      transcription of the transthyretin gene in liver, which is characteristic for the
      acute phase response, was overridden by stimulation of gene expression after
      partial hepatectomy. This stimulation also affected transthyretin expression in
      choroid plexus.

PMID- 2891700
TI  - Protons in the thylakoid membrane-sequestered domains can directly pass through
      the coupling factor during ATP synthesis in flashing light.
AB  - Thylakoid membranes contain sequestered domains in which protons are held in a
      metastable state out of equilibrium with those in the inner (lumen) or the outer
      aqueous bulk phases unless the membranes are made leaky by, for instance, the
      addition of uncouplers. Previously, it has not been clear whether such
      sequestered domain protons are: 1) directly on a localized pathway into the CF0
      CF1; 2) on an ultimately delocalized pathway comprising domains----lumen----CF0
      CF1; or 3) perhaps not importantly involved in any way with proton gradient
      linked ATP formation. Recent developments now permit a test of the above
      possibilities. The test for the possible mode of involvement of domain protons in
      energy coupling utilized single turnover flashes to energize electric field
      driven ATP formation, as influenced by both the proton depletion level of the
      sequestered domains and whether the thylakoids were prepared in a way to show
      either a localized or delocalized proton gradient response in ATP formation (this
      response is reversibly controlled by incubation in low (localized coupling mode)
      or high KCl (delocalized mode) incubations (Beard, W. A., and Dilley, R. A.
      (1986) FEBS Lett. 201, 57-62; Chiang, G. and Dilley, R. A. (1987) Biochemistry
      26, 4911-1916). Using thylakoids showing delocalized coupling responses, there
      was no influence of the reversible depletion of the sequestered domain buffering
      pool on the delta psi-driven ATP formation onset lag. Lumenal protons rather than
      domain protons in that case appear to be the first to be driven through the CF0
      CF1 complex by the delta psi field. However, using thylakoids prepared to be in
      the localized gradient coupling mode, protons in the domains, rather than those
      in the lumen, are the first to pass through the CF0-CF1 complex in the onset of
      energization. We conclude that the sequestered domain protons, in the latter case
      only, are obligatorily in the main proton diffusion pathway for energization of
      ATP formation and are the first protons (rather than lumen protons) driven
      through the CF1-CF0 complex by a delta psi field.

PMID- 2891701
TI  - Aspartate transcarbamylase from Leishmania donovani. A discrete, nonregulatory
      enzyme as a potential chemotherapeutic site.
AB  - Leishmania donovani is a protozoal pathogen that belongs to the kinetoplastida
      order. Unlike in other eucaryotic systems, the first three enzymes of the de novo
      pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway are not components of a multifunctional protein
      system. The three enzyme activities in the crude extract were separated on a
      Sephacryl S-200 column. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.2) has been
      purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has an approximate molecular weight
      of 135,000 and seems to be a tetramer of equivalent subunits of molecular weight
      35,000. The enzyme shows strictly hyperbolic kinetics with both the substrates
      under a variety of conditions and is not inhibited by nucleotide phosphates. Km
      for carbamyl phosphate is 3.1 x 10(-4) M and for aspartate is 7.6 x 10(-3) M.
      Apparently, the enzyme has no regulatory role in pyrimidine biosynthesis. N
      (Phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartic acid is a powerful competitive inhibitor (Ki = 5 x
      10(-7) M) for this enzyme with carbamyl phosphate as substrate. This inhibitor
      completely inhibits the growth of the vector form of organism at 60 microM and
      significantly affects the growth of the pathogenic form in a macrophage assay
      system. The potency of the inhibitor is comparable with allopurinol which is
      undergoing human clinical trial as an antileishmanial drug.

PMID- 2891702
TI  - Somatostatin pretreatment increases the number of somatostatin receptors in GH4C1
      pituitary cells and does not reduce cellular responsiveness to somatostatin.
AB  - The GH4C1 pituitary cell line contains specific plasma membrane receptors for the
      inhibitory neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF). Unlike other peptides which bind to
      cell surface receptors on these cells, SRIF is not rapidly internalized via
      receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here we examined the effects of chronic SRIF
      pretreatment on the subsequent ability of GH4C1 cells to bind and respond to this
      hormone. Treatment of cells with 100 nM SRIF increased [125I-Tyr1]SRIF binding to
      a maximum value of 220% of control after 20 h. Scatchard analysis demonstrated
      that the number, but not the affinity, of the receptors was altered. The effect
      of SRIF was dose-dependent (ED50 = 2.3 +/- 0.4 nM), was not mimicked by an
      inactive analog, and was specific for the SRIF receptor. Furthermore,
      pretreatment of cells with other agents, which mimic SRIF's action to decrease
      intracellular cAMP and free Ca2+ concentrations, did not mimic the SRIF-induced
      increase in receptor number. Thus, occupancy of the SRIF receptor was required
      for SRIF receptor up-regulation. Inhibition of protein synthesis with
      cycloheximide did not prevent the SRIF-induced increase in receptors, consistent
      with an effect of SRIF to either reduce receptor degradation or cause slow
      redistribution of preexisting receptors to the plasma membrane. In contrast to
      the effects on receptor binding, pretreating cells with SRIF did not alter either
      basal cAMP levels or the potency of SRIF to inhibit cAMP accumulation (ED50 = 0.5
      +/- 0.2 nM). However, the maximum cAMP produced by stimulators of adenylyl
      cyclase was increased. The observation that chronic SRIF exposure did not cause
      homologous desensitization in GH4C1 cells and increased rather than decreased
      SRIF receptor number is consistent with the fact that this neuropeptide is not
      rapidly internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

PMID- 2891703
TI  - Peptides derived from cleavage of prosomatostatin at carboxyl- and amino-terminal
      segments. Characterization of tissue and secreted forms in the rat.
AB  - Tissue and secreted forms of rat prosomatostatin and its cleavage products were
      characterized immunochemically using high performance liquid chromatography and
      sequence-specific radioimmunoassays directed against somatostatin-14 (S-14), S-28
      (1-12), and S-28-(1-14). Acetic or hydrochloric acid extracts of hypothalamus,
      pancreas, stomach, and jejunum contained seven molecular forms of Mr = 10,400
      (corresponding to prosomatostatin (pro-S], Mr = 6,800 (7-kDa peptide, consisting
      of an NH2-terminally truncated form of pro-S), Mr = 7,600 (8-kDa peptide,
      corresponding to pro-S-(1-76), i.e. pro-S minus the COOH-terminal -Arg-Lys-S-14),
      Mr = 5,600 (5-kDa peptide, corresponding to pro-S-(33-76)) and three peptides co
      chromatographing with synthetic S-14, S-28, and S-28-(1-12). Acid/ethanol
      extracts of these tissues contained pro-S, 8-kDa peptide, S-28, S-14, and S-28-(1
      12) forms, but not the 7- and 5-kDa species. Pepstatin inhibited 7- and 5-kDa
      peptide formation in acetic acid extracts of tissues. The secreted forms
      consisted of the same five forms present in acid/ethanol or acetic acid plus
      pepstatin tissue extracts. The 7- and 5-kDa peptides were not secreted and
      appeared to be derived artifactually, presumably through the action of renin- and
      cathepsin D-like acid proteases. Accurate quantitation of the 8-kDa peptide by
      acid/ethanol extraction revealed a variable tissue distribution. Since the
      presence of the 8-kDa form provides evidence for direct processing of pro-S----S
      14 + 8-kDa peptide, the present data suggest that pro-S----S-14 conversion is
      important for S-14 synthesis in the hypothalamus and pancreas, tissues rich in
      the 8-kDa form, but not in the stomach and jejunal mucosa, which contain low
      concentrations of this peptide.

PMID- 2891704
TI  - Mitochondrial ATP synthase. Interaction of a synthetic 50-amino acid, beta
      subunit peptide with ATP.
AB  - A 50-amino acid peptide predicted by chemical modification studies of F1 and by
      comparison with adenylate kinase to comprise part of an ATP-binding domain within
      the beta-subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase has been synthesized and purified.
      In the numbering system used for bovine heart beta, the peptide consists of amino
      acid residues from aspartate 141 at the N-terminal end to threonine 190 at the
      carboxyl end. In Tris-Cl buffer, pH 7.4, the peptide undergoes a dramatic
      reaction with ATP resulting in precipitate formation. Analysis of the precipitate
      shows it to contain both peptide and ATP. Similar to the ATPase activity of F1
      and the binding of nucleotide to the enzyme, the capacity of ATP to induce
      precipitation of the peptide is decreased markedly by lowering pH. Interaction of
      the peptide with the fluorescent ATP analog, TNP-ATP (2'(3')-O-(2,4-6
      trinitrophenyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate), can be demonstrated in solution at
      low concentrations. A 7-fold enhancement in fluorescence is observed when 2.5
      microM TNP-ATP interacts with 2.5 microM peptide. Divalent cation is neither
      required for ATP-induced precipitation of the peptide nor for demonstrating
      interaction between TNP-ATP and peptide, just as Mg2+ is not required for
      nucleotide binding to F1. These results indicate that the beta-subunit peptide
      studied here comprises at least part of a nucleotide-binding domain within the
      mitochondrial ATP synthase complex.

PMID- 2891705
TI  - Sequence of peptides from Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutamine synthetase. N
      terminal peptide and ATP-binding domain.
AB  - Sequences of seven tryptic peptides derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      glutamine synthetase have been determined. The amino terminus of yeast enzyme is
      acetylated and has the following sequence: acetyl-Ala-Glu-Ala-Ser-Ile-Glu-Lys.
      Neither higher eukaryotic nor bacterial glutamine synthetase contain sequences
      homologous to this yeast amino terminus. 8-Azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate [(
      alpha-32P]8-N3ATP) has been used to photolabel the ATP-binding site in yeast
      glutamine synthetase. Only one 32P-labeled tryptic peptide was obtained as a
      major fraction and its sequence is Glu-Gly-Tyr-Gly-X-Phe-Glu-Asp-Arg. Similar
      photolabeling experiments with bovine glutamine synthetase yielded a tryptic
      peptide whose sequence is Gly-X-Phe-Glu-Asp-Arg, where X is likely Tyr covalently
      attached by nitrene derived from [alpha-32P]8-N3ADP. Sequences very homologous to
      this nucleotide-binding site can be found in other eukaryotic enzymes but not in
      prokaryotic enzymes. In addition, the sequences of two cysteine-containing
      peptides and three other tryptic peptides were established. Sequences homologous
      to all these five peptides can be found in mammalian and plant enzymes. The
      homology between yeast and higher eukaryotic glutamine synthetases was
      sufficiently strong to suggest that the overall tertiary and quaternary
      structures of these enzymes must be similar. The sequences presented here,
      particularly the amino terminus sequence will be valuable in identifying the
      structural gene of yeast glutamine synthetase, thereby making it possible to
      study its transcriptional regulation. In addition, the sequences of the cysteine
      containing peptides will be useful in determining whether or not the covalent
      modification of a sulfhydryl group(s) is responsible for the modulation of
      glutamine synthetase activity.

PMID- 2891706
TI  - Prostaglandin E receptor enhancement of catecholamine release may be mediated by
      phosphoinositide metabolism in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - In the presence of ouabain, prostaglandin (PG) E2 stimulated a gradual secretion
      of catecholamines from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. PGE2 or ouabain
      alone evoked a marginal secretory response. The synergism of ouabain was also
      observed with muscarine. PGE2, like muscarine, induced a concentration-dependent
      formation of inositol phosphates: rapid rises in inositol trisphosphate and
      inositol bisphosphate followed by a slower accumulation of inositol
      monophosphate. This effect on phosphoinositide metabolism was accompanied by an
      increase in cytosolic free Ca2+. The potency of PGs (PGE2 greater than PGF2 alpha
      greater than PGD2) to stimulate catecholamine release was well correlated with
      that to affect phosphoinositide metabolism and that to increase the level of
      intracellular Ca2+. PGE2 did not stimulate cAMP generation significantly in
      bovine chromaffin cells. The effect of PGE2 on catecholamine release was mimicked
      by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and A23187, but not by the cAMP analogue
      dibutyryl cAMP nor by forskolin. These results indicate that PGE2 may enhance
      catecholamine release from chromaffin cells by activating protein kinase C in
      concert with the increment of intracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2891707
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding the thioesterase domain of
      the rat fatty acid synthetase.
AB  - A cloned cDNA containing the entire coding sequence for the long-chain S-acyl
      fatty acid synthetase thioester hydrolase (thioesterase I) component as well as
      the 3'-noncoding region of the fatty acid synthetase has been isolated using an
      expression vector and domain-specific antibodies. The coding region was assigned
      to the thioesterase I domain by identification of sequences coding for
      characterized peptide fragments, amino-terminal analysis of the isolated
      thioesterase I domain and the presence of the serine esterase active-site
      sequence motif. The thioesterase I domain is 306 amino acids long with a
      calculated molecular mass of 33,476 daltons; its DNA is flanked at the 5'-end by
      a region coding for the acyl carrier protein domain and at the 3'-end by a 1,537
      base pairs-long noncoding sequence with a poly(A) tail. The thioesterase I domain
      exhibits a low, albeit discernible, homology with the discrete medium-chain S
      acyl fatty acid synthetase thioester hydrolases (thioesterase II) from rat
      mammary gland and duck uropygial gland, suggesting a distant but common
      evolutionary ancestry for these proteins.

PMID- 2891708
TI  - N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding proteolipid of the vacuolar H+-ATPase from
      oat roots.
AB  - The inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) was used to probe the
      structure and function of the vacuolar H+-translocating ATPase from oat roots
      (Avena sativa var. Lang). The second-order rate constant for DCCD inhibition was
      inversely related to the concentration of membrane, indicating that DCCD reached
      the inhibitory site by concentrating in the hydrophobic environment. [14C]DCCD
      preferentially labeled a 16-kDa polypeptide of tonoplast vesicles, and the amount
      of [14C]DCCD bound to the 16-kDa peptide was directly proportional to inhibition
      of ATPase activity. A 16-kDa polypeptide had previously been shown to be part of
      the purified tonoplast ATPase. As predicted from the observed noncooperative
      inhibition, binding studies showed that 1 mol of DCCD was bound per mol of ATPase
      when the enzyme was completely inactivated. The DCCD-binding 16-kDa polypeptide
      was purified 12-fold by chloroform/methanol extraction. This protein was thus
      classified as a proteolipid, and its identity as part of the ATPase was confirmed
      by positive reaction with the antibody to the purified ATPase on immunoblots.
      From the purification studies, we estimated that the 16-kDa subunit was present
      in multiple (4-8) copies/holoenzyme. The purification of the proteolipid is a
      first step towards testing its proposed role in H+ translocation.

PMID- 2891709
TI  - The phenotype of five classes of T lymphoma mutants. Defective glycophospholipid
      anchoring, rapid degradation, and secretion of Thy-1 glycoprotein.
AB  - Thy-1 glycoprotein is a member of a class of proteins which are anchored to the
      plasma membrane via a covalently bound glycophospholipid. The biosynthesis and
      anchoring of Thy-1 were investigated in a family of wild-type and mutant
      (complementation groups A, B, C, E, and F) T lymphomas. The mutants all
      synthesize Thy-1 but fail to express it on the cell surface. Analysis of the size
      of D-[2-3H]mannose-labeled dolichol-linked oligosaccharides showed that the class
      E mutant is the only cell line which does not synthesize dolichol-P-P
      Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. Turnover and possible secretion of Thy-1 by mutant T lymphoma
      cells were documented in D-[2-3H]mannose pulse-chase experiments. The turnover of
      [3H]Thy-1 for all wild-type cells is considerably slower than for the mutant
      cells. Class B and E cells release appreciably more [3H]Thy-1 than wild-type
      cells. Additional experiments were performed to determine the electrophoretic
      mobility and hydrophobicity of cell-associated and released forms of Thy-1
      labeled overnight with [3H]mannose. All wild-type and class A, C, E, and F mutant
      cells contain a major Triton X-114 binding species of cell-associated [3H]Thy-1.
      All extracellular [3H]Thy-1 was almost exclusively hydrophilic. The presence of
      two Thy-1 anchor components, ethanolamine and palmitate, was investigated.
      Biosynthetic labeling with [3H]palmitic acid showed that all of the wild-type
      cells but none of the mutants incorporated this anchor precursor into Thy-1. In
      [3H]ethanolamine-labeling experiments, incorporation was detected in the Thy-1 of
      all wild-type cells and in two mutants, S1A-b and T1M1-c. Based on the above
      studies, the phenotype of Thy-1 negative T lymphoma mutants can be re-evaluated.
      In classes A and F, dolichol-linked oligosaccharides appear normal and no anchor
      is detected. In class B, dolichol-linked oligosaccharides appear normal, a
      partial anchor may be present, and a substantial amount of Thy-1 is released. In
      class C, dolichol-linked oligosaccharides appear normal and a partial anchor may
      be present. In class E, truncated dolichol-linked oligosaccharides are formed, no
      anchor is detected, but a substantial amount of newly synthesized Thy-1 is
      released. These observations are discussed with reference to the possibility that
      the lesions which characterize the mutants pertain to the biosynthesis of the
      glycophospholipid moiety of Thy-1.

PMID- 2891711
TI  - Purification of the 170- to 180-kilodalton membrane glycoprotein associated with
      multidrug resistance. 170- to 180-kilodalton membrane glycoprotein is an ATPase.
AB  - 170-180-kDa membrane glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) associated with multidrug
      resistance is involved in drug transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane of
      resistant cells. From sequence analysis of cDNAs of the P-glycoprotein gene, it
      is postulated that the active drug-efflux pump function may be attributable to
      the protein. However, purification of the P-glycoprotein while preserving its
      enzymatic activity has not been reported. In this study, we have purified the P
      glycoprotein from the human myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line resistant to
      adriamycin (K562/ADM) by means of one-step immunoaffinity chromatography using a
      monoclonal antibody against P-glycoprotein. The procedure was simple and
      efficiently yielded an electrophoretically homogeneous P-glycoprotein sample. By
      solubilization with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate,
      the purified P-glycoprotein was found to have ATPase activity. This ATP
      hydrolysis may be coupled with the active efflux of anticancer drugs across the
      plasma membrane of multidrug-resistant cells.

PMID- 2891710
TI  - Linkages between the effects of taxol, colchicine, and GTP on tubulin
      polymerization.
AB  - A comparative study has been carried out of the effects of taxol on the
      polymerizations into microtubules of microtubule-associated protein-free tubulin,
      prepared by the modified Weisenberg procedure, and of the tubulin-colchicine
      complex into large aggregates. Taxol enhances, to a much greater extent, the
      stability of microtubules than that of the tubulin-colchicine polymers so that,
      with highly purified tubulin, assembly into microtubules takes place at 10
      degrees C, even in the absence of exogenous GTP. The polymerization of tubulin
      colchicine requires both heat and GTP, and the process is reversed by cooling.
      These results indicate that in both systems polymerization is linked to
      interactions with taxol and GTP, the interplay of linkage free energies imparting
      the observed polymer stabilities. In the case of microtubule formation, the
      linkage free energy provided by taxol binding is approximately -3.0 kcal/mol of
      alpha-beta-tubulin dimer, whereas this quantity is reduced to approximately -0.5
      kcal/mol in tubulin-colchicine, indicating the expenditure of much more binding
      free energy in the latter case for overcoming unfavorable factors, such as steric
      hindrance and geometric strain. The difference in the effect of GTP on the two
      polymerization processes reflects the respective abilities of the bindings of
      taxol to the two states of tubulin to overcome the loss of the linkage free
      energy of GTP binding. Analysis of the linkages leads to the conclusions that
      taxol need not change qualitatively the mechanism of microtubule assembly and
      that tubulin with the E-site unoccupied by nucleotide should have the capacity to
      form microtubules, the reaction being extremely weak.

PMID- 2891713
TI  - Human microsomal xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase. Complementary DNA sequence,
      complementary DNA-directed expression in COS-1 cells, and chromosomal
      localization.
AB  - A lambda gt11 expression library constructed from human liver mRNA was screened
      with an antibody against human microsomal xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase. The clone
      pheh32 contains an insert of 1742 base pairs with an open reading frame coding
      for a protein of 455 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 52,956. The nucleotide
      sequence is 77% similar to the previously reported rat xenobiotic epoxide
      hydrolase cDNA sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human epoxide
      hydrolase is 80% similar to the previously reported rabbit and 84% similar to the
      deduced rat protein sequence. The NH2-terminal amino acids deduced from the human
      xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase cDNA are identical to the published 19 NH2-terminal
      amino acids of the purified human xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase protein. Northern
      blot analysis revealed a single mRNA band of 1.8 kilobases. Southern blot
      analysis indicated that there is only one gene copy/haploid genome. The human
      xenobiotic epoxide hydrolase gene was assigned to the long arm of human
      chromosome 1. Several restriction fragment length polymorphisms were observed
      with the human epoxide hydrolase cDNA. pheh32 was expressed as enzymatically
      active protein in cultured monkey kidney cells (COS-1).

PMID- 2891712
TI  - Purification and properties of the phosphorylated form of guanylate cyclase.
AB  - Guanylate cyclase is dephosphorylated in response to the interaction of egg
      peptides with a spermatozoan surface receptor (Suzuki, N., Shimomura, H., Radany,
      E. W., Ramarao, C. S., Ward, G. E., Bentley, J. K., and Garbers, D. L. (1984) J.
      Biol. Chem. 259, 14874-14879). Here, the phosphorylated form of guanylate cyclase
      was purified to apparent homogeneity from detergent-solubilized spermatozoan
      membranes by the use of GTP-agarose, DEAE-Sephacel, and concanavalin A-Sepharose
      chromatography. To prevent dephosphorylation of the enzyme during purification,
      glycerol (35%) was required in all buffers. Following purification, a single
      protein-staining band of Mr 160,000 was obtained on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gels. The final specific activity of the purified enzyme was 83
      mumol of cyclic GMP formed/min/mg of protein at 30 degrees C, an activity 5-fold
      higher than that observed with the purified, dephosphorylated form of guanylate
      cyclase. A preparation containing protein phosphatase from spermatozoa, or highly
      purified alkaline phosphatase (from Escherichia coli), catalyzed the
      dephosphorylation of the enzyme; this resulted in a subsequent decrease in
      guanylate cyclase activity and a shift in the Mr from 160,000 to 150,000. The
      phosphate content of the high Mr form of the enzyme was 14.6 mol/mol protein
      whereas the phosphate content of the low Mr form was 1.6 mol/mol protein. All
      phosphate was localized on serine residues. The Mr 160,000 form of guanylate
      cyclase demonstrated positive cooperative kinetics with respect to MnGTP while
      the Mr 150,000 form displayed linear, Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. The
      phosphorylation state of the membrane form of guanylate cyclase, therefore,
      appears to dictate not only the absolute activity of the enzyme but also the
      degree of cooperative interaction between catalytic or GTP-binding sites.

PMID- 2891715
TI  - Glutamine and glutamate nitrogen exchangeable pools in cultured fibroblasts: a
      stable isotope study.
AB  - Glutamine's role as an energetic fuel has been extensively studied in the past
      using 14C- and 3H-labeled tracers in cultured human cells. Yet another prominent
      role of glutamine, that of a nitrogen shuttle, cannot be approached without an N
      tracer. We therefore used 15N-labeled glutamine and glutamate to address the
      following questions: 1) is it possible to study the exchangeable pools of
      intracellular free glutamine and glutamate nitrogen with stable isotope methods?
      and 2) to what extent is intracellular glutamine pool regulated by extracellular
      glutamine? We observed that: 1) intracellular [15N]-glutamine enrichment reached
      a plateau at 80% within 20 min of incubation in a buffer containing 0.7 mM pure
      15N-glutamine and no glutamate; in contrast, intracellular 15N-glutamate
      enrichment rose only to 40% after 4 hours of incubation in a buffer containing
      0.5 mM pure 15N-glutamate and no glutamine; 2) the cell-free glutamine content
      was tightly dependent on extracellular glutamine level, while the cell-free
      glutamate remained steady irrespective of the extracellular glutamate level; 3)
      the cells took up glutamine and glutamate against a concentration gradient; the
      rate of glutamine uptake accounted for 90% of the cell glutamine turnover rate;
      and 4) when cells were confronted with a glutamine-free medium, only one fourth
      of intracellular glutamine was derived from the exchangeable glutamate. We
      conclude that: 1) The size and turnover rate of the intracellular pool of free
      glutamine nitrogen are measureable using stable isotope methodology; 2) glutamine
      uptake from the extracellular medium accounts for most of glutamine turnover rate
      in cultured fibroblasts; and 3) intracellular free glutamate is divided up
      between several pools in cultured human fibroblasts.

PMID- 2891714
TI  - Temperature-dependent reversible assembly of taxol-treated microtubules.
AB  - Taxol is a plant alkaloid that binds to and strongly stabilizes microtubules.
      Taxol-treated microtubules resist depolymerization under a variety of conditions
      that readily disassemble untreated microtubules. We report here that taxol
      treated microtubules can be induced to disassemble by a combination of
      depolymerizating conditions. Reversible cycles of disassembly and reassembly were
      carried out using taxol-containing microtubules from calf brain and sea urchin
      eggs by shifting temperature in the presence of millimolar levels of Ca2+.
      Microtubules depolymerized completely, yielding dimers and ring-shaped oligomers
      as revealed by negative stain electron microscopy and Bio-Gel A-15m
      chromatography, and reassembled into well-formed microtubule polymer structures.
      Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), including species previously identified
      only by taxol-based purification such as MAP 1B and kinesin, were found to
      copurify with tubulin through reversible assembly cycles. To determine whether
      taxol remained bound to tubulin subunits, we subjected depolymerized taxol
      treated microtubule protein to Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and the fractions
      were assayed for taxol content by reverse-phase HPLC. Taxol was found to be
      dissociated from the depolymerized microtubules. Protein treated in this way was
      found to be competent to reassemble, but now required conditions comparable with
      those for protein that had never been exposed to taxol. Thus, the binding of
      taxol to tubulin can be reversed. This has implications for the mechanism of
      taxol action and for the purification of microtubules from a wide variety of
      sources for use in self-assembly experiments.

PMID- 2891716
TI  - Roles of protein kinases in neurotransmitter responses in Xenopus oocytes
      injected with rat brain mRNA.
AB  - Microinjection of rat brain mRNA in Xenopus oocytes induced acetylcholine,
      neurotensin, serotonin, and glutamate receptors in the cells. These receptors
      stimulate an intracellular reaction pathway, including G-protein activation,
      inositol trisphosphate (IP3) formation, and Ca2+-dependent Cl- channels. In the
      present study, we examined the roles of several protein kinases in these
      responses by means of inhibitors and activators of these kinases.
      Isoquinolinesulfonamides, inhibitors of protein kinases, caused no current
      responses and affected no receptor-mediated responses when injected into the
      oocytes at low doses (30-50 pmol), which inhibit cyclic nucleotide-dependent
      kinases or kinase C specifically, but abolished the receptor-mediated responses
      at a higher dose (300 pmol), which inhibit most protein kinases nonspecifically.
      Calmodulin inhibitors blocked the receptor-mediated responses strongly.
      Activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases or kinase C by injection of
      cAMP (or cGMP) or perfusion with phorbol esters caused no direct current
      responses but suppressed receptor-mediated responses. Current responses triggered
      by IP3 injection were not suppressed by these treatments. These results suggest
      that cAMP- (or cGMP-)dependent kinases or kinase C may not be involved in the
      pathway directly but may modulate it by inhibiting the initial part of the
      pathway (receptors, G-proteins, and/or phospholipase C), and they suggest that
      calmodulin may most likely be involved in the activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl-
      channels.

PMID- 2891717
TI  - Developmentally regulated primary glucocorticoid hormone induction of chick
      retinal glutamine synthetase mRNA.
AB  - We have characterized the glucocorticoid hormone induction of glutamine
      synthetase mRNA in embryonic chick retinal organ cultures by quantitative dot
      hybridization using a cDNA clone derived from chick retinal RNA. Hydrocortisone
      (Kapp = 3-4 nM) and dexamethasone (Kapp = 1-2 nM) produce an approximate 30-fold
      increase in glutamine synthetase mRNA after incubation of organ cultures derived
      from embryonic day 12 retinae with either hormone for 3 hr. Progesterone is a
      poor inducer. The glucocorticoid-mediated rise is rapid (t1/2 = 2-3 hr) and
      occurs in the presence of either of the protein synthesis inhibitors
      cycloheximide or puromycin, indicating that the induction is a primary or direct
      response to the hormone. However, the magnitude of the hormonal response observed
      in culture increases markedly during retinal development. These observations,
      coupled with the previously reported absence of a hormonal induction in embryonic
      liver, raise the possibility of a synergistic mechanism, involving tissue
      specific regulatory molecules in addition to the glucocorticoid hormone receptor,
      to explain the retinal-specific primary glucocorticoid hormone induction of
      glutamine synthetase mRNA.

PMID- 2891718
TI  - Peering through the windows of the brain.

PMID- 2891719
TI  - Hormonal evaluation of boys born with undescended testes during their first year
      of life.
AB  - We studied pituitary-gonadal function during the first year of life in 48 boys
      born with 56 undescended testes in order to test the hypotheses that functional
      insufficiency of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and disorders of
      testosterone (T) biosynthesis occur in such boys. Cryptorchidism persisted for
      longer than 1 yr in 29 boys (30 testes; group I), whereas spontaneous descent
      occurred in 19 boys (20 testes; group II), in 6 after the sixth month. A control
      group (group III) included 160 boys. Basal and peak LHRH-stimulated serum LH and
      FSH and basal serum T values were determined at 3, 6, and 12 months. Serum T,
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17
      hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and androstenedione before
      and after hCG administration were determined at age 1 yr. Comparing the 3 groups,
      cross-sectional evaluation revealed no significant differences in basal or peak
      LHRH-stimulated serum LH and FSH levels, except that basal serum LH levels were
      slightly higher in group II than in group III. Comparing groups I and II,
      longitudinal evaluation revealed similar basal and peak LHRH-stimulated serum LH
      and FSH values, with comparable changes with time. Basal serum T, DHT, and T
      precursor levels were similar in all three groups, with similar rises of T and
      DHT and variable minimal increases in androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone
      sulfate after hCG stimulation. We conclude that during the first year of life,
      boys with cryptorchidism have no functional insufficiency of the hypothalamo
      pituitary-gonadal axis or disorders in T biosynthesis.

PMID- 2891720
TI  - Treatment of acromegaly with the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201-995.
AB  - Current treatment of acromegaly (surgery, radiation, and bromocriptine) is often
      unsatisfactory, and a sizeable proportion of patients with this disease continue
      to have GH hypersecretion after all therapeutic modalities have been exhausted.
      Fifteen patients with active acromegaly (8 previously treated and 7 newly
      diagnosed) were treated with the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201-995
      (Sandoz; 50-250 micrograms, sc, every 6-8 h for up to 21 months). The mean daily
      plasma GH concentration was significantly suppressed in 13 patients, and it
      became normal in 10. Two patients, however, did not have GH suppression by SMS
      201-995 treatment alone; in 1, a significant decline in mean daily GH was
      achieved after the addition of bromocriptine. As expected, suppression of GH
      secretion was associated with normalization of plasma somatomedin-C values and
      significant clinical improvement. Plasma GH responses to synthetic GHRH-(1-44)
      and TRH were either abolished or blunted by SMS 201-995. Thyroid function
      remained normal, and glucose tolerance did not change. Significant shrinkage of
      pituitary tumors occurred in 7 previously untreated and 2 previously treated
      patients. Side-effects were minimal. SMS 201-995 is an effective agent for the
      treatment of acromegaly. Further studies are necessary to establish guidelines
      for identification of non-responders and to examine the effect of preoperative
      tumor shrinkage on subsequent surgical outcome.

PMID- 2891721
TI  - Differential effects of somatostatin (SRIH) and a SRIH analog, SMS 201-995, on
      the secretion of growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in man.
AB  - We compared the ability of SRIH and SRIH analog, SMS 201-995 (SMS), to inhibit
      stimulated GH and TSH secretion in men who received 120-min iv infusions of
      saline, SRIH (5, 50, and 500 micrograms/h), and SMS (3, 30, and 300 ng/kg.h)
      together with a bolus iv injection of GHRH (1 microgram/kg) and TRH (500
      micrograms). Integrated GH secretion during the 60 min after GHRH plus TRH
      injection was decreased compared to that after saline by (mean +/- SE) 32 +/- 14%
      (P = 0.059), 78 +/- 5% (P less than 0.001), and 88 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001)
      during the 5, 50, and 500 micrograms/h SRIH infusions, and by 13 +/- 7% (P = NS),
      50 +/- 15% (P less than 0.05), and 80 +/- 6% (P less than 0.001) during the 3,
      30, and 300 ng/kg.h SMS infusions. In contrast, integrated TSH secretion was
      unaltered during the 5 micrograms/h SRIH and 3 ng/kg.h SMS infusions; it
      decreased by only 43 +/- 5% (P less than 0.001) and 66 +/- 4% (P less than 0.001)
      during the 50 and 500 micrograms/h SRIH infusions and by 33 +/- 8% (P less than
      0.05) and 50 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001) during the 30 and 300 ng/kg.h SMS
      infusions. Analysis of the dose-response curves indicated approximately 10- and 5
      fold greater potencies of SRIH and SMS, respectively, in inhibiting GH as
      compared to TSH secretion. These results quantify the effect of SRIH as an
      inhibitor of GH secretion and suggest that if SRIH has a physiological role in
      the inhibition of TSH secretion in man, it is limited to conditions associated
      with marked suppression of GH.

PMID- 2891722
TI  - Leydig cell function in infertile men with idiopathic oligospermic infertility.
AB  - To evaluate Leydig cell function in men with idiopathic oligospermic infertility
      and its eventual role in their infertility, plasma LH, testosterone (T), 17
      hydroxyprogesterone (170HP), and estradiol levels as well as plasma T/LH and
      170HP/T ratios were measured in 103 such men, subdivided into different groups
      according to their plasma FSH levels. The results were compared to results in
      normal young fertile men, the subgroup of men with idiopathic oligospermic
      infertility who within 12 months after consultation succeeded in impregnating
      their partner, infertile men with a history of undescended testes (excryptorchid
      men), and men with Klinefelter's syndrome. As a tentative parameter of androgen
      insensitivity, an androgen insensitivity index [LH (IU/L) X T (nMol/L)] was
      calculated. Although all men with idiopathic infertility had plasma T and LH
      levels within the normal range, LH levels increased and T/LH ratios decreased
      with increasing FSH levels, while the 170HP/T and estradiol/T ratios were
      independent of the FSH levels and T/LH ratios. The decreased T/LH ratios in the
      presence of normal T levels suggest compensated Leydig cell insufficiency, which
      possibly contributes to the infertility. Indeed, none of the men (n = 12) with
      normal FSH levels but a T/LH ratio lower than 1.50 achieved fatherhood within 12
      months of follow-up, although all other hormonal parameters were within the
      normal range. During the same period 25 men with T/LH ratios greater than 1.50
      succeeded in impregnating their partners (P less than 0.05). In infertile
      excryptorchid men and even more so in men with Klinefelter's syndrome, plasma T
      levels and T/LH ratios were significantly decreased, the decrease being greater
      than in patients with idiopathic azospermia with similar FSH levels. None of the
      excryptorchid men with normal FSH levels but T/LH ratios below 1.50 fathered a
      child during the follow-up study. We suggest that the T/LH ratio is an additional
      useful prognostic parameter of infertility. Plasma T levels were increased in 15%
      of patients with idiopathic infertility, but increased plasma LH together with
      increased T levels (increased androgen resistance index) were found in only 1
      man. An increased index, however, was found in 6 azoospermic excryptorchid men
      and 4 of 28 men with Klinefelter's syndrome. Taken together these data suggest
      that this index is not a reliable parameter of androgen resistance.

PMID- 2891723
TI  - Antigenic analysis of fimbrial proteins from Moraxella bovis.
AB  - Fimbrial proteins were extracted from 15 isolates of Moraxella bovis, and
      antisera to each of the preparations were raised in rabbits. The antigenic
      relationships of the fimbriae were investigated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay, tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and a slide agglutination test. With
      all three methods there was a similar pattern of antigenic cross-reactivity among
      the fimbriae. The 15 isolates, together with 23 additional isolates, could be
      grouped into seven fimbrial serogroups.

PMID- 2891724
TI  - Efficacy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid diagnosis of Bordetella
      pertussis infection.
AB  - We examined the diagnostic efficacy of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) for class-specific antibodies to Bordetella pertussis in acute-phase sera
      collected from 1,240 patients with suspected pertussis. A total of 833 serum
      specimens (67%) yielded positive results. The proportion of positive results
      increased to 77% if a second (convalescent-phase) serum was also tested. By
      comparison, a bacterial agglutination test for B. pertussis antibodies was
      positive in only 21% of acute-phase specimens and 50% of paired specimens. The
      high proportion of acute-phase sera which were ELISA positive indicates that a
      measurable serologic response has usually occurred by the time the diagnosis is
      suspected. Thus, the ELISA is potentially the most rapid means of laboratory
      confirmation of B. pertussis infection.

PMID- 2891725
TI  - Regional distribution and density of Thy 1.1 in rat brain and its relation to
      subpopulations of neurons.
AB  - We have used a radioimmunohistochemical technique employing OX-7, a monoclonal
      antibody to rat Thy 1.1, to determine the regional distribution and density of
      Thy 1 in rat brain. Thy 1.1 was found to be unevenly distributed in rat brain
      with distinct regional differences related to the density of neuronal perikarya.
      This is consistent with the previously reported findings that Thy 1.1 is found
      primarily on neurons. However, the relative absence of Thy 1 in some cell body
      dense areas of the brain suggests that Thy 1 is expressed differentially on
      specific subsets of neurons which are abundant and widespread throughout the
      brain.

PMID- 2891726
TI  - Effects of long-chain, saturated fatty acids on membrane microviscosity and
      adrenocorticotropin responsiveness of human adrenocortical cells in vitro.
AB  - Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and adrenomyeloneuropathy are inherited disorders in
      which long-chain, saturated fatty acids (LCFA) accumulate in various tissues. A
      mechanism by which LCFA cause the endocrine and neurological dysfunction
      characteristic of these diseases is proposed based on in vitro response of human
      adrenocortical cells to ACTH in the presence of various fatty acids. Human
      adrenocortical cells cultured in the presence of 5 microM hexacosanoic (C26:0) or
      lignoceric (C24:0) acids showed decreased basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol
      release compared with cells cultured without exogenous fatty acids or in the
      presence of linoleic acid (C18:2). Measurement of fluorescence polarization
      demonstrates a significant increase in the membrane microviscosity of cells
      cultured in the presence of LCFA. It is hypothesized that cells exposed to LCFA
      have increased membrane microviscosity with a consequent decrease in their
      ability to respond to ACTH. This decrease in trophic support may contribute to
      the adrenal insufficiency and atrophy in patients with ALD.

PMID- 2891727
TI  - Identification of a new hereditary amyloidosis prealbumin variant, Tyr-77, and
      detection of the gene by DNA analysis.
AB  - In the last several years, five human plasma prealbumin (transthyretin) variants
      have been discovered in association with hereditary amyloidosis, a late-onset
      fatal disorder. We recently studied a patient of German descent with peripheral
      neuropathy and bowel dysfunction. Biopsied rectal tissue contained amyloid that
      stained with anti-human prealbumin. Amino acid sequence analysis of the patient's
      plasma prealbumin revealed both normal and variant prealbumin molecules, with the
      variant containing a tyrosine at position 77 instead of serine. We predicted a
      single nucleotide change in codon 77 of the variant prealbumin gene, which we
      then detected in the patient's DNA using the restriction enzyme SspI and a
      specifically tailored genomic prealbumin probe. DNA tests of other family members
      identified several gene carriers. This is the sixth prealbumin variant implicated
      in amyloidosis, and adds to the accumulating evidence that the prealbumin
      amyloidoses are more varied and prevalent than previously thought.

PMID- 2891728
TI  - Regulation of calcitonin gene transcription by vitamin D metabolites in vivo in
      the rat.
AB  - Calcitonin is secreted by the C cells of the thyroid in response to a raised
      serum calcium, and acts on bone to lower serum calcium. The C cells have specific
      receptors for the dihydroxymetabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3. Moreover,
      calcitonin stimulates the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the kidney. Parathyroid
      hormone (PTH), the third calciotrophic hormone, is also trophic to the renal
      synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3, and in turn 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits PTH gene transcription
      and synthesis. We report here the marked inhibition of calcitonin gene
      transcription by the injection of physiologically relevant doses of 1,25(OH)2D3
      to normal rats that did not raise serum calcium. Calcitonin mRNA levels after 100
      pmol 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased to 6% of basal at 6 h and 4% at 48 h, and a dose
      response showed a marked effect even after 12.5 pmol 1,25(OH)2D3, with no
      appreciably greater effect with larger doses (up to 200 pmol). Control genes,
      actin, thyroglobulin (thyroid follicular cells), somatostatin (thyroid C-cells)
      were not affected by 1,25(OH)2D3. Gel blots showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased
      calcitonin mRNA levels without any change in its size. In vitro nuclear
      transcription showed that 1,25(OH)2D3-treated (100 pmol) rats' calcitonin
      transcription was 10% of control, while thyroglobulin and actin were 100%. We
      propose that calcium is the major regulator of PTH and calcitonin secretion,
      while 1,25(OH)2D3 is an important regulator of PTH and calcitonin gene
      transcription. We believe this to be the first demonstration of an effect of
      1,25(OH)2D3 on the C cells thereby establishing a new target organ and site of
      action of vitamin D. Calcitonin is trophic to 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, which in
      turn inhibits calcitonin synthesis, which are the components of a new
      endocrinological feedback loop.

PMID- 2891730
TI  - Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT)
      activities in north London blood donors.
AB  - Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT)
      activities were measured in over 2000 north London blood donors. The results were
      compared with those from the United States. The percentage of the total donor
      population with ALT activities above 40 IU/l in 1986 was greater than that found
      in our earlier studies in 1973 and 1982 (4.6% compared with 2.8% and 3.1%,
      respectively). There was a noticeable difference in the ALT distribution between
      male and female donors: mean +2.25 SD for male donors was 55.3 IU/l, while that
      for female donors was 30.8 IU/l at 37 degrees C. In stability studies the optimal
      temperature for short term storage (10 days) was 4 degrees C (6.4% loss of
      activity after 10 days). Surprisingly, storage at lower temperatures (-35 degrees
      C and -80 degrees C) resulted in greater loss of activity.

PMID- 2891731
TI  - Comparison of nifedipine and captopril as third-line agents in hypertensive
      patients uncontrolled with beta-blocker and diuretic therapy.
AB  - The effect of adding either nifedipine or captopril as third-line agents was
      studied in a single-blind crossover fashion in 24 patients with essential
      hypertension uncontrolled by combination beta blocker and diuretic therapy.
      Nineteen patients completed both phases of the study. The mean initial sitting
      blood pressure before the addition of nifedipine was 164/109 mm Hg and captopril
      165/108 mm Hg. Both nifedipine and captopril produced further significant
      reductions in both sitting and standing blood pressure, 47% of the captopril
      treated patients achieving target blood pressure of less than 160/95 mm Hg
      compared with 67% with nifedipine. Further increase in the dosage resulted in 63%
      of the captopril- and 81% of the nifedipine-treated patients achieving target
      blood pressure. There were, however, no statistically significant differences in
      the mean fall in blood pressure or in the number of patients obtaining target
      pressure at the end of each treatment period. Captopril treatment also resulted
      in a small reduction of pulse rate, and, although pulse rates rose with
      nifedipine, these changes were not significant. Both treatments were generally
      well tolerated, and serious side effects were not reported. Both nifedipine and
      captopril were effective and well tolerated as third-line antihypertensive
      agents.

PMID- 2891729
TI  - Close association between interleukin 2 receptor mRNA expression and human T cell
      leukemia/lymphoma virus type I viral RNA expression in short-term cultured
      leukemic cells from adult T cell leukemia patients.
AB  - Human T cell leukemia/lymphoma (T-lymphotropic) virus type I (HTLV-I) infection
      has been considered to be closely associated with the leukemogenesis of adult T
      cell leukemia (ATL), in which interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptors are abnormally
      expressed. In this study, however, Southern blot analysis revealed no gross
      rearrangement or obvious amplification of the IL-2 receptor gene in ATL leukemic
      cells, indicating that abnormal IL-2 receptor expression in ATL is not due to the
      structural change of its gene. Hence, we studied the expression of the IL-2
      receptor and HTLV-I at the RNA level during short-term cultures of leukemic cells
      from 9 ATL patients. Cytoplasmic dot hybridization and Northern hybridization
      revealed that fresh leukemic cells from seven of nine patients expressed a small
      amount of IL-2 receptor mRNA but HTLV-I RNA was undetectable in all cases. After
      cultures for up to 7 d, both IL-2 receptor mRNA and HTLV-I RNA (including pX
      message) expression concomitantly increased, whereas the amounts of other
      cellular genes, except for beta-actin, did not. The increases in their RNA
      expression were inhibited by early addition (within 12 h after the beginning of
      the culture) of cycloheximide, indicating that these increases are mediated by
      newly synthesized protein(s). These results strongly suggested that IL-2 receptor
      expression is closely associated with HTLV-I expression in leukemic cells from
      ATL patients.

PMID- 2891732
TI  - Functional topography of the rat hypothalamic dopamine neuron systems: retrograde
      tracing and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The origins of the dopamine (DA)-containing nerve terminals in the external layer
      of the median eminence and in the neurointermediate pituitary were determined in
      rats by a combination of retrograde labeling with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and
      immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Biotinylated WGA (b-WGA) was
      injected into the posterior pituitary (group 1) and into the median eminence
      (group 2). In group 1 animals, all the magnocellular neurons of the
      paraventricular, supraoptic, and accessory nuclei, and many parvicellular neurons
      in the rostral periventricular region (RPR) were labeled with WGA. In group 2
      animals, many neurons were labeled in the arcuate nucleus and the RPR, and in a
      small population of the preoptic-septal region. In group 1 animals, about 39% of
      TH neurons in the RPR were labeled with WGA, whereas only a few TH neurons (1%)
      in the arcuate nucleus were labeled with WGA. In group 2 animals, on the
      contrary, almost all TH neurons (73%) in the arcuate nucleus carried WGA, whereas
      in the RPR, only some of the TH neurons (19%) were labeled with WGA. It is
      concluded that DA neurons involved in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary axis
      are located in the arcuate nucleus; those involved in neuro-intermediate lobe
      function in the RPR.

PMID- 2891733
TI  - Evidence for coexistence of GABA and dopamine in neurons of the rat olfactory
      bulb.
AB  - Immunoreactivities for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the dopamine
      synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were localized ultrastructurally
      and colocalized at the light microscopic level in neurons of the rat main
      olfactory bulb. By means of a simultaneous indirect immunofluorescence technique,
      GABA and TH immunoreactivities were found to coexist in a large number of neurons
      in the glomerular and external plexiform layers. Virtually all the TH
      immunoreactive periglomerular neurons also contained GABA immunoreactivity (GABA
      I) while there was an additional number of GABA-immunoreactive periglomerular
      cells (27%) which did not contain TH immunoreactivity (TH-I). In contrast, the
      numerous tufted-type neurons in the glomerular and superficial external plexiform
      layers which contained TH-I did not contain GABA-I. In the external plexiform
      layer (EPL), 41% of the immunoreactive neurons contained GABA-I alone, 24%
      contained TH-I alone, and 35% contained both. EPL neurons containing GABA-I only
      or both GABA-I and TH-I never exhibited tufted cell morphological characteristics
      and were generally of the short-axon type. Electron microscopic examination of
      GABA-I and TH-I elements in the glomerular layer detected morphologically similar
      periglomerular perikarya and intraglomerular processes immunoreactive for each
      substance and other neurons and processes of the same type containing neither
      GABA-I or TH-I. These data indicate that the classical neurotransmitters GABA and
      dopamine coexist in large numbers of neurons in the rat main olfactory bulb
      including characteristic periglomerular cells and certain other local-circuit
      neuronal types.

PMID- 2891735
TI  - Fulminant systemic necrotizing arteritis: CT findings.
AB  - Fulminant necrotizing arteritis can be a rapidly fatal disease with protean
      manifestations often suggesting other diagnoses. We present two cases with
      angiographic and CT correlation and discuss CT findings that are suggestive of
      the diagnosis.

PMID- 2891736
TI  - Cognitive-behavioral treatment of women's body-image dissatisfaction.

PMID- 2891737
TI  - Safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes:
      Lagenidiales) to mammals.

PMID- 2891734
TI  - Renal handling of taurine, L-alanine, L-glutamate and D-glucose in Opsanus tau:
      studies on isolated brush border membrane vesicles.
AB  - Renal brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) from the aglomerular toadfish
      (Opsanus tau), isolated by differential precipitation, were tested for their
      ability to actively translocate (i) taurine, known to be secreted by the kidney
      of several marine teleosts, and (ii) L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, and D-glucose,
      solutes that are normally reabsorbed in the filtering nephron. Vesicular taurine
      uptake displayed a Na+ dependence. Transport was greatest under conditions of an
      inward-directed Na+ gradient, but a significant stimulation by Na+ over K+ could
      also be observed in the absence of a salt gradient. At high extravesicular K+,
      the addition of valinomycin reduced taurine uptake. Na+-dependent 3H-taurine flux
      was almost completely inhibited by non-labeled taurine (tracer replacement) or
      beta-alanine, but was unaffected by L-alanine. Replacement of medium chloride by
      SCN- or NO3- in the presence of Na+ resulted in significantly lower uptake rates
      under both anion gradient and anion equilibrium conditions, whereas Br- could
      almost fully substitute for the stimulatory Cl- action. These results indicate
      the presence of an electrogenic Na+-cotransport mechanism with specificity for
      beta-amino acids in the toadfish renal brush border. Whether the system under
      physiological conditions mediates reabsorption or secretion of taurine remains to
      be determined. Toadfish bbmv also translocated L-alanine and L-glutamic acid in a
      Na+-dependent manner. Possible roles for these most likely reabsorptive transport
      systems in a non-filtering kidney are discussed. D-glucose uptake, however,
      appeared to occur via Na+-independent pathways, since it was not affected by
      phlorizin in the presence of Na+, or by Na+ replacement.

PMID- 2891738
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terfenadine in children.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terfenadine were studied in 13
      children with allergic rhinitis, mean age 7.45 +/- 0.54 SEM years. Serum
      concentrations of the active carboxylic acid metabolite of terfenadine
      (terfenadine metabolite I) were measured before and hourly for 8 hours after
      administration of a single dose of terfenadine suspension. The mean maximum serum
      concentration of terfenadine metabolite I, 242 +/- 28 ng/ml, occurred at 2.3 +/-
      0.2 hours; the mean serum half-life value was 2.0 +/- 0.1 hours. Wheals and
      flares after epicutaneous tests with histamine phosphate, 1.0 mg/ml and 0.2
      mg/ml, were significantly suppressed from 1 to 8 hours after the terfenadine dose
      compared to predose values. Maximum wheal suppression occurred at from 3 to 6
      hours. Itching was completely suppressed for 8 hours. No serious adverse effects
      occurred. Terfenadine in children appears to be well absorbed, and its carboxylic
      acid metabolite has a short serum elimination half-life. The duration of its
      suppressive effect on the histamine-induced wheal and flare greatly exceeds that
      expected from consideration of serum terfenadine metabolite I concentrations.

PMID- 2891739
TI  - [Metipranolol 0.1%: effect of a single dose on the nycthemeral pressure curve in
      an eye with chronic primary open-angle glaucoma].
AB  - A double blind randomised study was made to compare the efficiency in decreasing
      intra ocular pressure of Metipranolol 0.1% or 0.3% versus placebo in three groups
      of 15 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma with or without visual field
      defects. The results demonstrate that Metipranolol 0.1% significantly lowers the
      intra ocular pressure in comparison with placebo. But this lowering is less that
      the one with 0.3% and is markedly reduced after 9 hours. The action of
      Metipranolol 0.3% is more durable and is still observed at 24 hours with a drop
      of nearly 20% in comparison with the initial intra ocular pressure. In the three
      groups, no significant variation of pulse and arterial pressure could be noticed
      during this 24 hours study.

PMID- 2891740
TI  - [Mid-term results of a double-blind study comparing metipranolol to timolol in
      the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma].
AB  - A study on 26 patients with chronic angle glaucoma was completed after 17 weeks.
      The IOP was satisfactorily stabilized on patients treated with Metipranolol
      drops. In the Timolol group, the IOP rose again after the 9th week and, at the
      completion of the study, the difference between the averages of the two groups is
      significant. No systemic effect was noted as well in the Metipranolol group as in
      the Timolol group.

PMID- 2891741
TI  - Reaching optimum function is realistic goal for elderly.

PMID- 2891742
TI  - A comparison of the pharmacological properties of the novel tricyclic
      antidepressant lofepramine with its major metabolite, desipramine: a review.
AB  - The effects of the novel tricyclic antidepressant lofepramine were compared with
      that of its principal metabolite desipramine. In double-bind clinical trials,
      lofepramine has been shown to be as effective as desipramine and other comparator
      tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of endogenous and reactive depression,
      but there are some differences between them. Thus the acute toxicity of
      lofepramine is approximately one-fifth that of its metabolite; lofepramine is a
      less potent muscarinic receptor antagonist than desipramine (verified by clinical
      studies in volunteers and depressed patients); lofepramine is less likely to
      produce conduction defects than desipramine. Neurochemical studies show that both
      lofepramine and its metabolite are potent noradrenaline uptake inhibitors in
      vitro and evidence is presented to suggest that lofepramine may release this
      amine following chronic administration in vivo; both drugs slightly increase
      serotonin turnover under these conditions and down-regulate cortical beta
      adrenoceptor function. Unlike desipramine and most clinically effective
      antidepressants, lofepramine was inactive in attenuating the hyperactivity of
      olfactory bulbectomized rats in the "open field" apparatus, and in reversing
      acute clonidine induced hypomotility. From such tests it appears unlikely that
      the active metabolite, desipramine, is formed in the brain in sufficient
      concentrations after chronic lofepramine administration to make a substantial
      contribution towards the pharmacological activity of the parent compound.

PMID- 2891743
TI  - Characterization of antisera to glutamate and aspartate.
AB  - Antisera were raised in rabbits against glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp)
      conjugated to the invertebrate carrier protein hemocyanin (HC) with
      glutaraldehyde (GA). The antisera were characterized by testing their
      immunocytochemical staining properties on sections cut at the level of the
      ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) from fixed brains of normal rats after absorption
      with conjugates of compounds structurally similar and biologically relevant to
      Glu and Asp. Optimal staining with Glu antiserum was obtained at a dilution of
      1:10,000 and was completely blocked by 303 micrograms/ml of the Glu-HC conjugate.
      No crossreactivity with any of 11 compounds tested was observed. Optimal staining
      with the Asp antiserum was obtained at 1:8000 dilution and was completely blocked
      by 225 micrograms/ml of the Asp-HC conjugate. Of 10 compounds tested for
      crossreactivity, only L-asparagine demonstrated a measurable (about 10%)
      crossreactivity with the Asp antiserum. The specificity of the two antisera was
      also tested by immunoblot analysis against 11 compounds conjugated to HC with GA.
      Listed in order of staining intensity, from greatest to least, conjugates that
      reacted with the Glu antiserum were Glu greater than Gly-Glu greater than Asp-Glu
      = Asp greater than N-carbamyl (NC)-Glu greater than Asn = Gln = GABA. Conjugates
      that reacted with the Asp antiserum, in order of decreasing staining intensity,
      were Asp greater than Glu-Asp = Asn greater than Gly-Asp greater than Glu. No
      other compounds tested for crossreactivity reacted with the two antisera in the
      immunoblot analysis. Glu-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglia and
      somatosensory cortex, and the comparative distribution of Glu- and Asp-like
      immunoreactivities in the latter tissue, are presented as examples of staining
      patterns obtained with the two antisera.

PMID- 2891744
TI  - Light microscopic visualization of the reaction product of cerium used for
      localization of peroxisomal oxidases.
AB  - The reaction product of cerium used for localization of peroxisomal oxidases is
      highly electron-dense but lacks sufficient contrast at the light microscopic
      level. We describe two methods for converting the reaction product of cerium to
      colored compounds visible by light microscopy. The first method is based on 3,3'
      diaminobenzidine (DAB) amplification of transition metal compounds, of which
      cerium is one. Sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed rat liver or kidney are incubated
      first in media for various oxidases containing CeCl3, followed by treatment with
      DAB in Na acetate buffer, pH 5.3. To prevent any interference by the peroxidatic
      activity of catalase, NaN3 or Na pyruvate is added to the DAB amplification
      medium. Staining with DAB can be further intensified with NiCl2 or CoCl2. The
      second method is based on the conversion of the cerium reaction product with
      alkaline lead citrate and the final visualization of the lead compound with
      ammonium sulfide. These methods allow the evaluation of large sections for
      peroxisomal oxidases by light microscopy, making close correlation between light
      and electron microscopy possible.

PMID- 2891745
TI  - Three-color immunofluorescence histochemistry allowing triple labeling within a
      single section.
AB  - We describe a procedure for simultaneous immunohistochemical localization of
      three different neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, or neurotransmitter enzymes
      within one and the same tissue section and present a number of examples of its
      application within the brain and periphery. Primary antibodies from three
      different species were bound to three different neurochemical substances within
      the same section and were then reacted with three appropriate species-specific
      antisera conjugated with fluorescein, rhodamine/Texas red, or biotin. The
      biotinylated secondary antiserum was subsequently reacted with
      diethylaminocoumarin (DAMC) conjugated to avidin. This combination resulted in
      green, red, and blue fluorescent labeling of each antigen, respectively. Each
      fluorescent marker was viewed and photographed discretely using appropriate
      excitation and suppression filter combinations. The method is well suited for
      analyzing instances of multiple coexistence at both the level of the cell soma
      and within terminal regions. More broadly, the feasibility of three-color
      immunofluorescence histochemistry extends the range with which antigen
      localization can be used to investigate the morphological bases of relationships
      and interactions between immunohistochemically characterized neuronal elements.

PMID- 2891746
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase during fetal
      development of mouse kidney.
AB  - In the fully developed kidney, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase is localized
      predominantly to the apical plasma membrane of the proximal tubules. The
      appearance of this activity during murine fetal nephrogenesis was quantitated
      using a sensitive fluorometric assay, and development of membrane polarity was
      assessed by immunocytochemistry. Specific activity of the transpeptidase in 13
      day fetal kidney was approximately 1 mU/mg protein. Between 13-21 days of
      gestation, total transpeptidase activity increased 7500-fold, whereas specific
      activity increased 50-fold. At 13 days of gestation, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      immunoreactivity is localized to the apical surfaces of developing renal vesicles
      and the proximal segment of the S-shaped tubules. The organized cell structures
      have tight tubular junctions but lack a well-defined brush-border membrane. By 15
      days of gestation, immunostaining of the apical surface of developing proximal
      segments is more prominent, and slight reactivity of the basolateral membrane is
      evident. By 17 days of gestation, the kidney is organized into discrete zones.
      The large increase in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity correlates with the
      appearance of increased immunostaining of the developing brush-border membranes
      of the proximal tubules contained in the inner cortex. A very similar although
      somewhat delayed pattern of appearance of transpeptidase activity and
      immunostaining was observed in metanephric organ culture. Induction of proximal
      tubular cyst formation had no effect on the increase in transpeptidase activity
      that occurred during organotypic nephrogenesis.

PMID- 2891747
TI  - Distribution of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of a teleost, Carassius
      auratus (Cyprinidae).
AB  - The occurrence and distribution of monoamine-(MA) containing neurons and fibres
      in the brain of Carassius was investigated by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence
      (FIF) histochemistry (Falck-Hillarp technique). Many brightly green-fluorescent
      nerve cell perikarya were found in the nucleus dorsolateralis and ventromedialis,
      in the nucleus posterioris periventricularis, in the nucleus recessus lateralis
      and posterioris. They also occurred in the mesencephalic nucleus lateralis
      valvulae, in the metencephalic nucleus gustatorius secundus and near the
      ventricular borders of the facial and vagal lobes in the myelencephalon. Many
      fluorescent fibres and nerve terminals were localized in the frontal and medio
      lateral parts of the telencephalon, showing fluorescent connections to the caudal
      parts. In the diencephalon, MA-fibres branched in a horizontal and ventral tract,
      leading to the medulla oblongata and the hypothalamic nuclei, respectively. There
      were laterally situated fibres connecting the hypothalamic nuclei with the
      medulla and the nucleus gustatorius secundus. Many fluorescent fibres were found
      in the middle layers of the tectum opticum, in the torus semicircularis, in the
      lobus inferior and in the medulla oblongata. Considerably fewer fibres occurred
      in the corpus cerebelli and in the dorsal parts of the hindbrain lobes. These
      results are compared with the MA-system in the brains of other fish.

PMID- 2891748
TI  - The role of antiseptics in the management of patients with long-term indwelling
      bladder catheters.

PMID- 2891749
TI  - Nosocomial infections on nursing units with floors cleaned with a disinfectant
      compared with detergent.
AB  - Nosocomial infections on eight acute care nursing units in a tertiary care
      hospital was compared between two 3-month periods in which floors were cleaned
      with either disinfectant or detergent. Personnel performing infection
      surveillance were unaware of the cleaning product used. Surface cultures from
      selected floor sites were obtained at 3 and 6 months to assess microbial
      contamination. The combined nosocomial infection rate for the eight wards did not
      differ between disinfectant (8.0/100 patient discharges) and detergent (7.1/100).
      For individual wards, a significant difference in nosocomial infection rate
      between the two periods was observed in only one ward, favouring the detergent.
      No differences in floor contamination were observed.

PMID- 2891750
TI  - A new safety system for air filtration in clinical suction apparatus.
AB  - The design and development of a low cost differential pressure indicator giving
      continual pressure comparison across the substance of an air filter is described.
      A hazard warning is given when the differential pressure rises above a pre-set
      value proportional to significant loss of filter efficiency. The differential
      pressure indicator affords increased protection against infection associated with
      the use of suction apparatus and allows a net saving in expenditure by ensuring
      optimum use of integral air filters.

PMID- 2891751
TI  - Investigation of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in a district general hospital:
      room for improvement?
AB  - A retrospective survey of case-notes was carried out on all patients investigated
      for possible Clostridium difficile diarrhoea during a 1-month period at a
      district general hospital. Seven of 29 patients probably had the disease, but no
      case of pseudomembranous colitis was documented. Delay in reporting and
      discrepancies between culture and cytotoxin results contributed in several cases
      to mismanagement. In 14 of 16 cases negative by culture and cytotoxin, a
      plausible non-microbiological case for diarrhoea was found, including aperients
      in six.

PMID- 2891752
TI  - An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium gastroenteritis in a psychiatric hospital.
AB  - An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium (phage type 12) infection involving 11
      patients and 12 members of staff occurred in a psychiatric hospital in Merseyside
      during a 3-week period in September and October 1984. Bacteraemia did not occur
      in any patients, those affected having a mild self-limiting diarrhoea. The source
      of the organism remained unknown but the most probable means of transmission was
      by person to person contact. The outbreak was controlled by transferring affected
      patients to an isolation ward. Staff were encouraged to report gastrointestinal
      symptoms and remain off work until symptom free or until the results of cultures
      were known. The problems of managing the outbreak are discussed.

PMID- 2891753
TI  - Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; the role of antisepsis in the
      control of an outbreak.
AB  - Between February 1983 and September 1985, an outbreak of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus involving 151 patients and staff occurred in a district
      general hospital. At its peak, 43 cases occurred in 3 months. Sixty-two patients
      suffered morbidity and two died. Conventional isolation techniques and once-daily
      whole body washing of affected patients with triclosan successfully controlled
      the outbreak.

PMID- 2891754
TI  - Metronidazole prophylaxis in acute mural appendicitis: failure of a single intra
      operative infusion to reduce wound infection.
AB  - The efficacy of a single 500 mg intravenous intra-operative dose of metronidazole
      in the prevention of postoperative wound infection, following appendicectomy for
      acute mural appendicitis, was studied in a prospective randomized placebo
      controlled trial. Fourteen of the 96 patients (14.6%) in the metronidazole group
      and 13 of the 94 in the placebo group (13.8%) developed postoperative wound
      infection. Late sepsis was noted in 4 out of the 96 patients in the metronidazole
      group and in one of the 94 patients in the placebo group. This study suggests
      that a single intra-operative dose of metronidazole dose not reduce the incidence
      of postoperative wound infection following appendicectomy for acute mural
      appendicitis.

PMID- 2891755
TI  - Endemic occurrence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus biovar anitratus in an
      intensive care unit.
AB  - One strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus biovar anitratus caused colonization of
      111 patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) during a 2-year period. All
      patients were intubated and had received antibiotic therapy prior to
      colonization. Morbidity due to the organism was about 1%. The colonization rate
      showed a decreasing trend during the study period, but no seasonal variation. The
      strain was found in the air in a low concentration and on the hands of 8-13% of
      the members of the staff. No chronic carriers were found.

PMID- 2891756
TI  - Comparison of flow rates into vented and non-vented urinary drainage bags:
      possible relevance to infection.
AB  - Tests on vented and non-vented urinary drainage bags were carried out to
      establish if differences existed in the flow of fluid into them and whether air
      bubbles and air trapping were affected by venting. At flow rates of 3-12 ml sec-1
      there was consistent flow into the vented bag until it was full. There was no air
      trapping in the bag, and no retrograde flow of air bubbles or fluid up the tube.
      Flow rates into non-vented bags were strongly affected by air in the drainage
      tube but, if this cleared, the flow rate was high until the bags were nearly
      full, at which time air was pushed into the tube. If air remained in the tube the
      flow rate was reduced. The non-vented bags required a higher pressure in the
      drainage tube to fill them than the vented bags, and allowed air bubbles to
      ascend from the bag up the drainage tube.

PMID- 2891757
TI  - Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the environment of carriers and patients.
AB  - A total of 533 throat and nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from 328 staff
      who nursed cases of diphtheria and carriers of Corynebacterium diphtheriae; none
      yielded C. diphtheriae. Only one out of 189 environmental samples relating to 22
      patients and carriers was positive. In addition, one carrier with chronic skin
      disease was found to have widespread colonization with C. diphtheriae. Several
      samples both from his hospital room and home yielded C. diphtheriae, indicating
      that he was a 'disperser.'

PMID- 2891758
TI  - 'Tegaderm' dressings prevent recolonization of chlorhexidine-treated skin.
AB  - 'Tegaderm', a semi-permeable, self-adhesive dressing made of polyurethane film,
      applied to intact upper arm skin in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients reduced
      the aerobic skin flora compared to adjacent exposed skin sites. We also applied
      'Tegaderm' to skin disinfected with chlorhexidine; the aerobic skin flora
      remained unchanged at a low level for 5 days.

PMID- 2891759
TI  - Comparative testing of disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
      Mycobacterium terrae in a quantitative suspension test.
AB  - In order to establish a quantitative suspension test to assess the tuberculocidal
      activity of disinfectants, comparative tests were carried out with a variant of
      the Dutch Standard Suspension Test using Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
      Mycobacterium terrae as the test organisms. The results indicate that both
      species have a similar susceptibility towards disinfectants. Because of this and
      since M. terrae is a relatively fast growing organism with a low pathogenic
      potential, it is recommended that this species be used for determining the
      tuberculocidal potential of new products.

PMID- 2891760
TI  - Microbial contamination associated with routine aseptic practice.
AB  - We have studied the rate of fortuitous contamination associated with routine
      aseptic technique under operational conditions. Stainless steel strips, as
      simulators of surgical instruments, were contained in sterilized surgical packs
      and assayed by nursing personnel during surgical and other invasive procedures at
      three different hospitals. The rates of contamination observed for the 36
      investigators ranged from 0% to 11.3%, with an overall rate of 2.7%. Assays
      conducted in a clean room environment, under conditions approaching industrial
      sterility standards, showed a contamination rate of 0.16%. We concluded that
      aseptic practices, as routinely performed without any noticeable breaks or
      transgressions, do not guarantee sterility. The concept of surgical sterility
      implies low level, but measurable, microbial contamination.

PMID- 2891762
TI  - An assessment of the performance of a glass bead sterilizer.
AB  - The performance of a simple glass bead sterilizer designed for use with hand held
      instruments such as in chiropody surgeries was studied and found to be generally
      within specification. However, we recommend certain precautions during use.

PMID- 2891761
TI  - The antimicrobial activity of protamine and polybrene.
AB  - Polybrene and protamine have broad antimicrobial activity and may be useful as
      topical agents.

PMID- 2891763
TI  - Breast milk and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2891764
TI  - Use of 'Signal system' (Oxoid) for diagnosing infection in continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

PMID- 2891765
TI  - Pseudomonas cepacia pseudobacteraemia associated with a contaminated blood gas
      analyzer.

PMID- 2891766
TI  - Inhibition of transformed T cell growth in vitro by monoclonal antibodies
      directed against distinct activating molecules.
AB  - Stimulatory of antigen-specific murine T cell hybridomas with the appropriate
      antigen has been shown to cause lymphokine secretion and inhibition of
      spontaneous cell growth. In this study, the effect of cellular activation on the
      growth of transformed T cells, of known or unknown antigen specificity, was
      explored with stimulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that recognize nonclonally
      distributed T cell surface molecules. Anti-CD3 antibodies stimulated interleukin
      2 (IL-2) secretion while they inhibited murine and human T cell tumor growth in
      vitro. Both responses required external cross-linking of the anti-CD3 antibodies.
      Activation via two molecules that are not physically associated with the T cell
      antigen receptor, Thy-1 and Ly-6, also inhibited transformed T cell growth while
      inducing IL-2 secretion. Notably, an anti-Thy-1 mAb that did not cause the
      transformed T cells to secrete lymphokines failed to affect their growth, and in
      fact blocked the growth inhibition induced by the stimulatory mAb. Regardless of
      which stimulating mAb was used, IL-2 production and cell growth were inversely
      proportional, manifesting similar antibody dose-response curves. Activation of a
      T cell hybridoma with stimulatory mAb resulted in rapid lysis, as evidenced by
      the release of 51Cr and lactate dehydrogenase. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated
      that cellular activation was accompanied by a cell cycle block between the G1 and
      S phases, and probably a slowing of the transit of cells already in S. These
      results demonstrate that the growth of a spectrum of neoplastic T cells, murine
      and human, can be inhibited by what are normally growth-promoting signals for non
      transformed T cells.

PMID- 2891768
TI  - Regulation of T cell clone function via CD4 and CD8 molecules. Anti-CD4 can
      mediate two distinct inhibitory activities.
AB  - The functional effects resulting from CD4 and CD8 perturbation were analyzed by
      using a CD4+CD8+ clone and anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies.
      Perturbation of CD8, but not CD4, by soluble antibody resulted in the inhibition
      of CD3-T cell receptor (CD3-Ti) triggering as determined by flow cytometric
      measurements of intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations. In addition, the CD3-T
      cell receptor-mediated cytotoxic function of the CD4+CD8+ clone was inhibited by
      anti-CD8, but not by anti-CD4. These results suggest that CD8, but not CD4, was
      functionally associated with CD3-Ti on the CD4+CD8+ clone. Although CD4
      perturbation did not affect CD3-Ti-mediated activities, it resulted in the
      inhibition of the interleukin 2-dependent proliferation of this clone.
      Perturbation of CD8 did not affect the interleukin 2 dependent proliferation of
      the CD4+CD8+ clone. On the other hand, CD4 molecules of another CD4+CD8- clone
      unlike those of the CD4+CD8+ clone, were clearly linked to T cell receptor
      function. These results indicate that CD4 perturbation can result in two distinct
      regulatory activities; one involves the regulation of CD3-T cell receptor
      function, whereas the other is not directly associated with CD3-T cell antigen
      receptor function. The data are also consistent with the notion that CD4 and CD8
      do not merely function as recognition and adhesion elements for accessory cell
      major histocompatibility complex molecules, but have a direct role in the
      regulation of T cell activation.

PMID- 2891767
TI  - Human T cells can be directed to lyse tumor targets through the alternative
      activation/T11-E rosette receptor pathway.
AB  - We investigated the ability of human T cells to be directed to lyse murine and
      human tumor targets by antibodies (Ab) to the T11-E rosette (CD2) receptor. We
      found that the human cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone TBI-6, which is specific for
      the Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cell line, CM-EBV, could be directed to lyse
      the Fc receptor-positive murine tumor P388D1, by the combination of anti-T11(2)
      plus anti-T11(3) Ab. This activation and lysis was demonstrable only with an Fc
      receptor expressing tumor target and only with those Ab or with anti-T3 (CD3) Ab
      but not with other anti-T11 Ab or other Ab directed against surface structures on
      the clone. We therefore constructed heterodimeric Ab consisting of anti-T11(2) or
      anti-T11(3) Ab and the J5 anti-common acute lymphoblastic leukemic antigen (anti
      CALLA) Ab. The purity and retained functional properties of the dimers were
      demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, fluorescence
      activated cell sorter analysis on relevant cells, and by the ability of these
      conjugates to activate human peripheral blood lymphocytes to proliferate. These
      heterodimeric Ab conjugates were shown to be able to direct the lysis of CALLA+
      targets by TBI-6. The specificity of this lysis was demonstrated by the inability
      of these heterodimers to direct the lysis of CALLA- targets by the cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte clone, and by the ability of excess free J5, but not an irrelevant Ab
      of the same isotype, to block this type of lysis. The potential clinical
      significance of these reagents is discussed.

PMID- 2891769
TI  - Heterogeneity of steroid 21-hydroxylase genes in classical congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia.
AB  - Careful genotyping of three families, each having a member with classical salt
      losing steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency, has allowed identification of carrier
      haplotypes. Digestion with TaqI or EcoRI and probing with a cDNA probe for the 21
      hydroxylase genes (pC21/3c) revealed that all six affected haplotypes are
      abnormal with at least EcoRI. The data suggest that there is extreme polymorphism
      of the 21-hydroxylase genes and that dysfunction may result from several
      different abnormalities.

PMID- 2891770
TI  - Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic to mosquitoes recently
      isolated in Israel.

PMID- 2891771
TI  - Characterization of Citrobacter diversus strains causing neonatal meningitis.
AB  - We studied 17 strains of Citrobacter diversus isolated from the cerebrospinal
      fluid of infants with meningitis and compared these strains with 21 strains
      isolated from other body sites. The two groups of strains were similar with
      respect to biotype, piliation, hemolysin production, and resistance to the
      killing effects of serum. By using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, we found that 14 (82%) of 17 strains from cerebrospinal fluid,
      but only two (10%) of 21 strains isolated from other body sites, possessed a
      minor outer membrane protein with a molecular weight of 32,000 (P less than
      .0001). This protein may serve as a marker for strains of C. diversus that are
      likely to cause meningitis or brain abscess in human neonates.

PMID- 2891772
TI  - Simultaneous infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and HTLV-1 in a
      patient with AIDS.

PMID- 2891773
TI  - Production and partial characterization of pili on non-O1 Vibrio cholerae.

PMID- 2891774
TI  - MR/K hemagglutination of Providencia stuartii correlates with adherence to
      catheters and with persistence in catheter-associated bacteriuria.
AB  - Providencia stuartii was the most prevalent bacterial species isolated, for one
      year, from weekly urine specimens from 51 long-term catheterized patients.
      Significantly more strains causing bacteriuric episodes of long duration
      expressed MR/K (mannose-resistant/Klebsiella-like) hemagglutination (74%) than
      did those causing episodes of short duration (26%; P = .004). Isolates expressing
      MR/K hemagglutinin bound in higher numbers to catheter material (P = .023) than
      did those not expressing this hemagglutinin. Significantly more strains causing
      bacteriuric episodes of short duration expressed the mannose-sensitive (MS)
      hemagglutinin (43%) than did those causing episodes of long duration (7%; P =
      .014). Isolates expressing MS hemagglutinin bound significantly more 125I-labeled
      Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) than did isolates not expressing this hemagglutinin
      (P = .0001). Our results indicate that MR/K hemagglutinin plays an important role
      in the ability of P. stuartii to persist and suggest that MR/K adheres to the
      catheter. Conversely, MS hemagglutinin binds to THP and may prevent persistence
      of P. stuartii in the catheterized urinary tract.

PMID- 2891775
TI  - Lethal effects and cardiovascular effects of purified alpha- and theta-toxins
      from Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - Shock, a common and frequently fatal manifestation of gas gangrene caused by
      Clostridium perfringens, is probably mediated by extracellular toxins. Previous
      studies implicating alpha-toxin as the major lethal factor were frequently done
      with preparations contaminated with a second lethal factor, theta-toxin. We
      purified alpha- and theta-toxins from C. perfringens and demonstrated that both
      were lethal to mice. We investigated the effects of these purified toxins on
      cardiovascular function in intact rabbits; both toxins caused profound
      hypotension and bradycardia within 40 min. Reduced cardiac output preceded the
      development of hypotension and bradycardia. Purified alpha-toxin produced a dose
      dependent reduction in myocardial function in isolated rabbit atrial
      preparations. Purified theta-toxin did not directly inhibit myocardial function.
      Shock induced by alpha-toxin may be partly mediated by direct depression of
      myocardial function. theta-Toxin reduced cardiac output in intact animals but had
      no direct effects on isolated heart preparations at concentrations that induced
      shock in intact animals. These data suggest that theta-toxin-induced shock could
      be mediated by an endogenous myocardial depressant factor.

PMID- 2891777
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Harris County,
      Texas, 1986.
AB  - An outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) resulted in 28 cases of the disease
      in Harris County, Texas, in 1986. The cases occurred principally in Baytown, in
      eastern Harris County, but five cases were also recognized in Houston. The risk
      of illness increased sharply with age, and all five fatal cases were in persons
      greater than 55 y. Case-control methods were used for the first time to study
      factors associated with the risk of acquiring SLE. Risk was associated with
      residences poorly sealed against mosquitoes (non-air-conditioned residences and
      those with inadequate screens). The number of hours spent outdoors and in outdoor
      activities, except sitting immediately outside residences, were not associated
      with risk. Our observations suggest that exposure to vector mosquitoes may have
      occurred indoors. No host factors were significantly associated with risk of
      acquiring SLE, but more cases were cigarette smokers and had family histories of
      hypertension or cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 2891776
TI  - Fragment length polymorphisms among independent isolates of Epstein-Barr virus
      from immunocompromised and normal hosts.
AB  - DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA
      were used as a molecular epidemiological tool to study multiple isolates of virus
      from the same and different individuals. We studied 35 EBV isolates: 19 from
      seven immunocompromised children and 16 from seven college students with
      mononucleosis. Analysis of the fragment length polymorphisms in this collection
      of isolates permitted several conclusions. Sites of polymorphism were most often
      encountered in regions with repetitive DNA. Epidemiologically unrelated patients
      harbored viruses that could be readily distinguished; by contrast, two infants
      and their mothers harbored similar viruses. Isolates from different sites in the
      same patient were similar. Variations between different clinical isolates of EBV
      mimic those found between different laboratory strains of the virus. Fragment
      length polymorphisms thus provide a useful marker for studying transmission and
      pathogenesis of EBV infections.

PMID- 2891779
TI  - Infectious diarrhea due to Clostridium perfringens.

PMID- 2891778
TI  - Hemorrhagic complications and other clinical findings in nephropathia epidemica
      in Sweden: a study of 355 serologically verified cases.

PMID- 2891780
TI  - Cell surface antigens of human melanocytes and melanoma. Expression of adenosine
      deaminase binding protein is extinguished with melanocyte transformation.
AB  - It has been proposed that the pathogenesis of melanoma proceeds through multiple
      stages, ranging from benign proliferation of melanocytic cells to acquisition of
      the capacity to invade tissues and metastasize. During investigations of cell
      surface antigens expressed by melanocytes and melanoma, we identified an antigen
      system that was expressed by cultured normal melanocytes but not by melanoma cell
      lines. mAbs against this antigen detected a 120-kD cell surface glycoprotein on
      melanocytes. This molecule had been identified previously as the binding protein
      for adenosine deaminase (ADAbp). ADAbp was expressed by 51 melanocyte cell lines
      derived from normal fetal, newborn, and adult skin and adult choroid, but not by
      102 melanoma cell lines derived from primary and metastatic lesions. Studies with
      radiolabeled bovine adenosine deaminase, confirmed that melanocytes expressed
      binding sites for adenosine deaminase, but no binding sites were detected on
      cultured melanoma cells. Further studies showed that ADAbp+ melanocytes became
      ADAbp- upon malignant transformation in vitro. Immunohistochemical studies on a
      panel of frozen tissues demonstrated reactivity of anti-ADAbp mAbs with epidermal
      melanocytes and benign junctional nevi, but not with potentially premalignant
      dysplastic nevi or primary/metastatic melanoma lesions. These studies demonstrate
      that ADAbp expression is lost with malignant transformation of melanocytes,
      presumably at an early stage in the transformation process.

PMID- 2891781
TI  - Characterization of a 280-kD protein restricted to the coated pits of the renal
      brush border and the epithelial cells of the yolk sac. Teratogenic effect of the
      specific monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Intermicrovillar areas and apical vesicles characterized by an extensive clathrin
      coat can be identified in some epithelial cell types. We describe a 280-kD
      protein, characteristic of these areas in the proximal tubule brush border and
      epithelial cells of the visceral yolk sac. When injected to 9-d pregnant rats,
      mAbs to the 280-kD protein regularly induced fetal resorption and/or
      malformations. Antibodies to a 330-kD protein that is also coated-pit-restricted
      had no effect. Our observations point to a key function for p280 and suggest that
      immunity to specific constituents of the receptor-mediated endocytotic system may
      be involved in the induction of fetal abnormalities.

PMID- 2891782
TI  - Salivary testosterone: its application in the follow-up of hypo- and hyper
      androgenic states.

PMID- 2891783
TI  - D-aspartate uptake and release in the guinea pig spinal cord after partial
      ablation of the cerebral cortex.
AB  - This study attempts to determine if L-glutamate and L-aspartate may be
      transmitters of the guinea pig corticospinal tract. Unilateral ablations were
      made of the frontal and parietal neocortex which destroyed most of the motor and
      somatosensory areas in the right cerebral hemisphere. In lesioned animals,
      transverse sections of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord (segments C6-
      T1) were stained to reveal degenerating fibers. Degeneration of axons first
      appeared 4 days after surgery, reached a maximum on the seventh day, and began to
      wane by the ninth day. The most prominent loss of axons appeared deep in the
      dorsal funiculus and in laminae IV-IX of the gray matter contralateral to the
      cortical lesion. Ipsilaterally, there was very sparse degeneration of fibers in
      the dorsal and ventral funiculi and in the spinal gray matter. The uptake and
      release of D-[3H]aspartate, a putative nonmetabolizable marker for L-glutamate
      and L-aspartate, were measured in dissected quadrants of the cervical enlargement
      taken from intact and lesioned animals. The uptake and the electrically evoked,
      Ca2+-dependent release of D-[3H]aspartate were depressed by 29-35% at 4 and 7
      days after surgery, but only in tissue that was contralateral to the cortical
      ablation. The lesion had no effect on the uptake and release of exogenous gamma
      [14C]aminobutyric acid, which were measured as indices of the postlesion
      integrity of neurons in the spinal gray matter. These findings suggest that the
      synaptic endings of corticospinal fibers probably mediate the uptake and release
      of D-[3H]aspartate and, therefore, may use L-glutamate and/or L-aspartate as a
      transmitter.

PMID- 2891784
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in caudate nucleus from Parkinson's disease:
      effects of iron and phosphorylating agents.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity of human postmortem brain tissues from
      controls and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) was examined in the presence
      of Fe2+ and phosphorylation agents, such as cyclic AMP, exogenous protein kinase,
      calcium plus calmodulin (Ca2+-CaM), and ATP. TH activity from parkinsonian tissue
      was increased by 48% with statistical significance in the presence of exogenous
      protein kinase. Cyclic AMP alone had no effect, whereas Ca2+-CaM increased the
      activity by only 10%. The presence of acetylcholine resulted in a slight decrease
      in enzyme activity. Human TH was stimulated 13.17-fold in the presence of 1 mM
      Fe2+. For iron dependence, no significant differences could be shown for the Km
      values of TH in striata of PD, while the activity of TH was half of that of
      controls. Here stimulation with 1 mM Fe2+ raised the activity of TH 11-fold.
      Stimulation of rat, gerbil, pig, and human caudate nucleus TH with Fe2+ shows
      remarkable species differences. In particular, the sensitivity of human TH to
      stimulating processes is noteworthy. H2O2 decreases TH activity only at high
      concentrations. Species differences are noted for the combined incubation of Fe2+
      and H2O2. In the gerbil caudate nucleus, H2O2 does not prevent the stimulating
      properties of Fe2+, while the pig shows a dose-dependent decline of TH activity.
      In conclusion, there are no significant changes in the stimulating properties of
      human caudate nucleus TH activity with Fe2+ in PD, while such differences are
      noted by using exogenous protein kinase. Furthermore, experimental evidence shows
      that TH activity declines at high concentrations of H2O2 only. Potentiation of
      this effect by Fe2+ seems to be species-dependent.

PMID- 2891785
TI  - Changes in the relative amounts of aspartate and glutamate released and retained
      in hippocampal slices during stimulation.
AB  - It has been found previously that the ratio of aspartate to glutamate released
      and retained by brain slices reversibly changes with changing glucose
      concentrations in the medium. To find out whether increased neuronal activity
      also results in changes in the ratio of aspartate to glutamate, in this study
      electrical-field stimulation was applied for 10 min to hippocampal slices in the
      presence of 0.2-5 mM glucose. In 5 mM glucose, the ratio of aspartate to
      glutamate released did not change during stimulation, but the amount of aspartate
      retained at the end of stimulation was reduced. In contrast, in 1 mM or less
      glucose, the ratio of aspartate to glutamate released increased progressively and
      the rate of increase was inversely proportional to the glucose content of the
      medium. The evoked release of aspartate and glutamate both in low and high
      glucose was nearly suppressed in low (0.1 mM) Ca2+ or by tetrodotoxin. In low
      glucose, the ratio of aspartate to glutamate contained in the slices also
      increased as a result of stimulation. This increase was reduced only a little in
      low Ca2+, but was nearly eliminated by tetrodotoxin. Results suggest that
      increased neuronal activity causes a shift in the ratio of aspartate to glutamate
      released in the presence of glucose concentrations similar to those found in the
      brain in normoglycemic rats. This shift, due to an increased energy demand,
      probably originates from terminals which release aspartate and glutamate in
      different proportions.

PMID- 2891786
TI  - Brain coated vesicle destabilization and phosphorylation of coat proteins.
AB  - Two basic polypeptides, bee venom melittin and poly-L-lysine, induced
      concentration-dependent destabilization of bovine brain coated vesicles.
      Ultrastructurally the changes observed were aggregation of clathrin coats and
      segregation of the vesicle membrane, concomitant with the appearance of elongated
      cisternae of various sizes. Changes in coated vesicle morphology induced by
      melittin and poly-L-lysine were concurrent with stimulation of phosphate
      incorporation in proteins of the coat lattice: Mr 33,000 and 100,000. Melittin
      stimulated phosphorylation was Ca2+ sensitive and inhibited by EGTA. The
      initiation of vesicle membrane segregation by melittin, followed by fusion and
      formation of elongated membrane cisternae, paralleled an increase of endogenous
      phospholipase A2 activity. The data suggest that a correlation exists between the
      state of assembly of the coat proteins on coated vesicles and protein
      phosphorylation.

PMID- 2891787
TI  - Carbonic anhydrase immunostaining in astrocytes in the rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - Carbonic anhydrase is known to occur in the choroid plexus, oligodendrocytes, and
      myelin, and to be virtually absent from neurons, in the mammalian CNS; however,
      there is significant controversy whether it is also present in astrocytes. When
      brain sections from adult rats were stained for simultaneous immunofluorescence
      of carbonic anhydrase and the astrocyte marker glutamine synthetase, both
      antigens were detected in the same glial cells in the cortical gray matter,
      whereas the oligodendrocytes and myelinated fibers in and adjacent to the white
      matter showed immunofluorescence only for carbonic anhydrase. Some glial cells in
      the gray matter also showed double immunofluorescence for carbonic anhydrase and
      glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results indicate that there is carbonic
      anhydrase in some astrocytes in the mammalian CNS.

PMID- 2891788
TI  - Characterization and localization of glutathione-S-transferases in rat brain and
      binding of hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs.
AB  - Rat brain glutathione-S-transferases are rich in Yb type subunits with major RNA
      transcripts coding for a relatively uncommon Yb3 form. The Yb-containing
      isoenzymes of brain cytosol bind glucocorticoids and are covalently labeled with
      dexamethasone 21-methanesulfonate. Certain neurotransmitters, hormones, and
      drugs, such as serotonin, dopamine, glucocorticoids, thyroxine, apomorphine, and
      benzodiazepine derivatives, are effective inhibitors of brain glutathione
      transferase activity. Immunocytochemical studies show that Yb forms are localized
      in ependymal cells, subventricular zone cells, astrocytes, tanycytes, and
      astrocyte foot processes on blood vessels, but Yb was not detected in
      oligodendrocytes or neurons. Based on their localization and binding properties,
      brain glutathione-S-transferases have the potential to function in intracellular
      binding of a variety of compounds and thereby govern their uptake and release in
      brain, transport to neurons, as well as in their detoxification.

PMID- 2891789
TI  - Mutual antagonism of kappa-opiate and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist effects on
      intrasynaptosomal free [Ca2+]i.
AB  - Synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortices on Percoll discontinuous density
      gradients were loaded with the fluorescent EGTA analogue Quin 2 to allow
      measurement of intracellular free [Ca2+]i. When either kappa-opiate or alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists were incubated with the synaptosomes, there was a highly
      significant (p less than 0.004, p less than 2.7 X 10(-6), respectively) reduction
      in intrasynaptosomal free [Ca2+]i relative to controls. As these synaptosomes are
      not depolarised, the data suggest that both alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and
      kappa-opiate agonists inhibit neurotransmitter release, decreasing the
      availability of intraneuronal [Ca2+]i rather than altering Ca2+ entry. However,
      when these two agonists were coincubated, there was a complete abolition of the
      effects of either agonist; in fact, there was an apparent increase in the
      intrasynaptosomal free [Ca2+]i. Neither morphine nor [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]enkephalin,
      mu and delta opiate agonists respectively, had any significant effect on
      intrasynaptosomal free [Ca2+]i. These results show that the individual effects of
      clonidine and dynorphin A1-13 are in keeping with the role of these substances at
      autoreceptors controlling neurotransmitter release. The mutual antagonism of
      their effects on [Ca2+]i is more difficult to explain but it may be a mechanism
      that prevents the occurrence of excessive inhibition of neuronal systems.

PMID- 2891790
TI  - Glutamate transport in large muscle fibres of Balanus nubilus.
AB  - The uptake of glutamate and other acidic amino acids into barnacle single muscle
      fibres has been characterized. The uptake of glutamate consists of two
      components, one Na-independent and one Na-dependent. The Na-dependent uptake is
      saturable (half-maximal at 250 microM external glutamate) and is inhibited by a
      variety of analogues of which L-cysteate and D- and L-aspartate are the most
      potent. These amino acids are also transported into the muscle in a Na-dependent
      manner. The excitatory agonists kainate, quisqualate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate do
      not inhibit or affect uptake in any way. Progressive replacement of external Na
      by choline reduces uptake with very little effect on the apparent affinity for
      glutamate, suggesting that Na and glutamate bind to the transporter
      independently. The kinetics of activation are consistent with a requirement for
      at least two Na ions. Na activation of glutamate uptake can be inhibited by
      guanidinium with kinetics that are consistent with competitive inhibition at the
      Na binding site. Studies on the efflux of L-glutamate and other analogues have
      shown that efflux rates are only slightly increased by the removal of Na and do
      not seem to be affected in any clear manner by external levels of acidic amino
      acids.

PMID- 2891791
TI  - Potentiation by kainate of excitatory amino acid release in striatum:
      complementary in vivo and in vitro experiments.
AB  - The effect of kainate on extracellular levels of amino acids in corpus striatum
      was investigated in vitro and in vivo, to elucidate the mechanism underlying its
      neurotoxicity. Kainate increased extracellular glutamate and aspartate in both
      striatal slices in vitro and intact striatum in vivo, as previously reported.
      Both in vitro and in vivo, DL-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate increased extracellular
      glutamate and aspartate levels (to between 150 and 200% of basal), and also
      enhanced their kainate-evoked release. The action of kainate in vivo was reduced
      by prior frontal decortication, whereas in vitro the kainate-evoked responses
      were only slightly reduced by tetrodotoxin, and remained above control values.
      These results confirm that kainate increases extracellular glutamate and
      aspartate, and provide evidence that this is due to synaptic release evoked by an
      action on receptors on glutamatergic neurone terminals. These findings may be
      relevant to the understanding of epilepsy.

PMID- 2891792
TI  - Effects of dorsal bilateral rhizotomy treatment on transmitter systems in the
      spinal cord of normal and spastic dogs.
AB  - The high-affinity uptakes of [3H]serotonin, [3H]-glutamate, and gamma
      [3H]aminobutyric acid were studied using a myelin-free crude synaptosomal
      fraction prepared from the spinal cords of normal dogs and spastic dogs following
      sham treatment or dorsal bilateral rhizotomy surgery. Compared to sham-operated
      controls, rhizotomy surgery of normal dogs produced, after 1 week, a 30%
      reduction in the Vmax value of [3H]glutamate, but did not alter the uptake of
      gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid. This treatment also produced a 60% decrease in the
      Vmax value of [3H]serotonin. Comparison of the effect of rhizotomy surgery on
      normal and spastic dogs revealed that the spastic group had 60% higher Vmax
      values for uptakes of [3H]glutamate and gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid. Comparison
      of sham-operated spastic dogs and rhizotomy-treated spastic animals showed that
      there was a 25% decrease in the uptake of both amino acids in the rhizotomy
      treated spastic group. Overall, the data (a) support the hypothesis that
      glutamate is the neurotransmitter from some of the primary afferents, and (b)
      suggest that sprouting of interneuronal amino acid transmitter systems may occur
      in the spinal cords of spastic dogs.

PMID- 2891793
TI  - Management of subdural empyema: a series of 24 cases.
AB  - Twenty four cases of subdural empyema are reviewed. The overall mortality was
      17%, 18 patients were managed by burr hole and five by craniotomy or craniectomy.
      Antibiotic therapy was commenced once pus had been evacuated. Infection of the
      paranasal and mastoid sinuses was the commonest aetiological factor. Aspiration
      of pus through burr holes is the recommended surgical procedure with low
      mortality and morbidity, when combined with early diagnosis and aggressive
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2891794
TI  - The inflammatory process in polymyositis: monoclonal antibody analysis of muscle
      and peripheral blood immunoregulatory lymphocytes.
AB  - An analysis was made of the lymphocyte subpopulations in the muscle lesions and
      the peripheral blood of 25 patients with inflammatory myopathy, in the acute or
      chronic phase of the disease. Percentages of activated T lymphocytes (65% +/-
      3.4), both helper and suppressor/cytotoxic, macrophages (25% +/- 3.2) and B cells
      (11% +/- 0.9) in the tissues were similar at all stages of the illness; T cells
      were, however, more common in acute polymyositis than in acute dermatomyositis,
      where B cells were significantly increased. A loss of circulating OKT8-positive
      lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was demonstrated, supporting other evidence
      of disturbed immunoregulation. It was concluded that the attack on muscle fibres
      is mediated by T cells, macrophages, and B cells, with the first two playing the
      major roles.

PMID- 2891795
TI  - Brain somatostatin concentrations do not decrease in progressive supranuclear
      palsy.
AB  - The concentrations of somatostatin and choline acetyl transferase (CAT) were
      measured in nine brains from patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
      and compared with those obtained from 19 matched control brains. In PSP, CAT
      activity was reduced in the caudate nucleus and limbic areas (amygdala,
      hippocampus and cingulate cortex) but was not different from controls in
      neocortical areas (frontal and temporal). Somatostatin concentrations were not
      different from controls in any region tested. In contrast to Alzheimer's disease
      and Parkinson's disease, intellectual deterioration in PSP is not associated with
      a deficit in neocortical somatostatin and CAT levels.

PMID- 2891796
TI  - Distribution and morphology of dopaminergic amacrine cells in the retina of the
      turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans).
AB  - A light microscopical study of the cell types that stain by immunohistochemistry
      for the synthesizing enzyme for dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, has been
      performed on the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. The immunostain
      can be localized to a single morphological type of amacrine cell. The cells are
      like A28 cells of a Golgi classification. They have medium sized dendritic fields
      that range in diameter from 200 to 700 micron with eccentricity from the visual
      streak. The amacrines have a tri-stratified dendritic tree with tiers of fine,
      curved dendrites ramifying in strata S1, lower S2 and the S4/5 border of the
      inner plexiform layer. We, like others, can find no good evidence that these
      cells are interplexiform cells. The dopaminergic amacrine cells have a low
      frequency (approximately 1300-1500 total cells in 130 mm2 retina), with their
      highest density occurring in the visual streak (60 cells per mm2). The density
      profiles fall in elliptical isodensity rings from the visual streak towards the
      peripheral retina. At all points on the retina the dendritic fields maintain a
      constant coverage factor independent of eccentricity. A comparison of the
      dopaminergic amacrine cells in the turtle and other vertebrate retinae is made.

PMID- 2891797
TI  - Chemotherapeutic results and prognostic factors of patients with advanced non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with VEPA or VEPA-M.
AB  - One hundred sixty-three patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma including
      adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) were treated from 1981 to 1983 with VEPA
      (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, prednisolone, and doxorubicin) or VEPA-M (VEPA
      plus methotrexate) in randomized fashion after stratification by surface marker.
      The complete response (CR) rate and the 4-year survival rate of patients treated
      with VEPA-M was 62.2% and 36.9%, respectively, while for those treated with VEPA
      the rates were 51.9% and 26.6, respectively. The difference was not statistically
      significant, but pretreatment characteristics predictive for response and
      survival were interesting. Three factors, leukemic change, poor performance
      status (PS), and T cell marker, were negatively associated with both CR and
      survival rates, and high-grade pathology was adversely associated with survival
      rate in a multivariate analysis. These prognostic factors are somewhat different
      from those in Western lymphomas. This may be reflection of major differences in
      patients' characteristics between Japanese and Western lymphomas: in this study,
      there was a high incidence of T cell lymphoma/leukemia (50%) including ATL (33%),
      leukemic manifestation (34%), poor PS (34%), and a low incidence of follicular
      lymphoma (9%). The statistically significant three factors for both CR and
      survival rates were used to construct a model containing eight categories of
      patients at increasing risk for poor response and shortened survival. These
      categories were divided into four groups, with respective CR and 4-year survival
      rates of 91% and 73%, 67% and 35%, 27% and 7%, and 10% and 5%. Ninety-three
      patients in whom CR was induced by VEPA or VEPA-M therapy were evaluated for
      prognostic factors predictive for disease-free survival. A shorter period (less
      than 28 days) required to achieve CR, a clinical diagnosis of ATL, and a lower
      hemoglobin level were found to affect disease-free survival adversely. These
      results have important implications for both the design of prospective randomized
      therapeutic trials and the determination of optimal therapy for individual
      patients.

PMID- 2891798
TI  - The benefit of adjuvant treatment for resected locally advanced non-small-cell
      lung cancer. The Lung Cancer Study Group.
AB  - The purpose of this trial was to investigate the impact of systemic combination
      chemotherapy on survival and recurrence patterns in incompletely resected non
      small-cell lung cancer. Incomplete resection was defined as presence of residual
      tumor in the resection margin or by presence of metastasis in the highest
      paratracheal lymph node sampled during protocol-directed surgical staging of the
      mediastinum. One hundred seventy-two patients were randomized to receive either
      postoperative radiotherapy (RT) alone or postoperative RT plus chemotherapy with
      CAP (Cytoxan [cyclophosphamide; Bristol Myers, Evansville, IN], Adriamycin
      [doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH], and Platinol [cisplatin; Bristol
      Myers]) for 6 months. One hundred sixty-four patients were eligible for analysis
      at a mean time since randomization of 3.7 years. The chemotherapy arm showed
      significantly longer recurrence-free survival (two-sided Mantel-Haenszel log rank
      test, P = .004). This difference holds true for nonsquamous patients (P = .01),
      and approaches significance for squamous patients as well (P = .08). There was a
      14% difference in survival rate favoring the chemotherapy arm 1 year after
      randomization. Analysis of sites of recurrence showed a significant decrease in
      distant metastases in the chemotherapy arm. Median survival for the entire group
      was approximately 17 months, and 35% are alive 2 years after resection. Toxicity
      of treatment consisted of esophagitis (mild-moderate by Eastern Cooperative
      Oncology Group [ECOG] criteria) and predictable hematologic, gastrointestinal
      (GI), and skin toxicity expected from CAP.

PMID- 2891799
TI  - The neostriatal mosaic: II. Patch- and matrix-directed mesostriatal dopaminergic
      and non-dopaminergic systems.
AB  - Mesostriatal projections, which arise from dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic
      neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, and retrorubral area,
      are compartmentally organized in the striatum. Anterograde axonal tract tracing
      with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), combined with
      immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and
      autoradiographic localization of mu-opiate receptor binding sites, shows that
      midbrain projections to the striatum are distributed to either the mu-opiate
      receptor-rich "patch" or the receptor-poor "matrix" striatal compartments. Three
      morphologically distinct mesostriatal afferent fiber types are labeled. The first
      type, type A, forms a plexus of relatively thin (0.1-0.4 micron), smooth fibers
      with small varicosities (0.3-0.6 micron). A second type, type B, is similar to
      the first in forming a plexus of fibers, but is slightly thicker (0.2-0.6
      micron), with more frequent varicosities (0.4-1.0 micron) that give this fiber
      type a crinkled appearance. The third type, type C, constitutes a minority of
      striatal afferents and is characterized by its large caliber (0.4-0.7 micron)
      with large bulbous varicosities (1.2-2.0 micron). Projections of the ventral
      tegmental area (A10 cell group) are primarily dopaminergic type A fibers directed
      to the matrix of the ventromedial striatum, including the nucleus accumbens. The
      retrorubral area (A8 cell group) also provides predominantly dopaminergic type A
      fibers to the striatal matrix, but these are distributed dorsally. The substantia
      nigra contains a mixed population of neurons that project to the striatum. Some,
      located in the dorsal tier of the pars compacta (dorsal A9 cell group), provide
      dopaminergic type A fibers to the striatal matrix. Others, in the ventral tier of
      the pars compacta (ventral A9 cell group) and in the ventral tier of the pars
      reticulata (displaced A9 cells), provide dopaminergic type B fibers to the
      striatal patches. An additional set of substantia nigra neurons that are non
      dopaminergic is the source of type C fibers to the striatal matrix. Thus,
      distinct dorsal and ventral sets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons project,
      respectively, to striatal matrix and patches, and there is a non-dopaminergic
      mesostriatal projection to the matrix.

PMID- 2891800
TI  - The neostriatal mosaic: III. Biochemical and developmental dissociation of patch
      matrix mesostriatal systems.
AB  - In the previous paper (Gerfen et al., 1987) mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons
      were shown to be subdivided into dorsal and ventral tiers that project to the
      striatal matrix and patch compartments, respectively. The present study provides
      experimental evidence that these patch-matrix mesostriatal dopaminergic systems
      are biochemically and developmentally distinct. A 28 kDa calcium-binding protein
      (CaBP, or calbindin-D28 kDa) is expressed in dorsal tier mesostriatal
      dopaminergic neurons. The distribution of such neurons, located in the ventral
      tegmental area, dorsal tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and
      retrorubral area, matches that of dopaminergic neurons that project to the
      striatal matrix. Dopaminergic neurons that do not express CaBP--those in the
      ventral tier of the pars compacta and in the pars reticulata--are distributed in
      a pattern that matches the origin of the dopaminergic projection to the striatal
      patches. During development, dopaminergic afferents to the striatal patch
      compartment are in place prior to the development of those to the matrix.
      Injections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum of
      newborn rats result in a selective and long-lasting depletion of dopaminergic
      afferents in the striatal patches. The later-developing matrix projection is
      relatively spared by such lesions. The distribution of surviving dopaminergic
      neurons, labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, matches the
      pattern of dorsal tier neurons previously shown to provide inputs to the matrix.
      Surviving neurons also express CaBP immunoreactivity and have dendrites that
      spread mediolaterally, in the plane of the pars compacta. On the other hand,
      those neurons that project to the patches are selectively lesioned by the
      neonatal 6-OHDA striatal injections, do not express CaBP, and have dendrites that
      are directed ventrally into the pars reticulata.

PMID- 2891801
TI  - Catecholaminergic horizontal and amacrine cells in the ferret retina.
AB  - Enzymes involved in the synthesis of catecholamines were detected in amacrine and
      what appeared to be a specific class of horizontal cells in the ferret retina.
      Antisera directed against the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which converts
      tyrosine to DOPA, and phenylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase (PNMT), which
      converts norepinephrine to epinephrine, were used with conventional
      immunohistochemical techniques. A population of perikarya located at the outer
      margin of the inner nuclear layer (INL) exhibited TH-like immunoreactivity. The
      cell bodies were 9-12 micron in diameter and gave rise to stout dendrites that
      tapered rapidly after emergence from the somata. The processes formed a planar
      array in the inner half of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) slightly external to
      the cells of origin. We could not detect any inwardly directed processes. A
      population of PNMT-positive cells was also observed in the outer tier of cells in
      the INL. These cells were very similar to those exhibiting TH immunoreactivity.
      An apparent difference between the 2 populations was that there were areas of
      intense, somewhat punctate PNMT immunoreactivity in the outer OPL. These were not
      observed in the TH-stained sections. Examination of horizontal sections showed
      that each TH-positive cell body gave rise to 4-5 major dendrites that branched to
      form a roughly circular dendritic field. In the periphery of the retina, an
      individual cell's dendrites encompassed an area up to 170 micron in diameter. The
      dendritic fields of cells near the center of the retina were substantially
      smaller.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891802
TI  - Dopaminergic innervation of A II amacrine cells in mammalian retina.
AB  - Dopaminergic amacrine cells were stained in cat, rat, and rabbit retina using an
      antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Following intraocular injection of
      DAPI (4,6,diamidino-2-phenylindole), subsequent retinal whole-mount preparations
      revealed that the dopaminergic fiber plexus formed rings around amacrine cell
      bodies. Intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow (LY) into A II amacrine cells
      confirmed that this rod-related, bistratified interneuron has its cell body
      within the dopaminergic rings. Using a photooxidation process, LY was transformed
      into an electron-dense reaction product, enabling ultrastructural examination of
      LY-injected A II amacrine cells. In retinae counterstained with an antibody
      against TH, it was possible to show synapses from TH-positive fibers onto these
      cells. The dopaminergic plexus was further investigated by injecting single
      dopaminergic cells with LY and thus revealing their branching pattern. The
      present results emphasize the role of dopamine in modulating the rod pathway in
      mammalian retina.

PMID- 2891804
TI  - AIDS and atoms.

PMID- 2891803
TI  - Benefits of treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.

PMID- 2891805
TI  - Influence of volume of fluid on effectiveness of ipecac.

PMID- 2891806
TI  - Effect of short-term somatostatin and long-term triiodothyronine administration
      in a child with nontumorous inappropriate thyrotropin secretion.

PMID- 2891807
TI  - Modification of somatostatin content and binding in jejunum from celiac children.
AB  - The concentration of somatostatin was studied in controls as well as in plasma
      and jejunal mucosa from celiac children with and without jejunal villous atrophy.
      The binding of somatostatin to cytosolic fraction, isolated from jejunal mucosa
      from celiac patients and controls, was also investigated. Fasting plasma
      somatostatin concentrations were not significantly different among the various
      groups studied. However, the jejunal somatostatin content was significantly
      higher in the group of celiac children with subtotal villous atrophy as compared
      to control group and celiac children with normal villous architecture. The
      binding of somatostatin to cytosol of jejunal mucosa was significantly decreased
      in the group of celiac children with subtotal villous atrophy. The present
      results suggest that somatostatin may be involved in the pathophysiological
      processes of celiac disease.

PMID- 2891810
TI  - Characterization of N-CBz-glycyl-glycyl-arginyl peptidase and glycyl-prolyl
      peptidase of Bacteroides gingivalis.

PMID- 2891808
TI  - Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria syndrome in an infant: effect of the
      long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on the disease and linear growth.
AB  - An 8-week-old infant presented with vomiting and failure to thrive due to small
      bowel obstruction caused by a diffusely enlarged pancreas. Surgical bypass of the
      obstruction was followed by secretory diarrhea, hypokalemia, and dehydration.
      Plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (823pg/ml), pancreatic polypeptide
      (4,500 pg/ml), and neurotensin (680 pg/ml) concentrations were markedly elevated.
      No neoplastic process was identified. Therapy with the long-acting somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995 was followed by decline in VIP concentrations (900 to 200
      300 pg/ml), decrease in stool frequency, and normalization of serum electrolytes.
      During 12 months of somatostatin analogue therapy, length and weight progressed
      along the 3rd percentile on the Tanner growth chart.

PMID- 2891809
TI  - Marked basal gastric acid hypersecretion and peptic ulcer disease: medical
      management with a combination H2-histamine receptor antagonist and
      anticholinergic.
AB  - Three children with peptic ulcer disease had recurrent symptoms unresponsive to
      cimetidine or ranitidine therapy alone. Acid secretory studies showed a marked
      basal acid hypersecretion, which was atropine-sensitive in two of three patients
      and was best suppressed by ranitidine in combination with an anticholinergic
      drug. Marked reduction in acid output following intravenous atropine suggested
      that the hypersecretion was under vagal, muscarinic control. However, in one
      patient, large doses of the selective m1-muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine were
      ineffective in suppressing basal acid hypersecretion. Given the efficacy and
      safety of drug therapy used in these children over a 3-year period, we conclude
      that medical management is an effective alternative to surgery for pediatric
      patients with refractory or recurrent peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2891811
TI  - A comparison of the inhibitory effects of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and
      cimetidine on cytochrome P-450-mediated drug-metabolism in mouse hepatic
      microsomes and in man in vivo.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride (ROX), a new H2
      receptor antagonist, on the oxidative drug-metabolizing enzyme system in mouse
      hepatic microsomes and in man in vivo were compared with those of cimetidine
      (CIM). CIM markedly inhibited testosterone 6 beta-, 7 alpha- and 16 alpha
      hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities in
      mouse hepatic microsomes with inhibition constants (Ki) of 0.2-3.49 mM. ROX
      exhibited much weaker inhibitory effects on each enzyme activity with 12 to 100
      fold higher values of Ki than those of CIM. CIM gave type II difference spectra
      with dissociation constants (Ks) of 10.4 and 111 microM while ROX gave reverse
      type I difference spectra with Ks of 55.6 microM. The ratio of 6 beta
      hydroxycortisol (6 beta-OHF) to 17-hydroxy corticosteroids (17-OHCS) in urine,
      used as an indicator of oxidative drug-metabolizing capacity in man, was
      decreased by 25-35% of the original level on 1-3 d after oral treatment with 800
      mg/d of CIM. The ratio was not significantly changed during oral treatment with
      150 mg/d of ROX. These results indicate that ROX exhibits a lower affinity for
      cytochrome P-450 and a lower inhibitory potency on the drug-metabolizing enzymes
      in hepatic microsomes than does CIM.

PMID- 2891812
TI  - British pharmaceutical conference 1987. Science proceedings. 124th meeting,
      Manchester, September 14-17, 1987. Abstracts.

PMID- 2891813
TI  - Enhancement of the dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug (tolbutamide)
      by a spray-drying solvent deposition method and disintegrants.
AB  - The dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug, tolbutamide, was improved by
      spray-drying a diluted ammonia solution of the drug containing either a low
      substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC) or partly pregelatinized corn starch
      (PCS) as disintegrants. With L-HPC the resultant particles were agglomerates of
      disintegrant with drug on the surface and within the particles, while particles
      formed with PCS were composed of a single core of PCS on which the drug was
      deposited. The deposited drug crystals were very fine because the rapid solvent
      evaporation restricted crystal growth. The spray-dried particles prepared with
      PCS had a structure similar to that of an ordered mix. The drug dissolution rate
      from the spray-dried particles was more rapid than that of the powdered drug
      alone or with disintegrant and could be attributed to separation of the layer of
      fine drug crystals from the surface of the particles by swelling of disintegrant.
      PCS enhanced the drug dissolution rate compared with systems using corn starch.
      The dissolution rate also depended on the drug content of the particles which was
      higher than that in ordered mixtures or conventional solvent deposition systems.
      This system described also had the advantage of avoiding the use of organic
      solvents.

PMID- 2891814
TI  - A thermodynamic analysis of the Collander equation and establishment of a
      reference solvent for use in drug partitioning studies.
AB  - A thermodynamic analysis of the Collander equation, ln PI = a + b ln PII (I and
      II refer to two different partitioning systems with partition coefficients PI and
      PII, respectively), is given and applied to three forms of correlation. The
      intercept, a, is shown to have no general fundamental significance whereas the
      slope, b is shown to reflect differences in non-aqueous solvent properties; b is
      also shown to be of use in scaling solvent behaviour to select solvents which
      closely represent biological membrane properties for use in partitioning studies.
      Laboratory and literature data are subjected to the analysis.

PMID- 2891815
TI  - Haem arginate: a new stable haem compound.
AB  - Intravenous administration of haem in acute hepatic porphyrias inhibits the
      induction of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase, reduces the formation of
      potentially harmful metabolites of porphyrin synthesis and corrects the haem
      deficiency. Typically, haem therapy has been given in the form of haematin--haem
      dissolved in alkali. Such haematin solutions are, however, extremely unstable.
      Thus, the rapid decomposition of this therapeutic agent may have been responsible
      for the ineffectiveness of treatment in some clinical states and adverse
      reactions may have been caused by haematin degradation products. There is,
      therefore, a need for a stable, effective and well-tolerated haem preparation. We
      have prepared certain highly soluble haem compounds of which haem arginate has
      proved to be the most promising. Pure haemin was isolated from HIV and hepatitis
      B negative human blood. The haem derivatives prepared were screened as substrates
      for haem oxygenase. Haem arginate and haem lysinate were found to be as good
      substrates as methaemalbumin. Stock solutions of haem arginate were stable for 2
      years at +6 degrees C. After dilution with sterile isotonic saline the haem
      arginate infusion was clearly more stable than haematin solutions made in the
      laboratory or prepared by dissolving commercial lyophilized haematin. The
      antiporphyrogenic effect of haem arginate (even after storage for two years) in 2
      allyl-2-isopropylacetamide-induced experimental porphyria of rats was equal to
      that of freshly prepared haematin. The acute oral toxicity of haem arginate was
      low compared with the parenterally administered drug, indicating poor oral
      bioavailability. The acute toxic effects after high intravenous or
      intraperitoneal doses were directed to the liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2891816
TI  - Crystallographic, theoretical and molecular modelling studies on the
      conformations of the salicylamide, raclopride, a selective dopamine-D2
      antagonist.
AB  - The structure of the potent dopamine-D2 antagonist, raclopride, (S)-3,5-dichloro
      N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-6-methoxysalicylamid e (+)-tartrate, has been
      determined by X-ray crystallography. The benzamide moiety of raclopride is planar
      in accordance with other salicylamides (FLA 797 and eticlopride). The planar
      conformation is stabilized by two intramolecular hydrogen bonds, i.e. one between
      the amide hydrogen and the methoxy group and one between the phenol hydrogen and
      the carbonyl group. The side-chain of raclopride has an extended conformation in
      contrast to the solid state conformations of FLA 797 and eticlopride. The side
      chain conformations were studied by rigid rotations followed by MM2PI relaxations
      of the eight local minima found. Small energy differences (less than 4.0 kcal mol
      1) exist between the various extended and folded conformations. Based on
      modelling studies with piquindone as template, it is suggested that the
      salicylamides with N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl side-chains interact with the
      dopamine-D2 receptor in a folded or a half-folded conformation.

PMID- 2891817
TI  - Effect of 8-phenyltheophylline, enprofylline and hydrochlorothiazide on glycerol
      induced acute renal failure in the rat.
AB  - The adenosine antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) is a diuretic in normal rats
      and can ameliorate glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in this species. To
      define which action of 8-PT is important in its salutary effect in ARF, we have
      compared its effects with those of enprofylline (a xanthine with little affinity
      for adenosine receptors) and with those of the tubular diuretic
      hydrochlorothiazide. In one series of experiments, groups of rats with ARF of 24
      h duration were given a single dose of drug or vehicle. Only 8-PT enhanced urine
      volume when compared with the vehicle-treated group. In a second set of
      experiments, groups of glycerol-injected rats received drug or vehicle treatment
      (i.p.) twice daily for 2 days. Rats which received a course of 8-PT treatment had
      significantly lower plasma urea and creatinine concentrations, a higher
      glomerular filtration rate, a lower kidney weight and improved kidney morphology
      when compared with vehicle-treated rats. The only beneficial effect noted after
      enprofylline treatment was an improved kidney morphology. Hydrochlorothiazide
      treatment compared with vehicle treatment did not ameliorate any index of renal
      function but resulted in significant elevations in plasma urea and creatinine
      levels. The inability of enprofylline or hydrochlorothiazide to mimic the effects
      of 8-PT in ARF indicate that the effects of 8-PT are probably associated with
      adenosine receptor blockade and not with a tubular diuretic action.

PMID- 2891818
TI  - L-dopa esters as potential prodrugs: effect on brain concentration of dopamine
      metabolites in reserpinized mice.
AB  - The intraperitoneal administration of L-dopa and a series of ester prodrugs of L
      dopa to reserpinized mice produced elevations of striatal and tuberculum
      olfactorium homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
      levels. Differences in the pattern of change produced by individual drugs,
      compared with L-dopa, were observed. Only the phenoxyethyl ester caused
      elevations of both striatal and tuberculum olfactorium HVA and DOPAC, greater
      than those measured following L-dopa administration. Overall the m
      trifluoromethylbenzyl, phenylethyl, p-chlorophenylethyl and p-methoxyphenylethyl
      ester prodrugs produced greater elevations of striatal and tuberculum olfactorium
      HVA, but not DOPAC, compared with L-dopa. The administration of the 2
      tetrahydropyranyl-methyl derivative only enhanced striatal HVA and striatal and
      tuberculum olfactorium DOPAC concentrations. Changes of HVA and DOPAC tissue
      concentrations following administration of the 2-hydroxypropyl, n-propyl, methyl,
      ethyl and 2-(1-methoxy)propyl ester prodrugs were comparable with those produced
      by the administration of L-dopa itself. The alterations in striatal and
      tuberculum olfactorium HVA and DOPAC levels observed did not correlate with the
      ability of these compounds to elicit locomotor activity in reserpinized mice.

PMID- 2891819
TI  - Isolated tissue and binding studies of YM-17690, a novel and non-analogous
      leukotriene agonist.
AB  - YM-17690, 3-[4-carboxymethoxy-3-[p-(4-phenylbutoxy) benzamido]phenyl]propionic
      acid, produced a dose-dependent contraction of guinea-pig ileum and its EC50
      value was 1.6 X 10(-8) M. The response was not affected by pretreatment with
      atropine, mepyramine, indomethacin, dazoxiben and AA-861 (a 5-lipoxygenase
      inhibitor), but was inhibited by FPL-55712 (an LTD4 and LTE4 antagonist). YM
      17690 induced dose-dependent contractions of guinea-pig lung parenchyma and
      trachea with EC50 values of 3.9 X 10(-9) and 2.2 X 10(-8) M, respectively.
      Pretreatment of these tissues with FPL-55712 resulted in a parallel shift of the
      YM-17690 dose-response curves to the right. The pA2 values for FPL-55712 in lung
      parenchyma and trachea were 7.41 and 8.21, respectively, and the slopes of the
      regression lines of Schild plots were 1.00 and 1.02, respectively. YM-17690
      produced a dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]LTD4 binding to guinea-pig lung
      membranes and its pKi value was 9.28. However, the compound showed only 25%
      inhibition of [3H]TLC4 binding to guinea-pig hippocampus membranes, even at 10(
      5) M. These results suggest that YM-17690 is a selective leukotriene (LTD4 and
      LTE4) agonist and that it will therefore be a valuable tool in the study of
      actions of leukotrienes and for the characterization of their receptors.

PMID- 2891820
TI  - The effect of prostaglandins on gastric parietal and non-parietal secretion in
      the anaesthetized rat.
AB  - The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2)
      and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on gastric secretion have been examined
      in the anaesthetized rat. The prostaglandins stimulated the secretion of a non
      parietal juice which was rich in Na+ and Cl- with smaller amounts of K+ and HCO3
      . Doses of the prostaglandins that stimulated gastric non-parietal secretion also
      inhibited histamine stimulated gastric acid secretion, and thus the same rank
      order of potency was obtained for the prostaglandins on the two secretory
      mechanisms, viz. dmPGE2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGF2 alpha. During the
      secretion of endogenous gastric acid the secretagogue effect of the
      prostaglandins on non-parietal secretion was diminished, and this effect appeared
      to be due to the presence of intraluminal acid since it was mimicked by
      application of exogenous HCl to the gastric mucosal surface. Thus, the present
      results show that prostaglandins affect both the parietal and non-parietal
      secretions in the rat stomach and that these mechanisms show some
      interdependence.

PMID- 2891821
TI  - Biodegradable microspheres: polyacryl starch microparticles as a delivery system
      for the antileishmanial drug, sodium stibogluconate.
AB  - Liver parasite burdens of Leishmania donovani in the mouse have been determined
      after treatment with intravenous administration of sodium stibogluconate in the
      free or carrier form. The carrier form, in which the drug was covalently bound to
      polyacryl starch microparticles, was up to 100x more effective than the free form
      in this murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Empty microparticles had no
      effect on liver parasite burdens and the enhanced in-vivo antileishmanial
      activity of the carrier form of the drug was apparently due to passive drug
      delivery to the infected liver.

PMID- 2891822
TI  - Cytochrome P450 metabolic intermediate complex of nefopam.
AB  - NADPH-catalysed biotransformation of nefopam in liver microsomes obtained from
      phenobarbitone-pretreated rats leads to the formation of an inactive cytochrome
      P450 metabolic intermediate (MI) complex. This complex can be detected
      spectrophotometrically by an absorbance maximum at 459 nm. The extent of the in
      vitro MI complexation of 33 microM nefopam, a cyclic analogue of orphenadrine,
      was almost equal to the extent of the in-vitro MI complexation of 33 microM
      tofenacine, the mono-N-demethylated metabolite of orphenadrine. The time course
      of the MI complexation of nefopam and studies with two of its major metabolites
      suggest an initial biotransformation, which has to occur before MI complexation
      can take place. Maximal MI complexation of nefopam occurred at approximately 25
      microM, whereas the MI complexation could not be detected at 100 microM nefopam.

PMID- 2891823
TI  - Relationship between antipyrine elimination rate constant, clearance and volume
      of distribution in the rat.
AB  - While the relationship between the inverse of antipyrine half-life and clearance
      has been shown to be approximately linear in man, a recent report indicated that
      there was no significant relationship between antipyrine elimination rate
      constant (lambda) and clearance (CL) in the rat. Since this relationship is
      critical to the use of non-invasive methods to estimate drug metabolizing
      capacity, we have re-examined the relationship between lambda and CL in the rat.
      A significant correlation (r = 0.887) was found between antipyrine lambda and CL,
      while only a weak relationship (r = 0.442) was found between lambda and volume of
      distribution. These data support the use of non-invasive methods to estimate
      antipyrine elimination in the rat when invasive methods need to be avoided.

PMID- 2891824
TI  - Effect of ibuprofen and indomethacin on human plasma melatonin.
AB  - Ibuprofen reduced human plasma melatonin (MT) after 2 h when administered orally
      (400 mg) at 2400 h. Increasing plasma concentrations correlated well with
      increasing inhibition of serum MT levels during this time. Maximum plasma
      ibuprofen coincided with minimum plasma MT in 3 out of 4 volunteers. Although two
      volunteers exhibited a partial recovery in MT levels, concentrations after 6 h
      were significantly less than 0600 h values in drug-free volunteers.
      Administration of ibuprofen (400 mg) at 1800 h delayed the nocturnal surge of
      plasma MT. When a slow release preparation of indomethacin (75 mg) was
      administered at 1800 h, the dark phase rise of plasma MT was completely
      prevented. Thus the longer acting cyclooxygenase inhibitor exhibited a longer
      lasting inhibition of plasma MT concentration.

PMID- 2891825
TI  - Metabolic N-oxidation of metronidazole.
AB  - Metronidazole when treated at the N-3 nitrogen with a mixture of hydrogen
      peroxide and acetic acid, or liver homogenate preparations, yields the N-3 oxide
      as identified by thin-layer chromatographic analysis on silica gel G, RF 0.62 in
      ethanol-chloroform-ammonia (50:49:1), by chemical reduction with sulphur dioxide,
      and by ultra-violet spectrophotometry and nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy. Incubation of metronidazole at 37 degrees C with rat liver 10,000g
      supernatant fortified with cofactors gave a product with identical
      chromatographic and UV spectral data suggesting that metronidazole like other
      tertiary amine drugs undergoes microsomal N-oxidation.

PMID- 2891826
TI  - Rhein: an anthraquinone that modulates superoxide anion production from human
      neutrophils.
AB  - Rhein (4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid), the active metabolite of
      diacetylrhein, which has been reported as an effective antirheumatic drug in man,
      inhibited superoxide anion production from human neutrophils challenged with N
      formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP: IC50, 2 x 10(-5) M) and A23186 (IC50,
      10(-5) M), but not with phorbol myristate acetate. In the same concentration
      range (10(-6)-10(-3) M), the drug did not affect oxy-radical production by a cell
      free hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system and exerted weak inhibitory effects on
      FMLP-evoked lysosomal enzyme release. Rhein inhibitory effects on neutrophil
      functioning may contribute to the overall therapeutic activity of the parent
      drug, diacetylrhein.

PMID- 2891827
TI  - Choice and concentration of contractile agent influence responses of rat aorta to
      vascular relaxant drugs.
AB  - Concentration-response (relaxation) curves to diltiazem, forskolin,
      isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), procaterol, isoprenaline and sodium nitrite were
      obtained on isolated ring preparations of rat aorta contracted either
      submaximally or maximally with noradrenaline or KCl. Diltiazem was more potent on
      KCl-contracted than on noradrenaline-contracted preparations whether the
      preparations were submaximally or maximally contracted. The other relaxant drugs
      were at least 20-fold less potent against KCl than against noradrenaline, but
      only on maximally contracted preparations. On submaximally-contracted
      preparations there was no potency difference between preparations contracted with
      these two contractile agents. Increasing the KCl concentration had a marked
      influence on the location of the concentration-response (relaxation) curves to
      all the drugs except diltiazem. This influence was different for drugs that act
      via cyclic AMP and those that act via cyclic GMP. It is concluded that both the
      choice of contractile agent (noradrenaline or KCl) and the concentration
      (especially of KCl) influence relaxant responses of rat aorta to vasodilator
      drugs.

PMID- 2891828
TI  - Interactions of aminoglutethimide with analgesics using antinociceptive tests in
      mice.
AB  - The action of aminoglutethimide in alleviating bone pain in women with metastatic
      breast cancer may be due to either an inherent analgesic effect or an interaction
      with other analgesic drugs. These possibilities have been investigated in mice by
      conventional antinociceptive tests. In the abdominal constriction test,
      aminoglutethimide alone had a dose-related antinociceptive activity. A low dose
      (which had no pharmacological activity) when co-administered with an effective
      sub-maximal dose of the analgesic, potentiated the effects of the non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) tested. In the tail immersion test,
      aminoglutethimide was inactive and did not enhance the antinociceptive activity
      of the centrally acting analgesics. As cytochrome P450-dependent routes which are
      inhibited by aminoglutethimide are not involved in the metabolism of the NSAIDs
      studied, an interaction at the drug metabolism level cannot explain these
      results. The NSAID-like activity of aminoglutethimide provides some evidence that
      the drug's mode of action may involve more than the suppression of oestrogen
      biosynthesis.

PMID- 2891829
TI  - Effect of pre-existing inflammation on carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats.
AB  - Twenty-four hours after injection of carrageenan into one hind paw, injection of
      the same amount into the contralateral paw produced a significantly attenuated
      inflammatory response. However, when the second injection was given 7 days later,
      the inflammation induced in the contralateral paw was comparable with the initial
      response to carrageenan. A time-course study of carrageenan-induced inflammation
      in rats showed that significant oedema persisted 24 h after carrageenan
      administration and complete recovery was achieved in 7 days. The attenuated
      inflammatory response in the contralateral paw after 24 h was antagonized by
      bilateral adrenalectomy and chemical sympathectomy induced by 6-hydroxydopamine.
      Carrageenan-induced paw oedema was also significantly less in rats with subacute
      inflammation induced by the croton oil granuloma pouch technique. This attenuated
      response was antagonized by pretreatment of the rats with metyrapone, an
      inhibitor of adrenocorticoid synthesis, and by 6-hydroxydopamine. It is likely
      that the pre-existing acute or subacute inflammation attenuates the inflammatory
      response of carrageenan, by acting as a stressor, inducing activation of the
      sympatho-adrenal system.

PMID- 2891830
TI  - A study of PAF-induced ocular inflammation in the rat and its inhibition by the
      PAF antagonist, L-652,731.
AB  - A significant inflammatory reaction in the rat conjunctiva followed the
      subconjunctival injection of synthetic platelet activating factor (PAF) in doses
      which ranged from 10 ng to 1 microgram, an inflammatory response being evaluated
      as the increase in both tissue weight and extravasation of Evans blue dye in the
      conjunctival tissue. Inflammation was still present 6 h after the injection of
      0.1 microgram of PAF. Orally administered indomethacin or BW 755C failed to alter
      the response to 0.1 microgram of PAF. In contrast, the PAF-induced inflammation
      was blocked by the oral administration of the PAF receptor antagonist, L-652,731,
      a dose as low as 5 mg kg-1 eliciting a significant inhibition. The topical
      administration of L-652,731, (two doses of 100 micrograms as a 1% suspension),
      elicited a slight, but significant blockade of 23%. Its antagonistic action was
      more striking when it was co-injected subconjunctivally with 0.1 microgram of
      PAF, a dose as low as 3 micrograms evoking a significant blockade. The topical
      administration of 0.1 microgram of PAF did not elicit a significant inflammatory
      reaction and this contrasts with the results obtained after its subconjunctival
      injection.

PMID- 2891831
TI  - Distribution and urinary excretion of the desethylmetabolites of chloroquine in
      the rat.
AB  - The tissue distribution of desethylchloroquine and bisdesethylchloroquine has
      been studied in rats after single intraperitoneal administration of the drugs at
      a dose of 10 mg kg-1. Concentrations of the chloroquine metabolites in the liver,
      heart, lungs, kidney and spleen were 34 to 250 times higher than their plasma
      concentrations 24 h after the drugs had been injected. Urinary excretion of the
      drugs was studied in rats after single intravenous administration of 2.5, 5 or 10
      mg kg-1 doses. The total estimated urinary excretion of desethylchloroquine and
      bisdesethylchloroquine was 25 and 64% respectively of the administered dose, with
      the maximum urinary excretion occurring on the first day. The results show that
      the desethylmetabolites of chloroquine are concentrated in the tissues in the
      same manner as the parent compound.

PMID- 2891832
TI  - Dipole-mediated hydrogen bonding interactions between cimetidine analogues and
      the histamine H2 receptor.

PMID- 2891833
TI  - Penetration of diazepam and the non-peptide CCK antagonist, L-364,718, into rat
      brain.

PMID- 2891834
TI  - Proceedings of the Tenth Annual APON Conference. A decade of progress, a future
      of promise. October 8-11, 1986, Baltimore, Maryland.

PMID- 2891835
TI  - Exogenous corticosterone acetate attenuates the hypotension induced by ganglion
      blockade in conscious Long Evans and Brattleboro rats.
AB  - The effects of acute administration of corticosterone acetate (7.5 mg/kg bolus; 5
      mg.kg-1h-1 infusion) on plasma corticosterone levels and blood pressure (BP)
      responses to hypotension induced by ganglion blockade (with pentolinium) were
      studied in conscious Long Evans and Brattleboro (vasopressin-deficient) rats.
      Steroid infusion raised plasma corticosterone levels similarly in both strains of
      rat, but there was no effect on resting BP. However, the fall in BP after
      pentolinium administration was less in the steroid-treated groups of both strains
      than in their vehicle-injected counterparts. During infusion of pentolinium the
      ensuing recovery in BP was abolished by captopril administration. Steroid
      treatment did not affect this recovery but did attenuate the hypotensive effects
      of captopril. In Long Evans rats, only, there was a further vasopressin-mediated,
      recovery in BP during the infusion of pentolinium and captopril. This recovery
      was not accentuated by the presence of the steroid. In a further experiment,
      infusion of corticosterone acetate after the onset of hypotension (induced by
      pentolinium, captopril and d(CH2)5DAVP in Long Evans rats or by pentolinium and
      captopril in Brattleboro rats) caused a progressive increase in BP in both
      strains. These findings demonstrate a pressor action of corticosterone acetate
      which is apparent after hypotension induced by ganglionic blockade and which does
      not necessarily involve any interaction with the renin-angiotensin system or
      vasopressin.

PMID- 2891836
TI  - Comparison of antinicotinic activity by neosurugatoxin and the structurally
      related compounds.
AB  - Neosurugatoxin (NSTX) which contains two sugars (myoinositol and xylopyranose)
      and bromine in the chemical structure, has been shown previously to be a
      selective antagonist of nicotinic receptors in guinea pig ileum and in murine
      brain. To study the role of sugar moiety and bromine in the antinicotinic
      activity by NSTX, we have examined the action of NSTX (compound I) and the
      structurally related compounds (compound II, III and IV) on the nicotine-induced
      contraction of guinea pig isolated ileum and on specific [3H]nicotine binding in
      rat forebrain membranes. Among four compounds examined, compound I was the most
      potent in inhibiting the nicotine-induced contraction of guinea pig isolated
      ileum (pA2 = 9.1 +/- 0.1, pD2' = 8.0 +/- 0.1) and also in inhibiting specific
      [3H]nicotine binding in rat forebrain (IC50 = 83 +/- 9 9 nM). Compared to
      compound I, compound II and III which are devoid of one and two sugars,
      respectively, in the chemical structure of compound I were 2 or 3 times less
      potent in the antinicotinic activity in both tissues, and compound IV which lacks
      bromine in addition to two sugars was two orders of magnitude less potent. Thus,
      the present study demonstrates that bromine rather than sugar moiety in the
      chemical structure of compound I (NSTX) is an important determinate of its high
      affinity for nicotinic receptors.

PMID- 2891837
TI  - Prevention of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury by histamine H2 receptor
      antagonists: a crossover endoscopic and intragastric pH study in the dog.
AB  - Histamine H2 receptor antagonists have been reported to protect the gastric
      mucosa of animals and humans against aspirin-induced damage. It is unclear,
      however, whether this protective effect can be observed at doses less than those
      needed to markedly inhibit gastric acid secretion. We have developed a single
      dose endoscopic assay system of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in normal
      conscious dogs. In this model, severe gastric mucosal injury and a decrease in
      the pH of the gastric luminal contents were consistently demonstrated 2 h after
      the oral administration of 100 mg/kg of aspirin. Pretreatment with three
      histamine H2 receptor antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine, BMY-25271), prevented
      both of these effects in a dose-related manner. All three H2 receptor antagonists
      reduced gastric mucosal injury only at doses that were greater than those
      required to prevent the aspirin-induced decrease in gastric luminal pH or to
      inhibit histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in Heidenhain pouch dogs.
      Plasma levels of aspirin were not altered by histamine H2 receptor antagonism.
      These results indicate that acid inhibition is an important component of the
      mechanisms whereby histamine H2 receptor antagonists protect the gastric mucosa
      from aspirin-induced damage in the dog.

PMID- 2891838
TI  - Neuropeptide Y release from the adrenal medulla after cholinergic receptor
      stimulation.
AB  - Peripheral nerves as well as chromaffin cells have been shown to contain
      neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide that exhibits potent stimulatory
      actions on vascular smooth muscle. Because NPY-like immunoreactive material (NPY
      IR) is stored in chromaffin granules we chose to investigate, using the
      retrogradely perfused bovine adrenal gland, whether nicotinic cholinergic
      receptor stimulation results in the secretion of this material. In addition we
      monitored the release of [Met5]-enkephalin-like immunoreactive material (ME-IR),
      which has been demonstrated to be released from the bovine adrenal medulla. NPY
      IR and ME-IR were measured using antisera prepared from hemocyanin conjugates of
      the peptides. Increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (1 X 10(-6) M-5 X 10(-5)
      M), infused in the presence of 1 X 10(-5) M physostigmine, produced significant
      increases in NPY-IR and ME-IR release. Hexamethonium (5 X 10(-4) M) antagonized
      the release of both of these substances, whereas atropine (5 X 10(-7) M) did not.
      The role of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor in this process was established
      further by examining the effects of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium. Increasing
      concentrations of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (1 X 10(-6) M-5 X 10(-5) M)
      also stimulated the release of NPY-IR and ME-IR. Analysis of the perfusate by
      reverse phase liquid chromatography revealed the presence of four peaks of NPY
      IR. A major peak coeluted with authentic NPY. These data demonstrate that NPY-IR
      can be released through stimulation of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor. The
      adrenal medulla appears to be one of the sources for circulating NPY-IR.

PMID- 2891839
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of intragastrically administered d-amphetamine
      and pentobarbital in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate intragastrically administered d
      amphetamine (AMPH) or pentobarbital (PENTO) from saline using a signaled shock
      avoidance trail procedure. All monkeys maintained criterion levels (greater than
      90% drug-appropriate responding) throughout the duration of the study during
      training sessions. In the AMPH experiment, the anorectics diethylpropion,
      mazindol, phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine and phentermine completely substituted
      for the training dose of AMPH. The atypical antidepressant bupropion and the
      psychomotor stimulant methylphenidate also completely substituted for AMPH. Other
      anorectics including benzphetamine, clortermine, fenetylline, mefenorex and the
      psychomotor stimulant pemoline that share some pharmacological properties with
      AMPH substituted for AMPH in some, but not all, of the monkeys tested. The
      anorectics fenfluramine and chlorphentermine failed to substitute for AMPH. Drugs
      from other pharmacological classes such as morphine, diazepam, nortripyline and
      PENTO also failed to substitute for AMPH, indicating pharmacological specificity.
      In the PENTO experiment, the benzodiazepines alprazolam, bromazepam, diazepam,
      flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, temazepam and triazolam
      and the sedatives methaqualone and phenobarbital completely substituted for the
      training dose of PENTO. The nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic CL 218,872 only
      partially substituted for PENTO. In addition, morphine and AMPH failed to
      substitute for PENTO, indicating pharmacological specificity. In summary, drugs
      delivered intragastrically functioned as discriminative stimuli in a drug-class
      specific manner. The ability to use drugs delivered by this route as
      discriminative stimuli provides a way to compare anorectic drugs to AMPH or
      sedative drugs to PENTO under conditions that resemble the mode of human
      consumption to determine whether these drugs are likely to be associated with
      AMPH-like or PENTO-like drug dependence.

PMID- 2891840
TI  - Behavioral studies with anxiolytic drugs. IV. Serotonergic involvement in the
      effects of buspirone on punished behavior of pigeons.
AB  - Interactions of the nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, buspirone, with serotonin (5
      HT) were studied using behavioral and neurochemical procedures. Punished
      responding was studied in pigeons as this behavior is a generally acknowledged
      preclinical predictor of anxiolytic activity and because buspirone increases
      punished responding of pigeons with greater potency and efficacy than in other
      species. Keypeck responses were maintained under either fixed-interval or fixed
      ratio schedules of food presentation; every 30th response produced a brief
      electric shock and suppressed responding (punishment). Buspirone (0.1-5.6 mg/kg
      i.m.) produced dose-related increases in punished responding which reached a
      maximum at 1 mg/kg. A serotonin agonist, MK-212 (0.01 mg/kg), antagonized whereas
      the 5-HT antagonist, cyproheptadine (0.01 mg/kg), potentiated the effects of
      buspirone without having behavioral effects of their own. The characteristics of
      [3H]-5-HT binding in pigeon brain membranes were similar to results reported in
      mammalian brain. Neither buspirone, MJ-13805 (gepirone, a related analog), nor MJ
      13653 (a buspirone metabolite), significantly affected [3H]-5-HT binding and none
      of the compounds appreciably inhibited uptake of [3H]-5-HT into pigeon cerebral
      synaptosomes. Hill coefficients significantly less than unity for all drugs
      except 5-HT suggested multiple serotonergic binding sites for buspirone and
      analogs. Buspirone and MJ-13805 (1 nM) inhibited [3H]ketanserin binding (a
      measure of 5-HT2 binding sites) in pigeon cerebrum with Ki values above 10(-6) M.
      The number of [3H]ketanserin binding sites was estimated to be 109 fmol/mg of
      protein in pigeon cerebrum compared to 400 fmol/mg of protein in rat
      cerebrum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891841
TI  - Enhanced endogenous neurotransmitter overflow in the isolated perfused rat kidney
      after chronic epinephrine administration: lack of a prejunctional beta
      adrenoceptor influence.
AB  - This study examines stimulus-induced overflow of endogenous catecholamines from
      the isolated perfused kidney of rats after epinephrine (EPI) administration at
      100 micrograms/kg/hr for 6 days via s.c. implanted osmotic minipumps. This
      regimen resulted in the incorporation of EPI into renal catecholamine stores and
      the co-release of EPI with norepinephrine during periarterial nerve stimulation.
      Stimulus-induced (1 Hz) absolute and fractional overflows of neurotransmitter
      were significantly greater in the EPI-treated rats. These differences in overflow
      were not altered by uptake blockade. Alpha adrenoceptor blockade with
      phentolamine (10(-9)-10(-5) alone increased overflow in a dose-dependent manner
      in both groups, although to a greater extent in the EPI-treated group. However,
      in the presence of 1 microM propranolol the effect of phentolamine in the EPI
      treated group was greatly reduced such that, in the presence of propranolol,
      phentolamine was less effective in the EPI-treated vs. vehicle-treated rats. Beta
      adrenoceptor blockade alone with propranolol (10(-9)-10(-6) M) did not alter
      stimulus-induced overflow in either group but propranolol dose dependently
      reduced fractional overflow in the EPI-treated rats when the experiments were
      done in the presence of 10 microM phentolamine. It is concluded that the enhanced
      fractional overflow observed in the kidneys of EPI-treated rats was not due to
      beta adrenoceptor activation, but rather, a reduced influence of the
      prejunctional alpha adrenoceptor-mediated negative feedback loop. Beta
      adrenoceptor activation by neurally released EPI does not appear to modulate
      stimulus-induced overflow unless the dominant inhibitory alpha adrenoceptor
      mechanism is inactivated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891843
TI  - Mechanisms for the hepatic uptake of organic cations. Studies with the muscle
      relaxant vecuronium in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - In hepatobiliary transport of organic cations some remarkable differences have
      been reported between the monovalent compounds (prototype procainamidethobromide)
      and the potentially bivalent cations, containing a second quaternary ammonium
      group or a protonated tertiary amine function (prototype d-tubocurarine). In
      order to characterize the hepatic uptake mechanism for such bivalent cations in
      more detail, we studied the uptake of the steroidal muscle relaxant vecuronium in
      isolated rat hepatocytes. Uptake occurred by both a saturable (Vmax = 181
      pmol/min x 10(6) cells, Km = 15 microM) and a nonsaturable process (rate constant
      = 1.10 pmol/min/10(6) cells/microM). The uptake of vecuronium was reduced by
      various metabolic inhibitors and by sulfhydryl-blocking agents. The transport
      system showed temperature dependency with an activation energy of 85 kJ/mol.
      Sodium replacement by lithium or choline in the extracellular medium had no
      effect on the uptake of vecuronium. Replacement of sodium chloride by sucrose led
      to a decrease of the uptake, whereas chloride replacement by bicarbonate or
      iodide stimulated the vecuronium uptake. These data point to a significant anion
      dependency of the uptake system and indicate electroneutral uptake of vecuronium.
      The uptake of vecuronium was inhibited by a variety of hepatic transport model
      compounds, including bile acids, uncharged compounds and high molecular weight
      organic cations. Low molecular weight monovalent cations had no effect on the
      uptake of vecuronium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891842
TI  - Toxicity of H2-receptor antagonists to isolated rat hepatocytes: structure
      activity relationships.
AB  - Oxmetidine is a potent and specific antagonist of the histamine H2-receptor.
      Oxmetidine is also cytotoxic to isolated rat hepatocytes through inhibition of
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The purpose of this investigation was to
      test a variety of H2-receptor antagonists that are structural analogs of
      oxmetidine in an attempt to identify a critical structural component or a
      physicochemical property of the molecule which may be responsible for
      cytotoxicity. Six histamine receptor H2-antagonists were tested. The minimum drug
      concentrations that caused 100% cell death (leakage of intracellular lactate
      dehydrogenase and loss of intracellular potassium) ranged from 0.87 to 22.50 mM
      for the analogs tested. At toxic concentrations, two of the least potent analogs,
      SK&F 92909 and SK&F 9205A both caused a rapid decrease in hepatocyte O2
      consumption and ATP content which occurred before any evidence of cell injury.
      The potency of these molecules as cytotoxicants to isolated hepatocytes did not
      correlate with their potency as histamine H2-receptor antagonists whereas there
      was a significant correlation between increasing potency and increasing
      octanol/water partition coefficients. These data suggest that lipid solubility
      may be a key factor in the cytotoxicity of this class of drugs to isolated rat
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2891844
TI  - Stimulation of opiate receptors in the dorsal pontine tegmentum inhibits reflex
      contraction of the urinary bladder.
AB  - In urethane-anesthetized rats the i.v. administration of the potent short-acting
      opioid, fentanyl, elicited inhibition of rhythmic spontaneous reflex increases in
      vesical pressure (VP) evoked by urinary bladder distension. The duration of
      fentanyl-induced inhibition was dose-related between 0.8 and 8.0 micrograms/kg
      i.v. Pretreatment with the opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (250
      micrograms/kg i.v.), antagonized completely fentanyl's effect on VP rhythm.
      Results similar to those obtained with fentanyl were observed after the bilateral
      stimulation of opiate receptors in the dorsolateral tegmental-subceruleus region
      of the pons (DLT-SC region) with D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (DAMA)
      microinjections. These inhibitory effects were dose-related and significant
      between 1.0 and 100.0 ng/site. DAMA in the DLT-SC did not alter basal
      cardiorespiratory parameters. The systemic and local administration of naloxone
      reversed rapidly the VP effects elicited by DAMA in the DLT-SC region. Naloxone
      alone, administered either i.v. or locally in the DLT-SC region, increased the
      frequency of spontaneous reflex increases in VP. Moreover, pretreatment of the
      DLT-SC region with naloxone microinjections significantly (55% reduction)
      decreased the duration of fentanyl (8.0 micrograms/kg i.v.)-induced inhibition of
      VP rhythm. Neurons in DLT-SC region whose discharge increased just before and
      throughout spontaneous increases in VP (vesical contraction-related units), were
      inhibited rapidly and completely by the systemic administration of fentanyl.
      However, fentanyl elicited a prolonged decremental discharge in neurons of the
      DLT-SC region with discharge patterns related to vesical relaxation (vesical
      relaxation-related units).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891846
TI  - Spinal infusion of opiate and alpha-2 agonists in rats: tolerance and cross
      tolerance studies.
AB  - Intrathecal morphine or ST-91, an alpha-2 agonist, produce potent antinociception
      in a number of animal models. Using osmotic minipumps and a new Y-catheter
      technique, we show that chronic intrathecal (i.t.) infusion of morphine (2, 6 or
      20 nmol/microliter/hr) or ST-91 (3, 10 or 30 nmol/microliter/hr) in rats produces
      a dose-dependent increase in hot-plate latency 1 day after pump implant. By 4 to
      5 days after initiation of chronic infusion of either drug, hot-plate latencies
      do not differ from saline-infused controls. Rats rendered tolerant to one of the
      three chronic i.t. morphine doses (2, 6 or 20 nmol/microliter/hr) and tested at 7
      days after initiation of infusion with a bolus i.t. dose of morphine, show a dose
      dependent rightward shift in hot-plate dose-response curves. The two lower doses
      of chronic i.t. infusions of morphine produce parallel shifts of the subsequent
      i.t. administered morphine dose-response curves, but the highest chronic i.t.
      dose of morphine (20 nmol/microliter/hr) produces a significantly greater slope
      of the subsequent i.t. administered morphine dose-response curve. Animals exposed
      to chronic i.t. infusion of one of three doses of ST-91 (3, 10 or 30
      nmol/microliter/hr) display a parallel, dose-dependent rightward shift to a
      subsequent bolus i.t. injection of ST-91. Rats rendered tolerant to chronic i.t.
      infusions of ST-91 showed no difference in the response to i.t. administered
      morphine hot-plate dose-response curves as compared to saline infused
      controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2891845
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of BMY 14802, a new potential antipsychotic drug, on
      midbrain dopamine neurons in the rat: acute and chronic studies.
AB  - The present experiments compared the ability of a new potential antipsychotic
      drug, BMY 14802 (alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine-
      butanol), to alter the electrophysiological activity of midbrain dopamine (DA)
      neurons in the rat substantia nigra (A9) and ventral tegmental area (A10).
      Intravenous administration of BMY 14802 reversed the rate-suppressant effects of
      the DA agonist apomorphine on both A9 and A10 DA neurons; however, this reversal
      occurred at significantly lower doses in A10 than in A9. These effects of BMY
      14802 appeared not to be mediated by DA receptors because, unlike the established
      antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine, BMY 14802 pretreatment failed to
      block apomorphine-induced suppression of A10 DA cells. Repeated s.c.
      administration (28 days) of BMY 14802 (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) reduced the number of
      spontaneously active A10 DA cells recorded per electrode track without affecting
      the number of A9 DA cells. This inactivation of A10 DA neurons was only partially
      reversed by the administration of apomorphine. Thus, it is uncertain as to
      whether this effect was produced by depolarization block as occurs during
      repeated administration of known antipsychotic drugs. These findings indicate
      that BMY 14802 influences DA neurotransmission by a nondopaminergic (perhaps
      sigma opioid) mechanism. The more potent effect of BMY 14802 on A10 DA neurons
      suggests that this novel compound may exert antipsychotic effects without
      producing significant extrapyramidal side effects.

PMID- 2891847
TI  - Inhibitory effects of diltiazem on vasoconstrictor responses in the cat.
AB  - The effect of diltiazem on vasoconstrictor responses was investigated in the
      feline mesenteric vascular bed under conditions of controlled blood flow.
      Diltiazem inhibited vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation,
      tyramine and norepinephrine suggesting that responses to both nerve-released and
      exogenous norepinephrine are dependent in part on an extracellular source of
      calcium. The calcium entry antagonist inhibited vasoconstrictor responses to
      alpha 1 and to alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists over a wide range of concentration.
      Diltiazem also inhibited mesenteric vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II,
      vasopressin, prostaglandin F2 alpha and KCl. The inhibitor effects of diltiazem
      on vasoconstrictor responses to nerve stimulation and the pressor agents were
      reversible, and all responses returned to control value 30 to 45 min after the
      infusion of the calcium entry antagonist. The present data suggest that the
      inhibitory effects of diltiazem on responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation are
      postjunctional in nature, as responses to nerve-released and exogenous
      norepinephrine and nonadrenergic pressor agents are reduced to a similar extent.
      The present results suggest that vasoconstrictor responses to neuronally released
      and exogenous norepinephrine, as well as agents which activate membrane receptors
      or depolarize vascular smooth muscle in the feline mesenteric vascular bed, are
      dependent in part on an extracellular source of calcium. The inhibitory effects
      of diltiazem on vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and
      pressor hormones may be relevant to the antihypertensive actions of this calcium
      entry antagonist.

PMID- 2891848
TI  - Using neuroleptics.

PMID- 2891849
TI  - Characteristics of long term benzodiazepine users in general practice.
AB  - In a practice of 6000 patients, all long term users of day time benzodiazepine
      tranquillizers were identified and matched for age and sex with controls.
      Patients and controls were asked to complete two postal questionnaires, one to
      measure a number of neurotic personality traits and the other to record details
      of personal history thought to be relevant. Tranquillizer users were also sent a
      third questionnaire which surveyed their attitudes to reliance on tranquillizers.
      Long term users of benzodiazepines had significantly higher scores for anxiety
      and other neurotic traits but their personal histories showed few significant
      differences from those of controls. Patients reliant on benzodiazepines seem to
      be a distinct, more ;neurotic' sub-group of the practice population although
      their lives have not been any more disturbed. Most patients thought that
      tranquillizers had helped them but many felt uneasy about being reliant on them.
      Follow up showed a trend towards spontaneous discontinuing of the tablets.

PMID- 2891850
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as meningoencephalitis.

PMID- 2891851
TI  - Beta-blockers in myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2891852
TI  - Improved delivery through biological membranes. 26. Design, synthesis, and
      pharmacological activity of a novel chemical delivery system for beta-adrenergic
      blocking agents.
AB  - Novel ketoxime analogues of known beta-blockers (propranolol, timolol, carteolol)
      were synthesized and tested as potential site-specific chemical delivery systems.
      It was assumed that a hydrolysis-reduction sequence could produce the active beta
      blockers in the iris-ciliary body. It was found that some of these bioprecursors
      are remarkably active in reducing intraocular pressure in rabbits. The ketoxime
      derivative of propranolol is more effective and much less irritant than its
      parent beta-blocker. While the ketoximes also displayed activity on isoprenaline
      induced tachycardia after iv administration, they were void of activity when
      given orally. Propranolol was found for a prolonged time and in significant
      concentrations in the rabbit's eye following topical administration of its
      ketoxime precursor; however, the inactive ketoximes apparently were not converted
      to the corresponding beta-blockers in the eye. A correlation was found between
      the physicochemical properties of the ketoximes and their conversion to the amino
      alcohol and thus their subsequent activity. The results suggest that at least
      some of the ketoxime precursors could have a use as antiglaucoma agents without
      systemic side effects.

PMID- 2891853
TI  - A novel class of potential central nervous system agents. 3-Phenyl-2-(1
      piperazinyl)-5H-1-benzazepines.
AB  - A series of 3-phenyl-2-piperazinyl-5H-1-benzazepines and related compounds were
      synthesized and evaluated for potential neuroleptic activity. The preparation of
      these compounds was carried out by 2,3-dichlorination of 3-phenyl-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-2-ones with phosphorus pentachloride followed by
      amination and concurrent dehydrochlorination. Compounds having the 4-chloro or 4
      fluoro substituent in the 3-phenyl group were found to possess the neuroleptic
      like activity. Among them, 2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5H-1
      benzazepine dihydrochloride (23) was comparable to chlorpromazine in inhibiting
      exploratory activity, conditioned avoidance response, and self-stimulation
      response and more potent than chlorpromazine in antagonizing apomorphine-induced
      emesis. These neuroleptic effects may be based on an antidopaminergic property of
      the compound. In causing catalepsy or ptosis, however, 23 was weaker than
      chlorpromazine. Therefore, this ring system is of interest as a novel class of
      neuroleptics. Some compounds having the 7-chloro or 7-bromo substituent showed
      potent anticonvulsant effects against maximal seizures induced by electroshock or
      pentylenetetrazole.

PMID- 2891854
TI  - Potential antisecretory antidiarrheals. 1. Alpha 2-adrenergic aromatic
      aminoguanidine hydrazones.
AB  - Guanabenz, a centrally acting antihypertensive agent, has been shown to have
      intestinal antisecretory properties. A series of aromatic aminoguanidine
      hydrazones was made in an effort to separate the antisecretory and cardiovascular
      activities. Benzaldehyde, naphthaldehyde, and tetralone derivatives were
      synthesized. The compounds were evaluated in the cholera toxin treated ligated
      jejunum of the rat and in the Ussing chamber using a rabbit ileum preparation. A
      number of compounds, including members of each structural class, were active upon
      subcutaneous administration in the rat. Active compounds were determined to be
      alpha 2-adrenergic agonists by yohimbine reversals of their Ussing chamber
      activities. The compound displaying the best separation of activities was the
      aminoguanidine hydrazone of 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (20).

PMID- 2891855
TI  - Immunoprotective behaviour of plasma-membrane-associated antigens of axenic
      Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Immunisation of golden hamsters with plasma-membrane-associated antigens of a
      virulent subline of axenic Entamoeba histolytica strain NIH 200 V, entrapped in
      multilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes (MPL) or Freund's complete adjuvant
      (FCA), afforded protection against intrahepatic challenge with axenic amoebic
      trophozoites of the same strain. Amoebic liver abscess developed in 86% and 80%
      of the animals that received empty liposomes or buffer emulsified in FCA but in
      none of the animals that received plasma-membrane-antigen vaccines. All the
      immunised animals had significantly higher levels (p less than 0.001) of
      antibodies to plasma-membrane components and significantly higher levels (p less
      than 0.001) of cellular sensitisation. Antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated
      cytotoxicity against trophozoites was also found to be significantly greater (p
      less than 0.001) in immunised animals. Liposome-entrapped antigens stimulated the
      immune system of the host as well as, or better than, antigens administered with
      FCA.

PMID- 2891856
TI  - Renal enzyme activities in experimental ochratoxin A-induced porcine nephropathy:
      diagnostic potential of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity.
AB  - Enzyme activities have been measured in needle biopsies from kidneys of pigs fed
      1 ppm or 0.2 ppm of ochratoxin A for 1-5 wks. After feeding 1 ppm toxin for 1 wk,
      the activity of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was decreased
      by 40% and remained inhibited until the termination of the experiment (5 wk). The
      activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, a brush-border enzyme found in the
      proximal tubules, was reduced to a similar degree and remained inhibited. The
      activities of hexokinase, a cytosolic enzyme of general distribution in the
      nephron, and phosphate-dependent glutaminase, a distal tubule enzyme, were not
      affected. The biopsy results were confirmed by measurements in renal slices taken
      at the termination of the experiment, except that biopsy samples showed more
      variation in enzyme activity and a lower PEPCK activity. A guinea pig antibody
      against the cytosolic form of PEPCK was used to demonstrate that the
      mitochondrial form of the enzyme, which accounts for a considerable part of the
      total cellular activity, was not affected by ochratoxin A. When mitochondrial
      PEPCK activity present in the cytosolic fraction was accounted for, ochratoxin A
      was found to reduce PEPCK activity by 70-80%. The increase of ochratoxin A
      exposure from zero through 0.2 ppm to 1 ppm, which resulted in dose-dependent
      activity decrease of PEPCK and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, was accompanied by
      dose-dependent decrease of renal function, as measured by a reduction of maximal
      tubular excretion of para-aminohippurate per clearance of inulin (TmPAH/CIn) and
      an increase in glucose excretion. This suggest that these enzymes are sensitive
      indicators of ochratoxin A-induced porcine nephropathy. Assuming that porcine
      nephropathy represents a valid model of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy in humans,
      the measurement of cytosolic PEPCK and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in
      the kidney could be a sensitive test for ochratoxin A-induced disease in humans.

PMID- 2891857
TI  - Heterogeneity of opioid receptor binding in brain slices.
AB  - A methodological approach was established for the study of ligand binding to
      multiple opioid receptors in slices from rat brain striatum. Specific binding of
      radiolabeled opiates was resolved from total binding with enantiomers or excess
      unlabeled ligand. Equilibrium binding of triated etorphine, dihydromorphine, and
      ethylketocyclazocine, and competitive displacement of [3H]etorphine and
      [3H]dihydromorphine by the unlabeled opiates were used to assess both high and
      low affinity receptor sites. The high-affinity binding components of the
      radiolabeled opiates were characterized by linear Scatchard plots, Kd values of
      2.8-3.7 nM, and binding site densities of 180-297 fmol/mg protein. The
      displacement of [3H]etorphine by morphine and ethylketocyclazocine displayed Hill
      coefficients of 0.62 and 0.47, respectively, and revealed receptor sites with
      much lower affinities than those described by the direct binding of these
      opiates. On the other hand, both morphine and ethylketocyclazocine displaced
      [3H]dihydromorphine with similar high potencies (apparent Kd's, 3-4 nM). The
      results support the feasibility of using brain slices as a cellular preparation
      to study opioid receptor mechanisms.

PMID- 2891858
TI  - Pharmacological characteristics of diazepam receptors in neurons and astrocytes
      in primary cultures.
AB  - Benzodiazepine binding sites in mouse astrocytes and neurons in primary cultures
      were labeled with [3H]diazepam (1.8 nM), and their inhibition by 14 different
      benzodiazepines and 3 benzodiazepine antagonists was studied. RO 5-4864, RO 7
      3351, and, especially, the antagonist PK 11195 were much more potent in
      astrocytes than in neurons, whereas the opposite was true for the agonists
      alprazolam, clonazepam, flurazepam, RO 11-3128, and chlordiazepoxide, and,
      especially, the antagonists CGS-8216 and RO 15-1788. Flunitrazepam, diazepam,
      midazolam, RO 11-6893, and RO 5-2181 were about equipotent in the two cell types.
      The neuronal, but not the astrocytic, binding site showed stereospecificity. In
      astrocytes most of the drugs had pseudo-Hill coefficients close to one, whereas
      the pseudo-Hill coefficients in neurons, except for RO 5-4864 and PK 11195, were
      distinctly lower than one. Thus, the benzodiazepine binding sites had profoundly
      different pharmacological characteristics in neurons and in astrocytes.

PMID- 2891859
TI  - Effects of chronic propranolol treatment on hepatic adenylate cyclase system in
      the rat.
AB  - The biochemical aspects of hepatic beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylate
      cyclase activity in male adult rats were examined during chronic treatment of a
      beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. The blockade of beta-adrenergic nervous
      systems for 7 to 10 days produced a considerable elevation of basal, glucagon,
      sodium fluoride, and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, Gpp (NH)p-stimulated enzyme
      activity with a negligible response to a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol.
      There was no alteration in the density or the affinity of beta-adrenergic
      receptors for the agonist during the treatment. Guanine nucleotides have failed
      to induce a transformation of the higher affinity to the lower affinity state of
      beta-adrenergic receptors of the hepatic membrane derived either from control or
      the propranolol-treated animals. The activity of stimulatory guanine nucleotide
      regulatory proteins (Ns) in the enzyme, assessed by ADP-ribosylation was also not
      altered by the antagonist. These results suggest that the mechanism of the
      observed sensitization of adenylate cyclase induced by chronic beta-adrenergic
      blockade involves facilitation of Ns interaction with the catalytic subunit of
      the enzyme with no change in the beta-adrenergic receptor functions.

PMID- 2891860
TI  - Vasculitis in the lung.
AB  - Pulmonary vasculitis occurs most commonly in the collagen vascular diseases and
      in granulomatous pulmonary disease. In the collagen vascular group, vasculitis
      causes diffuse interstitial inflammation and subsequent fibrosis, resulting in
      interstitial radiographic patterns, especially in the lower lung fields.
      Vasculitis accompanied by granulomatosis typically produces focal inflammation
      and is, therefore, manifested as nodules and masses. The more typical collagen
      vascular diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus,
      systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis. The most common vasculitis
      granulomatosis is Wegener's, with similar radiographic abnormalities occurring in
      lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Atypical examples of vasculitis pulmonary disease
      include ankylosing spondylitis, in which upper-lung field fibrobullous changes
      are seen. Periarteritis nodosa and Behcet's syndrome include abnormalities of
      large vessels and thromboembolic phenomena. Bronchocentric granulomatosis and
      allergic granulomatosis involve airway abnormalities as well as vasculitis and
      granuloma formation.

PMID- 2891862
TI  - Dicentric Y chromosome and mixed dysgenesis.
AB  - We report 4 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis with a karyotype containing a
      dicentric Y chromosome. All cases were mosaic with 45X and 46X, dic(Y) cell
      lines. Of the patients 1 had ambiguous genitalia and some features of Turner's
      syndrome, 2 had classical features of Turner's syndrome with normal female
      external genitalia and 1 had no features of Turner's syndrome but he presented
      with penoscrotal hypospadias, inguinal hernia and cryptorchidism. Female gender
      assignment and early total gonadectomy should be considered when a dicentric Y
      chromosome is present in cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis.

PMID- 2891861
TI  - Genetic diversity of enzootic isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey.
AB  - The RNA genomes of 43 vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) isolates of the New Jersey
      (NJ) serotype were T1-ribonuclease fingerprinted to compare the extent of genetic
      diversity of virus from regions of epizootic and enzootic disease activity. Forty
      of these viruses were obtained from Central America during 1982 to 1985. The
      other three were older isolates, including a 1970 isolate from Culex nigripalpus
      mosquitos in Guatemala, a 1960 bovine isolate from Panama, and a 1976 isolate
      from mosquitos (Mansonia indubitans) in Ecuador. The data indicate that extensive
      genetic diversity exists among virus isolates from this predominantly enzootic
      disease zone. Six distinct T1 fingerprint groups were identified for the Central
      American VSV NJ isolates from 1982 to 1985. The 1960 VSV NJ isolate from Panama
      and the 1976 isolate from Ecuador formed two additional distinct fingerprint
      groups. This finding is in sharp contrast to the relatively close genetic
      relationship existing among VSV NJ isolates obtained from predominantly epizootic
      disease areas of the United States and Mexico during the same period (S. T.
      Nichol, J. Virol. 61:1029-1036, 1987). In this previous study, RNA genome T1
      fingerprint differences were observed among isolates from different epizootics;
      however, the isolates were all clearly members of one large T1 fingerprint group.
      The eight T1 fingerprint groups described here for Central American and
      Ecuadorian viruses are distinct from those characterized earlier for virus
      isolates from the United States and Mexico and for the common laboratory virus
      strains Ogden and Hazelhurst. Despite being isolated 14 years earlier, the 1970
      insect isolate from Guatemala is clearly a member of one of the 1982 to 1985
      Central American virus fingerprint groups. This indicates that although virus
      genetic diversity in the region is extensive, under certain natural conditions
      particular virus genotypes can be relatively stably maintained for an extended
      period. The implications of these findings for the evolution of VSV NJ and
      epizootiology of the disease are discussed.

PMID- 2891863
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with human T
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection--North Carolina.

PMID- 2891864
TI  - Role of neurotransmitter in forensic medicine (report III). A new analysis of
      inhibitory neurotransmitter amino acids in tissues and biological fluids by high
      performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

PMID- 2891865
TI  - KRAS2 as a genetic marker for lung tumor susceptibility in inbred mice.
AB  - An Eco-RI restriction fragment length polymorphism occurring in a DNA fragment
      containing the first exon of the murine KRAS2 gene was shown to correlate with
      the inherited susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to urethan (CAS: 51-79-6)
      induced pulmonary adenomas. Eco-RI digestion of murine DNA yielded four KRAS2
      specific fragments. Polymorphic variation occurred in the smallest molecular
      weight fragment with alleles of either 0.70 or 0.55 kb in size. Genotyping of 14
      inbred strains of mice revealed a correlation between KRAS2 Eco-RI polymorphic
      variation and the differential susceptibility among inbred strains to development
      of pulmonary adenomas. Strains with a high incidence of pulmonary adenomas,
      either spontaneously occurring or in response to carcinogen induction, had the
      0.55-kb KRAS2 allele whereas adenoma-resistant strains had the 0.70-kb allele.
      Analysis of a series of recombinant inbred strains (AXB, BXA) that developed from
      reciprocal crosses between a highly susceptible strain (A/J) and a highly
      resistant strain (C57BL/6J) revealed a statistically significant threefold
      difference in lung tumor susceptibility on the basis of KRAS2 genotype. Further
      analysis of individual F2 mice of a C57BL/6 female X A/J male cross also
      demonstrated a threefold difference in tumor susceptibility on the basis of KRAS2
      allelic variation.

PMID- 2891866
TI  - Use of vasoactive agents to increase tumor perfusion and the antitumor efficacy
      of drug-monoclonal antibody conjugates.
AB  - The effects of both alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the vascular
      perfusion of tumors were studied with the ultimate goal of improving diagnosis
      and therapy of solid tumors with the use of monoclonal antibody (MAb) conjugates.
      With the use of a subcutaneously growing murine thymoma, it was demonstrated that
      nonselective and cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agents were capable of
      increasing threefold tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-liver perfusion of 125I-labeled
      MAbs. Subsequently, these beta-adrenergic blocking agents were found to increase
      the antitumor efficacy of idarubicin (Ida)-MAb conjugates. Conjugate-treated mice
      that also received beta-adrenergic blocking agents had a smaller mean tumor size
      and a greater number of regressions than mice receiving Ida-MAb conjugate alone.
      By contrast, prazosin HCl, an alpha 1-adrenergic blocking agent, and
      Cyclospasmol, a peripheral vasodilator, did not enhance the tumor perfusion and
      antitumor efficacy of 125I- or Ida-conjugated MAbs, and no vasoactive agent
      enhanced the antitumor effect of Ida when used alone. By their selective action
      on normal blood vessels, vasoactive drugs can change the tumor-to-normal tissue
      perfusion ratio, thereby enhancing the access of drug-MAb conjugates to tumors
      and increasing the effectiveness of tumor therapy with the use of drug-MAb
      conjugates.

PMID- 2891867
TI  - [Elevation of intraocular pressure following Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy.
      Pathogenesis and preventive therapy].
AB  - Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy is a well-established method of opening an opacified
      posterior lens capsule after extracapsular cataract extraction. The most frequent
      complication following this procedure is a transient rise in intraocular pressure
      (IOP) occurring during the first few hours following treatment. In most cases the
      IOP returns to normal within 24 hours. Occasionally, however, it can increase
      excessively, causing a vision-threatening complication. The prospective study
      reported here dealt with the pressure elevation in 60 eyes of 60 patients and the
      characteristics of aqueous outflow in this critical phase. Tonometric and
      tonographic findings were compared under the influence of topical indometacin and
      beta-blocker in combination with pilocarpine 2%. Twenty eyes served as untreated
      controls. Topical indometacin pretreatment had no positive effect on IOP and
      aqueous outflow, while beta-blocker and pilocarpine 2% prevented a postoperative
      elevation of IOP.

PMID- 2891868
TI  - [Molecular genetic diagnosis in X chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa].
AB  - Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common hereditary dystrophic disease of the
      retina. About 10% of the affected families show the X-linked trait. The close
      link observed between the gene locus (RP2) and a polymorphic DNA marker (DXS7) on
      the proximal short arm of the X-chromosome permits an indirect genotype diagnosis
      and can be helpful in carrier detection and genetic counseling. A case is
      presented in which the carrier risk of a female consultant dropped from 50% a
      priori to less than 2% by the use of clinical findings and DNA analysis.

PMID- 2891869
TI  - [Glucose level of the blood and its regulation in patients with hemorrhagic fever
      with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2891870
TI  - [Human blood glutamic acid in exposure to elevated ammonia levels in the gaseous
      environment].
AB  - Amino acid metabolism of men kept in a enclosed environment was investigated. A
      high concentration of ammonia produced a specific redistribution of free amino
      acids in plasma with the content of glutamic acid increasing by the end of study.
      The estimates of glutamic acid in blood can be used for assessing maximally
      allowable concentrations of ammonia in enclosed environments.

PMID- 2891872
TI  - [Toxicokinetic aspect of the potential use of sulfur hexafluoride in sealed
      quarters].

PMID- 2891871
TI  - [Composition of the water obtained after its sanitary and hygienic use by men and
      women].
AB  - The composition of wash water used by men and women was investigated. The results
      were exposed to multifactorial statistical analysis using the method of principal
      components. The investigation allowed the following conclusions to be made: 1)
      wash water used by men and women is comparable in composition; therefore the sex
      of the crewmembers of space vehicles can be disregarded when designing water
      reclamation systems; 2) three parameters, viz. oxidizability, electric
      conductivity and chloride content, can be adequately used to assess the quality
      of utilized wash water; 3) the composition of wash water is largely dependent on
      the health status of its users.

PMID- 2891873
TI  - Sequential study of vasculitis in MRL mice.
AB  - The frequency, age of onset and organ distribution of spontaneously occurring
      vasculitis was examined in a sequential study with 170 MRL mice of both
      substrains. Necrotizing vasculitis was seen in 55.8% of MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice
      studied, beginning at the age of 3 months. The kidney and urinary bladder were
      most frequently involved. In MRL/Mp- +/+ mice necrotizing vasculitis was much
      less frequently present (7.6%), beginning at the age of 18 months, and was seen
      only in the kidney, stomach and testes. In both substrains mononuclear
      infiltration of pulmonary vessel walls preceded the occurrence of necrotizing
      arteritis in other organs. The immunofluorescence study revealed the presence of
      immune complex components (immunoglobulin G, C3, murine leukaemia virus antigen
      gp71) in the vessel walls of the renal arteries of six out of 36 lpr/lpr mice
      with necrotizing arteritis.

PMID- 2891874
TI  - Immuno-gold localization of prion filaments in scrapie-infected hamster brains.
AB  - The brains of scrapie-infected hamsters have been examined for the presence of
      structures antigenically related to the prion protein (PrP 27-30). Glutaraldehyde
      perfused hamster brains, 72 days postinfection, were immunostained using rabbit
      monospecific antisera raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to the N
      terminal 13 or 15 amino acids of PrP 27-30, and using rabbit antisera raised
      against infectious prions or PrP 27-30 purified from scrapie-infected hamster
      brains. Antisera to the synthetic peptides stained extracellular filaments in
      agreement with previous immunoperoxidase studies which used affinity-purified PrP
      27-30 antibodies; in addition to subependymal and subpial localization, we show
      ventricular and perivascular staining. Using a colloidal gold-secondary antibody
      technique, we have demonstrated that the antibodies labeled filaments measuring 7
      to 17 nm in diameter. Whereas most of the periventricular and perivascular
      filaments appeared extracellular, some appeared to be within processes intimately
      associated with ependymal cells, degenerating membranes of astrocytes, and
      neurites.

PMID- 2891876
TI  - Testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in
      plasma and testes of immature rats under basal conditions and after hCG
      stimulation. Effect of bilateral cryptorchidism.
AB  - Rats were made bilaterally cryptorchid at 21 days of age; sham-operated rats were
      used as controls. At 35 days, the animals were injected i.m. with saline or with
      10 IU hCG. Progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone
      were measured in both testes and plasma under basal conditions and 2, 4, 8, 12,
      24 and 72 h respectively after injection. The plasma levels and intratesticular
      contents of the steroids were generally lower in cryptorchid rats. The patterns
      of the steroid response to hCG were similar in both groups: in the testes and in
      the plasma, they increased acutely following hCG injection (except testicular
      androstenedione), then, after 72 h, returned to normal values in the plasma but
      remained higher than the basal values in the testes. These results suggest that
      there are no gross abnormalities in the testicular steroidogenic pathways and
      that the mechanism of action of hCG on the Leydig cells is unaltered in
      bilaterally cryptorchid immature rats.

PMID- 2891877
TI  - Gamma glutamyl transferase activity in rat colon during experimental colonic
      carcinogenesis.
AB  - Colonic gamma glutamyl transferase activity is raised in colonic malignancy. This
      study was undertaken to determine how early and how extensively this raised
      activity occurs during carcinogenesis. Sixty rats were given weekly injections of
      dimethylhydrazine for 16 weeks, and 20 rats acted as controls. Groups of treated
      and control rats were sacrificed at regular intervals during the pre-cancerous
      phase of carcinogenesis, and gamma glutamyl transferase activity was measured at
      several sites in the colon. Gamma glutamyl transferase activity was raised as
      early as 4 weeks after the first injection of dimethylhydrazine (p less than
      0.05), and the elevation persisted until the development of overt tumours. The
      raised gamma glutamyl transferase activity was observed throughout both the
      proximal and distal colon long before the appearance of macroscopic tumours. We
      conclude that an early and widespread elevation of colonic gamma glutamyl
      transferase activity occurs during carcinogenesis. This may have useful
      applications in the early detection of colonic malignancy.

PMID- 2891875
TI  - Studies on the cellular localization and distribution of glucocorticoid receptor
      and estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat
      and their relationship to the monoaminergic and peptidergic neurons of the brain.
AB  - By means of monoclonal antibodies against the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor
      (GR) and the human estrogen receptor (ER), in combination with an
      immunocytochemical analysis, it has been possible to map out GR and ER
      immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the rat central nervous system and GR IR glial
      cells in the white matter. The GR IR is located in the cytoplasm and especially
      in the nucleus while the ER IR is only demonstrated in the nuclei of the neurons.
      Upon adrenalectomy the GR IR appears to be present exclusively in the cytoplasm,
      while after castration the ER IR is still exclusively present in the nuclei. Upon
      corticosterone treatment of the adrenalectomized rat the GR IR is again
      predominantly found in the nuclei of the neurons. These results indicate that the
      occupied GR and the unoccupied and occupied ER are located in the nuclei and the
      unoccupied GR in the cytoplasm. Evidence has been presented that large numbers of
      monoamine and peptide nerve cell bodies contain GR IR. Furthermore, neuronal GR
      IR is found in neuronal populations all over the central nervous system,
      especially in the cerebral cortex, the thalamus and the hypothalamus, indicating
      a major role of GR in regulating the metabolic and synaptic functions of the
      brain. The ER IR is instead limited to certain neuronal populations, mainly those
      of the preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the striae terminalis and the arcuate
      nucleus, suggesting a specific role in control of LHRH secretion and reproductive
      behaviour.

PMID- 2891878
TI  - The effect of nursing intervention on serum lipid level of patients taking beta
      blockers.

PMID- 2891879
TI  - Complete remission after autografting for chronic myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - A previously untreated 31-yr old female with Ph-positive chronic myeloid
      leukaemia (CML) received busulphan and melphalan at high dosage followed by an
      autograft of peripheral blood stem cells collected 4 weeks earlier. Though
      recovering haemopoiesis was at first mainly Ph-positive, Ph-negative haemopoiesis
      predominated at 12 months and has persisted until the most recent study (24
      months post-autograft). Her haemopoietic cells now show no rearrangement of the
      bcr gene, unlike the cells collected at diagnosis. Autografting carried out soon
      after diagnosis could be valuable for obtaining cytogenetic remissions in other
      patients with CML.

PMID- 2891880
TI  - Acute pulmonary response to cotton bract extract in monkeys: lung function and
      effects of mediator modifying compounds.
AB  - It is well established that cotton dust inhalation can compromise lung function
      in textile workers. Challenges with a water-soluble extract of cotton bract (CBE)
      can also induce reversible airway obstruction in healthy volunteers. We have
      examined the effect of inhaled CBE in nonhuman primates and have attempted to
      inhibit the bronchoconstrictive response with mediator modifying compounds. CBE
      (34 mg/ml or 100 mg/ml) was administered via IPPB for 15 minutes (15 breaths/min)
      in 12 intubated, anesthetized, adult male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Breath
      by-breath determinations of pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance (Cdyn),
      tidal volume, and breathing frequency were calculated from the transpulmonary
      pressure (esophageal balloon) and airflow signals and monitored for 2 hr
      postchallenge. Control challenges with distilled water were also performed in 3
      monkeys with the greatest response from CBE. Five animals (42%) were found to
      respond to CBE with peak % changes in Cdyn greater than 45%. In 3 of these
      animals, we attempted to blunt the CBE response with chlorpheniramine (0.1 mg/kg
      i.v.) and a mast cell stabilizer lodoxamide (0.1 mg/ml aerosol). In these 3
      animals the mean (+/- SD) peak % changes in Cdyn to CBE alone was -47.4 +/- 1.8.
      The CBE response following chlorpheneramine was -49 +/- 15.7 and following
      lodoxamide was -47.0 +/- 5.4. These data suggest that monkeys, like humans, can
      develop reproducible bronchoconstriction following an aerosol challenge with CBE.
      Furthermore, this bronchoconstriction in the monkey is probably not explained by
      the action of histamine or mediator release alone and an acute inflammatory
      reaction may be involved.

PMID- 2891881
TI  - Age-related changes of splenic T cells in mice--a flow cytometric analysis.
AB  - Splenic T cells of C57BL/6 mice, ranging in age from newborn to 24 months old,
      were examined by two-colour flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies (moAbs) to
      Thy-1, Lyt-1, Lyt-2 and L3T4. Thy-1+ cells in the spleen increased gradually
      after the birth, and reached a plateau around at 3 months of age, but did not
      show a significant age-related decline even at 24 months of age. Lyt
      subpopulations of T cells (Lyt-1+2+, Lyt-1+2-, Lyt-1-2+) showed a proportional
      increase until 1 month of age, but the onset of their imbalance was observed as
      early as 3 months of age. The percentage of L3T4+ subpopulation stayed at a
      relatively constant level throughout life (approx. 55%). At the individual cell
      level, Lyt-2 antigen was most vulnerable to aging and its membrane surface
      density showed a prominent decrease in 24-month-old T cells. An apparent decline
      was observed in the mitogen reactivity and cell-mediated cytolytic T lymphocyte
      (CTL) activity of old T cells or their subpopulations which were purified by the
      cell sorter.

PMID- 2891882
TI  - The impact of echocardiographic results on treatment decisions for patients
      suspected of mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - Although echocardiography is frequently ordered in ambulatory settings for
      patients suspected of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), its impact on their subsequent
      management is unknown. We studied the relationship between the results of
      echocardiography for outpatients suspected of MVP, and two frequent medical
      decisions: treatment with beta blockers and the recommendation of antibiotic
      prophylaxis to prevent bacterial endocarditis. A medical record audit was
      performed on 274 outpatients referred to a university medical center
      echocardiography laboratory to rule out MVP. Although echocardiographic evidence
      for MVP significantly influenced the decision to recommend antibiotic prophylaxis
      (P less than 0.001), symptoms were more likely to be used as indications for beta
      blocker therapy in patients suspected of the condition. We conclude that
      echocardiographic results are used for recommending antibiotic prophylaxis to
      outpatients suspected of MVP, but not for beta-blocker therapy.

PMID- 2891883
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia].

PMID- 2891884
TI  - [Renal insufficiency in rheumatoid arthritis. Effect of non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory agents].

PMID- 2891885
TI  - The guinea-pig isolated atrium as a model system for the central actions of
      selected CNS stimulant and depressant drugs. Part 1: 3,3-Diakylglutarimide
      homologues and related drugs.
AB  - The 3H-noradrenaline pretreated, spontaneously beating, guinea-pig atrial
      preparation has been used as a model system to study the presynaptic and
      postsynaptic actions of selected drugs with stimulant (bemegride,
      pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, strychnine and 4-methyl-4-n-propylpiperidine
      hydrochloride), depressant (pentobarbitone, hydroxydione, trimethadione, 3-methyl
      3-n-alkylglutarimide where alkyl = butyl, amyl or hexyl, 4-methyl-4-n
      propylpiperidone-2 hydrochloride, chlordiazepoxide and chlorpromazine) or dual
      stimulant-depressant (3-methyl-3-n-propylglutarimide and 5-ethyl-5-(1,3
      dimethylbutyl) barbiturate and its (+) and (-) enantiomers) actions in the
      central nervous system of the mouse. 3H-Noradrenaline efflux and force and rate
      of atrial contraction were used as parameters of atrial function. With the
      exception of strychnine, picrotoxin and 4-methyl-4-n-propylpiperidine
      hydrochloride, which appear to act by different central mechanisms, there is good
      correspondence between the actions of the test drugs on the force of atrial
      contraction and in the CNS of the mouse. Thus, stimulant drugs increase and
      depressant drugs decrease the force of atrial contraction, while dual stimulant
      depressant drugs in low concentrations increase, and in higher concentrations,
      decrease the inotropic response. A similarly good correspondence generally exists
      between mouse and atrium with respect to the relative stimulant and depressant
      potencies of the test drugs, additive stimulation or depression for pairs of like
      acting drugs and 'analepsis' and 'anticonvulsant activity' for drugs with opposed
      central actions. No such relationships were found using tritium efflux or the
      chronotropic response as parameters of atrial function. Thus, the guinea-pig
      atrial preparation appears to be a good model system in which to demonstrate the
      acute CNS actions and interactions of the majority of the test drugs. Their
      positive and negative inotropic effects on the atrium have been explained in
      terms of a membrane phase distribution hypothesis of drug action, and their
      ability to facilitate or impede, respectively, the movement of Ca2/ across the
      atrial sarcolemmal membrane. It is proposed that these drugs may act by similar
      mechanisms at responsive sites in the brainstem reticular formation and related
      areas in the mouse. These may be primarily excitatory noradrenergic synapses
      integrated functionally with presynaptic or independent inhibitory GABAergic
      terminals.

PMID- 2891887
TI  - Renal deposition of cytomegalovirus antigen in immunoglobulin-A nephropathy.
AB  - Renal biopsy specimens from patients with various glomerular disorders were
      examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with three different
      heterologous antibodies directed against cytomegalovirus and two heterologous
      antibodies against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1. All 31 samples from
      patients with immunoglobulin-A (IgA) nephropathy, 1 of 12 with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE), and 1 of 5 with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) showed
      mesangial staining with cytomegalovirus antiserum, whereas no sample from 37
      patients with other forms of glomerulonephritis was positive. Antigens of herpes
      simplex virus I were demonstrated in samples from 4 of 31 patients with IgA
      nephropathy, 1 of 12 patients with SLE, 1 of 5 patients with HSP, and 1 of 37
      patients with other glomerular diseases. The consistent finding of glomerular
      cytomegalovirus antigen in IgA nephropathy suggests but does not prove that the
      virus has a role in the aetiology of this disorder.

PMID- 2891886
TI  - Difference between herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 neonatal encephalitis
      in neurological outcome.
AB  - 24 infants consecutively treated with acyclovir or vidarabine for neonatal herpes
      simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis were followed up for 6 months to 3 years to
      assess neurological and developmental outcome. 15 patients had HSV-2 and 9 had
      HSV-1 encephalitis. Infants with HSV-2 encephalitis presented with a higher
      frequency of seizures, greater pleocytosis and protein concentrations in the
      cerebrospinal fluid, and more frequent evidence of structural damage on
      computerised tomographic scans of the brain than did those with HSV-1
      encephalitis. 1 patient died. All 9 HSV-1 patients were normal at follow-up (mean
      19.4 months) compared with only 4 (23%) of the 14 surviving HSV-2 infected
      infants (p = 0.003). Among infants with HSV-2 encephalitis, 50% became
      microcephalic; 57% had seizure disorders; 64% had ophthalmological defects; 64%
      had cerebral palsy; and 57% had mental retardation. Infants with neonatal HSV-1
      encephalitis treated with systemic antiviral chemotherapy have excellent
      neurological outcomes; the neurological morbidity of those with HSV-2
      encephalitis is still high.

PMID- 2891888
TI  - TSH-receptor antibodies in mothers with Graves' disease and outcome in their
      offspring.
AB  - Blood was taken from 56 selected newborn babies whose mothers had Graves'
      disease, to assess the relation between their thyroid function and the presence
      of thyrotropin (TSH) binding inhibitor immunoglobulins (TBII) and thyroid
      stimulating antibodies (TSAb) in maternal serum. All the mothers of the
      thyrotoxic babies had both these TSH receptor antibodies in their serum. However,
      most of the mothers whose thyroid function had been well controlled in pregnancy
      gave birth to normal babies. 15 babies had a transient syndrome of low serum
      thyroxine (T4) and free T4 with normal TSH and this tended to be associated with
      TSH receptor antibodies in maternal serum (TBII 9/15, TSAb 4/15). 2 infants had
      transient hyperthyroxinaemia without hyperthyroidism and both their mothers
      showed strong TSAb activity without TBII activity.

PMID- 2891889
TI  - Chronic Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections of central
      nervous system in preterm infants.
AB  - In a prospective study of meningitis in 100 predominantly preterm infants,
      Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 8 and
      Mycoplasma hominis from the CSF of 5 babies undergoing investigation of suspected
      sepsis or treatment of hydrocephalus. U urealyticum was isolated from 6 infants
      with severe intraventricular haemorrhage and from 3 with hydrocephalus. In 4
      babies multiple isolations were made over several weeks. There were clinical
      features of congenital infection with major neurological impairment in 1 infant
      infected with M hominis. Diagnosis is difficult because these organisms cannot be
      seen on gram stain and cannot readily be cultivated on routine bacteriological
      media, and CSF pleocytosis may be absent. This study, which used appropriate
      mycoplasmal media, shows that U urealyticum and M hominis are the most common
      microorganisms isolated from the CSF of newborn infants in a high-risk
      population.

PMID- 2891891
TI  - Pharmacological adaptive responses to drugs.

PMID- 2891890
TI  - Vasectomy and urolithiasis.
AB  - The relation between vasectomy and renal disease was examined in the data
      collection phase of a study of vasectomy and coronary artery disease. The date of
      onset and type of urological disease was obtained for 11,205 men enrolled in the
      US Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Urolithiasis was the most common reported
      urological disease. The relative risk for calculi in men who had had a vasectomy
      ranged from 2.6 for patients 30-35 years old to 1.3 for those aged 55-65. The age
      adjusted relative risk was 1.67 (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2891892
TI  - Airflow limitation--reversible or irreversible.

PMID- 2891893
TI  - Dialysis arthropathy.

PMID- 2891894
TI  - Too many H2 antagonists.

PMID- 2891895
TI  - Measuring need for health care.

PMID- 2891896
TI  - Plastic devices: new fields for old microbes.

PMID- 2891897
TI  - AIDS and sex.

PMID- 2891898
TI  - Prevention and treatment of malaria.

PMID- 2891899
TI  - Duration of antimicrobial therapy for acute suppurative osteoarticular
      infections.
AB  - From 1974 to 1983, inclusive, 274 children with acute suppurative osteoarticular
      infections were treated with antibiotic regimens that were shorter than usually
      recommended. The median duration of antibiotic treatment for acute suppurative
      arthritis caused by staphylococci, streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b,
      gram-negative cocci, or other gram-negative bacteria was 23, 16, 16, 15, and 22
      days, respectively. For acute osteomyelitis caused by staphylococci,
      streptococci, H influenzae, or other gram-negative bacteria the median duration
      of antibiotic therapy was 24, 23, 17, and 22.5 days, respectively. Osteoarthritis
      usually had to be treated for about a month. 180 patients received large dosages
      of oral antimicrobials after clinical stabilisation with intravenous treatment,
      the median duration of intravenous therapy being about a week (range up to 7
      weeks). 99% of patients underwent needle aspiration for diagnostic reasons. 36%,
      71%, and 63% of the patients with acute suppurative arthritis, osteomyelitis, and
      osteoarthritis, respectively, underwent incision and drainage. Recurrence
      occurred in 4 patients with acute osteomyelitis (3.8% of cases). There was no
      recurrence of arthritis.

PMID- 2891900
TI  - Painless lithotripsy: experience with 100 patients.
AB  - 123 patients underwent 320 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) sessions
      with the Wolf 'Piezolith 2200' lithotripter. The overall success rate, judged by
      adequate stone fragmentation into particles of 2 mm or less as seen on X-ray, was
      92%. Few complications occurred. The lithotripter was easy to operate, and
      treatment was painless.

PMID- 2891901
TI  - The Swedish medical insurance schemes. The way ahead for the United Kingdom?

PMID- 2891902
TI  - Energy intake during pregnancy.

PMID- 2891903
TI  - Elimination of nicotine gum use.

PMID- 2891904
TI  - Forms of cocaine and psychiatric symptoms.

PMID- 2891905
TI  - Penicillin-resistant Borrelia encephalitis responding to cefotaxime.

PMID- 2891907
TI  - Privatised pharmacology at Oxford.

PMID- 2891906
TI  - Loss of bileducts after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2891908
TI  - Heart transplantation and preformed cytotoxic antibodies.

PMID- 2891909
TI  - Delayed clearance of HBsAG after transplantation for fulminant delta-hepatitis.

PMID- 2891910
TI  - Thyroglobulin level helps to predict recurrence after lobo-isthmusectomy in
      patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2891911
TI  - Hyperphosphataemia in haemolysis.

PMID- 2891912
TI  - Reduction of HBV infections and mass immunisation.

PMID- 2891913
TI  - Intracavernosal pharmacotherapy with injection pen.

PMID- 2891914
TI  - Penicillin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis in southern Africa.

PMID- 2891915
TI  - Dimethylformamide and testicular cancer.

PMID- 2891916
TI  - Immunosuppressive effects of dioxin in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2891917
TI  - New mode of action for lactulose.

PMID- 2891919
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and pernicious anaemia.

PMID- 2891918
TI  - Antibodies to plasmid-encoded proteins of enteropathogenic Yersinia in patients
      with autoimmune thyroid disease.

PMID- 2891920
TI  - Coeliac disease and Holy Communion.

PMID- 2891921
TI  - Vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

PMID- 2891922
TI  - Sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 2891923
TI  - HLA DQ Polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2891926
TI  - NHS in crisis.

PMID- 2891924
TI  - Aseptic meningitis from over-the-counter ibuprofen.

PMID- 2891927
TI  - Magnetic resonance scanners.

PMID- 2891925
TI  - Evaluation of a bedside analyser.

PMID- 2891928
TI  - Cruelty in an old people's home.

PMID- 2891929
TI  - Screening multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A families using DNA markers.

PMID- 2891930
TI  - Barrett's oesophagus and colonic cancer.

PMID- 2891931
TI  - DNA homology between a novel human herpesvirus (HHV-6) and human cytomegalovirus.

PMID- 2891932
TI  - Shortsighted children.

PMID- 2891934
TI  - HIV and the pancreas.

PMID- 2891933
TI  - HIV transmission from female to male at improperly protected sexual intercourse.

PMID- 2891935
TI  - Declining prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual AIDS patients paralleled
      by fall in cytomegalovirus transmission.

PMID- 2891936
TI  - Tattooing in prison and HIV infection.

PMID- 2891937
TI  - Atenolol in irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2891938
TI  - AIDS and medical ethics.

PMID- 2891939
TI  - Midazolam in terminal care.

PMID- 2891940
TI  - Mexiletine for treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy.
AB  - Sixteen of nineteen patients completed a randomised double-blind crossover trial
      to assess the effect of oral mexiletine (10 mg/kg bodyweight daily) on the
      symptoms and signs of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. The median age of the
      sixteen patients was 50 years (range 30-64). Assessment with a five-item clinical
      symptom scale showed significant improvement during the mexiletine phase compared
      with the placebo phase. Pain was reduced during mexiletine but not during
      placebo, as assessed by a visual analogue rating scale. Mexiletine treatment had
      no effect on tendon reflexes, vibration threshold levels, beat-to-beat variation
      in heart rate during deep breathing, and postural blood pressure response. Mild
      side-effects were seen in three of the sixteen patients during mexiletine
      treatment.

PMID- 2891941
TI  - Staphylococcal sepsis. The changing pattern of disease and therapy.

PMID- 2891942
TI  - Therapeutic trials in coronary thrombosis should measure left ventricular
      function as primary end-point of treatment.
AB  - Clinical trials in coronary thrombosis can record as end-points either death or
      an index of left ventricular function (ejection fraction or end-systolic volume)
      which can be used as a surrogate for long-term mortality. Hospital mortality for
      patients under 70 years of age in whom effective thrombolysis is achieved should
      now be no more than about 5%. To show a 20% reduction (to 4%) in mortality with
      an alpha error (two-sided) of 0.05 and a beta error of 0.2 requires 15,000
      patients. By contrast, a 25% improvement towards normal in ejection fraction
      (from about 59% to about 62%) requires only 384 patients. Since it is likely that
      one of several thrombolytic agents will be effective in conjunction with one or
      more myocardial protective agents, many trials will be required, and it may be
      more appropriate in future studies to measure left ventricular function rather
      than mortality as the principal end-point.

PMID- 2891943
TI  - Should physicians withhold life-sustaining care from patients who are not
      terminally ill?

PMID- 2891944
TI  - Selective histopathology of appendicectomy specimens.

PMID- 2891945
TI  - Total body water and very-low-calorie diets.

PMID- 2891946
TI  - Urogastrone/epidermal growth factor in treatment of congenital microvillous
      atrophy.

PMID- 2891947
TI  - "Botryoid nuclei" of leucocytes in the haemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy
      syndrome.

PMID- 2891948
TI  - Mitozantrone-induced onycholysis.

PMID- 2891949
TI  - What do newly appointed rheumatologists think?

PMID- 2891950
TI  - Cavitation and arterial blood flow.

PMID- 2891951
TI  - Biogenic amine adducts, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and smoking.

PMID- 2891952
TI  - Growth retardation in asthmatic children treated with inhaled beclomethasone
      dipropionate.

PMID- 2891953
TI  - Low-frequency vibration in application of bone cement.

PMID- 2891954
TI  - Successful treatment with thalidomide of acute graft-versus-host disease after
      bone-marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2891955
TI  - Marrow donors and international cooperation.

PMID- 2891956
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and duodenogastric reflux in peptic ulcer disease and
      gastritis.

PMID- 2891957
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and development of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2891958
TI  - Diet, ulcer disease, and fish oil.

PMID- 2891959
TI  - Traumatic corneal abrasion.

PMID- 2891960
TI  - HIV-2 in Britain: no evidence, yet.

PMID- 2891961
TI  - Benzodiazepine prescribing.

PMID- 2891962
TI  - Fibrinogen and carboxyhaemoglobin in peripheral arterial disease.

PMID- 2891963
TI  - Minimal dose (1.25 micrograms) hepatitis B vaccine for infants and newborn
      babies, 4 years later.

PMID- 2891964
TI  - Nutritional dialogue: a lesson from Francophone Africa.

PMID- 2891965
TI  - Lot quality assurance sampling in health monitoring.

PMID- 2891966
TI  - Gaza's health services.

PMID- 2891967
TI  - Management of clinical trials.

PMID- 2891968
TI  - Running amok.

PMID- 2891969
TI  - Radionuclide imaging of scrotum.

PMID- 2891970
TI  - Antipaternal lymphocytotoxic antibodies in pregnancy.

PMID- 2891971
TI  - Myalgic encephalomyelitis and alpha-interferon.

PMID- 2891972
TI  - Improving the efficiency of drug administration with jet nebulisers.

PMID- 2891973
TI  - Coeliac disease as cause of protracted diarrhoea in Indian children.

PMID- 2891974
TI  - Longstanding infection with Schistosoma mansoni.

PMID- 2891975
TI  - Psychiatric day hospitals.

PMID- 2891976
TI  - H2-receptor antagonist non-responders.

PMID- 2891977
TI  - Comparison of continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration and haemodialysis in acute
      renal failure.

PMID- 2891978
TI  - Detection of pyrogen by cytokine release.

PMID- 2891979
TI  - Has your sister had her smear test?

PMID- 2891980
TI  - Oronasal obstruction, lung volumes, and arterial oxygenation.
AB  - The effects were studied on lung volumes of partial (chronic) nasal obstruction,
      total overnight nasal occlusion with a nasal pack, and interdental wiring for 6-8
      weeks. Total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and residual volume
      decreased significantly with total nasal occlusion and with surgical relief of
      chronic nasal obstruction. All three volumes increased with interdental wiring.
      It is concluded that these effects are a result of changes in oronasal
      resistance: lung volume is enlarged by an overall increase in resistance and
      diminished by a decrease in resistance. These findings imply that the resistance
      to expiration provided by the nose helps maintain lung volumes and so may
      indirectly determine arterial oxygenation.

PMID- 2891981
TI  - Phase I studies of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in severe human immunodeficiency virus
      infection as a single agent and alternating with zidovudine (AZT).
AB  - Five dose regimens of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) were administered,
      intravenously for 2 weeks then orally for 4 or more weeks, to 20 patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC). ddC was
      well absorbed from the gut and crossed the blood-brain barrier. 10 of the 15
      patients who received 0.03-0.09 mg/kg every 4 h had increases in their absolute
      number of T4+ T cells at week 2 (p less than 0.05), though in many these rises
      were not sustained. 11 of 13 evaluable patients had a fall in their serum human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV)p24 antigen by week 2 of therapy (p less than 0.01);
      in 4 patients the p24 antigen subsequently rose to baseline while in others the
      decline was sustained. Dose-related toxic effects included cutaneous eruptions,
      fever, mouth sores, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. A reversible painful
      peripheral neuropathy developed in 10 patients after 6-14 weeks' treatment. These
      results suggest that ddC has activity against HIV in vivo and has a different
      toxicity profile from that of zidovudine (AZT). 6 patients with AIDS or ARC were
      given an alternating regimen of oral AZT (200 mg every 4 h for 7 days) and oral
      ddC (0.03 mg/kg every 4 h for 7 days). The regimen was well tolerated, and the 5
      patients who completed 9 or more weeks of treatment had sustained rises in their
      T4+ T cells and/or falls in p24 antigen.

PMID- 2891982
TI  - Identification of an intestinal immune response using peripheral blood
      lymphocytes.
AB  - The intestinal immune response of volunteers given the oral vaccine Salmonella
      typhi Ty21a was assessed with a new immunoassay which measures specific antibody
      secretion by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Peak IgA, IgG, and IgM
      production by PBL occurred on day 7 after the start of vaccination. Peak antibody
      secretion by PBL occurred several days earlier than the serum antibody peak. All
      volunteers showed a specific PBL antibody response, but serum or intestinal
      immune responses, when demonstrable, were highly variable. Peak PBL IgA antibody
      response correlated with degree of rise in IgA antibody in serum (p = 0.00098)
      and the intestinal fluid (p = 0.0024). The assay is a useful means of measuring
      humoral immune response at a mucosal surface after local administration of
      antigen.

PMID- 2891983
TI  - Helmet-induced skull base fracture in a motorcyclist.
AB  - Observations after a fatal motorcycle accident suggested that the face bar of a
      full-face helmet may transmit an impacting force to the skull base via the chin
      strap and the mandibular rami and condyles, bypassing the energy-absorbing facial
      bones. If this mechanism is confirmed, the structural properties of these face
      bars will need to be reassessed.

PMID- 2891984
TI  - Dominant inheritance of atopic immunoglobulin-E responsiveness.
AB  - The familial occurrence of atopy, defined by skin prick test responses and serum
      immunoglobulin-E (IgE) titres to common inhaled allergens, was studied in 239
      members of 40 nuclear and 3 extended families. 90% of the atopic children in the
      nuclear families had at least one demonstrably atopic parent. In each extended
      family, atopy was vertically transmitted, and 31 of 47 (66%) offspring of
      marriages between atopic and unaffected parents were atopic. Of the designated
      atopic subjects, 83% admitted to symptoms suggesting atopic disease but only 30%
      regarded themselves as having any such disorder. It is suggested that atopy, the
      propensity to produce IgE in response to common, usually inhaled, allergens, is
      inherited as an autosomal dominant character but that its clinical expression
      depends on interaction with other factors.

PMID- 2891985
TI  - The Abortion Act twenty years on.

PMID- 2891987
TI  - Measuring the PTH level.

PMID- 2891988
TI  - Conferences in perspective.

PMID- 2891986
TI  - Molecular mechanisms in familial and sporadic cancers.

PMID- 2891990
TI  - Hypertension, blood viscosity, and cardiovascular morbidity in renal failure:
      implications of erythropoietin therapy.
AB  - Recombinant human erythropoietin is a major advance in the management of patients
      with chronic renal failure. The sustained dose-dependent rise in haematocrit
      which it produces effectively abolishes symptoms of anaemia, but at the cost of
      an increase in blood viscosity. This in turn predisposes to increased vascular
      resistance and the development of hypertension. Over half of all deaths of
      patients with end-stage renal failure are from cardiovascular disease, notably
      myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke, for which hypertension is a
      known risk factor. Erythropoietin-related increases in blood pressure are
      therefore of particular concern, and seem to be most severe in previously
      hypertensive patients. There is now a need to establish the optimum rate and
      extent of rise of haematocrit required to alleviate symptoms without incurring
      undue risk.

PMID- 2891989
TI  - Properdin deficiency.

PMID- 2891991
TI  - Induction of therapeutic abortion in early pregnancy with mifepristone in
      combination with prostaglandin pessary.
AB  - Therapeutic abortion was induced in 100 women in early pregnancy (less than 56
      days' amenorrhoea) with a combination of the antigestagen mifepristone (RU 486)
      and a synthetic prostaglandin analogue, gemeprost. Mifepristone in oral doses of
      400-600 mg was followed 48 h later by a gemeprost vaginal pessary (0.5-1.0 mg).
      Bleeding was induced in all women 22-70 h after the mifepristone dose and
      although bleeding continued for 4-43 days (median 12) the total measured blood
      loss was only a median of 72.5 ml (range 15-398). Complete abortion occurred in
      95 women. Surgical evacuation of the uterus for minimum debris was required in
      the remaining 5. Only 10 women had diarrhoea or pain that required opioid
      analgesia. The combination of mifepristone and gemeprost provides a safe and
      effective alternative to surgical evacuation of the uterus for therapeutic
      abortion in early pregnancy.

PMID- 2891993
TI  - Immunoreactive alpha-interferon in insulin-secreting beta cells in type 1
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Of 37 pancreases removed at necropsy from patients with type 1 diabetes 34 had
      residual beta cells. In 33 of the 34 the beta cells were positive for
      immunoreactive alpha-interferon, and this finding in islets was related to
      hyperexpression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Of
      islets showing class I hyperexpression 93% contained alpha-interferon compared
      with 0.4% of those showing no hyperexpression. Among 80 control pancreases
      significant numbers of beta cells containing alpha-interferon were present only
      in 4 cases of acute infantile viral pancreatitis, known to be caused by Coxsackie
      B viral infection in 3 cases. Chronic viral infection of beta cells may underlie
      the pathogenesis of some cases of type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 2891992
TI  - Controlled trial of prednisolone as adjuvant in treatment of tuberculous
      constrictive pericarditis in Transkei.
AB  - In Transkei, 143 patients with active tuberculous constrictive pericarditis
      without significant pericardial effusion all received the same daily 6-month
      antituberculosis regimen of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide
      for 14 weeks followed by isoniazid and rifampicin. They were randomly allocated
      to receive in addition either prednisolone or placebo for the first 11 weeks; the
      comparison was double-blind throughout treatment and follow-up. In the 114
      patients assessable up to 24 months, improvement was significantly more rapid in
      the prednisolone group, as shown by the rate of fall in the mean pulse rate and
      the rate at which jugular venous pressure and level of physical activity became
      normal. During follow-up, 2 (4%) of the 53 prednisolone and 7 (11%) of the 61
      placebo patients died from pericarditis, and 11 (21%) and 18 (30%), respectively,
      required pericardiectomy. By 24 months 50 (94%) prednisolone and 52 (85%) placebo
      patients had a favourable status. 3 patients (1 prednisolone, 2 placebo) were
      normally active but were classified as not having achieved a favourable status.
      It is recommended that, in the absence of a specific contraindication,
      antituberculosis chemotherapy should be initially supplemented by steroids.

PMID- 2891994
TI  - Impairment of ventilatory function and pulmonary gas exchange in non-smoking
      coalminers.
AB  - Indices of ventilatory function and pulmonary gas exchange in 32 non-smoking
      coalminers (mean age 38.1) were compared with those of 34 non-smoking
      steelworkers of similar age. The coalminers had significantly lower forced
      expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and maximum expiratory flow rates and
      significantly higher residual volume, but similar vital capacity and indices
      derived from the single-breath test. Pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO and
      indices of CO2 exchange were similar in both groups. Arterial partial pressure of
      O2 (PaO2) was significantly lower and alveolar-arterial O2 difference was
      significantly higher in coalminers than in controls, both at rest and during
      exercise. There was no relation between lung function and radiological signs of
      simple pneumoconiosis (10 coalminers had pneumoconiosis). The differences in FEV1
      (0.42 l) and in PaO2 (10 mm Hg) between the two groups are the same or larger
      than those usually found between smokers and non-smokers. Exposure to coaldust
      may result in biologically significant alterations of lung function even in the
      absence of pneumoconiosis.

PMID- 2891995
TI  - Difluoromethylornithine for arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
      sleeping sickness.
AB  - 26 patients with arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis
      were treated with difluoromethylornithine (eflornithine), an inhibitor of
      ornithine decarboxylase, given intravenously, then orally. There was rapid
      disappearance of trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gradual decrease
      of CSF lymphocytosis, and parallel improvement in central nervous system status.
      Side-effects, including diarrhoea, anaemia, and hair loss, were common but
      tolerable and reversible. 5 patients died during or shortly after treatment. None
      of the 21 patients who completed therapy has had a relapse during the 6-30 month
      follow-up.

PMID- 2891996
TI  - Megakaryocytes and platelet clumps as the cause of finger clubbing.
AB  - There is now strong evidence that megakaryocytes continually emerge from the bone
      marrow but are trapped by the pulmonary capillary bed and fragment there into
      platelets. It is suggested that in disorders in which megakaryocytes or
      megakaryocyte fragments bypass the lung capillary network (eg, right-to-left
      intracardiac shunts, carcinoma of the bronchus), or in which large platelet
      clumps form on the left side of the heart or in large arteries (eg, subacute
      bacterial endocarditis, subclavian aneurysm), or in which there tends to be a
      chronic platelet excess (eg, chronic inflammatory bowel disease), these large
      particles may reach the fingertips in axial vascular streams and impact there,
      releasing platelet-derived growth factor. This material is known to cause
      increased capillary permeability and connective tissue hypertrophy. It is
      suggested that this mechanism is the cause of clubbing of the fingers.

PMID- 2891997
TI  - Unravelling HUS.

PMID- 2891998
TI  - Privatised pharmacology.

PMID- 2891999
TI  - Re-stenosis following angioplasty.

PMID- 2892000
TI  - Suppression of adrenal androgens.

PMID- 2892001
TI  - Death of a journal.

PMID- 2892002
TI  - The pathogenesis of humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy.
AB  - The syndrome of humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM) is characterised by
      end-organ manifestations of parathyroid-hormone (PTH)-like effects such as
      abnormalities of renal tubular calcium and phosphate transport, increased
      nephrogenous cyclic AMP and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D production, and increased
      osteoclastic bone resorption. Despite this, true ectopic PTH production has
      seldom been documented in HHM. A number of bone-resorbing factors, including
      prostaglandins, prostaglandin-stimulating factors, lymphokines, growth factors,
      and vitamin-D-like sterols, have been implicated as causes of HHM, but none can
      reproduce the PTH-like biochemical features characteristic of the syndrome. PTH
      related peptides have recently been isolated from tumours associated with HHM.
      These substances are the most likely putative humoral mediators of HHM, since
      they are structurally similar to PTH in the aminoterminal region and interact
      with the PTH receptor in vitro. However, the remainder of the molecule is quite
      distinct from PTH, which accounts for the absence of PTH immunoreactivity in
      serum and tumour extracts from HHM patients. Since these factors seem to act by
      binding to the PTH receptor, synthetic PTH antagonists may in the future be a
      means of treating HHM.

PMID- 2892003
TI  - Treatment of lower respiratory infections.

PMID- 2892004
TI  - The old, the very old, and the too old.

PMID- 2892005
TI  - Protection for the ozone shield.

PMID- 2892006
TI  - Diagnosing sexual abuse.

PMID- 2892007
TI  - Absence of allergic reaction to cyclosporin capsules in patient allergic to
      standard oral and intravenous solution of cyclosporin.

PMID- 2892008
TI  - Ophthalmic use of chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2892009
TI  - Selective histopathology for appendix specimens.

PMID- 2892011
TI  - Tamoxifen.

PMID- 2892012
TI  - Interpreting prolactin levels.

PMID- 2892013
TI  - Paternal hydrocarbon exposure in Prader-Willi syndrome.

PMID- 2892010
TI  - "Intermediate" doses of tamoxifen in progressive advanced breast-cancer.

PMID- 2892014
TI  - Potency of oral morphine.

PMID- 2892015
TI  - Thrombolysis at home.

PMID- 2892016
TI  - Paternal leucocyte injections in recurrent spontaneous abortion.

PMID- 2892017
TI  - Immune mechanisms and pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2892018
TI  - Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infection due to altered DNA polymerase.

PMID- 2892019
TI  - Monoclonal anti-CD4 in arthritis.

PMID- 2892021
TI  - Role of the pharmaceutical industry in major clinical trials.

PMID- 2892020
TI  - Cycad use and motor neurone disease in Kii peninsula of Japan.

PMID- 2892022
TI  - Alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2892023
TI  - Psychiatric day-hospitals.

PMID- 2892024
TI  - Who needs a college for obstetrics and gynaecology?

PMID- 2892025
TI  - Paediatric intensive care units.

PMID- 2892026
TI  - Differentiation of uric acid from dihydroxyadenine stones.

PMID- 2892027
TI  - Parvovirus B19 associated with pseudoappendicitis.

PMID- 2892028
TI  - Hypergastrinaemia after long-term H2-blocker treatment.

PMID- 2892029
TI  - Omeprazole.

PMID- 2892030
TI  - Bismuth/ofloxacin combination for duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2892031
TI  - Famotidine does not have a negative inotropic effect.

PMID- 2892032
TI  - Lithotripsy of gallstones.

PMID- 2892033
TI  - Progression to AIDS in homosexual men co-infected with HIV and HTLV-I in
      Trinidad.

PMID- 2892034
TI  - Treatment of HIV-induced retinoid-resistant psoriasis with zidovudine.

PMID- 2892035
TI  - Violence and solvents.

PMID- 2892036
TI  - Rates of violent crime from hospital records.

PMID- 2892037
TI  - Are children with lymphoblastic leukaemia resistant to 6-mercaptopurine because
      of 5'-nucleotidase?

PMID- 2892038
TI  - 6-Mercaptopurine and antiviral nucleoside analogues.

PMID- 2892039
TI  - Cost of cyclosporin.

PMID- 2892040
TI  - Mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2892041
TI  - Dysgonic fermenter organisms and post-splenectomy risks.

PMID- 2892042
TI  - Resistance to beta-lactam/clavulanate.

PMID- 2892043
TI  - Lead foil on wine bottles.

PMID- 2892044
TI  - Death of an epileptic patient in a prison medical wing.

PMID- 2892045
TI  - Informed consent: a Canadian case in a British perspective.

PMID- 2892046
TI  - Crisis in the NHS: Downing Street on the counterattack after the presidents'
      statement.

PMID- 2892047
TI  - 1-Year controlled randomised trial of prevention of early postmenopausal bone
      loss by intranasal calcitonin.
AB  - 79 women who had been menopausal for less than 36 months and who had not received
      any form of treatment to prevent bone loss were randomly assigned to a 12-month
      regimen of calcium 500 mg/day or calcium 500 mg plus intranasal salmon calcitonin
      50 IU/day for 5 days per week. After 12 months of treatment bone mineral density
      had decreased in the calcium-only group by a mean of 3.16 (SEM 0.6)% (p less than
      0.01) but had increased in the calcium plus calcitonin group by 1.38 (0.8)% (NS).
      The difference in response between the two treatment groups was also highly
      significant (p less than 0.01), as was the difference between values for
      hydroxyprolinuria/creatininuria (p less than 0.01). Endogenous calcitonin levels
      rose significantly in the calcium group but remained unchanged in calcitonin
      treated patients. Treatment by calcitonin and calcium was not followed by
      increased secretion of parathyroid hormone. The findings suggest that intranasal
      calcitonin can counteract early postmenopausal bone loss.

PMID- 2892048
TI  - Cannabis and schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts.
AB  - The association between level of cannabis consumption and development of
      schizophrenia during a 15-year follow-up was studied in a cohort of 45,570
      Swedish conscripts. The relative risk for schizophrenia among high consumers of
      cannabis (use on more than fifty occasions) was 6.0 (95% confidence interval 4.0
      8.9) compared with non-users. Persistence of the association after allowance for
      other psychiatric illness and social background indicated that cannabis is an
      independent risk factor for schizophrenia.

PMID- 2892050
TI  - Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay in patients with
      trachoma.
AB  - Trachoma control necessitates identification of individuals shedding ocular
      chlamydiae. Conventional techniques of chlamydial culture are unsuitable for
      large field surveys in developing countries. In this study an enzyme immunoassay
      (EIA) developed for the detection of chlamydial antigen in genital-tract
      infection was used in trachoma. Conjunctival swabs were taken for chlamydial
      antigen detection from 1225 subjects in a Gambian village with endemic trachoma.
      Of these, 997 had insignificant or no disease and 172 had mild, 30 moderate, and
      26 severe disease. Chlamydial antigen was detected in 5.0%, 20.3%, 46.7%, and
      26.9% of subjects in these four categories, respectively. Samples for chlamydial
      isolation were obtained from 259 subjects. The corresponding rates of detection
      obtained by chlamydial isolation were 3/90 (3.3%), 16/129 (12.4%), 7/21 (33.3%),
      and 7/19 (36.8%). If isolation is taken as the "gold standard", the EIA technique
      had a sensitivity of 70.6% and a specificity of 90%. A substantial proportion of
      subjects with severe conjunctival scarring, from whom chlamydiae cannot generally
      be isolated, were antigen positive by EIA, implying that persistent chlamydial
      antigen plays a part in the pathogenesis of the late sequelae of trachoma.

PMID- 2892049
TI  - Reduced B-cell galactosyltransferase activity in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Autosensitisation to IgG may be important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid
      arthritis and could be related to reduced glycosylation of the oligosaccharides
      in the C gamma 2 region of serum IgG. The activity of galactosyltransferase, the
      enzyme that catalyses the addition of galactose to the oligosaccharide chains,
      was measured in the circulating B cells of seventeen patients with classic
      rheumatoid arthritis. It was significantly lower than that of a group of eleven
      controls (p less than 0.001) or of nine age-matched controls (p less than 0.001).
      In contrast, the enzyme activity of the T cells was within the range of that in
      nine age-matched controls, and enzyme activity in monocyte-rich mononuclear-cell
      populations was higher than in controls, possibly reflecting stimulation of the
      monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. These findings suggest that
      galactosyltransferase may regulate the degree of glycosylation during IgG
      synthesis and could therefore be implicated in the rheumatoid inflammatory
      process.

PMID- 2892051
TI  - Evidence for involvement of hypocapnia and hypoperfusion in aetiology of
      neurological deficit after cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Arterial and jugular bulb pressures and blood gas tensions were recorded for
      later analysis in 65 patients having coronary artery graft surgery. In the first
      35 (group A) routine peroperative monitoring was used; and in the next 30 (group
      B), similar in age and other characteristics, special measures were adopted to
      maintain normocapnia (PaCO2 35-45 mm Hg) by continuous monitoring during surgery.
      On the third postoperative day clinical neurological deficits were observed in
      46% of group A and 27% of group B, and psychometric deficits in 71% and 40%,
      respectively. On analysis of the records, more than half of group A proved to
      have been hypocapnic immediately before onset of cardiopulmonary bypass, and
      those with postoperative deficits differed from the others in this group in
      having had greater changes in PaCO2 after onset of bypass and lower cerebral
      perfusion pressures in the first 10 minutes of bypass, usually because of a rise
      in cerebral venous pressure.

PMID- 2892052
TI  - Pancreatic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2892053
TI  - Computer measurements of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2892054
TI  - Chasing rainbows no more: damage limitation at the MRC.

PMID- 2892055
TI  - Herpes gestationis and placental antigens.

PMID- 2892056
TI  - Saving the NHS: let the petitions continue.

PMID- 2892057
TI  - The Drones Club.

PMID- 2892058
TI  - Treatable aspects of infection due to human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2892059
TI  - Severity of illness: concepts and measurements.

PMID- 2892060
TI  - From Laveran's discovery to DNA probes: new trends in diagnosis of malaria.

PMID- 2892062
TI  - A long-discontinued practice.

PMID- 2892061
TI  - Hogarth and hospitals.

PMID- 2892063
TI  - Time saved, for what?

PMID- 2892064
TI  - Think horses, not zebras.

PMID- 2892065
TI  - Colchicine for recurrent pericarditis.

PMID- 2892066
TI  - Toxic effects after laser decomposition of intraocular gases.

PMID- 2892067
TI  - Segmental necrotising jejunitis.

PMID- 2892068
TI  - Proprofol and the electroencephalogram.

PMID- 2892069
TI  - Sodium valproate, pregnancy, and infantile fatal liver failure.

PMID- 2892071
TI  - Quinolone/ureidopenicillin cross-resistance in gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 2892070
TI  - Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with
      Lactobacillus GG.

PMID- 2892072
TI  - Eradication of smallpox virus stocks.

PMID- 2892073
TI  - Treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with alpha-interferon.

PMID- 2892074
TI  - Anti-IFN-alpha titres during interferon therapy.

PMID- 2892075
TI  - Acute leukaemia during pregnancy.

PMID- 2892076
TI  - Immunodeficiency, immunity, and staphylococcal infection.

PMID- 2892077
TI  - Reversal by intradermal hepatitis B vaccination of unresponsiveness to HBsAg.

PMID- 2892078
TI  - Transient leucopenia induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

PMID- 2892079
TI  - Reduction of ectopic pregnancy by ultrasound methods.

PMID- 2892080
TI  - Alpha-interferon in primary idiopathic myelofibrosis.

PMID- 2892081
TI  - Hyperkalaemia and spironolactone.

PMID- 2892082
TI  - Retinoids and malignancy.

PMID- 2892083
TI  - Carbenoxolone and hypokalaemia.

PMID- 2892084
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cough.

PMID- 2892085
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2892086
TI  - Diagnosis of ascites by auscultatory percussion and hand-held ultrasound unit.

PMID- 2892088
TI  - Charges for preventive services: what difference will it make?

PMID- 2892087
TI  - HTLV-I antibodies and lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes.

PMID- 2892089
TI  - Does social work work?

PMID- 2892090
TI  - Science in court.

PMID- 2892091
TI  - Health for all targets.

PMID- 2892092
TI  - Closure of dependence units.

PMID- 2892093
TI  - HIV testing of pregnant women.

PMID- 2892094
TI  - Low-dose oral interferon in patient with AIDS.

PMID- 2892095
TI  - Testing for neurological involvement in HIV infection.

PMID- 2892096
TI  - Pseudautosomal locus for psychosis?

PMID- 2892097
TI  - Laser surgery of the oesophagus.

PMID- 2892098
TI  - Lignocaine-prilocaine cream for lumbar puncture.

PMID- 2892100
TI  - Stump carcinoma after Billroth I resections.

PMID- 2892099
TI  - Somatostatin and irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2892101
TI  - Managing dyspepsia.

PMID- 2892102
TI  - [Important progress in the genetics of developmental processes].

PMID- 2892103
TI  - Benzodiazepine receptor and neurotransmitter studies in the brain of suicides.
AB  - The characteristics of benzodiazepine binding sites (affinity, number
      heterogeneity) were studied on frozen sections of hippocampus of 7 suicides and 5
      controls subjects, using biochemical and autoradiographic techniques. 3H
      flunitrazepam was used as ligand, clonazepam and CL 218,872 as displacing agents.
      Some neurotransmitters or their derivatives (GABA, catecholamines, hydroxy
      indols) were evaluated quantitatively in parallel in the hippocampal tissue by
      liquid chromatography. We observed mainly an increase in the Ki of CL 218,872
      subtype I binding sites in suicides, (7.48 +/- 1.7 to 17.24 +/- 1.7 nM, P less
      than 0.01), (m +/- SEM) and an increase in % of type I binding sites (30 +/- 4.2
      to 42 +/- 2.5, P = 0.01). Among neurotransmitters, only norepinephrine differed
      significantly between controls and suicides (11.34 +/- 1.9 to 24.34 ng/g tissue,
      P = 0.02).

PMID- 2892104
TI  - Pharmacological characterisation of the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in
      cockroach brain: evidence for a distinct dopamine receptor.
AB  - Dopamine increases cyclic AMP production in crude membrane preparations of
      cockroach brain with plateaus in cyclic AMP production occurring between 1-10
      microM and at 10 mM. Maximal production of cyclic AMP is 2.25 fold greater than
      that of control values. Octopamine also increases cyclic AMP production with a Ka
      of 1.4 microM and maximal production 3.5 fold greater than that of control. 5
      Hydroxytryptamine does not increase cyclic AMP production. The effects of
      octopamine and dopamine are fully additive. The vertebrate dopamine agonists ADTN
      and epinine stimulate the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC) with Ka
      values of 4.5 and 0.6 microM respectively and with maximal effectiveness 1.7 fold
      greater than that of control. The selective D2-dopamine agonist LY-171555
      stimulates cyclic AMP production to a similar extent with a Ka of 50 microM.
      Other dopamine agonists (apomorphine, SKF-82526, SKF-38393) have no stimulatory
      effects. The octopamine-sensitive AC is inhibited by a variety of antagonists
      known to affect octopamine and dopamine receptors, with the following order of
      potency: mianserin greater than phentolamine greater than cyproheptadine greater
      than piflutixol greater than cis-flupentixol greater than SCH-23390 greater than
      (+)-butaclamol greater than SKF-83566 greater than SCH-23388 greater than
      sulpiride greater than spiperone greater than haloperidol. The dopamine-sensitive
      AC is inhibited by the same compounds with the following order of potency:
      piflutixol greater than cis-flupentixol greater than (+)-butaclamol greater than
      spiperone greater than or equal to SCH-23390 greater than cyproheptadine greater
      than SKF-83566 greater than SCH 23388 greater than mianserin greater than
      phentolamine greater than sulpiride greater than haloperidol. With the exception
      of mianserin, 3H-piflutixol is displaced from brain membranes by dopamine
      antagonists with an order of potency similar to that observed for the inhibition
      of dopamine-sensitive AC. The results indicate that the octopamine- and dopamine
      sensitive AC in cockroach brain can be distinguished pharmacologically and the
      dopamine receptors coupled to AC have pharmacological characteristics distinct
      from vertebrate D1- and D2-dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2892105
TI  - An evaluation of intravenous, subcutaneous, and in vitro activity of new agmatine
      analogs of growth hormone-releasing hormone hGH-RH (1-29)NH2.
AB  - The effects of new Agmatine (Agm) analogs of human growth hormone-releasing
      hormone (GH-RH) were compared to GH-RH (1-29)NH2 and to (D-Ala2)GH-RH(1-29)NH2
      after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration to pentobarbital
      anesthetised male rats and in vitro using superfused rat pituitary cell system.
      After IV administration, the analogs: (D-MeAla2,Nle27)GH-RH(1-28)Agm(JG-75),
      (desamino-Tyr1,D-Ala2,Nle27)GH-RH(1-28)Agm(JG-77), (D-Ala2,Nle27)GH-RH(1
      28)Agm(JG-73) and (D-Ala2)GH-RH(1-29)NH2 showed a potency 2.6-3.9 times greater
      than GH-RH(1-29)NH2 at 5 min and 1.6-2.7 times higher at 15 min. After SC
      administration these analogs were 30-74 times more potent than GH-RH(1-29)NH2.
      The ratio between the IV and SC GH-releasing activity of the analogs ranged from
      2 to 5, while GH-RH(1-29)NH2 was about 50 times more active IV than SC. This
      indicates that 20-50% of the analogs can be absorbed from SC tissues, but only 2%
      of GH-RH(1-29)NH2. The in vitro activity of the agmatine analogs on GH release
      closely paralleled their IV potency and was 2.8-3.9 times greater than that of GH
      RH(1-29)NH2. No significant difference in potency was found between (D-Ala2)GH
      RH(1-29)NH2 and JG-75 after IV administration and in vitro, although JG-75
      contained only 28 amino acids. We conclude that the reason for the large
      discrepancies between the previously reported activities of (D-Ala2)GH-RH(1
      29)NH2 was simply due to the different ways of administration of this analog, SC
      vs IV, and not to species specificity. The replacement of Arg29 by Agmatine in (D
      Ala2,Nle27)GH-RH(1-29)NH2 causes a 3 fold increase in SC potency, but the
      replacement of D-Ala2 with D-MeAla2 reduces the SC, but not the IV and in vitro
      activity in half.

PMID- 2892106
TI  - Selective affinity of the benzodiazepines quazepam and 2-oxo-quazepam for BZ1
      binding site and demonstration of 3H-2-oxo-quazepam as a BZ1 selective
      radioligand.
AB  - Quazepam and 2-oxo-quazepam are novel benzodiazepines containing a trifluoroethyl
      substituent on the ring nitrogen at position #1. Detailed competition binding
      experiments (25 to 30 concs.) at 4 degrees C were undertaken with these compounds
      versus 3H-flunitrazepam using synaptic membranes from rat cortex or cerebellum.
      Unlike other benzodiazepines, both quazepam and 2-oxo-quazepam distinguished two
      populations of 3H-flunitrazepam binding sites in rat cortex which were present in
      roughly equal proportions and for which the compounds displayed a greater than 20
      fold difference in affinity. In cerebellum, no such discrimination of sites was
      noted for 2-oxo-quazepam, but quazepam did distinguish a small, low affinity (15%
      of total) population of sites. 3H-2-oxo-quazepam was prepared and used in
      competition studies to substantiate the conclusion that these compounds
      discriminate two populations of benzodiazepine sites in rat cortex. This new
      radioligand was shown to specifically label BZ binding sites with high affinity
      in a saturable manner. The competition experiments were then conducted using 3H-2
      oxo-quazepam at a radioligand concentration sufficiently low (0.5 nM) to ensure
      that only the higher affinity binding sites which 2-oxo-quazepam discriminates
      would be occupied. Competition experiments in both cortex and cerebellum under
      these conditions indicated single site binding for unlabelled quazepam and 2-oxo
      quazepam in every instance. This suggests that 3H-2-oxo-quazepam should be a
      useful new tool for selectively labeling and studying the BZ1 population of
      benzodiazepine binding sites.

PMID- 2892107
TI  - Preferential affinity of 3H-2-oxo-quazepam for type I benzodiazepine recognition
      sites in the human brain.
AB  - The hypnotic drug quazepam and its active metabolite 2-oxo-quazepam (2-oxo-quaz)
      are two benzodiazepines (BZ) containing a trifluoroethyl moiety on the ring
      nitrogen at position 1, characterized by their preferential affinity for Type I
      BZ recognition sites. In the present study we characterized the binding of 3H-2
      oxo-quaz in discrete areas of the human brain. Saturation analysis demonstrated
      specific and saturable binding of 3H-2-oxo-quaz to membrane preparations from
      human cerebellum. Hill plot analysis of displacement curves of 3H-flunitrazepam
      (3H-FNT) binding by 2-oxo-quaz yielded Hill coefficients of approximately 1 in
      the cerebellum and significantly less than 1 in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus,
      caudate nucleus, thalamus and pons. Self and cross displacement curves for 3H-FNT
      and 3H-2-oxo-quaz binding in these brain areas indicated that 2-oxo-quaz binds
      with different affinities to two populations of binding sites. High affinity
      binding sites were more abundant in the cerebellum (95% of total sites), cerebral
      cortex, hippocampus and thalamus, whereas low affinity sites were predominant in
      the caudate nucleus and pons. Competition studies of 3H-2-oxo-quaz (2 nM) and 3H
      FNT (0.5 nM) using unlabelled ligands indicated that compounds which
      preferentially bind to Type I sites are more potent at displacing 3H-2-oxo-quaz
      than 3H-FNT from cerebral cortex membrane preparations. The results suggest that
      3H-2-oxo-quaz may be used for selectively studying Type I BZ recognition sites in
      the human brain.

PMID- 2892108
TI  - Microbial metabolism of phenelzine and pheniprazine.
AB  - Phenelzine and pheniprazine were used as substrates for metabolic studies with
      Cunninghamella echinulata and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Metabolites were
      identified by means of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 1-Acetyl
      2-(2-phenylethyl)-hydrazine and 1-acetyl-2-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)hydrazine were
      the major products of C. echinulata metabolism of phenelzine and pheniprazine,
      respectively. In addition, M. smegmatis produced a second metabolite from each
      substrate; these metabolites were unequivocally identified as N
      acetylphenylethylamine and N-acetylamphetamine from phenelzine and pheniprazine,
      respectively.

PMID- 2892109
TI  - Antagonistic effect of somatostatin on corticotropin-releasing factor-induced
      anorexia in the rat.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-induced
      anorexia was examined in rats. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of
      0.11 nmol and 0.21 nmol ovine CRF significantly suppressed food intake of 24 h
      starved rats. Icv administration of 0.31 nmol somatostatin 14 and somatostatin 28
      partially reversed suppression of food intake induced by icv injection of 0.21
      nmol CRF in 24 h-starved rats. These results suggest that somatostatin may
      counteract the suppressive effect of CRF on food intake within the central
      nervous system.

PMID- 2892110
TI  - Effect of 7-(3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazinyl]propoxy)- 2(1H)-quinolinone
      (OPC-4392), a newly synthesized agonist for presynaptic dopamine D2 receptor, on
      tyrosine hydroxylation in rat striatal slices.
AB  - The effects of a newly synthesized compound, 7-(3-[4-(2,3
      dimethylphenyl)piperazinyl]propoxy)-2(1H)-quinolinone (OPC-4392), on tyrosine
      hydroxylation in situ and in vitro were studied using rat striatal slices and
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) purified from bovine adrenal medulla, respectively. OPC
      4392 dose-dependently inhibited L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) formation in rat
      striatal slices with IC50 values of about 10(-6) M. The inhibitory effect of OPC
      4392 on in situ DOPA formation was dose-dependently reversed by addition of
      sulpiride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, whereas no change was observed by
      addition of nomifensine (5 X 10(-6) M), a blocker of dopamine uptake. From in
      vitro experiment using purified TH, OPC-4392 affected neither the enzymatic
      activity nor the Km value for 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (6MPH4). These
      results suggest that OPC-4392 impairs in situ DOPA formation by stimulating
      presynaptic dopamine D2 receptor as a dopamine agonist, and not by directly
      inhibiting the TH activity.

PMID- 2892111
TI  - [The recovery index of vecuronium is potentiated by the pretreatment with
      pancuronium].

PMID- 2892112
TI  - The morbid anatomy of the human genome: a review of gene mapping in clinical
      medicine. 4.

PMID- 2892114
TI  - Regulation of hepatic glucose output by glucose in vivo.
AB  - The effect of infusing glucose at a rate estimated to equal hepatic glucose
      production (2 mg/kg BW X min) was investigated in postabsorptive unrestrained
      miniature pigs. Glucose turnover was estimated by the use of 3-H-glucose before
      and during glucose infusion where the contribution of the glucose-induced
      hormonal changes were estimated by infusing glucose plus somatostatin with or
      without insulin and/or glucagon substitution. Our data give evidence for an
      inhibitory effect of glucose on endogenous glucose production in the
      postabsorptive state. This effect seems to be independent of the hormonal changes
      induced by glucose infusion.

PMID- 2892113
TI  - Prevention of the Dawn phenomenon (early morning hyperglycemia) in insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus by bedtime intranasal administration of a long-acting
      somatostatin analog.
AB  - Current evidence indicates that resistance to insulin due to nocturnal secretion
      of growth hormone plays an important role in the Dawn phenomenon and that day-to
      day variability in growth hormone secretion makes this condition difficult to
      manage. We therefore assessed the effect of a long-acting somatostatin analog
      (L363,586) on overnight plasma glucose and growth hormone levels in six patients
      with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The analog (600 micrograms) was
      administered intranasally at bedtime to determine whether the inconvenience of an
      additional injection could be avoided. Compared to control experiments, in which
      saline was administered intranasally, overnight increases in plasma glucose
      concentrations were reduced in all subjects by nearly 70% (48 +/- 19 v 148 +/- 26
      mg/dL, P less than .01), plasma growth hormone was maintained at basal levels
      throughout the night (less than 2 v 8 to 12 ng/mL, P less than .01), and the
      analog was well tolerated. We conclude that pharmacologic blockade of growth
      hormone secretion may be a helpful approach to management of the Dawn phenomenon
      when it cannot be done safely and effectively by adjusting insulin doses.

PMID- 2892115
TI  - Response of ligated rabbit ileal loop to Clostridium perfringens type C strains
      and their toxic filtrates.
AB  - The vegetative cells and toxic filtrates of Clostridium perfringens type C
      strains were injected into ligated rabbit ileal loops and the responses were
      observed. Out of 12 strains examined, 2 strains showed positive reaction in this
      test, when the vegetative cells were injected. One of these 2 strains was an
      enterotoxigenic and beta-toxigenic and the other was beta- and delta-toxigenic
      but not enterotoxigenic. Culture filtrates containing beta or delta toxin also
      showed fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop. Histological findings of
      loops injected with culture filtrates containing beta toxin showed separated and
      effaced villi, hemorrhage in the mucosa, engorged vessels, inflammatory cell
      infiltration, and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue.

PMID- 2892116
TI  - Detection of specific antibodies against fimbriae and membrane proteins from the
      oral anaerobe Bacteroides gingivalis in patients with periodontal diseases.
AB  - Sera from a number of patients with periodontal diseases were shown to have
      specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against fimbriae and membrane proteins
      of Bacteroides gingivalis, a suspected pathogen, by using Western blottin
      analysis. The sera had a strong tendency to react with fimbriae, or exactly
      oligomeric structures of fimbriae with a native beta-structure rich-conformation.
      However, the sera did not react with fimbrilin, a constituent protein of
      fimbriae, which is denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate.

PMID- 2892117
TI  - [Ability of yeast mitochondria to transport magnesium ions].
AB  - Endomyces magnusii mitochondria were shown to be incapable of active Mg2+
      transport at 0.1--16 mM concentrations. As was found using the inhibition
      analysis, when magnesium ions are added to the mitochondria once the
      phosphorylation cycle is over, the respiration is stimulated because adenylate
      kinase and H+-ATPase (Mg2+-dependent enzymes) are activated.

PMID- 2892118
TI  - Effects of inhibition and modulation of gamma-glutamyltransferase on glutamine
      and glutamate metabolism in control and acidotic rat proximal tubules.
AB  - The possible role of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) in renal ammonia
      production from glutamine remains controversial, prompting the current
      investigation. In rat proximal tubules, compounds known to activate the enzyme
      including the endogenously produced organic anion, hippurate, induced a
      significant increase in glutamine-ammoniagenesis both in nonacidosis and chronic
      metabolic acidosis although in absolute terms the increase was not more marked
      under the latter conditions. AT-125, which irreversibly inactivates gamma-GT, but
      not phosphate-dependent glutaminase, reduced the production of ammonia from
      glutamine in both acid-base states. In absolute terms, again, this reduction was
      similar under both acid-base conditions, implying an unimportant role for gamma
      GT in vitro in the augmentation in renal ammoniagenesis induced by chronic
      metabolic acidosis. Maleate-stimulated glutamine-ammoniagenesis recently
      attributed to its intramitochondrial inhibitory effect in the dog is
      substantially due to the activation of gamma-GT in rat proximal tubules.

PMID- 2892119
TI  - [Somatostatin-induced changes in the secretion of insulin, glucagon and gastrin
      in functional hypoglycemia].

PMID- 2892120
TI  - The management of coexisting asthma and cardiac disease.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed charts of asthmatics who have coexistent cardiac
      disease. Twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 64.6 received 621 injections of
      epinephrine for acute asthma. Clinical improvement in asthma was noted and only
      three patients experienced a total of five (0.8%) adverse reactions temporally
      related to the administration of epinephrine. Twelve asthmatic patients were
      treated with beta adrenergic receptor blockers for a coexistent cardiac disease.
      In general, these patients tolerated the beta-blocker without a significant
      deterioration in respiratory function. Epinephrine and beta-blockers may be used
      safely in some asthmatics with heart disease when the medication is indicated and
      cautiously administered.

PMID- 2892121
TI  - [Diagnosis of adrenal medullary diseases in patients with sporadic or hereditary
      medullary thyroid carcinoma. A report of 37 cases with 8-year follow-up study].
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated to
      determine the status of adrenal medulla by computed tomography and 131I
      metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) scintigraphy as well as measurements of
      urinary catecholamine excretion. Patients were followed up for 8 years in
      maximum. Fifteen patients belonged to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
      including patients with incomplete phenotype. Computed tomography demonstrated
      adrenal tumors or enlargement in all 6 patients with urinary epinephrine (E) more
      than 30 micrograms/day, 4 of them were confirmed to have pheochromocytoma or
      adrenal medullary hyperplasia by surgery. In 2 patients with E less than 30
      micrograms/day and epinephrine to norepinephrine (E/N) ratio more than 0.3
      suggesting adrenal medullary hyperfunction, computed tomography revealed small
      adrenal tumors. Three of the remaining 7 patients with E less than 30
      micrograms/day and E/N ratio less than 0.3 had equivocal enlargement of
      unilateral gland on computed tomography. 131I-MIBG scintigraphy demonstrated
      tracer uptake in adrenal glands with tumor more than 1cm in diameter. One of 2
      adrenal glands with medullary hyperplasia showed a faint adrenal image on the
      scintiscan, but the other showed no tracer uptake. Pheochromocytoma became
      manifest in 4 patients during the follow-up period, 4, 13, 14 and 34 years after
      thyroid surgery. None of 22 patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma
      showed adrenal abnormalities on the examinations mentioned above.

PMID- 2892123
TI  - [Immunocytochemical study of chromogranin on neuroendocrine cells in colorectal
      cancer].

PMID- 2892122
TI  - [An operated case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb and review of the
      Japanese literature].
AB  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type IIb (MEN IIb) is a rare syndrome characterized
      by the occurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma and
      mucosal neuroma. A 35-year-old male patient with MEM IIb having megacolon,
      marfanoid habitus and no family history of the disease underwent surgery. Because
      MTC was present in both lobes, total thyroidectomy and modified neck dissection
      were performed. Pheochromocytoma was found bilaterally and bilateral
      adrenalectomy with adrenal autotransplantation in the rectus abdominis muscle was
      carried out. Postoperative course was satisfactory except for transient
      hypocalcemia and mild ileus. After the slow corticosteroid weaning process, his
      adrenocortical function was at the lower level within a normal range. In August
      1986 (24 postoperative months), he was maintained by the administration of 10mg
      of hydrocortisone every three days, and calcitonin and CEA levels in sera were
      normal. We collected 15 cases reported in Japanese literatures. MTC and mucosal
      neuroma were found in all cases, whereas pheochromocytoma was present in 9 cases.
      Bilateral and multicentric occurrences were usual, and total thyroidectomy and
      bilateral adrenalectomy were, warranted. We believe that autotransplantation
      following bilateral adrenalectomy is a worthy alternative.

PMID- 2892124
TI  - Agonists and phorbol esters desensitize beta-adrenergic receptors by different
      mechanisms.
AB  - Exposure of 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells to the protein kinase C (PKC)
      activator phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) led to a rapid and concentration
      dependent decrease in isoproterenol (ISO)-stimulated adenylate cyclase (AC)
      activity in cell lysates. This desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptor (BAR)
      function was mimicked by mezerein, which also activates PKC, but not by 4-O
      methyl-PMA, which is a very weak activator of PKC. Pretreatment with PMA led to
      desensitization of AC activity stimulated by ISO and by prostaglandin E1, in
      contrast to the beta-receptor-specific desensitization induced by ISO.
      Stimulation of AC activity by forskolin and by fluoride remained unaltered. The
      extent of desensitization observed with PMA plus ISO was greater than with either
      agent alone. Desensitization with PMA did not result in internalization of BAR,
      as assessed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation assays and by assays of
      competition by the hydrophilic ligand ISO for radioligand binding to intact cell
      receptors. PMA pretreatment did not alter the apparent affinity of the agonist
      ISO for intact cell BAR, nor was the potency of ISO for stimulation of AC
      activity altered. The protein kinase inhibitor H7 [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2
      methylpiperazine] inhibited the desensitization induced by PMA but not that
      induced by ISO. These results indicate that activation of PKC can lead to
      desensitization of receptor-stimulated AC activity but that agonist-induced
      desensitization of BAR-stimulated AC activity occurs by a different mechanism.

PMID- 2892125
TI  - Interaction of L-glutamate and magnesium with phencyclidine recognition sites in
      rat brain: evidence for multiple affinity states of the phencyclidine/N-methyl-D
      aspartate receptor complex.
AB  - Biochemical and electrophysiological studies have provided evidence that a
      complex comprising the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type excitatory amino acid
      (EAA) receptor and the phencyclidine (PCP) recognition site exists in mammalian
      brain. This complex, which has been compared to that established for the
      inhibitory amino acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and the benzodiazepine
      anxiolytic, diazepam, is sensitive to the effects of the divalent cation Mg2+,
      which has suggested the presence of a third, ion channel component. Using a
      radioreceptor assay for the PCP receptor, L-glutamate (L-Glu) produced a
      concentration-dependent increase in the binding of [3H]thienyl
      cyclohexylpiperazine ([3H]TCP) in well washed membranes from rat forebrain. The
      EAA produced a maximal increase in specific binding of 400%, with an EC50 value
      of 340 nM. The ability of L-Glu to enhance [3H]TCP binding was 10-fold more
      potent in the presence of 30 microM Mg2+, which inhibits NMDA-evoked responses in
      intact tissue preparations and produces a 50% increase in [3H]TCP binding on its
      own. Analysis of saturation curves indicated that the effect of both L-Glu and
      Mg2+ could be attributed to an increase in receptor affinity as well as increases
      in the proportion of a high affinity state of the PCP-binding site. Assessment of
      the effect of a number of EAAs on basal [3H]TCP binding (well washed membranes in
      the absence of either L-Glu or Mg2+) showed that the EAA recognition site
      involved in the effects of L-Glu was the NMDA subtype. Further studies examined a
      series of compounds thought to interact with either the NMDA or PCP components of
      the receptor complex under four binding conditions: basal, +Mg2+; +L-Glu; and
      +Mg2+/L-Glu. These results showed that dissociative anesthetics, such as
      dexoxadrol and PCP, as well as the novel anticonvulsant MK-801, selectively
      interact with the high affinity state of the PCP receptor. NMDA antagonists, such
      as CPP, were also found to inhibit binding to the high affinity state of the PCP
      receptor, although not as potently as the dissociative anesthetics.
      Interestingly, the NMDA antagonists did not inhibit any of the binding to the low
      affinity state of the receptor. The sigma ligands (+/-)-SKF 10,047 and
      haloperidol recognized two components of [3H]TCP binding only in the presence of
      L-Glu. The results of the present study are consistent with the finding that
      agonists of the NMDA receptor induce a high affinity state of the PCP receptor.

PMID- 2892126
TI  - Evidence for multiple tachykinin receptor subtypes on the rabbit iris sphincter
      muscle.
AB  - The actions of mammalian tachykinins (substance P, substance K/neurokinin a,
      neuromedin K/neurokinin b) and non-mammalian tachykinins (eledoisin, kassinin,
      physalaemin) were compared on the rabbit pupillary sphincter. All acted as direct
      spasmogens with potencies in the order: eledoisin greater than physalaemin =
      neurokinin b = substance P greater than kassinin greater than neurokinin a.
      However, their actions could be divided into at least two categories on the basis
      of similar kinetics of contractions, differential sensitivity to the tachykinin
      antagonist (D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11) substance P and specific cross
      protection against phenoxybenzamine inactivation by structurally related
      tachykinins. The relationship between these observations and the suggested "P"
      and "E" subtypes of tachykinin receptors is discussed.

PMID- 2892127
TI  - Clathrin coated vesicles in Neurospora crassa.
AB  - Electropherograms of Neurospora crassa homogenates showed a polypeptide with a
      mobility slightly lower than that of a standard sample of clathrin (from bovine
      brain). Subcellular fractionation of the homogenate resulted in a 20-fold
      enrichment of the putative N. crassa clathrin in the microsomal fraction. Further
      fractionation of the microsomal fraction by glass bead permeation chromatography
      yielded a fraction enriched about 150-fold relative to the homogenate. Coated
      vesicles (42.5 +/- 2.5 nm diameter) were found in this preparation by electron
      microscopy of negatively stained specimens. Ribosomes were virtually absent from
      this sample. N. crassa clathrin remained associated with the coated vesicles
      after repeated centrifugation and homogenization steps, even in the presence of
      0.4 M-NaCl, but was released by treatment with Tris buffer pH 8.5. However the
      polypeptide was again sedimentable after dialysis against Mes buffer pH 6.5.
      Under the electron microscope this sediment resembled the empty coats of higher
      eukaryotes. The results taken together indicate that a clathrin-like protein
      occurs in wild type cells of N. crassa.

PMID- 2892129
TI  - DNA probes detect genomic diversity in Theileria parva stocks.
AB  - Different stocks of Theileria parva were analysed for restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms by agarose gel electrophoresis, orthogonal-field-alternation gel
      electrophoresis (OFAGE) and Southern hybridization with DNA probes. Polymorphisms
      seen with DNA from purified piroplasms of different T. parva stocks, after
      digestion with restriction enzymes, were more clearly apparent with OFAGE than
      with standard agarose gel electrophoresis. Genomic differences between these
      theilerial parasites were investigated further using three DNA probes, which were
      selected from a genomic library of T. parva (Muguga) piroplasm DNA cloned in
      lambda gt11. All three clones hybridized to T. parva DNA in preparations from
      schizont-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cells and to DNA from intraerythrocytic
      piroplasms. These probes did not, however, hybridize under high stringency
      conditions to DNA prepared from uninfected bovine lymphoblasts, T. mutans
      piroplasms, or bovine lymphoblasts infected with T. annulata or T. taurotragi.
      The five Kenyan stocks of T. parva that were tested showed characteristic
      hybridization patterns with these DNA probes. Our results show that DNA probes
      can be used to distinguish selected stocks of T. parva by hybridization to DNA
      either from intraerythrocytic piroplasms taken from infected cattle, or from
      isolates of schizont-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cells that are maintained
      continuously in vitro.

PMID- 2892128
TI  - A highly evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial protein is structurally related
      to the protein encoded by the Escherichia coli groEL gene.
AB  - We recently reported that a Tetrahymena thermophila 58-kilodalton (kDa)
      mitochondrial protein (hsp58) was selectively synthesized during heat shock. In
      this study, we show that hsp58 displayed antigenic similarity with
      mitochondrially associated proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (64 kDa),
      Xenopus laevis (60 kDa), Zea mays (62 kDa), and human cells (59 kDa).
      Furthermore, a 58-kDa protein from Escherichia coli also exhibited antigenic
      cross-reactivity to an antiserum directed against the T. thermophila
      mitochondrial protein. The proteins from S. cerevisiae and E. coli antigenically
      related to hsp58 were studied in detail and found to share several other
      characteristics with hsp58, including heat inducibility and the property of
      associating into distinct oligomeric complexes. The T. thermophila, S.
      cerevisiae, and E. coli macromolecular complexes containing these related
      proteins had similar sedimentation characteristics and virtually identical
      morphologies as seen with the electron microscope. The distinctive properties of
      the E. coli homolog to T. thermophila hsp58 indicate that it is most likely the
      product of the groEL gene.

PMID- 2892130
TI  - Ceftazidime combined with a short or long course of amikacin for empirical
      therapy of gram-negative bacteremia in cancer patients with granulocytopenia.
AB  - To determine whether combination antibiotic therapy including a short course of
      an aminoglycoside was as effective and less toxic than a conventional long course
      of the combination for the empirical therapy of gram-negative bacteremia in
      patients with cancer and granulocytopenia, we conducted a randomized multicenter
      trial comparing ceftazidime plus a short course (three days) of amikacin,
      ceftazidime plus a long course (nine days) of amikacin, and azlocillin plus a
      long course (nine days) of amikacin. Single-organism gram-negative bacteremia
      occurred in 129 of 872 evaluable patients. Without a change in antibiotics, the
      response rates were 81 percent with ceftazidime and long-course amikacin, 48
      percent with ceftazidime and short-course amikacin (P = 0.002), and 40 percent
      with azlocillin and long-course amikacin (P less than 0.001). Among patients with
      fewer than 100 granulocytes per cubic millimeter throughout therapy, the response
      rates were 6 percent with ceftazidime and short-course amikacin and 50 percent
      with ceftazidime and long-course amikacin (P = 0.03). Linear logistic-regression
      analysis showed that therapy with ceftazidime and long-course amikacin was the
      most favorable prognostic factor of the response to infection, whereas the
      presence of leukemia or shock was the least favorable. We conclude that
      ceftazidime should be given in combination with a conventional full course of an
      aminoglycoside (amikacin) when used for the empirical treatment of gram-negative
      bacteremia in cancer patients with granulocytopenia.

PMID- 2892131
TI  - Prediction of the risk of hereditary retinoblastoma, using DNA polymorphisms
      within the retinoblastoma gene.
AB  - Using molecular cloning, we earlier isolated the "retinoblastoma gene"; mutations
      or deletions at this locus are associated with the hereditary predisposition to
      some human cancers, especially retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. To develop
      diagnostic tests for such a predisposition, we identified restriction-fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within the retinoblastoma gene and tested their
      usefulness in predicting the risk of cancer in 20 families with members who had
      hereditary retinoblastoma. We were able to make predictions in 19 of the 20
      kindreds. In 18 kindreds, we demonstrated a consistent association of marker
      RFLPs with the mutation predisposing to retinoblastoma. In the 19th kindred,
      there may be a lack of cosegregation of the DNA polymorphisms within the gene and
      the site of the mutation predisposing to retinoblastoma. However, there is
      uncertainty about the clinical diagnosis of the retinal lesion in a key member of
      this kindred; if the lesion is not a retinoblastoma, there is no discrepancy
      between the DNA polymorphisms and the retinoblastoma trait. We conclude that it
      is feasible and clinically useful to use these DNA polymorphisms to determine the
      risk of cancer.

PMID- 2892133
TI  - Pathogenic human retroviruses.

PMID- 2892132
TI  - Infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type I in patients with leukemia.
AB  - Among 211 adults with leukemia who received multiple transfusions, 6 were found
      to be seropositive for human T-cell leukemia virus Type I (HTLV-I). Before the
      positive serum specimens were obtained, these patients received a mean of 14
      units of red cells and 78 units of platelets. Seroconversion could be documented
      in three patients. None of the 6 patients seropositive for HTLV-I had a T-cell
      leukemia, other illnesses attributable to HTLV-I infection, or risk factors for
      HTLV-I infection other than transfusion: none were seropositive for human
      immunodeficiency virus. Patients with leukemia who receive multiple transfusions
      appear to be at risk for HTLV-I infection.

PMID- 2892134
TI  - Neurobiology of behavioral control in drug abuse.

PMID- 2892135
TI  - Receptor regulation as a function of experience.

PMID- 2892136
TI  - Basic research strategies for imaging neurotransmitter systems.

PMID- 2892137
TI  - Behavioral contingencies involved in drug-induced neurotransmitter turnover
      changes.

PMID- 2892138
TI  - Translational control in homoeobox mRNAs?

PMID- 2892139
TI  - Prototype PA (Amos Johnson and Henry Treadwell).

PMID- 2892140
TI  - On child safety.

PMID- 2892141
TI  - [Glaphenine-induced intravascular hemolysis with acute kidney insufficiency as a
      consequence of IgG anti-glaphenine antibodies].

PMID- 2892142
TI  - Prescription patterns and costs of antihypertensive drugs in two outpatient
      clinics: Zurich (Switzerland) and Munster (FRG), 1975-1985.
AB  - In the present study the prescription patterns and cost of antihypertensive drugs
      in two outpatient clinics located in two different countries (Zurich,
      Switzerland, and Munster, FRG), were analyzed from 1975 till 1985 by using
      representative random samples of hypertensive outpatients. Throughout the
      observed period the leading positions were held by diuretics and beta-blockers,
      whereas central sympatholytics and ganglion blockers nearly disappeared. A rapid
      increase in the use of calcium antagonists occurred within the last 2 analyzed
      years. Drugs in fixed combination containing reserpin showed a constant decrease
      during the observed period, whereas beta-blocker-containing combination drugs
      increased in both clinics. The comparison between the two clinics revealed only
      minor differences in the prescription pattern of the various known classes of
      antihypertensive drugs. However, marked differences were observed within given
      classes between the preferred products. Both in Zurich and Munster the mean
      annual drug cost per patient doubled from 1975 to 1985. Especially during the
      last few years these changes took place with a remarkable rapidity, obviously the
      result of a more intense promotion of new antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 2892143
TI  - Cross-over factorial studies with antihypertensive drugs.
AB  - In patients with uncomplicated mild to moderate hypertension, studies employing a
      double-blind randomized cross-over factorial design have been used to obtain more
      precise estimates of the hypotensive and biochemical effects of individual
      antihypertensive drugs and of their interactions when used in combination. Order
      and carry-over effects have been controlled. In studies with beta-blockers and
      diuretics, the hypotensive effects of the individual drugs have been confirmed
      and in combination their effects are additive. With the angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitor, enalapril (20 mg daily) the hypotensive effect was additive
      with that of a diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg daily). When enalapril was
      combined with the beta-blocker atenolol (50 mg daily) there was little additional
      hypotensive effect, despite similar hypotensive effects of the individual agents
      separately. The mechanism of this attenuated effect is unclear. The design is
      suitable for evaluation of other antihypertensive combinations.

PMID- 2892144
TI  - Smoking habits and antihypertensive treatment.
AB  - Five hypertension intervention trials (HDFP, MRFIT, Australian National BP Study,
      IPPPSH, MRC) were analyzed for the effect of smoking on antihypertensive therapy
      and final outcome in coronary and all-cause mortality. In addition, an
      observational study of primary screenees for MRFIT was reviewed. Thus, the
      hypertensive population evaluated in this paper amounts to 135,851 patients. HDFP
      revealed that smokers had about twice the mortality rates compared to nonsmokers
      regardless of the treatment group to which they were randomized. The annual
      incidence of events in the Australian Study among nonsmokers in the placebo group
      was even lightly lower than in smokers under active therapy. The results of the
      MRFIT showed that smoking had a particularly deleterious impact on those
      hypertensives whose cholesterol levels were elevated. In this group, the coronary
      death rates were 10 times higher than in nonsmokers with lower cholesterol
      levels. Although the treatment with beta-blockers reduced the coronary event
      rates in the MRC and in IPPPSH, this beneficial effect was absent in smokers.
      However, in trials in which diuretic treatment is effective in nonsmokers, it is
      equally effective in smokers.

PMID- 2892145
TI  - Diurnal variation in prolactin, adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone release
      induced by opiate agonists in intact and adrenalectomized rats.
AB  - Diurnal variations of the effectivity of beta-endorphin (beta-End), dynorphin
      (DYN), Met-enkephalin (Met-Enk), D-Met2-Pro5-enkephalinamide (D-Met-Pro-Enk) and
      morphine to induce prolactin (PRL) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)/corticosterone
      (CS) release in intact and adrenalectomized rats have been examined. The response
      to morphine (10 mg/kg s.c.), Met-Enk (200 micrograms/rat i.c.v.) and D-Met-Pro
      Enk (0.5 microgram/rat i.c.v.) did not change with different times of the day,
      while that to beta-End (0.5 microgram/rat i.c.v.), DYN (1 microgram/rat i.c.v.)
      and U50-488H, a selective kappa agonist (10 mg/kg s.c.), showed a circadian
      rhythm in stimulating PRL release, with a higher increase in the afternoon (16.00
      17.00 h) than in the morning (08.00-09.00 h). In adrenalectomized rats the loss
      of this circadian rhythm was shown. The CS release evoked by morphine, D-Met-Pro
      Enk, Met-Enk and DYN was demonstrable only in the morning when the basal CS level
      was significantly lower than in the afternoon. The afternoon release of ACTH by
      morphine was higher than in the morning in adrenalectomized rats. beta-End and
      U50-488H were equally active in the morning and in the afternoon in increasing CS
      secretion. The present results suggest that the diurnal rhythm in the response of
      CS and PRL release to opioids is in relation with the glucocorticoid secretion.

PMID- 2892146
TI  - Subdural empyema occurring 20 years after trauma: case report.
AB  - The authors report a case of subdural empyema that occurred 20 years after a
      severe closed head injury and was treated surgically with good results. Traumatic
      subdural empyema of this late onset is rare. The literature is reviewed, and the
      mechanism of a delayed presentation is discussed.

PMID- 2892148
TI  - Sinusitis-induced subdural empyema: a case report and brief literature review.

PMID- 2892147
TI  - Utilization of nurse clinicians and physician assistants by Active members and
      Fellows of the American Academy of Neurology.
AB  - A study of 343 Active members and Fellows of the American Academy of Neurology
      revealed that among 285 responders who spent over 10 hours per week in direct
      patient care, 198 were in private practice, 69 worked exclusively for
      institutions, and 18 worked part time in each setting. Eighty-three (29%) used
      extenders in their practice. Institutionally based neurologists were
      significantly more likely to use extenders than those in private practice.

PMID- 2892149
TI  - [The role of surgery in the comparison of peptic ulcer before and after the
      advent of H2 receptor blockers in the light of our experience].

PMID- 2892151
TI  - [Cryptorchism. Anatomo-pathologic and therapeutic considerations].
AB  - The authors review the anatomopathological problems about the cryptorchidism.
      They report a series of 37 cases of cryptorchidism, and discuss about the
      treatment of them.

PMID- 2892150
TI  - [Medical therapy of ulcerative rectocolitis].

PMID- 2892152
TI  - [Double-blind study on the effects of famotidine on bronchial tone and on
      expectoration].
AB  - A double blind test using famotidine and a placebo was conducted on 14 patients
      with hypersecretory, chronic bronchitis. No other drug treatment was given during
      the test or in the ten days preceding it. VC, FEV1, Sgaw and daily excrete volume
      were measured before the test and 7, 14 and 21 days after it began. The data
      collected indicate that H2 receptors have no influence on bronchial calibre or
      secretions.

PMID- 2892153
TI  - Cytotoxic properties of glutamate and aspartate in rat peripheral nerves:
      histological findings.
AB  - Two excitatory neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and L-aspartate, known for their
      neurotoxic properties in the central nervous system were injected in rat sciatic
      nerve. The morphological results are compared with sodium chloride injections in
      sciatic nerve on the other side. Rats were sacrificed 24 h to 1 month after the
      administration of compounds. Marked endoneural edema with global axonal loss of
      myelinated fibers were observed in animals injected either with glutamate or
      aspartate. A demyelinating process was also associated with axonal damages.
      Sodium chloride did not induce similar morphological abnormalities. This model of
      toxic neuropathy may be mediated by the excitotoxic properties of L-aspartate and
      L-glutamate.

PMID- 2892154
TI  - Somatostatin blocks a calcium current in acutely isolated adult rat superior
      cervical ganglion neurons.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity has been reported to occur in the
      postganglionic neurons of sympathetic ganglia. We therefore investigated the
      effect of somatostatin (SOM) on the Ca2+ current in sympathetic neurons. Voltage
      clamp recordings, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, were made from
      acutely isolated adult rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons in solutions
      (external and internal) designed to isolate Ca2+ currents. Application of 0.001
      1.0 microM [D-Trp8]SOM resulted in a rapid, reversible and concentration
      dependent decrease in the amplitude of the Ca2+ current evoked from a holding
      potential of -80 mV. The concentration-response relationship for SOM could be
      fitted to a single-site binding model with an apparent dissociation constant of
      11 nM; the maximal attainable block of Ca2+ current by SOM was 50%. SOM also
      produced a pronounced slowing of the Ca2+ current rising phase, especially at
      more depolarized potentials. At higher concentrations (0.03-1.0 microM),
      prolonged application of SOM resulted in a progressive decrease in blocking
      ability. The results are consistent with a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator
      role for SOM in the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2892155
TI  - L-homocysteic acid but not L-glutamate is an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartic acid
      receptor preferring agonist in rat neocortical neurons in vitro.
AB  - The effects of ionophoretically applied L-homocysteate (L-HCA), L-glutamate (L
      Glu) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were compared in rat neocortical neurons
      recorded intracellularly in vitro. The firing pattern and the time course of
      membrane depolarization induced by L-HCA resembled those of NMDA responses.
      Action potentials evoked by NMDA and L-HCA were superimposed upon slow
      depolarizations in a burst-like pattern, while L-Glu elicited single spike
      discharges. Ionophoretically applied D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2-APV) at
      doses sufficient to abolish NMDA responses, markedly reduced the L-HCA induced
      depolarizations but had no detectable effect on the L-Glu responses. The present
      findings are consistent with a possible role of L-HCA as an NMDA receptor
      preferring neurotransmitter in the rat frontal cortex.

PMID- 2892156
TI  - Complex synaptic responses of entorhinal cortical cells in the rat to subicular
      stimulation in vitro: demonstration of an NMDA receptor-mediated component.
AB  - Intracellular recordings from neurones in the medial entorhinal cortex of the rat
      in vitro showed that the lowest threshold response to stimulation in the
      subiculum was a long latency, prolonged depolarization, which in extracellular
      records corresponded to a late, negative DC shift. These responses were reduced
      or abolished by 2-aminophosphonovalerate suggesting mediation via activation of
      amino acid receptors of the 'N-methyl-D-aspartate'-type.

PMID- 2892157
TI  - Immunohistochemical distribution of cholecystokinin, dynorphin A and Met
      enkephalin neurons in sheep hypothalamus.
AB  - The distribution of cholecystokinin (CCK)-, Met-enkephalin (M-ENK)- and dynorphin
      (DYN)-like immunoreactive perikarya were examined in the sheep hypothalamus using
      the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique. CCK- and DYN-containing neurons were
      found primarily in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCH) and supraoptic nucleus (SO).
      No CCK- or DYN-containing neurons were found in the paraventricular nucleus
      (PVN). M-ENK-containing neurons were found mainly in the PVN of the hypothalamus.
      In addition, M-ENK neurons were found in the dorsomedial (DMH), lateral (LH),
      anterior (AH) and periventricular hypothalamic areas. The distribution of these
      neuropeptides may provide a basis for understanding differences in responsiveness
      to centrally administered peptides.

PMID- 2892158
TI  - Evidence for the co-localization of somatostatin- and methionine-enkephalin-like
      immunoreactivities in raphe and gigantocellularis nuclei.
AB  - Somatostatin-like and methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivities were co
      localized in neurons in the raphe nuclei and the nucleus gigantocellularis among
      immunoreactive cells stained for either one of these putative neurotransmitters.
      Their colocalization suggests that they form a subset of these two peptide
      populations and may serve as a major inhibitory system within the medullary
      reticular nuclei.

PMID- 2892159
TI  - Further studies on the effect of glucose concentrations and other oxidizable
      substrates upon ionic gradients and in vitro somatostatin release from rat
      mediobasal hypothalamus.
AB  - During in vitro incubation of rat mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), potassium and
      sodium gradients were high in the presence of glucose, pyruvate, lactate or the
      mixture glucose and pyruvate; in the absence of substrate, the ionic gradients
      were markedly lowered and corresponding somatostatin release from MBH was
      maximal. The specific effect of glucose on somatostatin release from MBH was
      tested under normal tissue polarization, i.e. in the presence of pyruvate. Under
      these more physiological conditions, somatostatin release was submaximal and
      inversely related to glucose concentrations (within the range 0-7 mM).

PMID- 2892160
TI  - Protein kinase C mediates the stimulation by somatostatin of dopamine synthesis
      in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens.
AB  - In experiments using a synaptosomal preparation from the striatum and nucleus
      accumbens, somatostatin caused a dose-dependent increase in dopamine synthesis.
      This increase was additive with that produced by 8-BrcAMP but not with that
      produced by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and
      was blocked by the protein kinase C inhibitor polymyxin B (PMB). These findings
      suggest that stimulation of dopamine synthesis by somatostatin is mediated by
      activation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2892161
TI  - Distinct GABA and glutamate receptors may share a common channel in Aplysia
      neurons.
AB  - Using a microperfusion technique for rapid application of agonists to single
      identified voltage-clamped neurons of the marine mollusc Aplysia, chloride
      conductances elicited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamate were
      found to differ in rates of activation and desensitization, voltage dependence
      and dose-response relations. In spite of these marked differences, the two
      responses showed strong interaction: previous application of GABA could
      completely block the responses to glutamate while previous application of
      glutamate decreased the response to GABA. This interaction was not due to
      transmembrane chloride redistribution, and is probably not cross receptor
      blockade. Cross-desensitization of GABA and glutamate responses suggest that
      distinct receptors activate a common ion channel.

PMID- 2892162
TI  - NLN firms links with consumers and constituents--sets sights on quality and
      access.

PMID- 2892164
TI  - Improved visualization of the Bst EII RFLP of the human LDL receptor gene by co
      digestion.

PMID- 2892163
TI  - Stimulation-produced descending inhibition from the periaqueductal gray and
      nucleus raphe magnus in the rat: mediation by spinal monoamines but not opioids.
AB  - Focal electrical stimulation in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or
      medullary nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) inhibits spinal nociceptive transmission and
      nociceptive reflexes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in lightly
      pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, the spinal neurotransmitter(s) mediating
      descending inhibition of the nociceptive tail-flick (TF) reflex produced by focal
      electrical stimulation in the PAG or NRM. To characterize the neurotransmitter(s)
      mediating inhibition of the TF reflex, selective pharmacologic antagonists were
      administered into the lumbar intrathecal space. Stimulation thresholds in the PAG
      or NRM for inhibition of the TF reflex were established and the effects of
      intrathecally administered phentolamine, yohimbine, prazosin, methysergide (15
      micrograms initially, 30 micrograms cumulative) or naloxone (10 micrograms
      initially, 20 micrograms cumulative) on TF inhibitory thresholds determined.
      Phentolamine, yohimbine and methysergide increased the intensity of stimulation
      in the PAG and the NRM for inhibition of the TF reflex; prazosin and naloxone had
      no effect. Descending inhibition produced by focal electrical stimulation in the
      PAG or NRM is mediated in part by spinal serotonergic and/or alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptors. Naloxone was administered both intrathecally and intravenously;
      however, a role for opioid receptors in descending inhibition from the midbrain
      or medulla was not found.

PMID- 2892165
TI  - A Taq I polymorphism in the human P450IIE1 gene on chromosome 10 (CYP2E).

PMID- 2892166
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pTBAB5.7 on chromosome 2
      (D2S47).

PMID- 2892167
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNH24 on chromosome 2
      (D2S44).

PMID- 2892168
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNZ9.1 on chromosome 2
      (D2S46).

PMID- 2892170
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEKZ105 on chromosome 2
      (D2S55).

PMID- 2892169
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pHHH133 on chromosome 2
      (D2S45).

PMID- 2892171
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pHHH115.2 on chromosome 2
      (D2S54).

PMID- 2892173
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNZ86.1 on chromosome 3
      (D3S30).

PMID- 2892172
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEFD122 on chromosome 2
      (D2S48).

PMID- 2892174
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNM3 on chromosome 8
      (D8S38).

PMID- 2892175
TI  - A hypervariable RFLP on chromosome 17p13 is defined by an arbitrary single copy
      probe p144-D6 [HGM9 No. D17S34].

PMID- 2892176
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pHHH220 on chromosome 9p
      (D9S27).

PMID- 2892177
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEFD126.3 on chromosome 9q
      (D9S7).

PMID- 2892178
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNM17 on chromosome 9q
      (D9S6).

PMID- 2892179
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMHZ10 on chromosome 9q
      (D9S11).

PMID- 2892180
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEKZ19.3 on chromosome 9q
      (D9S17).

PMID- 2892181
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEKZ130 on chromosome 9
      (D9S9).

PMID- 2892182
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEFD40.3 on chromosome 9
      (D9S8).

PMID- 2892183
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMCT136 on chromosome 9q
      (D9S10).

PMID- 2892184
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMCT112 on chromosome 9q
      (D9S15).

PMID- 2892185
TI  - The 5'-O-phosphonomethyl analog of ATP. Studies of substrate properties in ligase
      dependent reactions.
AB  - The 5-O-phosphonomethyl analog of ATP (ATPc) and its interaction with different
      enzymes, catalysing synthesis of C-O-, C-S-, C-N- and C-C-bond were investigated.
      It was shown ATPc to have substrate properties and to be involved in all studied
      ligase-dependent reactions. Kinetic parameters of the interaction of alternative
      substrate - ATPc with all studied enzymes were established and the comparison of
      ATPc with other phosphonate analogs of ATP was performed.

PMID- 2892187
TI  - [Use of beta-adrenolytics in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis].

PMID- 2892186
TI  - Off the hook.

PMID- 2892188
TI  - Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxins and their receptors.
AB  - The family of ST has grown to include closely related toxins produced by a number
      of organisms. The core sequence of these toxins can bind specifically and
      reversibly to a receptor found in the microvillus membranes of the intestinal
      cell brush border. As a result of a specific binding event, the ST can stimulate
      fluid secretion via receptor-mediated stimulation of guanylate cyclase. The
      structure of the ST molecule has been partially obtained through a variety of
      techniques. It is apparent that in the near future, key amino acids and sequence
      regions of these toxins will be found that will identify the requirements for
      toxicity. The ST are ideal probes to study the secretory system of intestinal
      cells since they are not cytotoxic. The receptor for ST has been extensively
      studied and its purification and characterization will yield important insight
      into the reversal of toxin-mediated diarrheas, and possibly into the
      nonpathological secretory process. As yet, the nature of the 54,000-57,000 and
      68,000-75,000 dalton binding proteins identified by cross-linking studies are not
      known. When purified ST-binding peptides and other components of the secretory
      cascade will become available, they will provide better insight into the actual
      dynamics of the ST receptor-guanylate cyclase complex secretory pathway.

PMID- 2892189
TI  - Genetic study of piliation in Escherichia coli: implications for understanding
      microbe-host interactions at the molecular level.

PMID- 2892190
TI  - [Disseminated media necrosis of the arteries of the base of the skull].

PMID- 2892191
TI  - [HIV-2 virus infection with long incubation period].

PMID- 2892192
TI  - [Organization of tuberculosis care for the rural population].

PMID- 2892193
TI  - First-trimester prenatal gene diagnosis of beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2892194
TI  - Release of soluble pilin antigen coupled with gene conversion in Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Gene conversion appears to be the frequent mechanism in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
      that leads to an altered expression of pilin, the subunit component of the pili.
      In this process segments of variable sequence information, the minicassettes, are
      transferred from silent storage loci into an expression locus. As a putative
      consequence of the rearrangement in the pilE gene, gonococci can enter a
      different phase of pilin production. Although the removal of a 7-amino acid
      leader peptide results in the production of typical P+ pilin used to form pili,
      the loss of an additional 39 amino acids yields S-pilin, a soluble form of pilin
      that is efficiently secreted into the extracellular environment. Both pilin types
      can coexist in an apparently homogeneous culture. Ps cells usually are piliated,
      although less extensively with regard to the length and the number of the pili
      when compared with P+ cells. Ps cells form T3/T4-type colonies also typical of
      nonpiliated cells (P-). The observations further suggest that the classical
      nonsecretory P- phenotype is not generated as a rule by precise gene conversion
      but rather by genetic changes that cause the production of an over-length pilin
      (L-pilin).

PMID- 2892196
TI  - Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3, 13, and 17 in small-cell carcinoma and
      on chromosome 3 in adenocarcinoma of the lung.
AB  - By a molecular genetic approach using polymorphic DNA markers that detect allelic
      deletion of specific chromosomal regions, we analyzed for possible loss of
      chromosomal heterozygosity in five different histological types of lung cancers
      obtained from 47 patients. In small-cell carcinomas, the incidence of allelic
      deletions at three different chromosomal loci was extremely high; loss of
      heterozygosity was detected on chromosomes 3p in 7 of 7 patients (100%), 13q in
      10 of 11 patients (91%), and 17p in 5 of 5 patients (100%). The deletions at
      these loci in small-cell carcinomas were observed even in the tumors without any
      clinical evidence of metastasis. Furthermore, loss of heterozygosity on
      chromosomes 3p and 13q occurred prior to NMYC amplification and chromosome 11p
      deletion. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 3p was also detected with high
      frequency in adenocarcinomas [5 of 6 patients (83%)]. Heterozygosity of
      chromosomes 13q and 17p was lost in 10 of 31 patients (32%) and in 3 of 12
      patients (25%), respectively, of lung cancers other than small-cell carcinomas.
      These results indicate that recessive genetic changes involving sequences on
      chromosomes 3p, 13q, and 17p may play important roles in the genesis of small
      cell carcinoma, and those on chromosome 3p may play an important role in the
      genesis of adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2892195
TI  - Genetic recombination within the human T-cell receptor alpha-chain gene complex.
AB  - Genetic analyses of the human T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha-chain genes indicate
      that recombination events may occur frequently within this gene complex.
      Examination of the inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLP) detected by using probes for constant or variable region gene segments
      made it possible to assign TCR alpha haplotypes to the 16 parents and 43
      offspring of eight families studied. A total of six RFLP, three for the constant
      region and three for variable region gene segments, were examined in the present
      studies. Most enzyme and probe combinations tested revealed no polymorphism and
      those finally selected for the study showed limited polymorphism in that only two
      or, in one case, three allelic forms of the gene were seen. In spite of limited
      variability at this level, extensive heterogeneity was observed for the
      combinations of markers present in haplotypes, suggesting that frequent
      recombination events have occurred. Most strikingly, multiple combinations of
      RFLP occurring in close proximity of the TCR alpha constant region gene were
      observed in this study. A high recombination frequency for the TCR alpha gene
      complex is further supported by the observation that two children, one in each of
      two families, inherited recombinant TCR alpha haplotypes.

PMID- 2892198
TI  - Deletion mapping of a locus on human chromosome 22 involved in the oncogenesis of
      meningioma.
AB  - The genotypes were analyzed at 11 polymorphic DNA loci (restriction fragment
      length alleles) on chromosome 22 in tumor and normal tissue from 35 unrelated
      patients with meningiomas. Sixteen tumors retained the constitutional genotype
      along chromosome 22, while 14 tumors (40%) showed loss of one constitutional
      allele at all informative loci, consistent with monosomy 22 in the tumor DNA. The
      remaining 5 tumors (14%) showed loss of heterozygosity in the tumor DNA at one or
      more chromosome 22 loci and retained heterozygosity at other loci, consistent
      with variable terminal deletions of one chromosome 22 in the tumor DNA. The
      results suggest that a meningioma locus is located distal to the myoglobin locus,
      within 22q12.3-qter. Multiple loci on other chromosomes also were studied, and 12
      of the 19 tumors with losses of chromosome 22 alleles showed additional losses of
      heterozygosity at loci on one to three other chromosomes. All tumors that
      retained the constitutional genotype on chromosome 22 also retained
      heterozygosity at all informative loci on other chromosomes analyzed, suggesting
      that the rearrangement of chromosome 22 is a primary event in the tumorigenesis
      of meningioma.

PMID- 2892197
TI  - Frequencies of independent and simultaneous selection of Chinese hamster cells
      for methotrexate and doxorubicin (adriamycin) resistance.
AB  - We have determined the frequency with which Chinese hamster cells become
      resistant to either methotrexate or doxorubicin (former generic name, adriamycin)
      alone or to the two drugs simultaneously. We find that the frequency of
      acquisition of simultaneous resistance is 10-100 times higher than that predicted
      from the frequency of each resistance selected independently. In approximately
      50% of cloned resistant variants, resistance is the result of amplification of
      the dihydrofolate reductase gene (methotrexate) and/or of the multiple-drug
      resistance P-glycoprotein gene (doxorubicin). Prior exposure of cells to hypoxia
      markedly enhances these resistance frequencies. Our results indicate that the
      simultaneous emergence of resistance to these two cancer chemotherapeutic agents
      are not independent events, and we interpret them to constitute two consequences
      of the same basic process occurring at a high frequency.

PMID- 2892199
TI  - Biochemical correlates of short-term sensitization in Aplysia: temporal analysis
      of adenylate cyclase stimulation in a perfused-membrane preparation.
AB  - During short-term sensitization, a simple form of nonassociative learning in
      Aplysia, the presentation of a single brief noxious stimulus results in
      enhancement of the defensive withdrawal reflex lasting minutes to tens of
      minutes. This behavioral plasticity involves presynaptic facilitation of synaptic
      transmission from the mechanosensory neurons that mediate the reflex to their
      central target cells. This facilitation is due to cAMP-dependent protein
      phosphorylation. To determine whether the time course of presynaptic facilitation
      might be due to a persistent increase in activity of adenylate cyclase (EC
      4.6.1.1) itself, persistence of the transmitter, or yet other processes, we
      developed a perfused-membrane method to analyze the time course of activation of
      adenylate cyclase by transient stimuli. After stimulation by a pulse of
      stimulatory transmitter, activation of adenylate cyclase decayed within 60 sec.
      This finding indicates that the enzyme does not remain persistently active in the
      absence of transmitter and suggests that short-term retention is likely to be due
      to other mechanisms. Possible additional mechanisms include continued activation
      of the cyclase by transmitter, cellular factors extrinsic to the cyclase that
      prolong the time course of its activation, and persistence of processes
      downstream from the cyclase.

PMID- 2892201
TI  - The intracellular pupil mechanism and photoreceptor signal: noise ratios in the
      fly Lucilia cuprina.
AB  - The function of the intracellular pupil mechanism is examined by comparing the
      responses of photoreceptors in normal flies with those from white-eyed flies that
      lack the pupil. In white-eyed flies the response to an intensity increment of
      fixed contrast decreases at high background intensities. There is a smaller
      decrease in noise amplitude so that the signal:noise ratio falls. The intensity
      dependence of the photoreceptor signal:noise ratio fits a simple model in which
      activated photopigment molecules compete for 3 X 10(4) transduction units. The
      signal:noise ratio decreases at high intensities because the transduction units
      are saturated. This model is supported by a noise analysis, which provides three
      estimates of the number of events generating photoreceptor responses. In white
      eyed flies the event number saturates at high background intensities, suggesting
      that a maximum of 2 X 10(4) events can be simultaneously active. Wild-type flies
      do not exhibit saturation effects over the range of intensities studied. The
      signal:noise ratio rises with intensity to reach a stable asymptote, close to the
      maximum observed for white-eyed flies. Pupil attenuation is calculated from
      measurements of signal:noise ratio in white-eyed and wild-type flies. The pupil
      is progressively activated over a two log unit intensity range and when fully
      closed attenuates the effective intensity by 99%. The threshold of this pupil
      effect coincides with the threshold of pupil activation measured optically. We
      conclude that the intracellular pupil attenuates the light flux to prevent
      receptor saturation and to extend the range of intensities at which fly
      photoreceptors operate close to their maximum signal:noise ratio. This upper
      limit is determined by the number of transduction units generating a cell's
      response.

PMID- 2892200
TI  - Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: search for the
      enzyme's repressor derived from mevalonate.
AB  - Three inhibitors of squalene 2,3-oxide-lanosterol cyclase (AMO 1618, 4,4,10 beta
      trimethyl-trans-decal-3 beta-ol (TMD) and 2,3-iminosqualene (ISq] were used to
      study effects on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and
      on sterol and polyprenyl synthesis from [14C]acetate and [14C]mevalonate in
      cultured rat hepatoma (H4) cells. After a 4 h exposure of cultures to AMO 1618 or
      TMD, followed by removal of the inhibitors, the utilization of [14C]acetate for
      synthesis of digitonin-precipitable sterols increased about twofold, an increase
      parallelled by the rise in HMG-CoA reductase. Mevalonate at 2.3 mM counteracted
      the effects of these inhibitors on the reductase. When (R)-[2-14C]mevalonate at
      2.3 mM was included with the two inhibitors in the culture media, the cells were
      still able to synthesize cholesterol although in lesser amounts than the
      controls. In the presence of TMD the H4 cells also accumulated [14C]squalene 2,3
      oxide and [14C]squalene 2,3-22,23-dioxide. ISq added to cells kept in full-growth
      medium (10 micrograms ml-1) caused an almost complete and irreversible
      inactivation of the squalene oxide-lanosterol cyclase but did not inhibit
      polyprenyl synthesis, as the amount of [14C]mevalonate converted into squalene,
      squalene 2,3-oxide, squalene 2,3-22,23-dioxide plus a little cholesterol was
      equal to the amount converted by control cells into cholesterol plus squalene.
      After a 24 h exposure of cells kept in full-growth medium to ISq (10 micrograms
      ml-1), the levels of HMG-CoA reductase rose about twofold. ISq completely
      abolished the suppressive effect of 2.3 mM (R)-mevalonate on the reductase.
      Chromatin isolated from cell nuclei contains cholesterol, which is renewed
      biosynthetically. It is argued that the suppressor of HMG-CoA reductase, derived
      from mevalonate, is a sterol and not a non-steroidal product of mevalonate
      metabolism.

PMID- 2892202
TI  - Synaptic limitations to contrast coding in the retina of the blowfly Calliphora.
AB  - We investigate the effects of synaptic transmission on early visual processing by
      examining the passage of signals from photoreceptors to second order neurons
      (LMCS). We concentrate on the roles played by three properties of synaptic
      transmission: (1) the shape of the characteristic curve, relating pre- and
      postsynaptic signal amplitudes, (2) the dynamics of synaptic transmission and (3)
      the noise introduced during transmission. The characteristic curve is sigmoidal
      and follows a simple model of synaptic transmission (Appendix) in which
      transmitter release rises exponentially with presynaptic potential. According to
      this model a presynaptic depolarization of 1.50-1.86 mV produces an e-fold
      increase in postsynaptic conductance. The characteristic curve generates a
      sigmoidal relation between postsynaptic (LMC) response amplitude and stimulus
      contrast. The shape and slope of the characteristic curve is unaffected by the
      state of light adaptation. Retinal antagonism adjusts the characteristic curve to
      keep it centred on the mean level of receptor response generated by the
      background. Thus the photoreceptor synapses operate in the mid-region of the
      curve, where the slope or gain is highest and equals approximately 6. The
      dynamics of transmission of a signal from photoreceptor to second-order neuron
      approximates to the sum of two processes with exponential time courses. A
      momentary receptor depolarization generates a postsynaptic hyperpolarization of
      time constant 0.5-1.0 ms, followed by a slower and weaker depolarization. Light
      adaptation increases the relative amplitude of the depolarizing process and
      reduces its time constant from 80 ms to 1.5 ms. The hyperpolarizing process is
      too rapid to bandlimit receptor signals. The noise introduced during the passage
      of the signal from receptor to second-order neuron is measured by comparing
      signal:noise ratios and noise power spectra in the two cell types. Under daylight
      conditions from 50 to 70% of the total noise power is generated by events
      associated with the transmission of photoreceptor signals and the generation of
      LMC responses. According to the exponential model of transmitter release, the
      effects of synaptic noise are minimized when synaptic gain is maximized.
      Moreover, both retinal antagonism and the sigmoidal shape of the characteristic
      curve promote synaptic gain. We conclude that retinal antagonism and nonlinear
      synaptic amplification act in concert to protect receptor signals from
      contamination by synaptic noise. This action may explain the widespread
      occurrence of these processes in early visual processing.

PMID- 2892203
TI  - On the evolution of sex determination.
AB  - Female mice reject skin grafts from intrastrain males because of the H-Y
      transplantation antigen. Those females produce antibodies that recognize a male
      specific cell-surface antigen in serological tests. The serological antigen has
      also been called 'H-Y', but there is evidence that the two antigens are distinct.
      We therefore refer to the transplantation antigen as H-Yt, or transplantation H
      Y, and to the serological antigen as serological H-Y, or simply H-Y, without
      prejudice whether these are the same or related or separate antigens. In this
      study, sex-specific expression of serological H-Y antigen was found in 25 new
      vertebrate species representing each of seven major vertebrate classes. There was
      a strong correlation between expression of H-Y and occurrence of the
      heterogametic-type gonad, although unusual patterns of H-Y expression were noted
      in cases of temperature-influenced sex determination and in systems representing
      possible transition from one mode of heterogamety to the other. Male and female
      heterogamety are found side-by-side in certain freshwater toothed carps; and
      distinct sex chromosomes have been recognized in certain amphibians, even though
      they are not apparent in certain reptiles and primitive birds. In seven ophidian
      species, in which the female is the heterogametic sex, H-Y was detected in the
      female; and in three species of Ranidae in which the male is heterogametic, it
      was detected in the male. In three species of cartilaginous fish and in one of
      the cyclostomes, in which heterogamety has not been ascertained, H-Y was detected
      in the male, suggesting that those primitive fishes are male-heterogametic.
      Evidently, then, heterogamety and sex-chromosome heteromorphism are polyphyletic,
      although certain sex-determining genes may be held in common among the diverse
      taxonomic groups.

PMID- 2892204
TI  - The morphology and distribution of 'Kolmer-Agduhr cells', a class of
      cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting neurons revealed in the frog embryo spinal cord by
      GABA immunocytochemistry.
AB  - An immunocytochemical method that localizes GABA in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue
      has been applied to the study of the Xenopus embryo spinal cord. This procedure
      stained an anatomical class of neuron, which had somata forming two more or less
      continuous rows, one on either side of the central canal, in the ventral part of
      the spinal cord. The total number of stained neurons in the stage 37-38 embryo
      spinal cord was about 300. The medial surface on the soma protruded into the
      central canal and had a brush border which electron microscope studies showed to
      consist of many microvilli or stereocilia and one or two cilia. The external end
      of the neuron soma had an ipsilateral ascending axon. The axon of many of these
      neurons had a growth cone which was also clearly stained. We propose calling
      these neurons 'Kolmer-Agduhr cells' after W. Kolmer and E. Agduhr who described
      them in the spinal cords of many vertebrate classes. Their early embryonic
      origin, GABA-like immunoreactivity, axonal projections and distribution as a
      whole population have not previously been known.

PMID- 2892205
TI  - The development of a population of spinal cord neurons and their axonal
      projections revealed by GABA immunocytochemistry in frog embryos.
AB  - The development of a population of cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting neurons in the
      spinal cord of the Xenopus embryo ('Kolmer-Agduhr' cells) has been followed by
      using an immunocytochemical procedure that identifies GABA in fixed nervous
      tissue. Stained Kolmer-Agduhr cells containing GABA first appeared at stage 25
      and their numbers increased steadily with the developmental age of the embryo.
      The Kolmer-Agduhr neurons had ascending ipsilateral axons that often terminated
      in growth cones. These axons and growth cones could be stained by the GABA
      antiserum from the earliest stages of outgrowth from the Kolmer-Agduhr cell body.
      We measured the angle of the earliest axons' outgrowth relative to the
      rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord. The initial outgrowth of axons was always
      rostral over a narrow range of angles. This observation is inconsistent with the
      hypothesis of random initial outgrowth followed by later selection of the correct
      orientation, which would predict that axons would initially grow out over a wide
      range of angles. Instead, it suggests that, even from the earliest moments, axon
      outgrowth from the Kolmer-Agduhr cells is directed rostrally in a specific
      stereotyped manner.

PMID- 2892206
TI  - Tension responses to increased hydrostatic pressure in glycerinated rabbit psoas
      muscle fibres.
AB  - A method developed to study the effect of increased hydrostatic pressure on the
      isometric tension of a single muscle fibre is described and experiments done at
      room temperature (18-22 degrees C) on glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibres are
      presented. Increase of pressure (range 1-10 MPa) caused little change in tension
      transducer response when a muscle fibre was relaxed. However, there was a
      reversible depression of isometric tension with an increase of pressure when a
      fibre was maximally calcium-activated or in rigor; the depression was around 15%
      for active tension and 30% for rigor tension, for an increase of pressure of 10
      MPa (ca. 100 atm).

PMID- 2892207
TI  - The resting release of acetylcholine by a retinal neuron.
AB  - The cholinergic amacrine cells of the rabbit retina secrete acetylcholine by two
      mechanisms. One is activated by stimulation of the retina by light or
      depolarization of the amacrine cells by K+ ions. It requires the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+. The second is independent of extracellular Ca2+ and is
      unaffected by large depolarizations of the cells. It bears some similarity to the
      acetylcholine 'leakage' described at the neuromuscular junction. Although the
      Ca2+-independent mechanism accounts for about two thirds of the total
      acetylcholine release in the dark, the amount of acetylcholine released in this
      way is small compared with the release of acetylcholine triggered by stimulation
      of the retina with light. Its biological significance is unclear.

PMID- 2892208
TI  - Single-channel and whole-cell currents evoked by acetylcholine in dissociated
      sympathetic neurons of the rat.
AB  - Single acetylcholine-activated channels have been recorded from neurons
      dissociated from the sympathetic chain of 17-21 day old rats. The mean single
      channel conductance is 35 pS in normal medium containing 1 mM calcium, and 51 pS
      in the absence of calcium. The measured current amplitudes are about five times
      more variable than at the frog endplate, at least in part because the current,
      while the channel is open, is much noisier than when it is shut. Single
      activations of the receptor by acetylcholine (ACh) produce a burst of openings;
      the distribution of the burst length has two components, the longer of which is
      of primary importance in synaptic transmission. Whole-cell currents, in response
      to ACh (up to 30 microM), show strong inward rectification with no outward
      current being detectable. This phenomenon is similar whether the intracellular
      ion is sodium or cesium, whether or not divalent cations are present, and whether
      or not atropine is present. Nevertheless, outward single-channel currents (of
      normal conductance) are detectable in isolated outside-out patches.

PMID- 2892209
TI  - Influence of gastrointestinal peptides on bile acid transport by isolated rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - While numerous effects of gut peptides on gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal
      secretion have been described, there has been little investigation of the
      influence of these peptides on hepatic function. In the present studies, effects
      of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone (TRH), and bombesin on taurocholate transport by isolated rat hepatocytes
      have been examined. Somatostatin, TRH, and bombesin in incubation media produced
      no change from control incubations with regard to either uptake of taurocholate
      by hepatocytes or efflux of bile acid from preloaded cells. However, incubation
      of hepatocytes with VIP produced a significant decrease in taurocholate uptake
      (1.34 +/- 0.13 versus 1.73 +/- 0.16 nmole.min-1.10(6) cells-1, P less than
      0.001). Studies with verapamil, a calcium-channel blocking agent, and
      theophylline, an inhibitor of cAMP catabolism, failed to provide evidence for
      transmembrane Ca2+ flux or alteration in intracellular levels of cAMP,
      respectively, as mechanisms for the observed inhibition of hepatocyte
      taurocholate uptake by VIP. These data, coupled with both clinical and other
      basic observations, suggest that VIP may play a significant role in the
      regulation of hepatic bile secretion.

PMID- 2892210
TI  - Infantile polyarteritis and fatal cases of Kawasaki syndrome: two diseases or
      one?

PMID- 2892211
TI  - Dietary linolenic acid in man--an overview.
AB  - Small amounts of linolenic acid are ubiquitous in human food but only a few
      foodstuffs contain sizable amounts, namely some plant oils, butter and fish; in
      marine fish, linolenic acid is accomplished by eicosapaentaenoic acid, highly
      exceeding linolenic acid in quantity. Of the linolenic acid ingested, some is
      incorporated into phospholipids and cholesteryl esters, very little is elongated
      and eventually converted to prostaglandins; probably most linolenic acid is used
      as fuel. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the (n-3)-series should no longer be
      considered to be similar with respect to their metabolic fate and their effects.
      In particular, results from experiments with "eskimo diets" may not be applied to
      considerations of linolenic acid. There may be a small dietary requirement for
      linolenic acid, possibly only for growing children; yet it is prudent to
      recommend diets which are not devoid of linolenic acid, especially in formula
      diets or parenteral nutrition. Some experiments suggest that high doses of
      linolenic acid exert untoward effects by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis of
      the 1- and 2-series. The ratio between linoleic and linolenic acid in relevant
      experiments was such that only excessive use of linseed oil could produce them
      under conventional dietary conditions. Still it must be considered prudent to
      keep the linolenic acid content of foods well below that of linoleic acid.

PMID- 2892212
TI  - Adverse reactions to benzodiazepine hypnotics: spontaneous reporting system.
AB  - The rates of reported adverse drug reactions involving the central nervous system
      were compared among patients taking any of three benzodiazepine hypnotics:
      flurazepam, temazepam, and triazolam. These rates, based upon data collected
      through the spontaneous reporting system of the Food and Drug Administration,
      were controlled for the number and size of new prescriptions for each drug. In
      general, triazolam had much higher overall rates than did the other two drugs.
      Hyperexcitability and withdrawal effects were greatest for triazolam and least
      for flurazepam. Amnesia was reported almost exclusively with triazolam. Rates for
      other cognitive as well as affective and other behavioral effects were also much
      greater for triazolam and about equal for the other two drugs. Finally, daytime
      sedation was reported slightly more for flurazepam than triazolam and least for
      temazepam which was also reported most frequently as lacking hypnotic effect.

PMID- 2892213
TI  - Genetic aspects of resistance to anticancer drugs.

PMID- 2892214
TI  - ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation.

PMID- 2892215
TI  - Accumulation of biological amines into chromaffin granules: a model for hormone
      and neurotransmitter transport.

PMID- 2892216
TI  - Apolipoprotein genetic variation and human disease.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is the major public health problem in much of the world today.
      The information summarized in this review, based on the recognized apolipoprotein
      structural variants appreciated at both the protein and gene levels, indicates
      that apolipoprotein genetic variation plays a major role in determining human
      genetic susceptibility to this disease. With the use of cloned apolipoprotein
      genes, it should, in the near future, be possible to determine how their
      expression is regulated; this should provide insight into other classes of
      mutations of a regulatory nature that might have clinical significance. In
      addition, the many association and linkage studies currently being undertaken
      will provide the rationale for cloning defective alleles and determining specific
      causative mutations. Both structural and regulatory mutations can then be
      described either with restriction enzymes and Southern blotting or by direct
      oligonucleotide hybridization techniques in the general population. This will
      allow the identification of presymptomatic atherosclerosis-susceptible
      individuals who would be targets for primary preventative therapy.

PMID- 2892217
TI  - Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity of the bacteria of the
      sheep's rumen after different nitrogen intake.
AB  - In experiments on 18 sheep with a differentiated nitrogen intake (3.7, 6.2 and 21
      g N/day), it was found that different enzyme activities--glutamate dehydrogenase
      (GDH) (NADH- and NADPH-dependent) and glutamine synthetase (GS)--of bacteria
      adhering to the rumen wall and to food particles and the rumen fluid bacteria
      altered in correlation to the nitrogen intake. With a nitrogen intake of 3.7-6.2
      g/day there was a significant increase, and of 6.2-21 g/day a decrease, in NADH-
      and NADPH-dependent GDH activity in the three given bacterial fractions, with the
      exception of NADPH-dependent GDH activity of the rumen fluid bacteria of sheep
      given 3.7-6.2 g N/day, in which the difference was nonsignificant. GS activity
      was significantly higher only in adherent rumen wall bacteria in the presence of
      a nitrogen intake of 3.7-6.2-21 g/day. The results show that the effect of the
      nitrogen intake on the given enzyme activities is strongest in the case of
      bacteria adhering to the rumen wall. The high GS activity and low GDH activities
      in these bacteria during lower nitrogen intakes (3.7 g/day) as well as lower
      rumen ammonia concentration (2.39 +/- 0.98 mmol.l-1) indicate that bacteria
      adhering to the rumen wall utilize ammonia at an increased rate by means of CS
      catalyzed reactions. Reduced GDH activity in the presence of a high nitrogen
      intake (21 g/day) and the relatively high rumen ammonia concentration (36.63 +/-
      5.28 mmol.l-1) indicate that ammonia inhibits this enzyme in the rumen bacteria
      in question.

PMID- 2892218
TI  - The lateral supramalleolar flap.
AB  - An anatomic study (40 fresh dissected specimens) and clinical experience (14
      patients) have shown the reliability of a skin flap designed on the lower third
      of the lateral aspect of the leg. It is supplied by a cutaneous branch from the
      perforating branch of the peroneal artery. This perforating branch continues
      distally deep to the fascia along the anterior ankle and into the foot. This can
      be used as a reversed pedicle, giving the flap an arc of rotation that allows
      coverage of the dorsal, lateral, and plantar aspects of the foot, the posterior
      heel, and the lower medial portion of the leg.

PMID- 2892219
TI  - [Biological markers of depression].

PMID- 2892220
TI  - [Biochemical presynaptic and receptor adaptations during long-term antidepressive
      treatment].

PMID- 2892221
TI  - Antihistaminics enhance morphine-, but not amphetamine- and scopolamine-induced
      hyperactivity in mice.
AB  - Three histamine H1-receptor antagonists, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine and
      tripelennamine, were tested alone or in combination with morphine, amphetamine
      and scopolamine on locomotor activity in mice. All three antihistaminics, at some
      dosage levels, enhanced morphine-induced hyperactivity, but did not change or
      even reduce locomotor stimulation induced by amphetamine and scopolamine. The
      results suggest that H1-blocking agents may specifically interact, though not
      necessarily directly, with opiate mechanisms in producing behavioural effects.

PMID- 2892222
TI  - Stability of serum neuroleptic and prolactin concentrations during short- and
      long-term treatment of schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The potential importance of neuroleptic activity measures in the management of
      schizophrenia warrants attention to the methods for assessing neuroleptic
      bioactivity and stability of neuroleptic bioactivity over time. We have carried
      out measurements of serum neuroleptic and prolactin concentrations in 18
      schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol or thioridazine for up to 1 year.
      Serum neuroleptic levels were measured by a radioreceptor assay using porcine
      striatum. The lower limit of sensitivity of the assay was 0.6 ng haloperidol/ml,
      the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation 3 and 9%, respectively. A
      linear correlation was observed between haloperidol dose (5-30 mg/d) and serum
      neuroleptic activity (r = 0.706, P less than 0.001) and a curvilinear
      relationship between thioridazine dose (50-600 mg/d) and serum neuroleptic
      activity in schizophrenic outpatients. There was a positive correlation between
      serum neuroleptic and prolactin concentrations for the patients taking
      haloperidol (r = 0.620, P less than 0.001) or thioridazine (r = 0.542, P less
      than 0.001). In patients taking a constant dose of haloperidol or thioridazine
      for up to 1 year serum neuroleptic activity remained stable, suggesting the
      absence of metabolic tolerance; the observation of a decrease of 38 +/- 16% (mean
      +/- SD) in serum prolactin concentrations in patients treated with haloperidol
      but no prolactin decrease with thioridazine suggests that under certain
      neuroleptic treatment conditions a functional tolerance develops in the
      tuberoinfundibular dopamine system.

PMID- 2892223
TI  - Dysphoric states in the course of manic-depressive illness.
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between
      dysphoric states (episodes in which irritable mood is prominent and relatively
      persistent) and manic-depressive illness. A further purpose is to clarify the
      probable causal influence of chemotherapy and the social consequences concerning
      dysphoria. The observations carried out on 14 patients are illustrated by 2 case
      reports. A strong tie seems to exist between dysphoric state and manic-depressive
      illness, especially with respect to typical biorhythmic disturbances. Although
      the origin of such states is generally unknown, there are indications that
      neuroleptics and lithium may play a major role. Social consequences are on the
      whole minor, if the disturbances in mood and drive occur acutely and markedly. On
      the other hand, mild to moderate mood changes (especially when unaccompanied by
      drive changes) may lead to severe social impairment. The reason for this may be
      that the latter-mentioned states are misinterpreted by the entourage as
      personality traits rather than as expressions of an illness.

PMID- 2892224
TI  - Biochemical aspects of dysphoria: case study for hypothesis generation.
AB  - Comparing the pattern of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid and homovanillic acid in five brain areas of one
      dysphoric patient to those of 3 depressed patients it seems that dysphoria
      biochemically is a state between depression and mania. Dynamically, dysphoria may
      possibly be seen as a behavioral correlate of a switch process between high and
      low turnover of neurotransmitters (rather high frequency in comparison to bipolar
      disorder with very low frequency). However, the biochemical data are obviously in
      agreement with psychiatric findings, i.e. that dysphoria in any case is an
      extremely labile state.

PMID- 2892225
TI  - Pharmacology of antidepressants.
AB  - Choice of an antidepressant medication is, in part, based on the side effects
      produced by a drug and the desire to avoid certain reactions in a particular
      patient. The clinician needs a reliable method of predicting which medications
      are most likely to produce specific untoward effects. Understanding the synaptic
      pharmacology of the most commonly used agents could serve as a tool for
      predicting possible side effects and drug-drug interactions. Antidepressant drugs
      alter neurotransmitter effects at nerve synapses, probably by blocking
      norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, and blockade of neurotransmitter receptor
      sites - primarily the histamine H1 receptor, the muscarinic receptor, and the
      alpha-1-adrenoceptor. Possible clinical side effects related to some of these
      interactions include tachycardia, tremor, and (possibly) male sexual dysfunction
      (associated with norepinephrine reuptake blockade); sedation (associated with
      histamine H1 blockade); orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and reflex
      tachycardia (associated with alpha-1-adrenoceptor blockade), and blurred vision,
      dry mouth, and memory dysfunction (associated with muscarinic receptor blockade).
      Pharmacologic data that demonstrate the potencies and selectivities of the
      antidepressant drugs for reuptake blockade and receptor site antagonism might
      allow the clinician to make an informed, rational choice of antidepressant
      therapy. This paper presents data on drug potencies and selectivities, and
      attempts to relate these data to anticipated side effects and drug-drug
      interactions.

PMID- 2892226
TI  - Neuroleptics following NMS.

PMID- 2892227
TI  - Prolegomenon to the clinical prerequisite: psychopharmacology and the
      classification of mental disorders.

PMID- 2892228
TI  - [Ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay].

PMID- 2892229
TI  - Is cytoprotection by misoprostol against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury
      in man mediated by somatostatin?

PMID- 2892230
TI  - [Mechanisms for the maintenance of Gamboa virus in the mosquito Aedeomyia
      squamipennis].

PMID- 2892231
TI  - [Outline of principal diseases transmitted by insects in Panama].

PMID- 2892232
TI  - Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in rheumatic diseases.
AB  - Considerable evidence indicates that genes residing within the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) influence susceptibility to certain rheumatic
      diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
      However, it has not yet been possible to precisely identify the gene(s)
      responsible for conferring enhanced susceptibility to these diseases. The
      availability of recombinant DNA technology should accelerate progress in
      obtaining this goal. A particularly promising method in this regard is
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using appropriate class
      I and class II MHC gene probes. In preliminary studies, RFLPs have been
      identified for AS and RA which associate with susceptibility to the disease.
      Further studies using this approach should permit localization and precise
      identification of the disease susceptibility gene(s) for these diseases.

PMID- 2892233
TI  - Molecular cytology of microtubules.

PMID- 2892234
TI  - [Use of priming with fazadinium].

PMID- 2892236
TI  - Exocrine pancreatic response to secretin and bethanechol in rabbits under
      hypothermia.
AB  - The effect of the administration of secretin and bethanechol on exocrine
      pancreatic secretion was studied in rabbits subjected to temperature changes;
      these involved a drop from 38 degrees C +/- 1 to 28 degrees C +/- 1 (hypothermia)
      and a subsequent return to 38 degrees C +/- 1 (normothermia). It was observed
      that hypothermia does not depress the action of secretin on the secretion of
      fluid, HCO3- and Cl-. Neither was the action of bethanechol on the enzyme
      secretion affected by changes in body temperature.

PMID- 2892235
TI  - [Chronic effect of prazosin and yohimbine on the renal epinephrine content of
      DOCA-sodium and SHR-hypertensive rats].
AB  - The chronic effect of two alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers, prazosin and
      yohimbine, on the renal noradrenaline (NA) content was investigated in two models
      of hypertensive rats, the DOCA-salt and the spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR). In DOCA-salt rats an inversal relation exists between the level of blood
      pressure and renal NA content in all groups studied, except those treated with
      yohimbine and prazosin plus yohimbine. In SHR rats a decreased renal NA content
      has been detected with respect to their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat
      controls. The administration of prazosin and/or yohimbine did not alter the renal
      NA content of the SHR rats, while on the contrary these agents produced an
      elevation of these levels in kidneys from normotensive WKY rats. These results
      suggest that the alpha-selective blocker agents used, demonstrate a different
      effect on the renal NA content in the two models of hypertension studied.

PMID- 2892237
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on leucine-aminopeptidase activity in the small intestine.

PMID- 2892238
TI  - [Peripheral neuropathy caused by almitrine. 2 cases].

PMID- 2892239
TI  - [Psychotic disorders linked to the inhibition of benzodiazepine catabolism].
AB  - Five clinical cases of interaction between benzodiazepines on one hand and
      erythromycin, troleandomycin, josamycin and cimetidine on the other hand have
      been analyzed. These interactions resulted in severe disorders of behaviour,
      amnesia (including amnesia-automatism syndrome in one case), disturbances of
      consciousness and withdrawal syndrome. These disorders were consecutive to
      inhibition of the hepatic cytochrome P-450 system. Practical means of avoiding
      this risk consists in limiting such drug combinations, reducing benzodiazepine
      dosage and, if a combined treatment is necessary, using by preference either
      benzodiazepines degraded by conjugation instead of oxidation, or macrolides, or
      anti-H2 compounds with reduced inhibitory effect on microsomes.

PMID- 2892240
TI  - [Molsidomine in the treatment of coronary insufficiency].
AB  - Molsidomine, a predominantly venous vasodilator, has been coronary disease. The
      basic mechanism of its anti-anginal effect is a reduction in myocardial oxygen
      consumption due to a fall in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure resulting
      from the vasodilator action of the drug. To this may be added direct dilatation
      of the main coronary vessels on the surface of the heart, which may account for
      part in its therapeutic effects in unstable and vasospastic angina. The
      effectiveness of molsidomine has been evaluated by controlled drug versus placebo
      or drug versus reference anti-anginal drug studies in 3 types of angina pectoris:
      exertion, unstable and vasospastic. The usefulness of the drug has also been
      established in acute and chronic left ventricular failure of ischaemic origin.
      Because of its high bioavailability when administered orally, molsidomine shows
      little inter-individual variations in its pharmacodynamic effects. Unlike
      nitrates, it can be administered for long period without gradual loss of activity
      with time. Finally, on several experimental models molsidomine has been shown to
      exert an antiplatelet effect, but the therapeutic implications of this finding
      have yet to be evaluated.

PMID- 2892241
TI  - [Current developments in the therapy of anxiety states].

PMID- 2892242
TI  - [Metabolic consequences of a 6-hour interruption of a continuous subcutaneous
      insulin infusion pump in insulin-dependent diabetic patients].

PMID- 2892243
TI  - [Hemorrhagic fevers with renal syndrome caused by Hantaan virus in France].

PMID- 2892244
TI  - [Astemizole and terfenadine: comparison of their therapeutic effect in pollen
      rhinitis].

PMID- 2892245
TI  - [Peptic ulcer: how to treat it long term].

PMID- 2892246
TI  - [How do we treat the anxious patient?].

PMID- 2892247
TI  - Olsalazine in patients intolerant of sulphasalazine.
AB  - Fifty patients with ulcerative colitis, intolerant of sulphasalazine, were
      treated with 500 mg olsalazine twice daily for a 3-month trial period. Thirty
      eight of the patients (76%) tolerated the drug well, and all continued to take it
      beyond the 3-month period. Twelve (24%) were withdrawn because of side effects,
      the commonest being diarrhoea. There were no haematologic or biochemical
      abnormalities. Thus, olsalazine is a useful drug for patients who are intolerant
      of sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2892248
TI  - Effect of a somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995, on 133Xe clearance from colonic
      mucosa in unanesthetized man.
AB  - The effect of intravenous bolus injection of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201
      995 on mucosal and submucosal blood flow was studied with the local 133Xe
      clearance technique in eight subjects. Mucosal and submucosal blood flow
      decreased by 33% after injection of SMS 201-995. These observations suggest that
      SMS 201-995, like somatostatin, inhibits splanchnic blood flow.

PMID- 2892249
TI  - Pharmacology and toxicology of nizatidine.
AB  - In well-established animal models, nizatidine is a potent, specific, and
      competitive orally active H2-receptor antagonist. In rat and dog models, species
      in which the absorption, plasma half-life and routes of metabolism are similar to
      that of humans, nizatidine was three- to four-fold more active than cimetidine
      and was of similar potency to ranitidine. On repeated daily dosing in dogs for
      two weeks, no tolerance was developed to the pharmacological action. Following
      oral dosing to dogs, nizatidine reduced gastric acid secretion for up to 8 h
      suggesting that this compound could be used in humans with a once or twice daily
      dosage regime. Apart from its H2-antagonist activity on the gastric mucosa,
      nizatidine produced few effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, or central
      nervous system of animals. Nizatidine was rapidly and well-absorbed orally in
      mice, rats, and dogs, was widely distributed in tissues and the majority of the
      dose was excreted in the urine within 24 h. A similar absorption and excretion
      profile has been seen in humans. The plasma half-life in each of the animal
      species was between 1 and 2 h and no accumulation of nizatidine or its
      metabolites was seen in rats or dogs after daily oral administration for long
      periods. Similarities in the pharmacokinetic profile of nizatidine in the
      laboratory animals and humans supported the selection of the mouse, rat, and dog
      for acute and chronic toxicity studies. Nizatidine was well-tolerated in animals
      after both intravenous and oral administration and following single or repeated
      administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892250
TI  - Nizatidine in peptic ulcer disease. Proceeedings of the First International
      Symposium on Nizatidine. Vienna, 11 and 12 October 1986.

PMID- 2892251
TI  - Lack of effect of nizatidine on drug metabolism.
AB  - H2-receptor antagonists are among the most widely-used drugs in the world and,
      since many patients receive a variety of other drugs concomitantly, it is
      important to investigate the interaction potential of new H2-receptor antagonists
      such as nizatidine. It is well documented that cimetidine can inhibit the hepatic
      elimination of many drugs by binding to the cytochrome P-450 system. Therefore we
      investigated in vitro and in vivo the effects of nizatidine on drug metabolism.
      With rat liver microsomes the effects of nizatidine and four other H2-blockers
      (cimetidine, oxmetidine, ranitidine, famotidine) on the activity of three marker
      enzymes (aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, 7-ethoxy
      resorufin-O-deethylase) were tested. While cimetidine and oxmetidine exhibited
      marked and dose-dependent inhibition of all three metabolic reactions, nizatidine
      showed some weak inhibition only at very high concentrations. Similarly, binding
      to cytochrome P-450 of human liver microsomes could be seen only with cimetidine
      and oxmetidine, whereas nizatidine did not affect the binding spectra. In nine
      healthy mal volunteers the pharmacokinetics of diazepam (10 mg po) was studied
      under the influence of nizatidine (300 mg day nocte). Nizatidine had no
      significant effect on the hepatic elimination of diazepam, as characterized by
      its elimination half-life (mean +/- SD) of 35.3 +/- 24.2 h (control) and 37.3 +/-
      18.3 h (+ nizatidine) or its total plasma clearance of 28.2 +/-12.0 ml/min
      (control) and 26.7 +/- 10.4 ml/min (+ nizatidine). The formation of the major
      metabolite-desmethyldiazepam-was also unaffected by nizatidine.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892252
TI  - An evaluation of the anti-androgen effects associated with H2 antagonist therapy.
AB  - The effect of two different H2-receptor antagonists, nizatidine and cimetidine,
      on sperm counts and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function as determined by
      responses to provocative gonadotropin releasing factor, GnRH, thyrotropin
      releasing factor, TRH, and clomiphene were compared to those of men receiving
      placebo medication. All subjects studied gave informed written consent and were
      greater than 18 but less than 55 years of age. Sperm concentrations in collected
      semen specimens, and GnRH and TRH responses before and after 6 weeks of drug
      exposure were assessed as were the gonadotropin responses to clomiphene while on
      the drug for an additional 3 weeks. All had normal sperm concentrations and
      hormone levels before drug exposure and normal responses to both GnRH and TRH.
      Following drug exposure, the LH response to GnRH and the growth hormone,
      prolactin, TSH and T4 responses to TRH were similar to those obtained prior to
      drug use. Sperm concentrations were unchanged in both placebo and nizatidine
      exposed men, but were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) in the cimetidine
      exposed men. Based on these data, nizatidine does not appear to influence hormone
      function or fertility.

PMID- 2892253
TI  - Safety of nizatidine in clinical trials conducted in the USA and Europe.
AB  - The safety of nizatidine as treatment for active duodenal or gastric ulcer
      disease or as maintenance therapy following ulcer healing was assessed in 3800
      nizatidine-treated individuals in clinical trials conducted in the USA and
      Europe. Safety parameters included physical examinations, electrocardiograms, eye
      examinations, serum chemistries and testosterone, hematology, and urinalyses.
      Adverse events were recorded without judgment of causality. Early
      discontinuations and adverse events, including complications of active duodenal
      ulcer disease, occurred more frequently in placebo-treated patients than in those
      given nizatidine. No differences were observed between the nizatidine and
      ranitidine treatment groups in regard to adverse event incidence or severity.
      Minimal changes in uric acid values were observed during ranitidine and
      nizatidine therapy. Abnormal liver function tests occurred infrequently and to an
      equal extent in nizatidine and placebo treatment groups. No clinically relevant
      differences in laboratory test results were observed between treatment groups in
      studies conducted in Europe.

PMID- 2892254
TI  - The effect of an oral evening dose of nizatidine on nocturnal and peptone
      stimulated gastric acid and gastrin secretion.
AB  - An evening oral dose of nizatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, was tested for
      its ability to suppress nocturnal gastric acid secretion and to inhibit food
      stimulated acid secretion the following day. Using a double-blind, randomized,
      cross-over design, nizatidine 30, 100, and 300 mg and placebo were compared in 8
      male subjects with basal acid secretion greater than or equal to 3 mmol/h.
      Continuous nasogastric suction was started 2 h after oral dosing, and acid
      secretion was measured hourly overnight. Phenol red was used to determine the
      completeness of gastric aspiration. The following day, food stimulated acid
      secretion in response to 8% peptone meals was measured by intragastric titration
      to determine the carry-over effect of nizatidine. Serum gastrin levels were
      measured by RIA. Nizatidine inhibited overnight acid secretion in a dose-related
      manner with 30, 100, and 300 mg producing 57, 73, and 90% suppression. The effect
      was long-lasting, with nizatidine 300 mg decreasing acid secretion by 52% 10 h
      after administration. Peptone stimulated acid secretion on the following day was
      not inhibited by nizatidine. Gastrin levels did not differ significantly among
      the treatment groups. Nizatidine's effects on nocturnal acid secretion therefore
      resemble other H2-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2892255
TI  - Treatment of duodenal ulceration in the United States.
AB  - Nizatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist for the treatment of duodenal ulcer
      disease, was compared with placebo in a dose-response, double-blind, parallel,
      multicenter clinical trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either
      nizatidine (25 mg b.i.d., 150 mg b.i.d., or 300 mg at bedtime) or placebo. At the
      end of 4 weeks, patients whose ulcer had not healed were randomly reallocated to
      receive either the nizatidine 150 mg b.i.d. dosage regime or placebo for an
      additional 4 weeks. Nizatidine doses of 300 mg at bedtime and 150 mg b.i.d.
      demonstrated similar healing frequencies. Both of these doses were statistically
      significantly superior in ulcer healing to the nizatidine 25 mg b.i.d. dose and
      to placebo at the end of 4 weeks. Patients randomly reallocated to receive
      nizatidine had significantly greater healing rates than patients randomly
      reallocated to receive placebo. In summary, nizatidine given as a single evening
      dose of 300 mg or as 150 mg b.i.d. proved to be equally safe and effective in the
      healing of active duodenal ulcers.

PMID- 2892256
TI  - The 24-hour acid suppression profile of nizatidine.
AB  - To determine the antisecretory potency of bedtime doses of the new thiazole H2
      receptor antagonist nizatidine in the suppression of nocturnal acid secretion,
      this randomized, cross-over, single-blind study was performed in 10 healthy male
      subjects. The actions of a single bedtime (2100 h) dose of the H2-receptor
      antagonist nizatidine (150 mg and 300 mg), ranitidine (300 mg), cimetidine (800
      mg), and famotidine (40 mg), as well as placebo on nocturnal gastric acid and
      volume secretion (2400 to 0600 h) and on overall 24 h H+-ion concentration were
      studied. Compared with placebo, night-time (2300 to 0700 h) H+ ion concentration
      was reduced by 70, 79, 95, 75, and 89% (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.01).
      Nocturnal acid secretion, too, was significantly lower for the H2-blockers than
      for placebo (p less than 0.01). A significant reduction in total night-time
      gastric volume secretion was observed (p less than 0.01). Nizatidine 300 mg
      nocte, ranitidine, cimetidine and famotidine had no significant carry-over
      effects on daytime acidity (0800 to 1800 h). No significant pharmacodynamic
      differences between nizatidine 300 mg nocte, ranitidine 300 mg nocte, cimetidine
      800 mg nocte and famotidine 40 mg nocte were observed. Thus, it may be concluded
      that these four H2-blockers will be equally effective in accelerating peptic
      ulcer healing and pain relief.

PMID- 2892257
TI  - 300 mg nizatidine at night versus 300 mg ranitidine at night in patients with
      duodenal ulcer. A multicentre trial in Europe.
AB  - Patients (859) from six countries were randomized into an endoscopically
      controlled double-blind trial. The objective of this study was to compare the
      efficacy and safety of nizatidine 300 mg nocte with ranitidine 300 mg nocte in
      the therapy of duodenal ulceration. Patients fulfilling the entry criteria and
      completing the protocol numbered 777 (388 nizatidine, 389 ranitidine). Endoscopy
      was performed on entry and at 4-week intervals (up to 8 weeks) until the ulcer
      healed, except in Germany where endoscopy was also performed after 14 days. Both
      groups appeared well matched for population demographics, duodenal ulcer history,
      previous therapy and pre-study symptomatology. Overall healing rates in the
      nizatidine group compared favourably with the ranitidine group at 4 weeks
      (nizatidine 81%, ranitidine 80%) and 8 weeks (nizatidine 92%, ranitidine 93%).
      Data from Germany alone showed similar ulcer healing rates after 2 weeks therapy
      (nizatidine 60%, ranitidine 64%). Although there were no differences between or
      within the treatment groups, overall ulcer healing was significantly impaired (p
      less than 0.05 or less) in patients with a large ulcer (greater than 15 mm), a
      family history of peptic ulcer disease, verified disease or greater than 5 years
      duration, or heavy smokers (greater than 20 cigarettes/day). Age did not
      influence healing. Overall healing rates were significantly influenced by country
      of patient origin, being higher in Germany, and lower in Belgium (p less than
      0.001). After 2 weeks therapy, about 60% of the nizatidine and ranitidine treated
      patients were pain free, while 4 weeks therapy was associated with relief of all
      symptoms in 72% of patients and relief of night pain in more than 90%. Antacid
      consumption reduced at a similar rapid rate during the study. Events were
      reported equally in both treatment groups, events compatible with peptic ulcer
      disease predominating. Events associated with study termination appeared related
      to documented disease or protocol violations. Monitoring of laboratory data
      suggested no significant haematological or biochemical abnormalities in the
      nizatidine group. Nizatidine 300 mg nocte appears to be as effective as
      ranitidine 300 mg nocte in both ulcer healing and symptomatic response.

PMID- 2892258
TI  - Nizatidine versus ranitidine in gastric ulcer disease. A European multicentre
      trial.
AB  - Two hundred and seventy five patients from six countries were randomized into an
      endoscopically controlled, eight-week, double-blind, study. The objective of this
      investigation was to compare the efficacy and safety of nizatidine, administered
      as either a single (300 mg nocte) or twice daily (150 mg B.D.) dose, with
      ranitidine 150 mg twice daily, in the therapy of benign gastric ulceration. Two
      hundred and fifty-two patients fulfilled entry criteria and completed the
      protocol (80 nizatidine 150 mg B.D.; 89 nizatidine 300 mg nocte; 83 ranitidine
      150 mg B.D.). Endoscopy was performed on entry and at four-week intervals until
      the ulcer healed. The diagnosis of benign ulceration was always supported by
      endoscopic histology and/or cytology. On entry into the study, both groups
      appeared well matched (i.e. for population demographics, duodenal ulcer history,
      previous therapy and pre-study symptomatology), except for epigastric day pain
      which was significantly less in the ranitidine group (p = 0.020). Overall gastric
      ulcer healing rates were similar in the three groups at four weeks (nizatidine
      B.D. 66.2%: nizatidine nocte 65.2%: ranitidine B.D. 63%) and at eight weeks
      (nizatidine B.D. 90%: nizatidine nocte 86.5%: ranitidine B.D. 86.7%). Healing was
      not consistently influenced by country of origin or smoking. After four weeks of
      therapy, 66% (nocte dose) to 68% (B.D. dose) of nizatidine treated patients were
      symptom free, while 93% (nocte dose) to 95% (B.D. dose) were free of night pain.
      Events were similar in the three treatment groups, and the majority were gastro
      intestinal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892259
TI  - Nizatidine as maintenance therapy of duodenal ulcer disease in remission.
AB  - A new H2-receptor antagonist, nizatidine (150 mg h.s.), was compared with placebo
      as maintenance therapy in a randomized, parallel, double-blind, one-year study of
      513 patients with recently healed duodenal ulcer. Endoscopies were performed at
      0, 3, 6, and 12 months and at unscheduled times if symptoms of active peptic
      ulcer disease were present. Cumulative ulcer recurrence rates for nizatidine and
      placebo were 13 versus 40% at 3 months, 24 versus 57% at 6 months, and 34 versus
      64% at 12 months. The differences were significant (p less than 0.001) at each
      treatment period. Smokers in both treatment groups had significantly greater
      recurrence rates than non-smokers. Symptoms of peptic ulcer disease were
      significantly less in nizatidine-treated patients in the first 3 months of
      treatment. Adverse events, including those related to peptic ulcer disease,
      occurred more frequently in placebo-treated patients. Nizatidine proved to be
      safe and effective in preventing recurrences of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2892260
TI  - Nizatidine versus ranitidine in the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse. Six
      month interim results of a European multicentre study.
AB  - Nizatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, was compared with ranitidine in a
      double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial for the prevention of duodenal ulcer
      relapse. This is the interim analysis of 197 patients admitted to the study by 1
      September 1985, having finished a 6-month treatment period by 1 March 1986. At
      night, 96 and 101 patients received 150 mg nizatidine and 150 mg ranitidine,
      respectively. Both groups were well matched for demographic data, duration and
      severity of ulcer disease. Calculating cumulative relapse rates by the life-table
      method of Cutler and Ederer, 18% on nizatidine and 13% on ranitidine had
      experienced a symptomatic or asymptomatic recurrence. The difference is not
      statistically significant. The symptomatic response was identical in both groups,
      3/4 of the patients in both groups being free of any symptom over all 6 months.
      During maintenance treatment, 24% of the patients on nizatidine and 32% of those
      on ranitidine reported new symptoms, listed as 'adverse events'. However, none of
      these events was likely to be drug related. There was no difference between the
      two groups concerning the percentage change of laboratory variables from baseline
      to endpoint.

PMID- 2892262
TI  - Role of histamine H2 receptor antagonists in nonoperative management of
      gastroduodenal ulcer haemorrhage.
AB  - Acute massive gastroduodenal ulcer haemorrhage may be caused by peptic ulcers or
      acute stress ulcerations. The former is a clinical problem that is met with
      fairly frequently, associated with a mortality of 10-20%. Bleeding stress
      ulcerations are less common but have a still more serious prognosis. The
      histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine has in one large study been
      demonstrated to reduce mortality in ulcer haemorrhage, and in other studies
      beneficial effects have been found in elderly patients; above all in elderly
      gastric ulcer patients. Other authors again find no beneficial effects. The
      inconsistent results can be due to the fact that other factors, such as high age,
      profuse bleeding, and concomitant disabling diseases, are more important for the
      outcome than inhibiting acid secretion with H2-receptor antagonists. In stress
      ulcers, H2-receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective as part in the
      prophylactic treatment. Antacids might be more effective, but high doses are
      often required.

PMID- 2892261
TI  - A pharmacokinetic profile of nizatidine in man.
AB  - In this report, the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal effects of
      nizatidine are reviewed in healthy volunteers and in patients with renal or
      hepatic impairment. The absolute oral bioavailability of nizatidine exceeded 90%;
      the half-life (t1/2), plasma clearance (Clp), and volume of distribution (Vd) of
      iv nizatidine were 1.3 h, 461/h, and 1.21/kg, respectively. Within 16 h of dosing
      volunteers with nizatidine, more than 90% of the administered dose was recovered
      in urine as parent drug and metabolites; unchanged nizatidine accounted for 65
      and 75% of the recovered substances, after oral and intravenous administration,
      respectively. Renal impairment decreased the elimination of nizatidine and dosage
      reductions are recommended for patients with creatinine clearance (Clcr) less
      than 50 ml/min/m2. Nizatidine suppressed gastric acid secretion produced by sham
      meals, protein meals, or pentagastrin; its antisecretory activity was dose and
      concentration dependent. Nizatidine was three times more potent than cimetidine.
      Nizatidine, after oral or iv administration, did not alter hormone concentrations
      in plasma.

PMID- 2892263
TI  - Vasopressin and glypressin in upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
AB  - Vasopressin has been in clinical use for more than two decades in the treatment
      of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, especially bleeding oesophageal varices.
      However the haemostatic effect in controlled clinical trials is far from
      impressive, and no double-blind placebo controlled trial has shown even a trend
      in favour of vasopressin. These studies, the effects, side-effects, and clinical
      use of vasopressin and its long-acting analogue triglycylvasopressin, glypressin,
      are reviewed.

PMID- 2892264
TI  - Secretin and somatostatin in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
AB  - Secretin inhibits gastric secretion of acid and gastrin in dog and a
      physiological role of secretin as an enterogastrone has been suggested in this
      species. In man there are diverging results concerning the effect of secretin on
      gastric secretion. Secretin has been used in patients with upper gastrointestinal
      bleeding and positive results have been reported, but the patients included in
      these studies cannot be considered as massive bleeders. Until now no double-blind
      study comparing secretin with placebo has been reported. Somatostatin decreases
      splanchnic blood flow and gastric secretion in man. Somatostatin seems to be
      effective in achieving initial haemostasis in patients with bleeding oesophageal
      varices. The peptide has also been shown to stop severe and persistent peptic
      ulcer haemorrhage and to stop bleeding in patients treated with steroidal and non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In one double-blind trial in patients with
      upper gastrointestinal bleeding, somatostatin had no effect on either the number
      of emergency operations or the number of rebleedings. In another double blind
      study, when somatostatin was compared with placebo in patients with massive upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding, the peptide reduced the number of emergency
      operations. In conclusion, most studies show positive effects of somatostatin on
      variceal and peptic ulcer haemorrhage.

PMID- 2892265
TI  - Drug treatment of haematemesis and melaena.
AB  - Despite generally held beliefs to the contrary, worthwhile improvements in
      outcome in patients with haematemesis and melaena may be achievable with H2
      antagonist or antifibrinolytic treatment.

PMID- 2892266
TI  - Meeting on the mind.

PMID- 2892267
TI  - Expression and function of the segmentation gene fushi tarazu during Drosophila
      neurogenesis.
AB  - Segmentation genes control cell identities during early pattern formation in
      Drosophila. One of these genes, fushi tarazu (ftz), is now shown also to control
      cell fate during neurogenesis. Early in development, ftz is expressed in a
      striped pattern at the blastoderm stage. Later, it is transiently expressed in a
      specific subset of neuronal precursor cells, neurons (such as aCC, pCC, RP1, and
      RP2), and glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The function of
      ftz in the CNS was determined by creating ftz mutant embryos that express ftz in
      the blastoderm stripes but not in the CNS. In the absence of ftz CNS expression,
      some neurons appear normal (for example, the aCC, pCC, and RP1), whereas the RP2
      neuron extends its growth cone along an abnormal pathway, mimicking its sibling
      (RP1), suggesting a transformation in neuronal identity.

PMID- 2892269
TI  - Long-term facilitation in Aplysia involves increase in transmitter release.
AB  - In a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates, long-lasting enhancement of
      synaptic transmission contributes to the storage of memory lasting one or more
      days. However, it has not been demonstrated directly whether this increase in
      synaptic transmission is caused by an enhancement of transmitter release or an
      increase in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors. These possibilities
      can be distinguished by a quantal analysis in which the size of the miniature
      excitatory postsynaptic potential released spontaneously from the presynaptic
      terminal is used as a reference. By means of microcultures, in which single
      sensory and motor neurons of Aplysia were plated together, miniature excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials attributable to the spontaneous release of single
      transmitter quanta from individual presynaptic neurons were recorded and used to
      analyze long-term facilitation induced by repeated applications of 5
      hydroxytryptamine. The results indicate that the facilitation is caused by an
      increase in the number of transmitter quanta released by the presynaptic neuron.

PMID- 2892268
TI  - Somatostatin augments the M-current in hippocampal neurons.
AB  - Immunocytochemical and electrophysiological evidence suggests that somatostatin
      may be a transmitter in the hippocampus. To characterize the ionic mechanisms
      underlying somatostatin effects, voltage-clamp and current-clamp studies on
      single CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal slice preparation were performed.
      Both somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 elicited a steady outward current and
      selectively augmented the noninactivating, voltage-dependent outward potassium
      current known as the M-current. Since the muscarinic cholinergic agonists
      carbachol and muscarine antagonized this current, these results suggest a
      reciprocal regulation of the M-current by somatostatin and acetylcholine.

PMID- 2892270
TI  - Bureaucratic aspects of international health agencies.
AB  - In this paper the large international health agencies are viewed as
      bureaucracies, i.e. in Max Weber's sense as rational administrative
      organizations. The kinds of activities in which they engage, and the
      effectiveness of their programs, are interpreted as a function of their
      structural and dynamic characteristics, and of the professional assumptions held
      by administrators, planners and technical specialists. International health
      agency activities are placed in the context of the 'donor-recipient' model that
      characterizes post-World War II international developmental assistance programs.
      Some of the strengths and weaknesses of these organizations are noted, and linked
      to the organizations' structural, dynamic and professional characteristics.

PMID- 2892271
TI  - [Benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2892272
TI  - P-fimbriated Escherichia coli urinary tract infection: a clinical correlation.
AB  - We designed a retrospective study to determine the incidence of P-fimbriated
      Escherichia coli in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute urethral
      syndrome, bacterial cystitis, acute pyelonephritis, possible acute
      pyelonephritis, and acute and chronic prostatitis. In addition, we compared the
      incidence in uncompromised vs compromised hosts, inpatients vs outpatients, and
      children vs adults. P-fimbriated E coli were isolated in more than 80% of
      uncompromised patients with either acute pyelonephritis or acute prostatitis. In
      clinically compromised patients having these disorders, the incidence dropped to
      approximately 30% (P less than .025). Neither age nor inpatient/outpatient status
      was a significant factor. We stress the importance of P-fimbriation as a
      virulence factor in acute pyelonephritis and acute prostatitis caused by E coli,
      though these diseases may be caused by less virulent organisms in compromised
      patients. Thus, patients with acute pyelonephritis or acute prostatitis caused by
      E coli negative for P-fimbriae probably should be considered compromised; the
      compromising factor should be determined as a guide to subsequent treatment.

PMID- 2892273
TI  - Fab fragments in the treatment of digoxin overdose: pediatric considerations.
AB  - Serious digoxin toxicity due to accidental or deliberate overdose is uncommon,
      but more than half of the cases reported in 1985 involved children. Toxicity can
      occur acutely, as with accidental overdose, or with long-term maintenance dosing.
      In children it is almost always acute. Conventional treatment includes gastric
      lavage or ipecac-induced emesis, and activated charcoal or nonabsorbable resins
      and cathartics to reduce absorption. Although children appear to tolerate massive
      ingestions without specific therapy, serum digoxin levels must be reduced quickly
      and safely when conventional measures have failed. Fab fragments of digoxin
      specific antibodies have been successfully used to treat refractory digoxin
      toxicity. Indications for use should be limited to life-threatening digoxin
      toxicity when conventional therapy has failed.

PMID- 2892274
TI  - [The role of anaerobic non-clostridial microflora in the development of
      complications after appendectomy].

PMID- 2892275
TI  - Characterisation of poxviruses from sporadic human infections.
AB  - An orthopoxvirus was isolated from the vesicular rash of a man in Natal who died
      in coma and who had not been vaccinated. Analysis of the viral DNA showed that it
      was a vaccinia virus, more closely related to the virus of South African smallpox
      vaccine than to other vaccinia viruses. DNA analysis also showed that an
      orthopoxvirus isolated from a sporadic case of severe pustular rash in Nigeria
      was a vaccinia virus closely related to the smallpox vaccine virus used there.
      Minor biological differences between the viruses isolated and the corresponding
      vaccine strains suggested that some natural transmission of the virus had
      occurred, but the results of DNA analysis implied that they originated from the
      use of smallpox vaccine. No similar cases have been detected since smallpox
      vaccination was discontinued.

PMID- 2892277
TI  - Benefit of somatostatin in dumping syndrome.

PMID- 2892276
TI  - Early diagnosis of and surgical strategy for adrenal medullary disease in MEN II
      gene carriers.
AB  - Sixteen multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN II) gene carriers--12 who had
      undergone thyroidectomy because of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and 4 whose
      thyroid glands had been removed because of C cell hyperplasia--were examined for
      the presence of pheochromocytomas. No patient had sought medical advice for
      pheochromocytoma symptoms. Fourteen patients had MEN IIa syndromes, one patient
      had a MEN IIb and another patient had a mixed syndrome of von Recklinghausen's
      neurofibromatosis and MEN II. Eight patients had undergone unilateral
      adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma 11 +/- 4 years before. The patients underwent
      clinical examination, determination of the urinary excretion of catecholamines
      and metabolites, and 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) and CAT scans. 131I
      MIBG scanning was performed with images 1, 4, and 7 days after the radionuclide
      injection. In seven of eight patients who had undergone unilateral
      adrenalectomies, the 131I-MIBG scans showed accumulation of the radionuclide in
      the remaining adrenal gland. Bilateral adrenal accumulation of the radionuclide
      was demonstrated in seven of eight MEN IIa gene carriers who had not undergone
      adrenalectomy. Five patients, two of whom had undergone adrenalectomy, were found
      to have unilateral pheochromocytomas less than 2 cm in diameter. Only one of
      these five patients had an elevated excretion of urinary catecholamines. Between
      day 4 and day 7 after 131I-MIBG injection, adrenal glands with pheochromocytomas
      increased their relative accumulation of the radionuclide significantly more (p
      less than 0.02) than did adrenal glands without any demonstrable
      pheochromocytomas. All the pheochromocytomas were viewed by means of CAT scans.
      Only one MEN IIa patient had bilateral pheochromocytomas, but our findings
      indicate that there is a tendency to bilateral adrenal medullary hyperfunction in
      most MEN II gene carriers. As 131I-MIBG and CAT scans can facilitate the early
      diagnosis of pheochromocytomas, unilateral adrenalectomy can safely be performed
      in most MEN IIa patients. Bilateral pheochromocytomas develop in a majority of
      patients with MEN IIb syndromes. Bilateral adrenalectomy should therefore be
      performed in these patients.

PMID- 2892278
TI  - [Various forms of asthma agents and treatment].

PMID- 2892279
TI  - [Importance of alcoholism markers in the diagnosis of alcoholic heart lesions].
AB  - A study was made of opportunities for the use of some signs of alcoholic
      intoxication in the verification of alcoholic etiology of heart lesion. Clinical
      signs like hyperemia of the face with telangiectasia, venous plethora of the
      eyeballs, tremor of the lips, tongue, limbs, Dupuytren's contracture, enlarged
      liver size combined with a positive macrocytosis test and, to a lesser degree,
      with a higher activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and the detection of
      fatty hepatosis in liver puncture biopsy were shown to suggest alcoholic
      intoxication, and excluding other cases of heart lesion they can be of great help
      in the verification of diagnosis of alcoholic heart lesion.

PMID- 2892280
TI  - Increased plasma motilin concentrations in small cell carcinoma of the lung.
AB  - Plasma samples from 21 patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung were
      screened for pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, motilin, and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide. One patient had severe impairment of both renal and liver
      function. In the 20 remaining subjects vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      concentrations were normal, and only two patients had increased concentrations of
      somatostatin. Increases in pancreatic polypeptide were detected more commonly
      (7/20), but these may have been non-specific age related increases. The major
      finding was high concentrations of motilin (greater than 496 pg/ml) in 17 of 20
      patients. Plasma motilin was subsequently assayed in 16 more patients with lung
      cancer, including 10 patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. At
      concentrations over 900 pg/ml plasma motilin appears to be a tumour marker for
      small cell carcinoma of the lung with acceptable sensitivity (59%) and
      specificity (78%). The origin of increased plasma motilin in small cell carcinoma
      of the lung was investigated. Bombesin (gastrin releasing peptide), a peptide
      known to stimulate the release of motilin in man, was, as in previous studies,
      detected in tumour but not in plasma, except in one patient out of 21.
      Immunohistochemical studies failed to detect motilin antigen in biopsy samples.
      Motilin tumour content was found to be low in tumour tissue from three patients
      with small cell carcinoma of the lung who had appreciable hypermotilinaemia and
      from three patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung who had either
      normal or slightly raised plasma motilin concentrations. The stimulus to motilin
      secretion in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung remains unclear.

PMID- 2892281
TI  - RFLP of the HLA-DQ alpha region: a diallelic DX alpha polymorphism, not linked to
      DR and DQ specificities.
AB  - HLA-DQ alpha DNA polymorphism was studied by Southern blot analysis in a panel of
      117 individuals, consisting of 56 randomly selected and 61 HLA-DR homozygous
      individuals. Hybridizing fragments representing DQ alpha genes correlate with DR
      specificities owing to linkage disequilibrium between DQ and DR. Two fragments
      representing DX alpha genes were identified with the restriction enzymes PvuII
      and TaqI and a DQ alpha cDNA probe. The two fragments of PvuII-DQ alpha
      hybridization (a 7200 and a 7000 basepair fragment) and the two of TaqI-DQ alpha
      (2200 and 1900 basepairs) have an identical distribution in the panel, and reveal
      gene frequencies of 49.1% and 50.9%; they behave as alleles of the putative DX
      alpha locus. The panel study shows that the DX alpha fragments are not linked
      with the DR or DQ specificities but segregate along with HLA as shown in family
      studies.

PMID- 2892282
TI  - Genomic HLA-typing by RFLP-analysis using DR beta and DQ beta cDNA probes reveals
      normal DR-DQ linkages in patients with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Eighteen MS patients were HLA-typed by RFLP-analysis using DR beta and DQ beta
      cDNA probes. A closer association to the DQ than to the DR locus was not found in
      this small material, not even within DR-specificities.

PMID- 2892283
TI  - Genomic HLA-typing by RFLP-analysis using DR beta and DQ beta cDNA probes reveals
      normal DR-DQ linkages in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with psoriasis vulgaris were HLA-typed by RFLP-analysis
      using DR beta and DQ beta cDNA probes. A closer association to the DQ than to the
      DR locus was not found in this small material.

PMID- 2892284
TI  - Transfer of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate through rat milk and effects on milk
      composition and the mammary gland.
AB  - Five daily oral doses of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (2 g/kg) given to rats
      on Days 2-6, 6-10, or 14-18 of lactation caused significant decreases in body
      weight and increases in hepatic peroxisomal enzymes palmitoyl CoA oxidase and
      carnitine acetyltransferase in the dams and their suckling pups. Plasma
      cholesterol and triglyceride levels were decreased in the lactating dams.
      Decreased food consumption, as indicated by pair-fed rats, accounted for the
      decreased body weight in the pups but not the increases in enzyme activities. To
      determine whether DEHP and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were transferred
      through the milk, milk and plasma were collected from lactating rats 6 hr after
      the third dose of DEHP. The milk contained 216 +/- 23 micrograms/ml DEHP and 25
      +/- 6 micrograms/ml MEHP (mean +/- SE), while the plasma contained less than 0.5
      micrograms/ml DEHP and 75 +/- 12 micrograms/ml MEHP. The high milk/plasma ratio
      for DEHP (greater than 200) indicates efficient extraction of DEHP from the
      plasma into the milk. DEHP dosing during lactation also caused a decrease in
      mammary gland weight and a decrease in mammary gland RNA content which reflects
      synthetic activity. The water content of the milk was reduced, which probably
      accounted for the increase in lipid in the milk. Milk lactose was decreased in
      DEHP-treated and pair-fed rats, consistent with the decrease in milk production.
      The results show that exposure to high doses of DEHP during lactation in rats can
      result in changes in milk quality and quantity and can lead to DEHP and MEHP
      exposure in the suckling rat pups.

PMID- 2892285
TI  - Red blood cells generate nitric oxide from directly acting, nitrogenous
      vasodilators.
AB  - Human red blood cells (RBC) incubated under nitrogen with methylene blue and
      glucose at physiological temperature and pH can be used to test for the
      biotransformation of nitrogenous vasodilators to nitric oxide (NO). The NO
      generated was trapped as nitrosylated heme by reduced subunits (hemeII) on
      various hemoglobin valency species and quantified by electron paramagnetic
      resonance spectroscopy. It was possible to separate the various valency species
      of hemoglobin present in the mixture as (alpha 2 + beta 2)2, (alpha 2 + beta
      3+)2, (alpha 3 + beta 2+)2, or (alpha 3 + beta 3+)2 by isoelectric focusing (IEF)
      unless cyanide (from nitroprusside) or azide was present in the mixture. These
      anions bind tenaciously to oxidized subunits (hemeIII) and prevent the separation
      of the various species by IEF. The fully oxidized tetramer, (alpha 3 + beta 3+)2,
      does not bind NO, but the other three species have hemeII units which can be
      nitrosylated. In the absence of cyanide or azide the valency species could be
      separated by IEF, and it was possible to quantify the degree of nitrosylation on
      each individual species. The various agents tested (nitrite, glyceryl trinitrate,
      hydroxylamine, hydralazine, nitroprusside, and azide) produced different patterns
      of valency species and degrees of nitrosylation of hemeII. When hemeIII ligands
      were present or in cases of very low yields, it was still possible to quantify
      the total concentration of NO-hemeII in the mixture. Thus, the method could still
      be used to test for NO formation. All of the so-called NO vasodilators tested
      yielded detectable amounts of NO in the system.

PMID- 2892286
TI  - Anti-convulsant effects by reduced glutathione and related aminoacids in rats
      treated with isoniazid.
AB  - Rats were treated with different doses of isoniazid (INH) causing convulsions.
      Lethal dose (DL50) and effective convulsant dose (ED50) were calculated. Reduced
      glutathione (GSH) and related aminoacids were administered to rats receiving INH:
      the latency and duration of convulsions were recorded; cerebral gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were determined in rats receiving INH and
      an association of GSH and INH. GSH and its related aminoacids as cysteine and
      glycine greatly decreased the duration of INH-induced seizures, while glutamic
      acid did not protect against convulsions caused by INH. Furthermore, INH causes a
      decrease in cerebral GABA levels to about half and GSH repeated pretreatment did,
      however, not prevent the INH induced decline of GABA content: hence, the
      anticonvulsant effect of GSH can not be ascribed to the restoration of normal
      levels of anti-epilectically acting GABA, but can be attributed to cysteine and
      glycine, aminoacids linked to GSH.

PMID- 2892287
TI  - Biochemical changes in the rat after chronic thioacetamide intoxication.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were given drinking water ad libitum with 0.075% thioacetamide
      (TAA) for 4 weeks. TAA treatment did not affect serum aminotransferase activities
      and total bilirubin content. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase, K+, Na+- and Mg2+
      adenosine triphosphatases in liver plasma membrane preparations were strongly
      depressed, while that of gamma-glutamyl transferase was considerably increased. A
      decline in liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 concentrations was
      also recorded. In contrast, the content of reduced glutathione in liver
      homogenate supernatant (9000 g) increased about 2-fold. As plasma membrane
      associated enzymes seem to be exclusively affected, the liver plasma membrane
      could be involved in the pathogenesis of the TAA-induced precirrhotic liver
      changes.

PMID- 2892288
TI  - Occurrence of palytoxin in the trigger fish Melichtys vidua.
AB  - The trigger fish Melichtys vidua, collected at Pingelap Atoll in Ponape in The
      Federated States of Micronesia, contained a potent toxin in the viscera, flesh,
      and digestive tracts with contents. The toxic principle appeared identical to
      palytoxin on the basis of toxicity and chromatographic properties.

PMID- 2892289
TI  - [Dental splinting in acute trauma in children].

PMID- 2892290
TI  - Transplantation of DLA-compatible and incompatible fetal liver hematopoietic
      cells in dogs.
AB  - Requirements for sustained engraftment of fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells
      were evaluated in 45 dogs. Pretransplant preparative treatment with total-body
      irradiation, 14.7 Gy, permitted engraftment of DLA-compatible fetal liver cells.
      Radiation alone was inadequate in DLA-haploidentical or DLA-mismatched
      transplants; none of 5 dogs had engraftment. Addition of cyclosporine facilitated
      engraftment. The combination of 14.7 or 16.1 Gy total-body irradiation (TBI) and
      cyclosporine allowed engraftment in 15 of 19 (78%) dogs receiving DLA
      histoincompatible grafts and 11 Gy TBI plus cyclosporine allowed engraftment in 4
      of 10 dogs. Restoration of granulopoiesis and thrombopoiesis was rapid; recovery
      of lymphocytes was relatively delayed, especially in recipients of incompatible
      fetal liver cells. Cumulative one-year survival was decreased in recipients of
      incompatible grafts due to early posttransplant infections. These data suggest
      that fetal liver transplantation is a potential approach in patients who lack an
      HLA-identical donor for bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2892291
TI  - Facilitation of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by a T cell-specific
      immunotoxin containing daunomycin.
AB  - Daunomycin coupled via an acid-sensitive spacer to monoclonal Thy-1.2-specific
      antibody was used to purge T lymphocytes from a 1:1 mixture of murine C57BL/6J
      bone marrow and spleen cells prior to engraftment in fully allogeneic, irradiated
      BALB/c recipients. Treatment of bone marrow with the immunotoxin at a
      concentration used for purging had no effect on the viability of committed
      hematopoietic progenitor or multipotent stem cells. All of the recipients of
      purged bone marrow were at least 80% chimeric for donor peripheral blood cells
      and none developed graft-versus-host disease. Out of 50 chimeras, 49 were still
      alive more than 200 days posttransplantation. The chimeras were shown to be
      tolerant to donor tissue as tested by mixed lymphocyte reactivity, cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity, and skin grafting. The same tests revealed full immunocompetence of
      chimeras to third-party alloantigens. In vivo IgM and IgG antibody responses to
      sheep red blood cells were similar in magnitude in allogeneically and
      syngeneically reconstituted mice.

PMID- 2892292
TI  - Specific allelic variation among linked HLA class II genes.
AB  - Locus-specific oligonucleotides have been used as probes to detect polymorphic
      alleles for the HLA genes DQ beta, DQ alpha, DX alpha, and DO beta. These genes
      lie between the HLA DR and DP genes on chromosome 6, a region frequently
      implicated in intra-HLA recombination. In order to distinguish among these highly
      homologous HLA class II genes, we have identified sequences in the coding regions
      that are locus specific and have synthesized short oligonucleotide probes
      corresponding to these regions. We have used these probes in a gel hybridization
      procedure to analyze restriction-enzyme-digested genomic DNA and to assign
      polymorphic bands to a particular locus. Taq I-digested DNA hybridized with a DQ
      beta-specific probe detects a single band per haplotype. The size of this band
      corresponds precisely to the expressed DQ beta gene and distinguishes among the
      serologically defined DQ alleles, providing a rapid method for genomic DQ typing.
      Similar analysis with an oligonucleotide probe specific for DX alpha, the
      nonexpressed alpha gene in the DQ subregion, detects 2 DX alleles, and
      hybridization with an oligonucleotide specific for the newly described DO beta
      gene detects 2 alleles at DO beta. Heterogeneity in linkage patterns among DQ,
      DX, and DO genes suggests that frequent recombinational events at multiple
      intergenic sites contributed to the generation of present-day haplotypes. One
      such recombinational event was identified directly in a family with serologically
      HLA-identical siblings, in which genomic analysis indicated a parental
      recombination event mapping between DR and DX, which correlated with unexpected
      alloreactivity.

PMID- 2892293
TI  - Effect of low-temperature culture on the survival of intratesticular rat islet
      allografts.

PMID- 2892294
TI  - Impairment of hemopoiesis in human allografts.

PMID- 2892295
TI  - Positive bethanechol supersensitivity test in neurologically normal patients.
AB  - A positive bethanechol supersensitivity test (BST) usually indicates neuropathic
      detrusor areflexia and warrants neurologic correlation. Seven females, average
      age thirty-three years, with straining to void and high residual urines, had
      detrusor areflexia, with a borderline or positive BST, ranging from 19 cm water
      to 55 cm H2O change in intravesical pressure after 5 mg of subcutaneous
      bethanechol. However, all patients had a normal neurologic workup, even though 2
      patients had insignificant spina bifida occulta. Two of the patients also had
      prior pelvic surgery, 1 of whom was azotemic, and 4 of the patients had
      psychosocial problems; factors reported to be associated with a false positive
      BST. The positive BST is not diagnostic of neurogenic detrusor areflexia because
      of the many variables that can influence the test. Therefore, the bethanechol
      supersensitivity test should be interrupted in light of the complete
      neurourologic evaluation.

PMID- 2892296
TI  - [A complicated variant of cryptorchism in a child].

PMID- 2892297
TI  - Incidence of outdated ipecac in the home.

PMID- 2892298
TI  - Beta-blockade for acute theophylline-induced seizures.

PMID- 2892299
TI  - Phenotypic changes in mast cells proliferating in the rat lung following
      infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
AB  - Numerous mast cells appear in rat pulmonary granulomas associated with infection
      by the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The kinetics and histochemical
      characteristics of these mast cells were studied and compared with those of
      intestinal mucosal mast cells. The number of lung mast cells showed a distinct
      increase 2 weeks after injection and then gradually decreased. In a study using
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), which is incorporated into cellular DNA at the S-phase,
      mast-cell labeling was highest 12-13 days after infection, and returned to the
      normal level 21 days after infection. This indicates that lung mast cells
      proliferate for only a short time. Intestinal mucosal mast cells showed a similar
      pattern. A parallel increase in globule leukocytes in the bronchus and trachea
      was also observed. The proliferating lung mast cells in the early period were
      stained with alcian blue but were negative for berberine and avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complexes (ABC). In a lung extract, type II protease, which has been
      reported to be confined to mucosal mast cells, increased until the 14th day, and
      decreased thereafter. This indicates that lung mast cells, at least in the
      initial stage of proliferation, are similar to intestinal mucosal mast cells in
      terms of their cell kinetics and histochemical characteristics. However,
      histochemical studies of mast cells at a later stage of infection showed a
      different result. After 12 weeks of infection when the mast-cell density was
      still high, almost all the lung mast cells became positive with berberine and/or
      ABC, both of which are supposed to be bound to heparin within mast cell
      granules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892300
TI  - Lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure of feline kidneys from six different
      storage diseases.
AB  - We have compared the pattern of lectin staining with the ultrastructural features
      of kidneys from normal cats and 19 cats with 6 different lysosomal storage
      diseases. The diseases studied include GM1 and GM2 gangliosidosis,
      mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)-I and MPS-VI, sphingomyelin-lipidosis (i.e., Niemann
      Pick disease) and mannosidosis. Ten different biotinylated lectins were used as
      histochemical probes for carbohydrate residues and avidin-biotin-peroxidase
      complex as visualant. Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A) stained
      mesangial cells in all storage diseases but GM1, epithelial cells in
      sphingomyelin-lipidosis and mannosidosis, endothelial cells in GM1 and
      mannosidosis and Bowman's capsule cells in all but GM2. Griffonia simplicifolia
      agglutinin I (GS-I) stained the glomerular endothelium in all six diseases, but
      not in control kidneys. Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA-I) stained the
      glomerular epithelium only in GM1 and MPS-I. Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin
      (SWGA) stained the glomerular endothelium and epithelium in mannosidosis, and the
      glomerular epithelium and Bowman's capsule in MPS-I. Ultrastructure studies
      demonstrated an accumulation of oligosaccharides in cases of mannosidosis and GM1
      gangliosidosis, a mixture of oligosaccharides and lipids in MPS-I, MPS-VI and GM2
      gangliosidosis and only lipid storage in sphingomyelin lipidosis. These studies
      show that morphologic and histochemical changes are manifested in some kidney
      cell types in lysosomal storage diseases, even though the enzyme deficiency
      occurs in all cell types. Furthermore, we show that the nature of the undegraded
      stored material is complex and that other factors, such as rate of membrane turn
      over, membrane composition, and cell function may influence the amount and nature
      of the "stored" material.

PMID- 2892302
TI  - Effects of retinoic acid on the growth and morphology of hamster tracheal
      epithelial cells in primary culture.
AB  - Hamster tracheal epithelial cells were grown in primary culture on a collagen gel
      substrate in hormone-supplemented serum-free Ham's F12 medium with 10(-8) M
      retinoic acid (RA+), or without retinoic acid (RA-). On days 1 and 2, the
      colonies were composed of large (secretory) cells and lesser numbers of small
      (basal) cells; ciliated cells were rare. At these times, cell number, thymidine
      incorporation, and total labelling indices (small and large cells, combined) were
      similar in RA+ and RA- cultures, but the large cells became flat in RA- medium on
      day 2. On days 3-5, thymidine incorporation and total labelling indices were less
      in RA- than RA+ cultures, and on days 4-6, cell numbers were decreased in RA-
      cultures. On day 3, the large cells of the RA- colonies had flattened further and
      clusters of small basal cells had formed. On day 4, the RA+ colonies were
      composed of densely-packed cuboidal secretory cells, small basal cells were
      inconspicuous; the total labelling index was about 27%. The RA- colonies were
      composed of large flat secretory cells and numerous small basal cells which were
      clustered in groups; the total labelling index was about 7%. Since large and
      small cells could be discriminated by size in RA- colonies, a labelling index was
      generated based on cell size. On days 2, 3 and 4, the labelling index of the
      small basal cells in the RA- colonies was 44%, 43% and 24% respectively, whereas
      the labelling index of the large secretory cells fell rapidly over the same
      period (56%, 14% and 2%). On days 5 and 6, the cuboidal secretory cells in the
      RA+ cultures had differentiated further and the cells were stratified focally.
      Some new ciliated cells had formed on day 6. In RA- cultures, mucous granules
      were not observed in the large flat cells and ciliated cells were not seen. The
      total labelling indices were 11% and 0.35% in RA+ cultures, and 0.5% and 0.25% in
      RA- cultures on days 5 and 6, respectively. The study shows that the target cell
      for vitamin A in the hamster tracheal epithelium is the secretory (mucous) cell.
      When retinoic acid was deficient, the secretory cells flattened and their
      capacity to divide was greatly diminished. Since the basal cells continued to
      replicate when the secretory cells did not, the population density of the basal
      cells increased disproportionally, which could be interpreted erroneously as a
      "basal cell hyperplasia".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2892301
TI  - Oxygen derived radicals related injury in the heart during calcium paradox.
AB  - The effects of oxygen-derived radical scavengers (ODRS) on the heart was
      investigated during the calcium paradox. Perfusion with Ca2+-free medium caused
      cell separation at the intercalated discs and changes in the endothelial cells.
      Upon Ca2+ reintroduction, a massive cell damage occurred. The cytosolic enzyme,
      creatine phosphokinase (CPK), was released in large amounts (p less than 0.001).
      The tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was reduced to 3.7 mumol/g dry weight
      from the control value of 21.6 mumol/g dry weight and tissue Ca2+ content was
      increased threefold. The treatment with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
      (CAT) increased percentage of normal cells (62.2%) compared to nontreated Ca2+
      paradox group (0.2%) and caused negligible leakage of CPK. Tissue ATP was
      preserved (p less than 0.03), and Ca2+ content was also reduced in the hearts
      treated with SOD and CAT (p less than 0.03). The cell membranes and vascular
      endothelium were well preserved in the hearts treated with SOD and CAT. Boiled
      SOD and CAT administered were totally ineffective. It is suggested that oxygen
      active species may have a role in the Ca2+ paradox injury.

PMID- 2892303
TI  - Level of Opisthorchis infestation and carcinogen dose-dependence of
      cholangiocarcinoma induction in Syrian golden hamsters.
AB  - The relationship between different levels of liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini
      infestation and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) dosage in the induction of
      cholangiocarcinomas was investigated in Syrian golden hamsters. Two hundred and
      eighty male, weanling animals were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 served as
      untreated controls; group 2 received O. viverrini metacercariae only at levels of
      100, 50, 25 or 12 per animal; group 3 received DMN only at doses of 12.5, 6.25 or
      3.125 ppm; group 4 received various combinations of metacercariae and DMN. Only 2
      of 17 animals (12%) in group 3 receiving 12.5 ppm had detectable tumours and no
      neoplastic lesions were seen in the 6.25 and 3.125 ppm DMN subgroups or in
      parasite alone or untreated control hamsters. In contrast, high carcinogen and
      parasite dose-dependent yields of cholangiocarcinomas (incidences up to 93%) and
      putative preneoplastic cholangiofibrotic lesions were observed in group 4. Thus
      the results indicate clear dose-dependent synergistic effects for the two agents
      and reveal the crucial importance of the presence of parasite, even at levels as
      low as 12 metacercariae, for DMN induction of bile duct carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2892304
TI  - Development of intracytoplasmic lumina in diethylnitrosamine-induced tracheal
      papillomas of Syrian golden hamster. A light and electron microscopical study.
AB  - Tracheal papillomas in the Syrian golden hamster were induced with
      diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Intracytoplasmic lumina filled with mucus were studied
      by light and electron microscopy. The sequence of lumen genesis is described
      ultrastructurally. Mucus substances in the center of intracytoplasmic lumen are
      presumed to be condensations of cell coat macromolecules. The intracytoplasmic
      lumen is discussed as a common feature of the adenoid component in epithelial
      neoplasms.

PMID- 2892305
TI  - Light and electron microscopical demonstration of c- erB-2 gene product-like
      immunoreactivity in human malignant tumors.
AB  - C-erbB-2 is a human protooncogene homologous with the well-known c-erbB. Genes
      and gene products of the EGF receptor and c-erbB are known to be closely related
      and to be closely homologous in their intracellular domain. Inspection of the
      deduced amino acid sequence suggested that the c-erbB-2 gene encodes a receptor
      for a yet unidentified growth factor. An immunohistological study was performed
      by introducing an antibody raised in the rabbit by immunization with a synthetic
      peptide corresponding to a part of the intracytoplasmic domain of predicted gene
      product. Specimens from 13 normal human organs, fresh frozen tissue from 41
      surgically excised human malignant tumors and eight cell lines maintained in nude
      mice were studied. Positive staining was found in 4 of the 41 (9.8%) malignant
      tumors. All of the positive tumors were adenocarcinomas and two adenocarcinoma
      cell lines were also positive. Amongst the normal human tissues, epithelial cells
      in stomach, small and large intestine were faintly stained. When the positively
      stained cell lines were studied by immunoelectronmicroscopy, the reaction was
      most prominent in the membrane of microvilli, but part of the nuclear membrane,
      the endoplasmic reticulum and the outer cell membrane were also stained. DNA and
      mRNA blot assays, as well as our immunoprecipitation test, revealed that
      immunohistologically positive cell lines bore amplified c-erbB-2 DNA, c-erbB-2
      mRNA and 185 kD protein which is supposed to be the gene product, while negative
      cell lines did not.

PMID- 2892308
TI  - Cytoplasmic microvesicles in chromophobe cell renal carcinoma demonstrated by
      freeze fracture.
AB  - In the chromophobe cell type of renal carcinoma, cytoplasmic microvesicles
      (frequently with "inner vesicles") demonstrable by transmission electron
      microscopy are one of the most important diagnostic features. The present paper
      reports on these microvesicles in freeze fracture replicas. Their diameter is
      mainly between 140 and 300 micron, but smaller and very much larger vesicles may
      also occur. The vesicle membrane is devoid of, or contains only scanty
      intramembranous particles. Cytoplasmic invaginations, probably the precursors of
      "inner vesicles" can also be detected. Connections with the agranular endoplasmic
      reticulum, mitochondria or other cell components could not be documented. Larger
      vacuoles limited by a membrane and containing large numbers of microvesicles have
      been interpreted as autophagic vacuoles. In freeze fracture replicas, there are
      marked differences between the chromophobe cell and the clear cell type of renal
      carcinoma, providing further evidence that the chromophobe cell type is a
      distinct entity.

PMID- 2892307
TI  - Stimulation of pituitary corticotrophs in the rat--ultrastructural studies.
AB  - The ultrastructural changes occurring in the corticotrophs of adult male and
      female Sprague-Dawley rats at 2 and 6 weeks after bilateral adrenalectomy were
      assessed on both a qualitative and quantitative basis. Qualitative changes were
      similar to those previously described but at both time points, female rats showed
      more marked changes than males. Corticotroph hypertrophy reached a plateau in
      male animals between 2 and 6 weeks, but continued to increase in females. There
      was an increase in mean granule diameter in both sexes at 2 weeks after
      adrenalectomy. The changes induced by the daily administration of CRF for 2 weeks
      by intraperitoneal injection were also examined in male rats. CRF induced
      corticotroph hypertrophy at both 25 micrograms/Kg and 50 micrograms/Kg body
      weight and increased the granule content. The addition of vasopressin (VP) to the
      higher dose of CRF induced a further increase in cell area and reduction in
      granule content. Low dose CRF was associated with an increase in mean granule
      diameter, whereas a decrease was seen after high dose.

PMID- 2892306
TI  - A semiautomatic image analyzing system based on an APPLE II or IIe personal
      computer.
AB  - A new semiautomatic image analyzing system based on an APPLE II or IIe personal
      computer is described. The configurations of the hardware and software are
      extensively explained. The possibilities of applying the system are demonstrated
      by different examples taken from various projects in biological research and
      clinical pathology. The system is designed to fulfil the following requirements:
      (1) stepwise realization as a unit-by-unit system according to individual needs
      and interests, (2) acquisition and calculation of morphometric parameters, (3)
      provision of solutions for the greatest possible number of given problems in
      clinical and experimental pathology, (4) direct connection of the system to host
      computers for on-line data transfer and evaluation, and (5) optimum cost-benefit
      ratio by manifold application possibilities for the individual hardware and
      software elements. The advantages of the unit-by-unit system with personal
      computers outweigh in many respects the disadvantages (for example, increased
      file handling and limited capacity) in comparison with the closed automatized
      image evaluation system, particularly with regard to costs, flexibility and
      compatibility. The system is being further developed in collaboration with
      Kontron Bildanalyse GmbH, Eching/Munich, FRG.

PMID- 2892309
TI  - Effect of long-term inhibition of hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by
      mevinolin on the zona fasciculata of rat adrenal cortex. A combined morphometric
      and biochemical study.
AB  - The effects of a 7-day infusion with mevinolin, a potent competitive inhibitor of
      hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, on the adrenal zona
      fasciculata were examined in normal and dexamethasone/ACTH-treated rats. In both
      groups of animals, the drug caused a lowering in plasma and intra-adrenal
      cholesterol concentrations, as well as a slight decrease in the blood level of
      corticosterone. Morphometry of zona fasciculata cells showed that specific
      mevinolin-induced changes (i.e. those occurring in both groups of rats and
      therefore not due to enhanced release of ACTH following decrease in circulating
      corticosterone) are severe lipid-droplet depletion and a conspicuous increase in
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and peroxisomes. The hypothesis is discussed
      that these morphological changes express a compensatory response of zona
      fasciculata cells to counteract the mevinolin-induced inhibition of cholesterol
      synthesis in both liver and adrenal cortex.

PMID- 2892310
TI  - The influence of fixation on the morphology of mouse epidermis. A light and
      electron microscopical study with special reference to "dark cells" and epidermal
      carcinogenesis.
AB  - Different opinions exist on the normal ultrastructure of the epidermis including
      the significance of so-called basal dark cells. Thus, the dark cells are still
      assumed to be key elements in experimental skin carcinogenesis. We therefore
      explored the effects of tissue fixation on the ultrastructure of the epidermis.
      Untreated normal hairless mouse skin was processed for transmission electron
      microscopy with two different sets of fixatives, applied either by perfusion
      immersion or immersion fixation only. The morphology of both the basal and the
      lower suprabasal layers of the epidermis, including the extracellular space, the
      shape and volume of the cells, their electron density, and the organisation of
      some of the organelles, were profoundly affected by the choice of fixatives. The
      non-keratinocytes showed comparable changes, including the appearance of a dark
      phenotype. The incidence of small electron-dense keratinocytes (dark cells) and
      the nature of their ultrastructure changed markedly with the fixation procedure.
      We were not able to identify undifferentiated dark cells. The pattern of changes
      and the quality of the morphological picture were almost unaffected by the mode
      of fixation. The upper suprabasal and the cornified layers appeared to be more or
      less unaltered by the change in fixatives and the method of application. The
      vehicle osmolality of the primary fixative was found to be mainly responsible for
      the ultrastructural appearances. A low vehicle osmolality may be responsible for
      the occurrence of the dark cell phenomenon, by inducing swelling artefacts of
      many cells with compression of some neighbouring cells.

PMID- 2892311
TI  - The use of the anti-factor VIII method on trephine biopsies of the bone marrow
      for the identification of immature and atypical megakaryocytes in
      myeloproliferative diseases and allied disorders. A morphometric study.
AB  - A morphometric analysis was performed on trephine biopsies of the bone marrow to
      identify atypical megakaryocyte proliferation following PAS staining and the
      immunohistological demonstration of factor VIII. This study includes nine
      patients with a megakaryoblastic crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), four
      with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AM) and three with myeloid dysplasia later
      evolving into overt acute leukemia. Comparison and statistical evaluation of the
      PAS reaction with anti-factor VIII staining reveals that the latter technique not
      only facilitates the recognition of immature and abnormal megakaryocytes, but
      leads to a significantly increased count for all megakaryocytic elements in the
      bone marrow. Thus our retrospective investigation of routinely processed and
      paraffin-embedded trephine biopsies shows that the diagnosis of a
      megakaryoblastic crisis in CML as well as AM may be easily established with the
      aid of the anti-factor VIII method. In all cases of megakaryoblastic
      proliferation in CML and AM, the appearance of blasts was associated with
      moderate to pronounced myelofibrosis which could be also determined by
      morphometry.

PMID- 2892312
TI  - Major rearrangement of cellular DNA in the vicinity of integrated polyomavirus
      DNA.
AB  - The Cyp cell line was produced by transforming mouse embryo cells at the
      restrictive temperature with an early thermosensitive mutant of polyomavirus
      (Py). Transfer of Cyp cells to the nonrestrictive temperature causes excision to
      occur at a single chromosomal site carrying viral DNA, and leads to the
      production of infectious virus. We have attempted to elucidate the recombination
      event that occurred during the integration of Py DNA in this inducible line.
      Physical characterization of two recombinant DNAs-one selected from a genomic
      library of normal mouse DNA and the other constructed from the unoccupied allele
      of the Cyp integration site-indicates that generation of the Cyp line has
      involved the joining of not only viral DNA to a cellular alpha site, but also the
      cellular alpha site to a cellular alpha site to cellular beta site. Hence,
      previously described hybrid excision products from the Cyp line were made of
      mouse DNA segments representing two distinct cellular sites. The alpha-beta
      joining may play a role in the expression of integrated Py DNA.

PMID- 2892313
TI  - A functional role for intermediate filaments in the formation of frog virus 3
      assembly sites.
AB  - During the course of frog virus 3 (FV3) infection in baby hamster kidney 21 (BHK)
      cells, vimentin-type intermediate filaments reorganize to surround the virus's
      cytoplasmic assembly sites. To determine whether the association between vimentin
      filaments and viral assembly sites has a functional role in the virus life-cycle,
      we treated cells with the antimicrotubule drugs taxol or colchicine, or injected
      them with monoclonal antivimentin antibodies prior to FV3 infection. Each of
      these reagents caused the collapse of the normally extended BHK intermediate
      filament system. In the case of taxol-treated or antivimentin-injected cells, the
      collapsed vimentin filaments were unable to reorganize around the newly forming
      viral assembly sites. The viral assembly sites that did form were aberrant and
      there was a significant reduction in the number of mature virions present.
      Colchicine, which also caused the collapse of vimentin filament organization, did
      not block the reorganization of vimentin filaments in response to viral infection
      and viral assembly sites appeared normal. These results suggest that intermediate
      filaments play an important role in maintaining the structural and functional
      integrity of FV3 assembly sites.

PMID- 2892314
TI  - [T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in adults--a human tumor of probable viral origin].

PMID- 2892315
TI  - [Pathogenetic mechanisms of the spread of the lesion focus in myocardial infarct
      and measures for its limitation (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2892316
TI  - [Mechanism of the stimulation of immunogenesis by antitumor preparation 6--a
      plant antibiotic].

PMID- 2892317
TI  - Aspects of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1--associated diseases in
      Jamaica.

PMID- 2892318
TI  - [Status of eye movement data in the microanalysis of cognitive processes].

PMID- 2892319
TI  - [Figure recognition and reproduction in hearing, hard of hearing and deaf
      children: an empirical analysis].

PMID- 2892320
TI  - [The concept of hormones and their criteria in modern endocrinology].

PMID- 2892321
TI  - [The physiological sciences in the USSR in 1917-1987 (a short chronicle of
      events)].

PMID- 2892323
TI  - [Neurogenic arterial hypertension in monkeys: neurohormonal mechanisms,
      prevention and treatment].

PMID- 2892322
TI  - [Physiological mechanisms of biological rhythms].

PMID- 2892325
TI  - [Anaerobic spore formers in commercial spices and ingredients for infant food].
AB  - Anaerobic spore-formers can cause food intoxication. Clostridium (Cl.)
      perfringens type-A strains are mainly involved. In addition to the original
      contamination of food, e.g., meat or milk, ingredients such as spices or meat
      extracts are the main source and low numbers of clostridia are present (i.e., up
      to 10(2) cells/g). At present, information about the quantitative ecology of
      clostridia is incomplete; therefore 115 commercial food products were
      investigated (spices: n = 70, meat extracts: n = 15, instant foods: n = 30). For
      the detection of low numbers of clostridia (less than 10(3)/g), the most probable
      number (MPN) technique was used. For the detection of higher numbers (greater
      than 10(3)/g) a cultivation method in solid media was developed. The mesophilic
      sulphite-reducing clostridia spores were detected by the pour-plating method with
      overlayer. Twenty-one of the 70 commercial spices, 7 of the 30 specimen of
      instant food and 12 of the 15 meat extracts were clostridia-positive. The low
      counts ranged between 3 X 10(0) and 10(3) cells/g, in most cases (2/3) in the
      range 10(1)/10(2)/g. Only in 6 cases were more than 10(3) clostridia/g detected.
      Most of those isolated were identified as Cl. perfringens (46 of 73 isolates).
      Only in meat extracts did clostridia species other than Cl. perfringens strains
      predominate. Three of the 23 Cl. perfringens strains proved to be heat-resistant.
      A hydrated meat extract originally contaminated with low numbers was tested in a
      pilot study for the enrichment of clostridia. This extract showed an increase of
      up to 10(7) cells/ml after a 24-h incubation period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2892324
TI  - Repellent soap for use against malaria vectors in Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2892327
TI  - Growth curves of Clostridium perfringens in Schaedler and brain heart infusion
      broths.
AB  - Four Clostridium perfringens strains recovered from clinical specimens, four
      strains obtained from faecal specimens of healthy adults, and control strain ATCC
      13124 were inoculated into Schaedler and Brain Heart Infusion broths,
      respectively, and incubated anaerobically at 35 degrees C for 24 h. The
      exponential growth phase usually lasted from 2 to 6 h following inoculation; the
      generation times averaged 23 min at 2 to 4 h and 27 min between 4 and 6 h of
      incubation. The early stationary growth phase (generation time between 6 and 8 h
      = 89 min) was reached at 8 h following inoculation. All strains displayed
      essentially identical in vitro growth rates, even though they differed in murine
      virulence.

PMID- 2892326
TI  - Enzyme activities of the strains belonging to family Leptospiraceae detected by
      the API ZYM system.
AB  - A total of 32 strains of the family Leptospiraceae (23 strains of Leptospira
      interrogans, 6 strains of Leptospira biflexa, 2 strains of Leptonema and 1 strain
      of Leptospira parva) were examined for enzyme activities using 89 substrates (API
      ZYM system). More than 90% of the strains belonging to the family Leptospiraceae
      possessed strong activities of beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase and 5
      esterases (C5, C6, C8, C9 and C10). More than 90% of the strains belonging to the
      genus Leptospira, except L. parva, had strong activities of L-lysine arylamidase
      and alpha-L-glutamate arylamidase. L. biflexa strains, except serovar andamana,
      were different from the other strains examined in that they possessed glycyl
      glycine arylamidase, glycyl-phenylalanine arylamidase and L-tryptophan
      arylamidase. L. biflexa strains, except andamana, L. parva and Leptonema strains
      possessed strong activities of glycine arylamidase and leucyl-glycine
      arylamidase. Two strains of the genus Leptonema were different from the strains
      belonging to the genus Leptospira in that they possessed strong activities of
      beta-D-lactosidase. L. parva lacked alpha-D-galactosidase which other strains
      belonging to the family Leptospiraceae possessed. Dendrogram analysis revealed
      that strains belonging to the family Leptospiraceae were divided into 4 groups.
      The first group consisted of all strains belonging to L. interrogans and serovar
      andamana of L. biflexa; the second group consisted of the remaining 5 serovars of
      L. biflexa; the third group consisted of the genus Leptonema; and the fourth
      group consisted of only L. parva.

PMID- 2892328
TI  - [Possibilities for neurotransmitter correction in parkinsonism (a review)].

PMID- 2892329
TI  - Hantavirus nephropathy, an unrecognized cause of transient acute renal failure in
      Belgium.

PMID- 2892330
TI  - [Hantavirus nephropathy in Belgium: description of 2 new cases originating in
      southern provinces].

PMID- 2892331
TI  - [Hantavirus nephropathy: apropos of 4 cases diagnosed in south Hainaut].

PMID- 2892332
TI  - Plasma levels of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin in response to
      a mixed meal and during sleep in children.
AB  - Following a mixed meal, plasma levels of GHRH, GH, SRIH and insulin were measured
      in 7 prepubertal children with constitutional delay of growth and adolescence
      (CDGA) and in 3 children with proven GH-deficiency which responded to GHRH
      injection. In children with CDGA, plasma levels of GHRH increased between 60 and
      120 min (10.1 +/- 1.2 ng/l vs 25.5 +/- 4.4 ng/l; P less than 0.01). Although no
      GH increase occurred in patients with GH-deficiency, their plasma GHRH increases
      were comparable to those in CDGA children. No time relationship was present
      between circulating GHRH and GH, SRIH, or insulin, nor was there any correlation
      between their integrated hormone response areas. Sleep-induced plasma GHRH, GH
      and SRIH values were determined in 10 prepubertal children with CDGA. Spontaneous
      variations of plasma GHRH and GH values occurred with no temporal or quantitative
      relationship. SRIH values did not change during nocturnal sleep. In one child
      with GH-deficiency, comparable GHRH plasma fluctuations occurred, although GH
      values were all below 1 microgram/l. Our results support the concept that
      circulating GHRH does not only represent hypothalamic GHRH, but derives mainly
      from extrahypothalamic sources, possibly from the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2892333
TI  - Clinical use of somatostatin analogues (Sandostatin, SMS 20l-995). Proceedings of
      a symposium. Amsterdam, November 14, 1986.

PMID- 2892334
TI  - Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of somatostatin and the gastrointestinal
      tract.
AB  - Somatostatin is present in the gastrointestinal tract in appreciable amounts. The
      highest concentrations of the polypeptide are found in the stomach, the upper
      small intestine, and the pancreas. Within the gastrointestinal tract,
      somatostatin inhibits various functions, including endocrine and exocrine
      secretion, motility, blood flow, absorption, and growth. The polypeptide
      regulates these functions by endocrine, paracrine, neurocrine or luminal
      mechanisms. Abnormalities of endogenous somatostatin have been implicated in
      several gastrointestinal disorders, including the somatostatinoma syndrome,
      antroduodenal D-cell hyperplasia, peptic ulcer, obesity, and liver cirrhosis.
      Because of its potent inhibitory effects, somatostatin or somatostatin-analogues
      have been used as therapeutic agents in various clinical conditions, such as
      upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, endocrine pancreatic tumours,
      gastrointestinal and pancreatic fistulas, pancreatitis, secretory diarrhoea, and
      dumping syndrome. The recent availability of the synthetic long-acting
      somatostatin-analogue SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin) has greatly facilitated the
      therapeutical application of somatostatin-polypeptides.

PMID- 2892335
TI  - Clinical evaluation of SMS 201-995. Long-term treatment in gut neuroendocrine
      tumours, efficacy of oral administration, and possible use in non-tumoural
      inappropriate TSH hypersecretion.
AB  - Long-acting somatostatin analogues such as SMS 201-995 (Sandoz) are being
      evaluated in a wide range of clinical indications, including gut neuroendocrine
      tumours and acrogemaly. Long-term continuous SMS 201-995 treatment has achieved
      useful symptomatic improvement in diarrhoea in 4 patients with metastatic VIPomas
      who had relapsed following previous treatment. Clinical improvement has outlasted
      suppression of VIP secretion (suggesting an additional direct antisecretory
      action of SMS 201-995) and has occurred despite expansion of hepatic metastases.
      In 6 patients with tumours secreting gastrin and/or glucagon, secretion of these
      peptides was acutely inhibited by SMS 201-995. However, endocrine and clinical
      responses to chronic treatment have been less consistent. SMS 201-995 is active
      orally at doses of 4-8 mg and when given thrice-daily to 6 patients with active
      acromegaly, suppressed mean 24-h growth hormone levels by 51-88%. Despite
      significantly reduced plasma insulin concentrations, glucose tolerance did not
      deteriorate. SMS 201-995 was also effective in suppressing thyroid-stimulating
      hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone secretion in a patient with mild thyrotoxicosis
      due to non-tumoural inappropriate TSH hypersecretion. In all cases SMS 201-995
      treatment has been well tolerated and has few side-effects.

PMID- 2892336
TI  - SMS 201-995 and variceal haemorrhage.
AB  - Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) was evaluated in the treatment of variceal bleeding in
      9 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension who were undergoing
      injection sclerotherapy following a variceal haemorrhage. SMS 201-995 reduced
      directly recorded intravariceal pressure by 38%, whereas reductions in the wedged
      hepatic venous pressure were around 17%. These observations suggest that SMS 201
      995 may prove useful in treating bleeding oesophageal varices in the acute
      situation. Preliminary, promising data are shown in the results of a randomized
      controlled clinical trial in which SMS 201-995 plus injection sclerotherapy vs
      injection sclerotherapy are compared in patients with bleeding oesophageal
      varices. Furthermore, in experimental work associated stimulating effects of SMS
      201-995 are shown on the function of the reticulo-endothelial system both in the
      liver and peripherally. These effects may prove useful by reducing the effects of
      endotoxaemia and possibly result in arresting further liver damage.

PMID- 2892337
TI  - Long-acting somatostatin analogue (Sandostatin) reduces late night insulinopenic
      ketogenesis in diabetic teenagers.
AB  - Ten diabetic teenagers were admitted into our hospital for two nights, separated
      by one week. In a double-blind cross-over randomized study they received either
      50 micrograms of the new long-acting somatostatin analogue Sandostatin sc or
      placebo. All patients were between 12 and 16 years of age, C-peptide negative
      with a duration of diabetes of at least four years. They had either conventional
      therapy or insulin pump therapy. Insulin doses and diets were kept unchanged.
      Blood samples were taken half hourly from 17.00 h until 09.30 h the next morning
      from an indwelling venous catheter. Hormonal and metabolic profiles on the two
      nights were evaluated by means of a distribution free time sequential co-movement
      analysis and by the paired Wilcoxon's signed rank test. After Sandostatin was
      given at 22.00 h, GH levels were significantly suppressed during 4 h. During that
      period blood glucose was slightly but significantly lower than after placebo. The
      free-insulin profiles from both nights were very comparable. Co-movement analysis
      showed a significant correlation between glucose and free insulin variations with
      a 30-min backward shift of the glucose curve. However, after Sandostatin
      administration this relation was lost in the period between 22.00 and 07.00 h,
      indicating a different effect of insulin on glucose levels during the nights
      Sandostatin was given. Early morning glucose rises were associated with free
      insulin levels below 20 mU/l. This association was not altered during the
      Sandostatin nights. Glucagon was not suppressed by Sandostatin except at 120 min
      after injection, and remained unchanged during the rest of the observation
      period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892338
TI  - A guide to the clinical use of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995
      (Sandostatin).
AB  - SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin) is an octapeptide which differs in its action from
      native somatostatin in four ways: 1) it inhibits GH hormone secretion in
      preference to insulin secretion; 2) it can be administered subcutaneously or even
      orally; 3) it is long-acting (t1/2 after sc administration 113 min), and 4) there
      is no rebound hypersecretion of hormones when the effect of the analogue lingers
      off. In this paper a guide is offered for the use of Sandostatin in the treatment
      of acromegaly (after unsuccessful operation and/or radiotherapy) and of
      metastatic endocrine pancreatic tumours and carcinoids. A dose regimen for these
      two types of patients is suggested and the adverse reactions which can be
      expected are summarized. In addition, preliminary data are shown and the
      limitations are discussed of possible future indications of the analogue in the
      treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus and gastrointestinal diseases.

PMID- 2892340
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV), a functional marker of the T lymphocyte system.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV; E.C. 3.4.14.5), a plasma membrane structure of
      human T lymphocytes has been shown to be an important enzyme in the process of
      activation and proliferation of lymphocytes. In presence of specific inhibitors
      and antibodies against DP IV different functions of lymphocytes in vitro were
      found to be impaired. This holds true for mitogen and alloantigen induced DNA
      synthesis, immunoglobulin production and secretion, and interleukin-2 as well as
      interferon-gamma production. Studies of mitogen-induced expression of different
      activation markers (HLA class II antigen, 4F2, Tac) suggested that one of the
      functions of DP IV lies in overriding the cell cycle restriction point at G1.
      These data, together with other features of the DP IV, support the notion that
      this enzyme plays a key role in the modulation of lymphokine action by X-Pro- or
      X-Ala-directed limited proteolysis. Moreover the high frequency of DP IV
      susceptible bonds in different growth factors (e.g. IL-1, IL-2) and other
      biologically active peptides leads to the speculation that this peptidase is of
      more general significance to the regulation of cell growth.

PMID- 2892339
TI  - Long-term treatment of acromegaly with Sandostatin (SMS 201-995). Normalization
      of most anomalous growth hormone responses.
AB  - Twelve patients with active acromegaly were treated with the long-acting
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (SMS), at a dose of 50 micrograms sc twice
      daily in the first 2 weeks of treatment and 100 micrograms sc thereafter. Four h
      after the first injection of SMS, GH levels became normal in 8 of the 12
      patients. Basal glucose levels were significantly lower at the 28th day of
      treatment. This glucose lowering effect was stronger in the diabetic than in the
      nondiabetic patients. The postprandial rise of insulin levels was reversed by
      SMS, leading to a more pronounced postprandial rise of glucose, whereas the
      postprandial secretion of glucagon was also reversed by SMS. The rise of glucose
      levels during oral glucose loading was similar before and during SMS, despite a
      strong inhibitory effect of the drug on the insulin rise after glucose loading.
      Basal TSH levels were not influenced by SMS, the TRH-induced TSH response,
      however, was significantly blunted. Although the basal PRL levels were
      significantly reduced by SMS, the TRH-induced PRL rise was similar before and
      during administration of the analogue. Paradoxical GH responses to TRH
      disappeared in 7 out of 8 patients during SMS. Paradoxical GH responses to GnRH,
      however, persisted in 4 out of 4 patients. Paradoxical responses of GH after
      glucose loading disappeared in 2 out of 2 patients. The GH response after GHRH
      administration was strongly suppressed by SMS. During long-term treatment (up to
      2 years), the GH level obtained within 5 h after the last injection of SMS
      remained normal in the patients whose GH levels normalized at the first day of
      treatment. There was a good response of the disease to this treatment, and no
      serious adverse reactions were observed. We conclude that SMS normalizes most
      anomalous growth hormone kinetics in acromegaly. The drug offers a new tool in
      the treatment of this disease.

PMID- 2892341
TI  - Successful use of isoflurane and vecuronium in a patient with Bartter's syndrome:
      a case study.

PMID- 2892342
TI  - Effect of beta-sympathotropic agents on water intake under stress: hunger and new
      environment.

PMID- 2892343
TI  - Salazosulfapyridine and metabolites in fetal and maternal body fluids with
      special reference to 5-aminosalicylic acid.
AB  - In 7 pregnant women, treated prophylactically with salazosulfapyridine (SASP) 3
      g/day, amniotic fluid (16th week, n = 4, maternal and cord plasma (n = 5) and
      breast milk (n = 3) were analysed for SASP and the metabolites sulfapyridine
      (SP), acetyl sulfapyridine (Ac-SP), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and acetyl 5
      aminosalicylic acid (Ac-5-ASA). Amniotic fluid contained concentrations of SASP,
      SP and Ac-SP and partly also Ac-5-ASA comparable to those previously found by
      others, whereas 5-ASA concentrations were very low. The ratios of maternal to
      cord plasma for all SASP metabolites were about 1:1-1:2, except for 5-ASA, cord
      plasma being extremely low. In breast milk, only traces of 5-ASA were detected,
      while Ac-5-ASA was above the plasma level. Only negligible amounts of 5-ASA are
      thus transferred to the fetus/newborn, which is of significance for the future
      use of the new non-sulfa-containing 5-ASA preparations during and after
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2892344
TI  - Qualitative characteristics of the mechanical response in rat papillary muscles
      to increase in extracellular calcium concentration.
AB  - The qualitative characteristics of the inotropic response to increase in
      extracellular calcium (Cao) were studied in isolated, electrically driven,
      isometrically contracting rat papillary muscles. All experiments were done in the
      presence of adrenergic receptor blockers. Cao was increased in a cumulative way
      by exchanging a small fraction of the incubation solution with a corresponding
      solution with higher calcium concentration (8 mmol l-1). At any Cao level there
      was an almost proportional increase in parameters describing different parts of
      the contraction-relaxation cycle as compared with results at the preceding lower
      Cao level. Time to peak tension was prolonged at high compared with low Cao
      levels. The response to increased Cao was very similar to the cyclic AMP (cAMP)
      independent inotropic response elicited through activation of alpha-adrenergic
      receptors (alpha-type response, Skomedal et al. 1982) and strikingly different
      from the cAMP-dependent inotropic response elicited, for example, through
      activation of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-type response, Skomedal et al.
      1982). As the inotropic response to increased Cao is known to be cAMP-independent
      (Donges et al. 1977), the present results demonstrate the interrelationship
      between the regulatory function(s) and the direct effector function(s) of calcium
      in the myocardium.

PMID- 2892345
TI  - Bicarbonate secretion by the rabbit duodenum in vivo: effects of prostaglandins,
      vagal stimulation and some drugs.
AB  - Duodenal HCO-3 secretion in anaesthetized rabbits was measured by continuous
      titration of the recirculating luminal perfusate at pH 7.4. The segment under
      study started 3-4 cm distal to the pylorus and was devoid of pancreatic and
      biliary HCO-3 secretion. On histological examination the submucosa was seen to
      contain Brunner's glands, mainly of a mucous type. Duodenum in rabbit secreted
      HCO3- at a considerably higher basal rate (100-125 mu equiv h-1 cm-1 of
      intestine) than has previously been found in the rat, cat or dog. The cyclo
      oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (20 mg kg-1) reduced the secretion by 30%, while
      prostaglandin E2 (5-80 microM, luminal) caused a dose-dependent increase.
      Prostaglandins thus seem to be important in regulation of duodenal HCO3-
      secretion in the rabbit and may play a role in duodenal protection against acid.
      Carbachol (1 and 10 micrograms kg-1) and atropine (0.5 and 1 mg kg-1) had no
      effects whereas hexamethonium (10 mg kg-1) caused a persistent decrease (25%) in
      secretion. Effects of electrical stimulation of the vagal nerves or injection of
      the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine markedly depended on the agent used for
      anaesthesia. In urethane-anaesthetized animals, clonidine (0.75-75 micrograms kg
      1) tended to increase the secretion whereas with nembutal, clonidine (5-150
      micrograms kg-1) decreased it significantly. Electrical stimulation of the
      cervical vagal nerves decreased the HCO3- secretion in urethane-anaesthetized
      animals but had no significant effect during nembutal anaesthesia. The responses
      in the nembutal-anaesthetized rabbit are similar to those previously observed in
      the cat, rat or dog.

PMID- 2892346
TI  - Functional alpha-adrenoceptors in human atrial preparations in the presence of
      beta-receptor blockade.
AB  - Inotropic effects via cardiac alpha-adrenoceptors were studied in electrically
      driven auricular strips (1 Hz, 37 degrees C) from patients treated with beta
      blockers for months prior to open heart surgery. Marked alpha-mediated positive
      inotropic effects were demonstrated with adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and
      phenylephrine (PHE) in the presence of beta-blocker and with blockers of the
      muscarinic receptor and of the neuronal and extraneuronal uptake mechanisms for
      the catecholamines. In the presence of approximately 10(-6) M propranolol the
      maximal effects as well as the potencies (pD2-values) for A and NA were not
      significantly different while higher than for PHE. The alpha 1-blocker, prazosin
      (10(-6) M), markedly reduced the pD2-values but not the intrinsic activities
      (alpha-values) for A, NA and PHE in the beta-blocked preparations. Methoxamine,
      however, induced negative inotropic responses at normal and low frequencies (1,
      0.5 and 0.1 Hz) of stimulation, suggestive of non-specific, cardiodepressant
      effects. Other agonists with alpha-effects in other types of tissue
      (oxymethazoline, xylomethazoline and clonidine) were without effects on the force
      and velocity of contraction in the auricular strips under the present
      experimental conditions. The results show alpha 1-type of adrenoceptor-induced
      inotropic effects for A, NA and PHE during beta-blockade in human auricular
      strips, indicating that cardiac alpha 1-receptors may have clinical importance by
      increasing the inotropy of the human myocardium treated with beta-blocking
      agents.

PMID- 2892347
TI  - [Neurotransmitters].

PMID- 2892348
TI  - Increased activity of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - The activity of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and its determinants
      were studied in 17 patients with myotonic dystrophy. The gamma-GT activity was
      elevated in 11 patients and its mean value was five-fold higher than in healthy
      controls. The increase in gamma-GT could not be explained by factors generally
      known to result in a misleading elevation of gamma-GT. Most patients with
      elevated gamma-GT also had one or more other pathological laboratory tests
      related to hepatic function but none had a clinically significant liver disease.
      Serum gamma-GT activity was not related to the disability caused by dystrophy or
      to the level of serum creatine kinase suggesting that the elevation of serum
      gamma-GT is not an indication of a general cell membrane dysfunction. It is
      concluded that the increase in serum gamma-GT activity in patients with myotonic
      dystrophy is due to a real but mild liver involvement, which should be taken into
      account in the examination of these patients who often complain of
      gastrointestinal symptoms.

PMID- 2892349
TI  - Chronic 5-HT2-receptor blockade by ritanserin does not reduce blood pressure in
      patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - The selective 5-HT2-receptor-blocking agent ritanserin is an analogue of the
      antihypertensive agent ketanserin. By evaluating the antihypertensive effects of
      ritanserin the aim of this investigation was to indirectly elucidate the
      mechanism of action of ketanserin. Thirteen patients with essential hypertension
      were treated with placebo and ritanserin, 10 mg b.i.d., in a double-blind, cross
      over design (4-week periods). At the end of the treatment periods blood pressure
      as well as plasma concentrations of ritanserin were evaluated for 24 hours.
      Despite high steady state and peak plasma concentrations of ritanserin the
      compound did not lower the blood pressure compared with placebo. Since chronic
      selective 5-HT2-receptor blockade by means of ritanserin did not lower the blood
      pressure, it is concluded that the 5-HT2 blocking properties of ketanserin cannot
      alone be responsible for the antihypertensive effects of ketanserin.

PMID- 2892350
TI  - Catecholamine release after physical exercise. A new provocative test for early
      diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.
AB  - A simple and practical provocative test is needed for early asymptomatic
      pheochromocytoma, which is a major risk for patients with multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type 2 (MEN-2). We measured plasma catecholamines before and after
      submaximal exercise in 26 MEN-2 gene carriers, eight of whom with asymptomatic
      pheochromocytoma, nine with medullary thyroid carcinoma and 10 after uni- or
      bilateral adrenalectomy. Seventeen clinically healthy individuals and 11 patients
      with neurovegetative lability and symptoms mimicking pheochromocytoma served as
      controls. Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine increased after exercise
      except for adrenaline after bilateral adrenalectomy. The post-exercise levels of
      adrenaline and the adrenaline/dopamine ratio were significantly higher in the
      pheochromocytoma patients compared to the healthy controls and the patients with
      neurovegetative lability, while the patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma
      represented an intermediate group with a high probability of developing adrenal
      tumors. The present method is a physiological test with a high sensitivity and
      specificity. It is practical and well suited for repeated examinations and seems
      to be of value for the detection of early pheochromocytoma in MEN-2 patients.
      Furthermore, the test could be used in the differential diagnosis between
      pheochromocytoma and neurovegetative lability.

PMID- 2892351
TI  - [Activity of various enzymes in the mesonephros of human embryos and fetuses].

PMID- 2892353
TI  - Current state of medicinal treatment of dysrhythmias.

PMID- 2892352
TI  - Metabolic effects of alcohol in chronic hepatopathies.

PMID- 2892354
TI  - Placental sulfatase and its importance for the prenatal diagnosis of ichtyosis.

PMID- 2892355
TI  - The cell-mediated and humoral responses to influenza virus infection in the mouse
      lung.

PMID- 2892356
TI  - IgA protease in Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.

PMID- 2892357
TI  - Antiamoebic properties of human colostrum.

PMID- 2892358
TI  - Regulation of the IgA immune response in peripheral blood and in tonsillar
      lymphocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2892359
TI  - Induction of secretory IgA responses to protein antigens.

PMID- 2892360
TI  - Intragastric inoculation with an E. coli pilus attachment factor (AF/R1) protects
      against subsequent colonization by an enteropathogen (E. coli strain RDEC-1).

PMID- 2892361
TI  - Glycoconjugate receptors for bacteria attaching to mucosal sites: examples for
      Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID- 2892362
TI  - Psychotropic effects of non-psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 2892363
TI  - Mechanism of cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi: importance of sialidase
      activity.
AB  - The sialidase activity of trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and its
      relationship to the ability of different stocks of the organism to infect
      cultured cells was examined. Sialidase activity in lysates of trypomastigotes was
      confirmed and shown to be present in organisms of four different stocks of T.
      cruzi. In addition, sialidase activity was detected in sera of mice acutely
      infected with organisms of each of the stocks of T. cruzi examined. Erythrocytes
      from these mice were agglutinated by peanut lectin, suggesting sialidase activity
      in vivo. Treatment of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages with sera from acutely
      infected mice resulted in an increased capacity of the cells to internalize blood
      trypomastigotes. IgM or IgG antibodies specific to T. cruzi were not detected in
      the sera displaying sialidase activity. Treatment of parasites and/or normal
      mouse macrophages with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, however, had little effect
      in the rate of internalization of parasites. Treatment of L 929 mouse fibroblasts
      with neuraminidase reduced significantly the rate of infection of the cells with
      blood trypomastigotes. Anti-sialidase activity developed and was detected in sera
      of infected mice and humans, suggesting that the neuraminidase activity of the
      parasite may play a significant role in the invasion of host cells only during
      the initial phase of the infection.

PMID- 2892364
TI  - Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: properties of hexokinase and
      phosphofructokinase from cultured procyclic trypomastigotes and bloodstream
      forms.
AB  - The distribution and kinetics of two key glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK) and
      phosphofructokinase (PFK) were studied in animal-infective bloodstream forms
      (haematozoic trypomastigotes) and uninfective procyclic forms (insect
      trypomastigotes) of Trypanosoma congolense. The results show that in both forms
      of T. congolense HK and PFK are particulate and are probably localized in a
      membrane-delimited organelle, the glycosome. Hexokinases of bloodstream and
      procyclic forms of T. congolense are kinetically similar with respect to their
      affinity for glucose and ATP, the apparent Km for glucose being within the range,
      of 91 microM to 100 microM and that for ATP, 65 microM to 91 microM.
      Phosphofructokinase of both forms responds to its substrate in a complex manner:
      a plot of initial velocity versus substrate concentration displays intermediary
      plateau regions.

PMID- 2892365
TI  - Trypanosoma congolense: differentiation to metacyclic trypanosomes in culture
      depends on the concentration of glutamine or proline.
AB  - The effect of glutamine on the number of metacyclic trypanosomes produced in
      insect form cultures of Trypanosoma congolense TREU 1457 was investigated. When
      cultured in the absence of glutamine, trypanosomes did not develop to metacyclic
      forms. While metacyclics were produced in all cultures maintained with glutamine
      in the concentration range 2-20 mM, optimum numbers were obtained between 4 and
      12 mM glutamine. This pattern was constant in flasks cultured for over two
      months. The substitution of glutamine by proline in culture medium did not
      influence the number of metacyclic forms produced. Removal of proline or
      glutamine from cultures producing metacyclics caused a rapid fall in production
      of metacyclic forms which could be reversed by re-introduction of either
      nutrient. Cultures of another stock of T. congolense responded similarly when
      maintained in different concentrations of glutamine, showing that the effect may
      be a general one.

PMID- 2892366
TI  - Dose and stage dependency for the development of local skin reactions caused by
      Trypanosoma congolense in goats.
AB  - Intradermal inoculation of metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma congolense propagated
      in vitro caused skin reactions in goats similar to the local skin reaction
      (chancre) induced by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. The onset, size and
      duration of these local skin reactions were dose-dependent. Whereas one cultured
      metacyclic T. congolense was sufficient to cause a local skin reaction in a goat,
      over 10(7) bloodstream forms of T. congolense were necessary to elicit a
      detectable skin reaction and while T. congolense parasites present in lymph did
      not cause local skin reactions, trypanosomes collected from oedematous fluid of
      the chancre did. - Using non-dividing irradiated bloodstream forms it was
      estimated that 10(8) T. congolense were required to induce a detectable local
      skin reaction. - Intradermal needle inoculation of procyclic forms (uncoated
      trypomastigotes) of T. congolense propagated in vitro induced an intense
      inflammatory response which was similar to that found in the early phases of the
      reaction elicited by metacyclic trypanosomes. This suggests that the uncoated
      trypomastigotes which are known to be present in the saliva of infected tsetse
      may play a role in the initial development of the chancre. - The data obtained
      for the local skin reaction suggest the presence of an intracutaneous dividing
      stage of T. congolense which is intermediate between the metacyclic and
      bloodstream forms.

PMID- 2892367
TI  - High density lipoprotein levels in the serum of trypanosensitive and
      trypanoresistant cattle. Changes during Trypanosoma congolense infection.
AB  - Nonpermissiveness to trypanosome infection has been correlated in some instances
      with the presence of toxic serum factors, e.g. high density lipoproteins (HDL) of
      human serum can lyse T.b. brucei. The present study examines the possibility of a
      role for such factors in West African cattle that are resistant to
      trypanosomiasis. Cattle used in this study were previously selected as resistant
      or sensitive to trypanosomiasis under heavy natural Glossina challenge. - A
      comparison of the direct effect of serum from trypanoresistant and
      trypanosensitive Baoule cattle on the development of pathogenic bloodstream or
      metacyclic forms of T. congolense, using modifications of the blood infectivity
      incubation test, failed to demonstrate a difference between these cattle. High
      density lipoproteins and cholesterol levels were compared in 115 cattle of known
      sensibility to trypanosomiasis. HDL-cholesterol formed 91% of the total plasma
      cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol levels in Zebu (mean of 111.8 mg/100 ml) were
      significantly higher than those in Baoule cattle (86.2 mg/100 ml). There was no
      significant difference, however, in these levels between trypanoresistant (73.4
      mg/100 ml) and trypanosensitive (84.5 mg/100 ml) Baoule. Alterations in HDL
      cholesterol levels were monitored during an experimental cyclic infection with T.
      congolense in 5 Zebu and 9 Baoule. HDL-cholesterol levels decreased in all
      animals concomitantly with the appearance of trypanosomes in the blood and
      returned rapidly to their starting values after parasite elimination following
      drug treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892368
TI  - The effect of Trypanosoma brucei infection of the localization of salivary gland
      cholinesterase in Glossina morsitans morsitans.
AB  - When salivary glands of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, are stained
      for cholinesterase (ChE) activity, a net-like pattern of reaction product is
      observed surrounding each epithelial cell of the gland's secretory region. Glands
      infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei show a progressive reduction in this ChE
      activity as the parasites develop. When the infection is mature, ChE is rarely
      detected in the epithelial layer but appears in the lumen of gland. The luminal
      ChE responds to substrates and inhibitors in the same manner as the epithelium
      associated enzyme and appears to have leaked from the epithelium due to cellular
      damage in epithelium of the infected gland. The possible effect of glandular
      damage on feeding behaviour and state of health is discussed.

PMID- 2892369
TI  - [Modification of the behavior of Glossina palpalis palpalis linked to the swine
      fever epizootic of 1982 in a Congolese village].
AB  - A swine fever epizootic decimated the pig herds in villages within the Yamba
      focus of human trypanosomiasis. Ecological studies of Glossina palpalis palpalis
      populations were carried out in one of the villages for four years following the
      disappearance of the pigs, which had been the principal nutritive host of the
      Glossina in the area. One important behavioural modification occurred, namely the
      establishment of a small peridomestic tsetse population. The flies deserted the
      patches of residual forest to settle around the periphery of the village. This
      probably occurred in numerous other villages where the epizootic had destroyed
      the herds of pigs. The modified behaviour has increased the man-fly contact, but,
      on the other hand, facilitates vector control.

PMID- 2892370
TI  - Immune serum from both susceptible and resistant strains of mice increases
      phagocytosis of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis by macrophages.
AB  - Immune sera obtained from either BALB/c mice (susceptible) at 7 weeks, or C57BL/6
      mice (resistant), at 7 weeks after infection with L. m. amazonensis, were
      effective in increasing internalization of homologous promastigotes into starch
      induced peritoneal macrophages (from both mouse strains). Both the
      internalization enhancing effect and the levels of anti-leishmanial antibody
      (ELISA) were removed from sera by absorption with heat-killed promastigotes. Sera
      at 1/200 dilution obtained from either mouse strain at 2 weeks after infection
      did not enhance parasite internalization into macrophages. The factors leading to
      susceptibility or resistance during leishmaniasis do not appear to be related to
      differences in antibody-mediated opsonic activity.

PMID- 2892371
TI  - Characterization of immunosuppressive proteins of Brugia malayi microfilariae.
AB  - Inhibition of Concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation was used to monitor
      the partial purification and characterization of suppressor molecules from
      microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Suppressor activity was present in high molecular
      weight fractions of microfilarial extracts (Mr greater than 50 kd on SDS-PAGE)
      and was protease-sensitive but resisted treatment with sodium periodate,
      indicating that it is associated with parasite proteins. Suppressor activity was
      released by microfilariae cultured in vitro and could be detected in peritoneal
      exudates of intraperitoneally-infected jirds and in lymph and sera from athymic
      C3H/HeN mice with patent B. malayi infections. These findings indicate that
      immune unresponsiveness during patent filarial infections may result from the in
      vivo release by microfilariae of high molecular weight proteins that suppress
      host immune responses.

PMID- 2892372
TI  - Increase in natural killer cell activity during diethylcarbamazine treatment of
      patients with filariasis.
AB  - Two patients, one with Bancroftian filariasis and the other with onchocerciasis,
      and two healthy controls were treated with diethylcarbamazine (DEC). The natural
      killer (NK) cell activity of the two patients increased during DEC treatment to
      2.5 and 2.8 times, respectively, while that of the controls remained unchanged.
      We conclude that the augmentation of baseline NK cell activity, as well as
      interferon- and interleukin-2-enhanced NK cell activity seen in the patients, is
      not a direct effect of DEC, but is related to the reaction to DEC in lymphatic
      filariasis and onchocerciasis.

PMID- 2892373
TI  - Clinical experience with metrifonate. Review with emphasis on its use in endemic
      areas.
AB  - Metrifonate is an excellent drug for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in
      areas with S. haematobium monoinfection. Toxicity apparently is negligible. Side
      effects due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase are usually scarce, light
      and transient in nature. At the recommended dosage of 3 times 10 mg/kg the
      chemotherapeutic potential of metrifonate to cure can be expected to range
      between 60 and 90%. Each dose of metrifonate reduces egg excretion by almost 90%.
      Treatment with metrifonate clearly reverses lower and upper renal tract
      pathology. An intermittent course of metrifonate may be administered by minimally
      trained health personnel. When appropriately timed with regards to local
      transmission dynamics the minimal requirement to achieve 99% reduction of egg
      excretion may be as low as three or four doses spaced over a period of two years.

PMID- 2892374
TI  - The effect of the trypanocidal drugs berenil and samorin on infections of
      Glossina morsitans centralis by Trypanosoma congolense.

PMID- 2892375
TI  - Studies on experimental infection of pigs with Trypanosoma brucei.

PMID- 2892376
TI  - Adaptation of Trypanosoma congolense stocks to in vitro culture does not change
      their sensitivity to isometamidium.

PMID- 2892377
TI  - The promastigote surface protease of Leishmania donovani infantum in the midgut
      of Phlebotomus perniciosus.

PMID- 2892378
TI  - The influence of the isolation technique of influenza virus nucleoprotein on its
      antigenic properties.
AB  - ELISA has been used to study the antigenic properties 1. of influenza virus
      nucleoprotein (NP-1) isolated from virions with the help of preparative
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE); 2. of virion ribonucleoprotein (NP-2),
      and 3. of NP structures prepared by dissociation of ribonucleoprotein into RNA
      and protein in sucrose gradient containing NaCl (NP-3). The investigation of
      immunologic cross-reactivity has shown complete identity of NP-2 and NP-3 and
      their striking difference from NP-1. In contrast to NP-2, NP-3 was not
      contaminated by other virus antigens, it was a good immunogen and could be used
      for preparation of monospecific antisera of high titre. NP-1 did not induce a
      high antibody response,however, like NP-2 and NP-3, it retained its capacity to
      react with antisera to native virus. Owing to its simple production and high
      yield, this protein can be used in serodiagnosis for testing the antibody level
      against NP-protein in convalescent sera.

PMID- 2892379
TI  - HSV-1 infection and immunity in immunosuppressed mice.
AB  - The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) and hydrocortisone (HY) on the susceptibility
      of mice to intracerebral and intraperitoneal infection with herpes simplex virus
      type 1 (HSV-1) was investigated. The mean survival time, the survival ration, the
      localization of HSV-1 antigen in brain, spleen and liver as well as immunity
      after immunization with inactivated virus were determined. In the case of primary
      infection, an increased susceptibility to HSV-1 was observed after administration
      of the immunosuppressive drug. Immunization increased the resistance of mice to
      virus challenge, but no such effect was observed when the virus challenge, but no
      such effect was observed when or HY. The influence of CY and HY on the
      immunization process itself was divergent: when HY was given at the time of
      immunization, the resistance to virus challenge was abolished. On the other hand,
      CY given simultaneously with inactivated HSV-1 did not depress the immunization
      effect.

PMID- 2892380
TI  - Dynamic model of the pathogenesis of Mengo virus infection in mice.
AB  - A mathematical model of the pathogenesis of experimental Mengo virus infection in
      mice has been developed and fitted using kinetic data of both virus
      multiplication in different organs and mortality. The behaviour of the model
      proved to be bistable. In contrast to the widely accepted hypothesis that an
      acutely virus-infected host dies when virus replication has attained a critical
      level in the main target organ, the present results showed the following: the
      maximum virus titre in brain, the main target organ, has been reached already 24
      hr post infection (p.i.) but the animals began to die since 60 hr. Hence, it was
      postulated and confirmed by a good model fit to the experimental data that the so
      called AUC (area under the curve) of the virus multiplication kinetics may be a
      critical quantity. From this finding a hypothesis was deduced assuming that in
      the presence of high amounts of the virus the antiviral effect of IFN wanes with
      time. Since this process accounts for death, it may be a potential target of
      antiviral therapy.

PMID- 2892381
TI  - Production in Vero cells of an inactivated rabies vaccine from strain FRV/K for
      animal and human use.
AB  - A new concentrated and purified rabies vaccine was produced in Vero cells. Two
      rabies virus strains, the fixed rabies virus Pasteur (FRV) and Pittman Moore (PM)
      were adapted to Vero cells by 20 cycles of alternating passages in the brain of
      weaning mice. Intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of weaning mice was followed then
      by 17 and 20 serial passages in Vero cells of RFV and PM strains, respectively.
      The adapted strains designated as FRV/K and PM/K gave titres of 10(6) +/- 1.5 log
      (LD50/ml for i.c. inoculated mice) in several harvests taken from one infected
      cell culture. Pooled harvests were concentrated 20-fold by ultrafiltration and
      were tested as animal vaccine after inactivation with beta-propiolactone (BPL).
      Another vaccine preparation destined for human use, in addition to concentration
      and inactivation, was also purified by gel filtration. Control tests revealed
      that the antigenic content of different strain FRV/K harvests was very high in
      comparison with that of strain PM/K and the reference tissue culture vaccine
      (RIV, Netherland). In sheep the antibody response induced by the FRV/K strain was
      very high; serum neutralizing index (NI) higher than 4 was reached 40 days after
      the second vaccine dose, whereas the vaccine preparation from strain PM/K gave NI
      of 2.3 and the reference vaccine NI of 3.8, respectively. Safety tests in rabbits
      and guinea pigs showed neither pyrogenicity nor toxicity.

PMID- 2892382
TI  - Efficacy of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)- and 5-vinyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil
      against acute herpes simplex virus keratitis and the establishment of latency:
      comparison with acyclovir and bromovinyldeoxyuridine.
AB  - Four nucleoside analogues--acyclovir [9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine],
      bromovinyldeoxyuridine [(E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2-deoxyuridine], vinylarauracil 5
      vinyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil and bromovinylarauracil [(E)-5-(2
      bromovinyl)-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil]--were compared in the therapy of
      acute keratitis induced in the rabbit cornea by inoculation of the KUPKA strain
      of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). In comparison to placebo-treated animals,
      the drugs reduced the mean plaque counts in conjunctival swabs as follows:
      acyclovir to 0.16-1.73%, bromovinyldeoxyuridine to 0.02-0.25%, vinylarauracil to
      0.55-5.96% and bromovinylarauracil to 0.12-3.39% of control values. Latency was
      established to a most limited extent in 1 or 2 out of 5 rabbits treated with
      vinylarauracil or bromovinylarauracil, respectively. One or 6 out of 84 or 98
      explanted ganglion fragments (1.3 or 6%) were positive for HSV-1 as compared to
      72 fragments out of 173 (43%) from placebo-treated rabbits. Acyclovir and
      bromovinyldeoxyuridine completely prevented latency.

PMID- 2892383
TI  - Clinical and morphologic studies on the guinea pig eye infected with human
      influenza virus strains of different virulence.
AB  - Human influenza virus serotypes H3N2 and H2N2 caused iridocyclitis and uveitis
      when inoculated at does of 10(6) 6.5 EID50 into the guinea pig eye anterior
      chamber. Virulent influenza virus strains and their attenuated variants prepared
      by passaging in chick embryos (CE) have been compared in this model. These
      studies showed that virulent viruses cause more severe damage in the eyes than
      the attenuated strains.

PMID- 2892384
TI  - Pathomorphologic characterization of CNS damage in monkeys infected with
      persistent variant of measles virus vaccine strain L-16.
AB  - The lesions of CNS were examined in monkeys infected intracerebrally (i.c.) with
      a variant of measles virus vaccine strain L-16 isolated after prolonged
      persistence in human cell culture NEr-2. The persisting virus variant appeared
      pathogenic for monkeys. The changes which had developed in their CNS within 30 to
      60 days post-infection (p.i.) were alike to acute measles encephalitis which was
      evidenced by giant cell formation at the injection site. Twenty-two months p.i.
      the chronic character of lesions was evident from the appearance of foci of
      neuron destruction. Based on morphologic findings it was suggested that strain L
      16-H has acquired some properties characteristic of nonattenuated virus.

PMID- 2892385
TI  - Enzyme secretion by human endothelial cells infected with Rickettsia conorii.
AB  - When cultured endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein were infected with
      rickettsia conorii, a greater increase was noticed in the inhibitor of
      plasminogen activator than in tissue type plasminogen activator. This could be
      linked to clinical observation of coagulation abnormalities in Boutonneuse fever
      (BF). Otherwise, transaminase levels increased significantly in the supernatant
      of R. conorii infected endothelial cells which could explain the increased levels
      of these enzyme in BF.

PMID- 2892386
TI  - Specific IgM antibodies in the saliva of mumps patients.
AB  - Antibodies to mumps virus were detected in 63.5% of saliva samples from mumps
      patients. The secretory antibody response was of primary type. Specific IgM
      antibodies were found in some samples collected early after the onset of disease.
      Specific IgA were detected in later obtained samples. Persons over 15 years of
      age reacted more often and more promptly than the children. The authors discuss
      the possible significance of prior antigenic stimulation by related
      paramyxoviruses (namely parainfluenzaviruses) for the intensity of local antibody
      response to mumps virus infection.

PMID- 2892387
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockers in pregnancy.

PMID- 2892388
TI  - Impact of smoking on heart attacks, strokes, blood pressure control, drug dose,
      and quality of life aspects in the International Prospective Primary Prevention
      Study in Hypertension.
AB  - Effects of smoking are highlighted in a posthoc analysis of this randomized,
      double-blind International Prospective Primary Prevention Study in Hypertension
      (IPPPSH). At the time of entry, 37% of the men and 23% of the women were smoking
      cigarettes, and only 537 patients changed their smoking status during the trial.
      In men and women, smoking doubled cardiac and cerebrovascular event rates.
      Nonsmoking men had fewer myocardial infarctions and sudden deaths when treated
      with oxprenolol. Smoking status did not affect in-study blood pressure control,
      the type of drugs, or the combinations used, but smokers were given higher doses
      of oxprenolol. For a given blood pressure during antihypertensive treatment,
      rates for cardiac and cerebrovascular events were higher in smokers. Heart rates
      were higher in both oxprenolol and non-beta-blocker-treated smokers. Smoking dose
      dependently increased hematocrit level. Among physician-elicited symptoms,
      dyspnea and cold extremities were more frequent in smokers, whereas dyspnea,
      headaches, impotence, dizziness, and anxiety states were common, with
      unsatisfactory blood pressure control (diastolic blood pressure greater than 95
      mm Hg). Quality of life may be more jeopardized by smoking, poor blood pressure
      control, or diuretic use than by beta-blocker-based therapy. In the IPPPSH, the
      patient who smoked had double the cardiovascular complication rates without
      cardiac benefit from the beta-blocker despite higher doses given; the higher
      heart rate and hematocrit level may have been contributing factors.

PMID- 2892389
TI  - Cardiac symptoms and anxiety disorders: contributing factors and pharmacologic
      treatment.
AB  - Anxiety may have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system in persons who
      have, or are predisposed to have, cardiovascular disease. Contributing factors
      consist of the type of anxiety, constitutional characteristics and personality
      traits. The treatment of anxiety thus has a beneficial effect on patients with
      cardiovascular disease. However, anxiety reduction through medication, even if it
      includes subjective improvement in somatic symptoms, should not necessarily be
      equated with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Three groups of
      medication used in the treatment of anxiety have different effects.
      Antidepressants lower psychic anxiety but may have the opposite effect on the
      cardiovascular system, whereas beta-adrenergic blockers lower sympathetic tone
      without affecting psychic anxiety. Only benzodiazepines fulfill both functions.
      Since subjective reports of somatic, including cardiovascular, changes correlate
      poorly with physiologic changes, assessment of new medications should not rely on
      self-reported improvement in cardiac symptoms but should include objective
      measures as well.

PMID- 2892391
TI  - Treatment of ulcerative colitis with oral 5-aminosalicylic acid including
      patients with adverse reactions to sulfasalazine.
AB  - Sulfasalazine is an effective drug for maintaining remission in ulcerative
      colitis, but its use may be precluded by side effects. Eighty-five patients with
      active ulcerative colitis participated in a prospective open trial to examine the
      tolerance of the active constituent 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), coated with an
      acrylic resin, and its efficacy in inducing and subsequently maintaining a
      remission. Fifty-one of the patients had previously developed adverse reactions
      to sulfasalazine. After 4 wk of treatment with 3.2 g 5-ASA daily, a remission was
      achieved in 23 of 36 patients (64%) with mild or moderate disease, but in none of
      43 patients with severe disease. Six patients were withdrawn because of side
      effects to 5-ASA, but only two of these patients had similar reactions on
      sulfasalazine. Supplementary corticosteroids for 6 wk or less induced a remission
      in 27 of the patients who had failed on 5-ASA alone. Fifty patients were
      therefore eligible for the maintenance phase of the trial, and 39 (78%) had a
      sustained clinical and endoscopic remission upon 1-yr follow-up. 5-ASA appears to
      be an effective drug for inducing remission in mild or moderate ulcerative
      colitis and for the maintenance of remission. It thus represents a valuable
      addition to the management of patients intolerant to sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2892390
TI  - Folate transport in ileal brush border-membrane vesicles following extensive
      resection of proximal and middle small intestine in the rat.
AB  - Uptake of folic acid (PteGlu) was examined in remnant ileum of rats after
      resection of 65% of the small intestine with the brush border-membrane vesicle
      technique. The results were compared to that of sham-operated rats. In both rat
      groups transport of PteGlu was linear for approximately 40 s of incubation and
      was similar in the presence of a Na+ and a K+ gradient (out greater than in). In
      resected rats transport of PteGlu was inhibited by the structural analogues 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3H4PteGlu) and methotrexate (MTX), by sulfasalazine,
      and by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and was
      saturable as a function of concentration (apparent Kt = 18.3 microM). In the
      ileum of sham-operated rats, on the other hand, transport of PteGlu was not
      affected by 5-CH3H4PteGlu, MTX, sulfasalazine, or DIDS and was linear with
      concentration. These results suggest that the PteGlu transport system is induced
      in remnant ileum of the rat after extensive intestinal resection.

PMID- 2892392
TI  - Effect of nizatidine and cimetidine on betazole-stimulated gastric secretion of
      normal subjects: comparison of effects on acid, water, and pepsin.
AB  - The effect of nizatidine, a new histamine H2 receptor antagonist, on gastric
      secretory function of eight normal subjects stimulated with betazole, was
      compared with that of cimetidine. Single oral doses of 75 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg
      nizatidine, 300 mg cimetidine, and a placebo were administered on separate
      occasions 1 h before betazole stimulation. Gastric secretions were recovered in
      15-min fractions for the ensuing 2 h, and the pH, H+ concentration and output,
      volume, and pepsin concentration and output were determined. Doses of 150 mg and
      300 mg nizatidine depressed the secretory response significantly more than did
      cimetidine. The antisecretory effects of 75 mg nizatidine was no different than
      that of 300 mg cimetidine. Nizatidine 300 mg inhibited pepsin output
      significantly more than volume. Although pepsin concentration was reduced more
      than volume, the difference was not significant. These observations, in contrast
      to results of previous studies, suggest a direct inhibition of pepsin secretion,
      although to a lesser extent than that of acid.

PMID- 2892393
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa involving only the main renal arteries.
AB  - A unique case of accelerated hypertension and acute anuria in a 24-year-old man
      is presented. Clinically, the patient was found to have obstruction of both main
      renal arteries caused by extensive bilateral thrombosis. Microscopically, a
      healing panarteritis involving only the main renal arteries was found. This was
      associated with acute renal infarction and tubular atrophy in the left kidney.
      This appears to be an unusual variant of polyarteritis nodosa limited to both
      main renal arteries.

PMID- 2892395
TI  - A polymorphic DNA marker that represents a conserved expressed sequence in the
      region of the Huntington disease gene.
AB  - A polymorphic marker (D4S62) that is genetically closely linked to D4S10 and is
      in the region of the gene for Huntington disease is described. A four-allele
      polymorphism is detected when HincII-digested DNA is hybridized with D4S62. D4S62
      maps, by Southern blot analysis using somatic-cell hybrids, to 4p16.1 closer to
      the centromere than does D4S10. The use of the polymorphisms detected by D4S62
      increases the informativeness of markers close to the gene for Huntington disease
      and will be useful for preclinical diagnosis. D4S62 detects transcripts of
      approximately 6,000 nucleotides in rat, mouse, and monkey liver and brain. This
      represents the first demonstration of conserved expressed sequences close to the
      gene for Huntington disease.

PMID- 2892394
TI  - The detection of linkage disequilibrium between closely linked markers: RFLPs at
      the AI-CIII apolipoprotein genes.
AB  - Study of very closely linked DNA variants at various loci has frequently shown
      linkage disequilibrium. We studied three closely linked RFLPs at the
      apolipoprotein AI-CIII locus. Two variants detected by MspI and SstI were in
      strong linkage disequilibrium; but when conventional statistical tests were used,
      a third variant (PstI), located between the MspI and SstI markers, appeared to be
      in linkage equilibrium with these two "outside" markers. Similar discrepancies
      from the expected monotone relationship between physical distance and linkage
      disequilibrium have been reported by others. To investigate these discrepancies,
      the power to detect linkage disequilibrium was calculated. It could be shown
      that, for the gene frequencies encountered, very large sample sizes would be
      required to demonstrate negative (i.e., repulsion-phase) linkage disequilibrium.
      Such numbers are usually very difficult to attain in human studies. Failure to
      demonstrate linkage disequilibrium by conventional methods therefore does not
      imply its absence. Appropriate nomograms and tables are provided.

PMID- 2892398
TI  - Alternative bioassays of kinship between loci.
AB  - In this study four asymptotically equivalent estimates of kinship are derived, in
      the general case and for kinship between multiallelic loci. Two estimates based
      on chi 2 agree closely, with the Shannon estimate giving the smaller variance.
      The PAH, GH, GM, and HBB systems conform to a recombinational model with an
      evolutionary size of approximately 4,000 and a ratio of recombination to physical
      distance of approximately 1.4 X 10(-5) morgans/kb, as predicted on the basis of
      the genetic and physical lengths of the human genome. The INS and D11S12 systems
      have a much more rapid decline of kinship with physical distance, suggesting
      overlapping RFLPs (unrecognized allelism), recombinational hot spots, or
      selection. Sources of error in predicting kinship over small distances are
      discussed.

PMID- 2892397
TI  - Insulin-gene sharing in sib pairs with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: no
      evidence for linkage.
AB  - An association between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and an RFLP
      adjacent to the insulin gene has been consistently observed, but its etiological
      significance is unclear. We studied unrelated IDDM patients (N = 45) and controls
      (N = 65) to confirm the association--and assessed evidence for linkage in 22
      families with at least two affected (IDDM) sibs--to determine whether the insulin
      gene region actually contributes to susceptibility to IDDM. All individuals were
      typed for the RFLP in the 5'-flanking region of the insulin gene (5'FP) used in
      the previous studies, and the 12 families not fully informative for linkage with
      the 5'FP were typed for additional closely linked RFLPs. We found a higher
      frequency of class 1 alleles of the 5'FP in IDDM patients (.83) than in controls
      (.75), which is consistent with the reported association, but the difference was
      not statistically significant in our sample. Among the 33 affected sib pairs
      (ASPs) in 22 families, if maximum possible sharing is assumed when sharing is
      ambiguous, 10 pairs share both parental insulin genes, 17 pairs share one, and
      six share neither. This distribution is incompatible with close linkage. In
      contrast, for the HLA region, for which all 22 families are fully informative, 19
      of the 33 ASPs share two haplotypes and the remaining 14 share one. There are no
      pairs that share neither HLA haplotype. Thus, although these data clearly
      illustrate the contribution of HLA-linked susceptibility to IDDM, they argue
      strongly against a contribution of similar magnitude by the insulin-gene region.

PMID- 2892396
TI  - Identification of more than 500 RFLPs by screening random genomic clones.
AB  - As part of our genome-mapping effort, we undertook a large-scale screening study
      to identify RFLPs useful as genetic markers. Some 1,664 single-copy or repeat
      containing phage clones from a Charon 4A genomic library were tested for
      polymorphism against a panel of DNAs, from five unrelated individuals, digested
      with eight restriction enzymes. Approximately 30% (515) of the clones revealed
      polymorphism by Southern hybridization; 67 loci detected had PIC values greater
      than .5. Restriction enzymes MspI, TaqI, and RsaI were most efficient in
      detecting polymorphism within the 1-20-kb-fragment size range resolved. With only
      one exception each of the clones detected polymorphism originating from a single
      locus.

PMID- 2892399
TI  - The relative efficiency of restriction enzymes: an update.

PMID- 2892400
TI  - Refined linkage map of chromosome 7 in the region of the cystic fibrosis gene.
AB  - The genetic map in the region of human chromosome 7 that harbors the gene for
      cystic fibrosis (CF) has been refined by multilocus linkage studies in an
      expanded database including a large set of normal families. Six loci known to be
      linked to CF were examined: MET, an oncogene; COL1A2, collagen, TCRB, T-cell
      receptor beta polypeptide; and three arbitrary loci--D7S8, D7S13, and D7S16-
      defined by probes pJ3.11, pB79a, and p7C22, respectively. The gene order with
      greatest statistical support is COL1A2-D7S13-D7S16-MET-D7S8-TCRB. Linkage
      analysis in families segregating for CF suggested that the most likely location
      of the CF gene on this map is between MET and D7S8.

PMID- 2892403
TI  - Evolving perspectives on parenteral H2-receptor antagonist therapy.

PMID- 2892402
TI  - Linkage studies in a new X-linked myopathy, suggesting exclusion of DMD locus and
      tentative assignment to distal Xq.
AB  - We here report linkage studies in a family suffering from a recently described
      hereditary muscle disease named X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy
      (XMEA). Significant lod scores excluding linkage to the Duchenne-Becker muscular
      dystrophy locus were found. Several other loci on the short and long arms of the
      X chromosome produced negative lod scores, whereas probe DX13-7 defining locus
      DXS15 showed no recombinants and a lod score of z = 0.903 at theta = .0. Further
      studies should be done to determine whether the gene for XMEA is (1) located at
      Xq and (2) caused by a mutation of the Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy gene,
      which has been assigned to the same region.

PMID- 2892401
TI  - Detection of a NotI polymorphism with the pmetH probe by pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis.
AB  - The pmetH probe, tightly linked to the locus for cystic fibrosis (CF), detected a
      NotI polymorphism with allele sizes of 1,000 and 550 kb that could be separated
      by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Both alleles were found on chromosomes
      bearing either the normal or the CF allele. Preliminary data showed that this
      polymorphism was not in strong linkage disequilibrium with the CF locus.
      Preliminary large-scale restriction mapping of the fragment showed that the NotI
      polymorphic site is 200-370 kb distant from the MET locus; thus it defines a new
      polymorphic locus in the CF region. This locus is of potential interest for
      studying CF families that show recombinants between CF and its tightly linked
      probes, in order to increase the precision of the genetic map of the region.

PMID- 2892404
TI  - Evolving perspectives on parenteral H2-receptor antagonist therapy. Symposium.
      Tucson, Arizona, April l0-11, 1987.

PMID- 2892405
TI  - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of parenteral histamine (H2)-receptor
      antagonists.
AB  - Parenteral histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists are frequently used to prevent
      upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by stress-induced gastric mucosal damage
      in critically ill patients. It is generally agreed that the goal of therapy in
      this syndrome is the consistent elevation of gastric pH levels above a certain
      value, often set at 4, in order to prevent the underlying mucosal damage from
      progressing to bleeding. The three H2-receptor antagonists currently available in
      a parenteral form and suitable for this mode of prophylaxis are cimetidine,
      ranitidine, and famotidine. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of
      these agents, as they relate to their use in prevention of stress ulceration
      bleeding, are discussed here. These agents are more noted for their
      pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic similarities in acid suppression,
      elimination, and metabolism than for their differences. Ranitidine and famotidine
      are more potent than cimetidine, and famotidine has a slightly longer half-life
      than do cimetidine and ranitidine, but current dosing recommendations take these
      differences into account so that the agents have equivalent efficacy. Cimetidine
      and ranitidine have been widely used in this application. Less experience has
      been obtained, to date, with famotidine. Recent studies with primed, continuous
      infusions of cimetidine indicate that dosing schedule may be the key to obtaining
      better efficacy in prophylaxis of stress-related mucosal damage. Similar studies
      with ranitidine have not yielded results as promising as those with cimetidine,
      however, and few data are available on famotidine.

PMID- 2892406
TI  - Comparative efficacy of parenteral histamine (H2)-antagonists in acid suppression
      for the prevention of stress ulceration.
AB  - Stress-related mucosal damage is related to a high intraluminal hydrogen ion
      concentration, a low intramural pH value, and a breakdown of the gastric mucosal
      barrier. Because the presence of gastric acid is required for stress-related
      mucosal damage to occur, therapy aimed at increasing intraluminal pH values has
      often been used as prophylaxis against complications. The amount of acid
      suppression required for adequate prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding from
      stress-related mucosal damage has not been determined, but many investigators use
      a target gastric pH level of 3.5 to 4.0. When intravenous histamine (H2)-receptor
      antagonists are given in bolus dosing regimens to critically ill patients,
      fluctuations in gastric pH values are often observed, as might be expected.
      However, recent studies with primed continuous infusion of cimetidine in
      critically ill patients have demonstrated that consistent elevation of gastric pH
      to 4.0 may be attained with this regimen. Studies with continuous infusions of
      ranitidine are less conclusive; little information is available on famotidine.

PMID- 2892407
TI  - Prophylaxis for pulmonary acid aspiration.
AB  - Pulmonary acid aspiration in the perioperative period was first noted as a
      medical concern more than 40 years ago. Despite this awareness, identification of
      the patient at risk is by no means certain, and the true incidence of this
      condition is not known. Various therapeutic interventions have been proposed and
      tried. Physical therapies, such as pressure on the cricoid, have been successful,
      as has the administration of clear antacids prior to surgery. The histamine (H2)
      receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine have also been used successfully
      as prophylactic therapy when enough time is available prior to operation to make
      preoperative dosing practical. Metoclopramide, which can be given intravenously,
      may be useful in emergency surgery. When the degree of risk is high, concurrent
      use of physical and pharmaceutical interventions is recommended.

PMID- 2892408
TI  - Role of histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists in total parenteral nutrition
      patients.
AB  - Hospitalized patients, especially those who are critically ill, are often at risk
      for malnutrition and may require nutritional support. Although the enteral
      approach is generally preferred when providing nutritional support, parenteral
      nutrition is frequently required. These patients are also likely to receive
      therapeutic or prophylactic parenteral histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists.
      Patients receiving both total parenteral nutrition and parenteral H2-receptor
      antagonists may benefit from receiving the drug in combination with the total
      parenteral nutrition admixture. Parenteral cimetidine and ranitidine are stable
      in various total parenteral nutrition fluids. Clinically, cimetidine has been
      studied more extensively than ranitidine. Clinical benefits and cost savings may
      be realized from this method of drug delivery.

PMID- 2892409
TI  - Safety perspectives on parenteral H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - Much controversy has been associated with the similarities and differences among
      the histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists with respect to safety. The safety
      issues, including those recently identified with the use of parenteral H2
      receptor antagonists, are analyzed here with the intent of placing these data
      into proper perspective. The focus of the analysis is on a few of the more
      important issues: central nervous system effects and clinically significant drug
      interactions. A review of the voluminous safety literature on these agents
      indicates that, as a class, they have enviable safety records. When individual
      agents are compared, some small differences in safety profiles emerge, but, on
      the whole, similarities are more striking.

PMID- 2892410
TI  - Hepatotoxic and hepatoprotective potential of histamine (H2)-receptor
      antagonists.
AB  - It has been increasingly recognized that the histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists
      are associated in rare instances with idiosyncratic hepatotoxic reactions and
      with drug interactions related to their inhibition of the hepatic cytochrome P
      450 enzymes. What have not been appreciated until recently are the potential
      therapeutic benefits that may be derived from cytochrome P-450 inhibition.
      Evidence is presented here that cytochrome P-450 inhibition may protect against
      hepatic damage induced by acetaminophen and other drugs metabolized via this
      system. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is an especially important problem because
      of the widespread use of this agent and the evidence that the potential for such
      injury may be increased in alcoholic persons. Cimetidine has been used in
      selected cases, one of which is described here, to treat acetaminophen
      hepatotoxicity. All H2-receptor antagonists may not be alike in this regard.
      Experimental studies in animal models indicate that although cimetidine protects
      against the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen, ranitidine may actually
      potentiate hepatic damage. It is thought that the difference between these two H2
      receptor antagonists may lie in their affinities for binding to the cytochrome P
      450 enzymes. Cimetidine, which binds more strongly, inhibits this system more
      efficiently, whereas the inhibition produced by ranitidine is not sufficient to
      confer a protective effect against drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2892411
TI  - Considerations for selection of parenteral histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists.
AB  - Parenteral histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists are safe and effective therapy for
      the prophylaxis of stress-related erosive syndrome. Of the three agents
      available, parenteral cimetidine is the most widely studied; parenteral
      formulations of ranitidine and famotidine have not been investigated as
      extensively. Parenteral cimetidine appears to be effective in reducing incidence
      and complications associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by stress
      related erosive syndrome, although its effects on bleeding that has already begun
      are not clear. Antacids are also effective in decreasing the incidence of stress
      related gastrointestinal hemorrhage, but they are inconvenient and expensive to
      administer. Primed continuous of stress-related erosive syndrome in critically
      ill patients; the evidence available on the efficacy of continuous infusions of
      ranitidine is inconsistent, and very few data are available on the value of
      famotidine. Direct comparative clinical trials are needed to assess definitively
      the efficacy of primed continuous infusions of cimetidine or other H2-receptor
      antagonists versus that of antacid therapy.

PMID- 2892412
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the insulin gene hypervariable
      region in gestational onset diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the insulin gene hypervariable
      region are compared among 93 women with gestational onset diabetes mellitus and
      146 women with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. No significant
      differences in gene or genotype frequencies were observed in the overall sample
      (p greater than 0.50). However, an increased frequency of one allele (class 1)
      was observed among nonoverweight patients with gestational onset diabetes
      mellitus with elevated fasting plasma glucose levels compared with age-, race-,
      and parity-matched control subjects (p = 0.061). These data suggest that
      gestational onset diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disorder with respect to
      both genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, and that restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms near the insulin gene may serve as a molecular marker for
      susceptibility to gestational onset diabetes mellitus only in some women.

PMID- 2892414
TI  - Modified protocols improve insulin sensitivity estimation using the minimal
      model.
AB  - We attempted to improve the precision of the estimation of insulin sensitivity
      (S1) from the minimal model technique by modifying insulin dynamics during a
      frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). Tolbutamide and
      somatostatin (SRIF) were used to change the insulin dynamics without directly
      affecting insulin sensitivity. Injection of tolbutamide (100 mg) at t = 20 min
      provoked an immediate secondary peak in insulin response, resulting in a greater
      integrated incremental insulin than the standard FSIGT. SRIF, injected at t = -1
      min, delayed insulin secretion in proportion to the dose without any change in
      magnitude. Computer simulation was used to assess the precision of S1 estimation.
      Insulin dynamics from both standard and modified protocols were adjusted in
      magnitude, with the shape unchanged and analyzed to determine the effect of the
      magnitude of insulin response. Fractional standard deviation was reduced from 73%
      with the standard insulin profile to 23% with tolbutamide and 18% with the
      highest dose of SRIF. In addition, the fractional standard deviation of S1
      estimates decreased exponentially with increasing magnitude of insulin response.
      Modified FSIGTs require a smaller insulin response than the standard protocol to
      achieve the same precision.

PMID- 2892415
TI  - Neural regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion in rat gastric antral
      mucosa.
AB  - A muscle-stripped mucosal sheet obtained from rat antrum was mounted in an Ussing
      chamber and used to examine the regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion
      by antral neurons. The neurons were activated pharmacologically with 1,1-dimethyl
      4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) or electrically by field stimulation using aluminum
      foil electrodes layered over the edge of the mucosal sheet. Field stimulation
      caused an increase in gastrin and somatostatin secretion that was dependent on
      the strength of the stimulus (10-30 V). Field stimulation at 30 V, 10 Hz, 4 ms
      caused a sixfold increase in gastrin and a twofold increase in somatostatin
      secretion that were nearly abolished by tetrodotoxin (85-89% inhibition).
      Atropine partially inhibited the gastrin response (34 +/- 6%) but had no effect
      on the somatostatin response. DMPP caused lesser, though significant, increases
      in gastrin (166%) and somatostatin (83%) secretion that were nearly abolished by
      hexamethonium (84-91%) but were not significantly affected by atropine. The
      increase in somatostatin secretion caused by DMPP and field stimulation, as well
      as the resistance of gastrin and somatostatin secretion to atropine, was
      consistent with preferential activation of noncholinergic neurons at the
      stimulatory modalities used. The pattern and magnitude of gastrin and
      somatostatin response to pharmacological and electrical stimulation of antral
      neurons were similar to those previously observed in the vascularly perfused
      whole rat stomach.

PMID- 2892413
TI  - Effects of inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.
AB  - To evaluate the participation of proteins derived from mitochondrial genes in the
      adaptive response of skeletal muscle to increased contractile activity, we
      administered chloramphenicol (CAP; 200-1,000 mg.kg-1.day-1), an inhibitor of
      translation from mitochondrial ribosomes, to adult rabbits undergoing electrical
      stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle of one hind limb. In unmedicated
      animals, 10 days of electrical stimulation increased maximum velocity (Vmax) of
      cytochrome oxidase and citrate synthase by 214 +/- 17 and 201 +/- 16% (P less
      than 0.01). In a dose-dependent manner, CAP abolished activity-induced increases
      in cytochrome oxidase Vmax, suggesting that augmented mitochondrial protein
      synthesis is necessary for the adaptive response of enzymes that require protein
      subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes. However, CAP failed to inhibit activity
      induced changes in Vmax of enzymes derived exclusively from nuclear genes
      (citrate synthase and aldolase). CAP also failed to inhibit activity-induced
      increases in mRNA transcribed from the nuclear genes encoding beta-F1 ATPase or
      myoglobin, or from the mitochondrial genes encoding 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, or
      cytochrome b. These latter findings suggest that mitochondrial translation
      products do not participate in pretranslational regulation of these nuclear or
      mitochondrial genes in response to changes in contractile activity of skeletal
      muscle.

PMID- 2892416
TI  - GRP-producing nerves control antral somatostatin and gastrin secretion in pigs.
AB  - By immunohistochemistry, nerve fibers containing gastrin-releasing polypeptide
      (GRP)-like immunoreactivity were identified close to the somatostatin (SS)
      producing cells of the gastric antral mucosa. We, therefore, studied the possible
      role of GRP in the control of antral SS secretion by use of isolated perfused pig
      antrum with intact vagus nerve supply. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves
      at 4 Hz increased the antral release of GRP up to 10-fold and increased SS output
      2- to 3-fold. Atropine at 10(-6) M had no effect on these responses. Intra
      arterial GRP increased SS secretion significantly at 10(-10) M and eightfold at
      10(-8) M, whereas gastrin secretion was stimulated significantly at 10(-11) M and
      maximally at 10(-10) M and inhibited at 10(-8) M. Preperfusion with a GRP
      antagonist ([D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]substance P) or Fab fragments of
      antibodies against GRP abolished the effects of vagus stimulation on gastrin and
      somatostatin output. Gastrin in concentrations up to 10(-7) M was without effect
      on SS secretion. We conclude that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves
      increases antral SS gastrin secretion and that GRP is a likely transmitter.

PMID- 2892417
TI  - T84 cell receptor binding and guanyl cyclase activation by Escherichia coli heat
      stable toxin.
AB  - Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) induces intestinal secretion by
      binding to enterocyte receptors and activating the guanylate cyclase-guanosine
      3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) system. The intermediate steps between binding
      of STa and secretion are poorly understood, due in part to the lack of a
      convenient system to study the effects of STa at the cellular level. To establish
      such a model, we investigated the binding of 125I-STa, STa activation of
      guanylate cyclase, and STa-induced increase in cGMP production in a well
      characterized human colonic cell line, T84. Binding was specific, linear with
      cell number, and time, temperature and pH dependent, and reversible. ST may also
      be internalized by these cells. Addition of unlabeled STa competitively inhibited
      binding of 125I-STa. These parameters closely resemble those described in intact
      rat enterocytes and cell-free membrane preparations. STa stimulated guanylate
      cyclase and cGMP production in a dose-related manner. The similar dose-response
      relationships for binding, guanylate cyclase stimulation by STa, and cGMP
      production suggest that the guanylate cyclase-cGMP system is coupled to ST
      occupancy of specific receptors. These data, together with the fact that STa
      induces chloride secretion from T84 cells suggest that T84 cells are a suitable
      and convenient system to study the cellular mechanism of action of STa.

PMID- 2892418
TI  - Characterization of amino acid metabolism by cultured rat kidney cells: study
      with 15N.
AB  - The present study evaluates the metabolism of glutamine and glutamate by normal
      rat kidney (NRK) cells. The major aim was to evaluate the effect of acute
      acidosis on the metabolism of amino acid and ammonia formation by cultured NRK
      cells. Experiments at either pH 7.0 or 7.4 were conducted with phosphate-buffered
      saline supplemented with either 1 mM [5-15N]glutamine, [2-15N]glutamine, or
      [15N]glutamate. Incubation with either glutamine or glutamate as a precursor
      showed that production of ammonia and glucose was increased significantly at pH
      7.0 vs. 7.4. The disappearance [corrected] of glutamine and glutamate was linear
      during a 60-min incubation at either pH. In experiments with [5-15N]glutamine, we
      found that approximately 57 and 43% of ammonia N was derived from 5-N of
      glutamine at pH 7.4 and 7.0, respectively. Experiments with [2-15N]glutamine or
      [15N]glutamate indicated that approximately 43 and 47% of 2-N glutamine and
      glutamate N utilization, respectively, was accounted for by ammonia production at
      pH 7.0. Similarly, 28 and 29% of NH3 was derived from 2-N of glutamine or
      glutamate N by activity of glutamate dehydrogenase at pH 7.4. In addition to
      15NH3 formation, three major metabolic pathways of [2-15N]glutamine or
      [15N]glutamate disposal were identified: 1) transamination reactions involving
      the pH-independent formation of [15N] aspartate and [15N]alanine; 2) the
      synthesis of [6-15NH2]adenine nucleotide, a process more active at pH 7.4 vs.
      7.0; and 3) glutamine synthesis from [15N]glutamate, especially at pH 7.4. The
      data indicate that NRK cells in culture consume glutamine and glutamate and
      generate ammonia and various amino acids, depending on the H+ concentration in
      the media. The studies suggest that these cell lines may provide a useful model
      for studying various aspects of the effect of pH on rat renal ammoniagenesis.

PMID- 2892419
TI  - Prostacyclin reduces "preload" in conscious dogs via a vagal reflex mechanism.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prostacyclin on left
      ventricular (LV) preload in conscious dogs. LV end-diastolic diameter (LV EDD)
      was used as an index of preload. Because prostacyclin reduces arterial pressure,
      data were sampled when mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and first derivative
      of LV pressure (dP/dt) had returned to control levels. There was no dose-response
      relationship in the preload reduction to prostacyclin, the threshold dose being
      0.1 microgram/kg. Intravenous prostacyclin (2.0 micrograms/kg) reduced LV EDD 2.9
      +/- 0.5% from 36 +/- 2.2 mm, (P less than 0.01). With heart rate held constant
      (146 +/- 2.5 beats/min) by electrical pacing, prostacyclin still reduced LV EDD
      by 4.0 +/- 1.0% from 32 +/- 2.5 mm (P less than 0.05). Intravenous administration
      of arachidonic acid (500 micrograms/kg) gave similar results. The magnitude of
      the preload response to prostacyclin was similar to that of nitroglycerin (25
      micrograms/kg). Prazosin (1 mg/kg) or bilateral cervical vagal section completely
      abolished the preload response to prostacyclin but not to nitroglycerin. We,
      therefore, propose a mechanism where prostacyclin activates cardiopulmonary
      receptors with vagal afferents that results in a withdrawal of peripheral
      sympathetic tone to capacitance vessels to reduce preload, in contrast to
      nitroglycerin, whose mechanism of action is most probably a direct effect on
      capacitance vessels.

PMID- 2892420
TI  - Renal vascular reactivity to U 46619 and adrenergic agonists in Goldblatt
      hypertension.
AB  - Vascular reactivity of the contralateral kidney of conscious Goldblatt
      hypertensive dogs was studied by eliciting renal blood flow (RBF) responses to
      intra-arterial infusions of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agonists in control
      sessions and at weekly intervals postclipping. Systemic arterial blood pressure
      (BP) and RBF were monitored during each recording session via an implanted
      catheter and electromagnetic blood flow probe, respectively. BP was maximally
      increased within 1 wk and remained elevated for the duration of the study. The
      relationship between the negative percent change in RBF (-% delta RBF) and the
      renal arterial plasma concentration of adrenergic agonists, angiotensin II and
      thromboxane mimetic (U 46619), infused intra-arterially was subjected to
      regression analysis, and 25 and 50% effective doses (ED25 and ED50, respectively)
      were calculated. Vascular sensitivity to phenylephrine and norepinephrine
      increased within a month or more of hypertension. Vascular reactivity to
      angiotensin II was unchanged. In contrast to the delayed increase in renal
      vascular reactivity to adrenergic agonists, enhancement of the RBF responses to U
      46619 was seen within 1-2 wk. In addition, beta-adrenoceptor-mediated
      vasodilation appeared suppressed during hypertension. Alteration in the response
      of the contralateral kidney to both vasoconstrictor and beta-adrenoceptor
      mediated vasodilator stimuli may contribute to renal hemodynamic changes in
      Goldblatt hypertension.

PMID- 2892421
TI  - Age-related changes in adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses of the rat hindlimb.
AB  - Vascular adrenergic responses were examined in the hindlimb perfused with blood
      at constant flow using pentobarbital-anesthetized male Fischer 344 rats aged 6,
      12, 20, and 24 mo. The increase in hindlimb perfusion pressure to lumbar
      sympathetic nerve stimulation was significantly smaller in 20- and 24-mo-old rats
      than in younger animals, whereas vasoconstrictor responses to intraarterial
      administration of norepinephrine, L-phenylephrine, and methoxamine were reduced
      only in the 24-mo-old animals. Thus neurogenic vasoconstriction in the hindlimb
      is reduced at 20 mo of age, whereas there is a more generalized postjunctional
      loss of adrenergic responsiveness at 24 mo. In the presence of the beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol, vasoconstrictor responses to exogenous
      norepinephrine did not differ when 12- and 20-mo-old animals were compared.
      Furthermore, in the presence of propranolol the nerve-mediated rise in hindlimb
      perfusion pressure also did not differ in 12- and 20-mo-old rats. Blockade of
      neuronal norepinephrine uptake with cocaine produced a greater potentiation of
      vasoconstrictor responses to both nerve stimulation and exogenous norepinephrine
      in the older rats. Therefore, the reduced nerve-mediated vasoconstriction in 20
      mo-old rats may be due to neuronal activation of beta-adrenoceptors as well as
      enhanced neuronal norepinephrine reuptake.

PMID- 2892423
TI  - Biliary catabolism of glutathione and differential reabsorption of its amino acid
      constituents.
AB  - Biliary excretion of glutathione, free amino acids, and total amino acids (after
      acid hydrolysis) was measured in hepatic bile collected from guinea pigs,
      rabbits, and dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. In controls, the
      concentration of glutathione in bile was less than 20 microM in all three
      species. However, when hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase activity was decreased
      by retrograde intrabiliary infusion of the irreversible inhibitor acivicin (AT
      125; 20 mumol/kg), there was a marked increase in biliary glutathione excretion
      (in mumol glutathione equivalents.kg body wt-1.h-1) from 0.10 +/- 0.04 to 2.2 +/-
      0.6 in guinea pigs, from 0.014 +/- 0.013 to 2.5 +/- 1.9 in rabbits, and from an
      undetectable level (less than 0.001) to 0.11 +/- 0.05 in dogs. Amino acid
      analysis of bile revealed that the concentration of glutathione's constituent
      amino acids (free glutamate, cystine, and glycine) in control bile samples from
      these three species were quite low and were not affected by AT-125. However, acid
      hydrolyzates of these same bile samples revealed an unusually high degree of
      amino acid conjugation. Glutamate (0.06-0.5 mM), cystine (0.2-1.1 mM), and
      glycine (1.7-2.8 mM) constituted the overwhelming majority of total amino acids
      in hydrolyzed bile from controls. After AT-125, concentrations of total glutamate
      and cystine were elevated in hydrolyzed bile, while concentrations of all other
      amino acids remained the same. Thus glutathione is avidly secreted into bile in
      the guinea pig, rabbit, and dog but is almost quantitatively broken down within
      the biliary tree. Subsequently, the glutamate and cysteine moieties derived from
      catabolism of glutathione must be partially reabsorbed either as peptides,
      conjugates, or free amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892422
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocyte proliferation.
AB  - The mechanisms of brown adipose tissue (BAT) growth were studied by quantitative
      photonic radioautography using tritiated thymidine to follow mitotic activity. To
      identify the nature of the adrenergic pathways mediating brown adipocyte
      proliferation and differentiation, the effects of cold exposure (4 days at 4
      degrees C) on BAT growth were compared with those induced by treating rats at 25
      degrees C with norepinephrine (a mixed agonist), isoproterenol (a beta-agonist),
      and phenylephrine (an alpha-agonist). The drugs were continuously administrated
      via osmotic minipumps (0.375 mumol/h during 4 days) implanted subcutaneously.
      Cold exposure markedly enhanced the mitotic activity in brown adipocyte precursor
      cells (interstitial cells and preadipocytes) and endothelial cells forming the
      numerous capillaries. Norepinephrine mimicked the effects of cold exposure, not
      only on the mitotic activity, but also on the distribution of the labeling among
      the various cellular types. Isoproterenol entirely reproduced the effects of
      norepinephrine both on the labeling index and on the cellular type labeling
      frequency. In contrast, phenylephrine did not stimulate cell division. These
      results demonstrate that norepinephrine triggers a coordinated proliferation of
      brown adipocytes and endothelial cells in warm-exposed rats that is similar to
      that observed after cold exposure. They also suggest that cold exposure
      stimulates BAT growth by increasing the release of norepinephrine from
      sympathetic nerves and that the neurohormone activates mitoses in BAT precursor
      cells via beta-adrenergic pathways.

PMID- 2892424
TI  - Identical patterns of somatostatin secretion from isolated antrum and fundus of
      rat stomach.
AB  - The patterns of somatostatin secretion from the fundus, the main source of
      somatostatin, and the antrum, the site of paracrine regulation of gastrin
      secretion, were examined using perifused antral and fundic segments from rat
      stomach. Gastrin secretion fundic segments from rat stomach. Gastrin secretion
      could be obtained from antral segments only. Somatostatin secretion was obtained
      from both antral and fundic segments. 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP)
      (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and bombesin-14 (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) caused concentration
      dependent increases in somatostatin secretion that were of the same magnitude in
      antral and fundic segments. These increases were also of the same magnitude as
      those obtained in the vascularly perfused whole stomach. Atropine (3 X 10(-7) M)
      inhibited the somatostatin response to DMPP (10(-4) M) to the same extent in
      antral (50 +/- 12% inhibition) and fundic (55 +/- 12% inhibition) segments.
      Hexamethonium (10(-5) M) also inhibited the response to DMPP to the same extent
      in antral (80 +/- 9%) and fundic (78 +/- 19%) segments. Methacholine caused a
      typically muscarinic decrease in somatostatin secretion that was of the same
      magnitude in antral (27 +/- 6%) and fundic (25 +/- 6%) segments. The identical
      patterns of somatostatin secretion from the two regions of the stomach imply that
      somatostatin secretion measured in the vascularly perfused whole stomach is a
      valid reflection of somatostatin secretion by the antrum.

PMID- 2892425
TI  - Renal ammoniagenic response to chronic acid loading: role of glucocorticoids.
AB  - Adrenalectomized (ADX) animals exhibit a blunted renal response to chronic acid
      loading. To determine whether this response truly reflects impaired renal
      ammoniagenesis from glutamine, urinary ammonium excretion was compared with acid
      intake in ADX, intact, and ADX rats supplemented with either a low dose (4
      micrograms.100 g-1.day-1) or a high dose (40 micrograms.100 g-1.day-1) of
      triamcinolone. ADX rats consumed similar amounts of acid as did intact controls
      yet excreted only 37% of the load as ammonium; in contrast intact controls
      returned 86% and triamcinolone-supplemented animals returned 98 and 88% for low
      and high doses, respectively. Nor could the reduced ammonium excretion be
      attributed to increased renal venous release, since total ammonia production, the
      sum of renal venous and urine ammonium, was reduced to 49% of the intact
      controls; low- and high-dose triamcinolone restored and markedly increased the
      production rate. Underlying the impaired ammonia production rate in ADX rats was
      a reduced rate of glutamine extraction, 350 +/- 49 vs. 896 +/- 102 and 1,260 +/-
      247 and 1,448 +/- 112 nmol.min-1.100 g-1 for intact and low and high doses,
      respectively. Unlike intact acidotic and glucocorticoid-supplemented ADX acidotic
      rats, glutamine extraction was disassociated from the delivered glutamine load
      consonant with the role of glucocorticoid in coupling cellular glutamine
      transport to its metabolic utilization.

PMID- 2892426
TI  - Proton-translocating ATPase from bovine kidney medulla: partial purification and
      reconstitution.
AB  - The proton-translocating ATPase that is responsible both for urinary and vacuolar
      acidification was partially purified from bovine kidney medulla microsomes.
      ATPase activity was purified to a maximum specific activity of 1.7 mumol.min-1.mg
      prot-1 and was inhibited completely by N-ethylmaleimide. The relative molecular
      weight (Mr) of the intact protein estimated by high-pressure size-exclusion
      liquid chromatography was 586,000. Nondenaturing gels of the isolated enzyme
      revealed two protein bands at MrS of 551,000 and 523,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gel electrophoresis of the isolated H+-ATPase revealed component subunits at MrS
      of 70,000, 56,000, 45,000, 42,000, 38,000, 31,000, 15,000, 14,000, and 12,000.
      The properties of the isolated H+-ATPase and of microsomal ATP-dependent proton
      transport correlated closely. The isolated H+-ATPase was reconstituted into
      phospholipid liposomes and demonstrated N-ethylmaleimide-inhibitable ATP
      dependent potential generation, consistent with electrogenic proton transport. In
      overall structure, the enzyme appears to be a new type of H+-ATPase with several
      features of the F0F1 class of ion-translocating ATPases but is immunologically
      and structurally different from the mitochondrial F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2892428
TI  - The role of external heat load in triggering the neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - During a heat wave three patients developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The
      role of heat load in triggering this syndrome and possible mechanisms behind such
      a role are discussed. Data concerning the season of occurrence of neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome are reported.

PMID- 2892427
TI  - Angiotensin II facilitation of pressor responses to adrenal field stimulation in
      pithed rats.
AB  - The effects of angiotensin II on pressor responses to electrical field
      stimulation (1-32 Hz) of the adrenal gland were assessed in pithed male Sprague
      Dawley rats. Stimulation elicited frequency-related pressor responses and
      increments in plasma catecholamines. Interruption of the renin-angiotensin system
      with the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril or the receptor antagonist
      saralasin significantly attenuated the pressor responses to adrenal stimulation
      and injected epinephrine to an equivalent extent. This observation, along with
      the finding that captopril did not alter the plasma catecholamine increments
      produced by adrenal stimulation, suggested that endogenously generated
      angiotensin II was not affecting adrenal catecholamine release. Instead
      angiotensin II appears to interact at the level of the vascular smooth muscle,
      because reinfusion of angiotensin II (20 ng.kg-1.min-1 iv) in captopril-treated
      animals restored responsiveness to stimulation and epinephrine. Infusion of
      vasopressin also restored pressor activity after captopril; therefore the
      interaction does not appear to be specific for angiotensin II but may depend on
      the background tone of the vascular smooth muscle. Moreover, decreasing blood
      pressure with sodium nitroprusside reversibly attenuated the pressor responses to
      both adrenal stimulation and epinephrine. The results suggest that endogenously
      formed angiotensin II facilitates the vasoconstrictor activity of epinephrine by
      increasing vascular tone.

PMID- 2892429
TI  - Immunohistologic study of the leukocytic infiltrate in maternal uterine tissues
      in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies at term.
AB  - The leukocytic infiltrate in maternal uterine tissues at term in normal and
      preeclamptic pregnancies was studied immunohistologically using a number of
      monoclonal antibodies. No differences in the quantity and type of infiltrate are
      apparent between normal and preeclamptic pregnancy tissues. A large population of
      macrophages has been identified. Suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes expressing
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II products but lacking interleukin
      2 receptor expression constitute the other component of the bone marrow-derived
      cell population. The suppressor/cytotoxic cells are seen around both arteries
      with and without physiologic changes and are seen also in acute atherosis. While
      it is suggested that the maternal immune response, further functional studies of
      these leukocytes are required to define their role in normal pregnancy.

PMID- 2892431
TI  - Vecuronium and bradycardia.

PMID- 2892432
TI  - Bradycardia, vecuronium and atracurium.

PMID- 2892430
TI  - [Hemodynamics under propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia: effects of premedication
      with lormetazepam and of additional fentanyl].
AB  - Propofol, in both its new oil-in-water emulsion and the former cremophor-EL
      solution, is known to produce significant decreases in arterial blood pressure.
      The aim of this study was to obtain a precise hemodynamic profile of anesthesia
      induction with propofol under conditions of daily routine (additional 70% nitrous
      oxide) and to evaluate the influence of (1) premedication with lormetazepam and
      (2) additional i.v. injection of fentanyl. Forty patients (ASA classes I and II)
      were randomly assigned to one of four groups (A, B, C, and D). Anesthesia was
      induced with a sleep dose of propofol (mean: 2.4 mg/kg) and the patient was
      ventilated with 30% O2 and 70% N2O via a face mask. In groups B and D, 3
      micrograms/kg fentanyl were injected immediately prior to propofol injection.
      Patients in groups A and B received no premedication. Patients in groups C and D
      received 2 mg lormetazepam on the evening prior to the anesthetic and 1 mg 2 h
      prior to the anesthetic orally. The following parameters were determined
      immediately prior to induction of anesthesia and 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 min after the
      start of the propofol injection: heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure
      (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP),
      pulmonary occlusion pressure (POP), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and
      systemic vascular resistance (SVR). In all four groups a slight decrease in HR
      and SVR occurred while a marked decrease in arterial blood pressure (SAP, MAP,
      DAP) and cardiac output was seen. PAP and preload pressures showed no significant
      changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892433
TI  - Laparoscopy in adults and children with nonpalpable testes.
AB  - Laparoscopy was performed in 31 patients presenting 36 nonpalpable testes.
      Sixteen adults had a chronological age of 15 to 33 years (average 21 years) and
      fifteen children had a chronological age of 2 to 13 years (average 6 years).
      Among 20 investigated testes in 16 adults, 11 (55%) were sighted in the abdominal
      cavity. Vessels and deferens were seen entering the inner inguinal ring in 5
      cases (25%). Vascular and gonadal structures were not found in four cases (20%).
      Among 16 investigated testes in 15 children, 10 (62,5%) were sighted in the
      abdominal cavity. Vessels and deferens entering the inner inguinal ring were
      sighted in 2 cases (12,5%). Nothing was found in two cases (12,5%). Blind ending
      vas sighted in 1 case (6,25%) and one exam was not conclusive because of
      intestinal adherence in 1 case (6,25%). The laparoscopy proved to be an accurate
      diagnosis method in 34 (94,5%) of 36 cases of nonpalpable examined testes.

PMID- 2892434
TI  - Anatomy of the testis and epididymis in cryptorchidism.
AB  - The types and incidence of deformities in the proximal seminal pathways have been
      carefully studied in 150 consecutive orchidopexies. 85% of the testicles were
      found in the subcutaneous tissue, 15% were in the canal or the abdomen. Malunion
      between the testis and the epididymis was the type of anomaly most frequently
      encountered. Deformities considered to affect fertility were seen in 70% of the
      gonads located proximal to the external inguinal ring and in 12% of the
      subcutaneous testicles. The difference is statistically significant.

PMID- 2892435
TI  - Intra- and inter-observer variability in the assessment of testicular descent.
AB  - Measurements of the distance between the testis and the pubic tubercle have been
      used to differentiate retractile testes from "real" cryptorchidism and to measure
      the effect of therapy. The intra- and inter-observer variation of these
      measurements was determined in 21 boys with incompletely descended testes treated
      with placebo. Patients were investigated in supine and squatting position, before
      and during moderate caudal traction. In squatting position the average distance
      is 20 mm greater than in supine position. The intra-observer SD is approximately
      10 mm. It is doubtful if quantitative measurements can be used to define
      retractile testes. The wide prediction intervals should be taken into account in
      interpreting results of therapy.

PMID- 2892436
TI  - Age-dependence of the dose-response curve of vecuronium in pediatric patients
      during balanced anesthesia.
AB  - The effect of age on the log-based cumulative dose-response curve of vecuronium
      was determined in ten age groups of 80 pediatric patients ranging from neonates
      to adolescents during thiopental-fentanyl-N2O/O2 anesthesia. Neuromuscular block
      was recorded as the evoked thenar electromyographic response to train-of-four
      stimulation of the ulnar nerve (2 Hz at 20-second intervals). The dose-response
      curves were parallel to each other in all ten age groups studied. In neonates and
      infants, the ED95 of vecuronium was 47 +/- 11 (SD) micrograms/kg. This was
      significantly lower than the ED95 of 81 +/- 12 micrograms/kg in children between
      3 and 10 years of age (P less than 0.01). In patients aged 13 years or older, the
      ED95 was 55 +/- 12 micrograms/kg, which did not differ from the neonatal and
      infant values but was significantly lower than the ED95 of children between 3 and
      10 years of age. The results indicate that the dose of vecuronium necessary for
      tracheal intubation is age-dependent. The individual ED95 values varied between
      22 and 103 micrograms/kg. This suggests that an individually optimal dose of
      vecuronium can be administered to pediatric patients only if neuromuscular block
      is adequately monitored.

PMID- 2892437
TI  - Rapid administration of a narcotic and neuromuscular blocker: a hemodynamic
      comparison of fentanyl, sufentanil, pancuronium, and vecuronium.
AB  - High-dose narcotic anesthetic inductions usually avoid circulatory depression
      better than do other techniques; however, the selection of a narcotic and
      neuromuscular blocker influences subsequent hemodynamic responses. One hundred
      one patients having aortocoronary bypass graft (CABG) surgery were investigated
      using four combinations of a narcotic and neuromuscular blocker: group FP
      (fentanyl 50 micrograms/kg, pancuronium 100 micrograms/kg); group FV (fentanyl 50
      micrograms/kg, vecuronium 80 micrograms/kg); group SP (sufentanil 10
      micrograms/kg, pancuronium 100 micrograms/kg); and group SV (sufentanil 10
      micrograms/kg, vecuronium 80 micrograms/kg), each combination being administered
      over 2 minutes. Hemodynamic functions were then monitored for 10 minutes before
      tracheal intubation. Significant changes included increases in heart rate in the
      groups receiving pancuronium and decreases in those receiving vecuronium. In all
      groups mean arterial pressure initially decreased; systemic vascular resistance
      index decreased significantly in all groups except SV. Cardiac index decreased
      significantly only in group SV. Circulatory depression requiring treatment with
      vasopressor or anticholinergic drugs was more common in patients given
      vecuronium. Cardiac arrhythmia occurred most often in group SP; only in group FP
      were there no arrhythmias, ischemic changes, or hemodynamic disturbances
      requiring intervention. Time to onset of neuromuscular blockade did not differ
      among the four groups, but transient chest wall rigidity occurred significantly
      more often with sufentanil than with fentanyl. Overall, the fentanyl/pancuronium
      combination afforded the greatest hemodynamic stability, whereas the
      sufentanil/vecuronium combination proved least satisfactory because of
      bradycardia and hypotension, requiring treatment in 35% of group SV
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892438
TI  - Changes in sufentanil pharmacokinetics within the neonatal period.

PMID- 2892440
TI  - Sinus node exit block following administration of vecuronium.

PMID- 2892439
TI  - Sufentanil analgesia following cesarean section: epidural versus intravenous
      administration.

PMID- 2892442
TI  - Histamine and the preclinical pharmacology of cetirizine.

PMID- 2892441
TI  - Effects of beta- and alpha-adrenergic agonists, adenosine, and carbachol in heart
      muscle isolated from malignant hyperthermia susceptible swine.
AB  - During malignant hyperthermia crisis, cardiac arrhythmias and increased
      myocardial oxygen consumption are observed. It was the purpose of the present
      study to investigate whether or not a greater sensitivity to cardiac alpha- or
      beta-adrenoceptor stimulation or an impaired adenosine- or m-cholinoceptor
      mediated inhibition of beta-adrenergic stimulation contributes to the cardiac
      symptoms of malignant hyperthermia. The effects of phenylephrine, isoproterenol,
      adenosine, [-]-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA), and carbachol on force of
      contraction were studied in electrically driven trabeculae isolated from the left
      ventricles of malignant hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) and healthy control pigs.
      The positive inotropic effects of phenylephrine and of isoproterenol were similar
      in MHS and control pigs. The EC50 values for the inotropic effect of
      phenylephrine were 4.1 (2.1-8.3) mumol.l-1 (n = 9) in MHS and 6.3 (3.4-12.9)
      mumol.l-1 (n = 9) in control swine. The maximal positive inotropic effects at 30
      mumol.l-1 phenylephrine also did not differ in both groups (176.7 +/- 14.4% of
      pre-phenylephrine value in MHS swine, n = 9; 170.3 +/- 15.9% of pre-phenylephrine
      value in control swine, n = 9). The EC50 values for isoproterenol were 0.16 (0.06
      0.39) mumol.l-1 (n = 9) and 0.19 (0.05-0.29) mumol.l-1 (n = 9) in MHS and control
      swine, respectively. The maximal positive inotropic effects at 1 mumol.l-1
      isoproterenol were also similar (213.8 +/- 12.6% of the pre-isoproterenol value
      in MHS swine, n = 9; 216.4 +/- 36.0% of the pre-isoproterenol value in control
      swine, n = 9). Also, no difference could be detected in the antiadrenergic
      effects of adenosine, PIA, or carbachol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892443
TI  - Cetirizine, a recent advance in selective antihistamine therapy. Proceedings of a
      symposium. May 29-30, 1987, Naples, Florida.

PMID- 2892444
TI  - In vitro effects of cetirizine and histamine on human neutrophil function.
AB  - IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by an immediate or
      early-phase response within the first 30 minutes of exposure to allergen,
      followed by a late-phase response that begins two to six hours later. Histamine
      is released during both the early- and late-phase responses and inhibits a
      variety of neutrophil functions, including superoxide anion generation,
      chemotaxis, and enzyme secretion. There is some debate as to whether histamine's
      action on neutrophils is mediated through H1 or H2 receptors, or through a single
      receptor that recognizes both H1 and H2 agonists. In an effort to understand the
      mechanism of action of the H1-antagonist cetirizine, we studied its effects on a
      variety of neutrophil functions. We found that at concentrations up to 35
      micrograms/mL), it does not affect superoxide anion production or degranulation.
      However, at higher concentrations (greater than 35 micrograms/mL), a
      concentration-dependent inhibition of superoxide anion production is observed.
      This inhibition is most apparent with responses stimulated by chemotactic
      factors. Limited inhibition of degranulation and chemotaxis is also seen at high
      concentrations, but at a level far below that seen with superoxide anion
      production. These studies indicate that neutrophil function is not altered by the
      circulating concentrations of cetirizine attained during therapy (less than 10
      micrograms/mL), but may be suppressed at higher concentrations. Additional
      effects of cetirizine on neutrophil function, possible influences of the drug on
      the inflammatory response, and histamine's modulation of neutrophil function are
      discussed.

PMID- 2892445
TI  - The comparative pharmacokinetics of H1-receptor antagonists.
AB  - H1-receptor antagonists appear to be absorbed rapidly after oral administration,
      with peak serum concentrations being reached one to three hours after a dose. For
      most of these drugs, the absolute bioavailability is unknown because no
      intravenous formulations are available for comparative purposes. The serum
      elimination half-life values of these agents are variable: a few hours for
      terfenadine and triprolidine; about 9 hours for cetirizine, azatadine, and
      loratadine; from 20 to 25 hours for hydroxyzine, chlorpheniramine, and
      brompheniramine; and from 5 to 14 days for astemizole. Few pharmacokinetic
      studies of H1-receptor antagonists in children have been reported. However, it is
      known that chlorpheniramine, hydroxyzine, cetirizine, and terfenadine have
      shorter elimination half-life values in children than in adults. Regardless of
      the age of patients, for most of the H1-receptor antagonists the apparent volumes
      of distribution and total body clearances appear to be large (3.4 to 18.5 L/kg
      and 4.4 to 32.1 mL/min/kg, respectively). Cetirizine is an exception, with values
      of 0.8 L/kg and 0.5 mL/min/kg. Urinary excretion of unchanged antihistamine is
      higher after cetirizine (60% of dose) than any other H1 blocker. For H1-receptor
      antagonists with long half-life values, steady state may not be reached for
      several days (chlorpheniramine and brompheniramine) or several weeks
      (astemizole), and significant accumulation of drug occurs if the dosing interval
      is more frequent than every half-life. There is no evidence for the introduction
      of metabolism of H1-receptor antagonists, even after months of treatment.

PMID- 2892446
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in the elderly and patients with renal
      insufficiency.
AB  - The disposition of cetirizine, a new H1-receptor antagonist, was evaluated in 30
      healthy adults of various ages and in 15 adults with various degrees of renal
      insufficiency. The purpose of the evaluation was to determine whether dosage
      schedules of cetirizine will require modification in the elderly or patients with
      renal insufficiency. We found that the elimination half-life of cetirizine was
      prolonged in patients with mild and moderate renal insufficiency, compared with
      age-matched individuals with normal renal function (19.0 +/- 3.3 and 20.9 +/- 4.4
      hours, vs 7.4 +/- 3.0 hours, respectively). However, the mean apparent steady
      state volume of distribution did not differ significantly between these subject
      groups (range 0.41 to 0.47 L/kg). Total body clearance and renal clearance of the
      drug were both significantly lower in the patients with renal insufficiency. In
      elderly subjects, the elimination half-life of cetirizine was significantly
      prolonged compared with younger adults, and apparent total body clearance was
      significantly reduced. Again, there was no significant difference in the volume
      of distribution between the groups. Linear regression showed good correlations
      between the disposition characteristics of cetirizine and age as well as
      creatinine clearance. However, we found no relationship between age and the ratio
      of apparent total body clearance of cetirizine to creatinine clearance. Thus the
      disposition of cetirizine is independent of age but dependent on renal function.
      The relationship between apparent total body clearance of cetirizine and
      creatinine clearance was significant only in patients with creatinine clearances
      greater than 40 mL/min. Progressive decrements in creatinine clearance were not
      associated with similar changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of cetirizine.

PMID- 2892447
TI  - The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 14C-cetirizine in humans.
AB  - This study investigated the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cetirizine, a new
      H1-receptor antagonist. Single oral doses of 14C-cetirizine dihydrochloride (10
      mg) in aqueous solution were administered to six healthy male volunteers. The
      drug was rapidly absorbed: The peak mean concentration of radioactivity (359 ng
      equivalents/mL) and of unchanged drug (341 ng/mL) were achieved within one hour.
      Mean concentrations of cetirizine declined biexponentially and had a mean
      elimination half-life of 7.4 hours. The drug was excreted quite rapidly, with 60%
      of the dose recovered in the 24-hour urine. An additional 10% was excreted in
      urine over the next four days. Approximately 10% of the dose was excreted in
      feces over the five-day study period. The dose was excreted mainly as the
      unchanged drug. Examination of the radioactive compounds present in the plasma,
      and excreted in the urine and feces indicate that there is little metabolism of
      cetirizine. One minor metabolite, formed by oxidative O-dealkylation of the
      cetirizine side chain, was detected in plasma and feces.

PMID- 2892448
TI  - Receptor effects of cetirizine.
AB  - First-generation H1-antagonist antihistamines such as hydroxyzine have a
      significant ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause sedation, which
      limits their usefulness in the treatment of allergic disorders. Cetirizine, a
      carboxylated metabolite of hydroxyzine, possesses the parent compound's
      antihistaminic activity but does not cause sedation. This lack of CNS effects may
      be due to cetirizine's greater selectivity or potency at H1 receptors in the
      brain, compared with its effects at the receptors involved in sedation, or it may
      result from the agent's relative exclusion from the CNS compartment. We compared
      cetirizine's activity at central H1 sites with the activity of hydroxyzine and
      terfenadine. We also compared the abilities of cetirizine and three other
      antihistamines to cross the blood-brain barrier. We found the drugs' potency at
      H1 receptors in the CNS to be similar to their activities in other tissues.
      However, their selectivity varied widely. Cetirizine, in fact, failed to bind at
      any of the receptors investigated except H1 sites, even at concentrations as high
      as 10 micron. Both hydroxyzine and D-chlorpheniramine crossed the blood-brain
      barrier in significant amounts. Terfenadine did so to a much lesser extent, and
      cetirizine passed into the CNS only half as readily as terfenadine. We suggest
      that cetirizine's reduced incidence of sedative side effects may stem partly from
      its selectivity for H1 receptors over sites involved in sedation, and partly from
      its relative exclusion from the CNS.

PMID- 2892449
TI  - Clinical pharmacodynamics of antihistamines.
AB  - Antihistamines act by competing with histamine for H1 or H2 histamine receptors
      on cell membranes. In addition, most of the common antihistamines bind other
      receptors and thus exert other pharmacologic actions. For all practical purposes,
      mast cells and basophils are the main physiologic sources of histamine, and the
      primary usefulness of antihistamines is in diseases characterized by excessive
      production and release of histamine by these two cell types. Experimental models
      have proven useful for evaluating antihistamine compounds in humans. In these
      model systems, a test drug may be employed to block one or more of the known
      effects of exogenously administered histamine or a histamine agonist. Or the
      release of endogenous histamine may be brought about in a controlled fashion by
      agents such as allergens, opiates, or compound 48/80, and the drug's effects on
      this process may then be measured. In the case of the central nervous system,
      unfortunately, such models are not available and other means of evaluation must
      be devised. The dose response and duration of action of orally administered
      antihistamines can be determined in a simple skin model by their blocking of the
      wheal and erythema (flare) resulting from an intradermal challenge with
      histamine, an allergen, or compound 48/80. Antihistamines can also be evaluated
      in urticaria induced by scratching or cold. Itching that commonly follows
      injection of histamine or an allergen into the skin is also inhibited by this
      class of drugs. Most of the commonly used antihistamines are effective in these
      models, which form the basis for evaluating antihistamines in the treatment of
      skin diseases. In the nose and conjunctiva, other model strategies are
      used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892450
TI  - Cetirizine inhibition of histamine-induced bronchospasm.
AB  - Cetirizine is a potent, selective H1 antagonist recently made available for
      investigation. To evaluate this oral drug's efficacy in treating asthma, we
      examined the bronchodilator effects of 5-, 10-, and 20-mg doses as well as the
      protective effects of these doses against histamine-provoked bronchospasm.
      Cetirizine's efficacy was compared with that of a placebo and oral hydroxyzine
      (25 mg) in 10 patients with mild asthma. The new compound provided significant
      protection in a dose-dependent manner against histamine-induced bronchospasm. A
      25-mg oral dose of hydroxyzine, which is partially metabolized to cetirizine,
      yielded blood levels of cetirizine comparable to those attained with 5 mg of oral
      cetirizine. Hydroxyzine 25 mg conferred greater protection against histamine
      bronchoprovocation than placebo, but it gave less protection than 10- and 20-mg
      doses of cetirizine. Cetirizine in all doses, as well as hydroxyzine at 25 mg,
      produced significant bronchodilation. However, the bronchodilator effect of the
      25-mg hydroxyzine dose was less than that of cetirizine at 20 mg. In this short
      term study, no significant side effects of cetirizine were noted.

PMID- 2892451
TI  - Antihistamines, drowsiness, and psychomotor impairment: central nervous system
      effect of cetirizine.
AB  - Altered central nervous system function as indicated by drowsiness and impaired
      psychomotor performance is often a consequence of the use of traditional
      antihistamines. Demonstration that newer agents lack these CNS effects requires
      quantitative and objective measurements that are sensitive enough to assess the
      psychomotor capabilities required for such activities as driving an automobile.
      These capabilities include extended attention span, vigilance, visual tracking,
      rapid information processing, and reaction time. We have used several psychomotor
      function tests to conduct two investigations assessing the CNS effects of
      cetirizine. In the first study, 12 healthy, atopic subjects received single oral
      doses of hydroxyzine 25 mg, cetirizine 10 mg and 20 mg, and placebo in a double
      blind, four-way crossover study. Skin-wheal response to intradermal histamine,
      psychomotor effects, and serum concentrations of each drug were measured for 36
      hours after each dose. The CNS effects were measured using critical flash-fusion
      frequency tests and Stroop word testing. Perceived feelings of drowsiness were
      measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). In the second study, 15 healthy
      subjects received single oral doses of diphenhydramine 50 mg, cetirizine 5 mg, 10
      mg, and 20 mg, and placebo in a double-blind, five-way crossover study. Skin
      wheal response to intradermal histamine, psychomotor effects, and serum
      concentrations of each drug were measured for 24 hours after each dose. The CNS
      effects were measured using digit-symbol substitution testing. "Trails-B" maze
      tracking, and an analyzer of driving performance that assessed reaction time and
      vigilance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892452
TI  - Cetirizine effects on objective measures of daytime sleepiness and performance.
AB  - Sixty healthy men and women with no sleep complaints, 21 to 45 years of age (mean
      age 28), were randomly assigned to one of five parallel groups that received one
      of the following: cetirizine 5 mg (n = 13), 10 mg (n = 13), or 20 mg (n = 11);
      hydroxyzine 25 mg (n = 12); or placebo (n = 11). After one adaptation night in
      the lab, the subjects' sleep patterns were recorded from 2300 to 0730 hours.
      Subjects were in bed during this period. When they awoke at 0730, a test agent
      was administered according to double-blind technique. Multiple Sleep Latency
      Tests (MSLT: 20-minute opportunities to fall asleep in bed while EEG and eye
      movements are recorded) were given at two-hour intervals throughout the day, and
      a 30-minute vigilance performance test was given at 1000 and 1600 hours. Subjects
      receiving cetirizine in doses of 5 to 20 mg did not differ from placebo controls
      in any objective or subjective measure of daytime alertness. Subjects receiving
      hydroxyzine were significantly more sedated and showed slower reaction times than
      the placebo control group for at least four hours after treatment. Self-rated
      feelings of sleepiness, impairment, and fatigue did not differ significantly
      between groups. This suggests that hydroxyzine subjects may not have been aware
      of their sleepiness and slower reaction times.

PMID- 2892453
TI  - A primate model for the evaluation of antihistamines.
AB  - Studies of the efficacy of antihistamines in treating human upper airway
      pathology are difficult to design and conduct. In part, this is the result of a
      lack of objective measures of the nasal response. The purpose of this study was
      to develop a monkey model for the objective evaluation of antihistamine
      effectiveness and, using this model, to study the efficacy of cetirizine.
      Computer-assisted active anterior rhinomanometry was used to assess nasal airway
      resistance (NAR) before and after a nasal histamine provocation in conscious
      rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). To establish dose-response relationships for
      oral antihistamines in monkeys, we measured the suppression of wheal-and-flare
      reactions by two such agents, oral cetirizine (CET) 0.1 to 1 mg/kg and
      chlorpheniramine (CHL) 0.07 to 0.2 mg/kg. The decreases in wheal sizes were
      maximal 60 to 120 minutes after CET 1.0 mg/kg (90%), and after CHL 0.2 mg/kg
      (70%). The four monkeys were challenged intranasally with increasing histamine
      doses (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg). The NAR was measured 15 minutes after each dose. At
      least three days later and 90 minutes after oral pretreatment with either CET 1
      mg/kg or CHL 0.2 mg/kg, the intranasal challenges were repeated. Postchallenge
      NAR data are given as the percent increase from the baseline NAR values. The four
      monkeys studied had coefficients of variation of 13%, 15%, 16%, and 26%
      respectively for baseline studies. Mean percent increases in NAR +/- standard
      deviation were 14% +/- 0.4%, 47% +/- 10.0%, 45% +/- 3.0%, and 72% +/- 6.0% after
      intranasal challenge with 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg of histamine,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892454
TI  - [Identification of a metabolite of floctafenine in urinary calculi].
AB  - There are three 4-amino-quinolines used for their analgesic properties:
      glafenine, antrafenine and floctafenin. Urinary calculi due to glafenine have
      been described since 1980. Recently two cases of renal calculi containing
      antrafenic acid have been reported. We discovered a metabolite of floctafenin in
      a bladder calculus and describe its identification by infrared spectrophotometry
      and thin-layer chromatography.

PMID- 2892455
TI  - [Diagnostic use of the GRF test in the study of GH secretion].
AB  - A good response after an intravenous bolus of GRF-1-29 NH2 in patients with
      hypopituitary dwarfism localities the site of the GH-deficiency in the
      hypothalamus (GRF deficiency). These patients could be treated with GH and GRF.
      Never the less some patients with hypothalamic responses after TRH don't respond
      after GRF. Probably these non responders need GRF in pulsatile or prolonged
      administration and T4 substitution before and during the test if TSH is also
      deficient. At least some cases without GRF response can be accepted as pure
      pituitary only GH would be effective.

PMID- 2892456
TI  - [Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon].

PMID- 2892457
TI  - Long term follow-up of patients with side to side choledochoduodenostomy and
      transduodenal sphincteroplasty.
AB  - From a consecutive series of 190 patients with choledochoduodenostomy (CDD) and
      56 patients with transduodenal sphincteroplasty (TDS), there were 10 and 3
      hospital deaths respectively. A long term follow-up study was performed on the
      remainder. Late deaths occurred in 35 CDD and 5 TDS patients. Serious long term
      complications occurred in 3.3% of CDD cases, comprising 5 cases of 'sump
      syndrome' and a further case of cholangitis in the presence of a clear biliary
      tree. Cholangitis occurred in 2 of the TDS patients (3.8%). Recurrent common duct
      stones were found in 3 of the 'sump syndrome' cases (1.6%) and one of the TDS
      patients with cholangitis (1.9%). Eighty-eight per cent of the CDD patients and
      90.2% of the TDS patients, who were reviewed, were subjectively well. Serum
      alkaline phosphatase was raised in 21.6% of the CDD patients and only 3.4% of the
      TDS group (P less than 0.05). Radiological studies showed that the CDD stoma
      admitted air and barium more often than the TDS stoma (P less than 0.001).
      Neither the biochemical nor the radiological findings correlated with the long
      term symptomatic results of the two procedures. Dynamic HIDA scans showed a
      shorter time to peak activity in the common hepatic duct for both CDD (P less
      than 0.01) and TDS (P less than 0.05) as compared with endoscopic sphincterotomy
      (ES). These long-term clinical, biochemical and radiological results are similar
      to those reported following ES.

PMID- 2892458
TI  - [Comparative pharmacoclinical study of 2 beta-blockers: atenolol and betaxolol in
      slight-to-moderate arterial hypertension].
AB  - Sixteen patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomized to receive
      either atenolol 100 mg a day (group A: 2 females, 6 males, mean age 42.3 years)
      or betaxolol 20 mg a day (group B: 8 males, mean age 49.3 years), both drugs
      given once daily for one month with a wash out on the 5th day. Pretreatment blood
      pressure was significantly higher in group B than in group A: this disparity,
      linked with randomization, hampered the comparison of the antihypertensive
      efficacy of both drugs but not the comparison of their pharmacodynamics. The
      maximal effect on resting supine blood pressure occurred later with betaxolol
      (4th day) than with atenolol (1st day), while the effect on peak exercise-blood
      pressure and heart rate was rapidly maximal (1st day) for both beta-blockers. The
      duration of the antihypertensive action at rest seemed to be nearly similar,
      while the effects of betaxolol on exercising heart rate and blood pressure were
      more prolonged than those of atenolol: on the wash out day, plasma atenolol and
      betaxolol levels fell in a same way but the increase in peak systolic blood
      pressure was more marked in group A than in group B, so that the positive
      correlation we found between the plasma drug levels and the percentage of peak
      systolic blood pressure reduction, was much closer with atenolol (p less than
      0.001) than with betaxolol (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2892459
TI  - [New forms of 5-aminosalicylate in inflammatory intestinal lesions].
AB  - 5 aminosalicylate (5 ASA) represents the active fraction of Salazopyrin. Various
      preparations, 5 ASA-based, are currently already marketed in the world. Some are
      reserved for the treatment of distal sites of inflammatory bowel diseases, in the
      form of enemas and suppositories. The others are used orally by preserving the
      Salazopyrin structure and its azoic link, like di-ASA (Dipentum) or by coating 5
      ASA to allow its release in the distal bowel (Asacol, Claversal, Salofalk,
      Pentasa). In haemorrhagic recto-colitis, these various preparations have, in the
      whole, a similar effectiveness to that of Salazopyrin in controlling moderately
      active forms or in keeping the patient in remission. In Crohn's disease, proof of
      their activity has not yet been established. The major advantage of these new
      derivatives rests in their use on patients who do not tolerate or are allergic to
      Salazopyrin since they are quite well tolerated except for the occurrence of
      diarrhea.

PMID- 2892460
TI  - [Polymorphism of p49 Y-specific probe in Papuas Baruyas of Papua New Guinea].
AB  - Taq I polymorphism revealed after molecular hybridization with the Y-specific p49
      probe was studied in male Papuas, Baruya tribe, living in the Wonenara valley.
      All individuals screened were identical at the variable loci A, C, F and I, and
      fixed for the specific allele Db. The deduced haplotype, number 17 (A2, C0, Db,
      F1, I1) is Baruya-specific.

PMID- 2892461
TI  - Comparison of the metabolism of linoleic and linolenic acids in the fetal rat.
AB  - The metabolism by the fetal rat of [1-14C] linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) was compared
      with that of [1-14C] alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) studied in vivo and in
      vitro. Both linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid were rapidly converted to long
      chain derivatives in fetal brain but rates of delta 6 desaturation were higher
      for alpha-linolenic than for linoleic acid. In the liver alpha-linolenic, but not
      linoleic acid, was rapidly converted to long-chain derivatives in vivo.
      Measurements of delta 6 and delta 5 desaturation by fetal liver in vitro showed
      significant desaturase activity but this was lower than in the brain. It is
      suggested that the observed difference in the hepatic metabolism of linoleic
      compared with that of alpha-linolenic acid reflects their differing affinities
      for alternative metabolic pathways.

PMID- 2892462
TI  - Biochemical and cultural analysis of mycobacterial recombinants obtained by
      spheroplast fusion.
AB  - Spheroplast fusion using polyethylene glycol 6000 resulted in mycobacterial
      recombinants with a frequency of about 10(-3). The parental strains were two
      carotenoid pigment mutants of Mycobacterium aurum which were obtained by chemical
      mutagenesis of the wild-type strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
      Isolation of recombinant clones was based on their pigmentation on Lowenstein
      Jensen medium, and genetically stable recombinants were analysed for their
      carotenoid pigments and their alpha- and beta-mycolic acids. They were then
      submitted to 14 biochemical tests as well as determination of their
      susceptibility to 13 drugs and their ability to grow at 30 and 42 degrees C.
      Recombinants were found to be positive for nitrate reductase (100%), gamma
      glutamyl transferase (94%), urease (53%) and arylsulphatase (21%). Out of 34
      recombinants tested, 5 grew both at 30 degrees and 42 degrees C, whereas 1 grew
      only at 37 degrees C. The results of drug susceptibility testing were
      inconclusive.

PMID- 2892463
TI  - Abnormal glutamate metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Glutamate levels were determined in the fasting plasma of 22 patients with early
      stage primary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and compared to those of
      healthy and diseased controls. There was a significant increase (by approximately
      100%, p less than 0.0005) in the plasma glutamate of the ALS patients as compared
      with the controls. Oral glutamate loading (60 mg of monosodium glutamate per
      kilogram of body weight, taken orally after overnight fasting) resulted in
      significantly greater elevations in the plasma glutamate and aspartate levels in
      the ALS patients than in the controls. Glutamate, a potentially neuroexcitotoxic
      compound, is thought to be the transmitter of the corticospinal tracts and
      certain spinal cord interneurons. A systemic defect in the metabolism of this
      amino acid may underlie primary ALS.

PMID- 2892464
TI  - Familial cases of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.
AB  - We studied two familial cases of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)
      associated myelopathy from the Kii Peninsula, an area of endemic adult T-cell
      leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) in Japan. Incidence of familial clustering of HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy was about 20%. Type C retrovirus was isolated from cultured
      cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood lymphocytes in both cases. Modes of
      transmission seem to be similar to those described in ATLL, although there are no
      reports of both HTLV-I-associated myelopathy and ATLL occurring in the same
      family. We suggest three possibilities: (1) that the virus associated with HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy is different from the virus causing ATLL, although they
      seem to be morphologically and immunologically similar; (2) that HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy may be determined by the ATLL-causing virus plus a specific
      genetic background; and (3) some combination of factors 1 and 2.

PMID- 2892465
TI  - Enhanced degradation of oxidized glutamine synthetase in vitro and after
      microinjection into hepatoma cells.
AB  - Mixed-function oxidation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase has previously
      been suggested to mark the enzyme for intracellular degradation, and in vitro
      studies have demonstrated that oxidation renders the enzyme susceptible to
      proteolytic attack. In this study, the susceptibility of glutamine synthetase to
      degradation by purified proteases has been compared with the rate of degradation
      after microinjection into hepatoma cells. Upon exposure to an ascorbate mixed
      function oxidation system the enzyme rapidly loses most of its activity, but
      further oxidation is required to cause susceptibility to extensive proteolytic
      attack either by a high-molecular-weight liver cysteine proteinase or by trypsin.
      The rate of degradation of biosynthetically 14C-labeled native and oxidized
      glutamine synthetase preparations after injection into hepatoma cells parallels
      their susceptibility to proteolysis in vitro. Native enzyme preparations and
      enzyme oxidatively inactivated, but not susceptible to extensive degradation by
      purified proteases, had similar intracellular half-lives; however, oxidized
      enzyme preparations that were susceptible to proteolytic breakdown in vitro were
      degraded almost ten times faster than the native enzyme within the growing
      hepatoma cells. These results suggest that the same features of the oxidized
      enzyme that render it susceptible to proteolysis in vitro are also recognized by
      the intracellular degradation system. In addition, they show that loss of enzyme
      activity does not necessarily imply decreased metabolic stability.

PMID- 2892466
TI  - The halobacterial H+-translocating ATP synthase relates to the eukaryotic anion
      sensitive H+-ATPase.
AB  - The H+-translocating ATP synthase of Halobacterium halobium (Y. Mukohata and M.
      Yoshida (1987) J. Biochem. 102, 797-802) includes a catalytic moiety of 320 kDa
      which is isolated as an azide-insensitive ATPase (T. Nanba and Y. Mukohata (1987)
      J. Biochem. 102, 591-598). The polyclonal antibody against this archaebacterial
      ATPase cross-reacts with the anion-sensitive H+-ATPase of red beet, Beta
      vulgaris, tonoplast as well as with another archaebacterial ATPase from
      Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The affinity is much higher than to F1-ATPase from
      spinach chloroplasts or to Ca2+-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit
      skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2892467
TI  - Hantavirus disease.

PMID- 2892469
TI  - Retrograde flow in the internal mammary artery.
AB  - Thirty-two patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were studied to
      evaluate retrograde flow in the internal mammary artery (IMA). The left IMA
      pedicle was prepared in routine fashion from the level of the first rib
      superiorly to just distal to the IMA bifurcation. Following cannulation for
      cardiopulmonary bypass but before institution of extracorporeal circulation, the
      IMA was divided 5 mm proximal to its bifurcation and allowed to bleed freely. The
      flow from each end was then measured by allowing the segment to bleed for 30
      seconds. The mean antegrade flow was 73 +/- 34 ml/min, and the retrograde flow
      was 25 +/- 17.2 ml/min. The difference between the flows was significant (p less
      than 0.05). Based on these data we do not recommend the retrograde IMA technique
      as a primary form of revascularization of the myocardium. In selected
      circumstances it may be used if adequate retrograde flow is demonstrated before
      constructing the anastomosis.

PMID- 2892468
TI  - Incidence of perforated and bleeding peptic ulcers before and after the
      introduction of H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - The incidence of perforated and bleeding peptic ulcer requiring emergency surgery
      was studied in a defined population before and after the introduction of
      histamine H2-blockers. The incidence of these ulcer complications was unchanged
      from 1974 to 1984 with an incidence of ulcer perforation from 4 to 10/100,000 per
      year and of bleeding ulcer from 5 to 10/100,000, indicating that the H2-blockers
      have not changed the incidence of severe ulcer complications.

PMID- 2892470
TI  - [Treatment of arterial hypertension. Clinical and pharmacological
      considerations].

PMID- 2892472
TI  - Evidence for central alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypertension in freely moving,
      normotensive rats.
AB  - The hypertensive response mediated by central alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation
      was investigated in freely moving, normotensive rats with chronic arterial
      catheters and guide cannulas. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists (methoxamine,
      phenylephrine, ST 587) and the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists (B-HT 920,
      clonidine, oxymetazoline) injected intravenously (i.v.) caused a rise in mean
      blood pressure. The rank order of potency of the agonists to produce 25 mm Hg of
      pressor response (the effective dose; ED25) was oxymetazoline (0.64 microgram/kg)
      greater than phenylephrine (1.05 microgram/kg) greater than clonidine (1.6
      microgram/kg) greater than ST 587 (5.4 micrograms/kg) greater than B-HT 920 (19.0
      micrograms/kg) greater than methoxamine (19.5 micrograms/kg). The
      intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, B-HT
      920 (3 to 300 micrograms/kg), clonidine (3 to 100 micrograms/kg) and
      oxymetazoline (3 to 100 micrograms/kg) produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting
      pressor response associated with bradycardia, without showing a significant
      depressor response for up to 90 min at any of the doses used. The i.c.v.
      injection of alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists, methoxamine (100 to 500
      micrograms/kg), phenylephrine (100 to 500 micrograms/kg) and ST 587 (100 to 300
      micrograms/kg) produced a short-lasting pressor response with variable changes in
      heart rate. In addition, a significant long-lasting depressor response
      concomitant with a decrease in heart rate was observed 30-60 min after the
      injection at higher doses. Dose-response curves for pressor responses to alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists were located to the left of those for alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonists. The rank order of potency of the agonists injected i.c.v. in producing
      pressor responses with ED25 was clonidine (12.0 micrograms/kg) greater than
      oxymetazoline (14.0 micrograms/kg) greater than B-HT 920 (16.0 micrograms/kg)
      much greater than ST 587 (125 micrograms/kg) greater than phenylephrine (235
      micrograms/kg) greater than methoxamine (310 micrograms/kg). Central (i.c.v.)
      pretreatment with yohimbine (100 micrograms/kg) abolished hypertensive responses
      to centrally administered alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists but the treatment with
      prazosin (30 micrograms/kg) was less effective in inhibiting the hypertensive
      responses. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, pressor responses to i.c.v.
      injection of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists were significantly
      inhibited and a long-lasting depressor response was induced by alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists, whereas depressor responses to alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonists were not affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2892471
TI  - Comparison of the milk leakage potencies of adrenergic agonists in lactating
      cows.
AB  - The activities of epinephrine (2-6 micrograms) and of norepinephrine (20-60
      micrograms) on the relaxation of teat sphincter muscles were compared by
      measuring milk leakage from the full udder of 5 lactating cows. Substances were
      injected into the external pudic artery after pretreatment with an alpha
      adrenoceptor blocking agent (prazosin or phentolamine). Milk leakage was induced
      by creating a vacuum (-30 cm of water) in a plethysmographic chamber enclosing
      one teat and volumes of milk loss were measured every min. In a second series of
      experiments the activities of the beta 2-adrenoceptor selective agonist zinterol
      (0.5-2.5 micrograms) and of the nonselective beta-agonist isoproterenol (3-22.5
      micrograms) on sphincter muscle relaxation were compared. Epinephrine was found
      to be more potent than norepinephrine in inducing relaxation of sphincter
      muscles. Zinterol was more active than isoproterenol. It is concluded that there
      is a predominance of beta 2-adrenoceptors in the teat sphincters.

PMID- 2892473
TI  - SK & F 95018, a vasodilator/beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.
AB  - The pharmacological properties of a novel vasodilator/beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, SK & F 95018 6-[4-[3-(3-[4-(2-Cyclopropylmethoxyethyl)phenoxy]-2-
      hydroxypropylamino)propionamido]phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-met hylpyridazin- 3(2H)-one
      methanesulphonate] are described. SK & F 95018 lowered blood pressure and
      increased hindquarters blood flow in anaesthetised rats over the same dose range
      1-5 mumol kg-1. Over a similar dose range SK & F 95018 inhibited isoprenaline
      induced tachycardia in ganglion-blocked, anaesthetized cats. SK & F 95018 had
      minimal effect on bronchial beta 2-adrenoceptors, while simultaneously
      antagonizing cardiac beta 1-adrenoceptors in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. SK & F
      95018 was demonstrated to be a potent antihypertensive agent in conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rats over the dose range of 1.6-13 mumol kg-1 i.v. and
      13-103 mumol kg-1 p.o. A marked and persistent hypotension was observed in
      conscious cats at a dose of 7.5 mumol kg-1 i.v. and 19 mumol kg-1 p.o., without
      reflex tachycardia. In anaesthetized cats, the hypotensive response to the
      compound was found to be via a reduction in total peripheral resistance with a
      maintained cardiac output. Vasodilatation and beta-adrenoceptor antagonism have
      been demonstrated in the same molecule (SK & F 95018) in a combination which
      would be suitable for effective treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2892474
TI  - [Entamoeba histolytica surface antigens that interact with specific human IgA
      immune sera].

PMID- 2892475
TI  - [Nervous system involvement in HIV1 infections in infants].
AB  - A prospective survey of 38 HIV1-infected infants has been performed. Thirty-four
      percent of the patients expressed neurological abnormalities. Three main clinical
      entities of various intensity have been defined: 8 patients had severe
      intellectual and motor dysfunctions associated with a bucco-lingual dyspraxia; in
      4 patients, the intellectual and motor alterations were less intense but were
      associated with a severe bucco-lingual dyspraxia; finally one patient had no
      clinical symptomatology but a chronic lymphocytic meningitis. No opportunistic
      infection of the CNS was observed. The neurological alterations were correlated
      in intensity with the immunological dysfunction. CT scans were normal or showed
      cerebral atrophy in most cases. CSF were normal in 12 cases and a pleiocytosis
      was observed in one case. However, in 4 of the 6 tested cases, anti-HIV
      antibodies were detected in CSF.

PMID- 2892476
TI  - [Primary acrosyndrome. Treatment combining an alpha-blocked and a calcium
      blocker].
AB  - Case-report of a 5 year-old girl presenting with primitive peripheral vascular
      disease. Treatment associated an alpha-blocker and a calcium blocker. Therapeutic
      efficacy was evaluated from the clinical improvement and thermographic studies.

PMID- 2892478
TI  - Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological
      treatment of psychoses.
AB  - The clinical use of antipsychotic agents may be enhanced by considering their
      dose-effect characteristics. In particular, assessment of immediate and later
      follow-up treatment of psychotic patients (1) indicates that moderate doses are
      adequate for most patients, (2) fails to support the utility of unusually high
      doses, and (3) even suggests the existence of a biphasic relationship of
      antipsychotic efficacy to dose of neuroleptics and possibly to plasma
      concentrations of the drugs as well. Trends toward lesser overall clinical
      benefits of high doses may reflect untoward extrapyramidal or other central
      nervous system effects leading to behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Thus,
      moderate doses of neuroleptics appear, on average, to be about as effective as,
      and probably safer than, the larger doses that have been popular in the United
      States in recent years.

PMID- 2892477
TI  - Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with
      antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - Using positron emission tomography and the carbon 11-labeled ligand raclopride,
      central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in the putamen was determined in
      psychiatric patients treated with clinical doses of psychoactive drugs. Receptor
      occupancy in drug-treated patients was defined as the percent reduction of
      specific carbon 11-raclopride binding in relation to the expected binding in the
      absence of drug treatment. Clinical treatment of schizophrenic patients with 11
      chemically distinct antipsychotic drugs (including both classic and atypical
      neuroleptics such as clozapine) resulted in a 65% to 85% occupancy of D2-dopamine
      receptors. In a depressed patient treated with the tricyclic antidepressant
      nortriptyline, no occupancy was found. The time course for receptor occupancy and
      drug levels was followed after withdrawal of sulpiride or haloperidol. D2
      dopamine receptor occupancy remained above 65% for many hours despite a
      substantial reduction of serum drug concentrations. In a sulpiride-treated
      patient, the dosage was reduced in four steps over a nine-week period and a
      curvilinear relationship was demonstrated between central D2-dopamine receptor
      occupancy and serum drug concentrations. The results demonstrate that clinical
      doses of all the currently used classes of antipsychotic drugs cause a
      substantial blockade of central D2-dopamine receptors in humans. This effect
      appears to be selective for the antipsychotics, since it was not induced by the
      antidepressant nortriptyline.

PMID- 2892479
TI  - Pharmacotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder.

PMID- 2892480
TI  - Rat lymphoid cell lines with HTLV-I production. III. Transmission of HTLV-I into
      rats and analysis of cell surface antigens associated with HTLV-I.
AB  - Newborn WKA rats given a single intraperitoneal injection of MMC treated TARS-1,
      a rat T cell line producing HTLV-I, were shown to accumulate high titred
      antibodies specific for HTLV-I. Adult WKA rats rejected TARS-1 transplant with
      transient appearance of anti-HTLV-I antibodies. However, rats maintained under
      daily administration of Bredinin, an immunosuppressive drug after TARS-1
      transplant showed continuous production of antibodies specific for HTLV-I by
      aging. Type-C virus particles similar to HTLV-I were demonstrated by
      electronmicroscopy in the short-term cultured spleen cells of these rats. The
      evidence indicates that HTLV-I can be transmitted into newborn and
      immunosuppressed adult rats and they may provide a suitable animal model of ATL
      and related conditions in man, especially for elucidating the virus-host
      interactions involved in the leukemogenesis of HTLV-I. By using monoclonal
      antibodies, cell surface antigens associated with HTLV-I were also analysed.

PMID- 2892481
TI  - Restriction endonucleases recognizing DNA sequences of four base pairs facilitate
      differentiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 strains.
AB  - Variation of restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns between herpes simplex
      virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains was investigated using restriction endonucleases
      recognizing DNA sequences of four base pairs (4-bp enzymes) (HaeIII, HhaI,
      Sau3AI). The analysis made feasible identification of variations not heretofore
      detectable, using enzymes recognizing DNA sequences of six base pairs (BamHI,
      KpnI, SalI), and proved to be most useful for distinction and classification of
      HSV-1 strains. Ten of the fifteen strains analysed using 4-bp enzymes were
      closely related, and were put into group 1, and the other five not so related
      strains were classed into the non-group 1. The observations suggested a possible
      common ancestor from which group 1 strains had derived.

PMID- 2892482
TI  - Differential effect of Bordetella pertussis on experimental posterior uveitis in
      the black-hooded Lister rat.
AB  - The effect of an additional adjuvant, Bordetella pertussis, on the clinical and
      histopathologic features of experimental autoimmune uveitis in black-hooded
      Lister rats was investigated. Disease was induced by a single footpad injection
      of purified retinal S-antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. In those animals
      that did not receive B Pertussis the clinical features were those of a retinal
      vasculitis with disc edema, periphlebitis, and deep retinal infiltrates. In
      contrast, animals that received B pertussis developed lesions in the pigment
      epithelium and choroid. Histopathologic studies disclosed focal photoreceptor
      necrosis associated with mononuclear cell infiltration in both groups of animals.
      However, in the group that did not receive B pertussis the disease was
      predominantly a retinitis associated with perivascular infiltration of retinal
      vessels, whereas in the group that did receive B pertussis the main feature was a
      focal choroiditis, with superficial retinal lesions being rarely observed.
      Retinal photoreceptors were the target tissue in both groups of rats, but the
      route by which they were damaged was altered from predominantly retinal to
      choroidal by the addition of Bordetella pertussis as an adjuvant. This change may
      be ascribed to the ability of B pertussis toxin to sensitize vascular endothelium
      to local mast cell products, these cells being plentiful around choroidal vessels
      but absent in the retinal circulation.

PMID- 2892483
TI  - [The occurrence of rotavirus and fimbriae-bearing E. coli types in foals with
      diarrhea].

PMID- 2892484
TI  - [Fimbriae formation, disease form and vaccination in infection with Salmonella
      typhimurium variatio copenhagen (STMVC)].

PMID- 2892486
TI  - Decrease of the salt appetite of spontaneously hypertensive rats by chronic
      application of almitrine.
AB  - The effect of almitrine on salt appetite, water intake, and renal excretory
      function was investigated in conscious adult spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR) of both sexes. The animals were kept singly in metabolic cages and given
      free access to food, water and 2.5% NaCl-solution. Oral administration of
      almitrine (0.4 mg/kg) for five days evoked an effective long-lasting suppression
      of voluntary salt intake and a temporary decrease of water intake. The pattern of
      renal electrolyte excretion was determined by the pattern of intake. The present
      results support the assumption that the activity of the peripheral arterial
      chemoreceptors plays an essential role in the maintenance of voluntary salt
      intake in SHR.

PMID- 2892485
TI  - Short-term effect of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet on aminopeptidase in
      adult rat jejunoileum. Site of aminopeptidase response.
AB  - The short-term effects of high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet on aminopeptidase N
      activity were studied in the brush-border membranes of proximal jejunum and
      proximal ileum of adult rats. The animals were starved overnight and re-fed for
      15 h either with a standard diet (20% protein, 55% carbohydrate, in terms of
      energy content) or with a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet of equal energy
      content (70% protein, 5% carbohydrate). All rats consumed similar amounts of
      diet, and measurements were made 15 h after initiation of re-feeding. In the
      proximal jejunum a slight increase in aminopeptidase activity was observed after
      the high-protein intake. In contrast, considerable stimulation (52%) of the
      enzyme specific activity was obtained in the proximal ileum. This increase in
      ileal aminopeptidase activity was more prominent in the mature cells of the upper
      villus. To determine if the increase of aminopeptidase activity was due to an
      increased amount of enzyme protein, rocket immunoelectrophoresis was performed
      with detergent-solubilized brush-border protein from ileum on agarose gels
      containing anti-(rat brush-border) antiserum. When the same amount of enzyme
      activity was loaded on the gels, the peaks of immunoprecipitate for
      aminopeptidase were similar for animals fed on a standard or a high-protein diet.
      When the same amount of protein was loaded, the peak of immunoprecipitate for
      aminopeptidase was higher (81%) after a high-protein diet. These results showed
      that the high protein intake evoked an increase in aminopeptidase activity, with
      a concomitant increase in the amount of immunoreactive protein.

PMID- 2892487
TI  - A zebrafish homeobox-containing gene with embryonic transcription.
AB  - A genomic library of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) was constructed and screened
      with homeobox-containing probes. One of the strongly cross-hybridizing clones was
      characterized by DNA sequencing. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits
      extensive homology (greater than 80%) relative to the Antennapedia-class of
      Drosophila homeobox sequences. Characterization of the gene with respect to
      expression demonstrated that two transcripts of 2.1 and 1.4 kb, respectively, are
      present in embryonic poly (A+) RNA. The highest concentration of the two RNA
      species was observed in embryos which have terminated the process of somite
      formation.

PMID- 2892488
TI  - Frequency in hypertensives of alleles for a RFLP associated with the renin gene.
AB  - The genetic basis of primary hypertension is not known. Renin is important in
      blood pressure and volume control and a HindIII restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) is present within the human renin gene locus. To examine
      whether there is a relationship between this RFLP and primary hypertension, DNA
      and renin analyses were performed on leukocytes and plasma from hypertensive and
      normotensive individuals. In hypertensives the frequencies of alleles for the
      HindIII RFLP were found to be 0.55 and 0.45, compared with 0.60 and 0.40 in the
      total population of 231 subjects examined, a difference that was not
      statistically significant. There also appeared to be no significant difference in
      renin activity in plasma for hypertensive patients of each genotype, nor in their
      pre- or post-treatment blood pressures. We thus conclude that, within the limits
      of the present study, the suspected genetic abnormalities associated with primary
      hypertension in man do not appear to be related to a HindIII RFLP in the renin
      gene.

PMID- 2892489
TI  - Molecular cloning of Escherichia coli K-12 ggt and rapid isolation of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase.
AB  - Based on the results of mapping of ggt, eight strains were selected from a gene
      library of E. coli. One of the strains harboring pLC9-12 was found to show 14
      times higher gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity per cell than the wild type
      strain. The ggt was subcloned to the BamHI site of pUC18 and the recombinant
      plasmid pSH101 was obtained. Ggt- phenotype of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      deficient mutants was complemented by pSH101. The specific activity of the enzyme
      in cells harboring pSH101 was 37-fold higher than that in the wild type cells.
      gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase was isolated from the periplasmic fraction of the
      cells by simple two steps and crystallized.

PMID- 2892490
TI  - A magnesium-dependent guanylate cyclase in cell-free preparations of
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Receptor-mediated regulation of guanylate cyclase is well-studied in intact
      Dictyostelium discoideum cells, but study of the enzyme in cell-free preparations
      has hampered. A major obstacle has been that in vitro guanylate cyclase activity
      could be detected only in the presence of unphysiological concentrations of Mn2+
      ions. In this paper we report the identification of a guanylate cyclase in
      D.discoideum cell homogenates that has high activity with Mg2+-GTP. The enzyme is
      activated by non-hydrolyzable ATP and GTP analogues and inhibited by
      submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+-ions. We suggest that the presently
      identified enzyme is regulated in intact cells via cell surface receptors. The
      compounds that modulated the enzyme activity in vitro may reflect physiologically
      relevant regulation mechanisms.

PMID- 2892491
TI  - Membrane-stabilizing effect of vitamin E: effect of alpha-tocopherol and its
      model compounds on fluidity of lecithin liposomes.
AB  - The effects of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and its model compounds on the
      fluidity of liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholin (DPPC) and fatty
      acids were investigated by the measurement of the fluorescent polarization (P)
      using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as a plobe. Although all tocopherols
      decreased the fluidity of liposomes which was perturbed by the inclusion of an
      unsaturated fatty acid having more than one double bond, alpha-tocopherol was
      more effective than the others. The fluidity in arachidonic acid-containing
      liposomes was decreased most in the presence of alpha-tocopherol and was
      decreased considerably by the inclusion of model compounds having a side chain at
      least one isoprene unit or a long straight chain instead of isoprenoid side
      chain. However, the chromanol with methyl group instead of the above side chain,
      and phytol, having no chromanol moiety, had no effect. These results show that a
      structural requirement for a membrane stabilization is to be either the chromanol
      moiety with methyl groups born on its aromatic ring or a side chain of
      appropriate length; an isoprenoid side chain of full length or one containing 4'a
      and 8'a-methyl groups is not necessarily needed.

PMID- 2892492
TI  - Amyloid beta-protein gene duplication is not common in Alzheimer's disease:
      analysis by polymorphic restriction fragments.
AB  - The amyloid beta-protein(BP) is an important component of amyloid fibrils of both
      Alzheimer's disease(AD) and adult Down syndrome(DS). It has been hypothesized
      that sporadic AD may involve the duplication of a subregion of chromosome 21
      containing the BP locus. However, an improved method for detection of the BP gene
      duplication using polymorphic Hind III fragments led us to a conclusion that BP
      gene duplication is rare, if any, in (Japanese) sporadic AD patients, indicating
      that the duplication of the BP gene itself is not the common underlying genetic
      defect in AD.

PMID- 2892493
TI  - Amide proton exchange rates in cardioactive sea anemone polypeptides.
AB  - Amide hydrogen exchange rates have been measured using high-resolution 1H nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 300 MHz for three homologous
      cardioactive polypeptides, anthopleurin-A from Anthopleura xanthogrammica and
      Anemonia sulcata toxins I and II. There are approximately 15 slowly exchanging
      hydrogens in each polypeptide, but the slowest exchange rates are found in ATX
      II, with ATX I and AP-A having rates similar to one another. The exchange rates
      correlate with the thermal stability of these molecules, but not with the potency
      and species specificity of their biological activities. The data for AP-A are
      interpreted in terms of a recent structural model for this polypeptide.

PMID- 2892494
TI  - Stereoselective delivery and actions of beta receptor antagonists.
AB  - These studies have revealed that the delivery and actions of beta receptor
      antagonist drugs are controlled by a cascade of stereoselective processes
      involving multiple enzymes, transport proteins and receptors. In essence, the
      free concentration of the pharmacologically active (-)-enantiomer species of
      these drugs presented to cell surface beta receptors appears to be a function of
      the stereoselective clearance by hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, enantiomer
      selective binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin and perhaps
      predominantly by stereoselective sequestration (and release) by the vesicular
      amine transport protein within adrenergic neurons. Stereoselectivity in the
      clearance of beta blocking drugs, which can favor either the (+)- or (-)
      enantiomer, only appears to be important for the lipophilic drugs which are
      cleared by hepatic metabolism. Such stereoselectivity is due to differential
      stereochemical substrate requirements of individual hepatic cytochrome P-450
      isoenzymes. Interindividual variations in the stereoselectivity can occur as a
      result of differences in the amount and expression of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes
      due to genetic predisposition or other factors. In the same context, we have
      observed a significant correlation between the extent and stereoselectivity of
      binding of beta blocking drugs to plasma proteins. This is another finding which
      suggests that variability in the expression of individual proteins involved in
      the beta blocking drug-protein cascade determines the free concentration of the
      pharmacologically active enantiomer. However, since most observations have been
      made in young normal subjects, the extent of stereoselectivity in metabolism,
      binding and other processes is unknown in the general population where steady
      state plasma concentrations can vary widely due to multiple biological factors.
      The observations from neural studies support the concept that adrenergic nerve
      endings provide a depot for the stereoselective storage and release of the active
      enantiomer of beta receptor antagonists. The mechanism of this release appears to
      involve exocytotic secretion of drug that has been stereoselectively accumulated
      by the neurotransmitter storage vesicles. In terms of this idea, beta receptor
      antagonists released during nerve stimulation may achieve concentrations of the (
      )-enantiomer within the adrenergic synapse greatly in excess of those found in
      plasma. Such a mechanism could significantly influence both the intensity and
      duration of beta receptor blockade in the heart, blood vessels, brain and other
      target tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2892495
TI  - Lysosomotropic behavior of adrenergic antagonists in interactions with human
      neutrophils.
AB  - Autonomic neurohormones affect the secretory activity of neutrophils by
      modulating release of lysosomal enzymes in response to immunologic stimuli.
      Autonomic agents are also weak bases which might modify cell function by
      accumulating in the acidic interior of the lysosome, in addition to their
      receptor-mediated activity. We examined the association of the beta-adrenergic
      antagonist [3H]dihydroalprenolol with human neutrophils and lysosome and membrane
      fractions derived from neutrophils, and the subcellular distribution of the
      photoaffinity-labeled beta-adrenergic ligand [3H]azidobenzylcarazolol after
      incubation with intact cells. Isolated neutrophil lysosomes accumulated
      significantly more [3H]dihydroalprenolol than isolated membrane preparations.
      Decreasing the transmembrane pH gradient markedly reduced [3H]dihydroalprenolol
      accumulation by intact cells or lysosomes but not by membranes. Since
      [3H]dihydroalprenolol accumulated by intact cells remained rapidly exchangeable,
      the photoaffinity ligand [3H]azidobenzylcarazolol was used to assess ligand
      distribution after association with whole cells. After cell disruption, 18.5 +/-
      1.3% of this ligand appeared in the lysosome fraction as compared to 2.2 +/- 0.6%
      in the membrane fraction. The secretagogue phorbol myristate acetate caused
      release of the ligand as well as lysosomal enzymes from cells. These findings
      suggest that there is significant pH-dependent lysosomal accumulation of beta
      antagonists. This lysosomotropic interaction may be important both as it affects
      the sequestration and redistribution of the drugs, and as it might in some
      circumstances affect host defense functions of the neutrophil.

PMID- 2892497
TI  - Basolateral gamma-glutamyl transferase ectoactivity in rat liver: effects of
      chronic alcohol consumption.
AB  - Chronic alcohol consumption is known to increase hepatic gamma-glutamyl
      transferase (GGT) activity. The biological significance of this change has,
      however, remained unknown. Using a recently described methodology which allows
      the determination of basolateral ectoenzyme GGT activity (Ble-GGT) in perfused
      rat liver (Speisky et al, 1985), we have investigated the effects of chronic
      alcohol consumption on Ble-GGT and on its participation in the utilization of
      circulating glutathione (GSH). Ble-GGT was markedly increased (40-75%) by chronic
      alcohol consumption. The ecto-activity strongly correlated with total GGT
      activity, measured in whole liver homogenates from ethanol-fed animals (r =
      0.898, p less than 0.001). Ble-GGT was found to catalyze the utilization of
      significant amounts of circulating GSH (7.4-14.7 nmol/min/100 g B.W.). Chronic
      ethanol treatment led to marked increases (111%) in the hydrolysis of circulating
      GSH, which highly correlated (r = 0.958, p less than 0.001) with total liver GGT
      activity. An increased Ble-GGT activity following chronic alcohol consumption
      might constitute a mechanism to increase the hepatic availability of GSH
      precursors.

PMID- 2892496
TI  - Histamine H2-receptor mediated activation of neonatal rat brain ornithine
      decarboxylase in vivo.
AB  - The effect of histamine (HA) administered via intracerebroventricular injection
      on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was studied in neonatal rat brain. The
      HA effect was dose and time dependent. Maximal increase in ODC activity was
      achieved 2 hr after administration of 10 micrograms HA (38% over control levels).
      Impromidine (HA H2-agonist) mimicked the effect of HA on ODC and ranitidine (HA
      H2-antagonist) inhibited the response to HA. Neither 2-thiazolylethylamine (HA H1
      agonist) nor mepyramine (HA H1-antagonist) modified control ODC activity. The HA
      releasers, compound 48/80 and polymixin B sulfate, elicited an increase in brain
      ODC activity of 35% and 32%, respectively, over the control value.

PMID- 2892498
TI  - Influence of mouse genotype on responses on central neurotransmitters to long
      term alcohol exposure in striatum and hippocampus.
AB  - A striking strain dependency in response of central neuromediators (dopamine,
      serotonin, acetylcholine activities and somatostatin) to various periods of
      alcohol treatment has been noted in striatum and hippocampus in mice. For
      biogenic amines the C57Bl strain loses tolerance to prolonged alcohol injury
      earlier than the Balb/c strain. At the opposite the Balb/c strain exhibits a
      remarkable long lasting tolerance for cholinergic activity. The unequal capacity
      to adapt, also appears to depend on the nervous structure and the
      neurotransmitter considered. Such discrepancies may underly differences in
      behavioral changes observed in alcoholics.

PMID- 2892500
TI  - Effects of alcohol and acetaldehyde on metabolism and function of
      neurotransmitter systems in cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture.
AB  - Effects of alcohol (ethanol) and acetaldehyde (AcAl) on the metabolism and
      function of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)ergic and cholinergic systems were
      investigated using mouse cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. Exposure
      to alcohol in vitro had no significant effects on the content of neuroactive
      amino acids as well as the activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA
      transaminase (GABA-T), choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE). In contrast, AcAl showed remarkable reductions of neuroactive amino acids
      content, and of CAT and AChE activities, but induced no alteration in the
      activities of GAD and GABA-T. [3H]Flunitrazepam [( 3H]FLN) binding and the
      stimulatory effect of GABA on [3H]FLN binding were found to be inhibited by in
      vitro exposure to both alcohol and AcAl, both of which, however, induced no
      changes in [3H]muscimol binding. These results suggest that the direct actions of
      AcAl on cholinergic systems in primary cultured neurons may be more potent than
      those of alcohol. The results described above also suggest that alcohol-induced
      neurochemical alterations in vivo may be, at least in part, caused by AcAl
      converted from alcohol in vivo.

PMID- 2892499
TI  - Combined antihistamine antagonism of the flushing reaction to alcohol.
AB  - The so-called Oriental flushing reaction associated with ingestion of small
      amounts of alcohol was antagonized by combined antihistamine administration. In
      stage one of the study, the flushing reaction to low doses of alcohol was
      produced in Orientals. Most subjects experienced a cutaneous flush, increase in
      skin temperature, decrease in blood pressure, increase in pulse rate and
      subjective symptoms such as dizziness, sleepiness, anxiety, headache, generalized
      weakness and nausea. One half of the group of subjects was then given
      diphenhydramine, 50 mg (H1 receptor antagonist) and cimetidine, 300 mg (H2
      receptor antagonist) and the second half received placebo tablets before the
      administration of alcohol. The clearest difference between the antihistamine
      group and placebo group was in the skin flushing reaction. The antihistamine
      group showed a statistically significant reduction in the skin flush. The
      antihistamines also neutralized the systolic hypotension induced by the
      administration of alcohol.

PMID- 2892501
TI  - Short- and long-term components of working memory in the rat.
AB  - Previous experiments suggested that working memory of rats trained on a radial
      maze can be discussed in terms of its short- and long-term temporal components.
      For example, in Mizumori, Channon, Rosenzweig, and Bennett's (1985) study, long
      term working memory was found to be susceptible to disruption by the protein
      synthesis inhibitor anisomycin (ANI). In Experiment 1 of this report, we examined
      the neuropharmacological nature of short-term working memory of rats trained to
      retrieve food from all arms of a 12-arm radial maze. Delay intervals of varying
      length were placed between Choices 6 and 7. Lanthanum (LaCl3) and glutamate (GLU)
      injected bilaterally into the hippocampus effectively impaired retention over
      short delay intervals, which suggests a possible role for calcium and/or
      potassium and for glutamate in working memory. However, another equally likely
      explanation for the amnesic effects of LaCl3 and GLU is that these drugs impaired
      reference memory. To test more directly the hypothesis that LaCl3, GLU, or ANI
      might differentially affect working and reference memory, we tested the effects
      of these drugs on performance of rats trained to retrieve food from only 8 arms
      of the 12-arm maze in Experiment 2. The remaining 4 arms were never baited, in
      order to test reference memory function. We predicted that rats would make errors
      only in baited arms (i.e., errors of working memory). Instead, results of
      Experiment 2 showed that LaCl3, GLU, or ANI injection produced errors in unbaited
      arms even before a 120-min delay. If rats were injected with LaCl3 or GLU, baited
      arm errors were observed only after the delay period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2892502
TI  - The covalent structure of the elastase inhibitor from Anemonia sulcata--a "non
      classical" Kazal-type protein.
AB  - The amino-acid sequence of the proteinase inhibitor specific for elastases from
      the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata was determined from performic-acid oxidized
      inhibitor and from three cyanogen bromide fragments of reduced and
      carboxymethylated inhibitor. The molecule consists of a single polypeptide chain
      formed from 48 amino-acid residues and is stabilized by three intramolecular
      disulfide bridges. After cyanogen bromide cleavage of the native protein at
      methionines 10 and 28 followed by chymotryptic cleavage two fragments each
      containing a single disulfide bridge were isolated. These indicated the location
      of three intramolecular disulfide linkages between Cys4 and Cys34 (part of A
      loop), Cys8 and Cys27 (B-loop) and Cys16 and Cys48 (C-loop). The sequential
      homology and the disulfide pattern identified the elastase inhibitor as a Kazal
      type inhibitor in which, however, not only the CysI-CysII segment is rather short
      but interestingly the Cys4-Cys34 disulfide anchoring point (i.e. CysI-CysV) in
      the C-loop is shifted by one turn in the alpha-helical segment towards the C
      terminus. Thus, the elastase inhibitor is a non-classical Kazal-type inhibitor
      with respect to the positioning of the half-cystines. The inhibitor molecule was
      modelled based on the known three-dimensional structure of the silver pheasant
      ovomucoid third domain. The shortened amino-terminal segment was arranged in such
      a manner to allow disulfide bridge formation between the first cysteine Cys4 and
      the replaced Cys34 under maintenance of a suitable binding loop conformation. The
      characteristic ovomucoid scaffold consisting of a central alpha-helix, an
      adjacent three-stranded beta-sheet and the proteinase-binding loop cross
      connected through disulfide bridges CysI-CysV and CysIII-CysVI was conserved.

PMID- 2892504
TI  - Clinical trials of acellular pertussis vaccine in Sweden. An attempt to solve the
      problem of pertussis vaccination.

PMID- 2892503
TI  - Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of taxol-induced polymerization of purified
      tubulin.
AB  - The kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of in vitro taxol-induced polymerization
      of purified tubulin has been studied. The assembly of tubulin initiated by taxol
      has a critical concentration of 0.1 mg/mL at 37 degrees C and consists of two
      consecutive pseudo first-order processes, a fast phase followed by a slow phase.
      The rate constants of the fast and slow phase polymerizations increase linearly
      with increasing tubulin concentration. This implies that the polymerization is a
      true pseudo first-order process. The ln (l/t0.5) of polymerization for both fast
      and slow phases follows a linear function with ln [tubulin] fulfilling one of the
      criteria of condensation polymerization mechanism. From the Arrhenius plot, the
      temperature dependence of the rate of tubulin polymerization in the presence of
      taxol is biphasic. The apparent activation enthalpies for the overall
      polymerization reaction are 13.0 and 50.8 kcal/mol (1 cal = 4.1868 J),
      respectively, above and below 26 degrees C. The apparent activation enthalpies
      for the elongation reaction have also been determined. The values are 11.6 and
      28.4 kcal/mol above and below 28 degrees C. The temperature dependence of the
      equilibrium constants as revealed by the van't Hoff plot is also biphasic. The
      standard enthalpy and entropy values are delta H degrees = 7.4 and 22.5 kcal/mol
      above and below 30 degrees C, and delta S degrees = 50.3 and 101.0 cal/(deg.mol),
      at high and low temperatures, respectively. This suggests that the taxol-induced
      assembly of purified tubulin is a process driven by the effect of entropy.

PMID- 2892505
TI  - Non-toxigenic mutants of "Bordetella pertussis".

PMID- 2892506
TI  - A recombinant DNA approach to the pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2892507
TI  - Local and systemic immune responses to pertussis infection and cellular and
      acellular vaccines.

PMID- 2892509
TI  - Purification and immunological characterization of bacterial and secreted
      adenylate cyclase of "Bordetella pertussis".

PMID- 2892508
TI  - Antigenic recognition of pertussis and cholera toxin by the same antipeptide
      antibodies.

PMID- 2892510
TI  - Characterization of fimbriae from "Bordetella" species.

PMID- 2892511
TI  - Cloning of a coding sequence of "Bordetella pertussis" filamentous hemagglutinin
      gene.

PMID- 2892512
TI  - Experimental models for testing "Bordetella pertussis" virulence and
      immunogenicity.

PMID- 2892513
TI  - Protective activities of "Bordetella pertussis" Tn5 mutants in mice.

PMID- 2892514
TI  - Identification of a pilus colonization factor that is coordinately regulated with
      cholera toxin.

PMID- 2892515
TI  - Advice for anaesthetists?

PMID- 2892516
TI  - The medical treatment of angina pectoris.

PMID- 2892517
TI  - Intrathecal sufentanil as a supplement to subarachnoid anaesthesia with
      lignocaine.
AB  - The combination of low-dose sufentanil with lignocaine for subarachnoid
      anaesthesia was studied in a double-blind comparative trial in 40 urological
      patients. Patients were allocated randomly to two groups and received 5% heavy
      lignocaine 1.5 ml together with either 1.5 ml of sufentanil 5 micrograms ml-1, or
      physiological saline 1.5 ml. No statistically significant differences were
      observed between the two groups with respect to analgesia or anaesthesia. The
      only clear benefit of the addition of a low dose of sufentanil to lignocaine was
      the significantly longer period of postoperative analgesia. There was no
      significant difference in the number of patients requiring supplementary
      analgesics. Side-effects were similar in both groups.

PMID- 2892518
TI  - Side effects and changes in pulmonary function after fixed dose precurarization
      with alcuronium, pancuronium or vecuronium.
AB  - On hundred and sixty premedicated patients undergoing surgery were assessed for
      changes in pulmonary function and signs of partial neuromuscular blockade
      following precurarization with a fixed dose of alcuronium 2 mg, pancuronium 1 mg
      or vecuronium 1 mg, and the efficacy of the drugs in the prevention of
      suxamethonium-associated side effects was compared. In this respect, no
      differences were observed between the three drugs. Pretreatment with alcuronium
      and pancuronium was followed by small decreases in pulmonary function.
      Statistically significant changes were seen only when vecuronium 1 mg was used as
      the fixed-dose precurarization agent.

PMID- 2892519
TI  - Vecuronium induced bradycardia following induction of anaesthesia with etomidate
      or thiopentone, with or without fentanyl.
AB  - To define the role of vecuronium in the occurrence of bradyarrhythmia,
      haemodynamic changes after the induction of anaesthesia were studied in 96
      patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients were assigned to
      one of six groups according to different combinations of induction agents
      (etomidate 0.3 mg kg-1 or thiopentone 3 mg kg-1, with fentanyl 0.003 mg kg-1;
      etomidate 0.4-0.5 mg kg-1 or thiopentone 4-6 mg kg-1, without fentanyl) and
      neuromuscular blocking drugs (vecuronium 0.112 mg kg-1, pancuronium 0.112 mg kg-1
      or suxamethonium 1 mg kg-1). Anaesthesia was maintained with enflurane and
      nitrous oxide in oxygen. After initial diverse changes, heart rate decreased in
      all groups. Thirty minutes after intubation, the reduction of heart rate showed
      statistically significant differences between the different combinations of
      drugs: fentanyl-etomidate-vecuronium (group I) (the largest reduction) greater
      than etomidate-vecuronium (II) = fentanyl-thiopentone-vecuronium (IV) greater
      than thiopentone-vecuronium (V) = fentanyl-thiopentone-suxamethonium (VI) =
      fentanyl-etomidate-pancuronium (III). Five patients in group I, two in group IV
      and one each in groups II and V had a heart rate slower than 45 beat min-1,
      whereas a similar value was never seen in groups III and VI. These results
      indicate that vecuronium has a bradycardic effect. This effect is more pronounced
      in association with etomidate than in association with thiopentone, and is
      augmented by the addition of fentanyl.

PMID- 2892520
TI  - Comparison of sedation with temazepam by mouth and diazemuls i.v. for dental
      surgery. Variability in absorption may influence clinical effect.
AB  - Temazepam elixir 30 mg by mouth was compared with i.v. Diazemuls titrated to a
      maximum dose of 20 mg in a double-blind study of 50 patients undergoing elective
      minor oral surgery. The treatments produced a similar reduction in anxiety score
      and similar degrees of patient relaxation and co-operation. The diazepam group
      had greater amnesia during surgery, but also showed significant slowing of
      reaction time at the time of discharge. Patients given temazepam elixir showed
      wide variations in plasma concentrations. Patients with low plasma temazepam
      concentrations at the time of surgery showed no significant reduction in anxiety
      scores.

PMID- 2892521
TI  - Effects of atracurium, vecuronium or pancuronium pretreatment on lignocaine
      seizure thresholds in cats.
AB  - Among the non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs, atracurium appears to be
      unique in its ability to produce cerebral stimulation in lightly anaesthetized
      animals. This effect is attributed to the atracurium metabolite, laudanosine. The
      following studies were performed to determine if pretreatments with the non
      depolarizing neuromuscular blockers pancuronium, atracurium or vecuronium would
      differ in their effects on the seizure threshold of lignocaine. Adult mongrel
      cats were anaesthetized with 1.0 MAC halothane in oxygen and nitrogen.
      Ventilation, blood-gas tensions, acid-base balance and temperature were
      controlled. Cats received pancuronium 0.2 mg kg 1 i.v. (n = 7), atracurium 1.0 mg
      kg-1 i.v. (n = 7) or vecuronium 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v. (n = 7). Ten minutes after the
      administration of the myoneural blocker, all cats received lignocaine 4 mg kg-1
      min-1 i.v. until the onset of EEG evidence of generalized seizure activity. At
      seizure onset, there were no statistically significant differences among the
      cumulative lignocaine doses or the serum lignocaine concentrations in cats
      pretreated with pancuronium, atracurium or vecuronium.

PMID- 2892522
TI  - The feasibility of effective psychopharmacological treatments for alcoholism.

PMID- 2892523
TI  - Cognitive-behavioural treatment for benzodiazepine dependence: a comparison of
      gradual versus abrupt cessation of drug intake.

PMID- 2892524
TI  - Some characteristics distinguishing high and low dose users of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2892525
TI  - Sulfhydryl modification and activation of phenylalanine hydroxylase by
      dinitrophenyl alkyl disulfide.
AB  - A new family of asymmetric thiol-disulfide exchange reagents, the dinitrophenyl
      alkyl disulfides (DNPSSR), was used to modify rat liver phenylalanine
      hydroxylase. The results indicate that the enzyme has two different types of
      reactive sulfhydryl (SH) residues per subunit. One SH residue was modified
      selectively by a DNPSSR having a neutral and hydrophilic alkyl group, and this
      modification was accompanied by appreciable activation of enzyme; the other SH
      residue was modified only by an anionic DNPSSR, and this modification did not
      result in activation. The catalytic properties of phenylalanine hydroxylase
      activated by DNPSSR were similar to those of the N-ethylmaleimide- (NEM-)
      modified enzyme, but the process of activation by DNPSSR was quite different from
      modification with NEM. An analysis of the reaction kinetics of the modification
      and of catalysis by the modified enzyme suggests that DNPSSR modification causes
      a change in the subunit interaction leading to a loss of the negative
      cooperativity normally seen with phenylalanine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2892526
TI  - Rapid increases in the transglutaminase activity of A431 cells following
      treatment with epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Transglutaminase activity was detected in lysates of A431 cells, a human
      epidermal carcinoma cell line. Enzyme activity was increased 1.5-2.5-fold in
      lysates prepared from cells pretreated with epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      relative to untreated control cells. Half-maximal activation of the
      transglutaminase activity occurred at 3-5 nM EGF, a concentration in good
      agreement with the Kd for EGF binding to its receptor in these cells. The
      increase in transglutaminase activity could be detected as early as 2 min after
      the addition of EGF, with the maximal response attained by 30 min. The activation
      was not blocked by pretreatment of the cells with cycloheximide, suggesting that
      the increased activity was not the result of an induction of transglutaminase
      synthesis. Fractionation of A431 cell lysates by centrifugation at 100000g for 30
      min demonstrated that 90% of the transglutaminase activity was present in the
      soluble fraction and that this soluble transglutaminase activity was increased
      after treatment of the cells with EGF. The demonstration that EGF acutely
      increases the activity of a soluble, intracellular transglutaminase defines a
      novel pathway of growth factor action and provides a useful model system for
      identifying and comparing the mechanism(s) by which growth factors activate
      soluble enzymes.

PMID- 2892527
TI  - Subunit composition and ATP site labeling of the coated vesicle proton
      translocating adenosinetriphosphatase.
AB  - The partially purified proton-translocating adenosinetriphosphatase [(H+)-ATPase]
      from clathrin-coated vesicles has been reported to contain eight polypeptides of
      molecular weights 15,000-116,000 [Xie, X.S., & Stone, D.K. (1986) J. Biol. Chem.
      261, 2492-2495]. To determine whether these polypeptides form a single
      macromolecular complex, we have isolated three monoclonal antibodies which
      recognize the reconstitutively active (H+)-ATPase in the native, detergent
      solubilized state. All three monoclonal antibodies precipitate the same set of
      polypeptides from either the partially purified enzyme or the detergent
      solubilized coated vesicle membrane proteins. The immunoprecipitated polypeptides
      have molecular weights of 100,000, 73,000, 58,000, 40,000, 38,000, 34,000,
      33,000, 19,000, and 17,000. These results thus indicate that this set of
      polypeptides forms a single macromolecular complex and suggest that they
      correspond to subunits of the coated vesicle (H+)-ATPase. To identify the ATP
      hydrolytic subunit of the coated vesicle (H+)-ATPase, the purified enzyme was
      reacted with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and 7-chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
      (NBD-Cl), both of which inhibit activity in an ATP-protectable manner. Labeling
      was carried out by using [3H]NEM or [14C]NBD-Cl, and the specificity of the
      reaction was increased by prelabeling of the protein with the nonradioactive
      reagents in the presence of ATP and by taking advantage of the nucleotide
      specificity of protection. The principal polypeptide labeled by both [3H]NEM and
      [14C]NBD-Cl had a molecular weight of 73,000. In addition, this protein was the
      only polypeptide whose labeling was significantly reduced in the presence of
      ATP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892528
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene:
      identification of 5' alternative splice sites responsible for multiple mRNAs.
AB  - A full-length genomic clone for human tyrosine hydroxylase (L-tyrosine,
      tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.16.2) has been isolated. A
      human brain genomic library constructed in EMBL3 was screened by using a rat cDNA
      for tyrosine hydroxylase as a probe [Brown, E. R., Coker, G. T., III, & O'Malley,
      K. L. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 5208-5212]. Out of one million recombinant phage,
      one clone was identified that hybridized to both 5' and 3' rat cDNA probes.
      Restriction endonuclease mapping. Southern blotting, and sequence analysis
      revealed that, like its rodent counterpart, the human gene is single copy,
      contains 13 primary exons, and spans approximately 8 kilobases (kb). In contrast
      to the rat gene, human tyrosine hydroxylase undergoes alternative RNA processing
      within intron 1, generating at least three distinct mRNAs. A comparison of the
      human tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylalanine hydroxylase [DiLella, A. G., Kwok,
      S. C. M., Ledley, F. D., Marvit, J., & Woo, S. L. C. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 743
      749] genes indicates that although both probably evolved from a common ancestral
      gene, major changes in the size of introns have occurred since their divergence.

PMID- 2892529
TI  - Labeling of the ATP synthase of Escherichia coli from the head-group region of
      the lipid bilayer.
AB  - The isolated and membrane-bound forms of the adenosinetriphosphatase of
      Escherichia coli (ECF1 and ECF1F0, respectively) have been reacted with two
      lysine-specific reagents, sodium hexadecyl 4-[3H]formylphenyl phosphate (HFPP)
      and sodium methyl 4-[3H]formylphenyl phosphate (MFPP), and with the photoreactive
      reagent 1,2-[3H]dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-[[[(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino]ethyl]
      phosphate] (arylazidoPE). HFPP and arylazidoPE are amphipathic molecules,
      inserting by their hexadecyl moieties (one and two chains, respectively) into the
      lipid bilayer, with the reactive groups intercalated among the phospholipid head
      groups. MFPP is the water-soluble analogue of HFPP. The labeling patterns of
      ECF1F0 obtained with HFPP and arylazidoPE were very similar; in both cases the a
      and b subunits of the F0 part were the most heavily labeled polypeptides of the
      complex. Models of subunit a, arranged in six transmembrane helices, place most
      of the lysines in the head-group region, available for reaction with HFPP.
      Subunits alpha and beta of the ECF1 part were very poorly labeled in comparison
      to the a and b subunits, together incorporating only 4% as much HFPP and 7.5% as
      much arylazidoPE as the two F0 subunits together on a protein mass basis. Trypsin
      cleavage studies localized any labeling of the alpha subunit by arylazidoPE to
      the N-terminal 15 residues of this polypeptide. When MFPP was used, the alpha and
      beta subunits were very much more reacted than the F0 subunits. This implies that
      most of the mass of the alpha and beta subunits in ECF1F0 is above the membrane
      and not in contact with the bilayer surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892530
TI  - Kinetics and concentration dependency of cAMP-induced desensitization of a
      subpopulation of surface cAMP receptors in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Extracellular cAMP induces the rapid activation of guanylate cyclase, which
      adapts within 10 s to constant cAMP concentrations. A new response can be induced
      either by a higher cAMP concentration or by the same cAMP concentration at some
      time (t1/2 = 90 s) after removal of the previous stimulus. Stimulation of
      guanylate cyclase is supposed to be mediated by a subpopulation of cell surface
      cAMP receptors (B-sites). These sites can exist in three states, BF, BS, and BSS,
      which interconvert in a cAMP and guanine nucleotide dependent manner. It has been
      proposed that the transition of BS to BSS represents the activation of a guanine
      nucleotide regulatory protein [Van Haastert, P.J.M., De Wit, R.J.W., Janssens,
      P.M.W., Kesbeke, F., & DeGoede, J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 9604-9611]. Binding
      of [3H]cAMP to these sites was measured after a short preincubation with an
      identical concentration of nonradioactive cAMP. [3H]cAMP could still bind to BF
      and BS, but not to BSS, indicating that the transition of BS to BSS is blocked by
      the preincubation with cAMP. This blockade was rapid and showed first-order
      kinetics with t1/2 = 4 s. A half-maximal blockade was induced by 0.7 nM cAMP; at
      this concentration only 5% of the B-sites are occupied with cAMP. The blockade of
      the transition of BS to BSS was released by two conditions: (i) When the
      concentration of cAMP was increased, the blockade was released within a few
      seconds. (ii) When cAMP was removed, the blockade was released slowly with t1/2 =
      90 s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892531
TI  - Folate binding and transport by rat kidney brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - [3H]Pteroylglutamic acid (PteGlu) uptake was studied using brush-border membrane
      vesicles isolated from rat kidney. Results on the uptake of [3H]PteGlu by brush
      border membrane vesicles incubated in media of increasing osmolarities
      demonstrated that uptake was contributed by two components, intravesicular
      transport and membrane binding. Both the components of the uptake exhibited
      similar pH dependence, with maxima at pH 5.6, and were found to be saturable
      mechanisms with Km values of 6.7.10(-7) and 11.2.10(-7) M, respectively. These
      studies show that PteGlu is transported by isolated rat kidney brush-border
      membrane vesicles in a manner consistent with a saturable system and that a
      binding component may be functionally associated with this.

PMID- 2892532
TI  - Electrogenicity of sodium/L-glutamate cotransport in rabbit renal brush-border
      membranes: a reevaluation.
AB  - In order to clarify contradictory reports on the electrogenicity of sodium/L
      glutamate cotransport, this cotransport was studied using brush-border membrane
      vesicles isolated from rabbit renal cortex. Beforehand, the claim that the
      symport of L-glutamate with Na+ is linked to simultaneous antiport with K+ has
      been confirmed by the demonstration that equilibrium exchange of L-glutamate is
      inhibited by potassium. Concerning the electrogenicity of the system, the
      following results are reported: net uptake of sodium-dependent L-glutamate uptake
      was stimulated when the transmembranal electrical potential difference was
      increased by replacing a sodium sulfate gradient by a sodium nitrate gradient. At
      100 mM Na+ the 'relative electrogenicity' of the initial uptake in the presence
      of intravesicular potassium was 2-times higher than in its absence. At a sodium
      concentration of 20 mM, when overall uptake was reduced, the relative
      electrogenicity in the presence of K+ was even 3-fold higher than in K+-free
      media. The relative electrogenicity of sodium/D-glucose cotransport measured
      under the same experimental conditions was not affected by K+. These results are
      discussed in terms of a model where the apparent electrogenicity of a cotransport
      system is dependent on the extent to which the charge translocating step is rate
      limiting ('rate limitancy'). It is proposed that potassium antiport, while
      decreasing charge stoichiometry of Na+/glutamate transport, increases the
      relative rate limitancy of the transport step translocating three cations
      (probably two Na+, one H+) together with one glutamate. Thereby the positive
      electrogenicity of glutamate uptake increases, in complete contrast to what would
      be expected from simple considerations of charge stoichiometry.

PMID- 2892533
TI  - Covalent incorporation of polyamines as gamma-glutamyl derivatives into CHO cell
      protein.
AB  - The possible role of polyamines in the covalent modification of proteins in CHO
      cells was investigated by metabolic labeling with [3H]putrescine. A single
      radiolabeled protein band with an apparent relative molecular mass of 18,000 Da
      was observed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Almost all the
      radioactivity covalently linked to this protein was recovered as hypusine. The
      labeling of this protein was increased several-fold when cells were cultured with
      alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or with this drug plus methylglyoxal
      bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), as a result of increase in specific radioactivity of
      the hypusine immediate precursor, spermidine. Also labeled under the latter
      condition were other cellular proteins. These were aggregates on the top both of
      the stacking gel and of the running gel, and protein-like materials with relative
      molecular masses of 36 and 8 kDa. The radioactivity covalently associated with
      these proteins was recovered after acid hydrolysis as polyamines. The
      identification of gamma-glutamylputrescine and gamma-glutamylspermidines in
      proteolytic digests of the acid-insoluble fraction of treated cells indicates
      that polyamines are covalently linked to these cellular protein. Several possible
      cellular functions of gamma-glutamylpolyamine protein components are discussed.

PMID- 2892534
TI  - Effect of orally administered 9-oxononanoic acid on lipogenesis in rat liver.
AB  - 9-Oxononanoic acid, which is one of the major products of the autoxidation of
      linoleic acid, was administered orally to rats and its effect on hepatic lipid
      metabolism was investigated. The de novo synthesis of fatty acids was strongly
      reduced 30 h after the administration of 100 mg of 9-oxononanoic acid as compared
      to that in the saline-administered group. Activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
      decreased by 60% and the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase increased by
      35% in the test group. The level of triacylglycerols in serum was low and the
      level of free fatty acids remained unchanged. Thus, the administration of 9
      oxononanoic acid decreased hepatic lipogenesis. It is generally believed that the
      reduction in lipogenesis is facilitated by a decrease in the NADPH level. The
      ratio of NADPH/NADP in the test group, however, became high as compared to that
      in the control group, and the activities of glucose 6-phosphate and isocitrate
      dehydrogenases increased. On the other hand, the levels of CoA derivatives,
      especially long-chain acyl-CoA, were higher in the test group than in the
      control. Therefore, the reduction of hepatic lipogenesis in the 9-oxononanoic
      acid group could be attributed to the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by the
      accumulated long-chain acyl-CoA.

PMID- 2892535
TI  - Cyclic phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade in bovine brain coated vesicles.
AB  - Coated vesicles are involved in transport of membrane proteins between several
      intracellular membrane-bound compartments. These vesicles possess a specific 50
      kDa protein which is phosphorylated and dephosphorylated by a coated-vesicle
      specific kinase and phosphatase. We studied this
      phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade system and show that the
      phosphorylation level of the 50-kDa protein is governed by the ATP/ADP ratio.

PMID- 2892537
TI  - [Mediator and modulatory systems of the autonomic ganglia].
AB  - Autonomic ganglia are the complex functional systems within which the information
      coming through the preganglionic "input" is transformed and transferred to the
      postganglionic "output". The scientific papers of last years devoted to the
      investigation of the classical cholinergic and adrenergic and nowadays
      intensively investigated the so-called "noncholinergic-nonadrenergic" mediatory
      systems in autonomic ganglia are analysed in this review. The main classical and
      putative neurotransmitters, complex functional transmitter interactions and their
      role in the adaptive ganglionic transmission regulation in vivo are considered.
      The questions of modulatory processes in autonomic ganglia realizing with the
      help of regulatory peptides are under special consideration.

PMID- 2892536
TI  - [Molecular organization of glutamate-sensitive chemoexcitatory membranes of nerve
      cells. Comparative analysis of glutamate-binding membrane proteins from the
      cerebral cortex of rats and humans].
AB  - The kinetics of 3H-L-glutamate binding to human brain synaptic membranes revealed
      the existence of one type of binding sites with Kd and Vmax comparable with those
      for freshly isolated rat brain membranes. The fraction of glutamate-binding
      proteins (GBP) was shown to contain three components with Mr of 14, 60 and 280 kD
      whose stoichiometry is specific for human and rat brain. All fractions were found
      to bind the radiolabeled neurotransmitter and to dissociate into subunits with Mr
      of 14 kD after treatment with-potent detergents (with the exception of the 56-60
      kD component). Study of association-dissociation of GBP protein subunits by high
      performance liquid chromatography confirmed the hypothesis on the oligomeric
      structure of glutamate receptors which are made up of low molecular weight
      glycoprotein-lipid subunits and which form ionic channels by way of repeated
      association. Despite the similarity of antigen determinants in the active center
      of glutamate receptors from human and rat brain, it was assumed that the
      stoichiometry of structural organization of receptor subunits isolated from
      different sources is different. The functional role of structural complexity of
      human brain glutamate receptors is discussed.

PMID- 2892538
TI  - The neurobiological basis of eating disorders: some formulations.

PMID- 2892539
TI  - Platelet MAO in schizophrenics: relationship to symptomatology and neuroleptics.

PMID- 2892540
TI  - Reversal of helpless behavior in rats by putative 5-HT1A agonists.
AB  - This study is designed to measure effects of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) agonists on
      escape deficits produced by inescapable shock in rats--a model of learned
      helplessness. Rats were first exposed to 60 inescapable shocks (15-sec duration,
      0.8 mA, every 1 min +/- 15 sec), and 48 hr later, they were subjected to daily 15
      min shuttle-box sessions (30 trials/day) on 3 consecutive days. Twice daily
      intraperitoneal injection of buspirone (total daily dose of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg),
      gepirone (0.06 and 0.125 mg/kg), 8-OH dipropylamino-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (0.03,
      0.06, 0.125, and 0.25 mg/kg), and ipsapirone (TVXQ 7821) (0.03 and 0.06 mg/kg)
      eliminated escape failures. This indicates that an antidepressant-like effect-
      reversal of helpless behavior--can be obtained with drugs assumed to stimulate
      serotonin 1A receptors.

PMID- 2892541
TI  - Time course of schizophrenia and platelet 5-HT level.
AB  - The concentration of platelet serotonin (5-HT) and the simultaneous uptake of 5
      HT into platelets have been investigated in schizophrenic patients with (A)
      intermittent time course of illness (complete remission), (B) chronic time course
      (partial remission and residual symptoms), and (C) intermittent-chronic time
      course (good remission at the beginning of illness with gradual progression to
      chronic stage). An increased platelet 5-HT concentration (i.e.,
      hyperserotoninemia) of unknown etiology was observed, especially in the group
      with chronic time course of disease as compared to the normal controls. At the
      same time, kinetic constants Km and Vmax of 5-HT uptake into platelets were
      unchanged in all patients. Neuroleptic treatment did not produce any significant
      change either in platelet 5-HT level or in the uptake of 5-HT. These results
      provide further support for the possible 5-HT dysfunction in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2892542
TI  - Cortisol, ACTH, and dexamethasone concentrations in a psychogeriatric population.
AB  - Cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were measured at 2 time points
      before the administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone (day 1) and 1 time point on
      the following day (day 2). Thirteen severely depressed elderly patients, 15
      patients with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD), and 16 normal controls were studied.
      Cortisol was markedly elevated in depressed patients compared with the other
      subjects in day 1 samples. Following dexamethasone, both the depressed and ATD
      patients showed a similar elevation of cortisol compared with controls. ACTH
      concentrations were not significantly different between the groups before
      dexamethasone, but were significantly higher in both depressed and ATD patients
      after dexamethasone. More depressed patients than ATD patients exhibited
      hypersecretion of ACTH after dexamethasone. This implies that ACTH is less
      responsive to glucocorticoid feedback in elderly depressed patients, which may be
      a factor in causing hypercortisolemia.

PMID- 2892543
TI  - Tardive dystonia alternating with mania.

PMID- 2892544
TI  - Single-dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of famotidine in man. Results of
      multicenter collaborative studies.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist,
      were investigated in healthy subjects in five clinical studies. Linear
      pharmacokinetics were observed following either intravenous or oral
      administration. Plasma clearance averaged 463 ml min-1. Renal clearance averaged
      310 ml min-1, which exceeded the glomerular filtration rate. Renal excretion was
      the major route of elimination. Urinary recovery of unchanged drug following
      intravenous administration was about 67 per cent. Famotidine plasma half-life was
      approximately 2.6 h. Oral absorption was incomplete. The bioavailability averaged
      43 per cent of the dose.

PMID- 2892545
TI  - Etintidine-theophylline interaction study in humans.
AB  - Etintidine HCl is a potent H2-blocker. The effect of clinical doses of etintidine
      on the disposition of theophylline was investigated in 10 male volunteers. This
      was a double-blind, two-way crossover study. Each subject received etintidine
      (400 mg) or placebo twice a day with meals for 4 days on two occasions (separated
      by 4 days). On each occasion, the subjects were fasted overnight on Day 3 and
      were given an oral dose of theophylline elixir (5 mg/kg) 30 min following the
      administration of the morning dose of etintidine or placebo on Day 4. Blood
      samples were collected prior to and up to 24 h following the administration of
      theophylline. Plasma theophylline levels were analysed by HPLC. Theophylline was
      rapidly absorbed following oral administration of the theophylline elixir to both
      the placebo and etintidine treatment groups. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic
      parameters of theophylline between the etintidine and the placebo groups
      indicates that while etintidine did not significantly (p greater than 0.05)
      affect the apparent Cmax (11.1 vs 10.0 micrograms ml-1) and Tmax (1.7 vs 1.4 h)
      values of theophylline, etintidine significantly reduced the oral clearance
      (0.0200 vs 0.0564 l kg-1 h-1, p = 0.000006) and prolonged the elimination half
      life (16.8 vs 6.0 h) of theophylline. The data indicate that etintidine, like
      cimetidine, extended the elimination of theophylline in humans.

PMID- 2892547
TI  - [Interaction of the anxiolytic agent buspirone with serotonin and other synaptic
      receptors in the human brain].
AB  - Buspirone and Mj 138-05 (up to 0.1 mM) did not displace specifically bound (3H)
      tryptamine, (3H) strychnine, (3H) flunitrazepam and (3H) imipramine in human
      cortical and hippocampal membrane preparations. At the same time both compounds
      displayed similar to serotonin affinity (IC50 in the range of 2-6 microM) for
      (125I)-LSD specific binding sites in the human cortex and hippocamp. IC50 of
      serotonin and buspirone and Mj 138-05 for (3H) LSD (2 nM) specific binding sites
      in the hippocamp was determined as 0.14 microM, 2.3 microM and 6.1 microM,
      respectively; and for (3H) serotonin specific binding sites in the hippocamp as
      0.005 microM, 3.8 microM and 21 microM, respectively. The affinity for human
      cortex (3H) LSD binding sites was 10-fold lower in case of serotonin and 4-fold
      lower in case of buspirone and Mj 138-05 than in the hippocamp. However, the
      affinity for (3H) serotonin binding sites in the cortex was the same as in the
      hippocamp in case of serotonin and 12-15-fold lower than in the hippocamp in case
      of buspirone and Mj 138-05. It is concluded that in human brain buspirone and Mj
      138-05 interact with micromolar affinity with 5 HT2 and are capable of binding to
      a subpopulation of 5 HT1 receptors in the hippocamp.

PMID- 2892546
TI  - [Effect of subchronic administration of phenazepam and synthetic antioxidants on
      the functional status of synaptic membranes in the cerebral cortex of rats
      subjected to prolonged stress].
AB  - Monoamine oxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and membrane structure were tested
      after chronic stress and 7-day treatment with drugs in the brain cortex
      synaptosomal membranes of rats. The most potent corrector of stress-induced
      changes, as compared to hydrophobic antioxidant dibunol and tranquilizer
      phenazepam, was compound 3-OP, a hydrophilic antioxidant.

PMID- 2892548
TI  - Chemotherapy drug resistance--a panel discussion.
AB  - Considerable insight into the problem of drug resistance has emerged in the past
      few years. An understanding of why tumors develop drug resistance is now at hand
      both from theoretical points of view and from experimental and clinical data.
      Experimental models of drug resistance, particularly related to the surface P
      glycoprotein, have been remarkably successful in teaching us why tumor cells in
      culture develop resistance to common therapeutic agents. In this panel
      discussion, the clinical relevance of these and other proposed mechanisms will be
      examined, with the hope of providing an up-to-date overview on this exciting
      field.

PMID- 2892549
TI  - Selected ion monitoring analysis of monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid.
      Application to the study of in vivo effects of alpha 2-antagonists.
AB  - The technique of isotope dilution mass spectrometry has been used for the
      measurement of biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF
      samples were collected from rabbits treated with alpha 2-antagonists. The aim of
      our study was to determine the specificity of these drugs on the central nervous
      noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic activity as measured by the release
      of corresponding monoamine metabolites. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol
      (MHPG) and vanilmandelic acid (VMA) were used as parameters for the noradrenergic
      activity, whereas homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5
      HIAA) were employed to follow the dopaminergic and serotonergic activity,
      respectively. For the measurement of the biogenic amine metabolites a published
      GCMS method has been adapted. Samples of 200 microliters CSF were processed.
      Following addition of deuterated internal standards and acidification, extraction
      was carried out with ethyl acetate. Preliminary experiments with the analysis of
      MHPG using diethyl ether for extraction gave rise to emulsion formation and
      resulted in poor recoveries for MHPG and in irreproducibility problems due to a
      preferential extraction of non-labelled MHPG, effects which were not observed
      with ethyl acetate extraction. Derivatization was done with a mixture of
      pentafluoropropionic anhydride/pentafluoropropanol (or hexafluoroisopropanol) in
      order to derivatize both hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups. The derivatization
      procedure was optimized for the analysis of 5-HIAA by carrying out a second
      reaction step with pentafluoropropionic anhydride alone in order to complete the
      derivatization for the indolic NH moiety. The molecular ions of the derivatized
      products were selected for detection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892550
TI  - Aggregate cultures of foetal rat liver cells: development and maintenance of
      liver gene expression.
AB  - Rotation-mediated aggregate cultures of foetal rat liver cells were prepared and
      grown in a chemically defined medium. Their capacity for cellular organisation
      and maturation was studied over a culture period of 3 wk by using both
      morphologic and biochemical criteria. It was found that within each aggregate,
      distinct liver cell types were present and attained their normal, differentiated
      phenotype. Parenchymal cells formed small acini with a central lumen. Within the
      first 2 wk in culture, albumin and ferritin mRNA levels were maintained, while
      the alpha-fetoprotein mRNA levels decreased, and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT)
      gene expression increased. No significant response to glucocorticoids was
      observed in early cultures, whereas after 3 wk a marked increase in TAT mRNA
      levels was elicited by dexamethasone and glucagon (additive stimulatory effects).
      The results show that foetal rat liver cells cultured in a chemically defined
      medium are able to rearrange themselves into histotypic structures, and display a
      developmental pattern of gene expression comparable to that of perinatal rat
      liver in vivo. This culture system offers therefore a useful model to study the
      development and function of liver cells.

PMID- 2892551
TI  - Anti-ATLA antibody in patients with leukemias with special reference to its
      relevance to blood transfusion.

PMID- 2892552
TI  - Postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor reserve and the shift of the concentration
      response curves to the right, as caused by the irreversible alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist phenoxybenzamine.
AB  - 1. The effect of different concentrations of phenoxybenzamine (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10
      and 30 nmoll -1) on the concentration-response curves to phenylephrine (a
      selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist) and noradrenaline (a mixed alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) was compared in two kinds of vascular tissue: dog
      saphenous vein (has both postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors) and dog
      mesenteric and renal arteries--where only postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors have
      been shown to exist. 2. In the saphenous vein, where both alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors coexist, at only one concentration of phenoxybenzamine, 3 nmoll -1,
      the concentration-response curve of noradrenaline was shifted to the right
      without a reduction of the maximum; and this shift was small (by 0.4 log units).
      3. In tissues where only alpha 1-adrenoceptors exist postsynaptically (mesenteric
      and renal arteries) phenoxybenzamine never caused any shift of the noradrenaline
      concentration-response curves to the right without depressing the maximum effect.
      4. In none of the tissues did phenoxybenzamine at any concentration shift the
      concentration-response curve of phenylephrine to the right without depressing its
      maximum. 5. All these results indicate that in the dog saphenous vein there is a
      'false' alpha-adrenoceptor reserve for noradrenaline, since two kinds of
      receptors participate in the response to this amine. 6. The calculation of the
      occupancy-response relationship for the renal artery showed that 24% of the
      maximal response occurs when only 2% of alpha 1-adrenoceptors are activated and
      50% of maximum at 9% occupation. However, for 95% of the maximal response an 83%
      occupancy is required. Similar values were calculated for the mesenteric artery.
      7. Thus, the surplus alpha-adrenoceptors which is very large for a half-maximal
      response becomes smaller and smaller as the magnitude of the response increases
      and probably disappears at the 100% response level. 8. If we retain the original
      definition of 'spare receptors' - receptors in 'excess' of those required to
      produce a maximal response, we conclude, that there is no receptor reserve in the
      dog mesenteric and renal arteries.

PMID- 2892553
TI  - Human platelet beta 2-adrenoceptors: agonist-induced internalisation and down
      regulation in intact cells.
AB  - 1. The effect of isoprenaline (10 microM at 37 degrees C for 30 min) pretreatment
      on [125I]-(-)-pindolol ([125I]-(-)-Pin) binding to beta 2-adrenoceptors on intact
      human platelets has been examined. 2. By use of saturation analysis, maximal
      binding capacity (Bmax) of [125I]-(-)-Pin binding in control and treated cells
      was assessed in the presence of 1 microM (-)-propranolol or 1 microM (+/-)-CGP
      12177 which were taken to represent total or cell surface beta-adrenoceptors
      respectively. Assay incubations were performed at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C,
      the latter to prevent recycling of internalised receptors. 3. Isoprenaline
      treatment resulted in an identical, highly significant, loss of binding sites
      (approximately equal to 25%) defined by (-)-propranolol at both assay
      temperatures as compared to control cells. Binding sites identified in the
      presence of (+/-)-CGP 12177 were reduced to a much greater extent (approximately
      equal to 70%), but this was only seen when assays were performed at 4 degrees C.
      4. Agonist-induced changes in receptor numbers were concentration-dependent with
      half maximal receptor loss occurring at an isoprenaline concentration of
      approximately 2 x 10(-8) M. These effects were inhibited by the presence of a
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonist and absent if agonist pretreatment was performed at
      4 degrees C. 5. Recovery experiments showed that the isoprenaline-induced
      reduction in total receptor number defined by (-)-propranolol was irreversible
      whereas the reduction in cell surface receptors defined by (+/-)-CGP 12177 was
      rapidly reversible (less than 40 min). 6. These data suggest that isoprenaline
      treatment of intact human platelets causes redistribution of beta 2
      adrenoceptors. A proportion are sequestered away from the cell surface
      (internalised), becoming inaccessible to the hydrophilic ligand (+/-)-CGP 12177.
      A smaller proportion defined by (-)-propranolol are apparently totally lost from
      the cell (down regulated).

PMID- 2892555
TI  - Sensory neuropeptide effects in human skin.
AB  - 1 Neuropeptides released from sensory nerves may account for cutaneous flare and
      wheal following local trauma. In 28 normal subjects we have studied the effects
      of four sensory neuropeptides given by intradermal injection on the forearm or
      back. 2 All peptides caused a flare distant from the site of injection,
      presumably due to an axon reflex. Substance P (SP) was the most potent (geometric
      mean dose causing 50% of maximum flare, 4.2 pmol). Neurokinin A (NKA) was the
      next most potent with neurokinin B (NKB) and calcitonin gene-related peptide
      (CGRP) the least. The distant flare response to SP, NKA and NKB was maximal at 5
      min and disappeared within 2 h. 3 CGRP caused a local erythema over the site of
      injection at doses above 0.5 pmol which at higher doses lasted for up to 12 h. 4
      SP, NKA and NKB caused wheals at doses above 5 pmol with SP and NKB being the
      most potent. CGRP (up to 250 pmol) did not consistently cause wheal formation.
      There was no significant effect of coinjection of CGRP upon the response to SP
      although there was a tendency for an enhancement of the wheal response. 5 The H1
      histamine antagonist terfenadine (60 mg orally) significantly inhibited the wheal
      and distant flare response to histamine (5 nmol) and NKA, but not that caused by
      NKB. The distant flare of CGRP was also reduced but the local erythema was
      unaltered. 6. Aspirin (600 mg orally) significantly inhibited the distant flare
      response to SP, NKA and CGRP, but not that caused by NKB or histamine; the local
      erythema induced by CGRP was unaffected by aspirin. Aspirin also inhibited the
      wheal formed by NKA but not the wheal induced by the other substances. 7. These
      results suggest that tachykinins cause a distant flare response partially via the
      release of histamine and cyclo-oxygenase products, but cause a wheal by a direct
      effect on the skin microvasculature. The order of potency SP > NKB > NKA suggests
      that an SPp or NK, receptor is involved in the wheal response. CGRP by contrast
      has a direct vasodilator effect which is very prolonged.

PMID- 2892554
TI  - The effects of intraperitoneal administration of antagonists and development of
      morphine tolerance on the antinociception induced by stimulating the anterior
      pretectal nucleus of the rat.
AB  - 1 The effects of intraperitoneal administration of antagonists to morphine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline and dopamine have been studied on the
      antinociceptive effects of electrical stimulation of the anterior pretectal
      nucleus (APtN) of the rat. 2 A 15 s period of 35 microA sine wave stimulation of
      APtN significantly increased the latency of the tail flick reflex to noxious heat
      for periods up to 1 h. 3 Naloxone (0.25-1.0 mg kg-1) attenuated the effects of
      APtN stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. In rats made tolerant to morphine by
      daily administration of morphine, the antinociceptive effects of APtN stimulation
      were significantly reduced. 4 The 5-HT receptor antagonists methysergide (5 mg kg
      1) and ketanserin (1 mg kg-1), the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol (1 mg
      kg-1) and the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (1 mg kg-1) had little
      effect on the antinociceptive effects of stimulating the APtN. 5 alpha
      Adrenoceptor antagonists caused a dose-dependent antagonism of the response. The
      order of potency was; idazoxan greater than prazosin greater than
      phenoxybenzamine, the respective ED50 for each drug being 0.08: 0.45: 1.5 mg kg
      1. 6 It is concluded that antagonism at opioid receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors
      but not beta-adrenoceptors, dopamine or 5-HT receptors reduces the
      antinociceptive effects of APtN stimulation. This differs from the reported
      effects of these antagonists on the antinociception caused by stimulating other
      sites in the brain.

PMID- 2892557
TI  - Expressed emotion and relapse in first episodes of schizophrenia. A rejoinder to
      Macmillan et al (1986).
AB  - Re-analyses of data presented by Macmillan et al (1986b) challenge their
      conclusions that high expressed emotion is not prognostically significant for the
      course of schizophrenia or unrelated to the level of behavioural disturbance
      prior to admission. Several equally plausible models of causal relationships
      between EE and duration of untreated illness are presented. We conclude that our
      re-analyses of the Macmillan data do not warrant premature closure regarding the
      significance of the EE variable.

PMID- 2892558
TI  - Combination chemotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2892556
TI  - Independent regulation of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - 1 The down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors has been postulated as a biochemical
      marker of antidepressant efficacy. Here we demonstrate that chronic treatment
      with desipramine down-regulates beta 1-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex and
      that beta-adrenoceptor subtypes can be independently regulated by treatment with
      different beta-adrenoceptor agonists. 2 Desipramine, (+/-)-clenbuterol,
      prenalterol, corwin (20 mg kg-1 daily) and corwin (10 mg kg-1 daily) were
      administered to male, Sprague-Dawley rats, over eight days, by means of osmotic
      Alzet pumps placed subcutaneously and removed 24 h before analysis. Control rats
      received vehicle only. The beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor populations were
      measured in cerebral cortex by a modified (-)-[125I]-pindolol receptor binding
      assay. 3 The conventional antidepressant, desipramine, preferentially down
      regulated beta 1-adrenoceptors whereas the non-selective beta-adrenoceptor
      agonist (+/-)-clenbuterol preferentially down-regulated beta 2-adrenoceptors. The
      beta 1-selective partial agonist, prenalterol, up-regulated beta 1-adrenoceptors
      perhaps acting more as an antagonist than as an agonist. Finally, neither dose of
      corwin had any significant effect on beta-adrenoceptor number.

PMID- 2892559
TI  - Sulphasalazine for palindromic rheumatism.

PMID- 2892560
TI  - Insulinoma and ganglioneuroma.

PMID- 2892561
TI  - Testicular torsion after previous orchidopexy.

PMID- 2892562
TI  - Neurotransmitters and psychosis.

PMID- 2892565
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2892564
TI  - Respiratory and allergic disease. II. Chronic obstructive airways disease and
      respiratory infections.

PMID- 2892566
TI  - Apolipoprotein B polymorphism and altered apolipoprotein B and low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in Finnish children.

PMID- 2892567
TI  - Peptic ulceration.

PMID- 2892563
TI  - Respiratory and allergic disease. I.

PMID- 2892568
TI  - Amino acid neurotransmitter abnormalities in Huntington's disease and the
      quinolinic acid animal model of Huntington's disease.
AB  - Concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, aspartate, and
      taurine were measured in postmortem tissue from the brains of patients with
      Huntington's disease (HD) and in the quinolinic acid (QA) lesioned rat striatum.
      The aim of the study was to assess further the ability of the QA model of HD to
      reproduce the neurochemical features of the disease. Nine cortical and 9
      subcortical regions were examined from 17 pathologically graded cases of HD and
      10 controls. Significant reductions in both GABA and glutamate were found in HD
      striatum. The reductions were greater in the more severely affected grades of HD,
      and there was a gradient of amino acid loss across the striatal nuclei (caudate
      greater than putamen greater than nucleus accumbens) which was consistent with
      the known pattern of pathological involvement. Taurine and aspartate
      concentrations showed no significant change. GABA reductions were found in both
      segments of the globus pallidus (external greater than internal) and both parts
      of the substantia nigra (reticulata greater than compacta). In advanced cases of
      HD, there were significant reductions in glutamate in Brodmann cortical areas 3-1
      2, 6, 9, and 17, but GABA, aspartate, and taurine were unaltered in the cortex.
      The QA lesions reproduced the striatal deficits of both GABA and glutamate but,
      in contrast to HD, there was a decrease in taurine, possibly due to species
      differences. Chronic QA lesions resulted in a secondary dying back of
      corticostriatal glutamatergic terminals, but did not produce a change in cortical
      glutamate concentration. This suggests that reductions in cortical glutamate in
      HD may reflect a primary loss of glutamatergic neurons. Our findings extend
      previous observations on amino acid neurotransmitters in HD and, with the
      exception of taurine, confirm the general applicability of the QA model.

PMID- 2892570
TI  - Bidirectional transfer between kindling induced by excitatory amino acids and
      electrical stimulation.
AB  - Chemical (C) kindling by means of repeated spaced injections into the amygdala
      (AM) of a subconvulsive dose of L-glutamate and L-aspartate combined in a molar
      ratio of 1:3. (Glu/Asp) produced progressive seizure development culminating in
      generalized convulsion strikingly similar to electrically kindled Stage 5 seizure
      in rats. These C-kindled AM sites responded readily to electrical stimulation
      with very rapid development of kindled seizure. When a separate group of rats
      electrically kindled at the AM were subjected to identical C-kindling at the
      kindled AM site, a similar positive transfer effect was observed. In addition, 30
      days following the last injection, kindled Stage 5 seizure was triggered with a
      single injection of Glu/Asp, one-half of the dose used for C-kindling. These
      results suggest that the glutamate and/or aspartate systems participate in the
      development and persistence of increased seizure susceptibility induced by AM
      kindling.

PMID- 2892569
TI  - Differential effects of norepinephrine on hippocampal complex-spike and theta
      neurons.
AB  - The central noradrenergic system has long been postulated to modulate learning
      and memory. A brain structure known to be important in these functions is the
      hippocampus. Since the hippocampus receives a noradrenergic projection from the
      locus coeruleus, knowledge of norepinephrine's actions in the hippocampus may
      help determine its role in learning and memory. In the present study, the effects
      of norepinephrine were examined on two hippocampal cell types: complex-spike and
      theta-neurons. In the hippocampus, there is good evidence that complex-spike
      cells are pyramidal neurons, while theta-neurons are interneurons. Extracellular
      action potentials from hippocampal neurons were recorded using multibarrel glass
      micropipettes. Drugs were locally applied using pressure micro-ejection.
      Norepinephrine inhibited the spontaneous firing of complex-spike cells, while
      theta-neurons were excited. The inhibitory response of complex-spike neurons was
      mediated by an alpha 1-receptor. However, selective agonists for the alpha 2- and
      beta-noradrenergic receptors excited the complex-spike cells. The noradrenergic
      induced excitatory response of theta-neurons was also mediated by alpha 2- and
      beta-receptors. This study provides evidence that locally applied norepinephrine
      produces different responses on two types of hippocampal neurons. Furthermore,
      these differential responses arise primarily from the activation of distinct
      populations of noradrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2892571
TI  - The laminar distribution of amino acids in the caudal cerebellum and
      electrosensory lateral line lobe of weakly electric fish (Gymnotidae).
AB  - We have studied the distribution of the putative amino acid neurotransmitters
      glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, taurine and beta
      alanine in the caudal cerebellar lobe and electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL)
      of weakly electric gymnotid fish. In the caudal lobe of the cerebellum, the
      levels of the various amino acids in the granular and molecular layers are
      comparable to the levels in the rat cerebellum, with the exception of taurine
      which is present in greater amounts in the gymnotid. In the ELL, these amino
      acids are differentially distributed in the various layers of this structure.
      Glutamate and taurine are enriched in the molecular layer, whereas GABA,
      aspartate, and beta-alanine are enriched in the deep neuropil + granular layers.
      Glycine is slightly enriched in the pyramidal cell layer.

PMID- 2892572
TI  - Alterations in regional concentrations of endogenous opioids following traumatic
      brain injury in the cat.
AB  - Delayed injury following trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) may be due to
      the release or activation of endogenous factors. Endogenous opioid peptides have
      been proposed as one such class of injury factors, based on pharmacological
      studies demonstrating a therapeutic effect of naloxone and other opiate receptor
      antagonists following CNS injury. However, changes in brain opioid concentrations
      following injury have not been evaluated. In the present study, we measured
      regional alterations in dynorphin (ir-Dyn), leucine-enkephalin (ir-Enk) and beta
      endorphin immunoreactivity (ir-End) following low- (1.0-2.0 atmospheres (atm)) or
      high- (3.0-4.0 atm) level fluid-percussion brain injury in the cat. A significant
      decrease in ir-End was observed in the hypothalamus at 2 h following high- but
      not low-level injury. No changes were observed in tissue ir-Enk following either
      level of injury. Severe brain trauma but not low-level injury caused a
      significant increase in ir-Dyn in the striatum, frontal cortex, parietal cortex,
      pons and medulla. In the anterior pituitary, a significant increase in ir-End and
      a significant decrease in ir-Dyn was observed at 2 h following both levels of
      injury. Pathological damage to brain tissue after injury was most pronounced in
      those regions showing significant increases in ir-Dyn but not other opioids. In
      the medulla, the increase in ir-Dyn but not ir-End or ir-Enk was also
      significantly correlated with a fall in systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) at
      2 h following high- but not low-level injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892573
TI  - Intrathecal dynorphin(1-13) results in an irreversible loss of the tail-flick
      reflex in rats.
AB  - Intrathecal injection of dynorphin produced a loss of the tail-flick reflex that
      lasted throughout the 14-day experimental period whereas, the inclined plane test
      of motor function and tail-shock vocalization recovered within an hour. An
      important aspect of the loss of the tail-flick reflex was that it was an all-or
      none event. At any dose of tail-flick latency either remained unchanged when
      compared with pre-injection latencies or the latency was elevated to the cut off
      time of 14 s. The ED50's +/- S.E.M. for tail-flick, inclined plane and tail-shock
      vocalization were 65.4 +/- 5.0, 67.7 +/- 5.0 and 68.0 +/- 3.9 nmol respectively.
      Results from the hot-plate test revealed no statistical difference between saline
      and dynorphin injected animals one day following the injection. Animals injected
      with morphine sulphate s.c. lost the tail-flick reflex but completely recovered
      by 24 h. Histology of the spinal cord of animals treated with dynorphin 24 h
      prior to sacrifice revealed dead neurons primarily in the ventral horn with
      little or no damage in the dorsal horn. These data demonstrate that dynorphin(1
      13) injected intrathecally results in a rather specific neurotoxic action in the
      spinal cord.

PMID- 2892574
TI  - Mu-, delta-, kappa- and epsilon-opioid receptor modulation of the hypothalamic
      pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis: subchronic tolerance studies of endogenous
      opioid peptides.
AB  - In opiate-naive rats, the endogenous opioid peptides, beta-endorphin, dynorphin(1
      13) and Met-Enk-Arg-Phe (MEAP) and the synthetic enkephalin analogue D-Ala2-D
      Leu5-Enk (DADLE) potently stimulated plasma corticosterone in a dose-dependent,
      naloxone reversible manner. To characterize their in vivo affinities, the effects
      of these peptides on plasma corticosterone release were tested in rats made
      tolerant to morphine, U50488H, DADLE/morphine or beta-endorphin. These cross
      tolerance studies showed that dynorphin and MEAP exerted their action on plasma
      corticosterone release at kappa-opioid receptors. The action of DADLE occurred at
      delta-opioid receptors, while the action of beta-endorphin occurred principally
      at another receptor site. These results indicate that there is independent
      modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by endogenous opioid
      peptides at mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors. In addition there may be
      modulation by beta-endorphin at a separate site that we suggest could be a
      central epsilon-receptor site. This cross-tolerance paradigm, using a
      neuroendocrine model, provides in vivo evidence for the action of centrally
      active endogenous opioid peptides at multiple and independent opioid receptors.

PMID- 2892575
TI  - Cardiovascular role of the major noradrenergic cell groups in the rabbit:
      analysis based on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced transmitter release.
AB  - We examined the role of the noradrenergic (NA) neurons of the A1, A2, A1 + A2, A5
      and A6 + A7 regions on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), by
      comparing the acute responses of chronically lesioned and sham-operated rabbits
      to intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 600 micrograms/kg) which induces
      central release of transmitter. We studied rabbits (1) with intact arterial
      baroreceptors (non-denervated) and (2) after sino-aortic denervation (SAD). The
      acute transmitter release response consisted of an early fall in MAP (observed in
      SAD rabbits) and a late rise in MAP (observed in both non-denervated and SAD
      rabbits). Medullary lesions had no effect on either MAP component, but A5 and A6
      + A7 lesions attenuated both pressor and depressor responses. Normally the
      transmitter release-induced MAP responses are modified by baroreceptor feedback.
      The 6-OHDA-induced HR changes were vagal in non-denervated rabbits and were
      sympathetically mediated in SAD rabbits. In non-denervated rabbits, A1, A2 and A1
      + A2 lesions affected mainly the early vagal component, whilst A6 + A7 lesions
      affected the late vagal component. In SAD rabbits the early bradycardia was due
      to sympathetic inhibition and the late tachycardia due to sympathetic excitation;
      A1 + A2 lesions and A5 lesions attenuated the sympathetic bradycardia. We
      conclude that the various components of the MAP and HR responses are mediated
      through distinctive NA pathways; the deficits of a given lesion could be due to
      either to loss of NA cell bodies or of NA fibers of passage.

PMID- 2892576
TI  - Functional innervation of the striatum by ventral mesencephalic grafts in mice
      with inherited nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency.
AB  - Weaver mutant mice are characterized by a decrease in striatal dopamine (DA),
      which is associated with a progressive loss of DA neurones in the substantia
      nigra. This mutant thus provides the opportunity to examine the functional
      effects of DA neurones grafted to the striatum in a genetic model of
      parkinsonism. Ventral mesencephalic tissue from normal foetuses was placed on the
      surface of the right dorsal striatum of adult weaver mutants. After grafting,
      animals were tested for methamphetamine-induced circling behaviour. Mutants with
      DA containing grafts displayed a significant circling bias toward the left, non
      grafted side. Mutants without grafts did not display any rotational bias to
      either side. These results demonstrate that grafted DA containing neurones
      establish a functional innervation of the weaver striatum and suggest that
      grafting of neural tissue is a viable approach in restoring function in genetic
      degenerative disorders of the nigrostriatal system.

PMID- 2892577
TI  - Excitatory and inhibitory effects on respiration of L-glutamate microinjected
      superficially into the ventral aspects of the medulla oblongata in cat.
AB  - L-Glutamate (4-40 nmol) was microinjected at superficial depths beneath the
      ventral surface of the medulla oblongata in cats. Injections (100-300 microns
      beneath the surface) made rostromedial to the hypoglossal nerve, less than 1.5 mm
      lateral to the pyramidal tract, caused stimulation of phrenic nerve activity.
      Injections (100-500 microns beneath the surface) up to 1 mm further lateral
      caused a marked increase in arterial pressure and depression of phrenic nerve
      activity. These findings support the existence of two cell groups in the ventral
      medulla that are involved in regulation of respiration; when activated, one
      (medial group) causes facilitation and the other (lateral group) inhibition of
      respiration.

PMID- 2892578
TI  - Stimulation of the perforant path alters hippocampal levels of opioid peptides,
      glutamine and GABA.
AB  - This investigation demonstrates that stimulation of the perforant path under
      conditions which elicit wet dog shakes in rats produces a significant decrease in
      hippocampal levels of methionine-enkephalin, dynorphin A(1-8) and glutamine, and
      an increase in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Levels of these substances are not
      altered by stimulus parameters insufficient to elicit wet dog shakes. These
      results lend support to the notion that endogenous opioid peptides play a role in
      regulation of hippocampal excitability but may only be released under relatively
      intense stimulus conditions. The increase in GABA levels could be due to an
      increase in synthesis, an increase in reuptake or a reduction in release. The
      latter possibility is consistent with reports that iontophoretically applied
      enkephalin exerts its apparent excitatory effects via an inhibitory action on
      inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus.

PMID- 2892579
TI  - Hemicholinium-3 facilitates the release of acetylcholine by acting on presynaptic
      nicotinic receptors at a central synapse in Aplysia.
AB  - The effects of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) on acetylcholine (ACh) release were studied
      on central inhibitory or excitatory synapses of Aplysia californica. HC-3 was
      used at concentrations below 10(-5) M, which did not affect choline uptake by
      this preparation. Statistical analysis of the synaptic noise evoked by sustained
      depolarization of the presynaptic neuron allowed us to calculate the amplitude
      and mean duration of the miniature postsynaptic responses at an inhibitory
      synapse in the buccal ganglion. Taking into account the modifications of
      miniature and evoked responses, it was concluded that HC-3 potentiates ACh
      release. A similar presynaptic effect was observed at an excitatory synapse in
      the abdominal ganglion. This facilitation of ACh release was prevented by
      tubocurarine or hexamethonium, pointing to an agonistic action of HC-3 on
      nicotinic presynaptic receptors implicated in a positive feedback on ACh release.
      The possible blockage of muscarinic presynaptic receptors by HC-3 was also
      considered. Hemicholinium-15 was without effect on ACh release but was
      nevertheless able to prevent the presynaptic action of HC-3.

PMID- 2892580
TI  - Serotonin axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area of the rat: fine structure
      and synaptic input to dopaminergic neurons.
AB  - The serotoninergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) innervation of the rat ventral
      tegmental area (VTA) was examined by light and electron microscopic
      radioautography following intraventricular infusion of [3H]5-HT. The [3H]5-HT
      labeled processes were characterized with respect to their regional distribution,
      ultrastructure and relationships with all neurons, including dopaminergic
      neurons, identified in the same sections using immunocytochemistry for the
      localization of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
      By light microscopy, [3H]5-HT labeled axons and axonal varicosities were detected
      throughout the interfascicular nucleus and ventral portion of the VTA. By
      electron microscopy, [3H]5-HT-labeled axons were found to be mainly small and
      unmyelinated, although a few showed several lamellae of myelin. The labeled
      varicosities measured 0.6 micron in mean diameter and contained many small, round
      or flattened agranular vesicles and a few large granular vesicles. More than 18%
      showed synaptic specializations in single thin sections. Most of these synapses
      were asymmetric and established on dendritic shafts. Based on the probability of
      seeing such synaptic specializations in single thin sections, it was estimated
      that as many as 50% of the labeled 5-HT terminals formed synaptic contacts in the
      VTA. In dually labeled light microscopic sections, [3H]5-HT-accumulating
      processes often appeared adjacent to TH-immunoreactive perikarya and proximal
      dendrites. Electron microscopy demonstrated that terminals with radioautographic
      labeling for 5-HT formed conventional synapses both with TH-labeled and unlabeled
      dendrites in the VTA. Many additional 5-HT terminals lacking recognizable
      synaptic densities were directly apposed to TH-labeled dendrites and were
      isolated from the rest of the neuropil by thin glial leaflets. These results
      suggest that 5-HT neurons innervate both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic
      neurons in the VTA and may influence mesocortical and mesolimbic efferent systems
      through synaptic as well as non-synaptic mechanisms.

PMID- 2892581
TI  - Glutamate suppression of feeding and the underlying output of effector neurons in
      Helisoma.
AB  - This study tested the consequences of 3 stress conditions on feeding consumption
      in the freshwater snail Helisoma. Two stresses (placement in a hypotonic
      environment and body wall incision) were without effect on food consumption. In
      contrast, placement of animals in a hypertonic environment (20% seawater) caused
      a transient suppression of feeding. Since the osmolarity and composition of
      molluscan blood is known to be altered under conditions of osmotic stress, we
      reasoned that a blood-borne agent might be responsible for the observed
      suppression of feeding. We tested this hypothesis by chromatographic analysis of
      blood and, based on this analysis, subsequent assay of putative neuromodulatory
      agents on the patterned motor activity (PMA) expressed by effector neurons of the
      buccal ganglion. Our analysis shows that a rise and fall of blood acidic amino
      acids corresponds to the suppression of feeding. Furthermore, bath application of
      glutamate at its elevated physiological level (100-150 microM) to buccal ganglia
      caused complete and prolonged suppression of PMA in effector neurons. This
      suppression is attributable to activation of chloride and potassium currents
      which shunt patterned synaptic inputs to the effector neurons. We conclude that
      glutamate, in an endocrine-like fashion, can exert a powerful neuromodulatory
      action on the feeding effector neurons of Helisoma.

PMID- 2892582
TI  - The blood pressure responses of thiazide-resistant hypertensives to a once-a-day
      bevantolol regimen.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy of a single daily dose of bevantolol (200 mg) alone
      or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg) has been compared against
      conventional twice daily propranolol (80 mg) therapy in a group of 22
      hypertensive patients whose blood pressures did not respond to thiazide
      monotherapy. Addition of bevantolol to the diuretic resulted in a significant (P
      less than 0.001) fall in sitting blood pressures (144/97 to 137/90 mmHg), supine
      blood pressures (147/100 to 141/92 mmHg) and heart rate (83 to 73 beats/min) 24 h
      after administration. When the diuretic was withdrawn, heart rate and diastolic
      pressures remained unchanged and within normotensive limits but systolic
      pressures increased to pre-treatment levels. Substitution of propranolol for
      bevantolol gave results comparable to the combined bevantolol-diuretic regimen
      except that heart rate was still lower (66 beats/min). No significant adverse
      reactions were reported. In thiazide-resistant hypertensives, a once daily dose
      of 200 mg bevantolol effectively reduced diastolic blood pressures towards
      normotensive limits and to an extent comparable with twice daily propranolol
      therapy.

PMID- 2892583
TI  - Gene mapping of X-linked choroideremia with restriction fragment-length
      polymorphisms.
AB  - Choroideremia is a sex-linked chorioretinal disorder that causes blindness in
      affected males. The gene for choroideremia has recently been localized by means
      of recombinant DNA technology to a region of the X chromosome, Xq13-22. We have
      used two DNA probes, both specific for this region, to study three affected
      families. The results of linkage analysis of restriction fragment-length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) revealed by these probes suggest that in the three families
      the gene for choroideremia may not be as closely linked to the region of the X
      chromosome as was previously reported. The estimated degree of linkage between an
      informative RFLP and the disorder should be considered before predictive testing
      is offered to people at risk in affected families.

PMID- 2892584
TI  - Multiple actions of cadmium on transmitter release at the mouse neuromuscular
      junction.
AB  - The action of cadmium ions on transmitter release was studied at the
      neuromuscular junction in mouse diaphragm. In the presence of raised K+, Cd2+
      caused a parallel shift to the right of the graph of transmitter release rate
      (frequency of miniature end-plate potentials, fmepp) versus log [Ca2+], with no
      change in maximum or slope, indicating a competitive mode of action of Cd2+. The
      apparent dissociation constant for Cd2+ was 3 microM. In calcium-free solutions
      containing 15 mM K+, Cd2+ caused a rise in the fmepp, which subsequently slowly
      declined despite the continued presence of Cd2+. The rise in fmepp caused by Cd2+
      could be interrupted, but not reversed, by washing out the Cd2+ with EDTA.
      Exposure of the preparation to 100 microM Cd2+ for 15 min or more resulted in a
      raised fmepp that persisted despite the removal of Cd2+ and exposure to 200
      microM EDTA. Following such treatment, the graph of fmepp versus log [Ca2+]
      continued to be shifted to the right. The interaction of Ca2+ with the residual
      effect of Cd2+ indicates that Cd2+, in addition to its action to block Ca2+ entry
      into the terminal, may act as a competitor and perhaps as a partial agonist at
      intracellular sites that normally bind Ca2+ and govern transmitter release. If
      this is the case, then it must be supposed that, in raised K+, quantal release of
      transmitter represents intermittent intense activation of release sites with
      local high levels of Ca2+ rather than continuous low level activation.

PMID- 2892585
TI  - Hepatocyte initiation during continuous administration of diethylnitrosamine and
      1,2-sym-dimethylhydrazine.
AB  - Hepatocyte initiation, as indexed by growth-selected gamma-glutamyl transferase
      positive foci, was measured during continuous exposure to diethylnitrosamine
      (DEN) at concentrations used in previous DEN bioassay, DNA adduct, and cell
      replication studies. Hepatocyte initiation increased in a dose- and lobe-specific
      manner. The efficiency of DEN as an initiating agent was not affected by DEN dose
      rate over concentrations ranging from 4 to 40 ppm. In a similar experiment the
      initiating abilities of 1,2-sym-dimethylhydrazine and DEN were compared under
      continuous exposure regimens. Foci induction increased in a lobe- and time
      dependent manner. When left and median lobes were compared, the initiating
      ability of the two compounds correlated with their carcinogenicity. However, when
      corresponding anterior lobes were compared, no such correlation was observed.

PMID- 2892586
TI  - Coexistent tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism.
AB  - Forty-six patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) were studied to characterize the
      relationship between TD and parkinsonism. In two patients idiopathic parkinsonism
      (PD) preceded the use of neuroleptic drugs and in 15 patients TD was associated
      with drug-induced parkinsonism. Patients with TD alone were compared with
      patients who had the combination of TD and parkinsonism. Only age at onset of TD
      symptoms differentiated between the two groups (p less than 0.02); patients with
      associated parkinsonism had onset of TD later than patients with TD alone.
      Patients with PD may develop TD and the latter may be triggered by levodopa. When
      TD and parkinsonism are combined, the symptoms may be controlled by a careful use
      of dopamine depletors and levodopa.

PMID- 2892588
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in amniotic fluid in fetuses with chromosome
      abnormalities and hereditary metabolic defects].

PMID- 2892587
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of aminopeptidase N on the cell surface of
      isolated porcine thyroid follicles.
AB  - The ultrastructural location of aminopeptidase N on the cell surface of isolated
      porcine thyroid follicle cells was studied with immunocytochemistry using
      antibodies against intestinal aminopeptidase N and protein A-colloidal gold. Gold
      particles, indicating immunoreactivity, were selectively attached to the apical
      cell surface. Occasionally, there was a sparse labelling of the basal cell
      surface. In follicles kept at 4 degrees C most gold particles at the apical cell
      surface appeared as clusters, with each gold particle situated at a constant
      distance of about 20 nm from the membrane surface. The gold particles were
      concentrated on the membranes of microvilli, in comparison to the smooth
      (intermicrovillar) portions of the apical plasma membrane. In follicles incubated
      at 37 degrees C for 5-180 min gold particles were slowly internalized by
      predominantly smooth-surfaced micropinocytic vesicles and subsequently appeared
      in colloid droplets and lysosomes. Gold particles were not observed in Golgi
      cisternae. TSH did not appear to influence the rate of internalization. TSH
      induced pseudopods were unlabeled. Our electron-microscopic observations confirm
      previous immunofluorescence-microscopic evidence that aminopeptidase N is
      selectively expressed in the apical plasma membrane domain in the thyroid
      follicle cell. Furthermore, aminopeptidase N appears to be distributed in
      microdomains within the apical plasma membrane. Earlier indications of molecular
      differences between the pseudopod membrane and the apical plasma membrane proper
      are further emphasized.

PMID- 2892589
TI  - Radioreceptor assay for a new antiallergic agent, 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1
      homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole difumarate (KB-2413), in plasma.

PMID- 2892590
TI  - Binding characteristics of 125I-iodocyanopindolol to beta-adrenergic receptors:
      biphasic Scatchard plots. II. Effects of selective antagonists.

PMID- 2892591
TI  - [Study on the morphometry of giant platelets in the peripheral blood of patients
      with epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2892592
TI  - Stable phenotypic expression of glutathione S-transferase placental type and
      unstable phenotypic expression of gamma-glutamyltransferase in rat liver
      preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical demonstration of glutathione S-transferase placental
      type (GST-P) and histochemical demonstration of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma
      GT), the long-term development of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions was
      followed in rats over a 50-week period. Rats were given a single i.p. injection
      of 200 mg/kg body weight of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and then 2 weeks later were
      administered 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) (group 1), 0.05% phenobarbital
      (PB) (group 2), 2.0% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (group 3) or no supplement
      (group 4) in their diet for 6 weeks, all rats being subjected to partial
      hepatectomy at week 3. Hepatocellular proliferated lesions were classified as
      foci, nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. Development of foci, nodules and
      hepatocellular carcinomas was enhanced strongly by 2-AAF and weakly by PB, and
      inhibited by BHA. Almost all foci and nodules were GST-P positive, although 5-10%
      of the GST-P-positive foci were gamma-GT negative. The areas of GST-P-positive
      foci and nodules increased with time in all groups. In contrast, while the areas
      of gamma-GT-positive lesions also increased with time in groups 2-4, they
      decreased from week 12 in group 1. As the percentage gamma-GT-positive area in
      GST-P-positive foci significantly decreased with time in all groups, the rate of
      phenotypic reversion of gamma-GT in foci in group 1 was revealed to be larger
      than the focus growing rate, whereas that in groups 2-4 was smaller. Gamma-GT
      negative and GST-P-positive micro-nodules of altered morphology appeared within
      gamma-GT- and GST-P-positive nodules in later stages. All hepatocellular
      carcinomas found in this experiment consisted of GST-P-positive cells. In
      contrast, 37% (13/35) of the hepatocellular carcinomas were negative for gamma
      GT. The results indicate GST-P to be the most accurate marker enzyme for
      detection of initiated cells during liver carcinogenesis and gamma-GT to be more
      appropriate for indicating changes of phenotypic expression in each lesion type.

PMID- 2892594
TI  - Effect of two anticoagulants on leukocyte yield and function, and on lysosomal
      enzyme activity.
AB  - We compared acid citrate-dextrose (ACD-B) and heparin to determine which
      anticoagulant better preserves leukocytes for lysosomal enzyme assays if
      processing was done immediately or delayed for 24 h or more. Twenty normal
      subjects had blood drawn into tubes containing either ACD-B or heparin. The
      leukocytes were isolated by sedimentation in dextran (50 g/L) less than 2, 24,
      48, and 72 h later. The most apparent difference was that cell counts indicated a
      30% reduction in the number of leukocytes for ACD-B and a 95% reduction for
      heparin-treated cells at 48 h. The neutrophil function assay indicated that
      leukocyte processing must be done in less than 24 h regardless of the
      anticoagulant used, and that heparin is to be preferred. A comparison of heparin
      and ACD-B for maintenance of the activity of arylsulfatase A (EC 3.2.6.1) and
      hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.50) indicates that there is no effect of anticoagulant.
      However, at 48 h after venipuncture, there is an 80% reduction in the number of
      heparin-treated samples that are suitable for use in the assay. Those
      laboratories doing lysosomal enzyme tests on mailed specimens, which are most
      often greater than 24 h old, should use ACD-B as anticoagulant.

PMID- 2892593
TI  - Differential H1- and H2-receptor-mediated histamine responses of canine
      epicardial conductance and distal resistance coronary vessels.
AB  - The contributions of histamine (H1 or H2) receptor-mediated responses and,
      therefore, the effects of histamine blocking agents are unclear with regard to
      regulation of proximal epicardial and distal resistance coronary arteries. This
      study was designed to evaluate the effects of selective H1- and H2-receptor
      antagonists on epicardial and resistance vessels in the closed chest dog model.
      Histamine, diphenhydramine (H1 blocker), and cimetidine (H2 blocker) were infused
      into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and responses were
      studied by quantitative coronary angiography and flow measurements (133Xe
      washout). Histamine infusion alone produced a significant dilation of the
      proximal LAD (13% above control) only at the highest dose (45 micrograms/min),
      while LAD flow was increased by 128%. In the presence of H1 blocker, histamine
      produced significantly greater epicardial dilation (55% above control). The flow
      response curve was shifted to the right in the presence of H1 blocker, but the
      flow attenuation was overcome by the highest histamine dose. In contrast, the H2
      blocker attenuated both epicardial dilation (6% below control) and flow response
      (31% above control) to the highest histamine dose. Results support a differential
      regulation of proximal epicardial and distal resistance vessels to histamine with
      epicardial arteries demonstrating H1-mediated vasoconstriction and H2-mediated
      vasodilation and distal resistance vessels showing H1- and H2-mediated
      vasodilation. In addition, these findings suggest that H1 blockade may antagonize
      histamine-related vasoconstriction and vasospasm, while H2 blockers may permit
      unopposed H1-mediated vasoconstriction of epicardial arteries and also limit
      resistance vessel vasodilatory responsiveness in the presence of elevated tissue
      histamine, as may occur in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2892595
TI  - Two dry-reagent systems evaluated for determinations of enzyme activities.
AB  - We evaluated the Kodak Ektachem DT60/DTSC and the Boehringer Mannheim Reflotron
      for measuring activity concentrations of six enzymes. The Ektachem CVs for low
      concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were
      high. As compared with the Ektachem and a routine "wet-chemistry" system, values
      for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were lower as
      measured by the Reflotron, because no pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is included in the
      Reflotron slides. Activity concentrations of gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      creatine kinase measured with the Ektachem and with the routine procedure did not
      agree well, possibly because the Ektachem gave too-high results for the enzyme
      activities. Assays of several commercial test sera indicated that test results by
      the dry-chemistry and routine procedures are not interconvertible. This contrasts
      with our previous experience, in which between-test agreement for several
      analytes was acceptable.

PMID- 2892596
TI  - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry: present and future.

PMID- 2892598
TI  - Elimination of heparin interference in the determination of gamma-GT.

PMID- 2892597
TI  - Chromatographic profiles of urinary isoenzymes in healthy children.
AB  - Urinary excretion of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate
      dehydrogenase was studied in a carefully selected group of 155 healthy children,
      83 females and 72 males. Enzyme activity was assayed in randomly collected urine
      samples after gel filtration of the urine specimens. On chromatograms, urinary
      enzymes of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate
      dehydrogenase were separated into 4, 2 and 5 isoenzymes, respectively. Mean
      values of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate
      dehydrogenase activity were 4.59, 21.6 and 10.0 U/g creatinine. There were no sex
      related differences besides lactate dehydrogenase which showed a higher excretion
      in females than in males. The excretion of urinary enzymes clearly decreased with
      increasing age.

PMID- 2892599
TI  - Continuous subcutaneous pump infusion of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 versus
      subcutaneous injection schedule in acromegalic patients.
AB  - Diurnal serum GH patterns were determined in 10 acromegalic patients before
      treatment, after 3 d continuous s.c. pump infusion and then after 3 d with three
      equal daily s.c. injections in both instances totalling 100 micrograms/24 h.
      Subcutaneous injections (33 micrograms) induced impressive suppression of serum
      GH lasting 3-6 h in eight patients followed by escape to pretreatment values
      before the next injection. In contrast, continuous infusion resulted in greater
      and more stable 24 h suppression to the levels reached at the nadir between
      injections. Suppression of mean 24 h serum GH below 5 ng/ml was achieved by pump
      treatment in four patients, while two patients had mean values between 5 ng/ml
      and 10 ng/ml. In four patients occasional or all levels were above 10 ng/ml (24 h
      average 12.4-102 ng/ml) implying either that adequate suppression by the SMS 201
      995, was impossible during the 3 d pump infusion period, or that the dose
      administered was inadequate. Carbohydrate tolerance was unaffected in either
      regimen, indicating that reduction in insulin antagonistic hormones balanced
      inhibition of insulin release. Interestingly, and in contrast to somatostatin,
      SMS 201-995 did not inhibit TSH release. No untoward effects were observed at the
      moderate dosage and blood clinical chemistry was unchanged. Fairly constant
      diurnal serum SMS 201-995 values were obtained during pump infusion, while levels
      undulated inversely with serum GH during injection treatment. Average diurnal
      serum somatostatin-C immunoreactivity (all patients) decreased from 496 +/- 129
      (mean +/- SD) to 385 +/- 100 ng/ml (P less than 0.003) during pump treatment and
      did not decrease further during the following 3 d injection treatment (363 +/- 76
      ng/ml). The normal adult mean is 179 +/- 40 ng/ml. Computer tomographic (CT)
      scans of the sellar region were performed in all patients before and after the
      experimental week. Two patients had extracellular tumours whose size decreased
      from 8.2 to 4.1 cm3 and from 12.6 to 10.5 cm3. The results demonstrate that
      superior and stable suppression of GH secretion is obtained during continuous
      s.c. pump infusion of SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2892600
TI  - The human NK cell--a short over-view and an hypothesis on NK recognition.

PMID- 2892603
TI  - Cutaneous uptake of gallium-67 in polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2892602
TI  - Autoantibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in SLE: a clinical and
      serological study.
AB  - In a clinical and serological follow-up study on a large series of subjects with
      different connective tissue disorders, anti-PCNA/cyclin autoantibodies were found
      in about 3% of patients with SLE. Positive subjects showed a higher incidence of
      diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and hematological disorders than the
      general SLE population. A highly significant serological association between PCNA
      and SL/Ki autoantibodies (p less than 0.001) has been observed. Persistence or
      disappearance of serum PCNA antibodies were independent of any clinical and
      serological feature or the therapeutic regimen employed.

PMID- 2892601
TI  - Identification of gp108, a pathogenic antigen of passive Heymann nephritis, as
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV.
AB  - Our previous paper showed that the glycoprotein of Mr 108,000 (gp108) is one of
      the major components of rat renal tubular brush border antigens and that an
      injection of anti-gp108 antiserum in rats induces passive Heymann nephritis with
      acute and severe proteinuria. In this study, gp108 was identified as a monomer of
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). The anti-gp108 antibody was shown to
      immunoprecipitate DPP IV from Triton-extract of renal tubular membrane fractions.
      DPP IV was co-purified with gp108 from the Triton-extract by columns of DEAE
      cellulose and Bio-gel A-1.5 m. The ratio of DPP IV activity and gp108 content was
      nearly constant throughout the purification steps. The final purified gp108
      showed a high specific activity of DPP IV, comparable to that reported for
      purified rat DPP IV. These results indicate that gp108 is a monomer of DPP IV.

PMID- 2892604
TI  - Bacteremia with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in diabetic patients: correlation
      between proteinuria and non-P-fimbriated strains.
AB  - In a consecutive material of 652 E. coli bacteremia 70 episodes (11%) were found
      in 64 patients with diabetes mellitus. 10 patients had insulin-dependent and 54
      had non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The E. coli strains were tested for adhesive
      properties as mediated by P-fimbriae, a virulence factor in human urinary tract
      infections. Half of the strains were P-fimbriated with a higher occurrence in
      women (26/42, 62%) than in men (9/27, 33%). Diabetic patients with a positive
      urine culture had a higher incidence of P-fimbriated E. coli strains (27/37, 73%)
      in blood culture than patients with negative or no urine culture taken (8/32,
      25%). Furthermore, patients without compromising factors, regardless of their
      diabetes mellitus, had a higher incidence of P-fimbriated E. coli strains (19/29,
      66%) than those with malignancies and other debilitating diseases (6/22, 27%).
      The high incidence of P-fimbriated E. coli strains in the non-compromised
      patients may depend on the ability of such bacteria to invade the urinary tract
      and cause acute pyelonephritis, which often precedes E. coli bacteremia. A lower
      incidence of P-fimbriated E. coli strains was found in patients with proteinuria
      prior to the bacteremic episode (10/31, 32%), compared to those without
      proteinuria (25/35, 71%). No correlation was noted between P-fimbriation and
      duration of diabetes or serum creatinine. The low incidence of P-fimbriated E.
      coli strains in patients with proteinuria indicates that nephropathy, or some
      concurrent complication, predisposes the diabetic patient to bacteremia with low
      virulent, non-P-fimbriated E. coli.

PMID- 2892605
TI  - Influence of sodium concentration in cerebrospinal fluid on plasma atrial
      natriuretic peptide in conscious rats.
AB  - 1. To test the influence of a sodium (Na+) stimulus within the central nervous
      system on the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), we examined the
      effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of high Na+ artificial cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) on blood pressure, urinary Na+ excretion and plasma ANP levels in
      conscious Wistar rats. 2. Infusion of high Na+ (0.6 mol/l) CSF into the lateral
      ventricle at a rate of 1 microliter/min for 60 min significantly increased mean
      blood pressure and urinary Na+ excretion, while normal Na+ (0.15 mol/l) CSF had
      no effects. Plasma ANP levels were higher in the high Na+ CSF group than in the
      normal Na+ group (154 +/- 39 vs 52 +/- 19 pmol/l, P less than 0.05). 3.
      Interruption of the sympathetic nervous system and the vascular action of
      vasopressin with intravenous hexamethonium and d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)arginine vasopressin
      attenuated the pressor and natriuretic responses to intracerebroventricular high
      Na+ CSF. Plasma ANP levels in these rats did not differ significantly from those
      in rats which were similarly treated but were given normal Na+ CSF. 4. These
      results indicate that elevation of the CSF Na+ concentration without peripheral
      volume loading can stimulate ANP release into the circulation. ANP release due to
      central Na+ stimulus appears to be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system,
      vasopressin, and/or haemodynamic change caused by these factors.

PMID- 2892606
TI  - Choice of beta blockers in hypertensive patients who smoke.

PMID- 2892608
TI  - Susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis to five quinolone antimicrobic drugs.
AB  - Five quinolone antimicrobic agents were tested to determine the mean inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) of each of 17 clinical strains of Bordetella pertussis by the
      agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin demonstrated the best in vitro activity with
      an MIC90 of 0.06 microgram/ml. Norfloxacin, ofloxacin and enoxacin were also
      highly active with MIC90s of 0.25, 0.25, and 0.5, respectively. Cinoxacin was
      only moderately active (MIC90 4.0 microgram/ml).

PMID- 2892607
TI  - A genetic analysis of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Punjabi
      Sikhs and British Caucasoid patients.
AB  - A genetic analysis of diabetic and non-diabetic Punjabi Sikhs (n = 164) was made
      for markers of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus using insulin receptor,
      insulin, and HLA-D alpha chain gene probes. Additionally British Caucasoids (n =
      163) were studied using the insulin receptor probe. Insulin receptor gene
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms were defined using Southern blot
      techniques and the restriction enzyme Bgl II and BAm Hl. In Punjabi Sikhs and
      British Caucasoids neither of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      distinguished non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects from controls. In
      the Sikhs no association with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was seen
      with the hypervariable region of the insulin gene or with HLA-DR/DQ/DX alpha
      chain restriction fragment length polymorphisms. We therefore conclude that
      despite the high prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Asians
      we were unable to find any genetic markers for this disease using the available
      cloned gene probes.

PMID- 2892609
TI  - Nutritional status and energy metabolism of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii,
      Girard) muscle and hepatopancreas.
AB  - 1. Food deprivation resulted in significant decreases in muscle carbohydrate,
      lipid and water content and increased ATP, ADP, AMP and total adenylate levels
      over the 21-day experimental period. 2. In the hepatopancreas phosphoarginine was
      significantly higher on day 21 in the starved crayfish. 3. Muscle energy charges
      remained within optimal (unstressed) ranges, while hepatopancreatic energy
      charges of food-deprived crayfish fell into suboptimal (stressed) ranges,
      indicating the necessity of examining organs separately to accurately ascertain
      metabolic changes in response to stressors.

PMID- 2892610
TI  - Liver glycogen and plasma insulin and glucagon levels in food- and water-deprived
      black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus).
AB  - 1. Liver glycogen levels and plasma levels of insulin and glucagon were measured
      in fed and in food- and water-deprived prairie dogs. 2. Liver glycogen values
      decreased from 45.5 to 12.4 mg/g (73%) after 21 days of food and water
      deprivation, while a 24-hr fast resulted in a liver glycogen value of 47.5 mg/g.
      3. Rat liver glycogen values decreased from 45.6 to 2.3 mg/g (95%) after a 24-hr
      fast. 4. Prairie dog plasma insulin values were 69.2, 15.8 and 25.4 microU/ml in
      fed, and in 24-hr and 32-day food- and water-deprived animals, respectively. 5.
      Prairie dog plasma glucagon levels were 57.0 and 38.4 microU/ml in fed and in 32
      day food- and water-deprived animals. 6. Plasma values for glucose, urea
      nitrogen, acetone and triglyceride agreed with previously published results. 7.
      We conclude that it is possible that the maintenance of liver glycogen levels in
      food- and water-deprived prairie dogs may be correlated with a smaller decrease
      in plasma insulin levels, relative to other species, and with a decrease in
      plasma glucagon levels.

PMID- 2892611
TI  - Origins of peripheral and brainstem auditory responses in the White Leghorn
      chick.
AB  - 1. Peripheral and central auditory projections were sectioned and far-field
      recordings measured to determine neural generators of the waveform in the White
      Leghorn chick. 2. The mesencephalicus lateralis p. dorsalis and more rostral
      structures do not contribute to the waveform. 3. Activity of N.VIII is reflected
      in peaks P1A and P2A; N2A appears to be central in origin but may be in part from
      the central stump of N.VIII. 4. The crossed dorsal cochlear tract but not the
      trapezoid body is necessary for P3A and P4A; it is therefore functionally
      homologous to mammalian trapezoid fibres. 5. P1A, P2A, N2A, P2B are not dependent
      on crossing fibres.

PMID- 2892612
TI  - Effect of theophylline on ion transport in the lizard colon.
AB  - 1. The effect of theophylline on ion transport was examined using an in vitro
      short-circuited preparation of lizard colon. 2. Theophylline increased short
      circuit current (Isc) and transmural potential difference (PD). This increase
      caused by theophylline was accompanied by a small increase in transmural
      conductance (Gt). 3. Theophylline did not inhibit the absorption of Na+ but
      reversed Cl- absorption to secretion. This latter effect was due to an increase
      of the serosal-to-mucosal flux of Cl-. 4. Ion substitution experiments revealed
      that the effect of theophylline was Na+- and HCO3(-)-dependent and that these
      ions were required in the bathing solution. 5. These results with lizard colon
      are compared with those reported for mammalian colon and the mechanism of
      theophylline-induced Cl- secretion in these epithelia is discussed.

PMID- 2892613
TI  - Intestinal glucose and galactose transport in the cultured gilthead bream (Sparus
      aurata).
AB  - 1. Electrical parameters and transepithelial glucose and galactose transport were
      determined in vitro across anterior and posterior intestine of the culture fish
      Sparus aurata. 2. Electrical potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current
      (Isc) were serosa-positive in anterior intestine, while they were serosa-negative
      or near zero in posterior intestine. 3. Tissue conductance (Gt) was higher in
      posterior than in anterior intestine. In both parts it was decreased when the Na
      ion was omitted in mucosal and serosal reservoirs. 4. Addition of glucose or
      galactose to the mucosal side of intestine caused an increase in PD and Isc in
      posterior intestine but did not significantly change PD and Isc in anterior
      intestine. 5. Isotopic flux of glucose and galactose measurements in short
      circuit conditions showed a net active glucose and galactose absorption in
      posterior intestine, while in anterior intestine active transport of glucose or
      galactose was not observed. 6. The net transport of glucose and galactose in
      posterior intestine was decreased to zero in the absence of Na in mucosal and
      serosal reservoirs or in the presence of ouabain (1 mM) in serosal solution.

PMID- 2892614
TI  - Respiration of antarctic fish from McMurdo Sound.
AB  - 1. Resting rates of oxygen uptake were measured for nine species of unstressed
      fish living at -1.8 degree C in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (77-78 degrees S).
      Interspecific differences in VO2 were correlated with the habits and activity of
      the fish. 2. The cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki regulated oxygen uptake
      down to a critical PO2 of approximately 60 mmHg. The inactive benthic species
      Trematomus centronotus extracted oxygen to lower PO2 and appeared to have a
      lesser degree of oxyregulation when the data were analysed using a quadratic
      model. 3. Cutaneous oxygen uptake in the nototheniids T. bernacchii and P.
      borchgrevinki amounted to 9 and 17% of total VO2 under normoxic conditions which
      is less than that reported for scaleless Antarctic fish. 4. The contentious
      concept of metabolic cold adaptation in polar fish has been reviewed, and the
      opinion expressed that the phenomenon cannot be dismissed on the grounds of
      technically incompetent measurement, or through inappropriate extrapolation of
      data from fish at lower latitudes.

PMID- 2892615
TI  - Cold-acclimation improves cold-tolerance of diabetic rats.
AB  - 1. The aim of these experiments was to study the extent to which previous cold
      acclimation improves the cold-tolerance of diabetic rats. 2. Alloxan diabetic
      rats (fasting blood glucose higher than 200 mg/dl) were used in the experiments.
      3. In Expt. 1, non-cold-acclimated control and diabetic rats were exposed to cold
      environment (7-9 degrees C), and the percentage of survival calculated during a
      12-day experimental period. In Expt. 2, the rats were previously cold-acclimated
      before alloxan or saline injection (diabetic and control cold-acclimated rats)
      and the survival rate was also assessed during a 12-day period in the cold. 4.
      The percentage of survival of the non-cold-acclimated diabetic rats (Expt.1) was
      19% compared with 79% of the diabetic cold-acclimated animals (Expt. 2). There
      were no deaths in the control groups. 5. Cold-acclimated diabetic rats maintained
      a near-normal thermogenic response after noradrenaline injection. This response
      was impaired in non-cold-acclimated diabetic rats. 6. The results of these
      experiments suggest that the enhanced cold-tolerance of diabetic cold-acclimated
      rats could be related to the increased sympathetic activity and enhanced insulin
      sensitivity in thermogenic tissues, such as brown fat.

PMID- 2892616
TI  - Na+ transport in perfused intestine and in isolated enterocytes of freshwater
      trout deprived of essential fatty acid.
AB  - 1. Unidirectional Na+ fluxes obtained in perfused preparation of intestine and
      Na+ effluxes from enterocytes isolated by a specific method have been determined
      in the middle intestine of freshwater rainbow trout. 2. Fish were fed semi
      purified diets containing 8% by wt of either cod liver oil as reference, grape
      seed oil or hydrogenated coconut oil which are both deficient in fatty acids (FA)
      of the (n-3) series essential for the trout. 3. Important modifications in the
      Na+ intestinal absorption were induced by these deficient diets when measured in
      perfused intestine. 4. Conversely, no changes were seen in the Na+ active or
      passive effluxed when measured in enterocytes isolated from trout fed the same
      diets. 5. Na+,K+-ATPase activities were also unmodified by any diet. 6. It is
      concluded that deprivation of essential fatty acids reduces Na+ absorption
      capabilities of trout intestine, an effect which is mainly located at the apical
      membrane of enterocytes. 7. These results strongly demonstrate that apical entry
      and active serosal transport are separately modified in trout intestine by EFA
      deficient diet. 8. Furthermore the FA of the (n-3) series are essential for the
      retention of functional properties of membranes and ionic permeabilities in
      particular.

PMID- 2892618
TI  - The distribution and turnover of 35S methionine as influenced by diet in the dark
      eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis).
AB  - 1. Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) were maintained on one of three semi
      synthetic diets, differing only in their sulphur amino acid content. 2. 35S
      methionine was administered intraperitoneally after 3 days on their respective
      diets and the animals were killed 24 or 96 hr post-injection. 3. Faecal loss of
      35S-methionine was significantly lower in the low methionine/high cysteine (HC)
      group after 24 hr when compared with other two dietary groups (4.69 vs 5.53 and
      5.47%) indicating a whole-body conservation of the limiting amino acid. 4.
      Incorporation of 35S-methionine in hepatic and intestinal tissues was also
      greater in the HC group, even as the animals were losing body weight.

PMID- 2892617
TI  - Transient changes of the intestinal absorption of sodium and chloride in the
      rainbow trout after abrupt transfer into sea-water.
AB  - 1. Unidirectional fluxes of Na+ and Cl-, ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase activity
      and the protein content have been determined in the intestine of trout in fresh
      water (FW) and 1, 2, 7 days after sea-water (SW) transfer. 2. After abrupt
      transfer in SW the Na+ and Cl- transports follow in two phases: first, a
      permeabilization of the epithelium during the first day; secondly, a transient
      impermeabilization and increase of the protein content of the mucosa (2 days
      after SW transfer) and a progressive increase of both the unidirectional Na+, Cl-
      fluxes and the Na+,K+-ATPase activity (7 days after SW transfer). 3. After 7 days
      SW the adaptation of the enterocytes which is different for Na+ and Cl- and for
      the middle and the posterior intestine is not achieved.

PMID- 2892619
TI  - Hematological data and hemoglobin components in bats (Vespertilionidae).
AB  - 1. Statistically significant variations were observed in the RBC counts and Hb
      concentration in pregnant females of Pipistrellus pipistrellus. 2. Basic
      hematological values in 59 animals of five species of insectivorous bats were
      estimated. 3. Electrophoretic separation of the hemoglobins of Plecotus
      austriacus, Myotis nattereri and Myotis myotis showed two components, whereas in
      Miniopterus schreibersi and Pipistrellus pipistrellus appeared three and four
      components, respectively.

PMID- 2892620
TI  - Basic haematological values in the Cameroon goat (Capra hircus).
AB  - 1. Basic haematological values in 165 Cameroon goats (Capra hircus) are reported.
      2. The erythrocyte count, mean 14.36 x 10(12) l-1, ranged from 8.24 to 24.7 x
      10(12) l-1; the haematocrit values, mean 0.304, varied from 0.20 to 0.38; the
      haemoglobin content, mean 113.4 g/l, was in the range from 83.0 to 143.0 g/l and
      the leukocyte count, mean 13.67 x 10(9) l-1, had lowest and highest values
      between 5.4 and 24.5 x 10(9) l-1. 3. Comparing these blood constituents in 47
      male and 118 female Cameroon goats we demonstrated statistically significant
      lower values of the haematocrit and haemoglobin content and a statistically
      significant higher proportion of lymphocytes in the female animals. 4. In 16
      pregnant and 30 non-pregnant female Cameroon goats, all animals older than 3
      years, no statistically significant differences of the red blood picture were
      noted. 5. Also in three groups, assorted according to age, no significant changes
      in basic haematological parameters were seen. 6. During one year follow-up of
      some haematological parameters, statistically significant seasonal changes were
      found. 7. All presented data are compared with values abstracted from the
      literature and discussed.

PMID- 2892621
TI  - Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on 86Rb+ influx in the erythrocyte of the
      plaice (Pleuronectes platessa).
AB  - 1. 86Rb+ influx in the erythrocyte of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) has been
      measured at hydrostatic pressures between 1 and 600 atm at 10 degrees C. 2. The
      measurements were performed with an experimental medium containing 1% (w/v)
      bovine serum albumin. In this medium the cells achieved a steady state level of
      ionic regulation. 3. At normal atmospheric pressure 46% of the 86Rb+ influx was
      inhibited by furosemide while 42% was inhibited by ouabain, the remainder being
      inhibited by neither drug. 4. It was found that all three fluxes defined by these
      drugs were sensitive to pressure. 5. The ouabain sensitive influx was
      progressively inhibited by increasing pressure, the inhibition at 600 atm being
      30%. 6. The furosemide sensitive influx was inhibited by 35% between 100 and 600
      atm. 7. In contrast the ouabain + furosemide insensitive influx was doubled by
      400 atm. 8. This pattern of pressure inhibition and stimulation resembles that
      seen in comparable studies in human erythrocytes.

PMID- 2892623
TI  - Protein requirements of subadult nilgai antelope.
AB  - 1. The maintenance crude protein (CP) requirements of subadult nilgai antelope
      (Boselaphus tragocamelus) were determined by nitrogen balance. Four isocaloric
      pelleted diets, ranging from 8.4 to 23.8% CP, were fed. 2. Subadults maintained a
      positive nitrogen balance on all diets. Linear regression showed that 95.8% of
      diet CP was truly digested and estimated metabolic fecal nitrogen (NFN) excretion
      at 0.388 gN/W0.75/day. 3. Estimates for endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion and
      maintenance nitrogen requirement, derived through linear regression, were
      erroneous. Consequently, the former was calculated based on metabolic size (0.126
      gN/W0.75/day) and added to MFN to obtain an 0.514 gN/W0.75/day estimate of
      required nitrogen for maintenance. This value is between the levels recommended
      for maintenance of yearling deer and cattle. 4. Given the same level of dry
      matter intake (68.6 g/W0.75/day) and true CP digestibility, study animals would
      be able to meet N equilibrium on a 4.89% CP (dry matter basis) diet. 5. Based on
      data from other sources, natural diets containing 6.98% CP would need to be
      consumed by free-ranging subadults to maintain body weight.

PMID- 2892624
TI  - The effect of oral l-carnitine on lipoprotein composition in the Watanabe
      Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
AB  - 1. We have recently reported the ability of orally administered l-carnitine to
      lower plasma triglyceride in the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbit (WHHL),
      an animal model of familial hyperlipoproteinemia. 2. In the present studies we
      examined the effect of l-carnitine administration upon individual lipoprotein
      subfractions in this animal model. 3. Carnitine feeding resulted in a reduction
      in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). 4.
      Compositional analysis revealed a reduction in core triglyceride content with a
      concomitant increase in protein and phospholipid in VLDL and low density
      lipoproteins (LDL). 5. Conversely, electrophoretic mobility and apolipoprotein
      composition were unchanged with l-carnitine. 6. These results further demonstrate
      the ability of l-carnitine to modulate lipoprotein lipid composition in this
      animal model of familial hyperlipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2892622
TI  - Cation dependence of frog gustatory neural responses to acid stimuli.
AB  - 1. To understand the mechanism underlying the gustatory response for acid
      stimuli, the characteristics of glossopharyngeal neural responses elicited by 1
      mM hydrochloric acid (HCl) in bullfrogs were examined by changing the ionic
      composition of adapting solutions flowed on the tongue surface. 2. The amplitude
      of the gustatory neural response for HCl was increased with an increase of Ca2+
      concentration in the adapting solution. 3. The action of Ca2+ in the adapting
      solution could be replaced by Ba2+ and Sr2+, and was inhibited by Co2+,
      suggesting that the Ca2+ channel in the receptor membrane of taste cells is
      related to a gustatory neural response to acid.

PMID- 2892625
TI  - The time-course of appearance and net accumulation of horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) presented orally to rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson).
AB  - 1. A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used in
      order to determine horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake from the rainbow trout
      gut. 2. HRP was detected in blood plasma and various tissues within 15 min of
      oral intubation. 3. The time-course of net accumulation (uptake-degradation) over
      a 75 min period was recorded. 4. The presence of HRP reached a maximum in the
      body tissues approximately 45 min after intubation and on a ng/g weight basis the
      order of accumulation within the tissues was liver greater than spleen = kidney
      greater than plasma greater than heart. 5. The total organ accumulation (net) was
      in the order liver greater than plasma greater than kidney greater than spleen
      greater than heart.

PMID- 2892626
TI  - Isolation and characterization of brush border membrane vesicles from pig small
      intestine.
AB  - 1. Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were isolated from swine mid-intestine
      by a MgCl2 precipitation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. 2.
      Transport of D-glucose and L-alanine were Na+-stimulated and into an osmotically
      sensitive space. 3. Estimates of kinetic parameters for Na+-dependent D-glucose
      transport were: apparent Kt = 1.8 mM and Jmax = 16.8 nmol/mg protein/min. 4.
      Results of experiments with the delta pH sensitive fluorescent probe 9
      aminoacridine indicated independent mechanisms for Na+-dependent glucose
      transport and Na+/H+ exchange. 5. This study demonstrates that pig BBMV provide a
      useful model for investigating intestinal membrane transport.

PMID- 2892627
TI  - Bacterial endotoxin and infection cause behavioural hypothermia in infant mice.
AB  - 1. When placed in a temperature gradient, 3-10 day old mice injected with living
      Escherichia coli or with E. coli endotoxin, select 2-3 degrees C lower
      temperatures than their litter-mate controls injected with saline. 2. At the
      lower selected temperature (32 degrees C) young mouse pups resist bacterial
      infection for longer and tolerate higher doses of endotoxin than at the
      temperature selected by the controls (35 degrees C). 3. It is possible that a
      controlled hypothermic state, here called cryexia, is in small mammals an
      alternative strategy to fever for coping with infections.

PMID- 2892628
TI  - Reference standards and the physiologic significance of the pregnant goat (Capra
      hircus) as a human model in obstetrical research.
AB  - 1. Amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and urine chemistries; respiratory
      rate and arterial and mixed venous blood gases; heart rate, hematocrit, and
      cardiac output; and arterial, pulmonary artery, central venous and pulmonary
      wedge pressures were measured in 20 pregnant adult goats of 19.5-34 kg body
      weight. 2. Arithmetic means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation
      were calculated to develop reference values; in addition, the 95% confidence
      limits for ranges were established. 3. Comparison of derived data with that from
      non-pregnant goats shows changes similar to those seen when examining pregnant
      and non-pregnant humans. 4. These results indicate the pregnant goat is an
      acceptable model for human obstetrical research.

PMID- 2892629
TI  - Effect of osmolality on the initiation of sperm motility in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - 1. Seminal plasma of the South African clawed toad Xenopus laevis exhibited
      osmolality around 250 mosmol/kg isotonic to blood plasma. 2. Spermatozoa remained
      immotile when the semen was diluted in solutions of 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl or
      200 mM glucose containing 20 mM Hepes-NaOH buffer which exhibited almost the same
      osmolalities (approximately 240 mosmol/kg) as seminal plasma. 3. The spermatozoa
      became motile in these three solutions if the osmolalities were decreased. 4.
      These suggest that motility of Xenopus sperm is suppressed by seminal osmolality
      in the reproductive organ and initiated by a decrease of osmolality when they are
      spawned into hypotonic fresh water.

PMID- 2892630
TI  - Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the motor activity of fish from shallow water
      and 900 m depths; some results of Challenger cruise 6B/85.
AB  - 1. Two species of benthic fish from 900 m depths (90 atm pressure), Trachyscorpia
      cristulata echinata and Synaphobranchus kaupi, are shown to be adapted to their
      normal, high ambient pressure. 2. Their condition improves when they are restored
      to their normal pressure after experiencing decompression in a trawl and they
      undergo convulsions at 150 atm. 3. This contrasts with the response of shallow
      water species (Salmo salar, Pleuronectes platessa, Anguilla anguilla and Gadus
      morhua) which convulse at 93-114 atm and become immobilized and rigid at 150 atm.

PMID- 2892631
TI  - Hematologic and coagulation studies on cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus.
AB  - 1. Blood coagulation factor levels and the normal ranges of commonly used
      coagulation tests were established for Sigmodon hispidus. 2. The white cell, red
      cell and platelet counts have been determined together with the red cell
      parameters as measured by the Coulter model S-plus. 3. The relationship between
      the results reported here and those published for related species are discussed.

PMID- 2892632
TI  - Short-term changes in natripheric and hydrosmotic water fluxes across the skin
      and in urine production due to increases in the osmolarity of the external
      environment in the toad.
AB  - 1. Sudden decreases in the osmotic gradient across the skin due to the
      replacement of water of the bath by 115 mM NaCl had no effect on water uptake of
      intact or hypophysectomized toads. 2. A concomitant decrease in the urine
      production was observed in intact but not in hypophysectomized animals. 3.
      Addition of amiloride chlorydrate (0.25 mM) to the 115 mM NaCl bath induced a
      significant decrease in water uptake both in intact and in hypophysectomized
      toads. 4. The osmotic permeability coefficient (LPD) increased significantly
      during the osmotic gradient reduction with 115 mM NaCl plus 0.25 mM amiloride or
      230 mM sucrose in both groups. 5. No changes in the plasmatic osmolarity were
      detected during the development of these responses to the osmotic gradient
      reduction. 6. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of short-term
      changes in the natripheric and hydrosmotic fluxes of water across the skin and in
      urine production triggered by the osmotic gradient reduction. The possible
      participation of arginine vasotocin in these responses is discussed.

PMID- 2892633
TI  - Blood serum chemistry measurements of normal and acutely stressed channel
      catfish.
AB  - 1. An automated blood serum chemistry analytical system designed for human usage
      was employed to establish the levels of 26 different components present in sera
      obtained from various experimental groups of channel catfish. 2. Comparisons of
      samples from feral and commercial production pond fish during warm months
      indicated statistically significant differences in the serum levels of sodium,
      CO2, urea nitrogen, direct bilirubin, cholesterol, creatinine and protein. 3.
      Laboratory acclimated and production pond fish exhibited differences in serum
      electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus), serum metabolites (urea
      nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides), serum enzymes [gamma-glutamyl transferase,
      glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline
      phosphatase, and amylase], and serum iron. 4. Seasonal (temperature?) differences
      in production pond fish were noted for 12 serum components including potassium,
      magnesium, CO2, glucose, creatinine, albumin, iron, alkaline phosphatase, and
      glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT). 5. Comparisons of samples obtained from
      laboratory-acclimated fish before and 18 hours after acute handling and transport
      stress revealed significant differences in only three serum parameters: glucose,
      LDH, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). 6. These studies suggest that "normal"
      values established by any method of sera analysis may be different in the same
      species depending on the diet, season, and presence of environmental stressors.

PMID- 2892634
TI  - The effect of pressure on the lateral swimming muscle of the European eel
      Anguilla anguilla and the deep sea eel Histiobranchus bathybius; results of
      Challenger cruise 6B/85.
AB  - 1. The viability of Histiobranchus lateral muscle was prolonged up to 7 times by
      recompression of the tissue. 2. The maximum twitch contraction force of both
      Anguilla and Histiobranchus was recorded at a pressure between 150 and 350 atm.
      At 1 atm Anguilla developed 60% maximum force and Histiobranchus 10-20% maximum
      force. 3. Twitch contraction time doubled for a pressure increase of 400 atm.
      This effect is predicted to halve the maximum swimming speed at 4000 m and is
      discussed in relation to muscle force and anaerobic support.

PMID- 2892635
TI  - Blood oxygen equilibria and theoretical models. I. Effect of protons in trout
      (Salmo gairdneri) and human red cells, in absence of organic phosphates.
AB  - 1. Oxygen equilibrium curves were measured on red cells that had been depleted of
      organic phosphates, for rainbow trout red cells between pH 7-9, at 15 and 20
      degrees C, and for human red cells between pH 6.8-8.0, at 37 degrees C. 2. The
      data were fitted to the models of Adair and of Monod et al. (MWC model).
      Parameters were estimated by the non-linear least-squares method, from which the
      number of Bohr protons released during oxygenation was calculated. 3. For trout
      as for human red cells, the pH affects the first step of oxygenation and the
      overall oxygenation in nearly equal proportion. For human red cells, the
      association constant for binding of the last oxygen, expressed by k4 or kR, is
      not affected by pH, indicating that the R structure is free of constraints. For
      trout red cells, there is a pronounced pH dependence of this constant at low pH,
      which is about 10-fold increased between pH 7-9. This corresponds to the Root
      effect that impairs the T----R transition, and confirms previously published data
      for normal trout and human red cells. 4. For trout red cells, small functional
      heterogeneity is evidenced, despite Hb multiplicity, and effect seems linked to
      the level of temperature. 5. The specific effect of organic phosphates, evident
      for human red cells, contrasts with a lack of effect for trout red cells, when
      taking into account the intracellular pH values.

PMID- 2892637
TI  - Photoreceptor evoked potentials and phototactic behaviour in Cercaria caribbea
      LXXI cable.
AB  - 1. Transient potential changes evoked in response to light stimuli, and
      presumably arising from rhabdomeric eye-spots in the cercarial body, were
      recorded for the first time, to our knowledge, in helminth parasites. 2.
      Pigmented Cercaria caribbea LXXI gave a very slowly adapting response to
      maintained light stimulus, while a non-pigmented variety appeared to emit a
      stronger, rapidly adapting response to light onset. 3. Swimming towards a
      directional light source is disrupted by several neuropharmacological agents,
      which presumably disturb synaptic transmission in the nerve/muscle system. 4. The
      light evoked potentials were unaffected by these same agents and therefore,
      appeared to be directly recorded receptor potentials.

PMID- 2892636
TI  - Blood oxygen equilibria and theoretical models. II. A critical estimation.
AB  - 1. Theoretical models can fit the oxygen equilibria of trout and human red cell
      suspensions, and describe the apparent oxygenation process in the red cell. 2.
      The assumption that full oxygenation is attained at atmospheric O2 pressures can
      result in biphasic Hill plots and high Hill coefficients for high O2 saturations.
      This phenomenon must not be confused with aggregation of hemoglobin. 3. Problems
      specific to measurements of red cell suspensions, regarding the ionic cellular
      composition and its stability with time, are approached. Changes of buffer
      osmolarity, and--for trout--addition of adrenaline, within physiological
      proportions, have no impact on the results. 4. This tends to validate the general
      significance of equilibrium data obtained on this material, regarding the effects
      of protons and organic phosphates, although complex ionic movements across the
      red cell membrane are known to occur in the animal under certain circumstances.

PMID- 2892638
TI  - Distribution of contractile proteins in single isolated smooth muscle cells from
      the ascidian body-wall muscle.
AB  - 1. Relaxed cells isolated from ascidian body-wall muscle were morphologically
      very similar to relaxed common smooth muscle cells. 2. The contracted cells,
      however, possessed striations which were resolved into a repeating pattern of
      light and dark bands using phase contrast microscope. 3. The relaxed ascidian
      cells treated with Triton X-100 were contracted and showed the striations by
      adding Ca2+. 4. By an indirect immunofluorescence method, it was clearly seen
      that antiactin spread uniformly in the relaxed cells, while this antibody was
      concentrated on the dark bands of striations in the contracted cells.

PMID- 2892639
TI  - Hematology of the hibernating bat: Myotis daubentoni.
AB  - 1. Hematological parameters in the male and female bats differ only with respect
      to number and volume of erythrocytes: larger number of smaller cells found in
      males corresponds to smaller number of larger red blood cells in females, with
      hemoglobin level and hematocrit values remaining similar in both sexes. 2. Six
      month-old bats have significantly higher numbers of lymphocytes when compared
      with adults. 3. There are no significant differences in hemograms (complete blood
      counts) for bats identified as "nathalinae" and "typical" Myotis daubentoni.

PMID- 2892640
TI  - Sensory responses and axonal morphology of two different types of cerebral
      neurones in Helix pomatia L.
AB  - 1. The mechano- and chemosensory responses of two different types of cerebral
      neurones responding to food stimuli were studied by microelectrophysiological
      techniques. This was correlated with axonal morphology investigated by
      intracellular Co-lysine labelling. 2. The C4 neurone responded to food stimuli
      applied to the lip receptors by phasic (less than 30 sec duration), while the C14
      neurone by an initial phasic and a subsequent tonic longer than 10 min duration)
      activity change. 3. The different sensory responses of the two neurones can
      partly be explained by the morphological differences found between them.

PMID- 2892641
TI  - Blood levels of thyroid hormones and certain metabolites in relation to moult in
      the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica).
AB  - 1. Changes in blood levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free fatty
      acids (FFA), glucose, pyruvic acid and lactic acid in the harp seal during moult,
      were studied. 2. Serum levels of both T4 and T3 showed significant increase in
      the moult phase from that in the pre-moult phase. While T4 level continued to
      remain high during the early and late post-moult phases, T3 level dropped in the
      latter two phases to the same low pre-moult level. 3. The T3/T4 ratio was
      significantly higher during the pre-moult phase than that in all the other
      phases. It is suggested that the high pre-moult T3/T4 ratio marks the initiation
      of moult. 4. There were no significant changes in the levels of the metabolites
      studied except that of FFA which was highest in the moult phase indicating the
      hormonal basis of lipid mobilization.

PMID- 2892642
TI  - Energy and water requirements of lactation in the North American porcupine,
      Erethizon dorsatum.
AB  - 1. Energy and water requirements of lactating porcupines were compared with
      results of previous studies on energetics of reproduction in small-bodied
      rodents. 2. Mass-specific food and water intake of control and lactating
      porcupines was examined throughout the 68-78 days of lactation. Water intake of
      lactating females was 16% higher than that of non-lactating animals. 3. Digestive
      efficiency of porcupines fed commercial rabbit chow was 54-60%; there was no
      significant difference in efficiency between lactating and non-lactating animals.
      4. Total mean energetic intake throughout lactation was only 17% greater than
      that of non-lactating animals. 5. Reproductive rate and costs of lactation in
      porcupines are considerably less than in other rodents and other comparably-sized
      mammals, but the amount of energy allocated to each offspring is quite high. 6.
      The reproductive pattern of porcupines is associated with low juvenile mortality
      and long adult lifespan (both of which reflect the porcupine's protective
      morphology), and may be related to the quality of winter diets.

PMID- 2892643
TI  - Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin in the frog (Rana pipiens).
AB  - 1. Plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) and ionic calcium [( Ca]i) were
      measured in intact frogs (Rana pipiens) within complete 24 hr light-dark cycles
      over an 18 month period. 2. Plasma iCT exhibits an annual periodicity about the
      annual mean of 10.0 ng/ml, with an amplitude of 5.4 ng/ml that peaks in October.
      3. Within an annual cycle, a significant inverse association exists between the
      basal monthly levels of plasma iCT and [Ca]i for animals maintained in freshwater
      control conditions. 4. When subjected to a high calcium environment during the
      latter half of the year, plasma [Ca]i and iCT were elevated above control levels
      but exhibited independent cyclic patterns. 5. A distinct seasonal response of
      increased iCT in a high calcium environment may be related to the secretory
      activity of the ultimobranchial glands and physiological responsiveness to other
      calcemic hormones; e.g. parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.

PMID- 2892644
TI  - Ionic current of an identifiable giant neurone, d-RPLN, of an African giant snail
      (Achatina fulica Ferussac), measured under voltage clamping--II. Outward
      currents.
AB  - 1. The outward currents of d-RPLN (dorsal-right parietal large neurone), one of
      the largest identifiable neurones of an African giant snail, were studied. 2. At
      the holding potential (-90 mV) and at the command voltage (Vc20 mV), the current
      values were 3.05 +/- 0.13 microA (M +/- SE) for the peak (n = 38), and 1.96 +/-
      0.10 microA for the plateau (n = 37). 3. The peak time constant (Vc = 0 mV) was
      2.05 +/- 0.08 msec. 4. Tetraethylammonium at 50 mM reduced the plateau value up
      to 50-55% of the normal, but had little effect on the peak. 5. 5-Aminopyridine at
      5.0 mM diminished the peak value to about 50-55%, and delayed the peak time. 6.
      Quinine at 0.25 mM decreased both the peak and the plateau approximately to 55
      65% of their controls, but shortened the peak time when Vc was beyond 0 mV, in
      contrast to the case of 4-AP. 7. The calcium-free state (replaced with cobalt)
      reduced these currents to about 75% of the normal, and evidently delayed the peak
      time.

PMID- 2892645
TI  - Stimulation of anaerobic metabolism in rats at high altitude hypoxia--adrenergic
      effects dependent on dietary states.
AB  - 1. Plasma lactate and pyruvate were increased more markedly in fed rats than in
      fasted rats exposed to an 8000 m altitude. 2. The increase in plasma lactate and
      pyruvate was enhanced and inhibited by the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin
      and the beta-blocker propranolol, respectively, in fasted rats exposed to an 8000
      m altitude. Blood glucose was not changed by adrenergic blockades under the same
      conditions. 3. Prazosin and propranolol showed no effect on glycolytic
      metabolites in plasma in fed rats submitted to an 8000 m altitude. Blood glucose
      of fed rats was increased by alpha 1-blockade during severe hypoxia. 4. In fasted
      rats whose energy metabolism depends on oxidation mainly, alpha 1- and beta
      adrenergic receptors can participate in the stimulation of respiration and the
      glycogen degradation, respectively, during an exposure to severe hypoxia. In fed
      rats energy metabolism depends on glycolysis, which utilizes blood glucose as the
      substrate preferentially during hypoxia.

PMID- 2892647
TI  - Managing critically ill patients with esmolol. An ultra short-acting beta
      adrenergic blocker.
AB  - Esmolol is a new intravenous beta-adrenergic blocker with an ultrashort (nine
      minute) elimination half-life, which has been studied predominantly for control
      of supraventricular tachycardia and management of certain types of hypertension.
      Clinical studies indicate that the efficacy of esmolol is equivalent to that of
      propranolol and verapamil for control of supraventricular tachycardia and to
      sodium nitroferricyanide (sodium nitroprusside) for control of postoperative
      hypertension. Esmolol also has been shown to control heart rate and blood
      pressure during episodes of acute myocardial ischemia. Cardioselectivity is
      similar to that of metoprolol, and the ability to titrate the effect of esmolol
      may provide additional assurance that beta-adrenergic blockade will remain within
      the cardioselective range. The most commonly observed adverse effect seen in
      clinical trials was asymptomatic hypotension. Hypotension may be minimized by
      titrating to the minimum effective dose and is readily reversed within 10 to 30
      minutes of discontinuing the infusion of esmolol. These unique features represent
      advantages of great potential merit in critical care medicine.

PMID- 2892646
TI  - Paralysis and sedation.

PMID- 2892648
TI  - [Clinicopathologic study of polyarteritis nodosa. Report of 5 autopsied cases].

PMID- 2892649
TI  - [Clinical significance of changes in the beta 2-microglobulin values of serum and
      urine in patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2892650
TI  - [Combined antiallergic therapy in the treatment of epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2892651
TI  - [Dynamic changes in the creatinine clearance rate in different types of epidemic
      hemorrhage fever].

PMID- 2892652
TI  - [Detection of viral antigens in various organs in 14 fatal cases of epidemic
      hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2892653
TI  - [Advances in the diagnosis of epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2892654
TI  - Sulfasalazine-induced abnormal sperm penetration assay reversed on changing to 5
      aminosalicylic acid enemas.
AB  - Sulfasalazine, a drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, has
      been associated with male infertility, an effect attributed to sulfapyridine
      rather than to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), the presumed therapeutically active
      component of sulfasalazine. Recently, the sperm penetration assay (SPA) has been
      found to be an accurate method of quantitating male fertilization potential. We
      report the case of a man with ulcerative colitis in whom infertility and a
      markedly abnormal SPA were demonstrated while he was taking sulfasalazine.
      Shortly after discontinuing sulfasalazine and initiating treatment with 5-ASA
      enemas, his SPA became normal and his wife became pregnant. The SPA is a useful
      screening test for sulfasalazine-induced male infertility. On the other hand, 5
      ASA enemas do not appear to be associated with an abnormal SPA.

PMID- 2892655
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of metastases in the liver.
AB  - During the years 1975-1985, fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver was
      performed in 655 patients. The procedure entailed no complications. In 302 (46%)
      cases, the samples contained malignant cells; in 238 (36%), liver cells; in 46
      (7%), cells suspected of malignancy; in 69 (11%) of cases, the samples were
      unsatisfactory. The medical records of 242 patients were reviewed. Based on the
      results of different examinations it was established that 149 patients had liver
      metastases and 62 did not. In 31 patients, evaluation could not be done owing to
      insufficient data. The cytological findings were compared with the results of
      liver scintiscan, Alcaline phosphatase, serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and
      histological diagnoses. There were no false-positive cytological diagnoses. False
      negative diagnoses were found in 14% of cases. Cytologically positive samples
      from known primaries were reviewed. It has been established that pallisade-like
      formations are characteristic for metastases of intestinal carcinoma; usually in
      these cases, necrotic material and inflammatory cells were found as well.

PMID- 2892656
TI  - Effects of beta-agonists on b- and c-waves implicit for adrenergic mechanisms in
      cat retina.
AB  - Nylidrin (buphenine) is a beta-adrenergic agonist known to dilate peripheral
      vessels and used therapeutically in retinal degeneration and glaucoma. We studied
      retinal function under beta-agonists in arterially perfused cat eyes and observed
      a dose-dependent, reversible increase in b-wave amplitude and a decrease in c
      wave amplitude in concentrations from 4.5 to 120 microM. A half maximal response
      was obtained at 40 to 50 microM. The optic nerve response to light showed dose
      dependent reversible changes under nylidrin. Standing potential, light peak,
      intraocular pressure, vascular resistance, and diameter of or retinal vessels
      showed no consistent changes under nylidrin. The effect were inhibited by each of
      the beta-blocking agents propranolol, ICI 118, and oxprenolol (in sequence of
      decreasing potency). Another potent beta 2-agonist, clenbuterol, was used to
      determine the extent to which the responses to nylidrin were due to beta-receptor
      mediated action. Clenbuterol had similar effects on the b-wave and optic nerve
      response at slightly higher concentrations (30 200 microM) but more variable
      effects on the c-wave. The data are interpreted as functional evidence that beta
      adrenergic mechanisms are involved in retinal signal processing. This concept is
      corroborated by identification of beta-adrenergic binding sites in cat retina
      (Bruinink et al., 1986).

PMID- 2892657
TI  - Effects of short- and long-term administrations of famotidine and ranitidine on
      some pituitary, sexual and thyroid hormones.
AB  - The endocrine effects of short-term (4 weeks) and long-term (6 months) oral
      administration of famotidine (40 and 20 mg nocte, respectively) and ranitidine
      (300 and 150 mg nocte, respectively), were investigated in 20 male patients with
      duodenal ulcers. Basal PRL, LH, FSH and TSH serum levels were evaluated and their
      response to specific releasing factors, and basal blood levels of some sexual
      (E2, P, T) and thyroid (T3, T4) hormones. None of the treatments modified basal
      and RH-stimulated levels of PRL, LH, FSH and TSH, nor basal levels of sexual
      hormones. Regarding the thyroid hormones, no effect was observed during the
      administration of famotidine. On the contrary, short-term treatment with
      ranitidine induced a significant decrease in thyroxine serum levels, while no
      effect was observed during maintenance treatment.

PMID- 2892658
TI  - Action of famotidine and ranitidine on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) content of fundic
      and duodenal mucosa in duodenal ulcer patients.
AB  - PGE2 plays an important role in gastric cytoprotection. Previous experience has
      shown that H2-blocker drugs may have a role in gastric cytoprotective mechanisms.
      The effects have been compared of ranitidine and famotidine on PGE2 content in
      duodenal ulcer patients. Twenty patients were treated for 4 weeks as follows:
      group A, ranitidine (150 mg twice daily); group B, famotidine (40 mg daily). The
      patients underwent EGDS before and after therapy. The results show that both
      famotidine and ranitidine significantly increase the PGE2 content of fundic
      mucosa (from 112.3 +/- 73 to 210.7 +/- 106 ng/g wet wt and from 109.6 +/- 52.4 to
      230.2 +/- 104.6 ng/g wet wt, respectively) in duodenal ulcer patients (p less
      than 0.01). Similarly, the PGE2 content of duodenal mucosa significantly
      increases after famotidine treatment (from 51.9 +/- 27.5 to 105.3 +/- 55.6 ng/g
      wet wt) as well as ranitidine treatment (from 53.8 +/- 24 to 172.6 +/- 72.9 ng/g
      wet wt) (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that these drugs play an important
      role in gastric and duodenal cytoprotection.

PMID- 2892659
TI  - Astemizole: a long-acting, nonsedating antihistamine.
AB  - Astemizole is a long-acting, highly selective histamine1-receptor antagonist with
      minimal central and anticholinergic effects. Comparison studies have shown
      astemizole to be equal or superior to currently available antihistamines,
      beclomethasone nasal spray, and cromolyn sodium in relieving allergic symptoms of
      seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Other uses include treatment of
      allergic conjunctivitis and chronic urticaria. Astemizole is not as effective for
      treatment of acute allergic symptoms because of its delayed onset of action.
      Astemizole and its active metabolite, desmethylastemizole, have long elimination
      half-lives permitting once-daily dosing. The incidence of sedation is lower than
      with conventional antihistamines, but increased appetite and weight gain do
      occur. Astemizole should be useful for both maintenance and prophylactic therapy
      in patients with chronic allergic conditions who cannot tolerate the sedative or
      anticholinergic effects of conventional antihistamines.

PMID- 2892660
TI  - [Acute myocardial infarct in patients over 70. Results of a 2-year survey].
AB  - 581 consecutive patients admitted to hospital for acute myocardial infarction
      between January 1983 and June 1985 were divided into two groups. Group A (286)
      patients were aged 70 years or over (76 +/- 4 years); those in group B (246) were
      65 or younger (56 +/- 8 years). Group A patients had a significantly higher
      incidence of anterior-wall infarction (30% vs. 18% in group B); heart failure
      (55% vs. 32%); pulmonary oedema (18% vs. 6%); cardiogenic shock (17% vs. 6.5%);
      or rupture (6% vs. 2%). Patients of the older age group also significantly less
      often underwent systemic fibrinolysis (0.3% vs. 21%); coronary angiography (2%
      vs. 61%); percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or aorto-coronary
      bypass operation (0% vs. 22%) (P = 0.00001). Among the older patient group the
      cumulative mortality rate during hospitalization was 26.9% vs. 11.8% in group B,
      after six months it was 39% vs. 15%, after 12 months 46% vs. 17%, and after 24
      months 61% vs. 21% (P = 0.00001). Causes of death were comparable in the two age
      groups, cardiac ones predominating. Angina in NYHA classes III-IV after discharge
      was present in 10% of the younger but 38% among the older patients (P = 0.00001).
      The death rate in patients of group A was very high under conservative treatment
      and surviving patients had a poor quality of life. Yet both coronary artery
      surgery and PTCA gave demonstrably better long-term results, both as to function
      and survival. Therefore, patients of even this higher age should more than is the
      case at present be more aggressively treated with invasive diagnostic and
      therapeutic procedures.

PMID- 2892661
TI  - [Systemic necrotizing vasculitis with bronchial asthma and eosinophilia: Churg
      Strauss syndrome].
AB  - Two cases of the Churg-Strauss syndrome are reported, seen within the past year.
      The first concerned a 31-year-old woman with a rapidly progressive illness
      characterized by bronchial asthma, leukocytosis and eosinophilia, abdominal pain,
      diarrhoea and purpura. In the second case, a 47-year-old man had granulomatous
      epididymitis and interstitial nephritis before the asthma and eosinophilia
      developed. In both the diagnosis was confirmed by lung biopsy. Immunosuppressive
      treatment achieved rapid regression of all symptoms and of the eosinophilia,
      without recurrence so far.

PMID- 2892662
TI  - Ocular levobunolol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, and therapeutic efficacy.
AB  - Levobunolol is a potent non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent used for
      the topical treatment of increased intraocular pressure in patients with chronic
      open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In comparative studies of up to 2
      years' duration levobunolol 0.5 to 1% reduced intraocular pressures by about 30%
      and adequately controlled intraocular hypertension in 50 to 85% of those treated.
      These results were significantly superior to those produced by placebo and
      comparable to the responses achieved with ocular timolol in double-blind
      controlled trials. Levobunolol has been well tolerated, producing only minor
      changes in objective and subjective ophthalmic and systemic parameters. Adverse
      reactions resulted in approximately 5% of patients withdrawing from treatment
      with levobunolol which was equivalent to that observed with timolol. Thus, ocular
      levobunolol is a well-tolerated and effective therapy for the management of
      raised intraocular pressure, and is a suitable alternative to ocular timolol in
      patients with chronic open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

PMID- 2892663
TI  - [Physiopathology and curative treatment of tardive dyskinesia].
AB  - Tardive dyskinesia is a common complication of neuroleptic treatment. Current
      physiopathological theories emphasize the role of dopaminergic, cholinergic and
      GABAergic systems. The experimental bases of these hypotheses have been presented
      in detail. A critical review of the main clinical trials allows us to evaluate
      the effectiveness of our treatment and the validity of our theoretical models.

PMID- 2892665
TI  - The effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone administration on pre
      prosomatostatin messenger ribonucleic acid in the periventricular nucleus of the
      rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Physiological evidence suggests that hypothalamic somatostatin (SS) inhibits
      pituitary GH release and that GH acts through a short-loop feedback mechanism to
      stimulate SS secretion. The feedback action of GH could be mediated by an effect
      on SS synthesis, secretion, or both. We hypothesized that GH acts to regulate the
      expression of the SS gene and that changes in the level of circulating GH would
      result in corresponding changes in SS mRNA in cells of the periventricular
      nucleus (PeN) of the hypothalamus. To test this hypothesis we measured the effect
      of hypophysectomy (HPX) and HPX with bovine GH (bGH) replacement on SS mRNA
      signal levels in cells of the PeN of the rat brain. We report that HPX male rats
      treated with bGH have significantly higher PeN SS mRNA signal than their vehicle
      treated controls (P less than 0.05) and that bGH administration to sham-HPX rats
      results in elevated PeN SS mRNA signal levels compared to those in sham-HPX rats
      treated with vehicle (P less than 0.05). These observations suggest that GH
      participates in the regulation of its own secretion by influencing the expression
      of the SS gene and that one mechanism of short-loop pituitary feedback may
      involve the modulation of neuropeptide gene expression.

PMID- 2892664
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of growth hormone (GH) release in vivo, and
      subsequent inhibition of GH-releasing factor-induced GH secretion.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro studies of beta-adrenergic influences on GH secretion have
      produced apparently conflicting data in which the in vivo effect seems to be
      inhibitory and the in vitro effect to be stimulatory. The present studies were
      designed to observe the in vivo effect of isoproterenol (ISO), a beta-adrenergic
      agonist, on 1) GH release during a brief interval after intraatrial infusion, and
      2) GH release in response to GRF infused 10 min after ISO. ISO was found to
      stimulate GH release in both intact and hypothalamus-lesioned animals within 2
      min after infusion, but GH returned to control levels within 10 min. ISO also
      profoundly inhibited the release of GH in response to GRF. Pretreatment of
      animals with somatostatin (SRIF) antiserum prevented the inhibitory action of ISO
      on GRF-induced GH release. No change in peripheral levels of SRIF was detected.
      Also, there was no suppression of GRF-induced GH release by ISO when the
      treatments were applied in vitro to dispersed perifused pituitary cells. These
      data show that beta-adrenergic systems can stimulate a rapid but brief release of
      GH in vivo, and that the subsequent inhibitory action on GRF-induced GH release
      might be by means of SRIF release.

PMID- 2892666
TI  - Cloning of estrogen-regulated messenger ribonucleic acids from rat uterus.
AB  - A cDNA library prepared from the mRNA of uteri of estrogen-stimulated immature
      female rats was constructed in lambda gt10. Differential screening of the hybrid
      phages was performed using control and stimulated cDNAs as probes. Selected
      clones were then characterized by Northern and Southern blot hybridizations. In
      all, eight unique clones corresponding to estrogen-stimulated messages in rat
      uterus were identified. These clones hybridized to uterine mRNAs varying in size
      from 1.4-8.4 kilobases. Three of the clones were characterized as coding for
      three different types of collagen, and one as coding for smooth muscle actin.
      These are described in more detail elsewhere. The kinetics of increase in
      estrogen-regulated messages was examined. After a single injection of estradiol,
      five clones, including the three collagen mRNAs, showed two peaks of
      accumulation, at 4 and 24 h. Messages of two other clones were maximal at 12 h.
      The actin clone hybridized to mRNAs with peaks at 4 h for cytoskeletal actins and
      8-12 h for smooth muscle actins. Sequential 24-h injections of the hormone
      produced multiple peaks of mRNA accumulation with a timing consistent with the
      kinetics found after a single injection of hormone. The multiple injections,
      however, did not result in enhanced mRNA accumulation for any of these clones. In
      fact, several messages showed suppressed accumulation with continued estradiol
      administration. Accumulated inhibitory factors in uterine cells may be
      responsible for this refractory condition. Except for the actin mRNA, the
      estradiol-stimulated mRNAs were expressed mainly in uterus and ovary. These
      clones may be useful in studies on the mechanism of action of estrogenic hormones
      and their tissue-specific regulation of gene expression.

PMID- 2892667
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic potentiation of vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of
      rat pinealocyte adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate:
      evidence for a role of calcium and protein kinase-C.
AB  - alpha 1-Adrenergic agonists have recently been found to potentiate vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulation of rat pinealocyte cAMP and cGMP. alpha 1
      Adrenergic agonists also elevate pineal intracellular Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i) and
      activate protein kinase-C. In the present study, the possible involvement of Ca2+
      and protein kinase-C in the alpha 1-adrenergic potentiation of VIP-stimulated
      cAMP and cGMP accumulation was examined with agents that alter [Ca2+]i or
      activate protein kinase-C. It was found that treatment with a Ca2+ chelator or
      with inorganic Ca2+ channel blockers inhibited alpha 1-adrenergic potentiation of
      VIP-stimulated cAMP and cGMP responses. Increasing [Ca2+]i by treatment with
      A23187, ouabain, or K+ potentiated VIP stimulation of cAMP and cGMP response.
      These observations indicate that Ca2+ mediates the alpha 1-adrenergic
      potentiation of VIP-stimulated cAMP and cGMP accumulation, as is true for the
      alpha 1-adrenergic potentiation of beta-adrenergic stimulated cAMP and cGMP
      accumulation. Activators of protein kinase-C mimicked the large effect alpha 1
      adrenergic agonists have on cAMP accumulation in VIP-treated pinealocytes and had
      a small effect on cGMP accumulation in VIP-treated cells. These effects were not
      blocked by the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. However, the effects of a protein kinase-C
      activator on the cGMP response in VIP-stimulated cells were amplified by K+ (15
      mM) or ouabain (1 microM), presumably through an action causing an increase in
      [Ca2+]i. These results suggest protein kinase-C is involved in the alpha 1
      adrenergic potentiation of VIP-stimulated cAMP accumulation, as is the case for
      the alpha 1-adrenergic potentiation of beta-adrenergic stimulated cAMP. Protein
      kinase-C is also involved in cGMP accumulation, provided that there is a modest
      increase in [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2892669
TI  - Mitochondrial protein import: involvement of the mature part of a cleavable
      precursor protein in the binding to receptor sites.
AB  - The precursor of F0-ATPase subunit 9 was bound to mitochondria in the absence of
      a mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi). Binding was mediated by a
      protease-sensitive component on the mitochondrial surface. When delta psi was
      reestablished, bound precursor was directly imported without prior release from
      the mitochondrial membranes. A chimaeric protein consisting of the complete
      subunit 9 precursor fused to cytosolic dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was also
      specifically bound to mitochondria in the absence of delta psi. Two other fusion
      proteins, consisting either of the entire presequence of subunit 9 and DHFR or of
      part of the presequence and DHFR, were imported in the presence of delta psi. In
      the absence of delta psi, however, specific binding to mitochondria did not take
      place. We suggest that the hydrophobic mature part of subunit 9 is involved in
      the delta psi-independent binding of the subunit 9 precursor to receptor sites on
      the mitochondrial surface.

PMID- 2892668
TI  - The human mdr3 gene encodes a novel P-glycoprotein homologue and gives rise to
      alternatively spliced mRNAs in liver.
AB  - We have found cDNAs corresponding to a novel human P-glycoprotein gene in liver
      cDNA banks. The sequence of the 3' part of this cDNA reveals a domainal
      organization of the derived protein similar to that of the known P-glycoproteins
      and an 80% amino acid homology with the product of the human mdr1 gene (Chen et
      al., 1986). The new gene lies within 500 kb from mdr1 as determined by pulsed
      field gradient gel electrophoresis and is designated mdr3, as it appears to
      correspond to the third of the three P-glycoprotein genes mapped in the hamster
      multidrug resistance domain. mdr3 yields a transcript of 4100 nucleotides, 400
      nucleotides less than the mdr1 transcript; the difference is accounted for by the
      shorter 3'-untranslated region of the mdr3 mRNA. Our cDNAs provide evidence for
      alternative splicing of mdr3 pre-mRNAs. One alternative is an insert of seven
      amino acids between the two major blocks of the nucleotide binding site and
      another is a deletion of 43 or 47 amino acids covering the putative transmembrane
      segment 5a. We speculate that these alternatives superimposed on differential
      expression of P-glycoprotein homologues could provide an explanation for the
      large variation in cross-resistance patterns observed in cell lines selected for
      multidrug resistance with different cytostatic drugs.

PMID- 2892671
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor receptor heterogeneity and stimulation of particulate
      guanylate cyclase and cyclic GMP accumulation.
AB  - Since the seminal discovery by deBold that atria contain factors that produce
      diuresis and natriuresis, the biologic effects attributed to ANF have expanded to
      the point where the name "atrial natriuretic factor" seems inappropriate. In
      addition to promoting diuresis and natriuresis, ANF has been shown to produce
      vascular smooth muscle relaxation and to inhibit the secretion of aldosterone
      from the adrenal cortex, renin from the juxtaglomerlular apparatus, vasopressin
      from the hypothalamus, and salt and water intake after central administration.
      ANF also promotes intestinal secretion and stimulates testosterone synthesis in
      Leydig cells. However, the cellular mechanisms whereby ANF elicits these diverse
      effects are poorly understood. ANF has been reported to inhibit adenylate cyclase
      in a number of tissues. However, the significance of ANF inhibition of adenylate
      cyclase is unknown. This effect cannot be associated with vascular relaxation
      since decreased cyclic AMP would be expected to promote contraction rather than
      relaxation. ANF inhibition of adenylate cyclase may mediate the inhibitory
      effects of ANF on hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. The
      inhibition of adenylate cyclase could also explain the inhibitory effect of ANF
      on aldosterone synthesis, since agents that stimulate cyclic AMP increase
      aldosterone synthesis. However, ANF also inhibits the dibutyryl-cyclic AMP
      induced stimulation of aldosterone secretion, suggesting that an inhibition of
      adenylate cyclase cannot account fully for the inhibitory effects of ANF on
      aldosterone synthesis. There is no evidence to support a role for cyclic AMP in
      the diuretic and natriuretic action of ANF. An inhibition of membrane
      phosphoinositide breakdown by ANF and the subsequent formation of IP3 and
      intracellular calcium release could explain the inhibitory effects of ANF on
      vascular contraction and steroid synthesis. However, there is very little
      evidence to suggest that ANF regulates phosphoinositide metabolism, while some
      recent studies suggest that ANF may regulate calcium fluxes in vascular tissue.
      Clearly, cyclic GMP has emerged as the most likely intracellular mediator of ANF
      effects. ANF increases cyclic GMP in a wide range of tissues by selectively
      activating particulate guanylate cyclase. However, it is not known which effects
      of ANF are mediated by cyclic GMP. The discovery that ANF increases cyclic GMP in
      vascular tissue clearly suggests that cyclic GMP mediates the vascular relaxation
      effect of ANF, since other classes of vasodilators also increase cyclic GMP.
      There is preliminary evidence that cyclic GMP may inhibit renin secretion and
      sodium transport in kidney cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2892670
TI  - DCCD inhibits protein translocation into plasma membrane vesicles from
      Escherichia coli at two different steps.
AB  - In vitro translocation of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins into inverted
      plasma membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli was completely prevented by the H+
      ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). DCCD was inhibitory to
      both co- and post-translational translocations, suggesting an involvement of the
      H+-translocating F1F0-ATPase in either mode of transport. This was verified by
      (i) the dependence of efficient co-translational translocation upon a low salt,
      i.e. F1-containing extract from membrane vesicles; (ii) the co-purification of
      the translocation activity present in this extract and F1-ATPase; (iii) the
      inability of either vesicles or their low-salt extract, derived from F1F0-ATPase
      lacking mutant strains, to support translocation; and (iv) the greatly diminished
      extent of ATP-dependent, post-translational translocation into F1-deprived
      vesicles. Membranes devoid of F1 did show, however, residual translocation
      activity that was also found to be inhibitable by DCCD. These results suggest a
      dual target for DCCD in bacterial protein export, one being the H+-ATPase and the
      other an as yet unidentified translocation factor.

PMID- 2892672
TI  - Influence of age on neurotransmitter function.
AB  - Regulation by neurotransmitters of anterior pituitary hormone secretion is
      complex and a thorough understanding of their normal role in hormone secretion is
      a prerequisite to understanding their involvement in age-related changes in
      endocrine function. To date, uncertainties far out-number demonstrated causative
      relationships between alterations in neurotransmitter release and resulting age
      associated changes in hormone secretion. The best demonstrated relationships are
      the following. First, a decline in function of the TIDA system is responsible, in
      part, for the age-related elevation in prolactin secretion and may be involved in
      the decline in LH secretion. Second, the age-related decrease in hypothalamic
      norepinephrine turnover plays a role in the decline in LH and GH secretion and
      may be involved in alterations in TSH secretion during aging. Third, the decline
      in circadian activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus serotoninergic neurons may
      account for the blunting of circadian rhythms in the secretions of several
      anterior pituitary hormones in old animals. Fourth, evidence exists for an age
      related decline in function of LHRH neurons, which may contribute to the
      observation of blunted LH secretion in old animals. Finally, somatostatin release
      may be increased in old animals, which likely contributes to the age-related
      decline in GH secretion. Other hypothalamic-releasing hormones have only recently
      been isolated and characterized; thus, little research on their age-related
      alterations has been done. Research on these neuropeptides will contribute
      further to our understanding of the role of neurotransmitters in age-related
      alterations in hormone secretion.

PMID- 2892673
TI  - Age-related changes in membrane receptor interactions.
AB  - The relevance of membrane receptor systems to aging in animals has been studied
      extensively. A large number of hormones, drugs, and transmitters convey their
      signals via membrane receptors. Many physiologic and biochemical processes are
      mediated via membrane receptors. Therefore, exploration of the age-related
      changes in the interactions of receptors with coupling proteins second-messenger
      systems and their surrounding environments are of obvious significance.

PMID- 2892674
TI  - Workshop on the relationship between short-term information and carcinogenicity;
      Williamsburg, Virginia, January 20-23, 1987.

PMID- 2892675
TI  - Comments and perspective on the EPA workshop on "The relationship between short
      term test information and carcinogenicity".

PMID- 2892676
TI  - Ova, larvae and cysts in fingernail contents.

PMID- 2892677
TI  - F0 part of the ATP synthase from Escherichia coli. Influence of subunits a, and
      b, on the structure of subunit c.
AB  - Four different sets of proteoliposomes were prepared from F0, subunit c, a
      complex of subunits a and c (ac complex) and an ac complex supplemented with
      subunit b. Only liposomes containing intact F0 or all subunits of F0 were active
      in proton translocation and F1 binding [Schneider, E. and Altendorf, K. (1985)
      EMBO J. 4, 515-518]. The conformation of subunit c in the different preparations
      was analyzed by labelling the proteoliposomes with the hydrophobic
      photoactivatable reagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine
      ([125I]TID). Subsequent isolation and Edman degradation of this polypeptide
      revealed distinct radioactive labelling patterns over the entire amino acid
      sequence. In the F0 complex and in the ac complex subunit c retains a labelling
      pattern which is related to that found in TID-labelled membrane vesicles of
      Escherichia coli [Hoppe et al. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 5610-5616]. In the absence
      of subunit a, considerably more and different amino acid residues of subunit c
      are modified. The labelling data are discussed in relation to structural aspects
      of F0 and functional properties of proteoliposomes reconstituted with F0 or
      individual subunits.

PMID- 2892678
TI  - ATP4, the structural gene for yeast F0F1 ATPase subunit 4.
AB  - A plasmid containing the gene coding for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae F0F1 ATPase
      subunit 4 was isolated from a yeast genomic DNA library using the oligonucleotide
      probe procedure. The gene and the surrounding regions were cloned into M13 tg 130
      and M13 tg 131 phage vectors. A 732-base-pair open reading frame encoding a 244
      amino-acid polypeptide is described. The nucleotide sequence predicts that
      subunit 4 is probably derived from a precursor protein with a hydrophilic and
      basic 35-amino-acid leader sequence. Mature subunit 4 contains 209 amino acid
      residues and the predicted molecular mass is 23250 Da. This subunit presents
      amphiphilic behaviour with two distinct domains. A high alpha-helix content of
      77% was predicted from the sequence. Subunit 4 shows homology with the b subunit
      of Escherichia coli ATP synthase.

PMID- 2892679
TI  - Purification in large scale and characterization of the human leukocyte adhesion
      glycoprotein GP90 (CD18).
AB  - The leukocyte adhesion 90-kDa glycoprotein GP90 (antigen CD18) is non-covalently
      associated separately with cell-surface glycoproteins GP160 (antigens CD11a, TA
      1, LFA-1), GP155 (antigens CD11b, OKM1, MO1) or GP130 (antigens CD 11c, Leu-M5).
      Large amounts of these protein complexes were purified to homogeneity from blood
      mononuclear leukocytes by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal
      antibody. GP90 was further isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis in the
      presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Rabbit antiserum towards the complex
      inhibited phorbol-ester-induced adhesion of leukocytes. The antiserum towards
      purified GP90 reacted more strongly with the denatured GP90 protein, but showed
      reactivity also with GP160 protein, indicating structural homologies between GP90
      and GP160. The amino acid composition of GP90 was determined. Its N-terminus was
      found to be blocked. Treatment of GP90 with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F,
      but not with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, reduced the apparent molecular
      mass to 75 kDa, indicating the presence of five or six N-linked complex-type
      oligosaccharides/molecule.

PMID- 2892680
TI  - The secondary structure of the toxin ATX Ia from Anemonia sulcata in aqueous
      solution determined on the basis of complete sequence-specific 1H-NMR
      assignments.
AB  - The toxin preparations ATX I, ATX Ia and ATX Ib from Anemonia sulcata were
      investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). High-resolution phase
      sensitive two-dimensional NMR experiments were used to monitor the separation by
      high-performance liquid chromatography of the two isoproteins ATX Ia and ATX Ib.
      For ATX Ia complete sequence-specific resonance assignments were obtained and the
      secondary structure was determined. To obtain the NMR assignments we used a
      variant of the sequential assignment technique which relied extensively on cross
      peak fine-structure analysis in phase-sensitive spectra, using spectrum
      simulations based on density matrix calculations with the program SPHINX. These
      procedures, which resulted in extensive amino acid spin system identifications
      prior to the sequential assignments, should be generally applicable for small
      proteins with relatively narrow 1H-NMR lines. The secondary structure of ATX I
      includes a beta sheet consisting of four strands. No evidence was found for the
      presence of regular helical segments. The four beta strands are connected by two
      extended loops and a tight turn, for which further characterization has to await
      the complete determination of the three-dimensional structure.

PMID- 2892681
TI  - ADP-ribosylation of skeletal muscle and non-muscle actin by Clostridium
      perfringens iota toxin.
AB  - The enzymatically active component ia of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin ADP
      ribosylated actin in human platelet cytosol and purified platelet beta/gamma
      actin, in a similar way to that been reported for component I of botulinum C2
      toxin. ADP-ribosylation of cytosolic and purified actin by either toxin was
      inhibited by 0.1 mM phalloidin indicating that monomeric G-actin but not
      polymerized F-actin was the toxin substrate. Perfringens iota toxin and botulinum
      C2 toxin were not additive in ADP-ribosylation of platelet actin. Treatment of
      intact chicken embryo cells with botulinum C2 toxin decreased subsequent ADP
      ribosylation of actin in cell lysates by perfringens iota or botulinum C2 toxin.
      In contrast to botulinum C2 toxin, perfringens iota toxin ADP-ribosylated
      skeletal muscle alpha-actin with a potency and efficiency similar to non-muscle
      actin. ADP-ribosylation of purified skeletal muscle and non-muscle actin by
      perfringens iota toxin led to a dose-dependent impairment of the ability of actin
      to polymerize.

PMID- 2892682
TI  - Inhibition of mitochondrial F1 ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase by
      hydrophobic molecules.
AB  - The hydrophobic nature of the active site of two energy-transducing ATPases was
      explored by comparing interactions between Pi and each of three hydrophobic drugs
      in the absence and presence of organic solvents. The drugs tested were the Fe .
      bathophenanthroline complex and the anticalmodulin drugs, calmidazolium and
      trifluoperazine. All inhibit the Pi in equilibrium with ATP exchange reaction
      catalyzed by submitochondrial particles and the ATPase activity of both
      submitochondrial particles and soluble F1 ATPase. The inhibition by the three
      drugs is reversed by either raising the Pi concentration or by adding organic
      solvent (dimethylsulfoxide, ethyleneglycol or methanol) to the medium. The
      inhibition of the Pi in equilibrium with ATP exchange by trifluoperazine becomes
      more pronounced when the electrochemical proton gradient formed across the
      membrane of the submitochondrial particles is decreased by the addition to the
      medium of the proton ionophore carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone.
      The ATPase activity and the Ca2+ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles are
      inhibited by the Fe . bathophenanthroline complex, calmidazolium and
      trifluoperazine. Phosphorylation of the ATPases by Pi, synthesis of ATP from ADP
      and Pi and the fast efflux of Ca2+ observed during reversal of the Ca2+ pump are
      inhibited by the three drugs. The inhibition is reversed by raising the
      concentration of Pi or dimethylsulfoxide. The three drugs tested appear to
      compete with Pi for a common binding site on the Ca2+-ATPase. The data presented
      are interpreted according to the proposal that the catalytic site of an enzyme
      involved in energy transduction undergoes a hydrophobic-hydrophilic transition
      during the catalytic cycle.

PMID- 2892683
TI  - Early diagnosis in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia.
AB  - The genetic transmission of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) can be determined
      with high probability using closely linked DNA restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLP's). In a family known to be at risk for XLA in male
      offspring, RFLP analysis demonstrated that the mother was an XLA carrier and her
      newborn son was affected. The infant developed immunological deficiencies a few
      months later, confirming the diagnosis. RFLP analysis provides a method for
      carrier detection, prenatal diagnosis and presymptomatic diagnosis of XLA, which
      plays a significant role in prevention of the disease.

PMID- 2892684
TI  - Inhibition of non-dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area by
      benzodiazepines: relationship to A10 dopamine cell activity.
AB  - Previous electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that non-dopaminergic
      (non-DA) neurons within the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) are extremely
      sensitive to the inhibitory effects of GABA and GABA-mimetic drugs, including
      benzodiazepines, whereas dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars
      compacta (SNC) are less sensitive to these compounds and may be influenced
      indirectly by SNR neurons. The interactions between A10 DA and non-DA neurons
      within the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) are not as well characterized.
      In the present experiments, single unit recording and microiontophoretic
      techniques were used to determine the effects of benzodiazepines on DA and non-DA
      neurons in the VTA of chloral hydrate anesthetized rats. Diazepam, administered
      intravenously (i.v.), potently inhibited non-DA, SNR-like cells within the VTA.
      The effects of diazepam on A10 DA cells were more variable than those observed on
      non-DA, SNR-like cells in this region, but 77% of such cells showed moderate to
      marked excitation. Both of these effects were reversed by the benzodiazepine
      antagonist Ro 15-1788; on many cells, this agent produced marked rebound effects
      beyond the original basal firing rates. However, when administered alone, Ro 15
      1788 exerted no effect on either cell population. Microiontophoretic
      administration of the benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide and flurazepam resulted in
      marked inhibition of non-DA SNR-like cells, but produced either mild inhibition
      or no effect on A10 DA cells; excitation of DA cells was never observed even
      though the same neuron was excited by i.v. diazepam. These findings suggest that
      benzodiazepines act directly upon non-DA, SNR-like cells in the VTA to produce
      inhibition of activity and a disinhibition of A10 DA cells. This relationship
      makes it unlikely that benzodiazepines would enhance feedback inhibition of DA
      cells following neuroleptic administration. In fact, when administered following
      haloperidol, i.v. diazepam failed to reverse haloperidol-induced increases of A10
      DA cell firing; if anything, diazepam further depolarized the cell. If
      antipsychotic drugs produce their clinical effects, in part, by inducing
      depolarization inactivation of DA cells, then benzodiazepines might be a useful
      adjunctive therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2892685
TI  - [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding to benzodiazepine receptors in mouse brain in vivo: marked
      enhancement by GABA agonists and other CNS drugs.
AB  - Administration of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, [3H]Ro 15-1788, to mice
      intravenously was found to label these receptors in brain. Binding of [3H]Ro 15
      1788 in vivo was strongly blocked by pretreating mice with clonazepam or
      diazepam. Marked enhancement of [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding in vivo was induced by
      progabide or sodium valproate. This effect was greater than a similar enhancement
      of [3H]flunitrazepam binding. The increased membrane-bound [3H]Ro 15-1788
      elicited by progabide was completely dissociated on subsequent incubation with Ro
      15-1788, diazepam or clobazam, indicating that the enhanced binding occurred at
      benzodiazepine receptors. Compounds that exert diazepam-like actions and/or
      indirect GABAergic activity (cartazolate, pentobarbital, methaqualone,
      levonantradol, phenytoin) elicited enhancement of [3H]Ro 15-1788 in vivo. Other
      CNS agents (atypical neuroleptics, GABA antagonists, baclofen, some 5-HT1
      agonists) also induced elevation of [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding in vivo, as did drugs
      exerting vasodilatatory effects (papaverine, nimodipine, verapamil, prazosin, N6
      cyclohexyladenosine). Possible explanations for enhancement of [3H]Ro 15-1788
      binding in vivo include increase in the number of benzodiazepine receptors
      induced by GABA or GABAergic drugs or effects of binding enhancers that elevate
      brain levels of [3H]Ro 15-1788, such as accelerating cerebral blood flow,
      competing for radioligand binding sites in plasma or increasing metabolic
      stability of the radioligand.

PMID- 2892686
TI  - Stress-induced insomnia: opioid-dopamine interactions.
AB  - REM sleep deprivation induced by means of the platform technique (72 h) was
      followed by a period of latency to sleep characterized by a marked excitement in
      rats. The administration of naloxone at the end of the REM deprivation period
      reduced this latency to sleep while morphine, beta-endorphin and DADLE prolonged
      it. The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 was extremely potent (0.003
      mg/kg) to reduce the latency to sleep and the excitement while the D1 agonist SKF
      38393 induced an opposite effect. The dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L-sulpiride
      was inactive up to a dose of 25 mg/kg. These data suggest that hyperactivity of
      the opioid and dopamine systems (specifically mediated through D1 receptors) is
      involved in such behaviour.

PMID- 2892687
TI  - Effect of ethanol on cardiac beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - Liquid diets are commonly used as vehicles for chronic administration of ethanol
      to rodents. After mice had consumed an ethanol-free liquid diet for either seven
      or eight days, the number of cardiac beta-adrenoceptors and the maximum response
      of adenylate cyclase to isoproterenol were decreased. This change was associated
      with a decrease in the number of high-affinity agonist binding sites. When mice
      were fed ethanol in the liquid diet, there was a further decrease in the number
      of cardiac low-affinity agonist (isoproterenol) binding sites, but no further
      change in the biochemical response to isoproterenol. The data suggest that stress
      and/or nutritional factors can alter the number, the coupling and the function of
      cardiac beta-adrenoceptors and that chronic ethanol ingestion enhances certain
      aspects of these changes.

PMID- 2892688
TI  - Autoradiographic localization of dopamine D1 binding sites in areas receiving
      striatal input.

PMID- 2892689
TI  - The disappearance of a cyclin-like protein and the appearance of statin is
      correlated with the onset of differentiation during myogenesis in vitro.
AB  - We have used monoclonal antibodies to statin (S-44) and a cyclin-like protein (S
      132) to examine the distribution of these two antigens in proliferating and in
      nonproliferating populations of cells. We have found that this cyclin-like
      protein is present in proliferating fibroblasts, whereas statin is absent from
      these same cell populations; in contrast, in senescent populations of fibroblasts
      the cyclin-like antigen disappears and statin labeling of nuclei appears. During
      myogenesis in rat muscle cell cultures, S-132 labeling is present in
      proliferating myoblasts and disappears after cells fuse and differentiate as
      multinucleated myotubes. In contrast, statin is absent from proliferating
      myoblasts, but appears when these cells become postmitotic and begin to
      differentiate. Similar results were seen during chick myogenesis. We have also
      found similar results during serum-starvation-induced differentiation in
      neuroblastoma cells. These results indicate that the cyclin-like protein
      disappears and statin appears upon commitment to differentiation in vitro, and
      the presence or the absence of these proteins appears to provide cellular markers
      for the transition from the proliferative to the nonproliferative state during
      differentiation.

PMID- 2892690
TI  - An antibody against 100- to 116-kDa polypeptides in coated vesicles inhibits
      triskelion binding.
AB  - There is considerable evidence that the 100- to 116-kDa polypeptides in calf
      brain coated vesicles are involved in the assembly of clathrin triskelions to
      form coated vesicles. We have raised polyclonal antibodies against these
      polypeptides. By Western blot analysis, these antibodies bind to a distinct
      subset of the six polypeptides in the region 100-116 kDa. Whole cell homogenates
      from calf brain, calf liver, and rat liver also show immunoreactivity in the 100
      kDa region with no other cross reactivity. Isolated coated vesicles from calf
      liver, rat brain, and soybean roots also cross-react. Stripped coated vesicles,
      which are depleted of clathrin but which retain the 100- to 116-kDa polypeptides,
      quantitatively rebind 125I-triskelions. This binding is inhibited in a dose
      dependent manner by 100- to 116-kDa antibody but not by nonimmune serum or by
      anti-clathrin polyclonal antibody. These studies indicate that (1) specific sites
      on the 100- to 116-kDa polypeptides are required for assembly of coated vesicles,
      and (2) this antibody will be useful in clarifying more precisely the role of the
      100- to 116-kDa polypeptides in coated vesicle recycling.

PMID- 2892691
TI  - Transformation of Tetrahymena thermophila by electroporation and parameters
      effecting cell survival.
AB  - We have successfully transformed Tetrahymena thermophila by electroporation, a
      process of electrically introducing DNA. The DNA used for transformation contains
      a mutant ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) that confers resistance to paromomycin on the
      transformed cells. This mutant rDNA replicates more rapidly than the endogenous
      rDNA of the transformed cells so that the mutant rDNA becomes predominant within
      several generations. This mutant rDNA also carries a restriction polymorphism
      that readily distinguishes it from the endogenous rDNA of the transformed cells.
      Substantial nuclease activity is released from the cells during electroporation
      and must be neutralized in order for transformation to be effective. Cell
      survival is inversely proportional to the electrical energy dissipated (joules)
      in the medium. Electroporation is a convenient and effective means of introducing
      transforming DNA into T. thermophila.

PMID- 2892693
TI  - Effect of alpha-adrenergic and serotonergic blockers on the acute irritative
      response in the rabbit eye.
AB  - The effect of alpha-adrenergic and serotonergic (5-HT) blockers on the acute
      irritative response in the rabbit eye elicited by topical, neutral formaldehyde
      (1%), was studied. In the control animals, the peak rise in the intraocular
      pressure (delta IOP) after irritation was 29.5 +/- 5.7 mm Hg, and the perfusion
      pressure of the eye at 1 min after irritation was 50.1 +/- 2.8 mm Hg. The peak
      rise in the IOP was inhibited by phentolamine (alpha- and 5-HT-antagonist, delta
      IOP = 6.6 +/- 2.1 mm Hg, P less than 0.01), methysergide (5-HT-antagonist, delta
      IOP = 10.6 +/- 4.4 mm Hg, P less than 0.05), and prazosin (alpha 1-antagonist,
      delta IOP = 12.8 +/- 3.7 mm Hg, P less than 0.05). Perfusion pressures of the
      eyes were decreased after pretreatment with phentolamine or prazosin, and were
      35.2 +/- 4.8 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and 25.7 +/- 3.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.01),
      respectively. Perfusion pressure in the methysergide group remained unchanged
      (75.4 +/- 14.2 mm Hg). Yohimbine (alpha 2-antagonist) and ketanserin (5-HT2
      antagonist) did not inhibit the IOP response. None of the antagonists could
      inhibit the miosis or disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier induced by topical
      neutral formaldehyde. In the contralateral eyes, the changes in the IOP, in the
      integrity of the blood-aqueous barrier, and also in the pupil size, were enhanced
      by ketanserin. The present study demonstrates the inhibitory actions of
      methysergide, phentolamine, and prazosin on the neurally mediated, acute
      irritative response in the rabbit eye. Methysergide seems to inhibit the
      response, probably acting via the 5-HT1-receptors. A part of the effect of
      phentolamine might be explained by an inhibitory action via 5-HT1-receptors. The
      effect of phentolamine and prazosin on the alpha 1-receptors seems to create an
      inhibitory action on the irritative response by lowering the perfusion pressure
      of the eye.

PMID- 2892694
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi: immune response in mice immunized with parasite antigens.
AB  - The humoral and cellular immune responses were studied in mice immunized with
      flagellar fraction (F), F plus Bordetella pertussis as adjuvant (F-Bp), and
      microsomal (Mc) subcellular fractions from the epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma
      cruzi. The immune response was studied before and after the challenge with 50
      bloodstream forms of T. cruzi, Tulahuen strain. The immunization with F-Bp, but
      not with Mc or F and Bp separately, protected mice, in terms of parasitemia and
      mortality, from the challenge with the parasite. Before the challenge, levels of
      specific antibodies in mice immunized with F-Bp were higher than in mice
      immunized with F or Mc. Antibody levels 17 days after the infection were similar
      in the three groups of mice while nonimmunized mice reached lower levels. Early
      during the infection nonimmunized infected mice lacked delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to parasite antigens and to concanavalin A (Con
      A). Mice immunized with F-Bp, however, presented positive DTH responses to
      parasite antigens and Con A both, before and after the challenge with T. cruzi.
      DTH reaction was transferred with spleen cells. Mice immunized with Mc behaved
      similarly to infected nonimmunized animals in their reactivity to parasite
      antigens. These results indicated striking differences between protected and
      nonprotected mice in humoral and cellular immune responses during experimental T.
      cruzi infection.

PMID- 2892692
TI  - HTLV-1, HIV-1, hepatitis B and hepatitis delta in the Pacific and South-East
      Asia: a serological survey.
AB  - Blood samples from 13 locations in the Pacific and South-East Asia were tested
      for evidence of infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1),
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta
      virus (HDV). No samples were positive for antibody to HIV-1. Antibodies to HTLV-1
      were found in samples from five locations, the maximum prevalence being 19%, in
      Vanuatu. Serological markers of HBV infection were found in all locations, the
      maximal prevalence being 88%, in Majuro, Micronesia. Antibodies to HDV in HBsAg
      positive sera were found in six locations with a maximum prevalence of 81% in
      Kiribati.

PMID- 2892697
TI  - [Reactions of the secretory and myoepithelial cells of mammary alveoli to
      neuromediators and oxytocin].
AB  - The hyperpolarization of the secretory cells MP and the alveolar myoepithelium
      contraction in response to oxytocin depend to a greater extent on the
      accompanying effects of catecholamines as compared with acetylcholine. The
      hyperpolarization of the secretory cells MP induced with oxytocin and
      acetylcholine diminishes in its amplitude and duration in presence of colchicine
      (25 microM). Rhythmic hyperpolarization changes of the MP induced with 1-minute
      action of oxytocin and acetylcholine coincide in time with the exocytosis period
      of secretory vesicles and the beginning of new biosynthesis.

PMID- 2892695
TI  - Negative regulation of atrial natriuretic factor receptor coupled membrane
      guanylate cyclase by phorbol ester. Potential protein kinase C regulation of
      cyclic GMP signal in isolated adrenocortical carcinoma cells of rat.
AB  - Rat adrenocortical carcinoma cells possess a high density of atrial natriuretic
      factor (ANF) receptors which are coupled with membrane guanylate cyclase and
      corticosterone production. Herein we show that pretreatment of these cells with
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a known activator of protein kinase C,
      attenuates the ANF-stimulated cyclic GMP accumulation in a dose-dependent manner.
      The half maximum inhibitory concentration of PMA was 10(-10) M. When these cells
      were incubated with PMA in the presence of 1-(5-isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methyl
      piperazine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, the PMA-mediated attenuation of ANF
      stimulated cyclic GMP formation is blocked. These results suggest that protein
      kinase C negatively regulates the ANF-receptor coupled membrane guanylate cyclase
      system in these cells.

PMID- 2892696
TI  - Synthesis of a photoaffinity-spin-labeled derivative of ATP and its first
      application to F1-ATPase.
AB  - The synthesis of an ATP derivative is described, in which a spin-label is
      attached to the 3'-position of the ribose moiety and an azido group to C8 of the
      adenine ring (SL-N3-ATP). Irradiation of this compound at 350 nm generates a
      nitrene, which will react with any functional group in its vicinity. SL-N3-ATP
      exhibits a strongly immobilized ESR spectrum in a complex with F1-ATPase from
      beef heart mitochondria. It was covalently incorporated into this enzyme. SL-N3
      ATP may be employed in ESR investigations under conditions in which non-covalent
      interactions are too weak for motionally restricted species to be easily
      observed.

PMID- 2892698
TI  - Effects of cryptorchidism and orchidopexy on deoxyribonucleoside-activated
      nucleotidase (DAN) in the rat testis.
AB  - 1. Unilateral cryptorchidism was associated with an increase in specific DAN
      activity in the abdominal testis of adult rats. 2. In the scrotal, immature
      testis, there was an age-dependent decrease in specific DAN activity similar to
      that normally seen in rats. This decrease was less pronounced in the abdominal
      testis of unilaterally cryptorchid rats. 3. Total DAN activity in the abdominal
      testis showed a decrease in both immature and adult rats, when compared to that
      of the scrotal testis. 4. Orchidopexy following cryptorchidism in adult rats,
      resulted in complete restoration of DAN activity in spite of poor recovery of
      spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2892700
TI  - Emergency hysterectomy in obstetric practice: five year review.
AB  - From January 1980 to December 1984, there were 86,483 deliveries and 25 emergency
      obstetric hysterectomies at the Maternity Hospital, Kuwait. The indications for
      hysterectomy were placental disorders (64%), uterine rupture (28%), and extension
      of the lower uterine scar during cesarean section (8%). The incidence of
      emergency hysterectomy increased with age and parity. Postoperative morbidity was
      higher with subtotal than with total hysterectomy. The commonest post-operative
      complication was urinary tract infection. There was one maternal death from
      consumptive coagulopathy associated with intra-uterine fetal death.

PMID- 2892699
TI  - Antenatal iron supplementation in sickle cell disease.
AB  - Fourteen pregnant women with sickle cell disease (11 SS and 3 SC) were randomized
      into two groups to receive routine antenatal supplementation either with ferrous
      gluconate or with placebo tablets. Their hemoglobin levels and bone marrow iron
      content were determined prenatally and 6 weeks post partum. The fetal weights and
      the incidence of pain crisis in both groups were recorded. Using an iron content
      grading from 0 to 5, no marrow of any subject showed iron depletion. The placebo
      group showed an aggregate postnatal loss of 4 grades of iron repletion while the
      iron supplemented group showed an aggregate gain of 2 grades. There were no
      significant differences between the birth weight or the incidence of pain crises
      in both groups. We conclude that routine iron supplementation is not justified in
      pregnant women with sickle cell disease, as it would tend to increase already
      adequate or excessive iron body stores. We recommend that a clear need for iron
      should be established before iron supplementation is prescribed to them.

PMID- 2892701
TI  - Plasma fibronectin levels in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: a preliminary
      report.
AB  - Fibronectin, a major component of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes
      throughout the body, is thought to maintain the integrity of both the reticulo
      endothelial system and microvasculature. In this study, plasma fibronectin levels
      were assayed by nephelometry in nine pre-eclamptic gravid women, nine
      normotensive gravid women and ten non-gravid women. The mean plasma fibronectin
      level (+/-S.E.M.) in pre-eclamptic gravidas (1687 +/- 101 micrograms/ml) is
      significantly higher than that of either normotensive gravidae (1129 +/- 99
      micrograms/ml) or non-gravid women (897 +/- 60 micrograms/ml). Although the
      mechanism for elevated levels of plasma fibronectin in patients with pre
      eclampsia is not clear, it may serve as an early biochemical marker for this
      disorder.

PMID- 2892702
TI  - Subsequent pregnancy following labor of a very-low-birth-weight infant.
AB  - During a period of 5 years (1978-1982), 55 mothers with an average age of 27.5 +/
      5.4 years, delivered 59 infants, weighing less than 1500 g. These infants had a
      mean birth weight of 1160.5 +/- 263 g and a mean gestational age of 28.7 +/- 2.25
      weeks (range 25-32 weeks). Subsequently 47 (79.6%) survived and 12 (20.4%) died.
      There was a statistical difference of both mean gestational age and of mean
      gestational weight between survivors or infants with neonatal death. Twenty two
      of 29 mothers who subsequently became pregnant, gave birth to liveborn infants,
      who subsequently survived (four pregnancies terminated in induced abortion). Mean
      gestational age was 37 +/- 3 weeks (range 32-41 weeks) (P less than 0.001) and a
      mean birth weight was 2753.2 +/- 570 g (range 1620-3600 g) (P less than 0.001.
      All the 22 infants subsequently born weighed more than 1501 g, 7 (31.8%) infants
      weighed 1501-2500 g and 15 (68.2%) more than 2500 g. Similar data were obtained
      from a control group of 615 mothers (chosen at random) who delivered a normal
      infant at term, 202 subsequently became pregnant and 176 gave birth to a normal
      infant at term. Mean gestational age was 39.54 +/- 1.24 weeks (P less than 0.001)
      and mean birth weight was 3299.3 +/- 412 g (P less than 0.001). (In the control
      group 10 pregnancies terminated in induced abortions). The above data could be
      used in advising for future pregnancy outcome in regard to women with premature
      births.

PMID- 2892703
TI  - Symphysiotomy as an alternative to cesarean section.
AB  - The author compares the value of symphysiotomy to cesarean section in the
      management of cephalopelvic disproportion. He outlines the history of the
      procedure and reviews the literature on the subject. He then presents results of
      54 symphysiotomies performed from 1976 to 1983 in two rural hospitals in the
      southwestern highlands of Tanzania, together with the outcome of subsequent labor
      in 25 other women with a history of previous symphysiotomy. The risk of maternal
      mortality after symphysiotomy is lower than after cesarean section when performed
      for cephalopelvic disproportion. Although different in nature, maternal morbidity
      after both operations is equally common. In contrast with findings reported in
      the literature, a history of previous symphysiotomy still constitutes a high
      obstetrical risk. The author concludes that symphysiotomy has a place in the
      management of cephalopelvic disproportion.

PMID- 2892704
TI  - Endocrine and metabolic effects of simple hysterectomy.
AB  - A survey of 60 women who had undergone simple hysterectomy with preservation of
      ovaries revealed a high prevalence of menopausal flushes. Only 5 (8%) had
      menopausal concentrations of gonadotropins and estradiol. This is similar to the
      prevalence of natural menopause in population of comparable age. Of the remaining
      55 women, 28 (47% of the total) had normal gonadotrophins and estradiol
      concentrations although they complained of hot flushes; these levels were not
      significantly different from those in 27 women who did not flush. The "flushers"
      did, however, have significantly diminished bone mineral index and higher serum
      uric acid concentrations than the "non-flushers". Flushes disappeared in those
      women who took estrogen replacement therapy. These data show that although full
      blown menopause does not increase in frequency following simple hysterectomy, a
      subtle diminution in estrogenisation is frequent. This hypo-estrogenisation is
      sufficient to cause: (a) hot flushes; (b) demineralisation of the skeleton and
      (c) an elevation in serum uric acid concentrations. There may be a case for
      estrogen therapy in all women who develop hot flushes following simple
      hysterectomy.

PMID- 2892705
TI  - Combined intrauterine and extrauterine gestation: a report of case history and
      review.
AB  - Combined intrauterine and extrauterine gestation is very rare. There is a higher
      maternal morbidity and fetal loss, due to delayed or missed diagnosis. We present
      a patient who was treated for primary infertility with ovulation induction
      agents, who presented later with combined intra- and extra-uterine gestation with
      successful outcome following delivery of a healthy male infant at 38 weeks
      gestation.

PMID- 2892707
TI  - Disseminated pelvic hydatidosis presenting as ovarian carcinomatosis: successful
      post-operative treatment with mebendazole.
AB  - The case of a female with disseminated pelvic cystic hydatidosis presenting as
      ovarian carcinomatosis 2.5 years after repeated abdominal paracentesis is
      reported. The diagnosis was made during surgery and confirmed by serology and
      histological examination. Over 100 cysts were removed from the abdominal cavity
      and wall. Innumerable small cysts studded the viscera; these and larger
      inaccessible ones were untouched. Medical cure in this patient was achieved with
      a combination of partial resection and special irrigation, broad spectrum
      antibiotic for coverage of infectious episodes and high dose long term
      mebendazole therapy for 25 months. The danger of blind aspiration in patients
      coming from endemic areas is emphasized.

PMID- 2892706
TI  - Endometriosis in the groin.
AB  - Recently we found one case of endometriosis in the extraperitoneal part of the
      round ligament (EERL). We found 30 cases previously described in the literature.
      A comparison showed that 90% were right-sided and often associated with an
      inguinal hernia. Fertility seemed to be below normal. In four of the cases a
      laporotomy was done. All had intraperitoneal endometriosis. In cases of EERL and
      claimed sterility therefore, the presence of intraperitoneal endometriosis should
      also be considered.

PMID- 2892708
TI  - The effect of oral contraceptive acceptance on fertility in the postpartum
      period.

PMID- 2892709
TI  - Breast feeding, contraception and fertility. Joint WHO/FIGO Task Force for the
      "Promotion of Maternal and Child Health, including Family Planning in Primary
      Health Care".

PMID- 2892710
TI  - The passage of exogenous hormones into breast milk--possible effects.

PMID- 2892711
TI  - The effects of contraceptive methods on the quality and quantity of breast milk.

PMID- 2892712
TI  - The effects of contraceptive use on the initiation and duration of lactation.

PMID- 2892714
TI  - Lactation and lactation related variables; contraception and fertility: an
      overview of data problems and world trends.

PMID- 2892713
TI  - Contraception during the postpartum period and during lactation: the effects on
      women's health. WHO Task Force on Oral Contraceptives.

PMID- 2892715
TI  - Breast-feeding and fertility: sociocultural factors.

PMID- 2892716
TI  - The biological basis for the contraceptive effects of breast feeding.

PMID- 2892718
TI  - The effects of hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives on human lactation and on
      the re-establishment of fertility.

PMID- 2892717
TI  - Breast-feeding and the growth and development of the infant.

PMID- 2892719
TI  - The provision of contraceptive methods during lactation and support for breast
      feeding: policies and practice.

PMID- 2892720
TI  - Exposure to contraceptive hormones through breast milk--are there long-term
      health and behavioral consequences?

PMID- 2892721
TI  - Risk of pregnancy associated with maternal and child nutritional status.

PMID- 2892722
TI  - Breast-feeding and fertility: the sociocultural context.

PMID- 2892723
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a commentary on the international
      aspects of the disease.

PMID- 2892724
TI  - Radical vulvectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva who were subjected
      to radical vulvectomy and inguinal-pelvic lymphadenectomy were studied. The
      overall mortality rate was 24%. Operative- and tumor-related mortalities were
      9.5% and 14.2%, respectively. Recurrence was seen in 5 patients. The most common
      complication was wound infection and breakdown.

PMID- 2892725
TI  - Evolution of cystic and adnexal tumors identified by echography.
AB  - The authors present their experience in detecting volume and echostructure
      alterations of the ovary in 14,525 women examined echographically and clinically.
      They analyzed 499 adnexal tumors and observed after clinical follow-up and
      echography that 60.6% of the cystic-septa tumors had involuted spontaneously.
      Percentage of spontaneous resolution was higher in small-diameter tumors,
      avoiding unnecessary surgery.

PMID- 2892726
TI  - The effects of maternal age and parity on birthweight: a population-based study
      in New York City.
AB  - New York City birth certificates for singletons born from September 1-December
      31, 1981 (N = 36,056) were analyzed using multivariate regression techniques. The
      effects of maternal age and parity on birthweight were assessed. There was a
      significant progression of birthweight with advancing age. Birthweight similarly
      increased from parity 1 to parity 3, but dropped markedly in the higher parity
      groups. On stratification by gestational age, we found that age and parity
      influence birthweight by affecting fetal growth rather than the length of
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2892727
TI  - Progesterone challenge test and estrogen assays in menopausal women with
      endometrial adenomatous hyperplasia.
AB  - In an attempt to detect asymptomatic endometrial adenomatous hyperplasia in
      postmenopausal women, 40 cases were subjected to progesterone challenge test
      (PCT), measurement of serum estrogen and endometrial curettage. Group A (n = 30)
      included asymptomatic postmenopausal women, while group B (control group; n = 10)
      were cases with adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) diagnosed by biopsy. PCT showed a
      100% sensitivity, 92% specificity, 71.4% predictive value of a positive test and
      100% predictive value of a negative test in the detection of AH. Mean serum
      concentrations of E1 and E2 were significantly higher in patients with AH
      compared to cases with other endometrial histologies. Serum E1 and E2 and PCT can
      be used as screening tests to identify postmenopausal women with endometrial AH
      and thus at a greater risk of developing carcinoma.

PMID- 2892728
TI  - The effect of mesterolone on sperm count, on serum follicle stimulating hormone,
      luteinizing hormone, plasma testosterone and outcome in idiopathic oligospermic
      men.
AB  - Two hundred fifty subfertile men with idiopathic oligospermia (count less than 20
      million/ml) were treated with mesterolone (100-150 mg/day) for 12 months. Seminal
      analysis were assayed 3 times and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
      luteinizing hormone (LH) and plasma testosterone were assayed once before
      treatment and repeated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the initiation of
      treatment. One hundred ten patients (44%) had normal serum FSH, LH and plasma
      testosterone, 85 patients (34%) had low serum FSH, LH and low plasma
      testosterone. One hundred seventy-five patients (70%) had moderate oligospermia
      (count 5 to less than 20 million/ml) and 75 patients (30%) had severe
      oligospermia (count less than 5 million/ml). Seventy-five moderately oligospermic
      patients showed significant improvement in the sperm density, total sperm count
      and motility following mesterolone therapy whereas only 12% showed improvement in
      the severe oligospermic group. Mesterolone had no depressing effect on low or
      normal serum FSH and LH levels but had depressing effect on 25% if the levels
      were elevated. There was no significant adverse effect on testosterone levels or
      on liver function. One hundred fifteen (46%) pregnancies resulted following the
      treatment, 9 of 115 (7.8%) aborted and 2 (1.7%) had ectopic pregnancy.
      Mesterolone was found to be more useful in patients with a sperm count ranging
      between 5 and 20 million/ml. Those with severe oligospermia (count less than 5
      million) do not seem to benefit from this therapy.

PMID- 2892729
TI  - Termination of second trimester pregnancy with laminaria and intramuscular 15
      methyl PGF2 alpha or 16-phenoxy-omega-17,18,19,20-tetranor PGE2 methyl
      sulfonylamide. A randomized multicenter study.
AB  - The present study included 592 second trimester healthy informed patients
      admitted to the participating hospitals for termination of pregnancy. In each
      patient one medium size laminaria tent was introduced into the cervical canal.
      The laminaria was withdrawn 12 h later and the patients were randomly allocated
      to either intramuscular infections of 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha (Prostin 15M), 0.25 mg
      every second hour, or 16-phenoxy-omega-17,18,19,20-tetranor PGE2 methyl
      sulfonylamide (Nalodor), 0.5 mg every fourth hour. Both treatment schedules were
      equally effective. The success rate was 95.6% and 94.5% for the E and F analogs,
      respectively, within 24 h of prostaglandin treatment. The mean duration of
      prostaglandin treatment was for Nalodor 10.8 h and for Prostin 15M 11.3 h. The
      mean total dose given of the two analogs was 1.85 mg and 1.65 mg, respectively.
      With the E analog, the frequency of gastrointestinal side effects was
      significantly lower than with the F analog. With the former compound, 83.2% had
      no episodes of diarrhea and 58.9% no vomiting. The mean number of episodes of
      vomiting and diarrhea per patient was for the E analog 1.0 and 0.4, respectively.
      The corresponding figures for the F analog were 2.3 episodes of vomiting and 2.2
      episodes of diarrhea per patient. Only in three patients (0.5%) cervical
      laceration was found. It may be concluded that intramuscular administration of
      either analog after pretreatment with laminaria would appear to be more effective
      than other methods presently in use for termination of second trimester
      pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892730
TI  - Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of cervix: a case report.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma arising in the cervix are not common tumors and those arising from
      mesonephric remnants are extraordinarily rare. A case of mesonephric
      adenocarcinoma of cervix has been reported in a girl age 1.5 years. This tumor
      could be diagnosed on the basis of histological examination by criteria laid down
      by McGee et al. (J Obstet Gynecol 84: 358, 1962) especially on the basis of
      dilated ducts corresponding to the remnant of mesonephric duct.

PMID- 2892731
TI  - Acute glomerulonephritis during the third trimester of pregnancy.
AB  - We report a very rare case of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
      occurring in the eighth gestational month. The pregnancy succeeded despite
      initially severe nephrotic syndrome, and after delivery there was a complete
      recovery to normal renal function. Fetal prognosis was also good. The diagnosis
      of PSGN was made based on serological examinations and postpartum renal biopsy.
      Light and electron microscopic findings showed that the glomerular lesions were
      different from those of typical pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2892732
TI  - Primary pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy.
AB  - Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is an uncommon but serious disease. Most
      patients with PPH are young women and the disease is more serious and eventful in
      pregnant women. We have experienced a patient with PPH in pregnancy, who was
      delivered successfully but died suddenly on the 7th day after the delivery. We
      report the obstetric course and the clinical management for the delivery of the
      patient with PPH.

PMID- 2892733
TI  - Cytocidal effects of hematoporphyrin derivative and argon dye laser on human
      gynecologic tumor cells in vitro.
AB  - Antitumor effects of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) plus argon dye laser were
      examined using various human gynecologic tumor cells in vitro. Irradiation alone
      with argon dye laser showed no effect on the DNA synthesis of cells. Treatment of
      the cells with HpD inhibited the DNA synthesis depending on the concentration and
      the exposure time. Photoradiation by argon dye laser following treatment of the
      cells with HpD 40 micrograms/ml for 2 h killed more than 80% of cells when the
      cells were irradiated for more than 3 min. Prominent degenerative changes of the
      cytoplasm and the nucleus appeared within 1 h after photoradiation. These changes
      were confirmed by morphology and DNA histogram. There were no differences of
      sensitivity to photoradiation among the three histologically different kinds of
      cells lines used.

PMID- 2892735
TI  - Serial serum ferritin and other hematological parameters in normal Nigerian
      primigravidae.
AB  - Serial hematological indices using Coulter Counter and serum ferritin using
      radioimmunoassay techniques were determined in 20 healthy Nigerian primigravidae
      with hemoglobin genotype AA. PCV fell significantly (P less than 0.001) to a
      minimum value at 28 weeks that was 6% lower than the mean value at 8 weeks
      postpartum. PCV at 36 weeks was still significantly (P less than 0.001) lower
      than the post partum value. There was an insignificant but progressive increase
      in MCV values throughout pregnancy. Changes in MCH and MCHC were insignificant.
      Ferritin levels in both the non-pregnant and pregnant subjects were high and
      probably reflected the high iron content of Nigerian foods. Though the cord serum
      ferritin level was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than maternal
      ferritin at delivery there was no significant correlation between the two.

PMID- 2892734
TI  - Maternal mortality in Indonesia and Egypt.
AB  - Twenty-three percent of deaths to women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in
      Bali, Indonesia and Menoufia, Egypt were due to maternal causes. Among the
      younger women, the percentage was even higher. In both areas complications of
      pregnancy and childbirth were a leading cause of death (the first cause in Bali,
      the second in Menoufia). In both sites, postpartum hemorrhage was the most common
      cause of maternal death. Relative to the United States, the number of maternal
      deaths per 100,000 live births was 20 times higher in Menoufia and 78 times
      higher in Bali. Families of women of reproductive age who died were interviewed
      about the conditions leading to death and other characteristics of the deceased.
      Completed histories were reviewed by a Medical Panel who were able to assign a
      cause of death in more than 90% of cases. Two-thirds of the maternal deaths
      occurred to women who were over 30 and/or who had 3 children--the usual targets
      of family planning programs. Other possible intervention strategies include
      antenatal outreach programs, training of traditional birth attendants, and better
      hospital management of obstetric emergencies.

PMID- 2892736
TI  - Multiple pregnancy in the Maltese population.
AB  - This study analyses the multiple birth statistics for the Maltese Islands since
      1959. Hospital twin births delivering during the period of 1983-1985 are analysed
      for a number of variables. The incidence of multiple pregnancy for the Maltese
      Islands appears to have decreased slightly since 1959 with an overall rate of
      10.21 per 1000 maternities. The ratio of dizygotic to monozygotic twinning was
      computed to be 1.64. Patients with multiple pregnancies are shown to be generally
      elderly and multiparous. The pregnancy outcome is more likely to be complicated
      by an operative delivery, while the infant is more likely to be premature and of
      low birth weight. The perinatal mortality rate for multiple pregnancies is
      markedly in excess of that for singleton births.

PMID- 2892737
TI  - Postpartum glycated hemoglobin A1c and glucose tolerance test in mothers of large
      babies.
AB  - An attempt to study macrosomia and carbohydrate metabolism was made by
      determination of glycated hemoglobin A1c and by the oral glucose tolerance test
      (OGTT) in early puerperium. We studied 76 women who gave birth to large babies
      greater than or equal to 4.5 kg, 74 women whose babies were 3-4 kg as controls,
      and 36 type II diabetics. The median of HbA1c concentration in the diabetics
      (8.06%) was significantly higher than in the controls (6.49%), and the large
      babies' mothers (6.48%), P less than 0.001. No significant difference was found
      between HbA1c or glucose intolerance in mothers of large babies and mothers with
      average size babies. HbA1c showed an association with glucose levels in the
      diabetics and controls, P less than 0.001, but not in the large baby group.
      Mothers of large babies were as old and obese as the diabetics. We speculate that
      the relationship of postpartum GTT, HbA1c and gestational diabetes is
      unwarranted.

PMID- 2892738
TI  - Who is the elderly primigravida in Nigeria?
AB  - A retrospective study of 792 primigravidae, divided into four age-groups, was
      made in order to detect which group showed features of the elderly primigravida.
      Adolescent primigravidae showed significantly highest incidences of pre
      eclampsia, anemia, premature labor and cephalopelvic disproportion. The 20-24
      year age-group showed the least incidence of pregnancy and labor complications.
      The 25-29 year age-group showed significantly increased incidences of uterine
      fibroids, pre-eclampsia, post-term pregnancy, premature labor, slow labor, fetal
      distress, failed induction, vacuum and cesarean section deliveries, when compared
      with the 20-24 year age-group. Most of the complications in the 25-29 year age
      group were continued into 30-34 years. A woman 25 years and above in her first
      pregnancy in Nigeria should be termed "elderly primigravida".

PMID- 2892739
TI  - Effectiveness of indomethacin (indocid) suppositories as post-episiotomy
      analgesia.
AB  - A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled study was carried out to assess the
      efficacy of indometacin suppositories as a post-episiotomy analgesic. Thirty
      patients received 2 X 100 mg indometacin suppositories, and 30 patients received
      placebo suppositories within 15 min of an episiotomy repair operation. Local
      infiltration of the episiotomy incision was performed using 20 ml of 0.5%
      lignocaine in every case. Subjective symptoms of pain were evaluated 15, 30, 60
      and 90 min post-episiotomy repair. Average numbers of hours as lying in patients
      after delivery is 4 h. None of the patients who received indometacin complained
      of post-episiotomy pain; whereas the patients on placebo manifested varying
      degrees of pain.

PMID- 2892740
TI  - Ultrasonographic identification and measurement of the human fetal pancreas in
      utero.
AB  - One hundred seventy ultrasonographic examinations, done to identify and measure
      the fetal pancreas in utero, were performed on 78 women with regular menstrual
      cycle, at 20-41 weeks of gestation. The pancreas, which could be identified after
      20 weeks of gestation was measured in 38.4% at 36-39 weeks and 80.0% at 20-23
      weeks gestation. The length of the fetal pancreas from the head to tail (FP-L)
      correlated well with the gestational age (r = 0.90, P less than 0.001). The
      normal sonographic characteristics of the fetal pancreas are discussed.

PMID- 2892741
TI  - Shoulder dystocia: its incidence and associated risk factors.
AB  - A case-control study (73 cases, 146 controls) was conducted to evaluate maternal,
      obstetrical and fetal factors associated with shoulder dystocia. Several factors
      were identified that were associated with a higher incidence of shoulder
      dystocia. However, none of them accurately predict those deliveries that will be
      complicated by shoulder dystocia. Among the 73 shoulder dystocia cases there were
      no perinatal deaths and all birth-related injuries associated with shoulder
      dystocia were temporary except for two cases of mild muscular weakness among 12
      brachial palsy cases.

PMID- 2892742
TI  - Effect of some recent analgesics on labor pain and maternal and fetal blood gases
      and pH.
AB  - This study attempts to determine the analgesic properties of nalbuphine,
      pentazocine and butorphanol during labor and their potential effects on maternal
      and fetal blood gases and pH. Butorphanol analgesia was superior to either
      nalbuphine or pentazocine in relieving labor pain. The studied analgesics caused
      significant maternal respiratory acidosis and fetal metabolic acidosis. These
      acidotic changes were most marked with pentazocine, moderate with nalbuphine and
      minimal with butorphanol.

PMID- 2892743
TI  - The development and use of a standard symphysial-fundal height growth curve in
      the prediction of small for gestational age neonates.
AB  - The symphysial-fundal height (SF) measurement has been routinely used in
      obstetrics, although its value in the prediction of small-for-gestational-age
      (SGA) infants remains controversial. A retrospective study was performed in order
      to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the SF distance and establish
      guidelines for its use. Local neonatal birthweight distribution and SF growth
      curves were developed. Eighty-six percent of 28 SGA infants demonstrated one
      measurement under--1 S.D. of the mean SF growth curve as did 36% of appropriate
      for gestational age (AGA) neonates. Seventy-five percent of SGA infants
      subsequently demonstrated a second measurement below--1 S.D. of the mean curve,
      90% prior to 36 weeks. Only 16% of AGA exhibited such a SF growth pattern. A
      protocol for maximizing the use of this inexpensive and easily obtained parameter
      is proposed.

PMID- 2892744
TI  - A simple painless, dangerless and easily repeatable procedure for endometrium
      biopsy.
AB  - Endometrium biopsies are currently carried out with the Novak curette. The
      drawbacks of this procedure are well known. The use of a female, disposable,
      sterile, plastic urinary catheter is a useful, easy, painless, dangerless and
      repeatable alternative to obtain suitable endometrium samples for histopathologic
      diagnosis. Since a small endometrial cancer can be overlooked, selection of
      patients is obligate, but this holds also insofar as all methods of endometrium
      biopsy are concerned. Accordingly, the procedure is primarily suitable in cases
      of "dysfunctional" bleeding.

PMID- 2892745
TI  - Recurrent endometriosis following hysterectomy and oophorectomy: the role of
      residual ovarian fragments.
AB  - Seven women with recurrent endometriosis after definitive surgery were evaluated.
      Plasma estradiol, FSH and LH indicated that recurrence was stimulated by residual
      ovarian fragments in six and pseudopregnancy regimen in one. Surgical treatment
      in two women was followed in one by hypertrophy of another ovarian fragment and
      reactivation of endometriosis as demonstrated by serial endocrine and
      ultrasonographic studies. Three patients responded well to hormonal treatment;
      one required pelvic irradiation. We conclude that: (1) small ovarian fragments
      may hypertrophy under increased gonadrotropin stimulation, become functional and
      stimulate recurrence of endometriosis; (2) resection of one such fragment may be
      followed by reactivation of another.

PMID- 2892746
TI  - RNA 3' cleavage and polyadenylation in oocytes and unfertilized eggs of Xenopus
      laevis.
AB  - Xenopus laevis histone H4 and H1 genes were transcribed in vitro to generate
      artificial precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs). These pre-mRNAs were microinjected into
      oocytes, matured oocytes, and unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis and their 3'
      cleavage and polyadenylation were investigated. In the oocyte nucleus both H4 and
      H1 pre-mRNAs were 3' cleaved but were not detectably polyadenylated. In the
      oocyte cytoplasm there was neither 3' cleavage nor polyadenylation of these
      histone pre-mRNAs. When injected into either matured oocytes or unfertilized
      eggs, the pre-mRNAs underwent 3' cleavage but this was inefficient when compared
      to the oocyte nucleus. In addition approximately 50% of the remaining uncleaved
      pre-mRNA was subject to a polyadenylation activity which added A tails of
      approximately 70 A residues. In contrast, artificial mouse beta-globin pre-mRNAs
      were not detectably 3' cleaved or polyadenylated in either microinjected oocytes
      or unfertilized eggs.

PMID- 2892747
TI  - Characterization of neurotransmitter phenotype during neuronal differentiation of
      embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - Embryonal carcinoma cells are useful in the study of embryogenesis and
      development, and their differentiation into neurons serves as a model of neuronal
      development. Retinoic acid was used to differentiate P19S18O1A1 embryonal
      carcinoma cells into neuronal, glial, and fibroblast-like cells and the phenotype
      of the neuronal population was examined. Neuron-specific enolase was present in
      the neuronal cells, suggesting that these neurons had reached some degree of
      maturity. A population (approximately 70%) of the neurons showed positive
      immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, three enzymes in the pathway of
      catecholamine synthesis. Therefore a population of the neurons appeared to be
      adrenergic. These neurons also showed a low level of histofluorescence for
      endogenous catecholamines and exhibited an exogenous catecholamine reuptake
      system. In order to determine the phenotype of other neuron-like cells found to
      be negative for the adrenergic properties examined, immunocytochemistry for
      neuropeptides and neurotransmitters known to coexist within central neurons was
      performed. Serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glutamic acid decarboxylase,
      and choline acetyltransferase were all absent from retinoic acid-treated
      P19S18O1A1 neuronal cultures. These studies, along with those that compare the
      effects of retinoic acid and other growth modulators on neuronal differentiation
      of embryonal carcinoma cells, should aid in the understanding of neuronal
      induction and development in vivo.

PMID- 2892748
TI  - Haploid expression of the rooster protamine mRNA in the postmeiotic stages of
      spermatogenesis.
AB  - cDNA clones were prepared from poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from a population enriched
      in postmeiotic rooster testes spermatogenic cells. A series of clones was
      sequenced at random and two partial sequences corresponding to the C-terminal
      coding and 3' untranslated region of the chicken protamine mRNA were obtained.
      The deduced amino acid sequence of this C-terminal coding region corresponds to
      the sequence previously described at the protein level for the chicken protamine,
      galline [Nakano, M., Tobita, T., and Ando, T. (1976), Int. J. Peptide Prot. Res.
      8, 565-578]. To study the expression of this protamine gene, RNA was prepared
      from chicken testes at different stages of development, electrophoresed in
      formaldehyde-agarose gels, transferred to a nylon membrane, and hybridized with a
      rooster protamine cDNA probe. Two populations of mRNA of sizes ranging between
      420 and 465 bases are expressed in postmeiotic rooster testis cells. To determine
      if there was a differential expression of the two populations of mRNA in the
      final postmeiotic haploid stages of spermatogenesis, RNA was purified from adult
      rooster cells separated at unit gravity according to their differences in size by
      the Staput technique. The RNA was similarly analyzed by Northern blots. The
      results indicate that round spermatids are enriched in the 465-nucleotide mRNA
      species, whereas in the final stage of elongated spermatids the 420-nucleotide
      species is the only one present, suggesting either post-transcriptional
      processing, the presence of two different sets of genes that are differentially
      expressed, or a single set of genes with differential promoter usage.

PMID- 2892749
TI  - Coordinate accumulation of five transcripts in the primary mesenchyme during
      skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo.
AB  - The sea urchin larval skeleton is produced by the primary mesenchyme (PM), a
      group of 32 cells descended from the four micromeres of the 16-cell embryo. The
      development of this lineage proceeds normally in isolated cultures of micromeres.
      A complementary DNA (cDNA) library was generated from cytoplasmic polyadenylated
      RNA isolated from differentiated micromere cultures of Strongylocentrotus
      purpuratus. Five clones were selected on the basis of their enrichment in
      differentiated PM cell RNA as compared to the polyribosomal RNAs of other
      embryonic cell types and other developmental stages. Each cloned cDNA hybridized
      to a distinct RNA that was abundant in the polyribosomes of differentiated PM
      cells, but absent from larval ectoderm and from 16-cell embryos. These RNAs were
      encoded by single or low copy genes. In situ hybridization analysis of the most
      abundant of these RNAs (SpLM 18) demonstrated that it was specifically limited to
      the skeletogenic PM of intact embryos. During the development of the PM, all five
      RNAs exhibited the same schedule of accumulation, appearing de novo, or
      increasing abruptly just before PM ingression, and remaining at relatively high
      levels thereafter. This pattern of RNA accumulation closely paralleled the
      pattern of synthesis of PM-specific proteins in general (Harkey and Whiteley,
      1983) and of the SpLM 18-encoded protein specifically (Leaf et al., 1987). These
      results indicate that at least five distinct genes in the sea urchin, each of
      which encodes a PM-enriched or PM-specific mRNA, are expressed with tight
      coordination during development of the larval skeleton. They also demonstrate
      that expression of these genes in the PM is regulated primarily at the level of
      RNA abundance rather than RNA utilization.

PMID- 2892750
TI  - Fetoacinar pancreatic protein in the developing human pancreas.
AB  - The distribution of the 110-kilodalton fetoacinar pancreatic (FAP) protein was
      examined in 56 pancreases obtained from human embryos and fetuses (ranging 6 from
      weeks of gestation to full term) and 10 normal adult pancreases. This recently
      discovered protein is a concanavalin-A-binding glycoprotein that is specific for
      acinar cells of the pancreas. Using a murine monoclonal antibody for either
      immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence procedures, FAP-protein expression was not
      found in embryos at less than 9 weeks of gestation. At 9-10 weeks, a clear
      staining was observed in the terminal portions of dilated buds in primitive
      pancreatic tubular structures (i.e., the site of the first development of the
      future acinus). At 11-12 weeks, acinar structuration began, and FAP-protein
      expression increased as shown by the higher number of stained acini and the
      greater staining intensity. Maximal expression occurred at 15-22 weeks and then
      gradually decreased; from 28 to 32 weeks until full term, the pancreas was almost
      negative for this protein. In the adult pancreases, the protein was either absent
      or only present in acinar cells surrounding the islets of Langerhans. The
      pancreatic ducts and endocrine cells remained negative throughout gestation and
      in adults. FAP-protein thus appears to be a marker of acinar-cell
      differentiation. Its function remains unknown at present. Its close association
      with the growth and development of the pancreas together with the fact that, in a
      previous study, it was found to be re-expressed in pancreatitis and in cancer,
      suggest that it may play a role in developmental regenerative and neoplastic
      processes in the pancreas.

PMID- 2892751
TI  - The mouse Hox2.3 homeobox-containing gene: regulation in differentiating
      pluripotent stem cells and expression pattern in embryos.
AB  - Genomic and cDNA clones of the mouse Hox2.3 gene have been isolated. Expression
      of this gene was characterized in differentiating embryonal carcinoma (EC) and
      embryonic stem (ES) cells, and in the 13.5-day embryo. Hox2.3 is expressed at a
      very low level, if at all, in undifferentiated ES and EC cells. As previously
      reported for the Hox1.1 and Hox2.1 genes, differentiation of pluripotent stem
      cells induced by a nonchemical method is not accompanied by strong accumulation
      of Hox2.3 transcripts. Treatment of the stem cells with a chemical inducer like
      retinoic acid (RA), and also hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA), or 5-bromo-2'
      deoxyuridine (BUdR), simultaneously accelerates differentiation and stimulates
      accumulation of Hox2.3 mRNA to high levels. Addition of RA several days after the
      cells have been induced to differentiate by a nonchemical method induces Hox2.3
      transcript accumulation as well. For comparison, expression of the En-1 gene,
      which contains a homeobox belonging to a different class from that of the
      Antennapedia-related Hox1.1, Hox2.1, and Hox2.3 genes, was analyzed. The En-1
      gene was found also to be sensitive to this regulation by chemical inducers of
      differentiation. It was observed that treatment of undifferentiated EC cells with
      the inhibitor of protein synthesis cycloheximide resulted in slight accumulation
      of Hox2.3 mRNA, suggesting the involvement of a short-lived protein in keeping
      the level of homeobox-gene transcription low in EC cells. The highest level of
      Hox2.3 transcripts in 13.5-day embryos in vivo was observed in the spinal cord.
      Comparison with the expression pattern of three other homeobox genes revealed
      overlapping gradients of mRNA along the longitudinal brain-spinal-cord axis. An
      important question is that of the molecular basis for such a spatially restricted
      accumulation of homeobox transcripts. Hox2.3 is expressed at a much lower level
      in rat and mouse embryonic midbrain than in spinal cord in vivo. We have shown
      that addition of RA to primary cultures of cells from rat embryo mesencephalon
      leads to strong accumulation of Hox2.3 mRNA. A possible interpretation is that RA
      mimics one or more spatially restricted effectors, accounting for the local
      accumulation of Hox2.3 transcripts in the embryonic central nervous system.
      Control of Hox2.3 gene expression in vivo may obey some similar mechanisms as in
      chemically stimulated EC and ES cells in vitro.

PMID- 2892752
TI  - Circulatory effects of somatostatin analogue in two conscious rat models of
      portal hypertension.
AB  - A somatostatin analogue, a long-acting octapeptide (SMS 201-995), has been
      reported to decrease portal pressure, but the mechanism is unclear. To elucidate
      the effects of this drug on both systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics, it was
      administered in two conscious rat models of portal hypertension. The dose
      response curves showed that the somatostatin analogue significantly decreased
      portal pressure at a lower dose in rats with cirrhosis than in portal vein
      stenosed rats. Calculated ED50 values were significantly different among all
      groups. Intravenous infusion of 8 micrograms/kg body wt.h of somatostatin
      analogue significantly decreased cardiac output by approximately 20% in both
      groups of portal hypertensive rats and increased mean arterial pressure by 7%.
      Accordingly, systemic vascular resistance markedly increased, indicating
      vasoconstrictor effects of this drug. The somatostatin analogue also
      significantly decreased portal tributary blood flow by 18% in portal vein
      stenosed rats and 27% in cirrhotic rats. In sham-operated rats, somatostatin
      analogue had no effect on the systemic or splanchnic circulation. This study
      shows that somatostatin analogue decreases portal pressure principally by
      reducing portal tributary blood flow. This reduction may be due to either a
      direct vasoconstrictive effect or diminution in vasoactive hormone release.

PMID- 2892753
TI  - 5-Aminosalicylic acid protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced gastric
      bleeding in the rat.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to determine whether the split products of
      sulfasalazine, sulfapyridine, and 5-aminosalicylic acid can ameliorate
      ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to the gastric mucosa. Gastric mucosal damage
      was assessed by measuring (a) 51Cr-labeled red blood cell leakage into the
      gastric lumen, (b) the area of gross mucosal lesions, and (c) the extent of
      histologically demonstrable mucosal damage. In rats treated with 5-aminosalicylic
      acid, but not in those treated with sulfapyridine, the leakage of 51Cr-labeled
      red blood cells and the area of gross mucosal lesions after ischemia/reperfusion
      were significantly reduced as compared with untreated (control) rats. Inasmuch as
      5-aminosalicylic acid (the therapeutic moiety of sulfasalazine) has been reported
      to be a hydroxyl radical scavenger, we also assessed the effects of
      dimethylsulfoxide (another hydroxyl radical scavenger) on ischemia/reperfusion
      induced gastric mucosal injury. In rats treated with dimethylsulfoxide, leakage
      of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells and the area of gross mucosal lesions after
      ischemia/reperfusion were significantly reduced as compared with control rats.
      The results of this study support the contention that ischemia/reperfusion
      induced gastric bleeding involves the hydroxyl radical and indicate that 5
      aminosalicylic acid significantly attenuates this vascular injury.

PMID- 2892754
TI  - [Bone marrow preservation at positive temperatures].

PMID- 2892755
TI  - Endocrine pancreas of Testudo graeca L. (Chelonia) in summer and winter: an
      immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study.
AB  - Insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and PP-immunoreactive cells were identified
      immunocytochemically using antisera raised against mammalian hormones in the
      pancreas of Testudo graeca in both winter and summer. The endocrine cells were
      present throughout the gland, forming scarce islets except in the splenic region.
      The insulin cell islets were larger and more numerous in the splenic region than
      in the duodenal one. Winter glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found mainly in
      isolation while the summer ones occurred in groups which showed no immunoreactive
      central area; in both seasons these cells were more numerous in the splenic
      region than in the duodenal one. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were found
      isolated or grouped together more frequently in the splenic region in the summer
      specimens. No PP-immunoreactive cells were found in the splenic region, although
      they were numerous and isolated in the duodenal zone. Four cell types (B, A, D,
      and PP cells) were ultrastructurally characterized by the shape, size, and
      electron density of their respective secretory granules. Certain ultrastructural
      differences were detected in the summer and winter endocrine pancreatic cells. In
      summer specimens a fifth cellular type was observed. The presence of B, D, and PP
      cells among the epithelial pancreatic duct cells may confirm the comparatively
      primitive organization of the T. graeca endocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2892756
TI  - The invected gene of Drosophila: sequence analysis and expression studies reveal
      a close kinship to the engrailed gene.
AB  - The invected and engrailed genes are juxtaposed in the Drosophila genome and are
      closely related in sequence and pattern of expression. The structure of the most
      abundant invected transcript was defined by obtaining the full-length cDNA
      sequence and by S1 nuclease sensitivity and primer extension studies; a partial
      sequence of the invected gene was determined; and the developmental profile of
      invected expression was characterized by Northern analysis and by in situ
      localization. The invected gene, like the engrailed gene, is expressed in the
      embryonic and larval cells of the posterior developmental compartments and in the
      embryonic hindgut, clypeolabrum, and nervous system. Like the engrailed gene, the
      invected gene can encode a protein of approximately 60 kD that contains a homeo
      box near its carboxyl terminus; indeed, a sequence of 117 amino acids in the
      carboxy-terminal region of both proteins is almost identical. The developmental
      role of the invected gene is not known.

PMID- 2892757
TI  - En-1 and En-2, two mouse genes with sequence homology to the Drosophila engrailed
      gene: expression during embryogenesis.
AB  - Two mouse genes, En-1 and En-2, have sequence homology to the engrailed (en) and
      invected (inv) genes of Drosophila (Joyner et al. 1985). Partial nucleotide
      sequence analyses of genomic and cDNA clones show that the homologous sequences
      can encode a stretch of 107 amino acids, including a centrally located, 60-amino
      acid homeo box. Within the homologous regions of the mouse and Drosophila genes,
      78 (73%) of the amino acids are identical. Such extensive conservation of
      sequence outside the homeo box between vertebrate and Drosophila homeo box
      containing genes is thus far unique. En-1 and En-2 are expressed during mouse
      embryogenesis. Transcripts from both genes were detected in RNA samples from
      teratocarcinoma cells, which serve as in vitro models for the early embryo, and
      from embryos at 9.5 through 17.5 days of development. For each gene we observed a
      unique pattern of changes in the number and relative intensities of transcripts
      detectable during embryonic development. Transcripts from both genes are
      represented abundantly in RNA extracted from the posterior portion of the fetal
      brain, and are much less abundant in RNA from other fetal tissues, including the
      anterior portion of the brain and the spinal cord. The chromosome map positions
      of En-1 and En-2 were determined by recombinant inbred strain analyses. Unlike
      their Drosophila counterparts, they are unlinked: En-1 is in the central portion
      of the mouse chromosome 1 and En-2 is in the proximal portion of mouse chromosome
      5. Both genes map in the vicinity of mutations that are known to cause
      abnormalities during development.

PMID- 2892758
TI  - Changing patterns of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of liver
      specific gene expression during rat development.
AB  - Genes coding for unique or tissue-specific (differentiated) functions in the
      liver are induced at different times during development. It has generally been
      felt that transcriptional control represents the dominant mechanism for
      regulating expression of these genes. We have determined the relative
      transcription rates and mRNA steady-state levels for a series of genes
      specifically or preferentially expressed in rat liver and find examples of
      transcriptional control (albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin,
      tyrosine aminotransferase, transferrin, and cytochrome P450, TF-1) and post
      transcriptional control (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, apolipoproteins A-1 and E,
      malic enzyme, and ATP citrate lyase), as well as "mixed" regulation (ligandin and
      cytochrome P450, R17). Examples have been identified in which the predominant
      mode for regulating expression of preferentially expressed genes changes from
      transcriptional to post-transcriptional at different stages of liver development
      and some members of multigene families (cytochrome P450s and apolipoprotein
      genes) also show independent and sometimes contrasting modes of regulation.
      Therefore, it appears that regulation of specific gene expression in the liver is
      a dynamic process, far more complex than heretofore suspected, and a much greater
      contribution of post-transcriptional regulation accounts for changes in
      expression of genes representing major functions of the liver.

PMID- 2892759
TI  - Molecular characterization of the zerknullt region of the Antennapedia gene
      complex in Drosophila.
AB  - zerknullt (zen) is unique among the 18 known homeo box genes in Drosophila since
      it is required for the differentiation of the dorsal-ventral pattern, and does
      not appear to be involved in the process of segmentation. Here we show that the
      zen region of the Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) consists of two closely linked
      homeo box genes, designated z1 and z2. The z1 and z2 transcription units show
      essentially identical patterns of expression during early development, which are
      consistent with the timing and sites of zen+ gene activity. The putative proteins
      encoded by z1 and z2 are highly divergent and are related only by virtue of homeo
      box homology. We have used P-element-mediated germ line transformation to show
      that z1 alone can provide zen+ gene function, suggesting that the z2 gene might
      be dispensable. The occurrence of closely linked homeo box genes that display
      similar patterns of expression is not unique to the zen locus. Such gene
      duplications might provide important clues to the evolution of the homeo box gene
      family in Drosophila and other organisms.

PMID- 2892760
TI  - The expression and regulation of Sex combs reduced protein in Drosophila embryos.
AB  - Homeotic genes are expressed in spatially precise patterns during Drosophila
      development to control segmental differentiation. The Sex combs reduced (Scr)
      gene of the Antennapedia gene complex is involved in the determination of the
      labial and prothoracic segments of the embryo. To study both the wild-type
      pattern of Scr expression and the regulatory relationships of Scr to other
      regulatory genes, an antibody probe that detects the Scr protein was prepared. We
      find that the Scr gene product is expressed in a dynamic pattern over the course
      of embryogenesis, beginning in the ectoderm in parasegment 2 while the germ band
      is elongated and extending to parasegment 3 during the completion of germ band
      shortening. The locations of Scr protein correlate well with the part of the
      embryo that are altered in Scr- mutants. After head involution occurs, Scr
      protein is also expressed in the ganglion corresponding to parasegment 2 of the
      ventral nervous system. The precise spatial expression of Scr is attained through
      regulation by both homeotic genes and segmentation genes. The lack of proper
      Antennapedia or Polycomb gene function causes ectopic Scr protein expression.
      Mutations in the segmentation genes fushi tarazu, hunchback, Kruppel, and giant
      alter the spatial pattern of Scr expression.

PMID- 2892761
TI  - Complementary patterns of even-skipped and fushi tarazu expression involve their
      differential regulation by a common set of segmentation genes in Drosophila.
AB  - We have examined the position-dependent expression of two segmentation genes that
      contain a homeo box, even-skipped (eve) and fushi tarazu (ftz). Products encoded
      by both genes accumulate in a series of seven transverse stripes along the
      anterior-posterior body axis of developing embryos. Double-staining experiments
      show that eve and ftz proteins accumulate in complementary sets of embryonic
      cells. A total of eight zygotically active segmentation genes are required for
      the establishment and refinement of the eve and ftz expression patterns during
      development. Mutations that affect one of the genes were always found to produce
      a reciprocal alteration in the other. These results suggest that the eve and ftz
      promoters independently "interpret" the same positional cues to give differential
      patterns of expression. We propose that a combination of segmentation gene
      products that activates the expression of eve represses the expression of ftz,
      and vice versa. This proposal is discussed in the context of a hierarchy of
      interactions among segmentation genes, whereby the gap genes establish asymmetric
      patterns of eve and ftz expression in blastoderm-stage embryos, and interactions
      with other pair-rule genes serve to refine further the complementarity of eve and
      ftz expression during gastrulation and germ band elongation.

PMID- 2892763
TI  - [Immunoregulatory T cell subsets in children with mumps meningitis].

PMID- 2892762
TI  - A genomic clone containing the promoter for the gene encoding the human lysosomal
      enzyme, alpha-galactosidase A.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized a human genomic clone for a lysosomal enzyme
      gene. The start point of transcription was identified using primer extension of
      poly(A)+ mRNA. This genomic clone is specific for human alpha-galactosidase A,
      and it includes sequences for the promoter, complete signal peptide, first exon,
      and part of the first intron. Direct and inverted repeat elements of 10, 11, 16,
      19, and 22 nucleotides (nt) flank the promoter site. A (GA)n repeat element of
      approx. 60 nt with strong homology to similar elements identified in several
      species is located upstream from the promoter. A GGGCGG site specific for DNA
      binding protein Sp1 is located near a CAAT box, and the CCGCCC inverted repeat of
      the Sp1 binding sequence is located by the TATA box. The sequence immediately
      flanking the ATG start codon of the human alpha-galactosidase A is highly
      homologous to sequences flanking the ATG start codons of the other human
      lysosomal hydrolases for which sequence information is available (beta
      glucocerebrosidase, cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and beta-hexosaminidase alpha
      chain), but not for any of the other 133 human signal peptides examined. Our
      analysis also reveals that conversion of the propeptide to the mature enzyme
      involves cleavage of a C-terminal rather than an N-terminal fragment. This
      information about the normal alpha-galactosidase A gene will be useful for
      comparison to data obtained from patients with Fabry disease, who are
      characterized by a deficiency of this enzyme. This is the first genomic clone
      described to date for any lysosomal enzyme, and it establishes a reference for
      future analyses of the molecular events that mediate the expression of this
      important class of enzymes.

PMID- 2892764
TI  - Death through injection of barbiturates.
AB  - The authors report two cases of lethal intoxication due to barbiturates in two
      male individuals, respectively 24 and 35 years old. They stress the comparatively
      rare mode of administration of such drugs in the absence of another party, i.e.
      the parenteral way.

PMID- 2892765
TI  - [Hemodynamic changes following somatostatin administration. An experimental study
      of splanchnic circulation].

PMID- 2892766
TI  - [Studies on the mechanism of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase elevation in serum-
      concerning its hydrophobic and hydrophilic forms].

PMID- 2892768
TI  - Nizatidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer--an Italian Multicenter
      Study.
AB  - One hundred and seventy three patients suffering from duodenal ulcer, were
      selected for a double-blind, controlled and randomized parallel multicenter
      study, with interval endoscopic examinations. This study was undertaken to
      compare the efficacy and safety of nizatidine administered at a single dose (300
      mg "nocte") versus ranitidine (300 mg "nocte") in the treatment of acute duodenal
      ulcer. One hundred and sixty five patients were found to meet every admission
      criterion and completed the study (86 on nizatidine and 79 on ranitidine). On
      admission to the study, both groups were seen to have been correctly selected and
      epidemiologically well-distributed as to history of duodenal ulcer, previous
      treatments and pre-study symptoms. The ulcer was considered healed when complete
      re-epithelialization had occurred in areas of ulcerated mucosa. Healing rates of
      duodenal ulcer proved to be globally similar in the two groups, both in the 4th
      week (nizatidine, 78%; ranitidine, 78%) and in the 8th week (nizatidine, 91%;
      ranitidine, 95%). After four weeks of treatment, 67% of the patients treated with
      nizatidine no longer had any symptoms, while 87% patients no longer suffered from
      day pain, and 91% had no nocturnal pain. As a result, intake of antacids quickly
      decreased during the first four weeks. A similar response was observed in the
      group receiving ranitidine. After administration at a single dose of 300 mg in
      the evening, nizatidine proved to be at least as effective and safe as 300 mg of
      ranitidine administered in the same way, with respect both to ulcer healing and
      symptom response.

PMID- 2892767
TI  - Cardiovascular characterization of the DA2 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole
      in rats.
AB  - In normotensive anesthetized rats, 15-min IV infusions of quinpirole (2.5-40.0
      micrograms/kg/min) produced dose-related, rapidly appearing, and long-lasting
      decreases in mean carotid artery BP and HR. Hemodynamically, the hypotensive
      effects of quinpirole (10.0 micrograms/kg/min) were due to a fall in total
      peripheral vascular resistance inasmuch as CO did not undergo significant
      changes. Mesenteric, hindquarter, and renal blood flows were, respectively,
      reduced, unchanged, and increased by quinpirole; thus, the renal vascular
      resistance fell more than either the total peripheral or hindquarter vascular
      resistance. Biochemically, the hypotensive effects of quinpirole were accompanied
      by a decrease in the plasma level of norepinephrine and plasma renin activity.
      The peak fall in blood pressure produced by quinpirole was not significantly
      modified by atenolol, idazoxan, ranitidine, SCH 23390 (DA1 dopamine receptor
      antagonist), enalapril, or SK&F 100273 (V1 vasopressin receptor antagonist), but
      was entirely blocked by S-sulpiride or removal of autonomic nerve drive to the
      cardiovascular system with chlorisondamine. The effect of quinpirole on systemic
      and regional vascular resistances was antagonized by S-sulpiride. Furthermore,
      SK&F 100273 prevented the fall in mesenteric flow produced by quinpirole.
      Intracerebroventricular injection of quinpirole (10.0 micrograms/kg over 2 min)
      in saline- or SK&F 100273-pretreated rats produced the same hypotensive effects
      as an identical IV dose of the compound. In pithed rats, quinpirole (10
      micrograms/kg/min IV over 15 min) decreased pressor responses to electrical
      stimulation of spinal cord outflow without affecting those to exogenously
      injected angiotensin II, B-HT 920, cirazoline, norepinephrine, or 5
      hydroxytryptamine. This inhibitory effect was antagonized by S-sulpiride. The
      bradycardia produced by quinpirole in intact rats was mediated by the autonomic
      nervous system inasmuch as it was slightly modified by bilateral vagotomy, partly
      reduced by atenolol, and entirely prevented by pithing even when the low HR of
      the last preparation had been raised by IV infusion of isoprenaline. Furthermore,
      S-sulpiride, but not SCH 23390 or idazoxan, antagonized this effect. In pithed
      rats, quinpirole similarly inhibited the tachycardic responses elicited by
      electrical stimulation of either the spinal cord outflow (preganglionic) or
      postganglionic cardioaccelerator nerve fibers. This effect of quinpirole was
      susceptible to S-sulpiride but not idazoxan blockade. Finally, in conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) but not in normotensive rats, quinpirole
      (10 micrograms/kg/min IA over 15 min) lowered blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2892769
TI  - Pancreatic hormones disappearance after total pancreatectomy in the duck:
      correlation between plasma glucagon and glucose.
AB  - The decline of 3 plasma pancreatic hormones, glucagon (G), insulin (I) and
      somatostatin (S) was studied in fasting ducks after total pancreatectomy. The
      results show that the decrease of plasma glucose is highly correlated with the
      disappearance of G, while no important variation of the G/I ratio occurs during
      the period of observations (80 minutes) the animal being kept fasted. No
      participation of pancreatic S in glucose metabolism could be detected, the origin
      of peripheral S in the fasting state seeming due to the intestine for about 50%.

PMID- 2892770
TI  - The antidiabetic action of somatostatin-28 as assessed by the artificial
      endocrine pancreas: greater potency than somatostatin-14.
AB  - In order to investigate the action of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) on the metabolic
      homeostasis of insulin-dependent diabetics, we compared its effects to those of
      somatostatin-14 (SS-14) in terms of insulin sparing, changes in dextrose demands,
      glucose fluctuations and behavior of growth hormone and glucagon secretion. Eight
      insulin-dependent subjects were connected to Artificial Endocrine Pancreas
      (Biostator) for 84 hours during which they received intravenous infusions of
      either SS-14, SS-28 or isotonic saline in a randomized order, after a steady
      state of metabolism had been achieved. Five of the patients received SS-28 100
      micrograms/h and SS-14 250 micrograms/h for 10 hours and three of them SS-28, 50
      micrograms/h and SS-14 250 micrograms/h for 12 hours. Identical doses of both
      peptides were administered as bolus infusions prior to the continuous ones. Under
      SS-28 100 micrograms/h and SS-14 250 micrograms/h patients required 13.5 +/- 2.3
      and 14.5 +/- 1.9 U of insulin respectively vs 40 +/- 5.6 U under isotonic saline
      infusion (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.01). At the same
      period the apparatus delivered 15 times more dextrose under SS-28 and 20 times
      more under SS-14. The magnitude of glucose fluctuations diminished from 64.6 +/-
      2.47 mg% without to 41.4 +/- 2 mg% under SS-14 (P less than 0.01) and 46 +/- 3.8
      mg% under SS-28 (P less than 0.02). Similar changes were observed in the
      remaining three patients who received SS-28 in the dose of 50
      micrograms/h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892771
TI  - Propranolol for prophylaxis of bleeding in cirrhotic patients with large varices:
      a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. The Italian Multicenter Project for
      Propranolol in Prevention of Bleeding.
AB  - To assess if propranolol prevents the first bleeding in cirrhosis, we randomly
      assigned 174 patients with large varices to either propranolol in doses reducing
      the resting heart rate by 25% (85 patients) or to a placebo (oral vitamin K, 89
      patients). Sixty-nine patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, 24 posthepatitis
      cirrhosis and 81 cryptogenic cirrhosis. At the time of inclusion, 75 patients
      (43%) had ascites and according to the Child-Pugh classification, 103 (59%) had
      Class A disease, 60 (34%) Class B and 11 (7%) Class C. We report here an interim
      analysis of the study when all patients had been followed for at least 1 year
      (mean follow-up = 22 months). At this time, the cumulative proportion of patients
      free of bleeding was 74% (both differences not significant), respectively. A
      retrospective analysis showed that the cumulative percentage of patients free of
      bleeding was significantly higher in the propranolol- than in the control-group
      in the subsets of patients without ascites or in Child-Pugh Class A:
      respectively, 87 vs. 64% (p = 0.023) and 88 vs. 64% (p = 0.01). No differences in
      bleeding incidence were found in patients with ascites or in Child-Pugh Class B
      or C. Propranolol treatment did not affect survival in any subgroup. Twenty-five
      patients had to be withdrawn from propranolol because of side effects (n = 23) or
      low compliance (n = 2). If confirmed on a longer follow-up, these results suggest
      that propranolol could prevent the first bleeding in patients with well
      compensated cirrhosis.

PMID- 2892772
TI  - Postnatal treatment of rats with adrenergic receptor agonists or antagonists
      influences differentiation of sexual behavior.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the possible role of the adrenergic
      system in development and differentiation of neural centers controlling sexual
      behavior in adulthood. For this purpose normal and androgenized female rats were
      treated with the alpha 1-receptor antagonist prazosin, the alpha 2-receptor
      agonist clonidine, or the alpha 2-receptor antagonist yohimbine-HCl throughout
      the first week of life. In adulthood all animals were ovariectomized and, after
      appropriate hormone-priming, they were tested for the capacity to display female
      and male sexual behavior patterns. Alteration of adrenergic transmission during
      the critical postnatal period for sexual differentiation of neural centers
      resulted in significant changes in the capacity to express female lordosis
      behavior in adulthood. In nonandrogenized animals clonidine significantly reduced
      the capacity for lordosis behavior. In androgenized animals clonidine had the
      opposite effect; it attenuated the inhibitory effect of testosterone propionate
      (TP) on differentiation of lordosis behavior. Prazosin, which was without effect
      in nonandrogenized animals, also attenuated the inhibitory effect of TP on
      differentiation of lordosis behavior. Yohimbine was without effect in
      androgenized and nonandrogenized animals. There was no influence of any of the
      adrenergic drugs on differentiation of male sexual behavior. In conclusion,
      differentiation of lordosis behavior seems to be mediated or modulated via
      adrenergic transmission. The defeminizing effect of testosterone postnatally on
      the differentiation of lordosis behavior seems to be expressed via alpha 1
      adrenergic transmission, and diminished adrenergic activity during the postnatal
      period seems to protect the developing brain against this effect of testosterone.

PMID- 2892773
TI  - Hyperthermic catatonia.

PMID- 2892774
TI  - Prevalence of the 281 (Gly----Glu) mutation in hepatoerythropoietic porphyria and
      porphyria cutanea tarda.
AB  - The prevalence of the 281 (Gly----Glu) mutation in hepatoerythropoietic porphyria
      (HEP) was investigated by the use of hybridization with a synthetic
      oligonucleotide probe. The mutation was found in HEP-affected members of two
      unrelated families from Spain, but was absent in two other patients from Italy
      and Portugal who also had HEP. Moreover, this mutation was not detected in 13
      unrelated cases of familial (type II) porphyria cutanea tarda.

PMID- 2892775
TI  - Bgl II RFLPs in the COL1A2 gene in the Finnish population. A comment.

PMID- 2892776
TI  - A DNA polymorphism of an apoprotein gene associates with the
      hypertriglyceridaemia of primary gout.
AB  - Genomic hybridization analysis has been used to investigate allelic frequencies
      of the genes coding for the four major apoproteins of high density lipoprotein
      (HDL); apoproteins AI, AII, CII and CIII, in a group of Caucasian subjects with
      primary gout. An uncommon allelic variant of the apoprotein CIII gene (the S2
      allele) was significantly more common among the patients with gout (9/48, 19%)
      than among normouricaemic controls who were either randomly selected (1/41, 2%, P
      = 0.03) or normotriglyceidaemic (0/33, 0%, P = 0.013). Approximately 46% (22/48)
      of the subjects with gout were hypertriglyceridaemic (with a serum triglyceride
      greater than 2.1 mmol/l). Of the 22 patients in this subgroup, 5 (23%) had the
      uncommon S1S2 genotype, which was also a significantly greater proportion than
      among the normotriglyceridaemic controls (P = 0.015). These data suggest that the
      hypertriglyceridaemia associated with primary gout may have a genetic basis. In
      contrast, we found no differences in the frequencies of restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms of the genes for apoproteins AI, AII and CII.

PMID- 2892777
TI  - The Duffy blood group is linked to the alpha-spectrin locus in a large pedigree
      with autosomal dominant inheritance of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1.
AB  - The alpha-spectrin locus (SPTA) on chromosome 1 maps to 1q22-q25 and alpha
      spectrin specific probes detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
      with the endonucleases MspI and PvuII. The Duffy blood group (FY) has been mapped
      to the 1p21-q23 region. We found positive linkage between the alpha-spectrin and
      the Duffy loci with a maximal Lod score of 3.81 at theta = 0.0 using the computer
      program MLINK. This indicates that both loci are very closely linked and probably
      localized to 1q22-q23.

PMID- 2892778
TI  - Genomic structure and evolution of the human pepsinogen A multigene family.
AB  - A human cosmid library was screened with a pepsinogen A (PGA) cDNA probe,
      yielding 18 clones with (parts of) one, two or three PGA genes. By aligning these
      cosmids a restriction map of a PGA gene quadruplet was obtained in which the four
      genes are arranged in a highly ordered fashion in a head-to-tail orientation.
      Using the length in kilobases of the large polymorphic EcoRI fragment of the PGA
      genes, this quadruplet can be described as 15.0-12.0-12.0-16.6. An AvaII
      polymorphism allowed us to identify the two PGA haplotypes of the individual
      whose DNA had been cloned in the cosmid library to be a gene triplet and a gene
      quadruplet. By comparing the restriction maps of the central 12.0 genes in these
      multiplets to those of the flanking 15.0 and 16.6 genes, we postulate that these
      central genes arose from unequal but homologous crossing over between two 15.0
      16.6 gene pairs. This hypothesis provides for the creation of a variety of
      haplotypes by additional cross overs and mutations. Southern blots of family and
      population material supports the existance of at least five common PGA
      haplotypes, including a single-gene haplotype, giving rise to a large number of
      different EcoRI patterns. The single PGA gene is probably the reciprocal crossing
      over product. Comparison between the DNA and protein polymorphisms suggests
      further micro-heterogeneity in the different PGA haplotypes.

PMID- 2892779
TI  - Apolipoprotein gene cluster on chromosome 19. Definite localization of the APOC2
      gene and the polymorphic Hpa I site associated with type III
      hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - Recently, using an APOE cDNA probe, we discovered an Hpa I restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP) that appeared to be strongly associated with the
      expression of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (Klasen et al. 1987). In the present
      report it is shown that the same Hpa I RFLP can be revealed with both the APOC1
      and APOC2 cDNA probes. This enabled us to localize the polymorphic Hpa I site
      between the APOE and APOC1 genes and to localize the APOC2 gene approximately 22
      kb 3' of the APOC1 pseudogene on chromosome 19.

PMID- 2892780
TI  - c-Ha-ras-1 alleles in bladder cancer, Wilms' tumour and malignant melanoma.
AB  - Polymorphism of the human c-Ha-ras-1 gene has been analysed in DNA from 168
      individuals using the enzymes MspI and HpaII. In all, 35 bladder cancer patients,
      28 melanoma patients, 22 Wilms' tumour patients, 24 first-degree relatives of
      Wilms' tumour or melanoma patients and 59 unaffected controls were studied. A
      total of 13 different fragment sizes was detected, 4 "common" and 9 "unusual". Of
      the latter, 4 were observed only in cancer patients or their first-degree
      relatives. The frequency of unusual alleles was significantly greater in bladder
      cancer patients and in the combined tumour group than in controls, thus providing
      support for the association of unique Ha-ras alleles and cancer. Some unaffected
      relatives of patients carried unusual alleles, and thus there is no absolute
      relationship between Ha-ras genotype and disease.

PMID- 2892783
TI  - Linkage of the DNA-segment D7S13 (pB79a) with the cystic fibrosis locus.
AB  - A map distance of 2.9 cM between D7S13 (pB79a) and the cystic fibrosis (CF) locus
      was obtained from the analysis of 13 informative families with a history of CF.
      This result is based solely on the HindIII restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (HindIII-RFLP) at D7S13, since the interpretation of the MspI-RFLP
      at this locus was found to be unreliable.

PMID- 2892782
TI  - The use of DNA probes to establish parental origin in Down syndrome.
AB  - Molecular analysis was performed to determine the parental origin of the extra
      number 21 chromosome in 20 couples following the birth of a child with standard
      trisomy 21. The parent of origin was successfully identified in 9 of 20 (45%)
      using five chromosome-21-specific DNA probes and eight restriction endonucleases
      by restriction fragment length polymorphism and dosage analysis; seven were of
      maternal and two of paternal origin. Utilizing the observed allele frequencies,
      the expected frequencies of informative homozygous matings [2(p2q2)] approximate
      10% for seven of eight enzyme/probe combinations; the eighth, TaqI/pPW231F
      (D21S3), is 3%. The observed phenotype frequencies for all enzyme/probe
      combinations tested conform closely to predictions by the Hardy-Weinberg law.
      Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the DNA markers of EcoRI and
      TaqI with probe pPW236B; identical results were obtained with G-95 alpha 1-11a.
      We were able to demonstrate that although these two probes are of different size,
      and hence not identical, they detect the same TaqI and EcoRI polymorphisms;
      therefore both should be assigned to a single locus, D21S11.

PMID- 2892781
TI  - Localization of the villin gene on human chromosome 2q35-q36 and on mouse
      chromosome 1.
AB  - A partial cDNA clone coding for the 110 carboxyterminal amino acids of human
      villin was used for mapping the human villin gene. In situ hybridization
      experiments on human chromosomes with tritiated probe allowed the regional
      localization of the villin locus to chromosome 2 at q35-36. Data obtained from
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of two mouse species
      demonstrated the assignment of the villin gene to mouse chromosome 1 by
      assessment of linkage with the fast skeletal isoform of the myosin light-chain
      gene. These villin gene localizations add a fourth locus to the conserved gene
      cluster encoding the fast skeletal muscle isoform of the myosin light chain,
      isocitrate dehydrogenase, and the gamma crystallins and confirm the partial
      homology of the human chromosome 2 long arm and mouse chromosome 1.

PMID- 2892784
TI  - Analysis of crossover type in the alpha -3.7 haplotype among sickle cell anemia
      patients from various parts of Africa.
AB  - The frequency of alpha+-thalassemia has been determined in African populations
      carrying beta S-chromosomes of different origins. All these alpha+ thalassemias
      result from a right-ward deletion. Restriction mapping of the alpha 
      3.7/haplotype with the enzyme ApaI only showed the presence of a type I
      crossover. RsaI polymorphism at the 5' end of Z alpha 2 is largely represented in
      the normal population (gene frequency 23%) but, in our series, never associated
      with the alpha -3.7/haplotype.

PMID- 2892785
TI  - Identification of lymphoid cell lines bearing receptors for somatostatin.
AB  - The MT-2, derived from an adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) cell, the Molt-4F, a human
      T-cell line, and the Isk, an EB virus-transformed B-cell line, were found to have
      high-affinity receptors for somatostatin, a cyclic tetradecapeptide that inhibits
      the release of substances such as growth hormone, TSH, glucagon, insulin,
      secretin, gastrin and cholecystokinin. The quantity of radioactivity bound varied
      linearly with the number of cells, and was displaced by non-radioactive
      somatostatin in a concentration-dependent manner. Specific binding of 125I
      somatostatin was time- and temperature-dependent and at 22 degrees reached
      equilibrium within 120 min. Scatchard analysis demonstrated one class of specific
      binding sites on MT-2 cells, Isk cells and Molt-4F cells that had respective
      densities and dissociation constants of 109 pM and 0.64 nM, 102 pM and 1.1 nM,
      and 5.8 pM and 0.22 nM.

PMID- 2892786
TI  - Myc-1 is centromeric to the linkage group Ly-6--Sis--Gdc-1 on mouse chromosome
      15.
AB  - A survey of wild mouse DNA with a c-myc exon 1 probe revealed a Taq I restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) among Mus species. As a result of this Taq I
      RFLP, a cross between Mus musculus domesticus and BALB/cJ permitted the
      positioning of Myc-1 on chromosome 15 with respect to Ly-6, Sis, and Gdc-1.
      Compilation of the recombination frequency generated from this cross with
      published cytogenetic and plasma-cytoma somatic cell hybrid data suggests the
      following chromosome 15 orientation: centromere--Myc-1--Ly-6--Sis--Gdc-1-
      telomere. This gene order is consistent with conservation of man-mouse synteny.

PMID- 2892788
TI  - Absence of HTLV-1 infection in India--a preliminary report.

PMID- 2892787
TI  - Bgl II restriction fragment length polymorphism of human complement C4A gene
      coincides with BF*F allele of factor B.

PMID- 2892789
TI  - Effect of some beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on cerebrocortical acetylcholine
      release in rats.

PMID- 2892790
TI  - Relative larvivorous potentials of some local fishes against vector mosquito
      larvae.

PMID- 2892791
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on isolation and apomorphine-induced
      aggression in rodents.

PMID- 2892792
TI  - Frequency of fimbriation of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae and its ability to
      adhere to chinchilla and human respiratory epithelium.
AB  - To date, we have examined nearly 60 clinical isolates of nontypable Haemophilus
      influenzae (26 nasopharyngeal, 33 from middle ear effusions) and have found that
      100% were fimbriated. The percentage of cells bearing fimbriae within each
      isolate varied from less than 10 to 100%, with fimbriae being either peritrichous
      or bipolar in distribution. Fimbriae were approximately 2.4 to 3.6 nm in width;
      however, there was a high degree of variability in both length and number of
      fimbriae per individual bacterial cell among these isolates. All isolates tested
      adhered to both human oropharyngeal cells and chinchilla tracheal epithelium
      regardless of the degree to which the particular isolate was fimbriate. The level
      or degree of fimbriation did not correlate with either site of isolation,
      biotype, strength of hemagglutination reaction, or type of effusion present in
      the ear. These appendages appear to be quite different from those described for
      type b H. influenzae in which the ability to adhere and strength of ability to
      hemagglutinate correlated strongly with degree of fimbriation.

PMID- 2892793
TI  - Aerobactin and other virulence factor genes among strains of Escherichia coli
      causing urosepsis: association with patient characteristics.
AB  - To assess the role of aerobactin as a virulence factor among uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli, we determined the prevalence, location, and phenotypic
      expression of aerobactin determinants among 58 E. coli strains causing bacteremic
      urinary tract infections. We correlated the presence of the aerobactin system
      with antimicrobial-agent resistance, the presence and phenotypic expression of
      other uropathogenic virulence factor determinants (P fimbriae, hemolysin, and
      type 1 fimbriae), and characteristics of patients. Colony and Southern
      hybridization of total and plasmid DNA with DNA probes for each virulence factor
      showed that aerobactin determinants were present in 78% of the strains and were
      plasmid associated in 21%, whereas P fimbria, hemolysin, and type 1 fimbria
      determinants were present in 74, 43, and 98% of the strains, respectively, and
      were always chromosomal. Chromosomal aerobactin, P fimbria, and hemolysin
      determinants occurred together on the chromosome more often in strains from
      patients without predisposing urological or medical conditions (P = 0.04).
      Strains with plasmid-encoded aerobactin lacked determinants for P fimbriae (P =
      0.004) and hemolysin (P = 0.0004), were resistant to multiple antimicrobial
      agents (P = 0.0001), and were found only in compromised patients. Mating
      experiments demonstrated that some aerobactin plasmids also encoded antimicrobial
      agent resistance. These findings suggest that the determinants for aerobactin, P
      fimbriae, and hemolysin are conserved on the chromosome of the antimicrobial
      agent-susceptible uropathogenic strains of E. coli which invade noncompromised
      patients. In contrast, these chromosomal virulence factors are often absent from
      E. coli strains causing urosepsis in compromised hosts; these strains may acquire
      plasmid aerobactin in conjunction with antimicrobial-agent resistance genes.

PMID- 2892794
TI  - Human salivary acidic proline-rich proteins and statherin promote the attachment
      of Actinomyces viscosus LY7 to apatitic surfaces.
AB  - Actinomyces viscosus LY7 cells adsorbed in high numbers to experimental pellicles
      formed on hydroxyapatite (HA) from human parotid or submandibular saliva but not
      to pellicles prepared from human plasma or serum. To determine the nature of the
      salivary components responsible for promoting adhesion, pellicles were prepared
      from fractions of submandibular and parotid saliva obtained by chromatography on
      Trisacryl GF 2000 columns. Adsorption of LY7 cells was promoted by two groups of
      fractions. Each group was rechromatographed on DEAE-agarose. Fractions which
      promoted adsorption of LY7 cells were found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      to contain the acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and statherin. Pellicles
      prepared from 12-micrograms/ml solutions of pure PRP-1, PRP-2, or parotid
      isoelectric focusing (PIF-slow) variant promoted maximal adsorption of A.
      viscosus LY7 cells. Somewhat higher concentrations of PRP-3 and PRP-4 were
      required for maximal adsorption, indicating that the 44-residue carboxy-terminal
      segment of PRP-1, PRP-2, and PIF-slow enhances LY7 binding but is not essential.
      Much higher concentrations of statherin were required to promote LY7 adsorption.
      Adsorption of LY7 cells to pellicles prepared from PRP-1 was not affected over
      the range of pH 5 to 8. Adsorption was also not inhibited by 50 mM lactose, which
      is consistent with the notion that type 1 fimbriae, rather than type 2 fimbriae,
      were responsible. A. viscosus T14, Actinomyces odontolyticus ATCC 17982, and
      Actinomyces israelii 12597 also adsorbed to PRP-1 pellicles, whereas Actinomyces
      naeslundii ATCC 12104 did not. Although A. viscosus cells bind strongly to
      adsorbed PRP-1, the presence of PRP-1 or PRP-3 in solution did not inhibit
      adhesion. Similarly, [3H]PRP-1 did not bind to LY7 cells, nor was it degraded
      when incubated with the organism. However, LY7 cells adsorbed to [3H]PRP-1
      pellicles. These data suggest that hidden molecular segments of PRP become
      exposed when the protein adsorbs to HA; these segments then react with adhesins
      of LY7 cells. The apparent ability of A. viscosus cells to recognize segments of
      PRPs which are exposed only in surface-adsorbed molecules provides a novel
      mechanism which enables the organism to attach to teeth when suspended in
      salivary secretions.

PMID- 2892796
TI  - A comparison of the adherence of fimbriated and nonfimbriated Haemophilus
      influenzae type b to human adenoids in organ culture.
AB  - Adherence of fimbriated and nonfimbriated variants of a single strain of
      Haemophilus influenzae type b to organ cultures of human adenoidal tissue was
      measured by three assays, two of which were quantitative. In one assay, the
      adherence of radioactively labeled bacteria was measured; the numbers of CFU of
      bacteria per gram of adenoidal tissue were 16.0 +/- 6.7 for fimbriated bacteria
      and 10.2 +/- 4.0 for nonfimbriated bacteria (P less than 0.05). In the second
      assay, adherent CFU were determined directly; the results were 23.4 +/- 17.2
      CFU/g of tissue for fimbriated bacteria and 5.1 +/- 2.2 CFU/g for the
      nonfimbriated variant (P less than 0.02). By combining data from the two assays
      it appears that fimbriated and nonfimbriated bacteria do not compete for the same
      site on the tissue, and that the adherent bacteria do not change their state of
      fimbriation under the assay conditions used. In contrast, the third assay,
      scanning electron microscopy, showed very poor adherence of nonfimbriated
      bacteria. Fimbriated bacteria, on the other hand, adhered in clusters to
      nonciliated epithelial cells. Overall, the data indicate that fimbriae enhance
      adherence of H. influenzae type b to a type of tissue that is a normal site of
      human colonization and that nonfimbriated bacteria adhere by a distinctly
      different mechanism.

PMID- 2892795
TI  - The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 65-kilodalton antigen is a heat shock protein
      which corresponds to common antigen and to the Escherichia coli GroEL protein.
AB  - Monoclonal hybridoma antibodies directed against a 65-kilodalton (kDa)
      mycobacterial protein could detect similarly sized antigens in many other
      bacterial species. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the cross-reacting protein
      corresponded to a 62-kDa antigen that has been called Common Antigen. The
      mycobacterial 65-kDa antigen and Common Antigen are similar in that both (i) are
      highly immunoreactive molecules, (ii) contain species-specific and genus-specific
      epitopes in addition to the broadly cross-reactive epitopes, (iii) can be
      isolated as homomultimers of greater than 240 kDa, and (iv) have similar amino
      acid compositions. In Escherichia coli, the cross-reactive protein corresponded
      to the GroEL protein. Both the GroEL protein and the mycobacterial 65-kDa protein
      are expressed as heat shock proteins.

PMID- 2892797
TI  - A block of urovirulence genes encoding multiple fimbriae and hemolysin in
      Escherichia coli O4:K12:H-.
AB  - Cosmid gene libraries were constructed from a uropathogenic isolate of
      Escherichia coli O4:K12:H- that secretes alpha-hemolysin and produces the F14,
      F12-rel, F1C, and F13 fimbrial antigens. A series of overlapping clones was
      generated, and individual cosmid clones were found to express various
      combinations of fimbriae and hemolysin, suggesting that the genes for these
      potential virulence factors are closely linked. By using Southern hybridization
      analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping, it was demonstrated that the
      cosmid clones carried a nested set of overlapping, cloned, genomic DNA fragments.
      A comparison of the phenotypic properties of individual cosmid clones and
      subclones allowed the order of the gene clusters encoding these factors to be
      deduced. The cloning also revealed the presence of a fifth fimbria that had P
      adhesin specificity.

PMID- 2892798
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae serotype a: outer membrane protein classification and
      correlation with DNA polymorphism at the cap locus.
AB  - Fifty-four temporally and geographically distinct isolates of Haemophilus
      influenzae serotype a were characterized by (i) outer membrane protein
      composition and (ii) DNA polymorphism at the cap locus. In 53 of 54 cases,
      knowledge of the outer membrane protein type was accurately predictive of the cap
      locus polymorphism, suggesting that the majority of H. influenzae (type a)
      isolates have evolved from a limited number of clones.

PMID- 2892799
TI  - Effect of Bordetella pertussis adjuvant on parasite-specific IgE response in
      Paragonimus ohirai-infected rats.
AB  - Parasite-specific IgE response in rats infected with metacercariae of the lung
      fluke, Paragonimus ohirai, was enhanced about 8 times by Bordetella pertussis
      adjuvant. In rats infected by intraperitoneal transplantation of adult worms, the
      adjuvant markedly increased the usually low or absent parasite-specific IgE
      response. The most effective time of the adjuvant administration was different
      between the two modes of infections.

PMID- 2892800
TI  - Treatment with hCG increases the size of Leydig cells and testicular macrophages
      in unilaterally cryptorchid rats.
AB  - Adult, unilaterally cryptorchid rats were treated with a single injection of 200
      i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The morphological response of Leydig
      cells and testicular macrophages at 24 and 72 h after treatment was quantified
      using morphometry. Treatment with hCG induced an increase in the volume density
      of Leydig cells and macrophages, as well as in the average cell profile area of
      individual Leydig cells and macrophages in both scrotal and abdominal testes.
      However, the relative response was considerably larger in abdominal than in
      scrotal testes, and there was a strong positive correlation between the response
      of Leydig cells and macrophages. It is suggested that hCG, probably via effects
      on Leydig cells, also influences the function of testicular macrophages.

PMID- 2892801
TI  - Intratesticular steroids and gonadotrophin receptor concentrations in the testes
      of immature unilaterally cryptorchid rats.
AB  - Testicular descent was prevented unilaterally in newborn rats. In this
      experimental model of cryptorchidism the first morphological changes are noted in
      the abdominal testis at 16 days of age. Testicular weight was increased in the
      abdominal testis at 16 days of age, was unaffected at 20 days but was decreased
      at 30 days of age. The concentrations of LH and FSH receptors, and the hCG
      stimulated progesterone and testosterone secretion in vivo were analysed in
      scrotal and abdominal testes at different ages. LH- and FSH-receptor content per
      testis were unaffected by cryptorchidism at 12, 16 and 20 days of age but were
      depressed markedly at 30 days of age. At 20 days of age (but not earlier) hCG
      stimulated progesterone was reduced while testosterone secretion remained
      unchanged. It is concluded that the early functional changes in abdominal testes
      are not related to changes in gonadotrophin receptor content.

PMID- 2892802
TI  - The action of relaxin, fenoterol and etilefrine on uterine motility of the rat.
AB  - In uterine motility tests in virgin rats, the inhibitory action of the peptide
      hormone relaxin has been compared with the actions of fenoterol and etilefrine.
      At molecular levels, relaxin and fenoterol showed similar uterine inhibitory
      activity. Etilefrine was markedly less effective in inducing uterine relaxation.
      By pretreatment with propranolol, the inhibitory action of both fenoterol and
      etilefrine could be prevented but not the tocolytic effect of relaxin.
      Etilefrine, in higher doses, developed alpha-receptor activity as demonstrated by
      resumed uterine contractions. The doses required to induce beta 2- and alpha
      activities differed by a factor of approximately 4,000.

PMID- 2892803
TI  - Alterations of beta-adrenergic, muscarinic cholinergic receptors and imipramine
      binding sites in human lung tumors.
AB  - Direct ligand binding techniques have been used to compare beta-adrenergic
      receptors, muscarinic cholinergic receptors and imipramine binding sites in human
      tumoral and healthy lungs removed from eleven patients during operations. Beta
      adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors are present in tumoral tissues
      but their concentrations were decreased compared to healthy tissues. Imipramine
      binding sites were absent. It is concluded that this type of studies could bring
      additional information to morbid anatomy analysis and be used to follow illness
      evolution.

PMID- 2892804
TI  - Influence of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on lymphokine secretion in
      vitro.
AB  - Spleen cells of mice and lymph node lymphocytes of rats were cultured with
      epinephrine, norepinephrine and alpha- and beta-adrenergic drugs to determine
      effects on lymphokine secretion. After an incubation of 4.5 h it was found that
      the naturally occurring catecholamines and adrenergic drugs (isoprenaline,
      orciprenaline, terbutaline, norfenephrine, phenylephrine, clonidine, dobutamine)
      could induce the secretion of charge-changing lymphokines and lymphokines that
      stimulate the migration of lymphocytes. The beta-blocker propranolol inhibited
      the lymphokine secretion evoked by epinephrine and by beta-adrenergic agonists,
      whereas the alpha-blocker phentolamine antagonized the effects elicited by alpha
      adrenergic drugs. Phenylethylamine also induced a significant secretion of
      lymphokines. Two non-phenylethylamines had no effect. The stimulatory capacity of
      adrenergic agonists, the inhibitory activity of the appropriate antagonists and
      the comparison with two non-phenylethylamines support the hypothesis on specific
      influence of catecholamines on the lymphocyte function.

PMID- 2892805
TI  - Reduction of suppressor cell activities of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by
      a streptococcal preparation, OK-432.
AB  - The effect of a streptococcal preparation, OK-432 on suppressor cell activities
      of peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated. Suppressor cell activities were
      significantly reduced when they were generated in vitro by concanavalin A (Con A)
      in the presence of OK-432. However, the reduction of suppressor cell activities
      was not observed when OK-432 was added in the effector phase. Similarly, a
      significant reduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced suppressor cell
      activities by OK-432 was observed. No increases of either T-cells with Fc
      receptors for IgG or OKT8 reactive T-cells were observed after Con A stimulation
      in the presence of OK-432. The suppressive effect of the soluble suppressor
      factors (SSF) was not abrogated by OK-432 and the release of SSF from cells
      activated by Con A was not found in the presence of OK-432. Thus, it is suggested
      that OK-432 might interfere with the induction of suppressor cells, but not with
      the expression of their activities.

PMID- 2892808
TI  - Conformational study of a somatostatin analogue by high-field n.m.r.
      spectroscopy, in aqueous solution.
AB  - The cyclic analogue of somatostatin (SRIF), D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr
      NH2 (CTC), exhibits good affinity for both opioid and SRIF receptor systems. Its
      conformational properties were examined in water by high-field proton n.m.r.
      spectroscopy and compared with results previously obtained with structurally
      related analogues SMS 201-995 and Sandoz 204-090 in the same solvent. The
      assignments were made using 2 D-n.m.r. methods, especially long-range
      connectivities between neighbouring alpha protons, and between beta and aromatic
      protons. The 3JNH-C alpha H and delta delta/delta T values are compatible with an
      equilibrium between two gamma turns involving residues 2, 3 and 4 and residues 3,
      4, and 5, respectively.

PMID- 2892806
TI  - Acrivastine versus clemastine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. A
      double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

PMID- 2892807
TI  - Thermogenic effect of the new beta-adrenoreceptor agonist Ro 16-8714 in healthy
      male volunteers.
AB  - Previous investigations in experimental animals have shown that a new type of
      beta-adrenoceptor agonist (Ro 16-8714) possesses both thermogenic and
      antihyperglycemic properties. The aim of the study was to assess the thermogenic
      capacity of the compound in man after acute administration. Following an
      overnight fast three different doses (5, 10 and 20 mg) and a placebo were given
      per os to six normal-weight young men. The rate of energy expenditure (EE) and
      substrate utilization were determined by indirect calorimetry (hood system)
      before and for 6 h following the drug administration. Heart rate and blood
      pressure as well as plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid (FFA)
      concentrations were also measured at regular intervals throughout the study. The
      increment relative to base-line (mean +/- s.e.m.) in EE with placebo, 5, 10 and
      20 mg was 4 +/- 3, 10 +/- 2, 11 +/- 2 and 21 +/- 2 percent respectively whereas
      heart rate was enhanced by 2 +/- 2, 8 +/- 3, 22 +/- 2, and 49 +/- 8 percent.
      Systolic blood pressure increased less (1 +/- 2, 8 +/- 1, 11 +/- 1 and 13 +/- 2
      percent), and diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly.
      Simultaneously we observed a slight and transient increase in blood glucose,
      insulin and FFA concentrations. It is concluded that in lean individuals Ro 16
      8714 is a potent thermogenic agent; however, new beta-adrenoceptor agonists
      should be developed in order to avoid the tachycardia associated with the
      thermogenic effect.

PMID- 2892810
TI  - [Drug therapy of stable angina pectoris].

PMID- 2892809
TI  - Radiation therapy of spontaneous autoimmunity: a review of mouse models.
AB  - The classical types of generalized autoimmune disease in man are systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several murine strains which
      develop SLE and sometimes RA-like diseases are now available. They should help in
      the understanding of the etiopathology of SLE and RA. Basically two main
      therapeutic strategies which use solely irradiation have been tried; one being
      sublethal whole-body irradiation (WBI) and the other fractionated total lymphoid
      irradiation (TLI). Other protocols which combine lethal WBI and stem cell
      transplantation have often been attempted. It was regularly found that the bone
      marrow transplant (BMT) dictates the immune status of the recipient. This paper
      reviews the data published about NZB, NZB/W, BXSB and MRL mice in this context.

PMID- 2892811
TI  - The cytoskeleton of the cultured human trabecular cell. Characterization and drug
      responses.
AB  - To determine the organization of the three major cytoskeletal elements of
      cultured human trabecular meshwork cells (actin filaments, microtubules and
      intermediate filaments), we employed fluorescence microscopy and stereo
      transmission electron microscopy of extracted, S-1 labeled and critical-point
      dried cells. Morphologic changes resulting from treatment with cytochalasin B,
      colchicine, taxol and nocodozole were also characterized. Compared with the
      cynomolgus monkey trabecular cell, morphologic differences in overall cell shape
      and orientation of both actin filaments and microtubules were noted. However, the
      responses to cytoskeletal active drugs were quite similar. Taxol, nocodozole and
      colchicine had a marked effect on microtubule organization, while nocodozole and
      colchicine had a marked effect on vimentin filament organization. None of these
      drugs produced marked changes in human trabecular cell shape. In contrast,
      treatment with the anti-actin drug cytochalasin B resulted in both a marked
      change in cell shape associated with organizational changes in all three
      cytoskeletal elements. These studies suggest a central role of actin filaments in
      determining overall cell shape and cytoskeletal organization in the cultured
      human trabecular cell.

PMID- 2892812
TI  - Somatostatin immunoreactivity in the cat adrenal medulla. Localization and
      characterization.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was detected within the adrenal gland of the
      cat using specific monoclonal antibodies. Immunohistochemical studies
      demonstrated a few somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the adrenal
      medulla. In addition, a large population of chromaffin cells in the cat adrenal
      medulla displayed intense somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Similar cells were
      not observed in rat or guinea pig adrenal glands, although they were found in
      human material. The somatostatin-positive cells in the cat adrenal medulla often
      possessed short immunoreactive processes similar to those seen in somatostatin
      immunoreactive paracrine cells of the gut. Characterization of the somatostatin
      like immunoreactivity of the cat adrenal by high performance liquid
      chromatography and radioimmunoassay indicated that somatostatin-28 may account
      for over 90% of the observed immunoreactivity. It is suggested that somatostatin
      28 may have a paracrine or endocrine role in the feline adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2892813
TI  - The internal mammary artery: coronary bypass conduit of choice.

PMID- 2892814
TI  - The experience of a lifetime.

PMID- 2892815
TI  - Authorization denied. Payment refused.

PMID- 2892816
TI  - A rare disorder. Primary esthesioneuroblastoma of the orbit.

PMID- 2892817
TI  - Tuberculous mastoiditis presenting with tuberculous meningitis.

PMID- 2892819
TI  - Hiring credentialed employees can lessen malpractice exposure.

PMID- 2892818
TI  - How safe is it? High dose intravenous methylprednisolone.

PMID- 2892820
TI  - Loss of genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 in human lung carcinomas.
AB  - Since loss of genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p) is known to be
      closely associated with several human tumors, we analyzed DNA of lung carcinomas
      from 45 patients with respect to loss of heterozygosity at loci on 11p. We
      observed that loss of heterozygosity at 11p loci was quite frequent (17 of 41
      informative cases, 41%) and it appeared that the loss might be associated with
      more advanced carcinomas than those of stage Ia. In many cases, sequences at the
      CAT and/or the D11S12-IGF2 loci were commonly deleted. These observations suggest
      that loss of genes at particular regions on 11p might be involved in progression
      of human lung carcinomas.

PMID- 2892821
TI  - Prevalence of antibodies to human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I and human
      immunodeficiency virus in Japanese immigrant colonies in Bolivia and Bolivian
      natives.
AB  - This study was performed to estimate human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type-I
      (HTLV-I) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Japanese
      immigrant colonies in Bolivia, where no seroepidemiological study of HTLV-I or
      HIV has ever been reported, among 647 healthy adults and children of Japanese
      descent and Bolivian natives living in the same colonies. The overall prevalence
      of HTLV-I antibody was 12.6% (59/469) among Japanese immigrant populations, but
      increased with age, being 16.2% (49/303) among adults and 6.0% (10/166) among
      children; no significant difference in relation to sex was noted. The first
      generation immigrants (issei) from Kyushu, the large southwestern island of Japan
      where adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is endemic, had 19.0% (49/258) HTLV-I
      seroprevalence, while issei from outside Kyushu had none (0/39). Among Bolivian
      members of the community, consisting mostly of Indians and persons of Spanish
      descent, the HTLV-I seroprevalence was 4.3% (7/164) overall, 2.4% (1/42) among
      adults and 4.9% (6/122) among children. No antibody to HIV was detected among
      Japanese or Bolivian populations. The results of this study show that: (1) there
      is a considerable number of HTLV-I carriers among Japanese immigrant populations
      in Bolivia, especially among immigrants from Kyushu, (2) there exist some HTLV-I
      carriers among Bolivian natives, raising the possibility of HTLV-I transmission
      by co-habitation with Japanese immigrants, (3) HIV is far from endemic in this
      district of Bolivia, at present.

PMID- 2892822
TI  - Effect of immunosuppressive factors produced by adult T cell leukemia cells on B
      cell responses.
AB  - The immunosuppressive activity of sera from adult T cell leukemia (ATL) patients
      and culture supernatants of ATL cells and ATL cell lines on B cell responses was
      examined in vitro. ATL sera and culture supernatants of ATL cells suppressed B
      cell proliferative and differentiative responses induced with B cell mitogens
      such as Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I and pokeweed mitogen. The suppressive
      effect was observed not only in the production of B cell growth factors (BCGF)
      and B cell differentiation factors (BCDF) by T cells, but also in the
      responsiveness of B cells to BCGF and BCDF. These results suggest that the
      immunosuppressive factors produced by ATL cells might act to suppress both the
      cellular immunity and the humoral immunity, and could have an important role in
      the induction of immunodeficient states in ATL patients.

PMID- 2892823
TI  - Detection of multidrug resistance markers, P-glycoprotein and mdr1 mRNA, in human
      leukemia cells.
AB  - We have examined the expression of P-glycoprotein in clinical leukemic cell
      samples by using a monoclonal antibody (MRK16) against P-glycoprotein. We found
      that leukemia cells isolated from 3 out of 6 patients with blast crisis of
      chronic myelogenous leukemia were reactive to MRK16. These 3 cell lines expressed
      high levels of mdr1 mRNA, which codes for P-glycoprotein. The present result
      indicates that the clinically refractory state of the tumor may be predicted in
      part by determining P-glycoprotein expression using the monoclonal antibody
      against P-glycoprotein, and the mdr1 probe.

PMID- 2892824
TI  - The gubernaculum during testicular descent in the human fetus.
AB  - This study of 178 male human fetuses and infants demonstrates that descent of the
      testis through the inguinal canal is a rapid process, with 75% of testes
      descending between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. The gubernaculum is a
      cylindrical, gelatinous structure attached cranially to the testis and
      epididymis. While the testis is in the abdomen, the caudal tip of the
      gubernaculum is firmly attached to the region of the inguinal canal. In a few
      fetuses prior to descent the globular tip of the gubernaculum can be seen bulging
      through the external inguinal ring, covered by superficial fascia, with no
      macroscopically discernible extensions to the scrotum or any other area. Once the
      testis has passed through the inguinal canal, the bulbous lower tip of the
      gubernaculum is no longer firmly attached to any structure, nor does it extend to
      the bottom of the scrotum. Histologically the gubernaculum consists of
      undifferentiated mesenchymatous tissue. Prior to descent of the testis, there is
      an increase in the length of the intra-abdominal gubernaculum. The wet mass of
      the gubernaculum relative to the fetal mass increases rapidly prior to descent,
      while the relative wet mass of the testis remains constant during this period.
      There is also an increase in the wet/dry mass ratio of the gubernaculum, denoting
      an increase in its water content prior to descent. This indicates that a
      combination of growth processes is responsible for testicular descent, with the
      increase in the size of the gubernaculum playing the most important role in
      passage of the testis through the inguinal canal.

PMID- 2892825
TI  - Lithium responsive manic-like symptoms in two individuals with autism and mental
      retardation.

PMID- 2892826
TI  - Regulation of nitrogen assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: roles of the
      URE2 and GLN3 genes.
AB  - Mutations in the GLN3 gene prevented a normal increase in the NAD-glutamate
      dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase levels in glutamate-grown Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae cells, whereas mutations in the URE2 gene resulted in high levels of
      these enzymes in glumate- and glutamine-grown cells. A ure2 gln3 double mutant
      had low levels of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in cells grown
      on glutamate and glutamine; thus, gln3 mutations were epistatic to the ure2
      mutations. The results suggest that the GLN3 product is capable of promoting
      increases in enzyme levels in the absence of a functional URE2 product and that
      the URE2 product antagonizes the GLN3 product. The URE2 and GLN3 genes were also
      found to regulate the level of arginase activity. This regulation is completely
      independent of the regulation of arginase by substrate induction. The activities
      of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and arginase were higher in
      cells grown on glutamate as the nitrogen source than they were in cells grown
      under a nitrogen-limiting condition. It had previously been shown that the levels
      of these enzymes can be increased by glutamine deprivation. We propose that the
      URE2-GLN3 system regulates enzyme synthesis, in response to glutamine and
      glutamate, to adjust the intracellular concentration of ammonia so as to maintain
      glutamine at the level required for optimal growth.

PMID- 2892829
TI  - Ammonium assimilation in Rhizobium phaseoli by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate
      synthase pathway.
AB  - Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies showed that in Rhizobium phaseoli
      ammonium is assimilated by the glutamine synthetase (GS)-glutamate synthase NADPH
      pathway. No glutamate dehydrogenase activity was detected. R. phaseoli has two GS
      enzymes, as do other rhizobia. The two GS activities are regulated on the basis
      of the requirement for low (GSI) or high (GSII) ammonium assimilation. When the 2
      oxoglutarate/glutamine ratio decreases, GSI is adenylylated. When GSI is
      inactivated, GSII is induced. However, induction of GSII activity varied
      depending on the rate of change of this ratio. GSII was inactivated after the
      addition of high ammonium concentrations, when the 2-oxoglutarate/glutamine ratio
      decreased rapidly. Ammonium inactivation resulted in alteration of the catalytic
      and physical properties of GSII. GSII inactivation was not relieved by shifting
      of the cultures to glutamate. After GSII inactivation, ammonium was excreted into
      the medium. Glutamate synthase activity was inhibited by some organic acids and
      repressed when cells were grown with glutamate as the nitrogen source.

PMID- 2892828
TI  - Purification and characterization of protease Re, a cytoplasmic endoprotease in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Protease Re, a new cytoplasmic endoprotease in Escherichia coli, was purified to
      homogeneity by conventional procedures, using [3H]casein as the substrate. The
      enzyme consists of a single polypeptide of 82,000 molecular weight. It is
      maximally active between pH 7 and 8.5 and is independent of ATP. It has a pI of
      6.8 and a Km of 10.8 microM for casein. Since diisopropyl fluorophosphate and
      phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited this enzyme, it appears to be a serine
      protease. Protease Re was sensitive to inhibition by L-1-tosylamido-2
      phenylethylchloromethylketone but not to that by 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7
      aminoheptanone, thiol-blocking reagents, chelating agents, or various peptide
      aldehydes. Re also degraded [125I]globin, [125I]glucagon, and 125I-labeled
      denatured bovine serum albumin to acid-soluble products (generally oligopeptides
      of greater than 1,500 daltons), but it showed no activity against serum albumin,
      growth hormone, insulin, or a variety of fluorometric peptide substrates. It also
      hydrolyzed oxidatively inactivated glutamine synthetase (generated by ascorbate,
      oxygen, and iron) four- to fivefold more rapidly than the native protein.
      Protease Re appears to be identical to the proteolytic enzyme isolated by Roseman
      and Levine (J. Biol. Chem. 262:2101-2110, 1987) by its ability to degrade
      selectively oxidatively damaged glutamine synthetase in vivo. Its role in
      intracellular protein breakdown is uncertain.

PMID- 2892827
TI  - Characterization of the glutamyl-tRNA(Gln)-to-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln)
      amidotransferase reaction of Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - In Bacillus subtilis, the formation of glutaminyl-tRNA is accomplished by first
      charging tRNA(Gln) with glutamate, which is then amidated. Glutamine was
      preferred over asparagine and ammonia as the amide donor in vitro. There is a
      functional analogy of this reaction to that catalyzed by glutamine synthetase.
      Homogeneous glutamine synthetase, from either B. subtilis or Escherichia coli,
      catalyzed the amidotransferase reaction but only about 3 to 5% as well as a
      partially purified preparation from B. subtilis. Several classes of glutamine
      synthetase mutants of B. subtilis, however, were unaltered in the
      amidotransferase reaction. In addition, there was no inhibition by inhibitors of
      either glutamine synthetase or other amidotransferases. A unique, rather labile
      activity seems to be required for this reaction.

PMID- 2892831
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a treatment review.
AB  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder, which may affect 2% to 3% of the U.S. population,
      can be severely disabling, permeating an individual's personal, social, and work
      life. Only within the past 2 decades have effective treatments been proposed and
      tested. Specific behavior therapies such as exposure in vivo and response
      prevention have proved successful in decreasing compulsive rituals in 70% to 80%
      of patients who accept and comply with treatment. For those patients who do not
      respond to behavior therapy, medications should be used. To date the tricyclic
      clomipramine is the only medication that has been consistently effective in
      controlled studies. However, for certain patients other medications may be of
      benefit. For the minority of patients who do not respond to either behavior
      therapy or medication, psychosurgery--specifically stereotactic limbic leucotomy-
      should be considered a viable option.

PMID- 2892830
TI  - Introduction of the Escherichia coli gdhA gene into Rhizobium phaseoli: effect on
      nitrogen fixation.
AB  - Rhizobium phaseoli lacks glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and assimilates ammonium
      by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway. A strain of R. phaseoli
      harboring the Escherichia coli GDH structural gene (gdhA) was constructed. GDH
      activity was expressed in R. phaseoli in the free-living state and in symbiosis.
      Nodules with bacteroids that expressed GDH activity had severe impairment of
      nitrogen fixation. Also, R. phaseoli cells that lost GDH activity and assimilated
      ammonium by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway preferentially
      nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris.

PMID- 2892832
TI  - Effects of neuroleptics on body temperature.

PMID- 2892833
TI  - Inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release by alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      activation is parallelled by both a repolarization and a reduction in cytoplasmic
      free Ca2+ concentration.
AB  - Effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine on insulin release, membrane
      potential, and cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were investigated
      using pancreatic beta-cells isolated from obese hyperglycemic mice. Addition of 2
      microM clonidine promptly inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release, an effect
      accompanied by a lowering in both membrane potential and [Ca2+]i. Within minutes,
      the effect on Ca2+ was partly reversed, [Ca2+]i attaining a new level, although
      still significantly lower than in the absence of agonist. This late increase in
      [Ca2+]i was inhibited by 50 microM D-600, a blocker of voltage-activated Ca2+
      channels. The inhibitory effects of clonidine on membrane potential, [Ca2+]i, and
      insulin release were abolished by 5 microM of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist
      yohimbine. Depolarization with high K+ increased [Ca2+]i also in the presence of
      clonidine, conditions accompanied by only a minute release of insulin. Secretion
      was, however, partly restored by subsequent addition of 20 mM glucose. Addition
      of 5 mM Ca2+ transiently reversed the effects of clonidine on both membrane
      potential and [Ca2+]i. Although the clonidine-induced repolarization should be
      enough for closing the voltage-activated Ca2+ channels with a resulting decrease
      in [Ca2+]i, a direct interaction of the agonist with these channels cannot be
      excluded. The fact that it was possible to increase [Ca2+]i with only a minor
      effect on insulin release suggests that the inhibitory effect of clonidine not
      only is due to a reduction in [Ca2+]i, but also involves interference with some
      more distal step in the insulin secretory machinery.

PMID- 2892834
TI  - Isolation of a sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble transglutaminase substrate from
      liver plasma membranes.
AB  - Rat liver plasma membranes contain transglutaminase activity and a large
      molecular weight protein complex which serves as a substrate for this enzyme.
      When plasma membranes were solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and disulfide
      reducing agents the transglutaminase substrate was recovered in the detergent
      insoluble fraction. The insolubility of the complex suggested that it might be
      further studied by adsorbing membranes onto glass slides, then extracting with
      the detergent and reducing agent. After extraction, dark field light microscopy
      revealed numerous flattened sheets which varied in size from 4 to 12 micrometers.
      To confirm that these structures were the large molecular weight transglutaminase
      substrate, the plasma membranes were solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and
      dithiothreitol and sedimented through a sucrose gradient containing the agent.
      The large molecular weight substrate was the only material found at the 1.11/1.23
      g/cm3 interface. Microscopic examination showed the same structures previously
      observed on the glass slides. We conclude that the large molecular weight
      transglutaminase substrate is a sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble, morphologically
      distinct, protein complex. Due to its considerable size, nondissociable nature,
      and association with the lateral membrane, the sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble
      transglutaminase substrate may serve as a type of skeleton or scaffolding for
      this plasma membrane domain.

PMID- 2892835
TI  - Agonist-stimulated oscillations and cycling of intracellular free calcium in
      individual cultured muscle cells.
AB  - Receptor regulation of [Ca2+]i was monitored in individual BC3H-1 muscle cells
      with intracellularly trapped fura-2 using digital imaging analysis techniques.
      Activation of alpha 1-adrenergic or H1-histaminergic receptors resulted in
      multiple bursts, or oscillations, of elevated [Ca2+]i with an average interval
      frequency of approximately 1.8 min-1. The duration of oscillatory behavior was
      generally more prolonged in response to phenylephrine than in response to
      histamine. Additionally, a larger fraction of the cells responded with [Ca2+]i
      oscillations to phenylephrine (approximately 90%) than to histamine
      (approximately 60%), although the majority of cells produced oscillations in
      response to both agonists. In most cells, the receptor-mediated [Ca2+]i
      oscillations continued for several minutes in the absence of extracellular Ca2+,
      although the amplitude of the individual peaks gradually decreased. The
      activation of [Ca2+]i oscillations by H1-receptors was more dependent upon
      extracellular Ca2+ than those elicited by alpha 1-receptors, reflecting the
      greater dependency of the histaminergic response on Ca2+ influx. Readdition of
      Ca2+ to the incubation buffer resulted in the resumption of the [Ca2+]i
      oscillations. These results indicate that considerable cycling of Ca2+ between
      the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum must occur. Receptor-mediated [Ca2+]i
      oscillations were much more prevalent in subconfluent cells than in confluent
      cells, possibly due to increased coupling of the cells at higher densities. The
      cells were capable of responding independently of one another, since sister cells
      displayed unique temporal responses immediately following cell division. Thus,
      the linkage of receptor occupancy to [Ca2+]i elevation is a functionally unique
      property for each individual cell and can be influenced by epigenetic factors.

PMID- 2892836
TI  - Structure of the yeast HOM3 gene which encodes aspartokinase.
AB  - The yeast HOM3 gene has been cloned molecularly by complementation of a HOM3
      mutant. The gene is located about 8 kilobase pairs from HIS1 and is present as a
      single copy in the yeast genome. Mutations in HOM3 result in a requirement for
      threonine and methionine (or homoserine) for growth and a lack of detectable
      aspartokinase activity. The nucleotide sequence of HOM3 predicts an enzyme 414
      amino acids long that shows homology to the three Escherichia coli
      aspartokinases, indicating that it is the structural gene for yeast
      aspartokinase. An approximately 1800-base pair mRNA is transcribed from the HOM3
      gene, initiating at several start sites, 80 and 70 base pairs downstream,
      respectively, from two TATA boxes. Upstream of the TATA boxes is a single TGACTC
      sequence. This sequence has been shown to be essential for regulation of several
      genes that encode amino acid biosynthetic enzymes by the general control system.
      However, no increase in aspartokinase mRNA is observed under general control
      derepressing conditions.

PMID- 2892837
TI  - Structural organization of the gene for rat liver-type arginase.
AB  - Liver-type arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) catalyzes the last step of urea synthesis and is
      expressed specifically in the liver of ureotelic animals. Expression of liver
      arginase is developmentally and hormonally regulated in coordination with other
      urea cycle enzymes. The gene for the rat enzyme was cloned and the structure
      determined. This gene is 12 kilobases long and is split into eight exons. All of
      the splice donor and acceptor sites conform to the GT/AG rule. The transcription
      initiation site was determined by nuclease S1 mapping and primer extension. A
      "TATA box"-like sequence and a "CAAT box"-like sequence are present 27 and 60
      bases upstream from the cap site, respectively. Upstream and downstream from the
      cap site, there are several sets of direct repeats and inverted repeats and
      several sequences resembling the transcription factor Sp1 binding sites, the
      enhancer core sequences, the glucocorticoid receptor binding sites, the 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate responsive elements, and the putative elements
      for liver-specific expression of albumin genes. A 15-nucleotide sequence in the
      5'-flanking region of the arginase gene is highly homologous with sequences in
      the 5'-flanking regions of the genes for rat ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC
      2.1.3.3) and for human argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5), other two
      enzymes of the urea cycle.

PMID- 2892838
TI  - Bacterial synthesis of active rat stearyl-CoA desaturase lacking the 26-residue
      amino-terminal amino acid sequence.
AB  - Two clones containing inserts in pBR322 that together include the entire 1074
      base open reading frame coding for the 358 amino acids of rat liver stearyl-CoA
      desaturase have been used to construct expression vectors for residues 3-358 and
      27-358 fused to the first 6 residues of beta-galactosidase and several amino
      acids of the multiple cloning site of pUC8. Growth of transformed Escherichia
      coli under conditions for suppression of the lac promoter, followed by subsequent
      induction of these cultures results in the synthesis of higher levels of
      desaturase proteins than those found in induced rat liver. The proteins are
      almost completely associated with the membrane fraction of cell homogenates.
      Posttranslational iron insertion into the apoproteins, either in vitro with
      membrane preparations or by iron addition during induction, results in the
      formation of active holoenzyme which can be reconstituted with NADH cytochrome b5
      reductase and cytochrome b5 to form an active stearyl-CoA desaturase system. The
      deletion of the first 26 amino-terminal amino acid residues does not affect
      either enzyme activity or membrane binding. Therefore, the unusual sequence of 11
      residues containing 10 amino acids with hydroxyl groups plays no apparent
      significant role in either protein insertion into membranes or iron chelation.
      Since the protein product for residues 3-358 is processed even further to delete
      the initial 33 amino-terminal residues, the limiting polypeptide primary
      structure required for an active membrane-bound catalyst is even smaller than
      this initial deletion mutation indicates.

PMID- 2892840
TI  - Prolonged supersensitivity to noradrenaline of smooth muscle of the epididymal
      half of the rat vas deferens denervated by vasectomy.
AB  - 1 The effects of some sympathomimetic amines and of carbachol and potassium
      chloride upon the contractility of epididymal halves of the rat vas deferens have
      been examined in vitro at several times following vasectomy by medial transection
      of the vas deferens in vivo. The inhibitory effects of noradrenaline and the
      excitatory effects of potassium chloride upon prostatic halves of transected
      tissues were also studied. 2 Partially denervated epididymal segments, taken 2
      days after surgery, were spontaneously active, and responses to KCl (80 mmol/l)
      and maximum responses to phenylephrine were enhanced. These effects were not
      observed with preparations taken at later times. Spontaneous activity and
      enhancement of responses to KCl were abolished by guanethidine (0.1 mumol/l). 3
      Supersensitivity to noradrenaline was observed in fully denervated epididymal
      halves of vasa deferentia taken 7-183 days after transection. The
      supersensitivity consisted of a leftward shift in the log concentration-response
      curves for noradrenaline constructed upon operated, relative to those obtained
      upon unoperated preparations. Supersensitivity to phenylephrine but not to
      methoxamine or to carbachol was also evident. 4 The magnitude of the leftward
      shift in the log concentration-response curve for noradrenaline in operated
      epididymal segments approached that produced, in unoperated segments, by
      nisoxetine (0.1 mumol/l). This inhibitor of neuronal uptake did not enhance the
      potency of noradrenaline in operated segments. 5 Prazosin (50 nmol/l) antagonized
      the effect of phenylephrine upon both operated and unoperated epididymal
      segments. The antagonism was significantly greater upon operated segments than
      upon unoperated segments 4 and 28 days after surgery. 6 In prostatic segments,
      noradrenaline produced inhibition of field stimulation-induced twitches. Its
      potency was similar in both operated and unoperated preparations, and nisoxetine
      (0.1 mumol/l) potentiated its effects to a similar extent (approximately 70-fold)
      in control and operated tissues. Responses to KCl in this half of the vas
      deferens were essentially unaffected by vasectomy. 7 Taken together, these
      findings indicate that post-ganglionic denervation of the epididymal half of the
      rat vas deferens by medial transection (vasectomy) leads to a slowly developing
      and prolonged supersensitivity to noradrenaline which is primarily due to the
      loss of the neuronal uptake facility. Persistent adaptive changes in the effector
      cells are apparently minimal after this means of denervation.

PMID- 2892839
TI  - Interaction between amphetamine and alpha 2-postsynaptic adrenoreceptors in the
      rat submaxillary gland.
AB  - 1 The interaction between amphetamine and the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists,
      clonidine and guanabenz, was studied in the submaxillary gland of anaesthetised
      rats. 2 Low doses of clonidine (10 micrograms/kg) and guanabenz (10
      micrograms/kg) inhibited the secretory responses induced by methacholine and
      substance P, respectively. 3 Amphetamine (300 micrograms/kg) antagonized the
      inhibitory effects of both alpha 2-agonists. This dose of amphetamine alone did
      not show sialagogic effects. 4 Atropine (1 micrograms/kg) diminished the
      secretory responses to methacholine as much as clonidine (10 micrograms/kg).
      Amphetamine did not modify the blockade by atropine. 5 Guanabenz (10
      micrograms/kg) markedly decreased the secretory responses to substance P, an
      effect that was also prevented by amphetamine. 6 Reserpine pretreatment (5 mg/kg,
      i.p., 18 h) did not alter the effect of amphetamine. 7 These results indicate
      that the interaction between amphetamine and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists is
      unrelated to the indirect effect of this amine and suggest a direct interaction
      between the drug and postsynaptic inhibitory alpha 2-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2892841
TI  - Assessment of the effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on left ventricular
      performance by Doppler measurement of the aortic blood velocity during exercise.
AB  - The effect of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on left ventricular (LV)
      function is studied noninvasively in 30 male patients with a mean age o 55.4
      years using the continuous-wave Doppler technique of transcutaneous
      aortovelography (TAV). With a transducer applied in the suprasternal notch the
      main-stream aortic blood velocity recordings were obtained before and at maximum
      tolerated supine exercise both prior to, and six weeks after, CABG. From the TAV
      recordings the stroke distance (Sd: or the systolic velocity integral which is a
      measure of the stroke volume) and minute distance (Md: or the measure of cardiac
      output) were derived as well as the percentage changes in these parameters with
      exercise (% delta Sd and % delta Md successively). Whereas no significant change
      following CABG was observed in the resting values for Sd, a significant
      improvement in the maximal exercise values for Sd and Md as well as the % delta
      Sd and % delta Md was noticed after CABG (p less than 0.001). Prior to CABG the %
      delta Sd (an indicator of left ventricular function) was significantly lower in
      13 patients with a history of an old myocardial infarction (MI). The % delta Sd
      in these 13 patients was also significantly lower than that in the 17 patients
      without a history of MI though the improvement in the % delta Sd following CABG
      was similar in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892845
TI  - Characterization of HMG CoA synthase activity of rat liver and CHO-K1 cells.
AB  - This report describes the characterization and partial purification of rat liver
      3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) synthase activity. A preliminary
      characterization of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell HMG CoA synthase activity is
      also presented. Ion-exchange chromatography of ammonium sulfate precipitates of
      rat liver cytosol indicate the existence of two isoenzymes of HMG CoA synthase.
      These isoenzymes are physically, catalytically, and immunologically distinct. One
      of these isoenzymes, peak 1, resembles mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase activity as
      evidenced by similarities in elution upon ion-exchange chromatography, inhibition
      by MgCl2, and cross reactivity with an antibody prepared against the
      mitochondrial enzyme. As peak 1 activity is unstable, further purification
      studies were performed on peak 2 activity. Peak 2 can be further resolved into
      two activities (peaks 2A and 2B) by gel filtration. In contrast, CHO-K1 cells (a
      permanent fibroblast line) possess only peak 2 type HMG CoA synthase activity.

PMID- 2892842
TI  - Clathrin-coated vesicle assembly polypeptides: physical properties and
      reconstitution studies with brain membranes.
AB  - The assembly polypeptides are an integral component of coated vesicles and may
      mediate the linkage of clathrin to the vesicle membrane. We have purified
      assembly polypeptides in milligram quantities from bovine brain by an improved
      procedure. Hydrodynamic and chemical crosslinking studies indicate that the
      protein is an asymmetric heterotetramer with a molecular weight of 252,000,
      containing two subunits of Mr 98,000-115,000, one subunit of 52,000, and one
      subunit of 16,000. Two-dimensional peptide maps of the subunits show that the 16-
      and 52-kD polypeptides are not derived from the higher molecular weight species,
      and that the group of bands at 98-115 kD are related. Electron microscopic
      visualization shows an essentially globular protein with one or two knob-like
      tails. We demonstrate a specific membrane protein binding site for 125I-labeled
      assembly polypeptides in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide-extracted bovine brain membranes
      based on the following criteria: (a) binding is displaceable by unlabeled ligand,
      (b) the binding site is destroyed by protease treatment of the membranes, and (c)
      the distribution of binding between vesicle-depleted membranes and coated vesicle
      membranes parallels the in vivo localization of assembly polypeptides and
      clathrin. This binding site is likely to be an integral membrane protein because
      (a) it is enriched in the sodium hydroxide-extracted membranes stripped of most
      of their peripheral membrane proteins, and (b) the binding site is partially
      extracted by 0.5% Triton X-100. A similar binding site appears to be present in
      coated vesicles. Clathrin binds to the hydroxide-stripped membranes in an
      assembly polypeptides dependent manner, and this binding is diminished by Triton
      extraction of the membranes. This assay may aid in identification of the membrane
      receptor for the assembly polypeptides.

PMID- 2892843
TI  - Estimation of the amount of internalized ricin that reaches the trans-Golgi
      network.
AB  - We have used a protocol for internalization of ricin, a ligand binding to plasma
      membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids with terminal galactosyl residues, and
      infection with the vesicular stomatitis virus ts 045 mutant in BHK-21 cells to
      determine whether internalized plasma membrane molecules tagged by ricin reach
      distinct compartments of the biosynthetic-exocytic pathway. At 39.5 degrees C
      newly synthesized G protein of ts 045 was largely prevented from leaving the
      endoplasmic reticulum. At the same temperature ricin was endocytosed and reached,
      in addition to endosomes and lysosomes, elements of the Golgi complex. When the
      temperature was lowered to 19.5 degrees C, no more ricin was delivered to the
      Golgi complex, but now G protein accumulated in the Golgi stacks and the trans
      Golgi network (TGN). Double-labeling immunogold cytochemistry on
      ultracryosections was used to detect G protein and ricin simultaneously. These
      data, combined with stereological and biochemical methods, showed that
      approximately 5% of the total amount of ricin within the cells, corresponding to
      6-8 X 10(4) molecules per cell, colocalized with G protein in the Golgi complex
      after 60 min at 39.5 degrees C. Of this amount approximately 70-80% was present
      in the TGN. Since most of the ricin molecules remain bound to their binding sites
      at the low pH prevailing in compartments of the endocytic pathway, the results
      indicate that a fraction of the internalized plasma membrane molecules with
      terminal galactose are not recycled directly from endosomes or delivered to
      lysosomes, but are routed to the Golgi complex. Also, the results presented here,
      in combination with other recent studies on ricin internalization, suggest that
      translocation of the toxic ricin A-chain to the cytosol occurs in the TGN.

PMID- 2892844
TI  - A chloroquine-resistant Swiss 3T3 cell line with a defect in late endocytic
      acidification.
AB  - To investigate the role of acidification in cell proliferation, several cell
      lines resistant to chloroquine were isolated with the expectation that some would
      express altered endocytic acidification. The preliminary characterization of one
      of these lines, CHL60-64, is described. In contrast to endocytic mutants
      described previously, the initial phase of endocytic acidification, as measured
      by transferrin acidification, is normal in this cell line. However, a difference
      in subsequent endocytic acidification was observed in CHL60-64. In the parental
      cells, internalized dextran was fully acidified to approximately pH 5.5 within 1
      h. In CHL60-64, the pH in the endocytic compartment was only 6.1 after 1 h and
      remained as high as 5.8 for at least 4 h. After an 8-h incubation, the pH
      decreased to 5.5, indicating that the second phase of acidification is only
      slowed in CHL60-64, and not blocked. Consistent with this retarded acidification,
      ATP-dependent acidification in vitro (as measured by acridine orange
      accumulation) was reduced in both the lysosomal fraction and the endosomal
      fraction isolated from CHL60-64. A decrease in the in vivo rate of acridine
      orange accumulation after perturbation with amine was also observed. In addition
      to amine resistance and defective acidification, CHL60-64 was found to be
      resistant to vacuolation in the presence of chloroquine and ammonium chloride,
      and was resistant to ouabain. Further studies on this new class of endocytosis
      mutant, in combination with existing mutants, should help to clarify the
      mechanisms responsible for the regulation of endocytic acidification.

PMID- 2892846
TI  - Protective effect of the glutamate antagonist, MK-801 in focal cerebral ischemia
      in the cat.
AB  - The effects of the glutamate N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK
      801, upon ischemic brain damage has been examined in anesthetized cats. Focal
      cerebral ischemia was produced by permanent occlusion of one middle cerebral
      artery and the animal were killed 6 h later. The amount of early ischemic damage
      was assessed in coronal sections at 16 predetermined stereotactic planes.
      Pretreatment with MK-801 (5 mg/kg, i.v.), 30 min before occlusion of the middle
      cerebral artery significantly reduced the volume of ischemic damage (from 32.7 +/
      4.0% of the cerebral hemisphere in vehicle-treated cats to 16.2 +/- 4.5% in MK
      801-treated cats). NMDA receptor antagonists that penetrate the blood-brain
      barrier, such as MK-801, merit further study as protective agents against
      ischemic brain damage.

PMID- 2892847
TI  - Micro-determination of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam in plasma or serum by
      electron-capture gas chromatography.

PMID- 2892848
TI  - Correlation between reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and
      plasma protein binding.
AB  - As hydrophobic interactions are involved in both reversed-phase liquid
      chromatography and plasma protein binding, the relationship between retention
      time and binding was investigated experimentally in two series of compounds. For
      betaxolol and its O-alkyl analogues, the nature of the O-alkyl group strongly
      influences the retention time on a Spherisorb CN 5-microns column. With 0.03 M
      acetate buffer (pH 5.6)-acetonitrile (60:40) as the mobile phase, k' values
      increase from 1.8 to 8.3 with a concomitant increase in plasma protein binding
      from 0.5% (R = H) to 88.2% (R = cyclopentylmethyl). The relationship between the
      free fraction and log k' is sigmoidal. In the second example, structural changes
      in the propyl side-chain of alpidem (a new anxiolytic) lead to minor variations
      in the protein binding: 98.9 to 84.9%. This slight decrease with the more polar
      metabolite is correlated with a sharp decrease in the k' values from 14.7 to 0.94
      on a Supelcosil LC 18 DB column. Based on retention times, it should be feasible
      to predict qualitatively, if not quantitatively in some instances, plasma protein
      binding in a series of structurally similar compounds.

PMID- 2892849
TI  - Determination of 6-(2'-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-4H-imidazo[1,5-a]
      [1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxamide, a mixed agonist-antagonist anxiolytic agent,
      in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical-ionization
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - A simple, sensitive and specific assay was developed for the determination in
      plasma and urine of 6-(2'-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-4H-imidazo[1,5-alpha]
      [1,4]benzodiazepine- 3-carboxamide, compound I, a mixed agonist-antagonist
      anxiolytic agent. A hexadeuterated analogue of the compound was added to plasma
      or urine as the reference standard. The titled compound was extracted with
      benzene at pH 11. Following evaporation of the solvent, the residue was reacted
      with pentafluoropropionic anhydride in the presence of triethylamine. The
      derivatizing reagents were evaporated, and the carbonitrile derivative of the
      analyte was extracted into ethyl acetate at pH 11. The residue remaining after
      removal of the ethyl acetate was silylated with
      bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and a portion of this solution was
      analyzed by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical-ionization mass
      spectrometry. The mass spectrometer was set to monitor, in the gas
      chromatographic effluent, the M-. ion of the titled compound and its
      hexadeuterated reference standard. The ratio of these two ions was calculated and
      converted to a concentration of analyte using a calibration curve that was
      generated from the analyses of control plasma fortified with various amounts of
      analyte and a fixed amount of the hexadeuterated reference standard. The limit of
      quantitation of the assay was 1 ng/ml for plasma and urine.

PMID- 2892850
TI  - Assay of vecuronium in plasma using solid-phase extraction, high-performance
      liquid chromatography and post-column ion-pair extraction with fluorimetric
      detection.
AB  - An assay has been developed and validated for the routine monitoring of
      vecuronium in plasma. It consists of solid-phase extraction using C18 disposables
      as sample pre-treatment, high-performance liquid chromatography and post-column
      ion-pair extraction with fluorimetric detection. The fluorescent anion 9,10
      dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulphonate (DAS) is used as the counter ion. The detection
      limit is ca. 5 ng/ml in plasma with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10. The assay is
      also applicable for monitoring vecuronium and its potential metabolites in other
      biological media, e.g., urine, bile and tissue (liver, kidney) homogenates.

PMID- 2892851
TI  - Biochemical indices of renal damage: separation of urinary alanine aminopeptidase
      by liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2892852
TI  - Simultaneous quantitative determination of tertatolol and its hydroxylated
      metabolite in human plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2892853
TI  - Functional opioid receptor sites in human placentas.
AB  - We characterized the presence of opioid peptide receptor sites in plasma
      membranes and cells from human midterm and term placentas. Incubations with
      [3H]ethylketo-cyclazocine (EKC) at increasing doses revealed the presence of high
      affinity, low capacity, opioid peptide receptor-specific binding of the kappa
      type. Scatchard analysis of the binding data showed, in the plasma membranes,
      linear plots at both stages of pregnancy with similar mean equilibrium
      association constants of 1.31 +/- 0.29 (+/- SE) X 10(9) mol/L-1 (n = 4) at
      midterm and 0.52 +/- 0.63 X 10(9) mol/L-1 at term (n = 4). In placental cells (n
      = 4) from term gestations, the binding plots were curvilinear; the first
      component had a Ka of 5.51 +/- 0.50 X 10(9) mol/L-1, and the second component had
      a Ka of 1.33 +/- 0.81 X 10(8) mol/L-1 (P less than 0.01). When standardized per
      mg tissue protein, the number of binding sites in plasma membranes increased from
      13.8 +/- 9.8 fmol at midterm to 50.0 +/- 18.6 fmol at term (P less than 0.05).
      For term placental cells, the concentration of binding sites was 81.2 +/- 36.0
      fmol for the high affinity sites and 713 +/- 390 fmol for the lower affinity
      sites. Specificity for the kappa-type of OPR was found based on the inability of
      mu- or delta-opioid peptides, as well as LHRH and TRH, to compete for [3H]EKC
      binding. Term placental cells incubated with various doses of opioid peptides had
      a 50% increase in placental lactogen production. The increase was significantly
      higher than controls only with kappa-agonists (P less than 0.05), maximal with
      10(-9) mol/L EKC, and completely inhibited by 5 X 10(-6) mol/L naloxone. These
      results expand on previous data demonstrating the presence of opioid peptide
      receptor in placental plasma membranes and suggest a role for opioid peptides in
      regulating secretion of placental lactogen by placental cells.

PMID- 2892854
TI  - Effects of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and somatostatin on GH secretion
      from individual human and monkey fetal anterior pituitary cells: modulation by
      thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids.
AB  - A reverse hemolytic plaque assay was used to measure the GH responses of fetal
      pituitary cells to GHRH, SRIH, T3 and glucocorticoids. Cells from eight human
      abortuses (18-22 weeks' gestation) showed accelerated plaque formation after
      treatment with 10(-7) mol/L GHRH-(1-44) [25.6 +/- 0.6% (+/- SE) of cells formed
      plaques (PFC); mean area, 14.5 +/- 2.7 X 10(4) micron2; all at 1 h], while 10(-7)
      mol/L SRIH-(1-28) slowed plaque formation (8.6 +/- 0.6% PFC; mean area, 4.2 +/-
      0.8 X 10(4) micron2) vs. control (13.7 +/- 0.7% PFC; mean area, 5.3 +/- 0.8 X
      10(4) micron2; all at 1 h). The proportion of PFC was equal in GHRH-treated and
      control groups by 4 h, suggesting that GHRH affects the amount of GH secreted per
      somatotroph rather than the number of cells that are preferentially responsive to
      GHRH. Qualitatively similar data were obtained using pituitary cells from four
      near-term rhesus fetuses. When cells were cultured in defined medium for 3 days,
      supplementation with T3 reduced basal GH secretion and attenuated the responses
      to GHRH. Culture with dexamethasone increased basal GH secretion and restored the
      responsiveness to GHRH. Dexamethasone also caused a shift in plaque area
      frequency distributions to patterns similar to those in serum-supplemented
      medium. We conclude that fetal somatotrophs are responsive to SRIH, GHRH, T3, and
      dexamethasone. Furthermore, glucocorticoids can maintain a subpopulation of fetal
      somatotrophs in the GHRH-responsive state.

PMID- 2892856
TI  - Antiserum to scrapie-associated fibril protein cross-reacts with Spiroplasma
      mirum fibril proteins.
AB  - Protease-resistant fibril proteins purified from Spiroplasma mirum and from
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-infected brain tissues reacted with antisera to scrapie
      associated fibrils on Western immunoblot analysis. These data suggest that there
      are conformational similarities among spiroplasma proteins and infection-specific
      proteins of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

PMID- 2892857
TI  - Semi-quantitative immunohistochemical studies on Thy-1 antigen expressed by
      thymic myoid cells.
AB  - Thy-1 antigen expression in the rat thymic myoid cell line R615B2 (Thy-1(+] and
      R613Ad (Thy-1(-] was studied with a semi-quantitative immunohistochemical assay
      without disrupting the cell cultures. With this assay, the quantity of Thy-1
      antigen on R615B2 cells was detected separately in the cytoplasm and on the cell
      surface by the use of appropriate fixatives such as chilled ethanol and methanol
      + 0.3% H2O2. Extracellular Thy-1 antigen was also found in the culture
      supernatant of R615B2 cells. More than half of extracellular Thy-1 antigen
      remained in the supernatant even after 100,000 X g centrifugation. No form of Thy
      1 antigen was detected at significant levels in R613Ad cells.

PMID- 2892855
TI  - Expression of type 1 fimbriae may be required for persistence of Escherichia coli
      in the catheterized urinary tract.
AB  - Long-term urinary catheterization results in polymicrobial bacteriuria and is
      complicated by fever, bacteremia, acute pyelonephritis, and death. Escherichia
      coli is a common urine isolate from catheterized patients and can persist for
      months. We hypothesized that fimbria-mediated adherence contributes to its
      persistence. For 1 year, urine specimens were collected from 51 patients greater
      than or equal to 65 years of age who were catheterized for greater than or equal
      to 30 days. E. coli was isolated at greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml from
      447 (36%) of 1,230 weekly urine specimens from 26 patients. Week 1 isolates from
      52 definable episodes were tested for hemagglutination, hybridization with gene
      sequences from the pil and pap operons, in vitro adherence to catheter material,
      binding of 125I-labeled Tamm-Horsfall protein, hemolysin and colicin V
      production, and serum resistance. The proportions of isolates of short (1 week
      only), medium (2 to 11 weeks) and long (greater than or equal to 12 weeks)
      episodes of bacteriuria which expressed type 1 fimbriae as assayed by mannose
      sensitive hemagglutination were 59, 65, and 92%, respectively. Isolates with the
      pil operon (the genome for type 1 fimbriae) from episodes lasting greater than 1
      week expressed mannose-sensitive hemagglutination more frequently (P = 0.011)
      than pil-positive isolates from episodes of less than or equal to 1 week.
      Isolates from episodes of greater than 1 week also bound significantly more Tamm
      Horsfall protein than isolates from episodes of less than or equal to 1 week (P =
      0.044). Although nearly half of the isolates produced P fimbriae, an important
      virulence factor for the development of pyelonephritis, no correlation with
      persistence could be made. Overall, the E. coli isolates expressed traits similar
      to those of strains that caused cystitis. Type 1 fimbriae appear to be important
      for the persistence of E. coli in the long-term-catheterized urinary tract.

PMID- 2892858
TI  - Human T cell lines established from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy (HAM).
AB  - T cell lines were established from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes of
      two patients with human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated
      myelopathy (HAM). These two interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent T cell lines have been
      cultured for more than 8 months without any accessory cells. The surface
      phenotype of these cells was CD2(+), CD4(+), CD8(-), Ia(+) and Tac(+). Southern
      blot hybridization analysis revealed the presence of HTLV-I provirus in these
      cells and C-type retrovirus particles were identified by electron microscopy.
      These findings indicate the presence of HTLV-I infected helper T lymphocytes in
      the CSF of the patients with HAM. These HTLV-I(+) T cell lines may be valuable
      for investigating the possible neutrotropism of HTLV-I and the role of HTLV-I in
      the pathogenesis of HAM.

PMID- 2892859
TI  - Biosynthesis of somatostatin in canine fundic D cells.
AB  - The observation that virtually all of the somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in
      the stomach consists of somatostatin-14 (S14), to the exclusion of somatostatin
      28 (S28), suggests a unique pattern of prosomatostatin posttranslational
      processing. In order to examine the mechanisms by which S14 is produced from its
      precursor in the stomach, we investigated the biosynthesis of somatostatin in
      isolated canine fundic D cells. D cells pulse-labeled with [35S]cysteine revealed
      a cycloheximide inhibitable time-dependent incorporation of radioactivity into
      S14. A small fraction of radioactivity was incorporated into S28 but not into
      larger precursors. However, when the cells were incubated with monensin (1
      microM), incorporation of radioactivity into a presumed somatostatin precursor
      was noted. Upon transfer of [35S]cysteine prelabeled cells to radioactivity-free
      medium, no conversion of S28 to S14 could be detected and the decrease of labeled
      S14 in cells correlated with a complimentary increase in the culture medium.
      Exogenous somatostatin inhibited somatostatin biosynthesis in a fashion that
      could be blocked by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Stimulation of prelabeled D
      cells with tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (10(-7) M) or forskolin (10(-4) M)
      for 2 h resulted in release of 41 and 33% of the newly synthesized radioactive
      S14, respectively, while only 9 and 6% of the total cell content of
      radioimmunoassayable somatostatin was secreted. These data suggest that: (a)
      somatostatin is synthesized in fundic D cells primarily as S14, (b) S14 is
      produced by rapid processing of a larger precursor but there is little, if any,
      conversion of S28 to S14, (c) somatostatin biosynthesis is autoregulated, and (d)
      newly synthesized S14 is preferentially released from D cells in response to
      stimulation.

PMID- 2892861
TI  - Relation of mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis to polymorphism of immunoglobulin
      heavy chain switch region.
AB  - We have investigated the switch regions of Ig heavy chain genes of patients with
      IgA glomerulonephritis (IgA-GN) using restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) analysis. Genomic DNA from patients and controls was digested with the
      restriction endonuclease Sst I and transferred to nylon membranes using the
      Southern blot procedure and hybridized with a probe homologous to the switch
      region of the Ig C mu gene (S mu) which detects RFLPs in both S mu and the switch
      region of the Ig C alpha 1 gene (S alpha 1). A significant decrease in the
      frequency of the 2.6;2.1 kb heterozygous S mu phenotype was found in patients
      with IgA-GN (P = 0.003). With respect to the S alpha 1 region, there was a
      significant increase in the frequency of the 7.4 kb S alpha 1 phenotype (P =
      0.002). In addition, a significant increase in the frequency of the 7.4 kb S
      alpha 1 allele was found (P = 0.0002). These results suggest that gene(s) within
      the Ig heavy chain loci may be important in the pathogenesis of IgA-GN.

PMID- 2892863
TI  - Efficacy without tolerance or rebound insomnia for midazolam and temazepam after
      use for one to three months.
AB  - Midazolam (15 mg) was compared with temazepam (30 mg) in a randomized, double
      blind, parallel group study. An initial screening period was followed by 3 days
      of placebo baseline, 4 to 12 weeks of nightly oral use of the medication and a 4
      day placebo withdrawal period. One hundred seventy-five patients with chronic
      insomnia participated in this multicenter outpatient study. Because the
      elimination half-life of midazolam, a new trizolobenzodiazepine hypnotic, is
      short (1.3-2.2 hr) compared to temazepam's (12-16 hr), more problems with
      tolerance and rebound insomnia were expected to occur. Hypnotic efficacy
      (increased total sleep time, decreased wake time, and decreased sleep latency)
      was demonstrated for both medications over the entire 3-month period without the
      development of tolerance. In fact, if anything, efficacy increased with time on
      medication, suggesting possible facilitation or "inverse tolerance" effect. On
      withdrawal, sleep was improved compared with baseline, suggesting partial
      resolution of the insomniac condition rather than rebound insomnia. These effects
      were both statistically and clinically significant for midazolam, with 16% to 50%
      improvement in sleep measures. The results of this study suggest that patients
      with chronic insomnia may benefit from 30 to 90 days of treatment. A three-factor
      model that separates pharmacologic from behavioral and psychologic effects of
      hypnotics was proposed to explain these results in part.

PMID- 2892862
TI  - Effect of prazosin and beta-blocker monotherapy on serum lipids: a cross-over,
      placebo-controlled study.
AB  - The effects of prazosin and beta-blocker monotherapy on serum concentrations of
      triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoprotein cholesterol were evaluated in 16
      patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension in a single-blind, cross
      over, placebo-controlled study. Initially patients received a bid dose of either
      prazosin or a beta-blocker sufficient to maintain a sitting diastolic pressure
      below 95 mm Hg. After a placebo washout, patients were placed on the alternate
      medication. Fasting serum samples were obtained for lipid analysis during each
      treatment phase. Beta-blocker therapy was associated with undesirable changes in
      serum lipids as evidenced by increases in the concentration of total triglyceride
      (45%, P = .001), total cholesterol (4%, P = .05), LDL cholesterol (6%, P = .05)
      and VLDL cholesterol (21%, P = .05), and a decrease in the concentration of HDL
      cholesterol (-9%, P = .05). The ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol
      and LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol also increased by 15% (P = .005) and 18%
      (P = .005), respectively. No significant changes in any of the serum lipids were
      observed during prazosin administration.

PMID- 2892860
TI  - Human T cell leukemia virus-I-associated T-suppressor cell inhibition of
      erythropoiesis in a patient with pure red cell aplasia and chronic T gamma
      lymphoproliferative disease.
AB  - Human retroviruses have recently been linked with T cell lymphoproliferative
      disorders and with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. We investigated the
      mechanisms for acquired pure red cell aplasia and cutaneous anergy in a patient
      with the chronic T gamma-lymphoproliferative disease (T gamma-LPD) syndrome.
      Patient marrow erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) were 17 +/- 9% of control and were
      selectively increased to 88-102% of control after marrow T cell depletion.
      Patient Leu 2+ suppressor T cells spontaneously produced high titers of human
      gamma-interferon and resulted in a concentration-dependent selective inhibition
      (74-91%) of BFU-E when co-cultured with autologous or allogeneic marrow.
      Conditioned media (CM) derived from patient Leu 2+ T cells similarly inhibited
      growth of autologous or allogeneic marrow BFU-E. The inhibitory factor derived
      from patient CM was acid-labile (pH 2) and sensitive to trypsin; prior treatment
      of patient T cells with anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody plus complement abrogated
      the suppressive effect of T cell-derived CM. Patient peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells (PBMC) were unable to support growth of cultured interleukin 2 (IL 2)
      dependent T cells, but responded to exogenous IL 2 in vitro with a 16-21-fold
      augmentation, relative to control, in mitogen-induced proliferation. Antibodies
      to HTLV-I core proteins p19 and p24 but not to HTLV-III proteins were detected in
      patient serum by Western blotting; patient cultured PBMC stained (7-11%) with
      antibodies to p19 and p24. Patient cultured PBMC demonstrated integrated HTLV-I
      genomic sequences by the Southern technique and expressed both specific HTLV-I
      genomic sequences by RNA dot blot plus reverse transcriptase activity. Utilizing
      a cloned DNA probe for the beta chain of the T cell receptor gene, patient PMBC
      demonstrated gene rearrangements providing presumptive evidence for clonality.
      The presence in serum of HTLV-I p19 and p24 antibodies, the expression of p19 and
      p24 core antigens on patient mononuclear cells, the evidence of HTLV-I proviral
      integration sequences and the expression of HTLV-I genomic sequences in patient
      cells, indicates infection with HTLV-I and raises the possibility of an etiologic
      link between human retrovirus infection and some instances of large granular
      lymphocytic leukemia (T gamma-LPD).

PMID- 2892864
TI  - Single bedtime dose of famotidine: assessment of its antisecretory action by 24
      hour intragastric pH monitoring.
AB  - The antisecretory efficacy of a single bedtime dose of famotidine, a new potent
      H2-receptor antagonist, was evaluated by means of continuous 24-hour intragastric
      pH monitoring. Of 20 patients with duodenal ulcers, ten randomly received
      famotidine 40 mg at 10 PM and ten were monitored without medication for control.
      Famotidine regimen led to a remarkable reduction of gastric acidity in patients
      who were treated for duodenal ulcer and the drug-induced pH levels were
      significantly different (P less than .0001) from those of untreated controls. The
      antisecretory action lasted for 12 hours, which comprised the nocturnal period,
      whereas no important difference was found between the two groups for the most
      part of the daytime. The drug was able to keep intragastric pH above 4 units
      during almost 50% of the whole 24-hour period. These results confirm that
      famotidine is a powerful and long-acting H2 blocker that relieves gastric acidity
      during the night and morning hours when administered as a single bedtime dose of
      40 mg.

PMID- 2892865
TI  - A comparison of the side effects of atenolol and propranolol in the treatment of
      patients with hypertension.
AB  - A single-blind study was conducted in 52 hypertensive patients, aged 25 to 68
      years, to compare the side effects of an equally effective antihypertensive
      regimen of propranolol and atenolol. All patients had a history of side effects
      with beta-blocker therapy. Patients were treated with propranolol 40 to 160 mg
      bid for 8 weeks, followed by atenolol 50 to 100 mg given once daily for 8 weeks,
      and then rechallenged with the required dosage of propranolol for 8 weeks. Mean
      systolic and diastolic blood pressures were controlled during all three treatment
      phases. Side effects showed a definite trend toward improvement during the
      atenolol treatment phase. CNS side effects, in particular, showed significantly
      (P less than .05) reduced severity scores and overall incidence rates during the
      atenolol treatment phase. In conclusion, this study showed that at equally
      effective antihypertensive dosages the hydrophilic beta blocker atenolol produced
      significantly fewer CNS side effects than the lipophilic beta blocker
      propranolol.

PMID- 2892866
TI  - Labetalol in the treatment of hypertension in elderly and younger patients.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of labetalol therapy were evaluated in 20 patients 60
      years and older with isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension and 19 patients
      aged younger than 60 years with diastolic hypertension. After a two-week placebo
      washout period, labetalol was titrated for up to four weeks (100-400 mg bid)
      until blood pressure control was achieved (standing systolic less than 160 mm Hg
      or greater than or equal to 10% reduction from baseline, and standing diastolic
      less than 90 mm Hg or a decrease of 10 mm Hg from baseline). Mean decreases in
      standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline were statistically
      significant for both age groups (greater than or equal to 60 years, -23/-13; less
      than 60 years, -18/-12, P less than .01). Control criteria were met in 18 (90%)
      older and 15 (79%) younger patients who then entered a four-week maintenance
      period. Sixteen (80%) of the older patients and six (32%) of the younger patients
      maintained blood pressure control on 200 mg or less of labetalol bid (P less than
      .05). Three patients, two of whom withdrew from the study, were judged to have
      experienced adverse events that were drug related. It was concluded that
      labetalol was effective and well-tolerated antihypertensive therapy in both
      elderly and younger patients. In addition, significantly less medication was
      required to achieve blood pressure control in the elderly.

PMID- 2892867
TI  - Overlap in the distribution of cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons in the
      upper brainstem of the ferret.
AB  - The distribution of catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the upper
      brainstem of the ferret were mapped by staining immunohistochemically two
      adjacent series of sections of brainstem for tyrosine hydroxylase and choline
      acetyltransferase, respectively. As in other species, large numbers of tyrosine
      hydroxylase-positive neurons are localized in the ventral tegmental area (A10),
      the substantia nigra (A9), and in A8. Tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive neurons in
      the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (A4, A6, and A7--the locus coeruleus complex)
      of the ferret are rather diffusely distributed, as has been observed in other
      carnivore species such as the cat and the dog, but unlike the cat, these cells in
      the ferret display a relative uniformity in size and morphology. Choline
      acetyltransferase-positive neurons which extend in the ferret's pedunculopontine
      tegmental nucleus and ventral parabrachial area (Ch5) are relatively large cells
      that stain intensely for choline acetyltransferase, and their dendrites form
      prominent bundles in regions where unstained fibre tracts are prevalent. Choline
      acetyltransferase-positive neurons distributed in the laterodorsal tegmental
      nucleus (Ch6) are smaller than the cholinergic cells of Ch5, and they stain less
      intensely for choline acetyltransferase. Rostrally, there is little overlap
      between the catecholaminergic cell groups A8, A9, and A10 and the cholinergic
      cell groups of Ch5 and Ch6. Caudally, the Ch5 neurons extend some considerable
      extent into the locus coeruleus complex. In the region of overlap, no cells with
      staining for both tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase were
      observed, as was ascertained with a double staining method employing a
      combination of tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence and choline
      acetyltransferase peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. In conclusion,
      the ferret has a typically carnivore pattern for the distribution of
      catecholaminergic cells in the upper brainstem, and there is a significant
      overlap between the catecholaminergic and cholinergic cell groups in the
      dorsolateral pontine tegmentum.

PMID- 2892868
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations of Takayasu's arteritis. A clinicopathologic
      correlation.
AB  - Takayasu's arteritis is a chronic, granulomatous, large-vessel arteriopathy of
      unknown cause. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 38 patients
      with Takayasu's arteritis and identified 21 with cutaneous findings. Seven
      patients had lesions that were related to their systemic vasculitis. We found a
      Churg-Strauss granuloma, a pyodermatous leg ulcer, and inflammatory leg nodules
      in these patients. Biopsy specimens from three patients with presumed "erythema
      nodosum" did not support the clinical diagnosis but did show arteritis. In
      patients with Takayasu's arteritis, small-vessel inflammation, and other
      inflammatory lesions may be present, in addition to large-vessel disease.
      Histopathologic study is necessary to categorize the nature of inflammatory leg
      nodules of these patients.

PMID- 2892869
TI  - Emergency care in pediatric dentistry.
AB  - The emergency room records of 1,456 children who were treated at Children's
      Hospital of Pittsburgh with any oral complaint, during a single calendar year,
      were reviewed with the data entered into a computer. The data were tabulated and
      statistically analyzed. Trauma (676 visits) was responsible for 46 percent of the
      total visits, with boys representing a significantly higher percentage of trauma
      visits than girls (440 vs 236). The total number of trauma visits was also
      significantly higher for the youngest age-group (birth to three years). Soft
      tissue injuries represented a substantially higher percentage of trauma cases (58
      percent), compared with dental injuries (35 percent) and bony injuries (3
      percent). Emergency dental services are a viable part of emergency services in
      major population centers; emergency care is an essential component of overall
      dental services.

PMID- 2892870
TI  - Proposed delusional depression subtypes: preliminary evidence from a
      retrospective study of phenomenology and treatment course.
AB  - An analysis of the phenomenology and treatment course of 52 subjects with
      delusional depression suggests that there may be various subtypes: bipolar, early
      onset unipolar and possibly a late-onset unipolar. The bipolar subgroup tended to
      relapse in different but always psychotic directions, and was resistant to
      lithium carbonate treatment alone. Treatment refractoriness, delusional
      depressive recurrences, and a dementia-like presentation were associated with a
      small late-onset subgroup. A high rate of delusionally depressive relapses also
      characterized the early-onset unipolar group, however, patients with single
      episodes were found only in this subgroup.

PMID- 2892871
TI  - A comparison of morphologic and angiographic findings in long-term internal
      mammary artery and saphenous vein bypass grafts.
AB  - Internal mammary artery grafts are currently considered the conduits of choice
      for myocardial revascularization. Comparisons of long-term morphologic changes in
      internal mammary artery grafts and saphenous vein grafts and correlation with
      premortem angiography have not been reported. Eighteen internal mammary artery
      and 15 saphenous vein grafts that had been in place for 12 to 118 months (mean
      56) in 18 patients were removed either surgically or at necropsy and examined
      histologically. Premortem angiograms were performed within 1 month of histologic
      study in 15 of these patients. Fibrointimal proliferation was more frequent in
      internal mammary artery than in saphenous vein grafts 8 [( 44%] of 18 versus 4
      [27%] of 15; p = NS). In contrast, atherosclerosis was common in saphenous vein
      grafts but was extremely rare in internal mammary artery grafts (10 of 15 versus
      1 of 18; p = 0.01). A good correlation was noted between the degree of narrowing
      estimated by angiographic and histologic measurements in both internal mammary
      artery grafts (d = 0.90) and saphenous vein grafts (d = 0.71). Accelerated
      atherosclerosis did not occur in internal mammary artery grafts, but was common
      in saphenous vein grafts. Fibrointimal proliferation was commonly associated with
      graft narrowing in internal mammary artery grafts and may be an important factor
      in late graft closure. This study also confirms that internal mammary artery
      grafts have greater longevity compared with saphenous vein grafts.

PMID- 2892872
TI  - Risk of anaphylaxis in patients receiving beta-blocker drugs.

PMID- 2892873
TI  - Human tonsillar IgE biosynthesis in vitro. II. Analysis of T cell regulation with
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Phenotypes of T cells regulating human tonsillar IgE biosynthesis in vitro were
      studied by use of Leu 2a and Leu 3a monoclonal antibodies that recognize T cell
      subsets. B cells cultured with Leu 3a+-enriched populations (B cells plus T3a)
      produced significantly more IgE and IgG in the presence of pokeweed mitogen than
      B cells with the Leu 2a+-enriched populations (B cells plus T2a) (p less than
      0.001 for IgE and p less than 0.001 for IgG). No significant differences were
      observed in IgE and IgG synthesis between the cultures of B cells alone and B
      cells plus T2a. T2a, but not T3a cells, significantly suppressed IgE synthesis (p
      less than 0.05 for geometric means and p less than 0.001 for percent suppression)
      when the cells were added to cultures of B cells plus T3a. Suppression of IgG
      synthesis was not observed under conditions that suppressed IgE synthesis,
      suggesting qualitative and quantitative differences in regulation of production
      of these isotypes. When T2a cells were irradiated, the suppressor activity
      disappeared. When graded numbers of T3a cells were added to B cells, it was noted
      that IgE synthesis first increased and then decreased as the numbers of T3a were
      increased. When the T3a cells were irradiated, IgE biosynthesis was suppressed at
      lower T/B ratios (less than 1 in four of five experiments) and was enhanced at
      higher T/B ratios (greater than 1 in all five experiments). Similar results were
      observed in experiments with OKT4 and OKT8 monoclonal antibodies. It is concluded
      that phenotypes of helper T cells for IgE synthesis are Leu 3a+ or OKT4+ and that
      IgE suppressors are predominantly Leu 2a+ or OKT8+ and are radiosensitive, as
      reported for regulation of other isotypes. However, it is suggested that Leu 3a+
      and OKT4+ cells consist of radioresistant and radiosensitive helper cells and,
      presumably, a minor population of suppressor cells.

PMID- 2892874
TI  - [Comparison of the effects of carteolol and metipranolol eyedrops on the
      ventilatory and cardiovascular functions in asthmatics].
AB  - Systemic effects of two topical B adrenergic blocking agents, carteolol and
      metipranolol, recently introduced in the treatment of open angle chronic
      glaucoma, were investigated in two groups of 10 asthmatic patients, according to
      a controlled trial device. Saline eye drops as placebo, then, 30 mn later beta
      blocker eye-drops, were instillated at usual dose. Heart rate, systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure, vital capacity (VC) and expiratory outflow (FEV1), were
      checked every 15 mn during 90 mn. They did not vary under placebo. After
      carteolol and metipranolol, heart rate decreased more than 10% in 7 out of 10
      patients in each group (extreme individual changes: -16.7 and -25.0%).
      Bradycardia was always sino atrial. FEV1 was lowered in 3 patients with carteolol
      and in 6 with metipranolol (extreme individual values: -32.3 and -31.8%). If time
      is not taken in consideration, the lowest values were -8.6 +/-4.6% with carteolol
      and -17.9 +/- 3.3% with metipranolol. CV was reduced only in 1 patient under
      carteolol and 2 patients under metipranolol. Systemic blood pressure remained
      unchanged. 7 patients complained of ocular pain when metipranolol was
      instillated. Comparison of both ocular topics shows that metipranolol lowers
      heart rate and FEV1 more than carteolol, which has a sympathomimetic intrinsic
      activity. These two drugs have the same clinical efficiency. Our results point
      out the risks outcoming from their systemic diffusion, and the absolute necessity
      to comply with the general rules of good use of beta blockers, even with eye
      drops, mainly the contra-indications and the strict adjustment of individual
      doses.

PMID- 2892876
TI  - Clinical significance of elevated labeled TSH binding (LTB) activity in sera of
      patients with Graves' disease and other thyroid disorders.
AB  - Labeled TSH binding (LTB) of individual serum samples was monitored
      simultaneously using the thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII)
      assay. In 643 TBII determinations, 86 sera (13.4%) showed elevated LTB. The
      incidence of elevated LTB in active Graves' patients (17.5%) was much higher than
      that of inactive Graves' patients (6.7%). After TBII activities were corrected by
      LTB, 79% of the active Graves' patients who had negative raw TBII were found to
      be positive. In patients with untreated active Graves' disease, the detectability
      of TBII increased from 85% to 91% after LTB correction, while those in inactive
      Graves' and other thyroid disorders did not increase so much (1.6 and 0%,
      respectively). Further, most of elevated LTB seen in other thyroid disorders were
      found to be different from those in Graves' disease by heat stability experiment.
      Serial observations of LTB and TBII in 24 Graves' patients showed 2 patterns.
      Parallel alterations were observed in 13 patients and reciprocal alterations in
      11 patients. Patients showing parallel alteration had smaller goiter and were
      more sensitive to antithyroid drugs than those showing the latter pattern.

PMID- 2892875
TI  - Effects of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin on function and morphology of
      xenotransplanted toxic diffuse, toxic nodular and normal thyroid tissue.
AB  - In order to examine the properties of human thyroid tissue, toxic diffuse goiter
      (TDG), toxic nodular goiter (TNG) and normal thyroid tissue were transplanted to
      nude mice. Starting 3 and 10 weeks after the transplantation the mice were given
      14 daily injections of control serum or serum containing thyroid stimulating
      immunoglobulin (TSI). The uptake and release of 125I were repeatedly measured
      externally. The uptake and unstimulated release of 125I was lowest in TDG
      transplants, highest in TNG transplants, and intermediate in transplants of
      normal thyroid tissue. The findings were similar at both 3 and 10 weeks.
      Injections of TSI reduced the biological half-time of the tracer in TDG and
      normal transplants, but had no significant effect on TNG transplants. Light and
      electron microscopic studies showed that hyperplastic TDG tissue underwent
      involution after transplantation, whereas TNG and normal thyroid tissue remained
      unchanged. Injection of TSI reactivated TDG tissue; morphometry showed that the
      absolute and relative volumes of the follicle cells were more than doubled, with
      a corresponding decrease in the volume of the follicle lumen, and mitotic figures
      were common. Similar findings were seen in normal transplants, whereas the effect
      of TSI on TNG tissue was less pronounced. In summary, our observations show that
      serum from a patient with Graves' disease stimulated iodine release and induced
      follicle cell hyperplasia and probably also follicle cell multiplication in
      transplanted normal and TDG tissue, but had a lesser effect on TNG tissue.

PMID- 2892877
TI  - Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin bioactivity during carbimazole therapy as
      measured by the cytochemical bioassay.
AB  - Most assays of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) are unsuitable for the
      quantitation of TSI during the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism because assay
      insensitivity results in some negative responses. Therefore the sensitive
      cytochemical bioassay was used to investigate the effect of carbimazole on TSI
      levels as a possible mechanism for the induction of the increased remission rate
      which is characteristic of thionamide therapy. Twelve patients were studied
      before therapy for de-novo Graves' hyperthyroidism; seven patients consented to a
      detailed prospectively study during block-replace therapy with carbimazole 10mg 6
      hourly with a later addition of T3 20 micrograms 6 hourly when biochemically
      euthyroid. In addition thyroid hormone or T3 suppressed technetium (99m Tc)
      thyroidal uptake was monitored at between weekly and 3 monthly intervals, as well
      as the clinical findings, total T4 total T3, TSH, antimicrosomal antibody titers
      and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA. TSI was detected in all patients before
      treatment but there was no correlation with any other pretreatment measurements.
      During therapy TSI fell (in three different patterns) in 6 out of 7 patients
      studied for between 14-55 weeks (mean 29 weeks). TSI remained unchanged in one
      patient. Only the 99m Tc uptake correlated with TSI activity in the treated
      patients as a group (r = 0.71, p less than 0.001). TSI remained detectable in all
      patients, even in 4 patients in whom T3 suppression of 99m Tc was demonstrated.
      There is some evidence for a carbimazole effect lowering TSI activity, however
      relapse rate did not support this. T3 suppressed 99m Tc uptake may be a sensitive
      in vivo marker of TSI activity.

PMID- 2892878
TI  - Thyroid stimulating antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: an in vitro phenomenon.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the frequency of thyroid stimulating
      immunoglobulins and their possible effect in vivo in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis. Thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) were present in 17 (68%) of 25
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis, whereas only 2 (8%) had thyrotropin binding
      inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII). The groups with and without TSAb were
      comparable with regard to sex, age, anti-inflammatory drugs, serum thyroglobulin
      levels, antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies, rheumatoid factor, as
      well as to the serum levels of thyroxine and 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine. A
      possible stimulating effect of TSAb in vivo was evaluated by an ultrasensitive
      immunoradiometric assay for TSH. Both groups had normal serum TSH levels, and no
      significant difference was found between the two groups suggesting that the
      demonstration of TSAb in vitro is not always associated with a stimulation of the
      thyroid gland in vivo.

PMID- 2892880
TI  - Erythema nodosum following a jellyfish sting.
AB  - At least 100 of the approximately 9,000 species of coelenterates are dangerous to
      humans. The most common syndrome following an envenomation is an immediate
      intense dermatitis, with characteristic skin discoloration, local pain, and
      systemic symptoms. In this case report, we describe a case of erythema nodosum
      with articular manifestations following envenomation with an unknown jellyfish.
      Serological testing of the victim revealed marked elevation of immunoglobulins G
      and M directed against Physalia physalis, the Portuguese man-of-war. The
      patient's condition did not respond to conventional topical therapy for
      coelenterate envenomation, but was successfully managed with systemic
      corticosteroid therapy. This case demonstrates that the emergency physician
      should consider a delayed reaction to a marine envenomation in any victim who
      presents with an acute dermatological disease following immersion in marine
      coastal waters.

PMID- 2892879
TI  - The effects of the antimuscarinic drugs pirenzepine and atropine on plasma portal
      levels of somatostatin and gastrin in the dog.
AB  - The effects of the antimuscarinic drugs pirenzepine and atropine on somatostatin
      and gastrin portal levels under basal conditions and during bethanechol infusion
      have been investigated in anesthetized dogs. Iv bolus administration of
      pirenzepine (1 mg/kg) or atropine (0.1 mg/kg), decreased gastrin concentrations,
      but did not affect basal somatostatin levels. During 120 min of bethanechol
      infusion (160 micrograms/kg/h) gastrin levels increased but somatostatin levels
      were unchanged. Pirenzepine (1 mg/kg iv bolus), administered at the 60th min of
      bethanechol infusion, decreased the gastrin concentrations, and markedly enhanced
      somatostatin levels. Under the same conditions atropine (0.1 mg/kg iv bolus)
      decreased gastrin levels, but had little or no effect on somatostatin levels.
      These results indicate that muscarinic receptors with similar affinity for
      pirenzepine and atropine mediate excitatory cholinergic influences on gastrin
      release. By contrast, muscarinic receptors with higher affinity for pirenzepine
      seem to be involved in the cholinergic inhibition of somatostatin release: by
      selectively blocking these receptors, pirenzepine may increase portal
      somatostatin levels.

PMID- 2892882
TI  - HAPPHY trial: primary prevention against coronary heart disease with beta
      blockers ruled out by HAPPHY?

PMID- 2892881
TI  - Beta-blockers versus diuretics in hypertensive men: main results from the HAPPHY
      trial.
AB  - Men aged 40-64 years with mild to moderate hypertension [diastolic blood pressure
      (DBP) 100-130 mmHg] were randomized to treatment with a diuretic (n = 3272) or a
      beta-blocker (n = 3297), with additional drugs if necessary, to determine whether
      a beta-blocker based treatment differs from thiazide diuretic based treatment
      with regard to the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) events and death.
      Patients with previous CHD, stroke or other serious diseases, or with
      contraindications to diuretics or beta-blockers were excluded. If normotension
      (DBP less than 95 mmHg) was not achieved by monotherapy, other antihypertensive
      drugs were added, but the two basic drugs were not crossed over. Patients were
      assessed at 6-monthly intervals. The mean follow-up for end-points was 45.1
      months. Blood pressure (BP) side effects and end-points were recorded in a
      standardized manner. Entry characteristics and the BP reduction achieved were
      very similar in both treatment groups. All analyses were made on an intention-to
      treat basis. The incidence of CHD did not differ between the two treatment
      groups. The incidence of fatal stroke tended to be lower in the beta-blocker
      treated group than in the diuretic treated group. Total mortality and the total
      number of end-points were similar in both groups. The percentage of patients
      withdrawn due to side effects was similar, whereas the number of reported
      symptoms, according to a questionnaire, was higher for patients on beta-blockers.
      The incidence of diabetes did not differ between the two groups. Subgroup
      analyses did not detect a difference in the effect of beta-blockers compared with
      diuretics in smokers as opposed to non-smokers, and beta-blockers also had the
      same effects as diuretics in the quartile with the highest predicted risk for
      CHD. Beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics were approximately equally well
      tolerated. The two drugs had a similar BP reducing effect although additional
      drugs had to be given more often in the diuretic group. Antihypertensive
      treatment based on a beta-blocker or on a thiazide diuretic could not be shown to
      affect the prevention of hypertensive complications, including CHD, to a
      different extent.

PMID- 2892883
TI  - Sympatholytic effects of the intravenously injected alpha 1-adrenergic blocker,
      bunazosin, in anaesthetized rats.
AB  - Cardiovascular regulation during alpha 1-adrenergic blocker-induced
      vasodepression was investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Intravenous
      (i.v.) injections of bunazosin, an alpha 1-blocker, elicited depressor responses
      which were accompanied by corresponding decreases in both heart rate and
      abdominal sympathetic discharge, dose-dependently. Those responses were not
      affected by the bilateral sino-aortic de-afferentation. Assuming that the site of
      action is in the central nervous system, bunazosin was injected
      intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). It produced hypotension accompanied by
      decreases in heart rate and abdominal sympathetic nerve activity. The magnitude
      of the responses was greater when bunazosin was injected i.c.v. than when
      injected i.v. Since these results indicated that the central alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptors mediate vasopressor responses, the effects of i.c.v. injections of an
      alpha 1-agonist, phenylephrine was explored. It elicited vasopressor responses
      accompanied by corresponding increases in heart rate and abdominal sympathetic
      nerve activity. Furthermore, i.c.v. pretreatment with bunazosin abolished the
      vasopressor responses to i.c.v. injections of phenylephrine. These results
      indicate that central alpha 1-adrenergic receptors mediate vasopressor responses
      and that i.v. injections of alpha 1-blockers affect the central alpha 1
      receptors, to produce a decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. Consequently,
      alpha 1-adrenergic blockers decrease blood pressure not only by peripheral
      vasodilation but also by inhibition of the sympathetic outflow in rats.

PMID- 2892884
TI  - Polymorphism of the HLA-D region in American blacks. A DR3 haplotype generated by
      recombination.
AB  - The polymorphism of HLA class II molecules in man is particularly evident when
      comparisons between population groups are made. This study describes a DR3
      haplotype commonly present in the American black population. Unlike the Northern
      European population in which almost all DR3 individuals are DQw2, approximately
      50% of DR3-positive American blacks express a serologically undefined DQ allelic
      product. DNA restriction fragment analysis with the use of several unrelated
      individuals and an informative family has allowed us to identify unique DQ alpha-
      and beta-fragments associated with the DR3, DQw- haplotype. Based on fragment
      size, the DQ alpha genes of the DR3, DQw- and DRw8, DQw- haplotypes are similar
      as are the DQ beta genes of DR3, DQw-; DRw8, DQw-; and DR4, DQw- haplotypes. In
      addition, a DX beta gene polymorphism has been identified which is associated
      with some DR3 haplotypes including the American black DR3, DQw- haplotype. cDNA
      sequence analysis has revealed a DQw2-like alpha gene and a DQ beta gene which is
      similar to that previously described for a DR4, DQw- haplotype. It is postulated
      that recombination between DQ alpha and DQ beta genes and between the DQ and DX
      subregions has generated the various DR3 haplotypes and has played an important
      role in creating diversity in the HLA-D region.

PMID- 2892885
TI  - The E beta hot spot of recombination in wild-derived natural recombinant MHC
      haplotypes. Cross-over site mapping and the identification of a 1.0-kb E beta
      deletion in the p and w14 haplotypes.
AB  - Detailed molecular analysis of three wild-derived MHC haplotypes provided
      evidence for an important role of the E beta recombinational hot spot in the
      recent evolution of the mouse I region. Examination of RFLP and restriction maps
      of cloned DNA permitted the mapping of the natural cross-over events in the
      haplotypes carried by strains B10.GAA37 (w21) and B10.KPB128 (w19) to a fragment
      of DNA not exceeding 4.1 kb, which lies almost entirely within the intron
      separating the beta 1 and beta 2 exons of the E beta gene. In the w14 haplotype
      (strain B10.STC77), which appears to be a natural recombinant between a p-like
      parental haplotype and another wild-derived haplotype, the site of crossing over
      can be mapped to a segment between the beta 2 exon of the E beta gene (left
      border) and the E beta 2 gene (right border). This segment containing the cross
      over site in the w14 haplotype includes the E beta hot spot. In addition, the w14
      haplotype as well as the standard p haplotype contain a deletion of approximately
      1.0 kb in the second intron of the E beta gene, which may represent the product
      of an unequal cross-over event in a E beta recombinational hot spot.

PMID- 2892886
TI  - [The clinical value of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen in patients with gynecologic
      tumors].
AB  - In order to estimate the clinical significance of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen, the
      antigen was measured with an "FH-6" Otsuka Kit in sera from patients with various
      gynecologic tumors. Among the patients with uterine malignancies and benign
      ovarian tumors, the incidence of elevated sialyl SSEA-1 antigen levels was very
      low. However, among the patients with ovarian malignancies, serum sialyl SSEA-1
      antigen was significantly increased in the following order: clinical stage I
      (40%), stage II (67%) and stage III (75%). The serum antigen values were also
      correlated with the effect of treatment. In addition, high antigen values were
      also observed in all 14 malignant ovarian cyst fluids tested. The
      immunohistochemical localization of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen was determined by an
      immunoperoxidase method using FH-6 monoclonal antibody. A weak positive reaction
      was observed in normal glands of female genital tracts. However, the intense
      staining was shown on the mocus materials or on the luminal surface of some
      malignant glands as well as in the cytoplasm of some adenocarcinoma cells of
      gynecologic malignancies, although there were few positive cases or positive
      cells. Thus, sialyl SSEA-1 antigen appears to be a useful marker in the diagnosis
      of ovarian malignancies.

PMID- 2892887
TI  - [Medical vagotomy: a new effective antiemetic therapy in cisplatin-induced nausea
      and vomiting].

PMID- 2892889
TI  - Improvement of tardive dyskinesia associated with electroconvulsive therapy.
AB  - This report describes a 54-year-old white woman who developed a persistent
      tardive dyskinesia after receiving neuroleptics for a manic episode. Although a
      variety of treatments were attempted, her tardive dyskinesia remained essentially
      unchanged for 5 years. It dramatically improved when she received
      electroconvulsive therapy for a depressive episode, however. This improvement has
      now been maintained for 14 months. Based on this observation, we suggest the use
      of electroconvulsive therapy in cases of persistent tardive dyskinesia that is
      unresponsive to treatment, if it is associated with a concurrent affective
      disorder requiring treatment.

PMID- 2892888
TI  - Strengthening of synaptic inputs after elimination of a single neurone
      innervating the same target.
AB  - The problem of 'competition' between neurones innervating the same target can be
      studied in simple neural systems such as the central nervous system of the leech
      and the lobster neuromuscular junction. Intracellular injection of pronase to
      kill selectively a single neurone shows that, in the leech, removal of one
      neurone is a sufficient signal to produce compensatory changes. After removal of
      a given neurone, only neurones of the same function respond to innervate the
      'vacant territory'. This was shown both for a motor neurone (annulus erector) and
      sensory neurones (T or N). Thus the response is very specific. The lobster
      neuromuscular junction, with its multiple excitatory and inhibitory innervation,
      has advantages for the study of changes in synaptic efficacy of the remaining
      neurones after removal of a defined neurone releasing the same or a different
      transmitter. Killing the inhibitory neurone produced prolongation of the
      excitatory synaptic current because of a prolonged channel open time. When an
      excitatory axon is killed the remaining excitatory axon releases more
      transmitter. Over a period of 10 days, there is first a strengthening of existing
      synapses, then the appearance of new release sites and sprouting. Only those
      terminals of a neurone that innervate a territory with reduced innervation become
      stronger, while other terminals of the same axon remain normal. Cutting of axons
      produces different responses from those seen after killing single neurones.

PMID- 2892890
TI  - Kainic acid inhibits the synaptosomal plasma membrane glutamate carrier and
      allows glutamate leakage from the cytoplasm but does not affect glutamate
      exocytosis.
AB  - Kainate inhibits the exchange of D-aspartate into guinea-pig cerebrocortical
      synaptosomes. Kainate inhibits the Ca2+-independent efflux of endogenous
      glutamate in the presence of a trapping system for the released amino acid but
      potentiates a Ca2+-independent net efflux of endogenous and labelled glutamate
      and aspartate in the absence of the trap. Dihydrokainate has a similar effect. No
      discrepancy is seen between the release of endogenous and exogenously accumulated
      amino acid. These results are consistent with the presence of a slow leak of
      glutamate or aspartate from the cytoplasm independent of the kainate-sensitive
      Na+-cotransport pathway. In the presence of the trap, glutamate effluxes by both
      pathways, whereas in the absence of the trap, the Na+-cotransport pathway opposes
      the leak. Neither in the presence or absence of the glutamate trap does kainate
      induce, inhibit, or otherwise affect the Ca2+-dependent release of endogenous
      glutamate. The results enable many of the apparent complexities in the
      presynaptic actions of kainate to be resolved.

PMID- 2892891
TI  - Induction of glutamine synthetase in rat astrocytes by co-cultivation with
      embryonic chick neurons.
AB  - Co-cultivation of confluent rat astrocyte cultures with embryonic chick neurons
      resulted in induction of glutamine synthetase activity in the astrocytes. This
      induction of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes by neurons was independent of
      induction by hydrocortisone and forskolin, but was dependent on the length of co
      cultivation and the number of neurons present in the co-culture. Cycloheximide
      and actinomycin D inhibited the induction of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes
      by neurons, whereas cytosine arabinoside had no apparent effect. Results suggest
      that this induction of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes is mediated by cell
      contact with neurons and may represent a specific neuronal and glial interaction.

PMID- 2892892
TI  - Interaction of L-prolyl-L-leucyl glycinamide with dopamine D2 receptor: evidence
      for modulation of agonist affinity states in bovine striatal membranes.
AB  - The role of the hypothalamic tripeptide L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) in
      modulating the agonist binding to bovine striatal dopamine D2 receptor was
      investigated using a selective high-affinity agonist, n-propylnorapomorphine
      (NPA). PLG caused an enhancement in [3H]NPA binding in striatal membranes in a
      dose-dependent manner, the maximum effect being observed at 10(-7)-10(-6) M
      concentration of the tripeptide. The Scatchard analysis of [3H]NPA binding to
      membranes preincubated with 10(-6) M PLG revealed a significant increase in the
      affinity of the agonist binding sites. In contrast, there was no effect of PLG on
      the binding pattern of the antagonist [3H]spiroperidol. The antagonist versus
      agonist competition curves analyzed for agonist high- and low-affinity states of
      the receptor displayed an increase in the population and affinity of the high
      affinity form of the receptor with PLG treatment. The low-affinity sites
      concomitantly decreased with relatively small change in the affinity for the
      agonists. Almost similar results were obtained when either NPA or apomorphine was
      used in the competition experiments. A partial antagonistic effect of PLG on 5'
      guanylylimidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]-induced inhibition of high-affinity agonist
      binding was also observed, as the ratio of high- to low-affinity forms of the
      receptor was significantly higher in the PLG-treated membranes compared to the
      controls. Direct [3H]NPA binding experiments demonstrated that PLG attenuated the
      Gpp(NH)p-induced inhibition of agonist binding by increasing the EC50 of the
      nucleotide (concentration that inhibits 50% of the specific binding). No effect
      of PLG on high-affinity [3H]NPA binding, however, could be observed when the
      striatal membranes were preincubated with Gpp(NH)p.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2892893
TI  - Analysis of the 5' region of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: combinatorial
      patterns of exon splicing generate multiple regulated tyrosine hydroxylase
      isoforms.
AB  - A single human gene has been described to encode multiple tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) mRNAs. The study of this variation has been extended by S1 mapping
      experiments and by analysis of the 5' region of the TH gene. Four different mRNAs
      were found to originate solely from alternative splicing of two exons. Comparison
      of the 5' flanking regions of human and rat genes discloses several highly
      conserved segments, likely to play an important role in the regulation of TH gene
      expression.

PMID- 2892894
TI  - Antiserum to scrapie-associated fibril protein reacts with amyloid plaques in
      familial transmissible dementia.
AB  - Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) are disease-specific markers for the
      unconventional agent-induced, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
      Polyclonal rabbit antiserum to SAF protein was reacted with brain sections from
      scrapie-infected mice, two familial cases of transmissible dementia, and three
      cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specific immunostaining of cerebral amyloid
      plaques occurred in the scrapie-infected mice and in the two familial cases of
      transmissible dementia. No immunoreactivity was detected in senile plaques or
      neurofibrillary tangles in the three cases of AD. Our results suggest that SAF,
      the causative pathogenic agent, and extracellular deposits of amyloid in the
      brain are closely related. Immunohistochemical detection of SAF protein could
      serve as a useful diagnostic adjunct in the postmortem evaluation of difficult
      cases of dementia. The identification of SAF protein in the brains of two
      affected members of a family combining the clinical and pathological features of
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and the Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome (GSS)
      substantiates earlier conclusions of a nosological relationship between the two.
      Our study provides further evidence of the similarity of SAF protein to prion
      protein (PrP 27-30).

PMID- 2892895
TI  - Comparative studies on the effects of beta-adrenergic blockers in essential
      tremor.
AB  - To establish the criteria for the selection of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent
      (beta-blockers) suitable for the long-term treatment of tremor, 20 patients with
      essential tremor were treated with five different types of beta-blockers. All
      beta-blockers were effective for essential tremor, but their efficacy differed.
      The weaker the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and the more marked the
      membrane stabilizing activity (MSA), the more marked was the anti-tremor effect.
      Propranolol, which showed the strongest anti-tremor effect, had no ISA, but its
      long-term administration induced symptoms of heart failure, such as pretibial
      oedema, in most cases. In most of these cases, when propranolol was replaced by
      indenolol, which showed a very slight ISA, the pretibial oedema subsided and well
      controlled tremor was maintained over a long period. With regard to efficacy and
      usefulness, it was thought that the beta-blockers with a very slight ISA and a
      marked MSA, such as indenolol, was most suitable for the long-term treatment of
      essential tremor.

PMID- 2892896
TI  - Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture: attenuation by
      NMDA antagonists.
AB  - The antagonist pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity was quantitatively
      examined in murine cortical cell cultures. Addition of 1-3 mM DL-2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (APV), or its active isomer D-APV, acutely to the exposure
      solution selectively blocked the neuroexcitation and neuronal cell selectively
      blocked the neuroexcitation and neuronal cell loss produced by N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA), with relatively little effect on that produced by either
      kainate or quisqualate. As expected, this selective NMDA receptor blockade only
      partially reduced the neuroexcitation or acute neuronal swelling produced by the
      broad-spectrum agonist glutamate; surprisingly, however, this blockade was
      sufficient to reduce glutamate-induced neuronal cell loss markedly. Lower
      concentrations of APV or D-APV had much less protective effect, suggesting that
      the blockade of a large number of NMDA receptors was required to acutely
      antagonize glutamate neurotoxicity. This requirement may be caused by the
      amplification of small amounts of acute glutamate-induced injury by subsequent
      release of endogenous NMDA agonists from injured neurons, as the "late" addition
      of 10-1000 microM APV or D-APV (after termination of glutamate exposure) also
      reduced resultant neuronal damage. If APV or D-APV were present both during and
      after glutamate exposure, a summation dose-protection relationship was obtained,
      showing substantial protective efficacy at low micromolar antagonist
      concentrations. Screening of several other excitatory amino acid antagonists
      confirmed that the ability to antagonize glutamate neurotoxicity might correlate
      with ability to block NMDA-induced neuroexcitation: The reported NMDA antagonists
      ketamine and DL-2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoate, as well as the broad-spectrum
      antagonist kynurenate, were all found to attenuate glutamate neurotoxicity
      substantially; whereas gamma-D-glutamylaminomethyl sulfonate and L-glutamate
      diethyl ester, compounds reported to block predominantly quisqualate or kainate
      receptors, did not affect glutamate neurotoxicity. The present study suggests
      that glutamate neurotoxicity may be predominantly mediated by the activation of
      the NMDA subclass of glutamate receptors--occurring both directly, during
      exposure to exogenous compound, and indirectly, due to the subsequent release of
      endogenous NMDA agonists. Given other studies linking NMDA receptors to channels
      with unusually high calcium permeability, this suggestion is consistent with
      previous data showing that glutamate neurotoxicity depends heavily on
      extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2892897
TI  - Identification of the neuropeptide transmitter proctolin in Drosophila larvae:
      characterization of muscle fiber-specific neuromuscular endings.
AB  - The cellular localization of the peptide neurotransmitter proctolin was
      determined for larvae of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Proctolin was
      recovered from the CNS, hindgut, and segmental bodywall using reverse-phase HPLC,
      and characterized by bioassay, immunoassay, and enzymatic analysis. A small,
      stereotyped population of proctolin-immunoreactive neurons was found in the
      larval CNS. Several of the identified neurons may be efferents. In the periphery,
      proctolin-immunoreactive neuromuscular endings were identified on both visceral
      and skeletal muscle fibers. On the hindgut, the neuropeptide is associated with
      endings on intrinsic circular muscle fibers. We propose that the hindgut muscle
      fibers are innervated by central neurons homologous to previously described
      proctolinergic efferents of grasshoppers. The segmental bodywall innervation
      consists of a pattern of segment-specific junctions on several singly
      identifiable muscle fibers. While it is generally accepted that Drosophila muscle
      fibers are innervated by glutamatergic motoneurons, our data indicate that a
      specialized subset of muscle fibers are also innervated by peptidergic efferents.

PMID- 2892898
TI  - Dentate granule cells are essential for kainic acid-induced wet dog shakes but
      not for seizures.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the role that dentate granule cells
      play in wet dog shakes (WDS), behavioral seizures, and hippocampal cell loss
      caused by systemic administration of kainic acid (KA). Rats were given bilateral
      injections of colchicine (COL) into the hippocampal formation to selectively
      lesion dentate granule cells. Two weeks later, they were injected subcutaneously
      with KA and were observed for WDS and seizures. Seizures were terminated with
      pentobarbital 2.5 hr after KA injection, and the rats were killed 48 hr later.
      The integrity of hippocampal cell populations and projections to the hippocampal
      formation from entorhinal cortex was assessed with radioimmunoassay and
      immunostaining for methionine-enkephalin (ME) and dynorphin (DYN) A, as well as
      with Timm and Nissl staining. Results indicate that COL injections eliminated KA
      induced WDS, did not affect the latency to onset of seizures, and potentiated KA
      induced cell loss in the CA3 region of hippocampus. COL lesions eliminated ME and
      DYN immunostaining of granule cells, but not ME immunostaining of entorhinal
      afferents to the dentate gyrus or Ammon's horn. These findings indicate that
      granule cells are an essential neuronal link in the expression of KA-induced WDS,
      but that seizures propagate along other pathways in the limbic system.

PMID- 2892899
TI  - Effect of partial denervation and terminal field expansion on neuromuscular
      transmitter release and nerve terminal structure.
AB  - The efficacy of evoked ACh release by intact and newly sprouted terminals in
      response to partial denervation and expansion of the motor neuron terminal field
      was studied in mouse soleus muscle after section of the L-5 spinal root. From 2
      to 4 d after partial denervation until 90 d later, only 3-7 motor units of the
      normal 21 remained. Regeneration of the dissected nerve was prevented while the
      remaining motor units were sprouting. The indirect twitch, which was only 20% of
      direct twitch tension 2-4 d after nerve section, recovered between 28 and 50 d
      postoperatively. However, the depression of twitch in low Ca/high Mg solution,
      which was equal to control 2-3 d postoperatively, was 2-3 times more depressed
      than control by 50 d and remained so up to 90 d. This indicated persistent
      reduction of the safety factor in sprouted motor units. Intracellular measurement
      of quantal content in 0.4 mM Ca, 2.75 mM Mg revealed 2 groups of nerve terminals
      in partially denervated muscle. The quantal content of the first group was
      greater than contralateral control at earlier times (28-50 d) and only slightly
      greater than control later (74 and 90 d). This group consisted of the original
      undenervated terminals, since it was associated with normal miniature endplate
      potential (MEPP) frequency and end-plate potential (EPP) latency, and presumably
      with the class of fibers with normal (zinc iodide osmium-stained) nerve terminal
      morphology and occasional large myelinated preterminal axons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892900
TI  - Glycine and glycine receptor immunoreactivity in brain and spinal cord.
AB  - To study the distribution of glycine immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord
      and brain, antisera were raised against glycine conjugated to protein carriers.
      High-titer rabbit glycine antiserum was purified by affinity chromatography.
      Testing against other amino acids and peptides with immuno dot blots and ELISA
      assays showed little apparent cross-reaction with glutamate, aspartate,
      glutamine, taurine, and 17 other amino acids and related compounds. Similarly,
      the antiserum showed little apparent recognition of glycine when glycine was
      incorporated into peptides. A slight cross-reactivity with GABA, beta-alanine,
      and cysteine was found. Immunocytochemical labeling of tissue sections could be
      blocked with glycine conjugated to a heterologous carrier protein but not by
      other amino acids conjugated to that protein. Immunocytochemistry at the light
      microscope level with immunofluorescence and silver-intensified colloidal gold
      revealed a wide distribution of glycine-like immunoreactivity throughout all
      laminae of the rat spinal cord and in all segments studied from the cervical,
      thoracic, lumbar, and sacral cord. Immunoreactive boutons were found terminating
      on both cell bodies and on dendrites. Ultrastructural analysis with postembedding
      colloidal gold immunocytochemistry demonstrated large numbers of immunoreactive
      boutons making symmetrical type synapses with neuronal perikarya, including motor
      neurons, and with proximal and distal dendrites. Presynaptic glycine
      immunoreactive boutons were found in both ventral and dorsal horn.
      Immunoreactivity was concentrated over regions rich in vesicles, and over
      mitochondria in immunoreactive boutons, but not over mitochondria in postsynaptic
      dendrites. Glycine-immunoreactive perikarya were identified both in the dorsal
      horn and in the ventral horn. Myelinated and unmyelinated glycine-immunoreactive
      axons were noted both in the gray and white matter of the cord. The density of
      immunoreactive axons varied in the white matter, with the greatest number of
      immunoreactive axons found in the white matter adjacent to the gray matter in
      lateral and ventral white. Significantly fewer immunoreactive axons were found in
      the white matter of the dorsal columns. Myelin sheaths around axons were
      unlabeled. The distribution of glycine-immunoreactive boutons correlated well
      with the distribution of glycine receptor immunoreactivity on postsynaptic
      elements of the spinal cord, tested with different monoclonal antisera against
      strychnine-purified glycine receptor. Glycine receptor immunoreactivity was found
      throughout the gray matter of both rat and primate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2892901
TI  - Health problems of data entry clerks and related job stressors.
AB  - A study was made of health problems reported by data entry clerks working in two
      large data pools within the Quebec Public Service Administration. In order to
      collect the data, 350 clerks answered a questionnaire, representing a return rate
      of 92%. The results indicate that, in comparison with women in other occupations,
      the data entry clerks have a high rate of occurrence of psychiatric symptoms
      (measured by the Ilfeld index) as well as a high degree of use of over-the
      counter and prescription drugs. In addition, these two problems are more
      prevalent in full-time clerks than in part-time clerks. The psychiatric symptoms
      appear related to the combined influence of two main factors: work overload and
      the monotony of work specialization. A third factor, the quality of the
      relationships among workers in the pool, also seemed to affect the regular full
      time clerks.

PMID- 2892902
TI  - Hypokalemia and respiratory arrest in an infant with status asthmaticus.

PMID- 2892903
TI  - Gastrointestinal peptide profile in children with celiac disease.
AB  - In order to investigate if a plasma profile of gastrointestinal peptides reflects
      changes in jejunal mucosa in celiac disease, we studied basal and postprandial
      plasma levels of gastrin, secretin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide (VIP), and neurotensin in children with untreated and treated celiac
      disease and in a control group of children. Basal and 30-min postprandial
      secretin concentrations were statistically significantly lower in untreated
      celiac children compared to both treated celiac (p less than 0.01 and p less than
      0.05, respectively) and control children (p less than 0.001). Plasma secretin
      levels 30 min after a breakfast meal were also statistically significantly lower
      (p less than 0.001) in treated celiac children with respect to the control group.
      In both untreated and treated celiac groups, basal and postprandial plasma levels
      of somatostatin and VIP were statistically significantly decreased (p less than
      0.001) compared to control children. Moreover, there was a significant rise in
      postprandial levels of neurotensin after a breakfast meal in untreated celiac
      children. On the contrary, there was no rise of neurotensin in healthy children.
      These findings seem to indicate that determination of plasma profile of
      gastrointestinal peptides in children with celiac disease may be useful in
      monitoring the development of this disease and, thus, the number of jejunal
      biopsies could be decreased.

PMID- 2892904
TI  - Use of a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in controlling a
      significant ileal output in a 5-year-old child.
AB  - We report the efficacy of a long-acting somatostatin analogue, associated with
      conventional therapy, in controlling profuse ileostomy losses in a child with
      short bowel syndrome following a volvulus. The first therapeutic effects of the
      treatment [50 to 100 micrograms/day of SMS 201-995 (Sandoz Ltd.) subcutaneously]
      appeared 48 h after institution. Ileal output was reduced on an average from
      1,800 to 600 ml. The transit time to the ileostomy was prolonged from 20 to 360
      min. The loss of chloride and sodium was reduced. Clinical tolerance was good.
      This treatment allowed rapid weaning of parenteral nutrition and implementation
      of a constant rate enteral infusion with rapid nutritional restitution.
      Hospitalization was shortened and this treatment raises future opportunities in
      the short bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2892905
TI  - Differential distribution of digestive enzymes in isolated epithelial cells from
      developing human fetal small intestine and colon.
AB  - The human fetal colon has morphological and biochemical characteristics similar
      to that of the small intestine during development. A comparative study of these
      two organs was undertaken by selectively isolating their respective epithelium at
      different ages of gestation. Histological and biochemical analysis revealed a
      complete and selective removal of the epithelium from the underlying tissue
      regardless of their stage of development. Intestinal and colonic epithelial cells
      showed substantial differences with respect to protein content and distribution.
      All brush border membrane enzymes studied were present in the colon, although in
      much lower quantities than in the corresponding intestine. Between 90 and 99% of
      total disaccharidases, glucoamylase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities
      were recovered in the isolated cells. Epithelial content and distribution of
      alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity differed markedly, however, between these two
      tissues. More than 45% of intestinal ALP activity was of nonepithelial origin at
      15 weeks, and this percentage increased in a craniocaudal fashion to reach
      greater than 93% in the 18-week-old colon. Inhibition studies using phenylalanine
      and levamisole showed that these intestinal and colonic isoenzymes are similar in
      nature although they differ in their respective distribution. The use of pure
      fractions of epithelial cells provides an ideal system in which to compare
      specifically the functional development of intestinal and colonic epithelium.

PMID- 2892906
TI  - [Reactions and interactions of drugs according to "Drug Reactions and
      Interactions" by P.F. D'Arcy].

PMID- 2892907
TI  - Investigations of the solubilization kinetics of binary mixtures of non-polar
      oils by non-ionic surfactants.
AB  - An investigation of the solubilization kinetics of binary mixtures of non-polar
      oils by a non-ionic surfactant has been made using the drop-on-fibre technique.
      Variables studied were the oil composition, surfactant concentration and the
      temperature. Rates vary linearly with the surfactant concentration for all oil
      compositions. The observed rate during nearly total solubilization of each oil
      drop was constant, implying that in these systems solubilization is non
      selective. The rates increase as the lower consolute (cloud) temperature of the
      surfactant is approached. Activation energies of the solubilization process are
      shown to be independent of the oil composition for the system studied. This
      suggests that the important stage of the process involves dissociation of the
      surfactant micelles.

PMID- 2892908
TI  - Characterization of in-vitro drug release and biological activity of methotrexate
      bovine serum albumin conjugates.
AB  - Two series of methotrexate (MTX)-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates have been
      prepared containing either 96 +/- 16 mg (mean +/- s.d.) or 32 +/- 13 mg of MTX
      per gram of conjugate. The conjugates released MTX in-vitro in a biphasic manner,
      the release rate being dependent on the quantity of MTX in the conjugate and on
      the pH of the release medium. An initial rapid release over 6 h appears to be due
      to physically adsorbed MTX with the slower secondary release due to covalently
      bound drug. The conjugates retain a degree of antineoplastic activity in-vitro,
      but this might be related to the small fraction of MTX that is tightly physically
      bound.

PMID- 2892910
TI  - In-vitro biotransformation of antipyrine, lignocaine and propranolol in the liver
      of rats with turpentine-induced inflammation.
AB  - In rats with inflammation induced by turpentine injection, changes in drug
      disposition occur in-vivo and in the perfused isolated liver. Therefore the
      biotransformation of a low extraction drug, antipyrine, and of two high
      extraction drugs, lignocaine and propranolol, has been evaluated in the 9000g
      supernatant fraction of the liver of turpentine-treated rats. Aminopyrine N
      demethylase activity and cytochrome P450 content were also measured. Turpentine
      treatment significantly reduced the in-vitro breakdown of the three drugs;
      aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P450 content were also
      decreased. Similar results were found in the proadifen-treated rats, except that
      in those, the cytochrome P450 content was slightly increased. The changes in drug
      disposition seen after turpentine-induced inflammation, could therefore be due in
      part to a change in hepatic enzymatic activity.

PMID- 2892909
TI  - The activity of 25 paroxetine/femoxetine structure variants in various reactions,
      assumed to be important for the effect of antidepressants.
AB  - Structure-activity relationships for 25 structural variants around the 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitors paroxetine and femoxetine have been
      investigated. Three parameters related to the 5-HT system were investigated: (i)
      The inhibition of [3H]5-HT uptake into rat brain synaptosomes, (ii) the
      inhibition of [3H]paroxetine binding to rat neuronal membranes and (iii) the
      effect of the compounds on the affinity of [3H]imipramine for the human platelet
      membrane binding site, measured as the dissociation rate of the [3H]imipramine
      human platelet membrane binding site complex. A highly significant correlation
      was found for 5-HT uptake inhibition and inhibition of [3H]paroxetine binding for
      the different substances, indicating that the two parameters are closely
      connected. However the slope of the regression line was only 0.6 and not 1.0;
      this may indicate that [3H]paroxetine binding is necessary, but not sufficient
      for 5-HT uptake inhibition. No correlation was found between the inhibition of
      [3H]paroxetine binding and the affinity of the compounds for the [3H]imipramine
      binding site complex. The two binding sites are therefore probably situated on
      different parts of the 5-HT transport system, the [3H]paroxetine binding site
      being part of the 5-HT transport mechanism whereas the [3H]imipramine binding
      site may represent a site modulating the activity of, and affinity for, 5-HT in
      the 5-HT transport mechanism. Structure-activity relationships among the
      substances showed that stereochemical changes from (-)- to (+)-trans changed the
      activity towards both 5-HT uptake inhibition and [3H]paroxetine displacement for
      most of the (-)-/(+)-pairs. The substitution of -H with -F or -CH3 also affected
      the activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892911
TI  - Effect of triglyceride on small intestinal absorption of cefoxitin in rats.
AB  - Coadministration of trilaurin or monolaurin with sodium cefoxitin increased its
      absorption from the small intestine of the rat. Its absorption from the rectum
      was effected to a lesser extent except when lipase was present. Lipase, a natural
      constituent of the small intestine fluid, may therefore be essential for the
      adjuvant action of trilaurin on cefoxitin absorption across the intestinal
      membrane. Among the triglycerides used, trilaurin and tricaprin were the most
      effective enhancers of cefoxitin absorption. Both the rate of degradation of
      triglyceride to its fatty acid component and subsequently the rate of fatty acid
      absorption were factors influencing the enhancing action. Maintenance of fatty
      acid concentration at the small intestinal absorption site was shown to be
      necessary to obtain a cefoxitin bioavailability of up to 70%.

PMID- 2892913
TI  - The neuromuscular blocking effect of trimetaphan alone and in combination with
      different non-depolarizing muscle relaxants in the rat.
AB  - The effect of trimetaphan alone and in combination with pancuronium, tubocurarine
      or metocurine (dimethyl tubocurarine) has been examined on the rat phrenic nerve
      diaphragm preparation. Trimetaphan alone produced neuromuscular blockade in an
      all-or-none fashion once a concentration of between 2.39 X 10(-4) and 3.00 X 10(
      4) M had been exceeded. Concentrations of trimetaphan below this threshold
      produced a dose-dependent potentiation of all three non-depolarizing relaxants
      studied. This potentiation was equal for tubocurarine and metocurine, but less
      for pancuronium.

PMID- 2892912
TI  - Enhancement of jejunal and colonic absorption of fosfomycin by promoters in the
      rat.
AB  - A means of enhancing absorption of the antibiotic, fosfomycin, has been
      investigated using promoters in rat jejunum and colon. Polyoxyethylene lauryl
      ether (BL-9EX), saponin, the sodium salts of fatty acids and mixed micelles were
      effective at 1% in increasing fosfomycin absorption. Of the sodium salts of
      saturated medium-chain fatty acids examined, the strength of this effect was in
      the order caprate greater than laurate greater than caprylate. Mixed micelles,
      consisting of fusogenic lipids and sodium taurocholate, enhanced fosfomycin
      absorption independently of the degree of unsaturation of the lipids; their
      effectiveness far exceeded that of sodium taurocholate alone. The action of these
      promoters was more evident in the colon than in the jejunum, except for the
      sodium salts of bile acids and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-2Na).
      The effects of glycocholate and taurocholate were essentially the same at both
      absorption sites, but that of EDTA-2Na was much greater in the jejunum than the
      colon. Improved fosfomycin absorption was observed at more than 0.5% sodium
      caprate concentrations in both the jejunum and colon. BL-9EX was effective at
      0.1% in the jejunum or at 0.05% in the colon. The effectiveness at these low
      concentrations demonstrates the practicality of promoters for improving
      fosfomycin absorption with only minor membrane damage, especially in the colon.

PMID- 2892914
TI  - Eating caused by neuropeptide-Y injection in the paraventricular hypothalamus:
      response to (+)-fenfluramine and (+)-amphetamine in rats.
AB  - (+)-Fenfluramine and (+)-amphetamine have been compared for their ability to
      reduce food intake in food-deprived rats or eating caused by injecting
      neuropeptide-Y in the paraventricular hypothalamus of free feeding rats. (+)
      Fenfluramine at doses ranging from 0.625 to 5 mg kg-1 reduced eating caused by
      neuropeptide-Y more effectively than it did the food intake of food-deprived
      rats, whereas (+)-amphetamine (dose range 0.625-2.5 mg kg-1) reduced both types
      of eating to a similar extent. The results confirm that (+)-fenfluramine,
      although less potent than (+)-amphetamine in reducing eating by food-deprived
      rats, markedly reduces overeating caused by various endogenous substances or
      stress in free feeding rats. The physiological significance of the neuropeptide-Y
      induced eating and its control by (+)-fenfluramine remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2892915
TI  - Influence of the new antihypertensive drug, SM-2470 (a quinazoline derivative),
      on cholesterol metabolism in rats.
AB  - The influence of SM-2470 (4-amino-2-(4-[bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-2-ene-5-carbonyl]-1
      piperazinyl)- 6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline), a new antihypertensive agent, on
      cholesterol metabolism was investigated in hypercholesterolaemic rats, using the
      dual isotope method (cholesterol absorption) and the intestinal ligated loop
      method (cholesterol uptake). In the hypercholesterolaemic model, 1-30 mg kg-1
      doses of SM-2470 significantly inhibited the elevation of the total serum
      cholesterol and very low and low density lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL)-cholesterol,
      without causing any change in the hepatic cholesterol level. In a dual isotope
      model experiment, SM-2470 (10, 30 mg kg-1) inhibited the intestinal absorption of
      cholesterol, but did not affect biliary excretion of sterol and/or bile acids,
      nor did it affect cholesterol movement from the liver to blood. In the intestinal
      ligated loop method, SM-2470 remarkably inhibited the mucosal uptake of
      cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner in 0.5-2.0 mg mL-1 of micellar solution.
      In addition, SM-2470 inhibited micellar formation in-vitro, which increased the
      distribution of large sized micelles as well as cholesterol absorption
      inhibitors. From these results, it can be assumed that a possible mechanism
      behind the hypocholesterolaemic effect of SM-2470 is the inhibition of
      cholesterol absorption related to the reduction of cholesterol solubilization,
      occurring in the gut micelles, similar to the action of plant sterol.

PMID- 2892916
TI  - Selective agonists and antagonists for 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes, and
      interactions with yohimbine and FG 7142 using the elevated plus-maze test in the
      rat.
AB  - The effects of some 5-HT receptor ligands were investigated on measures of
      anxiety in an elevated plus-maze test in the rat. Quipazine (2 and 4 mg kg-1), a
      non-specific 5-HT agonist and ritanserin (0.25-10 mg kg-1), a 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonist displayed anxiogenic profiles by reducing both of the measures of
      anxiety used in this test. Two 5-HT1A receptor ligands, buspirone (4 and 8 mg kg
      1) and ipsapirone (2.5-10 mg kg-1) and the 5-HT1 agonist, RU 24969 (0.1875-1.5 mg
      kg-1) significantly reduced only the percentage of time spent on the open arms. (
      )-Propranolol (5 and 10 mg kg-1), a 5-HT1 receptor antagonist significantly
      reduced only the percentage of entries made onto the open arms. Metergoline (4 mg
      kg-1), a non-specific 5-HT antagonist displayed anxiolytic effects in this test
      by increasing both measures of anxiety. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT
      (0.0625-0.25 mg kg-1) had no effect on either of the measures of anxiety. The
      results from the non-specific ligands (quipazine and metergoline) are consistent
      with the theory that a reduction in 5-HT function reduces anxiety. However, in
      spite of their more selective effects on 5-HT receptors the results in this test
      from the more specific ligands are not consistent with a strong involvement of
      any single receptor subtype. The interaction studies with yohimbine and FG 7142
      (beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methylamide) provided no clear evidence for a major
      role of 5-HT pathways in the mediation of their anxiogenic effects.

PMID- 2892917
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril (MK521) in healthy young and elderly subjects and
      in elderly patients with cardiac failure.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of lisinopril were determined in 6 healthy young, 6 healthy
      elderly and 6 elderly patients with cardiac failure. Lisinopril (5 mg day-1) was
      administered for 7 days. Plasma lisinopril concentration was measured at 1, 2, 4,
      6, 8 and 24 h on days 1 and 7 of the study. The two elderly groups had higher
      serum lisinopril concentrations than the healthy young subjects (P less than
      0.05). There were no significant differences in any of the areas under the curve
      (AUC) for lisinopril plasma concentration (over time) between the healthy young
      and healthy elderly groups. The healthy young patients had AUC values on day 7
      lower than elderly patients with cardiac failure (P less than 0.01). Creatinine
      clearance was correlated with lisinopril clearance (r = 0.63; P = 0.006) and with
      AUC on day 7 (r = -0.67; P = 0.004). Lisinopril clearance was different in the
      three groups (P less than 0.05): healthy young patients had the highest and
      elderly patients with cardiac failure the lowest values. Thus, in the elderly a
      reduced renal clearance of lisinopril leads to higher and more sustained blood
      levels. In elderly patients with cardiac failure, renal function should be
      estimated before lisinopril is prescribed as a reduction in dose may be
      appropriate.

PMID- 2892918
TI  - Nasal administration of desmopressin by spray and drops.
AB  - A solution of desmopressin was administered intranasally as a spray using a
      metered dose pump, or as drops using a single dose pipette or rhinyle catheter.
      Volunteers, and patients with diabetes insipidus, were given an intranasal dose
      of 20 micrograms desmopressin by each method. The antidiuretic activity was
      measured by determination of urine osmolality and diuresis. Each delivery system
      was equally effective in producing a rapid onset of activity, a highly
      reproducible magnitude of effect and duration of the antidiuretic effect which
      lasted for more than 8 h. The pipette and spray pump offer a choice of single
      dose administration without preservative, or for chronic use, well-controlled,
      reproducible dosing, respectively.

PMID- 2892919
TI  - Influence of pH on the buccal absorption of morphine sulphate and its major
      metabolite, morphine-3-glucuronide.
AB  - Buccal absorption of morphine sulphate and morphine-3-glucuronide at various
      buffer pH values (4 to 10) over 5 min has been investigated in seven and four
      normal healthy volunteers, respectively. Increasing pH caused an increase in
      buccal absorption of both. The maximum mean absorption was 37% at pH 10 for
      morphine and 19% at pH 8 for morphine-3-glucuronide.

PMID- 2892920
TI  - The effect of hydroxocobalamin on the nitroprusside-induced relaxation of rat
      aortic preparations.
AB  - Hydroxocobalamin (HOCb) when mixed with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a 10:1 or
      1:1 molar ratio had no significant effect on the relaxation of noradrenaline
      precontracted rat aortic rings. However, the addition of HOCb did prolong the
      time taken for the relaxant response to occur. The time taken for a 0.34 microM
      SNP dose to exert 50% of its relaxant effect was increased by about 120 and 35%
      with 10:1 and 1:1 HOCb/SNP molar ratio mixtures, respectively. A 0.5:1 HOCb/SNP
      molar ratio mixture caused no prolongation. In incubations with [14C]SNP, it was
      found that mixing with equimolar, or greater, amounts of HOCb, reduced aortic
      tissue uptake of radioactivity. The results support the hypothesis that both SNP
      alone and SNP/HOCb complexes breakdown extracellularly to release the same amount
      of active species, but that in the case of the complexes the active agent is
      released at a slower rate.

PMID- 2892921
TI  - The separation of unbound prednisolone in plasma by centrifugal ultrafiltration.
AB  - To study variable plasma protein binding of prednisolone in children with
      nephrotic syndrome we have devised a simple rapid method for measuring unbound
      prednisolone. The plasma was initially ultrafiltered at 37 degrees C fixed angle
      head at 1500 g for 30 min then the filtrate was analysed by high pressure liquid
      chromatography. The effects of variable ultrafiltration conditions were studied.
      The method was used to compare the AUC unbound prednisolone in a nephrotic child
      (plasma albumin concentration 18 g L-1) with a control (plasma albumin
      concentration 43 g L-1); their respective AUC unbound prednisolone values were
      4.02 mg h L-1 and 1.07 mg h L-1.

PMID- 2892922
TI  - Effect of trimethoprim, paracetamol and cimetidine on trimetrexate metabolism by
      rat perfused isolated livers.
AB  - Trimetrexate (TMTX), a non-classical antifolate, is currently in clinical trial
      as an antineoplastic drug. In the rat perfused isolated liver, it undergoes
      extensive metabolism to two metabolites, M1 and M2, which are excreted primarily
      in the bile. The metabolites result from demethylation, and M1 is also
      glucuronidated. We examined the effects of three commonly used drugs on the
      elimination of 1 mg of TMTX by the rat perfused isolated liver (perfusate volume
      was 100 mL). Co-administration of either 1 or 5 mg cimetidine, a well-known
      inhibitor of microsomal oxidation, caused an increase in TMTX terminal
      elimination half-life (69 and 100% at 1 and 5 mg, respectively) and a decrease in
      clearance (40 and 46% at 1 and 5 mg, respectively). Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
      was chosen for a possible interaction with TMTX because its major metabolic
      pathway is glucuronidation. Five mg paracetamol resulted in no change in TMTX
      pharmacokinetics, but M1 concentrations were increased by 72% in bile, and M2 was
      not present in perfusate. The third drug tested was trimethoprim, which has some
      structural similarities to TMTX; however, no effects were noted on the levels of
      TMTX, M1 or M2 after 1 mg trimethoprim. These results indicate that TMTX
      elimination can be inhibited by cimetidine, probably due to competition for
      microsomal enzymes, and that paracetamol may alter the metabolite profiles;
      trimethoprim had no effect on TMTX disposition under the conditions employed.

PMID- 2892923
TI  - Cross-tolerance development to the prolongation of pentobarbitone-induced sleep
      by delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol in
      mice.
AB  - Repeated administration (5 mg kg-1 day-1 i.v.) of delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol
      and its active metabolite, 11-hydroxy-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol caused
      tolerance to develop to their prolonging effect on pentobarbitone-induced sleep
      in mice. Reciprocal cross-tolerance also developed after seven daily doses of
      these cannabinoids. The magnitude of the tolerance developed by the metabolite
      was greater than that by delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol. The results suggest that
      11-hydroxy-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol plays an important role both in the sleep
      prolonging effect of delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol and its tolerance development.

PMID- 2892924
TI  - Effects of three new anthracyclines and doxorubicin on the rat isolated heart.
AB  - The acute cardiac toxicity of three second-generation anthracycline analogues and
      doxorubicin was compared in a model of the rat isolated Langendorff perfused
      heart. The drugs, doxorubicin (DX), 4-epi-doxorubicin (4'EDX), 4-demethoxy
      daunorubicin (4DMDR) and 4'-deoxy-doxorubicin (4'dxDX) were infused for 40 min at
      a concentration of 26 microM into the isolated hearts. All four compounds
      significantly reduced cardiac work and its first derivative. The time to 50%
      decrease in work (TW50) was respectively 36, 23, 9 and 7 min for DX, 4'EDX,
      4'dxDX and 4DMDR. The three anthracycline derivatives, but not DX, significantly
      increased coronary resistance. Heart rate was reduced by all compounds compared
      with baseline, but not compared with controls. Rhythm disturbances were seen with
      all five hearts perfused with 4DMDR, which stopped beating before 40 min; 2/5
      hearts in the 4'EDX group and 1/5 hearts in the 4'dxDX group also stopped before
      the end of perfusion. All the compounds reached concentrations in the myocardium
      8 to 50 times higher than in the perfusing medium. The more cardiotoxic the
      compound, the higher was its myocardial concentration; a significant correlation
      was found for all four agents. Noradrenaline was never measurable in the
      perfusate of control and DX hearts; perfusion with the three anthracycline
      derivatives caused some release, but the pattern was not clearcut and the maximum
      concentrations attained in the perfusate were relatively low (less than or equal
      to 1.6 X 10(-9) M). In conclusion, in the rat isolated perfused heart, the early
      cardiotoxicity induced by equimolar concentrations of the three anthracycline
      compounds was greater than that induced by DX and was directly related to drug
      accumulation in the myocardium. Catecholamines do not seem to have a major role
      in the development of toxicity in this model.

PMID- 2892925
TI  - Extraordinary postmortem stability of kappa opioid receptors in guinea-pig brain.
AB  - Postmortem delay can be an important variable in biochemical studies on autopsy
      tissue. We subjected guinea-pig brains to gradual cooling, simulating temperature
      conditions of human postmortem brains, in order to assess the sensitivity of
      kappa receptors to postmortem degradation. Kappa receptor specific binding was
      defined as the (-)-[3H]ethylketocyclazocine bound in the presence of 100 nM D
      ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin and 30 nM morphine. Postmortem delays of up to 16 h did
      not alter the affinity or density of kappa binding sites. The remarkable
      stability of kappa receptors may greatly facilitate the study of this opioid
      receptor subtype in human brain.

PMID- 2892926
TI  - The effects of 17 beta-oestradiol or testosterone on the response to S-warfarin
      in castrated male rats.
AB  - The effects of castration alone, or followed by administration of 17 beta
      oestradiol or testosterone, on the action of S-warfarin have been investigated in
      male Wistar rats castrated at 4 weeks of age. Six to 10 weeks later, blood
      samples were taken before, and at 24 h and 7 days after onset of administration
      of either 17 beta-oestradiol (50 to 500 micrograms kg-1 day-1 i.p.), testosterone
      (500 micrograms kg-1 day-1 i.p.), or vehicle (polyethylene glycol 200 i.p.). On
      the seventh day of these interventions, S-warfarin (6.3 mg kg-1 i.p.) was given;
      prothrombin complex activity (PCA) was then measured over the next 72 h. In
      addition, a group of sham-operated rats were given S-warfarin, alone. The control
      prothrombin times were lower in castrated rats (17.9 +/- 0.4 s) than in sham
      operated rats (19.1 +/- 0.6 s). Warfarin, over the first 24 h of its
      administration, caused a significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) fall in PCA
      in each group of rats, the fall in PCA in castrated rats pretreated with vehicle
      being significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) less than that seen in the
      sham-operated rats. The fall was the same in castrated rats given vehicle or
      those given 17 beta-oestradiol. In contrast, warfarin caused a greater fall in
      PCA in the presence of testosterone than in the other groups of castrated rats.

PMID- 2892927
TI  - Temperature dependence of M pilus formation as demonstrated by electron
      microscopy.
AB  - The formation of IncM plasmid encoded pili is dependent on the incubation
      temperature of the corresponding host strains. By labelling the short, rigid M
      pili with the donor specific bacteriophage luminal diameter M, the presence of
      pili at 30 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C incubation temperature could be
      demonstrated for E. coli K12 substrains carrying different IncM group plasmids.
      In contrast, such a temperature dependence of M pilus formation is not observed
      in S. typhimurium substrains.

PMID- 2892928
TI  - Reflex pressor response to gastric mechanical stimulation in rats.
AB  - Neural and humoral mechanisms involved in the reflex pressor response during
      mechanical stimulation of the stomach of rats were investigated. The arterial
      blood pressure response was prevented by inhibition of alpha-adrenergic
      vasoconstriction using either an alpha-adrenergic blocker or a ganglionic
      blocker. In addition, there was a small decrease in the response after
      nephrectomy. However, there were no alterations in the response after beta
      adrenergic blockade, bilateral adrenalectomy, inhibition of converting enzyme
      activity with enalapril or bilateral cervical vagus nerve transection. The heart
      rate was not modified after either intervention. After vagotomy the time of
      recovery of the basal blood pressure was significantly prolonged. It can be
      concluded that the blood pressure response to mechanical stimulation of the
      stomach wall is of neural rather than of humoral origin and mainly involves
      activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors. Vagal efferent pathways could be also
      involved.

PMID- 2892929
TI  - Effect of cryptorchidism on steroidogenic and mitogenic activities in rat
      testicular interstitial fluid.
AB  - There was a significant (P less than 0.05) and consistent increase in the potency
      of steroidogenic stimulatory activity (testosterone production by purified Leydig
      cells in vitro) in testicular interstitial fluid of the cryptorchid compared to
      the scrotal testis from 1 to 4 weeks after the induction of unilateral
      cryptorchidism. In contrast, the level of mitogenic activity [( 3H]thymidine
      incorporation into 3T3 cells) was not significantly different between
      interstitial fluid from cryptorchid and scrotal testes for up to 4 weeks after
      surgery. These results indicate that the steroidogenic activity and the mitogenic
      activity are due to different, as yet unidentified, factors in testicular
      interstitial fluid.

PMID- 2892930
TI  - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for reducing narcotic use after
      cesarean section.
AB  - This study evaluated the potential efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve
      stimulation in reducing narcotic requirements following cesarean section. The
      total required dose of postoperative analgesic (meperidine) was found to be 511
      mg in the experimental group and 456 mg in the control group. There was no
      significant difference in narcotic use or hospital stay between the experimental
      and control groups.

PMID- 2892931
TI  - Correlation of angiographic abnormalities with disease manifestations and disease
      severity in polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - We evaluated angiograms of 26 patients with polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) as well as
      the associated clinical and laboratory features. All patients had visceral
      angiograms and either biopsy or angiographic proof of PAN. Severe disease was
      defined as central nervous system PAN, renal failure requiring dialysis, gangrene
      of fingers or toes, cardiomyopathy, bowel infarction, hepatic failure, or hepatic
      infarction. The presence of aneurysms was associated with severe hypertension,
      hepatitis B surface antigenemia and clinically severe disease. Angiography may
      therefore identify a subset of patients with more severe involvement and may be
      of value in management decisions.

PMID- 2892932
TI  - Conformational analysis and structural comparisons of (1R,3S)-(+)- and (1S,3R)-(
      )-tefludazine, (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-octoclothepin, and (+)-dexclamol in relation
      to dopamine receptor antagonism and amine-uptake inhibition.
AB  - Conformational analysis with molecular mechanics (MM2(85] and molecular
      superimposition studies of (1R,3S)-(+)- and (1S,3R)-(-)-4-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-6
      (trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl]-1- piperazineethanol (tefludazine) and (S)-(+)- and
      (R)-(-)-octoclothepin have been employed to identify biologically active
      conformations of these compounds with respect to dopamine receptor antagonism and
      amine-uptake inhibition. In contrast to what is commonly assumed, these studies
      indicate that the conformation of (S)-(+)-octoclothepin responsible for the
      dopamine receptor antagonism is different from the one observed in the crystal.
      From least-squares molecular superimpositions with the potent and stereoselective
      dopamine receptor antagonist (1R,3S)-tefludazine, biologically active
      conformations for the two compounds on the dopamine receptor have been deduced.
      This analysis also rationalizes the enantioselectivity of octoclothepin on the
      dopamine receptor. The X-ray structure of (S)-(+)-octoclothepin is shown to
      correspond structurally to the 1S,3R enantiomer of tefludazine, which is an amine
      uptake inhibitor. This correspondence provides a structural basis for the
      norepinephrine (NE) uptake blocking properties of octoclothepin. It is predicted
      that the enantioselectivity of the NE-uptake inhibition of octoclothepin should
      be low with the S-(+) enantiomer as the more active optical isomer. A comparison
      of the deduced biologically active conformation of (S)-(+)-octoclothepin with (+)
      dexclamol is also discussed on the basis of earlier derived superimposition
      studies with (+)-dexclamol.

PMID- 2892933
TI  - (Acyloxy)alkyl carbamates as novel bioreversible prodrugs for amines: increased
      permeation through biological membranes.
AB  - (Acyloxy)alkyl carbamates of the type R1R2N-CO-O-CHR3-OCO-R4 are described as
      novel bioreversible prodrugs for primary and secondary amines. These were
      prepared either by a one-step reaction involving nucleophilic attack on p
      nitrophenyl alpha-(acyloxy)alkyl carbonates with displacement of p-nitrophenol or
      by reaction of alpha-haloalkyl carbamates with silver or mercury salts of
      carboxylic acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester bond in these ester
      carbamates leads to a cascade reaction resulting in rapid regeneration of the
      parent amine. Permeability measurements of such nonionic derivatives of atenolol,
      betaxolol, pindolol, propranolol, and timolol through fuzzy rat skin and rabbit
      cornea mounted on diffusion cells show that derivatization of the hydrophilic
      beta-blockers results in several-fold increase in permeation through these
      biological membranes. However, prodrug modification of the lipophilic beta
      blockers leads to little advantage in permeability characteristics.

PMID- 2892934
TI  - Design and synthesis of a series of combined vasodilator/beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists based on 6-arylpyridazinones.
AB  - A series of new 6-[4-[[(aryloxy)acyl]amino]phenyl]-4,5-dihydropyridazinones have
      been synthesized and evaluated as combined vasodilator/beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists and potential antihypertensive agents. Many of the early compounds
      displayed an unacceptably high level of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA)
      and a relatively short duration of action. Disubstitution in the 2,3-positions or
      in the 4-position of the aryloxy ring gave compounds with low ISA levels and, in
      some instances, improved duration of action. All of the compounds were
      vasodilators, but the 5-methylpyridazinone derivatives showed consistently
      greater antihypertensive activity than their 5-H lower homologues. Further
      detailed pharmacological investigations led to the selection of 6-[4-[3-[[2
      hydroxy-3-[4-[2- (cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]propyl]amino]propionamido]
      phenyl]- 5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone (4t) (SK&F 95018) as a
      development candidate.

PMID- 2892935
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of the four stereoisomers of 6-[4-[3-[[2
      hydroxy-3-[4-[2- (cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]propyl]amino]-propionamido]
      phenyl]-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone, a combined vasodilator and beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist.
AB  - 6-[4-[3-[[2-Hydroxy-3-[4-[2-
      (cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]propyl]amino]propionamido] phenyl]- 5-methyl
      4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone (3) consists of a mixture of four stereoisomers,
      i.e., two racemates, as a consequence of the two asymmetric centers contained in
      the structure. An approximately equimolar mixture of these two racemates exhibits
      a novel combination of vasodilation and beta-adrenergic antagonist activity. This
      paper describes the synthesis of each of the four possible stereoisomers of 3 and
      provides clear evidence for the different pharmacological profile of each of the
      stereoisomers. The RA,SB isomer 3a has an overall profile slightly better than
      the complete mixture; the other three isomers all show reduced activity as
      vasodilators and/or beta-adrenergic antagonists.

PMID- 2892936
TI  - Synthesis and potential antipsychotic activity of 1H-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrazolo[3,4
      e]pyrimidines.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of 1H-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrazolo[3,4-e]pyrimidines is
      reported along with the effects of these compounds in preclinical tests for
      antipsychotic activity. Certain of these compounds displayed antipsychotic-like
      effects in conditioned avoidance tests, but unlike currently used antipsychotic
      drugs, they did not have affinity for brain dopamine receptors. These compounds
      also did not cause dystonias predictive of extrapyramidal side effects in monkeys
      at doses that produced behavioral effects. On the basis of this unique biological
      profile, a member of this series 7,8-dihydro-8-ethyl-1,3,5-trimethyl-1H
      imidao[1,2-c]pyrazol[3,4-e] pyrimidine (19, CI-943), has been selected for
      clinical evaluation as an antipsychotic agent.

PMID- 2892937
TI  - 4-N-hydroxy-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid. A strong inhibitor of glutamine
      synthetase.
AB  - Analogues of glutamic acid were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory
      activity toward glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2; GS). The title compound, 4-N
      hydroxy-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (NH-DABA), showed a potent inhibitory activity
      against GS from both sheep brain and soybean. The inhibition is competitive with
      respect to glutamic acid and the Ki values of sheep brain GS and soybean GS for
      NH-DABA are 0.007 mmol and 0.021 mmol, respectively. The activity of inhibition
      is comparable to those of L-methionine sulfoximine and 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethyl
      phosphinyl)butyric acid (phosphinothricin).

PMID- 2892938
TI  - Cytogenetic and molecular studies of trisomy 13.
AB  - Chromosome heteromorphisms, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or both
      were used to study the parental origin of 33 cases of simple trisomy 13 and eight
      cases of translocation trisomy 13. The most common origin for the simple
      trisomies was non-disjunction at maternal meiosis I, while for the translocations
      an equal number of paternally and maternally derived cases was observed. In seven
      of the simple trisomies, information was obtained from both the cytogenetic and
      molecular markers, making it possible to study recombination between the two non
      disjoined chromosomes. Five of the seven cases involved errors at meiosis I, with
      crossing over being detected in two of three cases of maternal origin and in one
      of two cases of paternal origin. This indicates that absence of recombination
      because of pairing failure is unlikely to be of major importance in the genesis
      of trisomy 13.

PMID- 2892939
TI  - Non-deletion haemoglobin H disease in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - Analysis of DNA from members of a Melanesian family from Papua New Guinea with
      haemoglobin (Hb) H disease revealed that all four alpha globin genes are intact
      in affected subjects. Study of restriction enzyme site and length polymorphisms
      and the use of oligonucleotide probes indicated that the molecular basis of this
      Papuan form of non-deletion Hb H disease differs from the previously described
      Middle Eastern and Mediterranean types.

PMID- 2892940
TI  - Potential dependence of the "electrically silent" anion exchange across the
      plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes mediated by the band-3 protein of mouse red
      blood cells.
AB  - Mouse erythroid band-3 protein was incorporated into the plasma membrane of
      Xenopus oocytes by microinjection of poly(A)+-mRNA from spleens of anemic mice.
      Subsequently, the efflux of microinjected 36Cl was continuously followed in
      single oocytes in a perfusion chamber the bottom of which was formed by the
      window of a Geiger-Muller tube. During the flux measurements, the membrane
      potential was clamped to different holding potentials. The efflux increased over
      the voltage range of -10 to -100 mV by a factor of about 1.5. Since the membrane
      potential cannot act as a driving force of anion exchange, it is suggested that
      the observed slight potential dependence is related to a recruitment of the anion
      loaded transport protein by the electrical field, thereby changing the steady
      state distribution between inwardly and outwardly facing anion binding sites of
      the transport molecules. The experimental data are discussed in terms of ping
      pong kinetics, assuming that the potential dependence is primarily due to an
      effect of the electrical field in the membrane on the rate-limiting
      interconversion of inwardly and outwardly oriented anion binding sites. The
      results are compatible with the assumption that in the oocyte membrane the
      substrate-loaded band-3 molecules are preferentially inwardly oriented, and that
      the transition from the inwardly to the outwardly oriented conformation is
      associated with a reorientation of an effective charge of 0.1 elementary charge.
      During progesterone-induced maturation of the oocytes, several endogenous
      transport systems change their activity drastically. The mouse band-3 protein in
      the oocyte membrane also undergoes activity changes; however, these changes do
      not seem to involve direct regulation by specific metabolic processes. They can
      be explained as a consequence of the depolarization of the membrane potential
      associated with the maturation process.

PMID- 2892941
TI  - Complete primary structure of vertebrate smooth muscle myosin heavy chain deduced
      from its complementary DNA sequence. Implications on topography and function of
      myosin.
AB  - The 1979 amino acid sequence of embryonic chicken gizzard smooth muscle myosin
      heavy chain (MHC) have been determined by cloning and sequencing its cDNA.
      Genomic Southern analysis and Northern analysis with the cDNA sequence show that
      gizzard MHC is encoded by a single-copy gene, and this gene is expressed in the
      gizzard and aorta. The encoded protein has a calculated Mr of 229 X 10(3), and
      can be divided into a long alpha-helical rod and a globular head. Only 32 to 33%
      of the amino acid residues in the rod and 48 to 49% in the head are conserved
      when compared with nematode or vertebrate sarcomeric MHC sequences. However, the
      seven residue hydrophobic periodicity, together with the 28 and 196 residue
      repeat of charge distribution previously described in nematode myosin rod, are
      all present in the gizzard myosin rod. Two of the trypsin-sensitive sites in
      gizzard light meromyosin have been mapped by partial peptide sequencing to 99 nm
      and 60 nm from the tip of the myosin tail, where these sites coincide with the
      two "hinges" for the 6 S/10 S transition. In the head sequence, several
      polypeptide segments, including the regions around the putative ATP-binding site
      and the reactive thiol groups, are highly conserved. These areas presumably
      reflect conserved structural elements important for the function of myosin. A
      multi-domain folding model of myosin head is proposed on the basis of the
      conserved sequences, information on the topography of myosin in the literature,
      and the predicted secondary structures. In this model, Mg2+ ATP is bound to a
      pocket between two opposing alpha/beta domains, while actin undergoes
      electrostatic interactions with lysine-rich surface loops on two other domains.
      The actin-myosin interactions are thought to be modulated through relative
      movements of the domains induced by the binding of ATP.

PMID- 2892943
TI  - Multidrug resistance.
AB  - The ability of malignant cells to develop resistance to cytotoxic drugs poses a
      major obstacle to the ultimate success of cancer therapy. While some mechanisms
      of resistance allow cells to survive exposure to a single agent, the phenomenon
      of multidrug resistance (MDR) confers upon cells the ability to withstand
      exposure to lethal doses of many structurally unrelated antineoplastic agents.
      MDR has been strongly linked to the overexpression of a membrane-associated
      glycoprotein, P-glycoprotein, which appears to play a role in drug efflux.
      However, several lines of evidence suggest that other mechanisms of resistance
      are involved in MDR; biochemical similarities observed in a human breast cancer
      cell line after the acquisition of MDR and in carcinogen-induced rat
      preneoplastic hepatic nodules indicate that changes in regulation of phase I and
      phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes may also play a role in MDR. An atypical
      pattern of MDR has been characterized and related to altered topoisomerase
      activity. Improvement in current cancer chemotherapy may be achieved by
      interfering with the regulation and expression of mechanisms of MDR.

PMID- 2892944
TI  - The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on serum phosphate and plasma
      catecholamines after high-energy missile trauma.

PMID- 2892942
TI  - Arrhythmogenic action of alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation in normoxic rat
      ventricular myocardium: influence of nisoldipine, reduced extracellular Ca2+ and
      ryanodine.
AB  - This study examines the arrhythmogenic action of alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulation in the isolated perfused rat heart. The alpha 1-agonist methoxamine
      in the presence of the beta 1-antagonist atenolol 10(-6) M decreased the
      ventricular fibrillation threshold in the normoxic rat ventricular myocardium:
      VFT values (mA): Control 11.2 +/- 0.5; methoxamine 10(-6) M 4.9 +/- 0.9 (P less
      than 0.01 vs control); methoxamine 10(-5) M 3.5 +/- 0.5 (P less than 0.01 vs
      control). The alpha 1-antagonist prazosin 10(-8) M prevented the methoxamine
      induced fall in ventricular fibrillation threshold. The alpha 2-agonist BHT 933
      (azepexole) in the presence of atenolol 10(-6) M produced no alteration in the
      ventricular fibrillation threshold. Methoxamine 10(-6) M to 10(-5) M had a
      positive inotropic effect with increased left ventricular pressure development,
      myocardial oxygen consumption and QT-interval; however, tissue levels of cyclic
      AMP remained unchanged. Methoxamine 10(-6) M did not alter heart rate, coronary
      flow rate or deplete tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine or
      glycogen. The enhanced vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation induced by
      methoxamine could be demonstrated only at supraphysiological extracellular
      calcium concentrations (2.5 mM) but not at physiological calcium concentrations
      (1.25 mM). The arrhythmogenic and inotropic effect of methoxamine 10(-6) M was
      prevented by inhibition of transsarcolemmal Ca2+ ion influx by nisoldipine 10(-8)
      M or by inhibition of release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum by ryanodine
      10(-9) M to 10(-8) M. Thus in isolated normoxic rat heart preparations, activity
      of the alpha 1-receptor appears to mediate ventricular arrhythmogenesis but only
      in the setting of myocardial calcium overload. The arrhythmogenic effect of alpha
      1-stimulation may be due to increased transsarcolemmal calcium influx and
      enhanced release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; increased myocardial
      oxygen consumption secondary to greater left ventricular pressure development may
      contribute in part.

PMID- 2892945
TI  - Re: Association between abdominal wall defects and cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2892946
TI  - The role of epinephrine as a neuromodulator in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The present study was carried out to elucidate the role of epinephrine as a
      neuromodulator in hypertension. The effects of epinephrine on norepinephrine
      release from the sympathetic nerve endings were examined in isolated perfused
      mesenteric arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched
      Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Norepinephrine overflow during electrical nerve
      stimulation (5, 15 Hz) was significantly greater in SHR than in WKY. Low
      concentration of exogenous epinephrine (5.5 X 10(-9) M) potentiated
      norepinephrine overflow during nerve stimulation in SHR, and this (at 15 Hz
      stimulation) was antagonized by propranolol (5.0 x 10(-7) M), whereas, the
      overflow in WKY was reduced by the same concentration of epinephrine. A higher
      concentration of epinephrine (1.4 x 10(-8) M) decreased norepinephrine overflow
      in both SHR and WKY, and this change (at 15 Hz stimulation) was antagonized by
      yohimbine (1.0 x 10(-7) M). Further, magnitudes of the suppressions were smaller
      in SHR than in WKY. These results suggest that altered modulations of
      norepinephrine release by epinephrine through presynaptic beta- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors might induce increased sympathetic nerve activity in SHR.

PMID- 2892947
TI  - [Hemodynamics during coronary revascularization in patients receiving beta
      adrenergic blocking drugs].

PMID- 2892948
TI  - [Cytogenetic study of adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2892949
TI  - [Relationship between the clinical subtype and Epstein-Barr virus specific
      antibodies in patients with adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2892950
TI  - [Long-term remission in a case of acute adult T cell leukemia].

PMID- 2892951
TI  - [A chronic type of adult T-cell leukemia accompanied by generalized
      cytomegalovirus infection].

PMID- 2892952
TI  - [Amino acid neurotransmitters].

PMID- 2892953
TI  - [Pharmacology of the brain].

PMID- 2892954
TI  - [Physiopathologic chemistry of the schizophrenic brain].

PMID- 2892956
TI  - [Urinary parameters for nephropathy].

PMID- 2892955
TI  - [Internal neurology--a. Trends in the study of dementia and cerebrovascular
      disorders].

PMID- 2892957
TI  - The transmitter role of glutamate in nervous systems.
AB  - Acceptance of L-glutamate as an excitatory transmitter was relatively slow
      compared to other transmitters, such as GABA. However, the transmitter role of L
      glutamate has received more attention recently. In the crustacean neuromuscular
      junction L-glutamate fulfills most of the criteria for the transmitter
      identification. Studies on the glutamate receptor antagonist suggest that L
      glutamate may also be the transmitter at the squid giant synapse. L-Glutamate may
      be the excitatory transmitter in many parts of CNS, although the evidence for
      this hypothesis is still not complete. The role of L-aspartate as the transmitter
      in CNS is not clear but its contribution may be less than that of L-glutamate.
      Glutamate receptors have been classified into three groups according to
      pharmacological properties. However, recent observations suggest that the
      situation seems more complicated than previously expected and more detailed
      comparison between synaptic potentials and glutamate action is needed.

PMID- 2892958
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody against hemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome virus in sera from experimentally infected rats.

PMID- 2892959
TI  - A new type of Robertsonian translocation (1/26) in a bull with unilateral
      cryptorchidism, probably occurring de novo.

PMID- 2892960
TI  - Population shift from piliated to non-piliated bacteria in kidneys, bladder and
      urine of mice infected with Corynebacterium renale strain No. 115 piliated
      bacteria.

PMID- 2892961
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative studies of antibody-induced mesangial cell damage in
      the rat.
AB  - Intravenous administration of heterologous anti-rat thymocyte serum (ATS), which
      reacts with a Thy-1-like antigen present on rat glomerular mesangial cells,
      caused lytic (1 hr to 2 days), hypercellular (4 to 14 days), and sclerotic (2 to
      3 months) mesangial lesions in Lewis rats. The normal control of 48.6 +/- 7.9
      (mean +/- SD) glomerular nuclei on histologic section decreased significantly (P
      less than 0.001) to 39.8 +/- 6.1, 37.4 +/- 6.0, and 38.9 +/- 6.8 at one hour,
      four hours and two days after ATS administration, respectively. Thereafter
      glomerular nuclei increased to 54.7 +/- 11.5 (P less than 0.05) at four days,
      62.5 +/- 9.6 (P less than 0.001) at one week and 64.1 +/- 14.2 (P less than
      0.001) at two weeks, and normalized (P greater than 0.05) to 49.4 +/- 8.9 at one
      month and 50.6 +/- 9.0 at three months. By electron microscopy, glomerular damage
      in the lytic stage was restricted to mesangial cells and was manifested as
      hydropic degeneration or lysis. Rabbit IgG and rat C3 were found in the mesangium
      one hour after injection; they decreased at two days and were negligible at four
      days. By paired label isotope study, 11.6 micrograms of antibody bound per 7.6 X
      10(4) glomeruli at one hour was needed to induce mesangial cell degeneration. No
      or only minimal changes in proteinuria and in serum creatinine were observed with
      the dosage used in this rat strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892962
TI  - [The picture of acute abdomen in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2892964
TI  - [Characteristics of the pharmacodynamics of alpha adrenergic receptor blockader
      pratsiol in various age groups].

PMID- 2892963
TI  - [Changes in lung function following administration of eyedrops containing
      timolol, metipranolol, pindolol and pilocarpine in healthy probands and patients
      with mild bronchial asthma].
AB  - Lung function was studied double blind and randomized in 5 patients with mild
      asthma bronchiale and 10 normal adults before and 30, 60 and 90 minutes after one
      drop of 0.5% Timolol, 0.6% Metipranolol or 0.9% NaCl in each eye. In the
      asthmatics bronchoconstriction was seen after both beta-receptor blocking agents,
      more pronounced after Timolol than after Metipranolol. There was a decrease in
      the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) of 32, respectively 18%. No
      changes were observed in the normal subjects. In a separate study no significant
      changes were seen in the mean values of 10 other asthmatic subjects after 1%
      Pindolol, 3% Pilocarpin or 0.9% NaCl. However, in two patients FEV1.0 was reduced
      by 15% and 20% of the control values after applying Pindolol. In summary, not
      only beta-receptor-blocking agents without ISA produce a bronchoconstriction in
      asthmatic subjects, but also beta-blocker with ISA in individual cases.

PMID- 2892965
TI  - [Laser therapy].

PMID- 2892966
TI  - [Effect of M-cholinolytics and histamine H2 receptor blockaders on the acid
      peptide factor in patients with peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2892967
TI  - [Somatostatin].

PMID- 2892968
TI  - The analysis of several nonopiate narcotic analgesics and cocaine in serum using
      high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - This paper describes a procedure for the quantitative determination of methadone,
      meperidine, normeperidine, pentazocine, propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, and
      dextromoramide in serum down to levels of 10 micrograms/L and of cocaine down to
      25 micrograms/L. The procedure involves a simple extraction technique and high
      performance liquid chromatography and is suitable for use in overdose drug
      screening, forensic toxicology, therapeutic drug monitoring, and pharmacokinetic
      studies.

PMID- 2892970
TI  - The effects of verapamil on left ventricular function in the presence of beta
      adrenergic blockade.
AB  - Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias frequently complicate myocardial
      revascularization. Intravenous administration of verapamil has been effective in
      terminating these arrhythmias. To determine the effects of verapamil on left
      ventricular systolic function, we implanted ultrasonic dimension transducers in
      dogs and, after they had recovered from the operation, studied them while they
      were awake and unsedated. Intravenous administration of verapamil (0.2 mg/kg)
      resulted in an elevation of cardiac output above baseline because of reflex
      induced tachycardia. Contractility, as measured by the load-independent end
      systolic pressure-volume relationship, remained unchanged. When the animals were
      pretreated with atropine and propranolol, verapamil resulted in a fall in cardiac
      output and contractility. The intact animal responded to the vasodilatory effect
      of verapamil by releasing catecholamines to maintain cardiac output and
      hemodynamic stability. Only when this compensatory mechanism was blocked by a
      beta-adrenergic blocker do the inherently negative inotropic and chronotropic
      effects of verapamil become apparent. The clinical ramifications of this finding
      are of greater importance to the surgeon as more patients receive beta-adrenergic
      blocking agents up to the time of the immediate preoperative period. We conclude
      that verapamil should be administered with caution to patients with
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias who have been receiving beta-adrenergic
      blocking agents.

PMID- 2892969
TI  - Analysis of murine lymphocyte subpopulations by dual-color flow cytometry:
      technical considerations and specificities of monoclonal antibodies directed
      against surface markers.
AB  - We performed detailed phenotypic analysis of murine lymphocytes from thymus,
      spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood using commercially available monoclonal
      antibodies, each with specificities for membrane surface markers and dual-color
      flow cytometry. Erythrocyte lysis techniques were utilized for lymphocyte
      preparation so that inherent difficulties with gradient techniques would be
      avoided, such as the potential for loss of abnormally sized cells. These studies
      demonstrated that the specificities of each monoclonal must be carefully
      determined; for example, the Lyt-1 monoclonal, frequently utilized to identify
      helper/inducer T cells, also reacts with suppressor/cytotoxic (Lyt-2+) cells;
      helper/inducer cells are better studied with a more recently available
      monoclonal, L3T4. Cells from different tissues may differ greatly not only in the
      presence of surface markers, but also in the surface density of each marker; this
      density can be studied and quantitated using appropriate analytic software. We
      also show that larger and more granular lymphocytes appear to be enriched for
      surface Ia antigen, indicating that these cells may be activated or regulatory
      subsets; these large, Ia+ T-cells will be lost from analysis if standard, narrow
      gate settings are used for analyzing forward and side-scatter characteristics or
      for cell sorting.

PMID- 2892971
TI  - Protection and expanded use of the left internal mammary artery graft by
      pericardial flap technique.
AB  - A pericardial flap can protect and enhance the use of the left internal mammary
      artery. The left free edge of the pericardium is sutured to the anterior chest
      wall, which protects the left internal mammary artery graft from lung
      encroachment and provides a more direct course. In our large experience,
      including several reoperations, no internal mammary artery was injured.

PMID- 2892973
TI  - [Interlocking medullary nailing in the management of septic pseudarthrosis of the
      long bones].

PMID- 2892972
TI  - Side effects of therapeutic plasma exchange during treatment of polyarteritis
      nodosa. Comparison of filtration and centrifugation. 718 sessions in 63 patients.
AB  - Between 1981 and 1984, 72 patients (22-75 years) were included in a prospective
      study for treatment of Polyarteritis Nodosa (PN) which associated therapeutic
      plasma exchanges (TPE), corticosteroids (CS) 1 mg/kg/day, and a randomized trial
      of cyclophosphamide (CP) 2 mg/kg/day. We observed the incidence and analysed side
      effects (SE) occurring during TPE considering the technology of plasma removal.
      Full data were available for 63 patients. Seven hundred and eighteen TPE were
      performed. Centrifugation was used in 594 PE (82.7 per cent) with intermittent
      flow centrifugation (IFC) 320 times (44.5 per cent) and continuous flow
      centrifugation (CFC) 274 times (38.2 per cent). Filtration (F) was used in 124
      sessions (17.3 per cent). Replacement fluid was 4 per cent albumin in 650 TPE and
      fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in 89 TPE. A total of two hundred and eleven SE were
      reported in 53 patients (84.1 per cent) during 173 TPE (24.1 per cent). Forty-six
      TPE were temporarily stopped because of SE (6.4 per cent). The mean volumes of
      removed plasma (ml/kg/TPE) were: 60.7 +/- 8.7 ml/kg when CFC was used 54.5 +/- 20
      ml/kg with F and 52.5 +/- 9.6 ml/kg with IFC (n.s.) Main SE were: technical
      difficulties in 80 TPE, moderate or severe hypotension in 47, allergy to
      replacement fluid in 39. Hepatitis B antigen appeared in one patient. No death
      occurred during TPE and SE were usually minor and transient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2892975
TI  - [Complex evaluation of the function of the hand].

PMID- 2892974
TI  - [Management of pseudoarthrosis of the carpal navicular bone using Ender's small
      plate].

PMID- 2892976
TI  - [Results of the surgical management of Dupuytren's contracture].

PMID- 2892977
TI  - [Osteosynthesis using screws in fractures of the odontoid process. Preliminary
      report].

PMID- 2892978
TI  - [Results of plastic repair of the acetabulum in childhood].

PMID- 2892979
TI  - [The effect of immobilization on the connective tissue content and elasticity of
      muscles].

PMID- 2892980
TI  - [Management of facial injuries in multiple trauma].

PMID- 2892981
TI  - [Economic aspects of certain flexor tendon injuries].

PMID- 2892982
TI  - [Plate osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures at a trauma center].

PMID- 2892983
TI  - [Unstable epiphysiolysis fracture of the humerus in childhood].

PMID- 2892984
TI  - Sexually dimorphic age-related differences in the immunocytochemical distribution
      of somatostatin in the platyfish.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) was localized by immunocytochemistry in the brains and
      pituitary glands of male and female platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) between the
      ages of 8 and 30 months (average life span is 30 months). In the brain,
      immunoreactive (ir-) SRIF is found in the perikarya of the ventrobasal
      hypothalamus (nucleus lateralis tuberis, nucleus anterior tuberis), dorsomedial
      hypothalamus, dorsal thalamus, ventral tegmentum and rhombencephalic basal plate;
      in the pituitary it is localized surrounding the ir-growth hormone containing
      cells of the caudal pars distalis, and in older fish it is also found within
      certain cells of the pars intermedia. We have demonstrated that there are
      consistent, sexually dimorphic, age-related changes in the intensity and/or
      distribution of ir-SRIF. The sexual dimorphism of the changes in SRIF
      immunoreactivity during the aging of platyfish may be related to the different
      patterns of growth observed in males and females.

PMID- 2892986
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockers.
AB  - beta-Adrenergic blocking drugs have been available for several years to treat
      ischemic heart disease and other cardiovascular and noncardiovascular disorders.
      There are multiple drugs in this class with various pharmacodynamic and
      pharmacokinetic properties that may be important in specific clinical situations
      and in avoiding certain adverse reactions. These drugs have been shown to be
      efficacious in relieving anginal symptoms and prolonging exercise tolerance, in
      reducing high blood pressure, for treating various arrhythmias, in therapy of
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and for prolonging life in many survivors of acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2892985
TI  - Lymphokine-activated killer cells and aging in mice: significance for defining
      the precursor cell.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to define the cell populations which mediate
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity in mice. Because old mice exhibit
      markedly decreased to nondetectable natural killer (NK) cell activity, this age
      associated change provided an advantageous system to examine the contribution of
      NK and T cells to LAK activity. Spleen cells from either young (6-9 weeks) or old
      (20-26 months) mice were cultured with 1000 units/ml of recombinant interleukin 2
      (rIL 2) for 3-5 days. The cells were then tested in a 51 Cr-release assay for
      their cytotoxicity against NK-resistant fresh tumor cells (MCA-102). The LAK
      activity exhibited by spleen cells from old mice following 5 days of culture was
      equivalent to that developed by spleen cells of young mice. This result was
      contrary to what would be anticipated if mature NK cells comprise the primary
      precursors of LAK activity, and required further elucidation. The Thy-1 and
      asialo GM1 (ASGM1) phenotypes of LAK precursor and effector cells were therefore
      examined by depletion techniques using the appropriate antibodies plus
      complement. The results using spleen cells harvested after 5 days of culture with
      rIL 2 showed that LAK effector cells which developed from spleen cells of both
      young and old mice were predominantly Thy-1+ (85.3% young; 91.8% old) and some
      coexpressed ASGM1. Spleen cells were treated prior to culture to study the
      precursor cells. Development of LAK activity by spleen cells from both young and
      old mice was greatly reduced by pretreatment with anti-ASGM1 plus complement.
      However, since spleen cells of old mice exhibit very low mature NK activity,
      these data suggest that the LAK precursors, at least in old mice, may be ASGM1+
      NK precursor cells rather than mature ASGM1+ NK effector cells. In addition,
      treatment with anti-Thy-1 plus complement inhibited generation of a significant
      proportion of LAK activity only in the spleens of old mice, suggesting a
      qualitative difference in LAK precursor cells with age and supporting the
      heterogeneity of the cells which are capable of developing LAK activity.

PMID- 2892987
TI  - Predictive value of Glasgow coma score for awakening after out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest. Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group of the Belgian Society for
      Intensive Care.
AB  - The Glasgow coma score (GCS) during days 1-6 after cardiac arrest was used to
      predict neurological outcome in 360 resuscitated victims of out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest. A predictive rule based on the best GCS of 216 patients
      resuscitated in 1983-84 (prediction group) was constructed, and its predictive
      power was tested on 133 patients treated in 1985 (test group). Neurological
      outcome was correctly predicted 2 days after cardiac arrest in 80% of the
      prediction group, with a best GCS of 10 or above and 4 or below as cutoff points.
      For patients with a best GCS of 5-9, prediction of outcome was possible 6 days
      after cardiac arrest, with a best GCS of 8 during the first 6 days as the single
      cutoff point. The rule was then validated in the test group: the sensitivity was
      96%; the specificity 86%; the negative predictive value 97%; and the positive
      predictive value 77%. These data suggest that this simple GCS-based rule can be
      helpful in predicting outcome in patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest, but confirmation of these data is required in a prospective study
      in a larger number of patients.

PMID- 2892988
TI  - Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of
      schoolchildren.
AB  - 90 schoolchildren aged twelve and thirteen years kept a dietary diary for three
      days. In most cases the average intake of vitamins was close to the recommended
      daily allowance, although for a minority the intake was low; with minerals the
      recommended daily allowance was less commonly achieved. To examine the
      possibility that deficiency of dietary minerals and vitamins was preventing
      optimum psychological function, a multivitamin/mineral supplement or a placebo
      was administered double-blind for eight months to 60 of the children. The
      supplement group, but not the placebo group or the remaining 30 who took no
      tablets, showed a significant increase in non-verbal intelligence.

PMID- 2892989
TI  - Prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)
      1,1-bisphosphonate (APD).
AB  - In a prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled trial comparing the effect of (3
      amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD) (150 mg/day) plus calcium (1
      g/day) with that of calcium alone on the bone mass of patients receiving long
      term glucocorticoid therapy, the mean metacarpal cortical area in patients
      receiving APD increased by 1.2% between 0 and 6 months (p less than 0.06) and
      then remained stable between 6 and 12 months. In contrast, this index
      progressively declined in the placebo group (p less than 0.05 at 12 months). The
      two groups differed significantly in the changes at both 6 and 12 months (p less
      than 0.01). Mean vertebral mineral density, as measured by quantitative computed
      tomography, increased by 19.6% over 12 months in the APD group (p less than 0.02)
      but showed a non-significant decline of 8.8% in controls. The differences between
      the changes were again significant (p less than 0.005). Biochemical indices and
      bone histomorphometry indicated a reduction in bone resorption and bone formation
      but there was no evidence of osteomalacia. APD may thus prevent bone loss in
      glucocorticoid-treated patients over a year.

PMID- 2892991
TI  - Placebo-controlled trial of topical interferon in labial and genital herpes.
AB  - The efficacy of topical interferon-beta (IFN-beta) treatment was assessed in 25
      patients with herpes of the lips or genitals who completed a 2-year follow-up in
      a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. IFN-beta gel (10(5) U/g) 4 times daily
      (about 2 x 10(4) U) applied locally during eruptions (about 10 days) reduced the
      mean number of recurrences (p less than 0.007) and the duration of eruptions (p
      less than 0.007): in the placebo group these indices did not change
      significantly. Reduction of symptoms and severity was noted in 11 of 12 patients
      on IFN-beta and in only 1 on placebo. No important side-effects were recorded.
      Topical IFN-beta may therefore be advantageous as a time-limited local treatment
      of recurrent herpes simplex virus infections of the genitals and lips.

PMID- 2892990
TI  - Chronic enterovirus infection in patients with postviral fatigue syndrome.
AB  - 76 patients with the postviral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) and 30 matched controls
      were investigated. Virus isolation was attempted from concentrated faecal samples
      by direct culture and after acid dissociation of virus from antibody. Positive
      cultures of enteroviruses were obtained from 17 (22%) patients and 2 (7%)
      controls. An enterovirus-group-specific monoclonal antibody, 5-D8/1, directed
      against the VP1 polypeptide, was used to detect enteroviral antigen in the
      circulation, either free or complexed with antibody. VP1 antigen was detected in
      the serum of 44 (51%) of a further group of 87 PVFS patients. The number of
      patients positive for VP1 antigen was greater (42/44) when IgM complexes were
      detectable than when they were not (2/23). 1 year later, the 17 patients of the
      first group of 76 with positive cultures were again studied. The same virus was
      again isolated from 5 (29%), 13 (76%) had detectable IgM responses to
      enteroviruses, and 9 (53%) were positive for VP1 antigen in the serum. These
      results show that chronic infection with enteroviruses occurs in many PVFS
      patients and that detection of enterovirus antigen in the serum is a sensitive
      and satisfactory method for investigating infection in these patients.

PMID- 2892992
TI  - Back to the future--the reinvention of public health.

PMID- 2892993
TI  - When are cyclists going to wear helmets?

PMID- 2892994
TI  - How actively should dystocia be treated?

PMID- 2892995
TI  - Pelagic paralysis.
AB  - Three conditions that may occur after consumption of seafood--puffer fish
      poisoning, ciguatera, and paralytic shellfish poisoning--are caused by a group of
      poisons that block voltage-gated sodium channels in myelinated and non-myelinated
      nerves. The conditions cannot be distinguished clinically and so constitute an
      entity for which the name pelagic paralysis is proposed. Variations in the
      clinical features can be accounted for by large differences in the amount of
      toxin present in the seafood.

PMID- 2892997
TI  - Cholesterol embolisation: a lethal complication of vascular catheterisation.
AB  - Cholesterol embolisation after vascular catheterisation occurred in 5 patients.
      It tended to be associated with difficult manipulation of the catheter within a
      severely diseased aorta, and a common feature is leg pain with livedo reticularis
      despite palpable pulses. Confusion, renal failure, and death ultimately ensue.

PMID- 2892996
TI  - Skin and soft-tissue infections.

PMID- 2892998
TI  - What criteria should guide decision makers for incompetent patients?

PMID- 2892999
TI  - Typhoid vaccines.

PMID- 2893000
TI  - Intravenous captopril in acute heart failure.

PMID- 2893001
TI  - Percutaneous dynamic removal of atheroma.

PMID- 2893002
TI  - Chromosomes and screening for neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2893003
TI  - Caudate lesions as surgical treatment in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2893004
TI  - Difficult intubation.

PMID- 2893005
TI  - Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis.

PMID- 2893006
TI  - Clinical comparison of Campylobacter jejuni and C coli diarrhoea.

PMID- 2893007
TI  - Osteoporosis.

PMID- 2893008
TI  - T-lymphocyte alveolitis, tropical spastic paresis, and Sjogren syndrome.

PMID- 2893009
TI  - Listeriosis and food-borne transmission.

PMID- 2893010
TI  - Mechanical ventilation for the newborn.

PMID- 2893011
TI  - Aspirin and stroke prevention.

PMID- 2893012
TI  - Prolonged respiratory depression caused by sublingual buprenorphine.

PMID- 2893013
TI  - The ten-day rule.

PMID- 2893014
TI  - Perspectives on radiocaesium in the general public.

PMID- 2893015
TI  - Scratch test in clinical examination of liver.

PMID- 2893016
TI  - Cycads and sago.

PMID- 2893017
TI  - Safety helmet law in Italy.

PMID- 2893018
TI  - Interpretation of fetal breathing movements in oligohydramnios due to membrane
      rupture.

PMID- 2893019
TI  - Fetal viability in multiple pregnancy.

PMID- 2893020
TI  - Limitations of GIFT.

PMID- 2893021
TI  - Needle size and risk of miscarriage after amniocentesis.

PMID- 2893022
TI  - Mazindol in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2893023
TI  - Clostridia and neutropenic enterocolitis.

PMID- 2893024
TI  - Concurrent hepatitis B and disseminated gonococcal infection associated with
      defective opsonisation.

PMID- 2893025
TI  - GOBI and infant mortality.

PMID- 2893026
TI  - Termination of pregnancy limit: 28, 24, or 18 weeks.

PMID- 2893027
TI  - Drug abuse strategies.

PMID- 2893028
TI  - Epilepsy and headache.

PMID- 2893029
TI  - Syringe pump safety lock.

PMID- 2893030
TI  - Isolation of HIV-2 in Central Africa from AIDS patient and her symptom-free
      partner.

PMID- 2893031
TI  - HIV-2 antibodies in African with spastic paraplegia.

PMID- 2893033
TI  - Incidence of IgA nephropathy in UK.

PMID- 2893032
TI  - Risk of virus transmission by jet injection.

PMID- 2893034
TI  - Relapse after autografting with peripheral blood stem cells.

PMID- 2893035
TI  - Exceptionally low cancer incidence in doctors.

PMID- 2893036
TI  - Propofol and malignant hyperpyrexia.

PMID- 2893037
TI  - Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: no
      additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty.
AB  - A randomised trial of 367 patients with acute myocardial infarction was performed
      to determine whether an invasive strategy combining thrombolysis with recombinant
      tissue-type plasminogen activator (rTPA), heparin, and acetylsalicylic acid, and
      immediate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) would be superior
      to a noninvasive strategy with the same medical treatment but without immediate
      angiography and PTCA. Intravenous infusion of 100 mg rTPA was started within 5 h
      after onset of symptoms (median 156 min). Angiography was performed 6-165 min
      later in 180 out of 183 patients allocated to the invasive strategy; 184 patients
      were allocated to the non-invasive strategy. Immediate PTCA reduced the
      percentage stenosis of the infarct-related segment, but this was offset by a high
      rate of transient (16%) and sustained (7%) reocclusion during the procedure and
      recurrent ischaemia during the first 24 h (17%). The clinical course was more
      favourable after non-invasive therapy, with a lower incidence of recurrent
      ischaemia within 24 h (3%), bleeding complications, hypotension, and ventricular
      fibrillation. Mortality at 14 days was lower in patients allocated to non
      invasive treatment (3%) than in the group allocated to invasive treatment (7%).
      No difference between the treatment groups was observed in infarct size estimated
      from myocardial release of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase or in left
      ventricular ejection fraction after 10-22 days. Since immediate PTCA does not
      provide additional benefit there seems to be no need for immediate angiography
      and PTCA in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with rTPA.

PMID- 2893038
TI  - Coronary thrombolysis and myocardial salvage by tissue plasminogen activator
      given up to 4 hours after onset of myocardial infarction. National Heart
      Foundation of Australia Coronary Thrombolysis Group.
AB  - 144 patients presenting within 4 h of onset of myocardial infarction were
      randomised to receive either 100 mg of single-strand recombinant tissue
      plasminogen activator (rTPA) in 3 h (n = 73) or placebo infused at the same rate
      (n = 71). All patients were given heparin 5000 units before the infusion and
      heparin was continued, initially at 1000 units per hour, after the infusion.
      Minor bleeding was more frequent in the rTPA recipients, and during subsequent
      anticoagulant therapy there were three clinically significant bleeding episodes
      in this group. Patency of the infarct-related coronary artery was determined by
      coronary angiography about one week post-infarction, 125 angiograms being
      assessable. The infarct-related artery was patent in 70% of patients who received
      rTPA and in 41% of those who did not (p = 0.0015). In the 103 patients who had
      assessable contrast ventriculograms, the global ejection fractions were 57.7% and
      51.7%, respectively (p = 0.04). The difference in ventricular function was
      largest in patients with anterior infarction (52.7% versus 40.0%, p = 0.02). The
      magnitude of these changes suggests an improvement in ejection fraction of 12%
      overall and about 30% in patients with anterior infarction.

PMID- 2893039
TI  - Stimulation of endothelial cell growth by sera from diabetic patients with
      retinopathy.
AB  - An in-vitro proliferation assay has shown that sera from patients with diabetic
      retinopathy, particularly those with the proliferative form, are two to four
      times more effective than sera from non-diabetics at stimulating 3H-thymidine
      incorporation into both human umbilical vein and human omental microvascular
      endothelial cells, but not at stimulating incorporation into human dermal
      fibroblasts or 3T3 cells. The factor(s) is heat stable and of molecular weight
      greater than 15,000, and its presence is unrelated to metabolic control. It is
      not present in patients with other forms of diabetic vascular disease, which
      suggests that it is not related to carbohydrate or lipid metabolism. These
      results provide evidence against the hypothesis that metabolic disturbances are
      central to the development of diabetic microvascular disease, and raise
      possibilities of novel forms of therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2893040
TI  - A study of the genesis of colic.
AB  - To investigate local events in the gut as well as the location and duration of
      discomfort associated with colic, mild phasic pain was induced by balloon
      distension and bolus injection of normal saline at various sites in the gut of 1
      normal volunteer and 12 patients with gut disorders. Intraluminal pressures were
      recorded. Pain was experienced only when a rise in baseline pressure occurred in
      a segment of gut at least 6 cm and up to 32 cm long. Painful segmental pressure
      rises were often low compared with non-painful localised pressure rises. Induced
      phasic pain had all the characteristics of colic, usually lasted less than a
      minute in both small and large intestine, and while frequently beginning
      paracentrally, tended to spread across the midline with increasing severity.

PMID- 2893042
TI  - HTLV-1 comes of age.

PMID- 2893041
TI  - Custom tube drains.

PMID- 2893043
TI  - Treatment of brain abscess.

PMID- 2893045
TI  - Fractures of the nose.

PMID- 2893044
TI  - Bile acid sequestrants and hyperlipidaemia.

PMID- 2893046
TI  - Obstetric anaesthesia on report.

PMID- 2893047
TI  - Unsuitability of World Health Organisation guidelines for fluoride concentrations
      in drinking water in Senegal.
AB  - A survey was done of the prevalence of dental fluorosis among children aged 7-16
      years and the occurrence of skeletal fluorosis among adults aged 40-60 years
      living in regions in Senegal where fluoride concentrations in the drinking water
      ranged from less than 0.1 to 7.4 mg/l. In the area where the fluoride
      concentration in the drinking water was 1.1 mg/l milder forms of dental fluorosis
      were found, the prevalence being 68.5%. In areas where fluoride concentrations
      exceeded 4 mg/l the prevalence of dental fluorosis reached 100%. Kyphosis was
      very prevalent among a community whose drinking water contained 7.4 mg/l
      fluoride. Radiographs of the vertebral column, hand, and wrist of 3 adults with
      kyphosis confirmed the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis. High sweat loss and a
      high intake of water because of the hot weather may account for the finding. The
      present World Health Organisation guideline for the upper limit of fluoride
      concentration in drinking water may be unsuitable for countries with a hot, dry
      climate.

PMID- 2893048
TI  - Surgical prophylaxis--the emerging picture.

PMID- 2893049
TI  - Rehabilitation status: a measure of medicosocial dysfunction.
AB  - The Edinburgh Rehabilitation Status Scale (ERSS) measures four dimensions in
      which changes may occur in the course of a disabling illness or during
      rehabilitation: independence; activity; social integration; and effects of
      symptoms on lifestyle. It provides a profile of measures, the scores of which can
      be summated to indicate the overall level of performance of individuals or
      groups. Studies of its inter-observer reliability and of its application in
      various disability groups indicate that the ERSS reliably defines the
      characteristics of individual patients and of groups. The scale can be used
      conveniently by professional staff working independently or by a
      multiprofessional rehabilitation team to assess status and changes in patients.
      It can also be used for measurement of the effectiveness of services and for
      purposes of research, teaching, and administration.

PMID- 2893050
TI  - Thrombolysis at home.

PMID- 2893052
TI  - Blood pressures, hearts, and U-shaped curves.

PMID- 2893051
TI  - Percutaneous angioplasty in renovascular hypertension.

PMID- 2893053
TI  - Abnormal retinal function associated with long-term etretinate?

PMID- 2893054
TI  - Isotretinoin dose and teratogenicity.

PMID- 2893055
TI  - Megadose vitamin A and teratogenicity.

PMID- 2893056
TI  - Renal autotransplantation for severe sickle cell haematuria.

PMID- 2893057
TI  - Failure of dapsone/pyrimethamine plus chloroquine against falciparum malaria in
      Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2893058
TI  - Cervical dysplasia and HIV infection.

PMID- 2893059
TI  - HIV testing on all pregnant women.

PMID- 2893060
TI  - Combination therapy after retroviral inoculation.

PMID- 2893061
TI  - Classifying benign breast changes.

PMID- 2893062
TI  - Neutrophil accumulation in chronic obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 2893064
TI  - Benzodiazepines in anxiety.

PMID- 2893063
TI  - IgG1 subclass deficiency in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2893065
TI  - Vitamin B12 and seaweed.

PMID- 2893066
TI  - Acute leukaemia during pregnancy.

PMID- 2893067
TI  - Intravascular coagulation and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

PMID- 2893068
TI  - Early diagnosis of hydatidosis by ultrasonography.

PMID- 2893069
TI  - The full potential of ultrasound.

PMID- 2893070
TI  - Need for radiographs in the acutely injured ankle.

PMID- 2893071
TI  - Charges for preventive services.

PMID- 2893072
TI  - Long-term antibiotic treatment in reactive arthritis.

PMID- 2893073
TI  - Rapidly progressive aortic stenosis associated with hyperparathyroidism in renal
      failure.

PMID- 2893074
TI  - Airflow limitation--reversible or irreversible?

PMID- 2893075
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase levels in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin
      or azathioprine/steroids.

PMID- 2893076
TI  - Bioactivity and immunoreactivity of tumour necrosis factor in cancer patients.

PMID- 2893077
TI  - Adhesion molecules, immunosurveillance, and B-cell malignancies.

PMID- 2893078
TI  - Recombinant alpha 2-interferon treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B.

PMID- 2893079
TI  - Diltiazem for tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2893080
TI  - Treatment of patients with symptomless left ventricular dysfunction after
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - In a randomised, double-blind trial 60 patients with left ventricular dysfunction
      (ejection fraction less than 45%) but without clinical evidence of heart failure
      1 week after Q wave myocardial infarction were given captopril 25 mg thrice a
      day, frusemide 40 mg daily, or placebo. Left ventricular volumes were measured at
      baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months with cross-sectional echocardiography
      and Simpson's rule analysis of standardised apical views. The captopril group
      showed no significant change in left ventricular end-diastolic volume index but
      left ventricular end-systolic volume index was significantly reduced and stroke
      volume index and ejection fraction were significantly increased from 1 month on.
      In contrast, the frusemide and placebo groups showed significant increases in
      ventricular volumes, with stroke volume index unchanged and ejection fraction
      slightly reduced. The changes in the captopril group were significantly different
      from those in the other groups.

PMID- 2893081
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus detected in bowel epithelium from patients with
      gastrointestinal symptoms.
AB  - Infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was recovered from two out of four
      bowel biopsy specimens from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients
      with chronic diarrhoea of unknown aetiology. In-situ hybridisation of biopsy
      specimens from rectum and duodenum of other AIDS patients with gastrointestinal
      complaints showed the presence of HIV-infected cells in both the base of the
      bowel crypts and the lamina propria. The type(s) of epithelial cell(s) infected
      could not be determined definitively. However, the association of in-situ
      labelling of HIV RNA in argentaffin staining cells strongly suggests that
      enterochromaffin cells derived from neural crest tissue are among the target
      cells. This evidence that HIV can directly infect the bowel raises the
      possibility that the virus causes some of the gastrointestinal disorders of AIDS
      patients.

PMID- 2893082
TI  - Prenatal testing for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.
AB  - DNA studies were undertaken following 53 requests from pregnant women at risk for
      Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, including 32 in whom there was only 1
      affected individual in the family (sporadic cases). The DNA restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms were informative in 51 of the 53 cases. In 10 of 25
      pregnancies with male fetuses the risk to the fetus was reduced to 5% or less.
      Referral of possible carriers before onset of pregnancy is strongly advisable on
      both medical and economic grounds. The banking of DNA from affected individuals
      for future use in the estimation of risks to their relatives should be
      encouraged.

PMID- 2893083
TI  - Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium determined by DNA probe in men with
      urethritis.
AB  - The prevalence of urethral infection with Mycoplasma genitalium was determined by
      use of a DNA probe in 203 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. M
      genitalium was detected in 3 (14%) of 21 with acute gonococcal urethritis; 3
      (10%) of 30 with acute chlamydia-positive non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU); 4
      (13%) of 31 with acute chlamydia-negative NGU; 10 (27%) of 37 with persistent or
      recurrent NGU; and 10 (12%) of 84 with no urethritis. The organism was more
      prevalent in homosexual (11 [30%] of 37) than in heterosexual men (19 [11%] of
      166; p = 0.009). These data do not support an important aetiological role for M
      genitalium in acute urethritis, but suggest that it may account for some cases of
      NGU that become persistent or recurrent. The higher prevalence of urethral
      infection in homosexual men suggests that M genitalium may reside in the
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2893084
TI  - Multimodal approach to screening for ovarian cancer.
AB  - 1010 postmenopausal women were recruited for an ovarian cancer screening
      programme incorporating serum CA-125 measurement and vaginal examination as
      initial tests and real-time ultrasonography as a secondary procedure in selected
      cases. The normal range for serum CA-125 in postmenopausal women was established.
      The specificity for ovarian cancer of serum CA-125 measurement and vaginal
      examination were 97.0% and 97.3%, respectively. The combinations of serum CA-125
      measurement with ultrasound and vaginal examination with ultrasound achieved
      specificities of 99.8% and 99.0%, respectively. 100% specificity was achieved by
      serum CA-125 measurement with vaginal examination and by the combination of all
      three tests. The findings indicate that no individual screening test has
      acceptable specificity for ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women. However, the
      combination of CA-125 measurement with ultrasound did achieve acceptable
      specificity and offers the most hope of a specific and sensitive method for early
      detection.

PMID- 2893085
TI  - Investigation of leukaemia clusters by use of a Geographical Analysis Machine.
AB  - A new spatial analysis device called a Geographical Analysis Machine detects
      deviations from the Poisson distribution of rare events. Application to childhood
      leukaemia data from the north of England identified five clusters, only one of
      which had been noted by previous methods.

PMID- 2893086
TI  - Management of venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 2893088
TI  - Bepridil.

PMID- 2893087
TI  - Splints don't stop colds--surprising!

PMID- 2893090
TI  - When editors agree.

PMID- 2893089
TI  - A job for life.

PMID- 2893091
TI  - Active-life expectancy and terminal dependency: trends in long-term geriatric
      care over 33 years.
AB  - To determine whether medical advances will result in an increasing number of
      dependent elderly people, or whether postponement of disability in a finite
      lifespan will lead to a decrease in terminal dependency, an analysis was made of
      24,117 admissions to a geriatric unit from 1954 to 1986. During this period, the
      average age on admission for long-term care rose by 0.24 years per year for women
      and by 0.09 years per year for men. The median length of stay also increased,
      more for women than for men, as did the proportion of the total lifespan spent in
      long-term care. Active-life expectancy became longer and terminal dependency was
      postponed, but the duration of terminal dependency increased. Active-life
      expectancy increased more rapidly in women than in men, as did the length of
      terminal dependency. As life expectancy continues to increase, high priority will
      have to be given to reduction of disability and dependency in advanced old age.

PMID- 2893093
TI  - Antibiotic therapy--a resume.

PMID- 2893092
TI  - Identification of children with cerebral palsy unable to maintain a normal
      nutritional state.
AB  - 7 children aged 2-16 with severe cerebral palsy and growth failure were compared
      with children of the same weight in respect of their eating efficiency. Children
      with cerebral palsy took 2-12 times longer to chew and swallow a standard amount
      of pureed food and 1-15 times longer for solid food than did their weight
      controls. A behaviour score of feeding characteristics was higher in children
      with cerebral palsy than in controls. Even long meal times do not compensate for
      the severity of these childrens' feeding impairment. The measurements of feeding
      efficiency provides the basis for early identification of children who cannot be
      adequately nourished without ancillary feeding by nasogastric tube or by
      enterostomy.

PMID- 2893094
TI  - Surgical emergencies after prenatal treatment for intra-abdominal abnormality.
AB  - Emergency surgery was required in three babies who had been treated prenatally
      after ultrasonic detection of gastrointestinal abnormality. There are at present
      no indications for prenatal intervention in such babies.

PMID- 2893095
TI  - Hyperalgesia in premature infants.

PMID- 2893096
TI  - Ploidy as prognostic determinant in lung cancer.

PMID- 2893097
TI  - Updated Kiel classification for lymphomas.

PMID- 2893098
TI  - Renal transplantation and the skin.

PMID- 2893099
TI  - Acid-fast bacilli in Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2893100
TI  - Impact of surgery on survival in locally advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2893102
TI  - Human parvovirus infection and seronegative-like arthritis in adults.

PMID- 2893101
TI  - Piezoelectric lithotripsy.

PMID- 2893103
TI  - Poxviruses isolated from epidemic erythromelalgia in China.

PMID- 2893104
TI  - Propofol and electroconvulsive therapy.

PMID- 2893105
TI  - Reactivities of antibodies to HIV and SIV in human sera in Kenya, Gabon, and
      Ghana.

PMID- 2893106
TI  - False positive anti-HIV tests on blood donations.

PMID- 2893107
TI  - Reproducibility of HIV antigen test.

PMID- 2893108
TI  - Extraoral origin of Eikenella corrodens infection.

PMID- 2893109
TI  - Probable toxicity of surface-active agent in commercial herbicide containing
      glyphosate.

PMID- 2893110
TI  - False positivity with third-generation (monoclonal) assay for hepatitis B surface
      antigen.

PMID- 2893111
TI  - Is yawning a brainstem phenomenon?

PMID- 2893112
TI  - Origin of spiral organisms in human gastric antrum.

PMID- 2893113
TI  - Too many H2 antagonists?

PMID- 2893115
TI  - Virulence of Campylobacter strains and degree of gastritis.

PMID- 2893114
TI  - Epidemic jejunitis.

PMID- 2893116
TI  - Peptic ulcers in childhood.

PMID- 2893117
TI  - Sleeping with bed-head raised in patients with severe peptic oesophagitis.

PMID- 2893118
TI  - Criteria for severe aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2893119
TI  - Efficacy of bromine biocide in cooling-water systems.

PMID- 2893120
TI  - Role of paediatrician in child sexual abuse cases.

PMID- 2893121
TI  - Amoxycillin/clavulanate resistant Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2893122
TI  - Hydrogen sulphide poisoning in factory worker.

PMID- 2893123
TI  - Mycobacterial culture: how long?

PMID- 2893124
TI  - Fetal breathing is not a predictor of pulmonary hypoplasia in pregnancies
      complicated by oligohydramnios.

PMID- 2893125
TI  - Potential pathogenicity of Leuconostoc.

PMID- 2893126
TI  - Vancomycin-resistant Leuconostoc.

PMID- 2893127
TI  - Genetic inheritance and plasma fibrinogen.

PMID- 2893128
TI  - Smoking and plasma fibrinogen.

PMID- 2893129
TI  - Vivax relapse after falciparum malaria.

PMID- 2893130
TI  - Hypercalcaemia of malignancy.

PMID- 2893131
TI  - Childhood leukaemia incidence around nuclear installations.

PMID- 2893132
TI  - Radiation risks and ICRP inaction.

PMID- 2893133
TI  - Cupping brings back memories.

PMID- 2893134
TI  - The future of the NHS.

PMID- 2893135
TI  - Standard of proof in evidence of child abuse.

PMID- 2893136
TI  - Percutaneous oxygen delivery to the preterm infant.
AB  - The feasibility of delivering therapeutically useful amounts of oxygen
      percutaneously was investigated in 13 preterm infants. Their gestation ranged
      from 25 to 31 weeks and all were being ventilated for severe respiratory
      distress. Raising the ambient oxygen concentration resulted in an increase in
      arterial oxygen tension of 4.5 to 13.8 mm Hg (mean 8.9 mm Hg) as a result of
      percutaneous oxygen absorption. The change was greatest in the least mature
      infants and in those with the weakest epidermal barrier. Transdermal oxygen
      therapy can usefully supplement oxygen delivery to very premature infants with
      poor pulmonary gas exchange.

PMID- 2893138
TI  - Suppression of hepatitis B antibody synthesis by factor made by T cells from
      chronic hepatitis B carriers.
AB  - Mononuclear cells taken from subjects who had been immunised with hepatitis B
      vaccine could be stimulated by pokeweed mitogen plus hepatitis B surface antigen
      to synthesise antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in vitro. Such synthesis
      was suppressed by supernatants of cultures of T cells from hepatitis B surface
      antigen carriers. The suppressor activity of this soluble factor in the
      supernatants was specific for anti-HBs since it did not affect production of
      polyclonal immunoglobulins or specific antibody to tetanus toxoid and since its
      effect was completely absorbed by a hepatitis B surface antigen column. The
      suppressor factor was made by T-cell cultures but not by non-T-cell cultures. T
      cells for 13 out of 15 carriers produced this factor.

PMID- 2893137
TI  - Growth without growth hormone: the "invisible" GH syndrome.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) deficiency, diagnosed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) measurements
      of GH in blood after provocation or in continuous 24 h samples of venous blood,
      is usually associated with growth failure. 4 non-obese boys have been identified
      who had normal linear growth despite apparent GH deficiency by standard RIA. All
      4 patients had normal GH concentrations as measured with an IM-9 cell radio
      receptor assay (RRA). The RRA/RIA ratio of the 4 patients significantly exceeded
      that of controls. Thus, these patients secrete a molecule with normal GH receptor
      binding and bioactivity which is "invisible" to the standard GH RIA. This variant
      GH is possibly expressed from the human GH-V gene or a mutant allele.

PMID- 2893139
TI  - Clinical and metabolic features of ethanol-methanol poisoning in chronic
      alcoholics.
AB  - The kinetics of methanol were examined in 84 chronic alcoholics admitted after
      drinking a cleansing solution containing 90% ethanol and 5% methanol. On
      admission, the average blood methanol concentration was 20 mmol/l (64 mg/dl) and
      blood ethanol concentration was 39 mmol/l (179 mg/dl). Although these patients
      were not treated with ethanol, and methanol concentrations remained high as blood
      ethanol concentrations fell to zero, no acidosis or other signs of classic
      methanol poisoning developed. The rate of metabolism of methanol was correlated
      to the initial ethanol concentration. To avoid unnecessary invasive therapy,
      treatment of methanol poisoning should be based on the case history, clinical
      signs, and laboratory features-not solely on blood methanol concentrations.

PMID- 2893140
TI  - Genomic imprinting and carcinogenesis.
AB  - Genomic imprinting might play an important part in the development of several
      tumours. It is suggested that in Wilms' tumorigenesis, imprinting normally
      renders inactive a transforming gene on the maternally derived chromosome 11,
      leaving intact the paternally inherited chromosome 11 and the Wilms' transforming
      gene that it carries. A similar mechanism might account for the inheritance
      patterns of other tumours.

PMID- 2893141
TI  - Primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease with lipid-lowering drugs.

PMID- 2893143
TI  - Which type of colitis?

PMID- 2893142
TI  - Combating undernutrition in the Third World.

PMID- 2893144
TI  - Sleep and scoliosis.

PMID- 2893145
TI  - Painful bladder diseases: interstitial or abacterial cystitis?

PMID- 2893146
TI  - Preventing burns and scalds.

PMID- 2893147
TI  - Cholecystectomy: the dissatisfied customer.

PMID- 2893148
TI  - Hour of birth as a prognostic factor for perinatal death.
AB  - The analysis of the 220,540 births and 2152 perinatal deaths recorded in
      Switzerland between 1979 and 1981 showed a variation of perinatal mortality rates
      (PMR) according to the hour of birth. The PMR for babies born between 4 pm and 2
      am was 12 per 1000, contrasting with a figure of 8.4 per 1000 for babies born
      between 2 am and 4 pm. This pattern, which was fairly constant throughout the
      week, was characterised by a slow and steady increase from the very early
      morning, reaching a maximum in the late evening. There was also an hour-to-hour
      variation in the proportion of babies born weighing less than 2500 g, with a
      maximum in the evening and a less pronounced peak in the morning: the mortality
      rates by birthweight were raised only in the evening. Since the availability of
      hospital staff and equipment also follows a circadian rhythm, the variation in
      PMR may be related to a circadian rhythm of quality of care or possibly to
      chronobiological or selection factors.

PMID- 2893149
TI  - Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic Third
      World community.
AB  - In a peri-urban shanty town in Lima, Peru, that was hyperendemic for Giardia
      lamblia, 44 children aged between 0.9 months and 10 years were effectively
      treated for Giardia lamblia with tinidazole. Stools were examined weekly in the 6
      months after treatment to determine the rate of reinfection, and after
      reinfection stools continued to be examined. 98% of the children became
      reinfected with Giardia lamblia within 6 months, and after reinfection stool
      excretion of the parasite lasted a mean (SD) of 3.2 (3.3) months. The children's
      mean stool pH and their mean stool fat index was unaffected by Giardia lamblia
      reinfection. Treatment of all symptomless Giardia lamblia infections in a
      developing country hyperendemic for the disease is of questionable value because
      of rapid reinfection.

PMID- 2893150
TI  - The Santmyer swallow: a new and useful infant reflex.
AB  - A puff of air administered to the face of 102 subjects (from 33 week's gestation
      on the first day of life to age 42 years) elicited a reflex swallow identical to
      a normal primary peristaltic sequence in 88. Subjects who responded were younger
      than 24 months of age or severely disabled neurologically; those who did not
      respond were older than 11 months and free of neurological abnormality. Response
      was variable between 11 and 24 months. This swallow response appears to be a
      clinically useful but previously unrecognised infant reflex.

PMID- 2893151
TI  - The bilingual consultation.

PMID- 2893152
TI  - Blood pressure and erythropoietin.

PMID- 2893153
TI  - Misuse of oxytocin in labour.

PMID- 2893154
TI  - Risk gradient for malignant melanoma in individuals with dysplastic naevi.

PMID- 2893155
TI  - Carbon dioxide, brain damage, and cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2893156
TI  - Total body water and very-low-calorie diets.

PMID- 2893158
TI  - AIDS, sex, and genital ulceration.

PMID- 2893157
TI  - Immunising children infected with HIV.

PMID- 2893159
TI  - Interferon in myelofibrosis.

PMID- 2893160
TI  - NSAIDs, plasma half-lives, and adverse reactions.

PMID- 2893161
TI  - Why does placebo improve severe limb ischaemia?

PMID- 2893162
TI  - High levels of IgA antigliadin antibodies in patients who have IgA mesangial
      glomerulonephritis but not coeliac disease.

PMID- 2893163
TI  - Limitations of pulse oximetry.

PMID- 2893164
TI  - Haemolytic uraemic syndrome induced by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

PMID- 2893165
TI  - Falsely raised serum thyrotropin with modified immunoradiometric assay.

PMID- 2893166
TI  - Pancreatic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2893168
TI  - Health services in the occupied territories.

PMID- 2893167
TI  - Thalidomide for graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2893171
TI  - Abortion legislation.

PMID- 2893169
TI  - Mozambique: health and war.

PMID- 2893170
TI  - Courtroom science.

PMID- 2893172
TI  - Drug information for patients.

PMID- 2893173
TI  - Non-compliant or illiterate?

PMID- 2893174
TI  - Environmental toxins in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2893175
TI  - Neurotoxicity of manganese.

PMID- 2893176
TI  - Bromodialone poisoning.

PMID- 2893177
TI  - Alarming electrocardiographic changes caused by inadequately insulated temporary
      epicardial electrodes.

PMID- 2893178
TI  - Incidental neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2893179
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials and spinal decompression sickness.

PMID- 2893180
TI  - Spinal-cord degeneration in commercial divers.

PMID- 2893181
TI  - Plastic devices: new fields for old microbes.

PMID- 2893182
TI  - Desmopressin therapy in patients with acquired factor VIII inhibitors.

PMID- 2893184
TI  - Preprandial intranasal insulin.

PMID- 2893183
TI  - Prenatal exclusion of primary hyperoxaluria type 1.

PMID- 2893185
TI  - Fetus as ward of court?

PMID- 2893186
TI  - 'Opren' case arbitration.

PMID- 2893187
TI  - Effect of zidovudine on serum human immunodeficiency virus antigen levels in
      symptom-free subjects.
AB  - 18 men with longstanding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigenaemia but no
      symptoms received zidovudine in low-dose regimens (250 mg 6-hourly, 500 mg 6
      hourly, or 500 mg 12-hourly) with or without acyclovir. Serum HIV antigen rose in
      only 1 patient and declined significantly in 13 (to below cut-off values in 9).
      In the 1 subject from whom HIV antigen positive cerebrospinal fluid was obtained,
      the fluid was antigen negative after 12 weeks of treatment. Acyclovir treatment
      alone or in addition did not seem to influence serum antigen levels. In 7
      untreated men serum antigen levels rose or remained stable during follow-up. CD4+
      cell counts increased in 14/18 treated subjects and 1/7 untreated subjects. No
      disease progression was observed in either group. Regression of enlarged lymph
      nodes was seen in the zidovudine-treated subjects. Adverse reactions to the study
      drugs were infrequent and mild. Anaemia caused symptoms in 2, but serious
      leucopenia or neutropenia was not observed.

PMID- 2893188
TI  - Genetic differences between cystic fibrosis with and without meconium ileus.
AB  - 41 families with cystic fibrosis, (CF) were tested for restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected by four DNA probes all of which are tightly
      linked to the CF gene. 17 of the families had an affected child with, and 24 had
      one without, meconium ileus. In all cases, CF segregates with these gene probes;
      however, those with and those without meconium ileus differed in haplotype for CF
      chromosomes with respect to pJ3.11, which suggests that because of multiallelism
      (different mutations of the same locus) some CF patients present with meconium
      ileus and others do not.

PMID- 2893189
TI  - A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis.
AB  - 28 patients with stable chronic psoriasis completed a trial in which they were
      randomly allocated to receive either 10 fish-oil capsules ('MaxEPA') or 10
      placebo capsules (olive oil) daily. Patients were specifically instructed not to
      change their normal diet. After 8 weeks' treatment there was a significant
      lessening of itching, erythema, and scaling in the active treatment group, with a
      trend towards an overall decrease in body surface area affected. No change
      occurred in the placebo group.

PMID- 2893190
TI  - Short versus standard prednisone therapy for initial treatment of idiopathic
      nephrotic syndrome in children. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie.
AB  - Two regimens of steroid treatment for the initial attack of idiopathic nephrotic
      syndrome in children were compared in a controlled multicentre study. Short
      course prednisone therapy consisted of 60 mg/m2 per 24 h until proteinuria had
      disappeared for 3 days, followed by 40 mg/m2 per 48 h until complete remission
      had occurred. The standard prednisone therapy was 60 mg/m2 per 24 h for 4 weeks,
      followed by 40 mg/m2 per 48 h for 4 weeks. 61 children with a first attack of
      idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were allocated at random to these groups. Urinary
      remission in the short-course group was achieved after 14 days of daily
      prednisone, and complete remission after an additional 16 days of alternate day
      prednisone. The cumulative rate of patients with sustained remissions after two
      years was significantly lower after the short course than after standard
      treatment (19% versus 41%, p = 0.001). The mean duration of remission in patients
      with a relapse was half as long after the short course (79 versus 169 days, p =
      0.004). Complete initial remission of steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome can
      be obtained with half the standard prednisone dose, but the short course is
      followed by a higher rate of relapses, that require repeated prednisone
      administrations. In the long term, the standard regimen is preferable.

PMID- 2893191
TI  - Percutaneous removal of atheromatous plaques in peripheral arteries.
AB  - The peripheral Simpson "atherectomy" catheter was used to treat 21 patients with
      a total of 41 stenotic lesions (5 iliac, 35 superficial femoral, and 1
      popliteal). 4 lesions were totally occluded and 16 (39%) were calcified. The mean
      (SD) degree of obstruction was reduced from 82.7 (14) to 21 (16)% (p less than
      0.0001). Mean (SD) standardised walking distance increased from 79.9 (71.9) to
      152.6 (89.7) m (p less than 0.0001); doppler index improved from 0.58 (SD 0.17)
      to 0.81 (0.16) (p less than 0.0001); performance on bicycle stress test rose from
      276.3 (range 1-1100) to 584.8 (2-2250) watt-min; and index for 201Tl-scintigraphy
      of the lower leg increased from 0.68 (0.28) to 0.91 (0.36) (p less than 0.02).
      The improvement has been maintained for 6 months, the degree of stenosis on
      repeat angiography at 2-6 months (n = 14 lesions) being 20.7 (SD 13.7)%
      (unchanged from early post-treatment values). The only restenosis has been
      corrected by a repeat of the percutaneous procedure.

PMID- 2893193
TI  - Influenza spread: evidence from "down under".

PMID- 2893192
TI  - Profound reversible myocardial depression after anaphylaxis.
AB  - Profound myocardial depression developed in 2 patients after severe anaphylactic
      reactions following the induction of anaesthesia in 1 case and a bee-sting in the
      other. Neither patient had pre-existent cardiac disease. In both patients
      haemodynamic assessment, radionuclide ventriculography, and two-dimensional
      echocardiography confirmed the clinical impression of profound systolic
      myocardial dysfunction. Haemodynamic stability was attained by intra-aortic
      balloon counterpulsation, which was probably life-saving in both cases. Cardiac
      function improved rapidly although some contractile depression persisted for
      several days. At follow-up both patients had normal cardiac function with no
      evidence of underlying heart disease.

PMID- 2893194
TI  - Exercise and energy balance.

PMID- 2893195
TI  - Microsurgical lumbar discectomy--another surgical gimmick?

PMID- 2893196
TI  - To blot or not?

PMID- 2893197
TI  - Genetic markers in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.

PMID- 2893198
TI  - Risk estimation and screening in families of patients with medullary thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - Many gene carriers for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a (MEN 2a) do not
      manifest the disease, even into old age. Thus, a negative family history in a
      patient presenting with medullary thyroid carcinoma does not reliably exclude
      familial disease. Data are reported for the probability that the MEN 2a gene will
      either have manifested clinically or be detectable by stimulated calcitonin
      screening by a given age. These probabilities can be used to calculate individual
      risks and to guide screening.

PMID- 2893199
TI  - Team management of the elderly patient with hip fracture.
AB  - The management of 200 consecutive patients with hip fracture by a joint hospital
      and community team in Peterborough has shown that over half the patients could be
      discharged considerably earlier than is usual. The patients are cared for at home
      by the hospital-at-home nursing service and generally need much less nursing care
      than patients treated conventionally. In the first 10 months of the scheme 733
      inpatient bed-days were saved and the average hospital stay of patients
      discharged home was reduced from 22.0 to 14.6 days.

PMID- 2893201
TI  - Vitamin/mineral supplementation and non-verbal intelligence.

PMID- 2893200
TI  - Subcutaneous apomorphine in parkinsonian on-off oscillations.
AB  - Subcutaneous apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, was given by continuous infusion
      during the day or by repeated injections to 19 patients with Parkinson's disease
      disabled by severe on-off fluctuations. All patients were also given domperidone.
      The 11 patients treated by infusion showed marked and sustained improvement, and
      their mean duration of daily off periods over a period of 15 months fell by 6.3
      h; similar results were obtained in 8 patients with less severe disabilities who
      were given repeated apomorphine injections. The therapeutic response to
      apomorphine was similar to that seen with intravenous levodopa; in patients
      treated by infusion the mean daily levodopa dose was reduced by 209 mg. These
      results confirm that during off periods dopamine receptors remain responsive to
      stimulation and provide evidence of a new, effective, and well-tolerated
      treatment for the most disabling complication of long-term levodopa therapy.

PMID- 2893202
TI  - Aspirin, warfarin, and stroke prevention.

PMID- 2893203
TI  - Faint palatal rash and viral labyrinthitis.

PMID- 2893204
TI  - Low-dose aspirin in pregnancy.

PMID- 2893205
TI  - Retrovirus-like particles in monocytes of patients with breast cancer.

PMID- 2893206
TI  - Rapid alkalinisation for flavone acetic acid administration: a potentially
      hazardous procedure.

PMID- 2893207
TI  - Immune thrombocytopenia caused by flavone-8-acetic acid.

PMID- 2893208
TI  - Number of events in tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2893210
TI  - Change of HLA phenotype in postoperative erythroderma.

PMID- 2893209
TI  - Intranasal calcitonin and prevention of postmenopausal bone loss.

PMID- 2893211
TI  - Importing khat.

PMID- 2893212
TI  - Toxicity of herbicide containing glyphosate.

PMID- 2893213
TI  - Arsenic and cancers.

PMID- 2893214
TI  - Should the dose of hepatitis B vaccine be reduced in newborn babies?

PMID- 2893215
TI  - Pulse oximetry in children.

PMID- 2893217
TI  - Estimating maternal mortality in developing countries.

PMID- 2893216
TI  - Hyper-IgE/recurrent staphylococcal infection syndrome.

PMID- 2893218
TI  - Bacterial diarrhoea and treatment.

PMID- 2893219
TI  - A decade of Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2893220
TI  - Galactose residues in chronic inflammatory disease.

PMID- 2893221
TI  - Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate as predictor of outcome of lumbar sympathectomy.

PMID- 2893222
TI  - Autologous blood stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2893223
TI  - Addition of desmopressin to recombinant human erythropoietin in treatment of
      haemostatic defect of uraemia.

PMID- 2893224
TI  - Analgesic effects of oral flecainide.

PMID- 2893225
TI  - HIV testing on all pregnant women.

PMID- 2893226
TI  - Resumption of HIV antigen production during continuous zidovudine treatment.

PMID- 2893227
TI  - Addicted mothers and preterm babies: a disastrous outcome.

PMID- 2893228
TI  - Dangers of methotrexate/etretinate combination therapy.

PMID- 2893229
TI  - Drug misuse strategies and AIDS prevention.

PMID- 2893230
TI  - Fetal spare parts.

PMID- 2893231
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasias in 3 generations].
AB  - Typical in MEA IIb is a combination of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland
      and a pheochromocytoma with neurocutaneous and skeletal anomalies and a
      hyperplasia of the sympathetic nervous system of the GI tract with megacolon. Two
      patients of a family with MEA II are described. The family history reveals 1) an
      autosomal inheritance with high penetrance, 2) a changing pattern of anomalies in
      different generations, 3) no marfanoid traits as typical in MEA IIb, 4) only
      males affected by megacolon. This may be an uncommon variation or an additional
      type: IIc. Further investigation is required.

PMID- 2893232
TI  - Contractile responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation are enhanced with removal
      of endothelium in rat caudal artery.
AB  - Removal of the endothelium from isolated perfused rat caudal arteries produced a
      two fold increase in the contractile response to transmural nerve stimulation.
      Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine eliminated the contractile response to
      adrenergic nerve stimulation but failed to uncover any vasodilatory effect of
      electrical stimulation, either directly on smooth muscle or via non-adrenergic
      nerves. Endothelial removal also produced two and four fold enhancement of the
      contractile responses to the selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists
      methoxamine and B-HT 920. However, pKB values for prazosin and yohimbine versus
      both agonists indicate that both methoxamine and B-HT 920 are acting primarily at
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors in this tissue. These results provide evidence that
      endothelial factors released either at basal levels or by the stimulation of
      agonists play a significant physiological role in modifying the contractile
      responses of blood vessels.

PMID- 2893234
TI  - Inhibition of cardiac Na+, K+-ATPase activity by dynorphin-A and
      ethylketocyclazocine.
AB  - The effect of various opioids on Na+, K+ -ATPase partially purified from rat
      heart was examined. Dynorphin-A (1-13), dynorphin-A (1-17) and
      ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), which are k-type opiate agonists, markedly inhibited
      the enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner; IC50 values were 12 microM, 21
      microM and 0.38 mM, respectively. Morphine (mu-type agonist), methionine- and
      leucine-enkephalin (delta-type agonist) at the concentration of 1 mM did not
      affect the enzyme activity. The effect of dynorphin-A (1-13) and EKC was not
      antagonized by naloxone. Dynorphin-A (1-13) mainly decreased Vmax value without
      the change of Km value in the activation of Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP, Na+ and K+.
      Dynorphin-A(1-13) inhibited the partial reactions of Na+, K+-ATPase at the
      different degree of the potency; the inhibition of K+-stimulated phosphatase was
      greater than that of Na+-dependent phosphorylation. The present study suggests
      that dynorphin-A and EKC have an effect on cardiovascular system which is
      mediated by the inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase in the heart.

PMID- 2893233
TI  - Endothelium-dependent contraction induced by nicotine in isolated canine basilar
      artery--possible involvement of a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) like substance.
AB  - The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether the response to
      nicotine in the isolated canine cerebral artery is endothelium-dependent. Changes
      in the tension of arterial strips were recorded isometrically. Removal of the
      endothelium was carried out by gentle rubbing, and confirmed by scanning electron
      microscopy. Rubbing procedure did not affect the contractile response of the
      strips to serotonin. Treatment of unrubbed strips with nicotine (10(-4)M) caused
      a transient contraction. This response was abolished by removal of endothelium
      and attenuated by hexamethonium (5 x 10(-6)M) and atropine (10(-6)M). The
      nicotine-induced contraction was attenuated also by aspirin (5 x 10(-5)M), a
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor, OKY-046 (5 x 10(-5)M), a thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
      synthetase inhibitor and ONO-3708 (5 x 10(-9)M), a TXA2 antagonist. These results
      indicate that the nicotine-induced contraction in canine cerebral artery is
      endothelium-dependent, and suggest that the endothelium-derived contracting
      factor (EDCF) in the nicotine-induced response is a TXA2-like substance.

PMID- 2893235
TI  - Facilitation of the release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y by the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blocking agents idazoxan and hydergine in the dog spleen.
AB  - The release of noradrenaline (NA) together with its possible cotransmitter
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) was investigated in the perfused dog spleen. The splenic
      nerve was stimulated electrically at high frequency with bursts, which evoked a
      simultaneous release of both substances. Infusion of the alpha 2-adrenergic
      blocking agents idazoxan or hydergine enhanced the amount of NA and NPY in the
      venous effluent. The present results demonstrate the concomitant release of a
      classical neurotransmitter and a neuropeptide, and suggest that at high frequency
      stimulation, regulation of their release operates very similarly.

PMID- 2893236
TI  - GABA involvement in naloxone induced reversal of respiratory paralysis produced
      by thiopental.
AB  - No agent is yet available to reverse respiratory paralysis produced by CNS
      depressants, such as general anesthetics. In this study naloxone reversed
      respiratory paralysis induced by thiopental in rats. 25 mg/kg, i.v. thiopental
      produced anesthesia without altering respiratory rate, increased GABA, decreased
      glutamate, and had no effect on aspartate or glycine levels compared to controls
      in rat cortex and brain stem. Pretreatment of rats with thiosemicarbazide for 30
      minutes abolished the anesthetic action as well as the respiratory depressant
      action of thiopental. 50 mg/kg, i.v. thiopental produced respiratory arrest with
      further increase in GABA and decrease in glutamate again in cortex and brain stem
      without affecting any of the amino acids studied in four regions of rat brain.
      Naloxone (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) reversed respiratory paralysis, glutamate and GABA
      levels to control values in brain stem and cortex with no changes in caudate or
      cerebellum. These data suggest naloxone reverses respiratory paralysis produced
      by thiopental and involves GABA in its action.

PMID- 2893237
TI  - Modulation of GABA-stimulated chloride influx into membrane vesicles from rat
      cerebral cortex by triazolobenzodiazepines.
AB  - The effects of triazolobenzodiazepines on GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake by
      membrane vesicles from rat cerebral cortex were examined. Triazolam and
      alprazolam showed a significant enhancement of GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake at
      0.01-10 microM. On the other hand, adinazolam showed a small enhancement at 0.1-1
      microM followed by a significant inhibition of GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake at
      100 microM. The enhancement of GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake by 1 microM
      alprazolam was antagonized by Ro15-1788, a benzodiazepine antagonist, but the
      inhibition of this response by 30 microM adinazolam was not antagonized by Ro15
      1788. These results indicate that triazolobenzodiazepines enhanced GABA
      stimulated 36Cl- uptake through benzodiazepine receptors. High concentrations of
      adinazolam inhibit GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake which may be due to the direct
      blockade of GABA-gated chloride channel.

PMID- 2893238
TI  - Pharmacological specificity of some psychotomimetic and antipsychotic agents for
      the sigma and PCP binding sites.
AB  - The pharmacological specificity of representative psychotomimetic agents such as
      phencyclidine (PCP) analogs, opiate benzomorphans and several antipsychotic
      agents was assessed for the sigma and PCP binding sites. In a series of binding
      experiments, in rat brain membranes, sigma and PCP binding sites were labeled
      with [3H]-1-[1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine [( 3H]PCP-3-OH), (+) [3H]-N
      allylnormetazocine [(+) [3H]SKF 10047] and (+) [3H]-3-[3-hydroxy-phenyl]-N-(1
      propyl)piperidine [(+) [3H]-3-PPP]. PCP analogs inhibit potently high affinity
      [3H]PCP-3-OH binding and (+) [3H]SKF 10047 binding, moderately the low affinity
      binding component of [3H]PCP-3-OH and very weakly (+) [3H]-3-PPP binding. (+)SKF
      10047 and cyclazocine are potent to moderate inhibitors of (+) [3H]SKF 10047,
      high affinity [3H]PCP-3-OH and (+) [3H]-3-PPP binding, but extremely weak
      inhibitors of low affinity [3H]PCP-3-OH binding. The antipsychotic agents display
      high affinity for (+) [3H]-3-PPP binding sites, moderate affinity for (+) [3H]SKF
      10047 sites and have no effect on either the high or low affinity [3H]PCP-3-OH
      binding. The present data further support the existence of multiple sigma and PCP
      binding sites.

PMID- 2893239
TI  - [Pseudomembranous colitis after antibiotic therapy associated with the presence
      of Entamoeba histolytica histolytica. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors report on two cases of pseudomembranous colitis (P.M.C.) developed in
      two Senegalese women of 38 and 36 years, and discovered at the 4th and 5th day
      respectively of an antibiotherapy based on ampicillin. In these two observations,
      cysts of Entamoeba histolytica histolytica were found in both feces and biopsies.
      They recall the circumstances of the occurrence, diagnosis techniques and
      treatment. They underline the unfrequency of this disease in Africa south of
      Sahara and they discuss the correlation with amoebiasis colitis. One has to keep
      in mind the possibility of a P.M.C. during any antibiotherapy, and consequently
      to have a rectoscopy to perform. Such an exploration is enough to pose a
      diagnosis. In day to day practice it is not necessary to show clearly the
      specific germ Clostridium difficile or its entero-toxin. To stop any
      antibiotherapy is required and beneficial. Metronidazole or Vancomycin are the
      best drugs in this case.

PMID- 2893240
TI  - Flumazenil in benzodiazepine antagonism. Actions and clinical use in
      intoxications and anaesthesiology.
AB  - In anaesthesia and in the intensive care unit, benzodiazepines have proven safe
      and effective agents for the induction and maintenance of sedation for a variety
      of therapeutic goals. However, in these contexts, or in benzodiazepine overdose,
      it is often desirable to be able to terminate or interrupt sedation without
      waiting for the effect of the benzodiazepine to become dissipated by normal
      metabolism and excretion. Flumazenil, a 1,4-imidazobenzodiazepine, is a highly
      effective, specific benzodiazepine antagonist which is indicated for use when the
      effect of a benzodiazepine must be attenuated or terminated at short notice. It
      acts by displacing other benzodiazepines from the receptor site by competitive
      inhibition. The onset of effect after intravenous administration occurs within 1
      to 3 minutes. The optimal dosage is determined for each patient by a dose
      titration procedure and lies in the range 0.2 to 1.0mg in anaesthesiology, and
      0.1 to 2.0mg in intensive care use. Despite its short elimination half-life of
      around 1 hour, after general anaesthesia or conscious to moderate sedation for
      short procedures, a single dose of flumazenil is usually sufficient to attain and
      maintain the desired level of consciousness. After intoxication with high
      benzodiazepine doses, the duration of effect of a single dose of flumazenil is
      not expected to exceed 1 hour. In such cases, the period of wakefulness can be
      prolonged as necessary by repeated low intravenous doses of flumazenil or by
      infusion (0.1 mg/hour). Flumazenil is well tolerated both systemically and
      locally. The only adverse events seen with greater frequency after flumazenil
      compared with placebo were nausea and/or vomiting after general anaesthesia,
      although the incidence of actual vomiting was not significantly different between
      the 2 groups. Since these effects were virtually absent in studies of intensive
      care patients and after sedation for short procedures, and were not seen in
      tolerability studies in healthy volunteers receiving intravenous bolus doses of
      up to 100mg, there may be a link between these symptoms and the other agents used
      in general anaesthesia, some of which have well-known emetic properties. Thus,
      flumazenil provides a safe and effective means of attenuating or reversing the
      CNS-depressant effects of benzodiazepines whenever indicated, e.g. following
      benzodiazepine-induced general anaesthesia, conscious sedation, or after
      benzodiazepine overdose, either alone or in combination with other
      agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2893241
TI  - Impaired glucose handling in active rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to
      peripheral insulin resistance.
AB  - Glucose metabolism was studied after an intravenous glucose loading in normal
      weighted, previously untreated patients (n = 14) with active rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA). The patients displayed an enhanced insulin response and impaired glucose
      handling compared with healthy controls (P less than .001). The insulin
      sensitivity, measured as the glucose utilization rate during steady state of
      euglycemia (M) was significantly decreased (P less than .01) among the patients
      compared to the controls (5.5 +/- 1.9 mg/kg BW/min [mean +/- SD] and 7.2 +/- 1.2,
      respectively). The corresponding values for the metabolic clearance rate (MCR)
      were 5.8 +/- 0.6 mL/kg BW/min and 8.2 +/- 0.4, respectively (P less than .01). In
      the patient group the k value correlated with the peripheral insulin sensitivity
      (P less than .01), which, in turn, was inversely related to the acute phase
      reaction (P less than .05). During 1 week of potent anti-inflammatory treatment
      with corticosteroids (prednisolone 20 mg daily) the k value improved P less than
      .001), the insulin sensitivity tended to improve and the insulin response
      increased (P less than .001) after an intravenous glucose loading. Five patients
      who had a remission of their disease on sulphasalazine as antirheumatic therapy
      were reexamined. A normalization of the inflammatory activity as well as the
      glucose handling and insulin sensitivity was achieved. The data obtained indicate
      that impaired glucose handling in active RA is related to insulin resistance. The
      linkage between inflammatory indices and glucose metabolism might reflect a
      special consequence of inflammation, but the influence of nonspecific disease
      manifestations, ie, malnutrition, inactivity, and myopenia, has to be considered.

PMID- 2893242
TI  - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen: cyclin.

PMID- 2893243
TI  - E-rosette receptor in human lymphocytes.

PMID- 2893245
TI  - DNA and protein heterogeneity in serial isolates of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV-1): indication of change in vivo.
AB  - Structural heterogeneity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) isolates from
      different sources has been reported. In order to investigate if the virus
      exhibits heterogeneity in vivo, HIV-1 was isolated over a 3 year period (1983
      1985) from a blood donor who progressed from the asymptomatic carrier state to
      frank AIDS. The HIV-1 specific proteins were characterized and compared by
      metabolic labelling and immunoprecipitation of infected cells and by Western blot
      analysis of gradient purified isolates. The data indicate polymorphism in the
      apparent size of gag gene-encoded p55 and env gene-encoded p41 proteins. The
      possibility of genomic variations was evaluated by studying the restriction
      enzyme polymorphism of integrated proviral DNA. Genetic diversity between 1983,
      1984 and 1985 isolates was demonstrated by a change in the number and/or size of
      restriction fragments. In addition, genetic variation was also observed in HIV-1
      isolated from the blood transfusion recipient of this donor. Subsequent analysis
      of the quantitative and qualitative titre of HIV-1 specific antibodies in the
      donor recipient sera demonstrated a concomitant change with the observed
      structural variation in the virus. These studies may be useful in elucidating
      virus or host-related critical events which lead to the onset of AIDS following
      infection with HIV-1.

PMID- 2893246
TI  - Choice of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2893247
TI  - HTLV-I: the forgotten retrovirus.

PMID- 2893244
TI  - Deletion analysis of the promoter region of the Escherichia coli pepN gene, a
      gene subject in vivo to multiple global controls.
AB  - The pepN gene codes for aminopeptidase N whose expression is regulated at the
      transcriptional level by anaerobiosis and phosphate starvation. To define and
      characterize the functional region of the pepN promoter (pepNp), various promoter
      fragments were fused to the malPQ operon of Escherichia coli and transferred to
      the chromosome. The expression of the single copy operon fusion was measured by
      assaying the amylomaltase activity. Sequences upstream from the canonical
      promoter elements, located 110 to 60 bp preceding the transcription start site,
      are important for promoter functioning. This region plays a role in the
      expression of the two divergent promoters pepNp and pncBp. The regulation of
      pepNp under phosphate starvation was conserved in the various constructs in which
      pepNp is functional. However, no particular sequence specific for phosphate
      regulation was detected. In addition, the regulation of pncBp by Pi starvation
      was demonstrated.

PMID- 2893248
TI  - [Continuous subcutaneous opioid infusion in cancer pain therapy].

PMID- 2893249
TI  - [Principles of pharmacotherapy in tumor-induced pain syndromes].

PMID- 2893250
TI  - Korean hemorrhagic fever.

PMID- 2893251
TI  - Most drugs that reverse multidrug resistance also inhibit photoaffinity labeling
      of P-glycoprotein by a vinblastine analog.
AB  - Multidrug-resistant human KB carcinoma cells express a 170,000-dalton membrane
      glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) that can be photoaffinity labeled with the
      vinblastine analog N-(p-azido-[3-125I]salicyl]-N'-(beta-aminoethyl)vindesine.
      Several agents that suppress the multidrug-resistant phenotype, including N
      solanesyl-N,N'-bis(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)ethylenediamine, cepharanthine, quinidine,
      and reserpine, were found to inhibit photolabeling of P-glycoprotein at doses
      comparable to those that reverse multidrug resistance. However, the
      phenothiazines chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine, which also effectively reverse
      multidrug resistance, were poor inhibitors of the photoaffinity labeling of P
      glycoprotein. Chloroquine, propranolol, or atropine, which only partially
      reversed the drug resistance, also did not inhibit photolabeling. Naphthalene
      sulfonamide calmodulin inhibitors, W7 and W5, as well as many other drugs that
      did not circumvent multidrug resistance, did not inhibit photolabeling. These
      studies suggest that most, but not all, agents that phenotypically suppress
      multidrug resistance also inhibit drug binding to a site on P-glycoprotein with
      which a photoaffinity analog of vinblastine interacts.

PMID- 2893252
TI  - Biosynthesis of the neurofilament heavy subunit in Xenopus oocytes microinjected
      with rat brain poly(A)+ RNA.
AB  - In order to study the expression of the major subunit of neurofilaments (NFs),
      rat brain poly(A)+ RNA was purified by three different procedures and was
      injected in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This system was able to translate efficiently
      the 200 kDa NF subunit as shown by a dot-blot immunoassay and by
      immunoprecipitation of labeled NF polypeptides.

PMID- 2893254
TI  - The yeast F1-ATPase beta subunit precursor contains functionally redundant
      mitochondrial protein import information.
AB  - The NH2 terminus of the yeast F1-ATPase beta subunit precursor directs the import
      of this protein into mitochondria. To define the functionally important
      components of this import signal, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used
      to introduce a series of deletion and missense mutations into the gene encoding
      the F1-beta subunit precursor. Among these mutations were three nonoverlapping
      deletions, two within the 19-amino-acid presequence (delta 5-12 and delta 16-19)
      and one within the mature protein (delta 28-34). Characterization of the
      mitochondrial import properties of various mutant F1-beta subunit proteins
      containing different combinations of these deletions showed that import was
      blocked only when all three deletions were combined. Mutant proteins containing
      all possible single and pairwise combinations of these deletions were found to
      retain the ability to direct mitochondrial import of the F1-beta subunit. These
      data suggest that the F1-beta subunit contains redundant import information at
      its NH2 terminus. In fact, we found that deletion of the entire F1-beta subunit
      presequence did not prevent import, indicating that a functional mitochondrial
      import signal is present near the NH2 terminus of the mature protein.
      Furthermore, by analyzing mitochondrial import of the various mutant proteins in
      [rho-] yeast, we obtained evidence that different segments of the F1-beta subunit
      import signal may act in an additive or cooperative manner to optimize the import
      properties of this protein.

PMID- 2893256
TI  - Banbury Center DNA Adducts Workshop. Workshop on DNA Adducts, Banbury Center,
      Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY (U.S.A.), Sept.
      30-Oct. 2, 1986.

PMID- 2893253
TI  - Regulation of mRNA polyadenylation-deadenylation.

PMID- 2893255
TI  - Simultaneous expression of two P-glycoprotein genes in drug-sensitive Chinese
      hamster ovary cells.
AB  - Overexpression of P-glycoprotein is characteristic of multidrug-resistant cells.
      We analyzed four P-glycoprotein transcripts that are simultaneously expressed in
      a drug-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell line. We concluded that these
      transcripts are encoded by two distinct members of a P-glycoprotein multigene
      family, each of which has two alternative polyadenylation sites. A comparison of
      the two hamster sequences with the single reported human and mouse P-glycoprotein
      cDNA sequences demonstrates that P-glycoprotein is a highly conserved protein,
      that the hamster multigene family is undergoing concerted evolution, and that
      differences between gene family members are maintained across species. These
      conserved differences suggest that there may be functional differences between P
      glycoprotein molecules.

PMID- 2893257
TI  - The polymorphic 11.1 locus of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Clone pPF11.1 encodes a Plasmodium falciparum antigen expressed during the
      intraerythrocytic cycle and containing tandem repeats of a 9 amino acid unit. We
      report here an analysis of the genomic region specific for 11.1, which extends
      over 30 kb. It contains two blocks of repeats, spanning 13 kb and 9 kb. The
      restriction map suggests that the locus may result from a gene duplication. The
      11.1 region is present in all P. falciparum strains examined so far. Southern
      analysis of 8 distinct isolates indicates that the locus is highly polymorphic.
      Thus the pPF11.1 repeats constitute a sensitive and discriminating probe to type
      P. falciparum strains.

PMID- 2893258
TI  - Catalytic classes of proteinases of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Endopeptidase inhibitors were used to determine the catalytic classes of
      proteinases present in extracts of Entamoeba histolytica (strain HM 1:IMSS)
      axenically grown in vitro. Cysteine proteinases account for most of the
      proteolytic activity; one or more proteinases with different catalytic mechanisms
      are also present but could not be unambiguously assigned to a particular
      catalytic class. Proteinases in amebic lysates were resolved by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The detergent was exchanged with
      Triton X-100 and the proteolytic activity in the gels was demonstrated by
      overlaying it on another gel containing the substrate. Four lysis zones were
      observed corresponding to molecular weights of 66,000, 56,000, 40,000 and 27,000.
      The first cannot be classified yet, but the last three showed properties
      consistent with those of cysteine proteinases. Finally, a novel technique is
      described which uses purified human alpha-2-macroglobulin to trap, purify and
      characterize proteases from amebic lysates. The results obtained with this
      technique confirm those of the overlay technique, since both methods reveal four
      distinct proteinases in the two different amebic preparations examined.

PMID- 2893259
TI  - The clinical outcome of prospective screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia
      type 2a. An 18-year experience.
AB  - An important question facing physicians who care for families with multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type 2a is whether prospective screening to detect early
      abnormalities of the thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal glands favorably influences
      the ultimate course of the disease. An 18-year study of a large family has
      allowed us to examine the effect of early treatment on the clinical course of the
      disease. Of 22 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for early C-cell
      abnormalities, 19 remained free of detectable medullary thyroid carcinoma
      according to all criteria, at a mean of 11 years after thyroidectomy. None of the
      22 patients had evidence of parathyroid disease either at the time of surgery or
      after a mean follow-up of 10 years. Prospective screening for adrenal medullary
      abnormalities by means of measurement of 24-hour urinary epinephrine excretion
      and the ratio of urinary epinephrine to norepinephrine was predictive of
      pheochromocytoma in 10 of 11 patients (with a false negative result in one
      patient) but was not useful in diagnosing adrenal medullary hyperplasia. We
      conclude that regular, prospective screening and early treatment of the
      manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia can prevent metastasis of
      medullary thyroid carcinoma and the morbidity and mortality caused by
      pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2893260
TI  - Predictive testing for Huntington's disease with use of a linked DNA marker.
AB  - The probability of carrying the gene for Huntington's disease can in many cases
      be estimated in the children of affected persons by identifying a specific DNA
      marker that is genetically linked to the gene. We studied 47 persons at 50
      percent risk of inheriting Huntington's disease who requested a presymptomatic or
      prenatal genetic-linkage test between September 1986 and January 1988. The
      participants were given pre-test counseling and psychological and neurologic
      evaluations. Nineteen persons later voluntarily withdrew from the protocol,
      including one who would have been excluded anyway, and one person was from a
      family that was too small to allow testing. Three D4S10 restriction-fragment
      length polymorphisms produced by the HindIII, EcoRI, and Bg/I enzymes were used
      for all tests, and the probability that a subject was a Huntington's disease
      carrier was calculated. The accuracy of the test was compromised by a 4 percent
      recombination frequency between D4S10 and the Huntington's disease gene. Fifteen
      presymptomatic tests and one prenatal test were completed. Four yielded positive
      results, seven yielded negative results, and five were uninformative; seven
      persons are awaiting test results. All participants with positive tests
      experienced intermittent depression, but none required hospitalization, and no
      suicide threats were reported. Five participants received a diagnosis of
      Huntington's disease on the basis of the neurologic assessment. We conclude that
      some persons in the early stages of Huntington's disease may seek presymptomatic
      testing rather than neurologic evaluations.

PMID- 2893261
TI  - Opioid receptor activity in the dentate region of the rat hippocampus.
AB  - The electrophysiological actions of normorphine and dynorphin-A were compared in
      the dentate gyrus and CA1 regions of the rat hippocampus. In both regions, these
      opioids increased cell excitability and induced afterpotentials following
      electrical stimulation of synaptic afferents. Based upon apparent naloxone
      dissociation constants, we conclude that normorphine activated mu receptors in
      both regions. However, dynorphin-A appears to act via mu receptors in CA1, but
      kappa receptors in the dentate gyrus.

PMID- 2893262
TI  - Calmodulin content in rabbit reticulocyte and the influence of opioid peptides on
      calmodulin activity in its membrane.
AB  - Calmodulin (CaM) content in rabbit reticulocyte and the influence of opioid
      peptides on CaM activity in its membrane were studied by a highly sensitive assay
      of CaM activity based on the stimulation of Calcium-dependent phosphodiesterase
      activity. The CaM contents in reticulocytes were higher than those in normal
      erythrocytes, both in the cytosol fraction and in the membrane fraction. Among
      the opioid peptides, beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and dynorphin-A-(1-13) (dyn) had a
      significant inhibitory effect on CaM activity in reticulocyte membrane. The
      effect was not antagonized by naloxone or Mr. 2266, nor influenced by increase of
      Ca2+ concentration, but was reversed by the addition of exogenous CaM. This
      implies that the action of beta-EP and dyn on reticulocyte membranes probably
      involves an non-opioid mechanism, in which CaM may be an important key of
      linkage.

PMID- 2893263
TI  - Comparison of the opioid antagonist properties of a cyclic somatostatin analog in
      vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2893264
TI  - H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2: a potent and selective antagonist
      opioid receptors.
AB  - H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) exhibited high affinity (IC50 =
      2.80 nM) in displacing [3H]naloxone binding (nH = 0.89 +/- 0.1) and showed an
      exceptional selectivity for mu opioid receptors with an
      IC50(DPDPE)/IC50(naloxone) ratio of 4,840, while it displayed very low affinity
      for somatostatin receptors (IC50 = 22,700 nM) in rat brain binding assays.
      [3H]CTOP was recently custom synthesized (spec. act.: 84 Ci/mmol) and evaluated
      for its in vitro binding properties towards the mu opioid receptors in rat brain
      membrane preparations. Association and dissociation of [3H]CTOP binding to mu
      opioid receptors were rapid at 25 degrees C with a kinetic Kd value of 0.67 nM.
      Saturation experiments gave apparent Kd value of 1.11 nM and Bmax value of 136 +/
      13 fmol/mg prot at 25 degrees C. Specific [3H]CTOP binding was inhibited by a
      number of different opioid and opiate ligands. Among them, putative mu opioid
      receptor-specific ligands, such as naloxone, naltrexone and CTOP inhibited the
      binding with high affinity, while delta opioid receptor-specific compounds or non
      opioid drugs inhibited specific [3H]CTOP binding with low affinity or they were
      ineffective.

PMID- 2893265
TI  - Comparative effects of dynorphin A(1-9) pyrrolidine analogs on isolated tissues.
AB  - Three dynorphin A(1-9) pyrrolidine analogs were synthesized by substituting
      isoleucine at position 8 with alanine (Ala), D-alanine (D-ala), and D-leucine (D
      leu), and assayed for their effect on electrically induced twitches of the
      isolated guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens. All three dynorphin A(1-9)
      pyrrolidine analogs caused inhibition of the evoked twitches of the two
      preparations dose-dependently that was reversed by naloxone. However, the
      substitution by alanine or D-alanine resulted in a decrease in potency on guinea
      pig ileum when compared to dynorphin A(1-9) pyrrolidine and substitution by D
      leucine caused a considerable loss of potency in both mouse vas deferens and
      guinea pig ileum. Although these substitutions reduced overall potency, a change
      of potency ratio towards more delta selectivity resulted.

PMID- 2893266
TI  - 125I-DPDYN, monoiodo [D-Pro10]- dynorphin (1-11), is an effective and useful tool
      for the study of kappa opioid receptors.
AB  - Iodination of the kappa-selective peptide DPDYN, [D-Pro10]-dynorphin (1-11), has
      been performed. The non radioactive monoiodo derivative of DPDYN retains kappa
      selectivity (kappa/mu = 48 and kappa/delta = 140), despite a general but moderate
      decrease in affinity. Radioiodination of DPDYN leads to the monoiodinated peptide
      (S.A 700-800 Ci/mmol) which interacts specifically and reversibly with the kappa
      sites in guinea-pig cerebellum membranes with high affinity (KD = 0.12-0.18 nM).
      In guinea-pig brain (mu-delta-kappa) and rabbit cerebellum (kappa much less than
      mu), 125I-DPDYN discriminates between kappa- and other (mu, delta) binding sites.
      We have used this new labelled probe for the direct, precise and rapid (exposure
      time less than 100 hours) visualization of kappa-sites in guinea-pig and rabbit
      cerebellar slices using autoradiography.

PMID- 2893267
TI  - Bridge peptide is a cleavage product of pro-dynorphin processing in the rat
      anterior pituitary.
AB  - Bridge peptide, the sequence of amino acids which joins alpha-neo-endorphin and
      dynorphin A 1-17, was determined to exist as a free molecule in the rat anterior
      pituitary. Gel filtration chromatography revealed the presence of the free
      peptide as well as a high molecular weight intermediate of 8-9 kilodaltons.

PMID- 2893268
TI  - Assay and biochemical characterization of a dynorphin converting enzyme in human
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - An endopeptidase hydrolyzing dynorphins A and B and alpha-neo-endorphin at the
      Arg6-Arg7 or Arg6-Lys7 bonds, was partially purified from human cerebrospinal
      fluid and further characterized by various biochemical techniques including HPLC
      gel permeation (UltroPac TSK G3000SW) and ion exchange (TSK DEAE-3SW)
      chromatography. A procedure for quantitative analysis of the enzyme in individual
      CSF samples is also described. The activity in lumbar CSF of women in late
      pregnancy was significantly lower than that in control samples.

PMID- 2893269
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for subpopulations of dynorphinergic neurons.
AB  - Biochemical studies have shown that the dynorphin precursor can generate at least
      seven opioid peptides. We report here a study of dynorphin products analyzed on
      adjacent semithin sections of rat brain, showing evidence for differential
      peptide localization among magnocellular neurons. In the oxytocinergic nucleus of
      the anterior commissure, staining was strong for dynorphin B but very weak for
      other prodynorphin markers; in the supraoptic nucleus, a discrete subset of
      dynorphin neurons were positive for leu-enkephalin.

PMID- 2893270
TI  - Immunohistochemical and subcellular studies of aminopeptidase M localization in
      rat brain: microvessels and synaptic membranes.
AB  - A predominantly microvascular localization of aminopeptidase M (APM) was
      established both by immunohistochemistry and biochemical studies of isolated
      microvessels. In addition a high relative specific activity of APM was evidenced
      in fractions enriched in synaptic membranes.

PMID- 2893272
TI  - Dopaminergic regulation of proenkephalin-A gene expression in the basal ganglia.
AB  - Dopaminergic denervation by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) increased proenkephalin-A
      gene expression in the striatum as evidenced by increases in the levels of Met5
      enkephalin (ME), precursor and preproenkephalin mRNA (PE-mRNA). This and other
      lines of evidence support the hypothesis that nigrostriatal dopamine input is
      inhibitory to striatal enkephalin neurons and that the removal of this inhibitory
      influence leads to an acceleration of ME biosynthesis. These findings suggest
      that the enkephalin system may be associated with the progression of adaptive
      changes subsequent to dopaminergic dysfunction in basal ganglia.

PMID- 2893271
TI  - beta-Endorphin modulates the inhibitory action of corticotropin-releasing factor
      on luteinizing hormone secretion.
AB  - The present study investigates the possible role of endogenous opioid peptides in
      mediating the inhibitory effect of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on
      circulating luteinizing hormone (LH). The central injection of an antiserum
      against beta-endorphin (beta-END) reversed CRF-induced LH decrease in castrated
      male rats, while antisera raised against DYN-A or M-Enk were inactive. beta-END
      (6-31) (2 nmole, icv), a beta-END antagonist, and beta-funaltrexamine (4.8 nmole,
      icv), a mu 1 opiate receptor antagonist, also reversed the effect of CRF on LH.
      Either kappa (Mr 1456 and Mr 2266) (10 mg/kg, ip), or delta (ICI 154,129) (10
      nmole, icv) opiate receptor antagonists did not significantly modify the
      inhibitory effect of CRF on circulating LH levels. These results suggest that
      central beta-END participates in the inhibitory action of CRF on LH secretion.

PMID- 2893274
TI  - Increased spinal cord dynorphin mRNA during peripheral inflammation.
AB  - Injection of a complete Freunds adjuvant-saline emulsion into the hindpaw of the
      rat induces a peripheral inflammatory process accompanied by pronounced increase
      (3 fold) in spinal cord dynorphin content. A marked increase (approximately 9
      fold) in the mRNA coding for the preprodynorphin precursor accompanies the
      increase in peptide. The parallel elevations of the mRNA and peptide product
      suggest that an increased activity of dynorphin neurons occurs in spinal cord in
      response to altered afferent input due to the peripheral inflammatory process.

PMID- 2893273
TI  - Regulation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin and dynorphin release by corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF).
AB  - Synthetic rat-human corticotropin releasing-factor (CRF), in doses between 10(
      12) M and 10(-8) M, significantly stimulates the release of immunoreactive beta
      endorphin and dynorphin-A from rat hypothalamic slices superfused in vitro. With
      prolonged exposure to CRF, there is a reduction in the release of both opioids
      which can be reversed by the addition of naloxone. The latter result indicates
      the involvement of autoregulatory mechanisms in the control of opioid neuronal
      function.

PMID- 2893275
TI  - Differential effects of selective brain lesions on hypothalamic and pituitary ir
      dynorphin.
AB  - Selective radiofrequency and neurotoxic lesions of the serotonergic pathways
      caused in the rat a significant reduction of ir-dynorphin A and B in the
      hypothalamus but not at pituitary level. These data confirm that dynorphin
      related peptides are regulated independently in these areas.

PMID- 2893276
TI  - Release of i-r metenkephalin from rat amygdala slices in vitro.
AB  - Release of immuno-reactive metenkephalin has been demonstrated from slices of rat
      amygdala in vitro. This release was calcium dependent and the amount released was
      related to the concentration of potassium ions in the releasing stimulus. The
      effect of drugs such as clonidine, an alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist, and idazoxan,
      an antagonist, on this release was measured. Neither drug had a significant
      effect on the amount of ir-metenkephalin released. Thus although release of
      noradrenaline can be affected by opioids it seems that release of endogenous
      opioids is not affected by drugs which interact with noradrenaline.

PMID- 2893277
TI  - Sensitivity of antinociceptive tests to opioid agonists and partial agonists.
AB  - There is considerable variation in the potency of opioids across different animal
      models of antinociceptive activity. In the less sensitive tests the partial
      agonist analgesics behave as antagonists. The activity of opioids in
      antinociceptive tests appears to be dependent on both the intensity of the
      noxious stimulus and the intrinsic activity of the drug.

PMID- 2893278
TI  - Modulators of pain in the spinal cord.
AB  - Intrathecal injection of subanalgesic doses of morphine (7.5 nmol) and dynorphin
      A-(1-13) (1.25 nmol) in combination resulted in a marked analgesic effect as
      assessed by tail flick latency in the rat. The analgesic effect of the composite
      of dynorphin/morphine was dose-dependent in serial dilutions and not accompanied
      by any signs of motor dysfunction. Synergism between dynorphin and morphine can
      also be demonstrated without motor dysfunction, when dynorphin is injected
      together intrathecally with a serial increasing dosages of morphine.
      Metenkephalin showed an analogous synergistic effect with dynorphin and also
      morphine in the spinal cord, although dynorphin (and also metenkephalin)
      antagonized morphine analgesia by the intraventricular route. The underlying
      mechanism of the interactions among different classes of opioid ligands at
      different levels of the central nervous system deserves further study.

PMID- 2893279
TI  - Effect of electrolytic and chemical ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on food
      intake, body weight, analgesia and the CNS opioid peptides in rats and mice.
AB  - The hyperphagia and obesity induced by ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH)
      electrolytic lesions in female rats were associated with a 70-94% decrease in the
      level of beta-endorphin (beta-E) in the hypothalamus and other regions of brain,
      but not in the pituitary. Dynorphin (Dyn) and methionine-enkephalin (ME) levels
      were also decreased. Rats with VMH lesions were less sensitive to the inhibitory
      effect of naloxone on their food-intake. Mice injected with gold thioglucose
      (GTG) also showed a decrease in the hypothalamic content of beta-E and Dyn and
      exhibited 30% less analgesia compared to control mice after cold swim stress.

PMID- 2893280
TI  - Intrathecal dynorphin A (1-13) and (3-13) reduce spinal cord blood flow by non
      opioid mechanisms.
AB  - Dynorphin A (Dyn A)-related peptides have been implicated in the pathophysiology
      of spinal cord injury in part because their intrathecal (i.t.) injection causes
      hindlimb paralysis. The effects of paralytic doses of i.t. Dyn A (1-13) and Dyn A
      (3-13) on spinal cord blood flow and cardiac output were examined in rats using
      radiolabeled microspheres. Both Dyn A (1-13) and Dyn A (3-13) significantly
      reduced blood flow in lumbosacral spinal cord without altering cardiac output.
      Pretreatment with naloxone failed to block these reductions in blood flow. Thus,
      the paralytic effects of Dyn A may result from non-opioid actions of Dyn A to
      reduce spinal cord perfusion.

PMID- 2893281
TI  - Endogenous opioids, opiate receptors and traumatic brain injury.
AB  - The present study examined the role of endogenous opioid peptides in the
      pathophysiological sequelae of fluid percussion head injury in the cat. Two hours
      following injury, tissue concentrations of dynorphin-like immunoreactive material
      (ir-Dyn) were significantly elevated in specific brain regions where injury, as
      evidenced by histological examination, was most severe. Changes in ir-Dyn but not
      beta-endorphin-like immunoreactive material (ir-End) were significantly
      correlated with a fall in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) that occurred 2 h
      following injury. Administration of the opiate antagonist WIN44,441-3 (with
      enhanced activity at kappa-receptors) stereospecifically increased cerebral blood
      flow to the injured regions.

PMID- 2893282
TI  - Dynorphin A (1-13): in vivo opioid antagonist actions and non-opioid
      anticonvulsant effects in the rat flurothyl test.
AB  - Dynorphin A (1-13) acutely elevated the seizure threshold (ST) to the convulsant
      flurothyl, and this action was not blocked by naloxone. Increases in ST were also
      observed following i.c.v. injections of the non-opioid fragment dynorphin A (3
      13). Pretreatment with dynorphin A (1-13), but not dynorphin A (3-13), non
      competitively blocked the anticonvulsant effect of the mu selective opioid DAGO.
      Furthermore, pretreatment with dynorphin A (1-13) antagonized the delta
      antagonist properties of naloxone or ICI 154,129 in this seizure model. Thus, in
      addition to its non-opioid anticonvulsant effects, dynorphin A (1-13) exhibits
      unique antagonist actions which appear to be specific for the active opioid
      fragment.

PMID- 2893283
TI  - Opioid receptors of bovine posterior pituitary neurosecretosomes are exclusively
      kappa.
AB  - Intact neurosecretosomes (NSS) from bovine posterior pituitary were prepared and
      characterized. Ligand binding studies were performed, using 3H-[D-Ala2-D
      Leu5]enkephalin (DADL), 3H-etorphine and 3H-ethylketocyclazocine (EKC). The
      absence of specific binding of 3H-DADL and the inability of DADL to displace 3H
      etorphine, implies the absence of mu, delta, or DADL-suppressible benzomorphan
      ("kappa-2") sites. Self- and cross displacement studies for etorphine and EKC
      suggested receptor heterogeneity. EKC fails to displace - 20% of specific binding
      of etorphine. Mathematical modelling indicates the presence of three classes of
      sites. The present findings imply that bovine posterior pituitary opioid
      receptors are exclusively of the kappa type.

PMID- 2893284
TI  - Lineage-specific expression of a human beta-globin gene in murine bone marrow
      transplant recipients reconstituted with retrovirus-transduced stem cells.
AB  - Recombinant retroviral genomes encoding a chromosomal human beta-globin gene have
      been used to transduce murine haematopoietic stem cells in vitro. After permanent
      engraftment of lethally irradiated recipients with the transduced cells, the
      human beta-globin gene is expressed at significant levels only within the
      erythroid lineage. These results indicate that it is possible to obtain stable
      expression of exogenous chromosomal DNA sequences introduced into mature
      haematopoietic cells in vivo via stem cell infection, and that human disorders of
      haemoglobin production may be more feasible candidates for somatic cell gene
      therapy than previously suspected.

PMID- 2893285
TI  - Regulation of segment polarity genes in the Drosophila blastoderm by fushi tarazu
      and even skipped.
AB  - During the late cellular blastoderm stage of Drosophila embryo-genesis the
      segmentation genes engrailed, en, and wingless, wg, become expressed in two
      series of 14 stripes which will subsequently coincide with the anterior and
      posterior limits of each parasegment. Previous studies have shown that the
      establishment of the pattern of en stripes depends upon the activity of the
      homoeobox-containing pair-rule genes fushi tarazu, ftz and even skipped, eve.
      Here we show that these two genes also control the spatial expression of wg.
      Whereas ftz and eve behave as activators of en we find that both genes are
      required to repress wg expression, so that wg becomes expressed only in the
      narrow stripes of cells which come to separate the ftz and eve bands at the end
      of the blastoderm stage. In contrast, we propose that the precise positioning of
      the en stripes depends upon signals generated in a combinatorial manner by the
      overlaps between the ftz or eve domains and those of other pair rule genes,
      specifically odd paired, opa and paired, prd.

PMID- 2893286
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor-alpha in murine autoimmune 'lupus' nephritis.
AB  - The (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mouse develops a severe autoimmune disease similar to
      systemic lupus erythematosus in humans. Both the human and murine form of the
      disease show strong associations with alleles of the major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) gene products. The severe form of the disease found in F1 mice is
      due, in part, to dominant NZW gene(s) mapping with the H-2 complex (the murine
      MHC). Here we present evidence that the tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) gene,
      which is located within the H-2 complex (the murine major histocompatibility
      complex), could be involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis in F1 mice.
      Thus, a restriction fragment length polymorphism in the TNF-alpha gene correlates
      with the reduced levels of TNF-alpha produced by NZW mice. Furthermore,
      replacement therapy with recombinant TNF-alpha induces a significant delay in the
      development of the nephritis.

PMID- 2893287
TI  - Whose own goal?

PMID- 2893288
TI  - Global cooperation pledged after first AIDS summit.

PMID- 2893290
TI  - Protease inhibitor domain encoded by an amyloid protein precursor mRNA associated
      with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Amyloid B-protein/amyloid A4 is a peptide present in the neuritic plaques,
      neurofibrillary tangles and cerebrovascular deposits in patients with Alzheimer's
      disease and Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and may be involved in the pathogenesis
      of Alzheimer's disease. Recent molecular genetic studies have indicated that
      amyloid protein is encoded as part of a larger protein by a gene on human
      chromosome 21 (refs 6-9). The amyloid protein precursor (APP) gene is expressed
      in brain and in several peripheral tissues, but the specific biochemical events
      leading to deposition of amyloid are not known. We have now screened
      complementary DNA libraries constructed from peripheral tissues to determine
      whether the messenger RNA encoding APP in these tissues is identical to that
      expressed in brain, and we identify a second APP mRNA that encodes an additional
      internal domain with a sequence characteristic of a Kunitz-type serine protease
      inhibitor. The alternative APP mRNA is present in both brain and peripheral
      tissues of normal individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease, but its pattern
      of expression differs from that of the previously reported APP mRNA.

PMID- 2893289
TI  - A new A4 amyloid mRNA contains a domain homologous to serine proteinase
      inhibitors.
AB  - The amyloid proteins isolated from neuritic plaques and the cerebrovasculature of
      Alzheimer's disease are self-aggregating moieties termed A4 protein and beta
      protein, respectively. A putative A4 amyloid precursor (herein termed A4(695] has
      been characterized by analysis of a human brain complementary DNA. We report here
      the sequence of a closely related amyloid cDNA, A4(751), distinguished from
      A4(695) by the presence of a 168 base-pair (bp) sequence which adds 57 amino
      acids to, and removes one residue from, the predicted A4(695) protein. The
      peptide predicted from this insert is very similar to the Kunitz family of serine
      proteinase inhibitors. The two A4-specific messenger RNAs are differentially
      expressed: in a limited survey, A4(751) mRNA appears to be ubiquitous, whereas
      A4(695) mRNA has a restricted pattern of expression which includes cells from
      neuronal tissue. These data may have significant implications for understanding
      amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2893291
TI  - Novel precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein shows protease inhibitory
      activity.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is characterized by cerebral deposits of amyloid beta-protein
      (AP) as senile plaque core and vascular amyloid, and a complementary DNA encoding
      a precursor of this protein (APP) has been cloned from human brain. From a cDNA
      library of a human glioblastoma cell line, we have isolated a cDNA identical to
      that previously reported, together with a new cDNA which contains a 225
      nucleotide insert. The sequence of the 56 amino acids at the N-terminal of the
      protein deduced from this insert is highly homologous to the basic trypsin
      inhibitor family, and the lysate from COS-1 cells transfected with the longer APP
      cDNA showed an increased inhibition of trypsin activity. Partial sequencing of
      the genomic DNA encoding APP showed that the 225 nucleotides are located in two
      exons. At least three messenger RNA species, apparently transcribed from a single
      APP gene by alternative splicing, were found in human brain. We suggest that
      protease inhibition by the longer APP(s) could be related to aberrant APP
      catabolism.

PMID- 2893292
TI  - DNA fingerprinting to be used for British immigrants?

PMID- 2893293
TI  - Comparison of simian immunodeficiency virus isolates.
AB  - Information on the extent of genetic variability among non-human primate
      lentiviruses related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is sorely lacking.
      Here we describe the isolation of two molecular clones from the simian
      immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and their use to derive restriction endonuclease
      maps of five SIV isolates from rhesus macaques and one from a cynomolgus macaque.
      Although similar, all six viral isolates are readily distinguishable; the single
      isolate from a cynomolgus macaque is the most different. The restriction
      endonuclease map of one macaque isolate (SIVMAC-251) is identical to that
      published by others for STLV-IIIAGM of African green monkeys and for HTLV-IV of
      humans. Nucleotide sequences from the envelope region of cloned SIVMAC-251 have
      more than 99% identify to previously published sequences for STLV-IIIAGM (refs 2,
      4) and HTLV-IV (ref. 4). These results and other observations provide strong
      evidence that isolates previously referred to as STLV-IIIAGM and HTLV-IV by
      others are not authentic, but were derived from cell cultures infected with
      SIVMAC-251.

PMID- 2893294
TI  - An H+-ATPase in opposite plasma membrane domains in kidney epithelial cell
      subpopulations.
AB  - Vectorial solute transport by epithelia requires the polarized insertion of
      transport proteins into apical or basolateral plasmalemmal domains. In the
      specialized intercalated cells of the kidney collecting duct, the selective
      placement of an apical plasma membrane proton-pumping ATPase (H+-ATPase) and of a
      basolateral membrane anion-exchange protein results in transepithelial proton
      secretion. It is currently believed that amino-acid sequences of membrane
      proteins contain critical signalling regions involved in sorting these proteins
      to specific membrane domains. Recently, it was proposed that intercalated cells
      can reverse their direction of proton secretion under different acid-base
      conditions by redirecting proton pumps from apical to basolateral membranes, and
      anion exchangers from basolateral to apical membranes. But others have found that
      antibodies raised against the red cell anion-exchange protein (Band 3) only
      labelled intercalated cells at the basolateral plasma membrane, providing
      evidence against the model of polarity reversal. In this report, we have examined
      directly the distribution of proton pumps in kidney intercalated cells using
      specific polyclonal antibodies against subunits of a bovine kidney medullary H+
      ATPase. We find that some cortical collecting duct intercalated cells have apical
      plasma membrane proton pumps, whereas others have basolateral pumps. This is the
      first direct demonstration of neighbouring epithelial cells maintaining opposite
      polarities of a transport protein. Thus, either subtle structural differences
      exist between proton pumps located at opposite poles of the cell, or factors
      other than protein sequence determine the polarity of H+-ATPase insertion.

PMID- 2893296
TI  - Pharmacologic differentiation between pre- and postjunctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptors by SK&F 104078.
AB  - Most alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists do not discriminate between pre- and
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and this has led to the commonly held
      belief that pre- and postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors may represent one
      homogeneous population of receptors. SK&F 104078 has been shown to be a potent
      antagonist at postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors at concentrations that do not
      block prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Thus, SK&F 104078 is a competitive
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist in canine and rabbit saphenous
      veins, canine saphenous artery and human platelet with a dissociation constant of
      approximately 100 nmol/l. Conversely, SK&F 104078 is inactive as a prejunctional
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist in atria from dog, guinea pig, rabbit and rat,
      and in guinea-pig ileum at concentrations up to 10,000 nmol/l. Likewise, SK&F
      104078 has the ability to block postjunctional arterial alpha 2-adrenoceptors in
      vivo in the pithed rat at doses that do not inhibit prejunctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptors in the same model. The results suggest that pre- and postjunctional
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors may not represent one homogeneous class, but rather are
      discrete subtypes of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor that may be differentiated by SK&F
      104078.

PMID- 2893295
TI  - Inhibition of vasoconstriction to cirazoline by calcium-entry blockade after
      phenoxybenzamine in rat perfused hindquarters.
AB  - The effects of phenoxybenzamine and benextramine were assessed with respect to
      the vasoconstriction to cirazoline in rat perfused hindquarters. Experiments were
      performed with and without restriction of inward calcium flux by addition of
      nifedipine (10(-9)-10(-6) M) to the standard physiological solution (PS), or by
      omission of calcium chloride from the PS. Addition of nifedipine or omission of
      Ca2+ did not affect the maximal response or potency of the selective but partial
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, cirazoline in rat perfused hindquarters. Upon
      pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (0.03-30 micrograms/kg, i.v. at -1 h) or
      benextramine (1 mg/kg, i.v. at -2 h) both the slope and the maximal response to
      cirazoline were depressed. After phenoxybenzamine but not after benextramine the
      maximal response to cirazoline was depressed further upon addition of nifedipine
      or omission of Ca2+ from the PS. It is concluded that phenoxybenzamine
      selectively inhibits that part of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediated
      vasoconstriction that is independent of extracellular calcium, thereby unmasking
      a calcium-entry sensitive mechanism of vasoconstriction to cirazoline.

PMID- 2893297
TI  - Analysis of the receptors mediating vascular actions of bradykinin.
AB  - A range of bradykinin (BK) analogues was assessed for their ability to antagonise
      the action of BK on rabbit jugular vein, a B2-receptor containing tissue, and
      compared with their action against BK-induced increases in skin vascular
      permeability in the rabbit and rat. The results demonstrate that modification of
      the BK (nonapeptide) structure by the insertion of certain D-amino acids in
      positions 5, 7 and 8 in addition to elongation of the amino terminal resulted in
      compounds with potent antagonistic action against BK on rabbit jugular vein and
      rabbit skin vascular permeability. The same BK analogues did not antagonise the
      action of BK on rat skin vascular permeability. It is concluded that the kinin
      receptor mediating an increase in vascular permeability in the rabbit is the same
      as that mediating contraction of the rabbit jugular vein in vitro, that is the B2
      type. The kinin receptor mediating an increase in skin vascular permeability in
      the rat is difficult to classify but does not appear to be of the B2 type.

PMID- 2893298
TI  - Interactions of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist etintidine with rat liver
      cytochrome P-450: a comparison with cimetidine.
AB  - The two imidazole histamine H2-receptor antagonists etintidine and cimetidine
      interact with the rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. From type II spectral
      changes follows that the affinity of rat liver microsomal preparations for
      etintidine is about 5 times as high as for cimetidine when comparing both high
      and low affinity binding sites. After pretreatment with phenobarbital etintidine
      inhibited benzphetamine N-demethylation competitively (app. Ki: 4.0 mmol/l).
      Cimetidine inhibited benzphetamine N-demethylation in the same range. After
      pretreatment with phenobarbital both drugs inhibited the oxidation of
      benzo(a)pyrene for which etintidine showed a higher inhibitory potency than
      cimetidine. However, this oxidation could not be inhibited when microsomes of 5,6
      benzoflavone pretreated rats were used. After pretreatment with 5,6-benzoflavone
      only etintidine but not cimetidine inhibited the O-deethylation of
      ethoxyresorufin competitively (app. Ki: 0.2 mmol/l). Etintidine and cimetidine
      were metabolized by rat liver microsomes to their corresponding sulphoxides. In
      conclusion, etintidine may cause mainly the same drug interactions as cimetidine
      but seems to be a more potent inhibitor.

PMID- 2893299
TI  - Jellyfish envenomation.

PMID- 2893300
TI  - [Sulfasalazine as an antirheumatic agent; a review of the literature].

PMID- 2893301
TI  - [Drugs in angina pectoris].

PMID- 2893303
TI  - DNA rearrangement as a marker of B and T cell malignancies.

PMID- 2893302
TI  - [Benzodiazepine prescriptions at a university clinic].

PMID- 2893304
TI  - Changes in the brain in aging and Alzheimer's disease assessed by neuronal
      counts.
AB  - Changes in the magnitude of neuronal loss, which represent the end point of
      neuronal degeneration, are controversial and of limited utility as a measure of
      functional decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Changes in the size of
      neurons and organelles, in the distributions of dendritic and synaptic fields,
      and in the relationships between neurons and the transmitter substances they
      produce, may be more useful in that they estimate changes in neuronal function
      prior to neuronal loss. The quantitative assessment of metabolic change in
      individual neurons by measuring histochemical reactivity, or more directly
      measuring enzyme activity or the amounts of its products might more reliably
      reflect degenerative changes associated with aging or AD, prior to the loss of
      neurons.

PMID- 2893305
TI  - New approaches to quantitative neuropathology: multivariate analysis of
      morphologic and neurochemical measures.
AB  - The excellent review by Coleman and Flood on neuropathological changes in normal
      aging and Alzheimer's disease highlights the need for development and application
      of computer-assisted image analysis to the study of neurons in these conditions.
      The morphological and neurochemical changes in normal and pathological aging
      require quantitation and statistical analysis that can be best performed with the
      assistance of the image and data processing capabilities of the computer.
      Advanced image processing systems are being developed to identify and classify
      neurons according to several intelligently chosen visual features, apply
      discriminant analysis and population statistics to this data, and correlate this
      information to other neurochemical measurements as well as the clinical history
      of the patient. Techniques such as immunocytochemistry, receptor autoradiography
      and in situ hybridization produce information-rich images of the distribution of
      proteins and nucleic acids in tissue slices that can be analyzed by this
      approach.

PMID- 2893306
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative changes in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Qualitative changes in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are as important
      as quantitative changes. Although qualitative changes do not c-vary with
      quantitative differences in every respect, quantitative changes, nevertheless,
      often accurately reflect qualitative changes. Moreover, the complementary use of
      each provides a more detailed characterization of brain changes with aging and
      AD. The quantitative and qualitative changes of choline acetyltransferase, as
      well as somatostatin-containing neurons and dendrites, in human cortex are
      described as examples of this.

PMID- 2893307
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA is increased by hyperosmotic stimuli in the
      paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.
AB  - In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to locate cells containing tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in the hypothalami of salt-loaded and Brattleboro rats. The
      hyperosmotic plasma conditions found in these animals, as compared to control
      animals, was associated with an increase in detectable TH mRNA-producing cells in
      the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. These results suggest that dopamine
      synthesized by neurons of those nuclei may participate in the regulation of
      neuropeptide synthesis and release within the nuclei and the posterior pituitary.

PMID- 2893308
TI  - Immunoreactive dynorphin is regulated by estrogen in the rat anterior pituitary.
AB  - The pituitary and hypothalamic content of dynorphin was determined by
      radioimmunoassay and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, intact and ovariectomized with and
      without estrogen treatment. Animals were given estradiol benzoate, or vehicle
      (oil) by six daily intramuscular injections. Anterior pituitary content of
      immunoreactive (ir)-dynorphin in ovariectomized rats was approximately twice that
      of intact animals, and consisted of a single HPLC peak co-eluting with dynorphin
      32. Administration of estradiol benzoate (0.06-6 micrograms/day) caused a marked
      decrease of ir-dynorphin in the anterior lobe of castrate female rats, with a
      half-maximal effect at 0.2 microgram/day; levels were restored to those seen in
      intact animals with 6 micrograms estradiol benzoate per day, an effect which was
      not influenced by concomitant administration of progesterone (1 mg/day), or
      bromocriptine (100 micrograms/day). In the hypothalamus and neuro-intermediate
      lobe multiple peaks of immunoreactive dynorphin were seen, coeluting with
      dynorphin A 1-8, dynorphin A 1-17 and dynorphin 32. Neither castration nor
      estrogen treatment altered ir-dynorphin content in these tissues. These findings
      suggest that the ovary exerts a specific modulating influence on AP ir-dynorphin
      in the rat, and that in addition this inhibition appears to be mediated by
      ovarian estrogen.

PMID- 2893309
TI  - The endogenous kappa agonist, dynorphin(1-13), does not alter basal or morphine
      stimulated dopamine metabolism in the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat.
AB  - Dopaminergic pathways in the brain of the rat have been shown to possess both mu
      and delta opioid regulatory inputs. In contrast, studies with synthetic kappa
      opiate agonists have demonstrated a lack of regulation of these dopaminergic
      systems by kappa opioids. The present authors have extended these observations,
      to study the effects of the putative endogenous kappa agonists, dynorphin (1-13),
      on the metabolism of nigrostriatal dopamine in the rat after intraventricular
      administration. The stability of the intraventricularly administered dynorphin
      was confirmed in vivo by measuring corticosterone in plasma in the same animals
      utilized for neurochemical analyses. This is a neuroendocrine parameter which has
      been demonstrated to possess central regulation by independent mu and kappa
      receptors. While morphine given parenterally elevated both the level of
      corticosterone in plasma and the central metabolism of dopamine, neither the
      parenteral administration of the kappa agonist, U50488H, or the intraventricular
      administration of dynorphin altered central metabolism of dopamine. However, in
      both cases, levels of corticosterone in plasma were dramatically elevated,
      clearly demonstrating the bioavailability of the kappa agonists. The actions of
      morphine on the metabolism of dopamine, which can be antagonized by pretreatment
      with synthetic kappa agonists, were not antagonized by dynorphin(1-13). To
      summarize, the present data indicated that the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway
      in the rat lacks kappa opioid regulation. In addition, while synthetic kappa
      agonists also possessed mu antagonist actions, the endogenous ligand, dynorphin,
      did not.

PMID- 2893310
TI  - Is ganglionic transmission through nicotinic receptors essential for the
      peristaltic reflex in the guinea-pig ileum?
AB  - Peristaltic reflex activity in the guinea-pig isolated ileum was elicited by slow
      intraluminal infusion of Tyrode solution. The reflex was abolished by the
      ganglionic blocking drug hexamethonium. However, in more than half of the
      preparations, the peristaltic reflex was restored by the opioid antagonist
      naloxone. Hexamethonium-resistant peristaltic waves were blocked by tetrodotoxin
      or atropine. These data suggest that ganglionic transmission through nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors may not be essential for the peristaltic reflex provided
      that the inhibitory action of endogenous opioids has been eliminated.

PMID- 2893311
TI  - Effect of ceruletide on discriminated avoidance behavior in rats.
AB  - To clarify the central action of peripherally administered ceruletide, we
      examined the effects of ceruletide and four different classes of neuroleptics,
      i.e. haloperidol, chlorpromazine, oxypertine and sulpiride, on the discriminated
      avoidance response (DAR) in rats. Ceruletide and sulpiride did not suppress the
      DAR over a broad range of doses, whereas other three neuroleptics caused a dose
      related decrease in both avoidance and response rates. In addition, the combined
      administration of ceruletide (100 micrograms/kg s.c.) and neuroleptics at
      critical doses that suppress the DAR caused a significant reduction in the
      avoidance rate without affecting the response rate, compared with neuroleptics
      alone. These findings suggest that ceruletide influences the central dopaminergic
      system, potentiating the central effects of neuroleptics and producing the
      favorable therapeutic effects observed in the clinical trials.

PMID- 2893312
TI  - Striatal neurochemistry of dynorphin-(1-13): in vivo electrochemical
      semidifferential analyses.
AB  - The striatal neurochemistry of dynorphin-(1-13) was studied by simultaneously
      measuring extracellular dopamine and serotonin voltammetrically and in vivo after
      the injection of dynorphin-(1-13) to male Sprague-Dawley rats. The subcutaneous
      administration of dynorphin-(1-13), at a dose (1.5 mg/kg), known to exert CNS
      mediated behavioral effects, caused a statistically significant decrease in
      extracellular dopamine and a statistically significant increase in extracellular
      serotonin from rat anterior striatum. These parallel and opposite effects of
      dynorphin-(1-13) on these biogenic amines occurred gradually during a three hour
      time course. Maximal effects on dopamine (55%) and on serotonin (62%) occurred at
      the end of the three hour period of study. Mean effects on dopamine and serotonin
      (35% and 42% respectively) were averaged from scan results over the three hour
      period of study; the results were significantly different from control values.
      Dose response studies showed that a lower dose of dynorphin-(1-13) (0.5 mg/kg sc)
      had little or no effect on the alteration of these biogenic amines from striatum.
      The highest dose of dynorphin-(1-13) studied, (3.0 mg/kg sc), predictably and
      significantly altered extracellular biogenic amines. The dose response, however,
      was not incremental. The results are consistent with the role of dynorphin-(1-13)
      as a neuromodulatory peptide. The results further support the concept that the
      neuromodulatory role of dynorphin-(1-13) may take place through neurotransmitter
      regulation. The data suggest that the function of dynorphin-(1-13) may be a
      presynaptic modulation of neurotransmission in striatum.

PMID- 2893313
TI  - Prolonged excitation of individual neocortical neurons, structure of background
      impulse activity.
AB  - The background impulse activity of individual neurons was recorded
      extracellularly in the cerebral cortex of the cat during the prolonged
      microionophoretic delivery to these neurons of L-glutamate. Glutamate
      ionophoresis ensured the transition of the neuron to an elevated, but stable
      level of activation. An autocorrelation analysis of the trains of impulses showed
      that in spite of the multiple rise in the average discharge frequency, the type
      of background impulse activity and the periods of increased and reduced
      probability of discharges for the most part remained constant. The obtained data
      indicate that an individual cell is unable to influence substantially the
      interneurons connected with it, while the type of background activity of a neuron
      is determined primarily by the level of activation of the cellular ensemble
      incorporating this neuron.

PMID- 2893314
TI  - Intraventricular bethanechol infusion for Alzheimer's disease: results of double
      blind and escalating-dose trials.
AB  - Ten patients with biopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease (AD) received low-dose (0.35
      mg/d) intraventricular bethanechol, a muscarinic agonist, and saline placebo in a
      24-week double-blind crossover design. Eight of these ten patients later
      participated in an open escalating-dose (to 1.75 mg/d) trial of bethanechol.
      Patients' drug responses were assessed by neuropsychological examination and
      informant measures of activities of daily living, mood disturbance, and abnormal
      behavior. Bethanechol appears to have a narrow therapeutic window for positive
      effects; low doses did not reliably alter patient functioning, moderately
      increased doses appeared to have a palliative effect on patient mood and
      behavior, and the highest dose was detrimental to patient functioning.
      Bethanechol does not appear to ameliorate the dementia of AD, but may exert a
      mildly positive effect on patient behavior and mood.

PMID- 2893315
TI  - Intraventricular bethanechol in Alzheimer's disease: a continuing controversy.

PMID- 2893316
TI  - Central respiratory drive-related activity in sympathetic nerves of the rat: the
      regional differences.
AB  - In halothane-anaesthetized, vagotomized, SA-denervated rats, the activity of
      various sympathetic nerves has been analyzed with respect to phrenic nerve
      discharge (an indicator of central respiratory drive (CRD)). The cervical and
      lumbar sympathetic nerves had maximal activity following, and were least active
      during phrenic nerve discharge. In contrast, the splanchnic, cardiac, renal and
      adrenal nerves exhibited their activity peak during phrenic nerve discharge (i.e.
      inspiration). Similar activity profiles were observed after ganglion blockade in
      the mixed pre- and postganglionic fibre preparations. These observations indicate
      that it is the subpopulations of preganglionic neurones and the proportional
      contribution of each to whole-nerve activity which give rise to the differences
      in CRD-related activity profiles between nerves.

PMID- 2893317
TI  - Long-lasting potentiation produced by a phorbol ester in the hippocampus of the
      anaesthetized rat is not associated with a persistent enhanced release of
      excitatory amino acids.
AB  - The relationship between the long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission
      produced by a phorbol ester and the release of endogenous excitatory amino acids
      has been investigated in the CA1 hippocampal region of the anaesthetized rat.
      Using the push-pull technique, the concentration of glutamate and aspartate was
      assayed in the perfusate by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Application of
      phorbol 12-13 diacetate produced a long lasting enhancement of the field
      excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (over 2 h). This was associated with a
      brief (10 min) significant increase in the release of glutamate and aspartate.
      However, subsequently the levels of the amino acids in the perfusate were not
      different from the pre-drug (control) levels although the field EPSP was still
      enhanced. It is concluded that the long-lasting enhancement produced by phorbol
      ester is not due to a persistent increase in the release of excitatory amino
      acids.

PMID- 2893318
TI  - Continuous glutamate leakage from brain cells is balanced by compensatory high
      affinity reuptake transport.
AB  - The glutamate (and aspartate) uptake blocker threo-3-hydroxyaspartate (20 microM)
      was added to superfusion fluids employed for in vivo microdialysis of corpus
      striatum, and to incubation medium for striatal slices (5 microM). In vivo it
      caused an increase in glutamate and aspartate concentrations in the superfusion
      fluid. In vitro it caused increases in the levels of glutamate, aspartate, GABA,
      taurine and glutamine in the incubation fluid. Tetrodotoxin (1 microM) did not
      influence the rises in glutamate or aspartate. It is concluded from these results
      that there is a continuous outward leakage of glutamate, and aspartate, from
      neural cells which is normally balanced by an inward flux due to reuptake
      processes. This leakage is distinct from synaptic release of these substances due
      to spike activity, since tetrodotoxin added to striatal slices did not diminish
      the action of threo-3-hydroxyaspartate. The significance of the findings for
      mechanisms leading to ischaemic or hypoxic brain damage, and basic mechanisms in
      epilepsy is discussed.

PMID- 2893320
TI  - Comparison of kynurenic acid and 2-APV suppression of epileptiform activity in
      rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid
      [+/-)-2-APV) and kynurenic acid both suppressed spontaneous epileptiform burst
      discharges in the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices. When the bursts were
      induced by perfusion with magnesium-free medium (+/-)-2-APV was the more potent
      inhibitor (ED50 66 microM for (+/-)-2-APV and 110 microM for kynurenate). When
      bursts were induced by picrotoxin, kynurenate was more potent with an ED50 of 132
      microM, compared with 290 microM for (+/-)-2-APV. Both antagonists were selective
      inhibitors of responses to NMDA when examined against excitations induced by
      NMDA, kainate and quisqualate applied by microiontophoresis onto CA3 pyramidal
      cells. The results may indicate a complex receptor profile for endogenous
      compounds involved in epileptiform bursts, or the existence of non-pyramidal
      cells bearing non-NMDA receptors sensitive to kynurenic acid.

PMID- 2893319
TI  - Glutamate recognition sites in human fetal brain.
AB  - We used in vitro autoradiography with [3H]glutamate to examine the distribution
      of glutamate recognition sites in 18 and 21 week gestation human fetal brains. We
      found a wide distribution of [3H]glutamate binding in both specimens, in a
      pattern distinct from that reported in adult brain using the same
      autoradiographic methods. In fetal brain, prominent [3H]glutamate binding was
      evident in hippocampal formation, caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic
      nucleus, reticular nucleus of thalamus and substantia innominata.

PMID- 2893321
TI  - Myocardial abscess complicating acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2893322
TI  - [Improving training in ophthalmology in the light of the decisions of the 27th
      Party Congress and a project of the Central Committee of the CPSU with regard to
      the reorganization of higher and secondary special education in the country].

PMID- 2893323
TI  - [New developments in the theory of homeotic genes].

PMID- 2893324
TI  - An evaluation of etiologic factors in 382 patients treated in a postgraduate
      endodontic program.
AB  - A survey was completed to determine and to evaluate the reason for endodontic
      treatment performed by endodontic residents at the Baltimore College of Dental
      Surgery, University of Maryland at Baltimore. On the basis of patient data and
      the reasons for endodontic treatment, as stated by the treating residents, the
      results showed that necrotic pulp and irreversible pulpitis were the most
      frequent reasons for endodontic therapy. Other reasons for treatment included
      restorative considerations, retreatment, and trauma. The majority of cases
      involved posterior teeth, and the average age of patients was 40.0 years. The
      frequency by arch demonstrated approximately equal distribution between maxillary
      (54.8%) and mandibular (45.2%) teeth. A total of 224 (58.6%) of the 382 patients
      surveyed had preoperative pain.

PMID- 2893325
TI  - Endogenous opioid peptides and human reproduction.

PMID- 2893326
TI  - Antinociceptive and 'neurotoxic' actions of somatostatin in rat spinal cord after
      intrathecal administration.
AB  - In the present investigation, the antinociceptive effect of somatostatin (SST)
      was assessed after intrathecal injection in rats. It was found that the peptide
      caused antinociception, hind limb paralysis and neuronal damage of the spinal
      cord in a dose-dependent manner. The threshold dose for antinociception was lower
      (approximately 10 micrograms) than that (approximately 30 micrograms) giving rise
      to chronic motor impairment associated with necrotic changes and loss of an
      immunohistochemical marker for motoneurons in the spinal cord. It is concluded
      that the 'neurotoxic' potential of SST should be considered in further clinical
      trials.

PMID- 2893327
TI  - HLA antigens associated to amoebic abscess of the liver in Mexican mestizos.
AB  - Worldwide prevalence of amoebiasis is estimated at 4 x 10(8) cases/year, yet only
      one of about 300 individuals harbouring Entamoeba histolytica suffers tissue
      invasion and these cases are mostly concentrated in certain areas of Asia, Africa
      and Latin America. Patients with amoebic abscess of the liver (AAL) represent
      only a small fraction of that. These contrasting figures have been tentatively
      explained on the one hand through variations in sex, immunocompetence,
      nutritional and other socioeconomic features of the host, and on the other hand
      through differences in parasite virulence. In order to explore a possible
      association between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and AAL
      susceptibility, we studied the HLA profile in 31 Mexican mestizos with AAL and
      compared it to race and socioeconomically matched controls. Mexican mestizo
      patients with AAL revealed a significant increase in HLA-Bw16 and HLA-DR3 which
      could suggest an HLA-related susceptibility to liver invasion by E. histolytica.

PMID- 2893328
TI  - The undescended testis.

PMID- 2893330
TI  - Unsuspected urological anomalies in asymptomatic cryptorchid boys.
AB  - In a period of 6 years 144 asymptomatic boys with cryptorchidism, of mean age 7
      +/- SD 3.5 years, underwent orchiopexy. None of these boys referred to a history
      of a known urological anomaly, urinary tract infection, haematuria, palpable mass
      in the renal region, bladder extrophy, epispadias, hypospadias or anorectal
      malformation. On the third day after orchiopexy and intravenous pyelography was
      done in every boy following testicular protection against irradiation. Ultrasonic
      investigation was not available at that time. There were minor urological
      abnormalities in 36 (25%) boys and major ones in 8 (5.5%) boys. A major anomaly
      is defined as one resulting in significant loss of renal substance (one case of
      single kidney and three cases of unilateral renal hypoplasia), or requiring
      surgical correction for conservation of the renal substance (one case of
      ureterocele, two cases of pelviureteric stenosis and one case of vesicoureteric
      stenosis with ipsilateral hydronephrosis). The unsuspected major urological
      abnormalities are usually ipsilateral to the more undescended testis. They may be
      associated with a hernia and are more frequent in bilateral cryptorchidism. In
      conclusion we encourage the routine use of IVP, or ultrasonic investigation or
      dynamic renal scanning (99mTc-DTPA), if it is possible, in all patients
      undergoing orchiopexy for the detection of an unsuspected major renal anomaly.

PMID- 2893329
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease in children.
AB  - Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic intestinal disorders with
      diverse presentations that must be familiar to pediatricians. The subtlety of
      clinical signs and symptoms may be overshadowed by extraintestinal complications.
      An awareness of diagnostic techniques and the necessity of an integrated approach
      of medical and surgical management is emphasized. Potential complications may
      affect prognosis and require their own specific therapy. The management of these
      disorders entails an individualized assessment of the extent and severity of
      intestinal involvement, extraintestinal complications, as well as ongoing
      medical, nutritional, and emotional support.

PMID- 2893331
TI  - [The GnRH test reveals changes in readiness of testosterone and estradiol
      secretion in boys with bilateral cryptorchism].

PMID- 2893332
TI  - [Cryptorchism (data of the Pediatric Surgery Clinic in Lodz)].

PMID- 2893333
TI  - Osteomyelitis secondary to trauma or infected contiguous soft tissue.
AB  - Nonhematogenous osteomyelitis (NHO) occurred in 24 pediatric patients (ages 8
      months to 18 years; median, 14 years; 23 male) admitted from 1980 to 1985.
      Predisposing factors included compound fracture (12), deep decubiti (4) and foot
      puncture (3). Infection involved tibia (7), foot bones (6), proximal femur (3)
      and ulna (2). Patients presented with drainage (64%), pain or tenderness (44%)
      and fever (32%) lasting for 1 to 180 days (median, 10 days). In 24% both white
      blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were normal. Initial
      radiographs were nondiagnostic in 42% after compound fractures. Bone cultures
      were positive in 15 of 18 (83%) patients for: Staphylococcus aureus (9),
      Staphylococcus epidermidis (2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4), Escherichia coli (2),
      Enterobacter sp. (2), Streptococcus faecalis, Serratia sp., Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas
      fluorescens (1 each). Wound cultures failed to predict bone culture results in 12
      of 16 patients (75%). NHO recurred in 8 of 19 patients (42%) despite
      intravenously administered antibiotics for greater than 28 days and debridement
      in 7 of 8 patients. The indolent nature of NHO complicates diagnosis, especially
      in patients with recent compound fractures. Only prompt bone culture can confirm
      the presence of NHO and reliably guide antimicrobial therapy.

PMID- 2893334
TI  - [Somatostatin, what are its uses?].
AB  - Somatostatin has several effects on the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract.
      The assessment of therapeutic use is based on literature review. The rebound and
      escape phenomena are the main problems in the clinical use of somatostatin and
      their prevention is perhaps possible by the prescription of a long-acting
      analogue in an intermittent mode of administration.

PMID- 2893336
TI  - The regulation of beta-adrenoceptor function. Pharmacological and biochemical
      aspects of receptor desensitization and receptor down-regulation.

PMID- 2893335
TI  - Studies on nasal drug delivery.

PMID- 2893337
TI  - cAMP and beta-adrenergic stimulation of rat alveolar epithelium. Effects on fluid
      absorption and paracellular permeability.
AB  - The absorption of fluid (bicarbonate-buffered Ringer with 10 mmol/l glucose)
      instilled into rat lungs is a Na+-coupled process that takes place through two
      apical transport systems: an amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport and a Na+-glucose
      co-transport. Fluid absorption in isolated, perfused rat lungs and the
      permeability to 3H-mannitol of alveolar epithelium were studied in control
      conditions and during stimulation of the alveolar epithelium by cAMP or
      isoproterenol. cAMP led to a threefold increase in the rate of fluid absorption
      and to an increase in the paracellular permeability. A similar response was found
      following beta-adrenergic stimulation obtained with isoproterenol in the
      perfusate. The increase in fluid transport was due to enhancement of the
      amiloride-sensitive component of Na+ transport. The Na+-glucose co-transport
      which accounts for about 60% of fluid absorption in control conditions was
      depressed, possibly as a consequence of a depolarization of the apical alveolar
      cell membrane. Fluid absorption was reduced by 40% by apical amiloride (10(-4)
      mol/l) in control lungs and to an even larger extent in isoproterenol-stimulated
      lungs; it was completely abolished by amiloride in cAMP stimulated lungs. Since
      the Na+-glucose co-transport was still operative, this suggests that a secretory
      process was triggered. This was confirmed in experiments in which both kinds of
      transport were inhibited with a combination of amiloride and glucose-free Ringer.
      In these conditions fluid balance was zero in unstimulated lungs whilst fluid
      entry into alveoli was observed in isoproterenol and cAMP stimulated lungs.

PMID- 2893340
TI  - KGB: a single buffer for all restriction endonucleases.

PMID- 2893339
TI  - 5'-flanking sequence of mouse glutathione S-transferase Ya gene.

PMID- 2893338
TI  - Cardiac alpha-1 adrenoceptors are not involved in heart rate control of the
      anaesthetized dog.
AB  - To study the possible role of cardiac postsynaptic alpha-1 adrenoceptors in heart
      rate control of the anaesthetized open-chest dog we injected a specific alpha-1
      agonist (amidephrine) into the right coronary artery or stimulated electrically
      the right stellate ganglion. Reflex influences were minimized by bilateral
      cervical vagotomy and de-afferentiation of both stellate ganglia. Activation of
      alpha-2, beta- and muscarinic receptors was prevented by intravenous
      administration of yohimbine, propranolol and atropine, respectively. Since alpha
      1 receptor stimulation could affect heart rate indirectly via coronary
      constriction, a continuous intracoronary infusion of adenosine (0.25 mg/kg/h) was
      given. Amidephrine did not affect heart rate at the lower dose (1-10 microgram).
      After the highest dose (100 micrograms) the maximum variation in heart rate was
      an increase of 2.2 +/- 1.1 bpm at 3 min after injection (mean +/- SEM; P less
      than 0.05). This slight cardioacceleration was simultaneous with an aortic
      pressure rise of 13.8 +/- 3.4 mm Hg and it was abolished by alpha-1 blockade with
      prazosin (1 mg/kg i.v.). After propranolol (1 mg/kg +0.5 mg/kg/h) the residual
      positive chronotropic effect of sympathetic stimulation (12.2 +/- 4.0 bpm) was
      not significantly altered (13.8 +/- 5.7 bpm) by prazosin administration. Similar
      results were recorded without adenosine infusion. We conclude that in the
      anaesthetized dog chronotropic effects directly mediated by alpha-1 adrenoceptors
      either do not exist or lack physiological significance.

PMID- 2893342
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence MCT128.1 on chromosome 11
      [D11S285].

PMID- 2893341
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pHBI18P2 on chromosome 11
      [D11S147].

PMID- 2893344
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEFZ18.2 on chromosome 14
      [D14S17].

PMID- 2893343
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMHZ9 on chromosome 14
      [D14S18].

PMID- 2893345
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMLJ14 on chromosome 14
      [D14S13].

PMID- 2893346
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEFD33.2 on chromosome 12
      [D12S14].

PMID- 2893347
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNH15 on chromosome 12q
      [D12S17].

PMID- 2893348
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNZ90.1 on chromosome 15
      [D15S28].

PMID- 2893349
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pHHH202 on chromosome 17
      [D17S33].

PMID- 2893350
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pYNH37.3 on chromosome 17p
      [D17S28].

PMID- 2893351
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMCT35.1 on chromosome 17p
      [D17S31].

PMID- 2893352
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pRMU3 on chromosome 17q
      [D17S24].

PMID- 2893353
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pRMU1 on chromosome 17q
      [D17S27].

PMID- 2893354
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence cEFD52 on chromosome 17q
      [D17S26].

PMID- 2893355
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pHHH152 on chromosome 17q
      [D17S32].

PMID- 2893356
TI  - MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 augment GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine receptor binding.
AB  - Behavioral evidence in laboratory animals and human beings indicates possible
      links between the endogenous opiate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      benzodiazepine receptor systems, especially with regard to antagonistic
      properties. To assess possible interactions between endogenous opiate antagonists
      and benzodiazepine receptor binding, we evaluated the effects of the peptides MIF
      1 and Tyr-MIF-1 on benzodiazepine receptor binding in mouse brain membranes.
      Neither peptide affected receptor binding in cortex over a broad dose range, but
      both peptides significantly augmented GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine receptor
      binding at GABA concentrations of 10(-8) and 10(-7) M. Rosenthal-Scatchard
      analysis indicated that the increase in binding was largely due to increased
      apparent affinity. Both peptides augmented GABA-enhanced binding at low doses
      (MIF-1 10(-11) M, Tyr-MIF-1 10(-13) M) with decreased effects at higher doses. In
      cerebellum and brainstem, MIF-1 tended to enhance GABA-stimulated binding but Tyr
      MIF-1 was inactive. These results indicate benzodiazepine-opiate and
      benzodiazepine-peptide interactions.

PMID- 2893357
TI  - [D-Ala2, (F5) Phe4]-dynorphin 1-13-NH2 (DAFPHEDYN): a potent analog of dynorphin
      1-13.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular administration of the dynorphin analog, [D-Ala2,(F5)Phe4]
      dynorphin 1-13-NH2 (DAFPHEDYN) in rats produced diuresis and profound analgesia.
      Both effects were antagonized by central administration of naltrexone or
      naloxone. Intravenous administration of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg of DAFPHEDYN failed
      to induce diuresis. The increased potency of DAFPHEDYN was apparent from the
      failure of an equal dose of the parent compound (dynorphin 1-13) to produce
      diuresis and the failure of [D-Ala2]-dynorphin 1-13-NH2 to produce analgesia.
      Radioligand binding studies indicated the DAFPHEDYN retains the same degree of
      kappa selectivity as the parent compound (dynorphin 1-13) though a drop in
      affinity occurred. DAFPHEDYN may be of significant interest because it retains
      the essential pharmacology of the parent compound and exhibits marked in vivo
      potency.

PMID- 2893358
TI  - Effects of dynorphin (1-8) on movement: non-opiate effects and structure-activity
      relationship.
AB  - Cell bodies in the head of the caudate nucleus that synthesize prodynorphin
      peptides form a substantial projection to the substantia nigra pars reticulata
      (SNR). The discovery of this pathway suggested an involvement of prodynorphin
      products in motor control. The effects of unilateral nigral microinjections of
      prodynorphin products were tested in an in vivo circling model. Dynorphin (1-8),
      dynorphin (1-7), dynorphin (1-6), dynorphin (2-17) (des-Tyr-dynorphin), and Leu
      enkephalin induced spontaneous contralateral circling at 20 nmol doses. The
      effect of dynorphin (1-8) was dose dependent and was not blocked by pretreatment
      with naloxone or WIN 44,441-3. These findings clearly demonstrate the
      dynorphinergic involvement in nigral motor control which may consist of an opioid
      and a non-opioid component.

PMID- 2893359
TI  - Evidence for the presence of dihydro (reduced) somatostatin-14 in the guinea pig
      brain.
AB  - Analysis of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in guinea pig brain by HPLC
      and radioimmunoassay revealed an unexpected peak of SLI eluting at a retention
      time slightly later than standard somatostatin-14. The following evidence argues
      that this peak represents dihydro (H2) somatostatin-14. (1) The peak had the same
      retention time as standard [H2]somatostatin. (2) The possibility of a reduction
      artefact due to tissue processing was excluded by adding exogenous somatostatin
      14 or 125I-labeled N-Tyr-somatostatin-14 to tissue and observing that no
      corresponding reduced peptides were generated. (3) Mild oxidation of brain
      extracts with H2O2 decreased, whereas mild reduction with dithiothreitol
      increased, the proposed peak of [H2]somatostatin. (4) Reaction of tissue extracts
      with iodoacetamide decreased the size of the proposed [H2]somatostatin peak but
      resulted in generation of a new peak co-eluting with standard carboxymethylated
      somatostatin-14. The proportion of the [H2]somatostatin peak in five brain
      regions, the hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebral cortex, brainstem and cerebellum,
      ranged from 6 to 20% of total SLI. The probability of somatostatin-14 existing
      endogenously in reduced or oxidized forms may have implications for its
      biological function in the guinea pig.

PMID- 2893360
TI  - Down-regulation of haloperidol-induced striatal dopamine receptor
      supersensitivity by active analogues of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG).
AB  - Tardive dyskinesia, a clinical syndrome, is one of the major side effects of
      protracted treatment with neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients. Functional
      supersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors is believed to contribute to the
      pathogenesis of schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. In a rodent model of
      neuroleptic-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity, we investigated the
      efficacy of structurally modified analogues of PLG to down-regulate the striatal
      dopamine receptor supersensitivity as determined by alterations in
      [3H]spiroperidol binding to striatal membranes in vitro. The PLG analogue, L
      prolyl-L-leucyl-(+)-thiazolidine-2-carboxamide-HCl, when given at the dose of 10
      mg/kg IP for 5 days prior to haloperidol (3 mg/kg IP 21 days) significantly
      prevented the up-regulation of striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity, thus
      demonstrating a prophylactic effect. Two other analogues, L-prolyl-L-leucyl-5
      aminomethyltetrazole and L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycine-dimethylamide at a dose of 10
      mg/kg IP when given concurrently with haloperidol for 21 days, suppressed the
      development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. None of the analogues tested
      in the post-haloperidol session reversed the haloperidol-induced increase in the
      density of striatal dopamine receptors. Active PLG analogues hold promise as
      potential therapeutic agents for the amelioration of tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2893361
TI  - Mu-opiate binding and morphine antagonism by octapeptide analogs of somatostatin.
AB  - A series of cyclic conformationally restrained octapeptide analogs of
      somatostatin were examined for their ability to inhibit the binding of tritiated
      mu, kappa, and delta opiate receptor ligands. Several of these substances  were
      found to have high affinity for mu opiate receptors while having very low
      affinity for both kappa and delta receptors. Previous suggestions that
      somatostatin analogs exhibit opiate antagonist activity led to a study of the
      ability of the two most potent compounds to inhibit morphine analgesia in rats
      after intracerebroventricular injection. One of the compounds significantly
      antagonized morphine analgesia although the other displayed severe toxicity.
      These two compounds differed in that the very toxic compound had previously been
      found to possess significant somatostatin activity. It thus appears that the
      structural requirements for toxicity and somatostatin activity can be
      differentiated from those for opiate activity.

PMID- 2893362
TI  - Tyr-MIF-1 and Met-enkephalin share a saturable blood-brain barrier transport
      system.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that methionine enkephalin and Tyr-MIF-1 are
      transported from the brain to the blood by a saturable, stereospecific, carrier
      mediated process. It was not established by these studies whether Tyr-MIF-1 and
      methionine enkephalin were transported by the same system or by separate, but
      overlapping systems. This issue was investigated in anesthetized mice receiving
      injections containing both 131I-methionine enkephalin and 125I-Tyr-MIF-1 into the
      lateral ventricle of the brain. Mice were decapitated and the brain to blood
      transport rate was derived from the residual counts in the brain. It was found
      that in individual mice, the transport rate for Tyr-MIF-1 correlated highly with
      the transport rate for methionine enkephalin but not with the transport of
      iodide. This shows that the transport of Tyr-MIF-1 is closely coupled to the
      transport of methionine enkephalin but dissociable from the brain to blood
      transport of iodide. Furthermore, the inability of varying doses of Tyr-MIF-1 or
      of methionine enkephalin to preferentially self-inhibit is radiolabeled form in
      comparison with the other peptide shows that, functionally, only a single system
      exists. Aluminum, a noncompetitive inhibitor of Tyr-MIF-1 transport, was also
      without preferential inhibition. Thus, under the conditions of these studies,
      only a single system could be functionally demonstrated for the transport of both
      Tyr-MIF-1 and methionine enkephalin.

PMID- 2893363
TI  - Somatostatin and its analog enhance the formation of human leukocyte migration
      inhibiting factor: further evidence for immunomodulatory action of somatostatin.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin-14 (SST) and somatostatin analog D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Trp
      Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-NH2 (RC-102) on migration inhibition of human leukocytes induced
      by cardiac antigen or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was investigated. Both SST and RC
      102 augmented the migration inhibition, thus indicating the enhanced formation or
      action of the leukocyte migration inhibiting factor (LMIF). This finding provides
      additional evidence for the immunomodulatory action of somatostatin.

PMID- 2893364
TI  - [Neurological complications of anti-rabies vaccination with the Semple vaccine].

PMID- 2893365
TI  - How to treat hypertension in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2893366
TI  - Amoebic peritonitis in pregnancy in the United Kingdom.
AB  - We describe a woman who developed hepatic amoebic abscesses during pregnancy, and
      subsequently amoebic peritonitis. We believe this to be the first such recorded
      case in the United Kingdom, and unusual in that the patient had never been
      abroad.

PMID- 2893367
TI  - Shaking behaviour induced by putrescine in naive rats: a pharmacological and
      histological study.
AB  - In untreated rats, the intraperitoneal injection of putrescine evoked a typical
      wet-dog shake response, that was maximal at a dose of 300 mg/kg and at room
      temperature (22 degrees) (number of shakes: 84.00 +/- 17.90/hr). In a hot
      environment (30 degrees) the number of shakes was markedly reduced (26.90 +/-
      5.19/hr). The putrescine-induced shaking behaviour was unaffected by atropine,
      bicuculline, chlorpheniramine, cimetidine, methysergide, naloxone and
      noradrenaline, but was markedly antagonized by morphine. Naloxone pretreatment
      nullified the antagonistic activity of morphine. Histological studies showed
      marked alterations in brain vascular permeability, which was increased by
      putrescine. Morphine completely prevented this putrescine-induced vascular
      effect. These results suggest a correlation between WDS produced by putrescine
      and increase in brain vascular permeability. Furthermore they show that morphine
      can affect brain vascular permeability.

PMID- 2893368
TI  - Modes of determining beta-adrenoceptor number in human mononuclear leucocytes.
AB  - Inhibition of total 125I-ICYP binding to intact human mononuclear leucocytes at
      32 degrees by propranolol and (+/-) CGP-12177 was biphasic. The high affinity
      component of 125I-ICYP binding, representing approximately 30% of total, was
      stereospecific, while the low affinity binding site was inhibited without
      stereospecificity. (-) Isoproterenol inhibited the high affinity component of
      125I-ICYP binding only, with low affinity. By performing binding studies in
      intact cells at 4 degrees or in broken cell preparations at 37 degrees, the
      fraction of total 125I-ICYP binding representing specific binding was increased,
      and agonist affinity was high. Inhibition of 3H-CGP-12177 binding to intact cells
      at 32 degrees demonstrated a high fraction of specific binding and high agonist
      affinity. Computer-assisted analysis of total radioligand binding determined over
      a broad concentration range revealed two populations of saturable 125I-ICYP
      binding sites in intact cells as well as in broken cell preparations, while 3H
      CGP-12177 binding demonstrated only one saturable binding site. The number of
      high affinity 125I-ICYP binding sites was comparable to the number of saturable
      3H-CGP-12177 binding sites. Receptor numbers determined by analysis of total
      radioligand binding were comparable to receptor numbers determined by subtraction
      of non-specific binding, determined in the presence of a high concentration of
      competing ligand. Analysis of total radioligand binding was found to be a better
      procedure because it eliminates the use of an arbitrary concentration of
      unlabelled ligand and improves the accuracy of the assay.

PMID- 2893370
TI  - [Traumatic tooth injuries. A clinical and experimental study].

PMID- 2893369
TI  - [Mixed endocrine tumor of the pancreas (vipoma, glucagonoma). Treatment by
      somatostatin followed by one of its long-acting analogs].
AB  - We describe the 4-year follow-up of an endocrine tumour of the pancreas (vipoma
      glucagonoma) treated with chemotherapy. To control the endocrine syndrome we used
      somatostatin 14 by continuous subcutaneous infusion for 1 year, followed by the
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 administered alone without antitumoral
      chemotherapy. Under SMS 201-995 (100 micrograms 12-hourly) the endocrine syndrome
      dramatically improved. This effect persisted for 12 months after which a relative
      resistance to the drug developed. It was necessary to increase the dosage (300
      400 micrograms/24 hours) and to alter the mode of administration (continuous
      subcutaneous infusion) to obtain a clinical benefit inferior to that obtained
      during the first year of treatment with SMS 201-995. At present this drug is
      given combined with recombinant interferon alpha 2A. In spite of computerized
      tomography, ultrasonography and monitoring of hormone levels we were unable to
      determine whether or not SMS 201-995 exerted a partial antitumoral effect.

PMID- 2893371
TI  - Traumatic tooth injuries. A clinical and experimental study.

PMID- 2893372
TI  - Distribution of glutamine synthetase and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I in
      vertebrate liver.
AB  - Mitochondrial glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) is the primary ammonia
      detoxifying enzyme in avian liver and is therefore analogous in function to
      carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (ammonia) (EC 6.3.4.16) in mammalian liver. In
      mammalian liver, glutamine synthetase is cytosolic and its distribution is
      restricted to a few hepatocytes around the terminal venules. These cells do not
      express carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I. Using immunocytochemistry, we show here
      that there is little or no zonation of glutamine synthetase in avian liver.
      Rather, it is broadly distributed to most hepatocytes, much like carbamoyl
      phosphate synthetase I in mammalian liver. In situ hybridization with a cloned
      glutamine synthetase cDNA probe showed the distribution of glutamine synthetase
      mRNA in both mammalian and avian liver to correspond to the distribution of
      immunoreactive protein. Neither glutamine synthetase nor carbamoyl-phosphate
      synthetase I and ornithine transcarbamoylase (EC 2.1.3.3) are strictly zoned in
      liver of the Texas tortoise or of an Argentine tree frog, both of which possess a
      complete urea cycle but which may also rely on glutamine synthetase for ammonia
      detoxication. These latter results suggest that the mutually exclusive expression
      of either carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I or glutamine synthetase may be unique
      to mammalian liver.

PMID- 2893373
TI  - An extended HLA-D region haplotype associated with celiac disease.
AB  - Celiac disease has one of the strongest associations with HLA (human leukocyte
      antigen) class II markers of the known HLA-linked diseases. This association is
      primarily with the class II serologic specificities HLA-DR3 and -DQw2. We
      previously described a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      characterized by the presence of a 4.0-kilobase Rsa I fragment derived from an
      HLA class II beta-chain gene, which distinguishes the class II HLA haplotype of
      celiac disease patients from those of many serologically matched controls. We now
      report the isolation of this beta-chain gene from a bacteriophage genomic library
      constructed from the DNA of a celiac disease patient. Based on restriction
      mapping and differential hybridization with class II cDNA and oligonucleotide
      probes, this gene was identified as one encoding an HLA-DP beta chain. This
      celiac disease-associated HLA-DP beta-chain gene was flanked by HLA-DP alpha
      chain genes and, therefore, was probably in its normal chromosomal location. The
      HLA-DP alpha-chain genes of celiac disease patients also were studied by RFLP
      analysis; 84% of HLA-DR3, -DQw2 patients had a 16-kb Xba I fragment that was
      present in only 36% of HLA-DR3, -DQw2 controls. Moreover, 79% of these patients
      had both alpha- and beta-chain polymorphisms in contrast to 27% of controls.
      Thus, celiac disease is associated with a subset of HLA-DR3, -DQw2 haplotypes
      characterized by HLA-DP alpha- and beta-chain gene RFLPs. Within the celiac
      disease patient population, the joint segregation of these HLA-DP genes with
      those encoding the serologic specificities HLA-DR3 and -DQw2 indicates: (i) that
      the class II HLA haplotype associated with celiac disease is extended throughout
      the entire HLA-D region, and (ii) that celiac-disease susceptibility genes may
      reside as far centromeric on this haplotype as the HLA-DP subregion.

PMID- 2893374
TI  - MTrasT24, a metallothionein-ras fusion gene, modulates expression in cultured rat
      liver cells of two genes associated with in vivo liver cancer.
AB  - We studied the effects of a zinc-inducible metallothionein-ras fusion gene
      (MTrasT24) in cultured rat liver epithelial (RLE) cells on expression of two
      genes induced during liver carcinogenesis in vivo: gamma-glutamyltransferase [(5
      glutamyl)-peptide:amino acid 5-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.2] and glutathione S
      transferase-P (RX:glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18). Expression of MTrasT24
      increased steady-state RNA levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutathione
      transferase-P 6- to 100-fold and 1.6- to 6-fold, respectively; in contrast,
      levels of alpha-tubulin RNA fell slightly or were unchanged. RNA gel blots
      verified that gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutathione transferase-P RNAs were
      of the appropriate size, and results from immunocytochemistry on transfected
      cells demonstrated that RLE cells carrying MTrasT24 synthesized immunoreactive,
      appropriately localized gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutathione transferase-P.
      Zinc induction studies indicated that gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutathione
      transferase-P RNA levels were directly dependent on MTrasT24 RNA levels. These
      data suggest that expression of gamma-glutamyltransferase and glutathione
      transferase-P expression are part of a reorientation of cellular gene expression
      during carcinogenesis and that activated ras expression, like chemical
      carcinogens, can bring about this change.

PMID- 2893375
TI  - In situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry reveal an increase
      in spinal dynorphin biosynthesis in a rat model of peripheral inflammation and
      hyperalgesia.
AB  - Dynorphin, an opioid peptide, is thought to play an important role in the
      modulation of nociceptive neural circuits at the level of the spinal cord. In a
      model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia, an oligodeoxyribonucleotide
      probe complementary to a portion of preprodynorphin mRNA and antisera to
      dynorphin A-(1-8) were used to localize changes in dynorphin mRNA and peptide to
      individual spinal cord neurons. Intraplantar injection in rats of complete
      Freund's adjuvant resulted in edema and hyperalgesia to radiant heat stimulation
      of the injected hind paw that reached a peak at 4 days. At the same time, in situ
      hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry identified an increase in
      transcription of preprodynorphin mRNA that was paralleled by an increase in
      dynorphin peptide. These changes were seen in spinal neurons in the medial two
      thirds of laminae I and II and in laminae V and VI of lumbar segments receiving
      innervation from the inflamed paw. Since neurons demonstrating the increase in
      dynorphin biosynthesis are located in both the superficial and deep dorsal horn
      laminae, our data provide evidence for opioid modulation of nociceptive neural
      circuits in these two distinct spinal locations.

PMID- 2893376
TI  - Autoradiographic localization of supraspinal kappa-opioid receptors with [125I
      Tyr1, D-Pro10]dynorphin A-(1-11).
AB  - [125I-Tyr1, D-Pro10]dynorphin A-(1-11) (125I-DP-DYN), an opioid peptide analogue
      that has previously been shown to be kappa selective, displays specific,
      saturable, and high-affinity (Kd = 0.3 nM) binding in slide-mounted sections from
      nerve tissue. We have used 125I-DPDYN to autoradiographically visualize
      supraspinal kappa-opioid receptor sites in rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The
      autoradiographic dispositions of 125I-DPDYN in sections from cerebellum are
      clearly different in guinea pig and rabbit, suggesting that kappa receptors have
      different functions in this organ of the two species. Autoradiograms from 125I
      DPDYN-labeled brain sections also reveal major species differences, in particular
      in thalamus, which is densely labeled in rabbit and considerably less so in rat
      and guinea pig. The data show that 125I-DPDYN is a useful probe to visualize
      kappa-opioid receptor sites in nerve tissue sections directly and rapidly.

PMID- 2893377
TI  - Number and continuous proliferative pattern of transplanted primitive
      immunohematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - We estimated numbers of transplantable primitive stem cells (PSCs) and found
      evidence that the same PSC continuously produced circulating erythrocytes and
      lymphocytes. These estimations used the binomial formula on data from recipients
      of identical portions of marrow mixtures containing two distinguishable cell
      types. Analysis of variance was used to compare repeated tests within each
      recipient. Values of pi s or pi c, probabilities that two independently sampled
      cells were descended from the same PSC, were also estimated, as this does not
      require the unverified condition that all PSCs contribute equally to the
      differentiated cell population. Several months after transplantation,
      erythrocytes were descended from only a single PSC per 1-2 X 10(5) marrow cells
      injected, several times rarer than previously reported. Percentages of
      erythrocyte and lymphocyte types in each recipient were closely correlated, with
      r values ranging from 0.86 to 0.94, in groups receiving 2-8 X 10(5) marrow cells;
      apparently the same precursors repopulated both myeloid and lymphoid lines in
      each recipient, as expected of true PSCs. Our data did not fit the clonal
      succession model, which predicts sequential activation of new PSCs and
      deactivation of old. Between 76 and 154 days, differentiated erythrocyte
      precursors were probably exhausted, with no evidence for new precursor activation
      or for further change between 154 and 250 days. The percentage of newly produced
      erythrocytes (reticulocytes) of each donor type varied little when individual
      recipients were followed between 165 and 295 days after transplantation, and
      variances within recipients were similar at marrow doses from 8 to 200 X 10(5)
      cells, further contradicting models of sequential activation and deactivation of
      PSC clones. Thus, transplanted PSCs were continually active during much of the
      recipient's lifespan.

PMID- 2893378
TI  - Receptors for prolactin, somatostatin, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      in experimental prostate cancer after treatment with analogs of luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin.
AB  - Membrane receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH),
      somatostatin, and prolactin (PRL) were investigated in the Dunning R-3327H rat
      prostate adenocarcinoma specimens after in vivo treatment with microcapsules of
      the agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH and the somatostatin analog RC-160. The LH-RH receptors
      showed a low-binding affinity (Kd = 54 nM) and high capacity (Bmax = 12.0
      pmol/mg). Treatment with the [D-Trp6]LH-RH decreased the binding affinity (Kd =
      0.52 microM). Specific somatostatin receptors, with Kd = 1.3 nM and Bmax = 543
      fmol/mg, were also found. Treatment with [D-Trp6]LH-RH lowered Bmax to 44
      fmol/mg, and administration of RC-160 reduced Kd to 30 nM. After the combined
      treatment with the two analogs, Kd and Bmax were decreased. Specific PRL
      receptors (Kd = 0.72 nM; Bmax = 161 fmol/mg) were also detected. Treatment with
      either analog reduced Bmax by 50%, but a much greater reduction of PRL binding
      capacity was revealed after in vitro dissociation of the bound endogenous PRL by
      MgCl2. The dramatic fall in the total number of PRL receptors after combination
      treatment with both analogs could be partially responsible for the decrease in
      the weight and volume of prostate tumors. The findings support the concept that
      analogs of LH-RH and somatostatin can inhibit tumors directly through their own
      respective receptors. One of several mechanisms of the antineoplastic activity of
      these analogs could be the elimination of tumor growth-promoting effect of PRL by
      the reduction of the total number of PRL receptors.

PMID- 2893381
TI  - Fibronectin as a carrier for the transglutaminase from human erythrocytes.
AB  - Nondenaturing electrophoresis was used to demonstrate that, immediately upon
      exposure to plasma, the transglutaminase (protein-glutamine:amine gamma
      glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13) from erythrocytes undergoes a significant shift
      in mobility. The plasma effect shows saturable characteristics and depends
      entirely on the presence of fibronectin in plasma, indicative of complex
      formation between this protein and transglutaminase. The results suggest a
      specific carrier function for fibronectin that might be of physiological
      importance in determining the fate of a tissue transglutaminase accidentally
      discharged into plasma.

PMID- 2893379
TI  - Molecular cloning of amyloid cDNA derived from mRNA of the Alzheimer disease
      brain: coding and noncoding regions of the fetal precursor mRNA are expressed in
      the cortex.
AB  - To gain insight into factors associated with the excessive accumulation of beta
      amyloid in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain, the present studies were initiated
      to distinguish between a unique primary structure of the AD-specific amyloid
      precursor mRNA vis a vis other determinants that may affect amyloid levels.
      Previous molecular cloning experiments focused on amyloid derived from sources
      other than AD cases. In the present work, we cloned and characterized amyloid
      cDNA derived directly from AD brain mRNA. Poly(A)+ RNA from AD cortices was used
      for the preparation of lambda gt11 recombinant cDNA libraries. An insert of 1564
      nucleotides was isolated that included the beta-amyloid domain and corresponded
      to 75% of the coding region and approximately equal to 70% of the 3'-noncoding
      region of the fetal precursor amyloid cDNA reported by others. On RNA blots, the
      AD amyloid mRNA consisted of a doublet of 3.2 and 3.4 kilobases. In control and
      AD cases, the amyloid mRNA levels were nonuniform and were independent of glial
      specific mRNA levels. Based on the sequence analysis data, we conclude that a
      segment of the amyloid gene is expressed in the AD cortex as a high molecular
      weight precursor mRNA with major coding and 3'-noncoding regions that are
      identical to the fetal brain gene product.

PMID- 2893380
TI  - Synaptic transmission between rat cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells in
      dissociated cell culture: effects of excitatory-amino acid transmitter
      antagonists.
AB  - Monosynaptic excitatory connections between cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells
      were studied in dissociated cell cultures, and identification of the transmitter
      and the postsynaptic receptor at this synapse was pharmacologically investigated.
      The presynaptic granule cell and the postsynaptic Purkinje cell were voltage- or
      current-clamped simultaneously, and the excitatory postsynaptic current induced
      by the granule cell was examined. The neurons and monosynaptic excitatory
      connections were identified as in our earlier study. Several pairs of granule and
      Purkinje cells were stained with Lucifer yellow and propidium iodide,
      respectively, and their morphology was examined after electrophysiological
      recording. The monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic current was suppressed by 1
      mM kynurenate, an antagonist for excitatory-amino acid receptors, but was little
      affected by 0.2 mM DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, a selective antagonist of N
      methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Glutamate and aspartate induced inward current in
      the Purkinje cells. These currents were suppressed by kynurenate at 1 mM. DL-2
      Amino-5-phosphonovalerate at 0.2 mM suppressed the inward current induced by 100
      microM aspartate but did not affect the inward current induced by 10 microM
      glutamate. These results are consistent with the idea that glutamate, or a
      glutamate-like substance, but not aspartate is the transmitter released at the
      synapse between granule and Purkinje cells and that non-N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptor channels are functioning in the postsynaptic membrane.

PMID- 2893382
TI  - Rod light adaptation may be mediated by acceleration of the phosphodiesterase
      guanylate cyclase cycle.
AB  - We compare the retinal rod photocurrent before and after introduction of an
      hydrolysis-resistant analog of GTP into the outer segment by the whole-cell patch
      technique. Others have shown that GTP bound to transducin leads to the hydrolysis
      of cyclic GMP, causing the response to light--a decrease in dark current. The
      hydrolysis-resistant GTP analog prolongs the response to a bright flash, which
      leads us to suggest that prolonged transducin activation by bright light
      desensitizes the rod by a prolonged decrease in dark current. Recovery from the
      response to a bright flash does occur after introduction of the analog; that
      recovery requires acceleration of cyclase activity rather than inhibition of
      phosphodiesterase. The analog mimics light adaptation by desensitizing the rod
      and speeding the recovery from a dim flash. The analog plus light or light
      adaptation prolongs the activities of transducin and phosphodiesterase
      (oligonucleate 5'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.1) to mediate desensitization by
      reducing the dark current. Hence, this faster recovery from a dim flash would be
      by increased activity of guanylate cyclase [GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing),
      EC 4.6.1.2] rather than by inhibited phosphodiesterase. Accelerated activity of
      guanylate cyclase may speed recovery by response truncation. We conclude that
      transducin, activated by photolyzed rhodopsin, may lead to increased activity of
      both phosphodiesterase and guanylate cyclase to mediate the desensitization and
      the faster recovery of the light-adapted response.

PMID- 2893383
TI  - Nutrition and platelet function in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2893384
TI  - DNA markers for the cystic fibrosis locus.

PMID- 2893385
TI  - The application of molecular genetics to the study of the basic defect causing
      cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The first linkage to CF was demonstrated to the enzyme paroxonase, a classical
      protein polymorphism, by the Copenhagen group. This was followed quickly by six
      cloned DNA sequences: pJ3.11, 7C22, COL1A2 and TCRB (St. Mary's), 917 (Toronto)
      and met (Salt Lake City). Both pJ3.11 and met are very close genetically to the
      CF mutation, and can be used for carrier detection and antenatal diagnosis in
      many informative families where there is a CF child. There is no evidence for
      heterogeneity of the CF locus. The collection of markers surrounding the CF locus
      is now sufficient to permit attempts to be made to isolate the defective gene
      using a combination of chromosome-mediated gene transfer, pulse field gel
      electrophoresis, NotI junction libraries, cosmid mapping and chromosome walking
      techniques.

PMID- 2893386
TI  - Molecular approaches to the cystic fibrosis gene.

PMID- 2893387
TI  - A genotype-dependent hippocampal dynorphinergic mechanism controls mouse
      exploration.
AB  - Following microinjections with two dilutions of anti-dynorphin B antiserum into
      the hippocampal CA3 region, adult male mice from the inbred strains DBA/2 and
      C57BL/6 were individually tested for various exploratory behaviors in a novel
      environment and compared to preimmune serum control animals. Treatment augmented
      vertically-oriented exploratory acts in strain DBA/2 and reduced the scores in
      strain C57BL/6 so that strain differences originally present between the controls
      were reversed or eliminated after antiserum. These opposite effects indicate that
      a hippocampal dynorphinergic mechanism is involved in the regulation of novelty
      induced behavior in mice and that its modulatory function depends on the
      genotype. It is concluded that DBA/2 animals exposed to novelty, as compared to
      C57BL/6, are characterized by an over-release of hippocampal dynorphin B which is
      neutralized in part by small amounts of antibody.

PMID- 2893388
TI  - D1 and D2 dopamine binding site up-regulation and apomorphine-induced stereotypy.
AB  - Treatments with drugs to up-regulate specific receptors is a strategy often
      employed in mechanism of action studies. In this type of experiment, changes in
      the numbers of receptors and concomitant changes in an animal's sensitivity to
      the drug have been used as evidence for the participation of the binding site in
      the behavior. In these studies, to test for the role of D1 and D2 receptors in
      apomorphine-induced stereotypy (AIS), dopamine binding sites were up-regulated by
      appropriate pre-treatments and the ability of these pre-treatments to alter AIS
      was subsequently investigated. In the first experiment, 19 days of pre-treatment
      with SCH 23390 or haloperidol selectively increased by 35 and 40% the numbers of
      striatal D1 and D2 binding sites, respectively, without affecting their
      affinities. However, when challenged with apomorphine, only the animals pre
      treated with the D2 antagonist showed behavioral supersensitivity. In the second
      experiment, reserpine pre-treatment (30 mg/kg IP, 24-hr pre-test) increased the
      numbers of D1 binding sites by 18%, but did not significantly alter the numbers
      of striatal D2 binding sites. Behaviorally, these rats were supersensitive to
      apomorphine's stereotypy-inducing effects; however, they also showed an increased
      sensitivity to the ability of either haloperidol or SCH 23390 to block AIS.
      Moreover, this blockade was only attenuated by a D2 (but not a D1) agonist.
      Collectively, these data suggest that AIS is mediated by both D1 and D2 binding
      sites, but that D2 binding sites have a more important role.

PMID- 2893390
TI  - Tyr-MIF-1 augments benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo.
AB  - Behavioral and limited neurochemical evidence indicates possible links between
      the endogenous opiate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine receptor
      systems. A previous study using in vitro techniques indicated that MIF-1 (Pro-Leu
      Gly-NH2) and Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), peptides with anti-opiate activity,
      enhanced GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine binding. To assess the activity of these
      peptides under in vivo conditions, we evaluated their effects on benzodiazepine
      receptor binding as determined by specific uptake of the benzodiazepine
      antagonist [3H]-Ro15-1788. Tyr-MIF-1, at a dose of 1 mg/kg IP, significantly
      augmented benzodiazepine binding in cortex and hippocampus but not in cerebellum,
      hypothalamus, or pons-medulla. Increases in binding were due in large part to
      increased apparent affinity at the receptor. At none of the doses of MIF-1 (0.1,
      1 and 10 mg/kg) or at the highest (10 mg/kg) and lowest (0.1 mg/kg) doses of Tyr
      MIF-1 was there any significant alteration in benzodiazepine binding in any
      region evaluated. These results indicate that peptide-benzodiazepine receptor
      interactions may also occur in vivo.

PMID- 2893389
TI  - Different effects of ethylketocyclazocine on phencyclidine- and N
      allylnormetazocine-induced stereotyped behaviors in rats.
AB  - The effects of ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) on the stereotyped behaviors induced by
      intraperitoneal injection of phencyclidine (PCP) or N-allylnormetazocine (SKF
      10,047) were examined. EKC markedly antagonized PCP-induced stereotyped behaviors
      such as sniffing, head-weaving, turning and backpedalling. On the other hand, EKC
      failed to antagonize SKF 10,047-induced stereotyped behaviors, which are PCP-like
      stereotyped behaviors, except sniffing and head-weaving at 0-15 min after the SKF
      10,047 injection. PCP-induced turning and backpedalling were potentiated by
      pretreatment with SKF 10,047, while PCP-induced sniffing and head-weaving were
      not. EKC failed to affect the enhancing effect of SKF 10,047 on PCP-induced
      turning and backpedalling. These results suggest that part of the PCP- and SKF
      10,047-induced stereotypy may be mediated by different neuronal mechanisms.

PMID- 2893391
TI  - Preliminary evaluation of manassantin A, a potential neuroleptic agent from
      Saururus cernuus.
AB  - Manassantin A (MNS-A), a novel dineolignan isolated from Saururus cernuus was
      evaluated for its central depressant effects. Intraperitoneal (IP) administration
      of MNS-A to mice at nontoxic doses caused a decrease in spontaneous motor
      activity and inhibition of amphetamine-induced stereotypy, with an ED50 of 0.21
      +/- 0.02 mg/kg for its antiamphetamine activity. Doses of MNS-A up to the LD50
      did not produce catalepsy and ptosis as were observed with haloperidol used as a
      reference drug. The compound caused a dose-dependent hypothermia, while
      haloperidol was not very effective in this test. Potentiation of pentobarbital
      sleeping time was observed to be of comparable degree with both drugs. In spite
      of the higher toxicity (acute LD50 5.4 +/- 0.2 mg/kg, IP) than that shown by
      haloperidol, the somewhat selective neuroleptic profile of MNS-A makes it an
      interesting candidate for more detailed studies.

PMID- 2893392
TI  - Abuse liability of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2893393
TI  - Comparison of the renal and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of fenoldopam,
      dobutamine, dopamine and norepinephrine in the anesthetized dog.
AB  - The renal and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of fenoldopam, dobutamine, dopamine
      and norepinephrine were compared in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog. Animals
      were pretreated with propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.) to eliminate beta-adrenoceptor
      mediated effects in the renal and pulmonary circulations. Heparinized blood was
      withdrawn from the right femoral artery and transferred, via a peristaltic pump,
      to the pulmonary arterial branch supplying the left diaphragmatic lobe of the
      lung. The flow rate of the pump was set so that the perfusion pressure in the
      lobe was equal to resting diastolic pulmonary artery blood pressure. Under these
      conditions of constant flow, changes in perfusion pressure reflect changes in
      pulmonary vascular resistance. Renal blood flow was measured in the same
      experiments via an electromagnetic flow probe which was placed directly on the
      left renal artery. Intraarterial administration of fenoldopam resulted in a
      marked reduction in renal vascular resistance at doses that had virtually no
      effect on pulmonary vascular resistance. Conversely, dobutamine increased
      pulmonary vascular resistance slightly, and had no effect on the renal
      circulation. Dopamine increased pulmonary vascular resistance at all doses, and
      exhibited a biphasic effect on renal vascular resistance. At low doses, dopamine
      produced a modest reduction in renal vascular resistance, and at higher doses,
      dopamine significantly increased renal vascular resistance. Norepinephrine
      increased both pulmonary and renal vascular resistance at all doses, as expected.
      These results indicate that fenoldopam may be hemodynamically favorable over
      dobutamine and dopamine in the management of patients with low output cardiac
      failure since fenoldopam improves renal hemodynamics at doses that have little or
      no effect on the pulmonary circulation.

PMID- 2893394
TI  - Effect of esmolol on the ventricular fibrillation threshold.
AB  - The effect of esmolol on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was
      determined in 11 open-chest dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Since
      changes in VFT by antiarrhythmic drugs have been shown to depend on the method
      used to test vulnerability to fibrillation, two methods were studied. The
      vulnerable period was scanned with a train of pulses (100 Hz, 4 ms, 20 pulses) in
      nine experiments and a single pulse (10 ms) in eight experiments. Following
      control measurements, esmolol was administered as an intravenous bolus of 500
      micrograms/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 300 micrograms/kg/min. After
      15 min of infusion, the adequacy of beta-blockade was tested by the
      administration of 0.5 micrograms/kg of isoproterenol. Isoproterenol increased the
      heart rate by only 18 +/- 2 beats/min following esmolol administration which was
      significantly less than the control response (79 +/- 7 beats/min, p less than
      0.01). Although the VFT measured with the single-pulse technique did not change
      in response to esmolol (14.1 +/- 1.1 mA vs. 14.3 +/- 1.2 mA), the VFT measured
      with the train-of-pulses technique significantly increased (3.7 +/- 0.5 mA to
      14.5 +/- 2.8 mA, p less than 0.01). Twenty minutes after discontinuing esmolol,
      the VFT measurements were repeated and did not differ from control values with
      either technique. The increase in heart rate in response to isoproterenol also
      returned to control values (80 +/- 6 beats/min). The results suggest that the
      ability of esmolol to raise VFT as measured by the train-of-pulses technique is
      due to beta-adrenergic blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893395
TI  - Behavioral pharmacology of minor tranquilizers.

PMID- 2893396
TI  - On the distribution of REM and NREM sleep under two benzodiazepines with
      comparable receptor affinity but different kinetic properties.
AB  - Two clinical-pharmacological investigations were performed to give a
      retrospective and explorative record, based on electroencephalographic
      parameters, of spindle density and REM distribution in the first and second
      halves of the night under a short-acting (triazolam) and medium-acting
      (lormetazepam) benzodiazepine. A further aim was to determine whether a suitable
      dose of a short-acting benzodiazepine could lead to a REM suppression in the
      first sleep cycles and a REM compensation in later sleep cycles on the same
      night. Since sleep spindles are increased and rapid eye movements reduced under
      benzodiazepines, the two phenomena were respectively taken as indicators of drug
      effects on NREM and REM sleep. According to the receptor affinity of the two
      substances, dosages of triazolam and lormetazepam ought to be equieffective in a
      ratio of about 1:2. Yet clinical experience has shown that a ratio of 1:4 (0.5 mg
      triazolam vs. 2 mg lormetazepam) gives the doses that are equieffective and which
      are widely used in clinical practice. The changes in the number of sleep spindles
      and rapid eye movements documented the different kinetic properties of the two
      substances. Even after clinically equieffective doses, the changes in the
      parameters were less marked under lormetazepam than under triazolam. This
      suggests that the two benzodiazepines different effects on spindle and REM
      distribution were not attributable to their kinetics, but that pharmacodynamic
      aspects must also be considered, even if this does not fit in with the prevalent
      picture of the benzodiazepines mechanisms of action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2893397
TI  - Neuronal transmitter sensitivity after social isolation in rats.
AB  - After 3 and 12 months of isolation rearing of rats, sensitivity of single neurons
      to microiontophoretically applied transmitters as well as neuronal spontaneous
      activity are analysed in striatum, cortex, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and
      nucleus raphis medialis. It is demonstrated that regulation of transmitter
      sensitivity, as well as spontaneous activity, depend on isolation duration,
      therefore showing time dynamics. Sensitivity changes of single neurons to
      distinct transmitters are not uniform and simultaneous in all areas but are
      structure specific. After 3 months of isolation an enhanced dopamine sensitivity
      is observed only in the striatum, whereas in the cortex the dopamine sensitivity
      is increased after 12 months isolation. A diminished response of single neuron
      activity to serotonin is demonstrable after 3 months of isolation in striatum and
      nucleus raphis. The observed changes are discussed in connection with
      biochemically and pharmacologically demonstrated changes in isolation. The
      complex patterns of neurobiological changes characterizing the isolation syndrome
      are emphasized.

PMID- 2893398
TI  - Pharmacology of the pyrazolo-type compounds: agonist, antagonist and inverse
      agonist actions.
AB  - Five compounds that bind to the benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor, but show different
      pharmacological characteristics from the classical BZs, are profiled. CGS 8216 is
      a BZ antagonist/inverse agonist that reverses the effects of diazepam and also
      acts as a proconvulsant. CGS 9895 is also a potent BZ antagonist. In addition,
      this compound shows an anxiolytic profile. CGS 9896, CGS 17867A and CGS 20625 are
      BZ agonists (i.e., anxiolytics and anticonvulsants) which produce varying
      magnitudes of antagonist effect. All of these compounds are unique from the
      classical BZs in that each has a reduced propensity to produce the sedative
      and/or muscle relaxant effects characteristically associated with BZs.

PMID- 2893400
TI  - [Our nurses report from Havana].

PMID- 2893399
TI  - Neurochemical correlates of male sexual behavior.
AB  - This report presents evidence of changes in the concentration of monoamine
      neurotransmitters and their metabolites in homogenates of spinal cord and brain
      areas of male rats related to specific events of their mating behavior. Intact
      male rats were allowed to copulate with receptive females and decapitated
      immediately after either the first intromission or the first ejaculation. Non
      mating control animals were exposed to other males, instead of females. The
      concentration of monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin) and some of
      their major metabolites (DOPAC and HIAA) in homogenates of discrete brain areas
      (parietal cortex, preoptic region, mediobasal hypothalamus) and lumbosacral
      spinal cord were measured by HPLC-ED. Results suggest that sexual arousal is
      associated with both increased dopaminergic activity in the preoptic region and
      inhibition of descending monoaminergic signals to the lumbosacral cord, whereas
      ejaculation is accompanied by increased activity of the serotonergic, as well as
      dopaminergic, innervation of the preoptic region. These findings give
      neurochemical support to notions of central monoamines involvement in sexual
      behavior suggested by previous pharmacological studies.

PMID- 2893401
TI  - Rational use of sedative/hypnotics.
AB  - Among medications targeted at the central nervous system, sedative/hypnotics are
      the most widely prescribed. The use of sedative/hypnotics is reviewed in the
      context of historical influences on prescribing practice and from a current
      neuroscience perspective. Recommendations are made regarding appropriate
      applications for these drugs, and the principles for choosing one drug over
      another are emphasized.

PMID- 2893402
TI  - [Neurochemical knowledge in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)].
AB  - The paper is concerned with an attempt to generalize and categorize current
      hypotheses on the biochemical basis of ECT. The hypotheses are critically
      evaluated with respect to the relevance of their experimental fundamentals. Thus,
      certain hypotheses are valid only in a qualified sense. Particular interest is
      focussed on those conceptions which try to correlate ECT-induced changes in
      synaptic receptor sensitivities (up-/down-regulation) with super- resp.
      subsensitivity hypotheses of psychoses. In this connection, noradrenergic and
      opioid systems on the one hand, and the axis hypothalamus-hypophysis on the other
      hand seem to play a dominant role.

PMID- 2893403
TI  - Comparative study of schizophrenic patients relapsed on and off medication.
AB  - The frequency of stressful life events, the characteristic psychopathological
      features, and the course of relapse were studied in 22 schizophrenic patients who
      relapsed while on maintenance neuroleptic medication and 27 noncompliant patients
      off treatment. The patients who relapsed while on neuroleptics experienced more
      independent life events, mainly losses and family conflicts, in the months
      preceding admission. Patients who relapsed while not on drugs were characterized
      by a more severe psychopathological picture dominated by positive symptoms at
      admission. Schizophrenic patients who relapsed on medication showed greater
      improvement and required shorter hospitalization.

PMID- 2893404
TI  - Neurotransmitter amino acids in post-mortem brains of chronic schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - Neurotransmitter amino acids were measured in post-mortem caudate nucleus,
      nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus of chronic
      schizophrenic and normal control subjects. The concentrations of upsilon
      aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine, glycine-threonine, glutamate, aspartate,
      glutamine, tryptophan, and alanine were similar in both groups, with the
      exception of decreased GABA and tryptophan in the amygdala of the schizophrenic
      group. Strong positive correlations were obtained between the concentration of
      tryptophan, a putative agonal status marker of post-mortem brain tissue, and the
      concentration of GABA in all brain areas. When the GABA concentrations were
      adjusted for tryptophan concentrations in amygdala, the difference between the
      schizophrenic and control samples was no longer significant, suggesting that the
      original difference may have been due to different agonal or post-mortem changes
      in the tissues. There were, however, no significant correlations between GABA and
      post-mortem interval. The present results do not support the aminoacidergic
      hypotheses of chronic schizophrenia, although a GABA deficiency cannot be
      entirely excluded.

PMID- 2893405
TI  - Lateralized neuroleptic-induced side effects are associated with asymmetric
      visual evoked potentials.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that neuroleptic drugs may have an asymmetric effect on
      the two cerebral hemispheres. This effect is reflected by emergence of drug
      induced lateralized extrapyramidal side effects and by dose-related alterations
      in electrophysiological asymmetries. The present study examined the hypothesis
      that asymmetry of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) is associated with lateralized
      appearance of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism or tardive dyskinesia (TD). The
      asymmetry of the amplitudes of later VEP components was significantly higher in
      patients with lateralized side effects (n = 8) than in patients with symmetrical
      side effects (n = 6) or free of extrapyramidal side effects (n = 11). The
      possibility that VEP asymmetry reflects the differential degree to which the two
      hemispheres are affected by medication is discussed.

PMID- 2893406
TI  - Enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid spaces in long-term benzodiazepine abusers.
AB  - In 17 benzodiazepine (BDZ) dependent in-patients a CT scan was performed before
      initiation of withdrawal therapy. The evaluation of the ventricular to brain
      ratio (VBR) by standardized and computerized measurements revealed significantly
      higher mean VBRs for both high- and low-dose BDZ-dependent patients compared to
      the mean VBR of an age- and sex-matched control group. In addition, the mean VBR
      of high-dose BDZ-dependent patients (N = 8) was significantly higher than the
      mean VBR of low-dose BDZ-dependent patients (N = 9). This difference could not be
      accounted for by the age of the patients or duration of BDZ-dependency and,
      therefore, suggests a dose-dependent effect of BDZs on the enlargement of
      internal CSF-spaces. On the other hand, higher values for the width of external
      CSF-spaces were found to be related to increasing age of the patients and
      duration of BDZ-dependency.

PMID- 2893407
TI  - Neuroleptic effects on platelet aggregation: a study in normal volunteers and
      schizophrenics.
AB  - Platelet-rich plasma from healthy controls was pre-treated with neuroleptics of
      the phenothiazine, butyrophenone or benzamide variety before aggregation with one
      of the following agonist agents: ADP, adrenaline, 5-HT, collagen, platelet
      activating factor or ristocetin. All compounds effective as antipsychotics,
      except sulpiride, depressed aggregation. Unmedicated schizophrenics showed
      aggregation responses indistinguishable from healthy controls. However, within
      days of treatment with either trifluoroperazine or haloperidol responses became
      abnormal in acutely psychotic patients. Increased responses to 5-HT and depressed
      responses to platelet activating factor were detected. After 4 weeks of treatment
      responses tended to return to normal. Aggregation responses were normal in those
      patients on long-term depot neuroleptics.

PMID- 2893408
TI  - Psychotropic drug utilization and audit in two Italian psychiatric services.
AB  - The utilization of psychotropic drugs is a topic of increasing interest. This
      paper describes a study of psychotropic drug use in two acute psychiatric in
      patient services in Cremona, northern Italy. Almost all patients surveyed
      received one or more psychotropic drugs, and there was evidence of a substantial
      level of polypharmacy. Women patients were prescribed more psychotropic drugs
      than the men, while the relationship between drug prescription and psychiatric
      diagnosis differed between the two services. During the second phase of the
      study, the medical staff were aware that their prescribing was being monitored.
      However, this knowledge appeared to have little effect on their patterns of
      prescribing. The findings of Barton (1978) are thus not supported.

PMID- 2893409
TI  - The effects of chronic intermittent stress on basal and acute stress levels of
      TSH and GH, and their response to hypothalamic regulatory factors in the rat.
AB  - The effect of chronic stress on basal and stress-induced alterations of TSH and
      GH was studied in adult male rats. Chronically stressed rats were subjected 6
      days per week for 4 weeks to several acute stressors including saline injections,
      noise, ether and forced swimming. Each day, one stressor was chosen randomly.
      Twenty hr after the last stress session, basal levels of TSH were normal or
      increased, with no altered pituitary response to TRH. In contrast, the TSH rise
      induced by acute stress was blunted in chronically stressed rats. Chronic stress
      resulted in lower basal and acute stress levels of GH. These modifications were
      probably due to changes in the release of hypothalamic regulatory hormones,
      because no evidence for altered TSH response to TRH, and GH response either to
      GHRH or to somatostatin, was found. Some abnormal responses of GH to TRH and of
      TSH to GHRH were observed in chronically stressed rats. These data indicate that
      this type of chronic stress induced significant changes in basal and acute stress
      levels of GH and TSH in the rat.

PMID- 2893410
TI  - Suriclone and diazepam in the treatment of neurotic anxiety. A double-blind cross
      over trial.
AB  - Suriclone is a new anxiolytic drug belonging to the family of cyclopyrrolones.
      Although chemically entirely different from the benzodiazepines, it acts as a
      benzodiazepine agonist with very high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptors.
      In the present cross-over study, 33 out-patients with a diagnosis of neurotic
      anxiety were treated with suriclone (mean dose 2 mg/day) and diazepam (25 mg/day)
      in two 6-week periods. Both drugs had a significant anxiolytic effect, but
      diazepam appeared to have a better effect within the first 2 weeks of treatment,
      while no significant difference was seen after treatment, while no significant
      difference was seen after treatment for 6 weeks. Suriclone and diazepam had a
      different side effect profile: suriclone produced mainly dizziness, while
      diazepam caused sedation. This may reflect the fact that suriclone and
      benzodiazepines bind to distinct sites or different allosteric conformations of
      the benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2893411
TI  - The paw test: a behavioural paradigm for differentiating between classical and
      atypical neuroleptic drugs.
AB  - An often used animal model based on the effects of neuroleptics on spontaneous
      behaviour is the catalepsy test. However, this test seems to be particularly
      insensitive to the atypical neuroleptics thioridazine and, especially, clozapine.
      We have therefore developed an alternative test, the paw test, which measures the
      ability of drugs to prevent the spontaneous withdrawal of fore- and hindlimbs in
      rats, and have compared this with the classical catalepsy test. The results show
      that: 1) the classical neuroleptic drugs haloperidol and chlorpromazine, the
      atypical neuroleptic drugs clozapine and thioridazine, the potential atypical
      neuroleptic drugs molindone and SCH 23390, and the potential classical
      neuroleptic drug metoclopramide are potent in increasing the hindlimb retraction
      time; 2) the paw test discriminates between classical neuroleptics which are
      equipotent in prolonging both the forelimb (FRT) and hindlimb retraction time
      (HRT) an atypical neuroleptics which are much more potent in prolonging HRT than
      in prolonging FRT; 3) the non-neuroleptic drugs desipramine, diazepam and
      morphine do not influence the variables measured in the paw test, although
      morphine does produce catalepsy; 4) Molindone as well as SCH 23390 behave like
      atypical neuroleptic drugs in the paw test. In comparison with the classical wood
      block catalepsy test, the paw test is shown to be superior for predicting the
      profile of the neuroleptics tested. Although more neuroleptics and non
      neuroleptics have to be tested to determine whether false positives and false
      negatives do occur, we feel that the paw test might be an interesting animal
      model, because the increase in hindlimb retraction time was associated with the
      antipsychotic potential, whereas the increase in forelimb retraction time was
      associated with the potential to induce so-called extrapyramidal side effects.

PMID- 2893413
TI  - Time-response curves of homovanillic acid in caudate and pre-frontal cortex
      following acute neuroleptic administration.

PMID- 2893412
TI  - Effects of the novel anxiolytics gepirone, buspirone and ipsapirone on free
      feeding and on feeding induced by 8-OH-DPAT.
AB  - The effects of the novel anxiolytics gepirone, buspirone and ipsapirone on free
      feeding and on feeding induced by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), were examined. Gepirone dose-dependently
      increased feeding 2 and 4 h after injection, the magnitude of the response being
      larger than previously observed with any other 5-HT1A receptor ligand. Previous
      studies have suggested that buspirone and ipsapirone can block some of the
      behavioural effects of 8-OH-DPAT. However, gepirone, buspirone and ipsapirone did
      not inhibit feeding induced by 8-OH-DPAT. These results indicate that gepirone is
      a very efficacious appetite stimulant in rats and suggest that gepirone,
      buspirone and ipsapirone act as 5-HT autoreceptor agonists in the feeding model.

PMID- 2893414
TI  - Phencyclidine (PCP)-like discriminative stimulus effects of metaphit and of 2
      amino-5-phosphonovalerate in pigeons: generality across different training doses
      of PCP.
AB  - Pigeons were trained to discriminate either a fixed dose of PCP (1 mg/kg; n = 3)
      or a progressively decreasing dose (1-0.56-0.32 mg/kg; n = 4) from saline.
      Lowering of the training dose shifted the dose-effect curve for PCP's
      discriminative stimulus effects about 5-fold to the left, in a parallel manner,
      but did not decrease the accuracy of the discrimination performance and did not
      significantly increase the extent to which pentobarbital and chlordiazepoxide
      produced PCP-appropriate responding. Dose-effect curves based on binary
      generalization data were evaluated statistically with new methods that may be
      more appropriate than those used previously. Metaphit, a proposed PCP-receptor
      acylator, and 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      antagonist, produced complete PCP-appropriate responding in the high training
      dose group only at doses that suppressed the rate of responding and that produced
      ataxia. However, 4-fold lower doses of metaphit and AP5, which did not produce
      directly observable behavioral effects, were found to substitute completely for
      PCP in the low training dose group. These data support the notion that PCP,
      metaphit, and AP5 have a common discriminative effect in pigeons.

PMID- 2893416
TI  - Effects of pyrazolopyridines and a triazolopyridazine on the pentobarbital
      discriminative stimulus.
AB  - Rats were trained to discriminate injections of racemic pentobarbital (5.0 mg/kg)
      from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task. After stable discrimination
      performance was attained, stimulus generalization studies were conducted with
      another barbiturate (barbital), benzodiazepine derivatives (diazepam and
      chlordiazepoxide), pyrazolopyridine derivatives (etazolate, cartazolate, and
      tracazolate), and a triazolopyridazine (CL 218, 872). The pentobarbital stimulus
      generalized to all of these compounds, except cartazolate. In addition, the
      administration of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazepil prior to
      benzodiazepine or triazolopyridazine administration produced a dose-related
      antagonism of each generalization. In contrast, the administration of flumazepil
      before barbiturate or pyrazolopyridine (i.e., etazolate or tracazolate) injection
      resulted in no attenuation of these generalizations. The results indicate that
      while certain barbiturates, benzodiazepines, pyrazolopyridines and
      triazolopyridazines are capable of producing similar stimulus effects, the
      behavioral actions of these agents can be differentiated on the basis of their
      susceptibility to antagonism by flumazepil.

PMID- 2893415
TI  - Antagonism by cholinomimetic drugs of the turning induced by intrastriatal
      pirenzepine in mice.
AB  - In order to investigate the behavioural effect of selective blockade of M1
      muscarinic receptors in the forebrain, and to characterize a new model for the
      evaluation of muscarinic agonistic activity, the effect of intrastriatally
      injected pirenzepine was studied in mice. The direct injection of pirenzepine
      (0.01-1 microgram/mouse) into the right striatum of conscious mice resulted in
      contralateral turning behaviour. When injected intraperitoneally (IP) 15 min
      before pirenzepine (1 microgram), the muscarinic receptor agonists arecoline and
      pilocarpine (0.3-3 mg/kg), oxotremorine (0.003-0.03 mg/kg) and RS 86 (0.03-1
      mg/kg) antagonized pirenzepine-induced turning, as did the choline-esterase
      inhibitor physostigmine (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) and the nootropic drug aniracetam (10-30
      mg/kg). Haloperidol (0.03-0.3 mg/kg IP) weakly, but significantly, decreased the
      effect of pirenzepine, whereas (+/-) sulpiride (3-100 mg/kg) failed to affect it.
      Finally, (+/-)-amphetamine (0.1-3 mg/kg IP), citalopram (1-30 mg/kg IP) and
      muscimol (0.03-0.3 mg/kg IP) failed to modify pirenzepine-induced turning when
      administered prior to intrastriatal pirenzepine. These results suggest an
      involvement of M1 muscarinic receptors in rotational behaviour, and indicate that
      pirenzepine-induced turning may represent a new model for studying the central
      activity of cholinomimetic drugs.

PMID- 2893418
TI  - Stimulus properties of benzodiazepines: correlations with binding affinities,
      therapeutic potency, and structure activity relationships (SAR).
AB  - Using a two-lever operant choice task, rats were trained to discriminate diazepam
      (3.0 mg/kg) from saline under a fixed-ratio 10 (FR10) schedule of reinforcement.
      Once the discrimination was learned, generalization studies were conducted using
      various doses of 17 benzodiazepine derivatives. The diazepam stimulus generalized
      in a dose-related manner to each of these compounds. ED50 values were compared
      with available data on displacing affinities (Ki values) for tritiated diazepam
      brain binding in man, and with human therapeutic potency. A significant
      correlation (r = 0.88, n = 9) was found between benzodiazepine binding affinities
      and ED50 values derived from the diazepam stimulus generalization assay. A
      significant correlation (r = 0.92, n = 10) was also found between drug
      discrimination ED50 values and human therapeutic potencies. Finally, the
      benzodiazepine structure activity relationships generated from the drug
      discrimination studies closely paralleled the known structure activity
      relationships for these agents. The results provide further evidence that
      benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological effects through an interaction with
      benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2893417
TI  - Amnestic effects of lormetazepam and their reversal by the benzodiazepine
      antagonist Ro 15-1788.
AB  - A combined visual (pictures) and auditory (word lists) memory test developed to
      trace the course of information processing under pharmacological or other
      influences was validated in a group of 20 subjects (control group) and then
      applied to determine the amnesic effects of lormetazepam and the reversal of
      these effects by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. Three groups of n = 10
      subjects received either 0.02 mg/kg IV lormetazepam (groups B and C) or placebo
      (group A) followed 14 min later by 0.03 mg/kg IV Ro 15-1788 (groups A and C) or
      placebo (group B). The time course of memory performance in the three groups was
      investigated and compared across three consecutive 14-min phases: before (phase
      1) and after (phase 2) the first intravenous administration, and after the second
      treatment (phase 3). Results were also compared with those of 20 subjects from a
      drug-free control group in order to verify the memory test. Lormetazepam clearly
      impaired immediate and delayed free recall as well as recognition in both visual
      and auditory tasks. These effects were completely reversed by Ro 15-1788, which
      alone had no clear effect on memory performance in this study. Psychometric
      scales indicated concomitant sedation and impaired concentration after
      lormetazepam alone. Interestingly, lormetazepam retrogradely enhanced performance
      in the visual test of delayed free recall. The impaired acquisition of new
      information after the administration of lormetazepam may be associated with an
      improvement of the consolidation process of information acquired before drug
      treatment.

PMID- 2893420
TI  - Behavioral and neurochemical characteristics of stimulant-induced augmentation.

PMID- 2893419
TI  - Postsynaptic dopamine (DA) receptor stimulator properties of the putative DA
      autoreceptor-selective agonist B-HT 920 uncovered by co-treatment with the D-1
      agonist SK&F 38393.
AB  - Postsynaptic dopaminergic behavioural effects of D-2 agonists can be promoted by
      concomitant D-1 receptor activation. The present experiment explored whether such
      effects could be elicited by the putative autoreceptor-selective D-2 agonist B-HT
      920, when combined with the D-1 agonist SK&F 38393. Except for occasional jerks
      induced by B-HT 920, neither agonist caused significant dopaminergic stimulation
      when given separately, whereas combined treatment with SK&F 38393 and B-HT 920
      induced clear-cut motor activation--particularly focused stereotyped licking and
      sniffing--in reserpine/AMT-pretreated rats. Both the D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 and
      the D-2 antagonist spiperone abolished these effects, while the SK&F/B-HT-induced
      stimulation was not significantly affected by the alpha 2-blocker idazoxan. It
      appears that classical postsynaptic DA receptor-stimulatory properties of B-HT
      920 can indeed be demonstrated, provided that sufficient D-1 receptor tone
      prevails.

PMID- 2893421
TI  - A single injection of diazepam induces long-lasting sensitization.

PMID- 2893423
TI  - Ethanol stimulates GABA receptor-mediated Cl- ion flux in vitro: possible
      relationship to the anxiolytic and intoxicating actions of alcohol.

PMID- 2893422
TI  - Alerting drugs: do they really work?

PMID- 2893424
TI  - Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medications.

PMID- 2893426
TI  - Cognitive impairment due to AIDS-related complex and its response to
      psychostimulants.

PMID- 2893425
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders. Review of selected literature and
      recommendations.

PMID- 2893427
TI  - [Specificity against group A, C, and G streptococci of the reverse CAMP test for
      identifying Clostridium perfringens].
AB  - We studied "reverse CAMP" test specificity for the identification of Clostridium
      perfringens, and the probable existence of cross-reactions with groups A, C and G
      streptococci. Ninety eight Clostridium strains were tested with ten S.
      agalactiae, ten S. pyogenes, two group C streptococci and one group G. All the
      strains of S. agalactiae yielded a positive "reverse CAMP" reaction when it was
      performed with C. perfringens strains. Cross-reactions were not detected when C.
      perfringens were tested with groups A, C or G streptococci. The "reverse CAMP"
      test proved to be specific for all the C. perfringens strains used.

PMID- 2893428
TI  - [Virus and abnormality of immuno-system].

PMID- 2893429
TI  - [Genetical defects in immunodeficiencies].

PMID- 2893430
TI  - Phencyclidine and the dissociatives.

PMID- 2893431
TI  - Brain mechanisms of drug reward and euphoria.
AB  - Drugs of abuse have in common the fact that they serve as biological rewards.
      They presumably do so because of their ability to activate endogenous brain
      circuitry. By determining the brain circuitry activated by rewarding drug
      injections, much can be learned about the degree to which there is a common basis
      for the abuse liability of seemingly different drugs. The brain circuitry
      activated by two classes of abused drugs, psychomotor stimulants and opiates, is
      now partially understood; the current evidence suggests a shared mechanism of
      stimulant reward and opiate reward. The identified portion of the circuitry
      involves dopamine-containing cells of the ventral tegmental area and their fiber
      projections to the cells of the nucleus accumbens. Morphine activates these cells
      in the region of the cell bodies; it may have direct actions on receptors
      imbedded in the dopaminergic cell membrane, or it may act on afferent terminals
      that synapse on the dopaminergic cell bodies or dendrites. Cocaine and
      amphetamine act at the terminals of the dopaminergic fibers to nucleus accumbens
      and perhaps other structures. The shared activation of the dopaminergic input to
      nucleus accumbens accounts for the behaviorally activating and the rewarding
      effects of both stimulants and opiates (the opiate stimulant action is not widely
      known because it is usually masked by depressant actions of opiates in other,
      antagonistic, brain circuits). The activation of dopaminergic systems also
      accounts for amphetamine euphoria; it almost certainly accounts for cocaine
      euphoria and it probably accounts for opiate euphoria as well. Opiates and
      psychomotor stimulants clearly have many other actions which are not shared;
      nonshared actions must account for the well-known differences in the subjective
      effects of opiates and stimulants. One of the major nonshared actions is physical
      dependence. Opiates gain access to a major component of the circuitry mediating
      opiate physical dependence through opiate receptors in the periaqueductal gray
      matter. This receptor population is anatomically distinct from the population
      mediating the rewarding effects of opiates in nondependent animals. While both
      opiates and stimulants can activate (though by quite different mechanisms and at
      quite different loci) the dopaminergic circuitry underlying reward phenomena,
      only opiates activate the separate circuitry underlying dependence
      phenomena.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2893433
TI  - Clinical psychopharmacology and inpatient psychiatry: the revolution, its
      achievements and its dangers.

PMID- 2893432
TI  - Clinical selection of benzodiazepine hypnotics.

PMID- 2893434
TI  - Characterization of specific somatostatin binding sites in guinea pig lung.
AB  - Somatostatin binding sites have been demonstrated in the cytosolic fraction of
      guinea-pig lung. Binding of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin was dependent on time and
      temperature, saturable, reversible and highly specific. Under equilibrium
      condition, i.e. 60 min at 25 degrees C, native somatostatin inhibited tracer
      binding in a dose-dependent manner. Two types of somatostatin binding sites were
      defined by Scatchard analysis: a small population with a high affinity (Kd = 23.4
      nM) and a large population with a low affinity (Kd = 253.5 nM) for somatostatin.
      The biphasic nature of the dissociation process confirmed the heterogeneity of
      somatostatin binding sites. Apart from somatostatin, no peptide (1 microM) tested
      influenced the binding of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin. The present data represent the
      first analysis of somatostatin binding sites in lung.

PMID- 2893435
TI  - Effect of sensitization on somatostatin concentration and binding in cytosol from
      guinea pig airways.
AB  - In guinea pigs sensitized with 1 microgram ovalbumin together with 100 mg
      Al(OH)3, somatostatin levels were selectively increased up to two and 3 times in
      tissue extracts from trachea and bronchi, respectively, but not in lung as
      compared to controls. The increase of somatostatin levels observed in trachea and
      bronchi after sensitization was associated with a decrease in the binding
      capacity of both high- and low-affinity binding sites (without changes in the
      affinity values) in the corresponding cytosolic fractions. These results suggests
      that an increase in airways somatostatin content may be involved in the
      pathogenesis of anaphylactic bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2893436
TI  - Localization in the gastrointestinal tract of immunoreactive prosomatostatin.
AB  - Antisera against 5 different regions of the entire prosomatostatin molecule were
      used for immunohistochemical mapping of prosomatostatin-containing structures in
      the pig gastrointestinal tract, and for radioimmunological and chromatographical
      analysis of the products of prosomatostatin in extracts of ileal mucosa. The
      latter showed that the antisera were capable of identifying components containing
      N-terminal as well as C-terminal parts of prosomatostatin. Endocrine cells were
      identified with all antisera in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and
      varicose nerve fibres were observed in all parts of the small intestine but not
      in the stomach and the colon. The colon contained very few immunoreactive
      structures. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were found in the submucous plexus
      of the small intestine. All immunoreactive endocrine cells in the stomach and the
      duodenum and all immunoreactive nerves were stained by all 5 antisera whereas the
      small intestinal endocrine cells did not stain for the most N-terminal region of
      prosomatostatin. The results suggest that all gastrointestinal somatostatin is
      derived from the same precursor molecule, which, however, in the small intestinal
      endocrine cells is processed differently from that of the other tissues.

PMID- 2893437
TI  - Pressor, tachycardic and feeding responses in conscious rats following i.c.v.
      administration of dynorphin. Central blockade by opiate and alpha 1-receptor
      antagonists.
AB  - Experiments were designed to determine the hemodynamic responses of conscious,
      unrestrained rats given intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of dynorphin
      A-(1-13) and the possible central receptor mechanisms mediating those changes.
      Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 gb. wt.) received i.c.v. injections (by gravity
      flow in a total volume of 3 or 5 microliter) of control solutions of sterile
      saline (SS) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or 1.5, 3.0 or 6.1 nmol of dynorphin A-(1
      13). Blood pressure and heart rate changes were monitored over 2 h after
      administration; as well, feeding activity was visually assessed and scored over
      this period. Other groups of conscious rats were pretreated i.c.v. with equimolar
      doses (3.0-24.4 nmol) of specific receptor antagonists (naloxone HCl,
      phentolamine HCl, propranolol HCl, yohimbine HCl or prazosin HCl) 10 min before
      subsequent i.c.v. administration of SS or DMSO/SS or 6.1 nmol of dynorphin A-(1
      13). I.c.v. injection of dynorphin A-(1-13) caused a dose-related pressor
      response, associated temporally with tachycardia. As well, dynorphin evoked
      feeding activity and some grooming, which occurred when the rats were
      hypertensive and tachycardic and decreased as heart rate and blood pressure
      returned to control levels. I.c.v. pretreatment studies indicated that naloxone
      HCl (12.2 nmol), phentolamine HCl (12.2 nmol) and prazosin HCl (6.1 nmol) blocked
      the pressor response, tachycardia as well as feeding activity of rats
      subsequently given dynorphin. The results suggest the pressor and tachycardic
      effects of conscious rats following i.c.v. dynorphin administration may, in part,
      be due to behavioral activation (feeding). As well, these data indicate that both
      opioid as well as alpha 1-adrenergic receptors within the CNS are involved in
      mediating the pressor, tachycardic and feeding responses of conscious rats given
      i.c.v. injections of dynorphin A.

PMID- 2893439
TI  - Hepatic collagen content and lysyl oxidase activity in rats fed a low protein
      ethanol diet.
AB  - To study the effects of chronic ethanol feeding with dietary protein deficiency
      on hepatic fibrosis, the hepatic contents of triglyceride and collagen, and lysyl
      oxidase activity in the liver were measured in rats fed ethanol with or without a
      low protein diet for 7 weeks. In the standard-ethanol diet group, hepatic
      triglyceride content was increased as compared with that in the standard diet
      group, but hepatic collagen content was not altered. In the low protein-ethanol
      diet group, hepatic contents of triglyceride and collagen, especially of
      insoluble collagen, were increased as compared with those of the low protein diet
      group. Under these experimental conditions, hepatic lysyl oxidase activity was
      higher in the low protein-ethanol group as compared with those in other three
      groups, and was correlated significantly with hepatic collagen content. These
      data suggest that ethanol feeding with a low protein diet resulted in an
      increased deposition of collagen in the liver, and that hepatic lysyl oxidase
      activity is one of the factors responsible for collagen deposition.

PMID- 2893438
TI  - T cell regulatory disturbances in the rheumatic diseases.
AB  - Significant immunoregulatory abnormalities have been described in both SLE and
      RA. In SLE, deficient suppressor T cell activity may result from depletion of
      CD8+ suppressor precursors, depletion of CD4+ suppressor-inducer cells, or
      impaired lymphokine production and deficient CD4+ cell activation of suppression
      by CD4+ cells. The net result is an apparent failure to inhibit antibody
      synthesis. The defects in RA are less well defined, although in RA there also is
      evidence that either deficient suppression or deficient suppression-induction
      plays a role in the pathogenesis of disease. There is evidence for local
      lymphocyte activation in the synovium, with possibly impaired local
      immunoregulation. However, the precise nature of the immune reactions in the
      synovium and their relationship to systemic immunoregulatory abnormalities remain
      unclear.

PMID- 2893440
TI  - [Psychotropic drugs in internal medicine. III. Uses and indications in non
      psychiatric patients].

PMID- 2893441
TI  - [Treatment of male non-complicated acute gonorrhea with a single dose of a
      combination of sodium penicillin and clemizolpenicillin, plus probenecid].

PMID- 2893442
TI  - [Current classifications of depression and their effects on prognosis and
      therapy].

PMID- 2893443
TI  - Molecular weight analysis of Entamoeba histolytica antigens recognized by IgG and
      IgM antibodies in the sera of patients with amoebiasis.
AB  - The sera of four patients with amoebic liver abscess and two patients with
      diarrhea caused by Entamoeba histolytica were tested on "Western blots" prepared
      from E. histolytica strains A3, SFL-3 and HK-9 separated by SDS-PAGE. IgG
      antibodies in the sera from patients with liver abscess were found to react with
      several "major" (i.e. strongly staining) band of approximate molecular weights
      150-250 kD, 100 kD, 80 kD, 60 kD, 35 kD, 30 kD, 20 kD, and 5-15 kD and the 150
      250 kD group of bands. A comparison of the patterns of reactivity obtained with
      these sera and strains A3, SFL-3 and HK-9 would indicate that some of these
      bands, especially the 5-15 kD groups of bands might carry antigenic determinants
      specific for individual strains of amoebae. This 5-15 kD group of bands is
      completely pelleted at 30.000 g and could therefore be associated with the
      cytoplasmic membrane. The 150-250 kD group of bands consists of smaller subunits
      of 40-65 kD molecular weight linked by disulfide bridges; the respective proteins
      are sensitive to digestion with elastase but not with trypsin, and seem to carry
      antigenic determinants containing sugar residues as evidenced by their
      sensitivity to treatment with NaJO4.

PMID- 2893444
TI  - Course of Entamoeba histolytica infection in nude mice.
AB  - The course of intestinal infection by Entamoeba histolytica was examined in nu/nu
      BALB/c mice. Mice were inoculated intracecally with 2.5 X 10(5) polyxenic
      trophozoites and killed at various times after injection. There was no
      significant difference in the number of E. histolytica trophozoites recovered in
      the ceca of nu/+ and T cell-deficient nu/nu mice for the first 25 days after
      amebic injection. Thirty days following amebic injection the number of
      trophozoites recovered in the ceca of nu/nu mice was significantly higher than
      the control mice. Silica treatment increased the growth of parasites in the ceca
      of nu/nu mice when compared with control groups. These data suggest that both
      macrophages and T lymphocytes play an important role in host defense against
      amebic infection in nude mice.

PMID- 2893445
TI  - Coping with school phobia.

PMID- 2893446
TI  - The effects of naloxone and timolol on plasma catecholamine levels during short
      term dynamic exercise.
AB  - In order to study the role of opioid- and betareceptors on exercise-induced
      catecholamine responses, the effects of acute intravenous administration of 1 and
      4 mg naloxone and of the non-selective betablocker timolol 2 mg of on circulating
      concentrations of adrenalin, noradrenaline and dopamine during exercise to
      exhaustion were examined in eight normal, healthy young men, using a double
      blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. During maximal exercise, adrenalin
      levels increased from 71 +/- 17 to 821 +/- 235 pg/ml (p less than 0.05),
      noradrenaline from 355 +/- 58 to 4235 +/- 1031 pg/ml (p less than 0.05), and
      dopamine from 72 +/- 20 to 178 +/- 44 pg/ml (p less than 0.05). Naloxone did not
      influence basal or exercise-induced noradrenaline responses. Timolol clearly
      augmented peak adrenalin concentration at maximal exercise capacity (1543 +/- 510
      pg/ml, p less than 0.05). Basal noradrenaline level was increased (546 +/- 86
      pg/ml, p less than 0.05), while exercise-induced noradrenaline level was reduced
      (2954 +/- 594 pg/ml, p less than 0.05) in proportion to the reduction in maximal
      exercise capacity during timolol treatment. Neither naloxone nor timolol affected
      dopamine levels. No additive effect was seen with the combination of naloxone and
      timolol. It is concluded that the opioid peptides are probably not involved in
      noradrenaline and dopamine responses, whereas betablockers change the
      catecholamine response to short-term maximal exercise.

PMID- 2893447
TI  - Effect of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on ATP-dependent calcium
      transport of basolateral vesicles from human duodenum.
AB  - Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) and basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV)
      were simultaneously prepared from surgically resected pieces of morphologically
      intact human duodenum with a modified Percoll gradient centrifugation method.
      Alkaline phosphatase was enriched 20-fold in BBMV, whereas (Na+ + K+)-stimulated
      adenosine triphosphatase was enriched 15-fold in BLMV. BBMV and BLMV were
      preincubated with 3 microM synthetic somatostatin-14 or 3 microM SMS 201-995 for
      10 min at 5 degrees C. In BBMV calcium, sodium, D-glucose, L-alanine, and D
      mannitol uptake was unaffected by somatostatin-14 and SMS 201-995. In BLMV we
      found two Ca++ transport systems: Na+/Ca++ exchange and ATP-driven Ca++
      transport. Somatostatin-14 had no effect on either of the two transport
      mechanisms. SMS 201-995 had no effect on Na+/Ca++ exchange but significantly
      inhibited basolateral ATP-dependent Ca++ transport (-40% +/- 5%, p less than
      0.005).

PMID- 2893448
TI  - Pharmacological effects of secretin and somatostatin on gastric and renal
      function in man.
AB  - In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study therapeutic doses of
      synthetic secretin (0.5 CU/kg/h) and somatostatin (3.5 micrograms/kg/h) given an
      intravenous infusion suppressed significantly peptone-stimulated gastric acid
      output per 3 h in nine male healthy subjects from 59.2 +/- 7.4 mmol H+ (placebo)
      to 16.9 +/- 3.1 and 6.6 +/- 1.5 mmol H+, respectively. Peptone-stimulated gastrin
      release was reduced to basal concentrations by both hormones. In five subjects
      secretin raised serum lipase to pathological concentrations. Somatostatin
      diminished significantly mean blood glucose concentrations. Both had opposite
      renal effects; secretin showed diuretic and somatostatin antidiuretic properties.
      Secretin and somatostatin were well tolerated. It is concluded from these data
      that therapeutic doses of secretin and somatostatin are comparably effective on
      exocrine and endocrine gastric functions, but have opposite effects on renal
      functions in man.

PMID- 2893449
TI  - Outcome of long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with second-line agents.

PMID- 2893450
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of sulphasalazine in young and elderly patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The clinical pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated sulphasalazine (Salazopyrin-EN)
      were studied after acute and chronic dosing in 20 patients with 'active'
      rheumatoid arthritis. 12 elderly (mean age 74.4 +/- 1 yr; range 71-83) and 8
      young (mean age 40.5 +/- 1.4 yr; range 35-46) patients were given a single 2 g
      oral dose of sulphasalazine after an overnight fast. Serum and urine samples were
      collected at regular intervals over a 96 hour period for estimation of
      concentrations of sulphasalazine, sulphapyridine and its metabolites. This
      procedure was repeated after 17 days of continuous treatment with salazopyrin-EN
      2 g daily in order to compare the drug's kinetics at 'steady-state'. Whilst the
      interindividual variation in kinetic parameters was large, age and acetylator
      status had a significant influence on a number of factors. The elimination half
      life of sulphasalazine was prolonged in the elderly whilst renal clearance was
      increased in slow acetylators at 'steady-state'. The tmax and apparent volume of
      distribution of sulphapyridine were increased in the elderly after a single drug
      dosage but these differences disappeared with regular dosing. The Cmax,
      elimination half-life, 'steady-state' serum concentration, apparent volume of
      distribution and total clearance of sulphapyridine were all affected by
      acetylator status. We conclude that old age has only a minor effect on the body's
      handling of sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine but that acetylator phenotype plays
      a significant role in determining the 'steady-state' serum concentrations of
      sulphapyridine. This is likely to have practical implications with regard to some
      of the drug's adverse effects.

PMID- 2893451
TI  - Long term experience of salazopyrin EN in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
AB  - Our studies have shown that Salazopyrin EN is an effective slow-acting anti
      rheumatic drug, improving clinical synovitis, depressing the acute phase
      response, capable of inducing remissions and possibly influencing the progression
      of joint damage. It is well-tolerated in the long-term with comparatively few
      serious side effects. Its mechanism of action, however, is still not entirely
      clear. We have found that the sulphapyridine moiety penetrates the synovial
      membrane and also that it can modify immune function. While Salazopyrin
      undoubtedly has an important role in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, it
      probably also has a place in the treatment of seronegative arthropathies and the
      spondyloarthritides. Furthermore we suggest that it should be used as an anchor
      drug in combination therapy to attempt to suppress disease activity further and
      limit joint damage.

PMID- 2893452
TI  - New data intensify the agony over ecstasy.

PMID- 2893453
TI  - Legal limbo for ecstasy.

PMID- 2893455
TI  - Utility of the health belief model in examining medication compliance among
      psychiatric outpatients.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between health beliefs and medication
      compliance among a group of psychiatric outpatients who were prescribed
      antipsychotic drug regimens. The method of study was an interview with 107
      outpatients discharged from two Veterans Administration Medical Centers. The
      health belief model (HBM) served as an organizing framework to explore the
      relationships among perceptions of illness severity, susceptibility, benefits and
      barriers of treatment, cues to action, and medication compliance. The results
      provide a systematic description of health beliefs reported by psychiatric
      outpatients. Analyses examine the ability of beliefs to predict compliance and
      affirm the model's theoretical cogency and appropriateness for use with
      psychiatric outpatients. Regression analysis showed that 20% of the total
      variance in compliance could be explained when all components of the HBM were
      examined together. The study supported the concepts that psychiatric outpatients
      hold identifiable patterns of health beliefs and attitudes and that the health
      belief framework functions best when utilized as an integrated model to examine
      compliance.

PMID- 2893454
TI  - Molecular cloning of a feline leukemia virus that induces fatal immunodeficiency
      disease in cats.
AB  - A replication-defective variant of feline leukemia virus was molecularly cloned
      directly from infected tissue and found to induce a rapid and fatal
      immunodeficiency syndrome in cats. Studies with cloned viruses also showed that
      subtle mutational changes would convert a minimally pathogenic virus into one
      that would induce an acute form of immunodeficiency. The data suggest that
      acutely pathogenic viruses may be selected against by current methods for
      isolation of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.

PMID- 2893456
TI  - The coding sequence for the human 18,000-dalton hydrophobic pulmonary surfactant
      protein is located on chromosome 2 and identifies a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism.
AB  - The 18-kd hydrophobic pulmonary surfactant protein (PSP-B) is a developmentally
      regulated protein which is important for normal lung function. A complementary
      DNA probe for 221 NH2 terminal amino acids of PSP-B was used to determine the
      chromosomal location of this gene and identify a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP). Southern blot hybridization to genomic DNA isolated from a
      panel of human-CHO somatic cell hybrids unambiguously maps this gene to
      chromosome 2. Human DNA cut with BamHI yields a RFLP with variable bands at 2.8
      and 2.6 kb. Since there is a relative lack of polymorphic markers for chromosome
      2, this sequence may be useful in linkage analysis.

PMID- 2893457
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis in pregnancy. A report of 4 cases.
AB  - Four cases of Takayasu's arteritis in association with pregnancy are described.
      These patients are at high risk of pregnancy hypertension. Measurement of the
      blood pressure in the arms may be impossible or unreliable and is often more
      accurately obtained in the legs.

PMID- 2893458
TI  - Routine teratogenicity test that uses chick embryos in vitro.
AB  - An in vitro culture of chicken embryo is described: the embryos at the stage of
      gastrulation are explanted from eggs into transparent silicone chambers where
      they continue to develop normally under controlled conditions for additional 3 d.
      This period corresponds to 2-5 wk of postconceptional age in the human embryo. In
      both the chick and man, this period is very sensitive to physicochemical
      perturbations which can lead to surviving malformations. Six chemical agents were
      tested with this culture: methotrexate, cadmium chloride, caffeine,
      phenobarbital, aspirin, and saccharin. Survival scores, growth perturbations, and
      early signs of anomalies of the nervous, skeletomotor, and cardiovascular systems
      were analyzed with respect to the used concentrations. The dose-response curves
      were obtained with good precision and allowed a discrimination between the
      teratogenetic and unspecific toxic effects and a comparison of the toxic potency
      of the six drugs. The evaluation of one drug took, roughly, 3 wk, one technician,
      and about 150 eggs. The advantages (simplicity, rapidity, reproducibility,
      specificity, economy, no suffering, and no use of mature animals) and
      disadvantages (nonmammalian species, absence of detoxicating organs) of the
      method are discussed. The method is proposed as a routine teratogenicity and
      embryotoxicity test which allows primary screening of many compounds and which
      can thus substantially reduce the ultimate experiments that use pregnant
      mammalian females.

PMID- 2893459
TI  - Late-onset cerebellar degeneration in mice induced transplacentally by
      methylnitrosourea.
AB  - A late-onset degenerative disease in the cerebellum was produced in the offspring
      of mice exposed to 1 mg/kg of the direct-acting DNA alkylating agent
      methylnitrosourea (MNU) on day 16 of gestation. This intrauterine exposure to MNU
      also provoked a progressive retinal degeneration that was described elsewhere.
      Mild ataxia in the MNU-exposed animals was expressed by 20 weeks of age. Although
      animals appeared normal in the immediate post-natal period, quantitative
      histological evaluation of cerebellar coronal sections indicated that MNU-exposed
      animals had a significantly greater number of pyknotic Purkinje cells than age
      matched controls. The number of pyknotic Purkinje cells declined with age in the
      drug exposed animals; however, the percentage of pyknotic Purkinje cells to total
      number of Purkinje cells still was greater in MNU-induced animals at 36 weeks
      than in controls, suggesting that a slow degenerative process was ongoing in the
      MNU-exposed animals. Furthermore, the folia were grossly disrupted in 90% of the
      older MNU-exposed animals (ages greater than 12 weeks), suggesting permanent
      cerebellar disruption macroscopically. Such intrauterine exposure to low doses of
      alkylating agents may be potentially useful in modeling degenerative neuronal
      diseases.

PMID- 2893460
TI  - The covalent binding of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to macromolecules of rat and
      mouse organs.
AB  - The in vivo interaction of the hepatocarcinogen 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
      (1,1,2,2-TTCE) with DNA, RNA, and proteins of male Wistar rats and BALB/c mice
      was measured 22 hr after i.p. injection. Covalent binding index (CBI) to liver
      DNA was about 500 and was comparable to those of carcinogens classified as
      moderate initiators. It was higher than those of other chloroethanes, even than
      that of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), a symmetrically substituted haloethane
      whose genotoxicity has been widely demonstrated. In in vitro cell-free systems,
      1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was bioactivated by mixed-function oxidase(s) and
      glutathione-S-transferase(s) (GSH-T) from microsomal and cytosolic fractions of
      rat and mouse liver and, to a lesser extent, of mouse lung. The in vitro
      activation led to formation of reactive species capable of binding to exogenous
      DNA and to the subcellular constituents of enzymatic fractions. These data, along
      with previous literature reports, provide sufficient evidence of 1,1,2,2-TTCE
      genotoxicity.

PMID- 2893461
TI  - Analysis of diurnal difference in teratogen (Ara-C) susceptibility in mouse
      embryos by a progressive phase-shift method.
AB  - Our objectives were to determine whether the embryotoxic and teratogenic
      potential of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) differs depending on the time of day.
      Pregnant CD-1 (ICR) mice were placed in an environment where the phases of
      lighting and darkness were reversed by progressive phase-delay or phase-advance
      methods--2 h every day from day of gestation (dg) 2 to dg 7 (or 6). After it was
      confirmed that these progressive phase-shifting methods had no effect on
      embryonic growth and pregnancy outcome, 5 mg/kg body weight (bt) of Ara-C was
      injected intraperitoneally into these animals at 1000 or 1600 on dg 11, and the
      incidence of gross fetal malformations was compared with that in control dams
      treated similarly but under a regular lighting regimen (0600-1800). In contrast
      to previous reports on other teratogens, no diurnal difference was observed in
      fetal susceptibility to the teratogenic potential of Ara-C. The possible
      usefulness of the progressive phase-shifting method in the field of
      chronoteratology is proposed.

PMID- 2893462
TI  - In vitro embryotoxic effects of ethylene glycol in rats.
AB  - Rat embryos of the CD strain were treated in a whole embryo culture system with
      either 30 or 40 microliters of ethylene glycol (EG) per milliliter of culture
      medium for the first 8 (0-8 hr) or second 8 (8-16 hr) hr of a 48-hr culture
      period. The compound was not embryolethal under these conditions but did alter
      growth and development. EG at 40 microliters/ml of culture medium at 8-16 hr
      decreased morphological score, somite number, crown-rump and head lengths, as
      well as DNA and protein contents. The most frequent abnormality induced by the
      compound was absence of yolk sac circulation; absent hindlimb bud, hypoplastic
      telencephalon, and lack of development of the otic and optic systems were also
      seen in EG-exposed embryos. Since it has been reported that rodent embryos
      cultured in vitro lack alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases that metabolize EG,
      present results suggest that the parent compound is capable of altering normal
      embryonic development when administered during a brief period or organogenesis.

PMID- 2893463
TI  - Prenatal and postnatal antimony exposure in rats: effect on vasomotor reactivity
      development of pups.
AB  - Pregnant female rats were exposed to antimony trichloride (0.1 and 1 mg/dl in
      their drinking water ad libitum) from the first day of pregnancy until weaning
      (22nd day after delivery). Pups were exposed to antimony trichloride (0.1 and 1
      mg/dl in their drinking water ad libitum) from 22nd until 60th day of age.
      Antimony exposure did not significantly affect maternal and pup systolic arterial
      blood pressure, length of gestation, and number of newborn per litter. Antimony
      exposure decreased maternal and pup body weight. No macroscopic teratogenic
      effects have been observed. Whether or not pups were exposed to antimony
      trichloride, pressor responses to carotid occlusion and 1-noradrenaline and
      hypotensive responses to 1-isoprenaline and acetylcholine were significantly
      higher on the 60th than on the 30th day of age. In pups, prenatal and postnatal
      antimony exposure did not affect pressor response to carotidal occlusion, while
      it decreased pressor response to 1-noradrenaline and hypotensive response to 1
      isoprenaline on the 60th day after birth. At last, antimony exposure at higher
      concentration decreased pup hypotensive response to acetylcholine on the 60th
      day.

PMID- 2893465
TI  - Studies on the ability of hypotonic solutions to induce chromosomal aberrations
      in V 79 cells.
AB  - V 79 hamster cells were exposed to hypotonic culture medium or to hypotonic
      solutions of ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, or trishydroxymethylaminomethane.
      Hypotonic treatment led in all experiments to a clear increase of chromosomal
      aberrations. Reasons for the aberrations observed may be directly induced DNA
      damage such as double strand breaks or a release of DNase after lysosomal damage
      because of the hypotonic treatment. Other reasons involved in the aberration
      production may be changes of the internal pH or damage of the chromosomal
      proteins.

PMID- 2893464
TI  - Depression of glutathione in male reproductive tissues and potentiation of EMS
      induced germ cell mutagenesis by L-buthionine sulfoximine.
AB  - Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment significantly reduced testicular
      epididymal and vas deferens glutathione (GSH) levels in rats. Testicular levels
      of GSH were reduced by 20%, while epididymal GSH levels were reduced by more than
      50%. BSO treatment correspondingly enhanced ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced
      dominant lethal mutations. EMS-induced resorption rates were doubled following
      BSO treatment. This effect was observed in mating wk 2 and 3 (d 8-19 following
      treatment), indicating effects on those germ cells which were in late testicular
      stages or were caput epididymal spermatozoa at the time of EMS treatment. The
      enhancement of the mutagenic action of EMS by BSO is restricted to the same time
      period (spermatid-spermatozoa transition, early epididymal maturation) as maximum
      sensitivity to the clastogenic action of EMS on male germ cells. The temporal
      pattern of EMS alkylation of rat spermatozoa correlated with the incidence of EMS
      induced dominant lethal mutations. BSO depresses GSH in the male reproductive
      tract in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Perturbation of GSH in the male
      reproductive tract appears to influence chemical-induced germ cell mutations.

PMID- 2893466
TI  - Leukemias and blood dyscrasias following exposure to chlordane and heptachlor.
AB  - We present 25 new cases of blood dyscrasia, including leukemias, production
      defects, and thrombocytopenic purpura, generally following home termite treatment
      with the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides chlordane and heptachlor (C/H). These
      newly reported cases are consistent with 34 previously published case reports
      associating blood dyscrasias with C/H exposure. Additionally, the newly reported
      leukemias are consistent with epidemiologic evidence of excess risk of leukemia
      and other cancers in C/H-exposed populations and with the carcinogenic action of
      C/H in animals. The importance of case reports in warning of the association of
      blood dyscrasias to C/H exposure is emphasized. Until the voluntary halt in
      production in July 1987, millions of homes in the United States were treated with
      chlordane and heptachlor for termites even though their agricultural uses were
      phased out in 1978, largely on the grounds of "imminent hazard" because of
      carcinogenicity. In view of the recognized myelotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and
      other chronic toxic effects of these pesticides, a national program for
      monitoring all homes treated is urgently needed to detect persistent
      contamination.

PMID- 2893468
TI  - Factors influencing the initiation by gamma rays of hepatocarcinogenesis in the
      rat.
AB  - F344 male rats were irradiated once with 6 G of cesium 137 gamma rays at various
      times after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) and then fed a diet containing
      the liver tumor promoter phenobarbital to evoke the expression of initiated
      hepatocytes. Yields of hepatocellular neoplasms were enumerated at 45 weeks after
      irradiation. Although proliferating hepatocytes in regenerating livers appeared
      to have increased risk of initiation by gamma rays, there was no apparent
      variation in risk among groups that were treated at times when hepatocytes were
      in different portions of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2/M). Gamma irradiation delayed
      the onsets of DNA synthesis and mitosis by proliferating hepatocytes by 18-20 h.
      The rate of rejoining of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks was analyzed in
      primary cultures of hepatocytes; 98% of the strand breaks were rejoined within 30
      min after irradiation. Efficient repair of certain types of radiation-induced
      damage to DNA before the damaged DNA is replicated should cause a substantial
      reduction in the probability of induction of base-substitution mutations.
      Hepatocellular islands and neoplasms that were initiated by gamma rays may be
      derived from proliferating hepatocytes which incurred other radiation-induced DNA
      damages such as chromosomal aberrations.

PMID- 2893467
TI  - Variable patterns in anticonvulsant drug-induced malformations in mice:
      comparisons of phenytoin and phenobarbital.
AB  - Anticonvulsant drugs are known to induce a varied pattern of malformation in both
      humans and in experimental rodent models. Often the clinical overlap between the
      pattern of defects induced by different anticonvulsant drugs is so striking that
      many clinicians question the role these compounds play relative to the existing
      maternal seizure disorder in the etiology of the observed malformations. In three
      inbred mouse strains exposed to phenytoin or phenobarbital in utero, the pattern
      of malformation differed markedly. From the types of anomalies observed, it is
      apparent that phenobarbital induced more malformations, while phenytoin produced
      a higher frequency of anomalies related to incomplete development. Thus, while
      there exists a certain degree of similarity between some of the minor features
      characteristic of each drug-induced syndrome, there are distinct differences in
      pregnancy outcome in experimental animals exposed to these drugs. Given the fact
      that phenobarbital induces more malformations that can be traced to exposure
      during early organogenesis, it may be wise to consider a therapeutic strategy in
      which phenytoin is utilized only during organogenesis, and is then replaced with
      phenobarbital for the remainder of the pregnancy.

PMID- 2893469
TI  - [Atopic dermatitis in dogs: therapeutic possibilities].
AB  - The possibilities of treatment in canine atopy are discussed. Varying with the
      age of the dog, the duration and seasonal pattern of the disease, and the number
      of causative allergens, withdrawal therapy, administration of
      glucocorticosteroids or hyposensitisation may be chosen.

PMID- 2893470
TI  - DX alpha gene polymorphism in Graves' disease.
AB  - An HLA-DX alpha gene polymorphism was analysed by Southern blotting in 49 British
      patients with Graves' disease and 61 control subjects. Two previously described
      allelic fragments of Taq I digested genomic DNA at 2.1 kb (U) and 1.9 kb (L) were
      found. The genotype frequencies for UU, UL and LL did not differ from the
      controls in Graves' disease, either for the whole groups or when subdivided into
      HLA-DR3-positive and -negative subjects. There was a significant association of
      the U allele with HLA-DR3 in both controls (P less than 0.05) and Graves' disease
      (P less than 0.025). The results indicate that DX alpha polymorphism is not
      primarily associated with Graves' disease. The findings differ from recent
      studies which showed that DX alpha polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility
      in other DR3-associated autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2893471
TI  - Alterations in the hepatic glucocorticoid response to mirex treatment.
AB  - Corticosterone has been shown to be involved in the regulation of mirex-induced
      adaptive liver growth. To further investigate the role of corticosterone in this
      response, plasma corticosterone, hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT)
      activity, and hepatic cytosolic binding of glucocorticoids were determined in
      male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single oral dose of mirex (100 mg/kg body
      wt). Mirex stimulated a significant elevation in plasma corticosterone levels 12
      and 24 hr after dosing; however, hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity was
      not induced above control levels 6, 12, or 24 hr after mirex dosing. Mirex does
      not appear to directly inhibit the enzyme because tyrosine aminotransferase
      activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner in both intact and
      adrenalectomized rats when corticosterone supplements (1-50 mg/kg body wt) were
      given after mirex dosing. In an effort to explain the lack of hepatic TAT
      induction, the concentration of cytosolic binding sites for [3H]dexamethasone in
      intact, adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized corticosterone-supplemented rats
      was measured 12, 24, and 48 hr after mirex dosing. There was a significant
      decrease in the total concentration of cytosolic binding sites for
      [3H]dexamethasone 12 and 48 hr after mirex dosing in intact rats, 12 and 48 hr
      after mirex dosing in adrenalectomized rats, and 12 and 24 hr after mirex dosing
      in adrenalectomized corticosterone-supplemented rats. There was a significant
      increase in the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) in intact rats dosed with
      mirex as compared to the oil controls, but there was no difference in Kd after
      mirex dosing in the adrenalectomized (ADX) rats when compared to the Kd for the
      oil-dosed control rats. The maximal binding capacity (Bmax) was not significantly
      different from oil controls after mirex dosing in either intact or ADX rats. The
      lack of hepatic TAT induction in the presence of increased plasma levels of
      corticosterone appears to be related to glucocorticoid receptor alterations in
      the liver of intact rats.

PMID- 2893472
TI  - Circadian variations in the renal toxicity of gentamicin in rats.
AB  - The hypothesis that sublethal doses of aminoglycosides cause renal tubule
      disorders resulting in changes of urine enzyme levels was investigated. The renal
      status following injection of a single sublethal dose of gentamicin (200 mg/kg)
      at different times during a 24 h cycle was studied. Increased excretion of gamma
      glutamyl transferase, alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase,
      used clinically as markers for tubule toxicity of aminoglycosides, was maximal
      when gentamicin was administered to rats at 2 p.m. and was minimal when injected
      at 8 p.m. These significant differences in enzyme excretion as a function of
      injection time are correlated with the concentration of gentamicin in the urine
      and in the renal cortex.

PMID- 2893473
TI  - Advances in experimental studies and clinical application of fetal liver cells.

PMID- 2893474
TI  - What kind of morphologically recognizable haemopoietic cells do we inject when
      doing foetal liver infusion in man?
AB  - There is no agreement, how to define the age of the embryo/foetus. From the 15th
      (fertilization) week onwards the whole foetal liver contains some 10(9) free
      haemopoietic cells. Before, and up to the 30th-34th weeks, the liver is the main
      site of haemopoiesis. The differential of embryonic smears (up to wk 9) differs
      from that of foetal ones. The first invasion of circulating primitive
      erythroblasts seeding in the liver (early 5th wk) is accompanied by the
      appearance of a lot of sinusoidal macrophages. Definitive erythropoiesis expands
      during the 6th-7th wks. Granulocytic representation peaks at 15-16 wks.
      Megakaryocytes are small and have few nuclei/nuclear lobes. Five to 8, or even
      more per cent of single haemopoietic cells were lymphoid-like cells in the 5th
      6th wk liver smear. These cells precede the development of any lymphoid structure
      in the foetus. Ordinary lymphocytes amount to less than 2% between 10 and 18 wks,
      and reached 3% at wk 24. Percentage of dyserythropoietic nuclei in smears has
      been used to decide whether the injected cells could be regarded as
      'physiological' cells. Ten out of 11 apparently healthy foetuses, delivered by
      hysterectomy/hysterotomy for maternal interest, aged 10 1/2 to 20 1/2 weeks, had
      mean 4.5% liver dyserythropoiesis. Extremely high dyserythropoiesis was
      associated with multilineage, instead of overwhelmingly erythroid haemopoiesis.

PMID- 2893475
TI  - Survey of experimental data on fetal liver transplantation.
AB  - Fetal liver transplantation has been shown to induce hematological and
      immunological reconstitution in irradiated rodents, dogs, horses, and sheep.
      Engraftment and reconstitution without GvHD has been readily obtained using
      histocompatible donors. When mismatched fetal donors were used, a comparatively
      larger number of donor cells was required, in addition to pre-treatment of host
      with higher doses of irradiation or irradiation plus chemotherapy. Stem cell
      suspensions devoid of any T lymphocyte can be transplanted across major
      histocompatibility barrier without inducing overt GvHD. The transplanted animals
      become tolerant to both donor and host grafts.

PMID- 2893476
TI  - Fetal liver infusion in aplastic anaemia.
AB  - Forty patients with severe aplastic anaemia received an intravenous infusion of
      0.004 to 11.1 x 10(8) (median: 8 x 10(8) hematopoietic cells prepared from the
      fetal livers of 8-32 week old abortuses. Five patients, who died within 15 days
      of fetal liver infusion, are excluded from analysis. Twenty-two of the 35
      evaluable patients (62%) responded favourably. Six of the 7 patients with good
      response were alive after 9 to 44 months (median: m = 20); one died 106 months
      after fetal liver infusion due to renal lithiasis. Four of the 7 with moderate
      response were alive after 9 to 31 months; 3 died within 16 months. Of 8 patients
      with minimal response, one was lost to follow-up and the others died in 3.4 to 10
      months (m = 6). Median survival of responders was 15.7 months. Bone marrow
      cellularity became normal in 12 patients following fetal liver infusion. In seven
      patients, there was a relapse; 6 regained a normal bone marrow cellularity after
      a second or third fetal liver infusion. These data strongly suggest a role of
      fetal liver infusion in inducing bone marrow recovery. Of 13 non-responders, 4
      were lost to follow-up and 9 died within 20 days-4.3 months (m = 1.6). Fetal
      liver infusion appears to be an effective therapy in patients with severe
      aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2893477
TI  - [Effect of mononuclear phagocytes on the differentiation of syngeneic, allogeneic
      and xenogeneic hematopoietic stem cells].
AB  - The colony formation in spleen of lethally irradiated syngeneic or hybrid
      recipients was studied after transplantation of bone marrow cells, with or
      without macrophages from lymph nodules or from peritoneal cavity of mice, cells
      of macrophage-like cell line J-774, and monocytes from peripheral blood of
      healthy donors. The direction of stem cell differentiations in the presence of
      all the types of mononuclear phagocytes was seen to change from mainly erythroid
      to mainly myeloid one. The ratio of erythroid to myeloid colonies became equal to
      0.5-0.9 instead of 2.0, when bone marrow cells were injected with equivalent
      quantity of mononuclear phagocytes. This new regulatory function of mononuclear
      phagocytes is discussed.

PMID- 2893478
TI  - [Synthesis of glutaminic and aspartic acids in mitochondria of the visual
      analyzer of the dog brain during postnatal ontogenesis].
AB  - It is revealed that glutaminic acid (GA) synthesis by direct reductive amination
      proves to be the most rapid in the mitochondria of the outer geniculate body
      (OGB) from the 1st till the 45th day of the postnatal development, and beginning
      from the 45th day till the 3-month age in visual cortex (field 17) (VC) and
      bigeminal bodies (BB). It is stated that GA synthesis by transamination in the
      mitochondria of VC, OGB, and BB proceeds less intensively than by a direct
      reductive amination at the early stage of postnatal development, being more rapid
      during the period from the 12-16th till the 45th day of postnatal development.
      Unlike GA synthesis in the mitochondria of the studied visual analyzer structures
      of canine brain AsA synthesis is more rapid in transamination reaction at the
      early stage of postnatal development. The high level of AsA synthesis was
      observed on the day when the puppies' eyes began to see clearly. The level of AsA
      synthesis by reductive amination and transamination in the mitochondria of VC,
      BB, and OGB at the early stage of postnatal development is lower than that of GA
      synthesis.

PMID- 2893479
TI  - [Vecuronium (Norcuron). A non-depolarization muscle relaxants with intermediate
      action].

PMID- 2893480
TI  - [Intraabdominal cystic anaplastic seminoma in a 67-year-old man].

PMID- 2893481
TI  - [Interaction with disulfiram].

PMID- 2893482
TI  - [Ulcer surgery before and after administration of H2 blockader treatment].

PMID- 2893483
TI  - [Relation between schizophrenia and cancer].

PMID- 2893484
TI  - [Beta blockers following acute myocardial infarct?].

PMID- 2893485
TI  - [Adverse reactions during salazosulfapyridine (sulfasalazin) therapy in Denmark
      1968-1987].

PMID- 2893486
TI  - Lack of circulating thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in cats with
      hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Although feline hyperthyroidism has become a commonly diagnosed disorder of older
      cats, the underlying etiology remains unknown. Pathological findings of
      adenomatous hyperplasia involving both thyroid lobes in most hyperthyroid cats
      suggests the possibility that feline hyperthyroidism may be similar to human
      Graves' disease, which results from high circulating levels of thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). To exclude high circulating levels of TSIs as
      the cause of feline hyperthyroidism, we measured intracellular concentrations of
      cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in functioning rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5)
      incubated with IgG extracted from hyperthyroid cat serum. Since TSIs stimulate
      thyroid hormone secretion through activation of cAMP, their presence can be
      evidenced in vitro by generation of high cAMP concentrations in cultured thyroid
      cells. No significant difference was found in intracellular cAMP concentrations
      in FRTL-5 cells incubated with IgG from normal versus hyperthyroid cats. In
      contrast, IgG from a human patient with Graves' disease caused substantially more
      cAMP generation than either normal human IgG or IgG from the cats of this study.
      These results indicate that feline hyperthyroidism does not result from high
      circulating concentrations of TSI and, in that respect, is not analogous to
      Graves' disease.

PMID- 2893487
TI  - Milk-borne transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in rabbits.
AB  - The mode of vertical transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)
      was investigated by foster-nursing in rabbits. Two of five rabbits born to
      noninfected mothers and fostered by virus-infected females seroconverted for HTLV
      I after 7 weeks, whereas all seven rabbits born to virus-infected mothers and
      fostered by noninfected females remained seronegative for the observation period
      of 6 months. Culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes gave rise to an HTLV-I
      carrying T-cell line from each of the two seroconverted rabbits. These findings
      suggest that HTLV-I is transmitted through milk from mother to offspring.

PMID- 2893489
TI  - [Use of the peptide hormone melanostatin and its analogs for the synthesis of new
      antitumor compounds].
AB  - A hypothalamic hormone--melanostatin H-L-Pro-L-Leu-NH2- and its 9 analogs were
      synthesized and their antitumor properties studied. Melanostatin caused a 52-72%
      inhibition of tumor growth (p less than 0.05) in mice bearing adenocarcinoma of
      the mammary gland Ca-755, cervical carcinoma CC-5 and melanoma B-16. Non
      cytotoxic analogs containing D-leucine or L-lysine showed low activity. Among
      analogs containing sarcolysine stereomers, chlorphenacyl or chlorambucil,
      derivatives with L-sarcolysin exerted a high antitumor effect on Ca-755, CC-5,
      Lewis lung carcinoma, lymphoid leukemia L-1210, sarcoma-37, melanoma B-16 and S
      91 (80-99% inhibition of tumor growth, p less than 0.05). L-sarcolysin alone had
      a higher effect on S-91 only (p less than 0.05). Antitumor effect of melanostatin
      is due to its amino acid sequences. Melanostatin analogs modified by L
      phenylalanine retain their antitumor properties.

PMID- 2893488
TI  - [Dynamics of organ-specific liver enzymes and urocanic acid in patients with gout
      during complex balneotherapy].

PMID- 2893491
TI  - [Isolation of a Tahyna-like virus (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus, California
      encephalitis complex) on northern Sakhalin Island].
AB  - The strain LEIV-11483 Sak of Tahyna virus or a virus closely related to it
      antigenically was isolated from Aedes spp. mosquitoes (predominantly A. communis)
      collected August 25, 1985, in the light coniferous subzone of the mid-taiga
      landscape zone in the north of Sakhalin Island (54 degrees N, 142 degrees E).
      Altogether, 17.8 thousand mosquitoes were examined which were collected in June
      August, 1985, in the light and dark coniferous subzones of mid-taiga. In the
      human population, virus-neutralizing antibodies to Tahyna virus were found in 7
      18%, to Batai virus in 3%, to Uukuniemi virus in none.

PMID- 2893490
TI  - [Restriction analysis of the DNA of the toxigenic corynephages BF, phi 984, phi 9
      and C].
AB  - The results of restriction analysis of toxigenic corynephages BF, phi 984, phi 9,
      and C are presented. Phage BF was shown to be a deletion derivative of phage beta
      vir, phage phi 984 to be omega-like. Toxigenic corynephages phi 9 and C belong to
      a new group of corynephages designated phi. DNA of phages phi 9 and C as well as
      chromosomal DNA of the indicator strains was not hydrolysed by specific Hind III
      endonuclease, that is likely to be associated with the presence of a modification
      system in host strains.

PMID- 2893493
TI  - [Exact determination of the eastern border of the European portion of the
      nosogeographic range of the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].
AB  - Radioimmunoassay was used for examinations of 21,488 serum specimens from the
      population of 145 areas of 8 regions and 2 republics. The immune portion
      comprised 8.8% to the west of the assumed border and 2.7% to the east (t = 20.7).
      Active natural foci of the infection were found in individual territories located
      to the east of the assumed border (areas of Saratov Province to the north of the
      Irgiz River, trans-Ural areas of Bashkiria, southern taiga areas of Sverdlovsk,
      Tyumen, and northwestern Omsk Provinces). The extreme eastern points of the
      endemic area are Tevriz, Tary, and Znamenskoe Districts of Omsk Province. The
      areas of Siberian forest steppe, the steppe areas of western Siberia and those on
      the left bank of the Volga (Zavolzhye) are free from the infection foci. Natural
      foci of infection were found in the taiga part of the Komi ASSR, whereas they
      were absent in the forest tundra zone.

PMID- 2893492
TI  - [Detection of natural foci of the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the
      Georgian SSR].
AB  - The circulation of the causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
      (HFRS) in Georgia was studied. Altogether, 7,938 small mammals of 16 species
      trapped in 23 administrative areas of the republic were examined, and the
      specific antigen of HFRS virus was detected in 308 (3.8%). In serological
      examinations of 10 patients, antibody to HFRS virus was found in 4. Analysis of
      the above results indicates the existence of natural foci of HFRS in the Georgian
      SSR.

PMID- 2893494
TI  - [Complications in the cardiovascular system from neuroleptic treatment].
AB  - The arterial pressure fell abruptly in 23.38% of 124 psychic patients during the
      first days of treatment with neuroleptics. About two weeks later it gradually
      rose to its initial values. The patients who do not feel well with the low
      arterial pressure need peripheral stimulants such as Effortil, Mephentermin, etc.
      Other complications of the neuroleptic therapy are the rhythm and conduction
      cardiac disorders (19.96% of the patients over 60 years of age showed rhythm and
      conduction disorders--polytopic and multiple extrasystoles, ventricular
      paroxysmal tachycardia, atrioventricular block III degree). These patients need
      active surveillance and emergency treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs. The modern
      treatment of psychic diseases with larger doses of neuroleptics requires regular
      clinical and ECC control, especially in older patients.

PMID- 2893495
TI  - Health manpower out of balance.

PMID- 2893496
TI  - Indicators for the measurement of health manpower imbalances.

PMID- 2893498
TI  - MRI localization of an undescending testicle: case report.

PMID- 2893497
TI  - HIV and HTLV-I antibody studies: pregnant women in the 1960s, patients with AIDS,
      homosexuals, and individuals with tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - To investigate the possible occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or
      human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I) infections in the United States
      prior to 1979-1981, when acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first
      recognized, we tested sera from 310 pregnant women who participated in the
      Collaborative Perinatal Project during the period 1959-1964 for HIV and HTLV-I
      antibody. These samples included sera from 53 pregnant women who were intravenous
      drug users. The remainder were from women who had cervical epithelial
      abnormalities, who developed cervical carcinomas, who had had children with
      erythroblastosis fetalis, who had had children that developed malignant neoplasms
      early in life, or normal pregnant women. None of the 310 women had confirmed HIV
      or HTLV-I antibody. The rate of false-positive reactions with the HIV enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody test in these long-frozen samples was
      similar to that observed in fresh sera. HIV antibody was detected in homosexual
      patients with AIDS; HTLV-I antibody was not detected in any of these sera. HTLV-I
      antibody was detected in 17 of 20 patients with tropical spastic paraparesis
      (TSP) and in two of seven patients with other neurological diseases diagnosed as
      transverse myelopathy and multiple sclerosis, and in none of nine normal
      controls; HIV antibody was not detected in any of these sera patients. Thus, we
      conclude that there was no serological evidence of infection with HIV or HTLV-I
      in the pregnant women studied; however, HIV antibody was present in all AIDS
      patients tested, and HTLV-I antibody was found in the majority of patients with
      TSP.

PMID- 2893500
TI  - [Screening for tetracyclic benzodiazepines using EMIT-st (benzodiazepines) and
      TDx].
AB  - The article reports threshold ranges and detection limits for the screening of
      tetracyclic benzodiazepines (adinazolam, alprazolam, brotizolam, estazolam,
      loprazolam, midazolam, triazolam and many metabolites) using the EMIT-st and TDx
      system (FPIA). In most cases, the cross reactivities of the two systems are
      comparable, but there are also remarkable differences. Detection limits are
      mainly in the range between 0.2 and 0.5 mg/l but, in some cases, the limits are
      also considerably higher. The within-day precision is 1.1% (TDx) and 16.5% (EMIT
      st); day-to-day precision is 4.7% (TDx) and 12.6% (EMIT-st), respectively.

PMID- 2893501
TI  - Experiences with Kryptocur in the treatment of cryptorchism.
AB  - Kryptocur (Gonadorelin, Hoechst) was applied in the form of intranasal spray
      three times daily in 16 boys. A total of 18 retained testes were treated.
      Kryptocur causes release of LH and FSH. The hormonal pulse-therapy elevates
      testosterone level which, in turn, leads to descension of the testis. Side
      effects are less significant than with HCG. Among the children the youngest was
      2.5 and the oldest 9 years old. In seven cases, the testis descended into the
      scrotum, in three cases migrant testes were resulted, in six cases, there was no
      result at all. The most favourable effect was achieved in the youngest age-group
      (2.5 to 5 year-olds) with retained testes lodged at the root of the penis.

PMID- 2893499
TI  - [Specific and nonspecific components in the neurohumoral link of the conditioned
      food-refusal reflex in the edible snail].
AB  - On snails, the action was studied of hemolymph of donors with conditioned food
      refusal reflex on acquisition of the same habit by intact snails-recipients in
      case of coincidence or of difference of conditioned stimuli in donors and
      recipients. Specific component of the facilitating effect was distinctly manifest
      at selection of optimal doze of hemolymph and depended on the season. At non
      optimal parameters of the experiment the specific component of the facilitating
      effect was masked by the non-specific one, or an inhibitory effect took place.
      The data obtained testify to multicomponent composition of the neurohumoral link
      in the mechanism of conditioned reflex formation.

PMID- 2893502
TI  - Why do beta-blockers prevent sudden death?

PMID- 2893503
TI  - [Evaluation of the passive particle aggulutination method and enzyme immunoassay
      for the antibodies to adult T-cell leukemia virus in the sera from healthy
      adults].

PMID- 2893504
TI  - Localization of an abundant myeloid-related sequence.
AB  - Differential screening of a CML-derived cDNA library was used to isolate a cDNA
      clone representing an abundant mRNA in leukocytes of chronic phase, chronic
      myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. This myeloid-related sequence (mrs)
      comprises approximately 2% of the chronic phase, CML mRNA. Hybridization of the
      radiolabeled cDNA to the cellular RNAs of intact, morphologically
      distinguishable, primary hematopoietic cells indicates that the primary cells
      producing mrs RNA are eosinophils (Eo), basophils (Baso), promyelocytes (Pro) and
      myelocytes (Mye). In the neutrophilic series, the abundance of mrs RNA decreases
      as the cells mature. The mrs RNA potentially encodes a 93 amino acid protein that
      has not been previously described. It has been localized to chromosome 8, region
      8q21.1-23.

PMID- 2893505
TI  - Present nosography of lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - The present nosography of lymphoproliferative disorders is continuously in
      progression. Until now, a number of data regarding cytomorphological,
      cytochemical, immunological and molecular biological findings demonstrated
      importance in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation.

PMID- 2893506
TI  - Interleukin-2 receptor-inducing factor(s) in adult T cell leukemia.
AB  - The expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2-R) is regulated by
      transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. IL-2-R gene expression is
      induced by pharmacological agents including calcium ions, phorbol esters such as
      phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and forskolin (FK), a direct activator of
      adenylate cyclase. HTLV-I(+) leukemic T cells and T cell lines from patients with
      adult T cell leukemia (ATL) continuously expressed IL-2-R without production of
      IL-2. However, there was no abnormality of the structural gene for IL-2-R in
      these cell lines as well as in fresh leukemic cells of ATL. We have detected that
      many HTLV-I(+) T4(+) T cell lines constitutively produce a non-IL-2 lymphokine
      named ATL-derived factor (ADF), which induced the expression of the high-affinity
      IL-2-R on a variety of cells including HTLV-I(+) T cells, myeloid leukemia cells
      and YT cells. IL-2-R-inducing agents such as ADF and FK were shown to induce
      elevation of the mRNA levels for IL-2-R through transcriptional enhancement of
      the IL-2-R gene. The possible involvement of IL-2-R-inducing cytokines in the
      physiological lymphocyte activation and the leukemogenesis in ATL and other T
      cell leukemias is discussed.

PMID- 2893507
TI  - The effects of alpha adrenergic blockade on central haemodynamics and regional
      blood flows during positive pressure ventilation. An experimental study in the
      pig.
AB  - The effects of alpha receptor blockade on cardiac output distribution in pigs
      were studied. Recordings were made during spontaneous breathing (SB), during
      ventilator treatment with 8 Pa positive end-expiratory pressure (8 PEEP), after
      alpha blockade during SB (SB-alpha) and at 8 PEEP (8 PEEP-alpha). The microsphere
      method was used for blood flow determinations. The animals received either 5
      ml.kg-1.h-1 (Group A) or 10 ml.kg-1.h-1 (Group B) of fluids. In Group A on SB
      alpha, CO was maintained due to tachycardia but mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      decreased, renal blood flow and urine production decreased. At 8 PEEP-alpha, CO
      decreased despite increased heart rate (HR), MAP decreased alarmingly, renal
      blood flow decreased, urine production ceased and cerebral blood flow decreased,
      reflecting failing autoregulation. In Group B, CO increased during SB-alpha, SVR
      decreased, myocardial blood flow increased and organ blood flows were otherwise
      unchanged. At 8 PEEP-alpha, MAP, SVR, renal, pancreatic and splenic blood flows
      decreased in Group B. Gastric, intestinal and muscular blood flows were unchanged
      at 8 PEEP-alpha in Group B which is interpreted as an effect of the alpha
      blockade. In both groups peripheral arterio-venous shunting increased after alpha
      blockade.

PMID- 2893508
TI  - Immunocytochemical studies on thyroid parafollicular cells in postnatal
      development of the rat.
AB  - Studies were performed on Wistar strain rats aged 1-720 days. Immunocytochemical
      reactions were used to detect calcitonin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related
      peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin, serotonin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE),
      secretory protein-I, chromogranin and Ca-binding protein. In the parafollicular
      cells of the rat, the presence of calcitonin, somatostatin, CGRP, NSE and
      secretory protein-I could be demonstrated. The number of parafollicular cells
      increased with the age of animals, and the increase was particularly pronounced
      in the early postnatal period and after the first year of age. The number of
      somatostatin-immunoreactive cells decreased after birth and increased again after
      the first year of age. The number of calcitonin-immunoreactive cells increased in
      the early postnatal period independently of the increase in parafollicular cell
      number, forming frequently tumor-like outgrowths in 2-year-old animals. A small
      proportion of these outgrowths contained no calcitonin even if they did contain
      somatostatin, CGRP and NSE immunoreactivity. Evident changes in immunoreactivity
      in the first days after birth may reflect the sudden change in environment and
      may be associated with growth and differentiation. In any period of life, CGRP-
      and NSE-immunoreactive cells have constituted the most numerous groups and,
      therefore, the respective antigens seem to represent the most suitable markers of
      parafollicular cells in the rat.

PMID- 2893509
TI  - Ocular polyarteritis nodosa. Report of a case.
AB  - A patient with bilateral amaurosis as a complication to polyarteritis nodosa is
      presented. He developed affection of the central retinal arteries and the
      arteries supplying the optic discs followed by retinal and optic atrophy. After
      one month no vessels could be observed neither in the retinae nor at the optic
      discs. The importance of early diagnosis and aggressive immunosuppressive
      treatment is stressed.

PMID- 2893510
TI  - Development of drug tachyphylaxis in asthmatic patients treated with beta
      adrenergic drugs.
AB  - The development of drug tolerance in two groups of asthmatics treated with beta
      adrenergic bronchodilators was studied by respiratory function methods. During
      one-year treatment with conventional therapeutic doses of selective beta-2
      receptor stimulant aerosols, none of the patients showed subsensitivity to the
      bronchodilatory effect of terbutaline. Dose-response curves were plotted upon the
      inhalation of salbutamol in two-week intervals in patients treated with
      betamimetics. There was no decrease in the airways beta-adrenergic receptor
      function as compared to the untreated control group. The results show that
      prolonged treatment with therapeutic doses of inhaled beta-adrenergic
      bronchodilators does not result in drug tachyphylaxis, which is in accord with
      the clinical experience that there is no loss of effect of the preparations
      during their continuous administration.

PMID- 2893511
TI  - [The search for compounds with dopaminergic action. V. Synthesis of piribedil
      analogs].

PMID- 2893512
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia in neuroleptic medicated mentally handicapped subjects.
AB  - Sixty-seven neuroleptic medicated mentally handicapped subjects in a hospital
      were rated on two occasions for abnormal involuntary movements on three scales:
      Abnormal Involuntary Movements (AIMS), Rockland and Parkinsonism scales, with 6
      months between each assessment. Inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities were
      high. The data from the second assessment was analyzed. Prevalence of tardive
      dyskinesia (TD) was 21% on AIMS, 42% on the Rockland scale; 60% had parkinsonism.
      Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that age, sex, current neuroleptic
      and anticholinergic dose, antiepileptic medication, psychosis, cumulative
      anticholinergic dose were not significant predictors of TD as determined by AIMS.
      Parkinsonism and cumulative neuroleptic dose were significant predictors of and
      correlated positively with AIMS score. TD subjects formed 35% of the parkinsonian
      group. Overt brain damage was not a significant predictor of AIMS score and the
      difference between the neuroleptic medicated and neuroleptic free group on AIMS
      scores was highly significant.

PMID- 2893513
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenics. Prevalence, distribution and relationship
      to neurological "soft" signs in Nigerian patients.
AB  - The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in 70 Nigerian schizophrenics was 37%.
      Age was related to the presence of TD in males but not in females. Significantly
      more females had TD in the lower extremities. Comparison of patients with TD and
      those without revealed no significant differences with regard to the presence of
      neurological "soft" signs.

PMID- 2893514
TI  - Neuroleptic treatment and other factors modifying cancer risk in schizophrenic
      patients.

PMID- 2893516
TI  - Neurochemical characterization of excitatory amino acid receptors in hippocampus.

PMID- 2893515
TI  - [Treatment of tardive dyskinesia induced by neuroleptics].

PMID- 2893517
TI  - Effects of acidic dipeptides on aminoacidergic neurotransmission in the brain.

PMID- 2893518
TI  - Localization of neuroactive substances in the hypothalamus with special reference
      to coexistence of messenger molecules.

PMID- 2893519
TI  - Decidual luteotropin secretion and action: its role in pregnancy maintenance in
      the rat.
AB  - Studies of rat decidual luteotropin production and action have revealed that
      decidual mRNA directs the synthesis of a 28,000 MW protein in a cell-free system
      which binds to prolactin receptors in luteal cells and appears to represent a
      prohormone for decidual luteotropin. Hybridization studies indicate that although
      rat decidual and prolactin-like placental hormones bind to prolactin receptors,
      they possess little homology to other members of the prolactin family. In
      addition, results of this investigation have revealed a possible physiological
      relationship between the mesometrial and the antimesometrial cells of the
      decidual tissue. The large antimesometrial cells produce decidual luteotropin in
      which secretion and/or synthesis is inhibited by the neighboring mesometrial
      cells. Since mesometrial cells possess binding sites for decidual luteotropin, it
      is possible that decidual luteotropin acts on the mesometrial cell to affect the
      formation of its own inhibitor. Mesometrial cells are rich in glycogen, whose
      synthesis is stimulated by prolactin-like hormones in other tissues. Therefore,
      decidual luteotropin may also act on these cells to enhance glycogen formation.
      In summary, decidual luteotropin appears to have at least two sites of action-
      the luteal cell, where it can substitute for prolactin in maintaining
      progesterone production, and the mesometrial cell, where its role remains to be
      investigated.

PMID- 2893520
TI  - Further studies on depolarization release coupling in squid giant synapse.

PMID- 2893521
TI  - A model of the light dependent regulation of retinal rod phosphodiesterase,
      guanylate cyclase and the cation flux.

PMID- 2893522
TI  - Synapsin I, a phosphoprotein associated with synaptic vesicles: possible role in
      regulation of neurotransmitter release.
AB  - The data presented here provide evidence that the study of neuronal
      phosphoproteins can lead to the identification of previously unknown proteins and
      that these proteins may play important roles in neuronal communication.
      Specifically, in the case of synapsin I, direct evidence has been obtained that
      this phosphoprotein is involved in regulating neurotransmitter release. A
      tentative explanation of the results obtained in the micro-injection studies is
      as follows: synapsin I, in the dephosphostate, is bound to the cytoplasmic
      surface of synaptic vesicles and inhibits the ability of the vesicle to interact
      with the plasma membrane; increases in intracellular calcium activate calmodulin
      kinase II which in turn phosphorylates synapsin I and the phosphorylated synapsin
      I dissociates from the synaptic vesicle thus removing a constraint on the release
      of neurotransmitter. Clearly, more studies need to be done to rigorously test
      this hypothesis. Nevertheless these studies of synapsin I suggest that the study
      of previously unknown phosphoproteins will lead to the elucidation of previously
      unknown regulatory processes in neurons.

PMID- 2893523
TI  - A possible second messenger system for the production of long-term changes in
      synapses.

PMID- 2893524
TI  - Altered reactivity of the rat adrenal medulla following periods of chronic
      stress.

PMID- 2893525
TI  - Interactions of the alkyl-ether-phospholipid, platelet activating factor (PAF)
      with platelets, neural cells, and the psychotropic drugs triazolobenzodiazepines.
AB  - PAF-acether, a naturally occurring phospholipid, is a potent activator of various
      biological processes, including platelet aggregation. The mechanisms of action of
      PAF are largely unknown. We have found that the psychotropic
      triazolobenzodiazepine drugs, alprazolam and triazolam, potently (IC50 less than
      1 microM) inhibit PAF-induced shape change, aggregation and secretion of human
      platelets. These effects are specific for PAF-activation, since the responses of
      human platelets to other agonists (ADP, thrombin, epinephrine, collagen,
      arachidonate and the Ca++ ionophore, A23187) are not inhibited by these
      triazolobenzodiazepines. The action of triazolobenzodiazepines on PAF-induced
      platelet function has clinical relevance, especially in diseases where enhanced
      platelet aggregability may lead to thrombosis and atherosclerosis. In addition,
      the ability of triazolobenzodiazepines to inhibit other PAF-mediated cellular
      responses, such as anaphylactic shock or bronchoconstriction, suggests that these
      drugs may be useful in preventing several known pathophysiological effects of
      PAF. The specific antagonism of PAF action by psychotropic drugs also suggests
      that PAF or PAF-like phospholipids may play a role in neuronal function. This
      possibility was tested by examining the effects of PAF on neural cells of the
      clonal line NG108-15, grown in culture in a chemically defined, serum-free
      medium. Low concentrations of PAF (0.5-2.5 microM) induced neurite extension in
      NG108-15 cells, whereas higher concentrations (greater than 3 microM) were
      cytotoxic. Using NG108-15 cells preloaded with aequorin, it was found that PAF
      causes an increase in intracellular ionized calcium concentration, which is
      dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. These results suggest that
      PAF-induced Ca++ uptake may play a role in neuronal development, and that
      circulating PAF may contribute to the neuronal degeneration caused by the
      exposure of neural tissues to blood in situations such as spinal cord injury,
      trauma, or stroke.

PMID- 2893526
TI  - [Neurogenic bladder due to the anterior spinal artery syndrome: 2 case reports].
AB  - A 43-year-old woman with anterior spinal artery syndrome was admitted with
      complaints of tetraplegia and urinary retention. Her bladder had capacity of more
      than 500 ml and was inactive, with low voltage of external urethral sphincter.
      She was treated with distigmine bromide and intermittent catheterization. 50 days
      later, urodynamic study showed normal bladder and incomplete coordination of
      external sphincter. A 78-year-old man had chief complaints of urinary retention
      and paraplegia. A catheter was left indwell for 6 months. Then he was treated
      with intermittent catheterization, but urgency incontinence was still observed.
      We discussed the therapy of neurogenic bladder due to the anterior spinal artery
      syndrome.

PMID- 2893528
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockers in silent myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Factors contributing to the development of exercise-induced painful ischemia,
      such as actions of the central nervous system and catecholamines, have been well
      identified, but the mechanisms by which nonexercise-related silent episodes of
      ischemia are provoked are unknown. Possible mechanisms receiving much study in
      recent years are those having the potential to influence the myocardial oxygen
      supply-demand relation. Beta-adrenergic receptor stimulations, by increasing
      myocardial oxygen demand through augmentation of heart rate and contractility
      (beta 1), may mediate responses that cause ischemia or perpetuate ischemic
      episodes induced by other means. Other receptors (beta 2) may mediate coronary
      and peripheral vascular constriction, limiting myocardial oxygen supply and
      further increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Studies have investigated the effect
      of beta blockade on ischemic episodes in patients with a variety of clinical
      forms of coronary heart disease. Beta blockade has been shown to reduce the
      frequency and duration of silent and painful ischemic episodes in patients with
      effort angina and rest angina. The data suggest that heart rate and perhaps other
      changes observed with use of beta blockade play an important role in silent
      ischemia; heart rate at specific times throughout the day, particularly in the
      late A.M., and the increase in heart rate seen in conjunction with silent
      ischemic episodes are all decreased with administration of beta blockade. Results
      of a recent study focusing only on silent ischemia showed that beta-blocker
      treatment with metoprolol, compared with placebo, significantly reduced total
      silent ischemic time (frequency and duration of episodes) in all periods
      examined.

PMID- 2893527
TI  - Intravenous fenoldopam in heart failure: comparing the hemodynamic effects of
      dopamine1 receptor agonism with nitroprusside.
AB  - Dopamine1 receptors mediate hemodynamic effects that may be beneficial in
      patients with congestive heart failure. We infused the selective dopamine1
      receptor agonist, fenoldopam mesylate (SKF 82526 J), to evaluate hemodynamic and
      neurohumoral changes during continuous intravenous infusion in patients with
      congestive heart failure and compared them with the effects of nitroprusside, a
      traditional vasodilator that works by a distinctly different mechanism. In 15
      patients with a mean radionuclide ejection fraction of 17%, the agents were
      infused in a random-ordered, double-blinded, crossover, active drug-controlled
      protocol after optimal dosing was determined during a titration period.
      Hemodynamic changes were induced in minutes with both drugs during a mean (+/-
      standard deviation) infusion dose of 1.45 +/- 1.66 micrograms/kg/min for
      fenoldopam and 2.99 +/- 1.59 micrograms/kg/min for nitroprusside. At 1 hour, mean
      blood pressure decreased and cardiac index rose with both drugs, and the effect
      lasted throughout the 6-hour infusion period. Nitroprusside, but not fenoldopam,
      reduced right heart filling pressures (including mean pulmonary capillary wedge,
      mean right atrial, and mean pulmonary artery pressures) during the infusion
      period. Both drugs caused significant reduction in systemic vascular and
      pulmonary arteriolar resistances. No significant change occurred in plasma
      norepinephrine levels. Fenoldopam ameliorates some of the adverse hemodynamic
      changes that occur during heart failure but does not reduce right heart filling
      pressures as does nitroprusside. Because of fenoldopam's unique characteristics,
      it may benefit certain patients with heart failure.

PMID- 2893529
TI  - International beta-blocker review in acute and postmyocardial infarction.
AB  - The benefits of beta blockade in acute and postmyocardial infarction are well
      documented. More than 50 placebo-controlled trials have been performed, involving
      more than 40,000 patients with short- or long-term follow-up. In long-term follow
      up studies in approximately 20,000 patients, mortality was reduced by 21% and
      reinfarction by 24%. When high-risk patients were assessed separately, the
      reduction in mortality after early intervention was significantly greater than in
      low-risk patients. The trial medication was withdrawn in approximately 24% and
      28% of patients in the placebo and beta-blocker groups, respectively, in the
      major trials. In addition to reduction of mortality and reinfarction rates,
      benefits have clearly been demonstrated in prevention of arrhythmias and
      thromboatherosclerotic complications. Significantly more patients had hypotension
      and bradycardia with beta-blocker treatment than with placebo; no clear-cut
      difference between the placebo and beta-blocker groups was found for
      atrioventricular block or congestive heart failure when patients with these
      conditions were excluded. In the Stockholm Metoprolol Trial, 3 years of
      metoprolol treatment in about 300 patients after myocardial infarction prolonged
      both survival and time spent completely asymptomatic, in an optimal functional
      state, or both. Patients receiving metoprolol spent less time disabled after
      serious atherosclerotic complications, including bypass surgery. Long-term beta
      blockade after myocardial infarction reduces mortality and morbidity in 80% of
      patients by 21% and 24%, respectively, but causes adverse reactions in
      approximately 10%. With proper selection of patients and the type and dose of
      beta blocker, survival without atherosclerotic complications or adverse effects
      can be prolonged.

PMID- 2893530
TI  - A symposium: Hypertension into the nineties. September 6, 1986, Heidelberg, FRG.

PMID- 2893532
TI  - Celiprolol and the heart.
AB  - The introduction of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists was a major advance in the
      treatment of hypertension and coronary artery disease. However, nonselective beta
      blockade carries distinct circulatory disadvantages, which accounts for the
      search for an "ideal" beta-blocking drug for use in this extensive therapeutic
      field. It is possible to define the desirable cardiodynamic profile of a beta
      blocking drug. How far does celiprolol meet this function? What questions should
      we address in attempting to evaluate the effects of celiprolol on the heart? In
      contrast to propranolol, in the normal heart, celiprolol does not depress left
      ventricular pumping function. There is little information on the effects of
      celiprolol on left ventricular function in the hypertensive patient. However, we
      now know that most patients with hypertension already have advancing coronary
      artery disease. It is reasonable, therefore, to examine the effects of celiprolol
      on left ventricular function in patients with coronary disease because these can
      not only be used to evaluate the possible efficacy of the drug in patients with
      angina pectoris, but also to extrapolate to their clinical effectiveness in most
      patients with hypertension. Celiprolol does not depress left ventricular pumping
      function at rest or during exercise, in contrast to other beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists that reduce both heart rate and left ventricular activity. Moreover,
      celiprolol possesses anti-ischemic properties equivalent to those of atenolol. It
      does not appear to aggravate the atherogenic profile of the lipids as much as
      some other cardioselective beta-blocking drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893531
TI  - Antihypertensive therapy with celiprolol: a new cardioselective beta blocker.
AB  - Celiprolol is a new generation beta blocker with a novel profile of activity that
      includes a high degree of cardioselectivity, partial beta 2-agonist activity, and
      possibly a degree of direct peripheral vasodilation. The drug is hydrophilic,
      with fewer cardiodepressant effects than other beta antagonists. These ancillary
      properties may make celiprolol a more suitable beta blocker for use in a broader
      range of hypertensive patients than conventional agents, and additional work is
      ongoing in patients with obstructive airways disease, peripheral vascular
      disorders and those with impaired cardiac function to substantiate and extend
      current findings.

PMID- 2893533
TI  - Atenolol and celiprolol for stable angina pectoris.
AB  - Once-daily atenolol and celiprolol were compared in a placebo-controlled
      crossover study of 16 patients with stable angina pectoris. Atenolol and
      celiprolol equally and significantly reduced frequency of angina and
      electrocardiographic evidence of cardiac ischemia. Celiprolol, however, produced
      less suppression of the double product at 1 mm of ST-segment depression than
      atenolol, suggesting that actions other than reduction of heart rate may
      contribute to its antianginal efficacy.

PMID- 2893534
TI  - Effects of celiprolol on the bronchial reactivity in asthma.
AB  - In 10 patients with bronchial asthma but normal ventilatory function, celiprolol,
      a cardioselective beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, did not significantly affect
      forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or airways resistance (Raw). In
      contrast, metoprolol substantially reduced FEV1 and increased Raw. In addition,
      compared with metoprolol, celiprolol induced a greater recovery of FEV1 and Raw
      after methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2893535
TI  - Qualities of an ideal beta-adrenoceptor antagonist and comparison of existing
      agents with a new cardioselective hydrophilic vasodilator beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, celiprolol.
AB  - Beta-adrenoceptor blockade is established therapy for cardiovascular conditions
      including hypertension and angina pectoris. The important qualities of a beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist relate to cardioselectivity, hydrophilicity, peripheral
      vasodilation, ideal pharmacokinetics and maintenance of the quality of life.
      Celiprolol, with its known cardioselectivity, hydrophilicity and peripheral
      vasodilator capacity, measures well by several of these criteria; more data on
      pharmacokinetics are required. Further testing is indicated, particularly in
      relation to effects on epinephrine-induced hypokalemia, blood lipid profiles,
      clinical vasodilatory properties and effects on the quality of life, especially
      in geriatric patients.

PMID- 2893536
TI  - Distribution of somatostatinlike immunoreactivity in the brain of the little
      brown bat (Myotis lucifugus).
AB  - The distribution of somatostatinlike immunoreactive (SLI) perikarya, axons, and
      terminals was mapped in subcortical areas of the brain of the little brown bat,
      Myotis lucifugus, using light microscopic immunocytochemistry. A preponderance of
      immunoreactivity was localized in reticular, limbic, and hypothalamic areas
      including: 1) in the forebrain: the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; lateral
      preoptic, dorsal, anterior, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas; amygdaloid,
      periventricular, arcuate, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, ventromedial, dorsomedial,
      paraventricular, lateral and medial mammillary, and lateral septal nuclei; the
      nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and nucleus accumbens septi; 2) in the
      midbrain: the periaqueductal gray, interpeduncular, dorsal and ventral tegmental,
      pretectal, and Edinger-Westphal nuclei; and 3) in the hindbrain: the superior
      central and parabrachial nuclei, nucleus incertus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus
      reticularis gigantocellularis. Other areas containing SLI included the striatum
      (caudate nucleus and putamen), zona incerta, infundibulum, supramammillary and
      premammillary nuclei, medial and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, entopeduncular
      nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, central medial thalamic nucleus, central
      tegmental field, linear and dorsal raphe nuclei, nucleus of Darkschewitsch,
      superior and inferior colliculi, nucleus ruber, substantia nigra, mesencephalic
      nucleus of V, inferior olivary nucleus, inferior central nucleus, nucleus
      prepositus, and deep cerebellar nuclei. While these results were similar in some
      respects to those previously reported in rodents, they also provided interesting
      contrasts.

PMID- 2893537
TI  - Type-specific efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccine.
AB  - Two types of acellular pertussis vaccine have been used in Japan since their
      introduction in 1981. They are different in their antigen content and
      immunogenicity. To assess the type-specific efficacy of acellular pertussis
      vaccine commercially available in Japan, 442 households of patients with
      pertussis were surveyed from 1981 to 1987. The secondary attack rates in children
      2 through 8 years of age were 61.3% (46/75) in unimmunized children, 7.5% (4/53)
      in children fully immunized by the filamentous hemagglutinin predominant type
      acellular pertussis vaccine, 14.3% (1/7) in children fully immunized by the
      pertussis toxin-filamentous hemagglutinin type vaccine, and 13.5% (7/52) in
      children given whole-cell pertussis vaccine. The estimated efficacy was 87.7% for
      the filamentous hemagglutinin predominant type vaccine and 76.7% for the
      pertussis toxin-filamentous hemagglutinin type vaccine in children aged 2 through
      8 years. Both types of acellular pertussis vaccine were similarly effective,
      without any statistically significant differences, and their efficacy was not
      different from that of whole-cell vaccines. This survey also indicated that
      adults are a major source of infection, with a high secondary attack rate of
      7.8%.

PMID- 2893538
TI  - Diverticulitis in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type II B syndrome.
AB  - Diffuse ganglioneuromatosis of the entire alimentary tract is a characteristic
      finding in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type II B syndrome. Symptoms and
      complications of colonic involvement are common. We report a 37-yr-old woman with
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type II B syndrome and a colovesical fistula
      complicating sigmoid diverticulitis.

PMID- 2893540
TI  - A large Clostridium perfringens foodborne outbreak with an unusual attack rate
      pattern.
AB  - On November 7, 1985, a Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis outbreak occurred
      in approximately 44% of the 1,362 employees at a Connecticut factory. Although
      the same foods were served to all three shifts at an employee banquet on November
      6, the attack rate was almost twice as high for those who ate on the day shift
      (attack rate = 50%) than for those on the evening shift (attack rate = 20%) or
      night shift (attack rate = 29%). Among employees of the day shift, attack rates
      were highest for those who ate during the first 30 minutes of the 2.5-hour day
      shift serving period and decreased throughout the serving period. The one-hour
      evening shift serving period had a similar trend toward higher attack rates
      earlier in the serving period. Four main-course foods were significantly
      associated with illness, and over 95% of the employees had eaten each of them.
      Stratified analysis indicated that gravy was the responsible food and,
      furthermore, that the decreasing attack rate pattern within serving periods
      occurred only for those who ate gravy. The gravy had been prepared 12-24 hours in
      advance of banquet service. After it was prepared, the gravy was improperly
      cooled and was reheated shortly before and throughout the serving periods.
      Persons who ate gravy that had been reheated for the longest period of time had
      the lowest attack rate, probably because they were exposed to a lower
      concentration of organisms. This outbreak underscores the need for properly
      reheating food to prevent C. perfringens gastroenteritis and suggests that
      analysis of attack rate trends may provide important epidemiologic clues to
      understanding the causes of foodborne disease outbreaks.

PMID- 2893539
TI  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) seroepidemiology and risk factors
      in metropolitan Panama.
AB  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection and associated
      hematologic malignancies cluster in Japan, the Caribbean basin, and Central
      Africa. The authors believe that this study of HTLV-I seroepidemiology in the
      Republic of Panama is the first detailed analytic study of environmental factors
      pertaining to HTLV-I infection in representative tropical populations. The study
      analyzed observational data concerning housing conditions, family composition,
      and demographic and behavioral attributes as risk factors for HTLV-I infection
      (HTLV-I antibody). The 745 study subjects were residents of representative
      households in Panama City and Colon. Overall, 5% of sera had antibody against
      HTLV-I, detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by
      competitive binding. Housing conditions, race, and socioeconomic factors were not
      associated with infection nor did infection cluster in families. Interview of 706
      women enrolled in cervical cancer studies documented that female sexual
      experience (number of marriages or sexual partners) was associated with HTLV-I
      infection. These findings support the hypothesis that HTLV-I is not transmitted
      by casual contact but requires exposures involving exchange of bodily fluids.

PMID- 2893541
TI  - Beta S gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype:
      implications for gene flow.
AB  - Hemoglobin beta-like gene cluster haplotypes defined by restriction enzyme
      polymorphic sites are useful in determining the origin of the beta S gene found
      in several human populations. We present here evidence that the beta S gene found
      among Sicilians is associated with the same haplotype observed among sickle cell
      anemia patients from Central West Africa. In addition, this haplotype is either
      nonexistent or very rare among normal Sicilian individuals. We conclude that the
      beta S gene was introduced to Sicily from North Africa and that the gene flow
      originated in Central West Africa and traveled north through historically well
      defined trans-Saharan commercial routes.

PMID- 2893542
TI  - Thrombocytopenic purpura in a carrier of human T-cell leukemia virus type I.
AB  - Thrombocytopenic purpura developed in a 64-year-old woman seropositive for human
      T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). She had no underlying disorders and HTLV-I
      is suggested as a possible cause of her thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2893543
TI  - Uniparental disomy as a mechanism for human genetic disease.
AB  - A female with cystic fibrosis and short stature was investigated for molecular or
      cytogenetic abnormalities that might explain the combined phenotype. Analysis
      with polymorphic DNA markers indicated that the father did not contribute alleles
      to the propositus for markers near the CF locus or for centromeric markers on
      chromosome 7. High-resolution cytogenetic analysis was normal, and the result
      could not be explained on the basis of nonpaternity or a submicroscopic deletion.
      All of the data indicate that the propositus inherited two identical copies of
      maternal sequences for much or all of chromosome 7. The occurrence of uniparental
      disomy could be explained by models postulating postfertilization error, gamete
      complementation, monosomic conception with subsequent chromosome gain, or
      trisomic conception followed by chromosome loss. Uniparental disomy in an
      individual with a normal chromosome analysis is a novel mechanism for the
      occurrence of human genetic disease.

PMID- 2893544
TI  - Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome): studying nondisjunction and meiotic recombination by
      using cytogenetic and molecular polymorphisms that span chromosome 21.
AB  - By combining molecular and cytogenetic techniques, we demonstrated the
      feasibility and desirability of a comprehensive approach to analysis of
      nondisjunction for chromosome 21. We analyzed the parental origin and stage of
      meiotic errors resulting in trisomy 21 in each of five families by successfully
      using cytogenetic heteromorphisms and DNA polymorphisms. The 16 DNA fragments
      used to detect polymorphisms spanned the length of the long arm and detected
      recombinational events on nondisjoined chromosomes in both maternal meiosis I and
      maternal meiosis II errors. The meiotic stage at which errors occurred was
      determined by sandwiching the centromere between cytogenetic heteromorphisms on
      21p and an informative haplotype constructed using two polymorphic DNA probes
      that map to 21q just below the centromere. This study illustrates the necessity
      of combining cytogenetic polymorphisms on 21p with DNA polymorphisms spanning 21q
      to determine (1) the source and stage of meiotic errors that lead to trisomy 21
      and (2) whether an association exists between nondisjunction and meiotic
      recombination.

PMID- 2893545
TI  - A restriction-fragment-length difference detected by the anonymous probe DXS199
      exhibits non-Mendelian inheritance.
AB  - Anonymous DNA probes were isolated from an X chromosome-enriched flow-sorted
      library. One of these probes, DXS199, identified a restriction-fragment
      difference that failed to show Mendelian segregation. All normal females were
      found to have two AvaII fragments of 6.5 kb and 6.0 kb, whereas all normal males
      had only the 6.5-kb fragment. DNA from a 49,XXXXY male was found to have both 6.0
      and 6.5-kb AvaII fragments, in the same 3:1 ratio as seen in the inactive:active
      number of X chromosomes. This variant, which reflects a structural difference
      between active and inactive X chromosomes, is likely to be due to a methylation
      site on the active X chromosome.

PMID- 2893546
TI  - A linkage and physical map of chromosome 22, and some applications to gene
      mapping.
AB  - A genetic map of human chromosome 22 has been derived from physical assignments
      and multilocus linkage analysis. It consists of the loci for the immunoglobulin
      lambda light-chain variable (IGLV) and immunoglobulin lambda light-chain constant
      (IGLC) regions, myoglobin (MB), the sis proto-oncogene (SIS), and an arbitrary
      probe (D22S1). The first RFLPs at the loci for SIS, IGLV, and MB are described.
      The most likely gene order on the basis of multilocus analysis was cen-(IGLV
      IGLC)-D22S1-MB-SIS. This map provides further evidence for localization of the P1
      polymorphism of the P blood group to chromosome 22, close to the SIS locus.
      Analysis of families segregating recessive congenital methemoglobinemia (RCM), a
      disease in which the cytochrome b5 reductase is defective, as well as of families
      with cases of hereditary low levels of cytochrome b5 reductase activity,
      confirmed that the locus responsible for RCM is on chromosome 22. Biochemical
      studies had already suggested that mutation at the cytochrome b5 reductase locus
      (DIA1) is responsible for RCM. We found no evidence of genetic heterogeneity
      between the families segregating RCM and the families exhibiting cases of low
      cytochrome b5 reductase activity. Linkage analysis indicated that the most
      probable location of DIA1 lies between MB and SIS.

PMID- 2893548
TI  - The ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) locus: analysis of RFLPs in gyrate atrophy.
AB  - A cDNA probe (HOAT1) for ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) has recently been used
      to map (1) the structural gene for this enzyme to chromosome 10 and (2) several
      related DNA sequences to the X chromosome. We have defined six RFLPs for OAT, to
      explore its possible role in gyrate atrophy (GA) of the choroid and retina, an
      autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with a deficiency of OAT
      activity. The RFLPs, which are detected by noncoding single-copy probes from the
      OAT gene and by subclones of the HOAT1 cDNA, all map on human chromosome 10,
      producing an overall level of heterozygosity for the OAT locus of 83%. Using the
      RFLPs, we have determined that the OAT locus segregates concordantly with GA in
      one available pedigree. Furthermore, the RFLPs display significant disequilibrium
      with GA, providing genetic evidence implicating a defect in the OAT structural
      gene as the cause of this disorder. The RFLPs for OAT are potentially applicable
      to prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection in families with a previous history
      of GA. They will also allow identification of specific haplotypes associated with
      GA chromosomes, as a guide for more detailed molecular-genetic investigations of
      the mutations underlying the disorder.

PMID- 2893547
TI  - Chromosomal localization of the human proenkephalin and prodynorphin genes.
AB  - DNA probes derived from rat and human proenkephalin and prodynorphin genes have
      been used to localize these two opiate neuropeptide genes on human chromosomes.
      Hybridization of probes to Southern blots made with DNAs from a rodent-human
      somatic-cell hybrid panel indicates localization of proenkephalin to human
      chromosome 8 and of prodynorphin to human chromosome 20. In situ hybridization to
      metaphase chromosomes confirms these assignments and indicates regional
      localizations of proenkephalin to 8q23-q24 and of prodynorphin to 20p12-pter. A
      human genomic prodynorphin clone reveals a frequent two-allele TaqI polymorphism.

PMID- 2893550
TI  - Effect of a two-day stop-order policy on benzodiazepine prescribing.

PMID- 2893549
TI  - Genetic mapping of the Xq27-q28 region: new RFLP markers useful for diagnostic
      applications in fragile-X and hemophilia-B families.
AB  - We have characterized and genetically mapped new polymorphic DNA markers in the
      q27-q28 region of the X chromosome. New informative RFLPs have been found for
      DXS105, DXS115, and DXS152. In particular, heterozygosity at the DXS105 locus has
      been increased from 25% to 52%. We have shown that DXS105 and DXS152 are
      contained within a 40-kb region. A multipoint linkage analysis was performed in
      fragile-X families and in large normal families from the Centre d'Etudes du
      Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH). This has allowed us to establish the order
      centromere-DXS144-DXS51-DXS102-F9-DXS105-FRAX A-(F8, DXS15, DXS52, DXS115).
      DXS102 is close to the hemophilia-B locus (z[theta] = 13.6 at theta = .02) and
      might thus be used as an alternative probe for diagnosis in Hemophila-B families
      not informative for intragenic RFLPs. DXS105 is 8% recombination closer to the
      fragile-X locus than F9 (z[theta] = 14.6 at theta = .08 for the F9-DXS105
      linkage) and should thus be a better marker for analysis of fragile-X families.
      However, the DXS105 locus appears to be still loosely linked to the fragile-X
      locus in some families. The multipoint estimation for recombination between
      DXS105 and FRAXA is .16 in our set of data. Our data indicate that the region
      responsible for the heterogeneity in recombination between F9 and the fragile-X
      locus is within the DXS105-FRAXA interval.

PMID- 2893551
TI  - Systematic dyskinesia examination of profoundly mentally retarded persons:
      cooperation and assessment.
AB  - Performance of 344 institutionalized mentally retarded adults was measured to
      assess the applicability of the Dyskinesia Identification System Condensed User
      Scale. A larger proportion of profoundly retarded persons cooperated with
      Dyskinesia Identification examination procedures than has previously been found.
      Performance deficits were observed on activation tasks (APA, 1979) that precede
      assessment of lingual abnormal involuntary movements. Intelligence quotients,
      neuroleptic dosage, gender, and ambulatory and visual impairments were associated
      with performance of activation tasks. Results suggest the difficulty of
      implementing standardized tardive dyskinesia assessments and that client behavior
      problems may threaten the valid assessment of this disorder among
      institutionalized profoundly retarded persons.

PMID- 2893552
TI  - Beta-adrenergic-induced surfactant synthesis, secretion, and reutilization in
      fetal rabbit lung and isolated differentiating type II alveolar cells.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro approaches were used to examine the role of beta-adrenergic
      agonists in the regulation of surfactant synthesis and secretion in the lung.
      Rabbit fetuses of either 28 or 30 gestational days were treated with isoxsuprine.
      Fetuses from half of the does in each group were removed and allowed to breathe
      for 30 minutes. The others were left in utero. Intracellular and extracellular
      surfactant pools were isolated. Breathing increased secreted surfactant. On the
      twenty-eighth day without breathing, isoxsuprine treatment increased secretion of
      surfactant. The reverse effect was noted in the group that received the drug and
      also breathed. In contrast, on the thirtieth day, the drug inhibited surfactant
      release in those fetuses that did not breathe. In in vitro studies,
      undifferentiated type II alveolar cells were isolated and stimulated to
      differentiate. Subsequent exposure to isoxsuprine (5 or 10 mumol/L) stimulated
      both the synthesis and secretion of radiolabeled disaturated phosphatidylcholine.
      Concurrent incubation of those cells exposed to 10 mumol/L isoxsuprine with
      either unsaturated or disaturated phosphatidylcholine that was carbon 14 labeled
      showed a strong preference for incorporation of the latter phospholipid into
      total cellular phosphatidylcholine. These results suggest that beta-adrenergics
      may inhibit as well as stimulate secretion of surfactant by type II alveolar
      cells and that these cells may reincorporate secreted disaturated phospholipid.

PMID- 2893553
TI  - Antigens of Entamoeba histolytica recognized by immune sera from liver abscess
      patients.
AB  - Immune sera from 11 patients cured of amebic liver abscess was used to identify
      antigens of Entamoeba histolytica. Strain HM1-IMSS, among the most virulent in
      axenic culture, was used. The 37 and 90 Kd antigens were surface glycoproteins as
      indicated by lactoperoxidase iodination and by Concanavalin A blotting; the 59 Kd
      antigen was a mannose containing glycoprotein that did not appear to be on the
      cell surface. Western blots of 11 different immune sera revealed specific binding
      of immune IgG to 9 amebic proteins. Most frequently recognized proteins were of
      molecular weight 37, 59, and 90 Kd. The immunoblot pattern in 5 patients was
      unchanged for up to 30 months post-treatment for liver abscess.

PMID- 2893554
TI  - Reversal of neurochemical aberrations after tumor resection in rats.
AB  - Assessment of biochemical parameters in methylcholanthrene sarcoma-bearing rats 2
      days after the onset of anorexia revealed several biochemical aberrations in
      blood and brain. Plasma levels of glucose were decreased and lactate
      concentrations were increased. The plasma and brain amino acid profiles were also
      greatly altered in these rats, characterized by increased brain concentrations of
      glutamine and large neutral amino acids. Analysis of regional neurotransmitter
      and metabolite levels by high-performance liquid chromatography suggested
      increases in the neuronal activity of dopamine and serotonin in each brain region
      examined. Surgical removal of the tumors in another group of anorectic tumor
      bearing rats was followed by the return of normal feeding within 6 days.
      Associated with the normalization of food intake was the reversal of these
      biochemical aberrations in blood and brain. It is hypothesized that the
      utilization of glutamine and excretion of ammonia by tumor tissue is the
      precursor of these alterations in brain amino acids and neurotransmitters, which
      may be causing anorexia.

PMID- 2893556
TI  - Treatment of pancreatic cutaneous fistulas with a somatostatin analog.
AB  - Five pancreatic cutaneous fistulas were treated by subcutaneous administration of
      a long-acting synthetic analog of somatostatin, SMS 201-995. Patients included
      four men and one woman who ranged in age from 52 to 77 years. The fistulas
      developed after drainage of a pancreatic abscess, biopsy of a pancreatic mass,
      splenectomies for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and Felty's syndrome, and
      operative trauma, respectively. Fistula output consisted of 1,000 ml/day of
      amylase- and lipase-rich fluid in the patient with a pancreatic biopsy. The other
      four patients had low-output fistulas (100 to 250 ml/day) that had been draining
      for 1 to 12 months. Direct communication with the pancreatic duct was
      demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, sinography, or
      both in four of the five patients. Fistula output decreased from 340 +/- 376
      ml/day to 63 +/- 36 ml/day on the first day of therapy with two daily doses of
      0.05 mg SMS 201-995 (p less than 0.03) and to 13 +/- 19 ml/day on the seventh day
      of therapy (p less than 0.03). Two patients had prompt closure of their fistulas
      and one closed in 3 months. One patient with chronic pancreatitis and a duct
      stricture and one patient with recurring infection did not achieve permanent
      fistula closure with SMS 201-995. Because of its safety, ease of administration,
      and efficacy in decreasing fistula output, we believe somatostatin analog therapy
      is beneficial in hastening closure of pancreatic fistulas.

PMID- 2893555
TI  - Inhibition of growth of two human pancreatic adenocarcinomas in vivo by
      somatostatin analog SMS 201-995.
AB  - Somatostatin inhibits hormone secretion from gastrointestinal endocrine tumors.
      The purpose of this study was to determine whether SMS 201-995, a long-acting
      analog, would inhibit the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Two human
      pancreatic cancers grown in nude mice were studied: SKI, which has
      cholecystokinin receptors, and CAV, which does not. Tumors were implanted in
      groups of six mice each. Treatment groups received SMS 201-995 (100 micrograms/kg
      three times daily) by intraperitoneal injections and control animals received
      saline solution. Tumor area was measured twice weekly. After 7 weeks, the tumors
      and mouse pancreases were excised, weighed, and analyzed for protein and RNA and
      DNA content. In a second set of experiments, treatment was begun 21 days after
      transplantation. Mean body weights between groups were not different in any
      experiment. With treatment beginning on the day of transplantation, the tumor
      areas of SKI and CAV cancers were reduced by the third and fifth weeks of
      treatment, respectively. Tumor doubling times were prolonged with treatment in
      both SKI tumors (5 days) and CAV tumors (6 days). In the SKI treatment groups,
      tumor weight (52 percent), RNA content (72 percent), and DNA content (60 percent)
      were decreased at sacrifice compared with those of the control groups. In the CAV
      treatment group, the mean tumor weight (55 percent) and protein (48 percent), RNA
      (67 percent) and DNA contents (60 percent) were decreased compared with the CAV
      control group. Tumor growth of SKI and CAV cancers was also inhibited when
      treatment was delayed 21 days after transplantation. We conclude that these
      effects are not mediated by inhibition of cholecystokinin, as seen by similar
      inhibitory effects on both tumors. Treatment with SMS 201-995 may be an effective
      hormonal therapy in patients with pancreatic cancers.

PMID- 2893557
TI  - Postprandial neurohormonal control of gastric emptying.
AB  - The delay in gastric emptying after a meal is thought to result from nutrient
      distention-induced release of peptides and neurotransmitters in the gut. The
      potential contribution of the brain and central neuropeptides to the postprandial
      regulation of gastric emptying has not been studied adequately. The purpose of
      this study was twofold: to examine the relative importance and pure central
      stimulation (sham feeding) or pure peripheral stimulation (duodenal feeding) on
      gastric emptying, and to determine whether relevant neuropeptides act in the
      brain to slow gastric emptying of a meal. Six mongrel dogs were prepared with
      esophageal fistulas, gastric fistulas, duodenal fistulas, and chronic lateral
      cerebroventricular guides. Gastric emptying of a 300 ml saline solution meal was
      measured by a phenol red dye dilution technique. Sham feeding of a blenderized
      meal through the esophageal fistula was used as a central cephalic stimulus.
      Intraduodenal oleic acid was used as a peripheral stimulus. Both sham feeding and
      intraduodenal oleic acid inhibited gastric emptying by 59 +/- 12 percent, 73 +/-
      5 percent, respectively. In separate studies, we examined the effect on gastric
      emptying of a bolus injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle of graded doses
      of corticotropin-releasing factor (110 to 440 pmol/kg), cholecystokinin (16 to
      128 pmol/kg), somatostatin-14 (55 pmol/kg), human calcitonin gene-related peptide
      (230 pmol/kg), and neuropeptide Y (62 to 250 pmol/kg). These peptides are known
      to affect satiety, gastric emptying, and gastric acid secretion. Of these, only
      neuropeptide Y and cholecystokinin had an effect on gastric emptying when
      administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Neuropeptide Y inhibited
      emptying by 28 +/- 8 percent and cholecystokinin accelerated emptying by 32 +/-
      12 percent (p less than 0.05). Sham feeding inhibits gastric emptying to a
      similar degree as intraduodenal feeding, and of the neuropeptides tested, only
      neuropeptide Y inhibited gastric emptying when given into the brain. The central
      release of neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y during a meal may trigger neural
      pathways that promote postprandial delay in gastric emptying. Central signals may
      be as important as peripheral signals in the postprandial control of gastric
      emptying. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism by which sham
      feeding inhibits gastric emptying and whether central release of neuropeptide Y
      is involved.

PMID- 2893559
TI  - [Total hip prosthesis. A biomechanical concept and its consequences].

PMID- 2893560
TI  - Epidural sufentanil versus intramuscular buprenorphine for postoperative
      analgesia. A double-blind comparative trial.
AB  - Epidural sufentanil 50 micrograms was compared with intramuscular buprenorphine
      0.3 mg for postoperative pain relief. Patients were assigned randomly to one of
      two treatment groups and received both an intramuscular and epidural injection,
      one of which was a placebo. Onset of pain relief was faster and quality of
      analgesia superior during the first 2 hours in the patients who received epidural
      sufentanil but the duration of analgesia was longer in the buprenorphine group.
      Cardiovascular variables remained stable in all patients and no respiratory
      depression was observed. Side effects were more frequent following buprenorphine.

PMID- 2893561
TI  - Low dose sufentanil pretreatment. Effect on the induction of anaesthesia with
      thiopentone, methohexitone or midazolam.
AB  - The effects of pretreatment with varying doses of sufentanil on the subsequent
      induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone, methohexitone or midazolam were
      studied in 240 healthy patients. The induction dose requirements for the
      barbiturates were significantly reduced by sufentanil 5.0 micrograms
      (methohexitone p less than 0.05, thiopentone p less than 0.01). Excitatory
      effects following methohexitone were decreased (p less than 0.01) but brief
      respiratory depression was increased in both cases. Midazolam onset time was
      reduced, as was the frequency of failed induction, after sufentanil 5.0
      micrograms (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2893558
TI  - [Pathogenetic treatment with tocolytic drugs of pregnant women with threatened
      premature labor].

PMID- 2893562
TI  - Determination of bromazepam and its urinary metabolites, with a previous
      hydrolysis reaction, by voltammetric and spectrophotometric techniques.

PMID- 2893563
TI  - Early ontogeny of catecholaminergic structures in the sheep brain.
      Immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The localization of tyrosine hydroxylase was studied in the brain of sheep foetus
      during early ontogeny using immunohistochemistry. The first immunoreactive
      neurons appeared very early since they were found on day 30 of pregnancy in the
      medioventral part of the mesencephalic flexure. The distribution of the different
      catecholaminergic groups of neurons was similar to the adult's after 75 days of
      pregnancy. The latest groups to appear was the A12 group. Comparison of the
      development of the sheep foetus with rodents or primates, more commonly studied,
      is difficult because of its different development. It seems, however, that
      catecholaminergic structures appear earlier in sheep and rodents than in human.
      Considering the early appearance of these transmitters in the central nervous
      system, their role on brain development has to be studied in the future.

PMID- 2893564
TI  - Comparison of effects of atracurium and vecuronium in cardiac surgical patients.
AB  - To compare the cardiovascular effects of intubating doses of atracurium besylate
      and vecuronium bromide in cardiac surgical patients while utilizing fentanyl
      anesthesia, 20 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass surgery
      were randomly assigned to two equal groups in a double-blind fashion. Two minutes
      after induction of anesthesia, baseline hemodynamic measurements were obtained
      and either atracurium 0.5 mg/kg (group 1) or vecuronium 0.12 mg/kg (group 2) was
      administered as an intravenous bolus. Hemodynamic measurements were then repeated
      2, 5, and 10 minutes after injection. Atracurium produced a statistically
      significant decrease in blood pressure at 2 minutes and a statistically
      significant increase in cardiac output and decrease in systemic vascular
      resistance at 2, 5, and 10 minutes. Vecuronium produced no statistically
      significant changes in any hemodynamic variable measured other than a decrease in
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 10 minutes after the drug was administered.
      The hemodynamic changes seen with atracurium were closely related to changes in
      serum histamine levels, whereas histamine level did not change after vecuronium.
      There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, even
      though after atracurium statistically significant changes were observed while
      there were no statistically significant changes associated with vecuronium. It is
      concluded that when utilizing the above clinical dose range, use of vecuronium
      may be advantageous over use of atracurium when hemodynamic stability is crucial
      in the anesthetic management of cardiac surgical patients.

PMID- 2893565
TI  - [Analgesia on demand after surgery].

PMID- 2893566
TI  - [Side effects and complications of epidural analgesia with local anesthetics and
      narcotic analgesics].

PMID- 2893567
TI  - Influence of Bordetella avium infection on association of Escherichia coli with
      turkey trachea.
AB  - Four-week-old Bordetella avium-infected and B avium-free turkeys were inoculated
      intratracheally with a suspension of fimbriated or nonfimbriated Escherichia
      coli. Numbers of E coli associated with tracheal sections were determined at
      postinoculation hour (PIH) 1 or 6. Significantly (P less than 0.05) greater
      numbers of E coli were isolated from the tracheas of B avium-infected turkeys
      compared with numbers in B avium-free turkeys. In B avium-free turkeys, tracheal
      associated E coli were 90% less at PIH 6 compared with that at PIH 1. However, in
      B avium-infected turkeys, numbers of E coli were not affected by postinoculation
      time. Seemingly, B avium-infected turkeys had reduced capacity to clear E coli
      from the trachea.

PMID- 2893568
TI  - Comparison of various anesthetic regimens in the domestic fowl.
AB  - Three anesthetic agents (equithesin, metomidate, and ketamine) combined with
      diazepam were tested in the domestic fowl. Laparotomy and thoractomy were
      possible with the equithesin/diazepam combination, but only laparotomy was
      possible with the metomidate/diazepam combination. The combination of
      ketamine/diazepam did not result in the depth of anesthesia required for surgical
      procedures. Repeated blood pressure and heart rate measurements were recorded by
      use of a modified noninvasive Doppler technique. Equithesin/diazepam was our
      combination of choice for long-duration surgical anesthesia. The depth of
      anesthesia could be modulated by increasing the dose of diazepam.
      Metomidate/diazepam was useful when short-term anesthesia was required. In
      contrast to equithesin/diazepam, the metomidate/diazepam combination provided
      unstable anesthesia of varying depth and duration. Adverse reactions with
      metomidate indicated caution when using this drug in chickens; the drug also
      caused marked bradycardia. Ketamine/diazepam combination cannot be recommended as
      an anesthetic agent for use in chickens. The combination may be useful for minor
      surgical procedures or treatment, but not for experimental procedures that
      involve major surgery. Diazepam alone had a slight tranquilizing effect.

PMID- 2893569
TI  - Morphologic features of Sertoli cells in the intra-abdominal testes of
      cryptorchid dwarf goats.
AB  - Light and electron microscopy revealed an age-related progression of alterations
      of Sertoli cells in the intra-abdominal and scrotal testes of unilaterally
      cryptorchid West African dwarf goats between the ages of 1 and 30 months.
      Alterations in the scrotal testis were, however, maturational and included
      differentiation of Sertoli-to-Sertoli cell junctional specializations, profusion
      of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, convolution of nuclear profiles, development of
      vacuolar components of the nucleolus, and an overall change in cell shape in
      response to proliferation of germinal cells. Corresponding features were observed
      in Sertoli cells of the contralateral intra-abdominal testis, but the cytoplasmic
      features were transient because the cells degenerated progressively. Early
      changes included segregation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum into compact
      masses composed of dense, narrow cisternae, dilatation of the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum cisternae into large, irregular profiles, atrophy of the Golgi complex,
      and accumulation of lipid droplets and lipofuscin granules. Many of these
      organelles and inclusions no longer were obvious in Sertoli cells of 12- to 15
      month-old goats; rather, intracellular vacuoles and dilated intercellular spaces
      had become common. In the 24- to 30-month-old goats, Sertoli cells in the intra
      abdominal testis contained mostly microfilaments and basally located mitochondria
      with circular cristae in dense matrices. The Sertoli-to-Sertoli cell junctional
      specializations were structurally intact. These results indicated that, in spite
      of the unfavorable intra-abdominal environment, Sertoli cells of the intra
      abdominal testis, before their degeneration, had developed features similar to
      those of the scrotal testis.

PMID- 2893570
TI  - Efficacy of amoxicillin trihydrate for the treatment of experimentally induced
      foot rot in cattle.
AB  - Twenty holstein heifers were intradermally inoculated in the interdigital skin
      with a suspension containing Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides
      melaninogenicus to induce acute foot rot. Lesions, lameness, and swelling were
      evaluated during the study, using a subjective scoring system. Rectal
      temperature, species and number of bacteria isolated, and change in body weight
      were monitored throughout the study. Ten heifers (treated) were given amoxicillin
      trihydrate (10 mg/kg of body weight, IM) for 5 days, beginning at the onset of
      lameness. The remaining 10 heifers (controls) were given physiologic saline
      solution IM. Treated heifers had less severe lesions and greater weight gain than
      did control heifers. Rectal temperatures of treated heifers did not differ
      significantly from those of control heifers. It was concluded that administration
      of amoxicillin trihydrate early in the course of acute foot rot may reduce the
      severity of lesions associated with foot rot in cattle.

PMID- 2893572
TI  - [A case of periarteritis nodosa in a child: discussion of a pure cutaneous form].

PMID- 2893571
TI  - [Clinical and virological study of a case of infection with the HIV-LAV 2 virus].
AB  - A case of AIDS due to HIV/LAV2 is reported. The patient was a 32 year old man
      from Guinea-Bissau with no known risk factors. He had brain toxoplasmosis, oral
      thrush and chronic genital herpes. Investigations for IgG anti-HIV/LAV1' (Elisa,
      Western Blot, Ripa) were negative. Antibodies to HIV/LAV2 were found and cultures
      of peripheral blood lymphocytes and cerebro-spinal fluid were positive. HIV/LAV2
      seems to be similar to STLV-III (mac), STLV-III (agm), and probably HTLV-IV.

PMID- 2893573
TI  - [Tissue distribution of 3 beta-blockers in dogs].

PMID- 2893574
TI  - Restoration of the foot using the radial forearm flap.
AB  - Large foot defects unsuitable for reconstruction by local foot flaps are most
      expediently salvaged with distant free-tissue transfers. Although muscle flaps
      are preferred for infected wounds, coverage of the clean or acute foot deformity
      may be better achieved with the innervated radial forearm fasciocutaneous flap.
      This almost ideal donor site has been used by us for all traumatic foot defects
      requiring free flaps during the previous year. Our results document that in the 5
      available clinical examples, restoration of normal foot contour, durability
      during ambulation, and an excellent aesthetic appearance were achieved.

PMID- 2893575
TI  - [Beta-blockers in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency. Pharmacological bases].
AB  - Failure of the myocardial pump and poor adjustment of the cardiac output to the
      oxygen needs of the body, cause sympathetic reflexes (tachycardia and muscular,
      cutaneous, splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction) which concur to increase
      arterial blood pressure and cardiac output. This sympathetic hyperstimulation
      during the evolution of cardiac insufficiency results in many myocardial
      consequences: increase of the post-charge and cardiac work, depletion of the
      stock of neuromediator (nor-epinephrine) in the nerve endings of the myocardial
      sympathetic fibers and decrease of the number of beta-adrenergic receptors of the
      myocardial cell membranes. It is well known, now, that the "down-regulation" of
      beta-receptors involves, at least for a short time, a process of internalization
      of the receptors when subjected to intense stimulation by agonists receptors. A
      cell enzyme, the "beta-adrenergic receptor kinase" (BARK) causes a
      phosphorylation of certain sites of the proteins of the beta-receptor when
      stimulated by agonists. The receptor is then internalized in the cell and fails
      to be stimulated. It will become functional again and accessible under the
      membrane under the effect of another enzyme, a phosphatase. These pharmacological
      findings have led cardiologists to propose a beta-blocking treatment in severe
      forms (stage IV) of cardiac insufficiency. Biopsies of the myocardium in patients
      awaiting a heart transplant, have shown recently that under beta-blockers, the
      number of beta-functional receptors increased and this was interpreted as a
      response of myocardial cells to the blocking of remaining receptors (equivalent
      to an up-regulation phenomenon). This mechanism has been advocated to explain the
      excellent results of the treatment in some patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2893576
TI  - Ulcerative colitis in Singapore: a clinical study of sixty-one patients.
AB  - Sixty-one consecutive cases of ulcerative colitis from the Department of
      Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, over a 16-year period (1971 to 1986) were
      reviewed. Mean duration of follow-up was 35.9 months (range 2 months to 16
      years). Fifty-one (83.6%) cases were diagnosed in the last 8 years. Sex ratio was
      almost equal (males 30, females 31) and mean age was 38.2 years. All racial
      groups were affected but a predilection among Indians (21.3%) was observed. At
      presentation, the disease was mild in 36 (59.0%), moderate in 14 (22.9%) and
      severe in 11 (18.1%) patients. Fifty-two (85.2%) patients had symptoms of at
      least one month's duration before presentation. The 3 commonest symptoms were
      haematochezia (95.1%), diarrhoea (95.1%) and mucoid stools (83.6%).
      Extraintestinal manifestations of disease such as backache (8.2%), peripheral
      arthritis (6.5%), iritis (6.5%) and liver disease (1.6%) were uncommon. Severe
      intestinal complications include toxic megacolon (1.6%), colonic perforation
      (1.6%) and massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage (1.6%). Haematological and
      biochemical indices at presentation generally reflected the activity and severity
      of disease. The disease was limited to the rectum and sigmoid colon in 12 (19.7%)
      patients, extended up to the splenic flexure in 16 (26.2%), up to the hepatic
      flexure in another 16 (26.2%) and involved the whole colon in 17 (27.9%).
      Pseudopolyposis was present in 13 (21.3%) patients. Of 49 patients: (a) 18
      (36.7%) had remission and were relapse free subsequently (b) 14 (28.6%) had
      infrequent relapses (less than 3 x/year) (c) 3 (6.1%) had frequent relapses
      (greater than 3 x/year) (d) 10 (20.4%) had chronically active disease (e) 4
      (8.2%) had a short fulminant course terminating in death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893577
TI  - [Contribution of immunocytochemistry to the study of the development of
      neuroglandular peptidergic systems in the human fetal hypothalamus].
AB  - Immunohistochemistry makes possible the in situ detection of neuropeptides in the
      cell bodies were they are synthesized, in the fibers that carry them, and in
      endings. Immunohistochemistry appears necessary to identify and map peptidergic
      neurons and to study their ontogeny. From 1975, we have carried the
      immunohistochemical study of several hypothalamic neuronal populations in the
      human fetus: LH-RH (1976), somatostatin (1977), pro-opiocortin (1978),
      vasopressin and oxytocin (1979), corticoliberin (1982), somatocrinin (1983), and
      hypothalamic neurons containing an unidentified peptide (1984). Comparative
      ontogenetical studies have also been performed in rats.

PMID- 2893578
TI  - ["Push-pull" perfusion technic in neuroendocrinology].
AB  - In this article the author reviews the different models of push-pull cannula
      device used in neuroendocrinology, mainly those applied to the study of
      neurohormones release from median eminence (ME). At present, three technical
      details might explain some disagreements resulting from application of push-pull
      perfusion (PPP) in neuroendocrinology, concerning for instance, the SRIF release:
      firstly, the tissue damage connected with the diameter of the cannulas utilized
      (guide and perfusion), secondly, the perfusion flow which can vary from 15 to 40
      microliter/min according to the authors, and finally, the means of implanting the
      cannula in the ME (between 8 days and 1 hour before perfusion). The author
      compares the values of SRIF, TRH and CRF releases measured by portal cannula with
      those obtained by PPP. It would seem that the application of a physiological
      stimulus triggers a response measured in the perfusate whose amplitude as
      compared to basal levels, is more important than the amplitude measured in portal
      blood. In conclusion, in despite of its limits--reproductiveness and yield--, at
      the present time PPP may be considered one of the major methodological tools
      affording the physiologist optimum conditions for in vivo studies.

PMID- 2893579
TI  - [A new in vitro model allows use of the same hypothalamus for morphological and
      functional studies].
AB  - A model for combined morphological and functional investigations on the isolated
      rat mediobasal hypothalamus has been developed. Under these conditions of
      incubation, the hypothalamic tissue is well preserved, on the basis of photonic
      and electronic microscopic examinations. This model has been used to study the
      LHRH system in the rat. LHRH release has been measured in the incubation medium
      under basal conditions and after KCl-induced depolarisation; the, LHRH has been
      localized by immunohistochemistry on the hypothalamic fragment.

PMID- 2893580
TI  - Chromosomal assignment of seven human genomic DNA sequences associated with
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - Seven phage clones containing human sequences were picked at random from a human
      genomic library cloned in Charon 4A. The clones are devoid of repetitive
      sequences and can be used to recognize restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (Feder et al. 1985). The chromosomal locations of the sequences defined by the
      seven clones have been determined by Southern blotting and DNA hybridization to
      DNA from human-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The chromosomal assignment of these
      sequences should increase their value as genetic markers in family studies.

PMID- 2893581
TI  - Recycling of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 in mosquito larvae: a laboratory study.
AB  - After ingestion by Culex pipiens and Anopheles stephensi fourth instar larvae,
      spores of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 rapidly germinated inside live mosquito
      midgut. Bacterial counts and electron microscopic observations on intoxicated
      larvae revealed that the number of viable spores rapidly decreased during the
      first 12 h, with a minimum between 12 and 24 h. In cadavers, the number of heat
      resistant spores quickly increased between the first and second day post-feeding.
      After one week, the number of spores inside dead larvae reached approximately 20
      times the number of ingested spores for both mosquito species (ca. 4 X 10(5)
      spores/larva). Ultrathin sections of recycled spores showed the presence of a
      crystalline inclusion identical to that initially present in spores before
      ingestion. Bioassay on C. pipiens fourth instar larvae showed a similar toxicity
      between in vivo recycled spores (LC50 = 1.1 +/- 0.3 X 10(5) spores/ml after 24-h
      exposure) and culture-medium-grown spores of B. sphaericus strain 2362 (LC50 =
      1.7 +/- 0.4 X 10(5) spores/ml).

PMID- 2893582
TI  - Cloning and characterization of the glnA gene of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.
AB  - A plasmid which, by complementation, restored a Gln+Nif+ phenotype to the Gln-Nif
      Azospirillum brasilense mutant 7029, was isolated from a gene bank of total DNA
      of A. brasilense Sp7 (ATCC 29145) constructed in the broad host range vector
      pVK100. This plasmid contained the structural gene (glnA) for glutamine
      synthetase. The glnA gene was mapped by Tn5 insertion and DNA hybridization with
      a Klebsiella pneumoniae glnA probe. The direction of transcription of glnA was
      determined. The glnA product was identified as a 50-Kd polypeptide which could be
      adenylylated in Escherichia coli, and glutamine synthetase activity was
      characterized in E. coli. Plasmids containing the glnA gene restored glutamine
      independent growth and a Nif+ phenotype to Gln-Nif- and Gln-Nifc mutants of
      Azospirillum.

PMID- 2893583
TI  - Efficiency of plasma exchange in Guillain-Barre syndrome: role of replacement
      fluids. French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - The goals of this multicenter controlled trial were: (1) to study the short-term
      effect of plasma exchange in the Guillain-Barre syndrome when applied alone
      within 17 days of onset of the disease; and (2) to compare two replacement
      fluids, diluted albumin and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) with regard to efficacy and
      morbidity. Two hundred twenty patients were included, 111 in the control group,
      109 in the plasma exchange group, 57 of whom were assigned to receive albumin and
      52 to receive fresh frozen plasma. Treatment consisted of four plasma exchanges
      of two plasma volumes each, initiated on the day of randomization and repeated on
      alternate days. Significant short-term benefits appeared in the group that
      received plasma exchange as demonstrated by the reduction in the proportion of
      patients who required assisted ventilation after randomization, and the decrease
      in time before beginning weaning from ventilator, time to onset of motor
      recovery, and time to walk with and without assistance. No statistically
      significant difference was found between the group that received albumin and the
      group that received fresh frozen plasma. Incidents during exchanges and
      complications related to the plasma exchange were more frequent in patients who
      received fresh frozen plasma. Plasma exchange is beneficial in Guillain-Barre
      syndrome when it is carried out early in the course of the disease. Given its
      risks and the lack of its clear superiority over albumin, however, we recommend
      that fresh frozen plasma be abandoned in the treatment of Guillain-Barre
      syndrome.

PMID- 2893585
TI  - Radiology of the esophagus.

PMID- 2893584
TI  - Alanine aminopeptidase and beta 2-microglobulin excretion in patients receiving
      vancomycin and gentamicin.
AB  - The effects of vancomycin, gentamicin, and combination vancomycin-gentamicin
      treatments on alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M)
      elimination in 30 hospitalized patients were assessed and compared with
      elimination in a control group. Twenty-four-hour urine excretion values for AAP
      and beta 2M were determined on treatment day 1 and day 5 for patients receiving
      the three treatment regimens and for the control group. AAP excretion values for
      the vancomycin-treated group were not found to be statistically different from
      those of the control group. Both the gentamicin and the vancomycin-gentamicin
      groups had statistically higher AAP excretion values on treatment day 1 as well
      as on treatment day 5 when compared with the vancomycin and control groups. AAP
      excretion on day 5 of treatment was highest for the vancomycin-gentamicin group.
      Overall, beta 2M elimination was variable in all treatment groups. Although the
      beta 2M values were elevated as early as day 1 in all treatment groups, they were
      significantly elevated only in the vancomycin-gentamicin group on day 1 and only
      in the gentamicin group on day 5 compared with the vancomycin and the control
      groups. AAP appears to be a sensitive indicator of renal tubular damage. The
      combination of vancomycin and gentamicin results in greater AAP excretion than
      does either agent alone.

PMID- 2893586
TI  - Significance of the alanine aminotransferase reaction in the formation of alpha
      ketoglutarate in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The total production of alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate and isocitrate was
      estimated in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial alanine
      aminotransferase converts glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate [A.K. Groen et al.
      (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 122, 87-93], thus participating in the net formation of
      the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates from glutamate. The present
      investigation indicates a significant contribution of the alanine
      aminotransferase reaction to glutamate oxidation by isolated rat liver
      mitochondria in the presence of bicarbonate. It amounted to 41-74 and 7-31% of
      the total utilization of glutamate in States 4 and 3, respectively, in various
      conditions in vitro, at pyruvate concentrations in the range of 0.1-10 mM. The
      participation of glutamate in the total production of alpha-ketoglutarate at
      physiological concentrations of glutamate, citrate, and isocitrate varied in the
      range of 72-82%. It was calculated that alpha-ketoglutarate formation by the
      reaction of alanine aminotransferase amounted to 30 and 5% of the total
      mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate production in States 4 and 3, respectively, at
      physiological concentrations of its precursors and in the presence of 0.5 mM
      malate and 0.1 mM pyruvate. It constituted 77-97% of the net production of the
      tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates from glutamate in rat liver mitochondria.
      The importance of alpha-ketoglutarate production via the alanine aminotransferase
      reaction under various physiological conditions is discussed.

PMID- 2893587
TI  - Specificity of tyrosine protein kinases of the structurally related receptors for
      insulin and insulin-like growth factor I: Tyr-containing synthetic polymers as
      specific inhibitors or substrates.
AB  - The receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I are structurally
      similar transmembrane proteins. Ligand binding to the extracellular domain of the
      receptor stimulates its cytoplasmic tyrosine protein kinase which phosphorylates
      its own beta subunit as well as exogenous substrates. It is believed, from
      several lines of evidence, that tyrosine-specific protein kinases are mediating
      some or all of the actions of insulin (or IGF-I). In order to gain insights into
      the substrate specificity of the structurally related insulin and IGF-I receptor
      kinases, we have studied the action of highly purified receptors isolated from
      human placental membranes. Present studies using selected tyrosine-containing
      polymers have revealed: (i) Polymers such as (Y,A,E)n and (Y-A-E)n inhibit beta
      subunit autophosphorylation and exogenous substrate phosphorylation by
      autophosphorylated receptors. (ii) Insulin receptor kinase is at least 10 times
      more sensitive to these inhibitors than IGF-I receptor kinase. (iii) (Y-A-E)n is
      approximately 8 times more potent an inhibitor than (Y,A,E)n toward both
      receptors. (iv) While (E4,Y1)n and (E6,A3,Y1)n are good substrates for both
      receptor kinases, the ratio of phosphate incorporation into the former to the
      latter is characteristically high (approximately 4) for the IGF-I receptor and
      low (approximately 1) for the insulin receptor. These results imply that the
      substrate specificity and enzymatic action of these two receptor kinases are
      distinct.

PMID- 2893588
TI  - Pyridine nucleotide oxidation by a plasma membrane fraction from red beet (Beta
      vulgaris L.) storage tissue.
AB  - The potential role of pyridine nucleotide oxidation in the energization and/or
      regulation of membrane transport was examined using sealed plasma membrane
      vesicles isolated from red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) storage tissue. In this
      system, pyridine nucleotide oxidation, which was enhanced in the presence of
      ferricyanide, occurred. In the presence or absence of ferricyanide, the oxidation
      of NADH was several-fold greater than the oxidation of NADPH, indicating that it
      was the preferred substrate for oxidation in this system. Ferricyanide reduction
      coupled to NADH oxidation did not require the transmembrane movement of reducing
      equivalents since ferricyanide incorporated inside the vesicles could not be
      reduced by NADH added externally to the vesicles, unless the vesicles were made
      leaky by the addition of 0.05% (v/v) Triton X-100. Using fluorescent probes for
      the measurement of transmembrane pH gradients and membrane potentials, it was
      determined that NADH oxidation did not result in the production of a proton
      electrochemical gradient or have any effect upon the proton electrochemical
      gradient produced by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. The oxidation of NADH in the
      presence of ferricyanide did result in the acidification of the reaction medium.
      This acidification was unaffected by the addition of Gramicidin D and stimulated
      by the addition of 0.05% (v/v) Triton X-100, suggesting a scalar (nonvectorial)
      production of protons in the oxidation/reduction reaction. The results of this
      study suggest that the oxidation of pyridine nucleotides by plasma membrane
      vesicles is not related to energization of transport at the plasma membrane or
      modulation of the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase.

PMID- 2893589
TI  - The binding of divalent metal ions to platelet factor XIII modulates its
      proteolysis by trypsin and thrombin.
AB  - We investigated the effect of divalent metal ions on the proteolytic cleavage and
      activation of platelet Factor XIII by thrombin and trypsin. In the absence of
      metal ions (5 mM EDTA), trypsin and thrombin rapidly degraded platelet Factor
      XIII (80 kDa) to low-molecular-mass peptides (50-19 kDa) with simultaneous loss
      of transglutaminase activity. Divalent metal ions protected Factor XIII from
      proteolytic inactivation with an order of efficacy of Ca2+ greater than Zn2+
      greater than Mg2+ greater than Mn2+. Calcium (2 mM) increased by 10- to 1000-fold
      the trypsin and thrombin concentrations required to degrade Factor XIII to a 19
      kDa peptide. Factor XIIIa formed by thrombin in the presence of 5 mM EDTA had one
      half the specific activity of Factor XIIIa formed in the presence of calcium.
      Factor XIII was cleaved by trypsin in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+ to a 51 +/- 3-kDa
      fragment that had 60% of the original Factor XIIIa activity. A similar tryptic
      peptide formed in the presence of 5 mM EDTA did not have transglutaminase
      activity. In the presence of 5 mM Mg2+, thrombin cleaved Factor XIII to a major
      51 +/- 3-kDa fragment that had 60% of the Factor XIIIa activity. Mn2+ (0.1-5 mM)
      limited trypsin and thrombin proteolysis. The resulting digest containing a
      population of Factor XIII fragments (50-14 kDa) expressed 50-60% transglutaminase
      activity of Factor XIIIa. Factor XIII was fully activated by both trypsin and
      thrombin in the presence of 5 mM Zn2+, resulting in two fragments of 76 and 72
      kDa. We conclude that the binding of divalent metal ions to platelet Factor XIII
      induces conformational changes in the protein that alter its susceptibility to
      proteolysis and influence the expression of transglutaminase activity.

PMID- 2893590
TI  - Directed mutagenesis of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-reactive carboxyl residues
      in beta-subunit of F1-ATPase of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Previous studies in which dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) was used to inactivate
      F1-ATPase enzymes have suggested that two glutamate residues in the beta-subunit
      are essential for catalysis. In the Escherichia coli F1-ATPase, these are
      residues beta-Glu-181 and beta-Glu-192. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was
      used to change these residues to beta-Gln-181 and beta-Gln-192. The beta-Gln-181
      mutation produced strong impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in vivo and also
      of ATPase and ATP-driven proton-pumping activities in membranes assayed in vitro.
      A low level of each activity was detected and an F1-ATPase appeared to be
      assembled normally on the membranes. Therefore, it is suggested that the carboxyl
      side chain at residue beta-181 is important, although not absolutely required,
      for catalysis in both directions on E. coli F1-ATPase. The beta-Gln-192 mutation
      produced partial inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in vivo and membrane
      ATPase activity was reduced by 78%. These results contrast with the complete or
      near-complete inactivation seen when E. coli F1-ATPase is reacted with DCCD and
      imply that DCCD-inactivation is attributable more to the attachment of the bulky
      DCCD molecule than to the derivatization of the carboxyl side chain of residue
      beta-Glu-192. M. Ohtsubo and colleagues (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1987)
      146, 705-710) described mutagenesis of the F1-beta-subunit of thermophilic
      bacterium PS3. Mutations (Glu----Gln) of the residues homologous to Glu-181 and
      Glu-192 of E. coli F1-beta-subunit both caused total inhibition of ATPase
      activity. Therefore, there was a marked difference in results obtained when the
      same residues were modified in the PS3 and E. coli F1-beta-subunits.

PMID- 2893591
TI  - [Attempted marrow rescue with cryopreserved circulating stem cells following high
      dose chemotherapy].
AB  - Circulating hematopoietic stem cells were collected by three consecutive
      leukaphereses during post-chemotherapy expansion of the stem cell pool in a 3
      year-old boy with advanced and therapy-resistant neuroblastoma. The cells were
      fractionated by discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation, frozen in a
      programmed freezer and then stored in liquid nitrogen. Following high-dose
      chemotherapy, the cells were thawed rapidly and re-infused into the patient.
      Early evidence of marrow recovery was first noted at day 13 and the times
      required to achieve a granulocyte count of greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/L and a
      platelet count of greater than 50 x 10(9)/L were 21 days and 30 days,
      respectively. This new marrow-rescue operation may have potential in cancer
      therapy as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation and further clinical
      investigation is warranted.

PMID- 2893592
TI  - Treatment of the dumping syndrome with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - In six patients suffering from severe early dumping and six patients with late
      dumping after peptic ulcer surgery, the effect of the somatostatin analogue SMS
      201-995 was compared with placebo. In early dumpers subcutaneous administration
      of 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 prior to meal ingestion induced a strong improvement
      of dumping symptoms as reflected by a decrease of the Sigstad dumping score from
      12 +/- 2 during placebo to 5 +/- 2 (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, the
      postprandial increase of pulse rate was abolished; maximum pulse rate decreased
      from 85 +/- 7 beats/min to 67 +/- 7 beats/min (p less than 0.05). SMS 201-995 did
      not significantly affect postprandial changes in packed cell volume. In late
      dumpers 50 micrograms SMS 201-995 reduced peak plasma insulin after oral glucose
      from 173 +/- 16 mU/L during placebo to 35 +/- 9 mU/L during SMS 201-995 (p less
      than 0.05) and increased individual plasma glucose nadirs from 1.9 +/- 0.3 mmol/L
      to 7.5 +/- 3.3 mmol/L (p less than 0.01). Both in early and late dumpers SMS 201
      995 improved postprandial expiratory breath hydrogen excretion indicating slowing
      of gastrointestinal hurry. SMS 201-995 is a powerful therapeutic agent for the
      management of patients suffering from the dumping syndrome after gastric surgery.

PMID- 2893593
TI  - The effect of somatostatin on experimental intestinal obstruction.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin (SS-14) was tested in an anesthetized rabbit model of
      closed-loop ileal obstruction. Experimental groups included (1) immediate
      treatment (N = 6) receiving SS-14 2,000 pmol X kg-1 X h-1 intravenously (I.V.)
      beginning at the time of ileal obstruction, (2) delayed treatment (N = 5)
      receiving SS-14 beginning 6 hours following ileal obstruction, and (3) control (N
      = 6) receiving only hydration. After 24 hours, all rabbits were killed.
      Significantly decreased intestinal luminal volume and sodium and potassium output
      was observed with both immediate and delayed SS-14 treatment when compared to
      control. Additionally, the gross and microscopic pathologic features of
      intestinal distension, inflammation, and necrosis seen in control rabbits were
      absent in rabbits treated with SS-14. The known broad spectrum of physiologic
      activity of SS-14 on the gastrointestinal tract appeared beneficial in this
      rabbit model of intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 2893594
TI  - Production of lactate and tissue plasminogen activator in vitro by seminiferous
      tubules obtained from adult unilaterally cryptorchid rats.
AB  - Pieces of seminiferous tubules obtained from adult unilaterally cryptorchid rats
      were incubated in vitro and the effect of FSH on the secretion of lactate and
      tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) was studied. Tubules from abdominal testes
      secreted less lactate than scrotal tubules. On the other hand, the basal
      secretion of t-PA was similar but the FSH-stimulated t-PA secretion was larger
      from abdominal than from scrotal tubules. These results indicate a more specific
      dysfunction of the Sertoli cells in cryptorchidism than earlier recognized.

PMID- 2893595
TI  - Interaction between extracellular magnesium and the passage of calcium through
      the sarcolemma during depolarization of isolated feline coronary and femoral
      arteries.
AB  - The mode of action of Mg2+ on vascular smooth muscle has been examined in
      isolated feline coronary and femoral arterial segments using a sensitive in vitro
      method. Potassium (124 mM) was added to feline coronary and femoral arteries
      incubated in a calcium-free buffer solution containing 10 microM EGTA, and
      magnesium in various concentrations (1.2, 4.4 or 13.2 mM). Potassium induced
      during these conditions a small contraction whose magnitude was attenuated by
      raised concentrations of Mg2+ (4.4 and 13.2 mM). Subsequent cumulative addition
      of calcium (10(-6)-3 x 10(-3) M) resulted in concentration-dependent
      contractions. The magnitude of these contractions was magnesium-dependent; the
      contraction elicited was depressed and a dextral shift of the extracellular
      calcium concentration-response relation was noted in the presence of increased
      concentrations of Mg2+ (4.4 and 13.2 mM). In separate experiments performed on
      potassium-depolarized (124 mM) feline coronary arteries it was noted that
      magnesium-induced relaxation was not changed by the presence of propranolol (10(
      6) M), cimetidine (10(-6) M) or atropine (10(-5) M). In addition, the mechanical
      removal of the endothelium did not affect the dilator effect of Mg2+, as examined
      in potassium-depolarized (124 mM) feline femoral arteries. Hence, it may be
      concluded that Mg2+ may interfere with the passage of extracellular calcium
      through the sarcolemma, and that the dilator effect of magnesium is not the
      result of a direct action on beta-adrenoceptors, histamine H2 or cholinergic
      receptors, or requires the presence of an intact endothelium.

PMID- 2893596
TI  - Apparent affinity values of beta-adrenergic blockers in a tissue with a mixture
      of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes.
AB  - The affinity (pA2 or pKB) values of 3 different beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
      were determined using the isolated guinea-pig tracheal chain preparation. The pA2
      values for each of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs were determined, using
      respectively isoprenaline and salbutamol as agonists. Neuronal and extraneuronal
      uptake of agonist were blocked with phenoxybenzamine. With isoprenaline, a
      nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist, the pA2 values for the blocking drugs
      were unacceptable. Using the beta 2-selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist,
      salbutamol, under the same conditions, resulted in consistent pA2 values for the
      nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug propranolol and some concentrations
      of the beta 2-selective blocking drug ICI 118.551. pA2 Values for the beta1
      selective antagonist atenolol were not consistent for the concentrations used. It
      is suggested that this is due to the guinea-pig trachea having a mixed beta
      adrenoceptor population. A mathematical model is presented that shows the
      influence of a mixed receptor subpopulation on the shift of theoretical agonist
      concentration-effect curves in the presence of a competitive antagonist. It can
      be shown that the affinity values of antagonists for a specific receptor subtype
      are to a greater or lesser degree unreliable, depending upon the selectivity
      ratios of both the agonist and the antagonist used.

PMID- 2893597
TI  - Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase attenuates the metabolic response to endotoxin in
      humans.
AB  - Acute infection initiates fever, acute-phase changes, and catabolic responses in
      the host, resulting in weight loss, hypermetabolism, and accelerated proteolysis.
      To test the hypothesis that cyclo-oxygenase inhibition might attenuate these
      responses, we administered Escherichia coli endotoxin intravenously to seven
      normal volunteers and to seven additional subjects pretreated with a cyclo
      oxygenase inhibitor (ibuprofen). Control studies were also performed following
      administration of saline and ibuprofen alone. Vital signs, metabolic rate, and
      concentrations of pituitary and stress hormones, as well as those of other
      substrates, were serially measured. Endotoxin administration produced a response
      similar to an acute illness, with flulike symptoms, fever, tachycardia, increased
      metabolic rate, and stimulation of stress hormone release. These changes were
      markedly attenuated by cyclo-oxygenase inhibition. The leukocytosis,
      hypoferremia, and elevation of the C-reactive protein level induced by endotoxin
      were unaffected by cyclo-oxygenase inhibition. These data indicate that
      activation of the cyclooxygenase pathway is necessary to produce many of the
      metabolic changes observed during critical illness.

PMID- 2893598
TI  - [The effect of dilevalol in histamine-induced airway constriction in guinea
      pigs].

PMID- 2893599
TI  - [Allergic granulomatosis and angitis: report on a case who died in a fulminant
      course].

PMID- 2893600
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and neuropeptide Y. Concentrations in aging and
      in dementia of the Alzheimer type with and without extrapyramidal signs.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations were measured
      in 26 healthy normal subjects, 27 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type
      (DAT), and seven patients with DAT with extrapyramidal signs (EDAT). In healthy
      normal subjects, there was no significant correlation between age and either
      somatostatin or neuropeptide Y concentration. However, the concentrations of both
      peptides correlated significantly with each other. In patients with DAT and EDAT,
      the concentrations of somatostatin (17.5 +/- 5.0 and 16.4 +/- 5.0 pg/mL,
      respectively) were significantly reduced relative to age-matched control subjects
      (23.1 +/- 8.2 pg/mL) but were unrelated to dementia severity and did not change
      significantly during the progression of the disease. Neuropeptide Y
      concentrations did not differ significantly between the age-matched control, DAT,
      and EDAT groups (38.2 +/- 12.8, 37.0 +/- 12.3, and 30.3 +/- 7.8 pg/mL,
      respectively). These results suggest that in DAT, dysfunction of cortical
      somatostatin but not neuropeptide Y transmitter systems is reflected by reduced
      cerebrospinal fluid concentrations.

PMID- 2893602
TI  - Behavioral indices of habituation and sensitization during exposure to phobic
      stimuli.

PMID- 2893601
TI  - A survey of the management of premature labour by Australian obstetricians.
AB  - A survey of the practices of obstetricians in the management of premature labour
      was carried out. A questionnaire consisting of 16 clinical problems was drawn up.
      All Fellows and Members of the RACOG resident in Australia were surveyed by mail
      and 707 (74.3% of those in active practice) returned completed questionnaires.
      Results were analysed by State, seniority and practice size. The survey revealed
      many differences in management even in situations tested by clinical trials (e.g.
      premature rupture of membranes, use of steroids). There was uncertainty about
      when to attempt inhibition with tocolytics. Obstetricians had a more pessimistic
      view concerning neonatal survival than recent published neonatal results
      indicate. The role of chorioamnionitis seemed undervalued. There were many
      differences when results were analysed by State and seniority.

PMID- 2893603
TI  - Characterization of three peptides derived from prosomatostatin [prosomatostatin
      (1-63)-, -(65-76)- and -(79-92)-peptides] in a human pancreatic tumour.
AB  - By using only reverse-phase h.p.l.c., three fragments of prosomatostatin were
      isolated from an extract of a human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that
      produced somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin-releasing
      peptide. The amino acid composition of the peptides indicated that they
      represented prosomatostatin-(1-63)-peptide, prosomatostain-(65-76)-peptide and
      prosomatostatin-(79-92)-peptide (somatostatin-14). The identity of
      prosomatostatin-(1-63)-peptide was confirmed by characterization of the products
      of digestion with Armillaria mellea (honey fungus) proteinase. Partial micro
      sequencing of prosomatostatin-(1-63)-peptide showed that the Gly24-Ala25 bond of
      preprosomatostatin was the site of cleavage of the signal peptide. Thus human
      prosomatostatin is a protein of 92 amino acid residues that is proteolytically
      cleaved in a pancreatic tumour at the site of a dibasic-residue (arginine-lysine)
      processing site and at a single-monobasic-residue (arginine) processing site.

PMID- 2893604
TI  - Cloning of rat brain succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase cDNA. Regulation of
      the mRNA in different rat tissues and during brain development.
AB  - 3-Oxoacid CoA-transferase, which catalyses the first committed step in the
      oxidation of ketone bodies, is uniquely regulated in developing rat brain.
      Changes in 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase activity in rat brain during the postnatal
      period are due to changes in the relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme. To
      study the regulation of this enzyme, we identified, with a specific polyclonal
      rabbit anti-(rat 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase), two positive cDNA clones (approx.
      800 bp) in a lambda gtll expression library, constructed from poly(A)+ RNA from
      brains of 12-day-old rats. One of these clones (lambda CoA3) was subcloned into
      M13mp18 and subjected to further characterization. Labelled single-stranded
      probes prepared by primer extension of the M13mp18 recombinant hybridized to a
      3.6 kb mRNA. Rat brain mRNA enriched by polysome immunoadsorption for a single
      protein of size 60 kDa which corresponds to the precursor form of 3-oxoacid CoA
      transferase was also found to be similarly enriched for the hybridizable 3.6 kb
      mRNA complementary to lambda CoA3. Affinity-selected antibody to the lambda CoA3
      fusion protein inhibited 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase activity present in rat brain
      mitochondrial extracts. The 3.6 kb mRNA for 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase was present
      in relative abundance in rat kidney and heart, to a lesser extent in suckling
      brain and mammary gland and negligible in the liver. The specific mRNA was also
      found to be 3-fold more abundant in the brain from 12-day-old rats as compared
      with 18-day-old foetuses and adult rats, corresponding to the enzyme activity and
      relative rate of synthesis profile during development. These data suggest that 3
      oxoacid CoA-transferase enzyme activity is regulated at a pretranslational level.

PMID- 2893607
TI  - Adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase activity in the conduction system of
      rabbit hearts.
AB  - In comparison to the working myocytes no remarkable differences in the
      localization of adenylate cyclase (AC) and guanylate cyclase (GC) were found. The
      sarcolemmal plasma membrane of the AV node and the Purkinje fibers was the main
      site of the activity of these two enzymes. GC activity was additionally found at
      peripheral junctional couplings. Stimulation by hormones and specific activators
      for both AC and GC was demonstrated with difficulty. The reasons may be more the
      cytochemical preparation technique than the specificity of the AC and GC in the
      conducting tissue.

PMID- 2893606
TI  - Glutamine and ketone-body metabolism in the gut of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - 1. In short- and long-term diabetic rats there is a marked increase in size of
      both the small intestine and colon, which was accompanied by marked decreases (P
      less than 0.001) and increases (P less than 0.001) in the arterial concentrations
      of glutamine and ketone bodies respectively. 2. Portal-drained viscera blood flow
      increased by approx. 14-37% when expressed as ml/100 g body wt., but was
      approximately unchanged when expressed as ml/g of small intestine of diabetic
      rats. 3. Arteriovenous-difference measurements for ketone bodies across the gut
      were markedly increased in diabetic rats, and the gut extracted ketone bodies at
      approx. 7 and 60 nmol/min per g of small intestine in control and 42-day-diabetic
      rats respectively. 4. Glutamine was extracted by the gut of control rats at a
      rate of 49 nmol/min per g of small intestine, which was diminished by 45, 76 and
      86% in 7-, 21- and 42-day-diabetic rats respectively. 5. Colonocytes isolated
      from 7- or 42-day-diabetic rats showed increased and decreased rates of ketone
      body and glutamine metabolism respectively, whereas enterocytes of the same
      animals showed no apparent differences in the rates of acetoacetate utilization
      as compared with control animals. 6. Prolonged diabetes had no effects on the
      maximal activities of either glutaminase or ketone-body-utilizing enzymes of
      colonic tissue preparations. 7. It is concluded that, although the epithelial
      cells of the small intestine and the colon during streptozotocin-induced diabetes
      exhibit decreased rates of metabolism of glutamine, such decreases were partially
      compensated for by enhanced ketone-body utilization by the gut mucosa of diabetic
      rats.

PMID- 2893605
TI  - The structure and mechanism of neurotransmitter receptors. Implications for the
      structure and function of the central nervous system.

PMID- 2893608
TI  - Metabolism of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and related amino acids
      in ischemic guinea pig heart.
AB  - The changes in the contents of the main tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates
      and related amino acids under total ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of
      isolated guinea pig heart were studied. The decrease in ATP and phosphocreatine
      during 30 min ischemia was accompanied by alanine formation and approximately
      stoichiometric glutamate loss. The increase in malate in ischemic myocardium
      corresponded to the anaplerotic flux aspartate----oxaloacetate----malate. The
      succinate production was commensurable to alpha-ketoglutarate formation in the
      alanine aminotransferase reaction. The release of bulk amount of lactate, alanine
      and succinate into the myocardial effluent was observed during an early phase of
      the reperfusion using 1H NMR. In contrast to these metabolites, malate release
      was not observed in the reperfusion. By the 30th min of the reperfusion the
      decrease in lactate, alanine, malate and succinate tissue contents to the
      preischemic values was accompanied by the recovery of ATP and phosphocreatine.
      The results suggest that the formation and the release of succinate and alanine
      from the heart, complementary to that of lactate, reflect profound disturbances
      in energy metabolism.

PMID- 2893609
TI  - Myofibril formation in longterm-cultures of adult rat heart cells.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry using antibodies against myofibrillar proteins such as heart
      C-protein and myomesin but also the fluorescence of rhodamine conjugated
      phalloidin as marker for F-actin structures was employed to study the
      redifferentiation of cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes. It was demonstrated that
      freshly isolated rod shaped cells in culture round up before they attach to the
      substratum, while myofibrillar structures of the cells degenerate. As soon as
      they attached to the substratum and gradually flattened out, small cross-striated
      myofibrils reappeared in the central part of the cells. F-actin, in freshly
      isolated cells present only in the I-band of the myofibrils, extended throughout
      the cells into the processes in the form of filament cables. In later stages the
      myofibrillar distribution varied. Smaller myocytes were frequently filled with
      myofibrils whereas in larger cells with many processes the myofibrils were found
      either arranged in perinuclear regions or showed a mosaic distribution.
      Myofibrils appear to be directly aligned with bundles of actin stress fibers,
      thus further supporting the suggestion that the actin filaments might serve as a
      scaffold for myofibril formation.

PMID- 2893610
TI  - The vacuolar proton-ATPase of eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2893611
TI  - Modulation of c-myc by transforming growth factor-beta in human colon carcinoma
      cells.
AB  - Previous work indicated that transforming growth factor-beta elicits
      proliferation-inhibitory and differentiation-like effects in the human colon
      carcinoma cell line MOSER. We report for the first time that the proto-oncogene c
      myc is repressed in response to transforming growth factor-beta in a human colon
      carcinoma cell line. We also describe a subline of these cells which are
      relatively resistant to the transforming growth factor-beta-induced effects on
      proliferation in monolayer and in soft agarose, but which retain the ability to
      specifically bind transforming growth factor-beta. Analysis of molecular and
      cellular alterations in this subline may aid in elucidating the mechanism of
      action of transforming growth factor-beta.

PMID- 2893612
TI  - S-oxalylglutathione is a substrate for gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT).
      Implications for the role of GGT in cell proliferation.
AB  - With glycylglycine or water as acceptor, bovine kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase
      catalyzes reactions of the known mammalian metabolite, S-oxalylglutathione, at
      rates comparable to those of L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, a known good
      substrate. N-Oxalyl-cysteinylglycine is the eventual product of the former
      reaction. Since oxalyl thiolesters are implicated as important cell proliferation
      inhibitors, it is proposed that this reaction plays a major role in controlling
      cell proliferation.

PMID- 2893613
TI  - Alpha-blocker, bunazosinhydrochloride decreases cytosolic Ca++ of cultured rat
      aortic smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Effect of alpha-blocker, bunazosinhydrochloride on cytosolic Ca++ concentration
      of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) was studied. Marked and sustained
      decrease in cytosolic Ca++ concentration of SMC was observed following the
      addition of 10(-7) M bunazosinhydrochloride. Furthermore, 10(-7) M
      bunazosinhydrochloride completely blocked the phenylephrine induced increase in
      cytosolic Ca++ of rat aortic SMC. It is of interest that a decrease in cytosolic
      Ca++ of vascular SMC was caused by alpha-blocker.

PMID- 2893614
TI  - Structural and functional differences in H+-ATPases with native and reconstituted
      inhibitor protein.
AB  - Anti F1 antibodies that react with the alpha and beta subunits of the
      mitochondrial F0-F1 ATPase complex do not interfere with the natural inhibitor
      protein-ATPase interaction as revealed by inhibitor peptide titration curves.
      Submitochondrial particles with endogenous or added bound inhibitor protein show
      differences in immunoprecipitation. Submitochondrial particles which are
      partially depleted of inhibitor protein gave the same immunoprecipitation curve
      as the Mg-ATP particle. Anti F1 antibodies induce differential effects in ATP
      hydrolysis and ATP-Pi exchange. ATP hydrolysis is stimulated in Mg-ATP particles
      to 200%, while inhibitor depleted and inhibitor reconstituted particles are
      inhibited by the presence of the antibodies. ATP-Pi exchange is stimulated in
      inhibitor reconstituted particles and inhibited in Mg-ATP and inhibitor depleted
      particles. These results suggest that the inhibitor protein when endogenously
      bound confers a different conformation to the F1-ATPase than that of the F1
      ATPase with added bound inhibitor protein.

PMID- 2893615
TI  - Altered enzyme profile is possibly related to hepatocarcinogenesis by clofibrate.
AB  - Sequential analysis of a few biochemical markers was carried out in rat liver
      exposed to the hypolipidemic drug, clofibrate. A transformation marker, gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), proliferation markers, polyamines, differentiation
      markers, arginase and ornithine transaminase (OTA), were chosen for the study.
      GGT activity was significantly reduced with an increase in glutathione
      concentration. Polyamine synthesis was markedly elevated 5 h following clofibrate
      administration. However, chronic exposure evoked only a moderate increase in
      polyamine profile. Hepatic arginase activity decreased significantly during the
      course of drug treatment. Progressive decrease in OTA, accompanied by
      hyperornithinemia, suggested decreased catabolism of ornithine. It is felt that
      these effects of clofibrate on enzyme systems unrelated to its lipid lowering
      action have far-reaching implications in hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2893616
TI  - Tenebrosin-A, a new cardiostimulant protein from the Australian sea anemone
      Actinia tenebrosa.
AB  - A new cardiac stimulatory protein, tenebrosin-A, has been isolated from the
      Australian sea anemone Actinia tenebrosa by gel filtration and cation-exchange
      chromatography, followed by cation-exchange HPLC. Its purity is established by
      analytical reversed-phase HPLC and N-terminal sequence analysis. According to SDS
      PAGE, its apparent Mr is 20,000 daltons. Amino acid analysis indicates that it
      contains 186 residues, and is devoid of cysteine or cystine. Tenebrosin-A exerts
      a strong positive inotropic effect on isolated guinea pig atria at a
      concentration of 1.4 nM, with little chronotropic activity.

PMID- 2893617
TI  - The heterogeneity of arylsulphatase-A and arylsulphatase-B in normal human urine
      and urine from cancer patients.
AB  - Arylsulphatase-A and arylsulphatase-B heterogeneity in normal and cancer patient
      urine was investigated using high resolution agarose isoelectricfocusing. Normal
      urine contained up to nine forms of arylsulphatase-A activity with isoelectric
      points from 4.45 to 5.43 and at least 5 forms of arylsulphatase-B between 8.58
      and 9.15 along with a broad zone of activity between pH 6.5 and 7.6. Although
      cancer patients had significantly higher levels of arylsulphatase-A and
      arylsulphatase-B activity, their pattern of activity was essentially the same as
      for the normals with only minor quantitative differences in some peaks.

PMID- 2893618
TI  - Gas phase sequencing of the proteolipid subunit 9 of the human H+-ATPase in the
      presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.
AB  - The compatibility of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a quaternary ammonium
      compound with detergent properties, with gas phase protein sequencing has been
      examined. Two proteins, one hydrophilic (sperm whale apomyoglobin) and one
      hydrophobic (the proteolipid subunit 9 of the human mitochondrial H+-ATPase),
      were successfully sequenced in the presence of this detergent. The presence of
      CTAB did not affect the repetitive yield during sequencing when compared with
      polybrene although at high detergent concentrations the initial yield was
      apparently lower. The sequence of the first forty amino acid residues of the
      human H+-ATPase proteolipid subunit 9 shows complete homology to the bovine
      sequence.

PMID- 2893619
TI  - Prevention of alterations in the transport of nutrients in pyelonephritic rats by
      immunization with pili.
AB  - The uptake of D-glucose, L-aspartate, L-lysine and L-proline was studied in renal
      brush border membrane vesicles prepared from control, infected and actively
      immunized-infected rats. The uptake of D-glucose, L-lysine and L-proline was
      decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) during the course of infection in the
      infected animals. However, the uptake of L-aspartate was increased significantly
      (p less than 0.05) in early stages and decreased significantly (p less than 0.05)
      in later stages of infection in the infected animals. When the animals were
      actively immunized with pili, still there were changes in the uptake of D-glucose
      and L-aspartate, but the changes appeared later and less pronounced. No change in
      the uptake of L-lysine and L-proline was observed in the immunized-infected
      animals. The findings demonstrated that active immunization with pili prevents
      alterations in the uptake of nutrients in pyelonephritic rats.

PMID- 2893620
TI  - Angiotensin metabolism by cerebral microvascular aminopeptidase A.
AB  - Porcine cerebral microvessels were isolated by differential sieving and
      centrifugation and were characterized by microscopic examination and marker
      enzyme enrichment (gamma-glutamyltransferase; EC 2.3.2.2). Purified microvessels
      contained a membrane-bound enzyme immunologically indistinguishable from renal
      aminopeptidase A (AmA; EC 3.4.11.7). AmA hydrolyzed both alpha-glutamyl- and
      alpha-aspartyl-2-naphthylamide, and hydrolysis was competitively inhibited by
      angiotensin II. Micro-vessel AmA hydrolyzed the N-terminal Asp1-Arg2 bond of both
      angiotensin I and angiotensin II, whereas the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin
      [(Sar1, Ala8)angiotensin II] was resistant to N-terminal hydrolysis. Angiotensin
      metabolism was optimal at pH 8.5 and was inhibited by EDTA, o-phenanthroline and
      amastatin. Conversely, inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase (phosphoramidon), post
      proline cleaving enzyme (Z-Pro-Prolinal), carboxypeptidase N [D-L-mercaptomethyl
      3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid (MERGETPA)] and angiotensin I converting
      enzyme (captopril) had no effect. The Km values of angiotensin I, angiotensin II
      and (Asn1, Val5)angiotensin II for microvessel AmA were 40.1 +/- 8.2, 35.3 +/-
      4.3 and 156 +/- 22 microM respectively. Cerebral microvascular aminopeptidase A
      may play a role in vivo in modulating angiotensin-mediated local cerebral blood
      flow, and in preventing circulating angiotensins from crossing the blood-brain
      barrier.

PMID- 2893621
TI  - Induction of microsomal epoxide hydrolase by nitrosamines in rat liver. Effect on
      messenger ribonucleic acids.
AB  - Nitrosomethylethylamine and nitrosomethylpropylamine were found to be more potent
      inducers of rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase (styrene oxide hydrolase) than
      nitrosodiethylamine or nitrosodimethylamine. The time course of induction
      following a single administration of nitrosodimethylethylamine,
      nitrosomethylpropylamine or nitrosodiethylamine each showed a delay of 24 hr
      during which enzyme activity was unaltered. After that time activity increased
      and reached a maximum at between 72 and 120 hr. Increased enzyme activity
      following NDEA was paralleled by changes in the content of epoxide hydrolase in
      microsomes as measured by Western blots. Nitrosamines caused an increase of mRNA
      for epoxide hydrolase which was detected by probing Northern blots with a [32]-P
      labelled epoxide hydrolase cDNA and by in vitro translation of polyadenylated
      mRNA. Both methods showed a maximal increase at 72 hr after nitrosodiethylamine
      treatment but a significant increase was also observed at 24 hr although at this
      time no increase in enzyme activity was apparent.

PMID- 2893622
TI  - Biochemical characterization of glutathione-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli
      K12 and Salmonella strains TA1535 and TA100.
AB  - Glutathione-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K12/343/408 and Salmonella
      typhimurium TA1535 and TA100 were characterized biochemically by measuring the
      rate of formation of (14C)gamma-glutamylcysteine and (14C)glutathione in cell
      free extracts of the strains. gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase activity was
      found to be absent in the NGR-2 mutant of E. coli and in the Salmonella mutants
      TA1535/NG-19, TA100/NG-57 and TA100/NG-11, while only low activities were found
      in the NGR-9 and NG-54 mutant of E. coli and Salmonella respectively. These
      results correspond with the decreased levels of glutathione found in these
      strains. Extracts of the parent strains have normal glutathione levels and show
      high gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities. It is concluded that the
      present GSH-deficient strains of E. coli and Salmonella are gshA mutants,
      analogous to those previously described in E. coli. In addition, the present
      results show that the fluorometric method used for the determination of
      glutathione, employing o-phthalaldehyde as a reagent, is not specific for
      glutathione (at pH 8.0), but also sensitively reacts with gamma-glutamylcysteine.

PMID- 2893623
TI  - Neuropharmacology of a new psychotropic 2,3-benzodiazepine.
AB  - 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-dimethoxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 51189) is a
      new analogue of tofisopam. Due to the novel chemical structure this molecule
      displays a peculiar spectrum of pharmacological activity. In many respects
      tofisopam and its new analogue differ from the traditional 1,4-benzodiazepines,
      e.g. in that they possess selective anxiolytic action without muscle relaxant and
      anticonvulsive activity, as well as they do not show any affinity for the 1,4
      benzodiazepine receptors. This new compound exerts more pronounced anxiolytic
      potency than tofisopam. In addition to its main action it possesses significant
      antidepressant activity. It attenuates psychomotor agitation and exerts
      significant antiaggressive effect by reducing both spontaneous and induced
      aggressiveness. Vegetative responses (rise in blood pressure and heart rate)
      induced by electric stimulation of the hypothalamus are also inhibited by this
      compound, while motor functions remain unaffected and no somnolence is induced.
      The new tofisopam analogue fails to exert any potentiating effect either on
      ethanol or on barbiturates. GYKI-51189 has a highly favourable therapeutic index
      and only few side effects. Neither tolerance nor dependence was observed during
      the chronic toxicological investigations.

PMID- 2893624
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of the novel benzodiazepine
      antagonist 2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3(5H)-one in humans.
AB  - 2-Phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3(5H)-one (CGS 8216) is pharmacologically
      characterized as benzodiazepine antagonist with low inverse agonistic effects.
      Single oral doses up to 650 mg and subchronic doses up to 100 mg daily for seven
      days are well tolerated by young healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations of CGS
      8216 are variable, not dose-related and relatively low considering the doses
      administered. A high plasma concentration ratio of metabolite vs. parent compound
      (3:1) points to an extensive gastrointestinal first-pass metabolism. CGS 8216
      influences the human electroencephalogram similar to anxiolytic and vigilance
      enhancing drugs in doses which do not change performance of psychometric tests.
      CGS 8216 antagonizes the diazepam-induced impairment of alertness.

PMID- 2893625
TI  - [Synthesis and pharmacologic action of substituted imidazolyl- and
      thiazolylmethylthioethylguanidine].
AB  - Starting with diphenyl N-benzoyl-carbonimidate impromidine analogues
      characterized by various substituted imidazole or thiazole groups instead of the
      5-methylimidazole part have been synthesized and tested for H2-agonistic and H1
      antagonistic activity as well. The most potent substances 6h,i are 20-30 times
      more active than histamine at the H2-receptors in the isolated spontaneously
      beating guinea-pig right atrium. In isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts 6h,i were
      found to predominantly stimulate heart rate, whereas the increase in LVdp/dtmax
      was about 40% of impromidine's maximal response.

PMID- 2893627
TI  - Urinary metabolism of chlorphenoxamine in man.
AB  - After an oral dose of 40 mg of 4-chlorophenyl-methylbenzyloxy-N,N-dimethyl
      ethylamine(chlorphe noxamine, Systral) urinary metabolism was studied by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. Besides the unchanged drug, 8 metabolites and 7
      artifacts and derivates could be identified. Metabolism is similar to that of the
      structurally related antihistaminic drugs diphenhydramine and doxylamine. The
      main metabolic pathways are: 1. N-demethylation, 2. oxidative desamination and
      formation of an alcohol and a carbonic acid derivative, 3. cleavage of the ether
      bond, and 4. hydroxylation of the phenyl ring. For determination of
      chlorphenoxamine in plasma an assay using gas chromatography was developed.
      Chlorphenoxamine plasma levels were beyond the limit of detection (10 ng/ml) 30,
      60, 120, 240, 480, and 1200 min after oral intake.

PMID- 2893626
TI  - [Synthesis and pharmacologic action of arylmethylethylguanidines].
AB  - Impromidine analogous guanidines have been prepared characterized by H2
      unspecific arylmethyl groups instead of the 5-methylimidazole residue. The most
      potent substances proved to be about 20 times more active than histamine at the
      isolated spontaneously beating guinea-pig right atrium (H2-agonism),
      simultaneously showing moderate H1-antagonistic activity at the guinea-pig ileum.
      In isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts the thenylthioethylguanidine 9e was very
      potent in increasing LVdp/dtmax, achieving about 90% of impromidine's maximal
      response. In comparison with impromidine the increase in heart rate was lower and
      rhythm disturbances were substantially reduced.

PMID- 2893628
TI  - [Malignant mixed mesodermal tumor with endocrine cells of the corpus uteri].
AB  - A case of uterine malignant mixed mesodermal tumor harboring endocrine cells is
      reported. Endocrine cells were immunocharacterized as serotonin, somatostatin and
      pancreatic polypeptide cells. This variety of mixed mullerian tumor is added to
      other endocrine cells-containing neoplasms of the uterus.

PMID- 2893629
TI  - On cholinergic mechanisms in the optokinetic nystagmus of the frog: antagonistic
      effects of muscarinic and nicotinic systems.
AB  - In a monocular situation, an intravitreal injection of acetylcholine (ACh)
      agonists (especially muscarinic agonists like muscarine or oxotremorine) provoked
      both the suppression of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) related to the injected
      eye, and the appearance of a nasal-temporal (N-T) component in the OKN triggered
      by the contralateral non-injected eye. These two effects were added in a
      binocular condition. Similar results were obtained with ACh nicotinic antagonists
      (D-tubocurarine, alpha-bungarotoxin, hexamethonium and gallamine). ACh muscarinic
      antagonists (atropine, scopolamine) had only moderate effects and failed to
      provoke an N-T component in the contralateral OKN. These data show that ACh
      mechanisms are involved in the control of the frog OKN, especially in directional
      asymmetry, nicotinic and muscarinic systems acting in an antagonistic way.

PMID- 2893630
TI  - CNS monoamine levels and the effect of DSP4 on ethanol sensitivity in LS and SS
      mice.
AB  - Brain area monoamine levels were determined in selectively-bred ethanol sensitive
      (LS) and insensitive (SS) mice. Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin were
      measured using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with
      electrochemical detection. Brain regions studied included cerebellum, brain stem,
      striatum, frontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. LS and SS mice exhibited
      similar regional monamine levels with the exception of differences in brain stem
      and cerebellar norepinephrine levels. The role of norepinephrine in regulating
      ethanol sensitivity of these mice was investigated using the neurotoxin, DSP4
      (selectively lesions central noradrenergic pathways). Treatment with DSP4 did not
      alter ethanol sensitivity in the LS or SS mice, measured by duration of righting
      response loss and blood ethanol concentration at its recovery. Differences in
      brain stem and cerebellar norepinephrine levels between the LS and SS mice were
      considerably smaller than the large decreases in levels produced in both lines by
      DSP4. It is concluded that although synaptically-released monoamines may
      influence ethanol responses, norepinephrine probably does not directly mediate
      differences in behavioral sensitivity to ethanol between these mouse lines.

PMID- 2893631
TI  - A spectrophotometric method for the determination of gamma-glutamyl
      cyclotransferase with alanine dehydrogenase in the presence of anthglutin.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyl cyclotransferase activity is assayed in tissues by a colorimetric
      method using gamma-glutamyl alanine as a substrate coupled with alanine
      dehydrogenase from B. sphericus, to measure the formation of NADH. In order to
      avoid interference by the reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,
      anthglutin, a specific inhibitor of the transpeptidase was included in the
      reaction mixture. The Km value of rat kidney gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase with
      respect to gamma-glutamyl alanine appeared to be the same when determined by
      either the colorimetric or the radiometric method. This assay presents a reliable
      alternative to the use of radiolabeled substrate and is used for the assay of
      gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase in a variety of physiological and experimental
      samples.

PMID- 2893632
TI  - Absence of antibodies to HIV-2/HTLV-4 in six central African nations.
AB  - We studied 1508 individuals from Zaire, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Kenya, and
      Cameroon for antibodies to HIV-2/HTLV-4. AIDS, ARC, other disease or tumor
      patients and healthy people were sampled from 1984-1986. By
      radioimmunoprecipitation and SDS/PAGE analysis and/or Western blot we failed to
      find any samples with specific antibodies to HIV-2/HTLV-4 indicative of
      infection. In contrast, 363 of these 1508 individuals demonstrated antibodies to
      HIV-1/HTLV-3B by the same serologic assays. HIV-2/HTLV-4 infection appears to be
      quite rare in Central Africa. AIDS and related syndromes in this study were
      exclusively correlated with HIV-1 infection. Studies in West Africa have shown
      high rates of infection with HIV-2/HTLV-4 where cases of AIDS are still
      relatively uncommon. These results indicate that HIV-2/HTLV-4 has a distinct
      geographic distribution from that of HIV-1 in Africa. Further studies are
      necessary to better define the pathogenicity and natural history of this distinct
      new virus, HIV-2/HTLV-4.

PMID- 2893633
TI  - [The influences of neurotransmitters on the traumatic unconsciousness, immediate
      convulsion and mortality in the experimental mice model].
AB  - In order to clearing the influence of neurotransmitters in concussive
      unconsciousness, immediate convulsion and mortality, the following experiments
      were performed. Awake male mice of dd-strain were restrained and subjected to
      head injury using a bakelite weight of 30 gm dropped from a height of 20 cm on to
      the skull. This injury resulted in immediate loss of consciousness in 100%,
      convulsive seizure in 66% and death in 30% of animals. The severity of
      consciousness disturbance was evaluated by two parameters; (1) time interval
      required for the recovery of righting reflex (RR) and (2) time interval for the
      recovery of spontaneous movement (SM). Agonist or antagonist of various
      neurotransmitters was given intraperitoneally 0.5 or 2 hours before injury. The
      following results were obtained although some of them were statistically not
      significant. Physostigmine shortened both RR (p less than 0.1) and SM (p less
      than 0.01), whereas scopolamine did not change these intervals. Atropine sulfate
      shortened both of them. Nevertheless, atropine methylbromide, which dose not pass
      through blood-brain-barrier, also had same effects. Methamphetamine shortened
      both RR (p less than 0.1) and SM (p less than 0.05), whereas haloperidol
      prolonged these intervals. 5-HTP shortened RR (p less than 0.05), but prolonged
      SM (p less than 0.1). Methysergide shortened both RR (p less than 0.05) and SM (p
      less than 0.01). Convulsive seizure was suppressed by physostigmine (p less than
      0.01) or 5-HTP (p less than 0.20). These results suggested that suppression of
      dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, and/or activation of serotonergic system
      contribute to concussive unconsciousness.

PMID- 2893634
TI  - An assessment of the partial agonist activity of Ro 31-1118, flusoxolol and
      pindolol in man.
AB  - 1. The effects of single oral doses of three beta-adrenoceptor partial agonists
      (Ro 31-1118, flusoxolol and pindolol), two beta-adrenoceptor antagonists
      (propranolol and atenolol), two beta-adrenoceptor agonists (salbutamol and
      prenalterol) and placebo on sleeping heart rate, quality of sleep, supine heart
      rate, exercise heart rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow and finger tremor
      were studied in eight healthy male volunteers. 2. Sleeping heart rate was
      increased by Ro 31-1118, flusoxolol, pindolol, salbutamol and prenalterol and
      decreased by propranolol and atenolol. 3. None of the drugs studied affected
      quality of sleep. 4. Supine heart rate was increased by flusoxolol, prenalterol
      and salbutamol, unaffected by Ro 31-1118 and pindolol and reduced by propranolol
      and atenolol. 5. Exercise heart rate was reduced by both beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists and the three partial agonists and unaffected by salbutamol and
      prenalterol. 6. Systolic blood pressure was increased by Ro 31-1118, flusoxolol,
      salbutamol and prenalterol, unaffected by pindolol and reduced by propranolol and
      atenolol. Diastolic blood pressure was reduced by salbutamol and prenalterol. 7.
      Forearm blood flow was increased by Ro 31-1118, salbutamol and prenalterol,
      unchanged by pindolol and flusoxolol and decreased by atenolol and propranolol.
      8. Finger tremor was increased by Ro 31-1118, flusoxolol, pindolol, salbutamol,
      and prenalterol. 9. beta-adrenoceptor partial agonists have different effects on
      the cardiovascular system and finger tremor to beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. 10.
      While Ro 31-1118 and flusoxolol are antagonists mainly at the beta 1-adrenoceptor
      they have agonist activity at both beta 1- and beta 2 adrenoceptors. 11. While
      pindolol is a non-selective antagonist its agonist activity is mainly at the beta
      2-adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2893635
TI  - The assessment of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity and cardioselectivity
      of Koe 3290 in normal subjects.
AB  - 1. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist activity, cardioselectivity and antilipolytic
      properties of Koe 3290 were investigated in healthy subjects. 2. Koe 3290 12.5,
      25, 50 and 100 mg, atenolol 25, 50 and 100 mg and placebo were given in double
      blind randomised order to eight subjects. All doses of both Koe 3290 and atenolol
      reduced supine, standing and exercise heart rate (P less than 0.02). From 2 to 8
      h after administration the exercise heart rate after Koe 3290 100 mg was similar
      to that for atenolol 50 mg. 3. The cardioselectivity of Koe 3290 and atenolol was
      compared. Koe 3290 50, 100 and 150 mg, atenolol 50 and 100 mg and placebo were
      given to six subjects in a double-blind random order. Isoprenaline dose-response
      curves were constructed for cardiovascular parameters and finger tremor. 4. For
      doses which were equipotent at the beta 1-adrenoceptor (Koe 3290 100 mg and
      atenolol 50 mg) atenolol caused less attenuation of heart rate, diastolic blood
      pressure, forearm blood flow and finger tremor (P less than 0.02). 5. There was
      no difference in the isoprenaline-induced changes in serum free fatty acids,
      blood glucose, plasma lactate or potassium after Koe 3290 and atenolol. Koe 3290
      attenuated the rise in serum insulin more than atenolol (P less than 0.02). 6.
      Koe 3290 is an effective beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug in man. It is not as
      cardioselective as atenolol and does not possess specific antilipolytic
      properties.

PMID- 2893636
TI  - Comparison of ketanserin and slow-release nifedipine added to the treatment of
      hypertensive patients uncontrolled by a thiazide diuretic plus beta-adrenoceptor
      blocker.
AB  - 1. Ketanserin or slow-release nifedipine were added to the treatment of 24
      patients with hypertension uncontrolled by a thiazide diuretic plus beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist in an observer-blind, randomised parallel-group study of
      6 months duration. 2. At 6 months the mean falls in supine blood pressure were
      for ketanserin (mean daily dose 77 mg) 7/5 mm Hg and for nifedipine (mean daily
      dose 62 mg) 27/10 mm Hg. The difference between the treatments was significant
      for systolic blood pressure (P less than 0.02) and mean arterial pressure (P less
      than 0.05). Six nifedipine-treated patients reached target blood pressure,
      compared with one patient with ketanserin (P less than 0.02). 3. One patient
      taking nifedipine, and none taking ketanserin withdrew because of side-effects.
      The tolerability of the two drugs was broadly similar. 4. Ketanserin treatment
      was associated with significant changes in supine pulse rate (-8 beats min-1, P
      less than 0.05) and corrected QT interval (+27 ms, P less than 0.05). Nifedipine
      treatment had no effect on these variables. The change in pulse rate was
      significantly different between the groups. 5. In patients treated with a
      diuretic and beta-adrenoceptor blocker who required additional treatment
      ketanserin was significantly inferior to nifedipine.

PMID- 2893637
TI  - Comparative effect of famotidine and cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of
      theophylline in normal volunteers.
AB  - The comparative effect of famotidine or cimetidine on theophylline disposition
      was determined in healthy volunteers. Cimetidine, but not famotidine, caused a
      reduction in the rate of elimination of theophylline. The mean total body
      clearance of theophylline was reduced from 57.6 ml min-1 before cimetidine to
      39.5 ml min-1 during cimetidine; and the half-life was prolonged from 8.7 h
      before cimetidine to 12 h during cimetidine. The volume of distribution and renal
      excretion of theophylline were not affected by either famotidine or cimetidine.

PMID- 2893638
TI  - Temelastine does not affect theophylline pharmacokinetics in normal subjects.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of theophylline (i.v. aminophylline 250 mg) were studied in
      a balanced, double-blind crossover following the administration of oral
      temelastine (100 mg) or placebo, twice daily for 7 days, to 10 normal volunteers.
      Comparison of volumes of distribution, elimination rate constants, elimination
      half-lives and areas under the plasma concentration-time curve indicated that
      temelastine had no significant effect on theophylline pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2893641
TI  - Membrane contents of distinct subpopulations of coated vesicles determined by
      scanning transmission electron microscopy.
AB  - In order to investigate the heterogeneity of clathrin-coated vesicles purified
      from rat liver, and to quantitate rigorously their membrane contents, we have
      analyzed scanning transmission electron micrographs of unstained coated vesicles
      before and after extraction with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, as well as
      of vesicles whose coats had been removed by dialysis against 10 mM or 100 mM Tris
      (pH 8.2). Their respective distributions of particle masses were thus determined
      and compared, in light of complementary biochemical quantitations of lipid and
      protein. Smaller coated particles, 25-45 MDa in mass and 60-80 nm in diameter,
      lose no mass when extracted with Triton, and disappear when their coats are
      dissociated. We conclude that they do not contain membrane vesicles, although
      they have dense, presumably proteinaceous, cores. They may represent particles
      generated during tissue homogenization or, possibly, a storage form of clathrin.
      The remaining 70% contain bona fide vesicles: these particles are 75-150 nm in
      diameter, and their average mass is about 80 MDa, of which 48 MDa is contributed
      by coat proteins, 10-12 MDa by phospholipid and cholesterol, and 20-22 MDa by
      vesicle-associated proteins. Their vesicles are of two types: smaller, denser,
      vesicles that contain substantial amounts of internalized material, and larger,
      less dense, vesicles that do not. The distinction between them may, in view of
      other findings, reflect a difference between coated vesicles derived respectively
      from the Golgi and the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2893639
TI  - Choline deficient diet enhances the initiating and promoting effects of
      methapyrilene hydrochloride in rat liver as assayed by the induction of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase-positive hepatocyte foci.
AB  - Earlier we demonstrated that short-term feeding of methapyrilene hydrochloride
      (MPH) and of a choline deficient (CD) diet to rats induced peroxidative damage of
      microsomal membrane lipids of liver cells. In the present study, we investigated
      whether a CD diet modifies the extent of MPH-induced lipid peroxidation and
      whether the modifications lead to changes in the initiating and promoting action
      of these agents using assays of the induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      (GGT)-positive hepatocyte foci. Addition of 0.1% MPH to a CD diet enhanced the
      extent of microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by a CD diet alone. Feeding a
      choline supplemented (CS) or a CD diet containing 0.1% MPH for 2 weeks followed
      by 7 weeks promotion by a CD diet plus phenobarbital was ineffective in inducing
      GGT-positive foci. Feeding MPH in a CS or a CD diet for 4 weeks, however,
      resulted in the development of substantial numbers of GGT-positive foci. There
      was a 3 fold increase in the number of foci in rats initiated with a CD + MPH
      diet over that in rats initiated with a CS + MPH diet. 0.1% MPH in a CS diet or a
      CD diet exerted significant promotional effects on the induction of GGT-positive
      foci in rats initiated with a single injection of diethylnitrosamine. Addition of
      MPH to a CD diet was additive in inducing GGT-positive foci. The results suggest
      that lipid peroxidation of the liver may be involved in the carcinogenic and/or
      promoting effects of MPH and a CD diet.

PMID- 2893640
TI  - Use of a somatostatin analogue in association with surgery and hepatic arterial
      embolisation in the treatment of the carcinoid syndrome.

PMID- 2893642
TI  - Altered plasma membrane ultrastructure in multidrug-resistant cells.
AB  - Multidrug resistance is mediated by P-glycoprotein, an integral plasma membrane
      component which is thought to function as a drug export pump. This model can
      explain drug resistance, but fails to account for the broader pleiotropy of the
      multidrug resistance phenotype. We report here a freeze-fracture study revealing
      increases in the densities of protoplasmic face intramembrane particles in
      multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human leukemic cells. The
      intramembrane particle density in a CHO cell revertant which had lost the
      characteristics of the multidrug resistance phenotype was indistinguishable from
      that of the drug-sensitive parental cell line. This demonstration of a global
      multidrug resistance-linked change in plasma membrane architecture may have
      significant implications for understanding the variety of concurrent membrane
      related changes which are not easily explained by the current model for multidrug
      resistance.

PMID- 2893643
TI  - Choline-phosphate cytidyltransferase activity and phosphatidylcholine synthesis
      in rat granular pneumocytes are increased with exogenous fatty acids.
AB  - We investigated the effect of exogenous fatty acids on phosphatidylcholine (PC)
      and disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) synthesis by rat granular pneumocytes
      in primary culture. Synthesis of PC and DSPC from [3H-methyl]choline, as
      evaluated by increasing specific activity (pmol choline incorporated/microgram
      phosphorus), was linear for 3 h. Exogenous palmitic, oleic, linoleic, or
      linolenic acid (100 microM each) increased the synthesis of PC by approx. 50%
      during incubation for 3 h. In contrast, synthesis of DSPC was increased only by
      palmitic acid. The increase in DSPC synthesis was approx. 150% after 3 h.
      Conversion of choline phosphate to PC was increased in the presence of palmitic
      or oleic acid as indicated by pulse-chase studies with [3H-methyl]choline in the
      intact cells. Cells incubated for 3 h with either oleic or palmitic acid showed
      increased choline-phosphate cytidyltransferase activity in the cells and the
      microsomal fraction. In addition, oleic acid increased the activity of this
      enzyme in the cytosolic fraction. The distribution of this enzyme in cytosolic
      and microsomal fraction was 24 and 76% in the cells incubated with palmitic acid
      and 32 and 68% in control cells. These results suggest that exogenous fatty acids
      stimulate the de novo pathway of PC synthesis in granular pneumocytes by
      increasing the microsomal choline-phosphate cytidyltransferase activity.

PMID- 2893644
TI  - Transglutaminase-catalysed cross-linking of proteins phosphorylated in the intact
      glucose-stimulated pancreatic beta-cell.
AB  - Incubation of intact islets in the presence of [32P]Pi and stimulatory levels of
      glucose followed by separation of phosphorylated islet proteins by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a high molecular
      weight phosphopolymer which did not transverse a 3% (w/v) acrylamide gel. The
      majority of this phosphopolymer (approx. 70%) was present in the 600 x g
      sedimented fraction of islet homogenates. Islet homogenates obtained from intact
      islets previously incubated with [32P]Pi and stimulatory levels of glucose when
      incubated under conditions that activated the islet transglutaminase resulted in
      an increase in the amount of phosphopolymer present in the 600 x g sedimented
      fraction. Inhibitors of transglutaminase activity which are known to inhibit
      glucose-stimulated insulin release led to a significant reduction in the fraction
      of phosphopolymer present in the glucose-stimulated intact islet. These findings
      suggest that protein cross-linking and phosphorylation reactions may be closely
      linked in the pancreatic beta-cell.

PMID- 2893645
TI  - Opioids: mediators of fear or mania.

PMID- 2893646
TI  - Tardive dysmentia in Hungary.

PMID- 2893648
TI  - The development of new drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia.
AB  - Currently available anti-psychotic drugs owe much of their efficacy in
      schizophrenia to their ability to block dopamine receptors in specific areas of
      the brain. This article reviews the mechanisms action and side effects of drugs
      used for schizophrenia, and describes approaches to the development of new
      treatments.

PMID- 2893647
TI  - The right to refuse treatment under Rogers v. Commissioner: preliminary empirical
      findings and comparisons.
AB  - Preliminary findings on the effects of the Massachusetts ruling in Rogers v.
      Commissioner, an important right to refuse treatment case, are compared with
      models in other jurisdictions. In sum, few cases are reviewed; in almost all
      reviewed, the court overrides the patients' refusal. The case raises troubling
      implications about due process and quality of care.

PMID- 2893649
TI  - Dental and facial injuries in international field hockey.
AB  - In many respects international sportsmen are trendsetters for the behaviour of
      recreational sportsmen. For this reason the attitude of international hockey
      players towards mouth protectors was studied. The possession and use of mouth
      protectors vary markedly between different countries. The incidence of dental
      facial traumas among international field hockey players is high; 54% had
      sustained injuries necessitating a visit to a physician and/or a dentist. Of
      these victims 20% sustained serious dental damage at least once (women 16% and
      men 22%). Only 20% of the international players wear a mouth protector
      consistently during training and matches. Women use the apparatus almost twice as
      much as men. The main argument in rejecting a mouth protector is that it is not
      felt to be necessary.

PMID- 2893650
TI  - Development of long term use of psychotropic drugs by general practice patients.
AB  - From 1984 to 1986 a prospective study was conducted of 104 general practice
      patients who started treatment with a benzodiazepine or an antidepressant drug.
      The duration of reported use of the drugs was two months for 45% of patients,
      four months for 17% of patients, and six months for 15%. Type of drug, age, and
      level of education were found to be predictive of continuing use. General
      practitioners have a significant effect on their patients' use of drugs and, with
      careful selection and review when prescribing, may help to prevent dependence on
      psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 2893651
TI  - Further evidence of noradrenergic regulation of rat hypothalamic estrogen
      receptor concentration: possible non-functional increase and functional decrease.
AB  - The regulation of estrogen receptors by the alpha 2-noradrenergic system was
      studied. A single injection of the alpha 2-noradrenergic antagonist, yohimbine,
      caused a biphasic effect on the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors in
      the mediobasal hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. A short-latency
      increase was seen at 1.5-3 h, followed by a longer-lasting decrease at 8-16 h.
      Scatchard analysis revealed that the apparent, short-latency increase is in the
      concentration of binding sites, not in the affinity of the receptor for
      [3H]estradiol. The increase in the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors is
      not blocked by pretreatment with the alpha 2-noradrenergic agonist, clonidine. In
      addition, no increase is detected in the concentration of cell nuclear estrogen
      receptors accumulating in response to a saturating dose of estradiol. Therefore,
      the apparent increase in the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors may not
      represent a functional increase in receptors. The decrease in the concentration
      of estrogen receptors, which occurs 8-16 h after yohimbine treatment, is also
      seen after injection of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, idazoxan, and is not
      due to a change in the in vitro rate of association of the receptors with
      [3H]estradiol. Furthermore, the decrease seems to be a functional decrease in the
      concentration of receptors capable of cell nuclear accumulation in response to
      estradiol injection, as indicated by the results of experiments in which the
      concentration of cell nuclear estrogen receptors was assayed after estradiol
      injection. These experiments provide further support for the hypothesis that the
      alpha-noradrenergic system, and perhaps specifically the alpha 2-subtype, is
      involved in decreasing the concentration of estrogen receptors in parts of the
      brain and pituitary gland. This interaction provides a mechanism by which the
      environment could regulate the sensitivity of certain neurons to estradiol.
      However, the finding that the initial increase in the concentration of cytosol
      estrogen receptors after yohimbine treatment is not followed by the predicted
      increase in cell nuclear estrogen receptors after estradiol injection raises
      questions about the physiological relevance of the apparent increase under some
      conditions.

PMID- 2893652
TI  - Effect of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone on the local cerebral glucose
      utilization of the rat hippocampus.
AB  - Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured in the hippocampus of the
      rat brain following i.p. injection of the anxiolytic drug and 5-HT1A receptor
      agonist ipsapirone (TVX Q 7821). Administration of ipsapirone (5 mg/kg) reduced
      glucose utilization in the various hippocampal areas to variable extent. The most
      subtle reduction took place in the dorsal subiculum, while the most pronounced
      decrease was found in sector CA4 of Ammon's horn. The degree of LCGU reduction
      can be related to the 5-HT1A receptor density in the respective areas.

PMID- 2893653
TI  - Intrathecal dynorphin A1-13 and dynorphin A3-13 reduce rat spinal cord blood flow
      by non-opioid mechanisms.
AB  - Radiolabeled microspheres were used to examine the effects of paralytic
      intrathecal doses of dynorphin A (Dyn A1-13) and Dyn A3-13 on rat brain and
      spinal cord blood flows and cardiac output. Dyn A1-13 produced significant dose
      related reductions in blood flow to lumbosacral and thoracic spinal cord without
      altering cardiac output and blood flow to brain and cervical spinal cord.
      Naloxone failed to block these effects. Dyn A3-13, which lacks opioid activity,
      also significantly reduced blood flow in lumbosacral spinal cord. Thus, the
      paralytic effects of Dyn A in the rat may involve reductions in spinal cord
      resulting from non-opioid actions of Dyn A.

PMID- 2893655
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is decreased in the basal ganglia in
      Huntington's disease.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity (CRH-IR) was measured in
      control and Huntington's disease brain tissues obtained postmortem. The
      concentration of CRH-IR was markedly decreased in the caudate/putamen in
      Huntington's disease; the concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      measured in the same extracts was significantly increased in the caudate/putamen
      in Huntington's disease compared with the control group. In contrast to
      previously reported decreases in CRH-IR in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's
      disease, Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, no significant
      differences were observed in the concentrations of CRH-IR between controls and
      Huntington's disease in frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and cingulate
      cortex and in globus pallidus.

PMID- 2893654
TI  - Effects of drugs which modify catecholamine activity on amplification of LH
      release induced by locus coeruleus electrical stimulation.
AB  - Norepinephrine may be the neurotransmitter responsible for triggering the surge
      release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in proestrous and steroid-treated
      ovariectomized rats. In a previous study, we electrically stimulated (ES) the
      locus coeruleus (LC), a norepinephrine cell body region from which some axons
      project to the hypothalamus. These studies were performed in estradiol-treated
      rats in which the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) initially had been
      electrochemically stimulated (ECS) to partially depolarize luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone (LH-RH) neurons. We observed that LC-ES markedly amplified the
      amount of LH released after preoptic-ECS. The purpose of the present study was to
      determine if these amplifying effects of LC-ES were due to the release of a
      catecholamine and if so which neurotransmitter was involved in this response. All
      rats in this study were ovariectomized and 7 days later (day 0) they were treated
      with estradiol for 2 days (day 2). On day 2, all animals were anesthetized with
      chloral hydrate. In control rats, the MPN was electrochemically stimulated (100
      microA/60 s DC) and 30 min later the LC was electrically stimulated for 15 min.
      MPN-ECS significantly increased plasma concentrations of LH and LC-ES markedly
      amplified these plasma LH levels. Thereafter, 3 studies were performed and the
      following drugs were given: (1) alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (MPT, 300 mg/kg i.p.);
      (2) phenoxybenzamine (PX, 15 mg/kg i.p.) and (3) propranolol (PROP, 15 mg/kg
      i.p.). MPT and PROP were administered 15 min prior to MPN-ECS and PX was given 90
      min before MPN-ECS. None of these drugs affected the amount of LH released after
      preoptic stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893656
TI  - Chlorpromazine, but not chlorpromazine sulphoxide, stimulates transmitter release
      from motor nerve terminals.
AB  - Treatment of frog neuromuscular preparations with chlorpromazine (5 mumol/l)
      resulted in a marked rise in miniature endplate potential (MEPP) frequency of
      greater than 100% within 30 min, and an increase in evoked transmitter release
      (quantal content 5-15) of about 35%. Treatment with chlorpromazine sulphoxide (5
      microM), a derivative of chlorpromazine with a much lower affinity for
      calmodulin, had very little effect on either form of transmitter release. It is
      concluded that stimulatory effects of calmodulin-binding drugs at the nerve
      terminal may well be exerted through calmodulin inhibition. The stimulatory
      effect of chlorpromazine on MEPP frequency was markedly reduced in preparations
      bathed in EGTA-containing Ca2+-free saline, but the response was largely restored
      by raising the temperature by 3-4 degrees C. It is argued that despite this
      partial dependence on [Ca2+]o, stimulation of transmitter secretion by
      chlorpromazine is likely to be mediated by inhibition of calmodulin-activated
      Ca2+-ATPases, and consequent elevation of [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2893657
TI  - Biochemical and morphological effects of castration on the postorganizational
      development of the hypogastric ganglion.
AB  - The biochemical and morphological development of the sympathetic hypogastric
      ganglion (HG) was examined subsequent to postnatal castration at 10-11 days of
      age. Previous studies suggested that tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) activity, an
      index of noradrenergic maturation, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity,
      a marker for preganglionic terminal formation, were dependent on gonadal hormones
      during normal ontogeny. In the present studies, morphometric analyses of the HG
      revealed that the cross-sectional area of the cell soma and nucleus were
      significantly reduced following postnatal castration at day 10. Conversely,
      castration produced no change in the number of HG neurons. In addition, postnatal
      castration prevents the development of postsynaptic T-OH activity to a greater
      extent than ganglionic protein resulting in a significant loss of T-OH specific
      activity. In contrast, presynaptic ChAT activity was reduced in parallel with
      ganglionic protein, thus ChAT specific activity was unchanged. Testosterone
      replacement therapy, even in groups where treatment was delayed for up to 2 weeks
      after castration, completely reversed deficits in both T-OH and ChAT activities.
      These studies suggest that altered development of ganglion protein subsequent to
      postnatal castration is related to decreases in the size of neurons and not to
      the loss of neurons. The lack of cell loss also suggest that decreased levels of
      postsynaptic T-OH activity results from a loss of enzyme activity per cell and
      the decreased levels of ChAT activity probably represent fewer presynaptic
      terminals per neuron. In addition, delayed testosterone replacement subsequent to
      castration was effective in restoring enzyme activities suggesting an
      'activational' not 'organizational' role for testosterone after postnatal day 10.

PMID- 2893658
TI  - Potential sites of interaction between catecholamines and LHRH in the sheep
      brain.
AB  - A combined immunoperoxidase/immunofluorescence procedure was used to examine
      potential sites of overlap between catecholamine and LHRH systems in the brains
      of ewes sacrificed during either anestrous or the breeding season. Cells and
      fibers immunoreactive for either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (DBH) were visualized in the same sections as immunopositive LHRH
      perikarya and fibers. TH- and DBH-positive varicosities in the preoptic area and
      anterior hypothalamus appeared to contact both LHRH cell bodies and their
      dendrites. Clusters of TH-positive cells and fibers were found in the organum
      vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, and partially overlapped the location of
      immunoreactive LHRH fibers in that structure. Immunoreactive TH and LHRH fibers
      were densely interspersed within the zona externa of the median eminence,
      particularly within its lateral portion. No obvious qualitative differences were
      apparent in either the distribution of catecholamine cells and fibers or their
      overlap with LHRH elements between the brains of anestrous and breeding season
      ewes. These observations suggest the possibility of catecholaminergic synaptic
      inputs onto LHRH neurons in the ewe, as well as the potential for interaction
      between catecholamines and LHRH at the level of the median eminence.

PMID- 2893659
TI  - Somatostatin antiserum blocks carbachol-induced increase of paradoxical sleep in
      the rat.
AB  - Injection of carbachol into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) produced an
      increase of paradoxical sleep (PS). When somatostatin antiserum (SRIF-AS) was
      infused continuously following carbachol injection, the increase in PS was
      blocked. These results suggest that carbachol-induced increase in PS is mediated
      by somatostatin. In addition, they confirm the role of somatostatin in the
      generation of PS.

PMID- 2893660
TI  - Blood pressure effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors--the highs and lows.
AB  - Clinical guidelines for the management of the most common side effects associated
      with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (postural hypotension and hypertensive
      episodes) are offered. When non-pharmacological interventions fail to alleviate
      MAOI induced postural hypotension, the use of volume expanders (salt tablets or
      fludrocortisone) may be effective alternatives to drug discontinuation.
      Phentolamine and chlorpromazine are traditional drug treatments for MAOI
      hypertensive emergencies. The newer drug treatments evolved in the last decade
      for treating hypertensive emergencies is not reflected in the psychiatric or
      emergency medicine literature on treating MAOI induced hypertensive states.
      Nifedipine, diazoxide, or sodium nitroprusside appear to be more rational choices
      for this problem.

PMID- 2893661
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I with Cushing's disease, primary
      hyperparathyroidism, and insulin-glucagonoma.
AB  - A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I) consisting of Cushing's
      disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, and insulin-glucagonoma is described. This
      condition was treated successfully by transsphenoidal pituitary adenomectomy,
      subtotal parathyroidectomy, and enucleation of pancreatic tumors. Histologic
      features showed a basophilic adenoma in the pituitary, chief cell hyperplasia in
      the parathyroid, and islet cell adenomas in the pancreas. The rarity of multiple
      endocrine hyperfunctioning states and the pathophysiology created by the
      combination of these three diseases in this patient are of interest.

PMID- 2893662
TI  - Chromosome instability in preleukemic states of adult T-cell leukemia (pre-ATL).
AB  - Chromosome analysis was performed on nine patients with subclinical adult T-cell
      leukemia (pre-ATL), who were asymptomatic ATL virus carriers. Fewer than 30% of
      their peripheral blood leukocytes were abnormal T-lymphocytes with nuclear
      abnormalities. ATL-associated antigen (ATLA) and anti-ATLA antibody were found in
      all patients. Eight had variable abnormal karyotypes in a fraction (5.0%-25.4%)
      of peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or T-cell
      growth factor. There were no metaphases when a mitogen was not added. Four
      patients had a clonal chromosome abnormality. The chromosome abnormality seen in
      one patient was observed in the first study but not in a second study, when a
      different abnormality was seen. In five patients, an abnormal chromosome #14 with
      a break at band 14q11 was found. These findings indicate that unstable,
      chromosomally abnormal clones are characteristic of pre-ATL.

PMID- 2893663
TI  - Correlation of c-erbB-2 gene amplification and protein expression in human breast
      carcinoma with nodal status and nuclear grading.
AB  - Fifty-one primary human breast tumors were analyzed for amplification of the c
      erbB-2 protooncogene. Thirteen (25%) of the DNA samples contained multiple gene
      copies. Paraffin-embedded tumor sections, available from 47 of the cases, were
      stained with a c-erbB-2 specific antiserum. Eighty-three % (10 of 12) of the
      tumors containing amplified c-erbB-2 gene copies stained positively with the c
      erbB-2 specific antiserum (P = 0.03). Thirteen tumors containing single copy c
      erbB-2 sequences also stained positively with the antiserum. This suggests that
      mechanisms other than gene amplification may lead to elevated levels of c-erbB-2
      protein. Finally, there was a statistically significant correlation between c
      erbB-2 protein expression and parameters used in breast cancer prognosis.
      Positive staining was associated with positive nodal status of the patient (P =
      0.02) and with tumors showing a poor nuclear grade (P = 0.02). This is the first
      study showing that a determination of the level of c-erbB-2 protein in paraffin
      embedded tumor sections may have prognostic value for the course of human breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2893665
TI  - Degradation of bromazepam by the intestinal microflora.

PMID- 2893664
TI  - Impaired neurotransmitter uptake in PC12 cells overexpressing human Cu/Zn
      superoxide dismutase--implication for gene dosage effects in Down syndrome.
AB  - Rat PC12 cells expressing elevated levels of transfected human Cu/Zn-superoxide
      dismutase (CuZn-SOD) gene were generated. These transformants (designated PC12
      hSOD) closely resembled the parental cells in their morphology, growth rate, and
      response to nerve growth factor, but showed impaired neurotransmitter uptake. The
      lesion was localized to the chromaffin granule transport mechanism. We found that
      the pH gradient (delta pH) across the membrane, which is the main driving force
      for amine transport, was diminished in PC12-hSOD granules. These results show
      that elevation of CuZnSOD activity interferes with the transport of biogenic
      amines into chromaffin granules. Since neurotransmitter uptake plays an important
      role in many processes of the central nervous system, CuZnSOD gene-dosage may
      contribute to the neurobiological abnormalities of Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2893666
TI  - Synthesis and activity of optical isomers of nipradilol.

PMID- 2893667
TI  - Kinetics and mechanism of the acid-base equilibrium of mexazolam and comparison
      with those of other commercial benzodiazepinooxazole drugs.

PMID- 2893668
TI  - [Traditional Chinese medicine typing of schizophrenia].

PMID- 2893669
TI  - Intracoronary alpha 2-adrenergic receptor blockade attenuates ischemia in
      conscious dogs during exercise.
AB  - Studies on the role of alpha-adrenergic constrictor tone in the coronary vascular
      bed during ischemia were performed in dogs running on a treadmill. The animals
      were instrumented with a left ventricular pressure transducer, and regional
      systolic wall thickening (%WTh) was assessed by sonomicrometry in the anterior
      and posterior walls of the left ventricle. An intracoronary catheter was
      implanted chronically in the circumflex coronary artery, and a hydraulic cuff was
      placed proximally around the artery. After beta-adrenergic blockade with
      propranolol (0.8 mg/kg i.v.), acute stenosis of the coronary artery was performed
      during running in five dogs to induce severe regional myocardial dysfunction in
      the posterior wall. Intracoronary infusion of the selective alpha 2-adrenergic
      blocking agent idazoxan (80 micrograms/kg) improved %WTh in the ischemic region
      from 5.1 +/- 1.6 to 10.8 +/- 2.8% (p less than 0.05), without any significant
      effect on the anterior wall. Blood flow to the subendocardium of the posterior
      wall (radioactive microspheres) increased from 0.17 +/- 0.05 to 0.45 +/- 0.30
      (ml/min)/g (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that in exercising dogs subjected
      to beta-adrenergic blockade, significant postjunctional alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptor-mediated coronary vasoconstriction exists, even during severe ischemia.
      Regional alpha 2-adrenergic receptor blockade can reduce regional ischemia and
      improve contractile function by attenuating exercise-induced sympathetic
      vasoconstriction in this conscious animal model.

PMID- 2893670
TI  - Bioassay of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in cryopreserved human thyroid
      cells: optimization and clinical evaluation.
AB  - We have explored the method of Rapoport et al. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab
      1984;58:332-8) for the bioassay of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) in
      cultured human thyroid cells, to optimize the assay and to evaluate its utility
      in clinical diagnosis and management of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.
      Here we describe the procedure ultimately adopted, its major properties, and the
      results it has yielded in various clinical states. Clinical sensitivity of the
      assay was established by demonstrating TSI activity in all of 60 cases of active
      Graves' disease. We observed in these patients a nonlinear correlation between
      concentrations of TSI and of triiodothyronine, as well as between TSI
      concentration and the clinical severity of the thyrotoxicosis. Specificity of the
      assay was demonstrated by finding no TSI bioactivity in 13 patients with toxic
      adenoma, five with cold nodule, and 18 of 19 with nontoxic goiter. Remission of
      Graves' disease in 25 patients was invariably accompanied by undetectable
      concentrations of TSI; evidently this assay may be useful in identifying patients
      who are likely to go into remission. TSI activity was present in eight of 11
      patients with euthyroid ophthalmopathy (unilateral and bilateral) associated with
      a normal response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test and absence of
      increased titers of antithyroid antibodies, suggesting that this assay may
      provide a powerful tool in the clinical diagnosis of this disorder.

PMID- 2893671
TI  - The gamma-glutamyltransferase isoenzyme pattern in serum as a signal
      discriminating between hepatobiliary diseases, including neoplasias.
AB  - We have used the gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) isoenzyme pattern in serum as a
      means for discriminating between hepatobiliary diseases, including neoplasias.
      The reference pattern, determined in 142 normal subjects with a simplified
      conventional cellulose acetate electrophoretic procedure, contained two GGT
      bands, alpha 1-GGT and alpha 2-GGT, in proportions of 60-80% and 20-40%,
      respectively. Sera from 95 hepatobiliary patients showed typical isoenzyme
      features: (a) a beta-migrating GGT form that was less than 10% of the total GGT
      in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, and less than or equal to 30% of the total
      GGT in cirrhosis with intrahepatic cholestasis and in cases of extra- and
      intrahepatic obstructive jaundice, including liver neoplasias; (b) a gamma
      migrating GGT band and (or) a "dep-GGT" (nonmigrating) band in cases of
      extrahepatic jaundice; and (c) an albumin-migrating GGT band that had a
      diagnostic sensitivity of 75% for hepatic tumors. The diagnostic specificity of
      this last band is 92% toward other hepatic disorders and 91% toward nonhepatic
      neoplasias; we consider it a potential specific marker for primary or metastatic
      liver neoplasias.

PMID- 2893672
TI  - Improved procedure for measuring gamma-glutamyltransferase isoenzymes in serum.
AB  - In this electrophoretic procedure for measuring isoenzymes of gamma
      glutamyltransferase, patterns obtained are highly reproducible and the analytical
      imprecision (CV) ranges from 1.10% to 6.17%. A cellulose acetate support is used,
      at 220 V for 40 min. Sharply resolved isoenzyme bands were made visible by
      fluorescence scattered light, formed by use of a coumarin derivative as donor
      substrate. Two bands were observed for sera from normal subjects; four bands were
      variably present in sera from patients with different hepatobiliary diseases.
      Detection of the latter was satisfactory, down to a total activity in serum of 8
      10 U/L. Three of the pathological bands were associated with low- and (or) very
      low-density lipoproteins, whereas a major fraction of one of the normal bands in
      cirrhotic sera precipitated with high-density lipoprotein. The bands in normal
      sera, and one of the abnormal bands, did not.

PMID- 2893673
TI  - Prevention of hypoglycaemia in a patient with pancreatic microadenomatosis by a
      long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - Acute suppression of insulin secretion from pancreatic insulinomas by long-acting
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 has been documented. We report the chronic use
      of the drug in a patient with persistent hypoglycaemia due to benign pancreatic
      microadenomatosis with satisfactory control of plasma glucose level and reduction
      of insulin production. There was no tachyphylaxis or untoward side-effect noted
      during the 6-month treatment period.

PMID- 2893675
TI  - Genotyping of cystic fibrosis families with linked DNA probes.
AB  - Forty-six British families, containing at least one child affected with cystic
      fibrosis, were typed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) by the
      probes pmet H, pmet D, pJ3.11 and 7c22. Thirty-five (76%) were fully informative
      for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection, while in the remainder prenatal
      exclusion of an affected fetus could be carried out in half the pregnancies. The
      frequencies of individual alleles did not differ between cystic fibrosis and
      normal chromosomes. However, the previously noted excess of one haplotype on
      chromosomes carrying the cystic fibrosis gene was confirmed.

PMID- 2893674
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in the amniotic fluid of fetuses with
      chromosomal aberrations and inborn errors of metabolism.
AB  - The activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was measured in amniotic fluid
      collected between the 16th and 30th weeks of gestation from 81 pregnancies with
      fetuses affected by chromosomal aberrations, nine with different types of inborn
      errors of metabolism, two with hemophilia A and one with fragile X syndrome. The
      GGT activity was compared with that from 1000 normal pregnancies and deliveries
      resulting in healthy newborns. Contamination of amniotic fluid by blood did not
      affect the GGT activity. Pathologically decreased activity was found in 25 of 56
      amniotic samples from pregnancies with fetal autosomal chromosomal aberrations
      (44.6%). It was decreased in 15 of 35 pregnancies with fetal trisomy 21 (43%), in
      11 of 19 pregnancies with fetal trisomy 18 (58%), in one of three pregnancies
      with fetal trisomy 13 and in two pregnancies with fetal trisomy 8 and triploidy,
      respectively. In only three of 16 pregnancies with fetal sex chromosomal
      aberrations was the GGT activity low. Increased GGT activity was found in three
      of six pregnancies with unbalanced structurally rearranged karyotypes of the
      fetuses. Normal GGT activity was observed in all nine amniotic fluid samples from
      pregnancies with fetuses affected with different forms of inborn errors of
      metabolism diseases, in the two pregnancies with hemophilia A and in the
      pregnancy with a male fetus with fragile X syndrome. These and earlier findings
      indicate that the GGT activity in amniotic fluid is mostly decreased in
      pregnancies with severe fetal developmental abnormalities, such as autosomal
      chromosomal aberrations, which could possibly be secondary to an alteration of
      the microvillar transport system of GGT to the amniotic fluid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893676
TI  - (+/-)-Pindolol has beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist but not agonist action on the
      costo-uterine muscle of the rat.
AB  - 1. The effects of isoprenaline and (+/-)-pindolol on rat isolated costo-uterine
      muscle have been compared. 2. Isoprenaline produced reproducible concentration
      dependent inhibition of contractions, and maximal doses (less than 0.1 mumol/l)
      produced mean inhibition of 87, 94 and 97% of field, carbachol and potassium
      stimulated preparations, respectively. 3. (+/-)-Pindolol, when effective,
      produced inhibition only in concentrations greater than its pA2 value (9.87) as
      an antagonist of isoprenaline; mean maximal effects were less than 60% of those
      produced by isoprenaline. 4. It is concluded that (+/-)-pindolol is a potent
      antagonist, but has only variable agonist action, at the beta 2-adrenoceptors of
      the rat costo-uterine muscle.

PMID- 2893677
TI  - Pharmacological properties of the atropine-resistant contraction of the carp
      (Cyprinus carpio) intestinal bulb induced by transmural stimulation.
AB  - 1. The pharmacological properties of the atropine-resistant contraction of the
      carp intestinal bulb induced by transmural stimulation were investigated. 2. In
      the presence of atropine (1 microM), transmural stimulation caused frequency
      dependent (2-50 Hz) contraction which was abolished by tetrodotoxin (780 nM). 3.
      The atropine-resistant contraction was not decreased by tubocurarine (5 microM),
      hexamethonium (100 microM), carteolol (5 microM) and phentolamine (5.4 microM).
      4. In vitro pretreatment with guanethidine (10 microM for 1 hr) markedly
      decreased the noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of the carp intestinal bulb.
      The atropine-resistant contraction was not affected by pretreatment with
      guanethidine. 5. Diphenhydramine (1 microM), methysergide (3 microM) and naloxone
      (1 microM) did not decrease the atropine-resistant contraction, indicating that
      histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and opioid peptides were not involved in the
      atropine-resistant response. 6. These results indicate that a non-cholinergic,
      non-adrenergic excitatory nerve is present in the carp intestinal bulb. The
      neurotransmitter mediating the excitatory response could not be identified.

PMID- 2893678
TI  - Receptor turnover and the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the salivary glands of
      the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala, the housefly Musca domestica and frog skin
      epithelium.
AB  - 1. Continual stimulation of frog skin epithelium and the salivary glands of the
      insects Calliphora and Musca with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) leads to
      desensitisation, i.e. the tissue fails to respond to the application of further 5
      HT. 2. Incubation of desensitised frog skin and Musca salivary glands with either
      N-acetyl neuraminic acid or inositol partially restored the 5-HT responses whilst
      incubation with a combination of N-acetyl neuraminic acid and inositol gave
      additive effects on the recovery of the 5-HT responses. 3. Incubation of
      desensitised salivary glands of Calliphora with inositol totally restored the 5
      HT response whilst incubation with N-acetyl neuraminic acid had no effect. 4. It
      is concluded that desensitisation involves depletion of secondary messenger from
      the tissues coupled with receptor degradation and that considerable differences
      exist in the turnover of 5-HT receptors, the receptors in Musca salivary glands
      being highly labile, those in Calliphora salivary glands highly stable and those
      of frog skin epithelium being intermediate in their stability.

PMID- 2893679
TI  - Autonomic effects on protein secretion by rat submandibular salivary glands.
AB  - 1. Following treatment with cholinergic and beta-adrenergic drugs, the beta-type
      protein, associated with cAMP, was secreted regardless of the doses used. 2.
      Following treatment with alpha 1-adrenergic drugs, both the beta-type and alpha
      type proteins were secreted depending on the doses used and the alpha-type
      protein was completely converted to the beta-type with alpha-blockers. 3.
      Following treatment with alpha 2-adrenergic drugs, the gamma-type protein,
      associated with cGMP, was secreted independent of the doses used.

PMID- 2893680
TI  - Acute hyperbilirubinaemia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) caused by resin
      acids.
AB  - 1. The effects of resin acids on the development of, and recovery from jaundice
      in rainbow trout were studied. 2. At 0.4 mg/l or higher resin acid concentration,
      fish developed jaundice in 2-4 days at water temperatures over 17 degrees C and
      recovered from severe intoxication within 6 days. 3. Jaundice results at least
      partially from insufficient secretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile,
      probably because resin acids and bilirubin share a common secretion pathway. 4.
      The activity of liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and concentration of plasma
      bilirubin are sensitive indicators of the exposure of trout to discharges
      containing resin acids.

PMID- 2893681
TI  - Phenobarbital: a locus of action on spike broadening and potassium inactivation.
AB  - 1. The effect of phenobarbital on frequency-dependent spike broadening and
      potassium inactivation was studied in snail neurons. 2. The amount of spike
      broadening was significantly depressed by the application of 10(-3) M
      phenobarbital but the time course of broadening was unaffected. 3. In voltage
      clamped neurons, this concentration of phenobarbital significantly depressed the
      amount of potassium current inactivation without altering its time constant. 4. A
      possible locus of phenobarbital's anticonvulsant action is through a decrease in
      synaptic efficacy resulting from a depression of presynaptic spike broadening.

PMID- 2893683
TI  - Comparative studies on nerve- and noradrenaline-induced melanosome aggregation
      within different species of fish.
AB  - 1. The aggregation of melanosomes within melanophores of the cuckoo wrasse
      (Labrus ossifagus; belonging to the family Labridae) has, on pharmacological
      grounds, been shown to be mediated by postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors which in
      turn act via an inhibitory control of adenylate cyclase. 2. In the present paper
      we have investigated some American species belonging to the Labridae, Haemulidae,
      Embiotocidae, Clinidae and Pleuronectidae. 3. In all instances, except in the
      case of sargo (Haemulidae), we could demonstrate that melanosome aggregation
      probably was mediated by postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors which mediate their
      effect by inhibiting the adenylate cyclase of the melanophores. 4. Although these
      receptors apparently, on pharmacological grounds, may be classified as alpha 2
      adrenoceptors it was also concluded that there is a phylogenetic divergence among
      these receptors.

PMID- 2893682
TI  - Responses of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used
      pharmacologic agents. I. Autonomic drugs.
AB  - 1. Sloths are very responsive to epinephrine and norepinephrine; i.v. injection
      of 1 microgram/kg elevates systolic pressure 80 and 90% respectively. 2. Doses as
      low as 0.01 microgram/kg of epinephrine as well as norepinephrine raise diastolic
      pressure. 3. Similarity of effects of these catecholamines can be explained on
      the basis of the low proportion of skeletal muscle (35 vs 45% in most mammals)
      and a small liver which reduces the proportion of beta 2 dilators to alpha
      constrictors responding to epinephrine. 4. Slowness of reflexes allows clear
      separation of early (0-20 sec), direct accelerating heart rate effect (up 15%
      with 1 microgram/kg of norepinephrine) and later (20-60 sec), reflex bradycardia
      (down 30% from control level). 5. Sloths are more sensitive to the vasodilating
      effects of isoproterenol or less sensitive to beta 1 cardiac stimulating effects
      than most laboratory mammals; doses as low as 0.1 microgram/kg cause a fall in
      mean arterial pressure not overcome by increased heart rate.

PMID- 2893684
TI  - Interactions of organic pollutants with gills of the bivalve molluscs Anodonta
      californiensis and Mytilus californianus: uptake and effect on membrane fluxes.
      II.
AB  - 1. The uptakes of 2,4,5-T, glyphosate, parathion, paranitrophenol, naphthalene,
      glycine, and inulin by gills of the bivalve molluscs Anodonta californiensis
      (freshwater) and Mytilus californianus (marine) show non-polar compounds are
      taken up to a greater extent than polar compounds except where active transport
      occurs. 2. The uptake of glycine by M. californianus is reduced by pollutants
      containing complexing functional groups but not by non-polar compounds. 3. The
      uptake of parathion alters the polyphosphate-inorganic phosphate balance in M.
      californianus. 4. The uptakes of pollutants parallel their toxicities toward
      rats.

PMID- 2893686
TI  - Effects of synthetic peptides on giant neurones identified in the ganglia of an
      African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac). IV.
AB  - 1. The previous papers (Ku et al., 1986; Kim et al., 1987; Yongsiri et al., 1987)
      reported the effects of the synthetic peptides, i.e. Met-enkephalin, substance P,
      neurotensin, oxytocin, Arg-vasopressin, proctolin, FMRFamide, ranatensin C etc.,
      on about 20 identifiable giant neurones of an African giant snail (Achatina
      fulica Ferussac). 2. In the present study, the effects of the same peptides on
      the following Achatina neurones, other than those of the previous papers, were
      investigated: v-RPLN, v-LPSN, v-VNAN, v-VLN, r-VMN, l-VMN, v-l-VOrN and d-RCDN.
      3. Of the neurones tested here, v-RPLN (ventral-right parietal large neurone) was
      excited slightly by Met-enkephalin, excited markedly by oxytocin, and inhibited
      by FMRFamide, at 10(-4) M. 4. Of these effects, those of oxytocin and FMRFamide
      were undoubtedly the direct effects on the neurone tested, whereas those of Met
      enkephalin were probably due to the synaptic activations. 5. Another neurone, v
      LPSN (ventral-left parietal large neurone), was affected by oxytocin and
      ranatensin C at 10(-4) M. The two substances sometimes showed similar simple
      excitatory effects, in other cases biphasic (excitation followed by inhibition)
      effects, and in a few cases almost no effect. 6. The rest of the neurones tested
      were not sensitive at all to any of the peptides examined.

PMID- 2893685
TI  - Caffeine effects on buccal muscles of Aplysia.
AB  - 1. Caffeine (35-70 mM) elicited contractions of Aplysia buccal muscle El. In a
      Ca2+-free medium, in which ACh-elicited contractions rapidly fail, caffeine
      elicited contractions of approximately the same size as in normal medium. 2. 5-HT
      (10(-8) M and 10(-7) M) did not enhance caffeine-elicited contractions. 3. Lower
      concentrations (1-10 mM) of caffeine inhibited ACh-elicited contractions.
      Caffeine (7 mM) reduced the contraction by 80%. 4. Caffeine (7 mM) reduced ACh
      elicited depolarization by 60%. 5. Caffeine (7 mM) increased 45Ca2+ influx into
      Aplysia buccal muscle I5. The stimulation of influx of 45Ca2+ by 10(-3) M ACh was
      non-additive with the stimulation caused by caffeine, and 7 mM caffeine reduced
      the influx caused by 10(-3) M ACh.

PMID- 2893687
TI  - Effects of temperature and general anesthesia on the water gain and the inulin
      space of the brain of the toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel.
AB  - 1. The water gain in vitro and the inulin space of the brain of the toad were
      measured under different experimental conditions. 2. There exists a highly
      positive correlation between water uptake by the brain and the acclimation
      incubation temperature, 7 degrees-37 degrees C. 3. Regional differences in the
      water gain and inulin space were also demonstrated when measured at 20 degrees C.
      Higher gains were observed in hemispheres, mesodiencephalon and rhombencephalon.
      4. The water gain was higher for whole brains obtained under deep anesthesia with
      ether or urethane but not under nembutal. The inulin space was also higher under
      ether but lower under urethane. Nembutal had no effect in this case either. 5. A
      hypothesis about the possible role of water and electrolyte movements in the
      mechanism of action of some general anesthetics is advanced.

PMID- 2893688
TI  - Octopamine action on the contractile system of crustacean skeletal muscle.
AB  - 1. In the opener muscle of walking legs of crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus)
      octopamine (OA) greatly enhances the contractions resulting from brief
      applications of L-glutamate or of elevated K-concentrations. Synephrine is as
      effective as OA. 2. In the case of potentiation of responses to high-K
      applications a presynaptic component of the OA action was excluded by first
      desensitising the muscle fibres to the action of the natural transmitter, using a
      high concentration (1 mM) of glutamate. 3. The Ca-antagonists Co, Ni and Mn (1
      mM) reduced the effects of glutamate and of elevated K to about one-half. In
      preparations treated with OA, the same Ca-antagonists also depressed the
      potentiated contractural responses to glutamate and to elevated K, again to about
      one-half. 4. OA also enhanced contractions resulting from the application of
      caffeine. 5. With 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) application, the same postsynaptic
      effects were obtained as described for OA, except that the 5-HT actions were much
      weaker. 6. With OA, maximal effects were obtained with concentrations of 5 x 10(
      6)-10(-5) M; maximally effective concentrations of 5-HT were around 10(-5) M. 7.
      The lowest effective concentrations of OA were around 10(-8) M; those of 5-HT
      were around 10(-7) M. 8. In the same preparation, 5-HT is far more effective in
      enhancing transmitter release (presynaptic action) than OA, the lowest effective
      concentration being around 10(-11) M while no presynaptic effects of OA were seen
      at concentrations below 10(-8) M, in some cases even below 10(-5) M.

PMID- 2893689
TI  - Relapse in delusional depression: a retrospective study of the course of
      treatment.

PMID- 2893690
TI  - Altered tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism during hypothermic hibernation in the
      13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus).
AB  - (1) Tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism in brain and peripheral tissues were
      studied in hypothermic hibernating and normothermic nonhibernating 13-lined
      ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). (2) In the hypothermic
      hibernating state, there were significant elevations of brain stem tyrosine,
      norepinephrine, and dopamine levels; forebrain norepinephrine and dopamine
      levels; and cerebellum norepinephrine and tyrosine levels. (3) On the other hand,
      plasma norepinephrine levels were significantly decreased in hypothermic
      hibernating squirrels while plasma tyrosine levels were increased. Kidney
      norepinephrine levels were significantly increased in hypothermic hibernating
      squirrels, while kidney tyrosine levels were decreased. Total plasma tryptophan
      and free plasma tryptophan were significantly reduced in hypothermic hibernating
      squirrels. Hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase Km and Vmax were decreased in
      hypothermic hibernating squirrels, while tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity was
      not altered. Plasma and liver albumin were increased in hypothermic hibernating
      squirrels, while plasma and liver total protein were not altered. (4) These
      results demonstrate that significant changes in tyrosine and tryptophan
      metabolism occur in both central and peripheral tissues with concomitant
      alterations in metabolites during hypothermic hibernation in 13-lined ground
      squirrels.

PMID- 2893691
TI  - Appetite in anorexia of cancer.

PMID- 2893692
TI  - Adverse reactions in the skin from anti-hypertensive drugs.
AB  - Anti-hypertensive drugs, including diuretics and beta-blocking drugs, belong to a
      group of therapeutics used by about a fourth of the Danish population. As with
      cytostatics, antibiotics, and topical remedies, they rather frequently cause
      adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the skin. No exact statistical information is
      available concerning the extent of such side effects. The information obtained by
      Danish National Board of Health's Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions shows that
      10-60% of ADR from diuretics, beta-blocking agents, and anti-hypertensive drugs
      are dermatological. The skin symptoms are not unique for any specific drug. But
      certain symptoms occur more frequently than others. Thiazides can give
      vasculitis, a phototoxic/-allergic eruption, erythema multiforme, or eczema. The
      combination of amiloride (5 mg) and hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg) carries the
      highest number of recorded ADR; 59% of these are in the skin. Half of the skin
      ADR are phototoxic eczema. Furosemide may give eczema, purpura, a bullous
      eruption, or Steven-Johnson's syndrome in rare cases. Methyldopa can induce
      eczematous eruptions on hands and feet, a lichenoid eruption, a lupus
      erythematosus-like eruption, or purpura. Hydralazine may give lupus erythematosus
      like eruptions, eczema, or urticaria. Non-specific beta-blocking drugs can induce
      a morbilliform rash and may aggravate psoriasis. Captopril may induce pruritus in
      up to 15% of the patients and skin eruptions in 2%. The most serious
      dermatological side effect, exfoliative dermatitis, is very rarely seen following
      the use of anti-hypertensive drugs or diuretics.

PMID- 2893694
TI  - [Plasma osmotic pressure in patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2893693
TI  - Nucleotide sequences and unusual electrophoretic behavior of the W chromosome
      specific repeating DNA units of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus.
AB  - Nucleotide sequences of three independently cloned repeating units of the W
      chromosome-specific repetitive DNA sequences ("XhoI family") of the chicken were
      determined. All three units are 717 bp long with XhoI sites at both ends. There
      are only 21 sites out of 717 bases where a single base change occurs in one of
      the three clones. Each of these repeating units consists of 34 tandem repeats of
      about 21 bp. Sequences of some members of these internal repeats are not well
      conserved, but the majority of the repeats are characterized by the presence of
      (A)3-5 and (T)3-5 clusters separated by 6-7 relatively G + C-rich base pairs. One
      striking feature of the cloned 717 bp repeating units is that they migrate
      unusually slowly on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The same feature is
      also shown by a genomic population of the 0.7 kb repeating units recovered from
      XhoI digests of the genomic DNA of the female chicken. This anomalous behavior is
      attributed to the occurrence of DNA curvatures because of the above sequence
      characteristics and partial recovery of the electrophoretic mobility in the
      presence of distamycin A. Another feature of the 717 bp repeating unit is the
      presence of 438 and 159 nucleotide-long open reading frames (ORFs) at each end of
      the unit. A possible function of the XhoI family sequences in the
      heterochromatization of the W chromosome and the significance of the ORFs are
      discussed.

PMID- 2893695
TI  - Pancreatic A- and D-cell response to arginine during acute alloxan-induced intra
      islet insulinopenia.
AB  - This study was performed to investigate the role of pancreatic B-cell function on
      glucagon and somatostatin response to arginine. Isolated perfused rat pancreas
      was used for the experiment. Acute B-cell destruction was induced in vitro by
      0.56 mM alloxan infused directly into the vascular system of the perfused
      pancreas. This resulted in a fall in basal insulin release and in a complete
      absence of hormone response to 20 mM arginine. Glucagon and somatostatin release
      during metabolic stimulus was superimposable on that observed in the control
      experiments (no alloxan infusion). We conclude that a normal B-cell function is
      not required for glucagon and somatostatin response to arginine.

PMID- 2893696
TI  - The disposition and pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole in the rat.
AB  - The disposition, biliary excretion, and pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole in
      Sprague-Dawley rats were determined after intravenous administration. Greater
      than 80% of the radioactivity after a 5 mg/kg iv dose of 3H-ketoconazole was
      excreted in the feces. Urinary excretion was essentially complete after 48 hr;
      however, fecal excretion was prolonged over a 7-day period. Biliary excretion of
      radioactivity averaged 54.3 +/- 18.0% of the dose over a 7.5-8-hr period in
      pentobarbital-anesthesized rats. The possibility of enterohepatic recirculation
      was examined using a linked rat technique. Less than 2% of the radioactivity was
      found in the recipient bile over 9-12 hr. In eight male rats, the plasma
      pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole, as determined by an HPLC assay with
      fluorescence detection, were as follows: VD = 655 +/- 91 ml/kg, Cl = 14.4 +/- 5.1
      ml/min/kg, and t 1/2 = 35.0 +/- 12.3 min. Three of the rats were given an
      additional oral dose to determine absolute bioavailability. The time to peak was
      30-60 min, and the bioavailability was 35.8 +/- 3.55%. Previous studies have
      indicated that ketoconazole is well absorbed in rats; therefore, the poor
      bioavailability is probably due to first pass metabolism. The prolonged fecal
      excretion of radioactivity from an intravenous dose was probably caused by slow
      elimination of ketoconazole metabolites.

PMID- 2893697
TI  - Metabolism and disposition of cyproheptadine and desmethylcyproheptadine in
      pregnant and fetal rats.
AB  - The tissue distribution of unchanged drug and metabolites in pregnant rats was
      studied following oral administration of cyproheptadine (CPH) or its N
      demethylated metabolite, desmethylcyproheptadine (DMCPH). A high performance
      liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for analysis of CPH and its
      metabolites in maternal and fetal tissues. In pregnant rats given CPH (11 mg/kg)
      during the final 2 or 8 days of gestation, the unchanged drug, DMCPH and
      desmethylcyproheptadine-10,11-epoxide (DMCPH-epoxide) were detected in various
      maternal and fetal tissues, including pancreas, liver, lung, kidney and placenta.
      DMCPH and DMCPH-epoxide were also present in fetal tissues after 8 oral doses of
      DMCPH (11 mg/kg) to pregnant rats. Tissue concentrations of unchanged CPH and its
      metabolites, after each treatment regimen, were highest in the lung. Except for
      pancreas and brain, the levels of CPH, DMCPH, or DMCPH-epoxide in tissues at
      early times after completing CPH treatment were 3- to 10-fold higher in the dam
      than in the fetus. Brain levels of CPH metabolites were higher in the fetus than
      in the maternal animal. The metabolite DMCPH-epoxide appeared in fetal pancreas
      in concentrations equal to those in the maternal pancreas. In separate
      experiments designed to examine the metabolic capability of the fetus (day 20 of
      gestation), it was found that fetally administered CPH was not demethylated and,
      instead, epoxidated to form cyproheptadine-10,11-epoxide (CPH-epoxide).
      Administration of the metabolite DMCPH to the fetus showed that it was also
      readily converted to an epoxide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893699
TI  - Metabolite profile in milk of lactating rats after treatment with a carcinogen, N
      2-fluorenylacetamide.
AB  - Metabolites were determined in milk and urine of lactating rats 4 to 5 hr after
      each of 3 to 6 ip injections of N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) at 0.2 mmol/kg of
      body weight. Milk contained 2-FAA as the major free compound, variable amounts of
      N-2-fluorenamine (2-FA) and phenols (7- greater than 5- greater than 3-hydroxy-2
      FAA) chiefly as glucuronides, and very small amounts of the glucuronide of N
      hydroxy-2-FAA. Urine contained large amounts of the phenols and N-hydroxy-2-FAA
      as free and conjugated compounds, but in contrast to milk, only small amounts of
      2-FAA and no 2-FA. Pretreatment of rats with beta-napthoflavone, an inducer of
      microsomal C- and N-hydroxylations of 2-FAA, increased the amounts of 3- and 5
      hydroxy-2-FAA in milk and of 3-hydroxy-2-FAA in urine. However, the total amounts
      of the compounds excreted in 1 ml of milk or urine, i.e. 0.05 to 0.13% or 0.6% of
      the dose of 2-FAA, respectively, were similar in the uninduced and induced
      groups. Protein hydrolysates of milk of 2-FAA-treated rats and of milk interacted
      with 2-nitrosofluorene (2-NOF) in vitro both contained 2-FA and 9-oxo-2-FA. This
      suggested formation of 2-NOF in vivo possibly by peroxidative metabolism of N-OH
      2-FAA. Since 2-NOF has been reported to form adducts with unsaturated lipids, the
      effect of treatment of lactating rats with 2-FAA on the fatty acid composition of
      milk lipids was examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893701
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the antitumor drug amonafide (NSC-308847) in
      humans.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of Amonafide (5-amino-2-[2
      (dimethylamine)ethyl]-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3-(2H)- dione) were examined in
      seven patients who were administered 400 mg/m2 of drug as a 30-min infusion on a
      daily schedule for 5 consecutive days. Amonafide concentrations in plasma and
      urine were determined using reversed phase HPLC. Amonafide was eliminated from
      plasma with a terminal half-life of 3.5 hr. Renal excretion accounted for 23% of
      the administered dose. Amonafide pharmacokinetic parameters after the initial
      dose (day 1) were similar to those calculated after the fifth daily dose.
      Amonafide undergoes a significant amount of metabolism and eight urinary
      metabolites have been identified using a thermospray liquid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (LC/MS) technique. Various N-acetylated species appear to be the
      major metabolites, although no evidence of N-acetylation was found in urine
      obtained from two patients. Two of the primary metabolites, the N(N5)-acetyl and
      N'(N1)-oxide metabolites of Amonafide, were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity
      against P388 murine leukemia cells. In this test system, the N-acetyl metabolite
      was observed to be only slightly less cytotoxic than the parent compound. The N'
      oxide of Amonafide, however, proved to be inactive. These results are discussed
      together with the pharmacokinetic and metabolism data of this new investigational
      antitumor drug.

PMID- 2893700
TI  - Species-dependent enantioselective glucuronidation of three 2-arylpropionic
      acids. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen.
AB  - The enantioselective glucuronidation of several racemic 2-arylproprionic acids
      (naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen) was investigated in vitro with
      immobilized microsomal protein from human, rhesus monkey, and rabbit liver as the
      source of UDP-glucuronyl-transferases. Human microsomes, solubilized microsomal
      protein, and immobilized protein all gave comparable enantioselectivity. The
      diastereomeric glucuronides were separated and quantitated by HPLC and
      characterized stereochemically by co-elution with glucuronides formed from
      authentic resolved enantiomers. Conjugation of the carboxylic acid moieties
      occurred stereoselectively with all three substrates. However, enantioselectivity
      varied qualitatively and quantitatively with substrate as well as with species.
      The glucuronidation of (S)-naproxen by human liver enzymes was inhibited in the
      presence of (R)-naproxen and vice versa. The ratio of the glucuronides of (S)
      benoxaprofen to that of (R)-benoxaprofen in rhesus monkey urine varied between
      individual animals and appeared to change through time as dosing continued.
      Hydrolysis of the diasteriomeric glucuronides of (R)- and (S)-naproxen was
      differentially inhibited by addition of 1,4-saccharolactone.

PMID- 2893698
TI  - Effects of model traumatic injury on hepatic drug metabolism in the rat. VI.
      Major detoxification/toxification pathways.
AB  - A previously validated small mammal trauma model, hindlimb ischemia secondary to
      infrarenal aortic ligation in the rat, was utilized to investigate the effects of
      traumatic injury on two of the major hepatic enzymes of detoxification,
      glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase. Hepatic cytosolic glutathione S
      transferase activity toward a variety of substrates showed a 26-34% decrease at
      24 hr after model injury. Hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity toward
      1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane was diminished by 53% after model trauma.
      Both enzymatic activities toward styrene oxide were similarly depressed. The
      toxicological sequelae of these derangements were illustrated by administering a
      dose of styrene oxide (300 mg/kg, ip) which was below the threshold dose (350
      mg/kg, ip) necessary to produce hepatotoxicity in control animals. Model trauma
      dramatically enhanced the hepatotoxic effects of the subthreshold dose, as well
      as the covalent binding of labeled styrene oxide to liver proteins. These
      findings indicate that traumatic injury renders the animal more susceptible to
      agents which are detoxified by glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase.
      Conversely, model trauma provided almost complete protection from the hepatotoxic
      effects of a standard dose (200 mg/kg, ip) of bromobenzene. This protection
      appeared to derive from a post-traumatic alteration of cytochrome P-450
      subpopulations that decreased the formation of the potentially toxic 3,4-epoxide
      metabolite, despite an increase in the cytochrome P-448-mediated generation of
      the nontoxic 2,3-epoxide. For bromobenzene, the change in cytochrome P-450
      mediated activation appeared quantitatively more significant in overall toxicity
      than the post-traumatic depression of detoxification pathways described above,
      leading to decreased toxicity in vivo. For other compounds, the combination of
      post-traumatic influences on cytochrome P-450/P-448 activity and epoxide
      hydrolase/glutathione S-transferase activities could lead to markedly enhanced
      toxicity.

PMID- 2893702
TI  - Disposition, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of a dermal dose of [14C]2,5
      hexanedione in hens.
AB  - A dermal dose of 50 mg/kg (7.5 microCi/kg) of [14C]2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) was
      applied on a protected area on the backs of hens. Five groups of three hens were
      killed after 4, 8, 24, 36, and 48 hr. 2,5-HD disappeared monoexponentially from
      the application site with a half-life of 6 hr. After 48 hr, 35% of the
      radioactivity was expired as volatile material, largely as 2,5-HD. The combined
      urinary fecal excreta accounted for 15% of the eliminated radioactivity, while
      the 14CO2 accounted for 11.9% of the radioactive dose. The highest concentration
      of 14C was detected in the bile. Among tissues analyzed, liver and kidney
      contained the highest concentrations of radioactivity, whereas the brain, spinal
      cord, and peripheral nerves showed smaller concentrations. The half-lives for the
      elimination of 14C were longest for muscle (71 hr) and shortest for adipose
      tissue (12 hr), while the remaining tissues showed half-lives ranging from 20 to
      30 hr. Radioactivity in the plasma reached a peak at 4 hr. Most of this
      radioactivity was identified as 5-hydroxy-2-hexanone followed by 2,5-HD and 2,5
      dimethylfuran; these chemicals then disappeared biexponentially with terminal
      half-lives of 7.6 hr, 12.6 hr, and 28.6 hr, respectively. 2,5-HD was the most
      accounted chemical found in the liver, lung, and kidney, while 5-hydroxy-2
      hexanone was found to be most abundant in the combined urinary-fecal excreta.

PMID- 2893704
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of pentane, a by-product of lipid peroxidation.
AB  - Pentane excretion in breath has been used as an index of lipid peroxidation in
      intact animals based on the premise that the hydrocarbon is metabolically inert.
      However, it is now known that pentane is metabolized by animals and that its
      pulmonary excretion is affected both by its production and by its metabolism.
      Thus, changes in pentane metabolism could obscure alterations in the rate of
      production, which is the quantity most closely related to the extent of lipid
      peroxidation. The purpose of this study was to determine the clearance of pentane
      from arterial blood by the rat following an injection of the hydrocarbon into a
      closed chamber containing the animal. Clearance was estimated from the analysis
      of arterial blood and chamber air concentration-time curves using a three
      compartment model which included the chamber as a peripheral compartment. The
      required blood-to-air partition coefficients were determined experimentally.
      Blood clearance values obtained from control rats, rats pretreated with carbon
      tetrachloride, and animals given 4-methylpyrazole were 0.141, 0.021, and 0.014
      liter/min/kg, respectively. The 85% decrease in clearance of animals pretreated
      with either a metabolic inhibitor or a toxin which destroys cytochrome P-450
      suggests that metabolism may contribute significantly to the overall elimination
      of pentane. Therefore, the quantitation of pentane excretion rate as an index of
      lipid peroxidation should include a consideration of possible changes in
      metabolic clearance.

PMID- 2893703
TI  - Monooxygenase-mediated activation of chlorotrianisene (TACE) in covalent binding
      to rat hepatic microsomal proteins.
AB  - Chlorotrianisene is a therapeutic estrogen and contaminant of the pesticide
      methoxychlor. Incubation of [3H]chlorotrianisene with rat liver microsomes,
      supplemented with NADPH, yielded covalent binding of radiolabeled metabolite(s)
      to microsomal components. This binding was dramatically stimulated when
      microsomes from methylcholanthrene-treated rats were used. However, microsomes
      from phenobarbital-treated animals did not enhance binding. Analysis of
      solubilized microsomes by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis revealed radiolabeled bands in the 45- to 66-kDa range.
      Furthermore, these bands were sensitive to protease degradation, indicating that
      the recipient macromolecules were proteins and possibly cytochrome P-450(s).
      Selective inhibition of binding to microsomes prepared from control,
      phenobarbital-, and methylcholanthrene-treated rats by inhibitors of
      monooxygenase activity [beta-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate (SKF-525A)
      and metyrapone], by alternate substrates (ethylmorphine and benzo[a]pyrene), and
      by oxygen exclusion indicated that the binding was dependent upon monooxygenase
      activity and that a specific P-450 may be involved. Compounds containing free
      sulfhydryls markedly inhibited covalent binding, suggesting that the reactive
      intermediate is an epoxide or a free radical. The epoxide hydratase inhibitor
      (1,1,1-trichloropropane oxide) failed to enhance covalent binding, suggesting
      that an epoxide of chlorotrianisene was not the reactive intermediate. By
      contrast, free radical scavengers (propyl gallate, N,N'-diphenylenediamine, and
      ascorbic acid) markedly inhibited covalent binding, indicating that binding was
      mediated via a free radical. Since both methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital did
      not enhance demethylation of chlorotrianisene and methylcholanthrene increased
      covalent binding, it appears that demethylation products are not involved in
      covalent binding or that demethylation is not the rate-limiting step. A possible
      pathway for the metabolism and covalent binding of chlorotrianisene is presented.

PMID- 2893706
TI  - N-oxidation of N-methylpyrrolidine released in vivo from cefepime.
AB  - Cefepime (BMY-28142), 7-[alpha-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-alpha-(Z)-methoximin
      oacetamido] -3-[(1-methyl-1-pyrrolidino)-methyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylate is a
      potent cephalosporin that is unique in having a quaternized N-methylpyrrolidino
      side chain. Degradation of the beta-lactam ring can result in release of N
      methylpyrrolidine (NMP), an alicyclic tertiary amine. After iv bolus
      administration of [methyl-14C]NMP, most radioactivity in the urine of rats and a
      dog was present as a polar, nonextractable metabolite, which was isolated and
      identified as NMP N-oxide. A minor urinary metabolite was not identified. The NMP
      concentration in plasma declined in a rapid monoexponential manner, and there was
      a concomitant increase in the N-oxide concentration. After iv administration of
      cefepime, which was labeled with 14C in the methyl group of the NMP side chain,
      86% of the radiolabel recovered in the urine was attributable to intact
      antibiotic. The balance was principally present as the N-oxide. Oxidation of NMP
      to the N-oxide by rat and human liver microsomes was demonstrable in vitro. These
      results indicate that intravenously administered NMP or NMP arising from the
      degradation of cefepime in vivo is subject to rapid metabolic clearance.

PMID- 2893705
TI  - Co-oxidation of 2-bromohydroquinone by renal prostaglandin synthase. Modulation
      of prostaglandin synthesis by 2-bromohydroquinone and glutathione.
AB  - Homogenates from rat renal papillae, a rich source of the prostaglandin (PG) H
      synthase system (PHS), metabolized [14C]2-bromohydroquinone, in the presence of
      arachidonic acid, to products which are covalently bound to protein. The co
      oxidation of 2-bromohydroquinone caused a concentration-dependent stimulation in
      6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane B2, PGF2 alpha, PGE2, and PGD2 formation.
      Glutathione (1 mM) caused a decrease in prostaglandin formation and inhibited the
      arachidonic acid-supported covalent binding of [14C]2-bromohydroquinone with the
      concomitant formation of [14C]2-bromohydroquinone-glutathione conjugates,
      oxidized glutathione, and an increase in the recovery of [14C]2
      bromohydroquinone. NADPH also inhibited [14C]2-bromohydroquinone covalent
      binding, probably by reduction of the semiquinone radical back to the
      hydroquinone. Indomethacin and aspirin, inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase
      component of PHS, and propylthiouracil and methimazole, inhibitors of the
      hydroperoxidase component of PHS, inhibited the arachidonic acid-supported
      covalent binding of [14C]2-bromohydroquinone by 94%, 52%, 78%, and 79%
      respectively. These data suggest that 1) renal PHS may play a role in activating
      the nephrotoxin, 2-bromohydroquinone, and that 2) xenobiotic metabolism and its
      subsequent effects on glutathione levels can modulate renal prostaglandin
      synthesis.

PMID- 2893707
TI  - Isolation and characterization of 4'-hydroxy T-2 toxin, a new metabolite of the
      trichothecene mycotoxin T-2.
AB  - Biotransformation of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 by the hepatic S-9 fraction
      prepared from phenobarbital-treated rats yielded a new metabolic product
      designated RLM-3. The metabolite was purified from the hepatic preparation using
      preparative HPLC. The structural analysis of RLM-3 was carried out using gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR. RLM-3 was identified as 4'
      hydroxy T-2. The toxicity of RLM-3 in comparison to T-2 toxin and 3'-hydroxy T-2
      was assessed using a rat skin bioassay technique. The metabolite 4'-hydroxy T-2
      was shown to be deacylated at the C-4 position to yield 4'-hydroxy HT-2 when
      incubated with rat hepatic S-9 preparations.

PMID- 2893708
TI  - Metabolism and excretion of dinitrobenzenes by male Fischer-344 rats.
AB  - All three dinitrobenzene (DNB) isomers cause methemoglobinemia, but only 1,3-DNB
      produces testicular toxicity in rats. In order to determine whether major
      differences exist in the routes of DNB metabolism, male Fischer-344 rats were
      given an oral dose (0.15 mmol/kg) of 14C-labeled 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-DNB, and
      excreta were collected over 48 hr. Elimination of radiolabel was rapid; 85%, 60%,
      and 75% of the 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-DNB dose was recovered in 24 hr, respectively.
      Urine was the primary route of excretion, accounting for 82% of the total dose of
      1,2-DNB and 75% of the dose of 1,4-DNB after 48 hr. Radiolabel from 1,3-DNB was
      excreted to a slightly lesser extent in the urine (63% of the dose). A greater
      portion of radiolabel was excreted in the feces than with the other isomers (18%
      of total dose, compared to 8% and 9% with 1,2-DNB and 1,4-DNB, respectively). The
      major urinary metabolites of 1,2-DNB were S-(2-nitrophenyl)-N-acetylcysteine (42%
      of the dose), 2-nitroaniline-N-glucuronide (4%), 4-amino-3-nitrophenylsulfate
      (17%), 2-amino-3-nitrophenylsulfate (1.5%), and 2-(N-hydroxylamino)nitrobenzene
      (1-2%). The major urinary metabolites of 1,3-DNB were 3-aminoacetanilide (22%), 4
      acetamidophenylsulfate (6%), 1,3-diacetamidobenzene (7%), and 3-nitroaniline-N
      glucuronide (4%). The major metabolites of 1,4-DNB were 2-amino-5
      nitrophenylsulfate (35%), S-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-acetylcysteine (13%), and 1,4
      diacetamidobenzene (7%). These results suggest that the DNB isomers are primarily
      metabolized by nitro group reduction and conjugation with glutathione. The
      testicular toxicant 1,3-DNB was apparently metabolized exclusively by reduction.

PMID- 2893709
TI  - Cryopreservation of rat and dog hepatocytes for studies of xenobiotic metabolism
      and activation.
AB  - Isolated human hepatocytes offer a unique way of studying the metabolism and
      mechanisms of action of drugs and toxic chemicals. Because of the irregular
      availability of human liver, a way of storing the hepatocytes until they can be
      conveniently used is required. Using rat and dog isolated hepatocytes, we have
      developed a procedure for cryopreserving hepatocytes in large numbers such as are
      needed for metabolism and toxicity studies. Hepatocytes were frozen in medium
      containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide using a microcomputer-controlled freezing
      gradient and stored at -196 degrees C. Upon thawing, the total cell recovery for
      rat hepatocytes was 67%. Cell viability measured by trypan blue (TB) exclusion
      was 67%, 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EOC) dealkylation 33%, and cytochrome P-450 75%,
      compared to fresh hepatocytes. With cryopreserved dog hepatocytes, the total cell
      recovery was 75%. TB exclusion was 62%, 7-EOC dealkylation 37%, and cytochrome P
      450 68%, compared to fresh hepatocytes. The viability of cryopreserved hepatocyte
      preparations could be improved by density separation on Percoll giving a TB
      exclusion for rat hepatocytes of 85%, and 7-EOC dealkylation of 69% compared to
      fresh hepatocytes, with 67% of the viable cells recovered. Biphenyl was used as a
      substrate to measure integrated xenobiotic metabolizing activity by the
      hepatocytes. Total hydroxybiphenyl (OHB) formation, a mixed function oxygenase
      activity, was maintained in cryopreserved Percoll-treated rat hepatocytes at 86%,
      OHB glucuronide formation at 85%, and OHB sulfate formation at 20% of the values
      in fresh hepatocytes. In cryopreserved dog hepatocyte, total OHB formation was
      39%, and OHB glucuronide and sulfate formation less than 10% of the values in
      fresh hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893710
TI  - Oxidative metabolism of butylated hydroxytoluene by hepatic and pulmonary
      microsomes from rats and mice.
AB  - Metabolism of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4
      methylphenol) has been studied with liver and lung microsomes from rats and mice.
      The structures of several previously reported metabolites were confirmed, the
      identities of four new metabolites were determined, pathways of oxidation were
      investigated, and quantitative data were obtained for several of the products.
      Two main metabolic processes occur, hydroxylation of alkyl substituents and
      oxidation of the aromatic pi electron system. The former leads to the 4
      hydroxymethyl product (BHT-BzOH) and a primary alcohol resulting from
      hydroxylation of a t-butyl group (BHT-tBuOH). Additional metabolites were
      produced by oxidation of BHT-BzOH to the corresponding benzaldehyde and benzoic
      acid derivatives. Hydroxylation of BHT-tBuOH occurs at the benzylic methyl
      position, and the resulting diol is oxidized further to the hydroxybenzaldehyde
      derivative. Oxidation of the pi system leads to the quinol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4
      hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone, the quinone, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4
      benzoquinone, and the quinone methide, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylene-2,5
      cyclohexadienone. Derivatives of the quinol and quinone with a hydroxylated t
      butyl group were also formed. Quantitative data demonstrate that BHT-BzOH is the
      principal metabolite in rat liver and lung microsomes. On the other hand, mice
      produce large amounts of both BHT-BzOH and BHT-tBuOH in these tissues. The
      metabolite profile was similar in rat liver and lung. Mouse lung, however,
      produced more quinone relative to other metabolites than mouse liver.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893711
TI  - Evidence for diazotization of 14C-sulfamethazine [4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2
      pyrimidinyl)benzene[U-14C]sulfonamide] in swine. The effect of nitrite.
AB  - Dietary nitrite greatly enhanced the conversion of orally administered 14C
      sulfamethazine (4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)benzene[U-14C]sulfonamide;
      14C-sulmet) to 14C-desaminosulfamethazine [N-(4,6-dimethyl-2
      pyrimidinyl)benzene[U-14C]sulfonamide; 14C-DA-sulmet] in swine. The disposition
      of 14C orally administered to swine as 14C-sulfamethazinediazonium
      tetrafluoroborate (4-[N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)sulfonamido] [U-14C]diazonium
      tetrafluoroborate) was very similar to the disposition of 14C given to swine as
      14C-sulmet in combination with nitrite. These results and other information
      discussed in the text provide evidence that 14C-sulmet, in the presence of
      nitrite under the acid conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, was diazotized
      and that this diazonium intermediate was converted to 14C-DA-sulmet and other
      unidentified 14C-labeled products.

PMID- 2893712
TI  - Mechanism-based inactivation of the major beta-naphthoflavone-inducible isozyme
      of rat liver cytochrome P-450 by the chloramphenicol analog N-(2-p
      nitrophenethyl)dichloroacetamide.
AB  - The effectiveness, selectivity, and mechanism of the inactivation of the major
      beta-naphthoflavone-inducible isozyme of rat liver cytochrome P-450 (BNF-B) by
      the chloramphenicol analog N-(2-p-nitrophenethyl)dichloroacetamide (pNO2DCA) have
      been investigated. Intraperitoneal administration of pNO2DCA to beta
      naphthoflavone-treated rats at doses of 10 and 100 mg/kg resulted in 72 and 95%
      decreases, respectively, in the ethoxyresorufin deethylase activity of
      subsequently prepared liver microsomes. Similar decreases were observed in the
      warfarin R-6 and R-8 hydroxylase activities of the microsomes. At the lower dose
      of pNO2DCA, only those R-warfarin hydroxylase activities attributable to BNF-B
      were decreased, whereas, at the higher dose, inhibition of additional cytochromes
      P-450 was evident. In vitro, pNO2DCA was found to be a highly efficient
      inactivator of purified BNF-B in a reconstituted system. The maximal rate
      constant for inactivation and the apparent Km for the inhibitor were 0.52 min-1
      and 2.7 microM, respectively. Inactivation of BNF-B by pNO2DCA appears to involve
      an impairment in electron transfer from NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, as
      evidenced by a decrease in the NADPH- but not the iodosobenzene-supported
      metabolism of ethoxycoumarin by the modified enzyme. However, in the absence of
      substrate, there was no decrease in the NADPH oxidase activity or in the steady
      state level of ferrous carbonyl complex formed enzymatically. Likewise, the
      maximal level of isosafrole metabolite-P-450 complex formed by BNF-B was not
      decreased by modification with pNO2DCA, although the rate of complex formation
      was inhibited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893713
TI  - Selective inactivation by chloramphenicol of the major phenobarbital-inducible
      isozyme of dog liver cytochrome P-450.
AB  - Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a potent and effective mechanism-based inactivator of
      the major phenobarbital (PB)-inducible isozyme of dog liver cytochrome P-450 (PBD
      2) in vitro. In a reconstituted system containing PBD-2, CAP causes a time- and
      NADPH-dependent irreversible loss of 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity, with
      no loss of spectrally detectable cytochrome P-450. Inactivation is enhanced by
      cytochrome b5, and, in the presence of cytochrome b5, the concentration of CAP at
      which the rate constant for inactivation is half-maximal (Kl) and the maximal
      rate constant for inactivation (Kinact) are 5 microM and 1.2 min-1, respectively.
      CAP binds covalently to PBD-2 with a stoichiometry of 1 nmol of [14C]CAP
      bound/nmol of cytochrome P-450 inactivated. In addition, CAP is a selective
      inactivator of PBD-2. In intact liver microsomes from PB-treated dogs, CAP
      irreversibly inhibits androstenedione 16 alpha and 16 beta, but not 6 beta
      hydroxylation. Covalent binding of [14C]CAP to dog liver microsomes in vitro is
      increased 5.5 times by PB induction. This increase correlates well with the
      increased levels of immunochemically determined PBD-2 (5.8-fold) and 16 alpha and
      16 beta hydroxylation of androstenedione (5.7- and 5.8-fold) in microsomes from
      PB-treated compared to control animals. Anti-PBD-2 IgG specifically inhibits by
      greater than 80% the covalent binding of [14C]CAP to microsomes from control and
      PB-treated dogs. Finally, in liver microsomes from PB-treated and control dogs,
      CAP appears to bind covalently to a single protein with the same molecular weight
      as PBD-2 as evidenced by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and autoradiography.

PMID- 2893714
TI  - Conversion of bromobenzene to 3-bromophenol. A route to 3- and 4-bromophenol
      through sulfur-series intermediates derived from the 3,4-oxide.
AB  - Premercapturic acids derived from bromobenzene 3,4-oxide were found to act as
      precursors of 3- and 4-bromophenol in the rat and guinea pig. The 4-S- and 3-S-
      positional isomers used in this study were rat urinary metabolites and were
      prepared in unlabeled, radioactive, and 2,4,6-d3-labeled forms. These are not
      guinea pig urinary metabolites; the guinea pig does not completely acetylate
      cysteine conjugates, and this effect leads to urinary products arising from
      deamination of the cysteine moiety rather than to urinary premercapturic acids.
      Conversion to phenols was found to be much greater in the guinea pig than in the
      rat. We interpret our results as indicating that cysteine adducts, rather than
      the N-acetylcysteine adducts which were administered, are required intermediates
      in this metabolic route to 3- and 4-bromophenol. This route to phenols may be the
      major mode of phenol formation for many aromatic compounds. Sulfur-series
      metabolic products from bromobenzene also include thiocatechols, and these
      metabolites may be responsible for the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene in high
      dosage.

PMID- 2893716
TI  - Mechanism of metabolic cleavage of a furan ring.
AB  - We studied the mechanism of metabolic cleavage of a furan ring, using a new
      hypolipidemic agent, ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-furyl)oxazole-4-acetate (TA
      1801), as a model compound. A TA-1801 analogue labeled with deuterium at the 5
      position of its furan ring was administered orally to rats. The analysis of
      urinary metabolites by GC/MS revealed that the deuterium of the furan was
      retained in the ring-opened metabolite (M3). Metabolic cleavage of furan has been
      generally considered to proceed by hydroxylation of the 5-position followed by
      tautomerism and hydrolysis of the resulting 5-hydroxyfuran derivative. However,
      if the cleavage proceeded by this pathway, the deuterium of the 5-position would
      be eliminated during hydroxylation. Therefore, we propose that the ring was
      cleaved directly to form an unsaturated aldehyde, considering the mechanism of
      oxidation by cytochrome P-450. Although this "intermediate" was not detected in
      the biological specimens, a synthetic unsaturated aldehyde was transformed to the
      actual urinary metabolites M2 and M3 (major ring-opened metabolites) in the
      isolated rat liver.

PMID- 2893715
TI  - Isolation and identification of major metabolites of tixocortol pivalate in human
      urine.
AB  - The metabolism of tixocortol pivalate (PIVALONE), an anti-inflammatory steroid
      without systemic glucocorticoid effects, has been investigated in man. The
      analysis was conducted using urine samples collected from two volunteers who had
      received a 2-g oral dose of 14C-tixocortol pivalate as an oral suspension.
      Metabolites were purified and isolated from urine by normal phase HPLC, and
      structural identification was achieved by desorption chemical ionization/NH3 and
      electron impact/direct line introduction mass spectrometry. Unchanged tixocortol
      pivalate was not detected in urine; all metabolites were sulfo- and glucurono
      conjugates. Metabolites were identified in the neutral steroid fraction obtained
      after hydrolysis of conjugates. Metabolic transformations in common with cortisol
      were reduction of the 3-keto, delta 4 system, reduction of the C-20 carbonyl
      group, oxidation of the C-11 alcohol, and cleavage of the side chain at C-17.
      Specific metabolic pathways involving the C-21 thiol ester function were
      transformations into methylthio, methylsulfinyl and methylsulfonyl derivatives,
      and a reductive cleavage of the C-21-S bond leading to 21-methyl structures.
      Since none of these metabolites had binding affinity for glucocorticoid receptors
      in vitro, fast and extensive transformation of tixocortol pivalate into inactive
      metabolites provides an explanation for the large dissociation between the
      topical and systemic activities of this drug.

PMID- 2893717
TI  - Phenolic metabolites of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in rat bile.
AB  - Anesthetized bile fistula rats received amitriptyline (AT), its N-oxide (AT-NO),
      or nortriptyline (NT) at doses of 72 mumol/kg ip, and bile was collected for 6-9
      hr. Isolation of metabolites was achieved by enzymic deconjugation and repeated
      TLC of extracted aglycones. Purified compounds were characterized by UV, NMR, and
      mass spectrometry, by color reactions, and by chemical interconversions. Besides
      the alcohols E-10-hydroxy-AT and 10,11-dihydroxy-AT, the phenol E-2-hydroxy-AT
      occurred as a major AT metabolite, while 2,10- and 2,11-dihydroxy-AT, 2,10,11
      trihydroxy-AT, and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy (or 3-hydroxy-2-methoxy)-AT were present
      in smaller quantities. Further minor metabolites were 2-hydroxy-11-oxo-AT, 3
      hydroxy-AT, 3,11-dihydroxy-AT, and its dehydration product 3-hydroxy-10,11
      dehydro-AT. The exact position of the functional groups was elucidated by the
      nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) in NMR spectroscopy and by analyzing metabolite
      patterns in the bile of rats given E- or Z-10-hydroxy-AT. Administration of AT-NO
      led to a larger proportion of methylated catechols and a smaller one of 10
      hydroxy metabolites. Besides the tertiary amines, rats given AT or AT-NO excreted
      the demethylated analogues of some of the hydroxylation products. The latter also
      occurred as metabolites of NT, the ratio of aromatic and aliphatic hydroxylation
      being lower than with AT or AT-NO. Urine of rabbits treated orally with AT
      contained mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites resulting from attack at positions
      2, 3, 10, and/or 11 and the same methylated catechols as rat bile.

PMID- 2893718
TI  - Amitriptyline metabolites in human urine. Identification of phenols,
      dihydrodiols, glycols, and ketones.
AB  - From the urine patients being treated with amitriptyline, drug metabolites were
      extracted by adsorption to polystyrene. Nonconjugated compounds and aglycones
      liberated by enzymic hydrolysis were purified separately by repeated TLC and
      characterized by physicochemical and chemical methods. Besides the known E- and Z
      10-hydroxy derivatives of amitriptyline (AT), nortriptyline (NT), and their
      primary amine analogue, two isomeric 10,11-dihydroxy compounds could be
      identified in each series. Metabolites with an oxo function in position 10
      occurred in minor quantities. The phenols 2-hydroxy-NT and 2,11-dihydroxy-NT, as
      well as the 1,2-dihydrodiol derived from NT, were regularly present, while the
      corresponding tertiary amines as well as 3-hydroxy-AT and -NT were detected
      occasionally in very small amounts.

PMID- 2893719
TI  - 19F nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the carbamate reaction of alpha-fluoro
      beta-alanine (FBAL), the major catabolite of fluoropyrimidines. Application to
      FBAL carbamate determination in body fluids of patients treated with 5'-deoxy-5
      fluorouridine.
AB  - alpha-Fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL), the major catabolite of the antineoplastic
      fluoropyrimidines, is an amino acid which is in equilibrium with its carbamate
      derivative in weakly alkaline aqueous solutions containing carbonate. In both
      water and control biological fluids (urine, plasma) spiked with FBAL (and sodium
      bicarbonate, in some cases), 19F NMR was used: (i) to determine the pH range over
      which FBAL carbamate is present (pH greater than or equal to 7), the maximum
      concentration formed occurring around pH 9, (ii) to show that the amino group of
      FBAL interacts very slowly with a non-protein plasma component to form a compound
      X, unstable in acid medium. The presumed structure of X is RCONHCH2CHFCOOH, with
      R different from an alkyl group but still unidentified. The behavior of FBAL in
      urine and plasma of rats treated with FBAL or 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'
      dFUrd), a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, and from patients treated with 5'-dFUrd was
      investigated. FBAL carbamate was not present in acid medium and was therefore
      absent in acidic human urine. However, it was found in alkaline rat urine. FBAL
      carbamate was found in plasma along with the compound X. The 19F NMR spectra of
      FBAL and derivatives are complex since alpha-fluoro-beta-ureido-propionic acid,
      the precursor of FBAL in the catabolic pathway of antineoplastic
      fluoropyrimidines, produces a signal overlapping that of FBAL carbamate, and very
      close to that of compound X.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893720
TI  - Excretion and biotransformation of alfentanil and sufentanil in rats and dogs.
AB  - The excretion and biotransformation of alfentanil (ALF) and sufentanil (SUF), two
      recent analogues of the synthetic opioid fentanyl, were studied after single iv
      administration of the tritium-labeled drugs in male rats and dogs. The drugs were
      almost completely metabolized in the two species, which resulted in a large
      number of metabolites. The excretion of the metabolites was rapid and exceeded
      95% within 4 days, except for that of ALF metabolites in dogs (about 85%). For
      ALF, excretion of the radioactivity with the urine (73% in rats, about 76% in
      dogs) exceeded that with the feces. For SUF, excretion of the radioactivity with
      the urine amounted to 38 and 60% and that with the feces to 62 and 40%, in rats
      and dogs, respectively. Bile-cannulated rats excreted 68% with the bile within 24
      hr after SUF dosing, and about 22% of this biliary radioactivity was subjected to
      enterohepatic circulation. After an ALF dose, the biliary excretion amounted to
      24%, and the enterohepatic circulation was minimal. The main metabolic pathways
      of the two drugs were the oxidative N-dealkylation at the piperidine nitrogen and
      at the amide nitrogen, oxidative O-demethylation, aromatic hydroxylation, and the
      formation of ether glucuronides. N-[4-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N
      phenylpropanamide (M6) was the main metabolite of both ALF and SUF in rats. In
      dogs, the glucuronide of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide (M5) was the main
      metabolite of ALF. After SUF dosing in dogs, N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]
      N-phenylpropanamide was more abundant than M5.

PMID- 2893721
TI  - Metabolism of (+)-trans-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse in vitro and in
      vivo.
AB  - (+)-trans-delta 8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was synthesized by condensation of
      (1R)-cis-verbenol and olivetol, and its in vitro and in vivo hepatic metabolism
      was studied in male mice. Metabolites were isolated by solvent extraction,
      purified, in the case of the in vivo study, by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20,
      and identified by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-three
      metabolites were identified. These were similar to those from the (-)-isomer in
      that the major metabolic route was hydroxylation at C-11 followed, in vivo, by
      oxidation to the corresponding acid. Further hydroxylation of these compounds at
      C-7 and in the side chain led to a series of disubstituted metabolites. The major
      sites of side chain hydroxylation were 1'-, 3'-, and 4'-. Less 2'-hydroxylation
      was observed than with the (-)-isomer, but the major difference between the two
      isomers was the production of 1'-hydroxy metabolites only from the (+)-isomer.
      Much less hydroxylation occurred at C-7 than with the (-)-isomer so that the 7,11
      disubstituted compounds, which were major metabolites of (-)-trans-delta 8-THC,
      were formed in insignificant concentrations. Another difference between the
      metabolism of the two isomers, in vitro, was the presence of substantial
      concentrations of monohydroxy metabolites containing hydroxylation in the side
      chain; these compounds are absent in metabolic profiles from (-)-trans-delta 8
      THC. An epoxide and its derived glycol were detected in vitro. Another major in
      vitro metabolic route was the formation of an acetate derivative of 11-hydroxy
      (+)-trans-delta 8-THC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893722
TI  - Identification of the etodolac metabolite, 4-ureidoetodolac, in mouse, rat, dog,
      and man.

PMID- 2893723
TI  - [3H]chloramphenicol metabolism in human volunteer: oxamic acid as a new major
      metabolite.

PMID- 2893724
TI  - [The beta 2-pseudoselectivity of ISA (intrinsic sympathomimetic action)-
      consequences for differential therapy with beta-blockers with and without ISA?].

PMID- 2893725
TI  - [Regulatory subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and blocking factors in the serum of
      patients with inoperable lung cancer treated with indomethacin].
AB  - A considerable disturbance in the ratio of the immunoregulatory T-lymphocyte
      subpopulations detected by receptors to Fc-fragment of IgM, IgG and by
      theophilline was revealed in 70 patients with inoperable lung cancer as well as a
      considerable increase in the blocking circulating immunocomplexes (CIC) in blood
      serum of these patients. A single dose of indometacin (100 mg/kg) led to the
      reduction of immunoregulatory disbalance 3 hours after injection and to a
      decrease in the blocking CIC in blood serum. These data permit recommending the
      use of indometacin in the treatment of inoperable lung cancer patients.

PMID- 2893726
TI  - Approach to rhinitis.
AB  - Rhinitis is a common affliction of humans that can cause significant morbidity.
      Distinction between allergic and nonallergic varieties has important prognostic
      and therapeutic implications. Newer, nonsedating antihistamines and intranasal
      steroid preparations have greatly enhanced the treatment of these disorders.
      Distinguishing factors of viral and bacterial rhinitis have been reviewed. Early
      recognition of nasal cellulitis and mucormycosis with aggressive therapy is
      necessary to prevent serious complications. Multiple processes, including
      structural and drug-induced reactions, can mimic rhinitis. An orderly approach,
      including a good history and physical examination, coupled with use of the nasal
      smear, will allow the emergency physician to master this frequent complaint.

PMID- 2893727
TI  - Induction of c-fos, calcitonin gene expression, and acidic fibroblast growth
      factor production in a multipeptide-secreting neuroendocrine cell line.
AB  - The multipeptide-secreting 44-2C cell line maintains differentiated function when
      grown in a serum-free, growth factor- and hormone-deprived milieu. The cells
      continue to synthesize and secrete calcitonin (CT), CT gene-related peptide,
      neurotensin, and somatostatin and respond to cellular secretagogues such as GRF
      and acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor. We designed experiments to
      ascertain the functional role(s) of cellular factors involved in the maintenance
      of the differentiated state in 44-2C cells. We report here the phenotypic
      transformation that occurs in these cells in the course of adjustment to the
      serum-free state. We also show the differential increase in CT-specific mRNA, the
      transient induction of c-fos, and the characterization of biologically active
      acidic fibroblast growth factor.

PMID- 2893728
TI  - Growth hormone-releasing factor and fibroblast growth factor regulate
      somatostatin gene expression.
AB  - A multiple peptide-synthesizing clonal rat cell line was used to study the
      effect(s) of GRF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the synthesis and
      secretion of somatostatin (SS). The presence of SS-specific mRNA in 44-2C cells
      was shown morphologically by in situ hybridization. The release and cellular
      content of SS increased significantly after treatment with rat hypothalamic GRF
      (rGRF), the ED50 for rGRF stimulation of intracellular SS was 1.9 X 10(-11) M.
      GRF stimulated SS production in serum-supplemented and serum-free cultures.
      Results obtained after incubation of 44-2C cells with 125I-labeled rGRF indicated
      uptake and nuclear localization of rGRF by 44-2C cells. FGF stimulated the
      secretion and cellular content of SS. We propose that bFGF regulates the short
      term secretion and accumulation of SS and mediates rGRF-stimulated SS expression.

PMID- 2893729
TI  - Distribution of somatostatin receptors in RINm5F insulinoma cells.
AB  - Previous studies with heterogeneous populations of pancreatic cells have provided
      evidence for the presence of somatostatin (SRIF) receptors in cytosol and
      secretion vesicles, as well as the plasma membrane. To examine the distribution
      of SRIF receptors between soluble and membrane fractions in a homogeneous
      pancreatic islet cell population, we have used the clonal RINm5F insulinoma cell
      line. These cells contain specific, high affinity binding sites for [125I
      Try11]SRIF on the cell surface, and occupancy of these sites by SRIF and SRIF
      analogs correlates with inhibition of insulin secretion. Stable, steady state
      binding was achieved using both intact cells and membranes by performing binding
      incubations with [25I-Tyr11]SRIF at 22 C. Half-maximal inhibition of [125I
      Tyr11]SRIF binding occurred with 0.21 +/- 0.11 nM SRIF in membranes and 0.35 +/-
      0.30 nM SRIF in cells. In contrast, the binding of [125I-Tyr11]SRIF to cytosolic
      macromolecules was not reduced by concentrations of SRIF as high as 100 nM,
      demonstrating that this binding was of much lower affinity. RINm5F membranes were
      further purified using a Percoll gradient to prepare a microsomal fraction, which
      was enriched in adenylate cyclase activity, and a secretory granule fraction,
      which was enriched in insulin. [125I-Tyr11]SRIF binding to the microsomal
      fraction (3.8 +/- 0.3 fmol/mg) was 3 times higher than to secretion granules (1.2
      +/- 0.2 fmol/mg). Thus, high affinity SRIF binding sites were most abundant in
      microsomal membranes and were low or undetectable in secretory granules and
      cytosol. To determine whether translocation of SRIF receptors to the plasma
      membrane accompanied insulin secretion, we examined the effects of various
      insulin secretagogues on [125I-Tyr11]SRIF binding to intact cells. Leucine (20
      mM), glyceraldehyde (15 mM), forskolin (1 microM), and glucagon (1 microM)
      stimulated insulin release 1.5- to 4.0-fold in different experiments. However,
      these secretagogues did not increase [125I-Tyr11]SRIF binding. In summary, our
      results indicate that high affinity SRIF receptors in RINm5F cells are located
      primarily on the plasma membrane and that the concentration of SRIF receptors at
      the cell surface is independent of the secretory activity of the cells.

PMID- 2893730
TI  - Pathophysiological role of thyroid blocking antibody in patients with primary
      hypothyroidism.
AB  - The pathophysiological role of thyroid blocking antibody (TBAb) in patients with
      adult primary hypothyroidism and the mechanism of TBAb action were studied. A
      sensitive bioassay for TBAb, which inhibits the TSH-induced cAMP accumulation,
      was established using normal human thyroid cells in culture. Thirty-four patients
      with primary hypothyroidism consisting of 17 goitrous and 17 non-goitrous
      patients were examined. Two out of 17 goitrous patients (11.8%) and three out of
      17 non-goitrous patients (17.6%) were TBAb positive. There were no significant
      differences between TBAb positive and negative patients in terms of the severity
      of hypothyroidism or the titers of MCHA or TGHA. Four out of the five TBAb
      positive IgGs had strongly positive thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin
      activities. All five TBAb-positive IgGs inhibited the cAMP increase induced by
      Graves' IgG, but did not affect the action of either prostaglandin E1 or cholera
      toxin. However, three TBAb positive IgG also inhibited the cAMP increase induced
      by forskolin. These findings indicate: 1) TBAb is present in hypothyroid patients
      with autoimmune thyroiditis and TBAb may play a role in the pathophysiology of
      these patients. 2) TBAb may inhibit the action of TSH not only at the level of
      the TSH receptor, but also at a different site from the TSH receptor.

PMID- 2893731
TI  - [Effect of testosterone on the dihydro-orotase activity of the rat liver and
      kidney].

PMID- 2893732
TI  - Giant bile duct stones--non-surgical treatment.

PMID- 2893733
TI  - Successful treatment of recurrent cerebral empyema and brain abscesses with
      imipenem.
AB  - Imipenem was successfully used to treat a case of subdural empyema complicated by
      multiple cerebral abscesses, in which surgery and therapy with other antibiotics
      had previously failed. Imipenem concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and
      the cerebral abscess were much higher than the MICs for the infecting organisms,
      qualifying this antibiotic as an effective option in therapy of suppurative
      intracranial infections.

PMID- 2893734
TI  - Angina pectoris in a case of Takayasu's disease: revascularization by coronary
      ostioplasty and bypass grafting.
AB  - A young man with Takayasu's disease had severe right and left coronary ostial
      stenoses. Severe angina was relieved by operation at which the right coronary
      ostium was enlarged by a pericardial patch extending across the stenosis from
      aorta to coronary artery; the aortic end of a vein graft to the left coronary
      artery was attached to this patch. This technique may reduce the risk of
      recurrence of ostial stenosis or of stenosis at graft origins.

PMID- 2893735
TI  - Sulfadimethoxine-bucolome interaction in rabbits: role of N4
      acetylsulfadimethoxine, a major metabolite of sulfadimethoxine.
AB  - The role of N4-acetylsulfadimethoxine (N4-AcSDM), a major metabolite of
      sulfadimethoxine (SDM), in protein binding and pharmacokinetic interactions
      between SDM and bucolome (BCP) was investigated in rabbits. When SDM and BCP were
      intravenously co-administered, BCP indirectly reduced the serum protein binding
      of SDM by causing a marked increase of N4-AcSDM concentration in serum, and
      significantly increased the steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) and total
      body clearance (C1tot) of SDM. In addition, the co-administration of N4-AcSDM was
      found to increase Vss and C1tot of SDM. These results lead us to conclude that N4
      AcSDM plays an important role in protein binding and pharmacokinetic interactions
      between SDM and BCP in rabbits. Several investigations have demonstrated that a
      metabolite plays an important role in drug-drug interaction. For example, Sellers
      et al. (1) reported that when warfarin and chloral hydrate are co-administered, a
      major metabolite of chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid, reduces the plasma
      protein binding of warfarin and enhances its anti-coagulant activity. Our
      previous paper (2) showed that probenecid indirectly reduces the plasma protein
      binding of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) by causing a marked increase in the plasma
      concentration of N4-acetylsulfadimethoxine (N4-AcSDM), which is a major
      metabolite of SDM (3) and strongly displaces SDM from its plasma protein binding
      sites (2). However, as yet the role of this metabolite in drug-drug interaction
      has not been fully examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893736
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of diazepam and four 3-hydroxy-benzodiazepines in the cat.
AB  - Biotransformation and elimination of diazepam and four 3-hydroxy-benzodiazepines
      after i.v. injection in anaesthetized cats were investigated. Decay of plasma
      concentration of 3-hydroxy-benzodiazepines was slow and plasma concentrations of
      their glucuronides were lower than of unchanged parent compounds. In the urine,
      very low excretion rates of all investigated benzodiazepines were found during
      the first eight hours. It is concluded that cats poorly glucuronidate 3-dydroxy
      benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2893737
TI  - Contribution of beta-adrenoceptors to the dopamine-induced elevation of cyclic
      3',5'-adenosine monophosphate levels in mouse lymphocytes.
AB  - The receptors involved in the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)
      increasing action of dopamine (DA) in mouse lymphoid cells were determined by
      comparing the potencies of specific DA receptor and adrenoceptor antagonists to
      inhibit the cAMP response to DA and to isoproterenol. The beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists propranolol, pindolol and dichloroisoproterenol were the most potent
      inhibitors of the response to both DA and isoproterenol. Their potencies were 2-3
      orders greater for the inhibition of DA than isoproterenol action. SCH 23390
      (selective DA1 antagonist) and haloperidol (mixed DA1/DA2 antagonist) inhibited
      the DA action only at high concentrations (10(-5)-10(-4) M) which did not affect
      the response to isoproterenol. These results indicate that beta-adrenoceptors are
      involved in the DA-induced elevation of mouse lymphocyte cAMP.

PMID- 2893738
TI  - Dopamine D-2 receptors in canine brain: ionic effects on [3H]neuroleptic binding.
AB  - In order to determine the effects of monovalent cations on the binding of 3H
      neuroleptics to canine striatal dopamine D-2 receptors, a study of the effects of
      ions on the binding of two 3H-neuroleptics from different drug classes was
      undertaken. Dopamine D-2 receptors are selectively labeled in a sodium-sensitive
      manner by the benzamide ligand [3H]YM-09151-2. In the presence of 120 mM NaCl,
      [3H]YM-09151-2 had a dissociation constant of 55 pM and a maximal receptor
      density of 34 pmol/g of tissue. In the absence of NaCl, the dissociation constant
      was 440 pM with no change in the receptor density. The binding of [3H]YM-09151-2
      (52 pM) was increased by 700% with 150 mM Na+, 440% with 500 mM Li+ and 290% with
      500 mM K+. The ion concentrations producing half-maximal increases in binding
      were 4 mM Na+, 8.5 mM Li+ and 115 mM K+. The ionic strength control, N-methyl-D
      glucamine, did not increase [3H]YM-09151-2 binding. [3H]Spiperone binding was
      much less affected by monovalent cations. Analysis of saturable binding showed
      that these changes were due to changes in binding affinity, independent of
      changes in receptor density. The sulfhydryl alkylating agent, N-ethylmaleimide,
      inactivated [3H]YM-09151-2 binding. Sodium ions at 120 mM protected approximately
      40% of the susceptible sites while lithium and potassium ions (120 mM) did not.
      The anion exchange blocker, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid
      (DIDS), has been shown to be capable of blocking the effect of Na+ on the binding
      of agonists to alpha 2-adrenoceptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893739
TI  - Methamphetamine-induced changes in the striatal-nigral dynorphin system: role of
      D-1 and D-2 receptors.

PMID- 2893740
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor: expression in cultured cells derived from corneal
      endothelium and lens epithelium.
AB  - We have examined the possible expression of fibroblast growth factor in cultured
      cells derived from bovine lens epithelium and corneal endothelium. Lens
      epithelial, but not corneal endothelial, cells were found to express the acidic
      fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) gene, whereas both cell types express the gene
      encoding basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a related mitogen. Expression of
      bFGF was further examined. Both corneal endothelial and lens epithelial contain
      3.7 and 7.0 k bFGF gene transcript, which are translated into material closely
      related, if not identical with bFGF. Essentially all of the bFGF-like material is
      bioactive, i.e. it can stimulate the proliferation of capillary endothelial or
      corneal endothelial cells and the stimulation is blocked by anti-bFGF antibodies.
      Our results indicate that bFGF derived from corneal endothelial and lens
      epithelial cells may act as a paracrine and autocrine growth factor in both cell
      types. Thus, bFGF present in both cell types may play an important role in the
      proliferation of injured or transformed ocular tissues.

PMID- 2893741
TI  - Opioid mechanisms involved in the slow potential change and neuronal
      refractoriness during cortical spreading depression.
AB  - The slow potential change (spc) accompanying spreading depression (SD) was
      studied in rats and in a seizure-sensitive strain of Mongolian gerbil under three
      different experimental paradigms, each involving the use of naloxone. Gerbils
      undergoing electroconvulsive shock treatment displayed SD during the post-ictal
      phase, which was blocked by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of naloxone
      (20-50 mg kg-1). Topical application of naloxone to the exposed cortex of the
      anaesthetized gerbil and rat blocked the spc of SD evoked by KCl.
      Microiontophoretic ejection of naloxone during extracellular recordings reversed
      cell refractoriness following the spc, demonstrated by the observation of a
      maintained sensitivity to iontophoretic pulses of glutamate. The results suggest
      a possible involvement of naloxone-sensitive processes in the mechanism
      responsible for cortical SD.

PMID- 2893743
TI  - [Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis: determination in tablets of
      famotidine, a new H2-antagonists].

PMID- 2893742
TI  - Evidence for reactive synaptogenesis in the ventrolateral thalamus and red
      nucleus of the rat: changes in high affinity glutamate uptake and numbers of
      corticofugal fiber terminals.
AB  - High affinity glutamate uptake into corticofugal fiber terminals was measured in
      the ventrolateral thalamus and red nucleus at varying time intervals after
      lesions were made by kainic acid in the contralateral interpositus nucleus of the
      cerebellum in rats. Under similar conditions the density of cortical fiber
      terminals was estimated using the Fink-Heimer impregnation technique. 1.
      Glutamate uptake steadily increased in the ventrolateral thalamus up to 60 days
      after lesions in the contralateral cerebellum. 2. Similar changes were noted in
      the red nucleus. 3. The changes were dependent on the integrity of corticofugal
      fibers to the thalamus and red nucleus. 4. No changes in uptake of gamma
      aminobutyric acid were noted. 5. Saturation curves for glutamate uptake suggested
      a change in the maximal number of transport sites. 6. Fink-Heimer degeneration
      studies showed an increase in cortical terminals in the ipsilateral ventrolateral
      thalamus and in both rostral and caudal regions of the red nucleus following
      lesions in the contralateral interpositus nucleus. The data are consistent with
      an increase in the number of cortical fiber terminals in reaction to loss of
      cerebellar input to the ventrolateral thalamus and red nucleus. This study
      correlates anatomical and biochemical evidence for collateral sprouting in a
      model based on electrophysiologic data in the red nucleus and extends the model
      to include the thalamus.

PMID- 2893744
TI  - [Biological activity of the sum of the valepotriates isolated from Valeriana
      alliariifolia].
AB  - The native sum of valepotriates isolated from Val. alliariifolia Adams which was
      named valiracyl is an agent of low toxicity and exerts a pronounced neurotropic
      effect. Valiracyl suppresses the orientation reflex of animals in an "open
      field", decreases a spontaneous and caffeine-stimulated motor activity,
      potentiates and prolongs the action of barbiturates, significantly reduces
      aggressiveness of animals, decreases sensitivity to the convulsant effects of
      corasol and thiosemicarbazide, produces the antihypoxic and mild myorelaxant
      actions. The neurotropic effects of valiracyl are related to increased level of
      the GABA inhibition mediator and decreased intensity of bioenergetic processes in
      the brain.

PMID- 2893746
TI  - Alkyl-linked diquinolines are monofunctional AT-selective DNA-intercalating
      agents.
AB  - The binding of a homologous series of alkyl-linked 4-aminodiquinolines to
      circular and linear DNAs was studied using viscometric titrations and equilibrium
      dialysis. The compounds are monofunctional intercalators with the capacity for
      intercalative binding reaching a peak for the heptane homologue. They show marked
      AT-base pair selectivity, which suggests that the non-intercalated quinoline ring
      may lie in the DNA minor groove. Affinities for calf thymus DNA increase as the
      alkyl chain is lengthened, falling in the range 6 to greater than 250 X 10(4) M-1
      in a buffer of I 0.01. The association constant of the heptane diquinoline
      decreases with increasing ionic strength, 2.1 cations being released per bound
      dipositive ligand molecule. All the agents are growth inhibitory towards mouse
      leukemia cells in culture with IC50 values in the range 0.06-18 microM.

PMID- 2893745
TI  - Biosynthesis of intestinal microvillar proteins. Effect of castanospermine on
      cell-free synthesis of aminopeptidase N.
AB  - Pig small intestinal mRNA was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system
      supplemented with microsomal membranes. Castanospermine, an inhibitor of
      glucosidase I, induced a high mannose-glycosylated form of microvillar
      aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) of increased molecular mass, indicating the
      blocked removal of glucose residues. In contrast to its reduced expression in a
      mucosal explant system [(1986) Biochem. J. 240, 777-782], this molecular form of
      aminopeptidase N was at least as abundant in cell-free translation as its normal
      high mannose-glycosylated counterpart, ruling out degradation taking place in the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum. Degradation of newly produced, malprocessed enzyme
      must therefore occur at a later stage during intracellular transport, presumably
      in the sarcoplasmic reticulum or in transitional elements between this organelle
      and the Golgi complex.

PMID- 2893747
TI  - Functional multiplicity of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors on cultured rat
      Leydig tumor cells.
AB  - Native rat atrial natriuretic peptide (NANP) was shown to bind with high affinity
      and to increase intracellular levels of cGMP in cultured rat Leydig tumor cells.
      A linear analog of NANP which lacks the disulfide-linked bridge structure also
      bound with high affinity but did not increase levels of intracellular cGMP or
      antagonize the increase of this cyclic nucleotide by NANP. These data are
      consistent with the existence of two functional subpopulations of ANP receptors
      on cultured rat Leydig tumor cells; one which is capable of activating guanylate
      cyclase and one which is not linked to this enzyme.

PMID- 2893749
TI  - [Atheistic work of feldshers and midwives among women].

PMID- 2893748
TI  - Tick-borne encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe.
      Report on a WHO meeting.

PMID- 2893750
TI  - [Performing general dispensary care of the female population in the initial stage
      of medical service].

PMID- 2893751
TI  - [The development of research on the neurohumoral regulation of organic functions
      of the visceral system 1917-1987].

PMID- 2893752
TI  - Effect of indomethacin on the proliferative and differentiation activity in the
      haemopoietic system of lethally irradiated mice after syngeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - The effects of indomethacin treatment on the proliferation and differentiation of
      haemopoietic stem cells of bone marrow grafts in lethally irradiated mice were
      investigated. Indomethacin was given subcutaneously, on days 3 to 5 after
      irradiation, in 6 doses of 0.05 mg per mouse. On day 6 after irradiation, an
      increased self-renewal of the settled colony-forming cells and an increased
      amount of differentiated cells were observed in the spleens of the mice treated.
      Simultaneously, a decreased maturation of the erythroid cells was demonstrated.
      The effects observed may be explained by the indomethacin-induced inhibition of
      prostaglandin biosynthesis.

PMID- 2893753
TI  - Characteristics of superficial layer neurons in the mouse cingulate cortex. An
      electrophysiological in vitro study.

PMID- 2893754
TI  - [Studies on the immunoregulation of anti-thyroglobulin antibody synthesis by
      lymphocytes in the patients with Hashimoto's disease and Graves' disease].
AB  - Anti-thyroglobulin antibody (aTg) synthesis by the lymphocytes in the peripheral
      blood and the thyroid gland were studied in patients with Hashimoto's disease
      (HD) or Graves' disease (GD), all in euthyroid states, to clarify the mechanism
      of autoantibody synthesis. The ability of the lymphocytes to synthesize aTg was
      analyzed in the culture system of lymphocytes incubated in a concentration of 1 X
      10(6) cells/ml for 7 days at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2-95% air. The B cells alone
      were also cultured in the absence of T cells or PWM to estimate their abilities
      on spontaneous aTg synthesis. The regulatory functions of T cells on aTg
      synthesis by B cells were investigated in cross-combination cultures of B cells
      and an equal number of T cells. The concentration of aTg and total IgG in
      cultured medium were measured by sensitive enzyme immunoassay developed by us,
      and the capacity on aTg synthesis was expressed as aTg/IgG ratio (aTg%). The
      surface markers of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the thyroid gland were
      determined by flowcytometry using mouse monoclonal antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD8,
      OKIa1, CD20 and Leu7). These results were obtained as follows: 1) All the
      lymphocytes from the peripheral blood, thyroid gland and bone marrow of HD
      patients synthesized much more aTg (3.1 +/- 1.6, 2.2 +/- 0.9, 1.5 +/- 0.5%,
      respectively) than those from normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (1.0 +/- 0.9%).
      This hyper-function of aTg synthesis by the lymphocytes in HD patients was caused
      by the presence of activated B cells and the predominance of helper T cells. 2)
      Both the lymphocytes from the peripheral blood and the thyroid gland in GD
      patients synthesized the same level of aTg (0.7 +/- 0.7%) as in normal subjects.
      However, the lymphocytes from bone marrow and lymph nodes, which were indicated
      by Benner et al. to play a main role in antibody synthesis after immunization
      with antigen, were involved in aTg synthesis (1.8 +/- 1.2, 5.4 +/- 1.1%,
      respectively). 3) There was no correlation between aTg synthesis and CD4+/CD8+
      ratio of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in AITD patients. These results suggest
      that aTg synthesis in HD patients is an expression of abnormal immune reaction
      due to the presence of aTg specific activated B cells and dysfunction of
      regulatory T cells, and that aTg production by the lymphocytes from the bone
      marrow and lymph nodes in GD patients is resulted from a normal immune response
      to the high level of thyroglobulin in the blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2893755
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue of infant rats--I.
      Identification and characteristics of binding sites in isolated plasma membranes.
AB  - 1. Alpha 2-Adrenoceptor antagonists [3H]yohimbine and [3H]RX 781094 and the
      partial alpha 2-agonist [3H]clonidine exhibited specific binding to plasma
      membrane fragments isolated from interscapular brown fat of 7-day-old rats. 2.
      Competition studies with epinephrine, yohimbine and practolol revealed that
      [3H]norepinephrine, the principal in vivo agonist acting upon brown adipocytes,
      can readily bind to alpha 2-adrenoceptors in brown fat of infant rats. 3. The
      presence of alpha 2-adrenoceptor subclass in brown fat of infant rats may play a
      role in the sympathetic regulation of this rapidly proliferating tissue.

PMID- 2893756
TI  - Evidence for neurotransmitter plasticity in vivo. II. Immunocytochemical studies
      of rat sweat gland innervation during development.
AB  - Previous studies of the cholinergic sympathetic innervation of rat sweat glands
      provide evidence for a change in neurotransmitter phenotype from noradrenergic to
      cholinergic during development. To define further the developmental history of
      cholinergic sympathetic neurons, we have used immunocytochemical techniques to
      examine developing and mature sweat gland innervation for the presence of the
      catecholamine synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta
      hydroxylase (DBH) and for two neuropeptides present in the mature cholinergic
      innervation, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related
      peptide (CGRP). In 7-day old animals, intensely TH- and DBH-immunoreactive axons
      were closely associated with the forming glands. The intensity of both the TH and
      DBH immunofluorescence decreased as the glands and their innervation developed.
      Neither TH-IR nor DBH-IR disappeared entirely; faint immunoreactivity for both
      enzymes was reproducibly detected in mature animals. In contrast to noradrenergic
      properties, the expression of peptide immunoreactivities appeared relatively
      late. No VIP-IR or CGRP-IR was detectable in the sweat gland innervation at 4 or
      7 days. In some glands VIP-IR first appeared in axons at 10 days, and was evident
      in all glands by 14 days. CGRP-IR was detectable only after 14 days. In addition
      to VIP-IR and CGRP-IR, we examined the sweat gland innervation for several
      neuropeptides which have been described in noradrenergic sympathetic neurons
      including neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, substance P, and leu- and met-enkephalin;
      these peptides were not evident in either developing or mature sweat gland axons.
      Our observations provide further evidence for the early expression and subsequent
      modulation of noradrenergic properties in a population of cholinergic sympathetic
      neurons in vivo. In addition, the asynchronous appearance during development of
      the two neuropeptide immunoreactivities raises the possibility that the
      expression of peptide phenotypes may be controlled independently.

PMID- 2893757
TI  - Porcine D-amino acid oxidase: determination of the mRNA nucleotide sequence by
      the characterization of genomic and cDNA clones.
AB  - Oligodeoxynucleotide probes derived from the published amino acid (aa) sequence
      for D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) [Ronchi et al. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1982) 8824
      8834] were used to screen cDNA libraries made from porcine kidney cortex and
      liver. Whereas no clones were obtained from kidney mRNAs, 20 independent ones
      were isolated from the liver library. Surprisingly, all of them carried only
      partial cDNAs for DAO starting around aa 100 in the coding sequence and extending
      for up to 250 bp in the 3'-noncoding sequence. One of these clones, pULB9103, was
      used to screen a porcine genomic library and allowed the isolation of DAO gene
      clone phULB001. Four exons encoding aa 1-151 were identified and sequenced, as
      well as the relevant exon-intron junctions. The mRNA sequence coding for DAO has
      been reconstituted from the genomic and cDNA sequences; its analysis by computer
      did not reveal any significant secondary structure, or particular feature, which
      could explain the failure to obtain full-length cDNAs.

PMID- 2893759
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of the curriculum in secondary rural schools].

PMID- 2893758
TI  - Molecular analysis of mouse alcohol dehydrogenase: nucleotide sequence of the Adh
      1 gene and genetic mapping of a related nucleotide sequence to chromosome 3.
AB  - The mouse has three genes (Adh) encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes of
      different tissue specificity and catalytic properties. Identified regulatory loci
      are known to affect the expression of Adh-1 and Adh-3, which are closely linked
      on chromosome 3. The Adh-1 gene product is expressed predominantly in liver, and
      its mRNA product is androgen-inducible in kidney. In this study, genomic clones
      of Adh-1 were obtained from a Balb/cJ DNA library. The nucleotide sequences of
      all exons, intron/exon boundaries and 5'- and 3'-flanking regions were obtained.
      The gene spans nearly 13 kb and is divided into nine exons and eight introns. The
      transcription start point of this gene was determined by S1 nuclease mapping
      studies and presumptive regulatory regions in the 5'-flanking regions were
      identified, including a TATA box and a glucocorticoid-responsive element. A
      restriction fragment length polymorphism in the Adh-1 gene was identified among
      inbred strains and mapped at the [Adh-1, Adh-3] complex on chromosome 3. An
      additional 'Adh-like' sequence in the genome was also mapped to chromosome 3
      approx. 9 centiMorgans from Adh-1.

PMID- 2893760
TI  - Hydrophobic adhesin of E coli in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Pathogenic E coli have adhesive properties which are mirrored by an increase in
      their surface hydrophobicity. E coli isolated from patients with ulcerative
      colitis possess a mannose resistant adhesin similar to that found in pathogenic E
      coli. In this study 42 E coli isolates from patients with colitis have been
      compared with 15 from controls to assess hydrophobicity and cellular adherence.
      The salting out method and the buccal epithelial cell technique were used
      respectively. E coli isolated from colitics are significantly more hydrophobic
      than control E coli (p less than 0.001). The salting out score correlates
      negatively with the buccal epithelial cell adhesion index. When E coli are grown
      at 18 degrees C both properties are temporarily reduced suggesting that they are
      related to each other. The salting out method clearly differentiates between E
      coli isolated from colitics and controls, and offers a simple method of detecting
      adhesive E coli in inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2893761
TI  - Double blind comparison of the effects of cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and
      placebo on intragastric acidity in 30 normal volunteers.
AB  - Continuous measurement of 24 hour intragastric acidity was carried out in 30
      normal volunteers during treatment with placebo, cimetidine 800 mg, ranitidine
      300 mg, and famotidine 40 mg in a double blind study. Medication was taken after
      the evening meal (post cenam nocte, PCN). Median 24 hour acidity decreased with
      all H2-receptor antagonists from 25.1 mmol/l on placebo to 10 mmol/l (-60.1%)
      during cimetidine, to 3.2 mmol/l (-87.25%) during ranitidine and to 2.5 mmol/l (
      90.0%) during famotidine treatment (p less than 0.0005). All drugs significantly
      inhibited night time acidity but only famotidine decreased acidity during the
      late morning compared with placebo. Significantly greater acid reduction was seen
      with famotidine and ranitidine compared with cimetidine but no difference was
      found between famotidine and ranitidine.

PMID- 2893762
TI  - Antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the colostrum isolated
      from infants with diarrhea.
AB  - The role of certain types of Escherichia coli in infectious diarrhea in infants
      and young children is well known. Infants who are breast-fed are less prone to
      gastroenteritis during their first year of life. Antibodies against three types
      of fimbrial antigens (adhesions) of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in the
      colostrum were studied. The hemagglutination inhibition test method was used to
      detect antibodies against ETEC adhesions, i.e. colonization factors, I and II and
      fimbria type I. The colostrum of mothers on the 1st and 3rd day post partum was
      standard for the presence of antibodies. The results show that most of the
      colostrum samples contained antibodies against adhesions of the types of ETEC
      that we worked with. This study will enhance the knowledge as to why mothers
      should breast-feed their babies.

PMID- 2893763
TI  - [Workshop seminar: Mononitrate. 28 November 1987, Frankfurt a. M. Prevention of
      ischemia in all coronary patients. 24-hour attack-free periods--a realistic
      goal].

PMID- 2893764
TI  - Effect of modafinil on pancreatic exocrine secretion in rats. A comparison with
      adrafinil and related drugs.
AB  - The effects of modafinil and adrafinil, 2 drugs that induce locomotor
      hyperactivity, and those of the parent compounds CRL 40467 and CRL 40385, were
      studied on the external pancreatic secretion of anaesthetized and conscious rats.
      In anaesthetized rats modafinil, adrafinil, and CRL 40385 antagonized the central
      vagal stimulation of protein output induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the
      pancreatic juice. In conscious rats, modafinil and adrafinil inhibited the output
      of protein in the basal interdigestive pancreatic secretion. Modafinil was more
      active than adrafinil as an inhibitor of pancreatic secretion. The effects of
      modafinil and adrafinil were different from those of sympathetic amines and
      dopamine: they did not stimulate the output of bicarbonate in anaesthetized rats,
      and pancreatic inhibition observed in conscious rats was not inhibited by either
      yohimbine or prazosin.

PMID- 2893765
TI  - [Quality of life in antihypertensive therapy].
AB  - It is well known that distinct antihypertensive drugs have a different impact on
      compliance and on quality of life of patients. Therefore, we must ask under what
      conditions a refusal of antihypertensive medication can be justified and what its
      consequences are with regard to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. An aspect
      of this latter question is answered by a prospective study on cardiovascular
      risks in a cohort of 416 middle-aged male blue-collar workers followed over three
      years: In the subgroup of 94 workers with mild or manifest hypertension few
      aspects of quality of life only were improved in the untreated (54%) as compared
      to the treated (46%) hypertensives. On the other hand, longterm cardiovascular
      risk was considerable: every third worker with untreated mild hypertension (140
      to 160/90 to 100 mmHg; n = 30) exhibited signs of early left ventricular
      hypertrophy, as assessed by one- and two-dimensional echocardiography. The most
      impressive difference was found with regard to the diameter of left atrium (T =
      3.02; p less than .01). The second part of the paper presents first results of a
      test-statistical evaluation: a German version of a well known measurement
      approach to quality of life in the United States is applied in 50 hypertensives
      and 56 normotensives. Internal consistency, stability and discriminant power of
      the questionnaire were very satisfying. Hypertensives compared to normotensives
      and treated hypertensives compared to untreated hypertensives showed significant
      differences on several subscales (esp. "general wellbeing", "vitality"). Results
      indicate that this measurement approach can be reliably used in further studies.

PMID- 2893767
TI  - Testicular vasculitis: implications for systemic disease.
AB  - Nine cases of testicular vasculitis were identified from the surgical pathology
      and autopsy files of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In three cases this was the
      initial manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa. Two of these men presented with
      recurrent testicular pain and fever, with orchiectomy samples showing focal
      infarcts and necrotizing vasculitis. The third man presented with epididymitis,
      with his biopsy specimen showing vasculitis. In two cases, men presented with
      systemic and testicular signs of polyarteritis nodosa, and the diagnosis was made
      on testicular biopsy and later studied at autopsy. In another case, the
      testicular lesions were seen with Goodpasture's syndrome; the patient was
      thoroughly studied at autopsy, and no evidence of polyarteritis nodosa was found.
      In the remaining three cases, testicular vasculitis was identified incidentally
      without diseases associated with vasculitis, one at orchiectomy for prostate
      adenocarcinoma and the other two at autopsy. Polyarteritis nodosa is the most
      common cause of necrotizing vasculitis of the testes, and pathologists should
      recognize the rare testicular presentation of this disease. However, testicular
      vasculitis also may be seen with other systemic diseases associated with
      vasculitis. Three of our cases were seen without systemic vasculitis, suggesting
      that testicular vasculitis may occur as an isolated finding without being a
      manifestation of systemic disease.

PMID- 2893768
TI  - Characterisation and uses of a hypervariable DNA polymorphism associated with the
      human JH immunoglobulin gene locus.
AB  - A DNA hypervariable polymorphism associated with the human immunoglobulin JH gene
      locus on chromosome 14 is described. Its potential applications include the
      distinguishing of cells as host or donor in a transplantation situation as well
      as characterisation of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements.

PMID- 2893766
TI  - Growth hormone secretion during pregnancy: altered effects of growth hormone
      releasing factor and insulin-like growth factor-I in vitro.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by growth hormone releasing factor
      (GRF) but changes in the circulating level of this hormone are difficult to
      measure. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) is a GH-dependent growth factor which
      significantly but slightly inhibits stimulated GH release in vitro. We have
      tested the effects of GRF and IGF-I on GH release in pregnancy, a state in which
      serum concentrations of GH are elevated and levels of IGF-I are lowered. We have
      found, in a system of acutely dispersed adenohypophysial cells prepared from
      pregnant (day 21-23) or control cycling female rats, that adenohypophysial cells
      from pregnant rats have an increased GH release with GRF. In contrast, IGF-I
      inhibition is similar but slightly smaller. These altered responses may result in
      elevated serum GH levels during pregnancy.

PMID- 2893769
TI  - Adrenoceptor mediated plasma potassium fluxes in domestic fowl.

PMID- 2893770
TI  - [Hepatic encephalopathies].
AB  - The functional disturbances of the central nervous system in hepatic
      encephalopathy are due to several coexisting pathogenetic factors: Endogenous
      neurotoxins, imbalance of amino acids in blood plasma and alterations of the
      blood-brain barrier. These factors, in turn, effect alterations of
      neurotransmitters and their receptors. Therapeutic interventions are aimed at the
      inhibition of ammonia production by protein restriction, lactulose or
      antibiotics. A new therapeutic concept is the application of branched chain amino
      acids. Their effect is based on the stimulation of protein synthesis in muscle,
      enhanced urea synthesis in the liver and increased ammonia detoxification by
      glutamine synthesis in the brain.

PMID- 2893771
TI  - Lectinophagocytosis: a molecular mechanism of recognition between cell surface
      sugars and lectins in the phagocytosis of bacteria.

PMID- 2893772
TI  - Efficacy against footrot of a Bacteroides nodosus 265 (serogroup H) pilus vaccine
      expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - Pili of Bacteroides nodosus 265 (serogroup H) were expressed in Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa both alone and in combination with pili from B. nodosus 198 (serogroup
      A). Pilin genes from B. nodosus were introduced on plasmid-borne, thermoregulated
      expression systems, either singly or as tandem genes from two separate strains in
      a single transcription unit. Despite the absence of a posttranslational cleavage
      of pilin which occurs in B. nodosus, pili prepared from P. aeruginosa harboring
      the pilin gene of B. nodosus 265 protected sheep against footrot after challenge
      by B. nodosus 265. Organisms harboring pilin genes from the two different
      serogroups of B. nodosus produced serologically distinct populations of pili on
      each cell, and pili from these cells protected sheep against footrot after
      challenges with B. nodosus strains 198 and 265.

PMID- 2893773
TI  - Distribution and degree of heterogeneity of the afimbrial-adhesin-encoding operon
      (afa) among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates.
AB  - The afimbrial adhesin (AFA-I) from a pyelonephritic Escherichia coli isolate
      (KS52) is a mannose-resistant, P-independent, X-binding adhesin, expressed by the
      afa-1 operon. It is distinct from the E. coli X-binding adhesins with M and S
      specificity. A total of 138 E. coli isolates belonging to various serotypes,
      mostly from urinary tract infections, were screened for the presence of DNA
      sequences related to the afa operon and for the expression of an X-adhesin able
      to mediate mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) and adhesion to
      uroepithelial cells. Fifteen strains were shown to harbor DNA sequences related
      to the AFA-I-encoding operon, and 13 of them expressed an X-adhesin. Using as
      probes different DNA segments of the AFA-I-encoding operon in Southern
      experiments, we demonstrated that only three of these clinical isolates contained
      genetic determinants closely related to those identified in the original afa
      prototype strain (KS52): presence of the afaA, afaB, afaC, afaD, and afaE genes
      associated with the expression of a 16,000-dalton hemagglutinin-adhesin which
      strongly cross-reacted with AFA-I-specific antibodies. The other E. coli isolates
      harbored DNA sequences homologous to the afaA, afaB, afaC, and afaD genes, but
      lacked the sequence corresponding to the adhesin-producing gene afaE; Western
      blots allowed the detection of polypeptides (15,000, 15,500, or 16,000 daltons)
      in these strains which cross-reacted with variable intensity with antibodies
      raised against the denatured AFA-I protein, but did not cross-react with native
      AFA-I-specific antibodies. Following DNA cloning experiments from chromosomal DNA
      of two of those strains (A22 and A30), we demonstrated that although the AFA
      related operon in A22 and A30 strains lacked the AFA-I adhesin-encoding gene,
      they synthesized a functional X-adhesin. Thus, strains A22 and A30 encode
      adhesins designated AFA-II and AFA-III, which were cloned on recombinant plasmids
      pILL72 and pILL61, respectively. Southern hybridization experiments and Western
      blot analyses of the 15 AFA-related strains demonstrate the heterogeneity of the
      genetic sequences encoding the structural adhesin and suggest the bases for the
      serological diversity of the AFA adhesins.

PMID- 2893775
TI  - Appearance of sialoglycoproteins in encysting cells of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Amoeba-bacterium cultures of Entamoeba histolytica transferred to a hypoosmotic
      medium depleted of nutrients changed morphologically and biochemically. The cells
      ejected grains of rice starch, rounded up, and formed a distinct cell wall that
      was resistant to detergent, bound the sialic acid-specific lectin from Limulus
      polyphemus, and became fluorescent with Calcofluor M2R. A subpopulation of these
      cells displayed more than one nucleus. All these signs are characteristic of
      encysting cells and were also observed in cysts obtained from a human patient.
      The morphological changes were accompanied by the appearance of two new
      glycoproteins with apparent molecular sizes of 100 and 150 kilodaltons which
      contained sialic acid. Sialic acid has been reported to be absent from
      trophozoites of Entamoeba species. The presence of this sugar residue on cyst
      specific proteins parallels recently reported findings during the encystation of
      the related reptilian parasite Entamoeba invadens. This may indicate a basic role
      for sialic acid in the encystation of Entamoeba parasites.

PMID- 2893774
TI  - Serial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a cystic fibrosis patient have
      identical pilin sequences.
AB  - Five isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD10) from a
      patient with cystic fibrosis were examined with regard to several genotypic and
      phenotypic characteristics to determine whether the patient was colonized with
      one or several distinct strains. Isolates CD2, CD3, and CD4 were obtained from a
      single sputum sample, and CD5 and CD10 were obtained 1 and 2 years later,
      respectively. On the basis of colonial morphology, serotyping, and antibiograms,
      the five isolates appeared to be different strains. However, Southern blot
      analysis with a 1.2-kilobase DNA probe containing the P. aeruginosa PAK pilin
      gene indicated that all five strains were identical at that genetic locus. The
      pilin genes of the five isolates were cloned and sequenced at the nucleotide
      level and found to be identical. Southern blot analysis with a probe from a
      separate region of the P. aeruginosa chromosome, a 741-base-pair PstI-NruI DNA
      fragment adjacent to the exotoxin A gene, also revealed genetic identity among
      these five clinical isolates. On this basis, it was concluded that this patient
      was colonized with a single strain of P. aeruginosa and that the strain had
      remained genetically stable over a period of 2 years. The predicted pilin
      sequence of the CD isolates was almost identical to that of strain PA103 (97%
      homology) and serologically related to PAO pilin, with which it shared 80%
      homology. No immunological cross-reactivity was detected between the CD and PAK
      pilins, which shared the least homology (62%) among the four pilins considered in
      this study. Although all five CD isolates contained identical pilin genes, three
      had acquired mutations which prevented normal expression of the pilus system. CD3
      was a putative regulatory mutant which was unable to produce normal amounts of
      pilin, and CD4 and CD10 were putative assembly mutants which produced normal
      amounts of pilin but were unable to assemble the pilin subunit into intact pili.

PMID- 2893776
TI  - Agglutinating monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize
      lipooligosaccharide A of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies that specifically agglutinate strains of Bordetella
      pertussis having serotype 1 agglutinogen were uniquely reactive with the
      electrophoretically slow-migrating A form of lipooligosaccharide. These
      monoclonal antibodies should be useful for the structural analysis of B.
      pertussis lipooligosaccharide and for the establishment of a better-defined
      serogroup for Bordetella species.

PMID- 2893777
TI  - Simulation of plasma bentazepam levels in multiple dosage regimens from
      parameters established by non-linear regression and bayesian estimation.
AB  - In the present study, a simulation was made of the time-course of the plasma
      levels of bentazepam, administered orally at a dose of 25 mg with dosage
      intervals of 8, 12 and 24 h over 5 days of treatment. The pharmacokinetic
      parameters corresponding to a single-compartment model were calculated in a
      previous study with 10 patients who received the drug in a multiple dosage
      regimen, using all the data relating to plasma levels even though they
      corresponded to different administrations, by non-linear regression employing
      programs based on homoscedastic, heteroscedastic and bayesian estimation methods.
      The mean values of the kinetic parameters obtained previously and used in the
      present study were as follows: for the absorption constant, mean values of 2.33,
      2.18 and 2.75 h-1 were used; for the elimination constant, the values used were
      0.10, 0.09 and 0.22 h-1 and for the apparent distribution volume, the values used
      were 1.89, 2.89 and 0.80 l/kg, with each of the above-mentioned calculation
      programs, respectively. The highest value for the maximum concentration at steady
      state proved to be 313.2 ng/ml for a dosage interval of 8 h according to the
      parameters established with the program using homoscedastic estimation. In the
      same case (homoscedastic estimation) the highest value of the minimum at steady
      state was 168.7 ng/ml. By contrast, the lowest value of the maximum value at
      steady state--129.3 ng/ml--was obtained with a dosage interval of 24 h using the
      parameters of the heteroscedastic estimation method, while the lowest value of
      the corresponding minimum was also observed for an interval of 24 h but using the
      parameters of the bayesian estimation; this was 2.8 ng/ml.

PMID- 2893778
TI  - Induction and reduction of muscle tremor upon acute and repeated administration
      of the beta 2-agonists terbutaline, salbutamol and tulobuterol.
AB  - Two single-blind placebo-controlled crossover studies on healthy volunteers were
      performed to compare typical adverse effects of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists
      salbutamol, terbutaline und tulobuterol in a daily period of eight h after acute
      oral administration of different doses. Assessments were repeated after six days
      of regular drug intake, to look for habituation phenomena. Finger tremor,
      integrated surface-EMG in relation to voluntary force, blood pressure and heart
      rate were measured. Tremor was recorded with a 3-dimensional accelerometer during
      three different states of hand extensor muscle activity: relaxed, lightly and
      maximally contracted. The tremor signal was submitted to power spectrum analysis
      (FFT). All drug effects depended on the dose and the type of drug used, 2 mg
      tulobuterol being about equivalent to 4 mg salbutamol and to 2.5 mg terbutaline.
      Cardiovascular adverse effects were weak and transient. The induction of resting
      tremor showed some habituation across subchronic medication, whereas cumulative
      and ceiling effects of the beta 2-agonists occurred in respect to tremor during
      both states of active muscle contraction. However, the beta 2-adrenergic effect
      during strong contraction consisted in a prominent reduction of tremor. This
      striking result did not seem to be related to a transient increase of force,
      relative to myoelectric activity, which was no longer seen after subchronic
      medication. In case of ceiling effects, the relative changes in tremor intensity
      decreased with continuous beta 2-sympathomimetic treatment. Therefore, tremor
      might become a tolerable though inevitable concomitant of bronchodilatory
      therapy. Its quantitative measurement seems to provide adequate means to assess
      dose- and time-efficacy as well as to estimate clinical benefit.

PMID- 2893779
TI  - Hypophysiotrophic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) synthesizing neurons.
      Ultrastructure, adrenergic innervation and putative transmitter action.
AB  - The neuropeptide thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is capable of influencing
      both neuronal mechanisms in the brain and the activity of the pituitary-thyroid
      endocrine axis. By the use of immunocytochemical techniques, first the
      ultrastructural features of TRH-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya and neuronal
      processes were studied, and then the relationship between TRH-IR neuronal
      elements and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or phenylethanolamine-N
      methyltransferase (PNMT)-IR catecholaminergic axons was analyzed in the
      parvocellular subnuclei of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). In
      control animals, only TRH-IR axons were detected and some of them seemed to
      follow the contour of immunonegative neurons. Colchicine treatment resulted in
      the appearance of TRH-IR material in parvocellular neurons of the PVN. At the
      ultrastructural level, immunolabel was associated with rough endoplasmic
      reticulum, free ribosomes and neurosecretory granules. Non-labelled axons formed
      synaptic specializations with both dendrites and perikarya of the TRH
      synthesizing neurons. TRH-IR axons located in the parvocellular units of the PVN
      exhibited numerous intensely labelled dense-core and fewer small electron lucent
      vesicles. These axons were frequently observed to terminate on parvocellular
      neurons, forming both bouton- and en passant-type connections. The simultaneous
      light microscopic localization of DBH or PNMT-IR axons and TRH-synthesizing
      neurons demonstrated that catecholaminergic fibers established contacts with the
      dendrites and cell bodies of TRH-IR neurons. Ultrastructural analysis revealed
      the formation of asymmetric axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synaptic
      specializations between PNMT-immunopositive, adrenergic axons and TRH-IR neurons
      in the periventricular and medial parvocellular subnuclei of the PVN. These
      morphological data indicate that the hypophysiotrophic, thyrotropin releasing
      hormone synthesizing neurons of the PVN are directly influenced by the central
      epinephrine system and that TRH may act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator
      upon other paraventricular neurons.

PMID- 2893780
TI  - HLA-DR alpha, -DX alpha, and DR beta III gene association studies in DR3
      individuals.
AB  - In this study we have examined the results of probing with synthetic oligomers at
      the DR beta III locus, together with restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      defined by BglII digestion and a cDNA DR alpha probe, and Taq 1 digestion and a
      genomic DQ alpha probe. We have demonstrated heterogeneity of the human leukocyte
      antigen DR3 and close association of the DR alpha, DR beta III, and DX alpha
      genes. Two DR3-related preferential allelic associations have been identified,
      which may prove useful in family analysis as well as for investigations of DR3
      related diseases.

PMID- 2893781
TI  - A formyl peptide contracts guinea pig lung: role of arachidonic acid metabolites.
AB  - We studied the role of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products of arachidonic
      acid metabolism in mediating N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine- (FMLP)
      induced contractions of guinea pig lung parenchymal strips. The cyclooxygenase
      inhibitors indomethacin (10(-5) M) and aspirin (3 X 10(-5) to 10(-4) M), the
      lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (10(-5) to 3 X 10(-5) M), and
      the combined cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone
      (Phenidone) (3 X 10(-5) to 3 X 10(-4) M) and BW 755C (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) each
      caused a decrease in the maximum force induced by FMLP (Fmax) and an increase in
      the concentration of FMLP required to produce 50% of Fmax (EC50). The thromboxane
      synthesis inhibitor imidazole (3 X 10(-3) M) also decreased Fmax. The leukotriene
      D4 receptor antagonist FPL 55712 (5.7 X 10(-6) to 1.9 X 10(-5) M) increased the
      EC50 for FMLP, whereas desensitization of lung parenchymal strips to leukotriene
      B4 by pretreatment with this leukotriene (10(-7) M) had no effect on FMLP-induced
      contraction. After exposure to FMLP (10(-6) M), guinea pig lung produced (as
      determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay)
      leukotrienes C4 and B4, thromboxane A2 (as measured by its stable degradation
      product thromboxane B2), and prostaglandin F2 alpha. Lung strips not exposed to
      FMLP showed no evidence of leukotriene production. We conclude that thromboxane
      A2 and leukotriene C4 generated in response to FMLP mediate a substantial
      fraction of the force induced by this peptide in guinea pig lung parenchymal
      strips.

PMID- 2893783
TI  - Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens spores in human feces: comparison of four
      culture media.
AB  - Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens spores was compared using 4 culture media.
      Duplicate 1 g portions of 35 stools (25 from C. perfringens food poisoning
      outbreaks and 10 from normal stools) were heat treated 20 min at 75 degrees C and
      tested on tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine (TSC) agar, trypticase-soy-blood (TSB)
      agar, lactose-sulfite (LS) medium, and iron milk (IM) medium. Dilutions were
      plated directly onto TSB and TSC, and a 3-tube most probable number determination
      was made with each specimen in LS and IM incubated at 45 degrees C. TSB was
      easiest to use and nonhemolytic food poisoning strains were readily
      differentiated from the normal hemolytic biotype on this medium. Confirmed counts
      on TSC and TSB were similar for all specimens, but counts of 8 of 25 outbreak
      specimens were 2-4 log units lower in LS and IM than on plating media; spores in
      specimens associated with 2 of 5 outbreaks were intolerant of the elevated
      temperatures. Results showed that elevated temperature MPN methods in LS and IM
      are inappropriate for the examination of outbreak stools.

PMID- 2893782
TI  - Nonenzymatic isolation and culture of adult islets from atrophic pancreata of
      copper-deficient rats: a morphologic analysis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop a nonenzymatic method of isolating adult
      islets using atrophied pancreata from copper-deficient rats and to analyze their
      morphologic characteristics and behavior in culture. This unusual model of
      isolation was studied because islets remain intact in the course of dietary
      copper deficiency while the acinar glandular component of the pancreas undergoes
      selective atrophy and lipomatosis. Small fragments containing islets were readily
      microdissected from atrophied glands and placed in culture. Within 24 h the
      fragments congealed into small irregular- to spherical-shaped masses within which
      the darker profile of islets could be distinguished. Within a period of 3 to 5 d,
      islet tissue began to bud from the lipocytic mass until by Day 7 spherical
      aggregates of intact islet tissue separated from the residual fragments.
      Subsequent to further in vitro treatment, these islets could be maintained as
      free viable spherical masses if periodically agitated, as attached stationary
      islets which developed monolayer growth if left undisturbed and as aggregated
      masses of islet tissue forming megaislets if combined in small groups. Grouped
      islets treated with actinomycin D and cycloheximide did not exhibit aggregation
      when incubated with these inhibitors. This suggests that megaislet formation was
      an active process requiring protein-RNA synthesis rather than passive clumping or
      aggregation that can accompany metabolically altered or dying islets undergoing
      cellular shedding and adhesion. Immunohistochemical localization demonstrated
      that insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive
      cell types were present within the islets derived from this technique. The
      cellular topography of these islets was not unlike that described by others for
      islets cultured from enzymatic isolation. This culture model may serve as a
      resource for mature, viable islets isolated without mechanical or enzymatic
      disaggregation which can have attenuating effects on islet function.

PMID- 2893784
TI  - Food refusal after an incident of choking: a posttraumatic eating disorder.

PMID- 2893785
TI  - Subdural empyema.

PMID- 2893786
TI  - Localization and enumeration of fimbria-associated adhesins of Bacteroides
      loescheii.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies that specifically inhibit coaggregation between Bacteroides
      loescheii PK1295 and its two gram-positive partners Streptococcus sanguis 34 and
      Actinomyces israelii PK14 were used to enumerate and localize two distinct types
      of fimbria-associated adhesins on the surface of B. loescheii. Binding studies
      with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies indicated that a maximum (Bmax calculated
      from Scatchard plots) of approximately 400 adhesin molecules specific for S.
      sanguis and 310 adhesin molecules specific for A. israelii reside on the surface
      of the cell. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the adhesins were not an
      integral part of the fimbrial subunit; rather, they were usually found on the
      distal portion of the structures arranged in a random fashion.

PMID- 2893788
TI  - Binding properties of 9K protein to F1-ATPase: a counterpart ligand to the ATPase
      inhibitor.
AB  - A regulatory subunit of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase, 9K protein, formed an
      equimolar complex with F1-ATPase in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, indicating that
      the binding of the protein to the enzyme took place in a similar manner to that
      of ATPase inhibitor. The ATP-hydrolyzing activity of F1-ATPase decreased 40% on
      binding of the 9K protein, and the remaining activity was resistant to external
      ATPase inhibitor. The apparent dissociation constant of the F1-ATPase-9K complex
      was determined by gel permeation chromatography to be 3.7 X 10(-6) M, which was
      in the same order of magnitude as that of enzyme-ATPase inhibitor complex (4.2 x
      10(-6) M). When added simultaneously the binding of the inhibitor and 9K protein
      to F1-ATPase were competitive and the sum of their bindings did not exceed 1 mol
      per mol of enzyme. However, the binding of each protein ligand to F1-ATPase took
      more than 1 min for completion, and when one of these two proteins was added 10
      min after the other, it did not replace the other. These observations strongly
      suggest that membrane-bound F1-ATPase always binds to either the 9K protein or
      ATPase inhibitor in intact mitochondria and that the complexes with the two
      ligands are active and inactive counterparts, respectively.

PMID- 2893789
TI  - The H+-translocating ATP synthase in Halobacterium halobium differs from F0F1
      ATPase/synthase.
AB  - Cell envelope vesicles of Halobacterium halobium synthesize ATP by utilizing base
      acid transition (an outside acidic pH jump) under optimal conditions (1 M NaCl,
      80 mM MgCl2, pH 6.8) even in the presence of azide (a specific inhibitor of F0F1
      ATPase) (Mukohata & Yoshida (1987) J. Biochem. 101, 311-318). An azide
      insensitive ATPase was isolated from the inner face of the vesicle membrane, and
      shown to hydrolyze ATP under very specific conditions (1.5 M Na2SO4, 10 mM MnCl2,
      pH 5.8) (Nanba & Mukohata (1987) J. Biochem. 102, 591-598). This ATPase activity
      could also be detected when the vesicle components were solubilized by detergent.
      The relationship between ATP synthesis and the membrane-bound ATPase was
      investigated by modification of the vesicles with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3
      diazole (NBD-Cl) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). The inhibition pattern of ATP
      synthesis in the modified vesicles and that of ATP hydrolysis of the solubilized
      modified vesicles were compared under the individual optimum conditions. The
      inhibition patterns were almost identical, suggesting that the ATP synthesis and
      hydrolysis are catalyzed by a single enzyme complex. The ATP synthase includes
      the above ATPase (300-320 kDa), which is composed of two pairs of 86 and 64 kDa
      subunits. This is a novel H+-translocating ATP synthase functioning in the
      extremely halophilic archaebacterium. This "archae-ATP-synthase" differs from
      F0F1-ATPase/synthase, which had been thought to be ubiquitous among all respiring
      organisms on our biosphere.

PMID- 2893787
TI  - Autolysis-resistant peptidoglycan of anomalous composition in amino-acid-starved
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Nongrowing Escherichia coli deprived of an essential amino acid continued to
      produce peptidoglycan at a rate approximately 30% of that of growing cells. The
      composition of this peptidoglycan was very different from that of growing cells
      and resembled that of peptidoglycan left undegraded during partial autolysis of
      the bacteria. Synthesis of this peptidoglycan of anomalous composition began at
      once upon the removal of the amino acid from the medium. Fifteen minutes of amino
      acid deprivation was sufficient to virtually completely prevent penicillin
      induced autolytic wall degradation in vivo. During this time, although the
      specific activities of soluble and membrane-bound hydrolytic transglycosylases
      and endopeptidases remained high, the peptidoglycan produced showed decreased
      sensitivity to degradation in vitro. After more extensive (2-h) starvation,
      triggering of autolysis by chaotropic agents was also blocked. Autolysis in
      growing cells may be selective for peptidoglycan representing the cylindrical
      portion of the sacculus. It is suggested that at least part of the mechanism of
      the well-known lysis resistance of nongrowing E. coli is related to the
      deposition of structurally anomalous and relatively autolysin-resistant
      peptidoglycan at some strategically located sites on the bacterial surface.

PMID- 2893790
TI  - Single-site catalysis of F1-ATPase from thermophilic bacterium PS3 and its
      dominance in steady-state catalysis at low ATP concentration.
AB  - Single-site catalysis by F1-ATPase from a thermophilic bacterium PS3 (TF1) was
      examined by incubating the enzyme with a submolar amount of radioactive ATP. The
      profile of single-site catalysis by TF1 at 23 degrees C was different from that
      of beef heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase (MF1). ATP hydrolysis on the enzyme and
      release of the products was rapid, and subsequent addition of non-radioactive ATP
      (cold chase) did not promote the hydrolysis of radioactive ATP, indicating that
      the rate-limiting step was not the step of product release but the step of ATP
      binding to the enzyme. Thus, the characteristic features of so-called uni-site
      catalysis were not observed. At 60 degrees C, whether in the presence or absence
      of phosphate ion, a small amount of bound [alpha, gamma-32P]ATP and cold chase
      promotion were observed. However, since bound 32P1 was not detected by
      centrifugal gel filtration, it is not yet certain whether TF1 has typical uni
      site characteristics. Based on the hydrolytic turnover rate for single-site
      catalysis and analysis of the kinetics of steady-state catalysis, it is proposed
      that single-site catalysis is dominant even in steady-state catalysis at ATP
      concentrations of less than about 20 microM.

PMID- 2893791
TI  - Human skeletal muscle contains two major aminopeptidases: an anion-activated
      aminopeptidase B and an aminopeptidase M-like enzyme.
AB  - Two major aminopeptidases, an aminopeptidase B and an aminopeptidase M-like
      enzyme, were purified from human skeletal muscle by DEAE-cellulose, HPLC gel
      filtration, and hydroxyapatite column chromatographies. The purified
      aminopeptidase B exhibits a molecular weight of 76,000 under both native and
      denaturing conditions. The activity of the aminopeptidase B is regulated by C1
      ions and other anions in vitro. On the other hand, the aminopeptidase M-like
      enzyme is a monomeric protein having a molecular weight of 96,000. It is capable
      of significantly cleaving Phe-, Leu-, Arg-, and Ala-aminoacyl bonds in the
      presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The pH optima for both enzymes are around 7.0, and
      bestatin is an effective inhibitor of both enzymes.

PMID- 2893792
TI  - Interaction of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase with calmodulin.
      Identification of two separated calmodulin-binding domains.
AB  - The structural organization of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase was
      examined by limited proteolysis with trypsin and/or cross-linking with azido
      calmodulin a photoactivable derivative of its activator, calmodulin (CaM).
      Adenylate cyclase (which consists of three structurally related peptides of 50,
      45, and 43 kDa as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis) formed a 1:1 complex with CaM or azido-CaM. CaM-bound adenylate
      cyclase was cleaved by trypsin into two separate trypsin-resistant fragments of
      25 and 18 kDa which both interacted with CaM as judged by their ability to be
      cross-linked with azido-CaM. These two fragments remained associated with CaM in
      a catalytically active conformation resembling that of the undigested complex.
      When proteolysis was carried out in the absence of CaM, the adenylate cyclase was
      completely inactivated in less than 3 min. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel revealed a single 24-kDa trypsin-resistant fragment. Since this fragment
      cannot be cross-linked with azido-CaM we suggest that the CaM-binding site on the
      25-kDa moiety of the adenylate cyclase is located on a short segment of 1 kDa.

PMID- 2893794
TI  - Glutamate biosynthesis in Bacillus azotofixans. 15N NMR and enzymatic studies.
AB  - Pathways of ammonia assimilation into glutamic acid in Bacillus azotofixans, a
      recently characterized nitrogen-fixing species of Bacillus, were investigated
      through observation by NMR spectroscopy of in vivo incorporation of 15N into
      glutamine and glutamic acid in the absence and presence of inhibitors of ammonia
      assimilating enzymes, in combination with measurements of the specific activities
      of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and alanine
      dehydrogenase. In ammonia-grown cells, both the glutamine synthetase/glutamate
      synthase and the glutamate dehydrogenase pathways contribute to the assimilation
      of ammonia into glutamic acid. In nitrate-grown and nitrogen-fixing cells, the
      glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway was found to be predominant.
      NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity was detectable at low levels
      only in ammonia-grown and glutamate-grown cells. Thus, B. azotofixans differs
      from Bacillus polymyxa and Bacillus macerans, but resembles other N2-fixing
      prokaryotes studied previously, as to the pathway of ammonia assimilation during
      ammonia limitation. Implications of the results for an emerging pattern of
      ammonia assimilation by alternative pathways among nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
      are discussed, as well as the utility of 15N NMR for measuring in vivo glutamate
      synthase activity in the cell.

PMID- 2893793
TI  - Primary structure of chicken liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase deduced from cDNA
      sequence.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from chicken liver has
      been deduced by cloning and sequence analysis of DNA complementary to its
      messenger RNA. The results were confirmed by Edman degradation of peptide
      fragments obtained by digestion of the enzyme polypeptide with Achromobacter
      proteinase I or staphylococcal serine proteinase. Chicken liver acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase is predicted to be composed of 2,324 amino acid residues, having a
      calculated molecular weight of 262,706. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein
      domain is located in the middle region of the enzyme polypeptide. The amino
      terminal portion of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase has been found to exhibit a
      homologous primary structure to that of carbamyl phosphate synthetase.
      Localization of possible functional domains including biotin carboxylase subsite
      in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptide is discussed.

PMID- 2893795
TI  - The regulatory and catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases are
      associated with transcriptionally active chromatin during changes in gene
      expression.
AB  - Changes in the association of the catalytic subunit and the regulatory subunits
      of isozymes I and II of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (RI and RII, respectively)
      with the transcriptionally active chromatin fraction from rat liver were examined
      after a glucagon/theophylline injection and also after partial hepatectomy.
      Chromatin was partitioned into transcriptionally active and bulk,
      transcriptionally inactive fractions by digestion with micrococcal nuclease under
      appropriate conditions. In both experimental models, an increased content of
      catalytic and both RI and RII subunits was observed in chromatin fractions that
      were enriched in transcriptionally active DNA, particularly in the fraction
      associated with the residual nuclear matrix-lamina. The changes in the
      association of the subunits with these fractions paralleled the increases in
      intracellular cAMP levels and occurred in a time frame compatible with the
      changes in gene expression. The catalytic subunits could be removed from the
      nuclear matrix-lamina fraction by salt, whereas the two regulatory subunits
      remained tightly bound. The data support the concept of a direct role of the
      regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases in the induction of gene
      expression. However, we were unable to confirm that RII possessed an intrinsic
      topoisomerase activity.

PMID- 2893796
TI  - Secondary structure of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase as
      estimated by circular dichroism.
AB  - In a previous communication, a water-soluble, hexameric form of the Neurospora
      crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase was described (Chadwick, C. C., Goormaghtigh,
      E., and Scarborough, G. A. (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 252, 348-356). To
      facilitate physical studies of the hexamers, the H+-ATPase isolation procedure
      has been improved, resulting in a structurally and functionally stable hexamer
      preparation that contains only 5 to 10% non-ATPase protein, approximately 12 mol
      of enzyme-bound lysophosphatidylcholine/mol of H+-ATPase monomer, and little or
      no residual plasma membrane phospholipid. Importantly, when activated by
      lysophosphatidylglycerol, which satisfies the acidic phospholipid requirement of
      the enzyme, the hexameric quaternary structure of the enzyme is retained,
      indicating that the functional properties of the water-soluble hexamers are
      relevant to those of the native, membrane-bound enzyme. The circular dichroism
      (CD) spectrum of this H+-ATPase preparation has been measured from 184 to 260 nm
      and used to estimate the secondary structure of the enzyme. The H+-ATPase is
      estimated to consist of approximately 36% helix, 12% antiparallel beta-sheet, 8%
      parallel beta-sheet, 11% beta-turn, and 26% other (irregular) structure. There is
      no change in the CD spectrum when known enzyme ligands are added to the H+-ATPase
      solution, suggesting that any changes in secondary structure that might occur
      during ligand binding and/or catalytic cycling are either minor or result in
      compensatory changes in secondary structure. The CD spectrum of the H+-ATPase is
      also compared to published spectra of the animal cell Na+/K+- and Ca2+-ATPases
      and is shown to be quite similar in shape and intensity, suggesting that all of
      these ATPases, which have significant sequence homology and are mechanistically
      similar, may have similar secondary structure composition as well.

PMID- 2893797
TI  - Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human
      renin gene.
AB  - Mammalian cells in culture, transfected with human renin gene, can provide a
      useful tool for studying renin biosynthesis and secretion. We transfected
      fibroblast cells (mouse L929 and Chinese hamster ovary cells) and pituitary tumor
      cells (mouse AtT-20) with the human renin gene and a selectable plasmid
      (pSV2Neo). Transfected fibroblasts synthesize prorenin only. Prorenin is secreted
      by fibroblasts constitutively and the secretion is not influenced by 8-bromo
      cAMP. On the other hand, transfected AtT-20 cells synthesized both prorenin and
      mature active renin. Transfected AtT-20 cells release prorenin by constitutive
      secretion but mature renin is secreted by a regulated mechanism since the
      secretion of the former is not influenced by 8-bromo-cAMP but the release of the
      latter is significantly stimulated. Our studies demonstrate that human renin may
      be secreted by at least two cellular pathways: prorenin by a constitutive pathway
      and mature renin by a regulated pathway. These transfected cells may provide
      useful models for studies of human renin synthesis, processing, and secretion.

PMID- 2893798
TI  - Intracellular processing of cytidylyltransferase in Krebs II cells during
      stimulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Evidence that a plasma membrane
      modification promotes enzyme translocation specifically to the endoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - After a 3-h incubation of Krebs II ascitic cells in the presence of phospholipase
      C from Clostridium welchii under nonlytic conditions, the incorporation of [3H]
      choline into phosphatidylcholine was increased 1.7-fold as compared to untreated
      cells. The total amounts of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and
      sphingomyelin were unchanged up to 3 h of incubation. The limiting step in
      phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis was the formation of CDP-choline catalyzed by
      CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.15) as monitored by the
      decrease in phosphocholine labeling following phospholipase C treatment of cells
      prelabeled with [3H]choline. The specific activity of homogenate
      cytidylyltransferase was increased about 1.6-fold in phospholipase C-treated
      cells. Specific activity of the membrane fraction was increased 2-fold, whereas
      cytosolic specific activity decreased in phospholipase C-treated cells. The
      activation of cytidylyltransferase was concomitant with translocation of the
      enzyme from the cytosol to the membrane fraction. The latter was further
      fractionated using a Percoll gradient that allowed an efficient separation
      between endoplasmic reticulum and other subcellular membranes. In control cells,
      particulate cytidylyltransferase activity co-migrated with the endoplasmic
      reticulum and ribosome markers and not with the plasma membrane. Also, in treated
      cells, the stimulation of cytidylyltransferase activity occurred at the
      endoplasmic reticulum level and did not involve either the external cell membrane
      or other cellular organelles including the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, or
      mitochondria. Thus, our results demonstrate that a stimulus acting on the plasma
      membrane promotes the translocation of the soluble form of cytidylyltransferase
      specifically to the endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2893799
TI  - Secondary structural analyses of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a test
      of molecular models.
AB  - Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to determine that the secondary
      structure of purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of Torpedo
      californica in both reconstituted vesicles and a cholate-solubilized state is, on
      average, 23% alpha-helix, 43% beta-sheet, 6% beta-turn, and 28% random coil.
      These data can serve to test models by placing limits on the particular types of
      secondary structural motifs which make up the receptor. A number of models
      proposed for the AChR are discussed in relation to the experimental data
      presented. Additionally, the protein in both vesicle and solubilized environments
      was exposed to an agonist, carbamylcholine, or a competitive antagonist,
      hexamethonium, to monitor net conformational changes upon ligand binding. The
      protein secondary structure was not changed upon solubilization, nor was any
      large net conformational change observed upon ligand binding, although small
      local or compensatory changes cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 2893800
TI  - Icosanoid production can be decreased without alterations in cellular
      arachidonate content or enzyme activities required for arachidonate release and
      icosanoid synthesis.
AB  - We have demonstrated that icosanoid production can be inhibited by altering the
      distribution of arachidonate within the cell, so that it is not released from
      phospholipids for icosanoid synthesis. This effect was observed in a
      prostaglandin E2-producing cell line (HSDM1C1) by deprivation of exogenous
      arachidonate for 24-48 h. Icosanoid production by the cells upon bradykinin
      stimulation was impaired despite no change in the concentration of arachidonate
      within the cell and no change in the activity of cyclooxygenase, phospholipases,
      acyltransferases, or fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase. Associated with the decline in
      prostaglandin E2 production was an increase in arachidonate incorporation into
      ethanolamine plasmalogens and a decrease in the activity of the enzyme
      arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase, which may play a role in compartmentation of
      arachidonate within the cell. Thus, we have found that a decrease in icosanoid
      production can be achieved without pharmacologic intervention by a short-term
      restriction of exogenous arachidonate which leads to redistribution of
      arachidonate within phospholipids and/or subcellular membranes in the cell.

PMID- 2893801
TI  - Decreased hepatic fatty acid oxidation at weaning in the rat is not linked to a
      variation of malonyl-CoA concentration.
AB  - In rats weaned on a high-carbohydrate diet, hepatic fatty acid oxidation capacity
      is decreased when compared to suckling rats. Previous studies (Benito et al.,
      1979) suggested that a malonyl-CoA-dependent mechanism could be at the origin of
      this decrease. Studies on isolated hepatocytes show that despite, respectively, a
      low and a high lipogenic rate in suckling and weaned rats, malonyl-CoA
      concentrations are similar in the two groups. This might be due to the lower
      ratio fatty acid synthetase/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) activities during
      suckling than after weaning. Different rates of hepatic fatty acid oxidation
      despite similar malonyl-CoA concentrations can be explained by the 2.5-fold
      higher carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (EC 2.3.1.21) activity in suckling rats
      together with a 7-fold higher Ki for malonyl-CoA. This precludes a tight control
      of fatty acid oxidation by [malonyl-CoA] in suckling rats. Weaning on a high-fat
      carbohydrate-free diet abolishes the changes previously described for the kinetic
      characteristics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I suggesting that nutritional
      modifications rather than a developmental stage are involved. Thus, during the
      suckling-weaning transition, a variation of [malonyl-CoA] is not responsible for
      the decrease in hepatic fatty acid oxidation. It involves, in addition, a
      decrease in carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and an increase of the
      sensitivity of this enzyme to malonyl-CoA.

PMID- 2893802
TI  - Inhibition of endocytosis from coated pits by acidification of the cytosol.
AB  - Binding and endocytosis of the ligands transferrin, epidermal growth factor
      (EGF), and ricin were measured in a number of different cell lines after
      treatment of cells with compounds that react with SH-groups and under conditions
      where the cytosolic pH was lowered. N-ethylmalemide and diamide irreversibly
      inhibited endocytosis of all ligands tested, whereas low pH in the cytosol
      strongly inhibited endocytosis of transferrin and EGF. Data obtained by electron
      microscopy indicated that the formation of coated vesicles from coated pits is
      inhibited in acidified cells. Entry of ricin was much less affected, and ricin
      endocytosed under these conditions was able to intoxicate the cells. At low pH in
      the cytosol there was a calcium-dependent increase in the number of transferrin
      receptors at the cell surface. The increase was even larger in the presence of
      the calcium ionophore A23187, whereas it was completely blocked by the calmodulin
      antagonists trifluoperazine and W7. The results show that endocytosis from coated
      pits can be inhibited in a reversible way by acidification of the cytosol and
      they suggest that a second pathway of endocytosis exists, possibly involving
      formation of vesicles from uncoated areas of the membrane.

PMID- 2893803
TI  - Column liquid chromatographic determination of hydrolysed bopindolol, in the
      picogram per millilitre range in plasma, using cartridge extraction and dual
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - A highly sensitive and specific column liquid chromatographic assay with
      electrochemical detection was developed for hydrolysed bopindolol, an active
      metabolite of bopindolol (Sandonorm) in human plasma. The pre-chromatographic
      sample preparation involved Extrelut column clean-up followed by liquid
      extraction of the organic extract into dilute acetic acid. Separation was on a
      Nucleosil ODS 3-microns column at 40 degrees C, with a phosphate buffer-methanol
      mobile phase. Detection was performed at +450 mV with an ESA electrochemical
      detector. Mepindolol was used as internal standard and quantitation was based on
      peak-area ratios. Total analysis time was 14 min per sample. The recovery rate of
      the assay was at least 70% for both compounds. A detection limit as low as 25
      pg/ml, starting with 1 ml of plasma, was achieved. The day-to-day reproducibility
      and accuracy, checked with quality-control samples, demonstrated the reliability
      of this assay used by different analysts, on different chromatographic systems
      and over a long period of time.

PMID- 2893804
TI  - Quantitation of effects of subinhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim on P
      fimbria expression and in vitro adhesiveness of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The ability to adhere to and colonize urogenital mucosa is an important virulence
      attribute of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. This adherence, which appears to be
      mediated by P fimbriae, may be affected by antibiotics or other agents that
      affect fimbrial expression. We describe here an enzyme immunofiltration assay to
      quantitate fimbriation and the application of that technique to measurement of
      the effects of sublethal doses of trimethoprim on P fimbrial expression. Effects
      on P fimbriation correlated with effects on the adherence of treated bacteria to
      cultured T24 bladder carcinoma epithelial cells; i.e., trimethoprim treatment
      decreased both P fimbriation and bacterial adherence. It was possible to
      quantitate effects on P fimbriation when type 1 fimbriae were also present. The
      enzyme immunofiltration assay may be useful for studies on the role of fimbriae
      in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, and it may facilitate identification
      of antimicrobial agents that interfere with bacterial adherence to mucosal
      surfaces.

PMID- 2893805
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of attachment and ingestion
      stages of bacterial phagocytosis.
AB  - Research on phagocytosis of bacteria is often hampered by the inability to
      distinguish quantitatively between bacteria that have been ingested by phagocytic
      cells and those which are attached to the surface of the cells. A method using
      the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique to simply and accurately measure
      the rate of bacterial ingestion by phagocytic cells is described. The method is
      based on the ability of antibacterial antibodies to bind to bacteria attached to
      but not internalized by phagocytic cells. The attached bacteria were quantitated
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with the number of bacteria at
      zero time (17 bacteria attached per phagocyte) only 10 to 20% of the bacteria
      remained attached to phagocytic cells after incubation for 30 min at 37 degrees
      C. The decrease in detected attached bacteria at 37 degrees C was due to
      internalization of the bacteria by phagocytic cells, since upon disruption of the
      monolayer, most of the ingested bacteria were recovered, and at 4 degrees C, most
      of the bacteria remained extracellularly attached. The proposed attachment and
      ingestion assay is easy to perform, allows the detection of specific attachment
      of test bacteria, and provides objective quantitation of attached and ingested
      bacteria. Most importantly, the assay allows testing of ingestion rates of
      bacteria under many variables on the same day.

PMID- 2893806
TI  - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against
      Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against Bordetella pertussis
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were established. The specificity of the antibodies was
      ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ELISA-inhibition
      experiments with LPS and delipidated polysaccharide fragments (PS-1 and PS-2)
      prepared from B. pertussis LPS. Monoclonal antibody 9-1-H5 reacted with B.
      pertussis LPS only, whereas monoclonal antibodies 6-4-H6 and 9-2-A8 reacted with
      PS-1 and PS-2 as well as B. pertussis LPS. The antibodies did not react with LPS
      prepared from B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica in an LPS-specific ELISA. A
      monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA was developed for detection of B.
      pertussis LPS. This assay had a detection limit of B. pertussis LPS in
      concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 0.32 microgram/ml. The assay was also shown
      to be specific for the detection of whole B. pertussis bacteria. No cross
      reactions were observed with strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, Neisseria
      meningitidis, Streptococcus miteor, Haemophilus influenzae, or Legionella
      pneumophila. The monoclonal antibodies might be useful for the detection of
      soluble antigens and whole bacteria in clinical samples and for studies of the
      immunochemical structure of B. pertussis LPS.

PMID- 2893807
TI  - Comparative studies of commercially available particle agglutination assay and
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of human T-cell leukemia virus
      type I antibodies in blood donors.
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) transmission during blood transfusion
      can be prevented by screening for and eliminating blood containing anti-HTLV-I
      antibodies. For this purpose, we evaluated two commercial test kits for HTLV-I
      antibodies, Serodia-ATLA (particle agglutination assay [PA]) and Eitest-ATL
      (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), by using serum samples from Japanese
      blood donors. Of 2,316 serum samples, 39 (1.7%), 34 (1.5%), and 28 (1.2%) were
      positive for the antibody by PA, ELISA, and immunofluorescence (IF),
      respectively. The coincidence rate for antibody-positive and antibody-negative
      results was 99.5% between PA and IF, whereas it was 99.6% between ELISA and IF.
      The serum samples which were positive by IF were also positive by PA, whereas 2
      of 26 IF-positive samples were negative by ELISA. All the samples positive by
      both PA and ELISA were shown to be positive by IF unequivocally. The samples
      positive by only one of the two methods (PA or ELISA) were different. Eleven and
      eight serum samples that were negative by IF but positive by PA and ELISA,
      respectively, were further studied for HTLV-I antibody by
      radioimmunoprecipitation. Three of the former but none of the latter were found
      to be positive for antibody. Moreover, a PA-positive but IF-negative serum sample
      was shown to have significantly decreased PA titers after 2-mercaptoethanol
      treatment. The PA was further shown to detect not only IgG antibody but also IgM
      antibody to HTLV-I after separation of this serum sample by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2893809
TI  - Defect in biosynthesis of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase in
      cultured fibroblasts from a boy with 3-ketothiolase deficiency.
AB  - The etiology of 3-ketothiolase deficiency has been attributed to a defect of
      mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase because the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase
      activity in related materials is not activated by K+, a property characteristic
      for this enzyme. We studied the enzyme protein and the biosynthesis of
      mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, using cultured skin fibroblasts from a 5
      yr-old boy with 3-ketothiolase deficiency. The following results were obtained.
      (a) Activation of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase activity by K+ was nil; (b) The enzyme
      activity was not affected by treatment with the antibody against mitochondrial
      acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase; (c) A signal for mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase
      protein was not detected in the immunoblot analysis; and (d) Pulse-chase
      experiments of skin fibroblasts, using [35S]methionine, revealed no incorporation
      of radioactivity into this enzyme. Therefore, fibroblasts from this patient
      lacked mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase protein due to a defect in its
      biosynthesis.

PMID- 2893810
TI  - Binding sites in the rat brain for Escherichia coli S fimbriae associated with
      neonatal meningitis.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains that cause sepsis and meningitis in neonatal infants
      carry S fimbriae that bind to sialyl galactoside units of cell surface
      glycoproteins. To investigate the possible role of S fimbriae in determining the
      tissue tropism of neonatal meningitis, we have studied the presence of binding
      sites for S fimbriae in different tissues of the neonatal rat which is
      susceptible to meningitis caused by S-fimbriated E. coli. Purified S fimbriae
      were incubated on cryostat sections of different rat organs and their binding was
      assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. In the brain of the neonatal rat, S
      fimbriae specifically bound to the luminal surfaces of the vascular endothelium
      and of the epithelium lining the choroid plexuses and brain ventricles. The
      binding was completely inhibited by the trisaccharide NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1
      4Glc, a receptor analogue of S fimbriae, and by a preceding neuraminidase
      treatment of the sections. A recombinant E. coli strain expressing S fimbriae
      adhered in large numbers to the same tissue sites in the neonatal brain sections
      as did the purified fimbriae, whereas the non-fimbriated host strain and a
      recombinant strain expressing P fimbriae did not adhere to brain tissues. The
      results suggest that adhesion of S-fimbriated bacteria to the binding sites
      observed in the neonatal brain has a pathogenetic role during bacterial invasion
      from circulation into the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2893808
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on verapamil-responsive and verapamil
      irresponsive sustained ventricular tachycardias.
AB  - To assess effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on ventricular tachycardia (VT) of
      various mechanisms, electrophysiology studies were performed before and after
      intravenous infusion of propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) in 33 patients with chronic
      recurrent VT, who had previously been tested with intravenous verapamil (0.15
      mg/kg followed by 0.005 mg/kg/min infusion). In the verapamil-irresponsive group,
      10 patients (group IA) had VT that could be initiated by programmed ventricular
      extrastimulation and terminated by overdrive ventricular pacing, and 11 patients
      (group IB) had VT that could be provoked by isoproterenol infusion (3-8
      micrograms/min) but not by programmed electrical stimulation, and that could not
      be converted to a sustained sinus rhythm by overdrive ventricular pacing.
      Notably, in the group IA patients, all 10 patients had structural heart disease
      (coronary arteriosclerosis or idiopathic cardiomyopathy); beta-adrenergic
      blockade accelerated the VT rate in one patient but exerted no effects on the VT
      rate in the remaining 9 patients, and VT remained inducible in all 10 patients.
      By contrast, in the group IB patients, 7 of the 11 patients had no apparent
      structural heart disease; beta-adrenergic blockade completely suppressed the VT
      inducibility during isoproterenol infusion in all 11 patients. There were 12
      patients with verapamil-responsive VT (group II). 11 of the 12 patients had no
      apparent structural heart disease. In these patients, the initiation of VT was
      related to attaining a critical range of cycle lengths during sinus, atrial-paced
      or ventricular-paced rhythm; beta-adrenergic blockade could only slow the VT rate
      without suppressing its inducibility. Of note, 14 of the total 33 patients had
      exercise provocable VT: two in group IA, five in group IB, and seven in group II.
      Thus, mechanisms of VT vary among patients, and so do their pharmacologic
      responses. Although reentry, catecholamine-sensitive automaticity, and triggered
      activity related to delayed afterdepolarizations are merely speculative, results
      of this study indicate that beta-adrenergic blockade is only specifically
      effective in a subset group (group IB) of patients with VT suggestive of
      catecholamine-sensitive automaticity.

PMID- 2893811
TI  - Evidence supporting the identity in Graves' disease of thyroid-stimulating
      antibody and thyroid growth-promoting immunoglobulin G as assayed in FRTL5 cells.
AB  - This paper addresses the question: in Graves' disease is there a thyroid-growth
      stimulating IgG (TGI) separate from thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb)? Using
      the functioning rat thyroid line (FRTL5) cells for TGI (incorporation of [3H]
      thymidine into DNA) and TSAb (increase in cAMP concentration) assays, we tested
      IgG from 30 Graves' patients. Positive TGI assay occurred only if cAMP increased
      in the cells and responses correlated, i.e., r = 0.95, P less than 0.001. With
      one very potent TSAb-IgG we showed that Fab was active as TGI and TSAb, IgG with
      pI of 8.5-9.0 was the most potent fraction in both systems and an inhibitory IgG
      prevented the action of both TSAb-IgG and TSH in both the TSAb and TGI assays. In
      the last example, the action was on the cell membrane and not on the TSH or IgG.
      These data are entirely compatible with the view that in Graves' disease, at
      least as tested in FRTL5 cells, the same IgG is active in stimulating both growth
      and adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2893812
TI  - Antigen CD34+ marrow cells engraft lethally irradiated baboons.
AB  - The CD34 antigen is present on 1-4% of human marrow cells including virtually all
      hematopoietic progenitors detected by in vitro assays. Since the anti-CD34
      monoclonal antibody 12-8 reacts with a similar marrow population in baboons, it
      was possible to test whether this antigen is expressed by stem cells responsible
      for hematopoietic reconstitution in vivo. CD34+ cells were enriched from marrows
      of five baboons using avidin-biotin immunoadsorption. After lethal irradiation,
      the five animals were given 15-27 X 10(6) autologous marrow cells (3.2-4.4 X
      10(6) cells/kg) containing 65-91% CD34+ cells. All animals achieved granulocyte
      counts greater than 1,000/mm3 and platelet counts greater than 20 X 10(3)/mm3 by
      13-24 d posttransplant and subsequently developed normal peripheral blood counts.
      Two additional animals received 184 and 285 X 10(6) marrow cells/kg depleted of
      CD34+ cells. One animal died at day 29 without engraftment, while the other had
      pancytopenia for greater than 100 d posttransplant. The data suggest that stem
      cells responsible for hematopoietic reconstitution are CD34+.

PMID- 2893814
TI  - Bevantolol disposition in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
AB  - Bevantolol is a new, cardioselective beta-receptor antagonist that undergoes
      extensive hepatic biotransformation. To evaluate changes in the disposition of
      bevantolol produced by liver disease, a single 200-mg oral dose of bevantolol was
      administered in ten patients who had hepatic cirrhosis and to ten age-matched
      controls. Cirrhotic patients had a greater plasma bevantolol half-life (6.9 +/-
      4.0 hr, mean +/- SD) then did patients with normal liver function (2.8 +/- 1.1
      hr, P less than .01), and they also had a longer duration of significant
      bevantolol-induced heart rate slowing (for 12 hours after oral dose in cirrhotics
      versus three hours for controls). On the other hand, the peak concentration after
      the oral dose and the magnitude of bradycardiac effect were similar for both
      groups. Plasma bevantolol half-life was more variable in cirrhotic patients than
      in controls. Some of this variability among cirrhotics was attributable to age,
      which was a significant determinant of bevantolol half-life in the cirrhotic (but
      not in the control) patient sample. These results indicate that hepatic cirrhosis
      alters the disposition of bevantolol and suggest that modifications in bevantolol
      dose should be considered when using this drug to treat patients with liver
      disease.

PMID- 2893813
TI  - Characterisation of connective tissue cells containing factor XIII subunit a.
AB  - Paraffin embedded sections of human liver, lymph node, and placenta showed that
      certain connective tissue cells were positive for factor XIII subunit a. These
      cells were further characterised by double immunofluorescence labelling and by
      combined immunofluorescence and enzyme cytochemical staining on frozen sections.
      They were labelled by the monoclonal antibodies RFD7 and anti-Leu M3 (markers of
      the macrophage cell line) but gave a negative reaction for the fibroblast marker
      IIG10 and showed no alkaline phosphatase activity. Immunoblotting detected factor
      XIII subunit a in macrophages isolated from placenta but not in human
      fibroblasts. At lower dilutions, the commercially available antibody against the
      b subunit of factor XIII also positively reacted with the same cell population.
      The facts that immunoblotting showed that the antiserum crossreacted with the a
      subunit and that placental macrophages did not stain strongly for the b subunit
      also indicate that this antigen is not present in adult connective tissue cells.

PMID- 2893816
TI  - Distribution of catecholaminergic cells in the retina of the rat, guinea pig,
      cat, and rabbit: independence from ganglion cell distribution.
AB  - By using an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme
      in the production of catecholamines, we have examined the morphology and
      distribution of catecholaminergic cells in the retinas of the rat, guinea pig,
      cat, and rabbit. In the albino rat, as reported by others, most TH-immunoreactive
      (TH-IR) cells were amacrine cells, and formed two morphological classes. Cells of
      one class (class 1) are stellate amacrine cells, the somata of most being in the
      inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INL). Cells of the second class (class 2)
      were seen only as small somata, also in the inner part of the INL. Cells of both
      classes were found in all areas of the retina, with a distinct but broad
      concentration around the superior-temporal margin of the retina. A small number
      of TH-IR interplexiform cells was seen. In the pigmented rat, only class 1 cells
      were recognized, also concentrating at the superior-temporal margin. In the
      guinea pig, cat, and rabbit, TH-IR cells also seemed to form one morphological
      class of amacrine cells, which resembled the class 1 cells of the albino rat. In
      the guinea pig and cat, their distribution resembled that seen in the rat, with
      the cells concentrating at the superior-temporal margin of the retina. In the
      rabbit, TH-IR cells concentrated weakly in the visual streak, but at both ends of
      the streak the concentration of TH-IR cells extended farther peripherally than
      the concentration of ganglion cells. Overall, the distribution of TH-IR cells
      seems largely or (in the rabbit) partially independent of the distribution of
      ganglion cells. This independence raises questions of the development and
      function of this group of amacrine cells.

PMID- 2893815
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactive material in the rabbit retina:
      immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two mouse monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin-14 were used with avidin-biotin
      peroxidase immunohistochemical technique to examine the rabbit retina. In
      agreement with a previous study using a polyclonal anti-serum, a sparse
      population (about 1,000 per retina) of neurons in the ganglion cell layer are
      immunoreactive for somatostatin; the vast majority of these cells are inferior to
      the myelinated fiber bundle. In addition, the monoclonal antibodies disclose a
      second neuronal population that forms a circumferential band of immunoreactive
      neurons around the extreme periphery of the retina. The cells in the body of the
      inferior retina have dendrites that ramify in the inner plexiform layer. Both the
      circumferential band of cells and the cells in the body of the inferior retina
      give off axonlike processes that run in the inner plexiform layer and do not
      enter the optic nerve. These long, straight varicose fibers form a meshwork that
      covers the entire retina. The superior retina, which contains only rare
      immunoreactive cell bodies, has a plexus of stained fibers comparable to that of
      the inferior retina. The circumferential band of cells is relatively resistant to
      the neurotoxin kainic acid, explaining a previously reported observation that
      this toxin depletes only about 50% of the content of somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity from the rabbit retina. Moreover, the somatostatin
      immunoreactive neurons are not labeled by the intraocular injection of the
      fluorescent dye DAPI, which labels the cholinergic displaced amacrine cells of
      the rabbit retina. These observations imply that somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity is localized to two populations of associational ganglion cells,
      neurons with cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer, the axons of which remain
      within the retina.

PMID- 2893817
TI  - Glycoconjugate boundaries during early postnatal development of the neostriatal
      mosaic.
AB  - The dispositions of galactosyl-containing glycoconjugates were studied during
      postnatal development of the caudate putamen in mice. The binding of the lectin
      peanut agglutinin, which has an affinity for galactosyl B-1,3 N
      acetylgalactosamine residues, was compared to acetylcholinesterase staining and
      tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the immature and adult neostriatum. The
      binding of peanut agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, in sections
      that were processed for peroxidase histochemistry, was extremely pronounced in
      the neostriatum through the first postnatal week and constituted ringlike or
      polygonally shaped structures, which, overall, produced a variegated mosaic.
      These structures consist of outer rims of dense lectin-associated reaction
      product surrounding lightly labeled centers. Lectin delineations of the
      neostriatal mosaic are no longer visible in the second postnatal week. When
      adjacent sections were processed for lectin binding or acetylcholinesterase
      histochemistry, the dense lectin binding sites represented borders of
      acetylcholinesterase-rich and -poor zones. The distribution of dense patches of
      tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and terminals also coincides with the
      acetylcholinesterase-rich zones during the same times, and thus the
      glycoconjugate-delineated boundaries can also be directly compared with the
      distribution of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. The findings presented
      here represent the first demonstration of a probe that recognizes apparent
      borders of neostriatal compartments during a limited period of development. They
      are consistent with previous observations made on transient glycoconjugate
      "hidden boundaries" during development of other central nervous system
      structures, including the somatosensory cortical barrel field, and thalamic and
      brainstem nuclei (Cooper and Steindler, '86a,b; Steindler and Cooper, in press).
      In those studies, glia were shown to be the major source of glycoconjugate
      associated patterns, and thus, glia and glycoconjugates that they synthesize
      during pattern formation events may be involved in the formation and
      stabilization of neurochemically distinct components of the neostriatal mosaic.

PMID- 2893818
TI  - Dohi memorial lecture. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2893819
TI  - Effect of two thymosin fraction 5 polypeptides on human peripheral blood
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Thymosin fraction 5 polypeptides beta 4 and alpha 1 were tested for their ability
      to affect certain immunological parameters of human peripheral blood lymphocytes
      (PBL). PBL were cultured with various concentrations of the peptides for 24
      hours. Thymosin beta 4 was found to induce a significant decrease in the
      expression of the Fc alpha receptors of PBL, as well as in their ability to
      express antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activity. In addition, this
      peptide had the ability to increase the percentage of T4 lymphocytes in normal
      and immunosuppressed donors and to decrease the percentage of T8 positive cells
      in normal donors. Finally, beta 4 peptide caused a small increase in the capacity
      of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosettes
      (ER). In parallel experiments thymosin alpha 1 was found inactive. The results
      presented here indicate that thymosin beta 4 may be used as an immunoregulatory
      molecule in patients with immunodeficiencies.

PMID- 2893820
TI  - Effects of dynorphin on the PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.
AB  - The effect of the opioid peptide dynorphin (DYN) on PHA-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation has been evaluated in the present study. A significant increase in
      PHA-induced lymphocyte activation was observed when DYN was added to cultures 48
      hr after the mitogenic stimulation. This effect occurred at suboptimal (3.12 and
      6.25 micrograms/ml) PHA concentrations and at DYN doses ranging from 10(-9) to
      10(-12) M. Conversely, DYN did not affect the lymphocyte blastogenic process
      either when added before, or simultaneously or after intense PHA (12.5
      micrograms/ml) stimulation. Naloxone preincubation did not modify the above
      described effects. Results suggest that DYN might play a role in neuroendocrine
      regulation of the lymphocyte blastogenic process.

PMID- 2893821
TI  - Selective T cell defects induced by dopamine administration in mice.
AB  - Dopamine administration in BALB/c mice depressed the overall delayed-type
      hypersensitivity reaction to sheep red blood cells, the mixed-lymphocyte culture
      responses, the generation of cytotoxic T cells, and the number of spleen T cell
      populations. Conversely, dopamine enhanced concanavalin A stimulation of spleen
      cells, and had no effect on stimulation by PHA, on total spleen and thymus cell
      number, and on distribution of thymus Ly-t1+ or Ly-t2+ cell subsets. These
      results indicate that dopamine produces selective T cell defects probably
      mediated by a direct peripheral action of the drug on subsets of T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2893822
TI  - Regulation of the CD2 alternate pathway of T cell activation by CD3. Evidence for
      heterologous desensitization.
AB  - Normal resting T cells were stimulated through the alternate CD2 pathway. A CD3
      mAb VIT3 completely blocked their proliferative response. The time interval for
      50% inhibition lasted for 24 h after the onset of CD2 stimulation. Mitogen
      activated cloned long term cultured T cells could also be stimulated via CD2.
      This proliferative response was again inhibitable by VIT3, indicating that CD3
      regulates the CD2 pathway not only in resting cells, but also in lymphocytes
      actively involved in an Ir. T cells were further loaded with Quin2 and their free
      cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels were monitored in response to CD3 and CD2 stimulation.
      Antibodies directed against both surface R triggered a rapid elevation of Ca2+
      levels. Both responses were abrogated when the cells had been treated overnight
      with VIT3. The free cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels of VIT3-pretreated cells, however,
      were not higher than those of control cells. These results point to a functional
      interaction between CD3 and CD2 possibly at the level of signal transducing
      proteins. Finally, cholera toxin was found to inhibit the Ca2+ response in Jurkat
      T cells. Both the CD3 and CD2 stimulation were sensitive to cholera toxin,
      indicating that a GTP-binding protein may be involved in signal transduction for
      both surface structures.

PMID- 2893823
TI  - Proliferation and production of IL-2 and B cell stimulatory factor 1/IL-4 in
      early fetal thymocytes by activation through Thy-1 and CD3.
AB  - To examine which cell surface molecules can operate as transducers of activation
      signals to early fetal thymocytes, we analyzed the ability of mAb to CD3 and Thy
      1 to induce fetal thymocyte activation. Both proliferation and lymphokine
      secretion were used as measures of activation. We show that anti-CD3 antibodies
      induce activation of fetal thymocytes as early as day 13 of fetal thymus
      development, 2 days before CD3 can be detected by flow cytometry. In addition, an
      alternative activation signal can be delivered to fetal thymocytes through the
      Thy-1 molecule as early as it is expressed, i.e., day 13. Both CD3- and Thy-1
      mediated activation of day 15 fetal thymocytes results in expansion of cells
      expressing a CD3-gamma delta receptor complex; no CD3-alpha beta receptor complex
      could be detected. IL-2 production induced by CD3- and Thy-1-induced activation
      of fetal thymocytes is evident at the 13th day of gestation. Finally, an
      additional lymphokine B cell stimulatory factor-1 (BSF-1)/IL-4 (so far known only
      to be produced by mature CD3- cells), is also produced by fetal thymocytes. The
      results demonstrate that at least two cell surface molecules, Thy-1 and CD3, can
      function as pathways of activation in fetal thymocytes, and that at least two
      lymphokines, IL-2 and BSF-1/IL-4, are produced upon activation. These findings
      may well reflect a role for the early appearance of CD3- cells in thymus
      ontogeny.

PMID- 2893825
TI  - Sequences of the VH and VL regions of murine monoclonal antibodies against 3
      fucosyllactosamine.
AB  - Many mAb that bind the carbohydrate antigenic determinant 3-fucosyl-lactosamine
      (3-FL), Gal beta 1-4[Fuc alpha-3]GlcNAc-R have been raised in BALB/c mice, and we
      are studying the structure and regulation of these antibodies. In this report, we
      present the first information about their amino acid sequences and the Ig gene
      segments used to encode them. V regions of the H and L chains of three anti-3-FL
      antibodies, PMN6, PMN29, and PM81, were sequenced by a combination of mRNA and
      amino acid sequencing. The L chain sequences of PMN6 and PM81 antibodies indicate
      that their VK and JK regions are encoded by VK24B and JK1 germ-line genes,
      respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the H chains suggest
      that the three anti-3-FL antibodies are encoded by the VH441 gene segment of the
      X24 VH family, and this conclusion was supported by Southern filter hybridization
      with VH441 and JH3-JH4 probes. PMN29 has at least 11 amino acid substitutions,
      which is an unusually large amount of somatic mutation for an IgM antibody.
      Previous analyses of BALB/c genomic libraries with VHX24 and VH441 probes make it
      unlikely that this VH family contains additional germ-line genes, but this
      possibility cannot be excluded. All three antibodies use the DQ52 and JH4 gene
      segments. The single VH and VL gene segments used to encode the anti-3-FL
      antibodies is in contrast to the multiple VH and VL segments used by antibodies
      against other carbohydrate Ag such as alpha 1-6 dextran and group A streptococcal
      carbohydrate. VH441 also encodes the VH regions of antibodies against galactan
      and levan (beta 2-6 fructosan). The similarities among VH segments of antibodies
      against 3-FL, levan, and galactan, and the striking differences in their CDR3
      sequences, suggest that CDR3 plays an important role in the formation of the Ag
      binding site. The use of a single VH segment from the smallest VH gene family by
      antibodies against at least three different carbohydrate determinants is
      noteworthy. It raises the possibility that the amino acid sequence encoded by
      VH441 has some general structural features that make it particularly well adapted
      for binding to carbohydrate sequences.

PMID- 2893824
TI  - Molecular properties and regulation of mRNA expression for murine T cell
      replacing factor/IL-5.
AB  - We previously cloned cDNA for a T cell-replacing factor (TRF) that has been
      defined as a T cell-derived lymphokine that acts on activated B cells as a B cell
      growth and differentiation factor. Based on the diverse activities of rTRF on
      different target cells, we proposed that TRF be called IL-5. In this study, the
      molecular characteristics of TRF/IL-5 prepared by rDNA technology and TRF/IL-5
      mRNA expression in various T cell lines and normal T cells have been studied.
      Specific immunoassay showed that rTRF/IL-5, which is transiently translated in
      vitro by rabbit reticulocyte lysate, has an apparent m.w. of 14,000. By contrast,
      active forms of rTRF/IL-5 translated in Xenopus oocytes has an apparent m.w. of
      45,000 to 50,000 in the nonreducing condition and migrates to the m.w. of 25,000
      to 30,000 under the reducing condition, indicating that active form of rTRF/IL-5
      consists of dimer forms. The rTRF/IL-5 does not show detectable levels of IL-2,
      IL-3, and B-cell stimulatory factor 1 (IL-4) activities. Northern blot
      hybridization of poly (A)+ RNA from constitutively TRF-producing B151K12 T cell
      hybridoma revealed a single 1.7-kb band hybridizing to the cloned murine TRF/IL-5
      cDNA. The expression of TRF/IL-5 mRNA in B151K12 was augmented by the stimulation
      with PMA plus calcium ionophore. In contrast, neither thymoma BW5147 nor IL-2
      producing T cell hybridoma A55, both of which produced an undetectable level of
      TRF, expressed detectable levels of TRF/IL-5 mRNA. Stimulation of EL 4 and D9
      cells with PMA and Con A, respectively, induced an increase in the levels of
      TRF/IL-5 mRNA expression accompanied by TRF/IL-5 production, whereas both cell
      lines did not show significant gene expression in the absence of the stimulation.
      In spleen cells from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-primed mice, significant
      expression of TRF/IL-5 mRNA was detected only when the cells were stimulated with
      relevant Ag, PPD. Normal spleen cells stimulated with Con A showed a significant,
      but approximately four-fold less expression of TRF/IL-5 mRNA. Molecular and
      functional properties of TRF/IL-5 will be discussed.

PMID- 2893826
TI  - Nonimmune binding of Ig to Clostridium perfringens. Preferential binding of IgM
      and aggregated IgG.
AB  - In an attempt to find a bacterial IgM receptor, a large number of bacterial
      strains of different species were screened for the ability to bind human IgM.
      Certain strains of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens were found to
      bind a major fraction of polyclonal IgM. One bacterial strain showed a
      particularly high binding capacity and was studied in more detail. This strain is
      also able to bind a minor fraction of polyclonal IgA and IgG. Inhibition
      experiments indicate that the different Ig classes bind to one and the same R
      structure. The ability of the strain to bind polyclonal Ig is correlated to the
      number of subunits in the Ig. This correlation can most simply be explained by
      increasing avidity with increasing number of subunits. In agreement with this
      hypotheses, experiments with aggregated IgG show that binding ability increases
      with aggregate size. Experiments with Ig fragments indicate that the binding
      structure in Ig is located in the F(ab')2 region. The ability of this bacterial
      strain to bind a majority of IgM molecules as well as aggregated IgG is
      potentially useful in immunologic work and represents a new type of Ig binding to
      bacteria.

PMID- 2893828
TI  - A comparison of laboratory and clinical methods for diagnosing pertussis in an
      outbreak in a facility for the developmentally disabled.
AB  - During a pertussis outbreak in a facility for the developmentally disabled,
      culture- or direct fluorescent-antibody-confirmed cases were identified in 24
      residents and 17 staff members; 38 (93%) were culture positive for Bordetella
      pertussis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum
      IgG and IgA to the filamentous hemagglutinin and lymphocytosis-promoting factor
      of B. pertussis. Using criteria from ELISA values, we identified an additional 83
      residents and 28 staff members as seropositive. Among seropositive persons,
      antibody levels were elevated by the time of onset of respiratory symptoms and,
      in three of the four assays, remained elevated for 14 mo. In 44 seropositive
      persons tested within two weeks of onset of symptoms, 80% were culture positive,
      compared with 33% of 15 tested two to four weeks after onset (P = .003) and none
      of 15 tested more than four weeks after onset. The most specific (94%) clinical
      case definition identified only 41% of seropositive persons. Thus, ELISAs are
      important tools for individual diagnosis and epidemiological studies of
      pertussis.

PMID- 2893827
TI  - Molecular genotypes of the human T cell receptor gamma-chain.
AB  - New RFLP of the human TCR gamma-chain defined by a single restriction enzyme
      (PvuII) are described. They define three alleles and allow haplotype assignments
      within families. They occur at a high frequency within the population studied and
      are useful for studies on disease associations with the gamma-chain genes. The
      PvuII sites flank the C gamma 2 gene. A polymorphic site maps to an area 0.5 kb
      downstream of C gamma 2-exon III. The second RFLP appears to be the result of a 3
      kb insertion giving rise to differences in the number of copies of exon II in the
      C gamma 2 gene.

PMID- 2893829
TI  - Yawning as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy and concurrent neuroleptic
      withdrawal.
AB  - Among the various reported neuropsychological effects of electroconvulsive
      therapy are amnesia, delirium, peripheral neuropathy, headaches, and seizures. A
      case history is presented that describes a previously unreported neurological
      sequela: the development of intractable yawning during a course of
      electroconvulsive therapy. Neuropathophysiological mechanisms possibly relating
      to this phenomenon are discussed.

PMID- 2893831
TI  - Quantitative characterization and spinal pathway mediating inhibition of spinal
      nociceptive transmission from the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat.
AB  - 1. The modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission from the lateral reticular
      nucleus (LRN) was characterized for 47 spinal dorsal horn neurons in
      pentobarbital-anesthetized, paralyzed rats. All 47 units studied had receptive
      fields confined to the glabrous skin of the plantar surface of the ipsilateral
      hind foot and responded to mechanical stimulation as well as noxious heating (50
      degrees C). Rostral projections contained in the ventrolateral quadrant of the
      cervical spinal cord were demonstrated for 15 of the 47 units by antidromic
      invasion. Glutamate- and stimulation-produced descending inhibition, the spinal
      pathway, and tonic descending inhibition from the LRN were systematically
      examined. 2. Inhibition of unit responses to heating of the skin by electrical
      stimulation in the LRN varied with the intensity, pulse duration (100 or 400
      microseconds), and frequency (25-100 Hz) of stimulation. Greater inhibition was
      produced at lower intensities of stimulation with the 400-microseconds pulse
      duration and a frequency of 100 Hz. The effects of stimulation on spontaneous
      activity and responses to heat were compared in 16 experiments; inhibition of
      spontaneous activity was intensity dependent and did not differ significantly in
      magnitude from stimulation-produced inhibition of responses to heating of the
      skin. 3. Tracking experiments established that stimulation in the ipsilateral and
      contralateral ventrolateral medulla reliably attenuated unit responses to noxious
      heating of the skin and that stimulation in the LRN produced maximal inhibition
      at a low intensity of stimulation. Descending inhibition was quantitatively
      characterized from sites within (n = 32) and outside (n = 30) the LRN. Both the
      extrapolated mean stimulation threshold for inhibition and mean intensity
      inhibiting unit responses to heat to 50% of control were significantly lower for
      sites in the LRN. 4. The responses of seven spinal units to graded noxious
      heating of the skin were studied; all exhibited linear monotonic stimulus
      response functions (SRFs) throughout the temperature range examined (42-50
      degrees C). Electrical stimulation in the LRN significantly decreased the slope
      (42 +/- 4% of control) of the SRFs and increased the neuronal response threshold
      (2.0 +/- 0.7 degrees C). 5. S-glutamate (50 nmol, 0.5 microliter) was
      microinjected into stimulation sites within (n = 15) and distant from (n = 6) the
      LRN. Glutamate produced a transient (less than 7 min) but significant attenuation
      of neuronal responses to heat to 35 +/- 6% of control only when microinjected
      into the LRN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2893830
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence from glutamate microapplications for local
      excitatory circuits in the CA1 area of rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - 1. Evidence for local excitatory synaptic connections in CA1 of the rat
      hippocampus was obtained by recording excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
      intracellularly from pyramidal cells during local microapplications of glutamate.
      2. Experiments were performed in hippocampal slices cut parallel to (transverse
      slice) or perpendicular to (longitudinal slice) alvear fibers. In normal
      solutions, glutamate microdrops (10-20 mM, 10-20 micron diam) applied in CA1
      within 400 micron of recorded cells sometimes increased the frequency of
      inhibitory postsynaptic potentials for 5-10 s in both transverse and longitudinal
      slices. Increases in EPSP frequency were also occasionally observed, but only in
      transverse slices. Tetrodotoxin (1 microgram/ml) blocked glutamate-induced
      increases in PSP frequency, thus indicating that they were not caused by
      subthreshold effects on presynaptic terminals. Increases in PSP frequency were
      interpreted to result from glutamate activation of hippocampal neurons with
      inhibitory and excitatory connections to recorded neurons. 3. In both slice
      orientations, local excitatory circuits were studied in more isolated conditions
      by surgically separating CA1 from CA3 (transverse slices) and by blocking
      GABAergic inhibitory synapses with picrotoxin (5-10 microM). Microdrops were
      systematically applied at 200 and 400 micron on each side of the recording site.
      Significant glutamate-induced increases in EPSP frequency were observed in
      neurons from both slice orientations to microdrops in at least one of the
      locations. This provided evidence that excitatory synapses are present in both
      transverse and longitudinal slices. 4. Substantial increases in EPSP frequency
      only occurred in neurons from longitudinal slices when glutamate was microapplied
      200 micron or less from the recording site. In transverse slices, however, large
      increases in EPSP frequency were observed to glutamate microapplications at 200
      or 400 micron. These data suggest that CA1 local excitatory connections project
      for longer distances in the transverse than in the longitudinal plane of section.
      5. Increases in EPSP frequency, averaged across cells, did not differ
      significantly in the four microapplication sites in either transverse or
      longitudinal slices. Thus local excitation in CA1 does not appear to be
      asymmetrically arranged in the way suggested for CA3. 6. The densities of local
      excitatory circuits in CA1 versus CA3 were studied by quantitatively comparing
      glutamate-induced increases in EPSP frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2893832
TI  - Characteristics of local excitatory circuits studied with glutamate
      microapplication in the CA3 area of rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - 1. Local neuronal circuits in CA3 of hippocampal slices were studied by recording
      excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs)
      intracellularly during glutamate microapplication in CA3. Control experiments
      validated this approach by providing evidence that glutamate microdrops
      stimulated neurons but not axons-of-passage or axon terminals in CA3. 2.
      Glutamate microdrops (10-20 mM, 10-20 microns diam) increased the firing
      frequency of extracellularly recorded dentate granule cells for 5-10 s when
      applied to their somata but not when applied to their mossy fiber axons and
      terminals in the hilus and in CA3. 3. Glutamate microapplications to granule cell
      somata, but not to mossy fiber axons, also increased the frequency of
      intracellularly recorded EPSPs in CA3 pyramidal cells for 5-10 s. This provided a
      second line of evidence that glutamate did not cause firing in mossy fiber axons
      synapsing in CA3. 4. In slices where the CA3 region was surgically separated from
      the dentate gyrus and CA2, glutamate microdrops placed in the CA3 stratum
      pyramidale within 400 microns of intracellularly recorded pyramidal cells
      increased the frequency of EPSPs and IPSPs. Tetrodotoxin (1 microgram/ml) blocked
      these increases in PSP frequency, indicating that they did not result from
      glutamate-induced depolarization and associated transmitter release from
      presynaptic terminals. Increases in PSP frequency were interpreted to reflect
      glutamate activations of CA3 neurons with local synaptic connections to recorded
      cells. 5. Low concentrations of picrotoxin (PTX, 5-10 microM) blocked glutamate
      induced increases in IPSP frequency and often revealed increases in EPSP
      frequency where they were not previously observed. This suggests that recurrent
      inhibitory circuits normally mask or block transmission through recurrent
      excitatory pathways in CA3. 6. In five experiments following PTX treatment (7.5
      10 microM), large and prolonged (up to 2 min) increases in EPSP frequency were
      observed in CA3 pyramidal cells to glutamate microapplications in CA3. Rhythmic
      epileptiform bursts eventually occurred in two of these cases, suggesting that
      the protracted increases in EPSP frequency represent a form of reverberating
      excitation during a transition from normal to epileptic states. 7. Sixteen CA3
      pyramidal cells were recorded in PTX (5-10 microM) during glutamate
      microapplications at 200 and 400 microns on each side of the recording site. The
      most consistent glutamate-induced increases in EPSP frequency occurred to
      microapplications 200 microns from recording sites on the hilar side.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2893833
TI  - Essential fatty acid status in southern Thai preschool children.
AB  - Essential fatty acid (EFA) status was assessed in 15 Southern Thai preschool
      children. The mean (+/- SD) serum linoleate (18:2 n-6), arachidonate (20:4 n-6),
      linolenate (18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoate (20:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoate (22:6 n
      3) percentages in the preschool children were 21.7 +/- 4.0, 6.0 +/- 1.2, 0.4 +/-
      0.1, 1.2 +/- 0.8, and 4.4 +/- 1.3, respectively. Since EFA composition of total
      serum lipids in healthy children are not available and age and sex do not largely
      influence these parameters, the results of the preschool children were compared
      with those of 10 healthy Bangkok adults. The corresponding figures of the
      aforementioned fatty acids in adults were 34.9 +/- 8.5, 4.6 +/- 1.5, 0.8 +/- 0.4,
      0.5 +/- 0.4, and 1.6 +/- 0.8, respectively. The data indicate linoleate and
      linolenate depletion in the preschool children. This was due to their low fat
      intake and lack of consumption of vegetable oil rich in linoleic and linolenic
      acids. Their high serum arachidonate percentage was probably due to the increased
      conversion of 18:2 n-6 to 20:4 n-6 in the presence of linolenate depletion. The
      significantly higher serum 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 percentages in the preschool
      children should be due to direct consumption of these two n-3 fatty acids from
      fish intake.

PMID- 2893835
TI  - [Synthetic studies on surugatoxin, neosurugatoxin and prosurugatoxin].

PMID- 2893834
TI  - Interactions of befunolol, a beta-adrenergic partial agonist, and its derivatives
      with high and low affinity sites in beta-adrenoceptors.
AB  - Modes of action of befunolol and its derivatives were tested in guinea pig
      isolated taenia caecum. The pA2-values of BFE-60 (befunolol), -61 and -69 against
      isoprenaline, which measures interactions with the high affinity sites on beta
      adrenoceptors, were significantly larger than their pD2-values, which were equal
      to their pA2-values against carteolol. Carteolol is a beta-adrenergic partial
      agonist with higher intrinsic activity, to which the response results from
      interaction with low affinity sites. These results suggest that BFE-60, -61 and 
      69 discriminate the high and low affinity sites on beta-adrenoceptors. The pA2
      values of BFE-37, -41, -47 and -72 against isoprenaline were, however, equal to
      their pD2-values and pA2-values against carteolol. These drugs seem to have
      little or no ability to discriminate between the high and low affinity sites. BFE
      55 antagonized isoprenaline but not carteolol suggesting that BFE-55 interacted
      with only the high affinity sites.

PMID- 2893836
TI  - [Elucidation of toxins and their origin in the Japanese ivory shell, Babylonia
      japonica].

PMID- 2893838
TI  - Perinatal, not adult, hypothyroidism suppresses dopaminergic axon sprouting in
      the deafferented olfactory tubercle of adult rat.
AB  - We reported recently that chronic thyroid deficiency in rat, beginning in utero
      and terminating after maturity, suppresses lesion-induced central
      catecholaminergic axon sprouting in the adult brain [Gottesfeld et al, 1985]. The
      present work was undertaken to define the critical period of hypothyroidism on
      subsequent neuronal sprouting. Thyroid hormones deficiency was induced in rats by
      methimazole during (a) gestational days 8-21 (20 mg/kg/day in the drinking
      water); (b) postnatal days 1-15 (0.2 or 0.4 mg/pup/day; i.p.), or (c) in the
      mature animal for 4 weeks (20 mg/kg/day in the drinking water). The olfactory
      tubercles (OTs) were used as a model to study sprouting of dopaminergic (DA)
      nerve terminals, elicited by olfactory bulbectomy. Animals in each group received
      lesions or sham operations as adults, and sacrificed 3 weeks after the operation.
      Thus, for each of the above treatments four subgroups were formed: (a)
      euthyroid/sham-operation, (b) euthyroid/lesion, (c) hypothyroid/sham-operation,
      and (d) hypothyroid/lesion. Sprouting of DA axon terminals in the OTs was
      identified by biochemical assays and quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy,
      using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker. Serum thyroxine levels served as an
      index of the thyroid status. The results demonstrate that lesion-induced
      sprouting of DA axon terminals in OTs of adult rats is suppressed by
      hypothyroidism induced prenatally or during the early postnatal period, but not
      after maturity. Thus, there is a perinatal critical period during which altered
      thyroid function exerts long-term effects on neuronal plasticity.

PMID- 2893837
TI  - Quisqualate-sensitive, chloride-dependent transport of glutamate into rat brain
      synaptosomes.
AB  - A chloride-dependent transport process for glutamate has been identified in
      partially purified rat brain synaptosomes. This process shares many
      characteristics with the chloride-dependent sequestration process for glutamate
      in brain sonicates, which was previously thought to represent a quisqualate
      receptor, such as sensitivity to specific inhibitors and regulation by anions.
      Increasing the concentrations of chloride led to an increase in the apparent Vmax
      without affecting the KT. Synaptosomes preincubated with [3H]-L-glutamate exhibit
      an efflux of the radiolabel, which was stimulated by a substrate for the carrier
      in the incubating medium, indicating the bidirectional nature of the transport.
      The chloride-dependent transfer process is restricted to the brain, and regional
      and developmental profiles clearly distinguish it from the sodium-dependent high
      affinity uptake process for glutamate. Nevertheless, the effects of excitotoxic
      lesions strongly suggest a neuronal localization of the chloride-dependent
      transport.

PMID- 2893839
TI  - Pharmacological modulation of postprandial colonic motor activity in the pony.
AB  - The contractile activity of the equine large intestine exhibited a biphasic
      response to feeding: enhancement of migrating complexes passing along the colon
      and an increase of 50% in cyclic variations in smooth muscle at intervals of 20
      min on the left ventral colon for a period of 5 to 7 h postfeeding. The
      cholinergic agonist, bethanechol (50 micrograms/kg subcutaneously), induced both
      the migrating complexes and the cyclic variations at intervals of 10-15 min. In
      contrast, the intra-arterial infusion of PGF2 alpha (3 micrograms/kg/min)
      increased the contractile activity during infusion, but without inducing distinct
      patterns of activity. Atropine but not indomethacin or flunixin pre-treatment
      prevented the effects of postprandial, cholinergic and PGF2 alpha stimulation of
      colonic motility, suggesting that the gastrocolonic reflex involved mainly
      cholinergic stimulation of the caecum and replicated colon, including the
      prostaglandin F2 alpha excitatory effects.

PMID- 2893840
TI  - Colonic alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in the pony.
AB  - The motor responses of the caecum and colon to stimulation of alpha 2
      adrenoceptors by xylazine and detomidine at the recommended dose levels of 0.6
      and 0.1 mg/kg were investigated in three ponies. The motor changes of the left
      ventral colon induced by continuous intra-arterial infusion of a prostaglandin
      (PGF2 alpha) were used to assess the relative inhibitory effects of xylazine and
      detomidine in a colic model. The administration of alpha 2-agonists inhibited the
      spiking activity on the whole of the large intestine for 20-30 min (xylazine) or
      2-3 h (detomidine). However, the detomidine-induced inhibition was preceded by a
      short period of increased smooth muscle basal tone as indicated by strain-gauge
      force transducer measurements. This pattern of activity was neither reversed nor
      prevented by the administration of tolazoline (10 micrograms/kg/min) intra
      arterially. In contrast, inhibition of the colonic phasic and tonic motor
      activity by alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation was reversed competitively by
      tolazoline. The intra-arterial infusion of prostaglandin F2 alpha (10
      micrograms/kg/min) induced prolonged and sustained spiking activity that might be
      related to signs of mild colic. Detomidine, and to a lesser extent xylazine,
      relaxed the whole of the large intestine and this was accompanied by alleviation
      of the signs of visceral pain.

PMID- 2893841
TI  - Sedative action of the alpha 2-agonist medetomidine in cats.
AB  - Medetomidine, a novel alpha 2-agonist drug intended for small animal sedation,
      was injected intramuscularly at dose rates of 0.02, 0.06 and 0.18 mg/kg. Xylazine
      (3.0 mg/kg) and saline were used for comparison. The five treatments were tested
      in a Latin square design in five cats. Treatments differed significantly in three
      way analysis of variance, medetomidine inducing an increase in drowsiness with a
      corresponding decrease in both aroused waking and sleep determined by
      polygraphical criteria. The duration of effect was dose-dependent. The effect of
      0.18 mg/kg medetomidine was comparable to 3.0 mg/kg of xylazine. The drugs also
      induced bradycardia.

PMID- 2893842
TI  - Regional noradrenergic and cholinergic neurochemistry in the rat urinary bladder:
      effects of age.
AB  - Neurochemistry of the base and body of the rat urinary bladder was compared for
      both adrenergic and cholinergic parameters using Fischer 344 rats. In bladder
      base and body, respectively, the concentration (pmol./mg. wet weight) of
      norepinephrine was 23.4 and 2.16, of acetylcholine was 26.7 and 18.3, and of
      choline was 96.7 and 199. The activity (nmol./mg. protein/hour) of tyrosine
      hydroxylase was 422 and less than 50, of monoamine oxidase was 80.6 and 126, of
      choline acetyltransferase was 17.4 and 11.5, and of acetylcholinesterase
      (nmol./mg. wet weight/hour) was 485 and 165. Treatment with alpha-methyl-p
      tyrosine did not alter norepinephrine concentration in bladder base but decreased
      it by 27% in bladder body. Studies were also done to determine whether age
      related changes exist in the adrenergic and cholinergic neurochemistry of the rat
      urinary bladder. Bladders from rats of 6-7, 15-17, and 22-24 mo. of age were
      examined. The only age-related differences noted were a progressive decrease in
      level of monoamine oxidase activity in both bladder regions and an increase in
      bladder base norepinephrine concentration from 6-7 to 15-17 mo. followed by a
      decrease at 22-24 mo. Overall, the results show marked regional variations in
      bladder neurochemistry which remain remarkably stable as the animals grow old.

PMID- 2893844
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Korean hemorrhagic fever.

PMID- 2893843
TI  - Effect of bethanechol on glycolysis and high energy phosphate metabolism of the
      rabbit urinary bladder.
AB  - The urinary bladder, similar to other smooth muscles, utilizes glucose as one of
      its primary sources of metabolic energy. We have studied the effect of
      bethanechol on both glycolysis and high energy phosphate metabolism. The results
      can be summarized as follows: bethanechol administration in vitro stimulates a
      30% decrease in intracellular glycogen, a 100% increase in lactic acid
      production, and an 80% increase in CO2 generation. Although there was a rapid and
      sustained decrease in the intracellular concentration of creatine phosphate,
      there was only a minor decrease in the intracellular concentration of ATP. There
      were no changes in adenine uptake or de novo ATP synthesis.

PMID- 2893845
TI  - The complications of 'ecstasy' (MDMA)

PMID- 2893847
TI  - [HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM) in Fukushima Prefecture].

PMID- 2893846
TI  - [Proliferation of both helper/inducer and suppressor/cytotoxic cells in a case of
      adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2893848
TI  - [Analysis of anti-HIV antibody and the production of monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 2893849
TI  - [Antibodies to adult T-cell leukemia associated antigen (ATLA) in various
      diseases in an ATL non-endemic area, especially in relation to blood
      transfusion].

PMID- 2893850
TI  - Diagnosis of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies by DNA polymorphism.

PMID- 2893851
TI  - [Gallium scintigraphy in patients with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma].

PMID- 2893852
TI  - Pharmacological and electrophysiological discrimination of contractile responses
      to selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in rat tail artery.
AB  - Pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of postsynaptic alpha
      adrenoceptor subtypes in rat tail artery were compared using selective alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Five alpha-adrenoceptor agonists contracted
      the tail artery with the following order of maximal effects: norepinephrine
      (alpha 1 and alpha 2) greater than methoxamine (alpha 1) = phenylephrine (alpha
      1) much greater than clonidine (alpha 2) greater than UK-14,304 (alpha 2).
      Phenoxybenzamine greatly diminished contractions induced by methoxamine and
      phenylephrine, but had little effect on responses to UK-14,304. Idazoxan
      antagonized more potently against UK-14,304 than against methoxamine. These
      results suggest the heterogeneity of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in the rat
      tail artery. Furthermore, responses to methoxamine and phenylephrine 1) had
      faster onsets and 2) were more resistant to Ca2+ entry blockers, nicardipine and
      diltiazem, and a promotor, Bay K 8644, or decreasing of extracellular Ca2+ and 3)
      were more sensitive to a calmodulin antagonist, W-7, than the responses to UK
      14,304 and clonidine. Both methoxamine and UK-14,304 depolarized the membrane but
      methoxamine produced stronger depolarization than UK-14,304. Therefore, the high
      sensitivity of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists-induced responses to Ca2+ entry
      blockers and promotors cannot be accounted for solely by membrane depolarization.
      These results may indicate the differences in the Ca2+ movement for the
      contractions produced by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists.

PMID- 2893853
TI  - Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on gastric acid secretion in rats.
AB  - Effects of somatostatin on parasympathetically induced increases in gastric acid
      secretion and mucosal blood flow (MBF) were studied in anesthetized rats with a
      gastric fistula. Intravenous infusion of small doses of somatostatin (0.1-0.5
      microgram/kg/min) dose-dependently inhibited the increases in the vagally
      stimulated gastric acid secretion. Larger doses of somatostatin (0.5-2.5
      micrograms/kg/min) also dose-dependently inhibited the bethanechol-induced
      gastric acid secretion. The dose of somatostatin required to inhibit the gastric
      acid secretion by about 50% of the preinfused control values was 0.25
      microgram/kg/min for vagally stimulated acid secretion and 2.5 micrograms/kg/min
      for bethanechol-induced acid secretion. Thus, the inhibitory potency of
      somatostatin on the vagally stimulated gastric acid secretion was about 10-fold
      higher than that on bethanechol-induced acid secretion. Somatostatin had no
      effect on the increase in gastric MBF during vagus nerve stimulation or
      bethanechol infusion. Pretreatment with indomethacin or phentolamine had no
      effect on the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the increase in gastric acid
      secretion during vagus nerve stimulation or bethanechol infusion. These results
      suggest that somatostatin exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion
      by acting on the parasympathetic neurons in the gastric wall more than on the
      structures peripheral to the parasympathetic nerve terminals, and it reduces
      parasympathetically stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats. This inhibitory
      effect of somatostatin on the gastric acid secretion is independent of the
      changes in the gastric MBF and probably not related to prostaglandin-involved or
      alpha adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms.

PMID- 2893854
TI  - Effects of beta-lactam antibiotics and N-methyltetrazolethiol on the alcohol
      metabolizing system in rats.
AB  - The disulfiram-like effect of various beta-lactam antibiotics containing N
      methyltetrazolethiol (NMTT) on the alcohol-metabolizing system was studied using
      rats. Their administration caused decreased activities in low Km aldehyde
      dehydrogenase (ALDH) and acetaldehyde oxidation in the liver, with marked
      depression from several hours to 2 days after the treatment. Blood acetaldehyde
      level increased markedly when ethanol was administered 18-24 hr after
      pretreatment with antibiotics. A similar time course change in the effect was
      obtained when disulfiram was administered. The following results obtained in the
      present study indicate that the disulfiram-like effect associated with these
      antibiotics was not mediated by the whole molecular structures of these drugs:
      Firstly, the antibiotics were eliminated rapidly from the plasma and liver, and
      the disulfiram-like effect was followed by a disappearance of the drugs.
      Secondly, the concentration of antibiotics required to inhibit mitochondrial low
      Km ALDH activity in vitro was very high compared with their liver concentration.
      Thirdly, rapid onset of disulfiram-like effects occurred after administration of
      NMTT itself, and a pronounced elevation of blood acetaldehyde level was observed
      when ethanol was administered 3-5 hr after the NMTT injection. Fourthly, almost
      the same amounts of NMTT were released in the body after the intravenous
      administration of various NMTT-containing antibiotics, as judged by the urinary
      excretion. These results suggest that the disulfiram-like effect of beta-lactam
      antibiotics is mediated by NMTT released from them.

PMID- 2893855
TI  - Effects of bunitrolol on adrenergic and serotonergic receptors.
AB  - To assess the importance of anti-adrenergic and anti-serotonergic activities of
      bunitrolol for its efficacy as an antihypertensive and antianginal agent, effects
      of this substance on the binding of adrenergic and serotonergic agents to the
      respective receptors of the rat brain, rat heart, dog brain, and/or dog aorta
      were examined using the radioligand binding assay methods. In addition, the pA2
      values of bunitrolol as an antagonist against the positive chronotropic and
      inotropic actions (beta 1-adrenoceptor) of isoproterenol were also determined by
      pharmacological methods using the isolated guinea pig atria. To assess the
      specificity, pA2 values were also obtained in the isolated trachea (beta 2
      adrenoceptor) using isoproterenol as an agonist and in the isolated aorta from
      the guinea pig and the rat using phenylephrine as an agonist (alpha 1
      adrenoceptor). A strong inhibition by bunitrolol of 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA)
      binding to beta-adrenoceptors was observed, while the inhibition of 3H-prazosin
      binding to alpha 1-adrenoceptors, 3H-serotonin binding to 5HT1-receptors. 3H-p
      aminoclonidine binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and 3H-ketanserin binding to
      5HT2-receptors were found to be very weak. The rank order of antagonistic
      potencies of bunitrolol against the adrenergic receptors as assessed with pA2
      values were beta 1 greater than beta 2 much greater than alpha 1. From these two
      different types of experiments, it is clear that the antihypertensive and
      antianginal effects of bunitrolol are mainly due to its beta-blocking actions,
      with the alpha 1-blocking action of this drug playing a minor role.

PMID- 2893856
TI  - Effects of methamphetamine on the twitch response in the rat isolated vas
      deferens.
AB  - The effect of methamphetamine, an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine, on
      presynaptic adrenergic regulation in isolated rat vas deferens was studied by
      comparing it with those of tyramine, cocaine and clonidine. These drugs markedly
      attenuated the twitch response to electrical field stimulation in a concentration
      dependent manner. The relative order of potency for the drugs was: clonidine (10(
      10)-3 x 10(-8) M) greater than methamphetamine (10(-8)-3 x 10(-6) M) greater than
      tyramine (10(-7)-10(-4) M) greater than cocaine (10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M). Only
      tyramine (3 x 10(-6)-10(-4) M) elicited a concentration-dependent contractile
      response, which was abolished by prazosin (10(-6) M) and the reserpinization. The
      twitch inhibitory effect of these drugs was antagonized by yohimbine (10(-8)-10(
      6) M). Both the methamphetamine- and tyramine-induced twitch inhibition were
      partially (about 50%) attenuated by chronic reserpinization (3 mg/kg, s.c.,
      twice) in combination with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg, s.c., twice),
      while the clonidine-induced inhibition was not affected by this application at
      all, and the cocaine-induced twitch inhibition was abolished by the
      reserpinization. Both the clonidine- and tyramine-induced twitch inhibition were
      not affected by pretreatment with cocaine (10(-5) M) in combination with
      estradiol (4 x 10(-5) M), whereas the effect of methamphetamine was slightly
      attenuated. These results suggest that methamphetamine as well as tyramine and
      cocaine indirectly activates presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors via norepinephrine
      released from adrenergic nerves to inhibit the twitch response.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893857
TI  - Effect of tritoqualine on the proliferation of interleukin-3 dependent cell line
      and sensitive cells.
AB  - In this paper, the effect of tritoqualine (TRQ) on the proliferation of
      interleukin (IL) sensitive cells was investigated. TRQ inhibited the
      proliferation of FDCp-2 (IL-3 dependent cell line), CTLL-2 (IL-2 dependent cell
      line) and bone marrow cells (BMC) stimulated by IL, giving an ID50 of about 3
      microM equally in the three systems. However, a ten times higher concentration of
      TRQ was required to inhibit the tumor cell proliferation. TRQ did not affect the
      unstimulated bone marrow cells. Accordingly, it is suggested that TRQ may show
      its anti-allergic effect, at least partially, by interfering with the
      proliferation/differentiation to mast cell and basophils of multi-functional
      hemato-poietic cells stimulated by IL-3.

PMID- 2893859
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of beta-adrenoblock by obsidan in clinostatics and
      orthostatics].

PMID- 2893858
TI  - Amebic liver abscess in a European patient: zymodeme classification of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - This is a case report of a 36-year-old patient who developed an amebic liver
      abscess after a stay in the Sudan. He was first misdiagnosed as having pneumonia
      of the right lower lobe. Following establishment of the correct diagnosis, the
      patient recovered fully after metronidazole treatment. The fecal culture in
      Robinson's medium yielded extensive growth of Entamoeba histolytica.
      Electrophoretic characterization proved it to be a zymodeme XIX, which is one of
      the zymodemes associated with pathogenicity in the host. This first report of a
      zymodeme classification of E. histolytica in Germany should initiate further
      epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2893860
TI  - Electrocoating carbon fiber microelectrodes with Nafion improves selectivity for
      electroactive neurotransmitters.
AB  - A method which improves carbon fiber microelectrode selectivity for cationic
      amines by electrocoating the fiber with a thin film of the ionic polymer, Nafion,
      is described. The selectivity and response speed of these electrodes for the
      detection of electroactive cationic and anionic species found in brain
      extracellular fluid was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry and
      chronoamperometry and compared to uncoated fibers. Carbon fiber microelectrodes
      electrocoated with Nafion are highly sensitive to cationic amines such as
      dopamine and serotonin and have minimal sensitivity to anions such as ascorbic
      acid and uric acid at physiological concentrations.

PMID- 2893861
TI  - HPLC analysis of putative amino acid neurotransmitters released from primary
      cerebellar cultures.
AB  - An HPLC method is described that measures amino acids (putative neurotransmitters
      and/or neuromodulators) released from primary, dissociated cerebellar cells
      maintained in monolayer culture. Precolumn derivatization with
      phenylisothiocyanate, followed by reverse phase chromatography with UV detection
      was used to quantitate the phenylcarbamyl amino acid derivatives in a chemically
      defined medium. Quantitation was linear, reproducible and sensitive to one
      picomole. This method is useful for the measurement of putative neurotransmitters
      GABA, glutamate, aspartate, taurine and adenosine, and can easily be modified to
      analyze other amino acids in physiological samples.

PMID- 2893862
TI  - Gene rearrangements of T cell receptor beta and gamma chains in HTLV-I infected
      primary neoplastic T cells.
AB  - Rearrangements of T cell receptor beta and gamma chain (T beta and T gamma) genes
      were analyzed by Southern blot method in samples from 30 patients with adult T
      cell leukemia (ATL) and 17 patients with non-ATL T cell neoplasms. The DNA probes
      used were the constant and joining region of T beta gene and the joining region
      of T gamma gene. Rearranged bands of T beta gene on one or both allelic
      chromosomes were detected in all neoplastic T cells, even those of smoldering
      ATL, in which only a small percentage of peripheral blood T cells were detected
      as leukemic. T gamma gene was rearranged in the cells of all but one patient, the
      exception being one ATL patient. In order to test whether any given variable
      region (V) of T beta gene was expressed in ATL cells, two functionally rearranged
      V beta sequences of ATL were compared with a V beta sequence from T cells acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia cells. No significant homologies were noted among the
      three deduced gene product amino acid sequences, confirming that T beta molecules
      of ATL cells contained no specific structures in common. The observed
      heterogeneity of T beta and T gamma gene rearrangements in ATL cells further
      supported these findings.

PMID- 2893863
TI  - In vitro effects of 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide on human immunoregulatory T
      subset function.
AB  - Treatment of T cells in vitro with low concentrations of 4
      hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) is known to result in immunopotentiation of
      both T and B cell effector function in a manner analogous to that of
      cyclophosphamide administered in vivo. A previous study demonstrated that
      augmentation of polyclonal immunoglobulin secretion occurs following pretreatment
      of autologous collaborating T cells with low concentrations of 4-HC as a result
      of blockade of suppressor effector induction from suppressor precursor, both of
      which share the identical T4+,8-phenotype. The present study was undertaken to
      examine the effects of 4-HC on regulatory T-T interactions in mixed lymphocyte
      culture (MLC) responses and for allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
      responses. Induction of CTL and MLC proliferation were found to be sensitive to
      as little as 40 microM 4-HC, whereas CTL effector function was resistant to
      greater than or equal to 80 microM. CTL effectors were restricted to the T4-,8+
      subset and the cells showing sensitivity to low and intermediate 4-HC
      concentrations were found to be T4+,8-. Secondary MLC and CTL responses displayed
      a similar 4-HC concentration-dependent inhibition following drug treatment of the
      T4+ T subset which could only be detected at suboptimal responder to stimulator
      ratios. This suggests that the mechanisms of CTL induction by a T4+ inducer cell
      in primary and secondary MLC responses and the sensitivity of induction of 4-HC
      are qualitatively similar. Pretreatment of T cells with less than or equal to 20
      microM 4-HC for one hour prior to Con A activation totally blocked suppressor
      effector induction both for MLC and CTL function. In contrast, treatment with 80
      microM 4-HC following Con A induction was without effect on differentiated T
      suppressor effector activity. Studies utilizing monoclonal antibody/complement
      depletion and panning techniques demonstrated that the suppressor precursor and
      differentiated suppressors for T effector function were restricted to the T4+,8
      subset. These results support the hypothesis that regulatory inducer T cell
      function is significantly more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of low to
      intermediate concentrations of 4-HC than either the suppressor-cytotoxic
      precursors themselves or suppressor/cytotoxic effectors. Con A inducible
      suppressor cell precursor induction (mediated by the T4+,8-subset) demonstrated
      the greatest sensitivity to 4-HC (less than or equal to 20 microM) followed by
      inducers of primary and secondary CTL (40-60 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2893864
TI  - Randomised trial of alternative formulations of oral poliovaccine in Brazil.
AB  - In February to July, 1986, an outbreak of type 3 poliomyelitis occurred in north
      east Brazil that was linked to type-specific failure of trivalent oral polio
      vaccine (TOPV). To see if alternative vaccines would improve seroconversion to
      type 3, 441 children less than 5 years of age who had previously received no or
      up to four doses of TOPV were randomly assigned to receive one dose of standard
      TOPV (1,000,000, 100,000, and 300,000 median tissue culture infection doses
      [TCID50] of types 1, 2, and 3, respectively); a new formulation of TOPV
      containing twice the dosage of type 3 (600,000 TCID50); or a monovalent vaccine
      containing 300,000 TCID50 of type 3. While rates of seroconversion to types 1 or
      2 were equivalent following vaccination with either formulation of TOPV, children
      who received the new formulation were 2.7 times more likely to seroconvert to
      type 3. Similar differences for type 3 were observed when monovalent vaccine was
      compared with standard TOPV, though both groups had received the same dose of
      type 3 antigen. The low rate of seroconversion to type 3 in the standard TOPV
      group was associated with a higher rate of reinfection with type 2, which also
      appeared to interfere to some extent with seroconversion to type 1. These
      findings extend earlier observations that interference from Sabin type 2 virus
      may be an important contributory cause of type-specific TOPV failure, and suggest
      that interference can be overcome with alterations in the formulation.

PMID- 2893865
TI  - Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late
      leptospirosis.
AB  - The effect of a 7-day course of intravenous penicillin (6 million units/day) on
      severe, advanced leptospirosis was examined in a randomised, placebo-controlled,
      double-blind trial involving 42 patients. Every measurable aspect of the disease
      was favourably affected by penicillin. Fever lasted more than twice as long in
      the placebo group (11.6 [SD 8.34] days vs 4.7 [4.19] days, p less than 0.005),
      and by the fourth day after starting penicillin more than half the treatment
      group, but only 1 of 19 in the placebo group, were afebrile (p less than 0.005).
      Creatinine rises persisted more than thrice as long in the patients receiving
      only placebo (8.3 [8.46] days vs 2.7 [1.90] days; p less than 0.01). Penicillin
      also shortened the hospital stay and prevented leptospiruria. Intravenous
      penicillin should be given to patients with severe leptospirosis, even if therapy
      can be begun only late in the course of their disease.

PMID- 2893866
TI  - Successful treatment of homozygous protein C deficiency by hepatic
      transplantation.
AB  - A child with homozygous protein C deficiency was treated at age 20 months by
      orthotopic hepatic transplantation. Postoperatively there was complete
      reconstitution of protein C activity and resolution of the thrombotic condition.

PMID- 2893867
TI  - Postoperative positive nitrogen balance with intravenous hyponutrition and growth
      hormone.
AB  - 11 patients having major gastrointestinal surgery were allocated at random to
      receive either biosynthetic human growth hormone (BSHGH) 0.1 mg/kg or placebo
      daily for the first 7 postoperative days. All patients received the same
      intravenous feeding regimen, which contained 2.09 MJ glucose, 1.88 MJ fat, and 7
      g N daily. Patients receiving BSHGH were in positive nitrogen balance throughout
      the study (mean 1.8 [SEM 0.4] g N/day) and those receiving placebo were in
      negative nitrogen balance (mean -0.9 [0.7] g N/day). Resting energy expenditure
      progressively increased in the patients receiving BSHGH (115.7% [14.8] on day 7)
      but remained unchanged in patients receiving placebo (99.35% [1.4]). Fat
      oxidation was nearly three times higher in the patients on BSHGH (4.09 [0.38]
      MJ/day) than in controls (1.38 [0.50]). Carbohydrate oxidation remained about the
      same in both groups. Whole-body protein turnover, synthesis, and breakdown were
      increased in the patients receiving growth hormone.

PMID- 2893868
TI  - Tuberculous meningitis due to BCG in two previously healthy children.
AB  - Tuberculous meningitis with favourable outcome has been observed in two
      immunocompetent previously healthy children. The mycobacteria isolated from the
      cerebrospinal fluid of both patients proved to be Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The
      patients had been inoculated with BCG, one 5 and the other 6 months before onset
      of the disease.

PMID- 2893870
TI  - Cough and wheeze in asthma: are they interdependent?

PMID- 2893871
TI  - Antenatal ionising radiation and cancer.

PMID- 2893869
TI  - Correlation of clinical phenotype to genotype in haemoglobin H disease.
AB  - Clinical assessment, haematological studies, and globin gene mapping were
      performed in 21 Greek subjects with haemoglobin H disease. Clinical phenotypes
      ranged from mild, and virtually asymptomatic, to severe cases requiring
      transfusion. The severe clinical phenotype was exclusively associated with non
      deletion genotypes, whereas the mild and intermediate phenotypes occurred with
      deletion genotypes. Patients with non-deletion genotypes had higher levels of Hb
      H. For deletion genotypes of haemoglobin H disease, the value of antenatal
      diagnosis is questionable. In non-deletion genotypes, antenatal diagnosis should
      be considered, because of the more severe clinical course observed in these
      patients.

PMID- 2893872
TI  - Propylthiouracil and alcoholic liver disease.

PMID- 2893874
TI  - Acquired vitamin D deficiency and hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2893873
TI  - Another audit.

PMID- 2893875
TI  - Predicaments of hysteria.

PMID- 2893876
TI  - Could an endogenous benzodiazepine ligand contribute to hepatic encephalopathy?
AB  - High affinity recognition sites for benzodiazepines are part of the gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) supramolecular complex on the plasma membrane of neurons
      in the mammalian brain. Synthetic agonist benzodiazepines promote GABA-ergic
      neurotransmission, and hence the hypnotic and anxiolytic effects of this class of
      drugs, by binding to these sites. A normal physiological role for these binding
      sites is unknown, and an endogenous ligand for benzodiazepine receptors has not
      been definitely identified in normal animals. In animals and human beings with
      hepatic encephalopathy, however, benzodiazepine receptor antagonists have induced
      amelioration of the encephalopathy, and an endogenous substance that
      competitively binds to benzodiazepine receptors has been found in cerebrospinal
      fluid. These findings suggest that an endogenous ligand for the benzodiazepine
      receptor with agonist properties contributes to hepatic encephalopathy by
      promoting GABA-ergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 2893877
TI  - Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AB  - Growth was assessed in 82 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) who
      achieved complete continuous first remission following treatment. 34 received
      prophylactic cranial irradiation at a total dose over 2000 cGy (group I) and 48
      at a dose of 1800 cGy (group II). Chemotherapy was given over two or three years
      and was more intense in group II. Both groups showed a similar significant
      decrease in height standard deviation score (SDS) over four years (group I -0.31,
      group II -0.39). 15 children in group I were followed to ten years and continued
      to show restricted growth with a mean height SDS decrease of -0.84 (range 0 to 
      1.7). The greatest reduction in yearly decrements in height SDS occurred in the
      first year after diagnosis. In both groups height SDS increased significantly on
      completion of chemotherapy. Thus chemotherapy protocols contribute to growth
      retardation in ALL. In most of these children the mean loss of height over ten
      years was not sufficiently great to justify long-term growth hormone (GH)
      therapy.

PMID- 2893878
TI  - Right atrial electrocardiography in placement of central venous catheters.
AB  - Right atrial electrocardiography has been used both for the positioning of
      ventriculoatrial shunts and for the detection and treatment of air embolism
      during neurosurgical procedures. Its use for the precise placement of central
      venous catheters for parenteral nutrition is described here. 50 lines were placed
      in 48 patients. The lines were satisfactorily sited in 48 cases. No false
      negative or false-positive traces were obtained. The technique is extremely
      accurate; failure to obtain the characteristic traces indicates malposition of
      the catheter tip. The need for on-table radiography is virtually eliminated.

PMID- 2893880
TI  - Treatment of malaria.

PMID- 2893879
TI  - Campylobacter-like organisms in patient with Menetrier's disease.

PMID- 2893881
TI  - Reduced sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mefloquine in West Africa.

PMID- 2893882
TI  - Spouse-related drug side-effects.

PMID- 2893883
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: whose job?

PMID- 2893884
TI  - Enterohepatic circulation of morphine.

PMID- 2893885
TI  - Place of GIFT in infertility services.

PMID- 2893886
TI  - Gambiense trypanosomiasis acquired from needle scratch.

PMID- 2893887
TI  - "Blind" laboratory analysis.

PMID- 2893888
TI  - Captopril in patients with ileus.

PMID- 2893890
TI  - Tracing of laboratory contamination: quality control approach.

PMID- 2893889
TI  - Interferon and myalgic encephalomyelitis.

PMID- 2893891
TI  - Opportunistic pneumonia caused by Legionella bozemanii.

PMID- 2893892
TI  - Listeriosis and food-borne transmission.

PMID- 2893893
TI  - Aeolus versus cavitation.

PMID- 2893894
TI  - Multivitamin supplementation and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2893895
TI  - Agency nurses and violence in a psychiatric ward.

PMID- 2893897
TI  - Helmets for cyclists?

PMID- 2893896
TI  - The reality of NHS cuts.

PMID- 2893898
TI  - Water standards for fluoride.

PMID- 2893899
TI  - Growth retardation in asthmatic children treated with inhaled beclomethasone
      dipropionate.

PMID- 2893900
TI  - Advantages of high-dose inhaled budesonide.

PMID- 2893901
TI  - Chloramphenicol use and childhood leukaemia.

PMID- 2893902
TI  - Cadmium in lung tissue as marker for smoking.

PMID- 2893904
TI  - Histopathological study of subcutaneous drug infusion sites in patients dying of
      cancer.

PMID- 2893903
TI  - Residual carcinoma-in-situ of contralateral testis after chemotherapy.

PMID- 2893905
TI  - Peripheral adrenoceptors and type A behaviour.

PMID- 2893906
TI  - Specificity of iodobenzylguanidine scanning in neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2893907
TI  - Reticulin antibody, arthritis, and coeliac disease in children.

PMID- 2893908
TI  - Propofol infusion for the treatment of status epilepticus.

PMID- 2893909
TI  - Post-exposure prophylaxis against HIV infection in health care workers.

PMID- 2893911
TI  - Postnatal transmission of HIV infection.

PMID- 2893910
TI  - Eye protection, HIV, and orthopaedic surgery.

PMID- 2893912
TI  - Aspirin and rheumatic fever.

PMID- 2893913
TI  - Endogenous tumour necrosis factor in cancer patients.

PMID- 2893914
TI  - Primary dysplasia of bladder.

PMID- 2893915
TI  - Death of a soldier: accident or neglect?

PMID- 2893916
TI  - Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of digoxin and xamoterol in chronic
      heart failure. The German and Austrian Xamoterol Study Group.
AB  - 433 patients aged 29-80 with mild to moderate heart failure entered a multicentre
      double-blind randomised between-patient comparison of xamoterol 200 mg twice
      daily, digoxin 0.125 mg twice daily, and placebo. Patients were assessed at
      baseline and after three months. Of 349 who completed the double-blind phase, 300
      had valid exercise tests. Compared with placebo, xamoterol significantly
      increased exercise duration and work done on a bicycle ergometer and improved
      breathlessness and tiredness during daily life as assessed by visual analogue
      scale and by Likert scale. Digoxin showed no statistically significant advantage
      over placebo on any of the measures except the Likert scale. Exercise performance
      and work done were significantly higher with xamoterol than with digoxin.

PMID- 2893917
TI  - Natural history of localised prostatic cancer managed by conservative therapy
      alone.
AB  - The natural history of localised prostatic cancer was studied prospectively over
      7 years. Within a single health district all patients with histologically
      confirmed cancer and negative 99mTc bone scans were managed, irrespective of
      clinical stage or pathological grade, according to a conservative regimen that
      included no form of anti-cancer treatment other than endoscopic resection for
      relief of urinary symptoms. Complete records were compiled on 120 of 152 patients
      (mean age 74.8 years, range 62-90) without metastases at diagnosis. Local tumour
      increased to palpable dimensions (T2/T3) in 100 of these patients (84%) but
      metastases developed in only 13, the mean time to scan conversion being 35.8
      months. 23 patients were withdrawn from study and treated because of concern
      about increasing tumour size, and metastases developed in 1 of these. 5 patients
      died of prostatic cancer but the disease was not responsible for 48 additional
      deaths. Actuarial survival rates (excluding non-cancer deaths) at 5 and 7 years
      were 80% and 75%, respectively; the corresponding rate for those with metastases
      at presentation was 13% at 5 years. The likelihood that prostatic cancer will
      cause death within 7 years is indicated primarily by the scintigraphic findings
      at diagnosis.

PMID- 2893918
TI  - Screening for phenylketonuria mutations by DNA amplification with the polymerase
      chain reaction.
AB  - Single base substitutions have been identified in two mutant phenylalanine
      hydroxylase (PAH) alleles that cause phenylketonuria (PKU). The two mutant
      alleles are common among caucasians of northern European ancestry; detection in
      genomic DNA samples of patients and carriers by hybridisation with
      oligonucleotides specific for the respective mutant alleles requires
      fractionation of restriction-enzyme-digested genomic DNA samples by gel
      electrophoresis. This method is too cumbersome for mass screening of PKU
      carriers. Identification of carriers of the mutant alleles was achieved by direct
      analysis of their genomic DNA samples after specific amplification of a sub
      genomic DNA fragment containing both mutation sites by polymerase chain reaction.
      The results suggest that it is technically feasible to develop a programme for
      carrier detection of the genetic trait in the population for individuals without
      a family history of PKU.

PMID- 2893919
TI  - Molecular basis of mitochondrial myopathies: polypeptide analysis in complex-I
      deficiency.
AB  - Clinical and biochemical data are reported for three patients with mitochondrial
      myopathy. One patient presented only with exercise-induced muscle weakness,
      whereas the other two showed signs of multisystem disease. Polarographic
      determination of oxygen uptake in skeletal muscle mitochondria suggested complex
      I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [reduced] ubiquinone oxidoreductase)
      deficiency. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      immunoblotting with antibody to the holoenzyme of complex-I and specific
      antibodies to certain of the Fe-S subunits of complex-I showed a relatively
      normal profile in the least affected patient and a generalised reduction in the
      intensities of all crossreacting bands in the other two patients. The most
      severely affected patient also showed a disproportionate and pronounced reduction
      in the 24 K Fe-S subunit. Clinical severity of muscle involvement correlated with
      the biochemical deficiency as determined polarographically and with the
      immunoblot appearances.

PMID- 2893920
TI  - Cohort study of intestinal infection with campylobacter in Mexican children.
AB  - A cohort of 179 children under 5 years of age from a low-income urban community
      was followed up for a year to determine the incidence of symptom-producing and of
      diarrhoea-free campylobacter intestinal infections, and thus their illness-to
      infection ratio. 66% of all children had at least one campylobacter infection,
      one-third of these being associated with diarrhoea. The annual incidence of all
      campylobacter infections was 2.1 episodes per child. The incidence was inversely
      related to age (r = -0.78 p less than 0.02). The illness-to-infection ratio,
      which in infants younger than 6 months was 1:2, was negatively associated with
      age (r = -0.7, p less than 0.02). Only symptom-producing infections occurring
      early in life seemed to protect against subsequent infections.

PMID- 2893921
TI  - Neopterins in clinical medicine.

PMID- 2893922
TI  - Malaria, mosquito control, and primary health care.

PMID- 2893923
TI  - DNA topoisomerases--new twists to tumour therapy.

PMID- 2893924
TI  - Solitary rectal ulcer.

PMID- 2893925
TI  - Chronic sinus node disease and coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2893926
TI  - Duplex ureter.

PMID- 2893927
TI  - Increased perinatal mortality among children of mothers exposed to measles during
      pregnancy.
AB  - A survey done after a severe epidemic of measles in an urban area of Guinea
      Bissau has shown that children born to women exposed to measles during pregnancy
      had a perinatal mortality rate of 15%, compared with only 4% for other children
      in the community (OR = 4.2; 95% CI 2.1-8.5). None of the women had clinical
      evidence of measles. Adjusting for background variables, logistic regression
      analysis showed no tendency towards reduced risk of perinatal mortality among
      children of women exposed during pregnancy relative to controls. Both stillbirth
      and early neonatal mortality rates were increased. A similar tendency was found
      in a rural epidemic (OR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.6-35.1). Exposure during any trimester of
      fetal life increased the rate of perinatal mortality. The results suggest that
      exposure to measles virus or some concomitantly transmitted pathogen may
      contribute to the high perinatal mortality risk found in many developing
      countries. The possible long-term health consequences of exposure to measles
      virus should be considered when assessing the value of measles control
      programmes.

PMID- 2893928
TI  - Potential effect of revising the CDC surveillance case definition for AIDS.
AB  - The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) revised the surveillance case definition
      for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in August, 1987. To determine the
      impact of this revision, information was extracted from the medical charts of the
      630 patients receiving comprehensive medical care as of 1980 at 6 haemophilia
      treatment centres, and who were therefore likely to have been infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 38 (6%) and 47 (7%) met the 1985 and 1987 case
      definitions, respectively (22% increase). Of the cases added by use of the 1987
      case definition, 3 patients had HIV dementia, 3 had Pneumocystis carinii
      pneumonia (2 of whom were presumptively diagnosed and 1 who had been receiving
      steroids and immunosuppressives), and 3 had HIV wasting syndrome. These data
      suggest that the revision of the AIDS case definition will have a substantial
      impact on future AIDS surveillance trends in persons with haemophilia and perhaps
      in other risk groups.

PMID- 2893929
TI  - Topoisomerases in human disease.
AB  - Topoisomerases are DNA-modifying enzymes that are becoming increasingly important
      in clinical practice. These enzymes form a target for antibiotics,
      autoantibodies, and antitumour drugs, and may also be involved in the
      pathogenesis of certain genetic disorders. Strategies for clinical manipulation
      of these nuclear enzyme targets are discussed.

PMID- 2893930
TI  - Another trial that failed.
AB  - A double-blind comparison of clonidine and lofexidine in the management of the
      opioid withdrawal syndrome encountered several difficulties of a non-scientific
      nature which eventually forced termination of the trial. There were, for example,
      problems with research beds, self-discharges, staff attitudes, access to
      haematological monitoring, and worries about exposure to staff to human
      immunodeficiency virus. The trial collapsed when the manufacturers stopped making
      lofexidine on commercial grounds and the charitable foundation which was backing
      the trial withdrew its support. Some of the insecurities of medical research may
      have little to do with scientific merit.

PMID- 2893932
TI  - Epidural baclofen for intractable spasticity.

PMID- 2893931
TI  - Hospital-acquired Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome
      in a nurse.

PMID- 2893933
TI  - Sciatica induced by primary epidural adhesions.

PMID- 2893934
TI  - Ursodeoxycholic acid in biliary atresia.

PMID- 2893936
TI  - Differential diagnosis between non-A, non-B hepatitis and fatty liver by
      measurement of urinary neopterin.

PMID- 2893935
TI  - Controlled clinical trial of homoeopathy in postoperative ileus.

PMID- 2893937
TI  - HLA-DQ polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2893938
TI  - Presumed congenital rubella syndrome: virus embryopathy or hereditary disease?

PMID- 2893939
TI  - Patient-triggered ventilation prevents pneumothorax in premature babies.

PMID- 2893940
TI  - Carcinoma-in-situ germ-cells exfoliated from seminiferous epithelium into seminal
      fluid.

PMID- 2893941
TI  - Assessing radiation risks.

PMID- 2893942
TI  - Severe dapsone syndrome due to weekly maloprim.

PMID- 2893945
TI  - Restenosis after angioplasty.

PMID- 2893944
TI  - Home treatment of deep-vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2893943
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2893946
TI  - Khat-chewing in the Near East.

PMID- 2893947
TI  - Impact of surgery in locally advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2893948
TI  - Manipulating broken noses.

PMID- 2893949
TI  - Unusual treatment of massive pharyngeal pouch.

PMID- 2893951
TI  - Mycobacterial culture: what temperature?

PMID- 2893950
TI  - Clostridium tertium and the gut.

PMID- 2893952
TI  - Human parvovirus B19 and hydrops fetalis.

PMID- 2893953
TI  - B19 parvovirus infection of myocardial cells.

PMID- 2893954
TI  - Dapsone and remission of Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2893956
TI  - Benzodiazepines in anxiety.

PMID- 2893955
TI  - Antimycobacterial chemotherapy in two cases of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2893957
TI  - Intralesional injection of cyclosporin in psoriasis.

PMID- 2893958
TI  - How accurate are bibliographic data bases?

PMID- 2893959
TI  - "Drug dumping" in donations to Sudan.

PMID- 2893960
TI  - Alternative to "aaah".

PMID- 2893961
TI  - Sugars in baby and infants' drinks.

PMID- 2893962
TI  - Decrease in acute hepatitis B incidence continued in 1987.

PMID- 2893963
TI  - Oral rehydration with fizz but no chloride.

PMID- 2893964
TI  - Screening for ovarian cancer by CA-125 measurement.

PMID- 2893965
TI  - Strict product liability.

PMID- 2893966
TI  - GABA-B receptor activation and conflict behaviour.
AB  - Baclofen and oxazepam enhance extinction of conflict behaviour in the Geller
      Seifter test while baclofen and diazepam release punished behaviour in Vogel's
      conflict test. In order to investigate the possibility that the effect of the
      selective GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen is mediated indirectly via the GABA
      A/benzodiazepine receptor complex, the effect of pretreatment of rats with
      baclofen on [3H]-diazepam binding to washed and unwashed cortical and cerebellar
      membranes of rats has been studied. Baclofen pretreatment increased Bmax in
      washed cerebellar membranes when bicuculline was present in the incubation
      mixture. No effect was seen in cortical membranes. The present results render it
      unlikely that the effect of baclofen on extinction of conflict behaviour and
      punished drinking is mediated via the GABA-A/benzodiazepine receptor complex.

PMID- 2893967
TI  - Further analysis of the neuropharmacological profile of 9-amino-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydroacridine (THA), an alleged drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - In a recent study we have documented the acetylcholinesterase and outward K+
      current inhibiting activity of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (THA), a drug
      reportedly active in the treatment of Alzheimer patients. In the present study we
      investigated the effects of THA on the uptake and release of radiolabeled NA, DA
      and 5-HT. THA concentration-dependently inhibited the uptake of these monoamines
      with IC-50 values of approximately 1, 7 and 2 microM respectively. Release
      studies of these radiolabeled monoamines from control and reserpine pretreated
      tissue revealed that the THA-induced uptake inhibition does not occur at the
      level of the axonal membrane but at the level of the monoaminergic storage
      granules. In addition the affinity of THA for alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta
      adrenoceptors, for D-2 dopamine, S-1a and S-2 serotonin and for muscarinic
      receptors was investigated. It appeared that in concentrations up to 1 microM THA
      did not display any affinity towards these receptors. It is concluded from these
      experiments that the effects of THA on monoaminergic neurotransmission might
      contribute to the alleged therapeutic action of THA in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2893969
TI  - Overload protection: avoidance response to heavy plantar surface loading.
AB  - Current footwear which are designed for use in running are examples of
      intentional biomechanical model integration into device design. The inadequacy of
      this footwear in protecting against injury is postulated to be due to fixation on
      inadequate models of locomotory biomechanics that do not provide for feedback
      control; in particular, an hypothesized plantar surface sensory-mediated feedback
      control system, which imparts overload protection during locomotion. A heuristic
      approach was used to identify the hypothesized system. A random series of loads
      (0 to 164 kg) was applied to the knee flexed at 90 degrees. In this testing
      system, plantar surface avoidance behavior was the difference between the sum of
      the leg weight and the load applied to the knee, and the load measured at the
      plantar surface; this was produced by activation of hip flexors. Significant
      avoidance behavior was found in all of the subjects (P less than 0.001). On all
      surfaces tested, including modern athletic footwear (P less than 0.001), its
      magnitude increased directly in relation to the load applied to the knee (P less
      than 0.001). There were significant differences in avoidance behavior in relation
      to the weight-bearing surfaces tested (P less than 0.05). With the identification
      of a feedback control system which would serve to moderate loading during
      locomotion, an explanation is provided as to why current athletic footwear do not
      protect and may be injurious; thus allowing the design of footwear which may be
      truly protective.

PMID- 2893968
TI  - Cocaine and central monoaminergic neurotransmission: a review of
      electrophysiological studies and comparison to amphetamine and antidepressants.
AB  - Psychomotor stimulants (e.g. cocaine and amphetamine) and many antidepressants
      are believed to elicit their psychotropic actions by interacting primarily with
      central monoaminergic neurons. The acute central neuronal effects of amphetamine
      and antidepressants have been extensively investigated in rats utilizing
      extracellular single unit electrophysiological and microiontophoretic techniques
      in vivo. In recent years the chronic effects of these compounds on the above
      neuronal systems have also been reported. Such investigations have proliferated
      because of the realization that the mechanisms underlying the psychotomimetic
      effects (e.g. amphetamine and cocaine) and mood elevation (i.e. antidepressants)
      observed with the administration of these drugs are more accurately reflected in
      chronic studies. For many years it has been assumed that cocaine and amphetamine
      produce very similar if not identical psychotropic effects through their actions
      on central monoaminergic neurotransmission. In terms of effects on single
      monoaminergic neurons, this assumption had gone by untested until two years ago,
      when the first report of the electrophysiological effects of cocaine on central
      monoaminergic (locus ceruleus) neurons appeared in the literature (61). This
      review discusses recent electrophysiological studies with cocaine at the level of
      single identified monoaminergic neurons and compares such data with that
      previously reported for amphetamine and antidepressants. In addition to
      identifying some of the similarities and differences between these compounds,
      this review also highlights some of the gaps in our knowledge regarding the
      effects of these drugs on central monoaminergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 2893970
TI  - Somatostatin infusion enhances hepatic glucose production during
      hyperglucagonemia.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIH) is widely employed in metabolic studies to permit
      quantitation of glucose production and disposal rates while the endocrine
      pancreas is suppressed and the hormonal milieu is under the investigator's
      control. In these studies it is assumed that if peripheral levels of insulin and
      glucagon are the same during SRIH infusion as during control studies, the effects
      of these hormones on glucose metabolism are equivalent. If the effect of glucagon
      is influenced by SRIH infusion, then these techniques may be unsuitable for the
      study of the regulation of hepatic glucose output. To assess the influence of
      SRIH on glucagon-stimulated hepatic glucose production (Ra), we determined Ra
      during paired studies in ten healthy (five younger and five older) subjects. In
      each study an insulin infusion designed to yield physiologic systemic insulin
      levels of 20 to 30 microU/mL was given from 0 to 210 minutes. In addition, from
      60 to 210 minutes either glucagon alone (3.5 ng/kg/min) (I + IRG) or glucagon
      (3.5 ng/kg/min) and SRIH (250 micrograms/h) (I + IRG + SRIH) was infused. Since
      results for plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and Ra were similar in
      young and old subjects, the two age groups were combined for analysis. Basal
      plasma insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, glucose, and Ra were similar in each arm of
      the study. Insulin values were nearly identical from 60 to 210 minutes (I + IRG,
      23.8 +/- 1.1; I + IRG + SRIH, 24.0 +/- 1.0 microU/mL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2893971
TI  - Mechanical effect of vocalization on human brain and meninges.
AB  - Vibrations of human skull, as produced by loud vocalisation, exert a massaging
      effect on the brain and facilitate elution of metabolic products from the brain
      into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition, these vibrations, through their
      effect on arachnoid villi, speed up the flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space
      into the blood within the superior sagittal sinus and lacunae lateralis. In this
      way, the speed of renewal of CSF is increased, which again contributes to a
      faster cleaning process of the brain. The most important feature of human
      evolution is enlargement of the brain. This by itself would not be enough. The
      Neandertals had a brain 15% larger than we have, yet they did not survive in
      competition with modern humans. Their brains were more polluted, because their
      massive skulls did not vibrate and therefore the brains were not sufficiently
      cleaned. In the evolution of modern humans the thinning of cranial bones was
      important. In addition, the chin remained jutting out of the face as in no other
      hominids, in order to maintain the distance from the chin to the hyoid bone equal
      to the distance from the latter to the styloid process. This situation
      facilitates transmission of laryngeal vibrations onto the skull base via the
      mandible.

PMID- 2893976
TI  - Comparison of repeated DNA from strains of Entamoeba histolytica and other
      Entamoeba.
AB  - Restriction enzyme digestion patterns of total genomic DNA revealed the presence
      of highly repeated DNA in Entamoeba histolytica and E. histolytica-like (Laredo
      type) amoebae of humans, E. invadens and E. invadens and E. terrapinae of
      reptiles, and E. moshkovskii isolated from sewage polluted waters. Homology with
      Plasmodium berghei ribosomal DNA was striking. Northern blot analysis of E.
      histolytica RNA provided further evidence that the highly repeated DNA codes for
      ribosomal RNA. The distribution of restriction enzyme sites on repeated DNA of
      the Entamoeba was highly polymorphic. Thus it was possible, based on EcoRI
      digestion patterns, to distinguish between strains of E. histolytica and the
      other species of Entamoeba. Additionally, these investigations at the molecular
      level corroborate previously reported physiological and biochemical evidence
      indicating the E. histolytica-like amoebae and E. histolytica are not
      conspecific. EcoRI fragments from repeated DNA of E. histolytica (strain HM-1:
      IMSS) were cloned in the plasmid vector pTZ18R. A subfragment from one of these
      clones proved to be a useful hybridization probe in distinguishing E. histolytica
      from the other Entamoeba.

PMID- 2893975
TI  - Gene exchange in African trypanosomes: characterisation of a new hybrid genotype.
AB  - We describe the isolation of a hybrid Trypanosoma brucei clone following the
      mixed cyclical transmission of two parental clones through tsetse flies. The
      characterisation of this clone reveals some new facets of the process of genetic
      exchange in T. brucei. The inheritance of four isoenzyme loci and restriction
      fragment polymorphisms at two loci was interpretable in 'mendelian' genetic
      terms, involving meiosis either before or after the genetic exchange event.
      However, at a further two isoenzyme loci a deviation from mendelian behaviour was
      observed. Pulse field gel analysis showed that the hybrid clone possessed a new
      combination of intermediate size chromosomes. Examination of kinetoplast DNA
      variants showed uniparental kinetoplast inheritance, and with reference to
      previous work we conclude that the kinetoplast can be inherited from either
      parent. The nuclear DNA content of the hybrid clone was measured and found to be
      identical to the parental nuclear DNA contents. This finding, together with the
      inheritance of isoenzyme and RFLP markers, is discussed with respect to possible
      models for genetic exchange.

PMID- 2893974
TI  - Autogenous regulation of histone mRNA decay by histone proteins in a cell-free
      system.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that histone mRNA turnover is accelerated in the
      presence of free histone proteins. In an in vitro mRNA decay system, histone mRNA
      was degraded four- to sixfold faster in reaction mixtures containing core
      histones and a cytoplasmic S130 fraction than in reaction mixtures lacking these
      components. The decay rate did not change significantly when histones or S130 was
      added separately, suggesting either that the histones were modified and thereby
      activated by S130 or that additional factors besides histones were required.
      RecA, SSB (single-stranded binding), and histone proteins all formed complexes
      with histone mRNA, but only histones induced accelerated histone mRNA turnover.
      Therefore, the effect was not the result of random RNA-protein interactions.
      Moreover, histone proteins did not induce increased degradation of gamma globin
      mRNA, c-myc mRNA, or total poly(A)- or poly(A)+ polysomal mRNAs. This
      autoregulatory mechanism is consistent with the observed accumulation of
      cytoplasmic histone proteins in cells after DNA synthesis stops, and it can
      account, in part, for the rapid disappearance of histone mRNA at the end of S
      phase.

PMID- 2893978
TI  - Additions to departments of medicine.

PMID- 2893977
TI  - Sequence homology of surface membrane proteins of Babesia rodhaini.
AB  - Four surface membrane proteins of Babesia rodhaini have previously been shown to
      induce a degree of protective immunity, and to carry both unique and cross
      reactive determinants. cDNA clones for two of the genes coding for these proteins
      have been isolated and used as probes to isolate a single large genomic DNA
      fragment which contained all four genes. DNA sequence of two of the genes and
      their predicted amino acid sequences confirmed that the proteins had hydrophobic
      sequences at their N- and C-termini, an observation consistent with their
      proposed cell surface location. Homologies in both amino acid and nucleotide
      sequences were found at the 3'and at the 5' ends, but considerable sequence
      variations existed elsewhere in the genes and their products. The genes coding
      for these four proteins were tandemly arranged along a single relatively short
      length of chromosome, and such structures, because of their sequence homologies,
      probably could have arisen by gene duplication. The extensive variation suggested
      that there may be a functional need for these proteins to be different or capable
      of varying, although computer analysis implied that the extent of this variation
      may be constrained by structural requirements. This variation could be indicative
      of a role for these proteins in the host-parasite relationship or immune evasion.

PMID- 2893980
TI  - The discriminative stimulus properties of histamine H1 antagonists in d
      amphetamine-trained and midazolam-trained pigeons.

PMID- 2893979
TI  - Treatment effectiveness: medical staff and services provided to 2,394 patients at
      methadone programs in three states.

PMID- 2893982
TI  - Biological evaluation of compounds for their physical dependence potential and
      abuse liability. X. Drug testing programs of the Committee on Problems of Drug
      Dependence, Inc. (1986).

PMID- 2893981
TI  - A cyclic somatostatin analog that precipitates withdrawal in morphine-dependent
      mice.
AB  - We evaluated the ability of the mu selective, peptidic, opioid antagonist CTP to
      precipitate withdrawal in morphine-dependent mice after intracerebroventricular
      (i.c.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. The withdrawal syndrome evoked
      by i.c.v. CTP was different in some respects from that observed after i.c.v.
      naloxone. Naloxone, given i.c.v., produced shakes and tremors, defecation,
      diarrhea, wet dog shakes, jumping and weight loss. In contrast, the prominent
      signs following i.c.v. CTP were grooming, tremors and shakes, defecation, wet dog
      shakes and weight loss. CTP treated mice exhibited a greatly reduced incidence of
      jumping behaviors and diarrhea. While s.c. naloxone evoked similar effects to
      i.c.v. naloxone, CTP given s.c. stimulated defecation and modest weight loss
      only. The differences in the profile of withdrawal signs between naloxone and CTP
      may be related to their differences in receptor selectivity or possibly to their
      respective alkaloidal and peptidic natures. The relative lack of behavioral
      effects seen after s.c. CTP probably reflects the inability of CTP to pass
      through the blood brain barrier, and indicates that although the majority of
      withdrawal signs are mediated by centrally located opioid receptors, the
      gastrointestinal tract can be withdrawn independently of the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2893973
TI  - Bacterial adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthase (F1F0): purification and
      reconstitution of F0 complexes and biochemical and functional characterization of
      their subunits.

PMID- 2893985
TI  - Serum lipids in muroid virus nephropathy.

PMID- 2893983
TI  - The role of a low beta 1-adrenoceptor selectivity of [3H]CGP-12177 for resolving
      subtype-selectivity of competitive ligands.
AB  - On the basis of saturation binding studies on rat cardiac microsomes, which
      contained a mixed population of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes, [3H]CGP-12177 is
      presumed to be a non-selective beta-adrenergic radioligand. However, saturation
      binding studies carried out in the presence of subtype-saturating concentrations
      of the beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118,551 and the beta 1-selective
      antagonist ICI 89,406, respectively, revealed a KD for beta 1-adrenoceptors of
      0.33 +/- 0.02 nmol/l and a KD for beta 2-adrenoceptors of 0.90 +/- 0.14 nmol/l.
      Competition experiments with the highly selective antagonists revealed greatly
      different competition binding curves in the presence of either [3H]CGP-12177 or (
      )[125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP), a beta-adrenergic radioligand considered to be
      as non-selective as [3H]CGP-12177. The following results are further suggestive
      for a selectivity of [3H]CGP-12177 for beta 1-adrenoceptors: (1) Using non-linear
      regression analysis, a significantly lower selectivity (expressed as the ratio of
      the IC50 for beta 2-adrenoceptors to the IC50 for beta 1-adrenoceptors) as well
      as a larger proportion of beta 1-adrenoceptors were calculated by competition of
      the beta 1-selective antagonist ICI 89,406 with [3H]CGP-12177 binding than by
      competition of ICI 89,406 with ICYP binding; (2) reducing the [3H]CGP-12177
      concentration from 2 to 0.4 nmol/l, competition experiments with ICI 89,406 led
      to an increase in the estimated selectivity of the competitor and in the
      estimated proportion of beta 1-adrenoceptors; (3) reverse findings were obtained
      with ICI 118,551, a beta 2-selective antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2893984
TI  - Urinary enzyme excretion after donor nephrectomy.
AB  - A number of recent studies of long-term kidney donors have reviewed glomerular
      function and blood pressure. Little attention has been paid to the potentially
      damaging effects of compensatory hyperfiltration on renal tubular cells after
      donor nephrectomy. The urinary excretion of high-molecular-weight enzymes is a
      sensitive indicator of renal tubular cell damage. This study compares the urinary
      excretion of four enzymes (alanine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminidase, and lactate dehydrogenase) in a group of 77 subjects who
      had undergone unilateral nephrectomy up to 21 years previously with 52 healthy
      non-nephrectomized controls. The urinary excretion for all four enzymes by the
      remaining kidney after contralateral nephrectomy in the kidney donors was
      significantly greater than the enzyme excretion per single kidney in the control
      group (p less than 0.001). No correlation was found between the degree of
      enzymuria and either glomerular filtration rate or time since nephrectomy. The
      elevated activity of urinary enzymes in kidney donors may be related to increased
      metabolism by the renal tubular cells after contralateral nephrectomy. This study
      suggests that long-term compensatory hyperfiltration does not damage tubular
      cells, at least over this time scale.

PMID- 2893987
TI  - Functional coupling of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A and benzodiazepine type II
      receptors: analysis using purified GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex from
      bovine cerebral cortex.
AB  - Possible functional coupling between gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
      benzodiazepine receptors was examined using a purified GABA/benzodiazepine
      receptor complex. The purified receptor complex was obtained by 1012-S-acetamide
      adipic hydrazide Sepharose 4B affinity column chromatography, following the
      solubilization of synaptic membrane from the bovine cerebral cortex with Nonidet
      P-40. The binding of [3H]GABA to the purified GABA receptor was displaced
      significantly by muscimol and bicuculline, GABAA receptor agonists and
      antagonists, respectively, but not by baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist. On the
      other hand, the binding of [3H]flunitrazepam to the purified benzodiazepine
      receptor was found to be displaced by microM ranges of CL 218,872, which is known
      to be sensitive to the benzodiazepine type II receptor. Furthermore, it was found
      that the binding of [3H]muscimol to these purified GABAA receptors was enhanced
      by benzodiazepines, while the binding of [3H]flunitrazepam to these
      benzodiazepine type II receptors was increased by GABA receptor agonists. These
      enhancements by GABA agonists and benzodiazepine agonists were found to be
      blocked by bicuculline and a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, Ro15-1788,
      respectively. These results strongly suggest that the purified receptor may
      consist of GABAA and benzodiazepine type II receptors and possess a functional
      coupling of these sites, as shown in cerebral synaptic membranes.

PMID- 2893986
TI  - Immediate and long-term effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on serotonin
      pathways in brain of rat.
AB  - In the rat, administration of the psychoactive analog of amphetamine 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), causes selective, pronounced decreases in
      markers of central serotonergic function. The time course of these neurochemical
      changes was examined in several serotonergic nerve terminal regions of the brain.
      Fifteen min after subcutaneous injection of MDMA (10 mg/kg), the enzymatic
      activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis
      of serotonin) was significantly decreased in the frontal cortex; by 1 hr after
      the injection, the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase had significantly declined
      in the neostriatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus as well. Although extensive
      recovery had occurred by 2 weeks, the activity of the enzyme remained
      significantly depressed in most regions. Decline of the regional content of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) closely paralleled, but was usually preceded by, that of
      the enzyme. Concentrations of the primary metabolite of 5-HT, 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were less responsive: in most regions levels
      of 5-HIAA had significantly decreased by 3 hr, but not by 1 hr, following
      treatment. Markers of dopamine function were altered transiently but had returned
      to control values by 24 hr. Administration of multiple doses of MDMA (5 doses
      over a 24-hr period) resulted in significant decreases in serotonergic parameters
      for up to 110 days after treatment. The rate and extent of recovery varied
      according to both the dose administered and the region examined. The persistence
      of these serotonergic deficits suggests that MDMA induced the destruction of
      serotonin-containing axon terminals.

PMID- 2893972
TI  - Molecular basis of transmembrane signal transduction in Dictyostelium discoideum.

PMID- 2893988
TI  - Toxicity of p-methoxyphenol to dopamine neurons in the rat substantia nigra.
AB  - Local injections of p-methoxyphenol into the substantia nigra of rats led to a
      mildly dose-related destruction of dopamine neurons as indicated by reductions of
      dopamine and its metabolites in the ipsilateral striatum and by loss of tyrosine
      hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the injected substantia nigra. Both Nissl
      staining of the injected nucleus and measurement of noradrenaline and serotonin
      in the ipsilateral striatum indicated some selectivity of the toxic action.

PMID- 2893989
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for a non-opioid interaction between dynorphin and
      GABA in the substantia nigra of the rat.
AB  - Interactions between neuronal responses mediated by dynorphin A1-8 and GABA were
      investigated in the substantia nigra zona reticulata. Extracellular recordings
      and microiontophoresis were performed using five-barrel microelectrodes in
      chloral hydrate-anesthetized male rats. When iontophoresed alone, dynorphin A1-Q
      significantly inhibited the firing of 22% of the neurons tested. The inhibition
      was rapid in onset and recovery and was dose-dependent. In another 22% of the
      cells, iontophoretic dynorphin produced an increase in the baseline firing rate
      which was slow in both onset and offset; the remaining 56% were unaffected by
      dynorphin. When GABA and dynorphin A1-8 were applied in conjunction, the
      inhibitory action of GABA was attenuated in 61% of the cells; whereas, when
      dynorphin and GABA were ejected simultaneously onto the cells that were inhibited
      by dynorphin A1-8, the respective inhibitory effects of dynorphin and GABA
      appeared to be additive. The kappa antagonist, MR-2266, failed to block the
      ability of dynorphin A1-8 to attenuate the action of GABA. In addition, the non
      opiate peptide des-tyr-dynorphin A2-17, produced effects similar to that of
      dynorphin A1-8. The role of dynorphin in the basal ganglia and its interaction
      with the other major transmitter in the substantia nigra zona reticulata, GABA,
      is discussed.

PMID- 2893990
TI  - Differential effects of serotonin on the spontaneous discharge and on the
      excitatory amino acid-induced responses of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons in rat
      cerebellar slices.
AB  - The effects of steady iontophoretic applications of serotonin on the spontaneous
      discharge and on the excitatory responses induced in deep cerebellar nuclei
      neurons by iontophoretic pulse applications of L-glutamate, L-aspartate, N-methyl
      D,L-aspartate and quisqualate were studied in rat cerebellar slices maintained in
      vitro. Serotonin increased the spontaneous firing rate of deep cerebellar nuclei
      neurons in 91% of the tested cells by 109% on the average and had no effect on
      the remaining recorded neurons. Conversely, the monoamine induced a depression of
      the excitatory responses induced by four agonists tested and the depressant
      potency of serotonin was in the order quisqualate, glutamate, aspartate, N-methyl
      D,L-aspartate. These effects persisted in low calcium high magnesium solution,
      suggesting that the serotonin receptors involved in these phenomena were, at
      least partially, postsynaptically located. The serotonin-induced increase in the
      cell firing rate appeared to be methysergide-resistant whereas the serotonin
      induced decrease in the responses elicited by excitatory amino acids was
      depressed by this antagonist, which could indicate that these differential
      effects of serotonin are mediated via different mechanisms and/or serotonin
      receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2893991
TI  - The adrenergic agonist tizanidine has differential effects on flexor reflexes of
      intact and spinalized rat.
AB  - Tizanidine with its predominant alpha 2-adrenergic properties is a potent
      myorelaxant drug used clinically in spastic patients. The aim of this study is to
      analyse further the mechanisms by which this substance exerts its influence on
      spinal reflexes. It was found that tizanidine dose-dependently diminished flexor
      reflexes in intact chloralose-anaesthetized rats, and also, but slightly less, in
      unanaesthetized decerebrate rats. In spinalized rats (1-5 days postoperatively),
      flexor reflexes were, however, enhanced by tizanidine, especially by the higher
      doses. Pretreatment with the alpha 2-blocker yohimbine antagonized the depressant
      action of tizanidine in intact rats whereas the alpha 1-blocker prazosin
      antagonized the facilitatory action of tizanidine in the spinalized rats. The
      reflex depression might be explained by a removal of a tonic facilitation of
      spinal neurons by the descending noradrenergic fibres, because tizanidine is
      likely to reduce, like clonidine, the spontaneous activity of locus coeruleus
      neurons by presynaptic autoinhibition. In spinalized preparations, a net
      facilitatory alpha 1-mediated action may be revealed by the higher doses of
      tizanidine that would be unopposed by the alpha 2-mediated disfacilitation.

PMID- 2893993
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of the acute and long-term effects of 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in the marmoset.
AB  - Administration of the drug 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induces a
      parkinsonian syndrome in primates. Intraperitoneal injections of 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
      produced symptoms of rigidity, akinesia and tremor which persisted for at least
      one month. However, after this time, considerable behavioural recovery occurred,
      although animals were still severely bradykinetic compared with controls.
      Marmosets were allowed to survive for 1, 3 1/2 or 7 months prior to histological
      and immunocytochemical analysis. Detection of catecholaminergic neurons using
      antibodies directed against the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase revealed a profound
      (80%) loss of dopaminergic cells from the substantia nigra one month after
      initiation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment. This was
      accompanied by a severe gliosis. Fewer cells were lost from the adjacent ventral
      tegmental area (45%), but dopamine-containing cells in other brain areas were not
      obviously affected. At longer survival times the substantia nigra was less
      damaged, with a proliferation of glia in the pars compacta and a loss of
      approximately 20% of the dopaminergic perikarya. Using immunohistochemical
      techniques, the distribution of neuropeptides substance P, [Met]enkephalin and
      dynorphin 1-17-like immunoreactivity were examined and found to exhibit
      distinctive patterns in the marmoset substantia nigra. The integrity of these
      systems appeared intact at all times after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine treatment. These results support the hypothesis that the
      neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine produces a clinical
      syndrome, indistinguishable from Parkinson's disease, via a selective destruction
      only of neurons with perikarya in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the
      ventral tegmental area. The findings that the peptidergic input to these cells
      together with most non-nigral dopaminergic cell groups are not damaged, indicate
      that the selectivity of the lesion produced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine appears greater than that seen in idiopathic Parkinson's
      disease. The neurotoxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
      in the marmoset may not be permanent since both behavioural and biochemical
      recovery were observed after several months.

PMID- 2893992
TI  - Nerve fibers surrounding intracranial and extracranial vessels from human and
      other species contain dynorphin-like immunoreactivity.
AB  - Dynorphin B(20-32) was visualized by immunohistochemistry in guinea-pig and rat
      perivascular nerve fibers and was measured by radioimmunoassay within the walls
      of feline, canine, bovine and human cephalic and systemic arteries and veins.
      Canine vessels contained the highest levels. When human blood vessels or
      trigeminal ganglia were subjected to reverse-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography, dynorphin immunoreactivity exhibited a retention time identical
      to that of synthetic dynorphin B. No differences in dynorphin-like
      immunoreactivity were measurable between feline systemic arteries and veins, or
      between cephalic and systemic vessels. The highest amounts were present in
      leptomeninges devoid of large pial arteries. Relatively high levels were also
      measured in feline and human trigeminal ganglia and feline superior cervical and
      sphenopalatine ganglia, three sources of projecting perivascular axons. Levels
      did not diminish, however, in ipsilateral feline cephalic vessels following
      either unilateral trigeminal or superior cervical ganglionectomies. Hence,
      dynorphin-containing fibers may project from parasympathetic cell bodies or
      perhaps from intrinsic brain sources. Previously published reports indicate that
      the kappa agonist dynorphin does not modify vessel tone when added in vitro but
      does inhibit release of neurotransmitters from afferent and sympathetic axons via
      prejunctional receptors. These observations suggest a pharmacological role for
      dynorphin on sensory and autonomic functions of the vasculature.

PMID- 2893994
TI  - Pharmacological evidence that alpha 1-adrenoceptors mediate metamorphosis of the
      Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.
AB  - Oyster larvae can be induced to metamorphose by exposure to the natural
      vertebrate adrenergic agonists, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The larval
      receptors mediating this induction were pharmacologically characterized by
      testing the ability of a variety of adrenergic agonists and selected structural
      analogs of epinephrine and norepinephrine to induce oyster metamorphosis, and by
      testing the ability of various adrenergic antagonists to block the induction of
      metamorphosis by epinephrine. Oyster metamorphosis can be induced by vertebrate
      adrenergic agonists with relative potencies: cirazoline greater than epinephrine
      greater than phenylephrine greater than or equal to norepinephrine greater than
      alpha-methylnorepinephrine greater than isoproterenol much greater than
      methoxamine = clonidine. Other structural analogs of epinephrine and
      norepinephrine, including dopamine and octopamine, were ineffective at inducing
      metamorphosis. Induction of metamorphosis by epinephrine can be blocked by
      vertebrate adrenergic antagonists with relative potencies: chlorpromazine greater
      than or equal to prazosin greater than phentolamine greater than WB4101 greater
      than propranolol greater than yohimbine greater than metoprolol. These data
      demonstrate that receptors similar to vertebrate-type alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      mediate oyster metamorphosis. This is the first evidence for alpha 1
      adrenoceptors in molluscs, and provides an important clue to the control of the
      complex process of molluscan metamorphosis and to the evolution of vertebrate
      adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2893995
TI  - Brainstem projections to spinal motoneurons: an update.
AB  - 1. The existence of direct projections to spinal motoneurons and interneurons
      from the raphe pallidus and obscurus, the adjoining ventral medial reticular
      formation and the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus is now well substantiated by
      various anatomical techniques. 2. The spinal projections from the raphe nuclei
      and the adjoining medial reticular formation contain serotonergic and non
      serotonergic fibres. These projections also contain various peptides, several of
      which are contained within the serotonergic fibres. Whether still other
      transmitter substances (e.g. acetylcholine) are present in the various descending
      brainstem projections to motoneurons remains to be determined. 3. The spinal
      projections from the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus are mainly noradrenergic,
      but there also exists a non-noradrenergic spinal projection. 4. Pharmacological,
      physiological and behavioural studies indicate an overall facilitatory action of
      noradrenaline and serotonin (including several peptides) on motoneurons. This may
      lead to an enhanced susceptibility for excitatory inputs from other sources. 5.
      The brainstem areas in question receive an important projection from several
      components of the limbic system. This suggests that the emotional brain can exert
      a powerful influence on all regions of the spinal cord and may thus control both
      its sensory input and motor output.

PMID- 2893998
TI  - Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2893997
TI  - [New muscle relaxants: effect on intracranial pressure and on cerebral perfusion
      pressure].

PMID- 2893996
TI  - Evidence for a neurotransmitter function of acetylcholine in rabbit superior
      colliculus.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase staining and studies on the uptake of [3H]choline into the
      subsequent efflux of tritium from collicular slices were carried out in order to
      provide evidence for a neurotransmitter function of acetylcholine in rabbit
      superior colliculus. Acetylcholinesterase staining was dense and homogeneous in
      superficial layers whereas the staining was arranged in patches with slightly
      higher density caudally than rostrally in the intermediate layers. The
      accumulation of tritium in slices incubated with [3H]choline depended on time,
      temperature and concentration, and was inhibited by hemicholinium-3. Accumulation
      was slightly higher in caudal than in rostral slices. Electrical stimulation
      enhanced tritium outflow from slices preincubated with [3H]choline. Tetrodotoxin
      and a low calcium medium inhibited the evoked overflow whereas hemicholinium-3
      caused an enhancement. Oxotremorine decreased the evoked overflow; atropine
      prevented this effect. The opioids [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Glycol5]enkephalin, [D-Ala2,
      D-Leu5]enkephalin and ethylketocyclazocine caused an inhibition. The effects of
      the latter two agonists were antagonized by naloxone. The GABAB-receptor-agonist
      (-)-baclofen decreased the evoked overflow at lower concentrations than GABA,
      whereas the GABAA-receptor-agonist muscimol was ineffective. Serotonin produced
      an inhibition which was prevented by metitepin, alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor as
      well as dopamine-receptor ligands caused no change. It is concluded that in the
      rabbit superior colliculus the pattern of acetylcholinesterase staining is
      comparable, but not identical to the distribution in other species. The
      accumulation of [3H]choline, as well as the tetrodotoxin-sensitive and calcium
      dependent overflow of tritium upon electrical stimulation (reflecting presumably
      release of [3H]acetylcholine) indicate that acetylcholine has a neurotransmitter
      function in this tissue. The release of [3H]acetylcholine was modulated by
      various transmitter substances and related compounds. The pattern of modulation
      of release differed from the pattern in other cholinergically innervated tissues.

PMID- 2893999
TI  - Orbital T-cell lymphoma in human T-cell leukemia virus-I infection.
AB  - This is the first report of orbital involvement in systemic adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The etiologic agent of ATLL is the human T-cell
      leukemia virus-I (HTLV-I), the first retrovirus demonstrated to induce cancer in
      humans. The diagnosis of ATLL is based on characteristic clinicopathologic
      features in combination with serologic or virologic evidence of HTLV-I infection.
      Serum antibodies to HTLV-I were identified by immunofluorescent microscopy. Viral
      particles characteristic of HTLV-I were found in a culture of the patient's
      peripheral blood lymphocytes. The patient was a native of the Caribbean, one of
      the known endemic foci of HTLV-I infection. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma should
      be considered in the differential diagnosis of orbital T-cell lymphomas.

PMID- 2894000
TI  - Polymorphism of the human c-abl gene: relation to incidence and course of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Abnormalities in structure and expression of the proto-oncogene c-abl have been
      implicated in the genesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We studied
      leukemic cell DNA from 42 CML patients for evidence of rearrangement and/or
      amplification of c-abl analogous to that described in the CML cell line K562.
      Using the enzymes Bgl II, Pst I, Xba I, seven patients demonstrated an atypical
      Southern blot pattern similar to that found in K562. Analysis of DNA from normal
      controls and skin fibroblast from one of the seven patients established that the
      atypical blot pattern was due to a restriction fragment length polymorphism
      rather than a gene rearrangement. Further analysis revealed that c-abl exists as
      two alleles, A and B, yielding three genotypes: AA, AB and BB. Inheritance was
      Mendelian. With respect to allele A, allele B contains a deletion of about 1 kb
      lying in a intronic region in close proximity to highly repetitive Alu sequences
      and the sequence coding for phosphotyrosine of the c-abl protein. K562 and the
      seven patients with similar Southern patterns were identified as AB
      heterozygotes. In K562, only the A allele was amplified. The frequencies of AA
      and AB genotypes in 37 Caucasian CML patients were 81.1% and 18.9% and in 57
      unrelated normal Caucasian controls 87.7% and 12.3%, not significantly different.
      The BB genotype was identified in less than 1% of Caucasians. Of note, five AB
      patients who developed a terminal blast crisis demonstrated a 4:1
      lymphoid:myeloid crisis ratio in contrast to a 2:7 lymphoid:myeloid crisis ration
      in nine AA patients and a similar ratio in mixed AA and AB historical controls.
      Otherwise, CML patients with AA and AB genotypes manifested similar clinical
      parameters. No patients demonstrated amplification of c-abl and analysis of four
      AB patients for loss of one c-abl allele during the course of their disease was
      negative. Thus, amplification of c-abl and loss of one c-abl allele are both
      infrequent in CML and do not play a significant role in the course of the
      disease.

PMID- 2894001
TI  - A single point mutation responsible for c-mos polymorphism in cancer patients.
AB  - A rare EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the 3' end of the
      human c-mos locus has been identified in DNA from patients with breast tumors,
      esophageal carcinomas and leukemias. Until now, this RFLP has not been found in
      normal populations, suggesting that its presence may reflect some cancer
      susceptibility. To characterize this RFLP, we have isolated both alleles of the c
      mos locus from DNA of a breast cancer patient and determined the nucleotide
      sequence of the polymorphic region. Our results show that this RFLP is due to a
      single nucleotide substitution (T instead of C), resulting in the disappearance
      of EcoRI site.

PMID- 2894002
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human N-myc gene: relationship
      to gene amplification.
AB  - Using Southern blot hybridization with N-myc probes, we observed two restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the Japanese population. One of the
      RFLPs was accounted for by the presence (allele S1) or absence (S2) of a SphI
      site in the second intron of the N-myc gene, and the other was explained by the
      presence (P1) or absence (P2) of a PvuII site in the 3' region of the gene. The
      allele frequencies of P1 and P2 were not significantly differently between the
      normal population and neuroblastoma patients with the minor allele frequency
      being 38-40% for P2. Frequencies of the S1 allele were 28% and 24% in
      neuroblastoma patients and the normal population, respectively. Fewer S1S1
      homozygotes and more S1S2 heterozygotes than expected were observed in the normal
      population. No individuals with the S1P2 haplotype were observed due to an
      extreme linkage disequilibrium between the two RFLP loci. Amplification of N-myc
      in embryonal tumors was random with respect to the P allele, and strictly
      associated with the S2 allele in six cases of fresh tumors and three cases of
      cultured cell lines.

PMID- 2894003
TI  - HRAS1 proto-oncogene polymorphisms in human malignant melanoma: TaqI defined
      alleles significantly associated with the disease.
AB  - We have analysed the DNA of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from 55 melanoma
      patients and 53 healthy individuals and failed to find any significant
      association between melanoma and rare HRAS1 alleles defined by MspI/HpaII
      digestion. However, the analysis of the same DNAs for a different polymorphism
      based on the presence of additional TaqI sites in the variable tandem repeat
      region of HRAS1 showed that the total frequency of a group of allelic variants,
      named Tp, was significantly higher in melanoma patients than in normal donors.

PMID- 2894004
TI  - The Medical Practice Act of 1985. Part IX--Implementing the regulations for non
      physician health care professionals.

PMID- 2894005
TI  - Enzymuria in neonates during treatment with tobramycin or ceftazidime.

PMID- 2894006
TI  - Health assessment and screening during adolescence.

PMID- 2894007
TI  - A BanII dimorphic site located in the third intron of the human apolipoprotein AI
      (APOA1) gene.

PMID- 2894008
TI  - NcoI dimorphic site located 8kb 3' to the human apolipoprotein AIV (APOA4) gene.

PMID- 2894010
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCA1-1) on chromosome 15
      [D15S33].

PMID- 2894009
TI  - A frequent HindIII RFLP on chromosome 3p21-25 detected by a genomic erbA beta
      sequence.

PMID- 2894011
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pMCT46.2 on chromosome 15
      [D15S26].

PMID- 2894013
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEFD4.2 on chromosome 19
      [D19S22].

PMID- 2894012
TI  - Isolation of mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pEFZ10 on chromosome 18
      [D18S22].

PMID- 2894014
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pJCZ3.1 on chromosome 19
      [D19S20].

PMID- 2894015
TI  - Use of patient-controlled analgesia in surgical oncology patients.

PMID- 2894017
TI  - [Effect of somatostatin on the biological availability of phenazone in healthy
      men].

PMID- 2894016
TI  - [Effect of adrenomimetic drugs on the blood vessels of the genital organs of
      swine during the estrous cycle].
AB  - The flow in uterine artery (ua) and ovarian artery (oa) was measured in isolated
      reproductive organs of sows perfounded with own blood of the animal or with Krebs
      Henseleit fluid at the constant pressure of 100 mm Hg applying the
      haemotachometric method. Controlling parallel to the flow, the condition of
      tension in smooth muscle of the organ, the sensitivity of vessels of ua and oa
      areas to: norepinephrine (NA), phenylephrine (F), epinephrine (A) and
      isoprenaline (I) on the 1-2, 13-14 and 16-18 days of oestrous cycle was
      investigated. It was found that the blood flow in the vessels under investigation
      diminishes after intraarterial application of alpha-adrenomimetic NA and F and
      after ambi-receptor acting A, while it increases after beta-adrenomimetic I. It
      was also shown, that the vessels of the area oa are many times less sensitive to
      the applied agents than the vessels of the ua area. During the oestrous cycle
      significant changes in sensitivity of both areas to adrenomimetic agents take
      place. The highest sensitivity to NA, A and F simultaneous with the lowest
      sensitivity to I were noted in the ua area on 13-14 days. On the 16-18 and 1-2
      days of the cycle the diminished sensitivity to NA, A and F and increased to I
      comparing with the 13-14 day was found. Also, the vessels of the oa area show the
      lowest sensitivity to NA, A and F and the highest to I on the 1-2 day of the
      cycle. It is the highest to NA and F on the 13-14 day and is accompanied by the
      lowest sensitivity to I. The sensitivity on 13-14 day is similar to that on 16-18
      day. The sensitivity of oa area to A increases from the lowest on 1-2 days to the
      highest on 16-18 day of the cycle.

PMID- 2894018
TI  - The influence of histamine receptor antagonists on antinociceptive action of
      narcotic analgesics.
AB  - The influence of some antagonists of histamine receptors on morphine-, fentanyl-,
      and pentazocine-induced analgesia was studied in rats and mice. H1-receptor
      antagonists (benzhydramine mepyramine) potentiated analgesic action of morphine
      and fentanyl. Given alone in high doses they also induced a naloxone non
      reversible analgesia. Analgesic effects of pentazocine were not changed by
      benzhydramine and mepyramine. H2-receptor antagonist-cimetidine enhanced also
      analgesia induced by morphine and fentanyl in rats, but it either increased
      (after icv injection of 50 micrograms) or decreased (after icv injection of 100
      micrograms) the action of pentazocine. Thus, H1 and H2 antagonists potentiate the
      antinociceptive effects of morphine and fentanyl but the action of pentazocine is
      not changed by H1 antagonists and is affected in an inconsistent manner by a H2
      antagonist cimetidine. It seems that the potentiating effect of H-antagonists is
      related to the opioid mu receptors.

PMID- 2894019
TI  - Differences in the development of tolerance to various benzodiazepines.
AB  - Anticonvulsant, sedative and anxiolytic effects of the following benzodiazepines,
      administered chronically by the intraperitoneal route, were assessed: nitrazepam
      (NTZ), diazepam (DZ), oxazepam (OXZ), chlordiazepoxide (CDX) and temazepam (TMZ).
      The action of NTZ in tests for sedative, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects
      rapidly changed upon a repeated daily treatment, which suggests development of
      tolerance, while no tolerance developed to such effects of OXZ. The stimulating
      effect of DZ was found not earlier than after 5 weeks of chronic treatment, but
      no tolerance to the anxiolytic action was observed, and the anticonvulsant action
      was even potentiated. The stimulating action and tolerance to the anxiolytic
      effects of CDX and TMZ developed rapidly, but was accompanied with an only slight
      decrease in the anticonvulsant effect.

PMID- 2894020
TI  - Effect of somatostatin and dopamine on the activity of cyclic AMP-independent
      protein kinase from human placenta.
AB  - Studies in the effect of somatostatin and dopamine on the incorporation of 32P
      from ATP to casein and ribosomes were carried out using purified protein kinase
      type II, isolated from the human placental cytosol. Low concentrations of
      somatostatin inhibited, while high ones of dopamine concentrations stimulated the
      activity of kinase.

PMID- 2894021
TI  - Intractable duodenal ulceration.

PMID- 2894022
TI  - Effects of propiomazine on the EEG sleep of normal subjects.
AB  - The effects of 25 mg propiomazine were examined in ten healthy volunteers in a
      sleep laboratory setting. A significant decrease in sleep latency and a
      corresponding decrement in subjectively assessed sleep latency was found during
      drug treatment. The distribution of the different sleep stages was affected to a
      relatively small extent. Some evidence for a suppression of REM-sleep in the
      early part of the treatment period was found. Based on subjective assessment, the
      subjects rated their sleep quality as significantly improved during treatment.
      Ratings of "drowsiness in the morning" were not different during baseline and
      drug treatment, but there was a significant decrease at withdrawal.

PMID- 2894023
TI  - [HIV-2 infections in heroin addicts].

PMID- 2894024
TI  - Inhibition of the adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human
      erythrocytes by carbohydrates.
AB  - We have analyzed the effect of 14 carbohydrates (seven monosaccharides, four
      disaccharides and three aminosugars) on the adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica HK9
      trophozoites to human red blood cells (RBC). Amebal adhesion was significantly
      inhibited by five of these carbohydrates with the following order of potency:
      lactose (Lac) greater than N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) greater than melibiose
      (Mel) greater than galactose (Gal) greater than N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The
      mean inhibitory concentration of Lac was 2.66 mM. Adhesion increased by 20% in
      the presence of 5.5 mM glucose (Glc). Inhibition of the adhesion was lower in the
      absence rather than in the presence of Glc only with Gal-NAc, whereas it was
      similar with Lac, Mel, Gal, and GlcNAc in both cases. The initial rate of amebal
      adhesion decreased 27% by RBC fixation, but adhesion to fixed RBC was also
      inhibited by the same five carbohydrates. Inhibition was higher in mixtures
      containing Lac, GalNAc, and Mel, than with the same isolated carbohydrates; Lac +
      Gal-NAc was the most potent mixture. Inhibition decreased when Lac, GalNAc, and
      Mel were mixed either with Gal or GlcNAc. We conclude that E. histolytica
      adhesion depends on amebal metabolic energy generated from Glc and on several
      surface components of RBC, some of which are inactivated with glutaraldehyde
      whereas others are inhibited by sugars containing Gal, GlcNAc, or Gal-NAc
      residues.

PMID- 2894025
TI  - Antiamoebic activity of chonemorphine, a steroidal alkaloid, in experimental
      models.
AB  - Chonemorphine, a steroidal alkaloid isolated from Chonemorpha fragrans Moon
      (Apocyanaceae) was identified as an antimoebic principle during the course of a
      screening programme for novel antiparasitic agents from plant sources. At a
      dosage of 100 mg/kg x 4 chonemorphine led to a 100% cure of experimental hepatic
      infection in golden hamsters and cleared 90% of the intestinal infection in
      weanling Wistar rats at 200 mg/kg (x4) dosages. The discovery of chonemorphine as
      an antiamoebic agent is an addition to the few known plant amoebicides such as
      emetine and conessine.

PMID- 2894026
TI  - In vivo study of glucose-induced somatostatin secretion: comparison in normal and
      alloxan-diabetic dogs.
AB  - This work was undertaken to study the effect of glucose on pancreaticoduodenal
      and peripheral venous somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) levels in dogs.
      Our experiments were performed in normal and alloxan diabetic dogs, conscious or
      anesthetized. The response of somatostatin was studied following intravenous (0.2
      g/kg) or oral (1 g/kg) glucose administration. SLI levels were assayed in
      peripheral venous blood and in superior pancreaticoduodenal venous blood. An
      interplay of the cholinergic nervous system was challenged both after oral and
      intravenous glucose load by a prior administration of atropine sulfate (0.2 mg/kg
      i.v.). Our results show that (a) peripheral venous SLI levels do not reflect
      pancreatic D-cell activity in alloxan diabetic as in normal animals. (b) Increase
      of peripheral venous SLI level after oral glucose is under cholinergic nervous
      system control. (c) In alloxan diabetic dogs, the response of pancreaticoduodenal
      venous SLI to intravenous glucose was decreased, whereas peripheral SLI response
      to oral glucose was increased.

PMID- 2894027
TI  - Restoration of phototrophic growth in a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in
      which the chloroplast atpB gene of the ATP synthase has a deletion: an example of
      mitochondria-dependent photosynthesis.
AB  - The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant FUD50 has a deletion in the atpB gene of the
      chloroplast ATP synthase [Woessner, J. P., Masson, A., Harris, E. H., Bennoun,
      P., Gillham, N. W., and Boynton, J. E. (1984) Plant Mol. Biol. 3, 177-190]. We
      have isolated a suppressed strain (FUD50su) that can grow under phototrophic
      conditions, although it still showed no synthesis of the beta subunit of coupling
      factor 1. Thylakoid membranes of the FUD50su strain were similar to those of the
      original FUD50 strain, in that they both lacked all the subunits making up the
      chloroplast ATP synthase complex. We show that photosynthesis in FUD50su is
      sensitive to inhibitors such as antimycin, specific for mitochondrial electron
      transport. This observation indicates that photosynthesis in the FUD50su strain
      is achieved through an unusual interaction between mitochondria and chloroplast.
      Exportation of light-induced reduced compounds from the chloroplast to the
      mitochondria elicits ATP formation in the latter, and ATP is subsequently
      imported to the chloroplast. The activation of such an ATP shuttle coupled to an
      NADPH shuttle would thus provide the reducing power and the free energy needed
      for carbon assimilation in a chloroplast that lacks chloroplast ATP synthase.

PMID- 2894029
TI  - Transcellular proton current in Achlya bisexualis hyphae: relationship to
      polarized growth.
AB  - Growing hyphae of Achlya bisexualis drive an electric current through themselves,
      such that positive charge flows into the apical region (the anterior 300 micron)
      and exits distally along the hyphal trunk. They also generate a gradient of
      extracellular pH, such that the medium surrounding the apex is slightly alkaline
      whereas that along the hyphal trunk is acid. To explore the genesis of these
      gradients and their relationship to polarized extension, we examined the effects
      of changes in the composition of the growth medium. The transcellular electric
      current was most pronounced in medium rich in amino acids. In leaner medium,
      containing limited amounts of amino acids or none at all, the current was
      attenuated or absent. We interpret the results to mean that inward current
      represents H+/amino acid symport, mediated by porters that are preferentially
      localized in the apical region. Apical alkalinity may be due to ammonia
      production. Outward current, and perhaps also the generation of metabolic acid,
      reflects the distribution of the H+-ATPase, which is excluded from the apex but
      is abundant along the hyphal trunk. Thanks to the spatial segregation of
      transport functions, protons characteristically flow into the apical region.
      However, since hyphae grow apically and at the same rate despite wide variations
      in current pattern, the flow of electric charge through the hyphae cannot be
      required to polarize extension or to localize the tip.

PMID- 2894028
TI  - Isolation of a cDNA clone for the gamma subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase
      of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: import and cleavage of the precursor protein.
AB  - A cDNA library from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, constructed in the phage
      expression vector lambda gt11, was probed with antiserum directed against the
      nuclear-encoded gamma subunit of the chloroplast H+-transporting ATP synthase
      [ATP phosphohydrolase (H+-transporting) or chloroplast coupling factors 0 and 1,
      EC 3.6.1.34] of C. reinhardtii. A cDNA was isolated and transcribed in vitro. The
      transcript was translated in vitro and immunoprecipitated with anti-gamma-subunit
      serum to yield a product that coelectrophoresed with the immunoprecipitated
      product from in vitro-translated polyadenylylated RNA. These proteins were larger
      than the mature gamma subunit, either immunoprecipitated as chloroplast coupling
      factor 1 or as the individual subunit. Thus, the gamma subunit is synthesized as
      a precursor of greater molecular weight in C. reinhardtii. Furthermore, the
      precursor protein encoded by the cDNA is imported into pea chloroplasts and
      processed to a lower molecular weight polypeptide that coelectrophoreses with
      mature C. reinhardtii gamma subunit. The largest cDNA isolated is about the same
      length as the corresponding mRNA (approximately equal to 1900 bases long) and
      probably contains the entire coding region. Southern blot analyses revealed
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms and that the gamma subunit is probably
      encoded by an intron-containing single-copy gene.

PMID- 2894030
TI  - Consistent chromosome 3p deletion and loss of heterozygosity in renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and normal kidney tissues have been examined from 34
      patients with sporadic, nonhereditary RCC. Eighteen of the 21 cytogenetically
      examined tumors (86%) had a detectable anomaly of chromosome arm 3p distal to
      band 3p11.2-p13, manifested as a deletion, combined with the nonreciprocal
      translocation of a segment from another chromosome or monosomy 3. Restriction
      fragment-length polymorphism analysis showed loss of D1S1 heterozygosity in 16 of
      the 21 cases (76%). D3S2 heterozygosity was lost in 2 of 11 cases (18%). The
      variability of the breakpoint between 3p11.2 and 3p13 and the absence of a
      consistently translocated segment from another chromosome suggests a genetic-loss
      mechanism, while the activation of a dominant oncogene appears less likely.
      Together with the previously demonstrated involvement of the 3p14.2 region in a
      familial case, these findings suggest that RCCs may arise by the deletion of a
      "recessive cancer gene," as do retinoblastoma and Wilms tumor. The relevant locus
      must be located on the telomeric side of the D1S1 locus on the short arm of
      chromosome 3.

PMID- 2894031
TI  - Exon-intron organization and sequence comparison of human and murine T11 (CD2)
      genes.
AB  - Genomic DNA clones containing the human and murine genes coding for the 50-kDa
      T11 (CD2) T-cell surface glycoprotein were characterized. The human T11 gene is
      approximately equal to 12 kilobases long and comprised of five exons. A leader
      exon (L) contains the 5'-untranslated region and most of the nucleotides defining
      the signal peptide [amino acids (aa) -24 to -5]. Two exons encode the
      extracellular segment; exon Ex1 is 321 base pairs (bp) long and codes for four
      residues of the leader peptide and aa 1-103 of the mature protein, and exon Ex2
      is 231 bp long and encodes aa 104-180. Exon TM is 123 bp long and codes for the
      single transmembrane region of the molecule (aa 181-221). Exon C is a large 765
      bp exon encoding virtually the entire cytoplasmic domain (aa 222-327) and the 3'
      untranslated region. The murine T11 gene has a similar organization with exon
      intron boundaries essentially identical to the human gene. Substantial
      conservation of nucleotide sequences between species in both 5'- and 3'-gene
      flanking regions equivalent to that among homologous exons suggests that murine
      and human genes may be regulated in a similar fashion. The probable relationship
      of the individual T11 exons to functional and structural protein domains is
      discussed.

PMID- 2894032
TI  - Cholinergic regulation of protein phosphorylation in bovine adrenal chromaffin
      cells.
AB  - Chromaffin cells were isolated from bovine adrenal medullae and maintained in
      primary culture. After prelabeling with 32PO4, exposure of the chromaffin cells
      to acetylcholine increased the phosphorylation of a Mr approximately equal to
      100,000 protein and a Mr approximately equal to 60,000 protein (tyrosine
      hydroxylase), visualized after separation of total cellular proteins in
      naDodSO4/polyacrylamide gels. Immunoprecipitation with antibodies to three known
      phosphoproteins ("100-kDa," "87-kDa," and protein III) revealed an acetylcholine
      dependent phosphorylation of these proteins. These three proteins were also shown
      to be present in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells by immunolabeling techniques.
      "100-kDa" is a Mr approximately equal to 100,000 protein selectively
      phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III, "87-kDa" is a
      Mr approximately equal to 87,000 protein selectively phosphorylated by protein
      kinase C, and protein III is a phosphoprotein doublet of Mr approximately equal
      to 74,000 (IIIa) and Mr approximately equal to 55,000 (IIIb) phosphorylated by
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I.
      Furthermore, 100-kDa was shown to be identical to the Mr approximately equal to
      100,000 protein whose phosphorylation was increased by acetylcholine treatment.
      The acetylcholine-dependent increase in phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase,
      100-kDa, 87-kDa, and protein III required extracellular calcium and was mimicked
      by nicotine, veratridine, elevated K+, and calcium ionophore A23187, but not by
      muscarine. In addition, forskolin increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine
      hydroxylase, 100-kDa, and protein III, but not that of 87-kDa. Phorbol 12,13
      dibutyrate increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase, 87-kDa, and
      protein III, but not that of 100-kDa. The data demonstrate that cholinergic
      activation of chromaffin cells increases the phosphorylation of several proteins
      and that several protein kinase systems may be involved in these effects.

PMID- 2894033
TI  - Phenol emulsion-enhanced DNA-driven subtractive cDNA cloning: isolation of low
      abundance monkey cortex-specific mRNAs.
AB  - To isolate cDNA clones of low-abundance mRNAs expressed in monkey cerebral cortex
      but absent from cerebellum, we developed an improved subtractive cDNA cloning
      procedure that requires only modest quantities of mRNA. Plasmid DNA from a monkey
      cerebellum cDNA library was hybridized in large excess to radiolabeled monkey
      cortex cDNA in a phenol emulsion-enhanced reaction. The unhybridized cortex cDNA
      was isolated by chromatography on hydroxyapatite and used to probe colonies from
      a monkey cortex cDNA library. Of 60,000 colonies screened, 163 clones were
      isolated and confirmed by colony hybridization or RNA blotting to represent
      mRNAs, ranging from 0.001% to 0.1% abundance, specific to or highly enriched in
      cerebral cortex relative to cerebellum. Clones of one medium-abundance mRNA were
      recovered almost quantitatively. Two of the lower-abundance mRNAs were expressed
      at levels reduced by a factor of 10 in Alzheimer disease relative to normal human
      cortex. One of these was identified as the monkey preprosomatostatin I mRNA.

PMID- 2894034
TI  - Effects of 2,3-iminosqualene on cultured cells.
AB  - 2,3-Iminosqualene (ISq) is a powerful inhibitor of squalene oxide:lanosterol
      cyclase (EC 5.4.99.7). When added to lipid-depleted culture media (LDM) of rat
      hepatoma (H-4-II-E-C3) or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at a concentration of
      10 micrograms ml-1, it causes the cells to float off the substratum in a few
      days. Lipoproteins in the culture medium completely counteract this effect. Cells
      in lipoprotein-containing media (FGM) grow normally in the presence of ISq.
      Irrespective of the culture medium, ISq at 10 micrograms ml-1 causes an almost
      complete and apparently irreversible inactivation of the squalene oxide cyclase
      in CHO and H4 cells and the accumulation in the cells of squalene, of squalene
      2,3-oxide (mostly), and of squalene 2,3-22,23-dioxide when [14C]acetate or
      [14C]mevalonate is fed to the cells. Chronic treatment of H4 cells with ISq
      failed to elicit induction of the cyclase, but increased the conversion of
      mevalonate into squalene and squalene dioxide, and depressed the conversion of
      squalene oxide to the dioxide. Cells loaded with squalene and the squalene oxides
      from mevalonate in the presence of ISq get rid of these substances by rapidly
      secreting them into the media and by some unidentified metabolic processes.

PMID- 2894035
TI  - Parallel processing of binocular disparity in the cat's retinogeniculocortical
      pathways.
AB  - In the cat, parallel streams of information processing have been traced from X-,
      Y- and W-type retinal ganglion cells to visual cortical areas 17 (X-, Y- and W
      type), 18 (Y-type) and 19 (W-type). In the present study we have examined, in the
      anaesthetized and paralysed adult cat, the role played by X-, Y- and W
      subsystems, projecting to areas 17 and 19, in the processing of binocular retinal
      disparity. The tapetal reflection technique was used to monitor residual eye
      movements and to provide a map, for each eye, of the retinal blood vessels which
      could later be compared with retinal wholemounts stained with cresyl violet to
      reveal the area centralis. The receptive-field disparities of cells recorded from
      areas 17 and 19 were compared with each other and with reference to the visual
      axes defined by the area centralis of each eye. Cells of area 19 (receiving W
      type input) had horizontal receptive-field disparities that were significantly
      more divergent than those of the cells in area 17 and 17-18 'border region'.
      Referred to the area centralis, the mean horizontal receptive-field disparity in
      area 19 was -0.5 degrees (+/- 0.8 degrees). The mean horizontal receptive-field
      disparity of area 17 (receiving X-, Y- and W-type input) was convergent with
      respect to the visual axis at +2 degrees (+/- 0.5 degrees). Finally, the mean
      horizontal receptive-field disparity of the cells in the 17-18 border region
      (which receive mainly Y-type input) was even more convergent (2.6 degrees +/- 1.5
      degrees) than that of area 17. Binocular interactions of cortical neurons were
      tested with the Risley biprism technique. Area 19 cells had maximal responses to
      binocular stimulation when the receptive-field disparities were either close to
      zero or slightly divergent. In contrast, area 17 cells tended to respond
      optimally to disparities that were either slightly or strongly convergent. At the
      level of the lateral geniculate nucleus there were significant differences
      between the receptive-field disparities inferred from the comparison of receptive
      field positions of adjacent neurons recorded on either side of the border between
      the A and A1 geniculate laminae and those inferred from a similar comparison at
      the C1-C2 border. The mean horizontal disparities inferred from the interlaminar
      comparison at the A-A1 border were +2.1 degrees (+/- 0.3 degrees); those inferred
      from the interlaminar comparison at the C1-C2 border -0.2 (+/- 0.2 degrees) were
      more divergent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2894036
TI  - [Anticonvulsive action of beta-receptor blockers in maximum electroshock in
      mice].

PMID- 2894037
TI  - [The effect of beta receptor blockers on the anticonvulsive action of
      phenobarbital in maximum electroshock in mice].

PMID- 2894038
TI  - Rational use of anxiolytic drugs.

PMID- 2894039
TI  - Pyrimidinones as biodynamic agents.

PMID- 2894040
TI  - Mechanism of action of anxiolytic drugs.

PMID- 2894042
TI  - [Molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance].

PMID- 2894041
TI  - The automated Tail Suspension Test: a computerized device which differentiates
      psychotropic drugs.
AB  - 1. Mice when suspended by the tail will alternate between active attempts to
      escape and immobility. Immobility like that measured in the behavioral despair
      test is reduced by a wide variety of antidepressant agents. 2. The present paper
      describes a computerized version of this test (ITEMATIC-TST) which in addition to
      recording immobility measures the power of the movements. 3. Various tricyclic
      (amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine), MAOI (clorgyline, moclobemide,
      nialamide, pargyline, toloxatone) and atypical antidepressants (bupropion,
      citalopram, indalpine, mianserin, nomifensine, viloxazine) were tested and
      compared with psychostimulants (d-amphetamine, caffeine), neuroleptics
      (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, sulpiride), anxiolytics (clobazam, diazepam) and
      agents acting on the cholinergic system (atropine, oxotremorine). 4. All
      antidepressants decreased the duration of immobility and most increased the power
      of movements. 5. The psychostimulants also decreased immobility but only
      amphetamine increased the power of movements. 6. Neuroleptics increased
      immobility without affecting the power of movements, whereas anxiolytics
      increased immobility but decreased the power of movements. 7. Atropine had a
      profile similar to antidepressants whereas oxotremorine tended to have opposite
      effects. 8. The results suggest that the automated test system with its two
      parameters is not only sensitive to antidepressants but could also be useful for
      generating activity profiles for different kinds of psychotropic agent.

PMID- 2894043
TI  - [Terfenadine compared to clemastine in the treatment of pruriginous cutaneous
      diseases. Double-blind comparative study].

PMID- 2894044
TI  - [Somatostatin in upper digestive hemorrhage. Results of a random controlled
      study].

PMID- 2894045
TI  - [Cimetidine, ranitidine and somatostatin in the medical treatment of acute and
      chronic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome].

PMID- 2894046
TI  - [Pharmacological analyses of the vascular responses to beta-blockers in isolated
      and perfused coronary and femoral arteries of dogs].

PMID- 2894047
TI  - [Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from cooked meat foods].

PMID- 2894048
TI  - [Prophylactic strategy in biliary lithiasis].

PMID- 2894049
TI  - [Gastrointestinal peptides. Their importance in digestive physiology and
      pathology].

PMID- 2894050
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 2894051
TI  - [Pathogenesis of rheumatic carditis].

PMID- 2894052
TI  - [Vasodilator treatment in pulmonary hypertension].

PMID- 2894053
TI  - [Alcoholic cardiomyopathy--an etiological factor in cardiomegaly generating heart
      failure].

PMID- 2894054
TI  - [Clinical study of patients hospitalized with urinary infections at the Medical
      Clinic II of the Bucharest Municipal Clinical Hospital 1980-1984].

PMID- 2894055
TI  - [The information value of determining serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in
      liver diseases].

PMID- 2894056
TI  - [Digitalis bradycardia: an often neglected adverse effect].

PMID- 2894057
TI  - [Current developments in antirheumatic medication. I. Anti-inflammatory,
      immunomodulator and synoviorthesis agents].

PMID- 2894058
TI  - [Adverse kidney effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents-- current
      physiopathological and clinical aspects].

PMID- 2894059
TI  - [Magnesium and myocardial necrosis].

PMID- 2894060
TI  - [Fructosamine-blood sugar relationship in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2894061
TI  - [Can one speak today of nonsurgical treatment in hydatidosis?].

PMID- 2894062
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of alcoholic liver diseases].

PMID- 2894063
TI  - [Cardiac micropotentials recorded noninvasively by special amplification
      technics].

PMID- 2894064
TI  - [Nifedipine (Corinfar) treatment in acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2894066
TI  - [Effect of the type of gastric resection on glucose metabolism].

PMID- 2894065
TI  - [Cerebrovascular lesions in diabetics (a study of 109 cases)].

PMID- 2894067
TI  - [Homonymous atopy].

PMID- 2894068
TI  - [Rheumatoid polyarthritis manifestations in a female patient with right atrial
      myxoma].

PMID- 2894069
TI  - Behavioral pharmacology of zopiclone.
AB  - The pharmacological properties of zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone derivative, have
      been studied in comparison with diazepam, nitrazepam, and flurazepam, on
      behavioral tests in mice and rats, including open-field activity, Skinner box
      conflict test, hyperemotionality and muricidal behavior of olfactory
      bulbectomized or raphectomized rats, pentetrazol or electroshock convulsions,
      inclined screen, rotarod, and thiopental-, ether-, or ethanol-induced anesthesia.
      Zopiclone exhibited pharmacological properties qualitatively similar to those of
      benzodiazepines especially in conflict, aggressivity, and pentetrazol-induced
      convulsion tests. On the other hand, its myorelaxant activity was somewhat weaker
      than that of the reference drugs. The pharmacological effects of zopiclone were
      of short duration.

PMID- 2894070
TI  - Disposition of 5-aminosalicylic acid by 5-aminosalicylic acid-delivering
      compounds.
AB  - The disposition of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) from 5-ASA-delivering drugs was
      studied in eight healthy volunteers. Time-related urinary excretion and faecal
      excretion of 5-ASA and acetyl-5-ASA were measured after a single oral dose of the
      azo compounds sulphasalazine and olsalazine, of the slow-release compounds
      Pentasa, Asacol, and Salofalk, and of plain 5-ASA. Plain 5-ASA was rapidly
      excreted into urine and had a low faecal recovery, indicating fast absorption
      proximally in the intestine and little availability to the colon. After ingestion
      of both azo compounds and slow-release compounds, urinary excretion of 5-ASA was
      markedly delayed and reduced, and faecal excretion was enhanced. At all points of
      time there was a significant but not very marked difference in urinary excretion
      of 5-ASA after ingestion of the azo compounds and the slow-release compounds, in
      favour of the azo compounds. A significantly larger proportion of the ingested 5
      ASA, moreover, was excreted in faeces after intake of azo compounds as compared
      with slow-release compounds.

PMID- 2894071
TI  - The effect of pancreatectomy and gastroenterectomy on the release of somatostatin
      and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in experimental fecal peritonitis.
AB  - Rats were subjected to laparotomy, to pancreatectomy, to gastroenterectomy
      (control groups), or to these procedures plus a septic challenge by instillation
      of 0.1 ml feces intraperitoneally (experimental groups). In the laparotomized
      controls plasma somatostatin values were significantly higher in samples from the
      portal vein than from the upper inferior caval vein. After both pancreatectomy
      and gastroenterectomy a significant fall in plasma somatostatin values was
      observed, and there was no significant difference between samples taken from the
      portal vein and the systemic circulation. An intraperitoneal septic challenge
      elicited a significant rise in portal plasma somatostatin in laparotomized rats,
      whereas this increase did not occur in pancreatectomized and gastroenterectomized
      animals, supporting the notion that plasma somatostatin originates from the
      pancreas and/or the gastrointestinal tract during septic peritonitis. No
      differences were detected in plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
      values in animals from the three control groups. However, both in laparotomized
      and in pancreatectomized septic animals a significant rise in plasma VIP was
      demonstrated in samples from the portal vein. By contrast, no such increase was
      observed in gastroenterectomized septic rats. Thus, the gastrointestinal tract
      seems to be the major source of circulating VIP during fecal peritonitis in the
      rat.

PMID- 2894072
TI  - Adrenaline stimulates acid production in isolated pig and human parietal cells.
AB  - To investigate the mechanisms of adrenergic stimulation of the parietal cell and
      to study the possible relationship between the stress hormone adrenaline and
      duodenal ulcer, the effects of adrenaline and various adrenoceptor agonists and
      antagonists were investigated in parietal cells isolated from pig stomachs and
      from endoscopic biopsy specimens taken from the gastric mucosa of patients.
      Parietal cell acid production was assayed by the aminopyrine accumulation
      technique. Adrenaline as the sole drug showed poor or no stimulatory effect but
      potentiated histamine-stimulated acid production. In the presence of histamine,
      beta-adrenoceptor agonists caused a stimulation of acid formation with the
      potency order isoproterenol greater than adrenaline greater than noradrenaline.
      The beta-2-selective antagonist ICI118551 was a more potent inhibitor of acid
      production than both the beta-1 antagonist practolol and the H2-receptor
      antagonist cimetidine. Studies of (3H)-dihydroalprenolol (DHA) binding to
      purified parietal cell membranes showed a protein-concentration-dependent and
      specific binding of 2.2 +/- 0.6 pmol DHA/microgram. Adrenaline increased gastric
      acid production in both pig and human parietal cells, most likely through a beta
      2 receptor on the parietal cell. The adrenaline stimulatory effect in cells
      obtained from patients with peptic ulcer was more pronounced than in cells from
      non-ulcer patients, which indicates a possible role of adrenaline in some types
      of ulcer disease.

PMID- 2894073
TI  - Local nerve blockade by tetrodotoxin induces ectopic phase 3 of the migrating
      myoelectric complex in dogs.
AB  - The effect on the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) of local nerve blockade in
      the jejunum was studied in five unanesthetized dogs. A silastic catheter was
      implanted in a terminal branch of a jejunal artery, perfusing a 5- to 10-cm
      segment, 45 cm below the ligament of Treitz. Small-bowel motor activity was
      studied electromyographically with implanted electrodes. Three different doses of
      tetrodotoxin (166, 333, 500 ng/kg/h) were administered intra-arterially for 5 h.
      During the 333- and 500-ng but not during the 166-ng/kg/h perfusions ectopic
      activity fronts started just below the perfused segment. At this time no phase-3
      activity was observed in the proximal bowel. In addition to ectopic fronts normal
      MMCs were observed during the perfusions. These observations show that local
      nerve blockade induces phase-3 activity, probably by inhibiting an inhibitory
      nerve action.

PMID- 2894075
TI  - A newly characterized HLA DQ beta allele associated with pemphigus vulgaris.
AB  - The inheritance of particular alleles of major histocompatibility complex class
      II genes increases the risk for various human autoimmune diseases; however, only
      a small percentage of individuals having an allele associated with susceptibility
      develop disease. The identification of allelic variants more precisely correlated
      with disease susceptibility would greatly facilitate clinical screening and
      diagnosis. Oligonucleotide-primed gene amplification in vitro was used to
      determine the nucleotide sequence of a class II variant found almost exclusively
      in patients with the autoimmune skin disease pemphigus vulgaris. In addition to
      clinical implications, the disease-restricted distribution of this variant should
      provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying associations between
      diseases and HLA-class II genes.

PMID- 2894074
TI  - Neurobiological studies of sensory gating in schizophrenia.
AB  - The sensory disturbance in schizophrenia is often described as an inability to
      filter out extraneous noise from meaningful sensory inputs. The neurobiological
      basis of this inability to filter has been examined using auditory evoked
      potentials, which are computerized averages of the brain's electrical response to
      sound. The sounds are presented in pairs to test the ability of the brain to
      inhibit, or gate, its response to a repeated stimulus. Schizophrenic patients
      lack the ability to gate the neuronal response shown by a particular wave, the
      P50 wave. The measurement of this deficit in human subjects and the exploration
      of its neurobiology in animals has produced evidence about several issues in the
      pathophysiology of schizophrenia: (1) the role of dopamine in improvement of
      sensory function in schizophrenic patients treated with neuroleptic drugs, (2)
      the interaction between familial or genetic deficits in sensory functioning in
      schizophrenic patients and possible abnormalities in dopamine metabolism, and (3)
      a mechanism by which noradrenergic hyperactivity in mania and other psychiatric
      illnesses might mimic some pathophysiological deficits in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2894076
TI  - Passage of stone fragments from the gallbladders of dogs.
AB  - The destruction of gallstones by shock waves leads to a considerable amount of
      stone fragments in the gallbladder. To test the ability of the stones fragments
      to leave the gallbladder, kidney stone fragments of 2 or 4 millimeters maximal
      diameter were implanted into the gallbladders of 16 dogs and passage was observed
      for five weeks. Independent of stone size, about 35 per cent of the fragments
      remained in the gallbladder. Transient elevations of enzymes of the liver or
      pancreas occurred significantly less often with 2 millimeter fragments and were
      less pronounced. Gross pathologic changes of the papilla of Vater, or dilation of
      the bile duct were observed with 4 millimeter fragments but not with those that
      were 2 millimeters. The results of this study suggest that the maximal fragment
      size after destruction of gallstones should be as small as possible, that is, in
      the range of 2 millimeters.

PMID- 2894078
TI  - Clinical examinations with Tinset tablet in pollen rhinitis.

PMID- 2894077
TI  - The role of leucine in hepatic ketogenesis.
AB  - Isolated hepatocyte studies demonstrated that leucine can be a precursor of
      ketone bodies. In this study we examine the relative contribution of leucine to
      hepatic ketogenesis in vivo. Three groups of conscious dogs with long-term
      indwelling catheters in the femoral artery, hepatic vein, and portal vein were
      studied. Group I (n = 3) animals were fasted overnight for 24 hours, and those in
      groups II and III (n = 4, each) were fasted for 62 to 68 hours (designated 3-day
      fast). Groups I and III received intravenous saline solution (0.9%) and served as
      controls. In group II selective acute insulin deficiency (SAID) was induced by a
      peripheral intravenous somatostatin (SRIF) infusion and intraportal glucagon
      (0.55 ng/body weight/min). Net hepatic production (NHP) of ketone bodies (kb) and
      leucine (leu) was measured by the arteriovenous difference technique. Hepatic
      conversion of leucine to ketone bodies was measured by continuous infusion of L-U
      [14C]-leucine and by determination of the appearance of [14C]-ketone bodies
      across the liver. In the group fasted overnight NHPleu was 0.02 +/- 0.01
      mumol/kg/min, a value not different from zero. NHPkb was 3.1 +/- 0.1 mumol/kg/min
      and hepatic conversion of leucine to ketone bodies accounted for 3.5% of NHPkb.
      Insulin deficiency after 3 day's fasting resulted in a near 70% increase in
      NHPleu (from basal values of 0.31 +/- 0.1 mumol/kg/min to 0.52 +/- 0.06
      mumol/kg/min during SAID, p less than 0.01). NHPkb increased from 11.0 +/- 1.0 to
      15.5 mumol/kg/min (p less than 0.05). The rate of leucine conversion to ketone
      bodies (L-C) increased from 1.1 +/- 0.25 to 2.4 +/- 0.3 mumol/kg/min (p less than
      0.01) with SAID. We conclude that as the dog progresses to fasting, the
      contribution of leucine carbon to hepatic production of ketone bodies increases
      from 3.5% to 10% (p less than 0.01), and this value increases to 15% (p less than
      0.01 versus groups I and II) after SAID. Furthermore, the amount of leucine
      carbon taken up by the liver was not sufficient to account for all [14C]-labeled
      leucine to ketone bodies. The data suggest that the leucine carbon converted to
      ketone bodies must have been derived from intrahepatic protein sources of
      possibly from the keto acids of leucine, which are derived by the breakdown of
      leucine at distant sites, such as skeletal muscle or adipose tissue.

PMID- 2894079
TI  - The necrotising vasculitides.

PMID- 2894080
TI  - Effect of oral terfenadine on the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled
      histamine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate in non-atopic asthma.
AB  - Inhaled adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) causes bronchoconstriction in atopic
      asthma, probably after in vivo conversion to adenosine. It has been suggested
      that adenosine potentiates preformed mediator release from mast cells on the
      mucosal surface of the airways by interacting with specific purinoceptors,
      without affecting the release of newly generated mediators. The airway response
      of nine non-atopic subjects with "intrinsic" asthma to inhaled AMP and the
      influence of the oral, selective H1 histamine receptor antagonist terfenadine on
      this response was investigated. The geometric mean provocation concentrations of
      histamine and AMP required to produce a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) were 1.82 and 13
      mmol/l. In subsequent placebo controlled time course studies the FEV1 response to
      a single inhalation of the PC20 histamine was ablated after pretreatment with
      oral terfenadine 180 mg. This dose of terfenadine caused an 80% inhibition of the
      bronchoconstrictor response to the PC20 AMP when measured as the area under the
      time course-response curve and compared with the response to PC20 AMP preceded by
      placebo. Terfenadine 600 mg failed to increase protection against AMP further,
      but both doses of terfenadine delayed the time at which the mean maximum fall in
      FEV1 after AMP was achieved. Terfenadine 180 mg had no effect on methacholine
      induced bronchoconstriction in the same subjects. These data suggest that inhaled
      AMP may potentiate the release of preformed mediators from preactivated mast
      cells in the bronchial mucosa of patients with intrinsic asthma.

PMID- 2894081
TI  - Effects of a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, flurbiprofen, and an H1 histamine
      receptor antagonist, terfenadine, alone and in combination on allergen induced
      immediate bronchoconstriction in man.
AB  - The effect of flurbiprofen, a potent cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, on histamine and
      methacholine reactivity was assessed in seven atopic subjects with asthma.
      Flurbiprofen 150 mg daily for three days displaced the histamine-FEV1
      concentration-response curve to the right by 1.5 doubling doses, whereas no
      effect was observed on the response to methacholine. Subsequently the effects of
      flurbiprofen and terfenadine, a specific H1 histamine receptor antagonist, on
      allergen induced bronchoconstriction were studied in seven atopic but non
      asthmatic subjects. The subjects inhaled the concentration of grass pollen
      allergen that had previously been shown to produce a 20% fall in FEV1 on separate
      occasions after prior treatment with placebo, flurbiprofen 150 mg daily for three
      days, terfenadine 180 mg three hours before challenge, and the combination of
      flurbiprofen and terfenadine. After placebo, allergen challenge caused a mean
      (SEM) maximum fall in FEV1 of 37.6% (2.6%) after 20 (3.7) minutes, followed by a
      gradual recovery to within 15% of baseline at 60 minutes. Terfenadine reduced the
      maximum allergen provoked fall in FEV1 to 21.5% (2.2%) and reduced the area under
      the time-response curve (AUC) by 50% (6%). Flurbiprofen alone reduced the mean
      maximum fall in FEV1 to 29.6% (3.2%) and reduced the AUC by 26%. The effect of
      the combination of flurbiprofen and terfenadine did not differ significantly from
      that of terfenadine alone. We conclude that histamine and prostaglandins
      contribute to immediate allergen induced bronchoconstriction and that a complex
      interaction occurs between the two classes of mediators.

PMID- 2894082
TI  - Production of antibodies to palytoxin: neutralization of several biological
      properties of palytoxin.
AB  - Palytoxin stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism (in bovine aorta endothelial and
      smooth muscle cells, rat keratinocytes, porcine aorta endothelial cells and rat
      liver cells), hemolyzed rat erythrocytes and was lethal to mice when administered
      intraperitoneally. Serum from rabbits immunized with a conjugate in which
      palytoxin was covalently bound to bovine albumin through its free amino group
      neutralized these biologic activities of palytoxin. Ninety-nine per cent of the
      neutralizing activity of the immunized rabbit serum was removed after
      precipitation of the rabbit IgG with a goat anti-rabbit IgG.

PMID- 2894083
TI  - [Premedication as a component in the anesthesiological support for radical
      uranostaphyloplasty in children].

PMID- 2894085
TI  - Early lympho-hemopoietic recovery after autografting using peripheral blood stem
      cells in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2894084
TI  - Neurohumoral modulation of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response in the
      autoperfused working heart-lung preparation during cardiopulmonary preservation.
AB  - Uncontrolled pulmonary hypertension during autoperfusion of the heart and lungs
      for preservation has been described, and it may result in extensive pulmonary
      injury and occasional early failure of the preparation. In order to investigate
      the neurohumoral mediators of the vasoconstrictor response in the pulmonary
      circulation of the autoperfused working heart-lung preparation, heart-lung organ
      blocks were harvested from calves, placed in a normothermic autoperfusion
      circuit, and studied. Effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol,
      nonspecific vasodilatation with nitroglycerin, alpha-adrenergic blockade with
      phentolamine, phospholipase A2 inhibition with methylprednisolone, cyclooxygenase
      inhibition with indomethacin, and white blood cell depletion were independently
      evaluated. Untreated animals, pre- and postexplant, served as controls.
      Multipoint pulmonary vascular pressure-cardiac output plots were constructed for
      each animal. An index of pulmonary vascular resistance was obtained from the
      linear relation: mean pulmonary artery pressure minus pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure divided by cardiac output. An intense flow-dependent pulmonary
      vasoconstrictor response was confirmed to exist in the denervated bovine
      autoperfused working heart-lung preparation. Isoproterenol afforded better
      protection against this response than the other agents studied. White blood cell
      depletion reduced postexplant pulmonary vasoconstriction, implying that
      circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes mediate the response in the autoperfused
      working heart-lung preparation. White blood cell depletion and the administration
      of selected pharmacologic agents provide modalities for regulating the pulmonary
      vasoconstrictor response, and thus may enhance lung preservation in the
      autoperfusion model.

PMID- 2894086
TI  - Botulinum type D toxin and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in a bull calf.

PMID- 2894087
TI  - Human autoantibodies: probes for nucleolus structure and function.

PMID- 2894088
TI  - Simultaneous localization of calcitonin mRNA and peptide in a medullary thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - We report the visualization of calcitonin gene expression products at the mRNA
      and peptide levels on the same section of a medullary thyroid carcinoma by
      combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. mRNA detection was
      accomplished by hybridization with radioactively labeled antisense RNA probes
      followed by autoradiography and immunohistochemically using the avidin-biotin
      complex method. Best results were obtained when in situ hybridization preceded
      immunohistochemistry, as determined by quantitative analysis of the
      autoradiographs. When immunohistochemistry was performed prior to in situ
      hybridization, the RNase inhibitor heparin had to be added to the antibodies to
      retain hybridizable mRNA. The intensity of the two reactions varied in individual
      cells, indicating a functional heterogeneity of tumor cells with regard to
      calcitonin mRNA content and storage of the related immunoreactive peptide. These
      results, in combination with elevated serum calcitonin levels, suggest
      significant differences in the rate of secretion of individual tumor cells.
      Simultaneous localization of mRNA and its peptide within the same cell may,
      therefore, provide further insight into gene expression and secretory activity at
      the single cell level.

PMID- 2894090
TI  - Villin: a cytoskeletal protein and a differentiation marker expressed in some
      human adenocarcinomas.
AB  - We studied the expression of villin, a microfilament-associated, actin-binding
      protein typical of brush-border microvilli, in a variety of human carcinomas by
      applying immunofluorescence microscopy to frozen sections and immunoblotting
      methods to tissue extracts using a rabbit antiserum and a monoclonal antibody
      specific for villin. All of the 24 primary and metastatic colorectal
      adenocarcinomas tested were uniformly and strongly positive for villin, with the
      immunocytochemical labeling concentrated at the luminal cell margin. In poorly
      differentiated tumor areas, rudimentary tubules were stained. All of the six
      tubular adenocarcinomas of the stomach studied as well as two adenocarcinomas of
      the gall bladder and a hepatocellular carcinoma were also villin-positive. Villin
      was detectable in 12 of 14 adenocarcinomas of the pancreas; in some of these
      cases, its distribution was heterogeneous. Among 21 renal cell carcinomas
      investigated, positivity for villin was seen in nine of 13 clear cell tumors
      (especially those of grade II), and in all four chromophilic cell tumors;
      however, all four chromophobe cell tumors studied were negative. Four of 11
      endometrial but none of nine ovarian carcinomas were (uniformly or focally)
      villin positive. Of 18 adenocarcinomas of the lung studied, one was uniformly and
      four focally positive for villin, while the remainder were negative. All of the
      other epithelial tumors studied, including 12 adenocarcinomas of the breast and
      seven epithelial or biphasic pleural mesotheliomas, were villin negative. Our
      results show that the expression of villin in intestinal epithelial cells is
      consistently maintained in their corresponding carcinomas, even when the
      organized brush-border structure has been lost. The presence of villin in some
      endometrial and pulmonary adenocarcinomas--in contrast to its absence in the
      respective normal epithelia--suggests that this protein is newly expressed during
      hyperplasia, dysplasia, or carcinogenesis. Determining the presence or absence of
      villin and its immunocytochemical staining pattern in metastatic adenocarcinomas
      may be of some help in determining the type and site of the primary tumor.

PMID- 2894089
TI  - Purification and characterization of a growth inhibitory hepatic peptide. A
      preliminary note.
AB  - A pentapeptide isolated from normal mouse liver seems to inhibit DNA synthesis
      (3H-thymidine incorporation into liver DNA and labeling indices) and the mitotic
      rate (G2-M cell flux) in regenerating mouse liver. The inhibitor is somewhat
      similar to the growth inhibitory pentapeptides previously reported for
      granulocytes and epidermis. It is active at very low dose levels, showing a bell
      shaped dose-response curve.

PMID- 2894091
TI  - A biochemical and stereological study of neonatal rat hepatocyte subpopulations.
      Effect of pre- and postnatal exposure to ethanol.
AB  - Hepatocytes from 12-day-old rats, pre- and post-natally exposed to alcohol,
      together with those from pair-fed controls, were isolated and subfractionated in
      six cell subpopulations on Percoll density gradients. These cells were
      characterized using a combination of biochemical and stereological methods. The
      low density cells (F2) mainly showed biochemical and stereological features of
      perivenous hepatocytes, whereas the heavier cells (F6) were primarily periportal
      hepatocytes. The alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde
      dehydrogenase (high and low Km) showed more activity in the F2 fraction. Alcohol
      altered mitochondria and Golgi apparatus occurred mainly in F2 cells, whereas the
      endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes appeared to be more altered in the F6
      hepatocytes. Alcohol also induced the appearance of some small hepatocytes, with
      a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increased number of
      mitochondria. Biochemical data indicated that glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine
      aminotransferase were more affected in F2 cells from alcohol-treated rats, and
      that the activity of the ethanol-metabolizing enzymes was alos reduced in these
      hepatocytes. Our results indicate that alcohol exposure during zonal development
      in the liver could have a selective effect on specific cell components depending
      on the acinar zone, and that the perivenous hepatocytes appear to be more damaged
      under these conditions.

PMID- 2894092
TI  - Effects of chronic administration of doxorubicin on myocardial alpha-adrenergic
      receptors, histamine, cyclic nucleotides, calcium, norepinephrine, calmodulin,
      and guanylate cyclase activity, and plasma catecholamines in rats.
AB  - The present study examined changes in the levels of plasma catecholamines and
      myocardial histamine, guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic nucleotides, calcium,
      calmodulin, and norepinephrine following chronic administration of doxorubicin
      (DXR). In addition, changes in myocardial alpha 1-adrenergic receptor density and
      dissociation constant were measured. Rats received DXR (2 mg/kg) or vehicle
      weekly by the SC route for 2, 4, 8, and 13 weeks. Rats were sacrificed one week
      after their last dose. One group of rats treated for 13 weeks was sacrificed at
      19 weeks, six weeks after the last dose. Heart histamine was unchanged at 3, 5,
      9, and 19 weeks, yet at 14 weeks it was significantly elevated in DXR-treated
      rats over controls. Cardiac calcium, norepinephrine, and cyclic GMP levels were
      unchanged throughout the course of the study. Cardiac cAMP and calmodulin levels
      were unchanged at 3, 5, 9, and 14 weeks. At 19 weeks in DXR-treated rats, cAMP
      was depressed while calmodulin was elevated. Plasma catecholamines and myocardial
      guanylate cyclase activity examined at 14 weeks were unchanged. In contrast,
      alpha 1 receptor density examined at 14 weeks in DXR-treated rats was
      significantly depressed while the dissociation constant was unchanged. Changes in
      cAMP and calmodulin are suggestive of a redistribution of calcium, although total
      levels of calcium were unchanged. The depression of cAMP indicates damage to the
      membrane bound enzyme, adenylate cyclase, and that the membrane interaction of
      doxorubicin appears to be an integral part of the biochemical mechanism of its
      toxicity.

PMID- 2894093
TI  - Autoradiographic study of 3H-DOPA uptake by superior cervical and stellate
      ganglia of spontaneously hypertensive rats during the prehypertensive stage.
AB  - The functional state of sympathetic ganglia in spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR) was compared with that of ganglia in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY)
      by examining catecholamine synthetic activity by light microscopic
      autoradiography 3H-L-dihydroxyphenyl alanine (3H-DOPA). The number of silver
      grains over the perikarya of ganglion cells in the superior cervical (SCG) and
      stellate ganglia (SG) of newborn, 10-day-old and 30-day-old animals was counted
      on photographic enlargements. There were significantly more silver grains over
      ganglion cells in SHR compared with those in age-matched WKY at almost all
      incorporation times at all ages examined in SCG, at all incorporation times in
      newborn rats, and at incorporation times of 15 and 60 min in SG of 10-day-old
      rats. The increased incorporation of the label by both sympathetic ganglia was
      more marked in newborn than in 30-day-old animals. These results indicate that
      catecholamine synthetic activity in these ganglion cells is increased in SHR from
      the newborn stage, suggesting that a congenital hyperfunction of sympathetic
      ganglia occurs in SHR.

PMID- 2894094
TI  - [Influence of rations with various linoleic acid contents on the fatty acid
      composition of phospholipids in blood platelets of rats].
AB  - Gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the fatty-acid composition of
      phospholipids in platelets of Wistar-Kioto rats which received semisynthetic
      rations with varying content of linoleic acid, 1 week prenatally and 18 weeks
      postnatally. In ration I the level of 18:2n6 was lower than 0.1 cal%, ration II
      contained 9.0 cal%, and ration III -- 16.0 cal%. Ration III, as compared to
      ration II, induced an increase in the content of linoleic fatty acids,
      arachidonic fatty acid content being unchanged. Ration I, as compared to ration
      II induced a decrease in linoleic fatty acid content, and an increase in the
      content of oleic and linolenic fatty acids attended by the appearance of
      appreciable amounts of 20:3n9 and 20:5n3. Long-term linoleic acid deficiency
      induced no changes in the unsaturation degree of fatty acids in platelet
      phospholipids of rats given ration I. This is an evidence of high reserve
      possibilities of the mechanisms regulating fatty acid metabolism in the mammals.

PMID- 2894096
TI  - [Alpha-adrenergic control of kidney function. Its significance for the
      pathogenesis and treatment of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2894095
TI  - [Enzyme parameters in the evaluation of the combined effects of protein
      deficiency and T-2 mycotoxin].
AB  - Male Wistar rats received a low-protein (4.5% protein) diet during 30 days, and T
      2-toxin was administered to them through a gastric tube, in a dose of 0.54 mg/kg,
      during 15 days. The results obtained showed activation of hepatic lysosomal
      enzymes (sulfatase A and B aryl and beta-glucosidase) and alkaline phosphatase,
      and to an essential suppression of enzymatic activity of peroxisomes - catalase,
      glycolate oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase. A sharp aggravation of the
      intoxication symptoms and pronounced intensification of changes in enzymatic
      activity in the liver, spleen, thymus and blood serum were recorded in the
      animals given T-2 toxin simultaneously with the low-protein diet.

PMID- 2894097
TI  - Induction of plasma and tissue enzymes by drugs: significance in toxicological
      studies.
AB  - 1. Observations of drug metabolism enzyme induction in animals during early
      toxicological trials, and phase I or II of clinical trials, are of importance for
      the development of a new chemical of pharmacological interest. 2. Induction can
      be detected by determination of enzyme activities or enzyme proteins in tissues
      (subcellular fractions or cells in culture). 3. Indirect methods for checking
      induction can involve determinations of endogenous (i.e. glucaric acid, 6-beta
      hydroxycortisol) or xenobiotic (antipyrine) metabolites which are produced by the
      inducible enzyme systems. 4. Recent progress in the knowledge of biochemical
      mechanisms of induction and the large number of identified isoenzymes in each
      enzyme 'family' have complicated the interpretation in pharmaco-toxicological
      studies. 5. This paper describes the present state of the art concerning the
      relationships between the isoenzymes and the major classes of inducers concerning
      cytochromes P-450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      epoxide hydrolases.

PMID- 2894098
TI  - [Astemizole in urticaria--a multicenter study by 412 established dermatologists].
AB  - In the course of a multicenter study on 2122 patients treated by 412
      dermatologists in general practice, we investigated the effect of astemizole
      (Hismanal) on urticaria. During 2 weeks of treatment with astemizole 10 mg daily,
      the percentage of the patients with severe or moderate affection dropped from
      82.4% to 9.1%, while the figure of the patients with severe or moderate pruritus
      decreased from 83.9% to 7.8%. In 74% of the patients, the onset of action
      occurred during the first 24 hours. The peak of effect was reached within the
      first day in 36.6% of the patients, and within 2 days in 57.5% of the patients.
      The physicians observed an excellent outcome in 44.4% and good results in 31.9%
      of the patients. The therapeutic success was considered moderate in 12.0% and
      unsatisfactory in 9.6% of the cases. The incidence of side effects was very low,
      i.e., 5.4%. Slight sedation was observed in 1.9% of the cases.

PMID- 2894099
TI  - [Multiple forms of tubule alanine aminopeptidase in infants and small children].

PMID- 2894100
TI  - [Bivariate differentiation of alcoholic patients based on GGT and ASAT activity
      in serum].

PMID- 2894101
TI  - [Endocrine tumors of the pancreas and duodenum].

PMID- 2894102
TI  - Presence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in intestinal samples from farm
      animals with diarrhoea of unknown origin.

PMID- 2894104
TI  - [Natural history of ulcero-hemorrhagic rectocolitis. Retrospective study of 120
      cases].

PMID- 2894103
TI  - Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion by cultured islets from normal and
      diabetic hamsters.
AB  - The interhormonal relationship within the pancreatic islets have been studied by
      previous investigators, but the cellular interplay and the sequence of events in
      the islet cell's response to stimulators has remained unclear. In the present
      study, pancreatic islets were isolated by collagenase digestion from normal and
      streptozotocin-diabetic hamsters the latter being maintained with insulin
      treatment. The diabetic animals were used to provide A- and B-cell enriched
      islets. The islets from normal and diabetic hamsters were cultured in medium 199
      plus 10% fetal calf serum with 0.8 or 5 mg/ml glucose. The cultures were
      maintained for up to seven days with medium changes every third day. At specified
      intervals, media were collected and assayed for insulin, glucagon and
      somatostatin. Our results showed the expected increased insulin secretion by the
      B-cells in response to high glucose. However, after two days of culture
      accumulative insulin secretory response was reduced and at the end of seven days
      was less than the insulin produced in low glucose medium. Glucagon secretion by
      the A-cells was similar for low and high glucose media for the entire culture
      period. Somatostatin secretion by D-cells was stimulated by high glucose but was
      attenuated after 2 days. No correlation could be found between the concentration
      of hormone in the media and a possible effect on a specific islet secretion.
      However, the fact that insulin secretion by islets cultured in high glucose was
      decreased after two days may indicate a refractoriness produced by persistent
      hyperglycemia. Islets isolated from diabetic animals secreted more glucagon and
      less insulin than control islets. Somatostatin secretion was the same in both
      groups. It was concluded that paracrine relationships were relatively
      insignificant in the regulation of islet secretion in a prolonged culture
      environment and persistent high glucose reduced the B-cell response to glucose
      stimulation.

PMID- 2894105
TI  - 5-aminosalicylic acid based drugs for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2894106
TI  - The influence of alfentanil on the intubating conditions after priming with
      vecuronium.
AB  - The ability of alfentanil 15 micrograms kg-1 or 30 micrograms kg-1 to improve
      intubating conditions was studied in four groups of 25 ASA class 1 patients.
      Induction of anaesthesia was with thiopentone 5 mg kg-1. Neuromuscular blockade
      was induced with vecuronium using the priming principle. The priming dose,
      priming interval and intubating dose were 0.01 mg kg-1, 4 min, and 0.1 mg kg-1,
      respectively. Intubation was attempted 1 min after the intubating dose.
      Intubating conditions were judged unacceptable in about 30% of the patients
      belonging to the control groups. Alfentanil 15 micrograms kg-1, when administered
      65 s before intubation, reduced the incidence of coughing and diaphragmatic
      movement (P less than 0.05) but did not reduce the incidence of overall
      unacceptable intubating conditions. Alfentanil 30 micrograms kg-1, however,
      reduced the incidence of vocal cord movement (P less than 0.005) as well as
      coughing and diaphragmatic movement (P less than 0.002). Alfentanil 30 micrograms
      kg-1 reduced the incidence of unacceptable intubating conditions from about 30%
      to 4% (P less than 0.02).

PMID- 2894107
TI  - Diffusion of metronidazole through the dentinal tubules of extracted teeth.
AB  - Passing of metronidazole from the root canal of extracted gangrenous teeth
      through the dentinal tubules was proved by agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory
      concentration assay. The findings explain the excellent clinical experience with
      metronidazole in root treatment.

PMID- 2894108
TI  - The specificity of antisera against Bordetella pertussis examined by bacterial
      agglutination.
AB  - The specificity of conventional, adsorbed antisera against agglutinogens 1, 2,
      and 3 of Bordetella pertussis was examined by slide agglutination and by
      agglutination in microtitre wells. Unadsorbed hyperimmune sera showed higher
      agglutinating activity against autologous or homologous cells than against cells
      of heterologous serotype. Adsorption of sera with heterologous cells increased
      the serotype specificity considerably. In spite of extensive adsorption, these
      anti-agglutinogen sera were still found to cross-react with B. parapertussis
      and/or B. bronchiseptica strains. Adsorption experiments with B. pertussis
      hyperimmune sera against serotype 1-, 1.2-, and 1.3-organisms demonstrated that
      the cross-reacting surface antigens differed from the agglutinogens 1, 2, and 3.
      Thus, in making species-specific reagents for diagnostic use it may be of value
      to include adsorption with B. parapertussis and probably with B. bronchiseptica.
      Limited data indicated that there is no need to use B. avium for adsorption. The
      agglutination assays were also used to test three monoclonal antibodies stated to
      be specific for the agglutinogens 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Some anomalous
      behaviour for the anti-agglutinogen 1 reagent was found, whereas the anti
      agglutinogen 2 and 3 reagents corresponded well with the present polyclonal
      factor sera.

PMID- 2894109
TI  - Oxidation of beta-blocking agents. V. Light-influenced oxidation of propranolol
      and its glycol with N-bromosuccinimide.

PMID- 2894110
TI  - Effect of clotiazepam on gastric mucosal lesions produced by conditioned
      emotional stimuli in mice.
AB  - The anti-ulcer action of clotiazepam (a thienodiazepine derivative) was studied
      in mice subjected to non-physical and physical stimuli in a communication box.
      There were two groups of mice: the "sender" mice that received electric shocks on
      the feet and responded by squealing and jumping, and the "responder" mice that
      were affected by the senders' responses without receiving shocks on the feet.
      Gastric ulcers resulted in both groups. The effect of clotiazepam was compared
      with that of diazepam. The incidence of gastric ulcers was suppressed by
      clotiazepam at a dose of 3 mg/kg, per os, in "responder" and "sender" mice, and
      by diazepam at a dose of 1 mg/kg, per os, in "responder" mice. These results
      suggest that clotiazepam has a suppressive action against gastric ulcers produced
      by non-physical or physical stimuli, although its potency is slightly weaker than
      that of diazepam.

PMID- 2894111
TI  - [Participation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis plasmids in the
      determination of crystal endotoxin synthesis].

PMID- 2894112
TI  - Isolation, purification and identification of antibiotic complex-1011 from
      Streptomyces sp. 1011.

PMID- 2894113
TI  - Comparative investigation of the components of antibiotic complex 1011 with thin
      layer chromatography of variants from Streptomyces sp. 1000.

PMID- 2894115
TI  - [Integral therapy of complex joint injuries].
AB  - The final treatment result in severe joint injuries especially in polytraumatized
      patients, after a correct primary care, depends on a logical sequence of
      application of all necessary supporting measures. The importance of these special
      steps depending on the overall type of injury should preferably be assessed and
      controlled by the surgeon who performed the initial treatment. Several examples
      of an integral treatment of different joint injuries are demonstrated.

PMID- 2894114
TI  - Molecular biological studies on structure and mechanism of proton translocating
      ATPase (H+-ATPase, F0F1).
AB  - Recent results on ATPase, mainly from E. coli, obtained by biochemical and
      molecular biological approaches are reviewed, with special emphasis on results
      obtained in this laboratory. The advantages of using E. coli in studies of this
      important enzyme in oxidative phosphorylation are indicated: variant enzymes with
      specific amino acid replacements can be obtained and their functions and
      structures can be compared with those of the wild-type enzyme. Structural aspects
      of this complex enzyme are discussed, including the primary amino acid sequences
      and molecular assembly of subunits, and mechanistic aspects of the catalytic
      mechanism and proton translocation.

PMID- 2894116
TI  - [Arthrolysis in the treatment of post-traumatic joint stiffness of the knee and
      elbow joints].
AB  - In the treatment of posttraumatic limitation of the range of motion, arthrolysis
      is a proved procedure in the hand of an experienced surgeon. In this paper,
      indication, operative details and postoperative treatment are discussed. The
      results of 51 cases of arthrolysis of the knee joint and 33 cases of arthrolysis
      of the elbow joint carried out over a time of seven years are reported.

PMID- 2894117
TI  - [Synergistic joint diagnosis].
AB  - Many methods are useful in the diagnosis of diseases of the joints. Noninvasive
      methods deserve preference; invasive techniques such as arthrography and
      arthroscopy are second choice, after noninvasive methods have been applied. The
      synergic combination of the two last-named methods has proved successful.
      Arthrography, performed before arthroscopy in the operation theatre, supplements
      arthroscopy findings and extends the diagnostic value of the arthroscopic
      findings, in a similar manner as the combination of computed tomography and
      arthrography.

PMID- 2894118
TI  - [Development of intramedullary nailing and the interlocking nail].
AB  - Development of practically feasible methods for intramedullary stabilisation of
      fragments is inseparably linked to the name of Gerhard Kuntscher. The principle
      of elastic transverse fixation of the nail in the medullary cavity permits its
      use only in fractures in the median diaphyseal range of tubular bones. For
      multiple and comminuted fractures Kuntscher recommended a so-called "detention"
      or "locking" nail. This was developed further by Klemm and Schellmann, thus
      extending the range of indication for intramedullary fragment stabilisation. The
      origins and phases of development of this method are shown.

PMID- 2894119
TI  - [Expert assessment of reduced earning capacity in legal accident insurance
      following traumatic loss of the spleen].
AB  - For legally binding assessment of reduced earning capacity after loss of spleen
      in adolescents and adults--in accordance with the Federal German compulsory
      accident insurance regulations--the article offers a brief review of expertising
      practice and then proceeds to examine dogmatically which of the cases of
      subsequent damage after loss of spleen are relevant according to German social
      security laws. The risk covered by Federal German compulsory accident insurance
      is critically discussed while bearing in mind that assessment of reduced earning
      capacity is done exclusively under the viewpoint of objectifiable functional
      losses.

PMID- 2894120
TI  - [Reconstruction of tangential and circular infected bone defects].
AB  - In the treatment of bone infections the reconstruction and rehabilitation of bone
      defects is a problem that often requires treatment secondary to curative
      treatment of the infection. For the reconstruction of smaller and more extensive
      defects we used predominantly (92.7%) autogenous (autologous) untreated spongiosa
      and in only 7% of the cases allogenic (homologous) spongiosa from an organ bank,
      this being added if necessary. Recently the additionally introduced vascularized
      bone chip has become a useful extension of the therapy concept. The problems and
      complications of defect reconstruction are demonstrated for 705 cases of bone
      infection with 472 defects of different sizes, based on a comprehensive
      classification with defect calculation. Surgical technical approach and special
      aspects of after-treatment are described, as well as the results for every group
      of cases. We achieved stability and freedom from infection in a total of 93.7% of
      the patients. As was to be expected, the problems grow with the size of the
      defect. Particularly problematic are joint infections with adjacent extensive
      circular defect.

PMID- 2894121
TI  - [Contusion of the heart].
AB  - Whereas heart contusion can be identified by autopsy as a traumatic damage to the
      heart, clinical diagnosis during life is mostly made by exclusion only and
      subsequently, the more so since there is no absolutely reliable parameter that
      permits diagnosis ad hoc. Complications often develop only hours or days after
      the accident. Heart contusion can be masked by haemorrhagic-traumatic shock and
      accompanying injuries and delay its diagnosis. Traumatic damage to the myocardium
      can equal a myocardial infarction. Hence, it is imperative that persons injured
      in an accident who are suspected of having suffered a contusion of the heart, are
      placed in an intensive-care ward to recognise complications well in time and to
      institute therapeutic measures without delay. As is the case with acute
      myocardial infarction, anaesthesia and surgery can be performed only in case of a
      vital indication.

PMID- 2894122
TI  - [Closed femoral intramedullary nailing without drilling--a 14-year evaluation].
AB  - A sufficiently stable osteosynthesis is demanded on the basis of the conditions
      formulated for the healing of bone fractures. This demand applies to fractures in
      general. For intramedullary nailing in particular, it is a major postulate that
      sufficient stability can only be attained if the medullar cavity is drilled open.
      Such drilling aims at establishing an extended contact between the cortical
      substance of the bone and the nail while exercising at the same time a clamping
      force that is elastic in transverse direction. In our accident emergency hospital
      (Ludwigshafen) the medullar cavity is not drilled open. This entails the use of
      frequently very thin intramedullary nails so that the nail can pass through the
      hourglass-like narrow pathway in the centre. Although this kind of osteosyntheses
      is insufficient in respect of stability and ensuring rotation, the healing of
      bone fractures does not present any problems. As a matter of fact, 450 femurs
      have been treated at our hospital during the pase 14 years with intramedullary
      Kuntscher nailing without drilling. It is demonstrated that this kind of
      stabilising the fracture is associated with an extremely low incidence of
      pseudarthroses and infections. Further complications are stated.

PMID- 2894123
TI  - [Conservative therapy of acetabular fractures--indications and results].
AB  - Conservative treatment of acetabular fractures seems to be indicated either in
      cases of little displacement or wherever reconstruction of the acetabulum by
      operation is impossible. Following the classification of Judet and Letournel a
      satisfactory result can be expected only in fractures with little dislocation,
      such as the caudal transverse type and the anterior wall type. The indication for
      open reduction and reconstruction is given if cranial and/or dorsal components of
      the acetabulum are involved. In special cases treatment by vertical traction must
      be combined with a side traction by means of a trochanter screw; in the early
      phase of traction frequent radiological controls are obligatory. Early
      physiotherapy is also necessary to achieve satisfactory functional results. Based
      on the follow-up examination of 38 patients with 39 fractures of the acetabulum,
      conservative treatment is discussed in respect of fracture type, the extent of
      displacement and the clinical results.

PMID- 2894125
TI  - Differential diagnosis of facial chorea.

PMID- 2894124
TI  - Epidemiology and pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesias.

PMID- 2894126
TI  - Involuntary vocalizations in movement disorders.

PMID- 2894127
TI  - Adaptive changes in brain dopamine function as a result of neuroleptic treatment.

PMID- 2894128
TI  - Dopaminergic mechanisms in cranial dystonia.

PMID- 2894129
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies for the differential detection of Trypanosoma cruzi
      and T. rangeli in epidemiological studies and xenodiagnosis.
AB  - T. cruzi and T. rangeli have the same insect and mammalian hosts, including man,
      and in addition share approximately half the antigenic determinants recognised by
      the humoral response. Thus serodiagnosis of T. cruzi infection in areas where T.
      rangeli is endemic may include an unknown rate of false positives due to this
      antigenic cross-reactivity. Similarly, the results of xenodiagnostic procedures
      and epidemiological surveys of insect vectors are prone to distortion because of
      the close morphological resemblance of the epimastigote stages. The description
      of a T. cruzi epimastigote specific monoclonal antibody, 2A2, which reacts with
      both culture and insect derived epimastigotes provides a more reliable basis for
      differential diagnosis of these two parasites.

PMID- 2894130
TI  - Electron microscopical studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. II.
      Parasite and host cell differences between the localized and the diffuse form.
AB  - The ultrastructure of Leishmania aethiopica parasites and their host cells was
      investigated in lesions of 7 patients suffering from diffuse cutaneous
      leishmaniasis (DCL) and in lesions of 4 patients with localized cutaneous
      leishmaniasis (LCL). The appearance of host cells and parasites varied
      considerably in both disease forms. Host cell variations occurred especially in
      the number of cytoplasmic vesicles, the size of the parasitophorous vacuoles, and
      the number of amastigotes per parasitophorous vacuole. Differences concerned the
      occurrence of a special macrophage-type in DCL-lesions which was characterized by
      an electron-translucent cytoplasm and a low degree of parasitization, larger
      parasitophorous vacuoles with higher numbers of amastigotes per vacuole in
      infected macrophages from DCL-patients, and the number of electron dense granules
      in host cell vacuoles of DCL-patients. The parasites inducing DCL and LCL
      significantly differed in size and membrane structure: Amastigotes had a length
      of 2.27 +/- 0.48 micron and a width of 1.77 +/- 0.40 micron in DCL-lesions, and
      1.92 +/- 0.40 micron and 1.48 +/- 0.32 micron in LCL-lesions. Promastigotes
      obtained from DCL-patients revealed 2078 +/- 308 integral membrane particles
      (IMP)/micron2 and 892 +/- 246 IMP/micron2 on the P- and E-fracture faces of
      plasma membranes, while the corresponding values of LCL-derived promastigotes
      amounted to 1690 +/- 376 IMP/micron2 and 652 +/- 274 IMP/micron2, respectively.

PMID- 2894131
TI  - Comparative infectivity of a Kenyan strain of Leishmania donovani amastigotes for
      Rattus rattus and the laboratory white rat.
AB  - Amastigotes of a Kenyan strain of Leishmania donovani from a previously infected
      hamster were used to inoculate Rattus rattus and the laboratory white rat
      intracardially. The animals were sampled at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks post
      inoculation to determine infectivity and total parasite burdens in the liver and
      spleen. Higher parasite burdens were observed in the livers and spleens of R.
      rattus. Parasite culture indicated more generalized parasite dissemination
      compared to the white rat. Demonstration of the parasite in dermal tissue of R.
      rattus at 2 and 4 weeks suggests that the parasite may be accessible to sandfly
      vectors. Transient susceptibility to systemic infection and parasite survival in
      dermal tissue suggests a potential role of R. rattus in the transmission cycle of
      Kenyan visceral leishmaniasis.

PMID- 2894132
TI  - Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis programmes in Zimbabwe.
AB  - Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis programmes was studied in the National
      Railways and two large commercial farm labour forces in Zimbabwe. Prophylaxis was
      primarily conducted using pyrimethamine/dapsone and the study measured compliance
      rates through interview and the detection of drug in the urine. Compliance rates
      as indicated from registers or questioning were not always reliable and were
      found from urine examination to be in the range of 50-60% for the farm labour
      force. Annual drug utilization figures also indicated that complete coverage was
      not being achieved. - The results are discussed in relation to the difficulties
      involved in implementing malaria prophylaxis programmes. The limited use of large
      scale chemoprophylaxis is stressed, particularly in the light of increasing drug
      resistance.

PMID- 2894133
TI  - Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium, S. mattheei and
      S. mansoni in the highveld region of Zimbabwe.
AB  - The pattern of fluctuation in the population size of Bulinus globosus and
      Biomphalaria pfeifferi, in their infection rates with Schistosoma haematobium/S.
      mattheei and S. mansoni, respectively, and in the cercarial population size as
      monitored using hamster immersions, was elucidated in streams in the temperate
      highveld region of Zimbabwe over a 27-month period during 1982-1984. The results
      revealed that transmission of S. mansoni was erratic and unpredictable without a
      clearcut seasonal transmission pattern. In contrast, transmission of S.
      haematobium and S. mattheei exhibited a marked seasonal pattern, being most
      intensive during the hot, dry season (September-November) and markedly reduced
      during the cold, dry season (June-August). During the rainy (December-February)
      and warm, post-rainy (March-May) seasons transmission was moderate and variable,
      but occasionally intensive. The results also showed that rodent immersion is to
      be preferred to measurements of snail population size and snail infection rate in
      elucidating seasonality of transmission of schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2894134
TI  - Population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus after 7 to 8 years of vector control
      in West Africa.
AB  - In an attempt to describe the changing population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus
      during a period of vector control, nodulectomies were undertaken in 256 patients
      from ten villages in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) and in 74
      patients from two villages in an area with ongoing transmission. A total of 1198
      nodules were excised and 4350 adult worms were isolated and examined for
      viability and productivity. In the OCP villages, the worm population is ageing
      and dying without replacement by new generations of parasites and various
      findings signal a breakdown of the worm population after about 12 years
      interruption of transmission. The sexual activity of the worms was significantly
      reduced. A Productivity Index was developed to measure the microfilariae
      production at the nodule level. The reduction in this index for the OCP villages
      correlates closely with the decline over the control period in the community
      microfilarial loads in the skin. The results show that it is not only the
      longevity of the parasite which will determine the duration of vector control,
      but that the reduced productivity of the ageing parasite population is of equal
      importance.

PMID- 2894135
TI  - Serodiagnosis of African trypanosomiasis using a chemiluminescent enzyme
      immunoassay.

PMID- 2894136
TI  - Competent metabolic utilization of hydrogen peroxide by trypanosomes.

PMID- 2894137
TI  - Diabetogenic action of calcitonin in acute experiment in healthy humans.

PMID- 2894138
TI  - Virion transcriptase activity of rimantadine-sensitive and rimantadine-resistant
      variants of human influenza virus.
AB  - All rimantadine-resistant variants of influenza virus prepared by consecutive
      passages in the presence of rimantadine had increased virion transcriptase
      activity as compared to the original strains. The increased virion transcriptase
      activity of rimantadine-resistant strains was unrelated to the possible role of
      M1 protein, since RNPs isolated from the virions of these variants also revealed
      higher transcriptase activity as compared to RNPs isolated from rimantadine
      sensitive virus. The study of rimantadine-resistant recombinant X-4 which
      inherited from the resistant fowl plague virus (FPV) only the gene 7 coding for M
      proteins provided additional evidence for the suggestion that the increased
      virion transcriptase activity of rimantadine-resistant influenza virus variants
      is coincidental rather than directly associated with such resistance.

PMID- 2894139
TI  - Potiskum virus: enhancement of replication in a macrophage-like cell line.
AB  - Replication of Potiskum virus was studied in P388D1 macrophage-like cell line in
      the presence and absence of subneutralizing concentrations of specific antiviral
      antibody. The cultures were infected at multiplicities of infection (MOI) ranging
      from 0.4 to 0.0004. The virus replicated to high titres at all MOI tested, but
      there was an enhancement of virus replication in cultures supplemented with the
      antibody. Enhancement of replication was MOI dependent, the highest ratios being
      obtained in cultures infected at lowest MOI. In enhancement assays using various
      dilutions of immune mouse ascitic fluid (IMAF), the highest enhancement ratio was
      observed at dilution 1 : 500; the enhancing antibody titre was 5,000.

PMID- 2894140
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measurement of antibodies
      against equine herpesvirus 2 in equine sera.
AB  - An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the
      detection of antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) in equine sera.
      The optimal conditions of antigen concentration, and serum and conjugate
      dilutions were established by chequerboard titrations. When the standard ELISA
      test was used for titration of test sera, it was found to give titres
      approximately 1500 times higher than those obtained in the virus neutralization
      (VN) test, and a correlation coefficient of 0.815 was obtained between these two
      tests on 42 equine sera. All the positive serum samples by the VN were also
      positive by the ELISA, and one negative serum in the former test was found to be
      positive in the latter. Under field conditions, the test also detected increases
      in antibody titres against EHV-2 in 13 out of 14 foals soon after these animals
      excreted the virus.

PMID- 2894141
TI  - Preparation of influenza B virus recombinant strains.
AB  - The study of antigenic and biologic properties of influenza B epidemic viruses
      isolated in 1979 and 1983 and laboratory strain B/Lee/40 has revealed some
      differences in their biologic properties. The most marked changes have been found
      in the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) indicating that influenza B
      viruses underwent dramatic antigenic drifts during the period in question. The
      strains obtained by genetic recombination have inherited surface antigens of
      epidemic influenza B/Singapore/222/79 and B/USSR/100/83 viruses and preserved the
      HA thermolability inherent to these viruses. They have, however, acquired the
      marker of reproduction in chick embryos and the immunogenicity from the donor
      strain B/Lee/40. These recombinants can be, therefore, recommended as vaccine
      strain candidates.

PMID- 2894142
TI  - Formation of autoimmune effectors after transfer of virus-induced autoreactive
      precursors to syngeneic intact receptor animals.
AB  - We verified the assumption that autoimmune responses underlie immunosuppression
      developing in the course of virus infection. It has been shown by adoptive
      transfer that administration of Langat-virus-induced autoreactive lymphocytes
      (ARL) to the syngeneic recipient is followed by accumulation of autoreactive
      effectors (AE) eliciting a graft-verus-host reaction (GVHR) in the syngeneic
      system (AEgvhr). In addition, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (AEc) appeared against the
      syngeneic macrophages. This effect was mediated by the H-2 restriction principle
      for ARL donors and their recipients. The infection triggered a T-suppressor
      mediated reaction inhibiting the differentiation of precursors into mature
      autoreactive effectors. In the absence of T-cell suppressor effect (on
      consecutive syngeneic transfer) ARL will cause systemic pathologic changes in the
      recipients, namely, infiltrative and necrotic lesions in different organs and
      tissues. This mechanism is attributed to the activation of precursors in the body
      of intact recipient and to the formation of mature effectors owing to cytokines
      released by donor ARL.

PMID- 2894143
TI  - Barbash strain spotted fever group rickettsia is a strain of Rickettsia conorii
      and differs from Rickettsia sibirica.
AB  - The Barbash strain of spotted fever group rickettsia was reexamined in this study
      by the microimmunofluorescence test with mouse antisera and with monoclonal
      antibodies. Protein immunoblotting was performed for comparison of purified
      antigens of R. rickettsii, R. sibirica, R. conorii and Barbash strain. Comparison
      of Barbash strain, R. rickettsii (Sheila Smith strain), R. conorii (Malish 7
      strain), and R. sibirica (strains 232, 246 and Jinghe-74) of the spotted fever
      group in the microimmunofluorescence test of Philip et al. revealed that Barbash
      strain has antigens that yield homologous titers with the R. conorii strains and
      differ from R. sibirica and R. rickettsii. Monoclonal antibodies specific for R.
      conorii react at identical titres with the Barbash strain, and a monoclonal
      antibody specific for R. sibirica does not react with the Barbash strain.
      Likewise, T-cell hybridomas reactive with R. conorii but not R. sibirica yield a
      strong response when stimulated by Barbash strain antigens. Western
      immunoblotting with the same polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies confirmed the
      presence of specific protein antigens of R. conorii and different protein
      antigenic composition of R. sibirica when compared with Barbash strain. Thus,
      Barbash strain is a strain of R. conorii.

PMID- 2894144
TI  - Effect of Mg2+ ions on the in vitro translation of red clover mottle virus M RNA.
AB  - Red clover mottle virus middle-component RNA was translated in rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate into two primary polypeptides with molecular weights of
      95,000 and 105,000. The relative ratio of the two polypeptides synthesized was
      affected by Mg2+ concentration.

PMID- 2894145
TI  - Serological evidence of the distribution of murine alphaherpesviruses on the
      territory of Czechoslovakia.

PMID- 2894146
TI  - Respiratory complications of gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux may predispose patients to pulmonary complications such
      as bronchospasm and aspiration pneumonitis. This is especially true in patients
      who are critically ill, those with reflux-induced asthma and those undergoing
      general anesthesia. Decreasing the amount of acid reflux reduces the potential
      for respiratory complications. In patients at risk, administration of H2-receptor
      antagonists minimizes the risk of acid aspiration and resolves asthma symptoms.

PMID- 2894147
TI  - Drug therapy for intracranial suppuration.

PMID- 2894149
TI  - A symposium: Rilmenidine--a novel alpha2 agonist antihypertensive agent.

PMID- 2894148
TI  - Hemodynamic recovery during simulated ventricular tachycardia: role of adrenergic
      receptor activation.
AB  - Ventricular tachycardia (VT) produces a wide variety of hemodynamic outcomes.
      Variations in autonomic nervous system response were studied in an animal model
      of VT. In 18 dogs anesthetized with chloralose VT was simulated by ventricular
      pacing (rate 240 bpm). Dynamic changes in left ventricular (LV) function were
      assessed during sinus rhythm and after VT was initiated, under variable autonomic
      conditions: ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium (n = 5), alpha-adrenergic
      blockade with terazosin (n = 7; 0.3 mg/kg), and beta-adrenergic blockade with
      propranolol (n = 6; 2 mg/kg). Micromanometers were used to measure LV pressure,
      and endocardial piezo crystals assessed changes in cavity size. Sinus interval,
      an index of autonomic tone, was determined immediately after tachycardia was
      terminated. Under control conditions the onset of simulated VT was accompanied by
      severe hypotension, with a decline in LV systolic pressure from 113 +/- 5 to 67
      +/- 4 mm Hg within 10 seconds (p less than 0.05). Subsequently, during persistent
      tachycardia peak LV pressure recovered to sinus values, and maximum +dP/dt
      exceeded sinus values by 20 seconds (2604 +/- 413 vs 2112 +/- 184 mm Hg/sec; 20
      seconds for VT vs sinus rhythm). Diastolic pressures were unchanged, and sinus
      rate accelerated. Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium resulted in persistent
      hypotension, blunted +dP/dt, no change in diastolic pressures, and failure of the
      sinus rate to accelerate after the tachycardia. After beta blockade there was
      sustained hypotension (LV systolic pressure 78 +/- 4 vs 120 +/- 5 mm Hg; 20
      seconds for VT vs sinus rhythm), maximum +dP/dt was blunted, and minimum
      diastolic ventricular pressure rose. This was due to an upward shift in the
      diastolic pressure-dimension relationship associated with prolongation of the
      time constant of LV relaxation. The sinus interval did not change. In contrast,
      tachycardia during alpha blockade produced a sustained fall in peak LV pressure;
      however, maximum +dP/dt recovered (2194 +/- 328 vs 2154 +/- 153 mm Hg/sec; 20
      seconds for VT vs sinus rhythm), minimum diastolic LV pressure remained low, and
      sinus rate accelerated after ventricular tachycardia. Hemodynamic recovery during
      ventricular tachycardia is mediated by the response of the autonomic nervous
      system and requires both alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction and beta-adrenergic
      augmentation of contraction and relaxation.

PMID- 2894150
TI  - Advantages and disadvantages of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists for systemic
      hypertension.
AB  - Alpha 2-receptor agonists are effective antihypertensive drugs that reduce
      sympathetic activity by both central and peripheral mechanisms. Plasma
      noradrenaline and renin concentrations are reduced. Hemodynamic disturbances are
      minor with a near-normal cardiovascular response to standing, exercise and volume
      depletion. The main problems are due to central adverse effects, particularly
      sedation, and a syndrome of sympathetic overactivity on sudden withdrawal. These
      problems can be minimized by using lower doses, while therapy with a useful
      antihypertensive drug is maintained. Clonidine and its analogs have a low
      toxicity and very few contraindications. They remain a useful part of the
      therapeutic armamentarium in hypertension.

PMID- 2894151
TI  - Sites of actions of alpha 2 agonists in the brain and periphery.
AB  - Alpha 2 agonists including rilmenidine, clonidine and alpha methylnoradrenaline
      all seem to have a predominantly central action in lowering blood pressure.
      Studies using the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-methyldopa hydrazine
      in both experimental animals and humans support the predominant central action of
      the active metabolite of methyldopa, alpha methylnoradrenaline. Comparative
      studies on the antihypertensive potency of selective alpha 2 agonists like
      rilmenidine, guanfacine, clonidine and lofexidine suggest that the relative
      ability to bind to alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors is not critical but the
      ability to enter the central nervous system is essential for antihypertensive
      efficacy.

PMID- 2894152
TI  - Sites of action of alpha 2 agonists and antagonists.
AB  - The alpha 2 adrenoceptor is found on central and peripheral neurons, on vascular
      smooth muscle and on endocrine tissue. Although some investigational drugs have
      widely varying affinities for these sites, clinically available alpha 2 agonists
      and antagonists act at all alpha 2 receptors. This report illustrates a strategy
      for evaluating the relative contributions of both central nervous system vs
      peripheral and of prejunctional vs postjunctional actions of a new drug by
      measurement of several alpha 2 receptor-mediated hemodynamic and neuroendocrine
      responses. Evidence is also provided for a temporal dissociation of pre- and
      postjunctional alpha 2 responses that may permit selective postjunctional alpha 2
      blockade to be of clinical value in the treatment of sympathetically induced
      reductions of skin blood flow.

PMID- 2894153
TI  - Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of rilmenidine (S 3341) in
      rats.
AB  - Rilmenidine (S 3341) is a new alpha 2 agonist, with antihypertensive properties.
      Pharmacologic data concerning its hemodynamic and central nervous system effects
      in the rat are described in this report. In the anesthetized or conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rat, rilmenidine was found effective and potent as an
      antihypertensive agent, lowering blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner after
      intravenous and oral administration. These effects are related to a reduction in
      sympathetic tone as seen by the decrease in plasma catecholamines induced by
      rilmenidine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Studies in the normotensive
      pithed rat (electrical stimulation and adrenalectomization) confirmed the
      presynaptic alpha 2-stimulating properties of rilmenidine and suggested that a
      component of the antihypertensive activity of rilmenidine could be exerted
      through these peripheral receptors. A study of the central effects of rilmenidine
      was performed using classic neuropharmacologic tests. No effect was observed on
      the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time in the rat. Rilmenidine caused only a
      minimal and non-dose-dependent inhibition of the righting reflex in the chick. In
      the rat, rilmenidine did not decrease the motor activity at concentrations up to
      50 times higher than the antihypertensive dose. These results confirmed the
      contrast between rilmenidine and clonidine and suggest that a dissociation
      between sedative and antihypertensive effects could occur with rilmenidine.

PMID- 2894154
TI  - Action of rilmenidine on locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe cells in vivo and in
      vitro.
AB  - The effect of rilmenidine (S 3341) and clonidine on the firing rate of locus
      ceruleus (LC) and dorsal raphe (DR) cells was studied in vivo after systemic and
      microiontophoretic administration. The effect of the 2 drugs was also studied in
      vitro on brain slices containing LC cells. Rilmenidine and clonidine inhibited
      the firing of LC and DR neurons. Complementary experiments performed with
      yohimbine and prazosin demonstrated that the effect of LC is related to an
      agonistic action on alpha 2 somatodendritic receptors, whereas the effect
      observed on DR cells is indirect. On LC cells, clonidine is 30 to 60 times as
      potent as rilmenidine. These observations may be related to less sedative effects
      of rilmenidine than of clonidine.

PMID- 2894155
TI  - Effects of two alpha 2 agonists, rilmenidine and clonidine, on the morphine
      withdrawal syndrome and their potential addictive properties in rats.
AB  - The interaction between adrenergic systems and opiate receptors or neuronal
      systems linked to these receptors has been previously demonstrated. For this
      reason, clonidine can be used to reduce withdrawal syndrome to opiates.
      Rilmenidine (S 3341) is a new agonist of alpha 2 adrenoceptors. The purpose of
      these experiments was to compare the effects of rilmenidine and clonidine on
      morphine withdrawal syndrome and their potential addictive properties in the rat.
      Rats were made morphine-dependent by repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.)
      administration of increasing doses of morphine. Withdrawal was precipitated by
      injecting naloxone subcutaneously. Withdrawal scores were evaluated for 10
      minutes. Clonidine (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) and rilmenidine (5 and 10
      mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced overall withdrawal scores. Addictive potential
      was evaluated in the rat by a place preference test after the following
      treatments (mg/kg, i.p.): rilmenidine 0.1 to 5, clonidine 0.01 to 0.5, heroin
      0.12, and d-amphetamine 1.5. Rilmenidine did not modify the time spent in the
      conditioned side at doses of 0.1 to 1 and 5 mg/kg, but increased it at 2.5 mg/kg
      (+25%). In contrast, a reinforcing effect was induced by clonidine (+21%, +43%,
      +34% at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg), heroin (+39%) and amphetamine (+52%). In
      conclusion, rilmenidine as well as clonidine reduced the morphine withdrawal
      syndrome. However, rilmenidine was 100 times less active than clonidine.
      Clonidine, heroin and d-amphetamine have clear reinforcing properties.
      Rilmenidine did not exhibit dose-dependent reinforcing properties and the
      isolated effect noted after 2.5 mg/kg is difficult to interpret because it is
      minor and is not observed with a higher dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894156
TI  - Effects of continuous infusions (10 days) and cessation of infusions of clonidine
      and rilmenidine (S 3341) on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug that acts in vivo at both
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor sites, whereas rilmenidine (S 3341) is more
      selective for alpha 2 adrenoceptors. The present study compared the effects of
      continuous 10-day infusions of clonidine (5 micrograms/kg/hour) with those of
      rilmenidine (100 micrograms/kg/hour) on various cardiovascular and behavioral
      parameters in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. The changes in these parameters
      after cessation of the infusions were also compared. At these rates of infusion,
      clonidine and rilmenidine produced quantitatively similar reductions in mean
      arterial pressure (MAP), lability of MAP and cardiovascular responsiveness during
      normal behaviors such as eating and grooming. Neither drug infusion affected
      heart rate. The cessation of the clonidine infusion resulted in a "withdrawal"
      syndrome characterized by prominent rapid eye movement-sleep rebound, and
      cardiovascular and behavioral disturbances including an increased lability of
      MAP, exaggerated cardiovascular responses during normal behaviors, tachycardia,
      and an "opiate abstinence-like" syndrome including head and body shakes.
      Cessation of rilmenidine infusion resulted in somewhat similar cardiovascular and
      behavioral disturbances, but unlike clonidine there was a return to normal rapid
      eye movement sleep without rebound.

PMID- 2894157
TI  - Effects of rilmenidine on bronchomotor responses in the guinea pig.
AB  - This study compares the effects of 2 alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, rilmenidine (S
      3341) and clonidine, on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction (HIB) in guinea
      pigs. Clonidine has previously been shown to potentiate HIB in guinea pigs. The
      study was conducted in anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated guinea pigs. Six
      groups of at least 6 guinea pigs were pretreated with saline, rilmenidine (0.1,
      0.3 and 1 mg/kg intravenously) or clonidine (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg intravenously),
      respectively. Conductance, dynamic compliance and static compliance of the
      respiratory system were measured before and during histamine infusion (80
      ng/kg/s) and expressed as percent variation. Clonidine potentiated HIB as
      previously reported. In contrast, rilmenidine potentiated HIB only at the dose of
      1 mg/kg. As it is well known that HIB is influenced by adrenergic outflow, these
      results suggest that rilmenidine has less inhibitory effect than clonidine on
      adrenal secretion.

PMID- 2894158
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of rilmenidine in healthy subjects.
AB  - Rilmenidine is a novel alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, used in the treatment of
      mild or moderate hypertension at the oral dose of 1 mg once or twice daily. The
      pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated after single or repeated
      administration in healthy subjects, using labeled and unlabeled compounds.
      Rilmenidine was rapidly and extensively absorbed, with an absolute
      bioavailability factor close to 1 and a maximal plasma concentration achieved
      within 2 hours. Rilmenidine was not subject to presystemic metabolism.
      Distribution was independent of the free fraction because rilmenidine was weakly
      bound to plasma proteins (less than 10%). The volume of distribution was
      approximately 5 l.kg-1 (315 liters). Elimination was rapid with a total body
      plasma clearance of approximately 450 ml.min-1 and an elimination half-life of
      approximately 8 hours. Renal excretion was the major elimination process (two
      thirds of the total clearance). Metabolism was very poor, with a renal
      elimination of rilmenidine as the parent drug (urinary fraction of rilmenidine
      was about 65% and no metabolite plasma levels were detected). Linear
      pharmacokinetics were demonstrated for rilmenidine from 0.5 to 2 mg but, at 3 mg,
      a slight deviation from linearity was observed. In repeated administration, the
      linear disposition of rilmenidine with dose was confirmed.

PMID- 2894159
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of rilmenidine.
AB  - Rilmenidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, was studied (1 mg single dose) in
      order to determine the effects of pathology on its basic pharmacokinetic
      parameters. Because of the mainly renal elimination of rilmenidine, studies
      involved hypertensive, elderly hypertensive, renal insufficient and hepatic
      insufficient patients. Hypertension was found to influence neither the
      absorption, the distribution nor the elimination processes; the linearity in the
      range of 1 to 2 mg and the absence of accumulation in long-term treatment were
      confirmed. In contrast, in the elderly, the absorption phase was delayed. The
      slight decrease in the apparent volume of distribution (-12%), with a notable
      decrease in the apparent total clearance (-50%) led to a prolonged elimination
      half-life (+50%). In renal failure, linear relations between the degree of renal
      impairment and the elimination parameters were shown. These relations allow the
      evaluation of the predicted steady-state level of rilmenidine for a given degree
      of renal failure. In hepatic insufficiency, the modification of rilmenidine
      disposition concerned exclusively the elimination phase in which apparent
      clearance was decreased approximately 20%. In conclusion, these results lead to a
      decreased dosage regimen in patients with severe renal failure.

PMID- 2894160
TI  - Pharmacology of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist rilmenidine.
AB  - Most alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists developed so far will penetrate into the
      brain, thus causing central hypotensive activity, mediated by the stimulation of
      alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the region of the nucleus tractus solitarii, the
      vasomotor center and the nucleus of the vagus nerve. The central alpha 2
      adrenoceptors are probably located at postjunctional (postsynaptic) sites. Their
      stimulation causes sympathoinhibition and thus a decrease in blood pressure and
      heart rate. The central hypotensive effect is the dominating activity of all
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists developed so far, of which clonidine, guanfacine
      and alpha-methyl-DOPA (which is converted into alpha-methyl-noradrenaline) are
      the prototypes. Peripheral postsynaptic effects probably do not greatly
      contribute to the hypotensive activity of these drugs. Sedation, also mediated by
      central alpha 2 adrenoceptors is the major adverse reaction to these
      antihypertensive agents. More selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists (B-HT 920,
      azepexole, UK 14,304) appear to display the same pattern of hypotensive and
      sedative activities as the nonselective compounds like clonidine. After the
      general survey on centrally acting alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonistic drugs, the
      pharmacologic profile of the new oxazoline derivative, rilmenidine, (S 3341) was
      compared with that of the classic compound, clonidine. In all current animal and
      in vitro models, rilmenidine was characterized as a clonidine-like, centrally
      acting antihypertensive drug. Thus, its central hypotensive activity proved
      mediated by the stimulation of central alpha 2 adrenoceptors. In radioligand
      binding studies, rilmenidine proved somewhat more selective for alpha 2
      adrenoceptors, but this selectivity was not reflected by a clearly different
      pharmacologic profile of the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894161
TI  - Dose and concentration-effect relations for rilmenidine.
AB  - The dose-effect and concentration-effect relations of rilmenidine, a new alpha 2
      agonist, were evaluated for the hemodynamic and side-effect responses to single
      oral doses. Two studies were performed in a double-blind manner: study I in 8
      healthy subjects and study II in 10 hypertensive patients. In the course of five
      24-hour periods, each separated by at least 1 week, the following 5 treatments
      were administered in a random order: placebo, rilmenidine (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg).
      Blood pressure was measured with a Roche arteriosonde (study I) or a
      sphygmomanometer (study II). Sedation was measured using a visual analog scale.
      Dry mouth was assessed by measuring the salivary flow (study I) or by visual
      analog scale (study II). Plasma concentration of rilmenidine was assayed by gas
      chromatography linked with mass spectrometry. The antihypertensive and sedative
      effects (area under curve) were directly related to the dose and to the log of
      the plasma concentration of rilmenidine. In contrast to the 2- and 3-mg doses,
      rilmenidine (0.5 and 1 mg) did not induce orthostatic hypotension, a significant
      decrease in heart rate or a significant dryness of mouth. At doses of 0.5 and 1
      mg, the effects of rilmenidine on sedation were not consistent in both studies:
      sedation was significant in study I but did not differ from placebo in study II.
      These studies show that rilmenidine, in common with other alpha 2 agonists,
      decreases blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner, in normotensive as well as
      in hypertensive subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894162
TI  - Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of a new alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist,
      rilmenidine, for systemic hypertension.
AB  - The hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of rilmenidine were examined after
      single oral administration to hypertensive patients. In 8 untreated hypertensive
      patients, cardiac output, pulmonary pressure and blood pressure were measured
      before and for 10 hours after the administration of 25 micrograms/kg of
      rilmenidine (1.3 to 2.4 mg, mean 1.88). In addition, electrophysiologic
      investigations were performed before and 2 hours after administration.
      Hemodynamics were repeated in 8 other hypertensive patients receiving 50
      micrograms/kg rilmenidine (3.0 to 4.8 mg, mean 3.85 mg). The electrophysiologic
      study was repeated in 8 other hypertensive patients receiving 50 micrograms/kg of
      rilmenidine (3.2 to 4.4 mg, mean 3.90). In contrast to the results obtained at
      the dose of 50 micrograms/kg, there was no significant variation in pulmonary
      arterial pressure, cardiac index or stroke index after administration of 25
      micrograms/kg. No significant variation was observed in heart rate, sinus
      function, conduction parameters or atrial, nodal and ventricular refractory
      periods after administration of 25 and 50 micrograms/kg. Rilmenidine, after
      single oral administration at the 25 micrograms/kg dose, led to a significant
      reduction in blood pressure and peripheral resistance without any significant
      change in cardiac output; the 25- and 50-micrograms/kg doses led to no alteration
      in heart rate and cardiac electrophysiology.

PMID- 2894163
TI  - Noninvasive study of cardiac structure and function after rilmenidine for
      essential hypertension.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of rilmenidine (S 3341) were evaluated noninvasively by
      aortic Doppler velocimetry, M-mode echocardiography and phonocardiography in
      hypertensive patients treated for 28 days. After a 2-week placebo run-in period,
      patients with mild hypertension (group I, n = 8, mean diastolic blood pressure
      [BP] = 97.18 +/- 0.65 mm Hg) received 1 mg of rilmenidine each morning and
      patients with moderate hypertension (group II, n = 6, mean diastolic BP = 107.62
      +/- 1.18 mm Hg) received 1 mg twice daily. The hemodynamic variations in both
      groups after the first administration (day 1) showed that during the first 3
      hours, mean arterial pressure and cardiac index (CI) were significantly reduced,
      whereas total peripheral resistance (TPR) was increased. From the third to the
      fifth hour, the decrease in mean arterial pressure was maintained, CI was higher
      than initial values and TPR decreased, indicating a persistent vasodilator
      effect. On day 28, hemodynamic variations were similar but of a lower amplitude.
      Before administration on day 28, a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic
      BP was observed, demonstrating that the antihypertensive activity of 1 mg was
      maintained for 24 hours, with a significant reduction in TPR and no modification
      of CI or stroke index. The M-mode and phonocardiographic left ventricular
      function indexes remained unchanged. Rilmenidine has a prolonged antihypertensive
      activity with a chronic vasodilator effect and no negative inotropic effect.

PMID- 2894164
TI  - Efficacy and acceptability of rilmenidine for mild to moderate systemic
      hypertension.
AB  - A double-blind multicenter trial compared rilmenidine with placebo in the
      treatment of 126 patients with mild to moderate hypertension after a 4-week
      placebo run-in period. Patients with mild hypertension (study 1) with mean supine
      diastolic blood pressure (BP) between 95 and 104 mm Hg received either
      rilmenidine 1 mg/day (n = 31) or placebo (n = 35) for 4 weeks. In study 2,
      patients with moderate hypertension (mean supine diastolic BP between 105 and 115
      mm Hg) received either rilmenidine 1 mg twice a day (n = 30) or placebo twice a
      day (n = 30) for 4 weeks. All 61 patients taking rilmenidine completed the study;
      8 of the 65 patients taking placebo were withdrawn because of an increase in BP.
      Rilmenidine significantly reduced mean systolic and diastolic BP compared with
      placebo in both studies. BP was normalized (systolic less than 160 mm Hg and
      diastolic less than or equal to 90 mm Hg in 61% of the patients taking
      rilmenidine as opposed to 23% of those taking placebo (p less than 0.001). There
      was no significant difference in the incidence of either dry mouth or daytime
      drowsiness between rilmenidine, 1 mg/day, and placebo. Dry mouth was
      significantly more frequent with rilmenidine, 2 mg/day, than with placebo, but
      this difference was transient and no longer significant at the end of the study.
      No unexpected adverse effects occurred. Rilmenidine as single therapy appears to
      be effective and well accepted in the management of mild to moderate
      hypertension, in particular at the 1-mg/day dose, which normalized 84% of mild
      hypertensive patients and did not induce any significant adverse effects compared
      with placebo.

PMID- 2894165
TI  - A multicenter double-blind comparative study of rilmenidine and clonidine in 333
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - The efficacy and acceptability of rilmenidine were studied in a double-blind
      clonidine-controlled multicenter trial; after a 4-week placebo run-in period,
      patients with supine diastolic blood pressure (BP) between 95 and 115 mm Hg
      received as monotherapy either rilmenidine or clonidine over 6 weeks. The initial
      dose (rilmenidine 1 mg/day or clonidine 0.15 mg/day) was doubled (1 mg or 0.15 mg
      twice a day, respectively) after 2 weeks if diastolic BP remained greater than or
      equal to 90 mm Hg. Three hundred and thirty-three patients (mean age 57.8 +/- 0.7
      years) with a systolic BP of 170.53 +/- 0.92 mm Hg and a diastolic BP of 101.57
      +/- 0.30 mm Hg were randomly divided into 2 homogenous groups (rilmenidine, n =
      162 and clonidine, n = 171). All patients taking rilmenidine completed the trial.
      Seventeen patients taking clonidine (10%, p less than 0.01 vs rilmenidine) were
      withdrawn because of severe side effects. Systolic and diastolic BP were
      significantly reduced in both groups at every examination (at 2, 4 and 6 weeks).
      The mean decreases in supine and erect BP were identical in both groups: systolic
      BP 19 mm Hg and diastolic BP 12 mm Hg after 6 weeks. BP was normalized (systolic
      BP less than 160 and diastolic BP less than or equal to 90 mm Hg) in 57% of
      patients taking rilmenidine and 56% of patients taking clonidine (60% of
      normalized patients had been taking the single dose in both groups).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894166
TI  - Antihypertensive efficacy and acceptability of rilmenidine in elderly
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - Elderly hypertensive patients (older than 70 years, with a diastolic blood
      pressure [BP] between 95 and 114 mm Hg) were entered into a study after a 2-week
      wash-out period and randomized to 2 parallel groups: rilmenidine (n = 28) and
      methyldopa (n = 30). The initial dose (rilmenidine, 1 mg once daily A.M. or
      methyldopa, 250 mg twice daily) was doubled (1 mg twice daily or 500 mg twice
      daily, respectively) on day 21 if supine diastolic BP remained greater than 90 mm
      Hg. After a 6-week treatment period (days 0 to 42, with weekly examinations), the
      effects of treatment withdrawal (day 42) were evaluated twice daily (days 43 to
      45), with a final examination on day 49. Most of the 58 patients (70%) (aged 81.5
      +/- 0.8 years) with a mean diastolic BP of 100.2 +/- 0.7 mm Hg remained treated
      with the initial dose in both groups. Efficacy in both groups was identical on
      day 42: decrease in systolic and diastolic BP of approximately 18 mm Hg, with 85%
      of patients having BP levels normalized (supine diastolic BP less than or equal
      to 90 mm Hg). Compared with the reference period, no increase in adverse effects
      was noted apart from a moderate dryness of mouth in 15% of patients in both
      groups; no orthostatic hypotension was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894167
TI  - Treatment of systemic hypertension in insulin-treated diabetes mellitus with
      rilmenidine.
AB  - The effects of a new alpha 2 agonist (S 3341 or rilmenidine) on blood pressure
      (BP), glycemic control, lipid metabolism and renal function were investigated
      during a 16-week open study in 29 insulin-treated diabetic patients with mild to
      moderate hypertension. There were 17 men and 12 women aged 50.9 +/- 2.2 years
      (mean +/- standard error of the mean). Duration of diabetes and insulin therapy
      was 218 +/- 24 and 143 +/- 30 months. After 2 weeks of placebo, systolic and
      diastolic BP was 165 +/- 3 and 97 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, respectively (supine).
      Rilmenidine (S 3341) given alone at daily doses of 1 or 2 mg according to the
      clinical response led to a prompt and sustained decrease of systolic and
      diastolic BP (159 +/- 4 and 88 +/- 1 mm Hg after 2 weeks; 149 +/- 3 and 85 +/- 1
      mm Hg after 12 weeks; p less than 0.01). Seventeen patients (59%) had normal BP
      (systolic BP less than 160; diastolic BP less than 90 mm Hg, supine) after 12
      weeks of S 3341. Diuretics were associated with S 3341 for the nonresponders at
      week 12; this led to normalization of BP in 90% of the patients at the end of the
      study. Glycemic control was assessed by home glucose monitoring (5
      determinations/1 day per week), 24-hour glucosuria and postprandial plasma
      glucose at the outpatient clinic (n = 7) as well as by the measurement of the
      glycosylated hemoglobin. None of these parameters was significantly affected by S
      3341.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894168
TI  - Efficacy and safety of rilmenidine for arterial hypertension.
AB  - To assess the long-term acceptability and efficacy of rilmenidine (S 3341),
      patients with placebo-resistant hypertension (diastolic blood pressure [BP]
      greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and less than 115 mm Hg) were included in an
      open 1-year treatment study. Eight examinations allowed treatment adaptation if
      diastolic BP remained greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg (monotherapy with
      rilmenidine, 1 or 2 mg/day, followed by the addition of a diuretic, then
      tritherapy). Three hundred seventeen patients, aged 58.0 +/- 0.7 years, were
      included. Two hundred sixty-nine were followed for 1 year and 48 withdrew from
      the trial without any symptom suggesting a withdrawal syndrome: 4 because of
      adverse effects; 6, lack of efficacy despite triple therapy; 9, intercurrent
      diseases; 10, noncompliance independent of adverse effects; 18, personal reasons
      not associated with treatment; and 1, lost to follow-up. On the 12th month, the
      decrease in supine systolic and diastolic BP reached 25 and 17 mm Hg with
      monotherapy (n = 150), 26 and 17 mm Hg with double therapy (n = 90) and 20 and 15
      mm Hg with triple therapy (n = 29). BP was normalized (diastolic BP less than or
      equal to 90 mm Hg) on months 6 and 12 in 80 and 84% of the patients,
      respectively. Monotherapy was maintained in 66 and 60% of these patients,
      respectively, two-thirds being treated with 1 mg once daily. Adverse effects with
      monotherapy were mainly observed at the beginning of treatment in 3 to 8%: dry
      mouth, asthenia, gastralgia, palpitations, drowsiness, insomnia; other adverse
      effects were rare (1 to 2%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894170
TI  - Clinical trials in ulcerative colitis: II. Historical review.

PMID- 2894169
TI  - Effects of encainide, flecainide, imipramine and moricizine on ventricular
      arrhythmias during the year after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPS.
AB  - The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute initiated the Cardiac Arrhythmia
      Pilot Study (CAPS) to evaluate the feasibility of suppressing ventricular
      arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Ten centers enrolled 502 patients
      younger than 75 years of age with greater than or equal to 10 ventricular
      premature complexes (VPC) per hour in a 24-hour electrocardiographic recording
      and a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 20%. Patients were enrolled
      6 to 60 days after acute myocardial infarction and randomized to 1 of 5 treatment
      tracks with 2 drugs that included encainide, flecainide, imipramine, moricizine
      or placebo. During a double-blind drug and dose selection phase, investigators
      were permitted to change drug or dosage to achieve greater than or equal to 70%
      suppression in VPC frequency and greater than 90% suppression of runs of VPC with
      the exception of patients assigned to placebo, who continued receiving it.
      Patients were followed for a year after randomization. Patients in the 5
      treatment arms were similar in age, sex, clinical characteristics, VPC frequency,
      left ventricular ejection fraction and concomitant drug treatment. As first
      drugs, encainide and flecainide had higher efficacy rates, 79% and 83%,
      respectively, than imipramine, 52%, moricizine, 66%, or placebo, 37%. Encainide
      and flecainide also had high efficacy rates, 68% and 69%, in patients who failed
      imipramine or moricizine. Encainide, flecainide and moricizine were well
      tolerated. These 3 drugs had intolerable adverse effect rates of 6% or less,
      i.e., similar to placebo. More than 70T of the patients who started the follow-up
      phase on encainide, flecainide or moricizine remained on these drugs to the end
      of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894171
TI  - Upper respiratory tract involvement in adult T-cell leukemia.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is characterized by peripheral lymph node
      enlargement, hepatosplenomegaly and skin lesions. The association of local mass
      lesions of other organs with ATL is extremely rare. This report describes a 57
      year-old woman with chronic type ATL with associated local tumor masses in the
      nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and larynx as well as skin infiltration.
      Histologic investigation of the skin lesion and nasal mucosa revealed non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma, diffuse, mixed type. Her chief complaints were progressive dyspnea and
      hoarseness. Leukemic cell masses in her upper respiratory tract caused narrowing
      of the airway, which was responsible for her complaints.

PMID- 2894172
TI  - Localization of the gene for X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus to Xq28.
AB  - X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) was segregating in a large Indiana
      family. It was tested for linkage of the NDI gene to X-chromosome molecular
      markers. Maximum lod scores of 3.15 and 3.01 (theta = 0) obtained for the
      molecular markers F8A (F8C) and DXS15 (DX13) respectively, indicate that the NDI
      gene is located in Xq28. A lod score of 3.61 (theta = 0) was obtained with
      multipoint linkage analysis of F8A and DXS15.

PMID- 2894173
TI  - Stimulating intestinal afferents reflexly activates cardiovascular system in
      cats.
AB  - Capsaicin and bradykinin stimulate afferents from certain viscera to reflexly
      activate the cardiovascular system; however, whether these agents evoke similar
      reflex responses when applied topically to the intestine is not known. Therefore,
      in cats anesthetized with methoxyflurane, we applied capsaicin (10 micrograms) or
      bradykinin (0.5 microgram) to the serosal surface of the jejunum. Additionally,
      we topically applied bethanechol chloride, a synthetic choline ester with little
      direct cardiovascular effects, to evoke marked contraction of the smooth muscle
      of the jejunum. Capsaicin evoked significant (P less than 0.05) increases in mean
      arterial pressure (105 +/- 4 to 119 +/- 4 mmHg, mean +/- SE), first derivative
      left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) at 40 mmHg (2,698 +/- 134 to 3,105 +/- 155
      mmHg/s), systemic vascular resistance (0.63 +/- 0.15 to 0.68 +/- 0.15 peripheral
      resistance units), and heart rate (196 +/- 14 to 205 +/- 15 beats/min), whereas
      aortic flow did not change. In a dose-dependent fashion, bradykinin and
      bethanechol each caused cardiovascular activation as well as a marked contraction
      of the smooth muscle in the segment of jejunum to which they were applied. In
      contrast, capsaicin produced no detectable contraction of visceral smooth muscle.
      Removal of the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia abolished the
      cardiovascular responses evoked by capsaicin and bradykinin. Thus, in cats,
      stimulating intestinal afferents by topically applying capsaicin or bradykinin
      reflexly activates the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, although
      mechanoreceptors may contribute to the responses evoked by bradykinin and
      bethanechol, the capsaicin-related responses likely are mediated exclusively by
      chemically sensitive receptors.

PMID- 2894174
TI  - Toward rational pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: an interim
      report.
AB  - There is growing evidence that medication can alleviate symptoms associated with
      posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent research also suggests that PTSD has
      a unique biological profile consisting of alterations in sympathetic arousal, the
      neuroendocrine system, and the sleep/dream cycle. This profile distinguishes PTSD
      from both major depression and panic disorder. Medication appears to alleviate
      PTSD symptoms associated with sympathetic hyperarousal and intrusive
      recollections of the trauma but seems ineffective against avoidant symptoms.
      Pharmacotherapy alone is rarely sufficient to provide complete remission of PTSD.
      Symptom relief provided by medication facilitates the patient's participation in
      individual, behavioral, or group psychotherapy.

PMID- 2894176
TI  - Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major
      depression.
AB  - An association between affective disorders and alterations in glucose utilization
      has been recognized. The authors administered a 5-hour oral glucose tolerance
      test (GTT) to 28 depressed patients and 21 healthy volunteer control subjects and
      measured serum glucose as well as plasma insulin and glucagon responses.
      Depressed patients demonstrated significantly higher basal glucose levels,
      greater cumulative glucose responses after the GTT, and larger cumulative insulin
      responses after the GTT than control subjects. Values for cumulative glucagon did
      not significantly differ between groups. These findings indicate the presence of
      a functional state of insulin resistance during major depressive illness and
      suggest the presence of a more generalized biological disturbance in some
      depressed patients.

PMID- 2894177
TI  - Use of arylsulfatase A in chronic psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2894175
TI  - Clorazepate and lorazepam: clinical improvement and rebound anxiety.
AB  - Sixty-two anxious patients were treated under double-blind conditions for 4 weeks
      with either clorazepate or lorazepam. Two-thirds of each treatment group were
      then switched abruptly to placebo for 2 weeks, while one-third continued to
      receive active medication. Two major findings were obtained. About 70% of the
      patients maintained improvement during the 2-week placebo period. Some patients,
      however, experienced rebound anxiety, which appeared to be more intense and
      occurred earlier when placebo was substituted for a benzodiazepine with a short
      half-life (lorazepam) than for one with a long half-life (clorazepate). The
      clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 2894178
TI  - Ethical issues in drug studies.

PMID- 2894179
TI  - Mechanism of neuroleptic-associated priapism.

PMID- 2894180
TI  - Total intravenous anaesthesia for military surgery. A technique using ketamine,
      midazolam and vecuronium.
AB  - Ketamine and midazolam were used for induction of anaesthesia and by continuous
      intravenous infusion for maintenance to assess their suitability for use in a
      total intravenous anaesthetic technique in the management of battle casualties.
      Muscular relaxation was provided by vecuronium and the patients' lungs ventilated
      with air. Ketamine was infused at a rate of 2 mg/kg/hour. This was achieved by
      mixing ketamine 200 mg, midazolam 5 mg and vecuronium 12 mg in 50 ml normal
      saline. The rate of infusion of the mixture (ml/hour) was then equal to 50% of
      the body weight in kg. The technique proved to be simple, effective and versatile
      and should be adaptable for use in the management of battle casualties.

PMID- 2894181
TI  - Temazepam and recovery in day surgery.
AB  - A double-blind trial of temazepam premedication for day cases was undertaken.
      Effective anxiolysis was recorded in the groups that received temazepam 10 or 20
      mg and there was no prolongation of delayed recovery times as measured by memory
      test cards. All patients were discharged from the day unit 3 hours after the
      administration of general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2894182
TI  - Anaphylactoid reaction to oral premedication with temazepam and promethazine.

PMID- 2894183
TI  - [Effects and side effects of somatostatin].
AB  - Somatostatin, a peptide hormone with a wide range of actions, was first described
      in 1973. It is found in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems and
      D cells of the gut and pancreas. Somatostatin acts as a neurotransmitter, a local
      tissue factor, and a hormone. The intrinsic metabolic effects of somatostatin
      have been well investigated during the past 10 years. It inhibits the release of
      gastrointestinal secretions and delays the absorption of glucose and amino acids.
      Somatostatin inhibits the effects of the release of several of the hormones
      involved in water-electrolyte homeostasis. It exerts an influence on the
      regulation of several endocrine and exocrine functions, acting as a "shock
      absorber". In the nervous system somatostatin functions as a neurotransmitter;
      intrathecal application causes characteristic changes in the motor system and
      behavioral aberrations. Furthermore, it has been suggested that it may be a
      potent analgesic. Side-effects seen during animal experiments are many: marked
      increases in blood glucose, various behavioral changes, respiratory failure, and
      death. This article compares the effects and potential side-effects of
      somatostatin with particular regard to the recent observation that this substance
      may be a potent analgesic.

PMID- 2894185
TI  - Epidural opiates and urinary retention: new models provide new insights.

PMID- 2894184
TI  - Interactions of vecuronium and atracurium in an in vitro nerve-muscle
      preparation.
AB  - Atracurium and vecuronium were compared when given alone and in combination in
      the in vitro rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation stimulated via the
      phrenic nerve. The slopes of the log dose response curves of atracurium and
      vecuronium were parallel; their ED50s were 1.12 +/- 0.0035.10(-5)M and 5.89 +/-
      0.16.10(-6)M, respectively. The combination's log dose response curves were
      significantly shifted to the left when compared with those of either relaxant
      alone; an increased potency is displayed by the combination. These observations
      indicate nondepolarizing muscle relaxant synergy for the combination of equal
      proportions of vecuronium and atracurium. The synergistic interaction of
      vecuronium and atracurium in this in vitro-model is not dependent on
      pharmacokinetic factors such as uptake, distribution, and biodegradation as are
      present in the in vivo animal models and in humans. Synergy of vecuronium and
      atracurium in vitro is a new finding and is consistent with hypotheses of
      multiple receptor sites and different modes of action of the "competitive"
      neuromuscular blocking agents. This degree of synergy, seen in the in vitro
      animal data, if extrapolatable to humans, is probably of little clinical
      significance.

PMID- 2894186
TI  - The influence of respiratory-induced acid-base changes on the action of non
      depolarizing muscle relaxants in rats.
AB  - The influence of respiratory-induced acid-base changes on the action of non
      depolarizing muscle relaxants was investigated using the rat phrenic nerve
      hemidiaphragm preparation. Changes in pH were induced by changes in the CO2
      concentration aerating Krebs' solution. In the absence of muscle relaxants, an
      increase in CO2 from 5% to 7.5% decreased (P less than 0.01) indirectly elicited
      twitch tension by 5.4 +/- 0.7% (mean +/- SEM), while a decrease in CO2 from 5% to
      2.5% increased (P less than 0.01) twitch tension by 2.3 +/- 0.7%. With a change
      in CO2 from 2.5% to 7.5%, partial neuromuscular blockade produced by d-Tc or
      vecuronium was augmented (P less than 0.01), while that produced by metocurine,
      pancuronium, or alcuronium was reduced (P less than 0.01). With the change in CO2
      from 7.5% to 2.5%, the neuromuscular blockade produced by d-Tc or vecuronium was
      reduced (P less than 0.01), while that produced by metocurine, pancuronium, or
      alcuronium was augmented (P less than 0.01). Dose-response study showed that 2.5%
      CO2 shifted the dose-response curves for d-Tc and vecuronium to the right (P less
      than 0.01) from those with 5% CO2, whereas 7.5% CO2 shifted them to the left (P
      less than 0.05). In contrast, neither 2.5% CO2 or 7.5% CO2 significantly shifted
      the dose-response curves for metocurine or pancuronium from those with 5% CO2.
      Their dose-response curves with 2.5% CO2 were to the left, instead of to the
      right, of those with 7.5% CO2 (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2894187
TI  - Esmolol and left ventricular function in the awake dog.
AB  - Hypotension has been the most frequently reported adverse reaction associated
      with infusion of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist esmolol. In some
      patients, this hypotension has apparently occurred independent of reduction in
      heart rate or systemic vascular resistance, suggesting decreased stroke volume.
      In the present study, the preload recuitable stroke work area (PRSWA) model was
      used to evaluate the negative inotropic effects of esmolol in nine chronically
      instrumented awake dogs. Left ventricular (LV) transmural pressure and minor axis
      diameter were measured by micromanometers and sonomicrometry, respectively. Vena
      caval occlusions were performed so that an analog of stroke work (area within LV
      transmural pressure-diameter loop) could be measured over a range of preloading
      conditions during esmolol infusions of 0, 100, 300, 1000, and 3000 micrograms/kg
      1.min-1 (n = 9), and at 15 and 30 min after termination of esmolol (n = 8). The
      linear relationship between stroke work and end-diastolic diameter was
      characterized for each caval occlusion by a slope and x-intercept. PRSWA was
      calculated for each caval occlusion as slope/two times the square of the
      difference between x-intercept and the largest end diastolic diameter observed in
      the study of a particular dog. Heart rate was different from control (91 +/- 4)
      only at the highest esmolol dose (127 +/- 4). LV peak positive dP/dt, minor axis
      ejection shortening, stroke work, and PRSWA were depressed from control at
      esmolol doses greater than or equal to 300 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. All parameters
      except dP/dt recovered within 30 min following termination of esmolol.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894188
TI  - Muscle relaxation with succinylcholine or vecuronium does not alter the rate of
      CSF production or resistance to reabsorption of CSF in dogs.
AB  - The open ventriculocisternal perfusion method was used to determine the rate of
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation (Vf) and resistance to reabsorption of CSF
      (Ra) in halothane-anesthetized dogs with and without succinylcholine (n = 6) and
      with and without vecuronium (n = 6). Both Vf and Ra during the use of either
      muscle relaxant were not different than Vf and Ra when no muscle relaxant was
      used. Succinylcholine caused muscle fasciculations and raised CSF pressure
      transiently (increase of 5.5 +/- 1.0 cm H2O [mean +/- SD]), while vecuronium did
      not. When muscle relaxants were not used, it became difficult to distinguish the
      effects of cardiovascular and respiratory activity on the CSF pressure waveform,
      and the coefficient of variability for determination of cisternal outflow rates
      was increased, making Ra values less reliable. It is concluded that continuous
      infusion of succinylcholine or vecuronium do not affect Vf or Ra. When Vf and Ra
      are determined by the method of ventriculocisternal perfusion, immobilization of
      respiratory muscles improves both the reliability of Ra values and the usefulness
      of the CSF pressure waveform. If a muscle relaxant is used, either
      succinylcholine or vecuronium would be suitable for such studies.

PMID- 2894189
TI  - Epidural sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section.

PMID- 2894190
TI  - Atracurium and vecuronium do not affect extraocular muscle function after
      outpatient surgery.

PMID- 2894191
TI  - Human retroviruses: HTLV-I, II, and III and their association with leukemia and
      AIDS.

PMID- 2894192
TI  - The origins of HIV-1 and HTLV-4/HIV-2.

PMID- 2894193
TI  - Human T-lymphotropic retrovirus infection in Italy.

PMID- 2894196
TI  - Familial occurrence of HTLV-I--associated myelopathy.

PMID- 2894195
TI  - The murine homeo domain protein Hox 1.1.

PMID- 2894194
TI  - Retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer and expression in nonhuman primates
      following autologous bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2894197
TI  - Neuronal unit activity patterns in behaving animals: brainstem and limbic system.

PMID- 2894198
TI  - Ethoexperimental approaches to the biology of emotion.

PMID- 2894199
TI  - Transformation of Clostridium perfringens L forms with shuttle plasmid DNA.
AB  - L-form (L-phase) cultures of Clostridium perfringens were tested for their
      transformability with plasmid DNA. Three L-form strains were transformable, but
      one, strain L-13, was superior to the others. This strain was easily and
      reproducibly transformed with previously described shuttle vectors which were
      derived from either C. perfringens or Escherichia coli. Strain L-13 was
      transformable by a variety of methods, and a new micromethod worked well under
      both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The maximal number of transformants was
      attained after strain L-13 was exposed for 4 h to the transforming DNA and
      polyethylene glycol. Viable counts determined in tubes of semisolid brain heart
      infusion medium containing 10% sucrose, with or without 2 micrograms of
      tetracycline per ml, showed a transformation rate of 3.9 X 10(-5) (transformants
      per viable cells).

PMID- 2894200
TI  - Development of a new shuttle plasmid system for Escherichia coli and Clostridium
      perfringens.
AB  - We constructed a 7.9-kilobase-pair recombinant shuttle plasmid, designated
      pHR106, by combining desired segments of three plasmids: an Escherichia coli
      plasmid (pSL100) which provides a multiple cloning site, a Clostridium
      perfringens plasmid (pJU122) which provides a clostridial origin of replication,
      and an E. coli plasmid (pJIR62) which provides an E. coli origin of replication,
      an ampicillin resistance gene, and a chloramphenicol resistance gene of
      clostridial origin. The shuttle plasmid transformed E. coli HB101 with a
      frequency of 1 transformant per 10(4) viable cells and C. perfringens L-phase
      strain L-13 with a frequency of approximately 1 transformant per 10(6) viable
      cells. Because of the set of unique cloning sites and the chloramphenicol
      resistance marker, this shuttle plasmid should be particularly useful for studies
      of gene regulation and for enzyme production with C. perfringens.

PMID- 2894201
TI  - Structural relatedness between mosquitocidal endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis
      subsp. israelensis.
AB  - A mosquitocidal toxin gene, cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
      israelensis, was introduced into mutant crystal-negative B. thuringiensis subsp.
      israelensis cells. Partial toxicity to mosquitos was restored. The 58-kilodalton
      cloned gene product is a minor protein component of B. thuringiensis subsp.
      israelensis crystals and is structurally related to a major, 135-kilodalton
      crystal toxin.

PMID- 2894202
TI  - Influence of amino acids on nitrogen fixation ability and growth of Azospirillum
      spp.
AB  - The utilization of amino acids for growth and their effects on nitrogen fixation
      differ greatly among the several strains of each species of Azospirillum spp.
      that were examined. A. brasiliense grew poorly or not at all on glutamate,
      aspartate, serine, or histidine as the sole nitrogen and carbon sources. Nitrogen
      fixation by most A. brasiliense strains was inhibited only slightly even by 10 mM
      concentrations of these amino acids. In contrast, A. lipoferum and A. amazonense
      grew very well on glutamate, aspartate, serine, or histidine as the sole nitrogen
      and carbon sources; nitrogen fixation, which was measured in the presence of
      malate or sucrose, was severely inhibited by these amino acids. It was concluded
      that growth on histidine as the sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy may
      be used for the taxonomic characterization of Azospirillum spp. and for the
      selective isolation of A. lipoferum. The different utilization of various amino
      acids by Azospirillum spp. may be important for their establishment in the
      rhizosphere and for their associative nitrogen fixation with plants. The
      physiological basis for the different utilization of glutamate by Azospirillum
      spp. was investigated further. A. brasiliense and A. lipoferum exhibited a high
      affinity for glutamate uptake (Km values for uptake were 8 and 40 microM,
      respectively); the Vmax was 6 times higher in A. lipoferum than in A.
      brasiliense. At high substrate concentrations (10 mM), the nonsaturable component
      of glutamate uptake was most active in A. lipoferum and A. amazonense.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894203
TI  - Cutaneous-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. A unique clinical feature with
      monoclonal T-cell proliferation detected by Southern blot analysis.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman suffered from multiple subcutaneous nodules with a self
      limited clinical course. High titer of the antibody against the adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)-associated cell antigen was detected and atypical
      lymphocytes were present in less than 1% of the peripheral leukocytes. Tumor
      cells were identified by the molecular biology technique Southern blot analysis,
      which showed monoclonal cell expansion of the helper/inducer T cells integrated
      with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/adult T-cell leukemia virus. This
      patient was diagnosed as having the cutaneous type of smoldering ATL in a very
      early stage. In this case, only gene analysis of the skin lesion could facilitate
      making an early differential diagnosis of ATL from other lymphoproliferative
      diseases, including nonviral cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and benign lymphoid
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 2894204
TI  - Circulating inhibitor bound elastase in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and
      rheumatoid arthritis and the influence of sulphasalazine treatment.
AB  - The plasma concentration of granulocyte elastase in complex with alpha 1
      proteinase inhibitor was determined in 42 patients with ankylosing spondylitis
      (AS) and 33 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Significantly raised levels
      of plasma elastase were found in patients with RA, whereas patients with AS had
      normal values. No correlation was seen between the elastase values and
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum haptoglobin, immunoglobulins, or
      polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) count in either of the patient groups. A correlation
      was found between the Ritchie index and plasma elastase in patients with RA.
      After three months' treatment with sulphasalazine a clinical improvement was seen
      and this paralleled a reduction of the acute phase reaction in both patient
      groups. A reduction of the circulating elastase values was seen in the patients
      with RA, whereas no change was seen in patients with AS.

PMID- 2894206
TI  - Genetic monitoring of inbred mouse strains maintained at the Bhabha Atomic
      Research Centre, Bombay: serological typing for H-2 haplotypes and lymphocyte
      differentiation markers.
AB  - Seven inbred mouse strains, AKR, CBA, C3H, C57BL/6, C57BR/cd, DBA/2 and Swiss,
      maintained at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay (designated Bh) were
      monitored for compatibility with standard strains as well as for genetical
      homogeneity. For this purpose, five individual mice from each strain were typed
      serologically for H-2 class I and class II antigens and for lymphocyte
      differentiation markers, Thy-2, Lyt-1, Lyt-2, TL and Ly-10. In this latter
      testing, 15 inbred strains from the Institute of Immunology and Experimental
      Therapy, Wroclaw (designated Iiw) were included. Results revealed that none of
      the tested strains deviated from the reactivity pattern of standard strains
      described in the literature. No evidence of genetic contamination was found in
      any strain. In the course of these studies, several interesting observations were
      made: (1) Swiss/Bh strain is an intra H-2 recombinant, probably KdAbEbDbTlab, (2)
      C3H/Bh and C3H/Iiw are Ly-10a and Ly-10b, respectively (3) some (CBA, C3H, DBA/2
      and GR/S) but not C58/Ly-2a strains cross reacted with high concentration of anti
      Lyt-2.2 monoclonal antibody HO.2.2.

PMID- 2894207
TI  - Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and pheochromocytoma. A composite tumor
      of the adrenal.
AB  - An adrenal composite tumor of pheochromocytoma and malignant peripheral nerve
      sheath tumor (PNST) is described in a 39-year-old woman in whom PNST component
      appeared to have undergone further malignant degeneration, resulting in a highly
      anaplastic sarcoma with rapidly progressive clinical course.

PMID- 2894205
TI  - Metabolic intervention in surgical patients. An assessment of the effect of
      somatostatin, ranitidine, naloxone, diclophenac, dipyridamole, or salbutamol
      infusion on energy and protein kinetics in surgical patients using stable and
      radioisotopes.
AB  - We have assessed the effect of a variety of forms of metabolic intervention on
      both energy and protein metabolism in 44 severely ill surgical patients. The
      patients were studied either in the basal state or while receiving total
      parenteral nutrition (TPN), and the metabolic effects were assessed using the
      primed-constant infusion of a combination of stable isotopes and radioisotopes.
      Somatostatin infusion, either in the basal state or in the TPN, did not change
      glucose kinetics, but there was a significant decrease in the rate of net protein
      catabolism (NPC). In the basal studies the rate of NPC decreased from 3.4 +/- 0.7
      g/kg/d to 2.9 +/- 0.7 g/kg/d (p less than 0.002), while in the TPN patients the
      corresponding values were 1.48 +/- 0.61 g/kg/d and 1.10 +/- 0.50 g/kg/d,
      respectively (p less than 0.005). Histamine type 2 blockade with ranitidine did
      not significantly alter glucose kinetics, but in both the TPN patients and in the
      basal state ranitidine was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of
      NPC. In the basal state rate of NPC was 2.44 +/- 0.53 g/kg/d and during
      ranitidine infusion the value was 2.08 +/- 0.42 g/kg/d (p less than 0.04).
      Naloxone infusion did not alter glucose kinetics, but there was a significant
      decrease in the rate of NPC from a basal value of 2.6 +/- 0.6 g/kg/d to 2.3 +/-
      0.5 g/kg/d (p less than 0.04). The infusion of the prostaglandin antagonists
      diclofenac or dipyridamole resulted in increases in the plasma insulin level, and
      as a result glucose turnover decreased in both groups. In the diclofenac group
      the rate of glucose turnover decreased from 14.4 +/- 1.7 mumol/kg/min to 12.6 +/-
      1.3 mumol/kg/min (p less than 0.02). Neither prostaglandin antagonist resulted in
      any significant change in the rate of NPC. Beta-adrenergic stimulation with
      salbutamol resulted in a significant increase in glucose turnover from 12.1 +/-
      1.1 mumol/kg/min to 13.4 +/- 0.9 mumol/kg/min (p less than 0.02), and the rates
      of appearance (Ra) of both alanine and free fatty acids (FFAs) also increased.
      Alanine Ra increased from 11.7 +/- 2.5 mumol/kg/min to 12.8 +/- 3.0 mumol/kg/min,
      and the corresponding values for FFA turnover were 7.6 +/- 1.1 mumol/kg/min and
      10.3 +/- 2.1 mumol/kg/min (p less than 0.03), respectively. Salbutamol infusion
      did not result in any significant change in the rate of NPC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2894209
TI  - Inhibition by H1-antihistamines of the uptake of noradrenaline and 5-HT into rat
      brain synaptosomes.

PMID- 2894208
TI  - The toxicity of phomopsin for sheep.
AB  - Pure phomopsin was administered to young Merino x Border Leicester wethers by
      single subcutaneous (SC) and by single and multiple intraruminal (IR) injection.
      The toxicity after IR injection was influenced by the size of individual doses
      and the time over which the total dose was given. At high levels of ingestion the
      toxicity of phomopsin may be limited by absorption rates; with low daily doses
      the capacity to repair liver damage may be sufficient to prevent cumulative
      effects. By SC injection a single dose of 10 micrograms/kg approximated the LD50.
      By IR injection the overall clinical, biochemical and histological responses
      closest to these of this SC dose resulted from a single dose of 1,000
      micrograms/kg. The same total dose administered at daily rates of 50 or 200
      micrograms/kg was more toxic and killed all sheep. A single dose of 500
      micrograms/kg caused significant liver damage, but no deaths. Single doses of 125
      and 250 micrograms/kg and repeated daily doses of 12.5 micrograms/kg over 16
      weeks caused no detectable tissue damage. Inappetence was the most sensitive
      indicator of phomopsin toxicity. About 10% of the sheep differed substantially
      from the rest of the flock in their susceptibility to phomopsin poisoning.

PMID- 2894211
TI  - Genotypic and phenotypic markers in the differentiation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
      strains.
AB  - Restriction enzyme (RE) patterns, using Hind III enzyme, were analysed on 101
      urogenital strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The strains were also analysed
      serologically, using monoclonal antibodies, and tested for nutritional
      requirements by auxotyping. In addition, testing susceptibility to doxycycline
      was performed by an agar-dilution method. The strains were distributed into 23 RE
      patterns, of which the five most common accounted for 67.3% of all isolates. The
      same strains were distributed into 17 serovars, of which the four most common
      accounted for 77.3% of all isolates. Eleven auxotypes were demonstrated, of which
      the four most common accounted for 85.1% of all isolates. When the methods were
      combined, 38 combinations of RE patterns and serovars, 25 combinations of RE
      patterns and auxotypes, and 31 combinations of serovars and auxotypes were seen.
      Combining all three methods, 40 combinations of RE patterns, serovars and
      auxotypes were found. Correlations were particularly seen between RE patterns and
      auxotypes. The strains were moderately sensitive to doxycycline, those with
      serological markers for WII/WIII being less sensitive than those with markers for
      WI.

PMID- 2894210
TI  - [Synthesis of the highly cardioselective beta-sympatholytic pacrinolol].
AB  - The synthesis is described of the enantiomerically pure (-)-3-(3,4
      dimethoxyphenylethylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy] phenyl]-cis-crotonic acid nitrile
      (13b) (free base) and its hydrochloride (13c) (pacrinolol, Hoe 224 A) starting
      from p-hydroxyacetophenone (1) and racemic epichlorohydrin (2). The p-(2,3
      oxidopropoxy)acetophenone (2) resulting from this reaction is C-homologisized to
      (8); reactions of this with homoveratrylamine (9) leads to (10a), the racemic
      structural analog of (13b). Resolution of the racemate is achieved by fractional
      crystallisation of the diastereoisomeric mandelates (13a) and (14a) to afford the
      enantiomerically pure title compound (13c) and its dextrarotatory optical
      antipode (14c). Structural confirmation of (13b) and (13c) was achieved through
      physicochemical and spectroscopic data especially from the 1H-NMR- and MS
      spectra. Pacrinolol (13c) is a highly cardioselective beta-sympathicolytic with
      significant and long acting blood pressure lowering properties (intravenous and
      oral in the dog).

PMID- 2894212
TI  - Upper limb blood flow during hexamethonium-induced hypotension. Studies in
      patients anaesthetized with halothane.
AB  - We report the effect of hypotensive anaesthesia on blood flow in the upper limbs
      of 17 patients before the start of surgery. Under light halothane-oxygen
      anaesthesia, patients (n = 17) were given hexamethonium 0.5-1.0 mg kg-1. Forearm
      blood flow (FBF), hand blood flow (HBF) and systemic arterial pressure (AP) were
      measured before, and 9 and 18 min after the administration of hexamethonium.
      During the control period of halothane anaesthesia, HBF was AP-dependent, but FBF
      was not. Hexamethonium produced a statistically significant (P less than 0.001)
      decrease in systolic AP by 9 and 18 min, but significant reductions in FBF and
      HBF were seen only at 9 min. During the hypotensive period neither HBF nor FBF
      correlated with the systolic AP, which had decreased from an average of 98 mm Hg
      to an average of 65 mm Hg (range 95-50 mm Hg), but the changes in HBF and FBF did
      correlate with the changes in systolic AP. As a secondary factor, the control FBF
      correlated inversely with the reduction in FBF after hexamethonium. We concluded
      that hypotension induced by hexamethonium during halothane anaesthesia produced a
      transient reduction in limb blood flow that was dependent on the change in AP. A
      range of systolic AP from 95 to 50 mm Hg did not correlate with either FBF or HBF
      during the hypotensive period.

PMID- 2894213
TI  - Muscle relaxation in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Use of
      vecuronium in two patients.
AB  - Cumulative 50% and 90% neuromuscular blocking doses of vecuronium were determined
      in two 4-yr-old boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Vecuronium 20 micrograms
      kg-1 was required for 50% twitch depression in both patients. The 90% blocking
      doses were 43 and 57 micrograms kg-1. Although these data do not indicate a
      greater than normal sensitivity to vecuronium, the recovery time (75-25% block)
      of twitch tension was three to almost six times as long as in normal children.
      The evoked compound EMG, additionally recorded in one patient, reflected almost
      the same dose-response relationship as twitch tension, yet the EMG recovered
      faster than the twitch. The present findings do not exclude an increased
      sensitivity to neuromuscular blocking drugs in a larger population of patients
      with muscular dystrophy. Thus, the titration of the individual neuromuscular
      blocking dose with the aid of a nerve stimulator is mandatory. During a previous
      anaesthetic, cardiac arrest and acute rhabdomyolysis had occurred in one patient.
      The substitution of suxamethonium by vecuronium, or probably any other non
      depolarizing myoneural blocking drug of intermediate or short duration of action,
      may help to avoid this complication.

PMID- 2894214
TI  - Plasma prolactin concentrations during high-dose opioid anaesthesia.

PMID- 2894215
TI  - Ketanserin in essential hypertension: use as monotherapy and in combination with
      a diuretic or beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.
AB  - 1. The antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily treatment with
      the 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist ketanserin were examined in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled trial of 7 weeks duration in 56 hypertensive patients. Twenty
      were untreated, 20 were already taking bendrofluazide 5 mg daily, and 16 were
      already taking atenolol 100 mg daily. Randomisation was stratified to compare
      ketanserin with placebo as monotherapy (n = 20), when added to bendrofluazide (n
      = 20), and when added to atenolol (n = 16). 2. The antihypertensive effect of
      ketanserin in all patients completing the study (mean daily dose 71 mg) was 10/6
      mm Hg supine (P less than 0.01/P less than 0.01) and 6/6 mm Hg standing (NS/P
      less than 0.01) when blood pressure was measured 2 h after the morning dose.
      Responses were similar in patients taking ketanserin as monotherapy, in addition
      to bendrofluazide, and in addition to atenolol, with reductions in mean arterial
      pressure of 4.6, 7.4 and 8.9 mm Hg respectively. 3. Ketanserin had no
      antihypertensive effect when measured 14 h after the last dose. The rise in blood
      pressure between 2 and 14 h after dosing was 11/4 mm Hg supine (P less than
      0.01/NS) and 8/5 mm Hg standing (P less than 0.05/P less than 0.05). 4. The
      antihypertensive response to ketanserin was positively related to initial blood
      pressure and, independent of this, to age. It was not related to plasma
      concentrations of ketanserin or ketanserinol. 5. Five of 28 patients taking
      ketanserin discontinued treatment because of side-effects, compared with one of
      28 patients taking placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894216
TI  - Effects of fenoldopam, a specific dopamine receptor agonist, on blood pressure
      and left ventricular function in systemic hypertension.
AB  - 1. The effects of fenoldopam, an orally active, specific dopamine-1 receptor
      agonist, were studied in eleven patients with essential hypertension, using intra
      arterial blood pressure recording and equilibrium gated radionuclide angiography.
      2. A single dose of fenoldopam 100 mg produced a fall in blood pressure (BP)
      starting after 20 min. The maximum BP reduction (23/25 mm Hg) occurred after 50
      min and was accompanied by a heart rate (HR) increase of 10 beats min-1. The
      acute effects on BP lasted for 130 min. 3. After 8 weeks of fenoldopam 100 mg,
      twice daily, only a small, statistically insignificant, hypotensive effect was
      still apparent after each dose of drug. The duration of the effect was too short
      to be clinically useful. Tilt-testing produced a BP fall of 24/14 mm Hg and a HR
      increase of 17 beats min-1. Three patients experienced symptoms of postural
      hypotension during the study. 4. The drug attenuated the blood pressure rise
      produced by dynamic cycle exercise and isometric hand grip. 5. Acute
      administration of fenoldopam increased the left ventricular ejection fraction
      from 61% to 71% (P less than 0.005) and increased the peak filling rate from 2.52
      to 3.86 end diastolic vol s-1 (P less than 0.002). After chronic fenoldopam
      administration, the left ventricular ejection fraction was 65% (P = NS) pre-dose,
      rising to 69% (P less than 0.02) post-dose and the peak filling rate was
      increased from 2.7 to 3.38 end diastolic vol s-1 (P less than 0.01) 60 min post
      dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894217
TI  - The comparative effects of ICI 118551 and propranolol on essential tremor.
AB  - 1. The effects of the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118551 on
      essential tremor, heart rate and blood pressure were compared with those of
      propranolol. 2. ICI 118551 (150 mg daily for 7 days) and propranolol (120 mg
      daily for 7 days) were about equally effective in reducing essential tremor (by
      about 40%) and were more effective than placebo. 3. When compared with the effect
      of placebo, propranolol reduced blood pressure and exercise heart rate whereas
      ICI 118551 had no significant effect on blood pressure and produced a small but
      significant reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia. 4. ICI 118551 may be
      useful in the management of essential tremor while having fewer cardiovascular
      side-effects than non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

PMID- 2894218
TI  - Human orthostatic reflexes after taking temazepam at night.
AB  - 1. Cardiovascular orthostatic reflexes have been studied at night in 12 healthy
      male subjects who were given two soft gelatin capsules each containing 0 or 10 mg
      temazepam at 21.30 h. 2. The changes in heart rate, blood pressure and forearm
      blood flow on consecutive 5 min exposures to lower body negative pressure
      (suction) at 30, 40 and 50 mm Hg were measured before and then 1.5 and 9.5 h
      after giving doses of 10 or 20 mg temazepam in a placebo-controlled double-blind
      cross-over study. 3. Pre-suction resting values were not affected by temazepam,
      but 1.5 h after giving the capsules there were significant differences in the
      responses to suction between the placebo and 20 mg temazepam experiments: the
      tachycardia after 20 mg temazepam was about one-third greater and the forearm
      vasoconstriction was about 50% less. The effect of the 10 mg dose was equivocal.
      No residual effects were detected the next morning. 4. These alterations in
      orthostatic reflexes soon after the administration of temazepam at night did not
      impair the maintenance of arterial blood pressure in these healthy subjects.

PMID- 2894221
TI  - The clinical relevance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Basel, August 28
      29, 1986. Proceedings.

PMID- 2894219
TI  - Dipipanone and nifedipine in cold induced pain; analgesia not due to skin
      warming.
AB  - The mechanism of the pain relief produced by opiates in normal volunteers in the
      cold induced pain test has been investigated. In a double-blind placebo
      controlled study, hand skin temperature during a 3 min immersion in water at 1
      degree C was not affected by either the opioid dipipanone 8 mg or the vasodilator
      nifedipine 10 and 20 mg. During this immersion, dipipanone produced significant
      pain relief. Nifedipine reduced pre-immersion blood pressures and raised heart
      rates, however, it did not significantly alter pain scores. It is concluded that
      vasodilatation and local warming do not play a role in the relief of pain by
      opiates in the cold immersion test.

PMID- 2894220
TI  - CSF concentrations of famotidine.

PMID- 2894222
TI  - Is the ISA of pindolol beta 2-adrenoceptor selective?
AB  - 1. Pindolol is a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug with ISA (also called partial
      agonist activity). This means that in addition to blocking the effects of beta
      adrenoceptor agonists, it produces some stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors. 2. In
      vitro studies with pindolol show that its maximum stimulant action is similar to
      that of isoprenaline in tissues possessing mainly beta 2-adrenoceptors, but is
      negligible in tissues possessing mainly beta 1-adrenoceptors. This suggests
      selective stimulation of beta 2-adrenoceptors. 3. In man the arteriodilator
      effects observed after intra-arterially infused pindolol at concentrations within
      the same range as those producing an antihypertensive effect also suggest a
      stimulant action on vascular beta 2-adrenoceptors. 4. The fact that pindolol
      prevents the reduction of resting heart rate and cardiac output observed after
      drugs lacking ISA at first sight suggests stimulation of cardiac beta 1
      adrenoceptors. However, human atria possess not only beta 1- but also beta 2
      adrenoceptors, stimulation of which would produce the same effect. 5. Although
      all beta-adrenoceptor antagonists lower blood pressure, recent experiments have
      shown that those agents with combined beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking activity and
      ISA at those receptors are less effective. This observation lends weight to the
      thesis that pindolol does not stimulate beta 1-adrenoceptors since it lowers
      blood pressure as effectively as drugs lacking ISA. 6. The evidence available
      therefore suggests that although pindolol blocks both beta 1- and beta 2
      subtypes, it selectively stimulates beta 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2894223
TI  - Cardiac effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade with intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity during submaximal exercise.
AB  - 1. beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
      (ISA) are characterized by lesser depression of cardiac performance during low
      levels of sympathetic stimulation than beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents lacking
      ISA. Studies of the effects of ISA on cardiac output and on the determinants of
      myocardial oxygen demand during submaximal exercise are described and distinct
      differences between beta-adrenoceptor antagonists with and without ISA emerge. 2.
      At doses which produce similar effects on maximal exercise heart rate, and
      resting and exercise systolic blood pressure, pindolol, a beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking agent with substantial ISA, allows a higher submaximal exercise cardiac
      output and submaximal heart rate X systolic blood pressure product than does
      propranolol, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist without ISA. 3. These findings may
      have clinical relevance in specific groups of patients such as those with
      arterial hypertension, where the preservation of cardiac function may allow for a
      more physiologic exercise response. Implications in patients with coronary artery
      disease and chronic heart failure await further study.

PMID- 2894224
TI  - Large arteries in hypertension: heterogeneous haemodynamic response to beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists with and without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
AB  - 1. Hypertension is associated with a distension of the large arteries and
      consequently a marked reduction in arterial compliance, which does not result
      merely from the mechanical effects of elevated arterial pressure but also from
      early functional and/or structural changes in the arterial walls. This suggests
      that one of the aims of antihypertensive therapy should be to reverse these
      arterial abnormalities in the hope of protecting the patient from the
      atherosclerotic complications of hypertension. 2. Studies have been carried out
      to compare the effects of equieffective antihypertensive doses of pindolol and
      propranolol on the arterial circulation in patients suffering from essential
      hypertension. After 3 months therapy pindolol produced a dilatation of the
      brachial artery with an increase in arterial compliance and blood flow. In
      contrast, propranolol, despite comparable antihypertensive effects, did not
      influence brachial artery circulation. 3. These different effects on the arterial
      circulation presumably reflect the differing pharmacological properties of the
      two beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and suggest that the intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity of pindolol may be responsible for the qualitative differences in the
      arterial responses to the two drugs. 4. The results reviewed here reveal that
      even when two drugs of the same class are used to treat patients with essential
      hypertension the effects of these agents on arterial haemodynamics can vary
      greatly and are unrelated to the degree of blood pressure lowering. Thus,
      pindolol, in contrast to propranolol, not only lowers blood pressure but also
      reverses some of the changes in arterial haemodynamics which are characteristic
      of hypertensive disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894225
TI  - Vasodilatation in hypertension: the relevance of ISA. Concluding paper.

PMID- 2894226
TI  - Structure and function of proton translocating ATPase in plasma membranes of
      plants and fungi.

PMID- 2894227
TI  - Somatostatin modulation of neurally mediated pepsinogen secretion from frog
      esophageal mucosa.
AB  - Frog esophageal mucosa contains peptic glands which are innervated by cholinergic
      neurons. When incubated in a medium containing 1.5 mM CaCl2, pepsinogen release
      from esophageal mucosa was increased by a high potassium concentration (55 mM
      KCl), 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) or bethanechol. Whereas the
      response to bethanechol remained little changed, the response to high KCl
      concentrations or DMPP was abolished in the absence of Ca2+. The stimulatory
      effects of high KCl concentrations and DMPP were also eliminated by the presence
      of atropine or somatostatin. Furthermore, pepsinogen release in response to
      bethanechol was dose-dependently inhibited by somatostatin. Frog esophagus was
      found to contain somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, with a higher density at the
      end adjacent to the stomach. Chromatography of mucosa extract on Sephadex G-50
      revealed a single peak of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity that coeluted with
      somatostatin-14. Immunohistochemical staining of the mucosa with peroxidase
      antiperoxidase technique demonstrated the presence of two varieties of
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity-containing cells, one individually dispersed
      within the intercalated septa and the other in groups within the interlobular
      septa of the peptic glands. These results seem to indicate that somatostatin or
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity may play a modulatory role in neurally
      mediated pepsinogen secretion in the frog esophagus.

PMID- 2894228
TI  - [Autogenic regulation of the sensitivity of liver cells to glucocorticoids during
      prolonged hormonal stimulation].
AB  - The mechanisms of reversible decrease of hormone-dependent induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) by rat liver cells after prolonged administration of the
      glucocorticoid was studied. It was shown that the main links of the
      glucocorticoid action mechanism (i.e., the formation of a cytoplasmic hormone
      receptor complex and the hormone accumulation in the nuclei) do not change under
      these conditions. It was found also that one of the necessary prerequisites for
      the decrease of the hormone-dependent induction of TAT is the constant production
      by liver cells of large amounts of TAT irrespective of whether this process is
      induced by the glucocorticoid or by a non-hormonal inducer, e.g., tryptophan.
      Using the dot-hybridization technique, it was demonstrated that the inhibition of
      hormone-dependent induction of TAT is correlated with the reduction of mRNA TAT.
      It was supposed that the main links in the mechanism of inhibition of the hormone
      dependent induction are the formation of a large excess of the inducible protein-
      TAT--in the cells as well as the accumulation of end products of the TAT
      catalyzed transamination reaction which cause a feed-back repression of the de
      novo synthesis of TAT. Studies with cell cultures of Morris hepatoma which is
      known to be sensitive to glucocorticoids revealed the ability of glucose, the end
      product of gluconeogenesis reactions, to provide for selective inhibition of the
      hormone-induced accumulation of mRNA TAT in hepatoma cells.

PMID- 2894230
TI  - Autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation restores
      hematopoietic function following marrow ablative therapy.
AB  - From ten patients with advanced malignant disease involving the bone marrow,
      autologous hematopoietic stem cells were collected from the peripheral blood
      during eight four-hour pheresis procedures and cryopreserved. No manipulations to
      increase the number of stem cells circulating in the blood were used during the
      collections. Following marrow ablative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, the
      autologous cells were thawed and infused intravenously (IV). WBCs reappeared in
      the circulation at a median of eight days (range seven to 11 days) after stem
      cell infusion. Two patients died early, whereas the other eight reached normal
      numbers of circulating granulocytes that have persisted for up to greater than 20
      months. These eight patients became independent of RBC transfusions (hemoglobin
      concentration greater than 10 g/dL) at a median of 27 days (range 11 to 58 days)
      after transplantation. One patient received platelet transfusions for counts less
      than 50 x 109)/L, one patient developed a clinical picture of idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura, and six patients maintained a platelet count greater
      than 20 x 10(9)/L at a median of 23 days (range 14 to 25 days) following stem
      cell infusion. This technique allows patients ineligible for autologous bone
      marrow transplantation due to unacceptable anesthetic risks, prior pelvic
      irradiation, or bone marrow metastases to receive marrow ablative therapy.

PMID- 2894229
TI  - An examination of the opiate receptor subtypes labeled by [3H]cycloFOXY: an
      opiate antagonist suitable for positron emission tomography.
AB  - 17-Cyclopropylmethyl-3,14-dihydroxy-4,5-alpha-epoxy-6-beta-fluoromorp hinan
      (cycloFOXY) is a fluorinated derivative of naltrexone suitable for labeling
      opiate receptors using positron emission transaxial tomography. Using the
      quantitative ligand binding method "binding surface analysis," in vitro
      autoradiography, and site-directed alkylating agents, [3H]cycloFOXY is shown to
      label mu and kappa opiate binding sites in vitro. Similar results were obtained
      using [3H]naloxone. Additional experiments demonstrate that [3H]cycloFOXY
      administered in vivo also labels mu and kappa binding sites. The relevance of
      these findings are discussed from clinical and basic science perspectives.

PMID- 2894231
TI  - [Study of anti-inflammatory endogenous mechanisms via the study of counter
      irritation].

PMID- 2894232
TI  - United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: interim
      results. UK-TIA Study Group.
AB  - From 1979 to 1985, 2435 patients thought to have had a transient ischaemic attack
      or minor ischaemic stroke were allocated at random to receive long term blind
      treatment with either aspirin 600 mg twice daily (n = 815), aspirin 300 mg once
      daily (806), or placebo (814). Treatment continued with about 85% compliance
      until September 1986 (mean four years). The odds of suffering one or more of four
      categories of event--namely, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal major
      stroke, vascular death, or non-vascular death--were 18% less in the two groups
      allocated to receive aspirin than in the group allocated to receive placebo (2p =
      0.01). The more relevant but less frequent composite event of disabling stroke or
      vascular death was reduced by only 7%; this reduction was not significantly
      different from zero, but nor was it significantly different from a 25% reduction.
      There was no definite difference between responses to the 300 mg and 1200 mg
      daily doses, except that the lower dose was significantly less gastrotoxic.

PMID- 2894233
TI  - Response to deoxycoformycin in T cell leukaemias.

PMID- 2894234
TI  - Early ontogeny of kappa-opioid receptor regulation of prolactin secretion in the
      rat.
AB  - Although both mu- and kappa-opioid components of prolactin (PRL) secretion have
      been identified in the adult rat, the neural pathways through which these
      multiple receptor subtypes modulate PRL secretion have not been thoroughly
      investigated. The present study utilizes the differential ontogeny of opioid
      systems which alter PRL release to examine the mechanisms by which mu- and kappa
      receptors regulate prolactin. The responses of PRL, corticosterone and growth
      hormone to opioid receptor subtype-specific agonists were studied in neonatal
      rats. The PRL response to the kappa-agonist, U50488, preceded the response to the
      mu-agonist, morphiceptin. Like adults, neonates demonstrated a growth hormone,
      but not a PRL, response to the delta agonist, [D-pen2,pen5]enkephalin. U50488
      induced PRL secretion was not attenuated by cyproheptadine in adults or neonates,
      suggesting that the kappa-opioid mechanism operates independently of serotonin.
      In contrast, the PRL response to morphine was attenuated in adult rats. In
      addition, U50488 decreased median eminence dopamine synthesis in both adults and
      neonates. These findings suggest that the early developing, serotonin-independent
      opioid regulation of PRL is mediated through kappa-receptors, while the later
      developing mechanism which requires intact serotonergic transmission works
      through mu-receptors. kappa-Receptors appear to regulate PRL secretion by
      directly inhibiting the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons, while mu
      receptors might regulate the tonic dopaminergic inhibition of PRL through a
      serotonergic pathway.

PMID- 2894235
TI  - Phorbol esters inhibit agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in neuronal
      primary cultures.
AB  - The effects of phorbol esters on neurotransmitter-stimulated phosphoinositide
      (PI) hydrolysis in neurons in primary culture were investigated. Ten-day-old
      neuronal cultures were incubated with [3H]inositol for 2-3 days, exposed to
      phorbol esters, and the release of [3H]inositol phosphates was measured in the
      presence of 10 mM lithium. Pretreatment of the neuronal cultures with 1 microM
      phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) inhibited alpha 1, muscarinic, and glutamate
      receptor-mediated PI hydrolysis in a time-dependent manner with maximal
      inhibition observed after a 20-30 min preincubation. The active beta-phorbol
      didecanoate inhibited stimulated PI hydrolysis, but its stereo-isomer alpha
      phorbol didecanoate was without effect at 1 microM. PMA was about 10 times more
      potent at inhibiting PI hydrolysis stimulated by norepinephrine and glutamate
      compared to carbachol. The order of potency of the various phorbol esters for
      inhibition of stimulated PI hydrolysis and the differences between active and
      inactive stereoisomers suggests that the activation of protein kinase C may
      mediate the inhibitory effects. Thus, stimulation of neuronal protein kinase C
      may represent a mechanism for the regulation of agonist-stimulated PI hydrolysis.

PMID- 2894236
TI  - Stimulation-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat corpus
      striatum.
AB  - Incubation of rat corpus striatal synaptosomes with 32PO4 led to a time-dependent
      incorporation of 32P into tyrosine hydroxylase. Depolarization of the
      synaptosomes with elevated [K+]o increased 32P incorporation into tyrosine
      hydroxylase. The depolarization-dependent increase in 32P incorporation into
      tyrosine hydroxylase occurred rapidly (less than 15 sec), persisted in the
      presence of elevated [K+]o (up to 120 sec), required the presence of [Ca++]o, and
      was associated with serine (but not threonine or tyrosine) residues. After limit
      tryptic digestion of the 32P-tyrosine hydroxylase, several phosphopeptides were
      separated by HPLC, and elevated [K+]o increased 32P incorporation into two of
      these phosphopeptides. Thus, depolarization of dopaminergic terminals from the
      rat corpus striatum increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase, and
      the increase in phosphorylation appeared to occur at multiple sites. Multiple
      site phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase has been previously shown in
      peripheral catecholaminergic tissues. However, substantial differences in the
      elution profiles of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphopeptides from striatal
      synaptosomes and from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were observed. Thus,
      qualitative differences in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase may exist among
      the many catecholaminergic systems.

PMID- 2894237
TI  - Modulation of cerebellar granule cell activity by iontophoretic application of
      serotonergic agents.
AB  - Serotonergic fibers have been identified within the granule cell layer of the
      cerebellar cortex; however, their functional significance has not been
      identified. In this study the effect of serotonin on granule cell spontaneous
      activity was determined in the rat cerebellum. Of the 136 granule cells tested,
      44.8% displayed a decrease in firing rate, 21.3% increased firing rate and 33.8%
      were not affected. The serotonin-induced changes in activity were not blocked by
      bicuculline or methysergide. The serotonin agonist 1,3 (trifluoromethylphenyl)
      piperazine mimicked the serotonin-induced suppressive response. Iontophoretically
      applied serotonin was also found to modulate GABA-induced suppression of granule
      cell activity. The variable effects of serotonin on spontaneous activity suggests
      the presence of more than one type of serotonergic receptor in the cerebellar
      granule cell layer.

PMID- 2894238
TI  - Topographic relations of cholinergic and noradrenergic neurons in the feline
      pontomesencephalic tegmentum: an immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The immunohistochemical localization of the neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes
      choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was
      examined in the feline pontomesencephalic tegmentum. Examination of adjacent
      sections stained for either choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase or
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity, as well as individual sections doubly
      stained for both choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactivity, unequivocally demonstrated that noradrenergic and cholinergic
      neurons were extensively intermingled in the brainstem tegmentum of the cat. This
      contrasts with the situation in various other species, where neurons utilizing
      these two neurotransmitters are discretely localized in distinct nuclei.
      Furthermore, the present studies demonstrate the existence of two types of
      choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive neurons in the feline tegmentum: the
      magnocellular neurons of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
      which stain histochemically for NADPH diaphorase, plus a population of small
      spindle-shaped neurons in the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei which do not
      stain positively for NADPH diaphorase. The data are discussed with respect to
      several influential hypotheses of sleep cycle control.

PMID- 2894240
TI  - Effects of 3-aminobenzamide on the induction of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase
      positive foci by various chemicals in rat liver.
AB  - The effects of 3-aminobenzamide (ABA), a representative inhibitor of poly(ADP
      ribose)polymerase, on the induction of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT)
      positive foci, an early lesion occurring during hepatocarcinogenesis, in rat
      liver by various chemicals were studied in Fischer 344 and Wistar rats. ABA
      exhibited an enhancing effect on the induction of GGT-positive foci by
      benzo[a]pyrene, but no effects on induction by a methylating agent, N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea, in both rat strains. In contrast, the induction of GGT-positive foci
      by another methylating agent, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, was enhanced by ABA in
      Wistar rats, but not affected in Fischer rats. There were no effects of ABA on
      the induction of GGT-positive foci by N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine in
      Wistar rats. These results indicate a differential effect of ABA on the induction
      of GGT-positive foci by different chemicals in different rat strains.

PMID- 2894239
TI  - Radioiodinated meta-iodobenzylguanidine uptake in medullary thyroid cancer. A
      French cooperative study.
AB  - Fifty meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintiscans were performed in three groups
      of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) patients. Group 1 (n = 11) included treated
      patients with normal calcitonin levels; Group 2 (n = 24) included patients with
      elevated calcitonin levels due to sporadic and isolated MTC; Group 3 (n = 15)
      included patients with elevated calcitonin levels due to familial MTC or multiple
      endocrine neoplasia Type IIA syndrome (MEN). In Group 1 three pheochromocytoma
      were depicted by MIBG scintiscan. In Group 2 MTC was seen in a small number of
      patients (3 of 24). In Group 3, besides adrenal hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma
      four patients, MIBG scintigraphy showed where MTC had localized and spread in
      almost half of patients (7 of 15). MIBG uptake occurred in patients with
      relatively high calcitonin level (greater than 0.6 nmol/l). These data indicate
      that in patients with familial MTC or MEN syndrome, MIBG scintiscan can be useful
      not only in detecting associated pheochromocytoma, but also in showing MTC.

PMID- 2894241
TI  - Contribution by host tissues to circulating glutamine in mice inoculated with
      Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AB  - Twenty-four h after tumor transplantation increases of free glutamine in plasma,
      liver, and kidney occurred simultaneously with the exponential phase of tumor
      growth. Kidney and muscle glutamine synthetase also increased in the first 2 days
      following tumor transplantation, while kidney and liver glutaminases decreased.
      The levels of free glutamine in plasma and tissues, and the activities of
      glutamine synthetase and glutaminase, tended to approach normal values in the
      last days of life of the tumor-transplanted animals. Eleven days after
      transplantation, liver glutamine synthetase activity diminished. The results are
      discussed in terms of a glutamate/glutamine intercellular cycle which could
      augment the circulating glutamine, the main source of nitrogen for tumor cells.

PMID- 2894242
TI  - Expression of the c-raf protooncogene, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and gap
      junction protein in rat liver neoplasms.
AB  - Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley and F-344 rats were subjected to a 70% hepatectomy
      and 18 h later given one dose of 30 mg diethylnitrosamine/kg body weight.
      Beginning 1 week later, the animals were fed a diet containing 0.05%
      phenobarbital. Groups of rats were sacrificed 6 and 15 months later, and the
      livers were either frozen for cryostat sectioning or used to isolate RNA. Primary
      liver tumors present in these animals were used for RNA isolation, and a portion
      was taken for histopathological analysis. Eleven of 13 primary lesions,
      consisting of either neoplastic nodules or hepatocellular carcinomas, showed
      elevated levels of mRNA for the c-raf protooncogene. Increased c-raf mRNA in
      these tumors appeared to be unrelated to their cellular proliferative status
      inasmuch as the levels of c-raf mRNA did not correlate with levels of H4 histone
      mRNA. Decreased expression of the major rat liver gap junction protein mRNA was
      observed in all of the primary tumors. Immunocytochemical analysis using an anti
      gap junction antibody revealed a decrease in gap junction immunoreactivity in
      some but not all preneoplastic focal lesions. All preneoplastic foci having
      positive gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase enzyme staining also exhibited a marked
      increase in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase mRNA as determined by in situ
      hybridization. The possible relation of alterations of the mRNA levels of c-raf
      and the gap junction protein to the further development of preneoplastic foci is
      discussed.

PMID- 2894243
TI  - Opioid analgesics.

PMID- 2894245
TI  - Tolerability of timolol and betaxolol in patients with chronic open-angle
      glaucoma.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with bilateral chronic open-angle glaucoma received three
      treatments: (1) artificial tears (control) in both eyes, (2) artificial tears in
      one eye and one drop of timolol (0.05%) in the other, and (3) artificial tears in
      one eye and one drop of betaxolol (0.05%) in the other. Twelve patients always
      received the test medication in the left eye and 12 in the right eye. The
      patients were examined and questioned about ocular symptoms at the time of drug
      administration and at 1, 5, 30, and 60 minutes. Irritation was noted in five
      treated eyes after artificial tears, in three after timolol, and in 11 after
      betaxolol. The incidence of irritation after initial treatment was significantly
      lower than expected for timolol than for artificial tears or betaxolol (P less
      than 0.01).

PMID- 2894244
TI  - Effects of prolonged oral cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine therapy on
      antipyrine elimination.
AB  - The effects of three histamine H2-receptor antagonists on the antipyrine
      metabolizing capacity of the liver were studied in 32 patients with
      gastrointestinal disorders and in three healthy volunteers. The drugs studied
      were 800 mg and 400 mg of cimetidine, 300 mg of ranitidine, and 40 mg of
      famotidine daily. Only cimetidine at 800 mg/day inhibited hepatic antipyrine
      metabolism, and the inhibitory effects disappeared rapidly with no accumulation.

PMID- 2894246
TI  - Effects of nipradilol, a new beta-blocking agent with vasodilating properties, on
      exercise tolerance in patients with stable effort angina: a double-blind study.
AB  - The effects of nipradilol, a new beta-blocking agent with vasodilating
      properties, on exercise tolerance were examined in eight patients with stable
      effort angina. Symptom-limited treadmill tests were performed two hours after
      administration of oral nipradilol (9 mg) or placebo in a double-blind manner.
      Exercise time to the onset of angina was significantly longer after nipradilol
      than after placebo (6.8 +/- 2.5 min versus 5.0 +/- 1.2 min, P less than 0.05).
      Exercise duration after nipradilol was not statistically different from that
      after 0.3 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin (7.2 +/- 1.9 min). Nipradilol
      significantly decreased heart rate both at rest and during exercise (P less than
      0.01). Systolic blood pressure at rest did not change after nipradilol. However,
      an increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise was inhibited by
      nipradilol. The pressure rate product was significantly lower after nipradilol
      than after placebo. It is concluded that nipradilol improves exercise tolerance
      in patients with stable effort angina by decreasing the myocardial oxygen
      consumption during exercise.

PMID- 2894247
TI  - Regional fat loss from the thigh in obese women after adrenergic modulation.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation and alpha 2-adrenergic inhibition increase lipolysis
      from fat cells. Twenty-eight obese women were placed on a calorie-restricted diet
      and one of five treatments was applied to one thigh three to five times per week
      for four weeks: (1) isoproterenol injections; (2) cream containing colforsin
      (forskolin), aminophylline, and yohimbine; (3) yohimbine cream; (4) colforsin
      cream; or (5) aminophylline cream. The opposite thigh was treated with a placebo
      (injection or cream). The treated thighs lost significantly more girth after
      treatment, both by injection and by cream. No adverse reactions were attributable
      to either the cream or the injections. It is concluded that local fat reduction
      from the thigh can be safely accomplished.

PMID- 2894248
TI  - Ultracytochemical localization of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase in rat
      small intestine.

PMID- 2894249
TI  - Aminergic and peptidergic amplification of intracellular cyclic AMP levels in a
      molluscan neural network.
AB  - 1. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), dopamine (DA), and small cardioactive
      peptide B (SCPB) can activate adenylate cyclase and increase the intracellular
      cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in the Limax procerebrum (PC), with differing time
      courses and to differing extents. 5-HT and SCPB are potent stimulators of
      adenylate cyclase, and when both were applied simultaneously, an additive effect
      was observed. 2. In contrast, DA shows a great variability in the time course of
      cAMP synthesis and is a weak stimulator. Ergonovine, a DA antagonist, failed to
      inhibit cyclase activation, indicating that ergonovine-sensitive receptors are
      absent or ergonovine-sensitive DA receptors are not coupled to adenylate cyclase.
      3. 5-HT and SCPB cause a rapid synthesis of cAMP, reaching the maximum 20- to 30
      fold increase within a minute. DA's effect is slow in onset and very prolonged,
      reaching a maximum of only a two- to three-fold increase in the cAMP level.
      Reasons for variability in DA action are discussed.

PMID- 2894251
TI  - UASs and enhancers: common mechanism of transcriptional activation in yeast and
      mammals.

PMID- 2894250
TI  - Proliferation, senescence, and neoplastic progression of beta cells in
      hyperplasic pancreatic islets.
AB  - Three different cases of pancreatic beta cell hyperplasia in mice are accompanied
      by an increase in a subclass of cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a
      neuronal enzyme. In the nontumorigenic cases of islet growth during normal
      pregnancy and in the obese mutant mouse, the TH-insulin cells do not divide, in
      contrast to the "insulin-only" cells. In later stages the number of proliferating
      insulin-only cells decreases concomitant with an increase in the number of
      nondividing TH-insulin cells, suggesting that the TH-insulin cells are on a
      pathway to senescence. In the presence of an oncoprotein the TH-insulin cells are
      able to proliferate. The proliferation of this cell type may represent an escape
      from the senescence pathway and progression to immortal tumor cells.

PMID- 2894252
TI  - TAP transcription and phosphatidylinositol linkage mutants are defective in
      activation through the T cell receptor.
AB  - TAP is a phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein that is involved in
      murine T lymphocyte activation. To determine the relationship between TAP and T
      cell receptor/CD3-mediated activation, we derived TAP expression mutants of a T-T
      hybridoma. Two phenotypically distinct classes of mutants were obtained. The
      first has a selective defect in the transcription of TAP, while the second has a
      defect in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol-protein linkages. Both
      mutations affect antigen-stimulated, T cell receptor-mediated activation of the T
      T hybrid. These variants have intact immune effector gene programs, as they are
      responsive to pharmacologic agents that mimic receptor signals. These findings
      support a role for phosphatidylinositol-linked cell-surface glycoproteins in
      physiologic T cell activation. Consistent with this interpretation, we observed
      similar defects in T cell responsiveness after enzymatic removal of
      phosphatidylinositol-linked proteins from normal T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2894254
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative heterogeneity in Pgp-1 expression among murine
      thymocytes.
AB  - A proportion of Pgp-1+ cells in the thymus have been shown to have progenitor
      activity. In adult AKR/Cum mice the total Pgp-1+ population in the thymus differs
      from that of the bulk of thymocytes and is antigenically heterogeneous when
      examined by flow cytometry. Pgp-1+ thymocytes are enriched for several minor cell
      populations compared to total thymocytes: B2A2-, interleukin-2-receptor+ (IL
      2R+), and Lyt-2-, L3T4-. However, these subsets are still a minor proportion of
      the Pgp-1+ cells, the majority being Lyt-2+ and/or L3T4+ and B2A2+. Pgp-1+
      thymocytes also differ from the bulk of thymocytes in having lower amounts of Thy
      1 and in showing a higher proportion of single positive (Lyt-2+, L3T4- or Lyt-2-,
      L3T4+) cells. Populations of adult thymocytes that are enriched in progenitor
      cells can be isolated by cytotoxic depletion using either anti-Thy-1 antibody
      (Thy-1 depletion) or anti-Lyt-2 and anti-L3T4 antibody (Lyt-2, L3T4 depletion).
      Pgp-1+ cells in progenitor cell-enriched populations are also phenotypically
      heterogeneous. Pgp-1+ cells in both populations may be IL-2R+ or IL-2R- and B2A2+
      or B2A2-. The population of Pgp-1+ cells in progenitor cell-enriched populations
      in the adult differs from that of the fetus at 14 days of gestation in that in
      the 14-day fetus, most Pgp-1+ cells are IL-2R+. By Day 15 of gestation, distinct
      populations of Pgp-1+, IL-2R-; Pgp-1+, IL-2R+; and Pgp-1-, IL-2R+ cells are
      observed. In the 15-day fetus, as in the adult, many Pgp-1+ thymocytes express
      low to moderate levels of Thy-1. The total percentage of Pgp-1+ cells in the
      thymus varies among different mouse strains, ranging from 4 to 35% in the thymus
      of young adult mice. Pgp 1.1 strains contain more detectably Pgp-1+ thymocytes
      than Pgp 1.2 strains; however, there is variability in the proportion of Pgp-1+
      cells, even among Pgp 1.2 strains. In contrast to AKR/Cum mice, the Pgp-1+
      thymocyte population in BALB/c mice, which contain a high proportion of Pgp-1+
      thymocytes, closely resembles the total thymocyte population.

PMID- 2894255
TI  - [Tissue culture of Corydalis yanhusuo and alkaloid production].

PMID- 2894253
TI  - Guinea pig and gerbil erythrocytes rosette with different cells in the blood,
      bone marrow, and thymus of the cat.
AB  - Cat thymocytes, bone marrow cells, and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) formed
      rosettes with guinea pig (GP) and gerbil (G) erythrocytes (E). In PBL from adult
      cats the frequency of rosettes was 27% with GPE and GE, while an average of 33%
      bone marrow cells formed rosettes with GPE and only 4% with GE. Thymocytes from
      kittens showed a high percentage of rosettes with both GPE and GE (35 to 81%),
      with the frequency of each type varying with the thymus tested. Fluorescein
      isothiocyanate labeling of one of the erythrocyte species revealed these cells to
      be rosetting with different nucleated cells; i.e., a low percentage (3-5%) of the
      rosettes formed with PBL and bone marrow had both labeled and unlabeled
      erythrocytes. In contrast, "mixed" rosettes were observed with a significant
      number of thymocytes, averaging 33% of thymocytes from six animals. A further
      distinction between the GE- and GPE-rosetting cells was revealed by a monoclonal
      antibody which blocked GE rosette formation without interfering with the binding
      of GPE to PBL and thymocytes. PBL could be depleted of either GPE- or GE
      rosetting cells, with retention of IgG+ cells and cells capable of rosetting with
      the second erythrocyte species in the nonrosetting fractions. Stimulation of the
      latter nonrosetting fractions with pokeweed mitogen for induction of Ig synthesis
      revealed a T-lymphocyte specificity of the GE- and GPE-rosetting cells. PBL
      depleted of GE-rosetting cells yielded an increased Ig production, two- to
      threefold above the control; in contrast, depletion of GPE-rosetting cells from
      PBL resulted in a failure of the remaining cells to respond. These results
      suggest that T-suppressor cells of the cat are contained in the GE-rosetting
      fraction and T-helper cells are rosetted with GPE.

PMID- 2894256
TI  - [Lymphatic filariasis in Vanuatu].
AB  - Lymphatic filariasis, in the Archipelago of Vanuatu, is due to Wuchereria
      bancrofti. The vector is Anopheles farauti, endophilic mosquito, which transmits
      also malaria. The level of endemicity was very high in the beginning of this
      century (microfilariae in blood: 60.9%, elephantiasis: 21%), and has dramatically
      decline now by detection and treatment of sick people (70 cases in 1986), mass
      chimioprophylaxis and protection against the vectors. But these actions must be
      continued to obtain the eradication of filariasis in the Vanuatu.

PMID- 2894257
TI  - Comparative histochemical investigation of the glutathione S-transferase
      placental form and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase during N-nitrosobis(2
      hydroxypropyl)amine-induced lung carcinogenesis in rats.
AB  - Immunohistochemical staining using anti-rat glutathione S-transferase placental
      form (GST-P) rabbit antibody and enzyme histochemical staining for gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) were investigated in lesions appearing during
      lung carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) in rats.
      Rats were given BHP at a concentration of 2000 p.p.m. in drinking water, and were
      killed after 12 weeks of BHP intake, after 12 weeks of BHP intake followed by 12
      weeks of tap water intake or after 20 weeks of continuous BHP intake. It was
      found that bronchiolo-alveolar hyperplasias, adenomas, adenocarcinomas, squamous
      metaplasias and squamous cell carcinomas had been induced by BHP. All of the
      squamous metaplasias and squamous cell carcinomas were shown to stain with GST-P
      but not with gamma-GT. On the other hand, the hyperplasias, adenomas and adeno
      carcinomas stained with gamma-GT to various degrees and in different areas, but
      did not stain with GST-P. The incidence of gamma-GT phenotype and the average
      percentage of gamma-GT-positive areas in hyperplasias and adenomas suggested that
      adenocarcinomas might develop from hyperplasias and adenomas. These results
      suggest that GST-P is a marker for squamous lesions while gamma-GT is a marker
      for adenomatous lesions in rat lung carcinogenesis. Furthermore, squamous
      metaplasias appear to be preneoplastic lesions of squamous cell carcinomas while
      gamma-GT-positive hyperplasias or adenomas are preneoplastic lesions of
      peripheral adenocarcinomas.

PMID- 2894259
TI  - Arylsulfatase A in urine of patients with urothelial tumors.
AB  - A significant increase in urine arylsulfatase A activity (p less than 0.01) was
      found in patients with urothelial tumors. Arylsulfatase A activity was 1.36 +/-
      1.10 U/24-h urine in control specimens, 1.90 +/- 1.66 U/24-h urine in various
      genitourinary tract disorders, and 3.90 +/- 1.98 U/24-h urine in transitional
      cell carcinoma specimens. Surgical treatment of the neoplastic patients lowered
      the arylsulfatase A activity found in urine to within reference values. The
      arylsulfatase A excreted by patients with these tumors was highly sensitive to
      thermal inactivation while the enzyme activity in the control urines was less
      affected by the heat treatment. The time course of the arylsulfatase A reaction
      with 4-nitrocatechol sulfate was not linear in normal individuals, while it was
      linear in 90% of patients with urothelial tumors. This difference in the kinetic
      pattern of the enzyme could be used to increase the diagnostic specificity of the
      determination.

PMID- 2894258
TI  - Quality control material for activity determinations of urinary enzymes.
AB  - We examined the stability of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30),
      alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma
      glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), and lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) in urine prepared by
      gel filtration and supplemented with albumin, or ethylene glycol, or ethylene
      glycol plus albumin during storage at -20 degrees C for a period of 12 months.
      The stability was assessed by linear regression analysis of monthly values versus
      time. All enzymes except for gamma-glutamyltransferase could be considered stable
      for about one year in all three control materials provided that maximum change of
      10% of the starting enzyme activity is accepted as tolerable. If ethylene glycol
      is used as stabilizer, its suitability must be tested and its inhibitory effect
      on enzyme activities must be taken into account in intermethod comparisons,
      because in some methods, it may be removed in a pretreatment step.

PMID- 2894260
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis and mitral stenosis.
AB  - A 44-year-old housewife was found to have coarctation of the abdominal aorta
      secondary to Takayasu's arteritis. Since she also had mitral stenosis, possible
      etiological relation between Takayasu's arteritis and mitral stenosis is
      suspected.

PMID- 2894261
TI  - Arm exercise testing for coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral
      vascular disease.
AB  - We evaluated 74 peripheral vascular disease (PVD) patients (54 men, age 61 +/- 7
      years and 17 women, age 63 +/- 7 years) for potential coronary heart disease
      (CAD) using an arm exercise test (AET) protocol. All patients performed upright
      two-arm cranking using discontinuous stages of 2 minutes of exercise separated by
      2 minutes of rest. Exercise intensity was increased by +100 or 200 kpm (kilopond
      meters) with each stage. ECG was monitored continuously and blood pressure and 12
      lead ECG tracings were obtained at the end of each exercise stage. All patients
      reached an endpoint of subjective exhaustion. Men achieved 91 +/- 14% of age
      predicted heart rate at 597 +/- 167 kpm, while women achieved 86 +/- 14% of age
      predicted heart rate at 335 +/- 117 kpm. Ischemic ECG responses (+AET) defined as
      new or additional ST depression greater than 1.0 mm X 80 ms, occurred in 35 men
      (65%) and 7 women (42%). Coronary angiography was performed in a subset of 22
      patients (15 males and 7 females). CAD (greater than 70% stenosis) was found in
      11 of 12 men and 4 of 5 women who showed positive or strongly positive AET
      responses (overall predictive value for AET = 88%). We conclude that arm exercise
      stress testing is safely performed in PVD patients who cannot complete treadmill
      exercise. In this limited series of PVD patients, the predictive value of a +AET
      response for diagnosis of CAD is similar to established values for treadmill
      exercise.

PMID- 2894262
TI  - [A case of adult T-cell leukemia showing diffuse periventricular lesions with
      contrast enhancement in cerebral computed tomography].

PMID- 2894263
TI  - [A case of HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM)--an immunological aspect].

PMID- 2894264
TI  - HLA-D region RFLPs indicate that susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes in
      South India is located in the HLA-DQ region.
AB  - Recently close markers for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Western
      'Caucasoid' subjects have been defined from DQ region (both alpha and beta genes)
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms. In order to define the genetic
      contribution to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in an Indian population we
      have analysed 58 unrelated Dravidian (South Indian) insulin-dependent diabetic
      patients and 43 controls. In insulin-dependent diabetes an increased frequency of
      the Taq 1 DQ beta restriction fragment length polymorphisms designated T2
      omega/T6 (relative risk = 10.6), and of homozygotes for Taq 1 DQ alpha 4.6 kb
      (relative risk = 11), was found in the patients. The highest relative risk for
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was obtained by comparing patients and
      control subjects who either (a) co-inherited DQT2 omega/T6 with certain DQ alpha
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms or (b) were DQ alpha 4.6 kb
      homozygotes, the combination of (a) and (b) accounting for 55.5% of insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus subjects and none of the controls (relative risk =
      101; 95% confidence limits 93-109).

PMID- 2894265
TI  - Cytochromes P-450.
AB  - 1. The cytochromes P-450 are of interest in fields as diverse as biochemistry,
      pharmacology, mechanistic and synthetic chemistry, carcinogenesis, toxicology,
      endocrinology, and nutrition. 2. Cytochrome P-450 enzymes are coded by a multi
      gene family. 3. The many forms have some elements of similarity in their primary
      sequences and catalyze chemically equivalent reactions, either mixed-function
      oxidations or reductions. 4. The catalytic specificity of the individual forms of
      the enzyme is related to three-dimensional interactions between individual
      substrates and their binding sites, and the reactions are related in their
      chemistry. 5. Regulation of enzyme levels appears to involve transcriptional and
      post-transcriptional aspects.

PMID- 2894267
TI  - Proctolin potentiates synaptic transmission in the central nervous system of an
      insect.
AB  - 1. Bursts of spike activity in the ventral nerve cord of the cockroach were
      elicited by mechanically stimulating the cercal organs. 2. In the presence of
      micromolar proctolin, the peak frequency and the duration of a burst were slowly
      but significantly increased. 3. In contrast, carbachol produced an immediate
      enhancement of spontaneous activity, but a potentiation of bursts was not seen.
      4. It is proposed that proctolin functions as a neuromodulator in the terminal
      abdominal ganglion of the cockroach.

PMID- 2894266
TI  - Sympathetic innervation of the rectum and bladder of the skate and parallel
      effects of ATP and adrenalin.
AB  - 1. Longitudinal muscles of the rectum of the skate are first briefly excited and
      then inhibited by stimulation of the sympathetic nerve fibres. 2. ATP, adrenalin
      and noradrenalin also produce inhibition. 3. 5HT is strongly excitatory but
      acetylcholine is only excitatory above 1 microM. 4. The rectum contracts strongly
      to mechanical stimulation; the response is not blocked by TTX. 5. The inhibitory
      actions of sympathetic stimulation or ATP were not blocked by guanethidine,
      propranalol, antazoline, theophylline or bee venom (apamin). 6. ATP continued to
      produce inhibition after the nerve response was blocked by TTX. 7. The urinary
      bladder gives slow rhythmic contractions, which are inhibited by nerve
      stimulation and by adrenalin but ATP has no action. 8. 5HT is strongly excitatory
      but acetylcholine has little action.

PMID- 2894268
TI  - Characterization of nicotine-induced contraction in the canine bronchus.
AB  - 1. The modes of action of nicotine on the dog bronchial smooth muscle preparation
      was investigated, in order to compare with those on the bronchial preparations
      from the guinea-pig, rabbit and monkey. 2. Nicotine induced a contraction in the
      dog bronchial preparation, and this response was abolished by hexamethonium and
      atropine and potentiated by physostigmine. 3. These findings suggest that the
      contractile response to nicotine was mediated through an action on the nicotinic
      receptors and due to the release of acetylcholine. 4. Tetrodotoxin did not
      inhibit the contractile response to nicotine in the dog bronchial preparation,
      suggesting that the nicotine-induced response may be produced mainly through a
      sodium action potential-independent process. 5. The present observations in the
      dog bronchial preparations coincided with those in the rabbit and monkey bronchi
      but not with the findings in the guinea-pig bronchus.

PMID- 2894269
TI  - Differential effects of adrenergic blockade on seasonal changes in core
      temperatures and thermal conductances of deer mice maintained in thermal neutral
      environments.
AB  - 1. Resting, daytime, thermal conductances and metabolic rates of mice conditioned
      to winter (10:14LD) and summer (14:10LD) photoperiods were reduced by social
      huddling; huddling resulted in group size related elevations in core temperature
      during summer, but not with winter light-dark cycle exposures. 2. Core
      temperatures of resting, solitary winter animals were lower than those of summer;
      both summer and winter animals' core temperatures were further reduced by
      increased thermal conductance resulting from (phentolamine) alpha receptor
      blockade. 3. Social huddling reduction of the heat loss from phentolamine
      treatment was more effective for winter (10:14LD) animals. 4. While phentolamine
      treatment resulted in increased thermal conductance and lower core temperatures
      of the mice, propranalol treatment resulted in lower core temperatures and
      resting metabolic rates, with a resulting decrease in thermal conductance. 5.
      Since adrenergic blockade was less dose-effective on winter animals, we reasoned
      that winter animals display higher levels of endogenous adrenergic capacity than
      summer animals and that lower winter thermoregulatory set points provide for
      energy conservation with enhanced capacity for meeting cold challenge.

PMID- 2894270
TI  - Behavioural observations and neurophysiological responses of cockroaches
      envenomated with Latrodectus katipo venom.
AB  - 1. The behaviour of American cockroaches envenomated with Latrodectus katipo
      venom was correlated with neurophysiological events recorded from an isolated
      cockroach CNS preparation to which venom was applied. 2. The injection of a venom
      extract into cockroaches caused convulsions (3 behavioural categories: quivering,
      jerking and hyperextension) which eventually led to paralysis and death. 3.
      Changes in the spontaneous activity of nerve 5 (from the metathoracic ganglion)
      corresponded to the time course of envenomation behaviours. An initial increase
      in discharge peaked 5-10 min after application and subsequently decreased to
      become irreversibly blocked.

PMID- 2894271
TI  - Hematological effects of ethyl methanesulfonate, paraquat and phenylhydrazine in
      Japanese quail.
AB  - 1. Juvenile Coturnix coturnix japonica males were injected intravenously with 2,
      20 or 200 mg ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)/kg body wt; 0.2, 2 or 20 mg paraquat
      (PARA)/kg body wt; or 0.6, 6 or 60 mg phenylhydrazine (PHZ)/kg body wt; and
      hematologic variables were measured at 0 (non-injected), 24 and 72 hr post
      injection. 2. EMS, PARA and PHZ-induced hemolytic anemia began within 24 hr post
      injection. 3. Recovery from anemia began within 72 hr post-injection of EMS or
      PARA, but PHZ injected quail continued to show a marked anemia at that time. 4.
      EMS and PARA induced lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia and heterophilia, while PHZ
      induced lymphocytosis, monocytopenia and heteropenia after injection. 5. These
      results suggest that the anemia induced by EMS and PARA was dissimilar from that
      induced by PHZ, that all chemicals affected leukopoiesis and that Japanese quail
      can mount a marked recovery from the hematologic affects of PARA, a widely used
      herbicide, in a short interval after intoxication.

PMID- 2894273
TI  - Changes in monoamine oxidase activity by mitochondria isolated from late embryos
      of Bufo bufo.
AB  - 1. Monoamine oxidase activity has been assayed in mitochondria isolated from post
      neural embryos (stages 14-25) of Bufo bufo, using 5-HT and PEA as substrates. 2.
      Mitochondria isolated from stages 19 to 25 show an increasing ability in
      deaminating monoamines, PEA being metabolized at a higher level with respect to 5
      HT. 3. At all the examined stages 5-HT is metabolized by an enzyme corresponding
      to MAO A, while PEA, from stage 19, is largely deaminated by a semicarbazide
      sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). 4. The effect of Triton X-100 on MAO A activity
      appears remarkably different in mitochondria isolated from embryos at stages 14
      and 25 respectively.

PMID- 2894272
TI  - Effects of nicorandil on isolated smooth muscle cells from guinea-pig taenia
      caeci.
AB  - 1. The effects of nicorandil on guinea-pig taenia caeci were investigated with
      the use of isolated smooth muscle cells and glycerin-treated muscle fiber
      bundles. 2. Nicorandil inhibited high K-, Ca2+- and carbachol-induced
      contractions in a dose-dependent manner without affecting 45Ca fluxes in isolated
      cells. 3. Nicorandil had no effect on ATP-induced contraction of glycerin-treated
      muscle fiber bundles. 4. The present results suggest that nicorandil may inhibit
      the contraction by action on the contractile proteins in an indirect manner in
      guinea-pig taenia caeci.

PMID- 2894274
TI  - Effects of temperature oscillations on the distribution of 65Zn on cytoplasmic
      proteins.
AB  - 1. Oscillating temperatures cause an increase in 65Zn uptake into the digestive
      gland of M. edulis when compared with the effects of constant temperatures. 2.
      The increased uptake is associated with a change in the distribution of 65Zn onto
      cytoplasmic proteins. There is a fall in the percentage of metal on the greater
      than 70 K dalton fraction and a rise in the 3 K dalton fraction. 3. A possible
      hypothesis is produced to explain these effects in terms of heat lability of
      metal-protein ligands.

PMID- 2894275
TI  - Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor regulation of transmitter release in the conscious
      rat.
AB  - 1. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in conscious, adrenal
      demedulated rats. The rats were subjected to a 1-min period of mild "stress",
      induced by jet-air directed into the experimental cage. The plasma content of
      noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and 3, 4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
      was determined 1 min after termination of "stress". 2. The presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (YOH) (10(-7) - 10(-6) mol/kg, given 5 min
      prior to "stress") did not alter the increase in BP and HR, induced by "stress",
      when compared to control rats (receiving NaCl instead of YOH at the corresponding
      time). 3. Pre-treatment with atropine (ATR) (2.5 mg/kg) 5 min before YOH (10(-6)
      mol/kg) or NaCl increased HR but not BP significantly in both groups of rats.
      "Stress", as above, gave a significant prolongation of the increase in HR in rats
      receiving YOH, when compared to control rats. The increase in BP was not
      significantly altered, compared to controls. 4. The neuronal re-uptake inhibitor
      desmethylimipramine (DMI) (0.1 mg/kg) was given together with ATR (2.5 mg/kg) 5
      min before YOH (10(-6) mol/kg) or NaCl in one group of rats. This treatment
      induced a significant increase in HR but did not affect BP. "Stress", induced as
      above, extended the duration of the increase in HR in the YOH-treated rats,
      compared to controls. The increase in BP was not significantly different between
      the YOH-treated rats and the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894276
TI  - Slow sodium-free contractures in the frog heart mediated by the sodium-calcium
      exchange.
AB  - 1. Sodium-free contractures were studied in myocardial strips from R. pipiens
      when extracellular sodium (Na+o) was replaced by choline chloride and
      extracellular free calcium (Ca2+o) was defined with EGTA-buffer. 2. Resting
      membrane potentials (RMP) were normal in sodium-free solutions with Ca2+o
      calculated below 1.0 x 10(-9) mol/l. 3. When Ca2+o was subsequently increased
      from zero to 1.0 x 10(-3) mol/l Na+-free contractures developed slowly with
      unchanged RMP even at maximum contracture, at which the intracellular
      ultrastructure is grossly altered. 4. The contractures developed significantly
      faster in the presence of 3 x 10(-6) mol/l ouabain. 5. In sodium-free solutions
      La3+ did not influence Ca2+-dependent contractures, apart from causing an
      increase in time to maximum contracture. 6. It is concluded that sarcolemmal
      integrity is maintained in frog myocardium treated initially with Na+/Ca2+-free
      solutions and then with Na+-free medium containing 1 mmol/l Ca2+. 7. Our
      experiments indicate that sodium-free, Ca2+o-dependent contractures are mediated
      by the Na+/Ca2+-exchange, operation at higher rates when Na+i is increased. La3+
      (1 mmol/l) probably does not compete with Ca2+ at extracellular binding sites of
      the exchanger. 8. The Na+/Ca2+-exchange may under certain experimental conditions
      be able to increase Ca2+i to cytotoxic concentrations.

PMID- 2894277
TI  - Sodium-free contractures in frog myocardium damaged by catecholamines.
AB  - 1. Sodium-free contractures were studied in myocardial strips from R. pipiens
      with extracellular sodium (Na+o) replaced by choline chloride and extracellular
      calcium (Ca2+o) varied with EGTA-buffer. Normal myocardium was compared with that
      damaged by adrenaline (ADR) or isoproterenol (ISO). 2. Frog myocardium, damaged
      by in vivo injections of catecholamines, remained relaxed when exposed to
      Na+/Ca2+-free solutions. Only in 2 out of 18 experiments were small contractures
      observed after several hours. 3. Addition of KCN to the Na+/Ca2+-free solution
      caused small contractures after several hours in 7 out of 10 experiments. 4. The
      time to maximum Na+-free contractures was correlated to Ca2+o in a dose-dependent
      manner, but not influenced by catecholamine-induced myocardial damage. 5. Cell
      injury in the frog heart after in vivo injections of catecholamines does not
      affect the sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+-exchange and is not associated with passive
      leakage of Ca2+ from the extracellular to the intracellular space.

PMID- 2894278
TI  - Single doses of catecholamines in the rat: catecholaminotropic, but not
      hyperglycemic.
AB  - 1. As in two "lower" vertebrates, the lamprey and the eel, single intravascular
      injections of physiological doses (2.5 micrograms/kg) of epinephrine (E) into the
      rat immediately increased levels of plasma dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE).
      2. Single doses of DA (5 micrograms/kg) enhanced circulating NE and E, while NE
      (5 micrograms/kg) had no clear impact on the plasma levels of the other two
      catecholamines (CAs). 3. These data are at variance with findings in the eel,
      where all three CAs are mutually stimulatory; and in the lamprey, where only E
      stimulates release of the other two CAs. 4. It appears that E-stimulated CA
      release is widespread or ubiquitous among vertebrates, and that complex
      interactions between circulating CAs must be considered under experimental,
      physiological, and clinical conditions. 5. None of the injections had a
      significant hyperglycemic effect.

PMID- 2894279
TI  - The distribution of cholinergic enzymes and 3H-QNB binding in smooth muscles of
      the cow stomach (Bos taurus).
AB  - 1. The activity of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and cholinesterases (ChEs),
      and the binding of 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) were measured in the
      longitudinal and circular muscle layers from the four compartments of the cow
      stomach. 2. CAT and ChEs activity were unevenly distributed in the various
      regions but distributional pattern of activity of both enzymes was very similar.
      3. The maximum binding sites of 3H-QNB were also unequal in the various regions
      and the distribution of 3H-QNB binding was also similar to that of the activity
      of two enzymes. 4. These results suggest that cholinergic fibers and muscarinic
      receptors are not distributed symmetrically throughout the smooth muscle layers
      of the four compartments of the cow stomach. There may be a positive correlation
      between the innervation and the density of the receptors on the smooth muscle.

PMID- 2894280
TI  - Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to cadmium
      and zinc.
AB  - 1. Toxicity of cadmium chloride and zinc sulphate in solution has been determined
      for Xenopus tadpoles and rainbow trout fry in recirculated water systems. 2. Both
      animals show approximately equal tolerance of zinc but Xenopus tadpoles tolerate
      cadmium at approximately 10 times the lethal concentration for trout fry. 3. In
      the case of Xenopus tadpoles, pre-treatment with sub-lethal concentrations of
      cadmium or zinc protects against subsequent exposure to either metal. For trout
      fry, cadmium gives little protection against later exposure to either cadmium or
      zinc, while zinc gives moderate protection against either metal. 4. Protection is
      attributed to metallothionein [MT] synthesis.

PMID- 2894281
TI  - New control chart for multivariate data with missing values.
AB  - A new multivariate statistical quality control method has been developed. It is
      an extension of the method developed by Kume, which is able to find abnormal
      values in multivariate biochemical data of a clinical laboratory. The present
      method makes use of the difference between two sets of data measured from the
      samples of the same patient obtained on different days. The Mahalanobis' distance
      between two samples can be calculated from the difference of their observations.
      If the Mahalanobis' distance of the two data is larger than the critical value
      decided in advance, the reliability of the measurement is doubtful. The
      characteristic of the present method is that it can apply to data with missing
      values by estimating them from measured data. Some numerical examples are shown
      to demonstrate the availability of the method.

PMID- 2894282
TI  - The Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial: recruitment experience.
AB  - The Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT) recruited 3837 patients who within the
      previous 5-21-day period had experienced a myocardial infarction. The purpose of
      the trial was to test the efficacy of propranolol in decreasing total mortality
      after such an event. Recruitment was carried out over a 28-month period and
      involved 31 clinics, 134 hospitals, and 136 acute coronary care units. Of the
      157,771 patients admitted to these units, 16,358 met the BHAT criteria for a
      myocardial infarction, and 23% of those eligible were ultimately randomized. The
      use of a coronary care unit log was helpful for tracking patients to maximize
      recruitment and to provide information in regard to the universe from which
      patients were recruited.

PMID- 2894284
TI  - WHO Symposium on Drug Dependence: Benefit-risk ratio assessment of agonist
      antagonist analgesics. August 1986. Satellite meeting to the III World Conference
      on Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

PMID- 2894283
TI  - Role of inflammatory mediators in colonic smooth muscle function in ulcerative
      colitis.
AB  - Patients with ulcerative colitis have a decrease in colonic motility which may
      increase their diarrheal symptoms. Studies in patients with ulcerative colitis
      showed that the postprandial spike response was slightly decreased and the
      intraluminal pressure response was absent. In vitro studies showed that the
      circular smooth muscle, obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis or from a
      rabbit model of experimental colitis, generated decreased force compared to
      muscle not associated with mucosal inflammation. The decrease in muscle
      contraction was observed with bethanechol stimulation or electrical field
      stimulation. Since the response to an increased extracellular concentration of
      potassium [( K+]0) was also diminished, the decreased response appears to be
      caused by an abnormality in the intrinsic contractile mechanism of colonic smooth
      muscle. Further studies are necessary to determine if metabolic abnormalities are
      present in the colonic muscle in patients with colitis.

PMID- 2894285
TI  - Pharmacological characteristics of agonist-antagonist analgesics.
AB  - A brief history and pharmacological characteristics of agonist-antagonist
      analgesics are presented. The importance of this class of compounds on the
      development of opioid-receptor concepts is described.

PMID- 2894286
TI  - Dependence characteristics and risk assessment of agonist-antagonist analgesics.
AB  - Risk assessment of dependence-producing drugs comprises assessment of two major
      risks: the risk that a drug is likely to be abused (abuse liability) and the harm
      that is likely to occur as a consequence of abuse (termed here as harm
      liability). Important determinants of these risks are the dependence-related
      pharmacological and toxicological properties of a drug. In this paper, the
      relationships of the drug properties to the abuse and harm liabilities are
      described. Next, a scoring system to assess the abuse and harm liabilities is
      introduced. Finally, an attempt to actually apply this system to several
      prototypic drugs of abuse and some agonist-antagonist analgesics is explained.

PMID- 2894287
TI  - The clinical usefulness of agonist-antagonist analgesics in acute pain.
AB  - The opioid agonist-antagonists are a heterogeneous group of compounds capable of
      providing analgesia sufficient to treat moderate to severe acute pain.
      Pentazocine, butorphanol and nalbuphine produce subjective effects which are
      quite different from those of morphine. Lack of mood elevation and occasional
      dysphoria may contribute to a lower level of patient acceptance, but all of these
      analgesics are significantly safer than the pure agonists. Doses in the
      therapeutic range are unlikely to produce dangerous levels of respiratory
      depression in most patients. Other opioid side-effects such as nausea,
      constipation and biliary spasm appear to be less frequent as well. The mu partial
      agonist buprenorphine shares many of the safety advantages of the older drugs,
      and its subjective effects appear more morphine-like. It is not clear whether mu
      partial agonists have real clinical advantages over kappa-type analgesics. All of
      these drugs are opioid antagonists and are able to precipitate abstinence in
      individuals with significant prior exposure to opiates. Neither absolute potency
      nor the ratio of agonist to antagonist effect are predictors of therapeutic
      usefulness. There is now an enormous amount of clinical experience with the
      agonist-antagonists. In many, but not all, clinical situations they are
      acceptable alternatives to the morphine-like drugs.

PMID- 2894289
TI  - Clinical observations of agonist-antagonist analgesic dependence.
AB  - The agonist-antagonist opioids are clinically effective analgesics with generally
      low abuse potential. Four agonist-antagonists are currently available for use as
      analgesics. Pentazocine, butorphanol and nalbuphine produce morphine-like effects
      in low doses and, to varying degrees, dysphoric effects as the dose is increased.
      Buprenorphine, an antagonist opioid of slow onset but long duration of action,
      produces morphine agonist effects at lower doses, and as the dose is increased,
      antagonist effects with minimal or no dysphoria. Clinical experience with
      pentazocine indicates that abuse is possible and consists of two main types:
      misuse (and abuse) of the drug alone by patients during treatment for pain and,
      abuse of the drug, often taken together with other psychoactive agents, as a
      substitute for the preferred drug of abuse. Few reports of abuse have appeared
      for butorphanol, nalbuphine and buprenorphine; however, considerable care is
      recommended in their use in patients, especially where there is the possibility
      for abuse as might occur in patients who require long-term treatment, with a
      history of drug abuse, and where the drug is easily obtained.

PMID- 2894288
TI  - The clinical usefulness of agonist-antagonistic opioid analgesics in chronic
      pain.
AB  - The mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics do not have a major role in the treatment
      of chronic pain. Pentazocine, the first and most widely used of this group of
      drugs has two major limitations: by mouth it is not a strong analgesic, but is
      closer in efficacy to the peripherally acting drugs aspirin and paracetamol than
      the weak opioids; and its use is associated with psychotomimetic side effects in
      10-20 percent of patients. The weak opioid analgesics codeine and
      dextropropoxyphene are more effective and better tolerated than pentazocine.
      Buprenorphine is the most useful of the agonist-antagonists in chronic pain
      patients. It is potent, long-acting (6-9 h) and effective when given
      sublingually. However, it has a limited effective dose range and produces the
      same side effects as morphine-like drugs, possibly more frequently at
      equianalgesic doses. It may be used in the treatment of cancer pain, or in
      patients with chronic arthritides or other forms of chronic non-cancer pain who
      require a potent conventional analgesic, as an alternative to the weak opioids or
      to morphine in low doses. Nalbuphine and butorphanol are only available for
      parenteral administration which means that their usefulness in the treatment of
      chronic pain is limited. Meptazinol is restricted by its manufacturers to 'short
      term' treatment and there is little information on its use in chronic pain
      patients.

PMID- 2894290
TI  - Epidemiological survey of the use and abuse of agonist-antagonist analgesics in
      the Western Pacific region.
AB  - Epidemiological studies are carried out by the National Drug Research Centre,
      Malaysia on various aspects of drug use and abuse. One of the groups of
      substances studied are the opioid agonist-antagonists. The study utilised
      information submitted to international agencies and obtained through a
      questionnaire survey. The results showed that out of 28 countries studied, 18
      reported existence of illicit traffic in these substances and of this, 17
      indicated seizures. A majority of countries were unable to give consumption data
      and the limited information available did not allow any significant conclusions.
      The study did not demonstrate a significant problem of abuse globally.

PMID- 2894291
TI  - Benefit-risk ratio of agonist-antagonist analgesics.
AB  - Many agonist-antagonist analgesic substitutes for morphine have been synthesized
      and their safety and efficacy evaluated in animals, humans or both. Several drugs
      in this class have achieved regulatory approval and have reached the marketplace.
      Agonist-antagonist analgesics have proved clinically acceptable and are in some
      respects superior to the standard narcotic analgesics, most markedly in their
      diminished addiction liability. In other respects, however, agonist-antagonist
      analgesics are inferior to morphine; they probably have lower analgesic ceiling
      efficacy, are more likely to produce psychotomimetic effects, and can precipitate
      abstinence in patients physically dependent on opioids.

PMID- 2894292
TI  - Bevantolol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension and angina pectoris.
AB  - Bevantolol is a new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist which possesses a relatively
      high degree of selectivity for beta 1-adrenoceptors. It is devoid of intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity and possesses only weak local anaesthetic properties.
      Interestingly, bevantolol has been shown to cause a lowering effect on peripheral
      vascular resistance. Available clinical data indicate that bevantolol, given once
      or twice daily, is an effective agent in the management of mild to moderate
      hypertension and stable angina pectoris. In hypertension bevantolol has been
      shown to be of comparable therapeutic efficacy to both atenolol and propranolol,
      while in patients with angina pectoris the drug compared favourably with
      atenolol. During short and long term administration bevantolol has been well
      tolerated and few patients have withdrawn from treatment because of adverse
      effects. However, although the properties of bevantolol may offer theoretical
      advantages in some patients, only a few comparative studies have been reported,
      and thus it is presently unclear what advantages bevantolol may offer over
      existing treatments for hypertension or angina pectoris.

PMID- 2894294
TI  - Changes in the levels of growth hormone, insulin, somatomedin C and thyroxine in
      sheep during immunization against somatostatin.
AB  - The time-related changes in the plasma levels of growth hormone, insulin,
      somatomedin C and thyroxine following immunization against somatostatin, have
      been examined in sheep. In both the treated and control lambs there was a
      significant increase (P less than 0.01) in growth hormone levels with time from
      the start of the study (at three weeks of age) through until 13 weeks of age.
      This increase was mirrored by increasing somatomedin C (IGF-1) levels (P less
      than 0.001). Thyroxine levels did not change during the period of the study.
      Immunization against somatostatin did not produce any significant difference
      between treatment groups or between sexes in the levels of growth hormone or
      thyroxine. However, IGF-1 level were significantly increased (P less than 0.01)
      by the treatment in both sexes. The changes in the levels of insulin were
      complicated by a marked difference between the control groups; the control
      females being significantly different (P less than 0.001) from all the other
      animals.

PMID- 2894293
TI  - Quazepam. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, and therapeutic efficacy in insomnia.
AB  - Quazepam is a trifluoroethyl benzodiazepine hypnotic with a half-life of 27 to 41
      hours, which has been shown to induce and maintain sleep in the short to long
      term (up to 4 weeks) treatment of patients with chronic or transient insomnia.
      Although its hypnotic efficacy has been well characterised against placebo, there
      are few clinical studies in comparison with established hypnotics, particularly
      over long term administration. However, preliminary evidence suggests that
      quazepam 15 to 30 mg is as effective as flurazepam and triazolam in usual
      therapeutic doses, and causes minimal rebound insomnia following its withdrawal,
      unlike rapidly eliminated benzodiazepines such as triazolam. The lack of rebound
      phenomena is likely to be attributable to the 'carryover' effects occurring after
      discontinuation of quazepam, which has pharmacologically active metabolites with
      half-lives of elimination similar to or longer than that of the parent drug.
      Probably because of the long half-lives of quazepam's metabolites, daytime
      sedation, fatigue and lethargy are the most frequently reported side effects.
      These side effects are most intense with the 30 mg dose and least with the 7.5mg
      dose, which has not been studied extensively. Hence, quazepam is an effective
      hypnotic which may be particularly suitable for short or medium term use in
      patients in whom withdrawal effects or rebound insomnia may be especially
      bothersome. Further definition of certain characteristics of its profile--such as
      its long term use and potential for development of tolerance or dependence,
      effects on psychomotor skills, efficacy of the 7.5mg dose, and suitability in
      elderly patients and patients with chronic organic diseases--will assist in more
      clearly defining its ultimate place in therapy.

PMID- 2894296
TI  - Dynorphin A inhibits and naloxone increases the electrically stimulated release
      of oxytocin but not vasopressin from the terminals of the neural lobe.
AB  - Oxytocin release from the rat neurohypophysis is under endogenous opioid
      inhibition. It has recently been established that dynorphin precursor-derived
      peptides are colocalized with vasopressin (VP) in the secretory granules in nerve
      terminals of the neural lobe, and that the opiate receptors in the neural lobe
      are restricted to the kappa-subtype. Therefore, we hypothesized that dynorphin,
      which is copackaged and thus coreleased with VP, is the endogenous opioid that
      inhibits release from neighboring oxytocin (OT) terminals. To test this
      hypothesis we examined the effects of dynorphin-(1-8), dynorphin-(1-17), and
      naloxone on the electrically stimulated release of OT and VP from isolated rat
      neurointermediate lobes throughout a range of stimulus frequencies. Both
      dynorphin-(1-8) and -(1-17) (2 microM) produced a substantial reduction in OT
      release during a 4-Hz stimulus, and this effect was abolished by naloxone (10
      microM). Neither form of dynorphin, however, affected OT secretion at a stimulus
      frequency of 12 or 30 Hz at concentrations up to 10 microM. Naloxone (10 microM)
      by itself did not affect OT release during the 4-Hz stimulus, but it produced a
      substantial increase in OT release at a stimulus frequency of 12 Hz. In contrast,
      neither form of dynorphin produced inhibition, nor did naloxone augment VP
      secretion at any frequency tested. Frequency-dependent secretion curves (4, 8,
      12, 20, and 30 Hz) for OT and VP in the presence and absence of naloxone
      indicated that the degree of naloxone augmentation of OT release at a given
      stimulus frequency was positively correlated with the amount of VP release at
      that frequency. These data support the hypothesis that dynorphin released in
      parallel with VP during in vitro stimulations of the rat neurohypophysis
      simultaneously inhibits stimulated OT release.

PMID- 2894295
TI  - Antagonistic effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin on brain
      histamine.
AB  - Studies on the morphological distribution of histamine (HA)-secreting neurons and
      their hypothalamic projections suggest that HA may play a key role in regulating
      neuroendocrine functions, some of which have been recently elucidated. To
      investigate possible interactions between the somatotropinergic and histaminergic
      systems in the brain, the effects of GRF-44 [0.1-10 micrograms
      intracerebroventricular (icv)] and somatostatin (SS-14; 0.1-10 micrograms, icv)
      on HA in five different parts of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, and in the
      hippocampus and frontal cortex, were studied using a highly sensitive HPLC system
      for determination of HA. GRF-44 (1 microgram, icv) elicited significant (P less
      than 0.005) increases in the concentration of HA in the anterior hypothalamus,
      posterior hypothalamus, median eminence, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis,
      frontal cortex, and, to a lesser extent, in the hippocampus, after a clear time
      dependent pattern with maxima 15 min after injection. In contrast, SS-14 (1
      microgram, icv) significantly (P less than 0.005) decreased the levels of HA in
      all areas studied, except in the neurohypophysis. The SS-induced HA levels
      reached minima 30 min after injection. The antagonistic effects of GRF-44 and SS
      14 on the release of brain HA were dose dependent, showing an inverse linear
      correlation within the range 0.1-10 micrograms in the anterior hypothalamus (r = 
      0.59) and posterior hypothalamus (r = -0.75). Responses of HA to GRF-44 and SS-14
      (range: 0.1-10 micrograms) also exhibited an inverse linear correlation in the
      median eminence (r = -0.90) and adenohypophysis (r = -0.58), while in the
      hippocampus and frontal cortex the antagonistic effects of GRF and SS displayed
      an inverse curvilinear correlation. SS-14 ED50 values ranged from 0.6 to 1.75
      nmol with Emax of 0.65-6.10 nmol. GRF-44 ED50 values ranged from 0.02-0.3 nmol
      and the Emax values oscillated between 0.2 and 1.90 nmol in the regions studied.
      The greatest responses of HA to GRF-44 and SS-14 were obtained in the hypothalamo
      hypophyseal system. Although brain HA is present in both the neuronal and the
      mast cell compartments, changes induced in the concentration of HA by centrally
      administered GRF-44 and SS-14 appear to occur mostly in the neuronal compartment.
      Therefore, it is likely that the somatotropinergic and histaminergic systems
      reciprocally interact at the central level to regulate still unknown
      neuroendocrine functions.

PMID- 2894297
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of in vitro growth hormone release and cytosolic
      free Ca2+ in rat somatotrophs.
AB  - The effects of alpha 1-adrenergic agents on GH release and intracellular free
      Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were investigated in purified rat somatotroph
      preparations. Phenylephrine (PHE) stimulated in vitro GH release; the maximal
      effect (2.5-fold stimulation) occurred at 1 microM PHE. The effect was completely
      blocked by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine and partially
      counteracted by the beta-antagonist propranolol. Experiments with the fluorescent
      Ca2+ probe fura 2 show that PHE causes [Ca2+]i to rise from 178 +/- 31 nM (mean
      +/- SE; n = 25) to 370 +/- 55 nM (n = 9). This effect was complete within 20 sec
      and was maintained for at least 5-10 min. The rise was rapidly interrupted by
      administration of 1 microM phentolamine. The beta-receptor agonist isoproterenol
      caused a small [Ca2+]i rise due to action on alpha 1-adrenoreceptors. The PHE
      induced [Ca2+]i rise showed two components: an initial peak due to Ca2+
      mobilization from intracellular stores and a subsequent rise due to Ca2+ influx
      from the extracellular space. Somatostatin (SRIF) lowered both resting [Ca2+]i
      and Ca2+ influx stimulated by PHE. Pertussis toxin pretreatment did not modify
      PHE-induced [Ca2+]i changes, while it completely prevented the effect of SRIF on
      both resting and triggered [Ca2+]i, thus suggesting that a GTP-binding protein
      sensitive to the toxin is involved in the transduction of SRIF action. The
      increase in cAMP induced by cholera toxin pretreatment modified neither PHE nor
      SRIF action on [Ca2+]i. In conclusion, in rat somatotrophs Ca2+ mobilization and
      influx are stimulated by alpha 1-adrenergic agents, and this triggered [Ca2+]i
      rise results in a stimulation of GH release. In these cells SRIF is able to
      reduce both resting [Ca2+]i levels and [Ca2+]i increases induced by alpha 1
      adrenergic activation.

PMID- 2894299
TI  - Causes and types of traumatic tooth injuries treated in a public dental health
      clinic.

PMID- 2894298
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide, oxytocin, and vasopressin increase guanosine 3',5'
      monophosphate in LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells.
AB  - The effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and
      oxytocin (OT) on cAMP and cGMP accumulation was investigated in LLC-PK1 kidney
      epithelial cells. The addition of ANP, AVP, and OT to intact cells produced a
      time- and concentration-dependent increase in cGMP accumulation. ANP produced a
      1.7-fold increase in cGMP at 10 pM and a maximal 28-fold increase in cGMP at 1
      microM. ANP had no effect on basal or AVP-induced stimulation of cAMP
      accumulation. OT was 10-fold more potent than AVP at increasing cGMP levels,
      producing a 2.1-fold increase in cGMP at 0.1 nM, whereas AVP was 100-fold more
      potent at increasing cAMP levels. At a concentration of 1 microM, AVP and OT
      produced a maximal 12 to 14-fold increase in cGMP, while OT and AVP produced 50-
      and 90-fold increase in cAMP, respectively. The selective OT agonist [Thr4,
      Gly7]oxytocin was very effective at increasing cGMP, but not at increasing cAMP
      levels. The V2-vasopressin agonist [deamino-Pen1,Val4, D-Arg8]vasopressin did not
      increase cGMP levels, but produced a 20-fold increase in cAMP levels. The
      addition of ANP together with either AVP or OT produced an additive increase in
      cGMP content. Simultaneous addition of AVP and OT did not lead to a greater
      increase in cAMP or cGMP levels. These results suggest that the AVP- and OT
      induced increase in cGMP is mediated by OT receptors, whereas the increase in
      cAMP is probably mediated by vasopressin receptors. ANP increased the activity of
      particulate guanylate cyclase by 6-fold, while AVP and OT has no effect on
      particulate guanylate cyclase activity. The relatively selective inhibitor of
      soluble guanylate cyclase, methylene blue, had no effect on the ANP-induced
      increase in cGMP content in intact cells, but produced a 50% inhibition of the
      increase in cGMP by AVP and OT. Methylene blue did not alter the stimulation of
      cAMP by AVP or OT. These results demonstrate that ANP, AVP, and OT increase cGMP
      in LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells. The increase in cGMP by ANP is mediated by
      particulate guanylate cyclase, whereas AVP and OT probably increase cGMP by
      interacting with OT receptors coupled to soluble guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2894300
TI  - Experimental dental traumatology: development of a model for external root
      resorption.

PMID- 2894301
TI  - The importance of follow-up exams after tooth trauma.

PMID- 2894302
TI  - Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and recombinant DNA strategies for its
      therapy.
AB  - Mutations in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene associated with two
      prevalent mutant alleles have been identified and shown to be in linkage
      disequilibrium with the corresponding mutant restriction fragment length
      polymorphism haplotypes. These results suggest the possibility of carrier
      detection in the population without a prior family history of phenylketonuria
      (PKU). Furthermore, recombinant retroviruses containing the full-length human
      phenylalanine hydroxylase cDNA have been constructed and used to transduce
      functional enzymatic activity into cultured hepatoma cells. Together with the
      recent success in retroviral infection of primary mouse hepatocytes, it will be
      possible to use the mouse model to investigate somatic gene therapy for PKU.

PMID- 2894303
TI  - Molecular aspects of urea cycle enzymes and related disorders.
AB  - Amino acid sequence of rat ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) precursor containing
      an NH2-terminal presequence of 32 residues was deduced from the cDNA sequence.
      Comparison with the human and Escherichia coli enzymes indicated that regions
      containing the putative binding sites for the substrates are highly conserved
      among the three species. cDNA clones for rat and human liver arginase were
      isolated and predicted amino acid sequences were compared with that of the yeast
      enzyme. There are several regions highly conserved among the three species which
      may be important for catalysis. Several cases of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I
      and OTC deficiencies were analyzed for enzyme activity, enzyme amount and mRNA
      activity.

PMID- 2894304
TI  - Pathochemistry, pathogenesis and enzyme replacement in multiple-sulfatase
      deficiency.
AB  - Multiple-sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is now considered to be heterogeneous and
      could be classified into three or four clinical phenotypes according to the onset
      of the disease: neonatal, late infantile, juvenile and possibly adult type.
      Neonatal-type MSD shows severe clinical involvement and practically no
      arylsulfatase A, B and C activities in cultured skin fibroblasts. Furthermore,
      arylsulfatase A activity in neonatal-type MSD was not enhanced by the addition of
      thiosulfate. Therefore, it is distinct from late infantile-type MSD. The
      degradation of 14C-sulfatide can occur in MSD-cultured skin fibroblasts and was
      much higher than in late infantile-type MLD. The addition of thiol protease such
      as leupeptin to cultured MSD skin fibroblasts enhanced arylsulfatase A activity
      as well as the degradation of 14C-sulfatide. This suggests that the decreased
      activities of arylsulfatase A is due to an acceleration of the enzyme
      degradation. Enzyme replacement by the addition of arylsulfatases of different
      sources (human liver, brain, fungus) was carried out in cultured MSD skin
      fibroblasts. Human enzymes of arylsulfatase A and B were mostly taken up by MSD
      cells rather than those of fungus origin. By the exposure to leukocytes to
      cultured skin fibroblasts, MSD cells corrected arylsulfatase A and B activities.

PMID- 2894305
TI  - Genetic analysis of human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
      deficiency.
AB  - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP: pyrophosphate
      phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) functions in the purine-metabolic salvage
      pathway. Two clinical syndromes are associated with a deficiency in HPRT enzyme
      activity. Virtually complete deficiency leads to the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome,
      whereas partial deficiency results in hyperuricemia and severe gouty arthritis.
      Marked heterogeneity in the mutations leading to HPRT deficiency has been found.
      Mutant enzymes vary with respect to levels of HPRT immunoreactive protein,
      electrophoretic migration, kinetic properties and amino acid sequence. Analysis
      of DNA and RNA from patients with HPRT deficiency has revealed point mutations,
      an internal gene duplication and partial as well as complete gene deletions
      accounting for the various HPRT mutant enzymes.

PMID- 2894306
TI  - Molecular biology of the alpha-L-fucosidase gene and fucosidosis.
AB  - Human alpha-L-fucosidase, a lysosomal enzyme, hydrolyzes alpha-L-fucose from
      glycolipids and glycoproteins. Its activity is deficient in human fucosidosis an
      autosomal recessive disease. In order to understand the molecular basis of this
      lysosomal storage disorder we have cloned several cDNAs coding for human alpha-L
      fucosidase from a human hepatoma and a human liver cDNA library constructed in
      lambda gt11. Compiling the cDNA sequences of these clones we have identified
      1,829 base pairs (bp) encoding human alpha-L-fucosidase. This includes an open
      reading frame of 1,172 bp, a consensus polyadenylation signal AAT AAA and a
      poly(A)+ tail. The sequence is incomplete at the 5'-end, and clones encoding the
      amino terminus of the native protein, the propeptide and leader signal have not
      yet been isolated. The open reading frame encodes for 390 amino acids with a
      calculated Mr of 45,557. This represents 78-95% of the mature processed alpha-L
      fucosidase. The availability of these cDNA clones has enabled us to map the
      structural gene for alpha-L-fucosidase to chromosome 1p34.1-1p36.1 by Southern
      blot analysis of DNA from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids and by in situ
      hybridization. Furthermore, a Pvu II restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) has been identified at the human alpha-L-fucosidase gene locus. Analysis
      of mRNA by Northern blotting gives a major species of 2.25 kb. In 4 patients with
      fucosidosis no mRNA signal was detected and Western blots gave no immunoreactive
      enzyme. Southern blotting after Eco RI digestion in two fucosidosis families
      revealed a banding abnormality (extra 6-kb band).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2894307
TI  - Hyperketotic states due to inherited defects of ketolysis.
AB  - From the description of 2 unrelated patients with succinyl-CoA transferase (3
      OAT) deficiency and 1 patient with acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AAT) deficiency, we
      have attempted to draw the clinical and metabolic consequences of such defects.
      The association of recurrent attacks of severe ketoacidosis with blood glucose
      levels generally high or normal, low lactacidemia and low ammonemia is the most
      common presentation of these disorders. In 3-OAT deficiency, a potentially fatal
      disorder, there is a permanent ketosis with the only excretion of 3
      hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxyisovalerate. AAT patients usually
      excrete, in addition to the usual ketone bodies, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and
      tiglylglycine; 2-methyl-acetoacetate may also be present. Both conditions can be
      identified by enzymatic analysis in cultured fibroblast. These disorders can
      mimic diabetic ketoacidosis or salicylism and can easily be missed. The knowledge
      of these ketolytic defects must severely question the complacent diagnosis of
      'fasting ketoacidosis' or 'idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia', mainly when severe
      metabolic acidosis is present.

PMID- 2894308
TI  - Experience with alfentanil infusion as an intensive care sedative analgesic.
AB  - A sedative regimen for use in intensive care based on an i.v. infusion of
      alfentanil has been evaluated in 32 patients. The mean duration of stay was 7.7
      days and the total dose of alfentanil given ranged from 7 to 2308 mg. Most
      patients required 2-3 mg h-1 of alfentanil supplemented with an hypnotic to
      provide sleep. The technique was judged successful and was well tolerated by
      patients. No significant side-effects were observed and the wakefulness of the
      patients was a prominent feature. Weaning from mechanical ventilation was
      performed while maintaining the infusion in a number of patients, and in these
      there was no prolonged respiratory depression.

PMID- 2894309
TI  - Enzymatic properties of single-chain and two-chain forms of a Lys158----Glu158
      mutant of urokinase-type plasminogen activator.
AB  - Recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rscu-PA), in which
      the plasmin-sensitive peptide bond Lys158-Ile159 is destroyed by site-specific
      mutagenesis of Lys158 to Glu (rscu-PA-Glu158), is quantitatively converted to two
      chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rtcu-PA-Glu158) by treatment with
      endoproteinase Glu-C (Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase). The catalytic
      efficiency (k2/Km) of rscu-PA-Glu158 for the activation of plasminogen is 20
      times lower (0.0001 microM-1 s-1) than that of rscu-PA (0.002 microM-1 s-1). In
      contrast, rtcu-PA-Glu158 has very similar properties to rtcu-PA obtained by
      digestion of rscu-PA with plasmin, including binding to benzamidine-Sepharose,
      catalytic efficiency for the activation of plasminogen (0.035 microM-1 s-1 versus
      0.046 microM-1 s-1) and fibrinolytic activity in an in vitro plasma clot lysis
      system. It is concluded that the amino acid in position 158 is a main determinant
      of the functional properties of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator
      but not of the two-chain form.

PMID- 2894310
TI  - Purified subunit delta of chloroplast coupling factor CF1 reconstitutes
      photophosphorylation in partially CF1-depleted membranes.
AB  - The ATP synthase of chloroplasts consists of the proton channel, CF0, and the
      catalytic part, CF1, which carries nucleotide-binding sites on subunits alpha and
      beta. The still poorly understood interaction between CF0 and the catalytic sites
      on CF1 is mediated by the smaller subunits gamma, delta and epsilon of CF1. We
      investigated the ability of purified delta to block proton leakage through CF0
      channels after their exposure by removal of the CF1 counterpart. Thylakoids were
      partially depleted of CF1 by EDTA treatment. This increased their proton
      permeability and thereby reduced the rate of photophosphorylation. Subunit delta
      was isolated and purified by FPLC [Engelbrecht, S. and Junge, W. (1987) FEBS
      Lett. 219, 321-325]. Addition of delta to EDTA-treated thylakoids reconstituted
      high rates of phenazine-methosulfate-mediated photophosphorylation. Since delta
      does not interact with nucleotides by itself, the reconstitution was due to a
      reduction of the proton leakage through open CF0 channels. The molar ratio of
      purified delta over exposed CF0, which started to elicit this effect, was 3:1.
      However, if delta was added together with purified CF1 lacking delta, in a 1:1
      molar ratio, the relative amount over exposed CF0 was as low as 0.06. This
      corroborated our previous conclusion [Lill, H., Engelbrecht, S., Schonknecht, G.
      and Junge, W. (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 160, 627-634] that only a very small
      fraction of exposed CF0 was actually proton-conducting but with a very high unit
      conductance. CF1 including delta was apparently rebound preferentially to open
      CF0 channels. Although the ability of delta to control proton conduction through
      CF0 was evident, it remains to be established whether delta acts as a gated
      proton valve or as a conformational transducer in the integral CF0CF1 ATPase.

PMID- 2894311
TI  - Gi affects the agonist-binding properties of beta-adrenoceptors in the presence
      of Gs.
AB  - Pertussis-toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gi in S49 membranes, but not in
      S49AC- membranes, which lack Gs, induces a threefold reduction of isoproterenol
      affinity to the beta-adrenoceptors. A similar treatment of turkey erythrocyte
      membranes, which are devoid of functional Gi, has no effect on beta-agonist
      affinity to their beta-adrenoceptors. Non-hydrolyzable analogs such as GTP[S]
      induce a larger decrease in beta-adrenoceptor affinity in S49 cells towards the
      agonist isoproterenol as compared to pertussis-toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation
      of Gi. These results suggest that Gi affects beta-adrenoceptor affinity to its
      agonist and that this interaction requires the presence of Gs. It seems,
      therefore, that Gi physically interacts with Gs to exert its effects on the
      receptor and probably on adenylate cyclase as well. Our ability to detect (a) the
      effect of pertussis-toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation in S49 cells on beta-agonist
      affinity and (b) the quantitative difference between the effect of pertussis
      toxin (approx. threefold) and GTP[S] (fivefold to sevenfold) depends on the use
      of a simple but rigorous method to study in detail the affinity of beta-agonists
      to their receptors. This method seems to be superior to the analysis of
      displacement curves as a means to examine receptor-ligand interactions.

PMID- 2894312
TI  - The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project (BBPP): subgroup findings from randomized trials
      in post infarction patients. The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project Research Group.
AB  - The objective of the Beta-Blocker Pooling Project (BBPP) was to collect and
      analyse data from the major long-term secondary prevention trials in order to
      determine whether there are subsets of post-infarction patients who benefit to a
      greater or lesser extent from beta-blocker therapy than the average patient
      population. One-year all-cause mortality data from nine trials involving 13,679
      patients were obtained. Overall, mortality was 24% lower in the beta-blocker
      group compared to the placebo group. However, there was heterogeneity among the
      results of the trials, which tested seven different beta-blockers. Subgroups with
      high placebo group mortality (e.g. patients with a history of previous myocardial
      infarction (MI), angina pectoris, mechanical or electrical complications, and
      digitalis usage) seemed to benefit particularly from beta-blocker treatment.
      These findings were consistent in the nine trials. Patients in the lower risk
      subgroups also appeared to benefit from beta-blockers, but this benefit was
      smaller in absolute terms and inconsistent across the trials. There was no
      evidence that treatment outcome was related to gender, baseline level of heart
      rate or blood pressure, or time of initiation of treatment after hospital
      admission. In conclusion, the Pooling Project indicates that high risk MI
      patients, without contraindications to beta-blockers, are the prime candidates
      for long-term therapy, but the lower risk patients may also receive some benefit.

PMID- 2894313
TI  - Mechanism of the inhibitory action of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on leukocyte
      infiltration: involvement of endogenous histamine.
AB  - The mechanism of the inhibitory action of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on leukocyte
      accumulation in the inflammatory locus was investigated in an allergic
      inflammation of the air pouch types in rats. Three kinds of cyclooxygenase
      inhibitors, indomethacin, diclofenac and tiaprofenic acid, caused not only
      inhibition of the vascular permeability response and leukocyte accumulation but
      also elevation of histamine levels in the exudate. These effects of indomethacin
      were all reversed by local administration of prostaglandin E2. Pyrilamine, an H1
      antagonist, did not affect the anti-inflammatory actions of indomethacin. The H2
      antagonists, cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine, decreased the inhibitory
      effect of indomethacin on leukocyte accumulation without affecting the inhibitory
      action on vascular permeability. These results indicate that the inhibitory
      action of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on leukocyte accumulation is derived from
      their blocking effect against generation of PGE2 which works as an inhibitory
      factor on the production of histamine in the inflammatory tissues.

PMID- 2894314
TI  - Excessive grooming induced by somatostatin or its analog SMS 201-995.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of somatostatin or SMS 201-995
      induces excessive grooming behavior in rats. The grooming inducing effect of
      somatostatin is rather weak, as doses of 300 ng or less did not result in
      increased total grooming scores. In contrast a dose of 10 ng SMS 201-995 already
      significantly increased the total grooming scores. However, doses of 100 ng and
      more did not further increase the total grooming scores reached with a 50 ng dose
      of this peptide. Systemic administration of SMS 201-995 in doses up to 900
      micrograms did not result in excessive grooming behavior. The patterns of
      excessive grooming induced by i.c.v. SMS 201-995 and somatostatin were
      characterized by a predominant display of scratching. Since peptide-induced
      scratching is mainly due to activation of opiate receptor systems it is suggested
      that opiate receptors are involved in the behavioral response to SMS 201-995 and
      somatostatin administration. This suggestion is further supported by the
      suppressive effect of naloxone on excessive grooming induced by these peptides.
      Haloperidol and neurotensin also suppress the excessive grooming induced by
      somatostatin but not that induced by SMS 201-995. Finally, tolerance developed to
      the grooming-inducing effect of SMS 201-995 and somatostatin. In addition there
      was cross tolerance between somatostatin and SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2894315
TI  - Modulation by noradrenaline and yohimbine of noradrenergic transmission in the
      guinea-pig mesenteric artery.
AB  - In the guinea-pig mesenteric artery, transmitter release modulated by
      noradrenaline (NA) or yohimbine was estimated from changes in amplitude of the
      excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) recorded from smooth muscle cells. NA
      decreased the amplitude of the e.j.p. with no change in the facilitation.
      Yohimbine antagonized the effect of NA on the e.j.p. amplitude and enhanced the
      facilitation of e.j.p.; the latter action was not antagonized by NA. TTX
      resistant e.j.p.s evoked by stronger intensity of stimuli were not affected by NA
      or yohimbine. It is concluded that NA inhibits and yohimbine enhances the release
      of transmitter, and that the latter event involves prejunctional alpha
      adrenoceptor-dependent and -independent processes.

PMID- 2894316
TI  - Characterization of alpha-adrenoceptors mediating sympathetic vasoconstriction in
      rat autoperfused hindlimb: effects of SK&F 104078.
AB  - In the autoperfused hindlimb of pithed rats, vasoconstrictor responses to intra
      arterial infusions of the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, B-HT 933, were
      antagonized by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, rauwolscine (1 mg/kg i.v.),
      and by the selective postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, SK&F 104078
      (1 mg/kg), but not by the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin
      (0.1 mg/kg). In contrast, responses to the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonist, methoxamine, were antagonized by prazosin, but not by rauwolscine or
      SK&F 104078. Vasopressor responses to stimulation of sympathetic nerves were
      inhibited by prazosin, increased by rauwolscine, and not affected by SK&F 104078.
      The results indicate that vascular neuroeffector transmission in rat hindlimb is
      mediated by postjunctional alpha 1-adrenoceptors, and that SK&F 104078 is a
      selective antagonist of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor, and lacks the
      prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist action of rauwolscine.

PMID- 2894318
TI  - The endocytosis of epidermal growth factor in A431 cells: a pH of
      microenvironment and the dynamics of receptor complex dissociation.
AB  - The endocytosis and intracellular fate of epidermal growth factor (EGF) were
      studied in A431 cells. After 15-20 min of internalization at 37 degrees C,
      rhodamine-labeled EGF (EGF-Rh) accumulated into large juxtanuclear compartment
      consisting of closely related vesicles. This structure was shown to be localized
      in the para-Golgi region. Fluorescein-labeled transferrin (Tr-FITC) was observed
      in the same region when added to the cells simultaneously with EGF-Rh. Using
      microscope spectrofluorometer, we determined that the Tr-FITC-containing para
      Golgi structures have a pH of 6.1 +/- 0.3 while lysosomes containing dextran
      fluorescein have a pH of 5.0 +/- 0.2. To study the dynamics of EGF-receptor
      dissociation during endocytosis a mild detergent treatment of living cells was
      used for extraction of an intracellular receptor-unbound EGF. During the first
      hour of internalization at 37 degrees C, neither significant dissociation of EGF
      receptor complexes nor EGF degradation was observed. After 3 h of endocytosis,
      the percentage of unbound EGF increased to 55% of the total internalized EGF.
      These results suggest that EGF remains associated with receptors during
      endocytosis in A431 cells until it is transferred to lysosomes where the pH of
      the EGF microenvironment is dropped to 5. A prolonged presence of EGF-receptor
      complexes in the para-Golgi region might be of importance in mitotic signaling.

PMID- 2894317
TI  - Receptor autoradiography with [3H]L-glutamate reveals the presence and axonal
      transport of glutamate receptors in vagal afferent neurones of the rat.

PMID- 2894319
TI  - Actions of excitatory amino acid antagonists on geniculo-cortical transmission in
      the cat's visual cortex.
AB  - To test the possibility that glutamate and aspartate are transmitters at geniculo
      cortical synapses and to elucidate which type of receptors for the excitatory
      amino acids (EAA) operate at these synapses, we studied effects of
      microiontophoretic administration of EAA antagonists on the responses of visual
      cortical neurons to afferent electrical and visual stimulation in the cat. The
      antagonists used were kynurenate, a non-selective antagonist for all classes of
      EAA receptors and 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), a selective antagonist for N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring receptors. The administration of kynurenate
      suppressed responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus (LGN) and optic chiasm (OX) of 65% of the cells tested. This
      suppression was more marked for the short-latency responses which were evoked
      monosynaptically from the LGN, than for the longer-latency responses. In contrast
      with the effectiveness of kynurenate, APV failed to suppress electrically and
      visually elicited responses in 66% of the cortical cells. Such differences
      between kynurenate and APV were particularly prominent in layers IV and VI, which
      receive direct inputs from the LGN, but were less marked or were not recognizable
      in layers II + III and V. These results support previous suggestions that EAAs
      may be excitatory transmitters in the cerebral cortex, at least at geniculo
      cortical synapses, and indicate further that EAA receptors of the "non-NMDA type"
      may be involved in afferent synaptic transmission in the cat's visual cortex.

PMID- 2894320
TI  - Supersensitivity of presynaptic receptors involved in the dopaminergic control of
      striatal high affinity glutamate uptake after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
AB  - The effects on striatal high affinity glutamate uptake (HAGU) of an apomorphine
      injection administered either alone or along with an electrical stimulation of
      the frontal cortex were compared between intact control rats and animals with 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic
      neurons. 6-OHDA injury was previously shown to have no effect either on basal
      HAGU or on the HAGU increase occurring in response to cortical stimulation.
      Apomorphine injected 1 h before HAGU determination at a dose of 5 mg/kg did not
      modify basal HAGU but totally abolished HAGU responsiveness to cortical
      stimulation applied 30 min after the apomorphine administration in both groups of
      animals. However, the duration of apomorphine induced inhibition of the
      cortically evoked striatal HAGU response in animals with 6-OHDA injury greatly
      exceeded that observed in intact rats. Indeed, in intact animals, cortical
      stimulation again became able to increase striatal HAGU when applied more than 6
      h after apomorphine injection, while in 6-OHDA injected rats, HAGU responsiveness
      to cortical stimulation was restored only as from 7 days after apomorphine
      administration. Moreover, in rats given 6-OHDA injections apomorphine efficiently
      inhibited the activating effect of cortical stimulation on HAGU at doses at least
      20 times lower than those required to obtain the same effect in intact animals.
      These results suggest that in both intact and 6-OHDA injected rats, apomorphine
      acts by counteracting the HAGU increase occurring in response to cortical
      stimulation and that the sites involved in this action develop a supersensitivity
      response to striatal dopaminergic deafferentation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2894321
TI  - Human platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors: binding of [3H]-lysergic acid
      diethylamide (LSD). Effects of chronic neuroleptic and antidepressant drug
      administration.
AB  - Chronic treatment with phenothiazines and thioxanthenes has been found to enhance
      5-HT-induced aggregation of human platelets. A method has been developed to study
      5-HT2 receptor binding sites on platelets utilising [3H]-LSD and more recently
      125I/LSD. Results are presented which suggest that the LSD binding site is indeed
      the 5-HT2 binding site and that the LSD binding characterises the specific
      receptor responsible for 5-HT-induced shape change and aggregation. In a group of
      patients receiving phenothiazines or thioxanthenes, the Bmax of LSD binding was
      increased. The mean binding affinity was decreased possibly due to a persistence
      of neuroleptic in the platelet membrane preparation. Analysis showed that this
      was not the reason why the mean binding capacity was increased. The results show
      that chronic phenothiazine and thioxanthene delta treatment 'up-regulates'
      platelet 5-HT2 binding sites and that this may be accompanied by increased
      sensitivity to platelet aggregation by 5-HT. In normal subjects desipramine
      treatment increased the Bmax of platelet LSD binding and this was accompanied by
      an increased prolactin response to tryptophan which is thought to be mediated by
      central 5-HT function.

PMID- 2894322
TI  - Further analysis of cDNA clones for maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
      involved in C4 photosynthesis. Nucleotide sequence of entire open reading frame
      and evidence for polyadenylation of mRNA at multiple sites in vivo.
AB  - Four clones of cDNA for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [EC 4.1.1.31] were
      obtained from a maize green leaf cDNA library by colony hybridization. The
      largest cDNA was of full-length (3335 nucleotides), being 243 nucleotides longer
      than the cDNA cloned previously [(1986) Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 1615-1628].
      Alignment of the sequence for the N-terminal coding region found in two of the
      four clones with the sequence reported previously, established the sequence of
      the entire coding region for the enzyme. The sequencing of 3'-untranslated region
      of the clones revealed that the poly(A) tract is attached at multiple sites in
      vivo.

PMID- 2894323
TI  - Respiration driven C1- uptake by submitochondrial particles.
AB  - Both Mg2+ and oligomycin are required for the establishment of a membrane
      potential and the uptake of Cl- in submitochondrial particles prepared from rat
      liver. The effect of oligomycin is considered to be due to blocking of H+
      conduction through exposed F0 channels of the ATPase complex whereas Mg2+ may
      more directly affect the anion-conducting channel.

PMID- 2894324
TI  - Occurrence and possible roles of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and 3-ketoacyl-CoA
      thiolase in peroxisomes of an n-alkane-grown yeast, Candida tropicalis.
AB  - Two kinds of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases were found in the peroxisomes of Candida
      tropicalis cells grown on n-alkanes (C10-C13). One was a typical acetoacetyl-CoA
      thiolase specific only to acetoacetyl-CoA, while another was 3-ketoacyl-CoA
      thiolase showing high activities on the longer chain substrates. A high level of
      the latter thiolase activity in alkane-grown cells was similar to that of other
      enzymes constituting the fatty acid beta-oxidation system in yeast peroxisomes.
      These facts suggest that the complete degradation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is
      carried out in yeast peroxisomes by the cooperative contribution of acetoacetyl
      CoA thiolase and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.

PMID- 2894327
TI  - The tissue dependent expression of hamster P-glycoprotein genes.
AB  - Using a sensitive RNase protection assay, we have measured the levels of P
      glycoprotein mRNA in fourteen different Chinese hamster tissues and in three cell
      lines to determine whether a relationship exists between the level of P
      glycoprotein expression and the occurrence of primary and acquired multidrug
      resistance (MDR) in cancer. P-Glycoprotein mRNA was detected in all tissues,
      suggesting that the protein is a normal constituent of the cell. High levels of P
      glycoprotein mRNA were found in oesophagus, testis and uterus. Intermediate
      levels in brain, lung and ovary, and a very low level in the adrenal gland,
      bladder, bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver and spleen. There is no obvious
      correlation between this expression pattern and the occurrence of primary or
      acquired MDR.

PMID- 2894326
TI  - Inhibition of the H+-ATPase in bovine adrenal chromaffin granule ghosts by
      diethylstilbestrol. Evidence for a tight coupling between ATP hydrolysis and
      proton translocation.
AB  - Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was found to inhibit reversibly the hydrolysis of MgATP
      (80% at 100 microM) and proton pump activity (I50 approximately equal to 15
      microM, complete at 100 microM) in chromaffin granule ghosts. The parallel
      inhibition suggests a tight kinetic coupling between the two activities. The Mg2+
      ATPase activity, but not proton pumping, was partially restored by N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, indicating that the two inhibitors in combination cause
      a partial uncoupling. The non-competitive type of inhibition shows that the
      action of DES is distal to the site of ATP binding and hydrolysis. Although
      unspecific, the interaction of DES with the chromaffin granule membrane seems
      primarily to affect the H+-ATPase.

PMID- 2894328
TI  - Microdot ELISA: development of a sensitive and rapid test to identify the source
      of mosquito blood meals.

PMID- 2894325
TI  - The mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor protein binds near the C-terminus of the
      F1 beta-subunit.
AB  - The specific, mitochondrial ATP synthase protein (IF1) was covalently cross
      linked to its binding site on the catalytic sector of the enzyme (F1-ATPase). The
      cross-linked complex was selectively cleaved, leaving IF1 intact to facilitate
      the subsequent purification of the F1 fragment to which IF1 was cross-linked.
      This fragment was identified by sequence analysis as comprising residues 394-459
      on the F1 beta-subunit, near the C-terminus. This finding is discussed in the
      light of secondary structure predictions for both IF1 and the F1 beta-subunit,
      and sequence homologies between mitochondrial and other ATP synthases.

PMID- 2894329
TI  - Studies on the role of indigenous fishes in the control of mosquito breeding.

PMID- 2894330
TI  - Tulobuterol: a full beta-adrenoceptor agonist or a partial beta-agonist with
      membrane stabilizing activity?
AB  - 1. The effects of tulobuterol on the atrial rate was compared with those of
      isoproterenol, pindolol and propranolol in spontaneously beating isolated right
      atria of the rat. 2. Isoproterenol markedly increased atrial rate. To the
      contrary, propranolol, pindolol and tulobuterol decreased atrial frequency. The
      chronotropic effect of tulobuterol was similar to that of pindolol but lower than
      that of propranolol. 3. Interactions between tulobuterol and isoproterenol showed
      that tulobuterol potentiated the chronotropic effect of low concentrations of
      isoproterenol but reduced the positive chronotropic response to higher
      concentrations of isoproterenol. 4. These results suggest that tulobuterol is a
      partial agonist on atrial beta-receptor but also seems to have another action
      (possibly a membrane stabilizing activity) which reduced the originally induced
      effect on beta-receptors as a non-competitive antagonist.

PMID- 2894331
TI  - Daily changes in the mouse cingulate cortex responsivity to neurotransmitters and
      depolarizing medium: an extracellular in vitro study.
AB  - 1. The reaction of the mouse cingulate cortex neurons to the applied substances,
      measured as changes in the spontaneous activity, was investigated for daily
      variations in the in vitro slice preparation. 2. Glutamate- and GABA-evoked
      excitation and inhibition, respectively, were followed by long-lasting after
      effects which showed greater potency in slices prepared in the evening. 3.
      Acetylcholine evoked excitation, inhibition and multiphasic effects. The
      incidence of an excitatory reaction prevailed in slices prepared in the evening.
      4. The majority of cells studied in the evening were inhibited after application
      of a depolarizing medium, while in the morning the reaction was equally divided
      between excitation and inhibition. 5. The obtained results suggest that a day
      night modulation is imposed upon the reactivity of the cingulate cortex neurons,
      and that daily changes in the reactivity are observed in vitro.

PMID- 2894332
TI  - Effects of haloperidol on neurotransmitter activity in the rat vas deferens.
AB  - 1. The effects of haloperidol on the responses of the isolated rat vasa
      deferentia to catecholamines and ACh were studied. 2. Haloperidol produced a
      competitive antagonism to responses elicited by NA and DA in the vas deferens. 3.
      The M1 and M2 muscarinic responses to ACh of the vas deferens were potentiated by
      this neuroleptic. 4. The AChE activity of the vas deferens was significantly
      depressed by pretreatment with haloperidol. 5. The ability of haloperidol to
      lower AChE activity was compared with that of neostigmine and it may be due to a
      similar molecular mechanism. 6. The present results suggest that haloperidol has
      anti-AChE properties that may be responsible for the potentiation of the
      responses to ACh. 7. The study indicates that haloperidol has a wider range of
      pharmacological actions than previously reported.

PMID- 2894334
TI  - [Expression of class II genes in regulatory T-lymphocyte populations in mice and
      the possible mechanism of genetic restriction of region I of the H-2 complex].
AB  - Some contradictions exist in molecular and classical mapping of genes controlling
      I-J and I-AT (Iat) determinants of the T suppressor and T helper murine
      lymphocytes. There is strong evidence in favour of the hypothesis that lat
      molecules function as components of the T receptor for self Ia proteins in a I
      restricted manner. These data are discussed from the point of view that beta
      genes of the I region of the H-2 complex may control Iat determinants of
      regulatory T lymphocytes' receptors. A hypothesis is proposed that the I-region
      determined restriction is based on interactions between alpha-chains of Ia
      molecules on A cells and beta-chains of receptors on T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2894333
TI  - Effects of ethacrynic acid and cystamine on sodium nitroprusside-induced
      relaxation, cyclic GMP levels and guanylate cyclase activity in rat aorta.
AB  - 1. Ethacrynic acid, an agent that alkylates sulfhydryl residues, inhibited sodium
      nitroprusside- and 8-bromo cyclic GMP-induced relaxations. 2. Sodium
      nitroprusside-induced increased levels of cyclic GMP were unaltered by ethacrynic
      acid. 3. Concentrations of ethacrynic acid that inhibited sodium nitroprusside
      induced relaxation did not affect sodium nitroprusside-activation of crude
      soluble and particulate fractions of guanylate cyclase, while a higher
      concentration of ethacrynic acid did inhibit the activation. 4. Cystamine, an
      agent that oxidizes sulfhydryl residues, inhibited sodium nitroprusside
      activation of crude soluble and particulate fractions of guanylate cyclase.
      Exposure of intact rat aorta to cystamine inhibited basal guanylate cyclase
      activity in the particulate fraction but, in general, not in the soluble
      fraction. 5. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vascular
      smooth muscle relaxation requires sulfhydryl groups. The sulfhydryl groups that
      presumably are alkylated by ethacrynic acid are not contained within guanylate
      cyclase and are involved at a regulatory step after the formation of cyclic GMP.
      The sulfhydryl groups altered by cystamine may be located on particulate
      guanylate cyclase and a role for particulate guanylate cyclase in
      nitrovasodilator-induced relaxation needs to be examined further.

PMID- 2894335
TI  - Structural analysis of the pilE region of Neisseria gonorrhoeae P9.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of an expressed structural pilus gene
      (pilE) derived from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain P9-2. Detailed analysis of
      nucleotide sequences upstream from pilE revealed a silent, truncated pilin gene
      segment that was linked to families of DNA elements (RS1 and RS3) that have
      previously been identified at the major silent pilin gene locus (pilS1) and at
      pilE of the independently isolated N. gonorrhoeae strain MS11ms. A nucleotide
      sequence downstream from pilE was reminiscent of the recognition sequences of
      several recombinases, including Tn3 tnpR product (resolvase), suggesting a
      possible role for site-specific events in the recombinational modulation of pilus
      expression.

PMID- 2894336
TI  - Somatostatin does not reduce oesophageal variceal pressure in liver cirrhotics.
AB  - Transmural oesophageal variceal pressure was determined by direct puncture of the
      varices in 27 patients with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices. Variceal
      pressure was not influenced three to six minutes after somatostatin bolus
      administration and slightly increased during somatostatin infusion. Thus,
      potential haemostatic benefits of somatostatin cannot be explained by pressure
      reductions in the varices.

PMID- 2894338
TI  - Dose-response and time-response biochemical and histological study of potassium
      dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat.
AB  - This study provides quantitative toxicological data on potassium dichromate
      induced renal damage and considers the possible difficulties arising from the non
      invasive in vivo assessment of renal damage, with particular attention to
      enzymuria. Renal damage induced in male Wistar rats by single sc injections of
      potassium dichromate was assessed 52 to 72 hr after doses ranging from 3 to 20 mg
      potassium dichromate/kg body weight and throughout a 9-day period following a
      dose of 20 mg potassium dichromate/kg. The earliest and most sensitive non
      invasive functional change in the dose-response and time-response studies was an
      elevation in the rate of urinary excretion of protein. Evidence of tissue damage
      was observed with elevations in the urinary excretion rates of the brush border
      enzymes, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine
      aminopeptidase, the cytosolic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate
      dehydrogenase and the lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Such
      changes occurred as early as the abnormal urinary protein excretion, but returned
      to control or sub-control values sooner. Urinary brush border enzyme excretion
      returned to control values within 48 hr following potassium dichromate injection,
      despite histological and histochemical evidence of extensive renal damage and
      renal dysfunction. Elevations in plasma aspartate aminotransferase and lactate
      dehydrogenase levels were observed, but histochemical and isoenzyme studies would
      be needed to determine the source of these increases. The simplest and most
      persistent indicators of renal damage were the urinary excretion of protein and N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.

PMID- 2894337
TI  - Influence of ulcer healing agents on ulcer relapse after discontinuation of acute
      treatment: a pooled estimate of controlled clinical trials.
AB  - Whether or not the incidence of ulcer relapse varies according to the drug used
      to produce initial healing is a controversial matter. We tackled this problem
      using data from 15 eligible trials from 25 published controlled trials in
      patients followed up for six to 12 months. Pooled estimates of differences in
      ulcer relapse incidence between patients initially healed with H2-antagonists and
      patients initially healed with non-H2-antagonist drugs were calculated. The
      overall incidence of relapse in patients healed with comparator drugs is 11
      percentage units lower at six and 12 months, than that observed in H2-antagonist
      healed patients. The confidence intervals are +/- 8% at six months and +/- 7% at
      12 months. These data suggest the existence of a different effect on relapse
      incidence for the entire class of comparator drugs taken as a whole, compared
      with H2-antagonists. On considering the non-H2-antagonists singly, this
      conclusion holds good only in the case of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate.

PMID- 2894339
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade by phentolamine inhibits beta-adrenergically and
      cholinergically induced glucagon secretion in the mouse.
AB  - Glucagon secretion is known to be stimulated by activation of the alpha
      adrenoceptors. In this study, we investigated whether alpha-adrenoceptor blockade
      by phentolamine affects basal and stimulated glucagon secretion in the mouse.
      Phentolamine was injected intraperitoneally to mice at dose levels varying from
      2.6 to 260 mumol/kg. It was found that, while decreasing plasma glucose levels,
      phentolamine did not over this wide dose range affect basal glucagon
      concentrations indicating an inhibition of the hypoglycaemia-induced glucagon
      secretion. Further, phentolamine clearly inhibited the glucagon secretory
      response to beta-adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation. Thus, phentolamine (2.6
      mumol/kg), impaired the glucagon secretory response to the beta 2-adrenoceptor
      agonist terbutaline by 51% (P less than 0.01), and to the cholinergic agonist
      carbachol by 44% (P less than 0.02). We conclude that alpha-adrenoceptor blockade
      by phentolamine inhibits the glucagon secretion following hypoglycaemia or
      stimulation by beta-adrenergic and cholinergic agonists. Thus, the alpha
      adrenoceptors seem to be of great importance for glucagon secretion in the mouse.

PMID- 2894340
TI  - The effect of dopaminergic blockade on thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin
      releasing hormone and somatostatin.
AB  - Using a large number of animals we have been able to demonstrate that
      somatostatin administration (20 micrograms/100 g bw) significantly reduces both
      basal serum thyrotrophin (TSH) levels and the response to thyrotrophin-releasing
      hormone (TRH) in the normal rat. Pretreatment with the dopaminergic antagonist
      domperidone resulted in increased TSH levels, increased response to TRH but no
      modification in the response to somatostatin.

PMID- 2894341
TI  - Comparison of metabolic and hormonal effects of calcitonin and somatostatin
      (SRIF) in the course of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
AB  - A comparison is presented of the effect of two therapeutic doses of synthetic
      somatostatin (250 and 500 micrograms) and salmon calcitonin (50 and 100 U) on the
      blood levels of sugar, insulin (IRI), somatotropin (HGH) and cortisol in healthy
      volunteers following peroral administration of 75 g of glucose. Calcitonin was
      responsible for a significant change in glycaemia as well as IRI levels:
      following a retarded enhancement glycaemia as well as insulinaemia through out
      the first 15-30 minutes of OGTT, increased levels of both indicators were
      persistent at minute 120 and 180, so that the course of both curves was almost
      parallel. The effect was similar after SRIF had been administered, with the
      exception of insulin secretion being more pronounced, so that at a later stage of
      OGTT no hyperinsulinaemia was seen. The HGH levels tended to decrease due to both
      hormones, the tendency being more marked after SRIF, though statistically
      insignificant. There was a marked difference between the hormones as regards
      their effect on adrenocortical secretion. While the latter was constantly
      stimulated throughout OGTT under calcitonin infusion, the influence of SRIF was
      not significant. The metabolic and hormonal changes were found after both a lower
      and higher dose of both hormones, the only differences being that the inhibitory
      effect on the initial increase in glycaemia following a lower dose of SRIF was of
      no statistical significance. Hence, the metabolic and hormonal effects of
      calcitonin and SRIF in an acute experiment display many similarities, however,
      they do differ in some aspects; these effects do not depend on the doses
      demonstrated for both lower and higher doses of the above hormones.

PMID- 2894342
TI  - Synchronous duodenal neuroendocrine tumours in von Recklinghausen's disease--a
      case report of co-existing gangliocytic paraganglioma and somatostatin-rich
      glandular carcinoid.
AB  - The co-existence of a gangliocytic paraganglioma and a glandular psammomatous
      carcinoid in the duodenum of a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease and
      bilateral phaeochromocytomas is reported. The two lesions were considered to be
      distinctive by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. The
      cells of the glandular carcinoid showed strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for
      somatostatin and contained only scanty intracytoplasmic microfilaments on
      electron microscopy. In contrast, the endocrine cells of the gangliocytic
      paraganglioma were positive for pancreatic polypeptide and serotonin, were
      negative for somatostatin, and contained conspicuous intracytoplasmic aggregates
      of filaments. The histogenic relationship between the two tumours is discussed.
      This case strengthens the known association of glandular duodenal somatostatinoma
      with von Recklinghausen's disease and phaeochromocytoma and, in the light of a
      previous case report, suggests that von Recklinghausen's disease and gangliocytic
      paraganglioma may co-exist more commonly than expected.

PMID- 2894343
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium analyses and restriction mapping of four RFLPs at the pro
      alpha 2(I) collagen locus: lack of correlation between linkage disequilibrium and
      physical distance.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RRLPs) located at short distances may
      demonstrate linkage disequilibrium. Under the assumption that the distances
      between the loci of the RFLPs are inversely related to the linkage disequilibria,
      gene order may be deduced. However, if the assumption is invalid, the results may
      be incorrect. We have studied four different DNA polymorphisms at the COLIA2
      locus in 180 unrelated Norwegian individuals. Observed frequencies
      (presence/absence) for the different polymorphic sites were as follows: site A
      (EcoRI) 0.30/0.70, site B (MspI) 0.83/0.16, site C (StuI) 0.86/0.14, and site D
      (RsaI) 0.66/0.34. Of 16 possible haplotypes 12 were demonstrated, and 2
      additional were deduced to be present. Restriction mapping of the four
      polymorphic sites gave the following order of the sites from the 5' to the 3' of
      the gene: A-D-B-C. Linkage disequilibrium was not found between the sites A and
      D; strong disequilibrium was found between sites A and C, and B and C; and less
      strong, between A and B, B and D, and C and D. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium
      coefficients between all pairs of loci demonstrated that there is no consistent
      relationship between linkage disequilibrium and physical distance (tau = -0.07).
      These results suggest that for a small region of the genome, factors such as
      deviating mutation rate and gene conversion may add significantly to
      rearrangements by recombination. Thus, a deduced gene order from linkage
      disequilibrium data has to be regarded with great caution.

PMID- 2894346
TI  - Homozygous osteogenesis imperfecta unlinked to collagen I genes.
AB  - In a consanguineous pedigree in which a severe type of osteogenesis imperfecta
      was segregating as an autosomal recessive trait, analysis of genetic markers for
      both collagen I structural loci COL1A1 and COL1A2 showed that the phenotype was
      unlinked to either locus.

PMID- 2894345
TI  - DNA linkage analysis of X-linked retinoschisis.
AB  - Four families with juvenile retionoschisis (RS) have been studied by linkage
      analysis utilizing eleven polymorphic X-chromosomal markers. The results suggest
      a close linkage between DXS43, DXS41, and DXS208 and the RS locus at Xp22. The RS
      locus is distal to the OTC locus, DXS84, and the DMD locus but proximal to DXS85.
      No recombination events were observed between the RS locus and DXS43 and DXS41.
      The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction (theta) was thus
      zero and the peak lod scores (z) were 4.98 (DXS43) and 4.09 (DXS41). The linkage
      data suggest that the gene order on Xp is DXS85-(DXS43, RS, DXS41)-DMD-DXS84-OTC.

PMID- 2894344
TI  - Deletion proximal to DXS68 locus (L1 probe site) in a boy with Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy, glycerol kinase deficiency, and adrenal hypoplasia.
AB  - We report a case of a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) associated with
      GK deficiency (GK), congenital adrenal hypoplasia (AHC), and mental retardation.
      Cytogenetic analysis of prometaphasic chromosomes revealed an interstitial
      chromosome deletion at Xp21.2 possibly extending to Xp21.1 or Xp21.3. His
      phenotypically normal mother was heterozygous for this deletion. DNA probe
      analysis on Southern blots showed that the deletion affected the following probe
      sites: 754, pERT 84, 21A, XJ2.3, pERT 87, JBir, and J66-H1, whereas L1, C7, and
      CX5.4 probes gave a normal signal. Pulse field gel electrophoresis after SfiI
      digestion did not show abnormal fragments with L1. These data are consistent with
      a deletion of about 4 megabases and indicate that the GK and AHC loci are
      proximal to L1 and distal to J66-H1.

PMID- 2894347
TI  - A PvuII polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the apolipoprotein AIV gene:
      its use to study genetic variation determining serum lipid and apolipoprotein
      concentration.
AB  - We have used a 1.05-kb unique genomic fragment from the 5' end of the
      apolipoprotein (apo) CIII gene to identify a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) detected with the restriction enzyme PvuII, in the apoCIII
      apoAIV intergenic region. In a sample of 220 normolipidaemic individuals from the
      UK population, the frequency of the rare allele, VB2 is 0.054. The PvuII
      polymorphism is in apparent linkage equilibrium with three other RFLPs of this
      gene cluster, detected with the restriction enzymes XmnI, PstI and SstI, but in
      linkage disequilibrium with an RFLP in the apo-CIII gene also detected with
      PvuII. Taken together, these five RFLPs have a PIC (polymorphism information
      content) value of 0.8, and therefore are informative for genetic studies.
      Individuals with the genotype VB1VB2 had lower mean concentrations of apoAI, and
      HDL-cholesterol than individuals with the genotype VB1VB1. However these
      differences were not statistically significant.

PMID- 2894348
TI  - A physical map of the apolipoprotein gene cluster on human chromosome 19.
AB  - We have generated a restriction map around the cloned genes for human
      apolipoproteins CI, CII, and E by pulsed-field gel analysis. We show that the
      genes are clustered within an area of about 50 kb on chromosome 19. The genes are
      all oriented in the same direction, head to tail.

PMID- 2894350
TI  - Receptor systems in tissues of the nervous system.

PMID- 2894351
TI  - Role of immunology in defining transmitter-specific neurons.

PMID- 2894349
TI  - Evidence for linkage equilibrium between two RFLPs associated with the human SST
      locus.
AB  - Haplotypes were established for the alleles at the EcoRI and BamHI polymorphic
      restriction sites associated with the human somatostatin (SST) gene. The two
      genetic markers, in spite of their proximity, are in linkage equilibrium.

PMID- 2894352
TI  - A homozygous point mutation results in a stop codon in the C1q B-chain of a C1q
      deficient individual.
AB  - Southern blot analysis of the B-chain genes in one of eight C1q-deficient
      individuals revealed an abnormal banding pattern. The defect, which was
      homozygous, could be localized by restriction mapping to a single Taq I site
      within residue 150 in the coding region of the B-chain gene. DNA sequencing
      across the site revealed a stop codon that would cause premature termination of
      the protein product. No material corresponding to the A or C chains, or a
      truncated B chain, could be identified by antigenic analysis of the patient's
      serum, indicating that a complete B chain is required for secretion of a C1q
      molecule.

PMID- 2894353
TI  - Squid glycoproteins with structural similarities to Thy-1 and Ly-6 antigens.
AB  - In an attempt to identify invertebrate homologs of Thy-1 antigen, the optic and
      central nervous tissue of squid was solubilized in deoxycholate and fractionated
      by lentil lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration to yield small
      abundant glycoproteins. Material with biochemical similarities to Thy-1 was found
      and shown to consist of two glycoproteins that were ultimately purified using
      monoclonal antibody affinity columns. Both glycoproteins were sequenced to yield
      sequences of 84 residues for Sgp-1 and 92 residues for Sgp-2. The sequences were
      analyzed for similarities to Thy-1 and other Ig-related sequences, and Sgp-1
      showed some similarities that were greater than 3 standard deviation units away
      from mean random scores when tested with the ALIGN program. However, the sequence
      patterns were not typical of Ig-related domains and the relationship of Sgp-1 to
      the Ig superfamily remains problematical. Sgp-2 showed no relationship to the Ig
      superfamily, but similarities to Ly-6 antigen sequences were noted that are in
      accord with an evolutionary relationship. The similarities included ten Cys
      residues in each sequence of which eight were matched in the best alignment given
      by the ALIGN program. Chemical evidence was obtained for glycophospholipid tails
      at the COOH-termini of Sgp-1 and Sgp-2 as is the case for Thy-1 and Ly-6
      antigens.

PMID- 2894354
TI  - Linkage relationships in the bovine MHC region. High recombination frequency
      between class II subregions.
AB  - Class II genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been
      investigated by Southern blot analysis using human DNA probes. Previous studies
      revealed the presence of bovine DO beta, DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha, and DR beta
      genes, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms for each of these genes were
      documented. In the present study, the presence of three additional class II
      genes, designated DZ alpha, DY alpha, and DY beta, are reported. DZ alpha was
      assumed to correspond to the human DZ alpha gene while the other two were
      designated DY because their relationship to human class II genes could not be
      firmly established. The linkage relationships among bovine class II genes and two
      additional loci, TCP1B and C4, were investigated by family segregation analysis
      and analysis of linkage disequilibrium. The results clearly indicated that all
      these loci belong to the same linkage group. This linkage group is divided into
      two subregions separated by a fairly high recombination frequency. One region
      includes the C4, DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha, and DR beta loci and the other one
      is composed of the DO beta, DY alpha, DY beta, and TCP1B loci. No recombinant was
      observed within any of these subregions and there was a strong or fairly strong
      linkage disequilibrium between loci within groups. In contrast, as many as five
      recombinants among three different families were detected in the interval between
      these subregions giving a recombination frequency estimate of 0.17 +/- 0.07. The
      fairly high recombination frequency observed between class II genes in cattle is
      strikingly different from the corresponding recombination estimates in man and
      mouse. The finding implies either a much larger molecular distance between some
      of the bovine class II genes or alternatively the presence of a recombinational
      "hot spot" in the bovine class II region.

PMID- 2894356
TI  - Pediatric emergencies.

PMID- 2894355
TI  - Enzymatic studies and isoenzyme pattern of gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) in
      Indian childhood cirrhosis (CC).

PMID- 2894357
TI  - Nitrendipine in severe hypertension. Satellite symposium on calcium antagonists.
AB  - We report the results of a multicenter trial in which nitrendipine, alone or in
      combination with a diuretic, a beta-blocker, or both, was administered to 114
      patients with severe hypertension (greater than or equal to 115 mm Hg).
      Nitrendipine was titrated in doses of 5 to 30 mg b.i.d. If blood pressure was not
      controlled with nitrendipine alone, hydrochlorothiazide or propranolol or both
      were added. After a mean of 29 days in the study, 96 (90%) of 107 patients
      reached the initial goal of therapy; in 44 (41%) given nitrendipine alone the
      mean decrease in supine blood pressure was 38/25 mm Hg. After a mean of 91 days,
      69 (72%) of 96 patients achieved the final goal of therapy; in 24 (25%) patients
      given nitrendipine alone the mean supine blood pressure decrease from baseline
      was 49/33 mm Hg. Falls in blood pressure were comparable in the patients given
      drug combinations. Seventy-two of 114 patients given study drug(s) had adverse
      experiences; headache and edema were the most frequent complaints. Only four
      patients dropped out of the study because of adverse effects. Most abnormal
      laboratory values occurred when nitrendipine was given with hydrochlorothiazide
      or propranolol or both. Analysis of severely hypertensive patients followed up in
      our Virginia center revealed continued control of blood pressure after long-term
      follow-up (43 +/- 3 [SD] months). Average supine blood pressure was reduced from
      180/121 +/- 21/5 to 140/90 +/- 16/9 (SD) mm Hg (p less than 0.001). It was
      concluded that the calcium antagonist nitrendipine, alone or in combination with
      a diuretic or beta-blocker or both, is effective in the treatment of severe
      hypertension.

PMID- 2894358
TI  - Review of salt restriction and the response to antihypertensive drugs. Satellite
      symposium on calcium antagonists.
AB  - We evaluated the response to salt restriction in hypertensive patients receiving
      drugs. By restricting their salt intake to less than 80 mmol of sodium per day
      for 3 months, 50% of patients reaching goal compliance were able to discontinue
      diuretics. The literature also reveals responses to a low salt diet. Salt
      restriction augmented the hypotensive effect of chlorthalidone in two
      investigations, but not in another, and the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
      in three trials. Sodium intake of 10 mmol/day caused a much greater decrease in
      blood pressure in response to a single dose of captopril than did a sodium diet
      of 200 mmol/day. In patients receiving various fixed regimens for 2 months, salt
      restriction decreased blood pressure in all but those receiving calcium blockers.
      A single dose of nifedipine lowered blood pressure more in patients receiving 350
      mmol of sodium per day than in the same patients given 150 or 10 mmol/day.
      Verapamil for 3 days was more effective in patients receiving 212 mmol of sodium
      per day than in the same subjects receiving 9 mmol/day. Nitrendipine caused a
      greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure in patients who did not reduce salt
      intake compared to those who did. Salt restriction appears useful in salt
      sensitive patients who receive beta-blockers, diuretics, converting enzyme
      inhibitors, or centrally acting drugs. Calcium channel entry blockers may not
      require salt restriction to maximize their effect.

PMID- 2894359
TI  - Diuresis and natriuresis during continuous dopamine-1 receptor stimulation.
AB  - Stimulation of renal dopamine-1 (DA1) receptors for 3 hours produces an increase
      in renal plasma flow and sustained natriuresis. The present study was designed to
      assess the response of renal hemodynamic and tubular function to long-term DA1
      receptor stimulation. Fenoldopam, a selective DA1 receptor agonist, was infused
      intravenously for 24 hours in 10 normal male subjects in metabolic balance at 150
      mEq sodium and 60 mEq potassium intake in a single-blind, vehicle-controlled
      protocol. During DA1 receptor activation, urine flow rate and fractional
      excretion of sodium increased for the first 5 hours, 16.9 +/- 0.9 ml/min compared
      with a vehicle control value of 12.4 +/- 0.5 ml/min (p less than 0.001) and 2.0
      +/- 0.1% compared with a vehicle control value of 1.1 +/- 0.1% (p less than
      0.005), respectively. Urinary sodium excretion rose at 5 hours, 0.27 +/- 0.02
      mEq/min compared with a vehicle control value of 0.14 +/- 0.01 mEq/min (p less
      than 0.01). Renal plasma flow increased during fenoldopam at 5 hours, 505 +/- 47
      ml/min compared with a vehicle control value of 397 +/- 25 ml/min (p less than
      0.01), and was sustained for 24 hours, 523 +/- 40 ml/min compared with 432 +/- 31
      ml/min (p less than 0.05). The distal sodium load increased and the percentage of
      distal sodium reabsorption decreased during fenoldopam. Glomerular filtration
      rate, blood pressure, heart rate, plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin
      activity, and fractional excretion of potassium were unchanged. Selective DA1
      receptor activation produced sustained 5-hour diuresis and 11-hour natriuresis
      without kaliuresis or a systemic hemodynamic effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2894361
TI  - Type 1 fimbriate Escherichia coli stimulates a unique pattern of degranulation by
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli bearing mannose-sensitive (type 1)
      fimbriae promote a unique pattern of degranulation from human polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes (PMN). Significant quantities of the primary (1 degree) and tertiary
      (3 degree) granule markers, neutral protease-myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase, respectively, were released by PMN in a dose- and time-dependent
      manner when stimulated by these defined bacterial strains. Organisms bearing
      mannose-resistant (P) fimbriae promoted release of only the secondary (2 degree)
      granule marker, vitamin B12-binding protein. When this pattern of degranulation
      was compared to that produced by PMN in response to a variety of soluble and
      particulate stimuli, only the calcium ionophore A23187 similarly triggered 1
      degree and 3 degree granule marker release. All the other stimuli tested-
      zymosan, serum-treated and unopsonized; n-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine;
      and phorbol myristate acetate--promoted release of only the 2 degree granule
      marker. These results demonstrate selectivity of PMN degranulation in response to
      a number of transmembrane signals. In addition, the capacity of E. coli to
      promote PMN degranulation is dependent on its phenotypic fimbrial expression, a
      surface characteristic which correlates significantly with its relative surface
      hydrophobicity as measured by binding to octyl Sepharose. Those bacteria
      demonstrating the greatest hydrophobicity were capable of triggering discharge of
      all three granule marker proteins. Thus, the mannose-sensitive fimbriae of
      uropathogenic E. coli may contribute significantly to their potential
      pathophysiologic role in renal scarring.

PMID- 2894360
TI  - Effects of adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis on human neutrophil
      interactions with Coccidioides immitis and Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis extract that contained adenylate cyclase toxin produced
      large increases in human neutrophil cyclic AMP levels and inhibited their
      oxidative burst, as reflected by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence and
      superoxide release. The adenylate cyclase toxin-containing extract blocked
      neutrophil-mediated inhibition of N-acetylglucosamine incorporation by
      arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis in a dose-dependent fashion but had no
      effect on neutrophil phagocytosis of Candida glabrata and only a slight
      inhibitory effect on arthroconidial attachment. Neither purified pertussis toxin
      nor extracts from Bordetella mutants lacking the adenylate cyclase toxin affected
      neutrophil-mediated inhibition of arthroconidial N-acetylglucosamine
      incorporation. These studies indicate that adenylate cyclase toxin, alone or in
      concert with other B. pertussis-elaborated toxins, blocks neutrophil inhibition
      of arthroconidia, primarily by affecting neutrophil responses other than
      attachment or phagocytosis.

PMID- 2894362
TI  - Free fatty acids released from phospholipids are the major heat-stable hemolytic
      factor of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites.
AB  - The major hemolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites is located in
      a vesicular fraction called P30 and known to be due to heat-labile and heat
      stable hemolytic components whose effect increases up to 100 times during
      preincubation at 36 degrees C. The heat-stable hemolytic activity (HSHA) was
      found in the chloroform-methanol extract of preincubated P30, whose partition
      with 2 M KCl yielded a lipid fraction, an interphase, and an aqueous phase. HSHA
      was detected only in the lipid fraction, where it amounted to 59% of the
      chloroform-methanol extract activity and increased 50% when supplemented with the
      interphase material; it was accounted for by the free fatty acids, whose potency
      increased 33% with the interphase material, and was blocked by delipidated bovine
      serum albumin. A parallel increase in free fatty acids and lysophospholipids and
      a corresponding decrease in phospholipids were observed during P30 preincubation.
      Most of the phospholipase activity of trophozoite homogenates was also found in
      P30. Therefore, most of the HSHA generated during preincubation was due to free
      fatty acids released from phospholipids by a P30 phospholipase that may
      contribute significantly to E. histolytica cytopathogenicity and virulence.

PMID- 2894363
TI  - Role of type 1 and S fimbriae in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli O18:K1
      bacteremia and meningitis in the infant rat.
AB  - The role of fimbriae in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli infection was
      studied in the infant rat model. Rat pups were challenged intraperitoneally at
      the age of 5 days with E. coli K1 (strain IH3080, O18:K1:H7) and three different
      subpopulations (type 1, type S, or nonfimbriated) of it. All bacterial
      subpopulations were able to produce peritonitis, bacteremia, and meningitis.
      However, the type 1 fraction was the least virulent and the type S fraction was
      the most virulent, as judged by the bacterial counts in body fluids and by the
      mortality rates of the pups. Fimbrial phase variation to mainly the type-S
      fimbriated forms was observed in all body fluids. An initially type-S-fimbriated
      inoculum remained predominantly type S fimbriated in the peritoneal fluid and
      blood. In the cerebrospinal fluid, however, about 50% of the bacteria were type S
      fimbriated and 50% were nonfimbriated 1 h after challenge with the type-S
      fimbriated subpopulation; at later times the share of type-S-fimbriated bacteria
      also increased in the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2894365
TI  - Somatostatin treatment of psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - Eighteen patients with psoriatic arthritis were treated for 48 hours with an
      infusion of somatostatin 250 micrograms/hr diluted in a 5% glucose solution. This
      therapy led to a reduction of joint pain and satisfactory clearing of cutaneous
      lesions immediately after treatment in eight patients, less marked results in
      four, and null in four. Two patients were dropped from the study because of
      negative side effects during administration of the drug. Fifteen days after
      treatment, the clearing of lesions and joint pain reduction were even more
      pronounced. The most encouraging results were obtained on erythrodermic and large
      plaque psoriasis and on the polyarticular involvement. We suggest that the use of
      this drug, whose side effects are discussed, should be limited to patients with
      polyarthritis showing severe cutaneous involvement.

PMID- 2894364
TI  - Interaction of Escherichia coli with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in pathogenesis
      of urinary tract infection in mice.
AB  - Two type 1 fimbria-producing strains of Escherichia coli, 31-B and K12W1-3, and
      two type 1 fimbriae-defective mutants derived from 31-B, BH5 and BH9, were
      compared for their capacity to induce vesical infection in mice undergoing water
      diuresis and to interact in vitro with murine peritoneal exudate
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Strains 31-B and BH5 caused rapid bacterial
      multiplication in the bladder wall after being inoculated intrabladderly; their
      log-phase cells grown at 37 degrees C, in striking contrast to their stationary
      phase or 17 degrees C-grown cells, resisted phagocytic killing by PMN in the
      presence of normal murine serum. Strains K12W1-3 and BH9 failed to cause vesical
      infection, and their cells were always susceptible to the opsonophagocytic
      killing by PMN irrespective of the growth conditions. Nevertheless, the log-phase
      cells of the three isogenic strains, 31-B, BH5, and BH9, grown at 37 degrees C
      gave almost the same chemiluminescent response patterns during incubation with
      PMN in normal serum. The phagocytic resistance in strains 31-B and BH5 was
      eliminated by briefly treating bacterial cells with EDTA. These results suggest
      that the two virulent strains may express an antiphagocytic activity during their
      growth in the bladder and continue to stimulate the oxidative metabolic burst of
      PMN without being ingested and killed, and that the antiphagocytic activity may
      be related to a bacterial surface component(s) that is removed by EDTA.

PMID- 2894366
TI  - Effect of sodium 2-n-pentadecyl-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (M & B 35347B), an
      inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, on lipogenesis and fat deposition in obese
      hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) and lean mice.
AB  - A high rate of lipogenesis in obese mice plays a major role in their excessive
      deposition of body lipid. Inhibition of lipogenesis may decrease their obesity.
      Therefore, we have investigated the effects of sodium 2-n-pentadecyl
      benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (M & B 35347B), an inhibitor of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase, on in-vivo lipogenesis in obese and lean mice. It significantly
      inhibited hepatic cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, measured using 3H2O, in
      both lean and obese mice, with or without a glucose load. Brown adipose tissue
      (scapular) lipogenesis was decreased by M & B 35347B in obese mice but not in
      lean mice. In white adipose tissue, M & B 35347B did not affect the rates of
      lipogenesis in either scapular white, inguinal or epididymal depots of obese
      mice, or the inguinal and scapular white depot of lean mice. However, it doubled
      lipogenesis in the epididymal fat pad of lean mice. After a glucose load,
      lipogenesis in the lean epididymal fat pad was not inhibited but that in the
      inguinal depot was. M & B 35347B inhibited acetyl CoA carboxylase of adipose
      tissue in vitro but only a small inhibition was detected after in-vivo treatment.
      These different responses according to type of mouse, treatment and tissue site
      appear to stem from differences in inhibitor concentration and the importance of
      acetyl CoA carboxylase as the rate-limiting enzyme of lipogenesis. The weight
      gain of obese mice dosed orally (200 mg M & B 35347B/kg daily) for 60 days was
      unaffected and they continued to deposit excess body fat. This presumably
      occurred because of the lack of inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in white
      adipose tissue.

PMID- 2894367
TI  - Thermogenic agents in the treatment of human obesity: preliminary results.

PMID- 2894368
TI  - Increase in activity and biosynthesis of phospholipase A of Entamoeba histolytica
      by cholesterol passage.

PMID- 2894369
TI  - Neuroendocrine correlates of the type A behavior pattern: a review and new
      hypotheses.
AB  - Various studies have tried to identify the possible neuroendocrine correlates of
      the action/emotion complex defined as Type A behavior pattern. Type A subjects
      have been observed quite consistently to respond to laboratory stressors with a
      greater sympathetic nervous system response than Type B subjects. There also
      seems to be a trend towards a hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary
      adrenocortical axis in Type A individuals. The clinical relevance of these
      findings lies in the fact that there is an increasing clinical and laboratory
      evidence of a pathogenic role of catecholamines in coronary artery disease (CAD)
      and that some of these neuroendocrine correlates might actually be the mediators
      of the risk of CAD conferred by the Type A behavior pattern. We hypothesize that
      dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), an adrenal weak androgen, is inversely
      correlated with the degree of Type A behavior pattern and this hypothesis seems
      to be confirmed by the results of a preliminary investigation that we have
      conducted.

PMID- 2894370
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase demonstrated in tissue sections embedded in glycol
      methacrylate resin.
AB  - A method is described for the histochemical demonstration of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase in tissue sections embedded in glycol methacrylate at low
      temperature. Enzyme activity was preserved by a short (3 h) fixation of tissue in
      4% paraformaldehyde at 4 degrees C prior to embedding at 4 degrees C. Tissue
      embedded in glycol methacrylate combined good morphology with accurate enzyme
      localization. Blocks of the embedded tissue could be stored at room temperature
      for at least 3 months without loss of enzyme activity. The resin is non
      fluorescent, allowing the use of the fluorescent coupling agent 5
      nitrosalicylaldehyde to visualize the reaction product.

PMID- 2894371
TI  - Expression of the unc genes in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The unc (or atp) operon of Escherichia coli comprises eight genes encoding the
      known subunits of the proton-translocating ATP synthase (H+-ATPase) plus a ninth
      gene (uncI) of unknown function. The subunit stoichiometry of the H+-ATPase
      (alpha 3 beta 3 gamma 1 delta 1 epsilon 1 a1b2c10-15) requires that the
      respective unc genes be expressed at different rates. This review discusses the
      experimental methods applied to determining how differential synthesis is
      achieved, and evaluates the results obtained. It has been found that the primary
      level of control is translational initiation. The translational efficiencies of
      the unc genes are determined by primary and secondary mRNA structures within
      their respective translational initiation regions. The respective rates of
      translation are matched to the subunit requirements of H+-ATPase assembly.
      Finally, points of uncertainty remain and experimental strategies which will be
      important in future work are discussed.

PMID- 2894372
TI  - Molecular genetics of F1-ATPase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have reviewed recent molecular biological studies on F1-ATPase of Escherichia
      coli and emphasized the advantages of using the bacterium in studies on this
      important enzyme. All subunits had homologies of varied degrees with those from
      other organisms. Mutations of F1 subunits caused defects in catalysis and
      assembly. Defects of the mutant enzymes were studied extensively together with
      the determination of the amino acid substitutions. Extensive molecular biological
      studies may help greatly in understanding the normal mechanism and assembly of
      the complex.

PMID- 2894373
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide binding, cross-linking, and stimulation of cyclic GMP
      accumulation and particulate guanylate cyclase activity in cultured cells.
AB  - The stimulation of cyclic GMP accumulation and particulate guanylate cyclase
      activity by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was compared to the affinity and
      number of ANP receptors in eight cultured cell types. At 100 nM, ANP increased
      cyclic GMP by 13-fold in bovine adrenal cortical, 35-fold in human lung
      fibroblast, 58-fold in canine kidney epithelial, 60-fold in bovine aortic smooth
      muscle, 120-fold in rat mammary epithelial, 260-fold in rat Leydig, 300-fold in
      bovine kidney epithelial, and 475-fold in bovine aortic endothelial cells. ANP (1
      microM) increased particulate guanylate cyclase activity by 1.5-, 2.5-, 3.1-, 3.2
      , 5.0-, 7.0-, 7.8-, and 8.0-fold in bovine adrenal cortical, bovine aortic smooth
      muscle, human lung fibroblast, canine kidney epithelial, rat mammary epithelial,
      rat Leydig, bovine kidney epithelial, and bovine aortic endothelial cells,
      respectively. Specific 125I-ANP binding to intact rat Leydig (3,000 sites/cell;
      Kd = 0.11 nM), bovine aortic endothelial (14,000 sites/cell; Kd = 0.09 nM),
      bovine adrenal cortical (50,000 sites/cell; Kd = 0.12 nM), human lung fibroblast
      (80,000 sites/cell; Kd = 0.32 nM), and bovine aortic smooth muscle (310,000
      sites/cell; Kd = 0.82 nM) cells was saturable and high affinity. No specific and
      saturable ANP binding was detected in bovine and canine kidney epithelial and rat
      mammary epithelial cells. Two ANP-binding sites of 66,000 and 130,000 daltons
      were specifically labeled by 125I-ANP after cross-linking with disuccinimidyl
      suberate. The 130,000-dalton ANP-binding sites bound to a GTP-agarose affinity
      column, and the specific activity of guanylate cyclase was increased by 90-fold
      in this fraction. Our results demonstrate that the increase in cyclic GMP
      accumulation and particulate guanylate cyclase activity by ANP does not correlate
      with the affinity and number of ANP-binding sites. These results suggest that
      multiple populations of ANP receptors exist in these cells and that only one
      receptor subtype (130,000 daltons) is associated with particulate guanylate
      cyclase activity.

PMID- 2894375
TI  - Expression of neutral endopeptidase (enkephalinase) in heterologous COS-1 cells.
      Characterization of the recombinant enzyme and evidence for a glutamic acid
      residue at the active site.
AB  - Neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) is an integral membrane protein found in the
      plasma membrane of many cell types. The cDNA coding for the complete primary
      structure of neutral endopeptidase has recently been cloned and sequenced
      (Devault, A. Lazure, C., Nault, C., Le Moual, H., Seidah, N. G., Chretien, M.,
      Kahn, P., Powell, J., Mallet, J., Beaumont, A., Roques, B. P., Crine, P., and
      Boileau, G. (1987) EMBO J. 6, 1317-1322). Comparison of the sequence of neutral
      endopeptidase with that of thermolysin, a bacterial Zn-metalloendopeptidase,
      suggests that Glu-584 in neutral endopeptidase probably corresponds to Glu-143 in
      thermolysin, which is an essential amino acid involved in catalysis. To test
      directly the importance of Glu-584 in the catalytic activity of neutral
      endopeptidase by site-directed metagenesis, we have constructed an expression
      vector in which the rabbit kidney cDNA encoding the entire neutral endopeptidase
      sequence is introduced downstream from the SV40 virus early promotor. After
      transfection in COS-1 monkey kidney cells, this vector was found to promote the
      expression of a protein with biochemical and catalytic properties identical to
      kidney neutral endopeptidase. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of Glu-584 to
      either valine or aspartic acid completely abolished the enzymatic activity of the
      recombinant protein without changing its affinity for the substrate-related
      tritiated inhibitor [3H]N-[(2R,2S)-3-hydroxyamino-carbonyl-2-benzyl-1-oxopropyl]
      glycine. This observation clearly identifies Glu-584 as one of the important
      residues responsible for the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

PMID- 2894374
TI  - Decrease in transforming growth factor-beta binding and action during
      differentiation in muscle cells.
AB  - We report here the effects of differentiation on the binding and action of
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in three lines of myogenic cells. In
      two lines (L6-A1 and C2) which irreversibly differentiate by fusing to form
      postmitotic myotubes, there is a virtual disappearance of TGF-beta binding sites
      as differentiation occurs. Analyses of the binding curves by the method of
      Scatchard indicates that there is little or no change in affinity but a
      substantial decrease in the number of binding sites. In L6-A1 cells,
      responsiveness to TGF-beta decreases in parallel to the loss of receptors. The
      decreases in TGF-beta binding and activity with differentiation are not
      paralleled by similar changes in another growth factor, insulin-like growth
      factor-I, which exhibits little change in binding and only a modest decrease in
      activity as L6-A1 myoblasts differentiate to form myotubes. In a third cell line
      (BC3H1), which exhibits reversible differentiation without fusion, there is
      little or no change in TGF-beta binding as the cells differentiate. Comparisons
      with reported decreases in binding of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors
      indicates that there are substantial differences in growth factor binding and
      actions as muscle cells differentiate, but it is not possible to make the simple
      generalization that differentiation is accompanied by a decrease in binding of
      all growth factors.

PMID- 2894376
TI  - Epidermal and hair follicle transglutaminases. Partial characterization of
      soluble enzymes in newborn mouse skin.
AB  - Treatment of skins of newborn mice with the neutral protease Dispase in order to
      separate dermis and epidermis causes pronounced changes in the levels of
      transglutaminase activity in the epidermis. Two soluble transglutaminases, one
      anionic enzyme and one cationic enzyme, of Mr approximately 90,000 and
      approximately 50,000, respectively, are extracted from epidermis; and the
      activities of both enzymes increase as a function of the time of Dispase
      treatment of skin. When the anionic Mr approximately 90,000 enzyme is incubated
      with Dispase after its chromatographic isolation from epidermal extracts, it is
      converted to a lower molecular weight enzyme. Hair follicles isolated from dermis
      prepared by a 12-h Dispase treatment of the skin of newborn mice contain two
      soluble cationic transglutaminases, one of which is indistinguishable from that
      of epidermis and the other which is not seen in epidermis. Both of these hair
      follicle enzymes are of Mr approximately 50,000 and appear to exist in monomeric
      form. They have been partially purified. Based upon these findings, we suggest
      that transglutaminase processing and control occur during normal differentiation
      of keratinocytes in epidermis and of hair follicle epidermal cells in dermis and
      that production of the proper forms of the enzyme may be essential to the
      formation of mature cornified envelopes and hair shafts, respectively.

PMID- 2894377
TI  - Affinity-based chromatography utilizing genetically engineered proteins.
      Interaction of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase with calmodulin.
AB  - An engineered calmodulin differs from vertebrate calmodulin in its ability to
      activate Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase, and this difference has been
      utilized as the basis for a new purification protocol for the adenylate cyclase.
      VU-8 calmodulin, in which 3 glutamic acid residues (residues 82-84) have been
      substituted with 3 lysine residues, has a 1000-fold lower apparent affinity for
      the adenylate cyclase, compared to vertebrate calmodulin, and decreased maximal
      activity. Because of the relatively calcium-independent nature of the interaction
      between calmodulin and the cyclase, the use of calmodulin-Sepharose conjugates in
      the purification of the cyclase requires the use of chaotropic agents for
      elution. However, when immobilized VU-8 calmodulin was tested as a calcium
      dependent, affinity-based, adsorption chromatography step in the purification of
      the cyclase from culture media or bacterial extracts, the enzyme bound to the
      column in a calcium-dependent manner, and a nearly homogeneous enzyme was
      obtained in high yield. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using
      engineered calmodulins that have selective differences in activity for the
      rational design of rapid purification protocols for calmodulin-binding proteins
      as well as indicate the importance of the conserved negative charge cluster at
      residues 82-84 of calmodulin for activation of this cyclase.

PMID- 2894378
TI  - In vivo phosphorylation of clathrin-coated vesicle proteins from rat
      reticulocytes.
AB  - We have studied the in vivo phosphorylation of clathrin-coated vesicle proteins
      from rat reticulocytes. The major 32P-labeled polypeptides of clathrin-coated
      vesicles isolated from metabolically labeled cells were the the 165-, 100-110-,
      and 50-kDa polypeptides of the assembly protein, the clathrin beta-light chain,
      and to a lesser extent the clathrin alpha-light chain. The phosphorylation of the
      assembled (particulate) and unassembled (soluble) pools of clathrin and assembly
      protein was compared by immunoprecipitating the respective protein complexes from
      particulate and soluble cell fractions. Although all the phosphorylated
      polypeptides were present in both fractions, the extent of labeling was protein
      and fraction specific: the apparent specific activities of the assembly protein
      50-kDa polypeptide and clathrin light chain were higher in the unassembled pool,
      whereas those of the 100-110-kDa polypeptides were higher in the assembled pool.
      The amino acids and polypeptide fragments labeled in vivo appeared similar to
      those labeled in vitro.

PMID- 2894379
TI  - Traumatic partial foot amputations in adults. A long-term review.
AB  - A retrospective study of 260 industrial amputees was undertaken to determine the
      long-term functional results of partial foot amputations following trauma. Follow
      up ranged from 1 to 68 years with a mean of 16 years. Of 113 partial foot
      amputees (118 amputations) who had retained their original amputation, the
      functional end-results were 43% good, 38% fair and 19% poor. Lisfranc and Chopart
      amputations were better than those at transmetatarsal or digital levels. Of 260
      initial amputations 49 (19%) were revised to a Syme's or a below-knee amputation.

PMID- 2894381
TI  - Out-patient use of beta-blocking agents--prescribing preferences of physicians in
      training.
AB  - Beta-blocking agents are among the most frequently prescribed medications. To
      investigate the factors that influence their use we analysed the practices of 25
      medical residents who provided longitudinal care in the out-patient clinics of a
      teaching hospital. A computer-based audit identified the 349 patients treated
      with one of four beta-blocking agents during a 4-month period. The most
      frequently prescribed was atenolol (48%), followed by metoprolol (28%),
      propranolol (20%), and nadolol (4%). Ease of use and compliance and continuation
      of a beta-blocker prescribed by a previous physician emerged as the most
      influential factors. In contrast, cost of drugs, manufacturers' promotions and
      advertisements had no significant influence on beta-blocker selection.

PMID- 2894380
TI  - Recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry--review. III. A new wave of beta
      blockers.

PMID- 2894382
TI  - Development of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in the rat occipital cortex: a
      combined immunocytochemical-autoradiographic study.
AB  - The postnatal development of somatostatin (SRIF)-immunoreactive neurons,
      previously labeled with [3H]thymidine on embryonic days E14-E22, has been studied
      in the rat occipital cortex. Immunocytochemistry combined with autoradiography
      showed an "inside-out" maturation pattern. Only SRIF neurons generated at E14
      were present in layer VI in newborn rats. Later generated SRIF neurons appeared
      progressively higher in the cortex until about postnatal day 12 when SRIF neurons
      from E21 appeared in layer II. At 2 weeks of age, therefore, all SRIF neurons
      from E14-E21 were present. Most of these had been generated between E15 and E17
      with a moderate number at E14 and rapidly diminishing numbers from E18 to E21.
      Although an overall layered distribution was apparent at peak production, there
      was a tendency for diffuse distribution most noticeable at E17. Diffusely
      distributed neurons were more likely to be below their appropriate layer than
      above it, thus contributing extra SRIF neurons to layer VI. At 3, 4, and 5 weeks,
      progressively fewer SRIF neurons were seen with a consequent reduction in the
      number of double-labeled neurons. It is suggested that the transient population
      of SRIF neurons thus revealed plays a role in cortical development.

PMID- 2894383
TI  - Circulating antibody detection in human serum to mosquito salivary gland proteins
      by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique.
AB  - Serum was collected from individuals with little, average, or extensive exposure
      to mosquito bites for determination of the presence of circulating antibodies to
      mosquito salivary gland proteins. Intensity of exposure was determined by
      mosquito-bite and exposure history. Sections cut through the thorax of four
      different species of mosquitoes, locally prevalent in South Florida, were exposed
      to serum and developed for antibody binding with the use of the avidin-biotin
      peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. In subjects with histories of little or
      average exposure to mosquitoes, binding was observed that appeared to be species
      specific; in subjects with extensive exposures, little antibody binding to
      salivary gland was noted. We hypothesize that suppression of the humoral immune
      response is an adaptive mechanism in response to significant exposures of
      mosquito salivary gland antigens.

PMID- 2894384
TI  - Does adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma belong to the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
      category?

PMID- 2894385
TI  - Increased dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in non-noradrenergic
      axons supplying the guinea-pig uterine artery after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment.
AB  - We have reinvestigated the immunohistochemistry of autonomic axons supplying the
      guinea-pig uterine artery to determine whether non-noradrenergic paracervical
      ganglion neurons projecting to the artery contain immunoreactivity to dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or somatostatin (SOM) in addition to neuropeptide Y (NPY)
      and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In untreated arteries no VIP axons had
      immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), although 9% had immunoreactivity
      to DBH. Somatostatin immunoreactivity was detected in 25% of non-noradrenergic
      axons containing NPY and VIP. After in vivo treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6
      OHDA), noradrenergic axons containing immunoreactivity to NPY, DBH and TH were
      absent from the adventitia-medial junction. However, 65-70% of the non
      noradrenergic axons with NPY and VIP showed DBH immunoreactivity after 6-OHDA.
      These axons did not show catecholamine fluorescence after incubation with
      pargyline together with noradrenaline, dopamine or L-DOPA. The number of axons
      with SOM immunoreactivity increased by 44% after 6-OHDA treatment, but only 24%
      of SOM axons had DBH immunoreactivity. Surgical destruction of the non
      noradrenergic autonomic axons in 6-OHDA-treated animals led to the loss of all
      DBH immunoreactivity. These results demonstrate that DBH immunoreactivity can be
      detected in a small proportion of non-noradrenergic axons supplying uterine
      arteries from untreated animals. After chemical sympathectomy with 6-OHDA, the
      levels of DBH immunoreactivity in axons of non-noradrenergic neurons increased,
      and more axons with DBH immunoreactivity were detected. DBH immunoreactivity
      seemed to increase preferentially in axons with NPY and VIP, but not SOM. The
      number of NPY, VIP axons containing SOM also increased after 6-OHDA. These
      findings demonstrate that peripheral neurons containing several different
      potential neurotransmitters can change their levels of neuropeptides and
      transmitter-synthesizing enzymes in response to local environmental changes.

PMID- 2894386
TI  - Co-existence of neuropeptides in sympathetic, cranial autonomic and sensory
      neurons innervating the iris of the guinea-pig.
AB  - We have used double-labelling immunofluorescence to identify the peptide content
      of autonomic and sensory neurons innervating the iris of albino guinea-pigs. Four
      major classes of neurons were identified on the basis of their distributions,
      origins and immunohistochemical characteristics. A dense plexus of noradrenergic
      axons in the constrictor and dilator muscles of the iris originated from the
      superior cervical ganglion, and contained immunoreactivity (IR) to both
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) and dynorphin (DYN). The constrictor and dilator muscles
      were also supplied with a dense plexus of axons with IR to substance P (SP).
      These axons probably originated from SP-IR nerve cell bodies located along the
      ciliary nerves, and are almost certainly the same axons as those producing
      cholinergic pupilloconstriction. The iris was also innervated by unmyelinated,
      capsaicin-sensitive axons with IR to both SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide.
      Most of these axons also contained IR to DYN and some were also IR for
      cholecystokinin. These axons are almost certainly sensory. Axons containing IR to
      both NPY and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were common in the ciliary
      processes, and also formed a sparse plexus near the ciliary margin of the dilator
      muscle. Following surgical sympathetic denervation these axons showed IR for
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase; they seemed to originate from the sphenopalatine
      ganglion. These results demonstrate that there are well-defined patterns of
      coexistence of neuropeptides in the autonomic and sensory neurons supplying the
      iris of guinea-pigs. To understand the physiological roles of these peptides, it
      will be necessary to consider the possibility of complex interactions between
      them.

PMID- 2894387
TI  - Pictorial analysis--computed tomography of trauma to the ankle and hindfoot.
AB  - A pictorial overview of the utility of computed tomography in the diagnosis and
      characterization of traumatic lesions affecting the ankle and hindfoot is
      provided. The technique is of particular importance in the setting of triplane,
      calcaneal, and talar fractures as well as tibiotalar and subtalar dislocations.

PMID- 2894388
TI  - Studies on insulin secretion by monolayer cultures of normal and tumorous human
      pancreatic cells. Effects of glucose, somatostatin and SMS 201-995.
AB  - Recently, somatostatin analogs have been introduced which can be used clinically
      in the treatment of tumorous or functional hypoglycemia. In the present study we
      investigated in vitro the regulation, the degree of autonomy and the sensitivity
      to natural somatostatin and its analog SMS 201-995 of insulin secretion by
      monolayer cultures of human pancreatic cells obtained from patients with
      insulinomas and from a newborn with nesidioblastosis. All cultures released
      insulin upon the addition of dibutyryl-cAMP and calcium, demonstrating their
      intact viability. Insulin secretion from nontumorous pancreatic cells surrounding
      an insulinoma was dose-dependently stimulated by glucose. In contrast, insulin
      release by B cells from a patient with nesidioblastosis and from 2 insulinomas
      was not stimulated by the addition of glucose. Native somatostatin (SRIF) and the
      synthetic analog SMS 201-995 inhibited insulin secretion from all cultures. The
      inhibitory effects of SRIF and SMS in the culture from the nesidioblastosis
      tissue, could be reversed by the addition of 11.2 mmol glucose/l, but not in one
      of the insulinoma cultures. This demonstrates that some sensitivity to glucose is
      present in B cells from the nesidioblastosis tissue, despite the unresponsiveness
      to glucose alone. Insulin release by insulinoma cells was blocked by
      somatostatin, while it was inhibited to some extent only in the cultures of
      nontumor B cells and of cells from the nesidioblastosis tissue. In conclusion, it
      was shown that insulin release by the cultured B cells obtained from several
      pathological conditions differed with regard to the autonomy of hormone release
      (glucose sensitivity) and the sensitivity to somatostatin and its analog.

PMID- 2894389
TI  - Acute effect of glibenclamide upon red cell transglutaminase activity in diabetic
      patients.
AB  - The acute effect of glibenclamide, a hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, upon
      transglutaminase activity was investigated in 6 type II diabetic patients by
      perfusing 1 mg glibenclamide during 1 h. Blood samples were drawn 0, 10, 20, 30,
      60 min during and 30 and 60 min after perfusion to determine insulin, glucose and
      transglutaminase activity. No significant modifications in plasma insulin, plasma
      glucose and transglutaminase activity in red cells was induced by glibenclamide
      perfusion. Nevertheless, glibenclamide induced a significant decrease (p less
      than 0.005) in transglutaminase activity after 20 min of perfusion (629.83 +/-
      53.08 and 521.18 +/- 43.92, mean +/- SE, at 0 and 20 min). No correlation was
      observed between glucose or insulin plasma levels and transglutaminase activity.

PMID- 2894390
TI  - Androgen producing adrenal adenoma. Report on a case associated with
      hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - In a 41-year-old hirsute woman, severe hypercalcemia led to the discovery of
      hyperparathyroidism related to the involvement (hyperplasia/or adenoma) of the 4
      parathyroid glands. Plasma and urinary DHA, plasma DHA-sulfate and delta 5
      steroid precursors were elevated. Steroid hormone hypersecretion was stimulated
      by hCG and ACTH, and exhibited a paradoxical rise during dexamethasone
      administration. Computerized tomography scanning as well as arteriography
      disclosed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and left adrenal adenoma. Bilateral
      adrenal vein catheterization indicated a left/right gradient for delta 5 steroids
      and delta 5 steroid sulfates. At surgery a left brown adrenal encapsulated
      adenoma was removed with a hyperplastic adrenal gland. Results of in vitro
      studies (adrenal steroid content and incubation) together with postadrenalectomy
      hormonal results suggest that the left brown adrenal adenoma was the main source
      of excessive androgen production. The infrequent association of an androgen
      producing adrenal adenoma with hyperparathyroidism raises the hypothesis of
      multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. However, evidence for this diagnosis is
      lacking in the absence of other glandular involvement and of family history.

PMID- 2894392
TI  - Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesion
      molecules (LFA-3, CD2, and LFA-1) and three other molecules (UCHL1, CDw29, and
      Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN-gamma production.
AB  - Studies of cell-surface molecules involved in human T cell interaction reveal
      that differential expression of each of three adhesion molecules (LFA-3, CD2, and
      LFA-1) subdivides human peripheral blood T cells into major subpopulations.
      Systematic analysis of the relationship between expression of these and other
      markers of T cell subsets demonstrates a single major subset of human peripheral
      blood T lymphocytes distinguished by enhanced expression of LFA-3, CD2, LFA-1,
      and three other markers (CDw29 [4B4], UCHL1, and Pgp-1). Large differences in
      relative expression are observed for UCHL1 (29-fold) and LFA-3 (greater than 8
      fold), and smaller differences (2- to 4-fold) are seen for CDw29, CD2, LFA-1, and
      Pgp-1. Bimodal distribution of LFA-3 is found on both CD4+ cells and on CD8+
      cells as well as on B lymphocytes (CD19+). Neonatal T cells (CD3+) are comprised
      almost exclusively of the subset expressing low LFA-3, CD2, LFA-1, CDw29, and
      UCHL1. Activation of cord peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes with PHA leads
      to uniform enhanced expression of each of these molecules on CD3+ cells.
      Functional analyses of these T cell subsets were performed after sorting of adult
      T cells based on differential LFA-3 expression. Only the LFA-3+ subset
      proliferated in response to the Ag tetanus toxoid, even though the LFA-3- subset
      proliferated more strongly to PHA. Furthermore, the LFA-3+ subset made greater
      than fivefold more IFN-gamma than the LFA-3- subset in response to PHA, despite
      the fact that both subsets made equivalent amounts of IL-2. This phenotypic and
      functional analysis of resting and activated newborn and adult T cells indicates
      that human memory T cells express enhanced levels of LFA-3, CD2, LFA-1, UCHL1,
      CDw29, and Pgp-1; we speculate that the increase in expression of T cell adhesion
      molecules LFA-3, CD2, and LFA-1 on memory cells is functionally important in
      their enhanced responsiveness.

PMID- 2894391
TI  - Specific modulation by ethanol of the protein synthesis pattern in the C2 rat
      hepatoma cell line.
AB  - The effect of ethanol on protein synthesis in the C2 rat hepatoma cell line was
      analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after the labeling with
      [35S]methionine of cells that were untreated or had been treated with 180 mM
      ethanol. In this cell line, this concentration of ethanol is known to induce
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, a marker of alcoholism in man (Barouki et al.,
      Hepatology 1983; 3: 323-329). In the present work we demonstrate that ethanol,
      besides causing a slight decrease in overall protein synthesis (less than 25%),
      primarily regulates the expression of two unique proteins among 1500 labeled
      products that were analyzed: one of these was induced and did not correspond to
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and one was repressed after 20 h of ethanol
      treatment. We conclude that the set of hepatic proteins altered by ethanol is
      likely to be very limited in number, which reflects the specificity of alcohol
      action on protein synthesis in the C2 cell line.

PMID- 2894393
TI  - Subpopulations of early thymocytes. A cross-correlation flow cytometric analysis
      of adult mouse Ly-2-L3T4-(CD8-CD4-) thymocytes using eight different surface
      markers.
AB  - Putative early thymocytes, the Ly-2-L3T4-(CD8-CD4-) cells representing 3 to 4% of
      adult CBA mouse thymic lymphocytes, were isolated in high purity (99.5%). They
      were then stained by using mAb and analyzed by flow cytometry for the expression
      of six additional surface antigenic markers. Cross-correlation of the data
      obtained from a complete series of successive two-parameter analyses revealed the
      existence of about 11 discrete subsets, falling into four-main groups, within the
      Ly-2-L3T4- population. All subsets consisted of relatively large lymphoid cells.
      The most numerous group of Ly-2-L3T4- cells was Ly-1 low B2A2-M1/69 high Thy-1
      high Pgp-1 low and by these markers resembled Ly-2+L3T4+ cortical blasts. Many of
      the cells in this group were positive for the IL-2R and/or for MEL-14. A second
      major group of Ly-2-L3T4- cells was Ly-1 high B2A2-M1/69 low Pgp-1 high, and
      resembled in some respects activated mature T cells. This group had previously
      been shown to be absent from the embryonic thymus. The group could be divided
      into Thy-1 high and Thy-1 low subsets. None of the cells in this group were
      positive for the IL-2R and very few expressed MEL-14. A third group, 13% of the
      Ly-2-L3T4- population, was Ly-1 low B2A2-M1/69 low Pgp-1 high, and could also be
      divided into Thy-1 high and Thy-1 low subsets. A final minor group, 9% of the Ly
      2-L3T4- population, was Ly-1 high B2A2-M1/69 high Pgp-1 low Thy-1 high. The
      particular pattern of markers on these subsets, combined with subsequent
      information on their properties, makes it unlikely that they all represent
      sequential steps in one continuous developmental stream, and indicates that
      complex developmental steps have occurred, even at this supposedly early stage of
      T cell differentiation.

PMID- 2894394
TI  - CD3-negative lymphokine-activated cytotoxic cells express the CD3 epsilon gene.
AB  - The expression of genes encoding different polypeptide chains of the TCR-CD3
      complex was analyzed in a panel of cloned MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic cells. The
      clones were derived from CD3+ and CD3- human PBL. After expansion in rIL-2, all
      clones were able to lyse the NK-sensitive target cell line K562. In contrast,
      lysis of fresh tumor cells was achieved almost exclusively by CD3- clones. To
      test whether a known TCR-CD3 complex may be involved in MHC-unrestricted
      cytotoxicity, total RNA from nine CD3+ and 11 CD3- clones was isolated and
      hybridized with DNA probes for the TCR alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chains and for
      the CD3 gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-chains. TCR gamma transcripts were present at
      high levels in CD3+CD4- CD8- clones but were undetectable in all CD3- clones.
      Lysis of fresh tumor cells is an activity which can be independent of the TCR
      alpha beta and TCR gamma complexes because the CD3- clones did not express these
      TCR genes. Interestingly, all CD3- clones expressed CD3 epsilon transcripts, but
      not CD3 gamma- or delta-transcripts. CD3- lymphokine-activated cytotoxic cells
      may therefore be derived from immature T cells which do not yet express a
      complete CD3 complex. The CD3 epsilon chain, if expressed in CD3- cells in
      association with other molecules, could be involved in the activation and lytic
      function of these MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic cells.

PMID- 2894395
TI  - A T cell surface molecule different from CD2 is involved in spontaneous rosette
      formation with erythrocytes.
AB  - Increasing evidence indicates that rosettes which spontaneously from between
      human T cells and E might be of physiologic relevance. We show here that another
      T cell-surface molecule than CD2 is involved in rosette formation. Four mAb have
      been obtained reacting with human T cells that block rosettes with E from many
      species, including autologous cells. They react with a molecule, we termed E2,
      which is actively synthetized by T and monocytic cells. Immunoprecipitation
      revealed a major 32-kDa band. Immunoblots revealed a major 32-kDa band and a
      minor 20-kDa band. This molecule was detected on all T cells tested--and present
      at high densities on corticothymocytes, but at low densities on medullary
      thymocytes. It was also found on monocytes but not on B cells. However B-CLL
      cells did carry this molecule. E2 molecules were also detected on nonhematologic
      cells. Together with the recent evidence that 3 molecules from the erythrocyte
      surface are also involved for rosettes, intricate molecular interactions would
      account for adhesion of T cells to autologous E and possibly autologous nucleated
      cells.

PMID- 2894396
TI  - Lymphocyte-virus interactions. Identification of a restriction fragment
      permitting virus replication in lymphocytes.
AB  - We are interested in understanding the effects of virus infection on lymphocyte
      function. To approach this question, we used a unique system of two genetically
      related leporipoxviruses to generate recombinants. One of these viruses,
      malignant fibroma virus (MV), replicates in many different cell types, including
      lymphocytes. The other, Shope fibroma virus (SFV), replicates principally in
      fibroblasts, but cannot replicate in lymphocytes. Fibroblasts infected with SFV
      received restriction fragments from MV by transfection. Recombinant viruses were
      selected in vitro for their ability to replicate in lymphocytes. By these means
      we have identified one restriction fragment, the 10.8-kb BamHI "C" fragment,
      capable of transferring from MV to SFV the ability to replicate in lymphocytes. A
      family of recombinants bearing different sized inserts of this restriction
      fragment has been isolated and is being characterized. Lymphocytotropic
      recombinants bearing portions of this restriction fragment produce colony
      morphology in vitro intermediate between MV's plaques and SFV's foci. On the
      basis of their ability to grow in and suppress mitogen responsiveness of
      lymphocytes, these recombinants may be classified into four different groups.
      Group 1 viruses are the most immunosuppressive, whereas those of group 4 are
      least. These traits correlate with ability to replicate in lymphocytes. Genetic
      analysis of recombinants indicates that the most immunosuppressive recombinants
      do not necessarily contain the most fragment C DNA. Therefore, we have identified
      a restriction fragment, one or more of the genes of which are sufficient to allow
      an otherwise nonlymphocytotropic virus to replicate in lymphocytes. Additional
      genetic and immunologic analysis should permit us to determine the structure and
      function of the protein responsible for this effect.

PMID- 2894397
TI  - Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on murine skin.
AB  - The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on skin of congenic
      haired and hairless newborn and adult HRS/J mice was studied. In all adult
      animals topical application of TCDD caused an involution of sebaceous glands.
      Epidermal/epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratinization was induced in the
      hairless, but not the haired mice. Trans-glutaminase (TG) activity was stimulated
      in both haired and hairless animals. A single application of 1 microgram of TCDD
      did not stimulate significant ornithine decarboxylase activity in the skin in
      either strain. Other than a reduction in the density of the inflammatory cell
      infiltrate in the dermis, topical treatment with antiinflammatory agents
      fluocinolone acetonide and indomethacin did not affect the cutaneous response to
      TCDD. Skin of newborn mice treated topically with TCDD over a 2-wk period reacted
      much the same as adult skin in that sebaceous glands were reduced in size and TG
      activity was stimulated in both haired and hairless neonates; but epidermal
      hyperplasia occurred only in the hairless, not the haired newborns.

PMID- 2894398
TI  - Specific restriction fragment length polymorphism on the HLA-C region and
      susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris.
AB  - In psoriasis vulgaris, the HLA class I Cw6 specificity has previously been
      recognized as the most commonly associated antigen serologically. This study was
      carried out to investigate whether or not the gene controlling the susceptibility
      to psoriasis vulgaris existed on the HLA, especially the HLA-C region. At first,
      we analyzed the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of 13 patients
      with psoriasis vulgaris and 6 healthy controls who were all positive for at least
      one allele of HLA-Cw6. To characterize RFLP in psoriasis patients who did not
      have HLA-Cw6, 12 patients and 10 healthy controls who had HLA-Cw7 were also
      examined. Southern hybridization of genomic DNA demonstrated that DNA
      polymorphisms of the HLA-C antigen gene could not be found in any psoriasis
      vulgaris patient whether HLA-Cw6 or Cw7. However, a 4.5 kb BamHI fragment and a
      3.1 kb PstI fragment were lacking in some healthy controls who had either HLA-Cw6
      or Cw7. This study suggests that the presence of RFLP in the HLA-C gene is
      associated with psoriasis vulgaris. These specific fragments may help predispose
      individuals to psoriasis vulgaris, or may be essential for the development of the
      disease.

PMID- 2894399
TI  - Differences in reactogenicity and antigenicity of acellular and standard
      pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus in infants.
AB  - Clinical and serological responses of infants to primary immunization with
      diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine containing components of acellular
      pertussis vaccine (DTP-AC) were compared in a double-blind study with responses
      of infants receiving whole-cell DTP vaccine (DTP-WC). Three doses of either DTP
      AC containing lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) and filamentous hemagglutinin
      (FHA) or DTP-WC vaccine were given to infants at two, four, and six months of
      age. Nineteen infants received DTP-AC vaccine, and 20 infants received DTP-WC
      vaccine. Significantly more infants who received DTP-WC vaccine manifested fever,
      swelling, and/or total reactions than did infants who received DTP-AC vaccine.
      Infants who received DTP-AC vaccine had comparable antibody titers to LPF and
      significantly higher titers to FHA after three immunizations, as compared with
      the infants who received DTP-WC vaccine (P less than or equal to .001). The DTP
      WC vaccine stimulated higher pertussis agglutination titers (P = .04) than did
      DTP-AC. The DTP-AC vaccine was immunogenic and significantly less reactogenic in
      infants than was the currently used DTP-WC vaccine.

PMID- 2894400
TI  - Acute and acute-on-chronic mastoiditis (a five-year experience at Groote Schuur
      Hospital).
AB  - One hundred and thirty patients with acute-on-chronic mastoiditis were managed by
      the ENT Department of Groote Schuur Hospital between 1980 and 1984 inclusive.
      Seventy-four patients had cholesteatomas, of whom 78.4 per cent had intracranial
      extension and 44.6 per cent had intradural extension of the infection. In
      contrast, of the 56 patients without cholesteatomas, only 23.2 per cent had
      intracranial extension of the infection. These may be rare conditions in some
      privileged parts of the world but their lethal potential requires all ENT
      surgeons to be competent in their management.

PMID- 2894401
TI  - Otogenic intradural complications: (a review of 37 patients).

PMID- 2894402
TI  - Genetic analysis of autoimmune gld mice. I. Identification of a restriction
      fragment length polymorphism closely linked to the gld mutation within a
      conserved linkage group.
AB  - A linkage map of distal mouse chromosome 1 was generated using restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA prepared from 95 [C3H-gld/gld
      X Mus spretus)F1 X C3H-gld/gld] backcross mice. The gene order was: (centromere)
      C4bp, Ren-1,2, Ly-5, [At-3/gld], Apoa-2/Ly-17, Spna-1 (telomere). All mice
      expressing the phenotype of gld homozygotes were homozygous for the At-3 RFLP
      characteristic of C3H mice and none of the mice heterozygous for At-3 RFLPs had
      characteristics of gld homozygotes, demonstrating close linkage between these
      genes. The identification of an RFLP closely linked to the gld gene provides a
      starting point for the identification of a genetic defect that results in
      abnormal T cells and autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2894403
TI  - Comparison of two solid phase chemistry systems: Reflotron and Ektachem DT 60.
AB  - Solid phase chemistry can be used for clinical analysis at the bedside, and it is
      even applicable to whole blood. We compared precision, accuracy, method
      linearity, and practicability of two solid phase chemistry analysers. Reflotron
      (Boehringer Mannheim, W. Germany) and Ektachem DT 60 (Eastman Kodak Co, USA).
      Eight analytes, glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, urea, uric acid, alanine
      aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase were
      investigated. The precision of both instruments was good. Coefficients of
      variation for within run and day to day precision were below 10% for all
      analytes. Methods were compared by analysing 88 to 105 patients sera for each
      investigated analyte on Reflotron, on Ektachem DT 60 and on a wet chemistry
      reference instrument. Linear regression analysis showed good agreement between
      wet chemistry and solid phase chemistry results. Coefficients of correlation (r)
      ranged from 0.957 to 0.999. Reflotron and Ektachem are desk top analysers.
      Reflotron is the smaller instrument. Currently, it offers 9 analytes and rapid
      single test performance. Whole blood can be used for all tests. Test strips can
      be stored at room temperature. Ektachem DT 60 has a modular design, and 22
      analytes are available. Series of up to 100 tests per hour are possible. Whole
      blood can be used for the preparation of glucose and haemoglobin test slides. The
      slides must be deep frozen for prolonged storage. Reflotron may be suitable for
      the physician's office, Ektachem for small laboratories. The problem of quality
      control has not yet been satisfactorily solved for either instrument, as only
      analyser-specific control specimens can be used. Reagent costs of solid phase
      chemistry tests are high, especially when large test series are performed.
      Operation of both instruments requires well trained personnel.

PMID- 2894404
TI  - Effects of housing and muricidal behavior on serotonergic receptors and
      interactions with novel anxiolytic drugs.
AB  - Mouse killing by rats represents a predatory behavior that can be modified by
      drugs from several different therapeutic classes and by environmental conditions.
      Buspirone and gepirone, non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics that stimulate
      serotonergic receptors (5HT1a) and inhibit isolation-induced intraspecies
      aggression, were tested for inhibition of muricidal behavior by isolated rats.
      Neither buspirone (3.0 mg/kg s.c.) nor gepirone (from 5.0 to 40 mg/kg) inhibited
      muricide. Additional rats were housed, either aggregated or isolated, and tested
      for muricidal behavior 9 times over 5 weeks to establish which animals were
      muricidal: thus, there were 4 groups of rats: muricidal or non-muricidal under
      either isolated or aggregated housing condition. [3H]-Spiperone was used to
      determine striatal D2 receptor Bmax and Kd and prefrontal cortex D2 and 5HT2
      receptor binding. There were no changes across the four groups. Binding of [3H]-5
      hydroxytryptamine (5HT) to 5HT1a receptors decreased in septum of both groups of
      isolated rats and binding to 5HT1b receptors decreased 50% in hippocampus of
      isolated and aggregated muricidal rats. Binding of [3H]-5HT to either receptor
      was unchanged in amygdaloid area and hypothalamus across all groups. Thus,
      stimulating pre- and postsynaptic 5HT1a receptors does not alter muricidal
      behavior and changes in 5HT1 receptor binding occurs in limited areas. Whether
      this limited change in hippocampal 5HT1b binding is important for establishing
      muricidal behavior is unclear; however the direction of the change is consistent
      with reports that decreased serotonergic activity increases predatory behavior.

PMID- 2894405
TI  - Development of computer-assisted simulation procedure to analyze receptor
      modulatory processes.
AB  - Experimentally induced changes in neurotransmitter receptors have been analyzed
      by means of a computer assisted simulation procedure over a wide range of free
      ligand concentrations. This approach allows to evaluate, for a given range of
      ligand concentrations, the relative influence of simultaneous variations in
      binding parameters (i.e. dissociation constant or Kd and in maximal number of
      binding sites or Bm) and to predict the net and final effect of the experimental
      condition on the receptor-mediated transmission line. The function representing
      the changes in bound values versus the respective free ligand concentrations, has
      been studied analytically on the basis of all the possible values that the
      percent changes in both Kd and Bm parameters induced by a given experimental
      condition can assume. A well characterized change in the pattern of bound
      radioligand could in this way be defined. This approach, developed to show in an
      immediate and clear way treatment-induce changes in receptor populations or to
      fit directly rough experimental data expressed as differences in bound values
      versus free ligand concentrations, seems to be an useful complement to the widely
      used saturation analysis of binding data.

PMID- 2894407
TI  - Effects of systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine to mice on tyrosine hydroxylase, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
      decarboxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and monoamine oxidase activities in the
      striatum and hypothalamus.
AB  - The effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (30 mg/kg
      subcutaneously per day for 8 days) to C57BL/6N mice were studied on tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase (DDC), and monoamine
      oxidase (MAO) activities in the striatum, and TH, DDC, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      (DBH), and MAO activities in the hypothalamus. Treatment with MPTP led to a large
      decrease in TH activity and a parallel decrease in DDC activity in the striatum,
      as compared with the saline controls. In contrast, MPTP administration did not
      cause a decrease of the activities of TH, DDC, and DBH in the hypothalamus. There
      was also no reduction in MAO activities of striatum and hypothalamus. These data
      indicate that MPTP administration to mice results in specific degeneration of the
      dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and that DDC in the mouse striatum may mainly
      be localized in the dopaminergic neurons with TH.

PMID- 2894406
TI  - Irreversible binding and recovery of the norepinephrine uptake system using an
      alkylating derivative of norepinephrine.
AB  - The effects of bromoacetylaminomenthylnorepinephrine (BAAN) on the sodium
      dependent, high-affinity norepinephrine (NE) uptake system in rat brain
      synaptosomes and CNS neuronal cultures were investigated. BAAN inhibited [3H]NE
      uptake into synaptosomes in a dose- and time-dependent manner (IC50, 6.5 microM).
      Pretreatment of cortical synaptosomes or neuronal cells with BAAN alone, followed
      by washing to remove free drug, reduced the Vmax but did not alter the Km value
      for [3H]NE uptake. The BAAN-induced reduction in Vmax was attenuated by
      concurrent pretreatment with desipramine and blocked by the reaction of BAAN with
      dithiothreitol or cysteine. In contrast, BAAN was 19-fold less potent at
      inhibiting [3H]dopamine uptake in striatal synaptosomes, and no change in the
      Vmax or Km value for [3H]dopamine uptake was observed after a pretreatment with
      BAAN followed by washing. Furthermore, the irreversible beta-antagonist,
      bromoacetylalprenololmentane, was equipotent to BAAN for inhibiting [3H]NE uptake
      into cortical synaptosomes, but did not alter the Vmax or Km for [3H]NE after
      pretreatment. In neuronal cultures, BAAN inhibited sodium-dependent uptake of
      [3H]NE (IC50, 5.6 microM) with no effect on sodium-independent uptake. After
      pretreatment of cultures with 30 microM BAAN followed by washing, there was a 74%
      decrease in the Vmax for [3H]NE uptake. Following a 24-h lag period, uptake
      recovered to the control level within 48 h; however, recovery was completely
      blocked by cycloheximide. The data indicate that BAAN irreversibly binds to the
      [3H]NE uptake system in both CNS synaptosomes and neuronal cultures and may be a
      useful probe for studying the turnover of the [3H]NE uptake system.

PMID- 2894408
TI  - Increases in striatal and hippocampal impedance and extracellular levels of amino
      acids by cardiac arrest in freely moving rats.
AB  - The time course of changes in the tissue impedance and the levels of
      extracellular transmitter and non-transmitter amino acids was studied in the
      striatum and hippocampus of the unanesthetized rat after cardiac arrest.
      Electrodes were implanted for the continuous measurement of tissue impedance so
      that a measure of the volume of extracellular space was provided. Alternatively,
      bilateral dialysis probes were used for monitoring levels of extracellular amino
      acids in subsequent 30-s samples using an automated precolumn derivatization
      technique for reversed-phase HPLC analysis and fluorimetric detection. The
      impedance started to rise approximately 1.2 min following cardiac arrest,
      increased rapidly during the first 5 min, and increased almost linearly
      thereafter. After 15 min, a decrease of approximately 50% in the extracellular
      space was calculated. The impedance rose more steeply in the striatum than in the
      hippocampus. The extracellular levels of taurine, which increased greater than
      300% within 5 min after cardiac arrest, most closely resembled the time course of
      the change in impedance. Glutamate and aspartate levels did not increase until 5
      min after circulatory arrest, and at 15 min they had risen to a level of 465 and
      265% for the striatum and 298 and 140% for the hippocampus of the resting
      release, respectively. The release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was
      multiphasic and did not resemble that of any of the other--putative--transmitter
      amino acids. Fifteen minutes after cardiac arrest, the levels of GABA were 617
      and 774% of the resting release in the striatum and hippocampus, respectively.
      Glycine and alanine efflux substantially increased (232 and 151% in striatum and
      141 and 154% in hippocampus, respectively) 15 min postmortem, whereas the
      glutamine level was slightly increased and levels of asparagine, histidine,
      threonine, ethanolamine, serine, arginine, and tyrosine were inconsistently
      higher in the two brain regions. At this time, the extracellular levels of
      glutamate, GABA, and aspartate were only slightly lower, as expected from the
      tissue levels and from levels of the other amino acids, an observation indicating
      that all the amino acids may diffuse through postmortem brain tissue to a nearly
      similar extent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2894409
TI  - Specificity and reversibility of the inhibition by HgCl2 of glutamate transport
      in astrocyte cultures.
AB  - Inhibition of glutamate transport is a potential indirect cause of excitotoxic
      damage by glutamate in the CNS. The mercuric ion, the form in which metallic
      mercury vapor is believed to exert its neurotoxic action, is a known inhibitor of
      amino acid transport. This study examines the specificity with which HgCl2
      inhibits glutamate transport in mouse cerebral astrocytes by means of comparative
      measurements of 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose is an index of
      glucose utilization that reflects the function of Na+,K+-ATPase and hexokinase,
      and is sensitive to Na+ entry. The kinetic parameters, ionic dependence, and
      substrate specificity of glutamate transport in these astrocyte cultures were
      consistent with the commonly occurring system designated X-AG. Acute exposure to
      0.5 microM HgCl2 inhibited by 50% the initial rate of glutamate transport but did
      not affect 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Glutamate transport was not detectably
      inhibited by Al2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Sr2+, Cd2+, or Zn2+ (10 microM as chlorides). The
      inhibitory action of 0.5 microM HgCl2 on glutamate transport was rapidly
      reversible. The action of 1-2 microM HgCl2 was progressive when exposures were
      extended to 1-3 h, and was more slowly reversible. These results suggest that
      Hg2+ can impair glial glutamate transport reversibly at exposure levels that do
      not compromise some other vital cell functions.

PMID- 2894410
TI  - Regulation of transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and metabolism
      illustrated by the effect of gamma-vinyl GABA and hypoglycemia.
AB  - The effect of different treatments on amino acid levels in neostriatum was
      studied to throw some light on the synthesis and metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA). Irreversible inhibition of GABA transaminase by microinjection of
      gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) led to a decrease in aspartate, glutamate, and glutamine
      levels and an increase in the GABA level, such that the nitrogen pool remained
      constant. The results indicate that a large part of brain glutamine is derived
      from GABA. Hypoglycemia led to an increase in the aspartate level and a decrease
      in glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels. The total amino acid pool was decreased
      compared with amino acid levels in normoglycemic rats. GVG treatment of
      hypoglycemic rats led to a decrease in the aspartate level and a further
      reduction in glutamate and glutamine levels. In this case, GABA accumulation
      continued, although the glutamine pool was almost depleted. The GABA level
      increased postmortem, but there were no detectable changes in levels of the other
      amino acids. Pretreatment of the rats with hypoglycemia reduced both glutamate
      and glutamine levels with a subsequent decreased postmortem GABA accumulation.
      The half-maximal GABA synthesis rate was obtained when the glutamate level was
      reduced by 50% and the glutamine level was reduced by 80%.

PMID- 2894412
TI  - Occurrence of a large Ca2+-independent release of glutamate during anoxia in
      isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
AB  - Isolated rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes made anoxic by addition of cyanide
      developed an inhibition of the Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate 2 min after
      the addition of the metabolic inhibitor when the intrasynaptosomal ATP/ADP ratio
      decreased below 1.7. In contrast, cyanide induced a continuous efflux of
      glutamate through a Ca2+-independent pathway that accounted for the release of
      25% of total intrasynaptosomal glutamate in 5 min. The results suggest that a
      Ca2+-independent release of glutamate could be implicated in the neurotoxic
      action of this amino acid during anoxia.

PMID- 2894411
TI  - Noncholinergic transmitter(s) maintains secretion of catecholamines from rat
      adrenal medulla for several hours of continuous stimulation of splanchnic
      neurons.
AB  - The effect of continuous stimulation of splanchnic nerves at 1, 3, and 10 Hz on
      the secretion of catecholamines from the isolated rat adrenal gland was examined.
      Secretion evoked at 10 Hz declined over 60% in 1 h, and by the end of 4 h the
      secretion was only 10% of the initial value. The secretion evoked at 3 Hz was
      unchanged in the first hour, but showed a gradual decline in subsequent hours. In
      contrast, secretion evoked at 1 Hz was well maintained for several hours. Even
      after 6 h of continuous stimulation, the decline was only about 35%. Atropine
      plus hexamethonium reduced the secretion evoked at 10 Hz by over 80%, but that
      evoked at 1 Hz was reduced by about 35%; addition of naloxone reduced it to 75%.
      When the secretion declined to very low levels after continuous stimulation at 10
      Hz for 100 min, a change in frequency to 3 Hz or 1 Hz caused a sharp rebound in
      the secretory response. Returning the frequency back to 10 Hz led to a sharp drop
      in the secretion, whereas reducing the frequency to 1 or 3 Hz once again
      increased the secretion. The rebound in the secretory response after switchover
      of frequencies was observed in the presence of atropine plus hexamethonium, but
      was abolished by naloxone. Extensive stimulations, which caused large amounts of
      catecholamine secretions at each frequency, were not associated with any loss in
      tissue catecholamine contents. The major conclusion is that secretion of
      catecholamines is maintained uninterrupted for several hours when splanchnic
      nerves are stimulated at low frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894413
TI  - Differentiation and maturation of embryonal carcinoma-derived neurons in cell
      culture.
AB  - We have previously shown that retinoic acid-treated cultures of the P19 line of
      embryonal carcinoma cells differentiate into neurons, glia, and fibroblast-like
      cells (Jones-Villeneuve et al., 1982). We report here that the monoclonal
      antibody HNK-1 reacts with the neurons at a very early stage of their
      differentiation and is, therefore, an early marker of the neuronal lineage. Cells
      in differentiated P 19 cultures synthesized acetylcholine but not catecholamines,
      suggesting that at least some of the neurons are cholinergic. The neurons also
      carry high-affinity uptake sites for GABA but not for serotonin. In long-term
      cultures, neuronal processes differentiated into axons and dendrites, which
      formed synapses. This biological system should prove valuable for examining the
      development and maturation of cholinergic neurons, since their differentiation
      occurs in cell culture.

PMID- 2894414
TI  - High-affinity uptake of noradrenaline in quail dorsal root ganglion cells that
      express tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in vitro.
AB  - During embryonic life, avian sensory ganglia contain cells with the potential to
      express, under appropriate experimental conditions, a number of properties
      characteristic of autonomic sympathetic neurons. Thus, cells capable of
      synthesizing noradrenaline (NA) from tyrosine differentiate when dorsal root
      ganglia (DRG) from 10-15 d embryonic quail are grown in culture (Xue et al.,
      1985a, b). In the present study, we show that cultures of DRG from 10 d embryos
      can take up 3H-NA by a high-affinity (Km = 1.0 microM), temperature-dependent
      process that can be inhibited by desmethylimipramine. By means of combined
      immunocytochemistry and autoradiography, it was demonstrated that the majority
      (70-80%) of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells that developed in
      the cultures possessed a transport system for NA. Catecholamine (CA) uptake also
      occurred in a small, but relatively constant, number of TH-negative cells, but
      was absent from substance P-containing neurons. In contrast to TH, which appears
      only after 3-4 d in vitro, cells capable of taking up NA with high affinity were
      found in DRG cultures after only a few hours, and a small number (less than 0.5%
      of the total cell population) was detected in freshly removed, uncultured
      ganglia. Such cells did not react with antibodies directed against substance P or
      neurofilament proteins. We conclude that autonomic precursors are identifiable in
      a subset of non-neuronal DRG cells, prior to full expression of a noradrenergic
      phenotype, by their possession of a high-affinity uptake system for CA.

PMID- 2894416
TI  - Effect of methotrexate on perfusion and nitrogen-13 glutamate uptake in the
      Walker-256 carcinosarcoma.
AB  - The tissue uptake of [13N]glutamate (glu) was related to that of [11C]butanol
      (but), a highly diffusible perfusion tracer. In 25 rats bearing Walker-256
      carcinomas tumor-to-muscle glu uptake averaged 6.34 +/- 2.84 (s.d.) prior to
      interventions and the respective uptake of but was 6.79 +/- 3.08 (y = 0.03 +
      0.94x). One hour after selective intraarterial administration of methotrexate
      (mtx), glu uptake fell by 47%, whereas blood flow remained within the
      pretreatment range (N = 9). Four hours after mtx, perfusion was reduced by
      approximately 40%, and 2 days later both perfusion and glu uptake reached
      extremely low levels. No significant difference in the effect of 10 and 50 mg/kg
      mtx was observed. Regional tissue mtx uptake estimations using 77Br-labeled
      bromomethotrexate did not reveal any significant uptake in muscle. The
      relationship between tumor-to-muscle uptake of glu and but (13N/11C-index) was
      0.94 +/- 0.015 (s.e.m., N = 25) before intervention. After methotrexate (1 hr, 4
      hr, and 2 days) this index was 0.58 +/- 0.06 (N = 9), and 0.85 +/- 0.04 (N = 11)
      and 1.03 +/- 0.05 (N = 5), respectively. These values demonstrate an early mtx
      induced uncoupling of glu uptake with respect to perfusion.

PMID- 2894417
TI  - In vivo binding in rat brain and radiopharmaceutical preparation of
      radioiodinated HEAT, an alpha-1 adrenoceptor ligand.
AB  - In vivo binding of [125I]-2-[beta-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl
      tetralone) ([125I]HEAT) to alpha-1 adrenoceptors in the rat brain was determined
      over 4 hr. Uptake in the thalamus and frontal cortex was approximately 0.1%
      injected dose per gram tissue. Thalamus/cerebellum ratios of 10:1 and frontal
      cortex/cerebellum ratios of 5:1 were found at 4 hr. Pretreatment with prazosin,
      an alpha-1 antagonist, completely inhibited the accumulation of [125I]HEAT in
      thalamus and frontal cortex; yet uptake of radioactivity was not significantly
      affected by antagonists and agonists for other receptors classes (propranolol,
      beta-1; apomorphine, D-1; spiperone, D-2). Binding of [125I]HEAT is saturable. At
      4 hr, [125I]HEAT or [123I]HEAT was shown to be the only radioactive material in
      rat thalamus and frontal cortex. Iodine-123 HEAT and [125I]HEAT were synthesized
      as radiopharmaceuticals within 3 hr in 99% radiochemical purity.

PMID- 2894415
TI  - Heterogeneity of GABAergic cells in cat visual cortex.
AB  - Antibodies against neuropeptides and against a vitamin D-dependent calcium
      binding protein (CaBP) label small cells with nonpyramidal-like morphology in the
      cat visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19). Since GABAergic cells are interneurons,
      a double-staining procedure was used to test for the coexistence of
      cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SRIF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and CaBP with
      glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Our results show that CRF and VIP do not
      coexist with GAD, while the 3 other peptides and CaBP do. Hence GAD-positive
      cells can be subdivided into 4 broad groups: (1) cells that are only GAD
      positive, (2) cells that are GAD- and CaBP-positive, (3) GAD-positive neurons
      also containing CCK, and (4) GAD-positive cells that also contain SRIF. A small
      subset of class 2 also contains SRIF and most cells of class 4 also contain NPY.
      The 4 classes of GAD-positive cells differ in laminar position: class 1
      predominates in layers IV and V, classes 2 and 3 in the upper laminae (II and
      III), and class 4 in the deepest layer (VI).

PMID- 2894418
TI  - Dihydropyridines and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists as combination treatment in
      hypertension.
AB  - The combination of one of the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel
      antagonists with a beta-adrenoceptor blocker has particular therapeutic
      advantages in the management of hypertension. The beta-blocker reduces the
      effects of the dihydropyridine-induced reflex increases in sympathetic nervous
      system and renin-angiotensin system activity, while the dihydropyridine reduces
      the peripheral effects of beta-blockade. Numerous studies have documented
      additional antihypertensive effects when these two classes of agents are used as
      combination therapy in hypertension. This therapeutic combination is well
      tolerated and produces minimal alterations in clinical laboratory tests. Initial
      concerns that the combination may impair atrioventricular conduction and left
      ventricular function have not been substantiated in widespread clinical trials.

PMID- 2894421
TI  - Care of the patient with an epidural catheter: an infection control challenge.

PMID- 2894419
TI  - Effects of calcium channel antagonists and other antihypertensive drugs on
      atherogenesis.
AB  - This paper reviews published data concerning the effects of antihypertensive
      drugs on the development of atherosclerosis in experimental animal models with
      hyperlipoproteinaemia. Emphasis is placed on the influence of calcium channel
      antagonists on this process, and the potential mechanisms responsible for the
      effect. In addition, studies of the action of beta-receptor antagonists on
      atherogenesis are also summarized. The results indicate that several
      antihypertensive drugs may inhibit or retard experimentally-induced
      atherogenesis, even in normotensive animals, although the mechanisms for the
      effects remain poorly understood.

PMID- 2894420
TI  - Regression of structural alterations of hypertension with calcium antagonists-
      vascular hypertrophy.
AB  - Structural vascular changes in the precapillary arterioles are a cardinal feature
      of established hypertension, and have been described in several vascular beds. In
      brief, the wall:lumen ratio becomes increased due to hypertrophy of the vascular
      smooth muscle cells. This results in a reduction of the inner radius in the
      precapillary vessels, which causes a structurally based vascular hyperreactivity
      and accentuates the increase in systemic vascular resistance, another hallmark of
      established hypertension. Much interest has been devoted to the possibility of
      obtaining a regression of these structural vascular changes. Previously, the
      emphasis was on obtaining a fall in blood pressure, but more recently additional
      factors have also been considered, in particular the so-called trophic factors.
      In this context the calcium antagonists of the dihydropyridine type appear to be
      of particular interest, since these are markedly effective in lowering elevated
      arterial pressure, while at the same time they do not cause reflex-mediated
      elevations of trophic factors during long-term treatment. Few clinical data are
      yet available to show whether calcium antagonists can cause a regression of
      structural vascular changes, but some recent animal work suggests that they are
      clearly useful in this respect.

PMID- 2894422
TI  - [Changes in auditory brainstem responses in rats, following experimental
      manipulation of noradrenergic activities].

PMID- 2894423
TI  - Postnatal development of the innervation and paraganglia in the porcine pulmonary
      arterial bed.
AB  - The innervation of the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arterial bed was studied in
      17 pigs from birth to 6 months of age. After birth, the pulmonary trunk and extra
      and intra-pulmonary arteries contained neurofilament and protein gene-product
      immunoreactive nerve fibres in both the adventitia and media. The density of
      nerve fibres increased from birth to 2 months, this being most marked during the
      first 2 weeks of life. Most of the fibres in the media were presumed to be
      sympathetic in origin as they contained both neuropeptide tyrosine and tyrosine
      hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Fibres were associated with the vasa-vasorum and
      vascular smooth muscle running around the vessel, between the elastic laminae and
      smooth muscle cells, in the outer two-thirds of the media. Vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibres were
      found to be associated with the pulmonary trunk and extra-pulmonary artery, but
      generally not with the intra-pulmonary arteries. Tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactivity was detected in the glomus cells at birth, but peptide
      immunoreactivity (enkephalin) was not demonstrated in paraganglia until 14 days
      of age. Adaptation to extra-uterine life is associated with rapid development
      changes in the innervation of the pig pulmonary trunk, extra- and intra-pulmonary
      arteries and in the expression of peptide immunoreactivity in both nerve fibres
      and glomus cells. These changes may have a role in the postnatal adaptation of
      the pulmonary circulation.

PMID- 2894424
TI  - Somatostatin secretion in cultured human islet cells from patients with
      nesidioblastosis: a compensatory mechanism?
AB  - Two patients with nesidioblastosis, one with persistent hypoglycemia and another
      who was asymptomatic, underwent pancreatic resection. Dispersed pancreatic islets
      were prepared from each patient. Insulin secretion from cultured islet cells was
      increased and somatostatin decreased in the symptomatic patient compared with the
      asymptomatic patient. Immunocytochemistry showed increased somatostatin
      containing cells in the asymptomatic patient. We hypothesize that this may be the
      mechanism by which some patients with nesidioblastosis maintain normal serum
      glucose levels.

PMID- 2894425
TI  - Biochemical and pharmacological tests for the prediction of ability of monoamine
      uptake blockers to inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline in-vivo: the effects of
      desipramine, maprotiline, femoxetine and citalopram.
AB  - The ability of desipramine and maprotiline (NA uptake inhibitors), as well as
      citalopram and femoxetine (5-HT uptake inhibitors) to protect mice against brain
      NA depletion induced by H 77/77 (4-alpha-dimethyl-m-tyramine), has been compared
      with their ability to counteract reserpine (2.5 mg kg-1)- or apomorphine (16 mg
      kg-1)-induced hypothermia and to potentiate TRH (40 mg kg-1)-induced hyperthermia
      in mice. While both NA uptake inhibitors antagonized the action of H 77/77,
      maprotiline being weaker than desipramine, femoxetine and citalopram were
      inactive. However, in contrast to citalopram, femoxetine was active in the other
      tests, being about twice as weak as maprotiline, which itself was several times
      weaker than desipramine in those tests. On the basis of the results obtained it
      is concluded that functional in-vivo tests for NA uptake inhibitors are more
      sensitive than the H 77/77 biochemical test; moreover, femoxetine, which in-vitro
      studies is less selective than citalopram, may inhibit the uptake of NA in-vivo.

PMID- 2894426
TI  - Adenosine reduces agonist-induced production of inositol phosphates in rat aorta.
AB  - In rat aortic strips rendered permeable with digitonin, inositol trisphosphate
      induced an efflux of 45Ca from the tissue. This release was not affected by
      adenosine. In tissues not treated with digitonin the contents of inositol
      trisphosphate (IP3) and its metabolite inositol 1-phosphate (IP1) were
      significantly enhanced by noradrenaline in the lithium-treated rat aorta.
      Adenosine was without effect on levels of IP1 or IP3 in tissues which had not
      been pretreated with noradrenaline, however, the noradrenaline-enhanced tissue
      content of IP1 was reduced by adenosine in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction
      in IP1 content by adenosine was enhanced by the uptake blocker dipyridamole (10
      microM) and was blocked by the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline
      (10 microM). Adenosine may therefore lower production of inositol phosphates and
      thus reduce the stimulated release of calcium from intracellular stores. It is
      proposed that a reduction in phosphatidylinositol turnover may play a role in
      adenosine-mediated relaxation of blood vessels.

PMID- 2894427
TI  - Investigation into the effects in-vitro of the 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake
      inhibitor, alaproclate, on carbachol-stimulated inositol phospholipid breakdown
      in the rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - The effect of alaproclate in carbachol-stimulated inositol phospholipid (PI)
      breakdown in rat cerebral cortical miniprisms has been investigated. Carbachol
      stimulated PI breakdown was greatly enhanced by increasing the assay potassium
      concentration from 5.88 to 18.2 mM. Alaproclate, on the other hand, did not
      influence carbachol-stimulated PI breakdown over the concentration range tested
      (0-100 microM) at either assay [K+]. The elution pattern of the inositol
      phosphates from the Dowex-1 columns was also unaffected by alaproclate both in
      the absence and presence of carbachol. Thus, the potentiation by alaproclate of
      tremor and salivation induced by the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine in-vivo
      reported previously is not seen when muscarinic function is measured in-vitro
      using carbachol-stimulated PI breakdown.

PMID- 2894429
TI  - Lymphoid tissue responses to a novel perfluorochemical emulsion in rats.
AB  - The effects of a novel perfluorochemical emulsion on rat lymphoid tissues and
      antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) have been studied. The
      responses were compared with those following injection of identical doses of the
      proprietary emulsion, Fluosol-DA 20% (F-DA). Liver weight was increased up to 15%
      at 8 days following intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the
      novel emulsion but was unaffected by F-DA injection. Spleen weight also increased
      by a maximum of 20% in response to i.p. injection of the novel emulsion but this
      was less than increases of up to 44% which occurred in F-DA-injected rats. Thymus
      weight decreased (P less than 0.05) following i.p. injection of the novel
      emulsion whereas mesenteric lymph node (MLN) weight remained unchanged. However,
      MLN weight was increased in response to i.v. injected F-DA, while thymus weight
      showed a small increase following i.p. F-DA injection. Mean plasma antibody
      titres to SRBC were significantly (P less than 0.01) increased at 7 days after
      immunization in rats pretreated with i.p. injections of either the novel emulsion
      or F-DA; titres in animals pretreated with i.v. injections of either emulsion
      were similar to control.

PMID- 2894428
TI  - Muscarinic receptor density is reduced in diabetic rat atria, an effect prevented
      by the aldose reductase inhibitor, Statil.
AB  - Binding assays using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) as a muscarinic receptor
      ligand were carried out on atrial tissue from 6 control and 11 six-week
      streptozocin-diabetic rats. Five of the latter had received the aldose reductase
      inhibitor, Statil (25 mg kg-1 day-1 orally). Dissociation constants for specific
      (atropine displaceable QNB) binding were not changed either by diabetes or Statil
      treatment. Muscarinic receptor numbers, as estimated by Bmax values, were,
      however, significantly depressed in tissues from the untreated diabetic group,
      compared with tissues from either the controls or the Statil-treated diabetic
      group. These results may explain the reduced sensitivity to muscarinic agonists
      previously observed in atria from similarly diabetic rats and indicate the
      involvement of the sorbitol pathway in the change. Possible mechanisms are
      discussed.

PMID- 2894430
TI  - The effects of bromhexine hydrochloride and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine on guinea
      pig uterine microflora.
AB  - This study used guinea-pigs as a mammalian model to investigate the effects of
      bromhexine hydrochloride and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine on the integrity of the
      cervical mucus plug. It was shown that under normal circumstances the uterus is
      sterile, but following drug administration microorganisms began to appear in the
      uterus with no significant effect on the vaginal microbial population. It
      therefore appears that these two mucolytic agents may reduce cervical mucus
      viscoelasticity. After the animals had been mated, microorganisms were isolated
      from the uterus even in the absence of drug treatment.

PMID- 2894431
TI  - Proglumide, a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, exacerbates alloxan-induced
      diabetes mellitus in Swiss mice.
AB  - The effect of proglumide ((+/-)-4-benzamido-N,N-dipropyl-glutaramic acid), a
      gastrin and cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, has been studied on the fasting
      plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin levels in normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. In
      normal mice, proglumide, administered as a single oral dose or twice daily for
      five consecutive days, did not produce any alteration in those parameters.
      Injection of alloxan monohydrate (70 mg kg-1 i.v.) produced a significant
      decrease in plasma insulin and a significant elevation of FPG levels on the 5th
      day after its administration as evidence of diabetes mellitus. Proglumide sodium,
      given as a single acute dose on the 5th day of alloxan injection, or as a twice
      daily dose for 5 days immediately after alloxan injection, significantly
      exacerbated the hyperglycaemia and further decreased the plasma insulin levels
      thus worsening the diabetogenic effect of alloxan. These observations point to a
      possible involvement of cholecystokinin (CCK) in alloxan-induced diabetes and
      indicate a need for monitoring the levels of FPG in diabetic patients being
      treated with a high dose of proglumide or other CCK-antagonists.

PMID- 2894432
TI  - Effect of vanadate on cooling-induced tension changes in K-depolarized smooth
      muscles from guinea-pigs.
AB  - Sodium vanadate reversed cooling-induced relaxation of K-depolarized taenia coli
      of guinea-pigs but failed to reverse it in the portal vein and uterus. It
      potentiated cooling-induced contraction of K-depolarized vas deferens and ureter.
      These effects were not mediated by the inhibition of Na,K-ATPase, but by the
      inhibition of the Ca-pump.

PMID- 2894433
TI  - Diazepam facilitates reflex bradycardia in conscious rats.
AB  - The effects of diazepam on cardiovascular function were assessed in conscious
      rats. Intravenous administration of diazepam (1-30 mg kg-1) produced a dose
      dependent decrease in both the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate. Also,
      reflex bradycardia was produced in rats by intravenous infusion of adrenaline
      (1.25-2.5 micrograms kg-1). Intravenous pretreatment of the rats with diazepam,
      although causing no change in the adrenaline-induced pressor effect, did enhance
      the adrenaline-induced reflex bradycardia. However, the diazepam enhancement of
      adrenaline-induced reflex bradycardia was antagonized by pretreatment of rats
      with an intravenous dose of picrotoxin (an agent blocks chloride channels by
      binding to sites associated with the benzodiazepine-GABA-chloride channel
      macromolecular complex). The data indicate that diazepam acts through the
      benzodiazepine-GABA-chloride channel macromolecular complex within the central
      nervous system to facilitate reflex bradycardia mediated through baroreceptor
      reflexes in response to an acute increase in arterial pressure.

PMID- 2894434
TI  - The calcium channel antagonist, verapamil, potentiates the inhibitory action of
      morphine on intestinal and biliary motility.
AB  - The effects of morphine and verapamil have been assessed on the gastrointestinal
      propulsion of charcoal meal and egg yolk-induced gall bladder emptying in mice.
      Each drug significantly inhibited these functions. In combination, an additive
      effect was seen on the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit, whilst verapamil
      potentiated the morphine-induced inhibition of gall bladder emptying. It is
      concluded that calcium ion channel antagonists may potentiate the activity of
      opiate drugs.

PMID- 2894436
TI  - Surface area and crystallinity of Form A of chloramphenicol palmitic and stearic
      esters: which one is the limiting factor in the enzymatic hydrolysis?
AB  - Chloramphenicol stearic and palmitic esters in the polymorphic Form A, when
      ground for 85 h showed an in-vitro enzymatic hydrolysis rate constant (Khydr),
      the value of which was the same as that of a commercial Form B. The increase in
      the rate of the enzymatic hydrolysis was not related to the specific surface area
      as shown by the fact that the micronized Form A, having a higher specific surface
      area value than ground Form A, showed the same Khydr as the unground Form A. The
      Khydr value of the ground Form A could be the result of an increase in the
      crystalline disorder brought about by the grinding process.

PMID- 2894435
TI  - Nitrates do not affect prostacyclin formation by rat arteries: this is unrelated
      to increased vascular prostacyclin formation with age.
AB  - The question of whether vasodilator nitrates act by releasing prostacyclin is
      controversial. Since the ability of blood vessels to form prostacyclin changes
      with age, we have investigated whether this may explain the discrepancies in the
      literature. It does not, since isosorbide dinitrate or glyceryl trinitrate
      incubated with rat aorta or vena cava from male Wistar rats had little or no
      effect on the release of prostacyclin, measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. We confirm
      that the aorta produces substantially more prostacyclin than the vena cava. The
      arterial production of prostacyclin was greater in rats weighing 350-400 g than
      in those weighing 116-152 g, but the production by the veins was similar in both
      groups.

PMID- 2894439
TI  - High capacity for pulmonary first-pass elimination of propranolol in rats.
AB  - Plasma propranolol concentrations after i.v. and i.a. 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg-1
      doses of the drug given intravenously or intra-arterially have been compared in 7
      week-old male Wistar rats. The areas under the curves after i.a. dosing were
      almost twice those after i.v. dosing at any dose, despite the elimination half
      lives being the same. The difference in total body clearance after i.a. dosing
      from that after i.v. dosing indicated a significant contribution by pulmonary
      clearance, which ranged from about 20 to 30 mL min-1 kg-1, to the overall first
      pass elimination after the i.v. administration. The pulmonary extraction ratio
      was approximately 0.4 to 0.5 at the i.v. doses used. Mean pulmonary transit time
      was estimated to be about 1 to 2 min. There was no dose-dependence in the
      pulmonary first-pass elimination kinetics of propranolol.

PMID- 2894438
TI  - An alteration in the liver microsomal membrane of the rat following paracetamol
      overdose.
AB  - Fluorescence polarization of dansyl chloride covalently labelled microsomal
      membranes revealed an alteration in rat liver microsomal membranes following as a
      consequence of a paracetamol overdose. This suggests that dansyl chloride would
      be a useful probe in the study of the effects of paracetamol on microsomal
      membranes.

PMID- 2894437
TI  - Spectrophotometric study of the photodecomposition kinetics of nifedipine.
AB  - Nifedipine is a photosensitive compound. Irradiation for 4 h under a fluorescent
      lamp placed 30 cm from a solution of nifedipine in 95% ethanol leads to complete
      photo-oxidation as determined spectrophotometrically. The disappearance of the
      reduced form and appearance of the oxidized form is best described by zero-order
      kinetics at concentrations higher than 4 x 10(-4) M. At lower concentrations
      pseudo-first order kinetics are followed. Monochromatic irradiation of nifedipine
      at wavelengths 400 to 700 nm in 25 nm increments showed no change in the
      absorbance at 280 nm, and, except for a hyperchromic effect at 237 nm, no other
      spectral changes were observed. Its photo-oxidation was dependent on the
      intensity of light and increased exponentially as solutions were irradiated
      progressively closer to a fluorescent light source. The pH studies showed that
      aqueous solutions of nifedipine photo-oxidized fastest at pH 2.

PMID- 2894440
TI  - Guanethidine N-oxidation in human liver microsomes.
AB  - The capacity of human liver microsomes to N-oxidize guanethidine from 25 subjects
      has been assessed. Guanethidine N-oxidation was optimal at pH 8.5 and proceeded
      at only 16% of the maximal rate at pH 7.4. The mean rates of guanethidine N
      oxidation at pH 8.5 and 7.4 were 2.46 +/- 0.89 (mean +/- s.d., n = 25) and 0.38
      +/- 0.22 (mean +/- s.d., n = 22), respectively. Interindividual differences in
      the rate of guanethidine N-oxidation at pH 8.5 and 7.4 were 17- and 11-fold,
      respectively. The cytochrome P450 inhibitors, proadifen and 2,4-dichloro-6
      phenylphenoxyethylamine (DPEA), at both pH 8.5 and 7.4 caused less than 20%
      reduction in the rate of guanethidine N-oxidation by human liver microsomes.
      These data indicate that guanethidine N-oxidation can be used as a measure of
      flavin-containing monooxygenase activity in human liver.

PMID- 2894442
TI  - The characterization of the mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose:
      a fracture mechanics approach.
AB  - The mechanical properties of compressed beam specimens of microcrystalline
      cellulose (Avicel pH 101) have been assessed in terms of the tensile strength
      (sigma t), Young's modulus (E) and the following fracture mechanics parameters:
      the critical stress intensity factor (KIC), the critical strain energy release
      rate (GIC) and the fracture toughness (R). Increase in the compaction pressure
      used to form the beams resulted in compacts with higher values of tensile
      strength, Young's modulus, KIC, GIC and R, indicating that the compacts became
      less brittle as their porosity decreased. Extrapolation of the values of sigma t,
      E, KIC, GIC and R to provide values at zero porosity indicated that the material
      had values of 30 Nm m-2, 0.0103 GPa, 1.21 MN m-3/2, 1.98 x 10(2) Nm-1 and 2.19 x
      10(3) Nm-1, respectively. These provide a range of values whereby a fuller
      characterization of the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical materials can be
      made.

PMID- 2894441
TI  - Tomoxetine and the stereoselectivity of drug action.

PMID- 2894443
TI  - The twin impinger: a simple device for assessing the delivery of drugs from
      metered dose pressurized aerosol inhalers.
AB  - The development is described of the twin impinger, a two-stage separation device
      for assessing the drug delivery from metered dose inhalers and other oral
      inhalation delivery devices. The discharged aerosol is fractionated by firing
      through a simulated oropharynx and then through an impinger stage of defined
      aerodynamic particle size cut-off characteristics. The fine (pulmonary) fraction
      which penetrates is collected by a lower impinger. It is demonstrated that this
      device is able to assess individually the fine particle delivery of both
      components of two-drug aerosols. Formulations showing undue agglomeration or
      serious crystal growth of drug are readily detected. The twin impinger is shown
      to be a valuable device for routine quality assessment of aerosols during product
      development, stability testing and for quality assurance and comparison of
      commercial products.

PMID- 2894444
TI  - Monolayer studies on poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate)-ampicillin association.
AB  - Surface pressure-area isotherms (pi-A) of poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) monolayers
      with or without glucose and dextran as polymerization adjuvants used in the
      preparation of nanoparticles have been derived from measurements made at the air
      water interface with the subphase pH at 2.7, 5.5 or 8.8. The isotherms were
      characteristic of the expanded type of polymer monolayer curves, yielding
      unusually low limiting area values compared with those of other known
      poly(acrylate) derivatives. This behaviour may be explained by the folding of
      polar moieties of the polymer groups in the water subphase. Ampicillin
      incorporated during preparation of nanoparticles had a negligible effect on the
      general behaviour of adjuvant-free monolayers, but a significant one on the
      adjuvant-loaded polymer monolayer system which showed an increase in surface area
      throughout the compression cycle, as compared with the surface area of the
      adjuvant-free polymer system although the collapse pressure was practically the
      same at 67 mN m-1.

PMID- 2894445
TI  - Comparison of albumin and casein microspheres as a carrier for doxorubicin.
AB  - Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)-loaded casein and albumin microspheres, with diameters
      between 14 and 38 micron (50% weight average) were prepared by glutaraldehyde
      stabilization of the aqueous phase (containing protein and drug) of a water in
      oil emulsion. Physical properties, drug loading characteristics and release rates
      from microspheres in-vitro have been compared and correlated with effects on
      tumour growth when injected intratumourally in rats. Compared with albumin, the
      surface charge of the casein system was more negative and the microspheres
      exhibited a slower release of drug in-vitro. Both observations could be explained
      by the lower drug content of the casein system. There was evidence for the
      formation of a doxorubicin complex in the microspheres, the significance of which
      is not yet known. Casein microspheres containing 11 micrograms of doxorubicin had
      a similar inhibitory effect on tumour growth (growth delay = 20.7 days) to 85
      micrograms of drug incorporated into albumin microspheres (growth delay = 18.6
      days). The absence of a simple dose-response relationship shows that carrier
      matrix can influence potency of incorporated drug. The results are consistent
      with release rate of the drug from microspheres (obversely, rate of drug delivery
      to the tumour), being a determinant of potency in these systems.

PMID- 2894446
TI  - The stereoselectivity of the 'single drug binding site' of human alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein (orosomucoid).
AB  - The stereoselective binding of six pairs of basic, one pair of acidic drug
      enantiomers, and one pair of diastereomers for human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein
      was investigated by means of competition experiments against [3H]propranolol- or
      [14C]nicardipine-labelled binding sites using equilibrium dialysis to separate
      free from bound marker ligand. The affinity constants (Ka) for association of
      [3H]propranolol and [14C]nicardipine with alpha 1-AGP were 1.2 +/- 0.6 X 10(5) M
      1 and 3.4 +/- 1.4 X 10(5) M-1, respectively, and control binding amounted to 57
      +/- 7 and 91 +/- 2%, respectively. The following selectivity factors, calculated
      as the ratio of the higher over the lower enantiomer concentrations displacing
      15% of control radiomarker binding (IC15-value), were obtained against
      propranolol and nicardipine: (-)/(+) propranolol: 1.9 and 1.7.; (+)-/(-)
      disopyramide: 2.8 and 1.4; (+)-/(-)-verapamil: 1.6 and 1.9; (+)-(S)-/(-)-(R)-202
      791, a dihydropyridine derivative: 2.6 and 2.0; (-)-/(+)-asocainol: 1.7 and 3.0;
      (+)-/(-)-tilidine: 1.1 and approximately equal to 2; (-)-(S)-/(+)-(R)- warfarin:
      1.6 and 2.4; (+/-)-cis/(+/-)-trans-trans-tilidine: 1.7 and 1.8. When the
      calculation of radioligand-free fractions is also taken into account, it is
      apparent that only the tilidine isomers show no selectivity at propranolol
      marked, and the disopyramide isomers at nicardipine-marked alpha 1-AGP-binding
      sites, in all other cases, a weak selectivity is detectable, which is, however,
      far below the values obtained for most neurotransmitter receptors. It is
      concluded that the single drug binding site of alpha 1-AGP is only slightly
      stereoselective and that the stereoselective binding of the drugs investigated is
      probably of no clinical consequence.

PMID- 2894447
TI  - Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on plasma concentrations of nimodipine
      in the dog.
AB  - The influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the plasma concentrations of
      nimodipine in the anaesthetized dog has been examined. Nimodipine was given as a
      bolus injection followed by a maintenance infusion. When, during the maintenance
      infusion, the dogs were subjected to cardiac arrest followed by external cardiac
      massage combined with artificial ventilation (basic life support), a fast and
      almost threefold increase in the steady-state plasma concentrations of nimodipine
      was observed. When the maintenance infusion of nimodipine was stopped immediately
      before cardiac arrest and basic life support, the nimodipine concentrations
      decreased. These results indicate that during basic life support, there is a
      decreased transfer of infused nimodipine from plasma to the tissues. This is also
      supported by the fact that for antipyrine, a drug with a smaller volume of
      distribution than nimodipine, the increase in plasma concentrations when infused
      during cardiac arrest and basic life support, was much smaller. When nimodipine
      was started after restoration of the spontaneous circulation (advanced life
      support) in dogs that had been subjected to cardiac arrest and basic life
      support, the plasma concentrations were not significantly higher than in control
      dogs. It can be concluded that the fate of nimodipine is markedly altered during
      basic life support but not in the period following restoration of spontaneous
      circulation.

PMID- 2894448
TI  - Effect of inflammation and proadifen on the disposition of antipyrine, lignocaine
      and propranolol in rat isolated perfused liver.
AB  - The effect of inflammation, induced in rats by injection of turpentine oil, on
      drug disposition has been evaluated in rat isolated perfused livers. The drugs
      studied were a low extraction drug, antipyrine, and two high extraction drugs,
      lignocaine and propranolol. Turpentine significantly increased the half-life of
      antipyrine and of propranolol, but not that of lignocaine. Proadifen (SKF 525A)
      significantly increased the half-life of all three drugs. Turpentine decreased
      the clearance of antipyrine significantly by about 50% and that of propranolol
      non-significantly by about 20%, but did not affect the clearance of lignocaine.
      Proadifen significantly decreased the clearance of all three drugs, but this was
      most pronounced for antipyrine. In both turpentine- and proadifen-treated rats a
      significant increase in volume of distribution of propranolol was observed. The
      results show that, as with proadifen, turpentine-induced inflammation affects the
      hepatic clearance of antipyrine in the rat isolated perfused liver. With both
      high extraction drugs, the effect of inflammation on their clearance was low or
      absent, in contrast to the effect of proadifen. This suggests that a possible
      effect of inflammation on intrinsic clearance is not large enough to influence
      the hepatic clearance of the high extraction drugs.

PMID- 2894449
TI  - [The behavior of 1,4-benzodiazepine drugs in acidic media. IX. Effect of
      hydrolyzate of flutazolam on the central nervous system].

PMID- 2894450
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of 9-methyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H
      pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one in human plasma with fluorescence detection.
AB  - A simple and sensitive assay for quantitating 9-methyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H
      pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one (1; BMY 26517) in human plasma was developed using
      high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The method
      involves precipitation of protein and reversed-phase chromatography. The method
      is linear in the range of 4.3-429 ng/mL of 1, and the limit of detection is 0.4
      ng/mL. The day-to-day precision values of this method at 25.7 and 386 ng/mL are
      2.1 and 2.6%, respectively. The day-to-day accuracy values at these
      concentrations are 99.7 and 99.8%, respectively. The recovery of 1 is 98.3%.

PMID- 2894451
TI  - Drug interactions between imipramine and benzodiazepines in rats.
AB  - The concomitant administration of diazepam and imipramine hydrochloride increased
      desipramine concentration in rat plasma, but decreased 2-hydroxyimipramine and 2
      hydroxydesipramine concentrations; the concomitant administration of oxazepam and
      imipramine hydrochloride decreased imipramine, 2-hydroxyimipramine, and 2
      hydroxydesipramine concentrations. Imipramine plasma protein binding was
      unaltered in all cases. Liver concentrations of imipramine and 2
      hydroxydesipramine were increased by concomitant administration of oxazepam and
      imipramine hydrochloride. Concomitant administration of benzodiazepines and
      imipramine hydrochloride increased imipramine concentration in the brain. The
      effects of imipramine hydrochloride on hypothermia induced by reserpine, and on
      behavioral despair in rats was also studied. The concomitant administration of
      diazepam and imipramine hydrochloride led to a decrease in the anti-reserpine
      effect of imipramine hydrochloride and in the imipramine hydrochloride-induced
      recovery from immobility in the forced swimming test. These results are in accord
      with the findings on brain concentrations of imipramine and its metabolites.

PMID- 2894452
TI  - Determination of temazepam and related compounds in capsules by high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method is
      described for temazepam hard gelatin and soft gelatin capsule analysis. The
      method is simple, specific, accurate, fast, and stability indicating. A reversed
      phase octylsilane (C8) column with a mobile phase composed of methanol:1% acetic
      acid and detection at 254 nm separated sulfanilamide (internal standard),
      temazepam, synthetic precursor, and possible degradation products. Detector
      responses showed linearity to temazepam concentrations over the range 0.075-0.60
      mg/mL (r = 0.9999). Mean recovery of temazepam added to capsule excipients was
      100.3%. Mean assay results for 15- and 30-mg hard gelatin capsules were 101.5 and
      101.3%, respectively. Mean assay results for 10- and 20-mg soft elastic gelatin
      capsules were 101.1 and 101.5%, respectively.

PMID- 2894453
TI  - Inhibition of vasopressin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation by alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonists in isolated papillary collecting ducts.
AB  - The effects of selective alpha adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on
      vasopressin (VP)-sensitive cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation in microdissected rat
      papillary collecting ducts were examined. In the presence of 10(-10) M VP,
      norepinephrine and the selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, B-HT 933, produced
      almost total inhibition of VP-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Half-maximal
      inhibition occurred at 1 x 10(-8) M and 6 x 10(-7) M for norepinephrine and B-HT
      933, respectively. Cirazoline, a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, had no
      significant effect on VP-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The inhibitory effects of
      norepinephrine and B-HT 933 were antagonized by rauwolscine but not by prazosin.
      The antagonism of B-HT 933-induced inhibition of VP-stimulated cAMP accumulation
      was competitive with an antagonist dissociation constant (KB) of 10.9 x 10(-9) M.
      Preincubation of papillary collecting ducts with pertussis toxin (1 microgram/ml
      for 1 hr at 37 degrees C) attenuated, by 65%, the inhibitory effect of B-HT 933
      on VP-stimulated cAMP levels. These results demonstrate that alpha-2
      adrenoceptors capable of inhibiting VP action are present on the papillary
      collecting duct. Furthermore, the alpha-2 adrenoceptor-induced inhibition of VP
      stimulated cAMP accumulation is pertussis-toxin sensitive. This suggests that
      alpha-2 adrenoceptors are coupled negatively to adenylate cyclase, via the
      guanine nucleotide binding protein, in the collecting tubule.

PMID- 2894454
TI  - Opioid receptor-mediated responses in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region of the rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - We compared the effects of selective opioid compounds on the excitability of
      dentate granule cells and CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampal slice.
      Synaptic excitability was assessed by measuring the effects of opioids on
      stimulus-response relationships and on the generation of afterpotentials as
      detected by extracellular recording. Opioids increased the excitability of both
      dentate granule and CA1 pyramidal cells in a naloxone-reversible manner. In the
      dentate gyrus, opioids changed the stimulus-response curve of the primary evoked
      response from a biphasic to a sigmoid shape and, in CA1, opioids shifted the
      sigmoid stimulus-response curve to the left without altering the maximal
      amplitude of the response. Multiple population spikes were evoked by orthodromic
      stimulation in the presence, but not the absence, of opioid agonists in both
      regions. Analysis of relative agonist potencies and antagonist sensitivities
      revealed mu, delta and kappa receptors in the dentate gyrus, but only mu and
      delta receptors in CA1. Mu-selective agonists had greater maximal effects than
      delta- or kappa-selective agonists in both regions. The effects of opioids on
      dentate granule cell excitability were similar to those of the gamma-aminobutyric
      acid antagonists bicuculline and pentylenetetrazole, thus opioids appear to act
      via a disinhibitory mechanism in the dentate gyrus as has been proposed in CA1.
      Our results suggest that endogenous opioid peptides may act by inhibiting
      interneurons, thereby disinhibiting dentate granule cells.

PMID- 2894455
TI  - Characterization of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the OK cell, an opossum
      kidney cell line.
AB  - We have characterized alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in OK cells, an opossum kidney
      derived cell line. In membrane saturation binding experiments, [3H]rauwolscine
      (Kd = 74 pM) was 3-fold more potent than [3H]yohimbine (Kd = 230 pM). Each
      labeled a single class of binding sites with densities of 135 and 124 fmol/mg of
      protein for [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]yohimbine, respectively. Inhibition of
      [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]yohimbine binding by several alpha adrenergic agonists
      and antagonists demonstrated the radioligands labeled an alpha-2 type adrenergic
      receptor with a pharmacological profile similar to the alpha-2B receptor subtype.
      The rank order of potency for antagonist inhibition of binding was yohimbine
      greater than prazosin = phentolamine greater than chlorpromazine = corynanthine,
      whereas the rank order of agonist potency was oxymetazoline = clonidine greater
      than or equal to UK-14,304 greater than or equal to (-)-epinephrine greater than
      (-)-norepinephrine. The oxymetazoline, clonidine and antagonist inhibition curves
      were routinely monophasic and modeled best as a single class of binding sites.
      For the other agonists, inhibition binding curves were biphasic with
      approximately 35% of the binding sites existing in a high affinity state. These
      curves were shifted to the right in the presence of 0.1 mM GTP, and in general
      modeled as a single class of binding sites. UK-14,304, (-)-epinephrine, (-)
      norepinephrine and oxymetazoline attenuated parathyroid hormone-stimulated cyclic
      AMP production by up to 70% in whole cell monolayers in a dose-dependent manner
      via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. With the exception of oxymetazoline,
      this inhibition could be reversed with alpha adrenergic antagonists.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894456
TI  - Differential effect of aluminum on the blood-brain barrier transport of peptides,
      technetium and albumin.
AB  - Aluminum is a neurotoxin capable of altering membrane structure and function. We
      investigated whether aluminum also can affect saturable transport across
      membranes using the blood-brain barrier as our model. Mice were given i.p. or
      i.v. aluminum (up to 100 mg/kg) as the chloride salt and the disappearance from
      the brain of several centrally administered substances was measured. We found
      that aluminum rapidly and profoundly inhibited the saturable system that
      transports the small, N-tyrosinated peptides Tyr-MIF-1 and the enkephalins from
      the brain to the blood by acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor. In contrast, the
      disappearance from the brain of technetium pertechnetate (a substance also
      transported out of the brain by a different saturable system), albumin or D-Tyr
      MIF-1 (a stereoisomer of Tyr-MIF-1 that was confirmed not to be transported by
      the carrier system) was not affected by aluminum. Aluminum also did not alter
      either the saturable or nonsaturable component of the uptake of Tyr-MIF-1 by
      erythrocytes. These findings suggest that one mechanism by which aluminum may
      induce neurotoxicity is by selective alteration of the transport systems of the
      blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2894457
TI  - Distinct bradykinin receptors mediate stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by
      endothelial cells and fibroblasts.
AB  - Bradykinin-stimulated prostaglandin synthesis was investigated in Swiss albino
      3T3 fibroblasts (Swiss 3T3 cells) and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells
      (CPAE). Previous studies have indicated that bradykinin stimulates arachidonic
      acid release in Swiss 3T3 cells by activating phospholipase A2 and by activating
      phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C in CPAE cells. The dose-response for
      bradykinin-stimulated prostaglandin synthesis was similar in Swiss 3T3 cells and
      CPAE cells. Marked differences were found in the effects of several bradykinin
      analogs in Swiss 3T3 cells and CPAE cells. des-Arg9-bradykinin was a partial
      agonist in CPAE cells whereas it was completely inactive in Swiss 3T3 cells. [p
      chloro-D-Phe6-D-Pro7]-Bradykinin was a full agonist in Swiss 3T3 cells, but only
      a partial agonist, exhibiting a bell-shaped curve, in CPAE cells. The bradykinin
      antagonist, [D-Arg0-Hyp3-D-Phe7]-bradykinin, was a several-fold more potent
      antagonist in Swiss 3T3 cells, compared to CPAE cells. The effects of these
      bradykinin analogs on prostaglandin synthesis do not fit the previously described
      BK1, BK2 bradykinin receptor classification. These findings suggest that there
      are at least two bradykinin receptors which stimulate prostaglandin synthesis.
      Previous studies have indicated that these two bradykinin receptors may be
      coupled to different transduction pathways for the release of arachidonate.

PMID- 2894458
TI  - Effects of selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 and nonselective 5-hydroxytryptamine
      antagonists on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second schedule.
AB  - The effects of antidepressant drugs, administered with and without a 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist that is not selective for 5-HT receptor
      subtypes, were assessed in rats responding under a differential-reinforcement-of
      low-rate 72-second (DRL 72-s) schedule of reinforcement. The increases in
      reinforcement rate seen after low dose tricyclic antidepressant drug
      administration were antagonized by the 5-HT antagonist methysergide. Methysergide
      did not antagonize either the increases in reinforcement rate or the decreases in
      response rate induced by the atypical antidepressant trazodone or the putative
      antidepressant clenbuterol. In addition, the effects of 5-HT receptor antagonists
      with varying selectivity for the 5-HT2 relative to the 5-HT1 receptor subtypes
      were assessed when administered alone. The rank order potency series for the
      maximal increase in the reinforcement rate after administration of the 5-HT
      antagonists was ketanserin greater than pipamperone greater than trazodone
      greater than cyproheptadine greater than cinanserin greater than metergoline
      greater than methysergide, in close agreement with the selectivity of these drugs
      for the 5-HT2 relative to the 5-HT1 receptor subtypes. In addition, the
      specificity of the DRL 72-s schedule was further assessed with the alpha
      adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine which both decreased the
      response rate but did not increase the reinforcement rate as do antidepressant
      drugs. These results suggest that the therapeutic effect of atypical
      antidepressants such as trazodone and mianserin may be related to selective
      antagonism of 5-HT2 receptors. Furthermore, agonist action at a 5-HT1 receptor
      and antagonist action at 5-HT2 receptors both appear to contribute to
      antidepressant-like activity on the DRL 72-s schedule.

PMID- 2894459
TI  - Molecular genetics of catecholamines as an approach to the biochemistry of manic
      depression.
AB  - Manic depressive illness has been clearly established to exhibit a strong genetic
      component and is therefore amenable to linkage analysis using random DNA markers.
      In view of the catecholamine hypothesis of this disorder, the gene encoding
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) the limiting enzyme in catecholamines is a good
      candidate to investigate. This gene has been localized to chromosome 11 in close
      linkage with Harvey-ras-1. The various transcriptional and post-transcriptional
      mechanisms that modulate short and long-term TH activity are discussed. Human
      tyrosine hydroxylase is coded by at least three distinct mRNAs derived from a
      single gene. This variation has clear functional consequences and could represent
      a novel mode of regulating catecholamines levels in normal and pathological
      neurons.

PMID- 2894460
TI  - Search for a gene that predisposes individuals to BPI disorder.
AB  - To determine the role of genetics in bipolar affective disorders it was necessary
      to have correct diagnoses and large homogenous population(s). To identify a
      marker linked to the disease two additional factors were important, a correct
      model for genetic transmission and highly polymorphic DNA markers. With the
      establishment of a linked marker the aim is to identify the susceptibility gene.
      Two approaches are the prediction of candidate genes and/or the determination of
      a physical map of the region.

PMID- 2894461
TI  - Searching for a major genetic locus for affective disorder in the Old Order
      Amish.

PMID- 2894462
TI  - Neuropeptide gene polymorphisms in affective disorder and schizophrenia.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) associated with
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) and somatostatin loci were used to assess the possibility of
      linkage to a locus for affective disorder (AD). When somatostatin haplotypes were
      assigned to members of 2 AD pedigrees under either rare dominant or recessive
      transmission, the LOD scores obtained at 0% recombination were inconsistent with
      linkage. Similar results were obtained with NPY under rare dominant inheritance.
      Comparison of the frequency of the genotypes deduced from the polymorphic alleles
      of gastrin-releasing peptide, NPY, somatostatin and substance P in normals vs
      patients with either AD or schizophrenia suggests the absence of association. The
      difference in the frequency of the 3.3 kb adenosine deaminase fragment in normals
      vs bipolar and schizophrenic patients is of borderline significance.

PMID- 2894464
TI  - Protein polymorphisms detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis: an analysis of
      overall informativeness of a panel of linkage markers.
AB  - Forty-two independent polymorphic loci are detectable by two-dimensional
      electrophoresis (2DE) of four peripherally accessible human tissues. Fifteen have
      been chromosomally mapped and, taken together, these constitute a useful panel of
      markers for genetic linkage studies in humans. An analysis of the overall
      informativeness for linkage of this panel of markers is presented, taking into
      account the effect of varying the number of families or matings studies. Use of
      2DE polymorphic markers for linkage of genetically determined behaviour traits in
      humans and mice is reviewed.

PMID- 2894463
TI  - Minisatellite mapping in manic depression.
AB  - Hypervariable regions of DNA exist at many discrete loci in the human genome.
      Variations in the length of specific classes of hypervariable DNA termed
      "minisatellite" sequences may be detected by hybridisation of radioactive probes
      composed of a common 10-15 base pair repeat or "core" sequence which is shared by
      each of the minisatellite loci. Such a procedure was used to perform linkage
      analysis on a kindred in which a disease allele causing manic depression appeared
      to be segregating as an autosomal dominant. Results indicate no apparent linkage
      between a manic depression allele and at least 20 hypervariable genetic loci
      which acted as markers. However, because of the hypervariability of the
      minisatellite loci these results do not preclude similar analyses of other manic
      depressive pedigrees being productive because each such family will have distinct
      observable minisatellite alleles at loci specific to that family. The method
      could be usefully applied to the genetic analysis of other psychiatric disorders
      where heterogeneity is suspected and where a single autosomal major gene locus
      appears to be responsible for causing multiple cases within a single kindred.

PMID- 2894465
TI  - 2,4-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolines. 4. 2-[4-(substituted oxyethoxy)
      piperidino] derivatives as alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists and antihypertensive
      agents.
AB  - A series of 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-[4-(substituted oxyethoxy)piperidino]
      quinazoline derivatives (2) was synthesized and evaluated for alpha-adrenoceptor
      affinity and antihypertensive activity. Most compounds showed binding affinities
      within the nanomolar range for alpha 1-receptors, although 25 and 26 showed
      enhanced potency (Ki, ca. 1.5 X 10(-10) M), equivalent to that of prazosin.
      Series 2 also displaced [3H]clonidine from alpha 2-adrenoceptors, but at
      relatively high doses of 10(-6) M, and selectivity for alpha 1 sites still
      predominated. In a rabbit pulmonary artery preparation, 12, 16, and 25 were
      potent antagonists of the alpha 1-mediated, postjunctional vasoconstrictor
      activity of norepinephrine with no effect at the prejunctional alpha 2 sites
      which modulate transmitter release. Physicochemical measurements gave a pKa of
      7.63 +/- 0.10 for 12, and N-1 protonation will be favored (60%) at physiological
      pH to provide the alpha 1-adrenoceptor pharmacophore, 28. Antihypertensive
      activity of series 2 was evaluated following oral administration to spontaneously
      hypertensive rats, and blood pressure was measured after 1 and 6 h. Compounds 12,
      13, 16, 23, and 37 displayed moderate efficacy and duration of action in lowering
      blood pressure, but the plasma half-life (ca. 2 h) of 16 in dogs was not
      compatible with potential once-daily administration in humans.

PMID- 2894466
TI  - Atypical antipsychotic agents: patterns of activity in a series of 3-substituted
      2-pyridinyl-1-piperazine derivatives.
AB  - A series of 3-substituted 2-pyridinyl-1-piperazine derivatives have been appended
      to cyclic imide groups and evaluated for their potential antipsychotic activity.
      The dopamine receptor affinities of these target molecules, as well as their
      ability to block apomorphine-induced stereotypy or reverse neuroleptic-induced
      catalepsy, was dependent on the lipophilic and electronic characteristics of the
      substituent situated on the pyridine ring. Groups with + omega and - phi values
      were most consistent with the desired biological profile of the target molecules,
      the cyano moiety being the optimum choice. Evaluation of compound 12 in a monkey
      model of amphetamine psychosis, and the regional selectivity it expresses for the
      A10 dopaminergic cell bodies in electrophysiological experiments, suggest this
      compound would be an atypical antipsychotic agent with few side effects.

PMID- 2894467
TI  - Development of a new physicochemical model for brain penetration and its
      application to the design of centrally acting H2 receptor histamine antagonists.
AB  - A rational approach to the design of centrally acting agents is presented, based
      initially upon a comparison of the physicochemical properties of three typical
      histamine H2 receptor antagonists which do not readily cross the blood-brain
      barrier with those of the three brain-penetrating drugs clonidine (6), mepyramine
      (7) and imipramine (8). A good correlation was found between the logarithms of
      the equilibrium brain/blood concentration ratios in the rat and the partition
      parameter, delta log P, defined as log P (1-octanol/water)-log P
      (cyclohexane/water), which suggests that brain penetration might be improved by
      reducing overall hydrogen-bonding ability. This model has been employed as a
      guide in the design of novel brain-penetrating H2 antagonists by the systematic
      structural modification of representatives of different structural types of H2
      antagonists. Although marked increases in brain penetration amongst congeners of
      cimetidine (1), ranitidine (9), and tiotidine (10) were achieved, no compound was
      found with an acceptable combination of H2 antagonist activity (-log KB in the
      guinea pig atrium greater than 7.0) and brain penetration (steady-state
      brain/blood concentration ratio greater than 1.0). Conversely, structural
      modification of N-[[(piperidinyl-methyl)phenoxy]propy]acetamide (30) led to
      several potent, novel compounds which readily cross the blood-brain barrier. One
      of these, zolantidine (SK&F 95282, 41), whose -log KB is 7.46 and steady-state
      brain/blood ratio is 1.4, has been identified for use in studying histaminergic
      H2 receptor mechanisms in brain. Comparison of delta log P values with the
      logarithms of the brain/blood ratios for 20 structurally diverse compounds for
      which data became available confirms a highly significant correlation and
      supports the general validity of this model.

PMID- 2894468
TI  - Confirmation of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by DNA typing of fetal
      tissues.
AB  - Tissues from eight fetuses, diagnosed on the basis of amniotic fluid microvillar
      enzyme assay as having cystic fibrosis, were conserved in frozen storage for up
      to three years. Adequate samples of undegraded DNA could be extracted from small
      intestine, lung, and liver. DNA typing, with restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms tightly linked to the cystic fibrosis gene, showed all eight
      diagnoses to have been correct. Determining the DNA genotype of fetal material
      can also be used to establish the linkage relationship between markers and the
      cystic fibrosis gene, and will permit subsequent first trimester prenatal
      diagnosis for couples who have no living affected child.

PMID- 2894469
TI  - Slight hyperinsulinaemia but no hypoglycaemia in pertussis patients.
AB  - Because of the central role postulated for Pertussis Toxin in the pathogenesis of
      whooping cough, and the well-established ability of this toxin to alter insulin
      and glucose levels in animal blood, a study of insulin and glucose levels in
      hospitalised pertussis patients and in controls was made. With blood specimens
      collected in heparin-fluoride anticoagulant, the geometric mean plasma-insulin
      level (13.3 microU/ml) in a series of 24 pertussis patients was slightly, but
      statistically significantly, higher than that (8.9 microU/ml) in a series of 27
      non-pertussis controls with other infectious diseases (p less than 0.02).
      Portions of the same blood specimens collected in lithium-heparin anticoagulant
      yielded higher mean plasma-insulin values of 15.5 and 11.4 microU/ml
      respectively, with no significant difference between them (p less than 0.05).
      Mean plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly different between the
      two groups, and hypoglycaemia was not detected in any pertussis patient. There
      were no statistically significant differences between pertussis and control
      children in the mean levels of plasma calcium, magnesium or phosphate.

PMID- 2894470
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): the pathophysiologic role of
      catecholamine-kinin interactions.
AB  - The pathophysiology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) seems to be
      based on a cybernetic imbalance of the central nervous system (CNS), with
      activation of secondary peripheral effectors (PE). Lung vascular
      hyperpermeability is a crucial feature of PE actions in ARDS. Kinins (Bk), as PE,
      are important vascular hyperpermeability-inducing factors, with potential
      participation in ARDS induction. To test this hypothesis, we produced
      experimental ARDS in male Wistar rats using the anterior hypothalamic nuclei
      lesion model. Adrenalectomy, adrenal demedullation and denervation, alpha
      adrenergic blockade, and catecholamine (CA) depletion reduced ARDS severity
      whereas beta-adrenergic blocking and CA uptake I inhibition resulted in a
      potentiated aspect. The Bk depletion or inhibition of the generation of these
      peptides resulted in attenuation of the pathologic features of ARDS. Bk half-life
      prolongation produced intense potentiation of the respiratory syndrome. This work
      suggests that Bk and CA systems are interactive and interdependent in their
      pathogenic actions on lungs in ARDS, involving, probably, a reciprocally
      activating mechanism.

PMID- 2894471
TI  - Pulmonary consequences of severe tricyclic antidepressant ingestion.
AB  - We prospectively studied 56 consecutive patients with severe tricyclic
      antidepressant ingestion to determine the incidence of associated pulmonary
      complications. Among the patients meeting the entrance criteria, the mean
      antidepressant level was 1136 ng/ml. Other characteristics were a QRS duration of
      greater than or equal to 0.1 seconds in 35 (63%) and seizures in 19 (34%).
      Seventeen patients (30%) developed 18 abnormal chest X-ray findings which
      included pulmonary edema in 8 cases and aspiration pneumonia in 10. Using
      logistic regression, we evaluated the influence of tricyclic antidepressant
      level, blood pressure, QRS interval, seizures, drug co-ingestion and the use of
      gastric lavage vs. ipecac-induced emesis on pulmonary complications. For patients
      with pulmonary edema, the only significantly associated factor was hypotension on
      emergency department presentation. For aspiration pneumonia, no significant
      associations were found. Co-ingestion of another drug had no apparent influence
      on the development of pulmonary abnormalities. Our findings suggest that
      pulmonary edema and aspiration pneumonia are frequent complications of severe
      ingestions of tricyclic antidepressants. Pulmonary edema appears to result from
      hypotension or its treatment. The etiology of aspiration pneumonia is unclear. A
      chest X-ray should be obtained in all victims of tricyclic antidepressant
      overdose.

PMID- 2894472
TI  - The effect of fluid volume on syrup of ipecac emesis time.
AB  - Large volumes of fluid have been recommended to aid rapid ipecac-induced emesis,
      however, large volume intake may also have deleterious effects. We prospectively
      studied 121 children treated at home by a regional poison center to determine if
      a relationship existed between fluid volume and time to emesis. These children
      were treated in the usual manner except that parents were asked to measure the
      volume of fluid given and to note the time that fluid was given and the time of
      first emesis. The time ranged from 6 to 58 minutes (mean 20.6) with two who
      failed to respond and the volume ranged from 0 to 28 ounces (mean 6.7 ounces). In
      children who respond to ipecac, there is no significant relationship between the
      amount of fluid given and the time until emesis. We conclude that the traditional
      recommendation of forcing fluid with syrup of ipecac does not hasten emesis in
      children.

PMID- 2894475
TI  - N-acetylaspartylglutamate. A neuropeptide in the human visual system.

PMID- 2894473
TI  - A viable mutation in cauliflower mosaic virus, a retroviruslike plant virus,
      separates its capsid protein and polymerase genes.
AB  - A viable strain of cauliflower mosaic virus is described which arose by
      illegitimate recombination of two lethal parents. In this strain, the normally
      overlapping open reading frames IV and V, corresponding to the retrovirus gag and
      pol genes, are separated by a short intergenic region, suggesting that in this
      virus and in contrast to retroviruses, fusion of gag and pol gene products is not
      obligatory.

PMID- 2894474
TI  - Analysis of adenovirus type 2 L1 RNA 3'-end formation in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Downstream sequence requirements for efficient cleavage and polyadenylation at
      the adenovirus type 2 L1 poly(A) site were determined in vivo in 293 cells and in
      vitro by using RNA precursors in HeLa cell nuclear extracts. The two cleavage
      sites used were found to differ in sensitivity to 3'-end deletion in vivo and in
      vitro.

PMID- 2894476
TI  - [Contact dermatitis due to befunolol hydrochloride eyedrops].

PMID- 2894477
TI  - [The quantitative analysis for healing process of peptic ulcer by using Markov
      process].

PMID- 2894478
TI  - [Effect of somatostatin on bile acid metabolism].

PMID- 2894479
TI  - Emergency treatment of injured teeth.

PMID- 2894480
TI  - Molecular sorting during endocytosis.

PMID- 2894481
TI  - Tumor regression of an ileal carcinoid under the treatment with the somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995.
AB  - A 53-year-old man with metastatic ileal carcinoid ultimately failed to respond to
      conventional measures of surgery and was finally treated with a new long acting
      somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995 for 7 months. SMS 201-995 not only gave
      symptomatic relief but also induced a reduction in metastatic tumor mass.

PMID- 2894482
TI  - Low prevalence of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen (anti
      ATLA) in hospital personnel.

PMID- 2894483
TI  - Ketoconazole inhibition and glucocorticoid action in the human lymphoblastic
      leukemia cell line CEM-C7.
AB  - The antifungal drug, ketoconazole, was reported to antagonize the induction of
      the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) by glucocorticoids in hepatoma tissue
      culture (HTC) cells, and to compete with glucocorticoids for binding to the
      glucocorticoid receptor. Since glucocorticoids inhibit the growth of the human
      leukemia cell line CEM-C7, ketoconazole might be expected to reverse this
      inhibition. Unexpectedly, ketoconazole inhibited CEM-C7 cell growth without
      utilizing glucocorticoid receptors. This was confirmed by ketoconazole inhibition
      of the growth of a receptor-less subline of CEM-C7 cells which are insensitive to
      glucocorticoids. Ketoconazole competed with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for
      binding to the glucocorticoid receptor in cell-free supernatant prepared from CEM
      C7 cells, but this was greatly reduced if ketoconazole and TA were incubated with
      intact cells prior to preparation of the cell-free supernatant. Ketoconazole
      inhibited induction by TA of the enzyme glutamine synthetase only at
      concentrations of 45-90 microM. We conclude that ketoconazole antagonism of
      glucocorticoid activity in CEM-C7 cells is probably not of pharmacologic
      significance due to the large concentrations required, and its reduced
      interaction with receptors in intact cells. The growth inhibitory activity of
      ketoconazole may be of interest in cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2894484
TI  - A novel superfusion chamber for the measurement of endogenous glutamate release
      from cerebellar slices.
AB  - Methods are described for use in the study of potassium-stimulated release of
      endogenous glutamate and aspartate from perfused cerebellar slices using high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. Slices were
      cut at 250 micron in one direction only, and were thus similar to those used for
      electrophysiological techniques. Details of an easily constructed, simple
      superfusion system are given. HPLC isocratic separation was used to assay
      aspartate and glutamate release, glutamate alone showing calcium-dependent
      release. Repetitive pulses of high potassium-containing artificial cerebrospinal
      fluid induced release of glutamate (six pulses), demonstrating that the tissue
      was viable and capable of repeated release.

PMID- 2894485
TI  - Feasibility of continuous glutamate monitoring in perfused retinal tissue with a
      potentiometric biosensing probe.
AB  - A potentiometric biosensing probe for glutamate has been evaluated as a possible
      tool to measure the release of glutamate from the isolated retina of Bufo
      marinus. This probe is based on carbon dioxide detection, following enzymatic
      conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD). Probe response characteristics of dynamic range, limit of
      detection, pH dependency, and selectivity are described. Probe modifications were
      required for sensor operation in an upside down configuration which was demanded
      by the need to mount and perfuse the retinal tissue directly at the sensor tip.
      Overall, these results indicate that this particular potentiometric biosensor is
      not well suited for direct glutamate measurements in retinal tissue because of pH
      incompatibility between the sensor and the tissue, and because of high background
      carbon dioxide levels released from the retina at the pH optimum of the probe.
      Despite this drawback, the sensor could be utilized to provide a continuous
      "downstream" monitor of glutamate levels during the course of an experiment,
      after pH buffering of tissue perfusate. Alternative approaches to probes more
      compatible with direct tissue measurements are discussed.

PMID- 2894487
TI  - Ultra-short-acting beta-adrenergic blockers.
AB  - The ultra-short-acting beta-adrenergic blockers are parenteral agents that can be
      rapidly titrated in clinical situations where immediate beta-adrenergic blockade
      is warranted. The effects of those drugs rapidly dissipate after termination of
      treatment, providing an important safety feature. Esmolol, the prototype drug of
      this class, is approved for treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias but
      also has potential use in treatment of patients with perioperative hypertension
      and acute myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2894486
TI  - Some features of age-related insulin responsiveness in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Different features of insulin sensitivity have been considered, in rat
      hepatocytes, with respect to their age-dependence. In particular, plasma membrane
      located responses such as (Na/K)-ATPase and Na-dependent aminoacid transport were
      studied together with cytoplasmic responses such as the insulin-stimulated
      tyrosine aminotransferase. It appears, as far as the insulin sensitivity is
      concerned, that the age of the animal does not affect plasma membrane-bound
      events whereas plasma membrane-mediated intracellular responses are definitely
      impaired. Insulin binding to intact hepatocytes does not seem to be age
      dependent.

PMID- 2894488
TI  - Terazosin: a new long-acting alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist for hypertension.
AB  - Terazosin is a new long-acting, selective alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist. Its
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles are similar to those of prazosin,
      but terazosin has a half-life three to four times longer. This allows once daily
      dosing of terazosin and a potential advantage in ensuring patient compliance to
      treatment. Terazosin has been evaluated alone and in combination with other drugs
      for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Terazosin has been shown to
      have favorable lipid and side effect profiles. Unlike prazosin, the drug is
      available (but not yet marketed) in parenteral form. Its gradual onset of action
      with intravenous use would limit its potential application in hypertensive
      emergencies. Other possible uses for terazosin might include treatment of
      congestive heart failure and Raynaud's phenomenon, but definitive studies are
      needed.

PMID- 2894489
TI  - Pharmacological profiling of cardiovascular agents in healthy volunteers by means
      of non-invasive methods.
AB  - In a placebo-controlled study the hemodynamic effects of single doses of
      oxprenolol, metoprolol, prenalterol, phentolamine, nifedipine, nitroglycerin,
      angiotensin II and frusemide have been investigated in 9 healthy volunteers by
      means of the combined measurement of heart rate, blood pressure, pre-ejection
      period (systolic time intervals) and stroke volume (impedance cardiography) in
      the supine and tilted positions (70 degrees). Each cardiovascular agent exhibited
      its characteristic pharmacodynamic profile, which allowed a clear-cut
      discrimination. The effects of oxprenolol and metoprolol, however, could not be
      distinguished by this procedure. The pre-ejection period, although not a very
      specific parameter, proved to be most sensitive to the pharmacological
      interventions, whereas stroke volume was less often influenced. It is concluded
      that the proposed selection of non-invasive parameters is a very suitable and
      simple means for early cardiovascular drug testing in man.

PMID- 2894490
TI  - Effect of intravenous APSAC on mortality after acute myocardial infarction:
      preliminary report of a placebo-controlled clinical trial. AIMS Trial Study
      Group.
AB  - A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken to
      assess survival after a single 30 unit intravenous dose of anisoylated
      plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) within 6 h of onset of acute
      myocardial infarction. A planned interim analysis of mortality data was
      undertaken after 1004 patients had been followed for at least 30 days after
      randomisation. 61 (12.2%) of 502 patients on placebo died within 30 days compared
      with 32 (6.4%) of 502 patients on APSAC (p = 0.0016). Because of this 47%
      reduction in 30-day mortality (95% confidence interval 21-65%) patient entry to
      the trial was terminated. Preliminary 1 year mortality data show a similar trend.
      Percentage mortality reduction with APSAC was similar whether time since onset of
      symptoms was 0-4 h (660 patients) or 4-6 h (344 patients). Adverse events were
      few. These findings add to evidence that intravenous thrombolytic therapy after
      myocardial infarction offers a substantial reduction in mortality.

PMID- 2894491
TI  - Aetiological association of a virus-like particle with enterically transmitted
      non-A, non-B hepatitis.
AB  - Virus-like particles, approximately 27 nm in diameter, were identified in faeces
      from an Indian patient with enterically transmitted non-A, non-B (ENANB)
      hepatitis. They were serologically distinct from hepatitis A virus (HAV). Nucleic
      acid extracted from the particles did not hybridize with cDNA probes representing
      the genomes of HAV, enteroviruses, and cardioviruses. Chimpanzees were
      experimentally inoculated with faecal suspensions containing this 27 nm particle
      or with faeces from another case of ENANB hepatitis. Mild histological and
      biochemical hepatitis developed in these animals and there was serological
      evidence of infection with the virus-like particle as shown by
      immunoelectronmicroscopy (IEM). Serological analysis by IEM suggested that this
      agent or an antigenically similar virus was the aetiological agent of two
      epidemics and a sporadic case of ENANB hepatitis in India and of an epidemic of
      the illness in the USSR. Antibody to the particle was found in sera from patients
      with ENANB hepatitis from various geographic areas over a 30-year period.

PMID- 2894492
TI  - Rebound increase in bronchial responsiveness after treatment with inhaled
      terbutaline.
AB  - To investigate whether cessation of regular beta-agonist treatment results in an
      increase in bronchial responsiveness, two double-blind, randomised crossover
      studies were done. Subjects with mild asthma were investigated to determine the
      course of change in bronchial responsiveness, measured as the provocative dose
      (PD20) of histamine that caused a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s
      after short-term and longer term treatment with an inhaled beta-agonist. In the
      first study in 8 subjects, 500 and 2000 micrograms terbutaline thrice in 1 day
      protected against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, and the increase in PD20
      compared with placebo remained high throughout the day and overnight. In the
      second study 8 subjects received placebo or terbutaline 750 micrograms thrice
      daily for 14 days. The protection afforded by terbutaline against histamine
      induced bronchoconstriction on day 14 was less than that on day 1 by 40% in the
      morning and 82% in the afternoon. On day 15 PD20 was lower after stopping
      terbutaline than placebo, with a maximum difference of 1.5 (95% CI 0.6-2.5)
      doubling-doses of histamine 23 h after the end of treatment. Thus treatment with
      terbutaline for 1 day did not result in any rebound increase in bronchial
      responsiveness. Treatment for 2 weeks impaired the ability of terbutaline to
      protect against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, and was followed by a
      rebound increase in bronchial responsiveness after cessation of treatment.

PMID- 2894494
TI  - Detrimental haemodynamic effects of cyclizine in heart failure.
AB  - The haemodynamic effects of intravenous cyclizine, an antiemetic that is widely
      given with opioids in left ventricular failure and myocardial infarction, were
      studied in 11 patients with severe heart failure. Cyclizine significantly
      increased systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, and right and left
      ventricular filling pressures, and negated the venodilatory effects of
      diamorphine. The use of cyclizine in patients with heart failure should,
      therefore, be avoided.

PMID- 2894495
TI  - Immunological differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of
      Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica can act as a harmless commensal organism in the lumen of
      the large intestine, or can cause invasive amoebiasis. Some workers have
      suggested that there are two distinct subspecies of this organism, and that only
      one of these is associated with invasive disease. Present isoenzyme tests to
      identify the subspecies take several days to analyse: we report a technique that
      uses immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies, takes two days to perform,
      and may, therefore, assist in the clinical management of patients infected with
      this organism.

PMID- 2894493
TI  - Red wine as a cause of migraine.
AB  - Patients with migraine who believed that red wine but not alcohol in general had
      a headache-provoking effect on them were challenged either with red wine or with
      a vodka and diluent mixture of equivalent alcohol content, both consumed cold out
      of dark bottles to disguise colour and flavour. The red wine, which had a
      negligible tyramine content, provoked a typical migraine attack in 9 of 11 such
      patients, whereas none of the 8 challenged with vodka had an attack. Neither red
      wine nor vodka provoked such episodes in other migrainous subjects or controls.
      These findings show that red wine contains a migraine-provoking agent that is
      neither alcohol nor tyramine.

PMID- 2894496
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction--round 2.

PMID- 2894498
TI  - Infant nutrition and cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2894499
TI  - Depressive illness and the family.

PMID- 2894497
TI  - Time to abandon pre-transplant blood transfusion?

PMID- 2894500
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system.

PMID- 2894501
TI  - Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis.
AB  - Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) is responsible for outbreaks of
      hepatitis with a predilection for young adults. The disease is usually mild,
      except in pregnant women, who have a high case-fatality rate from fulminant
      hepatic failure. Diagnosis is largely based on the epidemiological findings of
      faecal contamination of drinking water and serological exclusion of hepatitis A
      and B virus infection. Histological features of liver biopsy specimens are
      characteristic and virus-like particles in the stool are aggregated by antibody
      present in acute and convalescent phase sera of the test subject. NANB is
      widespread in India and several countries of South-East Asia; it is increasingly
      recognised in Africa and may occur in Latin America. Control measures include
      provision of clean water supplies, safe disposal of human excreta, and sound
      personal and food hygiene practices. Passive immunisation with immunoglobulin
      derived from healthy donors resident in the countries affected by the disease may
      protect vulnerable groups.

PMID- 2894502
TI  - Application of DNA "fingerprints" to paternity determinations.
AB  - 26 cases of disputed paternity were tested by the methods routinely used in
      Scandinavian countries and by the DNA "fingerprinting" technique. In all the
      studied cases the results of DNA analyses were similar to those obtained with the
      routine examinations based on protein polymorphisms; and, in the cases where even
      HLA typing did not distinguish between tentative fathers, the results obtained
      with DNA analyses were unambiguous.

PMID- 2894503
TI  - Management of dyspepsia: report of a working party.

PMID- 2894504
TI  - Balancing cost and benefit in treatment of late cancer.

PMID- 2894505
TI  - Total body water and very-low-calorie diets.

PMID- 2894507
TI  - Incidence of respiratory tract chlamydial infections and importation of
      psittacine birds.

PMID- 2894509
TI  - Apical impulse tenderness: clinical observations in two cultures.

PMID- 2894506
TI  - How should we monitor gold therapy?

PMID- 2894508
TI  - Sudden infant death syndrome and diphtheria/tetanus
      toxoid/pertussis/poliomyelitis immunisation.

PMID- 2894510
TI  - Asymmetrical loss of glutamate receptor subtype in left hippocampus in
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2894511
TI  - Cerebral arteritis and oral methylphenidate.

PMID- 2894513
TI  - Etretinate and vision.

PMID- 2894512
TI  - Severe acne-like lesions caused by amineptine overdose.

PMID- 2894514
TI  - Acute leukaemia during pregnancy.

PMID- 2894515
TI  - Reappearance of falciparum malaria in central highland plateaux of Madagascar.

PMID- 2894516
TI  - Reversibility of airflow obstruction.

PMID- 2894517
TI  - Friedreich's ataxia in Kathikas-Arodhes, Cyprus.

PMID- 2894518
TI  - Improvement of muscle performance by chronic electrical stimulation in children
      with cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2894519
TI  - Decreasing frequency, with time, of hepatitis B surface antigen positive liver
      biopsy in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 2894520
TI  - Response to monoclonal CD7 antibody in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2894521
TI  - Why does placebo improve severe limb ischaemia?

PMID- 2894523
TI  - Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients.

PMID- 2894522
TI  - Snow-and-ice fracture in the UK, a preventable epidemic.

PMID- 2894524
TI  - AIDS and sex.

PMID- 2894525
TI  - HIV infection and dioxin exposure: risk factors for Kaposi sarcoma and malignant
      lymphoma?

PMID- 2894526
TI  - Pharmacokinetic interactions with methotrexate: is 7-hydroxy-methotrexate the
      culprit?

PMID- 2894528
TI  - Cannabis and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2894527
TI  - Nicotine gum and haloperidol in Tourette's syndrome.

PMID- 2894529
TI  - Bacterial synergistic infections of skin and soft tissues.

PMID- 2894530
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and ulcer recurrence.

PMID- 2894531
TI  - Peptostreptococcus micros in polymicrobial abscesses.

PMID- 2894532
TI  - Transfusion reactions in haemophiliac caused by sensitisation to ethylene oxide.

PMID- 2894533
TI  - Staphylococcus epidermidis septicaemia.

PMID- 2894534
TI  - False positive in prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2894535
TI  - Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus causing disseminated intravascular
      coagulation and maternal death.

PMID- 2894536
TI  - Health maintenance organisations.

PMID- 2894537
TI  - Is yawning a brainstem phenomenon?

PMID- 2894538
TI  - Cholesterol synthesis inhibitors in hyperlipidaemia.

PMID- 2894539
TI  - Transmission of common cold.

PMID- 2894540
TI  - Lipid-lowering drugs.

PMID- 2894541
TI  - Low-dose gamma interferon in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2894542
TI  - False negativity with one-step monoclonal assay for hepatitis B surface antigen.

PMID- 2894543
TI  - Satisfaction after cholecystectomy.

PMID- 2894544
TI  - 8-Methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet A therapy for cutaneous manifestations of graft
      versus-host disease.

PMID- 2894545
TI  - Generic product licences and "originator's confidential data".

PMID- 2894546
TI  - Endotoxaemia: an early predictor of septicaemia in febrile patients.
AB  - In 473 consecutive febrile patients a sensitive and rapid chromogenic limulus
      assay was used to assess the value of endotoxaemia versus bacteraemia for
      predicting development of the syndrome of septicaemia. In each patient three
      blood specimens for culture and endotoxin testing were obtained at the onset of
      fever. Blood pressure, urinary output, and the occurrence of thrombocytopenia and
      metabolic acidosis were recorded prospectively during three days of follow-up.
      Septicaemia developed in 19 patients (4%). The sensitivity, specificity, and
      likelihood ratio for a positive result with the endotoxin assay were 79%, 96%,
      and 20, respectively. The corresponding indices for bacteraemia were 89%, 78%,
      and only 4. The results suggest that endotoxaemia is a clinically valid indicator
      for impending gram-negative septicaemia (positive predictive value 48%) and that
      the absence of endotoxaemia virtually rules out the risk that septicaemia will
      ensue (negative predictive value 99%).

PMID- 2894547
TI  - Perioperative bromocriptine adjuvant treatment for operable breast cancer.
AB  - Blood levels of prolactin are consistently raised in women who have undergone
      mastectomy for breast cancer, probably because of the stress of surgery. Since
      this increase in concentration of a known breast epithelial growth promoter might
      stimulate proliferation in micrometastatic cells shed at the time of surgery, a
      pilot study was conducted to try to abolish this effect. 38 patients with
      suspected operable breast cancer were given either bromocriptine (18) or placebo
      (20) tablets for 5 days preoperatively and thereafter for 3-10 days.
      Bromocriptine-treated patients showed significant reductions in prolactin levels
      and in S-phase fraction of tumour cells within the primary infiltrating
      carcinoma. There were no major side-effects. Perioperative bromocriptine may
      provide another approach to adjuvant therapy, possibly combined with endocrine or
      cytotoxic treatment for patients with axillary nodal metastases.

PMID- 2894548
TI  - Comparison between simvastatin and bezafibrate in effect on plasma lipoproteins
      and apolipoproteins in primary hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - The ability of simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A reductase, to lower lipid levels in 16 patients with primary
      hypercholesterolaemia was compared with that of bezafibrate in a 16-week, double
      blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial that was continued in an open crossover
      fashion. Simvastatin was better than bezafibrate at lowering total and low
      density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations (30.4%
      [p less than 0.001], 37.3% [p less than 0.001], and 37.8% [p less than 0.001] vs
      17.0%, 19.6%, and 24.0%, respectively). Both drugs increased the high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I, but this change was
      significant only with bezafibrate (p less than 0.05). Bezafibrate and simvastatin
      reduced triglycerides by 25.6% (p less than 0.001) and 13.7% (p less than 0.05),
      respectively. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol was significantly
      reduced only by bezafibrate (44.3%, p less than 0.001). Both drugs were tolerated
      well and no serious side-effects were noted. The results show that simvastatin
      was more effective than bezafibrate in lowering total-cholesterol, LDL
      cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, while bezafibrate was better at lowering
      triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol and at raising HDL-cholesterol and
      apolipoprotein A-I.

PMID- 2894549
TI  - Fetal blood sampling in investigation of chromosome mosaicism in amniotic fluid
      cell culture.
AB  - 41 pregnancies in which mosaicism had been found on amniotic fluid culture (AFC)
      were investigated by fetal blood and repeat AFC karyotyping. Results of both
      investigations, and the infants, were normal in 15 of 16 cases of autosomal
      trisomy (including trisomies 8, 9, 13, 18, and 21) and in the 8 cases of sex
      chromosome mosaicism. In 1 case of trisomy 20 mosaicism the fetal blood karyotype
      and the infant were normal but the repeat AFC showed mosaicism. Abnormality was
      confirmed in 5 of 11 cases of mosaicism for structural chromosomal rearrangements
      and in 4 of 6 cases with de-novo supernumerary marker mosaicism. These findings
      indicate the potential danger of terminating pregnancies because of trisomic
      mosaicism in AFC, and the importance of identifying the clinical significance of
      certain chromosome rearrangements which, even in mosaic form, might lead to
      severe mental and developmental handicap.

PMID- 2894550
TI  - Extended preservation of the liver for clinical transplantation.
AB  - A new solution (UW solution) was used for flushing and storage of 17 livers
      before transplantation. In 9 cases the preservation times exceeded 10 hours (mean
      12.7, range 11-20) but all left hospital with good liver function.

PMID- 2894551
TI  - Effect of deoxyfructoserotonin (DFS) on lepromatous leprosy.
AB  - To examine the anti-leprosy effect of deoxyfructoserotonin the drug was given in
      a dose of 10 mg/kg for 6 months to 6 patients with active lepromatous leprosy, in
      accordance with the WHO-THELEP protocol. Clinical and histological assessment and
      mouse foot-pad studies suggest that the drug has some anti-leprosy effect.

PMID- 2894552
TI  - Detention of schoolchildren in South Africa.

PMID- 2894553
TI  - Breast not necessarily best.

PMID- 2894554
TI  - Much more light on port-wine stains.

PMID- 2894555
TI  - Acute tropical polyarthropathy: homogeneous entity or diagnostic scrap-heap?

PMID- 2894556
TI  - Sudden cardiac death in obesity and hypertension.

PMID- 2894557
TI  - Slimming and serotonin.

PMID- 2894558
TI  - Epidemic yellow fever in eastern Nigeria, 1986.
AB  - An epidemic of yellow fever occurred in the eastern part of Nigeria during the
      second half of 1986. Oju, in Benue State, was the most heavily affected region,
      but yellow fever also occurred in surrounding areas, particularly Ogoja, in Cross
      River State. In Oju, the mean attack and mortality rates were 4.9% and 2.8%,
      respectively. Sex and age specific rates were highest in males and in the 20-29
      yr age group. The overall case fatality rate was approximately 50%. Diagnosis was
      confirmed by IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and complement
      fixation (CF) tests. Entomological investigations implicated Aedes africanus as
      the epidemic vector. Oju alone probably had about 9800 cases of yellow fever with
      jaundice, and some 5600 deaths. Outbreaks of this nature could be prevented by
      inclusion of yellow fever in the Expanded Programme on Immunisation, in areas
      subject to recurrent epidemics.

PMID- 2894559
TI  - Trends in cancer mortality: US white males and females, 1968-83.
AB  - From 1968 to 1983, age-specific cancer mortality for all cancers fell by 2.1%
      annually for men and women aged 35-44 and rose by 1.1% annually for men and 0.3%
      for women aged 75-84. In the 75-84 age group brain cancer mortality rose by 8%
      annually and multiple myeloma by 2.75%. Lung cancer mortality rose in men and
      women aged 45-84 (by 8.2% annually in 65-74 year-old women) but fell by over 3%
      annually in men aged 35-44. Stomach cancer declined by 4% annually in 75-84 year
      olds and about 3% annually in 55-74 year-olds. These trends do not support the
      hypothesis that recent increases in specific cancers in the elderly chiefly
      reflect improved diagnosis of cases that would formerly have been misrepresented
      or miscoded.

PMID- 2894560
TI  - 25 years of implanted intracardiac pacers.
AB  - In 1962, a simplified method of transvenously inserting an intracardiac electrode
      and implanting the whole pacemaker system under local anaesthesia was reported
      from the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm. This simplified method has been
      universally adopted and pacemakers are now probably implanted too freely in many
      places. In the Stockholm area pacemakers are implanted half as frequently as in
      the rest of Sweden and as often as in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 2894561
TI  - Failure to substantiate two cases of alleged occupational radiation
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2894562
TI  - Neonatal lupus syndrome: optimism justified?

PMID- 2894564
TI  - Prader-Willi syndrome and paternal hydrocarbon exposure.

PMID- 2894563
TI  - Gastric bypass surgery as maternal risk factor for neural tube defects.

PMID- 2894565
TI  - Unrecognised hazard of urethral lubrication.

PMID- 2894566
TI  - Craniopharyngioma recurrence and growth hormone therapy.

PMID- 2894568
TI  - Delayed CSF reaction to praziquantel.

PMID- 2894567
TI  - Lithium clearance.

PMID- 2894569
TI  - Cholesterol embolisation after angiography.

PMID- 2894570
TI  - Blood pressure, erythropoietin, and nitric oxide.

PMID- 2894571
TI  - Inactivation of HIV by nonoxynol-9.

PMID- 2894572
TI  - Tetracycline for borrelia encephalitis.

PMID- 2894573
TI  - Nebulised pentamidine.

PMID- 2894574
TI  - Herpes simplex virus neonatal encephalitis.

PMID- 2894575
TI  - Antibodies to plasmid-encoated proteins of enteropathogenic Yersinia in patients
      with autoimmune thyroid disease.

PMID- 2894577
TI  - Bilingual consultation.

PMID- 2894576
TI  - Mifepristone and induction of labour in second half of pregnancy.

PMID- 2894578
TI  - Fractures of the nose.

PMID- 2894579
TI  - Penalising smokers and drinkers.

PMID- 2894580
TI  - Updated Kiel classification.

PMID- 2894581
TI  - Airway management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 2894582
TI  - Painless lithotripsy.

PMID- 2894583
TI  - Identity of HTLV-I-associated tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-I-associated
      myelopathy.

PMID- 2894585
TI  - Pulse oximetry in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 2894584
TI  - Tetracycline-resistant gonococci in UK.

PMID- 2894586
TI  - Preservation of certain voluntary muscles in motoneurone disease.

PMID- 2894588
TI  - Peripheral adrenoceptors and type A behaviour.

PMID- 2894587
TI  - Coronary thrombolysis and myocardial salvage by tissue plasminogen activator.

PMID- 2894589
TI  - NSAIDs, plasma half-lives, and adverse reactions.

PMID- 2894590
TI  - Dominant inheritance of atopic immunoglobulin-E responsiveness.

PMID- 2894591
TI  - Meningitis after BCG vaccination.

PMID- 2894593
TI  - Direct intraperitoneal insemination.

PMID- 2894592
TI  - Desmopressin and sheared platelets: a test.

PMID- 2894594
TI  - Isotretinoin dose and teratogenicity.

PMID- 2894595
TI  - Finger clubbing.

PMID- 2894596
TI  - Possible case of HBV-2 infection.

PMID- 2894597
TI  - Management strategies for HIV in obstetrics.

PMID- 2894598
TI  - Meningioma misdiagnosed as senile dementia.

PMID- 2894599
TI  - Penicillin-insensitive meningococci in the UK.

PMID- 2894600
TI  - Hypochloraemic alkalosis after high-flux continuous haemofiltration and
      continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration with dialysis.

PMID- 2894601
TI  - Differential effects after repeated treatment with haloperidol, clozapine,
      thioridazine and tefludazine on SNC and VTA dopamine neurones in rats.
AB  - The effects of repeated treatment (21 days) with different antipsychotic
      compounds (haloperidol, clozapine, thioridazine and tefludazine) on dopamine (DA)
      neurones in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA)
      were studied in rats using single unit recording techniques. A dose-dependent
      decrease in the number of spontaneously active DA neurones in SNC and in VTA was
      observed with haloperidol. Clozapine showed no significant effect on the activity
      in SNC while a dose-dependent decrease in the number of active DA neurones in VTA
      was observed. Thioridazine showed no or weak effect in SNC while repeated
      treatment induced a marked inhibitory effect on the DA neurones in VTA.
      Tefludazine, a potential antipsychotic compound, induced a dose-dependent
      decrease in both SNC and VTA DA activity. However, the effect on the DA neurones
      in VTA was more pronounced at all doses. Since the classical neuroleptic
      haloperidol is equally effective in both regions, while the atypical neuroleptics
      clozapine and thioridazine have selective or predominant effect in the VTA area
      it has previously been thought that the inhibition of spontaneously active DA
      neurones in VTA should indicate an antipsychotic effect of a compound while the
      inhibition of DA neurones in SNC should account for the development of
      neurological side effects. The data suggests that the potential antipsychotic
      compound tefludazine should not induce neurological side effects at lower doses
      but still has an antipsychotic activity while repeated treatment with higher
      doses of tefludazine might cause extrapyramidal side effects.

PMID- 2894602
TI  - Involvement of kappa type opioids on ethanol drinking.
AB  - The effects of the administration of the kappa agonist dynorphin1-17 and/or the
      kappa antagonist MR-2266-BS on ethanol preference was investigated using a
      paradigm by which rats develop alcohol preference. Administration of dynorphin
      shortly before or after the conditioning session (forced ethanol exposure) failed
      to affect later ethanol preference. However, dynorphin treatment prior to the
      first choice session reduced ethanol preference during the three consecutive
      testing days. This effect was reversed by the simultaneous administration of the
      kappa antagonist MR-2266-BS. The results of the present study provide further
      support for evidence of the involvement of dynorphinergic systems on drinking
      behavior and suggest that kappa-type opioid mechanisms may be involved in the
      consumption and development of preference to ethanol in rats.

PMID- 2894603
TI  - A dynorphin peptide induces hypotension by stimulating the release of atrial
      natriuretic peptide from rat atrium.
AB  - Intravenous injection of dynorphin A-(1-10) amide (Dyn, 81-324 nmol/kg) induced a
      dose-dependent hypotensive effect in the rat. This effect was antagonized by
      pretreatment with immunoglobulin G, purified from a specific antiserum raised
      against alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide (anti-hANP-IgG), as well as by
      high doses of naloxone (2 or 10 mg/kg). In addition, a 12-fold increase in plasma
      level of atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity (ANP-IR) was found
      following Dyn administration, which was accompanied by a significant decrease of
      atrial ANP-IR. These results suggest that the stimulated release of ANP-IR from
      the atrium may constitute one of the mechanisms for the depressor effect of
      dynorphin peptides.

PMID- 2894604
TI  - Huntington's disease: studies on brain free amino acids.
AB  - We studied the levels of free amino acids in putamen and Brodmann's area 10 of 12
      patients who died with Huntington's disease and 13 non-neurologic controls. GABA,
      glutamate and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid concentrations were found to be reduced
      in putamen of Huntington's disease patients. In Brodmann's area 10 the levels of
      glutamate, histidine and lysine were decreased, but the content of aspartate,
      GABA, glycine, serine and taurine was increased in the same group of patients.

PMID- 2894606
TI  - [Training of paramedical personnel in Grodno (1864-1917)].

PMID- 2894605
TI  - The Paw test: an animal model for neuroleptic drugs which fulfils the criteria
      for pharmacological isomorphism.
AB  - Recently we have developed an animal model which could discriminate between
      classical and atypical neuroleptic drugs: the PAW TEST. This test measures the
      ability of rats to spontaneously withdraw its force- and hindlimbs. It was found
      that the ability of drugs to affect the rat's forelimb retraction time was
      associated with the liability of the drug to induce so-called extra-pyramidal
      side-effects in man. Likewise the ability of drugs to affect the rat's hindlimb
      retraction time was associated with the antipsychotic efficacy of the drug. These
      data open the perspective that the forelimb retraction time (FRT) is an animal
      analogue of parkinsonian side-effects, and that the hindlimb retraction time
      (HRT) is an animal analogue of antipsychotic effects In the present series of
      experiments we further evaluated the validity of these notions by applying the
      criteria of "pharmacological isomorphism" as proposed by Matthysse (1). Thus HRT
      had to fulfil the criteria of pharmacological isomorphism for the therapeutic
      effects of neuroleptics, whereas FRT had to fulfil these criteria for the
      parkinsonian side-effects. The results of the present study show that both FRT
      and HRT met these criteria. Thus both classical and atypical neuroleptics were
      effective in prolonging HRT, whereas only the classical neuroleptics prolonged
      FRT (criterion 1); the nonneuroleptic phenothiazine promethazine (as well as the
      narcotic morphine, the muscle relaxant diazepam and the antidepressant
      desipramine) were ineffective in this respect (criterion 2); the
      acetylcholinergic antagonist scopolamine blocked the FRT, but not the HRT
      (criterion 3); chronic neuroleptic treatment reduced the FRT, but not the HRT
      (criterion 4). In conclusion the paw test, an animal model for testing
      antipsychotic drugs, was found to fulfil the criteria for "pharmacological
      isomorphism". Although the exact mechanism underlying the paw test is as yet
      unknown, the present data improve its validity as an animal model.

PMID- 2894607
TI  - [Hygienic requirements for the class lessons of schoolchildren].

PMID- 2894608
TI  - Neuropeptides in Alzheimer's and in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2894609
TI  - Effects of dietary amino acids, carbohydrates, and choline on neurotransmitter
      synthesis.

PMID- 2894611
TI  - Open reading frames and translational control.

PMID- 2894610
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene maps to chromosome 11 and is lost in
      insulinoma.
AB  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) is a predisposition to hyperplasia of
      the parathyroid glands, and to hyperplasia or tumours of the anterior pituitary
      and the endocrine pancreas, and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Here
      we map the MEN-1 locus to chromosome 11 by family studies, and demonstrate tight
      linkage with the human muscle phosphorylase gene. By comparing constitutional and
      tumour tissue genotypes of insulinomas from a pair of brothers who had inherited
      MEN-1 from their mother, we have shown that oncogenesis in these cases involves
      unmasking of a recessive mutation at this locus.

PMID- 2894612
TI  - Identification and characterization of E. coli type-1 pilus tip adhesion protein.
AB  - The type-1 pilus of Escherichia coli is the prototype of this class of hair-like,
      multimeric adhesive organelles. This pilus mediates adherence to mannose
      containing receptors on mucosal epithelia and other cells. The type-1 pilus, in
      one of several serological variants, is expressed by nearly all E. coli strains,
      and its promotion of colonization by pathogenic bacteria and the protective
      effects of purified pilus vaccines suggest that it is important as a bacterial
      virulence factor. Both the adhesive function and the serological variation of the
      type-1 pilus have been attributed to the thousand or so pilin protein monomers
      making up the pilus rods. This idea has been contradicted by our earlier
      observations on an E. coli strain expressing adhesion-defective pili. More recent
      genetic evidence also indicates that auxiliary pilus proteins are required for
      adhesive function. We report here the identification of three previously
      undetected integral minor proteins on the type-1 pilus, and show that one of them
      is the receptor-binding adhesin. This protein is antigenically conserved among
      strains with different pilin serotypes and is located at the pilus tip.

PMID- 2894613
TI  - Von Hippel-Lindau disease maps to the region of chromosome 3 associated with
      renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is an autosomal dominant disorder with inherited
      susceptibility to various forms of cancer, including hemangioblastomas of the
      central nervous system, phaeochromocytomas, pancreatic malignancies, and renal
      cell carcinomas. Renal cell carcinomas constitute a particularly frequent cause
      of death in this disorder, occurring as bilateral and multifocal tumours, and
      presenting at an earlier age than in sporadic, non-familial cases of this tumour
      type. We report here that the VHL gene is linked to the locus encoding the human
      homologoue of the RAF1 oncogene, which maps to chromosome 3p25 (ref. 4).
      Crossovers with the VHL locus suggest that the defect responsible for the VHL
      phenotype is not a mutation in the RAF1 gene itself. An alternative or prior
      event to oncogene activation in tumour formation may be the inactivation of a
      putative 'tumour suppressor' which can be associated with both the inherited and
      sporadic forms of the cancer. Sporadic renal cell carcinomas have previously been
      associated with the loss of regions on chromosome 3p (refs 5, 6). Consequently,
      sporadic and VHL-associated forms of renal cell carcinoma might both result from
      alterations causing loss of function of the same 'tumour suppressor' gene on this
      chromosome.

PMID- 2894614
TI  - Synaptic investment of striatal cellular domains by grafted dopamine neurons in
      weaver mutant mice.

PMID- 2894615
TI  - [Neuroleptics as anxiolytics and antidepressive agents].

PMID- 2894617
TI  - Chronic treatment with imipramine does not reverse the effects of 3 anxiogenic
      compounds in a test of anxiety in the rat.
AB  - The ability of chronic treatment with imipramine (an antidepressant with anti
      panic activity) to antagonise the anxiogenic effects of 3 different compounds was
      investigated in the elevated plus-maze. The compounds chosen are likely to
      produce anxiety by activity at different sites in the central nervous system:
      yohimbine, by blocking the alpha 2-adrenoceptor; FG 7142, by action at the beta
      carboline site on the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex and
      pentylenetetrazole, by acting at the picrotoxinin site on this complex.
      Administration of imipramine following 21 days pre-treatment did not produce a
      significant consistent anxiolytic effect alone and was unable to reverse the
      anxiety produced by any of the 3 anxiogenic compounds. Our results are discussed
      in terms of the nature of the anxiety produced by the anxiogenic drugs and the
      sensitivity of tests of anxiety to anti-panic agents.

PMID- 2894616
TI  - Effects of medium glutamine, glutamate, and ammonia on glutamine synthetase
      activity in cultured mouse astroglial cells.
AB  - Mouse astroglial cells were grown during the last week of culture in either
      glutamine-free or glutamine-containing medium. The addition of cortisol to the
      glutamine-containing medium resulted in a doubling of astroglial glutamine
      synthetase (GS) activity. Withdrawal of glutamine from the medium resulted in a
      50% elevation of GS and addition of cortisol to such a medium resulted in a
      further increase in GS which was not additive to glutamine withdrawal. Both in
      glutamine-free and glutamine-containing medium, the addition of glutamate
      resulted in a depression of both basal and cortisol induced GS activity. The
      simultaneous addition of ammonia plus glutamate to the culture medium ameliorated
      the glutamate mediated depressive effects on cortisol induced but not basal GS
      activity. Glutamine withdrawal from the culture medium resulted in an astroglial
      protein deficit. The addition of ammonia to the medium considerably reduced this
      deficit and the addition of glutamate completely eliminated this protein deficit.

PMID- 2894618
TI  - Urinary enzyme excretion during treatment of malignancies with human recombinant
      alpha-2 interferon.

PMID- 2894619
TI  - Increase in K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]glutamate from rat
      dentate gyrus three days after induction of long-term potentiation.
AB  - Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by unilateral tetanic stimulation of the
      perforant path in the dentate gyrus of rats with implanted electrodes. Evoked
      potentials were monitored for the subsequent 3 days in one group, and for 23 days
      in another. The dentate gyrus was removed bilaterally and slices prepared and
      stored in 10% DMSO/Krebs for subsequent analysis of K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent
      release of [3H]glutamate. In the 3-day group, in which the mean increase in the
      population EPSP was 35% at the time of sacrifice, release from the tetanized side
      was significantly greater than from the unstimulated side. In the 23-day group,
      both the increase in the EPSP and the increase in release from the tetanized side
      had declined to statistically insignificant levels. These results extend to a
      period of several days the previously observed association between LTP and
      increased K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of transmitter.

PMID- 2894620
TI  - Inhibitory effect of intraterminal lithium on asynchronous release of excitatory
      quanta induced by veratridine in nerve-muscle synapses of crayfish.
AB  - Crayfish muscle fibres were voltage-clamped at E = -80 mV membrane potential and
      superfused for about 10 min with Li+ saline (Na+ replaced by Li+) which contained
      picrotoxin to block inhibitory post-synaptic currents. Addition of veratridine
      (100 mumol/l) caused intense fluctuations in the voltage clamp current within 20
      60 s due to vigorous asynchronous quantal release of excitatory transmitter from
      the nerve terminals distributed over the muscle fibre surface. Most likely, this
      quantal release resulted from loading the nerve terminals with Li+ via voltage
      gated Na+ channels activated by veratridine. However, in the presence of Li+
      quantal release was only transient; the quantal release rate, n, attained a
      maximum of congruent to 10,000 quanta/s and then declined exponentially with tau
      congruent to 10 to 20 s. Removal of Li+ and reapplication of normal Na+ increased
      n a second time. The amount of quanta released in the presence of Na+ was about
      an order of magnitude larger than that released previously in the presence of
      Li+. In preparations pretreated with Li+ superfusate for t greater than 45 min no
      marked quantal release could be elicited by veratridine. The experiments suggest
      an inhibitory effect of intraterminal Li+ on the quantal release process.

PMID- 2894621
TI  - Postnatal development of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity of rat
      retina.
AB  - The postnatal development of rat retinal phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
      (PNMT) activity was measured by radiometric assay. Activity was detected on day 1
      of life. Retinal PNMT activity of day 1 neonates approximated 10% that of the
      adult. There is an increase in enzyme activity before eye opening. By day 30,
      enzyme activity has peaked. The enzyme during this early period possesses the
      same substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity as that of the adult enzyme.
      PNMT activity is detected before tyrosine hydroxylase activity.

PMID- 2894622
TI  - Argiopin blocks the glutamate responses and sensorimotor transmission in
      motoneurones of isolated frog spinal cord.
AB  - Argiopin, a low-molecular weight component of the spider Argiope lobata venom,
      inhibited depolarizations of motoneurones induced by glutamate in experiments on
      the frog isolated spinal cord, but had no effect on aspartate-induced responses.
      Half of the blocking effect (ED50) was seen at 7.5 +/- 3.7 x 10(-8) M argiopin.
      The same concentrations of argiopin (7.5 x 10(-8) M to 2.3 x 10(-7) M) suppressed
      the responses of the ventral root to electrical stimulation of the dorsal root.
      The results suggest that argiopin selectively blocks only one population of the
      excitatory amino acid receptors on motoneurones, and these argiopin-sensitive
      receptors are found to be involved in sensorimotor synaptic transmission in the
      spinal cord.

PMID- 2894623
TI  - Phencyclidine depresses transmitter release at the neuromuscular synapse of the
      locust.
AB  - The presynaptic effects of phencyclidine (PCP) were studied in the locust
      extensor tibiae muscle. The neurally evoked transmitter release is diminished in
      the presence of 5 x 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-5) M PCP. This is indicated (1) by an
      increased coefficient of variation of the excitatory junction potentials; (2) by
      an increased rate of failures (a) with nerve stimulation in low [Ca2+]saline and
      (b) with focal extracellular stimulation in normal [Ca2+]saline. The rate of
      spontaneous transmitter release is not affected.

PMID- 2894624
TI  - Quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in induction of hippocampal
      long-term facilitation using conditioning solution.
AB  - Brief electrical high-frequency stimulation (tetanus) via the synapses induces
      long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal neurons. In order to elucidate how
      LTP is produced, we attempted to induce long-term facilitation (LTF) by perfusing
      a conditioning solution (CS) instead of the tetanus. A 5 min perfusion of
      hippocampal slices with a CS containing glutamate, K+ at high concentration and
      no Mg2+ resulted in the generation of LTF in CAl and dentate neurons. CS lacking
      one of these 3 factors failed to produce LTF. When the glutamate of the CS was
      substituted by both quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), LTF was
      initiated. This indicates that both quisqualate and NMDA receptors play an
      important role in the induction of LTP.

PMID- 2894625
TI  - Two populations of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells occur in the spinal cord
      of the chick embryo and hatchling.
AB  - The existence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing neurons in the spinal cord
      of the chick embryo was investigated by anti-TH immunocytochemistry. Two
      populations of intensely immunostained cells were observed along the entire
      extent of the cord, beginning late in chick embryogenesis. One group of TH
      positive cells was particularly numerous and found ventral to the central canal.
      The other group, which was smaller in number, was located along the superficial
      and lateral border of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. When examined by the
      glyoxylic acid histofluorescence technique, cells could be visualized only very
      infrequently ventral to the central canal, and not at all within the dorsal horn.
      However, after pretreatment of hatchlings with the catecholamine synthesis
      precursor L-DOPA, cells ventral to the canal were readily observed by
      histofluorescence, while the dorsally located cells seldom visualized. Since
      these populations of TH-positive cells appear to only partially express the
      catecholaminergic phenotype, these cells may provide a model in which factors
      regulating the expression of neurotransmitter phenotypes can be examined in
      neurons of the developing CNS.

PMID- 2894626
TI  - Quantitative autoradiographic localization of alpha 2-antagonist binding sites in
      rat brain using [3H]idazoxan.
AB  - The distribution of alpha 2-receptors was determined by quantitative
      autoradiography with the antagonist [3H]idazoxan. Apart from regions which are
      known to be enriched in alpha 2-receptors, the highest silver grain densities
      were located over the subfornical organ and the area postrema. However, binding
      in these regions was not displaced by yohimbine and therefore, according to the
      present understanding, cannot be considered to represent alpha 2-receptors.
      Within the cerebellum, alpha 2-receptors were found to be arranged in 3 sagitally
      oriented strips within the molecular layer of lobules 9 and 10, suggesting a co
      incidence with dopamine and substance P receptors in this structure.

PMID- 2894627
TI  - Epileptiform activity induced by alkalosis in rat neocortical slices: block by
      antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate.
AB  - The effects of changing extracellular pH on epileptiform activity induced by the
      removal of magnesium ions from the perfusing medium were studied. The proportion
      of bicarbonate in the artificial cerebrospinal fluid and of CO2 in the gas
      mixture were altered to mimic metabolic and respiratory acid-base disturbances.
      Changes in pH of 0.2 unit from control produced marked effects. Epileptiform
      activity was enhanced by alkalosis and diminished by acidosis. In normal
      magnesium-containing medium metabolic alkalosis (pH greater than 7.8) induced
      spontaneous epileptiform activity that was blocked by selective N-methyl-D
      aspartate antagonists. The relevance of these findings to acid/base changes in
      clinical epilepsy is discussed.

PMID- 2894629
TI  - Diet and maintenance of mental health in the elderly.

PMID- 2894628
TI  - Dynorphin1-17 reduces the inhibitory actions of mu- and delta-selective opioid
      agonists in cortical neurons of the rat in vivo.
AB  - Spontaneous and L-glutamate-evoked neuronal activity was recorded extracellularly
      from neocortical neurons of rats. Opioid agonists with preference for different
      receptor types were applied microiontophoretically or pneumatically from
      multibarrelled micropipettes. Morphine (mu-selective), [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin
      (delta-selective; DADL) and the kappa-selective agonist dynorphin1-17 (DYN 17)
      suppressed spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in a naloxone-reversible
      manner. In a substantial number of neurons the inhibitory effect of DADL and
      morphine was reduced or abolished by DYN 17. This antagonistic action was often
      observed with DYN 17 levels that did not influence the discharge activity by
      itself. The physiological significance of this observation remains to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 2894630
TI  - The Third International Conference on AIDS: risk of AIDS in healthcare workers.

PMID- 2894631
TI  - [A method of plastic surgery of soft tissue defects of the heel and sole regions
      of the foot].

PMID- 2894632
TI  - [Anaerobic infection of bones and joints].

PMID- 2894635
TI  - Styl RFLP recognised by a human IRBP cDNA localised to chromosome 10.

PMID- 2894634
TI  - Xenopus homeobox-containing cDNAs expressed in early development.
AB  - We report the isolation of six different homeobox-containing genes in Xenopus
      laevis which are expressed during early embryogenesis. cDNA clones of all of them
      were partially sequenced including two from previously isolated Xenopus genomic
      loci and found to contain homeodomains which share a high degree of homology with
      the Antennapedia protein (50 to 59 out of 60 amino acids). We find a short region
      of homology (consensus Ile Tyr Pro Trp Met) in four of the cDNAs, which is also
      present in Antennapedia and that may correspond to a bend region preceding the
      homeodomain. Northern blots have been performed to show the transcriptional
      pattern through early frog embryogenesis. Three of the genes are expressed only
      during a very narrow period of embryogenesis, reinforcing the view that homeobox
      genes are developmentally regulated.

PMID- 2894633
TI  - Functional activity of the two promoters of the myosin alkali light chain gene in
      primary muscle cell cultures: comparison with other muscle gene promoters and
      other culture systems.
AB  - Proximal upstream flanking sequences of the mouse myosin alkali light chain gene
      encoding MLC1F and MLC3F, the mouse alpha-cardiac actin gene and the chicken gene
      for the alpha-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor were linked to the bacterial
      chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene and transfected into primary
      cultures derived from mouse skeletal muscle or into myogenic cell lines. We
      demonstrate that the mouse MLC1F/MLC3F gene has two functional promoters. In
      primary muscle cultures, a 1200 bp sequence flanking exon 1 (MLC1F) and a 438 bp
      sequence flanking exon 2 (MLC3F) direct CAT activity in myotubes, but not in
      myoblasts or in non myogenic 3T6 and CV1 cells. Developmentally regulated
      expression is also seen with the alpha-cardiac actin (320 bp) and acetylcholine
      receptor alpha-subunit (850 bp) upstream sequences in the primary culture system.
      Transfection experiments with myogenic cell lines show different results with a
      given promoter construct, reflecting possible differences in the levels of
      regulatory factors between lines. Different muscle gene promoters behave
      differently in a given cell line, suggesting different regulatory factor
      requirements between these promoters.

PMID- 2894636
TI  - D22S15--a fetal brain cDNA with BanII and SacI RFLP.

PMID- 2894637
TI  - A high frequency NcoI RFLP detected in the Alzheimer amyloid peptide gene.

PMID- 2894638
TI  - A DNA probe, D5 [D4S90] mapping to human chromosome 4p16.3.

PMID- 2894639
TI  - An MPO cDNA clone identifies an RFLP with PstI.

PMID- 2894640
TI  - A human single copy DNA probe (ZB6-1) detects multiple polymorphisms on 6q.

PMID- 2894641
TI  - A fragment of the human c-Ki-ras1 pseudogene (HGM9 gene symbol KRAS1P), localized
      to 6p12-p11, detects 3 allele, RFLP.

PMID- 2894642
TI  - [Beta 2 stimulants in the therapy of childhood asthma].
AB  - Bronchial obstruction, chronic or acute, is due to different anatomical and
      functional events, mainly to smooth muscular contraction and oedema and
      secretions. In the first age of life the secretions and thickness of bronchial
      wool are the most important factors due to small bronchial caliber and poor
      muscular component. In the older child the most important cause is determined by
      the reactive spasm of bronchial smooth muscle.

PMID- 2894643
TI  - [Evaluation of the testicular function using the HCG test in normal and
      cryptorchid children].
AB  - The testicular function has been evaluated by a single dose hCG-test in normal
      and cryptorchid prepubertal boys using three different protocols. No remarkable
      difference has been observed using different posologic protocols. Testicular
      function in boys affected by cryptorchidism was similar to the testicular
      function in normal controls. However cryptorchid boys older than 6 years of age
      showed a significant reduction in testicular response to hCG-test in comparison
      to cryptorchid boys younger than 6 years of age.

PMID- 2894644
TI  - Pharmacological activities of the MIF-1 analogues Pro-Leu-Gly, Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly
      and pareptide.
AB  - The pharmacological activities of the related free acid analogues of MIF-1, Pro
      Leu-Gly (PLG) and Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly (YPLG), were investigated because of the
      possibility that they may be formed during the digestion of milk and wheat
      proteins in vivo. The amino acid sequences -Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly- and -Pro-Leu-Gly-
      are present in proteins from these foods. Chronic administration of either PLG
      (0.25 mg/kg, SC, BID) or the control substance, pareptide (0.25 mg/kg, SC, BID),
      antagonized the development of tolerance to the cataleptic effects of haloperidol
      in mice. The effect of YPLG (0.25 mg/kg, SC, BID) on the development of this
      tolerance was borderline and not statistically significant. Nanomolar
      concentrations of PLG, YPLG, and pareptide each increased the in vitro binding of
      3H-apomorphine to rat striatal receptors. In this in vitro system, bell-shaped
      dose response curves were observed for each peptide. The effects of these
      peptides on tolerance development and apomorphine binding are similar to those
      previously reported for MIF-1 and demonstrate that amidation at the carboxyl
      terminus is not required for biological activity.

PMID- 2894645
TI  - Effects of food deprivation and high fat diet on immunoreactive dynorphin A(1-8)
      levels in brain regions of Zucker rats.
AB  - The levels of immunoreactive dynorphin A(1-8) (ir-DYN8) were measured in discrete
      brain regions of lean Zucker rats subjected to food deprivation for 72 hr and to
      a high fat diet, and in fatty Zucker rats after food deprivation for 72 hr. Fatty
      rats showed higher concentrations of ir-DYN8 in the cortex and midbrain, when
      compared to lean rats fed a stock diet ad lib. Food deprivation increased ir-DYN8
      levels in the cortex of lean rats and fatty rats and in the hippocampus of fatty
      rats, but decreased its content in the striatum of lean rats and in the midbrain
      of fatty rats. The high fat diet increased ir-DYN8 levels in the cortex and
      midbrain of lean rats. These results suggest that ir-DYN8 levels in
      extrahypothalamic structures of Zucker rats could be differentially modified
      under conditions of hereditary obesity and dietary manipulations.

PMID- 2894646
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of dynorphin A (1-13) in conscious rats and its modulation
      of morphine bradycardia over time.
AB  - The short-term cardiovascular effects of dynorphin A (1-13), as well as its
      effects upon morphine bradycardia were investigated. In unanesthetized,
      unrestrained rats, intracerebroventricular (ICV) dynorphin A (1-13) injections
      (10-20 micrograms) produced a dose-related pressor effect, whereas intravenous
      (IV) dynorphin A (1-13) (1.0 mg/kg) produced a depressor effect; these responses
      persisted less than five min. Heart rate was not significantly altered by these
      doses or routes of administration. Dynorphin A (1-13) also produced behavioral
      effects in the unanesthetized animals, such as wet dog shakes in response to IV
      administration and wet dog shakes accompanied by barrel rolling in response to
      ICV administration. To evaluate the effects of dynorphin A (1-13) pretreatment on
      the bradycardic response to IV morphine, rats were pretreated with 10 micrograms
      dynorphin A (1-13) ICV four, six or eight hours prior to challenge with morphine
      sulfate (0.1 mg/kg IV). Four hour pretreatment with dynorphin A (1-13) (tested at
      14:00 hr) resulted in a potention of morphine bradycardia, with six hours
      pretreatment (tested at 16:00 hr) no effect was observed, and eight hours
      following dynorphin A (1-13) pretreatment (tested at 18:00 hr) morphine
      bradycardia was attenuated. Additionally, the bradycardic response to IV morphine
      alone became more exaggerated as rats approached their nocturnal activity cycle.
      These data further establish that dynorphin A (1-13) exerts a potent, long
      lasting modulatory effect on morphine bradycardia and emphasize the importance of
      circadian variables in altering the magnitude of cardiovascular responses to
      opioid agonists.

PMID- 2894647
TI  - Isolated deficiency of immunocytochemically detected somatostatin in Snell dwarf,
      but not in "little," mice.
AB  - Immunocytochemical staining of the neuropeptide somatostatin was evaluated in the
      brains of two growth hormone-deficient mouse mutants, Snell dwarf (dw/dw), and
      "little" (lit/lit). In Snell dwarf mice, in which GH is undetectable, an isolated
      somatostatin deficiency was observed in hypothalamic median eminence and in
      anterior periventricular hypothalamic neurons which are afferent to median
      eminence, compared to somatostatin staining in normal mice of the same strain
      (DW/?). Somatostatin staining in all other CNS areas in dwarfs was identical to
      that in normal mice. In contrast, in little mice, which exhibit 5-10% of normal
      GH levels, somatostatin expression was comparable between mutants and normal mice
      (LIT/?) in all CNS areas, including median eminence-afferent neurons in anterior
      periventricular hypothalamus. The results suggest that expression of somatostatin
      in hypophysiotropic CNS is dependent upon minimal pituitary GH secretion.

PMID- 2894648
TI  - Brain peptide reverses effect of morphine on human lymphocytes.
AB  - E-rosette formation by human lymphocytes incubated with sheep red blood cells
      (sRBC) is inhibited by morphine. We studied the ability of the opiate antagonists
      naloxone and Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) to block this action. Active E
      rosette formation by lymphocytes incubated with morphine was reduced from the
      control of 35.7 +/- 1.7% to 23.7 +/- 1.5% (p less than 0.001). Similarly, total E
      rosette formation was reduced by morphine from the control of 65.8 +/- 1.3% to
      53.2 +/- 2.9% (p less than 0.001). These effects were blocked by co-incubation of
      the lymphocytes with either Tyr-MIF-1 or naloxone (p less than 0.05). Tyr-MIF-1
      was active (p less than 0.05) at concentrations as dilute as 10(-13) M. These
      results indicate that the neuropeptide Tyr-MIF-1 exerts an antiopiate effect at
      the human T-lymphocyte.

PMID- 2894649
TI  - Postnatal development of somatostatin levels and its binding sites in rabbit
      gastric mucosa.
AB  - Using a specific radioimmunoassay technique, we have determined somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SLI) in acid extracts of gastric (fundic and antral) mucosa as
      well as the specific binding of 125I-Tyr11-somatostatin to cytosol of the stomach
      of 0 to 150 days postnatal rabbits. The levels of somatostatin in both fundus and
      antrum decreased from birth up to day 5 followed by a sharp increase from 5 to 10
      days, then decreased progressively until day 35. After this age, the somatostatin
      concentration remained relatively stable. The number of specific somatostatin
      binding sites of both high- and low-affinity increased gradually (without changes
      in the affinity values) with the development of rabbits, reaching the adult level
      by 35 days. However, there was an apparent lack of high-affinity sites
      immediately after birth (day 0). The somatostatin binding sites had
      characteristics identical with those found in adult animals with regard to their
      respective specific ligands.

PMID- 2894650
TI  - 17 beta Estradiol-induced increase in brain dopamine D-2 receptor: antagonism by
      MIF-1.
AB  - Animal behavioral and neurochemical studies implicate dopaminergic systems in the
      neurological sequelae induced by estrogen. In the present study, we demonstrated
      for the first time that MIF-1, a neuropeptide unrelated to classical dopamine
      agonists, when given prior to, concurrently with, and after 17 beta-estradiol,
      antagonized significantly the estrogen-induced increase in the density of
      dopamine D-2 receptor both in the striatum and the mesolimbic area of male rat
      brain. The current findings have implications for the prophylactic and
      therapeutic potential for MIF-1 in extrapyramidal motor disorders caused by
      estrogen imbalance in humans.

PMID- 2894652
TI  - A quarter-century of beta blockade. Lessons from the past, an eye toward the
      future.

PMID- 2894653
TI  - Treatment of cardiac myopathies with beta blockers. What do we know, where do we
      go from here?
AB  - The increase in sympathetic nervous system activity noted in heart failure of
      several etiologies has beneficial effects in the short term; in the long term,
      though, it may be detrimental. This provides a rationale for use of beta-blocker
      therapy in patients with cardiac myopathies of various etiologies. Postinfarction
      trials in patients with ischemic heart disease have suggested that beta blockade
      provides a substantial mortality benefit, and beta blockers are accepted as first
      line therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The use of beta-blocking drugs for
      dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), however, is currently investigational. Early trials
      reporting benefits in functional class, exercise capacity, and myocardial
      function stimulated further interest in this application of beta blockade. Recent
      studies comparing metoprolol with placebo or standard treatment have shown
      promising improvements in functional class and exercise capacity. The patients
      who will benefit most from beta-blocker therapy in DCM may be those with a high
      resting heart rate and a short duration of symptoms and, perhaps, feminine
      gender. Marked structural abnormality on cardiac biopsy (eg, fibrosis) may
      suggest a poor response to treatment. A multicenter controlled study of
      metoprolol in dilated cardiomyopathy is in progress. If the outcome is favorable,
      beta-blocker therapy in DCM may become an accepted, rather than an experimental,
      treatment.

PMID- 2894651
TI  - Histologic changes in the rat prostate cancer model after treatment with
      somatostatin analogs and D-Trp-6-LH-RH.
AB  - Histopathologic changes produced during the treatment of Dunning R3327 prostate
      cancer with new superactive somatostatin analogs (RC-121 and RC-160) and D-Trp-6
      analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (D-Trp-6-LH-RH) were
      studied. A significant reduction of the tumor weight could be observed in all
      treated groups, but the greatest decrease in the tumor volume was seen in the
      groups receiving the combination of the somatostatin analog and D-Trp-6-LH-RH.
      Histologically, the treatments resulted in a loss of the tumorous glandular
      elements and the proliferation of the stromal cells. In the tumors treated with
      somatostatin analogs, the amount of connective tissue was greatly increased and
      was accompanied by the appearance of thick collagenous fibers. In the D-Trp-6-LH
      RH treated groups, regressive changes in the epithelium were seen in addition to
      the proliferation of connective tissue. The greatest histologic improvement was
      observed in the group treated with the combination of RC-160 and D-Trp-6-LH-RH.
      This histopathologic evaluation clearly supports our contention that superactive
      analogs of somatostatin greatly potentiate the inhibitory effect of D-Trp-6-LH-RH
      on the growth of Dunning prostate tumors and may improve the clinical response in
      patients with prostate cancer.

PMID- 2894654
TI  - Management of arrhythmias in ischemic heart disease. The role of beta blockers.
AB  - Ventricular arrhythmias can lead to sudden cardiac death (SCD), and they can be
      classified according to the risk they present. Lethal ventricular arrhythmias,
      the least common, present the highest risk for SCD and usually manifest as
      paroxysmal sustained ventricular tachycardia. Most of the patients have serious
      left ventricular dysfunction and important hemodynamic symptoms, which must be
      treated immediately. Potentially lethal arrhythmias are much more common,
      accounting for most SCD cases. The patients generally have coronary artery
      disease, and the ventricular arrhythmias usually do not cause hemodynamic
      symptoms. Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and nonsustained ventricular
      tachycardia are the usual forms. PVCs are classified as benign in the absence of
      coronary artery disease, structural heart disorders, and hemodynamic symptoms,
      and in these cases the risk for SCD is low. Beta blockers have been shown to
      reduce the SCD rate, and although the precise mechanism is unknown, the effect
      may be in part on an antiarrhythmic basis. Like the class IA and IB
      antiarrhythmic agents (the Vaughan Williams classification), beta blockers are
      effective in about 50% of patients with either potentially lethal or benign
      ventricular arrhythmias. However, compared with such agents, beta blockers have a
      more favorable side effects profile.

PMID- 2894655
TI  - CNS adrenergic receptors and beta blockade.
AB  - The changes in noradrenergic and adrenergic activity that regulate beta
      adrenergic receptors in the CNS have been assessed by lesion studies as well as
      by pharmacologic enhancement and inhibition of transmission. Beta-adrenergic
      receptor subtypes are differentially distributed throughout the CNS and are
      probably differentially regulated. An effect of normal aging on beta receptors
      has been found in studies of both animal and human brain tissue. Preliminary
      studies relating to neuropsychiatric disorders in humans and animal studies on
      the action of antidepressants suggest that CNS beta receptors may play a critical
      role in affective disorders and their treatment. This may explain why beta
      blocker medication is associated with side effects such as depression and
      lethargy, which are generally reversible when selective hydrophilic beta blockers
      are used or when the therapy is withdrawn.

PMID- 2894656
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Evidence of hyperadrenergic state.
AB  - Although mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvular abnormality, its
      diagnostic classification has not been well defined. MVP is considered to be an
      anatomic entity with specific pathologic tissue characteristics and
      pathophysiologic consequences. The term "MVP syndrome" (MVPS) is used to refer to
      symptoms due to neuroendocrine or autonomic dysfunction that occur in patients
      with MVP and that cannot be explained on the basis of valvular abnormality alone.
      Several studies have shown that patients with MVPS have high urinary epinephrine
      and norepinephrine excretion, high plasma catecholamine concentrations, abnormal
      catecholamine response to volume expansion, and hyperresponse to adrenergic
      stimulation. In patients with MVPS and ventricular arrhythmias, the frequency of
      premature ventricular contractions parallels the urinary and plasma catecholamine
      values. The clinical presentation of MVPS may be related in part to high
      adrenergic tone and/or hyperresponse to adrenergic stimulation. Therefore,
      certain patients with MVPS and high adrenergic tone may benefit from beta
      blockade.

PMID- 2894657
TI  - Can aggressive behavior in humans be modified by beta blockers?
AB  - Persistent aggressive behavior may develop in patients with brain disorders of
      various types, including seizure disorders, mental retardation, metabolic
      disorders, head injury, and in some instances schizophrenia. Although a
      neurochemical basis for aggression in these cases is unclear, a hyperadrenergic
      state is considered to be one possibility. This has led to the hypothesis that
      beta blockers may be useful in the control of aggression. The original assumption
      was that the site of antiaggressive action of beta blockers is in the brain.
      However, the antiaggressive efficacy of nadolol, which does not cross the blood
      brain barrier to any great extent, suggests a peripheral site or sites. A review
      of several studies in which both old and young aggressive patients with various
      organic brain disorders received propranolol showed that aggressive behavior was
      reduced in 75 (86%) of 87. These results are encouraging because none of the
      patients had responded to earlier drug treatment. However, with the exception of
      one study of nine patients, none of the studies were controlled for placebo
      effects and most were retrospective. Preliminary results suggest tentative
      guidelines for treatment of aggressive behavior with beta blockers. Further
      studies are needed, and these should use a prospective, longitudinal double-blind
      design; large enough patient samples to permit testing hypotheses about disease
      specific or symptom-specific responses to beta blockers; and improved instruments
      for measuring and classifying aggression.

PMID- 2894658
TI  - The role of beta blockers in alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that beta blockers might be useful in the
      treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. A randomized, double-blind clinical
      trial was therefore conducted to compare results with atenolol versus those with
      placebo in patients hospitalized with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In addition to
      receiving customary therapy, patients were randomly assigned to receive atenolol
      (61 patients) or placebo (59 patients). Outcome was assessed daily by the
      measurement of nine features in three categories: vital signs, clinical signs
      (eg, tremor), and behavioral signs (eg, agitation). Among patients who had
      withdrawal symptoms at baseline, vital signs became normal more rapidly in the
      patients receiving atenolol; abnormal behavior and clinical characteristics also
      resolved more rapidly. On each treatment day, significantly fewer patients
      receiving atenolol required concomitant oxazepam therapy for agitation. Patients
      receiving placebo, however, required a significantly higher mean daily dose of
      oxazepam. The results indicate that atenolol is helpful in the treatment of
      patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2894659
TI  - The beta-adrenergic receptor. Configuration, regulation, mechanism of action.
AB  - Much has been learned in the 25 years since a beta-blocking drug was first
      administered to humans. The beta-adrenergic receptor has been divided into two
      general subtypes, and these have been purified to homogeneity. The beta 2
      receptor gene has been cloned, and the primary structure of the beta 2 receptor
      has been deduced. Additionally, important details of the receptor-adenylate
      cyclase complex have been elucidated. Another general category of information
      relates to the unique features of the myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor
      population. These include (1) a relatively high proportion of beta 2 receptors
      and coupling of these receptors to muscle contraction; (2) the apparent lack of
      spare receptors; (3) selective down-regulation of the beta 1-receptor population
      in heart failure, with preservation of the beta 2 and alpha 1 populations; and
      (4) mediation of the most powerful inotropic stimulus that can be delivered by a
      receptor-coupled pathway. In the next 25 years, investigations will emphasize the
      use of molecular biologic techniques to discover crucial information about the
      control of beta-receptor structure and function. From this research will come
      both new pharmacologic agents and new applications of currently available agents.

PMID- 2894660
TI  - Beta-adrenergic mechanisms during severe myocardial ischemia and evolving
      infarction.
AB  - Severe myocardial ischemia and infarction cause release of catecholamines, with
      exposure of injured myocardial cells to relatively high concentrations during the
      transitional period in which myocyte injury worsens. In experimental animals, the
      number of beta-adrenergic receptors increases markedly without any change in
      affinity within one hour of coronary artery occlusion, and the number of alpha
      adrenergic receptors also increases. Stimulation by exogenous cate-cholamines
      during a period of reperfusion one hour after temporary coronary occlusion is
      associated with an enhanced biochemical response in the ischemic myocardium.
      Administration of beta-adrenergic blockers prior to or within a few minutes after
      occlusion limits the extent of myocardial necrosis. In clinical studies,
      administration of propranolol, timolol, or metoprolol has been shown to
      significantly reduce the mortality rate after myocardial infarction (MI).
      Administration of timolol or metoprolol also reduces the frequency of recurrent
      MI. Beta-adrenergic blockers may prolong life and reduce the risk for recurrent
      MI by antagonizing and/or preventing basic biologic alterations in injured
      myocytes and/or by antagonizing detrimental effects of the relatively high
      concentrations of catecholamines to which these cells are exposed. Increased
      number of beta-adrenergic receptors, the ability to translate adrenergic
      stimulation into intracellular metabolic events, and increased local
      concentrations of catecholamines may be important factors in arrhythmogenesis and
      myocyte injury during severe myocardial ischemia and evolving MI.

PMID- 2894661
TI  - Management of hypertension. What is the role of beta blockers?
AB  - The 1984 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and
      Treatment of Hypertension for the first time recommended beta blockers as an
      alternative to diuretics for step 1 of stepped-care treatment. Numerous studies
      have shown that beta blockers are as effective as diuretics for monotherapy in
      patients with mild hypertension. They are the only antihypertensive drugs that
      have been shown to be cardioprotective following a myocardial infarction. Beta
      blockers are especially indicated for step 1 therapy in young patients
      (particularly those with evidence of hyperkinetic circulation), in patients who
      have had a myocardial infarction, and in patients with angina, migraine, or
      hereditary tremor because they are helpful in treating these conditions as well
      as in managing hypertension. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium
      channel blockers are challenging beta blockers and diuretics as the drugs of
      choice for initial therapy of hypertension in selected patients. Time will
      ultimately determine the relative roles of each as step 1 therapy.

PMID- 2894662
TI  - Myocardial cellular alterations during myocardial ischemia and evolving
      infarction.
AB  - Primary decreases in oxygen delivery to the myocardium associated with important
      reductions in coronary blood flow are the main mechanism of myocardial necrosis.
      Endothelial injury at sites of coronary artery stenosis, platelet attachment, and
      release of humoral mediators, including thromboxane A2 and serotonin, may be
      major causes of primary reductions in coronary blood flow leading to unstable
      angina and acute myocardial infarction (MI). Findings of clinical studies are
      consistent with the hypothesis that platelet aggregation and subsequent increases
      in thromboxane and serotonin concentrations may play a role in causing acute MI,
      death, or both in patients with unstable angina. Animal studies suggest that both
      thromboxane and serotonin are important in initiating or sustaining the cyclic
      coronary blood flow reductions that occur after severe stenosis and endothelial
      injury. If the contribution from either of these humoral mediators is eliminated
      or antagonized, cyclic flow reductions are usually terminated. Beta blocker
      and/or thrombolytic therapy administered within the first two hours after onset
      of coronary artery occlusion may limit infarct size and improve segmental
      ventricular function. When given within six hours of symptoms of MI, thrombolytic
      therapy may reduce mortality.

PMID- 2894663
TI  - Silent myocardial ischemia. Rationale for management.
AB  - Recent studies show that in many coronary artery disease patients with any form
      of angina, myocardial infarction, or positive exercise tests but no symptoms,
      most of the ischemic episodes are silent. Furthermore, evidence is building to
      suggest that in many patient groups, silent ischemia relates to prognosis.
      Numerous therapies, including nitroglycerin or isosorbide dinitrate, have been
      shown to modify silent ischemia and its associated risks. Studies indicate that
      frequency and perhaps duration of silent ischemic episodes can be modified by
      treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers or calcium antagonists alone or, even
      more effectively, with a combination of both types of agent. Many ischemic
      episodes persist, however, when therapy is directed only at reduction of angina.
      Evidence suggests that some characteristics of silent ischemia predict prognosis,
      whereas angina characteristics do not. Until additional data about prognosis and
      the influence of treatment on prognosis are available, the appropriate focus
      seems to be improvement of outcome in those patients who are at highest risk,
      rather than only reduction of chest pain.

PMID- 2894664
TI  - Beta-blockage therapy and cardiovascular disease. Past, present, and future.
AB  - The concept of two patterns of catecholamine activity was first described at the
      turn of the century by Langely and Dale. In the late 1940s, Ahlquist
      conceptualized the alpha- and beta-blocking actions of catecholamines. Sir James
      Black's research in the 1950s led to the introduction of pronethalol and then of
      propranolol into the therapeutics of angina and arrhythmias. Early beta-receptor
      blocking compounds were noted not only to be competitive inhibitors of the beta
      receptor but to have a direct depressant, membrane-stabilizing action. Later
      compounds, such as pindolol, were noted to have partial agonist activity.
      Practolol, metoprolol, atenolol, and similar "cardioselective", or beta
      selective, drugs were subsequently described. Agents that combine beta blockade
      with alpha blockade or vasodilator action have been developed recently. There are
      various therapeutically advantageous pharmacodynamic differences among the beta
      blocking drugs, such as less effect of beta 1-selective drugs on bronchial smooth
      muscle. Lipid solubility, systemic bioavailability, first-pass liver metabolism,
      renal excretion, and brain penetration are pharmacokinetic properties that
      further distinguish one agent from another. After the initial predicted
      therapeutic uses, beta-blocking drugs were used in hypertension and subsequently
      have been applied in a wide range of cardiovascular conditions. Recent work
      clearly demonstrating a cardioprotective effect in the post-myocardial infarction
      period is a major reason that use of the agents is likely to remain high.

PMID- 2894665
TI  - The secondary prevention trials. Lessons learned, questions raised.
AB  - In clinical trials to date, only two types of treatment have been shown to have a
      positive effect on survival in patients after acute myocardial infarction: beta
      blockers in acute-phase as well as long-term therapy and thrombolytic agents
      administered within three to four hours of the onset of symptoms. The favorable
      trial results from these interventions have raised new questions of scientific
      and clinical significance. What is the mechanism of the favorable action? Do all
      patients stand to benefit from treatment? What is the optimal time for initiation
      of treatment? How long is the treatment beneficial? What are the risks and costs?
      What is the public health impact of widespread use of these interventions?

PMID- 2894666
TI  - Early intravenous beta blockade in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - In the critical period during which ischemia progresses to infarction, beta
      blocking drugs are known to reduce oxygen demand and prevalence of arrhythmia. To
      investigate whether this treatment confers clinical benefits, 28 trials have been
      conducted involving some 27,500 patients during the early hours after onset of
      symptoms suggesting acute myocardial infarction (MI). Patients were randomized to
      receive either initial intravenous beta blocker plus oral maintenance or standard
      therapy. In toto, these trials indicated that early-intervention short-term beta
      blocker treatment reduces: (1) the risk for early death, reinfarction, and
      ventricular fibrillation by about 15%; (2) enzymatic indices of infarct size; (3)
      the number of patients with threatened MI in whom a confirmed MI develops; and
      (4) the frequency of repetitive and nonrepetitive ventricular arrhythmias.
      Overall, the treated group had few major side effects other than a small excess
      of reversible and nonfatal heart block and hypotension. Retrospective analyses
      suggest (but do not prove) that the reduction in mortality is greatest for those
      treated within two hours of pain and during the first two days. These results
      indicate that early initial administration of intravenous beta blocker plus one
      week's oral beta-blocker treatment produces modest benefits that would presumably
      be of major public health importance if such treatment were widely used.

PMID- 2894667
TI  - Modulation of functional capacity and survival in congestive heart failure.
      Effects of activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
AB  - Although the sympathetic nervous system is markedly activated in most patients
      with congestive heart failure, it is not clear whether such activity is
      clinically beneficial (and should be reinforced) or detrimental (and should be
      pharmacologically blocked). Some insights pertinent to this important question
      can be gained by reviewing the results of clinical trials with beta agonists and
      antagonists. Neither beta 1-selective (prenalterol) nor beta 2-selective
      (pirbuterol) agonists have been shown to be effective in treating heart failure
      in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies; moreover, research has indicated
      that prolonged stimulation of beta receptors with oral or intravenous
      catecholamines may adversely affect survival. In contrast, sustained therapy with
      drugs that attenuate the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (by blocking
      either tyrosine hydroxylase or beta-adrenergic receptors) may produce hemodynamic
      and clinical improvement and may favorably affect long-term prognosis. These
      potential benefits of beta-adrenergic blockade contrast strikingly with the lack
      of efficacy (with respect to clinical status and survival) of agents that block
      alpha-adrenergic receptors. Beta-adrenergic blockade carries important risks in
      the patient with heart failure, however. The risk-to-benefit ratio cannot be
      delineated accurately until the outcome of additional randomized clinical trials
      is known.

PMID- 2894668
TI  - [Churg-Strauss syndrome].

PMID- 2894669
TI  - [Advancing acromegaly with low growth hormone levels. Influence of an analog of
      somatostatin administered in continuous subcutaneous infusion].

PMID- 2894670
TI  - [Osteocalcin: an index of development of acromegaly?].

PMID- 2894671
TI  - [Myorelaxant cutaneous tests].

PMID- 2894672
TI  - Neurochemical effects of cyclopiazonic acid in chickens.
AB  - Chickens dosed (per os) with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) at 0.5, 5.0, and 10 mg/kg
      body weight showed significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increases in brain
      dopamine and serotonin concentrations 96 hr after dosing. The increases coincide
      with significant decreases in homovanillic acid and subtle increases of
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. The
      elevated dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations
      may be related to the elevated concentrations of dopamine and serotonin,
      respectively. The observed changes in neurotransmitter/metabolite concentrations
      96 hr after dosing parallel elimination of CPA from the birds skeletal muscles;
      however, they do not correlate with the significant weight losses in these birds
      at 48 and 96 hr after dosing. The brain weights of the treated birds were
      statistically insignificant from their respective controls, although increases in
      brain weight-body weight ratio within treatments and with time correlated with
      CPA toxicity. No significant changes were observed in dopamine,
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin, and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations among the treatments at 3, 24, and/or 48
      hr after dosing.

PMID- 2894673
TI  - Beta receptors and resistance to phosphaturic effect of PTH in respiratory
      alkalosis.

PMID- 2894674
TI  - Effect of dermorphin on body temperature in rats.
AB  - The effect of dermorphin on regulation of body temperature was studied in the rat
      under extreme and thermoneutral environmental temperatures and in different
      nutritional states. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of dermorphin at
      dose levels of 10, 50, 100 ng/rat produced hypothermia in animals placed in cold
      temperatures (-10 degrees C and +4 degrees C) and hyperthermia at ambient (+22
      degrees C) and higher temperatures (+34 degrees C). These data emphasize the
      importance of using a wide range of environmental temperatures in studying drug
      effects on thermoregulation. To determine whether the effect of dermorphin on
      body temperature was related to the nutritional state of the animal, as observed
      with other neuropeptides (i.e., bombesin, litorin), the thermoregulatory response
      was followed in fed and fasted rats. The same results were obtained in both
      experimental groups. In all cases, dermorphin change in body temperature was
      mediated via an action on typical opioid receptors since it was completely
      prevented by pretreatment with naloxone.

PMID- 2894675
TI  - Behavioral responses to psychomotor stimulant drugs: localization in the central
      nervous system.

PMID- 2894676
TI  - Dependence as a limiting factor in the clinical use of minor tranquillizers.
AB  - The recognition that all minor tranquillizers carry the risk of dependence has
      had a significant impact in their prescription over the years. But it has only
      recently had the same impact on the prescribing of benzodiazepines because their
      dependence risks were not recognized until late. Approximately one third of all
      patients prescribed a benzodiazepine regularly for six weeks or longer will
      experience withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn suddenly after this time.
      Even if the drug is withdrawn gradually withdrawal symptoms may still lead to
      demands for further prescription. The major change in prescribing has been
      towards shorter and intermittent treatment so that tolerance is reduced and
      withdrawal symptoms avoided. This is appropriate for acute anxiety reactions but
      more difficult for longer term anxious and depressive neurotic disorders, which
      have a much longer natural history. Continuing evidence that other drugs not
      specifically marketed for the relief of anxiety, particularly the
      antidepressants, are effective in relieving this anxiety has led to increased
      prescription of antidepressants. Some patients may also be helped by treatment
      with beta-blocking drugs and new agents such as buspirone which have no
      significant dependence potential. There has also been a move away from drug
      treatment to psychological treatments for anxiety as a consequence of concern
      over dependence. For some conditions, particularly medical ones such as
      spasticity and epilepsy, benzodiazepines may be considered for long-term
      treatment. They may also be regarded as necessary for more severe psychiatric
      disorders, usually as an adjunct to other therapy. In such instances the
      dependence risk is acknowledged but the benefits of treatment are considered to
      outweigh them. There may also be patients who are dependent on benzodiazepines
      but the alternative of withdrawing the drug may lead to dependence on a more
      dangerous drug such as alcohol. In such cases it is reasonable to regard
      continued prescription of the benzodiazepine as the least dangerous course of
      action. It is important to maintain a perspective of dependence on minor
      tranquillizers, particularly as attitudes are in danger of being distorted by
      excessive media attention. To date there is no evidence that dependence on
      benzodiazepines leads to any dangerous long term sequelae although there is
      concern over their effects on higher cognitive function. Nevertheless, the
      dangers of barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine are so much greater that it would
      be unfortunate if public concern led to excessive restrictions on the use of
      benzodiazepines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2894677
TI  - Prokaryotic DNA replication mechanisms.
AB  - The three different prokaryotic replication systems that have been most
      extensively studied use the same basic components for moving a DNA replication
      fork, even though the individual proteins are different and lack extensive amino
      acid sequence homology. In the T4 bacteriophage system, the components of the DNA
      replication complex can be grouped into functional classes as follows: DNA
      polymerase (gene 43 protein), helix-destabilizing protein (gene 32 protein),
      polymerase accessory proteins (gene 44/62 and 45 proteins), and primosome
      proteins (gene 41 DNA helicase and gene 61 RNA primase). DNA synthesis in the in
      vitro system starts by covalent addition onto the 3'OH end at a random nick on a
      double-stranded DNA template and proceeds to generate a replication fork that
      moves at about the in vivo rate, and with approximately the in vivo base-pairing
      fidelity. DNA is synthesized at the fork in a continuous fashion on the leading
      strand and in a discontinuous fashion on the lagging strand (generating short
      Okazaki fragments with 5'-linked pppApCpXpYpZ pentaribonucleotide primers).
      Kinetic studies reveal that the DNA polymerase molecule on the lagging strand
      stays associated with the fork as it moves. Therefore the DNA template on the
      lagging strand must be folded so that the stop site for the synthesis of one
      Okazaki fragment is adjacent to the start site for the next such fragment,
      allowing the polymerase and other replication proteins on the lagging strand to
      recycle.

PMID- 2894678
TI  - Eukaryotic chromosome replication.

PMID- 2894679
TI  - Mammalian DNA polymerase alpha: a replication-competent holoenzyme form from calf
      thymus.
AB  - Calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha, like the replication-specific DNA polymerase
      III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli, can be isolated as a distinct complex. A
      specific multiprotein form of the polymerase alpha, a form designated replication
      competent (RC) holoenzyme, consists of a complex of a polymerase-primase core and
      at least six other polypeptides. The RC holoenzyme can efficiently replicate
      several naturally occurring templates, including the genomic DNA of the porcine
      circovirus (PCV). The DNA of this virion consists of a single-stranded circle
      with a defined replication origin, and its replication requires the cellular DNA
      replication machinery. It might therefore provide an invaluable opportunity to
      investigate chromosomal replication mechanisms, analogous to the way that studies
      on E. coli bacteriophage DNA replication elucidated host DNA replication
      mechanisms. Calf RC holoenzyme alpha selectively initiates PCV DNA replication in
      vitro at a site that possibly represents a consensus sequence of cellular DNA
      replication origins. The cell-free PCV replication system will be exploited for
      the in vitro dissection and reconstitution of the RC holoenzyme and the
      functional analysis of its component polypeptides.

PMID- 2894680
TI  - Replication of adenovirus and SV40 chromosomes in vitro.
AB  - As an approach to studying the mechanisms involved in the replication of
      eukaryotic chromosomes, we have developed and characterized cell-free replication
      systems for the animal viruses, adenovirus and SV40. In this report we summarize
      recent work on the proteins required for the initiation of DNA synthesis in these
      two systems. The adenovirus origin of DNA replication was shown to consist of
      three functionally distinct sequence domains. Cellular proteins that specifically
      recognize each of these domains were purified and characterized. Initiation of
      adenovirus DNA replication was reconstituted from two virus-encoded and three
      cell-encoded factors. The SV40 origin of replication consists of a 65 base pair
      DNA segment that contains a high affinity binding site for the viral initiation
      protein T antigen. Evidence is presented that the first step in initiation of
      SV40 DNA replication involves the specific binding of T antigen to the origin,
      followed by the local unwinding of the two strands of the template. The unwinding
      reaction is specific for DNA templates containing the SV40 origin and requires
      ATP hydrolysis. In addition to T antigen, efficient unwinding requires a cellular
      factor(s) that can be replaced by the single-stranded DNA binding protein of
      Escherichia coli. These results indicate that the recently discovered helicase
      activity of T antigen plays a central role in initiation of viral DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2894681
TI  - In vitro replication of DNA containing either the SV40 or the polyoma origin.
AB  - The replication of DNA containing either the polyoma or SV40 origin has been done
      in vitro. Each system requires its cognate large-tumour antigen (T antigen) and
      extracts from cells that support its replication in vivo. The host-cell source of
      DNA polymerase alpha - primase complex plays an important role in discriminating
      between polyoma T antigen and SV40 T antigen-dependent replication of their
      homologous DNA. The SV40 origin- and T antigen-dependent DNA replication has been
      reconstituted in vitro with purified protein components isolated from HeLa cells.
      In addition to SV40 T antigen, HeLa DNA polymerase alpha - primase complex,
      eukaryotic topoisomerase I and a single-strand DNA binding protein from HeLa
      cells are required. The latter activity, isolated solely by its ability to
      support SV40 DNA replication, sediments and copurifies with two major protein
      species of 72 and 76 kDa. Although crude fractions yielded closed circular
      monomer products, the purified system does not. However, the addition of crude
      fractions to the purified system resulted in the formation of replicative form I
      (RFI) products. We have separated the replication reaction with purified
      components into multiple steps. In an early step, T antigen in conjunction with a
      eukaryotic topoisomerase (or DNA gyrase) and a DNA binding protein, catalyses the
      conversion of a circular duplex DNA molecule containing the SV40 origin to a
      highly underwound covalently closed circle. This reaction requires the action of
      a helicase activity and the SV40 T antigen preparation contains such an activity.
      The T antigen associated ability to unwind DNA copurified with other activities
      intrinsic to T antigen (ability to support replication of SV40 DNA containing the
      SV40 origin, poly dT-stimulated ATPase activity and DNA helicase).

PMID- 2894682
TI  - Nuclear gene products that function in mitochondrial DNA replication.
AB  - Mammalian mitochondrial DNAs replicate unidirectionally from two distinct strand
      specific origins. A round of replication begins at the heavy-strand origin (the D
      loop) where transcripts from an upstream promoter serve as the primers for DNA
      synthesis. The transition from RNA to DNA synthesis occurs within short,
      conserved nucleotide sequence blocks and is mediated by specific endonucleolytic
      cleavage of the primary transcript. An enzymic component involved in the
      generation of primer RNA in mouse mitochondria has been identified. It is a
      sequence-specific endoribonuclease that cleaves single-stranded RNA substrate
      precisely at one of the transition sites. The other origin, that for light-strand
      synthesis, is located well apart on the genome and functions only when in a
      single-stranded template form. This origin has a defined secondary structure that
      is the most highly conserved sequence element in mammalian mitochondrial DNAs.
      Initiation of replication at this origin is by the action of a mitochondrial DNA
      primase, which is capable of synthesizing a short stretch of ribonucleotides
      before switching to DNA synthesis. Mitochondrial DNA primase appears to have an
      associated RNA species and the evidence to date suggests that components of both
      the D-loop endoribonuclease and the DNA primase are nuclear gene products.

PMID- 2894683
TI  - Chromosome replication in cell-free systems from Xenopus eggs.
AB  - Cell-free systems from eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis are able to perform most
      of the acts of eukaryotic chromosome replication in vitro. This now includes the
      crucial regulatory step of initiation, which had only been achieved for viral
      systems previously. Purified DNA or nuclei are able to initiate and complete semi
      conservation replication in egg extracts in vitro (Blow & Laskey, Cell 47, 557
      587 (1986). Replication does not require specialized DNA sequences either in
      vitro or in microinjected eggs, but in both systems large templates replicate
      more efficiently than small templates. In some cases replication can re-initiate,
      excluding the possibility that replication is primed by preexisting primers in
      the template preparations. When nuclei are replicated in vitro, only one round of
      replication is observed in a single incubation resembling the single round of
      replication observed for purified DNA after micro-injection. The mechanism that
      prevents re-initiation of replication within a single cell cycle is discussed and
      certain models are eliminated. Nucleosome assembly from histones and DNA has also
      been studied in cell-free systems from Xenopus eggs. Fractionation has led to the
      identification of two acidic proteins called nucleoplasmin and N1, which bind
      histones and transfer them to DNA. The sequences of both proteins have been
      determined by cDNA cloning and sequencing. Both proteins are found as complexes
      with histones in eggs.

PMID- 2894684
TI  - Identification of multiple cellular factors required for SV40 replication in
      vitro.
AB  - The replication of simian virus 40 has been studied by using cell-free extracts
      derived from human 293 cells. Fractionation of this extract has led to the
      identification of three fractions that are required for efficient DNA synthesis.
      Initial fractionation of the crude extract by phosphocellulose chromatography has
      produced two fractions, I and II, neither of which is able to support replication
      separately, but when they are combined, efficient synthesis is restored. Both
      fractions are required, with SV40 T antigen, for the formation of a presynthesis
      complex at the SV40 origin. The major replication enzymes, DNA polymerase, DNA
      primase and the topoisomerases I and II all reside in fraction II. Fraction I has
      been subdivided into two subfractions (A and B) by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.
      Fraction A is essential for replication and is required for presynthesis complex
      formation. Fraction B stimulates DNA replication and is only required at the
      elongation stage. This multicomponent system has provided the foundation for
      identification of individual components that are required for DNA replication in
      vitro.

PMID- 2894685
TI  - Control over the onset of DNA synthesis in fission yeast.
AB  - The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been used to identify gene
      functions required for the cell to become committed to the mitotic cell cycle and
      to initiate the processes leading to chromosome replication in S-phase. Two gene
      functions cdc2 and cdc10 must be executed for the cell to traverse 'start' and
      proceed from G1 into S-phase. Before the completion of these two functions the
      cell is in an uncommitted state and can undergo alternative developmental fates
      such as conjugation. A third gene, suc1, has also been identified whose product
      may interact directly with that of cdc2 at 'start'. The molecular functions of
      the genes involved in the completion of 'start' have been investigated. The cdc2
      gene has been shown to be a protein kinase, suggesting that phosphorylation may
      be involved in the control over the transition from G1 into S-phase. The
      biochemical functions of the cdc10 and suc1 gene products have not yet been
      elucidated. A control at 'start' has also been shown to exist in the budding
      yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Traverse of 'start' requires the execution of the
      CDC28 gene function. The cdc2 and CDC28 gene products (lower-case letters
      represent genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and capital letters genes of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are functionally homologous, suggesting that the
      processes involved in traverse of 'start' are highly conserved. An analogous
      control may also exist in the G1 period of mammalian cells, suggesting that the
      'start' control step, after which cells become committed to the mitotic cell
      cycle, may have been conserved through evolution.

PMID- 2894686
TI  - Initiation of DNA replication in yeast chromosomes.
AB  - A family of DNA fragments from the yeast genome has properties that suggest that
      chromosome replication starts at specific DNA sequences. These elements
      (autonomously replicating sequences: ARS) have a bipartite structure: a small
      (less than 20 base pairs) AT-rich region essential for function, flanked by
      larger regions important for maximal activity of the replicator. In an attempt to
      identify proteins involved in initiation of replication, yeast mutants that show
      an enhanced ability to replicate minichromosomes with defective ARSS have been
      isolated.

PMID- 2894687
TI  - Inositol lipids and DNA replication.
AB  - Control of DNA synthesis by growth factors seems to depend upon the generation of
      intracellular mitogenic signals, which are responsible for initiating the
      sequence of events leading to the onset of DNA synthesis. Many growth factors
      have tyrosine kinase activity suggesting the proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine
      might be likely candidates as intracellular signals. Other candidates are the
      calcium and hydrogen ions whose concentrations change dramatically during the
      action of most growth factors, many of which also stimulate the hydrolysis of
      inositol lipids. In particular, certain growth factors stimulate the hydrolysis
      of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to give the two second messengers
      diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins1,4,5P3). The former
      stimulates protein kinase C, which is responsible for increasing intracellular pH
      by switching on an Na+-H+ exchanger. The water-soluble Ins1,4,5P3 released to the
      cytosol can be metabolized along two separate pathways: it can either be
      dephosphorylated to free inositol or it can be converted into additional inositol
      polyphosphates such as Ins1,3,4,5P4 and Ins1,3,4P3. These inositol phosphates
      seem to play a key role in regulating intracellular calcium, with Ins1,4,5P3
      functioning to release internal calcium, whereas Ins1,3,4,5P4 may function to
      regulate the entry of external calcium. There is evidence to suggest that these
      internal messengers may converge on certain key processes responsible for
      initiating the programme of cell growth. It is argued that an increase in
      intracellular calcium might be an important intracellular signal for activating
      both the transcription of a family of early genes, typified by fos, as well as
      the enzyme S6 kinase, which phosphorylates the ribosomal protein S6 which may
      regulate protein synthesis. The increase in pH seems to play a permissive role
      and may create the necessary ionic milieu for S6 phosphorylation and protein
      synthesis to occur. The onset of RNA and protein synthesis, which occur within
      the first few minutes after the arrival of a growth factor, represent the initial
      events of the programme of cell growth which culminates in DNA synthesis and cell
      division.

PMID- 2894688
TI  - The bending of DNA in nucleosomes and its wider implications.
AB  - The DNA of a nucleosome core particle is wrapped tightly around a histone octamer
      with approximately 80 base pairs per superhelical turn. Studies of both naturally
      occurring and reconstituted systems have shown that DNA sequences very often
      adopt well-defined locations with respect to the octamer. Recent work in this
      laboratory has provided a structural explanation for this sequence-dependent
      positioning in terms of the differential flexibility of different sequences and
      of departures from smooth bending. The 'rules' that are emerging for DNA
      bendability and, from the results of other workers, on intrinsically bent DNA,
      are likely to be useful in considering looping and bending of DNA in other
      processes in which it is thought to be wrapped around a protein core.

PMID- 2894689
TI  - Relation of chromosome structure and gene expression.
AB  - We have been able to map specific DNA fragments at the bases of chromatin loops
      with the help of a novel extraction procedure by using lithium-3',5'
      diiodosalicylate. One such scaffold-attached region (SAR) is found in the non
      transcribed spacer in each repeat of the histone gene cluster, on a 657 base pair
      (b.p.) restriction fragment. Exonuclease III digestion has localized two protein
      binding domains on the SAR of the histone cluster. Each covers approximately 200
      b.p. and they are separated by a nuclease-accessible region of about 100 b.p.
      These domains are rich in sequences closely related to the topoisomerase II
      cleavage consensus. We have studied the scaffold association of three
      developmentally regulated genes of Drosophila melanogaster: alcohol dehydrogenase
      (Adh), the homoeotic gene fushi tarazu (ftz) and Sgs-4, a gene encoding one of
      the glue proteins secreted by third-instar larvae. We find regions attached to
      the nuclear scaffold (SARS) both 5' and 3' of all three genes, defining small
      domains ranging from 4.5 to 13 kilobases. In the case of Adh, a gene with two
      promoters, we find two upstream and two downstream SARS. Those 5' of the gene co
      map with regulatory regions for the adult and the larval transcripts,
      respectively. For Sgs-4, the 5' SAR covers 866 b.p. immediately upstream of the
      transcript, and encompasses the 200 b.p. regulatory region defined by two
      deletion mutants that produce little or no Sgs-4 protein. In ftz the 5' SAR is
      found 4.8 kilobases upstream of the start of transcription within a 2.5 kilobase
      element required for a high level of ftz expression in the early embryo. Sequence
      analysis of five upstream SARS reveals clusters of sequences closely related to
      the cleavage consensus of topoisomerase II. In addition, they contain multiple
      copies of two sequence motifs: a specific 10 b.p. A-rich sequence, and another 10
      b.p. T-rich stretch. In conclusion, the intimate association of the SAR with the
      upstream/enhancer elements, the presence of clustered sequences highly homologous
      to the topoisomerase II cleavage consensus, and the localization of topoisomerase
      II in the scaffold, suggest a structure-function relation between chromosome
      organization and gene expression.

PMID- 2894690
TI  - Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in hyperthermic rats.
AB  - Exposure of rats to an environment of +40 degrees C that increases central
      (rectal) temperature to about 40 degrees C, importantly decrease the number of
      thrombocytes, the blood coagulation (the Quick time and Howel time) and
      euglobulin lysis time (ELT). In order to search for the mechanism responsible for
      coagulability and fibrinolysis we studied the relations of these changes with the
      sympatheticoadrenergic system and with the adrenal hormonal secretion. Some
      parameters were thus explored after adrenalectomy and under the influence of a
      beta-blocking agent, Eraldin. Adrenalectomy moderately reduced these decreasing
      effects, excepting the ELT. Eraldin has a contrary effect. Adrenalectomy acts by
      suppressing the corticoid reaction and by diminishing the catecholamineones.
      Since Eraldin influences coagulation and fibrinolysis in an opposite sense than
      adrenalectomy, it may be concluded that catecholamines do moderate the effect of
      heating, inhibiting and not stimulating circulation, as assumed. On the contrary,
      corticoids (gluco- or mineralo-) contribute to the effect, influencing
      coagulation in hyperthermia. Both influences are slight, not determinant.
      Supplementary explorations revealed that repeated daily exposure for 1-2 or 3
      weeks, simply in the cages in which hyperthermia was subsequently produced,
      decreased also the number of thrombocites, the QT and the ELT, especially the
      last one. The HT was less influenced. It results that these exposures, produced
      effects similar with hyperthermia. Heating rats after these daily repeated
      exposures does not influence these already changed parameters.

PMID- 2894691
TI  - [Hepatotoxic action of furosemide in experimental liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 2894692
TI  - Functional heterogeneity of the right and left cerebral neocortex in the
      modulation of the immune system.
AB  - The cerebral neocortex is now known to modulate the immune system but this
      modulation is hemispherically asymmetrical. It was previously reported that large
      ablation, including the anterior prefrontal part of the left cortex decreased
      whereas symmetrical right lesions enhanced B and T cell-mediated responses.
      However, the neocortex is an heterogeneous structure from anatomical and
      physiological points of view and it could be speculated that different aspects of
      the immune system could be regulated by various cortical areas. In these
      experiments, restricted neocortical lesions involving the parieto-occipital lobes
      were performed in C3H/He mice. Animals with right lesions showed depressed
      mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation and enhanced antibody production to sheep
      erythrocytes as compared to that of animals with bilateral lesions. Left lesions
      appeared not to modify these reactions. Furthermore, the percentage of
      suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes was depressed more in animals with bilateral
      lesions as compared to any of the other groups. None of the lesions performed
      appeared to modify the natural killer cell activity. These results confirm that
      connections between left and right cortex are involved in the modulation of the
      immune system and suggest that the immunomodulatory functions of the cortex
      depend upon the specific regions within the right cortex.

PMID- 2894693
TI  - [Imaging of the lungs and heart in the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis].

PMID- 2894694
TI  - [Neurochemistry in Alzheimer's disease].

PMID- 2894695
TI  - [Survey of drug therapy in schizophrenia in the aged].

PMID- 2894696
TI  - [Modern aspects of epilepsy research and its application].
AB  - At present most authors agree with the hypothesis that epilepsy is primarily
      caused by an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory transmitter systems of CNS in
      favour of the latter. Epilepsy research focuses more and more on disorders in
      structures using amino acids as transmitters. There is a world-wide searching for
      new antiepileptic strategies with an emphasis on a causally guided therapy.
      Besides possibilities of pharmacological enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition,
      e.g. by recently tested GABA prodrugs, highly potent antagonists of transmitter
      glutamate, acting as anticonvulsant drugs, are expected to gain in significance
      for clinical practice.

PMID- 2894697
TI  - [Psychological determinants of the reaction to work conducted in over- and
      understimulation of the central nervous system].

PMID- 2894699
TI  - Tardive psychosis: does it exist?

PMID- 2894698
TI  - Serotonin does not mediate anxiolytic effects of buspirone in the fear
      potentiated startle paradigm: comparison with 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone.
AB  - The present study evaluated the role of various neurotransmitter systems in
      mediating buspirone's blockade of the fear-potentiated startle effect, where
      acoustic startle amplitude is normally increase in the presence of a light
      previously paired with a shock. Large lesions of the dorsal and median raphe
      nuclei or IP injections of the serotonin antagonists cinanserin (10 mg/kg) or
      cyproheptadine (5 mg/kg) did not alter fear-potentiated startle, nor did these
      treatments prevent buspirone (5 or 10 mg/kg SC) from blocking fear-potentiated
      startle. The 5-HT 1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (2.5-10.0) did not block fear-potentiated
      startle even at doses that produced a marked "5-HT syndrome". Another 5-HT 1A
      agonist, ipsapirone (10-20 mg/kg), blocked potentiated startle only at a very
      high dose (40 mg/kg). p-Chlorophenylalanine and p-chloroamphetamine did not alter
      fear-potentiated startle. Finally, pretreatment with the benzodiazepine receptor
      antagonist RO-15-1788 (1 mg/kg); the opiate antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg) or the
      alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg) did not reduce fear-potentiated
      startle, nor did they prevent buspirone from blocking fear-potentiated startle.
      Taken together, the data do not support the hypothesis that buspirone's
      anxiolytic effects are mediated by actions at 5-HT 1A receptors and more
      generally indicate that serotonergic neurons do not play an important role in
      fear-potentiated startle.

PMID- 2894700
TI  - Lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor binding in panic disorder.
AB  - Lymphocyte beta adrenergic receptor binding using [125I]CNP was determined in
      patients with panic disorder (N = 4) or agoraphobia with panic attacks (N = 17)
      and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (N = 22). The patients showed a
      significantly lower number of beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites and a
      significantly higher affinity of binding than healthy subjects. A past or present
      history of major depression in the patients did not alter these findings. These
      results are consistent with a growing body of knowledge implicating noradrenergic
      dysfunction in the pathophysiology of panic anxiety.

PMID- 2894701
TI  - Morphine-like discriminative stimulus effects of opioid peptides: possible
      modulatory role of D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADL) and dynorphin A (1-13).
AB  - The role of the different opioid receptors was studied in rats trained to
      discriminate SC injections of 3.0 mg/kg morphine from saline by tests for
      generalization to graded doses of morphine and receptor-selective peptides
      administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Dose-dependent morphine-like
      stimulus effects were produced over a wide range of doses (0.001-30 micrograms),
      depending upon ligand and animal, by morphine, by the mu-selective peptides
      DAGO[D-Ala2-NMePhe4-Gly(ol)-enkephalin] and FK33824[D-Ala2,NMePhe4-Met(O)5-(ol)
      enkephalin], and by the delta-selective peptide, DADL[D-Ala2,D-Leu5)enkephalin].
      The order of relative potency of these substances was: FK33824 greater than DAGO
      greater than morphine greater than DADL. In contrast, DPLPE[D-Pen2,L
      Pen5)enkephalin], which has much greater delta receptor selectivity than does
      DADL, and dynorphin A(1-13) (0.1-10 micrograms), a kappa-receptor agonist,
      engendered choice responding appropriate for saline. When 1.0 micrograms DADL, a
      dose lacking morphine-like discriminative effects, was administered concurrently
      with SC morphine, the stimulus effects of morphine were potentiated. Concurrent
      administration of 10 micrograms dynorphin A(1-13) and morphine attenuated the
      stimulus effects of morphine inconsistently. These results support previous
      findings that mu-opioid receptors are of primary importance in mediating the
      morphine-like discriminative effects of opioid peptides. They also suggest that
      morphine-like discriminative effects can be modulated by other types of opioid
      receptors.

PMID- 2894702
TI  - Decreasing sensitivity to neuroleptic agents in developing rats; evidence for a
      pharmacodynamic factor.
AB  - Developing rats are far more sensitive than adults to the behavioral effects of
      haloperidol. The present results support the hypothesis that this change may
      reflect age-related changes in brain responses such as alterations in drug
      receptor or drug-effector mechanisms. Dose-response studies of catalepsy and
      ptosis were conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 30, 56, or 100 days.
      Resulting dose-effect curves were approximately parallel and showed rightward
      shifts with highly significant progressive increases of ED50. Similar
      developmental decreases in drug sensitivity (3-6x) were found following systemic
      (PO or IP) administration of haloperidol or the phenothiazine neuroleptic
      perphenazine, which differ markedly in structure, potency, distribution, and
      metabolism. Age-related decreases in drug sensitivity (3-4x) were also found
      using intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of both agents in an attempt
      to bypass potential "pharmacokinetic" influences. Since the age-dependent
      decrease in sensitivity to both neuroleptics was found during the rising phase of
      drug action (1st hour) and ranked: PO greater than IP greater than ICV, some
      change in absorption and distribution of both drugs may occur in addition to the
      apparently important maturational decrease in target-organ sensitivity indicated
      by the responses to direct ICV injection and by the similarity of results
      obtained with dissimilar agents.

PMID- 2894703
TI  - Anxiolytic effects of buspirone and gepirone in the fear-potentiated startle
      paradigm.
AB  - Fear potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex was produced by eliciting
      startle responses in the presence of a light that had been previously paired with
      a shock. Buspirone (0.6-5.0 mg/kg) and gepirone (1.25-10.0 mg/kg), but not their
      common metabolite, 1-PP (0.5-40 mg/kg), produced a dose-dependent reduction of
      fear-potentiated startle. These doses of buspirone and gepirone slightly
      increased baseline startle levels. Reduction of fear-potentiated startle appears
      to involve supraspinal sites of action, since intraventricular but not
      intrathecal administration of buspirone (200 micrograms) reduced fear-enhanced
      startle. Both buspirone and gepirone were highly efficacious in this model
      compared to other animal tests that are used to study anxiolytic compounds.

PMID- 2894704
TI  - Potential anxiolytic properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, a
      selective serotonin 1A receptor agonist.
AB  - The effects of a selective serotonin 1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), were studied in two animal models of anxiety.
      Peripherally injected 8-OH-DPAT in doses ranging from 0.125 to 2.0 mg/kg did not
      increase black-white transitions (BWT) and black square entries (BSE) in a two
      compartment exploratory test or punished responding in a test of conditioned
      suppression of drinking. With 2.0 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT BSE and unpunished responding
      were reduced. In an investigation of the drinking time of water-deprived rats,
      naive or habituated to the test environment, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT
      increased the drinking time of naive rats but 2.0 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT reduced that of
      habituated animals. In animals deprived of water for 48 h or subjected to
      immobilization stress for 2 h, 1.0 mg/kg 8-OH-DPAT increased BWT and BSE values
      in the two-compartment exploratory test. Infusions of 5 micrograms/0.5 microliter
      8-OH-DPAT in the nucleus raphe medianus increased BWT and BSE values in the
      exploratory test and punished responding in the test of conditioned suppression
      of drinking, whereas the same dose of 8-OH-DPAT injected in the nucleus raphe
      dorsalis had no effect on punished but suppressed unpunished responding. The
      effects of 8-OH-DPAT are only detectable in the appropriate experimental
      conditions. When injected systemically, the effects are evident when a state of
      arousal of the animals contributes to the overall behavioural output. 8-OH-DPAT
      shows effects comparable to those of established anxiolytics such as
      benzodiazepines and barbiturates when it is injected in the nucleus raphe
      medianus, but not in the dorsalis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894706
TI  - Measurement of TSH-binding--inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) using a
      radioreceptor-assay (TRAK) in patients with and without thyroid disease.

PMID- 2894705
TI  - Biological and immunological characterization of ophthalmopathic Ig in Graves'
      ophthalmopathy.

PMID- 2894707
TI  - Measurement of thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) using a T3-releasing in
      vitro bioassay.

PMID- 2894708
TI  - Detectability of antibodies directed against different thyroid structures by
      indirect immunofluorescence, with Graves' patients' sera. A prospective study.

PMID- 2894709
TI  - Follow up of Graves' patients thyroid stimulating antibody activity during
      treatment. A prospective study.

PMID- 2894710
TI  - [T lymphocytes subpopulations determined by monoclonal antibodies in a pediatric
      population: variable dependent on age].

PMID- 2894711
TI  - [Asthma and synthetic antihistaminics].
AB  - Anti-histamines are considered weakly effective in the treatment of asthma
      whether in acute exacerbations or as basic therapy. However, there are numerous
      arguments which plead in their favour, and not only the recognised role of
      histamines as an important mediator of the immediate response. Besides, since
      1948 when it was shown that the first anti-histamines (classical anti-histamines)
      possessed undeniable anti-histamine like actions, which showed them to have both
      broncho-dilator activity and a protective effect on bronchospasm induced by
      inhalation of histamine or allergens. Unfortunately, this efficacy in asthma is
      only achieved with high doses which are responsible for troublesome side-effects.
      This is why with the arrival of new anti-histamines specific for H1 receptors,
      without anti-cholinergic or sedative effects, one can envisage the day when high
      dose anti-histamines are evaluated in the treatment of asthma. Pharmacological
      studies in animals have clearly shown their bronchomotor action. Similarly, the
      first work carried out in men, confirms the anti-asthmatic potential by showing a
      protective action in the bronchial response, to isocapnic hyperventilation, to
      exercise and to allergens. As for anti-H2, their impact on asthmatic broncho
      constriction is poorly defined: for some they potentiate, for others they
      inhibit.

PMID- 2894712
TI  - Influence of somatostatin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the proliferation
      of follicular cells in the organ-cultured rat thyroid.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin (SS), epidermal growth factor (EGF), as well as
      interactions among SS, EGF, and TSH in their action on the proliferation of
      thyroid follicular cells (TFC) in organ culture were investigated. It was shown
      that (1) SS (10(-7) M) decreased significantly the mean mitotic activity rate
      (MMAR) of TFC; (2) SS (10(-7) M) suppressed the mitogenic TSH action on the TFC
      proliferation; and (3) TSH, as well as EGF, caused an elevation of MMARs of TFC,
      the effect of TSH, however, being much stronger than that of EGF. The acquired
      data suggest that SS, most probably by paracrine interaction, may inhibit the
      mitotic activity of TFC. The mitogenic effect of EGF, a potent mitogen for TFC in
      cell culture, is not so strongly expressed in organ culture.

PMID- 2894713
TI  - [Almitrine dimesylate (vectarion)--the first representative of a new group of
      "synergetic" drugs--and its use in pulmonary pathology].

PMID- 2894714
TI  - Isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from homosexual men.
AB  - This is a preliminary report on isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica which
      were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. By this means the amoebae isolated
      from 17 asymptomatic male homosexuals were characterized into zymodemes. No
      amoebic strain isolated corresponded to a pathogenic zymodeme.

PMID- 2894715
TI  - Imipenem/cilastatin as monotherapy in severe infections: comparison with
      cefotaxime in combination with metronidazole and cloxacillin. Report from a
      Norwegian Study Group.
AB  - In a randomised and coordinated multicentre study, 143 patients with severe
      infections received treatment with either imipenem/cilastatin (72; I/C group) or
      cefotaxime combined with metronidazole and optional cloxacillin (71; CX/M/CL
      group). 67 patients in the I/C group and 65 in the CX/M/CL group were evaluable
      for clinical efficacy. 35 (I/C) and 44 (CX/M/CL) patients had bacteriologically
      documented infections. The clinical cure rate was 91% for I/C and 94% for
      CX/M/CL, and the bacteriological efficacy (eradicated strains) was 86% and 81%,
      respectively. Local reactions (phlebitis) were frequent in each group (I/C 18%
      and CX/M/CL 25%). Clinical side effects other than phlebitis (I/C 17% vs. CX/M/CL
      13%) were mostly mild. Diarrhoea did not occur in I/C group. Laboratory untoward
      effects were mild and infrequent in each group. Reinfections of the urinary tract
      and superinfections at all sites prevailed in the CX/M/CL group (9 vs. 6 and 6
      vs. 2, respectively). The superinfections were mostly mild. The efficacy and
      safety of I/C in severe infections were comparable to those of CX/M/CL.

PMID- 2894716
TI  - Drug therapy in hypertension. Changing trends over the last fifteen years.

PMID- 2894717
TI  - Crush syndrome following sedative-hypnotic overdosage.

PMID- 2894718
TI  - Intraspinal narcotic analgesia. Pain management in the failed laminectomy
      syndrome.

PMID- 2894719
TI  - The embryonic and adult mouse U1 snRNA genes map to different chromosomal loci.
AB  - The linkage relationships of mouse adult (mU1a) and embryonic (mU1b) U1 snRNA
      genes were determined by analysis of the strain distribution patterns of two
      polymorphic variant RNAs, mU1a2 and mU1b3, in several recombinant inbred strain
      systems. The locus for mU1b3 RNA maps to the U1 gene cluster, Rnu1b, located near
      the center of chromosome 3, whereas the locus for mU1a2 RNA, Rnu1a2, is located
      in the proximal region of chromosome 12, tightly linked to D12-1. Moreover, the
      lack of linkage between Rnu1a2 and the locus for mU1a1 genes on chromosome 11
      demonstrates that the mouse genome contains at least three clusters of U1 snRNA
      genes.

PMID- 2894720
TI  - [Pulmonary toxicity of drugs].

PMID- 2894721
TI  - [The role of pharmacogenetic factors in the incidence of undesirable effects of
      drugs].

PMID- 2894722
TI  - Tobanum treatment in mild and medium severity hypertension.

PMID- 2894723
TI  - [In vivo P-31 NMR spectroscopy study of muscle metabolism in disease and under
      the influence of drugs].

PMID- 2894724
TI  - [Demonstration in healthy volunteers of the partial agonist effect of a
      cardioselective beta-blocker, cicloprolol].

PMID- 2894725
TI  - [Use of the Reflotron system for laboratory diagnosis in swine and sheep].
AB  - The "Reflotron" system (Boehringer Mannheim) was compared with standard
      laboratory methods for determination of blood values, e.g. haemoglobin, glucose,
      urea, ASAT/GOT and GGT in pigs and sheep. Various different commercial control
      sera as well as blood and plasma samples from pigs and sheep were used for
      evaluation of its precision. The day-to-day precision of all parameters was
      satisfactory. The accuracy of the values was tested in 56(48) blood samples of
      healthy and sick pigs (sheep) by using standard substances (glucose, urea) and by
      comparing them with values measured by standard laboratory methods. There were
      systematic differences between "Reflotron" and other values in the glucose- and
      enzyme-values, which can be corrected with the help of conversion factors. In
      pigs, the enzyme GGT can not be determined accurately with the "Reflotron"
      system.

PMID- 2894726
TI  - Human fatality due to ingestion of the crab Demania reynaudii that contained a
      palytoxin-like toxin.
AB  - Clinical accounts of a human fatality resulting from ingestion of the crab
      Demania reynaudii are documented. The causative toxin was suggested to be
      palytoxin on the basis of dose-death time relationships and chromatographic
      properties.

PMID- 2894727
TI  - A DNA-RFLP typing system that positively identifies serologically well-defined
      and ill-defined HLA-DR and DQ alleles, including DRw10.
AB  - A single enzyme/multiple probe system of HLA-DR and DQ typing using restriction
      fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis is presented. TaqI-digested genomic
      DNAs are hybridized sequentially with short DR beta, DQ beta, and DQ alpha cDNA
      probes. The DR beta probe discriminates between the DR allelic specificities DR1
      to DRw14, with the two exceptions of some DR3/DRw13 and some DR7/DRw9
      combinations. We describe the positive identification of a DRw10-specific RFLP
      and demonstrate its segregation in families. The DQ beta probe defines an allelic
      system that identifies the alleles DQw1, DQw2, and DQw3. This permits the
      resolution of DR3/DRw13 and DR7/DRw9 alleles by defining the DR/DQ association
      caused by linkage disequilibrium. The DQ alpha probe defines another allelic
      series interrelated with, but independent from, the DQ beta series. Specific DQ
      beta/DQ alpha RFLP combinations correlate with known Dw splits of DR2, DRw6, and
      DR7. Combined use of the three probes permits the identification of HLA-DR, DQ,
      and certain Dw specificities and provides an effective and easily interpretable
      system for major histocompatibility complex class II allogenotyping.

PMID- 2894728
TI  - The necessity of both allogeneic antigens and stem cells for cyclophosphamide
      induced skin allograft tolerance in mice.

PMID- 2894729
TI  - [Long-term anesthesia in injuries of the foot and ankle joint].

PMID- 2894731
TI  - DNA polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2894730
TI  - [Additional oral therapy of atopic dermatitis with unsaturated fatty acids].
AB  - The effects of unsaturated fatty acids were examined in a double-blind study on
      34 patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. In comparison to the placebo group
      a clinical improvement (24%) was seen after a three month period during which
      patients had received linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid.

PMID- 2894733
TI  - [Experimental principles of stem cell transplantation].

PMID- 2894732
TI  - [Drug-induced diabetes].

PMID- 2894734
TI  - Recent studies in T lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2894735
TI  - Neuroendocrine-immune interactions: immunoregulatory signals mediated by
      neurohumoral agents.
AB  - While we generally think of the brain and nervous system as central to most basic
      life processes, the concept of immune regulation or modulation is a relatively
      new idea. The novelty of such an association may be rooted in classic concepts of
      neurologic function describing direct innervation of controlled tissues and
      stimulation across synapses. The involvement of the neuroendocrine system in the
      precise control of metabolic and a variety of cellular functions should preface
      its involvement in defense against and/or surveillance for aberrant cell
      replication. Moreover, a principal characteristic of any control mechanism is
      feedback from the affected system (be it an organ or single cell). In this
      framework, it is not unreasonable to expect bidirectional interactions between
      the nervous and immune systems. Direct innervation of lymphoid tissues was
      described a number of years ago. More recently, immunoregulatory function has
      been demonstrated in vitro with a variety of neuroendocrine molecules such as the
      biogenic amines, SP, CGRP, SOM, vasopressin, ACTH, the endorphins, enkephalins,
      neurotensin, NGF and VIP. Now it has been shown that many of these same or
      similar neuroregulatory molecules are produced by cells of the immune system. The
      possibility that neurotransmitters or peptides, or both, may play a role in vivo
      in the maintenance of immunocompetence is supported by the finding that specific
      receptors for the neurohumoral modulators are present on the surface of
      immunocompetent cells. Current hypotheses speculate that feedback control
      mechanisms are manifested through the production of lymphokines, PGs and
      leukotrienes. Though it has not been possible to clearly demonstrate the
      reciprocal interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems in vivo, the
      evidence to date points to its inevitability.

PMID- 2894736
TI  - [Behavioural effects of 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A agonist in rats and effects on the
      behaviour of antimanic drugs].
AB  - Effects of lithium, carbamazepine, zotepine, and clonazepam were examined on the
      behaviour mediated by 5-HT1A receptor and at 5-HT1A binding sites in rats.
      Forepaw treading, one component of 5-HT behavioural syndrome following
      subcutaneous injections of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT),
      was not altered by reserpine, p-chlorophenylalanine, or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine;
      in reserpine-treated rats, it was antagonized only by spiperone or by (-)
      propranolol. These results indicate that 8-OH-DPAT-induced forepaw treading is
      produced by the direct stimulation of 5-HT1A receptor postsynaptically and also
      that this behaviour is not mediated by monoaminergic neurons. Lithium,
      carbamazepine, and zotepine inhibited forepaw treading in untreated rats; only
      lithium and clonazepam inhibited it in reserpine-treated rats. After 14 days
      treatment, only lithium enhanced it while its enhancement was abolished by
      reserpine. Radioligand binding studies using [3H]-8-OH-DPAT demonstrated that
      zotepine possessed weak affinity for 5-HT1A receptor; others lacked affinity.
      These results from acute experiments suggest that all drugs tested have
      inhibitory effects on the 5-HT1A receptor function. These effects, however, were
      not mediated by 5-HT1A receptor. And it is also suggested that the 5-HT1A
      receptor function after chronic lithium treatment might be enhanced by
      monoaminergic systems transsynaptically.

PMID- 2894737
TI  - Effect of high carbohydrate diet on serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase fraction
      pattern in Japanese young men.
AB  - Changes in the activity of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and
      the percentage of the gamma-GTP fraction in healthy young men given a high
      carbohydrate diet (480-636 g/day, 80% of the total energy) for 21 days were
      examined. Serum total gamma-GTP activity showed no significant change in four
      healthy young volunteers who received high carbohydrate diet for 21 days.
      However, the percentage of the gamma-GTP (1) fraction increased significantly (P
      less than 0.01) from the basal level of 55.6 +/- 4.0% to 67.6 +/- 0.9% on day 10,
      and then decreased to 58.4 +/- 1.4% on day 21. When the experimental diet was
      replaced by usual diet, the percentage of the gamma-GTP (1) fraction returned to
      the same level as before the experiment. It is concluded from the results that
      the nutrient intake affects the percentage of gamma-GTP (1), but not the total
      serum gamma-GTP activity.

PMID- 2894739
TI  - Efficacy of 0.3 mg morphine intrathecally in preventing tourniquet pain during
      spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine.
AB  - Tourniquet-induced pain is probably mediated by C-fibres. The ability of morphine
      to interrupt this nociceptive conduction was studied in a double-blind fashion by
      administering either morphine 0.3 mg or saline intrathecally along with
      hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg for spinal anaesthesia in 40 patients undergoing
      orthopaedic surgery on the lower extremity. The block characteristics were
      similar in both groups. During surgery, no patient in the morphine group
      complained of pain, whereas in the saline group one patient complained of pain
      caused by the tourniquet and two other patients experienced surgical pain. A 60
      min experimental thigh tourniquet pressure provocation (53 kPa for 20 min; 0 kPa
      for 20 min; 53 kPa for 20 min) on the contralateral unoperated extremity was then
      performed following surgery, when the spread cephalad of the sensory block had
      decreased below the T10 dermatomal level. Eight patients in the morphine group
      experienced no pain in this test, compared with two patients in the saline group
      (P less than 0.05). The remaining 12 patients in the morphine group had pain
      responses similar to those patients not given morphine. Intrathecal morphine
      provides a level of prophylaxis against tourniquet pain. However, the dosage
      employed here was associated with urinary and emetic side-effects.

PMID- 2894738
TI  - Cytochemical evaluation of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase activity in cervical
      smears.
AB  - The cervicovaginal smears of 43 patients attending an outpatient service for
      early cancer detection were cytochemically studied for the presence of gamma
      glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) in epithelial cells. This was done in order to
      evaluate such an enzyme phenotype as a marker for cancer development. The results
      showed that 70% of the 38 patients with a cytologic diagnosis of "inflammatory"
      or preneoplastic/neoplastic conditions had GGT-positive cells in their smears.
      None of the five cytologically normal cases showed any epithelial cells with GGT
      activity. Although most of the GGT-positive cells were metaplastic, some
      morphologically normal, dysplastic or neoplastic cells also expressed the enzyme.
      The data suggest that cytochemically detectable transpeptidase activity appears
      whenever alterations of the normal epithelial microenvironment occurs, but is not
      necessarily linked to the carcinogenic process. Therefore, cytochemically GGT
      positive cells should not be used as an indicator of neoplastic transformation of
      the cervical epithelium.

PMID- 2894740
TI  - The site of action of trimethaphan-induced neuromuscular blockade in isolated rat
      and frog muscle.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the site of action of trimethaphan
      in causing neuromuscular blockade using isolated rat and frog muscle.
      Trimethaphan and d-tubocurarine attenuated the twitch tension developed by nerve
      stimulation, trimethaphan being 1/100 to 1/200 as potent as d-tubocurarine.
      Neostigmine potentiated the inhibitory effect of trimethaphan but reversed the
      effect of d-tubocurarine. Trimethaphan shifted the dose response curve of frog
      rectus abdominis muscle for carbachol downwards, while d-tubocurarine shifted the
      curve parallel to the right. Treatment with d-tubocurarine or succinylcholine
      protected acetylcholine receptors from persistent blockade by alpha-bungarotoxin
      while, in contrast, trimethaphan failed to protect the receptors. The findings
      indicate that trimethaphan acts on the motor endplate but, unlike d-tubocurarine,
      does not interact with the recognition site of acetylcholine receptors; the
      action of trimethaphan appears to be associated with the blockade of endplate
      ionic channels.

PMID- 2894741
TI  - Experience of multiple supplementary doses of vecuronium. Case report.
AB  - Seventy-one supplementary doses of vecuronium were used for muscle relaxation
      during a 22-h-long NLA II anaesthesia. For assessment of neuromuscular blockade,
      train-of-four stimulation was used to measure the twitch force of the adductor
      pollicis after electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve. No cumulative effect of
      vecuronium could be demonstrated, measured under strictly controlled conditions.
      Adding isoflurane 0.5% (end tidal) only slightly prolonged the neuromuscular
      blocking effect.

PMID- 2894743
TI  - Electrogenic and electroneutral components of the sympathetic effect on fluid
      absorption in the rat jejunum.
AB  - The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the sympathetic nerves to
      the jejunum enhance net fluid absorption rate by inhibiting an electrogenic flux
      of anions into the lumen. The design of the experiments was based on the
      observation that the effect of catecholamines on electrogenic transport is
      abolished by yohimbine, an alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist. Net electrogenic
      transport in jejunal segments of anaesthetized rats was estimated by measurement
      of the transepithelial potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (SCC).
      Net fluid absorption rate was quantified by a gravimetric technique. The
      sympathetic nerves to the segment were stimulated electrically, both in vitro and
      in vivo. The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on SCC and net fluid
      transport was determined in the absence and presence of the alpha-adrenergic
      antagonists phentolamine (a non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist), prazosin
      (a selective alpha 1-antagonist) and yohimbine (a selective alpha 2-antagonist).
      Sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased PD and SCC and increased net fluid
      absorption rate. Phentolamine abolished both the electrogenic response and the
      effect on net fluid absorption rate, without having any significant intrinsic
      effects on either parameter. Prazosin per se markedly increased net fluid
      absorption rate, but did not significantly influence the sympathetic effect on
      SCC or net fluid absorption rate. Yohimbine abolished the electrogenic effect of
      sympathetic stimulation, and per se increased net fluid absorption rate in
      innervated but not in denervated segments. In innervated segments, the absorption
      rate during sympathetic nerve stimulation was similar in controls and yohimbine
      treated animals. In denervated segments, yohimbine significantly attenuated the
      sympathetic response. The results suggest that the sympathetic nerves enhance
      fluid absorption rate via effects on both electrogenic and electroneutral
      epithelial transport. These two components of the sympathetic response seem to be
      mediated by different alpha-receptor mechanisms.

PMID- 2894742
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation, but not muscarinic stimulation, increases cyclic
      AMP accumulation in brain slices due to protein kinase C mediated enhancement of
      adenosine receptor effects.
AB  - In the present study, using rat hippocampal slices, we have further examined the
      stimulatory effect of alpha 1-adrenoceptors on the accumulation of cyclic AMP,
      which is known to depend on calcium and adenosine. The addition of noradrenaline
      (NA) stimulated the accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates in [3H]inositol
      treated slices. This effect was shared by carbachol (10-100 mumol l-1) but not by
      the adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloroadenosine (100 mumol l-1). The stimulatory
      effect of the alpha-agonists (phenylephrine or NA + propranolol) on cyclic AMP
      was shared by a diacylglycerol derivative, sn-1-oleyl-2-acetyl glycerol (OAG),
      and by the tumour-promoting phorbol esters phorboldibutyrate (PDiBu) and
      tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA). PDiBu caused a translocation of protein
      kinase C from soluble to particulate fractions. The effects of PDiBu and alpha
      adrenoceptor stimulation on cyclic AMP were not additive. Surprisingly, carbachol
      (1-1000 mumol l-1) did not stimulate cyclic AMP accumulation in rat hippocampal
      slices either in the presence or in the absence of an adenosine receptor agonist.
      The results are compatible with the opinion that alpha-adrenoceptor stimulating
      drugs enhance the formation of inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol, which
      synergistically activate protein kinase C, which in turn augments the stimulation
      of cyclic AMP formation. Thus, a neurotransmitter whose principal biological
      effect is to stimulate inositol phosphate formation can influence cyclic AMP
      formation by virtue of an interaction with the actions of the ubiquitous
      neuromodulator adenosine. The fact that the effect of the alpha-receptor
      stimulation was not mimicked by a muscarinic agonist could indicate that other
      factors besides activation of inositol phospholipid hydrolys are important for
      this receptor-receptor interaction.

PMID- 2894744
TI  - Enteric nerves mediate the fluid secretory response due to Salmonella typhimurium
      R5 infection in the rat small intestine.
AB  - Eighteen hours after intragastric inoculation Salmonella typhimurium elicited a
      net fluid secretion in the jejunum and ileum of rats. The mechanisms behind the
      secretory response were analysed in vivo. Extrinsic denervation of the
      experimental intestinal segments had no effect. The nerve-blocking agents
      hexamethonium (i.v.) and lidocaine (serosally applied) blocked the secretion but
      atropine had no effect. It was demonstrated that the bacteria were invasive by
      culturing from the intestinal wall. The presence of inflammatory reactions was
      supported by the facts that i.v. indomethacin blocked the secretory response and
      that there was an increased capillary leakage of albumin-bound Evans Blue into
      the interstitium of the intestinal mucosa. There was also a secretory response
      upon inoculation of the jejunal and ileal segments by cell-free supernatants of
      broth where bacteria had been cultured for 24 h and thereafter lysed. This
      response was, however, blocked by i.v. atropine, which had no effect on the
      secretion elicited by living bacteria. We could show no presence of E. coli LT,
      ST or cholera toxin in the cell-free supernatant by means of ELISA-tests. We
      therefore conclude that (1) S. typhimurium R5 invaded the rat jejunal and ileal
      mucosa, thereby creating an inflammatory response which in turn activated a nerve
      reflex(es) within the ENS leading to a net fluid secretion; (2) the presence of
      prostaglandins was needed for activating the reflex(es); (3) the reflex(es)
      contained a nicotinergic transmission; (4) enterotoxin was of no importance for
      the secretory response in the model used.

PMID- 2894745
TI  - Severe akathisia causing neuroleptic failure: an indication for lithium therapy
      in schizophrenia?
AB  - Several neuroleptics recurrently failed to ameliorate psychosis in three
      schizophrenic patients. Failures were caused by recurrent intractable akathisia,
      unresponsive to diazepam and trihexyphenidyl. Lacking this extrapyramidal side
      effect, lithium carbonate was tried and proved an effective antipsychotic. It is
      suggested that in schizophrenic psychosis lithium is a rational therapeutic
      option in cases of neuroleptic intolerance and failures due to akathisia.

PMID- 2894746
TI  - Clinical symptomatology and drug compliance in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The differences in the psychopathologic status of 26 complaint and 32
      noncomplaint schizophrenic patients were evaluated on the basis of rating scales
      used at discharge. Noncomplaint patients had significantly higher scores for
      grandiosity, lack of feeling of illness and insight into it. Their score for
      global psychopathological state and disturbance in social adjustment was also
      significantly higher. The compliant patients had significantly higher score for
      self-rated depression.

PMID- 2894747
TI  - A new water-soluble, selective beta-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity (ICI 141.292) in angina pectoris.
AB  - In a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind study the effect of ICI 141.292
      (beta 1-selective beta-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity = ISA) was
      studied in 11 patients with severe angina pectoris. The doses used were 100, 200
      and 300 mg once daily. The 24-hour heart rate was significantly reduced by all
      regimens, and the Holter-monitoring pattern indicated the presence of ISA-effect
      at least 20 hours after the 300-mg dose. Maximal heart rate and blood pressure
      were significantly reduced and exercise duration increased during a symptom
      limited bicycle exercise test on 200 and 300 mg, but not on 100 mg daily. Resting
      heart rate and blood pressure were uninfluenced on all regimens. ICI 141.292 is
      an effective agent in patients with severe angina pectoris. The response pattern
      suggests the presence of clinically relevant ISA.

PMID- 2894748
TI  - Comparison between different methods of detecting patients with excessive
      consumption of alcohol.
AB  - A study of excessive alcohol consumption was carried out on 2,114 adult somatic
      outpatients. All patients were evaluated by the following methods: Blood-chemical
      tests (serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (S-GT), serum aspartate aminotransferase
      (S-ASAT) and ethanol), patient's and doctor's questionnaires, and analysis of
      data from psychiatric records, social welfare registers and alcohol ambulatory
      services. Records from psychiatric clinics detected 48% of the patients. Forty
      per cent of the alcohol patients had S-GT levels greater than 0.9 mu kat/l. S
      ASAT and blood ethanol levels were of little informative value. The doctors
      recognized excessive consumption (greater than 280 g of ethanol/week). The
      combination of S-GT and questionnaires to patients and doctors detected 63% of
      the alcohol patients. Both in epidemiological studies and in clinical practice it
      seems appropriate to use combinations of different methods to detect patients
      with underlying alcohol problems.

PMID- 2894749
TI  - Selective beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade and muscle thermogenesis.
AB  - Muscle thermogenesis was measured by direct microcalorimetry in hypertensive
      patients randomly treated with either metoprolol or placebo. Samples from rectus
      abdominis were taken after muscle relaxation during surgery, which was
      accompanied by a significant increase in arterial plasma noradrenaline.
      Thermogenesis was significantly lower in the metoprolol group compared with both
      the hypertensives given (p less than 0.05), and a normotensive group without
      treatment (p less than 0.005). Metoprolol also provoked a significant fall in
      body temperature in comparison with the two other groups (p less than 0.01). In
      the hypertensives given placebo, heat production was inversely related to plasma
      adrenaline (r = -0.89), indicating a role of the sympatho-adrenal system in
      muscle thermogenesis. No such correlation appeared during metoprolol treatment.
      In the present acute stress situation it is suggested that muscle thermogenesis
      was decreased indirectly by metoprolol via blockade of beta 1-receptors in
      adipose tissue, causing a relative inhibition of lipolysis with diminished
      substrate supply to the muscles.

PMID- 2894750
TI  - Studies of insulin resistance following hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Insulin resistance was assessed after a hypoglycemia induced by insulin (1.5 mU X
      kg-1 X min-1) between 7 and 8 a.m. in 10 well-insulinized patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Blood glucose levels during a somatostatin
      (100 micrograms X h-1)-insulin (0.4 mU X kg-1 X min-1)-glucose (4.5 mg X kg-1)
      infusion test (SIGIT) performed between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. served as an indicator
      of total body insulin resistance. Plasma epinephrine, growth hormone, and
      cortisol increased in response to hypoglycemia, while blunted responses of
      glucagon were simultaneously registered. At the start of the subsequent SIGIT,
      blood glucose and plasma-free insulin concentrations were similar to those
      obtained in the control study without preceding hypoglycemia, and at this point
      all counter-regulatory hormones had returned to basal. During the SIGIT close to
      identical levels of plasma-free insulin and counter-regulatory hormones were
      registered, despite which a significant hyperglycemia was seen 2 hours after the
      start of the SIGIT when preceded by hypoglycemia. In a separate study, the SIGIT
      was shown to have a good reproducibility in IDDM patients. We conclude that
      hypoglycemia evokes a state of insulin resistance for several hours, as
      demonstrated by elevated blood glucose levels during a somatostatin-insulin
      glucose-infusion test.

PMID- 2894751
TI  - Importance of growth hormone for blood glucose regulation following insulin
      induced nocturnal hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The effect of growth hormone (GH) on the glucose homeostasis following nocturnal
      hypoglycemia was studied between 4 a.m. and noon in eight male patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by a somatostatin (250 micrograms/h)
      insulin (0.4 mU/kg/min)-glucose (6 mg/kg/min)-infusion test (SIGIT). The patients
      participated in two experiments in which hypoglycemia at 4 a.m. was induced by
      i.v. insulin (1.5 mU/kg/min). In both experiments the endogenous secretion of GH
      was suppressed by somatostatin (250 micrograms/h) and glucagon (0.5 ng/kg/min)
      was given as substitute for the somatostatin-induced suppression of endogenous
      glucagon secretion. GH (20 mU/kg/h) or saline was given for 60 min from nadir
      blood glucose in random order. Mean nadir glucose values were the same in both
      studies (1.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) and no differences were registered
      in plasma-free insulin, glucagon and the responses of adrenaline and cortisol to
      hypoglycemia. The infusion of GH resulted in plasma GH levels of about 50
      micrograms/l at the end of the infusion, thereafter decreasing to low or
      immeasurable levels within 2 hours. Infusion of GH evoked a marked hyperglycemia
      within 4 hours. It is concluded that when hypoglycemia is accompanied by a
      transient increase in plasma GH, insulin resistance occurs after a lag period of
      approximately 4 hours and that this effect persists for at least another 4 hours.

PMID- 2894752
TI  - [The physiological effects of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulant on the rabbit
      lacrimal gland].

PMID- 2894753
TI  - Mammogram interpretation by physician assistants.

PMID- 2894754
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis: a pharmacologic overview.
AB  - Numerous drugs are available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs differ in structure and pharmacokinetics,
      and they rarely act synergistically. The disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
      include gold compounds, penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine.
      Useful immunosuppressive and cytotoxic agents include methotrexate, azathioprine
      and cyclophosphamide. Costicosteroids find their greatest use in short courses.

PMID- 2894755
TI  - Frequent alterations of visual pigment genes in adrenoleukodystrophy.
AB  - Both adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and red/green color blindness have been mapped to
      the distal long arm of the human X chromosome (Xq28). Color-vision defects are
      frequently associated with ALD, and study of the red and green visual pigment
      genes in eight ALD kindreds has shown frequent structural changes including
      deletions and possible intragenic recombinations. Such changes may reflect
      chromosomal events underlying both ALD and the associated visual defects and
      should help define both the structural gene responsible for ALD and physical
      genetic relationships in the Xq28 region.

PMID- 2894756
TI  - A new peroxisomal disorder with enlarged peroxisomes and a specific deficiency of
      acyl-CoA oxidase (pseudo-neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy).
AB  - In the present paper two siblings are presented with clinical manifestations very
      similar to those of patients affected by neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. In
      contrast to neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy patients, hepatic peroxisomes in these
      siblings were enlarged in size and not decreased in number. Accumulation of very
      long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) was associated with an isolated deficiency of the
      fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Plasma levels of di- and trihydroxy-coprostanoic
      acid, phytanic acid, and pipecolic acid were normal; furthermore, acyl
      CoA:dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activity in cultured fibroblasts
      was also found to be normal. The clinical, biochemical, and cytochemical features
      found in these two siblings are compared with those seen in two other disorders
      characterized by the absence of a decreased number of hepatic peroxisomes and the
      presence of VLCFA: (1) pseudo-Zellweger syndrome (deficiency of peroxisomal
      thiolase activity) and (2) X-linked childhood adrenoleukodystrophy (deficiency of
      activation of lignoceric acid). Review of the different biochemical defects
      possible in very-long-chain fatty-acid oxidation reveals different clinical
      pictures of varying severity, depending on the level at which the biochemical
      defect occurs.

PMID- 2894757
TI  - Analysis of genetic variation reveals human immunoglobulin VH-region gene
      organization.
AB  - We have investigated the extent of genetic variation and the number of germ-line
      heavy-chain-variable (VH) genes to obtain information on the organization and
      repertoire of the VH genes. Our studies revealed extensive genetic variation in
      this region, indicated by restriction-endonuclease site polymorphisms. Analysis
      of the distribution of selected polymorphic loci revealed evidence of linkage
      disequilibrium, particularly between VH2 and VH3 subclass loci, indicating that
      the subclasses are interdispersed in the human germ-line chromosome. Absolute
      correlation was detected between alleles of a VH2 locus and the alleles of three
      VH3 loci, evidence for an extra set of VH genes, which are present in 48% of the
      Caucasian population. A preliminary estimate of the number of VH genes,
      approximately 50, indicates a smaller number of VH genes than suggested by the
      amount of protein variation. The extensive genetic variation we have observed may
      be associated with genetic differences in the immune response and potentially
      with variable susceptibility to autoimmune disorders.

PMID- 2894758
TI  - DNA polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein AII and AI-CIII-AIV genes: a study in men
      selected for differences in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentration.
AB  - We have investigated the frequencies of RFLPs of the apolipoprotein (apo) AII
      gene and of the apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster in 109 men, selected from a random
      sample of 1,910 men aged 45-59 years, to cover a wide range of plasma high
      density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration. There was no significant
      difference in apo AI or apo AII RFLP allele frequency between groups of
      individuals with high and low HDL-cholesterol concentration. However, the apo AI
      PstI RFLP showed an association with genetic variation determining the plasma
      concentration of apo AI in this sample. Genetic variation in the apo AI-CIII-AIV
      gene region, as defined by haplotypes, accounted for 16% of the phenotypic
      variance in the apo AI concentration and for 8% of the phenotypic variance in HDL
      cholesterol concentration. There was no significant association between alleles
      of the apo AII MspI RFLP and genetic variation determining apo AII or HDL
      concentration. The data demonstrate that genetic variation in the apo AI-CIII-AIV
      gene cluster is involved in determining the serum concentration of apo AI in this
      sample of clinically well individuals.

PMID- 2894760
TI  - Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of sex-chromosome monosomy.
AB  - X chromosome- and Y chromosome-specific DNA probes were used to study different
      aspects of the genesis of sex-chromosome monosomy. Using X-linked RFLPs, we
      studied the parental origin of the single X chromosome in 35 spontaneously
      aborted and five live-born 45,X conceptions. We determined the origin in 35
      cases; 28 had a maternal X (Xm) and seven had a paternal X (Xp). There was a
      correlation between parental origin and parental age, with the Xp category having
      a significantly reduced mean maternal age by comparison with the Xm group.
      Studies aimed at detecting mosaicism demonstrated the presence of a Y chromosome
      or a second X chromosome in three of 33 spontaneous abortions, a level of
      mosaicism much lower than that reported for live-born Turner syndrome
      individuals.

PMID- 2894759
TI  - Pairwise linkage analysis of 11 loci on human chromosome 4.
AB  - New RFLPs are described for INP10 and interleukin 2. The 55 pairwise genetic
      linkage relationships for these two loci and nine additional loci on the long arm
      of chromosome 4 (4q) are reported. Fifteen new linkages are established, and new
      data are added to the four previously reported linkages on 4q. Tight linkage of
      interleukin 2 (T-cell growth factor), epidermal growth factor, and alcohol
      dehydrogenase is described. Significant differences were observed between male
      and female recombination rates. The female rate was estimated to be 1.27 times
      the male rate. On the basis of these pairwise results, the order for the 11 loci
      is D4S35-GC-(ALB/AFP)-MT2P1-D4S1-INP10-ADH3-( EGF/IL2)-(FBB/FBA/FBG)-MNS. This
      preliminary order can serve as a starting point for more detailed multipoint
      analysis.

PMID- 2894763
TI  - Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric damage. Actions
      of therapeutic agents.
AB  - All nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment of
      rheumatic diseases may cause gastric mucosal damage. Although the best-studied
      agent is aspirin, the mechanisms by which it damages the gastric mucosa are not
      fully understood. However, it is thought that the drug impairs mucosal defenses
      by penetrating the protective mucous and bicarbonate layers and damaging the
      epithelial lining cells. In turn, gastric acid is permitted to pour through the
      breached defenses. This "back-diffusion" of acid further injures cells and
      destroys capillaries and venules. This local damaging effect is pH dependent and
      is contributed to by the acid secretion of the stomach. Other mechanisms by which
      aspirin may induce or contribute to mucosal injury include inhibition of mucosal
      prostaglandin synthesis, reduction and alteration of mucus secretion, reduction
      of bicarbonate secretion, interference with cell turnover, as well as systemic
      effects such as platelet dysfunction. The mechanism by which nonaspirin NSAIDs
      cause gastrointestinal damage is uncertain. All are known to inhibit
      prostaglandin synthesis, which could contribute to their toxicity since
      prostaglandins found in the stomach both inhibit acid secretion and have mucosal
      defensive effects. Partial protections against aspirin-induced or other NSAID
      induced gastric mucosal damage has been demonstrated, at least in some studies,
      by sucralfate, prostaglandins, omeprazole and histamine (H2)-receptor
      antagonists. Sucralfate appears to act primarily on local defensive mechanisms;
      its antisecretory effects are minimal. Prostaglandins exert a protective effect
      at both antisecretory and nonantisecretory (cytoprotective) doses, indicating
      that either or both mechanisms may be involved. The most recently studied agent,
      omeprazole, is the most potent of all acid inhibitors; it may also be
      cytoprotective, possibly as a result of its effects on sulfhydryl groups.
      Prostaglandins and omeprazole are not available in the United States and their
      potential side effects may limit their use in patients with chronic rheumatic
      diseases. Protection by H2-receptor antagonists is mostly related to reduction of
      acid secretion, though a cytoprotective effect may occur.

PMID- 2894762
TI  - Globin genes are useful markers to identify genetic similarities between Fijians
      and Pacific Islanders from Polynesia and Melanesia.
AB  - DNA mapping studies in Fijians have enabled the identification of rearrangements
      and RFLPs involving the alpha-, zeta-, and gamma-globin genes. Comparisons of
      these data with corresponding gene markers in Polynesians and Melanesians of
      Papua New Guinea show considerable overlap between the three population groups.
      The utility of globin genes as population markers is further confirmed.

PMID- 2894761
TI  - The gene for cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) maps to the subtelomeric region on
      human chromosome 21q and to proximal mouse chromosome 17.
AB  - The human gene for cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), the enzyme deficient in
      classical homocystinuria, has been assigned to the subtelomeric region of band
      21q22.3 by in situ hybridization of a rat cDNA probe to structurally rearranged
      chromosomes 21. The homologous locus in the mouse (Cbs) was mapped to the
      proximal half of mouse chromosome 17 by Southern analysis of Chinese hamster X
      mouse somatic cell hybrid DNA. Thus, CBS/Cbs and the gene for alpha A-crystalline
      (CRYA1/Crya-1 or Acry-1) form a conserved linkage group on human (HSA) chromosome
      region 21q22.3 and mouse (MMU) chromosome 17 region A-C. Features of Down
      syndrome (DS) caused by three copies of these genes should not be present in mice
      trisomic for MMU 16 that have been proposed as animal models for DS. Mice
      partially trisomic for MMU 16 or MMU 17 should allow gene-specific dissection of
      the trisomy 21 phenotype.

PMID- 2894765
TI  - Health hazards of nitrite inhalants.

PMID- 2894767
TI  - Beta-blocker therapy and clinical depression.

PMID- 2894766
TI  - Sulfasalazine-induced lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Pneumonitis, bilateral pleural effusions, echocardiographic evidence of cardiac
      tamponade, and positive autoantibodies developed in a 43-year-old man, who was
      receiving long-term sulfasalazine therapy for chronic ulcerative colitis. After
      cessation of the sulfasalazine and completion of a six-week course of
      corticosteroids, these problems resolved over a period of four to six months. It
      is suggested that the patient had sulfasalazine-induced lupus, which manifested
      with serositis and pulmonary parenchymal involvement in the absence of joint
      symptoms. Physicians who use sulfasalazine to treat patients with inflammatory
      bowel disease should be aware of the signs of sulfasalazine-induced lupus
      syndrome.

PMID- 2894764
TI  - Long-term effects of almitrine bismesylate on oxygenation during wakefulness and
      sleep in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) becomes
      more pronounced during sleep and can result in a number of serious consequences.
      Almitrine bismesylate is a peripheral chemoreceptor agonist that improves
      arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in patients with COPD during wakefulness. Studies
      conducted for up to six months suggested the agonist may be useful in the
      management of nocturnal hypoxemia. In this double-blind, parallel, placebo
      controlled study, patients with COPD received 50 mg of almitrine bismesylate (n =
      9) or placebo (n = 11) twice a day for one year. Almitrine bismesylate increased
      PaO2 by 8.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM), decreased arterial carbon dioxide
      tension by 3.0 +/- 0.7 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM), and increased minute ventilation by
      3.1 +/- 0.5 liters/minute (mean +/- SEM) during wakefulness. All of these changes
      were statistically significant. Five patients in the almitrine bismesylate group
      and eight patients in the placebo group completed sleep studies prior to and
      after 56, 180, and 360 days of almitrine bismesylate or placebo administration.
      Relative to placebo, almitrine bismesylate significantly increased oxygen
      saturation during sleep without any significant changes in the quantity or
      quality of sleep.

PMID- 2894768
TI  - Alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2894769
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with pERT 87 deoxyribonucleic
      acid probes.
AB  - New methods of prenatal diagnosis based on recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid
      techniques are assuming increased importance in obstetrics practice. Carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy were performed
      with the use of three intragenic probes and four restriction enzymes to test six
      polymorphic sites. Twenty-seven families at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      were studied. Eleven at-risk pregnancies were studied; two affected males and
      four carrier females were predicted. Some families with a single affected
      individual were shown to have had a spontaneous mutation and were therefore at a
      much lower risk in future pregnancies.

PMID- 2894770
TI  - Development of the biphasic response to glucose in fetal and neonatal rat
      pancreas.
AB  - A study on the development of biphasic insulin release and sensitivity to
      inhibitors has been performed using perifused rat pancreas at 19.5 days of
      gestation (3 days before birth) and at 3 days after birth. In the fetal pancreas,
      16.7 mM glucose caused a marked stimulation of insulin release that did not,
      however, manifest a biphasic response and was not inhibited by verapamil, a Ca2+
      channel blocker. This suggested that the immature response was due to either a
      lack of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels or their failure to open in response to
      glucose. Depolarizing concentrations of KCl stimulated insulin release, which was
      inhibited by verapamil, demonstrating that functional Ca2+ channels were present.
      In the presence of 16.7 mM glucose, quinine, which blocks glucose-sensitive k+
      channels, potentiated the response of the fetal pancreas that now became
      sensitive to verapamil, demonstrating that functional K+ channels were also
      present in the fetal pancreatic beta-cell. The immaturity of the response is not
      due specifically to a defect in glucose metabolism; rather the metabolism of
      nutrient secretagogues fails to couple with the K+ channel in the fetal islet and
      thus fails to depolarize the beta-cell membrane. Three days after birth the
      pattern of response to high glucose is biphasic. Insulin release in fetal
      pancreas was inhibited by epinephrine and somatostatin.

PMID- 2894771
TI  - Hepatic extraction of somatostatin in conscious dogs.
AB  - Fractional hepatic extraction of endogenous somatostatin immunoreactivity was
      examined in conscious dogs with Doppler flow probes on the portal vein and
      hepatic artery and catheters in the portal and hepatic veins and carotid artery
      before and after induction of hypoglycemia by infusion of insulin. Insulin
      infusion (1 and 2 mU.kg-1.min-1) decreased arterial plasma glucose from 76 +/- 4
      mg/dl to a nadir of 41 +/- 2 mg/dl. Basal portal vein somatostatin was 117 +/- 11
      pg/ml, which was significantly greater than the 97 +/- 12 pg/ml in the hepatic
      vein (P less than 0.05) and 79 +/- 8 pg/ml in the carotid artery (P less than
      0.05). Hypoglycemia significantly augmented portal vein somatostatin to 206 +/-
      32 pg/ml with parallel increases in the hepatic vein and carotid artery. The mean
      basal fractional hepatic extraction of total somatostatin immunoreactivity was 9
      +/- 6% and was unchanged during hypoglycemia (14 +/- 4%). Column chromatography
      of the portal vein somatostatin immunoreactivity in the basal period yielded
      three peaks with most of the material eluting with somatostatin-14 and the void
      volume. Very little somatostatin-28 was detected. There was very little hepatic
      extraction of the void volume material while approximately 50% of somatostatin-14
      was removed by that organ. After insulin-induced hypoglycemia, there was the
      greatest percent increase in somatostatin-28 and a doubling of somatostatin-14
      and the void volume material. Most of the somatostatins-14 and -28 were removed
      by the liver, while extraction of the void volume material was
      negligible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894772
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on basal and stimulated gastric secretion in the cod,
      Gadus morhua.
AB  - In vivo secretion of gastric acid and pepsin has been studied in pylorus-ligated
      cod. Basal acid output amounted to 100-150 mumol H+.kg-1.h-1 and pepsin secretion
      to 1 mg.kg-1.h-1. In response to bombesin nonapeptide (2.4 nmol.kg-1.h-1) and
      histamine (81 nmol.kg-1.h-1), acid secretion increased to approximately 200 and
      600% of the basal level, respectively. Pepsin output was marginally affected by
      histamine but increased to approximately 3 and 15 times the basal level during
      treatment with bombesin and eledoisin (3.27 nmol.kg-1.h-1). Somatostatin (SS-14,
      15 nmol.kg-1.h-1) inhibited basal acid secretion by 85%. It also inhibited the
      acid secretion during stimulation with bombesin (68%) and histamine (57%), but
      although the former effect could be explained by removal of the basal component,
      the latter could not. Basal pepsin secretion was not affected by SS-14. A slight
      inhibition (28%) of the peak pepsin response to eledoisin was demonstrated, and
      bombesin failed to stimulate pepsin secretion during treatment with SS-14. These
      results indicate that endogenous somatostatin, if present in the cod stomach,
      could play a role in the regulation of gastric secretion.

PMID- 2894773
TI  - Somatostatin modulates cholinergic neurotransmission in canine antral muscle.
AB  - Somatostatin has been shown to inhibit antral motility in vivo. To examine the
      effect of somatostatin on cholinergic neurotransmission in the canine antrum, we
      studied the mechanical response of and the release of [3H]acetylcholine from
      canine longitudinal antral muscle in response to substance P, gastrin 17, and
      electrical stimulation. In unstimulated tissues, somatostatin had a positive
      inotropic effect on spontaneous phasic contractions. In tissues stimulated with
      substance P and gastrin 17, but not with electrical stimulation, somatostatin
      inhibited the phasic inotropic response dose dependently. This inhibitory effect
      was abolished by indomethacin. Somatostatin stimulated the release of
      prostaglandin E2 radioimmunoreactivity, and prostaglandin E2 inhibited the
      release of [3H]acetylcholine induced by substance P and electrical stimulation.
      Somatostatin increased the release of [3H]acetylcholine from unstimulated tissues
      by a tetrodotoxin-sensitive mechanism but inhibited the release induced by
      substance P and electrical stimulation. These results suggest that somatostatin
      has a dual modulatory effect on cholinergic neurotransmission in canine
      longitudinal antral muscle. This effect is excitatory in unstimulated tissues and
      inhibitory in stimulated tissues. The inhibitory effect is partially mediated by
      prostaglandins.

PMID- 2894774
TI  - Sites of action of mu-, kappa- and sigma-opiate receptor agonists at the feline
      ileocecal sphincter.
AB  - The sites of action of several opiate agonists at the feline ileocecal sphincter
      (ICS) were studied. Dose-response curves for the relatively specific ligands for
      the mu-, kappa-, and sigma-receptors were determined using morphine (mu
      receptors), dynorphin-(1-13) (kappa-receptors), and N-allylnormetazocine (sigma
      receptors). Each agonist results in a contractile ICS response. The ICS responded
      stereospecifically to the levo-isomer of N-allylnormetazocine. Atropine (30
      micrograms/kg) or naloxone (100 micrograms/kg) antagonized the ICS response to
      morphine and to (-)-N-allylnormetazocine. Higher doses of naloxone were required
      to inhibit the ICS response to dynorphin. Neither atropine nor tetrodotoxin
      inhibited the ICS response to dynorphin. The ICS response to dynorphin was
      enhanced after tetrodotoxin. Morphine tachyphylaxis inhibited the ICS response to
      (-)-N-allylnormetazocine and vice versa. The ICS response to morphine was
      unaffected by vagotomy but inhibited by trimethaphan camsylate. This study
      suggests that dynorphin (kappa-receptor) acts at a smooth muscle receptor to
      mediate contraction and a neural receptor to mediate relaxation, while (-)-N
      allylnormetazocine acts at the ICS via a mu-receptor. mu-Receptor activation
      causes ICS contraction via a cholinergic pathway.

PMID- 2894776
TI  - Phorbol esters, protein kinase C, and thyroxine 5'-deiodinase in brown
      adipocytes.
AB  - Protein kinase C activity has been identified in the rat brown adipocyte. About
      60% of this activity is found in the cytosolic fraction under basal conditions,
      and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) causes a rapid shift from the
      cytosol to the particulate fraction. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine cause a
      similar redistribution that can be blocked by prazosin but not by alprenolol.
      alpha 1-Adrenergic agonists cause three- to fivefold stimulation of type 2
      iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity in brown adipocytes. TPA has no effect on
      basal deiodinase activity and reduces the response of the enzyme to alpha 1
      adrenergic agonists. These results suggest that the translocation of protein
      kinase C from cytosol to particulate fraction is not sufficient to increase
      deiodinase activity but can modulate the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist-mediated
      responses in these cells.

PMID- 2894775
TI  - Beta-adrenergic actions on membrane electrical properties of dissociated smooth
      muscle cells.
AB  - Studies were carried out to determine the effects of the beta-adrenergic agent,
      isoproterenol (ISO), on membrane electrical properties in single smooth muscle
      cells enzymatically dispersed from toad stomach. In cells bathed in buffer of
      physiological composition, the average resting potential was -56.4 +/- 1.4 mV
      (mean +/- SE, n = 35). The dominant effect of exposure to ISO was
      hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization was apparent in all cells studied and
      averaged 11.6 +/- 1.2 mV (n = 27). In the majority of the cells,
      hyperpolarization was accompanied by a decreased input resistance (Rin). Often
      the change in resistance appeared to lag behind the change in membrane potential.
      The lack of coincident changes in membrane potential and resistance may reflect a
      superposition of the outward rectification properties of the membrane on beta
      adrenergic-induced increases in ionic conductance. In about half of the cells, an
      initial small depolarization (3.1 +/- 0.3 mV, n = 14) was accompanied by a small
      but distinct increase in Rin (12 +/- 2.5%). When membrane potential was made more
      negative than the estimated equilibrium potential for K+ (EK) by injection of
      current, ISO also produced biphasic effects, an initial hyperpolarization which
      reversed to a sustained depolarization to a value (-90 mV) near the estimated EK.
      The hyperpolarization by ISO could be diminished in a time-dependent manner by
      previous exposure to ouabain. The inhibition by ouabain, however, appeared to be
      a fortuitous result of glycoside-induced positive shifts in EK. These
      observations indicate that the dominant electrophysiological effect of beta
      adrenergic stimuli is to hyperpolarize the cell membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894777
TI  - Effects of somatostatin on splanchnic hemodynamics and plasma glucagon in portal
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin infusion on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics and
      plasma glucagon levels were investigated in rats with portal hypertension. Forty
      four male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Portal hypertension was induced in 26
      rats by partial portal vein ligation (PVL). These rats were divided in two
      experimental groups to receive blindly 1) somatostatin (PVL-SMT, n = 13) at a
      dose of 25 micrograms/kg body wt during 30 min preceded by a bolus injection of
      15 micrograms/kg body wt or 2) placebo (saline) (PVL-P, n = 13) infused at the
      same rate as in the previous group. The remaining 18 rats were used as normal
      controls and received somatostatin (n = 9) or saline infusion (n = 9). Regional
      blood flows and cardiac output were measured using radioactive microspheres.
      Arterial and portal pressures were also measured. In portal hypertensive rats
      somatostatin infusion produced significant reductions in the increased portal
      venous inflow, reductions in portal pressure, and significantly increased portal
      venous resistance. Reduction of portal venous inflow was due to splanchnic
      vasoconstriction, evidenced by increased splanchnic arteriolar resistance. No
      significant differences were observed in systemic hemodynamic parameters between
      PVL-SMT and PVL-P rats. Plasma glucagon levels were significantly reduced by
      somatostatin to levels similar to those observed in sham-operated rats. In sham
      operated rats, somatostatin also caused significant reduction in portal venous
      inflow and plasma glucagon concentration, although these changes were of lesser
      magnitude than in portal hypertensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894778
TI  - Cholinergic neurotransmission in human corpus cavernosum. I. Responses of
      isolated tissue.
AB  - To investigate the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in erection, human
      penile corpus cavernosum tissue was studied. Electrical stimulation of strips of
      corpus cavernosum suspended in an organ chamber induced contractions and
      relaxations that were blocked by tetrodotoxin. The contractions also were blocked
      by bretylium and prazosin. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine contracted the
      isolated strips and this response was prevented by prazosin. Electrical
      stimulation-induced relaxations were enhanced by bretylium and physostigmine and
      partially blocked by atropine. The effect of atropine, but not that of
      physostigmine, was prevented by bretylium. Corporal strips contracted with
      norepinephrine relaxed to acetylcholine; this effect was blocked by atropine and
      enhanced by physostigmine. Strips lacking endothelium contracted normally with
      norepinephrine, but the relaxation caused by acetylcholine was virtually
      abolished. Thus endothelium lining the lacunar spaces within human corpus
      cavernosum is required for the relaxation caused by exogenous acetylcholine.
      There may be three neurotransmitter effector systems that control corpus
      cavernosum smooth muscle tone: adrenergic (excitatory), cholinergic (inhibitory),
      and nonadrenergic noncholinergic (inhibitory). Cholinergic nerves do not dilate
      or constrict directly the smooth muscle but may modulate other neuroeffector
      systems and/or the endothelium.

PMID- 2894779
TI  - Adrenergic modulation of pancreatic glucagon and insulin secretion in sheep.
AB  - The effect of intravenous infusion of epinephrine, either alone or together with
      various doses of phentolamine or propranolol, on the secretion of both glucagon
      and insulin was determined in six sheep. Intravenous infusion of epinephrine
      alone caused increases in plasma glucagon and glucose concentrations and produced
      a slight but significant decrease in plasma insulin concentration. The
      concomitant infusion of propranolol and epinephrine augmented glucagon release
      and inhibited insulin secretion. Combined propranolol plus epinephrine infusion
      also caused a marked hyperglycemia. The concomitant infusion of phentolamine and
      epinephrine produced slight inhibition of glucagon secretion and markedly
      promoted insulin secretion. Epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia was eliminated by
      phentolamine infusion. The effects of isoproterenol infusion on plasma glucagon,
      insulin, and glucose concentrations were similar to that caused by the
      concomitant infusion of phentolamine and epinephrine. The effects of
      isoproterenol were abolished by the infusion of propranolol. It is concluded that
      an alpha-receptor mechanism is the most important component of adrenergic
      modulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion, whereas beta-receptor activation
      stimulates and alpha-receptor activation inhibits insulin secretion in sheep.

PMID- 2894780
TI  - Differential memory function with dopaminergic versus anticholinergic treatment
      of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.
AB  - Nine chronic schizophrenic patients being treated with high-potency antipsychotic
      medication and antiparkinsonian agents were enrolled in a double-blind, crossover
      trial comparing amantadine and trihexyphenidyl. Memory function was assessed with
      the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test during each 6-week drug trial. The subjects
      performed significantly better while receiving amantadine. Examinations of
      computed tomographic studies of seven subjects revealed a significant inverse
      correlation between ventricle size and memory while they were taking
      trihexyphenidyl but not amantadine. This suggests that patients with underlying
      brain pathology may be particularly vulnerable to the memory-disrupting effects
      of anticholinergic agents.

PMID- 2894781
TI  - Meige's syndrome associated with neuroleptic treatment.
AB  - Meige's syndrome is characterized by blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia.
      Three cases are presented; two were associated with long-term neuroleptic
      administration. This drug-induced syndrome may be a variant of tardive dystonia,
      and prompt discontinuation of neuroleptic treatment may be therapeutic.

PMID- 2894782
TI  - A prospective survey of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a short-term
      psychiatric hospital.
AB  - Of 1,470 patients treated with neuroleptics during 1 year at a private
      psychiatric hospital, only one patient developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome-
      an annual frequency of 0.07%. Use of low doses of neuroleptics may account for
      this frequency, which is below recent estimates.

PMID- 2894783
TI  - Alcohol-induced enhancement of intestinal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity
      in rats and humans: a possible role in increased serum gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity in alcoholics.
AB  - It is a well-known phenomenon that serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP,
      EC 2.3.2.2.) activity is increased after chronic consumption of ethanol, and
      gamma-GTP has been, therefore, widely used as a sensitive marker for detection of
      alcoholism and its related liver disease. However, the precise mechanisms whereby
      the chronic ethanol consumption leads to an increase in serum gamma-GTP activity
      are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the relationship
      between the intestinal and serum gamma-GTP activities after chronic ethanol
      consumption both in rats and humans. Chronic ethanol feeding to rats resulted in
      a significant increase in serum gamma-GTP activity associated with a significant
      increment of the intestinal gamma-GTP activity. The histochemical staining of
      gamma-GTP in the mucosa of the small intestine of these animals demonstrated
      enhanced gamma-GTP activity at the microvilli of the brush border membrane,
      lamina propria of the mucosa, and endoplasmic reticulum of the intestinal
      epithelial cell. The augmented activity in the lamina propria was mainly
      localized at the submucosal lymphatics. Histology of the small intestine of human
      alcoholics was, more or less, similar to those observed in alcoholic rats. We
      further investigated the gamma-GTP activity in the mesenteric lymph using the
      animal model of lymphorrhea, and found that the gamma-GTP activity was increased
      by 83% when expressed per unit of lymph in the ethanol-fed rat, accompanied by a
      marked decrease of serum gamma-GTP activity, suggesting a close relationship
      between the serum and the intestinal gamma-GTP via the lymphatic
      channel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894784
TI  - Ontogeny of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide in thyroid C cells
      from dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs.
AB  - Ontogeny of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in thyroid C
      cells of dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs from early fetuses to adults was
      investigated by an immunoperoxidase method, in comparison with the development of
      immunoreactive calcitonin and somatostatin. The presence of immunoreactive CGRP
      in mature C cells was different from species to species. Dog and rabbit C cells
      revealed intense immunoreactivity for CGRP, whereas guinea pig C cells revealed
      very weak immunoreactivity or none. In dog fetuses, the appearance of
      immunoreactive CGRP was early. At around 35 days of gestation, when the
      follicular cells were not yet organized into follicles, immunoreactivities for
      three peptides--calcitonin, somatostatin, and CGRP--began to appear in C cells.
      While the highest population of somatostatin-positive cells was attained when the
      primordial follicles were vigorously formed throughout whole thyroid parenchyma
      and their frequency progressively declined thereafter, CGRP-positive cells as
      well as calcitonin-positive cells gradually increased in number and intensity
      with gestational age. The developmental pattern of immunoreactive CGRP coincided
      with that of immunoreactive calcitonin in dog C cells. In rabbit fetuses, at 25
      days of gestation, when thyroid follicles stored large amounts of colloid and C
      cells already exhibited intense immunoreactivity for calcitonin, CGRP
      immunoreactivity as well as somatostatin immunoreactivity began to appear.
      Subsequently, immunoreactivities for the three peptides gradually increased with
      age, although calcitonin immunoreactivity was outstandingly intense among them.
      In guinea pig C cells, intense immunoreactivity for CGRP was not observed in any
      stages of development. These results indicate that there are developmental
      profiles of CGRP characteristic for each animal, and the ratio of CGRP and
      calcitonin produced from calcitonin genes in C cells seems to be fixed for life.

PMID- 2894785
TI  - Molecular genetic analysis of the major histocompatibility complex in an ELA
      typed horse family.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism was studied in an ELA typed horse family
      which included a stallion, a mare with two full-sibs, another mare with three
      full-sibs and, in addition, three paternal half-sibs. DNA samples from all
      individuals were investigated by Southern blot analysis using three restriction
      enzymes (EcoRI, HindIII or TaqI) and human cDNA class I, class II (DR beta) and
      class III (C4) probes. In addition, a genomic class II DQ alpha probe was used.
      Fragments hybridized with the various probes revealed the existence of DNA
      sequences homologous to HLA class I, DR beta, DQ alpha and C4 genes in the horse.
      Polymorphic fragments were found when DNA was hybridized with class I and class
      II probes irrespective of the enzyme used; but hybridization with the C4 probe
      did not reveal variability. All polymorphic fragments segregated according to the
      ELA serological specificities, thus indicating a close linkage between the
      different revealed subregions. Banding patterns suggest that the horse possesses
      about 20-30 class I genes, probably more than one DR beta and DQ alpha genes and
      possibly only one C4 gene. The high degree of polymorphism observed suggests that
      molecular DNA typing may represent a potentially powerful aid to decision in
      parentage control determination.

PMID- 2894786
TI  - Immunologically mediated food allergy: the importance of food challenge
      procedures.
AB  - The past several years have witnessed a growing public awareness and concern
      about adverse reactions to foods. Although the scientific community's interest in
      this topic has grown also, much needs to be learned about the prevalence,
      etiology, and symptoms related to these disorders. Reasons why double-blind
      placebo-controlled food challenges are mandatory for the diagnosis of food
      allergy in the research setting are discussed. A practical office approach for
      evaluating complaints of potential adverse reactions to foods is presented.

PMID- 2894788
TI  - [Repeated convulsions after abrupt benzodiazepine withdrawal].
AB  - Benzodiazepines are widely used and well-known for their safety; serious
      complications may, nevertheless, occur in the particular case of an abrupt
      withdrawal, which is quite common after general anaesthesia. The case reported
      emphasizes the seriousness of the syndrome : after vascular surgery the patient
      presented with repeated epileptic seizures and a short lasting cardiac arrest.
      The patient used to absorb large quantities of benzodiazepines, without medical
      prescription. The convulsions stopped after the benzodiazepine had been taken
      again. The exact mechanism of the withdrawal syndrome remains hypothetical. There
      are numerous risk factors which increase the probability and seriousness of the
      withdrawal symptoms. The prevention of withdrawal accidents depends on the
      physician, and especially the anesthetist, knowing the patient's drug intake.
      This shows yet again the importance of the preanaesthetic visit.

PMID- 2894787
TI  - [Spontaneous development of paralysis induced by equipotent doses of vecuronium,
      atracurium, fazadinium, pancuronium, gallamine and d-tubocurarine].
AB  - Thirty-six patients undergoing elective surgery were studied after obtaining
      their informed consent. They were randomly assigned to six series of six patients
      each. One hour before anaesthesia, all patients received 0.2 mg.kg-1 diazepam
      orally. After induction of anaesthesia with 1-1.5 mg.kg-1 methohexitone and 5
      micrograms.kg-1 fentanyl, the patients were paralysed and ventilation was
      controlled manually (semi-open circuit; 50% N2O/50% O2). Each patient received a
      single dose of either 70 micrograms.kg-1 fazadinium, 70 micrograms.kg-1
      pancuronium, 2,500 micrograms.kg-1 gallamine or 450 micrograms.kg-1 d
      tubocurarine. Neuromuscular function was monitored by measuring the isometric
      contraction of the adductor pollicis muscle in response to supramaximal
      stimulations of the ulnar nerve at the wrist (square wave pulse of 0.2 ms
      duration at supramaximal intensity delivery at 0.1 Hz). Three parameters were
      measured: the time between the injection of the relaxant drug and recovery of the
      twitch height at 50% of its baseline (RT0-50); the time between the injection of
      the relaxant drug and recovery of the twitch height at 90% of its baseline (RT0
      90); the time between the injection of the relaxant drug and recovery of the
      twitch height from 25 to 75% of its baseline (RT25-75). The values of the
      observed parameters were expressed in minutes (means +/- SEM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894789
TI  - [Comparison of the action kinetics of alcuronium and vecuronium by
      electromyographic monitoring].
AB  - Twenty-eight ASA I or ASA II adults undergoing microsurgery were anaesthetized
      according to a standard protocol using droperidol, phenoperidine and thiopentone
      followed by enflurane. The patients were randomly assigned to two homogeneous
      groups: the first group (n = 14) received 0.2 mg.kg-1 alcuronium, whereas the
      second group (n = 14) received 0.08 mg.kg-1 vecuronium. There was no reinjection
      of either drug and curarization tapered off spontaneously. Neuromuscular
      monitoring was begun once anaesthesia was stable and after intentional
      isovolaemic haemodilution. The type of stimulus used was the train-of-four,
      delivered by a Relaxograph monitor to the ulnar nerve. Muscle response was
      measured at the hypothenar eminence. The kinetic study considered the time
      interval required between the injection of the muscle relaxant and the appearance
      of the minimal value of the twitch (first response of the train-of-four = T1min).
      The times to recovery of the twitch height to 25, 75 and 100% of the reference
      value (T1/T0) and of the fourth response of the train-of-four to 25 and 75% of
      the ratio (T4/T1) were also recorded. Finally, the recovery indexes represented
      by the times required for T1/T0 and T4/T1 to rise from 25% to 75% respectively
      were studied. The maximal twitch height inhibition was significantly greater (p
      less than 0.001) in the vecuronium group (T1min = 0.36 +/- 1.33%) than in the
      alcuronium group (T1min = 4.36 +/- 5.08%); it occurred significantly more quickly
      (p less than 0.001) with vecuronium (139 +/- 48 s) than with alcuronium (316 +/-
      133 s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894790
TI  - Experimental induction of abdominal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration
      by intraruminal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in neonatal calves.
AB  - The etiologic role of Clostridum perfringens type A in the acute abdominal
      syndrome characterized by abomasal and rumen tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal
      ulceration was investigated in neonatal calves. Eight calves, 4 to 12 days old,
      were inoculated intraruminally with toxigenic C perfringens type A. Before and
      after C perfringens inoculation, blood samples were collected from all calves for
      blood gas and serum biochemical analysis and for determination of serum copper
      concentration; ruminal fluid was obtained for isolation of C perfringens. Calves
      were monitored daily for clinical signs of the syndrome and, depending on the
      severity of clinical signs, they were either euthanatized or redosed within 4 to
      7 days. After necropsy, specimens obtained from the abomasum and rumen for
      macroscopic and microscopic examination and for anaerobic bacteriologic culture
      were processed in routine manner. Intraruminal inoculation of C perfringens type
      A into healthy calves induced anorexia, depression, bloat, diarrhea, and in some
      calves, death. Serum copper concentration was within normal range. Necropsy
      revealed variable degrees of abomasitis, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages,
      and ulcers (ranging from pinpoint to nearly perforate) in the abomasum. Seven of
      those calves also had multiple trichobezoars in the rumen. These necropsy
      findings were not seen in calves (controls) given distilled H2O only. In affected
      calves, acute abdominal syndrome was unrelated to copper deficiency, and C
      perfringens type A given intraruminally was able to induce clinical signs similar
      to those of the naturally acquired disease.

PMID- 2894791
TI  - Continuous narcotic infusion with patient-controlled analgesia for chronic cancer
      pain in outpatients.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and safety of outpatient continuous
      narcotic infusions with additional bolus capabilities (patient-controlled
      analgesia) in patients with cancer pain. DESIGN: A single arm (non-randomized)
      series. SETTING: Outpatient with contact by telephone and through outpatient
      clinic. PATIENTS: Consecutive series of 18 patients with poorly controlled cancer
      pain or significant side effects from regular administration of various
      narcotics. INTERVENTIONS: Patients taught and supervised to use portable pump
      capable of delivering a continuous narcotic infusion with bolus capabilities.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All patients had improvement in pain control as
      judged by the use of a linear analogue scale. Side effects and safety profile
      were highly acceptable. Narcotics used and maximum doses were meperidine, 50
      mg/h; morphine, 80 mg/hr; and hydromorphone, 60 mg/hr. Infusion duration ranged
      from 7 to 225 days (mean, 54 days). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous narcotic infusions
      using a programmable portable pump with bolus capabilities is a safe and reliable
      method of delivering narcotics to outpatients.

PMID- 2894792
TI  - [Manic switch induced by clorazepate (5 cases)].

PMID- 2894793
TI  - Redox drug delivery systems for targeting drugs to the brain.

PMID- 2894794
TI  - Multidrug resistance and P-glycoprotein expression.

PMID- 2894795
TI  - Multiple factors controlling ACTH secretion at the anterior pituitary level.

PMID- 2894796
TI  - Role of altered heme synthesis in chemical injury to the nervous system.

PMID- 2894797
TI  - Expression of the myc protooncogene in canine rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - The expression of the protooncogene c-myc in a canine rhabdomyosarcoma was
      examined. It was found that this highly malignant tumour contained vast
      quantities of RNA that hybridized with a cDNA probe for c-myc. Restriction
      fragment length analysis after endonuclease digestion of tumour DNA did not
      reveal any rearrangements in this gene locus. The potential role of this oncogene
      in the development of canine rhabdomyosarcoma is discussed.

PMID- 2894799
TI  - Retroviruses in the nervous system. Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the
      National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, May 4-6, 1987.

PMID- 2894798
TI  - Induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat lung by neurotransmitters
      and peptide hormones.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase activity of rat lung was induced by s.c. injection of
      acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, vasopressin,
      angiotensin II, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, but not by gonadotropin,
      aldosterone, corticosterone or hydrocortisone. The possible significance of
      hormonal factors in lung carcinogenesis is discussed, based on the reported
      promoting activity of vasopressin in cultured cells.

PMID- 2894800
TI  - The neuroepidemiology of tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - Recent neuroepidemiological studies of endemic tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)
      have confirmed the existence of high-prevalence foci in several tropical islands,
      including Jamaica and Martinique in the Caribbean, Tumaco off the Pacific coast
      of Colombia, and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean. There is a net preponderance
      of TSP in persons of Black African ancestry, although Caucasian, Hindu,
      Amerindian, and Orientals have been affected. The epidemiological, clinical,
      laboratory, and neuropathological features of TSP are reviewed here, as well as
      the evidence in favor of its retroviral origin.

PMID- 2894801
TI  - The role of HTLV-I in tropical spastic paraparesis in Jamaica.
AB  - We report clinical and laboratory investigations of 47 native-born Jamaican
      patients with endemic tropical spastic paraparesis and of 1 patient with tropical
      ataxic neuropathy. Mean age at onset was 40 years, with a female-male
      preponderance (2.7:1). Neurological features of endemic tropical spastic
      paraparesis are predominantly those of a spastic paraparesis with variable
      degrees of proprioceptive and/or superficial sensory impairment. Using enzyme
      linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), IgG antibodies to human T-lymphotropic
      virus type I (HTLV-I) were present in 82% of sera and 77% of cerebrospinal
      fluids. On Western blot analysis, IgG antibodies detected the p19 and p24 gag
      encoded core proteins in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Titers were tenfold
      higher by ELISA in serum than in cerebrospinal fluid, and some oligoclonal bands
      present in fluid were not seen in serum. Serum-cerebrospinal fluid albumin ratios
      were normal, and IgG indexes indicated intrathecal IgG synthesis.
      Histopathological changes showed a chronic inflammatory reaction with mononuclear
      cell infiltration, perivascular cuffing, and demyelination that was predominant
      in the lateral columns. In 1 patient, a retrovirus morphologically similar to
      HTLV-I on electron microscopy was isolated from spinal fluid. Our investigations
      show that endemic tropical spastic paraparesis in Jamaica is a retrovirus
      associated myelopathy and that HTLV-I or an antigenically similar retrovirus is
      the causal agent.

PMID- 2894802
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis in Colombia.
AB  - A high-incidence focus of tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) occurs on the South
      Pacific coast of Colombia. Of 55 patients studied, 52 (94.5%) had IgG antibodies
      to the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in serum and/or
      cerebrospinal fluid. Control groups did not show similar high positivity. Our
      results suggest that HTLV-I or other antigenically related retroviruses may be
      the cause of TSP in Colombia. Similar clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological
      findings have been reported in widely remote geographical regions of the world,
      with very similar clinical pictures of TSP in all high-incidence regions. The
      demonstration of IgG antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      TSP in the Caribbean and Seychelles Islands, southern Japan, and the Ivory Coast
      indicate that the HTLV-I retrovirus could be the cause of this "tropical"
      myeloneuropathy.

PMID- 2894803
TI  - Primary central nervous system lymphomas in patients with AIDS.
AB  - Primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are observed in
      approximately 1.9% of all patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). The yearly incidence of AIDS-associated tumors has surpassed the yearly
      incidence from all other causes and could become as frequent as low-grade
      astrocytomas by 1991. Patients' signs, symptoms, and radiographic studies are not
      specific for this lesion; brain biopsy usually is necessary to make a definitive
      diagnosis. Most tumors are high-grade lymphomas and are pathologically similar to
      the primary central nervous system lymphomas observed before the AIDS epidemic.
      AIDS-associated tumors respond readily to radiation therapy. However, patient
      survival remains limited owing to other manifestations of the syndrome.

PMID- 2894804
TI  - HTLV-I-associated tropical spastic paraparesis in Martinique: a reappraisal.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated tropical spastic
      paraparesis in Martinique has been identified in 54 patients, 49 women and 5 men.
      This myelopathy represents an endemic problem on this island and the earliest
      documented case dates from 1952. A blood transfusion history was obtained in 7 of
      the 54 patients (13%). There was a preponderance of cases from the northern
      Atlantic coast of Martinique, the most humid region on the island. The prevalence
      in this region reached 49.5 per 100,000, compared with the global prevalence of
      11.9 cases per 100,000 for the island. An immune-mediated mechanism may be
      important in the pathogenesis of HTLV-I-associated tropical spastic paraparesis.

PMID- 2894805
TI  - Tropical spastic paraparesis: clinical, immunological, and virological studies in
      two patients from Martinique.
AB  - Two patients from Martinique with tropical spastic paraparesis had antibodies to
      human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in serum and spinal fluid but no
      antibodies to other retroviruses tested. They presented with spastic weakness of
      both lower extremities, hyperreflexia with upgoing toes, sphincteric dysfunction,
      and normal sensation. By means of agarose isoelectric focusing and selective
      immunoblotting we demonstrated an increased intrathecal synthesis of IgG
      antibodies to HTLV-I in the spinal fluid. Unique oligoclonal bands of IgG
      antibodies to HTLV-I were present in the cerebrospinal fluid. Using a battery of
      monoclonal antibodies we also found in these patients an increased number of
      circulating T cells that expressed activation markers. We conclude that the HTLV
      I retrovirus associated with tropical spastic paraparesis has both
      lymphocytotropic and neurotropic properties.

PMID- 2894806
TI  - HLA haplotype-linked high immune responsiveness against HTLV-I in HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy: comparison with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - HLA haplotypes of 27 patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)
      associated myelopathy (HAM) and 12 patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
      (ATLL) were examined by analyzing HLA types of the patients and their family
      members. Either A11Bw54Cw1DR4DQw3, A24Bw54Cw1DR4DQ-, A24B7Cw7DR1DQw1, or
      A24Bw52Cw-DR2DQw1 and the related haplotypes were found in 70% of cases with HAM.
      None of these "HAM-associated" haplotypes was found in patients with ATLL. HLA
      haplotypes made up of HLA components of A26Bw62Cw3DR5DQw3 and one particular
      haplotype of Aw33B44Cw-DRw6DQw1 were associated with the ATLL haplotypes. These
      "ATLL-associated" haplotypes were also found in the patients with HAM who had no
      previous history of blood transfusion. The in vitro cultures of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes with HTLV-I virion antigens revealed that the response with HAM
      peripheral blood lymphocytes was remarkably higher than that with ATLL peripheral
      blood lymphocytes. Based on this HTLV-I-specific immune responsiveness, we can
      segregate the high responders in HAM (14 of 16 cases) and the low responders in
      ATLL (6 of 7 cases). The existence of high and low responders was also confirmed
      by the normal healthy individuals, whose responses were segregated with HAM
      associated and ATLL-associated haplotypes. These results suggested that two
      ethnic groups in southern Kyushu may get the two different diseases, HAM and
      ATLL, because of their different immunogenetic backgrounds. The high immune
      response to HTLV-I seems to be an important genetic factor in the development of
      HAM.

PMID- 2894807
TI  - Spastic paraparesis and HTLV-I infection in Peru.
AB  - Three of 6 patients with spastic paraparesis in Lima, Peru, were found to have
      antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Blood and cerebrospinal
      fluid antibodies were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Multilobulated
      lymphocytes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of the index case stained with
      monoclonal antibodies for T-helper cells and for T10, an activation marker. Blood
      mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy showed
      spontaneous proliferation in culture, evidence of interleukin-2 receptors, and
      decreased natural killer cell activity.

PMID- 2894808
TI  - Pathological and immunological observations on tropical spastic paraparesis in
      patients from Jamaica.
AB  - The neuropathological examination of the spinal cord of 2 Jamaican patients with
      classical tropical spastic paraparesis disclosed an intense chronic
      meningomyelitis with demyelination. In the 1 case in which serum and
      cerebrospinal fluid were available, antibodies to the human T-lymphotropic virus
      type 1 were found.

PMID- 2894809
TI  - Epidemiology of tropical spastic paraparesis in Columbia and associated HTLV-I
      infection.
AB  - The clinical syndrome earlier designated as paraparesia espastica del Pacifico is
      an isolated form of tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) that was reported in 1981
      in the southern Pacific lowlands of Columbia in and near Tumaco. The clinical
      features are similar to those of TSP reported in Jamaica, Martinique, the
      Seychelles, and the Ivory Coast of Africa and resemble also those clinical
      features of the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy
      described in southern Japan. Since HTLV-I infection is closely associated with
      TSP, we conducted a case-control study to evaluate the role of HTLV-I-associated
      risk factors among patients from the endemic focus in Tumaco, Colombia, and the
      seroprevalence rates of this virus in other geographical areas of the Pacific
      Colombian lowlands with and without TSP. From our seroprevalence study of
      antibodies to HTLV-I among TSP index patients, matched controls, household
      contacts (first- and second-degree relatives), and healthy controls from these
      areas, we found a strong association between HTLV-I and TSP. Also, there is a
      high seroprevalence of HTLV-I among sexual partners of patients and to a lesser
      extent among their offspring and other relatives some of whom had an early mean
      acquisition of antibodies to HTLV-I. Heterosexual promiscuity and other close
      interpersonal contact may play an important role in the transmission of TSP in
      the Pacific lowlands of Colombia.

PMID- 2894811
TI  - HTLV-I, adult T-cell leukemia, and tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - Human lymphotropic retroviruses have been identified as the etiological agents of
      adult T-cell leukemia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human T
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been linked to the etiology of ATL, and
      human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) has been identified as the cause of
      AIDS. Both retroviruses are T-cell tropic. HTLV-I is a transforming virus,
      whereas HIV-1 is a cytopathic virus and kills the cells it infects. HTLV-I has
      recently been identified from some patients with tropical spastic paraparesis,
      and it appears that HTLV-I infection alone or in the presence of other cofactors
      may be important in the development of this neurological dysfunction.

PMID- 2894810
TI  - HTLV-I-associated leukemia: a model for chronic retroviral diseases.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been associated with adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a malignancy of mature CD4-positive lymphocytes, and
      with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), a demyelinating neurological syndrome.
      This article describes the clinical and pathological features of ATL and reviews
      the epidemiology of this disease and of its putative etiological agent, HTLV-I.
      From what is known about the molecular biology and epidemiology of HTLV-I,
      hypotheses on the etiology of TSP are proposed, and strategies for studying the
      neurological syndrome are suggested.

PMID- 2894812
TI  - Intrathecal synthesis of IgG antibodies to HTLV-I supports an etiological role
      for HTLV-I in tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - High titers of antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) have been
      reported in the sera and cerebrospinal fluids of patients with tropical spastic
      paraparesis. By means of agarose isoelectric focusing and selective
      immunoblotting, we demonstrated oligoclonal bands of immunoglobulin G antibodies
      to HTLV-I in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tropical spastic
      paraparesis. Such cerebrospinal fluid-specific immunoglobulin bands indicate
      intrathecal synthesis of specific antibodies to HTLV-I. These findings mimic the
      antibody response to measles virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and
      support an etiological role for HTLV-I in the pathogenesis of tropical spastic
      paraparesis.

PMID- 2894813
TI  - Seroprevalence of antibodies to HTLV-I in patients with chronic neurological
      disorders other than tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), the etiological agent of adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma, also appears to be the cause of tropical spastic paraparesis,
      a chronic myelopathy reported in several different regions of the world. The
      prevalence of antibodies to HTLV-I in patients with chronic neurodegenerative
      disorders other than tropical spastic paraparesis and in patients with some
      muscle inflammatory disorders has been investigated. IgG antibodies to HTLV-I
      were measured in the sera and/or cerebrospinal fluid from 82 Guamanian patients
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia, 164 Guamanian
      normal controls, 10 patients with kuru from the Eastern Highlands of Papua New
      Guinea, 4 patients with Viliuisk encephalomyelitis from the Iakut region of
      eastern Siberia, 45 Italian patients with multiple sclerosis, and 56 patients
      with polymyositis (49 from the United States and 7 from Jamaica). As determined
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western immunoblot, and gelatin particle
      agglutination techniques, serological evidence of HTLV-I infection was found in 1
      patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 1 control subject from Guam, and
      in 1 patient from the United States and all 7 Jamaican patients with
      polymyositis. Except for the high seropositivity rate among the group of Jamaican
      patients with polymyositis, our data indicate that HTLV-I is an unlikely
      causative agent in the spectrum of the neurological diseases examined. The
      seropositivity of the 7 Jamaican patients with polymyositis requires further
      study.

PMID- 2894814
TI  - Immunological findings in neurological diseases associated with antibodies to
      HTLV-I: activated lymphocytes in tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - A retrovirus involvement in the etiology of certain neurological diseases is
      currently an area of intense interest. Tropical spastic paraparesis and other
      chronic progressive myelopathies have been clearly associated with increased
      serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibody titers to human T-lymphotropic virus type
      I; however, little is known about the cellular immune response. In the present
      study, activated T-lymphocytes were found in the peripheral blood of patients
      with this disorder. There were increased numbers of large CD3-positive cells that
      also expressed histocompatibility leukocyte Class II (DR) and interleukin 2
      receptor molecules. In addition, a significantly elevated spontaneous
      lymphoproliferative response was demonstrated in all patients. This is consistent
      with the known in vitro effects of human T-lymphotropic virus type I. In one
      patient, a defect in the generation of measles virus-specific cytotoxic T cells
      was identified. These observations indicate abnormalities of the cellular immune
      response in tropical spastic paraparesis.

PMID- 2894815
TI  - Clinical Research.

PMID- 2894816
TI  - Virological and immunological findings.

PMID- 2894817
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Bordetella species isolated in a Multicenter
      Pertussis Surveillance Project.
AB  - MICs for 90% (MIC90s) of 75 Bordetella pertussis strains for amoxicillin,
      erythromycin, rifampin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were 1, less than or
      equal to 0.12, 1, and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively. Susceptibility rates were
      all greater than or equal to 93%. Only 17% of the strains were susceptible to
      tetracycline. The MIC90s of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and
      roxithromycin were less than or equal to 0.06, 0.5, 0.25, 0.12, and 0.5
      micrograms/ml, respectively. For B. parapertussis, the MIC90s were 16-fold higher
      with amoxicillin and rifampin and 2- to 4-fold higher with the fluoroquinolones
      and roxithromycin.

PMID- 2894818
TI  - Two mutations of dihydropteridine reductase deficiency.
AB  - Two patients with dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency, in one case due
      to the absence of any enzyme protein (DHPR- cross reactive material (CRM)-) and
      in the other case due to the production of a mutant type devoid of catalytic
      activity (DHPR- CRM+) were examined. This latter form of malignant
      phenylketonuria, whose relative frequency seems to be higher in the Italian
      population, possibly has a worse prognosis. The earlier onset and the greater
      severity of clinical symptoms are associated with a more pronounced hydroxylation
      defect, as shown by higher degree of neonatal hyperphenylalaninaemia,
      unresponsiveness to an oral tetrahydrobiopterin load, lower concentrations of
      neurotransmitter metabolites, and reduced tyrosine production after an oral
      phenylalanine load.

PMID- 2894819
TI  - Transient neonatal hyperthyroidism and maternal thyroid stimulating
      immunoglobulins.
AB  - Serum thyroid stimulating hormone binding inhibitor immunoglobulins (TBII) and
      thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) concentrations were measured in three
      pregnant women with hyperthyroidism and then in their infants. The results
      suggested that TBII concentrations in infants in the neonatal period or from
      mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy showed a good correlation with
      the development of neonatal hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2894822
TI  - Effect of famotidine on theophylline clearance in asthma and COPD patients.

PMID- 2894821
TI  - [Prenatal screening for phenylketonuria in 2 families by trophoblast biopsy].
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU) is now available owing to restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene.
      Biopsies of chorionic villi were carried ou at 11 weeks gestation in 2 families
      who had previously a child with the classical form of PKU and who were considered
      informative after DNA studies. Fetal DNA was extracted and studied with
      restriction enzymes selected according to the study of each family. Hybridization
      studies suggested that one fetus was affected by the disease and that the second
      was normal. Termination of pregnancy was carried out in the first case; however,
      study of the fetus could not be performed. In the second family, the pregnancy
      resulted in the delivery of a normal child, as shown by normal phenylalanine
      level at birth.

PMID- 2894820
TI  - Enzymic arrangement and allosteric regulation of the aromatic amino acid pathway
      in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - The pathway construction and allosteric regulation of phenylalanine and tyrosine
      biosynthesis was examined in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A single 3-deoxy-D-arabino
      heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase enzyme sensitive to feedback inhibition
      by L-phenylalanine was found. Chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydratase appear
      to co-exist as catalytic components of a bifunctional enzyme, known to be present
      in related genera. The latter enzyme activities were both feedback inhibited by L
      phenylalanine. Prephenate dehydratase was strongly activated by L-tyrosine. NAD+
      linked prephenate dehydrogenase and arogenate dehydrogenase activities coeluted
      following ion-exchange chromatography, suggesting their identity as catalytic
      properties of a single broad-specificity cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase. Each
      dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, but not by L
      tyrosine. Two aromatic aminotransferases were resolved, one preferring the L
      phenylalanine:2-ketoglutarate substrate combination and the other preferring the
      L-tyrosine: 2-ketoglutarate substrate combination. Each aminotransferase was also
      able to transaminate prephenate. The overall picture of regulation is one in
      which L-tyrosine modulates L-phenylalanine synthesis via activation of prephenate
      dehydratase. L-Phenylalanine in turn regulates early-pathway flow through
      inhibition of DAHP synthase. The recent phylogenetic positioning of N.
      gonorrhoeae makes it a key reference organism for emerging interpretations about
      aromatic-pathway evolution.

PMID- 2894823
TI  - [APUD cells in gastric cancer].
AB  - Endocrine cells (APUD cells) of digestive mucosa can be source of neoplasias,
      usually called "carcinoids". Nevertheless, there are some reports in literature
      about the presence of APUD cells in carcinomas as a tumor component. However,
      these tumors seem to have not the biological and clinical behavior of carcinoids.
      These types of neoplasias have been reported mainly in stomach and colon. In the
      present work, the frequency of APUD cells was studied in 42 gastric carcinomas.
      Argyrophil cells were observed in six cases (14.3%) and argentaffin cells in one
      (2.3%); their histopathological pattern were well differentiated adenocarcinoma
      (5) and "signet ring cell carcinoma" (1). The APUD cell distribution and number
      in these neoplasias were quite irregular in each case examined and in different
      areas of the same case.

PMID- 2894824
TI  - Effects of Bordetella avium on lymphoid tissue monoamine concentrations in turkey
      poults.
AB  - Six hours post-hatch, large white turkey poults were inoculated intranasally with
      5 x 10(7) cells of the W isolate of Bordetella avium. Three hours after
      inoculation and subsequently on days 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 postinoculation,
      poults from infected and control groups were killed by cervical dislocation.
      Thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were removed, weighed, and frozen until
      assayed for norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT). B. avium
      infection caused a reduced concentration of NE, DA, and 5HT in the spleen,
      thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. The reduced concentrations of these monoamines in
      lymphoid tissues of diseased poults may be a normal response during the course of
      a disease or during the mounting of an immune response.

PMID- 2894826
TI  - Experimentally induced necrotic enteritis in chickens.
AB  - A 1.3 to 10% incidence of necrotic enteritis was experimentally produced in
      broiler-type chickens in three of five trials. The incidence range observed was
      considerably narrower and lower than the 5.6-37.3% range reported in the
      literature. Clostridium perfringens was inconsistently isolated from the liver
      and intestine of dosed chickens.

PMID- 2894825
TI  - Antigenic relatedness and partial amino acid sequences of pili of Escherichia
      coli serotypes O1, O2, and O78 pathogenic to poultry.
AB  - Pilus proteins from Escherichia coli serotypes O1, O2, and O78 pathogenic to
      poultry were compared with regard to their antigenic relatedness and partial
      amino acid sequences. Agglutination, immunodiffusion, and immunoblot assays with
      polyclonal antibodies to these pili showed that these pili not only share some
      common antigens but also contain antigens unique to each pilus. The partial amino
      terminal amino acid sequences support our earlier findings that the pili are
      different but contain some structural homologies.

PMID- 2894827
TI  - Physical exercise and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction.
AB  - Reproductive change during conditioning exercise (physical training provides a
      model of hypothalamic adaptation to alterations in the external and internal
      environment. Parallels exist between the reproductive changes with exercise and
      those occurring with physical illness, undernutrition and psychological trauma.
      Although menstrual cyclicity may be disrupted in younger women, luteal phase
      shortening, anovulation and decreased premenstrual symptoms within normal
      ovulatory cycles are the most frequent observations noted. Baseline LH, prolactin
      and oestradiol tend to be lower, and other hormones unchanged, in trained women.
      Testosterone may be decreased within the normal range in men. Recent evidence
      shows that LH pulse frequency, amplitude and area under the LH curve are
      decreased in both female and male runners. Interrelationships between increases
      in central dopamine, endorphin and probably some hypothalamic message(s) relating
      to nutritional state appear to modulate these reproductive changes. The clinical
      and therapeutic response to reproductive alterations in the context of exercise
      differs when these are seen as adaptive and not as disease processes (Prior and
      Vigna, 1985b).

PMID- 2894828
TI  - Dissimilar effects of 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol and phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate on fatty acid synthesis in isolated rat-liver cells.
AB  - Exogenous 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG) is known to mimic the action of tumour
      promoting phorbol esters in various cell types. However, in isolated rat
      hepatocytes OAG depressed the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis and the
      activity of the key enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2), in contrast to
      the pronounced stimulation of both parameters by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
      (PMA). The inhibition by OAG appeared to be dose- and time-dependent. On the
      other hand, medium-chain 1,2-diacylglycerols like 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol did
      mimic the stimulatory action of PMA. The anomalous effect of OAG may well be
      explained by its metabolic breakdown leading to liberation of oleate and
      subsequent inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity by endogenously formed
      oleoyl-CoA. The stimulatory effects of both PMA and medium-chain diacylglycerols
      are likely to be mediated by protein kinase C.

PMID- 2894829
TI  - Isolation of mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe unable to synthesize cadystin,
      small cadmium-binding peptides.
AB  - Schizosaccharomyces pombe synthesize small cadmium-binding peptides cadystin,
      structure of which is (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly, in response to cadmium. Mutants
      unable to synthesize cadystin were found in the mutants hypersensitive to
      cadmium. Some of them lack activity of either gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
      (EC 6.3.2.2) or glutathione synthetase (EC 6.3.2.3), enzyme involved in
      glutathione biosynthesis. Some mutants have the same activity levels of these
      enzymes as wild type has. These results indicate that some steps of cadystin
      biosynthesis are catalyzed by the enzymes catalyzing glutathione biosynthesis.

PMID- 2894830
TI  - Prosomatostatin processing in anglerfish brain, gut and pancreas.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatin immunoreactive forms in three tissues of the
      anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius L.) was analyzed by a combination of gel
      permeation, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography and amino acid analysis. The data
      indicate that prosomatostatins I and II are expressed in both neural and gastro
      intestinal tissues and that their post-translational processing gives rise to
      somatostatin-14 I, somatostatin-28 II and to some of its hydroxylysine23
      derivative, respectively. It is concluded that, in contrast to the mammals,
      production of two somatostatins in the Teleostean fish requires two structurally
      distinct precursors whose processing operates in a fixed pattern rather than in a
      tissue-specific manner.

PMID- 2894831
TI  - Sequence of the genes for the beta and epsilon subunits of the ATP synthase of
      Bacillus megaterium QM B1551.
AB  - Four of the genes for the subunits of the proton-translocating ATPase of Bacillus
      megaterium have been cloned into pBR322. Previous studies have shown that two of
      these genes, for the alpha and beta subunits, can complement Escherichia coli
      mutants defective in the genes for those subunits (Hawthorne, C.A., and Brusilow,
      W.S.A. 1985. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5245-5248). We report here a restriction map of
      the cloned region and the complete nucleotide sequence of the genes for the beta
      and epsilon subunits as well as the deduced amino acid sequences and molecular
      weights of those subunits.

PMID- 2894832
TI  - Functional cholesteryl binding agents: evaluation of viability and specificity of
      antibodies bound to modified phospholipid vesicles.
AB  - A cholesterol derivative was incorporated into small unilamellar phospholipid
      vesicles, and antibodies were bound covalently to the vesicles. More than one
      antibody was bound to each vesicle. The antigen binding viability and specificity
      were determined using a modified radioimmunoassay and an in vitro cell assay.
      Both of these tests showed good antibody activity and specificity. The antigen
      affinity of the bound antibodies was higher than for the unbound antibody due to
      more than one viable antibody being bound to each vesicle. The modified vesicles
      can be used as immunodirected drug delivery systems for both diagnosis and
      therapy.

PMID- 2894834
TI  - [Short stature in a case of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy with juvenile onset].

PMID- 2894833
TI  - Clostridial septic arthritis: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - We describe a patient who had septic arthritis caused by Clostridium perfringens.
      Clostridial organisms are very uncommon causes of septic arthritis. Only 13 cases
      have been reported previously. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with
      a history of penetrating joint trauma and in immunocompromised patients.
      Successful treatment has usually consisted of surgical synovectomy in combination
      with high-dose intravenous penicillin therapy. Multiple aspirations of affected
      joints as a definitive treatment should be used with caution and only in patients
      who are not candidates for surgery.

PMID- 2894835
TI  - Polyclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in lymphocytes from HTLV-I
      seropositive individuals: an intermediate state between the healthy carrier state
      and smouldering ATL.
AB  - We have studied 15 individuals (aged 14-74 years) with antibodies to HTLV-I in
      their serum and random integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in their peripheral
      blood lymphocytes. All but one of these patients suffered from a variety of non
      specific complaints which did not correspond to those of adult T-cell leukemia
      (ATL). All of them were born in Kyushu and Okinawa which are endemic areas for
      HTLV-I infection; 25% of their family members were also seropositive for HTLV-I.
      The only haematological abnormality in these patients was the presence of few
      atypical lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood. The CD4/CD8 ratios were normal
      but the proportion of Tac positive cells was slightly higher than normal. These
      individuals with polyclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA seem to represent
      an intermediate state between smouldering ATL (monoclonal integration) and
      healthy HTLV-I carriers (with antibodies but no detectable HTLV-I proviral DNA).
      Patients with this intermediate state of HTLV-I infection may be at risk to
      progress to ATL. The natural history of HTLV-I infection in humans leading to the
      development of ATL is reviewed in the light of these new findings.

PMID- 2894836
TI  - Use of minisatellite DNA probes for recognition and characterization of relapse
      after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be used to distinguish blood and
      marrow cells from close relatives. We used two probes that recognize a series of
      dispersed and highly polymorphic tandem-repetitive minisatellite regions in the
      human genome that can be detected via a shared 10-15 base pair core sequence
      similar to the generalized recombination sequence (chi) of E. coli. We have
      studied the resulting individual-specific DNA fingerprints in 15 patients before
      and after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation performed for chronic myeloid
      leukaemia and in two patients transplanted for acute leukaemia. Early engraftment
      could be demonstrated at 3 weeks post-transplant based on the recognition of
      cells of donor origin. One patient who failed to engraft had only recipient type
      marrow cells 3 months post-transplant. Nine patients who relapsed after
      transplantation had only cells of recipient origin. In one patient who relapsed
      after transplantation with T-cell depleted donor marrow, fractionation studies
      showed that his T-cells at relapse were of recipient origin. We conclude that
      these minisatellite probes are valuable for characterizing the origin of
      different cell populations after marrow transplantation and could be useful for
      characterizing relapse when donor and recipient are of the same sex.

PMID- 2894837
TI  - von Willebrand disease investigated by two novel RFLPs.
AB  - Two partial cDNAs for von Willebrand factor (vWF) were used to investigate gene
      lesions and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in vW disease (vWd)
      and normal controls. No gene alteration was detected but two TaqI RFLPs, likely
      to be intronic and originating from point mutations, were found in the 3' part of
      vWF gene. The two TaqI RFLPs, identified by the same probe, are informative in
      approximately 50% of the subjects. Used in combination with two other known
      RFLPs, they define several haplotypes similarly distributed in vWd and normals.
      Linkage disequilibrium between loci identified by the RFLPs is present. In a
      family study the RFLP patterns demonstrate homozygosity for the affected vWF gene
      in a severe (type III) patient and identify several heterozygous subjects. The
      RFLPs analysis has been related to the haemostatic values and multimer
      distribution. In two of the four unrelated patients with severe vWd examined the
      RFLPs study indicates double heterozygosity for the affected vWF genes.

PMID- 2894838
TI  - Increased uterine prostaglandin E receptors in menorrhagic women.
AB  - PGE receptor concentrations were measured in myometrial samples collected from 10
      women at hysterectomy. Five women had normal measured menstrual blood loss (35-44
      ml) and the remainder had unexplained menorrhagia occurring in the absence of any
      uterine, pelvic or general pathology, with losses ranging from 85 to 925 ml.
      Median PGE receptor concentrations were significantly higher in the women with
      menorrhagia (1077 fmol/mg protein) than in the women with normal menstrual blood
      loss (625 fmol/mg protein) and correlated with menstrual blood loss (P less than
      0.02). These findings suggest that unexplained menorrhagia may simply be a
      constitutional variant in some women and that specific and potent PGE uterine
      receptor antagonists would furnish effective non-surgical treatment for
      unexplained menorrhagia.

PMID- 2894839
TI  - Radiotherapy of periocular basal cell carcinomas: recurrence rates and treatment
      with special attention to the medical canthus.
AB  - Basal cell carcinomas of the eyelids, especially those in the medial canthal
      area, may cause extensive local destruction. Recurrent tumours are more
      aggressive and become progressively more difficult to treat; this is especially
      true for postirradiated recurrent, medial canthal, basal cell carcinomas. Tumours
      in this area should thus be treated by a technique which allows tissue sampling
      in order to gauge the adequacy of the treatment, with the goal being complete
      extirpation of the tumour. Excision monitored by frozen section control or Mohs'
      surgery is our recommendation based on a retrospective analyses of 631 eyelid
      basal cell carcinomas, half of which were primary tumours and half recurrent.

PMID- 2894840
TI  - Gene structure of cytochrome P-450(M-1) specifically expressed in male rat liver.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450(M-1) [P-450(M-1)] is specifically expressed in adult male rat
      liver [Yoshioka, H., Morohashi, K., Sogawa, K., Miyata, T., Kawajiri, K., Hirose,
      T., Inayama, S., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., & Omura, T. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1706
      1711]. Isolation and analysis of the gene for P-450(M-1) revealed that the coding
      region of the gene is interrupted by eight introns and is dispersed over a 35
      kilobase pair region of chromosomal DNA. Intron insertion sites of the P-450(M-1)
      gene are located at equivalent positions to those of cytochrome P-450b and P
      450e, which are phenobarbital-inducible. Sequence analysis of the 5'-upstream
      region of the P-450(M-1) gene shows that there is a homologous sequence to
      glucocorticoid regulatory elements (GRE) identified in glucocorticoid-responsive
      genes.

PMID- 2894841
TI  - The unusual enzymology of ATP synthase.

PMID- 2894842
TI  - Construction of an altered proton donation mechanism in Escherichia coli
      dihydrofolate reductase.
AB  - We have explored the substrate protonation mechanism of Escherichia coli
      dihydrofolate reductase by changing the location of the proton donor. A double
      mutant was constructed in which the proton donor of the wild-type enzyme,
      aspartic acid-27, has been changed to serine and simultaneously an alternative
      proton donor, glutamic acid, has replaced threonine at position 113. The active
      site of the resulting variant enzyme molecule should therefore somewhat resemble
      that proposed for the R67 plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductase [Matthews, D.
      A., Smith, S. L., Baccanari, D. P., Burchall, J. J., Oatley, S. J., & Kraut, J.
      (1986) Biochemistry 25, 4194]. At pH 7, the double-mutant enzyme has a 3-fold
      greater kcat and an unchanged Km(dihydrofolate) as compared with the single
      mutant Asp-27----Ser enzyme described previously [Howell, E. E., Villafranca, J.
      E., Warren, M. S., Oatley, S. J., & Kraut, J. (1986) Science (Washington, D.C.)
      231, 1123]. Additionally, its activity vs pH profiles together with observed
      deuterium isotope effects, suggest that catalysis depends on an acidic group with
      a pKa of 8. It is concluded that the dihydropteridine ring of a bound substrate
      molecule can indeed be protonated by a glutamic acid side chain at position 113
      (instead of an aspartic acid side chain at position 27), but with greatly
      decreased efficiency: at pH 7, the double mutant still has a 25-fold lower kcat
      (1.2 s-1) and a 2900-fold lower kcat/km(dihydrofolate) (8.6 X 10(3) s-1 M-1) than
      the wild-type enzyme.

PMID- 2894843
TI  - ATP synthase from bovine mitochondria: sequences of imported precursors of
      oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein, factor 6, and adenosinetriphosphatase
      inhibitor protein.
AB  - Oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein (OSCP), factor 6 (F6), and ATPase
      inhibitor protein are all components of the ATP synthase complex of bovine
      mitochondria. They are encoded in nuclear DNA. Complementary DNA clones encoding
      the precursors of these proteins have been isolated from a bovine library by
      using mixtures of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes, and their
      DNA sequences have been determined. The deduced protein sequences show that the
      OSCP, F6, and inhibitor proteins have N-terminal presequences of 23, 32, and 25
      amino acids, respectively. These presequences are not present in the mature
      proteins. It is assumed that they serve to direct the proteins into the
      mitochondrial matrix. The cDNA clones have also been employed as hybridization
      probes to investigate the genetic complexity of the three proteins in cows and
      humans. These experiments indicate that the bovine and human inhibitor and bovine
      F6 proteins are encoded by single genes but suggest the possibility of the
      presence in both species of more than one gene (or pseudogenes) for the OSCP.

PMID- 2894844
TI  - Mitochondrial ATP synthase: dramatic Mg2+-induced alterations in the structure
      and function of the F1-ATPase moiety.
AB  - The ATPase activity of the F1 moiety of rat liver ATP synthase is inactivated
      when incubated prior to assay at 25 degrees C in the presence of MgCl2. The
      concentration of MgCl2 (130 microM) required to induce half-maximal inactivation
      is over 30 times higher than the apparent Km (MgCl2) during catalysis. Moreover,
      the relative efficacy of divalent cations in inducing inactivation during prior
      incubation follows an order significantly different from that promoting
      catalysis. Inactivation of F1-ATPase activity by Mg2+ is accompanied by the
      dramatic dissociation from the F1 complex of alpha subunits and part of the gamma
      subunit population. The latter form a precipitate while the beta, delta, and
      epsilon subunits, and the remaining part of the gamma-subunit population, remain
      soluble. Dissociation is not a sudden "all or none" event but parallels loss of
      ATPase activity until alpha subunits have almost completely dissociated together
      with about 50% of the gamma-subunit population. Mg2+-induced loss of F1-ATPase
      activity cannot be prevented by including either the hydrolytic substrates ATP,
      GTP, or ITP in the incubation medium or the product ADP.
      Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, mercaptoethanol, and dithiothreitol are also
      ineffective in preventing loss of ATPase activity. Significantly, KPi at high
      concentration (greater than or equal to 200 mM) is effective in partially
      protecting F1 against inactivation. However, the most effective means of
      preventing Mg2+-induced inactivation of F1-ATPase activity is to rebind F1 to its
      F0 moiety in F1-depleted particles. When bound to F0, F1 is protected completely
      against divalent cation induced inactivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894845
TI  - Identification of nonprotein ligands to the metal ions bound to glutamine
      synthetase.
AB  - Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to study the environment of Mn2+
      bound to the tight (n1) metal ion binding site of glutamine synthetase in the
      presence of analogues of the tetrahedral adduct, L-methionine (S)-sulfoximine
      [Met(O)(NH)-S] and L-methionine (R)-sulfoximine [Met(O)(NH)-R]. The Mn2+ EPR
      spectrum in the presence of Met(O)(NH)-S is identical with the previously
      published spectrum obtained from a mixture of isomers [Met(O)(NH)-RS]
      [Villafranca, J. J., Ash, D. E., & Wedler, F. C. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 544] and
      is characteristic of a highly octahedral metal ion environment with a small zero
      field splitting. The presence of Met(O)(NH)-R produces an EPR spectrum that
      appears characteristic of a more distorted metal ion environment, with a larger
      zero field splitting. These data demonstrate that the two isomers interact
      differently with the enzyme-bound Mn2+. Broadening of the Mn2+ EPR spectrum in
      the presence of Met(O)(NH) is observed in 17O-enriched water due to
      superhyperfine coupling of water to the metal ion. Deconvolution of the spectrum
      demonstrates the presence of at least a single water molecule in the inner
      coordination sphere of the metal ion. Superhyperfine coupling due to the 14N
      nucleus of the imine nitrogen of the sulfoximine moiety of Met(O)(NH)-S but not
      of Met(O)(NH)-R has been detected by electron spin-echo envelope modulation
      spectroscopy. Two intense peaks are evident in the presence of Met(O)(NH)-S with
      frequencies at 1.7 and 3.3 MHz. These peaks are absent when [15N]imine-labeled
      Met(O)(NH) is used, indicating the presence of the sulfoximine nitrogen of
      Met(O)(NH)-S in the inner coordination sphere of the metal ion.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894846
TI  - Characterization of three-subunit chloroplast coupling factor.
AB  - The delta- and epsilon-polypeptides were removed from chloroplast coupling factor
      1 (CF1). The resulting enzyme, CF1(-delta, epsilon), is a stable active ATPase
      containing only alpha-, beta-, and gamma-polypeptides. The dependence of the
      steady-state kinetics of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by CF1(-delta, epsilon) on the
      concentrations of ATP and ADP was found to be essentially the same as by
      activated CF1. Nucleotide binding studies with CF1(-delta, epsilon) revealed
      three binding sites: a nondissociable ADP site (site 1), a tight MgATP binding
      site (site 2), and a site that binds ADP and ATP with a dissociation constant in
      the micromolar range (site 3). Similar results have been obtained with CF1. For
      both CF1 and CF1(-delta, epsilon), the binding of MgATP at site 2 is tight only
      in the presence of Mg2+. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to map
      distances between the gamma-sulfhydryl ("dark" site) and gamma-disulfide and
      between the gamma-sulfhydryl and the three nucleotide sites. These distances are
      within 5% of the corresponding distances on CF1. These results indicate that
      removal of the delta- and epsilon-polypeptides from CF1 does not cause
      significant changes in the structure, kinetics, and nucleotide binding sites of
      the enzyme.

PMID- 2894847
TI  - Estimation of the turnover number of bovine heart F0F1 complexes for ATP
      synthesis.
AB  - In mitochondria and submitochondrial particles (SMP), the rate of ATP synthesis
      is restricted by the rate of energy production by the respiratory chain.
      Fractional inactivation of the ATP synthase complexes (F0F1) of bovine heart SMP
      by covalent modifiers increased the rate of ATP synthesis per mole of active
      F0F1. Thus, by use of SMP containing fractionally inactivated F0F1 complexes, a
      synthetic rate of 420 mol of ATP (mol of F0F1.s)-1 was measured, which
      extrapolated to a Vmax of 440 s-1. At this extrapolated point, the turnover rate
      of F0F1 complexes was independent of the rate of energy production by the
      respiratory chain. These results have been discussed in relation to the effect of
      fractional inactivation of the F0F1 complexes of SMP on the steady-state free
      energy of the system. The above rate of ATP synthesis is comparable to the rate
      of ATP hydrolysis by SMP (400-520 s-1) in the absence of energy coupling
      constraints and control by the ATPase inhibitor protein. More interestingly, this
      rate is also comparable to the rate of ATP synthesis by chloroplast F0F1 under
      high light intensity (approximately 420 s-1). Under the conditions specified,
      bovine heart SMP and chloroplasts show similar apparent Km values for ADP. Thus,
      it appears that the mammalian and chloroplast ATP synthase complexes are similar
      not only in structure but also in catalytic efficiency for ATP synthesis.

PMID- 2894848
TI  - Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase
      by insulin in rat hepatoma cells.
AB  - The molecular mechanisms of induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) by
      insulin were studied in the well-differentiated rat hepatoma cell line Fao.
      Incubation of Fao cells with insulin resulted in a 2-fold increase in TAT
      activity and TAT mRNA measured by Northern blot analysis with an oligonucleotide
      probe to the 5' end of the gene. The effect of insulin on TAT activity had a lag
      period of 30-60 min and was maximal within 4-5 h. The insulin effect on TAT mRNA
      was rapid, half-maximal after 15 min, and complete within 1-2 h. Insulin dose
      response curves for stimulation of TAT activity and TAT mRNA were almost
      identical. TAT mRNA levels and enzyme activity were also stimulated by anti
      insulin receptor antibodies and dexamethasone but not by wheat germ agglutinin,
      concanavalin A, or phytohemagglutin. The effect of insulin on the TAT gene was
      further investigated by measuring the relative rate of transcription in isolated
      nuclei using genomic TAT clones. Insulin produced a 1.5-1.7-fold increase in the
      production of TAT RNA transcripts. Dexamethasone induced both TAT activity and
      TAT mRNA to a comparable extent. In the presence of dexamethasone, insulin
      produced an additional 2-fold stimulation of TAT activity but had no additional
      effect on the abundance of TAT mRNA. These data provide direct evidence that
      insulin can increase TAT activity by at least two distinct mechanisms: insulin
      alone appears to increase TAT activity and TAT mRNA due to a stimulation of the
      TAT gene transcription rate; while in the presence of glucocorticoids, insulin
      increases TAT activity but not TAT mRNA, suggesting an insulin effect at the
      posttranscriptional level.

PMID- 2894850
TI  - Structure-function relationships of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase probed by
      trypsin digestion.
AB  - Trypsin cleavage has been used to probe structure-function relationships of the
      Escherichia coli ATP synthase (ECF1F0). Trypsin cleaved all five subunits, alpha,
      beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon, in isolated ECF1. Cleavage of the alpha subunit
      involved the removal of the N-terminal 15 residues, the beta subunit was cleaved
      near the C-terminus, the gamma subunit was cleaved near Ser202, and the delta and
      epsilon subunits appeared to be cleaved at several sites to yield small peptide
      fragments. Trypsin cleavage of ECF1 enhanced the ATPase activity between 6- and 8
      fold in different preparations, in a time course that followed the cleavage of
      the epsilon subunit. This removal of the epsilon subunit increased multisite
      ATPase activity but not unisite ATPase activity, showing that the inhibitory role
      of the epsilon subunit is due to an effect on cooperativity. The detergent
      lauryldimethylamine oxide was found to increase multisite catalysis and also
      increase unisite catalysis more than 2-fold. Prolonged trypsin cleavage left a
      highly active ATPase containing only the alpha and beta subunits along with two
      fragments of the gamma subunit. All of the subunits of ECF1 were cleaved by
      trypsin in preparations of ECF1F0 at the same sites as in isolated ECF1. Two
      subunits, the beta and epsilon subunits, were cleaved at the same rate in ECF1F0
      as in ECF1 alone. The alpha, gamma, and delta subunits were cleaved significantly
      more slowly in ECF1F0.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894849
TI  - Beta subunit of rat liver mitochondrial ATP synthase: cDNA cloning, amino acid
      sequence, expression in Escherichia coli, and structural relationship to
      adenylate kinase.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of all but a few N-terminal residues of the beta subunit
      of rat liver ATP synthase has been determined from cDNA clones. Rat liver F1-beta
      is shown to contain 17 amino acid differences from that reported for F1-beta of
      bovine heart, 2 differences of which involve differences in charge. This may
      account in part for the observation that bovine heart F1 binds nucleotides with
      much greater affinity than the rat liver enzyme. Rat liver F1-beta also contains
      homologous regions with another nucleotide binding protein, adenylate kinase, for
      which high-resolution structural studies are available. Adjacent to one of these
      homologous regions is an eight amino acid stretch which bears striking homology
      to the phosphorylation region of the (Na+,K+)-ATPase. The combination of these
      two homology regions may constitute at least part of a nucleotide binding domain
      in F1-beta. Significantly, both rat liver and bovine heart beta contain these
      regions of homology, whereas the 17 amino acid differences between the two
      enzymes lie outside this region. The possibility of a second nucleotide binding
      domain which differs between the two enzymes is discussed. A cDNA clone
      containing all the regions of homology as well as 11 of the 17 amino acid
      differences between the bovine heart and rat liver beta subunits has been ligated
      into the bacterial expression vector pKK223-3. After transformation of a protease
      deficient strain of Escherichia coli, this cDNA clone is expressed as a 36
      kilodalton protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894852
TI  - Kinetics of the release of the mitochondrial inhibitor protein. Correlation with
      synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP.
AB  - (1) The kinetics of the release of the mitochondrial inhibitor protein (IF1) is
      studied in bovine heart submitochondrial vesicles supplemented with 125I-labelled
      IF1, using a method for rapidly 'freezing' the state of F1-IF1 interaction. It is
      shown that generation of a protonmotive force leads to release of IF1 from F1
      into solution, following an exponential process. (2) In one set of experiments
      the rate of IF1 release, in IF1 supplemented vesicles generating a protonmotive
      force, is correlated with the induction of ATP hydrolytic capacity. It is found
      that, even under different metabolic states (phosphorylating and non
      phosphorylating conditions), both processes follow the same time-course (half
      time of around 40 s) and that there is a direct correlation between induced
      ATPase capacity and IF1 released. This finding rules out the possibility of a non
      inhibitory binding site for IF1 on the membrane. (3) In a second set of
      experiments, also using IF1 supplemented vesicles, the induction of the ATP
      hydrolytic capacity after energisation is correlated with the induction of the
      ATP synthetic capacity. Initial rates of both processes are monitored using
      firefly luciferase, keeping the assay systems as similar as possible. It is shown
      that the induction of each capacity follows an exponential time-course, with a
      half-time of around 40 s. This is in good agreement with the half-times obtained
      for the induction of ATP hydrolytic capacity and the rate of IF1 release, using
      the quench-stop method. (4) If the induction of ATP hydrolytic and synthetic
      capacities is followed in untreated submitochondrial vesicles, i.e., vesicles not
      supplemented with IF1, the extent and time-course of the change in both
      hydrolytic and synthetic capacities remain correlated, but the half-time of the
      transient falls to around 10 s. It is suggested that the length of the transient,
      observed in IF1 supplemented vesicles, results from partial loss of coupling
      during repeated centrifugations. (5) These results demonstrate that energy
      dependent release of IF1 from F1 into solution results in a concomitant increase
      in both ATP synthetic and hydrolytic capacities of the ATP synthase complex, and
      that the time-course of this process is sensitive to the degree of coupling of
      the vesicles.

PMID- 2894851
TI  - Heparin cofactor II: cDNA sequence, chromosome localization, restriction fragment
      length polymorphism, and expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is an inhibitor of thrombin in plasma that is
      activated by dermatan sulfate or heparin. An apparently full-length cDNA for HCII
      was isolated from a human liver lambda gt11 cDNA library. The cDNA consisted of
      2215 base pairs (bp), including an open-reading frame of 1525 bp, a stop codon, a
      3'-noncoding region of 654 bp, and a poly(A) tail. The deduced amino acid
      sequence contained a signal peptide of 19 amino acid residues and a mature
      protein of 480 amino acids. The sequence of HCII demonstrated homology with
      antithrombin III and other members of the alpha 1-antitrypsin superfamily. Blot
      hybridization of an HCII probe to DNA isolated from sorted human chromosomes
      indicated that the HCII gene is located on chromosome 22. Twenty human leukocyte
      DNA samples were digested with EcoRI, PstI, HindIII, KpnI, or BamHI, and Southern
      blots of the digests were probed with HCII cDNA fragments. A restriction fragment
      length polymorphism was identified with BamHI. A slightly truncated form of the
      cDNA, coding for Met-Ala instead of the N-terminal 18 amino acids of mature HCII,
      was cloned into the vector pKK233-2 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The
      resultant protein of apparent molecular weight 54,000 was identified on an
      immunoblot with 125I-labeled anti-HCII antibodies. The recombinant HCII formed a
      complex with 125I-thrombin in a reaction that required the presence of heparin or
      dermatan sulfate.

PMID- 2894853
TI  - The binding and release of the inhibitor protein are governed independently by
      ATP and membrane potential in ox-heart submitochondrial vesicles.
AB  - (1) The effects of membrane potential (delta psi) and nucleotides on the
      interaction between the F1-ATP synthase and its natural inhibitor protein (IF1)
      are studied in ox-heart submitochondrial vesicles. (2) Membrane potential causes
      displacement of IF1 from submitochondrial vesicles, as shown by measuring both
      delta psi-dependent stimulation of ATPase capacity and release of 125I-labelled
      IF1 from the vesicles. These effects are abolished if ATP is included in the
      incubation. (3) There is a linear increase in the steady-state ATPase capacity of
      oxidising vesicles as delta psi is increased from 100 mV to 135 mV. Increasing
      delta psi above 140 mV leads to no further change. (4) At a constant membrane
      potential, ATP suppresses the increase in ATPase capacity, with a concentration
      for half maximal effect of 140 microM. This value is close to the Km for ATP
      hydrolysis by membrane-bound F1. This suppression is related to ATP concentration
      rather than to delta Gp or ATP/ADP ratio. (5) The unidirectional on- and off
      rates of IF1 were measured separately. The off-rate of IF1 is increased by
      membrane potential but unaffected by ATP. The on-rate, conversely, is increased
      by ATP. Thus, the suppression of the potential-dependent net release of IF1 from
      submitochondrial vesicles by ATP results from an increase of the IF1 on-rate
      above the off-rate.

PMID- 2894854
TI  - Sequence and over-expression of subunits of adenosine triphosphate synthase in
      thermophilic bacterium PS3.
AB  - The primary structures of all the subunits of thermophilic ATP synthase were
      determined, and its alpha, beta and gamma subunits could be over-expressed in
      Escherichia coli, because these subunits were stable and reconstitutable. DNA of
      7500 base pairs in length was found to contain a cluster of nine genes for
      subunits of ATP synthase. The order of their reading frames (size in base pairs)
      was: I(381): a(630): c(216): b(489): delta(537): alpha(1507): gamma(858):
      beta(1419): epsilon(396), I being a gene for a small hydrophobic, basic protein
      expressed in vitro. All the termini of TF0F1 subunits were confirmed by peptide
      sequencing. Large quantities of the overexpressed thermophilic alpha, beta and
      gamma subunits were prepared from the extract of E. coli, by a few purification
      steps.

PMID- 2894855
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of stable adenosine triphosphate synthase.
AB  - Evidence was obtained that four ionizable residues in the alpha and beta subunits
      of thermophilic ATP synthase (TF0F1), corresponding to Lys-21 and Asp-119 in the
      MgATP binding segments of adenylate kinase, are essential for the normal
      catalytic activity. TF0F1 was used because it is the only ATP synthase whose
      alpha-, beta- and gamma-subunits can be reassembled into an active complex in the
      absence of both ATP and Mg. Lys-164 and Asp-252 of its beta-subunit were modified
      to isoleucine and asparagine, respectively, by site-directed mutagenesis using a
      multifunctional plasmid, and these genes were over-expressed in Escherichia coli.
      The resulting beta I164 and beta N252 subunits were both noncatalytic after re
      assembly into the alpha beta gamma-complex, even though both subunits bound
      significant amounts of ADP. When Lys-175 and Asp-261 of the alpha-subunit were
      similarly replaced by isoleucine and asparagine, respectively, the resulting
      alpha I175 subunit reassembled weakly into an oligomer, while the alpha N261
      subunit showed an increased dissociation constant for ADP and was reconstituted
      into an alpha beta gamma-complex that showed no inter-subunit cooperativity.

PMID- 2894856
TI  - Unique action of a modified weakly acidic uncoupler without an acidic group,
      methylated SF 6847, as an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation with no
      uncoupling activity: possible identity of uncoupler binding protein.
AB  - The potent weakly acidic uncoupler SF 6847 was modified by methylation of its
      phenolic OH group, and the effect of the resulting derivative, with no acid
      dissociable group, on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria was
      examined. The methylated SF 6847 did not induce uncoupling at up to 40 microM,
      while SF 6847 uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation completely at about 20 nM,
      indicating that the acid-dissociable group is essential for uncoupling. The O
      methylated SF 6847 at 20 microM did, however, inhibit state 3 respiration of
      mitochondria, although it did not inhibit electron-flow through the respiratory
      chain, ATPase activated by weakly acidic uncouplers or Pi-ATP exchange. At the
      same concentration, it also inhibited ATP synthesis in submitochondrial
      particles. These features are different from those of known inhibitors of
      oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, O-methylated SF 6847 is a unique inhibitor of
      oxidative phosphorylation. The possible identity of the uncoupler binding protein
      is discussed on the basis of these results.

PMID- 2894857
TI  - ATP hydrolysis induces variable porosity to mannitol in the mitochondrial inner
      membrane.
AB  - Osmotic titration of ATPase activity in rat liver mitochondria was consistent
      with enhanced porosity of the mitochondrial inner membrane to mannitol due to ATP
      hydrolysis even when endogenous respiration was inhibited by rotenone. The
      occluded ATPase activity, which exhibits osmotic activation with an optimum near
      isotonicity, depends both on the ATPase activity per se and on the activity of
      the ADP/ATP carrier. Purified ADP/ATP carrier incorporated into small,
      unilamellar liposomes was critically shown to exhibit dependence of its activity
      on the osmotic pressure differences across the membrane, with maximal activity
      corresponding to isotonicity, regardless of the actual internal tonicity.

PMID- 2894858
TI  - The definition of mitochondrial H+ ATPase assembly defects in mit- mutants of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a monoclonal antibody to the enzyme complex as an
      assembly probe.
AB  - mit- mutants with genetically defined mutations in the mitochondrial structural
      genes of the H+-ATPase membrane subunits 6, 8 and 9 were analysed to determine
      the H+-ATPase assembly defects that resulted as a consequence of the mutations.
      These include mutants which do not synthesize one of the membrane subunits and
      mutants which can synthesize these subunits, but in an altered form. Protein
      subunits which can still be assembled to the defective H+-ATPase in these mutants
      were determined by immunoprecipitation using a monoclonal antibody to the beta
      subunit of the enzyme complex. The results suggest that the assembly pathway of
      the mitochondrially synthesized H+-ATPase subunits involves the sequential
      addition of subunits 9, 8 and 6 to a membrane-bound F1-sector. In addition to
      subunits of the F0- and F1-sectors, two other polypeptides (Mr = 18,000 and Mr =
      25,000) are associated with the yeast H+-ATPase. These polypeptides were not
      observed in the immunoprecipitates obtained from mutants in which the F0-sector
      is not properly assembled.

PMID- 2894859
TI  - The effects of nitroprusside and putative agonists on guanylate cyclase activity
      in squid giant axons.
AB  - cGMP content of axoplasm from the giant axon of Loligo forbesi was investigated
      after subjecting the axon to various treatments. Repetitive electrical
      stimulation or depolarisation by high K+ caused no change in cGMP content.
      Glutamate and serotonin were also without effect. The nicotinic agonist carbachol
      (100 microM) increased cGMP levels by 90% (n = 5). A large transient elevation of
      cGMP content was evoked by external nitroprusside (10 nM-20 microM in intact
      axons. Nitroprusside injected into both extruded axoplasm and intact axons also
      increased cGMP content, the stimulation being considerably higher in intact axons
      where the axolemma was also present. Nitroprusside was also active in axons where
      the soluble cytoplasmic components were washed out by internal perfusion.

PMID- 2894860
TI  - Soluble tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) from bovine adrenal
      medulla: large-scale purification and physicochemical properties.
AB  - A new procedure that permits large-scale purification of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase
      (tyrosine hydroxylase) (L-tyrosine,tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3
      hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2) from the cytosolic fraction of bovine adrenal
      medulla is described. The homogenous enzyme revealed a subunit Mr of 60,000 and a
      specific activity of 425 nmol.min-1.mg-1. The N-terminal amino-acid sequence (27
      residues) revealed 89% homology with the human pheochromocytoma enzyme as deduced
      from its cDNA sequence. The pure enzyme contained 0.66 +/- 0.09 mol iron, 0.13
      mol zinc and 0.62 +/- 0.04 mol phosphate per mol subunit of Mr = 60,000. A broad
      light absorption band with its maximum around 700 nm (epsilon 700 nm = 1.3 (mM
      monomer)-1.cm-1) explains its blue-green color. EPR spectra at 3.6 K revealed
      high-spin Fe(III) (S = 5/2) in an environment of nearly axial symmetry (g values
      at 7.2-6.7, 4.7-5.3 and 1.9-2.0). A close correlation was observed between the
      absorbance at 700 nm and the intensity of the axial type of EPR spectrum. The
      absorption peak at 700 nm is compatible with a ligand-to-iron charge-transfer
      transition as a result of catecholate coordination to the iron. Physicochemical
      studies suggest that the enzyme does not undergo such major substrate- or
      cofactor-induced conformational changes as have been reported for the related
      enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase.

PMID- 2894861
TI  - Subcellular localization of non-specific carboxylesterases, acylcarnitine
      hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase in rat liver.
AB  - The subcellular distribution and sidedness on the membranes of four chemically
      and genetically distinct esterases (esterases ES-3, ES-4, ES-8, ES-15) in rat
      liver was investigated using selective substrates. (1) Rat liver homogenate was
      divided into nine subcellular fractions by differential centrifugation
      techniques. The cell fractions were assayed for the enzymatic hydrolysis of
      acetanilide (ES-3), propanidid, palmitoyl-CoA and monopalmitoylglycerol (ES-4),
      methyl butyrate and octanoylglycerol (ES-8), and decanoylcarnitine (ES-15). With
      all substrates, the highest specific activities were found in the rough and
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions. This localization of the esterases was
      confirmed by labelling the cell fractions with the specific, covalently binding
      inhibitor bis(4-nitro[14C]phenyl) phosphate. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the
      palmitoyl esters in differing cell fractions did not completely parallel that of
      propanidid. This confirms the well-known existence of palmitoyl-CoA hydrolases
      other than esterase ES-4. (2) Density gradient fractionations with crude
      mitochondria indicated that a low amount of at least one of these
      carboxylesterases was an integral part of these organelles too. (3) Proteinase
      treatment reduced the non-specific esterase activities as well as lipase
      activities versus dioctanoylglycerol, acylcarnitines and palmitoyl-CoA only in
      detergent-disrupted microsomal vesicles. This might indicate a lumenal
      orientation of these enzymes. However, of the charged substrates
      palmitoylcarnitine and palmitoyl-CoA only the latter one showed the typical
      latency to be expected for a hydrolysis in the lumen of the endoplasmic
      reticulum.

PMID- 2894862
TI  - Adrenergic receptor properties of hepatocytes from male and female rats.
AB  - alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptor properties of intact hepatocytes from adult
      male and female rats were evaluated in ligand binding studies using [3H]prazosin
      and [3H]CGP-12177 (4-(t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-[5,7-3H]benzimidazole-2-one
      HCl), a hydrophilic beta antagonist. Prior work had suggested that the response
      of hepatocytes from males to alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation was greater than that
      of cells from females. However, little sexual difference in prazosin affinity,
      number of binding sites or kinetics of association/dissociation with the cells
      was found. Epinephrine, [3H]prazosin competition for binding sites on intact
      cells was performed at 2 degrees C and 80-90% of agonist sites remained in a high
      affinity state with an epinephrine Kd comparable to that previously found in
      glucose release and phosphorylase alpha activation studies. Agonist Kd inferred
      from these competition experiments also showed no sexual dimorphism. These data
      suggest that the greater rise in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium and
      release of 45Ca from cells of males in response to epinephrine stimulation is not
      due to male/female alpha 1-receptor differences but, rather, may be a function of
      the previously observed sexual difference in cell calcium metabolism. [3H]CGP
      binding to hepatocytes from females was stereospecific, saturable and identified
      a single, high affinity site. Comparable sites were not found on cells from
      males, however, [3H]CGP binding to crude membrane preparations from both sexes
      was identical. This suggests that the loss of hepatic beta-receptor function in
      the adult male is due to an inaccessibility of beta-receptors at the external
      surface of the plasma membrane of the intact cell. Further studies with other
      beta-receptor ligands are being carried out to confirm these initial findings.

PMID- 2894864
TI  - [2-Deoxyglucose as a tool for analyzing the humoral component of the
      cardiovascular reaction to stress].
AB  - Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA)
      effects of 2-desoxyglucose (500 mg/kg i.v.) were studied in conscious chronically
      instrumented wistar rats. A and NA contents in the blood were estimated by HPLC
      with electrochemical detection. In 15-40 minutes after 2-DG administration it was
      13-16-fold increase in A content, 1.7-1.9-fold increase in NA content. At the
      same time BP fell by 5 mm Hg and HR fell by 100 beats/min. Atropine blocked
      bradycardia but had no effect on BP. It is concluded that high levels of
      endogenous A during stress are not responsible for cardiovascular responses
      usually observed.

PMID- 2894863
TI  - Effect of membrane flow on the capture of receptors by coated pits. Theoretical
      results.
AB  - Coated pits trap cell surface receptors and mediate their internalization. Once
      internalized, many receptors recycle back to the cell surface. When recycled
      receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane, they move until they are again
      trapped in coated pits. The mechanisms for moving receptors from their insertion
      sites to coated pits are unknown. Unaided diffusion as the transport mechanism is
      consistent with the observed kinetics of receptor recycling. Another candidate
      for the transport mechanism is convection. For receptors that recycle to random
      positions on the cell surface, or to restricted regions about coated pits, we
      assess the importance of convective flow in the transport of receptors to coated
      pits. First we consider local flows set up by the formation of coated pits and
      their transformation into coated vesicles. As coated pits form and round into
      coated vesicles, surrounding membrane is drawn inward, creating flows directed
      toward the coated pit centers. We show that unless the lifetime of a coated pit
      is very short, 10 s or less, such local flows have a negligible effect on the
      time it takes receptors to reach coated pits. We also show that they are unlikely
      to be the mechanism that keeps receptors that have reached coated pits trapped
      within coated pits until they are internalized. Finally we calculate the mean
      time tau for a diffusing receptor to reach a coated pit in the presence of
      membrane flow that is constant in magnitude and direction, as may occur on moving
      cells. We show that for typical membrane flow velocities, tau can be reduced
      significantly from its value in the absence of flow. For example, a velocity v =
      2.8 micron/min cuts the mean transport time in half.

PMID- 2894865
TI  - [Interaction of psychotropic preparations with the synaptic membranes of the
      cerebral cortex in rats].
AB  - Interaction of psychotropic drugs with synaptosomal membranes from rat brain
      cortex was investigated by fluorescent probes. The data obtained indicate that
      all studied drugs change the state of membrane's surface. Tranquilizers, unlike
      antidepressants and neuroleptics, decreased fluorescence of the probe.
      Neuroleptics, unlike other drugs, penetrated deeper into the membranes
      hydrophobic core.

PMID- 2894866
TI  - [Paradoxical correlations of the effectiveness of the intranasal and
      intraperitoneal administration of dermorphins in rats].
AB  - The analgetic activity of dermorphin and its analogue A-2 was assessed by the
      tail-flick test. Following intraperitoneal administration at doses 5 mg/kg and
      above the peptides showed significant effects. After intranasal application of
      the peptides a significant effect was observed in the range of low doses 0.001
      0.1 mg/kg. After intranasal application of high dermorphin doses (1 or 5 mg/kg)
      the analgetic activity decreased. The effect of analogue A-2 lasted longer after
      intranasal, than after intraperitoneal administration. It is assumed that the
      neurophysiological mechanisms of the analgetic activity of dermorphins depend on
      the route of their administration.

PMID- 2894868
TI  - [Semisyngeneic transplantation of hematopoietic cells of native and cultured
      embryonic liver].
AB  - The protective ability and graft-versus-host (GVH) activity in parental strain
      hematopoietic fetal liver cells (FLC) transplanted to irradiated F1 hybrids were
      evaluated quantitatively. A 21-day survival of more than 80% of semi-syngeneic
      mouse recipients required the injection of 2-5 X 10(6) nucleated fetal liver
      cells (FLC). The same effect could be obtained with FLC cultivated for 4-15 days.
      5 to 25 X 10(6) parental FLC were necessary to induce a considerable GVH
      mortality within 2-3 months after transplantation. Thus, the minimal cell doses
      of both native and cultivated FLC enough for the maximal protective effect have
      proved ineffective for the provocation of the fetal GVH disease. Hematopoietic
      cells from long-term FLC cultures had a low protective potential though they
      could contain high CFUs concentration. This discrepancy shows clearly that such
      polypotent precursors as CFUs have no ability to restore hematopoiesis, in other
      words they cannot be totipotent stem cells.

PMID- 2894867
TI  - [Assessment of the action of taktivin on different stages of T-lymphocyte
      maturation].
AB  - Tactivin, the thymic hormone preparation, evokes some phenotype alterations in T
      cell precursors (elimination of SC-1 antigen and expression of Thy-1-antigen) and
      cortical thymocytes (a decrease in the number of thymocytes carrying PNA
      receptor) similar to those arising in T-cell differentiation. Tactivin induces
      PNA+ -thymocyte response to PHA action and increases PHA response to PNA- 
      thymocytes. It is weakly mitogenic for T-cell precursors and PNA- -thymocytes.
      The data suggest that Tactivin may be used for the treatment of immune
      deficiencies with T-cell differentiation and function defects.

PMID- 2894869
TI  - [Effect of antidepressants on reverse neuromediator uptake by the synaptosomes in
      control and stressed rats].
AB  - The influence of chemically different antidepressants on the uptake of 5-HT,
      dopamine and GABA by the rat brain synaptosomes was tested, using radioisotope
      technique in control and chronically stressed (14 days) animals. Drugs were more
      potent inhibitors of neurotransmitter uptake in synaptosomes of stressed animals,
      as compared to synaptosomes from control ones, the activity increasing
      proportionally to the changes in a particular uptake system. It is suggested that
      the drugs inhibit the uptake of neurotransmitters studied by changing the
      properties of synaptosomal membrane lipid bilayer. It is also evident that
      neurochemical properties of psychotropic drugs must be evaluated on the membranes
      from animals in the model of experimental psychopathology.

PMID- 2894870
TI  - [Ultrastructural characteristics of the localization of the enzymes of cyclic
      nucleotide metabolism in the mammalian brain].
AB  - The enzymes involved in cyclic nucleotide turnover (adenylate cyclase, guanylate
      cyclase, phosphodiesterase) were located in various regions of the brain, in
      synaptosomes and isolated synaptic membranes, using electron cytochemical
      methods. The interaction of the above enzymes in the processes of adrenergic and
      cholinergic cell reception in the CNS are discussed.

PMID- 2894871
TI  - [Morphometry of the vesicular apparatus of the neuromuscular junction with
      different modes of transmitter release].
AB  - Neuromuscular junctions in the diaphragm muscle of rats were studied, using a
      usual chemical fixation technique and quick prefreezing of the muscle. The number
      of synaptic vesicles in the vicinity of presynaptic membrane decreased
      significantly during synaptic function activation. Quantitative investigation of
      axon terminal vesicle apparatus revealed heterogeneity in the size of synaptic
      vesicle pool. The pattern of synaptic vesicle size distribution in different
      functional states of the synapse suggests that size heterogeneity reflects their
      functional peculiarities.

PMID- 2894872
TI  - Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla exert a compensatory, protective
      effect at beta 2-adrenoceptors against Paf-induced death in mice.
AB  - 1. The effects of a number of drugs and experimental conditions, which inhibit or
      stimulate adrenergic function, were evaluated on platelet-activating factor (Paf)
      induced death in conscious mice. 2. Adrenalectomy markedly potentiated Paf
      toxicity, while guanethidine and reserpine did not. However, reserpine, which
      produced a virtually complete depletion of catecholamines (CA) in cardiac tissue,
      was not able to reduce adrenal CA by more than 58%. Drugs which release
      noradrenaline from the adrenergic nerve terminals, such as tyramine and
      amphetamine, did not protect mice from Paf toxicity, while drugs or conditions
      which favour the release of CA from the adrenal medulla, such as urethane and
      cold-induced stress, did. 3. beta 2- and beta 1 + beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists
      (ICI 118551, propranolol and nadolol), but not beta 1-antagonists (atenolol,
      practolol, metoprolol and CGP 20712 A), potentiated Paf toxicity at low doses;
      beta 2- and beta 1 + beta 2-agonists (salbutamol, fenoterol and isoprenaline),
      but not beta 1-agonists (prenalterol and tazolol) were potent inhibitors of Paf
      toxicity. alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists did not
      exert significant effects. Propranolol did not appear to enhance the hypotensive
      action of Paf in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized mice. 4. It is concluded that
      manipulation of the release of CA from the adrenal medulla, but not from
      adrenergic nerves, has profound effects on Paf toxicity in mice. A number of
      considerations support the hypothesis that bronchoconstriction is a major
      determinant of Paf-induced death in mice.

PMID- 2894873
TI  - Effect of dopamine antagonists on the urine flow of rats infused with hypotonic
      saline.
AB  - 1. The probable involvement of dopamine in the regulation of water excretion was
      investigated by administering dopamine antagonists intravenously to barbiturate-
      anaesthetized rats undergoing a water diuresis induced by the infusion of 0.83%
      glucose with 0.3% NaCl at the rate of 9 ml h-1. 2. Administration of 100
      micrograms of the D1-/D2-dopamine antagonist, haloperidol, reduced the enhanced
      urine flow of rats infused with the hypotonic solution by 69% (from 75.4 +/- 13.0
      to 23.6 +/- 6.0 microliter min-1, P less than 0.01). Similarly, the D1-receptor
      antagonist, SCH 23390, reduced urine flow by 58% (from 77.5 +/- 9.2 to 32.7 +/-
      7.2 microliters min-1, P less than 0.01) and the D2-receptor antagonist,
      sulpiride, by 47% (from 66.2 +/- 8.6 to 35.1 +/- 6.8 microliter min-1, P less
      than 0.05). 3. The injection of SCH 23390 increased the urine osmolality from
      189.6 +/- 27.5 to 479.8 +/- 45.8 mosm kg-1 (P less than 0.05). There was no
      significant change in sodium and potassium excretion in any of the experiments.
      Blood pressure (BP) decreased after haloperidol and SCH 23390 injection from
      control values of 121.7 +/- 1.7 and 116.5 +/- 7.4 to 113.3 +/- 3.3 and 106.0 +/-
      8.8 mmHg respectively (P less than 0.05). 4. To study whether the influence of
      dopamine antagonists on urine flow during water diuresis depends on antidiuretic
      hormone (ADH), we administered 0.6 micrograms d(CH2)5-D-Phe-Ile-AVP (an ADH
      antagonist) shortly after the injection of 100 micrograms SCH 23390. The
      preferential V2 ADH-antagonist abolished the antidiuretic effect of SCH 23390 but
      did not affect its blood pressure reducing effect (from 118.6 +/- 5.6 to 103.2 +/
      4.6 mmHg, P <0.01). 5. These results suggest that dopamine antagonists blunted
      the hypotonic saline-induced diuresis by favouring ADH release through an
      interference with an inhibitory dopaminergic pathway.

PMID- 2894874
TI  - Cardiac and renovascular effects in the anaesthetized dog of BW A575C: a novel
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor with beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      properties.
AB  - 1. In the anaesthetized open-chest dog, BW A575C (N-(1-(S)-carboxy-5-[4(3-
      isopropylamino-2-(R,S)-hydroxypropoxy)indole-2- carboxamido]pentyl)-(R,S)-alanyl
      (S)-proline) causes a dose-dependent inhibition of the isoprenaline response
      (increased cardiac rate). In this preparation BW A575C is approximately 50 times
      less active than propranolol, and 500 times less active than pindolol at the
      cardiac beta 1-adrenoceptor. 2. At equieffective cardiac beta 1-adrenoceptor
      blocking doses in the anaesthetized, open-chest dog, BW A575C (5.0 mg kg-1, i.v.)
      significantly reduces diastolic blood pressure and reduces cardiac contractility
      and rate. By contrast, propranolol (0.1 mg kg-1, i.v.) and pindolol (0.01 mg kg
      1, i.v.) have little effect on diastolic blood pressure, but significantly reduce
      cardiac contractility and rate. The effects of BW A575C on cardiac rate are not
      significantly different from those of propranolol and pindolol, but its effects
      on cardiac contractility are significantly less than those of propranolol. BW
      A575C also produces some increase in left ventricular internal dimensions at end
      diastole. This small cardiac dilatation is not significantly different from that
      observed with pindolol but is significantly less than that of propranolol. 3. In
      the anaesthetized closed-chest dog, BW A575C causes a dose-dependent inhibition
      of the angiotensin I pressor response. In this preparation BW A575C is
      approximately equiactive with enalapril at preventing the pressor response due to
      conversion of exogenous angiotensin I to angiotensin II (inhibition of
      angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)). 4. At equieffective ACE-inhibition doses in
      the anaesthetized, closed-chest dog, BW A575C (1.0 mg kg-1 by i.v. infusion)
      significantly reduces diastolic blood pressure, cardiac contractility and rate,
      whereas enalapril (1.0 mg kg-1 by i.v. infusion) only significantly reduces
      diastolic blood pressure. This blood pressure lowering effect of enalapril is not
      significantly different from that of BW A575C. In this preparation BW A575C and
      enalapril also significantly increase renal blood flow, and renal excretion of
      urine and Na+. There is however no significant difference between their
      renovascular effects. 5. These studies demonstrate that BW A575C produces changes
      in cardiac and renovascular function which can be ascribed to its being an ACE
      inhibitor and a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. The combination of these
      pharmacological properties results in a fall in blood pressure without
      compromising either cardiac performance or renal function.

PMID- 2894875
TI  - Suppressive effects of somatostatin in dog Purkinje fibres.
AB  - 1. The effects of somatostatin (SS, 1 nM-3 microM) on the electrical and
      mechanical activities of isolated Purkinje fibres of the dog were studied. 2. In
      most Purkinje fibres driven electrically in normal [K]o Tyrode solution, SS
      decreased the force of contraction slightly and had very little effect on the
      fast response action potential. However, in sensitive fibres SS induced a
      moderate reduction of action potential duration and contractile force in normal
      [K]o and depressed the slow response action potentials in high [K]o. 3. In
      spontaneously beating Purkinje fibres, SS decreased the regular rhythms slightly
      but abolished bursts of fast rhythms at a concentration as low as 1 nM. 4. When
      the fibres were depolarized in the presence of 0.2 mM barium or in Na-free
      solution, SS suppressed the Ca-dependent slow response action potentials. 5.
      These findings suggest that SS may suppress abnormal automatic activity of dog
      Purkinje fibres through a reduction of transmembrane Ca influx or a modulation of
      intracellular calcium.

PMID- 2894876
TI  - Relaxing actions of procaterol, a beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulant, on smooth muscle
      cells of the dog trachea.
AB  - 1. The effects of procaterol, a beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, on smooth muscle
      cells of the dog trachea were investigated by use of microelectrode and isometric
      tension recording methods, and by measurement of Ca transients as estimated from
      the fura-2 fluorescence, adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and
      breakdown of phosphatidylinositols. 2. Procaterol hyperpolarized the membrane and
      increased the ionic conductance (above 10 nM) in a dose-dependent manner. These
      actions were inhibited by propranolol. 3. Procaterol inhibited the mechanical
      responses evoked by acetylcholine (ACh), histamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
      in the presence or absence of Ca2+ in the bath solution, but not that evoked by
      high concentrations of ACh (1 microM). The ID50 value of procaterol for the peak
      amplitude of the ACh-induced contraction (30 nM) was 0.3 nM. The equivalent
      values for the histamine-induced phasic and tonic responses (10 microM) were 0.15
      and 0.01 nM), respectively. 4. Procaterol (over 1 nM) increased the amount of
      cyclic AMP in a dose-dependent manner which was blocked by prior application of
      propranolol. 5. Procaterol did not alter the changes in the amounts of
      phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-P2) and phosphatidic acid (PA) induced
      by ACh, histamine or 5-HT. Thus, the synthesis of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is
      not affected by stimulation of the beta 2-adrenoceptor. 6. ACh increased the free
      Ca2+ concentration to a greater extent than that produced by histamine or 5-HT.
      These changes were reduced by procaterol, except for those induced by high
      concentrations of ACh (over 1 microM). 7. It is concluded that procaterol relaxes
      tissues precontracted by various agonists due to a reduction in the free Ca2+.
      This inhibitory action may be due to an increase in the amount of cyclic AMP but
      does not result from an inhibition of the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositols.
      The hyperpolarization induced by procaterol may partly contribute to the observed
      relaxation.

PMID- 2894877
TI  - Endothelium-derived relaxing factor and atriopeptin II elevate cyclic GMP levels
      in pig aortic endothelial cells.
AB  - 1. Two directly-acting stimulants of soluble guanylate cyclase, glyceryl
      trinitrate (0.1 microM) and sodium azide (10 microM), and a receptor-mediated
      stimulant of particulate guanylate cyclase, atriopeptin II (10 nM), each elevated
      the cyclic GMP content of primary cultures of pig aortic endothelial cells
      without affecting the cyclic AMP content. 2. Two receptor-mediated stimulants of
      adenylate cyclase, glucagon (1 microM) and isoprenaline (10 microM), had no
      effect on the cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP content of these cells, but the directly
      acting stimulant, forskolin (30 microM), induced a small increase in cyclic AMP
      content. 3. Three agents that release endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF);
      bradykinin (0.1 microM), ATP (10 microM) and ionophore A23187 (0.1 microM), each
      markedly elevated the cyclic GMP content of pig aortic endothelial cells, but
      acetylcholine (1 microM) had no effect. None of these agents had any effect on
      cyclic AMP content. 4. Two agents that potentiate the actions of EDRF; M & B
      22948 (100 microM) and superoxide dismutase (30 units ml-1), each elevated the
      cyclic GMP content of pig aortic endothelial cells without affecting the cyclic
      AMP content. Pretreating cells with catalase (100 units ml-1) did not affect the
      rise in cyclic GMP content induced by superoxide dismutase (30 units ml-1). 5.
      Pretreatment of pig aortic endothelial cells with haemoglobin (10 microM) reduced
      the resting content of cyclic GMP and blocked the increase in cyclic GMP content
      induced by glyceryl trinitrate (0.1 microM), sodium azide (10 microM), bradykinin
      (0.1 microM), ATP (10 microM), ionophore A23187 (0.1 microM), M & B 22948 (100
      microM) and superoxide dismutase (30 units ml-1), but not that induced by
      atriopeptin II (10 nM). 6. Pretreatment of pig aortic endothelial cells with an
      inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, methylene blue (20 microM), had no effect
      on the resting content of cyclic GMP. Methylene blue (20 microM) blocked the
      increase in cyclic GMP content induced by glyceryl trinitrate (0.1 microM), M &
      B22948 (100 microM) and bradykinin (0.1 microM), but not that induced by
      atriopeptin II (10 nM). 7. The data show that soluble guanylate cyclase,
      particulate guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase are present in pig aortic
      endothelial cells. They further suggest that EDRF, produced spontaneously or in
      response to vasoactive agents, elevates endothelial cyclic GMP content by
      stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase. It is possible that this may serve as a
      feedback loop by which the endothelial cell modulates EDRF production.

PMID- 2894878
TI  - Effect of chlorpromazine on sympathetic neuroeffector transmission in the rabbit
      isolated pulmonary artery and aorta.
AB  - 1. The effects of chlorpromazine on sympathetic neuroeffector transmission have
      been studied in the rabbit isolated pulmonary artery and aorta. 2. Chlorpromazine
      (10(-8)-10(-5) M), prazosin (10(-9)-10(-7) M) and phentolamine (3 x 10(-8)-3 x
      10(-5) M) decreased the contractions of pulmonary artery evoked by electrical
      field stimulation (150 pulses; 3 Hz). The rank order of inhibitory potency (ID50)
      was prazosin greater than chlorpromazine greater than phentolamine. 3.
      Rauwolscine (3 x 10(-9) M-4 x 10(-6) M) enhanced the neurogenic response by up to
      201%. However, higher concentrations (6 x 10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M) reduced the
      contractions evoked by transmural stimulation. 4. The inhibitory effect of
      prazosin (10(-6) M) was reversible, while that of chlorpromazine (10(-8) M) was
      not. 5. Chlorpromazine (10(-8)-10(-4) M), desmethylimipramine (3 x 10(-9)-10(-5)
      M), cocaine (10(-7)-3 x 10(-4) M) and phentolamine (10(-5)-3 x 10(-4) M) reduced
      the accumulation of [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA, 10(-8) M) by aorta. The rank
      order of inhibitory potency (ID50) was: desmethylimipramine greater than
      chlorpromazine greater than cocaine greater than phentolamine. Prazosin (10(-7)
      10(-5) M) and rauwolscine (10(-8)-10(-4) M) did not reduce [3H]-NA accumulation.
      6. Chlorpromazine (10(-8)-10(-6) M) and prazosin (3 x 10(-9)-10(-7) M)
      antagonized the contractions of aorta evoked by exogenous noradrenaline (10(-9)-3
      x 10(-4) M) and phenylephrine (10(-9)-3 x 10(-3) M). The pA2 values for
      chlorpromazine on the alpha 1-adrenoceptors were 8.24 (noradrenaline) and 8.27
      (phenylephrine). The corresponding values for prazosin were 8.64 and 8.57,
      respectively. 7. It is concluded that chlorpromazine and prazosin are potent
      inhibitors of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Chlorpromazine and
      phentolamine, unlike prazosin and rauwolscine, are also inhibitors of Uptake.

PMID- 2894881
TI  - Assent to ascent of the testis.
AB  - We report 13 boys in whom the testis ascended from the normal scrotal position to
      an undescended position. A patent processus vaginalis was identified in 10
      patients at orchidopexy and is believed to have contributed to testicular ascent.
      The other three patients had retractile testes which were held in the high
      position by surrounding adhesions.

PMID- 2894880
TI  - Involvement of beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms in the cardiovascular
      responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism in conscious,
      unrestrained, Long Evans and Brattleboro rats.
AB  - 1. Intra-arterial blood pressures and heart rates were recorded in conscious,
      unrestrained, Long Evans and Brattleboro rats receiving sequential, continuous
      administrations of selective alpha 1- (prazosin) and alpha 2- (idazoxan)
      adrenoceptor antagonists. The same protocols were also run in the presence of ICI
      118551 (a selective antagonist of beta 2-adrenoceptors). 2. Prazosin and idazoxan
      caused large, but transient, hypotensions in Long Evans and Brattleboro rats. In
      the continued presence of both drugs there were marked, intermittent, depressor
      episodes and tachycardias in both strains of rat. 3. In the presence of low or
      high doses of ICI 118551 the hypotensive responses to prazosin and idazoxan were
      markedly reduced in both strains of rat and blood pressures showed little
      variability, although intermittent tachycardias still occurred. 4. In adrenal
      demedullated Long Evans rats, the hypotensive responses to prazosin and idazoxan
      were attenuated and in the presence of both drugs, blood pressure was relatively
      steady, although intermittent tachycardias still occurred. 5. In the presence of
      prazosin and idazoxan, when a depressor episode was not occurring, administration
      of captopril caused hypotension in Long Evans and Brattleboro rats. In the
      latter, the reduction in blood pressure was sustained, whereas there was a
      recovery in blood pressure in Long Evans rats. This recovery was punctuated by
      depressor episodes, and was abolished by a V1-receptor antagonist (d(CH2)5DAVP).
      6. Long Evans rats given two primed doses of the non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, phentolamine, exhibited variation in blood pressure similar to that
      seen in the presence of prazosin and idazoxan. As in the latter case, blood
      pressure variability was inhibited by the beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI
      118551. 7. Administration of idazoxan into a lateral ventricle in Long Evans rats
      receiving phenoxybenzamine intravenously did not cause blood pressure
      instability. However, intravenous administration of idazoxan in the same animals
      produced intermittent depressor episodes and tachycardias similar to those seen
      in the presence of prazosin and idazoxan. 8. The simplest explanation of the
      results is that beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated depressor mechanisms contribute to
      the hypotensive responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism.
      Furthermore, in the presence of adequate peripheral alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonism, blood pressure may be maintained by the renin
      angiotensin system and vasopressin (although it is only when the former system
      has been antagonized that a clear-cut pressor action of vasopressin is apparent).
      Under these conditions, blood pressure maintenance is interrupted by intermittent
      depressor episodes that are largely due to adrenal medullary activation.

PMID- 2894882
TI  - Total pancreatectomy in the MEN-1 syndrome.
AB  - A family with the multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome, followed
      over three generations, is presented. In the first generation, one family member
      died after a history indicating Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In the second
      generation endocrine pancreatic tumours were diagnosed or suspected in three out
      of five members. In the third generation, five out of seven members were
      investigated and four of these had positive tests at hormonal screening. Of
      particular diagnostic value in this family was the determination of peripheral
      serum levels of proinsulin and C-peptide, which were used as tumour markers both
      for diagnosis and in the postoperative follow-up. Two members in the third
      generation have been successfully managed by total pancreatectomy. A MEN-1
      patient with malignant pancreatic tumours should be considered for total
      pancreatectomy if the pancreatic disease has caused high morbidity and mortality
      within the family. This is especially pertinent if the patient has multiple
      malignant tumours.

PMID- 2894879
TI  - Zolantidine (SK&F 95282) is a potent selective brain-penetrating histamine H2
      receptor antagonist.
AB  - 1. The novel benzthiazole derivative zolantidine (SK&F 95282) is a potent
      antagonist of histamine at H2-receptors in guinea-pig atrium and rat uterus. Only
      apparent pA2 values of 7.46 and 7.26 respectively could be calculated since the
      slopes of the Schild plots were significantly less than unity. 2. Zolantidine is
      equally potent as an antagonist at histamine H2-receptors in guinea-pig brain.
      The compound inhibited histamine stimulated adenylate cyclase (pKi 7.3) and
      dimaprit stimulated adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
      accumulation (approx pA2 7.63), and competed with [3H]-tiotidine binding (pKi
      7.17). 3. Zolantidine is at least 30 fold more potent at H2-receptors than at
      other peripheral and central receptors investigated. 4. Infusion of zolantidine
      into rats produces a brain concentration greater than the plateau blood
      concentration (brain/blood ratio 1.45). 5. Zolantidine is thus characterized as a
      potent selective brain-penetrating H2-receptor antagonist, and will be a valuable
      pharmacological tool for investigating possible physiological and pathological
      roles for histamine in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2894883
TI  - Nifedipine and atenolol singly and combined for treatment of essential
      hypertension: comparative multicentre study in general practice in the United
      Kingdom. Nifedipine-Atenolol Study Review Committee.
AB  - A randomised double blind parallel group study was performed to compare the
      efficacy and acceptability of slow release nifedipine (maximum dose 40 mg twice a
      day) with those of atenolol (maximum dose 100 mg once a day) as single agents for
      the treatment of essential hypertension. Of 410 patients recruited almost
      exclusively from general practices in 22 centres in the United Kingdom 210
      received nifedipine and 200 atenolol. Both drugs significantly reduced blood
      pressure, and control--a reduction of the diastolic pressure to less than 95 mm
      Hg--was obtained in about 65% of patients. Those who received nifedipine had more
      pronounced reductions in systolic pressure than those who received atenolol. One
      hundred and forty nine patients who failed to respond adequately to either
      atenolol or nifedipine in low doses were given both drugs once daily for eight
      weeks in a fixed combination capsule that contained atenolol 50 mg and nifedipine
      20 mg. All patients showed further reductions in blood pressure, although those
      who were taking beta atenolol before the combination capsule had more pronounced
      reductions in systolic pressures. Twenty six patients (12%) were withdrawn
      because of adverse effects while taking nifedipine compared with 19 (10%) taking
      atenolol. Flushing and oedema were more common after the calcium antagonist,
      whereas diarrhoea and dyspepsia were more common after atenolol. The frequencies
      of headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and dyspnoea were equally distributed between
      the two groups. When the fixed combination capsule was taken side effects such as
      flushing and oedema continued. Nifedipine was more effective than atenolol in
      lowering systolic blood pressure, although neither drug used alone controlled the
      pressure of more than two thirds of the patients studied. When used in a fixed
      combination slightly better control of blood pressure was achieved with a lower
      dose of each drug.

PMID- 2894884
TI  - Health of long term benzodiazepine users.
AB  - The physical and psychological health of long term (over one year) users of
      benzodiazepines in one general practice was assessed by patients' self reporting
      of illness and by general practitioners' records. Of 3741 patients registered
      with the practice, 82 had been prescribed a benzodiazepine, and 64 of these
      agreed to enter the study. All but five of these patients were over 40 years of
      age, nearly a third (19) were given a diagnosis related to depression by
      interviewers, and between a third and a half reported a current physical illness.
      Long term treatment with benzodiazepines is not necessarily optimum management
      but may reflect the realities of general practice.

PMID- 2894886
TI  - Effect of high dose somatostatin analogue on growth hormone concentrations in
      acromegaly.

PMID- 2894885
TI  - Beta blockers, lipids, and coronary atherosclerosis: fact or fiction?

PMID- 2894887
TI  - [Retroviral infections by HIV-1, HIV-2 and AIDS-related complex in the Ivory
      Coast].
AB  - The study of 500 blood donors, of 23 prostitutes, 22 confirmed AIDS cases and 19
      ARC patients in Abidjan showed that HIV-2 prevalence in blood donors (3.4%) was
      somewhat higher than that of HIV-1 (2.4%). Furthermore HIV-2 alone was found
      associated with 14% of AIDS cases and 21% of ARC, while HIV-1 was associated with
      32% of the cases. Antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 were found in 54% of AIDS and ARC
      cases, as well as in 48% of the prostitutes sera. These preliminary results
      suggest that HIV-2 is pathogenic, being causally involved in some AIDS cases and
      does not protect from HIV-1 pathogenic potential.

PMID- 2894888
TI  - Gene mapping of X-linked choroideremia with restriction fragment-length
      polymorphisms [correction].

PMID- 2894890
TI  - Comparison of monotherapy with enalapril and atenolol in mild to moderate
      hypertension. The Canadian Enalapril Study Group.
AB  - Therapy with 10 to 40 mg once daily of enalapril, a new angiotensin converting
      enzyme inhibitor, was compared with therapy with 50 to 100 mg once daily of
      atenolol in a double-blind randomized multicentre trial in 180 patients with a
      diastolic blood pressure (determined with the patient seated) of 95 to 115 mm Hg
      between March 1984 and April 1986. A total of 86 patients (61 men and 25 women
      with a mean age of 49.4 years and a mean blood pressure [and standard deviation]
      at entry into the trial of 155.5 [15.7]/101.0 [6.3] mm Hg) received enalapril,
      and 94 patients (63 men and 31 women with a mean age of 50.9 years and a mean
      blood pressure at entry of 156.6 [16.6]/101.2 [5.7] mm Hg) received atenolol.
      After a placebo run-in period the patients received increasing dosages of
      medication every 2 weeks until the target diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or
      less was achieved on two consecutive visits, the maximum dosage was reached, or
      the patient withdrew because of adverse effects. At 14 weeks the mean blood
      pressure was 141.6 (18.0)/90.1 (9.5) mm Hg in the enalapril group (61 patients)
      and 140.0 (17.1)/88.4 (8.7) mm Hg in the atenolol group (54 patients). The target
      diastolic blood pressure was achieved on completion of therapy (between weeks 10
      and 14) in 67 (77%) of the patients receiving enalapril and 75 (79%) of the
      patients receiving atenolol. Compliance was similar in the two groups. Seven
      patients withdrew because of adverse effects, three in the enalapril group and
      four in the atenolol group. The results suggest that once-daily monotherapy with
      enalapril, 10 to 40 mg, is effective in the treatment of mild to moderate
      hypertension and is as effective as and tolerated as well as once-daily therapy
      with atenolol, 50 to 100 mg.

PMID- 2894889
TI  - Medical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: new therapies, new drugs.
AB  - Ulcerative colitis, ulcerative proctitis and Crohn's disease are chronic
      inflammatory conditions that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional
      treatment has stressed the role of anti-inflammatory agents to suppress the
      inflammatory response. New compounds that can deliver 5-aminosalicylic acid to
      the colon have recently been released in Canada. Metronidazole and azathioprine
      may also be of benefit in Crohn's disease. Therapy with cyclosporine and
      clonidine should be based on the results of further clinical trials. The use of
      nutritional support as primary therapy in Crohn's disease appears promising. At
      present, both pharmacologic and nutritional therapies should be considered in the
      treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2894891
TI  - Multiplicity of transforming growth factors in human malignant effusions.
AB  - Human malignant effusions were found to contain transforming growth factor (TGF)
      activity capable of stimulating anchorage independent growth of nontransformed
      rodent fibroblasts. Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography of acid-ethanol extracts
      demonstrated the presence of three populations of TGF activities in 57% of
      malignant effusions. Two activities were similar to those of TGF alpha and TGF
      beta as judged by their size (Mr approximately equal to 6,000 and approximately
      equal to 25,000, respectively), biological activity (ability to stimulate
      anchorage independent growth of NRK fibroblasts in the absence or presence of
      epidermal growth factor, respectively), and capacity to competitively inhibit
      binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor to A-431 membranes and 125I-TGF
      beta to baby hamster kidney fibroblasts, respectively. In addition a third factor
      which stimulated anchorage independent growth of nontransformed rodent fibroblast
      and human colonic epithelial cells was also recovered following Bio-Gel P-60
      chromatography of extracts from several cytology positive human malignant
      effusions of patients with colonic and breast carcinoma as well as other
      malignancies. The latter malignant effusion related transforming growth factor
      was not present in benign or cytology negative effusions. Malignant effusion
      related TGF factor was inactivated by sulfhydryl reducing agents, heat, and
      trypsin treatment but was stable in 1% acetic acid and ethanol. Partial
      purification was accomplished by chromatography of an acid-ethanol extract on Bio
      Gel P-60 followed by high performance liquid chromatography with C18-mu Bondapak
      to yield a nearly pure protein with apparent molecular weights of 64,000 by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polacrylamide gel electrophoresis when run in nonreducing
      conditions and 32,000 when run in reducing conditions. Malignant effusion related
      TGF was able to stimulate anchorage independent growth of nontransformed
      fibroblasts in the absence of other growth factors. It did not competitively
      inhibit binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor, 125I-TGF beta, or 125I
      labeled platelet derived growth factor. Therefore, this factor isolated from
      human malignant effusions may be distinct from previously described transforming
      growth factors. Collectively these observations indicate that human malignant
      effusions contain a multiplicity of transforming growth factors. It is possible
      that the malignant effusion related transforming growth factors play a role or
      reflect the metastatic growth properties of various tumors.

PMID- 2894892
TI  - Enhancement of adriamycin antitumor activity by its binding with an intracellular
      sustained-release form, polymethacrylate nanospheres, in U-937 cells.
AB  - We investigated the antitumor activity of Adriamycin on a monocytic-like cancer
      cell line U-937 after its binding on polymethacrylate nanospheres (diameter, 270
      350 nm). Compared to free Adramycin (F-ADR), nanosphere-bound Adriamycin (B-ADR)
      exhibits a 3-fold enhancement of cytotoxicity, as determined by cell growth
      inhibition and DNA synthesis, after continuous exposure to 0.02 and 0.04
      microgram/ml. The 90% growth inhibition concentration was 0.051 microgram/ml for
      F-ADR and was 0.018 microgram/ml for B-ADR (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, the
      nanosphere densities per cell play an important role since for the same drug
      concentration the higher the density increases, the better the activity is.
      Indeed, after 4 days of incubation in a medium containing 160 nanospheres at 0.5
      fg/cell, the cell counts were 62.8 +/- 12.8% (SD) of the initial inoculum and
      they were only 16.1 +/- 0.1% after incubation in a medium containing 800
      nanospheres at 0.1 fg/cell (P less than 0.001). A comparable enhancement of
      activity regarding the nanosphere densities was observed after a 24-h exposure to
      0.02 and 0.05 microgram/ml. Short-term uptake studies showed that B-ADR
      accumulation was higher with B-ADR than with F-ADR. In addition, the efflux
      kinetics was modified. For cells exposed to F-ADR for 4 h, the efflux half-life
      was 23.7 +/- 7.7 h and the area to infinity under the efflux curve was 8.6 +/-
      2.8 micrograms/mg protein x h-1. For cells exposed to B-ADR, the efflux half-life
      increased to 85.9 +/- 19.2 h and the area to infinity under the efflux curve to
      29.6 +/- 6.6 micrograms/mg protein x h-1 (P less than 0.001). Electron
      transmission microscopy and previous findings have revealed that B-ADR was well
      internalized into cells. Our data support the hypothesis that B-ADR acts as an
      intracellular drug release complex after endocytosis. The findings regarding the
      number of nanospheres per cell and dose-effect relationships are consistent with
      mechanisms of drug actions extending to membrane domains.

PMID- 2894894
TI  - Tissue distribution of P-glycoprotein encoded by a multidrug-resistant gene as
      revealed by a monoclonal antibody, MRK 16.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, MRK 16, specific to a human myelogenous leukemia cell
      line, K-562, and resistant to Adriamycin, was used to determine the localization
      of the antigen molecules (P-glycoprotein) recognized by the monoclonal antibody.
      P-glycoprotein was found to be expressed very strongly in the adrenal cortex and
      medulla of adults and strongly in the renal tubules of the kidney and the
      placenta. Interestingly, P-glycoprotein was not distributed in fetal and neonatal
      adrenals, and thus may be closely related to adrenal maturation. A high level of
      P-glycoprotein expression was also seen in one case each of untreated lung cancer
      (one of ten) and breast cancer (one of nine). Immunoelectron microscopically, the
      P-glycoprotein was distributed evenly on the membranes of K-562/ADM and 2780
      cells. These results imply that the presence of the glycoprotein may be useful as
      a marker for in vitro studies of multidrug resistance in various malignancies and
      as an indicator of therapeutic efficacy of ex vivo eradication of multidrug
      resistant cancer cells, although other mechanisms of drug resistance may exist,
      and there is a possibility that this MRK 16 monoclonal antibody may not recognize
      all P-glycoprotein.

PMID- 2894893
TI  - Cytogenetic and phenotypic analysis of a human colon carcinoma cell line
      resistant to mitoxantrone.
AB  - A human colon carcinoma cell line selected for a 21-fold resistance to
      mitoxantrone was cross-resistant to the anthracycline, doxorubicin, but not to
      the anthracene, bisantrene. A 2-fold resistance was observed with vinblastine,
      another drug associated with multidrug resistance. Net intracellular mitoxantrone
      and doxorubicin accumulation were decreased at 1 h for all dose levels in the
      resistant cell line compared to the sensitive cell line. Although the resistant
      cells were more resistant to mitoxantrone than doxorubicin, the net accumulation
      of mitoxantrone was only 19% less than the sensitive cell line; whereas
      doxorubicin accumulation was decreased by 49%. No significant difference between
      the sensitive and resistant cell lines was observed in the initial accumulation
      of mitoxantrone; however, the efflux of mitoxantrone was increased in the
      resistant cell line. Verapamil did not overcome the resistance to mitoxantrone
      and did not increase the net accumulation of drug. No alterations in the
      electrophoretic mobility of membrane proteins were observed. Using immunoblotting
      techniques, the resistant cell line did not express P-glycoprotein which is
      frequently observed for cells resistant to anthracycline antibiotics. Cytogenetic
      analysis showed a putative homogenously staining region on the short arm of
      chromosome 7 in the resistant cell line. The limited cross-resistant phenotype,
      lack of verapamil reversal, nondetection of P-glycoprotein, and cytogenetic
      evidence of gene amplification suggests the involvement of a novel drug-resistant
      gene associated with resistance to mitoxantrone.

PMID- 2894895
TI  - Management of catatonic stupor with L-dopa.

PMID- 2894896
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A in the 2d trimester and its problems].

PMID- 2894897
TI  - [A study on the relationship between gamasid mites and epidemic hemorrhagic
      fever].

PMID- 2894898
TI  - [Experimental study on bitting, trans-stadial and transovarian transmission of
      epidemic haemorrhagic fever virus by gamasid mites Ornithonyssus bacoti].

PMID- 2894899
TI  - Novel agents affecting enkephalinergic and histaminergic transmissions in brain.

PMID- 2894901
TI  - Tobacco chloroplast gene coding for subunit I of proton-translocating ATPase:
      comparison with the wheat subunit I and E. coli subunit b.
AB  - The tobacco chloroplast gene for subunit I of proton-translocating ATPase is
      located 405 bp down-stream from the gene for subunit III and 58 bp upstream from
      the gene for subunit alpha in the same DNA strand. This gene is interrupted by a
      695 bp intron. The coding region contains 552 bp (184 codons) and its deduced
      amino acid sequence shows 78% homology with that of the wheat gene for subunit I.

PMID- 2894900
TI  - Coordinated leading and lagging strand synthesis during SV40 DNA replication in
      vitro requires PCNA.
AB  - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a cell cycle and growth regulated
      protein required for replication of SV40 DNA in vitro. Its function was
      investigated by comparison of the replication products synthesized in its
      presence or absence. In the completely reconstituted replication system that
      contains PCNA, DNA synthesis initiates at the origin and proceeds bidirectionally
      on both leading and lagging strands around the template DNA to yield duplex,
      circular daughter molecules. In contrast, in the absence of PCNA, early
      replicative intermediates containing short nascent strands accumulate.
      Replication forks continue bidirectionally from the origin, but surprisingly,
      only lagging strand products are synthesized. Thus two stages of DNA synthesis
      have been defined, with the second stage requiring PCNA for coordinated leading
      and lagging strand synthesis at the replication fork. We suggest that during
      eukaryotic chromosome replication there is a switch to a PCNA-dependent
      elongation stage that requires two distinct DNA polymerases.

PMID- 2894902
TI  - A comparative evaluation of intubating doses of atracurium, d-tubocurarine,
      pancuronium and vecuronium in children.
AB  - To determine the onset and recovery times and haemodynamic effects of intubating
      doses of atracurium (0.4 mg.kg-1), d-tubocurarine (0.8 mg.kg-1), pancuronium
      (0.12 mg.kg-1), and vecuronium (0.07 mg.kg-1), sixty-seven children aged one to
      eight years were studied under halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The time
      to maximum twitch depression and the time to recovery to T1/Tc 25 per cent were
      recorded with an integrated evoked EMG recorder. The heart rate and systolic
      blood pressure were recorded for five minutes after drug administration and prior
      to intubation. There was no difference in onset times between drugs. The recovery
      time to T1/Tc 25 per cent following vecuronium (25.5 +/- 6.3 min) was shorter
      than following atracurium (37.5 +/- 7.0 min). Recovery times for d-tubocurarine
      and pancuronium were greater than sixty minutes. Elevation of heart rate occurred
      after administration of pancuronium (+29.8 per cent to +38.6 per cent) and d
      tubocurarine (+31 per cent to +34.9 per cent), but no change was observed after
      atracurium or vecuronium. Elevation of blood pressure was greatest following
      pancuronium (+10.8 to +14.8 per cent). No significant change was observed
      following atracurium or vecuronium. A transient lowering of blood pressure (-9.3
      per cent) occurred following d-tubocurarine.

PMID- 2894903
TI  - Priming with nondepolarizing relaxants for rapid tracheal intubation: a double
      blind evaluation.
AB  - Results of a series of controlled, randomized, double-blind trials investigating
      intubation conditions with priming sequences of nondepolarizing relaxants are
      reported. In Phase I of the study the groups received: Group A, tubocurarine
      (DTC) 3 mg + succinylcholine 1.5 mg.kg-1, Group B, atracurium 0.05 mg.kg-1 + 0.35
      mg.kg-1, Group C, vecuronium, 0.01 mg.kg-1 + 0.07 mg.kg-1; in Phase II: Group D,
      no relaxant, Group E, DTC 0.05 mg.kg-1 + vecuronium 0.07 mg.kg-1, Group F,
      vecuronium 0.01 mg.kg-1 + vecuronium 0.12 mg.kg-1; in Phase III, Group G, DTC 3
      mg + succinylcholine 1.5 mg.kg-1, Group H, vecuronium 0.01 mg.kg-1 + 0.09 mg.kg
      1, Group I vecuronium 0.1 mg.kg-1 as a single bolus. Intubation conditions were
      assessed at 60 seconds. A seven-minute priming interval was used in Phase I and
      II and a four-minute interval was used in Phase III. Priming produced
      significantly better intubating conditions than an equivalent single bolus;
      however, intubating conditions with priming did not appear to match the uniformly
      excellent conditions produced by succinylcholine. The data suggest that a four
      minute priming interval is as effective as a seven-minute interval. The results
      of this study differed substantially from previous unblinded studies; therefore,
      it is suggested that a randomized, double-blind design with simultaneous
      succinylcholine controls be considered a prerequisite for future studies of
      intubation conditions.

PMID- 2894904
TI  - Effect of terfenadine and placebo on symptoms after nasal allergen provocation.
AB  - Terfenadine (60 mg b.i.d.) was compared with placebo in a randomized, double
      blind, cross-over study in twenty-three patients with birch pollen allergy. The
      patients were treated during two 7-day periods separated by a 2-week wash-out
      period during a season free from birch pollen. Nasal provocations with birch
      pollen extracts were made at study entry and after each treatment period.
      Blockage (rhinomanometry), secretion (weight) and sneezings (number) were
      compared between treatments. The results showed a significant inhibitory effect
      of terfenadine on secretion and sneezing, but no significant difference between
      treatments with regard to blockage. Terfenadine showed no signs of sedative
      properties or inhibition of salivation.

PMID- 2894905
TI  - Changes in serum enzymes in moderate drinkers after an alcohol challenge.
AB  - When 14 "moderate" drinkers abstained from alcohol for four weeks, the activity
      of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) in their serum showed a large
      decrease. Immediately after the period of abstention, an orally given ethanol
      challenge of 1 g/kg produced a marked increase in serum GGT at 24 h, followed by
      a slow decline thereafter. Aspartate amino-transferase activity in serum was
      significantly increased at 24 h; however, alkaline phosphate, alanine
      aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase showed much smaller or no changes. An
      abnormal increase in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 was observed in seven
      subjects. In some of the moderate drinkers, liver biopsies showed mild chronic
      hepatitis or nonspecific changes. Eight nondrinking controls showed only slight
      increases in serum GGT following the same alcohol challenge; results for the
      other enzyme tests were unchanged. We consider it probable that pre-existing
      liver disease affects the response to ethanol, so that greater amounts of GGT are
      released from hepatic tissue; alternatively, drinkers may have a higher GGT
      activity in this tissue as a result of enzyme induction by ethanol. The alcohol
      challenge test was an effective discriminator between moderate drinkers and
      abstainers.

PMID- 2894906
TI  - Urinary enzymes and low-molecular-mass proteins as indicators of diabetic
      nephropathy.
AB  - We measured the excretion rates of six urinary enzymes that either originate from
      the proximal renal tubule, like alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline
      phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), and N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), or that are typical low-molecular-mass
      proteins, like lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) and pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 3.1.27.5).
      These rates were compared with those of total protein and albumin in urine of 36
      insulin-dependent diabetic men and 30 healthy men. Seventeen of the diabetics had
      "clinical proteinuria," defined as excretion of more than 7.5 g of protein per
      mole of urinary creatinine (group B). Group A comprised the 19 diabetics without
      proteinuria. Except for gamma-glutamyltransferase, the excretions of enzymes and
      proteins were significantly higher in diabetics than in controls and were greater
      in group B than in group A. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was the analyte most
      often increased in group A (89%), followed by albumin and alkaline phosphatase
      (each 32%). All patients in group B showed increased excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase. We conclude from the comparative data that this enzyme may be
      useful as an early predictor of diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2894907
TI  - HLA and adult T cell leukaemia: HLA-linked genes controlling susceptibility to
      human T cell leukaemia virus type I.
AB  - HLA antigens of patients with adult T cell leukaemia (ATL), T cell malignant
      lymphoma (T-ML), and healthy carriers of human T cell leukaemia virus type I
      (HTLV-I) were investigated in an endemic area of ATL in Japan. Sixty-two patients
      with ATL were subdivided into three groups based on their clinical features,
      including two unclassified patients; 36 acute type, 10 chronic type, and 14
      smouldering type. The frequency of HLA-Bw62 was significantly increased in acute
      ATL, compared with control (Pc less than 0.0002). Increased frequency of HLA-DQw3
      was observed in patients with ATL, T-ML positive for the antibody to HTLV-I (Ab
      positive), and Ab-positive healthy carriers, compared with control (Pc less than
      0.001, Pc less than 0.01 and Pc less than 0.0001, respectively). In addition,
      class I HLA antigens of peripheral lymphocytes of patients with ATL, especially
      acute ATL, showed altered expression, either extra antigens or decreased
      antigens. Analysis of 21 families, where more than two members were Ab-positive,
      showed that there was no linkage between the HLA complex and susceptibility to
      the virus infection. In 44 couples, in which either or both spouses were Ab
      positive, no association with class I HLA antigens was found in either Ab
      positive spouses or Ab-negative spouses. These findings might indicate that one
      class II HLA-linked gene controlled susceptibility to HTLV-I infection, and
      another class I HLA-linked gene exerted an influence on the clinical course of
      ATL.

PMID- 2894909
TI  - Chronotoxicity of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - 1. Chronotoxicity of a single LD50 dosage of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent,
      pindolol, was determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar
      Kyoto control rats (WKY). 2. The 24 h mortality was greater when pindolol was
      administered at 00.00 h than when it was administered at 12.00 h in both SHR and
      WKY. 3. The chronogram of the mortality in SHR was similar to that in WKY. 4.
      These results indicate that the mode of circadian variation in the acute toxicity
      of pindolol in SHR is not different from that in WKY.

PMID- 2894908
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of rabies and post-vaccinal encephalitides.
AB  - In an attempt to establish the diagnoses of rabies post-vaccinal encephalitis
      (PVE) and early rabies encephalitis, paired serum and CSF levels of rabies
      neutralizing antibody (Rab) and rabies specific-IgM (RIgM) were compared in 12
      PVE, 10 rabies and five control patients with similar presenting clinical
      features. Rapid methods of rabies antigen detection were evaluated in 17
      patients. All 12 PVE patients had Rab in their serum and in eight it was also
      present in the CSF. These same eight had RIgM in the serum, and in seven also in
      the CSF. The CSF antibodies may have originated in the plasma since six patients
      had a high albumin quotient indicating leakage across the blood-brain barrier.
      Among the rabies patients, only the two vaccinated ones had serum Rab; this was
      also detected in the CSF of one and RIgM was in the CSF of the other. A raised
      IgG Index, indicating intrathecal synthesis of IgG was seen in five of 12 PVE
      patients. This did not correlate with the presence of CSF rabies antibody,
      suggesting production of antibody to other vaccine antigens of neural origin. The
      diagnosis of rabies encephalitis in life was made by antigen detection in a skin
      biopsy. No false positive results occurred and the method was as efficient as
      immunofluorescence of a post-mortem brain biopsy.

PMID- 2894910
TI  - Characterization and localization of (-)[125I]-cyanopindolol binding to non-beta
      adrenoceptor sites in dog kidney.
AB  - 1. (-)[125I]-Cyanopindolol (CYP) binding to non-beta-adrenoceptor sites in dog
      kidney was characterized in homogenate preparations and their distribution in
      sections determined using autoradiography. 2. In homogenate studies, (-)[125I]
      CYP bound to a single population of non-interacting sites (Bmax = 5.45, s.e.m. =
      1.00 fmol/mg wet weight; nH = 0.99, s.e.m. = 0.01) with high affinity (KD = 3.84,
      s.e.m. = 0.76 nmol/l, n = 40. 3. In competition studies, compounds selective for
      alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors, muscarinic cholinoceptors and receptors for 5-HT,
      histamine and benzodiazepines, calcium channel antagonists, catecholamine uptake
      inhibitors, MAO inhibitors and adrenergic neurone blockers were ineffective at
      concentrations of 10 mumol/l. 4. Compounds selective for dopamine D1-receptors
      (fluphenazine, SCH 23390 and SK & F 82526) and D2-receptors (pimozide,
      domperidone, spiperone, haloperidol, sulpiride, cis- and trans-flupenthixol)
      competed with similar affinities (5-25 mumol/l) for (-)[125I]-CYP binding. 5. In
      autoradiographic studies, (-)[125I]-CYP binding to non-beta-adrenoceptor sites
      was localized over glomeruli, juxtaglomerular apparatus, distal tubules, blood
      vessels and medullary rays and tubules. 6. It is concluded that in dog kidney, (
      )[125I]-CYP binds to a site closely associated with dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2894911
TI  - Three-week beta-adrenergic blockade does not impair or improve general
      intellectual function in young healthy males.
AB  - The widespread use of beta blockers in treatment of both cardiovascular and
      nonvascular conditions has generated interest in changes in functions of the
      central nervous system during treatment. We studied the effect of 3 weeks of beta
      blockade on learning and memory ability, concentration, and verbal abstraction in
      32 young normotensive healthy men. We chose healthy males to exclude the possible
      influence of changes related to a hypertensive state. Subjects were randomized
      into a 3-week treatment protocol with either atenolol 50 mg X 2 (cardioselective,
      hydrophilic), metoprolol 100 mg X 2 (cardioselective, lipophilic), propranolol 80
      mg X 2 (noncardioselective, lipophilic), or placebo X 2. Each subject underwent
      two neuropsychological testing sessions. We found no significant enhancement or
      impairment of intellectual or psychomotor performances after the 3-week treatment
      with beta-adrenergic-blocking agents compared to a placebo-treated control group.
      Differences in pharmacokinetic profiles of the drugs (e.g., central nervous
      system penetrability, lipophilicity, or membrane-stabilizing effect) did not
      influence the test outcome. Antihypertensive treatment with beta blockers over a
      prolonged period does not affect young peoples' learning and memory abilities or
      reasoning powers, nor their ability to concentrate and perform psychometric
      tasks.

PMID- 2894912
TI  - Hematogenously acquired infection of a total knee arthroplasty by Clostridium
      perfringens.
AB  - A 64-year-old man with total knee arthroplasty for tricompartmental
      osteoarthritis had a postoperative course complicated by an attack of acute
      cholecystitis and was treated with cholecystectomy. The TKA was hematogenously
      seeded with Clostridium perfringens, which necessitated emergency removal of the
      implants, debridement, and ultimately arthrodesis.

PMID- 2894913
TI  - Sulphasalazine in arthritis--an old drug rediscovered.
AB  - Sulphasalazine (salicyl-azo-sulphapyridine) has been in clinical use for over 40
      years. Although the drug was originally introduced for the treatment of
      'rheumatic polyarthritis' and ulcerative colitis, it is only in the past 10 years
      that its value in rheumatology has been appreciated. Controlled studies indicate
      that the drug is an effective remittive agent in both rheumatoid arthritis and
      ankylosing spondylitis. This is an area of great research interest since the drug
      is proving to be a useful tool for investigating the aeteology and pathogenesis
      of these diseases.

PMID- 2894914
TI  - A role for computers in diabetes care?

PMID- 2894915
TI  - In vitro mitogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo
      gairdneri).
AB  - 1. In vitro mitogenesis of rainbow trout peripheral blood lymphocytes (RBT PBL)
      was investigated to assess the applicability of this procedure in assessment of
      fish health. The assay variables of media, mitogen type and concentration, serum
      supplementation, lymphocyte isolation procedure, and duration of incubation were
      assessed. 2. Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated greater proliferation of RBT PBL
      than did lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM). 3. RBT PBL, cultured with 10 micrograms Con A/ml and incubated for four or
      five days, exhibited greater proliferation than with other treatment
      combinations. 4. The degree of Con A-induced PBL proliferation varied
      significantly (P less than 0.05) among fish. The mean was positively correlated
      with the relative standard deviation and thus exhibited significant
      heteroscedasticity. 5. Human serum, as an alternative to FBS supplementation of
      the culture medium, did not enhance RBT PBL proliferation or reduce variation in
      mean proliferation. 6. Power analysis with variance estimates from this study
      reveal that sample size requirements of further studies under the given
      conditions could severely limit the applicability of this procedure for RBT
      health assessment. Further work in this area should center around standardization
      of culture conditions pertaining to the source of protein supplementation.

PMID- 2894916
TI  - Repetitive excitation of bursts of action potentials in the rat hippocampus
      following single shock stimulation.
AB  - 1. Post-stimulus time (PST) histograms of rat hippocampal cells were recorded in
      vivo following single-shock stimulation of the fornix. 2. The PST histograms
      displayed a series of peaks of decreasing amplitude, similar to damped
      oscillatory responses previously recorded in cats and rabbits. 3. The effect of
      increased background activity was investigated by recording histograms with
      concurrent pulse train stimulation of the contralateral hippocampus. The
      histograms showed a decreased latency to the onset of the second peak. 4. Damped
      oscillatory activity seen in the in vivo rat preparation could not be elicited in
      the in vitro rat slice preparation. Thus species differences cannot account for
      the absence in slice studies of this type of damped oscillatory activity. 5. We
      conclude that the level of spontaneous activity is one factor contributing to the
      genesis of multiple peaks in histograms in the in vivo preparation.

PMID- 2894917
TI  - Enzymatic inhibition of lysine transport across the small intestine in vivo.
AB  - 1. Trypsin, at different concentrations, significantly inhibited lysine
      absorption (P less than 0.05) in a dose-dependent pattern. 2. Maximum inhibition
      equivalent to 35% below control value was reached with 10 micrograms/ml (100 BAEE
      units) trypsin with a non-reversible inhibitory effect. 3. Chymotrypsin at 10
      micrograms/ml produced a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) of lysine
      absorption although it did not exceed 5%. Perfusion of both enzymes did not show
      an additive inhibitory effect. 4. Lysine absorption showed a 39% decrease with 10
      micrograms/ml trypsin and 1 X 10(-4) M ouabain, whereas ouabain alone produced
      34% inhibition. 5. Lysine absorption showed a 71% decrease with 10 micrograms/ml
      trypsin in a sodium-free medium, and 70% inhibition with Na-free medium alone. 6.
      The inhibition of lysine absorption after trypsin treatment could be due to
      inhibition of the active component of lysine transport.

PMID- 2894918
TI  - Evidence of loss of a suggested genetic polymorphism in the blood potassium
      contents of zoo-living Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia (Pallas 1777).
AB  - 1. Concentrations of potassium and iron were measured in blood samples of 15 zoo
      living Barbary sheep by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 2. In analogy with
      the situation in Ovis it is suggested that a blood potassium polymorphism is also
      found in Ammotragus. 3. However, in the Frankfurt line at least, one of the
      presumed alleles is likely to be lost due to inbreeding.

PMID- 2894919
TI  - Report on the Second Canadian Workshop on Platelet Serology.

PMID- 2894921
TI  - The safety of combined thrombolysis and beta-adrenergic blockade in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction. A randomized study.
AB  - To assess the safety of combined intervention in acute myocardial infarction, a
      pilot study of thrombolysis and beta-adrenergic blockade was performed. Twenty
      five subjects were randomized to therapy with intravenous (IV) metoprolol and IV
      streptokinase (group 1) or to IV metoprolol (group 2) alone. Two-dimensional
      echocardiography was performed before intervention and five days later. The mean
      time from onset of symptoms to intervention was 1.92 hours. No major adverse
      reactions related to the intervention were observed in either group. Significant
      improvement from baseline was observed with combined therapy on both the biplane
      mean ejection fraction (p less than .02) and a calculated wall motion index of
      regional wall motion abnormalities (p less than .002). The presumed reperfusion
      rate was significantly higher in group 1 (p less than .03). Intravenous
      metoprolol and IV streptokinase in combination was found to be safe in the acute
      phase of acute myocardial infarction when administered to appropriate patients
      without contra-indications and deserves further study.

PMID- 2894922
TI  - The role of new antihypertensive drugs.

PMID- 2894920
TI  - Esmolol: safety and efficacy in postoperative cardiothoracic patients with
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - Esmolol, an intravenous, ultrashort-acting beta-blocker, was studied for its
      ability to safely control supraventricular arrhythmias up to 24 hours in 15
      postoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter
      and rapid ventricular response. Esmolol obtained an initial therapeutic response
      in nine (60 percent) patients. Mean heart rate for the 15 patients was reduced
      from 139 +/- 12 beats/min before therapy to 106 +/- 21 beats/min during esmolol
      infusion (p less than 0.01). The mean time to a therapeutic response after
      initiation of therapy, using a multistep titration regimen (500 micrograms/kg/min
      loading infusions over one minute, prior to incremental titration steps from 50
      to 300 micrograms/kg/min over 4 to 14 minutes), was 22 +/- 9 minutes, and therapy
      was continued for 17 +/- 9 hours in responders. Esmolol significantly lowered
      blood pressure in the group studied and resulted in mild supine or orthostatic
      hypotension in ten (67 percent) patients. Side effects, including hypotension
      (10/15 patients), gastrointestinal disturbances (2/15), and weakness or
      somnolence (6/15), were transient and were not associated with serious clinical
      sequelae. We conclude that esmolol is effective for rate control in a majority of
      postoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients with atrial fibrillation or
      flutter. Side effects, although mild, occur relatively frequently, limiting
      prolonged infusions and warranting close surveillance of patients.

PMID- 2894923
TI  - Bordetellae and charcoal horse blood agar: inactivation of antibiotics in agar
      during prolonged incubation for susceptibility testing.
AB  - We examined the degree of inactivation of 22 antibiotics caused by prolonged
      incubation at 36 degrees C of agar plates during agar dilution susceptibility
      testing of Bordetellae. Fresh antibiotic-containing plates of charcoal horse
      blood agar and plates which had been held at 36 degrees C for 2 or 3 days prior
      to inoculation were inoculated with strains of Bordetella pertussis and
      Bordetella parapertussis and incubated for 2 days. Then the MICs were compared.
      Most antibiotics showed a loss of activity of up to four dilution steps after
      prolonged incubation. Further studies with other slow-growing organisms and other
      complex media are needed.

PMID- 2894924
TI  - Antral D and G cell distribution in gastric and duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2894925
TI  - Intrauterine infection of epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) via placenta.

PMID- 2894926
TI  - GATA tandem repeats detect minisatellite regions in blowfly DNA (Diptera:
      Calliphoridae).
AB  - A DNA probe containing GATA tandem repeats detected numerous dispersed
      minisatellite regions in the genomes of the blowflies Chrysomya rufifacies and
      Calliphora erythrocephala. These regions seemed to be actively transcribed into
      poly(A)+ RNA in a tissue-specific manner. When genomic DNA of blastoderm embryos
      was compared with adult genomic DNA some loci hybridizing to GATA displayed a
      marked stage-specific variation in length. In Calliphora, a small sex-linked
      dimorphism of GATA mini-satellite-associated restriction fragments was observed.

PMID- 2894928
TI  - The molecular genetics of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a clinically heterogeneous disorder which is characterized
      by hyperglycaemia due to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Both
      genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to its development and, as such, it
      represents a multifactorial disorder. In addition, it may also be, in some
      instances, a polygenic disorder resulting from the cumulative effects of several
      genes with or without environmental factors. Serological and/or DNA markers for
      genes that confer susceptibility to the insulin-dependent form of the disorder
      (IDDM; type 1) have been identified in the HLA-D region of chromosome 6 and near
      the insulin gene on chromosome 11. Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (NIDDM; type 2) make up a more heterogeneous group than those with IDDM
      and it is likely that in these patients similar clinical phenotypes may be
      produced by different genetic defects. The synthesis of either an abnormal
      insulin/proinsulin molecule or an abnormal insulin receptor can confer
      susceptibility to NIDDM. The genes encoding insulin and the insulin receptor are
      on chromosomes 11 and 19, respectively. In addition, studies of restriction
      fragment length polymorphism and disease associations suggest that two other
      genes may contribute to the development of NIDDM on chromosome 11, one near the
      insulin gene on the short arm of this chromosome and the other near the
      apolipoprotein A-I gene on the long arm. None of the susceptibility genes that
      have been identified to date causes diabetes in the absence of other genetic or
      non-genetic contributing factors, which is consistent with a multifactorial or
      polygenic origin for this disorder.

PMID- 2894927
TI  - Use of DNA polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein genes to study the role of genetic
      variation in the determination of serum lipid levels.
AB  - Cloned DNA probes for the apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene and the gene cluster for
      apoA-I/C-III/A-IV were used to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) at these two loci. Samples have been obtained from clinically well
      individuals, and the RFLP genotypes of each individual have been determined. The
      data show that at the locus for apoB, genetic variation associated with an RFLP
      detected by the enzyme XbaI (but not that associated with RFLPs detected by MspI
      or EcoRI) is involved in determining the normal levels of serum total cholesterol
      and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. In our study, genetic variation
      associated with the XbaI RFLP accounts for 14% of the total phenotypic variance
      in cholesterol levels. Information from all three RFLPs can be used in
      conjunction to give a better definition of the underlying genetic variation. Data
      from a second study show that genetic variation in the apoA-I/C-III/A-IV gene
      cluster, associated with the PstI RFLP, is involved in determining the level of
      apoA-I and, to a lesser extent, the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL).
      When genotypes from three RFLPs were used in conjunction as a haplotype, genetic
      variation in this gene cluster was shown to account for 16% of the phenotypic
      variance in apoA-I concentration and for 8% of the phenotypic variance in HDL
      concentration in our sample. These associations suggest that the isolation and
      sequencing of the apoB and the apoA-I/C-III/A-IV genes from different individuals
      will give useful information about how changes in the DNA sequence of these genes
      may lead to alterations in the levels of their respective apolipoproteins, in the
      level of the lipoproteins with which they are associated and, possibly, in the
      levels of lipids in the serum.

PMID- 2894930
TI  - The molecular genetics of HLA-related disorders.
AB  - The HLA region on the short arm of chromosome 6 contains a set of highly
      polymorphic loci responsible for regulating the immune response. Particular
      haplotypes, defined serologically, have been associated with a risk of developing
      certain autoimmune diseases such as insulin-dependent (juvenile-onset) diabetes
      mellitus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent developments in
      molecular biology have permitted an improved resolution of the locus and of the
      sequential arrangement of the susceptibility determinants on these haplotypes.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphisms have allowed subdivisions of
      serological haplotypes to be made. These correlate with disease susceptibility in
      some cases. Amplification of specific HLA class II alleles and nucleic acid
      sequencing have resulted in the identification of the structural determinants in
      the HLA that underlie some of these diseases.

PMID- 2894929
TI  - Searching for major genes for psychiatric disorders.
AB  - Many of the major psychiatric disorders show sufficient familial clustering to
      raise the suspicion that genetic factors are important in determining who is and
      who is not affected. There is reasonable evidence from many sources to support a
      major genetic component to these common disorders. However, no simple mode of
      inheritance can be convincingly demonstrated. A genetic linkage study seems to be
      the most promising approach towards identifying aetiological factors in these
      disorders. The neurochemical complexity of the relevant parts of the brain and
      the absence of any biochemical abnormalities that appear to be aetiologically
      relevant also give strong impetus for a molecular genetic approach that uses
      genetic linkage. 'Large-scale' genetic linkage studies using restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms are under way for manic depressive illness (among other
      disorders) and are providing evidence against the involvement of some candidate
      genes. Some strongly positive evidence has also begun to emerge.

PMID- 2894931
TI  - The human genome sequence and the analysis of multifactorial traits.
AB  - The human genome probably codes for about 10,000 basic functional units, most of
      which are functionally related families of genes occurring in one or more closely
      linked clusters. This relatively limited complexity means that a knowledge of the
      complete gene sequence is well within our grasp and will be fundamental to the
      analysis of complex multifactorial traits, including all the major chronic human
      diseases. Genetic marker segregation among 'affected' individuals in a pedigree,
      however complex, can now be done by using the essentially unlimited collection of
      restriction fragment length DNA polymorphisms. This can, in principle, identify
      all the inherited components of any complex trait and, with a knowledge of the
      human gene sequence, identify their functional basis. Thus one can now envisage a
      complete genetic and functional analysis of all complex inherited traits,
      including the major chronic diseases, and normal variation in physical and
      behavioural attributes.

PMID- 2894932
TI  - Structure and evolution of human apolipoprotein genes: identification of
      regulatory elements of the human apolipoprotein E gene.
AB  - The structures of the major human apolipoprotein genes have been determined. The
      genes for apoE, apoC-I, apoC-II, apoC-III, apoA-I, apoA-II and apoA-IV have
      similar structures, consisting of four exons and three introns, which suggests
      that they evolved from a common ancestral gene. The third and fourth exons of the
      ancestral gene appear to have evolved from the duplication of a 66-nucleotide
      repeat unit that encodes a 22-residue alpha-helical peptide element of
      amphipathic character. The apoA-I, apoC-III and apoA-IV genes are linked closely
      within a 20-kilobase (kb) span of chromosome 11. The apoE and apoC-I genes,
      together with an apoC-I' pseudogene, are linked closely within a 25-kb span of
      chromosome 19. To characterize potential functional relationships among the
      apolipoprotein genes, initial studies have been done to identify the molecular
      elements involved in the regulation of the human apoE gene. Fragments of the 5'
      flanking portion of this gene were inserted into appropriate plasmid vectors,
      which contained the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene, and were
      examined for promoter activity and potential enhancer activity after transfection
      into cultured mammalian cells. Deletion mapping of the promoter region has
      identified multiple functional elements, including an enhancer, two G-C boxes (Sp
      1 transcription factor binding sites) and an upstream control element. In
      addition, there is an enhancer located in the first intron. Interactions among
      these various control elements are likely to determine the ways in which the
      expression of the apoE gene is regulated.

PMID- 2894933
TI  - Biochemical tissue markers of human colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - The potential therapeutic effects of differentiating agents on leukemic and solid
      tumor cells are being evaluated worldwide. These effects can be followed by
      morphologic as well as biochemical parameters. The enzymatic profile of four
      enzymes and the level of carcinoembryonic antigen were studied in 24 human
      colorectal carcinoma specimens and their adjacent uninvolved mucosa. The enzymes
      studied were thymidine kinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase as markers of
      proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as
      markers of differentiation. A consistent finding was a marked increase in the
      activities of thymidine kinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the tumor
      cells as compared with the adjacent normal mucosa. The activity of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase was not significantly different between tumor and uninvolved colon
      tissue. Alkaline phosphatase activity was markedly reduced in the tumor
      specimens. A relationship between the degree of differentiation and the degree of
      penetration and CEA expression was demonstrated in the tumor specimens as well as
      in their surrounding uninvolved mucosa.

PMID- 2894934
TI  - Hemorrhoidectomy and sphincterotomy. A prospective study comparing the
      effectiveness of anal stretch and sphincterotomy in reducing pain after
      hemorrhoidectomy.
AB  - The effectiveness of two maneuvers, anal stretch (group 1) and sphincterotomy
      (group 2), were evaluated in reducing posthemorrhoidectomy pain. The study
      included 133 patients in group 1 and 125 patients in group 2. Immediate follow-up
      results showed that 18.4 percent of patients in group 2 required narcotic
      analgesics in the first 24 hours as compared with 100 percent of group 1 patients
      (P less than .01). Urinary retention developed in 4 percent of the patients in
      group 2 and 39 percent of the patients in group 1 (P less than .01). Pain
      associated with the first postoperative motion was severe in 96.2 percent of
      those in group 1 as compared with 6.4 percent of patients from group 2 (P less
      than .01). Moreover, long-term follow-up showed that 57.3 percent of group 1
      patients continued to suffer from fecal soiling for ten weeks as compared with
      6.4 percent in group 2 who suffered only 4.5 weeks (P less than .01). The routine
      performance of sphincterotomy through one of the hemorrhoidectomy wounds
      significantly reduced posthemorrhoidectomy pain and complications.

PMID- 2894935
TI  - Somatostatin in the idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases.
AB  - To study the effect of mucosal inflammation on tissue concentrations of
      somatostatin, the distribution and concentration of somatostatin in specimens of
      normal and abnormal (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) ileum and colon were
      determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. Each tissue specimen obtained at
      surgery was separated by microdissection into the mucosa-submucosa and the
      muscularis externa. Immunoreactive somatostatin was acid-extracted from each
      layer before measurement. Gel chromatography was used to characterize
      immunoreactive somatostatin measured by radioimmunoassay; somatostatin-28 was the
      major immunoreactive species measured in human intestine. In normal colon,
      concentrations of somatostatin were not related to patient age. Concentrations of
      immunoreactive somatostatin in the mucosa-submucosa of the descending colon were
      significantly decreased in ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's colitis, compared
      with normal colon. There was no apparent relationship between concentrations of
      somatostatin and the duration of inflammatory bowel disease. However,
      somatostatin concentrations appeared to be lower in patients with severe colitis
      than in patients with minimal colitis. The decrease in mucosal-submucosal
      concentrations of somatostatin is in agreement with previous morphologic studies,
      which have suggested diminished populations of endocrine cells in ulcerative
      colitis. The possible role of somatostatin in the colon suggests that further
      studies of the alteration of this gut peptide may be useful in understanding a
      component of the pathophysiology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2894936
TI  - The 1986 Bernard B. Brodie award lecture. The genetic regulation of drug
      metabolizing enzymes.

PMID- 2894937
TI  - In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the absorption of triphenyl
      phosphite and tri-o-cresyl phosphate following subcutaneous administration in
      hens.
AB  - Tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) and triphenyl phosphite (TPP) are known to be
      neurotoxic in several species. In a previous study, we found that the
      subcutaneous administration of the compounds may result in toxicological effects
      which are prolonged in comparison to administration by other routes. In order to
      test the hypothesis that slow absorption from the injection site could account
      for our results, we monitored the disappearance of either compound from the
      injection site using in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In addition,
      the test samples and some potential metabolites were examined in vitro with NMR.
      The disappearance of equimolar doses of subcutaneously injected TOCP (1187 mg/kg)
      and TPP (1000 mg/kg) from the injection site, with time, showed a biphasic
      pattern. The first phase took place within a few hours, while the second phase
      was very slow, with a half-life of about 2 weeks for both compounds. These
      results may account for the prolonged neuropathy target enzyme inhibition and
      explain the delayed neurotoxicity produced by subcutaneous injection of TOCP and
      TPP. Two animals given TPP exhibited an atypical pattern, in that the TPP
      apparently converted to diphenyl phosphonic acid within several hours of
      injection. In these hens, this phenomenon was accompanied by acute lethality. The
      conversion to diphenyl phosphonic acid also took place when the TPP was placed in
      an aqueous solution in vitro. Diphenyl phosphonic acid may play a role in the
      unique toxicity of TPP.

PMID- 2894938
TI  - Induction of sulfamethazine acetylation by hydrocortisone in the rabbit.
AB  - Daily intravenous administration of hydrocortisone (HC) to rabbits resulted in a
      marked time-dependent increase in the metabolic clearance of sulfamethazine
      (SMZ). Kinetic analysis of the plasma concentration-time profiles for SMZ
      indicated that HC treatment significantly increased the rate of acetylation of
      SMZ without altering the renal clearances or volumes of distribution for either
      parent drug or the N-acetyl metabolite N-acetylsulfamethazine (NASMZ). Total body
      clearance of NASMZ was also unaltered. Doses of HC ranging from 25 to 150 mg/kg
      were equally effective in enhancing the in vivo acetylation rate of SMZ.
      Moreover, the induction of SMZ acetylation was reversible when treatment with the
      steroid was terminated. The in vitro rate of SMZ acetylation was measured in the
      cytosol of various organs from controls and rabbits treated with HC for 10 days.
      HC did not alter the Michaelis-Menten parameters for N-acetyltransferase (NAT)
      activity in kidney, lung, or gut. Similarly, the Km for SMZ acetylation in liver
      cytosol was not affected by the steroid. However, the Vmax estimates of hepatic
      NAT activity were significantly increased after HC treatment. At 0.5 mM SMZ and
      variable [acetyl-CoA], Vmax increased 3-fold from 82 +/- 20 to 244 +/- 43
      mumol/min/organ, while at 0.5 mM acetyl-CoA and variable [SMZ], Vmax increased
      2.8-fold from 75 +/- 19 to 208 +/- 41 mumol/min/organ. This increase was
      primarily due to a 69% increase in liver weight since Vmax expressed per mg of
      cytosolic protein was similar in both groups. The endogenous acetyl CoA
      concentrations were significantly increased by HC in liver and lung, but not in
      gut and kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894939
TI  - Regional distribution of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in respiratory airways
      of dogs.
AB  - There is a varied distribution of airway epithelia throughout the respiratory
      tract that may explain the apparent differential susceptibility of respiratory
      tract tissues to carcinogens. The objective of this research was to characterize
      the distribution of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the respiratory tract of
      the dog and to determine if regional variances in metabolic capability are
      associated with morphologic differences of surface epithelium among airways.
      Specific regions from one-half of the nasal, tracheal, bronchial, and pulmonary
      airways were excised and analyzed for the presence of xenobiotic metabolizing
      enzymes. Complementary halves of airways were fixed and processed for light
      microscopy. Substrates for different isozymes of cytochrome P-450, including
      benzo(a)pyrene, nitropyrene, ethoxycoumarin, and ethoxyresorufin and select Phase
      II enzymes were measured. The data for benzo(a)pyrene and nitropyrene were
      qualitatively similar in that there was high metabolic activity in certain
      regions of the nasal tissue (e.g. ethmoid turbinates) and in the intrapulmonary
      airway generations 3-18 compared with the major conducting airways (e.g. larynx,
      trachea, and bronchi). Most ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity was in the nasal
      region with much less activity observed in the major airways or the pulmonary
      airways. The specific activity of ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in the ethmoid
      turbinates was, in general, 5-10 times that observed for the other portions of
      the nasal cavity sampled. Only the ethmoid turbinates showed evidence of
      ethoxyresorufin metabolism. Both epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferase
      activity was higher in the various tissues of the nasal cavity and in the
      pulmonary airways compared with the major conducting airways. UDP
      glucuronyltransferase was relatively evenly distributed throughout the
      respiratory tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894940
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of nicotine and 12 metabolites in the rat. Application of a new
      radiometric high performance liquid chromatography assay.
AB  - A new radiometric assay for nicotine and 12 of its metabolites disclosed that
      plasma nicotine and cotinine t1/2 beta were independent of dose after single
      intraarterial nicotine doses of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg. At high doses, nicotine
      AUC and clearance tended to exhibit a small degree of dose dependency. The
      longest lived metabolites, cotinine-N-oxide and a previously unidentified
      metabolite now revealed to be allohydroxydemethylcotinine, persisted for 96 hr
      after nicotine injection, whereas cotinine was detected for only 48 hr. Cotinine,
      formerly considered the longest lived nicotine metabolite, serves widely as the
      most sensitive indicator of prior exposure to small concentrations of nicotine.
      The present studies disclose new, longer lasting metabolites that may perform
      this function more sensitively, at least in the rat. At the 3 doses of nicotine
      administered, plasma nicotine half-life ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 hr; total body
      clearance of nicotine ranged from 2.9 to 3.9 liters.hr-1.kg-1; and apparent
      volume of distribution of nicotine from 4.7 to 5.7 liters.kg-1. Also at these 3
      doses, mean half-lives of urinary excretion of cotinine, cotinine-N-oxide, and
      allohydroxydemethylcotinine ranged from 4.8 to 5.3 hr, from 7.9 to 8.2 hr, and
      from 9.9 to 11.0 hr, respectively.

PMID- 2894941
TI  - Disposition of cefixime in the pregnant and lactating rat. Transfer to the fetus
      and nursing pup.
AB  - The disposition of cefixime, a potent, third generation, orally active
      cephalosporin, was characterized in the pregnant and lactating rat. After a
      single iv dose of 17.8 mg/kg 14C-cefixime to day 18 pregnant rats, the half-life
      for elimination of radioactivity from both maternal serum and placentas was 6.9
      hr. Elimination from fetal plasma and tissues was somewhat longer, 12.5 and 13.7
      hr, respectively. However, comparison of areas under the curve indicated that
      exposure of the fetuses to cefixime was far less than that of placentas. Whole
      body autoradiography showed the greatest radioactivity in maternal liver, kidney,
      and intestines. In the lactating rat, steady state plasma concentrations of 14C
      cefixime were achieved by continuous ip infusion of 2.54 mg/kg/day via Alza
      osmotic Mini-pumps from days 10 to 14 postpartum. Plasma concentrations of
      radioactivity in the dams were, on the average, 70 times greater than in their
      nursing pups throughout the study. After 102 hr of drug infusion, total
      radioactivity in the body of the pups, including the stomach and intestinal
      contents, was 1% of the 14C-cefixime estimated to be in the mother's body at
      steady state. Overall, these data indicate that exposure of the developing rat
      fetus and nursing pup to cefixime after maternal drug administration is
      quantitatively small.

PMID- 2894942
TI  - Potential metabolic basis for enflurane hepatitis and the apparent cross
      sensitization between enflurane and halothane.
AB  - Clinical case reports of unexplained hepatic dysfunction following enflurane and
      isoflurane anesthesia led to the hypothesis that oxidative metabolism of these
      drugs by cytochromes P-450 produces immunoreactive, covalently bound acylated
      protein adducts similar to those implicated in the genesis of halothane-induced
      hepatic necrosis. Microsomal adducts were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay and immunoblotting techniques utilizing specific anti-trifluoroacetyl (TFA)
      IgG hapten antibodies in rat liver following enflurane, isoflurane, or halothane
      administration. Preincubation of the antibodies with microsomes from halothane
      pretreated rats or with 500 microM TFA-lysine, markedly inhibited adduct
      recognition, while preincubation with 500 microM acetyllysine had no effect. The
      relative amounts of immunoreactive protein adducts formed were halothane much
      greater than enflurane much greater than isoflurane and correlates directly with
      the relative extents of metabolism of these agents. These results support the
      view that acyl metabolites of the volatile anesthetics may become covalently
      bound to hepatic proteins, thus serving as antigens, and thereby account for the
      apparent cross-sensitization and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity reported for these
      drugs.

PMID- 2894943
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of high doses of antibody Fab fragments in rats.
AB  - The treatment of drug toxicity with drug-specific antibody fragments may, for
      some compounds, require very high doses of antibody fragments. To examine the
      feasibility of this therapeutic approach, the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of
      high doses of nonspecific human IgG Fab fragments were studied in rats. Six
      animals received 7.5 g/kg iv Fab over 1 hr. Maximum serum Fab concentration was
      42.1 +/- 9.9 mg/ml. Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters included steady state
      volume of distribution 0.43 +/- 0.06 liter/kg, t/2 alpha 2.4 +/- 1.4 hr, t/2 beta
      16.3 +/- 2.4 hr, and systemic clearance 27.2 +/- 4.4 ml/hr/kg. Urinary excretion
      accounted for 31.8 +/- 7.5% of the administered dose. These values are similar to
      those previously reported for much lower doses (5-15 mg/kg) of digoxin-specific
      Fab fragments in dogs, baboons, and humans. All animals tolerated Fab infusion
      without changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiogram. The serum
      creatinine concentration and urinary protein excretion were unchanged 1 week
      after Fab administration. One animal developed a self-limited respiratory illness
      1 week after Fab administration, probably because of intercurrent infection.
      Organ histology 2 weeks after Fab administration was normal in all animals. These
      data suggest that rapid iv administration of high doses of antibody Fab fragments
      is feasible and support the potential use of high doses of Fab fragments as a
      therapy for drug toxicity. Although the possibility of dose-dependent kinetics
      was not studied, the similarity of the pharmacokinetics of this high Fab dose in
      the rat to that of lower doses in other species further suggests that the rat may
      be a suitable species for studying Fab-drug interactions.

PMID- 2894945
TI  - In vitro evidence against the oxidation of quinidine by the
      sparteine/debrisoquine monooxygenase of human liver.
AB  - Competitive inhibition studies using human liver microsomes have shown that
      quinidine (QD) has an exceptionally high affinity (60 nM) for the genetically
      variable cytochrome P-450 that catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxydebrisoquine
      and dehydrosparteines from debrisoquine and sparteine. The present study examined
      the effect of sparteine and debrisoquine on the oxidation of QD by microsomes
      prepared from two human livers. QD and its major metabolite 3-hydroxy-QD were
      measured by quantitative TLC. QD 3-hydroxylation followed saturable single-site
      kinetics over a 1-250 microM range of QD concentrations. The Km and Vmax of the
      reaction in the two liver specimens were 47.5 +/- 3.5 microM and 58.7 +/- 5.9
      microM, and 0.36 +/- 0.08 and 0.29 +/- 0.02 nmol of 3-hydroxy-QD/mg of
      protein/min. Sparteine and debrisoquine (250 microM) had no effect on this QD 3
      hydroxylase activity. Furthermore, near-saturation of the sparteine/debrisoquine
      isozyme by 250 microM sparteine had no effect on the oxidation of QD by all
      routes (measured by QD disappearance from an initial level of 70 nM during an 8
      hr incubation period). These observations indicate that none of the major
      oxidative reactions of QD are catalyzed by the sparteine/debrisoquine isozyme; QD
      may simply bind to this cytochrome P-450, without being oxidized by it.

PMID- 2894944
TI  - Metabolic inhibition and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate pharmacokinetics in fish.
AB  - A pharmacokinetic model for the accumulation of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)
      by sheepshead minnow predicted a significant increase in the bioconcentration
      factor (BCF) of DEHP if its metabolism were inhibited. To test this prediction,
      fish were treated with either piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or bis-(p
      nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) before and during their exposure to DEHP. Compared
      with the controls, the PBO-treated fish showed no significant differences in
      either the amount of total metabolites in the fish and exposure water or the
      amount of DEHP in the fish. Conversely, the total amount of metabolites formed by
      BNPP-treated fish was only 23% of that in the control. This indicated that
      hydrolysis was a major pathway for DEHP metabolism in sheepshead minnow. The
      amount of DEHP accumulated by the BNPP-treated fish was almost twice that of the
      controls, which also agreed with the model prediction. A pharmacokinetic analysis
      of the time course of DEHP accumulation and metabolism indicated that BNPP
      altered the dynamics of DEHP in the fish beyond simply reducing the metabolic
      clearance. BNPP reduced the value of the absorption clearance to half that of the
      control, and the phthalate appeared to distribute more rapidly to the poorly
      perfused tissues. These effects may have been caused by the anticholinesterase
      activity of BNPP. The model-predicted BCF of DEHP in BNPP-treated fish was more
      than 6 times the control value, apparently as a consequence of decreased
      metabolic clearance and increased volume of distribution.

PMID- 2894946
TI  - Characterization of mixed-function oxidases and purified cytochrome P-450 of
      livers of house musk shrew, Suncus murinus.
AB  - Characteristics of mixed-function oxidases in the liver of house musk shrew,
      Suncus murinus, were studied. The basal level of cytochrome P-450 and the
      activity of drug-metabolizing enzyme in hepatic microsomes of Suncus murinus is
      relatively lower than that of rats, while the level of cytochrome b5 and NADPH
      cytochrome c reductase is approximately the same as that of rats. The treatment
      of Suncus murinus with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene elevated the level
      of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, but not the
      level of cytochrome b5. Two distinct forms of cytochrome P-450 have been purified
      from hepatic microsomes of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated Suncus murinus. These
      forms have their absorption maximum at 448.0 nm and 448.5 nm in CO-bound reduced
      form, and one is in the high-spin state and the other is in the low-spin state.
      They are different in their molecular weights (53,500 and 55,000) and in their
      spectral and catalytic properties. Characteristics of these forms were compared
      with those of the major forms of cytochrome P-450 purified from livers of rats
      treated with 3-methylcholanthrene.

PMID- 2894947
TI  - Enzymatic oxidation of 7-hydroxylated delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol to 7-oxo-delta
      8-tetrahydrocannabinol by hepatic microsomes of the guinea pig.
AB  - Hepatic microsomes of the guinea pig converted delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol
      (delta 8-THC) to various oxidized metabolites, including 7 alpha-hydroxy-delta 8
      THC (7 alpha-OH-delta 8-THC), 7 beta-OH-delta 8-THC, and 7-oxo-delta 8-THC. The
      enzyme which mediates biotransformation of 7-OH-delta 8-THCs to 7-oxo-delta 8-THC
      was characterized in the present study. The oxidative activity was mainly located
      in microsomes. The microsomal reaction required NADPH and oxygen and showed an
      optimal pH around 7.5. The reaction was inhibited by beta-diethylaminoethyl
      diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A), an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, but not by
      pyrazole, a specific inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. However, 7-oxo-delta 8
      THC formation was not affected by carbon monoxide or by pretreatment of animals
      with cobaltous chloride (40 mg/kg, ip, once a day for 3 days). Atmospheric oxygen
      was incorporated into 7-oxo-delta 8-THC formed from 7 alpha-OH-delta 8-THC, but
      not into that from 7 beta-OH-delta 8-THC. Further, 7-oxo-delta 8-THC formed from
      7 alpha-18OH-delta 8-THC released about half of 18O at the 7-position, whereas
      the 7-oxo metabolite from 7 beta-18OH-delta 8-THC lost little of the isotope at
      the 7 beta-position during the oxidative reaction. From these results, it is
      likely that hepatic microsomal monooxygenase (probably cytochrome P-450) plays a
      main role in the oxidation. In addition, mechanisms for 7-oxo-delta 8-THC
      formation from 7 alpha-OH-delta 8-THC or 7 beta-OH-delta 8-THC are different.

PMID- 2894948
TI  - The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the toxicity induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine.

PMID- 2894949
TI  - Interspecies comparison of acivicin pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic studies with the amino acid antineoplastic agent, acivicin, were
      carried out in the Sprague-Dawley rat, cynomolgus monkey, and beagle dog. Data
      were analyzed together with previously published studies in the mouse and rhesus
      monkey. Log-log plots of body weight (B, kg) versus total body clearance (ClB,
      ml/min), elimination half-life (t1/2, hr), and volume of distribution (V, ml) in
      the five species were linear with high correlation coefficients (r greater than
      or equal to 0.98) despite large differences in the extent of nonrenal clearance
      in the various species (ranging from approximately 30% of the dose in the mouse
      to 90% in the dog). Linear regression on the plots yielded allometric expressions
      (ClB = 4.0 x B0.62; t1/2 = 1.8 x B0.31; V = 620 x B0.95) which were extrapolated
      mathematically to predict acivicin pharmacokinetic parameters in humans prior to
      the first clinical trials. Predicted versus measured (mean +/- SD, N = 21
      patients) pharmacokinetic values in humans were: ClB (ml/min), 50 vs. 49 +/- 13;
      t1/2 (hr), 6.4 vs. 9.5 +/- 3.5; VB (ml/kg), 500 vs. 580 +/- 110. Thus, the animal
      data were successfully extrapolated to yield reasonable predictions of human
      pharmacokinetic parameters, despite varying extents of renal and nonrenal
      clearance in the species examined. With one exception, plasma concentration-time
      data in six species spanning a 3000-fold body weight range and a 120-fold dose
      range were plotted on a single curve after plasma concentrations were normalized
      for the dose administered and chronological times were adjusted for body weight
      to yield "physiological times."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894950
TI  - The effects of tin-protoporphyrin administration on hepatic xenobiotic
      metabolizing enzymes in the juvenile rat.
AB  - The heme analogue tin-protoporphyrin IX (SnP) is a potent inhibitor of microsomal
      heme oxygenase. Administration of SnP to neonatal rats can prevent
      hyperbilirubinemia by blocking the postnatal increase of heme oxygenase activity.
      Apparently innocuous at therapeutic doses, it is of potential clinical value for
      chemoprevention of neonatal jaundice. We found that when 50-g male Sprague-Dawley
      rats were treated daily with 50 mumol of SnP/kg sc for 6 days, hepatic microsomal
      cytochromes b5 and P-450 were significantly diminished. Cytochrome P-450
      reductase, two P-450-dependent monooxygenases, aminopyrine demethylase and
      benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, and catalase, a peroxisomal hemoprotein, were also
      significantly diminished. These results suggested that SnP might significantly
      affect the metabolism of other xenobiotics. This possibility was confirmed by the
      finding that hexobarbital-induced sleep lasted 4 times longer in SnP-treated rats
      than in controls. Inhibition of protein synthesis by SnP was ruled out as the
      cause of hemoprotein loss when administration of [3H]leucine to SnP-treated and
      control rats demonstrated that proteins of the microsomal, cytosolic, and plasma
      membrane fractions of the livers from both groups incorporated similar levels of
      leucine. When 55FeCl3 and [2-14C]glycine were administered to measure heme
      synthesis, heme extract from the livers of SnP-treated rats contained 4 times
      more label from iron and glycine than did heme from control livers. Despite the
      apparent increased rate of heme synthesis in SnP-treated rats, each of the three
      cell fractions demonstrated a significant loss of heme but contained sizable
      amounts of SnP. These findings suggest that SnP causes a decrease of functional
      hemoprotein and partial loss of enzymic activity by displacing intracellular
      heme.

PMID- 2894951
TI  - Polyethylene glycol-L-asparaginase and L-asparaginase studies in rabbits.
AB  - Injections of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-L-asparaginase or L-asparaginase were
      given to two rabbits each at doses of 40 units/kg. Ten min following injection of
      either enzyme preparation, the plasma enzyme concentration was approximately 1
      unit/ml. This level decreased steadily in the rabbits given L-asparaginase, with
      a t1/2 of approximately 20 hr. In contrast, the enzyme level in rabbits given PEG
      L-asparaginase decreased much more slowly, with a t1/2 of approximately 144 hr.
      The slower disappearance rate of PEG-L-asparaginase resulted in greater values
      for the area under the concentration versus time curve and smaller values for
      total clearance. Immediately following the enzyme injections, no L-asparagine
      could be detected in the plasma, and a transient elevation of L-aspartic acid
      levels was noted. By 4 hr, the L-aspartic acid level in all of the rabbits
      returned to near normal. The L-asparagine, however, was not measurable as long as
      plasma enzyme was detectable. Levels of L-asparagine returned to normal 4 days
      after L-asparaginase administration, and 27 days elapsed before L-asparagine was
      detected in rabbits given PEG-L-asparaginase.

PMID- 2894952
TI  - UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward digitoxigenin-monodigitoxoside.
      Differences in activation and induction properties in rat and mouse liver.
AB  - Glucuronidation of digitoxigenin-monodigitoxoside (DT1), a metabolite of the
      cardiac glycoside digitoxin, is mediated by the microsomal isozymes, UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase(s) (UDP-GT). The present studies examined the activation
      and induction properties of UDP-GT activity toward DT1 in hepatic microsomes of
      rats and mice. When compared to enzyme activity present in native (latent)
      microsomes of the rat (0.104 +/- 0.010 nmol/min/mg of protein), the activity
      toward digitoxigenin-monodigitoxoside in mouse native microsomes was 3.5-fold
      higher (0.379 + 0.44 mumol/min/mg of protein). After treatment with ionic (sodium
      cholate), zwitterionic [3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic
      acid (CHAPS)], or nonionic (Emulgen 911, Triton X-100) detergents, or with UDP-N
      acetylglucosamine, enzyme activity in rat microsomes remained unchanged. In
      contrast, UDP-GT activity (DT1) in mouse liver microsomes treated with detergents
      or with the nucleotide was increased 2-3-fold above native enzyme activity.
      Pretreatment of rats with the microsomal enzyme inducers, 3-methylcholanthrene
      and phenobarbital, had no effect on this enzyme activity, whereas pretreatment
      with pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) and dexamethasone (DEX) increased
      enzyme activity toward DT1 800 and 380%, respectively. These findings support the
      hypothesis that PCN and DEX induce a unique form of UDP-GT in the rat that
      selectively glucuronidates DT1. In marked contrast, the activity of this enzyme
      in mouse liver was not affected by pretreatment with any of the microsomal
      inducers, including PCN and DEX. In both rat and mouse, the P-450p-dependent N
      ethylmorphine demethylase activity was increased 10-15-fold in PCN-pretreated
      animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894954
TI  - Effect of monooxygenase inducers and inhibitors on the hepatic metabolism of
      2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat and hamster.
AB  - The rat and hamster exhibit about a 100-fold difference in sensitivity to the
      acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), with the hamster
      representing the most resistant species examined to date. The present study
      compared the induction and inhibition of hepatic TCDD metabolism in these species
      using suspensions of isolated hepatocytes. Purified 14C-TCDD or 3H-TCDD (2.2
      microM) was incubated for 2-6 hr with hepatocytes isolated from untreated, TCDD
      pretreated (5 micrograms/kg, ip), 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated (3-MC, 50
      mg/kg, ip, x 3 days), isosafrole-pretreated (ISO, 150 mg/kg, ip, x 3 days), or
      phenobarbital-pretreated (PB, 80 mg/kg, ip, x 3 days) rats and hamsters.
      Untreated rat and hamster hepatocytes metabolized TCDD at a similar rate (0.20
      and 0.18 pmol/hr/mg, respectively). In both species, TCDD and 3-MC pretreatments
      elevated the rate of TCDD metabolism by 5-6-fold, while PB pretreatment had no
      effect. isosafrole modestly increased (1.8-2.5-fold) TCDD metabolism in each
      species. Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography indicated
      similarities in the TCDD-metabolite profiles formed by hepatocytes from both
      species, with two major metabolite peaks detected following induction by TCDD and
      3-MC. The in vitro metabolism of TCDD in hepatocytes from TCDD-pretreated rats
      and hamsters was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone (100 microM), but not by
      metyrapone (100 microM). The effect of these cytochrome P-450 inducers and
      inhibitors on the metabolism of 3H-benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in rat hepatocytes was
      similar to their effect on TCDD metabolism. However, marked differences were
      observed in their effects on the metabolism of BaP and TCDD in hamster
      hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894953
TI  - Inhibition of rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenases by acrolein.
AB  - Acrolein, the lowest member of the ethylenic aldehyde series, has been widely
      studied as a result of the diverse toxicities associated with it. Previous
      investigations into the enzymatic process responsible for the detoxification of
      acrolein implicated rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the oxidation of
      this aldehyde. Contrary to these reports, in our investigation we were unable to
      detect the oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid by Sprague-Dawley rat liver
      mitochondrial or cytosolic ALDHs measured spectrophotometrically by the
      production of NADH, or by HPLC analysis for the production of acrylic acid.
      However, in the course of these experiments, it was demonstrated that acrolein is
      a potent inhibitor of rat liver ALDHs. Mitochondrial and cytosolic high affinity
      ALDHs are particularly sensitive to the inhibitory effects of acrolein. The type
      of inhibition exhibited by these high affinity ALDHs is primarily irreversible,
      with a slight degree of reversible noncompetitive inhibition. The inhibition is
      rapid with a 91 and 33% reduction in control mitochondrial and cytosolic ALDH
      activities, respectively, with a 5-sec preincubation of 30 microM acrolein prior
      to the addition of the aldehyde substrate. Significant inhibition of total (high
      plus low affinity isozymes) mitochondrial and cytosolic ALDHs occurs only at
      relatively high acrolein concentrations (greater than or equal to 50 microM). The
      inhibition displayed by the total mitochondrial and cytosolic ALDHs is mixed
      type, with both reversible noncompetitive and irreversible inhibition
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2894955
TI  - Kinetic studies on the competition between famotidine and cimetidine in rats.
      Evidence of multiple renal secretory systems for organic cations.
AB  - The H2-receptor antagonists famotidine and cimetidine are both basic drugs that
      are predominantly eliminated by the kidneys. Cimetidine has been shown to inhibit
      the renal secretion of tetraethyl-ammonium bromide (TEAB) but not p-aminohippuric
      acid (PAH), suggesting that cimetidine is secreted by an organic cation transport
      system [Weiner and Roth: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 216: 516 (1981)]. The present
      study shows that famotidine behaves like cimetidine in that it also inhibits TEAB
      but not PAH excretion. Where a high concentration of cimetidine in plasma has an
      inhibitory effect on the renal excretion of famotidine, the reverse is not true,
      i.e. high plasma levels of famotidine have no effect on the excretion of
      cimetidine. Further evidence that additional transport systems are involved in
      the renal tubular secretion of cimetidine is as follows. Quinine, a potent
      competitor of the organic cation transport system, inhibits the secretory
      component of famotidine renal clearance but not that of cimetidine. Probenecid, a
      classic competitor for the organic anion transport system, inhibits the renal
      excretion of cimetidine but not famotidine. However, the effect of probenecid is
      minor and not sufficient to account for other components of cimetidine secretion
      not affected by famotidine and quinine.

PMID- 2894956
TI  - Cyclosporine-cimetidine interaction.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CsA) is used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. It is
      extensively metabolized in the liver by the mixed function oxidase enzyme system
      by demethylation and hydroxylation. Since cimetidine is a widely prescribed H2
      antagonist drug which is known to inhibit the P-450 enzyme system, we studied the
      effect of chronic treatment with cimetidine on CsA by determining the disposition
      of CsA (15 mg/kg, iv), prior to and after chronic treatment with cimetidine (60
      mg/kg, po), for 5 days. CsA was determined by an HPLC procedure. The clearance
      (Cl) of CsA was significantly reduced following treatment with cimetidine when
      compared to the Cl value obtained in the control group (15.46 versus 10.36
      ml/min/kg). There were no significant changes in the volume of distribution of
      CsA, one reason being that cimetidine and cyclosporine bind to different
      proteins. From the results obtained, we conclude that since cimetidine is an
      inhibitor of the mixed function oxidase system enzyme system, it inhibits the
      metabolism of CsA.

PMID- 2894957
TI  - Metabolism of 2,3-dichloro-1-propene in the rat. Consideration of bioactivation
      mechanisms.
AB  - At the present time, comprehensive metabolism studies of 2,3-dichloro-1-propene
      (2,3-DCP) have not yet been reported. We have investigated the biotransformation
      of 2,3-DCP using female Wistar rats in order to elucidate the bioactivation
      mechanisms. 175 mg/kg, 1,3-14C-2,3-DCP in corn oil was administered to a rat. The
      animal was killed 20 hr later. Approximately 56.7% of the radioactivity was
      excreted in the urine, 1.6% in the feces, 5.3% was exhaled as unchanged 2,3-DCP,
      and 0.3% as CO2. 31.3% remained in the organs and the carcass. Three metabolic
      pathways were established. 1) Conjugation with GSH leading to S-(2-chloro-2
      propenyl)mercapturic acid. 2) The P450 induced epoxidation with subsequent
      rearrangement to highly mutagenic 1,3-dichloroacetone. 1,3-Dichloroacetone was
      further converted to the dimercapturic acid, 1,3-(2-propanone)-bis-S-(N
      acetylcysteine). 3) The hydrolysis to 2-chloroallyl alcohol followed by alcohol
      dehydrogenase catalyzed formation of highly mutagenic 2-chloroacrolein. The 2
      chloroallyl alcohol is excreted directly in the urine and as the glucuronide. 2
      Chloroacrolein is further oxidized to 2-chloroacrylic acid which is also excreted
      in the urine.

PMID- 2894958
TI  - Metabolism of bepridil in laboratory animals and humans.
AB  - The metabolism of bepridil was studied in the Swiss mouse, Sprague-Dawley rat,
      New Zealand rabbit, rhesus monkey, and healthy human. After oral administration
      of bepridil-14C-hydrochloride, recoveries of total radioactivity in urine and
      feces (7 days) were greater than or equal to 80% of the administered dose in all
      five species. Bepridil and 25 metabolites have been isolated by HPLC and TLC from
      representative plasma, urine, and fecal extract pools from all species and
      identified on the basis of TLC, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. The identified
      metabolites explained 60-99% of the total radioactivity in each sample for rabbit
      plasma, in which only 17% of the total radioactivity was characterized. Metabolic
      pathways involving oxidative reactions at seven sites on the bepridil molecule
      are proposed for each species. Metabolite formation in the five species is
      described by four interrelated pathways. The metabolic pathway involving aromatic
      hydroxylation followed by N-dealkylation, N-debenzylation, and N-acetylation was
      important in all species. Major metabolites produced by this pathway included 4
      hydroxy(at N-phenyl)-bepridil (Ia), N-benzyl-4-amino-phenol (IV), and N-acetyl-4
      aminophenol (Vy). Metabolite Ia was isolated in significant amounts (greater than
      or equal to 5% of sample) in all fecal and urine samples except rat urine.
      Metabolite IV was a major circulating metabolite in all species and a major
      urinary metabolite in humans. Metabolite Vy was present in significant quantities
      in urine in all species except rabbit. Other important pathways involved primary
      reactions such as iso-butyl hydroxylation, pyrrolidine ring oxidation, and N
      debenzylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894959
TI  - 19F NMR spectrometry evidence for bile acid conjugates of alpha-fluoro-beta
      alanine as the main biliary metabolites of antineoplastic fluoropyrimidines in
      humans.
AB  - The human biliary excretion of antineoplastic fluoropyrimidines was studied using
      19F NMR. This method allows a direct detection of all the fluorinated metabolites
      of a fluorinated drug and requires no labeled compound. From a patient with an
      external bile derivation, treated with 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'dFUrd), the
      biliary excretion of 5'dFUrd metabolites was low (0.8% of the injected dose) and
      made up of alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) and fluoride ion (F-) which
      represented approximately equal to 10% of the excreted metabolites and
      approximately equal to 90% of unknown metabolites. These unknown metabolites were
      conjugates of FBAL with the two "primary" bile acids only present in the bile of
      patients with an external bile drainage, i.e. cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids,
      in a 3:1 ratio. In the bile obtained at surgery from a patient treated with
      intrahepatic 5-fluorouracil, the major metabolites were conjugates of FBAL with
      the three major bile acids of human bile, i.e. cholic, deoxycholic, and
      chenodeoxycholic acids. Moreover, 19F NMR showed that only one of the two
      diastereoisomers of each conjugate of FBAL with bile acids was formed in vivo,
      confirming that metabolic FBAL is optically active.

PMID- 2894960
TI  - Biliary excretion of a glutathione conjugate of busulfan and 1,4-diiodobutane in
      the rat.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyl-beta-(S-tetrahydrothiophenium)alanyl-glycine, the glutathione
      sulfonium conjugate of busulfan and 1,4-diiodobutane, was identified in the bile
      of rats following intravenous administration of equimolar doses of either
      compound. The glutathione-sulfonium conjugate was synthesized from 1-bromo-4
      chlorobutane and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and FAB/MS. An HPLC method was
      developed to identify the conjugate from rat bile by pre-column fluorescent
      derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde. The biliary excretion of cyclic sulfonium
      conjugates was quantitated indirectly by measuring the release of
      tetrahydrothiophene (THT) after treatment of the bile with base. THT release was
      quantitative and was measured by gas chromatography. With busulfan, peak biliary
      concentrations of THT-releasing metabolite(s) were reached after 90 min and 26%
      of the dose of busulfan was recovered in the bile after 8 hr. When diiodobutane
      was administered, 21% of the dose was recovered, and the peak concentration was
      reached in 30 min. The decline in THT releasing metabolite(s) was more rapid with
      1,4-diiodobutane, and THT was no longer measurable after 3.5 hr compared to 7.5
      hr after busulfan administration. These data confirm that busulfan and other 1,4
      disubstituted butanes are conjugated with glutathione in vivo.

PMID- 2894961
TI  - l-alpha-Acetylmethadol administration to lactating rat dams. Effect on hepatic
      aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities in rat pups.
AB  - l-alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) was administered to lactating rat dams, and
      subsequent effects on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes of their offspring were
      assessed. Dams were given LAAM or a control solution in their drinking water
      following parturition and throughout lactation. Hepatic ethylmorphine-N
      demethylase (EMDM) and aniline hydroxylase (AH) activities, as well as cytochrome
      P-450 content, were determined in the offspring at 21-23 days of age, or
      following sexual maturation (61-64 days). LAAM induced AH and EMDM activities, as
      well as cytochrome P-450 content in both male and female 21-23-day-old pups
      compared to controls; these differences were not observed at 61-64 days of age.
      In addition, normal sex-related differences in EMDM activity were apparent at 61
      64 days of age. These results demonstrate the LAAM administration to lactating
      dams causes hepatic metabolic induction in the sexually immature rat, suggesting
      that LAAM and/or its metabolites passed to the pups via the milk. These changes,
      induced by LAAM administered via lactation, are reversible and do not interfere
      with the normal development of sex-dependent differences in hepatic EMDM activity
      observed in rats following sexual maturation.

PMID- 2894962
TI  - Neonatal programming of ethylmorphine demethylase and corticosteroid 5 alpha
      reductase by testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol. Effects of an anti
      estrogen, an anti-androgen, and an inhibitor of estrogen synthetase.
AB  - The neonatal imprinting of ethylmorphine demethylase and corticosteroid 5 alpha
      reductase was studied. Males, castrated at birth (day 1), were injected (sc) with
      testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol on days 2, 4, and 6 and with
      testosterone (2 mg/rat/day) on days 50-59. Microsomes were prepared on day 60.
      All three steroids, at greater than or equal to 0.73 mumol/pup, increased the
      apparent Vmax and decreased the apparent Km of the demethylase to values that did
      not differ (p less than 0.05) from those of intact adult males. Analogously, all
      steroids, at greater than or equal to 0.73 mumol/pup, decreased the apparent Vmax
      of the reductase to intact male values; its apparent Km was increased to adult
      male values by both androgens (at greater than or equal to 0.37 mumol/pup) and by
      estradiol (at greater than or equal to 0.73 mumol/pup). Flutamide (1.45
      mumol/pup) failed to alter these effects indicating that androgen receptors are
      not involved in the imprinting process. Nafoxidine (1.45 mumol/pup) blocked the
      effects of all three steroids, indicating that androgens and estrogens both
      imprint via the estrogen receptor. An inhibitor of androgen aromatase, 1,4,6
      androstatriene-3, 17 dione, blocked the imprinting effects of testosterone, but
      not those of dihydrotestosterone. Thus, testosterone is oxidized to estradiol
      prior to imprinting, while dihydrotestosterone imprints as the parent compound.
      The latter may reflect a pharmacologic occupancy of the estrogen receptor by
      dihydrotestosterone.

PMID- 2894963
TI  - Interaction of epicatechins derived from green tea with rat hepatic cytochrome P
      450.
AB  - Green tea has been used for generations in China and Asia as an antipyretic and
      diuretic. Prior studies have shown that extracts of green tea inhibit the
      mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxin B1. In this study,
      we investigated the interaction of certain flavonoid components of green tea
      epicatechin derivatives including (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin
      (EGC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)
      with rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450). The addition of EC, EGC,
      ECG, and EGCG to hepatic microsomes prepared from phenobarbital (PB)-treated rats
      resulted in spectral changes characterized by absorbance maxima at 420 nm and
      minima at 380 nm, typical of modified Type II (reverse Type I) binding. Of the
      epicatechin derivatives, EGCG and ECG showed greater spectral change with
      oxidized P-450 and time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of the binding of
      carbon monoxide to dithionite-reduced cytochrome P-450. The addition of EC, EGC,
      ECG, and EGCG to microsomes prepared from control, PB- or 3-methylcholanthrene
      treated rats resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P-450
      dependent aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, and 7
      ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities. EGCG was the most potent in this regard.
      Green tea polyphenols and epicatechin derivatives also significantly inhibited
      NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. An examination of the structure activity
      relationship of epicatechin derivatives suggests that the inhibitory effect on
      the microsomal enzyme system may be due to the galloyl groups or hydroxyl groups
      on the molecule. Our data indicate that these extracts of green tea may have
      potential as anticarcinogens.

PMID- 2894964
TI  - Treatment of severe cryptosporidium-related diarrhea with octreotide in a patient
      with AIDS.
AB  - Cryptosporidiosis commonly causes severe diarrhea in immunosuppressed patients.
      There currently are no antiparasitic drugs consistently effective for this
      infection. This case describes a 26-year-old hemophiliac patient with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome and cryptosporidiosis whose diarrhea improved with
      continuous intravenous administration of a long-acting somatostatin analog,
      octreotide. Somatostatin has a variety of inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal
      hormones as well as a possible nonspecific effect on gastrointestinal mucosal
      fluid and electrolyte secretion. The somatostatin analog should be considered for
      patients with secretory diarrhea refractory to other forms of therapy.

PMID- 2894966
TI  - Agranulocytosis associated with sulfasalazine.
AB  - Agranulocytosis is a rare but potentially lethal adverse effect of sulfasalazine.
      We report a case of sulfasalazine-associated agranulocytosis that occurred in a
      79-year-old woman who had been taking the drug for approximately seven weeks. The
      patient had discontinued the drug on her own initiative nine days prior to
      admission. The patient was admitted with complaints of hoarseness, fever,
      odynophagia, and malaise. The total white blood cell count was 600/mm3 with a
      differential of 0% neutrophils, 8% bands, 67% lymphocytes, and 25% monocytes; a
      bone marrow aspirate and biopsy revealed maturation arrest. The patient's
      peripheral white blood cell count and differential progressively increased over
      the nine-day hospital course. Upon discharge the white blood cell count was
      12,000 cells/mm3 with 66% neutrophils, 8% bands, 16% lymphocytes, and 10%
      monocytes. Complete blood counts should be performed periodically in patients
      receiving sulfasalazine, especially during the first two months of therapy.
      Pharmacists should counsel patients to discontinue the drug and consult their
      physician immediately if they develop unexplained fever, chills, sore throat,
      malaise, or other nonspecific illness during the initial two months of treatment.

PMID- 2894965
TI  - Remission of symptoms of chemotherapy-refractory metastatic insulinoma using
      octreotide.
AB  - The symptoms resulting from the hyperinsulinemia of severe refractory metastatic
      insulinoma were palliated using self-administered divided doses of a long-acting
      minisomatostatin analog, octreotide. The substance was well tolerated and the
      attributable side effects were minimal (primarily gastrointestinal complaints).
      There were significant improvements in peripheral edema, ascites, and serum
      electrolytes throughout therapy. Serum insulin and glucagon levels were largely
      unchanged. Computed tomography scans performed during therapy showed
      stabilization of pancreatic and hepatic disease. Severe, recurrent hypoglycemic
      episodes due to hyperinsulinemia were reduced both in number and severity for
      almost a three-month period. This allowed the elimination or reduction of other
      chronic, supportive medications and improved quality of life.

PMID- 2894968
TI  - Somatostatin and octreotide: literature review and description of therapeutic
      activity in pancreatic neoplasia.
AB  - The somatostatins represent endogenous substances that serve a diversity of
      functions in the body. These activities are just beginning to be understood and
      could have major implications in the treatment of human disease. Their chief
      pharmacologic activities lie in the modification or modulation of protein hormone
      synthesis of the gastrointestinal system; a great many other systems may be
      involved as well. Since the discovery of the therapeutic potentials of naturally
      isolated somatostatins, attempts have been made to design newer analogs more
      conducive to practical use. Such an example is long-acting somatostatin analog
      octreotide. Literature has recently begun to appear describing the therapeutic
      activities of this and other similar compounds and the first steps to
      understanding their clinical pharmacology are being taken. Surprising activity
      has been found in the palliative treatment of a wide variety of formerly
      resistant gastrointestinal syndromes and endocrine tumors. These activities may
      have considerable future impact on the treatment of disease involving hormonal
      imbalance or inappropriate secretion.

PMID- 2894967
TI  - Octreotide: entering the new era of peptidomimetic therapy.

PMID- 2894969
TI  - [Therapeutic achlorhydria: for which diseases, when and for how long?].

PMID- 2894970
TI  - Effects of chlorcyclizine-induced glycosaminoglycan alterations on patterns of
      hyaluronate distribution during morphogenesis of the mouse secondary palate.
AB  - Chlorcyclizine (CHLR) enhances the degradation of hyaluronate (HA) into smaller
      molecular weight pieces with no effect on its synthesis. Administration of CHLR
      to pregnant CD-1 mice on gestational days 10.5, 11.5 and 12.5 results in 100%
      cleft palate in the fetuses. The caudal two thirds of the palatal shelves are
      reduced in size and unable to reorient in vitro, while anterior shelf regions are
      relatively unaffected. Alcian blue staining combined with specific enzymic
      digestion was used to identify HA in sections of CHLR-treated shelves. With the
      aid of computer-assisted image subtraction the patterns of HA distribution across
      the tissue section were objectively identified. Anterior, posterior and
      presumptive soft palatal shelf regions were examined at gestational days 13.25,
      13.5, 13.75 and 14.5. Acquisition of a normal pattern of HA distribution was
      delayed by about 24 h, as compared to untreated specimens in all three shelf
      regions. The posterior and soft regions, comprising the caudal two thirds of the
      shelf, also showed pronounced shape change. These regions only displayed normal
      curvature of the nasal surface when a normal pattern of HA distribution was
      attained. These results suggest that, for the caudal two thirds of the palatal
      shelf, normal shape and the ability to remodel are linked to the molecular
      configuration of HA and to a specific pattern of HA distribution.

PMID- 2894971
TI  - Felodipine versus prazosin as an addition to a beta-blocker in the treatment of
      essential hypertension. The Australian Multicentre Study.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of felodipine and prazosin were compared in a
      double-blind randomised parallel group study of 100 patients with moderately
      severe essential hypertension, treated concomitantly with a beta-blocking drug.
      After a 2- to 8-week run in phase (beta-blocking drug plus placebo), patients
      with a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95mm Hg were randomly
      given felodipine (n = 50) or prazosin (n = 50). After an initial dose of either
      felodipine 2.5mg bid or prazosin 0.5mg bid for 3 days, the drugs were titrated at
      2-week intervals (felodipine 5, 10, 20mg bid, prazosin 1, 2, 4mg bid) if the
      supine diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to 90mm Hg. Treatment
      was continued for 8 weeks. Baseline supine blood pressures of each group were
      similar (177/104mm Hg, felodipine; 176/103mm Hg, prazosin). At week 6, supine
      blood pressures in the felodipine group were 144/82mm Hg and 161/90 in the
      prazosin group. The reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressures were
      significantly greater for the felodipine group than the prazosin group in both
      the supine and standing positions at all visits after baseline. At 8 weeks,
      supine diastolic blood pressure less than 90mm Hg was achieved in more patients
      in the felodipine (36/47) than in the prazosin group (20/43, p less than 0.01).
      The total number of adverse reactions was similar in both groups. During active
      therapy, a greater number of patients experienced vascular adverse reactions
      (oedema and flushing) with felodipine (23) than with prazosin (12). Most events
      were mild and did not necessitate withdrawal from therapy. There were no
      clinically significant changes in laboratory variables in either treatment group.
      Felodipine was an effective, well tolerated hypotensive agent when used
      concomitantly with a beta-blocking drug. In the doses used it was more effective
      than prazosin at reducing blood pressure.

PMID- 2894972
TI  - Felodipine versus hydrochlorothiazide as an addition to a beta-blocker in the
      treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2894973
TI  - Felodipine, a new calcium antagonist, as monotherapy in mild or moderate
      hypertension. Cooperative study group.
AB  - The role of felodipine, a new calcium antagonist, as monotherapy in mild and
      moderate hypertension (supine diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 100mm Hg:
      phase V) was investigated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind study of 109
      patients from 13 centres using 3 different doses. After a 2-week placebo run-in
      phase the patients were randomised in a double-blind fashion to receive
      felodipine 2.5mg bid (32 patients), 5 mg bid (30 patients), 10mg bid (24
      patients) or placebo (25 patients). Clinical and laboratory measurements were
      performed after 1, 3 and 8 weeks. 94 patients completed the study. Felodipine
      reduced supine systolic blood pressure by 22mm Hg from baseline after 8 weeks'
      treatment on 2.5mg bid, 24mm Hg on 5mg bid and 24mm Hg on 10mg bid at 2 hours
      after dosage. The corresponding reduction in the placebo group was 6mm Hg. There
      was a reduction in supine diastolic blood pressure from baseline of 13mm Hg on
      felodipine 2.5mg bid, 14mm Hg on felodipine 5mg bid and 20mm Hg on felodipine
      10mg bid, with no reduction in patients receiving placebo. The percentage of
      patients completing the study who achieved a supine diastolic blood pressure of
      90mm Hg or less after 8 weeks' treatment at 2 hours after dosage was 9% on
      placebo, 67% on felodipine 2.5mg bid, 57% on felodipine 5mg bid and 92% on
      felodipine 10mg bid; and at 12 hours after dosage those achieving target supine
      diastolic blood pressure was 17% on placebo, 37% on felodipine 2.5mg bid, 25% on
      felodipine 5mg bid and 62% on felodipine 10mg bid. Felodipine was generally well
      tolerated, although 10 patients on felodipine 10mg bid (42%), 1 on felodipine 5mg
      bid (3%) and 2 on felodipine 2.5mg bid (6%) withdrew from the study because of
      adverse effects. One serious adverse event, a myocardial infarction, occurred
      during the study in a patient with a history of postprandial non-exertional chest
      pain. In conclusion, felodipine monotherapy appreciably reduces blood pressure in
      mild and moderate hypertension without significant tachycardia in the short term.
      Doses of felodipine 2.5mg bid and 5mg bid are better tolerated than 10mg bid and
      can be recommended for initial treatment in this category of patients.

PMID- 2894974
TI  - Felodipine in combination with a beta-blocker and a diuretic in chronic treatment
      of patients with refractory primary hypertension.
AB  - The acute antihypertensive effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist,
      felodipine, were investigated in 12 male patients aged 43 to 64 years with
      uncontrolled blood pressure on combined treatment with a thiazide diuretic, a
      beta-blocker and hydralazine. Central and renal haemodynamics were monitored
      after acute oral administration (0.075 mg/kg) of felodipine in combination with
      the beta-blocker and diuretic. Six patients were continued on long term oral
      felodipine (mean dose 20 +/- 24 mg/day) in combination with the other drugs for 6
      to 18 months. Ambulatory blood pressure was measured repeatedly and renal
      function re-examined once during long term felodipine therapy. In the 6 patients
      on long term therapy, systolic blood pressure was reduced from 190 +/- 17 to 149
      +/- 24 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure from 116 +/- 12 to 89 +/- 14mm Hg (p
      less than 0.001). No significant change in heart rate was observed (65 +/- 4 vs
      62 +/- 10 beats/min). Renal plasma flow significantly increased from 284 +/- 97
      to 425 +/- 131 ml/min/m2 (p less than 0.01) but glomerular filtration rate was
      unchanged (72 +/- 20 vs 80 +/- 22 ml/min/m2). Hence, the filtration fraction was
      significantly reduced and normalised in all patients (0.26 +/- 0.04 vs 0.20 +/-
      0.03) [p less than 0.05]. Bodyweight was unchanged. It is concluded that
      felodipine is a highly potent vasodilator with a favourable effect on renal
      function and is suitable for long term therapy in patients with severe primary
      hypertension.

PMID- 2894975
TI  - Clinical evaluation of felodipine in hypertensive patients previously treated
      with a triple drug regimen.

PMID- 2894976
TI  - A dose-response study of felodipine in patients remaining hypertensive on a beta
      blocker. Canadian Felodipine Study Group.

PMID- 2894977
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of felodipine in hypertensive patients treated
      concomitantly with a beta-blocker.

PMID- 2894978
TI  - The effects of felodipine on left ventricular function in beta-blocked patients.
AB  - Felodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist which has a positive inotropic
      effect in the dog in vivo. However to date, no inotropic effects have been
      described in man. Thus, the solvent for the intravenous administration of the
      drug was infused, followed by the active solution, in 9 beta-blocked patients
      undergoing coronary angiography; heart rate was held constant by atrial pacing.
      Haemodynamic variables were measured with the Mills combined left ventricular
      catheter-tip manometer and aortic electromagnetic blood velocity transducer. In
      all patients, peripheral vasodilatation was observed. In 8 patients, this was
      accompanied by a 9 to 50% increase in maximum rate of rise of left ventricular
      pressure indicating a small positive inotropic effect.

PMID- 2894979
TI  - Hormonal and blood pressure responses to tilting in beta-blocked essential
      hypertension treated with felodipine or prazosin.
AB  - A study was carried out of 22 patients with essential hypertension who were
      treated with metoprolol (100 mg/day) and placebo for 4 weeks. Felodipine (n = 11)
      or prazosin (n = 11) were then added in increasing doses (felodipine 5, 10, 20 mg
      bid; prazosin 1, 2, 4 mg bid) for 2 weeks until a diastolic blood pressure of
      less than or equal to 90 mm Hg was achieved. Acute haemodynamic and hormonal
      responses to 80 degrees tilting (measurements after 4 minutes' tilt) were
      obtained immediately prior to randomisation to felodipine or prazosin, and after
      6 to 8 weeks of treatment. At randomisation, 80 degrees tilt produced no change
      in blood pressure and only a small increase in pulse rate. There was no
      significant change in the plasma renin-angiotensin system, vasopressin or
      adrenaline concentrations. Plasma noradrenaline concentration rose in response to
      80 degrees tilt. Following substitution of felodipine (n = 11) or prazosin (n =
      11) for placebo, and continuation of metoprolol, blood pressure fell. 80 degrees
      tilt caused no change in the plasma renin-angiotensin system, vasopressin or
      adrenaline concentration. Plasma noradrenaline concentration rose in response to
      tilt, as before. Felodipine is an effective antihypertensive agent when used with
      metoprolol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2894980
TI  - Felodipine in hypertensive patients. A dose finding study in patients refractory
      to beta-blocker monotherapy.
AB  - In a double-blind study, 128 patients with essential hypertension, refractory to
      beta-blocker monotherapy, were randomised to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Felodipine
      2.5 mg twice daily, 5mg twice daily, 10mg twice daily or matched placebo twice
      daily were administered in addition to the beta-blocker for 4 weeks. Mean supine
      blood pressure before randomisation to treatment was 167/104 +/- 20/7mm Hg. After
      4 weeks of treatment, supine blood pressures 2 hours after dose were 161/98 +/-
      20/10mm Hg (P), 152/92 +/- 23/8mm Hg (felodipine 2.5mg), 142/87 +/- 18/7mm Hg
      (felodipine 5mg) and 142/86 +/- 17/7mm Hg (felodipine 10mg). The falls in
      systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly greater for all 3
      felodipine groups than for placebo. Blood pressure reductions were less marked 14
      hours after dosage: 161/100 +/- 20/9mm Hg (P), 160/97 +/- 24/9mm Hg (felodipine
      2.5mg), 153/97 +/- 21/11mm Hg (felodipine 5mg), and 157/94 +/- 19/9mm Hg
      (felodipine 10mg); but the two higher doses of felodipine produced a
      significantly greater sustained fall in blood pressure than placebo. There was a
      correlation between the dose of felodipine and its antihypertensive effect.
      Standing blood pressures were reduced to the same extent as supine measurements.
      Heart rate was not significantly affected. Bodyweight did not increase during the
      study. Side effects of felodipine therapy were minor, and mostly attributable to
      the vasodilatory properties of the drug. Only 4 patients withdrew because of side
      effects. It is concluded that felodipine is an effective and well tolerated
      antihypertensive drug, and that 5mg twice daily is a suitable starting dose in
      hypertensive patients refractory to beta-blocker monotherapy. It may be necessary
      to increase this dose to 10mg twice daily in selected patients.

PMID- 2894982
TI  - Myocardial salvage: pharmacologic treatment.
AB  - We have attempted to review the role of pharmacologic agents in the treatment of
      patients with acute myocardial infarction for the purposes of limiting infarct
      size. At this time, the beta-blocking agents and nitroglycerin have been the most
      extensively studied in clinical trials and should be part of our overall
      pharmacologic approach to patients with acute myocardial infarction. Treatment,
      however, needs to be individualized, depending on the resources available within
      one's hospital and community. The early treatment of patients with acute
      myocardial infarction is undergoing a revolution. Whereas a decade ago we were
      satisfied with simply monitoring patients for malignant arrhythmias, now we are
      aggressively attempting to limit infarct size and reperfuse myocardium. In all
      these proposed treatments for myocardial salvage, time is a crucial element.
      Therefore, emergency physicians and paramedics become a vital link to begin
      appropriate treatment leading to myocardial salvage and reperfusion. We must
      begin to think of all patients with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction as
      candidates for aggressive attempts at myocardial salvage. These attempts will
      only take place with well-coordinated, multidiscipline efforts involving
      cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, emergency physicians, paramedics, and
      critical care teams. Our challenge over the next few years will be to develop
      efficient systems so that all patients with acute myocardial infarction can
      receive optimal care.

PMID- 2894981
TI  - Update on antiarrhythmic drugs in emergency medicine.
AB  - Most patients presenting to the Emergency Department with acute arrhythmias can
      be adequately treated with the available, conventional antiarrhythmics. Recent
      studies have taught us to use them with better understanding. In the future,
      several new antiarrhythmics look promising for use in the Emergency Department
      when given by the intravenous route; particularly, pirmenol, encainide, esmolol,
      amiodarone, sotalol, and magnesium. However, there have been few comparison
      studies between various antiarrhythmics, and experience must be gained for a full
      understanding of the benefits and risks of these agents.

PMID- 2894984
TI  - Molecular pathology of scrapie-associated fibril protein (PrP) in mouse brain
      affected by the ME7 strain of scrapie.
AB  - Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) are disease-specific structures found in
      extracts of the brains of animals affected with scrapie. These structures are
      pathological aggregates of a normal host protein (PrP). Abnormal post
      translational modification of PrP has been suggested to explain its aberrant
      properties in scrapie-affected brains and although there is a form of PrP in SAF
      indistinguishable in size from the protein in uninfected brain, lower-molecular
      mass variants of PrP are also found in SAF fractions. We report the
      characterisation of the multiple forms of PrP found in SAF fractions purified
      from mouse brain affected by the ME7 strain of scrapie. The quantitatively major
      forms of PrP in SAF prepared without the use of proteinase K have the amino
      terminal sequence Lys-Lys-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gly-Gly-, identical to that predicted
      for the amino-terminus of normal mouse brain PrP. However N-terminal cleavage of
      some PrP does occur in vivo within a domain of repetitive sequences at sites
      similar to but distinct from those cut by proteinase K in vitro. This suggests
      the conformation of the protein in aggregates in vivo does not differ extensively
      from that in detergent-treated SAF in vitro. We conclude that the size diversity
      of PrP in SAF is only partly due to N-terminal proteolysis and is independent of
      the proteolysis that occurs if proteinase K is used in the purification of SAF.
      Apart from proteolytic changes in the structure of PrP, we found a novel, as yet
      unidentified, amino-acid derivative of the arginine residue at position 3 in
      mouse PrP, which may predispose PrP to form SAF.

PMID- 2894985
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide induces breakdown of phosphatidylinositol phosphates
      in cultured vascular smooth-muscle cells.
AB  - Discrepancies exist between extent of guanylate cyclase activation by atrial
      natriuretic peptide (ANP) in cell-free systems and ANP-stimulated levels of
      cyclic GMP in whole cells, and also between receptor affinity and dose
      effectiveness of ANP. Therefore, we have investigated whether, in addition to
      receptor-coupled guanylate cyclase activation, other second-messenger cascade
      systems may be involved in mediating both an increase in cyclic GMP and the
      physiological response to ANP. Equilibrium 125I-ANP binding studies on cultured
      thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells revealed the existence of low-affinity
      (approximately 10(-8) M, 84.5 fmol/10(5) cells) and high-affinity (approximately
      10(-10) M, 12.5 fmol/10(5) cells) binding sites. We confirm that ANP elevates
      intracellular cyclic GMP (EC50 approximately 10(-8) M) and inhibits agonist
      (isoproterenol and forskolin)-induced increases in intracellular cyclic AMP (IC50
      approximately 10(-9) M). ANP also stimulated breakdown of phosphatidylinositol
      phosphates and generation of inositol phosphates with a half-maximally effective
      concentration of approximately 10(-10) M. The extent of phosphatidylinositol
      polyphosphate hydrolysis was small (120%) in comparison to that of
      phosphatidylinositol (Ptd-Ins) (200%). Ptd-Ins hydrolysis was paralleled by the
      appearance of glycerophosphoinositol, and there was also a close temporal
      relationship between these processes and the accumulation of intracellular cyclic
      GMP. Smooth muscle cells released [3H]arachidonic acid label in response to ANP
      (EC50 approximately 10(-10) M). Taken together, the data suggest that the
      vasorelaxant hormone ANP has stimulatory effects on phosphoinositol lipid
      metabolism via both phospholipase C (generation of inositol phosphates) and
      phospholipase A2 (generation of releasable [3H]arachidonic acid and indirectly
      glycerophosphoinositol). In contrast, stimulation of phosphatidylinositol
      phosphate breakdown by the vasoconstrictive hormone angiotensin II is not
      associated with glycerophosphoinositol formation, and neither cyclic GMP nor
      cyclic AMP levels were influenced by this hormone.

PMID- 2894983
TI  - A Xenopus laevis gene encodes both homeobox-containing and homeobox-less
      transcripts.
AB  - A cDNA clone (p52) that contains all the protein-coding region from the
      maternally expressed XlHbox 2 locus of the frog Xenopus laevis has been isolated
      and sequenced. A probe containing the exon preceding the homeobox detected
      transcripts which arise from a splicing event in which the homeobox-containing
      exon is replaced by another exon lying 5' to it in the genome. Both the homeobox
      containing and homeobox-less splicing event occur in the same tissues, with the
      homeobox-less RNA representing the minority of mRNA from this gene. There may
      therefore be a function for two types of transcript, and hence protein, from this
      locus. This phenomenon may not be exclusive to the XlHbox 2 gene of Xenopus, but
      might occur more generally in other homeobox-containing genes. The protein
      deduced from the homeobox-containing cDNA is significantly similar to the yeast
      mating type factor a1 (MAT-a1) gene product. In addition to the previously
      described homology of the homeodomains, the amino-terminal domains of XlHbox 2
      and MAT-a1 are similar to each other; thus essentially all of the MAT-a1 protein
      corresponds to some part of the XlHbox 2 protein. In the case of XlHbox 2, the
      protein coded for by the homeoboxless mRNA would contain all of the non-homeobox
      homology to yeast MAT-a1.

PMID- 2894986
TI  - Identification of [1-14C]pantothenic-acid-mediated modified mitochondrial
      proteins.
AB  - The in vivo administration of [1-14C]pantothenic acid, which is the precursor of
      coenzyme A, resulted in the radioactive labelling of several mitochondrial
      proteins in rat liver. The incorporated radioactivity could be released by
      glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol. Two mitochondrial matrix proteins acetyl-CoA
      acetyltransferase (liver and heart), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis or
      degradation of ketone bodies, and 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (liver), a protein
      participating in fatty acid oxidation were identified as modified proteins. The
      radioactivity was localized exclusively in forms A1 and A2 indicating that these
      forms represent the modified states of the acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase protein.
      Kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity revealed an accumulation of the
      modified forms. The ratio of specific radioactivities of A2 compared to A1 was
      2.41 +/- 0.15 (n = 10). After in vivo labelling with [14C]leucine, the specific
      radioactivity of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase depended on the state of the enzyme
      protein. The unmodified enzyme exhibited a lower specific radioactivity than its
      modified forms suggesting different turnover rates of these proteins.

PMID- 2894987
TI  - NH2-terminal sequence of the isolated yeast ATP synthase subunit 6 reveals post
      translational cleavage.
AB  - The three mitochondrially translated ATP synthase subunits of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae were extracted from the enzyme and from whole mitochondria using an
      organic solvent mixture and then purified by reverse-phase HPLC. The amino acid
      composition of subunit 6 is close to the one predicted from the oli2 gene. The
      partial amino terminal sequence of subunit 6 reveals a post-translational
      cleavage site between the Thr-10 and Ser-11 residues of the precursor. Thus,
      mature subunit 6 contains 249 amino acid residues and displays a molecular mass
      of 27943 Da.

PMID- 2894988
TI  - Coated pits in interphase and mitotic A431 cells.
AB  - Endocytosis is inhibited during mitosis in A431 cells (Warren et al., 1984) but
      the site of inhibition is unknown. A quantitative method measuring the extent of
      budding was used to compare coated pits in interphase and mitotic cells. Every
      stage of budding found in interphase cells was also found in cells at every stage
      of mitosis. Flatter coated pits appeared more frequent in mitotic cells but this
      can be partly, if not entirely, explained by their greater size. We conclude
      that, if budding is inhibited, inhibition must occur at all stages of the budding
      process.

PMID- 2894989
TI  - The effect of exercise on myocardial perfusion and function in patients with
      coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2894990
TI  - Potential time saving with pre-hospital intervention in acute myocardial
      infarction. Report of the European Myocardial Infarction Project (E.M.I.P) Sub
      Committee.
AB  - The European Myocardial Infarction Project (E.M.I.P.) participants have evaluated
      out-of-hospital coronary care services in different cities within the E.E.C. and
      concluded that these facilities would support a study within these European
      centres on pre-hospital intervention in myocardial infarction. Based on a pilot
      study of 2443 patients with suspected myocardial infarction, simple criteria
      based on chest pain and first ECG finding have been defined to allow selection of
      out-of-hospital patients for a trial of pre-hospital drug evaluation. Pre
      hospital treatment should reduce delay to intervention by about 1 h.

PMID- 2894991
TI  - Trials in coronary heart disease and hypertension with special reference to the
      elderly.
AB  - The risks of complications like death, myocardial infarction and stroke increase
      continuously with increasing age. Therefore, the chances of detecting effects of
      treatment in trials also increase when patients get older. The relationships
      between different end-points change with age, e.g. the ratio between stroke and
      MI increases with age. However, interventions not related to the interventions
      under study may also increase, causing dilution of effects. The older subject may
      also be more vulnerable to the side-effects of treatment. Side-effects, and
      quality-of-life measures, which indeed may vary with age, must be properly
      balanced against effects on 'hard' end-points. A review of trials in patients
      with hypertension and myocardial infarction shows that effects of various
      interventions have been at least as great in older as in younger patients.
      However, metabolic side effects such as impaired glucose metabolism, increased
      serum creatinine, and increased uric acid levels have not been negligible, and
      such effects may turn out to be more hazardous in the elderly than in younger
      patients. The balance between positive and negative effects must be properly
      assessed in relation to the prognosis of the untreated condition. Patients who
      have suffered a myocardial infarction have, in general, a more serious prognosis
      than most hypertensives, and more side-effects of treatment may therefore be
      accepted in patients with myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2894992
TI  - The epidemic of AIDS virus infection, what is the interest for oncologists?

PMID- 2894993
TI  - Antihistamine activity and central effects of WAL 801 CL in man.
AB  - The tolerability and antihistaminic activity of WAL801 CL, a new, peripherally
      acting H1-receptor antagonist, have been evaluated in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled, within-subject cross-over study. WAL801 CL 8 mg b.d. was given to 10
      healthy volunteers for 15 days. It resulted in a distinct reduction in histamine
      wheal size and a decreased bronchoconstrictor response to histamine inhalation.
      No cardiovascular side effects were observed. Transient and slight fatigue was
      observed in 3 subjects. Psychological tests, such as simple visual reaction time,
      critical flicker fusion frequency and mood self rating scale, showed that WAL801
      CL had no sedative side effects and that it did not alter psychomotor
      performance.

PMID- 2894995
TI  - CD4-/CD8-T cells: amplification in spleens of mice following in vivo treatment
      with monoclonal antibody anti-L3T4.
AB  - Amplification of L3T4-/Ly-2-(CD 4-/CD 8-) T cells following in vivo
      administration of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody was examined in the spleen of
      mice by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. BALB/c mice were given 4-7
      weekly injections of either anti-L3T4 (1 mg/week) or phosphate-buffered saline
      (control group), and dispersed spleen cells and tissue sections analyzed for the
      presence of Thy-1.2+, L3T4+, or Ly-2+ cells, and for the absence of both L3T4 and
      Ly-2 on Thy-1.2+ cells. Prior to treatment, L3T4+ and Ly-2+ cells accounted for
      virtually all Thy-1.2+ cells in approximately a 2:1 ratio. Following anti-L3T4
      treatment, L3T4+ cells were depleted, and Ly-2+ cells accounted for about 2/3 of
      the Thy-1.2+ cells. A population of L3T4-/Ly-2- T cells was generated that
      accounted for 20-30% of the Thy-1.2+ cells, accounted for most of the Thy-1.2+
      cells in red pulp, and was also present among the predominant Ly-2+ cells in
      periarteriolar sheaths.

PMID- 2894994
TI  - The influence of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists with and without partial agonist
      activity on exercise tolerance and muscle lactate production.
AB  - Epanolol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity, a
      property which could be useful in reducing the fatigue associated with beta
      blockers. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study we have investigated the
      effects of metoprolol 100 mg b.d., epanolol 100 mg b.d., and epanolol 200 mg b.d.
      on blood pressure, heart rate, and exercise-induced fatigue in 10 hypertensive
      men. Fatigue was measured subjectively by the Borg rating scale and objectively
      by blood lactate concentrations. Resting and exercise heart rates were lower with
      metoprolol than with either dose of epanolol. Preexercise standing diastolic
      blood pressure was lowered by metoprolol, but there were no other treatment
      effects on blood pressure. Exercise-induced fatigue was not altered by any
      treatment, whether measured subjectively or objectively. These results do not
      support the hypothesis that partial agonist activity improves exercise tolerance
      in hypertensive patients treated with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

PMID- 2894996
TI  - Subpopulations of CD4- CD8- murine thymocytes: differences in proliferation rate
      in vivo and proliferative responses in vitro.
AB  - Cell sorting and cytotoxic depletion procedures were used to subdivide the
      population of CD4- CD8- ("double-negative") thymocytes from adult CBA mice on the
      basis of expression of Ly-1, HSA (the "heat-stable antigen" M1/69 or B2A2), Pgp-1
      glycoprotein, Thy-1, MEL-14 and the PC61 antigenic determinant on the IL2
      receptor (IL2R). The level of dividing cells within these subsets was assessed by
      brief in vivo administration of [3H]-thymidine, followed by radioautography, or
      by flow cytometric cell cycle analysis after DNA staining. The capacity of the
      subsets to proliferate in culture, in response to stimulation with concanavalin A
      (Con A), or with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and the calcium ionophore
      ionomycin, was assessed in high cloning efficiency single-cell culture systems.
      In general, the proliferative response in culture was inversely related to the
      rate of cell division in vivo. Response of the double-negative subsets to Con A
      correlated with expression of the T cell antigen receptor complex; although a
      high cloning efficiency was obtained from the receptor-positive fractions, very
      few of the clones were cytotoxic. In particular, a major Ly-1+ HSA- Pgp-1+ double
      negative subset, as well as minor Ly-1- HSA- Pgp-1+ subsets, contained very few
      cells in cycle in vivo, but showed a high cloning efficiency in both culture
      systems. Conversely, the other major double-negative subset, Ly-1- HSA+ Pgp-1-,
      included most of the cells in cycle, but showed a reduced cloning efficiency in
      response to PMA and ionomycin and failed to respond to Con A. The dividing cells
      within the Ly-1- HSA+ Pgp-1- group were strongly enriched in the IL2R- rather
      than in the IL2R+ subset, suggesting IL2 was not the growth factor maintaining
      their proliferation in vivo.

PMID- 2894997
TI  - Analysis of the tachycardiac response to 5-hydroxytryptamine in the spinal guinea
      pig.
AB  - The mechanism of the increase in heart rate caused by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      in the spinal guinea-pig was investigated. Administration of 5-HT (15, 30, 60 and
      120 micrograms.kg-1 i.v.) elicited dose dependent increases in heart rate. The
      responses to 5-HT were not modified by methiothepin (0.5 and 1.5 mg.kg-1),
      ketanserin (0.5-4.5 mg.kg-1) or MDL 72222 (0.5-4.5 mg.kg-1) but were antagonized
      by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol (0.1-1 mg.kg-1) or atenolol
      (0.5-4.5 mg.kg-1). Indalpine, which is known to interfere with the uptake of 5-HT
      by nerve terminals and blood platelets, significantly reduced the effects of 5-HT
      at a dose (5 mg.kg-1) that also affected the tachycardia elicited by tyramine.
      The increase in heart rate caused by tyramine in reserpinized animals was
      attenuated and, unlike normal animals where the responses to 5-HT remained
      constant after repeated administration, there was a quickly developing
      tachyphylaxis to 5-HT. These results show that the increase in heart rate
      elicited by 5-HT in spinal guinea-pigs is not mediated by any of the currently
      characterized 5-HT receptors ('5-HT1-like', 5-HT2 and 5-HT3), and that a major
      part of the tachycardia seems to be mediated by a release of catecholamines by a
      mechanism similar, though perhaps not identical, to that for tyramine. Another as
      yet unidentified mechanism could be involved besides though perhaps not
      identical, to that for tyramine. Another as yet unidentified mechanism could be
      involved besides this action.

PMID- 2894998
TI  - Can benzodiazepines be classified by characterising their anticonvulsant
      tolerance-inducing potential?
AB  - The development of anticonvulsant tolerance with three benzodiazepines was
      assessed in mice using a slow intravenous infusion of pentylenetetrazol as the
      convulsive stimulus. Chlordiazepoxide (12.5 mg/kg b.d.) and midazolam (0.75 mg/kg
      b.d.) induced a slowly evolving tolerance over 15 days whereas nitrazepam (0.6
      mg/kg b.d.) induced a very marked rapid tolerance which developed no further
      during 6 days treatment. Tolerance appeared to be incomplete with all three
      benzodiazepines. Possible explanations for the differences in tolerance profile
      are discussed and an alternative basis for the classification of benzodiazepines
      is suggested.

PMID- 2894999
TI  - The pharmacological selectivity of three NMDA antagonists.
AB  - Three N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists (+/-)2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate
      (AP5), 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) and ((+/-)
      5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a.d.)cyclohepten-5,10- imin e maleate) (MK-801)
      have been tested for selectivity against depolarization of motoneurones induced
      by carbachol, 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and substance P in isolated
      immature rat spinal cord preparations. AP5 (400 microM) and CPP (50 microM) gave
      mean dose-ratios, for antagonism against NMDA, of 103 +/- 14.9 S.E.M. (eight
      preparations) and 34.1 +/- 1.9 S.E.M. (14 preparations). MK-801 (1 and 10 microM)
      was the most potent of the three antagonists yielding dose ratios greater than
      100 after 120 min treatment. MK-801 potentiated responses induced by 5
      hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline given dose-ratios of 0.22 +/- 0.16 S.E.M. and
      0.20 +/- 0.06 S.E.M., respectively (four preparations). The three antagonists
      produced no significant antagonism of the non-amino acid agonists (four
      preparations for each agonist) when dose-ratios against NMDA were at least 40.
      The observations support the use of these antagonists as tools to identify sites
      of excitatory amino acid-mediated transmission.

PMID- 2895000
TI  - The mode of vasoinhibitory action of a pyridazione derivative (MCI-154), a new
      cardiotonic agent, on contractile responses induced by alpha-adrenoceptor
      agonists and 45Ca influx in isolated vascular smooth muscles.
AB  - The vasoinhibitory effects of MCI-154 (MCI), a new pyridazione derivative, on
      contractile responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists were examined
      in isolated rabbit aorta. MCI (10(-8)-10(-5) M) inhibited the maximum contractile
      responses to clonidine and BHT-920 (BHT) in a concentration-dependent manner, but
      only inhibited responses to lower concentrations of methoxamine. In aortas
      pretreated with phenoxybenzamine however, MCI (10(-5) M) readily inhibited
      responses to methoxamine. MCI (10(-5) M) had no significant effect on responses
      to potassium or added Ca2+ in a Ca2+ free, K+-depolarizing medium. In aortas
      incubated in a Ca2+-free medium with EGTA, the addition of methoxamine (10(-5)
      M), clonidine (10(-5) M) or BHT (3 X 10(-4) M) induced a phasic contraction. The
      inhibitory effect of MCI (10(-9)-10(-5) M) on these phasic responses was much
      greater for clonidine or BHT than for methoxamine. In rabbit iliac artery
      caffeine (10 mM) induced a rapid phasic contraction in a Ca2+-free medium, which
      was inhibited by MCI (10(-7)-10(-5) M) in a concentration-dependent manner. In
      aortas incubated in a Ca2+-free medium with low EGTA and nifedipine (10(-6) M) in
      the presence of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (methoxamine, clonidine or BHT), the
      addition of Ca2+ (2 mM) induced a tonic contraction. MCI (10(-8)-10(-5) M)
      inhibited these Ca2+-dependent, agonists-mediated responses in a concentration
      dependent manner. MCI had no effect on unstimulated La3+ resistant Ca2+ binding
      or methoxamine-induced Ca2+ influx.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895001
TI  - Characterization of dopamine-induced potassium efflux in rat parotid acinar
      cells.
AB  - The effects of dopamine and noradrenaline on potassium efflux from rat parotid
      gland were studied in a perifusion system. Tissue specimens were preincubated
      with 86RbCl and the efflux of 86Rb+ was used as a marker for potassium efflux.
      Noradrenaline induced 86Rb+ efflux more effectively than dopamine. The
      noradrenaline-induced efflux was inhibited by alpha-adrenoceptor blockers,
      especially the alpha 1-antagonist prazosin. The dopamine-induced 86Rb+ efflux was
      blocked by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, non-selective dopamine antagonists and
      a D-1 selective dopamine antagonist. The D-2 selective drug, sulpiride, did not
      affect the dopamine-induced 86Rb+ efflux. The dopamine effect was abolished when
      reserpinized animals were used, whereas the effect of noradrenaline was
      unaffected. The results suggest that dopamine has a presynaptic stimulatory
      effect in rat parotid gland, and that the presynaptic effect on potassium efflux
      seems to be mediated via the D-1 receptor subtype. Whether activation of the
      presynaptic D-1 receptors leads to noradrenaline release, or whether the D-1
      receptor is coupled to the catecholamine transporter system remains to be studied
      further.

PMID- 2895002
TI  - Possible role of excitatory amino acids in the convulsant action of catechol.
AB  - The effects of several excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on sensory
      evoked electromyographic activity induced by catechol have been studied in
      urethane-anaesthetised rats. 2-Amino-5-phosphono-valearic acid (1.2 mumol/kg
      i.c.), cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (1.4 mumol/kg i.c.), gamma-D-glutamyl
      glycine (2.0 mumol/kg i.c.), 2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoic acid (230 mumol/kg
      i.v.) and MK-801 (5 mg/kg i.p.) all significantly decreased the frequency of
      occurrence of those components of the sensory evoked EMG dependent on supraspinal
      structures, but were without effect on the spinal component.

PMID- 2895003
TI  - Dynorphin A-(1-13) attenuates withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats: effect of
      route of administration.
AB  - Rats were made tolerant to morphine by subcutaneous implantation of morphine
      alkaloid pellets. Three days after pellet implantation, withdrawal was induced by
      pellet removal and was assessed 6 h later. Immediately prior to withdrawal
      assessment, rats were injected with dynorphin A-(1-13) either i.th. (via a
      catheter), i.c.v. (via a cannula) or i.v. (via the tail vein). When administered
      i.th. in the dose range 1.25-5 nmol/rat, dynorphin A-(1-13) attenuated withdrawal
      over the 40 min observation period. Similarly, dynorphin A-(1-13) administered
      i.v. (37.5-150 nmol/kg) attenuated withdrawal, though only over the first 20 min
      following administration. Dynorphin A-(1-13) up to 10 nmol/rat had no effect on
      withdrawal scores. These data indicate that dynorphin acts at spinal sites to
      suppress withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats and may play a role in tolerance
      and dependence mechanisms.

PMID- 2895004
TI  - Age-related differential recovery rates of rat striatal D-1 dopamine receptors
      following irreversible inactivation.
AB  - We report here the effects of age on the steady state levels of [3H]flupentixol
      labeled striatal D-1 dopamine receptors and their recovery rates following
      irreversible blockade in mature (4 months old) and senescent (28 months old) male
      Fischer 344 rats. Senescent rats exhibited significantly reduced (-22%) Bmax
      levels of D-1 dopamine receptors compared with their mature counterparts. In
      addition, the time course of recovery of D-1 dopamine receptors following
      irreversible receptor inactivation by a single injection of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2
      ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) was significantly slower in senescent animals.
      This slower recovery rate was the result of decreases in both receptor production
      rate and receptor degradation rate constants compared with mature rats. Although
      EEDQ irreversibly inactivated D-1 dopamine receptors, it was without effect on
      dopamine uptake sites. A chronic, 21 day reserpine treatment did not
      significantly alter the Bmax nor the rate of recovery of D-1 dopamine receptors
      with respect to values in age-matched non-reserpine-treated rats. These data
      indicate that both the steady state levels of striatal D-1 dopamine receptors and
      the 'turnover' of these receptors are significantly affected as a consequence of
      natural aging.

PMID- 2895005
TI  - Differential effect of pertussis toxin on pre- and postjunctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system of the pithed rat.
AB  - The role of the pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding regulatory
      protein in pre- and postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses has
      been investigated in the pithed rat. Pertussis toxin (50 micrograms/kg i.v.,
      administered 3 days prior to experimentation) markedly inhibited the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor-mediated vasopressor response to B-HT 933, but had no effect on the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated cardiac neuroinhibitory effect of B-HT 933. Thus,
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation in vascular smooth muscle, but not
      prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation on sympathetic neurons, utilizes a
      pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding regulatory protein.

PMID- 2895007
TI  - The effects of ageing on vascular alpha-adrenoceptors in pithed rat and rat
      aorta.
AB  - In the pithed rat preparation in the absence of captopril, the pressor potency of
      the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist xylazine was significantly reduced in 24 month
      old rats. This difference between young (3-6 month) and old rats in xylazine
      potency was eliminated by captopril (5 mg kg-1), which caused a greater shift in
      xylazine potency in young than in old rats. In the rat isolated aorta, the
      contractile potency both of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine and of
      5-hydroxytryptamine were significantly reduced in 24 month old rats. Hence, both
      in pithed rats and in the rat isolated aorta, the contractile potency of alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists is reduced in aged rats, but the altered responsiveness is
      not at the level of the alpha-adrenoceptor. In the pithed rat, alpha 2
      adrenoceptor responsiveness is reduced with ageing probably due to decreased
      levels of angiotensin II, and in the rat aorta alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      responsiveness is reduced with ageing, but since responsiveness to 5-HT is also
      reduced, this may be a post-receptor change in responsiveness.

PMID- 2895008
TI  - Comparison of the pharmacological characteristics of [3H]raclopride and [3H]SCH
      23390 binding to dopamine receptors in vivo in mouse brain.
AB  - In vivo binding of the benzamide derivative [3H]raclopride was studied in mouse
      brain. The binding was saturable, reversible and stereospecific. Non-specific
      binding was 5-15% of the total binding. Pharmacological characterization of the
      binding indicated labelling of dopamine D2 receptors since the binding was
      potently inhibited by compounds with high affinity for this receptor in vitro. On
      the other hand, compounds with low affinity in vitro i.e., dopamine D1-selective
      compounds were weak or inactive as inhibitors of [3H]raclopride binding. A
      comparison of the pharmacological characteristics of [3H]raclopride and [3H]SCH
      23390 binding in vivo indicated that compounds with selectivity in vitro retained
      this selectivity in vivo. Thus, spiroperidol, haloperidol, 1-sulpiride,
      clebopride, LY 171555 and (-)-NPA ((-)-N-propyl-norapomorphine) were D2 selective
      while SCH 23390, SKF 38393 and SKF 75670 were D1 selective. Clozapine,
      tilozepine, cis-flupentixol, chlorpromazine and butaclamol were non-selective
      both in vitro and in vivo. However, a few compounds changed profile in vivo
      compared to in vitro. Thus, fluperlapine and fluphenazine had a dual D1-D2
      receptor profile in vitro but were D1- or D2-selective in vivo, respectively.
      Pergolide and molindone which were D2-selective in vitro both had a dual D1-D2
      receptor profile in vivo. In conclusion, [3H]raclopride, in vivo, selectively
      labels the dopamine D2 receptor. Comparison of the pharmacological
      characteristics of [3H]raclopride and [3H]SCH 23390 binding in vivo supported the
      that the dopamine D1 receptor is an important target for a variety of
      neuroleptics, especially of the clozapine type. This may indicate that blockade
      of the dopamine D1 receptor conveys antipsychotic action.

PMID- 2895006
TI  - Inhibition of [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
      binding by the excitotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid.

PMID- 2895009
TI  - Effects of CRL 40827 and salbutamol on exocrine pancreatic secretion in rats.
AB  - The effects of the drug CRL 40827 and salbutamol, a structurally related
      compound, on exocrine pancreatic secretion in acutely fistulized anaesthetized
      rats and in chronically fistulized conscious rats were studied. CRL 40827 and
      salbutamol (0.05-0.45 mumol/kg per min, for 2 h) increased the basal secretion of
      fluid and bicarbonate in anaesthetized rats. The effect of CRL 40827 (15% of the
      maximal effect of secretin) was suppressed by propranolol (a non-specific beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist), by ICI 118551 (a beta 2-antagonist) and by atenolol (a
      beta 1-antagonist). The effect of salbutamol (25% of the maximal effect of
      secretin) was suppressed by propranolol and ICI 118551 but was only slightly
      decreased by atenolol. The stimulant peak effects of CRL 40827 and salbutamol on
      volume and bicarbonate output were additive to those of 2-deoxy-glucose whereas
      the effect of 2-deoxy-glucose on protein output was not changed by either drug.
      CRL 40827 and salbutamol decreased the basal interdigestive protein output in a
      dose-related manner in conscious rats. CRL 40827 was 27 times less potent than
      salbutamol. The pancreatic outputs of fluid, bicarbonate and protein after an
      intragastric meal were decreased by both drugs. However, only salbutamol
      significantly decreased the cumulative effect of the meal on protein output
      compared to basal output. These results suggest that the stimulant effect of
      salbutamol on the pancreatic secretion of fluid and bicarbonate depends mainly on
      beta 2-adrenoceptors whereas that of CRL 40827 involves adrenoceptors of an as
      yet undefined subtype.

PMID- 2895010
TI  - Peripheral antagonistic action of trimebutine and kappa opioid substances on
      acoustic stress-induced gastric motor inhibition in dogs.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.), intravenous (i.v.) and oral
      (p.o.) administration of trimebutine on the gastric motor inhibition induced by
      acoustic stress were investigated in fasted dogs fitted with strain-gauge
      transducers on the antrum and proximal jejunum. Started 40-50 min after the last
      migrating motor complex, a 1 h acoustic stress delayed by 111% the occurrence of
      the next gastric migrating motor complex without affecting the jejunal motor
      pattern. This inhibition of gastric migrating motor complex induced by acoustic
      stress was abolished by previous p.o. administration of trimebutine (1 mg/kg) but
      not by its i.v. (0.1 mg/kg) or i.c.v. (0.01 mg/kg) injection. The trimebutine
      blockade of gastric motor alterations induced by acoustic stress was suppressed
      after previous i.v. treatment with MR 2266 (0.3 mg/kg) but was unaffected by
      naloxone (0.3 mg/kg). Furthermore oral administration of U-50488H (10
      micrograms/kg) and ethylketocyclazocine (10 micrograms/kg) respectively abolished
      and reduced the acoustic stress-induced delay of the occurrence of the gastric
      migrating motor complex. We concluded that trimebutine is able to antagonize the
      gastric motor disturbances induced in dogs by acoustic stress, probably by acting
      selectively on peripheral kappa receptors located in the wall of the proximal gut
      and directly stimulated from a mucosal site.

PMID- 2895011
TI  - Inherited rod-cone dysplasia: abnormal distribution of cyclic GMP in visual cells
      of affected Irish setters.
AB  - Light-adapted retinas from Irish setters affected with inherited rod-cone
      dysplasia accumulate high concentrations of cyclic GMP in the outer plexiform
      layer (OPL). A 29-fold difference in OPL cGMP levels between affected and normal
      occurs at 19-20 days. However, the highest concentration, 550 mumol kg-1 (dry)
      wt, is reached at about 4 weeks of age, at which time OPL cyclic GMP is 20-fold
      higher than cGMP in the OPL of normal control retinas. Levels remain high in
      affected OPL until about 7 weeks of age; after this, the cyclic GMP level falls
      and the peak shifts to the outer nuclear layer (ONL). In the normal retina on the
      other hand, the highest cyclic GMP levels are in the outer segments (OS). The
      result is that cyclic GMP is highest at opposite ends of the photoreceptor neuron
      in normal and affected retinas during the first 7 weeks of development. These
      differing distributions are established as early as postnatal day 10, before
      signs of degeneration become evident, as determined by either ERG or
      morphological examination. Moreover, a 38-fold rise in cyclic GMP occurs in the
      ONL of affected retinas between 1 and 3 weeks of age significantly before the
      degeneration of nuclei begins at 4 to 5 weeks. The early differences in cyclic
      GMP distribution are probably not due to differences in guanylate cyclase
      activity since enzyme levels in normal and affected photoreceptor cells are
      virtually identical until about 4 weeks of age. Since cGMP has been observed to
      reach high levels in normal dark-adapted rabbit and frog OPL, the extraordinary
      OPL levels seen in affected setters may indicate the importance of cGMP in both
      normal synaptic function and in the disease process.

PMID- 2895012
TI  - Retardation of amygdala kindling by antagonism of NMD-aspartate and muscarinic
      cholinergic receptors: evidence for the summation of excitatory mechanisms in
      kindling.
AB  - DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), a specific antagonist of N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptors, was administered alone and in combination with
      scopolamine (SCO), an antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, to
      different groups of rats undergoing electrical kindling of the amygdala. Both
      groups were significantly retarded in their rate of kindling during 15 drug
      sessions compared to controls, and the group receiving APV and SCO kindled
      significantly slower than the group receiving APV alone. These results indicate
      that both NMDA and muscarinic cholinergic receptors are involved in kindling of
      the amygdala, and implicate a mechanism involving the summation of excitatory
      neurotransmission in kindling of the amygdala.

PMID- 2895014
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action of hymenin, a novel marine alkaloid.
AB  - In the rabbit isolated aorta, hymenin (10(-6) M), a novel marine alkaloid, caused
      a parallel rightward shift of the dose-response curve for norepinephrine without
      affecting that for histamine or KCl, suggesting that hymenin is a competitive
      antagonist of alpha-adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscles.

PMID- 2895015
TI  - Feeding induced by blockade of histamine H1-receptor in rat brain.
AB  - Histamine antagonists were infused into the third ventricle of the cerebrum in
      rats. All the H1-, but none of the H2-antagonists tested, induced initial feeding
      during the early portion of the light phase when histamine level was highest. No
      periprandial drinking was observed. Ambulation increased during feeding. The
      effect on feeding was attenuated when brain histamine was normally low during the
      early portion of the dark phase, or was decreased by alpha-fluoromethylhistidine.
      Hypothalamic neuronal histamine may suppress food intake through H1-receptors,
      and diurnal fluctuations of food intake may mirror neuronal histamine levels.

PMID- 2895016
TI  - Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of European and Africanized honeybees (Apis
      mellifera).
AB  - This study demonstrates polymorphisms in both the length and in the restriction
      enzyme cleavage sites of honeybee mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The levels of
      variation are typical of those found in other metazoan species. These
      polymorphisms are potentially useful for the identification of Africanized bees
      in the western hemisphere and for study of honeybee phylogenetics.

PMID- 2895013
TI  - Ontogenic development of peptide hormones in the mammalian fetal pancreas.
AB  - The ontogeny of insulin, glucagon, PP and somatostatin in the mammalian fetal
      pancreas has been examined in recent years largely by immunocytochemistry and in
      some instances by radioimmunoassay. Complete ontogenic data are available only
      for the rat, human, pig and sheep. Figure 3 compares the time of appearance of
      the endocrine cell-types within the fetal pancreas when the periods of gestation
      of the four species are converted to a uniform scale. The striking ontogenic
      difference in the rat probably reflects the immaturity of the rodent fetus at
      birth compared with the human, pig and sheep. In the fetal pancreas, differences
      in cell number of glucagon and PP cells in the dorsal and ventral lobes become
      apparent from an early gestational period. Factors responsible for the functional
      and structural maturation of the fetal pancreatic endocrine cells and the
      processes involved in pancreatic organogenesis are poorly understood. Studies in
      these areas would have clinical implications since it may be possible in the
      future to employ agents for selective replication of fetal beta-cells for
      transplantation in patients with Type I diabetes, bearing in mind that such cells
      must have the capacity to respond to normal stimuli and repressors when
      transplanted. The presence of the other islet cell-types may be obligatory for
      these appropriate responses. This would require a more complete knowledge of
      those factors which produce the normal selectivity of the four hormonal cell
      types.

PMID- 2895018
TI  - The complex of mitochondrial F1-ATPase with the natural inhibitor protein is
      unable to catalyze single-site ATP hydrolysis.
AB  - Interaction of mitochondrial F1-ATPase with the isolated natural inhibitor
      protein resulting in the inhibition of multi-site ATP hydrolysis is accompanied
      by the loss of activity at low ATP concentrations when single-site hydrolysis
      should occur. Catalytic site occupancy by [14C]nucleotides in F1-ATPase during
      steady-state [14C]ATP hydrolysis, which is saturated in parallel with single-site
      catalysis, is prevented after blocking the enzyme with the inhibitor protein.

PMID- 2895017
TI  - The interaction of MgADP with H+ -ATPase in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The activating anions are found to induce an unexpectedly high (up to 8-fold for
      sulphite) increase of ATPase activity in intact rat liver mitochondria. This
      effect is not determined by the observed changes in Km and Ki (ADP) values. The
      stimulation seems to be caused by dissociation of the inactive complex of ATPase
      with Mg.ADP. The quantity of this complex formed in the course of ATP hydrolysis
      is approx. 90% of the total ATPase content in intact mitochondria. The data on
      toluene-permeabilized mitochondria suggest that the high content of the complex
      is a result of the stabilizing effect of some matrix macromolecules.

PMID- 2895019
TI  - Mode of binding of [3H]dibenzocycloalkenimine (MK-801) to the N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its therapeutic implication.
AB  - Binding of the labeled anticonvulsant drug [3H]dibenzocycloalkenimine [(3H]MK-801
      to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its dissociation from the
      receptor at 25 degrees C are slow processes, both of which follow first order
      kinetics (t1/2 approximately equal to 70 and 180 min, respectively). Both
      reactions are markedly accelerated by glutamate and glycine (t1/2 approximately
      equal to 5-8 and 4 min, respectively), which allow bimolecular association
      kinetics of the labeled drug with the receptors whereas equilibrium binding of
      [3H]MK-801 (Kd 2-4 nM) is hardly affected by glutamate and glycine. The data
      suggest that MK-801 acts as a steric blocker of the NMDA receptor channel. The
      competitive antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphovaleric acid (AP-5) freezes the
      receptor in a state which precludes either binding of [3H]MK-801 to the receptor
      channel or its dissociation from it. These findings have therapeutic
      implications.

PMID- 2895020
TI  - The activation and inactivation of the Dunaliella salina chloroplast coupling
      factor 1 (CF1) in vivo and in situ.
AB  - Preillumination of intact cells of the eukaryotic, halotolerant, cell-wall-less
      green alga Dunaliella salina induces a dark ATPase activity the magnitude of
      which is about 3-5-fold higher than the ATPase activity observed in dark-adapted
      cells. The light-induced activity arises from the activation and stabilization in
      vivo of chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1). This activity, approximately 150-300
      mumol ATP hydrolyzed/mg Chl per h, rapidly decays (with a half-time of about 6
      min at room temperature) in intact cells but only slowly decays (with a half-time
      of about 45 min at room temperature) if the cells are lysed by osmotic shock
      immediately after illumination. The activated form of the ATPase in lysed cells
      is inhibited if the membranes are treated with ferri- but not ferrocyanide,
      suggesting that the stabilization of the activated form of CF1 is due to the
      reduction of the enzyme in vivo in the light.

PMID- 2895021
TI  - The partial purification of a factor from Dunaliella salina that causes the rapid
      in situ inactivation of light-activated chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1).
AB  - A factor having the expected properties of the in vivo oxidant responsible for
      inactivating the in vivo light-activated chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) has
      been partially purified from cell-free extracts of Dunaliella salina. This factor
      is highly polar, weakly acidic, and relatively temperature stable. The ability of
      this factor to inactivate light-activated CF1 is prevented if it is pretreated
      with reductants such as dithiothreitol. The factor has virtually no effect on the
      ethanol-induced, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of the isolated CF1.

PMID- 2895022
TI  - A zebrafish homologue of the murine Hox-2.1 gene.
AB  - Homeobox-containing sequences were isolated from a genomic library of zebrafish
      (Brachydanio rerio). A lambda clone containing two homeobox cross-hybridizing
      regions was characterized. DNA sequencing of one of these regions (ZF-21)
      revealed that it contains a homeobox closely related to the Antennapedia class of
      Drosophila homeobox sequences. Moreover, the deduced amino acid sequence of the C
      terminal end (81 residues including the homeobox) is identical to the
      corresponding part of the murine Hox-2.1 protein. Similar to Hox-2.1, a ZF-21
      derived transcript of 2.3 kb is present in embryos at the somite forming stages.

PMID- 2895023
TI  - Identification of a deletion in the LDL receptor gene. A Finnish type of
      mutation.
AB  - A cDNA probe for the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene was used to
      screen DNA samples from 52 unrelated Finnish patients with the heterozygous form
      of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and 51 healthy controls. Southern blot
      analysis using the restriction enzyme PvuII revealed an abnormal 11 kb (kilo base
      pair) restriction fragment in 16 (31%) of the patients but none of the controls.
      A more detailed restriction enzyme analysis of the DNA from patients revealed a
      mutation which apparently is due to an 8 kb deletion extending from intron 15 to
      exon 18 of the LDL receptor gene. Co-segregation of FH with the mutated gene was
      demonstrated in three families. These data are consistent with a 'founder gene
      effect' and support the assumption that recombinant DNA methods may have great
      impact on the diagnostics of FH in genetically homogeneous populations.

PMID- 2895024
TI  - Evidence against a tumour-specific EcoRI RFLP of the c-mos locus.
AB  - EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) at the human c-mos locus
      were analysed in DNAs of normal individuals and tumour patients. Two alleles with
      fragment lengths of 2.6 kb (A1) and 5.6 kb (A2) respectively were detected. The
      allele distribution among the tumour group was similar to that of the control
      group. No difference was found between the allele frequencies in leucocytes and
      tumour tissue DNA of the same patients.

PMID- 2895025
TI  - [Studies on antibodies against TSH-receptors].

PMID- 2895026
TI  - Hepatic hydrolysis of octanoyl-CoA and valproyl-CoA in control and valproate-fed
      animals.
AB  - 1. Medium-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activities were determined in liver from
      control and valproate-fed rats and rabbits. 2. Octanoyl-CoA was readily
      hydrolyzed by all control liver preparations. 3. Animals that had been fed diets
      containing 0.5 or 1.0% (w/w) valproic acid had significantly elevated octanoyl
      CoA hydrolase activities. 4. The CoA ester of valproic acid, a branched-chain
      isomer of octanoic acid, was poorly hydrolyzed by liver preparations from both
      control and valproate-fed animals. 5. Livers from the valproate-fed animals
      contained high levels of medium-chain acyl-CoA; total CoA content was also
      increased. 6. The inefficiency of hepatic valproyl-CoA hydrolysis may play a role
      in the toxicity of valproic acid.

PMID- 2895027
TI  - Misregulation of homeotic gene expression in Drosophila larvae resulting from
      mutations at the extra sex combs locus.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies specific for their protein products, the expression
      of the Ubx, Antp, and Scr genes was examined in imaginal discs and central
      nervous systems of esc-Drosophila larvae. In esc-mutants, both the Ubx and Scr
      proteins are expressed at increased levels or in new locations in the leg discs.
      Ubx also is expressed in new locations in the posterior wing disc and in small
      groups of cells in the antenna disc. The Antp protein is expressed ectopically in
      the eye-antenna disc; however, obvious abnormal expression of Antp was not found
      in the thoracic imaginal discs. Particularly striking is the fact that a single
      disc, such as the mesothoracic leg, can show increased expression of both a more
      "anterior" homeotic gene (Scr) and a more "posterior" gene (Ubx). Ectopic
      expression of Ubx and Antp, but not of Scr, is seen in the central nervous system
      of mutant larvae. These results are discussed with respect to the adult esc
      phenotype and the differential effects of esc mutations on early and late
      development.

PMID- 2895028
TI  - Development of hypothalamic neurons in intraventricular grafts: expression of
      specific transmitter phenotypes.
AB  - The anlages of the medial-basal hypothalamus (MBH), septopreoptic area (POA),
      Rathke's pouch, and the parietal cortex (CC) of rats (at 12.5, 14.5 and 16.5 days
      of gestation) were transplanted singly or in combination into the third ventricle
      of adult female rats, and the development of neurons in the grafts was
      investigated immunohistochemically with the use of antisera to tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), somatostatin (SRIH), ACTH, methionine enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8
      (Enk-8), rat corticotropin-releasing factor (rCRF), rat hypothalamic growth
      hormone-releasing factor (rhGRF), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      (LHRH). TH and all the peptides examined except LHRH were detected in distinct
      neurons in MBH grafts and in cografts of MBH plus Rathke's pouch from 12.5-day
      old embryos. SRIH, rCRF, Enk-8, and TH were found in POA grafts from embryos of
      the same age. Although immunoreactive LHRH was first detected in neurons in POA
      grafts from 16.5-day-old embryos, it appeared in cografts of POA and MBH from
      12.5-day-old embryos. The immunoreactive fibers developed in the grafts expressed
      the same characteristic behaviors as in intact brain; the fibers containing
      hormonal substances formed complexes with the vasculature like in the organum
      vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) or in the median eminence, while the fibers
      containing neurotropic signals formed fiber networks surrounding other nerve cell
      bodies as if they synaptically associate. In CC grafts, the neurons contained TH,
      SRIH, rCRF, or Enk-8, and their axonal processes formed fiber networks. These
      findings suggest that all the hypothalamic neurons examined are committed by 12.5
      days of gestation to develop maintaining transmitter phenotype and target
      recognition capacity.

PMID- 2895029
TI  - [Analysis of the effects of the hyperventilation test and their dynamics after
      administration of neuroleptics in epilepsy].

PMID- 2895030
TI  - Serum lysyl oxidase activity in patients with various liver diseases.
AB  - Serum lysyl oxidase activity was examined in patients with various liver
      diseases. The activity of the enzyme was detected mainly in the serum fraction of
      the supernatant 80% saturated with (NH4)2SO4, and its molecular weight was
      estimated to be about 30,000 by Sephadex G-150 column filtration. Mean serum
      lysyl oxidase activity in 18 healthy controls was 129 +/- 50 (+/- SEM) cpm/ml and
      was significantly increased in patients with acute hepatitis, chronic active
      hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease and primary biliary cirrhosis, but not in
      those with chronic inactive hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. Serum lysyl oxidase
      activity was not correlated with the histological grade of hepatic fibrosis, but
      appeared to reflect active hepatic fibrogenesis in patients with liver diseases.

PMID- 2895032
TI  - [Choice of DNA probe for the analysis of the polymorphism of a beta-globin
      cluster in thalassemia patients].

PMID- 2895031
TI  - Effects of somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide on exocrine and endocrine
      pancreas in the rats.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin-14 (SS) and rat pancreatic polypeptide (rPP) on
      endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas, stimulated by 40 ng/kg
      cholecystokinin octapeptide during continuous infusion of 1 U/kg/h secretin, were
      investigated in the rat, in vivo. Protein output in the pancreatic juice and
      integrated insulin (IRI) secretion were inhibited, in a dose related fashion, by
      continuous infusion of SS, in doses of 0.5, 5 and 50 micrograms/100g/h. On the
      other hand, bicarbonate and volume output were not inhibited by SS. The rPP
      significantly inhibited not only the protein output but also the bicarbonate and
      volume output of the pancreatic juice in doses of 0.1 and 1 microgram/100g/h.
      Integrated IRI secretion was inhibited significantly by rPP, but the inhibition
      of IRI secretion was much greater in the portal than in the jugular vein. Plasma
      SS and rPP concentrations showed physiological ranges during infusion of doses of
      0.5 and 0.1 microgram/100g/h of SS and rPP, respectively. Therefore, there was a
      marked difference between the inhibition by rPP and that by SS on the exocrine
      and endocrine pancreas. These observations suggest that SS and PP may play a
      physiological role in the pancreas and that their effects on the pancreas relate
      to different mechanisms.

PMID- 2895033
TI  - The comparative pharmacology of the behavioral syndromes induced by TRH and by 5
      HT in the rat.
AB  - 1. The relationship of the behavioral syndromes induced by the co-transmitters
      thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and serotonin (5-HT) has not been previously
      studied with drugs selective for 5-HT receptor subtypes. 2. Both the TRH analog
      MK-771 (in naive rats) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (in rats with 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine [DHT] lesions) evoked reciprocal forepaw tapping, Straub
      tail, hunching, hindlimb abduction, and shaking behavior. Sniffing and rearing
      were features of the MK-771 but not the 5-HT syndrome. 3. 5-HTP potentiated MK
      771-induced hyperthermia. 4. MK-771 evoked two types of shaking behavior, head
      shakes (HS) and wet-dog shakes (WDS). Neither independently was dose-related,
      unlike total shaking behaviors. 5. MK-771-induced shaking behavior was
      pharmacologically dissociated from other MK-771-evoked behaviors. A 5-HT1A
      agonist (8-OH-DPAT) blocked WDS, but like putative 5-HT1B (RU 24969) and 5-HT2
      (DOI) agonists and the 5-HT antagonists methysergide (non-selective), ritanserin
      (5-HT2 selective), and l-propranolol (5-HT1 selective), it did not block other
      antagonists behavioural effects of MK-771. 6. Ipsapirone, a 5-HT1A-active drug
      purported both as an agonist and as an antagonist, inhibited MK-771-evoked WDS,
      like 8-OH-DPAT, but did not induce the serotonin syndrome, unlike 8-OH-DPAT. 7.
      DHT-treated rats were behaviorally supersensitive to 10 mg/kg MK-771 as indicated
      by a significantly shortened latency of onset of WDS and greater frequency of
      abnormal forepaw movements. The same rats were also supersensitive to 50 mg/kg 5
      HTP to a significantly greater degree. 8. These data suggest behavioral
      relatedness of the TRH and 5-HT syndromes, but distinctive pharmacologic features
      and presumed mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2895034
TI  - The effect of chronic diazepam and medazepam treatment on the number and affinity
      of muscarinic receptors in different rat brain structures.
AB  - 1. The effect of chronic (19-day) treatment with the benzodiazepine tranquilizers
      diazepam (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and medazepam (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) on the binding
      characteristics of muscarinic receptors in four rat brain structures: cerebral
      cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus were studied using [3H]l
      quinuclidinyl benzylate ([3H]QNB) as radioligand. 2. Diazepam and medazepam
      treatment caused an overall decrease in muscarinic receptor binding affinity
      (Kd). 3. The number (Bmax) of muscarinic receptors declined in the hippocampus
      and striatum and rose in the hypothalamus after both benzodiazepines. The Bmax of
      muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex was increased after diazepam
      treatment. 4. The changes in the binding characteristics of muscarinic receptors
      might be due to benzodiazepine-induced occurrence of two populations of
      muscarinic binding sites: P1 (high affinity, low capacity) and P2 (low affinity,
      high capacity). 5. The altered brain muscarinic receptor functions after chronic
      diazepam- or medazepam treatment suggest the role of cholinergic
      neurotransmission in the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2895035
TI  - Cryptolepine inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo and stimulates
      fibrinolysis ex vivo.
AB  - 1. Cryptolepine--the methylquindolanol alkaloid of Cryptolepsis sanguinolenta was
      evaluated for its antiplatelet and fibrinolytic effects. 2. It exhibited
      antiplatelet effects in vitro in human, rabbit and rat PRP with EC50 values
      ranging between 8.1 x 10(-8) M and 1.7 x 10(-7) M for ADP, AA and thrombin. 3. In
      the rat, it inhibited ADP-aggregation in vivo with delayed onset and prolonged
      action. 4. In vitro, cryptolepine disaggregated (dose-dependently) platelets
      aggregated by ADP, AA and thrombin. 5. In addition, it exhibited an indirect
      fibrinolytic action in the rat possibly by causing the release of plasminogen
      activators from the vascular endothelium.

PMID- 2895036
TI  - Adverse sequelae with combined use of beta-blockers and epinephrine.

PMID- 2895037
TI  - External transport of beta-adrenergic binding sites in ischemic myocardium.
AB  - The properties of beta-adrenergic receptors were studied in normal and in flow
      restricted regions of the dog heart. Purified cardiac membrane preparations and
      papillary muscle preparations were isolated from control and ischemic areas and
      tested a) following chronic beta-receptor blockade with metipranolol or
      exaprolol, and b) after acute regional myocardial ischemia. A significant
      reduction in the sensitivity of the heart muscle preparations from compromised
      heart for isoprenaline resulting in a reduced affinity of beta-adrenergic
      receptors to exaprolol was observed. Quantitative ligand binding data showed
      higher numbers of (3H) dihydroalprenolol/(3H) DHA/binding sites in the membrane
      fraction obtained from compromised compared to control myocardium. The ratio of
      intra- to extracellular beta-adrenergic receptors decreased from 1.35 to 0.55 in
      the membrane fractions obtained from the compromised hearts. Pretreatment of
      experimental animals with metipranolol or propranolol attenuated the observed
      increase in the total number of beta-adrenergic receptor sites in myocardial
      membrane fractions from ischemic hearts. These data suggest preferential
      distribution of beta-adrenergic binding sites from intracellular to membrane
      fractions in flow restricted regions of the dog heart after coronary occlusion.

PMID- 2895038
TI  - Conserved 12-bp element downstream from mRNA polyadenylation sites.
AB  - Sequences downstream from the AATAAA motif in a number of cellular and viral
      transcription units have been compared. A 12-bp conserved element was identified
      in approximately half of the cases studied, and a consensus sequence
      TTGANNNTTTTTT was derived from a comparison of 74 such sequences. This element is
      located immediately (5-20 bp) downstream from the poly(A)-addition site in every
      case where this is known, and it is suggested that this element may be involved
      in the cleavage/polyadenylation reaction. This proposal is consistent with
      published studies on deletion mutants of downstream regions.

PMID- 2895039
TI  - Plotting genetic maps on a microcomputer.
AB  - Maps of genetic linkage and restriction enzyme cleavage sites can be quickly
      prepared on an IBM PC microcomputer with the commercially available program Lotus
      1-2-3. Data can be entered on the keyboard or imported from other programs. The
      maps can be displayed on the screen or with a printer or plotter. These
      procedures should be useful in the research laboratory, in preparing figures for
      publication and in teaching.

PMID- 2895040
TI  - 3'-end modifications of the Streptococcus pneumoniae lytA gene: role of the
      carboxy terminus of the pneumococcal autolysin in the process of enzymatic
      activation (conversion).
AB  - Plasmids containing modifications at the 3' end of the lytA gene encoding the
      pneumococcal amidase were constructed by DNA recombinant techniques. Several
      deleted and fused amidases were obtained. These modified amidases were capable of
      degrading cell walls containing choline residues in their teichoic acid
      components without need of conversion (i.e., change of the inactive E form of
      amidase to the active C form). The reintroduction of as few as the terminal 11
      amino acid (aa) residues present in the wild-type (wt) amidase into the sequence
      of the most extensively deleted form of the autolysin obtained in this work (E
      520) partially restored the need of conversion. Our results demonstrate the
      importance of the C terminus for the catalytic activation of the wt amidase.

PMID- 2895042
TI  - Autonomic neuroeffector mechanisms: recent developments.
AB  - Peripheral autonomic control mechanisms are more sophisticated than formerly
      recognized. The autonomic neuroeffector junction is defined, with emphasis on 'en
      passage' release of transmitter from varicosities in extensive terminal branching
      nerve fibres. In addition to the classical autonomic transmitters acetylcholine
      and noradrenaline, a multiplicity of other neurotransmitter substances are also
      present, including peptides, purines, indoleamines and amino acids. There is
      coexistence of different combinations of these substances which, upon release,
      act either as cotransmitters or neuromodulators. Examples are described,
      including cotransmission and neuromodulation at sympathetic, parasympathetic and
      sensory-motor neuroeffector junctions. The involvement of locally released agents
      in peripheral control is also described, including substances produced
      secondarily as a result of release of neurotransmitters, as well as the release
      of substances from vascular endothelial cells leading to vasodilatation.

PMID- 2895041
TI  - Antihypertensive treatment and postprandial blood pressure reduction in the
      elderly.
AB  - Recently it has been demonstrated that blood pressure in the elderly decreases
      after a meal. To evaluate the influence of antihypertensive treatment on
      postprandial blood pressure reduction in the elderly, the effects of a breakfast
      (405 kcal) on blood pressure and heart rate were studied in 15 healthy
      normotensive elderly subjects (mean age 79.5 +/- 6.0 years), in 10 healthy
      hypertensive elderly subjects (mean age 80.2 +/- 5.7 years) and in 22
      hypertensive elderly subjects (mean age 71.4 +/- 5.0 years) treated with
      antihypertensive medication (diuretics, beta-blockers, vasodilators). In the
      three groups there was a fall of mean arterial blood pressure of 9.3 +/- 1.9%,
      13.8 +/- 1.9% and 7.9 +/- 1.3%, respectively, at 40 min after the start of the
      breakfast. In all three groups heart rate increased significantly. It is
      concluded that antihypertensive treatment with the regimens used in this study
      does not induce an additional fall of blood pressure postprandially. However, the
      influence of eating should be avoided in the assessment of antihypertensive drug
      effects in the elderly.

PMID- 2895043
TI  - Isolation, biochemical analysis, and N-terminal amino acid sequence of a cell
      surface glycoprotein that binds to the "erythrocyte receptor" of T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2895044
TI  - Activation of natural killer function through the T11/E rosette receptor.

PMID- 2895046
TI  - Replication and pathogenesis of the human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic
      retroviruses.
AB  - The broad outlines of mechanisms of tumorigenesis by the HTLV-I family of viruses
      are beginning to emerge. The viruses encode at least three genes in addition to
      the genes (gag, pol, and env) required for virus replication. These additional
      genes encoded for by the X region are likely to affect in a specific fashion the
      growth of lymphocytes. The tat gene appears to mimick at least part of the
      response of mature lymphocytes to recognition of the cognate antigen. That is, in
      T-lymphocytes the tatI gene seems to induce the IL-2 and IL-2 receptor genes (W.
      Greene et al. 1986). The alternative reading-frame proteins, pp21 and pp27, have
      some similarity of cellular proteins that are associated with G0 to G1
      transitions and may contribute to the transformed phenotype in cooperation with
      the tat gene. The expression of viral genes in infected lymphocytes, the tat gene
      and pp21 and pp27 proteins, and possibly other viral genes (since the coding
      capacity of the X region is not exhausted by the tat and pp21 and pp27 proteins)
      may be sufficient to account for the transformation of T cells in culture. A
      secondary change in the infected cells in culture is not required to explain the
      outgrowth of cells which are clonal with respect to the site of viral genomic
      integration, as selection of the most rapidly growing infected cell could account
      for this observation. The case of infected patients is more complex. Infection of
      T cells with the HTLV-I or -II virus is not sufficient to produce malignant
      disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895045
TI  - Are haematophagous insects vectors for HTLV-I?

PMID- 2895047
TI  - Preleukemia and typical adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) etiologically associated with
      a retrovirus (HTLV/ATLV).

PMID- 2895048
TI  - Hematopoietic stem cells as potential vehicles for recombinant genes in prenatal
      mice.

PMID- 2895049
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of plasminogen.
AB  - By isoelectric focusing in a pH range of pH 3.5-9.5 or of pH 5-8, and by using a
      functional or an immunological detection, a genetic polymorphism of plasminogen
      can be demonstrated. In Caucasoids, 2 common alleles--PLGA (frequency 0.67) and
      PLGB (frequency 0.30)--as well as several rare variants (sum of their frequencies
      0.03) exist. Systematic studies on the functional activity of the various
      plasminogen gene products should be performed in order to analyse whether or not
      a difference of plasminogen activity can be observed amongst the possible
      phenotypes and in order to see whether or not the various plasminogen phenotypes
      have any clinical significance.

PMID- 2895050
TI  - [Free transfer of a lateral upper arm flap].
AB  - A free fascio-cutaneous flap can be raised from the lateral arm. This flap is
      especially suitable for smaller defects. The area is supplied by a terminal
      branch of the profunda brachii artery. The anatomy of the donor site as well as
      several steps in dissection are described. Three cases where a lateral arm flap
      has been used are shown, together with a rare intraoperative complication.

PMID- 2895051
TI  - [H1-receptor blockers: review and preview].

PMID- 2895052
TI  - [Adenosine and muscarinic receptors in regulation of myocardial contractility:
      dual mechanism of inhibitory action].
AB  - In mammalian cardiac muscle, muscarinic and adenosine receptors serve as
      inhibitory physiological modulators of myocardial functions. Dual inhibitory
      regulation of myocardial function via stimulation of these receptors is
      established through cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-independent subcellular
      processes. The inhibitory signals triggered by agonist binding to the respective
      receptors are transmitted to the subsequent biochemical, electrophysiological and
      functional changes through activation of the GTP-binding proteins, Ni and/or N0,
      which couple the signal at binding sites to the catalytic subunit of adenylate
      cyclase in the actions mediated through the cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism, or to
      potassium channels in those mediated by cyclic AMP-independent processes
      preferentially exerted in atrial and SA nodal cells. The functional role of
      polyphosphoinositide breakdown promoted by muscarinic receptor activation in
      myocardium has not been elucidated. IAP (islet-activating protein, pertussis
      toxin) is capable of uncoupling the receptor stimulation to activation of Ni
      and/or N0, thus resulting in the inhibition of negative inotropic and
      chronotropic responses to muscarinic receptor agonists, and to adenosine and its
      derivatives such as N6-phenylisopropyladenosine and N6-methyladenosine. Both the
      cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-independent inhibitory mechanisms are
      susceptible to IAP.

PMID- 2895053
TI  - [Evaluation of tiquizium bromide (HSR-902) as an antiulcer agent].
AB  - The effects of HSR-902, an antimuscarinic agent, on development of various
      gastric and duodenal lesions, gastric secretion, pupil size and salivation in
      rats were compared with those of pirenzepine.2HC1 (pirenzepine, antiulcer agent)
      and timepidium bromide (timepidium, antispasmodic). 1) HSR-902 (10-100 mg/kg),
      given orally, dose-dependently inhibited the developments of gastric lesions
      induced by water-immersion stress, aspirin, indomethacin, serotonin and reserpine
      and duodenal lesions induced by cysteamine and mepirizole. The activities of HSR
      902 were almost equal or somewhat more potent than those of pirenzepine, and they
      were more potent than those of timepidium. 2) HSR-902 (30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.),
      when examined using pylorus-ligated preparations, dose-dependently inhibited the
      gastric acid output, pepsin output, and gastric acid and pepsin concentrations,
      but did not inhibit the gastric volume (HSR-902, in a higher dose, slightly
      increased the gastric volume.). Pirenzepine (100 mg/kg, p.o.), like atropine
      sulfate, inhibited the gastric volume, acid output and pepsin output, but did not
      inhibit the gastric acid and pepsin concentrations. Timepidium (100 mg/kg, p.o.),
      however, hardly influenced these parameters except for increasing the gastric
      volume. 3) HSR-902 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) induced the mydoriasis and inhibited the
      pilocarpine-induced salivation, and its activities were less potent than those of
      pirenzepine. These results suggest that HSR-902 is a promising agent for the
      treatment of peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2895055
TI  - Acinetobacter calcoaceticus foot infection secondary to high-pressure injection
      injury: a case report.
AB  - Injection injuries are surgical emergencies occurring most often in the hand and
      frequently associated with widespread tissue necrosis and infection. This report
      presents a case of high-pressure injection injury of the foot associated with
      extensor hallucis longus laceration and infection with Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus variant anitratus. This injury occurred with a high-pressure "water
      blaster" tool used to remove paint from pavement. Similar injuries in the foot
      have not been reported. A. calcoaceticus is a widely distributed normal flora of
      low virulence, often waterborne, which is rarely found in orthopaedic infections
      in young healthy patients. Clinical features of high-pressure injection injuries,
      principles of treatment, and the characteristics of A. calcoaceticus are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2895054
TI  - [Cytoprotective activity of tiquizium bromide (HSR-902) and its mechanism].
AB  - The effects of HSR-902, an antimuscarinic agent, on acute gastric mucosal lesions
      induced by various necrotizing agents, gastric mucus secretion and gastric HCO3-
      secretion in rats were compared with those of pirenzepine.2HCl (pirenzepine), an
      antiulcer agent. 1) HSR-902 (10-100 mg/kg), given orally, dose-dependently
      prevented the gastric mucosal lesions induced by ethanol-HCl (60% ethanol in 150
      mM HCl), aspirin-HCl (150 mg/kg of aspirin in 150 mM HCl), 0.6 N HCl and 0.2 N
      NaOH; and the cytoprotective effects of HSR-902 were almost equal or somewhat
      more potent than those of pirenzepine. 2) HSR-902 (30 mg/kg, p.o.), like
      pirenzepine, increased the alcian blue binding to gastric mucosa and both
      hexosamine and N-acetylneuramic acid in gastric juice and reversed the decrease
      of alcian blue binding to gastric mucosa in water-immersion stress. 3) HSR-902
      (30 mg/kg, p.o.), unlike pirenzepine and atropine sulfate, increased the gastric
      HCO3- secretion in the pylorus-ligated preparations. 4) The cytoprotective effect
      of HSR-902 (30 mg/kg, p.o.), when examined using gastric mucosal lesion induced
      by aspirin-HCl, was not abolished by the pretreatment with indomethacin (10
      mg/kg, s.c.) or N-ethylmaleimide (10 mg/kg, s.c.). 5) HSR-902 (30 mg/kg, p.o.)
      did not influence the gastric mucosal potential difference. These results suggest
      that HSR-902 is a promising drug for the treatment of gastritis and peptic
      ulcers.

PMID- 2895056
TI  - [Expert colloquium: The status of digitalis therapy in heart failure. Mid
      December 1987, Munich].

PMID- 2895057
TI  - Biological effects of the v-erbA oncogene in transformation of avian erythroid
      cells.

PMID- 2895058
TI  - Thyroid hormone induced changes in cardiac proteins and mRNAs.
AB  - Contraction of the hypothyroid heart is characterized by delayed diastolic
      relaxation and decreased velocity of systolic contraction. In order to determine
      if these alterations could be mediated by the changes in the mRNA coding for the
      Ca++ ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and alterations of the mRNAs coding for
      myosin heavy chain (MHC) alpha and beta, the levels of these specific mRNAs were
      quantitated using a Northern blotting technique. We find that the Ca++ ATPase
      mRNA was 3-fold lower in hypothyroid hearts. After T3 administration to
      hypothyroid rats, Ca++ ATPase mRNA increased to 66% of control levels within 2
      hrs and to 100% of control levels 5 hrs after T3 administration. In the
      hypothyroid heart, MHC beta mRNA was the predominant message with MHC alpha mRNA
      barely detectable. Administration of 2 mg of T3 led to a significant increase in
      MHC alpha mRNA levels first detectable 2 hrs after T3 administration. Twenty-four
      hrs after T3 administration, MHC alpha mRNA levels had normalized. The results of
      these studies indicate that thyroid hormone mediates significant alterations in
      the level of the mRNA coding for the Ca++ ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
      and of the mRNAs coding for MHC alpha and beta. Changes in the level of these
      specific mRNAs resulting in lower levels of the corresponding proteins may
      explain the delayed diastolic relaxation and the decreased velocity of
      contraction of the hypothyroid heart.

PMID- 2895059
TI  - Effects of amiodarone on thyroid hormone-responsive gene expression in rat liver.
AB  - The hypothesis that amiodarone (AM) acts by inducing a local 'hypothyroid-like'
      state in thyroid hormone-responsive tissues was investigated in rat liver.
      Hypothyroid rats, pretreated orally for 8 consecutive days with AM (200 mg/kg) or
      water, were given a single i.p. injection of equimolar doses of T4, T3 or rT3
      (1.00 to 1.20 mg/kg). Six hours later, the rats were killed and liver nuclear T3
      receptor occupancy was determined. Simultaneously, the activity of two thyroid
      hormone-responsive enzymes was measured, together with the levels of their
      respective mRNAs by hybridization to specific cDNAs. The enzymes were
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glutamine synthetase. AM showed no effect
      on nuclear T3 receptor occupancy in rats injected with either vehicle, rT3, or
      T3, but it completely blocked the increase in receptor occupancy in rats injected
      with T4. With regard to postreceptor effects, T4 and T3 elicited an approximately
      two-fold increase in the levels of the mRNAs coding for the two enzymes, whereas
      rT3 had no effect. The increase of the two mRNAs was potentiated by AM, but this
      is probably secondary to an AM-induced state of anorexia. Remarkably, this
      potentiating effect of AM was not observed at the protein-level: enzyme
      activities were lower in rats pretreated with AM. AM-pretreatment thus results in
      lower enzyme activity to mRNA ratios for both enzymes, irrespective of hormonal
      treatment. Therefore, although no conclusions can be drawn about possible effects
      of AM at the transcriptional level, it is concluded that AM interferes with
      thyroid hormone responsive gene expression in rat liver at a post-transcriptional
      level. As a consequence, in the present experimental design the livers of AM
      treated rats resemble the liver of hypothyroid rats with regard to specific
      enzyme activities, but not with regard to either nuclear T3 receptor occupancy or
      the levels of specific mRNAs.

PMID- 2895060
TI  - New data on thyroid regulation and their implications in thyroid physiopathology
      and specifically of autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2895061
TI  - The anonymous RFLP locus D1S2 is close to PGM1 on chromosome 1.
AB  - D1S2 was one of the first restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
      assigned to chromosome 1, but its regional location was unknown. In this paper we
      present data that place this RFLP into both the genetic map and the physical
      cytogenetic map. Linkage data maps D1S2 7 cM from PGM1, which is localized to the
      middle of the short arm at 1p22.1. Southern blot analysis of DNA samples from
      somatic cell hybrids containing parts of chromosome 1 maps D1S2 proximal to 1p32
      and distal to PGM1.

PMID- 2895062
TI  - Lethal vaccinia infection in cyclophosphamide-suppressed mice is associated with
      decreased expression of Thy-1, Lyt-2 and L3T4 and diminished IL-2 production in
      surviving T cells.
AB  - Prior treatment of C57BL/6J mice with 300 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (Cy) converts
      a subclinical infection with vaccinia virus to a lethal disease. This is
      accompanied by a loss of more than 80% of spleen cells and a decreased capacity,
      on a cell-for-cell basis, to develop virus-immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL),
      although the frequency of CTL precursors among surviving T cells is not greatly
      modified. Phenotypically, the surviving T cells express low levels of cell
      surface Thy-1, Lyt-2 and L3T4 and, upon stimulation, are less able to produce IL
      2 for more than 1 week following Cy treatment. The defect in capacity to generate
      CTL effectors both in vitro and in vivo can be corrected by providing an
      exogenous source of IL-2. These experiments indicate that a single dose of Cy
      induces changes in T cells that persist throughout the development of an immune
      response. Such effects are in accordance with the known property of Cy to mediate
      DNA damage.

PMID- 2895065
TI  - Regulation of cell-mediated immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AB  - There is now good evidence that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) rather than humoral
      antibody plays a causal role in acquired immunity to leishmaniasis. In
      genetically susceptible strains of mice, the failure to control the disease
      progression is associated with a population of Lyt-2-T cells which can prevent
      the induction or expression of curative CMI and hence exacerbate disease
      development. Susceptible BALB/c mice can be rendered resistant to L. major
      infection by prior sublethal dose gamma-irradiation, anti-mu antibody treatment
      from birth, anti-L3T4 antibody treatment or intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal
      (i.p.) route of immunisation with killed L. major promastigotes or isolated
      leishmanial antigens. The route of immunisation, however, appears crucial in the
      induction of prophylactic immunity. Subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular routes
      of immunisation with killed promastigotes are not only ineffective, they induce a
      population of Lyt-2- L3T4+ T cells which inhibit the prophylactic effect of i.v.
      immunisation. Although both the disease-promoting T cells and the host-protective
      T cells express the same phenotypic cell surface markers, they differ
      functionally. Protective T cells produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and
      macrophage-activating factor (MAF) when cultured in vitro with leishmanial
      antigens, whereas the disease-promoting T cells do not. In addition, these latter
      cells are able to produce substances in their antigen-specific culture
      supernatant which inhibits the MAF activity of the host protective T
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895063
TI  - [Correlations between beta blockers and the induction of psoriasis].

PMID- 2895064
TI  - Contrasuppression and tumor rejection.
AB  - The growth of a highly progressive MCA-induced tumor 3152-PRO is dependent on the
      activity of suppressor T cells (Ts). Injection of syngeneic mice with antibodies
      specific for Ts leads to enhanced tumor transplantation resistance of the 3152
      PRO tumor. In addition, injection of recipient mice with highly immunogenic
      regressor tumors conjugated with trinitrophenyl (TNP) activates a T cell
      population which also mediates protection to transplantation of TNP-conjugated
      3152-PRO tumor cells. One such tumor, 1591-RE, was investigated in detail to
      determine the phenotype and biologic activity of this T cell population in
      overcoming Ts cell activity. Induction of transplantation resistance requires the
      presence of TNP hapten on both the highly regressive immunizing tumor (and not
      its progressor variant 1591-PRO4), and on the challenge tumor 3152-PRO. The cell
      population from TNP-1591-RE immunized animals which mediates protection against
      the transplantation of TNP-3152-PRO is Thy-1+, CD4+, 8-, Lyt1+, I-J+, and Vicia
      villosa lectin adherent, the identical phenotype to antigen-specific
      contrasuppressor T cells in the contact sensitivity (CS) response to TNP in vivo.
      A T cell population of identical phenotype from TNP-1591-RE immunized mice can
      overcome the effects of antigen-specific Ts cells on PCl-immune cells in the
      adoptive transfer of CS in vivo. These results suggest that immunoregulatory
      cells that mediate protection against progressive tumors may be identical in
      function to antigen-specific contrasuppressor T cells.

PMID- 2895066
TI  - Immunological characterization of axenic Entamoeba histolytica related antigens.

PMID- 2895067
TI  - Isolation of mosquito pathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis strains from mosquito
      breeding habitats in Tamil Nadu.

PMID- 2895068
TI  - Factors inhibiting parasitism of mosquito larvae by the mermithid nematode
      (Romanomermis iyengari) in a polluted habitat.

PMID- 2895069
TI  - Laboratory bioassay of the fungus Leptolegnia ornata (Seyamour) Ohio isolate
      against seven species in five genera of mosquito larvae and non-target aquatic
      vertebrates.

PMID- 2895070
TI  - Effect of a kinin antagonist on the acute antihypertensive activity of
      enalaprilat in severe hypertension.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the role of kinins in the acute
      antihypertensive effect of the converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI) enalaprilat in
      rats with severe hypertension induced by aortic ligation between both renal
      arteries. For this study, we used a bradykinin analogue, D-Arg-Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly
      Thi-Ser-DPhe-Thi-Arg-TFA, with in vivo antagonistic properties. Hypertensive rats
      were infused intra-aortically for 15 minutes with either saline (30
      microliters/min) or the kinin antagonist (40 micrograms/kg/min). Five minutes
      after the infusion was begun, a bolus injection of enalaprilat (60 micrograms/kg)
      was given. The blood pressure of the saline-infused animals decreased 48 +/- 6 mm
      Hg (from 180 +/- 7 to 132 +/- 7 mm Hg), while that of the rats treated with the
      antagonist decreased only 21 +/- 4 mm Hg (from 175 +/- 3 to 154 +/- 3 mm Hg). The
      difference between both decrements was significant (p less than 0.01). In another
      group of hypertensive animals (n = 9), we measured kinin concentration in plasma
      from arterial blood before and after administration of CEI (41 +/- 10 vs 68 +/-
      20 pg/ml, respectively; NS). These results are consistent with the hypothesis
      that kinins play a role in the acute antihypertensive effect of CEIs in rats with
      severe hypertension. However, since arterial blood kinin concentrations were not
      increased significantly after CEI administration, the effect of the CEI may be
      due to an increase in tissue kinins, which could act as autacoids regulating
      vascular resistance.

PMID- 2895071
TI  - Factors influencing blood pressure and heart rate variability in hypertensive
      humans.
AB  - We examined the influence of baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (the increase in
      pulse interval in response to a phenylephrine-induced increase in blood
      pressure), age, blood pressure, and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the
      variability of blood pressure and heart rate in essential hypertension. Fifty-six
      subjects were studied before treatment; intra-arterial blood pressure was
      recorded outside the hospital for 24 hours. Variability was defined (from all
      beats occurring while subjects were awake) as the standard deviation about the
      average waking value for mean arterial pressure (MAP) or pulse interval. The
      correlation (r) between baroreceptor reflex sensitivity and blood pressure
      variability was -0.47 (p less than 0.0002). Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity was
      the only independent determinant of blood pressure variability on multiple
      regression analysis. Thirty subjects were restudied after 5 months of beta
      adrenergic receptor blockade. Ambulatory blood pressure was lower during
      treatment, whereas pulse interval, its variability, and baroreceptor reflex
      sensitivity were higher. Blood pressure variability was unchanged. The
      variability of MAP was inversely correlated with baroreceptor reflex sensitivity
      before (r = -0.42, p less than 0.02) and during (r = -0.45, p less than 0.02)
      treatment, but it was unrelated to the average ambulatory MAP or to the
      variability of pulse interval either before or during beta-blockade. Sixteen
      subjects whose average waking ambulatory blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg or less
      were not treated. This group of borderline hypertensive subjects had less
      variable MAP than did the remaining 40 subjects (12.4 +/- 2.3 [SD] vs 14.5 +/-
      2.5 mm Hg; p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895072
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers. Adverse effects and drug interactions.
AB  - Adverse effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs can be divided into
      two categories: 1) those that result from known pharmacological consequences of
      beta-adrenergic receptor blockade; and 2) other reactions that do not appear to
      result from beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Adverse effects of the first type
      include bronchospasm, heart failure, prolonged hypoglycemia, bradycardia, heart
      block, intermittent claudication, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Neurological
      reactions include depression, fatigue, and nightmares. It is not yet proven
      whether the beta 1-selective adrenergic blockers or those with partial agonist
      activity reduce the overall frequency of adverse reactions seen with propranolol.
      Patient age does not appear, in itself, to be associated with more beta-blocker
      side effects. Side effects of the second category are rare. They include an
      unusual oculomucocutaneous reaction and the possibility of oncogenesis. There are
      also many drugs that interact with beta-blockers, which may increase toxicity.
      Finally, there are specific patient characteristics where one beta-blocker may be
      more effective and safer than another.

PMID- 2895073
TI  - [Madreporic coral].

PMID- 2895074
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies at the electron microscopical level.
AB  - The ability to monitor cellular events and to identify, morphologically, sub
      cellular components involved in particular processes has greatly advanced since
      the advent of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and their use in electron
      immunocytochemistry. For instance, using simultaneous monoclonal and polyclonal
      antibodies (to proteins and enzymes capable of monitoring intracellular pH) on
      specially prepared tissue it is now possible to visualize intracellular pathways
      involved in protein synthesis. The demonstration of coexistence of several
      substances (e.g., active peptides) in a single cell has been greatly aided by the
      use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in combination. For light
      microscopical studies different reaction products are revealed by the use of
      differently coloured chromogens. For electron microscopy, monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies are labelled with gold particles of different sizes and are
      used on ultrathin sections (the on-grid immunolabelling or post-embedding
      method). Low numbers of binding sites on cellular membranes can now be visualised
      at the electron microscopical level by the use of specific MAbs to receptors or
      by the construction of divalent forms of antigens that can react with the
      receptor and subsequently to a MAb. Again, the reaction is revealed by gold
      labelling procedures.

PMID- 2895075
TI  - Psychotherapy and pathological grief controlled outcome study.

PMID- 2895076
TI  - Sudden death.

PMID- 2895077
TI  - Restriction endonucleases variation in the region of the alcohol dehydrogenase
      gene: a comparison of null and normal alleles from natural populations of
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The restriction endonuclease variation in the 12 kb region surrounding twelve Adh
      null alleles extracted from three Tasmanian populations has been compared with
      normal alleles from the same populations. Each of the null alleles had the same
      haplotype as revealed by digestions with eight hexanucleotide restriction
      enzymes. This haplotype also occurred in 4 of the 46 chromosomes bearing normal
      alleles which were tested; these four chromosomes with the null allele haplotype
      carried the AdhS allele. The data suggest that the Adh null alleles from
      geographically separate populations share a common ancestry and are derived from
      the same mutation in an AdhS allele.

PMID- 2895078
TI  - Restriction endonuclease digestion and chromosome banding in the mosquito,
      Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae).
AB  - Fixed chromosomes of the mosquito, Culiseta longiareolata (2n = 6) were treated
      in situ with nine restriction endonucleases and stained with ethidium bromide or
      Giemsa. All the heterochromatic regions were apparently protected from digestion
      by all enzymes except Mbo I. This enzyme selectively digested one of the three
      types of heterochromatin present in the species. Staining with the fluorochrome
      quinacrine after enzyme treatment produced a standard Q-banding pattern or a
      Hoechst 33258-like pattern, depending on the enzyme. These results confirmed: (a)
      the presence of three types of heterochromatic containing different DNA fractions
      in the chromosomes of this species, (b) restriction enzymes accessibility to the
      DNA of heterochromatin regions, and (c) the selective cleavage of particular DNA
      fractions without DNA removal. Moreover, quinacrine staining after enzyme
      digestion proved useful in detecting differential activity among enzymes which
      produced the same banding pattern with standard dyes.

PMID- 2895079
TI  - Basic principles in management of basal cell epithelioma.

PMID- 2895080
TI  - Endocervical culture isolates.

PMID- 2895081
TI  - Congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear.

PMID- 2895082
TI  - Faculty perceptions of student training.

PMID- 2895083
TI  - Balloon dilatation for aortic stenosis.

PMID- 2895084
TI  - Pro bono is as pro bono does.

PMID- 2895085
TI  - ERISA plans to permit assignment of benefits to physicians.

PMID- 2895086
TI  - From time to time.

PMID- 2895088
TI  - Physician responsibilities under new AIDS laws.

PMID- 2895087
TI  - Upcoming primary election signals the start of 1988 races.

PMID- 2895089
TI  - ISMS positions on AIDS and HIV antibody testing.

PMID- 2895090
TI  - Teens speak out on sex.

PMID- 2895091
TI  - Infant mortality.

PMID- 2895093
TI  - Asking the right questions.

PMID- 2895092
TI  - Teen suicide.

PMID- 2895094
TI  - Children as victims.

PMID- 2895095
TI  - Time out for a checkup.

PMID- 2895096
TI  - Nothing can replace a good friend.

PMID- 2895097
TI  - Cimaterol-induced muscle hypertrophy and altered endocrine status in lambs.
AB  - The objectives of this study were 1) to determine how cellular growth of skeletal
      muscle is altered by the repartitioning agent cimaterol and 2) to determine if
      cimaterol alters endocrine status in association with its repartitioning effects.
      Thirty Dorset wether lambs were randomly assigned to a pre-treatment baseline
      group or received 0 or 10 ppm cimaterol in a complete, mixed, high-concentrate
      diet for 7 or 12 wk. Weights of biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM) and
      semitendinosus (ST) muscles were 32.8, 27.1 and 31.5% greater, respectively, in
      treated lambs at 7 wk, and were 22 to 24% greater at 12 wk. Longissimus (LD)
      cross-sectional area was 26 and 32% greater at these treatment intervals. Percent
      type I fibers declined significantly over the course of the experiment in ST, SM
      and LD, and cimaterol caused a small but significant reduction in percent type I
      fibers in the ST at 7 and 12 wk. Muscles from lambs fed cimaterol contained 50
      and 75% more fibers that exhibited negative staining for phosphorylase activity.
      Mean cross-sectional area of type I and type II fibers in the combined portions
      of the ST were 30.4 and 29.3% greater, respectively, in cimaterol-fed lambs after
      12 wk, while type I and type II fiber areas in the longissimus were only 13 and
      15% greater, respectively. Cimaterol-induced hypertrophy of the ST resulted in
      both protein and RNA content being 30 to 35% greater (P less than .01) at 7 and
      12 wk, while DNA concentration was 22% less (P less than .01) at 7 wk. DNA
      concentration returned to normal by 12 wk. These results indicate that cimaterol
      elicits a rapid increase in muscle RNA and protein accretion without concurrent
      incorporation of satellite cell nuclei. Plasma insulin and insulin-like growth
      factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations were 55 and 34% lower, respectively, in cimaterol
      fed lambs. Plasma somatotropin concentration and area under the curve were 2.3
      times greater (P less than .01) in lambs fed cimaterol for 6 wk, while plasma
      cortisol, prolactin and glucose concentration were unaffected at 6 or 12 wk. The
      significant changes in endocrine status may be important in the mechanism(s) of
      cimaterol in altering muscle accretion.

PMID- 2895098
TI  - Effect of combined H-1 and H-2 histamine receptor antagonists on late asthmatic
      response in an asthmatic patient.
AB  - A curious inhibitory effect of histamine H-1 and H-2 antagonists on isolated late
      asthmatic response (LAR) in an asthmatic patient was observed. When given alone,
      neither the H-1 nor the H-2 antagonist had an effect on LAR. The combination of
      drugs, however, provided marked inhibition of LAR. These findings suggest that
      histamine contributes to some types of LAR.

PMID- 2895099
TI  - Polymorphisms in the umuDC region of Escherichia species.
AB  - The umuDC operon of Escherichia coli encodes mutagenic DNA repair. The umuDC
      regions of multiple isolates of E. coli, E. alkalescens, and E. dispar and a
      single stock of E. aurescens were mapped by nucleotide hybridization. umuDC is
      located at one end of a conserved tract of restriction endonuclease sites either
      12.5 or 14 kilobase pairs long. Rearrangements, including possible deletions,
      were seen in the polymorphic DNA flanking the conserved tract. Restriction site
      polymorphisms were not found around the DNA repair gene recA or polA. The
      junctions of the conserved region contain direct repeats of nucleotide sequences
      resembling the termini of the Tn3 group of transposons. Possible mechanisms for
      the generation of these variants are discussed.

PMID- 2895101
TI  - Regulation of fatty acid degradation in Escherichia coli: fadR superrepressor
      mutants are unable to utilize fatty acids as the sole carbon source.
AB  - Localized mutagenesis of the fadR region of the Escherichia coli chromosome
      resulted in the isolation of two classes of fadR regulatory mutants. The first
      class was constitutive for the fatty acid degradative enzymes and presumably
      defective for fadR function. The second class was rarer and resulted in the
      inability to utilize fatty acids as a sole carbon source (Fad-). These fadR
      superrepressor mutants [fadR(S)] had greatly reduced levels of the beta-oxidative
      enzymes required for growth on fatty acids. The fadR(S) mutants reverted to Fad+
      at a high frequency (10(-5], and the resulting Fad+ revertants were constitutive
      for expression of the fad enzymes (fadR). Merodiploid analysis showed the fadR(S)
      allele to be dominant to both fadR+ and fadR alleles.

PMID- 2895100
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the fimbrial subunit
      protein of Bacteroides gingivalis.
AB  - The gene encoding the fimbrial subunit protein of Bacteroides gingivalis 381,
      fimbrilin, has been cloned and sequenced. The gene was present as a single copy
      on the bacterial chromosome, and the codon usage in the gene conformed closely to
      that expected for an abundant protein. The predicted size of the mature protein
      was 35,924 daltons, and the secretory form may have had a 10-amino-acid,
      hydrophilic leader sequence similar to the leader sequences of the MePhe fimbriae
      family. The protein sequence had no marked similarity to known fimbrial
      sequences, and no homologous sequences could be found in other black-pigmented
      Bacteroides species, suggesting that fimbrillin represents a class of fimbrial
      subunit protein of limited distribution.

PMID- 2895102
TI  - Neisseria meningitidis C114 contains silent, truncated pilin genes that are
      homologous to Neisseria gonorrhoeae pil sequences.
AB  - Neisseria meningitidis pili can be classified into two groups: those (referred to
      here as class I pili) which are similar to gonococcal pili in that they react
      with monoclonal antibody SM1 and those that are dissimilar to gonococcal pili in
      that they lack the SM1-reactive epitope (class II pili). Pilus expression in N.
      meningitidis C114, a class II pilus-producing isolate, was investigated. The sole
      genomic segment of this strain that bore extensive homology with the pilE locus
      of Neisseria gonorrhoeae P9 was cloned in Escherichia coli. The production of the
      pilus structural subunit (pilin) from this meningococcal segment could not be
      detected by immunological and coupled in vitro transcription-translation
      analyses. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence in the C114 genome
      of two variant, tandemly arranged pilin genes (copies 1 and 2). Copies 1 and 2
      are partial pilin genes that constitute part of a silent meningococcal pilin gene
      (pil gene) region, designated pilS. Both copies are truncated, corresponding to
      variable domains of the gonococcal pilE gene but lacking homologous N-terminal
      coding sequences. Located within sequences surrounding copies 1 and 2 were
      several classes of repeated elements that are associated with pil loci in N.
      gonorrhoeae.

PMID- 2895103
TI  - Structure and antigenic properties of the tip-located P pilus proteins of
      uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli frequently expresses pili which bind to Gal
      alpha (1-4)Gal receptors present on the uroepithelium. Binding of these pili is
      mediated by a pilus-associated adhesin, PapG, and not by the major subunit which
      constitutes the bulk of the pilus structure. The adhesin and two pilinlike
      proteins, PapE and PapF, are present in only a few copies each at the pilus tip.
      Surface exposure of both PapF and PapG is required to achieve receptor-specific
      binding. The nucleotide sequences for the genes encoding the tip-associated
      proteins PapE, PapF, and PapG were determined for two E. coli clones expressing P
      pili of serotypes F11 and F7(2) and compared with the corresponding sequences
      established for proteins of F13 pili. Specific antisera were used to study the
      cross-reactivity between the F13 tip proteins and the equivalent proteins in F11
      and F7(2) pili. We present data showing that, like the major pilus subunit, PapE
      varies its structure and antigenic properties among pili of different serotypes.
      In contrast, the PapF protein was highly conserved, and PapF-specific antisera
      raised against serotype F13 cross-reacted with the PapF proteins of both F11 and
      F7(2) serotypes. The PapG adhesin protein from F11 and F7(2) pili differed by
      only five amino acids out of 316 residues. However, the F13 adhesin showed only
      45% amino acid homology with the other two variants.

PMID- 2895104
TI  - A mutation in the alpha-subunit of F1-ATPase from Escherichia coli affects the
      binding of F1 to the membrane.
AB  - The mutation Gly-29----Asp in the alpha-subunit of the F1-ATPase from Escherichia
      coli was characterized and shown to cause the following effects. 1) Oxidative
      phosphorylation was markedly impaired in vivo 2) Membrane ATPase and ATP-driven
      proton-pumping activities were decreased markedly. 3) Membranes were proton
      permeable, and membrane-bound ATPase was dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-insensitive.
      Therefore, it appeared that integration between F1 and F0 was abnormal. This was
      confirmed directly by the demonstration that the mutant F1 bound poorly to
      stripped membranes from a normal strain. Purified, soluble mutant F1 had normal
      ATPase activity. These results suggest that residue Gly-29, which is strongly
      conserved in alpha-subunits of F1-ATPases, lies in a region of the alpha-subunit
      important for membrane binding. Thus, three regions of the F1-alpha-subunit have
      now been recognized, specialized for membrane binding, nucleotide binding, and
      alpha/beta intersubunit signal transmission, respectively. The approximate
      locations of the three regions are described.

PMID- 2895105
TI  - The isolation and purification of a specific "protector" protein which inhibits
      enzyme inactivation by a thiol/Fe(III)/O2 mixed-function oxidation system.
AB  - Mixed-function oxidation systems comprised of Fe3+, O2, and electron donors such
      as thiol compounds, ascorbate, NAD(P)H/NAD(P)H oxidase, and xanthine
      oxidase/hypoxanthine, catalyze the inactivation of many enzymes. This report
      describes the isolation and purification of a soluble protein from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae, which specifically inhibits the inactivation of various enzymes by a
      nonenzymatic Fe3+/O2/thiol mixed-function oxidase system. When thiol is replaced
      with another electron donor (e.g. ascorbate), this specific protein no longer
      protects against iron (or copper)/O2-dependent radical-induced enzyme
      inactivation. Purification steps included a polyethylene glycol precipitation
      followed sequentially by a chromatography on DE52 and high pressure liquid
      chromatography on phenyl, DEAE, and gel-filtrated columns. The final gel
      filtration step yielded two protein peaks exhibiting protector activity and
      possessing a Mr of 500,000 and 90,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of these two fractions gave a single band at 27 kDa suggesting
      that these protein species simply represent different oligomeric structures. The
      protector protein did not possess catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide
      dismutase, or iron chelation activities. Since the protection activity reported
      herein is specific for mixed-function oxidation systems containing thiols, we
      propose that the protector protein functions as a sulfur radical scavenger.

PMID- 2895106
TI  - Directed mutations of the strongly conserved lysine 155 in the catalytic
      nucleotide-binding domain of beta-subunit of F1-ATPase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - The amino acid sequence -Gly-X-X-X-X-Gly-Lys- occurs in many, diverse, nucleotide
      binding proteins, and there is evidence that it forms a flexible loop which
      interacts with one or other of the phosphate groups of bound nucleotide. This
      sequence occurs as -Gly-Gly-Ala-Gly-Val-Gly-Lys- in the beta-subunit of the
      enzyme F1-ATPase, where it is thought to form part of the catalytic nucleotide
      binding domain. Mutants of Escherichia coli were generated in which residue beta
      lysine 155, at the end of the above sequence, was replaced by glutamine or
      glutamate. Properties of the soluble purified F1-ATPase from each mutant were
      studied. The results showed: 1) replacement of lysine 155 by Gln or Glu decreased
      the steady-state rate of ATP hydrolysis by 80 and 66%, respectively. 2)
      Characteristics of ATP hydrolysis at a single site were not markedly changed in
      the mutant enzymes, implying that lysine 155 is not directly involved in bond
      cleavage during ATP hydrolysis or bond formation during ATP synthesis. 3) The
      binding affinity for MgATP was weakened considerably in the mutants (Lys much
      much greater than Gln greater than Glu), whereas the binding affinity for MgADP
      was affected only mildly (Lys = Gln greater than Glu), suggesting that lysine 155
      interacts with the gamma-phosphate of ATP bound at a single high affinity
      catalytic site. 4) The major determinant of inhibition of steady-state ATPase
      turnover rate in the mutant enzymes was an attenuation of positive catalytic
      cooperativity. 5) The data are consistent with the idea that during multisite
      catalysis residue 155 of beta-subunit undergoes conformational movement which
      changes substrate and product binding affinities.

PMID- 2895107
TI  - The zonation of liver and the distribution of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in rat
      liver.
AB  - Livers of starved rats refed for 2 h were perfused in situ by a modification of
      the dual digitonin pulse technique of Quistorff and Grunnet (Quistorff, B., and
      Grunnet, N. (1987) Biochem. J. 243, 87-95). A pulse of digitonin (2 mg/ml) was
      infused first antegrade through the portal vein followed retrograde through the
      vena cava, or in reverse order, 13 mg of digitonin per zone. Microscopic
      examination showed that this procedure permeabilized the periportal and
      perivenous zones of the liver without overlap, with a narrow unaffected band of
      hepatocytes between the zones. The distribution pattern between periportal and
      perivenous zones ratio for alanine transaminase, lactate hydrogenase, fructose
      1,6-bisphosphatase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ranged from 1.5 to 3.
      Glucokinase activity was higher in the perivenous zone (periportal/perivenous
      ratio of 0.7) and glutamine synthetase was exclusively present in that zone.
      Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentration was nearly equal in the two zones.

PMID- 2895108
TI  - Neurogenic vasodilatation produced by fenoldopam in the rat hindquarters vascular
      bed.
AB  - 1 The effects of local administration of the selective DA1-receptor agonist
      fenoldopam into the isolated autoperfused rat hindquarters were studied in order
      to investigate the site of action of fenoldopam in this vascular bed. 2 Bolus
      injections of fenoldopam produced reductions in perfusion pressure in the
      preconstricted, constant flow perfused rat hindquarters vascular bed. 3 The
      vasodilator effect of fenoldopam was abolished by sectioning of the lumbar
      sympathetic nerves and by pretreatment with the ganglion-blocker hexamethonium or
      the alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists phentolamine and prazosin. At the same
      concentration, local infusion of fenoldopam had no effect on vasoconstrictor
      responses to locally administered noradrenaline and phenylephrine. 4 The
      vasodilator effect of fenoldopam was antagonized by the non-selective dopamine
      receptor antagonist RS-sulpiride and by the selective DA1-receptor antagonist SCH
      23390, but not by the selective DA2-receptor antagonist domperidone. 5 These
      results provide no evidence for the presence of postsynaptic DA1-receptors in the
      rat hindquarters vascular bed; they show that fenoldopam induces neurogenic
      vasodilatation in this vascular bed, probably via stimulation of ganglionic DA1
      receptors.

PMID- 2895109
TI  - Preneoplastic rat liver cells in vitro: slow progression without promoters,
      hormones, or growth factors.
AB  - In order to determine early changes in liver cells during carcinogenesis and to
      compare them with normal or neoplastic hepatocytes, an experimental model was
      established which allowed enrichment of this population at early stages of
      carcinogenesis and provided sufficient viable material for biochemical and
      cytogenetic analysis. This paper describes a method that allows in vitro
      selection and propagation of hepatocytes after in vivo initiation by alkylating
      agents, without the use of hormones, growth factors, or promoters which might
      affect their progression. From 6 different rat livers (5 initiated by continuous
      diethylnitrosamine feeding, 1 by a single exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) we
      established slow-growing lines, each of which had its own typical characteristics
      of growth behavior, morphology, and chromosome number. One of these lines (CL 38)
      transformed spontaneously after 8 weeks in primary culture, with an abrupt change
      to typical tumor cell behavior such as focal growth, anchorage independence,
      cloning ability in soft agar, and tumorigenicity in nude mice and newborn rats.
      In none of the other lines (now in culture for 11-15 months) has a similar abrupt
      change yet been observed, but all of them show a steady, albeit slow progression
      towards the properties of neoplastic liver cells, together with a reduction in
      chromosome number.

PMID- 2895110
TI  - Plasma glutamate concentration and lymphocyte activity.
AB  - Elevated glutamate concentrations are commonly observed in tumor patients, and
      glutamate was recently found to competitively inhibit the membrane transport of
      cystine. We therefore investigated the possibility that elevated plasma glutamate
      levels may damage the immune system. The experiments in this report demonstrate a
      link between the individual plasma glutamate level and the individual
      immunological reactivity as measured by mitogenic responses. This correlation has
      been analyzed in 39 colorectal carcinoma patients, 40 oat cell carcinoma
      patients, 24 large cell lung carcinoma patients, and 31 apparently healthy
      persons (blood donors). Blood cells from all three groups of tumor patients in
      comparison with cells from healthy persons produced markedly reduced mitogenic
      responses against PWM, and all three groups of tumor patients had on average
      significantly elevated plasma glutamic acid concentrations. Our analysis revealed
      a linear regression of the logarithm of the individual plasma glutamate levels
      (before therapeutic treatment) on the logarithm of the corresponding mitogenic
      reactivity against PWM for the entire population of 134 persons tested
      (correlation coefficient -0.80; level of significance P less than 0.00001). A
      statistically significant linear correlation with a similar regression equation
      was also observed in the group of the healthy blood donors (n = 31; correlation
      coefficient -0.56; P less than 0.01), indicating that this correlation is
      universal and not dependent on the presence of a tumor. Mitogenically stimulated
      murine lymphocyte cultures revealed an inverse correlation between glutamate
      concentration and cell proliferation in response to the mitogens PHA and PWM.

PMID- 2895113
TI  - Pheochromocytoma: was diagnosis delayed?

PMID- 2895111
TI  - Promoting activity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in rat liver foci bioassay.
AB  - The plasticizer DEHP but not DEHS exerted a weak promoting effect in a 12-week
      rat liver foci bioassay, using weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect
      was similar after doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg body weight, given 3 times weekly by
      gavage for 11 consecutive weeks after initiation with a single oral dose of 8 mg
      DEN/kg body weight. Lower doses were ineffective. The incidence of foci with
      deficiency in ATPase was enhanced about twice compared to rats treated with DEN
      only. The incidence of foci with expression of GGTase was not affected by DEHP
      treatment. The results match the findings with lifetime exposure studies, when
      liver tumors were found in rats and mice. The actual risk for man from
      environmental DEHP contamination seems to be low; the intake from highly
      contaminated food is calculated to be about 400-fold lower than the lowest
      effective dose in this study.

PMID- 2895114
TI  - Analysis of drugs from biological fluids using disposable solid phase columns.
AB  - The traditional liquid-liquid extraction method for the removal of drug from
      biological matrix is being superseded by solid phase extraction. This involves
      the selection of an appropriate sorbent (normal-phase, reversed-phase, ion
      exchange etc.), but once this has been achieved the method is quick and simple to
      operate. Most sample handling losses are avoided so recovery of drug is high and
      it is easily automated. Disposable columns have several advantages. Samples of
      0.05-2.0 ml can be analysed routinely. Several wash stages can be included in a
      method to provide a specific extraction prior to a quick analysis by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), radioimmunoassay, UV etc. A potential
      problem is that retention of the drug may involve more than one mechanism.
      Elution of drug may therefore require a stronger eluting solvent than analytical
      HPLC systems using the same stationary phase.

PMID- 2895112
TI  - Dietary effects on initiation and promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in rat.
AB  - Female F344/N rats were initiated with DEN (10 mg/kg) 24 h after a 70% partial
      hepatectomy. Groups of 10 rats were fed (a) AIN, group-1; (b) PD, group-2; or (c)
      NIH, group-3, for 1 week after initiation and were then fed NIH plus the
      promoting agent PB at a level of 0.05% in the diets for 6 months. Other groups
      were fed NIH for 1 week after initiation and then NIH without PB (group-4), AIN +
      PB (group-5), AIN without PB (group-6), PD + PB (group-7), or PD without PB
      (group-8) for 6 months. The numbers and volume percentages of AHF were quantified
      by stereologic methods from frozen serial sections, stained consecutively for
      GGT, ATPase, and G6Pase. For the groups fed different diets during the 1st week
      after initiation, the numbers and volume of AHF were significantly greater in
      group-2 than in groups 1 or 3. The numbers of AHF were significantly less in
      group-3 than in group-1. The numbers and volume of AHF were significantly greater
      in groups fed PB during the promotion phase, except in the case of group-7, whose
      focal volume did not differ from groups 6 or 8. Group-3 had significantly greater
      numbers of AHF than groups 5 and 7. These findings can be explained by the
      hypothesis that the NIH diet contained factors that acted synergistically with PB
      to enhance tumor promotion. The mean focal volume of both GGT positive and ATPase
      negative foci was significantly greater in group-5 than in all other groups; this
      indicates that the AIN + PB regimen selectively promoted the growth of a
      subpopulation of AHF. These findings show that alterations in the composition of
      diets fed during hepatocarcinogenesis significantly alter the effects of specific
      chemical agents acting during the stages of initiation and promotion in
      hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2895115
TI  - Direct determination of the enantiomeric purity of (5S)-3-isopropyl-5-p
      toluenesulphonyloxymethyloxazolidin-2-one on a cellulose-based chiral stationary
      phase. In-process control of a chiral intermediate used in the synthesis of
      enantiomerically pure beta-blocking agents.

PMID- 2895116
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of a new H2 blocker (ORF 17
      910) in plasma.

PMID- 2895117
TI  - Combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-radioimmunoassay method for the
      analysis of endorphins, enkephalins and other neurotransmitter peptides.
AB  - Assays for beta-endorphin (BE) and its precursors such as beta-lipotropin (LPH)
      in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and some tissues have been difficult because
      of their low concentrations in limited sample volumes, the non-specificity of
      most antisera. These problems are compounded by the lack of suitable separation
      methods. Similar problems exist for the enkephalins, tachykinins and dynorphins,
      among others. This study reports a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)
      separation method in which BE and LPH are well separated from each other and
      which also separates other neuropeptides of interest. The method uses volatile
      solvents which do not interfere with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Thus by combining
      HPLC with RIA the method offers, for the first time, a specific assay method for
      the endorphin, enkephalin and dynorphin families of peptides which does not
      suffer from the uncertainties in RIA due to cross-reactivities of antisera.
      Peptide concentrations obtained from the CSF of a small group of chronic pain
      patients are also presented.

PMID- 2895118
TI  - The effect of selective dopamine-1 receptor stimulation on renal and adrenal
      function in man.
AB  - We studied the actions of iv fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 (DA-1) receptor
      agonist, in 10 normal men eating a diet containing 150 meq sodium and 60 meq
      potassium per day. During DA-1 receptor stimulation systemic hemodynamic function
      did not change. Fenoldopam resulted in an increase in urine flow rate from 13 +/-
      1 (+/- SE) to a peak of 17 +/- 2 mL/min (P less than 0.05) and an increase in
      renal plasma flow from 344 +/- 39 to 481 +/- 44 mL/min (P less than 0.05).
      Urinary sodium excretion and fractional excretion of sodium both increased.
      Urinary sodium excretion rose to a maximum of 0.32 +/- 0.05 compared with a
      control value of 0.21 +/- 0.03 meq/min (P less than 0.01), while fractional
      excretion of sodium rose to 2.7 +/- 0.6 compared with a control value of 1.6 +/-
      0.1% (P less than 0.05). The glomerular filtration rate did not change.
      Administration of a predominantly DA-2 antagonist during continuous DA-1 receptor
      stimulation did not block the fenoldopam-induced natriuresis. The rise in plasma
      aldosterone concentration after metoclopramide administration was blunted by DA-1
      receptor activation [19.2 +/- 2.9 during control compared with 12.7 +/- 1.3 ng/dL
      (P less than 0.01) during fenoldopam]. No change occurred in serum potassium,
      plasma cortisol, or PRA. We conclude that selective DA-1 receptor stimulation in
      man produces sustained natriuresis and inhibition of aldosterone release by
      direct renal and adrenal effects.

PMID- 2895119
TI  - Long term treatment with the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 in a patient with a
      thyrotropin- and growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma.
AB  - A patient with a mixed pituitary tumor secreting TSH and GH was treated, starting
      3 months after partial adenomectomy, with the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 for
      8 months. Somatostatin itself inhibited TSH, GH, and alpha-subunit release by the
      tumor both in vivo and in vitro. Long term treatment with twice daily sc
      injections of SMS 201-995 resulted in decreased TSH secretion and lower serum
      thyroid hormone levels. However, euthyroidism was achieved only when the patient
      was treated with three daily 200-micrograms injections of SMS 201-995. After 30
      weeks of SMS 201-995 therapy, TSH secretion increased, while GH secretion
      remained suppressed. After withdrawal for 6 months, SMS 201-995 (100 micrograms,
      sc, twice daily) again completely inhibited TSH secretion. SMS 201-995 did not
      alter the volume of the residual adenomatous tissue. We conclude that SMS 201-995
      may be a valuable therapeutic agent for the management of patients with a
      thyrotroph adenoma. However, desensitization may occur during long term
      treatment.

PMID- 2895120
TI  - Neonatal thyroid disease: differential expression in three successive offspring.
AB  - Neonatal thyroid disease, manifested as either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism,
      has been described in the offspring of women with autoimmune thyroid disorders.
      We report clinical and laboratory observations in a mother with autoimmune
      thyroiditis who gave birth to three children with different forms of thyroid
      dysfunction. The first child was clinically normal, the second child had
      transient neonatal hyperthyroidism, and the third child had neonatal
      hypothyroidism. After the birth of the second child, the mother was found to be
      biochemically hypothyroid. Long-acting thyroid stimulator and antithyroid
      microsomal antibodies were detected in her serum. She was treated with L-T4 (0.15
      mg/day). After the birth of her third child, the mother was found to have thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulins and TSH-blocking inhibitory immunoglobulins in her
      serum. The latter also were detected in the third newborn. Six weeks later, TSH
      blocking inhibitory immunoglobulins were not detected in the child, but they
      persisted in the mother. This report further expands the spectrum of neonatal
      thyroid disease and suggests that differing disease syndromes in the newborn can
      occur depending on whether stimulating or blocking antibodies predominate in the
      mother.

PMID- 2895121
TI  - Neural control of ovulation.
AB  - Pituitary gonadotrophin function is controlled to a great extent by the central
      nervous system and by the feedback action (positive and negative) of sex
      steroids. Neural structures involved in this mechanism may be divided into two
      levels. The first level is represented by the nervous structures releasing
      gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a pulsatile manner into the portal
      circulation. The gene encoding the precursor protein for GnRH has been described
      recently. The precursor protein appears to be composed of 92 amino acids, in
      which the GnRH decapeptide is preceded by a signal peptide and followed by a
      peptide termed GAP for GnRH-associated peptide. The GnRH-synthesizing neurones
      and the nervous structures synchronizing the GnRH discharge (pulse generator) in
      the monkey, and probably also in the human, reside in the medial basal
      hypothalamus, which appears to have a highly integrated structure. The GnRH pulse
      generator is influenced by nervous structures outside the medial basal
      hypothalamus (second level of control) as well as by ovarian and other hormones.
      These influences probably impinge directly or indirectly on the hypothalamic
      oscillator. Concerning the chemical nature of the substances mediating the
      action, a large number of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been reported
      to influence GnRH secretion.

PMID- 2895122
TI  - Exocytosis in normal anterior pituitary cells. Quantitative correlation between
      growth hormone release and the morphological features of exocytosis.
AB  - We have used high-pressure freezing techniques to study exocytosis in rat
      anterior pituitary cells. The cells were either unstimulated or exposed to 1 nM
      growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) for 10 min before ultrarapid freezing. The
      magnitude of growth hormone (GH) release was then correlated with the number of
      exocytotic events observed with freeze-fracture electron microscopy. High
      pressure freezing of unfixed and uncryoprotected specimens permits cryofixation
      of samples up to 1 mm diam (0.5 mm thick) without ice crystal damage, and arrests
      exocytotic events within 10 ms. Our studies comparing conventionally fixed
      specimens with those prepared by high-pressure freezing confirm that areas of
      intramembrane particle clearing at potential exocytotic sites are an artifact of
      conventional fixation and/or cryoprotection techniques. The cells exposed to 1 nM
      GRF released approximately fivefold more GH than did unstimulated cells.
      Morphologically, we have observed a 3.3-fold increase in the number of exocytotic
      events in GRF-stimulated cells, 33.7 events/100 micron2 compared with 10.4
      events/100 micron2 for unstimulated cells. In additional experiments, we studied
      the effects of two inhibitors of GRF-induced exocytosis, somatostatin and sodium
      isethionate. Both compounds elicit the same response, a parallel decrease in
      exocytotic events and in secreted product. We conclude that high-pressure
      freezing, combined with freeze-fracture and freeze-substitution processing
      techniques, is an excellent tool for studying the morphological aspects of
      exocytosis. In the present investigation, it has allowed us to quantitatively
      relate the biochemistry and morphology of exocytosis in anterior pituitary cells.

PMID- 2895124
TI  - The antibacterial effect of toothpastes on the salivary flora.
AB  - Both past and presently available toothpastes contain potential antimicrobial
      agents which could have a beneficial effect in the prevention of plaque and
      gingivitis. If these preparations were to be effective clinically, some effect on
      salivary bacteria would also be expected. This cross-over study measured salivary
      bacterial counts and the presence or absence of residual antibacterial activity
      in saliva following tooth brushing with 7 commercially available toothpastes, and
      moreover, compared their effect with that produced by a chlorhexidine gel.
      Generally, all toothpaste products produced a reduction in aerobic, anaerobic and
      streptococcal counts with a hexetidine containing toothpaste producing the
      largest and longest lasting reduction. In contrast, an enzyme containing
      toothpaste and an amine fluoride toothpaste, had little effect on bacterial
      counts. The chlorhexidine gel produced the largest reduction in salivary counts,
      which was evident for at least 5 h following brushing. Residual antibacterial
      activity in saliva was only evident immediately following brushing with the
      hexetidine toothpaste, but for the chlorhexidine gel, was present up to 90 min
      following brushing. The findings of this study have illustrated the limited
      antibacterial activity of presently available toothpastes on the salivary flora
      compared to chlorhexidine, and as such, would tend to question the relative
      benefit of toothpaste in preventing periodontal disease through an antimicrobial
      effect.

PMID- 2895126
TI  - Prediction of response to antipsychotics.
AB  - This review surveys the literature in the area of predictors of response to
      antipsychotic drugs. Four general categories are presented and discussed:
      diagnosis as a predictor, clinical predictors, biological predictors, and
      pharmacological predictors. No single consistent predictor of response could be
      discerned; it appears that a variety of factors affect outcome and that several
      variables must be considered simultaneously. Based on the findings of this
      review, suggestions for improvements in clinical research design are made.

PMID- 2895123
TI  - Genetic linkage of two intragenic restriction fragment length polymorphisms with
      von Willebrand's disease type IIA. Evidence for a defect in the von Willebrand
      factor gene.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), using the enzymes Bgl II and
      Xba I in conjunction with human von Willebrand factor (vWF) cDNA probes, have
      been described previously. In the present study we demonstrate the localization
      of both genetic markers within the vWF gene. The RFLPs were used to study the
      segregation of alleles associated with von Willebrand's disease (vWD) type IIA in
      a comprehensive, affected family. Individuals of this family were tested for
      their bleeding time and their plasma was analyzed for vWF antigen concentration
      and vWF ristocetin-cofactor activity. Based on these data, the affected members
      were diagnosed as vWD type-IIA patients; this conclusion was confirmed by the
      analysis of the multimeric vWF pattern of some of the patients. It was
      demonstrated that both RFLPs are completely linked with the vWD type-IIA trait.
      From this finding, we conclude that the defect that causes the vWD type IIA is
      most likely due to a mutation in the vWF gene and not to a mutation in a gene
      involved in posttranslational processing of the vWF protein.

PMID- 2895125
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral nizatidine.
AB  - Nizatidine was studied in six high-acid-secretor (basal secretion, greater than
      or equal to 5 mEq/hr) male volunteers in a randomized, double-blind, nonbalanced,
      cross-over, placebo and standard drug-controlled study. Doses of 75 mg, 150 mg,
      and 300 mg bid were compared with placebo and cimetidine 300 mg qid. Nocturnal
      acid output was significantly reduced (P less than .01) by all doses of
      nizatidine (36 +/- 22, 36 +/- 31, and 26 +/- 20 mEq) with 75 mg, 150 mg and 300
      mg, respectively, and also by cimetidine (43 +/- 39 mEq) as compared with placebo
      (101 +/- 61 mEq). Nizatidine also significantly reduced meal-stimulated acid
      secretion at breakfast (14 +/- 9, 9 +/- 7, and 5 +/- 6 mEq/2 hours with 75 mg,
      150 mg, and 300 mg, respectively, P less than .01), at lunch (50 +/- 22, 57 +/-
      22 and 50 +/- 35 mEq/2 hours, P less than .05) but did not have any effect at
      dinner (65 +/- 16, 78 +/- 24, and 71 +/- 17 mEq/2 hours) whereas cimetidine,
      given every 6 hours, significantly (P less than .01) reduced meal-stimulated acid
      secretion (25 +/- 16, 27 +/- 20 and 31 +/- 15 mEq/2 hours, breakfast, lunch, and
      dinner, respectively) as compared with placebo (81 +/- 30, 76 +/- 25, and 66 +/-
      16 mEq/2 hours, breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively). Both drugs have a
      similar pharmacokinetic profile. Nizatidine seems to be a promising H2
      antagonist, more potent than cimetidine (on an mg/mg basis), and efficacy studies
      on gastric acid disorders should be performed.

PMID- 2895128
TI  - Experimental selection for insecticide resistance.

PMID- 2895127
TI  - Pilot study of alpidem, a new nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, in the treatment of
      generalized anxiety disorder.

PMID- 2895129
TI  - Balance among autonomic controls of heart rate in neonatal spontaneously
      hypertensive and borderline hypertensive rats.
AB  - The ontogeny of functional sympathetic neural, adrenal medullary, and extra
      adrenal components of adrenergic control of heart rate was compared in neonatal
      Spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Borderline hypertensive
      (BHR) rats using combined sequential pharmacological blockade and surgical
      intervention. Baseline heart rate recorded from awake and unrestrained pups was
      lower in BHR than in WKY or SHR at 5 days of age. Tonic sympathetic neural
      control of heart rate was inferred from bradycardia after treatment with the
      adrenergic neuron-blocking agent, bretylium tosylate. Bradycardia after bretylium
      treatment was observed at 2, 5 and 8 days of age in all strains, suggesting tonic
      sympathetic neural control of heart rate during the first postnatal week.
      Parasympathetic control of heart rate was inferred from heart rate increase after
      treatment with the muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine methyl nitrate, in pups
      pretreated with bretylium. Tachycardia following atropine methyl nitrate was
      substantial in all 24-day-old pups. Control of heart rate by neurally mediated
      release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla was inferred from bradycardia
      following administration of the ganglionic blocking agent, hexamethonium, to pups
      pretreated with bretylium and atropine methyl nitrate. Heart rate decreases after
      hexamethonium were found in 2-day-old WKY and BHR pups, and at 5 and 8 days in
      all strains. Adrenalectomy was performed in additional animals to confirm the
      adrenal catecholamine influence on heart rate. The influence of residual
      circulating catecholamines on neonatal heart rate was inferred from bradycardia
      following administration of the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent,
      atenolol, in pups pretreated with bretylium, methylatropine, and hexamethonium.
      Bradycardia was observed in pups of each strain and at all ages after atenolol
      treatment. Strain differences in autonomic controls of heart rate were most
      pronounced at 24 days of age. At 24 days of age both SHR and BHR pups showed
      increased adrenal catecholamine and parasympathetic influences on heart rate
      compared to WKY. Thus, prior to weaning, rats differing in their genetic
      predisposition to hypertension showed a unique pattern of autonomic control over
      heart rate which may be related to adult cardiovascular regulation.

PMID- 2895130
TI  - Inhibitory effects of atropine and adrenergic antagonists on the changes in
      autonomic receptors and cyclic nucleotides of rat parotid and submandibular
      glands caused by sympathetic nerve stimulation.
AB  - The changes in cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration and density of beta-adrenoceptors
      caused by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to parotid and
      submandibular glands of rat did not occur when the alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      antagonists, phentolamine, and propranolol were administered 20 min prior to
      initiation of stimulation. They also did not occur when phentolamine, the beta
      adrenergic antagonist, was administered alone prior to nerve stimulation,
      indicating that beta-adrenoceptors mediate these effects. Simultaneous
      administration of the alpha- and beta-antagonists also prevented the changes in
      densities of muscarinic receptors and cGMP concentrations usually induced by
      sympathetic nerve stimulation. Also, the changes in muscarinic receptors and cGMP
      did not occur when atropine was administered prior to nerve stimulation, nor did
      they occur with simultaneous administration of atropine, phentolamine +
      propranolol; with phentolamine alone, or propranolol alone, the effects were
      blocked to a large extent. Secretion was inhibited completely when both
      adrenergic antagonists were present during nerve stimulation, but flow rate was
      unchanged when atropine was present. The changes in both beta-adrenoceptors and
      muscarinic receptors reflect a desensitization caused by prolonged exposure to
      neurotransmitters released when the sympathetic nerve is stimulated. The changes
      are prevented when either atropine or adrenergic antagonists are present during
      nerve stimulation.

PMID- 2895131
TI  - The actions of myelinated and non-myelinated vagal fibres on atrial contraction
      in the rabbit.
AB  - The bradycardia and reduction in atrial contraction on electrical stimulation of
      the peripheral cut end of the vagus nerve in the cat have been attributed solely
      to the action of myelinated fibres. In the rabbit however, recruitment of non
      myelinated fibres produces an additional prolonged bradycardia. The objective of
      this investigation was to examine the relative contributions of myelinated and
      non-myelinated fibres to the vagal action on atrial contraction in the rabbit. In
      5 rabbits stimulation of myelinated fibres at 10 Hz for 20 s reduced developed
      atrial tension of the paced heart by 17.1 +/- 2.6%. After stimulation, atrial
      tension returned rapidly to the control value in 6.5 +/- 0.5 s. Recruitment of
      non-myelinated fibres resulted in a reduction in developed atrial tension of 29.1
      +/- 2.8%. This larger fall in atrial tension outlasted the period of stimulation
      by 34.1 +/- 4.8 s. Hexamethonium blocked the reduction in atrial contraction due
      to myelinated fibres but not that due to non-myelinated fibres. Atropine
      abolished all effects of vagal stimulation on atrial contraction. We conclude
      that the recruitment of non-myelinated fibres produces an additional prolonged
      reduction in atrial contraction which is resistant to hexamethonium but blocked
      by atropine.

PMID- 2895132
TI  - Ischemic injury of the hand from intra-arterial propylhexedrine injection.
AB  - A number of adverse consequences can result in the upper limb from parenteral
      drug abuse. Propylhexedrine, a drug similar to amphetamine, is easily obtained
      and causes severe injury to the limb when injected intra-arterially. This report
      describes an inadvertent case of intra-arterial propylhexedrine injection into
      the radial artery, the natural course of which resulted in digital amputations.
      The cause and diagnosis of this injury is discussed, and a protocol for treatment
      is presented.

PMID- 2895133
TI  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: report of an outbreak in a London
      teaching hospital.
AB  - An outbreak with a strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus began in
      The London Hospital in 1982 and continues to be associated with significant
      morbidity and mortality. This particular strain, termed epidemic methicillin
      resistant S. aureus, is recognized by its characteristic antibiogram, phage-type
      and plasmid profile. In this outbreak various means of control have been
      attempted. Sideroom isolation did not curtail spread of the organism and
      containment was only achieved with the combination of extended screening,
      mupirocin for treatment of carriage and the use of an isolation ward.

PMID- 2895134
TI  - Measuring the saving attributable to an antibiotic prescribing policy.
AB  - An analytical framework is suggested for the economic evaluation of policies to
      improve the management of hospital infection. Consideration of the costs and
      benefits to be expected from improved policies implies the existence of an
      optimal infection rate which is higher than the minimum attainable. It follows
      that hospitals can and probably do spend too much on infection control in, at
      least, some areas. This optimal approach is not operational at present but its
      data requirements might be thought of as an agenda for future research. In the
      meantime, progress in infection control economics depends on a piecemeal
      approach. An example is given in the estimation of the cost savings attributable
      to an improved antibiotic prescribing policy at the Royal Liverpool Hospital.

PMID- 2895135
TI  - Observations on multiple drug resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci
      isolated in hospitals from 1975 to 1985.
AB  - Drug resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated in hospitals
      since 1975 was analysed using routine laboratory data registered on a
      microcomputer. Resistance increased substantially in CNS during the years,
      especially in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, of which more than 50% were
      multiply drug resistant by 1985. Among the methicillin-resistant CNS strains,
      resistance to gentamicin rose from 0% in 1975 to 76% in 1985. Co-resistance to
      kanamycin, gentamicin, and in some cases netilmicin seemed to replace co
      resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin in S. epidermidis. Gentamicin and
      netilmicin usage in hospital increased tenfold from 1976 to 1985.

PMID- 2895137
TI  - Contamination of detergent cleaning solutions during hospital cleaning.
AB  - Twenty-two detergent cleaning solutions from different ward areas were sampled
      for bacteria when freshly prepared, during use and at discard. Contamination,
      mainly by Gram-negative bacilli, was found in 10 freshly prepared solutions and
      in 21 of the 22 at discard. Preliminary studies showed that the detergent
      solution was bactericidal to Staphylococcus aureus but allowed the survival but
      not multiplication of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2895136
TI  - Epidemiology of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in species of staphylococci
      in a general hospital.
AB  - During a 1-year period resistance to macrolides and lincosamides among
      staphylococci in a general hospital was studied. The macrolide-lincosamide
      resistance phenotype was found in 36.7% of coagulase-negative and in 3.7% of
      coagulase-positive species. Isolates showing this phenotype were more abundant
      from indwelling artificial devices, blood, respiratory tract and sterile fluids.
      The surgery and intensive care units of the hospital provided the highest
      proportion of such strains. Methicillin resistance was present in 13.9% of the
      staphylococci but no relationship between methicillin and macrolide-lincosamide
      resistance was observed.

PMID- 2895138
TI  - Hospital-acquired infections among obstetric and gynaecological patients at Tikur
      Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa.
AB  - Seven hundred patients admitted to the wards of the Department of
      Obstetrics/Gynaecology of Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, between January
      and July 1984 were studied for the incidence of nosocomial infections. The
      overall hospital infection rate was 17.0%, with wound infection at 47% followed
      by urinary-tract infection at 15%. Over 80% of the bacterial isolates were Gram
      negative bacteria, the majority of which were multiply resistant to the commonly
      used antibacterial drugs. Some hospital risk factors have been identified. The
      findings are discussed in the light of reports on nosocomial infections from
      hospitals of developed countries.

PMID- 2895139
TI  - Comparison of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate disinfectants:
      neutralization by serum.
AB  - A comparison has been made of the activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of
      sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) solutions
      containing 0-40% and 0-70% horse serum respectively. The degree of inactivation
      of NaOCl and of NaDCC solutions by different concentrations of horse serum is
      expressed in terms of a neutralization coefficient, which demonstrates that NaDCC
      solutions are less prone to inactivation by serum than are NaOCl solutions, the
      disparity diverging as serum concentration is increased. In 30% serum an NaDCC
      solution containing 4000 ppm of available chlorine exhibited similar bactericidal
      activity to an NaOCl solution containing 17,000 ppm available chlorine.

PMID- 2895140
TI  - Antimicrobial properties of antiseptic-impregnated biological dressings.
AB  - Three antiseptics--chlorhexidine acetate, silver nitrate and povidone-iodine-
      were incorporated into biological dressings (human skin and amnio-chorion) and
      evaluated in vitro against disparate micro-organisms. Results indicated that
      antimicrobial levels of chlorhexidine and silver were released from the dressings
      over a clinically relevant time period, whereas povidone-iodine was ineffective.
      Chlorhexidine dressings demonstrated broad-spectrum activity, whereas silver
      dressings were most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 2895141
TI  - Isolation of organisms in CAPD peritonitis: use of nutrient broth cultures and
      Bactec blood culture media.
AB  - Cultures of the first cloudy dialysates from 51 consecutive episodes of
      peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis were
      carried out using concentrated nutrient broth and Bactec blood culture media in
      addition to primary culture on solid media. Thirty-seven episodes (73%) were
      positive on solid media, and 42 episodes (82%) were positive by both nutrient
      broth and Bactec methods. The value of Gram-stained smears and WBC counts on
      dialysates is discussed.

PMID- 2895142
TI  - Perforations in surgeons' gloves.
AB  - The frequency of unused surgeons' gloves with perforations was investigated by
      using a watertightness test. Lot-to-lot variations and inter-lot variation were
      found. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to ensure that the quality of
      the lot is in accordance with the stated Acceptable Quality Level.

PMID- 2895143
TI  - Salmonellosis in a psychogeriatric ward: problems of infection control.

PMID- 2895144
TI  - An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection in a neonatal intensive care unit.

PMID- 2895145
TI  - Postoperative skin-flap decongestion, leeches and Aeromonas hydrophila.

PMID- 2895146
TI  - Mycobacterial cross-contamination of bronchoscopy specimens.

PMID- 2895147
TI  - Household bleaches and HIV.

PMID- 2895148
TI  - The economics of sepsis control.

PMID- 2895149
TI  - Identification of a CD2- CD3+ T cell receptor-gamma+ peripheral blood lymphocyte
      subpopulation.
AB  - We have identified, in a healthy individual, a sub-population of human peripheral
      lymphocytes which surface express a CD3-TCR-gamma complex recognized by anti-Ti
      gamma A mAb, while being unreactive with a phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CD2
      antibody with T11/1 specificity. Further immunofluorescence analyses performed on
      uncultured cells indicated that such a putative CD2-CD3+ phenotype was restricted
      to a fraction of those T lymphocytes which carry a surface receptor of the
      "second family" (gamma/delta). The actual lack of CD2 expression was confirmed by
      a subsequent series of cloning experiments which showed that none of the three
      well characterized CD2 epitopic clusters, namely T11/1, T11/2, and T11/3, were
      detectable on the surface of the relevant cells. The cultured CD2-, CD3+/TCR
      gamma + lymphocytes were found to display, as well as their CD2+ counterparts,
      both non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic function and proliferative responses induced
      via the gamma receptor complex. In contrast, the proliferative capacity of the
      CD2-, CD3+/TCR-gamma + cells observed in a culture system designed for in vitro
      expansion of lymphocytes with undefined specificity was extremely limited. This
      may relate to an impaired interaction of the CD2- cloned lymphocytes with
      lymphocyte function-associated (LFA)3+ irradiated cells present in the feeder
      layer. Further characterization of such minor CD2- T lymphocytes subsets may help
      to better understand the biologic relevance of the CD2/LFA3 pathway of cell-cell
      interaction.

PMID- 2895150
TI  - 2H1--a novel antigen involved in T lymphocyte triggering.
AB  - A mAb anti-2H1, was produced against PHA-activated T cells from a lower primate,
      Aotus trivirgatus. Anti-2H1 reacted with 90% of peripheral T cells but was found
      to react with only 10% of thymocytes and some, but not all, leukemic T cell
      lines. 2H1 expression was dramatically increased when thymic cells were activated
      by Con A plus PMA. In contrast, anti-2H1 did not react with B cells, macrophages,
      null cells, or hematopoietic stem cell lines. More importantly, anti-2H1 antibody
      can induce T cell activation and proliferation in synergy with PMA or anti
      T11(3). SDS-PAGE analysis of polypeptides immunoprecipitated with anti-2H1 showed
      two major polypeptides of 140 and 105 kDa. Thus, the 2H1 Ag can be distinguished
      from T3, T11, and 9.3 Ag. These results indicate that the 2H1 Ag appears to be
      involved in the activation of T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2895151
TI  - Aerobactin-mediated uptake of iron by strains of Escherichia coli causing acute
      pyelonephritis and bacteraemia.
AB  - A total of 285 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from children and women with
      acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis and from patients with bacteraemia as well
      as 120 faecal strains of E. coli from healthy children and adults were examined
      for aerobactin-mediated uptake of iron. The incidence of aerobactin-positive
      strains was significantly more in isolates from children with acute
      pyelonephritis (81%) than in faecal isolates from healthy children (50%, P less
      than 0.01). It was also higher in isolates of E. coli from women with acute
      pyelonephritis (72%) compared with faecal isolates from healthy adults (42%, P
      less than 0.001). Of the E. coli strains causing bacteraemia, 55% were aerobactin
      positive. A significant correlation was found between the presence of aerobactin
      and expression of P-fimbriae in strains of E. coli isolated from children with
      acute pyelonephritis (P less than 0.01) and in isolates from bacteraemic patients
      (P less than 0.001). These results indicate that the presence of an aerobactin
      mediated system of iron uptake may be an important virulence factor in strains of
      E. coli that cause ascending pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2895152
TI  - Localization and in vivo activity of epidermal transglutaminase.
AB  - The plasma membrane-associated transglutaminase is responsible for the formation
      of a cornified envelope during terminal differentiation of epidermal
      keratinocytes. We have studied the epidermal distribution of this enzyme
      ("epidermal transglutaminase") and its activity by fluorescence microscopy in
      histological sections of normal human skin and human skin grafted onto nude mice.
      Three different techniques were employed: (i) incubation of skin sections with a
      monoclonal antibody raised against a purified preparation of the enzyme; (ii)
      incubation of skin sections with dansylcadaverine, a fluorescent substrate of the
      enzyme, in the presence of Ca++ ions; and (iii) subcutaneous injection of
      dansylcadaverine into mice, at least 2 months after grafting. The first technique
      is supposed to detect all enzyme molecules carrying the epitope that is
      recognized by the antibody, even when the enzyme is catalytically not active; the
      second should decorate all sites in which membrane-bound transglutaminase
      activity is located, and the third detects only sites in which transglutaminase
      is active in vivo. With the first two techniques a broad band of plasma membrane
      associated fluorescence, reaching from the middle of the spinous layer to the
      stratum corneum, was detected in both normal and grafted skin. In vivo enzyme
      activity, however, was found to be restricted to one, or at most two, cell layers
      at the interface of the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum and to coincide
      with the layer in which the antigenicity of involucrin, a natural substrate of
      epidermal transglutaminase, disappeared.

PMID- 2895153
TI  - Gamma glutamyl peptidase: a novel enzyme from hairless mouse epidermis.
AB  - Recent literature has suggested that pyroglutamate (PCA) formation in stratum
      corneum occurs by spontaneous cyclization of glutamine residues derived from
      filaggrin breakdown. This paper describes an enzymatic alternative. Epidermal
      homogenates from hairless mice were found to catalyze the formation of PCA from
      both glutamine and glutamic acid at pH 6.2. Enzyme activity responsible for the
      first step in this reaction, gamma-glutamyl peptide formation, was partially
      purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange, gel
      filtration, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Enzyme preparations free of gamma
      glutamyl cyclotransferase activity (which forms PCA from certain gamma-glutamyl
      peptides) catalyzed formation of gamma-glutamyl-glutamine from glutamine and
      gamma-glutamyl-glutamate from glutamic acid. Enzyme preparations catalyzed
      hydrolysis of a variety of gamma-glutamyl peptides but did not split non-gamma
      glutamyl peptides or the transpeptidase substrate gamma-glutamyl-rho
      nitroanilide. Ammonium sulfate fractions containing both gamma-glutamyl peptidase
      and gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity catalyzed linear formation of PCA
      from glutamic acid for periods of up to 19 h. Using gamma-glutamyl-leucine as a
      substrate, gamma-glutamyl peptidase activity was found to be much higher in crude
      extracts from epidermis than in preparations from liver, kidney, spleen,
      intestine, lung, brain, or heart. This activity has not, to our knowledge, been
      previously described in mammalian tissues.

PMID- 2895154
TI  - Modulating the beta-receptor in congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2895156
TI  - Psychopharmacologic treatment: a note on classroom effects.

PMID- 2895155
TI  - Neurohumoral profile in congestive heart failure: response to beta-blockade.
AB  - Beta-blockade has been reported to have beneficial hemodynamic effects in chronic
      congestive heart failure that may be related to alterations in the abnormal
      neurohumoral profile characteristic of this population. To determine the
      relationship of the neurohumoral profile to the hemodynamic response to beta
      blockade in patients with chronic congestive heart failure, neurohumoral and
      hemodynamic variables were measured in 10 subjects having congestive
      cardiomyopathy at baseline and after administration of the beta-blocker pindolol.
      Baseline stroke index was noted to have an inverse curvilinear relation with
      plasma norepinephrine (r = -0.69) and renin (r = -0.71) concentration. Pulmonary
      vascular resistance demonstrated a direct logarithmic relation with plasma
      norepinephrine concentration (r = 0.68). Increases in norepinephrine, dopamine,
      and epinephrine concentrations after dosing were noted, with the most marked
      increase in norepinephrine concentration being coincident with a significant
      decline in stroke volume index. Two patients not tolerating beta-blockade were
      characterized by having baseline norepinephrine concentrations 3 SD higher than
      those of the remaining patients, more marked increases in epinephrine
      concentration after dosing, and the most profoundly decompensated heart failure
      at baseline, as defined by the relationship between neurohumoral and hemodynamic
      variables. These observations suggest that increases in catecholamines after
      dosing reflect a compensatory response to the adverse hemodynamic-inotropic
      effects of beta-blockade in congestive heart failure. The neurohumoral profile
      and the relationship of neuroendocrine to hemodynamic parameters may be useful in
      delineating patients at risk for adverse hemodynamic effects of beta-blockade.

PMID- 2895157
TI  - Endocrine manipulation of animal growth.

PMID- 2895158
TI  - Effects of passive immunization with antisomatostatin serum on plasma
      corticosterone concentrations in young domestic cockerels.
AB  - Young cockerels (6-8 weeks old) were injected with serum from sheep immunized
      against somatostatin-14 (anti-SRIF) or normal sheep serum (NSS). Blood samples
      were withdrawn periodically for the determination of plasma corticosterone
      concentration by radioimmunoassay. With frequent (every 10 min) sampling, NSS
      treated control animals exhibited increased plasma corticosterone levels,
      presumably as a stress response to the experimental manipulation. Anti-SRIF
      stimulated a much greater increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and a
      peak response was observed within 10 to 20 min, when the plasma corticosterone
      level reached more than twice that of the corresponding control value. With less
      frequent sampling, plasma corticosterone increased with anti-SRIF administration
      to as much as nine times the corresponding control value, and the peak response
      occurred much later. Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, which itself increased
      basal corticosterone concentrations, anti-SRIF treatment promoted further
      increases in plasma corticosterone levels although to a smaller magnitude
      compared with conscious birds. The results suggest that endogenous somatostatin
      may play a role in the regulation of adrenocortical function in the domestic
      fowl. The mechanism of response may involve a central component.

PMID- 2895159
TI  - Calcitonin inhibition of prolactin secretion in isolated rat pituitary cells.
AB  - Salmon calcitonin inhibited TRH-stimulated release of prolactin in isolated
      pituitary cells from untreated female rats. These cells were still capable of
      responding to the fresh addition of TRH after the removal of calcitonin.
      Calcitonin gene-related peptide had only a weak effect in inhibiting prolactin
      release in these cells. Pituitary cells isolated from female rats which had been
      treated with weekly s.c. injections of 1 mg oestradiol dipropionate for 4 weeks,
      exhibited a marked increase in the magnitude of the inhibition of prolactin
      release by salmon calcitonin. Both basal and TRH-stimulated release of prolactin
      were inhibited by concentrations of 0.1 nmol salmon calcitonin/l or higher.
      Prolactin release from these cells was also inhibited at somewhat higher
      concentrations by calcitonin gene-related peptide. Our results demonstrate that
      calcitonin can directly inhibit basal as well as TRH-stimulated prolactin release
      by acting directly at the pituitary. The results strongly suggest that the
      peptide may be involved in the regulation of prolactin release in certain
      physiological conditions.

PMID- 2895160
TI  - Comparison of peptide release from fetal rat hypothalamic neurones cultured in
      defined media and serum-containing media.
AB  - Primary cultures of rat hypothalamic neurones were maintained either in a serum
      supplemented medium or in a serum-free chemically defined medium for up to 6
      weeks. The release of the 41 amino acid-containing peptide, corticotrophin
      releasing factor (CRF-41), vasopressin (AVP) and somatostatin (SRIF) were
      followed using immunoassays. In response to K+ (56 mmol/l) depolarization both
      the quantities of peptides released and the magnitude of responses were
      significantly greater from cultures maintained in the fully supplemented defined
      medium. As a consequence, release of CRF-41 and AVP could be measured directly,
      without requiring the concentration step necessary for cultures grown in serum.
      The response to K+ depolarization increased with the age of the culture,
      suggesting neuronal maturation. Responses to K+ depolarization were Ca2+
      dependent, and the addition of corticosterone (100 nmol/l) to the defined medium
      caused a significant reduction in the response of neurones secreting CRF-41 and
      AVP, but not those secreting SRIF, to depolarization. This suggests the retention
      in vitro of the responsiveness of stress-associated neuropeptides to the negative
      feedback effects of corticosterone. Neurones producing CRF-41 and AVP responded
      significantly in a dose-dependent manner to acetylcholine stimulation, whereas
      those producing SRIF did not. As cultures matured, the CRF-41- and AVP-producing
      neurones became more sensitive to acetylcholine with the maximal response at 1
      nmol acetylcholine/l. In conclusion, the culture of rat hypothalamic neurones is
      improved in terms of peptide output when the cultures are maintained in a defined
      medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895161
TI  - Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid in porphyria cutanea tarda.
AB  - Twenty patients with porphyria cutanea tarda who had ingested no alcohol for at
      least 10 days before sampling were found to possess urinary D-glucaric acid
      levels similar to those of 30 clinically healthy controls. Correlation between
      urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid on the one hand and plasma or urinary
      porphyrin concentrations on the other was not statistically significant. These
      results suggest that the high urinary concentrations of D-glucaric acid found in
      porphyria cutanea tarda patients by Budillon et al. (Acta Hepato-Gastroenterol.
      25 (1978) 267) may have been due to recent consumption of alcohol rather than to
      the porphyrin pathology.

PMID- 2895162
TI  - Enzymological features of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis reflect the phylogeny
      of mycoplasmas.
AB  - Acholeplasma laidlawii possesses a biochemical pathway for tyrosine and
      phenylalanine biosynthesis, while Mycoplasma iowae and Mycoplasma gallinarum do
      not. The detection of 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate (DAHP)
      synthase (EC 4.1.2.15), dehydro-shikimate reductase (EC 1.1.1.25) and 3-enol
      pyruvoylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.19) activities in cell-free
      extracts established the presence in A. laidlawii of a functional shikimate
      pathway. L-Phenylalanine synthesis occurs solely through the phenylpyruvate route
      via prephenate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.51), no arogenate dehydratase activity being
      found. Although arogenate dehydrogenase was detected, L-tyrosine synthesis
      appears to occur mainly through the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate route, via prephenate
      dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.12), which utilized NAD+ as a preferred coenzyme
      substrate. L-Tyrosine was found to be the key regulatory molecule governing
      aromatic biosynthesis. DAHP synthase was feedback inhibited by L-tyrosine, but
      not by L-phenylalanine or L-tryptophan; L-tyrosine was a potent feedback
      inhibitor of prephenate dehydrogenase and an allosteric activator of prephenate
      dehydratase. Chorismate mutase (EC 5.4.99.5) was sensitive to product inhibition
      by prephenate. Prephenate dehydratase was feedback inhibited by L-phenylalanine.
      It was also activated by hydrophobic amino acids (L-valine, L-isoleucine and L
      methionine), similar to results previously found in a number of other genera that
      share the Gram-positive line of phylogenetic descent. Aromatic-pathway-encoded
      cistrons present in saprophytic large-genome mycoplasmas may have been eliminated
      in the parasitic small-genome mycoplasmas.

PMID- 2895163
TI  - Detection of prion protein mRNA in normal and scrapie-infected tissues and cell
      lines.
AB  - Prion protein (PrP) forms the fibrils or prion rods isolated from scrapie
      infected brain and has been proposed as the major component of the infectious
      agent of this slowly progressive spongiform encephalopathy. In previous Northern
      blot analyses PrP-specific mRNAs have been found in both normal and scrapie
      infected brains but not in spleen, an organ which harbours large titres of
      infectivity. In the present study, mouse PrP DNA was used to probe for PrP mRNA
      in assorted tissues and cells. A reexamination of mouse and hamster spleens
      revealed that they contained low levels of PrP mRNA (approx. 0.8% of that in
      brain mRNA). No consistent differences were observed between normal and scrapie
      infected tissues. Also positive for PrP mRNA under stringent hybridization
      conditions were mouse epithelial, neuroblastoma, erythroid, B-lymphocytic and
      embryo fibroblast tissue culture cell lines, a hamster ovary cell line, a rat
      glioma cell line, and human T lymphocytic and neuroblastoma cell lines. In
      contrast, no PrP mRNA was detected in two mouse myeloid cell lines and one T cell
      lymphoma. These results provide evidence that PrP is a protein common to
      numerous, but not all, cell types besides those of the brain.

PMID- 2895164
TI  - Recurrence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - Presumptive risk factors for recurrence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
      and clinical evidence for its pathogenesis are discussed. All earlier reports
      describing patients who have had NMS and who were either safely restarted on
      neuroleptic or who developed recurrence are reviewed. The authors also present
      their own experiences with both outcomes. Possible risk factors for recurrent NMS
      are administration of high-potency neuroleptics and reintroduction of
      neuroleptics before the initial episode of NMS has completely resolved. Bipolar
      disorder and concomitant use of lithium may predispose to NMS and therefore could
      also heighten the risk of recurrence.

PMID- 2895165
TI  - Marine soft corals of the genus Pseudopterogorgia: a resource for novel anti
      inflammatory diterpenoids.
AB  - This paper is a brief review of the diterpenoid chemistry of gorgonian corals of
      the genus Pseudopterogorgia. Previously described compounds and several new
      diterpenoids are presented in the context of their potential utilization in the
      development of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs.

PMID- 2895166
TI  - Isolation of caffeine from the gorgonian Paramuricea chamaeleon.

PMID- 2895167
TI  - Excitation of area postrema neurons by transmitters, peptides, and cyclic
      nucleotides.
AB  - 1. Multiple-barreled microelectrodes were used to record from neurons in the area
      postrema of anesthetized dogs and to test the responses of the neurons to a
      variety of substances in this structure, which is known to function as the
      chemoceptive trigger zone for emesis. 2. The neurons in area postrema were silent
      at rest but could be "found" by virtue of their response to ionophoretic
      glutamate. The glutamic response was brief and of short latency with high
      frequency of discharge. 3. Dog area postrema neurons were also excited by over 20
      other substances, including acetylcholine, the biogenic amines, several peptides,
      and at least two hormones. Not all agents were excitatory, however. 4. The
      responses to all excitatory agents except glutamate were similar and unusual. All
      responses showed a relatively long latency (3-20 s), a long duration of
      excitation (30 s to many minutes), and a low discharge frequency (1-3 Hz). 5.
      There was a good correlation between substances that were excitatory on area
      postrema neurons and substances known to cause emesis. Because emesis due to
      intravenous application of these substances is known to be abolished in animals
      with ablation of the area postrema, it is very likely that recordings were from
      the neurons which trigger the response. 6. Because so many substances elicit the
      same type of response there is a possibility that all utilize a common second
      messenger. Neurons were not excited by ionophoresis of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cGMP) but were excited by 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cAMP) and by forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase. 7.
      Behavioral studies were performed looking for emetic responses in awake dogs
      following intravenous injection of apomorphine, insulin, angiotensin II, and
      leucine enkephalin. For each a threshold concentration could be determined, which
      would consistently evoke emesis. 8. Dogs pretreated with phosphodiesterase
      inhibitors (theophylline, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, or RO 1724) showed a shift
      in the threshold concentration of the above substances that triggered emesis,
      such that emesis was evoked by lower concentrations than in the control. 9. These
      results suggest that neurons of the dog area postrema trigger the emetic reflex
      in response to specific receptors for a great variety of transmitters, peptides,
      and hormones, and that these receptors act through a common second messenger,
      cAMP.

PMID- 2895168
TI  - Pitfall of Sipple's syndrome diagnosis by 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG).

PMID- 2895169
TI  - Effects of biotin deficiency on serum fatty acid composition: evidence for
      abnormalities in humans.
AB  - In three patients who developed biotin deficiency during parenteral alimentation,
      serum fatty acid compositions of the four major lipid classes (phospholipid,
      cholesteryl ester, triglyceride and free fatty acid) were measured. Relative to
      the normal range, percent compositions of an odd-chain fatty acid (either 15:0 or
      17:0 or both) were increased in each class of lipid, and these abnormalities
      generally returned to normal or decreased toward normal with biotin therapy.
      Abnormalities in particular fatty acids in the omega 6, omega 3 and omega 9
      pathways were also found, but these abnormalities did not resolve with biotin
      therapy. These data provide evidence in favor of the conclusion that biotin
      deficiency causes increases in the composition of some odd-chain fatty acids in
      humans, perhaps by the same mechanism that leads to odd-chain fatty acidemia in
      the inborn deficiency of the biotin-dependent enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2895170
TI  - Ouabain-induced elevation in forearm vascular resistance, calcium entry and alpha
      adrenoceptor blockade, and release and removal of noradrenaline.
AB  - The activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na+K+-ATPase may be reduced in primary
      hypertension by an ouabain-like humoral factor with resultant increase in
      intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ and peripheral vasoconstriction. To test this, we
      studied the forearm blood flow in 18 normotensive subjects. First, nifedipine,
      phentolamine, prazosin, sodium nitroprusside and ouabain were infused into the
      brachial artery. Secondly, each vasodilator was given in combination with
      ouabain. Blood pressure was measured directly, and blood flow by venous occlusion
      plethysmography. When nifedipine was combined with ouabain the elevation of
      vascular resistance was completely abolished. We detected no effect on the
      forearm veno-arterial difference for noradrenaline following intra-arterial
      infusion of drugs. If an ouabain-like factor plays a role in producing the
      elevated resistance of chronic hypertension, calcium entry blockers will act
      close to the site of this primary abnormality.

PMID- 2895171
TI  - STOP-Hypertension--preliminary communication from the pilot study of the Swedish
      Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension.
AB  - The Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP-Hypertension) is a
      multicentre, randomized, double-blind study of beta-blockers/diuretics versus
      placebo in old hypertensives. Primary end-points are stroke and myocardial
      infarction (fatal and non-fatal) as well as other cardiovascular mortality. To
      evaluate the logistics of STOP-Hypertension, a pilot study was carried out. All
      patients aged 70-84 years in 31 centres were consecutively registered in a log
      book. Altogether 4668 patients were screened: 41.5% had previously been treated
      for hypertension and 13.5% had blood pressures greater than or equal to 180/105
      mmHg. Thus, 55% were 'hypertensive'. In all, 465 patients (18% of the
      'hypertensive' patients) started a 3-month washout period (previously treated, n
      = 396) or a 4-week run-in period (previously untreated, n = 69) period. The most
      frequent reasons for not starting the run-in/washout were other indications for
      treatment with beta-blockers/diuretics (13%), unwillingness to participate (8%)
      or isolated systolic hypertension (4%). The pilot study was evaluated after 1
      year: 89 patients (1.9%) had been randomized, 66 patients (1.4%) were still in
      the run-in/washout period and the majority of the remaining patients were not
      randomized because they had not reached the inclusion blood pressure (greater
      than or equal to 180 mmHg systolic and/or greater than or equal to 105 mmHg
      diastolic) following withdrawal of their antihypertensive medication. During the
      run-in/washout period there were few serious clinical events: one case of
      myocardial infarction, three patients had strokes (two fatal), 10 developed
      congestive heart failure, three tachyarrhythmia and two pneumonia (one
      fatal).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895172
TI  - Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels after rotavirus gastroenteritis.

PMID- 2895173
TI  - Beneficial effects of early hypocaloric enteral feeding on neonatal
      gastrointestinal function: preliminary report of a randomized trial.
AB  - In a prospective randomized trial, we studied the effects of early hypocaloric
      enteral feedings (PO) begun at 48 hours of age in 19 infants compared with 20
      infants who received no enteral feedings (NPO) for at least the first 9 days of
      life. Both groups initially received the majority of their calories by parenteral
      alimentation. The groups were similar with respect to birth weight, gestational
      age, sex, Apgar score, and major neonatal diagnoses. The early enteral feeds
      proved to be significantly beneficial without an increased incidence of
      complications. The PO group reached full enteral feedings faster than the NPO
      group (31.2 vs 47.3 days). The PO group had a greater decline in serum bilirubin
      concentration over the first 2 weeks of life and spent less time under
      phototherapy (6.8 vs 9.5 days). Less cholestasis was observed among the PO
      infants (6.7% vs 33%), and peak direct bilirubin levels were also lower (0.7 vs
      2.5 mg/dL). Osteopenia of prematurity, manifested by significantly lower alkaline
      phosphatase activity, was also decreased in the PO group, perhaps because of
      greater calcium intake during the first month among PO infants (1.3 vs 0.8 g).
      Compared with complete bowel rest, early onset of hypocaloric enteral feedings
      has beneficial effects on indirect hyperbilirubinemia, cholestatic jaundice, and
      metabolic bone disease of very low birth weight infants.

PMID- 2895174
TI  - Intestinal enzyme profiles in normal and rotavirus-infected mice.
AB  - To investigate further the pathophysiology of rotavirus-induced diarrhea, changes
      in specific activities of eight relevant intestinal enzymes [alkaline
      phosphatase, thymidine kinase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, Na+,K+-adenosine
      triphosphatase (ATPase), adenylate and guanylate cyclases] were measured
      following infection of suckling mice with murine rotavirus (epizootic diarrhea of
      infant mouse strain) and compared with age-matched control mice. The
      concentration of lactose within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract during
      infection was also measured. During the course of infection, activities of
      alkaline phosphatase and lactase decreased, whilst the activity of thymidine
      kinase increased. Precocious maturation profiles of sucrase and maltase enzymes
      were observed. No significant changes were detected in the activities of Na+,K+
      ATPase or the adenylate and guanylate cyclases. These results are discussed in
      relation to existing and novel hypotheses on the pathogenesis of rotavirus
      induced diarrhea.

PMID- 2895175
TI  - Selective cell transplantation using bioabsorbable artificial polymers as
      matrices.
AB  - To date, selective cell transplantation has involved injecting cell suspensions
      into tissues or the vascular system. This study describes attaching cell
      preparations to bioerodable artificial polymers in cell culture and then
      implanting this polymer-cell scaffold into animals. Using standard techniques of
      cell harvest, single cells and clusters of fetal and adult rat and mouse
      hepatocytes, pancreatic islet cells, and small intestinal cells have been seeded
      onto biodegradable polymers of polyglactin 910, polyanhydrides, and
      polyorthoester. Sixty-five fetuses and 14 adult animals served as donors. One
      hundred fifteen polymer scaffolds were implanted into 70 recipient animals: 66
      seeded with hepatocytes; 23 with intestinal cells and clusters; and 26 with
      pancreatic islet preparations. The cells remained viable in culture, and in the
      case of fetal intestine and fetal hepatocytes, appeared to proliferate while on
      the polymer. After four days in culture, the cell-polymer scaffolds were
      implanted into host animals, either in the omentum, the interscapular fat pad, or
      the mesentery. In three cases of fetal intestinal implantation coupled with
      partial hepatectomy, successful engraftment occurred in the omentum, one forming
      a visible 6.0 mm cyst. Three cases of hepatocyte implantation, one using adult
      cells and two using fetal cells, have also engrafted, showing viability of
      hepatocytes, mitotic figures, and vascularization of the cell mass. To date, no
      pancreatic islets have survived implantation. This method of cell
      transplantation, which we have termed "chimeric neomorphogenesis," is an
      alternative to current methods and requires further study.

PMID- 2895176
TI  - Changes in renal sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate and arterial blood
      pressure associated with eating in cats.
AB  - 1. Renal sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate and arterial blood pressure were
      simultaneously measured in thirteen awake cats before, during and after eating
      which was evoked by presenting food for a period of 10-15 s. 2. With food
      presentation, eating behaviour occurred in 93% (191) of 205 trials, and renal
      sympathetic nerve activity significantly increased in 65% of the 191 trials. On
      the other hand, in many of food presentation trials when no eating occurred, or
      with presentation of an empty food box, renal sympathetic nerve activity did not
      change significantly. 3. Eating started 1-8 s after the food presentation. The
      increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity was closely related to the beginning
      of eating but not to the onset of food presentation. Renal sympathetic nerve
      activity and heart rate increased with a slight time lag of 0.5-1.5 s from the
      onset of eating, whereas an increase in arterial blood pressure followed the
      onset of eating by 5.5 s. After the beginning of eating, renal sympathetic nerve
      activity, heart rate and arterial blood pressure increased at a maximum of 61 +/-
      18% (mean +/- S.E. of mean), 26 +/- 4.0 beats/min, and 17 +/- 4.9 mmHg from the
      control values at 1.0, 5.5 and 11.5 s, respectively. 4. Cardiac-related grouped
      discharges of renal sympathetic nerve activity, which were observed at rest,
      increased during eating. 5. When arterial blood pressure was elevated by
      noradrenaline (2-5 micrograms/kg I.V.), renal sympathetic nerve activity during
      resting was almost completely inhibited and the increase in renal sympathetic
      nerve activity during eating was not induced. 6. We conclude that renal
      sympathetic nerve activity increases in association with eating behaviour but not
      as firmly with the food presentation, and that the increase in renal sympathetic
      nerve activity is initiated by descending input from the higher central nervous
      system rather than either by the viscero-autonomic reflex due to food intake or
      by the baroreflex due to a decrease in arterial blood pressure.

PMID- 2895177
TI  - Intracellular recordings from myenteric neurones in the human colon.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from cells in the myenteric plexus of the
      human colon in freshly dissected tissue obtained from patients undergoing surgery
      for the removal of carcinomas or diverticular bowel. 2. Twenty-seven cells from
      ten preparations were classified as neurones and had overshooting action
      potentials, an average resting potential of -54 +/- 9 mV, an average input
      impedance of 1.05 +/- 0.59 x 10(8) omega and a variety of synaptic inputs. 3.
      Twenty-three (out of twenty-five neurones tested) received nicotinic fast
      excitatory synaptic inputs (fast e.p.s.p.s) that were blocked reversibly by
      hexamethonium and mimicked by acetylcholine. These nerve cells bore a close
      resemblance to S cells that have been characterized in the guinea-pig small-bowel
      myenteric plexus. 4. One cell had a long after-hyperpolarization following its
      impulses and was similar to AH cells in the guinea-pig small bowel. 5. Three
      neurones received inhibitory synaptic inputs, up to 15 mV in amplitude, lasting
      up to 10 s, associated with a decrease in input impedance and with a reversal
      potential between -80 and -90 mV. 6. Slow excitatory synaptic potentials were
      only detected in the single AH cell. The slow e.p.s.p. was associated with a
      depolarization of up to 12 mV, an increase in excitability and an increase in the
      input impedance of the neurone. 7. The proportion of S and AH cells differ
      considerably from that reported in the guinea-pig small-bowel preparation.
      Possible causes of the differences are discussed.

PMID- 2895178
TI  - Excitatory amino acid receptors and synaptic transmission in the rat ventrobasal
      thalamus.
AB  - 1. Extracellular single-neurone recordings were made in the ventrobasal thalamus
      (v.b.t.) of urethane-anaesthetized rats with multi-barrel ionophoretic electrodes
      in order to test the hypothesis that excitatory amino acid receptors are involved
      in the responses of these neurones to stimulation of sensory afferents. 2.
      Responses of neurones to either physiological stimulation of hair and vibrissa
      follicle sensory afferents and to ionophoretically applied excitatory amino acids
      were challenged with the antagonists D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV),
      kynurenate and gamma-D-glutamylaminomethyl sulphonate (GAMS). 3. In agreement
      with previous findings in other brain areas, ionophoretically applied APV was
      found to selectively antagonize responses of v.b.t. neurones to N-methylaspartate
      (NMA), whereas GAMS was found to be moderately kainate selective. Kynurenate was
      found to be relatively non-selective. 4. Responses of neurones to short-duration
      (10-20 ms) physiological stimulation of afferents were resistant to APV when this
      antagonist was applied with NMA-selective ionophoretic currents. In contrast,
      these APV currents were adequate to antagonize responses to maintained
      physiological stimulation. 5. The broad spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist
      kynurenate was found to block synaptic responses of v.b.t. neurones to both short
      duration and maintained stimuli when it was applied with currents which were
      sufficient to reduce responses to ionophoretic quisqualate. 6. GAMS was found to
      selectively block kainate responses in a proportion of the neurones tested. In
      such cases, there was little effect of the antagonist on the responses evoked by
      either short-duration or maintained sensory stimuli. 7. It is concluded that
      excitatory amino acid receptors of both the NMDA and non-NMDA type are involved
      in the synaptic responses of v.b.t. neurones to sensory afferent stimulation, and
      that the apparent synaptic pharmacology depends on the mode of stimulation of the
      afferent pathway.

PMID- 2895180
TI  - Release of octopamine by Leydig cells in the central nervous system of the leech
      Macrobdella decora, and its possible neurohormonal role.
AB  - 1. The release of octopamine by the central nervous system of the leech
      Macrobdella decora was examined. Isolated ganglia or chains of ganglia were
      incubated in salines of varying composition, and the release of octopamine into
      the perfusate was measured using a radioenzymatic method. In some experiments
      this release was correlated with the electrical activity of the octopamine
      containing Leydig cells, as measured via a microelectrode in the cell body. 2.
      Chains of ganglia incubated in normal saline released 0.04 pmol
      octopamine/ganglion/3 min incubation period. This amount was not significantly
      increased by either the monoamine oxidase inhibitor iproniazid phosphate (0.1 mM)
      or the uptake inhibitor desipramine (10 microM) alone, but was by both together.
      Nominally calcium-free saline containing 20 mM Mg++ significantly decreased
      octopamine release. 3. High K+ saline increased octopamine release significantly
      in both standard saline and one containing the blocking agents. This increase was
      sevenfold in saline containing iproniazid phosphate and desipramine, and was
      significantly greater than that obtained in saline without the blockers. This
      provides further evidence for the role of octopamine as a neuroactive substance
      in the leech by indicating the existence of possible mechanisms for its uptake
      and/or inactivation. 4. Octopamine release was positively correlated with the
      firing frequency of Leydig cells. No release was detectable when the cells were
      prevented from firing by the injection of hyperpolarizing current. Release was
      frequency-dependent when the cells fired at frequencies of 0.1-1.0 spikes/s.
      Elevating the external calcium concentration from 1.8 to 5.4 mM significantly
      increased octopamine release at all frequencies tested, except for 0 spikes/s, at
      which release remained below detectabilty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895181
TI  - CT scan and surgery in subdural empyema: a case report.
AB  - A high index of suspicion is required to pick up cases of subdural empyema in
      clinical practice. CT scan may be normal in the initial stages. Early
      neurosurgical intervention is desirable to reduce mortality and morbidity in this
      condition.

PMID- 2895179
TI  - Vasopressin, oxytocin, dynorphin, enkephalin and corticotrophin-releasing factor
      mRNA stimulation in the rat.
AB  - 1. Cryostat sections were cut through the hypothalamus of rats which had been
      given a 2% (w/v) NaCl solution to drink for up to 12 days. 2. In situ
      hybridization histochemistry was performed on these sections using synthetic
      oligonucleotide probes against part of the precursor sequence for vasopressin,
      oxytocin, dynorphin, enkephalin and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF). 3.
      Drinking 2% NaCl solution resulted in a progressive increase of vasopressin,
      oxytocin and dynorphin mRNAs hybridized in the magnocellular neurones of the
      supraoptic (s.o.) and paraventricular (p.v.) nuclei. No enkephalin mRNA was
      detected in the magnocellular areas of the control animals although small
      quantities of probe did hybridize after 12 days of salt loading and after the
      stress of I.P. hypertonic saline. 4. Ten-day-lactating female rats were also
      studied. They had a very marked increase in oxytocin mRNA with smaller increases
      of vasopressin and dynorphin mRNAs. No detectable enkephalin mRNA was hybridized
      in the magnocellular s.o. or p.v. nuclei and CRF mRNA was unchanged in both the
      s.o. nucleus and the p.v. nucleus.

PMID- 2895182
TI  - CT scan and surgery in subdural empyema.

PMID- 2895183
TI  - Activity of arylsulfatase A, B-glucosidase and hexosaminidases in chorionic villi
      at six, eight and ten weeks' gestational age.
AB  - Chorionic villus sampling is becoming an accepted method of prenatally diagnosing
      metabolic diseases. There are few published data on sampling at various
      gestational ages. Different investigators, using different methods of chorionic
      biopsy, perform the sampling at various gestational ages. Accurate interpretation
      of results is dependent on reliable normal values, which could differ on the
      basis of gestational age. The enzymatic activities of arylsulfatase A, B
      glucosidase and hexosaminidases were compared in trophoblast from six-, eight-
      and ten-week gestations. No significant differences in activity levels were
      detected. This finding confirms the accuracy of metabolic diagnosis for these
      enzyme-deficiency syndromes in trophoblastic tissue at gestational ages of six to
      ten weeks without a requirement for gestational-age-specific normal values.

PMID- 2895184
TI  - Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and thromboses of the superior and inferior venae
      cavae.
AB  - The case of an adolescent female with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and
      thromboses of the superior and inferior venae cavae is presented. Although
      thromboses of major vessels have been well described in systemic lupus
      erythematosus and Behcet's disease, this is only the second case of thromboses of
      major vessels in association with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Possible
      pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2895185
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA variation among geographical populations of the screwworm fly,
      Cochliomyia hominivorax.

PMID- 2895186
TI  - Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina.

PMID- 2895187
TI  - Service experience using DNA analysis for genetic prediction in Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - In August 1985 we instituted a carrier and prenatal testing service for Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy (DMD) using direct DNA analysis. The experience over the first
      nine months is described. We have analysed samples for RFLPs from 154 people
      including 53 women at risk of being DMD carriers from 37 families. We used the
      probes pERT87.8 (BstXI and TaqI polymorphisms), 87-15 (TaqI polymorphism), and
      pXJ1.1 (TaqI polymorphism). Forty-one of the women have had their risks altered.
      We found one deletion (pERT87-8) out of 23 DNA samples analysed from affected
      boys. We used a recombination fraction of 0.05 in risk calculations but did not
      detect any known crossovers. In nine of the families there is only an isolated
      case of DMD. In families where we have not been able to alter the risk of the
      women being a carrier (for example, because all brothers are dead), we have
      offered prenatal exclusion and have carried out one first trimester prenatal
      diagnosis on this basis. Lowering the risk of an affected fetus to less than 2.5%
      appears to be a satisfactory situation for many (most) of the women involved and
      seems to justify the introduction of genetic prediction based on single
      intragenic probes despite the 5% recombination frequency.

PMID- 2895188
TI  - The use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in prenatal diagnosis of
      dihydropteridine reductase deficiency.
AB  - Using a human dihydropteridine reductase (hDHPR) cDNA probe we have detected two
      AvaII and one MspI restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). We show
      that these RFLPs are in disequilibrium and calculate that approximately 60% of
      Caucasians are heterozygous for at least one RFLP. We demonstrate the usefulness
      of these RFLPs in prenatal diagnosis of DHPR deficiency in one family. This
      disorder can also be predicted by enzyme assays and we therefore discuss the
      relative merits of the two methods of prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2895189
TI  - Absence of close linkage between benign hereditary chorea and the locus D4S10
      (probe G8).
AB  - A genetic linkage study between benign hereditary chorea and the locus D4S10
      using the DNA probe G8 has shown two recombinations in five small families. There
      were negative lod scores at recombination fractions that show conclusive evidence
      of linkage in 16 larger British Huntington's disease families. We suggest that
      although benign hereditary chorea and Huntington's disease may have some clinical
      similarities they are probably at two different loci.

PMID- 2895190
TI  - Expression of the mdr (P-glycoprotein) gene in Chinese hamster digestive tracts.
AB  - P-glycoprotein has been shown to be responsible for multidrug resistance in
      mammalian cells. However, its physiological roles in normal cells are not known.
      The gene encoding this protein has been shown to express at a relatively high
      level in human digestive tracts. In the present study, in situ hybridizations
      were employed to determine the expression of this gene in gastrointestinal
      tissues. Epithelial cells in the villi of small intestine, colon, and stomach
      were rich in the P-glycoprotein gene transcript. Observations were consistent
      with the idea that the P-glycoprotein plays a role in detoxification by pumping
      potentially harmful compounds into the lumen of digestive tracts in animals.

PMID- 2895191
TI  - Renal vasoconstriction and transient declamp hypotension after infrarenal aortic
      occlusion: role of plasma purine degradation products.
AB  - To better understand renal and systemic hemodynamics associated with hindquarter
      ischemia produced by aortic compression, chloralose-anesthetized dogs were given
      phentolamine while an external clamp maintained infrarenal aortic pressure below
      25 mm Hg for 45 minutes. In four sham-operated dogs, infrarenal pressure was
      maintained; reinforced cannulas, capable of resisting clamp compression, were
      placed within the aorta and the inferior vena cava. Suprarenal and infrarenal
      arterial pressure and renal blood flow were continuously monitored. Blood samples
      taken before clamp application and at 1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes after clamp removal
      were assayed for adenosine, inosine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. On clamp removal
      suprarenal pressure immediately dropped from a preclamp pressure of 114 to 82 mm
      Hg but returned to preclamp values within 1 minute. Renal blood flow was
      significantly reduced after clamp release, reaching a nadir of 39% of preclamp
      flow. This reduction persisted despite a normalization of arterial pressure.
      Summed plasma purines were significantly elevated 1 minute after clamp removal.
      Sham-operated dogs showed no significant alterations in arterial pressure, renal
      blood flow, or plasma purine levels. This study demonstrates a significant non
      alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated reduction in renal blood flow and a coincident
      increase in purine degradation products after removal of an infrarenal aortic
      cross-clamp.

PMID- 2895192
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Brooklyn.
AB  - Fifteen patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) were identified in
      less than a two-year period in the Crown Heights-Bedford Stuyvesant section of
      Brooklyn, NY. All patients were black; nine patients originated from the
      Caribbean islands and six from the southern United States. Two of the patients
      were father and daughter, the first evidence of familial occurrence in the United
      States. Their clinical course was similar to that of previously described
      patients with this disorder. To our knowledge, these 15 patients represent the
      largest series of ATLL reported in the United States. We recommend that ATLL be
      seriously considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, lymphatic leukemia, or hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2895193
TI  - Treatment of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to standard
      therapy.

PMID- 2895195
TI  - [New hormone therapy. Somatostatin derivatives].

PMID- 2895194
TI  - Effects of DJ-7141, a new alpha-2 agonist, 2-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-2,3,5,6
      tetra-hydro-1H-imidazo[1,2-a] imidazole hydrochloride, on the isolated atrium,
      cross-perfused with blood from a support dog.
AB  - The effects of DJ-7141, a new alpha-2 agonist, on an isolated atrial preparation
      cross-perfused with arterial blood from a support dog were investigated. In the
      isolated atrium, a selective injection of DJ-7141 (1-100 micrograms) into the
      sinus node artery induced dose-dependent positive chronotropic and inotropic
      effects. The positive cardiac effects of DJ-7141 were not only inhibited by
      propranolol and by imipramine, but reversed to negative effects, whereas the
      positive cardiac effects of norepinephrine were blocked by propranolol and
      potentiated by imipramine. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) did not modify the cardiac
      responses to DJ-7141. After propranolol treatment, the negative chronotropic and
      inotropic responses to DJ-7141 were not influenced by atropine, which completely
      blocked acetylcholine-induced cardiac responses. When DJ-7141 was injected into
      the support dog at a dose of 10-300 micrograms/Kg i.v., it induced a brief
      increase in femoral arterial blood pressure and a long-lasting decrease in heart
      rate in the support dog and increases in atrial rate and contractile force in the
      isolated atrium. These results suggest that the new alpha-2 agonist, DJ-7141,
      induces indirect positive chronotropic and inotropic effects due to a tyramine
      like action and direct negative cardiac effects in the isolated dog heart, and
      that the tyramine-like effect may be partially responsible for the increase in
      blood pressure seen with DJ-7141 in in situ dogs.

PMID- 2895196
TI  - [Synthesis of peptide hormones by genetic engineering].

PMID- 2895197
TI  - Concurrent adult T-cell leukemia and acute myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - A 49-year-old man developed adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and acute myeloblastic
      leukemia (AML) at the same time. Using Southern blotting analysis, the leukemic
      cells of the ATL were found to contain the human T-cell leukemia virus type I
      (HTLV-I) proviral genome, whereas those of the AML did not, indicating the HTLV-I
      not to be associated with the AML oncogenesis. At the initial presentation, the
      serum anti-HTLV-I antibody was judged on screening by a routine particle
      agglutination (PA) test and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IF) to be
      negative. By Western blotting analysis, however, the serum was proved to be
      positive for anti-HTLV-I antibody. These results indicate that a routine PA-test
      and an IF may show false negative reactions on very rare occasions of low
      antibody titer. This is the first report of a coincidence of ATL with another
      type of leukemia.

PMID- 2895198
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia by probable horizontal transmission from husband to wife.
AB  - A 60-year-old housewife was affected with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) 10 years
      after her husband died of T-cell lymphoma, which was retrospectively diagnosed as
      ATL. She had never had a blood transfusion nor any indication of infection by
      human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) from her parents. The report
      suggested the wife to have developed ATL by horizontal transmission of HTLV-I
      from her husband 31 years after their marriage.

PMID- 2895199
TI  - [Immunological analysis on the results determined by the particle agglutination
      test and enzyme immunoassay of anti-ATLA].

PMID- 2895200
TI  - [Impressions from the 21st congress of the ICM (International Confederation of
      Midwives)].

PMID- 2895201
TI  - Pharmacological properties of SM-3997: a new anxioselective anxiolytic candidate.
AB  - Pharmacological properties of SM-3997 (3a alpha,4 beta,7 beta,7a alpha-hexahydro
      2-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1- piperazinyl)-butyl)-4,7-methano-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)
      dione dihydrogen citrate) have been examined in rats and mice. SM-3997 showed a
      dose-related anticonflict activity in rats in a water lick conflict paradigm, and
      it had no effect on water consumption in a spontaneous water drinking test. The
      potency of SM-3997 appeared to be equal to that of buspirone and about one-half
      that of diazepam. No tolerance to the anticonflict activity of SM-3997 was
      observed following 5 and 10 consecutive days of treatment. Unlike diazepam, SM
      3997 had no anticonvulsant effect and had very weak muscle relaxant and hypnotic
      effects. On the other hand, SM-3997 and buspirone exhibited dopamine antagonistic
      action, although the potency of SM-3997 was less than one fourth that of
      buspirone. These results show that SM-3997 is a new anxioselective anxiolytic
      agent which is weaker than buspirone in the dopaminergic neuron system.

PMID- 2895202
TI  - Neurophysiological theory of intestinal motility.

PMID- 2895203
TI  - [Clinical studies on vesicoureteral reflux--significance of detection of the
      "missing VUR" (vesico-ureteral reflux)].

PMID- 2895204
TI  - [Replacement of skin defects of the foot].

PMID- 2895205
TI  - Sensitivity of the EMIT d.a.u. for benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2895206
TI  - A clinical study of series electro-acupuncture of 1000 cases of poliomyelitis
      sequelae.

PMID- 2895207
TI  - [Patients with increased liver enzyme levels--when and how are they to be
      examined?].

PMID- 2895208
TI  - [Compartment syndrome after foot distortion].

PMID- 2895209
TI  - [Treatment of pain in suspected acute myocardial infarction--current views on
      therapeutical alternatives].

PMID- 2895210
TI  - [Intrapancreatic islet cell peptides and neuropeptides--a state of the art
      review].

PMID- 2895211
TI  - Cadmium fume inhalation and emphysema.
AB  - Lung function and chest radiographs of 101 men who had worked for 1 or more years
      manufacturing copper-cadmium alloy were compared with those of a referent group
      matched for age, sex, and employment status. Cigarette consumption was similar in
      the two groups. The cadmium workers had an excess of abnormalities of lung
      function and of radiographic changes consistent with emphysema. Classification of
      the cadmium workers by exposure categories based on either estimated cumulative
      cadmium exposure or liver cadmium measured by neutron activation analysis showed
      that abnormalities of lung function were greatest in those with the highest
      cumulative cadmium exposure or liver cadmium. The difference in the transfer
      coefficient (KCO) between cadmium workers and referents increased linearly with
      increasing cumulative exposure without evidence for a threshold. The estimated
      mean decrement in KCO for a cadmium worker employed 5 or more years with a
      cumulative exposure of 2000 yr.microgram.m-3 (exposure to the current UK control
      limit of 50 micrograms.m-3 for a working lifetime of 40 yr) lies between 0.05 and
      0.3 mmol.min-1.kPa-1.l-1 (95% confidence interval). This decrement is consistent
      with the functional and radiological changes of emphysema observed in this group
      of workers.

PMID- 2895212
TI  - Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor on neutropenia induced by
      cytotoxic chemotherapy.
AB  - A phase I/II study of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was
      undertaken in patients with advanced malignancy receiving melphalan to determine
      the granulocyte response, side-effects, and pharmacokinetics. Patients received
      doses of 1-60 micrograms/kg intravenously. There were 3 patients at each dose
      level. Before chemotherapy the immediate effect of G-CSF was a transient
      depression in circulating neutrophils followed by a dose-dependent rise.
      Neutrophil counts up to 80 X 10(9)/l were achieved. G-CSF administration
      following melphalan reduced the period of neutropenia caused by melphalan. G-CSF
      was well tolerated and the only clinical observation that appeared related to G
      CSF administration was slight bone pain during some infusions. G-CSF was rapidly
      cleared from the blood with a mean half-life of 110 min for the second phase.
      Reductions in the number of days of neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy
      may reduce the morbidity and mortality of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2895213
TI  - Hodgkin's disease prognosis: a directly predictive equation.
AB  - 586 patients with Hodgkin's disease diagnosed between 1970 and 1979 were staged
      and treated in the same way. Multivariate analysis was used to delineate the
      prognostic roles of several clinical features at diagnosis. A multiple regression
      analysis was applied to an exponential model for survival-time distribution,
      which proved to fit the data accurately. Several clinical characteristics were
      studied and those that could singly discriminate survival significantly were
      chosen as predictive variables for the multiple regression. These were: sex, age,
      stage, histological subtype, presence of constitutional symptoms, mediastinal
      mass, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and haemoglobin and serum albumin
      concentrations. ESR, stage, histological subtype, and age proved to be the best
      prognostic factors, while sex and albumin had minor value. The presence of
      symptoms, mediastinal bulk, and haemoglobin were not so important. A linear
      equation for the six variables was derived to calculate the estimated median
      survival time for any given patient. This equation was validated on an external
      group of 179 similar patients.

PMID- 2895214
TI  - Prospective randomised trial of tamoxifen versus surgery in elderly patients with
      breast cancer.
AB  - 116 patients aged 70 or over who were judged to have surgically resectable cancer
      of the breast were prospectively randomised to tamoxifen 20 mg daily or surgical
      resection. At a median follow-up of three years, local relapse or progression was
      seen in 15 (25%) of 60 patients in the tamoxifen group and 21 (37.5%) of 56 in
      the surgical arm. Distant metastases occurred in 8 (13%) in the tamoxifen group
      and in 10 (18%) in the surgical arm. There were 13 deaths in the tamoxifen group
      and 11 in the surgical arm, of which 8 and 9, respectively, were attributable to
      breast cancer. Disease-free survival did not differ between the groups.

PMID- 2895215
TI  - Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2895216
TI  - Ageing of elderly Britons: the direction of geriatric medicine.

PMID- 2895217
TI  - Cochlear implantation for the profoundly deaf.

PMID- 2895219
TI  - Prone or supine for preterm babies?

PMID- 2895218
TI  - Acanthamoeba keratitis.

PMID- 2895220
TI  - Chemotherapy for the primary treatment of osteosarcoma: population effectiveness
      over 20 years.
AB  - Examination of the survival rate of 5-year cohorts with primary osteosarcoma
      registered by the Thames Cancer Registry between 1963 and 1982 and followed up to
      the end of 1984 showed a borderline significant improvement in survival (test for
      trend p = 0.05) for patients aged under 25 years at registration, but not for
      patients 25-64 years. A Cox's proportional hazards model was used to identify
      effects of sex, period of treatment, whether the patient received chemotherapy,
      and experience of the hospital. For patients aged under 25 years, a significant
      (p = 0.02) trend of improved survival was seen among the most recent cohort, and
      the greater the treatment experience of the hospital, possibly the better the
      results (p = 0.11), although selective referral cannot be excluded as a reason
      for this finding. Chemotherapy was not independently associated with survival.
      Period of treatment, chemotherapy, and experience of hospital were not associated
      with improved survival for patients aged 25-64. Recent clinical trials for
      primary osteosarcoma have contributed to an apparent improved survival through
      selection of patients with good prognosis. Claims for the efficacy of new
      regimens should be assessed in clinical practice by population monitoring through
      the analysis of cancer registers.

PMID- 2895221
TI  - The expanded spectrum of toxocaral disease.
AB  - Among 137 members of 30 families, 6% (and 8% of those aged under 15 years) were
      seropositive for toxocara antibodies. In these seropositive subjects and in 84
      patients known to have raised toxocara titres the commonest clinical features
      were abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, sleep
      and behaviour disturbances, pneumonia, cough, wheeze, pharyngitis, cervical
      adenitis, headache, limb pains, and fever. 61% of patients with raised toxocara
      titres had recurrent abdominal pain. Eosinophilia was in many cases associated
      with a raised toxocara titre, but 27% of patients with high titres had normal
      eosinophil counts. Toxocariasis is common, especially in children, and is
      associated with clinical features that are generally regarded as non-specific but
      together form a recognisable symptom complex. Toxocariasis should be considered
      in the differential diagnosis of such symptoms and especially in recurrent
      abdominal pain, which might otherwise be labelled as idiopathic. The absence of
      eosinophilia does not exclude toxocariasis.

PMID- 2895222
TI  - Assessment of a device for trans-telephonic control of defibrillation.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of a device allowing the trans-telephonic control of
      defibrillation have been assessed in 32 attempted defibrillations performed in 29
      patients. The initial rhythm was atrial fibrillation in 27; ventricular
      tachycardia in 4; and ventricular flutter in 1. Satisfactory voice and ECG
      transmission were established in all cases. The mean time taken by the patient
      unit to dial and activate the base station was 20.3 seconds. The mean
      defibrillator charge time was 5.5 seconds to 50 joules and 9.3 seconds to 360
      joules. A total of 84 synchronised and 5 unsynchronised shocks were delivered
      satisfactorily. Lay persons were trained to use the patient unit, and were able
      to operate the device at home. This device has the potential for rapid
      defibrillation of patients who develop ventricular fibrillation outside hospital.

PMID- 2895223
TI  - Incompatibility between fat emulsion and calcium plus heparin in parenteral
      nutrition of premature babies.

PMID- 2895224
TI  - Lipid deposition in parenteral infusion lines.

PMID- 2895225
TI  - Growth during early teenage pregnancies.

PMID- 2895226
TI  - Neopterin in clinical medicine.

PMID- 2895227
TI  - Penicillin and meningococci.

PMID- 2895228
TI  - Agency nurses and violence in a psychiatric ward.

PMID- 2895229
TI  - Percutaneous removal of atheromatous plaques.

PMID- 2895230
TI  - Transdermal potential and bacterial colonisation of intravascular catheters.

PMID- 2895231
TI  - Amoxycillin/clavulanate resistant Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2895232
TI  - One-minute endoscopy room test for Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2895233
TI  - Crohn's disease in married couples.

PMID- 2895234
TI  - Antigliadin and antireticulin antibodies in coeliac disease.

PMID- 2895235
TI  - Gemfibrozil-induced headache.

PMID- 2895236
TI  - Oral rehydration without chloride.

PMID- 2895238
TI  - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies 1988.

PMID- 2895237
TI  - Post-Chernobyl radiocaesium exposure in the UK.

PMID- 2895239
TI  - Mechanical ventilation for the newborn.

PMID- 2895240
TI  - Conference sponsorship.

PMID- 2895241
TI  - Consultant's night on the house.

PMID- 2895242
TI  - Gastroenterology.

PMID- 2895244
TI  - Trials that fail.

PMID- 2895243
TI  - Helmets for cyclists.

PMID- 2895245
TI  - Social work in children.

PMID- 2895246
TI  - Dialysis for diabetics.

PMID- 2895247
TI  - Screening for early ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2895248
TI  - Specific IgE antibodies to Bordetella pertussis after immunisation in infancy.

PMID- 2895249
TI  - Concomitant infection by human herpesvirus 6, HTLV-I, and HIV-2.

PMID- 2895250
TI  - Sex as a risk factor for HTLV-I spread among intravenous drug abusers.

PMID- 2895251
TI  - HIV monitoring of pregnant women.

PMID- 2895252
TI  - False-positive anti-HIV tests on blood donations.

PMID- 2895253
TI  - Case definitions for paediatric AIDS applied to African children seen in Belgium.

PMID- 2895254
TI  - Effects on naltrexone on infantile autism.

PMID- 2895255
TI  - Endothelial cell proliferation and diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2895256
TI  - Interference in modified immunoradiometric assay for thyrotropin.

PMID- 2895257
TI  - Surgery in advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2895258
TI  - Medical negligence: a suitable case for treatment?

PMID- 2895259
TI  - The first seizure in adult life. Value of clinical features,
      electroencephalography, and computerised tomographic scanning in prediction of
      seizure recurrence.
AB  - 408 adults (age 16 and over) were followed up after their initial seizure. The
      actuarial risk of recurrence was highest in the early weeks. For those seen
      within the first week, the risk of recurrence was 52% by the end of 3 years. In
      univariate analysis, the only clinical variable that was associated with
      recurrence was the time of day at which the initial seizure occurred. There was a
      tendency, that did not reach statistical significance, for younger age (less than
      50 years) and a family history of seizures of any type, including febrile
      convulsions, to be associated with recurrence. Such risk factors appear to be
      additive, so that the risk of recurrence at 1 year for a subject with all three
      factors is about three times that of a subject with none of them. Sex, type of
      seizure, and features of the electroencephalogram were not of predictive value.
      Computerised tomographic scanning revealed tumours in 3% of subjects, and these
      individuals were particularly likely to have recurrent seizures.

PMID- 2895260
TI  - Severity of anaemia and operative mortality and morbidity.
AB  - In a case-control study of 125 surgical patients who declined blood transfusions
      for religious reasons operative mortality was inversely related to the
      preoperative haemoglobin level, rising from 7.1% for patients with levels above
      10 g/dl to 61.5% for those with levels below 6 g/dl. Mortality rates were also
      related to blood loss during surgery, rising from 8% for patients who lost less
      than 500 ml to 42.9% for those who lost more than 2000 ml. Both preoperative
      haemoglobin level and operative blood loss should be considered in assessing the
      need for preoperative transfusion. In our study no patient with a haemoglobin
      level above 8 g/dl and operative blood loss below 500 ml died.

PMID- 2895261
TI  - Use of X chromosome inactivation analysis to establish carrier status for X
      linked severe combined immunodeficiency.
AB  - Analysis of X chromosome inactivation in T-lymphocyte DNA from two obligate
      carriers of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency showed a non-random
      pattern. This method was then used to establish carrier status in at-risk females
      in X-linked pedigrees. It was further used to differentiate between X-linked and
      autosomal recessive inheritance of the disease when the mode of inheritance was
      not clear from the pedigree. In addition, a mother of a boy affected by the
      sporadic form of the disease was found to have non-random X inactivation in her T
      lymphocytes and she is therefore a carrier of the X-linked disease.

PMID- 2895262
TI  - Hypertension and hyperinsulinaemia: a relation in diabetes but not essential
      hypertension.
AB  - To investigate the hypothesis that insulin resistance is concerned in the
      pathogenesis of essential hypertension fasting glucose/insulin and fasting
      insulin/C-peptide ratios were measured in non-obese normotensive and hypertensive
      diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Patients with essential hypertension had
      normal fasting serum insulin values and normal fasting glucose/insulin ratios; by
      contrast, the hypertensive non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects had higher
      fasting serum insulin and lower glucose/insulin ratios than either normotensive
      diabetic or non-diabetic patients. Both hypertensive and normotensive diabetic
      subjects had higher fasting C-peptide values than those without diabetes.
      Hypertensive diabetic patients had the highest insulin/C-peptide ratios,
      indicating low hepatic insulin extraction rates. These findings suggest that
      hyperinsulinaemia is not causally related to essential hypertension but that it
      may contribute to the hypertension of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in
      association with low hepatic insulin clearance.

PMID- 2895263
TI  - Xenogeneic antibodies and atopic disease.
AB  - Xenogeneic antibodies can survive food processing procedures with their
      biological activity intact and even enhanced. These antibodies can be absorbed
      from the human gut, and will function both as antigens and antibodies in the
      human immune system. Antibodies to bovine gamma globulins (BGG) have been
      detected in human sera and the family of anti-BGG antibodies must include anti
      idiotypic antibodies, very low doses of which can influence the immune response.
      The hypothesis is that the human immune system may be primed by low-level
      exposure to xenogeneic antibodies specific for those human allergens which are
      ubiquitous in the farm environment, such as pollens, mites, and moulds, the
      result being a deleterious and inappropriate response on subsequent exposure to
      these allergens. Dairy products are the most important source of xenogeneic
      antibodies in the western diet, and the hypothesis may partly explain the
      association between cow's milk and allergies to substances other than milk
      proteins.

PMID- 2895264
TI  - Post-colonoscopic retrograde ileography.

PMID- 2895265
TI  - Pneumonia in childhood.

PMID- 2895266
TI  - Intratracheal drugs.

PMID- 2895267
TI  - Cardiology via the oesophagus.

PMID- 2895268
TI  - Life under pylons.

PMID- 2895269
TI  - Transporting smoke.

PMID- 2895270
TI  - Is routine urinalysis worthwhile?

PMID- 2895271
TI  - Differences in hospital asthma management.
AB  - Asthma management was audited prospectively for one year in a large teaching
      hospital. Full details were available on 77% of all patients admitted, or
      readmitted, with asthma during that year (150 of 195 admissions). 64 patients
      were admitted to general wards with a special interest in respiratory medicine,
      and 86 to general wards without this specialist interest. Cases in the two groups
      were similar in terms of age, previous severity of asthma, previous treatment,
      and initial pulse rate. Fewer cases in the non-specialist group were treated with
      oral corticosteroids (67%, vs 83%), had regular peak flow recordings (42%, vs
      73%), or were given return appointments (56%, vs 92%); and fewer had their
      regular inhaled therapy increased after discharge (28%, vs 55%). At interview 13
      days later, more patients from the non-specialist group reported sleep
      disturbance (41%, vs 23%), morning chest tightness (55%, vs 37%), ow wheeze on 1
      flight of stairs (58%, vs 34%). 20% of first admissions in the non-specialist
      group were readmitted within the year, compared to 2% of the group treated on
      wards with a specialist interest in respiratory medicine. These data suggest that
      the intensive management of asthmatic patients, practised in respiratory units,
      prevents much unnecessary morbidity.

PMID- 2895273
TI  - Clinical fontanometry in the newborn.

PMID- 2895274
TI  - Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.

PMID- 2895272
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of coronary disease: comparison of doctors' attitudes in
      the USA and the UK.
AB  - Two panels of doctors, one in the USA and one in the UK, were asked to indicate
      how appropriate they judged a series of possible indications for coronary
      angiography and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. "Appropriateness"
      was defined with respect to possible benefit to the patient and excluded
      considerations of cost. The indications were presented as a series of detailed
      clinical situations in which the procedure might be used, and for each indication
      individual panel members rated appropriateness on a scale of 1 to 9. The US panel
      judged more indications appropriate than did the UK panel, and there was more
      agreement among the members of the US panel than among those of the UK panel.
      Although the two panels tended to rate the appropriateness of the indications in
      the same order, the UK panel placed more emphasis than did the US panel on the
      importance of symptoms and the amount of medical treatment. Application of the
      panels' ratings to two groups of patients who had had coronary angiography showed
      that 17% and 27% of the investigations had been inappropriate by the standards of
      the US panel, whereas 42% and 60% were inappropriate by the UK panel ratings. 13%
      of the CABG operations studied were inappropriate by the US and 35% by the UK
      panel ratings.

PMID- 2895275
TI  - Treatment of myocarditis with OKT3 monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2895276
TI  - Acute, ascending cord ischaemia after mobilisation of a stable quadriplegic
      patient.

PMID- 2895277
TI  - Dependence on a common cough syrup.

PMID- 2895278
TI  - Platelets and clubbing.

PMID- 2895279
TI  - Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hereditary angioneurotic oedema.

PMID- 2895280
TI  - Classical versus lower segment caesarean section in very pre-term deliveries.

PMID- 2895281
TI  - Epidural anaesthesia and avoidance of postpartum stress urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2895282
TI  - Recombinant alpha 2-interferon treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B.

PMID- 2895283
TI  - Warfarin, spontaneous hyphaemas, and intraocular lenses.

PMID- 2895284
TI  - Thrombolysis after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2895285
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency using polymerase chain
      reaction.

PMID- 2895286
TI  - Assessing radiation risks.

PMID- 2895287
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen in neonatal care.

PMID- 2895288
TI  - Residual carcinoma-in-situ of contralateral testis after chemotherapy.

PMID- 2895289
TI  - Interferon-alpha for idiopathic myelofibrosis.

PMID- 2895290
TI  - High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone for idiopathic myelofibrosis.

PMID- 2895291
TI  - How actively should dystocia be treated?

PMID- 2895292
TI  - Dithiocarbamates and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2895293
TI  - Fetal cell tropism of human parvovirus B19.

PMID- 2895294
TI  - Incident at Shaifa Hospital.

PMID- 2895295
TI  - Public health, a multidisciplinary function.

PMID- 2895296
TI  - Unused drugs for developing countries.

PMID- 2895297
TI  - Alternative to "aaah".

PMID- 2895299
TI  - Monkeypox virus in liver and spleen of child in Gabon.

PMID- 2895298
TI  - Childhood malignancies in West Hull.

PMID- 2895300
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2895301
TI  - Treating gallstones.

PMID- 2895302
TI  - Immunosuppressive effect of pneumococcal vaccine contaminated with blood-group-A
      like substance.

PMID- 2895303
TI  - Antibiotics for Escherichia coli gastroenteritis.

PMID- 2895304
TI  - Haemorrhagic pancreatitis after ERCP in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin
      deficiency.

PMID- 2895305
TI  - Synchronisation of a disturbed sleep-wake cycle in a blind man by melatonin
      treatment.

PMID- 2895306
TI  - Empty sella syndrome and pituitary apoplexy.

PMID- 2895307
TI  - Atypical virus particles in HIV-1-associated persistent generalised
      lymphadenopathy.

PMID- 2895308
TI  - Dementia due to undiagnosed meningioma.

PMID- 2895309
TI  - Gemfibrozil plus cholestyramine in familial hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2895310
TI  - Conservative management of prostate cancer.

PMID- 2895311
TI  - Data sheets: a consumer perspective.

PMID- 2895312
TI  - AIDS in the United States: education and litigation.

PMID- 2895313
TI  - The euthanasia debate.

PMID- 2895314
TI  - The secret observation of children in hospital.

PMID- 2895315
TI  - Anonymous testing for HIV antibodies.

PMID- 2895316
TI  - Triple regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, systemic
      cefotaxime, and microbiological surveillance for prevention of acquired infection
      in intensive care.
AB  - All 324 patients admitted over sixteen months to a general intensive therapy unit
      (ITU) were prospectively studied to assess the effect of a novel prophylactic
      antibiotic regimen on the incidence of acquired infection. Consecutive control
      (161 patients) and test (163 patients) groups were analyzed. In the control
      group, antibiotic administration was determined by clinical and microbiological
      evidence of infection. In the test group, treatment consisted of a triple regimen
      of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (polymyxin E, tobramycin, and
      amphotericin B) administered throughout the ITU stay, systemic cefotaxime
      administered for the initial four days, and regular microbiological screening of
      multiple sites. The test group showed a striking and consistent reduction in
      colonisation of the digestive tract with aerobic gram-negative bacilli, and there
      was a substantial reduction in the incidence of acquired infection (24% to 10%).
      Mortality in certain categories of patients was also reduced. There is now a
      considerable body of evidence to justify the more widespread use of this
      selective parenteral and enteral anti-sepsis regimen (SPEAR) in general intensive
      care practice.

PMID- 2895317
TI  - Antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
AB  - Two components of human serum enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      infection and mask HIV-1 neutralising antibody activity. The first is heat
      stable, unique to HIV-1 seropositive sera, and is removed by protein-A
      chromatography. The second is heat-labile and ubiquitous; it is found in normal
      serum and is removed by heating at 60 degrees C for 1 h or by treatment with
      cobra venom anticomplementary protein. Additionally, complement component C3
      deficient serum lacks the labile activity although Clq deficient serum contains
      the labile factor. The data suggest that the two components are antibody and the
      alternative pathway of complement fixation. The mechanism of action does not
      involve an increase in either complement-mediated cytolysis or syncytium
      formation. The activity has been identified in 11 of 16 patients tested to date.

PMID- 2895318
TI  - Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - 1689 people aged 40 years and over were examined over a 5-year period to
      determine the incidence of malignant transformation of solar keratoses. They were
      seen on 2 consecutive years on 4267 occasions; a total of 21,905 solar keratoses
      were present on the first visit. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) developed within
      12 months on 28 of the 4267 occasions. Where accurate mapping of both SCCs and
      pre-existing solar keratoses was available, it was found that 10/17 (60%) SCCs
      arose from a lesion diagnosed clinically as a solar keratosis in the previous
      year and the other 7 (40%) SCCs on what had been clinically normal skin 12 months
      previously. The risk of malignant transformation of a solar keratosis to SCC
      within 1 year was less than 1/1000. The cost-effectiveness of treating all solar
      keratoses to prevent the development of SCC is questionable.

PMID- 2895319
TI  - Influence of postoperative anticoagulant treatment on patient survival after
      femoropopliteal vein bypass surgery.
AB  - To examine whether anticoagulants given after autologous saphenous bypass surgery
      influenced patient survival 119 patients who received such a graft for
      obliterative arterial disease were recruited for a controlled clinical trial.
      Patients were randomly assigned to start, in the second postoperative week,
      phenprocoumon (60 patients) or no treatment (59 patients). The median duration of
      survival for all patients was greater than 60 months, and the 75%-quartile was
      39.0 (SE of the median 3.9) months. 10 patients died in the treated group and 20
      in the control group. The treated group had a greater probability of survival (p
      less than 0.023, Breslow; p less than 0.043, Mantel). Graft occlusions occurred
      in 11 patients in the treatment group and in 17 controls. When these patients
      were excluded from the analysis, the difference in probability of survival
      between the two groups remained significant (p less than 0.009, Breslow; p less
      than 0.013, Mantel).

PMID- 2895320
TI  - Partial trisomy chromosome 5 cosegregating with schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenia was associated with a distinct autosomal abnormality in two related
      mildly dysmorphic individuals. The finding of cosegregation of schizophrenia and
      a partial trisomy of chromosome 5 in the family suggests a potential location of
      a gene or genes linked to schizophrenia.

PMID- 2895321
TI  - Microbial selective decontamination in intensive care patients.

PMID- 2895322
TI  - Buspirone--a radical advance in the treatment of anxiety?

PMID- 2895324
TI  - British surgery must change.

PMID- 2895323
TI  - HIV infection: obstetric and perinatal issues.

PMID- 2895325
TI  - Child health in the nordic countries.

PMID- 2895326
TI  - Revised definition of pre-eclampsia.
AB  - Different measures of raised blood pressure were analysed in 16,211 singleton
      pregnancies to determine the most effective way of identifying pre-eclampsia.
      Increments from baseline in the first half of pregnancy were considered as well
      as absolute levels. A combination of a high maximum diastolic pressure with a
      large increase from baseline was better for identifying a group with pre
      eclamptic features than either measurement on its own. A first diastolic pressure
      below 90 mm Hg, a subsequent increase of at least 25 mm Hg, and a maximum reading
      of at least 90 mm Hg gave appropriate criteria. These were applied to a second
      set of 15,624 singleton pregnancies and successfully identified a group with pre
      eclamptic features. Fewer women were identified as pre-eclamptic than with
      criteria modified from an existing definition widely used in Britain. The women
      excluded by the new criteria had the features of mild chronic hypertension rather
      than pre-eclampsia. The new definition is simple to use but like all other
      definitions of pre-eclampsia cannot be precise.

PMID- 2895327
TI  - Unilateral facial pain in patients with lung cancer: a referred pain via the
      vagus?
AB  - In 8 patients presenting with unilateral facial pain, subsequent investigation
      revealed an ipsilateral lung tumour. The interval between presentation with the
      pain and the discovery of the lung cancer varied between 6 wk and 4 yr.
      Radiotherapy cured the facial pain in 7 cases. Facial pain may be caused by lung
      cancer, and could be referred to the face via the vagus nerve.

PMID- 2895328
TI  - Transient traumatic cortical blindness in children.

PMID- 2895329
TI  - Pancreas transplantation for diabetes?

PMID- 2895330
TI  - Virus of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 2895331
TI  - 25 years of implanted intracardiac pacers.

PMID- 2895332
TI  - Triptorelin in treatment of cervical and vaginal dysplasia related to
      papillomavirus.

PMID- 2895333
TI  - Epidemic aluminium phosphide poisoning in northern India.

PMID- 2895334
TI  - Spontaneous resolution of multifocal gastric enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoid
      tumours.

PMID- 2895335
TI  - Caffeine cubes.

PMID- 2895336
TI  - Topoisomerases in human disease.

PMID- 2895337
TI  - Importance of cranial magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of multiple
      sclerosis without supraspinal signs.

PMID- 2895338
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction--round 2.

PMID- 2895339
TI  - Selective loss of HLA-A,B,C locus products in colorectal adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2895340
TI  - Bismuth, Campylobacter, and ulcer relapse.

PMID- 2895341
TI  - Diltiazem for tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia.

PMID- 2895342
TI  - Transient cerebellar diaschisis.

PMID- 2895344
TI  - Molecular mechanisms in familial and sporadic cancers.

PMID- 2895343
TI  - Prenatal exclusion of hereditary retinoblastoma.

PMID- 2895345
TI  - Thalidomide for graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2895346
TI  - Analgesic activity of morphine-6-glucuronide.

PMID- 2895347
TI  - Meleney's synergistic gangrene.

PMID- 2895348
TI  - Neopterins as markers in bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2895349
TI  - Respiratory tract infections and importation of exotic birds.

PMID- 2895350
TI  - Will antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection be a problem with AIDS
      vaccines?

PMID- 2895351
TI  - IgG antibodies to HIV-1 in urine of HIV-1 seropositive individuals.

PMID- 2895352
TI  - Follow-up of neuropathy from 2',3'-dideoxycytidine.

PMID- 2895353
TI  - Tuberculosis and the new CDC case definition for AIDS.

PMID- 2895354
TI  - Increase in childhood carcinomas in north-west England.

PMID- 2895355
TI  - Temazepam capsules; soft or hard?

PMID- 2895356
TI  - Audit on place of birth.

PMID- 2895357
TI  - Miscarriage and delayed depression.

PMID- 2895358
TI  - Myocardial depression after anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2895359
TI  - Cryopreserved zygote intrafallopian transfer for anonymous oocyte donation.

PMID- 2895360
TI  - Pertussis vaccine: court finds no justification for association with permanent
      brain damage.

PMID- 2895361
TI  - Dispensing forged prescriptions.

PMID- 2895362
TI  - Impact of sexual and physical abuse on women's mental health.
AB  - The level of psychiatric symptomatology was assessed with the General Health
      Questionnaire and the Present State Examination in a random community sample of
      women. Subsequently it was ascertained which of the women had been the victims of
      sexual or physical abuse, in either childhood or adult life. Women with a history
      of being abused were significantly more likely to have raised scores on both
      measures of psychopathology and to be identified as psychiatric cases. 20% of
      women who had been exposed to sexual abuse as a child were identified as having
      psychiatric disorders, predominantly depressive in type, compared with 6.3% of
      the non-abused population. Similar increases in psychopathology were found in
      women who had been physically or sexually assaulted in adult life. These findings
      indicate that the deleterious effects of abuse can continue to contribute to
      psychiatric morbidity for many years.

PMID- 2895363
TI  - Predicting insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - 719 first-degree relatives of diabetic children were followed up to assess the
      value of HLA haplotype sharing and of islet-cell antibodies (ICA) for prediction
      of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM). Within a maximum of 8 years' follow-up
      (3384 patient-years of observation) 16 unaffected relatives (5 parents and 11
      siblings) became insulin dependent. The cumulative risk of becoming insulin
      dependent by age 25 was 16% for siblings sharing two HLA haplotypes with the
      proband, 9% for those sharing one haplotype, and zero for those sharing none. 13
      of 24 (54%) subjects positive for complement-fixing ICA on three or more
      occasions became insulin dependent, as against 1 of 30 (3%) with noncomplement
      fixing ICA alone and 2 of 665 (0.3%) ICA-negative subjects; by life-table
      analysis the risks after 8 years of known ICA status are 76%, 3%, and 0.6%,
      respectively. In terms of total time at risk ICA-positive family members had a
      relative risk of 75.2 compared with ICA-negative individuals. With positivity for
      complement-fixing ICA the relative risk was 188.5.

PMID- 2895364
TI  - Doppler uteroplacental waveforms in pregnancy-induced hypertension: a re
      appraisal.
AB  - Uteroplacental waveforms in 32 untreated patients with pregnancy-induced
      hypertension (PIH) were compared with those in 32 carefully matched women with
      normal pregnancies (alpha = 0.05; beta = 0.80 for 30% difference between groups).
      Although some of the PIH patients showed high-resistance waveforms, both high and
      low resistance patterns were obtained from all controls and all but 1 PIH
      patient, and there was no overall difference in pulsatility index between groups
      (p greater than 0.1). Further careful prospective evaluation is necessary to
      determine the diagnostic value of doppler uteroplacental velocimetry in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 2895365
TI  - In-vitro production of HIV-specific antibody in children at risk of AIDS.
AB  - To improve on the early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection, 37 children born to HIV-infected mothers and 22 controls were
      investigated for in-vitro synthesis of IgG antibody directed against HIV
      components. For 14 of 16 infected children western blot showed HIV-specific IgG
      in the supernatants of cultures of their peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures.
      HIV-specific IgG synthesis was detected in cultures from 4 out of 17 seropositive
      children aged under 15 months with no clinical or laboratory evidence of
      infection. No HIV-specific IgG production was observed in cultures from 4
      uninfected children or 22 controls. The results show that the demonstration of in
      vitro production of HIV-specific IgG may help in the early diagnosis of HIV
      infection in children.

PMID- 2895367
TI  - Patch up the menopause.

PMID- 2895366
TI  - Role of epithelium in EBV persistence and pathogenesis of B-cell tumours.
AB  - EBV has long been thought to be primarily a B-lymphotropic virus. A manifestation
      of this tropism is the association of the virus with a variety of B-cell
      lymphoproliferative disorders and tumours. However, there is now considerable
      evidence to suggest that the permissive cell type for EBV replication is
      epithelial and that infection of B cells may be a secondary, and, from the point
      of view of the virus, an unimportant consequence. A re-evaluation of the role
      that epithelium plays in viral persistence and of the importance of the immune
      response in the development of persistent infection indicates that T-cell
      mediated immunity to the epithelial infection is critical in maintaining the
      normal delicate balance between virus and host. It also suggests that
      uncontrolled EBV replication in pharyngeal epithelium may be central to the
      evolution of some (or all) EBV-associated lymphomas.

PMID- 2895368
TI  - Medical research in the UK: their Lordships' view.

PMID- 2895369
TI  - Pulmonary aspergillosis.

PMID- 2895370
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and protein losing enteropathy in children.

PMID- 2895371
TI  - Central core disease.

PMID- 2895372
TI  - Management of diabetic renal involvement and disease.

PMID- 2895373
TI  - Polycystic ovaries--a common finding in normal women.
AB  - The prevalence of polycystic ovaries (PCO) in normal women of reproductive age
      was determined by pelvic ultrasound scanning of 257 volunteers who considered
      themselves to be normal and who had not sought treatment for menstrual
      disturbances, infertility, or hirsutism. All women had completed a menstrual
      history questionnaire. 99 women were on oral contraceptives at the time of the
      study. Of the 158 subjects who were not on oral contraceptives 18% had irregular
      cycles. 116 (73%) women had normal ovaries and 36 (23%) had PCO. 5 women had
      multifollicular ovaries and 1 had small, unstimulated ovaries. Only 1 woman with
      normal ovaries had an irregular menstrual cycle. Of the women with PCO, 76% had
      irregular cycles, and 6 of the 8 with regular cycles were hirsute. Women with and
      those without PCO differed in distribution of serum LH concentrations although
      the median values were similar. 25% of women with PCO had LH concentrations which
      exceeded the upper limit of the normal range. Thus PCO are common in normal
      women. Some of these women may have clinical and biochemical markers of PCO,
      which suggest that PCO in women who consider themselves to be normal is part of
      the same clinical spectrum as the classic Stein-Leventhal syndrome.

PMID- 2895374
TI  - Reliability of eliciting physical signs in examination of the chest.
AB  - Agreement between 24 physicians on the presence or absence of respiratory signs
      was investigated. The physicians were divided into six sets of 4; each set
      examined 4 patients with well-defined chest signs. There was generally poor
      agreement about particular signs. Overall, the 4 physicians in a set were in
      complete agreement only 55% of the time. Some signs such as wheezing seemed to be
      more reliably elicited than others such as whispering pectoriloquy. Comparison of
      diagnoses based on the clinical findings with the correct diagnoses supported by
      investigations showed that 28% of physicians' diagnoses were incorrect. The more
      often the examiners differed from the majority on the presence or absence of a
      sign, the more likely they were to make an incorrect diagnosis. A ranked order of
      the reliability with which chest signs are elicited would improve the teaching of
      chest medicine.

PMID- 2895375
TI  - Immunisation against hepatitis B.

PMID- 2895376
TI  - Xamoterol versus digoxin in heart failure.

PMID- 2895377
TI  - Aortic aneurysm presenting as deep venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2895378
TI  - Symptomless left-ventricular dysfunction and early drug treatment.

PMID- 2895379
TI  - Treatment of large basal-cell carcinomas with intralesional interferon-alpha-2a.

PMID- 2895380
TI  - Tyramine in wine and beer.

PMID- 2895381
TI  - Preliminary survival analysis of UK AIDS data.

PMID- 2895382
TI  - Isolation of HIV from mononuclear cells of patients receiving zidovudine.

PMID- 2895383
TI  - Adrenocortical lesions and AIDS.

PMID- 2895384
TI  - Detection of rabies antigen in canine parotid glands by dot-blot technique.

PMID- 2895385
TI  - Acellular pertussis vaccines and fatal infections.

PMID- 2895386
TI  - Possible exacerbation of myasthenia gravis by ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2895387
TI  - Leucocyte-derived interferon-alpha in patients with antibodies to recombinant IFN
      alpha 2b.

PMID- 2895388
TI  - Motoneurone disease.

PMID- 2895389
TI  - Brazilian purpuric fever.

PMID- 2895390
TI  - Molecular basis of mitochondrial myopathies.

PMID- 2895391
TI  - Kearns-Sayre syndrome with muscle mitochondrial DNA deletion.

PMID- 2895392
TI  - IgG subclass deficiency and chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2895393
TI  - Roughness of skin in food allergy.

PMID- 2895394
TI  - Aluminium and dialysis arthropathy.

PMID- 2895395
TI  - Hepatotoxicity of tetrahydroaminoacridine.

PMID- 2895396
TI  - A new kind of child abuse.

PMID- 2895397
TI  - Passive smoking.

PMID- 2895398
TI  - Penalising smokers and drinkers.

PMID- 2895399
TI  - Bilingual consultation.

PMID- 2895400
TI  - Screening for ovarian cancer by CA-125 measurement.

PMID- 2895401
TI  - Oronasal obstruction, lung volumes, and arterial oxygenation.

PMID- 2895402
TI  - Rapid resolution of subclavian vein thrombosis by tissue plasminogen activator.

PMID- 2895403
TI  - Use of right atrial electrocardiography through fluid column of central venous
      catheters.

PMID- 2895405
TI  - Mouth-to-mask respiration.

PMID- 2895404
TI  - Coronary risk factors in children.

PMID- 2895406
TI  - Tamoxifen versus surgery in elderly patients with breast cancer.

PMID- 2895407
TI  - Long-term treatment of alcoholic liver disease with propylthiouracil.

PMID- 2895409
TI  - Differential effects of enflurane on Glu- and ACH-induced chloride currents in
      Aplysia neurons.
AB  - The primary site of anesthetic action remains controversial. In addition to non
      specific actions of hydrophobic substances on the membrane, specific effects of
      volatile anesthetics on neuronal activity have been reported. In the present
      study, effects of enflurane on the chloride currents (ICl) induced by L-glutamic
      acid (Glu) and acetylcholine (ACh) in isolated Aplysia neurons were examined,
      using the 'concentration clamp' technique. Enflurane increased the peak amplitude
      of the ICl induced by low concentrations of Glu but decreased those evoked by
      higher concentrations of the agonist. The anesthetic accelerated both activation
      and desensitization phases of the Glu-induced ICl. On the other hand, the ACh
      induced ICl in the same neuron was depressed in an uncompetitive manner in the
      presence of enflurane. The desensitization phase was not affected, although the
      activation phase became more rapid and the mean open time obtained by noise
      analysis was shortened. These results suggest the existence of specific steps in
      the process of activation and desensitization of channels, at which the volatile
      anesthetic exerts differential effects on the postsynaptic currents.

PMID- 2895408
TI  - Effects of pancreastatin on insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion by the
      perfused rat pancreas.
AB  - Pancreastatin is a novel peptide, isolated from porcine pancreatic extracts,
      which has been shown to inhibit glucose-induced insulin release "in vitro". To
      achieve further insight into the influence of pancreastatin on pancreatic hormone
      secretion, we have studied the effects of this peptide on unstimulated insulin,
      glucagon and somatostatin output, as well as on the responses of these hormones
      to glucose and to tolbutamide in the perfused rat pancreas. Pancreastatin
      strongly inhibited unstimulated insulin release as well as the insulin responses
      to glucose and to tolbutamide. It did not significantly affect glucagon or
      somatostatin output under any of the above-mentioned conditions. These findings
      suggest that pancreastatin inhibits B-cell secretory activity directly, and not
      through an A-cell or D-cell paracrine effect.

PMID- 2895410
TI  - Free fatty acid inhibition of the insulin induction of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase in rat hepatocyte monolayers.
AB  - Rat hepatocytes in monolayer culture were utilized to determine if the decrease
      in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity resulting from the ingestion
      of fat can be mimicked by the addition of fatty acids to a chemically, hormonally
      defined medium. G6PD activity in cultured hepatocytes was induced several-fold by
      insulin. Dexamethasone or T3 did not amplify the insulin induction of G6PD.
      Glucose alone increased G6PD activity in cultured hepatocytes from fasted donors
      by nearly 500%. Insulin in combination with glucose induced G6PD an additional
      two-fold. The increase in G6PD activity caused by glucose was greater in
      hepatocytes isolated from 72 hr-fasted rats as compared to fed donor rats. Such a
      response was reminiscent of the "overshoot" phenomenon in which G6PD activity is
      induced well above the normal level by fasting-refeeding rats a high glucose
      diet. Addition of linoleate to the medium resulted in a significant suppression
      of insulin's ability to induce G6PD, but linoleate had no effect on the induction
      of G6PD activity by glucose alone. A shift to the right in the insulin-response
      curve for the induction of G6PD also was detected for the induction of malic
      enzyme and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Arachidonate (0.25 mM) was a significantly
      more effective inhibitor of the insulin action than linoleate was. Apparently rat
      hepatocytes in monolayer culture can be utilized as a model to investigate the
      molecular mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit the production of lipogenic
      enzymes. In part, this mechanism of fatty acid inhibition involves
      desensitization of hepatocytes to the lipogenic action of insulin.

PMID- 2895411
TI  - Evolutionary implication of heterogeneity of the nontranscribed spacer region of
      ribosomal DNA repeating units in various subspecies of Mus musculus.
AB  - Genetic variability of the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) region within ribosomal
      DNA repeating units in the various subspecies of Mus musculus was determined.
      Mice belonging to several laboratory mouse strains were examined by means of
      Southern blot hybridization with a mouse ribosomal DNA probe. This probe
      encompasses the 3' end of the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and the following
      spacer. Restriction enzyme digestions of the liver DNAs from various wild mice
      revealed that each of the subspecies has a unique pattern in the spacer
      encompassing a distance approximately 10 kb downstream from the ribosomal gene.
      These restriction patterns permit the classification of mouse subspecies and also
      provide insights into the origin of the laboratory mouse strains.

PMID- 2895412
TI  - Variation in the number of alpha-globin loci in sheep.
AB  - Southern blot analysis was used to compare sheep and goat restriction
      endonuclease maps of the DNA region containing the alpha-globin genes. The
      identical digestion patterns observed in both species with three endonucleases
      (BamHI, BstEII, and PstI) show that in sheep a single chromosome normally bears
      two nonallelic alpha-globin genes positioned at the same distance as in goat.
      Variant digestion patterns with enzymes that cleave outside (BamHI and HindIII)
      and within (EcoRI) the alpha-globin loci allowed us to infer that chromosomes
      with different numbers of alpha-globin loci are also present in sheep. In
      particular, in the 60 sheep considered, four individuals were heterozygous (alpha
      alpha/alpha alpha alpha) and one was homozygous (alpha alpha alpha/alpha alpha
      alpha) for chromosomes with three loci and one individual was heterozygous for a
      chromosome with four loci (alpha alpha/alpha alpha alpha alpha). This variation
      in the number of copies of alpha-globin loci can be explained by means of unequal
      crossovers.

PMID- 2895413
TI  - Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) spacer polymorphism in mole rats.
AB  - Genetic differentiation of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) nontranscribed-spacer (NTS)
      polymorphism was analyzed in 50 individuals from 13 populations among the four
      chromosomal species (2n = 52, 2n = 54, 2n = 58, and 2n = 60) of subterranean mole
      rats of the Spalax ehrenbergi complex in Israel. Southern blot analysis with a
      mouse rDNA probe and two restriction enzymes, EcoRI and BamHI, revealed various
      sizes of major restriction fragments. The assumption that this variation is due
      to length polymorphism of NTS DNA was supported by the construction of
      restriction-site maps. On the basis of the EcoRI and BamHi fragment lengths, we
      could characterize the major types of NTS rDNA repeating units in each
      individual. Each member of the central population in the four chromosomal groups
      of mole rats has a characteristic combination of the NTS types, suggesting that
      the karyotype groups were genetically diverged. Some near-hybrid-zone populations
      reflect similarities with the rDNA spectra of a neighbor chromosomal group. This
      might have resulted from gene flow across the hybrid zones.

PMID- 2895414
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA variation and genetic structure in populations of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - The understanding of the genetic structure of a species can be improved by
      considering together data from different types of genetic markers. In the past, a
      number of worldwide populations of Drosophila melanogaster have been extensively
      studied for several such markers, including allozymes, chromosomal inversions,
      and quantitative characters. Here we present results from a study of restriction
      fragment-length polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in 92 isofemale lines
      from many of the same geographic populations of D. melanogaster. Eleven
      restriction enzymes were used, of which four revealed restriction-site
      polymorphism. A total of 24 different haplotypes were observed, of which 18 were
      unique to single populations. In many populations, the unique haplotypes have
      reached high frequency without being observed in neighboring populations. A
      Wagner parsimony tree reveals that mutationally close variants show geographical
      clumping, suggesting local differentiation of mtDNA in populations. The Old-World
      and the New-World populations are differentiated, with the predominant Old-World
      haplotype being virtually absent from the New World. These results contrast with
      those for the nuclear genes, in which many loci show parallel clines in different
      continents, and suggest a common origin of D. melanogaster populations in North
      America.

PMID- 2895415
TI  - Restriction-map variation in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster:
      white-locus region.
AB  - Restriction-map variation among 38 chromosomes collected from natural populations
      from around the world was surveyed using probes for a 45-kb region containing and
      surrounding the white locus. Insertion and deletion variation was more common in
      the regions flanking the white transcriptional unit, and restriction-site
      polymorphism appears to be most common 5' of the white locus. The frequencies of
      individual large insertions (suspected transposable elements) were low, although
      37% of the chromosomes had at least one insertion in the white-locus region. The
      estimated level of nucleotide heterozygosity over the whole region was 0.012.
      There was little linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphic sites. In contrast
      to earlier reports of the variation in other regions of the Drosophila
      melanogaster genome, there seemed to be less linkage disequilibrium and perhaps
      more nucleotide polymorphism.

PMID- 2895416
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in diploid and allotetraploid
      Gossypium: assigning the late embryogenesis-abundant (Lea) alloalleles in G.
      hirsutum.
AB  - We have determined the copy number of 21 genes in an allotetraploid and several
      diploid species of cotton by gel and dot blot hybridization with cloned cDNAs.
      The legumin A, legumin B, and all 18 unique Lea (late embryogenesis-abundant)
      cDNA sequences isolated from the AD allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum are present
      in one copy in A, D, E, and F diploid species and in two copies in G. hirsutum.
      Gel blot analysis of DNAs digested with EcoRI or BamHI usually detects different
      sized fragments in A and D diploids. Conservation of these restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms in G. hirsutum allows most of these fragments to be assigned
      to their respective subgenomes. Furthermore, both subgenomes in G. hirsutum can
      be distinguished from those in the interfertile allotetraploid G. barbadense.
      These results show that physical mapping of both sets of chromosomes in an
      allotetraploid should be possible by segregation analysis.

PMID- 2895418
TI  - [Voluntary, ritual and collective tooth mutilation in traditional societies and
      their prolongation in industrial societies].

PMID- 2895417
TI  - An RFLP adjacent to the maize waxy gene has the structure of a transposable
      element.
AB  - Two maize inbred lines harbor non-mutant waxy (Wx) genes that display restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) upstream from the start of Wx transcription.
      Sequencing of this region in the two strains revealed a DNA insertion with the
      structural features of a transposable element. The insertion is 316 bp in length,
      has 15 bp imperfect inverted repeats and is flanked by a 5 bp direct repeat
      generated upon insertion. Sequences homologous to this insertion are present in
      multiple copies in maize and its relatives teosinte and Tripsacum but not in the
      more distantly related dicot tobacco. Finally, this element is not homologous
      with any previously described maize DNA insertion.

PMID- 2895419
TI  - Neurochemical, but not behavioral, deviations in the offspring of rats following
      prenatal or paternal inhalation exposure to ethanol.
AB  - In addition to its widespread social use, ethanol is used extensively as an
      industrial solvent. Inhalation exposures to ethanol which produce narcosis in
      maternal rats are not teratogenic. The present study sought to extend the
      previous research by including offspring from paternal exposures, and testing for
      behavioral disorders in the offspring following maternal or paternal exposures.
      Groups of 18 male (approximately 450 g) and 15 female (200-300 g) Sprague-Dawley
      rats were exposed 7 hours/day for six weeks or throughout gestation to 16000,
      10000, or 0 ppm ethanol by inhalation and then mated with untreated rats. Litters
      were culled to 4 males and 4 females, and were fostered within 16 hours after
      birth to untreated dams which had delivered their litters within 48 hours
      previously. Offspring from paternally or maternally exposed animals performed as
      well as controls on days 10-90 in tests of neuromotor coordination (ascent on a
      wire mesh screen, rotorod), activity levels (open field, modified-automated open
      field, and running wheel), and learning ability (avoidance conditioning and
      operant conditioning). In addition, brains of 10 21-day-old pups were analyzed
      for neurochemical differences from controls in concentrations of protein and the
      neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine,
      substance P, Met-enkephalin, and beta-endorphin. Levels of acetylcholine,
      dopamine, substance P, and beta-endorphin were essentially unchanged in the
      offspring of rats exposed to ethanol. Complex, but significant changes in levels
      of norepinephrine occurred only in paternally exposed offspring. 5
      Hydroxytryptamine levels were reduced in the cerebrum, and Met-enkephalin levels
      were increased in all brain regions of offspring from both maternally and
      paternally exposed rats.

PMID- 2895422
TI  - [Two cases of Takayasu arteritis. Studies by light microscopy, transmission
      electron microscopy and polarization electron microscopy].

PMID- 2895421
TI  - No glycolipid anchors are added to Thy-1 glycoprotein in Thy-1-negative mutant
      thymoma cells of four different complementation classes.
AB  - Recent evidence shows that the mature Thy-1 surface glycoprotein lacks the C
      terminal amino acids 113 to 143 predicted from the cDNA sequence and is anchored
      in the plasma membrane by a complex, phosphatidylinositol-containing glycolipid
      attached to the alpha-carboxyl group of amino acid 112. Here we studied the
      biosynthesis of Thy-1 in two previously described and two newly isolated Thy-1
      deficient mutant cell lines. Somatic cell hybridization indicated that their
      mutations affected some processing step rather than the Thy-1 structural gene.
      The Thy-1 made by mutants of classes C, F, and H bound detergent but, in contrast
      to wild-type Thy-1, their detergent-binding moieties could not be removed by
      phospholipase C. In addition, tryptophan, which only occurs in position 124, was
      incorporated into Thy-1 of these mutants but not of wild-type cells. Last, the
      Thy-1 of wild-type but not mutant cells could be radiolabeled with [3H]palmitic
      acid. Together, these findings strongly suggest that mutants of classes C, F, and
      H accumulate a biosynthetic intermediate of Thy-1 which retains at least part of
      the hydrophobic C-terminal peptide. The Thy-1 of these mutants remained
      endoglycosidase H sensitive, suggesting that it accumulated in the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum or the Cis-Golgi. A different Thy-1 intermediate was found
      in a class B mutant cell line: the Thy-1 of this mutant was 2 kilodaltons smaller
      than the Thy-1 of other cell lines, did not bind detergent, and was rapidly
      secreted via a normal secretory pathway.

PMID- 2895423
TI  - Nucleotide sequence determination of point mutations at the mouse HPRT locus
      using in vitro amplification of HPRT mRNA sequences.
AB  - Cloning of genomic and cDNA sequences of mammalian genes has made it possible to
      analyze at the molecular level mutations induced by radiation and chemical
      mutagens. The X-linked HPRT gene is very suitable for these investigations
      because in addition to the availability of cell culture systems, HPRT mutants can
      also be obtained directly from the lymphocytes of mouse and man. Recently a new
      technique has been introduced by Saiki and co-workers which allows the cloning
      and sequencing of small specific DNA segments from total genomic DNA after in
      vitro amplification of those segments up to 200,000-fold (Saiki et al., 1985). We
      have adapted this so-called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure in such a
      way that the entire mouse HPRT-coding region could be amplified, cloned and
      sequenced. Instead of genomic DNA, we have used RNA as template in the PCR
      reactions. This allows us to detect point mutations in HPRT exon sequences in a
      very efficient way, since the DNA sequence of all 9 exons, which are scattered
      over 34 kb of DNA, can be obtained from only one amplification experiment. We
      studied the nature of 3 N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced HPRT mutants from
      cultured mouse lymphoma cells. One contains an A:T----G:C transition, the second
      an A:T----T:A transversion, whereas the third mutant is the result of abnormal
      splicing events, probably due to a mutation in the 3' splice site of the first
      intron.

PMID- 2895424
TI  - DNA strand breaks and mutations caused by penbutolol, a beta blocker.
AB  - Sixteen beta-adrenergic receptor blockers were screened for their mutagenic
      potential using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. All except
      penbutolol were found to be nonmutagenic. Penbutolol was cytotoxic to human
      fibroblasts and Chinese hamster V79 cells. These effects could be due to its
      ability to induce DNA-strand breaks detected by hydroxyapatite chromatography,
      which remained unrepaired within 1 h of incubation. Under the same conditions
      strand-breaking activity of propranolol, timolol and indenolol could not be
      detected. Three potential impurities of penbutolol were ineffective in causing
      DNA-strand breakage and one metabolite of this drug was found to be nonmutagenic.

PMID- 2895420
TI  - Different cis-acting DNA elements control expression of the human apolipoprotein
      AI gene in different cell types.
AB  - In mammals, the gene coding for apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), a protein of the
      plasma lipid transport system, is expressed only in the liver and the intestine.
      A series of plasmids containing various lengths of sequences flanking the 5' end
      of the human apoAI gene were constructed and assayed for transient expression
      after introduction into cultured human hepatoma (HepG2), colon carcinoma (Caco
      2), and epithelial (HeLa) cells. The results showed that while most of these
      constructs are expressed in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells, none of them is expressed in
      HeLa cells. In addition, the results indicated that a DNA segment located between
      nucleotides -256 and -41 upstream from the transcription start site of this gene
      is necessary and sufficient for maximal levels of expression in HepG2 but not in
      Caco-2 cells, while a DNA segment located between nucleotides -2052 and -192 is
      required for maximal levels of expression in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, it was shown
      that the -256 to -41 DNA segment functions as a hepatoma cell-specific
      transcriptional enhancer with both homologous and heterologous promoters. These
      results indicate that different cis- and possibly trans-acting factors are
      involved in the establishment and subsequent regulation of expression of the
      apoAI gene in the mammalian liver and intestine.

PMID- 2895425
TI  - Neuroleptic-withdrawal cachexia.

PMID- 2895426
TI  - Possible teratogenicity of sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2895427
TI  - Enhancement of contractile responses to partial alpha-adrenoceptor agonists
      during warming in rat aorta.
AB  - We examined the effects of warming on the contractile responses to full and
      partial alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in rat aorta. The contractions elicited by
      norepinephrine and methoxamine were not affected during warming (40 degrees C, 42
      degrees C), whereas those induced by clonidine and St 587 were significantly
      enhanced. KCl-induced contractions of rat aorta were not affected by warming. The
      dissociation constants of clonidine and St 587 at 40 degrees C were not different
      from those at 37 degrees C. At 40 degrees C, the receptor occupancy-contractile
      response curve of clonidine was a hyperbolic curve similar to that of methoxamine
      at 37 degrees C, although at 37 degrees C the curve was almost linear. The
      responses of St 587 at both 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C were related inversely
      hyperbolic to the receptor occupancy, but the receptor occupancy-contractile
      response curve was shifted to the left and upward during warming. Clonidine and
      St 587 elicited equal responses at lower fractional occupancies at 40 degrees C
      than at 37 degrees C. The relative efficacies of clonidine and St 587 to
      methoxamine were significantly augmented during warming. It is suggested that the
      contractile responses to partial alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in rat aorta are
      enhanced during warming, and that this effect is related to the intrinsic
      efficacy of the agonists rather than to any function of their relative
      selectivity for alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Such enhancement is due to
      augmentation of the efficacy rather than to augmentation of the affinity of the
      agonists.

PMID- 2895428
TI  - [Gilles de la Tourette syndrome].

PMID- 2895429
TI  - Influence of antipsychotics and serotonin antagonists on presynaptic receptors
      modulating the release of serotonin in synaptosomes of the nucleus accumbens of
      rats.
AB  - In the nucleus accumbens of rats the release of [3H]serotonin (5-HT) from
      superfused synaptosomes stimulated by 30 mM K+ was investigated. In the presence
      of 40 microM of the uptake inhibitor cocaine the release of [3H]5-HT was
      inhibited by 5-HT in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.45 microM). The
      maximum inhibitory effect of 5-HT was 54% of controls. The inhibition of K+
      stimulated release of [3H]5-HT induced by 5-HT was antagonized completely by
      methiothepine and clozapine, respectively, whereas methysergide had only a weak
      antagonizing effect in a concentration of 20 microM or less, haloperidol was
      ineffective. Furthermore, the synaptosomal K+-stimulated release of [3H]5-HT was
      also inhibited by dopamine (DA) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.1
      microM). This inhibitory effect was antagonized by antipsychotic drugs, the rank
      order of antagonistic potencies was sulpiride greater than haloperidol greater
      than clozapine; methiothepine was ineffective. The experimental system (the K+
      stimulated synaptosomal release of [3H]5-HT seems to be a suitable model for
      differentiating dopaminergic and/or serotonergic components of antipsychotics or
      other drugs on presynaptic receptors.

PMID- 2895431
TI  - Analgesia and the blood-brain barrier transport system for Tyr-MIF-1/enkephalins:
      evidence for a dissociation.
AB  - The blood-brain barrier is capable of transporting peptides with anti-opiate (Tyr
      MIF-1) and opiate (enkephalins) activity out of the central nervous system. The
      relationship of this transport system to the various actions of opiates remains
      unexplored. This study examined the relationship between the rate of transport
      and opiate-induced analgesia. Both restraint, a stress that provokes an opiate
      mediated analgesia, and the administration of morphine (12 mg/kg, i.p.) each
      induced an inhibition in the rate of transport. Such inhibition exhibited
      specificity, since the saturable, brain to blood transport of iodide remained
      unaltered. However, it was possible to dissociate analgesia and inhibition of
      transport. The onset and peak of analgesia, as measured by tail-flick latency
      induced by morphine, preceded the onset and peak of the inhibition of transport.
      Naltrexone, which blocks opiate-mediated analgesia, also induced inhibition of
      transport without any significant effect on tail-flick latency. (-) Naloxone but
      not (+) naloxone also weakly inhibited transport. Deprivation of food and water,
      associated with analgesia possibly mediated by the opiate, beta-endorphin, which
      is not transported out of the brain by this system, did not alter transport.
      These results suggest that while inhibition of transport and analgesia may occur
      together, these events probably represent two separate aspects of the action of
      opiates, that may even be mediated by separate receptor sites or peptides in the
      opiate family.

PMID- 2895430
TI  - The hypothermic response of mice to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is enhanced by
      chlorpromazine, thioxanthenes, alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and pentolinium but
      not by SCH 23390 or sulpiride.
AB  - Chlorpromazine, given either subcutaneously (0.375 mg/kg) or unilaterally into
      the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area through a chronically implanted cannula
      (20 micrograms), was found to enhance the hypothermic response to delta-9
      tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 5 mg/kg i.p.) in unrestrained adult male MF1 mice,
      kept at 22 degrees C. In mg/kg terms, chlorpromazine was no more potent when
      injected into the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area than when given
      subcutaneously. Phentolamine (54 micrograms) had no significant effect on
      hypothermia induced by THC when injected into the hypothalamus although it did
      enhance this response when given subcutaneously (15 mg/kg). Hypothermia induced
      by THC was also enhanced by flupentixol (0.375 mg/kg s.c.), piflutixol (23.4
      micrograms/kg s.c.), pentolinium (5 mg/kg s.c.), prazosin (0.1875 mg/kg s.c.) and
      indoramin (6 mg/kg s.c.) but not by SCH 23390 (6 mg/kg s.c.) or sulpiride (40
      mg/kg s.c.). When taken together with the results from a previous study, these
      data support the hypothesis that chlorpromazine enhances hypothermia induced in
      mice by THC by antagonizing alpha-adrenoceptors so as to decrease the capacity of
      the animals to minimise peripheral blood flow by vasoconstriction. The present
      data also support the hypothesis that flupentixol and piflutixol interacted with
      THC not by antagonizing dopamine at D1 or D2 receptors but rather by blocking
      alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2895433
TI  - Investigation of the effect of fluperlapine on the EEG in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The investigations of the EEG during an open study with the antipsychotic drug
      fluperlapine in acute schizophrenic patients are reported. Due to ethical and
      practical considerations some of the common pharmaco-electroencephalographic
      procedures as well as placebo controlled study designs could not be applied in
      these patients. To overcome at least partly these limitations, intraindividual as
      well as interindividual correlations were used. They were computed between plasma
      concentrations of unchanged fluperlapine as well as its metabolite N-oxide
      fluperlapine, on one hand, and EEG variables, on the other. The intraindividual
      correlations can be computed either on the first day of the active treatment over
      various time points of that day (acute effects) or across several appointed
      treatment days always taking values at the same time during these days (chronic
      effects). The intraindividual correlations of a set of subjects were submitted to
      a sign test to obtain an overall result for the relation between the EEG and
      blood plasma levels of the drug. In this way an acute and a chronic effect of
      fluperlapine on the EEG could be shown consisting mainly of an increase in slow
      waves, a decrease in the alpha-activity and a tendency of beta-activity to
      decrease. A comparison of the correlations between the plasma levels of
      fluperlapine and the EEG variables with the correlations between the plasma
      levels of N-oxide fluperlapine and the EEG gives rise to the hypothesis that
      unchanged fluperlapine has a stronger effect on the EEG than its metabolite.

PMID- 2895432
TI  - Analgesic effects of intrathecally-applied alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in
      conscious, unrestrained sheep.
AB  - Intrathecal injections of small volumes of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists,
      xylazine and clonidine, into the cervical region of the spinal cord of conscious
      unrestrained sheep produced a dose-dependent analgesia of the forelimbs as
      measured using a mechanical pressure device. Intravenous injection of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan completely abolished the analgesic effects of
      the intrathecally applied alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Subsequent studies using
      [3H] clonidine injected at a similar dose and volume via the intrathecal
      catheters, indicated that the volume of drug used, 100 microliter, gave a
      localisation of the drug limited to about five vertebral segments around the
      catheter tip.

PMID- 2895434
TI  - Classification of psychotropic drugs by rat EEG analysis: the anxiolytic profile
      in comparison to the antidepressant and neuroleptic profile.
AB  - Electroencephalograms were recorded from the parietal and frontal cortex of
      freely moving rats held in constant vigilance by placing them in a slowly turning
      drum. The effects of 5 clinically effective anxiolytics, buspirone, meprobamate,
      phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, were studied after intraperitoneal
      injection of different doses. After on-line fast Fourier transformation of the
      EEG signal, the drug effects were quantified by an Analysis of Variance. This
      resulted in a t profile for each drug dosage. Averaging the t profiles of all
      dosages of a drug results in a 'drug profile'. Averaging the drug profiles of the
      5 anxiolytic drugs tested results in an 'anxiolytic profile'. This profile is
      characterized by a power decrease from 8 to 11 Hz and above 70 Hz and a power
      increase from 20 to 60 Hz. The anxiolytic profile is compared with the formerly
      defined antidepressant and neuroleptic profiles and can be clearly distinguished
      from the latter two.

PMID- 2895435
TI  - Adjunctive benzodiazepines in acute schizophrenia.
AB  - An open clinical trial was conducted on an unlocked ward investigating the use of
      benzodiazepines as adjunctive therapy with neuroleptics in managing acute
      exacerbation of chronic schizophrenia. Seventeen patients meeting DSM-III
      criteria for this disorder were treated. Patient response was monitored with use
      of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Beigel Mania Rating Scale. Our results
      indicate that those patients who received greater than 2 mg lorazepam equivalents
      daily had greater improvement at 4 days of treatment in comparison to those who
      received less than 2 mg lorazepam equivalents daily.

PMID- 2895436
TI  - [Prevalence and pathogenesis of folate deficiency in patients with quiescent or
      clinically mildly active Crohn disease].

PMID- 2895438
TI  - Displaceable somatostatin binding sites in the gray matter and pyramidal paths of
      the human developing spinal cord.
AB  - The binding of the somatostatin analogue, 125I-iodo-Tyr-[Tyr0,D-Trp8]S14, to the
      foetal (18- and 24-week-old) and infant (newborn and 17-month-old) spinal cord
      was examined using in vitro autoradiography. Somatostatin binding sites were
      detected at cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral levels in foetal as well as in
      infant spinal cord. The radiolabelling was localized over the grey especially in
      the superficial layers of the dorsal horn including the substantia gelatinosa and
      the marginal zone. In foetal and newborn spinal cord, the direct and crossed
      pyramidal paths exhibited a substantial binding of the ligand. A similar
      labelling was not observed in the pyramidal paths of a 17-month-old child or in
      anencephalic newborn spinal cord or previously described in adult. These results
      emphasize the early presence of somatostatin binding sites during the ontogeny of
      the human spinal cord. Further, the transient appearance of somatostatin binding
      sites in the pyramidal paths, prior the myelination, raises the question whether
      somatostatin receptors could be involved in the maturation of certain normal
      paths.

PMID- 2895437
TI  - [Somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Our experience].

PMID- 2895439
TI  - Properties of glycine-activated conductances in rat brain neurones.
AB  - The inhibitory responses to glycine, taurine, beta-alanine, 2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid (APV) were investigated in freshly isolated neurones from
      medulla oblongata and hippocampus of rat using concentration clamp, voltage clamp
      and intracellular perfusion techniques. All substances, when applied in a
      steplike manner, induced a rapid increase in the chloride permeability of the
      cellular membrane which slowly desensitized. The responses to all substances were
      blocked by external strychnine. Cross-desensitization experiments demonstrated
      that all substances tested activate the same system of membrane receptors.

PMID- 2895441
TI  - Changes in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in brain microvessels,
      astroglial cells and synaptosomes derived from rats with hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Prolonged thioacetamide treatment increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
      activity in the rat liver and induced neurological symptoms of hepatic
      encephalopathy (HE). The enzyme activity measured without an amino acid or
      peptide acceptor was increased in cortical capillaries and synaptosomes, but
      remained unchanged in astroglia isolated from the brains of hyperammonemic rats.
      In the presence of L-glutamine the activity of GGT was stimulated by about 60% in
      astroglial cells while in the capillaries and synaptosomes the amino acid
      stimulation was less pronounced. Glycylglycine also stimulated the GGT activity
      in the astroglia more (4-fold) than in cortical capillaries or synaptosomes (3
      fold). Similar stimulatory effects of these gamma-glutamyl moiety acceptors on
      the GGT activity were observed in capillaries, glial cells and synaptosomes
      derived from the brains of rats with HE. These results indicate that GGT may be
      involved in the excessive accumulation of large neutral amino acids (and some
      peptides) in the brain of rats with HE.

PMID- 2895440
TI  - Differential activity of the endogenous antiopiate Tyr-MIF-1 after various
      intensities of stress.
AB  - Three forms of stress-induced analgesia (electric shock, forced water-swim and
      novelty) were used to examine the nature of the endogenous antiopiate system. It
      was hypothesized that a role of the antiopiate system may be to regulate the
      extent of antinociception within varying environments. The antiopiate properties
      of Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), which were manifest by reduction of opiate
      analgesia in mice on a hot-plate, were best expressed within a defined range of
      intensities. In each of the 3 analgesic situations, pre-administration of Tyr-MIF
      1 (0.1 mg/kg) resulted in an antinociceptive effect after low to moderate stress
      but not after more intense stress. These observations indicate that the
      antiopiate system can function differentially under various environmental
      conditions, thus ensuring that the organism's responses to its perception of the
      immediate environment are appropriate and specific.

PMID- 2895442
TI  - Management of traumatic dental injuries in children.

PMID- 2895443
TI  - The passive protection of lambs against Clostridium perfringens type D with semi
      purified hyperimmune serum.
AB  - Weaned lambs, having a detectable level of maternal antibodies (1-2 units/ml)
      against C. perfringens type D, showed protective antitoxin levels lasting for 29
      days after receiving a single parenteral dose of 200 units/kg hyperimmune serum.
      Lambs, having no maternal antibodies (less than 0,07 units/ml) to C. perfringens
      type D but receiving the same dose of hyperimmune serum, maintained protective
      antibody levels for only 21 days. Three weeks after the titres fell below the
      minimum protective level of 0,15 units/ml, both these groups were treated again
      in the same manner. The passive immunity conferred in both groups now lasted for
      42 days. When the hyperimmune serum was administered to lambs already immunized
      by vaccination, a slight increase was noted in the antibody titre.

PMID- 2895444
TI  - [Treatment of hypertension and coronary disease].

PMID- 2895446
TI  - Amplification of human int-2 in breast cancers and squamous carcinomas.
AB  - Murine int-2 is one of the genetic loci implicated in the induction of mouse
      breast cancers by murine mammary tumor virus. An homologous gene has recently
      been identified in the human genome (Casey et al., 1986). The human int-2 locus
      was found to be amplified 7- to 25-fold in 4 of 46 infiltrating ductal breast
      cancers and 30- to 60-fold in 2 of 8 squamous carcinomas of the head and neck
      region, but not in other cancers. All of the involved tumors had metastasized to
      regional lymphatics at the time of analysis and five exhibited clinically
      aggressive behavior.

PMID- 2895445
TI  - Genetic analysis and developmental regulation of testis-specific RNA expression
      of Mos, Abl, actin and Hox-1.4.
AB  - The pattern of Mos proto-oncogene RNA expression in the gonads of the sterile
      mouse mutants, dominant spotting (W), sex reversal (Sxr), testicular feminization
      (Tfm), hypogonadal (hpg), quaking (qk), two t-haplotypes, three X-autosomal
      translocations, and the YPOS strain, is consistent with its presence in haploid
      spermatids in the testes and in oocytes in the ovaries. In the male-sterile mouse
      mutants the pattern of expression of the testis-specific transcripts for Abl,
      actin, and the mouse homeobox Hox-1.4 genes is identical to that observed for
      Mos. However, during the postnatal onset of normal spermatogenesis we detected
      differences in the time of the appearance of the four transcripts. We detected
      Hox-1.4 transcripts at day 20, Mos at day 25, and Abl and actin at day 30,
      demonstrating a specific regulation of expression of each of these genes during
      haploid spermatid maturation in the mouse. Furthermore, comparison of Mos, Abl
      and actin RNA expression in mouse and rat testes revealed species-specific
      variations in the regulation of gene expression.

PMID- 2895447
TI  - [Multiple otogenic subdural abscesses].

PMID- 2895448
TI  - Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of the vestibular
      end-organs.
AB  - It is very valuable for temporal bone morphologists to be able to recognize
      temporal bone serial sections in three dimensions and to be able to measure
      temporal bone structures three-dimensionally. We can now do 3-dimensional
      reconstruction to visualize the structures of vestibular endorgans (utricular and
      saccular maculae) and measure these endorgans in space by means of a small
      computer system and software that we developed. As well as obtaining the
      dimensions--such as length and area--of the utricular and saccular maculae, we
      also found that (1) most of the utricular macula lies in one plane, which is the
      same as the plane of the lateral semicircular canal, (2) the saccular macula is
      shaped like part of a sphere, and (3) the angle between the two maculae is less
      than a right angle. Such knowledge is indispensable to the evaluation of the
      function of the utricular and saccular maculae.

PMID- 2895449
TI  - [Effect of the pharmacological modulation of the brain dopamine systems on
      epileptic activity in rats].

PMID- 2895451
TI  - [Neurochemical mechanisms of the functioning of central links in the emetic
      reflex].

PMID- 2895450
TI  - [Use of a polymetric method for studying neural transmission block in the
      autonomic ganglia (experimental and clinical research)].

PMID- 2895452
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on responses to acute hypoxemia in
      lambs.
AB  - We studied the effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on general
      circulatory and metabolic responses to moderate (FIO2 = 0.09) acute hypoxemia in
      newborn (protocol 1) and 3-wk-old (protocol 2) lambs, and on regional blood flow
      distribution in newborn lambs (protocol 1). Via a left thoracotomy we placed an
      electromagnetic flow transducer around the ascending aorta and inserted various
      vascular catheters. After 2 days of recovery, the lambs were studied. In protocol
      1, we measured cardiovascular variables and regional blood flow distribution
      during control conditions, after 45 min of acute hypoxemia, and after 0.5 mg/kg
      of propranolol during acute hypoxemia. In protocol 2, we measured cardiovascular
      variables during control conditions and after 45 min of acute hypoxemia with and
      without propranolol pretreatment. In both groups, propranolol limited the
      increase in cardiac output and heart rate caused by hypoxemia, and thus decreased
      oxygen delivery. However, propranolol also decreased oxygen consumption so that
      pulmonary arterial pO2 was either higher (protocol 1) or the same (protocol 2) as
      during acute hypoxemia alone. Neither metabolic acidosis nor hypothermia ensued.
      In protocol 1, propranolol decreased renal, carcass, and most importantly,
      myocardial blood flows. However, myocardial O2 consumption also fell, coronary
      sinus pO2 increased, and blood was redistributed toward the subendocardium,
      suggesting that myocardial perfusion improved. Thus, beta-adrenergic receptor
      blockade during acute moderate hypoxemia may have a beneficial effect by reducing
      total body and myocardial oxygen demand in excess of the reduction in oxygen
      delivery.

PMID- 2895453
TI  - [Surgical problems posed by abnormalities of testicular migration].
AB  - Based on their experience and on a review of the literature, the authors study
      the surgical aspects of the undescended testis. A precise definition excluding
      the retractile testis is essential. Although the understanding of the
      pathogenesis remained incomplete, the present data give support to an early
      orchidopexy performed by a specialized surgeon following the failure of a human
      chorionic gonadotropin test.

PMID- 2895455
TI  - Clinically important adverse effects and drug interactions with H2-receptor
      antagonists: an update.
AB  - The H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine are well
      tolerated, with a low frequency and similar spectrum of adverse effects. The
      occasional problematic effects that have been associated with these agents
      include central nervous system symptoms (mental confusion, headache, and
      depression), rare cases of thrombocytopenia, and cardiovascular events related to
      the rate of intravenous infusion. Severe renal and hepatic impairment appear to
      be associated with a higher occurrence of central nervous system effects. Because
      the H2-receptor antagonists elevate gastric pH, bind to and inhibit the hepatic
      cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, and undergo renal tubular secretion, competition
      with other drugs sharing these pathways has resulted in a number of drug
      interactions, most of which are not clinically significant. The interaction that
      occurs with theophylline and warfarin when the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system is
      inhibited by cimetidine and ranitidine requires monitoring. Recent data suggest
      that administering cimetidine 800 mg at bedtime has less effect on the serum
      concentrations of warfarin and theophylline than other dosing regimens. Evidence
      to date indicates that famotidine does not bind to cytochrome P-450 to a
      significant extent, and interactions with drugs metabolized by this system have
      not been reported; however, clinical experience with this agent is very limited.

PMID- 2895454
TI  - Thermal characterization and transmitter analysis of single units in the preoptic
      and anterior hypothalamus of conscious ducks.
AB  - With a multibarrel assembly combining one carbon fiber micropipette as recording
      electrode and 6 pipettes for microiontophoretic application of drugs, the
      activity of neurons in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic (POAH) region was
      extracellularly recorded in situ in conscious ducks implanted chronically with a
      device permitting hypothalamic thermal stimulation. Among 355 neurons 17% were
      identified as warm-responsive (warm units) and 20% as cold-responsive (cold
      units). In 58 warm and 56 cold units control discharge rates at 40 degrees C
      local temperature (F40) and temperature coefficients (delta F/delta T) were
      determined and presented as means +/- SEM. The F40 values of warm units (35.2 +/-
      2.3 Imp . s-1) were significantly higher than of cold units (16.3 +/- 1.8 Imp . s
      1). The delta F/delta T values (+1.77 +/- 0.15 and -1.77 +/- 0.19 Imp . s-1 .
      degree C-1) of warm and cold units were not different in absolute terms. In pilot
      experiments either activation or inhibition by lowering whole-body temperature
      was observed in both warm and cold units. Microiontophoretic application of one
      or more of the amines acetylcholine (ACh), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and
      noradrenaline (NA) to warm and cold units revealed differences in their
      responsiveness to ACh, which more consistently stimulated cold units. NA
      inhibited the majority of warm units; 5-HT stimulated the majority of cold units.
      In both warm and cold units NA and ACh differed in their actions, with the latter
      amine more consistently producing activation.

PMID- 2895456
TI  - Histamine H2-receptor antagonists and high-density lipoproteins.
AB  - Epidemiologic evidence has shown that elevated levels of high-density
      lipoproteins (HDL) protect against the development of coronary heart disease
      (CHD). These observations have prompted the evaluation of various factors thought
      to affect HDL and its subspecies, HDL2 and HDL3. Numerous behavioral and
      physiologic factors have been shown to elevate HDL levels. These are currently
      being researched as potential tools in preventing CHD. Several pharmacologic
      agents are known to alter HDL levels. Studies show that patients with peptic
      ulcer disease treated with the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine show significant
      elevations in their HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 profiles. In contrast, ranitidine has no
      effect, or may even decrease HDL levels. These divergent effects may be related
      to differences in pharmacologic activity unrelated to H2-receptor blockade. It
      should be noted that many of the variables affecting HDL levels were not
      controlled in these studies, and definite conclusions should not be extrapolated
      to the general population at risk for CHD. Currently, well-controlled trials to
      study the effect of cimetidine on HDL levels are in progress.

PMID- 2895457
TI  - Treatment of solar urticaria with terfenadine.
AB  - Treatment with the H1 receptor antagonist terfenadine increased significantly the
      dose of radiation required for weal and flare formation in 5 patients with
      idiopathic solar urticaria. The dose of radiation required to produce immediate
      erythema localised to the irradiation site was unchanged by terfenadine. The weal
      and flare reaction in solar urticaria, but not the immediate erythema, is
      mediated by histamine acting on the H1 receptor.

PMID- 2895458
TI  - [Various theories on the pharmacological treatment of stable exercise-induced
      angina pectoris].

PMID- 2895459
TI  - Avoiding the pitfalls in primary care orthopedics.

PMID- 2895461
TI  - [Periodic respiration during sleep at high altitude. Effects of a hypnotic
      benzodiazepine, loprazolam].
AB  - Sleep and respiration studies were carried out in 12 subjects (9 males, 3
      females) at an altitude of 4,800 metres, during effect of a French expedition in
      the Himalayas. The effect of loprazolam, a hypnotic benzodiazepine, was
      investigated in a double-blind, 2 parallel group, 1 mg loprazolam versus placebo
      trial. Sleep was evaluated by means of electroencephalographic recordings and
      questionnaires. The effects of altitude in each subject were intercurrent
      wakefulness increase, slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep decrease and
      nocturnal periodic breathing. The mean duration of sleep apnea episodes was 12
      seconds with a maximum of 24 seconds. These episodes occurred during stages 1 or
      2 of sleep and during paradoxical sleep. Female subjects exhibited less periodic
      breathing than males. Acclimatization to high altitude increased total sleep
      time, stage 3 duration and percentage of paradoxical sleep. Loprazolam tended to
      decrease stage 2 latency and did not worsen slow wave sleep depression or
      episodes of apnea. Normal amounts of slow wave sleep and intrasleep wakefulness
      appeared in the loprazolam group after acclimatization.

PMID- 2895462
TI  - [Postoperative hypoglycemia after excision of pheochromocytoma. A case].
AB  - A case of hypoglycaemia consecutive to excision of a bilateral phaeochromocytoma
      in a 33-year old patient with Sipple's syndrome is reported. The severity of the
      hypoglycaemia (1.3 mmol/l) accounted for the brain lesions which ultimately
      resulted in the patient's death. Eight cases of hypoglycaemia occurring in
      similar circumstances have been published. The condition is due to the massive
      release of insulin during the hours that follow removal of the tumour. This
      results in the persistence of the peri-operative hyperglycaemic stimulation and
      in the suppression of the previous inhibition of insulin secretion due to alpha
      adrenergic stimulation of catecholamines in the beta-cells of Langerhans' islets.

PMID- 2895460
TI  - [Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of beta-blockers taken by the mother in
      newborn infants].
AB  - The effects of beta-blockers administered to mothers with arterial hypertension
      were investigated in 38 neonates of varying gestational age and weight. During
      the first 48 hours of extra-uterine life, heart rate was continuously monitored
      and blood pressure and glycaemia were measured every 3 hours. Left ventricular
      function was studied by echocardiography on the first day post-partum, once again
      between the 5th and 10th days. Hypoglycaemia was observed in 42% of the neonates;
      47% had one or several episodes of bradycardia and 2 had arterial hypotension.
      Most important, a significant improvement of left ventricular function was
      observed between the first and the 5th-10th days. This time-related change was
      not found in a control group. The cardiac dysfunction was more pronounced in
      neonates who had an episode of bradycardia, and although it is usually
      asymptomatic, it probably accounts for the fortunately rare cardiovascular
      collapses observed in some newborn babies.

PMID- 2895463
TI  - [Manifestation of diabetic gastroparesis during treatment with somatostatin].

PMID- 2895464
TI  - [Temporal arteritis: a syndrome. From Horton's disease to periarteritis nodosa].
AB  - Four cases of histologically proven temporal arteritis presenting with atypical
      clinical, anatomical or evolutive features and raising nosological problems
      concerning the type of vasculitis involved are presented. In patients with
      temporal arteritis, some elements are suggestive of periarteritis nodosa. They
      include peripheral neurological lesions, renal or pleuro-pulmonary lesions and
      the histological appearance of the temporal artery. Diagnosing periarteritis
      nodosa in a case of temporal arteritis leads to a special therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 2895465
TI  - [Value of the cyclophosphamide bolus in severe systemic diseases. Preliminary
      results].
AB  - Twenty patients with severe systemic disease were treated intermittently with
      bolus intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide in doses of 0.5 to 1 g. The
      diseases were systemic lupus erythematosus in 9 cases, systemic necrotizing
      angiitis in 5 cases, Behcet's disease in 4 cases, Horton's disease in 1 case and
      dermatomyositis in 1 case. The rationale for this treatment was resistance to
      previous therapies in 9 patients, initial severity of the disease in 8 and the
      need for prompt reduction of corticosteroid dosage owing to side-effects in 3
      other patients. No death or haemorrhagic cystitis was observed over a cumulative
      120 month-patients period. Bacterial infection occurred in 6 cases, including
      pneumonia (3), and 1 case each of staphylococcal septicaemia, purulent meningitis
      and urinary infection: none of these infections were life-threatening, and all
      were cured without sequelae. The drug was well tolerated biologically, except for
      a moderate fall in neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets. The systemic disease
      was stabilized or improved in 16 patients. It remained active and required
      corticosteroids at the same dosage level in 4 cases. It is concluded that bolus
      injections of cyclophosphamide are well tolerated in short-term treatments but
      that their effectiveness must be confirmed by controlled studies.

PMID- 2895466
TI  - [Muscarinic poisoning induced by bethanechol in renal insufficiency].

PMID- 2895467
TI  - The present status of tardive dyskinesia and akathisia in the treatment of
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Motor disturbance is a major disadvantage of the antipsychotic drugs currently
      available for the treatment of schizophrenia. Acute akathisia is a dose-related
      side-effect comprising a subjective awareness of inner tension and characteristic
      patterns of restless movement. The natural history of akathisia is unclear, and
      several variants of the condition are seen in older patients on maintenance
      antipsychotic medication. These include acute akathisia that has persisted, and
      tardive akathisia which tends to be associated with signs of tardive dyskinesia.
      Tardive akathisia and tardive dyskinesia share some pharmacological
      characteristics which raises the possibility that common elements of
      pathophysiology underlie the 2 conditions. Tardive dyskinesia, comprising oro
      facial dyskinesia and choreiform trunk and limb movements, has come to symbolize
      the complications of long-term antipsychotic drug treatment, although the
      condition is often little more than a mild social handicap and is manifest in
      only a minority of patients receiving such treatment. This paper discusses the
      treatment and patient variables that may be considered as risk factors for
      tardive dyskinesia. Some of the inconsistencies in the relevant literature may be
      explained by a speculative sub-classification of tardive dyskinesia into early
      and late forms. The interaction of advancing age, drug treatment and the
      schizophrenic disease process in the development of late dyskinesia is discussed.

PMID- 2895468
TI  - Serologic differentiation of virus strains of hemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome (HFRS) by monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2895469
TI  - Identification of the second chromophore of Escherichia coli and yeast DNA
      photolyases as 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate.
AB  - Denaturation of DNA photolyase (deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase, EC 4.1.99.3)
      from Escherichia coli with guanidine hydrochloride or acidification to pH 2
      released, in addition to FAD, a chromophore with the spectral and chromatographic
      properties of a reduced pterin. Treatment of the enzyme with iodine prior to
      acidification converted the chromophore to a stable, oxidized derivative, which
      was resolved by HPLC into four species with identical spectral properties. The
      same species, in the same distribution, were obtained from the yeast enzyme. The
      material isolated from the iodine-oxidized enzyme was shown to be a pterin by
      conversion to pterin-6-carboxylic acid with alkaline permanganate and was found
      to release glutamate upon acid hydrolysis. The presence of 10-formylfolate in the
      isolated, oxidized chromophore was demonstrated by absorption and fluorescence
      spectroscopy and by deformylation and conversion to folic acid. Analysis of the
      distribution of polyglutamates revealed that the four species identified by HPLC
      corresponded to the tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexaglutamate derivatives of 10
      formylfolate. The results were consistent with gamma linkages in the triglutamate
      derivative with additional glutamates linked via the alpha-carboxyl group of the
      preceding residue. Treatment with rat plasma hydrolase produced the monoglutamate
      derivative of 10-formylfolate. The native, enzyme-bound form of the folate
      cofactor was identified as 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate by effecting
      release and isolation at low pH to protect the 5,10-methenyl bridge and preserve
      the reduced pyrazine ring structure.

PMID- 2895470
TI  - Assembly of functional proton-translocating ATPase complex in yeast mitochondria
      with cytoplasmically synthesized subunit 8, a polypeptide normally encoded within
      the organelle.
AB  - A mitochondrial gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding a hydrophobic
      membrane protein, subunit 8 of the F0/F1-type mitochondrial ATPase complex, has
      been functionally replaced by an artificial nuclear gene specifying an imported
      version of this protein. The experiments reported here utilized a multicopy
      expression vector (pLF1) that replicates in the nucleus of yeast cells and that
      carries an inserted DNA segment, specifying a precursor protein (N9/Y8)
      consisting of subunit 8 fused to an N-terminal cleavable transit peptide (the
      leader sequence from Neurospora crassa ATPase subunit 9). The successful
      incorporation of the imported subunit 8 into functional ATPase complexes after
      transformation with pLF1 expressing N9/Y8 was indicated by the efficient genetic
      complementation of respiratory growth defects of aap1 mit- mutants, which lack
      endogenous subunit 8. The reconstitution of ATPase function was confirmed by
      biochemical assays of ATPase performance in mitochondria and by immunochemical
      analyses that demonstrated the assembly of the cytoplasmically synthesized
      subunit 8 into the ATPase complex. Reconstitution of ATPase function required the
      cytoplasmically synthesized subunit to have a transit peptide. The strategy for
      importation and reconstitution developed for subunit 8 leads to a systematic
      approach to the directed manipulation of mitochondrially encoded membrane
      associated proteins that has general implications for exploring membrane
      biogenesis mechanistically and evolutionarily.

PMID- 2895472
TI  - cDNA cloning of the immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein.
AB  - A cDNA library was constructed from size-fractionated poly(A)+ RNA prepared from
      a murine pre-B-cell hybridoma expressing high levels of immunoglobulin heavy
      chain binding protein (BiP) and mu heavy chains. Transformed bacterial colonies
      were screened for recombinant plasmids containing cDNA coding for BiP by hybrid
      selected mRNA translation. A clone, pMBiP, containing a 736-base-pair insert was
      shown to encode the protein. Translation in vitro of hybridoma mRNA selected by
      hybridization to the pMBiP cDNA yielded a single polypeptide of BiP-like size.
      The authenticity of this mRNA was verified by comparing the peptides obtained by
      the limited proteolysis of its in vitro translation product with those obtained
      from the in vivo produced BiP. Likewise, the authenticity of the cDNA insert was
      verified by an RNase A protection assay of heteroduplex molecules obtained by
      annealing a uniformly labeled single-strand copy of the cDNA clone with the same
      mRNA selected by hybridization and tested by translation. The nucleotide sequence
      of this clone enabled us to deduce the carboxyl-terminal 142 amino acids of BiP
      and to establish its kinship with the 70-kDa heat shock protein family. The
      finding of a single copy of the BiP gene in DNA blots of mouse and rat implies
      that the BiP-related RNA transcripts constitutively expressed in various murine
      tissues and cell lines are indeed products of the same gene. These findings imply
      that BiP plays a more general role than previously anticipated on the basis of
      the discovery of its association with immunoglobulin heavy chains.

PMID- 2895471
TI  - Human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene: genomic organization and analysis of
      heterozygous intragenic deletion mutants.
AB  - A gene in chromosome region 13q14 has been identified as the human retinoblastoma
      susceptibility (RB) gene on the basis of altered gene expression found in
      virtually all retinoblastomas. In order to further characterize the RB gene and
      its structural alterations, we examined genomic clones of the RB gene isolated
      from both a normal human genomic library and a library made from DNA of the
      retinoblastoma cell line Y79. First, a restriction and exon map of the RB gene
      was constructed by aligning overlapping genomic clones, yielding three contiguous
      regions ("contigs") of 150 kilobases total length separated by two gaps. At least
      20 exons were identified in genomic clones, and these were provisionally
      numbered. Second, two overlapping genomic clones that demonstrated a DNA deletion
      of exons 2 through 6 from one RB allele were isolated from the Y79 library. To
      confirm and extend this result, a unique sequence probe from intron 1 was used to
      detect similar and possibly identical heterozygous deletions in genomic DNA from
      three retinoblastoma cell lines, thereby explaining the origins of their
      shortened RB mRNA transcripts. The same probe detected genomic rearrangements in
      fibroblasts from two hereditary retinoblastoma patients, indicating that intron 1
      includes a frequent site for mutations conferring predisposition to
      retinoblastoma. Third, this probe also detected a polymorphic site for BamHI with
      allele frequencies near 0.5/0.5. Identification of commonly mutated regions will
      contribute significantly to genetic diagnosis in retinoblastoma patients and
      families.

PMID- 2895473
TI  - Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the T-cell-activating protein TAP.
AB  - The T-cell-activating protein TAP is a murine phosphatidylinositol-anchored
      glycoprotein whose expression is controlled by the Ly-6 locus. Previous studies
      have suggested an important role for this protein in physiological T-cell
      activation. Using oligonucleotide probes, we have now isolated a cDNA clone whose
      predicted sequence would encode a protein with an NH2-terminal sequence identical
      to that of the TAP molecule. Further analysis of the predicted protein sequence
      revealed a cysteine-rich protein with a hydrophobic domain at the COOH terminus
      and without N-linked glycosylation sites--all features consistent with our
      previous analysis of the TAP protein. In Southern blot analysis, the Ly-6.2 cDNA
      clone detects a multigene family and a restriction fragment length polymorphism
      that maps precisely to the Ly-6 locus. Expression of the cDNA clone in COS cells
      demonstrates that it codes for TAP and clarifies the relationship between the
      epitopes recognized by various alpha Ly-6 monoclonal antibodies. Finally, we have
      studied the expression of Ly-6 mRNA in a variety of cell lineages. Ly-6
      transcripts were detected in all organs examined, including spleen, kidney, lung,
      brain, and heart. This demonstrates that the Ly-6 locus is transcriptionally
      active in a wide range of organs and suggests that the role of TAP or TAP-like
      proteins might extend to other tissues.

PMID- 2895475
TI  - Close correlation between restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-MYC
      gene and metastasis of human lung cancer to the lymph nodes and other organs.
AB  - Restriction length fragment polymorphism of the L-MYC gene was examined in DNAs
      from lung cancer tissues and normal tissues of 51 Japanese patients with lung
      cancer. In individual patients, no difference was seen between the restriction
      length fragments of the two alleles of L-MYC [6-kilobase (kb) and 10-kb fragments
      in EcoRI digests] in lung cancer tissues and normal tissues. But a striking
      correlation was found between the restriction length fragment polymorphism
      pattern of L-MYC and the extent of metastasis, particularly to the lymph nodes at
      the time of surgery: Patients with only the L band (10 kb) had few lymph node
      metastatic lesions, whereas patients with either the S band (6 kb) or the S and L
      bands almost always had lymph node metastatic lesion. A similar correlation was
      found between the presence of the S band and metastases to other organs. This
      correlation was particularly marked in cases of adenocarcinoma. These results
      indicate a clear genetic influence on metastases and a consequent poor prognosis
      for certain patients of lung cancer; L-MYC restriction length fragment
      polymorphism is thus shown to be a useful marker for predicting the metastatic
      potential of human lung cancer.

PMID- 2895476
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: coated vesicles, coated pits and the amyloid-related cell.
AB  - The amyloid-related cell (ARC) of the neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease
      revealed numerous cytoplasmic projections surrounding extracellular amyloid
      material. It is proposed that ARC-coated vesicles fuse with the cell membrane,
      forming coated pits, which may empty their secretory material into the
      extracellular space where polymerization of amyloid filaments could occur.

PMID- 2895474
TI  - Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA coding for the human DF3 breast carcinoma
      associated antigen.
AB  - The murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) DF3 reacts with a high molecular weight
      glycoprotein detectable in human breast carcinomas. DF3 antigen expression
      correlates with human breast tumor differentiation, and the detection of a cross
      reactive species in human milk has suggested that this antigen might be useful as
      a marker of differentiated mammary epithelium. To further characterize DF3
      antigen expression, we have isolated a cDNA clone from a lambda gt11 library by
      screening with mAb DF3. The results demonstrate that this 309-base-pair cDNA,
      designated pDF9.3, codes for the DF3 epitope. Southern blot analyses of EcoRI
      digested DNAs from six human tumor cell lines with 32P-labeled pDF9.3 have
      revealed a restriction fragment length polymorphism. Variations in size of the
      alleles detected by pDF9.3 were also identified in Pst I, but not in HindIII, DNA
      digests. Furthermore, hybridization of 32P-labeled pDF9.3 with total cellular RNA
      from each of these cell lines demonstrated either one or two transcripts that
      varied from 4.1 to 7.1 kilobases in size. The presence of differently sized
      transcripts detected by pDF9.3 was also found to correspond with the polymorphic
      expression of DF3 glycoproteins. Nucleotide sequence analysis of pDF9.3 has
      revealed a highly conserved (G + C)-rich 60-base-pair tandem repeat. These
      findings suggest that the variation in size of alleles coding for the polymorphic
      DF3 glycoprotein may represent different numbers of repeats.

PMID- 2895477
TI  - Kinetics of activation of the potassium conductance in the squid giant axon.
AB  - A quantitative re-investigation of the time course of the initial rise of the
      potassium current in voltage-clamped squid giant axons is described. The n4 law
      of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations was found to be well obeyed only for the smallest
      test pulses, and for larger ones a good fit of the inflected rise required use of
      the expression (1-exp[-t/tau n1])X-1(1-exp[-t/tau n2]), where both of the time
      constants and the power X varied with the size of the test pulse. Application of
      a negative prepulse produced a delay in the rise resulting mainly from an
      increase of X from a value of about 3 at -70 mV to 8 at -250 mV, while tau n1
      remained constant and tau n2 was nearly doubled. The process responsible for
      generating this delay was switched on with a time constant of 8 ms at 4 degrees
      C, which fell to about 1 ms at 15 degrees C. Analysis of the inward tail currents
      at the end of a voltage-clamp pulse showed that there was a substantial external
      accumulation of potassium owing to the restriction of its diffusion out of the
      Schwann cell space, which, when duly allowed for, roughly doubled the calculated
      value of the potassium conductance. Computations suggested that the principal
      effect of such a build-up of [K]o would be to reduce the fitted values of tau n1
      and tau n2 to two-thirds or even half their true sizes, while the power X would
      generally be little changed; but it would not affect the necessity to introduce a
      second time constant, nor would it invalidate our findings on the effect of
      negative prepulses.

PMID- 2895478
TI  - On the mechanism of a high-frequency force generator in outer hair cells isolated
      from the guinea pig cochlea.
AB  - Isolated mammalian outer hair cells elongate or shorten respectively by several
      micrometres when electrically hyperpolarized or depolarized. The experiments in
      this paper were designed to locate the force-generating mechanism that drives
      length changes in outer hair cells, and to determine some of its basic
      properties. The whole-cell mode of the patch-clamp technique was used to
      stimulate cells electrically and to perfuse them with specific drugs. The pattern
      of displacement of cellular organelles, and the relative displacements of the
      cell base and apex during electrical stimulation with the cell mechanically
      anchored at various points along its length, suggest that the force-generating
      mechanism is distributed throughout the length of the cell. Further experiments
      altering the shape, volume and intracellular pressure of outer hair cells suggest
      that the mechanism is closely associated with the plasma membrane. These
      experiments also demonstrate that the characteristic tubular shape of outer hair
      cells is maintained by membrane-associated structures with elastic properties
      that enable the cell to return to its original shape after deformation. The
      mechanism controlling length changes may, therefore, be composed of two elements
      in parallel, namely a force generating element and a passive elastic element.
      Inhibitors of ATP synthesis, or the presence of the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue
      AMP.PNP, perfused into outer hair cells, failed to inhibit length changes. Drugs
      against actin, including phalloidin, cytochalasin B and cytochalasin D, and
      against tubulin, including colchicine, nocodazole and colcemid, also failed to
      inhibit length changes. We conclude that the force-generating mechanism is,
      therefore, unlike most other forms of cell motility, and possible alternative
      hypotheses are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2895479
TI  - Generalization of the discriminative stimulus properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and ipsapirone to yohimbine.
AB  - Rats were trained with either 8-OH-DPAT (0.2 mg/kg) or ipsapirone (10 mg/kg)
      versus saline in a 2-lever discrimination task. Tests of generalization were then
      conducted with yohimbine. All drugs were administered IP 15 min before testing.
      In 8-OH-DPAT-trained subjects, 85% of the responses following yohimbine (3 mg/kg)
      were on the drug-appropriate lever. Likewise, yohimbine (6 mg/kg) yielded 86%
      drug-appropriate responses in ipsapirone-trained rats. Previous studies have
      provided evidence that both 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone have high affinity for 5
      HT1A receptors and the anxiolytic-like activity of the latter drug has been
      attributed to its activity at those receptors. In contrast, yohimbine is an alpha
      2 adrenergic antagonist, has negligible affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor, and is
      generally regarded as being anxiogenic. The present data, which indicate a high
      degree of similarity between the stimuli induced by yohimbine, 8-OH-DPAT, and
      ipsapirone, suggest that a re-evaluation of the presumed mechanisms of actions of
      these drugs is in order.

PMID- 2895480
TI  - Stimulus generalization of 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) to
      propranolol, pindolol, and mesulergine.
AB  - Using standard operant procedures with rats trained to discriminate the serotonin
      (5-HT) agonist 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) (0.5 mg/kg) from
      saline, tests of stimulus generalization and stimulus antagonism were conducted
      with propranolol, pindolol, and mesulergine. Neither propranolol nor mesulergine
      antagonized the TFMPP stimulus (pindolol was not evaluated as an antagonist).
      However, TFMPP-stimulus generalization occurred with all three agents. These
      results suggest that the TFMPP-stimulus may involve both a 5-HT1B and a 5-HT1C
      mechanism and further suggest that propranolol, pindolol, and mesulergine may be
      capable of acting as agonists at certain populations of serotonin receptors.

PMID- 2895481
TI  - Perinatal exposure to cannabinoids alters neurochemical development in rat brain.
AB  - Adult female rats received daily oral doses of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol
      (delta 9-THC), delta 8-THC and cannabidiol (CBD) throughout gestation and
      lactation. The offspring were sacrificed at various ages and tissue samples of
      cerebral cortex and striatum were assayed for alpha 1-adrenergic and D2
      dopaminergic receptors, respectively. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      was determined in the striatum. The Kd for ligand binding to alpha 1 receptors in
      the cerebral cortex was significantly increased in 10-day-old offspring exposed
      to CBD. Significant increases in the Bmax of these receptors occurred at 20 days
      of age following perinatal exposure to delta 9-THC or delta 8-THC. Exposure to
      CBD increased the Kd of D2 receptors in the striatum of 10 and 20-day-old
      offspring compared to control. There were no significant treatment effects on the
      Bmax of D2 receptors in the striatum at any age. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      was significantly decreased only at 60 days of age in offspring exposed to delta
      8-THC or CBD. These results differ from those previously reported with a crude
      marihuana extract, suggesting that changes in the development of brain
      catecholamine mechanisms resulting from perinatal exposure to marihuana extracts
      may be due to an additional constituent of the extract, interactions between
      specific cannabinoids or other unknown factors.

PMID- 2895482
TI  - Plant based antiamoebic drugs; Part I. Antiamoebic activity of
      phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids; common structural determinants of activity with
      emetine.

PMID- 2895483
TI  - Remoxipride, a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, in tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Remoxipride in a dose range of 150-600 mg/day was evaluated in a single-blind
      placebo controlled study in eight patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia
      (TD). Dyskinesia score was significantly reduced without an increase in
      parkinsonism. The maximum mean reduction in dyskinesia rating score was 44%.
      After withdrawal of remoxipride TD scores returned to baseline levels without
      rebound deterioration. A negative correlation between remoxipride concentrations
      and the dyskinesia scores were found. Adverse effects were few and mild and no
      clinically relevant changes were seen in clinical chemistry, haematology or
      cardiovascular assessments. It is concluded that remoxipride in the dose range
      used has anti-dyskinetic effects but does not induce parkinsonism.

PMID- 2895484
TI  - Observational analysis of the effects of kappa opioid agonists an open field
      behaviour in the rat.
AB  - An observational analysis of the effects of four kappa-opioid agonists on forward
      locomotion, rearing and grooming displayed by rats in a novel open field was
      undertaken. The doses of agonists used corresponded to those previously found to
      produce changes in food consumption. Ethylketocyclazocine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg),
      bremazocine (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) and tifluadom (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) exerted
      suppressant effects on all the activities monitored. Grooming behaviour appeared
      to be particularly sensitive to this action, being virtually abolished by the
      larger doses of these compounds. In contrast, the selective kappa agonist U
      50,488H (0.1-3 mg/kg) only attenuated grooming at the two highest doses tested (1
      and 3 mg/kg). None of the agonists tested produced stimulation of open field
      activity during the 1-h study. Reductions in activity occurred at doses
      previously found to increase and decrease food intake. It was therefore concluded
      that the hyperphagia induced by kappa agonists was not part of a more general
      behavioural activation, whilst reductions in food consumption probably result
      from a non-specific behavioural depression.

PMID- 2895486
TI  - Effect of injectable or inhalational anesthetics and of neuroleptic,
      neuroleptanalgesic, and sedative agents on tumor blood flow.
AB  - Among other parameters, varying blood flow values may be responsible for tumor-to
      tumor variabilities in the radiobiologically hypoxic cell fraction of
      experimental rodent tumors. To test whether changes in tumor blood flow may be
      caused by anesthetic agents often used in radiobiology, the effect of injectable
      and inhalational anesthetics and of neuroleptic, neuroleptanalgesic, and sedative
      agents on blood flow in subcutaneous DS-carcinosarcomas implanted in Sprague
      Dawley rats has been investigated using the 85Kr clearance technique. In
      conscious rats, 20-100 min after animal instrumentation mean blood flow is 0.62
      +/- 0.17 ml/g/min (mean +/- SD) in 0.75 +/- 0.15 g tumors at a mean arterial
      blood pressure of 125 +/- 12 mm Hg. In animals receiving thiobutabarbital,
      chloral hydrate, or methoxyflurane tumor blood flow is somewhat higher than that
      measured in conscious rats. Tumor blood flow in animals receiving etomidate,
      ketamine-xylazine, fentanyl-fluanisone, or urethane is significantly lower than
      that in the thiobutabarbital group and somewhat lower than in the conscious
      animals. Blood flow values observed with midazolam, ketamine-midazolam, fentanyl
      droperidol, droperidol, diazepam, and pentobarbital are similar to those measured
      in conscious rats. Virtually no flow alterations with time are detectable in
      conscious rats and with most of the drugs used. In animals anesthetized with
      urethane or methoxyflurane, tumor blood flow increases and tumor vascular
      resistance diminishes slightly with time.

PMID- 2895485
TI  - Production of climbing behaviour in mice requires both D1 and D2 receptor
      activation.
AB  - The ability of SKF38393 (a D1 agonist), quinpirole (a D2 agonist), and
      apomorphine (a mixed D1/D2 agonist) to induce stereotyped climbing behaviour in
      mice was investigated. Apomorphine produced a dose-related increase in
      stereotyped cage climbing which lasted for up to 60 min. SKF38393 and quinpirole
      failed to produce climbing when administered alone. When given in combination
      intense apomorphine-like cage climbing was observed which lasted for up to 2 h.
      Apomorphine or the combination of SKF38393 and quinpirole also produced biting of
      the cage. The climbing behaviour produced by either apomorphine or
      SKF38393/quinpirole combinations was antagonised by either the D1 antagonist,
      SCH23390 or the D2 antagonist clebopride. These results demonstrate that both D1
      and D2 receptor activation is necessary to produce apomorphine-like cage climbing
      in mice.

PMID- 2895487
TI  - Influence of gamma-radiation and cycloheximide on by hydrocortisone induced
      tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase activity in the rat
      liver.

PMID- 2895488
TI  - [Beta adrenergic agonists. Mechanisms of action: lipid mobilization and
      anabolism].
AB  - In this review, the results obtained in commercial livestock with certain beta
      adrenergic agonists (clenbuterol and cimaterol) having an anabolic potential
      associated with lipid mobilizing properties are considered. The first chapter
      summarizes major data concerning the effects of beta-agonists on growth and
      carcass composition in cattle, sheep and pigs. The effect of clenbuterol and
      cimaterol on carcass quality is to increase the deposition of protein while
      reducing fat accretion. Then, we briefly consider the physiology and pharmacology
      of the sympathoadrenal system with a special attention to the distribution and
      properties of beta-adrenoceptors of various tissues which are putative targets
      for the beta-adrenergic agonists. Several mechanisms liable to be responsible for
      the anabolic action of these compounds are also discussed. This chapter includes
      the evaluation of the effects of beta-agonist on central nervous system and
      pancreas. A special attention is devoted to their metabolic impact on adipose
      tissue and muscle. In isolated fat cells, beta-agonists promote stimulation of
      lipolysis associated with reduction of lipogenesis and of insulin action. The in
      vitro effects on adipocytes are consistent with the in vivo effects of the
      compounds. Beta-agonist impact on protein synthesis and muscle accretion is also
      discussed with reference: 1) to the vascular effects of the compounds that should
      modify the nutrient flow into the muscle, 2) to a reduction of proteolysis mainly
      observed for the moment in in vitro studies, 3) to the possible beta-adrenergic
      dependent enhancement of insulin action on the muscle. However, more direct
      experimental evidence is still needed to clearly assess the nature of the
      action(s) of such anabolic agents on muscle.

PMID- 2895489
TI  - Bioavailability of indenolol by nasal and intravenous routes.
AB  - The blood levels of indenolol were determined in rats following nasal and
      intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg body weight of the drug. The results
      indicate that the peak drug levels reach within 10 minutes of nasal
      administration. The areas under the curve for nasal and intravenous routes were
      found to be 65.67 (ng x hr)/ml and 65.32 (ng x hr)/ml respectively. The results
      suggest that nasal route may be of practical value for the administration of
      indenolol.

PMID- 2895490
TI  - Computer model of the absorption and distribution of colostral immunoglobulins in
      the newborn calf.
AB  - The transfer of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgM), gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and added D-xylose from colostrum to serum was
      investigated in newborn Holstein bull calves. Significant differences were
      observed in the time courses of the serum concentrations of these colostrum
      constituents following absorption from pooled colostrum. A computer model was
      devised to simulate the process of absorption of Ig isotypes, gamma-GT and D
      xylose from colostrum in the newborn calf. A Fortran program was used to generate
      plots of the time course of the concentration of colostrum constituents in serum
      and other body fluids following a single feed of colostrum. These plots show how
      the changes in serum concentration of absorbed Ig isotypes, gamma-GT and D-xylose
      are affected by different rates of intestinal absorption, redistribution in body
      fluids and removal from plasma. A critical examination of data from the computer
      model and from the calf feeding experiments supports the view that the absorption
      of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM is not selective in the calf. The data were compared with
      earlier studies of the efficiency of the colostral transfer of Ig to the calf. In
      the present study the transfer efficiencies of IgG1, IgG2, IgM, gamma-GT and D
      xylose were 46 per cent, 49 per cent, 47 per cent, 18 per cent and 21 per cent,
      respectively.

PMID- 2895491
TI  - Pathology of the testis in intersex syndromes.
AB  - This report reviews the pathologic, clinical, and cytogenetic aspects of various
      forms of male pseudohermaphroditism, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, true
      hermaphroditism, and Klinefelter's syndrome.

PMID- 2895492
TI  - Analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      in IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2895493
TI  - What to expect from the newest drugs.

PMID- 2895495
TI  - [Reflux esophagitis: therapeutic indications].

PMID- 2895494
TI  - [Update on the treatment of purulent ulcero-hemorrhagic rectocolitis].

PMID- 2895497
TI  - [Cardiac insufficiency. Current treatment].

PMID- 2895496
TI  - [Coronary insufficiency].

PMID- 2895498
TI  - Ecstasy returns to Schedule I.

PMID- 2895500
TI  - [Neuroleptics].

PMID- 2895499
TI  - Absence of TGF-beta receptors and growth inhibitory responses in retinoblastoma
      cells.
AB  - The responses of retinoblastoma tumor cells and normal retinal cells to various
      growth inhibitory factors were examined. Whereas fetal retinal cells were highly
      sensitive to the antimitogenic effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF
      beta 1), retinoblastoma tumor cell lines were all resistant to this factor.
      Binding assays and affinity labeling of these cells with radioiodinated TGF-beta
      1 revealed that the cells did not have TGF-beta receptors. The retinoblastoma
      cells lacked the three affinity-labeled proteins of 65, 95, and 300 kilodaltons
      typically seen in human cell lines and thus differed from normal retinal cells
      and from other types of neuroectodermal tumors that display the normal pattern of
      receptors. Loss of TGF-beta receptors, which is a rare event among tumor cells,
      may represent one mechanism through which these cells escape from negative
      control and form retinoblastomas.

PMID- 2895501
TI  - Effects of SMS 201-995, a somatostatin analogue, on the exocrine pancreatic
      secretion and gut hormone release in dogs.
AB  - The effect of SMS 201-995, an analogue of somatostatin, on pancreatic exocrine
      secretion was investigated in both interdigestive and digestive states in dogs.
      In four dogs with gastric and Thomas duodenal cannulas, the pancreatic juice was
      collected by direct cannulation of the main pancreatic duct. SMS 201-995 was
      infused intravenously at doses of 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 ng/kg/hr for 2 to 3
      hours in the following experimental conditions: (1) interdigestive pancreatic
      secretion, (2) pancreatic secretion stimulated by the intravenous infusion of
      both secretin, 0.06 CU/kg/hr, and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8), 0.03
      microgram/kg/hr, and (3) pancreatic secretion after ingestion of a test meal.
      Pancreatic juice was analyzed for volume and outputs of bicarbonate and protein.
      Plasma levels of motilin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), CCK, and secretin were
      determined by radioimmunoassay. SMS 201-995 inhibited significantly the
      pancreatic secretion and release of hormones, including secretin, CCK, PP, and
      motilin, in all three experimental conditions. The inhibitory action of SMS 201
      995 on pancreatic secretion and hormone releases was dose dependent.

PMID- 2895502
TI  - Asthma and pregnancy: a prospective study of 198 pregnancies.
AB  - A study was designed to investigate whether asthma, when carefully managed, is
      associated with an increased risk of complications in connection with pregnancy.
      One hundred and eighty one asthmatic women were monitored during 198 pregnancies.
      Antiasthmatic treatment consisted of inhaled beta 2 adrenergic drugs,
      beclomethasone, sodium cromoglycate, oral theophylline, and systemic
      corticosteroids as needed. Postpartum information on asthmatic symptoms and
      infant feeding was collected by means of a questionnaire. A control group of 198
      non-asthmatic pregnant women was matched for age and parity. Atopic women had
      less severe asthma than non-atopic women. During pregnancy 40% of the patients
      were managed with the same antiasthmatic medication as before pregnancy; 18%
      needed less and 42% more medication. Pre-eclampsia occurred more often in
      asthmatic than control subjects, especially in patients with severe asthma.
      Hypoglycaemia occurred more often in infants of mothers with severe asthma than
      in infants of mothers with less severe disease. Theophylline medication at term
      did not influence labour or delivery. Asthma caused no emergencies during labour.
      Among the asthmatic subjects 28% of babies were delivered by caesarean section
      compared with 17% in the control group. There was no difference between asthmatic
      and control subjects with regard to length of gestation, birth weight, incidence
      of perinatal deaths, low Apgar scores, neonatal respiratory difficulties,
      hyperbilirubinaemia, or malformations. It is concluded that severe asthma or
      systemic corticosteroid treatment (or both) during pregnancy seems to increase
      the incidence of mild pre-eclampsia in the mother and hypoglycaemia in the
      infant. The findings suggest that careful supervision of asthma during pregnancy
      and labour by obstetricians and chest physicians working in close collaboration
      should prevent most of the serious obstetric and neonatal complications of asthma
      in pregnancy reported by previous authors.

PMID- 2895503
TI  - Two genes homologous with human protein S cDNA are located on chromosome 3.
AB  - A cDNA coding for the carboxy-terminal region of human protein S and containing a
      complete 3'-untranslated region, was isolated by a combination of antibody
      screening of a lambda gt11 human liver cDNA expression library and in situ
      hybridization of a pUC9 human liver cDNA library. Hybridization analysis of human
      total DNA with radiolabelled non-overlapping cDNA restriction fragments revealed
      the existence of two genes per haploid genome homologous with the protein S cDNA.
      Both genes were mapped to chromosome 3 using human-rodent cell hybrids. Neither
      of the genes showed polymorphism for sixteen different enzymes upon hybridization
      with the protein S cDNA.

PMID- 2895504
TI  - [Biological psychiatry. 1) The dopamine-acetylcholine equilibrium model].

PMID- 2895505
TI  - [Biological psychiatry. 2. Developments in pharmacotherapy of anxiety, insomnia
      and stress and in the biological treatments of depression].

PMID- 2895506
TI  - Calcium efflux and neurotransmitter release from rat hippocampal synaptosomes
      exposed to lead.
AB  - The results of several studies, employing various tissue preparations, have
      demonstrated that in vitro Pb exposure has similar effects on the release of
      several different transmitter substances. Pb has been observed to attenuate
      depolarization-evoked release and increase spontaneous (depolarization
      independent) release. The current study confirms that Pb in vitro increases the
      spontaneous release of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) from superfused synaptosomes
      prepared from rat hippocampus. Additionally, hippocampal synaptosomes, preloaded
      with 45Ca, were superfused under conditions similar to those used in the [3H]ACh
      release studies. Exposure to 1-30 microM Pb produced a concentration-dependent
      increase in the efflux of 45Ca that was quantitatively and temporally related to
      the Pb-induced release of [3H]ACh from the hippocampal synaptosomes.
      Depolarization-evoked [3H]ACh release with high potassium did not produce a
      corresponding increase in 45Ca efflux. It is concluded that the Pb-induced
      increase in spontaneous transmitter release is apparently due to either an
      increase in intraneuronal ionized calcium or the stimulation by Pb of Ca
      activated molecules mediating transmitter release.

PMID- 2895507
TI  - Testicular germ cell differentiation.

PMID- 2895508
TI  - 24xi-Methyl 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,6 beta,9 alpha,25-tetrol 24-monoacetate, a
      novel polyhydroxylated steroid from the soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum.
AB  - A novel polyhydroxylated steroid, named sartortuosterol A, with rare 3 alpha- and
      6-hydroxyl groups, was isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton
      tortuosum Tixier-Durivault, and its structure was established as 24xi-methyl 5
      alpha-cholestane-3 alpha, 6 beta, 9 alpha,25-tetrol 25-monoacetate from
      spectroscopic data and chemical conversions.

PMID- 2895509
TI  - Different sensitivity to hypoxia in neuronal activities of lateral vestibular and
      spinal trigeminal nuclei.
AB  - Electrophysiologic studies were performed to examine the effects of hypoxia on
      neuronal activities of the lateral vestibular and spinal trigeminal nuclei using
      rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The rats inhaled a gas mixture of 5%
      oxygen and 95% nitrogen for 3.5 minutes to induce hypoxia, followed by room air.
      Under these conditions, mean PaO2 was decreased from 85 to 22 mm Hg 3 minutes
      after the start of the inhalation concomitant with a decrease in blood pressure
      from 108 to 55 mm Hg. There were no significant differences in these variables
      between rats used for vestibular nucleus experiments and rats used for trigeminal
      nucleus experiments. In the lateral vestibular nucleus, hypoxia inhibited
      postsynaptic components of the evoked field potential, spike generation of
      monosynaptic neurons on vestibular nerve stimulation, and firing induced by
      iontophoretic application of glutamate. In the spinal trigeminal nucleus,
      however, there were no alterations of the field potential or spike generation of
      the neurons on trigeminal nerve stimulation. These results indicate that the
      lateral vestibular nucleus neurons are much more sensitive to hypoxia than the
      spinal trigeminal nucleus neurons. The failure of transmission in the
      monosynaptic neurons of the lateral vestibular nucleus is suggested to be due to
      the inhibition of excitability of the postsynaptic membrane.

PMID- 2895511
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica in inbred mice: evidence of liver involvement.
AB  - Following observations that certain mouse strains appeared to be susceptible to
      liver invasion by Entamoeba histolytica, mouse strains CBA/HN, CBA/HN, nu/nu,
      CBA/HN nu/+, CBA/HN Dh/+, CBA/HN +/+, C3H/HeJ Lps/Lps and AB/H, were infected
      intra-intestinally with strain SAW 408 (zymodeme II) of the amoeba. A number of
      mice from each group died during the first 14 days with acute lesions. The
      remainder were killed at 4 and 6 months after infection. CBA/HN, CBA/HN Dh/+, and
      CBA/HN +/+ mice all had amoeba-infected livers, although only 2 mice had
      extensive, typical liver lesions.

PMID- 2895510
TI  - Serological survey of Prospect Hill virus infection in indigenous wild rodents in
      the USA.
AB  - We found serological evidence of infection with Prospect Hill virus, a Hantaan
      like virus isolated from meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), in microtine and
      cricetid rodents trapped in Maryland, West Virginia, Minnesota and California,
      USA. Fluorescent antibodies were detected in sera from M. pennsylvanicus
      (74/277), M. californicus (39/185), Clethrionomys gapperi (5/51), Peromyscus
      maniculatus (4/22) and P. truei (1/11). Sera from seropositive P. maniculatus
      contained neutralizing antibodies against Prospect Hill virus, confirming that
      infection with Prospect Hill virus or antigenically related viruses is not
      restricted to microtine rodents in the USA. Despite the widespread distribution
      of Prospect Hill virus in indigenous rodents, the recent demonstration that
      American mammalogists are only rarely infected supports the view that the overall
      risk of Prospect Hill virus infection in man is low.

PMID- 2895512
TI  - The effect of orally administered Entamoeba histolytica on Wistar and athymic
      (rnu rnu) rats observed during a 12-month period.
AB  - Groups of LacP (Wistar) and rnu rnu athymic rats were dosed orally with cultured
      trophozoites of 2 strains of Entamoeba histolytica, zymodeme II, and observed for
      up to 12 months. One group of Wistar rats remained infected but with no apparent
      disease for 6 months; faecal samples from another became negative after one week.
      All the athymic rats were still infected at 12 months and amoebae could be
      cultured from their stools. The effect of even long-term infection was usually
      only mild erosion of the caecal wall and only 2 rats developed typical chronic
      lesions and ulcers. Amoebae were isolated in culture from the apparently
      unaffected livers of 2 rats 12 months after infection.

PMID- 2895513
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Human anti-Entamoeba histolytica immunoglobulin was used to detect Entamoeba
      histolytica in 74 positive samples from several different sources, using an
      indirect immunoperoxidase method. In 73 samples, the protozoan was easily
      identified. Trophozoites and cysts of all cultured Entamoeba strains examined
      were strongly stained, and as few as 3 trophozoites per microscope slide could be
      detected. In addition, 51 negative control samples were also tested and non
      specific reactions were not observed. These preliminary results show that this
      method is both sensitive and specific, and can easily detect trophozoites and
      cysts of different E. histolytica strains.

PMID- 2895514
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica
      antigens in faecal material.
AB  - This paper describes a method for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica antigens
      in stool samples using a multi-layer ELISA. The method is sensitive and specific,
      showing no interference with other intestinal parasites, e.g. E. coli, E.
      hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii, Hymenolepis nana, Giardia
      lamblia, Trichomonas and Ascaris. The method provides a rapid and simple
      screening assay for E. histolytica infections and should assist in diagnosis and
      epidemiological studies of the disease.

PMID- 2895515
TI  - First human case of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Central African
      Republic.

PMID- 2895516
TI  - Rift Valley fever virus transmission by different Egyptian mosquito species.
AB  - 4 Egyptian mosquito species were tested for their ability to transmit the
      Egyptian ZH-501 strain of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) to golden Syrian
      hamsters. Culex (Cx.) antennatus was the most efficient vector, showing a 37.5%
      transmission rate following a hamster blood meal containing 10 suckling mouse
      intracerebral 50% lethal doses (SMILD50) per ml. Fully engorged mosquitoes of
      this species showed an infection rate of 85% with the mean viral titres of
      transmitting mosquitoes 100-fold higher than non-transmitters. Autogenous and
      anautogenous populations of Aedes (Ae.) caspius were tested separately, and the
      transmission rates were 23.1% and 9.7% respectively, following feeding on
      hamsters with similar levels of viraemia. Two anopheline species, Anopheles (An.)
      multicolor and An. pharoensis, showed 12.5% and 3.5% transmission rates under
      similar conditions. In these 3 species infection rates exceeded 75% and
      mosquitoes transmitting had a higher average titre than those not transmitting.

PMID- 2895518
TI  - HTLV-1 and blood transfusion.

PMID- 2895517
TI  - Prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibody in hemophiliacs and homosexuals infected
      with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
AB  - We determined the prevalence of antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the sera of
      non-homosexual hemophilia patients and homosexual men infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). CMV antibody testing by latex
      agglutination revealed 33 of 58 HIV-1 infected hemophiliacs (57%) were antibody
      positive compared with 54 of 54 HIV-1 infected asymptomatic non-hemophiliac
      homosexuals (100%) (p less than .001). Nine of 15 hemophiliacs (60%) with
      symptomatic HIV-1 infection were CMV antibody-positive. We also tested 22 HIV-1
      antibody-negative hemophiliacs who had received non-heat treated factor
      concentrates. 14 of these 22 (64%) were CMV antibody-positive compared with 57%
      of HIV-1 antibody-positive hemophiliacs. We conclude 1) there is little
      correlation between transmission of HIV-1 and CMV by factor concentrates, 2) the
      presence of CMV antibody does not appear to be associated with clinical stage of
      HIV-1 infection in hemophiliacs, and 3) there may be a significant number of CMV
      antibody-negative hemophiliacs with HIV-1 infection at risk for primary infection
      and subsequent disease if CMV seronegative blood products are not provided for
      future transfusions.

PMID- 2895519
TI  - [Induction of bithorax phenocopies by organic solvents in the early stages of
      Drosophila embryogenesis].

PMID- 2895520
TI  - [Congestan].

PMID- 2895522
TI  - [Neuroleptics can also cause rhabdomyolysis].

PMID- 2895521
TI  - [Acute pain due to kidney/ureter stones treated with intramuscular Voltaren or
      Ketogan].

PMID- 2895523
TI  - Genetics and expression of the fragile X syndrome.
AB  - The discovery of the Fragile X (fra(X] syndrome represents a major advance in our
      understanding of mild mental retardation. This X-linked syndrome is the most
      common hereditary form of mental retardation. Recent estimates find that
      approximately 1/981 males and 1/677 females carry the fra(X) chromosome. The
      majority of affected males are moderate to severely retarded, but about 20% are
      mildly retarded and about 5% are borderline. Approximately 20% of males who
      inherit the fra(X) chromosome are termed non-penetrant; they do not express it
      cytogenetically and are of normal intellect. About 1/3 of carrier females show
      mental impairment and about 10% are mildly retarded. We have found evidence for
      genetic heterogeneity based on linkage analysis to flanking DNA probes. Some
      large families show tight linkage between fra(X) and the flanking probe F9, while
      others show loose linkage. Preliminary findings indicate the linkage
      heterogeneity may also be related to cognition: affected males in tightly linked
      families tended to be mildly retarded.

PMID- 2895525
TI  - Prenatal factors including fetal alcohol syndrome.
AB  - The first discovered exogenous teratogen causing mental retardation was rubella
      embryopathy described in 1940. Later, cytomegalic virus infection and
      toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and ionogenic radiation has been shown to cause
      embryofetopathies with concomitant mental retardation. Methyl mercury in high
      doses cause severe central nervous system pathology in both mothers and their
      fetuses. The fetal alcohol syndrome is now generally accepted as causing mostly
      mild mental retardation. Of therapeutic drugs, antiepileptics have been shown to
      carry a risk for the fetal antiepileptic syndrome complex. We have recently been
      able to describe fetal pathology following high intake of benzodiazepines during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2895524
TI  - DNA studies of X-linked mental retardation associated with a fragile site at
      Xq27.3.
AB  - The fragile-X mental retardation syndrome (FRAX-MR) is one of the most prevalent
      X-linked diseases. In affected males and in a proportion of carrier females a
      fragile site at Xq27.3 [fra (X)] is detected when the lymphocytes are cultured
      under conditions of thymidine deprivation. The fra (X) analysis can be used in
      the diagnosis of only 56% of carrier females (13, 14) and prenatal diagnosis by
      this method is not always feasible, thus making genetic counselling of affected
      families difficult, and sometimes impossible. We have analysed FRAX-MR families
      using RFLP and four DNA probes from Xq27-Xq28. Estimation of the recombination
      fraction indicates that the proximal probe F9 is not significantly linked to the
      FRAX-MR locus while the three distal probes F8, DXS52 and DXS15 show linkage.
      These probes could be used in the diagnosis of FRAX-MR in those families that do
      not show evidence for recombination. Used in conjunction with the fra (X)
      analysis, the segregation studies with these probes should improve the genetic
      counselling of the FRAX-MR syndrome and should be useful for the genetic and
      molecular analysis of this unique disease.

PMID- 2895526
TI  - Pre- and perinatal environmental origin in mild mental retardation.
AB  - From population-based studies of mild mental retardation made in the beginning of
      the 1980s in Sweden and covering the birth years 1959-70, data on pre- and
      perinatal environmental origin have been analysed. Information gathered from
      these data has also been compiled together with more recent findings from
      epidemiological studies of other brain impairment groups, in particular cerebral
      palsy and infantile hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2895527
TI  - Horseshoe kidney in Russell-Silver syndrome.
AB  - We describe a case of Russell-Silver syndrome associated with horseshoe kidney in
      a three-year-eleven-month-old boy. Several urologic anomalies are reported in
      this syndrome, but to our knowledge, horseshoe kidney has not been reported
      previously in the English literature.

PMID- 2895528
TI  - Encephalitis in dogs associated with a batch of canine distemper (Rockborn)
      vaccine.
AB  - During a period of seven months in 1982-83 cases of postvaccinal encephalitis
      were recorded in dogs in various parts of Britain after the administration of a
      particular batch of combined distemper/hepatitis vaccine. Detailed investigations
      of one of these cases revealed that the distemper component was responsible and
      the vaccine virus was recovered from the brain of an affected dog.

PMID- 2895529
TI  - Syrup of ipecac awareness: the use of a survey to direct future education
      efforts.
AB  - Syrup of ipecac awareness has been a major educational endeavor of our poison
      center for nearly 15 years. Educational efforts have been widespread and not
      directed specifically at any demographic population. A telephone survey was
      developed to determine our effectiveness in creating awareness and to identify
      demographic trends which would direct our future efforts. Respondents were
      randomly selected from the metropolitan telephone directory. Four hundred surveys
      were completed. The data was analyzed for statistical significance using chi
      square. The demographic background of the respondents compared favorably with
      that published by the Census Bureau. Fifty and six tenths percent were aware of
      syrup of ipecac. Age groups between 30-59 were more aware of ipecac than younger
      or older groups. Females were more aware of ipecac than males (37% vs 2%). There
      was a direct relationship between the number of years of education and ipecac
      awareness (college 62%, high school 49%, non-high school 37%). Married and
      divorced respondents had a higher awareness than single individuals (56% vs 38%).
      Respondents with working spouses had greater awareness than those with unemployed
      spouses (65% vs 43%). Twenty-four percent claimed to have ipecac in their home at
      the time of the survey. This provides significant insight for future direction
      with our educational efforts.

PMID- 2895530
TI  - Stimulation of cell proliferation in rabbits by MTP-PE, a lipophilic muramyl
      peptide.
AB  - The in vivo effect of the lipophilic muramyl peptide MTP-PE on the proliferation
      of blood cells and various tissues of the rabbit was studied by means of 3H
      thymidine. Animals were killed up to 120 h after one or two i.v. injections of
      MTP-PE (10 mg/kg). MTP-PE caused a drastic effect on white blood cells: (1)
      neutropenia and lymphocytopenia occurring within 5 h was followed by leukocytosis
      of neutrophils and their juvenile forms by 24 h and thereafter, (2) within 24 h
      the number of prelabelled, i.e. recently regenerated, mononuclear cells in the
      bone marrow and the vascular system of various tissues increased approximately
      threefold, and (3) within 48 h the concentration of proliferating monocytic cells
      (1-h pulse labelling) rose to maximum levels of up to 20-fold in the lumina of
      blood vessels, particularly in capillaries of many organs. The number of
      proliferating cells also increased in the adventitia of medium and small arteries
      with a maximum at 48 h, whereas this occurred only later in the media and hardly
      at all in the intima. Thus, these proliferating, apparently monocytic cells are
      blood derived, and migrate into the tissue within 24 h after MTP-PE
      administration. In addition, proliferation in the epithelium of the bile ducts
      and oesophagus was also stimulated with a maximum at 24 h after MTP-PE. In
      contrast, enhanced proliferation occurred more slowly and to a lesser extent in
      hepatocytes, hepatic interstitial cells, and renal epithelial cells, consistent
      with a regenerative process after an inflammatory or toxic event.

PMID- 2895531
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of peroxisomal enzymes in human kidney biopsies.
AB  - Peroxisomes are particularly abundant in the proximal tubules of the mammalian
      kidney. We describe the immunocytochemical localization of catalase and three
      peroxisomal lipid beta-oxidation enzymes: acyl-CoA oxidase, bifunctional protein
      (enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA
      thiolase, in human renal biopsies fixed with glutaraldehyde and embedded in Epon.
      For light microscopy of semithin sections, satisfactory immunostaining required
      removal of the resin and controlled proteolytic digestion followed by the
      indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Brief etching of ultrathin sections with
      alkoxide followed by the protein A-gold method were used for electron microscopic
      localization of the enzymes. The immunoreactive peroxisomes were distinctly
      visualized in proximal tubular epithelial cells with no staining of any other
      cell organelles. The results establish the presence of catalase and of
      peroxisomal lipid beta-oxidation system proteins in human kidney. The
      immunocytochemical procedure described herein provides a simple approach for the
      investigation of peroxisomal structure and function in human renal biopsies
      processed for ultrastructural studies.

PMID- 2895532
TI  - Radioprotection by pretreatment with deuterated water: cytokinetic changes in the
      small intestine of the mouse.
AB  - All mice partially deuterated by ingestion of 29% heavy water for 12 days
      survived whole body gamma irradiation (8.5 Gy) from a 60Co source, whereas 42% of
      nondeuterated control animals died from bone marrow failure. The incorporation of
      3HTdR into enterocytic DNA, as measured by autoradiography and liquid
      scintillation spectrometry, was used to assess the proliferative activity of
      small intestinal epithelium. The sequence and the magnitude of changes in tritium
      activity were in good agreement. Deuteration alone resulted in a reduced
      proliferative activity of small intestinal crypt epithelium, particularly in the
      basal cell positions and the first positions of the proliferation compartment.
      The number of positions occupied by the proliferative compartment and the crypt
      length were, however, barely affected by deuteration. The radiation-induced
      depression of DNA synthesis in the proliferative compartment was of similar
      magnitude in both groups. Crypt epithelium in deuterated mice, however, displayed
      signs of an accelerated and/or enhanced regeneration. The cytokinetic changes in
      deuterated animals are consistent with a protective effect for clonogenic
      intestinal epithelium at the time of irradiation.

PMID- 2895533
TI  - Interdigitating reticulum cells in lymph nodes of Sezary syndrome. Freeze
      fracture and ultrathin-section morphology.
AB  - Lymph nodes with extensive leukemic infiltration from three patients with the
      Sezary syndrome were examined in ultrathin sections and in freeze-fracture
      replicas. Sezary cells (SC) and interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) were the
      predominant cell types in the lymph nodes. Both were closely connected with each
      other by apparently interdigitating cytoplasmic processes. The projections
      between these cells were, in the main, processes from the IDC. In freeze-fracture
      replicas these cellular processes did not appear as interdigitations but were
      more bubble-like, and for this reason these cells are imprecisely described by
      the term "interdigitating." The SC were seen to possess only short cytoplasmic
      processes. The frequent polar grouping of cell organelles in SC in the region of
      the contact zone with IDC and the high organelle content of IDC ('activated IDC')
      could be the morphologic expression of intense interaction between IDC and SC.
      IDC displayed three features in freeze-fracture which are not specific to the
      Sezary syndrome, but should be applicable to IDC in general: (1) they exhibited
      an approximately equal density of intramembrane particles in both the E-face and
      the P-face, (2) some of the intramembrane particles in the P-face were assembled
      in clusters and (3) the surface showed bubble-like formations of the cytoplasmic
      processes. On the basis of these properties it was possible to distinguish IDC
      from macrophages and lymphocytes in freeze-fracture replicas.

PMID- 2895535
TI  - In vitro and in vivo elimination of macrophage tumor cells using liposome
      encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate.
AB  - It is shown in the present study that RAW 264 tumor cells can be killed by
      liposome-entrapped dichloromethylene diphosphonate (DMDP), both in vitro and in
      vivo. DMDP is ingested by phagocytic cells when entrapped in liposomes. Once
      phagocytized the liposomal membranes are digested and the drug is released into
      the cell and is ready for action. In vitro, even low doses of liposome-entrapped
      DMDP caused an significant reduction in cell numbers. In vivo, liposome
      encapsulated DMDP markedly reduced tumor formation in the liver, when given 1 day
      after injection of 1 x 10(6) RAW 264 tumor cells. Liposome-encapsulated DMDP,
      given 4 or more days after injection of the tumor cells had no significant
      effect. We concluded that tumor formation by RAW 264 cells is only susceptible to
      in vivo treatment with liposome-entrapped DMDP during a short period of time
      after injection of the cells. Obviously, phagocytosis of the tumor cells is
      reduced after this period making the cells less susceptible to treatment with the
      liposome-entrapped drug.

PMID- 2895534
TI  - Modification of surfactant metabolizing cells in rat lung by clofibrate, a
      hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferating agent. Evidence to suggest that clofibrate
      influences pulmonary surfactant metabolism.
AB  - The influence of clofibrate (ethyl-alpha-p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate), a
      hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferating agent, has been tested on the lungs of
      adult male rats. Drug administration for 7 days caused structural changes in two
      types of lung cells, both of which are involved in the metabolism of the
      pulmonary surfactant. By light microscopy the prominent features were the
      presence of enlarged type II alveolar epithelial cells and foamy intraalveolar
      macrophages. Compared with controls, type II cells in treated rats apparently
      contained more numerous surfactant-containing lamellar bodies, as visualized in
      semi-thin sections of Epon-embedded tissue. This difference was quantified
      morphometrically by light microscopy: the number of lamellar bodies was estimated
      as the profile number per individual type II alveolar cell, transsected at its
      nucleus. Clofibrate administration for 7 days resulted in a significant increase
      in the number of the lamellar inclusions. In contrast the number of type II
      alveolar cells per area of lung remained unchanged. There was no evidence of
      atelectasis or inflammatory infiltration in the drug-treated lungs, a finding
      confirmed in sections of perfusion-fixed, paraffin-embedded whole lung-lobes. By
      electron microscopy the lamellar inclusion bodies in the type II alveolar cells
      in treated rats, apart from being more numerous and sometimes smaller, were
      morphologically identical to those in controls. The vacuolated alveolar
      macrophages seen in treated rats also contained various lamellar phospholipid
      inclusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895536
TI  - Reduction in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in rat liver parenchymal cells
      following experimentally induced cholestasis.
AB  - The effect of experimentally induced cholestasis on the amount of
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was studied immunohistochemically in
      rat liver parenchyma. In control liver, the enzyme was mainly localized
      periportally and, although the enzyme content was much reduced, this distribution
      pattern was maintained up to 2 weeks after ligation of the common bile duct. At 4
      and 8 weeks after ligation the enzyme content in parenchymal cells remained low,
      but became distributed homogeneously throughout the liver parenchyma. This
      suggests that after bile duct ligation, gluconeogenesis from lactate is impaired.
      This may well be the cause of the adaptive changes to enhance the glycogenolytic
      capacity of parenchymal cells to maintain as far as possible a constant blood
      glucose level.

PMID- 2895537
TI  - Oncogene expression in a medullary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - We report the expression of Ha-ras, fos, c-myc and N-myc mRNA in a human
      medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, both in primary tumor and lymph node
      metastasis, as demonstrated by in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis.
      A significant difference in the oncogene expression in the primary tumor and the
      metastasis was not observed. Tumor tissue revealed a significant overexpression
      of Ha-ras, c-myc and N-myc mRNA as compared to the normal thyroid gland. The
      amount of fos mRNA expression in non tumorous thyroid gland did not significantly
      differ from tumor tissue, sis, fms and abl mRNA expression was not detectable in
      tumor tissue and non tumorous thyroid gland. We conclude, that the
      (over)expression of the oncogenes Ha-ras, c-myc and N-myc may be associated with
      initiation and progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Similar studies on
      additional cases of human medullary thyroid carcinoma will be necessary to reveal
      further information.

PMID- 2895538
TI  - Rat or murine colonic carcinomas? M.A.L. Maley et al. versus C.D. Gerharz.

PMID- 2895539
TI  - DNA flow cytometry in metastases and a recurrency of malignant melanomas. A
      comparison of results from fresh and paraffin embedded material.
AB  - Single cell suspensions from 16 biopsies from 15 patients with metastatic or
      recurrent malignant melanoma were prepared according to the method described by
      Vindelov (1977) and the nuclear DNA content was measured by a laboratory-built
      flow cytometer. The DNA histograms thus obtained were compared with those
      obtained from suspensions of single nuclei from the same biopsies after formalin
      fixation and paraffin embedding, according to the method of Hedley et al. (1983).
      Linear regression analysis of ploidy values from fresh material compared with
      those from paraffin blocks showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.85), while that of
      the S-phase fraction was somewhat weaker (R2 = 0.66). It is concluded that
      archival wax preparations of malignant melanoma cell populations are suitable for
      FCM analysis of ploidy, and to a lesser extent for analysis of fraction of cells
      in various cell cycle phases.

PMID- 2895540
TI  - In vivo growth kinetics of P388 and L1210 leukemias.
AB  - The P388 lymphocytic leukemia and the L1210 lymphoid leukemia are used as test
      systems for putative cytotoxic drugs. These leukemias are also used to
      investigate the perturbation of cell cycle progression of various chemical
      compounds in more detail. There is little information on the normal growth
      kinetics in vivo of these leukemias. In the present report we therefore present
      the results from growth kinetic studies of P388 and L1210 leukemic cells growing
      in ascites form in mice. We used 3H-TdR autoradiography, DNA flow cytometry and
      the stathmokinetic method. During exponential growth both leukemias showed a
      growth fraction of unity. Whereas no significant cell loss was observed during
      the early growth phase of P388 cells, cell loss was indicated by a discrepancy
      between potential and actual doubling times during exponential growth of L1210
      cells. During the phase of growth retardation, the proportion of G1 and G2 cells
      increased at the expence of a reduced S phase fraction in the P388 leukemia,
      whereas only small changes in cell cycle distributions were seen with time after
      inoculation of L1210 cells. An increasing discrepancy in the reduction of the S
      phase fraction and the 3H-TdRLI was seen in the P388 cells with time after
      inoculation. Thus, a majority of P388 cells with S phase DNA content were
      unlabelled during the late phase of growth restriction, indicating resting cells
      in S phase. A good correlation was found between the 3H-TdR LI and S phase
      fraction throughout the life history of L1210 cells, revealing considerable
      differences in in vivo growth kinetics between the two leukemias. Such
      differences should be considered when evaluating test results.

PMID- 2895541
TI  - Thyroid medullary carcinoma of the Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus.
      Ultrastructural evidence for the production of normal and atypical intracellular
      granules.
AB  - We have carried out an electron microscopic and immunocytochemical study of
      thyroid medullary carcinoma arising spontaneously in the Djungarian hamster,
      Phodopus sungorus. At the ultrastructural level the cytoplasm of tumor cells
      contained numerous round to slightly elongated, dense-cored secretory granules.
      The number of secretory granules differed from cell to cell in the tumor, being
      scanty in some cells but more or less abundant in most. Electron microscopic
      immunocytochemistry demonstrated that all dense-cored secretory granules in all
      tumor cells exhibited calcitonin immunoreactivity. In approximately 10% of the
      tumor cells, unusual star-shaped secretory vesicles were also found in the
      cytoplasm. These vesicles contained a small, but well-defined, lucent core
      surrounded by a region of finely granular material of greater electron density.
      The outer contour of these unusual vesicles was stellate rather than smooth. They
      appeared to originate not from the Golgi complex, but from the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum. These atypical stellate vesicles did not show any calcitonin
      immunoreactivity. Furthermore, in a small number of tumor cells (approximately
      1%) a third type of membrane enclosed structure was found. These were conspicuous
      rods 1-5 micron in length with tapering ends and a crystalline substructure. The
      presence of both normal and atypical secretory granules in some tumor cells
      suggests that carcinogenic transformation may interfere with the normal synthesis
      and assembly of secretory products by the cell.

PMID- 2895542
TI  - Microenvironment of thymic myoid cells in myasthenia gravis.
AB  - The microenvironment of myoid cells (MyCs) was studied in myasthenia gravis (MG)
      thymitis with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (LFH) (nine cases) and with diffuse
      B cell infiltration (one case), and compared with findings in the thymuses of non
      myasthenic control subjects (ten cases). Double immunostaining was used to
      demonstrate MyCs labelled by anti-desmin together with other thymic components
      such as keratin-positive epithelial cells, Ki-M 1-positive interdigitating
      reticulum cells (IDCs), Ki-M 4-positive follicular dendritic reticulum cells, Ki
      M 6-positive macrophages, CD22-positive B-cells, CD1-positive cells, CD3-positive
      T-cells or HLA-DR-positive cells. Round or elongated MyCs were confined to the
      thymic medulla and were surrounded by CD3-positive T-cells and CD22-positive B
      cells. In MG thymitis MyCs were localized in the vicinity of, but not inside
      germinal centres (GCs). MyCs were always HLA-DR-negative, but were invariably
      embedded in a cellular micromilieu with strong HLA-DR expression. A remarkable
      feature of MG thymitis was that the great majority of MyCs were in intimate
      contact with intramedullary IDCs. Morphometric studies confirmed that such
      contacts were significantly less frequent in thymuses from non-myasthenic
      subjects. This indicates that an IDC-dependent antigen-presenting process for T
      cells may actively involve MyCs in MG thymitis.

PMID- 2895543
TI  - Effects of bile acids and endotoxin on the function and morphology of cultured
      hamster Kupffer cells.
AB  - The mechanisms of hepatic reticuloendothelial cell dysfunction in obstructive
      jaundice were investigated using cultured hamster Kupffer cells. The introduction
      of free bile acids, cholic acid (CA) at concentrations over 2 mM and
      chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) over 1 mM inhibited colloidal carbon pinocytosis. CA
      and CDCA at concentrations over 0.5 mM inhibited IgG-coated sheep red blood cell
      phagocytosis. With the application of conjugated bile acid and endotoxin at
      concentrations over 50 micrograms/ml, endocytic function was inhibited. With bile
      acids, a dose-dependent increase in the concentration of beta-glucuronidase
      occurred in the culture medium, and with endotoxin a time-dependent increase in
      beta-glucuronidase was noted. Bile acids produced alterations in cell organelles
      before destruction of the cell membrane. The presence of endotoxin led to the
      appearance of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm. These observations suggest that
      bile acids and endotoxin inhibit Kupffer cells by different mechanisms. We
      tentatively conclude that bile acids rather than endotoxin influence Kupffer
      cells in vivo.

PMID- 2895544
TI  - Stress-induced blocking of cell division in the colchicine arrest technique.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that procedures commonly used in studies of cell
      population kinetics in laboratory animals cause a transient block of the entrance
      of cells into mitosis. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to
      examine whether the handling of animals in conjunction with the administration of
      colchicine affects the results obtained by the metaphase arrest technique. Groups
      of rats were injected with colchicine or saline at 1300 h and sacrificed at
      regular intervals during the following 140 min. Histological sections of the
      palatal mucosa were produced and the number of metaphases was assessed in the
      epithelium. In both the saline-treated and colchicine-treated groups the numbers
      of metaphases decreased immediately after injection and reached a minimum within
      30 min. After that time a transient increase was observed in the saline group,
      whereas the number of metaphases in the colchicine-treated group increased
      continuously during the experimental period. These results indicate that
      colchicine takes effect after a delay period of 30 min and that the handling
      procedures in conjunction with the administration of colchicine provoke a
      transient block of the entry of cells into mitosis. The second part of the study
      was designed in such a way that the number of metaphases collected during a 2 h
      period under the influence of stress induced by injection of colchicine could be
      compared with the number of metaphases collected during the same time period
      without the influence of stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895545
TI  - [Intravenous administration of trimepranol--clinical electrophysiology].

PMID- 2895546
TI  - [Structural characteristics of the testes and their adnexa in false
      cryptorchism].

PMID- 2895548
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of the alpha adrenoceptor
      antagonist doxazosin.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of intravenous and oral
      doxazosin were investigated in 6 normotensive volunteers. 2. The pharmacokinetics
      of i.v. and oral doxazosin were fitted simultaneously and independently. The
      parameters derived were in good agreement with a mean elimination half-life of
      539 +/- 75 min, bioavailability of 0.65 +/- 0.11 and clearance of 140 +/- 26
      ml/min. 3. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling indicated that the
      sensitivities to oral and i.v. doxazosin in individual subjects were in good
      agreement. 4. Based on these findings it is unlikely that doxazosin metabolites
      contribute significantly to the pharmacodynamic profile of doxazosin.

PMID- 2895547
TI  - [Detection of natural foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the
      territory of Crimean and Chernigov Provinces].

PMID- 2895549
TI  - [Injuries caused by stingrays].
AB  - We report on an injury caused by the bite of a South American freshwater
      stingray. Although wide excision is the therapy of choice, prolonged healing must
      be expected. We give some information on the mode of injury and biological data
      regarding the genus protamotrygon. This stingray may also be bred in aquariums.

PMID- 2895550
TI  - [Metaconceptual developments: hierarchical classification of unknown numbers of
      objects as a criterion for understanding class inclusion].

PMID- 2895551
TI  - [Multifactorial relations of critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF)--correlation
      of the effect with physical and physiologic parameters].

PMID- 2895552
TI  - [Max Wertheimer in Frankfurt--on the beginnings and developmental crisis of
      Gestalt psychology. Initial studies of motion perception (1910-1912)].

PMID- 2895553
TI  - [The life and work of David Katz (1884-1953)].

PMID- 2895554
TI  - [Max Wertheimer in Frankfurt--on the beginnings and developmental crisis of
      Gestalt psychology. II. Structural rules of motion and space perception (1911
      1914)].

PMID- 2895555
TI  - Clostridial cystitis in a nondiabetic man: case report.

PMID- 2895556
TI  - Emergency drug supplies.

PMID- 2895557
TI  - [Physicochemical and immunobiological properties of the dialysate antigen of
      Bordetella pertussis].
AB  - The study of the physicochemical and immunobiological properties of B. pertussis
      dialysate antigen indicates that the antigen has a complex composition and
      possesses hemagglutinating and lymphocytosis-promoting activity, which permits
      further studies with a view to developing diagnostic and prophylactic
      preparations on the basis of this antigen.

PMID- 2895558
TI  - The effect of antihistamines and indomethacin on microvascular permeability
      changes due to repeated pressure-induced local ischemia.
AB  - Indomethacin can reduce the microvascular permeability induced by repeated
      ischemia. In this investigation the influence of histamine H1 and H2 receptor
      blockers was studied for comparison with indomethacin. Application of 60 mmHg
      pressure to the hamster cheek pouch for 5 min was repeated eight times, with 10
      min restitution intervals. Altered permeability was evaluated with use of FITC
      dextran and intravital microscopy. Progressive efflux of FITC-dextran was
      observed in the control group. When either diphenhydramine or indomethacin was
      used alone, a few spots of extravasated dye were seen. Combination of
      diphenhydramine with either indomethacin or cimetidine reduced the extravasation.
      Furthermore, the spots appeared significantly later than in the controls, and
      some faded. Increase in the efflux of macromolecules due to repeated ischemia
      seems to be mediated via H1 and H2 receptors in conjunction with other receptors
      and/or amines e.g. prostaglandins.

PMID- 2895559
TI  - Serum gastrin, insulin and somatostatin levels in normal and obese subjects
      before and after gastric banding.
AB  - The postprandial secretion of insulin, gastrin and somatostatin was studied in 23
      extremely obese subjects and nine normal-weight controls after a liquid test
      meal. Apart from a significantly higher insulin level in the obese group, no
      significant intergroup difference was found. The effect of weight loss on the
      same hormones was studied in 18 patients 6 months after gastric banding. The mean
      weight loss during this period was 33 +/- 2.1 (SEM) kg. There was significant
      decrease in postprandial insulin secretion after gastric banding, but neither
      gastrin nor somatostatin levels were altered.

PMID- 2895560
TI  - [Clinicopathological studies of chest x-ray findings in 54 adult T-cell leukemia
      patients].

PMID- 2895561
TI  - Clinical study on the serum levels of immunosuppressive acidic protein in
      patients with adult T-cell leukemia.
AB  - Serum levels of immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) were measured in patients
      with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in order to clarify its significance in this
      disease. The mean levels in patients with both acute (854 +/- 404 micrograms/ml)
      and chronic ATL (439 +/- 103 micrograms/ml) were significantly higher than in
      sera of healthy controls (367 +/- 104 micrograms/ml). However, mean levels in
      patients with smoldering ATL, healthy T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
      carriers and healthy controls showed no differences. Levels in crisis in chronic
      and smoldering ATL were similar to those in patients with acute ATL. Serial
      measurements of serum IAP in a number of patients revealed that the levels
      reflected each patient's clinical course, suggesting a potential for use in
      evaluating the effects of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2895562
TI  - [A case of retentio testis in advanced age with a severed epididymis].

PMID- 2895563
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of analgesics in surgical patients in the postoperative
      period].

PMID- 2895564
TI  - Anti-anginal efficacy of a controlled-release formulation of isosorbide-5
      mononitrate once daily in angina patients on chronic beta-blockade.
AB  - The anti-anginal effect of a controlled-release (Durules) formulation of
      isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-ISMN) 60 mg, Imdur, once daily was evaluated in a
      randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with a placebo run
      in period. Each period lasted for 2 weeks. A total of 70 patients (58 men and 12
      women) with stable exertional angina pectoris on beta-blockade, mean age 59 years
      (range 39-71), were included. Exercise testing was performed on a bicycle
      ergometer 3 hours after the dose at the end of each period. Anginal attacks and
      intake of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets were noted. Imdur in combination with
      a beta-blocker significantly increased the total exercise capacity, the time and
      total work until the onset of chest pain and at 1 mm ST-depression compared with
      beta-blockade alone. The attack rate and the nitroglycerin consumption were
      significantly decreased. Headache was the only significant side-effect. In
      conclusion, the addition of Imdur once daily to beta-blockade significantly
      increased the anti-anginal effect.

PMID- 2895565
TI  - Comparison of motor cortex-induced flexor muscle activity inhibition by hard
      pressure on various parts of the body and by light pinch of abdomen of animals
      with gastro-duodenal ulcers.
AB  - The flexsor muscle electromyogram (EMG) of the upper extremities in response to
      the motor cortex stimulation was inhibited by hard hand pressure on base of the
      ear lobe and lumbar perivertebral region and by electrical stimulation of these
      regions. Similar inhibition was produced by electrical stimulation around the
      brachium conjuctivum and locus coeruleus (BC-LC) and the reticulogigantocellular
      nucleus (NRGC). Inhibition of the flexor muscle EMG due to hard pressure on the
      body parts was abolished by electrical lesioning of the BC-LC and NRGC. The light
      pinch with hand on the restricted abdominal region did not inhibit the flexor
      muscle EMG induced by the motor cortex stimulation in normal condition, while
      such stimulation inhibited the flexor muscle EMG in the ulcer suffering animals
      after treatment with cysteamine. This inhibition was not influenced by
      destruction of the NRGC. From these results, it was concluded that inhibition of
      the motor cortex induced-flexor muscle activities caused by light pinch
      stimulation of the restricted abdominal region, as the model of the voluntary
      finger flexion inhibition in O-ring test, was produced by spinal reflex
      inhibition.

PMID- 2895566
TI  - Attenuation of tourniquet-induced pain in man by D-phenylalanine, a putative
      inhibitor of enkephalin degradation.
AB  - The effect D-phenylalanine (DPA), a putative inhibitor of enkephalin degradation,
      on the two separate pain components produced by the submaximal effort tourniquet
      test was evaluated in healthy human volunteers (N = 8). DPA attenuated the
      increase of the intensity of the ischemic and pressure pain components with
      increasing ischemia duration, but only the effect on the pressure pain component
      was significant. The results support some earlier reports suggesting that DPA has
      analgetic properties.

PMID- 2895567
TI  - Simple and quick gastric cancer screening method using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring
      Test" and its critical evaluation by standard X-ray, gastroscopic and
      pathological microscopic examination.
AB  - The simple, quick and non-invasive application of the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test
      Cancer Screening Method" for adenocarcinoma of the stomach originally described
      by Y. Omura, indicated 21 out of 196 randomly selected patients who visited our
      hospital (114 male and 82 female with an average age of 57.2 years) to have a
      cancer positive response regardless of their original chief complaint. In all
      these 21 patients we did imaging of the outline of the stomach and localized
      adenocarcinoma positive area with the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Imaging Method." 5
      out of 21 patients were confirmed to have adenocarcinoma of the stomach by
      microscopic examination of biopsied stomach tissue following X-ray and
      gastroscopic examination. Of these 5 patients with the cancer, 3 had no chief
      complaint indicative of stomach problems. This study indicated that simple, quick
      and non-invasive cancer screening method using "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" with
      microscopic slide of adenocarcinoma of stomach as reference control substance,
      can detect stomach cancer with much greater accuracy, without giving any physical
      discomfort to the patient and with minimum time and expense, compared with well
      established standard x-ray and gastroscopic examination methods. The
      effectiveness and relative accuracy of mass screening of patients for gastric
      cancers using "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" was well established by this study.

PMID- 2895569
TI  - Abstracts and short papers of the 3rd International Symposium on Acupuncture &
      Electro-therapeutics. New York City, October 8-11, 1987.

PMID- 2895568
TI  - Basic electrical parameters for safe and effective electro-therapeutics [electro
      acupuncture, TES, TENMS (or TEMS), TENS and electro-magnetic field stimulation
      with or without drug field] for pain, neuromuscular skeletal problems, and
      circulatory disturbances.
AB  - Using voltage-time-dependent negative resistance characteristics of Voltage
      Current curves of excitable cell membranes estimated without using artificial
      voltage clamp method, the author made a quantitative analysis of excitability of
      cell membranes and different conditions of transmembrane action potentials as a
      bias voltage to the negative resistance of the excitable cell membrane. The
      pacemaker cells were classified as "Astable Oscillators" and nonpacemaker
      excitable cells as "Monostable Oscillators," and application of a rapidly
      changing electromagnetic field to the cells was analyzed as a means of
      stimulating the cells. The understanding of the 10 essential electrical
      parameters is highly desirable for safe and effective electrical stimulation.
      Among these, emphasis was placed on the often neglected, important electrical
      parameters of "output impedance" of stimulation pulse wave complexes for + and -
      polarity components, as well as the importance of capacitive current (Ic =
      C.dV/dt) which depends on rise time as well as fall time of the stimulation pulse
      wave, and undesirable side effects of electrolysis phenomena due to excessive
      D.C. current. The difference and similarity between TENS (Transcutaneous Nerve
      Stimulation) and TES (Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation), TENMS
      (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve and Muscle Stimulation) or TMS (Transcutaneous
      Muscle Stimulation) was discussed. The author's clinical study indicated that
      effective TES (TENMS)--characterized by effective muscle contraction without
      creating pain with a pulse repetition rate approximately the same as the heart
      rate of the individual--can often give superior beneficial effects in improvement
      of micro-circulation and subsequent relief of pain and other symptoms compared
      with TENS that creates stimulation of large diameter sensory nerve fibers without
      creating significant muscle contraction. Such improvement is often accompanied by
      the abolishment of the pain with disappearance of local substance P and increase
      in local serotonin with disappearance of local L-tryptophan.

PMID- 2895571
TI  - Beta-agonist-induced tachyphylaxis in mouse skin.

PMID- 2895570
TI  - Effects of dietary poly-unsaturated fatty acids on tracheal histaminergic and
      cholinergic responsiveness in experimental models of bronchial hypersensitivity
      and hyperreactivity.
AB  - Respiratory histaminergic and cholinergic receptor function was investigated in
      isolated tracheal spirals of guinea pigs receiving different diets. Comparison
      was made between saline treated (controls) and Haemophilus influenzae treated
      animals in non sensitized conditions, the latter being a model for bronchial
      hyperreactivity, and in sensitized conditions, being a model for allergen induced
      bronchial hypersensitivity. The different semi-synthetic diets (35 energy% fat),
      varying in linoleic acid content (5.85, 11.25 and 22.05 en% fat) and one diet
      with low linoleic acid (3.55 en%) in which linolenic acid was added additionally
      (5.30 en%), exerted profound effects on tracheal reactivity to histamine. In
      sensitized animals the maximal induced histamine contraction was significantly
      diminished in the dietary group receiving 5.85 en% linoleic acid as compared with
      the other dietary groups (35% decrease in the H. influenzae-treated, 20-30%
      decrease in saline treated animals). Results in non-sensitized animals were
      similar, though less pronounced. No effect on food intake or growth of the
      animals could be demonstrated during the six week experimental periods. The
      carbachol induced contraction of the tracheal spirals of sensitized animals
      receiving low linoleic acid was also significantly decreased as compared to the
      other dietary groups (30% for saline treated and 20-30% for H. influenzae-treated
      animals). No difference in carbachol responsiveness could be detected between the
      different dietary groups under non-sensitized conditions. The results are
      discussed in view of the current concepts for bronchial hyperreactivity,
      especially in relation to eicosanoid involvement.

PMID- 2895572
TI  - [Study of gamma-GTP activity in urine and renal tissue of experimental warm
      ischemic kidney].
AB  - The acute changes of proximal tubule function and its pathological condition were
      investigated by measuring (gamma-GTP) activities in the urine and renal tissue
      using warm ischemic kidneys of adult dogs (n = 34). Eight kidneys were kept in a
      warm ischemic condition throughout the experimental period and the tissue was
      extirpated from the kidney at every hour, and 31 kidneys were released from the
      30 min ischemic condition. The urine and the blood (peripheral and renal artery
      and vein) were collected from these kidneys at every hour up to 5 hr. The kidneys
      observed for urine outflow (n = 24) were divided into three groups with time; 7
      kidneys (1 hr), 5 kidneys (3 hr), and 12 kidneys (5 hr), and they were extracted.
      The gamma-GTP activity of the urine showed the maximum value of 851 +/- 102
      mIU/ml at 30 min and decreased to 217 +/- 56 mIU/ml, which declined to be close
      to the starting value of 133 +/- 26 mIU/ml, at 5 hr after the warm ischemic
      condition was released. The gamma-GTP activities of the cortex were 325 +/- 62
      mIU/mg.p (1 hr), 527 +/- 37 mIU/mg.p (3 hr), and 266 +/- 44 mIU/mg.p (5 hr).
      However, no increase in gamma-GTP activity was observed either in the renal vein
      blood, or in the cortex obtained from the 8 kidneys kept in the warm ischemic
      condition. A histopathological examination showed the progressive changes in some
      parts of the proximal tubules after release from the ischemic condition.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895573
TI  - [Relation of enzyme distribution in the kidney and increase pattern of urinary N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP)
      activities following CDDP administration].
AB  - Nephrotoxicity is the major side effect of CDDP and it develops renal tubular
      damage. In the present paper, we have studied acute effects of cis
      dichlorodiamine platinum (CDDP, 20 mg daily for 5 days) on the renal tubule using
      urinary NAG and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) activities as indicators
      of the toxicity. Altogether 25 courses of chemotherapy in 15 patients who had
      malignant tumors were studied. Urinary enzyme activities consisting of N-acetyl
      beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, lysosomal enzyme) and gamma-GTP (brush border
      enzyme) were measured for 11 days from the day before CDDP administration. In all
      cases, both urinary enzyme activities increased with CDDP administration. The
      increase of NAG activity was transient; the highest level was detected on the 5th
      day of chemotherapy and decreased after that. On the other hand, two peaks of
      gamma-GTP activity were observed in many cases, the first peak during
      chemotherapy and the second peak soon after the completion of CDDP
      administration. The differences in increase pattern of these two urinary enzyme
      activities, suggest that changes of brush border occur in an early stage and
      cellular tissue including lysosome of renal tubule is impaired afterwards.

PMID- 2895574
TI  - [A case of leprechaunism with cryptorchidism].
AB  - A 6-year-old boy whose chief complaint was right undescended testis was referred
      to our clinic. He had mental retardation, prominent and widely spaced eyes, large
      and low-set ears, micrognathia, hyperpigmentation and enlarged genitalia.
      Therefore, he was diagnosed to have Leprechaunism. Leprechaunism is rare and few
      studies dealing with this disease have been reported in Japan. With a review of
      the literature, we briefly discuss about the clinical features of Leprechaunism.

PMID- 2895575
TI  - Pollinosis: some immunologic and regional considerations and the description of
      Melia azedarach respiratory allergy.
AB  - Pollens constitute one of the most allergenic groups for man. Their prevalence
      make them an important factor when studying antigens that induce allergical
      diseases such as rhinitis, asthma, conjunctivitis, etc., wherein immunological
      mechanisms play a fundamental role. It is believed that genetic factors are
      involved in pollinosis and this could probably explain the enhanced
      susceptibility of certain individuals to acquire this type of allergy. Here we
      mention the HLA system, among others involved. Ecological aspects of each region
      must be carefully evaluated because of the importance of detecting the specific
      pollen area and the pollen's behaviour which, in turn, will permit an accurate
      etiological diagnosis. We have investigated a pollen widely spread in our
      province, called Melia azedarach and have demonstrated its property of inducing
      allergic respiratory disease. Finally, therapeutics in pollinosis is discussed
      and attention is paid to drugs such as antihistamines, ketotifen, among others
      but we think that specific immunotherapy plays a most important role.

PMID- 2895576
TI  - Beta-blocker therapy in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the setting
      of left ventricular dysfunction.
AB  - Although several studies suggest beta blockers (BB) are effective in suppressing
      ventricular arrhythmias, less is known about their role in the treatment of
      patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with impaired left
      ventricular function. To assess the tolerance and efficacy of these agents, 32
      patients presenting with either ventricular fibrillation (18) or sustained
      ventricular tachycardia (14) were studied during BB therapy. Left ventricular
      dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 29%) was present as a consequence of coronary
      artery disease (26) or cardiomyopathy (6). Baseline arrhythmia assessment
      revealed recurrent ventricular tachycardia in all patients. Antiarrhythmic drug
      therapy including BB was guided by programmed stimulation (10), exercise testing
      (8), ambulatory monitoring (12), or was given empirically (2). Beta blockers were
      well tolerated, as measured by exercise duration, which improved significantly,
      and by long-term maintenance, which continued in 23 of 32 (72%) patients. Over a
      mean follow-up of 668 days, patients treated with BB had a relatively low
      incidence of both sudden (3%) and nonsudden (9%) death. Thus, BB can be effective
      and well tolerated adjunct therapy in patients with a history of ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias in the setting of impaired left ventricular function.

PMID- 2895577
TI  - Comparison of the antihypertensive effects of betaxolol to atenolol.
AB  - A randomized double-blind multicenter study compared a new oral beta 1-adrenergic
      antagonist, betaxolol 10 to 40 mg (n = 71), with atenolol 25 to 100 mg (n = 75).
      Each drug was administered once daily for 24 weeks in patients with mild to
      moderate hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken 24 hours after
      dosing. Each drug produced significant (p less than 0.01) reductions in mean
      supine diastolic BP. The mean decrease in supine diastolic BP with betaxolol was
      significantly greater at weeks 4, 6, 10 and 12 (p less than 0.05). Throughout the
      remainder of the trial (weeks 14 to 24), no significant differences in BP
      reduction were noted between treatment groups. Normotension (supine diastolic BP
      less than or equal to 90 mm Hg) was achieved in 72% of those given betaxolol
      compared with 52% of those given atenolol (p less than 0.05). The most common
      side effects noted were bradycardia, fatigue and headache. The incidence of these
      and of central nervous system side effects was similar between the betaxolol and
      atenolol groups. Both agents were well tolerated. At recommended doses, betaxolol
      once daily may be more effective than atenolol once daily in patients with mild
      to moderate hypertension.

PMID- 2895578
TI  - Decreased heart rate variability and beta blockers after acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2895579
TI  - Incidence and geographic distribution of serologically verified cases of
      nephropathia epidemica in Sweden.
AB  - A nationwide survey of hospitalized, serologically verified adult nephropathia
      epidemica cases in Sweden from 1978 to 1981 was performed. Serum was collected
      from 1,063 patients with a diagnosis of nephropathia epidemica or one of 10 other
      renal diseases with related symptoms. Sera were analyzed by indirect
      immunofluorescence technique for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies to
      Hantaan virus, causative agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever that cross-reacts with
      the nephropathia epidemica agent. Antibodies were present in 368 patients, 355 of
      whom also fulfilled four or more of six criteria for clinical diagnosis of
      nephropathia epidemica. The male:female ratio was 2.7:1. The total number of
      cases in Sweden varied between 26 and 144 per year, which coincided with the
      fluctuations in small rodent populations. The highest incidence was found in
      Vasterbotten County, with a maximum crude incidence rate of 23.5 cases per
      100,000 inhabitants per year. Mean crude incidence in Sweden during the study
      period was 1.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The southernmost cases
      lived in proximity to the 59th parallel. Thus, nephropathia epidemica was found
      to be prevalent south of the 60th parallel, which was previously assumed to be
      its southern boundary.

PMID- 2895580
TI  - Lack of evidence of circulating retroviral antibodies in patients with classic
      Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Because of the T-cell abnormalities observed in Hodgkin's disease and the growing
      number of Hodgkin's disease cases observed in association with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), concern has been expressed that a retrovirus
      may be the primary cause of Hodgkin's disease. We examined plasma specimens from
      17 patients with Hodgkin's disease that were drawn in 1979. Because serum
      containing antibodies to either human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) or
      HTLV-II precipitate the major core protein, p24, of HTLV-I, lack of reactivity to
      HTLV-I p24 in all the specimens demonstrated absence of antibodies to HTLV-I or 
      II. None of the specimens was reactive to human immunodeficiency virus type 1
      (HIV-1) by ELISA. None of the specimens were reactive on Western blot assays for
      HTLV-I or -II or HIV-1. Lack of evidence of cross-reacting antibodies to
      prototype strains of those retroviruses in specimens drawn before the AIDS
      epidemic suggests that classic Hodgkin's disease is not the result of infection
      with one of the known human lymphocytotropic retroviruses or a closely related
      agent.

PMID- 2895581
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism in the interzeta hypervariable region
      for prenatal diagnosis of non-deletion alpha thalassemia.
AB  - A Bam HI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the interzeta hypervariable
      region (IZ HVR) of the zeta-alpha gene cluster was used for the prenatal
      diagnosis of a pregnancy at risk for Hb H hydrops fetalis. The parents had zeta
      alpha thalassemia 1 and non-deletion alpha thalassemia, respectively, and a
      previous hydrops was missed using the conventional method of gene detection. In
      this prenatal diagnosis, linkage to IZ HVR was used to exclude non-deletion alpha
      thalassemia, and the numbers of zeta and alpha genes in the fetus were
      quantitated to predict the exact genotype. Confirmation was made by analysis of
      cord blood at delivery.

PMID- 2895582
TI  - The first report of familial adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma in the United States.
AB  - Two patients, a daughter and her father, developed the acute type of adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) within a 3-month period. Antibodies against HTLV-I have
      been found in both wives of the father. The second wife acquired the infection
      from her husband within 3 years of marriage. The patients described represent the
      first cases of familial ATLL in the United States. ATLL continues to be
      frequently misdiagnosed in the United States. A positive family history
      consistent with this disease in a patient with a lymphoid malignancy may be a
      helpful clue for earlier diagnosis.

PMID- 2895583
TI  - A comparative evaluation of the transport of H2-receptor antagonists by the human
      and baboon placenta.
AB  - Using a single cotyledon perfusion model, the placental transport of four H2
      receptor antagonists, cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, and ranitidine, was
      determined and compared using normal term human and normal preterm baboon
      placentas. In both the human and baboon placentas, the transport of each agent
      was similar whether administered singly or in combination with the other drugs.
      Drug transport was the same in both directions, maternal-to-fetal and vice versa,
      indicating a lack of preferential transfer. The H2-receptor antagonists were
      transported at about 40% the rate of the freely diffusable reference compound,
      antipyrine. There were no significant differences between the human and baboon in
      any of the parameters of placental function evaluated. Placental glucose and
      oxygen consumptions, and lactate production were comparable in the human and
      baboon preparations. The transport and clearance of each of the H2-antagonists
      were similar in each species.

PMID- 2895584
TI  - A grandpaternally derived de novo deletion within Xp21 initially presenting in
      carrier females diagnosed as Kugelberg-Welander syndrome.
AB  - We report on two sisters with a history of muscle weakness and an electromyogram
      (EMG) diagnosis of Kugelberg-Welander syndrome (KWS) or juvenile spinal muscular
      atrophy. A half-brother to these women was diagnosed to have Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy (DMD). Using molecular probes, we identified a deletion within Xp21 in
      this isolated case of DMD. Sequences detected by pXJ1.1 are deleted, while
      fragments detected by pERT87 are intact. Both of these probes are derived from
      the DMD locus. We have shown that the affected sisters share with their half
      brother DNA markers that are linked to the DMD gene and inherited from their
      maternal grandfather. Dosage analysis of Southern blots show monosomy for pXJ1.1,
      which has allowed us to determine carrier status within this family and to show
      that the half-sisters are manifesting DMD carriers.

PMID- 2895585
TI  - Hyperglycemia induced by electrical stimulation of lateral part of dorsal
      parabrachial nucleus.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the lateral part of the dorsal parabrachial nucleus
      (PBD) induces hyperglycemia by enhancing glucagon secretion and suppressing
      insulin secretion in rats. The mechanism of this effect in the light period was
      examined by use of blockers of the autonomic nervous system. Hexamethonium, a
      ganglion blocker, and propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, markedly inhibited
      the hyperglycemic response to stimulation of the lateral part of the PBD (LPBD).
      In contrast, phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocker, and atropine
      methylnitrate, a muscarinic blocker, had no effect. Because previous studies
      showed that bilateral lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) eliminated
      hyperglycemia induced by intracranial injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and that
      blinding largely suppressed the hyperglycemia, the effects of these two
      treatments on hyperglycemia induced by electrical stimulation of the LPBD were
      examined. SCN lesions abolished the hyperglycemic response but did not affect the
      hyperglucagonemic response. Results 4 wk after orbital enucleation were similar
      to those after SCN lesions. These findings suggest that the SCN and a beta
      adrenergic mechanism are involved in the hyperglycemic response to LPBD
      stimulation.

PMID- 2895587
TI  - Somatostatin inhibition of secretagogue and forskolin-stimulated gastric acid
      secretion.
AB  - The action of somatostatin (SS) on acid secretion and histamine release was
      studied in isolated gastric mucosa of toads mounted in Ussing chambers. SS
      inhibited H+ secretion and histamine release stimulated by cholinergic and
      gastrinergic secretagogues. Exogenous histamine stimulation of H+ secretion was
      blocked noncompetitively by SS in a dose-dependent manner. In mucosae maximally
      stimulated by histamine or forskolin and cimetidine, acetylcholine (ACh) and
      tetragastrin (TG) induced a direct stimulation of the oxyntopeptic cell not
      inhibited by SS. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, did not
      prevent SS inhibition of histamine stimulation. Pretreatment with SS abolished
      forskolin stimulation of H+ secretion. SS induced a small inhibition of the
      stimulatory effect of N6, 2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.
      These results suggest that SS inhibits acid secretion stimulated by secretagogues
      through different mechanisms: 1) inhibition of histamine release by ACh and TG,
      2) inhibition of endogenous and exogenous histamine stimulation through a
      blockade of adenylate cyclase, and 3) an inhibitory effect subsequent to the
      synthesis of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. The direct activation of the
      oxyntopeptic cell by ACh and TG does not seem to be affected by somatostatin.

PMID- 2895586
TI  - Peptide YY antagonizes beta-adrenergic-stimulated release of insulin in dogs.
AB  - Peptide YY (PYY) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are peptides of 36 amino acids that
      share structural homologies with pancreatic polypeptide (PP). PP is predominantly
      found in the endocrine pancreas. PPY is primarily found in mucosal endocrine
      cells of the distal ileum, colon, and rectum, whereas NPY is found in both the
      peripheral and central nervous systems. Previous studies indicate that these
      peptides can interact with the autonomic nervous system. The objective of the
      present experiments was to study the effect of PYY on neurally stimulated insulin
      release [i.e., in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a nonmetabolizable
      glucose analogue] in conscious dogs. Intravenous administration of PYY (100, 200,
      and 400 pmol.kg-1.h-1) reduced 2-DG-stimulated insulin release in a dose
      dependent manner (P less than 0.05) without affecting plasma glucose levels.
      Administration of NPY (800 pmol.kg-1.h-1), but not PP (400 pmol.kg-1.h-1),
      reduced 2-DG-stimulated release of insulin (P less than 0.05). The inhibitory
      action of PYY on 2-DG-stimulated insulin release persisted in the presence of
      atropine or phentolamine treatment; however, hexamethonium alone or phentolamine
      plus propranolol treatment blocked the inhibitory action of PYY. Release of
      insulin stimulated by the beta-agonist isoproterenol was also inhibited by PYY (P
      less than 0.05). These results indicate that PYY can inhibit autonomic
      neurotransmission by a mechanism that may involve ganglionic or postganglionic
      inhibition of beta-adrenergic stimulation. Our findings suggest a role for PYY
      and NPY in the autonomic regulation of insulin release.

PMID- 2895588
TI  - Gastrin: levels and trophic action during advancing age.
AB  - Changes in antral and serum gastrin levels as well as gastrin (G) and
      somatostatin (D) cell density were examined in 4- to 16-mo-old Fischer-344 rats.
      In these rats, the responsiveness of the gastric mucosa to the trophic action of
      gastrin was also examined. It was observed that whereas serum gastrin levels
      declined steadily between 4 and 16 mo of age, antral gastrin levels rose sharply
      during this period. In the antrum of 16-mo-old rats, the density of G-cells, but
      not D-cells, was found to be lower than in their 4-mo-old counterparts. Thus,
      when D- to G-cell ratios were calculated, 16-mo-old rats revealed a 50% higher D-
      to G-cell ratio than the 4-mo-old animals. To assess the trophic action of
      gastrin, groups of 4-, 8-, and 16-mo-old rats were infused subcutaneously
      (osmotic minipump) with either saline or gastrin (G-17-I; 250 ng.kg-1.h-1) for 14
      days. The gastric mucosa was assayed for thymidine kinase (an indicator of
      proliferative activity) and DNA and protein content. In the saline-infused rats,
      gastric mucosal thymidine kinase activity increased sharply between 4 and 16 mo
      of age without significantly affecting DNA or protein content (expressed as
      milligrams per 100 g of body weight), suggesting that the age-associated rise in
      proliferative activity is not accompanied by increased mucosal growth.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895589
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in solitary
      tract nucleus.
AB  - The effects of microiontophoresis of norepinephrine and epinephrine were examined
      on the spontaneous neuronal activity of single neurons in the nucleus tractus
      solitarius (NTS) in urethan-anesthetized rats. Neuronal responses to
      catecholamine iontophoresis were examined in the absence and presence of the
      alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, and the alpha 2-antagonist, idazoxan, to
      characterize the subtypes of alpha-adrenergic receptors mediating catecholamine
      action in this important autonomic nucleus. Norepinephrine produced inhibitions
      in firing, which were blocked primarily by idazoxan, whereas epinephrine-induced
      neuronal inhibitions were blocked by either prazosin or idazoxan. Inhibitions of
      spontaneous firing were also produced by iontophoresis of methoxamine, an alpha 1
      selective agonist, or the alpha 2-selective agonist clonidine in all neurons that
      were tested. Neuronal responses to methoxamine were blocked selectively by
      prazosin, whereas the effects of clonidine were antagonized selectively by
      idazoxan. These data provide evidence at the level of the single unit that
      catecholamines may affect activity in the NTS via interactions with both alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2895590
TI  - Epidemiologic and clinical features of invasive amebiasis in Bangladesh: a case
      control comparison with other diarrheal diseases and postmortem findings.
AB  - To describe the epidemiologic and clinical features associated with invasive
      amebiasis in Bangladesh, 85 hospitalized diarrheal patients with hematophagous
      trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica in their stools were compared to a control
      group of 84 hospitalized diarrheal patients without amebiasis. Postmortem
      examinations were carried out in 22 deaths due to amebiasis. For the patients
      with amebiasis, there was a bimodal age distribution with peaks at 2-3 years and
      greater than 40 years, whereas the control patients had a unimodal distribution
      with the peak at 0-1 year. The sex distribution was equal in childhood but young
      adults were predominantly female and older adults predominantly male. The
      clinical features significantly associated with amebiasis were prolonged
      dysentery, prior measles rash, malnutrition, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and
      hypoproteinemia (all P less than 0.05). The case fatality rate in amebiasis was
      29%, which was significantly higher than 11% for the controls (P less than 0.05).
      Postmortem findings included extensive colitis with deep ulcers and
      complications, including colonic perforation in 2 cases, peritonitis in 4 cases,
      pneumonia in 9 cases, and septicemia in 5 cases. These results indicate that
      invasive amebiasis in this population differs from other diarrheal diseases,
      affecting mainly children greater than 2 years and adults and causing severe and
      fatal illness characterized by extensive colitis with diverse systemic
      consequences.

PMID- 2895591
TI  - Vector potential of selected North American mosquito species for Rift Valley
      fever virus.
AB  - Selected North American mosquito species were evaluated as potential vectors of
      Rift Valley fever virus. Field populations of Aedes canadensis, Ae. cantator, Ae.
      excrucians, Ae. sollicitans, Ae. taeniorhynchus, Ae. triseriatus, Anopheles
      bradleyi-crucians, Culex salinarius, Cx. tarsalis, and Cx. territans perorally
      exposed to 10(6.2)-10(7.2) plaque forming units of Rift Valley fever virus
      readily became infected. Infection rates ranged from 51% (65/127) for Cx.
      salinarius to 96% (64/67) for Ae. canadensis. Disseminated infection rates were
      generally greater at 14 days than at 7 days after the infectious bloodmeal, and,
      with the exception of An. bradleyi-crucians, they were not significantly
      different than the pooled rate of 59% for each species tested. Only 5/55 (9%) of
      the An. bradleyi-crucians developed a disseminated infection. For most of the
      species, about half of the mosquitoes with a disseminated infection transmitted
      an infectious dose of virus to hamsters. While all species, with the exception of
      An. bradleyi-crucians, transmitted virus, Ae. canadensis, Ae. taeniorhynchus, and
      Cx. tarsalis had the highest vector potential of the species tested. Following
      inoculation of approximately 10(1.6) plaque forming units of virus, 100% of the
      mosquitoes of each species became infected. For most species, transmission rates
      were similar for inoculated individuals and those that developed a disseminated
      infection following peroral infection. Viral titers of transmitting and
      nontransmitting-disseminated individuals were similar for all species tested.
      These data suggest that, if Rift Valley fever virus was introduced into North
      America, several mosquito species would be capable of transmitting it.

PMID- 2895592
TI  - A comparison of midazolam and temazepam for premedication of day case patients.
AB  - One hundred patients who underwent day case surgery took part in a randomized
      double-blind comparison between midazolam 15 mg and temazepam 20 mg orally as
      premedicants. Postoperative recovery was studied using tests of psychomotor
      function. Midazolam produced a similar degree of anxiolysis to temazepam and a
      greater incidence of drowsiness. Recovery was similar after either premedicant
      and psychomotor function was still depressed 4 hours postoperatively (p less than
      0.001). Nearly 90% of patients felt that they had benefitted from either
      premedicant. We conclude that midazolam is a suitable drug for premedication in
      day case surgery.

PMID- 2895593
TI  - Recurarisation after vecuronium?

PMID- 2895594
TI  - H2 antagonists and bupivacaine clearance.
AB  - The effect of the H2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine on
      bupivacaine clearance was assessed in women scheduled to undergo elective
      Caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia. Thirty-six women were randomly
      allocated to receive either no medication, cimetidine 400 mg or ranitidine 150 mg
      on the night prior to and on the morning of surgery. No significant difference
      was found between the peak bupivacaine levels: the mean (SD) values were 0.74
      (0.17) microgram/ml, 0.81 (0.38) microgram/ml and 0.70 (0.24) microgram/ml in the
      control, cimetidine and ranitidine groups, respectively. Similarly, the H2
      receptor antagonists did not alter the plasma bupivacaine against time curves,
      half-life or bupivacaine clearance in the three groups studied.

PMID- 2895595
TI  - Sufentanil-midazolam anesthesia in malignant hyperthermia.

PMID- 2895596
TI  - Myocardial ischemia in untreated hypertensive patients: effect of a single small
      oral dose of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
AB  - In a non-double-blind, prospective, randomized study, the intra-operative
      electrocardiograms of 128 mildly hypertensive surgical patients were examined in
      order to determine the incidence of myocardial ischemia during anesthesia. No
      patient had been receiving chronic antihypertensive therapy prior to the study,
      but a single small oral dose of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (labetalol,
      atenolol, or oxprenolol) was given to 89 of them along with premedication. Forty
      four per cent of the untreated control patients and 61% of the patients
      pretreated with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent had normal preoperative
      electrocardiograms and no risk factors for coronary artery disease other than
      hypertension (this difference between groups was not statistically significant).
      During tracheal intubation and/or emergence from anesthesia, a brief, self
      limited episode of myocardial ischemia was detected in 11 of 39 untreated control
      patients, and in two of 89 patients pretreated with a beta-adrenergic blocking
      agent (P less than 0.001). Tachycardia always accompanied the ischemic events,
      but a conspicuous increase in blood pressure did not. The authors conclude that
      mild hypertension, when untreated prior to the induction of anesthesia, is
      associated with a high incidence of myocardial ischemia; and that a single small
      oral dose of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, given with pre-medication, can
      significantly reduce that risk.

PMID- 2895597
TI  - Inadvertent intra-arterial injection of vecuronium.

PMID- 2895598
TI  - An unusual presentation of periarteritis nodosa.
AB  - Periarteritis nodosa is characterized by generalized inflammation of medium and
      small arteries that leads to thrombosis or aneurysmal dilatation. We report the
      case of a 30-year-old man with no preceding signs or symptoms who presented
      initially with a chief complaint of mild abdominal pain. He deteriorated
      clinically during the next six to eight hours, and developed shock secondary to a
      ruptured aneurysm of the left gastric artery. His postoperative course was
      complicated by recurrent bleeding and death within 48 hours. Our case represents
      a protean clinical manifestation of periarteritis nodosa and expands the
      differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain.

PMID- 2895599
TI  - Changing priorities in GI decontamination in toxic ingestions.

PMID- 2895600
TI  - Differential expression of the c-abl proto-oncogene and the homeo box-containing
      gene Hox 1.4 during mouse spermatogenesis.
AB  - Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex developmental process. Spermatozoa, like
      ova, are uniquely capable of supporting embryonic development. Our approach to
      understanding this process is to identify genes whose developmental pattern of
      expression suggests that they may play a role in spermatogenesis. Experiments on
      the cellular oncogene c-abl and the homeo box-containing gene Hox-1.4 indicate
      that these genes may be important for male germ cell development. Both genes
      produce testis-specific transcripts that are present in particular cellular
      populations of the adult testis. Their developmental specificity, however, is
      different: c-abl is haploid-specific, whereas Hox-1.4 is expressed in the germ
      cells as soon as they have entered meiosis. Future studies will focus on
      examining the protein products of these genes and their function in testicular
      cells.

PMID- 2895601
TI  - Free composite serratus anterior muscle--rib flap for reconstruction of severely
      damaged foot.
AB  - A 23-year-old man who underwent below-knee amputation of one leg and sustained
      extensive soft-tissue damage with a bony defect of the other foot presented an
      unusual reconstructive problem. By means of microsurgical techniques a free
      serratus anterior-rib flap was transferred to restore function of the foot. A
      four-year follow-up showed good rehabilitation.

PMID- 2895602
TI  - Studies into the immunopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of dengue
      haemorrhagic fever.
AB  - Studies were carried out into the immunopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of
      dengue virus infections. Using an experimental system it was shown that cell
      mediated immunity (CMI), as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was
      induced in mice infected with dengue virus. The nature of the DTH response
      satisfies most criteria for a classical DTH reaction. In addition, it was also
      shown that infection with dengue virus causes a transient immunosuppression as
      measured by the immune response to other, unrelated antigens. With regard to the
      laboratory diagnosis of dengue infections, it was found that mosquito cells were
      a sensitive system for the isolation of dengue viruses and that the success of
      isolation was related to the antibody content of the serum. A new method for the
      rapid isolation of dengue viruses was also developed involving the intracerebral
      inoculation of mosquito larvae. By the use of this method viral antigens can be
      detected as early as 2-3 days after specimen inoculation. The significance of
      these findings in relation to the immunopathogenesis, prevention and control of
      disease syndromes due to dengue viruses is discussed.

PMID- 2895603
TI  - Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: clinical, virological and epidemiological
      perspectives.
AB  - Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is caused by a group of RNA viruses
      within the family of Bunyaviridae known as hantaviruses. The classical, severe
      form of HFRS is characterized by fever, headache, abdominal and lumbar pain,
      proteinuria, haemorrhagic phenomena, shock and renal failure. The disease is
      associated with the prototype Hantaan virus and occurs in rural areas of Korea
      and China with Apodemus mice as reservoir hosts. A clinically less severe form of
      HFRS, which is caused by Seoul virus, occurs in urban areas with the house rat
      Rattus novegicus as the main reservoir host. The disease in nonendemic areas may
      be atypical and patients with symptoms the hepatitis and minimal renal
      involvement have been observed in Malaysia. Outbreaks of HFRS in humans involving
      infected laboratory rat colonies have occurred in several medical centres in
      various countries. Hantaviruses cause a chronic, asymptomatic infection in
      rodents which excrete the virus in their lungs, saliva and urine. Man becomes
      infected mainly by inhalation of infected droplets from healthy rodent carriers.
      Seroepidemiological studies using mainly the indirect immunoflourescent antibody
      test of sera from humans and rats showed that hantaviruses have a worldwide
      distribution.

PMID- 2895604
TI  - Treatment of undescended testes with hMG and hMG plus hCG: clinical, hormonal and
      sonographic evaluation.
AB  - 20 children (mean age 4, 6 yrs), of whom 13 had unilateral and 7 had bilateral
      cryptorchidism were treated with hMG: 40 I.U. three i.m. injections per week for
      six or eight weeks. Where there was no descent of testis, treatment was continued
      with hMG at the same dosage plus hCG 500 I.U. one i.m. injection per week for an
      additional four weeks. The children were tested for FSH, LH and Testosterone
      serum levels at the beginning of treatment and after 6, 8 and 14 weeks. We
      obtained testicular descent in 10 out of 20 cases treated. Ultrasonography
      enabled us to locate the undescended testes in all cases and to follow the
      response to treatment.

PMID- 2895605
TI  - Intraspecies genotypic heterogeneity among Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains.
AB  - The DNA cleavage patterns and protein profiles of six Mycoplasma gallisepticum
      strains from various parts of the world were compared. Obvious differences among
      the strains were obtained by DNA restriction analysis. Reflection of genotypic
      variations in the polypeptide patterns was less pronounced; slight differences in
      the protein profiles of the strains were found. The data presented here indicate
      that some intraspecies polymorphism exists among M. gallisepticum strains.

PMID- 2895606
TI  - The effect of sodium butyrate on tyrosine aminotransferase induction in primary
      cultures of normal adult rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Treatment of primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes with 5 mM butyrate
      inhibited the spontaneous decrease in basal activity and mRNA levels of tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) that occurred during culture (Staecker et al., submitted).
      We report here that butyrate treatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes
      initially inhibited the induction of TAT. This inhibition was followed by a
      period of accelerated TAT induction. TAT induction in butyrate-treated primary
      cultures of adult rat hepatocytes occurred only after metabolism of butyrate by
      the cultured hepatocytes. The accelerated induction of TAT in hepatocyte cultures
      treated with sodium butyrate was reflected by increased TAT activity and mRNA
      levels. Cultured hepatocytes rapidly metabolized butyrate, but the addition of
      more butyrate into cultures after its initial metabolism resulted in a rapid
      reduction in TAT activity. These findings indicate that butyrate treatment can
      affect the expression of TAT in primary hepatocyte cultures in both a positive
      (increased basal TAT expression) and a negative (inhibition of the induced
      expression of TAT) manner.

PMID- 2895607
TI  - Functional dissection of nuclear envelope mRNA translocation system: effects of
      phorbol ester and a monoclonal antibody recognizing cytoskeletal structures.
AB  - Unidirectional transport of poly(A)-containing mRNA [poly(A)+ mRNA] through the
      nuclear envelope pore complex is thought to be an energy (ATP or GTP)-dependent
      process which involves a nuclear envelope nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase). In
      the intact envelope, this enzyme is regulatable by poly(A) binding and by poly(A)
      dependent phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of other components of the mRNA
      translocation system, which are as yet unidentified. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
      were elicited against the poly(A) binding nuclear envelope fraction isolated from
      rat liver. The mAbs were screened for their modulatory effects on mRNA transport
      in vitro. One stable clone decreased the efflux of rapidly labeled RNA and of one
      specific mRNA (ovalbumin) from isolated nuclei. It increased the binding of
      poly(A) to the envelope and increased the maximal catalytic rate of the NTPase,
      but it did not alter the apparent Km of the enzyme or the extent of its
      stimulation by poly(A). The nuclear envelope-associated protein kinase that down
      regulates the NTPase was inhibited by the antibody, while other protein kinases
      were not affected. Because both the NTPase and mRNA efflux were inhibited by the
      tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, the sensitive kinase is
      probably protein kinase C. Protein kinase C was found to be associated with the
      isolated nuclear envelope. The antibody reacted with both a Mr 83,000 and a Mr
      65,000 nuclear envelope polypeptide from rat liver and other tissues. By
      immunofluorescence microscopy in CV-1 cells, the antibody localized to the
      nuclear envelope and, in addition, to cytoplasmic filaments which show some
      superposition with the microfilament network.

PMID- 2895608
TI  - Characterization of the fibrin polymer structure that accelerates thrombin
      cleavage of plasma factor XIII.
AB  - The effect of plasmin-derived fibrin(ogen) degradation products on alpha-thrombin
      cleavage of plasma Factor XIII was studied to identify the fibrin polymer
      structure that promotes Factor XIIIa formation. Fibrin polymers derived from
      fibrinogen and Fragment X enhanced the rate of thrombin cleavage of plasma Factor
      XIII in plasma or buffered solutions. The concentrations of fibrinogen and
      Fragment X that promoted half-maximal rates of Factor XIIIa formation were 5 and
      40 micrograms/ml, respectively. Fragments Y, D, E, D-dimer, and photooxidized
      fibrinogen did not enhance thrombin cleavage of Factor XIII. Although purified
      Fragment D1 inhibited fibrin gelation, the soluble protofibrils promoted thrombin
      activation of Factor XIII. Noncrosslinked fibrin fibers failed to enhance
      thrombin cleavage of Factor XIII. In conclusion, soluble fibrin oligomers
      function to promote thrombin cleavage of plasma Factor XIII during blood
      clotting.

PMID- 2895609
TI  - Acid phosphomonoesterase heterogeneity in axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica.

PMID- 2895610
TI  - An EEG and behavioural study on the excitatory properties of caffeine in rabbits.
AB  - In the present work we have investigated some of the excitatory effects of
      caffeine in rabbits. Caffeine (5-50 mg/kg i.v.) elicited a cortical EEG
      desynchronization and an activation of the theta hippocampal rhythm but failed to
      affect the red nucleus activity. The EEG effects of caffeine were counteracted by
      L-PIA (1-3 mg/kg i.v.). Caffeine (25-50 mg/kg i.v.) completely reverted the EEG
      and motor effects due to L-PIA (1-5 mg/kg); the drug also counteracted the
      cortical and hippocampal EEG modifications elicited by diazepam (1-10 mg/kg), but
      failed to influence the diazepam-induced effects at the red nucleus level. In
      addition, caffeine (25 mg/kg) significantly increased the duration of the
      epileptiform EEG response (afterdischarge) elicited by electrical stimulation of
      the dorsal hippocampus. This caffeine-potentiating effect was reduced by
      administration of both L-PIA (0.05-2 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 mg/kg); Ro 15-1788 (1
      mg/kg) was unable to affect it. Present data suggest that the analeptic action of
      caffeine is different from that of the drugs acting through the GABA
      benzodiazepine system. Our results show the importance of the limbic system in
      the excitatory effects of caffeine and suggest that purinergic drugs may have a
      modulatory role in the control of limbic convulsions.

PMID- 2895611
TI  - Systemic haemodynamic and beta-adrenoceptor antagonistic effects of bisoprolol in
      conscious pigs: a comparison with propranolol.
AB  - We studied the cardiovascular profile of the new cardioselective beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist bisoprolol in the conscious pig and compared this profile
      with that of propranolol. Acute i.v. administration of bisoprolol (16-1024
      micrograms.kg-1) did not affect mean arterial blood pressure but caused dose
      related decreases in cardiac output (from 8 to 17%; p less than 0.05) due to a
      negative chronotropic action (heart rate reduction ranging from 9 to 21%; p less
      than 0.05) as stroke volume was unaffected. Max LVdP/dt decreased (ranging from
      18 to 27%; p less than 0.05) while left ventricular end-diastolic blood pressure
      (from 8.6 +/- 0.6 to 15 +/- 0.2 mmHg; p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular
      resistance (from 8 to 18%; p less than 0.05) increased. Propranolol in a dose
      range from 25-300 micrograms.kg-1 produced strikingly similar changes. Bisoprolol
      was more effective in antagonizing the isoproterenol-induced responses of max
      LVdP/dt than those on either heart rate or diastolic arterial blood pressure,
      whereas propranolol caused equi-effective inhibitions of the responses of heart
      rate and max LVdP/dt. However, with propranolol also the inhibition of the
      diastolic arterial blood pressure was less marked than for the other parameters.
      Propranolol proved to be the more potent beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, as the
      isoproterenol dose ratios of all 3 parameters during beta-adrenoceptors blockade
      with propranolol exceeded those obtained with bisoprolol.

PMID- 2895612
TI  - Increased alpha 1- and decreased alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivities upon chronic
      treatment with imipramine in mediating cardiovascular responses in pithed rats.
AB  - After chronic treatment with imipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 14 days)
      the pressor dose-response curves to phenylephrine, methoxamine and cirazoline
      (alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists) significantly shifted to the left with decreased
      PD50 values in pithed rats; however, the dose-response curve to Sgd 101/75, a
      selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist was not affected. On the other hand, the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists such as B-HT 920, xylazine and clonidine produced a
      rightward shift for both the pressor (increased PD50) and cardioinhibition
      (increased ID50) dose-response curves in these rats. These results required
      treatment with imipramine over 2 weeks. Chronic treatment with imipramine has
      reduced the antagonism by prazosin of the pressor effect of phenylephrine when
      compared with the dose-ratios between the 2 groups. On the contrary, the
      antagonism by piperoxan of the cardioinhibitory effect of B-HT 920 was rather
      enhanced by the treatment, but that of the pressor effect of B-HT 920 was little
      changed. In cerebrocortical membrane fractions obtained from rats pretreated with
      imipramine, Ki of phenylephrine to displace [3H]prazosin was decreased, whereas
      that of clonidine and yohimbine to displace [3H]yohimbine was increased. In
      conclusion, it is demonstrated that after chronic imipramine treatment the
      peripheral alpha 2-adrenoceptors (both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites) as
      well as central alpha 2-adrenoceptors respond with a decreased sensitivity to the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, and moreover, this treatment produces an increased
      sensitivity of the central and peripheral alpha 1-adrenoceptors to the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor full agonists.

PMID- 2895613
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor-blocking properties of some trypanocidal diamidines.
AB  - A series of trypanocidal diamidines and diimidazolines known to cause severe
      hypotension were tested for their alpha-adrenoceptor blocking properties in
      vitro. At the postsynaptic alpha 1-receptor of the guinea-pig aorta in vitro all
      compounds at doses of 0.5 to 50 mumol/l showed weak antagonistic effects against
      noradrenaline. Similar results were obtained at the presynaptic alpha 2-receptor
      of the rat vas deferens.

PMID- 2895614
TI  - Structure-activity relationship of organic nitrates for activation of guanylate
      cyclase.
AB  - The effect of different organic nitrates on the activity of soluble guanylate
      cyclase prepared from rat liver was investigated. We found a close correlation
      between the number of nitrate ester groups and the potency of guanylate cyclase
      activation. For erythrityl tetranitrate (ETN, EC50 = 14.5 microM), glyceryl
      trinitrate (GTN, EC50 = 60 microM), isoidide dinitrate (IIDN, EC50 = 0.24 mM) and
      isosorbide-5-nitrate (IS-5-N, EC50 = 1 mM), we were able to set up an equation by
      which the EC50 could be calculated from the number of nitrate groups per
      molecule. Compared to these results, the effect of sterical factors and
      lipophilicity on organic nitrate-induced activation of guanylate cyclase was
      small. However, there were still significant differences in the EC50 values for
      the cyclic mononitrates. Isosorbide-2-nitrate (IS-2-N, EC50 = 0.75 mM) was found
      to be more potent than the stereoisomeric isosorbide-5-nitrate. Similarly, the
      cyclic dinitrates isomannide dinitrate (IMDN, EC50 = 0.20 mM), isoidide dinitrate
      and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN, EC50 = 0.28 mM) exhibited small but significant
      differences in their guanylate cyclase stimulatory potency. Two lipophilic ester
      derivatives of isosorbide-5-nitrate showed a 2-fold potency difference for
      vasodilation but were equipotent for activation of guanylate cyclase (EC50 = 0.85
      mM). Also, the increase in lipophilicity due to esterification of the free
      hydroxylic group had no major influence on guanylate cyclase activation by
      isosorbide-5-nitrate. These results demonstrate that in a cell-free system, the
      potency of organic nitrates for guanylate cyclase activation is mainly determined
      by the number of nitrate groups. Since organic nitrate-induced activation of
      guanylate cyclase may involve the formation of nitric oxide free radicals, it is
      conceivable that the differences in potency reflect a varying degree of nitric
      oxide release from each compound tested.

PMID- 2895615
TI  - Effects of antihistamines on the spinal reflex in rats.
AB  - The effect of antihistamines on the spinal reflex in rats was studied. When H1
      blocking agents such as pyrilamine, promethazine and diphenhydramine were given
      intravenously, both monosynaptic reflex (MSR) and polysynaptic reflex potentials
      (PSR) were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion without affecting the dorsal
      root reflex and dorsal root-dorsal root potential. The extent of suppression of
      the MSR and PSR measured in spinal rats was smaller than that of intact rats.
      When H1-blocking agents (0.25-5.0 nmol) were applied by intraspinal
      microinjection close to the motoneuron, the MSR and PSR were depressed dose
      dependently. Simultaneous application of carbachol partially blocked the
      inhibitory effects of H1-blocking agents induced by intraspinal microinjection.
      Also, the motoneuron discharges evoked by microinjection of glutamic acid or
      acetylcholine were depressed by simultaneous administration of any of H1-blocking
      agents tested. However, H2-blocking agents, such as cimetidine and ranitidine,
      given either intravenously or intraspinally had a scarcely measurable effect on
      the spinal reflex. The depression of H1-blocking agents on the spinal reflex is
      due to a direct inhibition of the motoneuron on the one hand. On the other hand,
      there is also an involvement of higher centers in the central nervous system
      increasing potential depression.

PMID- 2895616
TI  - Beta-blockers and mental performance.

PMID- 2895618
TI  - Central nervous system side effects with beta-blockers.

PMID- 2895617
TI  - Clinical evaluation of calcium metabolism in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of development of hypercalcemia in adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), ten patients with a serum creatinine level less than
      177 mumol/L (2 mg/dL) were examined. Although hypercalcemia was seen in only four
      (40%) of these patients, four of six normocalcemic patients showed hypercalciuria
      (greater than 5 mmol/d [greater than 200 mg/24 h]). All hypercalcemic patients
      exhibited high nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (NcAMP) levels in the
      face of low-normal immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and reduced serum 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] concentration. Half of the hypercalciuric
      patients with normocalcemia also showed high NcAMP and reduced serum 1,25(OH)2D
      levels. Furthermore, the changes in NcAMP and serum 1,25(OH)2D concentration
      closely paralleled the development of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria in two
      patients. These results are reminiscent of the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia
      of malignancy and suggest that derangements in calcium metabolism develop by a
      similar mechanism in patients with ATLL. The present data also indicate the
      importance of the measurement of urinary calcium excretion for early detection
      and prevention of fatal hypercalcemia in patients with ATLL.

PMID- 2895620
TI  - [Evaluation of anti-ischemia treatment in man].

PMID- 2895619
TI  - [The value of NMR spectroscopy in the study of myocardial ischemia and in
      cardiovascular pharmacology].
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a non-destructive method used to
      investigate the intracellular repercussions of experimental myocardial ischaemia.
      The effectiveness of drugs or cardioplegic agents in preserving myocardial
      metabolism during and immediately after ischaemia can be tested on various
      models. The results obtained in different experiments and the metabolic studies
      conducted in patients treated with cardiotropic drugs illustrate the value of
      this method in cardiovascular pharmacology.

PMID- 2895621
TI  - [Somatostatin in a case of neonatal hyperinsulinism caused by focal adenomatosis
      of the head of pancreas].
AB  - The use of somatostatin in the treatment of a newborn infant with hyperinsulinism
      is reported. When administered alone, somatostatin was only able to prevent
      hypoglycemia for a short period of time, whereas the addition of a constant
      infusion of glucagon allowed successful control of the patient's hypoglycemia. As
      hyperinsulinism relapsed after a subtotal pancreatectomy, a trial was carried out
      with a somatostatin analog, which has an expected longer duration of action. It
      led to a significant rise in the blood glucose level but failed to prevent safely
      hypoglycemia even when 4 injections were performed daily.

PMID- 2895622
TI  - Drug therapy for agoraphobia.

PMID- 2895623
TI  - The cause and treatment of agoraphobia.

PMID- 2895624
TI  - Cell surface hydrophobicity of Klebsiella strains.
AB  - On 14 encapsulated Klebsiella strains with different K-antigens and their non
      encapsulated mutants the type of fimbriae present and the grade of hydrophobicity
      of their cell surface (expressed as SAT-value) were investigated. It could be
      demonstrated that clear correlations exist between the fimbriation of Klebsiella
      bacteria and their cell surface hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the presence
      of capsules and the type of K-antigen showed no influence on the degree of
      hydrophobicity.

PMID- 2895625
TI  - The College of American Pathologists Conferences.

PMID- 2895626
TI  - College of American Pathologists Conference XIII on the evaluation of proficiency
      testing results for quantitative methods in relation to clinical usefulness:
      review and comments.

PMID- 2895627
TI  - Inhibition of metabolic cooperation in vitro and enhancement of enzyme altered
      foci incidence in rat liver by the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate.
AB  - The synthetic pyrethroids cypermethrin, delta-methrin, fenvalerate, permethrin,
      and the fenvalerate metabolite p-chlorophenylisovaleric acid were investigated
      for inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication in vitro in the
      Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) metabolic cooperation assay. Fenvalerate
      was furthermore studied for enhancement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive
      enzyme altered foci incidence in partially hepatectomized, nitrosodiethylamine
      initiated male Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro studies showed that fenvalerate
      and p-chlorophenylisovaleric acid were inhibitors of intercellular communication
      at non-cytotoxic concentrations while cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin
      were inactive. In the in vivo study in rat liver, fenvalerate administered p.o.
      (75 mg/kg/day) 5 days a week for 10 weeks induced significantly more foci per cm3
      and a larger percentage of liver tissue occupied by foci tissue compared to a
      vehicle control group. Analysis of size distributions of foci in fenvalerate- and
      vehicle-treated rats showed elevated foci incidences in fenvalerate-treated rats
      at all foci sizes. Fenvalerate induced no hepatotoxic effects as judged by plasma
      transaminase activities and histopathology. The results of this study suggest
      fenvalerate to be a potential tumour promoter.

PMID- 2895628
TI  - Complications of plasma exchange in the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and
      Churg-Strauss angiitis and the contribution of adjuvant immunosuppressive
      therapy: a randomized trial in 72 patients.
AB  - We recorded side effects and other complications of 813 plasma exchanges used in
      early treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis in a
      prospective study of 72 patients (22-75 years old). All the patients were also
      treated with a corticosteroid (1 mg/kg/day), and half were included in a
      randomized trial of cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg/day during 1 year). Centrifugation
      was used in 678 plasma exchange sessions (83.4%) and filtration in 128 (15.7%)
      (no data were available about the technique used in seven cases). The replacement
      fluid in 745 sessions was 4% albumin and in 115 was fresh-frozen plasma; eight
      patients received both (47 sessions). Two hundred and fifty-one complications
      were reported in 60 patients during 206 (25.3%) of the 813 completed exchanges;
      47 sessions (5.8%) were temporarily stopped as a result of complications. The
      most common problems were technical difficulties (in 90 sessions), moderate or
      severe hypotension (in 52), and allergy to the replacement fluid (in 51).
      Hepatitis B antigen appeared in one patient. In four patients, plasma exchange
      was stopped permanently because of the severe side effects. No patient died
      during a session. Twelve of the 72 patients died during the study, six in each of
      the two groups. In the group treated by a combination of corticosteroid and
      plasma exchange, deaths were related to the deleterious effects of the disease
      itself and occurred after 12.8 +/- 11.1 months (1-26 months). In the group
      treated by the same combination plus cyclophosphamide, four of the six deaths
      were due to severe infections, which were related to leukopenia in three
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895629
TI  - The sequential demonstration of non-specific esterase reactivity Ia antigen and
      Thy-1 antigen in murine epidermal sheets.
AB  - Immunofluorescence demonstrating Ia and Thy-1 antigens and non-specific esterase
      (NSE) enzyme histochemistry were performed sequentially on sheets of ear
      epidermis from CBA, C3H.OH, A/J, and Balb/c mice. The same areas of epidermis
      were photographed after each reaction and individual cells identified and
      compared. Thy-1+ dendritic cells expressed neither Ia antigen nor NSE reactivity.
      No cell was found to express Ia antigen or NSE alone: thus all Langerhans cells
      (LC) in normal murine epidermis appeared to co-express Ia antigen and NSE
      reactivity. LC expressing greatly increased amounts of Ia antigen were
      occasionally seen apposed to Thy-1+ cells suggesting that these cells may be
      immunologically active--perhaps involved in antigen presentation.

PMID- 2895630
TI  - Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Preliminary
      results. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group.
AB  - We report the preliminary three-month outcome of a multicenter randomized trial
      of cryotherapy for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Transscleral
      cryotherapy to the avascular retina was applied in one randomly selected eye when
      there was threshold disease (defined as five or more contiguous or eight
      cumulative 30 degrees sectors [clock hours] of stage 3 ROP in zone 1 or 2 in the
      presence of "plus" disease). An unfavorable outcome was defined as posterior
      retinal detachment, retinal fold involving the macula, or retrolental tissue. At
      this writing, 172 infants had been examined three months after randomization. An
      unfavorable outcome was significantly less frequent in the eyes undergoing
      cryotherapy (21.8%) compared with the untreated eyes (43%). While the surgery was
      stressful, no unexpected complications occurred during or following treatment.
      These data support the efficacy of cryotherapy in reducing by approximately one
      half the risk of unfavorable retinal outcome from threshold ROP.

PMID- 2895631
TI  - The trouble with doctors.

PMID- 2895632
TI  - Primary structure of rat liver alkaline phosphatase deduced from its cDNA.
AB  - Rat liver alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was markedly induced by treatment of rats by
      bile-duct ligation and colchicine injection. Taking this advantage for enrichment
      of ALP mRNA, we constructed a lambda gt11 liver cDNA library using polyadenylated
      RNA prepared from the treated rat liver, and isolated an ALP cDNA clone. The 2165
      bp cDNA contained an open reading frame that encodes a 524-amino-acid-residue
      polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 57737 Da. The precursor protein
      contained a presumed signal peptide of 17 amino acid residues followed by 28
      amino acid residues identical with the N-terminal sequence determined from the
      purified rat liver ALP. It was also confirmed that amino acid sequences of two
      CNBr-cleavage peptides obtained from liver ALP were contained within the cDNA
      encoded protein. Five possible N-linked glycosylation sites were found in the
      molecule and a highly hydrophobic amino acid sequence at the C-terminus. The
      deduced polypeptide of rat liver ALP showed 88% homology to that of the human
      liver-type enzyme in osteosarcoma cells. RNA blot hybridization analysis
      identified a single species of ALP mRNA with 2.7 kb in both the control and the
      treated rat livers. An approx. 20-fold increase of the mRNA was detected in the
      treated liver at 12 h after the onset of stimulation, compared with that in the
      control liver.

PMID- 2895633
TI  - Glutamine metabolism in isolated incubated adipocytes of the rat.
AB  - 1. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity in the epididymal fat-pad was 15.1
      nmol/min per mg of protein. Glutaminase activity demonstrated differences with
      respect to adipose-tissue sites. Considerable variation was found in different
      sites of adipose tissue from lean control and Zucker obese animals. 2. Adipocytes
      incubated in the presence of 2 mM-glutamine utilized glutamine at a rate of 1.8
      mumol/h per g dry wt., and glutamate, ammonia, lactate and alanine were produced.
      Addition of glucose plus insulin increased the rates of glutamine utilization and
      glutamate, ammonia, lactate and alanine production. Isoprenaline alone or plus
      glucose further stimulated the rate of glutamine utilization and formation of end
      products. 3. The rate of incorporation of 14C from glutamine into CO2 was similar
      to that of glucose, but the rate of incorporation into triacylglycerol was much
      less. Addition of unlabelled glucose or glucose plus insulin stimulated the rate
      of incorporation of [14C]glutamine into triacylglycerol, but had no effect on
      that of 14CO2 formation. Isoprenaline plus glucose increased the rate of
      incorporation of [14C]glutamine into CO2, but decreased the rate of incorporation
      into triacylglycerol. 4. In the absence of insulin, the rate of [14C]glutamine
      incorporation into triacylglycerol was related to the glucose concentration (0-10
      mM). However, in the presence of insulin, the rate of incorporation of
      [14C]glutamine was maximal at 1 mM-glucose.

PMID- 2895634
TI  - Phosphorylation of C-protein, troponin I and phospholamban in isolated rabbit
      hearts.
AB  - Phosphorylation of myofibrillar and sacroplasmic-reticulum (SR) proteins was
      studied in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts subjected to various inotropic
      interventions. Stimulation of hearts with isoprenaline resulted in the
      phosphorylation of both troponin I (TnI) and C-protein in myofibrils and
      phospholamban in SR. Phosphorylation of phospholamban could be reversed by a 15
      min perfusion with drug-free buffer, after a 1 minute pulse perfusion with
      isoprenaline, at which time the mechanical effects of isoprenaline stimulation
      had also been reversed. However, both TnI and C-protein remained phosphorylated
      at this time. Moreover, the inhibition of Ca2+ activation of the Mg2+-dependent
      ATPase (Mg-ATPase) activity associated with myofibrillar phosphorylation
      persisted in myofibrils prepared from hearts frozen after 15 min of washout of
      isoprenaline. To assess the contribution of C-protein phosphorylation in the
      decrease of Ca2+ activation of the myofibrillar Mg-ATPase activity, we
      reconstituted a regulated actomyosin system in which only C-protein was
      phosphorylated. In this system, C-protein phosphorylation did not contribute to
      the decrease in Ca2+ activation of Mg-ATPase activity, indicating that TnI
      phosphorylation is responsible for the diminished sensitivity of the myofibrils
      to Ca2+. These observations support the hypothesis that phospholamban
      phosphorylation plays a more dominant role than TnI or C-protein phosphorylation
      in the mechanical response of the mammalian heart to beta-adrenergic stimulation.

PMID- 2895635
TI  - Acute effects of a beta-adrenoceptor agonist (BRL 26830A) on rat brown-adipose
      tissue mitochondria. Increased GDP binding and GDP-sensitive proton conductance
      without changes in the concentration of uncoupling protein.
AB  - GDP binding, proton conductance and the specific concentration of uncoupling
      protein were measured in brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria of rats treated
      acutely with the novel beta-agonist, BRL 26830A. At 1 h after dosing with BRL
      26830A, mitochondrial GDP binding was increased more than 2-fold. The increase in
      binding resulted from an increase in the number of binding sites. An iterative
      analysis of Scatchard binding data suggested that there is only one high-affinity
      GDP-binding site (Kd 0.3 microM) in brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria. The acute
      increase in GDP binding produced by treatment with BRL 26830A occurred without
      any alteration in the specific mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein,
      as determined by radioimmunoassay. Treatment with the beta-agonist did, however,
      lead to a small increase in the GDP-sensitive component of mitochondrial proton
      conductance. These results indicate that GDP-binding sites on uncoupling protein
      can be rapidly unmasked after treatment with a brown-fat-specific beta-agonist,
      and that the increase in binding reflects an increase in the activity of the
      mitochondrial proton-conductance pathway.

PMID- 2895636
TI  - An 'in situ' perfusion system suitable for investigating mammary-tissue
      metabolism in the lactating rat. Hormonal regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
AB  - A technique is described for the non-recirculating perfusion of
      inguinal/abdominal mammary tissue in situ in anaesthetized lactating rats. Tissue
      viability was maintained, without resort to infusion of vasoactive chemicals
      which may also be effectors of cellular metabolism, for at least 90 min. Total
      tissue adenine nucleotides (per mg of DNA) were somewhat decreased in perfused
      relative to non-perfused mammary tissue. DNA content (per g wet wt. of tissue)
      was diminished after 90 min of perfusion to approx. 65% of its value in control
      tissue. Adenylate energy-charge ratios were lower in perfused tissue in the
      absence of hormones than in control tissue. They were increased to control values
      by the presence of either insulin or isoprenaline in the perfusate. No changes
      occurred in flow rate of the perfusate that might account for these increases. In
      mammary tissue perfused without addition of hormones, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
      activities were similar to those measured in control tissue samples, although
      activity-ratio measurements implied some increase in the phosphorylation of this
      enzyme. Insulin or isoprenaline increased the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase,
      especially when this was measured at low concentrations of citrate. Confirming
      conclusions from previous experiments with mammary acini and explant
      preparations, insulin activated acetyl-CoA carboxylase in mammary tissue, but
      inhibition of its activity was not mediated by cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2895637
TI  - Alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue of lean (Fa/?) and
      obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Effects of cold-acclimation, sucrose feeding and
      adrenalectomy.
AB  - 1. The populations of alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose
      tissue (BAT) of genetically obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) were studied with
      [3H]prazosin and [3H]CGP-12177 respectively. 2. The density of alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptors in BAT was significantly lower in obese than in lean Zucker rats, both
      at 2-4 months of age and at 6 weeks of age. The density of beta-adrenergic
      receptors was identical in BAT of lean and obese 6-week-old Zucker rats. 3. Cold
      acclimation increased the alpha 1-receptor density significantly in BAT of both
      lean and obese Zucker rats, and the number of beta-receptors was also somewhat
      increased. 4. Sucrose feeding did not affect the density of alpha 1-receptors in
      BAT of lean or obese Zucker rats, but it increased beta-receptor density. 5.
      Adrenalectomy restored the density of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in BAT of
      obese Zucker rats to the value observed in lean rats. 6. It is concluded that
      there is a direct correlation between alpha 1-receptor density and tissue
      recruitment, and that alpha 1-receptor density is thus positively correlated with
      sympathetic activity. beta-Receptor density is apparently better correlated with
      feeding conditions.

PMID- 2895639
TI  - Subcellular localization of transglutaminase. Effect of collagen.
AB  - 1. The subcellular distribution of transglutaminase was investigated by using the
      analytical approach of differential and isopycnic centrifugation as applied to
      three organs of the rat: liver, kidney and lung. After differential
      centrifugation by the method of de Duve, Pressman, Gianetto, Wattiaux & Appelmans
      [(1955) Biochem. J. 63, 604-617], transglutaminase is mostly recovered in the
      unsedimentable fraction S and the nuclear fraction N. After isopycnic
      centrifugation of the N fraction in a sucrose density gradient, a high proportion
      of the enzyme remains at the top of the gradient; a second but minor peak of
      activity is present in high-density regions, where a small proportion of 5'
      nucleotidase, a plasma-membrane marker, is present together with a large
      proportion of collagen recovered in that fraction. 2. Fractions where a peak of
      transglutaminase was apparent in the sucrose gradient were examined by electron
      microscopy. The main components are large membrane sheets with extracellular
      matrix and free collagen fibers. 3. As these results seem to indicate that some
      correlation exists between particulate transglutaminase distribution and those of
      collagen and plasma membranes, the possible binding of transglutaminase by
      collagen (type I) and by purified rat liver plasma membrane was investigated. 4.
      The binding studies indicated that collagen is able to bind transglutaminase and
      to make complexes with plasma-membrane fragments whose density is higher than
      that of plasma-membrane fragments alone. Transglutaminase cannot be removed from
      such complexes by 1% Triton X-100, but can be to a relatively large extent by 0.5
      M-KCl and by 50% (w/v) glycerol. 5. Such results suggest that the apparent
      association of transglutaminase with plasma membrane originates from binding in
      vitro of the cytosolic enzyme to plasma membrane bound to collagen, which takes
      place during homogenization of the tissue, when the soluble enzyme and
      extracellular components are brought together.

PMID- 2895640
TI  - Stepwise degradation of the hexapeptide Met-Ala-Ser-Pro-Phe-Ala by dipeptidyl
      peptidase IV.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (dipeptidyl-peptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.-) purified from
      pig kidney was proved to split off the N-terminal dipeptide Met1-Ala2 and,
      subsequently the dipeptide Ser3-Pro4 from the synthetic model peptide Met-Ala-Ser
      Pro-Phe-Ala representing the N-terminal part of a signal sequence of leucocyte
      interferon. The kinetic parameters for the release of Met1-Ala2 (Km 3.2.10(-5)
      mol.l-1 and Ser3-Pro4 (Km 1.65.10(-4) mol.l-1, kcat57.9 s-1) were determined. The
      dipeptides Ser-Pro and Phe-Ala were found to be competitive inhibitors of the
      hydrolysis of Gly-Pro-NHNp by dipeptidyl peptidase IV.

PMID- 2895638
TI  - The beta 2-adrenergic receptors of human epidermoid carcinoma cells bear two
      different types of oligosaccharides which influence expression on the cell
      surface.
AB  - The beta 2-adrenergic receptors of the human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells
      reside on two polypeptide chains revealed by photoaffinity labelling with
      [125I]iodocyanopindolol-diazirine. These proteins correspond to two distinct
      populations of N-asparagine-linked glycoproteins: the 55-52 kDa molecules are
      associated with complex carbohydrate chain(s), the 65-63 kDa component with
      polymannosidic carbohydrate chain(s). Both types of receptors are present in
      preconfluent cells, but only the polymannosidic type is found in the
      postconfluent cells. Moreover, complex chains appear to be associated with the
      receptors with the highest affinity for (-)-isoproterenol and polymannosidic
      chains with the receptors with the lowest affinity for this agonist. the
      carbohydrate moiety of the beta-adrenergic receptor is involved in the expression
      and function of the beta 2-adrenergic receptors at the surface of the A431 cells,
      since tunicamycin and monensin, complete and partial inhibitors of glycosylation
      respectively, diminish the number of binding sites at the cell surface and
      increase the total number of sites in the cell. In these conditions a diminution
      of cyclic AMP accumulation is also observed.

PMID- 2895641
TI  - [alpha-Aminomethylketones as inhibitors of a membrane-bound alanine
      aminopeptidase].
AB  - Methyl ketone derivatives of L-amino acids are substrate analogous inhibitors of
      membrane bound alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) from Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus. The type of inhibition is competitive. Compounds with a branched
      aliphatic side chain are most effective so that valine methyl ketone was found to
      be the best inhibitor of the enzyme with a K-value of 5.5.10(-7) mol.l-1.

PMID- 2895642
TI  - The influence of long-term treatment with haloperidol on neuronal activity and
      sensitivity in several brain structures of the rat.
AB  - The influence of long-term haloperidol pretreatment on neuronal spontaneous
      activity and transmitter sensitivity was investigated in prefrontal cortex,
      hippocampus and locus coeruleus. The changes are different in all areas as well
      as in the transmission systems involved. In particular cases, analogies exist
      between haloperidol- and isolation-induced changes, reflecting a comparable
      dopaminergic supersensitivity.

PMID- 2895643
TI  - The potency of fluorinated ether anesthetics correlates with their 19F spin-spin
      relaxation times in brain tissue.
AB  - In this study, four fluorinated ether anesthetics and one non-anesthetic
      fluorinated alkane were observed in rat brain and adipose tissue using 19F-NMR
      spectroscopy. Measurements of 19F spin-spin relaxation times (T2) of the
      anesthetics in brain revealed T2 values (0.5-4.5 msec) that correlated linearly
      with the anesthetic potency (ED50) of the drugs. The non-anesthetic was present
      at very low concentrations in brain and had a T2 value (18.5 msec) far longer
      than that of any of the anesthetics. All of the drugs were present at high
      concentration in peripheral adipose tissue. 19F T2 values for these drugs in
      adipose tissue (200-400 msec) were far larger than the values observed in brain
      and did not correlate with anesthetic potency. These results indicate that
      volatile anesthetic molecules have a specific affinity for neural tissue and that
      immobilization of anesthetic molecules in brain correlates with anesthetic
      potency. The results with adipose tissue suggest that the interaction of
      anesthetic with brain tissue cannot be explained by a simple partition of these
      drugs into lipid.

PMID- 2895644
TI  - Dibutyryl cAMP induction of type II 5'deiodinase activity in rat brain astrocytes
      in culture.
AB  - Dibutyryl cAMP treatment of cultured rat astrocytes results in the rapid
      appearance of T4 to T3 conversion catalyzed by type II iodothyronine
      5'deiodinase, without altering other deiodinating pathways. Induction of enzyme
      activity was time-dependent with a lag period of 60 min, reaching plateau levels
      after 6-8 hours, and required continued synthesis of mRNA and new protein.
      Isoproterenol also induced T4 to T3 converting activity through beta-adrenergic
      receptor mediated interactions. These data suggest that dibutyryl cAMP stimulated
      astrocytes provide an excellent model for the study of the molecular and cellular
      events modulating T4 to T3 conversion in the brain.

PMID- 2895646
TI  - Dynorphin A (1-13) peptide NH groups are solvent exposed: FT-IR and 500 MHz 1H
      NMR spectroscopic evidence.
AB  - FT-IR spectroscopic studies of dynorphin A(1-13) in H2O and D2O are utilized to
      derive the aqueous phase secondary structure of the opioid peptide. Resolution
      enhancement of the amide I region of dynorphin A(1-13) in H2O revealed a doublet
      at 1652 cm-1 and 1669 cm-1 which are interpreted as indicative of "unordered" and
      extended structures. From FT-IR and 1H NMR deuterium exchange studies, the
      peptide NH groups appeared to be solvent accessible which is suggestive of an
      essentially extended structure with aperiodically interwoven "unordered"
      structure. The results are consistent with Raman Spectroscopic (Rapaka et al.,
      (1987) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 30:284-287) and 2D NMR studies (Huang et al.
      submitted), from our laboratory.

PMID- 2895645
TI  - The rapid desensitization of receptors for platelet derived growth factor,
      bradykinin and ATP: studies on individual cells using quantitative digital video
      fluorescence microscopy.
AB  - The rise in free cytosolic Ca2+ of individual response to growth factors was
      studied in serum starved cultures of 3T3 fibroblasts. Quantitative digital video
      fluorescence microscopy revealed that with platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
      there was a lag period between stimulation and Ca2+ response, with considerable
      cell-to-cell variation, whereas ATP, bradykinin and fetal calf serum induced an
      immediate, synchronous response. A coverslip with attached cells was mounted on a
      small flow chamber, allowing complete change of medium in 2 sec. Using this
      technique, homologous desensitization to a second addition of agonist 2 min after
      removal of the first addition was found for all agonists. Unusual heterologous
      desensitization was observed in that PDGF desensitized the cells to the other
      agonists, yet the reverse did not occur.

PMID- 2895647
TI  - cDNA cloning of esterase 1, the major esterase activity in mouse plasma.
AB  - We report here the cloning of a partial cDNA for Esterase 1, the major esterase
      activity in mouse plasma. A 470 base pair insert was isolated from a lambda gt11
      cDNA library constructed from mouse liver poly A+ RNA, and identified by hybrid
      selected translation. We show that the sexual dimorphism displayed in the plasma
      levels of this protein is caused by a difference at the level of transcription.
      In addition, RFLP data using mouse recombinant inbred strains mapped this clone
      at the Es-1 locus on mouse chromosome 8.

PMID- 2895649
TI  - Cloned hst gene from normal human leukocyte DNA transforms NIH3T3 cells.
AB  - The hst gene was originally identified as a transforming gene in DNAs from
      stomach cancers and a noncancerous portion of stomach mucosa by transfection
      assays using NIH3T3 cells (1,2). Subsequently, the hst gene obtained directly
      from leukocyte DNA of a leukemia patient was sequenced (3,4). Here, cosmid clones
      containing the hst gene were isolated directly from normal human leukocyte DNA
      and from T361-2nd-1 cells, a secondary transformant of NIH3T3 cells induced by
      transfection of DNA from a stomach cancer. All clones containing the hst gene
      from these different sources transformed NIH3T3 cells with similar efficiency.
      Restriction map of the hst gene from normal leukocyte DNA was identical with that
      from leukocyte DNA of a leukemia patient, while the hst gene from T361-2nd-1
      cells was rearranged at the 168th nucleotide upstream of the TATA box.

PMID- 2895648
TI  - Characterization of the catalytic domain of bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase.
AB  - Mild trypsin proteolysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) produces a 34 kDa fragment
      which is catalytically active. To determine the structure of the trypsin-digested
      tyrosine hydroxylase (tTH) relative to the native enzyme and to regulatory
      phosphorylation sites, bovine adrenal tTH was purified to homogeneity and the
      sequence of 17 amino acids from the N-terminus was determined. These data
      indicate that the N-terminus of tTH corresponds to amino acid 158. Thus the
      catalytic region is contained within the central region of enzyme approximately
      17 kDa from the N-terminal and 5 kDa from the C-terminal and does not include
      phosphorylation sites located in the N-terminus. This region of TH shares a high
      degree of homology with phenylalanine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase and
      thus reflects a selective conservation of regions required for catalysis in
      contrast to the non-homologous regulatory sites. Activation by proteolysis
      corresponds to an increase in affinity for both substrate and cofactor indicating
      that the region removed by proteolysis imposes additional constraints on
      substrate and cofactor binding. These data are consistent with the model that the
      catalytic core of TH is contained within a 34 kDa region in the highly conserved
      central portion of the molecule whereas the non-homologous N-terminus regulates
      cofactor binding and directs substrate specificity.

PMID- 2895650
TI  - Hypolipidemic drug clofibrate induces hepatic dedifferentiation.
AB  - The effect of clofibrate on rat liver enzymes and metabolites was compared with
      that produced by partial hepatectomy and an extrahepatic tumor. Clofibrate
      administration produced decrease in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity
      with concomitant increase in glutathione concentration. The drug was able to
      exert its GGT-lowering effect even when fed to tumor-bearing animals. Presence of
      an extrahepatic neoplasm as well as administration of clofibrate resulted in
      marked decrease in activities of hepatic arginase and ornithine transaminase.
      Administration of clofibrate to the tumor-bearing rat produced a further decrease
      in activities of these two enzymes. These results suggest that clofibrate causes
      hepatic dedifferentiation and simulates an extrahepatic tumor. However,
      clofibrate did not induce any significant increase in polyamine profile unlike
      the other two experimental conditions.

PMID- 2895651
TI  - Regulation of endometrial transglutaminase activity during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - When human endometrial transglutaminase was measured a 10-fold higher activity
      was detected during the secretive phase. This change was not related to either
      differences in solubility of the enzyme or to selective contamination by plasma
      factor XIII and rather appears to depend on the expression of the tissue form of
      transglutaminase, suggesting that this enzyme is regulated in vivo by
      progesterone.

PMID- 2895652
TI  - In vitro selectivity of agonists and antagonists for beta 1- and beta 2
      adrenoceptor subtypes in rat brain.
AB  - A radioreceptor binding assay was developed to determine the selectivity of beta
      adrenoceptor agents in rat brain. This was achieved by using the highly selective
      unlabelled antagonists CGP 20712A and ICI 118-551 to block beta 1- or beta 2-sub
      populations respectively in rat cerebral cortex membranes. This permitted the
      selective labelling of beta-adrenoceptors with the antagonist (-)-[125I]pindolol.
      Using this method, compounds could be routinely screened and selectivity profiles
      for binding in the CNS determined with a high degree of sensitivity and
      resolution.

PMID- 2895653
TI  - Effects of phenylarsine oxide on agonist-induced hepatic vasoconstriction and
      glycogenolysis.

PMID- 2895654
TI  - Genetic influences on agonist binding to cardiac beta-receptors.
AB  - Regulation of beta-adrenoceptor-agonist function in the Maudsley Reactive
      (MR/Har) and the Maudsley Non-Reactive (MNRA/Har) rat strains was assessed by
      comparison of isoproterenol competition for [125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP)
      binding sites in crude left ventricular homogenate preparations. Non-linear,
      least-squares analysis of isoproterenol competition for ICYP binding in the
      absence of guanine nucleotide revealed different proportions of high- and low
      affinity receptors in the two strains; MR/Har rats (59 +/- 3.3%) had a
      significantly greater proportion of receptors in the high-affinity state than the
      MNRA/Har rats (41 +/- 4.5%). Addition of the non-hydrolyzable guanine nucleotide
      analog guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) converted receptors to the low
      affinity state. Analysis of Gpp(NH)p concentration-response curves in left
      ventricular homogenates of the two strains revealed that the MR/Har strain had a
      significantly (P less than 0.02) lower EC50 for guanyl nucleotide inhibition of
      isoproterenol competition for ICYP binding than the MNRA/Har. Confirming previous
      experimental results, a significantly (P less than 0.04) greater density of
      ventricular beta-receptors was found in MR/Har rats (13.16 +/- 0.92 fmol/mg
      protein) than in MNRA/Har rats (10.81 +/- 0.63 fmol/mg protein). Left ventricular
      catecholamine levels were found to be correlated inversely with beta-adrenoceptor
      density in the two strains; norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI)
      concentrations (ng/mg protein) in left ventricle were 12.19 +/- 0.94 for NE and
      0.165 +/- 0.038 for EPI in MNRA/Har, and 8.73 +/- 0.95 and 0.018 +/- 0.018,
      respectively, in MR/Har. All other parameters of agonist interactions with the
      cardiac beta-adrenoceptor for the MR/Har and MNRA/Har rat strains were similar
      [the IC50 for displacement of ICYP binding by isoproterenol, the accompanying
      Hill coefficients in the Gpp(NH)p present and absent condition, the Kd of the
      high- and low-affinity states in the absence of Gpp(NH)p, and the Kd of the
      uniform low-affinity state in the presence of Gpp(NH)p]. We hypothesize that the
      strain-dependent differences in high-affinity state formation reported here may
      account for some of the in vivo differences in cardiovascular function previously
      demonstrated in the Maudsley rats.

PMID- 2895655
TI  - Effect of dopamine on tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured rat adrenal medulla.
AB  - Explants of rat adrenal medulla were cultured in defined medium for up to 22 hr.
      Addition of dopamine to the medium led to a diminution in the activity of
      tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; EC 1.14.16.2) in the tissue. The
      enzyme activity was inversely proportional to the concentration of dopamine in
      the culture medium. The extent of loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, as measured by
      immunochemical titration, corresponded to the degree of loss in enzyme activity
      under the same conditions. The decreased amount of enzyme protein was due to a
      decrease in the rate of synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase. However, this effect
      was not specific in that the relative rate of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis was
      not decreased. Metabolites of dopamine when added to the medium did not affect
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Two other adrenal medullary enzymes, monoamine
      oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) and acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), were not affected by
      addition of dopamine to the medium. The results indicate that elevated
      cytoplasmic levels of dopamine decrease the concentration of tyrosine hydroxylase
      by inhibiting protein synthesis.

PMID- 2895656
TI  - Azidopine photoaffinity labeling of multidrug resistance-associated
      glycoproteins.

PMID- 2895657
TI  - Characterization of genetic markers in the 3' end of the apo B gene and their use
      in family and population studies.
AB  - The 3' end of the apo B gene is highly polymorphic. Two point mutations in the
      coding sequence of the gene create EcoRI (E+, E-) and XbaI (X+, X-) RFLPs. The
      two loci are in random association and the frequency of the four haplotypes,
      E+X+, E+X-, E-X+ and E-X- in the normolipidaemic population are 0.68, 0.30, 0.02
      and 0.00, respectively. Although the polymorphic nucleotide underlying the EcoRI
      RFLP creates an amino acid substitution in the apo B protein (Glu----Lys) in a
      region close to a putative LDL-receptor recognition site(s), we find no
      statistically significant difference in the frequency of the apo BGlu and apo
      BLys alleles in hyperlipidaemic patients (familial hypercholesterolaemia, type
      IIA with no tendon xanthomas, IIB and probably IV) and the normolipidaemic
      population. In contrast, we confirm previous findings, that the X+ allele is in
      linkage disequilibrium with a genetic locus that predisposes to the development
      of higher fasting plasma triglyceride levels than the X- allele. We have
      characterized a highly polymorphic region immediately 3' to the apo B gene. At
      least 5 alleles of this locus exist in the population and our family studies show
      it should be an extremely informative locus to use in studies where polymorphic
      or mutant apo B alleles are suspected to underly certain forms of familial
      hyperlipidaemia. DNA sequence analysis of this highly polymorphic locus shows
      that the variation is entirely attributable to the number of times the simple
      repeating sequence 5'-TTTATAATTAAAATATTTATAATTAAATAT-3' is present.

PMID- 2895658
TI  - DNA polymorphisms of the gene for apolipoprotein B in patients with peripheral
      arterial disease.
AB  - We have determined the frequency of DNA polymorphisms of the gene for human
      apolipoprotein B, detected with XbaI and EcoRI, in 205 patients with documented
      peripheral arterial disease. Of the patients, 78 have no evidence of disease in
      the coronary and carotid arteries, 64 have coexisting coronary artery disease but
      no evidence of carotid artery disease, 26 patients have coexisting carotid artery
      disease but no evidence of coronary artery disease, and 37 have coexisting
      coronary and carotid artery disease. Levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and
      apolipoprotein B were measured for each patient, and RFLP frequency was
      determined in all the patients. Lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels were
      not significantly different between the different patient groups. Compared with a
      sample from the clinically well London population, the frequency of the R2 allele
      of the polymorphism detected with EcoRI, and the frequency of the X1 allele of
      the XbaI polymorphism was significantly higher in the patient group. The
      frequency of these alleles was not significantly different in the different
      patient groups. In patients with only peripheral arterial disease, individuals
      with the XbaI genotype X1X1 have the lowest and those with the genotype X2X2 have
      the highest mean levels of serum cholesterol. However, in all other patient
      groups this trend was reversed (X1X1 highest and X2X2 lowest). Our observations
      suggest that variation at the apo B locus is one of the factors involved in
      predisposing an individual to develop arterial disease but does not determine
      where in the arterial system the disease develops.

PMID- 2895659
TI  - Variations in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene region and in
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase concentration are determinants of plasma
      cholesterol concentrations.
AB  - We have examined the effects of variation in the region of the apolipoprotein
      (apo) AI-CII-AIV genes, and in plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase
      (LCAT) concentration, on plasma cholesterol concentration in 109 unrelated men
      aged 52-67 yrs. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected
      using the restriction enzymes XmnI, PstI and SstI and individuals were divided
      into groups using information from all three RFLPs in conjunction. Mean plasma
      concentrations of both total cholesterol and estimated low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol differed significantly (P less than 0.0125) among groups of men with
      different genotypes. Thus, variation in this gene region may be one of the
      polygenetic factors involved in determining cholesterol levels in the normal
      population. In the same subjects, plasma cholesterol was also positively
      correlated with plasma LCAT concentration (r = 0.55, P less than 0.001), due
      mainly to an increase in the cholesteryl ester content of apo B-containing
      lipoproteins with increasing LCAT concentration. Since apolipoproteins AI, CIII
      and AIV have each been shown to modify the activity of LCAT in vitro, the
      associations of the RFLPs with plasma cholesterol concentration may reflect
      changes in LCAT activity secondary to qualitative or quantitative changes in one
      or more of these apolipoproteins.

PMID- 2895660
TI  - The decrease of low serum gamma glutamyl transferase during short-term
      abstinence.
AB  - We present a study of 107 in-patients of a detoxification center. As expected, 81
      percent of them showed upon admittance an increased serum gamma glutamyl
      transferase (GGT). After alcohol withdrawal, GGT decreased in all but one of
      these patients. More surprisingly, even among the rest of the patients exhibiting
      upon admittance a GGT result within the reference range, there still occurred a
      significant decrease in 50 percent of the cases. Thus, whether the initial GGT is
      high or normal, we observed a decrease in 96 patients out of 107, i.e., a
      sensitivity of 0.90. The decrease test consists in asking a subject to refrain
      from any alcohol intake during a short period, e.g., seven days. If any
      significant diminution of serum GGT occurs, the possibility of alcohol abuse
      should at least be given serious consideration before being rejected. This test
      was used up to now only when GGT was initially high. The present results show
      that it can be attempted even when GGT is initially within the normal range, with
      a sensitivity of 0.90.

PMID- 2895661
TI  - A new electrophoretic variant of arylsulfatase A.
AB  - Previous work in this laboratory has identified electrophoretic variant forms of
      arylsulfatase A in leucocyte plus platelets. During a study to replicate and
      extend these findings, a new seven-band variant of arylsulfatase A has been
      identified. Purified platelets gave a clearer, more distinct electrophoretic
      banding pattern than the leucocyte and platelet preparations.

PMID- 2895662
TI  - Coronary heart disease in the Medical Research Council trial of treatment of mild
      hypertension. Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild Hypertension.
AB  - Seventeen thousand three hundred and fifty four mildly hypertensive people with
      diastolic blood pressures between 90 and 109 mm Hg at screening were randomised
      to active treatment, with bendrofluazide or propranolol, or to placebo tablets.
      They were followed for a maximum of five and a half years, giving a total of
      85,572 patient-years of observation. There were 456 myocardial infarctions or
      sudden coronary deaths. Drug treatment did not affect the overall rate of
      coronary events. Rates per thousand person-years were 8.3 and 9.0 in men and 1.8
      and 1.7 in women in the active treatment and placebo groups respectively. Event
      rates were much higher in smokers than in non-smokers on placebo treatment (12.6
      and 7.5 in men and 3.5 and 1.0 in women in smokers and non-smokers respectively).
      An analysis of subgroup results showed a lower event rate in non-smoking men on
      propranolol than in non-smokers on placebo (5.0 and 7.5 per thousand person-years
      respectively). Bendrofluazide had no apparent effect on the event rate. The
      interaction between the type of treatment (propranolol, bendrofluazide, or
      placebo) and smoking in determining the coronary event rate was not statistically
      significant, however. The incidence of electrocardiographic changes of silent
      infarction--that is major Q/QS abnormalities--differed little with sex, smoking
      habit, or treatment with either active drug.

PMID- 2895663
TI  - Intraocular pressure changes during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia:
      comparison of propofol and thiopentone in combination with vecuronium.
AB  - Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured during rapid sequence induction of
      anaesthesia using thiopentone or propofol as the induction agent and vecuronium
      for neuromuscular blockade. Vecuronium was administered in a dose of 0.15 mg kg-1
      approximately 35 s before the induction agent. IOP was measured with a handheld
      applanation tonometer before anaesthesia, following administration of the
      induction agent, immediately after tracheal intubation and cuff inflation and 1,
      2 and 3 min later. IOP in the propofol group was significantly lower than in the
      thiopentone group, except immediately after induction, when reduction in IOP was
      similar and significant with both agents. IOP following intubation in patients in
      whom anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone was not significantly different
      from baseline values, but showed a significant increase from the pressure before
      intubation. In contrast, IOP after intubation in the propofol group remained not
      only significantly less than the baseline value, but also showed only a minimal
      and insignificant change in comparison with values before intubation. The
      frequency of side effects was low in both groups except for a significantly
      greater reduction in arterial pressure in those receiving propofol.

PMID- 2895664
TI  - Controlled comparison of a new sublingual lormetazepam formulation and i.v.
      diazepam in outpatient minor oral surgery.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind, parallel groups study, 40 patients undergoing
      surgical removal of impacted 3rd molar teeth received either sublingual
      lormetazepam 2.5 mg (n = 20) in a new cellulose wafer formulation followed at 35
      min by i.v. saline; or sublingual placebo followed at 35 min by i.v. diazepam 10
      mg (Diazemuls). Rapid onset of sedation was seen after sublingual lormetazepam,
      while the course and duration of postoperative sedation, measured using standard
      psychometric tests, was similar following both treatments. Surgeons' ratings
      indicated that sublingual lormetazepam was comparable to i.v. diazepam but
      patients' ratings indicated greater satisfaction with and preference for i.v.
      diazepam. Significant anterograde amnesia was found following both treatments.
      Both treatments were tolerated well, with no significant cardiovascular
      complications. These results indicate that sublingual lormetazepam may have a
      role in anaesthesia as a premedicant and for conscious sedation.

PMID- 2895665
TI  - Use of vecuronium and doxapram in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.
AB  - Neuromuscular blockade was obtained with vecuronium 108 micrograms kg-1 in 44
      patients undergoing diagnostic muscle biopsy as part of an investigation of
      malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility. At the termination of anaesthesia
      doxapram 1.43 mg kg-1 was given in an attempt to antagonize postoperative
      respiratory depression. Rectal, muscle and skin temperatures, blood lactate
      concentration and venous PCO2 were measured before, during and after anaesthesia.
      Susceptibility to MH was established by in vitro contracture tests according to
      the protocol of the European MH Group. Twenty patients were susceptible to MH
      (MHS), 19 were MH non-susceptible (MHN) and five MH equivocal (MHE). No adverse
      effects of the drugs were observed. There were no differences between the three
      groups in rectal or muscle temperature, blood lactate concentration or venous
      PCO2 at any time. Doxapram did not prevent an increase in postoperative PCO2. It
      is concluded that vecuronium and doxapram may be safely administered to patients
      susceptible to MH.

PMID- 2895666
TI  - Terfenadine: an anti-allergic drug.

PMID- 2895668
TI  - Oxidative phosphorylation in a hybrid system containing bovine heart membranes
      and pea mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - Purified pea mitochondrial F1-ATPase reconstituted oxidative phosphorylation in
      both partially and completely F1-depleted bovine heart mitochondrial membranes.
      The isolated plant enzyme exhibited high rates of ATP synthesis when combined
      with bovine heart membranes, suggesting great evolutionary conservation of the
      ATP synthase complex in mitochondria.

PMID- 2895667
TI  - The proton pore in the Escherichia coli F0F1-ATPase: substitution of glutamate by
      glutamine at position 219 of the alpha-subunit prevents F0-mediated proton
      permeability.
AB  - Three mutations in the uncB gene encoding the a-subunit of the F0 portion of the
      F0F1-ATPase of Escherichia coli were produced by site-directed mutagenesis. These
      mutations directed the substitution of Glu-219 by Gln, or of Lys-203 by Ile, or
      of Glu-196 by Ala. Strains carrying either the Lys-203 or Glu-196 substitutions
      showed growth characteristics indistinguishable from the coupled control strain.
      Properties of membrane preparations from these strains were also similar to those
      from the coupled control strain. The substitution of Glu-219 by Gln resulted in a
      strain which was unable to utilise succinate as sole carbon source and had a
      growth-yield characteristic of an uncoupled strain. Membrane preparations of the
      Glu-219 mutant were proton impermeable and the F1-ATPase activity was inhibited
      by about 50% when membrane-bound. The results are discussed with reference to a
      previously proposed intramembranous proton pore involving subunits a and c.

PMID- 2895670
TI  - Immobilization of acetylcoenzyme A synthetase and the preparation of an enzyme
      reactor for the synthesis of [11C]acetylcoenzyme A.
AB  - The enzyme acetylcoenzyme A synthetase (acetate-CoA ligase (AMP forming), EC
      6.2.1.1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) is used for the synthesis
      of 1 mumol [11C]acetylcoenzyme A. (CoA-[11C]Ac). A screening of the
      immobilization of the enzyme on differently derivatized controlled pore glass
      beads (50 nm pore size and 125-180 micron particle size) was performed. Several
      silanes, spacer arms and terminal reactive groups were tested. The immobilized
      enzyme was subjected to storage stability tests. From these experiments, the
      method of choice was selected: immobilization on CNBr-activated controlled pore
      glass. The immobilized parameters were optimized further to improve the activity
      of the enzyme-loaded glass beads. The latter were packed in a glass column. The
      kinetic properties of the column were investigated and optimized to obtain an
      almost complete conversion of 1 mumol acetate into acetylcoenzyme A (CoA-Ac)
      within a few minutes. This is realized with an enzyme reactor (13.0 x 0.5 cm)
      containing 6.12 U active acetylcoenzyme A synthetase immobilized onto 1 g
      controlled pore glass.

PMID- 2895669
TI  - Effect of perfringolysin O on the lateral diffusion constant of membrane proteins
      of hepatocytes as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.
AB  - Perfringolysin O is a thiol-activated cytolytic exotoxin the primary receptor of
      which is the membrane cholesterol on the cell surface. The effect of
      perfringolysin O was tested in various hepatocyte preparations. (i) Smears of
      fresh liver exposed to a mild H2O2 (1.0 mM) injury for 10 min at 37 degrees C,
      develop a 'peroxide-induced autofluorescence' (PIAF) on the membrane proteins.
      PIAF is suitable for measuring the average lateral diffusion constant (D) of the
      membrane proteins by means of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
      technique (FRAP). Incubation for 5 min with 600 or 2000 units/ml of the
      perfringolysin O resulted in a significant increase (32 and 46%, respectively) of
      D as compared to the controls of the same age group (13-14 months). Various tests
      like heat denaturation of cholesterol saturation of perfringolysin O before its
      application as well as thiol-activation of the smears with dithiothreitol
      revealed that the increase of D is a specific toxin effect due mot probably to
      the reaction of perfringolysin O with cholesterol. (ii) Isolated hepatocytes were
      exposed to perfringolysin O and their viability as well as the release of two
      cytosolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) were
      measured; 40-60 units/ml of perfringolysin O in 30 min reduced the viability of
      the hepatocytes to zero and caused a release of about 70% of both cytosolic
      enzymes. The significance of the results is discussed from the points of view of
      both the toxin-effect and the FRAP method.

PMID- 2895671
TI  - 31P-NMR saturation transfer studies of aerobic Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - 31P-NMR measurements of saturation transfer have been used to measure the flux
      between Pi and ATP in Escherichia coli cells respiring on an endogenous carbon
      source. Measurements were made in the wild type and in cells genetically modified
      to give a 5-fold higher concentration of the F1F0-ATP synthase. The flux in the
      two cell types was not significantly different. This, together with studies using
      inhibitors specific for the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase and the ATP synthase, suggests that the observed flux arises
      predominantly from glycolytic rather than ATP synthase activity. Although this
      conclusion is in disagreement with previous experiments on E. coli, it is in
      agreement with recent experiments on yeast.

PMID- 2895672
TI  - Clinical value of thyrotropin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) assay in
      hyperthyroidism.
AB  - More than 500 sera were assayed for TBII under routine conditions using "Trak"
      assay in order to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and prognostic interest
      of this determination in hyperthyroidism. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of
      Graves' disease was 83.5%, better in ophthalmopathic patients (93%) than in non
      ophthalmopathic patients (75%). The specificity was 99.4% with only one false
      positive in a hypothyroid patient. TBII level significantly decreases with
      carbimazole treatment except in patients who remain hyperthyroid. Determination
      of TBII before stopping carbimazole treatment or after surgery has a prognostic
      significance as a positive value indicates a relapse in almost all cases.
      Conversely, a fall of TBII to normal levels with treatment is insufficient to
      assess recovery. High levels are frequently observed after radioiodine therapy
      but do not indicate a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2895673
TI  - Carbon recycling in materially closed ecological life support systems.
AB  - Materially closed microbial ecosystems represent model life support systems for
      the future human habitation of space. These ecosystems when subjected to a
      constant energy flux seem to be reliable and self-sufficient systems for
      recycling of biologically produced carbon compounds.

PMID- 2895674
TI  - Defective T cell-mediated, isotype-specific immunoglobulin regulation in B cell
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - The consistent occurrence of T cell abnormalities in patients with B cell chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) suggest that the non-neoplastic host T cells may be
      involved in the pathogenesis of this B cell neoplasm. Because potential defects
      of immunoglobulin regulation are evident in B-CLL patients, we investigated one
      aspect of this by studying the T cell-mediated immunoglobulin isotype-specific
      immunoregulatory circuit in B-CLL. The existence of class-specific immunoglobulin
      regulatory mechanisms mediated by Fc receptor-bearing T cells (FcR + T) through
      soluble immunoglobulin binding factors (IgBFs) has been well established in many
      experimental systems. IgBFs can both suppress and enhance B cell activity in an
      isotype-specific manner. We investigated the apparently abnormal IgA regulation
      in a B-CLL patient (CLL249) whose B cells secrete primarily IgA in vitro.
      Enumeration of FcR + T cells showed a disproportionate increase in IgA FcR + T
      cells in the peripheral blood of this patient. Our studies showed that the
      neoplastic B cells were not intrinsically unresponsive to the suppressing
      component of IgABF produced from normal T cells, but rather the IgABF produced by
      the CLL249 host T cells was defective. CLL249 IgABF was unable to suppress IgA
      secretion by host or normal B cells and enhanced the in vitro proliferation of
      the host B cells. Size fractionation of both normal and CLL249 IgABF by gel
      filtration high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated differences
      in the ultraviolet-absorbing components of IgABF obtained from normal T cells v
      that from our patient with defective IgA regulation. Such T cell dysfunction may
      not be restricted to IgA regulation, since we have found similar expansion of
      isotype-specific FcR + T cells associated with expansion of the corresponding B
      cell clone in other patients with B-CLL. These data suggest that this T cell
      mediated regulatory circuit could be significantly involved in the pathogenesis
      of B-CLL.

PMID- 2895676
TI  - HTLV-I-induced lymphoma mimicking Hodgkin's disease. Diagnosis by polymerase
      chain reaction amplification of specific HTLV-I sequences in tumor DNA.
AB  - A patient with a localized HTLV-I-associated lymphoproliferative disease that was
      misdiagnosed as Hodgkin's disease is presented. The patient's serum was negative
      for HTLV-I antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot,
      and radioimmunoprecipitation. Tumor tissue DNA was negative for HTLV-I by
      Southern blotting but was positive for distinct HTLV-I sequences when subjected
      to DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that the
      clinical and pathologic diagnosis of HTLV-I-related lymphoma can be difficult and
      can be confused with Hodgkin's disease. Extremely sensitive molecular biological
      techniques may be required to establish a diagnosis of HTLV-I-induced lymphoma.

PMID- 2895675
TI  - Soluble interleukin 2 receptors in sera of Japanese patients with adult T cell
      leukemia mark activity of disease.
AB  - Serum concentrations of soluble interleukin 2 receptors (sIL 2R) were measured by
      an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 30 patients with adult T cell
      leukemia (ATL), in 9 patients with other hematopoietic malignancies, and in 17
      asymptomatic individuals seropositive for human T cell leukemia virus type I
      (HTLV-I). Sixty HTLV-I seronegative, age-matched controls showed a normal range
      of form 63.2 to 480.8 U/mL. All asymptomatic carriers of HTLV-I had sIL 2R in
      their sera within the normal range. sIL 2R in sera was not related to the anti
      HTLV-I antibody titer. Eleven patients with acute ATL, a clinical phenotype with
      median survival rate of 4.4 months, had markedly elevated sIL 2R (11,100 to
      99,000 U/mL), but eight patients with smoldering ATL had low sIL 2R values (less
      than 480.8 U/mL) comparable to controls. Eleven patients with chronic ATL had
      intermediate elevated levels of sIL 2R (480.8 to 37,300.0 U/mL). Serum levels of
      sIL 2R correlated with the number of ATL cells (r = 0.812) and CD25-positive
      cells (r = 0.725) circulating in the peripheral blood. Longitudinal studies
      performed in four patients with ATL showed significant correlation between serum
      concentration of sIL 2R and activity of the malignancy. These findings suggest
      that the level of sIL 2R in serum indicated tumor load and, possibly, prognosis.

PMID- 2895677
TI  - Spectrin Oran (alpha II/21), a new spectrin variant concerning the alpha II
      domain and causing severe elliptocytosis in the homozygous state.
AB  - We report on spectrin Oran (alpha II/21), a new spectrin variant found in an
      Algerian family. It was characterized by the absence of the spots that
      classically correspond to the alpha II domain using two-dimensional analysis of
      spectrin limit digests. On the contrary, the abnormal domain was represented by a
      new set of spots in the 21-Kd and 16-Kd regions, as demonstrated by Western blots
      using anti-alpha II domain polyclonal antibodies. Spectrin Oran (alpha II/21) was
      found in the homozygous state in two children belonging to two separate branches
      of the family. It yields a severe elliptocytosis. Spectrin self-association was
      altered. The variant was much more difficult to prove in the heterozygous state,
      in which it results in no clinical and virtually no morphological symptom. In all
      four parents involved, however, electrophoretic analysis and Western blots showed
      the existence of the alpha II 21-Kd and 16-Kd peptides. In one parent, who
      combines spectrin Oran (alpha II/21) and the alpha II type-2 polymorphism, the
      two-dimensional spots (52, 39, 34, and 29 Kd) were quantified and appeared
      reduced by 30%: there was an intermediary decrease of spectrin self-association
      in this person. In the three other parents, spectrin Oran combined with the alpha
      II type-1 polymorphism. The alpha II type-1 spots (46, 35, 30, and 25 Kd)
      appeared in normal range, and spectrin self-association was normal. Along with
      previous observations, the present data emphasize the large fluctuations of the
      alpha-variant percentage. Provided spectrin Oran was present in a sufficient
      proportion, we found an associated alteration of the beta II domain (that faces
      the alpha II domain in the spectrin dimer): the beta II 65-Kd fragment was
      reduced and the beta II 52-Kd fragment was reciprocally increased.

PMID- 2895678
TI  - A possible variant of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - A 20-year-old man developed generalised rigidity and signs of autonomic
      instability following the introduction of therapy with zuclopenthixol decanoate.
      A diagnosis of NMS was made, despite the absence of hyperthermia. He recovered on
      treatment with thiamine, dantrolene, and bromocriptine.

PMID- 2895679
TI  - MAOIs and narcotic analgesics.

PMID- 2895681
TI  - Polyclonal lymphocytosis of T-cells associated with human T-cell leukemia virus
      I.
AB  - A patient with antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus type I and the presence
      of integrated sequences of this virus in T-lymphocytes was investigated. In
      contrast to previous reports, the T-cell lymphocytosis was found to be polyclonal
      by analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type I integration sites and T-cell
      antigen receptor rearrangements. Polyclonal T-cell infection by human T-cell
      leukemia virus type I may represent an infrequently observed stage of
      leukemogenesis.

PMID- 2895680
TI  - Nonrandom expression of polypeptide hormones in pancreatic endocrine tumors. An
      immunohistochemical study in a case of multiple islet cell neoplasia.
AB  - One hundred four endocrine tumors found in the body and tail of the pancreas of a
      patient with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) and multiple endocrine
      neoplasia (MEN-I) were investigated by immunohistochemistry for insulin,
      glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and gastrin. The results for
      each tumor were scored into six grades according to the frequency of
      immunoreactive cells. Pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin
      were demonstrated in 96, 80, 62, and 42 tumors, respectively. When only the
      higher scores of cell frequency (3-5) were considered, PP and glucagon
      (accounting for 71 and 49 tumors, respectively) differed markedly from insulin
      (two tumors) and somatostatin (0). The frequency of PP-immunoreactive cells was
      higher in tumors of large size whereas that of glucagon cells was higher in the
      smaller neoplasms. No significant associations of the tumoral hormonal
      expressions were found with the type of histologic structure (trabecular versus
      gyriform), the occurrence of stromal fibrosis, and the intrapancreatic location
      of the neoplasms, except for a higher number of somatostatin cells in fibrotic
      tumors. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells never were found in the tumors in spite of
      the concomitant hypergastrinemia. In conclusion, the nonrandom expression of the
      hormonal phenotype by the neoplastic islet cells, as shown by the
      immunohistochemical, semiquantitative analysis of a large number of tumors,
      suggests that in our MEN-I patient the genetically determined neoplasms also are
      affected by other mechanisms, possibly nongenetic.

PMID- 2895682
TI  - Early damage of vascular endothelium during cardiac ischaemia.
AB  - To determine the site of reperfusion damage after ischaemia the leakage of
      xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase was assessed in vascular and
      interstitial effluents. Contractile function was reduced during hypoperfusion but
      improved after the addition of superoxide dismutase and vasoxin to the perfusion
      medium. Both interstitial fluid and coronary effluent showed dehydrogenase and
      oxidase activity after no flow ischaemia. Furthermore, the ratio of lactate
      dehydrogenase to creatine kinase in coronary effluents was reduced. These
      findings indicate that the myocardial interstitium may be a site of ischaemic
      membrane damage since this space contains hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase. The
      protective effect of superoxide dismustase also indicates the possibility of
      damage due to oxygen derived radicals in the cardiac interstitium during low flow
      perfusion.

PMID- 2895683
TI  - [Method of determining thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in the blood of
      patients with thyroid diseases].

PMID- 2895684
TI  - The potential for transdifferentiation and regeneration of isolated striated
      muscle of medusae in vitro.

PMID- 2895685
TI  - Dynamic behavior of the transferrin receptor followed in living epidermoid
      carcinoma (A431) cells with nanovid microscopy.
AB  - Transferrin receptors labeled with the B3/25 monoclonal antibody-gold complexes
      were followed in living A431 cells by using video-enhanced contrast microscopy.
      Initially, the antibody-gold complexes bind to receptors which are freely mobile
      on the upper cell surface; they then become trapped at the inner margins of the
      peripheral lamellae and internalize. During endocytosis discrete gold-loaded
      vesicular elements first appear, and then, as they fuse, a heterogenous
      peripheral endosomal compartment forms. The endosomes from this compartment then
      begin to migrate centripetally through the cytoplasm in a saltatory way so that
      within 15 min gold label accumulates in a juxtanuclear endosome compartment. This
      compartment, which consists mainly of multivesicular bodies, is thus formed by
      the influx and retention of peripheral endosomal elements and their continued
      fusion in the juxtanuclear area. Although their overall migration is inward,
      saltating endosomes frequently reverse their direction of movement. As label
      builds up in the juxtanuclear area, small vesicles containing gold label
      continuously pinch off from the larger elements and migrate toward the cell
      periphery. Experiments with nocodazole and sodium azide show that the saltatory
      movements, the accumulation and retention of endosomes in the juxtanuclear area,
      and the separation of vesicles from endosomes are driven by a microtubule
      associated, ATP-dependent, motility-generating mechanism. Analysis of the
      movements shows that although each individual vesicle saltation can occur
      unpredictably toward the centre or the periphery of the cell, a net centripetal
      flux is observed. Moreover, it is evident that the probability of migration
      toward and maintenance in the juxtanuclear area is related to the diameter of the
      vesicles. We propose a mechanism by which bidirectional saltation along
      microtubules forming a radial network may be instrumental in the selective
      concentration of large endosomes in the juxtanuclear area while small vesicles
      are left free to return to the periphery. This process may be responsible for the
      sorting of receptors and ligands destined either for intracellular degradation in
      juxtanuclear lysosomes or, alternatively, for recycling to the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2895686
TI  - Axonal shortening and the mechanisms of axonal motility.
AB  - Axons in tissue culture retract and shorten if their tips are detached from the
      substrate. The shortening reaction of the axon involves contractile forces that
      also arise during normal axonal motility, elongation, and retraction. We studied
      shortening in axonal segments isolated from their parent axons by transecting the
      axon between the growth cone and the most distal point of adhesion to the
      substrate. Within 15-20 minutes after transection, an isolated axonal segment
      shortened and pulled its tail end toward the growth cone. During the shortening
      process, long sinusoidal bends arose along the axon. The identical shortening
      reaction occurs without transection, when the axon tip is detached from the
      substrate. Pharmacological studies with inhibitors of glycolysis indicate that
      the shortening mechanisms utilize metabolic energy, presumably ATP. The rate of
      sinusoidal shortening is similar to both the rate of polymer translocation in the
      axon by slow axonal transport and the rate of normal axonal elongation. Taxol
      inhibits the shortening reaction with a similar dose dependence to its inhibition
      of axonal growth. Together, all these observations suggest that the same basic
      intracellular motility mechanisms are involved in normal axonal growth, in slow
      axonal transport, and in the shortening reaction: the intracellular dynamic
      system that utilizes ATP to generate longitudinal movements of polymers within
      the axon may be the same mechanism underlying both the retraction and the
      elongation of the axon.

PMID- 2895687
TI  - [Behavior of TBII (TSH receptor binding immunoglobulins) in multinodular struma].
AB  - The authors consider the behaviour of TBII (TSH receptor binding inhibitory
      immunoglobulins) in multinodular goiter, in relation to the functional status of
      the thyroid classified on the basis of T3, FT4, TSH IRMA. The samples were
      collected from 53 patients with normal T3, FT4 and TSH; 14 patients with T3 and
      FT4 in normal range and TSH less than 0.15 milli U/l; 8 patients with T3 and/or
      FT4 above the superior limits of normal range and TSH less than 0.15 milli U/l
      and from a control group of 10 patients with Grave's disease. TBII was measured
      by radioreceptor assay and the index resulted less than 15% in all the patients
      with eufunctioning or hyperfunctioning multinodular goiter. Mean value in
      biochemically hyperthyroid patients was 6.25% and in euthyroid patients was
      5.69%. The difference was statistically not significant. Moreover, significantly
      elevated levels of TBII were found in 60% of patients with Grave's disease.

PMID- 2895689
TI  - Atracurium versus vecuronium: a comparison of recovery in outpatient arthroscopy.
AB  - Atracurium 0.5 mg.kg-1 and vecuronium 0.1 mg.kg-1 were compared as neuromuscular
      relaxants for outpatient arthroscopy of the knee under general anaesthesia. In 40
      unpremedicated patients divided at random into two groups, anaesthesia was
      induced with methohexitone, atracurium (Group A) or vecuronium (Group B), three
      per cent isoflurane prior to intubation and 0.9 per cent during maintenance with
      nitrous oxide 66 per cent in oxygen. Neuromuscular function was recorded by a
      Datex Relaxograph. Recovery was assessed by the time the patients took to open
      their eyes, to be able to answer five questions correctly, the time to recovery
      of ocular balance (Maddox Wing test) and by comparing pre- and postoperative
      performance of a paper and pencil test (the p-deletion test). Recovery tests
      showed no significant differences between groups. After three hours all the
      patients were fit for discharge. The patients were interviewed one month after
      the procedure. All were satisfied with their anaesthetic. "Full recovery" took
      1.5 days with a range of 1 h-7 days. The only significant difference (p less than
      0.01) between the groups was the need for pharmacological reversal of residual
      paralysis. In a procedure with a mean duration of 45.6 minutes, and using
      isoflurane, all but one patient (95 per cent) in the atracurium group required
      neostigmine versus nine patients in the vecuronium group (45 per cent).

PMID- 2895688
TI  - A simple method for monitoring muscular relaxation during continuous infusion of
      vecuronium.
AB  - There is considerable individual variation in the dose of vecuronium required for
      the maintenance of surgical relaxation. Therefore to provide uninterrupted
      relaxation without overdosage it is advisable to regulate the IV infusion of
      vecuronium on the basis of appropriate monitoring. Monitoring with
      mechanomyography (MMG) or electromyography requires costly equipment and is too
      complex for routine clinical use. Visual observation of the adductor pollicis
      muscle contracting against zero resistance is not suitable for the reliable
      assessment of the degree of neuromuscular (NM) block. For clinical purposes
      satisfactory monitoring can be achieved with the simple device (Myoscan)
      described. The reliability of the Myoscan was tested in 30 patients by
      simultaneous monitoring of the force of contraction of the adductor pollicis on
      one side with the Myoscan and on the contralateral side with the MMG.
      Retrospective analysis of the MMG indicated that the conduct of anaesthesia would
      have been virtually the same if it would have been based on MMG monitoring.

PMID- 2895690
TI  - Effect of modifying agents on the phenotypic expression of cytochrome P-450,
      glutathione S-transferase molecular forms, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, glucose
      6-phosphate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in rat liver
      preneoplastic lesions.
AB  - The expression of A and P forms of glutathione S-transferase (GST-A and P), two
      cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes (P-450 PB3a and P-450 MC2), microsomal epoxide
      hydrolase (mEHb), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) was compared in preneoplastic liver lesions and
      background parenchyma of F344 rats post-treated with butylated hydroxyanisole
      (BHA), ethoxyquin (EQ) or acetaminophen (AAP). These latter three compounds have
      been shown to inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis after initial treatment with N-ethyl-N
      hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) and a significant decrease in the number of enzyme
      altered foci and nodules positive for GST-P, GST-A, G6PD and gamma-GT and
      negative for P-450 PB3a, P-450 MC2 was associated with their administration.
      Whereas in the foci case the decrease was most prominent for non-discrete
      (heterogeneous) type lesions, the results of quantitation of nodules revealed a
      most significant alteration in the discrete homogeneously staining population.
      This indicates that BHA, EQ and AAP have the potential to inhibit the growth of
      the phenotypically stable lesions thought most likely to be the immediate
      precursors of hepatocellular carcinomas. The two anti-oxidants were associated
      with periportal increase of all enzymes investigated, whereas AAP induced GST
      species and mEHb in the perivenular zone. Irrespective of slightly elevated
      enzyme levels in surrounding parenchyma, mEHb antibody binding levels within
      lesions showed a reciprocal shift from positive to negative in rats treated with
      BHA, EQ and AAP.

PMID- 2895691
TI  - 2-Acetylaminofluorene promotion of liver carcinogenesis by a non-cytotoxic
      mechanism.
AB  - 2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF), given in the diet at 0.02% for 4 weeks, is an
      effective promoter of liver carcinogenesis initiated by partial hepatectomy (PH)
      plus diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in the inbred rat strain Wistar Kyoto. AAF promotes
      the early (6 week) appearance of phenotypically altered (gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase-positive) cells as well as the later appearance of
      neoplastic nodules (2-4 months) and hepatocarcinomas (4-8 months). Promotion does
      not seem to involve selective cytotoxicity (selection of AAF-resistant
      hepatocytes), since neither AAF alone nor DEN + AAF has any inhibitory effect on
      overall liver growth.

PMID- 2895692
TI  - Effect of choline-deficiency and methotrexate administration on peroxisomal beta
      oxidation, palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity and the glutathione content in rat
      liver.
AB  - Hepatic metabolism of long-chain fatty acids was studied in male rats fed a
      defined choline-deficient (CD) diet with and without choline and after
      methotrexate (MTX) administration. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation was increased
      approximately 4-fold in the peroxisome-enriched fraction of CD-fed animals,
      whereas the catalase activity was increased 1.3-fold. The urate oxidase activity
      was marginally affected. The CD-fed rats also revealed elevated capacity for
      hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA in the cytosolic fraction (2.0-fold), whereas the
      microsomal palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity was decreased. Notably, the increased
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation, the catalase activity and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
      activities (the membrane-bounded and cytosolic) were almost fully prevented by
      adding choline to the CD-diet. Thus, the change in these enzyme activities
      appears to be a consequence of a choline-deficiency provoked by the CD diet. MTX
      administration of normal fed rats (ND diet) had no effects on the peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation, catalase activity and urate oxidase activity. MTX treatment of
      the ND-fed animals, however, increased the mitochondrial palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
      activity and decreased the microsomal enzyme activity. As choline-deficiency and
      MTX increased the hepatic lipid level, the overall results suggest that fat
      accumulation is not an 'induction signal' for increased peroxisomal beta
      oxidation. The CD diet alone increased the reduced glutathione content in liver,
      whereas MTX did not significantly change this level. Whether the changes of H2O2
      generating peroxisomal oxidation of long-chain fatty acids may be an important
      step in a chain of events, which eventually results in tumour formation by
      choline-deficiency, should be considered.

PMID- 2895693
TI  - Lack of acetylaminofluorene--DNA adduct formation in enzyme-altered foci of rat
      liver.
AB  - Formation of the N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-aminofluorene adduct was studied in
      enzyme-altered foci induced by four different liver carcinogenesis models. Foci
      were detected and scored for enzyme phenotype by a computer-aided image overlay
      technique. Localization of the enzymes gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, canalicular
      ATPase and glucose-6-phosphatase was performed by enzyme histochemistry, allowing
      identification of foci of seven different phenotypes. Patterns of foci obtained
      by image overlay were compared to in situ 2-acetylaminofluorene--DNA adduct
      distribution obtained by immunofluorescence. Foci were induced by the following
      models: (1) chronic feeding of 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) for 8 weeks;
      (2) intubation of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (10 mg/kg) 24 h after a 70% partial
      hepatectomy (PH), followed 8 weeks later by a diet containing 0.05% phenobarbital
      for 9 months; (3) intubation of DEN (10 mg/kg) 24 h after PH, followed by a diet
      containing 0.01% ciprofibrate for 5 months, and after an additional 4 months a
      diet containing 0.05% phenobarbital for 2 months; (4) maintenance for 7.5, 16.5
      or 19.5 months after transplantation of DEN/2-AAF/PH ('Solt-Farber' protocol)
      donor liver cells into host rats receiving a brief 2-AAF/PH selective regimen
      then no further treatment until sacrifice. To test the capacity of both foci and
      morphologically normal livers to form DNA adducts, the animals in models 2-4
      received a diet containing 0.02% 2-AAF for 5 or 6 days before sacrifice. In all
      of the enzyme-altered foci identified in models 1-3 there were no DNA adducts
      visible by immunofluorescence. Scattered groups of positive cells were
      occasionally seen in the otherwise dark foci induced by model 4. For technical
      reasons some enzyme-altered foci were not identifiable on the fluorescence
      stained slides. In liver serial sections from rats in models 1-4, there were 75,
      304, 125 and 68 enzyme-altered foci of seven different phenotypes which were
      identified as AF-DNA negative. In models 1 and 4 there were some additional
      adduct-negative foci not associated with any of the seven identified focus
      phenotypes. These studies demonstrate that loss of the ability to form DNA
      adducts in hepatic enzyme-altered foci is a common and very early biochemical
      adaptation to xenobiotic exposure in different hepatocarcinogenesis models. This
      adaptation also is retained by the majority of foci in later stages of
      hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2895694
TI  - Angiographic morphology and response to therapy in unstable angina.
AB  - The coronary anatomy of 69 patients with unstable angina, subgrouped according to
      response to medical therapy, was investigated. All patients received oral
      treatment with nitrates, calcium antagonists, and beta-blocking agents. When
      combined oral treatment was not effective, an intravenous infusion of nitrates
      (10-100 micrograms/min) was subsequently administered. Coronary arteriography was
      performed within hours (14 +/- 9 h) from the last episode of chest pain in 28
      patients refractory to medical treatment, while in 41 patients who became
      asymptomatic during medical therapy, angiography was performed after an
      observation period of several days (8 +/- 6 days). On angiography, the
      nonresponder group was characterized by a prevalence of eccentric and multiple
      lesions, and by a 46% incidence of thrombi (p less than 0.001). Recurrent
      symptoms requiring emergency bypass operation were common in this group. In
      patients responsive to medical treatment, a high percentage of concentric lesions
      (37%) and totally occluded (34%) coronary arteries was found (p less than 0.05).
      No infarcts and low rate of recurrent angina were noted in these patients during
      hospitalization. In conclusion, the finding of intracoronary thrombotic material
      and eccentric or multiple lesions can be an accurate markers of the active phase
      of the disease, while "silent" occlusion of the involved vessel may be
      accompanied by relief of symptoms during medical therapy.

PMID- 2895695
TI  - Rapid changes in plasma potassium during a game of squash.
AB  - 1. The game of squash has recently been associated with a high incidence of
      ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. To investigate this further, plasma
      catecholamines and potassium (K+) were monitored during a game of squash in six
      normal volunteers. 2. No cardiac arrhythmias were seen in this study despite the
      subjects reaching maximum heart rates of 181 +/- 5 beats/min (mean +/- SEM). 3.
      During exercise, plasma K+ rose from 3.82 +/- 0.16 to 4.29 +/- 0.2 mmol/l, but
      after 90 s rest this fell to 3.68 +/- 0.28 mmol/l and after 180 s to 3.44 +/-
      0.17 mmol/l. This rapid K+ shift could not be accounted for by generalized
      changes in venous acid-base status or by changes in venous plasma catecholamines.
      Although pretreatment with a beta 2-antagonist caused the overall plasma K+
      levels to be higher, it had no significant effect on the fall in plasma K+ after
      exercise. 4. Such rapid K+ shifts after exercise might contribute to
      arrhythmogenesis in susceptible individuals. The precise mechanism of the fall in
      K+ after exercise remains undetermined, but it seems not to involve
      catecholamines stimulating beta 2-adrenoceptors and is more likely to be due to
      increased skeletal muscle blood flow and/or intracellular acidosis.

PMID- 2895696
TI  - D-amino acid oxidase in mouse liver.
AB  - 1. An appreciable amount of D-amino acid oxidase was found in the extract of
      mouse liver by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 2. The content of the
      enzyme in the kidney and heart extracts was also measured by the assay.

PMID- 2895697
TI  - Mapping of the bcl-2 oncogene on mouse chromosome 1.
AB  - Two bcl-2 alleles have been identified in inbred strains of mice by restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Analysis of a bcl-2 RFLP in a series of
      bilineal congenic strains (C.D2), developed as a tool for chromosomal mapping
      studies, revealed linkage of bcl-2 to the Idh-1/Pep-3 region of murine chromosome
      1. The co-segregation of bcl-2 alleles with allelic forms of two other chromosome
      1 loci, Ren-1,2 and Spna-1, in a set of back-cross progeny, positions bcl-2 7.8
      cM centromeric from Ren-1,2.

PMID- 2895698
TI  - Somatic cell mapping and restriction fragment analysis of bovine alpha and beta
      interferon gene families.
AB  - DNA from bovine x hamster hybrid cells preferentially segregating bovine
      chromosomes has been analyzed by blot hybridization with alpha and beta
      interferon probes. Retention or loss of bovine interferon genes was compared to
      segregation of bovine isozyme loci representing previously described syntenic
      groups. Families of bovine alpha (IFNA) and beta (IFNB) interferon genes were
      segregated in concordance with each other and with aconitase-1 (ACO1) on bovine
      syntenic group U18. This syntenic relationship is conserved on human chromosome
      9p and on the portion of mouse chromosome 4 proximal to the centromere. In
      addition, cattle restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified with
      both IFNA and IFNB probes. Of particular interest is a polymorphism apparently
      due to duplication of IFNB genes.

PMID- 2895699
TI  - [Mobile testes: report of 25 cases].

PMID- 2895700
TI  - [Presence of a specific (not associated with the modification of currents in
      nerve endings) positive effect of K+ on the release of a mediator].

PMID- 2895701
TI  - [Beta receptor blockers in coronary insufficiency and acute infarct.
      Pathophysiological bases].

PMID- 2895703
TI  - [Diagnosis of hemophilia A and B by recombinant DNA methods].

PMID- 2895702
TI  - The pathogenesis and management of schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenia remains a relatively common debilitating and stigmatising disorder,
      whose precise aetiology is unknown. Research has consistently shown a strong
      genetic component, although environmental factors are also implicated. A number
      of biochemical aetiological theories have been proposed but the most plausible is
      the dopamine hypothesis. This suggests that there is excess activity at central
      dopaminergic pathways in the brain. Certainly, all effective antipsychotic drugs
      have dopamine blocking properties. Management of this disorder includes admitting
      new cases to hospital for careful evaluation by a multidisciplinary team.
      Although the mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication,
      social interventions are also required. These include close liaison with the
      patient's family, which can help to prevent relapse and aid compliance with drug
      treatment. Modern therapy aims for recovery of social and occupational skills and
      gradual rehabilitation back into the community.

PMID- 2895704
TI  - Detection of carcinogenic glutamic acid pyrolysis products in Worcestershire
      sauce by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Commercially available Worcestershire sauce was analyzed for mutagenic and
      carcinogenic glutamic acid pyrolysis products using high-performance liquid
      chromatography. These carcinogenic heterocyclic amines were found to be present
      in all brands of Worcestershire sauce analyzed. The identity of the carcinogens
      was confirmed by spectrometric analyses and the SOS umu-test. The concentrations
      of 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-amino
      dipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2) in the Worcestershire sauce were 695
      +/- 329 pmol/liter (mean +/- SD, n = 5) and 1,839 +/- 1,321 pmol/liter (n = 5),
      respectively.

PMID- 2895705
TI  - Temazepam versus flunitrazepam as an oral premedication in adult surgical
      patients.
AB  - In a randomized study, 20 patients received temazepam 20 mg orally the night
      before and 20 mg in the morning of an operation performed under spinal analgesia
      (Group I); 20 patients received flunitrazepam I mg similarly (Group 2). Different
      aspects of the premedication were evaluated verbally, with the aid of a visual
      analogue scale, Maddox wing apparatus, the critical flicker fusion threshold
      test, blood pressure and heart rate measurements, serum and CSF cortisol and
      plasma ADH measurements, as well as CSF drug level determinations. Clinically,
      temazepam 20 mg proved to be comparable with flunitrazepam I mg, although the
      latter more effectively prevented cardiovascular changes and pre-operative
      hormonal stress reaction. No correlation was found between the CSF drug level
      (bioassayed by radioreceptor assay) and the clinical response of the two
      benzodiazepines, nor was there any correlation between the cortisol or ADH levels
      versus the CSF drug levels. On the whole, flunitrazepam proved to be marginally
      better than temazepam as an oral premedicant.

PMID- 2895706
TI  - Topological and functional characterization of the F0I subunit of the membrane
      moiety of the mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase.
AB  - Using isolated polypeptides of the F0 sector of bovine heart mitochondrial H+
      ATPase, antisera were developed detecting specifically two components of F0.
      These two components were identified as F0I and oligomycin-sensitivity-conferring
      protein (OSCP) respectively. Both F0I and OSCP were digested by mild trypsin
      treatment of submitochondrial particles depleted of the catalytic part of H+
      ATPase (USMP). Proteolysis was largely prevented by binding of F1 to F0.
      Proteolysis of F0I resulted in the formation of three immunoreactive, membrane
      bound fragments of apparently 26 kDa, 25.5 kDa and 18 kDa, respectively,
      indicating that F0I contains trypsin-accessible Arg or Lys residues located close
      to the end and the middle part of the protein, respectively, which are in
      intimate contact with F1. Digestion of USMP with trypsin resulted in depression
      of passive H+ conduction through F0 which could be ascribed to proteolysis of
      F0I.

PMID- 2895708
TI  - The error in the cryptic stereospecificity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. The use
      of carba-(dethia)-coenzyme A substrate analogues gives new insight into the
      enzyme mechanism.
AB  - A preparation containing 80.0 +/- 0.5% (2RS)-methylmalonyl-carba-(dethia)-CoA and
      20.0 +/- 0.5% propionyl-carba-(dethia)-CoA was reacted in buffered deuterium
      oxide with catalytic amounts of coenzyme B12, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and
      methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase. The rearrangement of the methylmalonyl-carba
      (dethia)-CoA to succinyl-carba-(dethia)-CoA was monitored by recording 500-MHz 1H
      NMR spectra in short time intervals. After reaching equilibrium (approximately
      equal to 28 min) the products showed chemical stability for about 17 h, i.e.
      succinyl species did not undergo the spontaneous hydrolysis encountered with
      normal succinyl-CoA. In the pre-equilibrium stage only about 66% of the produced
      succinyl-CH2CoA was the expected monodeuterated species. The remainder was 15.5%
      unlabelled and 18.3% 3,3-dideuterated. After reaching equilibrium a continuous
      deuterium incorporation (washing-in) from the solvent to the products was
      observed and quantified. The time course of the appearance of unlabelled, mono-,
      di- and trideuterated succinyl-CH2CoA species was determined by assigning and
      integrating the isotope-shifted 1H signals from the various species. Furthermore,
      mutase catalyses slow deuterium incorporation into first the methylene and then
      the methyl group of propionyl-CH2CoA. On the basis of these data it was concluded
      that methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and epimerase are responsible for continuous
      deuterium incorporation and multiple incorporation occurs when the backward
      reaction (succinyl-CH2CoA----methylmalonyl-CH2CoA) becomes important. To account
      for all of the results obtained with dethia and natural substrates we propose a
      new mutase mechanism whereby the enzyme can retain full stereospecificity at C-3
      of succinyl while an internal 1,2-H shift to give a C-2 succinyl radical is
      responsible for partial scrambling of diastereotopic protons at C-3. This
      mechanism successfully predicts the observed deuterium disproportionation in
      succinyl species and the order of appearance of di- and trideuterated products
      via the washing-in process.

PMID- 2895707
TI  - Reprogrammed expression of subunit 9 of the mitochondrial ATPase complex of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression in vitro from a chemically synthesized gene
      and import into isolated mitochondria.
AB  - A synthetic gene has been designed and constructed by total chemical synthesis as
      a first step in the functional relocation from the mitochondrion to the nucleus
      of a gene encoding subunit 9 of the yeast mitochondrial ATPase complex. This gene
      (NAP9) incorporates codons frequently used in nuclear genes of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae and additionally includes a series of unique restriction enzyme
      cleavage sites to facilitate future systematic manipulations of the gene and its
      protein product. Following the expression of the NAP9 gene by transcription and
      translation in vitro, a radiolabelled protein was produced which displayed a gel
      electrophoretic mobility and solubility in chloroform/methanol characteristic of
      the authentic subunit 9 proteolipid encoded in vivo by the mitochondrial oli1
      gene. In order to achieve import into mitochondria of yeast subunit 9, a fusion
      was made between the NAP9 gene and DNA encoding the cleavable presequence of the
      nuclearly encoded precursor to subunit 9 from Neurospora crassa. Following
      expression in vitro, the resultant fusion protein was imported and appropriately
      processed by isolated yeast mitochondria. The import of yeast subunit 9 was less
      efficient than that observed in parallel import experiments with yeast subunit 8
      attached to the same presequence or with the naturally occurring intact N. crassa
      subunit 9 precursor. Yeast subunit 9 lacking a leader sequence is not imported
      into mitochondria but, unlike subunit 8, it does not embed itself into the outer
      membrane, in spite of its highly hydrophobic character.

PMID- 2895709
TI  - Nifedipine and metoprolol in suspected unstable angina. Unstable angina pectoris.

PMID- 2895710
TI  - Nifedipine and metoprolol in suspected unstable angina. Review of other trials.

PMID- 2895711
TI  - Trends of HTLV-I and HIV infections in drug addicts.

PMID- 2895712
TI  - Immunoregulatory functions of paf-acether. II. Decrease of CD2 and CD3 antigen
      expression.
AB  - Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) is a phospholipid initially described as
      a potent platelet-aggregating compound. It is produced by numerous cell types and
      is now considered as an important mediator of cell-cell interactions. The effect
      of paf-acether on the expression of CD2 and CD3, two human T cell surface
      glycoproteins, was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence and flow
      cytometry. Paf-acether partially down-regulated, in a time- and dose-dependent
      manner, CD2 and CD3 but not HLA class I antigen expression on peripheral human T
      cells and Jurkat cells. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid closely related
      to paf-acether, had no detectable modulatory effect on CD2 and CD3 expression. In
      addition to CD2/CD3 modulation, paf-acether markedly inhibited T cell
      proliferative response not only to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A but also
      to anti-CD3 or a stimulatory combination of anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies. These
      data demonstrate for the first time that lipid mediators such as paf-acether
      might be involved in the regulation of the expression of cell surface
      glycoproteins that are essential in the execution of T cell function.

PMID- 2895713
TI  - Faecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli between 0 and 18 months of
      age.
AB  - A prospective study of faecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli
      between 0 and 18 months of age was conducted in 751 healthy infants. The
      influence of breast-feeding and treatment with antibiotics on this colonization
      was studied. Colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli increased with age from 10%
      at 6 days to 30% at 18 months of age (P less than 0.01). Breast-feeding
      influenced colonization at 6 weeks of age when breast-fed children harboured
      fewer bacterial species (P less than 0.001) and fewer P-fimbriated E. coli (P =
      0.06) than bottle-fed infants. Treatment with antibiotics increased the
      colonization rate with P-fimbriated E. coli at the age of 11 months (P less than
      0.05). However, this was not true for treatment with ampicillin, which increased
      colonization rate with Gram-negative species other than E. coli (P less than
      0.05). Fifty per cent (378) of all children were colonized and a quarter (183)
      had pure cultures of P-fimbriated E. coli in at least one faecal sample. The
      clinical importance of this colonization remains to be shown.

PMID- 2895714
TI  - [The hygiene of intellectual work].

PMID- 2895715
TI  - [Periodical medical examinations--the 1st stage in dispensary care for workers].

PMID- 2895716
TI  - [Feldsher Sergo (on the 50th anniversary of the death of G. K. Ordzhonikidze)].

PMID- 2895717
TI  - [The feldsher's procedure in diseases of the teeth and jaws in the middle-aged
      and elderly].

PMID- 2895718
TI  - Comparison of adrenergic agonist and insulin effects on 3-O-methyl-D-glucose
      efflux and sarcolemmal cytochalasin B binding by perfused rat heart.
AB  - 1. alpha- and beta-Adrenergic agonists as well as insulin stimulate 3-O-methyl-D
      glucose efflux by the perfused rat heart and increase D-glucose inhibitable
      cytochalasin B binding by isolated sarcolemma. 2. alpha- and beta-Agonists like
      insulin increase Vmax for 3-O-methyl-D-glucose efflux and increase Bmax for
      cytochalasin B binding. 3. The effects of alpha- and beta-agonists are totally
      Ca2+-dependent whilst those of insulin appear to be only partly Ca2+-dependent.

PMID- 2895720
TI  - Post-transcriptional regulation of a murine homeobox gene transcript in F9
      embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - A 2.4 kb RNA encoded by the murine Hox 1.1 (m6) homeobox gene is induced when F9
      stem cells are differentiated with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The
      regulation of Hox 1.1 expression was probed by using cycloheximide, an inhibitor
      of protein synthesis. Production of the Hox 1.1 RNA in differentiating F9 cells
      was not blocked by treatment with cycloheximide, indicating that new protein
      synthesis is not required for its induction. On the contrary, this transcript was
      detected in F9 stem cells treated with cycloheximide, anisomycin, or emetine
      alone. Nuclear transcription assays indicated that the Hox 1.1 gene was
      transcribed in F9 stem cells and that the rate of transcription did not change
      early in the differentiation of F9 cells. These observations indicate that the
      induction of Hox 1.1 transcripts in F9 stem cells during differentiation is not
      regulated at the level of transcription initiation but results from stabilization
      of the transcript.

PMID- 2895719
TI  - Somatostatin release from dispersed hypothalamic cells: effects of diabetes.
AB  - We examined the release of growth hormone-release inhibiting factor
      (somatostatin) from dispersed hypothalamic cells obtained from mature diabetic
      rodents and normal age-matched controls, in an attempt to demonstrate a possible
      hypothalamic defect which might underlie some of the reported abnormalities in
      somatotrophic function in diabetes mellitus. Insulinopoenic diabetes was induced
      by either streptozotocin or alloxan. Somatostatin release from cells from
      diabetic rats was diminished both basally and after stimulation by membrane
      depolarisation. Stimulated release was calcium dependent in cells from both
      normal and diabetic animals. The defect was present in both streptozotocin and
      alloxan induced diabetes. We also compared hypothalamic somatostatin release from
      cells obtained from obese hyperinsulinaemic C57 BL/Ks db/db diabetic mice and non
      diabetic lean litter mates (db/-). Despite longstanding marked hyperglycaemia, no
      significant alteration in somatostatin release was apparent. Likewise, starvation
      of rats for 5 days did not result in significant diminution of somatostatin
      release. These observations document a defect in hypothalamic somatostatin
      release in experimentally induced insulinopoenic diabetes, which is not apparent
      in the db/db mouse, suggesting that glucose per se is not responsible. Rather
      than the anticipated increase in hypothalamic somatostatin release in
      insulinopoenic diabetes, a reduction in release was observed. These observations
      are compatible with the hypothesis that increased hypothalamic somatostatin
      release is not responsible for abnormal growth hormone secretion in this model.

PMID- 2895721
TI  - Development of enzymic zonation in liver parenchyma is related to development of
      acinar architecture.
AB  - The appearance of the distribution patterns of the NH3-metabolizing enzymes
      carbamoylphosphate synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutamine synthetase
      in the developing liver of an altricial species (rat) was compared with that in
      the developing liver of a closely related, precocial species (spiny mouse). The
      comparison showed that the development of hepatic acinar architecture, rather
      than perinatal adaptation, is responsible for the development of periportal and
      pericentral compartments of gene expression. Conditions that confine the
      expression of specific enzymes to the pericentral compartment of the acinus
      originate before conditions that confine the expression of (other) specific
      enzymes to the periportal compartment. However, whether or not the site of gene
      expression is restricted to specific compartments within the liver acinus, the
      rate of expression of the gene involved can also be adaptively regulated.
      Therefore, different factors appear to control the site and the rate of gene
      expression within one tissue.

PMID- 2895722
TI  - Effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and antihistamines on postirradiation
      cerebral blood flow and plasma levels of histamine and neurotensin.
AB  - In an attempt to elucidate mechanisms underlying the irradiation-induced decrease
      in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in primates, hippocampal and visual
      cortical blood flows of rhesus monkeys were measured by hydrogen clearance,
      before and after exposure to 100 Gy, whole-body, gamma irradiation. Systemic
      blood pressures were monitored simultaneously. Systemic arterial plasma histamine
      and neurotensin levels were determined preirradiation and postirradiation.
      Compared to control animals, the irradiated monkeys exhibited an abrupt decline
      in systemic blood pressure to 23% of the preirradiation level within 10 min
      postirradiation, falling to 12% by 60 min. A decrease in hippocampal blood flow
      to 32% of the preirradiation level was noted at 10 min postirradiation, followed
      by a slight recovery to 43% at 30 min and a decline to 23% by 60 min. The
      cortical blood flow for the same animals showed a steady decrease to 29% of the
      preirradiation levels by 60 min postirradiation. Animals given the mast cell
      stabilizer disodium cromoglycate and the antihistamines mepyramine and cimetidine
      before irradiation did not exhibit an abrupt decline in blood pressure but
      displayed a gradual decrease to a level 33% below preirradiation levels by 60 min
      postirradiation. Also, the treated, irradiated monkeys displayed rCBF values that
      were not significantly different from the nonirradiated controls. The plasma
      neurotensin levels in the irradiated animals, treated and untreated, indicated a
      nonsignificant postirradiation increase above control levels. However, the
      postirradiation plasma histamine levels in both irradiated groups showed an
      increase of approximately 1600% above the preirradiation levels and the
      postirradiation control levels. These findings implicate histamine in the
      postirradiation hypotension, but not necessarily in the direct responsibility for
      the decrease in regional cerebral blood flow seen immediately postirradiation in
      the primate.

PMID- 2895724
TI  - [Effect of glutamic acid and potassium iodide on the course of experimental
      pneumoconiosis caused by coal and nepheline].

PMID- 2895723
TI  - Pattern of transcription of the homeo gene Hox-3.1 in the mouse embryo.
AB  - A cDNA from the Hox-3.1 locus, isolated from a 10.5-day postcoitum (p.c.) mouse
      embryo cDNA library, and the putative encoded protein are described. The spatial
      distribution of Hox-3.1 gene transcripts from late gastrulation to embryonic day
      14.5 p.c. was monitored by in situ hybridization, using a cDNA probe. When first
      detectable in 8.5-day p.c. embryos, the transcripts are distributed in all the
      tissues of the posterior end. At later stages, the distribution becomes
      progressively spatially restricted and tissue specific. By 12.5 days p.c.,
      transcription is localized most intensely in the neural tube region lying above
      the heart. The early transcription pattern thus appears to be compatible with a
      regionalizing role for the Hox-3.1 gene.

PMID- 2895725
TI  - [Prediction of the clinical efficacy of neuroleptics in the treatment of acute
      schizophrenic psychoses by assessment of the phenomenon of appearance of plaque
      in the blood].

PMID- 2895726
TI  - [The effect of atropine, Hi-6 and diazepam on the levels and metabolism of
      monoamines in the brain of rats poisoned with VX].

PMID- 2895728
TI  - Patterns of polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium for cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Four polymorphic markers that map within 80 kb of an HTF island which is
      genetically very close to the cystic fibrosis locus have been identified. We have
      analyzed the linkage disequilibrium between each of these markers and the cystic
      fibrosis mutation in 89 families from four European countries, Denmark, Finland,
      Spain, and Great Britain. Strong linkage disequilibrium between three polymorphic
      sites and cystic fibrosis was observed. The markers on the J3.11 (D7S8) side of
      the HTF island show stronger disequilibrium than those on the met side. Linkage
      disequilibrium between markers and disease alters the probability that a person
      of a given haplotype is a carrier in some populations and helps to identify
      regions of a sequence that are most likely to contain the cystic fibrosis
      mutation.

PMID- 2895727
TI  - Linkage, physical mapping, and DNA sequence analysis of pseudoautosomal loci on
      the human X and Y chromosomes.
AB  - The pseudoautosomal region of the human X and Y chromosomes is subject to
      frequent X-Y recombination during male meiosis. We report the finding of two
      pseudoautosomal loci, DXYS20 and DXYS28, characterized by highly informative
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The pseudoautosomal character
      of DXYS20 and DXYS28 was formally demonstrated by comparing their transmission to
      45,X and to normal individuals. Studies of the inheritance of these loci reveal
      that the pseudoautosomal region, though highly recombinogenic, is subject to
      marked recombinational interference in male meiosis; no double recombinants were
      observed in 143 triply informative meioses, and the coefficient of coincidence is
      likely less than 0.45. In female meiosis, linkage of these pseudoautosomal RFLPs
      to strictly sex-linked RFLPs on the short arm of the X is readily detected; the
      genetic length of the pseudoautosomal region in female meiosis is at least 4 cM
      but not more than 18 cM. The genetic map of the human X chromosome is now defined
      from near the short-arm telomere to band q28 on the long arm. Locus DXYS20, which
      maps near the X and Y short-arm telomeres, is composed of long tandem arrays of
      61-bp repeats. Occasional, seemingly random base-pair substitutions within these
      arrays of 61-bp repeats, in combination with marked variation in the size of the
      array, generate the high degree of DNA polymorphism at DXYS20.

PMID- 2895729
TI  - Mapping of the mouse fibronectin gene (Fn-1) to chromosome 1: conservation of the
      Idh-1-Cryg-Fn-1 synteny group in mammals.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were observed in BamHI-digested
      mouse DNA probed with a cDNA for human fibronectin. Analysis of the inheritance
      of fibronectin RFLPs in AKXD and SWXJ recombinant inbred strains of mice mapped
      the locus, Fn-1, to the midregion of mouse chromosome 1 about 4 cM distal from
      the loci encoding gamma-crystallins (Cryg). Loci homologous to genes in the
      centromeric third of mouse chromosome 1 are also syntenic in rats, humans, and
      cattle and may, therefore, mark a large conserved chromosomal segment of the
      mammalian genome.

PMID- 2895730
TI  - Relationship of the genes for Chediak-Higashi syndrome (beige) and the T-cell
      receptor gamma chain in mouse and man.
AB  - The genetic linkage of Chediak-Higashi syndrome and its murine analog, beige
      (bg), to the T-cell receptor (TCR-gamma) gamma chain gene is further defined.
      Previous studies using recombinant inbred strains of mice demonstrated that the
      murine bg gene is genetically linked to a murine TCR-gamma gene. We report that
      in the mouse the frequency of recombination between these two markers is 0.025.
      Further, we tested the hypothesis that these two genes are linked in the human
      genome by analyzing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in five
      families with children afflicted with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. In three
      families, RFLPs in TCR-gamma genes were inherited discordantly from Chediak
      Higashi syndrome, demonstrating nonlinkage. We postulate that there is an
      evolutionary chromosomal breakpoint between the bg gene and the TCR-gamma gene.

PMID- 2895731
TI  - Failure of long-acting, recently-introduced B-agonists in asthma.

PMID- 2895732
TI  - Sequential activation and loss of the pre-B cell Thy-1 gene in T-cell X pre-B
      cell somatic hybrids.
AB  - In somatic cell hybrids between the pseudodiploid Thy-1- Abelson-leukemia-virus
      induced pre-B cell lymphoma RAW 253.1 and the Thy-1+ T-cell lymphoma, AKR1 (Thy
      1+), all cells express the Thy-1 allele of the T-cell parent but most hybrid
      cells do not express the Thy-1 allele of the pre-B cell lymphoma parent. The Thy
      1 allele of the pre-B cell parent, however, is spontaneously activated in a minor
      proportion of hybrid cells. By sorting for cells expressing the Thy-1 allele of
      the pre-B cell parent, derivative clones in which 100% of cells express both
      parental Thy-1 alleles can be isolated. Revertants with a phenotype identical
      with that of the original hybrid cell line can be isolated from these derivatives
      by sorting for nonexpression of the Thy-1 allele of the pre-B cell parent. These
      first-generation revertant cell lines have lost one copy of the Thy-1 gene
      derived from the pre-B cell lymphoma parent. By a further cycle of sorting,
      derivatives in which 100% of cells express both parental Thy-1 alleles can again
      be obtained. Second-generation revertants isolated by sorting these Thy-1+ hybrid
      cells for nonexpression of the Thy-1 allele of the pre-B cell parent no longer
      contain a normal copy of the pre-B cell Thy-1 allele and this surface antigen is
      no longer expressed by any cells in the population. These results are consistent
      with a mechanism that sequentially activates each copy of the Thy-1 gene derived
      from the pre-B cell lymphoma parent. Hybrids between the class D Thy-1- mutant,
      AKR1 (Thy-1- d), in which the 5' region of the Thy-1 structural gene has been
      deleted, and RAW 253.1 cannot be activated to express either Thy-1 allele. This
      result indicates that a sequence upstream of exon 2 of the active Thy-1 allele is
      critical for the initial activation event.

PMID- 2895733
TI  - T-cell receptor and HLA class II RFLPs in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2895734
TI  - Mapping of the Ly-4 (L3T4) T-cell differentiation antigen on mouse chromosome 6
      by the use of RFLPs in an interspecific cross.

PMID- 2895735
TI  - Sodium responsiveness of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The responsiveness of central nervous system alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the
      neural control of renal function was compared in conscious spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) on normal or
      high sodium intake (3-4 weeks of 1% NaCl for drinking). The responsiveness of
      central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors was determined by comparing among groups the
      dose-response curves for the effects of cumulative intracerebroventricular
      injections of guanabenz (5, 25, and 125 micrograms) on changes in mean arterial
      pressure, renal sympathetic nerve activity, and urinary sodium excretion.
      Guanabenz altered mean arterial pressure similarly in SHR on normal or high
      sodium intake and in WKY on normal or high sodium intake. High sodium intake
      shifted the guanabenz-renal sympathetic nerve activity and guanabenz-urinary
      sodium excretion dose-response curves to the left in SHR and to the right in WKY.
      The dose-response curves between SHR and WKY on normal sodium intake were
      similar. Surgical renal denervation or pretreatment with an alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptor antagonist (rauwolscine, 30 micrograms i.c.v.) attenuated the ability of
      guanabenz to inhibit renal sympathetic nerve activity or increase urinary sodium
      excretion in SHR and WKY on either normal or high sodium intake. We conclude that
      the responsiveness of central nervous system alpha 2-adrenergic receptors
      regarding the neural control of renal function is increased by high sodium intake
      in conscious SHR, but not in conscious normotensive WKY.

PMID- 2895736
TI  - Direct effects of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on intravascular
      systemic capacity in the dog.
AB  - The role of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation in the regulation of systemic
      vascular capacity and venous return, a major determinant of cardiac output, is
      not well understood. With the influence of the central nervous system isolated
      from the systemic circulation, the direct peripheral vascular effects of two
      specific, chemically distinct alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists, UK 14,304 and
      B-HT 920, were investigated in 19 dogs on total cardiopulmonary bypass with
      constant arterial perfusion and central venous pressure. Five-minute intra
      arterial infusions of UK 14,304 (200 micrograms/min) resulted in increased
      arterial resistance (mean arterial pressure increased 18 +/- 4 [SEM] mm Hg; p
      less than 0.01) and a decrease in systemic vascular capacity (81 +/- 20 ml; p
      less than 0.01). This decrease in systemic vascular capacity appears to result
      from vasoconstriction, since there was no decrease in transhepatic resistance to
      portal flow and no significant change in hepatic vein flow to suggest
      redistribution of arterial blood flow. Yohimbine abolished both the arterial and
      systemic capacity effects, whereas prazosin did not. Intra-arterial
      administration of B-HT 920 (200 theta grams/min) in five dogs produced similar
      changes in arterial resistance and systemic capacity. These findings provide
      direct evidence for beta 2-adrenergic control, not only of arterial resistance
      but also of systemic vascular capacity, which in the intact animal would increase
      venous return to the heart.

PMID- 2895737
TI  - Effects of arterial vasodilators on cardiac hypertrophy and sympathetic activity
      in rats.
AB  - In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the progression (or absence of
      regression) of cardiac hypertrophy despite adequate blood pressure (BP) control
      by arterial vasodilators has been attributed to increased cardiac sympathetic
      activity. We evaluated changes in indices of general and cardiac sympathetic tone
      in relation to changes in cardiac anatomy during treatment of normotensive rats
      and SHR with hydralazine, 120 mg/L, or minoxidil, 120 mg/L of drinking water. In
      SHR, both vasodilators reduced BP rapidly and consistently. Significant increases
      in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine were observed only in the initial 2 days
      of arterial vasodilator treatment. After 5 weeks of treatment, marked increases
      in left and right ventricular sympathetic activity (as assessed by norepinephrine
      turnover rates) were present, but no increase was seen in heart rate and plasma
      norepinephrine. Intravascular volume expansion was observed on Day 14 of
      minoxidil and Day 35 of hydralazine treatment. Prolonged treatment with minoxidil
      induced significant increases in left ventricular internal diameter, as well as
      in left and right ventricular weights, but not in the wall thickness of the left
      ventricle. Treatment with hydralazine did not affect left ventricular weight and
      caused a small increase in the weight of the right ventricle. In normotensive
      rats, both vasodilators initially decreased BP, but tolerance developed within 1
      to 2 weeks of treatment. Plasma norepinephrine and heart rate showed increases
      only at Day 1 of either treatment, whereas cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity
      persisted at 2 and 5 weeks of treatment. Changes in cardiac anatomy were
      qualitatively similar to those observed in SHR. We conclude that, during
      treatment of normotensive rats and SHR with arterial vasodilators, cardiac
      sympathetic hyperactivity persists and may be involved in the cardiac effects of
      arterial vasodilators. However, other mechanisms, such as chronic cardiac volume
      overload, may also play an important role, particularly with minoxidil.

PMID- 2895738
TI  - Hyperadhesive mutant of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli associated with
      formation of FimH organelles (fimbriosomes).
AB  - The relationships of the genes and gene-products mediating D-mannose-specific
      attachment of type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells were
      investigated by deletion mutation analysis of recombinant plasmid pSH2, which
      carries the genetic information for the synthesis and expression of functional
      type 1 fimbriae. Mutant pUT2004 was derived by a deletion remote from the
      structural gene encoding the 17-kilodalton (kDa) subunit protein of type 1
      fimbriae. Phenotypically, the mutant demonstrated an eightfold-higher mannose
      specific hemagglutination titer than the parent strain. On electron microscopy,
      the mutant strain expressed the same number of fimbriae as the parent strain.
      However, numerous 10-nm-diameter rounded structures (fimbriosomes) were observed
      both closely associated with fimbriae and in the culture medium. Fimbriosomes
      isolated from the medium agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes in a mannose
      sensitive manner. Dissociation of the fimbriosomes yielded a single 29-kDa
      protein, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis.
      Antibodies raised against fimbriosomes reacted with a 29-kDa protein on
      immunoelectroblots of dissociated type 1 fimbriae and also blocked the adherence
      of other strains of type 1 fimbriated E. coli to eucaryotic cells. These findings
      suggest that the enhanced adhesive properties of the mutant pUT2004 strain are
      associated with overproduction of the 29-kDa FimH in the form of fimbriosomes
      which contain the determinant of the D-mannose-sensitive adhesion of type 1
      fimbriae.

PMID- 2895739
TI  - Structural and serological relatedness of Haemophilus influenzae type b pili.
AB  - The structural and serological relatedness of the pilus proteins of several
      isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b cultured from patients with invasive
      disease and from different anatomic sites within the same patient was examined.
      Epithelial cell-adherent variants of 25 nonadherent parent isolates were obtained
      by selection for organisms that adhered to human erythrocytes. Outer membrane
      protein analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      revealed the presence of an additional 24- to 24.5-kilodalton protein among all
      adherent variants but absent from all nonadherent parent isolates. Polyclonal
      rabbit antiserum against the intact native pilus protein of H. influenzae M43
      cross-reacted with 20 of 25 adherent H. influenzae in both immunodot and slide
      agglutination assays. No differences in reactivity among isolates cultured from
      more than one anatomic site in the same patient were noted. Anti-M43 pilus
      antiserum had bactericidal activity against both the homologous strain and a
      heterologous strain that demonstrated serologic identity in the immunodot and
      slide agglutination assays. The adherence of these strains to human epithelial
      cells in vitro was inhibited by Fab fragments purified from the antipilus
      antiserum. These data indicate that a remarkable degree of homogeneity in pilin
      subunit size exists among the pili of H. influenzae type b and that major
      antigenic determinants are shared among most of these pili. Also, antibodies
      directed against H. influenzae pilus proteins may be able to contribute to host
      defenses through serum bactericidal activity and by blocking the adherence of
      this bacterium to host epithelial cells.

PMID- 2895740
TI  - A hemagglutinin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli recognizes the Dr blood group
      antigen.
AB  - A receptor moiety and blood group substance recognized by the O75X adhesin was
      studied. Well-defined erythrocytes representing different blood group systems and
      bacterial derivatives carrying plasmid pBJN406 encoding the adhesin were used in
      a direct hemagglutination assay. We showed that Dr blood group antigen, a
      component of the IFC blood group complex, is the receptor for the O75X
      fimbrialike adhesin (Dr hemagglutinin) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The
      molecule recognized by the Dr hemagglutinin on Dr blood group substance is a
      chloramphenicol-like structure. The inhibitory effect of the active compounds
      indicates that a tyrosine-containing molecule could be a natural receptor for the
      Dr hemagglutinin. Dr blood group substance was found in tubular basement membrane
      and Bowman's capsule of the human kidney. Specific attachment of a Dr
      hemagglutinin-positive bacterial strain to the kidney substructures was inhibited
      by chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2895741
TI  - Inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis block the entry of Bacillus anthracis
      adenylate cyclase toxin but not that of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase
      toxin.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis produce extracytoplasmic adenylate
      cyclase toxins (AC toxins) with shared features including activation by
      calmodulin and the ability to enter target cells and catalyze intracellular
      cyclic AMP (cAMP) production from host ATP. The two AC toxins were evaluated for
      sensitivities to a series of inhibitors of known uptake mechanisms. Cytochalasin
      D, an inhibitor of microfilament function, abrogated the cAMP response to B.
      anthracis AC toxin (93%) but not the cAMP response elicited by B. pertussis AC
      toxin. B. anthracis-mediated intoxication of CHO cells was completely inhibited
      by ammonium chloride (30 mM) and chloroquine (0.1 mM), whereas the cAMP
      accumulation produced by B. pertussis AC toxin remained unchanged. The block of
      target cell intoxication by cytochalasin D could be bypassed when cells were
      first treated with anthrax AC toxin and then exposed to an acidic medium. These
      data indicate that despite enzymatic similarities, these two AC toxins intoxicate
      target cells by different mechanisms, with anthrax AC toxin entering by means of
      receptor-mediated endocytosis into acidic compartments and B. pertussis AC toxin
      using a separate, and as yet undefined, mechanism.

PMID- 2895742
TI  - Characterization of P fimbriae on O1, O7, O75, rough, and nontypable strains of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - P fimbriae of 37 uropathogenic Escherichia coli O1:K1, O7:K1, O22, O75, rough:K1,
      and nontypable strains were characterized by immunoprecipitation with 14 fimbria
      specific rabbit antisera. The fimbrial composition of these strains, as reflected
      by the apparent molecular weights of the fimbrial peptides, was correlated with
      the O serogroup of the strains, but serological cross-reactivity of P fimbriae of
      different E. coli serogroups was frequently observed. The genetic clonal
      relationships of the strains were analyzed by determining the electrophoretic
      types, based on 18 chromosomally encoded enzymes. Among the O1:K1 strains, the
      same P-fimbrial variants occurred on strains that were either closely related or
      very distinct in their electrophoretic types, indicating that the P fimbriae have
      evolved in association with the O and K antigens. In contrast, certain O7:K1 and
      R:K1 strains as well as some O22 and O75 strains were genotypically identical and
      shared similar P-fimbrial variants, which differed serologically from those of
      other E. coli serogroups. Our results show that, despite the structural
      variability seen in electrophoretic analysis of P fimbriae of different
      serogroups, many P-fimbrial variants share common antigenic determinants that are
      recognized by rabbit antisera. Based on immunoprecipitation analyses, three anti
      P-fimbria sera have now been identified that react with P fimbriae of 82 of 84
      uropathogenic E. coli strains characterized in Finland.

PMID- 2895743
TI  - Bacterial activation of human natural killer cells: role of cell surface
      lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Culture of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with gram-negative bacteria
      associated with periodontal disease caused a rapid increase in the cytotoxic
      potential of natural killer (NK) cells. The NK cells were activated to kill NK
      resistant targets, the peak cytotoxicity occurring on day 1 of culture. The
      addition of anti-Tac, anti-CD3, or anti-OKT-11 antibodies to block activation via
      the interleukin-2 (IL-2), T-cell, or E rosette receptors had a minimal effect on
      this inductive process. Anti-IL-2 antiserum was effective in blocking a
      significant amount, but not all, of the cytotoxicity in bacterium-activated
      cultures. Modest IL-2 production (5 to 6 National Institutes of Health units) was
      measured in lymphocyte cultures activated by bacteria, but proliferation was not
      induced during a 1-week period. When polymixin B sulfate was added to bind and
      block lipopolysaccharides, bacterium-induced cytotoxicity was completely
      abrogated for all activating bacteria. In addition, when culture supernatants
      from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were tested, activation still occurred.
      However, again, this activation was totally inhibited by polymixin B sulfate.
      Monocytes were also activated by bacteria to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
      To exclude the possibility that TNF was responsible for cytotoxicity, an
      antiserum to TNF was added to cocultures of bacteria and lymphocytes with
      adherent cells removed. The antiserum had no effect on the inductive process. In
      addition, exogenous TNF did not kill M14 targets. These results suggest that
      bacterial cell surface lipopolysaccharides provide a major activation signal for
      NK cells to enhance cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2895744
TI  - Induction of inflammation by Escherichia coli on the mucosal level: requirement
      for adherence and endotoxin.
AB  - Bacterial infection of the mouse urinary tract is followed by the recruitment of
      leukocytes to the mucosal surface. This study examined the bacterial components
      involved in the induction of this response. Escherichia coli of serotype O75:K5:H
      expressing adhesins specific for the Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta- (Gal, galactose) and
      mannose-containing receptors were instilled into the urinary bladder of
      lipopolysaccharide responder (C3H/HcN) and lipopolysaccharide nonresponder
      (C3H/HeJ) mice. The inflammation was quantitated as the number of leukocytes
      excreted into the urine at various times after infection. The response was first
      shown to depend on the Lps genotype of the mouse. The leukocyte excretion that
      occurred within 24 h after infection of C3H/HeN mice was absent in C3H/HeJ mice.
      The components triggering the response were present on both live and Formalin
      killed bacterial cells, and the response was mimicked by intravesical inoculation
      of isolated lipid A. Pretreatment of bacteria with soluble receptor
      oligosaccharides resulted in inhibition of attachment in vitro and of the
      inflammation in vivo. A direct synergy between adhesins specific for Gal alpha 1
      4Gal beta receptors and lipid A was demonstrated. Mixtures of these components
      induced a leukocyte response higher than the sum of the responses to each
      component alone. These results suggest that the inflammation induced by gram
      negative bacteria in the urinary tract can be triggered at the level of the
      epithelial cells by endotoxin presented by an attaching bacterial cell and that
      intact function at the Lps locus of the host is required for this to occur.

PMID- 2895745
TI  - Identification of a human erythrocyte receptor for colonization factor antigen I
      pili expressed by H10407 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have identified a receptor for colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) pili in
      human erythrocyte membranes. Erythrocyte binding assays, using whole organisms,
      suggested that the CFA/I receptor was a glycoprotein containing important sialic
      acid moieties. Subsequently, human erythrocyte membranes were extracted with
      lithium diiodosalicylate to obtain a soluble glycoprotein fraction from which to
      isolate receptors. The extracted material caused agglutination of the CFA/I+ but
      not the CFA/I- organisms at a protein concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The CFA/I
      receptor was identified in iodinated extract by an affinity isolation procedure,
      using whole bacterial cells. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and autoradiography of the washed, extract-coated H10407 CFA/I+
      organisms revealed a band with an apparent molecular weight of 26,000 which was
      present in the original extract but was not observed on extract-coated H10407
      CFA/I- bacteria. The addition of purified CFA/I pili reduced binding of the
      26,000-molecular-weight receptor to CFA/I+ bacteria. The CFA/I-specific receptor
      species also bound to wheat germ agglutinin-agarose. This observation supported
      the suggestion that the CFA/I receptor identified in this report is a
      sialoglycoprotein.

PMID- 2895746
TI  - Protective antigens against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O101:K99,F41 in the
      infant mouse diarrhea model.
AB  - Protective antigens present in whole cells of bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia
      coli strains were tested in an infant mouse diarrhea model. Reduction of
      mortality rates of infant mice suckling vaccinated mothers was measured 1, 2, and
      5 days after oral challenge with strain B41 (O101:K99,F41:H-). Vaccines consisted
      of strains of serogroup O101, O9, O8, or O20 and of variants bearing or not
      bearing antigens K99 and F41. K99 and F41 expressions were checked by slide
      agglutination with K99 and F41 antisera and by mannose-resistant
      microhemagglutination with horse, sheep, and guinea pig erythrocytes. Absence of
      production of K99 antibodies following hyperimmunization with K99-negative
      variants was established in rabbit antisera. Strains bearing K99 alone induced
      less protection of infant mice 5 days after challenge than strains bearing F41
      alone or both K99 and F41. Absence of expression of K99 in the vaccinal strains
      resulted in either a slight decrease (strains bearing additional F41) or complete
      abolishment (strains bearing K99 alone) of protection. Failure of F41 synthesis
      by O101 strains or variants resulted in no protection 5 days after challenge. F41
      probably also supplied most of the protection induced by the O9 strain. When
      negative for both K99 and F41, strains of serogroup O101 still provided
      protection 1 and 2 days after challenge. This protection was also induced by
      strain H510a, the reference for O101 antigen. Thus, O antigen contributed to the
      best vaccinal protection, in addition to K99 and F41.

PMID- 2895747
TI  - Effects of AHR-5333, a new potential antiallergy compound, in in vivo models of
      immediate hypersensitivity.
AB  - AHR-5333 [1-[4-[3-[4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinyl] propoxy]-3
      methoxyphenyl]ethanone] possessed potent, long-acting activity in rat and guinea
      pig in vivo models of immediate hypersensitivity: AHR-5333 was more potent than
      azatadine (2 X), ketotifen (approximately 3 X), oxatomide (approximately 5 X),
      albuterol (6 X) and aminophylline (approximately 50 X) in a passive, foot
      anaphylaxis model in rats and more potent than diphenhydramine (approximately 237
      X), oxatomide (approximately 5.6 X) and theophylline (approximately 295 X) in
      guinea pigs challenged with aerosolized antigen. A long duration of action was
      noted after oral dosing of guinea pigs (24 h PD50, 0.78 mg/kg). Administration by
      aerosol (1%) to sensitized, spontaneously breathing, conscious guinea pigs
      protected against antigen-induced anaphylactic collapse; this protection
      persisted through 8 h. When administered prior to antigen challenge, AHR-5333 (10
      mg/kg, p.o.) effectively inhibited ascaris antigen-induced skin hypersensitivity
      reactions in both dogs and cynomolgus monkeys.

PMID- 2895748
TI  - The third nation-wide study on adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in Japan:
      characteristic patterns of HLA antigen and HTLV-I infection in ATL patients and
      their relatives. The T- and B-cell Malignancy Study Group.
AB  - To clarify the intrinsic factors involved in the manifestation of adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in Japan, a third nation-wide study on ATL was conducted
      by the T- and B-cell Malignancy Study Group. General clinico-epidemiological
      findings on ATL and infectious modes of transmission of human T-lymphotropic
      virus type I (HTLV-I) from 181 ATL patients and their relatives were analyzed and
      the frequency of HLA antigens in 64 ATL patients was compared with that of 48
      relatives of ATL probands, 340 controls from all Japan and 236 controls from
      Kyushu (Tanaka et al., 1984). General findings on ATL were mostly the same as
      those in the 2 previous nation-wide studies. The age-specific positivity rate of
      anti-HTLV-I antibody in siblings of ATL patients was markedly higher than that in
      children of ATL patients. This suggests that there is a high risk of mothers of
      ATL patients transmitting HTLV-I to their children who may develop clinical ATL
      after reaching ATL risk age. Frequencies of HLA antigens A26 and B39, among
      patients with ATL in ATL-endemic areas (Kyushu and South Shikoku), were higher
      (RR greater than 2.0 and p less than 0.05) than those of controls in Kyushu, and
      lower (RR less than 0.5 and p less than 0.05) with respect to A24, Bw46, Bw52,
      Bw61 and DR7. The frequency of Bw52 was also lower in relatives positive for anti
      HTLV-I antibody than in relatives without antibody. However, these differences
      were not statistically significant after correction for the 45 antigens typed.
      These results can neither support nor refute the possibility of genetic
      susceptibility to HTLV-I infection and manifestation of ATL.

PMID- 2895749
TI  - Lymphoma-specific T- and B-cell responses suggest the involvement of HTLV-I in
      virus-non-productive lymphomas of a married couple.
AB  - In a married couple, a T-cell and a B-cell lymphoma occurred at the same time in
      the husband (FR) and wife (FE), respectively.  Serum antibodies of patient FE
      with less advanced tumor progression specifically recognized HTLV-I-related
      envelope precursor molecules of 66-68 kDa molecular mass on HTLV-I-infected T-
      and B-cell lines, but not on HTLV-II or HIV-infected cells.  In addition, in vivo
      activated CD8+ T-cell lines (TCL) from this patient specifically lysed autologous
      B-lymphoma cells, T-lymphoma cells from the husband (FR), as well as the HTLV-I
      transformed MT2 T-cell line.  All positive target cells shared an HLA-class-I
      cross-reactive determinant identified by the alloantiserum WER127. On a clonal
      level, the specificity of the cytotoxic T-cell response was unequivocally
      distinguishable from classical natural-killer-like cytotoxicity.  Results imply
      the involvement of a common inductive agent in the manifestation of malignant
      lymphoma in both patients (FR and FE).  Since antibodies from cases with
      classical HTLV-I-induced adult T-cell leukemias (ATLL) did not bind antigens on
      cells of either lymphoma (FR or FE) and active virus production was not
      demonstrable under various different conditions, these results argue against HTLV
      1 itself being the transforming agent. However, humoral and cellular immune
      responses of one patient (FE), in addition to de novo HLA-class-1 antigen
      expression of both patients, are nonetheless consistent with the involvement of
      viral infections(s). These were responsble for the expression of HTLV-1
      characteristic envelope determinants of the malignant progeny of respective T-
      and B-cell origin.

PMID- 2895750
TI  - Expression of a hepatocyte membrane antigen during hepatocarcinogenesis and in
      the developing liver of the rat.
AB  - Changes in the expression of a cell membrane antigen during hepatocarcinogenesis
      and in the developing liver were analyzed by HAM.4, a monoclonal antibody (MAb)
      against a membrane glycoprotein of normal rat hepatocyte. Of the precancerous
      lesions observed during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine, 2
      acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy, early neoplastic foci were uniformly
      stained by HAM.4. In contrast, some cells in the neoplastic nodules at the late
      stage did not express HAM.4 antigen on the cell surface. Of the cancer tissues,
      well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas were stained by HAM.4 whereas
      poorly differentiated carcinomas did not bind HAM.4 In developing rat liver,
      HAM.4 antigen was first expressed on fetal hepatocytes at the 18th day of
      gestation. It gradually increased until 4 weeks after birth when the intensity of
      the stain was almost the same as in adult rat liver. These results suggest that
      the expression of a membrane antigen defined by HAM.4 is closely associated with
      the differentiation of bile canalicular face and that HAM.4 might be useful in
      characterizing differentiation of cells during malignant transformation of
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2895751
TI  - Prevalence of antibodies to 3 retroviruses in a captive colony of macaque
      monkeys.
AB  - The prevalence of antibodies to 3 retroviruses in the macaque colony of the New
      England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) was determined using enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay procedures as well as radioimmunoprecipitation-SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence tests. Out of
      848 macaques, 3 (0.35%) had antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 27
      (3.2%) had antibodies to simian T-lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-1) and
      approximately 285 (34%) had antibodies to type D retrovirus. Of 3 macaques
      infected with SIV, 2 were rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and I was a cynomolgus
      monkey (Macaca fascicularis). STLV-1 and D retrovirus infection occurred in all 4
      macaque species examined. SIV, STLV-1 and D retroviruses were isolated from sero
      positive macaques. The low prevalence of SIV infection suggests that SIV is not
      being readily transmitted among macaques at NERPRC; this contrasts markedly with
      the high SIV prevalence in some captive mangabey colonies. In contrast to African
      green monkeys from eastern Africa, 160 Caribbean green monkeys examined showed no
      sign of SIV infection. These results provide a framework for monitoring
      spontaneous disease associated with infection by these 3 retroviruses and will
      help in further definition of STLV-1 and SIV infection of non-human primates as
      animal models for human disease.

PMID- 2895752
TI  - Primary eye care in rural sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - Primary eye care in rural sub-Saharan Africa is reviewed. In the context of eye
      care delivered by village health workers (VHW's) living in and supported by the
      community, such a system of health care does not exist in Africa today. There are
      no VHW's, and primary health care is currently a matter of experimentation and
      conjecture only. However, most basic eye care is rendered by non
      ophthalmologists; such care consists of screening, treatment of infections and
      inflammations, and in some cases, cataract surgery. Lower levels of non
      ophthalmic general health workers are being tasked to promote measures to prevent
      trachoma and xerophthalmia/nutritional blindness by intervention at the village
      level. Preliminary results of such programs are encouraging, and warrant further
      evaluation and expansion.

PMID- 2895753
TI  - Neurochemical perspectives of the narcoleptic syndrome.
AB  - Narcolepsy has been defined as a disorder of excessive sleep often associated
      with cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Although the
      pathophysiology of the narcoleptic syndrome is not well understood, derangement
      in the functions of CNS catecholamines and serotonin (5-HT) have been implicated.
      In the present paper we summarize evidence to suggest a role for the endogenous
      opioids in the regulation of normal sleep and in the pathophysiology of the
      narcoleptic syndrome.

PMID- 2895754
TI  - Isoproterenol stimulates aqueous flow in humans with Horner's syndrome.
AB  - Topical 1 percent isoproterenol in the presence of the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor theophylline was tested for its ability to stimulate the rate of
      aqueous humor flow through the anterior chamber of the normal and the partially
      adrenergically denervated human eye (Horner's syndrome). Both the affected eye
      and the unaffected eye were observed to have lower flows at night than during the
      day. Isoproterenol had no significant effect on flow during the day in normal
      eyes or in Horner's syndrome, but during sleep this beta-adrenergic agonist
      increased flow in the normal eye by 34% and in the Horner's eye by 50%. We
      interpret the results as indicating that beta-adrenergic activity in the human
      eye can stimulate aqueous formation under some conditions. However, the observed
      stimulation could have been due to something other than increased beta-adrenergic
      activity in the ciliary epithelium.

PMID- 2895755
TI  - Acropustulosis of infancy--a case report.

PMID- 2895756
TI  - Homeotic genes, the homeobox, and the spatial organization of the embryo.

PMID- 2895757
TI  - A B-cell line having chromosome 14 aberration at break band q11 derived from an
      adult T-cell leukemia patient.
AB  - A B-cell line having translocations of chromosome 14 at break band q11 (the
      assigned locus of the alpha-chain gene of the T-cell antigen receptor) and
      chromosome 3 at break band p25 (the assigned locus of the c-raf-1 oncogene) was
      established from peripheral blood leukocytes of an adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
      patient. The same chromosome 14 aberration at break band q11 and chromosome 3
      aberration at break band p25 were also found in fresh T-cell leukemia cells. The
      B-cell line is surface immunoglobulin (sIg)+, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement+,
      ATL-specific antigen (ATLA)+, HTLV-1 proviral genome+, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
      associated nuclear antigen (EBNA)+ and the EBV DNA genome+. The fresh T-leukemic
      cells were T-cell receptor gene rearrangement+, the HTLV-1 proviral genome+ and
      EBV DNA genome.

PMID- 2895758
TI  - Spontaneous occurrence of placental glutathione S-transferase-positive foci in
      the livers of LEC rats.
AB  - Spontaneous occurrence of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P)-positive
      foci was observed in the livers of 5-month-old LEC rats. Quantitative studies
      revealed that GST-P foci appeared after the onset of hepatitis. The number and
      size of GST-P foci increased with age and more foci were induced in males than in
      females. No sex difference, however, was found in the incidence of hepatitis.
      Although hepatitis is necessary for the induction of GST-P foci, it is
      insufficient for their further growth. Since hereditary hepatitis first appears
      at around 4 months of age, leading to a high incidence of hepatocellular
      carcinomas in later life, the spontaneous occurrence of the foci may be related
      to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 2895759
TI  - F-244 (1233A), a specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
      synthase: taxonomy of producing strain, fermentation, isolation and biological
      properties.

PMID- 2895760
TI  - Serum GGTP as a diagnostic aid in non-icteric chronic liver disease patients.

PMID- 2895761
TI  - Comparative amnestic effects of benzodiazepine hypnotic agents.
AB  - The effects of triazolam 0.5 mg and temazepam 30 mg on immediate and delayed
      recall in normal and insomniac subjects were evaluated in three separate,
      randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group studies. Neither drug caused
      significant impairment of immediate recall. In the tests of delayed recall,
      triazolam caused a consistent anterograde amnestic effect. No significant
      impairment of delayed recall was observed in the temazepam study. Anterograde
      amnesia is thought to be a dose-related effect of benzodiazepines. Compounds with
      high benzodiazepine receptor affinity such as triazolam are thought to cause this
      type of amnesia more often than the lower-affinity compounds such as temazepam.

PMID- 2895762
TI  - Risk factors for drug-induced parkinsonism in tardive dyskinesia patients.
AB  - Using multivariate statistical analyses, the authors identified risk factors for
      development of drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) in 66 tardive dyskinesia (TD)
      patients. Older age, recent use of neuroleptics, shorter duration of past
      neuroleptic exposure, and severity of TD were associated with increased risk of
      DIP. The clinician should devise treatment strategies in anticipation of the
      occurrence of DIP regardless of the presence or absence of TD, especially in
      older patients. New models for the pathophysiology of the two disorders are
      needed.

PMID- 2895763
TI  - Long-term outcome after neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - Little information is available on long-term outcome after neuroleptic malignant
      syndrome (NMS). Four patients are described who had survived episodes of NMS 2 to
      11 years earlier. Some were safely re-treated with neuroleptics, and all safely
      received general anesthesia. No major sequelae were identified. Recommendations
      for management of patients after NMS are provided.

PMID- 2895764
TI  - An F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor lacking an internal tetramer-forming domain
      is imported into mitochondria in the absence of ATP.
AB  - Post-translational import of the F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor into isolated
      mitochondria requires both an energized inner membrane and nucleoside
      triphosphate hydrolysis on the organelle surface. Nested internal deletions of
      the F1 beta-precursor which progressively move a 128-residue carboxyl-terminal
      domain of the protein closer to the amino terminus reveal an abrupt transition
      between residues 122 and 144 to a form of the protein which is imported in the
      absence of added ATP. This transition region of the F1 beta-precursor is the same
      sequence which we have defined in earlier studies is required for formation of a
      tetramer following in vitro translation of the F1 beta-precursor. These data
      indicate that part of the requirement for ATP in the import of mitochondrial
      precursors may be involved in the reorganization of oligomeric species on the
      membrane surface which are formed following their translation.

PMID- 2895765
TI  - An immunogenic region within residues Val1670-Glu1684 of the factor VIII light
      chain induces antibodies which inhibit binding of factor VIII to von Willebrand
      factor.
AB  - We have identified a monoclonal anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibody, C4, which
      inhibits the binding of purified human FVIII to purified human von Willebrand
      factor (vWF). Both whole immunoglobulin C4 and its Fab fragment demonstrated dose
      dependent inhibition of FVIII binding to vWF immobilized on the surface of
      polystyrene beads. Synthetic peptides based on the amino acid sequence of FVIII
      were tested for the ability to block the binding of C4 to FVIII in an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay system. A single synthetic FVIII pentadecapeptide,
      consisting of residues Val1670-Glu1684, was able to inhibit C4 binding to FVIII.
      Under the conditions used, the Val1670-Glu1684 peptide demonstrated total
      inhibition of C4 binding at a concentration of 1 microM. Synthetic FVIII peptides
      flanking and overlapping the Val1670-Glu1684 peptide had no significant
      inhibitory activity on C4 binding in concentrations up to 100 microM. A
      polyclonal antibody made to the Val1670-Glu1684 peptide also demonstrated
      inhibition of FVIII binding to vWF. Polyclonal antibodies made to synthetic FVIII
      peptides flanking and partially overlapping the Val1670-Glu1684 sequence did not
      demonstrate such inhibition. Localization of the binding region of the monoclonal
      anti-FVIII antibody C4 to residues Val1670-Glu1684 suggests that this site is at,
      or near, a major vWF binding domain of FVIII.

PMID- 2895766
TI  - Adenosine deaminase-complexing protein from bovine kidney. Isolation of two
      distinct subunits.
AB  - We have isolated a complex of two proteins from bovine kidney that bind to
      adenosine deaminase immobilized on Sepharose 4B. One protein, with Mr = 110,000,
      comigrates on both PAGE and SDS-PAGE gels with complexing protein isolated from
      rabbit kidney by the method of Schrader et al. (Schrader, W.P., Harder, C. M.,
      and Schrader, D. K. (1983) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem. 75, 119-126).
      The second protein has a Mr = 70,000. Both proteins bind to the adenosine
      deaminase-Sepharose but not to a control resin of bovine serum albumin bound to
      Sepharose. Based on a comparison of partial and complete denaturation on SDS-PAGE
      the two proteins appear to be bound to each other. At adenosine concentrations of
      0.5-1 mM the isolated complexing protein increases small subunit adenosine
      deaminase catalytic activity by 20-30%. There may be some inhibition of catalytic
      activity at low adenosine concentrations. We have designated the 110,000 Mr
      protein CP-I, the 70,000 Mr protein CP-II and the complex of these two CP.

PMID- 2895767
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a receptor for type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia
      coli from guinea pig erythrocytes.
AB  - The adhesion of Escherichia coli to eukaryotic cells is mediated by proteinaceous
      surface appendages called fimbriae and complementary receptors on host cells.
      Although type 1 fimbriae, which contain a D-mannose-reactive lectin, have been
      well studied little is known about the binding mechanism of isolated fimbriae to
      individual cell receptors. This report describes the isolation and purification
      of a guinea pig erythrocyte receptor for type 1 fimbriae. Erythrocyte membranes
      were dissolved in 0.5% Triton X-100 and the receptor isolated and purified by
      affinity chromatography using type 1 fimbriae immobilized on Sepharose. The 65
      kDa receptor, which inhibits the agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes by type
      1 fimbriated E. coli, has a pI of 8.5-8.7, and binds concanavalin A and type 1
      fimbriae in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. The fimbrial binding activity
      of the receptor was reduced when treated with sodium metaperiodate,
      endoglycosidase H, trypsin, and V8 protease, suggesting the isolated receptor is
      a glycoprotein with N-linked carbohydrate units. Isolated type 1 fimbriae
      inhibited the binding of fimbriated E. coli to purified receptor in a dose- and
      time-related fashion. The calculated binding affinity was 6 X 10(6) M-1, a value
      consistent with the low binding affinity expected from previous studies of the
      agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes by isolated type 1 fimbriae.

PMID- 2895768
TI  - Effect of an uncE ribosome-binding site mutation on the synthesis and assembly of
      the Escherichia coli proton-translocating ATPase.
AB  - Plasmid pRPG54, which carries the genes for the eight subunits of the proton
      translocating ATPase of Escherichia coli, has been found to carry a single base
      change of a G to an A in the ribosome-binding site for uncE, the gene which codes
      for the N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding subunit c of the Fo. This noncoding
      region mutation both lowers expression of uncE by a factor of 2-3 and affects the
      function of the ATPase, specifically of the Fo sector. The presence of the
      mutation results in a decrease in the proton permeability of the Fo or of the
      entire F1Fo-ATPase complex when either is synthesized from genes on a multicopy
      plasmid. Expression of uncE from an F1Fo plasmid carrying the wild type ribosome
      binding site results in increased membrane proton permeability and decreased
      ability of the resultant ATPase to couple a transmembrane proton gradient to ATP
      synthesis both in vitro and in vivo. Also, although an Fo plasmid carrying the
      correct ribosome-binding site causes harmful, F1-dependent proton permeability in
      unc+ cells (Brusilow, W. S. S. (1987) J. Bacteriol. 169, 4984-4990), an identical
      plasmid carrying the mutation does not, even though it still codes for a
      functional reconstitutable Fo. The results show a relationship between the
      relative level of expression of uncE from a multicopy plasmid and the assembly
      pathway, proton permeability, and energy-coupling characteristics of the ATPase.

PMID- 2895770
TI  - Facilitation of Hb S polymerization by the substitution of Glu for Gln at beta
      121.
AB  - In an effort to clarify the role of Glu-beta 121 of Hb S molecules in
      polymerization, we studied the solubility and kinetics of polymerization of
      various mixtures of deoxyhemoglobins S (Glu-beta 6----Val) and D Los Angeles (Glu
      beta 121----Gln). It is known that patients with Hb S-D Los Angeles have a
      relatively severe clinical course. Mixtures of Hb S and Hb D Los Angeles
      polymerized after a distinct delay time, the length of which depended on the
      initial hemoglobin concentration and the fraction of Hb S in the mixture. There
      was a linear relationship between the logarithmic plot of delay time and initial
      hemoglobin concentration. The line for a 1:1 mixture of Hb S and Hb D Los Angeles
      shifted to the right of that for deoxy-Hb S by 0.08. This shift is much smaller
      than the shift of 0.32 for 1:1 AS mixtures. From these data, the probability
      factor for nucleation of S-D Los Angeles hybrid hemoglobin was calculated to be
      1.16, which is higher than that of Hb S (1.0) and AS hybrid hemoglobin (0.5). The
      degree of co-polymerization of Hb D Los Angeles in S-D Los Angeles mixtures was
      similar to that of Hb A in AS mixtures. The critical concentration for the
      polymerization of Hb D Los Angeles was between that of Hb A and Hb Machida, which
      has the same amino acid substitution (Glu----Gln) at the beta 6 position. These
      results suggest that the protein interaction of Hb S molecules during nucleation
      involves at least two steps. First, the Val-beta 6 of a Hb S molecule interacts
      hydrophobically with the Phe-beta 85 and the Leu-beta 88 of an adjacent Hb S
      molecule. In the second step, Glu-beta 121 weakens the interaction with His-beta
      116 and Pro-alpha 114. The substitution of Glu-beta 121----Gln may strengthen
      this second reaction and facilitate nucleation as well as polymerization.

PMID- 2895769
TI  - Trinitrophenyl-ATP and -ADP bind to a single nucleotide site on isolated beta
      subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. In vitro assembly of F1-subunits requires
      occupancy of the nucleotide-binding site on beta-subunit by nucleoside
      triphosphate.
AB  - The stoichiometry of nucleotide binding to the isolated alpha- and beta-subunits
      of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase was investigated using two experimental techniques:
      (a) titration with fluorescent trinitrophenyl (TNP) derivatives of AMP, ADP, and
      ATP and (b) the centrifuge column procedure using the particular conditions of
      Khananshvili and Gromet-Elhanan (Khananshvili, D., and Gromet-Elhanan, Z. (1985)
      FEBS Lett. 178, 10-14). Both procedures showed that alpha-subunit contains one
      nucleotide-binding site, confirming previous work. TNP-ADP and TNP-ATP bound to a
      maximal level of 1 mol/mol beta-subunit, consistent with previous equilibrium
      dialysis studies which showed isolated beta-subunit bound 1 mol of ADP or ATP per
      mol (Issartel, J. P., and Vignais, P. V. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 6591-6595).
      However, binding of only approximately 0.1 mol of ATP or ADP per mol of beta
      subunit was detected using centrifuge columns. Our results are consistent with
      the conclusion that each of the alpha- and beta-subunits contains one nucleotide
      binding domain. Because the subunit stoichiometry is alpha 3 beta 3 gamma delta
      epsilon, this can account for the location of the six known nucleotide-binding
      sites in E. coli F1-ATPase. Studies of in vitro assembly of isolated alpha-, beta
      , and gamma- subunits into an active ATPase showed that ATP, GTP, and ITP all
      supported assembly, with half-maximal reconstitution of ATPase occurring at
      concentrations of 100-200 microM, whereas ADP, GDP, and IDP did not. Also TNP-ATP
      supported assembly and TNP-ADP did not. The results demonstrate that (a) the
      nucleotide-binding site on beta-subunit has to be filled for enzyme assembly to
      proceed, whereas occupancy of the alpha-subunit nucleotide-binding site is not
      required, and (b) that enzyme assembly requires nucleoside triphosphate.

PMID- 2895771
TI  - Arginine 328 of the beta-subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase in yeast is
      essential for protein stability.
AB  - The mitochondrial ATPase is rapidly inactivated by the arginine selective reagent
      phenylglyoxal. Recently, the purported major reacting residue has been reported
      for the chloroplast enzyme (Viale, A. M., and Vallejos, R. H. (1985) J. Biol.
      Chem. 260, 4958-4962) corresponding to Arg-328 in the beta-subunit of the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial ATPase, a highly conserved residue in the
      ATPase. This arginine residue was concluded to be in the active site of the
      ATPase and possibly involved in the binding of nucleotides. To test this
      hypothesis, site-directed mutagenesis of the yeast enzyme has been used to
      replace Arg-328 with alanine and lysine. The modified genes were transformed into
      a yeast strain, DMY111, which contained a null mutation in the gene coding for
      the beta-subunit of the ATPase. Both of the substitutions were functional in vivo
      as demonstrated by the ability of yeast transformants to grow on a nonfermentable
      carbon source. The water soluble F1-ATPase with Ala-328 and Lys-328 were
      extremely unstable, but could be stabilized with glycerol. The rate of enzymatic
      decay followed first order kinetics with half-lives of 1.1 and 4.0 min for the
      mutants with Ala-328 and Lys-328 in 10% and 5% glycerol, respectively, while the
      wild type enzyme was stable even in the absence of glycerol. Kinetic analysis of
      both ATPase and GTPase has been determined. The wild type enzyme had two
      observable apparent Km and Vmax values for ATPase which were 0.056 mM-1 and 67
      units/min/mg and 0.140 mM-1 and 100 units/min/mg. The mutant enzyme containing
      Lys-328 showed similar kinetic values of 0.066 mM-1 and 23 units/min/mg and 0.300
      mM-1 and 43 units/min/mg. The mutant enzyme containing Ala-328, however, only
      demonstrated a single site with values of 0.121 mM-1 and 45 units/min/mg. In
      contrast to ATPase activity, kinetic values for GTPase were nearly identical for
      the wild type and mutant enzymes. Opposite to predicted results, the mutant
      enzymes were more sensitive to the reagent phenylglyoxal. These results indicate
      that Arg-328 is important for protein stability, but not involved in catalysis.

PMID- 2895772
TI  - Pyridoxal 5'-diphospho-5'-adenosine binds at a single site on isolated alpha
      subunit from Escherichia coli F1-ATPase and specifically reacts with lysine 201.
AB  - Pyridoxal 5'-diphospho-5'-adenosine (PLP-AMP), an adenine nucleotide affinity
      analog, was found to bind in a saturable fashion to isolated alpha-subunit from
      Escherichia coli F1-ATPase with a stoichiometry of one mol/mol and a Kd
      approximately 150 microM. The binding was shown to be specific by the following
      criteria: 1) ATP reduced the binding of PLP-AMP by 80%, and 2) PLP-AMP, like ATP,
      induced a conformational change which increased the mobility of alpha-subunit in
      nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and rendered alpha-subunit
      resistant to mild trypsin proteolysis. A stable adduct was formed between
      isolated alpha-subunit and [3H] PLP-AMP after reduction with NaBH4. alpha-Subunit
      labeled to the extent of 0.4-0.7 mol/mol was digested with trypsin and subjected
      to high pressure liquid chromatography purification, yielding a single labeled
      peptide. Automated amino acid sequencing showed that residue alpha-Lys-201 was
      specifically labeled. The results suggest that Lys-201 occupies a position
      proximate to the phosphate groups of bound ATP in the alpha.ATP complex. PLP-AMP
      did not support repolymerization of isolated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunits,
      consistent with previous reports that subunit repolymerization in vitro is
      dependent upon the presence of nucleoside triphosphate. Further, PLP-AMP-labeled
      alpha-subunit could not be reconstituted with isolated beta- and gamma-subunits
      in the presence of ATP, showing that occupation of the alpha-subunit nucleotide
      site by PLP-AMP impairs normal subunit-subunit interaction.

PMID- 2895773
TI  - Bovine adrenocortical cells exhibit high affinity transforming growth factor-beta
      receptors which are regulated by adrenocorticotropin.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) at picomolar concentrations has been
      previously shown to induce striking alterations of bovine adrenocortical cell
      differentiated functions, without detectable effect on growth activity (Feige,
      J.J., Cochet, C., and Chambaz, E. M. (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 139,
      693-700; Hotta, M., and Baird, A. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 7795
      7799). Adrenocortical cells in culture could bind 125I-labeled TGF-beta through
      at least two different binding systems. The highest affinity TGF-beta binding
      exhibited a Kd value of 5.7 X 10(-10) M and a calculated capacity of about
      100,000 sites/cell, while the low affinity system yielded values of 4.3 X 10(-8)
      M and 2 X 10(6) sites/cell, respectively. The 125I-labeled TGF-beta bound to
      adrenocortical cells could be cross-linked using disuccinimidyl suberate and
      subsequent electrophoretic analysis revealed that TGF-beta was associated with
      two major cell components of about 280 kDa and 70-75 kDa, respectively, the
      latter one being resolved as a labeled doublet. Thus bovine adrenocortical cells
      exhibit a TGF-beta receptor similar to that defined by Massague and co-workers
      (Cheifetz, S., Like, B., and Massague, J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261,9972-9978) in
      other cell types. Various growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor, as
      well as established hormonal activators of adrenocortical cell differentiated
      functions, such as angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropin, were examined as to
      their effect on TGF-beta receptor activity. A striking increase in the number of
      high affinity TGF-beta receptors was selectively elicited by ACTH in the
      nanomolar concentration range. This effect was time- and dose-dependent and was
      mimicked by cell treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or forskolin. However, the
      ACTH-induced increase in receptor number was not impaired when protein synthesis
      was blocked. It is concluded that bovine adrenocortical cells are typical target
      cells for TGF-beta. This endocrine system represents a model in which, for the
      first time, the level of TGF-beta receptor is shown to be under hormonal
      regulation through a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway.

PMID- 2895774
TI  - Catalytic properties of chloroplast F1-ATPase modified at catalytic or
      noncatalytic sites by 2-azido adenine nucleotides.
AB  - When heat-activated F1-ATPase from chloroplasts was repeatedly exposed to Mg2+
      and 2-azido-ATP, followed by separation from medium nucleotides and photolysis, a
      total of two sites per enzyme, both catalytic and noncatalytic, were labeled. In
      a coupled assay with pyruvate kinase about half the activity was lost when one
      site per enzyme was modified. However, increased modification resulted in no
      further loss of activity. In contrast, methanol-sulfite activation of the enzyme
      showed a loss of most of the catalytic capacity when one site per enzyme was
      modified. Predominant labeling of either one catalytic or one noncatalytic site
      caused a loss of most of the activity in either assay. An indication that the
      enzyme modified at one site retained some catalytic activity was verified by
      measurement of the [18O]Pi species formed when [gamma-18O]ATP was hydrolyzed by
      partially derivatized enzyme. With either catalytic or noncatalytic site
      modification, the distributions of [18O]Pi species formed showed that the
      modified enzyme had different catalytic characteristics. An interpretation is
      that with modification by azido nucleotides at either catalytic or noncatalytic
      sites, capacity for rapid catalysis is largely lost but the remaining sites
      retain weak modified catalytic properties.

PMID- 2895777
TI  - Arch marking technique for soldering intermaxillary hooks.

PMID- 2895776
TI  - Characterization of an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning by
      quantitative fecal culture and fecal enterotoxin measurement.
AB  - Published criteria for implicating Clostridium perfringens as the cause of food
      poisoning outbreaks include finding a median fecal C. perfringens spore count of
      greater than 10(6)/g among specimens from ill persons. We investigated a food
      poisoning outbreak with the epidemiologic characteristics of C. perfringens
      related disease in a nursing home in which the median fecal spore count for ill
      patients (2.5 X 10(7)/g) was similar to that for well patients (4.0 X 10(6)/g),
      making the etiology of the outbreak uncertain. All ill and well patients tested
      had eaten turkey, the implicated food item. C. perfringens enterotoxin was
      detected by reverse passive latex agglutination in fecal specimens from six of
      six ill and none of four well patients who had eaten turkey (P = 0.005),
      suggesting that this organism had caused the outbreak. This investigation
      suggests that detection of fecal C. perfringens enterotoxin is a specific way to
      identify this organism as the causative agent in food-poisoning outbreaks.

PMID- 2895775
TI  - Comparison of complications during rehabilitation between conservative and early
      surgical management in thermal burns involving the feet of children and
      adolescents.
AB  - To evaluate the long-term sequelae of early surgical management compared with
      conservative therapy, a retrospective review from January 1976 to December 1984
      was undertaken. Through inspection of burn diagrams, 395 patients were identified
      with burns involving the foot. From 1976 through 1980, 109 patients were managed
      in a conservative fashion with topical antimicrobial therapy and delayed
      debridement and grafting; 36 of these patients with severe burns were managed
      with skeletal suspension. Between 1981 and 1984, 136 patients were treated with
      earlier surgical debridement and grafting; during this period, skeletal
      suspension was rarely used. No statistical difference was found in mortality,
      amputations, incidence of open wounds, development of contractures, or number of
      patients requiring reconstructive procedures between conservative and early
      excision therapy except in those children treated with skeletal suspension. Thus
      in burns involving the feet in children, early excision and grafting does not
      alter the resultant morbidity compared with conservative burn management.

PMID- 2895778
TI  - Welding of TMA wire. Clinical applications.

PMID- 2895779
TI  - Distributions of tyrosine hydroxylase-, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-, and
      phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the
      hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).
AB  - Antibodies to the catecholamine synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
      (PNMT) were used in an immunohistochemical analysis of the brain of the golden
      hamster. The distributions and morphological characteristics of neurons
      displaying immunoreactivity to these enzymes were examined in sets of adjacent
      sections. Various novel groups of TH-immunoreactive neurons were found. A
      distinct feature observed in the hamster brain was the presence of a population
      of magnocellular multipolar neurons in the basal forebrain which displayed
      intense TH immunoreactivity. These cells were found predominantly in the vertical
      and horizontal limbs of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and in the
      lateral preoptic area. Many small TH-positive cells were also found scattered in
      the deeper layers of the cortex in the hamster. The pericentral divisions of the
      inferior colliculus contained a large number of TH-immunoreactive neurons, and a
      few small bipolar cells in the lateral superior olive were also stained. A major
      cell group was found in the lateral parabrachial nucleus at the level of the
      locus ceruleus that displayed TH but not DBH immunoreactivity and was obviously
      separate from the TH- and DBH-positive cells of the locus ceruleus. Additional TH
      positive cell groups were found along the seventh nerve, within the medial
      longitudinal fasiculus, in the nucleus raphe pallidus, and in the pars caudalis
      of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The various catecholamine cell groups described
      by many people in the rat by use of histochemical and immunohistochemical
      techniques were also present in the hamster brain. These included the
      noradrenergic, TH- and DBH-immunoreactive cell groups of the pons and medulla.
      The hamster also displayed groups of medullary neurons displaying
      immunoreactivity to TH, DBH, and PNMT. These appeared similar in distribution and
      morphology to the adrenaline cell groups described in the rat. TH-immunoreactive
      cell groups in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and ventral
      tegmental area of the hamster appeared to correspond to the dopaminergic cells
      groups described in the rat and other species. In addition, as in the rat and
      cat, numerous TH-positive cells were found in the dorsal motor nucleus of the
      vagus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the area postrema. These
      observations suggest that catechols may be present in neurons in the cortex,
      basal forebrain, auditory brainstem, and the parabrachial nucleus of the hamster.
      These studies also emphasize the need for caution in making generalizations
      regarding transmitter distributions across species.

PMID- 2895781
TI  - Optometry in the neuropsychiatric hospital.

PMID- 2895782
TI  - Management of open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - Open-angle glaucoma is a non-curable, blinding disease which has its best
      prognosis when management begins at its earliest onset. Recent studies, such as
      those demonstrating axonal loss before functional or physical changes occur, will
      have an effect on the current standard of management. This includes indications
      for initiating treatment as well as what constitutes controlled intraocular
      pressure. Pharmacological management is often difficult due to drug tolerance and
      compliance problems. Some types of secondary open angle glaucomas respond very
      poorly to treatment. Hence, an accurate diagnosis is imperative to proper
      management. Principles underlying pharmacological management are discussed. When
      pharmacological management fails, laser and/or surgical intervention is required
      to prevent further vision loss.

PMID- 2895780
TI  - Selective dopamine-1 agonist therapy in severe hypertension: effects of
      intravenous fenoldopam.
AB  - To determine the effects of dopamine-1 agonist therapy in severe hypertension,
      blood pressure, heart rate, catecholamines and left ventricular function were
      studied in 18 patients (10 with renal disease) with diastolic blood pressure
      greater than 120 mm Hg (range 124 to 160) after intravenous fenoldopam therapy.
      Constant infusions of fenoldopam were titrated upward every 10 to 20 min from an
      initial dose of 0.1 microgram/kg per min to a maximal dose of 0.9 microgram/kg
      per min. The therapeutic goal of a supine diastolic blood pressure of less than
      110 mm Hg was achieved in every patient within 1 h at an average dose of 0.34 +/-
      0.22 microgram/kg per min. Blood pressure decreased from 214/134 +/- 33/10 mm Hg
      at baseline to 170/96 +/- 29/7 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001) at 3 h, whereas heart
      rate increased from 77 +/- 23 to 88 +/- 21 beats/min (p less than 0.01). Plasma
      norepinephrine increased during the fenoldopam infusion; epinephrine and dopamine
      levels did not change. Two indexes of left ventricular function (end-systolic
      dimension and isovolumic relaxation time) improved during the fenoldopam
      infusion, but mitral flow velocities during ventricular filling were unchanged.
      Side effects of intravenous fenoldopam were mild, transient and associated with
      the marked vasodilatory properties of the drug. Thus, fenoldopam is safe and
      effective as a parenteral monotherapy in patients with severe essential and
      renovascular hypertension. Preliminary data suggest that blood pressure reduction
      with selective dopamine-1 agonist therapy is accompanied by improved left
      ventricular function.

PMID- 2895783
TI  - Betaxolol and levobunolol: new beta-blocking antiglaucoma agents.
AB  - The Food and Drug Administration has recently approved the use of two new
      ophthalmic beta-adrenergic antagonistic agents: betaxolol hydrochloride
      (Betoptic) and levobunolol hydrochloride (Betagan). This paper reviews the
      history, pharmacologic properties, clinical efficacy and potential side effects
      of this expanding class of antiglaucoma medication.

PMID- 2895784
TI  - Comparative sensitivity of histo-pathology and specific lung parameters in the
      detection of lung injury.
AB  - The sensitivity of different parameters for the determination of lung injury
      caused by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was investigated. Male rats were exposed to
      concentrations of 0, 4, 10 or 25 ppm NO2 for 6 h/day, for 7, 14 or 21 days.
      Histopathology of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and lungs was compared with
      the changes in macrophage function and morphology. In addition several
      biochemical parameters were determined in lung lavages. Cytotoxic effects were
      investigated in primary cultures of rat and bovine alveolar macrophages, exposed
      to the same NO2-levels as in the in vivo exposure. Treatment-related
      histopathological changes were observed in the lungs. No differences between
      exposed and control animals were observed in the nasal cavity, larynx or trachea.
      The morphology of the lavaged alveolar macrophages was changed at all exposure
      concentrations on day 7, 14 and 21. An increase in the number of macrophages was
      found after exposure to 10 and 25 ppm NO2 on days 7, 14 and 21. The phagocytic
      capacity was diminished after 14 and 21 days exposure to 25 ppm and at both times
      exposure to 10 and 25 ppm increased the level of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
      in lavage fluids. Morphology of the macrophages and levels of GGT were found to
      be sensitive parameters of nitrogen dioxide toxicity. In vitro exposure of rat
      and bovine alveolar macrophages to comparable NO2-concentrations induced effects
      on phagocytosis similar to those observed for macrophages from exposed rats.

PMID- 2895785
TI  - Antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: current issues.
AB  - In the 1950s antipsychotic antidopaminergic drugs were introduced as the
      pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. In the last 35 years a large fund of
      knowledge has been acquired about these drugs. Still, a number of issues
      regarding them require further addressing. We have reviewed the literature on
      some of these issues, focusing on those factors that the previous studies have
      resolved inadequately. The issue of optimal dosages of antipsychotics in
      schizophrenia has been analyzed from the perspective of the dose requirements
      during "rapid tranquilization", "in acute psychotic phases of schizophrenia", "in
      chronically hospitalized psychotic schizophrenic patients" and during
      "maintenance phases of schizophrenia". We have briefly discussed the different
      methodologies available for measuring neuroleptic levels in plasma, their
      methodological weaknesses and strengths and some of the larger studies done with
      chlorpromazine, haloperidol and fluphenazine to establish correlations between
      levels, treatment response, oral dosages and side-effects. The theoretically
      fascinating concept of supersensitivity psychosis has been reviewed and the
      theoretical and practical weaknesses that exist in most of the papers that have
      claimed validity for this concept are presented. The article also reviews the
      preclinical, postmortem and clinical research that demonstrates the presence of
      site selectivity for dopamine receptors in the newer atypical neuroleptics.
      Finally, the article briefly reviews the current status of some unorthodox
      clinical strategies, that may be potentially applicable in managing schizophrenic
      disorders.

PMID- 2895786
TI  - Tolerance and rebound during and after short-term administration of quazepam,
      triazolam and placebo to healthy human volunteers.
AB  - Quazepam 15 mg, triazolam 0.25 mg and placebo were administered to 12 healthy
      volunteers. Each drug was given for 14 nights using a balanced design with at
      least 28 days between drug administrations. A test battery of physiological,
      psychological and subjective measures was administered on the mornings of days 1,
      8, 14, 15 and 22 of the drug and post-drug periods. Seven days prior to and on
      days 1 to 28 of the drug and post-drug periods, sleep and self evaluation
      questionnaires were completed. Quazepam was associated with definite EEG effects,
      an unexpected improvement in simple motor performance and an increase in several
      bodily symptoms and ratings of sedation. Triazolam-impaired performance and also
      increased ratings of bodily symptoms and sedation. Two symptom increases with
      triazolam--metallic taste and touch sensitivity--might reflect day-time rebound.
      Sleep quality was improved by both drugs. There was little evidence of tolerance
      to drug effects on EEG or psychomotor tests. However tolerance was seen to the
      bodily symptoms and mood ratings. Rebound after drug discontinuation was not
      convincingly detected.

PMID- 2895787
TI  - Localization and phenotype of cycling and post-cycling murine thymocytes studied
      by simultaneous detection of bromodeoxyuridine and surface antigens.
AB  - Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) was incorporated in vivo or in vitro into the DNA of
      proliferating murine thymocytes. Surface antigens Thy1, Lyt2 (CD8), L3T4 (CD4),
      interleukin-2 receptor (IL2-R), and the V beta 8 chain of the T-cell receptor
      were detected using specific monoclonal antibodies with the biotin-avidin system,
      and cells were then treated for DNA denaturation. Simultaneous detection of
      BrdUrd and surface markers was performed on cell smears and frozen sections by
      double-color immunofluorescence. The phenotype of cycling cells, determined in
      fetal thymus and in the thymus of mice from birth to one year of age, showed
      relative stability after the initial growth period, despite severe involution of
      the gland. Phenotypic evolution of cycling cells and their progeny was also
      studied in colchicine-treated animals and was shown to reproduce sequential
      events of T-cell differentiation. On sections, the highest frequency of cycling
      cells was observed in the outer cortex in normal thymus, but the first cells to
      start proliferation during regeneration were mostly located in the deep cortex
      and corticomedullary junction. These results show the high potential of this
      method, as compared to autoradiography of radiolabeled cells.

PMID- 2895788
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for rabbit renal brush-border
      hydrolases: application to immunohistological localization.
AB  - By use of immunodepletion studies, we characterized four monoclonal antibodies
      reactive with rabbit brush-border (BB) as specific for aminopeptidase N (AP),
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV), neutral endopeptidase (EP), and angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE), and we used these antibodies for immunohistochemical
      detection of these four hydrolases. Expression within the kidney was studied by
      light and electron microscopy. All four hydrolases are expressed on the various
      segments of the proximal tubule. In addition, EP and DPPIV are detectable on
      visceral epithelial cells of the glomerulus and AP on the cells of Bowman's
      capsule. Outside the kidney, the four hydrolases are expressed within the
      digestive and genital tracts, where AP, EP, and DPPIV predominate on epithelial
      structures, whereas ACE is essentially located in vascular structures. The latter
      localization is also characteristic of ACE in the other organs studied, where
      clear-cut systematic distribution of the other hydrolases was often difficult to
      demonstrate. In addition, AP, DPPIV, and EP were detected on lymphoid cells. As
      compared to reports of data obtained essentially by enzymatic or
      immunoradiometric assays, these observations suggest considerable interspecies
      variations of extrarenal expression of the major BB hydrolases. This should be
      taken into account in attempting to define a general physiological role for a
      given enzyme.

PMID- 2895789
TI  - Thy-1- and Ly-6-mediated lymphokine production and growth inhibition of a T cell
      hybridoma require co-expression of the T cell antigen receptor complex.
AB  - Repetitive subcloning of an Ag-specific T cell hybridoma yielded a variant that
      lacked functional mRNA for the Ag receptor (Ti, T cell Ag receptor alpha/beta
      heterodimer) beta-chains and failed to express CD3/Ti on the cell surface.
      Transfection with the original Ti alpha- and beta-chain genes restored CD3/Ti
      expression to normal levels. Whereas the parental T cell hybridoma produced IL-2
      when stimulated with mAb against CD3, Thy-1, and Ly-6, the CD3/Ti negative cell
      failed to do so. Reconstitution of CD3/Ti expression restored normal IL-2
      production in response to these mAb. A separate response to activation, the
      inhibition of transformed growth, was also dependent upon co-expression of
      CD3/Ti. These data demonstrate that cell surface expression of CD3/Ti is required
      for IL-2 production and growth inhibition initiated by two distinct activating
      molecules, and suggest that CD3/Ti may be a final common pathway for many
      transmembrane activation signals.

PMID- 2895790
TI  - Development of a human monoclonal antibody from a Graves' disease patient that
      identifies a novel thyroid membrane antigen.
AB  - To investigate the interaction between antibodies and the thyroid gland in
      Graves' disease, PBL were harvested from seven Graves' disease patients and
      transformed into lymphoblasts by the addition of EBV in the presence of
      cyclosporine A. These lymphoblasts were cloned by limiting dilution and then
      assayed for binding activity to human thyroglobulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone,
      thyroid microsome, and thyroid as well as guinea pig fat cell membranes. Four
      patients' cells produced antibody that bound to at least one of the Ag; a single
      clone from one patient that bound equally well to both thyroid and guinea pig fat
      cell membranes (but not to other thyroid Ag) was selected for further evaluation.
      Fusion of these cells with SHM-D33 heteromyeloma cells yielded three cell lines
      that produced genetically identical mAb. Immunostaining of human thyrocytes with
      this mAb demonstrated an Ag present on both nuclear and cell membranes. This Ag
      was identified as an 18,000 m.w. protein band on Western blots of both human
      thyroid and guinea pig fat cell membranes. The mAb was also able to alter
      thyrocyte physiology as the short term incubation of this mAb with FRTL-5 cells
      in vitro inhibited thyroid-stimulating hormone-mediated production of cAMP. Thus,
      this mAb and the Ag it identifies may be relevant to Graves' disease.

PMID- 2895791
TI  - IL-2 receptor(p55)/Tac-inducing factor. Purification and characterization of
      adult T cell leukemia-derived factor.
AB  - Many human T cell lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) transformed T cells from adult T
      cell leukemia (ATL) patients continuously produce a humoral factor called ATL
      derived factor (ADF) which induces IL-2R/Tac expression on T and NK cells. Using
      gel filtration, procion red Sepharose, DEAE, and reverse phase chromatography, we
      have purified ADF protein to homogeneity from 15 liters of serum-free culture
      supernatant of an HTLV-I(+) T cell line ATL-2. Purified ADF protein had the m.w.
      of 14,000 by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, and its isoelectric point is around
      5.0. ADF did not react with heteroantibodies against IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta,
      which have also IL-2R/Tac-inducing activity on suitable target cells. Partial N
      terminal amino acid sequence of ADF is different from other cytokines such as,
      IFN, BSF-2, and various IL whose cDNA has been cloned. Western blot analysis
      using rabbit antibodies against N-terminal 10mer synthetic peptide of ADF showed
      that IL-1 alpha and ADF are different proteins. ADF had its IL-2R/Tac-inducing
      activity not only on human NK-like cell line YT, but also on HTLV-I(+) T cells,
      such as ED. In contrast, macrophage-derived IL-1 lacked IL-2R/Tac-inducing
      activity on ED cells despite their IL-2R/Tac induction on YT, indicating that ADF
      and IL-1 have their effect via different receptors.

PMID- 2895792
TI  - Stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity and reduction of adenylate cyclase
      activity by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human blood
      neutrophils.
AB  - Human neutrophils were incubated with granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF and
      examined for changes in second messenger systems. Twofold increases in cGMP but
      not cAMP were measured after 5 to 20 min with 100 U/ml GM-CSF. Guanylate cyclase
      activities in membrane and cytosol fractions were increased to the same extent
      whether measured in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+, or in the cytosol with Mg2+ + N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine. Kinetic studies of the cytosol enzyme showed
      no changes in the Km values for Mg2+ and Mn2+dependent guanylate cyclase
      activities (0.91 and 0.022 mM, respectively), whereas Vm values were increased
      after treating intact cells with GM-CSF. Two peaks of guanylate cyclase activity
      were observed, one at 10 and another at 60 min after adding 100 U/ml GM-CSF,
      whereas only one peak at 5 min occurred with 1 U/ml. Adenylate cyclase activity
      was reduced by nearly 50% after adding 100 U/ml GM-CSF for 10 to 30 min. These
      effects were also seen in the presence of several hormonal and nonhormonal
      adenylate cyclase stimulators. In contrast, small increases in adenylate cyclase
      activity occurred after adding 1 U/ml GM-CSF. In experiments to examine the
      pathway of guanylate cyclase activation by GM-CSF, we observed no changes in
      inositol phosphates, intracellular calcium ion, or cytosolic protein kinase C.
      The augmentation of chemotactic peptide-induced superoxide production by GM-CSF
      concentrations, may be related to the effects of the higher levels of GM-CSF to
      stimulate late increases in guanylate cyclase or decreases in adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2895793
TI  - Relation between arachidonic acid metabolism and development of thymocytes in
      fetal thymic organ cultures.
AB  - Because products of arachidonic acid metabolism, particularly the PG, have been
      implicated as modulators of growth and differentiation of adult thymocytes, we
      investigated relations between metabolism of arachidonic acid and growth, as well
      as differentiation, of thymocytes during fetal thymic organ culture. Fetal thymic
      cells synthesized immunoreactive PGE2 during organ culture and were found to be
      capable of metabolizing exogenous arachidonic acid to products that
      cochromatographed with authentic 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGE2, PGF2 alpha. Synthesis
      of these products and growth and expression of Thy-1 and Lyt-1 Ag were inhibited
      by culture of fetal thymic lobes with indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor,
      as well as meclofenamate and eicosatetraynoic acid, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase
      and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Only indomethacin
      inhibited expression of Lyt-2. Culture with eicosatetraynoic acid also inhibited
      the capacity of thymic lobes to synthesize 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-like
      products. The inhibitory effects of indomethacin on growth and expression of Thy
      1 were partially reversed by simultaneous addition of arachidonic acid. Thus,
      fetal thymic cells appear to require an intact cyclooxygenase, and possibly
      lipoxygenase, pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism for growth and
      differentiation. These data also provide evidence that Lyt-1 and Lyt-2 may be
      regulated by different requirements with respect to arachidonic acid metabolism.

PMID- 2895794
TI  - Stable T3- and T3+ subclones derived from the mosaic human T cell leukemia cell
      line, CEM.
AB  - An unexplained feature of the human T lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, CEM, is a
      heterogeneous expression of surface membrane T3-TCR complex. CEM cells
      constitutively maintain two distinct populations whereby a minority of cells (5
      to 16%) express T3 but the remainder do not. From the parental cell line, we have
      derived stable subclones in which all cells express surface T3 and companion
      subclones that lack surface T3. Inasmuch as surface T3 expression is contingent
      on assembly and coexpression of the multichain T3 protein complex with the TCR,
      we compared the surface T3+ and T3- subclones for their rearrangement and
      expression of genes of the T3-TCR complex. Restricted DNA of both subclone types
      showed the identical monoclonal pattern of TCR gene rearrangement seen in the
      mosaic parental CEM line. Northern blot analysis revealed mRNA transcripts of TCR
      beta subunit and T3 delta in both the surface T3+ and T3- subclones. However,
      surface T3+ subclones transcribed abundant full length (1.5-kb) TCR alpha mRNA in
      contrast to the surface T3- subclones in which TCR alpha transcripts were
      undetectable. Lack of TCR alpha gene transcription was not attributable to either
      unrearranged or aberrantly rearranged TCR alpha genes because exposure of surface
      T3- cells to phorbol ester induced a rapid (15-min) and progressive accumulation
      of full length (1.5-kb) TCR alpha mRNA. This was followed by surface membrane T3
      expression in 24 to 72 h. We conclude that the unusual phenotypic mosaicism of
      CEM cells is attributable to a reversible lack of transcription of the TCR alpha
      gene.

PMID- 2895795
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin as
      probes for proliferating cells by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow
      cytometry.
AB  - Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin is an intranuclear polypeptide
      antigen that is found in both normal and transformed proliferating cells. We have
      recently described two mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with PCNA. In this
      report we describe the application of these antibodies to the study of
      proliferating human cells by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and by flow
      cytometry. A fixation/permeation procedure was developed in order to obtain
      satisfactory binding of monoclonal PCNA-specific antibodies to proliferating
      cells. This method involved fixation with 1% paraformaldehyde followed by
      methanol treatment. For the staining of cells in suspension with the IgM type
      monoclonal antibodies lysolecithin was added to the paraformaldehyde solution to
      achieve a better permeation by the antibody molecules. This procedure gave a good
      ratio of specific staining relative to the background staining. It also preserved
      the shape and normal architecture of the cells as judged by visual microscopic
      observation and by light scatter measurements using a flow cytometer.
      Furthermore, this fixation technique permits simultaneous labeling of DNA by
      propidium iodide and PCNA by monoclonal antibodies. PCNA was detected in various
      types of normal and transformed proliferating cells by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Quiescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells were PCNA
      negative whereas a fraction of lectin-stimulated lymphocytes became PCNA
      positive. Similarly, early passages of fetal skin fibroblasts were PCNA-positive
      but non-proliferating senescent fibroblasts of later passages were PCNA-negative.
      The association of PCNA-staining by monoclonal antibodies with cell proliferation
      was confirmed by flow cytometry. Simultaneous labeling of PCNA and DNA showed
      that the PCNA signal increased during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, reached its
      maximum in the S-phase, and declined during the G2/M phase. Using cell sorting we
      demonstrated that mitotic cells had a very low PCNA signal. Thus, monoclonal PCNA
      specific antibodies offer a convenient tool for the detection of human cell
      proliferation by immunofluorescence microscopy and by flow cytometry.

PMID- 2895796
TI  - ApoB gene MspI RFLP in exon 26 changes amino acid 3611 from Arg to Gln.
AB  - An apolipoprotein B gene MspI RFLP was identified by the use of a probe to a
      portion of the 3' end of the gene. By Southern blotting analysis after digestion
      with MspI, this probe detected either a 9 kb or a 2.6 kb fragment. Family studies
      showed that these corresponded to alleles that segregated in a simple Mendelian
      fashion. The minor allele (9.0 kb) had a frequency of approximately 12% in an
      unrelated Caucasian population. Restriction mapping showed that the minor allele
      was due to the loss of an MspI site in exon 26. Sequencing of both alleles in the
      region containing the polymorphic MspI site revealed a single-base pair
      alteration which abolished the MspI site at codon 3611 of the mature apoB
      protein. In the major allele, this codon is CGG, which specifies Arg; whereas in
      the minor allele, it was CAG, which codes for Gln.

PMID- 2895797
TI  - Characterization of immunoreactive dynorphin in human phaeochromocytomas.
AB  - The prodynorphin-derived opioids, dynorphin (DYN) and alpha-neoendorphin (alpha
      NE) were studied in 24 human phaeochromocytomas and related tumours. Nineteen
      tumours, extracted in HCl (0.1 mol/l), contained concentrations of immunoreactive
      DYN (ir-DYN) ranging from less than 0.5 to 794 pmol/g wet weight. None of the
      extracts in HCl contained ir-alpha NE (all less than 2.4 pmol/g). Sephadex G-50
      gel filtration chromatography of ir-DYN in HCl (0.1 mol/l) extracts of six
      tumours revealed three small peaks of ir-DYN of higher molecular size
      (approximately 12,000, 6000 and 3000 daltons), a minor peak of ir-DYN eluting
      just after DYN(1-17), and a broad major peak, consisting of at least three
      components, which was significantly retarded and eluted after the salt volume of
      the column. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of these extracts revealed
      multiple peaks of ir-DYN, most of which did not coelute with any synthetic DYN
      peptides. On both gel filtration chromatography and HPLC, one of the minor peaks
      coeluted with DYN(1-32). None of the peaks of ir-DYN coeluted with DYN(1-17)
      which had been acetylated using acetic anhydride. Extracts of the same tumours in
      acetic acid (0.1 mol/l) yielded similar values for ir-DYN content, but
      parallelism in the assay was improved. Sephadex G-50 chromatography revealed a
      different pattern of ir-DYN with a major peak coeluting with DYN(1-17) and, in
      two tumours, a minor peak coeluting with DYN(1-8). Studies with HPLC revealed,
      however, that substantial degradation of synthetic DYN occurred during extraction
      in acetic acid (0.1 mol/l) in spite of the precautions taken. Phaeochromocytomas
      frequently contain ir-DYN in concentrations which may approach that of the
      mammalian pituitary. These tumours did not, however, contain ir-alpha NE and,
      with the possible exception of a small amount of DYN(1-32), the ir-DYN present
      did not correspond with any known sequences. Thus, whilst prodynorphin is
      expressed in phaeochromocytomas, it does not seem to be processed to the usual
      end-products, and post-translational modifications therefore seem likely.
      Enzymatic degradation of DYN may occur during extraction in acetic acid (0.1
      mol/l), and this medium should, therefore, be avoided in studies of such labile
      peptides.

PMID- 2895798
TI  - A comparison of the adhesion, coaggregation and cell-surface hydrophobicity
      properties of fibrillar and fimbriate strains of Streptococcus salivarius.
AB  - Fibrillar and fimbriate strains of Streptococcus salivarius were compared for
      their ability to adhere to buccal epithelial cells and saliva-coated
      hydroxyapatite beads, and for their ability to coaggregate with Veillonella
      strains. The fibrillar Lancefield group K strains adhered statistically
      significantly better to both buccal epithelial cells and saliva-coated
      hydroxyapatite beads than the fimbriate strains, which lacked the Lancefield
      group K antigen. After 1 h the fibrillar strains coaggregated statistically
      significantly better than the fimbriate strains with V. parvula strain V1, but
      after 24 h, coaggregation both of fibrillar and of fimbriate strains reached
      approximately 90%. Freshly isolated Veillonella strains all coaggregated with the
      S. salivarius strains, but the percentage coaggregation varied considerably after
      1 h depending on the Veillonella strain. Coaggregation was independent of the
      presence of Ca2+. S. salivarius strain HB-V5, a mutant of strain HB that had lost
      the Veillonella-binding protein, coaggregated weakly with V. parvula strain V1,
      but coaggregated very well with other wild-type veillonellae, suggesting the
      presence of an alternative mechanism for Veillonella-binding for strain HB.
      Fibrillar strains were, therefore, more adhesive to oral surfaces and
      coaggregated with veillonellae after 1 h better than the fimbriate S. salivarius
      strains. Both fibrillar and fimbriate strains were highly hydrophobic in the
      hexadecane-buffer partition assay.

PMID- 2895799
TI  - Baculovirus expression of the small genome segment of Hantaan virus and potential
      use of the expressed nucleocapsid protein as a diagnostic antigen.
AB  - Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) was used as an
      expression vector for the nucleocapsid protein gene of Hantaan virus. Two
      different cDNA clones representing the small genome segment of Hantaan virus were
      inserted into the transfer vector pAcYM1, and recombinants were generated by
      replacement of a portion of the baculovirus polyhedrin gene with the foreign,
      Hantaan virus gene. Recombinants containing both the first and second ATG
      initiation codons of the Hantaan virus gene produced nucleocapsid protein, while
      those containing only the second codon did not. The expressed nucleocapsid
      protein was evaluated as a potential diagnostic antigen with a variety of
      hantavirus-immune sera. The high levels of expression obtained, specific
      serological reactivity with immune sera and the low level of biological
      containment required for production of this protein all suggest a significant
      advantage over authentic viral antigen for diagnosis of hantavirus infection.

PMID- 2895800
TI  - Western blot detection of scrapie-associated fibril protein in tissues outside
      the central nervous system from preclinical scrapie-infected mice.
AB  - We describe a method of sample preparation to detect scrapie-associated fibril
      (SAF) proteins in small amounts of scrapie-infected mouse tissues by Western blot
      analysis using an antiserum to a synthetic peptide that corresponds to the N
      terminal region of hamster prion protein. SAF proteins were efficiently detected
      in brain tissue by this procedure. The proteins were also detected in
      preparations from spleen and lymph node. SAF proteins were detected in brain
      samples at 24 weeks after intraperitoneal infection. Using spleen samples, the
      proteins were detected from mice in the preclinical stage (from 4 weeks after
      infection), clinical symptoms of scrapie were observed in some mice from 22 weeks
      after infection.

PMID- 2895801
TI  - A prospective randomized phase III trial comparing combination chemotherapy with
      cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, and either doxorubicin or epirubicin. French
      Epirubicin Study Group.
AB  - Two hundred sixty-three patients with advanced breast cancer were randomized to
      two treatment regimens consisting of fluorouracil, 500 mg/m2; cyclophosphamide,
      500 mg/m2; and either epirubicin (Farmorubicin, Farmitalia Carlo Erba SpA,
      Italy), 50 mg/m2 (FEC); or doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Adria Laboratories, Columbus,
      OH), 50 mg/m2 (FAC), administered intravenously (IV) every 3 weeks. Two hundred
      thirty patients (FAC, 113; FEC, 117) were evaluable for response, and 244
      patients for toxicity (FAC, 120; FEC, 124). The two groups were comparable with
      respect to age, menopausal status, disease-free interval to first recurrence,
      time from initial diagnosis to protocol activation, indicator lesions,
      performance status, and prior adjuvant therapy. Of 117 evaluable patients treated
      with FEC, 59 (50.4%) had a partial response (PR) or complete response (CR), 40
      showed no change (NC), and 18 had progressive disease. Of 113 evaluable patients
      treated with FAC, 54 (52%) showed a remission, 30 NC, and 18 progression. There
      was no statistical difference between the two regimens in overall response rate,
      response rate according to tumor site, time to response, or duration of response.
      Median survival was 15 months for FEC and 18.2 months for FAC (not significant).
      In the 120 patients evaluable for toxicity treated with FAC, three episodes of
      congestive heart failure (CHF) were observed after 225, 350, and 550 mg/m2 of
      doxorubicin, respectively. Of the 124 evaluable patients treated with FEC, 25
      received greater than 600 mg/m2 of epirubicin and no CHF was recorded. FEC
      induced significantly less neutropenia (P = .01), less nausea and vomiting (P
      less than .01), and less complete alopecia (P less than 10(-3) than did FAC. The
      results of this study demonstrate that FEC is as effective a regimen as FAC for
      the therapy of advanced breast cancer. Moreover, FEC was better tolerated than
      FAC in this patient population.

PMID- 2895802
TI  - Unmyelinated cutaneous afferent neurons activate two types of excitatory amino
      acid receptor in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis embryos.
AB  - The trunk and tail skin of Xenopus laevis embryos near the time of hatching is
      innervated by the mechanoreceptive free nerve endings of Rohon-Beard neurons, a
      homogeneous class of cutaneous primary afferent fibers. Rohon-Beard neurons have
      cell bodies and axons in the dorsal spinal cord, where they monosynaptically
      excite a population of dorsolaterally situated interneurons (Clarke and Roberts,
      1984). EPSPs can be recorded in these dorsolateral interneurons following
      electrical stimulation of the unmyelinated neurites of Rohon-Beard neurons in the
      skin. The EPSPs are dual component, consisting of separate fast and slow
      potentials that are usually evoked synchronously and that closely resemble those
      described previously in Xenopus and lamprey motoneurons (Dale and Roberts, 1985;
      Dale and Grillner, 1986). The excitation of dorsolateral interneurons by Rohon
      Beard neurons is reduced by the bath application of excitatory amino acid
      antagonists. Kynurenic acid suppresses both the fast and slow components of the
      EPSPs, while both (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and 1 mM magnesium
      reduce the slow component but have little or no effect on the peak amplitude of
      the EPSPs. These data suggest that Rohon-Beard neurons release an excitatory
      amino acid neurotransmitter, which acts simultaneously at both N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor types. This is the first direct
      demonstration of dual-component excitatory amino acid-mediated synaptic
      transmission from cutaneous primary afferent neurons in the vertebrate spinal
      cord. The bath application of the agonists NMDA, kainate, or quisqualate in
      salines containing 1 microM TTX depolarized the interneurons and reduced their
      input resistance, which suggests that the interneurons possess all 3 types of
      excitatory amino acid receptor. Kynurenic acid strongly inhibits responses to
      NMDA and kainate, but is relatively less effective against the larger responses
      of quisqualate in this system.

PMID- 2895803
TI  - Effect of removal of the endothelium on vasocontraction in canine and rabbit
      basilar arteries.
AB  - The effect of endothelium removal on the contractile responses to KCl,
      hemoglobin, serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), prostaglandin (PG)F2 alpha,
      PGD2, and PGE2 was investigated in canine and rabbit basilar arteries by an
      isometric tension-recording method. In canine basilar arteries, endothelium
      removal elevated the dose-response curves to 5-HT, PGF2 alpha, and PGD2, and
      PGE2, but not to KCl, hemoglobin, or NE. In rabbit basilar arteries, on the other
      hand, removal of the endothelium elevated the dose-response curves to 5-HT, NE,
      PGF2 alpha, and PGD2, but not to KCl or hemoglobin. Neither contractile nor
      inhibitory response was elicited by PGE2 in rabbit basilar arteries. Contraction
      induced by 5-HT and NE following endothelium removal had a much more pronounced
      effect in rabbit basilar arteries than in canine basilar arteries. These results
      suggest that, following endothelium removal, abolition of the spontaneous release
      of endothelium-derived relaxing factor is the most probable mechanism of the
      enhanced vasocontraction. Since endothelial damage results from subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, the aforementioned mechanism of vasocontraction enhancement may play
      a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm.

PMID- 2895804
TI  - Dietary linolenic acid and longer-chain n-3 fatty acids: comparison of effects on
      arachidonic acid metabolism in rats.
AB  - Rats were fed graded amounts of purified 18:3n-3 or fish oil concentrate in the
      presence of a constant amount of 18:2n-6 to evaluate the ability of 18:3n-3
      compared with longer-chain n-3 fatty acids to inhibit 20:4n-6 metabolism in
      platelets and lungs. Dietary 18:3n-3 at a ratio of 0.28 (n-3 to n-6 fatty acids)
      suppressed levels of 20:4n-6 in lung and plasma phospholipids and the capacity of
      the tissues to synthesize cyclooxygenase-derived products in a dose-dependent
      fashion. At similar ratios of n-3 to n-6 dietary fatty acids, longer-chain n-3
      fatty acids, which are abundant in fish oil, appear to be more effective than
      18:3n-3 in suppressing 20:4n-6 levels and the capacity of the tissues to
      synthesize cyclooxygenase-derived products. Much greater amounts of 12
      hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) and 5-HEPE than of 12
      hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 5-HETE appeared to be formed in
      tissues of the group receiving the highest amount of fish oil. These results
      suggest that ingestion of fish oil leads to increased formation of lipoxygenase
      derived products of longer-chain n-3 fatty acids.

PMID- 2895805
TI  - Cryptorchidism in spina bifida and spinal cord transection: a clue to the
      mechanism of transinguinal descent of the testis.
AB  - In spina bifida there is a high incidence of cryptorchidism, particularly where
      the lesion is at or above L2. This article describes the location of the testis
      in 32 spina bifida patients and the effect of spinal cord transection in neonatal
      rats: both studies suggest that the spinal cord influences testicular descent. It
      is already established that androgens, an intact genitofemoral nerve, and the
      gubernaculum are essential for the transinguinal phase of testicular descent to
      occur. Yet the mechanism by which testosterone exerts its effect on the
      gubernaculum remains obscure. To account for all the observed phenomena we
      postulate that a spinal cord nucleus may exist that is sensitive to androgens and
      mediates impulses through the genitofemoral nerve to the gubernaculum. Neuronal
      modulation of the gubernaculum may induce testicular descent.

PMID- 2895806
TI  - Synthesis of certain 3-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino) propoxy]phenyl]propionate
      as beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

PMID- 2895807
TI  - [Drug reactions and interactions].

PMID- 2895808
TI  - The excitatory effect of the new histamine H2-receptor antagonist nizatidine (LY
      139037) on the guinea pig ileum.
AB  - The histamine H2-receptor antagonist, nizatidine (LY 139037), was tested for its
      effect on the intestinal smooth muscle. Isolated segments of guinea pig ileum
      were used in Tyrode solution at 37 degrees C. Nizatidine (from 3.2 X 10(-6) to
      3.2 X 10(-4) M) caused a concentration-dependent contractile response by the
      guinea pig ileum. The average maximum response to nizatidine (3.2 X 10(-4) M) was
      about 89% of the average maximum response to eserine (3.2 X 10(-6) M). The
      contractile responses induced by nizatidine were not modified by pyrilamine (10(
      8) and 10(-7) M). On the other hand, atropine (10(-8) and 3.2 X 10(-8) M)
      significantly prevented, while eserine (10(-8) and 3.2 X 10(-8) M) significantly
      enhanced the nizatidine-induced responses in a concentration-dependent manner.
      These findings suggest that nizatidine exerts an excitatory effect on the guinea
      pig ileum which seems to be associated with the cholinergic system, probably
      through a direct and/or an indirect mechanism (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
      and/or increased release of acetylcholine).

PMID- 2895809
TI  - Reserpine, vagal adrenergic activity and stress-induced acute gastric mucosal
      injury in the rat.
AB  - 1. Stress activates the hypothalamus causing central adrenergic discharge and
      stimulation of the autonomic sympathetic system. Reserpine produces the same
      effect and, therefore, its acute gastric mucosal injury is stress-induced. This
      injury was employed in the gastric diversion rat, a model for determining gastric
      acid secretion under basal conditions, to examine the relationship of the vagus
      nerve to the autonomic sympathetic system in the mechanism of stress-induced
      acute gastric mucosal injury. 2. After 6 h of reserpine (5 mg/kg I.P.), all rats
      developed oval or round lesions confined to the glandular stomach and of no
      constant relationship to rugal crests (lesion score 29 +/- 2.7 mm2, mean +/-
      S.E., n = 10). Microscopically, these lesions were vascular in origin, developing
      as intramural foci of haemorrhage or necrosis and expanding to communicate with
      the lumen. Pre-treatment with potent antisecretory doses of the anticholinergic
      atropine (5 mg/kg I.P.) or the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine (40 mg/kg I.P.)
      did not influence this reserpine action (28 +/- 3 mm2 and 27.5 +/- 2.3 mm2,
      respectively, mean +/- S.E., n = 10). Protection against the reserpine lesions by
      the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine given in a
      dose of 10 mg/kg I.P. was significantly (P less than 0.01) more than that
      afforded by the 5 mg/kg I.P. dose. However, the 15 mg/kg I.P. dose was completely
      protective against the lesions. Vagotomy had a similar protective effect.
      Interruption of autonomic sympathetic delivery to the stomach by coeliac
      ganglionectomy had no influence on the macroscopic or microscopic effects of
      reserpine on the stomach (30.5 +/- 3.4 mm2, mean +/- S.E., n = 10). 3. The H+
      output associated with 6 h of gastric diversion (61 +/- 4.5 mumol, mean +/- S.E.)
      was significantly (P less than 0.001) depressed by reserpine alone (26 +/- 2
      mumol) or with atropine (19 +/- 1.8 mumol) or cimetidine (21 +/- 2 mumol).
      Protection against the reserpine lesions by phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine was
      associated with dose-dependent increase of H+ output, which with the 15 mg/kg
      dose was similar to that of control values (58 +/- 4.1 mumol and 60.3 +/- 2.8
      mumol vs. 61 +/- 4.5 mumol). Vagotomy protection was associated with an H+ output
      significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than that with reserpine alone (14 +/-
      1.4 mumol). Coeliac ganglionectomy had no influence on the H+ output associated
      with reserpine treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2895810
TI  - The effects of noradrenaline on neurones in the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the
      vagus, in vitro.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from vagal motoneurones identified by
      antidromic stimulation in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (d.m.v.) in slice
      preparations of rat medulla oblongata. 2. Noradrenaline (NA) applied by perfusion
      (0.01 microM to 1 mM) depolarized 55%, hyperpolarized 32% and produced a biphasic
      response (hyperpolarization followed by depolarization) in 9% of the d.m.v.
      neurones tested. 3. The NA effects persisted after complete elimination of
      synaptic inputs during perfusion with Ca2+-free high-Mg2+ solution, and therefore
      probably resulted from a direct action on the postsynaptic membranes. 4. The NA
      depolarization was blocked by prazosin and the NA hyperpolarization by yohimbine,
      but neither was blocked by propranolol or timolol. Phenoxybenzamine blocked both
      responses. The results indicate that NA depolarization is mediated by alpha 1
      adrenoceptors and hyperpolarization by alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 5. The neurones
      which were depolarized by NA were also hyperpolarized by NA when the alpha 1
      adrenoceptors were blocked by prazosin (all of seven neurones tested). This
      result suggests that most vagal motoneurones in the d.m.v. have both alpha 1-and
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 6. The NA depolarization was accompanied by a decrease in
      membrane conductance and the hyperpolarization by an increase in membrane
      conductance, both of which were measured under manual-clamp conditions. 7. The
      reversal potentials for the NA responses were around -85 mV in normal Ringer
      solution, and shifted as predicted by the Nernst equation when the extracellular
      K+ concentration was changed. 8. The inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by
      focal electrical stimulation on the slice surface of the commissural part of the
      nucleus of the tractus solitarius (n.t.s.), which contains an A2
      catecholaminergic cell group, were abolished by yohimbine. 9. The results suggest
      that NA modulates vagal output by decreasing or increasing the K+ conductance of
      d.m.v. neurones through alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptors. In addition, the A2
      noradrenergic cell group within the n.t.s. may send inhibitory inputs to the
      d.m.v.

PMID- 2895812
TI  - Effects of stimulating the sympathetic innervation in bursts on submandibular
      vascular and secretory function in cats.
AB  - 1. The effects of continuous stimulation of the peripheral end of the ascending
      cervical sympathetic nerve were compared with those of intermittent stimulation,
      so arranged as to deliver the same total number of impulses, in cats under
      chloralose anaesthesia. 2. Continuous stimulation caused a flow of saliva at 5-10
      Hz, but not at 2 Hz. In contrast, the same total number of impulses delivered
      intermittently in bursts elicited a prompt secretion at a frequency as low as 20
      Hz for 1 s at 10 s intervals (corresponding to 2 Hz continuously) and a
      significantly higher rate of secretion at 50 Hz in bursts than that obtained in
      response to 5 Hz continuously. 3. Continuous stimulation also caused a rise in
      submandibular vascular resistance (s.v.r.), which persisted throughout the period
      of stimulation, and was followed immediately thereafter by an intense but
      transient fall in s.v.r. During stimulation in 1 s bursts, each burst was
      followed first by a brief rise in s.v.r. and shortly after by a fall. The balance
      between these two components varied widely between individual animals but often
      led to an overall fall in s.v.r. during stimulation i.e. complete reversal of the
      mean vascular effect. A further fall in s.v.r. was then recorded when the
      stimulus was discontinued. 4. Propranolol (1.0 mg/kg) reduced but failed to
      abolish the secretory response. It also altered the balance between the two
      phases of the vascular response slightly in favour of a rise in s.v.r. during
      stimulation, without apparently affecting the size of the after-dilatation. 5.
      Pre-treatment with dihydroergotamine (1.0 mg/kg) invariably blocked secretion and
      revealed a small vasodilator response during sympathetic stimulation with either
      pattern of stimulation; it also blocked the after-dilatation. 6. Following
      combined pre-treatment with propranolol and dihydroergotamine, to produce total
      adrenergic blockade, there was a small residual vasoconstrictor component which
      amounted to an increase in mean s.v.r. of about 20% during stimulation at 10 Hz
      continuously. This may have been due to release of neuropeptide Y (NPY). 7. Small
      but significantly greater amounts of NPY were released into the effluent blood
      during stimulation of the ascending cervical sympathetic nerve at 70 Hz in bursts
      than during continuous stimulation. No significant release of vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin, bombesin, substance P or calcitonin gene
      related peptide (CGRP) was observed during stimulation at any frequency.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2895813
TI  - Detection of alcohol-induced fatty liver by computerized tomography.
AB  - Computerized tomographic (CT) scanning of the liver was undertaken in 17
      occasional and 19 heavy drinkers undergoing health screening. The median
      attenuation value of the liver (CT number) in occasional drinkers with normal
      liver function tests was 54.4 compared with 25.9 in the heavy drinkers (P less
      than 0.001). Fourteen of the heavy drinkers had a CT number below the lowest
      value observed in occasional drinkers with normal liver function, indicating
      reduced liver density due to fatty change. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      was normal in 36% of these individuals. A rise in CT number was observed in 4 out
      of 5 heavy drinkers who underwent a second scan after decreasing their alcohol
      consumption. These findings suggest that CT scanning provides a noninvasive and
      convenient method of screening for a fatty liver, which occurred to a variable
      degree in over 70% of the men who admitted to regularly taking 8 or more
      alcoholic drinks per day.

PMID- 2895814
TI  - Immuno-electronmicroscopy of fimbriae-like structures on Bordetella pertussis
      serotype 1.3.
AB  - Fimbriae-like filaments were demonstrated on the surface of Bordetella pertussis,
      serotype 1.3, by negative staining and electronmicroscopy.
      Immunoelectronmicroscopy with a monoclonal antibody specific for strains
      possessing agglutinogen 3, and colloidal gold, gave strong labelling of these
      structures. However, incubation with adsorbed polyclonal anti-agglutinogen 3
      serum gave only weak labelling of the distal parts of the filaments and of the
      bacterial surface. The different binding patterns of the two antisera suggested
      that the epitopes involved were dissimilar. Thus, agglutinogen 3, as defined by
      conventional adsorbed sera, appeared to be associated with the fimbriae-like
      structures but was not necessarily identical to the fimbrial subunit protein. The
      monoclonal antibody, however was more likely directed against the subunits of the
      fimbriae-like structures on serotype 1.3 bacteria.

PMID- 2895811
TI  - Post-natal development of electrophysiological properties of rat cerebral
      cortical pyramidal neurones.
AB  - 1. The post-natal development of the electrophysiological properties of cortical
      layer V pyramidal neurons was investigated with intracellular recordings from rat
      sensorimotor cortical slices, in vitro. 2. At all ages post-natally (post-natal
      day 1 to day 36; P1-P36) neurons were capable of generating a train of Na+
      dependent action potentials in response to intracellular injection of sufficient
      depolarizing current. During the second and third week post-natally, these action
      potentials changed substantially, becoming faster in both their rising and
      falling phases, shorter in duration, and larger in amplitude. 3. Both mature
      (greater than P21) and immature (P2-P4) cortical neurones could generate Ca2+
      dependent action potentials only if a substantial portion of K+ conductances were
      blocked. The maximum rate of rise of Ca2+ spikes also increased with age. 4. The
      apparent input resistance, specific membrane resistance, and membrane time
      constant all decreased with age from P1 to P30. Immature neurones had I-V
      relationships that were substantially more linear than those of adult cells,
      although rectification was often present in both the hyperpolarizing and
      depolarizing range. Inward rectification in the depolarizing range was Na+
      dependent and was substantially larger in mature versus immature neurones. 5.
      Single, or trains of, action potentials in immature neurones were followed by
      short duration (10-50 ms) and long duration (1-5 s) after-hyperpolarizations
      (a.h.p.s) respectively. The duration of the latter appeared to decrease with age.
      The presence of large a.h.p.s indicates that Ca2+ entry occurs during the action
      potential of immature, as well as mature, neurones. 6. Responses to intracellular
      injection of depolarizing current pulses indicated that immature neurones have
      frequency versus injected current (f-I) relationships which are in general less
      steep than those for adult neurones and more limited in terms of the range of
      firing frequencies. 7. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that there
      is a considerable increase in the density of voltage-dependent ionic channels
      underlying the electro-responsiveness of cortical pyramidal neurones during post
      natal development.

PMID- 2895815
TI  - Complementarity of particles and pits in freeze-fractured hepatic and cardiac gap
      junctions.
AB  - Particles and pits of freeze-fractured gap junctions are considered as
      complementary structures despite the frequent observations of more regular and
      closer spacings of pits, ascribed to plastic deformation of particle arrays.
      Recently, however, the noncomplementarity of pits and particles in Purkinje
      fibers has been reported. To ascertain the relationship between both structures,
      gap junctions from fixed, cryoprotected liver and myocardium were investigated
      using spacing and density measurements and complementary replicas. In hepatocyte
      gap junctions, the center-to-center distances (mean +/- SD) among pits, 9.57 +/-
      1.49 nm, and particles, 9.70 +/- 1.77 nm, are not significantly different.
      Density determinations yielded a slightly higher value for the pits, (11,510 +/-
      830)/microns 2, than for the particles, (11,230 +/- 950)/microns 2. In the
      myocardium, the spacing of the regularly arrayed pits, 9.55 +/- 1.33 nm, barely
      exceeds the value of 9.44 +/- 1.62 nm for the particles, which show some
      clustering. However, the packing density for the pits, (10,090 +/- 740)/microns
      2, appears a little higher than that of the particles, (9,890 +/- 920)/microns 2.
      As density and spacing measurements provided no decisive answers, the positions
      of individual pits and particles of complementary junctional faces were recorded
      on transparent sheets and compared. In this fashion, a one-to-one correspondence
      between particles and pits could be established, while small discrepancies may be
      attributed to plastic deformation. Moreover, the co-linearity of pits and
      particles may be suggested by the observation of a platinum grain in the center
      of many pits.

PMID- 2895816
TI  - Effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone administration on mouse lung tumor
      susceptibility and histogenesis.
AB  - The effects of adrenalectomy (Ax) on urethan-induced lung tumors were determined
      in strains of mice that vary in their respective tumor susceptibilities: A/J
      (sensitive), BALB/cByJ (intermediate), and C57BL/6J (B6, resistant). Ax increased
      tumor number in both A/J (by 25%) and B6 mice (by 400%), but not in BALB/cByJ
      mice. The relative proportions of adenomas exhibiting the alveolar or papillary
      histological growth patterns were unchanged. Implantation of corticosterone
      containing pellets into adrenalectomized B6 mice restored tumor multiplicity to
      that of sham-operated mice and into adrenalectomized A/J mice reduced
      multiplicity below that of sham-operated mice. Corticosterone, therefore,
      regulates neoplastic development of mouse lung epithelial cells.

PMID- 2895817
TI  - Characteristics of vomiting associated with acute sustained release theophylline
      poisoning: implications for management with oral activated charcoal.
AB  - Vomiting in acute theophylline toxicity has assumed increased clinical importance
      since the introduction of multiple dose activated charcoal therapy. We performed
      a prospective study of 26 patients with acute overdose of sustained release
      theophylline to characterize vomiting, and its possible interference with the
      acceptance of activated charcoal. Twenty five of 26 patients vomited. The
      duration of vomiting correlated with both peak serum theophylline concentrations
      (p less than 0.001) and the duration of theophylline toxicity (p less than
      0.001). Vomiting extended over 63% of the drug's absorptive phase (the time
      interval between ingestion and the peak level) and 49% of the elimination phase
      (the time interval between the peak level and decrease of theophylline level to
      less than 20 mcg/ml). Patients with peak serum theophylline concentrations less
      than 70 mcg/ml were able to accept larger amounts of activated charcoal than
      patients with serum theophylline concentrations greater than 70 mcg/ml (113 +/-
      15 gms vs. 57 +/- 24 gms, p less than 0.05). Vomiting in acute sustained release
      theophylline toxicity is protracted, and limits the use of activated charcoal
      especially in patients with severe acute theophylline poisoning.

PMID- 2895818
TI  - [Anesthetic experience with 62 schizophrenic patients on chronic antipsychotic
      drugs].

PMID- 2895819
TI  - [A case of ATL associated with monoclonal gammopathy preceded with laryngeal
      cancer].

PMID- 2895820
TI  - [Molecular analysis and genetic diagnosis of hemophilia. b. Hemophilia B].

PMID- 2895821
TI  - [Indices of the body's neurohumoral activity and hemodynamic types in
      hypertension].
AB  - A study of neurohumoral parameters in patients with essential hypertension and
      different hemodynamic types demonstrated different patterns of hormonal change in
      patients with hyperkinetic, eukinetic and hypokinetic hypertension. Elevated
      blood tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine, seen in patients with hyperkinetic
      hemodynamic type, and increased catecholamine excretion in patients with
      hypokinetic hemodynamics may be indicative of the pathogenetic significance of
      the hormones in question for the formation of respective variants of essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 2895822
TI  - [Randomized treatment of hypertension patients (multicenter international
      research. The results of 1-year's observation)].

PMID- 2895823
TI  - Absence of Kirsten-ras oncogene activation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - By using a combination oligonucleotide probe hybridization and restriction enzyme
      polymorphism analysis, a series of 48 cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia were investigated for activating point mutations at codons 12, 13 and 61
      of the K-ras proto-oncogene. A small series of acute leukemias (seven with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 11 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) were examined
      in parallel. None of the cases of B-CLL contained detectable activating mutations
      of the K-ras gene at codon 12 (GGT-gly----GCT-ala) was detected at presentation.
      In both cases of acute leukemia, the mutation was restricted to one allele and
      could not be detected in remission samples. Those data suggest that activation of
      members of the ras oncogene family, typified by K-ras, may be less important in
      disease pathogenesis in leukemias such as B-CLL that arise from a more committed
      progenitor.

PMID- 2895824
TI  - Possible aetiological factors in leukaemias in Africa.
AB  - The hypothesis that the true incidence of c-ALL is relatively uniform throughout
      the world is not supported by experience in tropical Africa, where ALL is
      uncommon under five years of age. A high rate of spontaneous somatic mutation in
      pre-B cells may initiate the development of c-ALL, but its progress could be
      determined by (i) a leukaemogenic agent causing a second genetic event, (ii) the
      effects of intense antigenic barrage, either stimulating or suppressing pre-B
      cell mitosis, or (iii) genetic determinants. Epidemiological patterns in
      populations of low, intermediate and high socio-economic status may be classified
      I-III with increasing incidence of diagnosed T-ALL in children over five years
      and c-ALL in younger children, and subclassified A and B with decreasing
      incidence of BL. There may be two forms of AML, one similar to that seen in
      industrialized countries, the other occurring at high prevalence in African
      children of low socio-economic status, often presenting with chloroma, and
      perhaps associated with immune suppression secondary to malnutrition, malaria and
      other intercurrent infections. Uncontrolled exposure to petroleum and other
      chemicals, and the use of alkylating agents in treatment of neoplasms in young
      patients could emerge as important causes of ANLL in Africa. There are two
      varieties of CLL also, one similar to that seen in the western world, the other
      prevalent in adults below 45 years of age, especially women: transmission of a
      leukaemogenic agent is postulated, to which women are more susceptible due to
      immunosuppression during normal pregnancy. The human population and some subhuman
      primates of subSaharan Africa are the largest reservoir of HTLV-1, which shows
      association with B-CLL over 50 years of age and ATL.

PMID- 2895825
TI  - Monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antibody induced hematopoiesis in vivo.
AB  - The intravenous injection of a monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 alloantibody (IgM class)
      induced a rapid increase in the number, and the ratio, of multipotent
      hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) in S-phase. The onset of hematopoiesis was
      thymus-independent. Reconstitution of lethally-irradiated mice with bone marrow
      cells from mice injected with antibody augmented the T-cell responsiveness to
      mitogens. No activation was observed in granulocyte/macrophage progenitors. The
      monoclonal antibody did not directly stimulate CFU-S in vitro, although
      hematopoietic activity could be found in the sera of antibody-injected mice.
      Immediately after injection, the antibody was found bound on Thy-1+ cells in
      spleen. No decrease in the number of peripheral T cells was seen. These results
      seem to indicate that Thy-1.2-positive cells bound with anti-Thy-1.2 alloantibody
      may secrete a factor which induces the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells.

PMID- 2895826
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative studies of leukaemic cell dipeptidylpeptidases II
      and IV.
AB  - Cellular concentrations of dipeptidylpeptidases (DAP) II and IV were determined
      by fluorimetric assay in 152 cases of leukaemia and 24 permanent T-cell lines.
      Whilst its estimation appears to have few diagnostic applications, it was found
      that DAPII levels were generally higher in prolymphocytoid CLL variants (CLL-Pro)
      compared with "typical" CLL cases. Qualitatively, DAPII extracted from leukaemic
      B- and T-cells did not differ significantly with respect to molecular weight (Mr
      82 kD: FPLC gel filtration) or substrate affinity (Km). Similarly, a single
      molecular weight species (Mr 189 kD) of DAPIV was also detected in all leukaemic
      sonicates examined although, in quantitative terms, increased DAPIV levels were
      primarily associated with a subgroup of CD4-positive postthymic malignancies.
      Studies of immature T-cell proliferations however indicated that DAPIV expression
      was unrelated to either stage of immunological differentiation or CD4 expression.
      No evidence of lineage restriction was found for either enzyme and it is
      concluded that variations in DAP cytochemical staining patterns reflect
      quantitative rather than qualitative differences.

PMID- 2895827
TI  - GABAergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic interaction in tremorine-induced tremors
      in mice.
AB  - Antitremor effects of systemically administered GABA agonists (GABA and sodium
      valproate) and GABA antagonists (bicuculline and picrotoxin) were studied in mice
      against tremorine-induced tremors. None of the GABA agonists were found to
      possess any antitremor effect, whereas GABA antagonists were found to possess
      protective effect against tremorine-induced tremors. Simultaneous administration
      of GABA agonists with sub-effective doses of anticholinergic agent (scopolamine)
      did not potentiate antitremor effect of scopolamine, whereas GABA antagonists and
      effective doses of scopolamine when administered simultaneously resulted in
      antagonism of protective effect of scopolamine. Similarly, when GABA agonists and
      sub-effective doses of dopaminergic agent, bromocriptine, were administered
      simultaneously, the protective effect of bromocriptine was potentiated. When GABA
      antagonists and effective doses of bromocriptine were administered
      simultaneously, the protective effect of bromocriptine was antagonized. The
      modification of the protective effect of anticholinergic and dopaminergic agents
      by GABAergic agents has been explained on the basis of neurotransmitter
      interaction.

PMID- 2895828
TI  - Clinical efficacy of a new, enhanced-potency, inactivated poliovirus vaccine.
AB  - The 1986-87 outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in Senegal, with 676 reported
      cases, provided an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of an enhanced-potency
      inactivated poliovirus vaccine (N-IPV) in the Kolda region, where this vaccine
      has been used since 1980. 89 cases, confirmed to have poliomyelitis with residual
      paralysis, were enrolled in a case-control study, up to 5 matched controls being
      obtained for each case. The clinical efficacy for one dose of N-IPV was 36% (95%
      confidence interval 0%, 67%) and for two doses was 89% (95% CI 62%, 97%).

PMID- 2895829
TI  - Calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss.
AB  - A 2-year randomised pilot study was conducted in 70 patients to see whether the
      osteoclast-inhibiting effect of calcitonin would reduce postmenopausal vertebral
      bone loss. An oestradiol-treated group was included in the study as a positive
      control since oestrogens are known to be effective. Calcitonin reduced vertebral
      bone loss in doses above 250 micrograms human calcitonin (50 international units)
      a week, and at this dose was as effective as oestradiol.

PMID- 2895830
TI  - Cellular anti-GP120 cytolytic reactivities in HIV-1 seropositive individuals.
AB  - Forty-one patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      were assessed for cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against autologous target
      cells bearing the major envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, gp120. Effector
      lymphocytes from over 85% of seropositive patients showed CMC specific for gp120
      coated targets, whereas seronegative individuals had no detectable CMC. As a
      group, symptomless individuals had the highest levels of CMC; patients with AIDS
      related complex and AIDS showed progressively diminished reactivity. The gp120
      specific CMC was mediated by a population of non-T-cell effectors phenotypically
      resembling NK/K cells. Cytolysis was not restricted by major histocompatibility
      complex determinants, as shown by killing of heterologous gp120-adsorbed targets
      and of HIV-1-infected cell-lines. Gp120-specific CMC was highly augmented in the
      presence of interleukin 2, so it may be possible to develop therapeutic
      strategies aimed at destruction of virus-producing cell reservoirs in infected
      individuals through stimulation of HIV-specific host CMC.

PMID- 2895831
TI  - Overuse syndrome: a muscle biopsy study.
AB  - Biopsy specimens were taken from the affected first dorsal interosseous muscle in
      29 women with painful chronic overuse syndrome and from 8 volunteer controls.
      Structural differences in samples from the women with overuse syndrome included
      increased type 1 fibres with type grouping, decreased type 2 fibres, type 2 fibre
      hypertrophy, increased internal nuclear count, mitochondrial changes, and various
      ultrastructural abnormalities. These changes were related to clinical severity,
      and point to an organic cause for the syndrome.

PMID- 2895832
TI  - Red-cell-volume distribution curves in diagnosis of glomerular and non-glomerular
      haematuria.
AB  - The distribution curves of urinary red-blood-cell (RBC) size were obtained from
      automated blood-cell analysis in 146 patients with definite causes of haematuria.
      In 65 of 67 patients (97%) with haematuria and glomerulonephritis demonstrated by
      renal biopsy, urinary RBC had an irregular and asymmetrical distribution with RBC
      size showing a much smaller volume than that of venous RBC. This "glomerular"
      distribution contrasted with the "non-glomerular" normal distribution when the
      peak for RBC was at a larger volume than that for peripheral RBC. In 46 of 47
      patients with haematuria who had lower urinary tract lesions other than
      infection, a non-glomerular distribution was obtained; 30 of these cases also
      showed glomerular distribution, and were classified as "mixed". All 32 patients
      with urinary tract infection had either a glomerular or mixed distribution,
      suggesting that they excreted distorted and dysmorphic urinary RBC. After
      excluding infections, this simple, rapid, reproducible, and non-invasive
      technique provides reliable information in distinguishing glomerular bleeding
      from other causes of haematuria.

PMID- 2895833
TI  - Isolated duodenal tamponade for treatment of bleeding duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2895834
TI  - Obstruction or reflux in gallstone-associated acute pancreatitis?

PMID- 2895836
TI  - Screening for hypertension in childhood.

PMID- 2895835
TI  - Rabies vaccine failures.

PMID- 2895837
TI  - Hyperlipidaemia after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2895838
TI  - Mechanisms for the early mortality reduction produced by beta-blockade started
      early in acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. ISIS-1 (First International Study
      of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group.
AB  - In a large randomised trial of early beta-blockade in acute myocardial infarction
      (ISIS-1), almost all the reduction in mortality associated with the use of
      atenolol occurred on the day of admission or on the subsequent day. To help
      determine the mechanisms that might be responsible for this retrospective
      observation, case notes were obtained for British, Irish, and Scandinavian
      patients who died during this early period. Of 217 early deaths adequate records
      were available for 193 (79 allocated atenolol and 114 allocated control). In the
      atenolol group, necropsy had shown cardiac rupture in 5 patients, and a further
      15 in whom necropsy had not been done had had electro-mechanical dissociation
      (total, 20 early deaths from these causes); among control patients the
      corresponding numbers were 17 and 37 (total, 54 such deaths). Electro-mechanical
      dissociation was probably a manifestation of acute rupture, and the observed
      difference in the numbers with this complication was responsible for much of the
      difference in early mortality. There was a slightly higher incidence of fatal
      ventricular fibrillation and aortic dissection in the control group, and of
      bradycardia/asystole in the atenolol group. The data did not indicate any
      substantial contribution from mechanisms such as limitation of infarct size or
      prevention of reinfarction or cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2895840
TI  - Dosage and safety of long-term suppressive acyclovir therapy for recurrent
      genital herpes.
AB  - 131 patients with frequently recurring genital herpes were treated for 1 year
      with reducing doses of oral acyclovir. The time to first recurrence in patients
      who commenced therapy on 400 mg twice a day was statistically significantly
      shorter than those on 200 mg four times a day (p less than 0.02) and as the total
      daily dose and frequency of therapy were lowered so the time to first recurrence
      was shortened. By the end of 60 days on 200 mg once a day (the lowest daily dose)
      56% of patients had recurrences. Patients showed a marked reduction in the
      frequency of recurrence during therapy (from a mean of 1.1 per 28 days before to
      0.11 during treatment, p = 0.0001). After stopping treatment the frequency of
      recurrences (0.71 per 28 days) was significantly less than the pre-treatment
      period (p = 0.001). No important side-effects were seen. It is concluded that
      long-term suppression with acyclovir is safe and effective for patients with
      recurrent genital herpes.

PMID- 2895839
TI  - The role of bone-marrow transplants after nuclear accidents.
AB  - The probability that bone-marrow transplantation will be beneficial after nuclear
      accidents depends on several factors, including circumstances of the accident,
      degree of damage in other body systems, and radiation dose. Transplant-related
      variables, such as donor-recipient histocompatibility and post-transplant immune
      suppression, are also important. The benefits of transplantation may result from
      transient or permanent haemopoietic reconstitution. The balance of potential
      benefits versus risks should be individually calculated for each accident and
      each patient; generalisations are likely to result in untenable conclusions.

PMID- 2895841
TI  - Anorexia nervosa in 1888.

PMID- 2895842
TI  - Treatment of osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2895843
TI  - Randomised trial of memory training in the over-60s.

PMID- 2895844
TI  - ABO alloimmunisation after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion.

PMID- 2895845
TI  - Small-intestinal transit time in the elderly.

PMID- 2895846
TI  - Radiation, cancer risk, and the new dosimetry and ICRP inaction.

PMID- 2895847
TI  - Pesticide toxicity or hypoglycine A poisoning (Ivory Coast, 1984)?

PMID- 2895848
TI  - Immunological reactivity and bioactivity of tumour necrosis factor.

PMID- 2895849
TI  - Water standards for fluoride.

PMID- 2895850
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to HIV in a non-infected, immunised volunteer.

PMID- 2895851
TI  - Group-specific component and AIDS: erroneous data.

PMID- 2895852
TI  - HIV and polyarthritis.

PMID- 2895853
TI  - Cure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in neutropenic patients by continuous
      infusion of ceftazidime.

PMID- 2895854
TI  - Updated Kiel classification.

PMID- 2895856
TI  - Chronic sinus node disease and coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2895855
TI  - Problem with aspirin as antithrombotic agent in coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2895857
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2895858
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy: a self-sustaining process.

PMID- 2895860
TI  - Violence, nursing, and inpatient psychiatry.

PMID- 2895859
TI  - Prophylactic low-dose aspirin and dipyridamole in pregnancy.

PMID- 2895861
TI  - Children, violence, and Southern Africa.

PMID- 2895862
TI  - Distinction awards.

PMID- 2895864
TI  - Death of a soldier.

PMID- 2895863
TI  - Editorial freedom in South Africa.

PMID- 2895865
TI  - Accuracy of bibliographic data bases.

PMID- 2895866
TI  - Clinical characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni and C coli enteritis.

PMID- 2895867
TI  - Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2895868
TI  - Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2895869
TI  - Legionella: a case for culture.

PMID- 2895870
TI  - Maternal hepatitis B infection affects fetal IgE synthesis.

PMID- 2895871
TI  - Raynaud's phenomenon and cryoglobulinaemia associated with the use of recombinant
      human alpha-interferon.

PMID- 2895872
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation from programmed donor: one year on.

PMID- 2895873
TI  - Chloride-free oral rehydration solutions.

PMID- 2895874
TI  - New dual form of porphyria.

PMID- 2895875
TI  - Renal allograft survival in transfused and non-transfused patients.

PMID- 2895876
TI  - Natural history of localised prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2895877
TI  - Lipid deposition in central venous catheters: a solution.

PMID- 2895878
TI  - Short-course alpha-interferon therapy in severe unresponsive immune
      thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2895879
TI  - Infant nutrition and adult health.

PMID- 2895880
TI  - Retroviruses in monocytes from patients with breast cancer.

PMID- 2895881
TI  - Carbon dioxide, brain damage, and cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2895882
TI  - Blue dyes in reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2895884
TI  - Yawning.

PMID- 2895883
TI  - Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor produces
      fever.

PMID- 2895885
TI  - AIDS in the UK.

PMID- 2895887
TI  - Identification of restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms in genomic DNA of the
      lesser snow goose (Anser caerulescens caerulescens).
AB  - A genomic library of partially EcoRI-digested DNA from the lesser snow goose,
      Anser caerulescens caerulescens, was constructed in the phage vector Charon 4.
      Phage containing only unique sequences were identified by screening plaques with
      32P-labeled genomic DNA. Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were
      identified by probing DNA from 11-13 male birds from the breeding colony at La
      Perouse Bay. Of the 17 probes examined, all detected RFLPs with at least one of
      EcoRi, HindIII, Msp1, and Taq1. Several of them identified highly variable
      regions with multiple alleles. These RFLPs are valuable DNA markers that can be
      used for (1) the examination of DNA variation, relatedness, and genetic distance
      and (2) assessing paternity and maternity. These data suggest that there are
      higher levels of variation of DNA sequence in birds than had previously been
      thought to exist.

PMID- 2895886
TI  - [Results of treatment of ulcer hemorrhages].
AB  - The results of 270 patients, admitted from 1978 to 1985 because of upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers or erosions were analysed retrospectively.
      Chronic peptic ulcers were the most common bleeding sites (192 patients, 71%). 49
      patients (18%) bled from acute lesions and 29 (11%) from drug-induced ulcers. 53%
      of all patients exhibited an oozing hemorrhage (type Forrest 1 b) during
      emergency endoscopy. Within the eight-year-period hospital mortality dropped from
      18% to 8%. In parallel the prognosis of oozing bleeding improved. In this period
      the patients were more often treated with secretin or somatostatin. Hence the
      frequency of emergency operations for patients with oozing bleeding could be
      reduced from 44% in 1978 to 10% in 1985 and the death rate from 22% to 5%.

PMID- 2895888
TI  - Investigations into the genotoxic potential of loxtidine, a long-acting H2
      receptor antagonist.
AB  - Loxtidine, a potent, non-competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist was
      evaluated for genotoxic potential using a range of short-term mutagenicity
      assays. Unequivocally negative results were obtained in a Salmonella/plate
      incorporation assay and a liquid pre-incubation assay (using S. typhimurium
      strains TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 and TA98), a fluctuation assay [using
      Escherichia coli strains WP2, WP2 uvrA (R46) and 343/113 lys60 (R46)], a gene
      conversion assay (using Saccharomyces cerevisiae JD1) and a human peripheral
      lymphocyte cytogenetic assay. All of these in vitro tests were carried out in the
      presence and absence of rat liver S9 mix. In addition, the major metabolites of
      loxtidine in the rat were also negative in the same range of microbial
      mutagenicity assays. Loxtidine was inactive in the mouse micronucleus test after
      oral administration. The potential nitrosatability of loxtidine was investigated
      using an expanded version of the WHO Nitrosation Assay Procedure, and detectable
      quantities of mutagenic nitroso-species were not formed. The subsequent
      appearance of carcinoid tumours within the gastric fundus of rodents treated
      orally with loxtidine for most of their natural lifespan, led to additional
      assays being carried out on this compound to determine whether the tumorigenic
      effects were due to alternative mutagenic mechanisms. Negative results were
      obtained in an in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis assay using primary rat
      hepatocytes, and an assay for spindle damaging agents using Muntjac skin
      fibroblasts. It can be concluded from these results that loxtidine is unlikely to
      be a genotoxic carcinogen. The increase in carcinoid tumour incidence observed in
      rats and mice after loxtidine treatment was probably related to the prolonged
      achlorhydria produced by this potent unsurmountable histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist.

PMID- 2895889
TI  - Somatostatin receptor subtypes in the clonal anterior pituitary cell lines AtT-20
      and GH3.
AB  - The functional and biochemical characteristics of somatostatin (somatotropin
      release-inhibiting factor) (SRIF) receptor subtypes were examined in the clonal
      pituitary cell lines AtT-20 and GH3. SRIF inhibits evoked calcium influx into
      each of these cell lines. The rank order of potencies of structural analogues of
      SRIF to inhibit calcium influx into GH3 versus AtT-20 cells was different.
      Inhibitory actions of SRIF on calcium influx desensitized in AtT-20 cells but not
      GH3 cells. The biochemical properties of the SRIF receptor subtypes in AtT-20 and
      GH3 cells were assessed by photoaffinity labeling of each receptor with the
      nonreducible SRIF analogue [125I]CGP 23996 and the photocrosslinking agent n
      hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate. The covalently labeled receptors in both
      cell lines had the same size, 55 +/- 5 kDa, as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The covalent binding of [125I]CGP-23996 to
      GH3 and AtT-20 cell membranes was blocked by 1 microM SRIF, somatostatin 28, Trp8
      SRIF and was GTP sensitive. Analysis of the labeled receptors in GH3 and AtT-20
      cell membranes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated
      that they were of similar charge (pI = 6-6.5) and that they comigrate when
      applied together. Proteolysis of the GH3 and AtT-20 cell SRIF receptors with
      Staphylococcus aureus V-8 and thermolysin revealed similar peptide maps.
      Pretreatment of AtT-20 cells with different stable SRIF analogues abolished the
      subsequent equilibrium or covalent labeling of the SRIF receptor with [125I]CGP
      23996. Similar treatment of GH3 cells did not reduce the covalent labeling of the
      SRIF receptor by [125I]CGP 23996. These studies indicate that the functional
      characteristics of SRIF receptors in GH3 and AtT-20 cells are different. However,
      clear differences in the biochemical properties of these receptor subtypes were
      not observed. Subtle variations in the structure of the SRIF receptors may
      therefore be responsible for the functional differences.

PMID- 2895890
TI  - [Restriction map of permuted DNA of Erwinia carotovora temperate bacteriophage
      59].
AB  - The cyclic permutation and terminal redundancy were found in the genomes of
      Erwinia carotovora temperate bacteriophage 59 by electron microscopic studies.
      The headful mechanism for bacteriophage DNA cleavage and packaging during the
      phage morphogenesis was confirmed by the restriction analysis technique.
      Restriction map of the bacteriophage 59 DNA was constructed for restriction
      endonucleases BamHI, Bg1II, Eco31, Sa1I, SmaI, EcoRI.

PMID- 2895892
TI  - Emotional aspects of paediatric hospitalization: guidelines for management.

PMID- 2895891
TI  - [Identification of protein products of the operon for leukocytosis
      (lymphocytosis)-stimulating factor from Bordetella pertussis cloned in
      Escherichia coli].
AB  - The hybrid plasmid pRH119 was constructed on the basis of vector plasmid pUC19
      and shown to carry Bordetella pertussis PT operon in the same transcriptional
      orientation with the lac-promoter of the vector plasmid. Expression of PT genes
      in E. coli cells harbouring pRH119 was not registered. Weak expression of PT
      genes was found by immunoscreening of recombinant clones in situ with antiserum
      against PT when PT genes were put closer to lac-promoter. 0.95 kb SalGI fragment
      was deleted from pRH119. The derivative plasmid pRH122 was digested by SalGI and
      the ends were polymerized to "blunt" by polIK and ligated. The obtained plasmid
      pRH122K was deleted for 40 bp in XbaI site by Bal31 deletion. The lysate of E.
      coli cells harbouring the resulting plasmid pRH134 passed through Sepharose 4B
      with covalently bound immunoglobulins from antiserum against PT. The eluted
      protein contains S2 multimers identified by immunoblotting. The experiments with
      CHO-cells and active mice protection have shown the absence of S2 multimers
      protectiveness.

PMID- 2895893
TI  - The origin of MHC class II gene polymorphism within the genus Mus.
AB  - The I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse (H-2)
      contains a tightly-linked cluster of highly polymorphic genes (class II MHC
      genes) which control immune responsiveness. Speculation on the origin of this
      polymorphism, which is believed to be essential for the function of the class II
      proteins in immune responses to disease, has given rise to two hypotheses. The
      first is that hypermutational mechanisms (gene conversion or segmental exchange)
      promote the rapid generation of diversity in MHC genes. The alternative is that
      polymorphism has arisen from the steady accumulation of mutations over long
      evolutionary periods, and multiple specific alleles have survived speciation
      (trans-species evolution). We have looked for evidence of 'segmental exchange'
      and/or 'trans-species evolution' in the class II genes of the genus Mus by
      molecular genetic analysis of I-A beta alleles. The results indicate that greater
      than 90% (28 out of 31) of the alleles examined can be organized into two
      evolutionary groups both on the basis of restriction site polymorphisms and by
      the presence or absence of a short interspersed nucleotide element (SINE). Using
      this SINE sequence as an evolutionary tag, we demonstrate that I-A beta alleles
      in these two evolutionary groups diverged at least three million years ago and
      have survived the speciation events leading to several modern Mus species.
      Nucleotide sequence comparisons of eight Mus m. domesticus I-A beta alleles
      representing all three evolutionary groups indicate that most of the divergence
      in exon sequences is due to the steady accumulation of mutations that are
      maintained independently in the different alleles. But segmental exchanges
      between alleles from different evolutionary groups have also played a role in the
      diversification of beta 1 exons.

PMID- 2895894
TI  - Transduction of endogenous envelope genes by feline leukaemia virus in vitro.
AB  - Feline leukaemia viruses (FeLV) are exogenous retroviruses that can be detected
      in most cats with leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, myeloproliferative diseases and
      fatal immunosuppression. FeLV isolates have been divided into three subgroups,
      based on the viral envelope-determined properties of interference and host range
      in vitro. FeLV-A is present in all natural isolates and is generally minimally
      pathogenic. FeLV-B is found with FeLV-A in isolates from approximately 40% of
      natural infections and in a higher percentage of cats with lymphoma. Following
      the fundamental observations of genetic reassortment of avian retroviruses with
      endogenous viral genes and the origination of lymphomagenic viruses during the
      ontogeny of AKR mice, we show here that transfection of feline cells with FeLV-A
      DNA results in its recombination with endogenous FeLV-related sequences to
      produce viruses with the structural and host range properties of FeLV-B. Thus in
      vitro propagation of a retrovirus may result in the generation of variants with
      very different properties.

PMID- 2895895
TI  - A highly polymorphic locus very tightly linked to the Huntington's disease gene.
AB  - The genetic defect in Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited neuropsychiatric
      disorder of unknown etiology, has not been defined. The discovery of linkage
      between HD and the DNA marker D4S10(G8) raised the possibility of isolating the
      disease gene on the basis of its chromosomal location, in addition to providing a
      limited presymptomatic test for the late onset disorder. But it has been
      difficult to isolate other DNA markers nearer to the HD gene, and this has
      hampered attempts to identify the disease locus and limited the applicability and
      accuracy of predictive testing. Recently, several new DNA markers from the region
      of the genome near the HD gene have been isolated using a directed cloning
      strategy. We describe here the characterization of one of these new markers,
      D4S95, a highly polymorphic locus which displays no recombination with the HD
      gene in the families tested. The high degree of polymorphism at this locus and
      its proximity to the HD gene make it extremely useful for predictive testing and
      as a new starting point for attempts to clone the disease gene.

PMID- 2895896
TI  - Divergent homeo box proteins recognize similar DNA sequences in Drosophila.
AB  - A member of a small group of genes in Drosophila that define the segmentation
      pattern of the early embryo even-skipped (eve), which plays a key role in a
      network of interactions among segmentation genes. It appears to control
      morphogenesis by regulating the expression of the segmentation gene engrailed
      (en), and by autoregulating its own expression (M. Frasch and M.L., in
      preparation). Here we show that these regulatory interactions could occur at the
      level of transcription as a full-length eve protein binds with high affinity to
      specific sequences located near the 5' ends of the eve and en genes. The en
      binding sites contain at least one copy of a 10-base pair consensus sequence: T-C
      A-A-T-T-A-A-A-T. In contrast, the 5' eve binding sites are relatively G-C rich
      and do not share obvious similarities with the 10-base pair consensus sequence
      associated with en. Other homeo box proteins can recognize both classes of eve
      binding sites, lending support to the proposal that regulatory interactions among
      homeo box genes involve a competition of different homeo box proteins for similar
      cis regulatory sequences.

PMID- 2895897
TI  - Periodic oscillation of intracranial pressure in ventricular dilation: a
      preliminary report.
AB  - Artificial pressure waves (PWs) were generated by manual inflation of a balloon
      in the trigonum of the lateral ventricle in seven adult mongrel dogs with normal
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation. In 14 of 16 series of continuous
      appearances of artificial PWs, local shifts of the brain were successfully
      monitored using small strain-gauge sensors at the periventricular structures in
      these animals. Of the 14 series, 13 showed displacements of the periventricular
      structures, suggesting ventricular dilation. These results did not always
      correlate with macroscopic findings. They are thought to be due largely to
      periventricular oedemas and, in part, non-uniform dilations of the ventricles
      during PWs. We conclude that a water hammer formed by reflection of an increased
      pulse pressure of PWs at the site of CSF absorption causes a shift of CSF from
      the ventricle to the periventricular structures through the wall of the
      ventricle. This phenomenon appears amplified in patients with impaired CSF
      absorption. Thus, PWs have a pathological role in the progress of ventricular
      dilation in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2895898
TI  - The geomagnetic field: a factor in cellular interactions? I. Magnetism and
      Schwann cell-axon interaction in the peripheral nerves of the newborn rat.
AB  - Axonal ensheathment and myelination, one form of axon-sheath cell interaction,
      was studied under normal earth magnetism, in the absence of terrestrial magnetic
      field, and under a 5 G (0.0005 T) magnetic field. Results indicate that the
      geomagnetic field is necessary for the fundamental biological activity of axonal
      ensheathment and myelination. The exact mechanism of action remains obscure.

PMID- 2895899
TI  - Three-dimensional computed tomographic scans in the planning of procedures for
      reconstructive craniofacial surgery.
AB  - Three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D CT) scans were used in the assessment
      of three cases being considered for craniofacial reconstructive surgery; the
      first patient had a frontal encephalocele, the second an orbital encephalocele
      and the third an apparent asymmetry of the face due to cervical scoliosis caused
      by developmental defects of the upper two cervical vertebrae. The 3D CT scans
      provided information which was of great help in deciding how best to manage each
      case.

PMID- 2895900
TI  - Hyperglycaemia protects against neuronal injury around experimental brain
      infarcts.
AB  - Regional glucose utilization was measured in the rat brain after occlusion of the
      middle cerebral artery. Normoglycaemic rat had increased glucose use in the
      cerebral cortex adjacent to the infarct. A fraction of the nerve cells were
      irreversibly injured in this region. In hyperglycaemic rats, the glucose
      metabolism remained normal and no nerve cell loss was found around the infarct.
      The findings indicate that hyperglycaemia protects against nerve cell injury in
      the areas next to experimental brain infarcts.

PMID- 2895901
TI  - Autoregulatory response of pial vessels in the cat.
AB  - Pial vessel responses to mean arterial pressures (MAP) between 40 and 160 mmHg,
      induced by withdrawal and reinfusion of blood, were studied in twelve cats under
      barbiturate- and N2O-anaesthesia, using the cranial window technique and
      videoangiometry. Very minor changes of pial arterial calibres were noted between
      MAP 80 and 120 mmHg. During further reduction of MAP, small arteries dilated more
      than large arteries and measured 43 +/- 4.6% and 30 +/- 1.9% at MAP 40 mmHg,
      respectively. When MAP was elevated to 140 mmHg, large arteries constricted more
      than small ones; at MAP 160 mmHg, however, they started to redilate, while small
      arteries continued to constrict to -13 +/- 2.3%. Within the autoregulatory range,
      pial veins remained unchanged; at MAPs of 40 and 160 mmHg, venous calibre
      variations remained below 10%.

PMID- 2895902
TI  - Underlying mechanisms of facilitation and depression of transmitter release. The
      role of calcium in synaptic transmission.
AB  - The internal functioning of a mathematical model describing synaptic transmission
      and accounting for both facilitation and depression is analysed. Simulation
      studies reproduce all salient characteristics of both phenomena during repetitive
      nerve stimulation. Specifically, the analysis reveals that 1. facilitation and
      depression may be explained in terms of the dynamics of a common process, 2.
      calcium ions exert a similar influence on this process during the development of
      both phenomena and 3. the accumulation of an active calcium residue inside the
      nerve terminal is not absolutely necessary to account for facilitation. Rather,
      it is proposed that such a residue constitutes an important factor exerting an
      influence on the development and control of longer term phenomena such as
      augmentation and potentiation, the two components of post-tetanic potentiation.

PMID- 2895903
TI  - Microvascular anatomy of Heubner's recurrent artery.
AB  - The microvascular anatomy of Heubner's recurrent artery (RAH) was studied in 50
      human brains (100 hemispheres) using acrylic paint under the operative
      microscope. The recurrent artery of Heubner was always found as a single vessel
      in 28 cases (28%) and multiple vessels in 72% (double vessels in 48%, triple in
      23% and quadruple in 1%). Altogether 197 RAH were found in 100 hemispheres,
      averaging 1.97 arteries per hemisphere. In 44 instances, it originated from the
      proximal part of the A1-segment of the anterior cerebral artery. The diameters of
      the RAH ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 mm. Their vascular territory was variable. Four
      groups of distributing branches were found in the RAH: frontal and hypothalamic,
      olfactory, perforating and sylvian-fissure branches. In 12 hemispheres,
      anastomoses were found between the perforating branches of the RAH and the middle
      cerebral artery. In five cases (5%) anastomoses were present between the
      perforating branches of the MCA and the olfactory branch of the RAH. In one case
      (1%), an anastomosis was found between two RAH.

PMID- 2895904
TI  - The role of calcium in parenchymal cell injury in subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - Experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage and intraparenchymal haematoma were
      produced in 20 cats serving as a model for parenchymal cell injury in patients
      with head trauma. There was a typical and constant cellular membrane dysfunction
      characterized by K+ outflux and Ca2+ influx. It appears that both of these events
      have a major influence on subsequent development of cellular dysfunction,
      anatomically characterized as cellular swelling. In addition, the calcium influx
      appears to have a specific role in the cell membrane destruction process by
      initiating an autolytic destruction of cell membranes. This mechanism may be
      crucial in the development of secondary irreversible injuries in cells
      destabilized, but not completely destroyed, at the time of the initial trauma.

PMID- 2895905
TI  - Stereotactic drainage of brain abscesses.
AB  - Between 1981 and 1986, 16 patients with brain abscesses underwent computed
      tomography (CT) guided stereotactic aspiration with (n = 5) or without (n = 11),
      catheter drainage. Infectious sources were found in 11 patients; 6 patients had
      concomitant immune suppression. Bacterial or mixed toxoplasmic-fungal or
      toxoplasmic-viral abscesses were diagnosed in 14 patients. After prolonged
      antimicrobial treatment, follow-up clinical and radiological evaluations
      confirmed abscess resolution in 12 patients. The abscess size was smaller in four
      patients, three of whom died 30-60 days after surgery due to overwhelming
      systemic opportunistic infections. One patient with a tuberculous brain abscess
      continued to exhibit gradual abscess regression one year after beginning three
      drug antituberculous therapy. No surgical mortality occurred but two patients
      required evacuation of post-operative intracerebral haematomas that resulted from
      over-vigorous abscess aspiration. CT stereotactic drainage is a safe and
      effective technique to diagnose and treat brain abscesses and is mandatory for
      small or deep-seated lesions. Empirical therapy of suspected brain abscesses is
      rarely warranted in the era of CT stereotactic surgery.

PMID- 2895906
TI  - BuSpar is clarified.

PMID- 2895907
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2895908
TI  - Symposium: Questioning the efficacy and safety of antihistamines in the treatment
      of upper respiratory infection. Introduction.

PMID- 2895909
TI  - Ineffectiveness of oral terfenadine in natural colds: evidence against histamine
      as a mediator of common cold symptoms.
AB  - The role of histamine in the pathogenesis of infectious rhinitis is unclear, as
      is the efficacy of antihistaminic drugs in the treatment of the common cold. This
      study evaluated the short-term efficacy of oral terfenadine (Seldane) in the
      treatment of the common cold. Over a 5-week period, the authors recruited 250
      adults who had developed cold symptoms within 6 to 48 hours prior to enrollment.
      Volunteers had a primary complaint of runny or stuffy nose; at least one other
      respiratory symptom; no fever or exudative pharyngitis; and no history of atopy,
      sinusitis, or use of cold preparations within 1 week of enrollment. Out of the
      eligible subjects, 126 were randomly assigned terfenadine (60 mg), and 124
      received placebo. Volunteers self-administered either terfenadine or placebo
      twice a day on Days 1, 2 and 3, and a final dose on the morning of Day 4. They
      also recorded the severity of their clinical symptoms (runny nose, sniffles,
      sneezing, postnasal drip, cough and sore throat) on symptom cards. Both groups
      reported similar severity scores throughout the treatment period. Average symptom
      burdens declined at almost identical rates for both groups. Terfenadine was well
      tolerated and had a low incidence of side effects. According to subject
      evaluation, terfenadine was no more effective than placebo. The mean +/- SD score
      of global efficacy was 2.2 +/- 1.1 in the terfenadine group and 2.1 +/- 1.3 in
      the placebo group (P = NS). Slightly fewer terfenadine recipients (41%) than
      placebo recipients (48%) said they would use the study medication again for
      treating cold symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895910
TI  - Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity: preliminary
      results. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group.
AB  - We report the preliminary 3-month outcome of a multicenter randomized trial of
      cryotherapy for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Transscleral
      cryotherapy to the avascular retina was applied to one randomly selected eye when
      there was threshold disease (defined as five or more contiguous or eight
      cumulative 30 degree sectors [clock hours] of stage 3 ROP in zone 1 or 2 in the
      presence of "plus" disease). An unfavorable outcome was defined as posterior
      retinal detachment, retinal fold involving the macula, or retrolental tissue. At
      this writing, 172 infants had been examined 3 months after randomization. An
      unfavorable outcome was significantly less frequent in the eyes undergoing
      cryotherapy (21.8%) compared with the untreated eyes (43%). While the surgery was
      stressful, no unexpected complications occurred during or following treatment.
      These data support the efficacy of cryotherapy in reducing by approximately one
      half the risk of unfavorable retinal outcome from threshold ROP.

PMID- 2895911
TI  - MboI RFLP at the human renin (ren) gene locus.

PMID- 2895912
TI  - Pvu-II RFLP at the human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene locus.

PMID- 2895913
TI  - A biallelic DNA polymorphism of the human beta-2-adrenergic receptor detected by
      Ban I-Adrbr-2.

PMID- 2895914
TI  - An anonymous DNA segment pTP5E (D5S70) maps to the long arm of chromosome 5 and
      identifies a Taq I polymorphism.

PMID- 2895915
TI  - Probe 8B/E5' detects a second RFLP at the human liver/bone/kidney alkaline
      phosphatase (ALPL) locus.

PMID- 2895916
TI  - Two PstI RFLPs in the PCCB gene on the long arm of chromosome 3.

PMID- 2895918
TI  - Bsm I RFLP at the human apolipoprotein AI-CIII gene complex locus.

PMID- 2895917
TI  - Viral K-ras detects two TaqI polymorphisms, one for KRAS1 on chromosome 6 and the
      other for KRAS2 on chromosome 12.

PMID- 2895919
TI  - Two Pvu II RFLPs recognized by a human immunoglobulin alpha heavy chain probe
      (IgHA1).

PMID- 2895920
TI  - HinfI RFLP downstream to the human HRAS1 gene.

PMID- 2895921
TI  - Oncology Nursing Society. May 4-7, 1988. Thirteenth Annual Congress, Pittsburgh,
      Pennsylvania.

PMID- 2895922
TI  - [Polymorphism of the length of DNA restriction fragments in clinical practice].

PMID- 2895923
TI  - Urticaria--a challenge in diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Urticaria can be caused by a multitude of factors, both internal (eg, ingested
      drugs or foods) and external (eg, skin contact, heat, cold). Skin testing, ice
      cube testing, skin biopsy, and food-challenge testing are some of the methods
      that can help link cause and effect. Acute urticaria may require the
      administration of epinephrine and diphenhydramine or a lowering of the antigen
      dose in an allergy shot. Chronic urticaria is plainly visible in clinical
      presentation but is more elusive in diagnosis and treatment. It constantly
      challenges the physician's investigative acumen.

PMID- 2895924
TI  - Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of clorazepate and clonazepam in mice.
AB  - The rate of development of tolerance to the benzodiazepines clorazepate and
      clonazepam against pentetrazole-induced seizures in mice was compared. Treatment
      with clorazepate (0.1% solution as drinking water) for 21 days led to tolerance
      beginning at day 7. When mice were treated with clonazepam (0.5 mg/kg twice daily
      intraperitoneally), tolerance was evident already at the fourth day of treatment.
      Twenty-four hours after cessation of treatment the seizure threshold was
      significantly decreased after treatment with both drugs. Clorazepate, a prodrug
      of the main metabolite of diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, regards further interest
      for anticonvulsant therapy because of a relatively slow onset of tolerance.

PMID- 2895925
TI  - On the active site thiol of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase: relationships to
      catalysis, inhibition, and regulation.
AB  - gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (glutamate-cysteine ligase; EC 6.3.2.2) was
      isolated from an Escherichia coli strain enriched in the gene for this enzyme by
      recombinant DNA techniques. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 1860
      units/mg and a molecular weight of 56,000. Comparison of the E. coli enzyme with
      the well-characterized rat kidney enzyme showed that these enzymes have similar
      catalytic properties (apparent Km values, substrate specificities, turnover
      numbers). Both enzymes are feedback-inhibited by glutathione but not by gamma
      glutamyl-alpha-aminobutyrylglycine; the data indicate that glutathione binds not
      only at the glutamate binding site but also at a second site on the enzyme that
      interacts with the thiol moiety of glutathione but not with a methyl group. Both
      enzymes are inactivated by buthionine sulfoximine in the presence of ATP,
      suggesting a common gamma-glutamyl phosphate intermediate. However, unlike the
      rat kidney enzyme that has an active center thiol, the bacterial enzyme is
      insensitive to cystamine, gamma-methylene glutamate, and S-sulfo amino acids,
      indicating that it does not have an active site thiol. Thus, the rat kidney and
      E. coli enzymes share several catalytic features but differ in active site
      structure. If the active site thiol of the rat kidney enzyme is involved in
      catalysis, which seems likely, there would appear to be differences in the
      mechanisms of action of the two gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetases.

PMID- 2895926
TI  - Chromosomal organization of the cytochrome P450-2C gene family in the mouse: a
      locus associated with constitutive aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.
AB  - Cytochromes P-450 represent a superfamily of enzymes with a central role in the
      metabolism of drugs, chemical toxins, and carcinogens. We have used genetic
      analysis to establish the complexity and catalytic function of a recently
      identified constitutively expressed murine hepatic cytochrome P-450 encoded by
      P450-2C. Southern blotting analysis shows that there are at least seven or eight
      genes within this family in the mouse and rat and that DNA restriction fragment
      length variants between different mouse inbred strains are observed. Analysis of
      recombinant inbred strains derived from these parent strains shows (i) these
      genes are clustered within 1 centimorgan, (ii) this gene family does not
      correspond to any of the known cytochrome P-450 loci or map near any well
      characterized genomic markers, and (iii) this gene family segregates to within 1
      2 centimorgans of a locus controlling constitutive aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
      activity in mice. With use of Chinese hamster/mouse somatic cell hybrids, the
      P450-2C locus was assigned to a region of mouse chromosome 19 that appears to be
      syntenic with the previously mapped human P450C2C locus on human chromosome 10.
      By in situ hybridization to mitotic mouse chromosomes, we have localized this
      region to the tip of chromosome 19. These results are discussed in relation to
      the physiological roles of this P-450 family in foreign compound metabolism and
      steroid oxidations.

PMID- 2895927
TI  - Use of synthetic oligonucleotides for genomic DNA dot hybridization to split the
      DQw3 haplotype.
AB  - Comparison of two different HLA-DQ beta gene sequences from two DR4 individuals,
      probably corresponding to DQw3.2 (DQR4) and DQw3.1 (DQR5) specificities, has
      shown several nucleotide variations. Eight oligonucleotides (24 bases long),
      derived from these polymorphic areas, have been synthesized. Each oligonucleotide
      was hybridized to BamHI-digested DNA samples from eight families with HLA-DR4
      individuals. Four polymorphic BamHI fragments were detected. Two of eight
      oligonucleotides gave a single signal (8.9 kilobases) on DQw3.2-positive
      haplotypes. We used one of these oligonucleotides in a genomic DNA dot
      hybridization and detected a hybridization signal only in DQw3.2-positive
      individuals. A very simple test like this allows the screening of a large
      population sample within a very short period.

PMID- 2895928
TI  - High recombination between two physically close human basement membrane collagen
      genes at the distal end of chromosome 13q.
AB  - Two basement membrane collagen genes coding for the pro alpha 1 chain and pro
      alpha 2 chain of type IV collagen map to 13q34 and are linked with a maximum
      likelihood estimate of recombination of 0.028 at a logarithm of odds (lod) score
      of 19.98. The single-copy sequence that identifies the locus D13S3 is also
      closely linked to both collagen genes. Four enzymes reveal polymorphisms with
      COL4A1, and 10 haplotypes have been observed in Caucasoids. Within COL4A1 a
      nonrandom association of alleles exists only between alleles defined by Hae III
      and those defined by the other three enzymes. A random association of alleles of
      COL4A1 and COL4A2 is observed. Between the two collagen genes were detected three
      meiotic recombination events that contributed to the estimate of 2.8%
      recombination. This is higher than expected for two genes that lie within 650
      kilobases of each other. The lack of linkage disequilibrium between COL4A1 and
      COL4A2 is in agreement with the relatively high recombination that is observed.

PMID- 2895929
TI  - Rapid desensitization of glutamate receptors in vertebrate central neurons.
AB  - We have examined glutamate receptor desensitization in voltage-clamped embryonic
      chicken spinal cord neurons and postnatal rat hippocampal neurons maintained in
      culture. Rapid currents that rose in 0.8-3.6 msec were evoked when glutamate was
      ionophoresed with 0.5- to 1.0-msec pulses. With prolonged pulses or brief,
      repetitive pulses, glutamate-evoked currents decayed rapidly in a manner that was
      independent of holding potential. A similar desensitization occurred following
      close-range pressure ejection of glutamate. The rapid, desensitizing glutamate
      current exhibited a linear current-voltage relation and it was not blocked by 2
      amino-5-phosphonovalerate, suggesting that it was mediated by N-methyl-D
      aspartate-insensitive (G2) receptors. Desensitization of G2 receptors may be
      agonist-dependent: currents evoked by kainate, a selective G2 agonist, did not
      decay, whereas prior application of glutamate did reduce the size of kainate
      responses. The appearance of the rapid current depended critically on the
      position of the ionophoretic pipette. Such glutamate-receptor "hot spots" often
      corresponded to points of contact with neighboring neurites, which raises the
      possibility that they are located at synapses.

PMID- 2895930
TI  - Growth of Paracoccus denitrificans on [2,3-13C]succinate and [1,4-13C]succinate.
      III. Biosynthetic pathways.
AB  - The biosynthesis in vivo of a number of amino acids, sugars, and purines in
      Paracoccus denitrificans grown on either [2,3-13C]succinate or [1,4-13C]succinate
      was investigated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The distribution
      of label in the TCA-cycle-related amino acids indicated that carbon intermediates
      of energy metabolism were utilized as precursors for the biosynthesis of these
      amino acids in vivo. The biosynthesis of glycine, serine, phenylalanine and
      glycerol from labelled succinate in vivo were consistent with phosphoenol
      pyruvate as an intermediate. A mechanism for the formation of C4, C5 and C6
      sugars without the use of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (which has not been
      detected in P. denitrificans) is proposed. The 13C-enrichments of ribose in the
      bacterium indicate that there are at least three routes of ribose biosynthesis
      operating during growth on labelled succinate. The probability distribution of
      labelled purine molecules was successfully predicted for adenine, guanine and
      adenosine, thus confirming their generally accepted route of biosynthesis in
      vivo.

PMID- 2895931
TI  - The beta sector of the rabbit's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - The beta sector of the rabbit's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is a small
      region of nerve cells scattered among the fibres of the geniculocortical pathway.
      In its topographical relations it resembles the perigeniculate nucleus of
      carnivores, which contains neurons driven by geniculate and visual cortical
      neurons and which sends inhibitory fibres back into the geniculate relay. We have
      traced retinogeniculate, geniculocortical and corticogeniculate pathways in
      rabbits by using horseradish peroxidase or radioactively labelled proline and
      have found that the beta sector resembles the perigeniculate nucleus in receiving
      no direct retinal afferents, sending no efferents to the visual cortex (V-I), and
      receiving afferents from the visual cortex. The corticogeniculate afferents are
      organized so that the visual field map in the beta sector and the main part of
      the lateral geniculate relays are aligned, as are the maps in the cat's
      perigeniculate nucleus and the main part of the geniculate relay of carnivores.
      Electron microscopical studies show similar types of axon terminals in the rabbit
      and the cat for the main part of the geniculate relay on the one hand and for the
      beta sector and the perigeniculate nucleus on the other. Earlier observations
      that the proportion of putative inhibitory terminals (F-type terminals) is lower
      in the rabbit's than the cat's geniculate region are confirmed. A major
      difference between the beta sector and the perigeniculate nucleus has been
      revealed by immunohistochemical staining for GABA. Whereas almost all of the
      cat's perigeniculate cells appear to be GABAergic, the proportion in the beta
      sector is much lower, and not significantly different from that found in the main
      part of the rabbit's geniculate relay. It is concluded that the beta sector
      shares many of the organizational features of the perigeniculate nucleus. A
      common developmental origin seems probable, but the functional differences remain
      to be explored.

PMID- 2895932
TI  - Tension reactivation and potentiation in guinea pig atrium: the effects of
      isoprenaline, calcium and rate changes.
AB  - The process of tension repriming and the phenomenon of tension potentiation after
      premature stimulation (post-extrasystolic potentiation, PESP) were studied in the
      adult guinea pig atrium. The following results were obtained. (i) Reducing
      extracellular calcium, [Ca]o, to 50% of normal did not significantly change the
      rate of tension repriming. However, in the presence of 5 microM isoprenaline
      (which greatly speeded up repriming) the same reduction in [Ca]o slowed down the
      repriming process. (ii) Increases in the rate of stimulation enhanced the rate of
      tension repriming in a control medium, but this rate-dependence was absent in the
      presence of isoprenaline. (iii) Isoprenaline (20 microM) abolished PESP. A
      reduction in [Ca]o or the addition of verapamil (still with isoprenaline) partly
      restored tension potentiation. In neonatal guinea pig atria, a large PESP was
      evident, which was only slightly reduced by isoprenaline. These results are
      interpreted as reflecting changes induced by isoprenaline in the degree of
      filling of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores with calcium, and in the rate of
      calcium recycling between uptake and release sites within the SR network. The
      large PESP found in the neonate, and its relative insensitivity to isoprenaline
      was interpreted as reflecting a scarcity of SR. This implies that tension
      potentiation may also reflect changes in sarcolemmal calcium currents.

PMID- 2895933
TI  - The spectral properties and photosensitivities of analogue photopigments
      regenerated with 10- and 14-substituted retinal analogues.
AB  - Analogues of 11-cis- and 9-cis-retinal with substitutions at positions 10 and 14
      were used to regenerate analogue photopigments with two opsins: that of the
      transmuted (cone-like) 521-pigment of Gekko gekko and that of the rhodopsin of
      Porichthys notatus. The spectral absorbances and photosensitivities of the
      regenerated photopigments were determined and compared, first, between the two
      systems of analogue photopigments, and second, in the responses to the two
      opsins. Unlike the 10-fluoropigments, the comparable 14-compounds were
      significantly red-shifted by 19-30 nm and their sensitivity to light was similar
      to that of the parent 11-cis- and 9-cis-pigments. These were the results for both
      analogue pigments. In contrast, the 10-pigments were spectrally located close to
      the wavelengths of the parent compounds and the photosensitivity was
      significantly reduced, especially in the case of the 9-cis-analogues. Evidence
      was obtained for a steric hindrance effect at position 14, for no regeneration
      was obtained when methyl or ethyl groups were at this carbon. In the 10
      substituted retinals, steric hindrance was noted only for the gecko; only the
      fluorosubstituted, but not the chloro-, the methyl- or the ethyl-substituted,
      retinals reacted. With the fish opsin, pigments were regenerated with all but the
      ethyl-substituted retinal. The gecko opsin appears to have a more restricted
      binding site. Another feature of the gecko was related to the chloride
      bathochromic and hyperchromic effects, in which the 521-pigment prepared in a
      chloride-deficient state has a blue-shifted spectrum compared with the spectrum
      obtained after the addition of chloride, and its extinction is raised by the
      addition of chloride to give a mean ratio of 1.23 for the two extinctions, one
      with, the other without, added chloride. The 11-cis-10-F-analogue pigment gave
      both chloride effects and the hyperchromic ratio was the same as that recorded
      for the native visual pigment. In contrast, the pigment formed with 11-cis-14-F
      retinal gave a hyperchromic ratio significantly greater than 1.23. A similar
      contrast in the responses to chloride was obtained with the analogue
      photopigments regenerated with the 9-cis-10-F- and 9-cis-14-F-chromophores. This
      difference between the two systems is interpreted as the result of a specific
      configurational feature of the gecko opsin when in the chloride-deficient state
      that is relevant to the binding of the retinal analogue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2895934
TI  - The organization of corticocortical projections from area 17 to area 18 of the
      cat's visual cortex.
AB  - Retrogradely transported tracers were injected into area 18 of the visual cortex
      of the adult cat to study the organization of corticocortical projections from
      area 17 to area 18. All injections, whether very small or relatively large, and
      irrespective of their exact location in area 18, produced a discontinuous,
      clustered distribution of labelled cells, mainly in layers II, III and upper IV,
      in a topographically related region of area 17. The mean centre-centre distance
      between neighbouring patches was about 750 microns. We conclude that the overall
      population of cells projecting to area 18 is genuinely distributed in a patchy
      fashion and that they provide an efficient spatial sample of information from
      area 17. Comparison of the dimensions of each injection site and of the
      retrogradely labelled territory suggested that each region in area 18 receives a
      convergent input from a zone in area 17 whose visual field representation is
      about 0.8 M-1 deg larger in all directions (where M is the magnification factor
      in millimetres per degree at the termination site in area 18). Pairs of injection
      were made in area 18 by placing small volumes of two fluorescent tracers, fast
      blue and diamidino yellow, side-by-side in either a rostrocaudal or a
      mediolateral plane, with different distances between them. When the boundaries of
      the dense central cores of two injection sites were separated, at their closest
      points, by about 1.6 mm, the two corresponding distributions of labelled cells in
      area 17 were just non-overlapping, suggesting that each group of cells in area 17
      sends a divergent projection in innervate a zone about 0.8 mm larger in all
      directions in area 18. More closely spaced injections led to overlap of the
      distributions of labelling by the two dyes, with shared clusters containing a
      mixture of labelled cells. The proportion of double-labelled cells in these
      shared clusters never exceeded 4.4% (but was 70% after sequential injection of
      the two dyes at a single point). We conclude that, although each cluster of cells
      sends a divergent projection to area 18, the majority of individual axons
      terminate more discretely, perhaps providing specific inter-connections between
      functionally corresponding 'columns' in the two areas.

PMID- 2895935
TI  - Managing anxiety.

PMID- 2895936
TI  - Comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of zuclopenthixol decanoate and
      fluphenazine decanoate.
AB  - Seventeen outpatients were treated with depot neuroleptics, zuclopenthixol
      decanoate in Viscoleo or fluphenazine decanoate in sesame oil, with dosage
      intervals of 3 weeks. During the 4th, 6th, and 8th dosage interval blood samples
      were drawn in oxalated tubes. Plasma concentrations of the active neuroleptic
      drugs, zuclopenthixol and fluphenazine, were determined by high performance
      liquid chromatography. The concentrations indicated some interindividual as well
      as intraindividual variations. For zuclopenthixol the maximum concentration was
      most often seen at day 7 after injection, whereas the kinetics of the
      fluphenazine concentrations was more variable. There was an indication of more
      fluctuation in the 4th dosage interval than in the 8th dosage interval, possibly
      due to the fact that steady state has not yet been achieved at the 4th dosage
      interval.

PMID- 2895937
TI  - GABA agonists in cebus monkeys with neuroleptic-induced persistent dyskinesias.
AB  - Tetrahydroisoxazolopyridinol (THIP), a GABA receptor agonist, gamma-acetylenic
      GABA(GAG) and gamma-vinyl-GABA(GVG), two GABA transaminase inhibitors were given
      in single parenteral doses to three Cebus apella monkeys with persistent
      dyskinetic movements induced by earlier long-term administration of haloperidol.
      High doses of THIP temporarily abolished dyskinesias but also caused
      bradykinesia, ataxia, dystonia and myoclonic jerks. GAG and GVG reduced
      dyskinesias to a lesser extent and with fewer side effects. Whether the observed
      antidyskinetic effect is secondary to the concomitant general toxic effects or if
      these drugs have a specific antidyskinetic action remains an open question.

PMID- 2895938
TI  - Further studies on the interaction between bromocriptine and SKF38393 in
      reserpine and alpha methyl-para-tyrosine-treated mice.
AB  - In a previous report, we showed that the relatively selective dopamine (DA) D-2
      agonist bromocriptine (BRC), when combined with the selective D-1 agonist
      SKF38393, produced in DA-depleted mice a marked locomotor stimulation, despite
      BRC and SKF38393 being inactive by themselves (Jackson and Hashizume 1986). The
      present series of experiments was designed to further explore this interaction.
      In all experiments, mice were pretreated with reserpine and/or alpha methyl-p
      tyrosine (AMPT). In mice pretreated with reserpine, AMPT or reserpine plus AMPT,
      BRC plus SKF38393 produced marked excitation whether the BRC was given 3 or 1 h
      prior to the SKF38393 challenge. However, while there was no absolute requirement
      that BRC be given a certain time before SKF38393, this factor was of some
      importance, with the onset of locomotor stimulation produced by the combination
      being much more rapid if the BRC was given 3 h rather than 1 h before the
      SKF38393. Interestingly, the degree of locomotor stimulation produced by the
      combination was always greatest in the animals premedicated with reserpine alone.
      If AMPT was also used (with or without reserpine), the stimulation produced by
      the combination was reduced, which may have resulted in part from a non-specific
      depressant effect of the AMPT. From these results, it seems as though endogenous
      DA is not required for BRC to work, provided that D-1 receptors are
      stimulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2895939
TI  - Differential sensitivity of opioid-induced feeding to naloxone and naloxonazine.
AB  - The high-affinity mu-1 opioid binding site has been implicated in some opioid
      responses (e.g., supraspinal analgesia) but not others (e.g., respiratory
      depression) by comparing the actions of naloxone, a short-acting, non-selective
      antagonist, and naloxonazine, an irreversible and selective mu-1 antagonist. The
      mu-1 site has been implicated in the opioid component modulating free feeding and
      deprivation-induced feeding, but not glucoprivic feeding. The present study
      compared naloxone and naloxonazine antagonism of hyperphagia induced by morphine,
      ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), dynorphin and d-ala2,d-leu5-enkephalin (DADL) in
      rats. Morphine produced a dose-dependent (0.01-5 mg/kg) hyperphagia in mildly
      food-deprived rats that was blocked by naloxone (0.01-10 mg/kg). Naloxonazine (10
      mg/kg) shifted the morphine hyperphagia dose-response curve to the right. These
      effects could not be fully accounted for by the intrinsic hypophagic properties
      of these antagonists. EKC produced a dose-dependent (0.5-5 mg/kg) hyperphagia
      which was blocked by naloxone (10 mg/kg) only at low effective EKC doses.
      Naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) failed to affect EKC hyperphagia. Naloxone, but not
      naloxonazine also blocked dynorphin and DADL hyperphagia. These results indicate
      that feeding induced by opiate and opioid agonists are differentially mediated by
      the mu-1 and other opioid binding sites; these data contrast with the modulation
      by the mu-1 site of the supraspinal analgesia induced by each of these agonists.

PMID- 2895940
TI  - Differential effects of opioid and nonopioid analgesics on conditional
      discriminations in pigeons.
AB  - Under the fixed-consecutive-number schedule (FCN), pigeons were reinforced for
      responding eight or more times on one response key (work key), and then
      responding once on a second response key. In one component of this schedule, an
      external stimulus signalled the completion of the response requirement on the
      work key (FCN 8-SD), whereas no stimulus change was programmed under the other
      (FCN 8). Across a range of doses, the mu opioid agonist morphine, the kappa
      opioid agonist U50,488 and the opioid antagonist naloxone had no consistent
      effect on accuracy under either FCN schedule. Naloxone and accuracy under either
      FCN schedule. Naloxone and U50,488 produced a general flattening of the
      conditional probability functions by decreasing the conditional probability of
      response runs exceeding the minimum response requirement of eight consecutive
      responses on the work key. The sigma agonists phencyclidine and (+)N
      allylnormetazocine and the nonopioid analgesics clonidine and l-nantradol
      produced large decreases in accuracy under the FCN 8 and small decreases under
      the FCN 8-SD. With the exception of (+)N-allylnormetazocine, these drugs
      consistently increased the conditional probability of responses runs shorter than
      the minimum response requirement on the work key. These findings indicate that
      the accuracy-altering effects of some opioid and nonopioid analgesics depend in
      part on the type of discrimination task.

PMID- 2895941
TI  - Dose-response effects of 8-cyclopropyltheophylline on sleep and wakefulness in
      rats.
AB  - The dose-response effects of the substituted xanthine 8-cyclopropyltheophylline
      (CPRT) on sleep and wakefulness (W) after intraperitoneal administration to rats
      were examined by means of simultaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) and
      electromyographic (EMG) recordings. Doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg CPRT increased W and
      decreased slow wave sleep (SWS) in rats, indicating CNS stimulant effects. The
      greatest CNS stimulation was produced by the lowest (20 mg/kg) dose of CPRT
      examined, which also increased the latency to SWS. In addition, the 20 mg/kg dose
      of CPRT also significantly decreased the amount of total sleep (TS), as compared
      to the vehicle group, during all time periods examined. In contrast, the 80 mg/kg
      dose of CPRT decreased W and increased both SWS and TS. However, this apparent
      hypnotic effect of the 80 mg/kg CPRT may be due to toxicity, since 80% of rats
      treated with this dose of the drug died within 48 h of injection.

PMID- 2895942
TI  - [Primary prevention of coronary disease. III. Report from the working conference
      of the World Health Organization, Anacapri, 15-19 October 1984].

PMID- 2895943
TI  - The effect of H2-antagonists on the absorption of bupropion in rats.
AB  - Bupropion absorption was investigated by oral administration of bupropion alone
      or in combination with cimetidine or ranitidine to rats. Blood samples were
      collected before and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.5 and 6 h after
      bupropion administration. The assay of bupropion in plasma was carried out by an
      HPLC method. Cimetidine or ranitidine did not significantly affect the plasma
      bupropion concentrations on concurrent administration. No significant differences
      were observed between area under the curves (AUC)s, maximum plasma concentration,
      time to peak and the half-life of bupropion among the three groups. These results
      indicate that neither cimetidine nor ranitidine significantly affects the rate or
      the extent of bupropion absorption in rats.

PMID- 2895944
TI  - [Medical treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers: reality, illusions and hopes
      1987].

PMID- 2895945
TI  - [A new strategy in the diagnosis of digestive cancer].

PMID- 2895946
TI  - [Digestive tract involvement in collagenoses].

PMID- 2895947
TI  - [Usefulness of biological tests in diagnosing alcoholic liver diseases].

PMID- 2895948
TI  - [Intestinal angiodysplasia].

PMID- 2895949
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of ultrasonography and radiologic examination in
      diagnosing biliary lithiasis].

PMID- 2895950
TI  - [Echographic volumetry of the gallbladder in biliary dyskinesia].

PMID- 2895951
TI  - [Hepatorenal syndrome. Its clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic, evolutive and
      prognostic aspects].

PMID- 2895952
TI  - GABA distribution in a pain-modulating zone of trigeminal subnucleus
      interpolaris.
AB  - A recent model for control of spinal and medullary nociceptive neurons (Basbaum
      and Fields, 1984) incorporates a gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABA-ergic) cell
      into this circuitry and indicates that such elements could act as one substrate
      for presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents. This concept is supported by a
      variety of pharmacological and electrophysiological studies. We therefore
      examined the distribution of GABA-ergic activity in trigeminal subnucleus
      interpolaris (Vi) by focusing on the types of cells, together with dendritic and
      synaptic profiles, that are immunocytochemically labeled with an antiserum
      against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). GAD occurred throughout Vi but was
      most concentrated in the ventrolateral quadrant and interstitial nucleus. It was
      localized to groups of small neurons with two to three primary dendrites, and
      within numerous punctate profiles suggestive of synaptic elements. Electron
      microscopy revealed labeled dendrites, some of which were postsynaptic to
      scalloped terminals of presumptive primary afferents. Other labeled dendritic
      elements, which were quite variable in size, engaged both GAD-labeled and
      unlabeled synapses. Most GAD synapses displayed clear round vesicles and formed
      contacts with unlabeled perikarya and a variety of dendritic processes. Numerous
      GAD-positive synapses were also incorporated into axoaxonic clusters, in which
      the GAD element was presynaptic to scalloped terminals. Others engaged in serial
      arrays with other unlabeled terminals, which, in turn, were presynaptic to
      dendrites. Occasionally, GAD synapses formed contacts with GAD-positive
      dendrites. These data show that GABA is localized to a variety of neuronal
      elements in ventrolateral Vi and the interstitial nucleus. These occur in spatial
      arrangements providing an anatomical substrate for postsynaptic modulation of
      activity in this area. GABA terminals also appear to be involved in a presynaptic
      inhibitory mechanism, which may, in some instances, affect transmission in
      primary afferents.

PMID- 2895954
TI  - [The current role of beta-blockers in arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2895953
TI  - [The beta-adrenergic receptor and its physiology].

PMID- 2895955
TI  - [The current role of beta-blockers in coronary insufficiency].

PMID- 2895956
TI  - [Heart failure: beta-stimulant or beta-blocker?].

PMID- 2895957
TI  - [Beta-stimulants in pneumology].

PMID- 2895958
TI  - [Beta-mimetic drugs in obstetrics].

PMID- 2895959
TI  - [The treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis using salazosulfapyridine
      (Salazopyrine). A 6-month open study of 34 patients].

PMID- 2895961
TI  - Baltimore's "fiery blast".

PMID- 2895960
TI  - Age and sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to adrenergic agonists,
      mental stress and isometric exercise in normal subjects.
AB  - Dose-response curves for intravenous bolus injections of isoprenaline were
      carried out in 40 normal subjects, in four groups of 10 comprising young and
      middle-aged males and females. The isoprenaline dose required to raise the heart
      rate by 50 beats/min, the CD50 (chronotropic dose 50 beats/min), was calculated
      individually and taken as a measure of the beta-adrenergic responsiveness.
      Females had significantly higher sensitivity to isoprenaline than males, i.e.
      lower CD50 values (95% confidence interval 0.07-0.11 versus 0.12-0.17
      micrograms/kg body weight, p less than 0.001), and young subjects had higher
      sensitivity than middle-aged subjects (95% confidence interval for CD50 0.07-0.10
      versus 0.12-0.18 microgram/kg body weight, p less than 0.001). Dose-response
      curves were also carried out for intravenous prenalterol, a partial beta 1
      adrenergic agonist. The maximal heart-rate response to prenalterol (delta HRP)
      showed a significant inverse linear relationship with the CD50 (delta HRP = 44.8
      0.11 x CD50, r = -0.53, rs = -0.69, p less than 0.001). A mental stress programme
      and isometric exercise gave significant increases in heart rate and blood
      pressure for all groups, but there was no significant relationship between the
      CD50 and the heart-rate response. By applying a theoretical model, developed by
      Kenakin and Beek [13], to the isoprenaline-prenalterol data, it is suggested that
      the observed age and sex differences in beta-adrenergic responsiveness are caused
      by a tissue-related difference in the stimulus-response mechanism.

PMID- 2895962
TI  - [The alcoholism perspective in primary health care. The 1st S. Joao de Deus
      Mental Health Meeting for Nurses, Coimbra, March 1987].

PMID- 2895963
TI  - Effects of HOE 760 (histamine H2-receptor antagonist) on diazepam
      pharmacokinetics.
AB  - A double-blind cross-over study of the effects of HOE 760 (histamine H2-receptor
      blocker) on diazepam pharmacokinetics was conducted in 12 healthy men. HOE 760 or
      placebo was given daily for 12 days and, after a wash-out period of 9 days, the
      alternate medication was given for 12 days. Diazepam 10 mg was given
      intravenously on day 6 of each of the 12-day periods. Blood was taken up to 1
      week after the diazepam injections for assay of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam.
      The co-administration of HOE 760 did not affect the pharmacokinetics of diazepam
      and desmethyldiazepam.

PMID- 2895964
TI  - Isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) from a black South
      African with Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - Serological evidence for HTLV-I infection in the South African population has now
      been confirmed by the isolation of the virus from the peripheral blood
      lymphocytes of an adult Tsonga male. The subject was an indigenous black man from
      the south-eastern Transvaal who had suffered from Kaposi's sarcoma for a decade
      and in whom serum antibodies against HTLV-I were demonstrated. T-lymphocyte cell
      lines were established from his peripheral blood lymphocytes and shown to be
      productively infected with HTLV-I as evidenced by: the characteristic cell
      morphology; the typical viral morphogenesis on ultra-thin section electron
      microscopy; the viral genome in DNA extracted from the cell lines; characteristic
      reverse transcriptase activity and viral specific proteins in the cell culture
      supernatant fluids. Spread of infection occurs through sexual intercourse, from
      mother to child, and by blood transfusion. Donated blood should be screened to
      contain the spread of HTLV-I infection.

PMID- 2895965
TI  - [Interrelations of the endocrine glands and regulatory gastrointestinal
      peptides].

PMID- 2895966
TI  - [Comparison of the effects of loprazolam and alcohol on psychomotor performance
      and memory in healthy subjects].

PMID- 2895967
TI  - Early changes in bile duct lining cells and hepatocytes in rats treated with
      alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate.
AB  - Morphological changes in bile duct lining cells precede morphological changes in
      hepatocytes in rats treated with 300 mg/kg body wt of alpha
      naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). Four hours after dosing, electron microscopy
      showed dilation of bile ducts, loss of microvilli from bile duct epithelial
      cells, and an apparent opening of the tight junctions between some bile duct
      epithelial cells. These changes were more pronounced after 6 hr and there was in
      some bile duct lining cells detachment of the nuclear membrane and vacuolation of
      the endoplasmic reticulum. Light microscopy 6 hr after treatment with ANIT showed
      some portal edema and loss of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity from the
      bile duct lining cells. By 8 hr after treatment many ducts showed clear-cut
      damage, with bile plugs forming and cells exfoliating into the ducts. Twenty-four
      hours after treatment the majority of bile ducts were destroyed but by 48 hr
      there was some evidence of regeneration. No tissue changes were seen at the light
      microscopy level in the liver parenchymal cells 4, 6, or 8 hr after treatment. At
      the ultrastructural level some alterations in the tight junctions between
      hepatocytes were seen 6 hr after treatment. No other changes were observed before
      this time point. By 24 hr after treatment there was focal necrosis in the
      parenchyma. Assay of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and albumin in bile gave
      results consistent with the histochemical evidence for the loss of activity from
      bile duct lining cells and for weakening of the tight junctions between
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2895968
TI  - A comparison of serial E-RFC monitoring and immunomagnetic quantitation of CD2+
      cells in RATG-treated transplant recipients.

PMID- 2895969
TI  - T11+/DR+ lymphocytes in renal allograft recipients with irreversible rejection.

PMID- 2895970
TI  - Sensitivity of newly transplanted marrow to further irradiation.

PMID- 2895971
TI  - Remote intramuscular injection of immobilising drugs into fish using a laser
      aimed underwater dart gun.
AB  - Sixty coldwater and warmwater fish ranging in weight from 2 to 35 kg were
      injected intramuscularly with the hypnotics alphaxalone-alphadolone and
      metomidate hydrochloride and the non-depolarising muscle relaxant gallamine
      triethiodide using a laser-aimed underwater dart gun. Alphaxalone-alphadolone
      produced sufficient sedation for easy netting within five to 20 minutes at doses
      between 0.3 and 0.5 ml/kg, with induction being somewhat faster in warmwater
      species. The pattern of induction was similar with metomidate but required doses
      of 40 to 60 mg/kg. The muscle relaxant gallamine triethiodide showed promise as a
      practical agent for the capture and handling of large fish by virtue of its
      smooth induction of paralysis at doses between 1 and 3 mg/kg and its reversible
      supplementation with orally administered metomidate hydrochloride.

PMID- 2895972
TI  - Accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid by horizontal cells isolated from the
      goldfish retina.
AB  - In the goldfish retina, H1 horizontal cells, which receive input predominantly
      from red sensitive cone photoreceptors, possess a single high-affinity uptake
      mechanism for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This GABA uptake is enhanced by
      light stimulation, which hyperpolarizes the H1 cells. The regulation of this
      uptake mechanism was examined in isolated horizontal cells by measuring the
      accumulation of exogenously supplied 3H-GABA. Solutions containing elevated
      external K+ or glutamate were used to quantitatively depolarize the cells to
      reveal that the potential-sensitive GABA uptake is maximal under hyperpolarizing
      conditions and minimal with depolarization. The driving force for GABA uptake is
      derived from the Na+ electrochemical gradient, with approximately 2 Na+ ions
      being cotransported with each molecule of GABA. The results presented suggest
      that the uptake mechanism permits the synaptic concentration of GABA to be
      regulated by the membrane potential of the H1 horizontal cells. This, then
      permits the presynaptic horizontal cell to modulate the synaptic concentration of
      transmitter in this tonically active synapse.

PMID- 2895973
TI  - [Facial injuries in childhood. Etiology, location, therapy].

PMID- 2895975
TI  - Turbinate atrophy in mice caused by Bordetella pertussis.

PMID- 2895974
TI  - Conversion of ammonia to glutamate by L-glutamic dehydrogenase, alcohol
      dehydrogenase and NAD+ immobilized within lipid-polyamide polyethyleneimine
      microcapsules.

PMID- 2895976
TI  - Mammogram interpretation by physician assistants.

PMID- 2895977
TI  - Flow cytometric DNA and nuclear antigen content in astrocytic neoplasms.
AB  - Simultaneous flow cytometric DNA content and proliferation-associated nuclear
      antigen (p105) quantitation was performed on 23 astrocytic tumors and the results
      correlated with histologic subtype. Three of nine anaplastic astrocytomas and one
      of ten glioblastomas had an identifiable aneuploid peak, while all four well
      differentiated astrocytomas were diploid. Cell cycle analysis of malignant
      gliomas revealed a higher mean percentage of S and G2M cells compared to well
      differentiated astrocytomas but there was considerable overlap between histologic
      subtypes. Nuclear antigen analysis of diploid tumors showed a higher mean p105
      fluorescence of S + G2M cells than G0G1 cells from the same case but there were
      no apparent differences in p105 expression by histologic subtype. Aneuploid
      tumors showed enhanced expression of p105 relative to diploid cells. The findings
      suggest that the aggressive course of high grade glial tumors may be related to
      an abnormal DNA stemline or an increase in proliferative activity.

PMID- 2895978
TI  - Use of narcotics in sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2895979
TI  - Cryptorchism, orchiopexy, and the risk of testicular cancer.
AB  - Adult white male residents of 13 counties of western Washington State in whom
      germ cell testicular cancer was diagnosed between 1977 and 1983 (n = 333) were
      interviewed by telephone regarding their history of cryptorchism and its
      treatment. The same interview was given to a sample of 675 men selected from the
      population of these counties by dialing telephone numbers at random. Men who
      reported a history of cryptorchism were 5.9 times (95 per cent confidence
      interval 3.4-10.2) more likely than men without such a history to develop
      testicular cancer. Compared with noncryptorchid men, those with unilateral
      cryptorchism were at greater risk of developing a tumor on the side of nondescent
      (relative risk = 8.0) than on the opposite side (relative risk = 1.6). The size
      of the increased risk tended to be smaller among cryptorchid men who had
      undergone orchiopexy by age 10 than for other cryptorchid men, but the influence
      of orchiopexy in early childhood could not be evaluated in this population. These
      observations offer support for the hypothesis that one or more local factors
      (e.g., temperature elevation) account for the major part of the increased risk of
      germ cell testicular tumors in cryptorchid men.

PMID- 2895981
TI  - An extensive search for RFLP in the human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase locus
      has revealed a silent mutation in the coding sequence.
AB  - The genetic polymorphism of an approximately 100-kb DNA region comprising and
      flanking the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene on human chromosome
      Xq28 has been analyzed in detail. By using 14 unique sequence probes and 18
      restriction enzymes, we have characterized 257 restriction fragments or 370
      restriction sites. On testing 12-57 individual X chromosomes, all sites but one
      were nonpolymorphic. However, a PstI site that maps to exon 10 of the G6PD gene,
      which is still monomorphic in all British and Italian subjects tested, is
      polymorphic in west-African people. Specifically, it is absent from 22% of
      Nigerian X chromosomes. By sequence analysis we have shown that the absence of
      this PstI site results from a G----A replacement at position 1116, corresponding
      to the third base of a glutamine codon; no amino acid change is produced in the
      protein. Thus, a polymorphic silent mutation is demonstrated in a human gene.

PMID- 2895980
TI  - Haplotypes of the coagulation factor XIII A subunit locus in normal and deficient
      subjects.
AB  - Several RFLPs have been detected using a cDNA fragment encoding the amino
      terminal half of the A subunit of factor XIII. The RFLPs show little linkage
      disequilibrium and form many different haplotypes that can be used to identify
      chromosomes transmitting factor XIII A subunit deficiency. Southern blot analysis
      of three deficient individuals from two families showed that, in these cases,
      factor XIII A subunit deficiency did not result from a major gene deletion or
      rearrangement. Factor XIII A subunit deficiency was found to be associated with
      three different haplotypes, suggesting heterogeneity in the mutations causing
      this disorder.

PMID- 2895982
TI  - Tightly linked flanking markers for the Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome, with
      application to carrier assessment.
AB  - The Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome (OCRL) is characterized by congenital
      cataract, mental retardation, and defective renal tubular function. A map
      assignment of OCRL to Xq24-q26 has been made previously by linkage analysis with
      DXS42 at Xq24-q26 (theta = 0, z = 5.09) and with DXS10 at Xq26 (theta = 0, z =
      6.45). Two additional families were studied and three additional polymorphisms
      were identified at DXS42 by using a 35-kb sequence isolated with the probe
      detecting the original polymorphism at DXS42. With additional OCRL families made
      informative for DXS42, theta remained 0 with z = 6.63; and for DXS10 theta = 0.03
      and z = 7.07. Evidence for placing OCRL at Xq25 also comes from a female with
      Lowe syndrome and an X;3 translocation. We have used the Xq25 breakpoint in this
      patient to determine the position of OCRL relative to the two linked markers.
      Each derivative chromosome was isolated away from its normal counterpart in
      somatic cell hybrids. DXS42 was mapped to the derivative chromosome X containing
      Xpterq25, and DXS10 was mapped to the derivative chromosome 3 containing Xq25
      qter. The markers DXS10 and DXS42 therefore show tight linkage with OCRL in six
      families and flank the Xq25 breakpoint in a female patient with an X;3
      translocation. Linkage analysis with flanking markers was used to assess OCRL
      carrier status in women at risk. Results, when compared with carrier
      determination by ophthalmologic examination, indicated that the slit-lamp exam
      can be a sensitive and specific method of carrier determination in many cases.

PMID- 2895984
TI  - Use of laboratory tests to monitor heavy drinking by alcoholic men discharged
      from a treatment program.
AB  - Changes in blood test values from the time of discharge from an alcohol treatment
      program to 3-month follow-up were studied in two consecutive series of alcoholic
      men. The parallel combination of a percent increase in gamma-glutamyltransferase
      (GGT) of greater than or equal to 20%, in aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) of
      greater than or equal to 40%, and in alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) of greater
      than or equal to 20% over discharge values was developed as a rule and then cross
      validated to identify those alcoholic men who had resumed drinking at follow-up.
      Serial determination of these three test values in combination can be used to
      distinguish recovering alcoholics who remain abstinent from those who resume
      drinking.

PMID- 2895985
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar affective disorder: aging, cognitive dysfunction,
      course of illness, and exposure to neuroleptics and lithium.
AB  - Cognitive function, course of illness, and medication history were assessed in 42
      bipolar patients evaluated for the presence of involuntary movements. Among the
      25 patients 55 years old or older, the 16 with involuntary movements were not
      distinguished from the nine without involuntary movements by past or current
      exposure to neuroleptics, anticholinergics, or carbamazepine, but they showed
      poorer cognitive function, had fewer major depressive episodes, and had received
      briefer exposure to lithium. The association between involuntary movements and
      cognitive dysfunction parallels that found in schizophrenia, suggesting that
      similar neurological processes may contribute to vulnerability to involuntary
      movements in the major functional psychoses.

PMID- 2895983
TI  - Chromosome I linkage studies in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type I.
AB  - Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1 (CMT1) is an autosomal dominant disorder of
      peripheral nerve. The gene for CMT1 was originally localized to chromosome 1 by
      linkage to the Duffy blood group, but it has since been shown that not all CMT1
      pedigrees show this linkage. We report here the results of linkage studies using
      five chromosome 1 markers--Duffy (Fy), antithrombin III (AT3), renin (REN), beta
      nerve growth factor (NGFB), and salivary amylase (AMY1)--in 16 CMT1 pedigrees.
      The total lod scores exclude close linkage of CMT1 to any of these markers.
      However, individual families show probable linkage of CMT1 to Duffy, AT3, and/or
      AMY1. No linkage was indicated with REN or NGFB. These results indicate the
      possible location of a CMT1 gene between the AMY1 and AT3 loci at p21 and q23,
      respectively, on chromosome 1 and support the theory that there is at least one
      other CMT1 gene.

PMID- 2895986
TI  - Hypothalamic pathology in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
AB  - The pathogenesis of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome is currently unclear, and
      no specific morphological abnormalities in the CNS of victims of neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome have been described. The authors report a case of neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome with recent foci of necrosis in the anterior and lateral
      hypothalamic nuclei. They discuss the role of tricyclic antidepressants,
      monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and neuroleptics in the development of this
      syndrome. They conclude that although the pathogenesis of the neuroleptic
      malignant syndrome is still not clear, necrosis of the hypothalamic nuclei may be
      pathognomonic for this syndrome.

PMID- 2895987
TI  - Subtle and underrecognized side effects of neuroleptic treatment in children with
      Tourette's disorder.
AB  - A variety of side effects developed in children treated with neuroleptics for
      Tourette's disorder. Of 208 children, 34 manifested dose-related symptoms of
      dysphoria, nine experienced a worsening of symptoms of Tourette's disorder that
      was attributed to akathisia, five became hostile and aggressive, three developed
      "fog states" that disappeared with discontinuation of neuroleptics or treatment
      with primidone, and three experienced symptoms of tardive dyskinesia that
      resolved with time. This data base of neuroleptic-treated children with
      Tourette's disorder demonstrates a variety of subtle and underrecognized side
      effects that may not be as readily discernible in children receiving neuroleptics
      for a primary psychiatric disorder.

PMID- 2895988
TI  - [Premedication and ambulatory anesthesia].

PMID- 2895989
TI  - Differential-pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry of the psychotropic drugs
      triazolam and clotiazepam.

PMID- 2895990
TI  - A multicenter, open study of the non-sedating antihistamine, terfenadine
      (Seldane), in the maintenance therapy of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - A multicenter open study was conducted throughout the 1984 fall pollen season to
      assess the possible development of tolerance or loss of efficacy to terfenadine
      in the maintenance therapy of patients with seasonal pollinosis. Patients with
      proven allergic pollinosis were entered into a 1-week initial treatment period
      taking terfenadine 60 mg bid and only those who responded to the initial
      treatment with "moderate" to "complete" relief continued on terfenadine
      throughout a 4 to 11-week pollen season for evaluation of continued efficacy. A
      total of 179 patients from five study centers were enrolled in the initial
      treatment period and 154 (86%) responded to terfenadine with "moderate" to
      "complete" relief of symptoms. Of these 154 patients who continued terfenadine
      treatment, approximately 90% of the patients maintained the same degree of relief
      throughout the pollen season. All symptoms of seasonal pollinosis including nasal
      congestion improved significantly the first day of treatment. This improvement in
      symptoms continued during the first week and remained unabated throughout the
      pollen season. The incidence of adverse events was low with sedation being
      reported by only 2.8% of patients at some time point during the study. It is
      concluded that terfenadine is a safe and effective non-sedating antihistamine in
      the maintenance therapy of seasonal allergic pollinosis and that tolerance is not
      noted during continued administration.

PMID- 2895991
TI  - Somatostatin treatment for cryptosporidial diarrhea in a patient with the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

PMID- 2895992
TI  - Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells in
      culture by sesquiterpene lactones.
AB  - Helenalin and bis (helenalinyl) malonate, sesquiterpene lactones, were shown to
      be cytotoxic against the growth of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture.
      DNA and protein synthesis were reduced by these agents preferentially, with RNA
      synthesis being affected only marginally. This study focused on the
      identification of the enzyme target(s) responsible for the inhibition of DNA
      synthesis by the sesquiterpene lactones. Purine synthesis was strongly inhibited
      at the IMP dehydrogenase step. Suppression of IMP dehydrogenase activity and
      purine synthesis paralleled the DNA synthesis inhibition with respect to both
      dose dependence and time of incubation with drug. Deoxyribonucleoside
      triphosphate pools in the P-388 cells were significantly reduced by both drugs
      and the DNA polymerase alpha activity was only moderately inhibited by both drugs
      in cytoplasmic preparation. However, inhibition of a partially purified DNA
      polymerase alpha was of a much greater magnitude. Activity of the ribonucleotide
      reductase complex was reduced by more than 50% at 100 microM concentration of
      either drug. The drugs appeared to affect the hydrogen donor system of the
      reductase complex, since the activity of the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme
      itself was not affected but both thioredoxin and glutaredoxin were markedly
      inactivated by the sesquiterpene lactones. Thymidylate synthetase activity was
      not affected by the sesquiterpene lactones in P-388 cells. These data suggest
      that the inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase and the ribonucleotide reductase complex
      activities by helenalin and bis (helenalinyl) melonate was the primary reason for
      the observed inhibition of DNA synthesis, but that inhibition of DNA polymerase
      alpha may also play a role. The inhibition of the sensitive enzymes is likely to
      be related to drug alkylation of thiol active groups of the enzymes in a manner
      similar to the action of N-ethylmaleimide. The mode of action of helenalin and
      bis (helenalinyl) malonate does not appear to be similar to that of the
      parthenolide-type sesquiterpene lactones which contain an epoxide moiety.

PMID- 2895993
TI  - Long-term treatment of anxiety and risk of withdrawal. Prospective comparison of
      clorazepate and buspirone.
AB  - Risk of withdrawal was investigated in a prospective, double-blind comparison of
      clorazepate dipotassium, a benzodiazepine with a long half-life, and the
      nonbenzodiazepine buspirone hydrochloride in the long-term treatment of anxious
      outpatients. Patients were treated with therapeutic doses of clorazepate
      dipotassium (15 to 60 mg/d) or buspirone hydrochloride (10 to 40 mg/d) for six
      continuous months before their tranquilizer therapy was blindly and abruptly
      stopped. There was a significant increase in symptom severity consistent with a
      withdrawal reaction for the clorazepate group but not the buspirone group. For
      the clorazepate group, there was a suggestion that previous discontinuous
      exposure to benzodiazepines might sensitize patients to subsequent withdrawal
      effects. For the buspirone group, a higher dropout rate raised questions about
      patient satisfaction with therapy in this rather chronically anxious population.

PMID- 2895994
TI  - The effect of vitamin E treatment on the incidence of OKT+4 lymphocytes in the
      peripheral blood of children with chronic respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Children with respiratory tract infections treated for 6 weeks with vitamin E
      improved their clinical status and normalized the proportion of OKT+4 T
      lymphocytes and the ratio of OKT+4 to OKT+8 cells in their peripheral blood.

PMID- 2895995
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on the growth rate of abdominal aortic
      aneurysms.
AB  - We retrospectively identified 136 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs)
      who were initially evaluated as outpatients. Twenty-seven of these patients met
      the following criteria for eligibility in the study: (1) roentgenographic
      documentation of an AAA larger than 3 cm, (2) at least two serial ultrasound size
      determinations over a minimum six-month interval, and (3) a documented medication
      history. Of these 27 patients, 12 received long-term beta-blockade, while 15
      received no beta-blockade. The two groups were comparable with respect to age,
      sex, initial aneurysm size, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and
      duration of follow-up (mean, 34 months). Among patients with beta-blockade, the
      mean growth rate was 0.17 cm/y. The rate for the controls was 0.44 cm/y. One
      patient of 12 (8%) in the beta-blocker group had a rate that exceeded the mean
      for the overall group compared with eight patients of 15 (53%) in the group with
      no beta-blockade. This difference was statistically significant. Thus, beta
      blockade may be associated with a decreased AAA growth rate in this small,
      retrospective study.

PMID- 2895996
TI  - Running injuries--knees to toes.

PMID- 2895997
TI  - Demonstration of a recent mutation in a family with isolated hemophilia A.

PMID- 2895998
TI  - Molecular characterization of meiotic recombination within the major
      histocompatibility complex of the mouse: mapping of crossover sites within the I
      region.
AB  - The molecular analysis of crossing-over within the mouse major histocompatibility
      complex provides a useful approach for the study of the structural
      characteristics of meiotic recombination. In this study five intra-I-region
      recombinants, each derived from Ik/Ib heterozygotes, were characterized for
      restriction-fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) characteristic of the I region
      of the two parental strains. Southern blot analysis of intra-I recombinant
      strains A.TBR2, A.TBR3, A.TBR5, A.TBR13, and A.TBR17 using six I-region DNA
      probes revealed that the point of crossing-over in all five recombinants occurred
      within a 6.2-kb KpnI-EcoRI segment located within the E beta gene. The segments
      of DNA containing the crossover point from each of the recombinant chromosomes
      were cloned by screening partial genomic libraries constructed in lambda gt7
      bacteriophage. Construction of partial restriction maps of the cloned segments
      from the parental and recombinant chromosomes permitted the boundaries of the
      area containing the crossover site to be narrowed to a 4.0-kb segment located
      almost entirely within an intron of the E beta gene. The recognition that the
      points of crossing-over in all five recombinants studied are clustered in a
      relatively small area of the I region provides further evidence for a hot spot of
      recombination associated with the E beta gene.

PMID- 2896000
TI  - Bovine liver cDNA clones encoding a precursor of the alpha-subunit of the
      mitochondrial ATP synthase complex.
AB  - cDNA clones encoding a precursor of the alpha-subunit of the mitochondrial ATP
      synthase complex have been isolated from a bovine liver cDNA library using the
      alpha-subunit gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probe. Analyses of the
      nucleotide sequence of these cDNA clones reveal that the bovine liver ATP
      synthase alpha-subunit is initially synthesized as a precursor with an
      aminoterminal extension 43 amino acids in length. This aminoterminal presequence
      contains seven basic residues, no acidic residues, and seven polar uncharged
      serine and threonine residues. A single mRNA species, approximately 1.85 kb in
      length, was detected for the ATP synthase alpha-subunit precursor in both bovine
      liver and heart.

PMID- 2895999
TI  - Differential uptake of isomeric 2-bromohydroquinone-glutathione conjugates into
      kidney slices.
AB  - 2-Bromo-(diglutathion-Syl)hydroquinone (2-Br-[diGSyl]HQ) is a more potent
      nephrotoxicant than any of three mono-substituted isomers. The reason for this
      differential toxicity is unknown. We now report that the rate of uptake of 2-Br
      (diGSyl)HQ, 2-Br-3-(GSyl)HQ, 2-Br-5-(GSyl)-HQ and 2-Br-6(GSyl)HQ by kidney slices
      was 2.4, 1.2, 1.0 and 0.3 nmoles/mg/10 min, respectively. AT-125 (0.5 mM)
      inhibited gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in intact and homogenized kidney
      slices by 47% and 92%, respectively and decreased the accumulation of the
      isomeric [35S]-conjugates by 49%, 21%, 25% and 30%, respectively. The data
      suggest that the accumulation of 2-Br-(GSyl)HQ conjugates into isolated kidney
      slices may in part be mediated by GGT and that the more extensive renal uptake of
      the di-substituted conjugate may be partially responsible for its enhanced
      nephrotoxicity. In addition, 2-Br-(diGSyl)HQ gave rise to the most covalently
      bound material of the different isomers studied suggesting that both
      physiological and biochemical factors contribute to the potent and selective
      nephrotoxicity of this compound.

PMID- 2896001
TI  - Centrally mediated activation of tyrosine hydroxylation in rat adrenals by
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

PMID- 2896002
TI  - Behavioral impairments, brain lesions and monoaminergic activity in the rat
      following recovery from a bout of thiamine deficiency.
AB  - Learning impairments were measured in rats following recovery from a subacute
      bout of thiamine deficiency. Behavioral training was carried out in an automated
      T-maze, beginning with paired run spatial delayed non-matching to sample (PR-1),
      then light-dark discrimination (LD), light-dark discrimination reversal (LD-R),
      spatial discrimination (SD), spatial discrimination-reversal (SD-R), and finally
      retraining on the original paired run task (PR-2). Comparable deficits were
      observed for PR-1 and PR-2, thus demonstrating long-lasting impairment on delayed
      non-matching to sample. Experimentals performed as well as controls on LD and LD
      R. Two experimental animals were unable to perform above chance on the simple SD
      task. The remaining 15 experimental animals were equivalent to controls on
      several measures of SD and SD-R performance (errors to criterion, number of
      animals reaching criterion, correct responses in last 60 trials) although they
      were significantly worse than controls on both PR-1 and PR-2. Taken together,
      these results indicate an impairment of representational memory (PR-1, PR-2) with
      a spared capacity for dispositional memory (LD, LD-R, SD, SD-R) as defined by
      Thomas and Spafford (Behav. Neurosci., 1984, 98: 394-404). Histological analyses
      of left hemispheres revealed a high incidence (94%) of thalamic lesions,
      specifically within the intralaminar nuclei and ventral parts of the mediodorsal
      nucleus; and an absence of detectable changes in other structures, including the
      mammillary bodies, hippocampus, cortex, and locus coeruleus. In the right
      hemispheres, assays of monoamines and metabolites in 17 brain regions showed
      significant reduction only for norepinephrine in entorhinal cortex. All animals
      that were selectively impaired on the paired-run task had both the medial
      thalamic lesions and reduction in entorhinal norepinephrine.

PMID- 2896003
TI  - Molecular polymorphism of various HLA-D subregions and rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - In Caucasian populations, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is generally associated with
      serologic HLA-DR4 specificity. In order to refine this correlation in the HLA-D
      region, we used six different probes pertaining to this locus: DR beta, DQ beta,
      DQ alpha, DO beta, DP beta and DP alpha. In this step, pooled RA and control DNA
      were hybridized with DR beta and DQ beta probes after digestion with 12 different
      endonucleases. Some bands appeared specific in the RA pool. In fact, with genomic
      DNA from 13 unrelated typed RA patients and 12 matched or partially matched
      control cells, these bands were revealed to be related to DR4 and/or DR1, with DR
      beta and DQ beta probes hybridizing BamHI, EcoRV, PvuII and StuI digests. With
      other probes, no differences could be related to RA disease. The polymorphism
      detected by these probes was suggestive of a gradient of decreasing complexity
      from DR beta to DO beta through DQ beta and DP beta, which could reflect discrete
      functions of each subregion.

PMID- 2896004
TI  - [Action of several amino acids on the vestibular receptors in the frog].

PMID- 2896005
TI  - RFLPs of the Ha-ras1 protooncogene in subjects with colon-rectal carcinomas.

PMID- 2896006
TI  - Structure and methylation state of the human transferrin receptor gene:
      preliminary analysis on tumor cell lines, primary tumors and some normal tissues.

PMID- 2896007
TI  - [A new technic for determining anti-TSH receptor antibodies: the TBIAb assay].

PMID- 2896008
TI  - [Strategy for the identification of new DNA polymorphisms: diagnostic application
      as genetic markers].

PMID- 2896009
TI  - DNA polymorphisms as potential genetic risk markers for cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2896010
TI  - [Changes in monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism in brain ischemia measured by
      in vivo voltammetry].
AB  - A preliminary work with in vivo voltammetry (IVV) in the ischemic brain had been
      performed by the authors in rats after cardiac arrest, which showed that the IVV
      system is useful to investigate ischemic brain. In the present report, IVV was
      applied to ischemic brain by 4-vessel occlusion in rat and changes in dopamine
      and serotonin metabolism were investigated by measuring peak 2 (3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC) and peak 3 (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5
      HIAA) in the striatum. The change of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were also assessed
      by a temperature-controlled thermoelectrical method in the striatum of the same
      model. The heights of peaks 2 and 3 were significantly increased to 600-900% and
      200-300% respectively in the striatum during 30 minutes of 4-vessel occlusion.
      The increase of each peak was maximum at 10 minutes after occlusion. These
      changes may reflect that release of monoamine neurotransmitters is increased by
      the ischemia and outward transport of their metabolites are disturbed. On the
      other hand, after reperfusion by release of carotid occlusion, the heights of
      peaks 2 and 3 rapidly decreased below the control values, thereafter, peaks 2 and
      3 gradually increased to over control values at 180-210 minutes after
      reperfusion. rCBF in the striatum decreased to almost 0 ml/100 g/min during 4
      vessel occlusion ischemia and increased to over control values transiently for 30
      minutes after reperfusion, followed by gradual decrease for about 240 minutes.
      Since monoamine neurotransmitters are known to have various effects on cerebral
      metabolism and CBF, their disorders may contribute to the change of CBF and the
      development of postischemic brain damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896011
TI  - Ultrasonography in undescended testes.
AB  - The position of an undescended testicle is of importance for choice of therapy.
      The aim of this study was to investigate whether the anatomic positions occupied
      by undescended testicles could be detected by an objective method. Real-time
      ultrasonography was performed in 83 patients with 123 undescended testicles.
      Patient compliance was 97 per cent. The testis was demonstrated as an echo-poor,
      oval structure in 113 of 119 examinations (95%). By determining the relation of
      the testis to definable anatomic landmarks in the inguinal region, all positions
      occupied by the testis could be characterized by ultrasound and the testicles
      classified accordingly. The relationship of the testis to the external ring was
      established in 112 cases (94%). Twenty-seven per cent of retractile and 11 per
      cent of truly undescended testicles were demonstrated in more than one ascended
      position. Estimation of testicular volume by sonography was unsuccessful compared
      with intraoperative measurements.

PMID- 2896012
TI  - The effect of age and cardiac failure on xamoterol pharmacokinetics.
AB  - 1. Xamoterol is a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor partial agonist which may
      have a role in the management of cardiac failure. Excretion is mainly by the
      renal route. 2. The kinetics of a single 200 mg oral dose of xamoterol were
      studied in eight elderly (age 67-82 years) volunteers, eight young (age 21-43
      years) volunteers; eight patients with mild to moderate cardiac failure and eight
      age and sex matched controls. 3. Elderly volunteers had a significantly longer
      time to reach peak concentration (mean +/- s.e. mean 2.1 +/- 0.2 vs 1.1 +/- 0.1
      h) and elimination half-life time (27.0 +/- 2.8 vs 16.4 +/- 3.1 h) compared with
      young volunteers. The renal clearance of xamoterol was lower in the elderly (115
      +/- 12 vs 185 +/- 19 ml min-1) and showed a significant correlation with
      creatinine clearance (r = 0.85, P less than 0.001). 4. There was no significant
      difference in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured in patients with
      cardiac failure compared with healthy age and sex matched controls. 5. These
      results suggest that the maintenance dose of xamoterol could be reduced in
      elderly patients in relation to impairment of renal function.

PMID- 2896013
TI  - Exercise haemodynamics and maximal exercise capacity during beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.
AB  - 1. The effects of atenolol administration on maximal exercise capacity and
      exercise haemodynamics have been compared in eight normotensive and eight mildly
      hypertensive subjects, matched for sex, age, body weight, and maximal oxygen
      uptake, and familiar with maximal exercise testing. 2. Supine and exercise blood
      pressure, and exercise total peripheral resistance were significantly higher, and
      exercise cardiac output was significantly lower in the hypertensive than in the
      normotensive subjects. 3. Administration of atenolol (1 X 100 mg day-1) for 3
      days reduced supine and exercise systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac
      output, and increased exercise stroke volume. Supine and exercise diastolic blood
      pressure and exercise total peripheral resistance were unaffected by atenolol.
      The effects of atenolol did not differ in the normotensive and the hypertensive
      subjects. 4. Maximal work load, maximal oxygen uptake, and maximal heart rate
      were reduced to a similar extent in normotensive and hypertensive subjects during
      atenolol treatment. 5. It is concluded that there is no difference in the effects
      of short-term atenolol administration on exercise haemodynamics and maximal
      exercise capacity in normotensive and mildly hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 2896015
TI  - Ha-ras restriction fragment length polymorphisms in colorectal cancer.
AB  - The possibility of an association between restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the Ha-ras gene locus and susceptibility to develop
      colorectal cancer has been investigated. Leucocyte DNA from 46 carcinoma patients
      and 49 controls was analysed by Southern blotting to determine the size
      distribution of restriction fragments containing the variable tandem repeat 3' to
      the Ha-ras gene. Four predominant allelic fragments were found in both groups (in
      AvaII digests having sizes of 1.55, 2.0, 2.65 and 3.15 kilobases [kb]), together
      with a variety of 'rare' alleles (with individual frequencies less than 5%). The
      overall prevalence of rare alleles was not significantly different between cancer
      and control groups. The distribution of the common alleles, however, differed
      significantly. The combined frequency of the two larger alleles (a3 and a4) was
      approximately twice as high in the cancer group (34%) as in controls (18%) (P
      less than 0.025), which was reflected in a highly significant increase in the
      proportion of individuals carrying an a3 or a4 allele.

PMID- 2896014
TI  - Continuous intragastric delivery of fenoldopam: relationship between plasma
      concentration and effects on renal function.
AB  - 1. The pharmacodynamics of the dopamine DA1 agonist fenoldopam were examined in
      six healthy male volunteers after constant intragastric infusions of fenoldopam
      at dosages of 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 mg h-1 for 6 h. 2. Hourly p-aminohippurate
      (PAH) clearance was used to assess fenoldopam induced renal plasma flow changes.
      Marked dose-related increases in renal plasma flow were noted with a maximal
      increase of 65% over baseline values of 711 ml min-1 being seen at the 75 mg h-1
      rate. No changes in sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate were
      observed. 3. Mean steady-state fenoldopam plasma concentrations were related to
      mean PAH clearance based on an Emax model (r = 0.996) with an Emax of 1350 ml min
      1 and an EC50 of 6.2 ng ml-1. 4. Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of
      fenoldopam-7-sulphate and fenoldopam-8-sulphate failed to increase with dose but
      were linearly correlated to mean PAH changes (r = 0.998, r = 0.981 respectively).
      5. These results support the concept of extending fenoldopam's duration of action
      through the development of an oral sustained delivery system.

PMID- 2896016
TI  - Nutrient sensitivity of gastric emptying of digesta in the preruminant calf.
AB  - 1. Studies of gastric function were made in preruminant calves fitted with a
      single abomasal cannula, re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum close to the pylorus
      and recording electrodes on the pyloric antrum and proximal duodenum. 2.
      Simultaneous measurements were made of gastric emptying of a saline (9 g sodium
      chloride/l) meal, myoelectric activity of antral muscle and plasma concentration
      of somatostatin in jugular blood whilst infusing the duodenum with different
      solutions. The duodenal infusates were isotonic sodium bicarbonate (300
      mosmol/kg), hyperosmolar solutions of NaCl (1000 mosmol/kg), sodium carbonate
      (500 mosmol/kg), sucrose (1000 mosmol/kg), 41 g emulsified butterfat/kg or 60 mM
      hydrochloric acid. 3. Infusing the duodenum with isotonic NaHCO3 stimulated
      intense myoelectric activity of the antral smooth muscle and rapid emptying of
      the test meal. In contrast, infusions of 60 mM-HCl reduced antral motility and
      inhibited gastric emptying of digesta. This inhibitory response to HCl infusion
      was related to a significant (P less than 0.05) increase of somatostatin in
      peripheral venous blood. 4. The Na2CO3 infusate, like HCl, inhibited gastric
      motor activity and digesta emptying, but the concentration of circulating
      somatostatin was only slightly elevated above pre-infusion levels. 5. Compared
      with the effects of infusing HCl, infusions of emulsified butterfat or
      hyperosmolar NaCl and sucrose induced a greater intensity of antral motor
      activity and faster outflow of gastric effluent, although not to the same extent
      as with isotonic NaHCO3. However, as with isotonic NaHCO3, these infusates did
      not evoke the release of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896017
TI  - Polyadenylation of mRNA precursors.

PMID- 2896018
TI  - Transcriptional activity at the 3' end of the actin gene at 5C on the X
      chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Polyribosomal poly(A)+ RNA from stage-specific embryos of Drosophila melanogaster
      was analyzed by Northern hybridizations to determine the transcription at the 5C
      actin gene (act5C) and to establish whether these mRNAs are used in translation.
      A 3' end probe, which contains 30 nucleotides of the actin coding sequence as
      well as 3'-end-adjacent sequence, hybridizes in addition to the act5C transcript
      to a smaller transcript 450 nucleotides long. Hybridizations with the 3' end
      strand-specific probes show that this transcript has the same orientation as the
      actin gene. This transcript is temporally coexpressed with the act5C gene over
      most of the developmental stages examined. S1 nuclease mapping and primer
      extension experiments place its 5' end about 20 nucleotides upstream from the
      actin translation termination signal. Furthermore, the transcript appears to
      translate in an in vitro translation system into a protein of 7.4 kDa, as
      expected from the size of the open reading frame. The data suggest, but do not
      prove, that the 3'-end-transcribed but untranslated region of act5C may be
      involved in actin gene expression.

PMID- 2896019
TI  - Modulation of sodium-cotransport systems by other ions.
AB  - After a brief review of Na+-cotransport systems which also accept other ions as
      co-ions or modifiers, modulation of the Na+-L-glutamate transport system in
      rabbit renal brush border membranes by K+ and H+ is discussed in more detail.
      Intravesicular K+ increases the initial uptake rate and electrogenicity of the
      cotransport. This effect of K+ is attributed to the formation of a K+-carrier
      complex that moves much more rapidly than do the other complexes. The resulting
      shift in rate limitancy (relative increase in overall rate over the relative
      increase in rate of step under consideration) from an electroneutral towards a
      charge-translocating pathway unmasks the electrogenicity of the initial L
      glutamate uptake. A positive correlation between relative rate limitancy of the
      electrogenic pathway and electrogenicity is demonstrated supporting this model.
      Protons, in addition to acting as co-ions, modify Na+-glutamate cotransport by
      increasing both the initial rate and the electrogenicity of uptake. This
      phenomenon is assumed to represent a transition of the transport system from a
      carrier-like to an open channel-like translocation mode. Thus, the intrinsic
      properties of Na+-cotransport systems may vary under the influence of other ions.
      This holds true in particular for the electrogenicity of the initial transport
      rate which may change independently of alterations in charge stoichiometry.

PMID- 2896020
TI  - Properties and regulation of the H+-ATP synthase of mitochondria.
AB  - A brief survey is made of the function of the H+-ATP synthase of mitochondria
      with emphasis on how it is regulated. A main regulatory factor is a low molecular
      weight protein whose binding to the enzyme appears to be essential for optimal
      accumulation of ATP as driven by electron transport. The ATP synthase is also
      controlled by ADP that, by binding to a site in the enzyme, inhibits ATP
      hydrolysis. Data on the spontaneous synthesis of a tightly bound ATP are
      discussed. Apparently, this requires proper subunit interactions to yield a
      competent catalytic site.

PMID- 2896021
TI  - The 'Ca-voltage' hypothesis for neurotransmitter release.
AB  - The 'Ca-voltage' hypothesis for neurotransmitter release was reinvestigated by
      studying the kinetics of neurotransmitter release. These were independent of
      changes in intracellular or extracellular Ca2+ concentration. It is concluded
      that initiation and termination of release do not result from rapid entry and
      removal of Ca2+ although Ca2+ is essential for release. Quantal release of
      transmitter requires depolarization-dependent transformation of a membrane
      molecule from an inactive form T to a Ca2+-binding form S. The depolarization
      dependent T----S transformation initiates release in the presence of Ca2+. The S-
      --T transformation upon repolarization stops release even though the Ca2+
      concentration at release sites is still high.

PMID- 2896022
TI  - [Biochemical characteristics of a muscle perfusate and its effects on mediator
      release in the neuromuscular synapse].
AB  - Histidine-containing compounds (HCC) were found, using diazoreaction and reaction
      with diethylpyrocarbonate, a specific histidine reagent, in the perfusate of the
      frog hindlimb vasculature. After gel filtration on sephadex G-25 about 80% of HCC
      were eluted with a fraction with molecular mass less than 5000 kD. The studies of
      the perfusate influence on the characteristics of quantum secretion of
      transmitter in the preparation of frog cutaneopectoral muscle have shown that the
      perfusate increased the quantum content of end-plate potentials (EPP) due to
      increasing binominal parameter and decreasing frequency of miniature EPP. The
      characteristics of presynaptic action of the perfusate were similar to those of
      exogenous histidine.

PMID- 2896023
TI  - [Effect of M and N-cholinoblockers on the excitability of the dorsal hippocampus
      in acute alcoholic intoxication].
AB  - It has been established in chronic experiments on rabbits that acute alcohol
      intoxication increased the after-discharge thresholds in response to electrical
      stimulation of dorsal hippocampus. It has been shown that neurotropic agents
      selectively blocking M- or N-cholinoceptors exerted various effects. M-cholino
      blocker methamizol (1 mg/kg, i. p.) decreased the excitability of dorsal
      hippocampus, potentiated EEG and behavioural effects of alcohol intoxication. N
      cholinoblocker etherophen (IEM-506, 20 mg/kg, i. p.), on the contrary, increased
      the excitability of dorsal hippocampus and reduced behavioural effects of alcohol
      administration.

PMID- 2896024
TI  - [Modulation of excitation transfer in the intracardiac ganglionic system by the
      opioid peptide dermorphin].
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine whether opioid peptides could modulate the
      intracardiac ganglionic excitation. It has been shown that postganglionic impulse
      activity recorded in the frog intracardiac nerve was inhibited by endogenous
      amphibian opioid peptide-dermorphin (10(-12)-10(-6) M). The inhibition was
      blocked by naloxone (10(-5) M). Dermorphin (10(-6) M) had no influence on
      transitory impulse activity in the intracardiac postganglionic sympathetic
      fibers. It is suggested that opioid peptides take part in the mediatory process
      in the intracardiac ganglia.

PMID- 2896025
TI  - [Action of benzodiazepines on the immune response].
AB  - The action of benzodiazepine receptor agonists--diazepam and tazepam--on the
      immune response was studied in CBA mice. It has been shown that benzodiazepine at
      low doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg stimulates and at a dose of 8 mg/kg suppresses the
      rosette-forming reaction to immunization with 5 X 10(8) sheep red blood cells.
      Diazepam and tazepam fail to change the immune response if the immunization dose
      is 5 X 10(6). The dose-dependent effect of diazepine (ranging from stimulation to
      inhibition) may be caused by different benzodiazepine receptors involved in the
      process. It is suggested that a certain intensity of the immune response is
      needed for the manifestation of the immune modulating action of benzodiazepine.

PMID- 2896026
TI  - [Effect of pertussis antibodies on the induction of suppressor cells of humoral
      immunity in mice].
AB  - Standard pertussis agglutinative serum as well as antibodies to total and
      purified protective pertussis antigens, isolated from the serum by
      immunoadsorption technique, were studied. The treatment of donors with pertussis
      antibodies affected the T-suppressor formation, induced by high doses of sheep
      red blood cells, as was shown on the model of syngeneic transfer.
      Immunomodulating effect of antibodies, complementary to immunogen fraction of
      pertussis cells, was decreased. It was suggested that the observed antilymphocyte
      activity of antipertussis antibodies could play a certain role in postvaccination
      complications after corpuscular pertussis vaccine administration.

PMID- 2896027
TI  - [Regulation of hormonal secretion and DNA synthesis in the lactotrophs of the rat
      adenohypophysis in vitro in primary cell cultures].
AB  - Changes in DNA synthesis in lactotrophs of primary monolayer cultures of the rat
      pituitary cells were studied, using immunoperoxidase staining in combination with
      autoradiography. Pituitary cell cultures were treated for 3 days with
      thyroliberin (TRH), bromocriptine (CB154) or somatostatin (SRIF). The proportion
      of lactotrophs labelled with 3H-thymidine in the total pool of labelled cells
      served as a criterion for the estimation of DNA synthesis in prolactin-secreting
      cells. Prolactin secretion by the same cultures was measured by homologous
      radioimmunoassay. TRH (10 ng/ml) stimulated DNA synthesis in the total population
      of pituitary cells, but not in lactotrophs. SRIF decreased selectively the
      proliferation of lactotrophs, but failed to depress or even stimulated DNA
      synthesis in some cell types of the rat pituitary gland in the cultures. The
      quantitative method of studying DNA synthesis in anterior pituitary may be used
      to evaluate the effects of a number of biologically active compounds on various
      cell systems.

PMID- 2896028
TI  - S-100 beta positive T cell leukemia.
AB  - We reported a peculiar case with T cell leukemia. The patient was a 34-year-old
      woman showing extensive splenomegaly and marked leukemic cell proliferation and
      running a rapid fatal clinical course. The leukemic cells were morphologically
      ordinary lymphocytes showing suppressor/cytotoxic(s/c) T cell phenotypes and
      containing S-100b protein. Southern blot analysis revealed rearrangement of the
      beta chain genes of the T cell receptor (TcR) of the leukemic cells. Because
      these phenotypic and morphologic features were identical with those of S-100
      beta+T lymphocytes (S-100 beta +TL) in normal human peripheral blood, we regarded
      this case as S-100 beta +T cell leukemia. We discussed clinicopathological
      features of S-100 beta +T cell leukemia/lymphoma by assessing similar cases
      reported so far. S-100 beta +T cell leukemia/lymphoma is a new type of s/c T
      lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma with aggressive features.

PMID- 2896029
TI  - Multiple polymorphic sites in factor X locus.
AB  - The structure of factor X (FX) gene was analyzed in five FX deficient pedigrees
      with four different variants of the disease, as well as in 50 normal subjects.
      Genomic DNA from the deficient patients and the normal controls was digested with
      12 restriction endonucleases and hybridized with a FX cDNA probe. The results
      seemingly exclude gross gene deletions or rearrangements in the deficient
      patients. A variety of polymorphic sites (ie, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, PvuII, TaqI)
      was observed within the FX locus and their relative frequency was established.
      Intriguingly, a highly polymorphic region for the PvuII endonuclease was
      identified and located approximately 3 kilobases (kb) from the last 3' exon.
      These polymorphisms allowed us to analyze the allelic segregation in a FX
      deficient family and to identify a homozygous subject.

PMID- 2896030
TI  - Lymphocyte aggregation in response to adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - A nonanemic chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient with nearly 500,000
      lymphocytes/microL underwent leukapheresis when she presented with CNS symptoms
      and retinal vascular engorgement. Respiratory distress developed during the cell
      separator run, which led us to ask whether the procedure could have changed the
      adhesive properties of her cells. C5a desarginine, N-f-Met-Leu-Phe, adenosine
      diphosphate, and collagen all failed to aggregate her lymphocytes in vitro, but
      arachidonic acid, excess free calcium, and 4 mumol/L epinephrine did aggregate
      the cells. Arachidonate-induced aggregation appeared to be a toxic phenomenon:
      the ED50 for aggregation was statistically indistinguishable from that for
      cytotoxicity, and aspirin only mildly blunted the response. In contrast,
      epinephrine-induced aggregation was not associated with lactic dehydrogenase
      release or the loss of trypan blue exclusion and was blunted by propranolol;
      radiopindolol-binding studies confirmed the presence of a beta-adrenergic
      receptor. There were approximately 3,000 receptors/cell, with no statistically
      significant difference between normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells or
      between B cells and T cells (separated by rosetting techniques). The Kd for the B
      cells' receptor, however, was less than that for T cells by a factor of ten (P
      less than .01). We conclude that B cells may aggregate when stimulated and that
      they--like T cells--have beta-adrenergic receptors. Adrenergically mediated
      changes in B cell adhesiveness may play a role in regulating lymphocyte traffic;
      in the rare patient with truly enormous B cell counts, we postulate that they may
      be an occasional cause of morbidity.

PMID- 2896031
TI  - Molecular analysis of clonality and bcr rearrangements in Philadelphia chromosome
      positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
      patients consistently show a rearrangement in a 5.8-kilobase length of chromosome
      22, referred to as the breakpoint cluster region (bcr). In Ph1-positive acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the breakpoint in chromosome 22 is more
      heterogeneous and, in some instances, does not occur within this region. In such
      cases the cell of origin of the neoplastic clone and the relationship of the
      disease to CML has remained obscure. We have analyzed the bcr rearrangement in
      the malignant cells from three patients who presented with Ph1-positive ALL and
      who in cytogenetic studies had shown evidence of variable involvement of myeloid
      cells in the Ph1-positive clone. Rearrangements in bcr typical of most cases of
      CML were detected in purified granulocyte preparations from two of the ALL
      patients (nos. 1 and 2) and in the blasts from patient 3 at the time of her
      terminal relapse. In the same analysis the simultaneously obtained granulocytes
      from patient 3, however, did not show any evidence of bcr rearrangement. Patient
      3 was also heterozygous for the BamHI polymorphism in the X-linked hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene, thus permitting a different method of
      clonal analysis based on methylation differences in active and inactive alleles.
      When DNA from her granulocytes that had shown no bcr rearrangement was hybridized
      to an HPRT probe, a pattern typical of a polyclonal population was seen. A
      similar pattern was exhibited by her marrow fibroblasts. In marked contrast, her
      simultaneously isolated blasts showed an unambiguous monoclonal pattern. These
      findings demonstrate the origin of the disease in the first two patients in a
      cell with myelopoietic as well as lymphopoietic potential and confirm the
      restricted lymphoid cell origin of the neoplastic clone in the third Ph1-positive
      ALL patient. Furthermore, they indicate that different target cells for
      transformation within the hematopoietic system may be affected by very similar
      bcr rearrangements.

PMID- 2896032
TI  - Changing controversies in surgery for angina.
AB  - Coronary artery surgery has evolved rapidly since its introduction 20 years ago.
      Few operations have been subjected to such scrutiny. As a result many details of
      prognosis have been clarified, but the development of coronary angioplasty,
      thrombolysis and the internal mammary artery graft have created new
      controversies.

PMID- 2896033
TI  - The effects of neosurugatoxin on evoked catecholamine secretion from bovine
      adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - 1. The effect of neosurugatoxin (NSTX), a toxin from the Japanese ivory mollusc
      (Babylonia japonica), on the nicotinic response of bovine adrenal chromaffin
      cells was examined. 2. NSTX inhibited acetylcholine- and nicotine-induced
      catecholamine secretion from the cultured cells with an IC50 against 5 microM
      nicotine of 30 nM. 3. This inhibitory effect was reversible and independent of
      the presence of agonist. 4. NSTX had no effect on the catecholamine release from
      cultured cells evoked by 50 mM K+, or 1 microM histamine. 5. NSTX had no effect
      on the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism evoked by 100 microM
      muscarine. 6. These results suggest NSTX may be useful as a nicotinic receptor
      probe in tissues such as the adrenal and sympathetic ganglia where alpha
      bungarotoxin is ineffective.

PMID- 2896034
TI  - Phentolamine lacks alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist activity in anaesthetized dogs.
AB  - 1. This study was performed in order to determine whether the blockade of
      sympathetic vasoconstriction in anaesthetized dogs by phentolamine is due to the
      antagonist action of the drug at postjunctional adrenoceptors, or is due to
      depression of neurotransmitter release by an agonist action at prejunctional
      adrenoceptors. 2. In dogs made areflexic by ganglion blockade with hexamethonium,
      phentolamine (0.5 mg i.a. or 0.5 mg kg-1 i.v.) elevated or did not affect femoral
      blood flow. By contrast, clonidine (0.5-2.5 nmol, i.a.) produced femoral
      vasoconstriction, which was attenuated by prior administration of phentolamine.
      3. Prior blockade of prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors with yohimbine (30
      micrograms kg-1, i.v.) did not reduce the blocking effect of phentolamine (0.5 mg
      kg-1, i.v.) on neurogenic vasoconstriction. 4. The results indicate that, in
      anaesthetized dogs, phentolamine lacks appreciable agonist activity at either
      prejunctional or postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The blockade of neurogenic
      responses by phentolamine is therefore likely to be due to postjunctional
      adrenoceptor blockade.

PMID- 2896035
TI  - Zn2+ stimulates spontaneous transmitter release at mouse neuromuscular junctions.
AB  - 1. Experiments were carried out to examine the effect of Zn2+ on the rate of
      spontaneous release of transmitter at the neuromuscular junction of the mouse
      diaphragm muscle, in the presence and absence of external Ca2+. Miniature
      endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps) were measured in vitro. 2. Zn2+ markedly elevated
      the frequency of m.e.p.ps without affecting the resting membrane potential of
      muscle fibres. This effect was time- and concentration-dependent but was
      independent of the presence of external Ca2+. In a Ca2+-free bathing solution,
      Zn2+ frequently produced twitching in several fibers. The twitching dislodged the
      microelectrode. Replacement of the 10 mM NaCl in the Ca2+-free solution with
      equimolar KCl overcame this difficulty. The experiments summarized below were
      done in the Ca2+-free bathing solution which contained 10 mM KCl instead of 10 mM
      NaCl. 3. The effect of Zn2+ was transient and required a latent period of many
      minutes. Low temperature (24 degrees C) increased the length of this latent
      period and reduced the maximum effect of Zn2+. 4. Zn2+ increased the frequency of
      m.e.p.ps in K+-free (replaced with NaCl) solution. The effect appeared with
      shorter latency in this solution compared to the standard Krebs-Ringer solution.
      5. The effect of Zn2+ was partially antagonized by dantrolene sodium or by
      neomycin. Both agents also reduced the effect of external Ca2+ on m.e.p.ps in
      depolarizing solution. 6. Cd2+ and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate also elevated the
      frequency of m.e.p.ps in a manner independent of external Ca2+, but the latter
      compound was much less potent than Cd2+. 7. These experiments provide evidence
      for a role of intracellularly stored Ca24 in the release of transmitter at the
      motor nerve terminal. The release of Ca24 from the storage site may be coupled
      with the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol.

PMID- 2896036
TI  - Chronic prazosin attenuates the natriuretic response to a modest saline load in
      anaesthetized rats.
AB  - 1. The effect of chronic prazosin pretreatment (3 days) on the ability to excrete
      a modest saline load (i.v. saline, 0.097 ml min-1) was studied in the
      anaesthetized rat. Three days before the experiment, the drinking water was
      replaced with 0.5% dextrose (control), 0.015 mg ml-1 prazosin in 0.5% dextrose
      (low dose) or 0.15 mg ml-1 prazosin in 0.5% dextrose (high dose). 2. The
      selectivity of the prazosin for alpha 1-adrenoceptors was evaluated in pithed
      rats. The pressor response to phenylephrine was partially attenuated by the low
      dose of prazosin and completely attenuated by the high dose of prazosin. The
      pressor response to clonidine was slightly decreased by the 3 day prazosin
      pretreatment indicating a selectivity for alpha 1-adrenoceptors. 3. In rats
      pretreated with the low dose of prazosin, there was a significant decrease in
      sodium and water, but not potassium excretion as compared to the control group.
      Captopril failed to alter these effects of the low dose of prazosin. Blood
      pressure and creatinine clearance were the same in both groups. In rats
      pretreated with the high dose of prazosin, there was a further decrease in sodium
      and water but not potassium excretion. However, this dose of prazosin also
      significantly decreased blood pressure and increased creatinine clearance. A
      decrease in renal perfusion pressure with an aortic clamp to the same level as
      that observed with the high prazosin dose also decreased sodium and water but not
      potassium excretion. The decrease in sodium and water excretion was not as great
      as that observed with the high dose of prazosin. 4. The results indicate that
      chronic a,-adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin attenuates the ability to excrete
      a saline load in a dose-related manner. Whether this inability to excrete a
      saline load is analogous to the sodium and water retention observed with the
      clinical use of prazosin remains to be determined.

PMID- 2896037
TI  - Commentary on Dinan's hypothesis.

PMID- 2896038
TI  - The dopamine hypothesis survives, but there must be a way ahead.

PMID- 2896039
TI  - Myocardial infarction: the first 24 hours.

PMID- 2896040
TI  - Biochemical and histological modifications of the rat retina induced by the
      cholinergic neurotoxin AF64A.
AB  - Intraocular injections of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (AF64A) in the rat
      depressed retinal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in a dose-dependent
      manner without any significant change in the content of amino acid
      neurotransmitters GABA, glycine, aspartate and glutamate. ChAT reduction was
      already detected 24 h after the injection and persisted for at least one month.
      In vitro AF64A also inhibited retinal ChAT activity. No changes in muscarinic
      receptor sites were detected. The histological study showed light cells,
      characterized by cytoplasmic swelling in the innermost part of the inner nuclear
      layer and in the ganglion cell layer. We suggest that these light cells are the
      cholinergic retinal neurons affected by the toxin. In addition, dark cells in the
      inner nuclear layer, large empty spaces in the outer nuclear layer, inflammatory
      infiltrate and vascular alterations were also observed in treated retinas.
      Choline uptake systems in photoreceptors and in endothelial cells or cholinergic
      perivascular nerve endings may explain the lesions observed in the outer nuclear
      layer and the vascular alterations.

PMID- 2896041
TI  - Light and electron microscopic study of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive
      neurons within the developing rat arcuate nucleus.
AB  - The topography, fine structure, and patterns of connections of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive tubero-infundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons
      were examined by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the
      arcuate nucleus of 2-, 15- and 30-day-old female Wistar rats. In 2-day-old
      animals, TH-immunoreactive perikarya were mainly located in the ventrolateral
      portion of the arcuate nucleus. In 15-day-old rats numerous TH-positive cell
      bodies were still present ventrolaterally, but a cluster of labeled cells was
      also apparent in the mediodorsal segment of the nucleus. In the 30-day-old rats,
      most TH-immunoreactive neurons were concentrated mediodorsally, as seen in the
      adult. At the ultrastructural level, TH-immunoreactive somata exhibited, in all
      age groups, a large nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm containing
      mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies and
      lysosomes. These labeled somata were synaptically contacted by unlabeled axon
      terminals and often laid adjacent to either labeled or unlabeled dendrites.
      Similarly, in all age groups, labeled dendrites were synaptically contacted by
      unlabeled axon terminals and were often directly apposed to either labeled or
      unlabeled perikarya and dendrites, or to tanycytic processes. These results
      indicate that TIDA neurons establish extensive connections early in development,
      and that their pattern of intercellular relationships remains qualitatively
      unchanged from 2 days to adulthood. It is suggested that TIDA neurons may be
      already functional at birth, and could therefore, influence the maturation of
      other arcuate neuronal populations.

PMID- 2896042
TI  - Somatostatin inhibition of anterior pituitary adenylate cyclase activity:
      different sensitivity between male and female rats.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) is a potent inhibitor of growth hormone (GH) secretion.
      Although cyclic AMP (cAMP) has been suggested as intracellular mediator of SRIF
      action, a complete characterization of its effect and the different sensitivity
      between male and female animals, has not yet been carried out. In this study SRIF
      inhibited basal and GH-releasing factor (GRF) stimulated anterior pituitary
      adenylate cyclase activity with a greater effectiveness in male than in female
      glands. Similarly SRIF reduction of forskolin-stimulated anterior pituitary
      adenylate cyclase activity, was more pronounced in male than in female animals.
      By using pertussis toxin (PTX), which uncouples inhibitory receptors from
      adenylate cyclase catalytic subunit, SRIF inhibition of both basal and forskolin
      stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was nearly abolished. These results show
      that anterior pituitary SRIF receptors are coupled in an inhibitory fashion with
      adenylate cyclase enzyme, and that male rat adenohypophyses are more responsive
      to SRIF inhibition.

PMID- 2896043
TI  - Brainstem and spinal pathways mediating descending inhibition from the medullary
      lateral reticular nucleus in the rat.
AB  - The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in the caudal ventrolateral medulla has been
      implicated in descending monoaminergic modulation of spinal nociceptive
      transmission. Experiments were undertaken to examine the organization of pontine
      and spinal pathways mediating inhibition of the tail-flick (TF) reflex from the
      LRN in rats lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital. Microinjections of the local
      anesthetic lidocaine ipsilaterally or bilaterally into the dorsolateral pons
      blocked stimulation-produced inhibition of the TF reflex from the nucleus locus
      coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC), but had no effect on descending inhibition
      produced by microinjection of glutamate into the LRN. Thus, adrenergic modulation
      of the TF reflex from the LRN is not mediated by activation of spinopetal
      noradrenergic neurons in the LC/SC. The funicular course of descending inhibition
      produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LRN was studied in separate
      groups of rats by reversibly (local anesthetic blocks) or irreversibly (surgical
      transection) compromising conduction in the dorsolateral funiculi (DLFs) at the
      level of the cervical spinal cord. Bilateral lidocaine blocks in the DLFs
      significantly shortened control TF latencies and more than doubled the intensity
      of electrical stimulation in the LRN necessary to inhibit the TF reflex (153 +/-
      29% increase from control); changes in these parameters produced by unilateral
      blocks of the DLFs were not statistically significant. Ipsilateral or bilateral
      transections of the DLFs significantly increased the intensity of electrical
      stimulation in the LRN to inhibit the TF reflex (110 +/- 24% and 265 +/- 46% from
      control, respectively). Neither lidocaine blocks nor transections of the DLFs
      completely blocked the descending inhibitory effects of electrical stimulation in
      the LRN. The DLFs appear to carry fibers mediating LRN stimulation-produced
      inhibition of the TF reflex as well as tonic descending inhibition of spinal
      reflexes. The results of the present study indicate that (1) adrenergic
      modulation of the nociceptive TF reflex from the LRN does not depend on a rostral
      loop through the pontine LC/SC, and (2) descending inhibitory influences from the
      LRN are contained in, but not confined to, the dorsal quadrants of the spinal
      cord.

PMID- 2896044
TI  - Fictive locomotion in the lamprey; a comparison using bicarbonate and HEPES
      buffers.
AB  - Fictive locomotion in the lamprey, elicited by N-methyl-DL-aspartate or D
      glutamate, was compared in two buffer solutions, one using bicarbonate, the other
      using HEPES. No differences were observed in burst proportion, cycle length, or
      phase lag per segment between these buffers solutions. These data indicate that
      HEPES-buffered artificial cerebrospinal fluid, which does not require gassing
      with carbon dioxide to maintain pH, may be a suitable alternative to bicarbonate
      buffered artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2896045
TI  - Cholinergic excitation and inhibition in the visual thalamus of the cat-
      influences of cortical inactivation and barbiturate anesthesia.
AB  - Neuronal responses to microiontophoretically applied pulses of acetylcholine
      (ACh) were recorded in the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) and dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the cat. In the PGN, ACh inhibited 95% of the cells
      under N2O/O2-halothane anesthesia. Systemic application of sodium pentobarbitone
      did not abolish ACh inhibition. In the dLGN with N2O-halothane, ACh increased
      firing rates of neurons before (88%) and after (78%) interruption of their direct
      retinal inputs by photocoagulation of the receptive field area on the retina.
      Functional inactivation of the corticogeniculate loop by cooling of the
      ipsilateral visual cortex did not selectively influence ACh sensitivity in the
      retinally deafferented dLGN. It is concluded that ACh exerts a direct, excitatory
      action on geniculate neurons. Infusion of sodium pentobarbitone resulted in
      reduction of ACh firing rates to about 30% of the control values in 35% of the
      normally innervated cells (65% of that sample not being excited by ACh), whereas
      excitatory ACh responses after retinal deafferentation were completely blocked by
      the barbiturate. It is concluded that pentobarbitone influences direct ACh
      excitation, but not cholinergic disinhibition in the dLGN or ACh inhibition in
      the PGN. Possible differential effects of pentobarbitone on nicotinic and
      muscarinic types of ACh responses are discussed.

PMID- 2896046
TI  - Establishment and properties of separate cultures of enteric neurons and enteric
      glia.
AB  - In this paper methods are described for the preparation of two types of culture
      derived from myenteric explants: (a) highly enriched neuronal cell cultures, and
      (b) purified glial cells (greater than 98%). Both procedures combine the
      technique of antibody complement-mediated cytolysis with the use of an
      antimitotic agent. Immunohistochemical methods were used to compare the purified
      cells to their counterparts in mixed cultures (see accompanying paper).
      Antibodies to the glycoprotein Thy-1 and the monoclonal antibody A2B5 which
      recognizes gangliosides, labelled the cell surface of all enteric neurons in
      enriched cultures while subpopulations of the neurons expressed the Leu 7
      carbohydrate epitope, the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine and the
      neuropeptides substance P, methionine-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide. Autoradiographic experiments show that a subpopulation of enriched
      neurons exhibit high-affinity uptake sites for gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid
      (GABA). All purified enteric glia continue to express the calcium binding protein
      S100, the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin and the antigens recognized by
      the A2B5 antibody, and subpopulations of glia are labelled by the monoclonal
      antibodies LB1 which binds to GD3 gangliosides, and Leu 7. Thus enteric neurons
      and glia can survive independently of each other and express molecular properties
      which are present in cultures normally containing both cell types.

PMID- 2896047
TI  - Opioid peptides in pituitary gland, brain regions and peripheral tissues of
      spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats.
AB  - The concentrations of beta-endorphin (beta-END), dynorphin (DYN) and methionine
      enkephalin (MEK) in pituitary, brain regions, heart, kidney and adrenal of 8 week
      old male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive
      rats were determined by radioimmunoassay and compared. The brain regions examined
      were hypothalamus, striatum, pons + medulla, midbrain and cortex. The
      concentration of beta-END in pituitary of SHR rats was 49% higher than those of
      WKY rats. The concentration of beta-END in the striatum of SHR rats was 71% lower
      as compared to WKY rats. The concentration of beta-END in the heart, adrenals and
      kidney of SHR rats was significantly lower (92, 48 and 57%, respectively), than
      those of WKY rat tissues. The concentration of DYN in pituitary, striatum and
      heart were lower by 38, 55 and 46%, respectively, in SHR compared to WKY rats,
      but in hypothalamus it was greater (33%) than in WKY rats. The concentration of
      DYN in other brain areas and in kidney and adrenal did not differ. The tissues of
      SHR and WKY rats which showed significant difference in the concentration of MEK
      were pituitary, pons + medulla, cerebral cortex and adrenals. The concentration
      of MEK was greater in SHR rats with pons + medulla, cortex and adrenals showing
      33, 40, 268% higher levels, respectively, over the WKY rat tissues. However, the
      concentration of MEK in pituitary of SHR rats was 40% lower than that of WKY
      rats. These studies suggest that the endogenous opioid peptides of both central
      and peripheral tissues may be important in the regulation of blood pressure in
      SHR rats.

PMID- 2896048
TI  - Endogenous ligands for the quisqualate receptor: presence in rat brain cortex
      synaptic vesicles.
AB  - The presence in highly purified rat brain cortex synaptic vesicles of endogenous
      ligands for rat brain quisqualate receptors was investigated. The vesicles were
      extracted, and their contents fractionated by high voltage electrophoresis.
      Endogenous ligands were detected by a radioreceptor assay in which such ligands
      competed with 50 nM L-[3H]glutamate for binding to quisqualate receptors present
      in rat brain postsynaptic densities (PSDs). Binding of L-[3H]glutamate to N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, also present in PSDs, was blocked by 100
      microM NMDA. We found that the endogenous ligands present in brain cortex
      synaptic vesicles for quisqualate receptors, were glutamate and aspartate, in a
      molar ratio of about two to one. The quisqualate receptor had an affinity 130
      fold higher for glutamate (Kd 0.3 microM) than for aspartate, and the latter
      amino acid also showed a marked negative cooperative for binding (Hill number
      0.29, against 0.67 for glutamate). These findings suggest that glutamate is the
      natural transmitter that activates quisqualate receptors at some central
      excitatory synapses, and also that aspartate may be a classical transmitter, the
      receptor for which still remains to be shown.

PMID- 2896049
TI  - Role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the induction of synaptic potentiation
      by burst stimulation patterned after the hippocampal theta-rhythm.
AB  - Short bursts of high frequency stimulation produce maximal long-term potentiation
      (LTP) at Schaffer-commissural synapses on CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices when
      the bursts are spaced 200 ms apart. A burst to one input (S1) does not induce LTP
      but 'primes' the postsynaptic neurons such that 200 ms later the postsynaptic
      response to a burst to a second input (S2) is greatly enhanced and LTP is
      induced. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in this response
      enhancement and LTP induction was studied by perfusing slices with the NMDA
      antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5). AP5 (100 microM) had no effect on
      the field excitatory postsynaptic potential evoked by single pulse stimulation,
      but completely eliminated both the decremental short-term potentiation (lasting
      less than 10 min) and stable LTP effects elicited by burst stimulation. AP5
      reduced the response to a non-primed burst by about 10% and reduced the relative
      enhancement of a primed burst response by about 35%. These results indicate that
      part of the postsynaptic response to a primed burst is mediated by NMDA receptors
      and that this component is necessary for all forms of synaptic potentiation
      (including LTP) resulting from burst stimulation. The similarity of the short
      bursts with the complex-spike discharges of hippocampal neurons as well as the
      200 ms optimal interval with the period of the hippocampal theta-rhythm suggest
      links between theta and the NMDA receptor in the induction of hippocampal
      synaptic plasticity.

PMID- 2896050
TI  - Angiotensin II receptors in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.
AB  - Locations of cells responsive to microiontophoretically applied angiotensin II
      (AII) were compared to distributions of AII receptor binding sites identified by
      autoradiography in the lumbar enlargement region of the rat spinal cord.
      Angiotensin II receptor binding sites were densely concentrated in the
      superficial layers of the dorsal horn. Considerably lower densities of binding
      sites were present in the remaining gray matter. Effects of
      microiontophoretically applied AII on lumbar spinal cord cells did not vary with
      location within the gray matter. AII facilitated firing of most cells in the
      lumbar cord whether the cells were in superficial or deeper laminae of the dorsal
      horn or in the ventral horn. The distribution of AII binding sites and the
      distribution of cells that were responsive to AII suggest that AII may play a
      role in modulating both sensory and motor functions of the spinal cord.

PMID- 2896051
TI  - Microdialysis measurement of oxytocin, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and
      glutamate release from the olfactory bulb of the sheep during vaginocervical
      stimulation.
AB  - Concentrations of oxytocin and amino acids were measured in microdialysis samples
      taken from the olfactory bulbs of 5 conscious, oestrogen-treated ewes before,
      during and after a 10-min period of vaginocervical stimulation. Results showed
      that vaginocervical stimulation induced significant increases in concentrations
      of oxytocin, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in dialysis
      samples. Concentrations of other amino acids measured were not affected. These
      findings show that vaginocervical stimulation produces significant changes in
      neurochemical release in the olfactory bulbs of sheep. Such changes may be
      involved in the induction of maternal behaviour of the olfactory recognition of
      offspring.

PMID- 2896052
TI  - Demonstration of serotoninergic axon terminals on somatostatin-immunoreactive
      neurons of the anterior periventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Using a combination of electron microscopic autoradiography and
      immunocytochemistry, the connections between serotoninergic axons and
      somatostatin neurons of the anterior periventricular nucleus of the rat
      hypothalamus were examined. The serotoninergic elements were identified after
      selective uptake of tritiated serotonin and the somatostatin neurons with
      immunocytochemistry. Synaptic connections between labeled serotoninergic nerve
      endings and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were observed. This finding
      provides morphological evidence for a direct influence of serotoninergic elements
      on somatostatin neurons of the anterior periventricular nucleus projecting to the
      median eminence of the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2896054
TI  - Excitatory amino acid-evoked membrane currents and excitatory synaptic
      transmission in lamprey reticulospinal neurons.
AB  - The characteristics of excitatory amino acid-evoked currents and of excitatory
      synaptic events have been examined in lamprey Muller neurons using voltage clamp
      and current clamp recording techniques. Application of glutamate evoked
      depolarizations associated with a decrease in input resistance. The reversal
      potential of the responses was -35 mV. Under voltage clamp conditions, a series
      of excitatory amino acid agonists evoked inward currents associated with little
      or no increase in baseline current noise. The order of potency of the excitatory
      amino acid agonists was quisqualate greater than kainate greater than glutamate
      greater than aspartate, while N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) was inactive.
      Inward currents evoked by glutamate, as well as by kainate and quisqualate were
      attenuated reversibly by 1 mM kynurenic acid (KYN). In contrast, glutamate-evoked
      currents were not affected by 100 microM D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid
      (APV), a selective NMDA antagonist. Spontaneously occurring and stimulus-evoked
      excitatory postsynaptic events were antagonized reversibly by 1 mM KYN. At this
      concentration, KYN had no effect on membrane potential, input resistance, or
      excitability of the cells. In contrast, excitatory postsynaptic currents were
      unaffected by APV. It is concluded that both glutamate responses and excitatory
      synaptic transmission in lamprey Muller neurons are mediated by non-NMDA-type
      receptors and that these receptors are associated with ionic channels with a low
      elementary conductance. The combined pharmacological and biophysical
      characteristics of these responses are therefore different from those previously
      reported in other preparations. Spontaneous (but not stimulus-evoked) inhibitory
      synaptic events in Muller neurons were blocked reversibly by 1 mM KYN but not by
      100 microM APV, suggesting that excitation of interneurons inhibitory to Muller
      cells was also mediated by non-NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2896053
TI  - L-glutamate evoked release of GABA from cultured avian retina cells does not
      require glutamate receptor activation.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamate are the major inhibitory and
      excitatory transmitters in the central nervous system. Recent evidence has
      indicated that L-glutamate may stimulate GABA release by a novel exchange
      mechanism (Nascimento and De Mello, J. Neurochem., 1985, 45: 1820-1827). Here we
      provide strong support for this hypothesis by showing that the L-glutamate-evoked
      release of [3H]GABA from cultured avian retina cells is not dependent on the
      activation of excitatory amino acid receptors. Retina cells were found to
      incorporate [3H]GABA into a pool that was released when cultures were treated
      with L-glutamate (100 microM). This release was unaffected when calcium ions were
      removed, but was prevented when NaCl was replaced by LiCl. D-Aspartate, which in
      tracer experiments was shown to be taken into cells by the same carrier as L
      glutamate, was also able to evoke release of [3H]GABA, with the same requirement
      for NaCl. In addition, L-glutamate and D-aspartate uptake by retina cells was
      inhibited in more then 80% when the uptake was measured in the presence of LiCl.
      As opposed to GABA, the release of acetylcholine (ACh) promoted by L-glutamate
      showed characteristics of classical mechanisms of neurotransmitter release.
      Glutamate-induced efflux of ACh was Ca2+-dependent and was not affected when NaCl
      was replaced by LiCl. Also, D-aspartate was ineffective in eliciting the release
      of ACh. Even at high concentrations, antagonists of excitatory amino acid
      receptors were unable to diminish the glutamate-evoked release of
      [3H]GABA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896055
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic modulation of hypothalamic estrogen binding sites.
AB  - Studies from other laboratories have demonstrated that agents which interact with
      the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems alter the
      concentrations of cytosolic hypothalamic estrogen receptors. These results have
      led to the hypothesis that catecholamine systems are involved intimately with the
      regulation of brain estrogen receptors. The present study was undertaken to
      determine if agents from a different neurotransmitter system similarly affect
      [3H]estradiol binding. The data presented here show that the muscarinic
      cholinergic agonist, bethanechol, increases the number of cytosolic hypothalamic
      estradiol binding sites in ovariectomized female rats by as much as 38% above
      control values. Pretreatment with atropine sulfate, a highly specific muscarinic
      antagonist, blocked the bethanechol effect. Interestingly, bethanechol failed to
      alter the concentration of estradiol binding sites in castrated male rats. The
      results of the present experiments show not only that pharmacological modulation
      of cytosolic hypothalamic estradiol binding sites is not limited to drugs which
      interact with catecholaminergic systems, but that such effects may be sex
      specific.

PMID- 2896056
TI  - A novel interaction between dynorphin(1-13) and an N-methyl-D-aspartate site.
AB  - Dynorphin injected intrathecally in the rat results in a neurotoxicity
      behaviorally expressed as an irreversible loss of the thermally evoked tail-flick
      reflex. The excitatory amino acid antagonists DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
      (APV) and gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG) blocked the loss of the tail-flick
      reflex. The order of potency (APV greater than DGG) suggests that the N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) subclass of excitatory amino acid receptors participate in the
      neurotoxicity. Additionally, intrathecal injection of APV results in a reversible
      loss of the tail-flick reflex, whereas with DGG doses which block the tail-flick
      reflex also result in hindlimb paralysis. These data suggest that
      neurotransmission in the tail-flick reflex pathway is, in part, mediated by NMDA
      receptors. From these and previous findings it was concluded that dynorphin
      neurotoxicity results from enhanced, excitotoxic, transmission across these
      synapses utilizing NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2896057
TI  - Immunocytochemical identification of long ascending, peptidergic lumbar spinal
      neurons terminating in either the medial or lateral thalamus in the rat.
AB  - The peptidergic content of rat spinothalamic tract neurons was investigated by
      combining the retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye Fluoro-gold with
      immunocytochemistry for enkephalin, dynorphin or vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide. Evidence is presented for the existence of enkephalin and dynorphin
      in a subpopulation of spinothalamic neurons terminating in the medial thalamus
      and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in a subpopulation terminating primarily in
      the lateral thalamus.

PMID- 2896058
TI  - Physiological regulation of neurohypophyseal kappa-opiate receptors.
AB  - Quantitative autoradiography was used to examine the characteristics of kappa
      opiate receptor binding in neural lobe sections from dehydrated rats and water
      sated homozygous Brattleboro rats. The density of kappa-sites was decreased by
      40% and 44%, respectively, after 5 days of water deprivation or hypertonic
      saline. Both the density and affinity of kappa-receptor sites were lower in
      homozygous Brattleboro rats. We suggest that kappa-receptor down-regulation
      occurs as a result of elevated release of opioid peptides induced by chronic
      osmotic stimulation.

PMID- 2896060
TI  - Cation permeability change caused by L-glutamate in cultured rat hippocampal
      neurons.
AB  - The ionic mechanism of the membrane permeability changes caused by L-glutamate in
      hippocampal neurons prepared from 17- to 19-day-old fetal rat in dispersed cell
      cultures was studied with the whole-cell variation of the patch electrode voltage
      clamp technique. The cultured hippocampal neurons became sensitive to glutamate 7
      days after plating, and thereafter the sensitivity gradually increased. The
      conductance increase caused by glutamate was voltage-sensitive, decreasing with
      membrane hyperpolarization at potentials more negative than -40 mV. The relative
      permeability of glutamate-activated channels to alkali metal and alkaline earth
      cations was estimated by reversal potential measurements. The alkali metal
      cations, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+ were permeant to the glutamate channels, and
      the selectivity among them was weak. The alkaline earth cations, Ca2+, Sr2+ and
      Ba2+ were more permeant than the alkali metals. The permeability ratios of these
      divalent cations relative to Na+ were 2.4 (Ca2+), 2.4 (Sr2+) and 2.8 (Ba2+),
      respectively. Mg2+ was much less permeant and the permeability ratio (PMg/PNa)
      was only 0.1. Anion conductance made no contribution to the glutamate-induced
      current. Functional implications of the glutamate-induced increased in Ca2+
      influx were discussed.

PMID- 2896059
TI  - D1 dopamine receptors in human putamen, frontal cortex and calf retina:
      differences in guanine nucleotide regulation of agonist binding and adenylate
      cyclase stimulation.
AB  - High-affinity binding sites for the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist [3H]SCH 23390
      were identified in membranes from human putamen, frontal cortex and calf retina.
      In frontal cortex binding not only occurred to D1 but also to 5-HT2 receptors. In
      retina and putamen no binding to 5-HT2 receptors was detected. All further
      binding experiments in frontal cortex were carried out in the presence of 20 nM
      mianserin to prevent binding to 5-HT2 receptors. In the 3 tissues, antagonist
      competition curves were monophasic, whereas competition curves with the agonist
      dopamine revealed the presence of two binding sites, one having high affinity
      (RH) (32% in retina, 28% in putamen, and 15% in frontal cortex) and the other
      having low affinity (RL). In retina, the addition of 100 microM GTP caused a full
      conversion of RH into RL. In contrast, in frontal cortex, RH sites were not
      altered by 400 microM GTP or 100 microM 5'-guanylyl-imidodi-phosphate (Gpp(NH)p).
      In putamen, both guanine nucleotides provoked only a partial conversion of RH
      into RL. Dopamine (100 microM) produced a 220% and 56% increase in cAMP
      production in respectively retina and putamen homogenates, while no increase was
      observed in frontal cortex homogenate. These data may suggest that not all D1
      receptors are coupled to the adenylate cyclase system.

PMID- 2896061
TI  - Altered angiotensin II sensitivity of neurons in the organum vasculosum lamina
      terminalis region of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - Using in vitro hypothalamic brain slices, differences in angiotensin II (AII)
      sensitivity of neurons in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) region
      were compared between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched
      normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). AII, the AII competitive antagonist
      saralasin, and L-glutamate were micropressure-applied onto OVLT neurons. AII
      excitation of SHR neurons was blocked or antagonized by simultaneous application
      of saralasin, evoked at significantly lower thresholds and displayed exaggerated
      periods of postactivity compared to OVLT neurons in preparations taken from WKY
      controls. Neuronal responses to L-glutamate were similar between the two rat
      strains. Differences in neuronal sensitivity to AII may be causally linked to
      hypertension in SHR.

PMID- 2896062
TI  - Dopamine-independent motor behavior following microinjection of rimorphin in the
      substantia nigra.
AB  - The motor-activating effects of rimorphin, an opioid peptide derived from
      prodynorphin, were examined in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of rats.
      Unilateral microinjections of rimorphin produced dose-dependent contralateral
      rotational behavior that was antagonized by naloxone, suggesting that these
      effects were mediated by opiate receptors. Lesions of midbrain dopamine cells
      with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) produced a 95% or greater depletion of tyrosine
      hydroxylase in the striatum ipsilateral to the lesion, but failed to reduce the
      number of circles made by the rats. In addition to an overall preservation of
      rimorphin-induced circling in animals with 6-OHDA lesions, 50% of these rats
      exhibited circling that was at least 2 standard deviations above the mean of
      animals without lesions. The motor activating effects of rimorphin, thus, appear
      to occur independently of the nigrostriatal dopamine system; these effects may
      instead be mediated by GABAergic efferents in the pars reticulata.

PMID- 2896063
TI  - Calcium-dependent glutamate cytotoxicity in a neuronal cell line.
AB  - Membranes from the neuroblastoma x embryonic retina cell hybrid cell line, N18-RE
      105, bind L-[3H]glutamate with a pharmacologic profile consistent with a
      'quisqualate-type' brain L-glutamate receptor. We describe here the cytotoxic
      effect of L-glutamate receptor agonists on intact N18-RE-105 cells. Cytotoxicity
      was quantitated by measurement of the release of the cytosolic enzyme, lactate
      dehydrogenase, into the culture medium after addition of L-glutamate and its
      analogs to the cell culture medium. L-Glutamate (10 mM) and its confirmationally
      restricted analogs, quisqualate (1 mM) and ibotenate (10 mM), caused cell lysis.
      In contrast, similar analogs which do not bind to N18-RE-105 cell membranes
      (kainic acid, N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid) were not
      cytotoxic. L-Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was eliminated when calcium-free
      medium was used. Addition of inorganic or organic calcium channel antagonists
      also reduced the cytotoxicity of L-glutamate, even when 1.8 mM calcium was
      present in the medium. Cadmium chloride (10 microM) completely blocked L
      glutamate toxicity, whereas manganese chloride (150 microM) and lanthanum
      chloride (25 microM) reduced toxicity by greater than 50%. Dihydropyridine
      voltage-sensitive calcium channel agonists or antagonists, had little or no
      significant effect on L-glutamate-induced toxicity. In contrast, the verapamil
      derivatives, D600 and D888, and the diltiazem derivative, MDL 12,330A reduced L
      glutamate toxicity by greater than 50%. These results suggest that a subtype of
      voltage-sensitive calcium channels is involved in the mechanism of L-glutamate
      receptor mediated cytotoxicity in this cell line.

PMID- 2896064
TI  - A potassium conductance contributes to the action of somatostatin-14 to suppress
      ACTH secretion.
AB  - Somatostatin activates an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance in AtT-20
      clonal corticotrophs, a cell line derived from the mouse pituitary gland. The
      action of somatostatin is blocked by pertussis toxin indicating that a GTP
      binding protein couples the somatostatin receptor to the potassium channel. The
      potassium conductance is depressed by cesium. Cesium also attenuates the
      suppression of adrenocorticotropin hormone secretion by somatostatin suggesting
      that the increase in potassium conductance plays a role in this action of
      somatostatin.

PMID- 2896065
TI  - Development of angiotensin II-sensitive OVLT neurons in SHR and WKY rats.
AB  - Angiotensin II (AII) sensitivity of neurons in the region of the organum
      vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) was examined electrophysiologically using in
      vitro hypothalamic brain slices taken from 4-, 9- and 14-week-old spontaneously
      hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Micropressure
      application of AII, its competitive antagonist saralasin, and L-glutamate
      revealed that neurons in this region of SHR were significantly more sensitive to
      AII than cells in age-matched WKY preparations. Neuronal sensitivity to L
      glutamate was similar between SHR and WKY rats at all ages. Following
      electrophysiological study, hypothalamic and cortical brain slices were assayed
      for 125I-labelled AII binding. AII receptor binding in the hypothalamic slices
      from SHR was elevated significantly above binding in WKY hypothalamic slices at
      4, 9, and 14 weeks of age. In contrast, AII binding in cortical slices taken from
      SHR and WKY rats was similar. These data suggest that altered neuronal AII
      sensitivity is not a consequence of hypertension development in SHR and may
      contribute to its development.

PMID- 2896066
TI  - [Clinical trial of isofloxythepin].

PMID- 2896067
TI  - [In vitro secretion of somatostatin (SRIH) by human adenomatous somatotropic
      cells. Relation with somatotropic hormone (GH) release and modulation by
      thyroliberin (TRH)].
AB  - SRIH and GH secretions by GH-secreting adenomatous human pituitary cells were
      analyzed in vitro in a perifusion system. Of the 13 adenomas studied, 7 secreted
      SRIH, in variable amounts (50 to 700 pg/ml/2 min., corresponding to 600 10,700 pg
      for the total experiment. SRIH secretion increased during the perifusion, the
      highest levels being observed at the end of the perifusion. GH secretion also
      varied from one adenoma to the other (6 to 500 ng/ml). In most cases, the
      secretion profiles were negatively correlated, GH secretion decreasing while SRIH
      secretion was increasing. In the presence of 10(-7) M TRH, GH secretion increased
      while that of SRIH decreased. The hypothesis of a paracrine and/or an autocrine
      role for SRIH as well as its possible in situ synthesis are discussed.

PMID- 2896069
TI  - Pharmacological and biological evidence for differing mechanisms of doxorubicin
      resistance in two human tumor cell lines.
AB  - The cellular pharmacology of doxorubicin resistance (DOXR) has most commonly been
      associated with decreased drug uptake, enhanced drug efflux, cross-resistance to
      multiple anticancer agents, and the overproduction of a Mr 170,000 cell surface
      glycoprotein (termed P-glycoprotein). In this study, the pharmacological and
      genetic characteristics of two newly derived human DOXR sublines were examined.
      These DOXR sublines were established following continuously increasing DOX
      exposure until a 222-fold resistant fibrosarcoma subline (HT1080/DR4) and a 285
      fold resistant colon adenocarcinoma subline (LoVo/DR5) were developed. However,
      three major lines of evidence suggest that despite the similar selection
      strategy, the mechanism of DOXR differs significantly between these two cell
      lines. First, Western blotting using the C219 antibody specific to P-glycoprotein
      revealed the overexpression of the Mr 170,000 cell surface glycoprotein in LoVo
      DOXR cells but not in HT1080 DOXR cells. Second, LoVo DOXR cells are cross
      resistant to vincristine, actinomycin D, colchicine, etoposide, and gramicidin D,
      but not to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. In contrast, HT1080 DOXR cells
      display cross-resistance to vincristine, actinomycin D, vinblastine, and
      etoposide; however, they are not cross-resistant to gramicidin D, and show an
      increased (approximately 18-fold) cross-resistance to 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine. Third, intracellular DOX accumulation (as measured by
      [14C]DOX at 1-h and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis) was
      decreased approximately 2.7-fold in LoVo DOXR cells and approximately 2.0-fold in
      HT1080/DR4 cells. However, while net accumulation studies in the presence of 5
      micrograms/ml verapamil reversed DOXR to parental values in LoVo colon
      adenocarcinoma cells, it only minimally decreased DOX resistance (12.6%) in
      HT1080/DR4 cells. Efflux patterns of [14C]DOX were similar for the DOXR sublines
      with an approximately 50% decrease in DOX retention after 1 h when compared to
      their respective parental cell lines. Our results suggest that DOXR in LoVo/DR5
      cells may result from overexpression of P-glycoprotein. In contrast, DOXR in
      HT1080/DR4 appears to be non-P-glycoprotein mediated and may be related to an
      alternative mechanism capable of altering drug efflux or differential drug
      binding.

PMID- 2896068
TI  - Characterization of the spectrum of postthymic T-cell malignancies in Taiwan. A
      clinicopathologic study of HTLV-1-positive and HTLV-1-negative cases.
AB  - Postthymic T-cell malignancy shows marked geographic, clinicopathologic, and
      prognostic diversity. The frequency and spectrum of T-cell malignancies in Taiwan
      were investigated. Fifty-two patients (35 male and 17 female) with a median age
      of 49 years, were consecutively encountered between October 1983 and April 1987;
      these accounted for 39% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases seen in our institutions.
      Ten patients (19.3%) had adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) associated with
      human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1). Patients with ATL had disease similar to
      that reported from southwestern Japan and the Caribbean. They had frequent skin
      lesions (60%), hypercalcemia (40%), and a rapid clinical course with a median
      survival of 1.3 years. The 35 HTLV-1-negative peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTL)
      were similar to PTL in western countries, manifesting frequent visceral,
      cutaneous, and vascular tropisms. Marrow involvement was documented at
      presentation in 39% and Stage III/IV disease in 80% of the PTL patients. The
      histology of PTL usually expressed prominent reactive features which is distinct
      from that in ATL. Several subcategories could be defined: Hodgkin's-like PTL in
      nine patients, T-zone lymphoma in three, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like
      lymphoma in one, Lennert's lymphoma in three, and angioinvasive lymphoma in four.
      Two HTLV-1-negative PTL had neoplastic cells with clover-shaped nuclei and were
      designated as ATL-like. Morphologic classification based on the modified Working
      Formulation showed prognostic correlation, with median survival of less than 6
      months for large cell/immunoblastic PTL, compared with 5 years for patients with
      small/medium cell PTL. Both low- and high-grade PTL seem to represent an
      incurable disease. Classical cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (seven cases) is
      relatively unusual in Taiwan, compared with the frequency of PTL. Post-thymic T
      cell malignancies in Taiwan include HTLV-1-positive and HTLV-1-negative diseases,
      both of which have a poor prognosis and resemble similar T-cell malignancies in
      the East and West.

PMID- 2896070
TI  - [Inotropic drugs in the treatment of heart failure].

PMID- 2896071
TI  - Influence of human T lymphocytes identified by antibodies to dipeptidyl peptidase
      IV on differentiation of human B lymphocytes stimulated with Staphylococcus
      aureus Cowan I and pokeweed mitogen.
AB  - The influence of human T lymphocytes expressing the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase
      IV (DPP IV) was investigated with respect to human peripheral B-lymphocyte
      differentiation. B cells stimulated with pokeweed mitogen in the presence of DPP
      IV-positive T cells produced high amounts of immunoglobulin. Moderate amounts of
      immunoglobulin could be measured when B cells were cultured in the presence of
      DPP IV-negative T cells. DPP IV defines a T-cell subset partially overlapping the
      subsets characterized by the differentiation antigens Leu 3a (helper/inducer) and
      Leu 2a (suppressor/cytotoxic). DPP IV-positive T cells exert, in contrast to DPP
      IV-negative T cells, high interleukin-2 activity after stimulation with
      phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen. To further functionally characterize DPP
      IV-positive and DPP IV-negative T cells, the helper effects of Leu 3a-positive T
      cell subsets, differing in DPP IV expression, were investigated in pokeweed
      mitogen- and Staphylococcus aureus-driven B-cell differentiation systems. After
      pokeweed mitogen stimulation, immunoglobulin production was markedly reduced when
      B cells were cultured in the presence of Leu 3a-positive T cells expressing DPP
      IV (DPP IV+/Leu 3a+). In contrast, high amounts of immunoglobulin were produced
      in cultures with Leu 3a-positive but DPP IV-negative T cells (DPP IV-/Leu 3a+).
      This difference in immunoglobulin production of B cells cultured with DPP IV+/Leu
      3a+ and DPP IV-/Leu 3a+ T cells could not be observed in Staphylococcus aureus
      stimulated cultures. Here, both T-cell subsets supported terminal differentiation
      of B cells. We conclude that in the pokeweed mitogen-driven culture systems, DPP
      IV+/Leu 3a+ and DPP IV-/Leu 3a+ T cells may differ in the production of growth
      and/or differentiation factors distinct from interleukin-2.

PMID- 2896072
TI  - Interactions between the Thy-1 and T-cell antigen receptor pathways in the
      activation of cytotoxic T cells: evidence from synergistic effects, loss
      variants, and anti-CD8 antibody-mediated inhibition.
AB  - The relationship between activation of cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones via
      the T-cell receptor (Ti) or the Thy-1 molecule was investigated. Anti-Ti and anti
      Thy-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can activate CTL clones to secrete interferon
      gamma (IFN-gamma). Suboptimal doses of anti-Ti and anti-Thy-1 mAb, as well as
      suboptimal doses of two different anti-Thy-1 mAb, can synergize to activate T
      cell clones. The addition of phorbol myristic acetate (PMA), which is not
      stimulatory by itself, can enhance the synergistic effect of mAb on IFN-gamma
      production. Although the Ti and Thy-1 molecules were not found associated at the
      cell surface, the results presented here indicate that these molecules are
      functionally associated. Use of Ti loss variants of a CTL clone confirms that Thy
      1-mediated signaling is not an alternative to, but is dependent on the Ti
      mediated activation pathway. Additionally, use of anti-Lyt-2/3 mAb, previously
      described as interfering with class I MHC-Ti binding and/or activation and, in
      some cases, with anti-Ti-mediated activation revealed that anti-Thy-1 mAb
      mediated activation was also greatly reduced by the presence of Lyt-2/3-specific
      mAb. Thus the interaction between Thy-1 and Ti might also involve Lyt-2 (Lyt-3)
      molecules.

PMID- 2896073
TI  - The ATPase subunit 6 gene of tobacco mitochondria contains an unusual sequence.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized the F0-ATPase subunit 6 gene (atp6) from
      tobacco mitochondria. The tobacco sequence exists as a single copy, is
      transcribed and contains an open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding a
      peptide of 395 amino acids. The first 130 amino acids of the tobacco putative
      polypeptide show limited homology with the N terminus predicted for the maize
      ATPase subunit 6. Although poorly conserved at the sequence level, the tobacco
      and maize amino termini are hydrophilic and have a high percentage of charged
      amino acids. This portion of the predicted peptide may represent a presequence
      that is common to the ATPase subunit 6 of plants. Significant homology between
      tobacco and maize begins with amino acid 131, in a region that is highly
      conserved among fungal ATPase 6 subunits. In the remainder of the predicted
      protein, tobacco and maize share approximately 81% homology. A 41 bp sequence and
      a 175 bp conserved region found upstream from the tobacco atp6 coding region are
      homologous with sequence elements found in the 5' flanking regions of other plant
      mitochondrial genes and may be important for regulation and expression of the
      atp6 gene.

PMID- 2896074
TI  - [Study on Bcl I RFLP in factor VIII gene and prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A
      through RFLP].

PMID- 2896075
TI  - [Undescended testicles: 2-stage reduction or Fowler's technic. Apropos of 2
      comparative series].
AB  - The testicular vessel transection allows a one-stage orchidopexy for high
      undescended testes. The authors have been using this procedure (as described by
      Fowler) since january 1984. 29 operations have been performed in this way. This
      series is compared to another series of 28 staged orchidopexies, a procedure
      which was used in Rouen until december 1983. The number of cases in each series
      is not high enough to allow a significant comparison; no conclusion can be drawn
      as for the long term result concerning the testicular function. However the
      procedure described by Fowler has the great advantage of being performed in one
      stage. But the surgeon must comply with strict rules and the authors point out
      the difficulties of the operation.

PMID- 2896076
TI  - Long-term effects of xamoterol on left ventricular diastolic function and late
      remodeling: a study in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and single
      vessel disease.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to examine whether the prolonged administration of
      the beta 1-adrenoceptor partial agonist xamoterol could improve left ventricular
      diastolic function and affect the global remodeling process of the left ventricle
      after anterior myocardial infarction. In 22 patients with anterior myocardial
      infarction and single-vessel disease, left ventricular angiography (+ Millar) was
      performed under basal conditions 1 to 2 months after the acute myocardial
      infarction. Eight patients were then treated for 3 months with placebo and 14
      were treated with xamoterol (200 mg bid) and a second left ventricular
      angiographic study was performed. Angiograms were digitized frame by frame to
      derive the diastolic pressure-volume relationship and to compute wall stress. An
      index of elastic myocardial stiffness was computed at a constant stress of 30
      kdynes/cm2 before and after treatment. To evaluate changes in left ventricular
      shape, segmental areas in anterior and inferior segments were computed and
      compared at end-diastole and end-systole. After xamoterol, left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure and mean diastolic wall stress decreased (from 24 +/- 5 to 15
      +/- 5 mm Hg and from 57 +/- 32 to 38 +/- 22 kdynes/cm2, respectively; both p less
      than .01 vs baseline and vs placebo). These changes were accompanied by a
      downward shift in the diastolic pressure-volume relationship and by a decrease in
      the index of myocardial stiffness from 526 +/- 270 to 371 +/- 194 kdynes/cm2 (p
      less than .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896077
TI  - In situ fluorescence hybridization of Y translocations: cytogenetic analysis
      using probes Y190 and Y431.
AB  - Two moderately repetitive DNA probes (Y190 and Y431) and a fluorescent in situ
      hybridization technique, using a biotin, avidin, anti-avidin system, were
      employed to investigate a group of patients with Y chromosome abnormalities. In
      normal male subjects, a bright fluorescent spot could be detected in cells in
      interphase and on the short arm of the Y chromosome in metaphase spreads.
      Translocations of DNA fragments of the short arm of the Y chromosome to autosomes
      10, 13 and 15 were observed in five patients. In a 45,XX male subject the
      translocation involved one of the X chromosomes. With this in situ hybridization
      procedure, bright fluorescent spots were also noticed in uncultured amniotic
      cells and chorionic cellular elements from male fetuses, thus allowing a rapid
      and reproducible approach to prenatal fetal sexing.

PMID- 2896078
TI  - X-linked lymphoproliferative disease: linkage studies using DNA probes.
AB  - Linkage studies have been carried out with 28 X-linked polymorphic probes to try
      to locate the gene for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). DNA from three
      families has been analysed, including three affected boys among 21 family
      members. None of the probes tested has been found to be linked to XLP. However,
      the data are recorded for the use of other workers on this rare disease.

PMID- 2896079
TI  - Diagnosis of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in Sweden by RFLP analysis.
AB  - Genomic DNA from 17 Swedish patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
      (FAP), and 50 healthy controls were tested with a cDNA transthyretin probe. In
      seven of the patients, FAP was not reported in either of their parents. All 50
      controls showed restriction fragments of 6.6 kb and 3.2 kb after cleavage with
      Nsil, while the 17 FAP patients showed RFLP markers of 5.1 and 1.5 kb. These
      observations indicate the same methionine for valine substitution at position 30
      in Swedish patients with FAP as seen in patients with FAP from Japan, Portugal
      and FAP-patients of Swedish descent from USA. However, the mean onset of FAP
      symptoms for the 17 Swedish patients was found to be significantly later than for
      the patients from Japan, Portugal and USA.

PMID- 2896080
TI  - Effect of almitrine bismesylate on breathing pattern during hypoxia/hypercapnia
      in rats and ferrets.
AB  - 1. Ventilatory measurements and functional residual capacity (FRC) were recorded
      from anaesthetized rats and ferrets using a whole body plethysmograph. Simulation
      of aspects of human chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD) was attempted by
      making animals acutely hypoxic or hypoxic and hypercapnic by causing them to
      breath appropriate gas mixtures or by increasing the tracheal resistance or dead
      space. Some chronically hypoxic rats, which have muscularized pulmonary
      arterioles similar to COAD patients, were also studied. 2. In 18 chronically
      hypoxic (CH) rats and 17 littermate control rats (C), breathing air, doses of
      almitrine bismesylate caused greater increases in ventilation (VE) in C than in
      CH rats. FRC, which was initially greater in CH rats, increased significantly in
      both groups after almitrine. 3. In C rats, breathing hypoxic or
      hypoxic/hypercapnic gas mixtures caused large increases in VE. Slow infusions of
      almitrine caused a further increase in VE usually via an increase in tidal volume
      (VT) but not frequency (f). 4. In two series of rats (n = 9; n = 6) severe and
      moderate degrees of tracheal obstruction caused a fall in PaO2 and a rise in
      PaCO2, a fall in VE due to both VT and f and large changes in oesophageal
      pressure (Poes), which often became positive on expiration. Almitrine infusions
      usually caused a rise in PaO2, a rise in VT and no change in f; with moderate
      obstruction, Poes also rose. The results were thought to depend on the balance
      between improved ventilation and increased O2 demand of the respiratory muscles.
      5. Eleven ferrets were made hypoxic and hypercapnic by adding a large dead-space
      to the trachea. A slow infusion of almitrine caused a significant rise in PaO2
      before any significant change in VE was detected; PaCO2 fell at some time during
      the infusion, but not significantly. The initial significant rise in PaO2, at 2.5
      min, was not associated with significant changes in T1 (time of inspiration) and
      VT/TI. At 5 min VT/TI and PaO2 were all significantly altered. 6. Infusions of
      almitrine into hypoxic and hypercapnic animals caused improvements in the
      arterial oxygen tension which were associated with subtle changes in the
      breathing pattern; inspiratory time and inspiratory flow rate changed in the
      absence of an increase in total VE. Possible conclusions with respect to the
      action of almitrine in patients with COAD are discussed.

PMID- 2896081
TI  - The effect of the carotid sinus reflex on large coronary artery diameter in
      anaesthetized dogs.
AB  - 1. The diameter of, and blood flow in, the left circumflex coronary artery was
      measured in anaesthetized dogs and the carotid sinus reflex was stimulated by
      bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries (BCO) for 2 min. 2. The effect of BCO
      on coronary artery diameter and late diastolic coronary resistance was examined:
      (a) after bilateral vagotomy; (b) after vagotomy plus antagonism of beta
      adrenoceptors with propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.); and (c) after vagotomy,
      antagonism of beta-adrenoceptors and antagonism of alpha-adrenoceptors with
      phentolamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.). 3. After vagotomy BCO increased mean arterial
      pressure (delta = 72 +/- 7 mmHg), heart rate (16 +/- 3 beats/min), coronary blood
      flow (37 +/- 11 ml/min) and coronary artery diameter (0.14 +/- 0.04 mm). Late
      diastolic coronary resistance initially fell (-0.26 +/- 0.13 mmHg min/ml at 30 s)
      but at the end of the 2 min occlusion it had returned to the baseline level
      (delta = 0.04 +/- 0.08 mmHg min/ml). 4. In the presence of propranolol BCO
      increased arterial pressure (28 +/- 12 mmHg), but did not alter heart rate (0.6
      +/- 0.4 beats/min) or coronary blood flow (2 +/- 2 ml/min). There was a
      significant decrease in large artery diameter (-0.24 +/- 0.07 mm) and an increase
      in late diastolic coronary resistance (0.46 +/- 0.12 mmHg min/ml). A mechanical
      increase in afterload did not affect large coronary artery diameter or coronary
      resistance. 5. Antagonism of alpha-adrenoceptors abolished the reflex-induced
      constriction of the large coronary artery (delta = -0.02 +/- 0.02 mm) and the
      coronary resistance vessels (delta LDCR = -0.02 +/- 0.03 mmHg min ml).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896082
TI  - The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine, TL99 and DPI enhance vasoconstrictor
      responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline in the rat tail
      artery preparation.
AB  - 1. Clonidine (1-30 nmol/l) enhanced the vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic
      nerve stimulation in isolated perfused artery preparations from the rat tail.
      Higher concentrations of clonidine produced vasoconstriction in most artery
      preparations and reduced the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. 2. The
      enhancing effect of clonidine was not affected by prazosin but was blocked by
      idazoxan, indicating that it was due to activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 3.
      The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists DPI and TL99, like clonidine, enhanced
      vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. 4. Vasoconstrictor
      responses to noradrenaline were enhanced by clonidine and TL99. 5. The findings
      suggest that activation of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors results in
      facilitation of the contractile response elicited by activation of alpha 1
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2896083
TI  - The effect of antipyrine and rifampicin on the excretion of renal enzymes in
      human urine.
AB  - Two well-known drugs that induce the liver microsomal enzyme system in man were
      administered to 3 different groups of healthy male volunteers. Antipyrine 1200 mg
      and rifampicin in two different doses of 600 mg or 1200 mg daily were given
      orally to each group over a period of seven days. The extent of liver microsomal
      enzyme induction was assessed by estimating antipyrine elimination, serum gamma
      glutamyl-transferase (GGT) activity and the urinary excretion rate of 6-beta
      hydroxycortisol. In addition, possible effects on renal enzymes were monitored by
      measuring gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and beta-glucuronidase (GRS) urinary
      excretion rates before and after drug administration. The possibility of a direct
      toxic effect on the renal tubular epithelium following drug administration was
      assessed by the measurement of urinary beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (AGS)
      activity, total protein and glucose. Antipyrine plasma clearance and 6-beta-OHF
      excretion rates increased significantly in the groups treated with antipyrine or
      rifampicin, while serum GGT activities were enhanced only following antipyrine.
      Antipyrine administration increased urinary GGT excretion both immediately and
      one week after cessation of drug administration, but no changes were found
      following the administration of rifampicin. GRS, AGS, total protein and glucose
      excretion in urine remained unchanged during and after the administration of each
      individual drug. Based on these findings, the increased urinary GGT excretion
      observed following antipyrine treatment may be due to an inducing effect on the
      renal tubular cells, as no evidence for a toxic renal damage was found.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896084
TI  - Altered balance in the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the autonomic nervous function in
      schizophrenic patients. Twenty-eight patients (29 +/- 6 years) diagnosed as
      schizophrenics and in stable medication were included, together with ten
      schizophrenic patients (25 +/- 5 years) who were unmedicated. Eleven healthy
      subjects (32 +/- 7 years) served as controls. Immediate heart-rate responses to a
      single deep inspiration was used as a measure of parasympathetic function. Heart
      rate response to standing was used as a measure of sympathetic function. Supine
      blood pressure, heart-rate and orthostatic changes in blood pressure did not
      differ between groups. Heart-rate response to standing was greater in both
      medicated and non-medicated schizophrenics compared to normal subjects (P less
      than 0.01). Heart-rate response to standing was greater in non-medicated compared
      to medicated schizophrenics (P less than 0.05). Heart-rate response to
      inspiration was greater in non-medicated schizophrenics compared to normal
      subjects (P less than 0.05), whereas no difference was found between medicated
      and non-medicated schizophrenics. The results show that the balance in the
      autonomic nervous system is altered in schizophrenic patients with a
      hyperexcitability in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic division. Our
      study has thus indicated a dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system per se and
      the previous interpretations of attentional orienting responses in schizophrenia
      is questioned. Medication with neuroleptics seems to partly normalize the
      autonomic reactivity rather than being the cause of autonomic dysfunction.

PMID- 2896085
TI  - Leukemias and lymphomas of thymic differentiation.
AB  - Neoplasms of thymic T-cell derivation include two closely related malignancies: T
      cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. The
      recognition of these tumors as distinct biologic entities dates back to the early
      1970s, when patients with these diseases were found to have tumor cells that
      formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. In the last decade, however,
      the growth of new technologies and availability of new reagents has enabled us to
      characterize this group of diseases with more precision. When studied with a
      panel of monoclonal antibodies, there is tremendous phenotypic diversity in the
      types of T-cell leukemias that are encountered. In spite of this diversity, a few
      general facts have become apparent. To a first approximation, thymic T-cell
      malignancies can be related to stages of normal T-cell development. Surprisingly,
      in spite of the overall similarity between T-ALL and T-lymphoblastic lymphoma,
      the antigenic phenotypes encountered suggest a biologic difference between these
      two diseases. Although there is not currently any single reagent that permits
      recognition of T-ALL or lymphoblastic lymphoma in all cases, a combination of
      technologic approaches using conventional morphology and histochemistry,
      immunologic studies, and, in some cases, newer genetic studies should permit
      great precision in the definition of this disease. The clinical picture of T-cell
      ALL or lymphoblastic lymphoma has traditionally been one of a poor prognosis
      disease with high WBC count, bulky adenopathy, and mediastinal mass. Although
      encountering this clinical presentation should suggest the T-cell phenotype, not
      all patients with T-cell leukemia will fit this stereotype. Clinical studies have
      also served to provide support for the expanding biologic definition of T-cell
      neoplasia, particularly insofar as it has been demonstrated that patients with T
      antigen-positive but E rosette-negative ALL behave like other patients with T
      cell disease. In short, patients with thymic T-cell malignancies not only have
      distinctive biologic characteristics to their blasts, but also have a distinctive
      pattern of clinical presentation, response to therapy, and sites of relapse.
      These differences have prompted the search for specific therapies and also
      directed approaches to understanding the variable clinical outcome of patients
      with these malignancies.

PMID- 2896086
TI  - T-cell lymphomas and leukemias of post-thymic differentiation.
AB  - This article describes the heterogeneity of post-thymic T-cell malignancies and
      correlates specific clinicopathologic entities with morphology and
      immunophenotype. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are subclassified into six main
      histologic types with different prognoses. Special attention is given to the
      theme of proposed origin and spread of T-cell malignancies.

PMID- 2896087
TI  - Immunobiology of malignant B cells and immunoregulatory cells in B-chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - This article reviews pertinent immunobiologic features of the malignant B cell
      and the circulating immunoregulatory cells (T and NK) that characterize B-CLL.

PMID- 2896088
TI  - Clinical and molecular parameters of HTLV-I infection.
AB  - The elucidation of the spread of HTLV-I through high-risk groups and the finite
      but real incidence of HTLV-I seropositivity in normal blood donor populations in
      the United States indicates that blood and blood products should be screened for
      this infectious agent. Because of the ability of the provirus to exist in a
      quiescent state and the long lag time between exposure and seroconversion, it may
      be necessary to screen potential blood donors for integrated sequences by gene
      amplification methodologies in addition to standard serologic testing to protect
      the blood supply. The detection of the HTLV-I virus often requires multiple modes
      of testing, even in ATL patients. We have characterized by gene amplification
      several HTLV-I positive lymphoma patients who were seronegative. We have also
      identified by radioimmunoprecipitation assays intravenous drugs abusers who have
      antibody solely to the nuclear pX gene product and who do not, therefore, test
      positive in an ELISA assay prepared from purified virion proteins. All HTLV-I
      positive patients need to be counseled about the biohazard status of their body
      fluids. The fact tha only 1 to 2 per cent of HTLV-I infected persons have any
      diagnosable disease, coupled with the knowledge that the mean time for the onset
      of clinical manifestations is some 20 to 30 years following conversion to
      seropositivity, indicates that this is not a virulent pathogen or a highly
      transforming virus. These epidemiologic data support the notion of HTLV-I's role
      as a mitogen or first lesion in a multistep pathway to malignancy. These data are
      also consistent with the idea of rare random cis-activation of one of many
      cellular oncogenes following a fortuitous integration event.

PMID- 2896089
TI  - Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum Didelphis virginiana erythrocytes-
      II. Comparative aspects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose catabolism in opossum and human red
      cells in vitro.
AB  - 1. G-6-P, F-6-P, F-1, 6-P, DHAP and GA-3-P in opossum erythrocytes were found at
      levels above those reported in human red cells. 2. About 1% of the radioactivity
      provided as [1-14C] DOG to red cells of both species was recovered as 14CO2 in 1
      hr. 3. Unlike [1-14C] DOG, radiochromatography of extracts of cells incubated DOG
      revealed two diffusible radiolabelled compounds in the supernatant of cell
      suspensions. 4. The catabolism of DOG was quantitatively and qualitatively
      similar in opossum and human erythrocytes under the conditions of this study.

PMID- 2896090
TI  - Studies on the energy metabolism of opossum Didelphis virginiana erythrocytes-
      III. Metabolic depletion with 2-deoxyglucose markedly accelerates methemoglobin
      reduction in opossum but not in human erythrocytes.
AB  - 1. Glucose-depleted, nitrite-treated erythrocytes reduce ferriheme in vitro in an
      environment 100 mM to 2-deoxy-D-glucose at a rate of 2.4 microM/ml cells/hr
      (opossum) and 0.37 microM/ml cells/hr (human). 2. During the process of
      methemoglobin reduction the breakdown of adenine ribonucleotides is more rapid in
      opossum (0.9 microM/g hg/hr) than in human (0.36 microM/g hg/hr) erythrocytes. 3.
      Radiolabelled ribose from [U-14C] ATP is catabolized exclusively to [14C] lactate
      in opossum, and to [14C] pyruvate and [14C] lactate in human red cells.

PMID- 2896091
TI  - Long-term cold adaptation in the rat.
AB  - 1. To determine whether long-term cold exposure induces insulative adaptation in
      the rat, two groups of eight adult animals each were exposed to 4 and 25 degrees
      C, respectively, for 18 months. 2. At any ambient temperature between -5 and 30
      degrees C, the cold adapted animals had a higher rate of oxygen uptake, and
      higher unfurred skin temperatures than the controls. 3. At ambient temperatures
      below thermoneutrality, whole body thermal resistance increased continuously in
      both groups of animals. 4. It is concluded that long-term exposure does not
      induce insulative adaptation, and that thermal resistance is not maximal at the
      lower critical temperature.

PMID- 2896092
TI  - Cytoskeletal control of calcium absorption across the rat small intestine.
AB  - 1. The effect of colchicine, cytochalasin-B and procaine on calcium transport
      across the rat small intestine was investigated. The results obtained show the
      following: 2. Colchicine and cytochalasin-B at different concentrations inhibited
      significantly (P less than 0.001) calcium accumulation in rat intestinal cells,
      whereas procaine at different concentrations increased significantly (P less than
      0.001) calcium accumulation in the rat small intestine. 3. Unidirectional influx
      of calcium across the rat small intestine was significantly inhibited (P less
      than 0.01) in the presence of colchicine and cytochalasin-B in the preincubation
      medium. Procaine, on the other hand, caused a significant increase (P less than
      0.01) in the unidirectional influx of calcium across the rat intestinal cells. 4.
      The cell water content was not altered in the presence of the different drugs
      indicating that the changes in calcium transport across the rat intestinal cells
      are not due to alterations in the structure of the cell membrane.

PMID- 2896093
TI  - Bile acids from the harp seals, Phoca groenlandica.
AB  - 1. The bile acids composition of the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica, collected
      around Newfoundland, Canada, had been examined. 2. 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy of the
      crude bile extract was superior to t.l.c. analysis in revealing the presence of
      phocaecholic acid and a taurine moiety in this mixture. 3. The relative
      percentage of cholic, phocaecholic and chenodeoxycholic acids was 60.5% (+/-
      4.5), 21.4% (+/- 4.0) and 18.1% (+/- 5.8), respectively. 4. The variation in the
      percentage of bile acids did not correlate with the sex of the sampled animals,
      but varied significantly with the age of the seals.

PMID- 2896094
TI  - Voluntary regulation of energy balance in farmed raccoon dogs.
AB  - 1. Seasonal changes in body mass and voluntary feed intake were studied in
      juvenile raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Gray 1834) under farm
      conditions. 2. The body weight maximum was achieved in mid-November. Thereafter,
      body weight gradually declined towards summer. This pattern was closely connected
      to voluntary regulation of feed consumption. During autumn, appetite of the
      animals was good enhancing gradual deposition of excessive fat reserves. 3.
      Excessive adiposity itself, together with factors like shortening daylength and
      decreasing air temperature, seemed to play as a trigger for starting of winter
      rest. 4. The results support the endogenic nature of energy balance regulation.

PMID- 2896095
TI  - Remote controlled sampling of cattle and buffalo blood.
AB  - 1. Blood samples were obtained from cattle and buffaloes over extended periods of
      time by remote controlled methods at 4-hourly intervals. 2. Initial handling of
      the animals and deliberate exposure to stress at the end of the experimental
      times resulted in increased plasma concentrations of a number of variables. 3.
      Between initial handling and applied stress, the concentration of all variables
      investigated showed little change and no evidence of rhythms. 4. The results
      obtained reflect true plasma composition of free ranging cattle and buffaloes at
      rest.

PMID- 2896096
TI  - Species variations of somatostatin concentrations and binding sites in jejunal
      mucosa.
AB  - 1. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and specific binding of 125I-Tyr11
      somatostatin were measured in jejunal mucosa of the mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit
      and guinea-pig. 2. The SLI concentrations in guinea-pig and rabbit were much
      greater than those in other rodents considered. 3. Somatostatin binding varied
      greatly with the species examined, the highest values being observed in cytosolic
      fraction of guinea-pig and rabbit jejunal mucosa, but the lowest ones in mouse.
      4. The observed differences in somatostatin binding were not related to varying
      extents of degradation by the diverse cytosolic preparations studied. 5. The
      binding sites were highly specific for somatostatin in all rodent species
      studied. 6. There appears to be a direct relationship between somatostatin levels
      and somatostatin binding sites in jejunal mucosa when considering a variety of
      rodent species usually employed as laboratory animals.

PMID- 2896097
TI  - Influence of adrenalectomy on age-related changes in energy balance,
      thermogenesis and brown fat activity in the rat.

PMID- 2896099
TI  - A new non-hormonal antifertility drug DL-204: II. Effect on testicular
      hyaluronidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in male rats.
AB  - Effects of DL-204, 2-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydro (5,1-a)-isoquinoline, a non
      hormonal antifertility drug on testicular hyaluronidase and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase levels, biochemical markers for testicular function, were
      evaluated in male rats. Treatment of 21-day-old rats with DL-204 for 7 or 15 days
      produced cryptorchid condition. Testicular hyaluronidase and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase levels reveal that DL-204 acts on the testes, possibly in two
      ways; one, by reducing the gonadotropin levels thereby reducing the levels of
      androgens as reflected by reduced accessory reproductive organ weights and,
      secondly, by a direct action on the testes. Thus, we conclude that DL-204 is
      acting as an antispermatogenic agent, possibly acting in more than one way on the
      testes.

PMID- 2896098
TI  - A technique for the in vitro incubation of deer antler tissue.
AB  - 1. A procedure for the in vitro incubation of velvet deer antler tissue was
      developed. Biopsy samples were collected in June with a trephine from 2 adult
      white-tailed deer and incubated in modified BGJb medium up to 48 hr. Calcium (Ca)
      and hydroxyproline (OH-proline) concentrations in the tissue were determined. 2.
      A significant increase (P less than 0.05) in Ca was exhibited at 4 and 8 hr of
      incubation, and, after replenishment of media, at 48 hr. 3. Hydroxyproline
      concentrations continued to rise throughout the duration of the incubation period
      and were significantly higher than controls (P less than 0.05) at 16, 24, and 48
      hr. 4. Results suggest antler tissue can be incubated in vitro with the protocol
      described, although length of incubation may vary with parameter measured.

PMID- 2896100
TI  - Characterization of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, negatively coupled to adenylate
      cyclase, in rabbit ciliary processes.
AB  - Inhibition of ciliary process adenylate cyclase was studied on rabbit membrane
      preparations. When considered individually, epinephrine, GTP and NaCl did not
      inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. On the other hand, when present together,
      epinephrine, GTP (10(-5) M) and NaCl (200 mM) acted synergistically to cause a
      27% inhibition of basal activity. A similar inhibition was observed with 1
      norepinephrine. Clonidine and BHT 920, two alpha 2-agents were found to be
      partial agonists causing 63% and 82% as much inhibition as epinephrine.
      Phenylephrine, an alpha 1-agonist did not inhibit adenylate cyclase activity at
      concentrations up to 10(-4) M. Yohimbine and phentolamine prevented the
      inhibition of adenylate cyclase by epinephrine, while prazosin was ineffective.
      Alpha 2-receptor selectivity in rabbit ciliary processes and their negative
      coupling to an adenylate cyclase via a NaCl-dependent GTP binding protein, Ni, is
      thus well established.

PMID- 2896101
TI  - The role of somatostatin and serotonin in the beta-adrenoceptor regulation of
      gastric function. An experimental study in dogs.
AB  - CHAPTER 1. The gastric functions are regulated in a complex manner by the
      autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic, and hormones and
      moreover by a system of peptide-containing cells and nerves. The sympathetic
      influence is mediated by alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors, beta-adrenoceptor
      agonists in general inhibit the gastric functions. The effects of the beta
      adrenoceptors are probably mediated indirectly, and the responsible mechanism may
      be via release of and endogenous mediator--somatostatin or serotonin. The purpose
      of the present study, described in the survey, is to examine whether somatostatin
      or serotonin acts as a mediator for the gastric effects in vivo of beta
      adrenoceptor agonists. The proposed mediator must present the following
      characteristics: A. Inhibitory effects of "physiological" doses in vivo. B.
      Inhibitory characteristics similar to those of the beta-adrenoceptor agonists. C.
      A beta-adrenoceptor mediated release. CHAPTER 2. In this chapter the known
      effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists on gastric functions (acid secretion,
      pepsin secretion, antral motility and mucosal blood flow) are presented. The
      possible mechanisms mediating these effects are mentioned, and the effects of
      somatostatin and serotonin are reviewed. Beta-adrenoceptor agonists inhibit the
      acid secretion in vivo in several species, but stimulate in vitro. A similar
      pattern is probable as for the pepsin secretion, but sufficient results are not
      available in order to draw a certain conclusion. The antral motility is inhibited
      both in vivo and in vitro. The mucosal blood flow is increased compared to the
      acid secretion, however the results points to variable effects depending on the
      circumstances of the experiments. On the basis of the reviewed effects of
      somatostatin it is concluded that the effects are inhibitory, but the inhibitory
      characteristics are not known. A beta-adrenoceptor mediated release of
      somatostatin has been found, but it has not been examined selectively for the
      stomach. The gastric effects of serotonin has been sparsely examined and it is
      not possible to determine the effects as parts of a certain characteristic. It is
      concluded that neither somatostatin nor serotonin have been examined sufficiently
      to determine which is the proposed mediator. CHAPTER 3. The materials and methods
      used are reviewed. Dogs were used and various parameters were measured--acid
      secretion by titration, pepsin secretion by enzymatic process with haemoglobin as
      substrate, antral motility by registration of intraluminal pressure, mucosal
      blood flow by the clearance of neutral red, somatostatin by
      radioimmunoassay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2896102
TI  - Increased myocardial contractility following growth hormone administration in
      normal man. An echocardiographic study.
AB  - Cardiac function was studied by echocardiography in 11 normal subjects before
      subcutaneous growth hormone administration (first control), after one week of
      subcutaneous growth hormone administration and at one week after stopping
      subcutaneous growth hormone administration (second control). Plasma growth
      hormone was 1.4 ng/ml and 4.5 ng/ml, respectively, at the first two examinations.
      Compared to the first and second control situations heart rate increased by 9% (p
      less than 0.1) and 15% (p less than 0.01), fractional shortening of the left
      ventricle by 8% (p less than 0.02) and 9% (p less than 0.01), and mean
      circumferential shortening velocity by 10% (p less than 0.05) and 14% (p less
      than 0.01) respectively. Mean arterial blood pressure was unchanged. Thus, in
      normal man an increase in plasma growth hormone up to levels comparable to those
      seen in type 1 diabetics during conditions of poor metabolic control seems to be
      followed by enhancement in myocardial contractility. Therefore we suggest that
      growth hormone might contribute to the increase of myocardial contractility
      earlier described in type 1 diabetic patients with no clinical signs of
      microvascular disease.

PMID- 2896103
TI  - Platypnea induced by worsening of VA/Q inhomogeneity in the sitting position in
      chronic obstructive lung disease.
AB  - We report a patient with COPD who experienced severe dyspnea with a decreased
      PaO2 in the sitting position, largely improved in the ventral prone position
      (platypnea). By using an isotopic method, we showed that this phenomenon is the
      result of a deleterious effect of the sitting position on regional
      ventilation/perfusion matching. We speculated that hypoxic vascular pulmonary
      constriction was deficient in our patient. This hypothesis is supported by a
      dramatically better matching of the VA/Q ratio after treatment with almitrine
      bismesilate, a drug that could potentiate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictive
      reflexes.

PMID- 2896104
TI  - The effect of azelastine on exercise-induced asthma.
AB  - In ten young asthmatic subjects, we studied the effect of a single oral dose of
      4.4 mg of azelastine hydrochloride on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction during
      the breathing of cold air. Exercise challenges were performed on two different
      days before and four hours after azelastine and placebo given in a randomized
      double-blind crossover fashion. Placebo had no effect on baseline pulmonary
      function and postexertional obstruction of the airways, in contrast to
      azelastine, which exerted a small but significant (p less than 0.05)
      bronchodilation and a significant attenuation (p less than 0.01) of exercise
      induced bronchoconstriction as compared to data from before treatment and after
      placebo.

PMID- 2896105
TI  - Pharmacodynamic aspects of chlorpheniramine-induced bronchodilatation.
AB  - In 12 asthmatic (A) and ten normal (N) subjects, we measured the effect of
      inhaled saline solution, acetylcholine, histamine (H), and chlorpheniramine (CP)
      on specific airway conductance and forced exploratory flows. We found that CP
      dilated the bronchi in six asthmatic patients and one normal subject by acting on
      bronchial H1 receptor. This action is also modulated by the abnormal functions of
      this receptor-transducer, explaining why CO exerts a tonic effect only in
      subjects with H hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, as shown by CO and CP + H
      responses, bronchial histamine seems to be present primarily in large airways and
      in relatively small amounts. We also found that bronchial H, the abnormal H1
      receptor-transducer, and the bronchial caliber are regulated independently of
      each other. Consequently, this limits the therapy with H1 blockers in asthma.

PMID- 2896106
TI  - Serum ferritin in normal subjects and in some diseases.

PMID- 2896107
TI  - Renal damage in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Measurements of urine and
      serum lysozyme and urine IgG.

PMID- 2896108
TI  - [Isolation of the black pigmented Bacteroides from the subgingival plaque of
      adult patients with periodontitis].

PMID- 2896109
TI  - Alzheimer's disease as an age-dependent disorder.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is the most significant of the age-related diseases of the
      brain. The incidence of Alzheimer's at age 80 is twenty-fold that at age 60
      years. In one study the incidence at age 80 surpassed that of stroke. Three major
      advances have occurred in regard to Alzheimer's disease: (1) clinical diagnosis
      has markedly improved and now approaches 90% accuracy; (2) understanding of the
      biology of Alzheimer's has increased with delineation of specific fibrous protein
      abnormalities and identification of the amyloid precursor gene and the gene
      linked to familial Alzheimer's, both genes being located on chromosome 21; and
      (3) there have been advances in the correlation of specific nerve cell
      involvement and neurotransmitter changes with physiological (position emission
      tomography), behavioural and neuropsychological manifestations.

PMID- 2896110
TI  - [Malignant syndromes due to psychotherapeutic agents].

PMID- 2896111
TI  - Cyclosporin A does not inhibit the PHA-stimulated increase in intracellular Ca2+
      concentration but inhibits the increase in E-rosette receptor (CD2) expression
      and appearance of interleukin-2 receptors (CD25).
AB  - The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits mixed lymphocyte
      responses, blocks the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and inhibits the T
      lymphocyte proliferative response stimulated by polyclonal activators such as
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Nevertheless, there have been contradictory reports
      attempting to explain the mechanism(s) for this immunosuppressive activity. In
      the current studies, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) were
      stimulated with PHA in the presence or absence of CsA. Flow cytometric
      examination of PBM loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive dye Indo-1 showed that
      concentrations of CsA sufficient to inhibit 90-100% of tritiated thymidine
      incorporation had no effect on the PHA-stimulated increase in the intracellular
      Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Likewise, inhibitory amounts of CsA had virtually
      no effect on the increase in cell volume that occurs during T lymphocyte
      activation. These results were not altered by pretreating the PBM with CsA for 30
      min at 37 degrees C prior to adding the PHA. On the other hand, inhibitory
      concentrations of CsA prevented the expression of receptors for T cell growth
      factor (interleukin-2, IL-2), as measured by monoclonal antibodies to CD25 after
      16-24-hr incubation. In like manner, CsA also prevented the increase in the
      expression of the E-rosette receptor (CD2) on these same cells. If cultures
      containing PHA and inhibitory amounts of CsA were incubated for 40-72 h, there
      was partial recovery both of proliferative activity and of the expression of CD25
      and CD2. Thus, CsA does not appear to affect the initial activation signal(s),
      but does interfere with one or more subsequent events necessary to initiate the
      appearance of "activation antigens."

PMID- 2896112
TI  - Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium as a marker for familial
      adenomatous polyposis.
AB  - Fifty patients were assessed for congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment
      epithelium (CHRPE) as a potential phenotypic marker for familial adenomatous
      polyposis (FAP), with and without other extracolonic manifestations (ECM). The
      ocular anomaly, which characteristically is multiple, benign, and congenital, was
      studied in three groups. Group 1 contained eight patients with nonpolyposis colon
      cancer as disease controls. All had negative eye findings. Group 2 included 40
      patients with FAP, 35 (87.5 percent) of whom had retinal lesions. Twenty-two of
      25 patients with FAP alone had retinal lesions while 13 of 15 patients with FAP
      and extracolonic manifestations were similarly affected. Group 3 included 11
      offspring at risk for FAP. Eight (72.7 percent) offspring had retinal lesions.
      One of the eight subjects with the ocular trait was subsequently diagnosed with
      FAP. Two of the eight patients also had other ECM but have not been
      sigmoidoscoped for FAP. Seven of 11 offspring (mean age, 12.5 years) have had
      negative flexible sigmoidoscopy. Specificity of the retinal lesions in FAP cannot
      be ascertained until subsequent adenomas are identified on follow-up of the group
      at risk. The gene responsible for CHRPE appears to be transmitted from one
      generation to another, demonstrated by the high sensitivity of the retinal
      lesions in patients with FAP alone and with other ECM.

PMID- 2896113
TI  - [The importance of Entamoeba histolytica in persons returning from the tropics].
AB  - Stools from 1000 travellers returning from the tropics were examined for
      intestinal parasites. The most frequently isolated intestinal pathogens were
      Giardia lamblia (5%) and E. histolytica (3.6%). For 21 out of 36 E. histolytica
      isolates iso-enzyme differentiation by starch-gel electrophoresis was possible,
      yielding a pathogenic pattern in four. This finding correlated closely with
      clinical symptoms and positive serology, while E. histolytica with non-pathogenic
      zymodeme should not be considered as a cause of diarrhoea.

PMID- 2896114
TI  - Comparative clinical trial of two injectable NSAIDs, tiaprofenic acid and
      alclofenac, in acute sciatica.

PMID- 2896115
TI  - [Clinical relevance of the determination of TSH-binding inhibitory
      immunoglobulins (TBII) in patients with immunogenic hyperthyroidism in
      methimazole therapy].
AB  - In 38 patients with immunogenic hyperthyroidism a follow-up was performed to
      estimate the value of TBII before, during and after methimazole therapy. Before
      therapy increased TBII were detectable in 37 patients (94.4%). After 12 months
      methimazole therapy 25 patients had TSH-receptor antibodies (66%) within the
      normal range. In 13 patients positive antibody titres were found. In most cases
      persistence of increased TBII-values during drug treatment was an indicator of
      the persistence of active hyperthyroidism (10 of 13 patients). In the rule a
      disappearance of TBII-activity was combined with a functional remission (22 of 25
      patients). Prolonged demonstration of TBII-activity in conjunction with
      persistence of hyperthyroidism should lead to ablative measures. In contrast to
      this medical therapy should be finished in patients with immunological and
      functional remission. Though in the further follow-up a recurrence of the
      immunological base of the disease with a functional and clinical relapse is
      possible.

PMID- 2896116
TI  - [ST elevation in the initial phase of myocardial infarct--a sequela of acute
      coronary occlusion of an expression of neurohumorally-induced metabolic
      processes?].
AB  - The artificial coronary artery occlusion results immediately in ST-segment
      elevation (ST-E), therefore the ST-E in acute myocardial infarction is considered
      to be the result of acute coronary occlusion. But in the early phase of
      myocardial infarction a significant correlation between ST-E and occlusion of the
      coronary artery does not exist. The early ST-E seems to be predominantly the
      consequence of sympathico-adrenergic induced metabolic processes in the ischemic
      myocardium. The beta receptor blockade during the first 90 minutes after the
      onset of infarction decreased the ST-E by 73 +/- 6% within one hour. Treatment
      with beta receptor blockers in the acute phase in all patients with first
      anterior wall infarcts accompanied with ST-E leads to a favorable prognosis.
      Early ST-E can therefore be considered as a sign of sympathico-adrenergic induced
      changes in myocardial metabolism. Thus the beta receptor blockade in the acute
      phase (of anterior wall infarctions) seems to be therapeutically indicated.

PMID- 2896117
TI  - Effect of withdrawal of somatostatin and growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor on
      GH release in vitro.
AB  - The secretion of GH, in vivo, is pulsatile. We have proposed that the timing of
      the episodic bursts of GH secretion is set by somatostatin (SRIF) withdrawal,
      while the magnitude of the bursts is set by the amount of GH-releasing factor
      (GRF) impinging on the somatotrophs, before and during SRIF withdrawal. We have
      now used an in vitro model of perifused rat pars distalis cells to further
      examine the interaction between GRF and SRIF on the magnitude of the burst of GH
      release that follows SRIF withdrawal. We first characterized the GH response,
      with time, to constant perifusion with GRF. The initial burst, followed by a
      rapid decrease in GH release induced by constant perifusion is due to a loss of
      GRF bioactivity in the perifusion medium and not to a decreasing responsiveness
      of the somatotrophs. This was followed by studies on the interaction between GRF
      and SRIF. The burst of GH release after cessation of perifusion with SRIF (10(-9)
      M) plus GRF (10(-10) M) can be blocked by the administration of SRIF during the
      burst. Also, the magnitude of the burst is proportional to the concentration of
      GRF preceding the withdrawal of SRIF. It is likely that similar relations apply
      in vivo, where SRIF withdrawal sets the timing and duration of the episodic burst
      of GH release, while GRF sets the magnitude.

PMID- 2896118
TI  - Primary structures of somatostatins from the islet organ of the hagfish suggest
      an anomalous pathway of posttranslational processing of prosomatostatin-1.
AB  - The cyclostomes represent the first class of vertebrate in evolution to develop
      an endocrine pancreas. Two peptides with somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were
      isolated from the islet organ of one such cyclostome, the Atlantic hagfish
      (Myxine glutinosa). The primary structure of the more abundant peptide was
      established as: Ala-Val-Glu-Arg-Pro5-Arg-Gln-Asp-Gly-Gln10-Val-His-Glu-Pro- Pro15
      Gly-Arg-Glu-Arg-Lys20-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn25-Phe- Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr30-Phe-Thr-Ser
      Cys. The second peptide, comprising 27% of the total immunoreactivity in the
      islet extract, was identical to mammalian somatostatin-14. The pathway of
      posttranslational processing of prosomatostatin in the hagfish islet differs
      markedly from the pathway in the higher vertebrates. In the mammalian pancreas,
      prosomatostatin is cleaved at the site of the single arginyl residue
      (corresponding to position 6 in hagfish somatostatin-34) and at the arginine
      lysine site (corresponding to positions 19 and 20 in the hagfish peptide) to
      generate somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28(1-12)-peptide. In the hagfish islet,
      Arg6 is not used as a cleavage site and cleavage at Arg19-Lys20 represents only a
      minor pathway of processing. The data provide further evidence of the strong
      evolutionary pressure to conserve the complete amino acid sequence of
      somatostatin-14.

PMID- 2896119
TI  - In vitro regulation of growth hormone (GH) release from ovine pituitary cells
      during fetal and neonatal development: effects of GH-releasing factor,
      somatostatin, and insulin-like growth factor I.
AB  - Using a monolayer approach, we have examined the acute (3 h) effects of GRF,
      somatostatin (SRIF), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on GH release from
      pituitary cells of male and female 70-, 100-, and 130-day-old fetuses and newborn
      lambs and of prepubertal male lambs. GRF stimulated basal GH release in a dose
      dependent (10(-12)-10(-8) M) manner at each stage in development. There was no
      linear relationship between maximal response and increasing age of the donor
      animals. The ED50 values for GRF were similar in all groups, except in the
      pituitaries from male and female 130-day-old fetuses, where the ED50 values were
      significantly higher. SRIF elicited a dose-related (10(-10)-10(-6) M) inhibition
      of basal GH secretion at each stage of fetal life and in the prepubertal period;
      although the response was lower in the youngest fetal pituitaries, there was no
      significant change in maximal response during the fetal or prepubertal period. No
      effect of SRIF on basal GH secretion was observed in newborn lambs. However, SRIF
      (10(-7) M) was able to block GRF (10(-8) M)-stimulated GH release in 100- and 130
      day-old fetal and prepubertal as well as newborn lamb pituitary cells. Plasma IGF
      I concentrations increased from 15.0 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- SE) and 13.8 +/- 0.9 ng/ml
      for male and female animals, respectively, at 70 days gestation to 55.8 +/- 3.2
      and 51.8 +/- 11.1 ng/ml at the time of birth. The increase was much more
      pronounced in prepubertal lambs, especially in male animals, where IGF-I levels
      reached 300.8 +/- 37.7 ng/ml. IGF-I (100 ng/ml) had no effect on basal GH release
      in 70- and 100-day-old fetal, newborn, and prepubertal lamb pituitary cultures,
      but significantly inhibited basal GH secretion from 130-day-old fetal cells. This
      dose of IGF-I had no effect on GRF (10(-9) M)-stimulated GH release at 70 days
      gestation. It significantly inhibited this effect at 100 days and in prepubertal
      lamb cells. In 130-day-old fetal and newborn lamb pituitary cultures, IGF-I
      completely blocked the GH response to GRF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2896120
TI  - Adrenergic inhibition of the stimulatory effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine on
      calcium accumulation and cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in rat
      thymocytes. Further evidence in support of the concept that calcium serves as the
      first messenger for the prompt action of thyroid hormone.
AB  - Thyroid hormone produces a prompt, plasma membrane-mediated increase in several
      metabolic functions in the rat thymocyte. These effects of thyroid hormone
      require calcium and are inhibited by the beta-adrenergic antagonist alprenolol.
      In the present study, the interrelationship between thyroid hormone and
      adrenergic agents, and the concept that calcium serves as the first messenger for
      the rapid action of thyroid hormone in the rat thymocyte are further examined. T3
      produced a very rapid and dose-related increase in both 45 calcium accumulation
      and cytoplasmic free calcium concentration. These effects of T3, like its other
      calcium-dependent and prompt effects, were inhibited by beta-, but not by alpha-,
      adrenergic antagonists. Studies with selective beta-adrenergic agents revealed
      that the inhibitory effect was beta-1 in nature. In addition, beta-adrenergic
      agonists were found to promote additively T3 action, possibly through their beta
      2 activity. Hence, the present study provides further support for the concept
      that calcium serves as the first messenger in the rapid, plasma membrane-mediated
      action of thyroid hormone in the rat thymocyte.

PMID- 2896121
TI  - Mass and in situ activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the median eminence: effect
      of hyperprolactinemia.
AB  - The role of PRL in the control of catecholaminergic hypothalamic neurons of
      female rats was investigated. The in situ activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      in neurites of these neurons was assayed by measuring the rate of accumulation of
      L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in the median eminence (ME) after the
      administration of a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. The mass of TH was measured by
      an immunoblot assay using rat TH as the standard. Hyperprolactinemia was induced
      by pituitaries implanted beneath a renal capsule. Hyperprolactinemia resulted in
      a significant increase in the in situ activity of TH without an increase in TH
      mass. The release of dopamine from hypothalamic neurons was assessed by measuring
      the concentration of dopamine in hypophysial portal plasma. The mean
      concentration of dopamine in portal plasma of rats bearing pituitary implants was
      3 times that in controls. When circulating PRL was neutralized by administration
      of antiserum against rat PRL, the activity of TH was reduced significantly
      compared to that in animals treated with preimmune serum. In animals bearing
      pituitary implants, phosphorylation of TH in the ME was not different from that
      in control animals. We conclude that the biosynthetic and secretory activities of
      dopaminergic neurons of the hypothalamus are potentiated by PRL, but the
      potentiation is not due to an increase in the mass of TH or to the capacity of
      the neurites of the ME to phosphorylate TH.

PMID- 2896122
TI  - An approach to the determination of the relative potencies of chemical agents
      during the stages of initiation and promotion in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis
      in the rat.
AB  - The potency of carcinogenic agents in eliciting neoplastic lesions has long been
      a concern of investigators in the field of oncology. This paper describes a
      method, based on quantitative stereologic calculations, to estimate the relative
      potency of chemicals as initiating and/or promoting agents. The parameters
      defined in this paper are: (a) Initiation index = no. foci induced X liver-1 X
      [mmole/kg body weight]-1; and (b) Promotion index = Vf/Vc X mmol-1 X wk-1. These
      parameters have been calculated for a number of chemical agents, based both on
      data from this laboratory and others published in the literature. Neither
      parameter varied significantly with the dose of two different initiating agents
      used in this study. The range of promotion indices extended over more than eight
      orders of magnitude, whereas that of the initiation indices was much less
      variable. Such parameters may be useful as quantitative estimates of the potency
      of hepatocarcinogenic agents not only in rodents, but potentially in quantitative
      risk estimations in the human.

PMID- 2896123
TI  - Gap genes define the limits of antennapedia and bithorax gene expression during
      early development in Drosophila.
AB  - The maintenance of selective patterns of homeotic gene expression within the
      Drosophila CNS involves cross-regulatory interactions among the genes of the
      antennapedia and bithorax complexes (ANT-C and BX-C). Such a mechanism does not
      appear to be responsible for the establishment of these selective expression
      patterns during early development. Here we show that mutations in several of the
      gap genes strongly alter the early patterns of Antp and Abd-B expression. The
      altered patterns that are observed do not always correlate with simple
      expectations based on cuticular pattern defects observed in advanced-stage
      mutants. It appears that the initial patterns of Antp and Abd-B expression
      involve their differential regulation by a common set of gap genes. We propose
      that the gap genes are largely responsible for integrating the processes of
      segmentation and homeosis.

PMID- 2896124
TI  - A gene-specific promoter element is required for optimal expression of the
      histone H1 gene in S-phase.
AB  - An H1 gene-specific element (H1-box, 5'-AAACACA-3') modulates S-phase expression
      of the gene in vivo as judged by analysis of transcripts from histone genes
      transfected into HeLa cells. Deletion or base-substitution of the element causes
      a 15- to 30-fold decrease in steady-state H1 mRNA levels in randomly growing
      cells and eliminates cell cycle control of transcription in synchronized cells.
      Mutations within the H1-specific element which abolish S-phase control of
      transcription also eliminate binding of a sequence-specific nuclear factor
      capable of binding specifically to this region in vitro. Transfection of multiple
      copies of H1-box elements into cells drastically decreases H1 mRNA levels,
      mimicking the effect observed when the motif is rendered non-functional by
      deletion or substitution mutagenesis. In contrast, introduction of mutated H1
      elements into cells has no detectable effect. Together, these results imply that
      an interaction between the H1-box and a sequence-specific trans-acting factor
      modulates transcriptional control of H1 genes in vivo.

PMID- 2896125
TI  - Single-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of etintidine in healthy
      volunteers.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine the single- and multiple-dose
      pharmacokinetic profiles of the H2 receptor antagonist etintidine in healthy
      volunteers. Etintidine was rapidly absorbed and eliminated after the oral
      administration of 300 mg base equivalent of etintidine HCl in a capsule
      formulation to 11 healthy subjects. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics after a
      single dose and during steady state showed no significant differences (p greater
      than 0.05) in the mean values of Cmax, tmax, oral clearance, elimination rate
      constant, and renal clearance, indicating no significant accumulation of
      etintidine and no apparent time-dependent changes in the pharmacokinetics of
      etintidine during multiple dose administration.

PMID- 2896126
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenous and oral
      chlordesmethyldiazepam in humans.
AB  - Six healthy, fasting volunteers were given single doses of chlordesmethyldiazepam
      by 1 mg i.v., or as drops or tablets. Chlordesmethyldiazepam and its metabolite,
      lorazepam, in multiple plasma samples and in urine collected for 120 h after each
      dose were determined by electron-capture GLC. Mean kinetic variables for
      intravenous chlordesmethyldiazepam were: volume of distribution, 1.71 l.kg-1;
      elimination half-life, 113 h; total clearance, 0.21 ml.min-1.kg-1; cumulative
      excretion of lorazepam glucuronide 24.2% of the dose. Following a lag time of
      15.5 min (tablets) and 4.2 min (drops), which were significantly different, the
      absorption of oral chlordesmethyldiazepam was a first order process, with
      apparent absorption half-life values averaging 1.5 h (tablets) and 1.1 h (drops).
      Bioavailability was 77% for tablets and 79% for drops.

PMID- 2896127
TI  - Regulation of sterol synthesis by histamine in human mononuclear leukocytes:
      roles of H1- and H2-receptors.
AB  - The effect of histamine on sterol synthesis has been investigated in freshly
      isolated human mononuclear leukocytes from healthy subjects. Incubation of cells
      for 6 h in a medium containing lipid depleted serum led to a threefold increase
      in the incorporation of (14C)-acetate or tritiated water into sterols. Histamine
      0.3 microM added to the incubation medium at zero time inhibited this induction
      by 35% with a sigmoidal log dose-effect curve. The receptors mediating this
      action were characterised pharmacologically by using selective H1- and H2
      agonists and -antagonists. The H2-agonists impromidine and 4-methylhistamine
      mimicked the effect of histamine on sterol synthesis, the suppression being 42%
      and 31%, respectively, at a concentration of 1 microM. In contrast, the H1
      agonist 2-pyridylethylamine did not affect the pathway. The H2-antagonist
      cimetidine (10 microM) but not the H1-antagonist mepyramine (10 microM) totally
      reversed the inhibition of sterol synthesis by histamine. The results provide
      evidence that sterol synthesis in human mononuclear leukocytes is regulated by
      histamine, which appears to act predominantly via H2-receptors.

PMID- 2896128
TI  - Efficacy of terfenadine in the treatment of common cold. A double-blind
      comparison with placebo.
AB  - We have assessed the effects of terfenadine on rhinitis symptoms associated with
      the common cold in 91 patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The
      patients received three doses of either terfenadine 60 mg (n = 44) or placebo (n
      = 47) at about 12-h intervals, starting in most patients within 48 h from the
      onset of symptoms. Because of deviations from the protocol, 28 cases were
      classified as not eligible for efficacy evaluation, but were nevertheless
      analysed. Excellent/good or moderate efficacy was reported by 63% of eligible and
      59% of all patients who received terfenadine (placebo 40% and 51% respectively, p
      = 0.049 and 0.113 respectively). 68% of eligible and 52% of all patients
      indicated that they would take terfenadine again (placebo 23%, for both p =
      0.002). Two h after tablet intake mean nasal airflow was increased by 11 l.min-1,
      SD 8 (placebo -1 l.min-1, SD 6, p = 0.005). Symptoms were improved and rhinoscopy
      showed reduced swelling and redness of the mucosa and reduced nasal secretion and
      obstruction (basically unchanged in the placebo group). Therefore, terfenadine
      seems to act favourably on the acute rhinitis symptoms associated with the common
      cold. Since terfenadine is devoid of anticholinergic activity, nose symptoms
      during the initial stage of the common cold may be mediated to an important
      degree by histamine.

PMID- 2896129
TI  - Effects of age and chronic renal failure on the urinary excretion kinetics of
      famotidine in man.
AB  - The plasma and urine concentrations of famotidine, a new, potent H2-receptor
      antagonist, have been measured in 16 healthy young adults, 8 healthy elderly
      people and 18 patients with varying degrees of renal dysfunction after
      intravenous administration. Both the plasma elimination and renal excretion of
      famotidine were decreased in the elderly volunteers and renal patients. The renal
      clearance of famotidine averaged 4.43 ml/min/kg (310 ml/min) in normal young
      volunteers, which exceeded the mean creatinine clearance 1.55 ml/min/kg (109
      ml/min), suggesting net secretion is a significant mechanism for elimination of
      famotidine. The ratio of famotidine renal clearance to creatinine clearance
      decreased as creatinine clearance decreased; these results suggest that the
      deterioration in the secretion process was much faster than that in glomerular
      filtration and are incompatible with the "intact nephron hypothesis".
      Nevertheless, both total body clearance and renal clearance were significantly
      correlated with creatinine clearance. The apparent half-life was also
      significantly correlated with creatinine clearance. Since famotidine is
      essentially free of dose-related adverse effects, dose adjustment in patients
      with mild renal insufficiency and in elderly people is not required; however,
      either a prolonged dosing interval or a decrease in daily dose during long-term
      therapy may be adapted for the patients with severe renal insufficiency to avoid
      accumulation and the potential undesirable effects.

PMID- 2896130
TI  - Multiparameter analysis of transplantable hemopoietic stem cells. II. Stem cells
      of long-term bone marrow-reconstituted recipients.
AB  - Marrow obtained from mice (referred to as [X + BM] mice) 3 months after gamma
      irradiation (9 Gy) and bone marrow inoculation (0.1 femur equivalents) showed a
      reduced capacity to reconstitute hemopoiesis of irradiated mice and an increased
      sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil. Sorting of marrow from (X + BM) mice on the basis
      of low angle and 90 degrees scatter, and low rhodamine 123 fluorescence, showed
      that the set of cells that in normal mice is enriched for cells efficient at
      hemopoietic reconstitution manifested the greatest reduction in hemopoietic
      reconstituting ability. In spite of this reduction this fraction contained as
      many 13-day spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S13) and high proliferative
      potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) as the equivalent fraction from normal
      littermate mice. This could be explained by postulating that neither CFU-S13 nor
      HPP-CFC are responsible for hemopoietic reconstitution, but that this is
      dependent on an earlier, pre-CFU-S13 cell. Alternatively only a subset of either
      CFU-S13 or HPP-CFC is responsible for long-term hemopoietic reconstitution after
      lethal irradiation. It would appear that at present there is no adequate method
      of predicting the hemopoietic reconstituting ability of a given marrow, other
      than to test it by injection into lethally irradiated hosts.

PMID- 2896131
TI  - [Search for and study of biologically active substances with psychotropic
      activity among the N-nicotinoyl derivatives of glutamic and gamma-aminobutyric
      acids].
AB  - Four new derivatives of glutamic and gamma-aminobutyric acids influencing the
      central nervous system were produced. By the character of their action they refer
      to the substances of the sedating tranquilizing type without the myorelaxant
      component. The drug activity degree depends on its ability to penetrate through
      cell membranes that is in turn determined by the structure of the compound.

PMID- 2896132
TI  - [Dependence of the absorption through the human oral mucosa of antihistaminic
      (H1) preparations on their physicochemical properties].
AB  - Antihistaminic (H1) drugs pipolphen, suprastin and dimedrol are characterized
      according to absorption through human oral mucosa and distribution between
      phosphate buffer solution and organic solvents at various medium pH values. Their
      constants of ionization and coefficients of distribution in the n-octanol-
      phosphate buffer system, pH 7.4, as well as the bound fraction at the interaction
      of these drugs with human serum albumin were determined. The relationship between
      absorption through human oral mucosa of antihistaminic drugs and the hydrophobic
      character of their molecules and constants of ionization was found. An attempt
      was made to predict for them on the basis of the authors' own results and
      literature data possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior in the
      organism.

PMID- 2896133
TI  - A zebrafish engrailed-like homeobox sequence expressed during embryogenesis.
AB  - The zebrafish genome was found to contain two sequences which cross-hybridize
      strongly with the engrailed gene of Drosophila. Several independent clones
      containing one of these cross-hybridizing sequences were isolated from a
      zebrafish genomic library. Characterization of this region (ZF-EN) by DNA
      sequencing showed that it shares about 70% sequence identity with the engrailed
      homeobox. More extensive homeobox homology (greater than 90%) was found relative
      to the murine En genes. The closest relationship exists between ZF-EN and En-2
      where the C-terminal domains (104 amino acids) encoded by these genes are almost
      identical. We also observed that ZF-EN and En-2 are very similar with respect to
      their transcript sizes and temporal expression patterns.

PMID- 2896134
TI  - Beta-endorphin and islet hormone release in type-2 diabetes mellitus the effects
      of normoglycemia, enkephalin, naloxone and somatostatin.
AB  - The present study was aimed at characterizing the effects of beta-endorphin on
      plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon plasma levels in subjects with type-2
      diabetes mellitus. Infusion of 0.5 mg/h human beta-endorphin produced significant
      and simultaneous increments in both insulin and glucagon concentrations and
      decreased plasma glucose levels (-18 +/- 4 mg/dl, 60 min level, p less than
      0.01). When the same diabetics were rendered euglycemic by an insulin infusion (1
      mU/kg/min), beta-endorphin did not produce the expected decrease in plasma
      glucose concentrations nor raise plasma insulin levels; only the response of
      glucagon was preserved. Normal subjects were rendered hyperglycemic by an
      intravenous glucose infusion to match the plasma glucose levels of diabetic
      subjects. In this condition, beta-endorphin produced a significant increase of
      insulin concentrations, whereas glucagon remained suppressed. The intravenous
      administration of the long-acting met-enkephalin analogue DAMME (0.25 mg) blunted
      the hormonal responses to the subsequent beta-endorphin infusion in diabetic
      patients, although the inhibition was short-lived (30-40 min). Naloxone (5 mg),
      an opiate antagonist, did not produce any significant change in the insulin and
      glucagon responses to beta-endorphin, while somatostatin (0.25 mg/h) completely
      abolished the hormonal responses to the opioid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896135
TI  - Expression of the Sex combs reduced protein in Drosophila larvae.
AB  - We have generated a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to the protein
      product of the homeotic Sex combs reduced (Scr) gene of Drosophila, and have
      mapped the patterns of Scr expression in late third instar larvae. Virtually the
      entire prothoracic leg imaginal disc expresses the gene, although the levels of
      expression vary in different disc regions. This heterogeneity does not reflect
      the compartmental domains defined by engrailed gene expression. Expression is
      also observed in the cells of the humeral and labial discs, and there is a small
      patch of Scr-expressing cells in the antenna disc. The gene is expressed in
      adepithelial cells of the three thoracic leg discs, but not in the wing or
      haltere discs. In the central nervous system, Scr expression is confined to a
      narrow band of cells in the subesophageal region of the ventral ganglion. The
      results are discussed with respect to the known genetic requirements for Scr+
      function.

PMID- 2896136
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase].

PMID- 2896137
TI  - Role of epidermal growth factor in healing of chronic gastroduodenal ulcers in
      rats.
AB  - The healing of acetic acid-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers was examined
      together with biochemical indices of growth in gastric and duodenal mucosa in
      rats with intact or removed salivary glands after treatment with epidermal growth
      factor (EGF) or somatostatin, or both. After the extirpation of salivary glands,
      the healing rate of gastric and duodenal ulcerations was delayed and gastric
      content of immunoreactive EGF was reduced. This was accompanied by a significant
      decrease in the contents of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid in the
      gastric and duodenal mucosa. Repeated administration of EGF either subcutaneously
      or orally accelerated the healing of gastroduodenal ulcers in rats with intact
      salivary glands and completely reversed the delay in ulcer healing in
      sialoadenectomized animals. These effects were also accompanied by a significant
      increase in the growth parameters of gastric and duodenal mucosa. Administration
      of somatostatin, which prevented the growth-promoting action of subcutaneous EGF,
      resulted in a significant decrease in the EGF-stimulated healing of gastric and
      duodenal ulcerations in both intact and sialoadenectomized rats. Our findings
      suggest that cell proliferation is an important factor in healing of gastric and
      duodenal ulcerations and that EGF plays an important role in ulcer healing due to
      its mitogenic action.

PMID- 2896138
TI  - In vitro effects of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on
      electrolyte transport by the rabbit ileum.
AB  - We have investigated the in vitro properties of SMS 201-995, a long-acting
      somatostatin analogue, on electrolyte transport in rabbit ileum. Similar to
      native somatostatin, serosal addition of this compound inhibits electrogenic
      anion secretion and stimulates neutral sodium and chloride absorption. Both
      compounds have similar maximal effects on ion transport; however, the ED50 of SMS
      201-995 (2.4 X 10(-10) M) was 60 times less than that for somatostatin. In
      addition, unlike somatostatin, no inherent tachyphylaxis was observed in response
      to SMS 201-995. The antisecretory profile of SMS 201-995 was also compared with
      that of epinephrine. Unlike treatment with epinephrine, pretreatment of tissues
      with SMS 201-995 did not directly inhibit electrogenic anion secretion stimulated
      by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcium ionophore A23187, and bethanechol.
      In contrast, this agent blocked vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and bethanechol
      inhibition of net sodium absorption. We conclude that SMS 201-995 has several
      unique in vitro properties that may explain its greater biologic activity
      compared with that of somatostatin. Its effects on secretagogue-stimulated
      electrogenic anion secretion and electroneutral NaCl absorption appear to differ.

PMID- 2896139
TI  - Comparison of delayed-release 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) and
      sulfasalazine as maintenance treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - To assess the safety and efficacy of delayed-release mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic
      acid) as maintenance treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis, 100 patients
      with quiescent colitis were randomly grouped to receive either delayed-release
      mesalazine or an equivalent dose of enteric-coated sulfasalazine in a 48-wk
      trial. Groups were comparable for age, sex, and duration and extent of disease.
      Relapse rates at 48 wk were as follows: sulfasalazine 38.6% (95% confidence
      limits, 24%-54%) and mesalazine 37.5% (95% confidence limits, 24%-53%), chi 2 =
      0.01, p greater than 0.90. Mean time to relapse, cumulative relapse rate, and
      relapse severity were similar in the two groups. Headaches and upper
      gastrointestinal symptoms--common at trial entry--improved to a greater extent in
      patients receiving mesalazine. Delayed-release mesalazine is an effective
      treatment for maintaining ulcerative colitis remission and is associated with
      fewer side effects than equivalent doses of enteric-coated sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2896140
TI  - Investigations of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas
      during the metamorphosis of an anuran (Alytes obstetricans L.): histochemical
      detection of APUD cells.
AB  - Endocrine cells were detected at premetamorphosis, prometamorphosis, climax, and
      juvenile stages using an amine-inducing fluorescence technique with or without
      previous L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) treatment. At premetamorphosis,
      serotonin cells exhibited yellow fluorescence in the gut primary epithelium of
      the L-DOPA untreated animals. In the treated animals, green fluorescent APUD
      cells could be seen in addition to the serotonin cells. In the pancreas, numerous
      clusters of fluorescent APUD cells were observed. At prometamorphosis the number
      of fluorescent cells increased in the intestinal primary epithelium and, close to
      the basal membrane, numerous small regenerative buds devoid of fluorescent cells
      appeared. In the pancreas of L-DOPA-treated animals, two types of APUD cells
      could be distinguished by their different fluorescence intensities. At the climax
      stage, the stomach developed and APUD cells were detectable in the gastric
      glandular buds. The degenerated primary intestinal epithelium was progressively
      removed in the intestinal lumen. At this stage, the regenerative buds of the
      secondary epithelium exhibited APUD cells. In the disorganized pancreas, the
      induced fluorescence decreased strongly. At the juvenile stage, cords of APUD
      cells displayed a cytoplasmic green fluorescence in the pancreas. In the stomach
      and intestine, serotonin and APUD cells were numerous.

PMID- 2896142
TI  - [Definition, significance and measurement of disease concepts of patients. The
      Disease Concept Scale for schizophrenic patients].
AB  - Illness concepts represent cognitive interpretations, explanations and
      predictions of health status. Illness concepts are a consequence and an
      expression of the patient's cultural background, view of the world, value system,
      way of living, and personal life experiences. Illness concepts are significant in
      that they influence patient's informed consent and compliance behavior. Illness
      concepts have been formulated in phenomenological-descriptive, formal-structural
      and psychological approaches. Based on these alternative conceptualizations, a
      scale was developed to measure seven dimensions of illness concepts. including
      trust in medication, trust in the treating physician, negative treatment
      expectations, guilt, chance control, susceptibility, and idiosyncratic
      assumptions. The reliability and validity of the scale (KK-scale) was tested in a
      group of schizophrenic patients in different treatment settings. The psychometric
      properties of the scale were found to be satisfactory. Support for the
      discriminant validity of the scale was found in relation to patient's age,
      education, sex, and compliance treatment institution.

PMID- 2896143
TI  - [Significance of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in regulating respiration.
      A. Central aminergic neurons].
AB  - Experimental and clinical findings on the role of the central aminergic
      mechanisms in the control of respiration are reviewed. Dopamine, histamine,
      norepinephrine and serotonin inhibit spinal cord and cortical neurons;
      acetylcholine stimulates these neurons. The importance of these pharmacological
      effects for the control of respiration is not yet clear. Brain stem dopaminergic
      and serotonergic mechanisms stimulate respiratory neurons; a brain stem
      noradrenergic mechanism inhibits these neurons. A cholinergic mechanism is
      involved in the control of central chemosensitivity, and probably of the
      respiratory periodicity. Histamine stimulates the brain stem neurons, its effects
      on respiratory neurons have not yet been investigated.

PMID- 2896141
TI  - The Hox-2 homeo box gene complex on mouse chromosome 11 is closely linked to Re.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms have been identified between inbred
      strains of mice for the homeo box gene complex Hox-2. These genetic markers were
      used to follow the segregation of different Hox-2 alleles among recombinant
      inbred strains of mice and among the progeny of a three point genetic cross. The
      results place the Hoax-2 locus approximately 1 cM from the rex (Re) locus on
      mouse chromosome 11.

PMID- 2896144
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia, febrile catatonia and
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome. A case comparison].
AB  - Malignant Hyperthermia (MH), Lethal Catatonia (LC), and Neuroleptic Malignant
      Syndrome (NMS) are known as rare potential lethal diseases. MH and NMS--both
      being drug-induced--have in common some main symptoms. LC and NMS, on the other
      hand, are hardly distinguishable by clinical means. After presentation of the
      case reports the differential diagnosis of the syndromes is discussed. While
      there is strong evidence for the MH to be drug-induced, the NMS cannot be
      explained sufficiently in this way. Clinically both can be differentiated. Lethal
      catatonia is a syndrome rather than a specific disease. Differential diagnosis
      for NMS is possible by the neuroleptic withdraw-trial.

PMID- 2896145
TI  - Spleen size in adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV) carriers.

PMID- 2896147
TI  - Physician assistants as alternatives to foreign medical graduates.

PMID- 2896146
TI  - An investigation into the possible development of chronic tolerance to analgesia
      and dependence on prolactin.
AB  - The possibility of the presence of chronic tolerance to the analgesic effect of
      prolactin and of dependence was tested. Repeated administration of prolactin
      resulted in the loss of analgesic activity, indicating the development of chronic
      tolerance. Neither a high dose of, or chronic treatment with prolactin followed
      by naloxone elicited any characteristic withdrawal signs, suggesting the absence
      of dependence. Similarly, abrupt withdrawal of prolonged prolactin treatment also
      did not elicit withdrawal signs. However, in the same model, the morphine
      naloxone combination and spontaneous withdrawal of chronic morphine treatment
      produced characteristic withdrawal signs, namely jumping, wet shakes, and body
      tremor. The data support the view that tolerance and dependence can be
      dissociated from each other and that different mechanisms may operate in these
      phenomena. The absence of liability to dependence with prolactin strengthens the
      contention that prolactin may be a potential drug for combatting opiate
      dependence.

PMID- 2896148
TI  - H2-antagonists and motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract in man.

PMID- 2896149
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on skin lesions and concentrations of plasma amino acids
      in a patient with glucagonoma-syndrome.
AB  - A case of glucagonoma syndrome in a 58-year-old male patient who had the typical
      skin lesions associated with severe hypoaminoacidemia is described. The decrease
      in amino acids has been proposed to be causally related to the dermatosis.
      Furthermore, it has been shown previously that somatostatin rapidly improves skin
      lesions in glucagonoma patients. Therefore, plasma amino acid levels were
      determined before and during an infusion of somatostatin prior to surgical
      removal of the tumor in the tail of the pancreas. During somatostatin infusion in
      combination with total parenteral nutrition, 10 out of 22 amino acids were in the
      normal range. Thus it seems unlikely that normalization of amino acid levels is
      responsible for the rapid improvement in skin lesions in glucagonoma patients. On
      the other hand it cannot be excluded that partial normalization of amino acids
      contributed to the observed healing process. Nevertheless, somatostatin
      administered prior to surgery is a useful therapeutic regimen in these patients.

PMID- 2896150
TI  - Effects of SGB-1534, a new synthesized phenylpiperazine derivative, on blood
      pressure and heart rate in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of a new synthesized
      phenylpiperazine derivative SGB-1534 on mean arterial blood pressure and heart
      rate in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRSP). SGB-1534 (0.05 and
      0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a significantly greater decrease in mean arterial blood
      pressure in SHRSP than in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats(WKY). Heart rate also
      tended to decrease in parallel with the decrease in mean arterial blood pressure
      in SHRSP. In this study, it was revealed that SGB-1534 has an antihypertensive
      effect in SHRSP. An attempt was made to elucidate the hypotensive mechanism of
      SGB-1534 using WKY. SGB-1534 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly inhibited pressor
      responses to norepinephrine (5 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and methoxamine (50
      micrograms/kg, i.v.). SGB-1534 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) did not affect the preganglionic
      sympathetic adrenal nerve activity. The present findings suggest that the action
      site of SGB-1534 is not in the central nervous system, but in the peripheral
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors in rats.

PMID- 2896151
TI  - [Measurement of human serum and liver tissue immunoreactive gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase in patients with various liver diseases].
AB  - A solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoreactive gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase(gamma-GTP) was developed. The working range by this assay
      was from 1 ng to 100 ng. Serum immunoreactive gamma-GTP was significantly
      elevated in patient with hepatocellular carcinoma and moderate elevation was
      found in liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, in sera of patients with non
      neoplastic disease, including acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, fatty liver,
      hemangioma, the immunoreactive gamma-GTP was not significantly elevated. No
      correlation was found between the serum levels of gamma-GTP determined by
      enzymatic assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the tissues of
      hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver tumor, the immunoreactive gamma-GTP
      contents were also elevated, which were well correlated with the enzyme contents
      in sera. When immunohistochemical study was carried out, the immunoreactive gamma
      GTP was detected diffusely not only in the cell membrane and bile canaliculi but
      also in the cytoplasm of cancer cell. These results suggest that the hepatoma
      tissues contain an immunologically active, but enzymatically inactive form of
      gamma-GTP enzyme.

PMID- 2896153
TI  - Evolutionary conservation of the human homologue of the yeast cell cycle control
      gene cdc2 and assignment of Cd2 to chromosome 10.
AB  - The human homologue of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe cell cycle
      control gene cdc2 has been assigned to chromosome 10. DNA hybridization reveals
      that this gene is highly conserved in vertebrates. The human CDC2 gene probe
      detects a simple two-allele polymorphism in Taq1-digested DNA.

PMID- 2896154
TI  - Linkage heterogeneity and fragile X.
AB  - A multipoint test of heterogeneity on published data from 57 families with the
      fragile X syndrome has been undertaken. The hypothesis being tested was that
      there are two loci coding for fragile X expression, mutations at either of which
      can produce the phenotype. No predivision of the families was undertaken, as the
      test used an admixture parameter. Maximum likelihoods of the hypothesis have been
      calculated and compared with those produced on assuming a single locus for
      fragile X. The data do not suggest that there are two such loci within the
      interval between probes 52a and St14. In particular, the large kindred published
      by Camerino et al. (1983) does not supply convincing evidence of heterogeneity
      under this test. It is argued that the observed heterogeneity between factor IX
      and fragile X must have another explanation. There is some evidence for a second
      locus for fragile X outside the interval noted above; this locus being most
      probably proximal to these probes. The majority of the data suggesting this
      result comes from a family published by Davies et al. (1985).

PMID- 2896155
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium between RFLP haplotype 2 and the affected PAH allele in
      PKU families from the Berlin area of the German Democratic Republic.
AB  - Probands from 26 PKU-affected families of the Berlin area were analyzed with
      respect to the allele frequency distribution of six RFLPs in linkage with the
      normal and the PKU alleles of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. These
      investigations confirm most of the RFLP haplotypes observed by Guttler and
      colleagues in the Danish population and describe two additional ones. They detect
      no significant differences in the single RFLP or RFLP haplotype distribution on
      the normal chromosomes in comparison with the Danish families and confirm a
      prevalent association of the RFLP haplotypes 1, 4, and 7 with the normal PAH
      allele. In contrast to the Danish investigations, in our study the PKU allele is
      found most frequently linked to haplotype 2, rather then to haplotype 3. In one
      of our patients we found a substitution of the normal 19-kb MspI fragment by a
      13.5- and a 5.5-kb fragment, reported up to now only in one other German family.

PMID- 2896152
TI  - DNA polymorphism and the study of disease associations.
AB  - Recombinant DNA approaches to disease analysis may be as applicable to studies of
      disease association as they are to the analysis and diagnosis of single-gene
      defects. Population and/or family association analyses, using restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms around candidate genes as markers, have been
      employed to study conditions such as atherosclerosis and disease with an HLA
      association. Progress made to date in disease-association studies using
      recombinant DNA methodology is reviewed, the rationale behind such studies is
      examined and associated problems and pitfalls discussed.

PMID- 2896156
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium between mutation and RFLP haplotype at the phenylalanine
      hydroxylase locus in the German population.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes at the phenylalanine
      hydroxylase (PAH) locus have been determined in 60 German families with PAH
      deficiency. Similar to the Danish population, about 90% of the mutant alleles are
      confined to four distinct haplotypes. There are however, differences in the
      frequency distribution of these haplotypes among the mutant alleles between the
      two populations. Using an oligonucleotide probe for the splicing mutation
      associated with mutant haplotype 3 in the Danish population, a tight association
      between the mutation and the RFLP haplotype has also been observed in Germany.
      The results provide strong evidence that the splicing mutation occurred on a
      haplotype 3 chromosome and that the mutant allele has spread into different
      populations among Caucasians.

PMID- 2896157
TI  - Phenylketonuria: distribution of DNA diagnostic patterns in German families.
AB  - The distribution of DNA haplotype constellations within the phenylalanine
      hydroxylase (PAH) gene was investigated in 44 German families affected with
      phenylketonuria (PKU). The haplotype frequencies differed significantly from
      those observed in a Danish population. Furthermore, ten haplotypes were
      identified in addition to the 12 previously described. In one of ten PKU alleles
      linked to haplotype 3, the G to A transition at the 5' splice donor site of
      intron 12 could not be confirmed with the use of synthetic DNA probes. According
      to these data, which are still limited, carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis
      should be possible in 70% of individuals at risk in the German population.

PMID- 2896158
TI  - X-linked cleft palate: the gene is localized between polymorphic DNA markers
      DXYS12 and DXS17.
AB  - The gene involved in an X-linked form of cleft palate has been finely mapped
      using 14 restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) markers that cover the
      long arm of the X chromosome. By the combination of deletion mapping and linkage
      analysis, the gene has been localized between the anonymous DNA markers DXYS12 on
      the proximal side, and DXS17 distally.

PMID- 2896159
TI  - A HindIII RFLP and a gene lesion in the coagulation factor VIII gene.
AB  - The presence and inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
      and gene lesions in the coagulation factor VIII gene were investigated in 15
      hemophilia families. An abnormal HindIII 2.6-kb band, previously detected in a
      severe hemophiliac, was observed in a not severely affected patient and also in
      the normal gene of a woman carrying a hemophilic gene in which the lesions was
      found. The TaqI site in exon 24 of this defective gene was removed by a C to T
      transition causing an amino acid change (Arg----Gln). Very low amounts of factor
      VIII activity and antigen were detected in the severely affected grandson. The
      presence of the HindIII 2.6-kb fragment in both normal and pathological genes
      indicates that a factor VIII RFLP without functional meaning was found. Its
      frequency, determined in 60 chromosomes, is 0.18. Double digestions enabled us to
      map the polymorphic site 3' to the exon 19.

PMID- 2896160
TI  - DNA polymorphism unique for a complotype with deletion of HLA-linked C4B and 21
      hydroxylase B genes causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Defects in the enzyme steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) result in congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia (CAH), a frequent disorder of steroid biosynthesis. The gene encoding
      the enzyme, 21-OHB, has been mapped adjacent to the complement component C4B gene
      in the human HLA gene complex. DNA-level analyses of patients with CAH have shown
      that the 21-OHB gene has often been deleted, but the detection of 21-OHB
      deletions in heterozygotes is often problematic because it is based on relative
      band intensities. We here report a DNA polymorphism in the C4A91 gene unique to
      one particular type of 21-OHB deletion occurring solely with a complement
      phenotype BfF C4A91 B null, shown earlier to be frequent in CAH patients. This
      marker makes direct detection of the 21-OHB deletion in heterozygotes possible.

PMID- 2896161
TI  - Non-specific aorto-arteritis.

PMID- 2896162
TI  - Profile of renal artery stenosis with a reference to aortoarteritis.

PMID- 2896163
TI  - Effect of controlled release formulation of Bacillus sphaericus on Mansonia
      breeding.

PMID- 2896164
TI  - Evaluation of two new juvenile hormone compounds against mosquito vectors.

PMID- 2896165
TI  - Laboratory & field evaluation of three insect growth regulators against mosquito
      vectors.

PMID- 2896166
TI  - Amoebic hepatitis as a precursor of suppurative amoebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2896167
TI  - The march of haemapheresis--cell separators.

PMID- 2896168
TI  - A review of Asherman's syndrome, and results of modern treatment.

PMID- 2896169
TI  - Sexual behavior of infertile couples.
AB  - The role of sexual dysfunction was evaluated among 98 couples during infertility
      examination. The wife and the husband were interviewed separately and together.
      Sixty-six women were willing to report daily their sexual behavior in association
      with recording basal body temperature. Male sexual dysfunction was the primary
      cause of infertility in five couples (5%). Three pregnancies resulted after
      examination and simultaneous supportive discussion. Following a simple diary on
      sexual behavior, 19 of 66 women conceived (29%). Fourteen of these 19 women
      reported orgasm within two days preceding elevated basal body temperature. Open
      discussion about sex was possibly therapeutic. Infertility examinations should
      include an evaluation of the sexual behavior of couples, with special reference
      to frequency and timing of coitus.

PMID- 2896170
TI  - Twin gestation induced with hMG-hCG in a patient with a bicornuate uterus: report
      of a successful delivery.

PMID- 2896171
TI  - Changes in cervical mucus after diathermocoagulation of the cervix.
AB  - We have studied the principal chemophysical properties of cervical mucus obtained
      before and after diathermocoagulation (DTC) in 35 patients participating in a
      program for prevention of cervical carcinoma. Two months after DTC there were
      significant decreases in the cervical scores for both exo- and endo-cervical
      mucus (Moghissi scale). Twelve patients with favorable pre-DTC scores, whose
      condition had deteriorated 2 months subsequent to treatment, again displayed
      normal scores in both sites 1 year after DTC. We feel, therefore, that DTC does
      not cause any permanent change in the chemophysical properties of the cervical
      mucus, but instead only temporary deterioration during the repair phase.

PMID- 2896172
TI  - Serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin, and testosterone in oligo/azoospermic
      Nigerian males.
AB  - To determine the frequency of hormonal abnormalities in a Nigerian population of
      male partners of infertile relationships, serum levels of luteinizing hormone,
      follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and testosterone were estimated using
      radioimmunoassay techniques in 454 oligo/azoospermic male partners of infertile
      marriages. Of these men, 272 (59.9%) had an abnormal serum level of one or more
      of the hormones. Hyperprolactinemia, found in 144 patients, was the most common
      hormonal disorder in the group. Elevated serum gonadotropins associated with low
      serum testosterone were found in 120 (26.4%) patients, while 32 (7%) had a
      reduced serum testosterone concentration in association with low serum
      gonadotropins. Since hyperprolactinemic, hypogonadotropic, and normogonadotropic
      testicular failures are amenable to treatment, routine hormonal evaluation of
      male partners of infertile marriages is suggested in Nigeria and other places
      where this practice is uncommon at present.

PMID- 2896173
TI  - Acid phosphatase activity in human semen.
AB  - Acid phosphatase (ACP) was studied in normal and abnormal human semen of
      individuals not suffering from testosterone deficiency. Study of ACP activity was
      performed on 365 men referred to the OPD clinic of L.T.M.G. Hospital, Bombay.
      Semen samples were classified into five groups according to sperm concentration,
      vitality, motility, and morphology. An inverse correlation was found between
      enzyme activity and sperm concentration. Statistical analysis revealed that ACP
      activity was maximal in the azoospermic group, and decreases as the sperm
      concentration increases. On the basis of this, measurement of ACP in human semen
      may be useful in clinical practice.

PMID- 2896174
TI  - Prostaglandin F2 alpha and E2 release by peritoneum with and without
      endometriosis.
AB  - Peritoneal endometriotic implants and adjacent normal peritoneum from five
      patients were analyzed for prostaglandin (PG) release. Each tissue biopsy was
      incubated using medium 199 in triplicate at 37 degrees C for six hours, and PGF2
      alpha and PGE2 concentrations were measured in the incubation medium every two
      hours. This study demonstrates that peritoneum involved with endometriosis
      releases significantly more PGF2 alpha and PGE2 (P less than .05) than adjacent
      normal peritoneum, and suggests that peritoneal endometriotic implants may be a
      source of the elevated peritoneal fluid PG levels previously reported in patients
      with endometriosis.

PMID- 2896175
TI  - Control of follicular maturation in the mouse by a nonsteroidal regulator from
      sheep follicular fluid.
AB  - Follicular fluid from sheep ovaries was gel-chromatographed on Sephadex G-100,
      and the retarded active fraction (Fr-IV, Kav = 1) was rechromatographed on G-25
      (GF2). When injected into pseudopregnant mice, it did not affect corpus luteum
      function, but at the time of the termination of pseudopregnancy ovulation was
      suppressed. A dose of 20 micrograms GF2 when injected into cycling mice inhibited
      follicular maturation and ovulation. Plasma progesterone levels were also
      reduced, indicating the role of a nonsteroidal factor in follicular maturation,
      ovulation, and luteinization.

PMID- 2896176
TI  - Interference in follicular maturation following acute intranasal LH-RH agonist
      administration during mid and late follicular phase.
AB  - A dose of 300 micrograms of Buserelin was insufflated into the nose twice on a
      single day between days 5 and 14 in 23 regularly ovulating volunteers, for a
      total of 25 cycles. The acute gonadotropin response to the first dosing at 8 A.M.
      was maximal on treatment days 9 to 14 and was followed by a 2- to 10-fold
      increase in serum estradiol at 10 A.M. and 2 P.M. The response to the second
      dosing 10 hours later (6 P.M.) was preserved on treatment days 5 to 8, but was
      diminished on treatment days 9 to 14. Daily endocrine determinations of serum LH,
      FSH, estradiol, and progesterone revealed three different situations, according
      to the time of treatment: In 6 cycles (24%), LH-RH agonist treatment on days 5 to
      8 was associated with a delayed LH surge, followed by a normal or short luteal
      phase; when Buserelin was administered between days 7 and 11 in 16 cycles (64%),
      there was not subsequent LH surge--progesterone remained in the follicular phase
      range in 9 cycles, and inadequate secretion of serum progesterone was found along
      with a luteinized follicle in 5 cycles, being in the luteal phase range in only 2
      cycles; in three cycles (12%), the treatment coincided with a presumptive LH
      surge, and the luteal phase was deficient in two cases. There were no clinical
      side effects of treatment. Immediate posttreatment cycles were normal. Acute
      intranasal LH-RH agonist administration predominantly delayed ovulation when
      administered at midfollicular phase, and interfered with final follicular
      maturation when given in the late follicular phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2896177
TI  - Sialic acid content of human spermatozoa in relation to age and quality of sperm.
AB  - Sialic acid (SA) has been estimated in human spermatozoa separated according to
      age by the use of a discontinuous gradient of human serum albumin (HSA), and
      according to quality (viability and motility) by the use of a discontinuous
      gradient of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The amount of SA in the "mature" sperm
      was 3.5 +/- 0.7 (SD) micrograms/mg protein, whereas in the immature sperm
      subpopulation, enriched with morphologically abnormal sperm, it was 6.9 +/- 3.4
      micrograms/mg protein (P = .05). SA estimated in spermatozoa separated according
      to quality had values of 3.6 +/- 1.2 micrograms/mg protein in sperm of higher
      quality and 4.1 +/- 1.3 micrograms/mg protein in that of lower quality; this
      difference was not of statistical significance. It is suggested that changes in
      SA levels might reflect differences in the degree of sialylation of protein in
      the subpopulation of sperm, and thus be related to various stages in the
      fertilization process.

PMID- 2896178
TI  - Effects of somatostatin on the insulin- and gastric inhibitory polypeptide
      stimulated fatty acid esterification in rat adipose tissue.
AB  - Relations exist between insulin, somatostatin (S) and gastric inhibitory
      polypeptide (GIP) for the reciprocal control of their secretion but also for
      their role in lipid metabolism. In the present experiment, we studied the effects
      of somatostatin on fatty acid incorporation into epididymal adipose tissue (FIAT)
      of Wistar rats when it was stimulated by insulin and GIP. Cyclic somatostatin-14
      was used at physiological (S1 : 50 pg/ml, S2 : 200 pg/ml) and supraphysiological
      (S3 : 666 pg/ml) concentrations whereas insulin and GIP were used at postprandial
      levels (100 microU/ml and 2 ng/ml respectively). Results were expressed as
      percent of basal incorporation (without any hormones). Somatostatin inhibited
      basal FIAT at all concentrations and totally abolished the insulin-stimulated
      FIAT (from 106.4 +/- 2.3 per cent with insulin alone to 92.6 +/- 2.5 per cent
      with S3, P less than 0.001). GIP enhanced the insulin-stimulated FIAT from 106.4
      +/- 2.3 per cent to 113 +/- 3.0 per cent (P less than 0.01). On the contrary,
      when somatostatin was added with GIP and insulin, FIAT decreased to 102.3 +/- 2.5
      per cent for S1 (P less than 0.01) and to 98.2 +/- 2.6 per cent for S3 (P less
      than 0.001). These results indicate that somatostatin totally inhibits the fatty
      acid esterification induced by insulin and in the same proportions that induced
      by insulin associated with GIP. Somatostatin is not only an inhibitor of the
      secretion of these hormones but also a regulator of their biological action in
      adipose tissue.

PMID- 2896179
TI  - Effects of LY104119, a thermogenic weight-reducing compound, on norepinephrine
      concentrations and turnover in obese and lean mice.
AB  - Dopamine (DA) accumulation in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), heart,
      and liver was linear for more than 60 min after injection of 1-cyclohexyl-2
      mercapto-imidazole (CHMI), a DA beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, into mice and served
      as an index of the rate of synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) in these tissues.
      There was a marked diurnal rhythm of DA accumulation in all three tissues of mice
      fed ad libitum, the rhythm being dampened in obese mice in IBAT and liver but not
      in heart. LY104119 acutely decreased NE concentration in IBAT, heart and liver,
      but not in brain, and it also decreased DA accumulation after CHMI in IBAT, heart
      and liver. Chronic administration of LY104119 at doses that stimulated
      thermogenesis and reduced body weight decreased NE turnover in heart and liver
      but increased NE turnover in IBAT. These data suggest that the increased
      thermogenesis in IBAT after chronic LY104119 treatment may be mediated by
      increased noradrenergic tone.

PMID- 2896180
TI  - Muscles of diabetic (db/db) mice: fibre size, fibre type and the effects of a
      thermogenic, beta-adrenoceptor agonist.
AB  - The size and morphological characteristics of muscles from diabetic obese (db/db)
      mice and their normal lean littermates were investigated. The soleus muscles were
      similar in size in diabetic and normal mice but the biceps brachii and
      gastrocnemius were significantly lighter in the diabetic animals. In the biceps
      brachii the small size resulted from an overall reduction in fibre diameter,
      which was most acute in the fast white fibres, and an increase in the proportion
      of smaller fast intermediate fibres. Treatment of diabetic mice with BRL 26830 a
      thermogenic, beta-adrenoceptor agonist, restored the weight, fibre diameter and
      fibre type composition of the biceps brachii to that of lean littermates. This
      treatment also increased the weight of the gastrocnemius, together with its
      protein content. Since BRL 26830 restored normoglycaemia in the diabetic mice,
      without decreasing their body weight, we suppose that it improved insulin action
      in their muscles and this, in turn, stimulated muscle growth.

PMID- 2896181
TI  - A comparison of effects of sulfasalazine and its metabolites on the metabolism of
      endogenous vs. exogenous arachidonic acid.
AB  - Sulfasalazine and, to a lesser extent, 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl
      aminosalicylic acid, were found to block production of 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14
      eicosatetraenoic acid, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and LTB4 stereoisomers from both
      exogenous and endogenous [14C]arachidonic acid (14C-AA) in ionophore A23187 (1
      microgram/ml)-stimulated human neutrophils. Lipids were assessed by thin-layer
      chromatography and reverse-phase high-pressure lipid chromatography.
      Sulfasalazine blocked the synthesis of these metabolites from both exogenous and
      endogenous AA, but was more effective in blocking the metabolism of exogenous
      than endogenous AA. The IC50 for sulfasalazine in blocking the synthesis of LTB4
      was 0.8 mM when exogenous AA was the substrate and 2.8 mM when endogenous AA was
      the substrate. N-Acetyl-aminosalicylic acid showed a similar pattern, but was
      less effective than sulfasalazine (IC50 for exogenous AA was 5.4 mM, and for
      endogenous AA was 8.0 mM). 5-Aminosalicylic acid had similar effects with an IC50
      of 6.0 and 6.4 mM respectively. Sulfasalazine but not 5-aminosalicylic acid
      inhibited the incorporation of arachidonic acid into phospholipids and
      triglycerides. Sulfasalazine, but not its metabolites, inhibited the release of
      14C-AA from membrane phospholipids in a dose-dependent manner (46.0% inhibition
      with 4 mM sulfasalazine). Sulfasalazine also blocked the metabolism of
      exogenously added LTB4 to 20-OH LTB4 and 20-COOH LTB4 with an IC50 of 2 mM. Our
      findings suggest that under physiologic conditions, with endogenous AA as a
      substrate, sulfasalazine acts as an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, of phospholipase
      A2 and of LTB4 metabolism, whereas 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl
      aminosalicylic acid inhibit only lipoxygenase.

PMID- 2896182
TI  - Will you and your contract meet in court?

PMID- 2896183
TI  - The ISMS Contract Review Service. Guiding physicians through the maze of options.

PMID- 2896184
TI  - Physician responsibility in hospital patient discharge.

PMID- 2896185
TI  - Splenic abscess.

PMID- 2896186
TI  - Hemorrhagic metastatic melanoma.

PMID- 2896187
TI  - Anuria caused by renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 2896188
TI  - Arg-220 of the PstA protein is required for phosphate transport through the
      phosphate-specific transport system in Escherichia coli but not for alkaline
      phosphatase repression.
AB  - The pstA gene encodes an integral membrane protein of the phosphate-specific
      transport system of Escherichia coli. The nucleotide change in the previously
      described pstA2 allele was found to be a G----A substitution at position 276 of
      the nucleotide sequence, resulting in the premature termination of translation.
      Three mutations in the pstA gene were produced by site-directed mutagenesis. The
      amino acid substitutions resulting from the three site-directed mutations were
      Arg-170----Gln, Glu-173----Gln, and Arg-220----Gln. These amino acid residues
      were selected because a previous PstA protein structure prediction placed them
      within the membrane. The Arg-220----Gln mutation resulted in the loss of
      phosphate transport through the phosphate-specific transport system, but the
      alkaline phosphatase activity remained repressed. Neither the Arg-170----Gln nor
      the Glu-173----Gln mutation affected phosphate transport. The results are
      discussed in relation to a proposed structure of the PstA protein.

PMID- 2896189
TI  - 13C-NMR studies on the reaction intermediates of porcine kidney D-amino acid
      oxidase reconstituted with 13C-enriched flavin adenine dinucleotide.
AB  - The 13C-NMR spectra of the reaction intermediates of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO)
      were measured with DAO reconstituted with FAD in which the 2-, 4-, 4a-, and 10a
      positions of the isoalloxazine moiety were selectively 13C-enriched. The reaction
      intermediates used include charge-transfer complexes of the oxidized DAO with
      substrate intermediates and those of the reduced enzyme with substrate
      intermediates. For the former type of complex, the reaction intermediates with
      beta-cyano-D-alanine (D-BCNA) and D-proline were used, while for the latter the
      purple intermediates with D-alanine and D-proline were chosen. The 13C-resonances
      of 2-13C in the reaction intermediates with D-BCNA and D-proline were downfield
      shifted by about 1 ppm relative to the free oxidized DAO. The 4-13C signal for
      the DAO-D-BCNA intermediate was observed at 1.2 ppm upfield from that of the
      oxidized DAO, though that for DAO-D-proline intermediate showed no shift. These
      results suggest modulation of the hydrogen bondings at C(2) = 0 and/or C(4) = 0
      in these reaction intermediates. Comparison of the 13C-resonances of reduced DAO
      with those of free reduced FMN in the neutral and anionic forms indicate that FAD
      in reduced DAO is in the anionic reduced form. The 4a-13C resonance of reduced
      DAO is upfield-shifted by about 3 ppm from that of free reduced anionic FMN.
      Comparison of the 13C-resonances for the purple intermediates with those of
      reduced FMN and reduced DAO indicate unequivocally that FAD in the purple
      intermediate is in the anionic reduced state. The 4a-13C resonances for the
      purple intermediates were substantially upfield-shifted (by 2.4 ppm with D
      alanine and 1.9 ppm with D-proline) relative to reduced DAO. This indicates that
      the electron density, and hence the nucleophilicity, of the 4a-carbon is elevated
      in the purple intermediate relative to free reduced DAO. This leads to a model in
      which the oxidative half reaction proceeds via the reaction of molecular oxygen
      at the 4a-position of the reduced FAD in the purple intermediate. This provides a
      rational molecular basis for the oxidative half reaction by way of the purple
      intermediate prior to product release rather than by way of free reduced enzyme
      after product release.

PMID- 2896190
TI  - Reconstitution of the proton translocating ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria
      into planar phospholipid bilayer membranes.
AB  - Proton translocating ATPase (F0F1) from bovine heart mitochondria was
      reconstituted into planar phospholipid bilayers, and its electrogenicity was
      directly demonstrated. The F0F1 ATPase was solubilized using 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS) as a detergent
      followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation according to the method
      originally described by McEnery et al. for rat liver mitochondria (McEnery et al.
      (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4642-4651), with minor modifications. The purified
      ATPase was reconstituted into proteoliposomes and then reconstituted into planar
      phospholipid bilayers by the modified fusion method (Hirata et al. (1986) J.
      Biol. Chem. 261, 9839-9843). A short-circuit current of up to 0.4 pA was induced
      by adding ATP, and this current was suppressed by the F1 ATPase inhibitor NaN3 or
      by a specific mitochondrial F0 inhibitor, oligomycin. The direction of the
      current corresponded to the flow of positive charges from the F1 side to the F0
      side. All these facts clearly demonstrate that the mitochondrial F0F1 ATPase was
      successfully reconstituted into planar phospholipid bilayers, and the current was
      generated by the ATPase.

PMID- 2896191
TI  - The membrane-associated ATPase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is distantly
      related to F1-ATPase as assessed from the primary structure of its alpha-subunit.
AB  - Isolation of novel membrane-associated ATPases, presumably soluble parts of the
      H+-ATPases, from archaebacteria has been recently reported, and their properties
      were found to be significantly different from the usual F1-ATPase. In order to
      assess the relationship of the archaebacterial ATPases to the F1-ATPases and
      other known ATPases, the amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit of the ATPase
      from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, an acidothermophilic archaebacterium, was
      compared with the sequences of other ATPases. The gene encoding its alpha subunit
      was cloned from the genomic library of S. acidocaldarius, and the nucleotide
      sequence was determined. The 591-amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide
      sequence contains a small number of short stretches that shows sequence
      similarity to the alpha and beta subunits of F1-ATPase. However, the overall
      similarity is too weak to consider it to be a typical member of the F1-ATPase
      family when the highly conserved sequences of the F1-ATPase subunits among
      various organisms are taken into account. Moreover, most of these stretches
      overlap the consensus sequences that are commonly found in some nucleotide
      binding proteins. There is no significant sequence similarity to the ion
      translocating ATPases, which form phosphorylated intermediates, such as animal
      Na+,K+-ATPases. Thus, the S. acidocaldarius ATPase and probably other
      archaebacterial ATPases also appear to belong to a new group of ion-translocating
      ATPases that has only a distant relationship to F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2896192
TI  - Rate of chase-promoted hydrolysis of ATP in the high affinity catalytic site of
      beef heart mitochondrial ATPase.
AB  - Incubation of [gamma-32P]ATP with a molar excess of the soluble, homogeneous
      ATPase from beef heart mitochondria (F1) results in binding of substrate
      primarily in a single, very high affinity (KA = 10(12) M-1) catalytic site and in
      a slow rate of hydrolysis characteristic of single site catalysis. Subsequent
      addition of millimolar concentrations of nonradioactive ATP as a cold chase,
      sufficient to fill catalytic sites on the enzyme, results in an acceleration of
      hydrolysis of bound radioactive ATP of as much as 10(6)-fold, that is, to Vmax
      rates (Cross, R.L., Grubmeyer, C., and Penefsky, H.S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257,
      12101-12105). For this reason, it was proposed that the high affinity catalytic
      site is a normal catalytic site on the molecule. Recently, Bullough et al.
      (Bullough, D.A., Verburg, J.G., Yoshida, M., and Allison, W.A. (1987) J. Biol.
      Chem. 262, 11675-11683) reported that when 5 to 20 microM concentrations of
      nonradioactive ATP were added as a cold chase to an enzyme-substrate complex
      consisting of F1 and ATP bound to the high affinity catalytic site, hydrolysis of
      the chase was commensurate with the turnover rate of the enzyme, whereas the
      hydrolysis of bound ATP was considerably slower. These authors suggested that the
      high affinity catalytic site on F1 is not a normal catalytic site. This paper
      shows, in experiments with a rapid mixing-chemical quench apparatus, that
      hydrolysis of ATP bound in the high affinity catalytic site is accelerated to
      Vmax rates following addition of 5 microM ATP as a cold chase. Hydrolysis of
      bound ATP appears to precede that of the chase. The weight of the available
      evidence continues to support the original suggestion that the high affinity
      catalytic site of beef heart F1 is a normal catalytic site.

PMID- 2896193
TI  - Regulation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. I. Purification and properties of
      two forms of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase from rat liver.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase of animal tissues is known to be dependent on citrate for
      its activity. The observation that dephosphorylation abolishes its citrate
      dependence (Thampy, K. G., and Wakil, S. J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6318-6323)
      suggested that the citrate-independent form might exist in vivo. We have purified
      such a form from rapidly freeze-clamped livers of rats. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gel electrophoresis of the enzyme gave one protein band (Mr 250,000). The
      preparation has high specific activity (3.5 units/mg in the absence of citrate)
      and low phosphate content (5.0 mol of Pi/mol of subunit). The enzyme isolated
      from unfrozen liver or liver kept in ice-cold sucrose solution for 10 min and
      then freeze-clamped has low activity (0.3 unit/mg) and high phosphate content (7
      8 mol of Pi/mol of subunit). Citrate activated such preparations with half
      maximal activation at greater than 1.6 mM, well above physiological range. The
      low activity may be due to its high phosphate content because dephosphorylation
      by [acetyl-CoA carboxylase]-phosphatase 2 activates the enzyme and reduces its
      dependence on citrate. Since freeze-clamping the liver yields enzyme with lower
      phosphate content and higher activity, it is suggested that the carboxylase
      undergoes rapid phosphorylation and consequent inactivation after the excision of
      the liver. The carboxylase is made up of two polymeric forms of Mr greater than
      or equal to 10 million and 2 million based on gel filtration on Superose 6. The
      former, which predominates in preparations from freeze-clamped liver, has higher
      activity and lower phosphate content (5.3 units/mg and 4.0 mol of Pi/mol of
      subunit, respectively) than the latter (2.0 units/mg and 6.0 mol of Pi/mol of
      subunit, respectively). The latter, which predominates in preparations from
      unfrozen liver, is converted to the active polymer (Mr greater than or equal to
      10 million) by dephosphorylation. Thus, the two polymeric forms are
      interconvertible by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and may be important in the
      physiological regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2896194
TI  - Regulation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. II. Effect of fasting and refeeding
      on the activity, phosphate content, and aggregation state of the enzyme.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase isolated from freeze-clamped livers of fed rats has
      relatively low phosphate content (5.0 mol of Pi/mol of subunit) and high specific
      activity (3.5 units/mg in the absence of citrate). The enzyme from rats fasted
      for 12, 18, 24, and 48 h exhibited decreasing specific activities of 2.75, 1.85,
      1.7, and 0.9 units/mg, respectively. Citrate activated all preparations of
      carboxylase, with most activation observed with the least active preparation.
      There was no significant change in the sensitivity of the enzyme to citrate since
      half-maximal activation was observed at 0.2 mM for carboxylase from fed as well
      as fasted rats. With the decrease in activity as a function of fasting, there was
      a concomitant increase in the phosphate content of carboxylase, with values of
      5.3, 5.6, 6.7, and 7.6 mol of Pi/mol of subunit obtained for preparations from
      rats fasted for 12, 18, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Refeeding the fasted rats
      resulted in increased specific activity of carboxylase (3.4 units/mg) and
      decreased phosphate content (5.1 mol of Pi/mol of subunit). Moreover,
      dephosphorylation by [acetyl-CoA carboxylase]-phosphatase 2 activated the
      carboxylase from 48-h fasted rats to a value of 2.9 units/mg, assayed in the
      absence of citrate, indicating that the low activity of carboxylase from fasted
      rats was due to its increased phosphate content. Superose 6 chromatography showed
      that the enzyme exists in two polymeric forms, a highly active polymer of greater
      than or equal to 40 subunits and less active octamer. The former predominates in
      livers of fed rats, whereas the latter predominates in livers of fasted rats. The
      octamer could be converted to the highly active polymer by dephosphorylation.
      These observations indicate that fasting/refeeding results in
      phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase with concomitant
      depolymerization/polymerization of the protein and ultimately decreasing or
      increasing its specific activity.

PMID- 2896195
TI  - Evolutionary conservation among biotin enzymes.

PMID- 2896196
TI  - Mutagenesis of the alpha subunit of the F1Fo-ATPase from Escherichia coli.
      Mutations at Glu-196, Pro-190, and Ser-199.
AB  - In an attempt to identify amino acid residues involved in proton translocation by
      the Fo sector of the Escherichia coli F1Fo-ATPase, 16 mutations at the carboxyl
      terminal third of the a subunit have been isolated, and their phenotypes have
      been partially characterized. Thirteen mutations were constructed by "cassette"
      mutagenesis at two highly conserved residues, aglu196 and apro190. Two mutations
      were products of oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of a portion of of
      oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of a portion of the uncB gene cloned into an
      M13 vector. One mutation was isolated after in vitro mutagenesis of the entire
      uncB gene in a plasmid vector with hydroxylamine. Amino acid substitutions for
      aglu196 (Asp, Gln, His, Asn, Lys, Ala, Ser, Pro) affect ATP-driven proton
      translocation and passive proton permeability by Fo to varying extents, but do
      not prevent growth on minimal succinate media. Amino acid substitutions of
      glutamine or arginine for apro190 affect F1Fo-ATPase assembly and eliminate ATP
      driven proton translocation, while the substitution of asparagine at this
      position does not significantly affect either assembly or proton translocation.
      The substitution of amino acids threonine or alanine for aser199 causes no
      detectable phenotypic change from wild type. These and other mutations are
      discussed in terms of the assembly, structure, and function of the a subunit. It
      is concluded that aglu196 and apro190 are not obligate components of the proton
      channel, but that they affect proton translocation indirectly.

PMID- 2896197
TI  - Interaction between Glu-219 and His-245 within the a subunit of F1F0-ATPase in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to generate mutations in the a
      subunit gene (uncB) altering the glutamic acid 219 and the histidine 245 codons.
      Substitutions of aspartic acid, glutamine, histidine, and leucine for glutamic
      acid at position 219 neither alter the hydrolytic activity of membrane-bound F1
      nor the association of F1 with F0. However, the efficiency of F0-mediated proton
      translocation was reduced to varying degrees. Replacement of glutamic acid 219
      with leucine reduced the ATP-driven proton pumping activity of intact F1F0 to
      undetectable levels. Roughly 5% of normal activity was observed when glutamine
      occupied position 219. Surprisingly higher activity, approaching 20% of wild type
      levels, is seen when histidine replaced glutamic acid 219. The aspartic acid
      substitution resulted in little loss of enzyme function. Substitution of glutamic
      acid for histidine 245 results in a reduction to about 45% of normal proton
      translocation. Construction of the double mutant with substitution of histidine
      at position 219 and glutamic acid at position 245 yields a complex with better
      proton translocation than with either mutant separately. The possibility that a
      functionally important interaction between histidine 245 and glutamic acid 219 of
      the a subunit may be directly involved in the proton translocation mechanism of
      F1F0-ATP synthase is discussed.

PMID- 2896198
TI  - Protease So from Escherichia coli preferentially degrades oxidatively damaged
      glutamine synthetase.
AB  - After oxidative damage (e.g. induced with iron, ascorbate, and oxygen), the
      inactivated glutamine synthetase is selectively hydrolyzed in extracts of
      Escherichia coli. We therefore tested if glutamine synthetase treated with this
      system is hydrolyzed preferentially by any of the known E. coli proteases.
      Protease So, a cytoplasmic serine protease, was found to degrade the oxidized
      form of glutamine synthetase to acid-soluble peptides 5-10 times faster than the
      native glutamine synthetase. Degradation of the oxidized glutamine synthetase was
      inhibited by EDTA and stimulated 5-10-fold by Mg2+, Ca2+, or Mn2+, even though
      casein hydrolysis by protease So is not affected by divalent cations. Apparently,
      these cations affect the conformation of this substrate, making it more
      susceptible to proteolytic attack. Protease Re, another cytoplasmic protease,
      also degrades preferentially the oxidized form of glutamine synthetase and seems
      to correspond to the glutamine synthetase-degrading activity recently described
      by Roseman and Levine [1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 2101-2110). However, it is much
      less active in this reaction than protease So. No other soluble E. coli protease,
      including Do, Ci, Mi, Fa, Pi, or the ATP-dependent proteases Ti and La (the lon
      product), appears to degrade this oxidized protein. These results suggest that
      protease So participates in the hydrolysis of oxidatively damaged proteins and
      that E. coli has multiple systems for degrading different types of aberrant
      proteins.

PMID- 2896199
TI  - Dynein isoforms in sea urchin eggs.
AB  - Biochemical and immunological analysis of unfertilized sea urchin eggs has
      revealed the presence of at least two distinct isoforms of cytoplasmic dyneins,
      one soluble and the other microtubule-associated. The soluble enzyme is a 20 S
      particle with a MgATPase activity that can be activated 5-fold by nonionic
      detergents. It contains heavy chain polypeptides that 1) comigrate with the
      dynein heavy chains of embryonic cilia; 2) cross-react with antibodies against
      flagellar dynein; and 3) are cleaved by UV irradiation in the presence of MgATP
      and sodium vanadate into specific peptide fragments. The soluble egg dynein is,
      therefore, closely related to axonemal dynein and may be a ciliary precursor. Egg
      microtubule preparations contain a distinct dynein-like polypeptide, previously
      designated HMr-3 (Scholey, J.M., Neighbors, B., McIntosh, J.R., and Salmon, E.D.
      (1984) J. Biol Chem. 259, 6516-6525). HMr-3 binds microtubules in an ATP
      sensitive fashion; it sediments at 20 S on sucrose density gradients, and it is
      susceptible to vanadate-sensitized UV cleavage. However, HMr-3 can be
      distinguished from the soluble cytoplasmic dynein on the basis of its weak cross
      reactivity with antiflagellar dynein antibodies, its heavy chain composition on
      high resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its
      low specific ATPase activity, and the molecular weight of its vanadate-induced UV
      cleavage fragments. HMr-3 may represent a dynein-like polypeptide that is
      distinct from the pool of ciliary dynein precursors.

PMID- 2896200
TI  - Functional reconstitution of prostaglandin E receptor from bovine adrenal medulla
      with guanine nucleotide binding proteins.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was found to bind specifically to a 100,000 x g pellet
      prepared from bovine adrenal medulla. The PGE receptor was associated with a GTP
      binding protein (G-protein) and could be covalently cross-linked with this G
      protein by dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) in the 100,000 x g pellet (Negishi,
      M., Ito, S., Tanaka, T., Yokohama, H., Hayashi, H., Katada, T., Ui, M., and
      Hayaishi, O. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12077-12084). In order to characterize
      the G-protein associated with the PGE receptor and reconstitute these proteins in
      phospholipid vesicles, we purified the G-protein to apparent homogeneity from the
      100,000 x g pellet. The G-protein served as a substrate of pertussis toxin but
      differed in its alpha subunit from two known pertussis toxin substrate G-proteins
      (Gi and Go) purified from bovine brain. The molecular weight of the alpha subunit
      was 40,000, which is between those of Gi and Go. The purified protein was also
      distinguished immunologically from Gi and Go and was referred to as Gam. PGE
      receptor was solubilized by 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1
      propanesulfonic acid and freed from G-proteins by wheat germ agglutinin column
      chromatography. Reconstitution of the PGE receptor with pure Gam, Gi, or Go in
      phospholipid vesicles resulted in a remarkable restoration of [3H]PGE2 binding
      activity in a GTP-dependent manner. The efficiency of these three G-proteins in
      this capacity was roughly equal. When pertussis toxin- or N-ethylmaleimide
      treated G-proteins, instead of the native ones, were reconstituted into vesicles,
      the restoration of binding activity was no longer observed. The displacement of
      [3H]PGE2 binding was specific for PGE1 and PGE2. Furthermore, addition of PGE2
      stimulated the GTPase activity of the G-proteins in reconstituted vesicles. These
      results indicate that the PGE receptor can couple functionally with Gam, Gi, or
      Go in phospholipid vesicles and suggest that Gam may be involved in signal
      transduction of the PGE receptor in bovine adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2896201
TI  - The interaction of Ca2+ with the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase from
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis, the etiologic agent of whooping cough, produces a
      calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase which elevates intracellular cAMP in a
      variety of eucaryotic cells. Exogenous calmodulin added to the partially purified
      adenylate cyclase has been shown to inhibit invasion of animal cells by this
      enzyme (Shattuck, R. L., and Storm, D. R. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 6323-6328). In
      this study, several properties of the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase are
      shown to be influenced by Ca2+ in the absence of calmodulin. The presence or
      absence of Ca2+ during QAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography produced two
      distinct chromatographic patterns of adenylate cyclase activity. Two different
      forms of the enzyme (Pk1 and Pk2EGTA) were isolated by this procedure. Pk1
      adenylate cyclase readily elevated intracellular cAMP levels in mouse
      neuroblastoma cells (N1E-115) while Pk2EGTA adenylate cyclase had no effect on
      cAMP levels in these cells. Gel exclusion chromatography of Pk1 adenylate cyclase
      gave apparent Stokes radii (RS) of 43.5 A (+/- 1.3) in the presence of 2 mM CaCl2
      and 33.8 A (+/- 0.94) in the presence of 2 mM EGTA [( ethylenebis
      (oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid). These Stokes radii are consistent with
      molecular weights of 104,000 (+/- 6,400) and 61,000 (+/- 3,600), respectively.
      Pk2EGTA adenylate cyclase had an apparent RS of 33.0 (+/- 1.2) (Mr = 60,600 (+/-
      2,800] in the presence of Ca2+ or excess EGTA. At 60 degrees C, Pk1 adenylate
      cyclase exhibited a Ca2+-dependent heat stability with a half-life for loss of
      enzyme activity of 10.3 min in 5 mM CaCl2 and a half-life of 2.8 min in the
      presence of 0.1 microM CaCl2. The stability of Pk2EGTA adenylate cyclase was not
      affected by changes in free Ca2+. The adenylate cyclase preparations described
      above were submitted to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and enzyme activity was recovered from gel slices by extraction
      with detergent containing buffers. The catalytic subunit isolated from SDS
      polyacrylamide gels was activated 7-fold in the presence of Ca2+ with maximum
      activity observed at 1 microM free Ca2+. With both preparations, the apparent
      molecular weight of the catalytic subunit on SDS gels was 51,000 in the presence
      of 2 mM CaCl2 and 45,000 in the presence of 2 mM EGTA. The catalytic subunit of
      the enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and resubmitted to SDS gel electrophoresis in the presence or
      absence of free Ca2+. The purified catalytic subunit also exhibited a Ca2+
      dependent shift in its mobility on SDS gels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2896202
TI  - Sensitive method of detection, quantitation and purification of peptides using
      pre-column derivatization with phenyl isothiocyanate.
AB  - A sensitive method for the detection, quantitation and purification of peptides
      is described. The method is based on pre-column derivatization of peptides with
      phenyl isothiocyanate to form phenylthiocarbamoyl derivatives (PTC peptides). The
      derivatized peptides are analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography on a Zorbax ODS column (5 micron) and detected at 269 nm with a
      sensitivity limit of 1-5 pmol. The technique was utilized for the separation of a
      mixture of closely related synthetic peptides. The eluted PTC peptides were
      collected with an average recovery yield of 75% as determined by amino acid
      analysis. This method of separation of PTC peptides was also combined with the
      determination of the complete structure of recovered PTC-dynorphin A-(1-13) using
      the solid-phase sequenator (Sequemat). The advantages of the derivatization
      method are the rapidity and completeness of the reaction, the stability of the
      product, the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of derivatized peptides
      and the compatibility of the technique with subsequent analytical procedures. A
      particular application of this method was exemplified by the dosage of
      enkephalins secreted from perfused bovine adrenal glands.

PMID- 2896203
TI  - Measurement and characterization of somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity in
      human urine.
AB  - Timed urine collections were obtained from normal men and women for a study of
      somatostatin in urine. Somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity (S-14 LI) was
      extracted from urine by adsorption to C-18 silica cartridges, and the extracts
      were analyzed by RIA directly or after gel and high pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). S-14 LI was consistently detected in all urine samples.
      The mean S-14 LI content in 24-h collections in men [10.96 +/- 0.91 (+/- SE)
      pmol/24 h; n = 10; total volume, 1.96 +/- 0.09 L] was not significantly different
      from that in women (9.09 +/- 0.85 pmol/24 h; n = 10; total volume, 1.87 +/- 0.09
      L). Gel chromatography of 24-h urine collections revealed three major peaks of S
      14 LI coeluting with S-14, S-28, and a 12,000 mol wt species corresponding to
      prosomatostatin. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of S-14, S-28, and the
      12,000 mol wt form and additionally revealed a major fourth peak of 3,000 mol wt,
      closely related to S-28. Immunoreactivity corresponding to [Des,Ala1]S-14 (S-13)
      was identified by HPLC coelution with synthetic S-13 and reactivity in a
      centrally, but not N-terminally directed, S-14 RIA. The relative proportions of
      the different HPLC peaks varied considerably during the 24-h period. S-14 and S
      28 were excreted preferentially during the day, whereas the 12,000 and 3,000 mol
      wt forms were excreted preferentially at night. The ingestion of a mixed meal
      evoked parallel increases in plasma S-14 LI and urinary S-14 LI excretion in six
      normal subjects. We conclude that the principal circulating forms of S-14 LI (S
      14, S-28, S-13, and pro-S) are present in urine and that the measurement of
      urinary S-14 LI could provide a reliable index of integrated plasma S-14 LI
      concentrations.

PMID- 2896204
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of flestolol, a titratable short-acting intravenous beta
      adrenergic receptor blocker.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of flestolol were evaluated in 30 patients undergoing
      routine cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained during
      baseline (prior to flestolol), at steady state during IV flestolol infusion (1,
      5, and 10 micrograms/kg/min) and at 20 to 30 minutes after discontinuation
      (postinfusion). Flestolol-induced hemodynamic changes were similar to those
      induced by other beta blockers without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
      Significant dose-dependent reduction in heart rate, rate pressure product, and
      increase in peripheral vascular resistance were seen. Flestolol produced
      clinically insignificant decrease in myocardial contractility as shown by slight
      decrease in LVdp/dt, CI, and LVEF. Hemodynamic data from patients with paced
      heart rate, further confirms a direct mild cardiac depressant effect of
      flestolol, a finding common to other beta blockers. Consistent with the short
      elimination half-life of flestolol (t1/2 = 6.5 minutes), most of the hemodynamic
      changes rapidly returned to preinfusion level within 20 to 30 minutes following
      its discontinuation. Thus flestolol, with its unique pharmacokinetic profile and
      titrability, may be beneficial in the treatment of critically ill patients.

PMID- 2896205
TI  - Catecholaminergic subpopulation of retinal displaced ganglion cells projects to
      the accessory optic nucleus in the pigeon (Columba livia).
AB  - In birds, displaced ganglion cells (DGCs) constitute the exclusive source of
      retinal input to the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) of the accessory
      optic system. Tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was examined in the
      pigeon retina after injections of rhodamine-labeled microspheres into the nBOR. A
      population of about 400 DGCs was observed in each case to exhibit both TH
      immunoreactivity and rhodamine bead fluorescence. This corresponded to about 10
      15% of the total number of identified DGCs in each retina. Double-labeled cells
      were medium- to large-size (12 to 20 microns in the largest axis) and were always
      located at the border between the inner nuclear and the inner plexiform layers.
      Their dendrites could be followed horizontally in lamina 1 of the inner plexiform
      layer for up to 300 microns from the cell body. The distribution of double
      labeled DGCs appeared to be mostly peripheral, matching the overall distribution
      of identified DGCs. Larger DGCs (21-28 microns) were never seen to contain TH
      immunoreactivity. Examination of brain sections revealed plexuses of thin
      varicose TH-positive axons in all subdivisions of the nBOR. Unilateral
      enucleation produced an almost complete elimination of TH immunoreactivity in the
      contralateral nucleus. Such results suggest the existence of a population of
      catecholaminergic DGCs projecting into the accessory optic system of the pigeon.
      They also support the emerging hypothesis concerning the neurotransmitter
      heterogeneity of ganglion cells in the vertebrate retina.

PMID- 2896206
TI  - Injection of synthetic human growth hormone-releasing factors in dairy cows. 1.
      Effect on feed intake and milk yield and composition.
AB  - Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows in the second half of their lactation were
      used to determine the effect of human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-44)NH2
      and a fragment of growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 on lactational
      performance and feed intake. Saline, the 44-amino acid peptide or the 29-amino
      acid fragment, at the same dose per injection (.2 nmol.kg-1) was injected
      intravenously at 4-h intervals for 10 d. Average milk yield, milk composition,
      feed intake, and feed efficiency were compared for the second half of each 10-d
      preinjection, injection, and post-injection period. Injections of the 44-amino
      acid peptide and the 29-amino acid fragment increased milk yield 18.6 and 14.6%,
      respectively. Feed intake was not changed, but feed efficiency was increased 23.9
      and 18.8% over control following 44-amino acid peptide and the 29-amino acid
      fragment injection, respectively. The lactational response was not different
      between the two peptides for any of the variables measured. This study
      demonstrates the feasibility of using a growth hormone-releasing factor fragment
      as an alternative method of elevating milk yield in cattle via somatotropins.

PMID- 2896207
TI  - Effect of a new long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on glycemic and
      hormonal response to a mixed meal in acromegalic patients.
AB  - We investigated in 6 acromegalic patients the acute effects on glucose tolerance
      and insulin secretion of a single sc injection of the somatostatin analogue SMS
      201-995, performed 4 h before a mixed meal with xylose administration. Growth
      hormone levels decreased from 34.0 +/- 20.3 (mean +/- SE) to a minimum of 9.3 +/-
      3.0 ng/ml, 3 1/2 h after the injection. A significant inhibition of insulin
      secretion was also noticed, with a fall from 25.3 +/- 6.4 to 6.3 +/- 2.3
      microU/ml at 1 h, and a lower and delayed peak level after the mixed meal.
      However, the postprandial plasma glucose increase was not different from a
      control day, while plasma xylose levels were lower. Mean glucagon level after SMS
      201-995 was lower than control value in 3 out of the 4 patients in whom it was
      determined. The decrease of serum growth hormone levels, together with partial
      glucagon inhibition and, more important, a slowing of intestinal absorptive
      processes, counterbalanced the inhibitory action of SMS 201-995 on insulin
      secretion, and no deterioration in carbohydrate tolerance could be demonstrated.
      However, before SMS 201-995 is employed in the management of acromegalic patients
      refractory to surgery and bromocriptine therapy, we need further observations of
      postprandial glycemic profiles during long-term therapy with multiple daily
      injections of the compound.

PMID- 2896209
TI  - Immune studies in the depigmenting C57BL/Ler-vit/vit mice. An apparent isolated
      loss of contact hypersensitivity.
AB  - Vitiligo is a human disorder which destroys pigment cells in the skin, ears,
      eyes, and meningeal tissues and has often been associated with a variety of
      autoimmune disorders. The C57BL/Ler-vit/vit mouse is a mutant strain that
      exhibits a loss of epidermal pigment cells and a selective cell-mediated immune
      deficiency to epicutaneous-administered allergens. This observation is consistent
      with that observed in humans with vitiligo, who also exhibit loss of contact
      hypersensitivity (CHS), that appears to be associated with loss of pigment cells
      from the epidermis. Other cellular immune parameters such as delayed type
      hypersensitivity and antibody generation to both particulate and soluble Ag are
      normal or even hyperimmune in the vit/vit mice compared with congenic C57BL/6
      controls. Cyclophosphamide treatment could reconstitute CHS responsiveness of the
      vit/vit mice to the allergen dinitrofluorobenzene. Further, this loss of CHS
      responsiveness to dinitrofluorobenzene could be restored with skin transplants
      from normal pigmented C57BL/6 mice to vit/vit mice. Normal C57BL/6 mice bearing
      white skin grafts from vit/vit mice did not contact sensitize. We suggest that
      this vit/vit mouse strain may serve as an excellent system to investigate various
      aspects of other contact hypersensitivity reactions as well as vitiligo.

PMID- 2896210
TI  - The gene for T11 (CD2) maps to chromosome 1 in humans and to chromosome 3 in
      mice.
AB  - The chromosomal locations of the human and murine T11 (CD2) gene have been
      determined. Using recently cloned cDNA to probe Southern blots of mouse X human
      and Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrids, we have localized the human T11
      gene to chromosome 1 and the murine T11 gene to chromosome 3. Based on previously
      determined blocks of homology between human chromosome 1 and mouse chromosome 3,
      it is suggested that the human T11 gene may lie on the short arm of chromosome 1
      proximal to p221. Thus, the T11 gene is not linked to any other genes for T cell
      markers that have been mapped to date.

PMID- 2896211
TI  - Prerequisite for the induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells from T
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Human blood mononuclear cells were separated into Leu-11+7-NK, Leu-11-7+, and Leu
      11-7-T cells by means of a combination of the Percoll gradient method and C
      mediated cytolysis using mAb. When purified Leu-11+7-NK, Leu-11-7+, and Leu-11-7
      T cells were cultured with rIL 2 (500 U/ml) for 6 days in a medium supplemented
      with 10% FCS, Leu-11+7-NK cells responded at the maximum level and Leu-11-7+
      cells responded moderately as shown by both cell-proliferation response and
      cytotoxic activity generated. On the other hand, Leu-11-7-T cells did not respond
      at all to rIL-2. However, when Leu-11-7-T cells were cultured with rIL-2 in a
      medium supplemented with 10% autologous serum, they showed considerable
      responsiveness to rIL-2. In addition, much greater response to Leu-11-7-T cells
      were produced by the addition of monocytes. Monocyte cytokines, neither IL 1, IFN
      gamma, TNF, nor their combination were able to substitute for monocytes in the
      induction culture. In contrast, the response level of Leu-11+7- NK cells remained
      unchanged irrespective of supplementation with autologous serum to medium or the
      addition of monocytes to the culture. These results indicated that culture
      conditions in the experiments significantly affected the results as to
      determination of lymphokine-activated killer cell precursors, especially the
      result pertaining to the conversion of T lymphocytes to lymphokine-activated
      killer cells. Under appropriate conditions, not only NK cells but also T cells
      are important precursors of lymphokine-activated killer cells.

PMID- 2896208
TI  - Regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion in the fetus and
      neonate.

PMID- 2896212
TI  - A flexible peptide spacer increases the efficacy of holoricin anti-T cell
      immunotoxins.
AB  - Immunotoxins, constructed by chemically cross-linking an antibody and protein
      toxin, do not possess the high efficacy of the native toxin. Decreases in
      toxicity are due in part to the steric constraints imposed on the two
      macromolecules, which result in both decreased antibody binding and toxin
      function. In examining the structural features that influence efficacy in
      holotoxin-antibody conjugates, it was found that the incorporation of a 29
      residue polypeptide, derived from the insulin B chain between the antibody and
      ricin moiety, resulted in an increase in both potency and efficacy. In a murine
      model system, potency of the peptide spacer conjugate was increased nearly 10
      fold; however, when examined by the procedure used to purge bone marrow, the
      peptide spacer conjugate was not demonstrably more toxic to nontarget cells than
      the nonspacer conjugate. Thus, in addition to increases of efficacy and potency,
      this novel immunotoxin demonstrated increased specificity by approximately 10
      fold. To test the general utility of peptide spacer inclusion, a T101-ricin
      conjugate was constructed with the peptide spacer. It yielded a protein synthesis
      inhibition rate of -0.6 log/h on MOLT-3 cells, greater than 10-fold more
      efficacious than a previously constructed nonspacer T101-ricin conjugate examined
      under similar conditions.

PMID- 2896213
TI  - IL-4-induced lymphokine-activated killer cells. Lytic activity is mediated by
      phenotypically distinct natural killer-like and T cell-like large granular
      lymphocytes.
AB  - The purpose of the current study was to characterize lymphokine-activated killer
      (LAK) activity induced with IL-4/B cell stimulatory factor-1 and to compare IL-4
      induced LAK activity with IL-2-induced LAK activity. Culture of murine
      lymphocytes with high concentrations of IL-4 induced nonspecific lytic activity
      against a wide variety of tumors. Lytic activity induced by IL-4 increased with
      increasing concentrations of IL-4 over the range of 1.0 to 25 ng/ml. The kinetics
      of LAK induction by IL-4 and IL-2 were similar; however, IL-4 was less effective
      than IL-2 in maintaining lytic activity for longer culture periods and provided
      lower viable cell yields than did IL-2. Similar to IL-2, IL-4 induced
      blastogenesis and the generation of large granular lymphocytes, all LAK activity
      observed was exclusively associated with the large granular lymphocyte fraction,
      and the cytolytic effector cells were heterogeneous in regards to cell surface
      phenotype. The majority of IL-4-induced lytic activity was associated with
      mutually exclusive NK-like (i.e., NK-1.1+ Lyt-2-) and T cell-like (i.e., NK-1.1-
      Lyt-2+) LAK cells. The precursors for each subset were distinct and expressed the
      asialo-GM1+ Lyt-2- and the asialo-GM1+ Lyt-2+ phenotypes, respectively. Although
      IL-4-induced LAK effector cells were morphologically and phenotypically similar
      to IL-2-induced LAK cells, IL-2 generated equivalent numbers of T cell-like and
      NK-like LAK cells, whereas IL-4 generated 3.5-fold more T cell-like LAK cells
      than NK-like LAK cells. It might eventually be possible to exploit the
      preferential activation of T cell-like LAK by IL-4 for therapeutic advantage.

PMID- 2896214
TI  - Anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies and calcium ionophore A23187 modulate lytic
      activity in CD4+ and CD8+ alloreactive clones.
AB  - Alloreactive cytolytic clones can be modified in terms of their lytic specificity
      by several agents. We have evaluated the effects of anti-CD2 and anti-CD3 mAb and
      the calcium ionophore A23187 on CD4+ and CD8+ allospecific cytolytic clones. All
      these agents can modify the specificity of clones although the range of targets
      lysed depends on the agent used and subtype of the clone. Inhibition studies
      suggest that surface structures that are involved in non-specific cell-cell
      interaction processes play a role in this non-MHC-restricted cytolysis.

PMID- 2896215
TI  - Hormone receptors on cloned T lymphocytes. Increased responsiveness to histamine,
      prostaglandins, and beta-adrenergic agents as a late stage event in T cell
      activation.
AB  - Lymphocytes have surface receptors for a variety of hormones that play an
      important part in modulating the immune response. Most previous studies, however,
      have examined the effects of hormone agonists on heterogeneous bulk populations
      of cells, making it difficult to precisely identify the responding target cells.
      We have therefore studied a set of well characterized T cell clones for a series
      of adenylate cyclase-linked hormone receptors and examined changes in receptor
      expression that occur after cell activation. All clones tested had receptors for
      histamine, isoproterenol, and PGE1, but not for several other cAMP-active hormone
      agonists. The apparent receptor affinities and their specificities were
      characteristic of typical histamine H2, beta 2-adrenergic, and PGE receptors. The
      cAMP response to PG was higher and longer lasting than that to histamine or
      isoproterenol, both of which appear to undergo receptor desensitization. After
      activation of quiescent cells in IL-2-containing media, the cAMP response to all
      three ligands increased, peaking 4 to 5 days after stimulation, and then returned
      to basal levels as the cells ceased proliferating. Inasmuch as this effect did
      not require Ag, it appears that the coordinate regulation of responsiveness to
      these ligands is a direct result of lymphocyte activation. This increase in
      hormone receptor activity is functionally analogous to the up-regulation of
      receptors for other ligands that occurs after lymphocyte activation and further
      demonstrates the important immunoregulatory role played by the changing
      repertoire of surface receptors that is associated with activation.

PMID- 2896216
TI  - Induction and regulation of CD2 mRNA in human lymphocytes.
AB  - Herein we studied the accumulation and decay of CD2 mRNA in human PBMC stimulated
      with PHA. The data show that CD2-specific messages are present in low quantities
      in resting PBMC and are rapidly increased by five- to sevenfold within 24 h of
      addition of optimal amounts of PHA. Similar induction of CD2 mRNA was seen after
      stimulation of PBMC with anti-CD3 mAb and PMA. Peak levels of CD2 message were
      maintained until 72 h post-stimulation and declined gradually thereafter. Despite
      stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus and PMA, purified B cells failed to
      demonstrate any CD2 mRNA. Unlike transferrin or IL-2R mRNA, Il-2 had no effect on
      the accumulation of CD2 messages in resting or PHA-stimulated PBMC. The time
      course of CD2 mRNA accumulation preceded lymphocyte proliferation and the
      appearance of additional cell surface CD2 Ag. The decay of CD2 mRNA was very
      rapid, with a t 1/2 of approximately 45 min. The protein synthesis inhibitor,
      cycloheximide, increased its half-time by fourfold to 3.5 h. The data imply the
      existence of a labile factor, dependent on protein synthesis that is important in
      the regulation of CD2 mRNA. Compared to other PHA-inducible lymphocyte genes, the
      kinetics of CD2 transcript accumulation are most reminiscent of the oncogenes N
      ras and c-abl.

PMID- 2896217
TI  - Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in mice: precursor frequency analysis and
      cloning of concanavalin A-reactive cells.
AB  - Bulk cultures of mouse Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (Thy-1+ DEC) have been
      shown to proliferate in response to concanavalin A (Con A) and IL-2, to secrete
      IL-2-like growth factors, and to lyse target cells such as YAC-1. Limiting
      dilution microculture was utilized in order to determine the precursor frequency
      of Con A-responsive Thy-1+ DEC in suspensions of AKR/J epidermal cells as well as
      whether these several functional activities all reside within a single Thy-1+ DEC
      precursor. Precursor frequency analysis of cultures established with limiting
      numbers of FACS-purified Thy-1+ DEC, irradiated syngeneic splenic filler cells
      and exogenous IL-2 indicated that approximately 20% of Thy-1+ DEC proliferated in
      response to Con A. Parallel microcultures in which purified Thy-1+ DEC were
      plated at a density of 0.5 cells/well were used to establish clones. Twenty
      clones were characterized phenotypically, and ten of these were also tested for
      their capacities to proliferate in response to Con A or IL-2, to secrete IL-2
      like growth factors, and to exhibit cytotoxicity. All clones were Thy-1+ and L3T4
      , but while most were also Lyt-2-, several contained 3%-18% dull Lyt-2+ cells.
      Functional studies revealed that each clone displayed all of the above functional
      activities, albeit with substantial quantitative variation. Clones with the
      highest cytotoxic activity had relatively low responsiveness to Con A or IL-2 and
      included all clones containing dull Lyt-2+ cells; conversely, clones with the
      highest proliferative responses had relatively low cytotoxic activity and were
      all Lyt-2-. This degree of functional and phenotypic heterogeneity among cloned
      Thy-1+ DEC may reflect their particular states of activation or differentiation;
      whether it reflects the biologically relevant in vivo activities of these cells
      must still be determined.

PMID- 2896218
TI  - Ratio of Langerhans cells to Thy-1+ dendritic cells in contact hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2896220
TI  - Transient elevation of serum bile acids during acute pancreatitis.
AB  - An increase of serum bile acids was detected in patients with biliary acute
      pancreatitis who could be investigated during the first 24 hours after the onset
      of the acute phenomena. Serum bile acids levels, as well as alpha-amylase
      activity, however rapidly decreased and were found within normal limits after 48
      72 h, while the increased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity persisted for
      at least 7 days. Changes affecting serum bile acids in patients with acute
      pancreatitis unassociated to biliary disease or in patients with acute biliary
      disease unaccompanied by a pancreatic reaction were less important. Mechanisms
      leading to these changes and their possible pathogenic relevance are briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 2896219
TI  - Travelers' diarrhea in West Africa and Mexico: fecal transport systems and liquid
      bismuth subsalicylate for self-therapy.
AB  - The goals of this study were threefold: to compare the etiology of travelers'
      diarrhea in West Africa and Mexico, to evaluate two fecal transport systems for
      the recovery of enteropathogens, and to verify the efficacy of liquid bismuth
      subsalicylate (BSS) in different locations and under different entrance criteria
      for disease severity. The study populations consisted of 133 European tourists in
      West Africa and 112 American students in Mexico who had suffered from travelers'
      diarrhea. In 60% and 38% of the stool samples at the two study sites, similar
      proportions of enteropathogens were detected. A two-vial system consisting of
      Enteric Plus medium and polyvinyl alcohol fixative was slightly superior for
      identifying enteric pathogens than was a three-vial system with buffered glycerol
      saline, Cary-Blair medium with campylobacter antibodies, and polyvinyl alcohol
      fixative. In a parallel, double-blind, randomized trial, BSS significantly
      shortened disease duration at both study sites.

PMID- 2896222
TI  - The presence of adult T cell leukemia virus proviral DNA in pregnant healthy
      carriers and the absence of proviral DNA in neonates born to carrier mothers.

PMID- 2896221
TI  - Influence of cold challenge on finger skin temperature during long-term use of
      beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hypertensive patients.
AB  - Because complaints of cold extremities are a frequent side effect of beta
      adrenoceptor blocking drugs, we assessed Finger Skin Temperature (FST) during a
      standardized Finger Cooling Test (FCT) in 51 normals and in 50 hypertensive
      patients after long term treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blockers. In the 29
      hypertensive patients with complaints of cold extremities the recovery of FST
      after cold challenge was significantly worse as compared to the 21 hypertensive
      patients without complaints. Hypertensive women who used beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking agents showed lower FST-values after the cold test in comparison to
      hypertensive men. No difference in recovery of FST were found between the users
      of non-selective and selective beta-adrenoceptor blockers. We conclude that the
      FCT is a suitable method to detect a decreased ability of vasodilate during
      chronic beta-adrenoceptor blockade in hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2896223
TI  - Variable reduction in beta-adrenergic sweat secretion in cystic fibrosis
      heterozygotes.
AB  - Because patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) consistently lack sweating response to
      isoproterenol (ISO) in vivo and in vitro, we studied to what extent beta
      adrenergic defect is expressed in CF heterozygotes. To improve the sensitivity
      and accuracy of determining the sweating response to intradermal ISO (also
      containing theophylline and atropine), a water vapor analyzer was used, and the
      peak sweat rates attained after intradermal injection in the forearm of optimal
      concentrations of ISO and methacholine (MCH) were determined. The peak ISO sweat
      rate was further normalized by the peak MCH sweat rate in each individual and
      expressed as the relative ISO sweat ratemax (in percent). The relative ISO sweat
      ratemax was determined independent of age and sex and was unchanged after brief
      acclimatization. The mean relative ISO sweat ratemax of CF heterozygotes was
      significantly lower than that of controls (10.1% vs 19.5%); however, 21 of the 54
      CF heterozygotes overlapped with controls, and the remainder of the CF
      heterozygotes fell below the arbitrary demarcation line drawn at the relative
      sweat rate of around 10%. Thus, although the ISO sweat test may not be a
      practical discrimination test for CF heterozygotes, knowledge of the diversity of
      beta-adrenergic sweating responses in CF heterozygotes will provide a useful data
      base for further understanding the possible linkage (or its absence) between the
      abnormal CF gene(s) (which may be identified by molecular biologists in the near
      future) and the abnormal intracellular process(es) that takes place during beta
      adrenergic stimulation of the CF eccrine sweat gland.

PMID- 2896224
TI  - Single stage repair for severe hypospadias.

PMID- 2896225
TI  - Release of pertussis toxin and its interaction with outer-membrane antigens.
AB  - The absence of subunit S3 in cell-associated pertussis toxin (PT) from a mutant
      of Bordetella pertussis which failed to produce cell-free toxin suggested that
      this subunit was involved in the release of PT into the culture medium. The
      addition of methylated beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) to the culture medium caused a
      small but consistent increase in the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by four
      wild-type strains of B. pertussis. Since previous studies have shown that MCD
      also enhances the levels of PT in culture supernates, it seemed probable that the
      increased shedding of outer-membranes vesicles (OMV) may explain the increased
      levels of both cell-free PT and LPS. Release of PT was inhibited in media
      buffered with HEPES but was unaffected in Tris/HC1 buffer. This suggested that in
      addition to shedding of the outer membrane, increased permeability and greater
      destabilization of the outer membrane, as caused by Tris/HC1 buffer, may be
      important in the release of PT. Our data do not support the idea that PT is
      packaged into OMV because only an insignificant proportion (0.01%) of the total
      cell-free PT was associated with LPS. The association of PT with small micelles
      derived from outer-membrane amphiphiles may be more important since the LPS
      content of PT purified from culture supernates (containing no large OMV) was
      nearly 18% by weight.

PMID- 2896226
TI  - Coordinated regulation of ammonium assimilation and carbon catabolism by
      glyoxylate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The activities of citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) and NADP+-dependent glutamate
      dehydrogenase (GDH) (EC 1.4.1.4) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inhibited in
      vitro by glyoxylate. In the presence of glyoxylate, pyruvate and glyoxylate pools
      increased, suggesting that glyoxylate was efficiently transported and
      catabolized. Pyruvate accumulation also indicates that citrate synthase was
      inhibited. A decrease in the glutamate pool was also observed under these
      conditions. This can be attributed to an increased transamination rate and to the
      inhibitory effect of glyoxylate on NADP+-dependent GDH. Furthermore, the increase
      in the ammonium pool in the presence of glyoxylate suggests that NADP+-dependent
      GDH was being inhibited in vivo, since the activity of glutamine synthetase did
      not decrease under these conditions. We propose that the inhibition of both
      citrate synthase and NADP+-dependent GDH could form part of a mechanism that
      regulates the internal 2-oxoglutarate concentration.

PMID- 2896227
TI  - A comparison of methodologies for the study of functional transmitter
      neurochemistry in human brain.
AB  - A number of different approaches to the study of functional neurochemistry in
      human brain are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of three main
      techniques are contrasted: (i) using animal tissue preparations as models of the
      human brain; (ii) using human peripheral tissue preparations as models of dynamic
      CNS processes; and (iii) studying human tissue, obtained postmortem, directly.
      Animal models are often readily obtained and reliable, and the high degree of
      inbreeding of common laboratory animals ensures that they usually yield
      consistent results. However, there are a number of human disorders for which
      animal models are either poor or unavailable, and species differences make
      extrapolation from the animal to the human case difficult. Human peripheral
      tissue models rely on a degree of homology between peripheral and CNS processes;
      in most cases, the evidence for such homologies derives from animal, rather than
      human, studies. Moreover, several examples are known where a peripheral process
      mimics the equivalent glial cell activity more closely than the neuronal, which
      can be a serious drawback for studies of neurotransmission. The use of postmortem
      human brain tissue presents a number of obvious difficulties, resulting from
      variations in the patient's age, agonal state, sex, preterminal medication,
      postmortem delay, etc. Human beings are genetically and nutritionally
      heterogeneous, so that data variability is usually greater here than when using
      tissue from laboratory animals. However, it is possible to control for a number
      of these factors, for example, by matching samples for basal metabolic rate and
      tissue integrity, and recently developed tissue freezing and storage techniques
      permit the use of within-subject experimental designs to help reduce experimental
      variation. A range of neurotransmitter functions are well retained in such tissue
      samples, so that regional variations, differential transmitter activities, drug
      effects, etc., can be studied in normal tissue samples, as well as in samples
      taken from cases of neurological and psychiatric disease. This allows, for
      example, changes in neuroanatomical indices to be correlated with localised
      alterations in a specific neurotransmitter function. A systematic approach to the
      analysis and matching of tissue samples is advocated. The three approaches should
      be considered to be complementary, especially for the study of human brain
      diseases.

PMID- 2896228
TI  - Long-term changes in rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase following reserpine
      treatment: a quantitative immunochemical analysis.
AB  - An immunoblot procedure was developed to quantify the amount of tyrosine
      hydroxylase protein in homogenate of small brain regions. With the use of this
      method we have studied the variations in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and
      protein levels in some catecholaminergic neurons at different times following a
      single reserpine injection (10 mg/kg s.c.) and reevaluated the anatomical
      specificity of tyrosine hydroxylase induction by this drug. Reserpine
      administration provoked a long-lasting increase in both tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity and protein levels within locus ceruleus neurons. This effect culminated
      at day 4 after injection. At this time, the enzyme activity and protein levels in
      treated animals were respectively 2.7 and 2.6 times that measured in vehicle
      treated animals. Both parameters varied in parallel so that tyrosine hydroxylase
      specific activity did not change over time. In contrast, reserpine did not cause
      any changes in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the dopaminergic neurons of the
      substantia nigra, but provoked a moderate increase in tyrosine hydroxylase
      protein level. This latter effect was maximal (1.5 times) 4 days after treatment.
      In the adjacent dopaminergic area, i.e., the ventral tegmental area, a small
      decrease in the enzyme activity was recorded at day 2 without any significant
      change in the level of the protein. In conclusion, first, our data show the
      capacity of our method to assay tyrosine hydroxylase protein amounts in small
      brain catecholaminergic nuclei. Second, our results confirm and extend previous
      studies on the effect of reserpine on the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase
      level within brain noradrenergic neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896229
TI  - Cellular location of glutamine synthetase and lactate dehydrogenase in
      oligodendrocyte-enriched cultures from rat brain.
AB  - Glial cells were isolated from 1-week-old rat brain and cultured in a serum-free
      medium supplemented with the hormones insulin, hydrocortisone, and
      triiodothyronine. After 1 week in culture the cell population consisted mainly of
      galactocerebroside-positive cells (GC+; oligodendrocytes), the remainder of the
      cells being positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+; astrocytes).
      Oligodendrocytes were selectively removed from the cultures by complement
      mediated cytolysis. The activities of glutamine synthetase and of various marker
      enzymes were measured in the nonlysed cells remaining after complement treatment
      of the cultures and in the culture medium containing proteins of the lysed cells.
      We found that the cellular activity of glutamine synthetase decreased in parallel
      with the lysis of GC+ cells and that the activity of glutamine synthetase in the
      supernatant increased. The activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a
      marker enzyme for oligodendrocytes, was no longer detectable in complement
      treated cultures and the activity of glutamine synthetase was markedly lowered,
      whereas the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was as high as in untreated
      cultures. The location of glutamine synthetase both in oligodendrocytes and in
      astrocytes was confirmed by double-label immunocytochemistry with antisera
      against glutamine synthetase, GC, and GFAP. We conclude that in this culture
      system glutamine synthetase is expressed in both types of glial cells and that
      the activity of lactate dehydrogenase is at least one order of magnitude higher
      in astrocytes than in oligodendrocytes.

PMID- 2896230
TI  - Histamine increases phospholipid methylation and H2-receptor-adenylate cyclase
      coupling in rat brain.
AB  - Histamine stimulated the enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from
      phosphatidylethanolamine in crude synaptic membranes of rat brain containing the
      methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). In the presence of, but not in the
      absence of SAM, histamine increased cyclic AMP accumulation at the concentrations
      that stimulate phospholipid methylation. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine, an inhibitor
      of phospholipid methyltransferases, inhibited histamine-stimulated phospholipid
      methylation and histamine-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in the presence of SAM
      in a concentration-dependent manner. Histamine-induced [3H]methyl incorporation
      into phospholipids exhibited a marked regional heterogeneity in rat brain in the
      order of cortex greater than medulla oblongata greater than hippocampus greater
      than striatum greater than midbrain greater than hypothalamus. The regional
      distribution of histamine-induced cyclic AMP accumulation exactly paralleled
      histamine-stimulated [3H]methyl incorporation in rat brain. Histamine-induced
      cyclic AMP accumulation was inhibited by the addition of cimetidine or
      famotidine, but not by mepyramine or diphenhydramine. The accumulation of cyclic
      AMP in the presence of SAM was observed by the addition of impromidine or
      dimaprit, but not by 2-pyridylethylamine. These results indicate that
      phospholipid methylation is induced by histamine and may participate in H2
      receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase in rat brain.

PMID- 2896231
TI  - Utilization of the synthetic phosphagen cyclocreatine phosphate by a simple brain
      model during stimulation by neuroexcitatory amino acids.
AB  - The ability of 1-carboxymethyl-2-imino-3-phosphonoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine
      P), accumulated by a simple brain model, to function as a supplemental synthetic
      phosphagen and respond to the decreases in cytosolic ATP/free ADP ratios that
      occur during prolonged stimulation by various excitatory amino acids was
      investigated. Suspensions of chopped whole brain from 11- to 14-day-old chick
      embryos were incubated with 30 mM cyclocreatine for 90 min, resulting in
      accumulation of 100 mumol/g dry weight of cyclocreatine-P, and then incubated for
      up to 1 h with a series of excitatory amino acids of widely differing potencies.
      Under these conditions net utilization of cyclocreatine-P was detected in
      response to stimulation by the following neuroexcitatory compounds at the
      indicated threshold concentrations: kainate (20 microM), N-methyl-DL-aspartate
      (20 microM), L-homocysteate (20 microM), L-glutamate (200 microM), D-glutamate
      (200 microM), L-aspartate (2 mM), DL-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (2 mM), and DL
      2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (2 mM). Significant increases in water content of
      chick embryo brain minces accompanied stimulation by excitatory amino acids. It
      is suggested that changes in water content or cyclocreatine-P levels in this
      sensitive brain model might be utilized in automatable screening procedures for
      detecting novel antagonists and/or new agonists of excitatory amino acids.

PMID- 2896232
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection of genetic diseases by analysis of
      deoxyribonucleic acid.

PMID- 2896233
TI  - Carrier detection in typical and atypical X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that B cells from obligate carriers of typical X
      linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) exhibit nonrandom X chromosome inactivation. The
      active X is always the X that does not carry the gene defect. To determine if
      this were also true in carriers of atypical XLA and to provide carrier detection
      for all women at risk of being carriers of XLA, we developed a technique that
      permits analysis of X chromosome inactivation in cells from any woman. This
      technique combines the production of somatic cell hybrids that selectively retain
      the active X chromosome with the use of X-linked restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms that permit the distinction of the two X chromosomes. Three
      obligate carriers of typical XLA and four women whose sons might be considered to
      have atypical or sporadic XLA were studied. B cell hybrids from all seven women
      demonstrated exclusive use a single X as the active X. In addition, B cell
      hybrids from four of eight women at 25% or 50% risk of being carriers exhibited
      nonrandom X chromosome inactivation, indicating that these women were also
      carriers of X-linked forms of hypogammaglobulinemia. These results illustrate a
      technique that can be used both to help define XLA and to provide carrier
      detection for all women at risk of being carriers of this disorder.

PMID- 2896235
TI  - Use of conditioned taste aversion as a conflict model: effects of anxiolytic
      drugs.
AB  - Moderate taste aversions were induced by pairing the initial consumption of 0.25%
      sodium saccharin (SACC) with either 25 mg/kg i.p. l-5-hydroxytryptophan or 30
      mg/kg i.p. LiCl. The expression of these moderate conditioned SACC aversions was
      antagonized by pretreatments (i.p. or p.o.) with benzodiazepine and non
      benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs (lorazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam,
      phenobarbital, meprobamate, and chlormezanone). Chlordiazepoxide produced less or
      no antagonism of the expression of stronger SACC aversions induced by 50 or 75
      mg/kg l-5-hydroxytryptophan or by 60 or 90 mg/kg LiCl. Nonanxiolytic drugs,
      including dipsogenic compounds that increased the water intake of hydrated rats
      (2 M NaCl i.p.; isoproterenol HCl s.c.; and histamine diphosphate s.c.), and even
      additional 24 hr of fluid deprivation did not antagonize the expression of
      moderate conditioned taste aversions, indicating that anxiolytic drugs have a
      very selective effect and that they do not appear to act through homeostatic
      drinking mechanisms. An essential feature of the taste aversion conflict model is
      that thirsty rats encounter only SACC. When water was conspicuously available in
      addition to SACC in two-bottle tests, neither chlordiazepoxide nor phenobarbital
      antagonized the expression of conditioned taste aversion. Thus, anxiolytic drugs
      do not produce amnesia for the conditioned aversion, but attenuate the ability of
      conditioned SACC aversion to suppress SACC consumption in one-bottle tests. The
      antagonism of the expression of conditioned taste aversion measured with a one
      bottle testing method offers a simple, sensitive, and selective screen for
      anxiolytic drugs. A possible mechanism by which anxiolytics increase both
      suppressed as well as unsuppressed fluid consumption is discussed.

PMID- 2896234
TI  - Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in P-388 lymphocytic leukemia tumor cells by
      helenalin and bis(helenalinyl)malonate in vivo.
AB  - Although the parent sesquiterpene lactone, helenalin, and its derivative,
      bis(helenalinyl)malonate, are structurally related chemically, they demonstrate
      differences in their antineoplastic activity, with bis(helenalinyl)malonate being
      much more active against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell growth (T/C% = 261)
      compared with helenalin (T/C% = 162). Previous studies have shown that both
      agents strongly inhibit protein synthesis in vivo by greater than 70% after 3 d
      of administration and in vitro by 50% at a 100 microM concentration of drug. This
      inhibition of protein synthesis of P-388 cells may be partially responsible for
      the cytotoxicity of the drug. These agents also inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in
      vivo, with DNA synthesis being suppressed by greater than 90% after 2 d of
      administration of drugs at the therapeutic dose. Of the sulfhydryl-bearing
      enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis that were assayed, only the activities
      of inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase and the ribonucleotide reductase
      complex were inhibited by greater than 50% by these sulfhydryl-reactive drugs,
      which would account for the observed inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in the
      P-388 cells. The inhibition of the activities of these enzymes lowered the
      deoxyribonucleotide levels in P-388 cells, which would explain the overall
      suppression of DNA synthesis by the sesquiterpene lactones.

PMID- 2896237
TI  - Differences in the effects of alpha-1 adrenergic blockade with prazosin and
      indoramin on coronary blood flow during exercise.
AB  - This study compared the effects of two selective alpha-1 adrenergic blockers,
      prazosin and indoramin, on the response of coronary blood flow and myocardial
      oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise in chronically instrumented dogs.
      Left circumflex coronary artery blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic
      flowmeter, whereas myocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference was determined with
      indwelling aortic and coronary sinus catheters. During control conditions,
      coronary blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen extraction and myocardial oxygen
      consumption increased regularly with exercise. Both prazosin and indoramin
      decreased arterial pressure at rest and during exercise, but during heavier
      levels of exercise blood pressure was lower and heart rates were higher after
      prazosin. Prazosin did not alter myocardial oxygen consumption, whereas indoramin
      tended to decrease oxygen consumption; myocardial oxygen consumption was
      significantly less after indoramin than after prazosin during the heaviest levels
      of exercise. Prazosin, but not indoramin, significantly decreased coronary
      vascular resistance both at rest and during exercise, and blunted the decrease in
      coronary sinus oxygen tension which occurred during exercise. In comparison with
      prazosin, during heavy exercise coronary blood flow was significantly decreased,
      myocardial oxygen extraction significantly increased and myocardial oxygen
      consumption significantly decreased after indoramin.

PMID- 2896236
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent calcium influx in the
      clonal pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20 through the same receptor population.
AB  - The characteristics of somatostatin (SRIF) inhibition of calcium influx
      stimulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), an activator of adenylate
      cyclase, and K+, a membrane depolarizing agent, in AtT-20 cells were assessed.
      Changes in cytosolic calcium levels were measured using the fluorescence probe
      Quin 2. Both CRF and K+ raise cytosolic calcium levels by stimulating calcium
      influx. SRIF induced an immediate inhibition of CRF and K+-stimulated calcium
      influx. This effect was concentration-dependent with IC50 values for SRIF's
      blockade of CRF and K+ stimulation of 64 +/- 13 pM and 100 +/- 15 pM,
      respectively. The SRIF analogs, SRIF 28, Trp8-SRIF and Tyr11-SRIF had the same
      rank order of potency to block CRF and K+-induced calcium influx. The inhibitory
      effects of SRIF on AtT-20 cells were abolished by pertussis toxin pretreatment.
      SRIF inhibition of both CRF and K+-induced calcium influx desensitized. The
      desensitization was rapid (T1/2 approximately 2.5 min), dependent on the
      concentration of SRIF and not due to the degradation of the peptide. The ability
      of SRIF to block CRF (cyclic AMP-dependent) and K+ (cyclic AMP-independent)
      stimulated calcium influx into AtT-20 cells cannot be separated.

PMID- 2896238
TI  - Increment of calmodulin in proportion to enhancement of non-nicotinic responses
      after preganglionic stimulation of the dog cardiac sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - The possible involvement of calmodulin in ganglionic function was investigated.
      Drugs were given directly into the cardiac sympathetic ganglia through the right
      subclavian artery (i.a.), unless otherwise stated. Positive chronotropic
      responses to angiotensin II (0.1 and 0.2 micrograms) were enhanced after
      repetitive high frequency preganglionic stimulation to the right stellate
      ganglion. After the stimulation, positive chronotropic responses to bethanechol
      (2.5, 5 and 10 micrograms), but not those to dimethylphenylpiperazinium (2.5, 5
      and 10 micrograms), also were enhanced. The enhancement of response to
      angiotensin II was not affected by i.v. pretreatment with hexamethonium (40
      mg/kg) plus atropine (1 mg/kg) or nifedipine (1 mg/kg). Responses to angiotensin
      II were not enhanced by A23187 (0.3 mg). The enhanced response to angiotensin II
      after the stimulation was reduced by the calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine
      (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg) and by N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
      (0.5, 1 and 2 mg), but not by promethazine (1 mg) and N-(6-aminohexyl)-1
      naphthalenesulfonamide (0.5, 1 and 2 mg). The enhanced response to bethanechol
      after the stimulation also was inhibited by N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1
      naphthalenesulfonamide. Pretreatment with N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1
      naphthalenesulfonamide before the stimulation prevented development of the
      enhancement in responses to the peptide. The inhibition of endogenous protein
      synthesis by cycloheximide, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg i.v. 6 hr before surgical procedures,
      strongly inhibited development of the enhancement in responses to angiotensin
      II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896240
TI  - Central nervous system site of action for the hypotensive effect of clonidine in
      the cat.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to determine whether clonidine exerts its centrally
      mediated hypotensive action at three sites that influence arterial pressure
      located in the medulla, specifically associated with the intermediate area of the
      ventrolateral medulla. The "intermediate area" lies approximately 1.5 mm caudal
      to the border of the trapezoid body (caudal border) and 4 mm lateral to the
      midline. One of the sites that influence arterial pressure lies in the nucleus
      reticularis rostroventrolateralis. The second site lies in close proximity to the
      rostral part of the nucleus reticularis lateralis (rLRN) and also near the A1
      area. The third site lies in the most rostral area and medial to the nucleus
      reticularis rostroventrolateralis, that is in the nucleus paragigantocellularis
      lateralis. Unilateral microinjections of 0.22 and 0.43 nmol of clonidine into the
      rLRN produced dose-dependent decreases in arterial pressure. The 0.43 nmol dose
      of clonidine had no effect when unilaterally or bilaterally microinjected into
      either the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis or into the nucleus
      paragigantocellularis lateralis. Microinjection of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      antagonist, idazoxan (16.6 nmol), unilaterally into rLRN had no effect per se,
      but prevented the hypotensive effect of a subsequent microinjection of clonidine.
      Similarly, bilateral microinjection of idazoxan into rLRN counteracted the
      hypotensive effect of i.v. administered clonidine. These data indicate that
      clonidine acts at alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the rLRN to produce hypotension.

PMID- 2896239
TI  - A peripherally acting alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist: L-659,066.
AB  - L-659,066 has been characterized as a potent and selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      antagonist. Both in vitro and in vivo, L-659,066 exhibited specificity
      (comparable to rauwolscine) for alpha-2 over alpha-1 adrenoceptors. Studies
      comparing L-659,066 with a previously described antagonist, L-657,743,
      demonstrate that the new compound penetrates the blood-brain barrier only poorly
      after systemic administration. With a pA2 of 8.44 at alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the
      isolated rat vas deferens and an IC50 of 3.0 nM against the binding of
      [3H]rauwolscine to rat cerebrocortical membranes, L-659,066 possessed,
      respectively, about one-eighth and one-third of the potency of L-657,743. Similar
      relative potencies were obtained in vivo in pithed rats with regard to blocking
      peripherally located postjunctional and prejunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors (L
      659,066 = one-seventh and one-fourth of L-657,743, respectively). In tests
      carried out in vivo with rats for ascertaining alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonism in
      the central nervous system--namely, accumulation of cortical dopa and antagonism
      of mydriasis induced by the alpha-2 agonist, clonidine--L-659,066 had,
      respectively, less than 1/345th and about 1/5000th of the potency of L-657,743.
      In mice, L-659,066 had, respectively, approximately 1/29th and 1/1400th of the
      potency of L-657,743 as an antagonist in vivo of the predominately peripherally
      mediated inhibition of colonic propulsion caused by clonidine as compared with
      the mainly centrally mediated antinocisponsive action elicited by the alpha-2
      agonist UK 14,304. The foregoing findings are consistent with poor penetration of
      the blood-brain barrier by L-659,066.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896241
TI  - Stereospecificity of beta adrenergic antagonists: R-enantiomers show increased
      selectivity for beta-2 receptors in ciliary process.
AB  - The (+)-stereoisomers of arylethanolamine beta adrenergic agonists and
      antagonists are usually much less active in biological systems than their
      corresponding (-)-forms. In the eye, however, prior physiological studies have
      shown that these (+)-stereoisomers are unexpectedly potent in altering
      intraocular pressure, results which could be due to a difference in distribution
      and metabolism or to a difference in receptor interaction. The present
      experiments evaluated six stereoisomeric pairs of beta adrenergic antagonists for
      their ability to block rabbit ciliary process and cardiac beta adrenergic
      receptors activating adenylate cyclase, in vitro, under conditions in which the
      effects of drug metabolism, distribution and membrane lipid solubility were
      minimized. In the heart, all six pairs of antagonists demonstrated the expected
      increased potency of (-)-forms, with isomeric activity ratios of: 33 for
      metoprolol, 44 for timolol; 48 for bunitrolol; 76 for t-butyl-betaxolol; 100 for
      t-butyl-didesmethyl-ICI-118,551; and 530 for betaxolol. Under identical assay
      conditions in the ciliary process, (+)-enantiomers were much more potent relative
      to (-)-forms, with isomeric activity ratios of: 0.82 for timolol; 3.3 for
      bunitrolol; 7.4 for t-butyl-didesmethyl-ICI-118,551; 10 for metoprolol; 16 for t
      butyl-betaxolol; and 190 for betaxolol. With the exception of metoprolol, all (+)
      enantiomers demonstrated a substantially higher absolute affinity for ciliary
      process receptors (known to be almost exclusively of the beta-2 subtype) than for
      cardiac receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896242
TI  - Single appointment intraoral repair of a broken solder joint.

PMID- 2896243
TI  - Absent taeniae coli in multiple endocrine neoplasia type III.

PMID- 2896244
TI  - Androgenic control of immunoreactive somatostatin in the Harderian gland of the
      Syrian hamster.
AB  - Harderian glands of Syrian hamsters contained measurable levels of immunoreactive
      somatostatin. After an extraction procedure, serial dilutions of tissue were
      assayed and showed parallelism in the displacement curve with dilutions of
      purified somatostatin standard in the radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin
      concentrations were higher in female hamsters (10.0 +/- 2.1 ng/mg protein) than
      in males (2.6 +/- 0.4 ng/mg protein). Castrated males had somatostatin values in
      the range of females (12.4 +/- 2.3 ng/mg protein) at 1 month after gonadectomy.
      Testosterone implants prevented the rise of Harderian gland somatostatin in
      castrated males. Gonadectomized males had lower somatostatin content in the gland
      than did control males (1.0 +/- 0.2 ng/mg protein) at 2 months after castration.
      Somatostatin values in females were unaffected by gonadectomy, but there were
      variations during the oestrous cycle, with a nadir detected at dioestrus-1 and
      maximal values coincident with the day of the ovulation.

PMID- 2896245
TI  - 2,4-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline derivatives as alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists and antihypertensive agents.
AB  - A series of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline derivatives (2), prepared by LDA-
      or ZnCl2-mediated intramolecular cyclization of an N-[1-(dialkylamino)ethylidene]
      2-cyano-4,5-dimethoxyaniline (3), was evaluated for alpha-adrenoceptor affinity
      and antihypertensive activity. Most compounds displayed high in vitro binding
      affinities (Ki's, 10(-10) M) for alpha 1-adrenoceptors with alpha 1-/alpha 2
      selectivity ratios of at least 10,000. 4-Amino-2-[4-(2-furoyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6,7
      dimethoxyquinoline++ + (14) proved to be the most potent member (Ki = 1.4 X 10(
      10) M) of series 2, and displayed no activity at alpha 2-adrenoceptor binding
      sites at concentrations up to 10(-6) M. In the rabbit pulmonary artery, 14 was a
      highly potent (pA2 = 9.76 +/- 0.26) competitive antagonist of the alpha 1
      mediated vasoconstrictor action of noradrenaline and was some 20 times more
      active than prazosin. pKa measurements confirmed that, at physiological pH, N-1
      protonation of series 2 would efficiently provide 1b, a key pharmacophore for
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor recognition. Antihypertensive activity for series 2 was
      evaluated after oral administration (3 mg/kg) to spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR) and falls in blood pressure were determined at 1 and 4.5 h. Various
      quinoline derivatives (2) proved to be effective antihypertensive agents in SHR,
      with both efficacy and duration of action at least equivalent to prazosin, and 14
      displayed the most favorable overall profile. These observations are consistent
      with the high affinity and selectivity displayed by series 2 for postjunctional
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2896246
TI  - 1,3-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline derivatives as potential alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - Treatment of 2-methyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzonitrile (3) with LDA followed by reaction
      with an N,N-disubstituted cyanamide provided a series of 1,3-diamino-6,7
      dimethoxyisoquinolines (2), which were evaluated for alpha-adrenoceptor binding
      affinity and antihypertensive activity. 1-Amino-3-(dimethylamino)-6,7
      dimethoxyisoquinoline (4) showed no significant affinity (Ki much greater than
      10(-6) M) for alpha 1-adrenoceptors, while the corresponding 3-(2-furoylpiperazin
      1-yl) analogue (8; Ki = 1.6 X 10(-7) M) was some 1000-fold less potent than
      prazosin. pKa data showed that N-2 protonation (34%) of 4 (pKa = 7.1) would occur
      at physiological pH, in agreement with X-ray crystallographic analysis of 8.HCl.
      Comparison of positive charge distribution following protonation of 4 with the
      corresponding quinoline and quinazoline cations confirmed N-1 protonation is
      required for these heterocyclic nuclei to bind efficiently to the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor. Computer-assisted comparison of the X-ray structures of 8 and
      prazosin suggested that the 4.0 kcal/mol difference in alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      binding energies was largely due to salt-bridge formation (ca. 3.0 kcal/mol)
      between the protonated quinazoline and the receptor protein. None of the
      isoquinolines (2) proved to be effective antihypertensive agents in rats even
      when administered at relatively high doses (10 mg/kg). These results support the
      hypothesis that the antihypertensive activity of prazosin, doxazosin, and related
      derivatives derives solely from alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade.

PMID- 2896248
TI  - The use of testicular volume as a clinical marker for cytogenetic disorders in
      mentally retarded males.
AB  - The testicular volumes (V) of 817 adult (non-Down's syndrome) institutionalized
      males were calculated. The mean testicular volume was 19.5 +/- 15.8 ml,
      comparable to the normal adult male mean of 17-19 ml. However, the number of
      institutionalized males with V greater than or equal to 25 ml and V less than or
      equal to 10 ml was increased approximately fourfold over the normal male
      population. Resident adult males were grouped into three categories based on
      their testicular volumes: (1) V greater than or equal to 25 ml (macro-orchid);
      (2) V less than or equal to 15 ml (micro-orchid); and (3) 15 less than V less
      than 25 ml ('normal'). An equal number of randomly selected males from each
      category were cytogenetically screened for the fra(X) syndrome as well as for non
      fra(X) chromosome abnormalities. The overall frequencies of these disorders were
      3.1% and 3.9%, respectively. The fra(X) syndrome was found in a significantly
      higher percentage of macro-orchid males (10.3%) as compared to males with either
      micro-orchidism (1.2%) or normal testicular volume (1.2%). There was no
      significant difference in the distribution of either fra(X) negative non-specific
      XLMR or non-fra(X) chromosome abnormalities among resident males from these three
      categories. Testicular volumes greater than or equal to 25 ml, especially those
      exceeding 40 ml, were thus shown to be useful clinical markers in the diagnosis
      of the fra(X) syndrome. Reduced testicular volume was not a useful clinical
      marker in the evaluation of other non-Down's syndrome chromosome abnormalities.

PMID- 2896247
TI  - Indoline analogues of idazoxan: potent alpha 2-antagonists and alpha 1-agonists.
AB  - The synthesis and alpha-adrenergic activity of a series of substituted 2
      imidazolinylindolines are described. Substitution in the indoline ring generated
      compounds with a spectrum of adrenoceptor antagonist/agonist profiles that proved
      sensitive to both the nature and position of the substituent. Many of the
      derivatives possess greater presynaptic antagonist potency than the corresponding
      benzodioxan 1, dihydrobenzofuran 2, and indan 3 analogues; however, this alpha 2
      antagonism is often accompanied by alpha 1-agonist activity. It was not possible
      to separate alpha 2-antagonist from alpha 1-agonist properties in this series.
      Compounds of most interest proved to be the N-ethyl 6, 5-chloro-N-methyl 18, and
      5-chloro-N-ethyl 23 derivatives, all being potent alpha 2-antagonists and alpha 1
      agonists. Substitution at the 4- and 7-position of the indoline ring generally
      gave compounds with nonselective agonist properties.

PMID- 2896250
TI  - Cardiovascular aspects of pharmacology of berberine: I. Alpha-adrenoceptor
      blocking action of berberine in isolated rat anococcygeus muscle and rabbit
      aortic strip.

PMID- 2896251
TI  - Thin layer chromatographic assay for prizidilol in serum.

PMID- 2896249
TI  - Blocking action of berberine on alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenoceptors in rat vas
      deferens and anococcygeus muscle.

PMID- 2896252
TI  - This month in investigative urology. Laser lithotripsy.

PMID- 2896253
TI  - Laser induced shock wave lithotripsy--biologic effects of nanosecond pulses.
AB  - Laser energy of a Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm. wave length, 8 nsec pulse duration) was
      directed against various tissue cultures and the urothelium of the ureter,
      bladder and kidney parenchyma in pigs. Single pulse energy was 50 to 120 mJ with
      a repetition rate of 20 Hz. Urothelium and kidney parenchyma were irradiated in
      seven pigs. Tissue samples were examined histologically and electron
      microscopically directly, two, four, eight and 12 days after irradiation. No
      macroscopic lesion could be found. Maximum energy caused a small 'rupture cone'
      of 40 micron. depth. No thermic effects or necrosis resulted, so that no harm is
      to be expected with unintentional irradiation during laser stone disintegration.

PMID- 2896254
TI  - P-fimbriae receptors in patients with chronic pyelonephritis.
AB  - The adherence of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled P-fimbriated Escherichia coli
      to uroepithelial cells from 19 women with chronic pyelonephritis was determined
      with the fluorescence-activated cell sorting technique. The application of this
      method has made it possible to study bacterial binding to a large number of
      cells. Renal function was determined in all patients and the recurrences of P
      fimbriated Escherichia coli bacteriuria, cystitis and acute pyelonephritis during
      a 3-year followup were studied. We found a significant correlation between the P
      fimbriae receptor accessibility on uroepithelial cells and glomerular filtration
      rate (r equals -0.75, p less than 0.001). Uroepithelial cells from the patients
      with chronic pyelonephritis and renal insufficiency had a higher binding capacity
      of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli than uroepithelial cells from patients with a
      normal glomerular filtration rate. There was no correlation between kidney
      function and the availability of P-fimbriae receptors in a control group of
      patients with polycystic kidney disease.

PMID- 2896255
TI  - The partial agonist activity of xamoterol (ICI 118,587) studied by heart rate
      response in pithed rats.
AB  - The partial agonist activity of xamoterol was evaluated by measuring changes in
      heart rate (HR) in pithed rats. Xamoterol showed dose-dependent positive
      chronotropic effects in catecholamine-depleted pithed rats (HR: 199 +/- 6
      beats/min) and dose-dependent negative chronotropic effects in sympathetic nerve
      stimulated pithed rats (HR: 325 +/- 16 beats/min). In contrast, isoproterenol
      exerted dose-dependent positive chronotropic effects in either condition (HR: 189
      +/- 7 and 332 +/- 5 beats/min) and propranolol exerted dose-dependent negative
      chronotropic effects in either condition (HR: 209 +/- 5 and 344 +/- 19
      beats/min). When exogenous noradrenaline was continuously infused into
      catecholamine-depleted pithed rats, xamoterol showed dose-related positive
      chronotropic effects with noradrenaline at 0.5 micrograms/(kg min) (HR: 235 +/- 4
      beats/min), virtually no effects at 1.5 micrograms/(kg min) (HR: 297 +/- 11
      beats/min) and dose-related negative chronotropic effects at 5 micrograms/(kg
      min) (HR: 330 +/- 5 beats/min). During continuous infusion of xamoterol [100
      ng/(kg min)] into pithed rats, the control HR before stimulation was increased
      and the maximum increase produced by the sympathetic nerve stimuli at 0.25 to 4
      Hz decreased. The maximum increase in HR brought about by xamoterol was about 71%
      of that induced by isoproterenol, and those by pindolol and practolol were about
      40% and 21% respectively. It is concluded that xamoterol is a partial agonist
      with a strong agonist action.

PMID- 2896256
TI  - Effect of xamoterol on myocardial energetics in man.
AB  - We analyzed the effect of xamoterol (beta 1-partial agonist) on myocardial
      energetics in 8 patients with normal left ventricular function. We measured
      resting systemic and coronary hemodynamics before and after a single intravenous
      injection of xamoterol (0.1 mg/kg). This agent increased heart rate from 70 +/- 7
      to 80 +/- 11 beats/min (p less than 0.05) and cardiac index from 2.9 +/- 0.5 to
      3.2 +/- 0.5 L/min.m2 (p less than 0.01), respectively. Left ventricular peak
      positive dp/dt (1870 +/- 350 vs 2620 +/- 580 mmHg/sec (p less than 0.01) and left
      ventricular ejection fraction (62 +/- 7 vs 70 +/- 7% (p less than 0.01] also
      increased, while left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (9 +/- 3 vs 5 +/- 3 mmHg
      (p less than 0.01] and volume index (70 +/- 14 vs 58 +/- 16 ml/m2 (p less than
      0.01] decreased. Coronary blood flow and total myocardial oxygen consumption did
      not change significantly after intervention. As a result, xamoterol enhanced left
      ventricular external mechanical work versus myocardial oxygen consumption ratio
      (mechanical efficiency) from 20 +/- 4 to 24 +/- 5% (p less than 0.01). Myocardial
      oxygen extraction ratio decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) from 66 +/- 5
      to 62 +/- 5% after xamoterol. We conclude that xamoterol augments left
      ventricular mechanical efficiency accompanied by a decrease in coronary vascular
      tone in patients with normal cardiac function.

PMID- 2896257
TI  - Role of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors and the effect of bunazosin on the
      histopathology of cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters of strain BIO 14.6.
AB  - In order to clarify the pathological involvement of the sympathetic nervous
      system in the development of cardiomyopathy, a receptor-binding study was carried
      out on cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters of strain BIO 14.6 (BIO) at 21 days
      (prenecrotic stage); 35-42 days (onset of cardiomyopathy); and 70-84 days of life
      (early cardiac hypertrophy). The newly developed alpha 1-blocker (bunazosin
      hydrochloride) was initially administered at doses of 100 micrograms/kg or 10
      mg/kg to BIO hamsters at 21 days of life and continued for 70 days. At the onset
      of cardiomyopathy and early cardiac hypertrophy, there was an increase in the
      number of alpha 1-receptors in the BIO hamsters compared to controls, but there
      were no significant changes at the prenecrotic stage. On histopathological
      examination, 10 mg/kg bunazosin had a significant beneficial effect on
      cardiomyopathy [area of necrosis 1.38% in untreated vs 0.33% in treated animals;
      area of calcification 2.70% (untreated) vs 0.60% (treated); area of all
      myocardial injuries 6.97% (untreated) vs 3.19% (treated)]. However, 100
      micrograms/kg bunazosin had no effect. It was concluded that the increase in the
      number of alpha 1-receptors may not be involved in the pathogenesis of
      cardiomyopathy but that alpha 1-receptors could be implicated in the later
      progression of the condition.

PMID- 2896258
TI  - [Infection defense antigens against pathogenic viruses to human. Infection
      defense antigens and genetic code--trend and progress of study on biomolecular
      analysis. n. Gene structure of HTLV and infection defense antigens].

PMID- 2896259
TI  - [Trends in research in developing new type of vaccines--aiming at efficacy and
      safety. HTLV vaccine].

PMID- 2896260
TI  - Biological and therapeutic aspects of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - Conventional vitreoretinal surgery for proliferative vitreoretinopathy is
      unsatisfactory despite numerous innovations over the past 20 years. Silicone oil
      injections in this series resulted in 70% reattachment of these end-stage cases,
      but within twelve months over 90% had no useful visual result. The development of
      an in vitro model for 3-dimensional culture of cells has allowed evaluation of
      numerous potential drugs with anti-proliferative or anti-contractile activities.
      Amongst these, taxol has shown the most promise. There remain, however, doubts
      about possible long-term toxicity to the optic nerve and retina. It is concluded
      that a more physiological vitreous substitute and more specific anti
      proliferative or anti-contractile pharmacological agents are needed.

PMID- 2896261
TI  - Phagocytosis of piliated and non-piliated Corynebacterium renale by murine
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

PMID- 2896263
TI  - Detection of pilus antigen Att25 (FY) on Escherichia coli from porcine
      colibacillosis.

PMID- 2896262
TI  - Spermatogenic function in cryptorchid dogs after orchiopexy.

PMID- 2896264
TI  - Ontogeny of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells in mouse and porcine
      embryos.

PMID- 2896265
TI  - Reversal of somatostatin inhibition of AVP-induced cAMP by pertussis toxin.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin on the stimulation of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cAMP) production by arginine vasopressin (AVP) was examined in rat
      renal papillary collecting tubule cells in culture. The presence of
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine AVP at a concentration of
      1 X 10(-10) M or higher significantly increased cellular cAMP levels in a dose
      dependent manner. The stimulation by AVP of cellular cAMP production was
      significantly attenuated by 1 X 10(-6) M somatostatin (1 X 10(-9) M AVP, 477.5 +/
      23.0 vs. 292.4 +/- 28.5 fmol/micrograms protein per 10 min, P less than 0.01).
      When the cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin, pertussis toxin completely
      abolished the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on cellular cAMP production in
      response to AVP. Such an effect was obtained with a concentration of 0.1 ng/ml or
      higher of pertussis toxin and an incubation time of longer than an hour. The
      exposure of cells to 100 ng/ml pertussis toxin for two hours recovered the
      cellular cAMP response to 1 X 10(-9) M AVP in the presence of 1 X 10(-6) M
      somatostatin, the value of which 527.1 +/- 32.6 fmol/micrograms protein per 10
      minutes, was a comparable level to that in response to only 1 X 10(-9) M AVP.
      Also, somatostatin inhibited the cellular cAMP response to glucagon and cholera
      toxin, but did not inhibit basal and forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels. Pertussis
      toxin treatment of cells completely abolished these inhibitory effects of
      somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896267
TI  - Effect of beta-blocker administration in the post-valvotomy management of infants
      with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum.

PMID- 2896266
TI  - [Comparative multicenter study of carteolol eyedrops with other beta blockers in
      768 patients under normal conditions].
AB  - In an open multi-center study involving 768 patients the efficacy and
      tolerability of Carteolol eye drops as compared to other beta blockers were
      investigated. The patients started to use the new medication without a prior
      washout period. In patients who were well stabilized (57%), IOP either did not
      change when the medication was switched to Carteolol (73%) or it actually
      decreased. In 78% of the patients who had not responded altogether satisfactorily
      to the pretreatment, Carteolol eye drops lowered IOP to a tolerable level of 21
      mm Hg or less without using any comedication. IOP remained hypertonic under
      Carteolol in only 19% of the cases. Fewer systemic and local side effects were
      observed under Carteolol therapy. Patients had fewer problems going upstairs.
      Burning after installation decreased by 25% to 2%. Even fluorescein-positive
      corneal findings almost completely disappeared under Carteolol.

PMID- 2896268
TI  - [Experience with the treatment of acute renal failure in patients with
      hemorrhagic fever with nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 2896270
TI  - [The international congress of the movement "World physicians in the prevention
      of nuclear warfare"].

PMID- 2896269
TI  - [Use of adrenergic beta receptor blockaders in gastroenterology].

PMID- 2896271
TI  - [Effect of prolonged inhalation of acetic acid vapors on several human functional
      parameters].
AB  - Test subjects were continuously exposed to acetic acid vapors which form a
      constant component of enclosed atmospheres. The inhalation time was 15 to 22 days
      at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/m3 or 10 days at a concentration of 26
      mg/m3. Physiological parameters showed statistically significant changes at
      concentrations of 15 and 26 mg/m3. It is suggested that the changes are not
      adaptive but have been produced by the adverse effect of acetic acid vapors on
      the human body. It is therefore concluded that the 15 mg/m3 concentration is
      threshold and the 5 and 10 mg/m3 concentrations are ineffective in terms of the
      tests used. The most sensitive method is measurement of hydrocarbons (C2-C5),
      especially ethylene, in the exhaled air.

PMID- 2896272
TI  - [Cardiac rhythms of animals drinking reclaimed water with various sodium and
      potassium ion concentrations].
AB  - The effect of reclaimed potable water on cardiac rhythms of 190 noninbred white
      male rats was investigated in a 6-month experiment. The water contained 25.0 to
      100.0 mg/l sodium and/or 2.5 to 10.0 mg/l potassium. The water containing 100
      mg/l sodium and 10 mg/l potassium caused changes in both compartments of the
      autonomic nervous system controlling cardiac rhythms. The water containing 75.0
      and 50.0 mg/l sodium and 7.5 and 5.0 mg/l potassium produced insignificant
      changes in cardiac rhythms. The water containing lower concentrations of sodium
      (25.0 mg/l) and potassium (2.5 mg/l) had no effect.

PMID- 2896273
TI  - [Setting a maximum allowable concentration for urea in reclaimed potable water
      and evaluating the nature of its biological action].
AB  - The purpose of the study was to identify maxim allowable concentrations of urea
      in reclaimed potable water. The urea concentration equal to 80 mg/l is the
      threshold dose influencing the taste and flavor of water. Urea is a low toxicity
      substance (LD50 = 14,300 mg/kg), the effect of which is not cumulative. However,
      when used in high doses it affects bioenergetic and cholinergic processes and
      causes changes in ECG, higher nervous activity and visceral structure. It has
      been shown that when applied to warm-blooded animals the acting dose of urea is
      14.3 and 1.43 mg/kg (1/1000 and 1/10000 LD50), the threshold dose is 0.72 mg/kg
      (1/20000 LD50), and the ineffective dose is 0.36 mg/kg (1/40000 LD50) which
      amounts to the concentration of 10 mg/l. In terms of toxic effects the dose equal
      to 10 mg/l is taken to be the maximally allowable concentration of urea. It is
      recommended to use the Laham biotest for measuring urea in water.

PMID- 2896274
TI  - The conundrum of the effect of beta-blockade on myocardial oxygen consumption.
AB  - The effect of propranolol on myocardial oxygen consumption was studied in in situ
      canine hearts. In 12 afterload independent isovolumic hearts propranolol
      increased MVO2 an average of 19 +/- 3% (P less than 0.01) for all peaked
      developed pressure intervals from 75 to 175 mm Hg, secondary to increased wall
      stress. In 10 hearts instrumented for computer acquisition of pressure-volume
      workloops during progressive volume loading on right heart bypass, propranolol
      decreased preload recruitable stroke work an average of 36% (P less than 0.05).
      However, propranolol failed to decrease the amount of oxygen consumed for basal
      metabolism or external mechanical work when MVO2 is indexed for heart rate, heart
      weight, and stroke work. Therefore, propranolol does not decrease MVO2 for
      individual contractions and does not affect the energy requirements for basal
      metabolism, excitation-contraction coupling, and heat generation, in contrast to
      results obtained with beta agonists.

PMID- 2896275
TI  - Dexamethasone administration induces increased glutaminase specific activity in
      the jejunum and colon.
AB  - Exogenous glucocorticoids markedly increase the in vivo uptake and utilization of
      glutamine by the intestine. Since glutamine is the major oxidative fuel for the
      small intestine, we investigated whether glucocorticoids induce changes in the
      specific activity of the enzymes that mediate glutamine degradation (glutaminase)
      and synthesis (glutamine synthetase). Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a 7-day
      elemental diet. On Day 5, animals were randomized to one of four groups and
      received either saline (Control) or one of three doses of dexamethasone im: 0.1
      mg/kg (Lodex); 0.3 mg/kg (Middex); or 0.6 mg/kg (Hidex). Forty-eight hours later
      jejunal and colonic segments were assayed for protein, glutaminase, and glutamine
      synthetase activity. A stress dose of dexamethasone (Hidex) produced a
      significant increase in both jejunal and colonic glutaminase specific activity (P
      less than 0.02 vs Control and P less than 0.05 vs Control, respectively). These
      data suggest a mechanism whereby glucocorticoids increase the intestinal
      utilization of glutamine by increasing the specific activity of intestinal
      glutaminase.

PMID- 2896276
TI  - Simultaneous assessment of membrane-stabilizing and beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      activity of drugs with the rat isolated left atria.
AB  - Three consecutive challenges of the rat isolated left atria with electrical
      stimulation and then electrical stimulation and isoprenaline were made. The
      responses to electrical stimulation decreased and the responses to isoprenaline
      increased with consecutive challenges such that the maximal combined response to
      electrical stimulation and isoprenaline remained constant. The sensitivity (pD2)
      to isoprenaline decreased with successive challenges. Thus, in studies of the
      effects of drugs on the responses to electrical stimulation and isoprenaline, it
      is necessary to perform parallel experiments with untreated atria to monitor
      changes in the responses unrelated to the addition of drug. Analysis of the
      effects of procaine, metoprolol, and propranolol on the responses to electrical
      stimulation and/or isoprenaline demonstrated distinct contractile manifestations
      of beta-adrenoceptor blocking and membrane stabilizing activity. The beta
      adrenoceptor blocking activity of metroprolol at 10(-7) M and propranolol (3 X
      10(-9)-10(-6) M) consisted of parallel rightward shifts of the concentration
      response curves to isoprenaline alone. There were three components to the
      membrane-stabilizing action of drugs: first, there was a decrease in the
      responses to electrical stimulation alone, which was observed with procaine at
      greater than or equal to 10(-4) M and propranolol at greater than or equal to 3 X
      10(-9) M, second, there was a small parallel rightward shift of concentration
      response curve to isoprenaline alone with metoprolol at 10(-6) M and propranolol
      at 3 X 10(-6) M (that the inhibitory effects of metoprolol at 10(-6) M or
      propranolol at 3 X 10(-6) M are greater than can be explained by beta
      adrenoceptor blockade only may be detected either by determining pA2 values from
      the formula pA2 = pAx + log(x - 1) or by Schild analysis); third, the highest
      concentrations of procaine (3 X 10(-4) M) and propranolol (10(-5) M) tested
      decreased the maximal combined response to electrical stimulation and
      isoprenaline.

PMID- 2896277
TI  - Biosynthesis and storage of gonadoliberin and somatostatin.

PMID- 2896278
TI  - The role of the pineal gland in neurohumoral regulation.

PMID- 2896279
TI  - Adrenergic transmission and the neurohypophyseal hormones under different
      conditions of water metabolism.

PMID- 2896280
TI  - The regulation of gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary.

PMID- 2896282
TI  - [I-131-meta-iodobenzylguanidine and multiple endocrine adenomatosis type II].

PMID- 2896281
TI  - Porphyrins and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in transplantable clear-cell
      renal carcinoma induced with aflatoxin B1 in rats.

PMID- 2896283
TI  - [Unusual complications in a case of Mediterranean boutonneuse fever].

PMID- 2896284
TI  - [Glafenine hepatotoxicity].

PMID- 2896285
TI  - Evidence for a direct and indirect action of leucine enkephalin at the feline
      ileocecal sphincter.
AB  - An in vitro whole organ bath preparation was used to examine the effects of
      leucine enkephalin on the cat ileocecal sphincter (ICS) intraluminal pressure and
      myoelectric activity. The bath allowed separation of the bathing media
      surrounding the ICS and the ileum. Leucine enkephalin (2 x 10(-7) M) when added
      to the ileal bathing medium caused a delayed increase in ICS spike activity and
      pressure which was blocked by tetrodotoxin (10(-5)M). In contrast, leucine
      enkephalin (2 x 10(-7)M) added directly to the ICS bathing medium caused an
      immediate spike-associated contractile response which was tetrodotoxin-resistant.
      Thus both an indirect and direct opiate action at the ICS was demonstrated.

PMID- 2896286
TI  - The benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists beta-CCM and RO 15-3505 both reverse
      the anxiolytic effects of ethanol in mice.
AB  - The antagonistic effects of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist beta-CCM
      (1 mg/kg) and of the partial inverse agonist RO 15-3505 (3 mg/kg) on the
      anxiolytic properties of ethanol (1 g/kg) in mice confronted with a light/dark
      choice procedure and with the staircase test were investigated. Both drugs
      reversed the effects of ethanol on some of the behavioral parameters, but beta
      CCM alone elicited anxiogenic intrinsic effects. RO 15-3505 induced seizures in
      mice treated with a subconvulsant dose of pentylenetetrazole, the most efficient
      doses being 3 and 6 mg/kg. These data indicate that beta-CCM and RO 15-3505 can
      reverse some of the anxiolytic effects of ethanol, acting probably to oppose GABA
      function via the benzodiazepine receptor.

PMID- 2896288
TI  - The use of DNA probes identifying restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms to
      examine the Mycobacterium avium complex.
AB  - DNA probes were used to identify restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) in DNA samples, demonstrating that the Mycobacterium avium complex could
      be clearly divided into M. avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare strains. Less
      than 2% DNA base substitution was found between M. avium strains, whereas the M.
      intracellulare strains had greater than 15% base substitution. The Johne's
      disease bacillus, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (American type strain), was
      found to be distinguishable from the M. avium complex serotypes examined. Strain
      18 was found to be identical to M. avium. The rat leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium
      lepraemurium, was found to be very closely related, but not identical, to M.
      avium.

PMID- 2896287
TI  - The neurosecretory effect of ouabain on isolated rabbit ileal mucosa.
AB  - Ouabain, when added to fluid bathing rabbit ileal mucosa mounted in a flux
      chamber, transiently increases short circuit current, implying a paradoxical
      secretory response. To determine the cause of this change, we studied
      unidirectional fluxes of 36Cl and 23Na and the effects of ion substitution, of
      reduced Ca concentration, verapamil, tetrodotoxin and atropine. Ouabain 0.1 mM,
      transiently increased the serosal to mucosal flux of Cl and Na, increased Isc and
      PD and reduced ion conductance. The Isc response to ouabain was diminished by
      reducing the bath fluid concentration of Cl, of Ca, and by adding verapamil.
      Tetrodotoxin both delayed and reduced the maximal Isc response; atropine had no
      effect. We conclude that ouabain acts by releasing a neurotransmitter of unknown
      identity and by increasing the serosal to mucosal flux of Cl.

PMID- 2896289
TI  - Evolutionary relationships in the genus Bordetella.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the pertussis toxin operon of Bordetella pertussis,
      Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica, has shown that the last
      two species contain many common mutations and are likely to derive from a common
      ancestor (Arico and Rappuoli, 1987). To elucidate further the evolutionary
      relationships between the Bordetella species, we have cloned and sequenced the
      promoter region and the gene coding for the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin from
      additional B. pertussis strains, such as the type strain BP 18323 and two recent
      clinical isolates, namely strain BP 13456 from Sweden and strain BP SA1 from
      Italy. While the strains BP SA1 and BP 13456 are shown to differ from the
      published B. pertussis sequences by only one base pair, the type strain BP 18323
      contains a total of 11 base-pair substitutions. Remarkably, 9 of the 11
      substitutions found in BP 18323 are also common to B. parapertussis and B.
      bronchiseptica, strongly suggesting that this strain derives from the same
      ancestor as B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Computer analysis of the
      sequence data allows the construction of an evolutionary 'tree' showing that the
      B. pertussis strains are very homogeneous and significantly distant from B.
      parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. Therefore the proposed conversion from B.
      parapertussis to B. pertussis appears highly improbable.

PMID- 2896290
TI  - The frequency of expression of pyelonephritis-associated pili is under regulatory
      control.
AB  - The Escherichia coli urinary tract isolate C1212 contains two pyelonephritis
      associated pili (pap) DNA sequences designated here as pap-17 and pap-21. Each of
      these pap sequences encodes antigenically-distinct pilin monomers, pilin-17 and
      pilin-21, respectively. Most individual strain C1212 cells isolated from a single
      bacterial colony expressed pilin-21. Only a small fraction (5%) of strain C1212
      cells expressed pilin-17. Most of the latter population simultaneously expressed
      pilin-21, but a low percentage of cells expressed pili composed of pilin-17
      alone. In contrast, almost every E. coli K-12 cell containing multicopy pap-17
      expressed pilin-17 at the cell surface. These results indicated that the
      regulation of pilin-17 expression observed for strain C1212 was lost when pap-17
      was in the multicopy state. Transfer of pap-17 to a single copy vector resulted
      in a pilin-17 expression frequency lower than strain C1212 (1%). Using E. coli K
      12 containing single copy pap-17, we found that the frequency of pilin-17
      expression increased about 15-fold when pap-21 was present in multiple copies in
      trans. Subcloning of pap-21 showed that a 2.2 kilobase-pair DNA sequence adjacent
      to, but not including, the pilin-21 structural gene was sufficient for activation
      of pilin-17 expression.

PMID- 2896291
TI  - Molecular characterization of the resolvase gene, res, carried by a multicopy
      plasmid from Clostridium perfringens: common evolutionary origin for prokaryotic
      site-specific recombinases.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens strain CPN50 harbours a 10.2 kb plasmid known as pIP404
      which, in addition to a set of UV-inducible genes involved in bacteriocin
      production, carries res, a gene probably encoding a site-specific recombinase.
      The RES protein is highly homologous to the resolvases of transposons from both
      Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as enzymes involved in site
      specific DNA inversion. A likely role for the RES protein would be to stabilize
      pIP404 by reducing the number of plasmid multimers resulting from homologous
      recombination. A putative resolution site for RES action was found overlapping
      the res promoter. Phylogenetic analysis of the primary structures of ten site
      specific recombinases suggested a common descent and showed the RES protein to be
      closest to the resolvase encoded by Tn917 from Streptococcus faecalis.

PMID- 2896292
TI  - Expression of multiple types of N-methyl Phe pili in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - The nature of pili synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa when plasmid-borne genes
      of homologous pilins from Bacteroides nodosus are introduced as thermoregulated
      expression systems has been ascertained. Expression of B. nodosus pili inhibited
      the production of indigenous P. aeruginosa pili, and an organism harbouring pilin
      genes from two strains of B. nodosus produced two serologically distinct
      populations of pili on each cell. Simultaneous production of both indigenous and
      foreign pili was achieved by partial induction of expression. Homogeneity in
      pilus structure suggests either that there is an exclusive specificity of
      interaction between identical pilin subunits in pilus assembly, or that each
      pilus is produced from the translation products of a single messenger RNA
      molecule, with translation and pilus assembly closely coupled.

PMID- 2896293
TI  - [Italian Society of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery (founded in Turin, 6 June
      1957)].

PMID- 2896294
TI  - Mucosal nerves and immunological function.

PMID- 2896295
TI  - Agglutination of E. coli by secretory IgA--a result of interaction between
      bacterial mannose-specific adhesins and immunoglobulin carbohydrate?

PMID- 2896296
TI  - Binding of bacteria to mucosal surfaces.

PMID- 2896297
TI  - Human lymphokine-activated killer cells: further isolation and characterization
      of the precursor and effector cell.
AB  - In a series of experiments we have demonstrated the progressive enrichment (5- to
      40-fold) in lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) precursor activity by adherence
      depletion, sheep red cell rosetting, and depletion of CD3- and DR-positive
      lymphocytes. The LAK precursor cell thus appears to fall within the 'null' cell
      population. CD16 and CD11 are cell surface antigens expressed on the surface of
      the LAK precursor as demonstrated in sorting experiments. A 6- to 100-fold
      enrichment compared to unseparated peripheral blood was noted when sorted cells
      positive for CD16 and CD11 were tested. The LAK effector has been identified as
      being primarily CD3- and CD2+. Similar sorting equipment demonstrated a 7- to 500
      fold difference in lytic activity for fresh tumor when comparing CD2+/CD3- and
      CD2+/CD3+ cells. The CD16+/CD11+ lymphocyte can proliferate in response to
      interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone in the absence of accessory cells and can be expanded
      in IL-2 alone with maintenance of lytic activity.

PMID- 2896298
TI  - Immunomodulating effects in vitro of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma on human
      blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells.
AB  - Mononuclear cells (MNC) derived from peripheral blood (PBMNC) of 23 normal donors
      and 4 AIDS patients, and from bone marrow (BMMNC) of 15 normal donors were
      incubated at 37 degrees C in culture medium alone or in the presence of either
      natural or recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) or recombinant human interferon
      gamma (IFN-gamma; 1-1,000 U/ml). The cultured cells were washed on days 1, 4 or 7
      and tested for various immune functions in vitro and for cell surface phenotype.
      IL-2, but not IFN-gamma, was found mitogenic for both PBMNC and BMMNC. The
      natural killer (NK) activity of both PBMNC and BMMNC was the only function tested
      that was markedly augmented (over 100-fold compared to medium control) by both
      lymphokines. Pretreatment of PBMNC with IL-2 at greater than or equal to 10 U/ml
      profoundly suppressed (up to 90%) various functions, such as mitogenic responses
      (phytohemmagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen), allogeneic mixed
      leukocyte reaction, antibody production and T cell colony formation in agar. In
      contrast, some BMMNC functions were elevated at low doses of IL-2 and IFN-gamma,
      and significant suppression of BMMNC was seen only with high doses of IL-2
      (greater than or equal to 100 U/ml) and IFN-gamma (1,000 U/ml). IL-2 was by far
      more effective than IFN-gamma in both the amplification of NK activity and the
      suppression of most of the other functions. IL-2, but not IFN-gamma, was found to
      activate/induce suppressor cells and increased the proportion of Leu-2+ (CD8)
      cells in PBMNC; the suppressive effect was time- and dose-dependent. The IL-2
      induced suppression could be diminished by inclusion of anti-IL-2 antibody during
      the pretreatment phase. Similar suppressive effects were noted in PBMNC from AIDS
      patients. These findings suggest that: (a) high-dose IL-2 may elicit
      immunosuppression which can be mediated by nondiscriminative highly cytotoxic
      cells (i.e. lymphokine-activated killer cells) and/or by noncytotoxic,
      nonspecific suppressor cells, and (b) that PBMNC respond differently to the
      lymphokines than do BMMNC.

PMID- 2896299
TI  - Chromosome aberrations associated with CAD gene amplification in Chinese hamster
      cultured cells.
AB  - Eleven sublines with increasing resistance to N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA)
      were isolated from the V79,B7 Chinese hamster cell line. Aspartate
      transcarbamylase activity and CAD gene copy number increased with increasing
      resistance of sublines. In situ hybridization with a DNA probe for the CAD gene
      showed that the amplified sequences resided in the terminal region of a marker
      chromosome with elongated q arms. This region stained homogeneously after G
      banding. A high incidence of both numerical and structural chromosome aberrations
      was found in PALA-resistant cells. In hyperdiploid and polyploid cells,
      containing 2 copies of the marker chromosome, dicentrics were found at a very
      high frequency. As indicated by in situ hybridization and G-banding, they
      originated from a rearrangement involving 2 homologous marker chromosomes.

PMID- 2896301
TI  - Another retroviral disease of the nervous system: chronic progressive myelopathy
      due to HTLV-1.

PMID- 2896302
TI  - [Sulfasalazine as an antirheumatism agent; a review of the literature].

PMID- 2896300
TI  - Detection of human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I DNA and antigen in
      spinal fluid and blood of patients with chronic progressive myelopathy.
AB  - The presence of antibodies to human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus Type I (HTLV
      I) has been associated with chronic progressive myelopathy. We attempted to
      isolate the virus from the blood and spinal fluid of patients with chronic
      progressive myelopathy and to define the clinical, radiologic, and
      electrophysiologic features of this disease. Ten of 13 patients from tropical
      countries and 2 of 8 from the United States had serum antibodies to HTLV-I. The
      virus was detected in cultures of peripheral-blood lymphocytes from three of
      seven patients by means of Southern blot hybridization. Using a sensitive in
      vitro enzymatic gene-amplification technique, we detected HTLV-I sequences in
      fresh peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of all of 11 patients tested who were
      positive for the antibody, and in cell cultures of the spinal fluid from 3 of the
      11 tested. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cranium revealed periventricular
      lesions in the white matter of 3 of the 12 antibody-positive patients. Five of
      these patients had mild axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy, and one had bilateral
      lumbar radiculopathy. Visual evoked potentials were abnormal in three
      seropositive patients, and brain-stem evoked responses were abnormal in two. The
      detection of the DNA and proteins of HTLV-I strengthens the proposition that this
      virus is involved in the pathogenesis of a subset of cases of chronic progressive
      myelopathy.

PMID- 2896303
TI  - [Alpha-receptor blocking agents and centrally acting antihypertensive agents].

PMID- 2896304
TI  - [Consensus policy in undescended testicle].

PMID- 2896305
TI  - [Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the
      mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain].
AB  - The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation
      of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus
      evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied
      in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that
      inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in
      case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the
      inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced
      and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the
      mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the
      hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure.
      After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the
      hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not
      baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons
      of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced
      a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of
      the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation
      without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex.
      Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are
      discussed.

PMID- 2896306
TI  - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (dopamine-dependent malignant hyperthermia). 4
      different cases].

PMID- 2896307
TI  - Successful symptomatic treatment of malignant carcinoid syndrome with the
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2896309
TI  - Beta endorphin and dynorphin levels in rat pituitary and hypothalamus: age
      studies.
AB  - The content of immunoreactive (ir)-beta-endorphin, ir-dynorphin 1-17, and ir
      dynorphin 1-8 was determined in hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and
      neurointermediate lobe of rats 3-24 months of age. In the anterior pituitary ir
      beta-endorphin showed a progressive rise with age (0.5 +/- 0.06 ng/tissue at 3
      months to 1.02 +/- 0.23 at 24 months); a similar change was seen in ir
      adrenocorticotropic hormone content of the same tissues. No age-related change in
      neurointermediate lobe ir-endorphin content was observed. In the hypothalamus,
      the ir-beta-endorphin content fell progressively from 3 to 18 months, but was
      restored at 24 months to levels indistinguishable from those at 3 months (16.2 +/
      4.3 ng/tissue compared with 11.3 +/- 4.0 at 24 months). The ir-dynorphin content
      did not change progressively over the age span examined, except in the case of
      anterior pituitary content of ir-dynorphin 1-17 which fell progressively between
      3 and 18 months (from 1.65 +/- 0.15 ng/tissue at 3 months to 0.73 +/- 0.12).
      Radioimmunoassay following high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of
      extracts of the tissues showed little variation of the immunoreactive forms with
      age, with two notable exceptions. In the hypothalamic extracts from 24-month-old
      rats the ratio of the nonacetylated ir-endorphin to the acetylated ir-endorphin
      was lower than in equivalent extracts from 3-month-old rats. In anterior
      pituitary extracts from 3-month-old rats, ir-dynorphin 1-17 appeared as two peaks
      (putative 6K and 4K species) of approximately equal size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896308
TI  - Changes in the content of glutamate and GABA in the cerebellar vermis and
      hemispheres of the Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant.
AB  - The contents of glutamate and GABA, as well as aspartate, glycine, and alanine,
      were examined in the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres of normal and Purkinje
      cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mice at 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Relative to
      normal values, the content of glutamate was approximately 50% lower in the vermis
      for the 3 age groups. In the hemispheres, the content of glutamate was also lower
      than control values and showed a progressive loss from 30 to 47% with age. On the
      other hand, in the case of GABA in the vermis, the level was 39% lower in the pcd
      mutant at 6 months of age but no different from control values at 12 months.
      However, relative to data for normal mice, the content of GABA in the hemispheres
      was consistently lower (20%) for all age groups. The level of aspartate was
      approximately 60% lower in the cerebellar vermis and 45 to 55% lower in the
      hemispheres of the mutant with respect to control data for all three age groups.
      Likewise, alanine showed a reduced content in the hemispheres (36-46%) and vermis
      (24%) in the mutant relative to normal values at 6, 9, and 12 months of age. On
      the other hand, the level of glycine was 43-64% higher in the vermis and 77-100%
      greater in the hemispheres of the mutant than in the control group. The higher
      values for glycine were observed at the two oldest ages. In conclusions, the data
      are consistent with the idea that glutamate and GABA are present in high
      concentrations in granule and Purkinje cells, respectively, and provide
      additional support for a transmitter function for both amino acids in the
      cerebellum.

PMID- 2896310
TI  - Evidence for a dopaminergic mechanism for the prolactin inhibitory effect of
      atrial natriuretic factor.
AB  - Infusion of 2 nmol atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) into the third
      cerebroventricle of conscious, orchidectomized male rats results in a significant
      inhibition of prolactin (PRL) secretion. This effect is prevented by prior
      treatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist, domperidone. Furthermore,
      domperidone reverses the inhibitory effect when given after ANF infusion. The PRL
      inhibiting effect is absent as well following inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity. These results suggest that ANF acts centrally at least in part via an
      interaction with endogenous dopaminergic systems and further suggests potent
      neuromodulatory actions of the peptide within the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2896311
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: advances in basic research and therapies.

PMID- 2896313
TI  - Responses resembling defensive behaviour produced by microinjection of glutamate
      into superior colliculus of rats.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus in rats elicits not only
      orienting movements, as it does in other mammals, but also behaviours resembling
      such natural defensive responses as prolonged freezing, cringing, shying, and
      fast running and jumping. To investigate the location of the cells mediating
      these behaviours, the superior colliculus was systematically mapped with
      microinjections of sodium L-glutamate (50 mM, 200 nl), and the resultant
      behavioural changes as assessed in an open field were analysed for defence-like
      responses. The main regions that gave defensive behaviour were (i) rostromedial
      superior colliculus (all layers), and (ii) both medial and lateral parts of the
      caudal deep layers. Cells in these areas project into the ipsilateral descending
      pathway. However, the cells of origin of this pathway are also found in
      collicular regions, such as rostral intermediate gray and parts of far caudal
      colliculus, that did not give defensive movements in response to glutamate
      stimulation. It is unclear whether this is because only parts of the ipsilateral
      pathway mediate defensive behaviours, or because glutamate is a relatively
      inefficient stimulating agent for these systems. An unexpected feature of the
      results was that at a number of collicular sites the nature of the defensive
      response changed with successive (up to three) injections of glutamate, often
      appearing to become more intense. Whether the mechanism underlying this
      potentiation is related to the conditioning of natural defensive behaviour is
      unknown.

PMID- 2896312
TI  - Contralateral head movements produced by microinjection of glutamate into
      superior colliculus of rats: evidence for mediation by multiple output pathways.
AB  - One of the major efferent pathways of the superior colliculus crosses midline to
      run caudally in the contralateral predorsal bundle, innervating targets in the
      brain stem and eventually reaching the cervical spinal cord. A variety of
      evidence suggests that this tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway may mediate the
      orienting movements that can be evoked by tectal stimulation. However, we have
      recently found that orienting head movements can still be obtained in rats after
      section of the tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway, implying that additional pathways
      are also involved. The present study sought to test this implication, by taking
      advantage of the fact that in rats the cells of origin of the tecto-reticulo
      spinal pathway are largely segregated within the lateral part of the stratum
      album intermediate. It is thus possible to find out whether orienting head
      movements can be produced by a cell-excitant from tectal regions that contain few
      cells of origin of the tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway. Hooded rats in an open
      field were filmed during microinjections of sodium L-glutamate (50 mM, 200 nl)
      into the superior colliculus, and the films analysed for the appearance of
      contralaterally directed movements of the head and body. Subsequent histological
      reconstruction of the injection sites indicated that such movements could be
      obtained from widespread areas within the superior colliculus, including not only
      lateral stratum album intermediale but also the deep layers, and parts of the
      medial superficial and intermediate layers. Moreover, sites in or close to
      lateral stratum album intermediate often gave circling movements with downward
      pointing head, whereas some sites outside lateral stratum album intermediale gave
      sustained immobility with the head pointing contralaterally and upwards. This
      evidence supports the view that tectal efferent pathways besides the tecto
      reticulo-spinal pathway are involved in the control of head movement. In
      addition, at least some of these pathways are not collaterals of the tecto
      reticulo-spinal pathway, since the movements were obtained from collicular
      regions with few tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway cells. Finally, the results are
      consistent with the view that different collicular output pathways mediate
      movements that have different functions.

PMID- 2896314
TI  - Studies on dopamine-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and aromatic L-amino acid
      decarboxylase-containing cells in the rat diencephalon: comparison between
      formaldehyde-induced histofluorescence and immunofluorescence.
AB  - The morphology, number and distribution of catecholaminergic neurons, as
      visualized either with the aluminum-catalysed formaldehyde method for
      catecholamines or with the immunohistochemical method for the catecholamine
      synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-amino acid
      decarboxylase, respectively, were analysed within the rat dorsal hypothalamus,
      ventral thalamus and adjoining regions (A11 and A13 cell groups). Both polyclonal
      rabbit and monoclonal mouse tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies were used in elution
      restaining and double-staining experiments, respectively. Some of the animals
      also received spinal injections of the fluorescent tracer True Blue in order to
      retrogradely label cells projecting to the spinal cord. With respect to the
      number and distribution of catecholaminergic neurons in the A11 and medial A13
      cell groups, including the spinal-projecting subpopulation, the results obtained
      with the two methods were very similar, indicating that within these regions of
      the CNS the two methods in principle visualize identical cell populations.
      However, the catecholaminergic cells were distinctly larger and their processes
      appeared more extensive with the immunohistochemical method. Animals processed
      for immunohistochemistry exhibited a lower total number of retrogradely labelled
      cells in the A11 area than those analysed with aldehyde-induced fluorescence
      despite the fact that both methods revealed similar numbers of retrogradely
      labelled tyrosine hydroxylase-positive and catecholamine-containing cells,
      respectively. The reason for these discrepancies, which are probably of
      methodological nature, are discussed. While this study shows that the results
      obtained with the two methods within the A11 and medial A13 cell group are very
      similar and thus strengthens the earlier proposed concept of the organization of
      the diencephalospinal dopaminergic system, it also documents that in
      intermingling and nearby CNS regions there are cell bodies which cannot be
      demonstrated with the aldehyde fluorescence method, but which still contain
      tyrosine hydroxylase and/or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-like
      immunoreactivity. One explanation is low levels of enzyme and/or dopamine
      combined with a comparatively low sensitivity of the histochemical method. Thus,
      neurons containing both enzymes are probably dopaminergic, even if catecholamine
      fluorescence cannot be demonstrated. Neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase, but
      lacking both aldehyde induced fluorescence and aromatic L-amino acid
      decarboxylase, may also still be dopaminergic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2896315
TI  - Altered subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy (HAM).
AB  - We studied subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 12 patients with
      human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy (HAM). The
      percent of OKT8+ cells was significantly decreased, and the percentages of OKDR+
      cells and IL-2R+ cells and the ratio of OKT4+ cells to OKT8+ cells were
      significantly increased compared with either HTLV-I seronegative healthy adults
      (controls) or HTLV-I seropositive non-HAM subjects (carriers). The subsets of PBL
      from eight carriers showed no differences from those in controls. The patients
      with HAM showed significantly higher antibody titers to HTLV-I compared with
      carriers. These altered PBL subsets and high HTLV-I antibody titers in the
      patients suggest that immune functions are in an activated state in HAM.

PMID- 2896316
TI  - [A new H1-blocking antihistamine. Critical review of pharmacological and clinical
      studies].
AB  - Astemizole is a long-acting antihistamine that blocks the H1 receptors. Thanks to
      its long-acting effect, symptoms can be controlled by a single daily dose. Its
      efficacy in the treatment of seasonal and permanent allergic rhinitis has been
      demonstrated in many studies in which it was compared with other antihistamines.
      It has also proved useful in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis and chronic
      urticaria. Though a tendency to increased appetite and slight weight gain after
      prolonged use has been noted in some patients, astemizole is not sedative and has
      no anticholinergic effect in the standard therapeutic doses.

PMID- 2896317
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin correlates with spectral EEG variables and with
      parietotemporal cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer patients.
AB  - Somatostatin levels of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were correlated with
      variables of quantitative EEG and with neuropsychological performance in patients
      with probable Alzheimer's disease. Low somatostatin levels of CSF correlated with
      decreased beta activity and with decreased mean frequency in the combined alpha
      and theta EEG range. In the subgroup of mild Alzheimer cases CSF somatostatin
      correlated positively also with alpha power, and the peak and the mean frequency,
      and negatively with theta power but not with delta activity. Furthermore, low
      somatostatin of the CSF correlated with neuropsychological tests assessing
      temporoparietal dysfunction. To our knowledge, this is the first study to
      indicate the correlation between spectral analysis results of the EEG and CSF
      somatostatin suggesting that the relationship between somatostatin and EEG
      variables is worthy of further studies.

PMID- 2896318
TI  - Ultrastructural demonstration of the catecholaminergic innervation of vasopressin
      neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat by double-labeling
      immunocytochemistry.
AB  - The catecholaminergic innervation of vasopressin (VP) neurons in the
      paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat was studied at the electron microscopic
      level by double-labeling immunocytochemistry combining the preembedding
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with the postembedding immunogold staining
      method. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive nerve terminals were found to
      establish synapses with neurophysin II-like immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and
      their processes. This provides morphological evidence for catecholaminergic
      control of the release of VP, at the PVN level.

PMID- 2896319
TI  - Enhancement of the oxygen consumption in the hippocampal slices of the guinea pig
      induced by glutamate and its related substances.
AB  - The effects of glutamate (Glu), kainate (Ka), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on
      the oxygen consumption of the hippocampal slices of the guinea pig were
      investigated. The oxygen consumption of slices at resting state was 8.43 mumol/g
      protein/min. Bath application of Ka (1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-6) M), NMDA (1 x 10(
      8) M to 1 x 10(-4) M), and Glu (1 x 10(-5) M to 5 x 10(-4) M) enhanced the oxygen
      consumption dose-dependently in the similar tendency although the effective doses
      varied for the different excitants. Subsequently the consumption was maximal at
      approximately 140% of the resting level. The enhancement of the oxygen
      consumption due to NMDA and Glu was antagonized by DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric
      acid (APV) for NMDA and by glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE) and Joro spider
      toxin (JSTX) for Glu. From these results it was suggested that the increase of
      the oxygen consumption observed here must reflect the neuronal activation induced
      by these excitants.

PMID- 2896320
TI  - Changes in the state of the excitatory synaptic system in the hippocampus on
      prolonged exposure to excitatory amino acids and antagonists.
AB  - Prolonged exposure of hippocampal slices to L-glutamate was found to produce a
      biphasic effect on excitatory synaptic transmission from Schaffer collateral
      commissural fibers to CA1 pyramidal neurons: an early blockade of postsynaptic
      responses was followed by a progressive recovery. Antagonists of N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which had no effect on the initial responses, blocked
      the responses which reappeared during continued exposure to L-glutamate.
      Furthermore, when NMDA antagonists were maintained in the presence of glutamate,
      excitatory transmission was again restored and the new responses were now
      insensitive both to 'NMDA' and 'non-NMDA' antagonists. Once elicited, the changes
      in synaptic transmission appear to be 'memorized' by the slice for at least tens
      of minutes. These phenomena suggest that the well-known plasticity of the
      hippocampal synapses may involve a sequence of distinct 'states', and that
      transitions between these states can be induced by certain pharmacological
      stimuli.

PMID- 2896321
TI  - Stimulation of muscarinic receptor in hippocampal neuron induces characteristic
      increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration.
AB  - Changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in response to
      acetylcholine (ACh) were examined by fura-2 fluorometry in cultured rat
      hippocampal neurons. ACh (greater than or equal to 10(-5) M) induced an increase
      in [Ca2+]i composed of fast transient and slow long-lasting phases. Atropine (10(
      8) M) abolished the fast component and greatly reduced the slow component. The
      slow component was selectively blocked by pirenzepine (10(-6) M). The effect of
      ACh remained partially in a Ca2+-deficient medium where effects of L-glutamate
      and KCl (50 mM) were abolished. Present results suggest that ACh elevates [Ca2+]i
      by activation of muscarinic receptor subtypes, one of which is coupled with ion
      channels and the other of which transduces the ACh binding to mobilization of
      intracellularly stored Ca2+.

PMID- 2896322
TI  - Presynaptic and postsynaptic glutamatergic function in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Sodium dependent D-aspartate and Ca2+/Cl-independent L-glutamate binding assays
      were used to assess the integrity of glutamate uptake sites and postsynaptic NMDA
      receptor levels in control and Alzheimer's disease temporal cortex. The number of
      glutamate uptake sites was significantly and substantially reduced in accordance
      with previous findings. However, NMDA receptor levels were unchanged. This
      finding suggests that glutamatergic presynaptic elements are severely reduced in
      Alzheimer's disease, whilst postsynaptic elements remain intact.

PMID- 2896323
TI  - Brainstem dopaminergic neurons project to monkey parietal cortex.
AB  - In this study, retrograde transport of Fast blue was combined with tyrosine
      hydroxylase immunohistochemistry to reveal the presence of projections from both
      dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra-ventral
      tegmental area to the parietal cortex of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis). These findings confirm the results of previous studies
      demonstrating the existence of a dopaminergic innervation of monkey parietal
      cortex.

PMID- 2896324
TI  - Chronic low level lead exposure precociously induces rat glial development in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Lead has been demonstrated to induce precocious glial differentiation both in
      vitro and in vivo. Lead-treated rat glioma (C6) and cerebellar astrocytes
      exhibited cytoplasmic extensions and the presence of glial endfeet after a 3-day
      exposure to 10(-6) to 10(-4) M PbCl2. In similar experiments no effect was noted
      in neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) or on neurite outgrowth from chick spinal cord
      explants. This prodifferentiative effect on glia was also seen in the cerebella
      of postnatal rats in which the developmental expression of glial-specific
      glutamine synthetase activity was significantly increased up to postnatal day 12
      after chronic exposure to lead from time of birth via their dam's drinking water
      (400 mg PbCl2/l).

PMID- 2896325
TI  - Traumatic amputation. Action stat!

PMID- 2896326
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review of the Wellington experience.
AB  - The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially lethal complication of
      central dopamine antagonism. We report five cases, occurring in the Wellington
      region in the last 4 years. Three of the cases are reported in detail and the
      diagnostic difficulties and therapeutic strategies are reviewed. Particular
      attention is drawn to the use of the depot intramuscular phenothiazine
      formulations which were clearly implicated in our experience.

PMID- 2896327
TI  - [Treatment of glaucoma with beta receptor blockers. Significance of adrenergic
      receptors of the beta-2 subtype for their effect on intraocular pressure].
AB  - After 20 years of extensive practical experience in the management of glaucoma,
      beta-adrenergic blocking agents have gained a continuously increasing importance.
      The reason is a combination of effective reduction of intraocular pressure even
      during chronic treatment and few adverse effects. For many years, substantial
      effort has been focussed on the elucidation of the cellular mechanism inducing
      the intracellular pressure reduction. In this respect, mainly three different
      hypotheses have been controversially discussed: beta-blockers reduce aqueous
      humor formation (1) by an unspecific membrane-stabilizing process, (2) by
      impeding the local circulation of the ciliary body or (3) by specifically
      blocking adrenergic beta-receptors intimately involved in the regulation of
      aqueous humor production. Recently, substantial progress has been achieved by
      different working groups getting highly purified melanin-depleted fractions of
      ciliary epithelia which allow accurate receptor-ligand binding studies. The most
      important results, which all favor the explanation that the mechanism of action
      is due to specific inhibition of adrenergic receptors of the beta-2-subtype, are
      presented here. The consequences which result for the development of more
      specific pharmacologic agents in the future are discussed.

PMID- 2896328
TI  - [Neuroendocrine regulation of adaptation].

PMID- 2896329
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for the neu oncogene product directly mediate anti
      tumor effects in vivo.
AB  - We have produced a panel of monoclonal antibodies which bind cell surface domains
      of the 185 Kd tumor antigen (p185) encoded by the neu oncogene. All of these
      antibodies stain neu-transformed cells in immunofluorescence assays and
      immunoprecipitate p185 from metabolically labeled cell lysates. All of the anti
      p185 monoclonal antibodies, regardless of isotype, exert a selective cytostatic
      effect on the growth of neu-transformed cells suspended in soft agar,
      demonstrating their ability to directly inhibit the transformed phenotype. Anti
      p185 antibodies of the IgM, IgG2a, and IgG2b isotypes exert a cytolytic effect on
      neu-transformed cells in the presence of complement. Only one IgG2a monoclonal
      antibody is also able to mediate minimal levels of antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Roussel et al., 1984) in the presence of non-immune spleen
      cells. In vivo administration of anti-p185 antibodies of the IgG1, IgG2a, and
      IgG2b isotypes exerts a profound inhibitory effect on the tumorigenic growth of
      neu-transformed cells. This tumor inhibitory effect is unaffected by depleting
      tumor bearing animals of complement, and is only minimally affected by depleting
      tumor bearing animals of macrophages. This suggests that neither complement
      mediated killing nor ADCC are necessary for the anti-tumor effects of p185
      specific monoclonal antibodies. The results presented here demonstrate that
      monoclonal antibodies reactive with cell surface domains of an oncogene-encoded
      protein can directly inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Such antibodies
      may prove useful in the therapy of certain malignancies.

PMID- 2896330
TI  - Retroviral heterogeneity in mouse lymphomas.
AB  - Provirus modifications which can occur in tumors may lead to tumor antigenic
      variants. To investigate this possibility we compared the restriction fragment
      length patterns of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), murine leukemia virus and
      xenotropic and mink cell-focus inducing (MCF)-related sequences, using Southern
      blot analysis, in a panel of Balb/c and C57BL/6 lymphomas, some of which were
      known to express novel histocompatibility (H) antigens. The results indicate
      differences in amplification and novel integration sites of retroviral sequences
      in all tumors analyzed, the number of new sequences depending on the specific
      retroviral sequence. A relationship has been found between integration of new
      MMTV sequences and a known susceptibility to lysis by syngeneic alloactivated
      lymphocytes in the same group of tumors. The possibility that retroviruses can
      induce the expression of novel histocompatibility antigens on tumors is
      discussed.

PMID- 2896331
TI  - Bethanechol chloride as a suggested adjunct to prolonged in vivo exposure therapy
      in the treatment of paruresis.
AB  - A major difficulty in treating paruresis (psychogenic urinary retention) by
      prolonged in vivo exposure therapy involves the individual's inability to
      initiate urination in response to anxiety-provoking stimuli easily and frequently
      enough to generalize the desired behavior to everyday situations. Administration
      of bethanechol chloride, a parasympathomimetic compound that facilitates
      urination by prompting contraction of the detrusor muscle of the bladder, prior
      to therapeutic sessions is suggested to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness
      of in vivo desensitization procedures in the treatment of paruresis.

PMID- 2896332
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Hox2.3 gene region.

PMID- 2896333
TI  - Sequence analysis of three polymorphic regions in the human genome detected by
      the G8 probe for RFLPs associated with Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2896334
TI  - Eco RI RFLP in the human IGF II gene.

PMID- 2896335
TI  - Two polymorphic loci are detected simultaneously by probe CARLP II8.2 [D10S21] on
      chromosome 10.

PMID- 2896336
TI  - RFLP identified by the anonymous DNA segment FZ VI A2 at 22q11.2 [HGM no.
      D22S20].

PMID- 2896337
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence pXH3 on chromosome X
      [DXS235].

PMID- 2896339
TI  - A Taq I polymorphism in the 5' region of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene.

PMID- 2896338
TI  - Bst NI (Eco RII) RFLP in the lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL).

PMID- 2896340
TI  - A TaqI RFLP demonstrated for pIBS17 [D4S123], a single copy sequence on
      chromosome 4.

PMID- 2896341
TI  - Polymorphisms revealed by random probe H2-10 [D13S26] which maps to chromosome
      13q21-q22.

PMID- 2896342
TI  - Localization of CRF-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of teleost
      fish.
AB  - Immunocytochemical techniques were applied to brain and pituitary sections of
      eleven teleost species. A corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-antiserum allowed
      the identification of a CRF-like system in these species. Perikarya were labeled
      in the preoptic nucleus. Labeled fibers were traced laterally, then ventrally
      close to the optic chiasma, forming two symmetrical tracts running through the
      basal hypothalamus. These ended in the rostral neurohypophysis (NH) close to ACTH
      cells as shown by double immunostaining. Other fibers, often more variquous,
      ended in the caudal NH close to melanocorticotropic cells. In Salmo fario, small
      perikarya also stained in the nucleus lateralis tuberis. The CRF-like system
      appears distinct from that of somatostatin. In Anguilla, adjacent sections
      stained with CRF- and vasotocin (AVT)-antisera respectively showed that these two
      peptides coexist in some perikarya. As few fibers containing only AVT end in the
      rostral NH, they probably do not control ACTH cells directly. AVT fibers
      terminate mostly in the caudal NH close to melanocorticotropic cells. Some extra
      hypothalamic fibers suggest that CRF may also act as a neurotransmitter. The
      plurality of hormones showing a CRF-like activity in teleosts is considered.

PMID- 2896344
TI  - Food intake in rats is increased by intracerebroventricular infusion of the
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 and is decreased by somatostatin antiserum.
AB  - The chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201
      995 resulted in a significant increase in daily food intake which was accompanied
      by an unexpected body weight loss. The neutralisation of central somatostatin
      using a specific somatostatin antiserum resulted in a significant decrease in
      daily food intake. These results suggest that endogenous somatostatin in the
      brain can drive feeding behavior and alter body weight.

PMID- 2896343
TI  - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of superactive analogues of growth hormone-releasing
      factor (1-29)-amide.
AB  - D-amino acid-substituted analogues of growth hormone-releasing factor 1-29)-amide
      with superagonist activities in the rat were examined for increased plasma half
      life and resistance to degradation in vivo. After IV injection, half-lives of the
      analogues were in the range 4.7-7.4 min, none of which was significantly
      different from that of the parent compound (6.2 min). Following SC injection, 4.6
      7.2% of the dose of the analogues reached the circulation compared with 5.1% of
      the parent compound. Conformational restraints introduced into the N-terminal
      region of the molecule, which gave enhanced potency, did not alter the
      susceptibility of the peptide to proteolytic degradation.

PMID- 2896346
TI  - Relationships between drug regime and histology of rectal mucosa in Crohn's
      disease.
AB  - In the scope of the ECCDS, testing the efficacy of prednisolone and/or
      sulfasalazine in Crohn's disease, the relationships between drug regime and
      histology of rectal mucosa were studied. Rectal biopsies, gained at start and
      after termination of treatment were available in 57 patients. Additionally,
      biopsies of 20 normal controls were studied. The biopsies, cut completely in
      serial sections, were investigated by quantitative histological methods. The data
      were evaluated by multivariate discriminant analyses. The nearest approach of
      histologic pattern to normal was found after combined treatment with prednisolone
      and sulfasalazine, followed by prednisolone monotherapy. The effect of
      sulfasalazine as monotherapy was poor. The degree of normalisation in histologic
      pattern agrees very well with the CDAI in our subsets. Overall, effective therapy
      was reflected in histology of rectal mucosa by a decrease of acute inflammatory
      alterations and an increase of mononuclear infiltration. Only minor individual
      effects of the various drug regimes were found.

PMID- 2896345
TI  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone blocks neurally-mediated hyperglycemia through
      central action.
AB  - Central injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) potently blocked the
      development of, as well as rapidly reversed, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)-stimulated
      hyperglycemia in mice. The antihyperglycemic effect was dose-related, dependent
      upon the structural integrity of the peptide, dissociated from the peptide's
      hypophysiotropic action and from its interaction with TRH receptors, and mediated
      by the cholinergic parasympathetic system. Moreover, TRH blocked the rise in
      plasma glucose following central injection of corticotropin-releasing factor,
      enkephalin, clonidine and glucagon, as well as the hyperglycemic response to
      immobilization, electric foot shock or endotoxin administration. These results
      indicate that TRH, acting within the central nervous system, can block neurally
      mediated hyperglycemia in addition to its previously reported actions to elicit
      systemic hypoglycemia in normoglycemic mice and to antagonize epinephrine
      stimulated hyperglycemia in these animals.

PMID- 2896347
TI  - Anxiety disorders. Can you give me something for my nerves, doctor?
AB  - The antianxiety drugs available today are highly effective. Before prescribing
      anxiolytics, the physician needs to carefully evaluate the patient to determine
      if true symptoms of anxiety are present and are interfering with the patient's
      functioning. Patient education about the cause of the disorder and the purpose of
      anxiolytic therapy is essential for successful management. Selection of the
      proper drug dose must be individualized, and regular patient monitoring is
      necessary to detect side effects or possible drug abuse. Careful record keeping
      is the best defense against legal problems arising from a patient's abusing or
      diverting of prescribed drugs.

PMID- 2896348
TI  - Differential expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Thy 1.2
      antigens on mouse decidua.
AB  - A differential expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and
      Thy 1.2 antigens was detected on two morphologically distinct cell populations in
      short-term cultures of murine decidual tissue. Stromal type decidual cells
      expressed Thy 1.2, albeit transiently, and consistently lacked class II antigens.
      By contrast decidual macrophages expressed class II antigens and lacked Thy 1.2
      antigens. Stromal type decidual cells, after culture in the presence of
      indomethacin, displayed no evidence of prostaglandin-mediated modulation of class
      II expression. These findings suggest that class II positive decidual macrophages
      are responsible for the antigen-presenting capacity of decidua.

PMID- 2896349
TI  - [Circulating hematopoietic cells. Results of 6 autologous grafts].
AB  - Six patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia underwent autologous
      transplantation of circulating stem cells collected during remission. They were
      given cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) and total body irradiation (1,000-1,200 rads)
      (five patients) or busulfan (16 mg/kg) and melphalan (140 mg/m2) before the
      transfusion of 6.7 X 10(8) nucleated cells/kg corresponding to 19.7 X 10(4) CFU
      GM/kg. Granulopoietic engraftment was observed in every case and was influenced
      by the number of CFU-GM injected. Megakaryocytic recovery was obtained in four
      cases.

PMID- 2896350
TI  - [Euthyroid goiter: the autoimmune component of its pathogenesis].

PMID- 2896351
TI  - Pancreatic secretagogues regulate somatostatin binding to its receptors on rat
      pancreatic acinar membranes.
AB  - Labeled somatostatin binding to pancreatic acinar membranes was examined to
      investigate how pancreatic secretagogues regulate somatostatin receptors in the
      pancreas. Pretreatment of pancreatic acini at 37 degrees C for 120 min with not
      only pancreatic secretagogues, such as carbachol and bombesin, but also
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and secretin reduced subsequent labeled
      somatostatin binding to the acinar membranes in a dose-dependent manner. The
      inhibitory effects of these secretagogues on labeled somatostatin binding were
      also time dependent. Both types of secretagogues maximally reduced subsequent
      somatostatin binding when acini were incubated with them for more than 120 min.
      However, the degree of the inhibition was greater with carbachol or bombesin than
      VIP or secretin; the former secretagogues reduced the binding to 40-45%, and the
      latter to 75-80% of a control, respectively. These pancreatic secretagogues had
      no inhibitory effect on somatostatin binding when added directly to the binding
      media. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of carbachol was attenuated by the
      presence of 1 mM EDTA in media for pretreatment, suggesting that intracellular
      pathways activated by pancreatic secretagogues may be responsible for
      somatostatin receptor modulation. Interestingly, when combined with VIP,
      pretreatment of acini with carbachol produced an additive inhibition of labeled
      somatostatin binding to the membranes. Results, therefore, suggest that
      somatostatin binding to its receptors in the pancreas may be regulated via two
      functionally distinct intracellular pathways.

PMID- 2896352
TI  - Colocalization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin in pancreatic
      islet cells and inhibition of insulin secretion by calcitonin gene-related
      peptide in the rat.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and somatostatin (SRIF)-containing cells
      were identified by immunocytochemical techniques in pancreatic islet cells of the
      rat. CGRP-containing cells were found primarily in the peripheral portion of the
      pancreatic islets. In addition, CGRP-containing cells also contained
      somatostatin, which identifies the islet CGRP-containing cells as D cells. In the
      present study, we also tested the effect of CGRP on gastrin-releasing peptide
      (GRP; 10(-9) M)- or cholecystokinin (CCK-8, 10(-9) M)-stimulated release of
      insulin from isolated rat islets in vitro. At concentrations of 10(-8)-10(-11) M,
      CGRP inhibited GRP- and CCK-8-stimulated release of insulin significantly when
      compared with GRP or CCK-8 alone. At the lowest concentration of CGRP (10(-11)
      M), the inhibitory effect of CGRP on CCK-8-stimulated release of insulin was
      statistically significant (p less than 0.05) and exceptionally potent (65-90%
      inhibition). We have also found that CGRP does not stimulate the release of SRIF
      from isolated islet cells. These findings suggest that CGRP may play a regulatory
      role in the release of insulin.

PMID- 2896353
TI  - Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the 31-kDa subunit of bovine
      kidney vacuolar H+-ATPase.
AB  - We have isolated a cDNA encoding the 31-kDa subunit of the bovine kidney vacuolar
      H+-ATPase. The composite sequence contains 1219 base pairs, which includes the
      entire 678-base-pair coding region. A lysine-rich sequence previously found in
      the Na+, K+-ATPase alpha subunit and the H+,K+-ATPase was identified in the 31
      kDa subunit. An RNA blot and an immunoblot demonstrated variable 31-kDa subunit
      expression and immunoreactivity in different tissues; the highest levels were
      observed in kidney medulla and brain with both types of analysis. The isolation
      of a cDNA for the 31-kDa subunit is an important step in understanding this
      subunit's role in the function and regulation of the vacuolar H+-ATPase.

PMID- 2896354
TI  - Developmental regulation of constitutive and inducible expression of hepatocyte
      specific genes in the mouse.
AB  - Deletions in chromosome 7 of the mouse have been shown to cause failure of
      expression of certain liver-specific enzymes in newborn deletion homozygotes.
      Among these enzymes are L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5)
      and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) [GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lase
      (transphosphorylating); EC 4.1.1.32]. The studies reported here show that in
      fetal stages constitutive expression of the relevant genes on the level of steady
      state mRNA is identical in the livers of homozygous deletion mutants and normal
      littermates. Furthermore, prenatally these enzymes are expressed also in cell
      types other than hepatocytes. Thus, the putative trans-acting regulatory factors
      encoded in the deleted region of chromosome 7 of the mouse appear to be concerned
      specifically with the regulation of cell type-specific inducible expression of
      various hepatocyte-specific genes, whereas constitutive expression of the same
      genes is not affected.

PMID- 2896355
TI  - Nonrandom X chromosome inactivation in B cells from carriers of X chromosome
      linked severe combined immunodeficiency.
AB  - X chromosome-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is characterized by
      markedly reduced numbers of T cells, the absence of proliferative responses to
      mitogens, and hypogammaglobulinemia but normal or elevated numbers of B cells. To
      determine if the failure of the B cells to produce immunoglobulin might be due to
      expression of the XSCID gene defect in B-lineage cells as well as T cells, we
      analyzed patterns of X chromosome inactivation in B cells from nine obligate
      carriers of this disorder. A series of somatic cell hybrids that selectively
      retained the active X chromosome was produced from Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated
      B cells from each woman. To distinguish between the two X chromosomes, the
      hybrids from each woman were analyzed using an X-linked restriction fragment
      length polymorphism for which the woman in question was heterozygous. In all
      obligate carriers of XSCID, the B-cell hybrids demonstrated preferential use of a
      single X chromosome, the nonmutant X, as the active X. To determine if the small
      number of B-cell hybrids that contained the mutant X were derived from an
      immature subset of B cells, lymphocytes from three carriers were separated into
      surface IgM positive and surface IgM negative B cells prior to exposure to
      Epstein-Barr virus and production of B-cell hybrids. The results demonstrated
      normal random X chromosome inactivation in B-cell hybrids derived from the less
      mature surface IgM positive B cells. In contrast, the pattern of X chromosome
      inactivation in the surface IgM negative B cells, which had undergone further
      replication and differentiation, was significantly nonrandom in all three
      experiments [logarithm of odds (lod) score greater than 3.0]. These results
      suggest that the XSCID gene product has a direct effect on B cells as well as T
      cells and is required during B-cell maturation.

PMID- 2896356
TI  - Cell-surface glycoproteins of human sarcomas: differential expression in normal
      and malignant tissues and cultured cells.
AB  - Normal differentiation and malignant transformation of human cells are
      characterized by specific changes in surface antigen phenotype. In the present
      study, we have defined six cell-surface antigens of human sarcomas and normal
      mesenchymal cells, by using mixed hemadsorption assays and immunochemical methods
      for the analysis of cultured cells and immunohistochemical staining for the
      analysis of normal tissues and greater than 200 tumor specimens. Differential
      patterns of F19 (Mr, 120,000/95,000 glycoprotein), F24 (Mr, 95,000 glycoprotein),
      G171 (Mr, 75,000 glycoprotein), G253 (Mr, 90,000 glycoprotein), S5 (Mr, 120,000
      glycoprotein), and Thy-1 (Mr, 25,000 glycoprotein) antigen expression were found
      to characterize (i) subsets of cultured sarcoma cell lines, (ii) cultured
      fibroblasts derived from various organs, (iii) normal resting and activated
      mesenchymal tissues, and (iv) sarcoma and nonmesenchymal tumor tissues. These
      results provide a basic surface antigenic map for cultured mesenchymal cells and
      mesenchymal tissues and permit the classification of human sarcomas according to
      their antigenic phenotypes.

PMID- 2896358
TI  - Studies on metabolic regulation and estimation of sialic acids by enzyme
      immobilization techniques.

PMID- 2896357
TI  - Bradykinin as a pain mediator: receptors are localized to sensory neurons, and
      antagonists have analgesic actions.
AB  - Autoradiographic studies localize [3H]bradykinin receptor binding sites to the
      substantia gelatinosa, dorsal root, and a subset of small cells in both the
      dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia of the guinea pig. [3H]Bradykinin labeling is
      also observed over myocardial/coronary visceral afferent fibers. The localization
      of [3H]bradykinin receptors to nociceptive pathways supports a role for
      bradykinin in pain mediation. Several bradykinin antagonists block bradykinin
      induced acute vascular pain in the rat. The bradykinin antagonists also relieve
      bradykinin- and urate-induced hyperalgesia in the rat paw. These results indicate
      that bradykinin is a physiologic mediator of pain and that bradykinin antagonists
      have analgesic activity in both acute and chronic pain models.

PMID- 2896360
TI  - Stimulus properties of 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (MDA) analogs.
AB  - Using a standard two-lever operant procedure, groups of rats were trained to
      discriminate intraperitoneal doses of the phenylisopropylamines (+)amphetamine
      (1.0 mg/kg) or racemic 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM; 1.0
      mg/kg) from saline using a VI 15-sec schedule of reinforcement for food reward.
      Once trained, the animals were administered doses of several methylenedioxy
      analogs (MDAs) of phenylisopropylamine including the N-monomethyl [S(+)MDMA and
      R(-)MDMA], N-monoethyl [(+/-)MDE, S(+)MDE, and R(-)MDE], and the N-hydroxyl [(+/
      )N-OH MDA] derivatives. The DOM-stimulus did not generalize to any of these
      agents. The amphetamine-stimulus generalized to S(+)MDMA, S(+)N-ethylamphetamine
      and (+/-)N-hydroxyamphetamine, but not to R(-)MDMA, (+/-)MDE, S(+)MDE, R(-)MDE,
      or N-OH MDA. The present results are consistent with other reports in the
      literature suggesting that the psychoactive effects of certain MDA derivatives
      may be other than simply amphetamine- or DOM-like.

PMID- 2896359
TI  - Zuclopenthixol and melperon in the treatment of elderly patients: a double-blind,
      controlled, multi-centre study.
AB  - A double-blind study was carried out in 53 elderly patients in 6 geriatric
      nursing homes to assess the effectiveness of the neuroleptics, zuclopenthixol and
      melperon (flubuperone), in the relief of restlessness, aggressiveness and other
      such symptoms. The initial daily dose was 4 mg zuclopenthixol or 75 mg melperon,
      increased if necessary over the treatment period of 4 weeks. Assessments were
      made on entry and after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of treatment of the overall severity of
      illness and of individual symptoms. The results showed that there was significant
      improvement in the condition of patients in both treatment groups and a
      significant reduction in mean total as well as in the main single symptom scores.
      These changes were already apparent after 1 week of treatment. Although there was
      a tendency for faster improvement in the zuclopenthixol group, there were no
      significant differences between the groups in any of the parameters assessed.
      Side-effects were few and generally mild and transient.

PMID- 2896361
TI  - Nocturnal depletion of hypothalamic dynorphin in anorexic Walker-256 tumor
      bearing rats.
AB  - Rats implanted with the Walker-256 (W-256) tumor exhibit marked anorexia that is
      most apparent at night. In this model, the hypothalamic kappa opioid system was
      examined for deficits that might contribute to this tumor-induced anorexia. In
      anorexic tumor-bearing rats (TBR), nocturnal levels of ir-DYN-8 were
      significantly reduced in the hypothalamus, but ir-DYN-17 levels were not.
      Accumulation of 3H-etorphine or 3H-ethylketocyclazocine, a putative ligand for
      the kappa receptor subtype, was not increased in the hypothalamus of the TBR, as
      might have been expected if there were less endogenous dynorphin to occupy the
      opioid receptors in this region. In vitro binding assays with 3H
      ethylketocyclazocine indicated that dynorphin depletion in the TBR was not
      sufficient to increase the numbers of kappa opioid receptors in the hypothalamus.
      Also, the sensitivity of kappa opioid receptors involved in feeding was not
      altered in the TBR as indicated by an intact feeding response to ketocyclazocine.
      In summary, the marginal deficits of hypothalamic dynorphin in W-256 tumor
      bearing rats that coincide with the phase of tumor-induced anorexia may
      contribute to the reduction in food intake.

PMID- 2896362
TI  - Convulsant versus typical barbiturates: effects on conflict behavior in the rat.
AB  - Typical barbiturates produce a spectrum of behavioral effects, including anti
      convulsant, muscle relaxant, sedative hypnotic and anti-anxiety actions. In
      contrast to these typical barbiturates, there exists a group of barbiturates
      which are pro-, rather than anti-convulsant. The effects of these convulsant
      barbiturates on anxiety-related behaviors have not been examined. Therefore, the
      present studies were designed to compare the effects of the convulsant
      barbiturate CHEB to those of a number of typical barbiturates in the Conditioned
      Suppression of Drinking (CSD) paradigm, an "animal model" for the study of
      anxiety and anti-anxiety agents. In daily 10-minute sessions, water-deprived rats
      were trained to drink from a tube which was occasionally electrified (0.5 mA),
      electrification being signalled by a tone. Within 3-4 weeks control responding
      had stabilized (10-15 shocks and 10-15 ml water/session); drug tests were then
      conducted at weekly intervals. Consistent with previous reports, typical
      barbiturates (pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital) produced dose-dependent
      increases in the number of shocks received at doses which did not depress
      background responding (water intake). In contrast, sub-convulsant doses of CHEB
      (0.3-2.5 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent depression of both punished responding
      and background responding. Finally, it was found that pre-treatment with 1.25
      mg/kg CHEB did not alter the anti-conflict effects of pentobarbital. These
      results suggest that (1) convulsant and typical barbiturates have markedly
      different effects on conflict behavior in the rat and (2) CHEB appears not to
      possess any "barbiturate antagonist" qualities.

PMID- 2896365
TI  - Italian Pharmacological Society, 1st inter-regional meeting. Pavia, October 5,
      1987. Pharmacology of neurotransmission. Reviews and communications.

PMID- 2896363
TI  - Methysergide potentiates the hyperactivity produced by MDMA in rats.
AB  - Although some substituted amphetamines, like MDA, produce a combination of
      sympathomimetic stimulation and perceptual alterations, the psychoactive
      qualities of MDMA are less distinctive. MDMA binds to serotonergic receptors and
      has been shown to potently deplete brain serotonin concentrations. Biochemical
      and behavioral evidence suggests that MDMA may also act on the dopamine system.
      The present study explored the effects of blocking serotonin receptors on MDMA
      and amphetamine induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats. Locomotor activity was
      measured in photocell cages for 120 minutes following injection of methysergide
      (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) or methysergide in combination with amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg)
      or MDMA (10 mg/kg). Methysergide, which had no effect on its own, significantly
      potentiated the locomotor hyperactivity produced by MDMA but not amphetamine.
      Thus, the intrinsic serotonergic agonist properties of MDMA may actually
      counteract the indirect sympathomimetic effects thought to be responsible for the
      locomotor hyperactivity MDMA produces.

PMID- 2896364
TI  - Effect of mifentidine on mepirizole-induced duodenal ulcer in the rat.
AB  - The H2-receptor antagonists mifentidine, famotidine, cimetidine and ranitidine
      were examined for their ability to prevent the duodenal ulcer caused by
      mepirizole (250 mg/kg p.o.), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, in the
      conscious rat. All the compounds exerted a dose-related protective effect and on
      the basis of their ED50s, the following rank order of potency was found:
      mifentidine = famotidine greater than ranitidine greater than cimetidine. The
      antiulcer activity displayed by the H2-receptor antagonists evaluated in this
      model reflects their potency in inhibiting basal and stimulated gastric acid
      secretion in rat. The results of these studies indicate mifentidine as a potent
      anti-ulcer agent.

PMID- 2896366
TI  - Release in vitro as a model to study neurotransmitter receptors.

PMID- 2896368
TI  - Pharmacologic management of glaucoma.

PMID- 2896367
TI  - [Changes in the system of cyclic nucleotides in irradiated body tissues].
AB  - It has been shown that the content of cAMP in the rat thymus, spleen, and liver 1
      and 3 days after gamma-radiation with 7.5 Gy decreases, and that of cGMP
      increases. Analogous dynamics has been revealed when studying adenylate cyclase
      and guanylate cyclase activities. The activity of cAMP and cGMP
      phosphodiesterases increased during the first period of study but subsequently it
      showed no distinction from the initial data level. The revealed postradiation
      changes in the content of cyclic nucleotides seem to be basically caused by the
      cyclases activity alterations.

PMID- 2896369
TI  - Astroglia from defined brain regions as studied with primary cultures.

PMID- 2896370
TI  - Pharmacology of the glutamate receptor.
AB  - Glutamate is a potent candidate of the excitatory transmitter at the invertebrate
      NMJ and the synapse of the vertebrate CNS. But pharmacological studies have not
      been enough to prove that glutamate functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter.
      During the past 10 years, we have been studying the effects of various compounds
      which demonstrate the glutamate blocking action, but the glutamate responses are
      more effectively blocked by the drugs than the nerve-evoked synaptic response. A
      marked difference was revealed by TI-233, the minimum concentration of TI-233 on
      EJP being about a hundred times greater than the minimum threshold concentration
      on the glutamate-induced responses. The subsequent studies demonstrated that the
      action of TI-233 was able to be explained by the open channel block of the
      glutamate-activated ion-channel. The difference does not confute the hypothesis
      that glutamate is the natural transmitter substance at the crayfish NMJ,
      notwithstanding the fact that the action of the transmitter candidate on the
      postsynaptic membrane must be identical in every respect with that of the
      transmitter. Once something potentially useful has been found it is necessary to
      know not only what a substance does but how well it does it, so that comparisons
      can be made and better drugs discovered. Our first task therefore was to find a
      powerful glutamate blocker. Recently, as a result of synthesizing a series of
      compounds on the base of the structure-activity relationship in drug design, a
      series of compounds was found to reduce markedly glutamate responses at the
      crayfish NMJ and the mammalian central neurones at extremely low concentrations.
      In addition, a novel potent excitatory amino acid, acromelic acid, was found.
      This compound markedly excites the crayfish opener muscle and the mammalian
      central neurones. Agonists and antagonists have provided a very useful tool for
      neuroscience research, and findings of these new pharmacological tools will lead
      to progress in pharmacological studies to elucidate the function of glutamate in
      the body, in addition to other established compounds. The recent advances in our
      limited understanding of pharmacology of the glutamate receptor are discussed
      here.

PMID- 2896371
TI  - Notes on human behavioural pharmacotoxicology.
AB  - 1. After 30 years of psychopharmacological therapy we are able to identify some
      aspects which can be referred to a "collateral behavioural effect". The apparent
      rarity of this depends on the facility of confusing behavioural modifications
      (often sine materia), with patological ones (normally of a physical nature). 2.
      Memory, learning, the ability of evoking, problems regarding reality, paradoxical
      reactions, "makefobic" behaviour, passivity and social and behavioural
      withdrawal, form part of the Human Behavioural Pharmacotoxicology. 3. This ought
      to deserve greater attention on the part both of research workers and health
      authorities.

PMID- 2896372
TI  - Immunochemical characterisation of somatostatin in ruminants.
AB  - Following development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for somatostatin, the
      immunoreactivity of this peptide in the plasma of ruminants was measured and the
      levels in sheep were 9-31 pM (mean 18 +/- 7 pM, n = 48), in lambs 10-54 pM (mean
      25 +/- 10 pM, n = 18) and in calves 5-35 pM (mean 12 +/- 6 pM, n = 22).
      Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was present in sheep in high concentrations in
      the antrum (2342 +/- 280 pmol/g wet weight), duodenum (446 +/- 73 pmol/g) and
      pancreas (832 +/- 208 pmol/g). Lower concentrations (6-150 pmol/g) were found in
      other regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Molecular sieve chromatography on
      Bio-Gel P-10 showed that while most of the somatostatin in the antrum was
      somatostatin-14, in the duodenum about 30% of the total immunoreactivity was
      somatostatin-28.

PMID- 2896373
TI  - A comparison of the effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on secretion
      from the submaxillary gland of the sheep and pig.
AB  - The effects, on secretion of fluid and protein from the submaxillary gland of
      intracarotid injections of acetylcholine or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP), and intracarotid infusions of VIP during a background of muscarinic
      stimulation, were examined in sheep and pigs. Intracarotid injections of VIP
      produced secretion of saliva from the ovine gland which continued after
      administration of atropine, phentolamine and propranolol. The protein
      concentration of this saliva was over 5-fold greater than that secreted in
      response to acetylcholine. Intracarotid injection of VIP did not evoke secretion
      from the porcine submaxillary gland but increased 3-fold the protein
      concentration in saliva evoked by subsequent intracarotid injection of
      acetylcholine. Intracarotid infusions of VIP in sheep produced dose-related
      increases in both flow (up to 1.9-fold) and protein concentration (up to 42-fold)
      of submaxillary saliva secreted in response to a background infusion of
      bethanechol. In pigs, intracarotid infusions of VIP at 0.015, 0.15 and 1.5
      nmol/min produced increases in both flow and protein concentration of bethanechol
      evoked saliva. The increases in protein concentration (up to 2.8-fold) were dose
      related, but the increases in flow were not, being ca. 25% with each dose of VIP.
      The experiments provide evidence that VIP may effect mobilization of protein into
      saliva even in a species (pig) in which VIP does not evoke secretion of fluid.

PMID- 2896374
TI  - Molecular markers for linkage of genetic loci contributing to alcoholism.
AB  - Specific locus and random locus linkage approaches to identify markers for genes
      whose allelic variants predispose to alcoholism or for genes controlling relevant
      physiological and behavioral phenotypes are discussed. Sib-pair analysis is
      superior for the direct analysis of complex genetic traits such as alcoholism,
      but classic family analysis will be useful for transmission and linkage analysis
      for marker traits whose genetics is less complex. In mice, a large number of
      inbred strains, recombinant inbred and congenic strains, and specifically
      selected outbred strains are available. In the human, an intriguing linkage
      result has emerged between a brain protein variant and alcoholism accompanied by
      suicide. In the mouse, preliminary linkages have been established to loci
      controlling ethanol preference and also activation after ethanol. Large panels of
      random DNA and protein genetic probes and of probes for specific loci will in the
      future increase the probability of establishing linkage in both species.

PMID- 2896375
TI  - [Effect of somatostatin on exocrine pancreas function stimulated by
      cholecystokinin in the dog].

PMID- 2896376
TI  - Diet composition and the plasma levels of some peptides regulating pancreatic
      secretion in the pig.
AB  - The aim of the present work was to study the effect of a modification of diet
      composition upon the plasma levels of some peptides known to be involved in the
      hormonal regulation of exocrine pancreas secretion. Six growing Large-White pigs
      weighing 41 +/- 3.2 kg were fitted with a catheter in a carotid artery; four of
      these pigs were also fitted with permanent fistulae in the pancreatic duct and
      duodenum. All the pigs were adapted to a control diet (C) during an 8-day period
      before surgery. In the 8-day postoperative period and a first experimental period
      of 4 days, they were fed on the same control diet. Three pigs were then fed the
      experimental diets in the following sequence: fat-rich diet (F) for 7 days,
      control diet (C) for 7 days, starch-rich diet (S) for 7 days, whereas the other
      three pigs were fed the same diets over the same time lengths but in inverse
      sequence: diet S, diet C, diet F. The three diets were isoproteinic (16% protein)
      and isocaloric (3,850 cal/kg). The pancreatic secretion and the plasma levels of
      cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and somatostatin
      were analysed during the 4 days of the first experimental period and the last day
      of each of the other three experimental periods. Total proteins and lipase and
      amylase activities were determined in pancreatic juice samples collected over the
      7 hours following the morning meal. Arterial blood was sampled at 9 h 00 (before
      meal consumption), 9 h 30, 10 h 00 and every hour until 16 h 00. The results
      confirm pancreatic adaptation to the diet, i.e. increase of lipase specific
      activity (x 1.8) when the pigs ingested 6 times more fat (diet S----diet F) per
      day, and an increase in amylase specific activity (x 2.3) when they ingested 3
      times more starch (diet F----diet S) per day. Furthermore, changes in diet
      composition did not lead to any durable, significant change in plasma peptide
      levels. In conclusion, CCK, secretin, PP and somatostatin, known to regulate
      exocrine pancreas secretion, would not be involved in the mechanisms of
      pancreatic amylase and lipase adaptation to the amount of carbohydrate and fat
      ingested by pigs.

PMID- 2896377
TI  - Structure specificities of yohimbine and indoloquinolizidine derivatives in
      blocking alpha-adrenoceptor and calcium channel.
AB  - 1,12b-Cis-1-p-nitrobenzoyloxyindoloquinolizidine as well as 14 beta-p
      nitrobenzoyloxyyohimbine possessed potent calcium channel blocking activities in
      the isolated rat perfused mesenteric vascular bed. Introduction of the bulky
      substituents to C-14 of yohimbine or to C-1 of indoloquinolizidine resulted in
      enhancement of the calcium channel blocking activities. By comparison of chemical
      structures between yohimbine and indoloquinolizidine, it was found that the E
      ring of yohimbine had no association with the calcium channel blocking
      activities. On the other hand, alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonistic
      activities which were tested in the rat mesenteric vascular bed and in the rat
      vas deferens, respectively, were markedly reduced by such introduction of the
      bulky substituents to yohimbine and indoloquinolizidine. From these results, it
      is expected that chemical modifications of indoloquinolizidine at the C-1
      position provide new types of agents with calcium channel blocking activities.

PMID- 2896378
TI  - [Apudomas].

PMID- 2896379
TI  - [Pharmacological treatment of anxiety].

PMID- 2896381
TI  - Biochemical and immunologic diagnosis of cancer. Genetic markers.

PMID- 2896380
TI  - Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive somata in the feline
      brainstem: implications for REM sleep generation.
AB  - In the present study we examined the distribution of cholinergic and
      catecholaminergic neurons, in the feline brainstem, as defined by choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. In
      the dorsal tegmentum, ChAT immunoreactive neurons were distributed in the
      parabrachial area [the pedunculopontine group (PPG)] and along the medial
      adjacent central gray [the lateral dorsal tegmental group (LDT)]. The cholinergic
      neurons in the LDT area were larger than those in the PPG. When adjacent tissue
      sections were labeled with TH we noted extensive overlap between catecholamine
      and cholinergic neurons in the PPG, suggesting that REM sleep may occur as a
      result of an interaction between these transmitters in this area rather than the
      medial pontine reticular formation where no cholinergic or catecholamine neurons
      were found. Cholinergic neurons were also found in the cranial nerve nuclei and
      the nucleus ambiguus. The presence of cholinergic neurons in the PPG and LDT
      suggest that these neurons may play an important role in the generation of some
      of the tonic and phasic components of REM sleep, such as cortical
      desynchronization, pontogeniculo occipital waves, and muscle atonia.

PMID- 2896382
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of yolk sac antigen 1 on rat spermatogenic
      cells.
AB  - The reactivity of monoclonal antibody (6D1, mAb) directed against yolk sac
      antigen 1 was verified on testes of young and adult rats. The antigen defined by
      6D1 mAb was detected on the earliest appearing pachytene spermatocytes in the
      testis of 18-day-old rats. In the testis of the adult rat, the mAb reacted with
      pachytene spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Less differentiated cells of
      spermatogenesis, for example spermatogonia and early spermatocytes, showed no
      reaction with the 6D1. Only after breaking down the blood-testis barrier, could
      the mAb injected intravenously reach the spermatogenic cells of the adluminar
      compartment in the seminiferous tubules.

PMID- 2896383
TI  - A multicentre comparison of trimoprostil and cimetidine in the treatment of
      duodenal ulcer. U.K. Trimoprostil Study Collaborative Group.
AB  - Trimoprostil is a new synthetic prostaglandin E2 analogue that inhibits acid
      secretion and has mucosal protective properties. It was compared with cimetidine
      to assess its effectiveness in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. Seven
      centres recruited 107 patients, who were randomized to receive either 3 mg
      trimoprostil daily (n = 54) or 1 g cimetidine daily (n = 53) for 4 weeks, the
      drugs being taken in four divided doses. Of patients completing treatment, 23 of
      40 (58%) healed with trimoprostil, compared with 47 of 53 (89%) with cimetidine
      (p less than 0.001). Both drugs relieved daytime and nighttime pain, but
      cimetidine was significantly quicker. Eight patients taking trimoprostil were
      withdrawn because of pain, nausea, and vomiting, but none taking cimetidine;
      diarrhoea did not occur with trimoprostil. There were no clinically significant
      changes in haematology or in biochemistry studies. In conclusion, trimoprostil
      was not as effective as cimetidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2896384
TI  - Repopulation potential of thymocytes forming rosettes with phagocytic cells of
      the thymic reticulum.
AB  - Thymocytes binding in vitro to phagocytic cells of the thymic reticulum (P-TR),
      termed 'rosetting thymocytes', were injected intravenously into irradiated
      congenic mice and their migration patterns were compared with those that do not
      bind to P-TR, called 'non-rosetting thymocytes', similarly transferred. Donor
      cells, C57BL/Ka Thy 1.2, were distinguished from recipient cells, C57BL/Ka Thy
      1.1 by a direct immunofluorescence technique using an anti-Thy 1.2 monoclonal
      antibody. The results demonstrate that the rosetting thymocytes have a greater
      capacity for homing back to the thymus and for populating the mesenteric lymph
      node and the spleen. Intrathymic transfer assay revealed that the donor-derived
      cells detected in the peripheral organs were of thymic origin.

PMID- 2896385
TI  - Expression of the T cell gamma gene by a functionally defined human T cell clone.
      Characterization at DNA, RNA, and cell membrane level.
AB  - In the present study we describe one CD2+CD3+ clone termed DS6 which expressed
      neither CD4 nor CD8 differentiation antigens and failed to react with WT31, a
      monoclonal antibody directed against the T cell antigen receptor alpha/beta
      heterodimer. This clone was isolated from peripheral blood T lymphocytes of a
      patient with a prolonged immunodeficiency after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation. Normal-sized T cell gamma gene transcripts were detected in DS6
      by northern analysis, whereas no mature beta or alpha chain mRNA were found. The
      rearrangement of TCR beta chain genes and T cell gamma genes was analysed. While
      in DS6, TCR beta chain genes remain in germinal configuration, and a unique
      pattern of monoallelic T cell gamma gene rearrangement was observed. The
      rearrangement involves the recently described V gamma 5 segment and the J gamma 1
      joining segment, which is located upstream of the C gamma 1 constant region. To
      determine the molecular structure present on DS6, an immunoprecipitation was
      performed with monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody and a rabbit antiserum raised against
      gamma protein. We have observed, in association with the CD3 complex, a 90 kDa
      structure which under reducing conditions resolves into three subunits of 45, 40
      and 37 kDa. We demonstrated that the rabbit anti-gamma serum only
      immunoprecipitates the two lower bands. The upper band corresponds to a presently
      undefined T cell receptor chain. Next, we showed the non major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC)-restricted cytolytic activity exhibited by these CD3+CD4-CD8-
      cloned T cells and inhibition of the natural killer (NK)-like activity by the
      anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. The triggering of CD2 or CD3 molecules increased IL
      2 receptor expression on DS6 but failed to induce cell proliferation. This
      contrasts with recent results obtained with gamma-expressing T cell clones and
      illustrates the functional heterogeneity of the cells bearing the second T cell
      receptor.

PMID- 2896386
TI  - Seroprevalence and epidemiological correlates of HTLV-I infection in U.S. blood
      donors.
AB  - Screening for human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) antibodies was performed
      on sera from 39,898 blood donors at eight blood centers in geographically
      distinct areas of the United States. Ten donors (0.025 percent) showed evidence
      of HTLV-I seropositivity by enzyme immunoassays; this was confirmed by protein
      immunoblot and radioimmunoprecipitation. Seroprevalence rates ranged from 0 to
      0.10 percent at the locations sampled, with HTLV-I antibodies found predominantly
      in donors from the southeastern and southwestern United States. Matched case
      control interviews and laboratory studies were performed on five seropositive
      women and two seropositive men who participated in an identity-linked collection
      of sera from a subset of 33,893 donors at six of the eight blood centers. Four of
      the women and both men are black; one woman is Caucasian. Four of the seven
      seropositive individuals admitted to prior intravenous drug abuse or sexual
      contact with an intravenous drug user. Sexual contact with native inhabitants of
      an HTLV-I endemic area was the only identified risk factor for one male. The
      distribution of HTLV-I antibodies in this U.S. blood donor sample corroborates
      the previously reported epidemiology of this agent and suggests that additional
      donor screening measures, including the testing of donated blood for HTLV-I
      markers, may be necessary to prevent the spread of HTLV-I to transfusion
      recipients.

PMID- 2896387
TI  - ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of pertussis toxin and immunomodulation by
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Pertussis toxin is produced by the causative agent of whooping cough, Bordetella
      pertussis, and is an adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosyltransferase capable of
      covalently modifying and thereby inactivating many eukaryotic G proteins involved
      in cellular metabolism. The toxin is a principal determinant of virulence in
      whooping cough and is a primary candidate for an acellular pertussis vaccine, yet
      it is unclear whether the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is required for both
      pathogenic and immunoprotective activities. A B. pertussis strain that produced
      an assembled pertussis holotoxin with only 1 percent of the ADP
      ribosyltransferase activity of the native toxin was constructed and was found to
      be deficient in pathogenic activities associated with B. pertussis including
      induction of leukocytosis, potentiation of anaphylaxis, and stimulation of
      histamine sensitivity. Moreover, this mutant strain failed to function as an
      adjuvant and was less effective in protecting mice from intracerebral challenge
      infection. These data suggest that the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity is
      necessary for both pathogenicity and optimum immunoprotection. These findings
      bear directly on the design of a nontoxic pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2896388
TI  - Translocation and rearrangement of myeloperoxidase gene in acute promyelocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - Acute promyelocytic leukemia (subtype M3) is characterized by malignant
      promyelocytes exhibiting an abundance of abnormally large or aberrant primary
      granules. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of these azurophilic granules, as
      assessed by cytochemical staining, is unusually intense. In addition, M3 is
      universally associated with a chromosomal translocation, t(15;17)(q22;q11.2). In
      this report, the MPO gene was localized to human chromosome 17 (q12-q21), the
      region of the breakpoint on chromosome 17 in the t(15;17), by somatic cell hybrid
      analysis and in situ chromosomal hybridization. By means of MPO complementary DNA
      clones for in situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis, the effect of this
      specific translocation on the MPO gene was examined. In all cases of M3 examined,
      MPO is translocated to chromosome 15. Genomic blot analyses indicate
      rearrangement of MPO in leukemia cells of two of four cases examined. These
      findings suggest that MPO may be pivotal in the pathogenesis of acute
      promyelocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2896389
TI  - Guanylate cyclase and the adrenal natriuretic factor receptor.

PMID- 2896391
TI  - A longitudinal study of Japanese encephalitis in suburban Bangkok, Thailand.
AB  - A one-year study of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a small focus of transmission
      was conducted in suburban Bangkok in 1985. Monthly data were collected on
      weather, vector density, sentinel pig and chick JE antibody seroconversions, and
      epidemiology as related to human JE cases. The primary vector species were found
      to be Culex gelidus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus; from which one isolate each was
      obtained in March and June, respectively. Pig JE antibody seroconversion peaked
      in April (the hottest month), with secondary peaks following in July and
      December. Chick seroconversions were found only in June and July. Human cases (7)
      in the primary focus occurred from May-July, and started 2 months following the
      finding of the first JEV isolate in mosquitoes and 1 month following mass JEV
      seroconversion in pigs. Overall, the attack rate in the focus (0.83/10(5] was
      greater than 4 times that of the rest of Bangkok (0.19/10(5]. Attack rates were
      highest in 0-9 and 10-19 year-old groups, respectively. Indications are that JEV
      is transmitted to humans in Bangkok at least 10 out of 12 months per year, but
      that cases are concentrated in the May to July period.

PMID- 2896390
TI  - A high incidence of neurological complications following Semple anti-rabies
      vaccine.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine the incidence of neurological complications
      among a cohort of 6,980 recipients of Semple vaccine administered in Bangkok and
      5 nearby provinces in 1984. A review of all patients admitted to public hospitals
      in these 6 provinces discovered a total of 32 cases, with neurological
      complications following Semple vaccine. Twenty-two cases (68.8%) were
      encephalitis or myelitis. The complication rate was 3.6 times higher for males
      than females and the rate was lowest in the 0-14 year age group. Vaccinees
      receiving large daily dose of vaccine had a higher rate of complications than
      those with low dose regimen. One patient died, giving the case-fatality rate of
      3.13 per cent. Since the search was limited, the rate of neurological
      complications to Semple vaccine was a minimum of 4.6 cases per 1,000 vaccinees
      [1:220]. This complication rate was much higher than most rates reported
      previously. It is imperative to find economically feasible alternatives to Semple
      vaccine.

PMID- 2896392
TI  - [Norcuron--vecuronium, a muscle relaxant for cholecystectomy].

PMID- 2896393
TI  - Prevention and treatment of urinary retention and infection after surgical
      treatment of the colon and rectum with alpha adrenergic blockers.
AB  - In a retrospective study, 153 male patients who underwent surgical treatment of
      the colon and rectum presented with complaints indicating obstruction of the
      prostate gland and clear indications for preoperative administration of alpha
      blockers. Between the years 1982 and 1984, the alpha-blocker phenoxybenzamine
      hydrochloride (PB-HCl) was prohibited from use by the Ministry of Health because
      of suspicions of its carcinogenic properties. This enabled a comparative study
      between two groups of patients. Seventy-five patients (group 2a1) were prohibited
      from receiving PB-HCl. Urinary retention occurred in 54.7 per cent and urinary
      tract infection in 65.3 per cent. Seventy-eight patients (group 2a2) were
      administered PB-HCl. In this group of patients, urinary retention occurred in
      19.2 per cent and urinary tract infection in 15.4 per cent. Forty-one patients
      with urinary retention of group 2a1 who were not administered PB-HCl were
      compared with 50 patients with urinary retention (group 3) who received PB-HCl.
      Spontaneous relief was observed in 21.9 and 76.0 per cent, respectively. PB-HCl
      was shown to be extremely effective, both as a preventative and therapeutic
      agent, when complaints indicating the prostate gland are present in patients
      undergoing surgical treatment of the colon and rectum.

PMID- 2896394
TI  - Metabolic intervention in surgical patients: the effect of alpha- or beta
      blockade on glucose and protein metabolism in surgical patients receiving total
      parenteral nutrition.
AB  - We performed a series of isotopic studies on the role of alpha- or beta
      adrenergic activity in the regulation of glucose and protein metabolism in a
      group of surgical patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. We quantitated
      rates of glucose turnover and net protein breakdown by the primed constant
      infusion of 3H-glucose and 14C-urea, respectively. Basal measurements were first
      performed, and then the effect of either alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade was
      assessed by means of the constant infusion of either phentolamine or propranolol.
      In addition, we assessed the effect of beta-stimulation by infusing the beta
      agonist, salbutamol. The institution of alpha-adrenergic blockade did not
      significantly alter either the plasma glucose level or the rate of glucose
      production. However, the rate of net protein catabolism decreased significantly
      after alpha-adrenergic blockade. Before alpha-blockade the value for NPC was 0.88
      +/- 0.27 gm/kg/day, and after alpha-blockade the corresponding value was 0.73 +/-
      0.24 gm/kg/day (p less than 0.01). beta-Adrenergic blockade resulted in a
      decrease in the rate of glucose appearance from 38.2 +/- 6.1 mumol/kg/min to 35.1
      +/- 5.7 mumol/kg/min, and the plasma glucose clearance increased from 5.0 +/- 0.8
      ml/kg/min to 5.4 +/- 0.8 ml/kg/min. As a result of these changes the plasma
      glucose concentration decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) from 7.4 +/- 0.3
      mumol/ml to 6.5 +/- 0.5 mumol/ml. beta-Adrenergic blockade did not significantly
      decrease the rate of net protein catabolism. beta-Stimulation with salbutamol
      resulted in a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in the rate of glucose
      production from 31.3 +/- 4.2 mumol/kg/min to 38.0 +/- 6.5 mumol/kg/min, and as a
      result the plasma glucose level increased significantly from 6.7 +/- 0.6 mumol/ml
      to 7.4 +/- 0.6 mumol/ml (p less than 0.04). We conclude from these studies that
      the role of the adrenergic nervous system in the promotion of endogenous glucose
      turnover in surgical patients receiving total parenteral nutrition is primarily a
      beta-adrenergic effect, whereas the promotion of protein catabolism is mainly an
      alpha-adrenergic effect.

PMID- 2896395
TI  - Morphologic effects of orchiopexy or orchiectomy on the contralateral testis in
      experimental unilateral cryptorchidism.
AB  - For evaluation of the effects of orchiopexy and orchiectomy on the contralateral
      descended testis, unilateral cryptorchidism was produced in 60 21-day-old mice by
      suturing of the left testis to the inner abdominal wall. A sham operation was
      performed on the left testis of 20 control mice (S). After creation of unilateral
      cryptorchidism, orchiopexy (P) or orchiectomy (O) was performed on the left
      testis at 2 (group I) and 10 (group II) weeks (ten mice each). All testes were
      removed for examination 2 weeks after orchiopexy or orchiectomy. In both groups
      the mean values of testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, and tubular
      biopsy score of contralateral O testes were always statistically similar to the
      values of contralateral S testes (p greater than 0.01). The difference between
      TBS values of contralateral P and S testes was not significant in group I (p
      greater than 0.01), but it was significant in group II (p less than 0.01). The
      data from this murine experiment suggest that orchiectomy for unilateral
      cryptorchid testis is almost always helpful in improving contralateral
      morphology; however, orchiopexy can be helpful if it is not performed late in the
      period of maturation.

PMID- 2896396
TI  - Genotype assignment of haemophilia A: an extra polymorphic Taq I site in the St14
      (DXS52) locus might lead to faulty conclusions.

PMID- 2896398
TI  - [Somatostatin. Physiology, physiopathology and therapeutic use].

PMID- 2896397
TI  - Human platelet activation by bacterial phospholipase C: mechanism of inhibition
      by flurazepam.
AB  - We have shown earlier that phospholipase C (PLC) from Clostridium perfringens
      causes platelet activation possibly by inducing turnover of phosphoinositides and
      phosphorylation of a 47,000 Dalton protein (P47). Moreover, only 15 microM and 11
      microM flurazepam inhibits PLC-induced platelet aggregation and serotonin
      secretion by 50% respectively. This study was conducted to better understand the
      mechanism of platelet activation by PLC and its inhibition by flurazepam.
      Incubation of (14C)-arachidonic acid labelled platelets with PLC produced
      diacylglycerol in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Flurazepam did not
      inhibit diacylglycerol production by PLC. Paranitrophenolphosphorylcholine and
      prostaglandin E1 inhibited diacylglycerol production by 75% and 20% respectively.
      In a platelet-free system PLC hydrolyzed 14C-choline-phosphatidylcholine (14C-PC)
      in a time- and calcium ions-dependent manner. Flurazepam had no effect on PLC
      induced hydrolysis of 14C-PC. Platelet cytosolic fraction (PCF), containing
      phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (PI-PLC), hydrolyzed (3H-inositol)
      phosphatidylinositol (3H-PI) in a platelet-free system. Flurazepam did not
      inhibit hydrolysis of 3H-PI by PCF. Phospholipase C caused phosphorylation of P47
      in 32P-labelled platelets. Flurazepam did not block phosphorylation of P47 in the
      first three minutes and had very little inhibitory effect by five minutes.
      However, flurazepam completely blocked phosphorylation of P47 by seven minutes.
      Platelet aggregation induced by ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, was completely
      inhibited by 100 microM flurazepam whereas platelet aggregation induced by 12-O
      Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), which mimics the action of diacylglycerol,
      was partially inhibited by 300 microM flurazepam. These findings suggest that PLC
      induced platelet activation depends, at least in part, on diacylglycerol
      production and phosphorylation of P47. These data also suggest that flurazepam
      does not inhibit PLC-induced platelet activation by inhibiting: (a) the
      production of diacylglycerol from phosphatidylcholine; and (b) the action of PI
      PLC on phosphatidylinositol. The ability of flurazepam to inhibit ionomycin
      induced platelet aggregation indicates that flurazepam is able to block platelet
      activation by inhibiting the increase in free cytosolic calcium ions in platelets
      or by inhibiting a step subsequent to the rise in intraplatelet calcium ions.

PMID- 2896399
TI  - Significant envenomation by Aurelia aurita, the moon jellyfish.
AB  - The case of a patient envenomated by Aurelia aurita, who developed significant
      local cutaneous lesions and immunospecific serum antibodies is reported. The
      lesions required more than ten days to heal. The patient developed significant
      cross-reacting antibodies to Chrysaora quinquecirrha antigens.

PMID- 2896400
TI  - [Acute dental trauma in children (a structural statistical analysis)].

PMID- 2896401
TI  - Multicenter trial of hemodilution in acute ischemic stroke. Results of subgroup
      analyses. Scandinavian Stroke Study Group.
AB  - In a multicenter trial, 183 patients with acute ischemic stroke of less than 48
      hours' duration and hematocrits of 38-50% were randomized to standardized
      hemodilution treatment (venesection and dextran 40 administration) and 190 to a
      control group. We have previously reported that there were no beneficial effects
      of hemodilution in the total patient population. In this report, the case
      fatality rates and neurologic outcome in survivors (3 months' follow-up) in
      subsets of patients have been analyzed. The patients were subgrouped by sex, age,
      medical history, smoking habits, delay from the onset of symptoms to the start of
      treatment, hematocrit at entry, venesection volume, neurologic score at entry
      into the study, blood pressure changes in the acute phase, presence of atrial
      fibrillation, location of brain lesion by computed tomography, type of diagnostic
      procedures, and hospital setting. No subset in which hemodilution reduced
      mortality or improved neurologic outcome could be identified. Case fatality rate
      was apparently higher in hemodiluted patients with infarction affecting deep
      brain structures than in control patients with such lesions. By simple clinical
      criteria, we have been unable to define subsets of stroke patients who benefit
      from the present standardized regimen of moderate hemodilution. The sample sizes
      are, however, too small to refute the possibility that a modest clinical effect
      of hemodilution may be present in some patients with stroke.

PMID- 2896402
TI  - The Dutch TIA trial: protective effects of low-dose aspirin and atenolol in
      patients with transient ischemic attacks or nondisabling stroke. The Dutch TIA
      Study Group.
AB  - We describe the background, design, and organization of a double-blind clinical
      trial in patients with transient ischemic attacks or nondisabling stroke in more
      than 60 hospitals in The Netherlands. Two different therapeutic comparisons are
      made by double randomization: 30 mg vs. 300 mg acetylsalicylic acid, and 50 mg
      atenolol vs. placebo. For the diagnosis, a checklist has been used on which the
      time course and the nature of the symptoms are recorded in plain language. The
      analysis will primarily assess death and disability from all causes, with
      disability measured using a modified Rankin scale. Secondary end points will be
      vascular death, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and retinal
      infarction. The study will last for a minimum of 3 years and should involve at
      least 2,500 patients. More than 1,100 patients were randomized in the 1st year.

PMID- 2896403
TI  - [Beta-adrenoblockers studied on a thin layer of sorbent].

PMID- 2896404
TI  - Increased frequency of CD8+CD11+ cells expressing the T cell receptor in long
      term allograft recipients.

PMID- 2896406
TI  - [Betaxolol. A new beta blockader with beta-1-selectivity in glaucoma treatment].

PMID- 2896405
TI  - Rifampicin reduces nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine A in rats: studies of renal
      enzyme excretion.

PMID- 2896407
TI  - [Morphologic examination of the urothelium after irradiation with laser energy].
AB  - The energy of a Nd-YAG laser (1,064 nm wave length, 8 ns pulse duration) was used
      to irradiate the urothelium of the ureter or bladder and kidney parenchyma in
      pigs. Single pulse energy was 50-120 mJ with a 20-Hz repetition rate. The
      horizontal laser beam was reflected 90 degrees down by a 100% mirror and with a
      specially designed apparatus focussed on the surface of the tissue. Laser light
      from a quartz glass fiber was also focussed directly onto the tissue. Urothelium
      and kidney parenchyma were irradiated in 7 pigs. Tissue samples were examined
      histologically and raster electron microscopically 2, 4, 8 and 12 days after
      irradiation. No macroscopic lesion could be found. Maximum energy caused a small
      cone of 40 micron depth. No thermic effects or necrosis resulted, so that no harm
      is to be expected with unintentional irradiation.

PMID- 2896408
TI  - Changing pattern of scrotal exploration for testicular torsion.
AB  - A total of 201 urgent scrotal explorations for unilateral painful testis was
      performed over a six-year period. Seventy-two (36%) testicular torsions were
      identified. Fifty-seven (79%) testes were salvaged and fifteen (21%)
      orchiectomies were done. Although the annual number of scrotal explorations
      increased over the years of study, no benefit in terms of increased testicular
      salvage could be identified.

PMID- 2896409
TI  - Presence of pili in Pasteurella multocida strains associated with atrophic
      rhinitis.

PMID- 2896410
TI  - Idazoxan and blood gas changes.

PMID- 2896411
TI  - [Effect of the intake of different doses of trace elements and their combination
      with other biologically active substances on iron, copper and manganese
      metabolism in highly qualified athletes].
AB  - Investigations conducted on athletes have shown that combinations of trace
      elements (Fe, Cu and Mn) in biotic doses with vitamins, glutamic acid or dibasol
      produce a favourable effect on trace element metabolism, and on the body
      functions. Enrichment of food rations with vitamins only, using no trace
      elements, drastically increased the secretion of Fe, Cu and Mn from the body.
      High doses of Fe-containing drugs disturbed Mn balance.

PMID- 2896412
TI  - Blurred vision and headaches in a patient positive for HBsAg.

PMID- 2896413
TI  - [A model of early visual deprivation as a reflection of the patterns of
      functionally induced biochemical heterogeneity of neurons].

PMID- 2896414
TI  - [Neuromediator shifts in the peripheral blood of dogs resulting from negative
      emotiogenic exposure].
AB  - The analysis of negative emotiogenic influence in dogs carried out according to
      dynamics of levels of acetylcholine and catecholamine content in peripheral blood
      and concomitant changes of the higher nervous activity, allows to conclude about
      the participation of both cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmitter
      systems in reactions to this influence with a relative predominance of the first
      one. In animals with decreased reactivity and with compensatory abilities of the
      cholinergic system, the same influence leads to enhancement of the specific
      significance of the reaction of the catecholaminergic system, and especially of
      its transmitter, noradrenergic component.

PMID- 2896415
TI  - [Is Moraxella pathogenic? The problem and its possible solutions].

PMID- 2896416
TI  - [Effect of aceclidine and fenazepam on the indices of humoral immunity and
      nonspecific resistance of the body after immunization with a chemical typhoid
      vaccine].
AB  - Phenazepam (2.5 mg/kg) and aceclidine (4 mg/kg), when introduced in a single
      injection at the inductive phase of immune response, enhance the production of
      antibodies after immunization with chemical typhoid vaccine. The combined use of
      these preparations has been to produce a potentiating effect.

PMID- 2896417
TI  - [Use of the coagglutination reaction of yeast-like Candida maltosa fungi for
      detecting fimbriae in intestinal bacteria].
AB  - The capacity of nonpathogenic yeast-like C. maltosa strains to coagglutinate
      Escherichia coli has been studied. C. maltosa cells have also been shown to
      coagglutinate E. coli possessing mannose-sensitive adhesins in a wide range of
      their concentrations (5-140 bacterial cells per C. maltosa cell). Strains
      belonging to types CFA/I and CFA/II with fimbriae, similarly to their
      corresponding paired genetically related strains without these adhesins, are
      practically incapable of agglutinating C. maltosa cells, while strains K88 and
      B41 react with them. The reaction occurs at a concentration of 9.5-37.0 and 38.0
      55.5 bacteria respectively per C. maltosa cell and is not inhibited by 1% d
      mannose. The suggestion that C. maltosa cell surface glycoproteins contain not
      only receptors for E. coli fimbriae, type I, but also components similar in their
      structure to receptors specific to the mannose-resistant adhesins of strains K88,
      K99 and 41, has been confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition with C. maltosa
      surface antigens as inhibiting agents.

PMID- 2896418
TI  - Excitable membranes--object for evaluating the effect of heavy metal pollution.
AB  - In acute experiments the interaction of heavy metals (CdCl2 and HgCl2) with
      neurotransmitters (ACh and 5HT) was studied on the excitable membrane of the
      identified neurons in the central nervous system of Helix pomatia L. (Gastropoda,
      Mollusca). It was shown that cadmium and mercury ions exert different influence
      on both resting and action potentials as well as on the responsiveness of the
      neural membranes to ACh and 5HT. The selective blocking effect of cadmium and
      mercury ions can be interpreted on the basis of specificity of postsynaptic
      receptor structures responsible for the transmitter action and of ion-channels
      involved in the excitatory processes. The heavy metal effect was not uniform for
      the different types of neurons, suggesting that pollutants can modify various
      functions to a different degree. The results show that testing on nerve cell
      membranes can serve as a useful method and model in investigating the effect of
      sublethal environmental contamination, as they may cause a profound modulation on
      the elements of the neural circuitry responsible for the regulation of the
      animal's behavior.

PMID- 2896419
TI  - [Epidemiological study of human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection in healthy
      residents and patients with non-hematologic diseases in the Kagoshima district].

PMID- 2896421
TI  - [Studies on hypercalcemia associated with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma].

PMID- 2896420
TI  - [Detection of adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen (ATLA) and anti-ATLA
      antibody (anti-ATLA) in patients with hematologic malignancies in the Kagoshima
      district].

PMID- 2896422
TI  - Thoracic epidural anesthesia in conscious and anaesthetized rats. Effects on
      central haemodynamics compared to cardiac beta adrenoceptor and ganglionic
      blockade.
AB  - A simple technique for cannulation of the thoracic epidural space in rats was
      described. 40-50 microliter of epidural bupivacaine 5 mg/ml induced a
      distribution of sensory analgesia from lower cervical to lower thoracic segments.
      With this model, effects of thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA) on mean arterial
      pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), stroke
      volume (SV), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and maximal increase of pressure in the left ventricle
      (max dp/dt) were studied in six groups of animals: 1) In conscious animals (n =
      10) MAP, CO, SV and HR decreased significantly by 12%, 25%, 10% and 16%,
      respectively, while SVR increased significantly by 20% during TEA; 2) In
      chloralose-anaesthetized animals (n = 7) the reduction in CO during TEA was less
      pronounced and there were no significant changes in SV or SVR; 3) In conscious
      animals (n = 6) LVEDP, CVP and max dp/dt decreased significantly during TEA; 4)
      Hexamethonium, when administered to pharmacologically vagotomized conscious
      animals during TEA (n = 8), induced a significant decrease in SVR (23%) but no
      change in HR; 5) Changes in haemodynamics after cardiac adrenoceptor blockade
      with metoprolol, in conscious animals (n = 12), did not differ significantly from
      those seen during TEA, except for an unchanged SV after metoprolol; 6) 50
      microliters of bupivacaine (5 mg/ml) when given i.v. to conscious animals (n = 8)
      did not affect CO, SV, HR or TPR significantly, while MAP increased slightly but
      significantly. Thus, in this conscious animal model, TEA almost completely and
      rather selectively blocked probably mediated by a reflex activation of unblocked
      sympathetic efferents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896423
TI  - Epidural sufentanil for intra- and postoperative analgesia in thoracic surgery: a
      comparative study with intravenous sufentanil.
AB  - A comparative study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural
      sufentanil in providing intra- and postoperative analgesia during thoracic
      surgery. Sufentanil was chosen on the basis of its high lipid solubility and its
      potent opiate receptor binding. Epidural sufentanil was compared with intravenous
      sufentanil as the major intraoperative analgetic agent in an anesthesia regimen
      with midazolam and nitrous oxide. Epidural sufentanil significantly decreased the
      need for supplementary intravenous analgesia. In the epidural sufentanil group
      the immediate postoperative analgesia was found to be better, with a longer
      duration of action, compared with the intravenous sufentanil group.
      Postoperatively epidural sufentanil was compared with epidural morphine.
      Sufentanil provided good analgesia with a very fast onset and a mean duration of
      almost 7 h. Severe respiratory depression was observed in one patient within 1 h
      of extubation, probably due to the combined effects of the narcotic
      administration and residual midazolam. It is concluded that 50 micrograms of
      sufentanil administered in the thoracic epidural space provides valuable
      intraoperative analgesia which can easily be extended into the postoperative
      period, although all necessary precautions for epidural opiate administration
      should be taken.

PMID- 2896424
TI  - Treatment of terminal cancer pain in Finland. A questionnaire survey.
AB  - A questionnaire concerning current practice in the treatment of cancer pain was
      sent to 783 Finnish physicians. This study is based on the replies from 421
      physicians who stated that they at least sometimes see cancer patients. Three
      simulated patient cases were presented in the questionnaire, and the adequacy of
      the treatment suggestions was evaluated. The results indicated that drugs
      predominate in the treatment of cancer pain. The suggested doses of narcotic
      analgesics were well below the minimum effective daily doses. As many as half of
      the physicians failed to use the therapeutic modalities correctly, irrespective
      of the frequency of their seeing cancer patients. Education in effective pain
      treatment should therefore be intensified to ascertain that all physicians
      involved in clinical practice have satisfactory knowledge of the treatment of
      cancer pain.

PMID- 2896426
TI  - Massive hepatic infarction associated with polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - A massive hepatic infarction was found in a 44-year-old man who had suffered from
      polyarteritis nodosa for two years. The polyarteritis had been well controlled by
      administration of corticosteroids, but he died due to an opportunistic fungal
      infection. At autopsy, a massive hepatic infarct and a fresh thrombus occluding
      the right portal vein trunk were found. In addition, occlusion of the heptic
      arterial branch with fibrosis and dissociation of elastic fibers due to
      polyarteritis was noted. Massive hepatic infarction is uncommon. The
      clinicopathologic features of this case are described, and the pathogenesis of
      hepatic infarcts is discussed.

PMID- 2896425
TI  - Effects of adrenergic drugs on accommodation and distant refraction in daylight
      and darkness. A laseroptometric study.
AB  - Near point accommodation was measured using a RAF near point rule, and distant
      refraction in daylight and darkness were determined using a laseroptometer in a
      double-blind cross-over study on 10 healthy test subjects (19-31 years).
      Determinations were made before and 40 min after topical instillations of 3 X 10
      microliters 10% phenylephrine, 0.5% thymoxamine, 1% adrenaline, 3% isoproterenol,
      0.5% timolol and 0.5% betaxolol. Combinations of 3 X 10 microliters 0.5%
      thymoxamine + 10% phenylephrine, 0.5% timolol + 1% adrenaline and 0.5% betaxolol
      + 3% isoproterenol were also administered. The near point of accommodation
      decreased 0.8 +/- 0.3 diopter after instillations of the alpha 1 adrenoceptor
      agonist phenylephrine, while an increase of 0.6 +/- 0.2 diopter was determined
      after administration of the alpha adrenoceptor antagonist thymoxamine.
      Thymoxamine plus phenylephrine did not alter the pretreatment values. Beta
      adrenoceptor stimulation by isoproterenol or beta adrenoceptor inhibition by
      timolol or betaxolol had no effect on the near point accommodation. The
      difference between distant refraction in daylight and darkness, that is low
      luminance myopia, amounted to -1.25 +/- 0.1 diopter. Phenylephrine caused a
      myopic shift in distant refraction in daylight and darkness of 0.32 +/- 0.1 and
      0.9 +/- 0.2 diopter, respectively. This effect was due to the mydriatic action of
      phenylephrine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896427
TI  - A study of nootropic drugs for anti-anxiety action.
AB  - The effects of adafenoxate (100 mg/kg), aniracetam (50 mg/kg), meclofenoxate (100
      mg/kg), piracetam (250 mg/kg), and standardized ginseng extract-G115 (100 mg/kg)
      applied for five days were studied with Vogel's conflict procedure in which
      thirsty naive rats were periodically administered shocks for licking water. The
      results showed a significant anti-anxiety effect (increases in licking) with
      adafenoxate and meclofenoxate. Piracetam significantly suppressed licking
      behaviour and this effect was evaluated as anxiogenic (resulting from the non
      specific stimulant action of the drug). Adafenoxate was found to increase also
      the number of entries into and escapes from the dark compartment without
      punishment responding. This effect of adafenoxate was considered to be an
      expression of facilitated conditioned-reflex activity. A beneficial role for the
      observed anti-anxiety effects of adafenoxate and meclofenoxate in the nootropic
      action of these drugs is suggested.

PMID- 2896428
TI  - Behavioural and radioligand analysis of the effect of two new piperazine
      derivatives with anxiolytic properties.
AB  - The experiments were carried out on Wistar rats, using a conflict situation
      consisting in opposition of two motivations: positive (water drinking) and
      negative (electrical pain). Two newly-synthesized piperazine derivatives with
      proved psychotropic activity (4P-183 and GP4) were studied and compared with the
      classical benzodiazepine tranquilizing agent diazepam. Parallel with this, the
      affinity of these compounds to the benzodiazepine receptor in mouse brain was
      tested (radioligand binding of 3H-diazepam), as well as the changes in the
      characteristics of binding (dissociation constant and density of the receptors)
      after 14-day administration o doses equal to 1/3 LD50 of the two compounds. The
      results indicate the existence of anxiolytic (anticonflict) activity in both
      compounds. The fact that the above-mentioned derivatives do not interact with 3H
      diazepam (in vitro), changing above all the dissociation constant after chronic
      administration, suggests predominantly nonspecific type of binding to the
      receptors. It is possible that their anxiolytic activity is associated with
      indirect interactions with one of the components of the GABA-benzodiazepine
      receptor complex, similar to the atypical tranquillizers.

PMID- 2896429
TI  - Treatment of sex offenders with imaginal desensitization and/or
      medroxyprogesterone.
AB  - Thirty sex offenders were randomly allocated: 10 to receive medroxyprogesterone
      therapy (M), 10, imaginal desensitization (ID) and 10 both (ID + M). Twenty-four
      responded for one year though 3 subsequently relapsed. There were no significant
      differences in response to the 3 treatments. Four patients who did not respond to
      the initial treatment and the 3 who relapsed responded to further treatment. Most
      treated with M maintained heterosexual intercourse at pretreatment frequency.
      Self-reported reduction in anomalous sexual urges in patients receiving M
      correlated with reduced testosterone levels one month following treatment,
      demonstrating that the response was specific and validating the assessment by
      patients' self-reports. Where cost-effectiveness or time constraints are factors
      influencing treatment of sex offenders, one of these therapies warrants
      consideration.

PMID- 2896430
TI  - Psychiatrists and mental health in philately.
AB  - Can it be said that history's most outstanding psychiatrists and the various
      interrelated fields of mental health are to any extent realistically represented
      within the framework of thematic philately? With regard to the latter theme, five
      main categories can be distinguished: the mentally handicapped; psychiatric
      institutions, founders, nursing staff, etc.; prevention of alcohol and drug
      abuse; congresses and, finally, famous psychiatric patients. This article is a
      summary based on the brochure of the same name (32 pages in colour) published by
      CIBA-GEIGY B.V., Arnhem, The Netherlands.

PMID- 2896431
TI  - The effect of neuroleptics on prolactinoma growth in a Jordanian schizophrenic
      girl.
AB  - We describe a case of a schizophrenic girl who developed prolactinoma while being
      treated with neuroleptics. The clinical history and special investigations of the
      pituitary tumor suggest that neuroleptic medications may have enhanced the growth
      of the tumor in our patient. The author suggests that the relationship between
      the occurrence of prolactinoma and neuroleptic medications ought to be
      investigated in a large controlled study.

PMID- 2896432
TI  - [Post-traumatic pain syndromes of the shoulder joint--differentiation and
      treatment].
AB  - The main symptom of posttraumatic trouble in the shoulder-joint is the painful
      immobility. We had to differentiate between genuine shoulder pain originating in
      shoulder alternation and shoulder pain in consequence of other diseases.
      Significant causes of posttraumatic shoulder pain are the impingement syndrome
      with tendon alteration or lesion or, due to fractures, the instable shoulder
      joint as well as shoulder rigidity. An exact diagnosis and, in consequence an
      exact treatment can only be accomplished basing on accurate history and specific
      clinical examination.

PMID- 2896433
TI  - [Kuntscher intramedullary nailing of the tibial shaft fracture. A 19-year
      evaluation].
AB  - Marrow nailing developed by Gerhard Kuntscher for long tubular bones is an
      excellent surgical procedure for fractures of the lower leg shaft. It yields
      outstanding results both with the typical good indications in respect of shape of
      fracture, localisation and soft tissue conditions and even with atypical
      borderline and emergency indications where the healing results can be said to be
      good and satisfactory. Of course long-standing experience is required especially
      when employing the Kuntscher intramedullary nail in the atypical range of
      indications. This method produces good results even in critical situations if
      appropriate accompanying measures are taken. Technique, results and complications
      are described in this article reflecting the experience of 19 years of working
      with the intramedullary Kuntscher nail.

PMID- 2896434
TI  - [Complications following osteosynthesis management of femoral neck fractures with
      spongiosa locking screws].
AB  - Osteosynthesis under pressure using two perforating cancellous bone screws in
      medial and lateral fractures of the neck of the femur and in some cases also in
      pertrochanteric fractures of the femur has proved successful, in our opinion, in
      surgery aimed at preserving the head of the femur, as has been confirmed at our
      hospital by follow-up studies. A striking fact that came to light during follow
      up was that there was a higher percentage of incidence of necroses of the femoral
      head following Pauwels-I-type fractures. However, in our case it was only one
      necrosis of the head of the femur in a total of five Pauwels-I-type fractures
      treated by osteosynthesis. A final judgment can surely be passed only by studying
      a larger number of cases for a longer period of time. We will, therefore, follow
      up the fractures of the neck of the femur a few years later by re-examination. As
      a matter of principle, the aim of surgery in osteosynthesis of a medial femoral
      neck fracture can be attained by means of the cancellous bone screws. A very
      important aspect which is most essential for successful surgery is the accurate
      and controlled introduction of the screws via the guide wire. The infection risk
      is reduced by the small operative approach. In view of the fact that the follow
      up examinations revealed more than 72% well-healed fractures of the neck of the
      femur, we do not think it necessary to effect any changes in our surgical
      procedure at the present time.

PMID- 2896435
TI  - [Technic and results of covered ankle joint arthrodesis with autocompression
      angle plates].
AB  - In 1973, Mittelmeier introduced a new technique of arthrodesis of the ankle joint
      by internal osteosynthesis using an autocompression plate with additional
      compression screwing of fibula to tibia and talus in order to avoid the
      disadvantages of previous operative methods of arthrodesis by bone splinting or
      external fixation (longer cast immobilisation, handicap by external fixator,
      danger of bone hole osteomyelitis a.o.). Regarding this new technique, the fibula
      works as a petiolated well vascular bone chip which bridges the joint.
      Representation of the special operative technique of covered autocompression
      arthrodesis of the upper ankle joint rsp. - in case of special indication - the
      combined arthrodesis of the upper and lower ankle joint. Representation of our
      casuistry of 43 patients who underwent this operation. With the exception of one
      case (osteomyelitis recidivation with following pseudarthrosis) a fast bony
      consolidation of the arthrodesis was achieved. In the meantime the osteosynthesis
      material is removed in 35 cases. One third of the patients gets along with
      conventional shoes.

PMID- 2896437
TI  - [Treatment and results in severe craniocerebral trauma].
AB  - Treatment of severe craniocerebral traumas in medium and major hospitals not
      provided with special neurosurgical equipment requires particularly close
      interdisciplinary cooperation between surgeons, neurologists and
      anaesthesiologists. CT facilities are an essential prerequisite for best possible
      patient care. Patient safety during the posttraumatic and postoperative phases is
      improved by measuring the intracranial pressure. Whereas corticosteroid treatment
      may be arguable, barbiturate treatment should presently not be a routine
      procedure because of its side effects and high rate of complications.

PMID- 2896436
TI  - [The cast walking shoe combined with modern synthetic support bandages].
AB  - Rehabilitation with regard to mobility and function of immobilized lower
      extremities can be speeded up if the patient can move more frequently and freely
      with a loadbearing cast. This paper reports on the use of a new external cast
      system together with a cast shoe. Based on documented cases of empirical
      experience it is demonstrated that in many cases patients can return to work
      despite having to wear a cast.

PMID- 2896439
TI  - [Tenovaginitis stenosans in the area of the peroneal tendon].

PMID- 2896438
TI  - [Changes in morbidity following traumatologically-induced splenectomy].
AB  - 12 patients were followed up who had been splenectomised between 1978 and 1985
      after traumatic injury of the spleen. Analysis of late morbidity after loss of
      the spleen was performed besides physical examination and a study of clinical
      pathology findings, the analysis being based on the individual anamnesis and
      history of previous diseases of each patient. It was not possible to establish a
      clear rise in general an infection-conditioned morbidity. We believe that the
      simple method of comparing preoperative and postoperative disease periods on the
      basis of the individual list of previous diseases represents a new objective
      parameter for assessing the late sequelae following splenectomy.

PMID- 2896440
TI  - [Surgical management of acromioclavicular joint separation with transcutaneous
      Kirschner wire fixation. Results of follow-up in 45 patients].
AB  - 45 patients were followed up who had undergone surgery because of
      acromioclavicular separation of the types TOSSY II and TOSSY III during 1983 to
      1985. In 44 cases a fresh acromioclavicular separation had been treated via
      transcutaneous Kirschner wire fixation and in one case a chronic
      acromioclavicular separation had been treated according to the technique
      described by Bunnell. the anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint, the pattern of
      injury as well as the method of surgery with subsequent aftercare measures are
      described. The good functional final results make transcutaneous Kirschner wire
      fixation the method of choice as a brief and low-stress procedure, as far as our
      clinic is concerned.

PMID- 2896441
TI  - Direct transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi between vectors of Chagas' disease.
AB  - Trypanosoma cruzi was transmitted directly between triatomines by cannibalism or
      coprophagy. Different conditions involving cannibalism that excluded coprophagy
      were studied in Dipetalogaster maximus. Infections occurred if an uninfected
      donor bug sucked infectious blood and if this blood was taken up from the stomach
      by a cannibalistic bug. If the donor was infected and sucked uninfected blood
      afterwards, the source of the uninfected blood determined the transmission rate:
      If the uninfected blood originated from mice, many cannibalistic bugs became
      infected because complement factors from mouse blood did not lyse T. cruzi in the
      stomach of the bug. If the uninfected bloodmeal originated from chickens,
      cannibalistic bugs occasionally became infected, even though chicken blood is
      known to lyse all stages of T. cruzi in the stomach. Experiments on coprophagy
      provided the first conclusive demonstration that transmission of T. cruzi occurs
      between individual Triatoma infestans, as a result of coprophagic behaviour
      alone, and excluding the possibility of cannibalistic transmission.

PMID- 2896442
TI  - Selection for drug resistance in Trypanosoma congolense during cyclic
      transmissions through Glossina morsitans morsitans and drug treated rabbits.
AB  - A drug-sensitive Trypanosoma congolense (IL 1180 strain), with a known CD50 and
      CD90 (doses required to cure 50 and 90% of the infected animals) was cyclically
      passaged through tsetse flies. The infected flies were then fed on rabbits which
      received weekly prophylactic treatment of Samorin. It was observed that the
      infections arising from flies maintained for over 60 days on drug-treated rabbits
      required higher curative doses to achieve a 50 and 90% cure. The results of this
      work suggest that a selection for drug resistance occurs when trypanosome stage
      in Glossina is continuously exposed to drug-treated animals.

PMID- 2896443
TI  - Nuclear DNA content of Trypanosoma congolense.
AB  - We have measured the nuclear DNA content of the major life cycle stages of
      Trypanosoma congolense, in two clones of geographically distant origin. We find
      that nuclear DNA content in epimastigote, mammalian blood-stream and metacyclic
      forms is constant and that the nuclear DNA contents of the two clones were 0.1 pg
      and 0.09 pg, respectively.

PMID- 2896444
TI  - Cultivation of the life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei sspp.
AB  - A culture system was devised for the production of the various stages in the
      developmental cycle of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. b. rhodesiense. The
      bloodstream forms were grown at 37 degrees C on a feeder layer of fibroblasts
      from embryos of Microtus montanus or CD-1 mice in HEPES-buffered Minimum
      Essential Medium with Earle's salts, supplemented with 15% heat-inactivated
      rabbit serum. When they were transferred to HEPES-buffered Cunningham's medium
      and incubated at 27 degrees C, they transformed into procyclic trypomastigotes,
      some of which developed into epimastigote and metacyclic forms in the presence of
      explants of Glossina morsitans or Phormia regina. Stages infective to mice were
      produced in cultures of procyclic forms grown with Anopheles gambiae cells in
      medium consisting of a mixture of 3 volumes of Cunningham's medium and 1 volume
      of Anopheles cell medium. In vitro-produced metacyclic trypanosomes were used to
      initiate cultures of bloodstream forms.

PMID- 2896446
TI  - Reproductive disorders in African trypanosomiasis: a review.
AB  - Reproductive disorders are frequently seen in human beings and in animals
      infected with tsetse-transmitted (African)trypanosomiasis. The disorders include
      irregular menstrual (or oestrus) cycle, infertility, abortion and impotence.
      Intrauterine infections occasionally occur, resulting in still birth or neonatal
      mortality. The changes are essentially reversible after treatment, although
      recovery may take several months.

PMID- 2896445
TI  - The relapse of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infections after chemotherapy in
      rabbits.
AB  - Infections of T. brucei in the rabbit were found to relapse after chemotherapy.
      The results indicated that 25 mg/kg diminazene aceturate given 3 days after
      infection resulted in a complete cure but if given 7 days after infection
      relapses frequently occurred. However, treatment was apparently successful if
      delayed until 14 or 21 days. Six of the rabbits originally treated with
      diminazene aceturate on day 7 were treated with suramin 21 days later; in 3
      rabbits the infections relapsed. In all rabbits in which drug treatment was not
      curative, the clinical condition nevertheless improved. An attempt to locate a
      cryptic focus of infection in rabbits was unsuccessful.

PMID- 2896447
TI  - Formation of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles
      stephensi.
AB  - The place and time of synthesis of the circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum
      was analysed with a monoclonal antibody directed against the (NANP)3 repetitive
      epitope of the CS protein. By using an indirect fluorescent antibody test the
      epitope could be detected on the oocyst 7 days after infection and 3 days before
      the appearance of mature sporozoites. Using the Western blot technique, 3
      polypeptides from midgut preparations were recognized by the (NANP)3-specific
      monoclonal antibody from the day 9 of infection onwards. The circumsporozoite
      precipitation reaction could be induced in sporozoites from either the midgut or
      the salivary glands 11 days after a blood meal. A similar reactivity of midgut
      sporozoites and salivary gland-sporozoites was observed with antisporozoite
      antisera. Not all sporozoites recovered from the midgut showed a precipitation
      reaction.

PMID- 2896448
TI  - Moulting and exsheathment of the infective larvae of Onchocerca lienalis
      (Filarioidea) in vitro.
AB  - Fourth-stage larvae (L4) of the cattle filarial parasite Onchocerca lienalis were
      produced from third stage forms (L3) and maintained in vitro using a variety of
      culture media and feeder cell layers. Up to 50% of the L3 larvae moulted to the
      fourth stage in the presence of two jird (Meriones unguiculatus) cell lines, a
      monkey kidney cell line and also with Vero cells. Moulting took place 2-5 days
      after of the initiation of the cultures: These L4 parasites could be maintained
      in a healthy condition for up to 88 days, although no significant increases in
      size of these larvae were observed during the culture period. The medium giving
      the most promising results, both in terms of moulting and survival, was 199
      supplemented with heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (20%) and glucose (2
      mg/ml). The feeder layer cells could be replaced by fresh jird red blood cells.
      Moulting of parasites occurred in medium alone but the viability was reduced
      under these conditions.

PMID- 2896449
TI  - Does dexamethasone suppress the Mazzotti reaction in patients with
      onchocerciasis?
AB  - The Mazzotti reaction is a frequent complication in patients with onchocerciasis
      being treated with diethylcarbamazine (DEC); and more severe manifestations of
      this reaction may be unacceptable in many patients. It has recently been
      demonstrated that prednisone modifies the severity of this reaction and reduces
      the microfilaricidal activity of DEC. A clinical trial was performed at the
      National Leprosy Training Center in Wau, Sudan, to evaluate the clinical and
      histologic effect of the use of corticosteroids in patients receiving DEC.
      Administration of a low dose of dexamethasone (3 mg/day), begun after onset of
      the Mazzotti reaction, modifies the progression of the Mazzotti reaction without
      interfering with the microfilaricidal efficacy of DEC. Pretreatment with low-dose
      dexamethasone--prior to beginning DEC therapy--prevents the development of the
      Mazzotti reaction and greatly reduces the microfilaricidal activity.
      Administration of diphenhydramine, after onset of the Mazzotti reaction, has no
      effect on the course and intensity of the Mazzotti reaction nor on
      microfilaricidal activity. We recommend that low-dose corticosteroids be
      administered in conjunction with DEC--after onset of the Mazzotti reaction--and
      that they be tapered rapidly.

PMID- 2896450
TI  - Parvaquone and buparvaquone: HPLC analysis and comparative pharmacokinetics in
      cattle.
AB  - A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of
      the antitheilerial drugs parvaquone and buparvaquone in plasma was developed.
      Both compounds were extracted from plasma with ether. After evaporating the
      extracts to dryness the residue was dissolved in methanol and an aliquot was
      injected onto a column (10 cm X 5 mm, i.d.) of ODS-Hypersil (5 mu) with a mobile
      phase of 0.05 M-Na acetate buffer (pH 3.6)-methanol (15:85, v/v). Detection was
      at 252 nm. The mean recovery for both compounds was about 92%. This method was
      used to elucidate their pharmacokinetics in 6 calves after intramuscular
      administration. The maximum plasma concentration for parvaquone was 6.36 +/- 0.58
      micrograms/ml after 0.84 +/- 0.08 h. The corresponding values for buparvaquone
      were 0.102 +/- 0.030 microgram/ml and 3.17 +/- 0.39 h, respectively. The decay in
      plasma concentrations for the two drugs was biexponential and the terminal
      elimination half lives were 11.12 +/- 1.63 h and 26.44 +/- 2.81 h for parvaquone
      and buparvaquone, respectively.

PMID- 2896451
TI  - A new apparatus suitable for the use of counter-immunoelectrophoresis in the
      field: application for the diagnosis of malaria and leishmaniasis. Short
      communication.

PMID- 2896452
TI  - Usefulness of isoproterenol in facilitating atrioventricular nodal reentry
      tachycardia during electrophysiologic testing.
AB  - In some patients with documented atrioventricular (AV) nodal supraventricular
      tachycardia (SVT), the arrhythmia is not inducible during a standard stimulation
      protocol. In these patients the level of sympathetic activity may be an important
      factor. This study evaluates the influence of isoproterenol on anterograde and
      retrograde pathway properties in patients with AV nodal SVT and the mechanism by
      which this SVT is facilitated. Group 1 consisted of 8 consecutive patients, ages
      23 to 85 years (mean +/- standard error, 57 +/- 8) who had no inducible AV nodal
      SVT during electrophysiologic testing until isoproterenol (0.5 to 3.0
      micrograms/min) was infused. These patients were compared with 6 patients in the
      same age range (45 to 78 years, mean +/- standard error, 64 +/- 5) who had
      inducible AV nodal SVT without isoproterenol and who comprised group 2. In
      comparing group 1 (before isoproterenol) with group 2, there was no significant
      difference in the refractory periods of the anterograde slow and fast pathways,
      although the anterograde block cycle length was longer in group 1 patients (421
      +/- 18 vs 362 +/- 14 ms, p less than 0.05). The retrograde block cycle length was
      also longer in 7 of the 8 group 1 (before isoproterenol) patients in whom it
      could be measured versus those in group 2 (411 +/- 14 vs 318 +/- 27 ms, p less
      than 0.05). During isoproterenol, the anterograde and retrograde block cycle
      lengths in group 1 were not different from group 2. Therefore, AV nodal SVT may
      not be inducible in some patients during routine electrophysiologic
      testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896453
TI  - Atherogenic effects of beta blockers on cells cultured from normal and
      atherosclerotic aorta.

PMID- 2896454
TI  - Atrial automatic tachycardia in children.

PMID- 2896455
TI  - Effect of hospitalization on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients
      undergoing elective coronary angiography.
AB  - The effects of time of sampling on plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol
      concentrations were investigated in 88 patients undergoing elective coronary
      angiography. Patients with a myocardial infarction or major surgery within 6
      weeks before catheterization were excluded. All subjects were sampled in the
      fasting state at the time of arteriotomy before systemic heparinization and at
      least 30 days after discharge from the hospital (mean 275 days) in the free
      living state. No statistically significant differences were noted in total
      cholesterol (220 +/- 51 vs 226 +/- 48 mg/dl), triglycerides (191 +/- 77 vs 191 +/
      113 mg/dl) and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (149 +/- 46
      vs 150 +/- 43 mg/dl). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were
      significantly lower (p less than 0.0001) in subjects sampled before
      catheterization than in the free living state (32 +/- 10 vs 37 +/- 10 mg/dl, mean
      change 14%). Moreover, the frequency of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol less
      than 35 mg/dl was 77% before catheterization and 44% in the free living state.
      This effect was neither due to beta-adrenergic drugs nor to the length of time
      between samplings. In view of these findings, a screening lipid profile for
      patients with coronary artery disease should be performed in the free living
      state.

PMID- 2896456
TI  - Use of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and bypass surgery despite
      improved medical therapy for unstable angina pectoris.
AB  - To evaluate current strategies for the management of unstable angina, 104
      consecutive patients admitted to the coronary care unit with unstable angina
      during a 6-month period were followed prospectively. Although 58 patients had
      symptomatic relief with the initiation of intensive medical therapy, 46 (44%)
      continued to have episodes of angina despite maximal tolerated triple-drug
      antianginal therapy as well as aspirin or heparin, or both. In-hospital mortality
      for the 104 patients was 4%. The incidence of myocardial infarction was 8%, and
      differed (p less than 0.01) for the medically responsive group (3%) vs the
      medically refractory group (13%). Based on clinical status and coronary anatomy,
      patients were referred for either bypass surgery (46%), coronary angioplasty
      (41%) or continued medical therapy (13%). Choice of therapy varied according to
      the extent of coronary disease, with coronary angioplasty attempted in 72% of
      patients with 1-vessel disease, 44% of patients with 2-vessel disease and 7% of
      patients with 3-vessel disease. Angioplasty was performed with an initial success
      rate of 88%, and compared favorably with bypass surgery in terms of in-hospital
      mortality (0 vs 11%), late mortality (2.8 vs 7.7%), freedom from angina (62 vs
      69%) and subsequent employment (44 vs 27%) at 18 months follow-up. The favorable
      results of angioplasty in this prospective observational study suggest that
      additional randomized trials should be conducted in this important patient group.

PMID- 2896457
TI  - Protection of the ischemic myocardium during percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - Therapeutic balloon coronary angioplasty provides a useful model for studying the
      effects of epicardial coronary artery occlusion in conscious humans. In addition,
      it is a potent model in which the effectiveness of interventions designed to
      ameliorate ischemia can be evaluated. Whereas intravenous beta-adrenergic
      blocking drugs and nitrates appear to have a limited protective effect, the
      regional (i.e., intracoronary) use of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and calcium
      antagonists seem more potent. Currently, coronary venous retroperfusion with
      arterial blood does not appear practical, and the intraaortic balloon is a useful
      adjunctive measure in relatively few patients undergoing percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty. In contrast, the direct anterograde delivery
      of oxygen-rich blood or fluorocarbons holds promise as a reliable means of
      providing local myocardial protection. If ischemia could be markedly reduced,
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty might be applied safely in more
      high-risk clinical settings. In addition, if prolonged balloon inflation could be
      performed, there might be an increase in primary success rate and possibly a
      reduction in restenosis rate.

PMID- 2896458
TI  - Sulfasalazine: I. An historical perspective.

PMID- 2896459
TI  - Sulfasalazine: II. Some notes on the discovery and development of salazopyrin.
AB  - In summing up: salazopyrin is an effective drug, particularly in ulcerative
      colitis. Serious adverse effects are remarkably rare. Salazopyrin provoked an
      improvement in 75-80% of cases of UC. It is excellently adapted for long-term
      treatment and, in this respect, is clearly superior to corticosteroids. It
      prevents relapses, particularly if the dosage is increased. The main indication
      for corticosteroids in UC is for acute attacks early in the course of the disease
      and to influence allergic symptoms during the disease. For acute swelling of the
      rectum, local treatment with corticosteroids or salazopyrin is often effective.
      Adverse effects occur in about 15% of cases treated with salazopyrin. They are
      due primarily to hypersensitivity to the drug. With very few exceptions, they
      disappear spontaneously or are controlled by corticosteroids or by some other
      treatment. The allergic pulmonary changes may give rise to a modest dyspnea,
      which is not fatal. The cyanotic and the yellow-coloring of the skin are harmless
      side effects. As to sulfa crystals in the kidneys and the urine, for the most
      part, they can be avoided by simple treatment. Agranulocytosis is a rare
      complication in the course of treatment with salazopyrin. During the 35 yr that
      the drug has been used, only 14 cases have been published in the literature. Of
      this number, three have died, but the treatment of the agranulocytosis is known
      in only one of them. Nonpublished cases probably exist, but this number does not
      seem to be great in my experience. In comparison with many other drugs (certain
      chemotherapeutics and antibiotics), the frequency of serious side effects caused
      by salazopyrin is remarkably low.

PMID- 2896460
TI  - Compatibility of esmolol hydrochloride with morphine sulfate and fentanyl citrate
      during simulated Y-site administration.
AB  - The compatibility and stability of esmolol hydrochloride in admixtures during
      simulated Y-site injection of morphine sulfate or fentanyl citrate was studied.
      One milliliter of either morphine sulfate (15 mg/mL) or fentanyl citrate (0.05
      mg/mL) was injected into a running infusion of esmolol hydrochloride (10 mg/mL)
      in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and the solution was visually
      observed for changes. To determine the stability of the drugs during Y-site
      injection, esmolol hydrochloride 4 mL (1000 mg) in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium
      chloride injection was combined with 100 mL of either morphine sulfate 15 mg/mL
      or fentanyl citrate 0.05 mg/mL to simulate concentrations of the drugs that might
      be expected during Y-site injection. The admixtures were stored at ambient room
      temperature under normal light, and drug concentrations were determined using
      high-performance liquid chromatography at time zero and at two, four, and eight
      hours. Admixtures were also tested for pH and observed for visual changes. No
      immediate changes were observed in any of the admixtures, and the concentrations
      of the drugs varied by less than 4% throughout the study period. No precipitate
      or color changes were noted during Y-site injection of either drug into the
      running esmolol infusion. Under all of the conditions studied, esmolol
      hydrochloride in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection is compatible
      with morphine sulfate or fentanyl citrate.

PMID- 2896461
TI  - Manifestations of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection.
AB  - HTLV-I, the first human oncovirus, is a type C retrovirus linked to the
      development of ATLL. The virus shows a striking ethnogeographic distribution that
      is only partially understood. Certain populations at high risk for AIDS appear to
      have a higher incidence of HTLV-I infection. The extended latent period renders
      present knowledge of the sequelae and natural history of HTLV-I seropositivity
      incomplete, although recent data suggest that HTLV-I infection may have important
      implications for blood transfusion, organ transfer, and public health policy. A
      variety of clinical syndromes have been associated with infection, ranging from
      an asymptomatic carrier state to acute ATLL with lymphadenopathy,
      hepatosplenomegaly, hypercalcemia, cutaneous lesions, and systemic
      immunosuppression. Conventional chemotherapy is marginally effective; innovative
      approaches to therapy are presently being evaluated.

PMID- 2896462
TI  - Prenatal diagnostic options in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - There are currently two diagnostic options in cystic fibrosis. These involve
      assays for certain microvillar enzyme activities in amniotic fluid and
      recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid studies of markers linked to the cystic
      fibrosis gene on chromosome 7. The former are reduced in cystic fibrosis
      homozygotes; the latter make it possible to determine the particular pattern of
      chromosome 7 markers predictive of a cystic fibrosis homozygote in a specific
      family. However, neither test is appropriate for, applicable to, or informative
      in all families. The problems and potential of each approach are discussed.

PMID- 2896463
TI  - Development of the muscarinic receptor in rabbit gastric smooth muscle.
AB  - We used binding of [N-methyl-3H]scopolamine ( [3H]-NMS) to tissue homogenates and
      isometric contraction of muscle strips to characterize perinatal changes in the
      muscarinic receptor on rabbit gastric smooth muscle. In homogenates from fetal
      (28 days of gestation), 1-, 3-, and 7-day, 4- and 11-wk-old rabbits, specific
      binding was saturable and temperature dependent, achieved equilibrium by 10 min
      at 30 degrees C, and was linearly related to tissue concentration. Specific
      binding was 80 +/- 2% of total binding at 0.2 nM [3H]NMS. The number of binding
      sites was 120,000 receptors/cell, maximal during the first week of life compared
      with the fetus or older animals. Affinity of [3H]NMS was highest in the first
      week of life (Kd = 345 +/- 24 pM, 1 day old). Age did not affect Hill
      coefficients or Ki values; secoverine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine
      methiodide were 50-fold more potent than pirenzepine. In muscle strips,
      bethanechol stimulated dose-dependent atropine-inhibitable isometric contraction.
      The doses required for half-maximal contraction were similar in both age groups
      (5-6 microM), but maximal contraction was fivefold greater in weanlings compared
      with neonates. Increasing extracellular potassium concentration resulted in
      similar differences, suggesting that the differences were not receptor related.
      These results suggest that well-differentiated M2-muscarinic receptors are
      functional on rabbit gastric smooth muscle during the perinatal period.

PMID- 2896465
TI  - Autonomic nervous system pulmonary vasoregulation after hypoperfusion in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - We investigated the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the pulmonary
      vascular response to increasing cardiac index after a period of hypoperfusion
      (defined as reperfusion) in conscious dogs. Base-line and reperfusion pulmonary
      vascular pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots were generated by stepwise
      constriction and release, respectively, of an inferior vena caval occluder to
      vary Q. Surprisingly, after 10-15 min of hypoperfusion (Q decreased from 139 +/-
      9 to 46 +/- 3 ml.min-1.kg-1), the pulmonary vascular pressure gradient (pulmonary
      arterial pressure-pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) was unchanged over a broad
      range of Q during reperfusion compared with base line when the ANS was intact. In
      contrast, pulmonary vasoconstriction was observed during reperfusion after
      combined sympathetic beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor block, after beta
      block alone, but not after cholinergic block alone. The pulmonary
      vasoconstriction during reperfusion was entirely abolished by combined
      sympathetic alpha- and beta-block. Although sympathetic alpha-block alone caused
      pulmonary vasodilation compared with the intact, base-line P/Q relationship, no
      further vasodilation was observed during reperfusion. Thus the ANS actively
      regulates the pulmonary circulation during reperfusion in conscious dogs. With
      the ANS intact, sympathetic beta-adrenergic vasodilation offsets alpha-adrenergic
      vasoconstriction and prevents pulmonary vasoconstriction during reperfusion.

PMID- 2896464
TI  - Endothelium inhibits norepinephrine release from adrenergic nerves of rabbit
      carotid artery.
AB  - The overflow of endogenous norepinephrine caused by transmural electrical
      stimulation or depolarization with potassium was smaller in superfused segments
      of the rabbit carotid artery with intact endothelium than in segments denuded of
      endothelium. In segments preincubated with [3H]norepinephrine, the lesser
      overflow was found to be partially due to metabolism by the endothelium of the
      neurotransmitter. Even after treatment to block the disposition of
      norepinephrine, the endothelium acted as a partial physical barrier to the
      overflow of norepinephrine into the lumen of arteries superfused and perfused
      selectively. However, a lesser overflow of norepinephrine to the adventitia of
      the artery accounted for the majority of the difference in overflow between
      segments with and without endothelium. The inhibition by the endothelium of the
      overflow of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerves was unaffected by blocking
      prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors, prostaglandin synthesis, free radicals, or
      guanylate cyclase. Vasodilators released from the endothelium of a donor artery
      inhibited contractions caused by adrenergic nerve stimulation of a bioassay
      artery but failed to inhibit norepinephrine release. These observations indicate
      that the endothelium 1) metabolizes norepinephrine, 2) acts as a physical barrier
      to its overflow into the blood vessel lumen, and 3) inhibits the release of the
      adrenergic transmitter from adrenergic nerves.

PMID- 2896466
TI  - Postsynaptic adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in coronary and femoral
      vascular beds.
AB  - This study examined the response to intra-arterial norepinephrine and sympathetic
      nerve stimulation on perfusion pressure of cannulated dog femoral and left
      circumflex coronary arteries perfused at constant flow rates. Sympathetic nerve
      stimulation was delivered through the decentralized inferior cardiac nerve and
      the lumbar sympathetic chain; beta-adrenergic blockade was maintained with
      propranolol. In the coronary artery, the vasoconstrictor response to
      norepinephrine was blunted by alpha 1-adrenergic blockade with prazosin but was
      abolished by alpha 2-adrenergic blockade with rauwolscine, indicating
      postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction. In the femoral
      artery, prazosin decreased norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction by 20-40%; the
      subsequent addition of rauwolscine completely abolished vasoconstriction,
      indicating that both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors contributed to
      vasoconstriction. Sympathetic nerve stimulation produced frequency-dependent
      increases of perfusion pressure in both coronary and femoral vascular beds.
      Prazosin caused approximately 50% reduction in the vasoconstrictor response of
      the coronary vascular bed and approximately 30% reduction in the femoral bed. The
      addition of rauwolscine completely blocked the response to sympathetic nerve
      stimulation in coronary and femoral vascular beds. These studies demonstrate that
      postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms participate in
      vasoconstriction in response to both exogenous norepinephrine and sympathetic
      nerve stimulation in the canine coronary and femoral vascular beds.

PMID- 2896467
TI  - Pharmacological influence of antiallergic medication on in vivo allergen testing.

PMID- 2896468
TI  - Anaphylactoid reaction to vecuronium followed by systemic reaction to skin
      testing.
AB  - An unusual case is presented of a systemic anaphylactoid reaction to tubocurarine
      and subsequently to vecuronium. Intradermal testing with vecuronium following the
      latter response was negative at recommended test dose levels but at a higher
      concentration it initiated a hazardous systemic response. The laboratory
      investigations and possible mechanisms involved in this unusual case are
      discussed in detail since they may relate to other patients who experience
      anaphylactoid responses to anaesthetic drugs and who then undergo intradermal
      testing.

PMID- 2896469
TI  - On the hazards of priming.

PMID- 2896470
TI  - Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium in renal failure.

PMID- 2896471
TI  - Intra-ocular pressure changes during induction of anaesthesia and tracheal
      intubation. A comparison of thiopentone and propofol followed by vecuronium.
AB  - Intra-ocular pressure was measured during induction of anaesthesia with propofol
      (n = 40) or thiopentone (n = 40) followed by vecuronium to facilitate tracheal
      intubation which was carried out 3 minutes after the administration of relaxant.
      The average induction doses were 2.15 and 4.83 mg/kg for propofol and
      thiopentone, respectively. Half the patients in each group received a
      supplementary dose of the same induction agent (propofol 1.0 mg/kg or thiopentone
      2.0 mg/kg) (corrected) prior to intubation. Both propofol and thiopentone
      produced a significant reduction in intra-ocular pressure which decreased further
      after administration of vecuronium as well as the second smaller dose of the
      induction agents. Intra-ocular pressure prior to intubation was lower in the two
      propofol groups in comparison to the corresponding thiopentone groups. Intubation
      was associated with an increase in intra-ocular pressure but it still remained
      significantly below the baseline values except in the group given one dose of
      thiopentone. Supplementary doses of induction agents before intubation attenuated
      the increase in intra-ocular pressure. Propofol was significantly more effective
      in this respect and this group showed the lowest intra-ocular pressure throughout
      the study period. However, administration of propofol resulted in a 30% incidence
      of pain on injection and a decrease in systolic arterial pressure of more than
      30% in about half the patients.

PMID- 2896472
TI  - Anaphylactoid reaction to vecuronium.

PMID- 2896473
TI  - A nonisotopic method for determination of the in vivo activities of tyrosine
      hydroxylase in the rat adrenal gland.
AB  - A rapid and reliable method for determination of in vivo activities of tyrosine
      hydroxylase in the rat adrenal gland is presented. This method involves
      determining the rate of accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) in the
      adrenal gland after decarboxylase inhibition by NSD 1015, using HPLC with
      electrochemical detection after purification of the acid-deproteinized tissue
      extract with Bio-Rex 70 columns followed by alumina batch method. Purification of
      the sample with alumina adsorption alone, a method usually used for purification
      of catecholamines and Dopa, was ineffective: epinephrine and norepinephrine,
      which are present in high concentrations, interfered with an accurate
      determination of Dopa, and dopamine, which is retained strongly on the reverse
      phase column, interfered with a rapid analysis. Purification with Sephadex G-10
      columns followed by alumina adsorption was also ineffective. After purification
      with columns of weak cation-exchange resins such as Bio-Rex 70 or Amberlite CG-50
      followed by alumina adsorption, most of the epinephrine and norepinephrine was
      removed and dopamine was eliminated. Thus a rapid and accurate determination of
      Dopa could be made. Of the two cation exchangers, Bio-Rex 70 was more effective.
      Accumulation of Dopa in the adrenal gland was linear up to 30 min after
      administration of NSD 1015 and a plateau was reached with doses over 10 mg/kg.
      Using this method, we investigated the effects of immobilization stress,
      reserpine, and hypoxia on in vivo activities of tyrosine hydroxylase in the
      adrenal gland.

PMID- 2896474
TI  - The distribution of terminal sympathetic nerve fibers in bundle branches and
      false tendons of the bovine heart. An immunohistochemical and catecholamine
      histofluorescence study.
AB  - The sympathetic innervation in false tendons as a whole and the distribution of
      the terminal sympathetic nerve fibers in the conduction tissue in the bundle
      branches is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, false tendons and bundle
      branch regions of the bovine heart were examined using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      immunohistochemistry and the glyoxylic acid induced catecholamine (CA)
      fluorescence method for demonstration of sympathetic nerve fibers.
      Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry was also applied. Some of the nerve
      fascicles in the false tendons were found to contain large numbers of sympathetic
      nerve fibers and such nerve fibers formed plexuses in the walls of arteries and
      arterioles in these structures. In both false tendons and bundle branches
      sympathetic nerve fibers 1) were non-homogeneously distributed in the conduction
      tissue, most regularly occurring in the channels of extracellular space that are
      present within the bundles of Purkinje fibres, and 2) showed the same pattern of
      distribution in relation to Purkinje fibre bundle surfaces as the AChE-positive
      nerve branches. The observations show that there is a substantial sympathetic
      innervation in false tendons. The final distribution of the nerve fibers in these
      structures and in the bundle branches are discussed in relation to what is known
      of tissue morphology and the occurrence of sympathetic nerve influences in these
      regions. In the present study, previous CA-fluorescence observations of a
      "marked" sympathetic innervation in bundle branch regions, in terms of the
      presence of sympathetic nerve fibers in nerve fascicles and vessel walls, were
      also corroborated by the application of TH-immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2896476
TI  - An unusual case of occlusive thromboaortopathy (Takayasu's disease)--a case
      report.
AB  - A case of Takayasu's disease presenting in a young man as a solid abdominal mass
      is described. The literature is reviewed and classifications of the disease are
      discussed. Occlusive thromboaortopathy, also known as "pulseless disease" or
      Takayasu's disease, was first described in 1908 by Takayasu, who observed
      cataracts and peculiar arteriovenous anastamoses around the optic papillae in a
      young woman. It is a vasculitic disorder of uncertain etiology occurring mainly
      in young women and may involve part or most of the aorta, as well as the
      pulmonary artery. Early features include fever, malaise, weight loss, and a high
      ESR, and, later on, absent pulses, aneurysms, hypertension, and heart failure may
      occur. The authors describe an unusual case of Takayasu's disease in a young
      black South African man.

PMID- 2896475
TI  - [Effect of adrenoblocking agents and melipramine on the analgesic effect of non
      narcotic analgesics].

PMID- 2896477
TI  - [Management of peroperative hypertensive crises].

PMID- 2896478
TI  - [Almitrine temporarily suppresses respiratory depression caused by
      buprenorphine].

PMID- 2896479
TI  - [Use of new inotropic agents in the treatment of acute cardiac failure].
AB  - The drugs, new and old, useful in the treatment of acute cardiac failure, are
      reviewed in the light of its pathophysiological mechanisms and of the biochemical
      aspects of myocardial contraction. Two major classes of drugs are considered,
      those that stimulate cell membrane adenylcyclase, i.e. beta-agonists (dopamine,
      dobutamine and dopexamine) and alpha-agonists (glucagon, forskolin, calcium
      agonists) and those that inhibit the cellular phosphodiesterases, i.e. bipyridine
      derivatives (amrinone and milrinone) and imidazolone derivatives (fenoximone and
      piroximone). Virtually, all the inotropic agents act by increasing the entry of
      calcium into the cell by increasing the intracellular AMPc concentration.
      Dopamine has a dose-related triphasic activity. At low doses, stimulation of
      renal dopaminergic receptors increases renal blood flow, glomerular filtration
      rate and sodium clearance. At moderate doses, dopamine stimulates, for the most
      part, cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. Higher doses stimulate alpha-1
      adrenergic receptors, with an increase in systemic arterial and venous pressures.
      Dobutamine exerts a potent positive inotropic action, with little effect on
      vascular tone and less tachycardia than with other catecholamines, resulting in
      only a slight increase in myocardial oxygen consumption. The dopamine analogue,
      dopexamine, increases renal blood flow, myocardial contractility and produces
      peripheral vasodilation. The haemodynamic effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors
      are similar to those of dobutamine, except that these drugs are vasodilators,
      their positive inotropic properties are weak and their haemodynamic effects
      persist for at least 8 h after a single dose in heart failure patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896480
TI  - Dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate interactions in aging. Behavioral and
      neurochemical correlates.
AB  - Aging, hypoxia, and thiamin deficiency diminish motor performance. Similar
      alterations of ACh, DA, and glutamate metabolism accompany hypoxia, thiamin
      deficiency, and aging. Both aging and hypoxia reduce ACh release and stimulate DA
      and glutamate release. Presynaptic enhancement of DA and glutamate release may be
      important in the production of cell damage that may contribute, in part, to age
      related deficits in motor as well as cognitive function. The decline in ACh
      release may be important in the production of the cognitive deficits. An
      understanding of the interactions of neurotransmitters in hypoxia and thiamin
      deficiency aids our understanding of normal aging and increases the possibility
      of developing better treatments for the multiple neurotransmitter deficiencies
      that accompany many metabolic, age-related, and chronic degenerative disorders.

PMID- 2896481
TI  - Ganglioside treatment in the recovery of the DA nigrostriatal system in different
      experimental conditions.

PMID- 2896483
TI  - Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in rat brain: gene expression, role as
      neuromodulator, and functional effects.

PMID- 2896482
TI  - Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone as a neurotransmitter in bullfrog
      sympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 2896484
TI  - Cefotaxime-sensitive Aeromonas hydrophila infection in a revascularized foot.
AB  - Three days following revascularization of a foot injured in a boating accident,
      Aeromonas hydrophila cellulitis developed in the victim's foot and leg. The
      infection resolved with debridement and 10 days of cefotaxime therapy. A.
      hydrophila infection has not previously been reported in a revascularized
      extremity. Clinical response of an A. hydrophila cellulitis to cefotaxime is
      likewise undescribed. Our findings of a cefotaxime-sensitive Aeromonas infection
      and its successful treatment suggests that the organism should undergo further
      evaluation of cefotaxime sensitivity and that cefotaxime and other third
      generation cephalosporins may have a role as broad-spectrum antibiotic agents in
      fresh-water trauma.

PMID- 2896485
TI  - [Reconstruction in 3D of the foot: preliminary technical study].

PMID- 2896486
TI  - Renal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases: structural and immunological studies.
AB  - Mammalian kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases are compared with respect to
      subunit size, amino-terminal sequences of the two subunits, immunological, and
      some catalytic properties. The species-related variation in the apparent
      molecular weight of the subunits has been shown to be primarily due to the extent
      and nature of protein glycosylation. Using antibodies raised against the native
      enzymes and isolated sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated subunits, it is shown that
      the transpeptidases share some antigenic determinants. Some of these determinants
      in the highly glycosylated transpeptidase subunits can be detected by the
      antibodies only upon deglycosylation of the subunits. The amino-terminal
      sequences of the subunits exhibit considerable homology, in agreement with the
      immunological data. Thus, there are two segments of identity (3 and 5 residues in
      length, respectively) in the first 17 amino-terminal residues of the heavy
      subunits of rat, bovine, dog, and human kidney transpeptidases (papain
      solubilized). Of particular interest is the finding of 91 to 96% identity in the
      first 23 amino-terminal residues of the small subunit of these transpeptidases.
      The small subunit contains the gamma-glutamyl binding site of the enzyme. There
      are three segments of identity (7, 6, and 8 residues in length, respectively) in
      the first 23 residues, each separated by either a Ser or an Ala residue. The
      first 7 amino-terminal residues of the small subunit in all four species are
      identical, indicating a high degree of specificity in the proteolytic processing
      of the common, single-chain precursor of the two subunits. Differences noted
      between transpeptidases in their relative acceptor specificity and in their
      susceptibility to inactivation by the glutamine antagonist, AT-125 (acivicin),
      must reflect subtle structural differences in their active center domains.

PMID- 2896487
TI  - Involvement of postsynaptic adrenergic mechanism(s) in the ATP-contractions of
      the rat anococcygeus muscle and the effect of extracellular Ca2+.
AB  - Clonidine, ICI-106270 (6-aryl 2,367 tetrahydro 5-H-pyrrolo(1,2-a)-imidazole
      derivative), B-HT-920 (6-Allyl-2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-thiozolo = [4,5
      d]azepine-dihydrochloride, and guanfacine, agonists at alpha 2-adrenoceptors,
      produced concentration-dependent contractions of the rat anococcygeus muscle. The
      order of potency of these agonists in producing the response was clonidine
      greater than ICI-106270 greater than guanfacine greater than B-HT 920. Yohimbine
      (10(-6) M) competitively antagonized the contractile response due to these agents
      acting at alpha 2-adrenoceptors. ATP (10(-6) M-10(-4) M) also produced
      concentration-dependent contractions of the rat anococcygeus muscle. Prazosin
      (10(-8) M) an alpha 1-blocker, significantly antagonized ATP-induced contractions
      in a competitive manner. ATP (10(-7) M) in a concentration that had no effect on
      basal tension of the preparation, tends to potentiate phenylephrine responses,
      though not significantly. The sensitivity of the anococcygeus muscle to ATP was
      enhanced after 24 hr (maximum catecholamine depletion period) of reserpine (5
      mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Yohimbine (10(-6) M), a selective alpha 2-blocker,
      significantly antagonized ATP-induced contractions and shifted the ATP
      concentration-response curve towards right. The antagonism was found to be
      competitive. The ATP-contractions were also sensitive to inhibition by reduced
      calcium contents (quarter or calcium free) in the Krebs bicarbonate solution.
      However, it was observed that ATP was capable of producing contractions of
      anococcygeus muscle even in Ca-free Krebs bicarbonate solution.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896489
TI  - Pharmacological evaluation of in vivo tests for alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade in
      the central nervous system and the effects of the enantiomers of mianserin and
      its aza-analog ORG 3770.
AB  - A series of compounds with actions on the central nervous system was tested for
      antagonism of clonidine-induced sleep in chicks and clonidine-induced mydriasis
      in rats for the purpose of evaluating these methods as tests for demonstrating an
      in vivo alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking effect of a novel compound. Clonidine
      induced mydriasis was found to be the most selective method. The order of potency
      for compounds fully antagonizing clonidine-induced mydriasis was MSD 26 greater
      than physostigmine = idazoxan greater than aptazapine greater than piperoxan
      greater than yohimbine greater than mianserin greater than tolazoline. Partial
      antagonism was found for quipazine and sulpiride. Misleading results can arise
      from the involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in the control of the pupil
      diameter. The order of potency for compounds antagonizing clonidine-induced sleep
      in chicks was apomorphine greater than yohimbine greater than idazoxan greater
      than aptazapine = MSD 26 greater than quipazine greater than methysergide greater
      than piperoxan = mianserin = bepridil = metergoline = cyproheptadine =
      desipramine greater than tolazoline greater than dexchlorpheniramine, although
      antagonism was not complete for all of these compounds. Misleading results can
      arise from effects on arousal of the chicks but cholinergic mechanisms do not
      play a disturbing role so that the method with chicks can be a useful supplement
      to the mydriasis method. The enantiomers of mianserin and of a compound related
      to mianserin, Org 3770, were tested in the 2 methods and the alpha 2-blocking
      effect of these compounds was found to be residing in the S(+)-enantiomers.

PMID- 2896488
TI  - Comparative study of direct coronary vascular responses to diltiazem, adrenergic
      beta-blockers and other vasodilators in isolated, perfused dog and monkey
      coronary arteries.
AB  - The cannula-inserting method was used to examine the vascular responses of the
      isolated, perfused dog and monkey coronary arteries to a calcium antagonist
      (diltiazem), adrenergic beta-blockers (propranolol and pindolol), an antianginal
      drug (nicorandil) and vasodilators (hydralazine and papaverine). Propranolol and
      pindolol constricted the dog and monkey coronary arteries dose-dependently.
      Without any precontraction, hydralazine produced a biphasic response--a
      vasodilatation followed by a vasoconstriction--in the dog coronary artery,
      although it produced only a vasodilatation in the monkey coronary artery.
      Nicorandil and diltiazem dilated the uncontracted dog and monkey coronary
      arteries dose-dependently. The rank order of drug potency for inducing
      vasodilatation was diltiazem greater than nicorandil greater than hydralazine in
      both coronary arteries. These results indicate that the cannula-inserting method
      is useful to investigate the responses of the large epicardial dog and monkey
      coronary arteries to vasodilating drugs.

PMID- 2896491
TI  - Blood pressure control and levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase.

PMID- 2896490
TI  - Effect of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation or blockade on regional myocardial
      function and regional O2 consumption during myocardial ischemia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of beta-adrenoceptor
      activation and blockade on the relationship between regional myocardial function
      and regional O2 consumption in ischemic and nonischemic myocardium. Myocardial
      regional segmental function was assessed in 28 open chest, anesthetized dogs
      using subepicardial dimension gauges. Ten min after LAD (left anterior descending
      coronary artery) occlusion, dogs were given i.v. saline, 2 mg/kg propranolol, 0.2
      mg/kg pindolol, or 1 microgram/kg/min isoproterenol. Coronary blood flow was
      determined using radioactive microspheres before LAD occlusion, 10 min after
      occlusion, and 2 hr after LAD occlusion. Regional O2 consumption was determined
      using microspectrophotometry. LAD occlusion did not alter any index of myocardial
      function measured in the nonischemic region, but in the ischemic region, end
      systolic length (ESL) was increased 20% while shortening was converted to
      systolic bulging. No agent resulted in an improved ischemic regional function or
      an altered O2 consumption during LAD occlusion. In the nonischemic region the per
      cent shortening was increased 60% with isoproterenol compared to control.
      Propranolol and pindolol both increased the non-schemic regional ratio of per
      cent shortening vs O2 consumption significantly, suggesting an improved
      efficiency while isoproterenol lowered this ratio. When per cent shortening was
      plotted vs regional O2 consumption for all treatments, a significant linear
      relationship was observed in the nonischemic region. Thus, no drug treatment used
      in this study significantly improved central ischemic regional function, or O2
      consumption, but both beta-adrenoceptor blockers seemed to result in an improved
      relationship between segmental shortening and O2 consumption in the nonischemic
      region.

PMID- 2896494
TI  - Common dentoalveolar emergencies.

PMID- 2896492
TI  - [Comparative studies of the practical use of different sperm samples].
AB  - Comparative Investigation of Six Different Searching Techniques for Seminal
      Stains The comparison of six searching methods showed, that the phosphatase test
      has the highest, the choline test a sufficient and the other tests a poor
      sensitivity. Stains of seven body secretions and excretions, 13 fruit and 17
      vegetables have been investigated by damp filter paper method. The spermine-,
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-, and the zinc test had an insufficient specificity.
      The phosphatase test had false positive results with kiwi fruit, cauliflower,
      pea, and potato; the choline test with cauliflower, pea, broccoli, leek, and
      tomato; the leucineaminopeptidase test with feces and strawberry.

PMID- 2896493
TI  - Acute beta-blocker withdrawal and exchange by verapamil before percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty.

PMID- 2896495
TI  - New technologies for studying human genetic variation.

PMID- 2896496
TI  - Genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes: possible role in human disease.

PMID- 2896497
TI  - Molecular biology and infectious diseases: the Institut Pasteur marks its first
      century.

PMID- 2896498
TI  - Study on the role of endogenous polyamines in glucagon, isoproterenol or serum
      mediated induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in cultured heart cells.
AB  - In confluent and serum-starved embryonic heart cell cultures, the addition of
      serum (10%), glucagon (GLU, 0.1 microM) or isoproterenol (ISO, 10 microM), causes
      the onset of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, with a maximum after 5-6 hr.
      This is paralleled by polyamine accumulation and by the induction of TAT, which,
      in the case of GLU and ISO, exhibits maximal activity at 4-3 hr respectively,
      followed by a net decline. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) also accumulates after exposure to
      GLU or ISO. However, under different conditions of ODC inhibition, serum fails to
      induce TAT, thus supporting a relevant role of cellular polyamines in serum
      action. Conversely, cAMP and TAT responses to GLU or ISO are markedly improved
      under prevention of polyamine accumulation, which also leads to a longer lasting
      TAT inducibility. The suggestion is made that polyamines are not required in the
      cAMP-dependent mechanism of TAT induction, but rather in the restoration of the
      basal activity of the enzyme.

PMID- 2896499
TI  - Transamidating activities of factor XIIIa and of transglutaminases, measured by
      an ELISA procedure.
AB  - The dansyl hapten in dansylcadaverine offers unique possibilities for measuring
      the incorporation of the monoamine into proteins (e.g. N,N'-dimethylcasein) by
      transamidating enzymes such as factor XIIIa and the transglutaminases. The
      protein-bound dansylcadaverine was assayed by an ELISA procedure based on a
      monoclonal antibody to the dansyl moiety.

PMID- 2896500
TI  - Reduced cyclosporin accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
AB  - Cyclosporin accumulation was reduced by 50% or more in multidrug- resistant CHRC5
      CHO cells with high levels of P-glycoprotein expression compared to drug
      sensitive AuxB1 CHO cells. This difference could be overcome by verapamil which
      is known to interact with P-glycoprotein and reverse multidrug resistance. The
      difference in cyclosporin accumulation between sensitive and resistant cells
      decreased with increasing cyclosporin concentrations suggesting that cyclosporine
      itself regulated its own accumulation through interaction with P-glycoprotein.
      Indeed, cyclosporin also reversed differences in vinblastine accumulation between
      resistant and sensitive cell lines. Since P-glycoprotein is highly expressed in
      the kidney which is also a target for cyclosporin toxicity, the effects of
      verapamil on cyclosporin accumulation were studied in two renal cell lines, rat
      mesangial cells and LLCPK1, cells. Verapamil increased cyclosporin accumulation
      by approximately 70%. These results suggest that cellular cyclosporine
      accumulation is regulated at least in part by its interaction with P
      glycoprotein.

PMID- 2896501
TI  - Subtle alteration of the active site of ribulose bisphosphate
      carboxylase/oxygenase by concerted site-directed mutagenesis and chemical
      modification.
AB  - Both activities of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are dependent on
      carbamylation by CO2 of a specific lysyl epsilon-amino group (Lys-191 of the
      enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum). To examine the stringency of the requirement
      for this lysyl side chain, Lys-191 was converted to an aminoethylcysteinyl
      residue (net replacement of a gamma-methylene group by a sulfur atom) by a
      combination of site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent chemical modification.
      The purified Cys-191 mutant was totally devoid of both carboxylase and oxygenase
      activities. However, this mutant protein exhibited tight-binding of the
      transition-state analogue, 2-carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate, a property
      heretofore ascribed solely to the carbamylated form of the carboxylase. Treatment
      of the mutant protein with ethylene imine restored catalytic activity to 4-7% of
      the wild-type level. The carboxylase:oxygenase activity ratio of the
      aminoethylated protein was unperturbed relative to that of wild-type enzyme.

PMID- 2896502
TI  - Acidic pH- and metal ion (Zn++ or Mn++)-dependent proteolysis of 140 kDa atrial
      natriuretic factor receptor in bovine adrenal cortex plasma membranes: evidence
      for membrane-bound acidic metalloendopeptidase.
AB  - Incubation of the adrenal membranes at pH 3.5-5.6 resulted in apparent
      proteolysis of 140 kDa protein to yield a 70 kDa polypeptide containing an ANF
      binding site, which could be photoaffinity labeled by [125I]4-azidobenzoyl
      monoiodo ANF-(4-28). This 70 kDa fragment was found to be disulfide-linked to the
      remaining segment(s) of the molecule, giving a total apparent Mr of 140,000 when
      not reduced. The acidic pH-dependent proteolysis was rapid even at 0 degree C,
      suggesting close association of an endopeptidase with ANF receptor. The
      proteolysis was inhibited by EDTA, but not by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, N
      ethylmaleimide or pepstatin, indicating that the enzyme is a
      metalloendopeptidase. The inhibition was reversed by ZnCl2 or MnCl2, but not
      CaCl2 or MgCl2. The adrenal membranes contained guanylate cyclase activity of 1.1
      nmol/min/mg protein using Mn-GTP as a substrate, which could be stimulated by 0.1
      microM ANF to 2.7 nmol/min/mg. The membranes showed high affinity to ANF-(1-28)
      and ANF-(4-28), but little affinity to the truncated peptides ANF-(5-25) and ANF
      (7-23). After treatment at pH 3.5 and 0 degrees C for 15 min, the membranes
      retained ANF-binding activity but with broader specificity, exhibiting high
      affinity to all four peptides above. It was suggested that an acidic
      metalloendopeptidase in the adrenal membranes may be involved in ANF receptor
      cleavage.

PMID- 2896503
TI  - Anion-dependent modulations of DNA topoisomerase II-mediated reactions in
      potassium-containing solutions.
AB  - DNA binding proteins operate in an intracellular environment of low chloride
      concentration, yet in vitro assays of the activities of these proteins are often
      performed in isotonic chloride-containing solutions. Previously, the activity of
      bacterial DNA-binding proteins was found to be enhanced in potassium-containing
      solutions in which the anion glutamate (Glu) was substituted for chloride. We
      have extended this observation to include eukaryotic topoisomerase I and II
      activities. The concentration ranges over which DNA strand passing activities of
      these enzymes were observed was broader in KGlu than in KCl. This was also true
      for the topoisomerase II-mediated DNA strand passage and antineoplastic drug
      dependent DNA cleavage produced by nuclear extracts from HL-60 human leukemia
      cells. The rate of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA strand passage was also
      dependent on anion moiety and concentration in potassium-containing buffers. Drug
      dependent topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage in intact HL-60 cell nuclei was
      also anion-dependent, suggesting that anion type and concentration may influence
      topoisomerase II-mediated events in mammalian cells as had been described for
      other DNA binding proteins in prokaryotic systems. This should be considered in
      developing biochemical assays of topoisomerase activities to reproduce
      intracellular conditions.

PMID- 2896504
TI  - Binding of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to a native F1-ATPase-inhibitor protein
      complex isolated from bovine heart mitochondria.
AB  - The effect and the binding of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) to a soluble native
      F1-ATPase-inhibitor protein complex (F1-IP) isolated from heart mitochondria was
      studied. About one mol DCCD bound per mol F1-IP complex; this inhibited its
      ATPase activity by more than 95%, ever under conditions that led to maximal
      hydrolysis. Bound DCCD localized to beta-subunits of the F1-IP complex. Cross
      linking of the DCCD labeled complex with N-(ethoxy-carbonyl)-2
      ethoxydihydroquinoline yielded a protein with a Mr 65,000-67,000 that contained
      IP as evidenced by its reaction with IP antibodies. No alpha-subunits were
      detected in this cross-linked product. The Mr 65,000-67,000 protein corresponds
      to beta-subunits cross-linked with IP (Klein et al, Biochemistry 1980; 19, 2919
      2925). However, no DCCD was found in the cross-linked beta-subunit-IP product of
      labeled native F1-IP. Thus the beta-subunit in contact with IP is distinct from
      the other two beta-subunits of the enzyme.

PMID- 2896505
TI  - Pharmacological effects of the antianxiety compound suriclone and its principal
      metabolites.
AB  - The pharmacodynamic effects of 4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ester with
      (+/-)-6-(7-chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-7-h ydr oxy-5H-p-
      dithiino[2,3-c]pyrrol-5-one (suriclone, RP-31264) and its principal metabolites
      M1 and M2 on respiration, cardiovascular system, autonomic nervous system, smooth
      muscle and other physiological parameters were investigated in various animal
      species. Suriclone, 1 mg/kg i.v., increased the amplitude of respiratory
      movement, decreased the respiratory rate and blood pressure and increased the
      heart rate in conscious rabbits. The respiratory and depressor effects were more
      evident in pentobarbital anesthetized rabbits. In anesthetized dogs, suriclone,
      0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg i.v., produced essentially the same effects as seen in the
      anesthetized rabbits. The ECG pattern was not significantly changed in any
      animal. Such effects on respiration and on the cardiovascular system of
      metabolites M1 and M2 in the rabbits were weak. In the isolated guinea-pig atria,
      suriclone, 10(-6) g/ml, had no effect but increased contractility and decreased
      heart rate at a high concentration of 10(-5) g/ml. Both M1 and M2 had weak
      effects. Suriclone had no action on flow rate of the perfusate through the blood
      vessels of the isolated rabbit ear. In anesthetized dogs, suriclone 0.5 mg/kg
      i.v., did not affect the responses to vagal stimulation or to pre- and
      postganglionic stimulation of cardiac ganglion. Suriclone instilled onto the eye
      or i.v. had no appreciable effect on pupillary diameter or the miotic response in
      rabbits, but an abnormal oculogyration was evoked when the drug was given i.v. at
      1 mg/kg. M1 or M2 had no such effect. Suriclone did not exert analgesic effects
      in mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896506
TI  - [Effect of different beta-receptor blockers on the respiratory function of
      patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and arterial hypertension].
AB  - 20 patients with confirmed diagnoses of arterial hypertension and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease were studied. Groups of 10 patients each were
      treated with propranolol 2 X 40 mg p.o. or betaxolol (Kerlone) 20 mg p.o.,
      respectively. Pulmonary function, blood pressure and heart rate were assessed
      before and at 2, 4 and 6 h after administration of the first tablet on day 1 of
      the study. The same parameters were recorded 2 h after ingestion of the morning
      dose on each of the following days. Both drugs caused comparable significant
      decreases in blood pressure and heart rate on the 1st day of treatment.
      Propranolol was associated with a documented increase in the degree of bronchial
      obstruction.

PMID- 2896507
TI  - Effect of the alpha 1-blocker bunazosin on reperfusion-induced mitochondrial
      dysfunction in canine hearts.
AB  - The effect of the alpha 1-blocker 4-amino-2-(4-butyryl-hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepin
      1-yl) -6,7-dimethoxy-quinazoline (bunazosin, E-643, Detantol) on reperfusion
      injury was investigated. 43 anesthetized dogs were divided into two groups: the
      control group (n = 30) and the bunazosin group (n = 13). 15 min after
      premedication with physiological saline for the control group, or the alpha 1
      blocker bunazosin 0.5 mg/kg for the bunazosin group, the left anterior descending
      coronary artery was occluded for 15 min and then reperfused for 5 min. Heart
      mitochondria were prepared from both the normal and reperfused areas.
      Mitochondria function and their Ca2+ content were measured by polarography and
      atomic absorption, respectively. Mitochondrial phospholipase activity was
      measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Nine dogs (30%) of the
      control group developed reperfusion arrhythmias. None of those pretreated with
      bunazosin developed arrhythmias. Although mitochondrial dysfunction was observed
      in the reperfused area in each group, more severe dysfunction was observed in
      dogs with arrhythmias in the control group. Mitochondrial Ca2+ content in the
      reperfused area in dogs with arrhythmias increased significantly compared with
      that in the normal area. Phospholipase activity in the reperfused area in dogs
      with arrhythmias also increased significantly, but no significant elevation of
      phospholipase activity was observed in dogs without arrhythmias in both the
      control and bunazosin groups. These results indicate that reperfusion injury
      might be closely related to activation of phospholipase linked with alpha 1
      adrenergic response.

PMID- 2896508
TI  - A multicentric study of loratadine, terfenadine and placebo in patients with
      seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - This multicentric study compared 14-day treatment with loratadine (Clarityne) 10
      mg once daily, terfenadine 60 mg twice daily and placebo in outpatients with
      seasonal allergic rhinitis. Of 275 patients enrolled, 256 (87 in the loratadine
      group, 89 in the terfenadine group and 80 in the placebo group) were evaluable
      for efficacy and 266 (90, 91 and 85 in respective groups) were evaluable for
      safety. Investigators graded the severity of 4 nasal and 4 nonnasal
      signs/symptoms and investigators and patients rated overall disease condition and
      therapeutic response on treatment days 3, 7 and 14; patients recorded when
      signs/symptoms of rhinitis were relieved, as well. Hematology and blood chemistry
      tests were conducted before and after therapy, and patients were questioned
      throughout the study about possible adverse experiences. At all visits,
      loratadine and terfenadine were significantly superior to placebo (p less than or
      equal to 0.004), and the two active medications were statistically comparable,
      based on mean totals of sign/symptom severity scores and ratings of overall
      disease condition and therapeutic response. By patients' last valid visit, mean
      totals of sign/symptoms severity scores improved by 56% and 53% for loratadine
      and terfenadine groups, respectively, but exacerbated by 5% for the placebo
      group. Moreover, an excellent or a good therapeutic response was observed in
      58/87 (67%) loratadine-treated patients and 58/89 (65%) terfenadine-treated
      patients, as compared to 13/80 (16%) placebo-treated patients (p less than 0.01).
      A total of 61/76 (30%) patients in the loratadine group and 57/78 (73%) in the
      terfenadine group versus 22/71 (31%) in the placebo group experienced relief
      within the first 3 days of therapy (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2896509
TI  - General pharmacology of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1
      homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole difumarate. 1st communication: effects on the
      central nervous system.
AB  - Effects of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole
      difumarate (KB-2413) on the central nervous system were compared with those of
      ketotifen and chlorpheniramine. Among the various activities related to the
      central nervous system, KB-2413 showed inhibitory effects on locomotor activity,
      acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and reserpine-induced hypothermia in rats at
      a high dose such as 100 mg/kg p.o. However, in mice, it (10-100 mg/kg p.o.)
      exerted no significant influence on muscle tone, various experimental
      convulsions, oxotremorine-induced tremor, physostigmine-induced mortality or
      hexobarbital-induced sleep, and in rats, it had no effect on rectal temperature
      or conditioned avoidance. It also did not affect spontaneous electroencephalogram
      (EEG), EEG arousal responses or photic driving response in rabbits at 5 mg/kg
      i.v. On the other hand, ketotifen and chlorpheniramine affected more widely and
      strongly the central nervous system than KB-2413. In conclusion, KB-2413 showed a
      less potent effect on the central nervous system than ketotifen and
      chlorpheniramine, and no results suggested serious side effects of KB-2413.

PMID- 2896510
TI  - [H2-antagonistic activity of the impromidine analog, cyanoguanidine. 37. H2
      antihistaminics].
AB  - In studies on structure-activity relationships among impromidine-like histamine
      H2-receptor agonists, the synthesis of impromidine analogous guanidines led to
      the corresponding intermediate cyanoguanidines. The latter are structurally
      related to cimetidine. For that reason they were tested for H2-antagonistic
      activity on the isolated guinea-pig atrium. Compound 5h proved to be
      significantly more potent than cimetidine. Derivatives with branched thioether
      moiety were devoid of affinity. The results are consistent with existing
      structure-activity relationships.

PMID- 2896511
TI  - Development of AIDS, HIV seroconversion, and potential co-factors for T4 cell
      loss in a cohort of intravenous drug users.
AB  - A cohort of 334 intravenous (IV) drug users from New York City drug treatment
      programs were followed over a mean 9-month period. Among the 165 who were
      seropositive at enlistment, four developed clinical AIDS, for an annual rate of
      3%. Elevated IgA was a significant predictor of developing AIDS. Among 72
      subjects who were initially seronegative and who were re-interviewed, four were
      seropositive at follow-up, for a seroconversion rate of 7% per year among
      seronegatives. Among seropositive subjects who did not develop AIDS or fatal AIDS
      related complex (ARC), continued drug injection was associated with rate of T4
      cell loss, and there was a non-significant trend for males to lose T4 cells more
      rapidly than females. While it was not possible to distinguish the mechanism
      underlying the relationship between continued drug injection and T4 cell loss,
      seropositive IV drug users should be warned that continued injection may lead to
      increased HIV-related immunosuppression as well as, if injection equipment is
      shared, risking viral transmission to others.

PMID- 2896512
TI  - A double-blind placebo controlled study of terfenadine in the treatment of
      chronic idiopathic urticaria.

PMID- 2896513
TI  - The difficult chronic asthmatic.

PMID- 2896514
TI  - The catastrophic asthmatic.

PMID- 2896515
TI  - A novel actin label: a fluorescent probe at glutamine-41 and its consequences.
AB  - By peptide isolation and analysis, it has been shown that the dansyl fluorophore
      of dansylcadaverine [N-(5-aminopentyl)-5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1
      sulfonamide] transfers to Gln-41 of actin from rabbit skeletal muscle when the
      reaction is catalyzed by guinea pig liver transglutaminase. As a function of
      time, the degree of labeling asymptotically approaches 1 mol of dansyl/l mol of
      actin. About 80-85% of the attached dansyl fluorophore was found at Gln-41. Such
      labeled G-actin polymerizes to the same extent as control actin, but the
      polymerization rate is greater and the critical concentration is less than for
      control actin. Complete polymerization is accompanied by a 1.5-2.0-fold increase
      in the emission intensity of the attached fluorophore. Labeled F-actin thus
      obtained activates myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) Mg2+-ATPase activity with the same
      Kapp, and to the same Vmax, as control actin; moreover, when such labeled F-actin
      is cross-linked to S-1 by 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide, the
      resulting superactivation of Mg2+-ATPase is the same as that attained with
      control actin. The attributes of this label thus make it an ideal reporter of
      events in the N-terminal 10-kilodalton region of actin, and a new topological
      point for proximity mapping.

PMID- 2896516
TI  - A new synthesis of adenosine 5'-([gamma(R)-17O,18O]-gamma-thiotriphosphate) and
      its use to determine the stereochemical course of the activation of glutamate by
      glutamine synthetase.
AB  - A new synthetic route to adenosine 5'-([gamma(R)-17O,18O]-gamma-thiotriphosphate)
      is described which combines chemical methods for introducing the heavy oxygen
      isotopes and enzymic methods for achieving the enantiospecificity. This material
      was used as a substrate for the activation of glutamate catalyzed by glutamine
      synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium. Analysis of the chirality of the
      [16O,17O,18O]thiophosphate produced showed that the reaction proceeds with
      inversion of configuration on phosphorus. This result, taken together with the
      positional isotope exchange studies of Midelfort and Rose [Midelfort, C. F., &
      Rose, I.A. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 5881-5887], demonstrates that the
      activation of glutamate to form gamma-glutamyl phosphate proceeds by a direct "in
      line" transfer of the phosphoryl group.

PMID- 2896517
TI  - Mechanism of proline-specific proteinases: (I) Substrate specificity of
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV from pig kidney and proline-specific endopeptidase from
      Flavobacterium meningosepticum.
AB  - The substrate specificity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (dipeptidyl peptide
      hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.5) from pig kidney and proline-specific endopeptidase from
      Flavobacterium meningosepticum, was investigated with a series of N-terminal
      unprotected (dipeptidyl peptidases IV) and succinylated dipeptidyl-p
      nitroanilides (proline-specific endopeptidase). Both enzymes are specific for the
      S configuration of the amino-acid residue in P1 and P2 position if the
      penultimate residue is proline. In the case of alanine substrates (Ala in P1,
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV hydrolyzes such compounds where the configuration of the
      P2 residue is R. The penultimate residue with dipeptidyl peptidase IV can be,
      beside proline and alanine, dehydroproline, hydroxyproline and pipecolic acid.
      Proline substrates (Pro in P1) with an R configuration in P2 are inhibitors of
      the hydrolysis of proline substrates with an S,S configuration in an
      uncompetitive (dipeptidyl peptide IV) or mixed inhibition type (proline-specific
      endopeptidase). Derivatives of Gly-Pro-pNA where the N-terminal amino group is
      methylated are hydrolyzed by dipeptidyl peptidase IV.

PMID- 2896518
TI  - Presence of D-aspartate oxidase in rat liver and mouse tissues.
AB  - Rat liver D-aspartate oxidase activity, which had been reported to be
      undetectable, was found to be well detectable in dialyzed liver homogenate. The
      requirements of the enzyme for activity and its sensitivity to inhibitors were
      identical with the known properties of the enzyme from other sources. We also
      demonstrated for the first time the presence of the enzyme activity in mouse
      tissues and some other rat tissues using dialyzed tissue homogenates.

PMID- 2896519
TI  - Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in
      schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: overrepresentation in patients with
      tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Primitive (developmental) reflexes are present in fetal and infant life, but
      disappear in adulthood. Their elicitation in later life usually occurs in
      association with cortical or diffuse cerebral dysfunction and suggests a new
      approach to the issue of whether tardive dyskinesia is particularly likely to
      occur in patients with organic brain disorder(s). Sixty-six patients with
      schizophrenia (age range 50-86) and 18 with bipolar affective disorder (age range
      40-77) were assessed for the presence of involuntary movements and for the
      release of the grasp, palmomental, snout, corneomandibular, and glabellar
      reflexes. In each diagnostic group, patients with involuntary movements showed a
      significant excess of primitive reflexes in comparison with otherwise
      indistinguishable patients without such movements. These results complement
      recent reports that similar patients with involuntary movements also show greater
      cognitive impairment and point anew to an association between the presence of
      tardive dyskinesia and of organic brain dysfunction. They raise again the issue
      of whether or not such dysfunction may be a consequence of neurodevelopmental
      abnormality rather than of neurodegenerative processes.

PMID- 2896520
TI  - Regulation of testicular and Sertoli cell gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase by
      follicle-stimulating hormone.
AB  - Hormonal deprivation achieved by hypophysectomy or gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      (GnRH)-antagonist treatment of immature rats resulted in markedly lower
      testicular gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity than in the testes of age
      matched controls. When begun 15 days after hypophysectomy, follicle-stimulating
      hormone (FSH) treatment significantly increased testicular GGT above that in
      testes from hypophysectomized controls in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In
      contrast, testosterone propionate had only a small effect. Testicular GGT was
      higher in adult hypophysectomized rats treated with FSH from the time of surgery
      than in untreated hypophysectomized rats; testosterone propionate treatment had
      no effect. GGT activity in Sertoli cells isolated from GnRH antagonist-treated or
      hypophysectomized immature rats was also lower than in cells from control rats.
      FSH treatment from the day of hypophysectomy resulted in Sertoli cell GGT values
      equivalent to those from intact controls. These data indicate that FSH regulates
      GGT activity in rat testis and Sertoli cells.

PMID- 2896521
TI  - Testicular function and Leydig cell ultrastructure in long-term bilaterally
      cryptorchid rams.
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate the effects of bilateral cryptorchidism
      induced in adult rams on testicular function and Leydig cell ultrastructure. The
      results indicated that long-term bilateral cryptorchidism resulted in decreased
      testicular size, degeneration of seminiferous tubules, elevated serum LH levels,
      maintenance of normal testosterone concentrations in peripheral and spermatic
      vein serum, impairment of the magnitude and duration of androgen response to
      exogenous luteinizing hormone (LH), a 13-fold reduction in total number of Leydig
      cells/paired testes, and a 3-fold hypertrophy in the average size of remaining
      Leydig cells. Based on quantitative morphometry, the hypertrophied Leydig cells
      exhibited significant increases in the volume of intracellular organelles,
      including the cell nucleus, mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      lysosome-like bodies and lipid vesicles. Quantitatively, the hypertrophy alone
      was not enough to offset the loss in number of Leydig cells and was insufficient
      to explain the maintenance of normal levels of testosterone in jugular and
      spermatic venous blood. The additional mechanisms responsible for production of
      normal serum testosterone levels in the cryptorchid ram remain to be elucidated.

PMID- 2896523
TI  - The medical therapy of reflux oesophagitis.
AB  - Besides changes in behaviour and lifestyle we nowadays have the choice of
      specific drugs in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis. A distinction can be made
      in motility modulating drugs, which stimulate oesophageal peristalsis and LOS
      pressure, mucosa-protecting drugs, which form a protective layer on the
      oesophageal mucosa, acid neutralizing (antacids) and acid suppressing drugs (H2
      receptor antagonists, omeprazole). So far the results of medical therapy of
      reflux oesophagitis are still suboptimal. Giving the H2-receptor antagonists with
      the evening meal would possibly be more appropriate. A valid alternative is the
      mucosa-protecting agent sucralfate. Monotherapy will probably be insufficient for
      full healing, which explains why trials of combination therapy (H2-receptor
      antagonists plus sucralfate or plus cisapride) are being conducted. If omeprazole
      becomes available, it will revolutionize the therapy of severe reflux
      oesophagitis. Many questions (dose, duration, maintenance, safety monitoring
      etc.) remain to be determined.

PMID- 2896522
TI  - Efficiency of hemosorption in treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - One hundred and seven sessions of hemosorption were performed on 77 patients with
      severe ulcerative colitis. Clinically, improvement was demonstrated in the
      reduction of the signs of intoxication in 50 to 60 per cent of patients.
      Combination of hemosorption and anti-inflammatory medication allowed to achieve a
      remission or a marked improvement determined by clinical observation or endoscopy
      of 39 from 52 patients with a severe, total form of the disease, whereas toxic
      influence of sulfasalazine was controlled and extra-intestinal complications were
      weakened in 8 patients from 11. Thirteen patients were operated upon due to
      inefficiency of therapy. Hemosorption contributed to reduction of content of
      protein molecules with mean molecular weight (61 per cent), phenol (73 per cent),
      and endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria (50 per cent). Dynamics of acute phase
      reactants and humoral immune factors testifies to a weak anti-inflammatory action
      of hemosorption. Reduced levels of plasma protein, albumin, potassium and
      cholesterol were corrected or spontaneously returned to normal.

PMID- 2896524
TI  - Therapeutic advances in oesophageal motility disorders.

PMID- 2896525
TI  - Experience in the control of khat-chewing in Somalia.
AB  - The chewing of the leaves of the plant called khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a
      common habit in some countries of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Khat
      chewing has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system, which is the
      reason for the widespread abuse of this plant. From the mid-1960s to the early
      1980s, khat-chewing spread from the limited area of the north-western part of
      Somalia to the whole country, assuming epidemic proportions. Khat-chewing was
      recognized as a real national problem with adverse consequences for the health
      and socio-economic development of the country. A law prohibiting the use,
      importation, cultivation and trade of khat was enacted in 1983, and it has been
      strongly enforced by a comprehensive national programme that has mobilized the
      whole country to achieve its objectives. Committees to co-ordinate action on khat
      control were established at the national, regional and local levels. An
      information and education campaign through the use of the mass media has been
      carried out to support the national programme. After the successes achieved in
      the enforcement of the prohibition law, the national authorities, hampered by a
      shortage of financial resources, have had major difficulties in providing farmers
      with adequate compensation for damage caused to them by the destruction of khat
      plantations. Difficulties were also experienced in coping with the unemployment
      of those who were involved in the khat business and in establishing the
      recreational facilities needed to provide healthy social alternatives to khat
      chewing sessions. These difficulties have only been partly solved.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896526
TI  - Hypnotic drug use among the elderly.

PMID- 2896527
TI  - Motor disturbances and neurotoxicity induced by centrally administered
      somatostatin and vasopressin in conscious rats: interactive effects of two
      neuropeptides.
AB  - Barrel rotation (BR) is an abnormal, long-axis rotation induced by
      intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of peptides, including somatostatin
      (SRIF) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). This study examined the effects of two
      i.c.v. doses of SRIF and combined injections of SRIF and AVP in conscious, adult
      Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Mortality after i.c.v. SRIF was dose-dependent;
      0/16 rats died after a 20 microgram dose, while 21/43 died after 40 micrograms
      SRIF. On the other hand, BR incidence was similar after the two doses, but the
      hazard function of the BR latency data was shifted to the left by the higher
      dose. Although the incidence data imply that BR and mortality are independent,
      the hazard function of BR latency data is predictive of mortality. An interaction
      study employing a combined i.c.v. dose of 20 micrograms SRIF and 0.5 micrograms
      AVP established that the effects add non-linearly. This is illustrated by a
      marked increment in mortality (0/16 for 20 micrograms SRIF, 1/25 for 0.5
      micrograms AVP and 12/18 for SRIF + AVP). The hazard plot shows a similar, non
      linear interaction. In addition, SRIF, but not AVP, produced a characteristic
      pattern of Purkinje cell death in cerebellar regions projecting to the fastigial
      and lateral vestibular nuclei. These results imply that SRIF and AVP act at
      independent sites to produce BR and mortality, and that the effects summate non
      linearly at a common central site. This raises the issue of whether these
      neuropeptides, endogenous in human CSF, interact to produce similar biological
      effects.

PMID- 2896528
TI  - Excitatory amino acid antagonists depress acoustic startle after infusion into
      the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus or paralemniscal zone.
AB  - Rats were implanted with bilateral cannulas in an area just medial to the ventral
      nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, an obligatory relay along the acoustic startle
      pathway. Bilateral infusions of excitatory amino acid transmitter antagonists
      into this region (10, 25 or 50 nmol per side) produced a rapid, dose-dependent
      depression of acoustic startle. gamma-D-Glutamylglycine, gamma-D
      glutamylaminomethyl sulfonate and 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate were equally
      effective in depressing the startle response over this dose range. These results
      indicate that excitatory amino acid transmitters play an important role in the
      expression of acoustic startle at this part of the startle pathway.

PMID- 2896529
TI  - Retrograde changes in transglutaminase activity after peripheral nerve injuries.
AB  - It has been previously demonstrated that transglutaminase activity in rat
      superior cervical ganglion is rapidly and transiently increased minutes after
      nerve injury. The present series of experiments sought to determine: (1) whether
      or not similar changes are expressed by other peripheral neuronal systems, and
      (2) if injury-induced changes in the enzyme activity can be detected along the
      injured nerve, and if so do they occur in axons or in non-neuronal cells. In the
      nodose ganglion transglutaminase activity increased (approximately 40%) 48 h
      after the vagus nerve was crushed 25 mm from the ganglion. In the vagus nerve the
      activity was transiently increased (approximately 100%) within 1 h, followed by a
      second increase (approximately 140%) after 3 h. This occurred only in the
      proximal nerve stump close to the injury site and not in the section of nerve
      closer to the ganglion. Comparable enzyme activity was found in unoperated vagus
      nerve and in distal stumps of previously ligated vagus nerves. In dorsal root
      ganglia no changes were found for up to 24 h after the sciatic nerve was crushed
      40 mm from the ganglion. In the facial nucleus a transient increase was observed
      after the facial nerve was crushed about 14 mm distally with a peak
      (approximately 300) at 3 days and a decline within 14 days. A second lesion of
      the facial nerve made 12 days following a conditioning lesion led to a rebound of
      enzyme activity in the facial nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896530
TI  - Anatomical and electrophysiological characterization of presumed dopamine
      containing neurons within the supramammillary region of the rat.
AB  - A combination of immunocytochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological
      techniques were employed to study the properties of neurons within the
      supramammillary (SUM) complex of the rat. The SUM region contains a small, but
      dense, population of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons. Following
      injection of the orthograde neuroanatomical tracer, Phaseolus Vulgaris
      leucoagglutinin, into the SUM region, heavy terminal labeling was observed in the
      lateral septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca and bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis. The electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of
      antidromically-activated SUM neurons revealed evidence of two neuronal
      populations. Both groups of neurons exhibited long duration action potentials
      (greater than 2 msec) and slow conduction velocities (less than 0.5 m/sec).
      However, cells in one group were characterized by slow and erratic firing rates
      and insensitivity to dopamine (DA) autoreceptor agonists. Cells in the other
      group typically exhibited no spontaneous activity but could be induced to
      discharge by iontophoretic application of glutamate. These latter cells were
      sensitive to DA autoreceptor stimulation. Of the two populations of
      mammilloseptal SUM neurons, the silent population exhibited several properties
      similar to those of midbrain DA neurons.

PMID- 2896531
TI  - Xenografts of mouse hippocampal tissue. Exchange of laminar and neuropeptide
      specific nerve connections with the host rat brain.
AB  - Immature hippocampal and fascia dentata tissue from embryonic and newborn C57
      mice was grafted to the hippocampal region of newborn Kyoto rats. The age of the
      donor mice varied from embryonic day 13 to the day of birth, and the recipient
      rats from the day of birth up to 2 days. After survival times of from 5 weeks to
      1 year the recipient brains were histologically processed for the tracing of host
      xenograft connections by silver staining and electron microscopy of anterograde
      degeneration, AChE histochemistry, immunohistochemical demonstration of the
      neuropeptides CCK and enkephalin, and the histochemical Timm sulphide silver
      method, as well as stained by ordinary cell and fiber stains. The survival of the
      xenografts depended on the donor age, with less than 10% survival for newborn
      donors and 60-69% for E13-16 donors. The surviving xenografts developed an
      organotypic organization and retained a mouse-specific CCK-reactivity in the
      associational hilodentate system and the dentate mossy fibers. Judged by their
      positive AChE histochemistry most xenografts received a host rat cholinergic
      projection when placed in normal cholinoreceptive areas, including areas outside
      the normal reach of the septo-hippocampal system like the neocortex. Xenografts
      encroaching on the trajectory of the host rat commissural and perforant path
      projections or their terminal fields in fascia dentata received laminar and
      neuropeptide specific host projections. Electron microscopy of host rat perforant
      path fibers traced to the xenograft dentate molecular layer confirmed the laminar
      distribution and revealed numerous asymmetric synaptic contacts with spines. An
      efferent xenograft projection of CCK-reactive mouse mossy fibers into the host
      CA3 mossy fiber layer demonstrated that this cross-species, mouse to rat
      innervation also applied to the normal developmental rules, despite the, for the
      rat abnormal, CCK-content. The formation of laminar and neuropeptide specific
      mouse-rat nerve connections demonstrates the potentials of intracerebral neuronal
      grafting in basic and applied neurobiological research by providing new
      experimental models for the analysis of developmental and functional interactions
      between nerve cells.

PMID- 2896532
TI  - Thermally-induced activities of the mesencephalic reticulospinal and rubrospinal
      neurons in the rat.
AB  - Unit activities of 226 midbrain reticulospinal (mRfS) and non-mRfS neurons and
      238 rubrospinal (RbS) and non-RbS neurons were investigated during changes in
      temperatures of midbrain (Tmb), preoptic and anterior hypothalamus (Thyp) and
      skin (Ts) in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Responsiveness to Tmb, Thyp and Ts
      were found in 43.5%, 41.6% and 51.5% of neurons of midbrain reticular formation
      (mRf), and in 35.2%, 32.7% and 17.6% of neurons of red nucleus (Rb). Higher
      incidence of responsiveness to remote temperatures was found among Tmb responsive
      neurons than Tmb unresponsive neurons in both mRf and Rb. The mRf contains
      significantly greater numbers of neurons having such multiple thermal
      responsiveness and also of neurons which were activated by falls in temperatures
      (cold-responsive neurons) than the Rb. These characteristics were more
      conspicuously seen among mRfS neurons, showing a high degree of convergence of
      cold signals from different sites of body. On the other hand, RbS neurons did not
      differ from non-RbS neurons regarding thermal characteristics and showed no
      particular combinations of responsiveness to temperatures of different sites.
      Microinjection of procaine and glutamate into the mRf just dorsolateral to the
      Rb, but not into the Rb, decreased and increased cold-induced increase in EMG
      activity and shivering without changes in cardiovascular and respiratory
      parameters and pilomotor activity. The results suggest that mRfS neurons are
      involved in the control of thermoregulatory muscle tone and shivering.

PMID- 2896533
TI  - Comparison of adrenal medullary, carotid body and PC12 cell grafts in 6-OHDA
      lesioned rats.
AB  - The survival and functional properties of dispersed cell implants of
      catecholaminergic cells obtained from the peripheral nervous system of adult rats
      (adrenal medulla and carotid body glomus cells) and PC12 cells from a rat
      pheochromocytoma cell line were examined following transplantation into the
      striatum of the adult rat. The host animals, all with unilateral 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) nigrostriatal lesions, were divided into 5 groups: (1)
      PC12 cells transplanted into Cyclosporin-A treated hosts; (2) PC12 cell grafts
      into hosts without Cyclosporin-A treatment; (3) grafts of adrenal medullary
      cells; (4) grafts of glomus cells; and (5) vehicle controls. All animals were
      sacrificed one month after transplantation. Immunocytochemical staining for
      tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, was
      used to identify and characterize the grafted cells. PC12 cells were detected in
      four of six Cyclosporin-A treated rats, and two of these grafts developed into
      tumors. However, only one of the six non-Cyclosporin-A treated hosts was found to
      have surviving PC12 cells, and none of these rats developed tumors. No
      significant differences in rotational behavior were seen in either of the PC12
      cell recipient groups. Grafted cells could be identified in all of the adrenal
      medullary and glomus cell recipients. However, the number of surviving cells was
      quite limited, with not more than 100 tyrosine hydroxylase-positive grafted cells
      found in any one recipient. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers were present
      adjacent to the transplants in these latter graft recipients, but the fibers
      appeared to be of host origin rather than from the grafts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896535
TI  - Characteristics of beta-adrenoceptors in tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pig
      sensitized by egg albumin.
AB  - The effect of pretreatment with egg albumin was examined on the beta
      adrenoceptors in guinea pig isolated trachea. Befunolol and carteolol acted as
      partial agonists and their pA2 values were significantly larger than their
      corresponding pD2 values in tracheae from both untreated guinea pigs and those
      treated with egg albumin, suggesting that the beta-adrenoceptors contain two
      different affinity sites. The Scatchard plot of specific [3H]befunolol binding
      showed two affinity sites of the receptor (high and low affinity sites) in
      tracheae from both untreated animals and those treated with egg albumin. The pKD
      values of befunolol for both low and high affinity sites were in agreement with
      their respective pD2 and pA2 values. The intrinsic activities of befunolol and
      carteolol and the pD2 values of the test drugs were decreased by the treatment
      with egg albumin. The treatment with egg albumin also decreased the total amount
      of the two affinity sites of the receptor without any change in affinity. The
      present results support the partial blockade of beta-adrenoceptors in asthma
      proposed by Szentivanyi.

PMID- 2896534
TI  - Contributions of benzodiazepines to cancer therapy.
AB  - We have reviewed the therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines employed as adjuncts
      to cancer treatment. These agents have been used primarily for alleviating or
      attenuating situational anxiety, insomnia, chemotherapy-induced nausea and
      vomiting, and anticipatory nausea and vomiting. Situational anxiety not corrected
      by psychosocial support, symptom control, or time may be successfully treated
      with benzodiazepines. Procedure-related anxiety, for example, that related to
      bone marrow biopsy, venipuncture, intrathecal therapy, and the insertion of
      subclavian and femoral catheters, is a serious problem that may be alleviated by
      the use of benzodiazepines. Insomnia not caused by a depression serious enough to
      warrant treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant also may be successfully
      treated with benzodiazepines. Many clinicians have found benzodiazepines to be
      useful adjuncts to a cancer chemotherapy regimen because of their anxiolytic,
      sedative, and amnesic properties and also because of their suspected antiemetic
      properties when these drugs are used in conjunction with known antiemetic agents.
      The ability of lorazepam to induce antegrade amnesia has proved particularly
      useful in alleviating anticipatory nausea and vomiting connected with repeated
      courses of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Furthermore, since benzodiazepines are
      relatively safe drugs, their continued and probably expanded uses as cancer
      therapy adjuncts can be anticipated.

PMID- 2896536
TI  - Supersensitivity to norepinephrine in chronically denervated kidneys: evidence
      for a postsynaptic effect.
AB  - Denervation supersensitivity in chronically denervated kidneys increases renal
      responsiveness to increased plasma levels of norepinephrine. To determine whether
      this effect is caused by presynaptic (i.e., loss of uptake) or postsynaptic
      changes, we studied the effect of continuous infusion of norepinephrine (330
      ng/min, i.v.) and methoxamine (4 micrograms/min, i.v.), an alpha 1-adrenergic
      agonist that is not taken up by nerve terminals, on renal function of innervated
      and denervated kidneys. Ganglionic blockade was used to eliminate reflex
      adjustments in the innervated kidney and mean arterial pressure was maintained at
      preganglionic blockade levels by an infusion of arginine vasopressin. With renal
      perfusion pressure controlled there was a significantly greater decrease in renal
      blood flow (-67 +/- 9 vs. -33 +/- 8%), glomerular filtration rate (-60 +/- 9 vs. 
      7 +/- 20%), urine flow (-61 +/- 7 vs. -24 +/- 11%), sodium excretion (-51 +/- 15
      vs. -32 +/- 21%), and fractional excretion of sodium (-50 +/- 9 vs. -25 +/- 15%)
      from the denervated kidneys compared with the innervated kidneys during the
      infusion of norepinephrine. During the infusion of methoxamine there was a
      significantly greater decrease from the denervated compared with the innervated
      kidneys in renal blood flow (-54 +/- 10 vs. -30 +/- 14%), glomerular filtration
      rate (-51 +/- 11 vs. -19 +/- 17%), urine flow (-55 +/- 10 vs. -39 +/- 10%),
      sodium excretion (-70 +/- 9 vs. -59 +/- 11%), and fractional excretion of sodium
      (-53 +/- 10 vs. -41 +/- 10%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896537
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic agonist infusions on myometrial activity and plasma
      prostaglandin levels in the nonpregnant sheep.
AB  - Recent studies have reported that beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate the
      production of stimulatory prostaglandins (PGs) by intrauterine tissues in vitro.
      These drugs are used clinically to inhibit uterine contractions; consequently an
      increase in stimulatory PGs in vivo might have potentially adverse effects. We
      have, therefore, investigated whether beta-adrenergic agonists increase plasma PG
      concentrations in vivo. Samples of peripheral (aorta) and uterine venous enriched
      (vena cava) blood from nonpregnant sheep were collected at 15-min intervals for 1
      h before, 3 h during, and 1 h postinfusion of either (a) the beta-adrenergic
      agonist isoproterenol (Isop) at a dose of 0.16 microgram.kg-1.min-1; (b) Isop at
      a dose of 0.08 microgram.kg-1.min-1; or (c) saline, 1 mL/h via a jugular vein
      catheter. The sheep were also equipped with intrauterine recording balloons to
      record intrauterine pressure and myometrial electromyographic (EMG) electrodes to
      measure EMG activity. Infusion of Isop at 0.16 microgram.kg-1.min-1 produced a
      significant initial inhibition of uterine activity, although contractions
      returned (within 60 min) despite continued administration of Isop. Plasma PGE2
      (but not PGF2 alpha or 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM] concentrations
      were significantly elevated during the Isop infusion. Administration of Isop at
      0.08 microgram.kg-1.min-1 produced no effects on uterine contractile activity but
      was associated with a significant elevation in plasma PGE2 (but not PGF2 alpha or
      PGFM) concentrations. No changes in plasma PGE2, PGF2 alpha, or PGFM occurred
      during saline infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896538
TI  - Characteristics of phorbol ester stimulated growth hormone release: inhibition by
      insulin-like growth factor I, somatostatin, and low calcium medium and comparison
      with growth hormone releasing factor.
AB  - TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) is one of a class of compounds known
      as tumor promoters which perturb the inositol phosphate pathway in a number of
      cells. We have used TPA in a dispersed rat adenohypophysial cell system to probe
      the characteristics of growth hormone (GH) release. In this system we have found
      that the cells release GH in response to low concentrations of TPA: the EC50 was
      0.23 +/- 0.05 nM (n = 6) and the maximal concentration was 5 nM. However, the
      maximal TPA-induced GH release was only 34 +/- 5% (n = 7) of the GH released by
      maximal growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) suggesting TPA releases a subpool
      of stored GH. Both somatostatin and insulin-like growth factor I inhibit GH
      release stimulated by TPA to the same extent as that stimulated by GRF, showing
      that the normal inhibitory control mechanism of release is not altered.
      Incubation in a low calcium medium that totally blocks GRF-stimulated GH release
      also inhibits TPA-stimulated GH release. The calcium channel blockers nifedipine
      and diltiazem both partly inhibit GRF- and TPA-stimulated GH release, showing
      some component of the calcium necessary for GH release arises from influx across
      the cell membrane.

PMID- 2896539
TI  - Prejunctional alpha 2-adrenergic properties of S-3341 (dicyclopropylmethyl)amino
      2-delta-2-oxazoline: a comparison with clonidine.
AB  - The prejunctional activities of S-3341 and clonidine have been studied in the
      transmural field-stimulated epididymal part of the rat vas deferens. Both S-3341
      and clonidine inhibited these neuronally induced contractions. At high
      concentrations, these agonists induced spontaneous contractions in the
      preparation, which were abolished by 10(-7) M prazosin. The inhibitory effects of
      S-3341 and clonidine were antagonized in a competitive manner by rauwolscine and
      were found not to be modified in a statistically significant manner by 10(-7) M
      prazosin. The pA2 values of rauwolscine against S-3341 and clonidine were the
      same, indicating the receptors influenced by these drugs were the same also.
      However, the efficacy of S-3341 is lower than that of clonidine (by a factor of
      approximately 100). This lower efficacy of S-3341 at the prejunctional level
      could be linked to the lack of a sedative effect of this compound at therapeutic
      concentrations.

PMID- 2896541
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody reacting with a neutral glycolipid that
      is associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection and freshly
      isolated adult T-cell leukemia.
AB  - During attempts to make antibodies cross-reactive with human lymphocytes, we
      established a monoclonal antibody (VJ-41) from the alloimmunization of mice, that
      is, B10.A(3R) anti-B10.A(5R). VJ-41 reacted with all cases of freshly isolated
      adult T-cell leukemia cells (36 cases) but not with cells from other
      hematological disorders (more than 50 cases). Human T-cell leukemia virus Type I
      healthy carriers also seemed to possess these VJ-41 antigen positive cells.
      However, in vitro established adult T-cell leukemia cell lines did not show the
      reactivity with VJ-41. Normal lymphocytes from humans or mice apparently did not
      carry this antigen, but mitogen activated lymphocytes or some in vitro maintained
      malignant cell lines of both human and mouse origins showed positive reaction.
      Having established solid phase radioimmunoassay to detect the VJ-41 antigen in
      plasma, it was found that healthy human T-cell leukemia virus Type I carriers,
      but not the majority of adult T-cell leukemia patients, predominantly possessed
      this antigen. Even though immunochemical characterizations of cellular materials
      were unsuccessful, a certain neutral glycolipid was detected from healthy human T
      cell leukemia virus Type I carrier plasma by using thin-layer chromatography and
      immunostaining with the VJ-41 antibody.

PMID- 2896540
TI  - High-resolution studies of chromosome 10 in 23 MEN-2 families.

PMID- 2896542
TI  - [Personalized therapy of arterial hypertension: problems of clinical
      implementation].

PMID- 2896543
TI  - [Personalized therapy of arterial hypertension: problems of clinical
      implementation].

PMID- 2896544
TI  - Long term chronic D-amphetamine-induced histobiochemical alterations of GD and
      AAT enzymatic activities in the rat cerebellum.

PMID- 2896545
TI  - [The importance of precordial ECG mapping in patients with anterior myocardial
      infarct].

PMID- 2896546
TI  - Peroxisomes in intestinal and gallbladder epithelial cells of the stickleback,
      Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei).
AB  - The occurrence of microbodies in the epithelial cells of the intestine and
      gallbladder of the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., is described. In the
      intestine the organelles are predominantly located in the apical and perinuclear
      zone of the cells and may contain small crystalline cores. In gallbladder
      epithelial cells the microbodies are distributed randomly. The latter organelles
      are characterized by the presence of large crystalloids. Cytochemical and
      biochemical experiments show that catalase and D-amino acid oxidase are main
      matrix components of the microbodies in both the intestinal and gallbladder
      epithelia. These organelles therefore are considered peroxisomes. In addition, in
      intestinal mucosa but not in gallbladder epithelium a low activity of palmitoyl
      CoA oxidase was detected biochemically. Urate oxidase and L-alpha hydroxy acid
      oxidase activities could not be demonstrated.

PMID- 2896547
TI  - [An analysis of factors concerning an outbreak of epidemic hemorrhagic fever
      occurring in the forest region of Xiao Xing-An-Ling].

PMID- 2896548
TI  - The yeast regulatory gene PHO2 encodes a homeo box.

PMID- 2896549
TI  - Dynamics of a fluorescent calmodulin analog in the mammalian mitotic spindle at
      metaphase.
AB  - We have compared the exchange kinetics of fluorescein-labeled calmodulin and
      tubulin in the spindles of living mitotic cells at metaphase. Cultured mammalian
      cells in early stages of mitosis were microinjected with labeled calmodulin or
      tubulin and returned to an incubator to allow equilibration of the fluorescent
      protein with the endogenous protein pools. Calmodulin becomes concentrated in the
      mitotic spindle, and treatments with inhibitors of tubulin assembly show that
      this concentration is dependent on the presence of microtubules. The steady-state
      exchange rates of both tubulin and calmodulin were measured by an analysis of
      fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP), using cells pre
      equilibrated to either 26 +/- 2 degrees C or 36 +/- 2 degrees C. A pulse of laser
      light focused to a 5-microns diameter column was used to destroy the fluorescence
      at one pole of a metaphase mitotic spindle. Ratios of fluorescence intensity from
      the two half-spindles and from the two polar regions were calculated for each
      image in a post-bleach time series to determine the rates and extents of FRAP.
      For tubulin, we confirm earlier observations concerning the temperature
      dependence of the extent of FRAP, but our data do not show a significant
      temperature dependence for the rate of FRAP. We hypothesize that the reduced
      extent of tubulin FRAP at the lower temperatures is a result of microtubules that
      are stable to depolymerization at 26 degrees C and are thus less likely to
      exchange subunits. Calmodulin's FRAP, however, does not exhibit any of the
      temperature dependence observed with fluorescent tubulin. At 26 +/- 2 degrees C
      calmodulin exchanges rapidly with the relatively stable population of
      microtubules, suggesting that calmodulin is bound, either directly or indirectly,
      to microtubule walls.

PMID- 2896551
TI  - [Psychopharmaceuticals as instruments for research].

PMID- 2896552
TI  - [Changes in gamma-glutamyltransferase activity of the amniotic fluid in fetuses
      with severe disorders of prenatal development].

PMID- 2896550
TI  - Sequence analysis of cDNAs for the human and bovine ATP synthase beta subunit:
      mitochondrial DNA genes sustain seventeen times more mutations.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced human and bovine cDNAs for the beta subunit of the
      ATP synthase (ATP-syn beta), a nuclear DNA (nDNA) encoded oxidative
      phosphorylation (OXPHOS) gene. The two cDNAs were found to share 99% amino acid
      homology and 94% nucleotide homology. The evolutionary rate of ATPsyn beta was
      then compared with that of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ATP synthase genes
      (ATPase 6 and 8), seven other mtDNA OXPHOS genes, and a number of nuclear genes.
      The synonymous substitution rate for ATPsyn beta proved to be 1.9 x 10(-9)
      substitutions per site per year (substitutions x site-1 x year-1) (SSY). This is
      less than 1/2 that of the average nDNA gene, 1/12 the rate of ATPase 6 and 8, and
      1/17 the rate of the average mtDNA gene. The synonymous and replacement
      substitution rates were used to calculate a new parameter, the "selective
      constraint ratio". This revealed that even the most variable mtDNA protein was
      more constrained than the average nDNA protein. Thus, the high substitution
      mutation rate and strong selective constraints of mammalian mtDNA proteins
      suggest that mtDNA mutations may result in a disproportionately large number of
      human hereditary diseases of OXPHOS.

PMID- 2896553
TI  - Glutathione mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium is a gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase-enhanced process involving active oxygen species.
AB  - Reduced glutathione (GSH) is mutagenic in Salmonella in the presence of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), with the highest response obtained in strain TA102.
      Reduced cysteinylglycine, one of the products of GGT metabolism of GSH, is
      mutagenic in the absence of GGT. In strain TA102, GSH mutagenesis was dependent
      on molecular oxygen, enhanced by iron, inhibited by EDTA, desferrioxamine
      mesylate, mannitol, butylated hydroxyanisole, peroxidase and catalase, but not by
      superoxide dismutase. Binding of GSH or its GGT-dependent metabolites to DNA in
      vitro was not detected. This is consistent with a model of an indirect mechanism
      of mutagenesis, i.e. cleavage of GSH by GGT, followed by facile auto-oxidation of
      the resulting cysteinylglycine, with the production of free radicals which lead
      to the (pen)ultimate mutagen, H2O2.

PMID- 2896555
TI  - The dose in humans at which ICI 118,551 (a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor blocking
      agent) demonstrates blockade of beta 1-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The effects of four single oral doses of ICI 118,551 (a selective beta 2
      adrenoceptor blocking agent: doses 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg) have been compared
      with placebo in five normal, healthy volunteers on some cardiovascular responses
      to intravenous infusions of dobutamine. Increasing infusions of dobutamine
      produced reproducible dose-dependent reductions in systolic time intervals and
      increases in systolic blood pressures, these responses representing positive
      inotropic effects of dobutamine. These effects of dobutamine were unaffected 2
      hours after administration by 10 mg ICI 118,551 and minimally by 20 mg; the 50 mg
      dose attenuated the systolic time interval effect whereas the 100 mg dose
      attenuated further the systolic time interval reduction and also the increase in
      systolic blood pressure. These results allow a conclusion that at unit doses of
      50 mg and above, ICI 118,551 will produce demonstrable effects on beta 1
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2896554
TI  - Systemic adrenaline attenuates skin response to antigen and histamine.
AB  - Six atopic subjects received either adrenaline (0.3 ml of 1 mg/ml),
      subcutaneously over the deltoid muscle, or saline on 2 separate days. After 10
      min, histamine and antigen were injected intradermally in the forearm. Adrenaline
      significantly inhibited the flare of histamine and both the flare and weal of
      antigen (P less than 0.05). This anti-allergic action of adrenaline occurred with
      a dose that we have previously shown produces plasma concentrations at the upper
      limit of the physiological range in resting normal subjects.

PMID- 2896557
TI  - Comparative study of high bio-availability glaphenine and paracetamol in cervical
      and lumbar arthrosis.
AB  - Seventy-eight patients, 40 suffering from cervical arthrosis and 38 from lumbar
      arthrosis, received for a period of two weeks paracetamol or a new preparation of
      glaphenine, in a double blind study. The two drugs were found to have the same
      efficiency on the subjective parameters but high bioavailability glaphenine seems
      to have an effectiveness in the range of articulatory movements, which is not
      found with paracetamol. The side effects were quite equivalent.

PMID- 2896556
TI  - Epinephrine and left ventricular function in humans: effects of beta-1 vs
      nonselective beta-blockade.
AB  - Changes in cardiac performance in response to epinephrine administered by graded
      infusion were assessed by M-mode echocardiography in normotensive healthy
      subjects after pretreatment with placebo, the beta 1-selective blocker atenolol,
      or the nonselective beta-blocker propranolol. Epinephrine alone increased heart
      rate and left ventricular end diastolic dimension and decreased left ventricular
      end systolic dimension. Left ventricular performance as assessed by fractional
      shortening and systolic blood pressure/end-systolic volume (P/V) ratio was also
      increased. Atenolol pretreatment did not significantly affect the increase in
      heart rate by epinephrine. However, atenolol did prevent the effects of
      epinephrine on left ventricular dimensions and left ventricular performance at
      the lower infusion rates and significantly blunted these effects at the highest
      infusion rate. After propranolol, epinephrine significantly decreased left
      ventricular end diastolic dimension despite decreasing heart rate and left
      ventricular emptying (associated with a high afterload). P/V ratio remained
      unchanged. These results indicate that beta 2-receptors may play a major role in
      the increase in heart rate caused by epinephrine. In contrast, epinephrine's
      positive inotropic effect appears to be mediated primarily via beta 1-receptors
      and, at higher concentrations, possibly also through beta 2-receptors. The
      pattern of changes in left ventricular end diastolic dimension suggests that
      epinephrine increases venous return via both beta 1- and beta 2-receptor
      stimulation and that alpha-receptor stimulation (epinephrine after propranolol)
      may actually decrease venous return.

PMID- 2896559
TI  - Comparison of famotidine with cimetidine and ranitidine.
AB  - The pharmacodynamic, therapeutic, and toxicologic properties of famotidine are
      evaluated and compared with those of cimetidine and ranitidine. Famotidine, an H2
      receptor antagonist with a thiazole nucleus, is approximately 7.5 times more
      potent than ranitidine and 20 times more potent than cimetidine on an equimolar
      basis. Therapeutic trials indicate that famotidine 20 mg b.i.d. or 40 mg at
      bedtime is as effective as standard doses of cimetidine and ranitidine for
      healing duodenal ulcers. A dose of 40 mg at bedtime appears to heal benign
      gastric ulcers. A single nocturnal dose of 20 mg is effective in preventing
      duodenal ulcer relapse. Further studies are required that compare the efficacy of
      famotidine with cimetidine and ranitidine in the treatment of gastric ulcers and
      in the prevention of recurrent duodenal ulcers. The overall incidence of adverse
      effects observed with famotidine appears to be similar to that reported for
      cimetidine and ranitidine. Like ranitidine, famotidine does not have
      antiandrogenic effects or substantially inhibit the hepatic metabolism of drugs.
      Because of its increased antisecretory potency and lack of antiandrogenic effects
      at higher doses, famotidine may be the H2-receptor antagonist of choice in
      treating Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Additional clinical experience, as well as
      cost and safety factors, will determine the place of famotidine in treating and
      preventing acid-peptic disorders.

PMID- 2896560
TI  - Prostacyclin-inhibition of lysine accumulation by the rat left ventricle.
AB  - 1. Left ventricular slices of male Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated with a
      fixed concentration of 0.5 microCi/ml 3H-lysine and several concentrations of
      unlabelled lysine ranging from 0.2 to 5.0 mM in control and prostacyclin-treated
      experiments. The time of incubation ranged from 0.5 to 90 min. 2. Left
      ventricular slices were cut to have an optimal thickness of 0.47 +/- 0.09 mm. 3.
      Lysine was taken up against a concentration gradient. Saturation was reached at
      0.5 mM and steady state accumulation of lysine was attained within 60 min. 4.
      Prostacyclin in concentrations ranging from 1.2 x 10(-8) to 4.8 x 10(-8) M
      inhibited lysine transport in left ventricular slices significantly (P less than
      0.01).

PMID- 2896558
TI  - T lymphocytes in ankylosing spondylitis and the influence of sulphasalazine
      treatment.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were studied in an attempt
      to evaluate the role of T lymphocytes in this disease and a possible influence of
      treatment. The proportions of various T cell subpopulations in blood were
      assessed with monoclonal antibodies. Before treatment the proportions of Leu-4+
      cells and Leu 3a+ cells were decreased while Leu-2a+ lymphocytes appeared in
      normal proportions. Leu-7+ cells appeared in increased proportions. An increased
      proportion of Leu-M1 positive cells were identified in the lymphocyte preparation
      from the patients, possibly reflecting the presence of activated granulocytes.
      Activation of the different cell types was studied with double staining
      technique. No activated Leu-3a+ or Leu-2a+ lymphocytes were present in blood when
      the patients were analyzed as one group, but when divided into subgroups
      according to inflammatory activity, the highest levels of activated Leu-2a+
      lymphocytes were found in the group with active disease. Functional assays
      measuring DNA synthesis of T and B cells were normal. After three months
      treatment with sulphasalazine the patients showed clinical and laboratory
      improvement. The proportion of activated Leu-2a+ cells decreased during
      treatment, but no other changes occurred in the lymphocyte markers or lymphocyte
      functional tests. A patient control group showed no clinical improvement nor any
      changes in T cell markers. Our results support the concept that AS is a disease
      which affects the lymphocyte system and that the improvement induced by
      sulphasalazine may involve actions on this system.

PMID- 2896561
TI  - Concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood of the green lizard Ameiva ameiva
      (Teiidae) in different physiological situations.
AB  - 1. The concentrations of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate have been determined
      in the blood of the green lizard Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) in fed animals and in
      animals starved for periods from one week to about four months. 2. The
      concentrations of acetoacetate are low and unaltered in fed and starved animals,
      being in the range from 0.014 to 0.018 mM. 3. The concentrations of 3
      hydroxybutyrate are high: 2.67 mM, in fed animals, falling during starvation down
      to 0.26 mM. 4. The 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio is high, 151, in fed
      animals, falling down to 17. 5. The possible importance of ketone bodies in the
      metabolism of Ameiva ameiva is discussed.

PMID- 2896562
TI  - Haematological and blood biochemical studies in female domesticated Indian
      elephants (Elaphas maximus L.).
AB  - 1. Some haematological and biochemical blood parameters in female Indian
      elephants were investigated. 2. Haematological data were as follows: Ht = 39.2 +/
      2.36%, Hb = 10.1 +/- 0.54 g%, RBC = 2.66 +/- 0.32 x 10(6)/mm3, WBC = 5.43 +/-
      0.48 x 10(3)/mm3. Lymphocytes, determined on blood smears were mainly leucocytes
      from (67.0 +/- 1.59%). Data for MCV, MCH and MCHC are also given. 3. Blood plasma
      was separated into 5 main fractions, total plasma protein concentration was 6.98
      +/- 0.53 g%, A/G ratio was 0.69 +/- 0.1. 4. Plasma minerals concentration was as
      follows: Na, 3044 +/- 194 micrograms/ml; K, 529 +/- 38.5 micrograms/ml; Mg, 33.0
      +/- 3.43 micrograms/ml; Ca, 181.0 +/- 17.8 micrograms/ml; InP, 44.6 +/- 6.1
      micrograms/ml. Ca: P ratio was 3.25 +/- 0.34. 5. Some seasonal differences in
      investigated parameters were observed. Ht values, WBC and neutrophils number as
      well as Ca, and Mg concentrations were higher during winter, whereas RBC and Na
      and InP concentrations were lower in winter.

PMID- 2896563
TI  - The absorption of free and "peptide" amino acids in the small intestine of
      chicks.
AB  - 1. The accumulation of free L-tryptophan and glycine in the small intestine of
      chicks, as well as of amino acids released at the hydrolysis of glycyl-L
      tryptophan, glycyl-L-leucine and glycyl-L-valine, was studied under experiments
      in vitro with accumulating preparations of chicks intestinal mucosa. 2. At the
      incubation of accumulating mucosal preparations (AMP) in a medium containing the
      investigated compounds in the presence of sodium ions (140 mM) or an equal amount
      of potassium ions, the existence of 2 ways of their transport was found: sodium
      independent and sodium-dependent. The latter is decisive for the transport of
      free L-tryptophan. 3. In the case of peptide L-tryptophan the power of both
      mechanisms is about the same, but in case of free glycine the sodium-independent
      mechanism is dominant. 4. The transport of peptide glycine is realized only
      through the sodium-independent mechanism. 5. The existence of amino acid
      transport against the gradient is noted by replacing sodium by potassium ions in
      the incubation medium. Its absence was observed at the incubation of AMP under
      anaerobic conditions. 6. The study of kinetics of L-tryptophan accumulation
      showed that the replacement of sodium ions by potassium ones in the incubation
      medium is accompanied by a decrease of Kt from 2.23 to 0.84 mM as well as of V
      from 4.54 to 0.84 mM/min per cm. 7. Modifiers (L-valine, L-threonine, L-alpha
      alanine) in concentrations of 100 mM inhibit drastically the accumulation of free
      and peptide L-tryptophan in the mucosa of chick small intestine, and this effect
      is mainly related to the action of sodium-dependent transport mechanisms.

PMID- 2896564
TI  - Effect of changes in scrotal temperature on food intake in pigs.
AB  - 1. Temperature of the scrotum or a similarly sized area of skin on the back of
      young pigs was changed by means of a thermal pad and food intake was measured. 2.
      Warming the scrotum to 42 degrees C significantly increased food intake in pigs
      reared and fed at 25 degrees C. 3. Cooling the scrotum to 20 degrees C, or
      changing the back skin temperature had no effect on food intake. 4. Acclimation
      to 10 degrees C, or exposure to 10 degrees C for 4 hr before a meal resulted in
      an increase in food intake. 5. Warming the scrotum did not affect this cold
      induced increase in food intake. Warming the scrotum, but not the skin on the
      back, reversed the meal-induced increase in rectal temperature. 6. It is
      concluded that changes in food intake observed during warming the scrotum were
      not a direct result of the sensory information signalling increased skin
      temperature. 7. The likely mechanisms involved are the interactions of peripheral
      and deep body temperature, decreased deep body temperature and increased heat
      loss.

PMID- 2896565
TI  - Muscle growth and protein degradation during early development in chicks of fast
      and slow growing strains.
AB  - 1. Growth of breast and leg muscles and excretion of N tau methyl histidine in
      layer (slow growing) and broiler (fast growing) chicks were measured at five time
      intervals between 2 and 33 days of age. 2. The results indicate that muscles of
      the broiler chick grow faster than in layer chicks and that breast muscles of
      both strains grow faster than leg muscles in the first 2 weeks after hatching. 3.
      N tau methyl histidine excretion by layer chicks is higher than that by broilers
      relative to body weight, musculature and relative maturity at all ages examined.
      4. The results suggest that faster growth of muscles is accompanied by a lower
      rate of protein degradation although at ages of less than 2 weeks differences in
      protein synthesis rates may also contribute to muscle growth.

PMID- 2896566
TI  - Glomerular filtration rate in wild house mice, Mus musculus, acclimated to water
      scarcity.
AB  - 1. A single injection technique for GFR (14C-methoxyinulin clearance) was adapted
      for use in small mammals and applied to wild house mice (Mus musculus). 2. GFR in
      controls was 247 +/- 14(SE) microliter/min while that of mice acclimated to water
      shortage was reduced some 44%.

PMID- 2896567
TI  - Oxygen consumption of a terrestrial toad (Bufo viridis) and semi-aquatic frog
      (Rana ridibunda).
AB  - 1. Oxygen consumption was measured before and after dehydration at different
      ambient temperatures (Ta) in the terrestrial toad Bufo viridis and the semi
      aquatic frog Rana ridibunda. 2. The metabolic rates at Tas between 14 and 27
      degrees C were almost the same for R. ridibunda and B. viridis. 3. The metabolic
      rate at higher Tas (between 27 and 36 degrees C) was higher in R. ridibunda than
      in B. viridis. This situation was found before and after dehydration. 4. A
      similar situation was found with CO2 production, which was higher at high Tas in
      R. ridibunda compared with B. viridis.

PMID- 2896568
TI  - Comparative hormonal profile of two newly developed obese congenic rat strains.
AB  - 1. The effect of feeding diets containing either 54% sucrose or cooked corn
      starch for 12 weeks on levels of fasting plasma insulin, corticosterone, growth
      hormone and glucagon were compared in two newly developed genetically obese rat
      strains--the normoglycemic LA/N-cp and the diabetic SHR/N-cp. 2. In corpulent
      rats of either strain, levels of plasma insulin and corticosterone were greater
      when compared to the lean littermates. Corpulent LA/N-cp rats had lower levels of
      plasma glucagon and higher levels of plasma growth hormone than did lean LA/N-cp
      rats. 3. SHR/N-cp rats fed sucrose had greater levels of corticosterone and
      glucagon than did SHR/N-cp rats fed starch.

PMID- 2896570
TI  - Comparison of barometric and pneumotachographic measurements of resting
      ventilation in the little penguin (Eudyptula minor).
AB  - 1. We compared the use of the barometric method and pneumotachography for
      measurement of ventilation in the little penguin Eudyptula minor. 2. Simultaneous
      use of both techniques showed the barometric method to give a reliable estimate
      of tidal volume. 3. Comparison of birds with and without masks for
      pneumotachography showed wearing masks to produce a significant increase in
      ventilation, principally through a raised respiratory frequency.

PMID- 2896569
TI  - Haematology and metabolism of the blood of the little penguin, Eudyptula minor.
AB  - 1. We studied the haematology of the little penguin, Eudyptula minor, and
      measured red cell enzymes, and the rate of O2 and glucose consumption and CO2 and
      lactate production of whole penguin blood. 2. Little penguins have a very low RBC
      count (1.66 x 10(12) l-1) and very large red cells (MCV = 229 microns 3),
      resulting in a normal haemoglobin and haematocrit. 3. Despite the lower body
      temperature of penguins, the rate of O2 consumption by whole blood is close to
      that predicted from studies on other birds.

PMID- 2896572
TI  - Plasma corticosterone in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation
      in ovo.
AB  - 1. Sexually immature male and female Japanese quail were divided within each sex
      into three treatment groups: hemorrhaged by jugular puncture; immobilized for 2
      min, but not hemorrhaged (shams); and neither immobilized nor hemorrhaged
      (controls). 2. Hemorrhage resulted in increased plasma corticosterone levels in
      both sexes. Corticosterone levels in shams were higher than in controls. 3. In
      another experiment, Japanese quail eggs were irradiated during incubation with
      2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation. Nonirradiated eggs were incubated under
      identical conditions without irradiation. After hatching, juvenile males and
      females were hemorrhaged. 4. After hemorrhage, irradiated males had higher plasma
      corticosterone levels than nonirradiated males. No effect of irradiation on
      females was found. 5. The results of these two experiments indicate that male
      quail respond to blood loss with increased adrenocortical activity and that this
      response is modified in male quail after irradiation with microwaves during
      embryogeny.

PMID- 2896571
TI  - Total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood serum of mammals.
AB  - 1. Blood samples were obtained from seven species of mammals: horses, cattle,
      sheep, goats, pigs, guinea pigs and rats for determination of total and free
      thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Total thyroxine in the order listed above in
      ng/ml was: 15, 60, 79, 185, 53, 45 and 79. Free thyroxine in pg/ml was: 5.9,
      10.0, 19.2, 32.1, 21.7, 6.7 and 51.3. 2. Total triiodothyronine in pg/ml was:
      677, 1290, 979, 3170, 760, 317 and 1747. Free triiodothyronine in pg/ml was:
      3.22, 4.40, 2.60, 6.74, 2.74, 2.42 and 10.88. 3. Percent free thyroxine was high
      in rats and low in guinea pigs, while percent free triiodothyronine was high in
      guinea pigs and low in goats. 4. Free thyroxine and percent free thyroxine were
      higher in some groups of horses, particularly stallions, than in other groups.

PMID- 2896573
TI  - Effects of dietary taurine on tissue taurine and free amino acid levels of the
      chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, reared in freshwater and seawater environments.
AB  - 1. Young chum salmon were fed on the basal and taurine-supplemented diets for 30
      days in freshwater (FW) and for 25 days in seawater (SW). Levels of taurine,
      major free amino acids (FAA) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in various tissues
      were determined. 2. Tissue taurine levels were higher when fish were fed on the
      taurine-supplemented diets. All tissues of the SW fish did not contain higher
      taurine levels than those of the FW. 3. Levels of major FAA in the tissues
      differed little between fish fed on the basal and taurine-supplemented diets and
      also between the FW and SW fish. 4. No difference was observed in tissue NPN
      levels between fish ingesting the basal and taurine-supplemented diets; the
      levels were slightly higher in the SW fish.

PMID- 2896574
TI  - Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus, and estuarine crocodiles, Crocodylus
      porosus, show similar osmoregulatory responses on exposure to seawater.
AB  - 1. Nile crocodiles, reared in fresh water and exposed acutely to seawater, suffer
      marked dehydration and hypernatraemia. Cloacal urine osmolarity and potassium
      concentration increased markedly but urine sodium remains low. 2. Hypernatraemia
      is increased when secretion from the lingual salt glands is prevented. 3. C.
      niloticus appears not to drink seawater. 4. Similarities in osmoregulatory
      response between estuarine and Nile crocodiles suggest that the lingual salt
      glands of C. niloticus are functional in salt water, playing an important role in
      sodium balance. 5. Significant differences in the function of the renal/cloacal
      complex of Alligator and Crocodylus emphasize further the differences between
      these two groups of crocodilian and provide support for the postulated marine
      ancestry of many or all of the Crocodylidae.

PMID- 2896575
TI  - An axonal spike in an identified fast crab motor neuron has sodium and calcium
      components.
AB  - 1. High intensity intracellular stimulation of the FBE axon produced a spike
      discharge. The spikes divided into two components, each with a different
      frequency. 2. Ion replacement and blocking specific ion channels revealed that
      the FBE spike has calcium and sodium components. 3. The pronounced depolarizing
      wave that follows the FBE spike is not produced by changes in calcium
      conductance.

PMID- 2896576
TI  - Hereditary blood coagulation factor-VII deficiency: a comparison of the defect in
      beagles from several sources.
AB  - 1. Hereditary blood coagulation factor-VII deficiency has previously been
      identified in Beagles from a number of sources in Britain and North America. 2. A
      study is now reported in which the nature of the defect is compared in plasma
      samples from these sources. 3. When prothrombin times and Russell's Viper venom
      clotting times were determined on mixtures of samples, no cross-correction of the
      defective coagulation activity was detected. 4. Antibody neutralization assays of
      factor-VII related antigen and assays of factor-VII procoagulant activity
      revealed essentially similar levels in all samples. 5. Thus no significant
      genetic variants of the defect were identified.

PMID- 2896577
TI  - Thermoregulatory responses of laying hens under cyclic environmental temperature
      to intraventricular calcium and sodium.
AB  - 1. Hens received ICV injections of Ca2+ (1.98 g/100 ml) or Na+ (7.25 g/100 ml) at
      28 degrees C and, following acclimation, at 37 or 20 degrees C, respectively. 2.
      At 28 degrees C (thermoneutrality), rectal temperature rose (P less than 0.05)
      following Na+ and fell (P less than 0.05) following Ca2+, similar to mammals and
      broiler chickens. 3. At 37 degrees C, Ca2+-induced hypothermia did not occur; nor
      did the Na+-associated hyperthermia at 20 degrees C. 4. Acclimation to a high or
      low temperature may produce an endogenous shift in CSF ion levels that make
      additional ion administration ineffective in affecting body temperature.

PMID- 2896578
TI  - Circadian studies of plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, protein, glucose and ion
      concentration, liver glycogen concentration and liver and spleen weight in
      rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson.
AB  - 1. Although there are many reports in the literature of circadian rhythms in
      plasma hormone and metabolite levels, the data are highly variable between
      research groups. The present study attempts to re-examine whether circadian
      rhythm in plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, ions, glucose and protein levels and
      liver glycogen levels are evident in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and
      determine whether there is a significant correlation between any of the measured
      variables. 2. Significant fluctuations throughout the day were found in all
      measured variables; although these fluctuations appear to be a normal component
      in the homeostatic function of rainbow trout, their timing was neither consistent
      nor predictable. 3. "Circadian-like" patterns were observed in levels of plasma
      cortisol, glucose, Mg2+ and K+ concentrations and liver glycogen concentration.
      4. Seasonal variations in these circadian-like rhythms were found in liver
      glycogen and plasma cortisol, Mg2+ and K+ concentrations. 5. Plasma cortisol and
      glucose concentrations were affected by time of feeding. 6. There were
      significant correlations between plasma thyroid hormone and plasma protein
      levels, but no other significant correlation between any of the measured
      variables was found.

PMID- 2896579
TI  - Contact allergy to metipranolol.

PMID- 2896580
TI  - Sea anemone dermatitis.

PMID- 2896581
TI  - A multicentred phase III comparative study of two hormonal contraceptive
      preparations given once-a-month by intramuscular injection: I. Contraceptive
      efficacy and side effects. World Health Organization. Task Force on Long-Acting
      Systemic Agents for Fertility Regulation.
AB  - Two once-a-month injectable contraceptive formulations, HRP112 (depot
      medroxyprogesterone acetate, 25mg and estradiol cypionate, 5 mg) and HRP102
      (norethisterone enantate, 50 mg and estradiol valerate, 5 mg) were compared in
      two groups of women with regard to effectiveness, reported complaints and reasons
      for discontinuation. A total of 2328 women were recruited into a seventeen
      centre, randomized clinical trial. Follow-up was for a period of one year and
      resulted in a total of 10,969 women-months of experience of HRP112 and 10,608
      women-months of experience with HRP102. The study showed little difference in
      efficacy and side-effects between the two formulations. Two pregnancies occurred
      in women receiving HRP102, giving a cumulative life-table pregnancy rate at 12
      months of 0.18 per 100 woman-years. None occurred in the group receiving HRP112.
      There was no difference in the overall continuation rates between the two groups
      at one year, being 64.5% in the HRP112 group and 63.2% in the HRP102 group. The
      rates for all medical and non-medical reasons given for discontinuation were
      comparable between the two treatment groups. Discontinuations for bleeding
      irregularities were low, being 6.3% and 7.5% for HRP112 and HRP102 respectively,
      as well as for 'amenorrhea', the respective figures being 2.1% and 1.6%. There
      were, however, marked centre-to-centre differences. Both products were shown to
      be highly effective contraceptive preparations, which gave rise to few
      discontinuations due to menstrual cycle disturbances when compared with
      progestogen-only injectable contraceptives. As such it is expected that they will
      have an important role in family planning programmes in many countries throughout
      the world.

PMID- 2896582
TI  - [Body marking in black Africa].

PMID- 2896583
TI  - Inhibition of somatostatin on glucose-induced release of gastric inhibitory
      polypeptide in rats.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin on glucoseinduced secretion of insulin and gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in rats was examined. Anesthetized male rats were
      catheterized via the right carotid artery before gastric infusion of 2 ml of 40%
      glucose through a syringe pump over 3 min. Ten micrograms somatostatin dissolved
      in 0.5 ml saline was injected intraperitoneally 10 min before oral glucose
      administration. Rats receiving 0.5 ml saline were used as controls. Blood samples
      were collected at -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after glucose infusion.
      Concentrations of GIP and insulin in rat plasma samples were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. The level of plasma glucose was determined by YSI glucose
      analyzer. The results revealed that the rise of plasma insulin and GIP after the
      glucose load was abolished by a preinjection of somatostatin. It is concluded
      that somatostatin at 10 micrograms inhibits the effects of oral glucose in
      stimulating the secretion of GIP from the gut, and insulin from the pancreas in
      normal fasted rats.

PMID- 2896584
TI  - Changes in hepatic and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activities following
      chronic ethanol intake in rats.
AB  - The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on serum and liver gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities was studied in male Wistar rats. Animals
      were fed for 1-9 weeks a liquid diet containing 36% of total energy as ethanol or
      isocaloric carbohydrates. Compared to control diet, chronic ethanol significantly
      and progressively increased serum activity from 3 weeks of treatment. Liver GGT
      activity was also enhanced although changes were not parallel to those found in
      serum. Chronic ethanol intake led to an enhancement of liver glutathione
      concentration with a 45% increase at 3 weeks of treatment and a decrease
      thereafter. It is suggested that the increased hepatic GGT activity is not the
      only determinant of the enhanced serum levels of the enzyme and that it is not
      related to the modifications of liver glutathione content induced by ethanol
      consumption.

PMID- 2896585
TI  - Detection of blood benzodiazepines in injured people. Relationship with
      alcoholism.
AB  - In 2021 accident victims (household, work and road accidents) the qualitative
      test for benzodiazepines in the serum by the EMIT method was positive in 9.6% of
      cases, including 3.2% of subjects who also had a blood alcohol level greater than
      0.10 milligram. Benzodiazepines were detected with a particularly high frequency
      in household accidents and road accidents and rarely in work accidents. These
      results raise the problem of the role of benzodiazepines as a possible risk
      factor for accidents, particularly road accidents.

PMID- 2896586
TI  - Pharmacy-based screening program for tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - An ongoing screening program using pharmacists to detect tardive dyskinesia (TD)
      was developed, and a pharmacy-based prevalence survey of TD in chronic
      hospitalized psychiatric patients was undertaken to determine the extent of
      abnormal involuntary movements. The results show that older patients and women in
      particular are at higher risk for developing abnormal movements. Higher doses of
      neuroleptics were used in non-TD patients, indicating a possible masking effect
      caused by these drugs. By using a standardized rating method such as the Abnormal
      Involuntary Movement Scale, pharmacists can and should be utilized in the
      surveillance of TD.

PMID- 2896587
TI  - The molecular basis for metameric pattern in the Drosophila embryo.
AB  - The metameric organization of the Drosophila embryo is generated in the first 5 h
      after fertilization. An initially rather simple pattern provides the foundation
      for subsequent development and diversification of the segmented part of the body.
      Many of the genes that control the formation of this pattern have been identified
      and at least twenty have been cloned. By combining the techniques of genetics,
      molecular biology and experimental embryology, it is becoming possible to unravel
      the role played by each of these genes. The repeating segment pattern is defined
      by the persistent expression of engrailed and of other genes of the 'segment
      polarity' class. The establishment of this pattern is directed by a transient
      molecular prepattern that is generated in the blastoderm by the activity of the
      'pair-rule' genes. Maternal determinants at the poles of the egg coordinate this
      prepattern and define the anteroposterior sequence of pattern elements. The
      primary effect of these determinants is not known, but genes required for their
      production have been identified and the product of one of these, bicoid is known
      to be localized at the anterior of the egg. One early consequence of their
      activity is to define domains along the A-P axis within which a series of
      'cardinal' genes are transcribed. The activity of the cardinal genes is required
      both to coordinate the process of segmentation and to define the early domains of
      homeotic gene expression. Further interactions between the homeotic genes and
      other classes of segmentation genes refine the initial establishment of segment
      identities.

PMID- 2896588
TI  - Evidence for an association between U1 RNA and interspersed repeat single-copy
      RNAs in the cytoplasm of sea urchin eggs.
AB  - Psoralen crosslinking of RNA-RNA intermolecular duplexes in sea urchin egg
      extracts reveals that some maternal poly(A)+ RNA molecules are complexed with U1
      RNA, a cofactor in somatic nuclear pre-mRNA splicing. Reaction of egg extracts
      with a monoclonal antibody specific for U1 snRNP selects, in addition to U1, RNAs
      that contain repeated sequences interspersed with single-copy elements. Antibody
      selection experiments with nucleate and anucleate egg halves demonstrate that
      most of the U1 RNA-interspersed RNA complexes are cytoplasmic, as is the egg's
      store of total U1 snRNP. These results raise the possibility that maternal
      interspersed RNAs include unprocessed pre-messenger RNA molecules in arrested
      complexes with splicing cofactors.

PMID- 2896590
TI  - Targeting of phosphomannosyl-deficient arylsulfatase A to lysosomes of I-cell
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Fibroblasts from I-cell disease, a genetically-determined lysosomal storage
      disease, are shown to contain large amounts of phase-dense lysosomes. These
      lysosomes accumulated acridine orange and were specifically labeled with
      antibodies to arylsulfatase A. In normal skin fibroblasts the number of
      arylsulfatase-containing lysosomes was considerably lower. By
      immunocytochemistry, metabolic labeling and enzyme assay, the arylsulfatase A in
      I-cell fibroblasts was shown to be synthesized, stored and secreted at a level
      that was several-fold higher than that present in heterozygous I-cell or normal
      fibroblasts. Arylsulfatase A in I-cell fibroblasts differed from arylsulfatase in
      normal fibroblasts by the absence of endoglycosidase H-sensitive phosphorylated
      oligosaccharides. These findings indicate that arylsulfatase A in I-cells is
      targeted to lysosomes by a mechanism that does not appear to involve the
      phosphorylated mannose marker.

PMID- 2896589
TI  - Localization of the putative precursor of Alzheimer's disease-specific amyloid at
      nuclear envelopes of adult human muscle.
AB  - Cloning and sequence analysis revealed the putative amyloid A4 precursor (pre-A4)
      of Alzheimer's disease to have characteristics of a membrane-spanning
      glycoprotein. In addition to brain, pre-A4 mRNA was found in adult human muscle
      and other tissues. We demonstrate by in situ hybridization that pre-A4 mRNA is
      present in adult human muscle, in cultured human myoblasts and myotubes.
      Immunofluorescence with antipeptide antibodies shows the putative pre-A4 protein
      to be expressed in adult human muscle and associated with some but not all
      nuclear envelopes. Despite high levels of a single 3.5-kb pre-A4 mRNA species in
      cultured myoblasts and myotubes, the presence of putative pre-A4 protein could
      not be detected by immunofluorescence. This suggests that putative pre-A4 protein
      is stabilized and therefore functioning in the innervated muscle tissue but not
      in developing, i.e. non-innervated cultured muscle cells. The selective
      localization of the protein on distinct nuclear envelopes could reflect an
      interaction with motor endplates.

PMID- 2896591
TI  - Transient IgA and IgM deficiencies are frequent in children with ulcerative
      colitis.
AB  - Serum immunoglobulin levels in 22 children with ulcerative colitis were followed
      for 2 years after diagnosis of the disease. A statistically significant
      depression of IgA, IgM, and IgG was noticed; depression of IgA and IgM was most
      frequent. The depression of immunoglobulin levels was transient and was most
      prominent during the first year of treatment. All patients in the study received
      sulphasalazine. Disease activity or steroid medication had no influence on
      immunoglobulin levels. The development of immunoglobulin deficiencies was not
      connected with any HLA antigen; we found decreased frequency of antigen B7 in the
      whole group.

PMID- 2896592
TI  - Carrier prediction of cystic fibrosis in 36 families by means of restriction
      fragment length polymorphism.
AB  - Transmission of cystic fibrosis (CF) was studied in 36 families with at least one
      affected and one unaffected child. DNA was prepared from peripheral leukocytes
      and submitted to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with
      two CF probes (pj3.11 and met). Twenty families were shown to be informative so
      that accurate predictions could be made of the status of the offspring. Sixteen
      were only partially informative. The allele frequency was similar to that
      originally reported except for one Msp I site detected with the pj3.11 probe, for
      which we found a significantly higher heterozygote frequency, making it more
      informative than expected in our population sample. Pedigree analysis
      demonstrated no obligate recombinant between CF and the polymorphic markers.

PMID- 2896593
TI  - Decreased peripheral beta-adrenergic reactivity in asthmatics treated with oral
      beta 2-agonists.
AB  - Peripheral beta-adrenoceptor reactivity, measured as the dermal erythematous
      reaction to iontophoretically administered isoprenaline was studied in 41
      asthmatics, 13 patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and 21 healthy control
      subjects. The response of intact superficial dermal blood vessels to
      isoprenaline, which has previously been demonstrated to be beta 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated, was reduced in asthmatics treated with high dose, oral, slow-release
      beta 2-agonists compared to healthy controls. The response in asthmatics not
      treated with oral beta 2-agonists and in patients with allergic
      rhinoconjunctivitis did not differ from controls. Thus, the peripheral beta 2
      adrenergic reactivity of intact human superficial blood vessels is affected by
      oral, slow-release beta 2-agonists.

PMID- 2896594
TI  - Differential effects of timolol and metoprolol on platelet function at rest and
      during exercise.
AB  - Ten male patients suffering from stable angina pectoris were studied at rest and
      immediately after exercise during treatment either with timolol (a non-selective
      beta-blocker) or with metoprolol (a beta 1-selective blocker). Timolol induced a
      significant increase in platelet aggregation and a reduction in platelet cyclic
      AMP, and it also raised the plasma adrenaline at rest and during exercise as
      compared to the pre-treatment level. Metoprolol had none of these effects. Prior
      to medication and during metoprolol treatment, exercise led to an increase in the
      peripheral platelet count, whereas timolol was associated with a reduction of
      platelets during physical effort. Neither drug affected platelet thromboxane B2
      at rest. During exercise, its level was not affected in the pre-treatment period
      or during metoprolol treatment but it was sharply increased by timolol therapy.

PMID- 2896595
TI  - Temporal responses of cutaneous blood flow and plasma catecholamine
      concentrations to histamine H1- or H2-receptor stimulation in man.
AB  - We have studied the effect of histamine and H1- or H2-receptor antagonists on
      cutaneous blood flow and catecholamine release in man. Histamine was infused
      alone or in combination with mepyramine, an H1-antagonist or cimetidine, an H2
      antagonist for 2 h. Cutaneous blood flow was measured continuously with a laser
      Doppler flowmeter, and noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were
      determined in blood samples drawn every 15 min. The infusion of histamine caused
      an immediate and sustained vasodilatation. The Concomitant infusion of mepyramine
      prevented the immediate vasodilatation, but had no effect on the sustained
      response. The Concomitant infusion of cimetidine was without effect on the
      immediate vasodilatation, but abolished the sustained response. Infusion of the
      antagonists alone had no effect on cutaneous blood flow. Histamine caused a rapid
      and sustained increase in plasma noradrenaline, while the increase during
      concomitant H1-receptor blockade was delayed but achieved the level observed
      during the histamine infusion. The response to histamine during H2-receptor
      blockade was small and transient. The rise in plasma adrenaline was not
      significant. These findings suggest that histamine causes an immediate cutaneous
      vasodilatation through H1-receptors and a more sustained response through H2
      receptors. The vasodilatation is accompanied by an increase in plasma
      catecholamine concentrations. Despite the continuous infusion of histamine, blood
      flow decreased during the last hour of histamine infusion, while the plasma
      noradrenaline concentration was still elevated.

PMID- 2896596
TI  - Functional evidence that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a ligand
      for LFA-1-dependent adhesion in T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
AB  - Although intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been implicated as a
      ligand in some LFA-1-dependent adhesion, its importance to T cell function has
      not been established. The present studies investigate the importance of ICAM-1
      for human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), both in their formation of antigen
      independent conjugates (AIC) and in their lysis of targets. Analysis of
      monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibition of AIC formation indicate that ICAM-1 mAb 1
      blocks (a) AIC formation with some but not all targets; (b) the LFA-1 pathway but
      not the CD2/LFA-3 pathway of adhesion; (c) by binding to the target cell, not the
      T cell. In studies of cell-mediated lysis (CML) ICAM-1 mAb inhibited lysis of
      some targets, such as U-937, that use ICAM-1 predominantly in AIC formation; CML
      on some other targets is not inhibited by ICAM-1 mAb. These data indicate that
      ICAM-1 is a ligand for AIC formation, antigen-specific CTL recognition and
      cytolysis of particular target cells. The data also indicate that ICAM-1 is not
      used in LFA-1-dependent CTL interactions with all kinds of target cells,
      suggesting the existence of alternative ligands for LFA-1.

PMID- 2896597
TI  - Responsiveness of isolated monkey coronary arteries contracted with alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists to diltiazem.
AB  - Diltiazem induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of monkey coronary
      arterial strips which were partially contracted with clonidine, phenylephrine,
      norepinephrine, prostaglandin F2 alpha. This relaxation occurred to a similar
      extent, but was significantly less than that observed in arteries contracted with
      K+. Contractions mediated via alpha 2-adrenoceptors do not appear to be more
      susceptible to diltiazem than those caused by activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      and prostaglandin F2 alpha receptors.

PMID- 2896598
TI  - Regulation of A8 dopamine neurons by somatostatin.
AB  - The effects of depletion of somatostatin in the region of the retrorubral field
      on in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation in the A8 cell group were assessed. Local
      injections of cysteamine into the central amygdaloid nucleus, source of a
      somatostatin input to the A8 cell group region, or directly into the retrorubral
      field resulted in an increase in in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation in the A8 cell
      group. Levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the retrorubral field were
      decreased by approximately 50% by the cysteamine treatment. These data suggest
      that somatostatin may hold A8 dopamine neurons under tonic inhibition.

PMID- 2896599
TI  - Effects of cardioselective beta blockade on the peripheral lung in guinea pigs.
AB  - Impairment of lung function with selective beta-1 blocking drugs has been
      repeatedly demonstrated in guinea pigs, normal subjects and asthmatic patients.
      The effects of several beta blockers, propranolol (non-selective), atenolol (beta
      1 selective), IPS 339 (beta-2 selective) on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction
      have been investigated in 30 anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated guinea
      pigs, measuring changes in conductance and dynamic compliance. Their effects on
      peripheral lung, where only beta-2 adrenoceptors are present, were more
      specifically assessed using changes in lung distensibility by means of static
      pressure-volume curves. Atenolol (1 mg.kg-1), IPS 339 (2 mg.kg-1) and propranolol
      (2 mg.kg-1) enhanced histamine-induced decrease in lung distensibility,
      conductance and dynamic compliance. The decrease was of the same order of
      magnitude for all three parameters. Atenolol (1 mg.kg-1) and propranolol (2 mg.kg
      1) decreased lung distensibility to the same extent. By contrast low dose
      atenolol (0.1 mg.kg-1) did not potentiate histamine-induced bronchoconstriction
      although this dose did produce a significant cardiac beta blockade. These results
      demonstrate that 1) beta blockers have a clear effect on the peripheral lung, 2)
      beta-1 adrenoceptors are not involved in pulmonary effects of cardioselective
      drugs. They suggest that dose dependent loss of selectivity is the major
      mechanism behind impairment of lung function following such drugs.

PMID- 2896600
TI  - A one year double blind follow-up of blood gas tensions and haemodynamics in
      almitrine bismesylate therapy.
AB  - Almitrine bismesylate, a chemoreceptor agonist, improves blood gases in chronic
      obstructive lung disease (COLD). Some authors have observed an increase in
      pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) after single doses of almitrine bismesylate (A).
      This led to the present one year double blind placebo (P) controlled study to
      assess haemodynamic effects of long-term oral treatment in COLD (1.5 mg/kg/day
      for one year), together with clinical benefit and blood gas improvement. Twenty
      moderately severe patients entered the study, fifteen of whom completed it (eight
      in group (A), seven in group (P]. Blood gas values, minute ventilation (VE), mean
      pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) and cardiac output (Qc) were periodically
      measured. Ppa and Qc remained unchanged in both groups throughout the study. We
      observed relevant clinical improvement without side effects and no significant
      increase in VE in group (A). Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) showed a 1.2 kPa (9
      mmHg) mean increase in group (A) and remained unchanged in group (P). These data
      and those from the literature seem to indicate that almitrine induces a vascular
      effect, especially after a single dose. However, as long as PaO2 improves
      simultaneously no long-term haemodynamic consequence is apparent. The discrepancy
      between immediate and long-term vascular effects of almitrine might be explained
      by the improvement in gas exchange which could reduce and/or counter-balance the
      vasoactive response. In conclusion, after one year of therapy almitrine
      bismesylate results in considerable clinical and blood gas improvements without
      significant haemodynamic change.

PMID- 2896601
TI  - Opioid peptides. Synthesis and binding assays of desamino-Tyr1 dermorphin
      analogues. XII.
AB  - Eight new dermorphin peptides, X-C6H4-CH2CH2CO-D-Ala-Phe-(L or D)-Yaa-NH2 [X = H,
      OH; Y = lysine, homoarginine (Har)], were prepared and tested by binding assays.
      They show negligible affinity for mu-, delta- and K-receptor sites. These
      findings indicate that the N-terminal ammonium group can not be replaced by the
      ammonium or guanidinium function located at the side-chain in Lys or Har
      derivatives.

PMID- 2896602
TI  - E. coli F1-ATPase: site-directed mutagenesis of the beta-subunit.
AB  - Residues beta Glu-181 and beta Glu-192 of E. coli F1-ATPase (the DCCD-reactive
      residues) were mutated to Gln. Purified beta Gln-181 F1 showed 7-fold impairment
      of 'unisite' Pi formation from ATP and a large decrease in affinity for ATP. Thus
      the beta-181 carboxyl group in normal F1 significantly contributes to catalytic
      site properties. Also, positive catalytic site cooperativity was attenuated from
      5 X 10(4)- to 548-fold in beta Gln-181 F1. In contrast, purified beta Gln-192 F1
      showed only 6-fold reduction in 'multisite' ATPase activity. Residues beta Gly
      149 and beta Gly-154 were mutated to Ile singly and in combination. These
      mutations, affecting residues which are strongly conserved in nucleotide-binding
      proteins, were chosen to hinder conformational motion in a putative 'flexible
      loop' in beta-subunit. Impairment of purified F1-ATPase ranged from 5 to 61%,
      with the double mutant F1 less impaired than either single mutant. F1
      preparations containing beta Ile-154 showed 2-fold activation after release from
      membranes, suggesting association with F0 restrained turnover on F1 in these
      mutants.

PMID- 2896603
TI  - Brain natriuretic factor. Augmentation of cellular cyclic GMP, activation of
      particulate guanylate cyclase and receptor binding.
AB  - The newly discovered peptide, brain natriuretic factor (BNF), caused a
      concentration-dependent increase (up to 400-fold) in intracellular cyclic GMP
      levels in cultured endothelial, smooth muscle and fibroblast cells. The extent of
      cGMP augmentation was comparable to that produced by atrial natriuretic factor
      (ANF). The activity of the membrane-bound guanylate cyclase of different rat
      tissues and cultured cells was markedly stimulated by the peptide and the
      addition of ATP potentiated the stimulation. As opposed to tissue particulate
      guanylate cyclase, the enzyme in cell membranes was slightly more sensitive to
      activation by BNF than to stimulation by ANF. On bovine aortic smooth muscle
      (BASM) cells, specific high-affinity binding sites (Bmax = 398 fmol/10(6) cells,
      Kd = 0.52 nM) for BNF were observed for which ANF could compete with apparently
      equal affinity. These results suggest that activation of the cGMP pathway
      constitutes a common mechanism of action for both BNF and ANF.

PMID- 2896604
TI  - Inhibition of N-acetylneuraminate lyase by N-acetyl-4-oxo-D-neuraminic acid.
AB  - We show that the 4-oxo analogue of N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid strongly inhibits N
      acetylneuraminate lyase (NeuAc aldolase, EC 4.1.3.3) from Clostridum perfringens
      (Ki = 0.025 mM) and Escherichia coli (Ki = 0.15 mM). In each case the inhibition
      was competitive. N-Acetyl-D-neuraminic acid; N-Acetylneuraminate lyase; N-Acetyl
      D-neuraminic acid analog; 5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-beta-D-manno-non-2,4-diulosonic
      acid; 2-Deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetyl-4-oxo-neuraminic acid; Competitive
      inhibitor.

PMID- 2896605
TI  - Intramitochondrial factors controlling hepatic fatty acid oxidation at weaning in
      the rat.
AB  - Fatty acid oxidation was studied in isolated liver mitochondria of rats during
      the suckling-weaning transition. The oxidation rate of oleyl-CoA and
      palmitoylcarnitine was reduced 2.5-fold in rats weaned on a high-carbohydrate
      diet compared to suckling rats, when acetyl-CoA produced by beta-oxidation was
      directed towards ketone-body synthesis. Weaning on a high-fat diet minimized this
      change. Channeling of acetyl-CoA towards citrate synthesis doubled the oxidation
      rate of both substrates in HC-weaned rats. Thus, in addition to changes in
      carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity, the beta-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA
      synthase pathway is also involved in the decreased fatty acid oxidation at
      weaning. This was confirmed by measurement of beta-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA
      synthase pathway activity.

PMID- 2896606
TI  - The gamma-subunit of ATP synthase from spinach chloroplasts. Primary structure
      deduced from the cloned cDNA sequence.
AB  - cDNA clones encoding the gamma-subunit of chloroplast ATP synthase were isolated
      from a spinach library using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. The predicted
      amino acid sequence indicated that the mature chloroplast gamma-subunit consists
      of 323 amino acid residues and is highly homologous (55% identical residues) with
      the sequence of the cyanobacterial subunit. The positions of the four cysteine
      residues were identified. The carboxyl-terminal region of the chloroplast gamma
      subunit is highly homologous with those of the gamma-subunits from six other
      sources (bacteria and mitochondria) sequenced thus far.

PMID- 2896607
TI  - Posttranscriptional regulation of the expression of CAD gene during
      differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells by induction with retinoic acid and
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
AB  - We have studied the regulation of expression of the carbamoyl-phosphate
      synthetase II-aspartate transcarbamylase-dihydroorotase gene in F9
      teratocarcinoma cells during their differentiation into parietal endoderm cells
      by induction with a combination of retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Steady
      state levels of CAD mRNA decreased by 7-fold in F9 cells following 120 h of
      retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP induction as compared to levels in
      uninduced cells. Conversely, no apparent changes were found in the steady-state
      levels of beta-actin mRNA between induced and uninduced cells. Despite a 7-fold
      decrease in the steady-state levels of CAD mRNA, its rate of transcription
      remained the same between induced and uninduced cells, indicating a role for
      posttranscriptional mechanisms for its down regulation during retinoic acid- and
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced differentiation of F9 cells. The cellular growth
      rate of F9 cells as determined by [3H]thymidine uptake and parallel cell counting
      decreased markedly during their induction with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic
      AMP. Taken together, it is apparent that the expression of the CAD gene is cell
      growth-dependent and its regulation in this system is at the posttranscriptional
      level.

PMID- 2896608
TI  - Role of water activity on the rates of acetyl phosphate and ATP hydrolysis.
AB  - The rates of hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate in the presence of 0.1 M NaOH and of
      ATP in the presence of either 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH were measured at different
      temperatures and in the presence of different concentrations of the organic
      solvents dimethyl sulfoxide or ethylene glycol. Under all conditions tested,
      there was a progressive increase in the rate constant of hydrolysis of both
      phosphate compounds as the water activity of the medium was decreased by the
      addition of organic solvents. At 25 degrees C, substitution of 70% of the water
      of the medium by dimethyl sulfoxide promoted an increase of two orders of
      magnitude in the rate constant of acetyl phosphate hydrolysis. In the presence of
      80% and 90% dimethyl sulfoxide the rate of acetyl phosphate hydrolysis increased
      by more than two orders of magnitude and was so fast that it could not be
      measured with the method used. The effect of organic solvents on the rate of ATP
      hydrolysis was less pronounced than that observed for acetyl phosphate
      hydrolysis. At 30 degrees C, substitution of 90% of water by an organic solvent
      promoted a 4-6-fold increase of the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Acceleration of
      either acetyl phosphate or ATP hydrolysis rates was promoted by a decrease in
      both activation energies (Ea) and in entropies of activation delta S. The data
      obtained are discussed with reference to the mechanism of catalysis of enzymes
      involved in energy transduction such as the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum
      and the F1-ATPase of mitochondria.

PMID- 2896609
TI  - [Organization of tuberculosis control measures at a feldsher-midwife center].

PMID- 2896610
TI  - [Changes in the balance of regulatory subpopulations of T-lymphocytes as a
      function of the phase of the ovulatory cycle].

PMID- 2896611
TI  - Characterization of clotting factors from Agkistrodon acutus venom.
AB  - 1. Four clotting factors, Cf-1(C), Cf-2(C), Cf-1(T) and Cf-2(T) were isolated
      from Agkistrodon acutus (collected on mainland China and Taiwan) venom by Komori
      et al. (1987). It was reported that all factors possessed coagulant activity in
      the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, although they showed different chemical
      properties and antigenicities. 2. Their role in the clot formation system was
      clarified and compared with that of thrombin. Clotting factors from A. acutus
      venom released only fibrinopeptide A from the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, while
      thrombin released fibrinopeptide A and B from the A alpha and B beta chains. 3.
      Cf-1(C) and Cf-2(T), like thrombin, rapidly activated factor XIII in the presence
      of calcium ions, whereas Cf-2(C) and Cf-1(T) had little effect on factor XIII.
      These effects are shown by Cf-1(C) and Cf-2(T) forming a clot that remained
      insoluble in 8 M urea or 0.44 M monochloroacetic acid, whereas Cf-2(C) and Cf
      1(T) formed a soluble clot in these agents.

PMID- 2896612
TI  - In vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic yolk sac cells.
AB  - The embryonic yolk sac is the first site in the mammalian embryo in which cells
      are found that can carry out cell-mediated immune functions, yet the relation of
      cells of this primitive hematopoietic organ to the development of the mature
      immune system has not been established. We have initiated a series of experiments
      to determine the potential of cells of the mouse yolk sac to differentiate in
      vitro, in order to get an insight into the development of immunocompetence in
      this primary population of hematopoietic stem cells. The present paper describes
      the conditions promoting stem-cell differentiation and provides an initial
      characterization of cell surface phenotypes of the cell lineages established in
      vitro. Yolk sac cells obtained from 10- to 13-day mouse embryos were maintained
      in culture for more than 18 months, giving rise to a variety of cell types
      belonging to the hematopoietic lineages and culminating in the establishment of
      long-term cell lines. Supernatants of secondary mixed leukocyte cultures were
      found to be an effective source of growth factors promoting the initial
      differentiation as well as the maintenance of these cells. Flow-cytometric
      analysis showed that, in contrast to freshly obtained yolk sac cells, which had
      no detectable Thy 1 antigen, cells expressing significant levels of Thy 1 were
      obtained after 1 week or more of culture. Ly1 and Lyt 2 antigens were detected
      only rarely and the L3T4 (GK 1.5) antigen was never expressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896613
TI  - Influence of pancreatic surgery on gastric ulcers and somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity in portal and aortic blood, and in the gastrointestinal tissues
      of the rat.
AB  - Two weeks after pancreatic duct occlusion (OCC) or pancreatic half-resection
      (RES) in rats, the development of gastric ulcers was assessed. Somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SLI) was measured simultaneously in portal and aortic blood as
      well as in fundic, antral, duodenal and pancreatic tissue specimens. Extracts of
      antral, duodenal and pancreatic tissue were chromatographed on a Sephadex G25
      superfine column (1.6 +/- 90 cm) under strongly dissociating conditions. As
      compared to sham-operated controls (SHAM) ulcer index in arbitrary units (AU) and
      ulcer severity were significantly increased in duct-occluded rats (ulcer index:
      5.6 +/- 1.9 AU in SHAM, 42.6 +/- 7.9 AU in OCC; severity: 0.47 +/- 0.37 mm in
      SHAM, 9.76 +/- 2.37 mm in OCC; p less than 0.001 respectively). Aortic SLI was
      increased in both experimental groups (SHAM: 53.2 +/- 7.4 pg/ml; RES: 110.9 +/-
      16.6 pg/ml, p less than 0.01 vs SHAM; OCC: 96.0 +/- 9.0 pg/ml, p less than 0.001
      vs SHAM); portal SLI was decreased in duct-occluded rats (SHAM: 88.9 +/- 7.1
      pg/ml; OCC: 65.7 +/- 9.9 pg/ml; p less than 0.05). Tissue SLI was raised in the
      gastric fundus of duct-occluded rats (SHAM: 6.4/1.3-36.1 micrograms/g; OCC:
      8.2/5.1-14.9 micrograms/g; p less than 0.05) and in the duodenum of resected
      animals (SHAM: 0.7/0.2-1.6 micrograms/g; RES: 1.4/0.4-2.3 micrograms/g; p less
      than 0.05), but decreased in the duct-occluded pancreas (SHAM: 3.7/1.0-8.2
      micrograms/g; OCC: 2.1/0.5-5.6 micrograms/g; p less than 0.05). In all three
      groups, the major part of total SLI in antrum, duodenum and pancreas was
      identical with somatostatin-14 at gel chromatography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2896614
TI  - Different cellular distributions of two somatostatins in brain and pancreas of
      salmonids, and their associations with insulin- and glucagon-secreting cells.
AB  - Invariant somatostatin-14 (SST-14) and somatostatin-25 (SST-25), isolated from
      coho salmon pancreas (Plisetskaya et al., 1986a) are likely coded by two distinct
      somatostatin genes. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether these
      genes are expressed in the same or in different cell types in the pancreatic
      islets and in the brain of two salmonids: rainbow trout and coho salmon.
      Antibodies generated against SST-14, mammalian (m) SST-28(1-14), salmon (s) SST
      25, salmon insulin, and salmon glucagon were used as immunocytochemical probes.
      Two distinct cell types containing SSTs were revealed in the pancreas of both
      salmonid species: one cell type immunoreactive to both SST-14 and mSST-28(1-14)
      and the other cell type immunoreactive only to sSST-25. The SST-14/mSST-28(1-14)
      positive cells were limited to the more central parts of the islets, in
      apposition to the insulin-positive cells: sSST-25-positive cells were located
      more peripherally and were associated topographically with the glucagon-positive
      cells. In contrast to the pancreas, neurons in the neurohypophysis and
      hypothalamus of the rainbow trout and coho salmon contained only SST-14-like and
      mSST-28(1-14)-like immunoreactivities, while immunoreactivity to sSST-25 was
      completely absent. These results suggest that differentiation in the pancreas and
      brain of salmonid fishes results in cell types in which SST genes are separately
      expressed. The close topographical association of sSST-25 with glucagon cells,
      and of SST-14 with insulin cells, in the pancreatic islets implies yet unknown
      functional regulatory relationships that require detailed study.

PMID- 2896615
TI  - Rates and patterns of scnDNA and mtDNA divergence within the Drosophila
      melanogaster subgroup.
AB  - Levels of DNA divergence among the eight species of the Drosophila melanogaster
      subgroup and D. takahashii have been determined using the technique of DNA-DNA
      hybridization. Two types of DNA were used: single-copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) and
      mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The major findings are: (1) A phylogeny has been
      derived for the group based on scnDNA which is congruent with chromosomal data,
      morphology, and behavior. The three homosequential species, simulans, sechellia,
      and mauritiana, are very closely related; the scnDNA divergence indicate the two
      island species are a monophyletic group. (2) The rates of change of scnDNA and
      mtDNA are not greatly different; if anything scnDNA evolves faster than mtDNA.
      (3) The rates of scnDNA evolution are not closely correlated to chromosomal
      (inversion) evolution. (4) The Drosophila genome appears to consist of two
      distinct classes of scnDNA with respect to rate of evolutionary change, a very
      rapidly evolving fraction and a relatively conservative fraction. (5) The
      absolute rate of change was estimated to be at least 1.7% nucleotide substitution
      per one million years. (6) DNA distance estimates based on restriction site
      variation are correlated with distances based on DNA-DNA hybridization, although
      the correlation is not very strong.

PMID- 2896616
TI  - COPD in the ambulatory elderly: management update.
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is made up of at least three
      entities: asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Each has its own unique
      physiology, pathology, and natural history. These are reviewed, and current
      therapeutic options are presented, including the first-line therapy of beta 2
      agonists, theophylline, and the newer anticholinergic inhalers. The role of
      steroids, both acute and chronic, the proper use of antibiotics and vaccinations,
      and the use of home oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and anxiolytics are
      discussed.

PMID- 2896618
TI  - [Experimental studies on the infection of Anopheles and Culiseta by Romanomermis
      yunanensis].

PMID- 2896619
TI  - [Histology, cytochemistry and ultrastructure of APUD cells in the neonatal rabbit
      lung].

PMID- 2896617
TI  - Assessment and management of agitation in the elderly.
AB  - The management of agitated behavior in the elderly represents one of the major
      challenges in geriatric medicine. Inappropriate verbal, vocal, or motor activity
      often results in problem behavior that burdens caregivers or nursing home staff.
      A careful differential diagnostic approach to agitated behavior is imperative to
      avoid misdiagnosis. The misuse of psychoactive drugs often begins with an unclear
      idea of the underlying pathophysiology. Treatment should be combined with an
      explicit establishment of therapeutic goals and a precise understanding of the
      pharmacological profiles of commonly used drugs.

PMID- 2896620
TI  - Identification of a single nucleotide change in a mutant gene for hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT Ann Arbor).
AB  - HPRT Ann Arbor is a variant of hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl-transferase
      (HPRT: EC 2.4.2.8), which was identified in wo brothers with hyperuricemia and
      nephrolithiasis. In previous studies, this mutant enzyme was characterized by an
      increased Km for both substrates, a normal Vmax, a decreased intracellular
      concentration of enzyme protein, a normal subunit molecular weight and an acidic
      isoelectric point under native isoelectric focusing conditions. We have cloned a
      full-length cDNA for HPRT Ann Arbor and determined its complete nucleotide
      sequence. A single nucleotide change (T----G) at nucleotide position 396 has been
      identified. This transversion predicts an amino acid substitution from isoleucine
      (ATT) to methionine (ATG) in codon 132, which is located within the putative 5'
      phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)-binding site of HPRT.

PMID- 2896622
TI  - Cystic fibrosis: screening for a DNA deletion by field inversion gel
      electrophoresis.
AB  - We analyzed DNA of ten cystic fibrosis (CF) patients representing DNA of 19
      different CF chromosomes and screened for deletions by means of field inversion
      gel electrophoresis (FIGE). No differences were detected after digestion of the
      DNA samples with the restriction enzymes Not I and Sfi I and hybridization with
      the probes MetH, MetD, J3.11, and 7C22. Thus the percentage of deletions
      occurring within the CF region and detectable with FIGE is less than 15.2% (95%
      confidence interval, N = 19).

PMID- 2896621
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in mitochondrial myopathy.
AB  - In order to test the hypothesis that mitochondrial myopathy may be caused by
      mutation of the mitochondrial (mt) genome, restriction fragment length
      polymorphism in leucocyte mt DNA has been studied in 38 patients with
      mitochondrial myopathy, 44 of their unaffected matrilineal relatives, and 35
      normal control subjects. Previously unreported mt DNA polymorphisms were
      identified in both patients and controls. No differences in restriction fragment
      patterns were observed between affected and unaffected individuals in the same
      maternal line, and there was no evidence of major deletion of mt DNA in patients.
      This study provides no positive evidence of mitochondrial inheritance in
      mitochondrial myopathy, but this has not been excluded.

PMID- 2896623
TI  - Detection of a new hybrid alpha 2 globin gene among American blacks.
AB  - We have examined the alpha globin gene complex for 49 individuals with alpha
      thalassemia-2 (-alpha 3.7). Crossovers resulting in alpha-thalassemia-2 (type I)
      were observed in all 57 chromosomes with the -alpha 3.7 defect. Except for one
      alpha-thalassemia-2 chromosome, all were linked to the absence of an Rsa I
      restriction site located 0.7 kb 5' to the alpha 2-globin gene; this polymorphic
      site was observed for 10 of 38 non-alpha-thalassemia chromosomes from Black
      Americans. In four Black families with a heterozygous alpha-thalassemia-2 [-alpha
      3.7 (I)], an Apa I restriction site has been identified in the IVS-2 of the alpha
      2 gene of the normal chromosome (labeled the alpha *2 gene). The alpha *2 gene of
      one Black subject was cloned and a segment located 5' to the Cap site as well as
      the IVS-2, exon 3, and a 3' segment were sequenced. The data show that the alpha
      *2 gene is an alpha 2 gene except for a segment between nucleotides (nts) 580-81
      and nt 509 (Cap site = nt 1), and perhaps as far upstream as nt -634, which has
      an alpha 1 sequence. This alpha *2 hybrid gene probably originated through a
      double crossover; the structural identity of its IVS-2 with that of the alpha 1
      gene adequately explains the presence of the Apa I restriction site.

PMID- 2896624
TI  - Cystic fibrosis typing with DNA probes: experience of a screening laboratory.
AB  - A sample of 125 individuals from 37 British cystic fibrosis (CF) families with at
      least one living affected child were typed with probes for restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPs) known to be linked to the CF gene. These probes were
      MetD, MetH, pJ3.11 and 7C22. Using this combination of probes, 30 out of the 37
      families were sufficiently informative to enable prenatal diagnosis of the
      disease. Linkage analysis has also proved to be useful in excluding CF in two
      cases where diagnosis of the disease was equivocal in the sibling of an affected
      child.

PMID- 2896625
TI  - The Stickler syndrome: evidence for close linkage to the structural gene for type
      II collagen.
AB  - The Stickler syndrome is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder of connective
      tissue with pleiotropic features including premature osteoarthropathy, mild
      spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, vitreoretinal degeneration, and the Pierre-Robin
      sequence. Genetic linkage studies in two families with the Stickler syndrome have
      been performed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with
      the structural gene for type II collagen, COL2A1. No recombinants between the
      Stickler phenotype and COL2A1 were observed. The total LOD score for linkage of
      the Stickler syndrome and COL2A1 at a recombination fraction (theta) of zero is
      3.59. These findings suggest that, at least in some families, the mutation
      causing Stickler syndrome affects the structural locus for type II collagen.

PMID- 2896626
TI  - Tyrosine aminotransferase and chymotrypsinogen B are linked to haptoglobin on
      human chromosome 16q: comparison of genetic and physical distances.
AB  - The loci for haptoglobin (HP) and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) are known to
      reside at 16q22. Chymotrypsinogen B (CTRB), which is syntenic with TAT and HP on
      mouse chromosome 8, has also been assigned to human chromosome 16 but has not
      been mapped regionally. A linkage analysis was carried out in 13 informative
      families using RFLPs for these three markers. For CTRB, two TaqI RFLPs with a
      polymorphism information content of 0.60 derived from haplotype frequencies are
      described. The most likely order of loci, deduced from triple informative
      crosses, and their map distances, obtained by pair-wise linkage analysis, are HP
      7 cM-TAT-9 cM-CTRB. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a physical map covering
      more than 2000 kb was constructed. A maximum physical distance of about 700 kb
      was obtained for HP and TAT, which contrasts with the genetic distance of 7 cM
      (approximate confidence limits 2-18 cM). CTRB is at least 800 kb away from these
      two markers.

PMID- 2896627
TI  - Long-range genomic map of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene: isolation
      and use of J66 (DXS268), a distal intragenic marker.
AB  - By cloning the endpoints of a DMD-associated deletion, we have "jumped" 1100 kb
      from pERT87-1 (DSX164) to a new locus designated J66 (DXS268), mapping distally
      within the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene. Both J66 and JBir are mapped
      by field-inversion gel electrophoresis and detect abnormal SfiI fragments in DMD
      patients and distal DMD-associated X; autosome translocations. Our long-range map
      extends the physical map of the DMD gene from 800 to 2000 kb (2 Mb) and increases
      the mapped portion of Xp21 to approximately 8 Mb. The position of the glycerol
      kinase gene and the adrenal hypoplasia locus are further confined to the region
      between J66 and the nearest distal probe L1-4. This region spans at least 1.5 Mb.
      The multiallelic J66 polymorphism has immediate application in the diagnosis of
      DMD and generally appears to be distal to DMD mutations.

PMID- 2896628
TI  - Linkage analysis in von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) with DNA markers
      for chromosome 17.
AB  - The mutant gene causing von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) was recently
      shown to map to chromosome 17. We have used additional markers for chromosome 17
      to narrow further the location of the gene defect. A preliminary multipoint
      linkage analysis suggests that the NF1 gene is located on the long arm of
      chroomsome 17, flanked by D17Z1 and NGFR. Linkage analysis with the human
      oncogene homolog erbA1, which maps to this region, suggests that this cancer
      related gene is not the primary cause of NF1.

PMID- 2896630
TI  - Chromosome 17 markers and von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis: a genetic linkage
      study in a British population.
AB  - A genetic linkage study of the RFLPs identified by nine DNA probes localized to
      the pericentromeric region and long arm of chromosome 17 has been undertaken in
      16 families with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1). Close linkage has
      been shown with the markers CRI-L946 (D17S36), CRI-L581 (D17S37), p17H8 (D17Z1),
      and pA10-41 (D17S71). The ERBA1 and COL1A1 loci may also be closely linked, but
      the data are limited. The results for HOX2 and NGFR suggest only loose linkage
      with the NF1 gene, while no linkage was found between NF1 and the growth hormone
      locus. No suggestion of nonallelic heterogeneity of NF1 was found in this study.

PMID- 2896629
TI  - Linkage studies with chromosome 17 DNA markers in 45 neurofibromatosis 1
      families.
AB  - A locus for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) has recently been mapped
      near the chromosome 17 centromere. We have extended these linkage studies by
      genotyping 45 NF1 families with three DNA probes known to be linked to the
      chromosome 17 centromeric region. Of 34 families informative for NF1 and at least
      one of the three probes, 28 families show no recombinants with the disease gene.
      These data provide additional support for genetic homogeneity of NF1 and for a
      primary NF1 locus linked to the chromosome 17 centromere. Among the informative
      families were 7 families with apparent new NF1 mutations. Our data suggest that
      these mutations are probably at the chromosome 17 NF1 locus.

PMID- 2896631
TI  - Linkage analysis of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis to DNA markers on
      chromosome 17.
AB  - Several recent studies indicate that the von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis
      (NF1) gene is located near the centromere of chromosome 17 in some families.
      However, variable expressivity and a very high mutation rate suggest that defects
      at several different loci could result in phenotypes categorized as NF1. In order
      to assess this possibility and to map the NF1 gene more precisely, we have used
      two polymorphic DNA markers from chromosome 17 to screen several pedigrees for
      linkage to NF1. We ascertained a large Caucasian pedigree (33 individuals
      sampled, 17 NF1 affected) as well as eight smaller pedigrees and nuclear families
      (50 individuals sampled, 30 NF1 affected). Here, we report strong evidence of
      linkage of NF1 to the centromeric marker D17Z1 (maximum lod = 4.42) and a weaker
      suggestion of linkage to the ERBA1 oncogene (maximum lod = 0.57), both at a
      recombination fraction of zero. Since obligate cross-overs with NF1 were not
      observed for either marker in any of the informative families tested, the
      possibility of NF1 locus heterogeneity is not supported.

PMID- 2896632
TI  - Tightly linked markers for the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene.
AB  - Relationships among genetic markers in the region of the neurofibromatosis type 1
      (NF1) gene on chromosome 17 were investigated by linkage studies in a large
      sample set of affected families and in a panel of 58 normal families. A new
      marker, pHHH202 (D17S33), was included along with two markers known to be closely
      linked to NF. The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination rate between
      the pHHH202 and NF1 loci was found to be O. Multilocus analysis suggested the
      following marker order: pA10-41-(p3-6, pHHH202); the NF1 gene fell with equal
      likelihood between either pA10-41-p3-6 or p3-6-pHHH202. The odds against NF1
      being outside this cluster of tightly linked markers were greater than 15:1.

PMID- 2896633
TI  - Molecular organization and haplotype analysis of centromeric DNA from human
      chromosome 17: implications for linkage in neurofibromatosis.
AB  - The alpha satellite DNA subset located at the centromere of human chromosome 17
      has been shown to be tightly linked genetically to the gene for von
      Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1). The centromeric DNA polymorphisms used
      for linkage analyses in NF1 are complex and involve a "locus" (D17Z1) that spans
      over one million base pairs of satellite DNA. To understand more completely the
      basis for these polymorphisms and how they might be best scored and used in the
      analysis of NF1, we have examined the molecular composition of the alpha
      satellite array on individual copies of chromosome 17 by two complementary
      approaches. First, we have analyzed segregation of chromosome 17 alpha satellite
      haplotypes in large, three-generation families that provide information on the
      different types of alpha satellite segregating in a block fashion. Second, we
      have analyzed directly the extent of variation in different D17Z1 arrays by
      genomic blotting analysis of haploid copies of chromosome 17 isolated in
      rodent/human somatic cell hybrids. The data indicate the existence of a wide
      range of different alpha satellite variants on individual copies of chromosome
      17, each haplotype differing in the size, restriction map, and relative
      proportion of particular polymorphic repeat forms. Despite this complexity, the
      D17Z1 markers provide a potentially useful and genetically close starting point
      for the molecular and clinical analysis of NF1.

PMID- 2896634
TI  - Linkage of NF1 to 12 chromosome 17 markers: a summary of eight concurrent
      reports.

PMID- 2896635
TI  - Effects of beta-blockade and exercise on cardiovascular and cognitive
      functioning.
AB  - Twenty-four men with mild essential hypertension were assigned randomly to
      receive propranolol (n = 9), atenolol (n = 7), or a placebo (n = 8). All subjects
      participated in a 12-week study and provided physiological and behavioral data
      four times during the study: after a medication-free baseline period (Session 1);
      after 2 weeks of medication, without exercise (Session 2); after 8 weeks of
      continued medication while participating in a program of aerobic exercise
      (Session 3); and after 2 weeks of maintenance exercise without medication
      (Session 4). Subjects' maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly between
      Sessions 2 and 3, and the magnitude of this increase did not vary across the drug
      groups. Subjects' resting heart rates varied as a function of the presence of
      beta-blocking medication, but there was in addition a reduction attributable to
      exercise training that did not vary across the drug groups. The decrease in blood
      pressure associated with beta-blockade (Session 2) was not decreased any further
      by exercise training (Session 3). Despite an increase in blood pressure following
      the withdrawal of active medication (Session 4), blood pressure remained
      significantly lower compared with the Session 1 baseline level. Performance in a
      reaction-time test of short-term memory functioning improved slightly for all
      three groups between Sessions 1 and 2 and remained constant thereafter.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896636
TI  - The effect of levocabastine nasal spray in nasal provocation tests.
AB  - The effect of levocabastine, a new specific H1 antagonist, has been investigated
      against a placebo in nasal provocation tests on 42 allergic patients divided into
      two parallel groups. The results obtained show that it significantly inhibited
      the nasal reaction to the allergen and seems to have a long-lasting effect in
      allergic patients.

PMID- 2896637
TI  - Applications of BOP reagent in solid phase synthesis. Advantages of BOP reagent
      for difficult couplings exemplified by a synthesis of [Ala 15]-GRF(1-29)-NH2.
AB  - The BOP reagent [benzotriazol-l-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexa
      fluorophosphate] introduced by Castro et al. [Tetrahedron Lett. (1975) 14, 1219
      1222] is ideally suited for solid phase peptide synthesis. The rate of coupling
      using BOP compared favorably to DCC and other methods of activation including the
      symmetrical anhydride and DCC/HOBt procedures. BOP couplings using the solid
      phase procedure proceeded more rapidly and to a greater degree of completion for
      peptide bond formations that were previously determined to be very slow using the
      conventional DCC method. Stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis using BOP was
      successfully utilized for the preparation of the (22-29) and (13-29) fragments of
      [Ala15]-GRF(1-29)-NH2. Single couplings with 3 equiv. BOP and Boc-amino acids and
      5.3 equiv. of diisopropylethylamine in DMF were used for each cycle. The yields
      of the fragments were superior and the purities comparable using the BOP
      procedure (single couplings) to those observed using multiple couplings via the
      DCC coupling method. A total synthesis of [Ala15]-GRF(1-29)-NH2 was also carried
      out using the BOP procedure (single couplings and 3 equiv. BOP and Boc-amino
      acids and 5.3 equiv. diisopropylethylamine in DMF for each cycle). Multiple
      couplings were only required for Boc-Asn-OH due to the proposed formation of Boc
      aminosuccinimide during activation. The resultant GRF(1-29) analog was comparable
      to a control prepared with multiple DCC couplings under optimized conditions. In
      a parallel study, unprotected Boc-(hydroxy)-amino acids were successfully coupled
      with the BOP reagent. However, the number of coupling cycles after the
      introduction of unprotected hydroxy-amino acid must be minimal (less than 10).
      The use of the BOP reagent with unprotected Tyr in solid phase peptide synthesis
      was also clearly established.

PMID- 2896638
TI  - Conformation of D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTP-NH2), a highly
      selective mu-opioid antagonist peptide, by 1H and 13C n.m.r.
AB  - The 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectral parameters of CTP-NH2 [D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr
      Pen-Thr-NH2], a potent, highly selective mu-opiate antagonist, were measured in
      aqueous solution and a possible conformation has been deduced from the spectral
      data. The data are consistent with a type II' beta-turn for the tetrapeptide
      sequence -Tyr3-D-Trp4-Lys5-Thr6-. Solvent shielding of the Cys2 amide proton,
      observed in variable temperature experiments, suggests an orientation of this
      amide proton toward the gem dimethyls of Pen7 with possible hydrogen bonding to
      the Thr6 carbonyl oxygen, and a dihedral angle of -110 degrees for the disulfide
      bond. Partially relaxed Fourier transform 13C relaxation studies confirm a
      constrained cyclic system, with the C alpha carbons in the "hinge" of the beta
      turn having the shortest t1 times. Segmental motion was observed for the side
      chain of Lys5.

PMID- 2896639
TI  - Proton n.m.r. investigation of conformational influence of penicillamine residues
      on the disulfide ring system of opioid receptor selective somatostatin
      derivatives.
AB  - Three cyclic disulfide analogs related to somatostatin, D-Phe(1)-cyclo(Cys(2)
      Tyr(3)-D-Trp(4)-Lys(5)-Thr(6)-Xxx(7))-Thr(8)- NH2 (where Xxx = L-Pen 1; L-Cys 3;
      or D-Pen 4) were examined in DMSO-d6 by one- and two-dimensional proton n.m.r.
      spectroscopy in order to analyze the conformational influence of the position-7
      residue on the 20-membered disulfide ring. From these studies it was concluded
      that all three analogs maintain a beta II' turn solution conformation for the
      core tetrapeptide -Tyr(3)-D-Trp(4)-Lys(5)-Thr(6)-. However, the disulfide
      conformation differs in the analogs, with 1 and 3 having a left-handed and 4 a
      right-handed disulfide chirality.

PMID- 2896640
TI  - [Flexion resistance of soldered alloys for ceramics].

PMID- 2896641
TI  - L-653,328: an ocular hypotensive agent with modest beta receptor blocking
      activity.
AB  - L-653,328 is the acetate ester of L-652,698 ((S)-3-tert-butylamino-1-[4
      [2(hydroxy)ethyl]phenoxy]2-propanol). The penetration of L-652,698 into the
      albino rabbit eye was enhanced when the compound was instilled as its prodrug
      acetate ester. The instillation (one drop of 50 microliter) of 0.01, 0.05 and
      0.1% solutions of L-653,328 significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner
      the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) of alpha-chymotrypsinized rabbits by 3.2,
      4.7 and 6.1 mm Hg, respectively. A 0.01% solution of L-652,698 failed to
      significantly lower IOP, whereas this dose of timolol (3.8 mm Hg) and betaxolol
      (3.3 mm Hg) was effective. L-652,698 was active at 0.05% and 0.1%. Extraocular
      beta-adrenoceptor blockade was quantified in ganglion-blocked, conscious rabbits
      by determining effects on heart rate and blood pressure changes to i.v.
      isoproterenol (0.5 microgram/kg). Doses of timolol blocking isoproterenol-induced
      hypotension and tachycardia by 50% were 0.0065% and 0.03%, respectively. The
      corresponding doses for betaxolol were greater than 3% (43% inhibition) and 0.3%.
      Heart rate and blood pressure changes to isoproterenol were blocked by 18 and
      36%, respectively, after the instillation of a 3% solution of L-653,328. The
      reduced propensity of L-653,328 for extraocular beta-adrenoceptor blockade stems
      from the modest affinity of L-652,698, its active moiety, for beta-adrenoceptors.
      The Ki values of L-652,698 for displacement of 125I-iodocyanopindolol binding to
      beta 1-(left ventricle) and beta 2-binding sites (iris + ciliary body) in the
      rabbit were 5.7 microM and 7.3 microM, respectively. In marked contrast, the
      corresponding values for timolol were 12 nM and 1.8 nM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2896642
TI  - Controlled study of extrapyramidal reactions in the management of delirious,
      medically ill patients: intravenous haloperidol versus intravenous haloperidol
      plus benzodiazepines.
AB  - In a prospective study, the intensity of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) was rated
      in two groups of delirious, medically ill patients. Fourteen patients received
      intravenous (IV) haloperidol and benzodiazepines for control of severe agitation
      and four received IV haloperidol alone. Patients were rated daily by a
      standardized scale for EPS by raters blind to the dose of haloperidol and
      benzodiazepines. Patients receiving haloperidol and benzodiazepines had
      significantly (p less than 0.001) less EPS than patients receiving IV haloperidol
      alone. In the haloperidol and benzodiazepine group there were only one case of
      very mild parkinsonian-like EPS and no cases of akathisia or dystonia. No adverse
      respiratory or cardiac reactions were seen in any patients. The literature on the
      use of IV haloperidol alone and in combination with benzodiazepines is briefly
      reviewed and possible explanations of the lower intensity of EPS with IV
      haloperidol in combination with benzodiazepines are discussed.

PMID- 2896643
TI  - Enzyme cytochemistry of rat organs after uremia with special reference to
      proteases.
AB  - Wistar rat organs and tissues were investigated after acute and chronic uremia
      using enzyme cytochemical means whereby special attention was paid to plasma
      membrane and lysosomal proteases. Heart muscle, pancreas, spleen, stomach,
      duodenum, jejunum, colon and skeletal muscle did not show any clear-cut
      indications of alterations. After acute uremia activities of dipeptidyl peptidase
      IV, glutamyl aminopeptidase and microsomal alanyl aminopeptidase were decreased
      in the extraorbital gland and that of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the
      submandibular gland. The thymus showed an increased staining for glutamyl
      aminopeptidase and lysosomal proteases. An activity increase of dipeptidyl
      peptidase IV, acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase occurred in
      bronchial lavage cells among which the alveolar macrophages predominated. In
      addition, their number was comparatively higher. Non-specific esterase activity
      was lowered in these cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity was drastically
      enhanced at the biliary pole of hepatocytes. Following chronic uremia all effects
      were less pronounced except for the lavage cells which were positive for glutamyl
      aminopeptidase, microsomal alanyl aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase and showed increased staining for lysosomal proteases,
      glycosidases and nonspecific phosphatases.

PMID- 2896644
TI  - Heterogenous staining of D-amino acid oxidase in peroxisomes of rat liver and
      kidney. A light and electron microscopic study.
AB  - The localization of D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAOX) in rat liver and kidney has
      been investigated using the cerium technique for electron microscopy and a recent
      modification of it for light microscopy. In the liver a mosaic pattern with
      strongly and weakly stained cells together with some completely negative
      hepatocytes is observed. The staining is stronger and more uniform in periportal
      than in perivenous regions of the liver lobule. In the kidney the reaction is
      confined to the proximal tubules of the renal cortex with the rest of the nephron
      being negative. At the ultrastructural level in both liver and kidney a marked
      heterogeneity is observed in the intensity of reaction in peroxisomes of some
      neighbouring cells. Moreover, in some cells heavily and weakly stained
      peroxisomes are seen side by side. When Pipes buffer is used in the incubation
      medium the D-AAOX reaction in kidney peroxiosomes is aggregated in the central
      region of the matrix with weaker staining of the periphery. A similar result is
      obtained when the enzyme is localized by immunocytochemistry confirming a recent
      report by Usuda et al. (1986). The heterogeneous staining of peroxisomes for D
      AAOX suggests that subpopulations of this organelle with specialized functions
      may exist not only in different tissues and cells but even within the same cell.

PMID- 2896645
TI  - Catecholaminergic innervation of pyramidal and GABAergic nonpyramidal neurons in
      the rat hippocampus. Double label immunostaining with antibodies against tyrosine
      hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase.
AB  - This study describes the catecholaminergic innervation of rat hippocampal neurons
      at the electron microscopic level by using an antibody against tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) and immunocytochemical techniques. In a first series of
      experiments, the course and distribution as well as the synaptic contacts of TH
      immunoreactive fibers were analyzed with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)
      method. Next, peroxidase immunostaining of TH fibers was combined with glutamate
      decarboxylase (GAD) immunostaining, using avidinated ferritin as a second
      electrondense marker. Our results demonstrate that TH-immunostained terminals
      establish asymmetric synaptic contacts with spines of pyramidal neurons, and
      symmetric synaptic contacts with cell bodies and dendritic shafts of ferritin
      labeled GAD-immunoreactive nonpyramidal cells.

PMID- 2896646
TI  - Are Z-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Leu-MNA and Z-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Pro-MNA suitable substrates
      for the demonstration of cathepsin D activity?
AB  - The suitability of Z-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Leu-MNA and Z-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Pro-MNA for
      the assessment of cathepsin D activity was tested in biochemical and
      histochemical experiments. Substrates were dissolved in dimethylformamide and
      used at 0.1-0.5 mM in various buffers over a pH range of 3.5-7.4. Homogenates of
      various rat organs and isolated purified enzymes [cathepsin D from bovine spleen,
      dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV from porcine kidney and rat lung] were used as
      enzyme sources. Pepstatin, di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), p
      chloromercuribenzoate, o-phenanthroline and a series of DPP IV inhibitors were
      used in inhibitor experiments. At pH 3.5 and 5.0, substrates were used in a two
      step postcoupling procedure with aminopeptidase M and dipeptidyl peptidase IV as
      auxiliary enzymes and Fast Blue BB as coupling agent. Results were compared with
      those obtained with haemoglobin. Above pH 5.0 substrates were used in a one-step
      postcoupling procedure. Cryostat sections of snap-frozen or cold aldehyde-fixed
      tissue pieces of various rat organs and biopsies of human jejunal mucosa were
      used in histochemical experiments. As in biochemical tests a two-step procedure
      was used in the pH range 3.5-5.0, but Fast Blue B was used in the second step for
      the simultaneous coupling. Above pH 5.0 a one-step simultaneous azo coupling
      procedure was used with Fast Blue B as coupling agent. At pH 3.5 the hydrolysis
      rate of both synthetic substrates was about 100x lower than that of haemoglobin
      when cathepsin D from bovine spleen was used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896647
TI  - Effect of hypercalcemia on parafollicular cells in the rat thyroid gland.
AB  - Hypercalcemia was induced in rats by the administration of A.T.10. We then
      determined the levels of total and ionized calcium and calcitonin in the serum,
      as well as performed ultrastructural observations and histochemical
      investigations of the calcitonin and neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivities
      in the stimulated parafollicular cells. The main aim of the study was to apply
      histochemical procedures to determine the immunoreactions of calcitonin gene
      related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin and secretory protein-I in stimulated
      parafollicular cells. Immunoreactions of CGRP and calcitonin decreased strikingly
      in A.T.10-treated animals, whereas no visible changes were noted in somatostatin
      immunoreactivity. In the case of secretory protein-I, an insignificant increase
      of its immunoreactivity was observed in the treated animals. The
      cytophysiological significance of these results is discussed.

PMID- 2896649
TI  - Narcolepsy-cataplexy in Israeli Jews is associated exclusively with the HLA DR2
      haplotype. A study at the serological and genomic level.
AB  - Narcolepsy is a very rare disease among Israeli Jews with a frequency of 7/3 X
      10(6). An investigation of the association of narcolepsy with the human leukocyte
      antigen system was conducted in Israeli Jews at the serologic and genomic levels.
      The human leukocyte antigen class I and class II antigen typing of 7 clinically
      diagnosed narcoleptics, 3 individuals suffering from sleep disorders other than
      narcolepsy, and 11 healthy matched controls revealed that all narcoleptic
      patients (100%) investigated in the present study carried the HLA-DR2 haplotype,
      whereas patients with other sleep disorders did not. The HLA-B7 and DR2 occurred
      jointly in 57% (4/7) of the narcoleptic patients, as compared to 2% in randomly
      selected Israeli healthy controls. Restriction fragment length polymorphism
      analysis was performed with several restriction enzymes and three cDNA probes for
      DQ alpha, DQ beta, and DR beta genes on genomic DNAs obtained from narcoleptics
      and patients with other sleep disorders, matched controls, and 3 homozygous
      typing cells representing the DR2 subtypes Dw2, Dw12, and DwAZH. The restriction
      fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that all narcoleptics (7 of 7)
      shared virtually identical restriction fragment length polymorphisms with one of
      the homozygous typing cells (GSO), which defines DR2,Dw2. The frequency of the
      DR2,Dw2 haplotype in the healthy Israeli population is 3.2%. Other non
      narcoleptic patients did not share these restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms. These findings indicate that narcolepsy is associated worldwide
      with the HLA-DR2,Dw2 haplotype.

PMID- 2896648
TI  - Disturbances in the rabbit cornea after short-term and long-term wear of hydrogel
      contact lenses. Usefulness of histochemical methods.
AB  - The influence of soft contact lenses (SCL) with low (37%, L) and high (65%, H)
      water content on rabbit corneas was investigated. The lenses were worn
      continuously for 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 or 28 days. The changes in corneal
      transparency, hydration and enzyme activities were studied. A slight change in
      corneal transparency due to higher hydration caused by a decreased activity of
      Na+-K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) in the corneal
      endothelium is followed by a decrease in the activity of gamma-glutamyl
      transferase (GGT). Slight morphological disturbances appear within 4 days in
      animals wearing SCL (L). SCL (H) produce similar changes one week later.
      Subsequently, the corneal epithelium becomes thinner and changes in the size of
      corneal endothelial cells are obvious. Disturbances of enzyme activities in cells
      of all corneal layers are present. In the epithelium highly increased activities
      of acid glycosidases, acid phosphatase, and dipeptidyl peptidase I and II, in
      keratocytes decreased activities of alkaline phosphatase and GGT, and in the
      endothelium decreased activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and GGT were found. These changes
      are more severe after SCL (L). In this case, inflammatory cells displaying high
      activities of lysosomal hydrolases appear in the anterior part of the stroma
      during the 3rd and 4th weeks and local degradation of glycosaminoglycans and
      proteins takes place. In contrast, after SCL (H) a remarkable thinning of the
      corneas was observed during extended wear, accompanied by decreased stainability
      of stromal glycosaminoglycans and highly decreased enzyme activities in
      keratocytes. The histochemical methods proved very useful in the assessment of
      lesions caused by a continuous wear of SCL.

PMID- 2896650
TI  - An interactive computer program for the analysis of HLA class II restriction
      fragment patterns.
AB  - There is considerable current interest in the application of Southern blotting
      and hybridization, with locus-specific HLA class II probes, to HLA typing. The
      work of several laboratories has shown that, under suitable conditions,
      restriction fragment patterns that correlate with DR and DQ serology and with DP
      cellular reactivities can be obtained from homozygous cell lines. Although the
      identification of class II specificities from restriction fragment patterns is
      relatively straightforward in homozygotes, the increased complexity of the
      patterns obtained from heterozygotes makes the interpretation considerably more
      difficult; this difficulty is compounded by even slight variation between and
      within gels. We have developed an interactive computer program that allows HLA-DR
      and DQ typing by the visual matching of restriction fragment pattern data with
      standard data derived from a panel of well-characterized homozygous cell lines.
      The program also uses a simple algorithm (after Southern) to estimate the
      fragment sizes in the unknown track. The screen display can be printed out to
      give a convenient record of the match; a numerical measure is also given of the
      goodness of fit of the new data.

PMID- 2896651
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and an HLA-DRw52-associated split.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphism technique, employing seven
      restriction endonucleases, and a DR-specific repeated element probe were used to
      study a large panel of homozygous typing cells in order to delineate haplotypic
      differences within the HLA-DRw52 supertype. Most of the restriction endonucleases
      revealed the presence of two allelic restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      correlating with and splitting the HLA-DRw52 supertypic specificity. One
      designated A, correlated with the HLA-DRw52 typing in HLA-DR5, HLA-DR3, (non-A1,
      B8), and some HLA-DRw6 haplotypes. The other, designated a, correlated with the
      HLA-DRw52 typing in HLA-DR5, HLA-DRw8, HLA-DR3 (A1, B8), and the remaining HLA
      DRw6 haplotypes. The general applicability of these findings was validated in 47
      HLA-typed laboratory controls.

PMID- 2896653
TI  - Dynamics of EEG slow wave activity during physiological sleep and after
      administration of benzodiazepine hypnotics.
AB  - The dynamics of EEG slow wave activity during sleep were investigated in two
      subjects recorded for 14 consecutive nights, and in 14 subjects recorded for one
      night after placebo administration. In addition, records were obtained after a
      single bedtime dose of the benzodiazepine hypnotics flurazepam (30 mg),
      flunitrazepam (2 mg), triazolam (0.5 mg) and midazolam (15 mg). Mean slow wave
      activity (i.e. spectral power density in the 0.75-4.5 Hz band) invariably
      declined from the first to the third nonREM sleep episode. Within episodes, slow
      wave activity showed initially a gradual buildup over a period of offroximately
      35 min, and in the end a rapid decline. Both the rise rates and fall rates
      decreased over the first three nonREM sleep episodes. The benzodiazepines
      typically attenuated mean slow wave activity within episodes as well as the rise
      and fall rates. For three compounds, residual effects were demonstrated in the
      drug-free post-drug night. We conclude that a homeostatically regulated sleep
      process determines the buildup rate of slow wave activity within nonREM sleep
      episodes.

PMID- 2896654
TI  - The obvious, the obscure, the hidden. Three risks.

PMID- 2896652
TI  - Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of putative amino acid
      transmitters in Parkinson's disease and other disorders.
AB  - Concentrations of putative neuroactive substances glutamate, aspartate, gamma
      aminobutyric acid, glycine, proline and ethanolamine were determined in
      ventricular cerebrospinal fluid collected in patients suffering from Parkinson's
      disease, pain syndromes or cerebellar tremor. Values are similar to those given
      in the literature for lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. A decrease in gamma
      aminobutyric acid in Parkinson patients, as reported in lumbar cerebrospinal
      fluid, could not be observed. Further evidence for a rostro-caudal gradient for
      gamma-aminobutyric acid is supplied. New insights into pathophysiological
      mechanisms in any of the investigated syndromes may not be derived.

PMID- 2896655
TI  - Time to change the system.

PMID- 2896656
TI  - Physicians warned about prescription contests.

PMID- 2896657
TI  - Changing perspectives in substance abuse and the physician's role.

PMID- 2896658
TI  - Cysticercosis.

PMID- 2896659
TI  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome.

PMID- 2896660
TI  - AMA report focuses on issues. Conflict of interest.

PMID- 2896661
TI  - Mandatory CME.

PMID- 2896662
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa and rheumatic heart disease in a dog.
AB  - A 12-year-old spayed Corgi-type dog developed an acute febrile illness about 2
      weeks after excision of a subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula. The dog was
      moribund after 1 week of illness and was euthanatized. Necropsy disclosed
      uncommon lesions comparable to those of polyarteritis nodosa and rheumatic heart
      disease of human beings. The pathogenesis of the arterial and cardiac lesions was
      not established, but was consistent with that of an immune-mediated mechanism.

PMID- 2896663
TI  - Clonal origin of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive hepatic lesions induced
      by initiation-promotion in ornithine carbamoyltransferase mosaic mice.
AB  - Since the deficiency of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) is inherited as an X
      linked dominant trait in sparse-fur with abnormal skin and hair (Spf-ash) mice,
      the livers of heterozygous Spf-ash females show mosaicism in regard to OCT. We
      induced enzyme-altered foci and nodules, presumptive preneoplastic lesions for
      hepatocellular carcinomas, in the livers of OCT mosaic mice (Spf-ash x C3H F1),
      and investigated the clonality of the lesions. Simultaneous histochemical
      staining for OCT and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) demonstrated that all
      GGT-positive lesions (ranging in size from 3 cells to a few millimeters in
      diameter) were either positive or negative for OCT, and no mosaic lesions were
      detectable. The results indicate that individual enzyme-altered hepatocytic
      lesions are the result of clonal proliferation.

PMID- 2896664
TI  - The screening of cattle with potential for developing leukemia by using
      monoclonal antibody against bovine leukemia cells.
AB  - Tumor cells from cattle with enzootic bovine lymphosarcoma (EBL) have a tumor
      associated antigen (TAA) which is distinct from bovine leukemia virus (BLV)
      induced antigens. We were able to sacrifice 8 TAA-positive cattle with no
      clinical signs of EBL and to examine whether or not they had gross or
      histological tumors. At necropsy, 4 animals had tumors macroscopically. Three
      animals had no tumors histologically but had initial lesions showing follicular
      hyperplasia and had the TAA on affected lymph nodes. The remaining one showed
      medullary hyperplasia in the spleen but there were no findings of tumors. These
      results suggest that most BLV-infected cattle which are TAA-positive but have no
      clinical signs of EBL, do have tumors and have a higher potential for developing
      EBL in the future when compared to BLV-infected but TAA-negative cattle.

PMID- 2896665
TI  - Aggressive dyscontrol in patients treated with benzodiazepines.
AB  - Periodic reports have suggested that benzodiazepines may be associated with a
      loss of control over aggressive impulses. Manifestations range from irritability
      to increased verbal hostility to frank assault. After reviewing data from case
      reports, experimental studies, and incidence reports, the authors attempt to
      characterize the phenomenon, estimate the incidence of clinically adverse
      sequelae to be less than 1%, and find consistent predictive indicators lacking.

PMID- 2896666
TI  - Depressive symptoms and intellectual functioning in anxiety patients treated with
      clorazepate.
AB  - The combined data from two 1970s anxiety studies that used clorazepate and
      placebo as controls were reanalyzed statistically with a focus on intellectual
      functioning and depressive symptoms. For the 176 patients given either
      clorazepate or placebo, significant improvement was observed on the mean scores
      of the intellectual item and the depressive item of the Hamilton Rating Scale for
      Anxiety; the clorazepate group was significantly more improved than the placebo
      group. Similar results were observed in patients' self-ratings. The authors
      conclude that clorazepate is effective in treating depressive symptoms and
      improving intellectual functioning in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

PMID- 2896668
TI  - A study of prescribed H1-antihistamine preparations over a period of 12 months in
      community pharmacy.
AB  - A survey on the prescribing pattern of H1-antihistamine preparations was carried
      out in four socio-economic areas in Liverpool: the City Centre, an Affluent Area,
      a Poor area and a Council Estate. The purpose of this study was to find out which
      H1-antihistamines were prescribed from the wide range available; to discover if
      there was a trend in the use of these agents over a 12-month period and to
      suggest possible explanations for these findings. The majority of H1
      antihistamine preparations were prescribed in the Affluent Area followed by the
      City Centre, Poor Area and the Council Estate. In all four areas, over 7.0% of
      all total items dispensed in a year contained H1-antihistamine drugs, and the
      lowest use (3.7-9.2%) fell in the summer months while the highest use was in
      January (8.2-14.1% of items containing H1-antihistamine dispensed per month).
      Thus the general trend in the use of these drugs may not follow the trend of the
      hay fever season and it is probably true that H1-antihistamines were more
      frequently prescribed for treatment of other conditions (common cough and cold)
      than rhinitis alone. The most widely prescribed classes of H1-antihistamines were
      alkylamines and ethanolamines, followed by the phenothiazines and
      ethylenediamines while the piperazines were not prescribed. Triprolidine,
      diphenhydramine, promethazine and brompheniramine were the top four most widely
      prescribed drugs.

PMID- 2896667
TI  - Expression of human tyrosine hydroxylase cDNA in invertebrate cells using a
      baculovirus vector.
AB  - A human cDNA containing the complete coding sequence for a human tyrosine
      hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.2, form 2) was introduced into the genome of Autographa
      californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) downstream to the polyhedrin
      promoter. Infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells (SF9) with recombinant virus
      resulted in the expression of human tyrosine hydroxylase in these invertebrate
      cells. Characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in infected SF9 cells
      demonstrated both substrate and cofactor kinetics that were characteristic of
      those previously reported for the native human enzyme. Both 3-iodotyrosine and
      alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine competitively inhibited the recombinantly produced
      tyrosine hydroxylase with Ki values of 1.2 and 16 microM, respectively, similar
      to those previously reported for the rat and human enzymes. Western blot analysis
      of extracts of SF9 cells infected with the recombinant baculovirus containing
      human tyrosine hydroxylase cDNA revealed a major immunoreactive band with an
      apparent Mr of 60 kDa, identical to the size of the immunoreactive protein from
      rat adrenal and caudate nucleus. The use of the baculovirus expression system to
      produce abundant quantities of each of the multiple forms of active human
      tyrosine hydroxylase in eukaryotic cells should facilitate structural analysis
      and help clarify the physiological significance of each of the isoenzymes.

PMID- 2896670
TI  - Presidential messages.

PMID- 2896671
TI  - Forty-nine years of meetings of the American Academy of Dermatology: 1938 to
      1987.

PMID- 2896669
TI  - Evaluation of in vitro methods for testing ceftriaxone against anaerobic
      bacteria, including quality control guidelines.
AB  - Tests with 100 anaerobic bacterial isolates demonstrated comparability between
      ceftriaxone MICs obtained with the reference agar dilution procedure and those
      obtained with a broth microdilution susceptibility testing procedure. The
      aerobically incubated thioglycolate disk elution test was also evaluated. Six 30
      micrograms ceftriaxone disks in 5 ml of thioglycolate separated strains for which
      MICs were less than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml from those for which MICs were
      greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml (6% overall discrepancies). Quality
      control limits for ceftriaxone agar dilution tests were determined to be as
      follows: Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, 32 to 128 micrograms/ml; and
      Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741, 64 to 256 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2896672
TI  - Council on Scientific Assembly.

PMID- 2896673
TI  - The Academy's annual meeting.

PMID- 2896674
TI  - The history of the American Academy of Dermatology summer session.

PMID- 2896675
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of a bovine t-complex gene (TCP1) linkage to major
      histocompatibility genes.
AB  - Southern blot analysis of genomic cattle DNA was carried out using murine cDNA
      probes representing the Tcp-1 gene of the t complex. Excellent cross
      hybridization was obtained, and the probes apparently hybridized to at least two
      bovine TCP1 genes. Two independent restriction fragment length polymorphisms,
      each composed of two allelic variants, were detected; the inheritance of the
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms was confirmed by family data. One of
      the restriction fragment length polymorphisms, designated TCP1B, was evidently
      due to a gene duplication and was revealed with any restriction enzyme used. The
      duplication was found in three different cattle breeds investigated. Family
      segregation data indicated that TCP1B is linked to major histocompatibility
      complex genes. The result was consistent with close linkage to the major
      histocompatibility complex class II DO beta gene, whereas a fairly high
      recombination frequency was indicated between TCP1B/DO beta and other major
      histocompatibility complex genes. The result assigns TCP1B to a bovine linkage
      group previously comprising major histocompatibility complex class I and class II
      genes and blood group locus M. The similarity between this linkage group and
      parts of mouse chromosome 17 (t-H-2) and human chromosome 6 (TCP1-HLA) is
      discussed.

PMID- 2896677
TI  - Human enteroviral infections.

PMID- 2896676
TI  - Cellular and subcellular immunolocalization of L-glutamate decarboxylase in rat
      pancreatic islets.
AB  - The cellular and subcellular distribution of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the
      biosynthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was determined
      immunohistochemically in rat pancreatic islet using light and electron
      microscopic techniques. The cellular distribution of GAD was determined at the
      light microscopic level using an elution/re-staining protocol and a computerized
      digital image processing technique. At this level of resolution,
      immunofluorescent GAD was observed to be co-localized with immunofluorescent
      insulin in the islet B-cells and absent in both the A-cells, which contained
      glucagon, and the D-cells, which contained somatostatin. Subcellular localization
      of GAD was determined using an electron microscopic, colloidal gold post
      embedding protocol and was compared to insulin immunoreactivity in serial
      sections of the same B-cell. In the same islet B-cell, GAD immunoreactivity
      appeared predominantly in the extragranular cytoplasm, whereas insulin
      immunoreactivity was associated with the secretory granules. Quantitative
      analysis of GAD immunoreactivity in the B-cell revealed 15.3 +/- 1.8 gold
      particles/micron2 in the cytoplasm, 1.7 +/- 0.2 gold particles/micron2 in the
      secretory granules, and 0.4 +/- 0.4 gold particles/micron2 in the mitochondria.
      The results of this study, localization of the biosynthetic enzyme for GABA to
      the B-cell cytoplasmic compartment and its absence in the secretory granules
      which contain insulin, are compatible with the hypothesis that GABA functions as
      an intracellular mediator of B-cell activity.

PMID- 2896678
TI  - Effect of different surveillance methods on statistics of postoperative wound
      infections.
AB  - In two series of clean orthopaedic operations we studied how the rates of
      postoperative wound infections (PWIs) were influenced by four different
      surveillance methods. These methods are described and their results discussed.
      Patients in one series were treated without any collaboration with the Department
      of Infectious Diseases, whereas in the other patients were isolated and treated
      in that Department. A prospective 30-day follow-up revealed rates of
      postoperative wound infection of 3.8% and 2.7% in the two series, respectively.

PMID- 2896679
TI  - An outbreak of Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteraemia in an intermediate care
      hospital for children.
AB  - An outbreak of Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteraemia in the infant unit of a
      paediatric intermediate care hospital is described. A high attack rate of 36%
      (four of 11 patients) was found, which was of concern in a population already
      compromised by chronic illness. The use of rifampicin for all patients in the
      unit, and staff coming into contact with them, as well as general infection
      control measures, brought the outbreak to an abrupt halt. The place of rifampicin
      prophylaxis for hospital contacts of patients with systemic H. influenzae is
      discussed.

PMID- 2896680
TI  - Predictors of intraoperative bacterial contamination and postoperative infection
      in elective colorectal surgery.
AB  - This prospective study of 238 patients undergoing colorectal operations attempted
      to identify the risk factors for intraoperative bacterial contamination and
      postoperative infection. The degree of contamination was assessed by the recovery
      of Enterobacteriaceae spp. or Staphylococcus aureus in peritoneal irrigation
      fluid using dip-slides. Uni- and multivariate analyses comprised 17 parameters.
      Intraoperative contamination was strongly associated with postoperative infection
      (P less than 0.001). Abdominal drains were correlated with contamination (P =
      0.019), but not with infection. Decompressive colostomy was over-represented in
      patients with contamination (P less than 0.001) but contributed to infection
      independent of its association with contamination (P less than 0.05), as did
      advanced age (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2896681
TI  - Sources and outcome for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.
AB  - Eighty-eight episodes of MRSA septicaemia occurring in 82 patients were studied
      prospectively. In 15 episodes bacteraemia was transient, in 36 non-fatal, in 33
      fatal, while in four septicaemia was a major contributory factor in the patient's
      death. There were more patients aged over 60 years in the septicaemia groups
      compared to the transient bacteraemia group (P = 0.01), and patients with
      septicaemia were usually recently postoperative and/or suffering from severe
      underlying disease. Circulation access sites were the commonest source of the
      bacteraemic organisms with non-surgical wounds including burns, varicose ulcers
      and bed sores as the next most common. In four of the 16 burns patients, fatal
      septicaemia followed surgical debridement of infected burns. In only eight
      episodes was there no apparent source of bacteraemia.

PMID- 2896682
TI  - Epidemiological characterization of Klebsiella isolates from patients in a renal
      department.
AB  - One-hundred-and-eighteen endemic patient isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae,
      collected consecutively from clinical specimens of renal patients over a 3 1/2
      year period, were studied using biotypes and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns
      as epidemiological markers. Minor temporal clusters were demonstrable among the
      more commonly occurring biotypes and resistance types, and comprised isolates
      acquired inside and outside the renal department. Among isolates acquired in the
      department two clusters could be demonstrated, in peritoneal dialysate and
      respiratory tract specimens. Both extended over the whole observation period and
      occurred independently of the temporal clusters described above. They may have
      represented common-source outbreaks, but further elucidation was not possible
      with the data obtained.

PMID- 2896683
TI  - Antiseptic resistance in JK and other coryneforms.
AB  - Resistance to five antiseptics was compared in a group of JK coryneform isolates
      containing plasmids with resistance in cured derivatives of these isolates and in
      non-JK coryneforms. No evidence of plasmid-mediated resistance was found, but JK
      coryneforms were more resistant to some antiseptics, particularly DNA-binding
      compounds, than non-JK coryneforms.

PMID- 2896684
TI  - Recurrent peritonitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a diabetic patient
      receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - A diabetic patient treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for end
      stage renal failure had recurrent peritonitis caused by Serratia marcescens.
      Thirty-eight isolates of S. marcescens recovered over a 14-month period from
      peritoneal-dialysis effluent, catheter tips and catheter-exit sites were biotyped
      and serotyped. The finding that most (90%) of these isolates belonged to the same
      biotype and serotype suggested that the patient had relapsing infections with the
      same strain. Similar isolates were recovered from the peritoneal dialysates of
      another two patients in the same ward, neither of whom developed Serratia
      associated peritonitis.

PMID- 2896686
TI  - Epidemiology of Aeromonas species in a hospital.
AB  - The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in a hospital water supply, in patients and in
      the local community was investigated. In healthy persons outside the hospital the
      isolation rate was 3.6% and among hospital patients it was 6%. Seven per cent of
      water samples yielded Aeromonas strains. Isolates were typed by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sulphur-35 methionine labelled
      proteins of Aeromonas isolates. No relationship between water and human isolates
      could be established, even when a strain of A. hydrophila producing Vero cell
      cytotoxin contaminated enteral feeds given to patients in the intensive care
      unit.

PMID- 2896685
TI  - Influence of disposable ('Conchapak') and reusable humidifying systems on the
      incidence of ventilation pneumonia.
AB  - The contamination of disposable ('Conchapak') and reusable humidifying systems
      and their influence on the incidence of pneumonia was studied in 116 patients
      requiring continuous mechanical ventilation therapy. The water reservoirs of 11
      (15.9%) of the 69 disposable systems became colonized, but all reusable systems
      were found to be sterile. In four of the 11 samples, the organisms isolated
      corresponded with those cultured from tracheal secretions several days before.
      Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurred in 36 (31.0%) of the patients, but there
      was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of pneumonia between
      the patients treated with the disposable or the reusable humidifying systems.
      Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant organisms isolated from tracheal
      aspirates of patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. These
      results suggest that disposable humidifying systems do not influence the rate of
      ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients.

PMID- 2896687
TI  - A disinfectant delivery system for control of micro-organisms in urine collection
      bags.
AB  - We developed a formaldehyde delivery system for urine collection bags and
      evaluated its effectiveness in suppressing the growth of bacteria in simulated
      human urine. The system was composed of paraformaldehyde in a polymeric carrier.
      We determined that inoculation of small numbers of Escherichia coli and
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa in urinary bags with a continuous flow of synthetic urine
      (40-80 ml h-1) quickly gives rise to high levels of contamination. This single
      tablet delivery system, however, proved bacteriostatic or bactericidal for both
      organisms over the 10-day lifespan. The formaldehyde concentration in the
      synthetic urine was c. 90 micrograms ml-1 or more during tests.

PMID- 2896688
TI  - Infection control organization in hospitals in England and Wales, 1986. Report of
      a survey undertaken by a Hospital Infection Society working party.
AB  - Questionnaires were distributed to hospitals in order to obtain information
      regarding arrangements for infection control. Returns were obtained from 180 of
      200 (90%) health districts in England and Wales covering 95% of 'acute' and 85%
      of 'other' hospital beds listed in the Hospitals Year Book. The results
      demonstrated that some form of infection control organization was present in all
      districts, 98% had control of infection officers and 92% control of infection
      committees. The proportion of health districts with an infection control nurse
      had risen from 64% in 1979 to 89%, and the regional variation seen in 1979 was no
      longer marked. The major commitment of medical microbiologists to infection
      control was underlined.

PMID- 2896689
TI  - Epidemic multi-resistant Escherichia coli infection in south London.

PMID- 2896690
TI  - Demonstration of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections in a medical
      intensive care unit by esterase electrophoretic typing.

PMID- 2896691
TI  - 1st International Conference of the Hospital Infection Society. London, August 31
      to September 4, 1987. Proceedings.

PMID- 2896692
TI  - Staphylococcal infection in Malaysian hospitals.
AB  - Staphylococcal infection is common in Malaysian hospitals. A recent survey of 22
      Malaysian hospitals revealed that staphylococci were isolated from almost 40% of
      positive blood cultures. A more detailed analysis of such cases in our own
      hospital showed that almost 70% of Staphylococcus aureus and about 16% of
      coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates were associated with clinically
      significant disease. Staphylococcal bacteraemia was seen mainly in neonatal
      sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis,
      endocarditis and postoperative sepsis. Multiply-resistant S. aureus were
      encountered in all the hospitals surveyed. Resistance rates to penicillin ranged
      from 40% to almost 100% while methicillin resistance rates of up to 25% were
      reported from several hospitals.

PMID- 2896693
TI  - Staphylococcal infections in hospital: the Greek experience.
AB  - Resistance rates of various species to many antimicrobials are very high in
      Greece. Mean resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in 12 Athens
      hospitals in the second half of 1986 were 80% for penicillin, 32% for
      methicillin, 22% for gentamicin, 27% for erythromycin, 17% for lincomycin and 16%
      for co-trimoxazole. In a prospective study in the General Hospital of Athens from
      May to July 1987, 40 coagulase-positive staphylococcal strains were isolated from
      various materials from inpatients. Of these 78% were resistant to penicillin, 50%
      to methicillin at 37 degrees C, 62% to methicillin at 30 degrees C, 38% to
      erythromycin, 32% to tobramycin, 15% to clindamycin, 15% to fusidic acid, 9% to
      amikacin, 5% to netilmicin and 0% to vancomycin. Ten of these strains (seven
      methicillin-resistant) were responsible for severe infections and three of the
      affected patients died (two nosocomial pneumonias, one infected burn, all due to
      methicillin-resistant strains). Another 11 strains (eight methicillin-resistant)
      were responsible for mild infections. From 41 coagulase-negative staphylococci
      isolated from inpatients, seven (five methicillin-resistant) were held
      responsible for mild infections. Of the 20 patients with infections due to
      methicillin-resistant strains, nine had previously received a beta- lactam
      antibiotic. Staphylococci are not responsible, however, for a large proportion of
      infections in our hospital at the moment. High resistance rates in Greece are due
      to overuse of antibiotics, a phenomenon attributed to a consumer's society
      behaviour of doctors and patients.

PMID- 2896694
TI  - Overview of current staphylococcal problems in Poland.

PMID- 2896695
TI  - Epidemiology of resistance among gram-positive bacteria: with special reference
      to staphylococcal infections.
AB  - During the past 27-30 years the antibiotic-resistance patterns of Danish
      Staphylococcus aureus strains have changed from penicillin-, streptomycin
      resistance, to multiple-resistance ending up today with resistance to penicillin
      only. These changes have mainly been due to the introduction of different clones
      with characteristic phage-patterns and antibiotic-resistance patterns;
      respectively, the penicillin-, streptomycin-resistant strains of the 52, 52A, 80,
      81 complex; multiple-resistant strains of the 83A complex and strains of the 94,
      96 complex and of type 95 resistant to penicillin only. At the same time,
      however, changes in antibiotic-resistance pattern within the 52, 52A, 80, 81 and
      the 83A complex have taken place, and today strains of these complexes are mainly
      penicillin-resistant only or fully susceptible. Comparison of hospital-acquired
      strains with community-acquired strains proves that differences are only seen in
      periods with many resistant strains; today in Denmark these two groups have
      identical phage-patterns and antibiotic-resistance patterns. The investigations
      are based on 486412 strains isolated and phage-typed in 1960-86 and on further
      examination of 12852 strains isolated from blood.

PMID- 2896696
TI  - Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 2896697
TI  - Clinical impact of drug resistance.

PMID- 2896698
TI  - Viral hepatitis in hospitals--a clinical overview.

PMID- 2896699
TI  - Prevention of airborne fungal infection in immunocompromised patients.

PMID- 2896701
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus.

PMID- 2896700
TI  - Non A/non B hepatitis.

PMID- 2896702
TI  - Hepatitis transmission by blood products.
AB  - The main causes of hepatitis transmission by blood products are hepatitis B and
      non A non B hepatitis (NANB). A reduction in hepatitis transmission has been
      achieved by screening blood donors for hepatitis B surface antigen, but it is not
      known what the effectiveness of screening donors for raised plasma alanine
      aminotransferase levels or hepatitis B core antibody will be. Attempts to reduce
      NANB hepatitis transmission have mainly focussed on heat treatment of factor VIII
      and IX concentrations, and preliminary data suggests that under certain heating
      conditions inactivation of the NANBvims occurs. Although albuminoid preparations
      are known not to transmit hepatitis, three immunoglobulin preparations for
      intravenous administration (IV IgG) have transmitted hepatitis, suggesting that
      the inclusion of a terminal virucidal step is essential.

PMID- 2896703
TI  - Treatment of hepatitis.

PMID- 2896704
TI  - Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: a global perspective.
AB  - Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease is a worldwide problem. The lack of prospective
      surveys using sensitive diagnostic means, such as culture, has resulted in
      ignorance about the exact magnitude of the problem except at a handful of
      individual hospitals. Contaminated hospital hot water systems, cooling towers,
      and non-sterile tap water used for respiratory therapy may all cause disease.
      Culture diagnosis is the preferred method of case ascertainment, and provides
      bacterial isolates which can be used to implicate specific environmental sites
      using molecular epidemiologic techniques. Environmental culture surveys, done in
      the absence of known disease, are probably not indicated, but there remains
      concern that wards housing very high risk patients should be legionella-free. Use
      of monoclonal antibody typing of environmental isolates of L. pneumophila
      serogroup 1 may be useful in this regard, as it can possibly detect strains most
      likely to cause disease. Control of nosocomial disease requires centralized
      management and consultation by expert engineers, epidemiologists, and
      microbiologists.

PMID- 2896706
TI  - Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease--advances in diagnosis and typing.
AB  - The impact of new methodologies on the routine diagnosis of legionella pneumonia
      has been limited but the potential for advance is considerable. Antigen detection
      immunoassays have not yet reached the stage where they are used in routine
      practice. Monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used for direct
      fluorescence of bronchial aspirates. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques have
      yet to find a role in diagnosis. Serology remains the most commonly used method
      in the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. Methods of typing Legionella
      pneumophila include monoclonal antibodies and isoenzyme, plasmid and nucleic acid
      analysis. Biotyping methods have not been found to be of value. The use of
      monoclonal antibodies has permitted the comparison of clinical and environmental
      isolates and allowed the separation of serogroup 1 into subgroups of differing
      virulence. The subgroup of serogroup 1 called Pontiac is responsible for the
      majority of sporadic and epidemic legionella pneumonia in the UK. An
      internationally accepted panel of monoclonal antibodies is used to define these
      strains. The extent to which other subgroups of serogroup 1 and other serogroups
      of L. pneumophila cause disease appear to reflect their environmental prevalence.

PMID- 2896705
TI  - How to deal with a hospital outbreak of Legionnaires' disease.
AB  - The outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Glasgow Royal Infirmary is discussed
      together with the problems such an outbreak poses to the microbiologist. The
      importance of early diagnosis is stressed. The outbreak was managed by a team
      drawn up from various disciplines within the hospital. Frank daily reports to the
      press, together with regular staff meetings with staff representatives helped to
      allay public anxiety. The subsequent maintenance and monitoring of the wet
      cooling tower required for the hospital ventilation system have resulted in
      considerable additional work for the microbiology department but especially for
      the hospital engineers.

PMID- 2896707
TI  - Legionnaires' disease outbreaks--the engineering implications.

PMID- 2896708
TI  - AIDS: epidemiological lessons from the health-care setting.

PMID- 2896709
TI  - Nosocomial and other difficult infections in the immunocompromised cardiac
      transplant patient.

PMID- 2896710
TI  - Controversies about guidelines to prevent the transmission of human
      immunodeficiency virus in hospitals in Britain.
AB  - The widespread screening of donors of blood, organs and semen for HIV antibody
      has contributed greatly to the prevention of spread of HIV to patients in British
      hospitals. The chances of patients acquiring HIV from a contaminated blood
      transfusion are now estimated at less than 1 in 1 million and factor VIII for
      haemophiliacs, which is also heat treated, is now virtually always free of HIV
      contamination. However, the wider use of HIV antibody tests to identify infected
      patients and rationalize the application of additional 'inoculation risk'
      precautions, so as to protect staff, is controversial. The risks of hospital
      staff acquiring HIV following occupational exposure, without such a screening
      programme, are extremely low provided a high standard of hygiene is maintained
      and inoculation injuries are avoided. When needlestick injuries occur, involving
      HIV infected patients, the chances of transmission of HIV to hospital staff are
      less than 1 in 100. Current guidelines in Britain depend on use of additional
      inoculation precautions for patients belonging to HIV risk groups but in practice
      most of these 'risk patients' are not infected with HIV. Screening HIV antibody
      tests, preferably with consent, can help the smooth running of operating theatres
      in areas where many 'risk patients' require surgery, as extra precautions are not
      necessary for most of these patients who are HIV negative. All antenatal patients
      should be screened especially in areas of high prevalence of HIV, as this helps
      to prevent vertical transmission as well as facilitating the rational use of
      extra precautions to protect health care workers.

PMID- 2896711
TI  - The evolution of hospital infection control policies concerning AIDS: the current
      United States debate.

PMID- 2896712
TI  - How cost-effective is the present use of antiseptics?
AB  - There are no studies about cost-effectiveness of hand hygiene in the literature.
      Instead of doing studies about cost-effectiveness, investigations on how to
      convince doctors and nurses that hand hygiene is absolutely necessary, should be
      performed. Disinfection by physical methods is more cost-effective than
      disinfection by chemicals.

PMID- 2896713
TI  - Are models useful for testing hand antiseptics?

PMID- 2896714
TI  - What is in the surgeon's glove?
AB  - Three aspects of surgical hand hygiene have been studied: the attitude of the
      surgeon, the microbiology of glove changing during an operation, and the use of
      antiseptic-coated gloves together with different handwash routines. The survey
      revealed that the predominant factor in choice of agent for surgical hand hygiene
      was skin tolerance. The microbiological studies showed that 'closed' glove
      changing was to be preferred to 'open' changing, and that antiseptic-coated
      gloves further suppressed the skin flora, even after prolonged operations,
      compared to standard gloves.

PMID- 2896715
TI  - Prophylactic antibiotics in traumatic wounds.
AB  - There is well-documented evidence justifying, perhaps demanding, the obligatory
      use of early, anticipatory treatment in open fractures and in penetrating
      abdominal wounds, and equally convincing evidence that they are not indicated in
      fractures of the base of the skull with CSF leaks, in thermal injuries, or in
      simple lacerations. As far as penetrating chest wounds, and bites are concerned,
      the evidence is perhaps as yet inconclusive, but antibiotics are probably not
      indicated in these situations.

PMID- 2896716
TI  - Effects of antimicrobial prophylaxis on colonization resistance.
AB  - The effect of antimicrobial agents on the intestinal microflora of patients
      undergoing colorectal surgery was examined. Two narrow spectrum agents,
      clindamycin and aztreonam, disturbed colonization resistance. This was preserved
      with the broad spectrum compound, imipenem. Ecological effects are difficult to
      predict and clinical studies of new antibiotics should include investigations of
      their impact on the normal human intestinal flora.

PMID- 2896717
TI  - Postoperative pneumonia and urinary-tract infection: epidemiology and prevention.
AB  - Hospital-acquired pneumonias and urinary-tract infections are important causes of
      morbidity and mortality in surgical patients, and a great deal of effort has been
      expended on infection control strategies to prevent their occurrence.
      Prophylactic antibiotics, used either systemically or topically, are not
      routinely recommended for the prevention of either of these infections. The
      beneficial effects of these agents are transient, and they are often in
      association with the acquisition of colonization or infection with resistant
      bacteria. New approaches for infection control, not involving antibiotic agents,
      are being developed to lower the infection rates of both hospital-acquired
      pneumonias and urinary-tract infections to an irreducible minimum.

PMID- 2896719
TI  - Equipment-related infection risks.

PMID- 2896718
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of hospital infection: fungal infections.

PMID- 2896721
TI  - Herpes virus infections.

PMID- 2896720
TI  - Methods of reprocessing complex medical equipment.
AB  - The choice as to which of the two gaseous processes is best suited to individual
      hospital needs is a difficult one. Very few items are unable to tolerate 73
      degrees C (LTSF) and these few can withstand 37 degrees C or 55 degrees C (EO).
      Unfortunately, LTSF is a 'moist' process and sterilizers have a poor history of
      providing sterilization without modification, and consequently few are used.
      Ethylene oxide is more reliable, but environmental hazards are greater and
      running costs high. Both processes are time-consuming and the use of sporicidal
      disinfectants such as glutaraldehyde is often the only practical alternative.
      Before purchasing any gaseous sterilizer it is essential to consider throughput
      and the availability of alternative processes. It may prove sensible to share
      facilities or at least offer a regional facility. It is certainly not worthwhile
      purchasing expensive gas sterilizers for reprocessing inexpensive single-use
      items or for those that require disinfection only. Low temperature steam is safe,
      inexpensive and no special environmental provisions are necessary. It is,
      however, not a sterilization process. Disinfectants, hot water and steam will
      continue to be the only suitable methods for reprocessing items outside the
      hospital sterile supply department or disinfection unit. Concern over the
      decontamination of blood-stained instruments following use on patients with
      hepatitis B or HIV has led to an upsurge of interest in boilers and inexpensive
      bench top ovens and autoclaves. Such processes are likely to prove more effective
      than disinfectants but should heat treatment prove impractical then 2%
      glutaraldehyde or 70% alcohol may be used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896722
TI  - Equipment-related infections--national policies.

PMID- 2896723
TI  - Recent advances in the treatment of pneumonia in the intensive care unit.
AB  - The treatment of pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU) includes
      intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. In many cases, the aetiologic agent
      of infection is not clear and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens are
      commonly used. Combinations of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside agents are
      particularly popular due to the high incidence of Gram-negative bacillary and
      Staphylococcus aureus pneumonias in the hospital setting. Several new approaches
      to treatment of pneumonia in the ICU are currently being evaluated including
      single-agent empirical treatment with broad-spectrum beta-lactam agents;
      intrabronchial aminoglycoside instillation therapy; oral quinolone agents for
      treatment of Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia; and passive immune therapy.
      Conventional and experimental therapy are discussed in this report.

PMID- 2896724
TI  - Hospital infection into the 1990s.

PMID- 2896725
TI  - Selective decontamination for prevention of infection in ICU patients.

PMID- 2896727
TI  - Viral typing.
AB  - Knowing the type and subtype of viruses has often been an essential preliminary
      to good infection control. A wide variety of methods have been and are used to
      differentiate virus variants. Examples are given of how some of these biological,
      immunological and molecular techniques have been used to investigate the
      epidemiology of some common virus infections.

PMID- 2896726
TI  - Conventional typing methods.
AB  - Clinical microbiologists normally identify important isolates to the level of
      species and determine their susceptibility to antibiotics. These activities
      generate a species identification and provide some differentiation below the
      level of species in the form of a biotype and an antibiogram. Most other typing
      methods should be reserved for special studies or to investigate possible
      infection problems or outbreaks. Specialized techniques should usually be done in
      reference laboratories. These include serotyping, (complete antigenic analysis),
      bacteriophage susceptibility, and bacteriocin production or susceptibility.

PMID- 2896728
TI  - Host defence to bacterial infection in the neonate.
AB  - Host defence to bacterial infection is mainly determined by opsonins, i.e., IgG
      antibodies and complement, and phagocytic cells, which co-operate to remove
      bacterial invaders from host tissues. Various studies have clearly documented
      distinct defects in both arms of host defence in the newborn period. Chemotaxis,
      i.e., directed migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is impaired in the
      neonate. Phagocytosis of bacteria by neonatal PMN is normal, but post-phagocytic
      events, particularly metabolic activation and bacterial killing are impaired, the
      latter defect apparently due to diminished generation of reactive oxygen species.
      Both classical and alternative pathway activity of complement are mildly
      diminished (50-80% of adult values) in the term newborn, but are more severely
      decreased in the premature infant (20-40% of adult values in 28 to 36 weeks
      prematures). Opsonic activity of transplacentally-derived IgG when compared to
      maternal IgG is strikingly deficient against staphylococci and group B
      streptococci (GBS), in the latter case depending on the GBS serotype. Since
      opsonization is a key process in antibacterial defence, it is speculated that
      these opsonic defects of IgG may be an essential determinant of the neonate's
      susceptibility to disease due to these bacteria.

PMID- 2896729
TI  - Maternal screening in prevention of neonatal infections: current status and
      rationale for group B streptococcal screening.
AB  - Maternal screening--either selective or universal--is an accepted component of a
      number of strategies for prevention of congenital and perinatal infections. Using
      the results of maternal screening at prenatal visits and the presence of
      perinatal risk factors during labour, neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) early
      onset disease can be prevented by selective intrapartum chemoprophylaxis.
      Possible variations on this strategy may employ semiquantitative tests for GBS
      colonization at prenatal visits or, possibly, rapid bacterial diagnosis
      intrapartum. Based on the incidence and economic impact of GBS disease, selective
      intrapartum chemoprophylaxis appears cost-effective in United States populations,
      but may not be so in countries with lower incidence rates.

PMID- 2896730
TI  - Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a neonatal infection?

PMID- 2896731
TI  - The bacterial flora of neonates in intensive care-monitoring and manipulation.
AB  - Unlike healthy babies, newborns hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit
      (NICU) are colonized with bacterial flora that reflects their exposure to
      pathogens in the NICU, not bacterial acquired from mother in the perinatal
      period. For example, nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli, such as klebsiella,
      enterobacter, and citrobacter but not Escherichia coli tend to colonize the
      gastrointestinal tract. Colonization with Gram-negative bacilli generally is a
      prerequisite for nosocomial infection with these pathogens, but surveillance
      cultures may not be a cost effective approach to predicting which babies will
      ultimately become ill. However, screening cultures to detect the emergence of
      antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli facilitate containment and guide
      empiric antibiotic therapy, and surveillance cultures are necessary to detect
      colonized babies when nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli become epidemic in the
      NICU. Such cultures are inexpensive and easy to perform if appropriate selective
      media are used. Surveillance cultures to detect coagulase-negative staphylococci,
      which numerous investigators claim are increasingly important NICU pathogens, are
      of little value since colonization is virtually universal in the first week of
      life. Documentation of colonization with group B streptococci or Staphylococcus
      aureus also cannot be justified on a routine basis. Screening for methicillin
      resistant S. aureus, however, may be indicated since early detection of these
      strains can limit dissemination in the NICU. Research aimed at restoring
      colonization resistance with elements of normal bacterial flora or preventing
      colonization by nosocomial pathogens is in its infancy.

PMID- 2896732
TI  - Difficult streptococci.
AB  - Streptococci pose difficulties in laboratory and clinical diagnosis and in
      therapy. They are important pathogens with both potential for high mortality in
      acute infections and endocarditis, and recurrence and persistence in foreign-body
      associated infections. Prevention of serious infection and spread of infection
      pose a number of hospital problems but hospital difficulties may originate in
      community wide outbreaks which also require investigation and control. Our
      experience with septicaemia caused by Lancefield Group A streptococci, and with
      Group D streptococcal bacteraemia in liver transplant recipients are reported and
      both national and international problems with antibiotic resistant streptococci
      are reviewed.

PMID- 2896733
TI  - JK coryneforms: a continuing problem for hospital infection control.
AB  - Control of nosocomial infection is complicated by emergence of endogenous flora
      as nosocomial pathogens. The JK group of diphtheroids (coryneforms) exemplify
      this problem. Infection with these organisms is frequent in certain segments of
      the hospital population and is associated with procedures as well as drug
      therapy. A number of factors suggest that cross-infection due to JK coryneforms
      may become even more prominent in the future. Development of rational control
      measures will require attention to problems of organism definition and methods
      used for identifying cases, characterizing the patient at risk, and typing
      organisms in epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2896734
TI  - Infections with gram-negative bacilli in a cardiac surgery intensive care unit:
      the relative role of enterobacter.
AB  - A 7-month prospective survey for cefazolin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in
      cardiac surgery patients, receiving cefazolin prophylaxis, showed that 58 (67%)
      of 87 were colonized with enterobacter, 37 (64%) with citrobacter, 33 (57%) with
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and seven (2%) with Serratia marcescens. About 50% of
      colonization occurred before cefazolin prophylaxis and was present on admission
      to the intensive care unit. Typing of strains showed that horizontal transmission
      accounted for at most 14% of carriage. Cefazolin prophylaxis (and high gastric
      pH) were associated with increased levels of postoperative colonization, most
      notably for enterobacter. About 25% of colonization with enterobacter,
      pseudomonas, and serratia was followed by clinical infection. Enterobacter
      cloacae was the most common pathogen and pneumonia the most common infection.
      Infections contributed to eight of 11 deaths; four of the eight involved
      enterobacter. Potential control measures include eliminating endogenous Gram
      negative flora by gut decontamination or at least stemming the increase in level
      of colonization that occurred after surgery.

PMID- 2896736
TI  - Campylobacter jejuni infection as a hospital problem: an overview.

PMID- 2896735
TI  - Database handling for infection control and hospital epidemiology.
AB  - In 1977 the Department of Microbiology, University College Hospital, London
      introduced an integrated data processing system. The system was designed
      primarily to produce individual reports on specimens processed. Input was via
      visual display units (VDU's) using nmemonic codes. Additionally data is sorted by
      the software to provide daily, weekly, monthly and annual listings for
      epidemiological use. Listings concerning specific problem area can be produced as
      required. As computing power and data storage systems become cheaper it should be
      possible to improve upon the quality of epidemiological information available. A
      continuous surveillance system is envisaged where each day all potential
      outbreaks are displayed and help with their management is offered. Information on
      incidence of infections and changing trends (such as anti-microbial resistance
      patterns) would be instantly available in numerical and graphical form. Modern
      colour VDU's and new programming techniques would make the system especially easy
      to use by the untrained operator.

PMID- 2896737
TI  - Clostridium difficile as a nosocomial pathogen.
AB  - Patients admitted to a 19-bed floor with intermediate nursing care were studied
      for the onset of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during a six-month
      period (181 calendar days) in 1986-87. All admitted patients were reviewed weekly
      and followed after discharge from the study unit to other inpatient services.
      Multiple items in the environment of five patients' rooms were sampled
      bacteriologically for the presence of C. difficile weekly during the study
      period. Three of the rooms were selected for study because of a higher prevalence
      of C. difficile associated diarrhoea in the prior three years and two were
      selected because no cases had been discovered previously in these rooms ('control
      rooms'). Nine of 521 patients admitted to this unit developed C. difficile
      diarrhoea (1.73 cases/100 patients admitted) versus 0.30/100 patients admitted to
      all other sites in our hospital (24 of 7970 other patients). This represented
      respectively 3.91 cases per 1000 patient days on this floor versus 0.37
      patients/1000 patient days throughout the hospital. Seven of the C. difficile
      diarrhoea cases were associated with stay in the C. difficile associated rooms,
      versus two cases in the two 'control rooms'. C. difficile was isolated from the
      toilet seats, bedpan hopper, night stands or food trays. Of some 1955 cultures
      taken, only 1.9% overall were positive for C. difficile.

PMID- 2896738
TI  - The prevention and control of mycobacterial infections in hospitals.
AB  - Infections resulting from contamination of medical equipment and medications with
      opportunistic mycobacteria are reviewed and the mode of spread discussed. The
      prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients and staff, by the
      implementation of occupational health schemes, infection control policies and
      disinfection policies is also reviewed. The problems relating to
      immunocompromised patients are also discussed.

PMID- 2896740
TI  - The role of the infection control doctor.
AB  - The ideal infection control doctor would be a combination of an infectious
      disease specialist, microbiologist, epidemiologist, social worker, psychologist,
      teacher, researcher, antibiotic therapy specialist, policeman, priest, supervisor
      for housekeeping, architect, partner for the infection control nurse, and who
      should combine the qualities of Mary Poppins, Sherlock Holmes, Francis von Assisi
      and Margaret Thatcher. A new role is that of a specialist in environmental
      pollution by detergents, disinfectants and certain disposables.

PMID- 2896739
TI  - The future of infection control practitioners in the United States.

PMID- 2896741
TI  - The role of the infection control nurse.

PMID- 2896742
TI  - Infection control in developing countries.
AB  - The level of socio-political and economic development achieved by a country
      determines the quality and quantity of the health care its citizens receive.
      These factors also govern the amount of attention given to hospital-acquired
      infection. The problems of infection control in 'developing' countries include,
      first, the international problems that arise from clashes of personality and
      viewpoint among those responsible for it, exacerbated in some places by ethnic or
      religious traditions. Second are problems imposed by factors that affect the
      spectrum of infectious disease, and third is a variable deficiency of human and
      financial resources. In the search for solutions, an analysis suggests that
      nurses are particularly suited to take the lead in the prevention of infection,
      so that a special initiative directed towards their education in the rapidly
      developing science of hospital infection and its control is likely to be the most
      cost effective and appropriate initial approach. This needs to be accompanied by
      parallel improvements in the education of medical undergraduates. Anything else
      should be applied in response to measured need, and then only as money and
      manpower permit. Careful thought is required to avoid squandering scarce
      resources by applying inappropriate infection control technology.

PMID- 2896743
TI  - The emergence of fungi as major hospital pathogens.

PMID- 2896745
TI  - National surveillance programmes.

PMID- 2896744
TI  - An international survey of the prevalence of hospital-acquired infection.
AB  - The prevalence of hospital-acquired infection was measured in 47 hospitals in 14
      countries in four continents. The aim was to establish the evidence that hospital
      infection is a common and serious problem throughout the world. Using a standard
      protocol, 28,861 patients were observed by local teams of doctors and nurses in
      their own hospitals. The prevalence rates in individual hospitals varied from 3%
      to 21% (median 8.4%). The highest rates were seen on intensive care (13.3%),
      surgical (13.1%) and orthopaedic wards (11.2%). Children under the age of 1 year
      (infection prevalence 13.5%) and adults over 64 years (prevalence 12.0%) suffered
      more infection than others. In children the commonest infections were of the
      lower respiratory tract, of the skin and gastroenteritis. In the elderly, urinary
      tract infections predominated. The prevalence of postoperative wound infection in
      individual hospitals ranged from 5.2% to 34.4%, with even greater variation when
      the wounds were analysed as clean, clean-contaminated and contaminated. The micro
      organisms isolated from infected patients were similar to previous surveys:
      Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus each caused a sixth of the infections
      with positive microbiological results. When examined, 30% of patients were on
      antimicrobial drugs. Penicillin, ampicillin/amoxycillin and gentamicin were the
      commonest antibiotics used.

PMID- 2896746
TI  - The hospital environment: how clean should a hospital be?

PMID- 2896747
TI  - Segregation, collection and disposal of hospital laundry and waste.

PMID- 2896748
TI  - Pest control in hospitals.

PMID- 2896749
TI  - Aerobiology in the operating room--a review.

PMID- 2896750
TI  - Infection control during neutropenia.
AB  - The first principle of infection prevention in neutropenic patients is to ensure
      that every effort is made to prevent impairment of the host's defences or any
      disturbance of the ecological balance of the patient's microbial flora. The
      second principle is that potential or established sources of infection should be
      sought and ideally treated before any immunosuppressive therapy is instituted.
      The third principle is to define the extent to which a particular patient can be
      expected to benefit from special measures such as protective isolation, sterile
      or low-pathogen food, decontamination, granulocyte transfusions, passive or
      active immunization, or antimicrobial prophylaxis aimed at a specific micro
      organism such as Pneumocystis carinii or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A programme
      for the prevention of infections in neutropenic patients will fail if any of
      these three principles is ignored.

PMID- 2896751
TI  - Food hygiene in hospitals.
AB  - Food hygiene in British hospitals is reviewed in the context of national trends
      in food poisoning and changes in food legislation. New methods of large scale
      catering such as the cook-chill system are considered, and the safe operation of
      such a system in a typical health district is described. The application of
      current guidelines for the microbiological quality of cook-chill food is
      evaluated. The need for careful observance of these principles, together with
      appropriate microbiological surveillance of the process and the product, is
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2896752
TI  - Novel approaches to hepatitis B vaccine development.

PMID- 2896753
TI  - Prevention of varicella by vaccination.

PMID- 2896754
TI  - Impact of molecular biology on Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunization.
AB  - Persisting high mortalities from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection have led to new
      strategies for treatment. In vitro and animal studies indicate that antibodies
      against P. aeruginosa antigens increase host defense against this infectious
      agent. The most effective immunogen is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen; however,
      LPS vaccines are poorly tolerated. Furthermore, the LPS molecule does not lend
      itself well to production by genetic engineering. Pseudomonas aeruginosa protein
      antigens which might be amenable to recombinant DNA production are outer membrane
      proteins and exotoxin A, modified to decrease toxicity but maintain
      immunogenicity. Another strategy for immunization with anti-LPS P. aeruginosa
      antibodies is passive administration of either hyperimmune immunoglobulins
      (polyclonal) or monoclonal antibodies. Passive immunization offers the dual
      advantage of rapid protection or treatment and is well tolerated. Several
      monoclonal antibodies against LPS P. aeruginosa antigens have been described,
      including both murine and human types. Studies in animal models of infection
      indicate that P. aeruginosa monoclonal antibodies do protect, thus, the most
      feasible application of molecular biology to the problem of P. aeruginosa
      infection appears to be production of immunotype-specific monoclonal antibodies
      for immune therapy.

PMID- 2896755
TI  - Hantavirus infection: a new imported viral haemorrhagic fever.

PMID- 2896756
TI  - [Possible involvement of nucleotide diphosphate kinase in membrane signal
      transduction].

PMID- 2896757
TI  - Failure in generating hemopoietic stem cells is the primary cause of death from
      cytomegalovirus disease in the immunocompromised host.
AB  - We have shown in a murine model system for cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in the
      immunocompromised host that CMV infection interferes with the earliest detectable
      step in hemopoiesis, the generation of the stem cell CFU-S-I, and thereby
      prevents the autoreconstitution of bone marrow after sublethal irradiation. The
      antihemopoietic effect could not be ascribed to a direct infection of stem cells.
      The failure in hemopoiesis was prevented by adoptive transfer of antiviral CD8+ T
      lymphocytes and could be overcome by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. CD8+
      T lymphocytes and bone marrow cells both mediated survival, although only CD8+ T
      lymphocytes were able to limit virus multiplication in host tissues. We concluded
      that not the cytopathic effect of virus replication in host tissues, but the
      failure in hemopoiesis, is the primary cause of death in murine CMV disease.

PMID- 2896758
TI  - Two rare populations of mouse Thy-1lo bone marrow cells repopulate the thymus.
AB  - Two-color FACS analysis of mouse bone marrow reveals a rare population,
      comprising 0.1-0.3% of the total, that expresses low levels of the Thy-1 antigen
      but does not express any of five surface markers that characterize differentiated
      hematolymphoid cells. We demonstrate here that this fraction of mouse bone marrow
      is enormously enriched in cells that can home to the thymus and differentiate
      into mature T lymphocytes, subsequently migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs.
      Only a subset of the FACS-isolated fraction (1/90 after intrathymic injection) is
      capable of responding to the thymic microenvironment with a productive commitment
      to the T cell lineage. A second fraction of mouse bone marrow, which expresses
      how levels of Thy-1 but is also positive for at least one of five hematolymphoid
      lineage-specific markers, also contains cells that home to the thymus and
      establish colonies of thymocytes. The two fractions each contribute approximately
      equal amounts of thymic colony-forming units (CFUt) to the bone marrow, and
      together can account for at least half of the CFUt in whole bone marrow.

PMID- 2896759
TI  - Use of Chinese hamster ovary cells with altered glycosylation patterns to define
      the carbohydrate specificity of Entamoeba histolytica adhesion.
AB  - We compared the adherence of E. histolytica trophozoites with a panel of lectin
      resistant CHO mutants with altered glycosylation patterns. Our results coupled
      with data from saccharide inhibition studies indicate that terminal N
      acetyllactosamine units on Asn-linked complex type oligosaccharides provide the
      major determinants on the cellular receptor for E. histolytica adhesion.

PMID- 2896760
TI  - Effect of homoserine on growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis: inhibition of
      glutamate transport by homoserine.
AB  - Homoserine strongly inhibited growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis in medium
      containing glutamate as the sole source of nitrogen but was without effect when
      asparagine, alanine or glutamine was the sole nitrogen source. It was readily
      taken up by glutamate-grown cells, reaching an intracellular concentration of
      over 20 mM after 4 h incubation. The primary site of action of homoserine was
      deduced to be the non-competitive inhibition of glutamate transport.

PMID- 2896761
TI  - The use of biochemical markers, serotype and fimbriation in the detection of
      Escherichia coli clones.
AB  - Biochemical reactions, O and K serotypes and presence of P-fimbriae were analysed
      in 116 Escherichia coli strains isolated in blood cultures from patients with
      bacteraemia and in 99 faecal strains isolated from healthy individuals. By using
      biochemical typing, the strains could be grouped into six main clusters with
      similarity index less than 0.8 (Gower, 1971) and altogether 16 subclusters with
      similarity index 0.82-0.89. The most discriminating tests between the clusters
      were fermentation of D-tagatose, saccharose, salicin and sorbose. No single
      biochemical property could differentiate bacteraemic isolates from faecal
      strains, although strains isolated from blood were significantly more often found
      in certain subclusters, whereas other subclusters contained mainly control
      strains. Bacteraemic strains possessed P-fimbriae more often, especially strains
      isolated from patients with E. coli in the urine concomitantly with bacteraemia.
      Equally, no single reaction could separate P-fimbriated from non-P-fimbriated
      strains. D-Tagatose was fermented more often by the P-fimbriated strains; on the
      other hand, melibiose and lactose fermentation tests were less often positive.
      Certain O serotypes (O1, O4, O6, O7, O18 and O25) were more common among
      bacteraemic isolates than controls. K serotypes such as K1, K5 and K52 were also
      more frequent among blood isolates. We conclude that a combination of biochemical
      tests, fimbriation and serotyping might be used to identify potentially
      pathogenic clusters of E. coli.

PMID- 2896762
TI  - Cognitive sequelae of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Severity and location of tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms and diagnosis were
      related to neurocognitive dysfunction as measured by the Wechsler Adult
      Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale using schizophrenic and
      affective patients. Diagnosis, severity, and location of TD symptoms were related
      to cognitive dysfunction. Total symptom severity correlated significantly
      negatively with 10 of 14 WAIS scores and with four of seven Wechsler Memory
      scores in the total group with combined schizophrenic and affective patients. The
      magnitude of the relationships between TD symptom severity and cognitive deficit
      was strongly affected by the location of the symptoms and the diagnosis of the
      patient. In the total group, severity of facial TD symptoms correlated
      significantly negatively with 11 of 14 WAIS scores and with all eight memory
      scores. TD symptoms in the extremities correlated significantly negatively with
      only two WAIS and two memory scores, whereas truncal TD symptoms did not
      correlate significantly negatively with any WAIS or memory scores. Patients
      diagnosed as schizophrenic showed significant negative correlations of total TD
      symptom severity with 12 of 14 WAIS scores and with seven of eight Wechsler
      Memory Scale scores. Patients diagnosed as having affective disorder showed only
      one significant correlation between total TD symptom severity and WAIS or memory
      scores. Length of institutionalization has been found to be related to TD
      symptoms in schizophrenic but not affective patients. In the present study,
      institutionalization was negatively correlated with severity of facial TD
      symptoms but not with severity of TD symptoms of the trunk or
      extremities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896763
TI  - HTLV-I-associated meningitis.
AB  - A 69-year-old woman with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) positive
      chronic myelopathy became comatose with acute meningitis. Most of the cells in
      the cerebrospinal fluid were similar to those found in adult T-cell
      leukaemia/lymphoma, which suggests that there is a close relationship between
      HTLV-I and this form of meningitis.

PMID- 2896764
TI  - Mechanisms of long-term potentiation: EPSP/spike dissociation, intradendritic
      recordings, and glutamate sensitivity.
AB  - Synaptic efficacy is modified following a brief train of high-frequency
      stimulation (HFS) to a cell's afferent fibers (long-term potentiation; LTP). An
      alteration in the postsynaptic response to endogenous neurotransmitter, as a
      result of an increase in the number of postsynaptic receptors, has been proposed
      (Baudry and Lynch, 1980). We tested this hypothesis in the CA1 hippocampus by
      intracellularly recording the postsynaptic response to localized application of
      glutamate before and after induction of LTP. When LTP was produced, there was no
      corresponding change in neuronal sensitivity to glutamate application. These
      findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that HFS of fibers in CA1 stratum
      radiatum induces an increase in the number of postsynaptic glutamate receptors in
      CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous reports concerning LTP have indicated a
      dissociation between the degree of potentiation in the population EPSP and
      population spike. Simultaneous recordings of the CA 1 population EPSP and
      population spike in hippocampal slices confirmed that the degree of potentiation
      of the population spike was not predicted by the degree of potentiation in the
      population EPSP. Intradendritic impalements were obtained to more accurately
      assess changes in the intracellular EPSP following HFS. When the population EPSP
      was potentiated, there was also a potentiated intradendritic EPSP. When the
      population spike was potentiated following HFS, however, the intradendritic EPSP
      was often unchanged; in the same cell, there was an increased probability of
      action potential discharge to stimulation which was originally (i.e., pre-HFS)
      subthreshold for spike initiation. These results indicate that the EPSP
      (intracellular or extracellular) may be potentiated following HFS, but this
      potentiation is not a prerequisite for, or a correlation of, potentiation in the
      population spike. Furthermore, these findings suggest that LTP is composed of 2
      independent components--a synaptic component and an EPSP-to-spike coupling
      component.

PMID- 2896765
TI  - Cardiovascular function is altered by picomole injections of glutamate into rat
      medulla.
AB  - Local neural circuitry in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) involved in
      cardiovascular control was studied by injecting nanoliter volumes of excitatory
      amino acids into the structure. Experiments were performed on urethane
      anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Multibarrel micropipettes were used
      for pressure ejection of drugs or a dye for marking ejection sites. Ejected
      volumes, ranging from 200 pl to 25 nl, were directly monitored for every
      injection. Injections of as little as 200 fmol of L-glutamate in 200 pl into the
      medial and lateral NTS region rostral to the obex elicited marked, site-specific
      decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate. The majority of these responses
      were eliminated by blockade of parasympathetic and sympathetic neural outflow. At
      sites caudal to obex, in the commissural region of the NTS, L-glutamate
      injections produced marked elevations in heart rate and arterial pressure which
      were sympathetically mediated. Responses to L-glutamate were attenuated by
      concurrent injection of glutamic acid diethyl ester and DL-2-amino-4
      phosphonobutyrate, or lidocaine. These results indicate a heterogeneity in the
      spatial organization of brain-stem circuitry underlying cardiovascular control
      that has not been previously described.

PMID- 2896766
TI  - The intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord is comprised of
      target-specific subnuclei: evidence from retrograde transport studies and
      immunohistochemistry.
AB  - In this study we examined the hypothesis that the intermediolateral cell column
      (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord, the nucleus from which preganglionic
      sympathetic neurons originate, provides an anatomical substrate through which
      selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets is accomplished.
      Preganglionic sympathetic neurons of rats were retrogradely labeled by the
      simultaneous exposure of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) and the adrenal
      medulla to Fluoro-Gold and True blue, contrasting fluorescent dyes. Retrograde
      labeling from these sites revealed 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic
      neurons in IML whose distribution overlapped between segments T1 and T4. In
      regions where these 2 groups of retrogradely labeled neurons overlapped,
      sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons occupied the most lateral aspect of
      the nucleus. It was also determined whether individual retrogradely labeled
      neurons within these two groups sent axon collaterals to both the CST and adrenal
      medulla. Diamidino yellow, a fluorescent retrograde tracer dye that labels only
      nuclei, was substituted for Fluoro-Gold and used in combination with True blue to
      simultaneously label preganglionic sympathetic neurons projecting to either the
      CST or adrenal medulla. No double-labeled cell bodies were observed in spinal
      cords of rats treated in this manner. Thus it appeared that the efferent
      projections of these 2 cell populations in IML were target-specific.
      Immunohistochemical analysis of the relationship between nerve fibers in the IML
      and preganglionic sympathetic neurons was also undertaken in an attempt to
      classify further these 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Equal
      proportions of identified CST and SAP neurons appeared to be apposed by
      varicosities immunoreactive for either somatostatin or serotonin. On the other
      hand, when the comparison was based on whether oxytocin-immunoreactive
      varicosities appeared to appose these 2 populations of retrogradely labeled
      sympathetic neurons, a highly significant difference was revealed. That is,
      oxytocin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals appeared to avoid SAP neurons. Thus
      these data support the hypothesis that an anatomical substrate exists in spinal
      cord IML whereby selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets may
      be mediated. Moreover, the lack of oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities apposing
      SAP neurons in IML suggests that if the paraventricular nucleus innervates SAP
      neurons in IML, it does so via a population of neurons that do not use oxytocin
      as a neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2896767
TI  - Effect of 711389-S, a new antiarrhythmic agent, on myocardial energy metabolism
      in guinea-pigs and rats.
AB  - The effect of 711389-S, a new antiarrhythmic agent, on myocardial energy
      metabolism was investigated using anaesthetized guinea-pigs and rats. 711389-S
      elevated the adenylate energy charge and phosphorylation potential in normal
      guinea-pig myocardium. Large doses also increased the myocardial lactate content
      with ECG abnormalities. The close relationship between rate-pressure product and
      the myocardial energy state under 711389-S treatments showed the suppression of
      energy consumption due to a decrease of work output. In guinea-pigs with
      arrhythmic myocardia induced by intravenous infusion of ouabain, 711389-S
      prevented the loss of high-energy phosphate compounds and the acceleration of
      anaerobic glycolysis concomitant with the effective antiarrhythmic property. In
      ischaemic myocardium produced by ligation of the coronary artery in rats, 711389
      S suppressed the decreases of creatine phosphate, NAD+ and adenylate energy
      charge. Moreover, this agent effectively blocked the incidence of ventricular
      arrhythmias at an early stage following the ligation. In all of these actions,
      711389-S was more effective than disopyramide, which is in the same class of
      antiarrhythmics. 711389-S was concluded to be a favourable antiarrhythmic agent
      offering beneficial action against arrhythmic and ischaemic metabolic changes in
      the myocardium.

PMID- 2896768
TI  - Interaction of the anticonvulsants, denzimol and nafimidone, with liver
      cytochrome P450 in the rat.
AB  - The presence of an imidazole moiety in the chemical structure of denzimol and
      nafimidone suggested that these new anticonvulsants might interfere with
      cytochrome P450-mediated mixed function monooxygenase activities. We therefore
      investigated their ability to bind reversibly to rat liver cytochrome P450. Both
      drugs displayed a type II spectra. The Ks values of binding were 6.66 and 7.00
      mM, respectively, for denzimol and nafimidone. In other in-vitro studies the IC50
      of the inhibition caused by denzimol and nafimidone was determined on
      carbamazepine (CBZ) epoxidation and diazepam C3-hydroxylation and N1
      dealkylation. The IC50 values for CBZ epoxidation were 4.46 x 10(-7) and 2.95 x
      10(-7) M, respectively, in the presence of denzimol and nafimidone. The IC50
      values for diazepam C3-hydroxylation were 1.44 x 10(-6) and 1.00 x 10(-6) M,
      respectively, and those for N1-dealkylation 6.66 x 10(-7) and 5.95 x 10(-7) M.
      The inhibition of CBZ metabolism was also investigated ex-vivo and in-vivo after
      single oral doses (15 and/or 60 mg kg-1) of denzimol or nafimidone. Inhibition of
      CBZ-10,11-epoxidation by the two drugs was time- and dose-dependent. Further
      studies in-vivo showed that denzimol and nafimidone prolong pentobarbitone
      sleeping times indicating that both drugs bind to rat liver microsomes and are
      potent inhibitors in the rat of mixed function monooxygense activities both in
      vitro and in-vivo.

PMID- 2896769
TI  - Involvement of prostaglandin E-like material in the purgative action of rhein
      anthrone, the intraluminal active metabolite of sennosides A and B in mice.
AB  - Intracaecal administration of rhein anthrone, the intraluminally active
      metabolite of sennosides A and B, to mice quickly induced severe diarrhoea.
      Pretreatment with the prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis inhibitor, indomethacin,
      and PGE2 antagonist, SC-19220, prevented the onset of diarrhoea induced by rhein
      anthrone, but the PGE2 antagonist polyphoretin phosphate (PPP) showed only a weak
      inhibitory effect. Rhein anthrone stimulated the production of PGE-like material
      only in the colon and its large intestinal propulsive activity was depressed by
      indomethacin and SC-19220, but not by PPP which suggests that the release of PGE
      like material has some role in its purgative action.

PMID- 2896770
TI  - Pharmacological profile of new histamine H2-receptor antagonists related to
      cimetidine, ranitidine and lamtidine.
AB  - New compounds structurally related to cimetidine, ranitidine and lamtidine have
      been prepared and tested for their histamine H2-receptor blocking activity on
      guinea-pig atria, rat perfused stomach and frog isolated gastric mucosa. These
      derivatives contain as a polar group, a diaminofurazan moiety, a 3-amino-4
      methylfurazan or a 3-amino-4-phenylfurazan moiety. Ranitidine and lamtidine
      analogues display strong H2-antagonist activity in-vitro (KB on atria 0.037
      microM and 0.0039 microM, respectively) and in-vivo on the lumen-perfused stomach
      of the anaesthetized rat (ID50 0.13 mumol kg-1 and 0.023 mumol kg-1 i.v.,
      respectively). However, lamtidine analogues are ineffective in blocking the
      histamine-induced increase of H+ output in the frog isolated gastric mucosa. On
      the basis of the anomalous results in the frog, it is concluded that caution must
      be exercised in extrapolating information from amphibian to mammalian tissues
      with regard to the structure and the function of histamine receptors.

PMID- 2896771
TI  - Retention of soman in rats, guinea-pigs and marmosets: species-dependent effects
      of the soman simulator, pinacolyl dimethylphosphinate (PDP).
AB  - Whether the temporary retention of intact soman in the rat and its subsequent
      delivery from tissues into the circulation of the blood is also demonstrable in
      guinea-pigs and marmosets has been investigated as was whether the soman
      simulator PDP (pinacolyl dimethylphosphinate) prevented this retention. Electric
      eel AChE, intravenously injected 1.5 h after an intravenous soman intoxication
      into anaesthetized, atropinized and artificially ventilated guinea-pigs (150
      micrograms kg-1 soman), marmoset monkeys (100 micrograms kg-1 soman) and rats
      (330 and 172.5 micrograms kg-1 soman) lost its activity faster than enzyme
      injected in non-intoxicated animals. Electric eel AChE incubated in the presence
      of pectoralis or diaphragm muscle isolated from soman-intoxicated rats, guinea
      pigs and marmosets 0.5 or 1.5 h after the intoxication, was progressively
      inhibited, indicating that those muscles still delivered soman into the
      incubation medium. In rats, PDP (6.4 mg kg-1 i.v.) pretreatment was effective in
      preventing inhibition of intravenously injected electric eel AChE 1.5 h after
      intoxication with a high dose of soman (330 micrograms kg-1). But after
      intoxication with a low dose (172.5 micrograms kg-1), PDP pretreatment was
      ineffective in this action, however, it did lead to less soman delivery from
      muscle tissue isolated 30 min following the 172.5 micrograms kg-1 soman
      intoxication, suggesting that there was less soman in the tissue. In PDP (6.4 mg
      kg-1 i.v.)-pretreated marmosets (100 micrograms kg-1 soman) and guinea-pigs (150
      micrograms kg-1 soman), to the contrary, the trend was for the injected AChE to
      be more inhibited, whereas only slightly less soman was delivered from isolated
      muscle tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896772
TI  - Identification of 15-hydroperoxyabietic acid as a contact allergen in Portuguese
      colophony.
AB  - 15-Hydroperoxyabietic acid (15-HPA) has been isolated from Portuguese colophony
      of the gum rosin type and identified as its methyl ester. The structure of the
      compound was elucidated using UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. 15-HPA methyl
      ester was found to be an elicitor when tested in colophony-sensitized guinea
      pigs. The sensitizing capacity was verified in the same species and 15-HPA methyl
      ester was considered to be a strong allergen. The eliciting potential was also
      verified in patients with known allergy to colophony. The Portuguese gum rosin
      investigated contained approximately 1% of 15-HPA. Based on its allergenicity and
      the amounts isolated, we conclude that 15-HPA is a main contact allergen in
      Portuguese gum rosin.

PMID- 2896773
TI  - Enantiomer resolution of nefopam hydrochloride, a novel analgesic: a study by
      liquid chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy.
AB  - Nefopam, a potent analgesic, has been completely resolved into enantiomers on a
      preparative scale by low-pressure liquid chromatography on swollen,
      microcrystalline triacetylcellulose. The enantiomerically pure hydrochlorides
      were prepared from the base, and the circular dichroism spectra of the free base
      and the hydrochloride are reported.

PMID- 2896775
TI  - The inhibitory effect of liposome-encapsulated indomethacin on inflammation and
      platelet aggregation.
AB  - A comparison has been made between liposome-encapsulated and free indomethacin
      for their anti-inflammatory activities in the carrageenan paw oedema test in
      rats, and their inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine 5
      diphosphate (ADP) in-vitro. Free indomethacin, 3 mg kg-1, strongly inhibited
      carrageenan-induced oedema and a similar inhibitory activity was shown by 0.3 mg
      kg-1 of encapsulated drug. For the inhibition of platelet aggregation, the
      threshold concentration of free drug was 0.559 mM. At this concentration, at
      least 5 min incubation was needed to achieve 12.5% and 45 min for 50% inhibition.
      The inhibition was much stronger with encapsulated drug, and pre-incubation of 28
      microM encapsulated drug for 10 min with platelet-rich plasma before addition of
      ADP completely inhibited platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2896776
TI  - Evidence for a functional cholinergic deficit in human colonic tissue resected
      for constipation.
AB  - There is evidence to suggest an abnormality of the colonic myenteric plexus in
      severe chronic constipation. The present study investigates whether this
      abnormality involves functional changes in the cholinergic innervation of human
      colon. Human taenia coli muscle strips (taenia), previously incubated with
      [3H]choline to radiolabel neuronal stores of acetylcholine, were subjected to
      electrical field stimulation (1 Hz or 10 Hz, 1 ms, 480 pulses at 200 mA). The
      stimulation evoked release of tritiated material, shown previously to accurately
      represent neural [3H] acetylcholine release, was depressed in tissue from
      constipated compared with non-constipated patients. Evoked release of tritiated
      material was reduced by storage of the taenia at 4 degrees C or by increasing the
      frequency of stimulation, but increased by stimulation during incubation with
      [3H]choline. The results indicate that reduced activity of cholinergic nerves may
      occur within the bowel wall of colon removed for severe chronic constipation.

PMID- 2896774
TI  - Distribution of 7-hydroxymethotrexate in human blood.
AB  - We have examined the in-vitro distribution of 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), a
      cytotoxic metabolite of methotrexate (MTX), in human blood, and its protein
      binding in serum. The distribution of 7-OH-MTX (10(-6) M) in fresh samples of
      whole blood was studied at 37 degrees C and pH 7.51 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- s.d.), and
      its protein binding was assessed by equilibrium dialysis of serum against Krebs
      Ringer phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C and pH 7.41 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- s.d.). 7
      OH-MTX had a mean cell/plasma concentration ratio of 0.03 (range 0-0.27, n = 18).
      It was extensively bound in human serum, with a bound fraction of 90.4 +/- 3.3%
      (mean +/- s.d.) in healthy volunteers (n = 11), and significantly lower, 82.3 +/-
      4.0% (mean +/- s.d.), in hypoalbuminaemic surgical patients (n = 7). The binding
      of 7-OH-MTX was correlated with serum albumin (HSA) concentrations (r = 0.72, P
      less than 0.0007, n = 18). Blood distribution data support the contention that 7
      OH-MTX has a small volume of distribution, and HSA appears to be mainly
      responsible for the high degree of its protein binding in serum.

PMID- 2896777
TI  - Myoclonic seizures in the mouse induced by alphaxalone and related steroid
      anaesthetics.
AB  - The anaesthetic steroids alphaxalone. 5 beta-alphaxalone and pregnanolone each
      caused myoclonic jerks in mice in a dose-related manner between 4 and 16 mg kg-1
      i.v. There was no loss of righting reflex at these doses. The veterinary product
      Saffan, which contains alphaxalone and alphadalone, also caused myoclonic jerks
      at 2 mg kg-1 i.v., and a loss of righting reflex at doses of 4 mg kg-1 and above.
      These effects appear to be unrelated to the wide spectrum of potencies at the
      GABAA receptor complex of the three individual steroids as potentiators of
      muscimol, or as attenuators of picrotoxin.

PMID- 2896778
TI  - Effects of zinc sulphate on gastric mucosal blood flow and gastric emptying of
      the rat.
AB  - Zinc sulphate (50 mg kg-1 p.o.) did not modify basal gastric mucosal blood flow,
      as measured by [3H]aniline clearance, but inhibited its reduction by
      noradrenaline (3.5 micrograms kg-1 min-1). Zinc sulphate also influenced gastric
      emptying of phenol red but its effects depended upon the dose; 30 mg kg-1 caused
      no variation whereas 80 mg kg-1 induced a significant delay. The nature of both
      actions is discussed and their implications in the development and prevention of
      gastric ulceration have been analysed.

PMID- 2896779
TI  - Eudistomin derivatives, novel phosphodiesterase inhibitors: synthesis and
      relative activity.
AB  - The preparations of novel phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 8-acetoxy-5-iodo-6
      methoxypyrido[3,4-b]indole, 5,7-dibromo-6-hydroxypyrido[3,4-b]indole, 5,7
      dichloro-6-hydroxypyrido[3,4-b]-indole and 8-acetoxy-5-bromo-6-methoxypyrido[3,4
      b]indole, are described together with concentrations giving 50% inhibition
      against cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, i.e. 3 X 10(-6), 3 X 10(-6), 7 X 10(-6) and
      1 X 10(-5) M, respectively. The relative potency of these eudistomin derivatives
      is discussed in terms of the chemical structures compared with those of other
      inactive eudistomins and derivatives.

PMID- 2896780
TI  - Bunitrolol metabolism and its inhibition by cimetidine.
AB  - A simple fluorometric assay method as well as a sensitive HPLC method for
      determination of bunitrolol, a beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drug, and its 4
      hydroxylated metabolite is described. More than 90% of bunitrolol metabolized was
      accounted for by the formation of 4-hydroxybunitrolol in rat hepatic microsomes.
      Bunitrolol 4-hydroxylation required NADPH, and was inhibited by CO, proadifen and
      metyrapone, indicating that this reaction is mediated by cytochrome P450. This
      reaction was also inhibited by cimetidine competitively, and the inhibition
      constant, Ki, was 40 +/- 11.5 microM (mean +/- s.e. n = 3).

PMID- 2896781
TI  - Effects of minaprine, a novel antidepressant, on prolactin secretion in the rat.
AB  - The effect of minaprine, a novel psychotropic drug with antidepressant
      properties, on prolactin secretion has been investigated in the rat. On
      intraperitoneal administration (10 and 20 mg kg-1) it significantly decreased
      basal prolactin levels. In contrast, both haloperidol (1 mg kg-1 i.p.) and
      morphine (20 mg kg-1 i.p.) increased serum prolactin levels and daily treatment
      with oestradiol (100 micrograms kg-1 s.c.) for 4 days also elevated the levels.
      Minaprine at a dose of 20 mg kg-1 failed to antagonize the elevation of serum
      prolactin levels induced by these drugs. The results imply that minaprine may not
      exert a direct inhibitory action on prolactin secretion at the pituitary gland.

PMID- 2896783
TI  - Formation and release of [3H]acetylcholine in the rat urinary bladder strip.
AB  - The relationship between different frequencies of loading stimulation and
      [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) formation and release from nerve terminals has been
      investigated in extratrigonal strips of the urinary bladder of the rat. An
      increase in frequency (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 Hz) for the 30 min incubations with
      [3H]choline produced an enhancement of storage of [3H]ACh from 19.5 to 34% of
      total tritium content in the tissue. Higher frequencies (1.6 and 3.2 Hz) failed
      to increase storage further on. The [3H]choline content did not vary
      significantly. Electrical field stimulation at 2 Hz (360 shocks) produced a
      release of tritium. The evoked outflow was higher when the strip was loaded at
      0.8 Hz than at the other frequencies tested. Both [3H]ACh and [3H]choline were
      measured in the perfusate of strips preloaded at 0.8 Hz. Most of the induced
      outflow was found to be [3H]ACh, as in previous experiments carried out using 0.2
      Hz as a loading frequency. The findings suggest that in the rat urinary bladder
      strip loading at 0.8 Hz is suitable for increasing the formation and the
      resulting release of [3H]ACh during electrical stimulation.

PMID- 2896782
TI  - Effects of AN-132 and quinidine, antiarrhythmic agents, on plasma digoxin
      concentrations in rats.
AB  - The effects of AN-132, 3-(diisopropylaminoethyl-amino)-2',6'
      dimethylpropionanilide.2H 3PO4, on chloroform-induced arrhythmias and plasma
      digoxin concentrations have been compared with those of quinidine in rats. AN-132
      (0.01-3 mg kg-1) administered orally significantly inhibited the incidence of
      cardiac arrhythmias in a dose-related fashion. A single dose of digoxin (1 mg kg
      1) given orally for 7 consecutive days was followed, on day 8, orally by digoxin
      alone, or together with AN-132 (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1) or quinidine (25 and 50
      mg kg-1). The AUC0-24 and Cmax of plasma digoxin were enhanced significantly by
      co-administration of quinidine, but not by AN-132.

PMID- 2896784
TI  - Stereoselectivity of kappa-opiate receptor ligands in inhibiting the binding of
      [3H][3-MeHis2]thyrotrophin releasing hormone to brain membranes.
AB  - The effect of (+/-)-, (-)- and (+)-isomers of several ligands for kappa-opiate
      receptors on the binding of [3H][3-MeHis2]-thyrotrophin releasing hormone
      ([3H]MeTRH) to rat brain membranes has been determined. [3H]MeTRH bound to rat
      brain membranes at a single high affinity site with maximal binding capacity
      (Bmax) of 48 +/- 2 fmol(mg protein)-1, and an apparent dissociation constant, Kd
      of 4.6 +/- 0.2 nM. At a concentration of 2 nM, the specific binding of [3H]MeTRH
      was 12.3 +/- 0.6 fmol(mg protein)-1. The isomers of ketocyclazocine, tifluadom (1
      methyl-2-(3-thienylcarbonyl) aminomethyl-5-(2-fluorophenyl) H-2,3-dihydro-1,4
      benzodiazepine), and alpha-5,9-diethyl-2'-hydroxy-2-(3-furylmethyl)-6,7
      benzomorphan [MR 2266 (-), MR 2267 (+)] were used for interaction studies. The (
      )-isomer of each of the above drugs was more potent than the (+)-form in
      inhibiting the binding of [3H]MeTRH to brain membranes, whereas the (+/-)-forms
      had activity intermediate between (-)- and (+)-forms. The order of activity of
      kappa-ligands was tifluadom greater than MR 2266 greater than ketocyclazocine. It
      is concluded that kappa-opiate drugs inhibit the binding of [3H]MeTRH to brain
      membranes in a stereoselective manner with tifluadom being the most potent drug.

PMID- 2896786
TI  - Influence of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on the behaviour in the swim test of
      rats treated chronically with desipramine.
AB  - Chronic desipramine (DMI) administration induced a dose-dependent reduction in
      the immobility time of the swim test in rats. A combined treatment of ACTH (50 iu
      kg-1 s.c.) and DMI (5 or 10 mg kg-1 i.p.) for 7 days potentiated the anti
      immobility effect of DMI. ACTH 4-10, a fragment peptide with little
      corticotrophic activity, mimicked ACTH-induced potentiation. No stimulating
      effect on locomotor activity was observed following seven daily co
      administrations of ACTH or ACTH 4-10 and DMI (10 mg kg-1). This behavioural
      evidence indicates that ACTH potentiation involves a central mechanism and
      demonstrates a functional interaction between ACTH and DMI at the behavioural
      level.

PMID- 2896785
TI  - Structure-activity relationship of hylambatin and its fragments as studied in the
      guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - Hylambatin (Hyl), a dodecapeptide isolated from the skin of the African frog,
      Hylambates maculatus, belongs to the family of tachykinin or physalaemin-like
      peptides. Hylambatin and its 12 fragments were tested in the guinea-pig ileum
      preparation for contractile activities. All fragments except 3 had contractile
      activities. The C-terminal fragment as short as the octapeptide sequence was at
      least as active as the parent molecules. The heptapeptide fragment (Hyl6-12) and
      the hexapeptide fragment (Hyl7-12) were less active and the C-terminal
      pentapeptide fragment (Hyl8-12) and the N-terminal hexapeptide fragment (Hyl1-6)
      were much less active. The N-terminal pentapeptide fragment (Hyl1-5) and the N
      terminal fragment from which the N-terminal Asp or Asp-Pro residues were removed
      (Hyl2-6, Hyl3-6), were inactive at doses used.

PMID- 2896787
TI  - The guinea-pig trachea O-methylating system is more effective in modulating beta
      2- than beta 1-adrenoceptor-mediated responses to isoprenaline.
AB  - Assuming that responses of the guinea-pig trachea to isoprenaline in the presence
      of atenolol (10 mumol L-1) are exclusively, or at least predominantly, beta 2
      adrenoceptor mediated and that responses to isoprenaline in the presence of ICI
      118,551 (erythro-DL-1(7-methylindan-4-yloxyl)-3-isopropylaminobut an-2-ol) (1
      nmol L-1) are exclusively, or at least predominantly beta 1-adrenoceptor
      mediated, the influence of inhibition of COMT by U-0521 (dehydroxy-2-methyl
      propiophenone) (50 mumol L-1) has been compared in both conditions. U-0521
      enhanced beta 2-adrenoceptor mediated responses to isoprenaline 3.3-fold, while
      those mediated by beta 1-adrenoceptors were enhanced only 2.2-fold. It is
      concluded that in guinea-pig trachea COMT activity is functionally more effective
      in modulating responses which are mediated by beta 2-adrenoceptors than responses
      mediated by beta 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2896788
TI  - The discrimination between human, porcine and bovine insulin with 1H NMR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - The 1H- and 1H-1H correlation (COSY) NMR spectra of human, porcine and bovine
      insulin have been recorded. The 1.1-1.5 ppm regions of these spectra show the
      methyl signals of the alanine and threonine residues. The number of alanines and
      threonines differs for the three insulins and thus allows an easy discrimination
      with NMR.

PMID- 2896789
TI  - Antidiarrhoeal activity of bisnordihydrotoxiferine isolated from the root bark of
      Strychnos trinervis (Vell.) Mart. (Loganiaceae).
AB  - Bisnordihydrotoxiferine, a dimeric tertiary indole alkaloid obtained from the
      root bark of Strychnos trinervis (Vell.) Mart. (Loganiaceae), inhibited normal
      defaecation and castor oil, arachidonic acid, and magnesium sulphate-induced
      diarrhoea on intraperitoneal administration in mice. The effect may be related to
      the ability of the compound to decrease normal and castor oil-stimulated gastric
      emptying, small intestinal transit and water and electrolyte accumulation, and
      inhibition of normal colonic transit. As prostaglandins are involved in
      gastrointestinal functions, inhibition of their synthesis is likely to contribute
      to the anticathartic activity, which has never been reported before for an indole
      alkaloid.

PMID- 2896790
TI  - The structure of phenindamine base and salts in the solute state.
AB  - High-field NMR (13C and 1H) studies of phenindamine are reported which establish
      structures of the free base and some of its salts in the solute condition. The
      base exists as a mixture of two isomers which differ in double bond position (9
      9a or 4a-9a) while most salts are 9-9a isomers. The clinically employed tartrate
      (Thephorin) is exceptional in being a 4a-9a ene. Salts of both double bond type
      exist in solution as mixtures of protonated epimers of variable epimeric ratio,
      that of the tartrate in D2O being approximately 1:1.

PMID- 2896791
TI  - Pulmonary clearance of vasoactive drugs: N-oxidation of SK&F 86466 in the
      isolated perfused rat lung.
AB  - The contribution of the lung to the systemic clearance of the alpha receptor
      antagonist SK&F 86466 in rats was determined using the isolated perfused rat
      lung. Lungs were perfused with a blood-free medium containing SK&F 86466 at
      initial concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 5.1 microM at a flow rate of 104
      ml/min. During the perfusion the concentration of SK&F 86466 in the perfusion
      medium declined monoexponentially. The half-life (8.0 +/- 1.8 min), steady state
      volume of distribution (205 +/- 16 ml), clearance (18.3 +/- 2.4 mL/min) and
      extraction ratio (0.18 +/- 0.02) were independent of the initial concentration of
      SK&F 86466. The free fraction of SK&F 86466 in the perfusion medium, determined
      by equilibrium dialysis, was 0.598. The average intrinsic clearance of SK&F 86466
      in the lung, calculated using the flow rate, free fraction and clearance, was
      37.4 ml/min. The concentration of the N-oxide metabolite of SK&F 86466 (SK&F
      102102) in the perfusion medium increased with time, and at the end of the
      perfusion was approximately equal to the initial concentration of SK&F 86466. The
      pharmacokinetics of SK&F 86488 in lungs from rats pretreated with the suicide
      substrate inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 1-aminobenzotriazole were identical to
      the kinetics in lungs from control animals. The pretreatment regimen used reduced
      the activity of ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase in lung microsomes by 70% and reduced
      P-450 content to below the limit of detection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896792
TI  - Antihistaminic and antimuscarinic effects of amitriptyline on guinea pig ileal
      electrolyte transport and muscle contractility in vitro.
AB  - Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, was tested for antimuscarinic and
      antihistamine effects against bethanechol and histamine-stimulated contractility
      and secretion in the guinea pig ileum in vitro. Comparisons were made with
      muscarinic-receptor antagonists, as well as with H1 and H2 histamine-receptor
      antagonists. Amitriptyline (0.01-5.0 microM) produced a parallel rightward shift
      in the concentration-response curves to histamine in muscle (Ki 0.4 nM) and
      mucosa (Ki 450 nM). The H1-receptor antagonists pyrilamine and diphenhydramine
      were less potent against histamine in the muscle and more potent against
      histamine in the mucosa than was amitriptyline. The H2-receptor antagonist
      cimetidine was ineffective in the muscle and mucosa. Amitriptyline (0.1-2 microM)
      also produced a parallel rightward shift in the concentration-response curve to
      bethanechol in muscle (Ki 133 nM) and mucosa (Ki 143 nM). Against bethanechol, in
      both tissues, atropine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl piperidine methiodide were
      more potent competitive antagonists than was amitriptyline. Pirenzepine produced
      a competitive blockade of bethanechol in the muscle and a noncompetitive blockade
      in the mucosa. The data indicate that amitriptyline exerts more potent
      antihistaminic effects on guinea pig ileal muscle than the mucosa but that the
      tricyclic drug is equipotent as an antimuscarinic in both tissues.

PMID- 2896793
TI  - Behavioral effects of histamine H1 antagonists: comparison with other drugs and
      modification by haloperidol.
AB  - The behavioral effects of several histamine H1 antagonists were compared in
      groups of squirrel monkeys trained to respond under fixed-interval schedules
      involving response-produced shock or termination of a stimulus associated with
      shock. Low to intermediate doses of the conventional H1 antagonists
      chlorpheniramine (up to 3.0 mg/kg), diphenhydramine (up to 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg),
      pyrilamine (up to 3.0 mg/kg) and tripelennamine (up to 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) produced
      dose-related increases in response rate under all conditions in which they were
      studied; higher doses either increased responding less or decreased it. In
      contrast, a wide range of doses of the novel H1 antagonists AHR 11325 (1.0-30.0
      mg/kg), astemizole (up to 10.0 mg/kg) and loratadine (up to 17.0 mg/kg) usually
      had little effect on responding, although decreases in response rate accompanied
      by emesis were observed after the highest doses in some monkeys. Other H1
      antagonists including phenindamine (0.03-17.0 mg/kg), promethazine (0.03-5.6
      mg/kg) and terfenadine (0.1-10.0 mg/kg) had different effects in individual
      subjects (i.e., dose-related increases in response rate in some monkeys and
      either little change or dose-related decreases in responding in other monkeys).
      The dopamine uptake inhibitors cocaine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) and bupropion (0.1-10.0
      mg/kg) had behavioral effects similar to those of chlorpheniramine,
      diphenhydramine, pyrilamine and tripelennamine, whereas the muscarinic antagonist
      atropine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine/5-hydroxytryptamine
      antagonist cyproheptadine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor
      desmethylimipramine (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (0.3-30.0
      mg/kg) produced only dose-related decreases in response rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2896794
TI  - Tetrazepam: a benzodiazepine which dissociates sedation from other benzodiazepine
      activities. I. Psychopharmacological profile in rodents.
AB  - In the 1,4-benzodiazepine (BZD) series the nature of the C(5) substituent is
      critical for activity. In tetrazepam this substituent is a cyclohexenyl ring, in
      all other clinically effective 1,4-BZD derivatives it is a phenyl ring. The
      activities of tetrazepam and diazepam, whose chemical structures differ only by
      the nature of the C(5) substituent, were compared in rodent models which are
      predictive of anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative effects.
      In mice, tetrazepam and diazepam antagonized pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced
      seizures, increased novel food consumption, decreased rearing behavior in the
      Staircase test and impaired performance in the Traction test. The effects of both
      drugs were abolished by Ro 15-1788. In rats, both drugs antagonized PTZ-induced
      seizures, released punished responding in an approach-avoidance conflict
      procedure and blocked the PTZ discriminative cue. In mice and rats, and with both
      BZDs, maximal activity occurred 15 to 30 min after drug administration. In mice
      and rats, the overall anxiolytic and muscle relaxant potencies of tetrazepam were
      one-fourth and one-sixth those of diazepam, respectively. The anticonvulsant
      potency of tetrazepam varied from one-half (rats) to one-twentieth (mice) that of
      diazepam. In rats and mice, the sedative potency of tetrazepam (Rotorod test;
      locomotor activity) was approximately one-sixteenth that of diazepam. Finally,
      tetrazepam induced a loss of righting reflex in mice, with an ED50 value which
      was approximately 70-times greater than that of diazepam. It is concluded that
      replacing the 5-phenyl ring by a 5-cyclohexenyl ring leads to a relative
      dissociation of the pharmacological actions of the 1,4-BZDs.

PMID- 2896795
TI  - Tetrazepam: a benzodiazepine which dissociates sedation from other benzodiazepine
      activities. II. In vitro and in vivo interactions with benzodiazepine binding
      sites.
AB  - Tetrazepam is a 1,4-benzodiazepine (BZD) derivative which, in rodents, appears to
      have very little sedative and ataxic effects. In an attempt to identify the
      molecular mechanisms underlying this particular pharmacological profile we
      examined the interaction of tetrazepam with BZD binding sites. Tetrazepam
      interacted competitively with "central" and "peripheral" BZD binding sites and
      exhibited comparable affinities for both sites. Tetrazepam was approximately one
      seventh as potent as diazepam at the central receptor and as potent as diazepam
      at the peripheral binding site. Tetrazepam did not distinguish type I from type
      II central BZD receptors, as evidenced by comparable affinities for the
      cerebellar and hippocampal receptors. In vitro autoradiographic studies showed
      that tetrazepam displaced [3H]flunitrazepam from rat brain membranes without any
      clear regional specificity. Like all BZD receptor agonists, tetrazepam exhibited
      a gamma-aminobutyric acid shift, a photoaffinity shift and potentiated the
      binding of 35S-t-butyl-bicyclophosphorothionate to rat brain membranes. However,
      the latter effect was observed at relatively high concentrations of tetrazepam.
      In vivo, tetrazepam displaced specifically bound [3H]flunitrazepam from mouse
      brain (ID50, 37 mg/kg p.o. vs 3.5 mg/kg p.o. for diazepam) and from mouse kidney
      (ID50, 38 mg/kg p.o. vs. 21 mg/kg p.o. for diazepam). It is concluded that
      tetrazepam is a BZD receptor agonist; the molecular mechanisms which underly the
      low sedative potential of the drug cannot at present be explained by a particular
      interaction with either central or peripheral BZD binding sites, but may be
      related to the drug's relatively weak effect on 35S-t-butyl
      bicyclophosphorothionate binding.

PMID- 2896796
TI  - Hay fever treatments--which should be tried first?
AB  - A series of comparative trials on nine popular and pharmacologically distinct
      regimens for the treatment of hay fever was undertaken in the course of normal
      general practice in the pollen seasons of 1981-83. One hundred and forty doctors
      recruited 640 patients to assess the overall usefulness of the treatments on
      daily diaries. ;Usefulness' was scored on a linear analogue scale weighing up the
      degree of hay fever symptoms during treatment, side effects and ease of use of
      the preparation.The regimen with the highest overall usefulness score was
      beclomethasone diproprionate with sodium cromoglycate eye drops (Beconase and
      Opticrom). Although the score was not significantly higher than those for
      methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrone), astemizole (Hismanal) or terfenadine
      (Triludan), Beconase/Opticrom scored significantly better than mequitazine
      (Primalan), chlorpheniramine maleate (Piriton), sodium cromoglycate nasal
      insufflation with xylometazoline/antazoline eye drops (Rynacrom and Otrivine
      Antistin) and azatadine maleate (Optimine). Beconase/Opticrom was first in rank
      order with respect to all the other regimens for the treatment of both mild and
      severe hay fever. Dimethothiazine (Banistyl), also shown to be useful, has since
      been withdrawn from prescription.

PMID- 2896797
TI  - Long-term benzodiazepine use.

PMID- 2896798
TI  - Martsolf's syndrome in a non-Jewish boy.
AB  - Martsolf's syndrome has been described in Jewish people. We describe a patient of
      non-Jewish ancestry who has minor differences from other patients. The possible
      pattern of inheritance is discussed.

PMID- 2896799
TI  - Meeting highlights: William Guy Forbeck Foundation think tank on "multidrug
      resistance in cancer chemotherapy".

PMID- 2896800
TI  - Electrophoretic analysis of P-glycoproteins produced by mouse J774.2 and Chinese
      hamster ovary multidrug-resistant cells.
AB  - P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a fundamental role in multidrug resistance. The
      quantity of P-gp relates to the degree of drug resistance. A comparison was made
      between P-gps in mouse and hamster cell lines in both Laemmli and modified
      Fairbanks gel systems. Both proteins are derived from precursors of similar size
      that undergo differential N-linked glycosylation. The electrophoretic mobility
      and the amount of P-gp are remarkably dependent on the conditions of analysis.
      Notably, boiling P-gp before Laemmli gel electrophoresis decreases its mobility
      by an amount that is equivalent to approximately equal to 15 kDa and results in
      an apparent diminution in the amount of protein. The latter effect can give a
      false impression concerning the quantity of P-gp in cells.

PMID- 2896801
TI  - Glutamate and kainate effects on the noradrenergic neurons innervating the rat
      vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of glutamate on the noradrenergic innervation of the rat vas deferens
      have been investigated. Administration of a single dose of kainate (50
      micrograms) to the peripheral noradrenergic ganglia innervating the vas deferens
      induced a time-dependent decrease of norepinephrine in the organ; after 10 days
      the norepinephrine concentration had fallen to 35% of control values. This effect
      was accompanied by a 70% decrease in the potassium-induced release of recently
      incorporated 3H-norepinephrine. Concomitantly, postsynaptic hypersensitivity to
      both norepinephrine and dopamine appeared. The finding that adrenergic ganglia
      possess high-affinity glutamate binding sites suggests that the effect of kainate
      may be ascribed to glutamate receptors present on the perikarya of the
      noradrenergic neurons. It is concluded that noradrenergic neurons of the vas
      deferens are under glutamatergic control and that this might be important in the
      motor control of the organ.

PMID- 2896802
TI  - Togavirus-associated pathologic changes in the midgut of a natural mosquito
      vector.
AB  - Arthropod-borne viruses were not previously believed to cause discernible
      pathologic changes in their natural mosquito vectors. We report cytopathologic
      lesions in the midgut of the mosquito, Culiseta melanura, 2 to 5 days after oral
      infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Sloughing of densely
      staining, heavily infected epithelial cells into the midgut lumen was observed by
      light and transmission electron microscopy, along with degeneration of cells
      within the epithelium. Pathological changes in midgut epithelial cells sometimes
      included loss of brush border and basal lamina integrity. Disruption of the
      midgut basal lamina could result in bypassing of barriers to virus dissemination
      within the mosquito and allow rapid transmission to occur. Alternatively, luminal
      sloughing of heavily infected midgut epithelial cells may serve to modulate
      mosquito infections. These findings challenge previous beliefs regarding the
      benign nature of arbovirus-invertebrate host relationships.

PMID- 2896803
TI  - [HBV, HIV and HTLV-I infection control by medical technologists].

PMID- 2896804
TI  - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymorphism in the apolipoprotein AI gene: a study
      in a Japanese population.
AB  - A Japanese group comprising 54 hyperlipidemic and 73 normolipidemic subjects were
      genotyped for DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the apoAI
      CIII gene locus. The polymorphisms with Sstl were present at allelic frequencies
      of 0.63 (S1 allele) and 0.37 (S2 allele). Unlike the previously reported
      associations of the S2 allele with hypertriglycedemia found in Caucasians there
      was no difference in the frequency of S2 allele between normolipidemic and
      hyperlipidemic Japanese subjects. No significant association of genotypes were
      observed with serum levels of lipids and apolipoproteins, except for the
      association of the S2 allele with the higher mean level of HDL-cholesterol. In
      addition, among 26 patients who had coronary artery disease (CAD), as documented
      by angiography, there was no significant difference in the distribution of
      polymorphic alleles between CAD patients and normolipidemic control subjects.

PMID- 2896805
TI  - Augmentation and inhibition of beta-adrenergic agonists-stimulated tissue cyclic
      AMP accumulation by alpha-adrenergic agonists in rat parotid gland.
AB  - It was found that phenylephrine and methoxamine had two effects (one was
      inhibitory and the other was augmentative) on isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP
      in rat parotid slices. The augmentation was abolished by alpha-adrenergic
      antagonists or by omission of calcium in the medium. Cyclic AMP accumulation by
      norepinephrine (NE) was significantly decreased by omission of calcium in the
      medium. Calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine and W-7, decreased NE-induced
      cyclic AMP accumulation, but another calmodulin antagonist, carmidazolium, did
      not. Phorbol ester such as 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate and phorbol
      12, 13-dibutyrate, did not augment the effect of isoproterenol. These results
      suggest that although the influx of calcium is required in the alpha-adrenergic
      agonists-induced augmentation, calmodulin and protein kinase C may not be
      intermediates in this process. Calcium ions (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) slightly
      increased the activity of adenylate cyclase, but calcium (10(-6)-10(-4) M) dose
      dependently inhibited the effect of isoproterenol. Therefore, calcium ions do not
      participate in the augmentation by directly modulating the activity of adenylate
      cyclase. The inhibitory effect was not affected by alpha-adrenergic antagonists.
      The activation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol was inhibited by
      phenylephrine with higher inhibition being obtained in lower concentrations of
      isoproterenol. Phenylephrine in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine increased
      the amount of cyclic AMP and this effect was inhibited by propranolol, but not by
      phentolamine. [3H]-CGP 12177 binding of the parotid membrane was inhibited by
      alpha-adrenergic antagonists. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of
      phenylephrine and methoxamine may be mediated by beta-adrenergic receptor.

PMID- 2896806
TI  - The effect of H2-receptor antagonists on antipyrine and pentobarbital metabolism
      in male and female rats.
AB  - Pretreatment of male and female rats with cimetidine decreased the amount of 3
      hydroxymethylantipyrine in the 24-hr urine, but urinary antipyrine and 4
      hydroxyantipyrine were increased compared to that of the corresponding control
      rats. On the other hand, the amount of norantipyrine and the total amount of
      antipyrine and its metabolites were not changed by cimetidine, ranitidine and
      famotidine. These data suggest that ranitidine and famotidine have little effect
      on the microsomal mixed function oxidase system in male and female rats.

PMID- 2896807
TI  - Effect of N-N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine pretreatment on urinary enzyme
      excretion in cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats.
AB  - Two days after cisplatin was injected into rats, urinary N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP) activities
      increased. The urinary excretion of NAG continued to rise until 4 days after the
      injection of cisplatin, the last day examined. However, the increase in urinary
      gamma-GTP excretion which lasted for 2 days returned to its control level 4 days
      after cisplatin injection. The alkaline phosphatase activity in urine was
      unaffected by cisplatin injections. The antioxidant N-N'-diphenyl-p
      phenylenediamine attenuated these increases in enzyme activities caused by
      cisplatin. The results of this study suggest that monitoring the change in
      urinary activities of some enzymes is the method of choice for detecting
      cisplatin nephrotoxicity and that the increase may involve the generation of free
      radicals by cisplatin.

PMID- 2896808
TI  - Plasma growth hormone-releasing hormone levels in type 1 (insulin-dependent)
      diabetic children following a mixed meal.
AB  - Following a mixed meal, plasma hormone responses were measured in four type 1
      diabetic children and in eight short normal children. Between 60 and 150 min
      after ingestion of the mixed meal there was a significant increase in circulating
      growth hormone-releasing hormone values both in diabetic and in normal children.
      Mean plasma GHRH peak values were not different between diabetic patients (27.0
      +/- 3.9 ng/l) and controls (24.6 +/- 4.9 ng/l). No time relationship to
      spontaneous growth hormone peaks was observed. Whereas normal children showed a
      characteristic biphasic plasma somatostatin response, somatostatin plasma levels
      in diabetic children did not change. In normal children plasma insulin values
      increased between 30 and 150 min, but remained unchanged in type 1 diabetic
      patients. Blood glucose response was more pronounced in diabetic children than in
      short normal children. These results indicate that circulating growth hormone
      releasing hormone does not play a dominant role in the regulation of insulin and
      somatostatin.

PMID- 2896809
TI  - Spreading depression and central nervous system pharmacology.
AB  - Spreading depression is a reversible response of brain tissue to a local insult.
      It has been postulated to be the physiological substrate for the aura phase of
      classic migraine. The properties and mechanisms of spreading depression were
      studied in the parietal neocortex of the alfentanil-anesthesized rat, by using a
      cup electrode that provided close control of the electrical stimulus while
      allowing specific ion (K+) and potential recordings to be made directly beneath
      the cathode, the region of origin of the stimulus-induced spreading depression.
      Cathodal stimulation caused the extracellular K+ concentration to rise, and
      spreading depressions were observed when this concentration exceeded 8-12 mM in
      the upper 100-200 microns of cortex. In some experiments extracellular [K+]
      continued to increase for 5-10 sec after termination of the stimulus, without
      detectable after-discharge in the potential record, before subsiding. While
      spreading depression could easily be induced by pressure on the cortex, local
      damage incidental to opening the dura rarely induced spreading depression. This
      suggests that a local (1-mm2) neurovascular injury is not likely to induce
      spreading depression--at least in normal cortex--and so is probably not the
      source of the spreading depression postulated to generate the aura of classic
      migraine. Mechanisms of spreading depression, and drugs that influence spreading
      depression, are reviewed, and possible uses of spreading depression in the
      pharmacology of the central nervous system are considered.

PMID- 2896810
TI  - Survival in acute myeloblastic leukemia is not prolonged by remission maintenance
      or early reinduction chemotherapy. The Toronto Leukemia Study Group.
AB  - A role for post-induction chemotherapy for adult patients with acute myeloblastic
      leukemia in remission has not been established. We have studied 125 patients with
      acute myeloblastic leukemia in complete remission to determine the effect on
      survival of remission maintenance therapy and of early reinduction therapy given
      at the time of predicted imminent relapse. Following remission induction with 6
      thioguanine, cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin (TAD), all patients received
      consolidation therapy with these same three drugs. Forty-three patients were
      randomized to arm A, continuing chemotherapy; 40 patients were randomized to arm
      B, no further chemotherapy until morphological relapse; and 42 patients were
      randomized to arm C, no further chemotherapy until an increase in myeloblast
      associated antigens was detected in bone marrow by means of antimyeloblast
      heteroantisera. The median durations of complete remission, age adjusted, for the
      three groups are not significantly different: 15.7 months for group A, 16.2
      months for group B and 14.1 months for group C. The age adjusted median survivals
      for the three groups are also not significantly different: 17.6 months for group
      A, 21.8 months for group B and 18.8 months for group C. Quality of life was
      determined to be superior for patients having no further maintenance therapy
      (arms B and C). We conclude that our patients receiving induction and
      consolidation therapy with TAD did not benefit from remission maintenance or
      early reinduction chemotherapy, and had an improved quality of life if no
      maintenance therapy was given.

PMID- 2896811
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of cyclosporin.

PMID- 2896812
TI  - Cannabis and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2896813
TI  - Conservative management of prostate cancer.

PMID- 2896814
TI  - Hypertension in diabetes.

PMID- 2896815
TI  - Campylobacter pylori urease: a new serological test.

PMID- 2896816
TI  - Osteoporosis.

PMID- 2896817
TI  - Failure of both insulin-delivery system and ward-based blood glucose assessment.

PMID- 2896818
TI  - Renal replacement therapy for diabetics.

PMID- 2896819
TI  - Safety of "topical" lignocaine.

PMID- 2896820
TI  - Dicyclomine for idiopathic dyspepsia.

PMID- 2896821
TI  - Direct intraperitoneal insemination.

PMID- 2896822
TI  - Symptomatic Chlamydia psittaci reinfection.

PMID- 2896823
TI  - A baby's life or a mother's liberty: a United States case.

PMID- 2896825
TI  - No neuropsychological abnormalities in healthy HIV-positive people.

PMID- 2896824
TI  - National Institute of Communicable Diseases.

PMID- 2896826
TI  - Placebo-controlled trial of two acellular pertussis vaccines in Sweden-
      protective efficacy and adverse events. Ad Hoc Group for the Study of Pertussis
      Vaccines.
AB  - 3801 children aged 5-11 months were entered into a blind placebo-controlled trial
      of pertussis vaccine. 954 were randomised to receive placebo (vaccine solvent),
      1419 to receive a two-component vaccine containing formaldehyde detoxified
      lymphocytosis promoting factor (LPF) and filamentous haemagglutinin, and 1428 to
      receive an LPF-toxoid vaccine. After 7-13 weeks 3724 infants received a second
      dose. Immediate side-effects were mild. Small local reactions occurred more often
      in the vaccinated infants than in those who received placebo, especially after
      the second dose of the two-component vaccine. During 15 months of follow-up from
      30 days after the second dose, culture-confirmed whooping cough (cough and a
      positive culture of Bordetella pertussis) occurred in 40 placebo, 27 LPF-toxoid
      vaccine, and 18 two-component vaccine recipients. The point estimate of
      protective efficacy was 54% (95% confidence intervals 26-72%) for the LPF-toxoid
      vaccine and 69% (47-82) for the two-component vaccine; protection against culture
      confirmed whooping cough of over 30 days duration was 80% (59-91%) and 79% (57
      90%), respectively.

PMID- 2896827
TI  - Epithelioid haemangioma-like vascular proliferation in AIDS: manifestation of cat
      scratch disease bacillus infection?
AB  - Papular and nodular skin lesions that clinically resembled Kaposi sarcoma, but
      histologically showed a distinct epithelioid haemangioma-like appearance, were
      noted in seven patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clusters of
      bacteria that had the structure of gram-negative rods were identified within each
      of the vascular proliferations by electron microscopy. The bacteria did not stain
      with the Brown-Brenn, acid-fast, or other histochemical stains for infectious
      organisms, but did stain with Warthin-Starry--ie, the staining profile was that
      described for the cat scratch disease (CSD) bacillus. Immunoperoxidase staining,
      using antisera raised in rabbits against cultured CSD bacillus, showed a positive
      reaction with the bacterium in all five cases tested. The two surviving patients
      have both given histories of having been scratched by a cat. In several patients,
      the vascular lesions regressed after therapy with antibiotics appropriate for CSD
      bacillus infection.

PMID- 2896828
TI  - Effects of dose and strain of vaccine on success of measles vaccination of
      infants aged 4-5 months.
AB  - Small-scale trials of the Edmonston-Zagreb (E-Z) measles vaccine were undertaken
      to determine the dose necessary to immunise 4-6-month-old infants. Antibody
      responses, measured 16 weeks after vaccination, were dose dependent: 40,000
      plaque forming units given subcutaneously resulted in positive responses in all
      infants and higher antibody levels than doses of 20,000 or 10,000 units (10,000
      units gave a failure rate of 25%). In further trials the E-Z vaccine was compared
      with the Schwarz vaccine, both being given in subcutaneous doses of 40,000 plaque
      forming units. In infants aged 20 weeks the E-Z vaccine produced higher levels of
      measles antibody and in those aged 18 weeks its superiority showed in a lower
      proportion failing to respond (3 of 39 versus 19 of 35).

PMID- 2896829
TI  - Galactosylation of IgG associated oligosaccharides: reduction in patients with
      adult and juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis and relation to disease activity.
AB  - The prevalence of agalactosyl N-linked oligosaccharides on serum IgG was
      determined for patients with juvenile onset and with adult rheumatoid arthritis.
      A significant difference in the prevalence of these structures from age matched
      controls was found in both types of arthritis. In patients with adult onset
      rheumatoid arthritis, the results showed a strong correlation between the
      prevalence of IgG-associated agalactosyl oligosaccharides and disease activity. A
      correlation between disease activity and agalactosyl structures was also seen in
      a retrospective analysis of serial IgG samples from patients with juvenile onset
      disease. The finding that childhood onset arthritis and adult rheumatoid
      arthritis share a defect of glycosylation of serum IgG suggests that there may be
      a greater similarity between these two varieties of rheumatoid arthritis than has
      been hitherto considered. The observation that the incidence of agalactosyl
      oligosaccharides on IgG fluctuates with disease activity provides indirect
      evidence for a seminal role for this change of glycosylation in the inflammatory
      process which, in rheumatoid arthritis, is focused on the synovial tissues and
      results in bone erosions and joint destruction.

PMID- 2896831
TI  - The Y chromosome and sex determination.

PMID- 2896830
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor as an autocrine tumour growth factor for chronic B-cell
      malignancies.
AB  - Recombinant tumour necrosis factor (TNF) promotes survival and induces
      proliferation in the tumour cells from two malignancies of B lymphocytes--hairy
      cell leukaemia and B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Culture with TNF also induces
      TNF mRNA and protein, so the cytokine may act as an autocrine tumour growth
      factor. These growth promoting effects are antagonised by alpha but not by gamma
      interferon.

PMID- 2896832
TI  - TWAR--Chlamydia in a new guise?

PMID- 2896833
TI  - Present day practice in infant feeding.

PMID- 2896834
TI  - Orofacial manifestations of HIV infection.

PMID- 2896835
TI  - Does topical tretinoin prevent cutaneous ageing?

PMID- 2896836
TI  - New life for the EEG.

PMID- 2896837
TI  - Prevalence of angina as assessed by a survey of prescriptions for nitrates.
AB  - Prescriptions for nitrates issued during a 6-month period in the Nottingham
      Health District were used to estimate the prevalence of patients thought to have
      angina who might potentially require specialist investigation and treatment. The
      15,451 prescriptions issued were for 6856 patients. Of these, only 435 were known
      to hospitals. The general practitioner records of 499 patients identified from a
      10% sample of general practitioners showed that in 96% the general practitioner
      had prescribed a nitrate for the treatment of angina. The records of five large
      practices with some form of diagnostic register suggested, however, that the
      survey detected only 73% of patients thought to have angina. With these estimates
      of specificity and sensitivity the prevalence of angina in Nottingham was
      calculated to be 1.5%. Few of the patients identified had been investigated in
      detail, and only 26% had attended hospital in the 3 years before the survey.
      There is clearly a very large potential demand for hospital resources for the
      investigation and treatment of angina.

PMID- 2896838
TI  - Use of oxygen therapy for adult patients outside the critical care areas of a
      university hospital.
AB  - To obtain data on oxygen use among hospital inpatients criteria for instituting,
      monitoring, and stopping oxygen therapy were formulated. The records of 90
      consecutive patients who had been started on oxygen therapy outside the critical
      care areas of a university hospital were then examined. By the criteria, 79% of
      patients were deemed to have required oxygen therapy, 14.5% had been adequately
      monitored, and only 12% had had therapy terminated on the basis of appropriate
      physiological measurements. Prospective studies are required to validate
      monitoring recommendations and establish their cost-benefit ratio in terms of
      patient comfort and health-care costs.

PMID- 2896840
TI  - The obligation to ask for organs.

PMID- 2896839
TI  - Ten-year results of renal transplantation with azathioprine and prednisolone as
      only immunosuppression.
AB  - 93 patients received 102 renal transplants between 1968 and 1977. 99 grafts were
      from cadavers and 3 were from live donors; 93 were first grafts, 7 were second,
      and 2 were third. At 10 years total actual patient survival was 66.6%. 50 (55.5%)
      of 90 first cadaver grafts, and 52.2% of all cadaver grafts, survived at 10
      years. Cardiovascular disease was the commonest cause of death, being responsible
      for 18 of 31 deaths (58%).

PMID- 2896841
TI  - Mischievous morality.

PMID- 2896842
TI  - Human papillomavirus preceding intraepithelial neoplasia in serial cervical
      smears.

PMID- 2896843
TI  - Magnesium, beta-agonists, and asthma.

PMID- 2896844
TI  - Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate and lumbar sympathectomy.

PMID- 2896845
TI  - Hepatitis B virus type 2.

PMID- 2896846
TI  - Cytomegalovirus and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2896847
TI  - CT scan policy in assessment of dementia.

PMID- 2896848
TI  - Dental effects of infants' fruit drinks.

PMID- 2896849
TI  - Intestinal infection with Campylobacter in children.

PMID- 2896850
TI  - Red wine headache.

PMID- 2896851
TI  - Sequential benign sexual headache and exertional headache.

PMID- 2896852
TI  - Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus causing disseminated intravascular
      coagulation and maternal death.

PMID- 2896853
TI  - Fastidious anaerobes and cryptogenic brain abscesses.

PMID- 2896854
TI  - Mild Lyme disease.

PMID- 2896855
TI  - Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas pseudomallei.

PMID- 2896856
TI  - Cause of finger clubbing.

PMID- 2896857
TI  - Obesity and hypertension.

PMID- 2896858
TI  - Epithelioid angiomatosis in HIV infection: neoplasm or cat-scratch disease?

PMID- 2896859
TI  - False positive anti-HIV tests with Wellcome kits.

PMID- 2896860
TI  - Drug abuse and mental illness.

PMID- 2896861
TI  - Anal signs in haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2896862
TI  - Project HOPE in Grenada.

PMID- 2896863
TI  - Health services in the occupied territories.

PMID- 2896864
TI  - Orthogeriatric liaison.

PMID- 2896865
TI  - Junior doctors' standard of care.

PMID- 2896866
TI  - Improvement in the erythropoiesis of chronic haemodialysis patients with
      desferrioxamine.
AB  - 16 chronic haemodialysis patients (group I), with non-microcytic anaemia (mean
      haemoglobin 7.2 g/dl, SD 1.0, range 5.8-9.8), moderate aluminium overload (serum
      aluminium 44 micrograms/l, SD 16, range 21-74), and normal or high iron stores
      (ferritin 800 micrograms/l SD 464, range 34-2013) were treated with intravenous
      desferrioxamine 1 g at the end of each dialysis for six months. 8 patients with
      similar characteristics served as controls (group II). After six months group I
      showed a rise in haemoglobin to 9.1 (SD 2.5) g/dl and a decrease in blood
      transfusion requirements, both significant, whereas group II showed no changes.
      Other significant changes observed in group I, but not group II, were a rise in
      reticulocytes and in red cell creatine and a fall in red cell protoporphyrin and
      serum ferritin. Ferritin decreased more in the patients whose anaemia improved.
      Minor increases in serum aluminium in group I did not differ from those in the
      control group. Desferrioxamine may benefit the anaemia of chronic haemodialysis
      patients through improvement of erythropoiesis. The effect seems not to be
      related to chelation of a heavy aluminium overload.

PMID- 2896867
TI  - Aluminium chelation therapy in dialysis patients: evidence for inhibition of
      haemoglobin synthesis by low levels of aluminium.
AB  - To investigate the possibility that aluminium may exacerbate anaemia in dialysis
      patients with only modest aluminium accumulation, 15 patients whose exposure to
      aluminium had been low were treated for three months with the aluminium chelating
      agent desferrioxamine, 30 mg/kg intravenously at the end of each dialysis
      session. Serum aluminium concentrations before treatment were 5-125
      micrograms/ml. After one month of desferrioxamine, serum aluminium (including the
      chelate) had risen from 54.6 (SEM 11.2) to 167.0 (27.5) micrograms/l; and after
      three months haemoglobin had risen from 8.46 (0.70) to 10.43 (0.80) g/l. Mean
      cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration also increased significantly.
      The maximum rise in haemoglobin correlated with the patients' aluminium burden as
      estimated by the mean serum aluminium concentration after one month of
      desferrioxamine therapy (r = 0.85). The greatest response to desferrioxamine
      occurred in patients with a baseline serum aluminium of 15-75 micrograms/l (mean
      increase in haemoglobin 38%). The results indicate that even the modest aluminium
      accumulation found in most dialysis patients has a pronounced inhibitory effect
      on haemoglobin synthesis. The possible toxic effect of aluminium should be
      considered in all anaemic dialysis patients.

PMID- 2896868
TI  - Pilot trial of branched-chain aminoacids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - 22 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were entered into a double-blind,
      randomised, placebo-controlled trial of treatment with branched-chain aminoacids.
      11 received daily 12 g L-leucine, 8 g L-isoleucine, and 6.4 g L-valine, by mouth,
      and the remainder received placebo. During the one-year trial, patients in the
      placebo group showed a linear decline in functional status consistent with the
      natural history of the disease. Those treated with aminoacids showed significant
      benefit in terms of maintenance of extremity muscle strength and continued
      ability to walk.

PMID- 2896869
TI  - Noradrenaline response to edrophonium in primary autonomic failure: distinction
      between central and peripheral damage.
AB  - The effects of intravenous edrophonium on plasma noradrenaline were studied in 12
      subjects with primary autonomic failure. 5 had clinical features of central
      autonomic damage, 4 with parkinsonism (PD) and 1 with multiple system atrophy
      (MSA); the other 7 had clinical features of progressive autonomic failure without
      detectable central neurological damage (PAF). After edrophonium all but 1 subject
      showed falls in heart rate of about 6 beats/min; there were no consistent blood
      pressure changes. The 5 PD/MSA patients all had normal plasma noradrenaline
      responses to edrophonium, with rises of 35-66% within 2-8 min of injection. 6 of
      the 7 PAF patients had no response or very small responses (-6 to +11%), while
      the other subject had a normal response (70% rise). The noradrenaline response to
      edrophonium may provide a simple way to differentiate between central and
      peripheral autonomic damage.

PMID- 2896870
TI  - Type III procollagen peptide: a marker of disease activity and prognosis in
      primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - The prognostic value of the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen
      (P3NP) was investigated in 63 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)
      followed for up to 87 months. No patient with an initially normal serum P3NP
      level died during the study; survival was significantly worse with increasing
      serum P3NP levels. Cox multivariate analysis confirmed that serum P3NP was an
      independent prognostic variable. Positive correlations were found between serum
      P3NP and histological stage, pericellular fibrosis, piecemeal necrosis, and serum
      concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Raised
      P3NP levels also correlated with the degree of cholestasis as evaluated by serum
      bilirubin, serum alkaline phosphatase, and copper binding protein deposition in
      the liver. Serum P3NP is of prognostic value because it reflects the major
      pathophysiological features of PBC.

PMID- 2896871
TI  - Suction chamber protection for endoscope biopsy-channel valves.

PMID- 2896872
TI  - HIV-2 in perspective.

PMID- 2896873
TI  - What causes oedema?

PMID- 2896874
TI  - A College of Paediatricians?

PMID- 2896875
TI  - Cerebellar stroke.

PMID- 2896876
TI  - Leg lengthening in achondroplasia.

PMID- 2896877
TI  - Raised venous pressure: a direct cause of renal sodium retention in oedema?
AB  - Contemporary theories of oedema formation are often based on the idea that
      "effective" blood volume is reduced, and that sodium retention and oedema are a
      result of the kidney responding, as in haemorrhage, to a perception by receptors
      in the circulation that blood volume is inadequate. This idea has enhanced
      understanding of the pathophysiology of such conditions as cardiac failure and
      cirrhosis, but has obscured the fact that blood volume is almost always increased
      in oedematous states. Evidence is presented that an increase in renal venous
      pressure can cause sodium retention by a direct action on the kidney: a rise in
      venous pressure could thereby initiate a vicious circle by causing sodium
      retention, expansion of plasma volume, and further increase in venous pressure.
      This sequence of events may be crucial in the pathophysiology of cor pulmonale,
      and an exacerbating factor in other oedematous states.

PMID- 2896878
TI  - Role of arterial pressure in the oedema of heart disease.
AB  - The primary function of the heart is maintenance of the arterial pressure that is
      essential for perfusion of the tissues. Cardiac output is mainly regulated by
      control systems acting through the arterial pressure, whereby the heart matches
      its output to the perfusion of the tissues, in which blood is distributed
      according to local vascular resistances. When the heart is disabled, the body
      intensifies to an abnormal degree the renal, nervous, and endocrine mechanisms
      through which arterial pressure is maintained. As a result, the kidneys retain
      excess salt and water; the volume of extracellular liquid, including the plasma,
      expands; and the systems that limit the blood volume are overridden.

PMID- 2896879
TI  - Epidemic multiresistant Escherichia coli infection in West Lambeth Health
      District.
AB  - A year-long outbreak of multiresistant Escherichia coli K52 H1, predominantly
      serogroup O15, is reported from south east London. Most patients had urinary
      tract infections, some with septicaemia; but some cases of septicaemia were
      associated with pneumonia, meningitis, and endocarditis--unusual infections for E
      coli. 3 of these patients died. The organism was acquired in the community, and
      its source is still being investigated.

PMID- 2896880
TI  - Pensive women, painful vigils: consequences of delay in assessment of
      mammographic abnormalities.

PMID- 2896881
TI  - Breast cancer, tamoxifen, and surgery.

PMID- 2896882
TI  - Radiation-induced cancer risks.

PMID- 2896883
TI  - Chagas' myocarditis imported into France.

PMID- 2896884
TI  - Fish oil supplementation.

PMID- 2896885
TI  - Bone histology in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporin.

PMID- 2896886
TI  - Anaemia, ferritin, and vitamins in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2896887
TI  - Prevalence of toxocaral disease.

PMID- 2896888
TI  - Necrotising myopathy and zidovudine.

PMID- 2896889
TI  - Fusidic acid, HIV, and host cell toxicity.

PMID- 2896890
TI  - Declining levels of HIV P24 antigen in serum during treatment with foscarnet.

PMID- 2896892
TI  - Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2896891
TI  - Cocaine and HIV seropositivity.

PMID- 2896893
TI  - Empty sella syndrome and pituitary apoplexy.

PMID- 2896894
TI  - Obstetrics for medical students.

PMID- 2896895
TI  - Surgical training.

PMID- 2896896
TI  - UK medical research.

PMID- 2896897
TI  - Campylobacter pylori in patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer, and carcinoma of
      the stomach in Lanzhou, China.

PMID- 2896898
TI  - Stomach cancer cluster in Mexico.

PMID- 2896900
TI  - Why does placebo improve severe limb ischaemia?

PMID- 2896899
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2896901
TI  - Patient's choice between transcervical and transabdominal chorionic villus
      sampling.

PMID- 2896902
TI  - Pentamidine: which salt?

PMID- 2896903
TI  - Specific IgE antibodies to Bordetella pertussis after immunisation in infancy.

PMID- 2896904
TI  - Age prevalence of antibody to human herpesvirus 6.

PMID- 2896905
TI  - Isolation of human herpesvirus 6 from saliva.

PMID- 2896906
TI  - Human herpesvirus 6 and myalgic encephalomyelitis.

PMID- 2896907
TI  - Illegible prescriptions.

PMID- 2896908
TI  - Suicide verdict requires death within a year and a day.

PMID- 2896909
TI  - Identification of human herpesvirus-6 as a causal agent for exanthem subitum.
AB  - A virus was isolated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with
      exanthem subitum, cultured successfully in cord blood lymphocytes, and shown to
      be antigenically related to human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). Morphological features,
      as studied by thin-section electronmicroscopy, resembled those of herpes group
      viruses. Convalescent-phase serum samples, tested against the new viral antigen
      and HHV-6 antigen, showed seroconversion. The results strongly suggest that the
      newly isolated virus is identical or closely related to HHV-6 and the causal
      agent for exanthem subitum.

PMID- 2896910
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis: identification of two major M2 mitochondrial
      autoantigens.
AB  - Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterised by the presence of
      antimitochondrial antibodies. The PBC-specific, immunoreactive, trypsin-sensitive
      antigens on the inner mitochondrial membrane (M2) have hitherto not been
      identified. A major 70 kD M2 autoantigen is the E2 component (lipoate
      acetyltransferase) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex located within
      mitochondria. This has been confirmed by immunoblotting of PBC patients' sera
      against purified E2 protein: sera from 38/40 (95%) patients with established
      clinical, biochemical, and histological features of PBC (18 stage II/III, 22
      stage IV) reacted positively with E2; whilst no sera from 39 controls (27 non-PBC
      chronic liver disease, 12 healthy normal women) gave a positive response.
      Immunoblotting showed that a second subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
      complex, a 50 kD polypeptide of unknown function (component X), is also an M2
      autoantigen. Identification of these M2 mitochondrial antigens should facilitate
      the development of a specific serological test for PBC and the study of
      autoimmunising epitopes.

PMID- 2896911
TI  - Apolipoproteins (a), AI, and B and parental history in men with early onset
      ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - Middle-aged men who had had a myocardial infarction were compared with controls
      matched for social background, age, cigarette-smoking, blood pressure, and
      alcohol consumption. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, very low density
      lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein (HDL), HDL2 and
      HDL3 cholesterol, and serum apolipoproteins (apo) (a), AI, and B were measured.
      Discriminant analysis showed that the combination of these variables that best
      distinguished patients from controls was provided by apo AI and apo B and a
      knowledge of parental history of early cardiac death, the most discriminating
      single factor being apo B. No other variable contributed more than these. Apo
      (a), however, could be substituted for parental history, which had a major
      influence on the serum concentration of apo (a). Apo (a) concentration accounted
      for much of the familial predisposition to cardiac ischaemia. These findings may
      prove valuable in the clinical assessment of genetic susceptibility to myocardial
      infarction. They also support the hypothesis that serum apo (a) concentration is
      a genetic trait that predisposes to arterial thrombosis. Apo B emerged as the
      main lipoprotein determinant of coronary disease risk.

PMID- 2896912
TI  - Detection of drugs in the urine of body-packers.
AB  - The presence of opiates and benzoylecgonine, the major metabolite of cocaine, in
      the urine was detected by means of enzyme immunoassay in a series of 120
      smugglers who had either ingested or inserted into their rectum cocaine or heroin
      packaged for transportation. There was a striking relation between the presence
      of drugs in the urine and swallowing of drug-filled bundles (cocaine 49 of 50
      cases, heroin 9 of 10). The proportion of positive results was also high in cases
      of rectal insertion (cocaine 2 of 2, heroin 35 of 58). In 30 cases of cocaine
      packet ingestion, serial measurements showed that the accuracy of the test
      progressively decreased with respect to the detection of residual packets in the
      body. Drug detection in the urine of suspected body-packers seems to be a useful
      test, positive results justifying subsequent radiological investigations.

PMID- 2896913
TI  - Contribution of gut bacterial metabolism to human metabolic disease.
AB  - Metronidazole, an antibiotic with specific activity against anaerobic bacteria,
      was of clinical and biochemical benefit in two patients with methylmalonic
      aciduria. The virtual elimination of propionic acid from the stool suggested that
      propionic acid derived from faecal bacterial metabolism contributes substantially
      to methylmalonate production. These findings point to a novel avenue of treatment
      for these disorders of intermediary metabolism, and indicate the importance of
      microbial gut flora in normal human metabolism.

PMID- 2896914
TI  - Fish oil.

PMID- 2896915
TI  - Analgesia in children after day-case surgery.

PMID- 2896916
TI  - Enoximone.

PMID- 2896917
TI  - Milk--with care.

PMID- 2896918
TI  - Embryos and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2896919
TI  - Effect of intravenous nitrates on mortality in acute myocardial infarction: an
      overview of the randomised trials.
AB  - About 2000 patients have been randomised in ten trials of intravenous
      nitroglycerin or nitroprusside in acute myocardial infarction. Taken separately,
      the individual trials have all been too small to provide a reliable estimate of
      the effects of treatment on mortality, but collectively they provide strong
      evidence of benefit. In total there have been 136 nitrate and 193 control deaths,
      and an appropriate overview of the separate trial results indicated a "typical"
      reduction of 35% (SD 10) in the odds of death (2p less than 0.001, with 95%
      confidence limits of about one-sixth to one-half). Both nitroglycerin and
      nitroprusside reduced mortality, the reduction being non-significantly greater
      with nitroglycerin than with nitroprusside. The greatest reduction in mortality
      occurred during the first week or so of follow-up, with a non-significant further
      reduction after this early period. This suggests that the early benefit is not
      rapidly lost.

PMID- 2896920
TI  - Primary prevention of vascular disease by aspirin.

PMID- 2896921
TI  - Analysis of 1071 gift procedures--the case for a flexible approach to treatment.
AB  - An analysis of the outcome of first gamete intrafallopian transfers for 1071
      women indicates that for those aged 40 years or more all the oocytes had to be
      transferred to obtain a 19.2% pregnancy rate. In this age-group pregnancy rate
      and multiple pregnancy rate were significantly lower than those for younger
      women. Success rate, but not multiple pregnancy rate, was significantly higher in
      the group of women from whom 11 or more oocytes were recovered and transferred
      after ovulation induction than when only 1-4 oocytes were recovered and
      transferred. The findings suggest that the number of oocytes transferred should
      depend on clinical circumstances.

PMID- 2896922
TI  - Pancreas transplantation for diabetes.

PMID- 2896923
TI  - Screening for inherited metabolic diseases in adults with neurological disease.

PMID- 2896924
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy trial: word of caution.

PMID- 2896925
TI  - Scrotal endoscopy in male infertility.

PMID- 2896926
TI  - Gonococcal disease as a cause of acute tropical polyarthritis.

PMID- 2896927
TI  - Nursing preterm infants.

PMID- 2896928
TI  - Which salt of erythromycin is most hepatotoxic?

PMID- 2896929
TI  - Treatment of tubal pregnancy by prostaglandins.

PMID- 2896930
TI  - Adenosine injection.

PMID- 2896931
TI  - Cost of preventing transfusion of hepatitis B virus in hyperendemic areas.

PMID- 2896932
TI  - Childhood sexual abuse and women's health.

PMID- 2896933
TI  - Erythropoietin, haemoglobin, and hypertensive crises.

PMID- 2896934
TI  - Solitary rectal ulcer.

PMID- 2896935
TI  - Cortical blindness.

PMID- 2896936
TI  - Rubella infection and reinfection distinguished by avidity of IgG.

PMID- 2896937
TI  - Biopterin and organ transplantation.

PMID- 2896938
TI  - IgA antigliadin antibodies in children with IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2896939
TI  - Chlamydial infection.

PMID- 2896940
TI  - Suicide, selection, and A-bomb survivors.

PMID- 2896941
TI  - AIDS, anal sex, and heterosexuals.

PMID- 2896942
TI  - HIV infection of rectal mucosa.

PMID- 2896943
TI  - Core curriculum in medicine.

PMID- 2896944
TI  - Doctors involved with torture.

PMID- 2896945
TI  - Last-minute ban on medical visit to South Africa.

PMID- 2896946
TI  - Routine urinalysis.

PMID- 2896948
TI  - Temazepam capsules.

PMID- 2896947
TI  - Whooping cough in Stuttgart.

PMID- 2896949
TI  - Teratogens and perinatal epidemiology.

PMID- 2896950
TI  - Thyroid papillary carcinoma in identical twins.

PMID- 2896951
TI  - Oral contraceptives and gallstones.

PMID- 2896952
TI  - Fatal hypokalaemia associated with ifosfamide/mesna chemotherapy.

PMID- 2896953
TI  - Allergic reactions to cuttlefish in deep-sea fishermen.

PMID- 2896954
TI  - A Talmudic hangover.

PMID- 2896955
TI  - Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2896956
TI  - AIDS policy.

PMID- 2896957
TI  - Comparison of two strategies for control of malaria within a primary health care
      programme in the Gambia.
AB  - Two drug strategies for the control of malaria in children aged 3-59 months have
      been compared in a rural area of The Gambia--treatment of presumptive episodes of
      clinical malaria with chloroquine by village health workers, and treatment
      combined with fortnightly chemoprophylaxis with 'Maloprim'
      (pyrimethamine/dapsone) which was also given by village health workers. Treatment
      alone did not have any significant effect on mortality or morbidity from malaria.
      In contrast, treatment and chemoprophylaxis reduced overall mortality in children
      aged 1-4 years, mortality from probable malaria, and episodes of fever associated
      with malaria parasitaemia. A high level of compliance with chemoprophylaxis was
      obtained and no harmful consequences of chemoprophylaxis were observed.

PMID- 2896958
TI  - T lymphocyte activation in acute severe asthma.
AB  - T lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte activation markers in the peripheral blood
      were assessed in patients admitted to hospital with acute severe asthma (status
      asthmaticus). Measurements were made on admission, day 3, and day 7 (or on
      discharge from hospital if this was sooner). The results were compared with 3
      control groups (mild asthma, chronic obstructive airways disease, and normal
      individuals). The percentages of CD4-positive and CD8-positive T lymphocytes, and
      the CD4/CD8 ratios, were similar in the patients with acute severe asthma and the
      control groups, and were within the normal range. In contrast, patients with
      acute severe asthma had significant increases, compared with control subjects, of
      three surface proteins associated with T lymphocyte activation: interleukin-2
      receptor (IL-2R); class II histocompatibility antigen (HLA-DR); and "very late
      activation" antigen (VLA-1). The IL-2R-positive T lymphocytes were exclusively of
      the CD4 "helper-inducer" phenotype. The percentages of IL-2R-positive and HLA-DR
      positive (but not VLA-1-positive) lymphocytes tended to decrease as the patients
      were treated and clinically improved, although these values remained raised above
      control values for the observation period. Cell-mediated immunity may be causally
      related to the pathogenesis of acute severe asthma.

PMID- 2896959
TI  - Granulomatous hepatitis associated with cat scratch disease.
AB  - In three patients with cat scratch disease the liver was affected. All three had
      high fever (39 degrees C) for more than 3 weeks. Two of them had no peripheral
      adenopathy. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed focal hepatic defects in
      two patients and periportal and periaortic adenopathy in the third. At
      laparotomy, there were nodules on the liver surfaces of all patients and
      histological examination revealed necrotising granulomata. The Warthin-Starry
      silver stain showed organisms consistent in appearance with the cat scratch
      bacillus in the liver and a periaortic lymph node of one patient, in the liver of
      the second patient, and in the axillary lymph node of the third. In all three
      patients the clinical findings and radiological abnormalities improved without
      specific therapy. A review of the surgical pathology files of Washington
      University revealed only two other cases of granulomatous hepatitis in children
      over a 6-year period. These findings indicate that cat scratch disease should now
      be included in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous hepatitis, at least in
      children. The absence of peripheral adenopathy in two of the three patients with
      granulomatous hepatitis suggests that the clinical spectrum of cat scratch
      disease may be broader than previously appreciated.

PMID- 2896960
TI  - A cellular basis for the primary long Q-T syndromes.
AB  - In several syndromes sudden death is associated with a long Q-T interval on the
      electrocardiogram. Current treatment is aimed at correcting a notional imbalance
      of cardiac sympathetic drive. Although this approach can be effective, the
      primary disorder may be a defect in the cellular mechanism that alters the length
      of the ventricular action potential, and hence the Q-T interval, in response to a
      change of heart rate. Such defects may be underdiagnosed because the long Q-T
      syndromes are defined simply in terms of a prolonged Q-T interval, without
      consideration of the fact that susceptibility to arrhythmias is likely to be due,
      not to a lengthened Q-T per se, but to an absence or alteration of the normal Q-T
      shortening in response to an increase of heart rate. People susceptible to R-on-T
      related arrhythmias could be identified by measurement of the dependence of the Q
      T interval on heart rate and how quickly the Q-T interval adapts to a change in
      rate.

PMID- 2896961
TI  - Apolipoprotein-B and atherogenesis.

PMID- 2896962
TI  - Penicillin-resistant pneumococci.

PMID- 2896963
TI  - Inactive ingredients in medicines.

PMID- 2896964
TI  - Hole for the mint.

PMID- 2896965
TI  - Benign asbestos pleural effusions.

PMID- 2896966
TI  - Is ultrasound really necessary for the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric
      stenosis?

PMID- 2896967
TI  - Recurrence of duodenal ulcer after medical treatment.
AB  - 562 patients whose duodenal ulcers had healed in a series of double-blind
      controlled trials of various medical treatments were enrolled in a long-term
      endoscopic follow-up. 436 were followed for up to four years or until relapse.
      Relapse rates did not differ between the groups treated with cimetidine,
      ranitidine, pirenzepine, or placebo. At six and twelve months but not
      subsequently, there was a significant advantage for tripotassium dicitrato
      bismuthate. Relapse rates were at all times higher in smokers than in non
      smokers.

PMID- 2896968
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis.
AB  - Invasive upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma was found in 57 (4.5%) of 1255
      patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, recorded in 10 registries. The most
      frequent sites were duodenum in 29, pancreatic ampulla in 10, and stomach in 7.
      These findings confirm an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer in the
      polyposis patient, particularly distal to the pylorus, and support an adenoma
      carcinoma sequence. Regular surveillance of the upper gastrointestinal tract is
      essential in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.

PMID- 2896969
TI  - The aetiology of spinal deformities.
AB  - There are two types of spinal deformity, lordosis and kyphosis, and they are
      mutually exclusive at the same site. Lordosis is rotationally unstable and
      buckles to the side with growth and spinal flexion, producing scoliosis and
      changes in transverse plane geometry as secondary phenomena. Kyphosis is a
      uniplanar deformity arising behind the axis of spinal column rotation and it does
      not buckle. Spinal balance in the sagittal plane is delicate and in the normal
      child during adolescence both idiopathic scoliosis and idiopathic kyphosis can
      easily develop. The development and progression of spinal deformities can be
      explained in biological and mechanical terms. Any condition in which the critical
      load to the spine is reduced will favour the production and progression of a
      spinal deformity. Neuromuscular factors in idiopathic scoliosis are additive and
      not causative.

PMID- 2896970
TI  - The physician's responsibility to the patient.

PMID- 2896971
TI  - Should patients who smoke be referred for coronary artery bypass grafting?

PMID- 2896972
TI  - Leukaemia in patients treated with growth hormone.

PMID- 2896973
TI  - Human milk fortification.

PMID- 2896974
TI  - Energy intake from birth to 2 years.

PMID- 2896975
TI  - Incidence of IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2896976
TI  - Xamoterol in heart failure.

PMID- 2896977
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in myeloma.

PMID- 2896978
TI  - Deterioration of primary biliary cirrhosis during treatment with ursodeoxycholic
      acid.

PMID- 2896979
TI  - Transmission of HTLV-1.

PMID- 2896981
TI  - Limulus assay in prediction of septic shock.

PMID- 2896980
TI  - Pneumonia in childhood.

PMID- 2896982
TI  - Ultrasonic nebulised pentamidine for pneumocystis pneumonia.

PMID- 2896983
TI  - Comparison of Teknaf enteric agar and MacConkey/salmonella-shigella agar in
      evaluation of Shigella infection.

PMID- 2896985
TI  - Meningococcal rash.

PMID- 2896984
TI  - Pathogenic Entamoeba.

PMID- 2896986
TI  - Listeria in prepacked salads.

PMID- 2896987
TI  - Penicillin-insensitive Neisseria meningitidis.

PMID- 2896988
TI  - Tyramine in alcohol-free beer.

PMID- 2896989
TI  - Homozygosity mapping and Friedreich's ataxia.

PMID- 2896990
TI  - Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 2896991
TI  - Unilateral facial pain in patients with lung cancer.

PMID- 2896992
TI  - Aortic aneurysm and deep venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2896993
TI  - Buspirone in treatment of agitated demented patient.

PMID- 2896994
TI  - Detention of schoolchildren in South Africa.

PMID- 2896995
TI  - Academic medicine in crisis.

PMID- 2896996
TI  - Water standards for fluoride.

PMID- 2896997
TI  - Toxocariasis in children.

PMID- 2896998
TI  - Time course of cerebral vasospasm after severe head injury.

PMID- 2896999
TI  - Increased bone pain after suspension of buserelin treatment in disseminated
      prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2897000
TI  - Lignocaine-prilocaine cream for lumbar puncture in children.

PMID- 2897001
TI  - Osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2897002
TI  - No obligation to resuscitate a non-viable infant.

PMID- 2897004
TI  - WHO and UNDP unite against AIDS.

PMID- 2897003
TI  - AIDS in the UK.

PMID- 2897005
TI  - Relative efficacy of various physical manoeuvres in the termination of junctional
      tachycardia.
AB  - The ability of four vagotonic physical manoeuvres to terminate paroxysmal
      junctional tachycardias was tested in 35 patients with inducible and sustained
      arrhythmia. Each manoeuvre was used up to three times in an attempt to terminate
      an induced tachycardia and was judged to be effective if it terminated two out of
      the three induced episodes. The Valsalva manoeuvre in the supine position was
      effective in 19 (54%), right carotid sinus massage in 6 (17%), left carotid sinus
      massage in 2 (5%), and the diving reflex in 6 (17%) cases. 4 of the 6 patients
      who responded to right carotid sinus massage and all patients who responded to
      the diving reflex also responded to the Valsalva manoeuvre. The Valsalva
      manoeuvre while standing was effective in 9 (20%) patients only. Patients in whom
      the manoeuvres terminated the tachycardias were significantly younger than those
      who did not respond (median age: 30 vs 45 years, p less than 0.01). Physical
      manoeuvres were much more successful in terminating atrioventricular re-entry
      tachycardias (19/24) than atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardias (3/11, p
      less than 0.01). Efficacy of the manoeuvres was related to their bradycardic
      effect in sinus rhythm.

PMID- 2897006
TI  - HLA haplotype A1 B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease.
AB  - Of 32 patients exposed to a single batch of factor VIII contaminated with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 18 became antibody positive. Serial T cell subset
      analyses over the succeeding four years have shown a progressive decline in
      circulating T4 cells in those 18 but no change in the 14 who remain seronegative.
      2 of the seroconverters have died and a further 7 have symptoms attributable to
      HIV infection. In the group as a whole, the HLA haplotype A1 B8 DR3 was weakly
      associated with an increased risk of seroconversion on exposure to the virus
      while, in those who seroconverted, it was strongly associated with a rapid
      decline in T4 cells and development of HIV-related symptoms within four years of
      infection.

PMID- 2897007
TI  - Diagnosis of acute herpes simplex encephalitis by brain perfusion single photon
      emission computed tomography.
AB  - Brain perfusion was studied in 14 patients with acute encephalitis by use of 123I
      iodoamphetamine or 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime and single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT), the first examination being made 4-11 days
      after onset of encephalitis symptoms. All 6 patients with herpes simplex virus
      encephalitis (HSVE) had strongly increased accumulation of radiotracer in the
      affected temporal lobe; in the remaining 8 results were normal. At the time of
      the first SPECT conventional CT images were normal in all patients. The SPECT
      abnormality in HSVE gradually converted over 4-10 weeks from increased tracer
      accumulation to greatly subnormal accumulation. Brain perfusion SPECT may be
      helpful in the early diagnosis of HSVE.

PMID- 2897008
TI  - Treatment of late Lyme borreliosis--randomised comparison of ceftriaxone and
      penicillin.
AB  - 23 patients with clinically active late Lyme disease were randomly assigned to
      intravenous treatment with either penicillin or ceftriaxone. Of the 10 treated
      with penicillin, 5 were judged treatment failures; of the 13 who received
      ceftriaxone, only 1 did not respond. An additional 31 patients were subsequently
      treated with ceftriaxone 4 g/day (n = 17) or 2 g/day (n = 14); success rates in
      both groups were comparable to those in the cohort randomised to ceftriaxone.
      Patients unresponsive to ceftriaxone were more likely to have received
      corticosteroid treatment.

PMID- 2897009
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor expands the circulating
      haemopoietic progenitor cell compartment in man.
AB  - The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on bone
      marrow and peripheral-blood progenitor cells was investigated in a three-phase
      study in 13 patients with sarcoma. In the first phase patients were given GM-CSF
      alone. In phase II, which started a week after completion of phase I, patients
      received a course of cytotoxic chemotherapy, then a course of GM-CSF. Phase III
      consisted only of cytotoxic chemotherapy. GM-CSF (phase I) alone produced an 18
      fold increase in peripheral blood granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units
      (CFU-GM) and an 8-fold increase in erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) in the
      peripheral blood. GM-CSF had no effect on bone-marrow CFU-GM and BFU-E in the
      group as a whole. Three patients were investigated after phases II and III. GM
      CSF increased the absolute number of peripheral blood CFU-GM by approximately 60
      fold compared with the pretreatment baseline. These effects of GM-CSF may be of
      clinical importance with regard to facilitating the harvest of peripheral blood
      progenitor cells for autotransplantation.

PMID- 2897011
TI  - All change at the WHO.

PMID- 2897010
TI  - Automatic defibrillators.

PMID- 2897012
TI  - Renal involvement in myeloma.

PMID- 2897013
TI  - Factor-VIII-related antigen and vasculitis.

PMID- 2897014
TI  - Cranial decompression.

PMID- 2897015
TI  - Bleeding in renal failure.

PMID- 2897016
TI  - A rational approach for assessing the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
AB  - In 70 paired insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) and short 'Synacthen' tests (SSTs),
      both of which have been advocated for assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary
      adrenal (HPA) axis, there were 51 passes on both tests, 9 failures on both, and
      10 discrepant results (9 failures on the SST, 1 failure on the ITT). There was a
      close correlation between the maximum cortisol value achieved in the two tests. A
      survey of British endocrinologists showed that only 24% used the SST to assess
      the HPA axis. It is suggested that the SST should be used for the initial
      assessment of the HPA axis and the ITT reserved for patients who fail the SST,
      those on corticosteroid therapy, and those who have had an acute pituitary insult
      within 14 days.

PMID- 2897017
TI  - A free market in health care.

PMID- 2897018
TI  - Providing health care in war-torn rural Afghanistan.

PMID- 2897019
TI  - New challenges for the World Health Organisation.

PMID- 2897020
TI  - Tamoxifen and breast cancer in the elderly.

PMID- 2897021
TI  - Delayed assessment of mammographic abnormalities.

PMID- 2897022
TI  - Ceruletide to treat neonatal cholestasis.

PMID- 2897023
TI  - Hazards of oral charcoal.

PMID- 2897024
TI  - High-level gentamicin resistance in Streptococcus faecalis.

PMID- 2897025
TI  - Evolution towards AIDS in HIV-infected individuals.

PMID- 2897026
TI  - Donor screening for HIV: how many false negatives?

PMID- 2897027
TI  - Fatal acute HIV infection with aplastic anaemia, transmitted by liver graft.

PMID- 2897028
TI  - Heatstroke and army training.

PMID- 2897029
TI  - Red-cell size analysis in investigation of haematuria.

PMID- 2897030
TI  - Tropical and epidemic spastic paraparesis are different.

PMID- 2897032
TI  - Contact allergy to self-adhesive dressings.

PMID- 2897031
TI  - Cyclosporin metabolites and central-nervous-system toxicity.

PMID- 2897033
TI  - Yersinia and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2897034
TI  - What causes oedema?

PMID- 2897035
TI  - Angina in general practice.

PMID- 2897036
TI  - Anorexia nervosa and the heart.

PMID- 2897038
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccination in newborn babies.

PMID- 2897037
TI  - Streptokinase plus beta-blockade after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2897039
TI  - Growth during early teenage pregnancy.

PMID- 2897041
TI  - Classical versus lower segment caesarean section for very-low-birthweight
      infants.

PMID- 2897040
TI  - Breast not necessarily best.

PMID- 2897042
TI  - Deaths from conditions amenable to medical intervention: are they really
      avoidable?

PMID- 2897043
TI  - South Africa's children.

PMID- 2897044
TI  - Asking for organs.

PMID- 2897045
TI  - Medical staffing in the NHS.

PMID- 2897046
TI  - Ciprofloxacin and malaria.

PMID- 2897047
TI  - Carcinogenic nitrosamines in oral snuff.

PMID- 2897048
TI  - Hypoglycaemia induced by cibenzoline.

PMID- 2897049
TI  - Food allergy and dyspepsia.

PMID- 2897050
TI  - Xenogeneic antibodies, idiotypes, and atopic disease.

PMID- 2897051
TI  - H2 antagonist non-responders.

PMID- 2897052
TI  - Bacterial diarrhoea and treatment.

PMID- 2897053
TI  - Simplifying personal injury litigation.

PMID- 2897054
TI  - GABA transaminase inhibitors enhance the release of endogenous GABA but decrease
      the release of beta-alanine evoked by electrical stimulation of slices of the rat
      medulla oblongata.
AB  - Slices of the rat medulla oblongata were superfused and electrically stimulated.
      The amount of endogenous GABA, beta-alanine and glutamate release from the slices
      was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric
      detection. Inhibitors of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), aminooxyacetic acid (10(-5)
      M), gamma-acetylenic GABA (10(-4) and 10(-3) M) and gabaculine (10(-5) M),
      enhanced the stimulus-evoked release of GABA and reduced that of beta-alanine,
      while no change was observed in the release of glutamate. These changes in amino
      acid release from the slices were accompanied by an increase in the content of
      GABA and a decrease in that of beta-alanine. The stimulus-evoked release of these
      amino acids was abolished by Ca2+-deprivation, in either the presence or absence
      of GABA-T inhibitors. These results suggest a modulatory role of GABA-T for
      synaptically releasable GABA and involvement of this enzyme in the synthesis of
      releasable beta-alanine.

PMID- 2897055
TI  - Levallorphan and dynorphin improve motor dysfunction in Mongolian gerbils with
      unilateral carotid occlusion: the first application of the inclined plane method
      in the experimental cerebral ischemia.
AB  - Levallorphan and dynorphin were effective on the motor dysfunction in the gerbil
      model of unilateral cerebral ischemia. The effect of opioids, levallorphan (mixed
      agonist-antagonist), dynorphin (kappa-receptor agonist) and naloxone (mu-receptor
      antagonist), on neurological impairment was evaluated using the unilateral
      cerebral ischemia model of gerbil. Motor function was evaluated quantitatively by
      using the inclined plane method. Both levallorphan-treated group and dynorphin
      treated group showed a significant improvement of the motor dysfunction compared
      with saline-control group. On the other hand, naloxone-treated group did not
      differ from saline-control group. The beneficial effect of these opioids on motor
      dysfunction might be mediated by the kappa-opioid receptor. This study also
      showed the potential usefulness of the inclined plane method for the
      investigation on the cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2897056
TI  - Cerebral neocortex modulation of immune functions.

PMID- 2897057
TI  - Effect of vitamin D on gastrin and gastric somatostatin secretion from the
      isolated perfused rat stomach.
AB  - We have studied the role of vitamin D in the regulation of gastrin and gastric
      somatostatin secretion from the isolated perfused rat stomach. In Ca-deficient
      vitamin D-deficient rats (Ca(-)D(-) group), the basal and bombesin-stimulated
      gastrin and gastric somatostatin release (basal IRGa, basal IRS, sigma delta
      IRGa, and sigma delta IRS) all were significantly lower than in Ca-replete
      vitamin D-replete rats (Ca(+)D(+) group), and also lower than in Ca-replete
      vitamin D-deficient rats (Ca(+)D(-) group) except for the basal IRGa. In the
      Ca(+)D(-) group, the basal IRGa and IRS, and sigma delta IRS were not
      significantly lower than in the Ca(+)D(+) group. Although there was no
      significant impairment in basal IRGa, sigma delta IRGa in the Ca(+)D(-) group was
      significantly lower than in the Ca(+)D(+) control group. Thus, the gastrin and
      gastric somatostatin secretion from the Ca-deficient vitamin D-deficient rats
      were impaired. In addition, the impaired gastrin and gastric somatostatin
      secretions seem to be caused not only by a decrease in serum Ca but also by the
      reduced effect of the vitamin D on the G and gastric D cells.

PMID- 2897058
TI  - Determination of amino acids in different regions of the rat brain. Application
      to the acute effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and trimethyltin (TMT).
AB  - A modified HPLC method is described for the determination of amino acids
      [aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, taurine, and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in brain tissue utilizing precolumn derivatization with
      o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)-tert-butyl-thiol and electrochemical detection. A simple
      extraction procedure was employed and DL-homoserine used as internal standard. A
      neurotoxin previously shown to affect brain amino acids (trimethyltin, TMT) and a
      psychoactive compound hypothesized to act on these neurochemicals (delta-9
      tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) were administered to adult male rats and amino acids
      were measured. Results revealed a gradient of distribution of most amino acids,
      with lowest levels posteriorly in the brain stem and increasing to the highest
      values in anterior cortical regions. TMT increased glutamine significantly in all
      brain regions examined, but increased glycine and decreased taurine only in the
      frontal cortex and hippocampus. No significant changes in any amino acid were
      found in hippocampus after THC treatment. The results establish the validity and
      usefulness of this HPLC method for detecting neurotoxicity-related changes in
      brain amino acid metabolism.

PMID- 2897059
TI  - Synthesis of platelet activating factor by cholinephosphotransferase in
      developing fetal rabbit lung.
AB  - Developing fetal lung is a possible source of the platelet activating factor
      (PAF, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) present in amniotic fluid of
      women in labor. We have assayed the microsomal activities of a specific enzyme
      for the de novo synthesis of PAF in developing fetal and neonatal rabbit lung, 1
      alkyl-2-acetyl-glycerol-dependent dithiothreitol-insensitive
      cholinephosphotransferase. The specific activity of this enzyme increased from
      0.92 to 3.60 nmol X min-1 X mg-1 protein between day 21 and day 31 of gestation.
      In constrast, during this same period the activity of the PAF-biosynthetic
      cholinephosphotransferase in developing rabbit kidney did not change
      significantly. The specific activity of the diacyl-glycerol-dependent,
      dithiothreitol-sensitive cholinephosphotransferase that catalyzes the final step
      in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis was not altered during late gestation in
      either fetal lung or kidney. Previously, increased amounts of pulmonary PAF had
      been found during the latter stages of gestation (Hoffman, Truong and Johnston
      (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 879, 88-96) and may be attributed to increased
      activity of the PAF biosynthetic enzymes found in this investigation. This
      elevated level of PAF in fetal lung may serve to facilitate breakdown of glycogen
      that provides, in part, the carbon and energy source for surfactant biosynthesis.
      In addition, PAF may be secreted in association with surfactant into amniotic
      fluid in which it may interact with amnion tissue and subsequently participate in
      the events associated with the initiation of parturition.

PMID- 2897060
TI  - Methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary
      tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes.
AB  - Statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching points of
      an evolutionary tree are developed. These methods are for the unweighted pair
      group method-determined (UPGMA) trees reconstructed from molecular data such as
      amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, restriction-sites data, and
      electrophoretic distances. They were applied to data for the human, chimpanzee,
      gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species. Among the four different sets of data
      used, DNA sequences for an 895-nucleotide segment of mitochondrial DNA (Brown et
      al. 1982) gave the most reliable tree, whereas electrophoretic data (Bruce and
      Ayala 1979) gave the least reliable one. The DNA sequence data suggested that the
      chimpanzee is the closest and that the gorilla is the next closest to the human
      species. The orangutan and gibbon are more distantly related to man than is the
      gorilla. This topology of the tree is in agreement with that for the tree
      obtained from chromosomal studies and DNA-hybridization experiments. However, the
      difference between the branching point for the human and the chimpanzee species
      and that for the gorilla species and the human-chimpanzee group is not
      statistically significant. In addition to this analysis, various factors that
      affect the accuracy of an estimated tree are discussed.

PMID- 2897061
TI  - Biochemical pathways in prokaryotes can be traced backward through evolutionary
      time.
AB  - For the first time, a credible prokaryotic phylogenetic tree is being assembled
      by Woese and others using quantitative sequence analysis of oligonucleotides in
      the highly conservative rRNA. This provides an evolutionary scale against which
      the evolutionary steps that led to the arrangement and regulation of contemporary
      biochemical pathways can be measured. This paper presents an emerging
      evolutionary picture of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis within a large
      superfamily assemblage of prokaryotes that is sufficiently developed to
      illustrate a new perspective that will be applicable to many other biochemical
      pathways.

PMID- 2897062
TI  - Molecular evidence for the rapid propagation of mouse t haplotypes from a single,
      recent, ancestral chromosome.
AB  - Mouse t haplotypes are variant forms of chromosome 17 that exist at high
      frequencies in worldwide populations of two species of commensal mice. To
      determine both the relationship of t haplotypes to each other and the species
      within which they exist, 35 representative t haplotypes were analyzed by means of
      10 independent molecular probes, including five DNA clones and five polypeptide
      spots identified by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. All of the
      tested haplotypes were found to share restriction fragments and polypeptide spots
      that are absent in mice carrying wild-type forms of chromosome 17. This
      observation provides the first direct evidence that all of the known t haplotypes
      are descendents of a single ancestral chromosome. The absence of variation among
      t haplotypes could mean that this ancestral chromosome existed relatively
      recently, in which case it would be necessary to postulate introgressions of t
      haplotypes across species lines to explain their presence in both Mus domesticus
      and M. musculus. Alternatively, it is possible that the ancestral chromosome
      existed prior to the split between M. domesticus and M. musculus and that, by
      chance, our probes fail to detect polymorphisms that exist among the t
      haplotypes. A further result of our analysis is the characterization of a partial
      t haplotype in a wild population of Israeli mice.

PMID- 2897063
TI  - Phylogenetic distribution in the genus Mus of t-complex-specific DNA and protein
      markers: inferences on the origin of t-haplotypes.
AB  - We have examined the phylogenetic distribution of two t-specific markers among
      representatives of various taxa belonging to the genus Mus. The centromeric TCP
      1a marker (a testicular protein variant specific for all t-haplotypes so far
      studied) has also been apparently detected in several non-t representatives of
      the Mus IVA, Mus IVB, and probably M. cervicolor species. By contrast, a t
      specific restriction-fragment-length polymorphism allele (RFLP) of the telomeric
      alpha-globin pseudogene DNA marker alpha-psi-4 was found only in animals
      belonging to the M. musculus-complex species either bearing genuine t-haplotypes
      or, like the M. m. bactrianus specimen studied here, likely to do so. This t
      specific alpha-psi-4 RFLP allele was found to be as divergent from the RFLP
      alleles of the latter, non-t, taxonomical groups as it is from Mus 4A, Mus 4B, or
      M. spretus ones. These results suggest the presence of t-haplotypes and of t
      specific markers in populations other than those belonging to the M. m.
      domesticus and M. m. musculus subspecies, implying a possible origin for t
      haplotypes prior to the radiation of the most recent offshoot of the Mus genus
      (i.e., the spretus/domesticus divergence), some 1-3 Myr ago.

PMID- 2897064
TI  - Nucleotide sequence, regulation and functional analysis of the papC gene required
      for cell surface localization of Pap pili of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The papC gene of uropathogenic Escherichia coli is required for the formation of
      digalactoside-binding Pap pili. papC forms part of an operon wherein the
      regulatory gene papB, the major pilin gene papA, a minor pilin-like gene papH,
      and papC are co-transcribed. Furthermore, the extent of PapC synthesis was found
      to affect the number of pili expressed on the cell surface. The DNA sequence of
      the papC gene is presented and its deduced amino acid sequence is compared to
      that of the FaeD protein encoded by the K88 pili gene cluster. The PapC protein
      was localized to the E. coli outer membrane where it may form a trans-membrane
      channel through which pilin subunits are surface localized.

PMID- 2897065
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the serotype 2 fimbrial subunit gene
      of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - An oligonucleotide probe complementary to the beginning of the gene encoding the
      serotype 2(ST2) fimbrial subunit of Bordetella pertussis was synthesized and a
      cloned DNA fragment hybridizing with the probe identified and sequenced. Several
      lines of evidence indicate that an open reading frame with coding information for
      a polypeptide of 207 amino acids, including a 26-amino-acid signal sequence, is
      the ST2 gene. The protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence shows good
      agreement with the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, amino acid composition and
      molecular weight of the purified fimbrial subunit. In addition, the proposed ST2
      subunit is shown to have homology with other fimbrial subunits.

PMID- 2897066
TI  - Primary structure and subcellular localization of two fimbrial subunit-like
      proteins involved in the biosynthesis of K99 fibrillae.
AB  - Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the distal part of the fan gene cluster
      encoding the proteins involved in the biosynthesis of the fibrillar adhesin, K99,
      revealed the presence of two structural genes, fanG and fanH. The amino acid
      sequence of the gene products (FanG and FanH) showed significant homology to the
      amino acid sequence of the fibrillar subunit protein (FanC). Introduction of a
      site-specific frameshift mutation in fanG or fanH resulted in a simultaneous
      decrease in fibrillae production and adhesive capacity. Analysis of subcellular
      fractions showed that, in contrast to the K99 fibrillar subunit (FanC), both the
      FanH and the FanG protein were loosely associated with the outer membrane,
      possibly on the periplasmic side, but were not components of the fimbriae
      themselves.

PMID- 2897067
TI  - The calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis: cloning and
      expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The adenylate cyclase toxin of the prokaryote Bordetella pertussis is stimulated
      by the eukaryotic regulatory protein, calmodulin. A general strategy, using the
      adenylate-cyclase-calmodulin interaction as a tool, has permitted cloning and
      expression of the toxin in Escherichia coli in the absence of any B. pertussis
      trans-activating factor. We show that the protein is synthesized in a large
      precursor form composed of 1706 amino acids. The calmodulin-stimulated catalytic
      activity resides in the amino-terminal 450 amino acids of the adenylate cyclase.
      The enzyme expressed in E. coli is recognized in Western blots by antibodies
      directed against purified B. pertussis adenylate cyclase, and its activity is
      inhibited by these antibodies.

PMID- 2897068
TI  - Biogenesis of F7(1) and F7(2) fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli:
      influence of the FsoF and FstFG proteins and localization of the Fso/FstE
      protein.
AB  - The F7(1) and F7(2) P-fimbriae of Escherichia coli are encoded by the fso (F
      seven one) and fst (F seven two) gene clusters, respectively (Van Die et al.,
      1984; 1985). With the immunocytochemical gold-labelling technique it was
      demonstrated that both the FsoE and FstE proteins are non-adhesive minor fimbrial
      subunits located at the tip of the fimbrial structure. The FsoF and FstFG
      proteins play an important role in the initiation of polymerization of the minor
      and major subunits into the fimbrial structure.

PMID- 2897069
TI  - Somatostatin infusion inhibits the stimulatory effect of testosterone on
      endosteal bone formation in the mouse.
AB  - To investigate whether the effects of testosterone (T) on endosteal bone
      metabolism may be mediated by growth hormone (GH), intact male mice were infused
      for ten days with T (5 or 15 mg/kg/d) alone, or combined either with native
      somatostatin (SRIF) (220 micrograms/kg/d) or with the long-acting somatostatin
      analog SMS 201-995. Testosterone infusion induced a dose-dependent increase in
      histomorphometric parameters of bone formation, causing a 25% increase in
      osteoblastic and osteoid surface and 10% to 12% stimulation of the matrix and
      mineral appositional rates. Stimulation of bone formation rate was associated
      with a 2- to 3-fold increase in the incidence of serum GH peaks of high
      amplitude. SRIF (220 micrograms/kg/d) and SMS at low dose (4.32 micrograms/kg/d)
      decreased parameters of bone formation by 20% to 25%. At a higher dosage (13
      micrograms/kg/d), which mildly decreased serum glucose and longitudinal bone
      growth, SMS further reduced bone formation rate. Infusion of SRIF with T (5
      mg/kg/d) blunted the stimulatory effect of T. Similarly, infusion of a high dose
      of SMS (13 micrograms/kg/d), together with T (15 mg/kg/d), abolished the effect
      of T (15 mg/kg/d) without altering serum glucose or mineral levels. The effect of
      SRIF on testosterone-induced (5 mg/kg/d) bone formation was associated with
      inhibition of T-induced high-amplitude GH peaks. The results indicate that T
      stimulates the osteoblastic bone formation in association with increased GH
      secretion, whereas SRIF and the analog SMS produce inhibitory effects.

PMID- 2897070
TI  - Effect of beta-blockade and subsequent triiodothyronine administration on human
      leucocyte Na-K ATPase.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of beta-blockade and beta-blockade +
      triiodothyronine (T3) administration on 86Rb (K) influx and [3H]-ouabain binding
      by human leucocytes and on plasma potassium concentrations. beta-blockade with
      nadolol (40 mg daily) for five days resulted in a significant decrease in 86Rb
      influx and [3H]-ouabain binding, as well as an increase in plasma potassium
      concentration. T3 administration thereafter caused a fall in plasma concentration
      and an increase in 86Rb influx. There was a tendency toward restoration of [3H]
      ouabain binding to normal. The fact that beta-blockade inhibits 86Rb (K) influx
      and increases plasma potassium concentration implies that endogenous adrenaline
      exerts a tonic stimulatory effect upon 86Rb (K) influx and a suppressive effect
      on plasma potassium concentrations in vivo. T3 administration induces an increase
      in 86Rb (K) influx and a fall in plasma potassium concentrations. This suggests
      that either the effect of T3 is independent of beta-adrenoceptors or that the
      known increase in beta-adrenoceptor population secondary to T3 administration
      increases sensitivity to circulating adrenaline in spite of beta-blocker
      administration.

PMID- 2897071
TI  - RNA processing and multiple transcription initiation sites result in transcript
      size heterogeneity in maize mitochondria.
AB  - Variation in the length of the 5' non-coding region of mitochondrial gene
      transcripts could result from multiple transcription initiation sites or post
      transcriptional processing events. To distinguish between these possibilities, we
      have utilized the in vitro capping reaction catalyzed by guanylyl transferase to
      specifically label the 5' end of primary, unprocessed transcripts. Hybridization
      of in vitro capped mtRNA to immobilized DNA from the 5' flanking regions of 26 S,
      18 S and 5 S rRNA genes and two protein-coding genes, ATP synthase subunit 9
      (atp9) and apocytochrome b (cob), identified regions where transcription
      initiates. Single-strand specific RNase treatment of in vitro capped RNA
      hybridized to immobilized DNA containing the 5' flanking sequences from cob and
      atp9 suggests that these genes have multiple transcription initiation sites.
      Direct mapping of transcription initiation sites for the rRNA genes indicated
      that single major transcription initiation sites exist at approximately 180 and
      230 nucleotides upstream from the mature 26 S and 18 + 5 S rRNA genes,
      respectively. Labeling of processed transcripts bearing a 5' hydroxyl moiety with
      T4 polynucleotide kinase and subsequent hybridization to the rRNA genes indicated
      that the mature forms of the rRNA are processed.

PMID- 2897073
TI  - Report on the Sixth World Conference on Smoking and Health.

PMID- 2897072
TI  - Energy state of bovine cerebral microvessels: comparison of isolation methods.
AB  - Isolation procedures employed by various laboratories to obtain cerebral
      microvessels generally utilize meshes to sieve and collect the microvessels from
      homogenized brain. This is followed in some cases by further purification using
      density gradients of Percoll or sucrose, or albumin flotation. We have evaluated
      microvessels prepared by these methods in terms of ATP content and ATP/ADP ratio,
      which reflect the cellular energy state, and enrichment of the marker enzymes,
      alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Albumin flotation generally
      increased the enrichment of marker enzymes; however, preparations using albumin
      flotation or a Percoll gradient exhibited considerable variability in ATP content
      and ATP/ADP ratio with the mean ATP/ADP ratio significantly lower than that
      observed in microvessels isolated by sieving through meshes. More uniformly high
      values for both ATP (approximately 1.6 nmole ATP/mg protein) and the ATP/ADP
      ratio (approximately 2.3) were obtained with meshes alone. Use of a sucrose
      gradient consistently resulted in preparations with a much lower ATP content and
      ATP/ADP ratio, compared with preparations obtained with the other methods. Values
      using the other methods were higher than those previously reported, yet were
      still lower than the ATP content of about 23 and ATP/ADP ratios of 18 and 7 we
      found in cultured microvascular endothelium and pericyte, respectively. These low
      values were not improved by supplying additional fuel to the microvessels during
      isolation, suggesting they were not the result of fuel deprivations during
      isolation. Despite the probable damage incurred during isolation, microvessel
      preparations are a useful in vitro model in which fuel metabolism appears to
      reflect the prior hormonal/nutritional state of donor animals. However, our data
      indicate the advisability of measurements of ATP content and ATP/ADP ratio for
      quality control of preparations used for metabolic studies, especially after
      Percoll density gradient or albumin flotation steps.

PMID- 2897075
TI  - Box-jellyfish envenomation.

PMID- 2897074
TI  - Fatal envenomation by Chironex fleckeri, the north Australian box jellyfish: the
      continuing search for lethal mechanisms.
AB  - A child with severe envenomation by Chironex fleckeri presented in cardiac arrest
      at a hospital between 15 and 20 min after the sting was sustained. Resuscitation
      was not successful. Objective confirmation of C. fleckeri as the cause of death
      is described. Four metres of tentacle contact in this case represents the
      smallest-measured fatal C. fleckeri sting that has been recorded so far. The
      mechanism of this death was toxic and not allergic. The available clinical
      information suggests direct myocardial interference, but does not exclude a
      respiratory hypoxic element. A more widespread venom-induced functional
      disruption of the cell membrane is postulated, with a resultant dysfunction in
      several vital organ systems that were acting in concert. Early, vigorous and
      sustained resuscitation that is performed as a first-aid measure offers the best
      hope of prehospital survival after a massive C. fleckeri sting, which is the most
      explosive envenomation process that is presently known to humans. In-hospital
      resuscitation from unresponsive circulatory arrest should now involve
      intravenously-administered verapamil (or its equivalent) and additional box
      jellyfish antivenom, while the patient is being monitored.

PMID- 2897076
TI  - [Culicidae fauna of the Ubsu-Nur basin].

PMID- 2897077
TI  - [Clinical, etiologic, diagnostic and differential diagnostic aspects of Churg
      Strauss syndrome].

PMID- 2897078
TI  - [Extensive lung involvement in periarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2897079
TI  - Tumor promoter and epidermal growth factor stimulate phosphorylation of the c
      erbB-2 gene product in MKN-7 human adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - Treatment of human adenocarcinoma MKN-7 cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      or phorbol tetradecanoate acetate (TPA) stimulated phosphorylation of the c-erbB
      2 gene product. EGF induced a rapid increase in phosphotyrosine followed by
      relatively gradual increases in phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. On the other
      hand, the TPA-induced increase in phosphorylations occurred exclusively on serine
      and threonine residues. Tryptic phosphopeptide mapping analysis suggested that
      treatments with EGF and TPA induced phosphorylation of many common sites in the c
      erbB-2 gene product. However, in contrast to TPA, EGF increased the
      phosphorylation of the c-erbB-2 protein in cells whose protein kinase C had been
      down-regulated by long-term pretreatment with TPA, suggesting that EGF and TPA
      induce phosphorylation by different mechanisms. Since the c-erbB-2 gene product
      did not show detectable EGF-binding activity, phosphorylation of tyrosine of the
      c-erbB-2 gene product might be catalyzed directly by the EGF receptor kinase that
      was activated by EGF.

PMID- 2897080
TI  - Facilitation of a dendritic calcium conductance by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the
      substantia nigra.
AB  - Within the substantia nigra, the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons that project
      to the striatum appear to play an active and nonclassical role in the physiology
      of the neuron in that they release transmitter and protein, but little is known
      of the factors controlling release of substances from these dendrites. In this
      study, we show that 5-hydroxytryptamine, which is contained in afferent fibres to
      the substantia nigra, is present in terminals making direct synaptic contact with
      dopaminergic neurons and also that it has a site-dependent, receptor-mediated,
      facilitatory effect on a specific dendritic calcium-dependent potential in
      nigrostriatal neurons in vitro. The ionic and spatial features of this response,
      which is insensitive to blockade by three different K+-channel antagonists, could
      correspond to those underlying the dendritic release of dopamine.

PMID- 2897081
TI  - Complete structure of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of rat
      brain Thy-1 glycoprotein.
AB  - Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors have recently been identified as
      alternatives to hydrophobic amino acid sequences for the attachment of a variety
      of eukaryotic cell surface molecules to the lipid bilayer. In single cell
      eukaryotes the GPI group appears to be the predominant form of membrane
      attachment, and in vertebrates a substantial minority of molecules have this
      anchor including cell surface hydrolytic enzymes, antigens and cell adhesion
      molecules. Analysis of different GPI anchors suggests they share common
      structural features including linkage to the COOH group of the terminal amino
      acid via ethanolamine phosphate, the presence of phosphatidylinositol lipid and a
      glycan between the bridging ethanolamine phosphate and the lipid. In the case of
      the Trypanosoma brucie variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) the full structure of
      the GPI anchor has been determined and this provides a prototype for comparison
      with other molecules. We now report the structure of the GPI anchor of rat brain
      Thy-1 glycoprotein. It has an identical backbone to the VSG anchor but shows
      significant differences in side chain moieties.

PMID- 2897082
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of alpha-adrenoceptors involved in nictitating
      membrane and pupillary responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in cats.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve produced
      frequency-related contraction of the nictitating membrane (NM) and dilation of
      the pupil in anesthetized cats. Observations of the effects of alpha-adrenoceptor
      blockade on these effectors were made simultaneously from the same preparations.
      All of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists tested produced a dose-related
      blockade of the NM with the relative potencies being prazosin greater than WB
      4101 greater than phentolamine greater than phenoxybenzamine. In contrast, the
      iris dilator response was blocked by WB-4101 and phenoxybenzamine but was almost
      totally refractory to antagonism by doses of prazosin and phentolamine that
      reduced the evoked NM responses by more than 75% in these same preparations.
      Neither alpha 2-adrenoceptor (yohimbine or rauwolscine) nor beta-adrenoceptor
      (propranolol) antagonism produced significant inhibition of the activation of
      either organ. These results suggest that: 1) neural activation of the nictitating
      membrane is solely due to stimulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors; 2) neither beta-
      nor alpha 2-adrenoceptors contribute significantly to nerve activation of either
      the nictitating membrane or iris dilator muscle in vivo; 3) the alpha
      adrenoceptors on the dilator muscle that are activated neurally can not be
      classified pharmacologically as either alpha 1 or alpha 2 receptors.

PMID- 2897083
TI  - Inhibition of a peripheral sympathetic-cholinergic system by presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - Intravenous administration of catecholamines produced dose-related inhibition of
      electrodermal responses (EDRs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the post
      ganglionic sciatic nerve in anaesthetized rats, with relative potencies being (-)
      adrenaline greater than (+/-)-adrenaline greater than (-)-noradrenaline = (+)
      adrenaline. The suppression of EDRs by (+/-)-adrenaline and (-)-noradrenaline was
      blocked by pretreatment with yohimbine (0.75 mg/kg i.v.) but not by prazosin (0.3
      mg/kg i.v.). The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist B-HT 920 also inhibited
      neurally evoked skin potential responses. This effect of B-HT 920 was antagonized
      by the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) but
      was insensitive to prazosin. Idazoxan was more potent than yohimbine in blocking
      (+/-)-adrenaline-induced suppression of EDRs. Methacholine administered into the
      femoral artery evoked EDRs by an atropine-sensitive mechanism. Methacholine
      induced EDRs were not suppressed by intravenous administration of (-)-adrenaline
      (1 microgram/kg or 3 micrograms/kg) whereas EDRs evoked by the sciatic nerve
      stimulation on the other hindpaw were inhibited. Increase in the endogenous
      catecholamines by asphyxia strongly inhibited EDRs by a mechanism which was also
      sensitive to yohimbine but not to prazosin. These results suggest that peripheral
      presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms are involved in inhibition of
      transmitter release in this sympathetic-cholinergic system.

PMID- 2897084
TI  - Influence of protein kinase C-stimulation by a phorbol ester on neurotransmitter
      release at frog end-plates.
AB  - 1. The effect of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on
      the stimulation-evoked neurotransmitter release has been investigated by
      measuring the quantal content (m) of end-plate potentials at frog neuromuscular
      junctions (Rana temporaria, M. sartorius). 2. After addition of TPA (0.1 up to 1
      mumol/l) to the Ringer solution the m-values increased in a concentration
      dependent manner up to more than 3 times the control values. 3. Inhibition of the
      activity of the protein kinase C through the inhibitor 1-(5
      isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) blocked this effect of TPA. 4.
      The TPA effect was much more conspicuous when the m-value was reduced by raising
      the extracellular Mg2+ concentration. Between the control m-values and the n-fold
      increase in the m-value enhanced by TPA a hyperbolic relation was observed. 5. It
      is concluded that protein kinase C stimulation affects predominantly the
      spontaneous release of neurotransmitter at the frog neuromuscular junction and
      only very poorly the stimulation-evoked one.

PMID- 2897085
TI  - Muscarinic receptor interaction with full and partial beta-adrenoceptor agonists
      in the rat colon strip.
AB  - beta-Adrenoceptor agonists inhibit contractile activity in isolated colon strips.
      In order to demonstrate that beta-adrenoceptors are located at different
      functional levels within the colon wall, increasing concentrations of muscarinic
      agonists were used to interact functionally with the beta-adrenoceptor-mediated
      inhibition of spontaneous colon activity. The effects of the full agonists
      isoprenaline and terbutaline and of the partial agonist prenalterol were
      functionally antagonized by carbachol (0.03 and 0.3 mumol/l) and bethanechol (1.3
      and 30 mumol/l). This functional antagonism was parallelled by an increase in
      baseline tension and spontaneous contractile activity of the isolated colon
      strip. At lower concentrations of carbachol (0.003 and 0.01 mumol/l) or
      bethanechol (0.03 and 0.3 mumol/l) no effect on the contractile status of the
      smooth muscle or on the pD2-values of the full agonists was seen. However, at
      these lower concentrations of muscarinic agonists a marked decrease in the
      maximal inhibitory response to the partial beta-adrenoceptor agonist prenalterol
      was demonstrated. The inhibitory response to prenalterol showed a biphasic
      concentration-response curve. The muscarinic antagonist atropine produced an
      increase in the maximal response of the high potency component of the
      concentration-response curve for prenalterol and an increase in the sensitivity
      to isoprenaline. These results demonstrate the presence of a high cholinergic
      tone in the colon preparation of a magnitude that clearly reduces the sensitivity
      to beta-adrenoceptor agonists. The different responses to full and partial beta
      adrenoceptor agonists in the presence of increasing concentrations of muscarinic
      agonists may indicate that beta-adrenoceptors are located on two different
      functional units within the colon wall.

PMID- 2897086
TI  - Phorbol ester does not mimic, but antagonizes the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated
      positive inotropic effect in the rabbit papillary muscle.
AB  - The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was used to examine
      the hypothesis that phosphoinositide turnover is involved in the regulation of
      myocardial contractility mediated by stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors in the
      mammalian cardiac muscle. Exposure of the isolated rabbit papillary muscle
      electrically driven at a rate of 1 Hz at a temperature of 37 degrees C to TPA in
      concentrations of 10-1000 nmol/l for 30 min did not affect the basal force of
      contraction. The concentration-response curve for the positive inotropic effect
      of (-)-phenylephrine mediated by stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors in the
      presence of (+/-)-bupranolol (100 nmol/l) was shifted to the right and downward
      by TPA in concentrations of 30-1000 nmol/l, while the effect of (-)-phenylephrine
      mediated by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors in the presence of prazosin (100
      nmol/l) was not decreased, but slightly enhanced by exposure of the muscle to
      relatively low concentrations of TPA (10-100 nmol/l). Incubation of the membrane
      fraction isolated from the rabbit ventricular muscle with TPA in vitro under the
      same condition as employed in the physiological experiments decreased the
      specific binding of [3H]prazosin but not that of [3H]CGP-12177, while the non
      tumor promoting phorbol ester, alpha PDD, was ineffective. These results indicate
      that activation of protein kinase C by TPA does not mimic the positive inotropic
      effect of catecholamines mediated by activation of myocardial alpha
      adrenoceptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897088
TI  - Interrelationships between ornithine, glutamate, and GABA. II. Consequences of
      inhibition of GABA-T and ornithine aminotransferase in brain.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of elevation of
      GABA concentration and those of inactivation of L-ornithine: 2-oxoacid
      aminotransferase (OAT) on the in vivo metabolism of L-ornithine (Orn) in brain.
      Vigabatrin (4-aminohex-5-enoic acid) and gabaculine (5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadienyl
      carboxylic acid), two well known inactivators of GABA-T, were used to elevate
      brain GABA concentrations. The latter inactivates OAT also. Transamination of Orn
      is, from a quantitative point of view, a significant reaction in mouse brain.
      GABA is a feed-back regulator of OAT. Within GABAergic neurons Orn concentration
      may be regulated by endogenous GABA. Extensive inactivation of OAT causes a
      considerable increase of Orn concentration, both in synaptosomes and in non
      synaptosomal compartments. The results are compatible with a role of Orn as
      precursor of glutamate and/or GABA in certain neurons.

PMID- 2897087
TI  - Concentrations of physiologically important metal ions in glial cells cultured
      from chick cerebral cortex.
AB  - Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used
      to determine the concentrations of Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu in primary cultures
      of astroglial cells from chick embryo cortex in chemically defined serum-free
      growth medium. The intracellular volume of cultured glia was determined to be
      8.34 microliter/mg protein. Intracellular Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu in these cells were
      ca. 10-200 microM, or 20-200 times the concentrations in the growth medium. Mg2+
      was 7 mM in glial cells, only four-fold higher than in growth medium. Glutamine
      synthetase (GS), compartmentalized in glia, catalyzes a key step in the
      metabolism of neurotransmitter L-glutamate as part of the glutamate/glutamine
      cycle between neurons and glia. Hormones (insulin, hydrocortisone, and cAMP)
      added to growth medium differentially altered the activity of GS and the
      intracellular level of Mn(II), but not Mg(II). These findings suggest the
      possibility that glutamine synthetase activity could be regulated in brain by the
      intracellular levels of Mn(II) or the ratio of Mn(II)/Mg(II), which may in turn
      be controlled indirectly by means of transport processes that respond to hormones
      or secondary metabolic signals.

PMID- 2897089
TI  - B-lipotropin 61-76 and 61-91 fragments act as transglutaminase substrates in
      vitro.
AB  - Both alpha- and beta-endorphin were shown to incorporate radioactive polyamines
      during incubation in the presence of purified transglutaminase and Ca2+, spermine
      acting as the best acyl acceptor substrate. The endorphin labelling is dependent
      on the time of exposure to the enzyme and on the substrate concentration. In the
      absence of acyl acceptor polyamines, isotopically labelled beta-endorphin gives
      rise to high molecular weight radioactive polymer(s). Moreover, when different
      proteins acting as transglutaminase substrates are added, beta-endorphin produces
      heterologous structures. These data indicate that the glutamine-71 of the beta
      lipotropin chain, contained in both alpha- and beta-endorphin, functions as acyl
      donor substrate for the enzyme and that at least one beta-endorphin lysyl residue
      can serve as acyl acceptor.

PMID- 2897090
TI  - Co-localization of neurotensin- and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivities in
      catecholamine neurons in the rat dorsomedial medulla.
AB  - Co-localization of neurotensin and cholecystokinin in tyrosine hydroxylase
      containing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat was demonstrated
      by immunocytochemistry with fluorescent double-staining combined with the
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Co-localization of neurotensin/tyrosine
      hydroxylase or cholecystokinin/tyrosine hydroxylase was consistently found in
      small neurons in the region dorsomedial to the tractus solitarius at the level of
      the area postrema with high percentages of co-existence: 91.0% tyrosine
      hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons contained neurotensin and 91.1%
      cholecystokinin, suggesting that they represent the same neurons. Accordingly, co
      localization of neurotensin and cholecystokinin was assessed on tyrosine
      hydroxylase-containing neurons bisected into two adjacent sections, and then
      identified in a certain number of the catecholamine neurons in this region.
      Furthermore these catecholamine neurons exhibited immunoreactivity for an
      adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. It was
      concluded that catecholamine, in particular adrenaline, neurons, characterized by
      co-localization of neurotensin and cholecystokinin, established a distinct
      subpopulation in the catecholaminergic system in the dorsomedial medulla of the
      rat.

PMID- 2897091
TI  - Neuropeptide tyrosine in the rat adrenal gland--immunohistochemical and in situ
      hybridization studies.
AB  - The adrenal gland of the rat was analysed with immunohistochemistry and antisera
      to neuropeptide tyrosine, to the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes tyrosine
      hydroxylase, phenyl-ethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, and to acetylcholinesterase
      and with in situ hybridization using a nick-translated 280 base pair
      deoxyribonucleic acid probe coding for exon 2 of the rat neuropeptide tyrosine
      gene. Neuropeptide tyrosine-like immunoreactivity was observed in three
      structures: chromaffin cells, medullary ganglion cells and nerve fibers. The
      chromaffin cells were of both the noradrenaline- and adrenaline-type. The
      ganglion cells did not seem to contain any catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes but
      exhibited a strong immunoreaction for acetylcholinesterase. They were thus in all
      probability cholinergic neurons. In situ hybridization using the nick-translated
      deoxyribonucleic acid probe to rat neuropeptide tyrosine messenger ribonucleic
      acid revealed a very high-grain density over the ganglion cells, a moderate
      density over the chromaffin cells and a low background over cortex, in agreement
      with the immuno-histochemical demonstration of neuropeptide tyrosine-like
      immunoreactivity both in chromaffin and ganglion cells. The intense neuropeptide
      tyrosine-like immunoreactivity and low content of neuropeptide tyrosine messenger
      ribonucleic acid suggest that the chromaffin cells have fairly large peptide
      stores but that the peptide turnover is low. In contrast, the ganglion cell
      bodies seem to contain low amounts of neuropeptide tyrosine-like immunoreactivity
      but exhibit a high neuropeptide tyrosine synthesis rate. Preliminary studies with
      the amine-depleting drug reserpine revealed an increase in messenger ribonucleic
      acid both in ganglion cells and medullary cells. In the chromaffin cells the
      highest activity was seen 3 and 4 days after injection, and the levels were down
      to normal after 8 days. The present findings demonstrate neuropeptide tyrosine
      synthesis and storage in two cell populations in the adrenal medulla. In situ
      hybridization with its cellular resolution can provide information on possible
      differential effects of drugs and experimental procedures on these two
      neuropeptide tyrosine stores.

PMID- 2897092
TI  - GABA release from Xenopus retina does not correlate with horizontal cell membrane
      potential.
AB  - The relationship between horizontal cell membrane potential and the release of
      GABA was explored in the retina of Xenopus laevis. The intracellularly recorded
      membrane potential of horizontal cells was monitored while the retina was exposed
      to different concentrations of depolarizing agents. The dose-response curves
      obtained revealed a rise from 5 to 95% maximum depolarization in 0.5-1.5 log unit
      concentration change. The molar concentrations that elicited a 20 mV
      depolarization were 40 mM (potassium), 0.8 mM (glutamate), 0.8 mM (glycine), 5
      microM (kainate) and 1.3 microM (quisqualate). Autoradiography revealed that
      radiolabel was accumulated almost exclusively by horizontal cells when isolated
      retinas were incubated in medium containing 1 microM [3H]GABA. Thus, retinal
      release of radioactivity was used as a measure of [3H]GABA release from
      horizontal cells. Endogenous GABA released from retinas was measured using high
      performance liquid chromatography and was taken to reflect both amacrine and
      horizontal cell GABA pools. The release of both [3H]GABA and endogenous GABA was
      stimulated by glutamate, kainate and potassium, but not by glycine or
      quisqualate. Similar dose-response curves for GABA release and for depolarization
      were obtained in the case of potassium and kainate but not for glutamate.
      Potassium-evoked release either of endogenous GABA or [3H]GABA was both calcium-
      and sodium-dependent, whereas kainate- or glutamate-evoked GABA release was
      sodium-dependent but calcium-independent. The results indicate that
      depolarization per se is not necessarily associated with transmitter release in
      Xenopus retinal horizontal cells. It is suggested that the action of a given
      neurotransmitter upon the efflux of GABA from horizontal cells may depend on the
      degree to which it modifies the sodium conductance of the horizontal cell.

PMID- 2897094
TI  - Glutamate phase shifts circadian activity rhythms in hamsters.
AB  - The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) have been identified as a pacemaker for many
      circadian rhythms in mammals. Photic entrainment of this pacemaker can be
      accomplished via the direct retino-hypothalamic tract (RHT). Glutamate is a
      putative transmitter of the RHT. In the present study it is demonstrated that
      glutamate injections in the SCN cause phase shifts of the circadian activity
      rhythm of the hamster. In contrast, glutamate injections outside the SCN or
      vehicle injections inside the SCN did not affect the circadian phase. These data
      suggest that glutamate could be involved in photic entrainment of the circadian
      pacemaker.

PMID- 2897093
TI  - Evidence for a role of haloperidol-sensitive sigma-'opiate' receptors in the
      motor effects of antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - Haloperidol exhibits a high affinity for a subclass of sigma- "opiate" binding
      sites which have a unique anatomic distribution and a unique drug selectivity
      pattern. These binding sites differ from phencyclidine-sensitive sigma-receptors
      and are found in many brain areas involved in the control of movement. 1,3-Di-o
      tolylguanidine (DTG), a highly selective ligand for the haloperidol-sensitive
      sigma-receptor, produced marked dystonia in rats after microinjection into the
      red nucleus, a motor area rich in this receptor. Haloperidol and another sigma
      ligand [(+)-SKF 10,047] produced similar effects. On the other hand, clozapine,
      an antipsychotic drug which fails to bind to sigma-receptors and fails to induce
      movement disorders in humans, failed to induce these dystonic reactions in rats.
      Phencyclidine was also without effect, as were injections of the active compounds
      in sites distant to the red nucleus. Microinjections of DTG in the substantia
      nigra produced vigorous contralateral circling behavior at extremely low doses.
      These findings suggest that sigma-binding sites represent biologically functional
      receptors that are active in the neural control of movement. Since haloperidol
      (and many other antipsychotic drugs) exhibit an affinity for sigma-receptors
      which is at least equal to its affinity for dopamine receptors, these data raise
      the further possibility that sigma-receptors are involved in the motor side
      effects of antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2897095
TI  - Effects of chemical stimulation of paraventricular nucleus on adrenal and renal
      nerve activity in rats.
AB  - The effects of stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by L
      glutamate on blood pressure and ongoing activities of adrenal and renal
      sympathetic nerves were examined in anesthetized rats. Microinjection of
      excitatory amino acid, L-glutamate (100 nmol in 200 nl saline), into the
      unilateral PVN resulted in an increase in the ipsilateral adrenal nerve activity,
      while it resulted in decreases in renal nerve activity and arterial blood
      pressure. After severance of bilateral carotid sinus and vagal nerves, the
      decreased response of blood pressure to the same stimulus did not change, while
      the decreased response of renal nerve activity was almost abolished, and the
      increased response of adrenal nerve activity still remained, though it slightly
      attenuated. The involvements of baroreceptor afferents and vagal afferents in
      these responses were discussed.

PMID- 2897096
TI  - Increase in the stimulation-induced overflow of excitatory amino acids from
      hippocampal slices: interaction between low glucose concentration and
      fluoroacetate.
AB  - To see whether the enhanced evoked release of aspartate and glutamate in the
      presence of low glucose concentration is due to a decreased glial uptake, the
      electrical-field stimulation induced release of aspartate and glutamate was
      measured in rat hippocampal slices in the presence of 5 or 0.2 mM glucose and of
      graded concentrations of fluoroacetate, a specific inhibitor of glial
      tricarboxylic acid cycle. In 5 mM glucose, fluoroacetate increased the overflow
      of both excitatory amino acids equally in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal
      effect obtained at 2 mM. This maximal increase of glutamate overflow was about
      the same as caused by 0.2 mM glucose, but low glucose increased aspartate
      overflow 5 times more than did fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate failed to increase
      any further the large evoked overflow of either glutamate or aspartate induced by
      0.2 mM glucose. The absence of an additive effect of fluoroacetate and of low
      glucose suggests that under both conditions the increased overflow of glutamate
      is due to a reduced glial uptake. In low glucose an increased synthesis also
      contributes to the additional large release of aspartate.

PMID- 2897097
TI  - Australian Neuroscience Proceedings. Abstracts of the eighth meeting of the
      Australian Neuroscience Society. Canberra, Australia, February 9-11, 1988.

PMID- 2897099
TI  - Abstracts of the sixth national meeting of the Brain Research Association.
      London, U.K., 28-30 March 1988.

PMID- 2897098
TI  - Abstracts of the ninth annual conference of the Hong Kong Society of
      Neurosciences. Hong Kong, September 8-10, 1987.

PMID- 2897100
TI  - Abstracts of the Brain Research Association meeting, Mechanisms of Recovery of
      Function after Brain Damage. Oxford, U.K., 11 January 1988.

PMID- 2897101
TI  - Specificity of carcinoembryonic antigen, gastrointestinal cancer-associated
      antigen, tissue polypeptide antigen, fibrinopeptide A and gamma
      glutamyltransferase in the diagnosis and follow-up of gastric cancer.
AB  - The usefulness and specificity of the main tumor markers (carcinoembryonic
      antigen, CEA; gastrointestinal cancer-associated antigen, GICA; tissue
      polypeptide antigen, TPA; fibrinopeptide A, FpA; gamma-glutamyltransferase, gamma
      GT) have been investigated in the diagnosis and follow-up of the circumscribed
      and disseminated gastric cancers (GCs). The comprehensive evaluation of all of
      these markers has given the most reliable results. For the diagnosis and follow
      up of GCs, the present study has shown that the sensitivity and specificity of
      the above markers have the following decreasing order: FpA, TPA, GICA, CEA, gamma
      GT. However gamma-GT has proved to be a reliable index of the presence of hepatic
      metastases.

PMID- 2897102
TI  - Common site of mutation in the erbB gene of avian erythroblastosis virus mutants
      that are temperature sensitive for transformation.
AB  - The genome of the avian erythroblastosis virus temperature sensitive mutant ts34
      was cloned from a cell line that was shown to contain a single integrated copy of
      the virus. The mutation was localized to the v-erbB gene by making chimeric
      viruses between the mutant genome and that of wildtype. Sequencing of the mutant
      v-erbB gene revealed a single amino acid change of a histidine to an aspartate
      residue at a position equivalent to amino-acid 826 of the human epidermal growth
      factor receptor. Interestingly this is the identical mutation to that recently
      reported for another temperature sensitive mutant ts167, indicating that this may
      be a hot spot for mutations in the v-erbB gene that give rise to ts
      transformation mutants. In addition, the different biological phenotypes of ts34
      and ts167 are suggested to be due to an additional mutation in v-erbA in ts167.

PMID- 2897103
TI  - Chromosomal location of Evi-1, a common site of ecotropic viral integration in
      AKXD murine myeloid tumors.
AB  - The chromosomal location of Evi-1, a common site of ecotropic viral integration
      in AKXD murine myelogenous leukemias, was determined by recombinant inbred and
      conventional backcross analyses. We mapped Evi-1 to a location approximately 15
      cM distal to the carbonic anhydrase locus on murine Chromosome 3. The chromosomal
      location of the proto-oncogene Nras, and two growth factors, epidermal growth
      factor (Egf), and the beta subunit of nerve growth factor (Ngfb), which had
      previously been assigned to Chromosome 3 by somatic cell hybrid analysis, were
      also determined. The location of Evi-1 is distinct from these three loci and from
      all other proto-oncogenes, common sites of viral integration, or growth factor
      loci previously mapped in mouse chromosomes. These results suggest that Evi-1
      represents a new locus involved in myeloid disease.

PMID- 2897104
TI  - c-Ha-ras-1 polymorphism in human breast carcinomas: evidence for a normal
      distribution of alleles.
AB  - Analysis of the c-Ha-ras-1 locus for restriction fragment length polymorphism was
      determined by Southern blot hybridization in 112 specimens of primary breast
      carcinoma. Normal cell samples were lymphocytes obtained from 61 of these breast
      cancer patients and from 62 healthy donors. Our data indicate that the
      distribution of c-Ha-ras-1 alleles in breast carcinoma patients did not
      significantly differ from that found in normal individuals. In addition the loss
      of one allele detected in 5 tumor samples was not correlated to the
      aggressiveness of breast cancer. Consequently our data imply that hereditary
      predisposition to breast cancer is not associated with the c-Ha-ras-1
      polymorphism as previously reported.

PMID- 2897105
TI  - [Cryptorchism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2897106
TI  - [Cryptorchism--an unsolved problem?].

PMID- 2897107
TI  - Zinc competitively inhibits calcium-dependent release of transmitter at the mouse
      neuromuscular junction.
AB  - The effect of zinc on the release of transmitter was investigated in preparations
      of mouse diaphragm by conventional microelectrode techniques. The frequency (F)
      of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs), elevated by Ca2+ in high K+ medium,
      was reduced by zinc in a concentration-dependent fashion. When the extracellular
      concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) was varied in the absence of zinc, a linear
      relationship between log(F) and log([Ca2+]o) was obtained. When the effect of
      zinc was depicted graphically, it was found that zinc shifted the relationship
      between log(F) and log([Ca2+]o) to the right, with respect to the control in the
      absence of zinc, without altering the slope. Zinc also reduced the quantal
      content (m) of end-plate potentials (EPPs). As [Ca2+]o was varied in the absence
      of zinc, a linear relationship between ln(m) and ln([Ca2+]o) was observed. Zinc
      shifted this linear relationship between ln(m) and ln([Ca2+]o) to the right, with
      respect to the control, without altering the slope. Thus, zinc reduced both the
      asynchronous and the phasic release of transmitter. These results suggest that
      zinc competes with Ca2+, and this conclusion is confirmed by examination of a
      modified Lineweaver-Burk plot of the data. Zinc probably inhibits the entry of
      Ca2+ into the nerve terminals, thereby inhibiting transmitter release.

PMID- 2897108
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHI54) on chromosome 1p
      [D1S62].

PMID- 2897109
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD53.2) on chromosome 1
      [D1S73].

PMID- 2897110
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH55) on chromosome 15
      [D15S27].

PMID- 2897111
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH14) on chromosome 12p
      [D12S16].

PMID- 2897112
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cMHZ47) on chromosome 13
      [D13S52].

PMID- 2897113
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cKKA39) on chromosome 14
      [D14S23].

PMID- 2897114
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM17.1) on chromosome 10
      [D10S16].

PMID- 2897115
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM65) on chromosome 16
      [D16S84].

PMID- 2897116
TI  - A 0.5 kb insert polymorphism 3' to the c-myc gene.

PMID- 2897117
TI  - NcoI and HinfI RFLPs detected with a dihydropteridine reductase cDNA probe.

PMID- 2897118
TI  - Anticataleptic effect of taurine: interaction with antiparkinsonian agents.
AB  - The influence of taurine on cataleptogenic effect of neuroleptics was
      investigated in male Wistar rats. It was found that taurine 900 micrograms/rat
      icv reduced significantly haloperidol or fluphenazine-induced catalepsy. In rats
      receiving taurine in a dose of 450 micrograms, not influencing catalepsy, with
      low doses of anticholinergic antiparkinsonian agents (trihexyphenidyl and
      pridinol) strong anticataleptic effect was observed. The results suggest that
      taurine facilitates neurotransmission in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2897119
TI  - Diagnosis and management of pain in patients with cancer.

PMID- 2897120
TI  - Mechanochemical coupling in synthetic polypeptides by modulation of an inverse
      temperature transition.
AB  - For the polypentapeptide of elastin, (L-Val-L-Pro-Gly-L-Val-Gly)n, and
      appropriate analogs when suitably cross-linked, it has been previously
      demonstrated that development of elastomeric force at fixed length and length
      changes at fixed load occur as the result of an inverse temperature transition,
      with the temperature of the transition being inversely dependent on the
      hydrophobicity of the polypeptide. This suggests that at fixed temperature a
      chemical means of reversibly changing the hydrophobicity could be used for
      mechanochemical coupling. Evidence for this mechanism of mechanochemical coupling
      is given here with a 4%-Glu-polypentapeptide, in which the valine in position 4
      is replaced in 1 out of 5 pentamers by a glutamic acid residue. Before cross
      linking, the temperature for aggregation of 4%-Glu-polypentapeptide is remarkably
      sensitive to pH, shifting from 25 degrees C at pH 2 to 70 degrees C at pH 7.4 in
      phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). At 37 degrees C, the cross-linked 4%-Glu
      polypentapeptide matrix in PBS undergoes a pH-modulated contraction and
      relaxation with a change from pH 4.3 to 3.3 and back. The mean distance between
      carboxylates at pH 4.3 in the elastomeric matrix is greater than 40 A, twice the
      mean distance between negatively charged species in PBS. Accordingly, charge
      charge repulsion is expected to make little or no contribution to the coupling.
      Mechanochemical coupling is demonstrated at fixed load by monitoring pH
      dependence of length and at constant length by monitoring pH dependence of force.
      To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of mechanochemical coupling in
      a synthetic polypeptide and the first system to provide a test of the recent
      proposal that chemical modulation of an inverse temperature transition can be a
      mechanism for mechanochemical coupling. It is suggested that phosphorylation and
      dephosphorylation may modulate structure and forces in proteins by locally
      shifting the temperatures of inverse temperature transitions.

PMID- 2897121
TI  - Chromosomal mapping of the structural gene coding for the mouse cell adhesion
      molecule uvomorulin.
AB  - The gene coding for the mouse cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin has been mapped
      to chromosome 8. Uvomorulin cDNA clone F5H3 identified restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms in Southern blots of genomic DNA from mouse species Mus
      musculus domesticus and Mus spretus. By analyzing the segregation pattern of the
      gene in 75 offspring from an interspecific backcross a single genetic locus, Um,
      was defined on chromosome 8. Recombination frequency between Um and the co
      segregating loci serum esterase 1 (Es-1) and tyrosine aminotransferase (Tat)
      places Um about 14 centimorgan (cM) distal to Es-1, and 5 cM proximal to Tat. In
      situ hybridization of uvomorulin [3H]cDNA to mouse metaphase chromosomes located
      the Um locus close to the distal end of chromosome 8 (bands C3-E1). Since
      uvomorulin is evolutionarily highly conserved, its chromosomal assignment adds an
      important marker to the mouse genetic map.

PMID- 2897122
TI  - Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity may be caused by its metabolite, doxorubicinol.
AB  - Doxorubicin (former generic name, adriamycin), a highly effective anticancer
      drug, produces cardiotoxicity, which limits its therapeutic potential. The
      mechanism of this cardiotoxicity has remained elusive. Our data suggest that this
      toxicity could involve doxorubicinol, the primary circulating metabolite of
      doxorubicin. Doxorubicinol was markedly more potent than doxorubicin at
      compromising both systolic and diastolic cardiac function. Similarly,
      doxorubicinol was much more potent than doxorubicin at inhibiting the calcium
      pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum [ATP phosphohydrolase (Ca2+-transporting), EC
      3.6.1.38], the Na+/K+ pump of sarcolemma [ATP phosphohydrolase (Na+/K+
      transporting), EC 3.6.1.37], and the F0F1 proton pump of mitochondria [ATP
      phosphohydrolase (H+-transporting, EC 3.6.1.34]. Our finding that this highly
      toxic metabolite was produced by cardiac tissue exposed to doxorubicin suggests
      that doxorubicinol could accumulate in the heart and contribute significantly to
      the chronic cumulative cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin therapy. Our observation
      that doxorubicin was more potent than doxorubicinol in inhibiting tumor cell
      growth in vitro suggests that the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is dissociable
      from its anticancer activity.

PMID- 2897123
TI  - Molecular cloning of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I-like proviral genome
      from the peripheral lymphocyte DNA of a patient with chronic neurologic
      disorders.
AB  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), the etiologic agent of human T
      cell leukemia, has recently been shown to be associated with neurologic disorders
      such as tropical spastic paraparesis, HTLV-associated myelopathy, and possibly
      with multiple sclerosis. In this communication, we have examined one specific
      case of neurologic disorder that can be classified as multiple sclerosis or
      tropical spastic paraparesis. The patient suffering from chronic neurologic
      disorder was found to contain antibodies to HTLV-I envelope and gag proteins in
      his serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphocytes from peripheral blood and
      cerebrospinal fluid of the patient were shown to express viral RNA sequences by
      in situ hybridization. Southern blot analysis of the patient lymphocyte DNA
      revealed the presence of HTLV-I-related sequences. Blot-hybridization analysis of
      the RNA from fresh peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with interleukin 2 revealed
      the presence of abundant amounts of genomic viral RNA with little or no
      subgenomic RNA. We have cloned the proviral genome from the DNA of the peripheral
      lymphocytes and determined its restriction map. This analysis shows that this
      proviral genome is very similar if not identical to that of the prototype HTLV-I
      genome.

PMID- 2897126
TI  - [Quality in hospitals].

PMID- 2897124
TI  - Neuroanatomical localization and quantification of amyloid precursor protein mRNA
      by in situ hybridization in the brains of normal, aneuploid, and lesioned mice.
AB  - Amyloid precursor protein mRNA was localized in frozen sections from normal and
      experimentally lesioned adult mouse brain and from normal and aneuploid fetal
      mouse brain by in situ hybridization with a 35S-labeled mouse cDNA probe. The
      highest levels of hybridization in adult brain were associated with neurons,
      primarily in telencephalic structures. The dense labeling associated with
      hippocampal pyramidal cells was reduced significantly when the cells were
      eliminated by injection of the neurotoxin ibotenic acid but was not affected when
      electrolytic lesions were placed in the medial septum. Since the gene encoding
      amyloid precursor protein has been localized to mouse chromosome 16, we also
      examined the expression of this gene in the brains of mouse embryos with trisomy
      16 and trisomy 19 at 15 days of gestation. RNA gel blot analysis and in situ
      hybridization showed a marked increase in amyloid precursor protein mRNA in the
      trisomy 16 mouse head and brain when compared with euploid littermates or with
      trisomy 19 mice.

PMID- 2897127
TI  - Interaction of antidepressants and neuroleptics with histamine stimulated
      parietal cell adenylate cyclase and H+ secretion.
AB  - The tricyclic antidepressants trimipramine and doxepin, and the neuroleptic
      agents trifluoperazine and haloperidol were tested for their effect on histamine
      H2-receptor-mediated adenylate cyclase activity and H+ secretion in guinea-pig
      parietal cells. All compounds inhibited histamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase
      and H+ secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. The antisecretory potency
      was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that for adenylate cyclase inhibition.
      All drugs caused a rightward shift in the concentration-response curves of
      histamine-induced adenylate cyclase activation with Schild-plot lines having a
      slope significantly different from unity. Histamine-stimulated H+ secretion was
      inhibited by the drugs in a noncompetitive fashion. These results demonstrate
      that antidepressants and neuroleptics interfere noncompetitively with the
      parietal cell histamine H2-receptor and that this receptor blocking activity is
      not related to the antisecretory activity of the drugs.

PMID- 2897125
TI  - Absence of acute doxorubicin-induced dysfunction of heart mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation and creatine kinase activities.
AB  - Since reductions in cardiac high-energy phosphate content and dysfunction of
      mitochondrial activities have been demonstrated after doxorubicin exposure, one
      mechanism of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity has been thought to be an interference
      with mitochondrial energy metabolism. To determine whether mitochondrial
      dysfunction is induced by acute drug exposure, isolated rat hearts were perfused
      with 10(-5) M doxorubicin for 70 min followed by mitochondrial isolation. Rates
      of electron transport, creatine kinase activity, acceptor control, respiratory
      control, and ADP/O ratios were assayed and correlated to doxorubicin-induced
      abnormalities in left ventricular function. At doses of doxorubicin sufficient to
      cause a marked deterioration of left ventricular systolic pressure and a rise in
      end-diastolic pressure, no decreases were noted in the measured mitochondrial
      parameters with either glutamate plus malate or succinate as respiratory
      substrates. In fact, in some cases the rates of electron transport were higher in
      mitochondria isolated from the treated hearts. In addition, isolated heart
      mitochondria were directly incubated in doxorubicin at doses as high as 10(-4) M
      for up to 70 min at 0 and 20 degrees C and 1.5 min at 37 degrees C. Under these
      conditions functional impairment of mitochondrial respiration was also not
      detected. Therefore, it appears that acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity cannot be
      related to primary mitochondrial defects in high-energy phosphate metabolism.
      These data lend further support to the notion that doxorubicin cardiotoxicity may
      be fundamentally related to changes in coronary vascular resistance and resultant
      damage induced by hypoperfusion.

PMID- 2897128
TI  - Intestinal transport in constipation and diarrhoea.
AB  - Approximatively 10 liters of fluid enter the gastrointestinal tract with food and
      endogenous secretions, and only less than 100 ml or 1% leave it with the faeces.
      Minor changes of this equilibrium in the intestinal transport may cause diarrhoea
      or constipation. Functions of small and large intestine differ markedly in
      transport of electrolytes and water. The relatively leaky epithelium of the small
      intestine allows for rapid equilibrium of osmolality in both directions while the
      tight epithelium of the colon preserves electrolytes and water once they have
      been absorbed. It may compensate secretory diarrhoea of the small intestine for
      instance caused by bacterial toxins to a certain degree unless it is overwhelmed
      leading to an overflow type of diarrhoea. On the other hand, small changes of net
      fluid transport in the colon in either direction will lead to diarrhoea or
      constipation since there is no compensating mechanism behind it. Mechanisms
      involved in the regulation of transintestinal electrolyte and water movements are
      the energy providing Na+,K+-ATPase, the mediators of membrane permeability and
      active Cl- secretion such as cAMP and Ca2+ and substances affecting the tight
      junctions. Various substances may affect one or more of these regulatory
      mechanisms. Laxatives are one of those.

PMID- 2897129
TI  - Denial of lineage: clinical investigation of 50 cases.
AB  - Fifty randomly selected Chinese schizophrenic patients with denial of lineage
      were investigated. This delusion concerns the generation of parents, sisters, but
      not the offspring. Twenty-four of them manifested delusion of high-ranking
      lineage or of distinguished leadership lineage. Denial of lineage, involving the
      delusion of high-ranking lineage and the delusion of leadership lineage, may
      occur at the onset or during the course of schizophrenia. The clinical
      characteristics of this delusion are described and its concept, diagnosis,
      differential diagnosis, course and also possible mechanism are discussed. One
      possible mechanism is of psychodynamical origin. Emotional conflicts resulting
      from dissatisfaction of the primary need of being loved from birth may contribute
      to the onset of the denial of lineage. The second possible mechanism is a
      sociocultural fact. Far Eastern culture is based on the clan whereas occidental
      culture is based on the self. Thus can observe the denial of lineage in the Far
      East, but in the occident we can experience instead the idea of surmounting our
      self so as to be god or now to experience the omnipotence in form of technical
      ideas, e.g. the rays.

PMID- 2897130
TI  - Duodenal carcinoid tumours, phaeochromocytoma and neurofibromatosis: islet cell
      tumour, phaeochromocytoma and the von Hippel-Lindau complex: two distinctive
      neuroendocrine syndromes.
AB  - To clarify neuroendocrine syndromes we have reviewed the association of
      neurofibromatosis with carcinoid tumours and of neurofibromatosis,
      phaeochromocytoma or von Hippel-Lindau complex with either carcinoid or islet
      cell tumours. In nine cases of neurofibromatosis with a carcinoid tumour studied
      all carcinoid tumours were in the duodenum, were distinctive histologically and
      had widespread somatostatin immunoreactivity. The duodenum was the primary site
      in 18 of 20 further published cases of carcinoid tumour and neurofibromatosis.
      Phaeochromocytoma was also present in six of these 27 cases with
      neurofibromatosis and duodenal carcinoid tumour. Six patients have been reported
      with Von Hippel-Lindau complex, phaeochromocytoma and islet cell tumour. A
      further 11 patients showed phaeochromocytoma and islet cell tumour. No cases of
      Von Hippel-Lindau complex had a carcinoid tumour, and no cases of
      neurofibromatosis had an islet cell tumour. We conclude that the association of
      neurofibromatosis, duodenal carcinoid tumour and phaeochromocytoma forms a
      distinctive neuroendocrine syndrome, sharply separated from the association of
      Von Hippel-Lindau complex with islet cell tumour and phaeochromocytoma. This
      separation is important in pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management.

PMID- 2897131
TI  - [The nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neuropeptide system and asthma].
AB  - An understanding of the non adrenergic non cholinergic nervous system and its
      implication in the pathogenesis of asthma would benefit by the identification and
      localisation of the numerous natural bioactive peptides at the pulmonary level.
      In the past few years two components of the non adrenergic non cholinergic
      nervous system have been characterised. A bronchodilator component which would be
      mediated by "vaso-active intestinal peptide" (VIP) and the "peptide histidine
      methionine" (PHM). A broncho-constrictor component which would be mediated by the
      neurokinins (substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and the "calcitonin gene
      related peptide" (CGRP)). These neuropeptides, in vitro as well as in vivo, have
      effects which are not limited to the regulation of bronchial smooth muscle tone.
      In effect, they may intervene in the regulation of vascular tone, in the
      production of mucous and in the expression of immediate hypersensitivity
      reactions at pulmonary level. Several neuropeptides are present or co-exist with
      classical neurotransmitter in the afferent nerve endings of the pulmonary
      efferents. This co-existence of several neurotransmitters in the same nervous
      fibres raised the questions as to their interactions at the pre or post synaptic
      level. The implication of these neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of asthma rests
      on numerous experimental arguments. This recent aspect in the pathophysiology of
      asthma allows us to hope for new therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 2897132
TI  - Regulatory peptides.

PMID- 2897133
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy with alpha-particle-emitting immunoconjugates.
AB  - Alpha particles are energetic short-range ions whose higher linear energy
      transfer produces extreme cytotoxicity. An alpha-particle-emitting
      radioimmunoconjugate consisting of a bismuth-212-labeled monoclonal
      immunoglobulin M specific for the murine T cell/neuroectodermal surface antigen
      Thy 1.2 was prepared. Analysis in vitro showed that the radioimmunoconjugate was
      selectively cytotoxic to a Thy 1.2+ EL-4 murine tumor cell line. Approximately
      three bismuth-212-labeled immunoconjugates per target cell reduced the uptake of
      [3H]thymidine by the EL-4 target cells to background levels. Mice inoculated
      intraperitoneally with EL-4 cells were cured of their ascites after
      intraperitoneal injection of 150 microcuries of the antigen-specific
      radioimmunoconjugate, suggesting a possible role for such conjugates in
      intracavitary cancer therapy.

PMID- 2897135
TI  - Observations with minipress.

PMID- 2897134
TI  - [The enzyme diagnosis of liver involvement in meningococcal infection].
AB  - A complex of blood enzymes (AST, ALT, AP, GTT) was studied in 84 patients with
      generalized forms of MI. The study showed that signs of liver involvement were
      noted in 15.4% of the patients on the 1st day of disease. Laboratory signs of
      cytolysis and cholestasis were revealed in most examinees on the 7th-15th day of
      disease during a dynamic follow-up. The most noticeable syndromes were revealed
      in young patients (30 persons) with brain edema (42.2%). Primary liver
      involvement (i. e. noted on admission to hospital) in 6 patients was associated
      with MI toxic effects, in 7 patients--with a severe concomitant pathology of the
      pulmonary and cardiovascular system. Delayed liver involvement was detected in
      55.3% of the young patients and in half of the elderly patients. It was
      established that a course of disease was accompanied by the affection of many
      organs from the first days complicating the interpretation of enzymological data
      therefore requiring combined enzymological investigations.

PMID- 2897136
TI  - [The effect of preventative carazolol treatment on stress reactions in boars
      during semen collection].
AB  - The effect of the beta adrenoceptor blocking agent carazolol on heart and
      circulatory system, on blood values of the acid-base-equilibrium and on plasma
      enzymes such as creatine-kinase (CK) and aspartate-amino-transferase (ASAT) was
      investigated in four clinical healthy boars of the German Landrace and four boars
      of the Pietrain race before, during and after ejaculation at the phantom. The
      heart rate during semen collection increased less with treatment than it did
      without it. The relative diastolic time during exertion was prolonged by
      carazolol in those boars, which also without pharmacological influence had a very
      short relative diastolic time. By carazolol injection the systolic blood pressure
      could be decreased most in those boars, which without treatment had the highest
      rise of systolic blood pressure during semen collection. Furthermore it was
      shown, that the highest lactate values, which were found in some boars of the
      Pietrain race, were reduced most by the influence of carazolol. The blood values
      of the acid-base-equilibrium were highly negative correlated with the lactate
      values and changed according to them. The enzyme activities (CK and ASAT) 24 h
      after semen collection were not influenced by carazolol. Individual differences
      from boar to boar were evident in all examined parameters and were independent of
      the effects of carazolol treatment.

PMID- 2897137
TI  - [Stress reactions in clinically healthy sows at the time of birth and their
      relationship to the CK test].
AB  - Concentrations of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase
      (ASAT/GOT) were determined in plasma of 100 gilts and 175 sows at the 112. day of
      pregnancy and one day after parturition. Gilts and sows were divided into a
      stress resistant (n = 146) and a stress susceptible group (n = 129) following the
      creatine-kinase-test carried out after the performance test period at a body
      weight of 90 kg (CK-90). Stress susceptible gilts and sows showed higher CK
      values before and especially after parturition than stress resistant ones.
      Significant correlations were demonstrable between CK-90 and the CK values before
      and after parturition (r = 0.5). Regarding body temperature, respiration rate and
      heart frequency as well as the percentage of stillborn piglets, the two groups of
      sows did not differ from each other. The increase of enzyme activities after
      parturition was not influenced by prophylactic treatment with prostaglandin-F2
      alpha or beta receptor blocking agent. The beta blocking agent Carazolol,
      however, caused a transient depression of heart rate after parturition.

PMID- 2897138
TI  - [Anesthesia in swine].
AB  - Pigs are not only anaesthetized in case of operations but often also if
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary. Choice of the anaesthetic
      and way of application depend on the size of the patient and the indication. The
      only important local anaesthesia in pigs is epidural anaesthesia. It is indicated
      in all longer lasting painful procedures in caudal regions. The technique of this
      anaesthesia is described. From the possible methods of general anaesthesias, in
      practice injection anaesthesia has been generally accepted for several reasons.
      Together with barbiturate anaesthesia neurolept-analgesia with Azaperone-
      Metomidate has become more and more important, because with this form of
      anaesthesia the technically easy intra-abdominal application is possible in pigs
      under 15 kg of body weight.

PMID- 2897139
TI  - Species variations in biliary excretion of glutathione-related thiols and
      methylmercury.
AB  - The biliary excretion of methylmercury is thought to be related to the biliary
      excretion of nonprotein thiols in rats. Species differences in biliary excretion
      of glutathione (GSH) and related thiols are unknown; therefore, the relationship
      between the biliary excretion of GSH-related thiols and methylmercury in five
      species was studied. The biliary excretion rate of GSH-related thiols and
      disulfides was 369, 192, 94, 50, and 19 nmol/min/kg for mice, rats, hamsters,
      guinea pigs, and rabbits, respectively. The main thiol in mouse, hamster, and rat
      bile was GSH, whereas guinea pig and rabbit bile contained mainly
      cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly). The larger percentage of Cys-Gly in guinea pig and
      rabbit bile was correlated with their greater hepatic gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity than that observed in the other species.
      The biliary excretion rate (nmol/min/kg) of methylmercury was approximately 0.8
      in mice, rats, and hamsters compared to significantly lower rates in guinea pigs
      and rabbits (0.15 and 0.03, respectively). It is concluded that the species
      specific composition of GSH-related thiols and disulfides in bile is related to
      species variations in hepatic GGT activity, and that the species variation in
      biliary excretion of GSH-related thiols does not entirely account for the species
      variation in methylmercury excretion, indicating other factors are also
      apparently involved in determining the rate of biliary excretion of
      methylmercury.

PMID- 2897140
TI  - The stimulation of somatostatin release by hpGRF44 from rat hypothalamic cells
      and fragments in vitro.
AB  - Growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF) was examined to determine whether it
      affects somatostatin (SRIF) release from cultured rat hypothalamic cells and
      fragments in vitro. The hypothalami of rat fetuses were collected on the 17th day
      of pregnancy under a dissection microscope. Thirty hypothalami were placed in
      phosphate buffered saline, and the cells were dispersed with 0.1% collagenase.
      The dispersed cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)
      containing 10% horse serum and 2.5% fetal calf serum at 37 degrees C under 5% CO2
      in air. On the 12th day of culture, the cells were washed with Krebs Ringer
      bicarbonate buffer containing glucose (KRBG), and then incubated with KRBG for 1
      hour. The medium was replaced with KRBG alone (control) or KRBG containing test
      substances, and incubated for another hour. SRIF released into the medium was
      quantitated by RIA. The mean basal release of SRIF was 14.7 +/- 0.9 pg/dish/hour.
      One-tenth, 1, and 10nM hpGRF44 stimulated SRIF release by 1.4, 1.5, and 1.8 fold
      respectively in a dose-related manner. Ten nM ovine corticotropin releasing
      factor (o-CRF) also stimulated SRIF release by 2.3 fold. One, 10, and 100 nM
      hpGRF44, 10nM o-CRF, 10nM thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and 60 mM K+ also
      stimulated SRIF release from rat hypothalamic fragments. Removal of Ca++ from the
      medium resulted in a decrease of basal release of SRIF. In Ca++ free medium, 10nM
      hpGRF44 failed to release SRIF. One-tenth nM hpGRF44, 10nM GnRH, and 10nM VIP
      have no effect on SRIF release statistically. The results of this study
      demonstrate that a high concentration of GHRF stimulates SRIF release from the
      hypothalamus in vitro, suggesting a possibility that GHRF may increase the
      release of SRIF from the median eminence and the hypothalamus in vivo under
      certain conditions.

PMID- 2897142
TI  - [Stimulants].

PMID- 2897141
TI  - Absence of a facilitory role for NK 1.1-positive donor cells in engraftment
      across a major histocompatibility barrier in mice.
AB  - Ex vivo T cell depletion of donor marrow grafts in humans and mice has virtually
      eliminated severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, as a consequence of
      T cell depletion, sustained donor cell engraftment is likely compromised. Since
      the majority of T cell depletion techniques also deplete natural killer (NK)
      cells, we investigated the role of donor NK cells in engraftment and GVHD in a
      murine model. Using a monoclonal antibody directed against an NK-specific
      epitope, we have selectively depleted NK cells while preserving donor marrow T
      cells. In an established model of engraftment, selective NK depletion
      demonstrated that removal of donor NK cells did not impair the engraftment
      process under conditions in which donors and recipients are major
      histocompatibility complex-disparate. In contrast, recipients of anti-Thy 1.2
      plus complement (C')-treated marrow grafts had a significantly higher incidence
      of either partial engraftment or graft rejection as compared with recipients of
      selective NK-depleted donor grafts or control grafts. In addition, we have
      observed that NK-specific depletion of donor marrow/splenocyte inocula does not
      alter the incidence of GVHD. Recipients of NK-depleted donor grafts developed
      lethal acute GVHD, whereas recipients of anti-Thy 1.2-depleted donor grafts did
      not (P less than 0.0001). Interestingly, NK 1.1-depleted donor graft recipients
      had a significantly increased mortality in comparison with control groups
      receiving C'-treated grafts (P = 0.04) or anti-Thy 1.2 plus C'-treated grafts (P
      less than 0.05). Thus, NK depletion may reduce immunosurveillance, thereby
      increasing the risk of posttransplant infection. We conclude from these results
      that donor NK cells play an insignificant role in engraftment as well as in the
      afferent phase of GVHD, but may be important in immunosurveillance when murine
      bone marrow is transplanted across the major histocompatibility barrier.

PMID- 2897143
TI  - [Ocular changes in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2897144
TI  - [Methods and criteria for evaluating overstrain in flight personnel].

PMID- 2897145
TI  - Gamma-glutamyltransferase as a potential surrogate marker for detection of the
      non-A, non-B carrier state.
AB  - Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is currently widely used as a surrogate marker for
      detection of blood having a higher risk of transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis
      (NANBH). Studies in the chimpanzee model, in which the NANBH carrier state is
      well defined, have revealed gamma-glutamyltransferase to be considerably more
      sensitive for the detection of NANBH carrier blood. Further study is required to
      determine whether this marker is also more sensitive for detection of the chronic
      NANBH carrier state in man.

PMID- 2897147
TI  - Early X-irradiation of rats. 3. Survival of dopaminergic periglomerular cells of
      the olfactory blub.

PMID- 2897146
TI  - [Effectiveness of using cultured antigens for the serodiagnosis of hemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome by the immunofluorescence method].
AB  - Clinical serological studies of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
      demonstrated high effectiveness of indirect immunofluorescence procedure (IF) for
      serodiagnosis of this infection. The use of HFRS virus-infected VERO-E6 cells as
      the antigen for IF enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of the method as
      compared with the use of cryostatic sections of the lung tissue from wild rodents
      spontaneously infected with HFRS virus as the antigen. A technology for
      preparation of a polyvalent HFRS diagnosticum containing the antigens of two
      virus serotypes has been developed for serological diagnosis of HFRS in the
      European foci where the serological evidence of circulation of strains of
      serotypes 1 and 2 of HFRS virus pathogenic for man has been obtained. The
      specificity and sensitivity of detection of antibody to HFRS virus serotypes 1
      and 2 by IF test using the polyvalent diagnosticum is equal to that in tests
      using individually tissue culture antigens of HFRS virus serotypes 1 and 2. It
      was found that in the patients' native sera antibodies of the IgM class are
      masked by antibodies of the IgG fraction, therefore the use of IF technique for
      detection of IgM antibody to HFRS virus aimed at early serological diagnosis of
      this infection is not effective.

PMID- 2897148
TI  - Recovery characteristics following antagonism of vecuronium with edrophonium,
      neostigmine or pyridostigmine.

PMID- 2897149
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of a low dose of alfentanil in elderly
      patients.
AB  - Alfentanil is a potent short-acting opioid analgesic which depresses respiration
      and can cause cardiovascular depression. The elderly can show greater sensitivity
      to opioid drugs which may be related to pharmacokinetic differences. The
      pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of alfentanil were studied in 10 elderly
      patients aged 68-86 years who were undergoing cystoscopy or urethrotomy under
      general anesthesia. After induction with thiopentone, and while the patient was
      breathing nitrous oxide with halothane 0.5% (enflurane 1.0% was given to one
      patient), a dose of alfentanil 4 micrograms/kg was given 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60
      minutes after the alfentanil administration, and then every 30 minutes for 6
      hours. Pulse rate (PR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and minute volume (MV,
      calculated from the respiratory rate and the tidal volume) were measured at 1, 3,
      5, 7 and 9 minutes after the alfentanil injection. Pharmacokinetic analysis
      showed Vc 82 (+/- S.D. 26) ml/kg; VDSS 277 (+/- S.D. 71) ml/kg; clearance 2.01
      (+/- S.D. 0.64) ml/kg/min; t1/2 beta 117 (+/- S.D. 24) min. Comparison of these
      results with the results of other studies supports the view that older patients
      eliminate alfentanil less rapidly than younger patients, with prolongation of
      t1/2 beta and decreased clearance. The clinical results showed a decrease in
      minute volume from a mean value of 5944 ml before alfentanil to 1240 ml 1 minute
      after alfentanil (P less than 0.001). The minute volume was still significantly
      lower at 3 and 5 minutes, but had returned to the pre-alfentanil value by 7
      minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897150
TI  - Clinical assessment of neuromuscular blockade produced by vecuronium using
      twitch, train of four, tetanus and post-tetanic twitch responses of the adductor
      pollicis muscle.
AB  - In the present investigation, the phenomenon of post-tetanic twitch potentiation
      (PTP) has been used to provide a sensitive index for neuromuscular blockade
      during an intense paralysis of the adductor pollicis muscle in man. We have also
      used and compared PTP assessment with that of twitch, train of four and tetanus
      in the same muscle and in the absence and presence of vecuronium (50
      micrograms.kg-1). Vecuronium had a rapid onset of blockade (5-10s) and an
      intermediate duration of action (22-26 min). During the onset of blockade, the
      PTP response was still remaining (residual) whereas all the other mechanical
      responses disappeared within 2.5 min (Fig. 1b, c, d). Thus, the PTP values
      increased (upto 300% of control value of 18%, Fig. 1a) with increasing the
      intensity of neuromuscular blockade. The PTP value provided a better index for
      assessing the degree of neuromuscular blockade than did the twitch, train of four
      or the tetanus. However, during the onset of blockade, the PTP technique can also
      delay the onset of blockade, i.e. it has a decurarizing effect (Fig. 1b, c, d).
      During recovery of neuromuscular blockade, the PTP is actively involved in the
      enhancement of spontaneous recovery process, i.e. enhancement of de-curarization
      with repetitive stimulation of the ulnar nerve. In this respect, the PTP response
      recovers first, followed by the tetanus, train of four and the twitch responses.
      Thus the latter may be considered as a more sensitive index for the recovery
      process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897151
TI  - [Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking action of methylflavonolamine hydrochloride].

PMID- 2897152
TI  - [Progress in studies of the pharmacology of l-tetrahydropalmatine and l
      stepholidine].

PMID- 2897153
TI  - Differential effects on gastrointestinal activity after intrathecal morphine,
      sufentanil and alfentanil in rats.

PMID- 2897155
TI  - Ipecac. When prevention fails.

PMID- 2897156
TI  - The case for ipecac syrup.

PMID- 2897154
TI  - Recent research into dementia.
AB  - In this paper, recent advances in the understanding of Alzheimer's disease that
      are relevant to the practising physician are reviewed, and an attempt is made to
      give researchers into Alzheimer's disease an overview into research areas other
      than their own. The fields covered include clinical presentation and
      investigation, neurochemistry, neuropathological abnormalities, immunological and
      viral aspects of aetiology and approaches to treatment.

PMID- 2897157
TI  - Pilot evaluation of instructing parents of newborns about poison prevention
      strategies.
AB  - Providing new parents with both written and verbal information about poisons and
      with syrup of ipecac appeared to be successful when distributed at discharge of
      their normal newborns. New parents who received neither information nor ipecac
      served as controls. Distribution occurred during a nine-month period, which was
      followed after an interval of three months by a four-month evaluation period. The
      average (+/- SD) time between infant poison exposures and parent telephone calls
      to the statewide poison center during the evaluation period was 5 +/- 3 minutes
      for the subjects and 12 +/- 4 for age-matched and socioeconomically matched
      controls. Both groups had similar frequencies of potentially dangerous exposures
      for which syrup of ipecac was recommended. Subject parents appeared to have homes
      which in various respects were significantly more child-safe than those of the
      controls. Significantly more control homes contained syrup of ipecac after the
      exposures than before (77% vs 41%).

PMID- 2897158
TI  - Intentional ipecac poisoning in children.
AB  - Ipecac (emetine) is a safe emetic for emergency home use. Its ready availability
      also provides the potential for child abuse and chronic self-induced emesis. The
      chronic administration of Ipecac can result in unusual symptom complexes such as
      chronic diarrhea and vomiting, muscle weakness, colitis, cardiomyopathy, fever,
      edema, or electrolyte disturbances. We describe patients who were intentionally
      poisoned and who demonstrated these symptoms. Because of the widespread use of
      ipecac for therapy in acute accidental poisonings, toxicology laboratories may
      not look for or report the presence of this drug in their routine screens. This
      may delay the recognition of chronic ipecac poisoning in patients.

PMID- 2897159
TI  - Syrup of ipecac. The case for distribution from physicians' offices.
AB  - Data from a nationally representative sample of household interviews were
      analyzed to examine public preparedness for childhood poisoning episodes. Eighty
      eight percent (61% to 77% in nonwhite groups) of respondents from households with
      children younger than 10 years had heard of poison control centers and 70% (50%
      to 57% in nonwhites) stated that they had the telephone number of such a center.
      In contrast only 25% stated they had syrup of ipecac in their home. Among blacks
      and Hispanics this proportion was 9%. To explore possible reasons for this we
      telephoned a sample of 65 physicians listed in the greater Washington, DC,
      telephone directory as providers of care for infants and children. Of the 45
      (69%) who agreed to be interviewed, 73% informed their patients about poison
      control centers and 53% provided the appropriate telephone number. Although 78%
      believed parents should have ipecac in the house, only three (7%) of 45 actually
      dispensed ipecac to parents. We conclude that ipecac is not widely available in
      the homes of American children. By regularly dispensing it in the course of
      pediatric care, physicians could largely remedy this deficiency.

PMID- 2897160
TI  - Mapping of human methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MUT) locus on chromosome 6.
AB  - Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MCM) catalyzes an essential step in the degradation of
      several branch-chain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids. Deficiency of this
      apoenzyme causes the mut form of methylmalonic acidemia, an often fatal disorder
      of organic acid metabolism. An MCM cDNA has recently been obtained from human
      liver cDNA libraries. This clone has been used as a probe to determine the
      chromosomal location of the MCM gene and MUT locus. Southern blot analysis of DNA
      from human-hamster somatic-cell hybrid cell lines assigned the locus to region
      q12-p23 of chromosome 6. In situ hybridization further localized the locus to the
      region 6p12-21.2. A highly informative RFLP was identified at the MCM gene locus
      which will be useful for genetic diagnostic and linkage studies.

PMID- 2897162
TI  - RFLP of the X chromosome-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase locus in
      blacks.
AB  - The X chromosome-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) A(+) variant is
      found in approximately 20% of blacks. Examination of the structure of the G6PD
      A(+) gene revealed that AT----GC transition occurred in the variant gene,
      resulting in the amino acid substitution Asn----Asp at the one hundred forty
      second position from the NH2-terminal of the enzyme (Takizawa and Yoshida 1987).
      The nucleotide change created an additional FokI cleavage site in the variant
      A(+) gene; thus, the FokI fragment type of the variant A(+) DNA differs from that
      of the normal B(+) DNA. PvuII fragment type is also found to be polymorphic in
      blacks, but not in Caucasians. The majority of blacks, as well all nonblacks,
      have a major hybridization-positive fragment of approximately 4.0 kbp (PvuII type
      1), while approximately 20% of blacks have a major fragment of approximately 1.5
      kbp (PvuII type 2). The G6PD gene with PvuII type 2 contains an additional PvuII
      cleavage site approximately 0.7 kbp downstream from the mutation site of the G6PD
      A(+). Approximately 40% of the G6PD A(+) genes have PvuII type 2, while only
      approximately 10% of the G6PD B(+) genes are associated with PvuII type 2. The
      data indicate a statistically significant (X2 = 6.85, P less than .020) linkage
      disequilibrium between the G6PD types and the PvuII types at the G6PD locus.

PMID- 2897161
TI  - Isolation and analysis of DNA markers specific to human chromosome 15.
AB  - Chromosome-specific DNA markers provide a powerful approach for studying complex
      problems in human genetics and offer an opportunity to begin understanding the
      human genome at the molecular level. The approach described here for isolating
      and characterizing DNA markers specific to human chromosome 15 involved
      construction of a partial chromosome-15 phage library from a human/Chinese
      hamster cell hybrid with a single human chromosome 15. Restriction fragments that
      identified unique- and low-copy loci on chromosome 15 were isolated from the
      phage inserts. These fragments were regionally mapped to the chromosome by three
      methods, including Southern analysis with a mapping panel of cell hybrids, in
      situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes, and quantitative hybridization or
      dosage analysis. A total of 42 restriction fragments of unique- and low-copy
      sequences were identified in 14 phage. The majority of the fragments that have
      been characterized so far exhibited the hybridization pattern of a unique locus
      on chromosome 15. Regional mapping assigned these markers to specific locations
      on chromosome 15, including q24-25, q21-23, q13-14, q11-12, and q11. RFLP
      analysis revealed that several markers displayed polymorphisms at frequencies
      useful for genetic linkage analysis. The markers mapped to the proximal long arm
      of chromosome 15 are particularly valuable for the molecular analysis of Prader
      Willi syndrome, which maps to this region. Polymorphic markers in this region may
      also be useful for definitively establishing linkage with one form of dyslexia.
      DNA probes in this chromosomal region should facilitate molecular structural
      analysis for elucidation of the nature of instability in this region, which is
      frequently associated with chromosomal aberrations.

PMID- 2897164
TI  - Visual compatibility of esmolol hydrochloride and various injectable drugs during
      simulated Y-site injection.

PMID- 2897163
TI  - Extensive DNA polymorphism at the factor XIIIa (F13A) locus and linkage to HLA.
AB  - A 1,161-bp EcoRI fragment from the 5' end of the cDNA coding for human factor
      XIIIa (gene symbol F13A) was used to identify RFLPs in human DNAs. Several
      different RFLPs were identified with 15 different restriction enzymes. Two RFLPs
      detected with the restriction enzyme BamHI and one multiallelic RFLP detected
      with BclI were used for further studies. Linkage relationships between these
      three polymorphisms and the HLA complex were studied in DNA samples from the 40
      Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain families. Combining all of the data to
      form highly informative haplotypes, we found linkage to HLA with a maximum lod
      score of 11.44 at a recombination fraction of .25 for males and .35 for females.
      These three RFLPs at the FXIIIa locus provide a highly informative marker for the
      short arm of chromosome 6 with an observed heterozygosity of 91%. Using this
      marker and the HLA locus, one can confirm or exclude the assignment of gene loci
      to most of chromosome 6p.

PMID- 2897165
TI  - An HLA-D region restriction fragment associated with refractory Behcet's disease.
AB  - We examined the association between HLA-DQ and refractory Behcet's disease at the
      genomic DNA level. Using a restriction endonuclease Taq I and a DQ beta cDNA
      probe, we identified the 1.9 kb DQ beta restriction endonuclease fragment tightly
      associated with refractory Behcet's disease. This observation indicates that
      genomic HLA-DQ variations affect the development of refractory Behcet's disease.

PMID- 2897166
TI  - Adjunctive alprazolam for schizophrenia with panic anxiety: clinical observation
      and pathogenetic implications.
AB  - Seven patients with schizophrenia and panic attacks all showed marked improvement
      of positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms when alprazolam was openly added
      to antipsychotic medication. Panic attacks may identify alprazolam-responsive
      schizophrenic patients and may define a distinct pathophysiologic subgroup.

PMID- 2897167
TI  - Dosing practices for high- and low-potency neuroleptics.

PMID- 2897168
TI  - [Treatment of male infertility with the preparation tamoxifen].

PMID- 2897170
TI  - Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of the catecholamine neurotransmitters and
      related compounds.

PMID- 2897169
TI  - A case of juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy--the third case in Japan.
AB  - We report here a case of juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy. The patient is an
      8-year-old boy with motor and mental deterioration, which began at about age 3.
      He has also suffered from astatic seizures since age 8. Arylsulfatase A activity
      in the patient was markedly decreased in peripheral leukocytes, cultured
      fibroblasts and urine. Sulfatide was detected in urine from the patient by thin
      layer chromatography. Peripheral motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities
      were markedly reduced. Computerized tomography of the brain showed low density
      areas in the periventricular white matter which were not enhanced by intravenous
      contrast material. His parents' arylsulfatase A activities were about half those
      of normal controls. This is the third case of juvenile metachromatic
      leukodystrophy in Japan.

PMID- 2897171
TI  - [Results of cryptorchism therapy. A study of 232 patients].
AB  - 232 patients had been treated for cryptorchidism. The disorder was unilateral in
      126, bilateral in 106 patients. Therapy was performed either with human chorionic
      gonadotropin in 102 cases (hCG total dose of 18.000 I.U.) or surgery in 129
      cases. Testicular descent was achieved in 51.5% by hormonal therapy and in 51.9%
      by surgery. Unilateral cases were subject to successful treatment in 53.2%,
      bilateral cases in 50%. The influence of initial finding (inguinal vs. abdominal
      retention) and age of the patients on results were analysed. Inguinal retention
      (n = 240) was successfully treated in 50.8%, abdominal retention (n = 94) in
      54.3%. Testicular descent after therapy was found in 52.9% for patients 2-9 years
      of age (n = 119), in 50% for patients 10-13 yrs. of age (n = 88) and in 48% for
      patients older than 13 (n = 25). Regular findings after therapy was noted in
      51.7% of all 232 patients. Method of therapy, initial finding and patients age,
      however, could not be shown to influence results significantly.

PMID- 2897172
TI  - Pre-induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients with nasally administered
      sufentanil.
AB  - To evaluate nasally administered sufentanil, 1.5-4.5 micrograms/kg, for pre
      induction (i.e., pre-medication/induction) of anesthesia in pediatric patients,
      the authors studied ASA PS 1 or 2 patients scheduled for elective surgery. Eighty
      children, ages 6 months to 7 yr, were randomized to receive sufentanil (1.5, 3.0,
      or 4.5 micrograms/kg) or placebo (normal saline, 0.03 ml/kg) nasally over 15-20
      s. Induction of anesthesia was completed with 5% halothane and O2 via facemask.
      After tracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained with N2O (60-70%) and
      halothane, as clinically indicated. A blinded observer remained with the child
      from prior to drug administration until discharge from the recovery room.
      Patients given sufentanil were more likely to separate willingly from their
      parents and be judged as calm at or before 10 min compared to those given saline.
      Ventilatory compliance during induction of anesthesia decreased markedly in 25%
      of subjects given sufentanil, 4.5 micrograms/kg. Subjects given sufentanil moved
      or coughed less during tracheal intubation and required less halothane compared
      to those given placebo. During recovery, patients given sufentanil cried less and
      fewer needed analgesics; recovery times were similar for all groups. However,
      patients given sufentanil, 4.5 micrograms/kg, had a higher incidence of vomiting
      in the recovery room and during the first postoperative day. The authors conclude
      that nasally administered sufentanil, 1.5 or 3.0 micrograms/kg, facilitates
      separation of children from parents, has minimal side effects, may improve
      intubating conditions, and can provide postoperative analgesia.

PMID- 2897173
TI  - Does chronic treatment with calcium entry blocking drugs reduce perioperative
      myocardial ischemia?
AB  - To examine the role of chronic calcium entry blocking drug administration on
      perioperative myocardial ischemia and, specifically, the frequency of
      hemodynamically unrelated ischemia, the authors studied 444 patients undergoing
      coronary artery bypass operations. Before induction of anesthesia, 119 patients
      who chronically took calcium entry blocking drugs received nifedipine 20 mg or
      diltiazem 60 mg orally, 74 received calcium entry and beta adrenergic blocking
      drugs, 71 received beta blocking drugs only, and 180 received neither. New
      ischemia occurred in 208 (46.8%) patients; 55 at arrival to the operating room,
      86 only after induction, and 67 separately during both periods. Two-thirds of all
      ischemia was not related to extremes of heart rate or blood pressure; this type
      was not less frequent in patients receiving calcium entry blocking drugs.
      Ischemia did occur less frequently in the two patient groups receiving beta
      adrenergic blocking drugs (34% vs. 53%), a result of less tachycardia both on
      arrival (3.4% vs. 15.4%) and during anesthesia, when peak heart rate exceeded 109
      bpm in only one of 145 beta-blocked patients compared to 29 of 299 not receiving
      beta blocking drugs. While ischemia appeared during anesthesia in 34.5% of all
      patients, its incidence was doubled (63%) when heart rate was greater than or
      equal to 110 bpm. At lower heart rates, the incidence of ischemia did not differ
      among groups. With respect to all types of ischemia, patients receiving calcium
      entry blocking drugs only were indistinguishable from those receiving no
      antianginal therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897174
TI  - Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, azepexole,
      in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The authors studied the reduction in anesthetic requirement (MAC) and the
      hemodynamic effects of the highly selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist azepexole
      in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Eleven male beagles were anesthetized with
      isoflurane in oxygen. After a 2-h equilibration period, they determined
      isoflurane MAC and baseline hemodynamic function. Azepexole (at 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0
      mg/kg) was administered via a right atrial port over 15 min, while each dog was
      given isoflurane at the MAC dose for that animal. Twenty minutes after the end of
      infusion, at a time when hemodynamic variables were stable, they reassessed
      hemodynamic function. They then determined isoflurane MAC again. In other
      experiments, dogs were pretreated with either idazoxan (the alpha 2-adrenergic
      antagonist; n = 5) or naloxone (the opiate antagonist; n = 7) prior to the
      administration of azepexole. Isoflurane MAC was determined before and after each
      dose of azepexole. Isoflurane MAC decreased as the dose of azepexole increased,
      to the extent that at the highest dose (1 mg/kg) the decrement in MAC was more
      than 85%. This reduction of MAC caused by azepexole could be completely prevented
      by pretreatment with idazoxan, while naloxone was without effect. Azepexole did
      not change mean arterial blood pressure, but caused heart rate and cardiac output
      to progressively decrease. The MAC-reducing effect of azepexole appears to be
      mediated by alpha 2 adrenoreceptors. Given the extent of the reduction of MAC, it
      is unlikely that inhibition of central noradrenergic neurotransmission through
      agonism of presynaptic alpha 2 adrenoreceptors is the sole explanation, since
      complete disruption of central noradrenergic tracts decreases MAC by only
      40%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897175
TI  - Intrathecal somatostatin in rats: antinociception only in the presence of toxic
      effects.
AB  - Effects of intrathecal (i.t.) somatostatin (SST) (10, 30, and 100 micrograms) on
      nociception, and autonomic and motor function were evaluated in rats with
      chronically implanted lumbar i.t. catheters. Doses of 10 and 30 micrograms SST
      i.t. had no effect on thermal cutaneous nociception, (hot plate and tail flick
      response). Thirty micrograms SST i.t. did not effect the visceral chemical evoked
      nociception (acetic acid writhing test) as compared to saline control groups.
      Rats treated with 100 micrograms SST i.t. invariably showed temporary or
      permanent hindlimb motor dysfunction, with flaccid paralysis in the most severe
      cases (motor function tests, electromyographic response). Blockade of the tail
      flick and foot pinch response was observed to a variable degree, and only in the
      presence of detectable motor impairment. Out of 40 animals injected with 100
      micrograms SST i.t., 25% died within 10 min following injection. Effects of SST
      on the volume evoked micturition reflex were assessed in rats with chronically
      implanted bladder catheters. Three of the nine surviving animals receiving 30
      micrograms SST i.t. and all animals receiving an additional dose of 60 micrograms
      SST i.t. showed a complete block of the micturition reflex and subsequent
      development of an overflow bladder. Histological examination of spinal cords
      revealed a mild inflammatory response in four out of five animals treated with 30
      micrograms SST i.t. In spinal cords of animals, which had received 100 micrograms
      SST i.t. (n = 4), mild or severe nucleolysis of ventral and dorsal horns in the
      presence of inflammatory reaction was observed. Present experiments clearly
      demonstrate highly toxic effects of SST in rats with no margin of safety between
      antinociception and motor dysfunction.

PMID- 2897176
TI  - Vecuronium in alcoholic liver disease: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
      analysis.
AB  - To determine the effect of alcoholic liver disease on the pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics of vecuronium, the authors administered vecuronium 0.1 mg.kg-1
      iv to ten surgical patients with alcoholic liver disease and ten healthy surgical
      patients. All patients were anesthetized with nitrous oxide and isoflurane. We
      recorded and quantitated the force of thumb adduction in response to supramaximal
      ulnar nerve stimulation. Plasma concentrations of vecuronium and its 3-desacetyl
      metabolite were determined by a capillary gas chromatography assay. Only the time
      to attain 100% twitch depression (onset time) was prolonged in liver disease
      patients (2.8 +/- 0.7 min; mean +/- SD) as compared to control patients (1.9 +/-
      0.4 min). The time from vecuronium administration to recovery of twitch tension
      was unaffected by alcoholic liver disease. The time to the reappearance of twitch
      response was 32.7 +/- 9.7 min in patients with liver disease and 36.8 +/- 15.5
      min in controls. Plasma concentration-time data were fit to a two-compartment
      model. Vecuronium clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, and elimination
      half-time were unchanged by alcoholic liver disease. The authors conclude that
      alcoholic liver disease does not affect the pharmacokinetics or duration of
      action of vecuronium when an intravenous bolus dose of 0.1 mg.kg-1 is
      administered.

PMID- 2897178
TI  - Rectal bloody diarrhea in an 18-month-old male.

PMID- 2897177
TI  - Update on AIDS--new video cassette.

PMID- 2897179
TI  - Comparative trials including a beta 2 adrenergic agonist, a methylxanthine, and a
      mast cell stabilizer.

PMID- 2897180
TI  - As I see it. Don't skip keynote or coffee sessions.

PMID- 2897181
TI  - Pentasa in lieu of sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2897182
TI  - [Vasculitis in rheumatoid polyarthritis and periarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2897183
TI  - [Takayasu's disease of abdominal form with renovascular hypertension: apropos of
      a case].

PMID- 2897184
TI  - [Association of Horton's disease and periarteritis nodosa: fortuitous association
      or a borderline form of the same disease?].

PMID- 2897185
TI  - Pilin independent binding of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to immobilized glycolipids.
AB  - The adherence process in pathogenesis involves the attachment of bacteria to
      structures present on eukaryotic cell surfaces. To investigate components
      necessary for this interaction, we have characterized the binding of N.
      gonorrhoeae to eukaryotic glycolipids immobilized on thin layer chromatograms.
      The gonococci specifically bind to a subset of glycolipids consisting of
      lactosylceramide, gangliotriosylceramide, and gangliotetraosylceramide. This
      binding was identified in both piliated and nonpiliated cells, and is postulated
      to be mediated by a nonpilin lectin-like adhesin protein.

PMID- 2897186
TI  - Molecular principles of antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - The genome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae harbours many gene loci for the production of
      variant pili. Strain MS11 has two expression genes (pilE) with promoter and
      complete coding sequences. The remaining genes are silent (pilS) lacking the
      promoter and the conservative amino terminals coding sequences of pilin. The
      pilus genes consist of six variable minicassettes (mc's), that are flancked by
      strictly conserved sequences. Upon phase (P+ to P+) and antigenic (P+ to P-, or
      vice versa) transitions minicassettes from silent loci are transferred from
      silent pilus gene copies to the expression gene by gene conversion. P- variants
      resulting from such rearrangements still produce pilin mRNA as well as pilin, but
      only a few are found on the surface of those gonococci.

PMID- 2897187
TI  - Gene conversion accounts for pilin structural changes and for reversible
      piliation "phase" changes in gonococci.
AB  - Pilus+ "wild-type" gonococci (Gc) frequently display gene conversion of their
      expressed complete pilin gene (CPG); a copy of DNA derived from one of the Gc
      genome's multiple silent partial pilin genes (PPG) is recombinationally-inserted
      into the CPG's central and 3' portions with formation of a new, chimeric CPG.
      Expression of that new CPG leads to either 1) retention of pilus+ phenotype but
      change in pilin primary structure/antigenicity, or 2) phase change to pilus-
      phenotype capable of reverting. This study utilizes pilus revertants of P-rp +/-
      Gc and P+ colony morphotype variants spawned by P++ Gc to examine pilin gene
      conversion in strain MS11mk Gc in greater detail. Each revertant's and variant's
      expressed pilin gene's sequence (as pilin mRNA) was defined to learn whether
      their differences are due to gene conversion by different PPGs, or by varying
      stretches from the same PPG, or both. Gene conversion by PPG pilS1 copy 2 has
      been documented in Gc recovered from a human volunteer's urethra previously
      inoculated with pilus Gc (strain MS11). The pilus+ Gc isolated expressed
      structurally/antigenically distinct pilins.

PMID- 2897188
TI  - Three dimensional structure of bacterial pili.
AB  - Crystallographic and associated biochemical and structural studies are in
      progress on the fiber-forming pilin proteins of the gonococcal pilus. Preparative
      scale purification procedures have been developed for the gonococcal pilin
      protein, which appear generally applicable to bacterial pilins. For three
      gonococcal pilin protein strains, we have obtained both reassembled pilus fibers
      and three-dimensional crystals. One needle-shaped crystal form of gonococcal C30
      pilin diffracts beyond 3 A resolution using synchrotron x-ray radiation. A
      diffraction data set to 3.5 A resolution has been collected on these needle
      shaped crystals (lattice spacings a = 125.4(3) b = 120.4(3), c = 26.61(4) A) in
      which the packing arrangement of the pilin subunits appears to resemble that seen
      in the pilus fibers using electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction data confirm our
      proposed model for the overall polypeptide fold of a pilin subunit, which is an
      antiparallel 4-alpha helix bundle similar to tobacco mosaic virus coat protein
      and myohemerythrin.

PMID- 2897189
TI  - Restriction site polymorphism in genes encoding type 2 but not type 1 gonococcal
      IgA1 proteases.
AB  - Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces two phenotypically distinct types of IgA1
      proteases, each of which cleaves a specific peptide bond in the hinge region of
      the human IgA1 heavy chain. The genes encoding IgA1 protease from twenty-eight
      different strains of N. gonorrhoeae, including twelve which produce type 1
      enzyme, thirteen which produce type 2 enzyme, and three which are protease
      negative, were analyzed. Nine restriction site patterns were found in the iga
      genes. All twelve type 1 strains showed identical restriction maps of the iga
      gene, which differed from all the iga-2 variants. The three protease negative
      strains each contained DNA homologous to the probe. While strain to strain
      variation in restriction maps of specific genes is not unique and has been
      reported in N. gonorrhoeae previously, the existence of such restriction site
      polymorphism among iga-2 genes contrasts strongly with the lack of such variation
      among iga-1 genes. The basis for this lack of diversity among the iga-1 genes is
      under further investigation.

PMID- 2897190
TI  - Intraventricular somatostatin-14, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin: analgesic
      effect in a patient with intractable cancer pain.
AB  - The analgesic effect of intraventricular somatostatin-14 (SOM-14), arginine
      vasopressin (AVP), and oxytocin (OT) were tested in one terminally ill cancer
      patient with a diffuse mesothelioma suffering intractable continuous and
      incapacitating thoracic pain. SOM-14 reduced pain by 90% for 48 min; AVP reduced
      pain by 95% for 75 min, and OT reduced pain by 88% for 77 min. The only notable
      side effects were seen after the administration of AVP, which induced anesthesia
      and flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs, from which the patient fully recovered
      after 20 h.

PMID- 2897191
TI  - Potential histamine H2-receptor antagonists: analogues of classical antagonists
      containing 4-substituted-3-aminofurazan moieties.

PMID- 2897192
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mutated transthyretin in
      vitreous amyloidosis.
AB  - Amyloid deposits of the vitreous are usually associated with familial amyloidotic
      polyneuropathy (FAP). Various mutated forms of transthyretin (prealbumin) seem to
      form the main amyloid fibril component. Five Swedish patients, all with vitreous
      amyloidosis but no systemic symptoms or family history of amyloidosis, were
      examined using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Genomic DNA was
      tested with a transthyretin complementary DNA probe. After cleavage with Nsi1,
      two restriction fragment length polymorphism markers of 5.1 and 1.5 kilobase were
      detected in the patients but not in the control subjects. These observations
      indicate the same methionine for valine substitution at position 30 of the
      transthyretin molecule in patients with vitreous amyloidosis as seen in Swedish
      patients with FAP as well as in patients with FAP from Japan and Portugal, and
      patients of Swedish descent with FAP from the United States.

PMID- 2897193
TI  - Assessing dementia.

PMID- 2897194
TI  - Imaginal desensitization: a cost-effective treatment in two shop-lifters and a
      binge-eater resistant to previous therapy.
AB  - Case reports are given of three patients, two suffering from compulsive shop
      lifting and one from binge-eating, who responded to a week's treatment with
      imaginal desensitization after having failed to respond to prolonged
      interpretative psychotherapy. Expectancy of improvement did not appear to play a
      major role in their response, but it appears impossible to disprove that
      expectancy determines the response to this or any form of psychotherapy. Whether
      or not imaginal desensitization acted specifically in the present study, in view
      of its cost-efficacy it is suggested it is worthy of trial in impulse disorders
      which have persisted despite treatment.

PMID- 2897196
TI  - General pharmacology of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1
      homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole difumarate. 2nd communication: Effects on the
      circulation and the other systems.
AB  - Effects of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole
      difumarate (KB-2413) on the circulation and the other systems were compared with
      those of ketotifen and chlorpheniramine. 1. Among the effects on the circulation
      and the respiratory system, KB-2413 as well as ketotifen and chlorpheniramine
      transiently inhibited respiration at 3 mg/kg i.v. and slightly decreased blood
      pressure in dogs. KB-2413 slightly decreased heart rate in dogs, but ketotifen
      slightly increased it. 2. KB-2413 at 100 mg/kg p.o. slightly decreased the volume
      of gastric juice in rats and dose-dependently increased biliary secretion in rats
      in the dose range of 10-100 mg/kg i.d. On the other hand, ketotifen and
      chlorpheniramine decreased biliary secretion. 3. KB-2413 inhibited the
      spontaneous movements of various isolated smooth muscles at a high concentration
      of 10(-4) g/ml. 4. The autonomic system in cats and the motor nervous system in
      rats were not influenced by KB-2413 at 3 mg/kg i.v. 5. The blood clotting system,
      blood sugar level, urine volume and urinary electrolytes in rats were not
      affected by KB-2413 in the dose range of 10-100 mg/kg p.o. 6. KB-2413 inhibited
      carrageenin-induced rat paw edema at 100 mg/kg p.o. In conclusion, KB-2413 showed
      a less potent effect on the circulation and the other systems than ketotifen and
      chlorpheniramine, and no results suggested serious side effects of KB-2413.

PMID- 2897195
TI  - Purification of the glutamine synthetase II isozyme of Drosophila melanogaster
      and structural and functional comparison of glutamine synthetases I and II.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase II was purified from Drosophila melanogaster adults. It was
      completely separable from the isozyme glutamine synthetase I by means of DEAE
      chromatography. The complete enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 360,000.
      After two-dimensional electrophoresis it gave a single molecular species with an
      apparent molecular weight of 42,000. Structural analysis of the two isozymes
      showed that they are different both in subunit molecular weight and in
      isoelectric point. Peptide maps of the purified subunits showed considerable
      dissimilarity. Glutamine synthetase II is more active than glutamine synthetase I
      in the transferase assay, while the opposite is true in the biosynthetic assay.
      The kinetic parameters were determined, showing again noteworthy differences
      between the two isozymes. We therefore conclude that two forms of glutamine
      synthetase are present in Drosophila, with different primary structures,
      different kinetic behavior, and the possibility of different functional
      properties.

PMID- 2897197
TI  - Antiallergic effects of the new histamine H1-receptor antagonist tazifylline in
      healthy atopic and non-atopic subjects.
AB  - Single oral doses (5, 10 and 15 mg) of the new H1-receptor antagonist 3,7-dihydro
      7-[2-hydroxy-3-[4-[3-phenylthio) propyl]-1-piperazinyl]propyl-1,3-dimethyl-1H
      purine-2,6-dione dihydrochloride (tazifylline, RS-49014) were administered at 7
      day intervals to 12 atopic and 12 non-atopic volunteers in a double-blind
      randomised cross-over study. Antiallergic activity was evaluated from pre to 60
      min post dose inhibitions of wheal and flare areas provoked by various cutaneous
      challenges. Atopic subjects showed greater skin reactivity than non-atopics to
      some challenges. Tazifylline was associated (in atopics and non-atopics) with
      statistically significant dose related inhibitions, of flare over 5-15 mg and of
      wheal (10-15 mg) induced by the more potent and reproducible challenges of
      codeine, 1% histamine and anti-IgE. Antiallergic activity of tazifylline in the
      10-15 mg dose range was superior to 5 mg without the intervention of clinically
      significant sedative effects at any of the 3 dose levels tested.

PMID- 2897198
TI  - Abnormal amino-acid concentrations in the blood of patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may contribute to the immunological defect.
AB  - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is accompanied by a metabolic
      disturbance. Serum samples from persons with antibodies against the AIDS
      associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/LAV/HTLV III) including persons
      without overt symptoms, patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) and patients
      with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) contain on the average significantly
      elevated concentrations of arginine and glutamate. The serum from patients with
      overt AIDS contains also, on the average, significantly reduced concentrations of
      methionine and cystine. In vitro experiments revealed that the [3H]thymidine
      incorporation by mitogenically stimulated murine lymphocytes and cloned T cells
      is inhibited by an elevation of the extracellular glutamate concentration and
      augmented by the addition of cysteine. This suggests the possibility that the
      abnormal concentrations of glutamate and cystine in the blood of HIV-infected
      persons may contribute to the defect in the lymphoid system.

PMID- 2897199
TI  - Nephrectomy-induced alterations in the synthesis of catecholamines in the
      sympathetic nervous system and central nervous system.
AB  - Reduction in renal function is a key factor to the development of salt-dependent
      hypertension; however, the mechanism is obscure. To examine the role of the
      sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and central catecholaminergic neurons in this
      predisposition to the development of hypertension, the activity of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) was determined in SNS and in several brain regions. In another
      group of unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits, cardiovascular responsiveness to
      norepinephrine was determined. A unilateral nephrectomy increased the activity of
      TH in the midmedulla, a brain region important in the baroreflex regulation of
      blood pressure, and in the adrenal gland, the major source of circulating
      catecholamines. The activity of TH was decreased in the pons-upper medulla
      region. No alterations were found in the proximal and distal mesenteric arteries,
      lower medulla, midbrain or hypothalamus. No alteration in blood pressure or
      cardiovascular responsiveness to norepinephrine was found. This study indicates
      that a unilateral nephrectomy produces long-lasting effects on central
      catecholaminergic neurons and the sympathetic nervous system without an effect on
      blood pressure or cardiovascular responsiveness.

PMID- 2897200
TI  - Do beta-blockers really increase peripheral vascular resistance? Review of the
      literature and new observations under basal conditions.
AB  - Most antihypertensive drugs act by counteracting vasoconstrictor mechanisms and
      lower blood pressure by lowering vascular resistance. The beta-blockers, which
      have the unique feature of counteracting cardiac sympathetic drive, seem to be a
      major exception to this generalization. Moreover, their degree of
      cardiodepression is not only directly correlated with the initial sympathetic
      tone, but also with their degree of intrinsic sympathicomimetic activity (ISA).
      Cardiodepression initially evokes a proportional rise in vascular resistance. As
      indicated by review of the literature, the antihypertensive effect of beta
      blockers always parallels a decline in vascular resistance. Minimizing cardiac
      sympathetic drive by strict bedrest and studying beta-blockers with different
      degrees of ISA in 50 hypertensive patients showed that initially the effect of
      the drugs is offset by a rise in vascular resistance proportional to the fall in
      cardiac output. After that, blood pressure always fell parallel with the decline
      in vascular resistance. In the long run blood pressure and vascular resistance
      were always positively correlated, whatever the level of cardiac output. Thus,
      like all other antihypertensive agents, beta-blockers also lower blood pressure
      through interference with a vasoconstrictor mechanism.

PMID- 2897201
TI  - DNA techniques in prenatal diagnosis and in genetic pathology.
AB  - New molecular techniques concerned with the isolation and identification of DNA
      fragments can be used for carrier detection and early prenatal diagnosis either
      by direct detection of the mutant DNA sequence or by indirect linkage studies
      employing RFLPs as DNA markers. Gene specific DNA probes are available already
      for a number of genetic disorders, such as the hemoglobinopathies, hemophilia A
      and B, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, phenylketonuria, and chronic granulomatous
      disease. Coinheritance of DNA-polymorphisms can be traced, eg, for Norrie
      disease, myotonic dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies, and
      Huntington chorea. Several genes have been localized successfully to specific
      chromosome regions. By "walking" or "jumping" along the chromosome, it is hoped
      finally to reach further gene loci of interest, to analyze the molecular
      pathology of single gene disorders, and to find new ways for their prevention.

PMID- 2897202
TI  - Effect of aneuploidy and neoplasia on human ribosomal DNA inheritance.
AB  - A DNA length polymorphism in the nontranscribed spacer region of the repeating
      unit that codes for human ribosomal RNA produces a characteristic pattern or
      restriction fragments in each individual. Quantitative densitometric analysis of
      ribosomal ribosomal DNA fragment distribution in families demonstrates additive
      inheritance in those with chromosomally normal or aneuploid offspring.
      Differences between offspring and parental ribosomal DNA patterns could be
      explained by a heterogeneous distribution of length variants on the acrocentric
      chromosomes. New ribosomal DNA length variants of 9.0, 6.7, 5.5, and 5.2
      kilobases were observed in normal individuals after BamHI restriction, and the
      former two were present in multiple copies. A panel of solid tumor specimens
      exhibited ribosomal DNA patterns that were generally characteristic of the
      patient rather than tumor type. However, novel ribosomal DNA length variants or
      changes in length variant proportions were noted in three of the four tumors for
      which adjacent normal tissue was available for comparison; these alterations
      occurred in a Burkitt lymphoma, a teratoma, and a Wilms tumor. A consistent
      karyotype of 50,XY in the Wilms tumor specimen supports previous evidence for
      increased repetitive DNA variation in aneuploid, neoplastic tissues.

PMID- 2897203
TI  - Molecular approaches to developmental genetics and pathology.
AB  - New insights into gene structure and expression and the observation that homeobox
      containing genes, the t-complex, and oncogenes are expressed also in humans
      contribute to the understanding of normal and pathobiological mechanisms of
      embryonal and fetal development.

PMID- 2897204
TI  - Effect of metabolic or respiratory acidosis on rabbit renal medullary proton
      ATPase.
AB  - Distal urinary acidification is thought to be mediated by an H+-ATPase sensitive
      to N-ethylmaleimide and dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide. We have studied the effect of
      chronic metabolic acidosis (NH4Cl for 3 days) or respiratory acidosis (inhalation
      of 10% CO2 for 2 days) on the H+-ATPase of plasma membranes prepared from the
      medulla. The enzymatic assay for the H+-ATPase was performed in the presence of
      ouabain and oligomycin and in the absence of Ca. H+-transport activity was
      assessed by the quenching of acridine orange in the presence of ATP. The 15-25%
      sucrose gradient fraction was enriched 40-fold in enzymatic activity over the
      homogenate, and 8-fold in enzymatic activity and 4-fold in H+-transport activity
      over the fluffy fraction (38,000 X g). Metabolic acidosis (pH less than 7.31) or
      chronic hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 66 mmHg; 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) was induced
      for 2-3 days. Both groups showed the same enrichment factor in enzymatic and H+
      transport assays as the control rabbits. Enzymatic and H+-transport activities,
      however, were not different between animals with respiratory acidosis and
      controls. Kinetic studies failed to disclose an increase in Vmax (673 vs. 702
      mumol/(mg protein.min] or a decrease in Km (0.43 vs. 0.48 mM) in chronic
      hypercapnia as compared with controls. Metabolic acidosis also failed to increase
      H+-ATPase activity. These data demonstrate that the H+-ATPase of renal medulla
      does not display the expected increase in activity during acidosis. The role of
      this H+-ATPase in the adaptation to acidosis remains to be determined.

PMID- 2897205
TI  - In vitro cytotoxic effect of alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli on human blood
      granulocytes. Correlation with size of alpha-hemolysin production.
AB  - The correlation of the in vitro cytotoxic effect of 107 alpha-hemolytic strains
      of Escherichia coli with various other bacterial characteristics was
      investigated. Damage to human blood granulocytes in the presence of fresh or
      heated autologous plasma was quantified by measuring the release of chromium-51
      from labelled cells. 95 strains had a cytotoxic effect which was equal in the
      presence of fresh or heated plasma, whereas 12 strains showed an effect which was
      reduced in fresh compared with heated plasma. The cytotoxic effect increased as
      the number of bacteria per granulocyte was increased. The average size of the
      alpha-hemolysin production of the strains was 185 HU50/ml ranging from 3
      2519HU50/ml. The cytotoxic effect of the strains was directly correlated with the
      size of the alpha-hemolysin production. The cytotoxic effect was not correlated
      with the O-antigen serotype or the type of infection from which the strains were
      derived. These results indicate that the ability to produce alpha-hemolysin is
      the bacterial characteristic which is of decisive importance for the cytotoxicity
      of alpha-hemolytic E. coli towards human blood granulocytes.

PMID- 2897206
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of intravenous fenoldopam, a
      dopamine1-receptor agonist, in hypertensive patients.
AB  - 1 The pharmacokinetic properties of intravenous fenoldopam, a selective dopamine1
      receptor agonist, were studied in 10 patients with essential hypertension. 2
      Reduction in blood pressure was linearly related to the log fenoldopam plasma
      concentration (r = 0.69) and the log fenoldopam infusion rate (r = 0.71). 3 The
      mean elimination half-life (+/- s. e. mean) was 9.8 +/- 1.0 min. The total body
      clearance was 30.3 +/- 2.3 ml kg-1 min-1 and the volume of distribution was 582
      +/- 62 ml kg-1. 4 The rapid onset of action, short elimination half-life, linear
      dose-response relationship, and ease of administration suggest that fenoldopam
      may have a role where parenteral treatment of hypertension is required.

PMID- 2897207
TI  - Beta-mimetics in preterm labour: an overview of the randomized controlled trials.
AB  - Controversy continues about the use of beta-mimetic drugs in preterm labour. One
      reason for this is that the adequately controlled trials of these drugs have all
      been small and have thus provided very imprecise estimates of their effects. We
      have therefore conducted a 'meta-analysis' using data relating to 890 women who
      participated in the 16 methodologically acceptable controlled trials of these
      agents in the treatment of preterm labour. This analysis demonstrates an
      unequivocal effect of beta-mimetic tocolytic administration in delaying delivery,
      and this is reflected in a reduction in the frequency of preterm birth and low
      birthweight. However, no beneficial effect of this treatment on perinatal
      mortality or severe neonatal respiratory disorders could be detected.

PMID- 2897208
TI  - Platelet vinculin: a substrate of activated factor XIII.
AB  - In addition to plasma, Factor XIII of blood coagulation (FXIII) is also present
      in the cytosol of platelets, monocytes and macrophages. However, its
      intracellular function has not yet been revealed. Activated Factor XIII (FXIIIa)
      is a transglutaminase (protein-glutamine: amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC
      2.3.2.13) of highly restricted substrate specificity with only a few known
      protein substrates. In this report, we showed that FXIIIa can link
      dansylcadaverine, radiolabelled histamine and putrescine to vinculin.
      Quantitative determinations revealed that in the vinculin molecule a single
      glutamine residue can serve as acyl donor for the incorporation of small
      molecular-weight amines. Vinculin could not be crosslinked to another vinculin
      molecule. It could be covalently bound, however, to fibrinogen, which indicates
      that the acyl donor glutamine residue can be engaged in an epsilon-(gamma
      glutamyl)lysyl crosslink formation. Since it has been shown that platelet actin
      and myosin, two main components of cytoskeleton, are also substrates for FXIIIa,
      and that vinculin is associated to the cytoskeleton during platelet activation,
      the involvement of FXIII in the stabilization of cytoskeleton at certain phases
      of cellular function is a likely possibility.

PMID- 2897209
TI  - Activation of guanylate cyclase and inhibition of platelet aggregation by
      endothelium-derived relaxing factor released from cultured cells.
AB  - The aggregation of gel-filtered rabbit platelets by 50 microM ADP was inhibited
      by a labile factor produced by suspensions of cultured bovine pulmonary artery
      endothelial cells. Inhibition of aggregation occurred when indomethacin-treated
      endothelial cells (6.10(5) per ml) and rabbit platelets (3.2.10(8) per ml) were
      incubated together. This anti-aggregatory activity was characterized as similar
      to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in that it was unstable at neutral
      pH and by its inhibition by hemoglobin. The activity was unaffected by treatment
      of the platelets and endothelial cells with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor,
      indomethacin, and by the lipoxygenase inhibitor, BW755c. In association with the
      anti-aggregatory activity, the levels of cyclic GMP were elevated 4-fold. The
      effect of the EDRF-like product on the levels of cyclic nucleotides was mimicked
      by treatment of platelets with sodium nitroprusside, an activator of soluble
      guanylate cyclase; sodium nitroprusside had no measurable effect on the levels of
      cyclic nucleotides of endothelial cells. We conclude that a factor with the
      properties of EDRF inhibits platelet aggregation, and that this is associated
      with an activation of guanylate cyclase as in smooth muscle. Thus, EDRF may exert
      an inhibitory effect on platelets in a manner analogous to its actions on
      vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 2897210
TI  - The biopotency of dexamethasone at causing hepatic glucocorticoid receptor down
      regulation in the intact mouse.
AB  - The effect of dexamethasone administered intraperitoneally on hepatic
      glucocorticoid receptor binding capacity was measured in adrenalectomized male
      Swiss Webster mice. The liver content of dexamethasone was also measured. Within
      30 min of a 5 micrograms injection, the hepatic content of dexamethasone reached
      a maximum and fell quickly thereafter. By 6 h the hepatic content of
      dexamethasone had decreased to 25% of maximum and by 24 h the liver did not
      contain detectable dexamethasone. At this 24 h point, the glucocorticoid binding
      capacity was reduced to 50% of control. This decrease reflected down-regulation.
      Other studies revealed that only glucocorticoids caused this effect and doses of
      dexamethasone as low as 0.5-5 ng caused a clear down-regulation in binding
      capacity. Doses that cause receptor down-regulation are also effective at
      inducing tyrosine aminotransferase, suggesting that dexamethasone down-regulates
      its own receptors over a physiologically meaningful dosage range. It is concluded
      that dexamethasone causes a dose-dependent down-regulation of the glucocorticoid
      receptor in mouse liver.

PMID- 2897211
TI  - Ligation of fibrinogen by factor XIIIa with dithiothreitol: mechanical properties
      of ligated fibrinogen gels.

PMID- 2897213
TI  - Interaction of metronidazole with phenobarbital, cimetidine, prednisone, and
      sulfasalazine in Crohn's disease.
AB  - The influence of prednisone(PR), sulfasalazine(SZ), cimetidine(CM), and
      phenobarbital(PB) on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole was investigated in
      six Crohn's patients. Metronidazole was first administered alone (250 mg bid, po)
      and then with prednisone (10 mg bid, po), sulfasalazine (1 g bid, po), cimetidine
      (600 mg bid) or phenobarbital (60 mg bid, po). Each regimen was followed for 6
      days and sampling of blood and urine was carried out on the 7th day after the
      first dose of each regimen. Plasma and urine samples were analysed for the drug
      and its two principal metabolites, hydroxymetronidazole and metronidazole-1
      acetic acid, by HPLC. When given alone, metronidazole had a mean volume of
      distribution of 0.667 +/- 0.15 lkg-1, a half-life of 9.7 +/- 3.1 h and an oral
      clearance of 0.852 +/- 0.23 (ml-1 min) kg-1. The disposition kinetics of
      metronidazole and its metabolites was not altered by CM and SZ. Induction of
      metabolism of metronidazole by PR was made manifest in significant increases in
      oral clearance of the former and urinary excretion of the hydroxy metabolite, and
      significant decrease in AUC of the parent compound. PB also induced the
      metabolism of metronidazole. This induction was reflected in significant
      increases in the oral clearance of metronidazole and AUC of the hydroxy
      metabolite as well as significant decreases in AUC, half-life, and urinary
      excretion of the parent drug.

PMID- 2897212
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of indoramin and its 6-hydroxylated metabolite after repeated
      oral dosing.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of indoramin and its active 6-hydroxylated metabolite have
      been studied in healthy male volunteers after repeated oral dosing with 37.5 mg
      twice daily for 2 weeks. Plasma concentrations of indoramin accumulated, on
      average, three to four-fold above those anticipated on the basis of the kinetics
      after the first dose, though steady state was achieved by the end of the first
      week and no further increase was observed after 2 weeks. The degree of
      accumulation was consistent between subjects, with a highly significant (p less
      than 0.001) correlation between the concentration 2 h after a single dose and the
      average steady-state concentration. Possible explanations for the accumulation of
      indoramin are discussed. Plasma concentrations of 6-hydroxyindoramin, in
      contrast, did not accumulate on multiple dosing. At steady state, concentrations
      of the metabolite, as represented by the AUC0-8h, were approximately 30-40 per
      cent of those of the unchanged drug. Since the two compounds are approximately
      equipotent the metabolite may accounts for 25 per cent of the hypotensive
      activity of indoramin during a typical clinical regime of 37.5 mg twice daily.

PMID- 2897214
TI  - Morphological changes in rat tracheal mucosa immediately after antigen challenge.
AB  - We have investigated the morphological effects of an intratracheal challenge with
      50 micrograms ovalbumin (OA) on sensitized rat tracheas, in vivo. Female Sprague
      Dawley rats were primed ten days before challenge with a single i.t. injection of
      100 micrograms OA plus Bordetella pertussis (OA-BP). Two additional groups of
      animals served as controls: primed animals challenged with saline only and non
      primed but OA-challenged animals. Sacrifices--and subsequent morphological
      studies--were performed prior to and 5, 15 and 60 min after challenge. At each
      time, the total numbers of epithelial nuclei, subepithelial mast cells (SEMC) and
      intraepithelial mast cells (IEMC) were scored in six non-adjacent cross sections
      per trachea. We found that: 1) priming with OA-BP alone did not induce any change
      in the tracheal mucosa with respect to morphological structure and mast cell
      counts; 2) no morphological change nor significant modification of the cell
      counts occurred at any time in tracheas from either of the control groups; 3) in
      contrast, a luminal heterogeneous exudate and a subepithelial oedema developed in
      9 of the 15 tracheas of primed animals within 60 min of OA challenge. In those
      nine tracheas, the scores of intraepithelial nuclei, of IEMC and of SEMC were
      found to decrease significantly 15 min after challenge as compared with starting
      values (p less than 0.05 for each score). The decrease in the number of mucosal
      mast cells is probably related to the damages of the epithelial cells and to the
      difficulty with which depleted mast cells can be seen by toluidine blue staining.

PMID- 2897215
TI  - Sulphasalazine and PhCL28A inhibit the formation of ethanol- and phenylbutazone
      induced rat gastric ulcers: lack of involvement of endogenous prostaglandins?
AB  - 1. The effects of sulphasalazine (SZP) and PhCL28A on macroscopic lesion
      formation and ex vivo prostaglandin inactivation were studied in the ethanol
      (ETOH) and phenylbutazone (PBT) models of gastric ulcers in the rat.
      Prostaglandin 'synthesis' during homogenisation of the stomachs was also studied
      in the latter model. 2. Both PhCL28A and SZP when injected i.p. prevented the
      formation of ETOH- and PBT-induced gastric ulcers with ED50 values of 13 and 41
      mgkg-1 (vs ETOH) and 3 and 32 mgkg-1 (vs PBT) for PhCL28A and SZP respectively.
      However, neither compound was active orally in the dose ranges used (up to 30 mg
      kg-1 for PhCL28A and 100 mg kg-1 for SZP). 3. Irrespective of the route of
      administration, SZP (100 mg kg-1) and PhCL28A (30 mg kg-1) produced slight but
      statistically significant decreases in ex vivo prostaglandin inactivation by
      100,000 g cytosolic supernatants prepared from stomachs not receiving ulcerogen.
      When tested in vitro, PhCL28A (IC50 = 230 nM) was approximatively 480 times mor
      potent than SZP (IC50 = 110 microM) against rat stomach cytosolic prostaglandin
      inactivation. 4. Both ETOH (50%, 5 ml kg-1, orally) and PBT (200 mg kg-1, orally)
      significantly decreased ex vivo gastric cytosolic prostaglandin inactivation.
      PhCL28A (30 mg kg-1, orally or i.p.) decreased prostaglandin inactivation still
      further after ulcerogen treatment except when given i.p. before ETOH treatment.
      SZP (100 mg kg-1) had a similar effect when given orally before PBT treatment. 5.
      When the prostaglandin content of the stomach homogenates was used as a measure
      of ex vivo prostaglandin synthesis in the PBT experiments, PhCL28A 30 mg kg-'
      orally (but not i.p.) produced an 88% increase in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels,
      but had no effect on 6-keto-PGF,, or thromboxane B2 formation during
      homogenization. SZP (100mg kg' i.p. or orally) was without effect. 6. We conclude
      from these results that the anti gastric ulcer activity of SZP and PhCL28A is
      independent of prostaglandin inactivation and endogenous prostaglandin formation
      is probably not involved.

PMID- 2897216
TI  - Functional and direct binding studies using subtype selective muscarinic receptor
      antagonists.
AB  - 1. Muscarinic receptor antagonists were examined in direct binding studies on
      guinea-pig cardiac and cortical muscarinic receptors. Pirenzepine, dicyclomine
      and hexahydroadiphenine were shown to be selective ligands for the putative M1
      muscarinic receptor. 2. Functional affinity estimates of the muscarinic ligands
      studied was determined from their ability to inhibit carbachol-stimulated
      inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation in guinea-pig cortical slices. 3. The
      affinity estimates for the inhibition of muscarinic agonist-stimulated IP
      accumulation were better correlated with affinity estimates obtained from binding
      studies on the M1 than the M2 muscarinic receptor. 4. These data provide
      additional evidence, both from direct binding and functional studies, for the
      presence of M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2897217
TI  - Celiprolol: a positive inotropic beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent in conscious
      dogs.
AB  - 1. beta-Adrenoceptor blocking agents are used to manage various cardiovascular
      disorders. A limiting factor in their use is the suppression of the cardiac
      contractile state. In our study, we examined the cardiac effects of celiprolol, a
      new beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent with reported positive inotropic effects. 2.
      Dogs were instrumented by use of sterile surgical techniques for the study of
      myocardial inotropic state, heart rate and internal left ventricular dimensions.
      Following complete recovery from surgery, experiments were conducted in the
      conscious state. 3. Intravenous injection of celiprolol (3 mg kg-1) in nine dogs,
      increased LV dP/dt by 13 +/- 2.6%, velocity of shortening (LV dD/dt) by 9.2 +/-
      3.4%, and heart rate by 19 +/- 4.6% and decreased LV end-diastolic diameter by
      1.8 +/- 0.8%, all significantly (P less than 0.05). Celiprolol blocked the
      inotropic actions of isoprenaline (0.5 micrograms kg-1) but only partially
      reduced its hypotensive effects. Propranolol, in contrast, reduced LV dP/dt by 17
      +/- 3.3% and heart rate by 8.1 +/- 2.7% (P less than 0.05) while totally
      abolishing the hypotension, tachycardia and increase in LV dP/dt caused by
      isoprenaline. Following beta-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol and with
      heart rate held constant by electrical pacing, celiprolol increased LV dP/dt by
      16 +/- 4.0%, LV dD/dt by 12 +/- 3.0% and reduced LV end-diastolic diameter by 3.5
      +/- 0.5% (P less than 0.05). 4. Thus, in conscious dogs, celiprolol increases
      inotropic state and reduces preload independently of beta 1-adrenoceptor
      mechanisms and the Bowditch phenomenon, while effectively blocking beta 1
      receptors in the heart. These properties would make celiprolol useful in patients
      where a conventional beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent might lead to pump failure.

PMID- 2897218
TI  - Mechanisms of action of lipoxygenase and cytochrome P-450-mono-oxygenase
      inhibitors in blocking endothelium-dependent vasodilatation.
AB  - 1. Acetylcholine, ionophore A23187 and melittin induced endothelium-dependent
      relaxations of preconstricted strips of rabbit aorta. These relaxations are
      likely to be mediated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). 2.
      Relaxations in response to acetylcholine (1 microM) were inhibited by the
      following lipoxygenase inhibitors, with the approximate IC50 values indicated in
      parentheses: gossypol (1.5 microM), nordihydroguairetic acid (NDGA, 5 microM), AA
      861 (20 microM), phenidone (30 microM), quercetin (40 microM), BW 755C (300
      microM), and piriprost (500 microM); with cirsiliol 50% inhibition was not
      achieved. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations were also blocked by the cytochrome P
      450-mono-oxygenase inhibitors proadifen (SKF 525A, 4 microM), metyrapone (300
      microM), and cimetidine (300 microM); 7,8 benzoflavone had no effect up to 100
      microM. 3. The more potent inhibitors were also tested against relaxations
      induced by A23187 (0.1 microM) and melittin (1 microM) and produced partial
      inhibition of these relaxations. 4. The mechanism of action of the more potent
      inhibitors was investigated in a bioassay system. EDRF was produced in columns
      filled with cultured human endothelial cells. The factor was bioassayed with
      endothelium denuded segments of rabbit femoral artery. When added to effluent of
      the column, NDGA, AA861, proadifen and metyrapone inhibited the EDRF-induced
      vasodilatation, whereas gossypol had no effect. Gossypol, however, blocked EDRF
      production when infused through the column. 5. The more potent inhibitors were
      also tested to determine their effect on purified soluble guanylate cyclase.
      While gossypol, NDGA and proadifen had no appreciable effects, basal and
      nitroprusside (50 microM)-stimulated guanylate cyclase activity was inhibited by
      AA861 and metyrapone. 6. These data suggest that many of the above compounds
      inhibit EDRF by mechanisms other than lipoxygenase- or cytochrome P-450-mono
      oxygenase inhibition.

PMID- 2897219
TI  - Evidence that inhibitory factor extracted from bovine retractor penis is nitrite,
      whose acid-activated derivative is stabilized nitric oxide.
AB  - 1. Unactivated extracts of bovine retractor penis (BRP) contains 3-7 microM
      nitrite. Acid-activation of these extracts at pH 2 for 10 min followed by
      neutralization generates the active form of inhibitory factor (IF; assayed by its
      vasodilator action on rabbit aorta), and is associated with partial loss of
      nitrite. 2. Increasing the time of acid-activation at pH 2 from 10 to 60 min with
      intermittent vortex mixing generates greater vasodilator activity and increases
      nitrite loss. 3. When acid-activated and neutralized extracts are incubated at 37
      degrees C or 30 min or boiled for 5 min, vasodilator activity is lost and nitrite
      content increased. Reactivation of these samples at pH 2 for 10 min followed by
      neutralization leads to partial recoveries of vasodilator activity with loss in
      nitrite content. 4. Addition of sodium nitrite to BRP extracts increases acid
      activatable vasodilator activity pro rata. 5. Acid-activation of aqueous sodium
      nitrite solutions results in less loss of nitrite and generation of less
      vasodilator activity than BRP extracts. Vasodilatation is only transient and is
      rapidly abolished on neutralization, whereas responses to acid-activated BRP
      extracts are more prolonged and activity is stable on ice. 6. Bovine aortic
      endothelial cells yield vasodilator activity that is indistinguishable from that
      isolated from BRP. It is activated by acid, stable on ice, abolished by boiling
      or by haemoglobin, and appears to be due to the generation of nitric oxide (NO)
      from nitrite. 7. The data provide confirmatory evidence that nitrite in BRP
      extracts is IF, that acid-activation of BRP extracts yields NO which is
      responsible for its vasodilator action, and that inactivation occurs by decay of
      NO to nitrite and nitrate. They further suggest that BRP extracts contain a NO
      stabilizing agent which favours conversion of nitrite to NO. 8. The finding that
      bovine aortic endothelial cells yield an agent indistinguishable from IF suggests
      that nitrite in endothelial cells may likewise be the precursor of endothelium
      derived relaxing factor (EDRF), itself identified as NO.

PMID- 2897222
TI  - Destruction of cells in the midportion of the locus coeruleus by a dorsal bundle
      lesion in neonatal rats.
AB  - Although insult of the developing noradrenergic neuronal system in the brain has
      been associated with redistribution of noradrenergic fiber input to various
      target brain regions, few studies have investigated the effects of such insults
      on locus coeruleus cell survival. In the present study the dorsal noradrenergic
      bundle was transected by means of a midbrain knife cut in rats 3 days after
      birth, and the effects of this lesion were determined approximately 8-10 weeks
      later. By means of an immunofluorescent histochemical procedure, it was shown
      that tyrosine hydroxylase-containing fibers and dopamine beta-hydroxylase
      containing fibers were markedly reduced in number in the neocortex and
      hippocampus--regions anterograde to the site of axonal transection. It was
      further demonstrated that the number of fluorescent fibers coursing through the
      dorsal bundle was similarly reduced. Sprouting of noradrenergic fibers in the
      brainstem and cerebellum accompanied the above alterations. When locus coeruleus
      cell number was determined by counting Cresyl violet-stained nucleoli in serial
      sections it was found that dorsal bundle transection produced a loss of 17% of
      the cells of the coeruleus. By dividing the counts for each nucleus into fifths,
      it was additionally found that approximately 20-25% of those cells comprising the
      midportion of the nucleus, along a rostrocaudal axis, were the ones destroyed by
      axonal transection. These findings indicate that a neonatal lesion of the dorsal
      bundle produces a loss of cells in the midportion of the nucleus locus coeruleus,
      and that this effect is associated with noradrenergic neuronal hyperinnervation
      of the brainstem and cerebellum.

PMID- 2897220
TI  - A quantitative pharmacological analysis of some excitatory amino acid receptors
      in the mouse neocortex in vitro.
AB  - 1. The effects of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate and kynurenate, either alone or in
      combination, were tested on responses evoked by the excitatory amino acid
      agonists quinolinate, ibotenate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and N-methyl-DL-aspartate
      by use of an in vitro preparation of mouse neocortex and artificial cerebrospinal
      fluid nominally free of magnesium. 2. Schild plots for 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate, using each of the excitatory amino acids, were linear and had
      a slope not significantly different from one. The apparent pA2 values for 2-amino
      5-phosphonovalerate using each of the excitatory amino acids were 4.98
      (quinolinate), 5.00 (N-methyl-DL-aspartate), 4.92 (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and 5.05
      (ibotenate). The apparent pA2 obtained using ibotenate was distinct from that of
      N-methyl-D-aspartate but there were no significant differences between pA2
      estimates for quinolinate, N-methyl-D-aspartate or N-methyl-DL-aspartate. 3.
      Schild plots for kynurenate, using each of the excitatory amino acids, were
      linear and had a slope of 1.36 +/- 0.03, significantly greater than one. The
      estimated apparent pA2 values for kynurenate were 3.65 (quinolinate), 3.71 (N
      methyl-DL-aspartate), 3.65 (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and 3.89 (ibotenate). The
      apparent pA2 obtained using ibotenate was distinct from that of the other
      agonists. 4. Experiments using combinations of 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate and
      kynurenate indicated that both antagonists apparently acted competitively at
      receptors activated by ibotenate or by quinolinate. 5. These results indicate
      that ibotenate acts at a site distinct form that of quinolinate, N-methyl-D
      aspartate and N-methyl-DL-aspartate.

PMID- 2897221
TI  - Electrical and mechanical properties of the capsular smooth muscles of the rabbit
      prostate in relation to the actions of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker, YM
      12617.
AB  - 1. Electrical and mechanical properties of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit
      prostate capsule and the actions of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker, YM-12617,
      were investigated using microelectrode and isometric tension recording methods.
      2. The capsular muscles comprised thick and thin muscle bundles. In the former,
      noradrenaline (NA; 0.1-10 microM) provoked the phasic and tonic mechanical
      responses, with twitch contractions superimposed on the tonic response. YM-12617,
      in concentrations over 1 nM inhibited the contraction evoked by any given
      concentration of NA. Yohimbine (up to 10 microM) slightly inhibited the NA
      induced contraction whilst clonidine (up to 10 microM) and acetylcholine (ACh; up
      to 10 microM) produced no mechanical response. 3. In thin muscle bundles, NA (0.1
      10 microM) produced a contraction but the phasic response was small and the tonic
      response was negligible. These changes were blocked by YM-12617. In contrast, ACh
      (0.1-10 microM) produced atropine-sensitive, large phasic and tonic responses
      similar to those observed on application of NA to thick muscle bundles. 4. In
      thin and thick muscle bundles, the mean resting membrane potentials were -54 and 
      56 mV, respectively, values which were not statistically different. However, in
      thick muscle bundles, NA (over 0.1 microM) depolarized the membrane in a
      concentration-dependent manner and produced repetitive spike generation; ACh (up
      to 1 microM) did not modify the membrane potential. In thin muscle bundles, the
      above concentrations of NA hyperpolarized the membrane but ACh produced a large
      depolarization with repetitive spike generation. 5. In thick muscle bundles,
      nifedipine (0.3 microM) blocked twitch contractions generated spontaneously or
      provoked by application of NA with no effect on phasic and tonic responses. The
      NA-induced depolarization persisted after superfusion with nifedipine up to a
      concentration of 1.0 microM. In a Ca-free solution containing 2 mM EGTA, NA
      produced only the phasic responses, and re-addition of Ca (2.6 mM) restored the
      generation of a tonic response. 6. After application of 0.3 microM nifedipine,
      the effects of YM-12617 and prazosin were observed on the tonic component of the
      NA-induced contraction of thick muscle bundles. The ID50 values for YM-12617 and
      prazosin were 1 nM and 15 nM, respectively (n = 4). YM-12617 shifted the NA
      concentration-response curve to the right in a concentration-dependent and
      parallel manner. The Schild plot yielded a straight line with slope of 0.97 +/-
      0.05, (n = 4). The pA2 value for YM-12617 was 10.4 +/- 0.05, (n = 4). 7. In thiqk
      muscle bundles, the depolarization induced by NA (1O microM) was blocked by YM
      12617 (over 1 nM) to a greater extent than by prazosin (0.1 microM). Half
      inhibition of the NA (10 microM)-induced maximum depolarization by YM-12617 or
      prazosin occurred at concentrations of 2 nm and 100 nM, respectively. 8. From
      these mechanical and electrical responses, the heterogeneous nature and
      distribution of alpha-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors has been elucidated
      in capsular smooth muscles in the rabbit prostate. In both thick and thin muscle
      bundles, NA-induced electrical and mechanical responses were more potently
      inhibited by YM-12617 than by prazosin.

PMID- 2897223
TI  - Isolation of less than Glu-Ser-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2, a novel neuropeptide from sea
      anemones.
AB  - Using a radioimmunoassay for the peptide sequence Arg-Phe-NH2, a peptide has been
      purified from acetic acid extracts of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima.
      This peptide has the structure less than Glu-Ser-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2. Using antisera
      to its carboxyterminal sequence Arg-Trp-NH2, the peptide was found to be
      exclusively localized in neurons of sea anemones, among them neurons associated
      with the sphincter muscle. This suggest that the peptide is a transmitter at
      neuromuscular junctions.

PMID- 2897224
TI  - Influence of stereotaxically injected scrapie on neurotransmitter systems of
      mouse cerebellum.
AB  - The 22L strain of scrapie was injected stereotaxically into the cerebellum of
      C57BL/6J mice to determine its effect on several cerebellar neurotransmitter
      systems during the early clinical stages of the disease. In this model vacuolar
      lesions are restricted to the cerebellum with no evidence of vacuolization in
      other brain regions. Although vacuolar lesions develop throughout all cell layers
      of the cerebellum, they are most severe in the granule cell layer. Modest but
      significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in cerebellar weight, glutamate
      decarboxylase activity, and in the affinity of the N6-[adenine-2,8
      3H]cyclohexyladenosine binding sites, were observed in scrapie affected mice. The
      densities of the high- and low-affinity adenosine receptors were unaffected.
      Adenosine receptors in the cerebellum are highly localized to the axon terminals
      of the glutamatergic, GABA receptive granule cells. GABA, benzodiazepine,
      glutamate, and muscarinic cholinergic receptors were not significantly altered.
      In addition, the high-affinity uptake of glutamate, and the activity of choline
      acetyltransferase were not significantly changed. GABA high-affinity uptake was
      slightly increased. Even though the granule cell layer of the cerebellum had
      undergone severe vacuolation, only modest neurotransmitter changes were apparent.
      Although these results suggest a tenuous relationship between scrapie pathology
      and the integrity of neurotransmitter systems, it is possible that compensatory
      neurochemical changes in uncompromised neuronal populations may have masked
      potentially specific neurotransmitter effects.

PMID- 2897225
TI  - Adrenal medullary cells transmute into dopaminergic neurons in dopamine-depleted
      rat caudate and ameliorate motor disturbances.
AB  - Adrenal medullary cell suspensions, derived from newborn rats (postnatal day 1
      6), were implanted into the head of the caudate nucleus in 35 rats with
      unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions in the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA)
      pathway. Behavioral recovery from Met-amphetamine induced circling, cell growth
      and morphological features (tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells), and release of
      adrenaline (Ad), noradrenaline (NA), DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
      and homovanillic acid (HVA) were investigated for 40 weeks after transplantation.
      Met-amphetamine induced circling decreased significantly in 43% (15/35) of the
      rats. The decrease was concurrent with transmutation of the tyrosine hydroxylase
      like immunopositive (THLI) cells into mature neurons that had abundant elongated
      neurites with varicosities and synapses on neuronal elements in the host caudate.
      In the absence of behavioral recovery (57%, 20/35) THLI cells were very scant.
      DA, DOPAC and HVA were reduced more than 90% in perfusates collected by in vivo
      dialysis from the striata of the animals that were not improved by transplant.
      These levels recovered to 20-50% of controls in animals whose behavior recovered.
      Ad and NA were not detected in the perfusates of either recovered or non
      recovered animals. The results suggest that some grafted adrenal medullary cells
      transform into dopaminergic neurons and the release of DA from these grafted
      cells functionally affects behavior improvement for at least 40 weeks.

PMID- 2897226
TI  - Differential sensitivity of neuropeptide Y, somatostatin and NADPH-diaphorase
      containing neurons in rat cortex and striatum to quinolinic acid.
AB  - The tryptophan metabolite quinolinic acid (QUIN) was injected unilaterally into
      rat cerebral cortex or striatum in order to determine whether the neurotoxin
      would destroy neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and somatostatin (SS)-immunoreactive, and
      NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-D)-containing neurons. Following intrastriatal injections
      of QUIN, NPY and SS immunoreactivity and NADPH-D-activity was absent in the
      injection core area. In contrast, cortical NPY- and SS-immunoreactive cells and
      NADPH-D-containing neurons were resistant to QUIN's neurotoxicity. These results
      suggest that in contrast to striatal neurons, cortical SS- and NPY-containing
      neurons do not express N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

PMID- 2897227
TI  - Cortical lesions increase reinnervation of the dorsal striatum by substantia
      nigra grafts.
AB  - Effects of aspiration lesions of the cerebral cortex on intraventricular
      substantia nigra grafts were investigated. Increased reinnervation of the dorsal
      striatum was observed in animals with cortical aspirations. This reinnervation
      was confined to the dorsal one-fourth of the striatum, immediately underneath the
      cortical lesions. The increased reinnervation of the striatum by substantia nigra
      grafts in animals with cortical lesions is suggested to be related either to
      secretion of neurotrophic substances by the injured brain tissue or to removal of
      competition between corticostriatal inputs and graft-derived neurites for
      synaptic contacts.

PMID- 2897228
TI  - Toxic effects of MDMA on central serotonergic neurons in the primate: importance
      of route and frequency of drug administration.
AB  - This study compared the toxic effects of oral versus subcutaneous and single
      versus multiple doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on central
      serotonergic neurons in non-human primates. Orally administered MDMA was
      approximately one-half as effective as subcutaneously administered drug. Multiple
      doses were more effective than single doses, but a single 5 mg/kg dose of MDMA
      given orally still produced a long-lasting depletion of serotonin in the monkey
      brain. These results indicate that when MDMA is given to monkeys in a manner
      similar to that employed by humans, it exerts toxic effects on central
      serotonergic neurons. This suggests that humans using MDMA may be at risk for
      incurring central serotonergic neuronal damage.

PMID- 2897229
TI  - Electrophysiological actions of norepinephrine in rat lateral hypothalamus. I.
      Norepinephrine-induced modulation of LH neuronal responsiveness to afferent
      synaptic inputs and putative neurotransmitters.
AB  - The present studies were conducted as part of an ongoing investigation of the
      effects of norepinephrine (NE) in neuronal circuits of the mammalian brain. In
      this report, we describe noradrenergic actions in the lateral hypothalamus (LH),
      an area which has been implicated in the central integration of cardiovascular
      regulatory mechanisms, fluid balance and ingestive behaviors.
      Microiontophoretically applied NE was interacted with extracellularly recorded
      responses of LH neurons to iontophoretically applied putative neurotransmitters
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate (Glu); and
      activation of known input pathways from the reticular thalamus (RT) and the
      lateral preoptic area (LPO). Peri-event histograms of cell responses were
      computed before, during and after NE microiontophoresis (5-50 nA) and used to
      quantitatively evaluate monoamine-induced effects on spontaneous and stimulus
      evoked activity of LH neurons. In 16 of 23 LH neurons, RT-stimulus-induced
      inhibition was markedly prolonged from a mean of 28.3 +/- 4.8 ms to 44.7 +/- 5.2
      ms, during iontophoretic application of NE. In 22 of 38 LH cells, LPO-stimulus
      induced excitatory responses were enhanced above control levels during NE
      administration. In further tests, inhibitory responses of LH cells to
      iontophoretic pulses of GABA were potentiated during NE administration in 69% (24
      of 35) of the cases tested. ACh-induced excitation was potentiated in 9 of 21
      cells. In 4 of these cases, otherwise subthreshold doses of ACh caused marked
      increases in cell firing during the period of NE administration. By contrast, Glu
      evoked excitation was antagonized by NE iontophoresis in 65.5% (17 of 26) of LH
      cells tested. These findings indicate that, as in other noradrenergic target
      regions of the CNS, NE can facilitate synaptically mediated responses of LH
      neurons. Taken together these observations suggest that NE may play an important
      regulatory role in the synaptic transfer of information within LH circuits, and
      consequently exert considerable influence over the homeostatic functions mediated
      by this structure.

PMID- 2897230
TI  - gamma-L-glutamyl-L-aspartate induces specific deficits in long-term memory and
      inhibits [3H]glutamate binding on hippocampal membranes.
AB  - gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-aspartic acid (gamma-LGLA) has been isolated from Datura
      stramonium; its structure has been determined and it was then synthesized. In
      male Swiss mice intraperitoneal administration of the natural peptide (125
      nmol/kg) or of the synthetic peptide (25-2500 nmol/kg) 24 h after acquisition of
      a Y-maze avoidance task induced a dose-dependent deficit in retention performance
      48 h later. gamma-LGLA had no effect on locomotor activity or emotional
      reactivity at the doses used. Separate or simultaneous administration of
      aspartate or glutamate (each at 250 nmol/kg) had no effect on learning retention,
      indicating that deficit induced by gamma-LGLA was specific to the peptide. gamma
      LGLA impaired learning acquisition in a time-dependent manner when administered
      from 3 min to 24 h post-training, but had no effect when administered 3 days
      following acquisition. gamma-LGLA administered just after the training session
      did not affect retention performance during the first 3 h, but suppressed the
      retention improvement observed in control animals from 6 to 24 h after
      acquisition; this deficit was still evident 7 days after the treatment. gamma
      LGLA partially inhibited L-[3H]glutamate binding on crude hippocampal or striatal
      membrane preparations; this inhibition was not observed on cerebellar membrane
      preparations. These results suggest a specific action of gamma-LGLA on excitatory
      amino acid systems which may be responsible for its effects on learning
      retention.

PMID- 2897231
TI  - Pterygopalatine ganglion cells contain neuropeptide Y.
AB  - By immunohistochemistry, neuropeptide Y (NPY) localizes to neurons in the rat
      pterygopalatine ganglion. These cells also are intensely or moderately reactive
      with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. In contrast, both tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunohistochemistry and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence for catecholamines
      stain smaller clustered cells, similar in appearance to small intensely
      fluorescent (SIF) cells and clearly distinct from the NPY-immunoreactive cells.
      By reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the NPY-immunoreactive
      material in the rat pterygopalatine ganglion migrates as a single peak
      characteristic of the peptide. We conclude that NPY-containing cholinergic cells
      are present in this classical parasympathetic ganglion. NPY-like immunoreactive
      neurons similarly occur in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the guinea pig.

PMID- 2897233
TI  - beta-Phenylethylamine enhances single cortical neurone responses to noradrenaline
      in the rat.
AB  - The firing rates of single neurones in the rat cerebral cortex were recorded
      using multibarrel glass microelectrodes, and the response to drugs applied by
      microiontophoresis was investigated. A greater number of cells responded to
      noradrenaline (NA) (30-66 nA) than to beta-phenylethylamine (PE) (30-100 nA).
      When responses were obtained to both, 90% of the neurones gave the same response
      to NA and PE. Applications of PE with small currents (0-12 nA) caused an increase
      in the response to NA without affecting the baseline firing rate or the response
      to acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA or 5-hydroxytryptamine. An increase was seen in
      both excitatory and inhibitory responses to NA. The enhancement lasted up to 39
      minutes after the end of the PE application. Applications of NA with small
      currents (0-3 nA) failed to alter responses to NA. Possible mechanisms of the
      effect of PE on response to NA are discussed. These results provide further
      evidence for the hypothesis that trace amines can modulate catecholamine
      neurotransmission.

PMID- 2897232
TI  - Saline ingestion stimulates the in situ molar activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in
      the median eminence and superior cervical ganglion.
AB  - The effects of drinking saline for 7 days on the mass and in situ activity of
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the median eminence (ME) and superior cervical
      ganglion (SCG) of rats were investigated. TH mass was quantified by immunoblot
      assay. In situ TH activity was calculated from the rate of intracellular
      accumulation of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). In rats that drank 10 mM, 30 mM,
      and 100 mM NaCl for 7 days, TH activity in the ME was 34 +/- 4, 36 +/- 5, and 45
      +/- 3 (mean and S.E.M.) mol of DOPA.h-1.mol of TH-1, respectively, compared to 30
      +/- 2 for rats that drank water. The activity of TH in the SCG of animals that
      drank 10 mM, 30 mM, and 100 mM NaCl was 143 +/- 24, 167 +/- 12, and 272 +/- 13
      mol DOPA.h-1.mol TH-1, respectively, compared to 119 +/- 10 for animals that
      drank water. The mass of TH in the ME and SCG decreased as a function of the
      concentration of NaCl in the drinking water. In animals that drank water, 10 mM,
      30 mM, and 100 mM NaCl, the amounts (pmol) of TH were, respectively, 0.28 +/-
      0.03, 0.31 +/- 0.04, 0.23 +/- 0.02, and 0.21 +/- 0.01 per ME and 0.67 +/- 0.06,
      0.72 +/- 0.11, 0.37 +/- 0.01, and 0.34 +/- 0.02 per SCG. TH activity in the ME or
      SCG was unaffected by treatment for 7 days with arginine vasopressin.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897234
TI  - Rat atrial natriuretic peptide (99-126) stimulates guanylate cyclase activity in
      rat subfornical organ and choroid plexus.
AB  - The effect of rat atrial natriuretic peptide (99-126) (rANP) on cyclic guanosine
      3',5'-monophosphate production was investigated in two brain areas, the
      subfornical organ and the choroid plexus. rANP activated guanylate cyclase in
      crude homogenates of rat subfornical organ and choroid plexus in concentration
      and time dependent fashions. A 2-fold stimulation of the enzyme was obtained with
      100 nM rANP and a half-maximal stimulation with a 10 nM dose. Our results further
      support the hypothesis that cGMP mediates the central action of ANP through the
      activation of specific receptors in localized target sites such as the
      subfornical organ and choroid plexus.

PMID- 2897235
TI  - Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo
      and in vitro.
AB  - Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of
      streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In
      the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and
      jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the
      control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein
      than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the
      clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was
      administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally
      hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly
      longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The
      functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in
      diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the
      longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower
      hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14
      was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The
      hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was
      significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This
      indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at
      least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897236
TI  - Increased pulmonary vascular capacitance with beta-adrenergic receptor
      stimulation: an experimental study of the effect of isoproterenol on the
      pulmonary vascular volume-pressure relationship.
AB  - The present study is an investigation of the effect of beta-adrenergic receptor
      stimulation by isoproterenol on pulmonary vascular capacitance. The experiments
      were done in six intact-chest, anaesthetized dogs in which pulmonary and cardiac
      blood volumes were assessed by blood pool scintigraphy. Isoproterenol (0.150
      microgram.kg-1.min-1) significantly (p less than 0.005) lowered pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure (PPCW) and pulmonary artery pressure (PPA) but did not
      significantly change pulmonary blood volume (PBV). Left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure and total cardiac volume both significantly (p less than 0.005)
      decreased. Pulmonary vascular volume-pressure (V-P) relationships before and
      during isoproterenol were described by means of blood transfusions and
      hemorrhage. In individual dogs the PBV-PPCW and the PBV-(PPCW + PPA)/2
      relationships were significantly shifted upward by isoproterenol (p less than
      0.05 or less); slope changes were variable. Pooled data from all dogs also showed
      a significant (p less than 0.001) upward shift in the pulmonary vascular V-P
      relationship regardless of which measure of distending pressure was used. These
      results suggest that beta-receptor stimulation by isoproterenol increases
      pulmonary vascular capacitance by increasing the unstressed volume.

PMID- 2897237
TI  - Coated pits and vesicles in the osteoclast.
AB  - The osteoclast is a cell with a phagocytic ability not dissimilar to the
      macrophage. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which it resorbs bone are poorly
      understood. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of coated
      membrane structures in the osteoclast in order to gain further information about
      endocytosis in this cell. Osteoclasts around the developing tooth germs of young
      rats were examined using transmission electron microscopy, and
      immunocytochemistry. Results showed that previously described coated membrane
      structures within the ruffled border do not appear to be associated with coated
      pits or vesicles. Coated pits were, however, evident on the dorsal and lateral
      surfaces of the cell, particularly opposite the clear zone areas. Immunogold
      staining for clathrin confirmed that coated pits and vesicles are absent within
      both the clear zone and ruffled border areas, but present on the lateral and
      dorsal surfaces of the actively resorbing cell. It is suggested that clathrin
      associated receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs along the lateral and dorsal
      surfaces of the osteoclast for the uptake of nutrients and macromolecules, while
      endocytosis of bone mineral by the ruffled border is mediated by a non-clathrin
      associated coated membrane structure.

PMID- 2897238
TI  - cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-resistant sublines derived from two human
      ovarian tumor cell lines.
AB  - In two human ovarian tumor cell lines, resistance to cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) was induced by continuous exposure of the
      parental lines to an increasing CDDP concentration in the culture medium. In
      contrast, a six times repeated pulse exposure of 6.7 microM or 16.7 microM CDDP
      for 1 h did not result in a cell line that showed a higher survival in CDDP
      containing medium. The ID50 value for CDDP was seven to eight times higher for
      the resistant lines and those lines were able to grow at 3.3 microM CDDP. The
      induced resistance was stable during at least 25 doubling times. The CDDP
      resistant sublines showed cross-resistance to the CDDP-analogues cis-diammine-1,1
      cyclobutane-dicarboxylateplatinum(II) and cis-dichlorobis(isopropylamine)-trans
      dihydroxyplatinum(IV) indicating that resistance to the different platinum
      compounds is generated by a common mechanism. The resistant sublines were also
      cross-resistant to mitomycin C and melphalan. The degree of cross-resistance for
      the tested drugs varied widely between the two cell lines. Resistance to CDDP was
      clearly correlated to decreased amounts of platinum in the resistant cells as
      compared to the sensitive cells. The amplification and expression of genes
      encoding proteins that had been shown to be involved in multidrug resistance,
      e.g., the Mr 170,000 P-glycoprotein was also studied. No amplification or
      overexpression of these genes could be shown in the resistant cell lines.

PMID- 2897239
TI  - Effects of a new alpha 1-blocker, bunazosin hydrochloride, on plasma lipid
      components in hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Oral bunazosin hydrochloride, a new alpha 1-blocker, for 12 weeks was given to
      ten outpatients diagnosed as having essential hypertension associated with
      hypercholesterolemia. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) triglyceride, HDL3
      cholesterol, and apolipoprotein E levels were significantly decreased by
      bunazosin treatment. The decrease in HDL triglycerides was a result of the
      decrease in HDL3 triglyceride levels. There were no significant changes in the
      other components. The ratio of cholesterol to triglycerides in the low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL fractions was increased significantly after bunazosin
      treatment. Furthermore, the ratio of HDL2 cholesterol to HDL3 cholesterol after
      bunazosin treatment was significantly higher than before treatment. The results
      suggest that the catabolism of triglycerides in lipoprotein and the reduction in
      tissue cholesterol increase, and that bunazosin hydrochloride does not adversely
      affect the lipid component in hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2897240
TI  - An altered pattern of cross-resistance in multidrug-resistant human cells results
      from spontaneous mutations in the mdr1 (P-glycoprotein) gene.
AB  - Multidrug resistance in human cells results from increased expression of the mdr1
      (P-glycoprotein) gene. Although the same gene is activated in cells selected with
      different drugs, multidrug-resistant cell lines can be preferentially resistant
      to their selecting agent. The mdr1 cDNA sequence from vinblastine-selected KB
      cells, which are uniformly resistant to different lipophilic drugs, was compared
      with the corresponding sequence from colchicine-selected KB cells preferentially
      resistant to colchicine. These sequences differ at three positions, resulting in
      a single amino acid change in P-glycoprotein. These differences result from
      mutations that occurred during colchicine selection. The appearance of these
      mutations coincides with the emergence of preferential resistance to colchicine.
      We have constructed biologically active mdr1 cDNA clones that express either wild
      type or mutant P-glycoprotein. Multi-drug-resistant transfectants obtained with
      the mutant sequence were characterized by increased relative resistance to
      colchicine compared with transfectants obtained with wild-type sequence. mdr1
      mutations are therefore responsible for preferential resistance to colchicine in
      multidrug-resistant KB cells.

PMID- 2897241
TI  - Differential regulation of Ultrabithorax in two germ layers of Drosophila.
AB  - The homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is expressed in specific parts of
      Drosophila embryos: in a single metamer in the visceral mesoderm and forming a
      complex pattern limited to a broad domain in the ectoderm and in the somatic
      mesoderm. Here we use a linked beta-galactosidase gene to identify cis-acting
      regulatory sequences. In the visceral mesoderm, correct expression of Ubx depends
      on localized upstream sequences. In the ectoderm, all galactosidase-positive
      transformants show the same characteristic pattern. The repeated elements of this
      basal pattern appear to be a sub-pattern of engrailed (en) expression; they
      depend on en function as well as on sequences in the Ubx RNA leader. We use a
      mutant (Haltere-mimic) to show that sequences that normally restrict segmental
      expression of Ubx in the ectoderm are located downstream from the RNA leader.

PMID- 2897242
TI  - Microinjection of synthetic Xhox-1A homeobox mRNA disrupts somite formation in
      developing Xenopus embryos.
AB  - The structural similarity between Drosophila and vertebrate homeobox genes begs
      the question of whether the vertebrate gene products affect cell fate and pattern
      formation. To study the function of the Xenopus homeobox protein, Xhox-1A, we
      microinjected fertilized Xenopus eggs with an excess of synthetic Xhox-RNA and
      assayed for effects on development. The predominant phenotype is a disturbance in
      somite formation. When embryos are injected with Xhox-1A mRNA, but not with
      control mRNAs, morphogenesis of somites occurs chaotically and individual
      segments are lost. Histological staining, in situ hybridization, and
      immunohistochemistry indicate that the disorganized somitic tissue has
      differentiated into muscle cells. Overall, these results suggest that correct
      regulation of the Xhox-1A gene may be important for the normal development of the
      segmented somite pattern in early embryos. Moreover, the inferred role of Xhox-1A
      in somite formation indicates that there may be molecular parallels between
      mechanisms of segmentation in flies and vertebrates.

PMID- 2897243
TI  - Transcription factors that activate the Ultrabithorax promoter in developmentally
      staged extracts.
AB  - We have initiated a biochemical analysis of factors that regulate the expression
      of the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) homeotic gene during embryogenesis. Transcriptionally
      active extracts have been prepared from Drosophila embryos at successive stages
      of development that recreate in vitro the temporal profile of Ubx gene expression
      during embryogenesis. Multiple sequence-specific transcription factors have been
      detected that bind to essential cis control elements located upstream and
      downstream of the Ubx mRNA cap site. The activity of some of these transcription
      factors varies during embryogenesis, and some are detected in embryonic extracts
      but not in Drosophila tissue culture cells. One factor, which binds to multiple
      GAGA DNA sequence motifs in the Ubx promoter, has been purified and shown to
      activate transcription from this promoter in a binding site-dependent manner.
      This in vitro analysis should help in understanding how Ubx expression is
      regulated and provide insight into the processes determining cellular fates
      during development.

PMID- 2897244
TI  - A single amino acid change in the cytoplasmic domain allows the influenza virus
      hemagglutinin to be endocytosed through coated pits.
AB  - Through site-specific mutagenesis, three of the ten amino acids of the
      cytoplasmic domain of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) were individually
      changed to tyrosines. None of these changes had significant effect on the rate of
      export, the rate of folding, or the antigenicity of the mutant HAs. However, one
      of these mutations, substituting tyrosine for cysteine at amino acid 543, changed
      HA from a protein that was endocytosed at a very low rate to a protein that
      readily entered coated pits, was internalized, and apparently recycled to the
      cell surface. Replacement of cysteine 543 with phenylalanine or serine did not
      increase the rate of internalization of HA. Phosphorylation of the mutant HA
      bearing a tyrosine at position 543 was not detected. These results indicate a
      specific and local role for the tyrosine introduced into the cytoplasmic domain
      of HA that is necessary for interaction of the protein with coated pits.

PMID- 2897245
TI  - The jellyfish and its polyp: a comparative study of gene expression monitored by
      the protein patterns, using two-dimensional gels with double-label
      autoradiography.
AB  - The life cycle of Podocoryne carnea (Coelenterata, Anthomedusae) shows several
      distinct stages which differ considerably in terms of their ecology, morphology,
      cellular composition, and ultrastructure. Previously these stages had even been
      described as separate species. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and a
      new method of double-label autoradiography, we show here for the first time for
      metagenic hydrozoans that only minor differences in gene expression exist between
      the various life cycle stages. Our results demonstrate the high resolution power
      of these techniques and show that the different life stages of P. carnea remain
      rather similar on the protein level. Most of the prominent spots of the two
      dimensional gel protein patterns are common to all stages studied. These data
      show that the hydrozoan life cycle and development are regulated by only minor
      distinctions in gene expression which possibly explains the great morphogenetic
      repertoire of these animals described in many studies.

PMID- 2897246
TI  - Oxidative mitogenesis: participation of CD2 antigen in the generation and/or
      transduction of obligatory accessory signals.
AB  - We investigated the role of cluster designation 2 (CD2) antigen in the activation
      of human T cells using either soluble phase or crosslinked monoclonal anti-CD2
      antibodies, and oxidizing mitogens as probes. Soluble phase anti-CD2 inhibited
      oxidative mitogenesis when accessory signals were delivered with accessory cells
      and not when 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or interleukin 2 provided the
      required accessory signals. Soluble phase anti-CD2 also inhibited accessory cell
      dependent increases in intracellular free calcium concentration and cell-to-cell
      contact among oxidizing mitogen-treated T cells and accessory cells. Crosslinked
      anti-CD2, on the other hand, generated the required accessory signals and
      functioned as an accessory cell substitute. Also, signals initiated by
      crosslinked anti-CD2 were able to replace accessory cell signals only, and not
      the mitogenic signals initiated with the oxidizing mitogens. Collectively, these
      findings indicate that the CD2 antigen participates in the generation and/or
      transduction of accessory signals obligatory for oxidative mitogenesis.

PMID- 2897247
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta s are equipotent growth inhibitors of interleukin
      1-induced thymocyte proliferation.
AB  - The effects of two forms of transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-beta 1 and TGF
      beta 2, upon the proliferative response of murine thymocytes were investigated in
      this study. TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 were found to be equipotent growth
      inhibitors of interleukin-1 (IL-1)- and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated
      thymocytes when added at the initiation of the cultures. These factors suppressed
      the proliferative response in a dose-dependent fashion between 0.4 and 100 pM.
      The proliferative response was maximally inhibited (90% inhibition) at 100 pM.
      The half-maximal inhibitory dose (ID50) was 6 and 4 pM for TGF-beta 1 and TGF
      beta 2, respectively. These factors were less effective or ineffective at
      suppressing the proliferation of thymocytes which had been prestimulated for 24
      to 48 hr by IL-1 and PHA. Neither factor inhibited interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent
      thymocyte proliferation or the proliferation of an IL-2-dependent cytotoxic T
      cell line (CTL-L), suggesting that the anti-proliferative actions of these
      factors was by inhibition of cellular events triggered by IL-1. Furthermore, anti
      TGF-beta 1 antibodies did neutralize the biological actions of TGF-beta 1 and
      these antibodies did block the binding of 125I-labeled TGF-beta 1 to cell surface
      receptors showing that the inhibitory action is mediated through specific
      receptors for TGF-beta 1 on thymocytes. These antibodies, however, did not
      neutralize the anti-proliferative action of TGF-beta 2. Although TGF-beta 1 and
      TGF-beta 2 exhibit very similar biological activities, these molecules are
      antigenically different and, therefore, have different tertiary structures.

PMID- 2897248
TI  - Nucleotide sequencing analysis of a LEU gene of Candida maltosa which complements
      leuB mutation of Escherichia coli and leu2 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The expression of a LEU gene from Candida maltosa (designated as C-LEU2) isolated
      previously (Kawamura et al. 1983) was shown to be regulated, when transferred
      into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by leucine and threonine in the medium, as in the
      case of LEU2 gene of S. cerevisiae. The coding region together with the
      regulatory region was subcloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. When
      the sequence of the coding region was compared with that of LEU2, the homology
      was 72% for base pairs and 76% for deduced amino acids. Comparison of the
      regulatory region of C-LEU2 with those of LEU1 and LEU2 suggested a few short
      consensus sequences which are involved in regulation of gene expression by
      leucine and threonine in the medium.

PMID- 2897249
TI  - Arginine repression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARG1 gene. Comparison of the
      ARG1 and ARG3 control regions.
AB  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARG1 gene coding for argininosuccinate synthetase
      has been isolated and the nucleotide sequence of both its control region and of
      its amino terminal end coding region determined. The startpoint of transcription
      was established by S1-mapping and reverse transcriptase procedures. Northern blot
      hybridizations showed that whereas arginine-specific repression reduced the
      enzyme activity fivefold, it did not reduce the steady state level of the
      corresponding messenger in proportion; by analogy with the coregulated ARG3 gene,
      this result suggests a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. In contrast,
      proportionally between enzyme activity and mRNA content was observed under
      conditions where general amino acid control (known to be transcriptional) was
      operating. Comparing the 5' untranscribed domains of ARG1 and ARG3 revealed a
      first region of homology between the TATA box and the transcription startpoint.
      In this region a 10 bp (ARG3) or 11 bp (ARG1) central box is flanked by two
      segments which, by mutation, have been shown to be part of the ARG operator
      (Crabeel et al. 1985). The repressor is assumed to bind at this primary target
      site prior to establishing contacts with the proximal part of the nascent mRNA
      molecule (Crabeel et al. 1985). By in vitro directed deletion mutagenesis we show
      that the central conserved box of ARG3 is not essential for arginine-specific
      repression to occur. Another region of homology was found in the leader part of
      the messenger RNA; deletion of this region causes a small reduction in ARG3
      expression but also does not alter regulation. Neither of these two regions are
      thus part of the primary repressor target site. In addition, in terms of post
      transcriptional regulation, the latter result indicates that no sequence
      specificity is required in the RNA recognition step.

PMID- 2897251
TI  - Plastome mutation affecting the chloroplast ATP synthase involves a post
      transcriptional defect.
AB  - In a plastid genome (plastome) mutation of Oenothera hookeri, at least two of the
      plastome-coded polypeptides (the beta and epsilon subunits) of the chloroplast
      ATP synthase are directly affected. As in other plastid chromosomes, the genes
      for the beta and epsilon subunits are located next to each other on the Oenothera
      ptDNA molecule and are cotranscribed. Immunoanalysis and peptide mapping of in
      vivo products suggests that a fusion of the two genes may have occurred in the
      plastome mutant. In contrast to the in vivo data, in vitro translation of the RNA
      using a heterologous system results in polypeptides which cannot be distinguished
      from those of wild-type. In addition, neither the mRNA sizes nor plastid DNA
      restriction fragment patterns differ from wild-type. To reconcile the paradox of
      these results, it is suggested that either a defect in a translational signal or
      some other post-transcriptional event is responsible for the mutant phenotype.

PMID- 2897252
TI  - The circadian rhythms of thyrotrophin and prolactin secretion.
AB  - As with other anterior pituitary hormones, the secretion of both thyrotrophin
      (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) displays a circadian variation with different patterns
      for each hormone. In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the
      understanding of the neuroregulation of TSH and PRL. However the primary events
      involved in the generation of their circadian rhythms remains unclear. Regulatory
      pathways comprise two major groups: central factors, where the control is exerted
      by the central nervous system via the hypothalamus and peripheral factors, which
      include all extra CNS mechanisms. The first group is represented mainly by
      neuropeptides and neurotransmitters controlling TSH and PRL release, whereas the
      second one comprises both physical phenomena such as variations in plasma volume
      or postural changes and hormonal influences arising from target glands such as
      the adrenal, the thyroid and the gonads.

PMID- 2897250
TI  - A fine restriction map of the linear mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis:
      genome size, map locations of rRNA and tRNA genes, terminal inversion repeat, and
      restriction site polymorphism.
AB  - A fine restriction map of the linear mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis
      strain ST is presented. 1. Based on agarose gel electrophoresis data together
      with limited nucleotide sequences available on some restriction fragments, we
      estimate the actual size of this genome to be about 55,000 base pairs. 2. Seven
      tRNA gene locations have been assigned, which are scattered along the genome
      length. Six of these locations encode the genes for tRNA(phe), tRNA(his),
      tRNA(trp), and tRNA(glu), and the duplicate tRNA(tyr) genes which are located at
      the inverted terminal repeat segments. The tRNA gene(s) encoded in one location
      has not been identified. We have not yet found the tRNA(leu) and tRNA(met) genes,
      which were previously shown to be encoded in the genome (Chiu et al. 1974; Suyama
      1982). 3. We have mapped the 14S rRNA gene by sequencing the 170 bp segment of
      EcoRI fragment 8 and by aligning its sequence with E. coli 16S rRNA. From our
      recent complete sequence data the gene size was found to be about 1,650 bp, which
      is unexpectedly large for the 14S rRNA which has an estimated size of 1,300 bp.
      The 14S rRNA is probably a cleavage product of the larger primary transcript of
      which 200-300 bases of the 5' end are missing. 4. The duplicate copies of the 21S
      rRNA gene at the terminal duplication inversion segments were analyzed. ClaI
      fragment 7 (1,500 bp) corresponds in sequence from base position 850 to 2,390 of
      the 20S rRNA gene of Paramecium mitochondrial DNA (Seilhamer et al. 1984b). The
      21S gene is approximately 2,500 bp long. The presence of some restriction site
      polymorphism is apparent in this segment. 5. Each of the 21S gene copies precedes
      the tRNA(tyr) gene, but the space flanking one tRNA(tyr) gene differs in size and
      restriction sites from the space flanking another tRNA(tyr) gene. Thus, this
      space corresponds to the segment of an imperfect match in the terminal
      duplication inversion of Goldbach et al. (1978a). 6. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      mitochondrial probes including Cob, ATPase VI and IX, and cytochrome oxidase I
      gene sequences, 21S and 15S rRNAs, and mouse mitochondrial DNA showed no
      significant hybridization with any restriction fragments of Tetrahymena
      mitochondrial DNA. The results are in accordance with an extensive sequence
      divergence previously found in the Tetrahymena mitochondrial genome (Goldbach et
      al. 1977).

PMID- 2897253
TI  - [Non-conventional central nervous system agents].

PMID- 2897254
TI  - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons suppress
      retinoid-induced tissue transglutaminase in SCC-4 cultured human squamous
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - Retinoic acid and retinyl acetate induce tissue transglutaminase to high levels
      in cultured SCC-4 keratinocytes, increasing the enzyme specific activity over 50
      fold under optimal conditions. Pretreatment of the cells for a day with 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or benzo[a]pyrene
      almost completely prevented the induction observed upon subsequent treatment with
      retinoic acid for 2 days. Similar aromatic compounds that do not induce aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase (pyrene, dibenzofuran) did not exhibit this suppressive
      effect. The concentration dependence on TCDD for induction of aryl hydrocarbon
      hydroxylase was nearly identical to that for its suppression of transglutaminase
      induction, with half-maximal effects observed at approximately 20 pM in each
      instance. Similarly, the concentrations of 3-MC giving half-maximal stimulation
      of the hydroxylase and suppression of the transglutaminase were comparable (0.9
      and 0.3 microM, respectively), although this agent was almost five orders of
      magnitude less potent than TCDD. These observations reveal a loss of cellular
      sensitivity to vitamin A mediated by the Ah receptor.

PMID- 2897255
TI  - Reversal by ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides of dehydroepiandrosterone-induced
      inhibition of enzyme altered foci in the liver of rats subjected to the
      initiation--selection process of experimental carcinogenesis.
AB  - The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the activity of NADPH-producing
      enzymes and the development of enzyme-altered foci has been investigated in the
      liver of female Wistar rats subjected to an initiating treatment (a necrogenic
      dose of diethylnitrosamine) followed, 15 days later, by a selection treatment [a
      15-day feeding of a diet containing 0.03% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), with a
      partial hepatectomy at the midpoint of this feeding]. At the end of the selection
      treatment all rat groups received, for 15 days, a basal diet containing, when
      indicated, 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) and/or 0.6% DHEA. The effect of DHEA on the
      activity of NADPH-producing enzymes was also studied in normal rats fed, for 15
      days, a diet containing 0.6% DHEA and in their pair-fed controls. DHEA caused a
      43-58% inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and, respectively,
      338-420% and 21-24% increases in malic enzyme (ME) and isocitric dehydrogenase
      activities in all rat groups. This was coupled with a great fall in the
      production of ribulose-5-phosphate, while no change in NADP+/NADPH ratio
      occurred. Hepatocytes, isolated from DHEA-treated rats, exhibited a very low
      activity of hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS), which was not stimulated by
      methylene blue, an exogenous oxidizing agent that markedly stimulated HMS
      activity in control hepatocytes. DHEA caused a great fall in the percentage of
      liver occupied by gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci, in the rats
      subjected to the initiation-selection treatments. PB enhanced the development of
      these foci, an effect which was completely overcome by DHEA. In addition, focal
      cells no longer expressed a G6PD activity higher than that of surrounding liver
      in DHEA-treated rats, but exhibited a high histochemical reaction for ME. DHEA
      also caused a great fall in labelling index of GGT-positive foci. Starting at the
      end of 2-AAF feeding, a mixture of ribonucleosides (RNs) of adenine, cytosine,
      guanine and uracil and of deoxyribonucleosides (DRNs) of adenine, cytosine,
      guanine and thymine were injected i.p. every 8 h for 12 days to the rats
      subjected to the initiation-selection treatments plus PB. Rats were killed 3 days
      after the end of RN and DRN treatments. These treatments completely overcome the
      DHEA effect on the development of GGT-positive foci and DNA synthesis by the
      focal cells, without affecting G6PD activity of both whole liver and putative
      preneoplastic foci. Experiments with labeled nucleosides revealed that RNs and
      DRNs produced derivatives that were incorporated into liver DNA.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2897256
TI  - Colorimetric assay of blood coagulation factor XIII in plasma.
AB  - In this new colorimetric assay for Factor XIII in plasma, 5
      (biotinamido)pentylamine is used as the amine substrate. Factor XIII, a zymogen,
      is transformed by thrombin and Ca2+ to active Factor XIIIa, and the incorporation
      of 5-(biotinamido)pentylamine into N,N-dimethylcasein is used to measure
      catalytically active Factor XIIIa. The biotinylated enzymatic product is
      immobilized onto 96-well microtiter plates, complexed with streptavidin-beta
      galactosidase, and the absorbance at 405 nm is monitored for production of p
      nitrophenol from p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Concentrations of N,N
      dimethylcasein, 5-(biotinamido)pentylamine, Ca2+, and thrombin were chosen to
      allow near-maximum velocity of amine incorporation. A linear relationship was
      obtained between assay product and plasma volume, from 0.5 to 50 microL of
      plasma. Results correlated well (r greater than 0.924) with those from the most
      frequently utilized radiometric filter-paper assay for Factor XIII. The method
      appears to be ideal for routine diagnostic estimation of Factor XIII in plasma
      because of its simplicity, its lack of use of radioisotopes, and its potential
      for assay of large numbers of samples by use of microtiter plates and automated
      plate readers.

PMID- 2897257
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: microvillar enzymes and DNA analysis
      compared.
AB  - We have established reference ranges for three microvillar intestinal enzymes-
      alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.1), and
      leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.1.1)--measured in amniotic fluid in a reference
      population of 1875 women presenting for routine amniocentesis. These data were
      derived for use in prenatal diagnostic studies in a population at risk (1:4) for
      cystic fibrosis. False-positive or indeterminate results were noted for fewer
      than 3.5% of all low-risk cases for each enzyme evaluated. Total alkaline
      phosphatase and its isoenzymes and leucine amino-peptidase and gamma
      glutamyltransferase were measured in amniotic fluid sampled between the 15th and
      19th weeks of gestation. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNA
      was also performed when possible. In 52 cases examined for cystic fibrosis thus
      far, 46 were diagnosed on the basis of DNA analysis and (or) by sweat testing;
      for the other six cases, only abnormal enzyme results were obtained before
      termination of pregnancy. Predictions based on microvillar enzyme results were
      falsely negative in three cases. In only one case was there a discrepancy between
      enzyme results and DNA analysis. Diagnostic accuracy was highest during the 17th
      and 18th week of gestation. Preliminary results suggest the false-negative rate
      of this diagnostic strategy may be greater than or equal to 10%.

PMID- 2897258
TI  - Urinary alanine aminopeptidase assay improved as result of multivariate response
      surface analysis.
AB  - Optimization of determination of alanine aminopeptidase in urine by univariate
      study led to a method involving pretreatment of urine with Sephadex G50. Re
      examination of the optimization by multivariate study led us to recommend higher
      optimal concentrations: 5.8 mmol/L for the substrate and 300 mmol/L for the Tris
      buffer. Under these new conditions, pretreatment of urine was no longer necessary
      and the assay could be completely automated.

PMID- 2897259
TI  - MDMA and MDA cross reactivity observed with Abbott TDx
      amphetamine/methamphetamine reagents.

PMID- 2897260
TI  - Growth hormone and prolactin secretion after growth hormone-releasing hormone
      administration, in anorexia nervosa patients, normal controls and tamoxifen
      pretreated volunteers.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa is associated with several abnormalities in GH secretion
      elicited by different stimuli. To investigate the precise mechanism of this
      alteration, GHRH was administered to 14 women: a group of eight anorexia nervosa
      patients in the acute phase of their illness and a control group of six age
      matched volunteers. As patients with anorexia nervosa have chronic low oestrogen
      values, the volunteer women of the control group underwent a second GHRH test
      after pretreatment with the oestrogen receptor blocker tamoxifen. GHRH 1-29 (1
      microgram/kg i.v.) induced a GH peak (mean +/- SEM) of 28.2 +/- 5.1 ng/ml (GH
      ng/ml x 2 = mU/l) at 30 min in the anorectic patients. This value was no
      different from the GHRH-stimulated GH peak in the control women (28.1 +/- 10.0
      ng/ml). Tamoxifen pretreated women had a GH peak after GHRH of 35.6 +/- 9.7
      ng/ml, not significant versus control test. Compared with the control group,
      oestrogen levels were significantly lower in anorectic patients and higher in
      tamoxifen-treated women. GHRH administration induced a small PRL peak at 15 min
      that was similar in the three groups tested. After this 15 min peak, PRL in both
      anorexic and tamoxifen-treated women returned toward basal values steadily.
      However, in untreated control women a second PRL peak was evident at 60 min. In
      conclusion, GHRH-induced GH secretion in anorexia nervosa patients was similar to
      that in control subjects and in controls under oestrogen receptor blockade.

PMID- 2897261
TI  - Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (Launois-Bensaude syndrome): effect of oral
      salbutamol.
AB  - A 65-year-old Kenyan Asian developed rapidly progressive multiple symmetrical
      lipomatosis over 8 years. Noradrenaline infusion showed a normal response of
      plasma free fatty acids. In-vitro studies of the lipomatous tissue demonstrated
      intact lipolytic activities with a normal rate of free fatty acids release and
      cyclic AMP accumulation with or without isoprenaline and fenoterol stimulation. A
      clinical trial of oral salbutamol, a beta 2-agonist, was performed with
      significant therapeutic effect. The body fat mass showed a reversal of the rapid
      progression while on the treatment, associated with an increase in the resting
      metabolic rate.

PMID- 2897262
TI  - Sipple's syndrome associated with a large prolactinoma.
AB  - A 26-year-old male presented with the symptoms and signs of acute congestive
      heart failure and hypertension. The left ventricle was shown to be thickened and
      displayed reversible hypokinesia. Further investigations revealed the underlying
      pathology of a phaeochromocytoma, bilateral medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC),
      parathyroid adenoma and macro-prolactinoma. There was a family history of MTC.
      The echocardiographic features of catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy were
      important in this diagnosis. Our research revealed no previous report of Sipple's
      syndrome associated with a macroprolactinoma. This case, along with the other 13
      reports of mixed (type I and II) multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), are not
      within the classical subsets of MEN.

PMID- 2897263
TI  - In-vitro conversion of blocking type anti-TSH receptor antibody to the
      stimulating type by anti-human IgG antibodies.
AB  - We examined the relationship between blocking type anti-TSH receptor antibody
      (TRAb) and stimulating type TRAb by trying to convert blocking type TRAb to the
      stimulatory type in vitro. Immunoglobulins (IgGs) purified from sera of six
      patients with primary hypothyroidism blocked bovine TSH (100 microU/ml)-induced
      cAMP production (58.3-82.1% inhibition) in cultured porcine thyroid cells. None
      of these IgGs showed stimulating activity even after their dilution. In the
      conversion experiment, thyroid cells were first incubated with these IgGs at 34
      degrees C for 30 min and then washed with incubation buffer. They were then
      incubated with various kinds of anti-human IgG antibodies first for 1.5 h at 4
      degrees C and then for 18 h at 34 degrees C, and the cAMP concentrations in the
      supernatants were measured. All six IgGs showed strong, dose-dependent thyroid
      stimulating activity after addition of antibodies against human whole IgG, or Fab
      or Fc fragments of IgG. The Fab or F(ab')2 fragments of goat anti-human IgG
      antibody also had these converting activities, although less than whole IgG.
      Addition of normal IgG in the first incubation or anti-human IgG antibody alone
      had no thyroid-stimulating activity. Anti-human IgA or IgM antibodies did not
      have these converting activities. These results show that blocking type anti-TSH
      receptor antibodies can be converted to the stimulating type by anti-human IgG
      antibodies in vitro. The results suggest that the blocking and stimulating types
      bind to the same epitope(s) of TSH-receptor related antigens. The same anti-TSH
      receptor antibody may act as a stimulator or blocker by the influence of other
      factors, such as anti-idiotype antibody.

PMID- 2897265
TI  - Prevention and treatment of preterm labor in twins.
AB  - It is well established that mothers with twin gestations are at a significant
      risk of giving birth to a premature infant and, compared to singletons, the
      perinatal mortality and morbidity are significantly increased. Unfortunately, it
      is clear that little progress has been made over the past two decades in either
      the prevention or the treatment of premature labor in twins. The clinician is
      left with more questions than answers. This latter aspect needs to be recognized
      by the legal profession. Obviously, more studies regarding the possible
      beneficial effect of either bedrest or prophylactic beta-sympathomimetics are
      needed before meaningful recommendations can be made on a universal basis. It is
      also obvious that more potent tocolytic agents are needed to actually treat
      premature labor once it occurs. Taking all of these facts into consideration, the
      authors would recommend the protocol outlined in Table 3 for the general
      management of twins with regard to premature labor.

PMID- 2897264
TI  - Iodine-131 MIBG uptake in metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. A
      patient treated with somatostatin.
AB  - A 47-year-old man with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2a syndrome in
      whom metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) concentrated in lesions from metastatic
      medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is reported. A somatostatin analogue
      (Sandostatin SMS 201-995) alleviated the symptoms of flushing and diarrhea
      associated with the elevated calcitonin levels but it did not alter either the
      course of the disease or the MIBG images. A review of the literature is presented
      of the noncatecholamine secreting tumors associated with MIBG uptake.
      Similarities between this case and metastatic carcinoid syndrome are discussed.

PMID- 2897266
TI  - Partial enterectomy decreases somatostatin-binding sites in residual intestine of
      rabbits.
AB  - 1. Three weeks after partial enterectomy in the rabbit there was an increased
      somatostatin concentration and a decreased number of somatostatin-binding sites
      (without changes in the corresponding affinity values) in the cytosol of the
      residual intestinal tissue, except in the terminal ileum and the colon. 2. Five
      weeks after surgery both the somatostatin concentration and the number of
      somatostatin-binding sites returned towards control values. 3. These results
      suggest that an increase in bowel somatostatin content could lead to down
      regulation of somatostatin-binding sites in the intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 2897267
TI  - A rise in the plasma activities of hepatic enzymes is not a common consequence of
      hypoglycaemia.
AB  - Eight otherwise healthy insulin-dependent diabetic patients were subjected to
      controlled, symptomatic hypoglycaemia for 20 min (median glucose concentration
      1.7 mmol/l, range 1.0-2.6 mmol/l). Concentrations of plasma adrenaline and plasma
      vasopressin were significantly increased, indicating normal counter-regulatory
      responses for these hormones. Plasma activities of the hepatic enzymes AST, ALT,
      LDH, GGT, and CK did not increase during or following the period of
      hypoglycaemia. Thus, abnormal plasma enzyme activities noted after clinical
      hypoglycaemia should be fully investigated, and not disregarded as due to the
      hypoglycaemic episode.

PMID- 2897268
TI  - Acute pain management: the role of patient-controlled analgesia.

PMID- 2897269
TI  - Novel 'soft' beta-blockers as potential safe antiglaucoma agents.
AB  - A series of novel "soft" beta-blockers was designed and synthesized based on the
      "inactive metabolite approach". Accordingly, the acidic metabolite of metoprolol
      was converted into various lipophilic esters. The new compounds were tested for
      their effect on the intraocular pressure (IOP) of rabbits using the ultra-short
      acting beta-adrenergic antagonist "Esmolol" as a reference compound. Most of the
      tested compounds displayed a higher and a more prolonged ocular hypotensive
      activity than the reference methyl ester. The adamantaneethyl ester 2 emerged as
      the best potential candidate for ophthalmic use as an antiglaucoma agent. This
      compound exhibited an effective and long lasting ocular hypotensive activity
      without local irritation to the eye. At the same time, it showed a very fast rate
      of hydrolysis in human blood (t1/2 = 7.0 minutes) to the inactive acid
      metabolite. This makes possible effective separation of the desired ocular
      activity from unwanted systemic beta-blocking action. Unilateral treatment with 2
      produced reduction in the IOP only in the treated eye, consistent with the
      mechanism proposed.

PMID- 2897270
TI  - Diptera mosquitoes.

PMID- 2897271
TI  - Neurohumoral regulation of airway contractile responses.

PMID- 2897273
TI  - Histamine H2 receptor antagonists and blood alcohol levels.

PMID- 2897272
TI  - Impaired exocrine pancreatic function in diabetics with diarrhea and peripheral
      neuropathy.
AB  - Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency has been observed in some diabetics with
      peripheral neuropathy and diarrhea. Several mechanisms may be responsible for
      this insufficiency: (1) pancreatic atrophy, (2) disruption of the cholinergic
      enteropancreatic reflexes, or (3) elevated serum levels of peptides such as
      glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide which are known to inhibit pancreatic
      exocrine secretion. To clarify the mechanism(s) involved in this exocrine
      pancreatic impairment, we studied 10 diabetics with diarrhea and peripheral
      neuropathy. Their results were compared to those of eight normal volunteers. Each
      subject underwent a standardized pancreatic function study which assessed
      nonstimulated secretion, the response to intrajejunal infusion of a mixture of
      amino acids, and the output following intravenous administration of secretin and
      cholecystokinin (CCK). In separate studies, the effect of a background infusion
      of bethanechol and secretin on the pancreatic response to CCK was assessed in six
      patients and six normal controls. Compared to normals, all diabetics exhibited a
      significant reduction in both enzyme and bicarbonate secretion to all stimuli.
      This reduction was not corrected by administering bethanechol. Plasma glucagon
      and pancreatic polypeptide levels in diabetics were not significantly higher than
      those in controls. We conclude that diabetics with diarrhea and peripheral
      neuropathy exhibit impairment of their exocrine pancreatic secretion and possible
      mechanisms for this are discussed.

PMID- 2897274
TI  - Insulin secretion and insulin action in Taiwanese with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - In contrast to the United State, type 2 diabetes appears to be a common
      occurrence in non-obese Asians. In order to evaluate the possibility that this
      epidemiologic difference was indicative of a basic metabolic phenomenon,
      estimates of insulin secretion and insulin action were generated in 32 Chinese
      males, 16 with type 2 diabetes and 16 with normal glucose tolerance. Half of the
      individuals in each diagnostic category were obese (body mass index greater than
      28 kg/m2) and half were non-obese (less than 26 kg/m2). Plasma glucose responses
      to a 75-g oral glucose challenge were significantly higher in patients with type
      2 diabetes, but did not vary significantly within either group as a function of
      obesity. Plasma insulin concentrations were lower than normal when patients with
      type 2 diabetes were compared to their weight-matched controls. In addition, the
      absolute insulin values also varied as a function of body weight, with higher
      plasma insulin concentrations observed in the obese individuals. Insulin action
      was estimated by determination of the steady-state plasma insulin (SSPI) and
      glucose (SSPG) concentrations during the last 60 min of a continuous 180-min
      intravenous infusion of somatostatin, crystalline insulin, and glucose. Under
      these conditions endogenous insulin secretion is suppressed, SSPI concentrations
      are similar in all individuals, and SSPG concentrations provide a quantitative
      estimate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. The results of these studies
      indicated that patients with type 2 diabetes had significantly elevated SSPG
      concentrations as compared to normals, and this was true whether the diabetic
      subjects were obese or non-obese.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897275
TI  - [DNA-binding nuclear protein factors specifically binding with the promoter
      elements of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene in the rat].

PMID- 2897276
TI  - Haloperidol decanoate: a depot antipsychotic.
AB  - This article reviews the role of a new depot antipsychotic dosage form,
      haloperidol decanoate (HD), in relationship to other comparable pharmacotherapies
      (oral and injectable). The chemistry, indications, contraindications, and
      pharmacokinetics of HD are discussed. The available clinical research in humans
      is presented and evaluated with respect to efficacy, adverse effects, and dosing.
      HD is clearly an effective antipsychotic dosage form. Certainly, HD can improve
      compliance and possibly outcome for selected patients. HD should be reserved for
      chronic relapsing schizophrenic patients who have responded to oral haloperidol.
      Considering the pharmacokinetics, potential risks, and cost of HD, the clinician
      needs to be prepared with recommendations to effect optimal use of HD (guidelines
      are presented).

PMID- 2897277
TI  - Antipsychotics: how strict the formulary?
AB  - Seventeen antipsychotic medications are available in the U.S. Antipsychotic
      formulary considerations include relative efficacy, individual patient response,
      relative differences in adverse effects, dosage form availability, blood level
      monitoring, and generic availability. Chlorpromazine, thioridazine, haloperidol,
      and fluphenazine are recommended for formulary inclusion based on research and
      clinical considerations. A recommendation for managing a patient receiving a
      nonformulary antipsychotic is presented.

PMID- 2897278
TI  - [Asthma therapy--too much or too little?].

PMID- 2897279
TI  - Glutamine synthetase: a marker of an astroglial subpopulation in primary cultures
      of defined brain areas.
AB  - Primary cultures from various areas of newborn mouse brain were developed and
      characterized. Enriched astroglial cultures of the cerebral hemispheres,
      cerebellum, medulla oblongata and olfactory bulbs contained about 80-90% glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) immunolabelled cells. These cultures were
      composed of a majority of flat, 'protoplasmic-like' cells. The aim of this
      culture model was used: (1) to study glutamine synthetase (GS) activity during in
      vitro astroglial development; (2) to consider the hydrocortisone effect on GS
      activity during both growth and maturation periods, and (3) to determine the
      development of GS immunoreactivity in the cells and eventual GFA and GS
      expression in these cells. We observed that GS increased during brain maturation
      in vivo and in vitro, and that addition of hydrocortisone (1 microM, 48 h) to the
      culture medium induced varying GS activity depending on the developmental stage
      and the area. In the four areas studied, the number and intensity of GS
      immunolabelled cells reached an optimum between 18 and 30 days in vitro. Only
      about 50-70% of the cell population was GS positive. Double-labelling experiments
      showed that three groups of cells coexist whatever the considered area. Two
      expressed both GFA and GS proteins, the last marker at either a low or a high
      level, and the third was devoid of GS immunoreactivity. Regional differences in
      GS-specific activity, GS inducibility and GS immunoreactivity exist in the
      astroglial population, but the factors responsible for these variations are not
      yet known.

PMID- 2897280
TI  - [Serological examination of the population of the Far East for the presence of
      antibodies to human T cell leukemia virus HTLV-1].
AB  - Antibodies to HTLV-1 were detected in sera from 1298 healthy adult persons living
      in the Far East. It is shown that virus infectivity of the Nigidalts was 8%,
      Nivkhs--2%, Udegeits--2.9%, Oroches--2.4%, Russians--0.9%. However, the incidence
      of acute leukemia in these regions is low. It is suggested that these regions are
      not endemic areas for HTLV-1-associated haemoblastoses.

PMID- 2897281
TI  - [Neurotic inhibition and transnosographic approach. Apropos of a multicenter
      study of carpipramine].
AB  - We have performed a national multicentric atrial in psychiatry, collecting 546
      patients with neurotic inhibition. The efficacy of carpipramine was evaluated in
      this disease. A transnosographic and epidemiologic analysis of this syndrome was
      realized on this group of out patients. The statistical study by a factorial
      analysis of correspondences shows the epidemiological and symptomatic
      characteristics of inhibition. The endpoints were DSM-III criteria of chronic
      anxiety, adaptation disorders and functional sexual disorders on the first axis
      and different types of personality on the second axis.

PMID- 2897282
TI  - The inhibition of stress induced increase of liver enzyme activity by
      progesterone occurs in rats of both sexes.
AB  - Adult rats of both sexes were injected an aqueous suspension of progesterone in a
      dose of 12.5 mg i.p. + 12.5 mg i.m. and 50% of the animals were subjected to
      immobilization stress for 150 minutes either immediately after the hormone
      administration or at various time intervals after that. Non injected rats served
      as controls. After decapitation the plasma corticosterone level and the activity
      of tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan pyrrolase in the liver was
      determined. It was found that in non immobilized animals all three parameters
      investigated were increased to a minor degree 3 hours after progesterone
      injection. In stressed rats the stimulatory effect of stress induced
      hypercorticosteronaemia on the activity of both enzymes was decreased at 14
      and/or 20 hours after progesterone administration, no sex differences being
      observed. The potential usefulness of progesterone as inhibitor of exaggerated
      stress is underlined.

PMID- 2897283
TI  - The inhibition of growth hormone release by gastrin-releasing peptide involves
      somatostatin release.
AB  - Injection of gastrin-releasing peptide-27 (GRP) into the third ventricle (IVT)
      has been shown previously to lower plasma GH levels and block the GH release
      induced by GRF, suggesting that GRP might act via stimulation of the release of
      somatostatin (SRIF) into hypophysial portal vessels. Several experiments were
      performed to test this hypothesis. In the first experiment rat median eminence
      (ME) fragments were incubated in medium containing concentrations of GRP ranging
      from 1 pM to 1 microM, and SRIF levels were measured after the 30-min incubation
      period. GRP significantly stimulated SRIF release at doses of 0.1 nM to 1 microM.
      Microinjection of SRIF antiserum (3 microliters) IVT prevented GRP (2 micrograms,
      IVT) from inhibiting the GH surge induced by GRF (1 microgram/kg, iv). A slight
      but significant decrease in basal plasma GH levels was observed after GRP
      administration even in the presence of SRIF antiserum. Finally, to rule out a GRP
      GRF interaction at the pituitary level, tubes containing dispersed rat pituitary
      cells (2.5 x 10(5) cells/tube) were incubated for 1.5 h in medium containing
      various concentrations of GRF (0.4-40 nM) alone or with 0.1 microM GRP. The
      addition of GRP to the medium had no significant effect on the dose-dependent
      stimulation of GH release by GRF. The results of these studies demonstrate that
      GRP can directly stimulate SRIF release in vitro. They further suggest that SRIF
      is a component of the mechanism whereby GRP inhibits GH release in vivo. Finally,
      the possibility that GRP acts at the pituitary level to inhibit GH release by
      blocking GRF receptors on somatotrophs has been ruled out.

PMID- 2897285
TI  - Paradoxical growth-promoting effects induced by patterned infusions of
      somatostatin in female rats.
AB  - In previous studies with iv infusions of GH or its releasing factor (GRF), we
      showed that a pulsatile pattern of GH was more effective than continuous GH
      exposure in stimulating growth in the rat. Since GH release is profoundly
      affected by its inhibitory factor, somatostatin (SS), we were interested to know
      whether the effects of SS on GH secretion and growth were also dependent on its
      pattern of administration. SS infusions were given iv to conscious chronically
      cannulated female rats through programmable multichannel infusion pumps. Multiple
      blood samples were obtained with the use of an automated system of pumps,
      solenoid fluid valves, and a fraction collector, all controlled by a
      microcomputer. SS infusions (5, 25, or 50 micrograms/h) suppressed GH secretion
      and elicited a rapid, short-lived rebound release of GH after stopping the
      infusion. Sinusoidal SS infusions in female rats produced cyclic episodes of GH
      secretion, but a male type of regular 3-hourly secretory pulses of GH was best
      achieved by prolonged infusions in which the delivery of SS was interrupted for a
      short period every 3 h. This intermittent SS infusion pattern elicited a
      repetitive series of rebound bursts of GH secretion, which increased body weight
      gain and pituitary GH content. In contrast, continuous infusions of equivalent
      amounts of SS had no effect on body weight gain and reduced bone growth
      significantly. Thus the effects of SS on growth do depend on the pattern in which
      it is administered, and this peptide, which itself powerfully inhibits GH
      secretion, paradoxically stimulates weight gain in a normal animal when given in
      a manner that promotes a more pulsatile GH secretory pattern.

PMID- 2897284
TI  - Somatostatin rapidly restores rat growth hormone (GH) release response attenuated
      by prior exposure to human GH-releasing factor in vitro.
AB  - To clarify the role of somatostatin (SRIF) in pulsatile GH secretion, profiles of
      the hormone release from intact anterior pituitaries of male rats were examined
      in an in vitro perifusion system. Infusion of human (h) GRF (0.1 microM) into the
      perifusion system for 10 min stimulated GH release, which peaked within 30-40
      min. Two hours after the first stimulation, when basal GH release had not yet
      fallen to the original levels, the response to a second hGRF stimulation was
      attenuated to as low as 47.7 +/- 10.0% (+/- SE) of the first response. However,
      when GH release after the first stimulation had returned to the basal level after
      the first stimulation had returned to the basal level after perifusion with the
      medium for 3 h, the second response to hGRF was restored to a level similar to
      that of the first response. In contrast, when SRIF (0.1 microM) was infused for
      50 min 1 h after the first stimulation to lower the GH baseline, the second
      response to hGRF was also restored to the level of the first response. Neither
      SRIF infusion after the first hGRF stimulation nor infusion of SRIF without hGRF
      caused any rebound increase in GH release after cessation of the perifusion. To
      determine whether SRIF exerts a direct action on the GH response, a
      prestimulatory perifusion with SRIF (0.1 microM) for 50 min was performed. The
      treatment tended to facilitate the pituitary response to hGRF. When 50-min
      pretreatment with SRIF at a lower concentration (0.05 microM) was given, a
      significantly facilitated response to the first hGRF stimulation (0.05 microM)
      was observed. These results suggest that 1) SRIF perifusion rapidly restores the
      attenuated response to a second hGRF challenge by lowering GH release to basal
      levels; and 2) SRIF pretreatment facilitates the GH response to the first hGRF
      challenge.

PMID- 2897286
TI  - Desensitization of rat pituitary somatotrophs to growth hormone-releasing factor
      occurs in vitro.
AB  - Desensitization of rat pituitary somatotrophs to human growth hormone-releasing
      factor (hGHRF) was investigated using cultured rat anterior pituitary cells.
      Growth hormone (GH) release decreased but the production of cAMP was still
      induced in response to subsequently added 10(-9) M hGHRF from cells pretreated
      with hGHRF at concentrations ranging from 10(-11) to 10(-7) M for 4 h.
      Desensitization to 10(-9) M hGHRF was also observed in cells pretreated with 10(
      9) M hGHRF for 4 h in the presence of 2 mM EGTA, 10 ng/ml nifedipine or 10(-9) M
      somatostatin-28, which decreased GH release during pretreatment. Forskolin and
      A23187, at concentrations of 10(-6) M and 10(-4) M, respectively, stimulated GH
      release from cells pretreated with hGHRF to the same extent as that from the
      control cells. These results, therefore, suggest that desensitization to GHRF
      occurs regardless of the presence of releasable GH pool and that some changes
      such as uncoupling of GHRF receptors with adenylate cyclase and decreased
      sensitivity to cAMP of cAMP-dependent protein kinase of the secretory mechanism
      of GH, in addition to the decrease in releasable GH pool and down regulation of
      GHRF receptors, may be involved in the desensitization mechanism.

PMID- 2897287
TI  - Effect of uni- and bilateral cryptorchidism on testicular inhibin and
      testosterone secretion in rats.
AB  - The effect of uni- and bilateral cryptorchidism on testicular inhibin and
      testosterone secretion and their relationships to gonadotropins were studied in
      rats. Mature Wistar male rats weighing approximately 300 g were made either uni-
      or bilaterally cryptorchid. Testicular inhibin and testosterone content and
      plasma levels of LH and FSH were examined 2 weeks later. A similar remarkable
      decrease in testicular inhibin content was found in uni- and bilaterally
      cryptorchid testes. On the other hand, the testicular testosterone content was
      significantly decreased only in unilaterally cryptorchid testis with an inverse
      increase in the contralateral testis. Plasma testosterone levels were normal and
      plasma LH and FSH increased significantly in both of the cryptorchid groups.
      These results showed that cryptorchidism impairs both Sertoli and Leydig cell
      functions. While testosterone production was compensated by increased LH for 2
      weeks, neither inhibin secretion nor storage changed in cryptorchid or
      contralateral testes during the same period.

PMID- 2897288
TI  - Free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with infantile spasms.
AB  - Profiles of free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by high
      performance liquid chromatography for 20 nonneurologic control patients and 12
      patients with infantile spasms. Statistical comparisons showed significantly
      elevated levels of lysine (p less than 0.001) and the excitatory
      neurotransmitter, glutamate, (p less than 0.01) for the infantile spasms group as
      compared to the nonneurologic control group. When the infantile spasms patients
      were subdivided according to the presence or absence of etiologic associations,
      highly elevated amino acid levels were observed only in CSF from patients of the
      symptomatic subgroup. The idiopathic subgroup showed levels of free amino acids
      that were not statistically different from those of the nonneurologic control
      group. These results indicate that while abnormalities of amino acid metabolism
      often accompany infantile spasms, no specific pattern of the major free amino
      acids in CSF appears to be directly related to this seizure disorder. Elevated
      levels of the excitatory amino acids, aspartate and glutamate, do not necessarily
      accompany infantile spasms, and in this study were only observed in symptomatic
      patients.

PMID- 2897289
TI  - A light-dependent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive Ca-ATPase activity in
      chloroplasts which is not coupled to proton translocation.
AB  - The early observation of light-dependent Ca-ATPase activity in chloroplast
      thylakoids [Avron, M. (1962) J. Biol. Chem. 237, 2011-2017] has been
      reinvestigated. It is demonstrated that in contrast to light-triggered Mg-ATP
      activity, Ca-ATPase activity is strictly dependent on delta microH+, the
      transthylakoid membrane electrochemical potential gradient, since (a) there is an
      absolute requirement for continuous illumination; (b) electron-transport
      mediators that catalyze proton uptake, like phenazinemethosulphate,
      methylviologen of ferricyanide, are essential and (c) uncouplers inhibit the
      activity. The Ca-ATPase activity is essentially unaffected by dithiols, but is
      inhibited by CF0-CF1 inhibitors including tentoxin, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and
      antisera to CF1. Addition of Ca-ATP to thylakoids does not induce delta pH or
      delta psi (the electrical potential gradient) formation either in the light or
      following preillumination with dithiols, demonstrating that it is not coupled to
      proton translocation. It is also demonstrated that Ca-ATP or Ca-ADP does not
      induce a proton leak through CF0-CF1. It is concluded that the Ca-ATPase activity
      in chloroplast thylakoid reflects a partial reaction of ATP synthesis catalyzed
      by CF0-CF1, which is internally uncoupled from proton translocation but is
      dependent on energization by a transmembrane delta microH+.

PMID- 2897290
TI  - [Influence of polymerization of D-amino acid oxidase on the behavior of the
      enzyme immobilized on chitosan by covalent fixation].
AB  - D-Amino-acid oxidase is a flavoprotein using FAD as cofactor. The enzyme has been
      immobilized in the presence of FAD on a non-porous matrix: chitosan. This support
      is covalently bound to the enzyme with glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent.
      It is characterized by a good mechanical resistance to mechanical stirring. The
      enzymatic assays have been performed in batch reactor with D-phenylglycine as
      substrate by a spectrophotometric method which is based on the variation of the
      absorbance at 252 or 280 nm. The behaviour of the biocatalysts has been studied
      during repeated assays of 1 h at 25 degrees C in the absence of exogenous FAD.
      The experimental results have been compared with those obtained with the soluble
      enzyme tested in the presence or in the absence of FAD. The dependence of D-amino
      acid oxidase on FAD concentration has been studied. Immobilized enzyme on
      chitosan appears to be less sensitive to the association-dissociation equilibrium
      of FAD. This property and the capacity of the enzyme to polymerize spontaneously
      in solution according to the experimental conditions have been established. The
      fact that the enzyme can exist in various oligomeric forms is of major importance
      because its catalytic expression is dependent of this phenomenon. The
      polymerization is known to be responsible for a decrease of the maximal rate V of
      the enzyme. It has also been shown that in the same way this decrease was
      accompanied by an improvement of the affinity of enzyme for substrates.
      Furthermore, the value of the dissociation constant of the apoenzyme-FAD complex
      is significantly smaller as the degree of polymerization is high. The conclusion
      is that the dissociation of the cofactor can be avoided if the immobilization
      step is carried out at high concentration of enzyme which is favourable to its
      polymerization.

PMID- 2897291
TI  - Methanogenesis and ATP synthesis in methanogenic bacteria at low electrochemical
      proton potentials. An explanation for the apparent uncoupler insensitivity of ATP
      synthesis.
AB  - The rate of methane formation from H2 and CO2, the intracellular ATP content and
      the electrochemical proton potential (delta mu H+) were determined in cell
      suspensions of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, which were permeabilized for
      K+ with valinomycin (1.2 mumol/mg protein). In the absence of extracellular K+
      the cells formed methane at a rate of 4 mumol min-1 (mg protein)-1, the
      intracellular ATP content was 20 nmol/mg protein and the delta mu H+ was 200 mV
      (inside negative). When K+ was added to the suspensions the measured delta mu H+
      decreased to the value calculated from the [K+]in/[K+]out ratio. Using this
      method of delta mu H+ adjustment, it was found that lowering delta mu H+ from 200
      mV ([K+]in/[K+]out = 1000) to 100 mV ([K+]in/[K+]out = 40) had no effect on the
      rate of methane formation and on the intracellular ATP content. At delta mu H+
      values below 100 mV ([K+]in/[K+]out less than 40) both the rate of methanogenesis
      and the ATP content decreased. Methanogenesis completely ceased and the ATP
      content was 2 nmol/mg when delta mu H+ was adjusted to values lower 50 mV
      ([K+]in/[K+]out less than 7). The data show that methanogenesis from H2 and CO2
      and ATP synthesis in M. thermoautotrophicum are possible at relatively low
      electrochemical proton potentials. Similar results were obtained with
      Methanosarcina barkeri. Protonophoric uncouplers like 3,5,3',4'
      tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) or 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy
      benzylidenemalononitrile (SF 6847) were found not to dissipate delta mu H+ below
      100 mV in M. thermoautotrophicum even when used at high concentrations (400
      nmol/mg protein). This finding explains the observed uncoupler insensitivity of
      methanogenesis and ATP synthesis in this organism.

PMID- 2897293
TI  - Beta blockers in the nineties. A European workshop. 28 March 1987, Davos,
      Switzerland. Proceedings.

PMID- 2897292
TI  - Characterization of covalently cross-linked somatostatin receptors in hamster
      beta cell insulinoma.
AB  - The selective binding of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) to beta cells of hamster
      insulinoma was characterized using HPLC-purified 125I-[Leu8,D-Trp22,Tyr25]SS-28
      or 125I-SS-28. A single class of high-affinity sites (Kd = 53 +/- 5 pM) was
      observed with a binding capacity of 2.85 pmol/mg membrane protein. A large number
      of relatively low-affinity sites was found also. The order of potency of
      different peptides to inhibit 125I-SS-28 binding is SS-28 greater than SS-14
      greater than SMS-201-995 and the respective half-maximal inhibitory doses are
      0.16 nM, 10 nM and 1000 nM. CCK8 and other active pancreatic peptides (glucagon,
      insulin, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide,
      oxyntomodulin) do not inhibit the SS-28 receptor binding. 125I-SS-28-labeled beta
      membranes were successfully cross-linked using either the cleavable cross-linker
      dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) (1 mM) alone or with a heterobifunctional
      agent, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate (HSAB). In both cases five molecular
      components were revealed, after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the
      membrane proteins and autoradiography, with the following molecular mass: 196
      kDa, 132 kDa, 69 kDa, 45 kDa and 28 kDa. The labeling of 196-kDa, 132-kDa and 45
      kDa species was specific in that they could be inhibited by unlabeled SS-28. The
      major labeled species corresponds to the 132-kDa band and no change in the
      mobility of this HSAB covalently bound SS-28 receptor was found after addition of
      dithiothreitol, suggesting that this specific receptor does not contain
      interchain disulphide bonds. The molecular mass of SS-28 receptors differs
      markedly from that of guinea-pig pancreatic acinar membranes, where a single 93
      kDa protein is identified as a 125I-SS-28 receptor site in comparative
      experiments. Both the binding kinetics and structural differences sustain the
      selective action of SS-28 in the endocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2897294
TI  - Duration of action of bisoprolol after cessation of a 4 week treatment and its
      influence on pulse wave velocity and aortic diameter: a pilot study in
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - A pilot study was performed in hypertensive patients (a) to investigate the
      duration of blood pressure reduction produced by the new beta blocker bisoprolol
      (10 mg o.d.) after cessation of a 4 week treatment using non-invasive 24 hour
      ambulatory blood pressure measurements, (b) to study the effects of the drug on
      large arteries using non-invasive brachio-radial pulse wave velocity and aortic
      abdominal diameter measurements 3 hours after the last dose of a 4 week
      treatment. In comparison with the results obtained before treatment a significant
      reduction of blood pressure and heart rate was observed up to the 40th hour after
      treatment was terminated. The finding may be relevant for further evaluation of
      withdrawal phenomena produced by beta-blocking agents. The antihypertensive
      effect of bisoprolol was associated with significant decreases in brachio-radial
      pulse wave velocity (from 10.4 +/- 0.4 to 8.6 +/- 0.4 m s-1) and in aortic
      abdominal diameter (from 18.2 +/- 1.0 to 17.5 +/- 1.3 mm) indicating an increase
      in arterial distensibility. Further studies are needed to substantiate these
      observations and to reveal their mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2897295
TI  - Bisoprolol: a new beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug.
AB  - Bisoprolol is a new highly beta 1-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug; it
      is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic effects. Its haemodynamic effects are
      those expected from beta 1-blockade, heart rate is reduced at rest and on
      exercise, cardiac output falls and peripherial resistance is increased.
      Consequent on the beta 1-selectivity there is much greater inhibition of exercise
      tachycardia compared to inhibition of isoprenaline-induced falls of diastolic
      blood pressure, in contrast to propranolol. Studies in asthmatics confirm the
      selectivity of bisoprolol. Bisoprolol has similar solubility in water and organic
      solvents and predictably therefore about half is excreted by the kidneys
      unchanged, half metabolized by the liver. Estimates of half-life average about 10
      12 h, this is in accord with the therapeutic efficacy of once daily
      administration. Therapeutic studies have demonstrated the efficacy of bisoprolol
      in angina pectoris, arrhythmias and hypertension. Comparative studies against
      atenolol and verapamil in angina suggest similar efficacy. In hypertension a
      similar antihypertensive effect to nifedipine has been found, while a
      significantly greater lowering of blood pressure was seen than that obtained with
      a diuretic. Some studies have also suggested more consistent antihypertensive
      effect from bisoprolol than atenolol 24 h after administration. This may have
      been a dosage phenomenon or reflects the longer plasma elimination half-life of
      bisoprolol, and requires confirmation. Bisoprolol has a favourable side-effect
      profile.

PMID- 2897296
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in primary and secondary prevention of
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs reduce mortality by about 20% when used to treat
      patients in the first 1-3 years after a myocardial infarction. There is
      suggestive evidence of benefit, averaging about 14% reduction in mortality, when
      they are used acutely in the coronary crisis. The benefits of beta blockade in
      primary prevention in patients under treatment for hypertension are less clearly
      established. Two studies have suggested a benefit but only in non-smoking men, a
      third study has not confirmed the hypothesis. More evidence is needed. As there
      is little evidence of comparable benefit with other types of drug, e.g. calcium
      slow-channel inhibitors, it is reasonable to use beta-blocking drugs in male
      hypertensives (who should be encouraged to stop smoking in any case), unless
      there are specific contra-indications.

PMID- 2897297
TI  - The single dose pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol (10 mg) in renal insufficiency:
      the clinical significance of balanced clearance.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the beta-blocking agents presently available render some
      subject to accumulation in renal or hepatic failure. Bisoprolol is one of the
      beta blockers possessing balanced clearance (both renal and hepatic clearance)
      which prevents such accumulation even in the case of complete failure of kidneys
      or liver. The single dose pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol were studied in patients
      with varying degrees of renal impairment and in healthy controls. Correlations
      were demonstrated between creatinine clearance and elimination half-life, mean
      residence time, area under the curve, total clearance and maximum concentration
      in those with renal dysfunction. The elimination half-life increased by a factor
      of 1.96 in those with severe renal dysfunction. Because of its balanced
      clearance, it is unlikely that accumulation of bisoprolol would occur beyond a
      factor of 2 on dosing to a steady state. The 48 hour plasma levels in the
      patients on dialysis were similar to those of the patients with severe renal
      dysfunction. This suggest that accumulation is unlikely, even in end stage renal
      failure. Bisoprolol may be used safely in patients with renal dysfunction. No
      adjustment of dose is necessary for those with mild to moderate dysfunction, but
      in severe or end stage renal failure the dose should not exceed 10 mg once daily.

PMID- 2897298
TI  - Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol 10 mg in liver disease.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic profile of an oral single dose of the new cardioselective
      beta-blocking agent, bisoprolol, was studied in patients with moderate and severe
      liver disease (Pugh group B and C, respectively) and normal subjects. In patients
      with liver disease a significant increase in the drug elimination half-life, mean
      residence time, area under the curve, and time to reach maximum plasma
      concentration (Tmax) was observed with a significant reduction in the oral
      clearance compared with the control population. There was significant positive
      correlation between the Pugh Score (an objective measurement of hepatic
      dysfunction) and the volume of distribution. The drug was well tolerated although
      a rise in blood urea and creatinine of over 50% was observed in 4 of 9 patients
      with severe liver disease. In conclusion, the delayed absorption in these
      patients results in lower plasma concentrations and indicates that dose
      adjustment is not necessary but it is recommended that the upper limit for the
      daily dose should be set at 10 mg; this also applies under chronic dosing of
      bisoprolol.

PMID- 2897300
TI  - Comparison of the effects of two doses of bisoprolol on exercise tolerance in
      exercise-induced stable angina pectoris.
AB  - Recently, bisoprolol has been investigated regarding its effects on exercise
      tolerance and the duration of action in patients with coronary heart disease
      (CHD) following single oral administration. It appears, however, that the extent
      of effects of 5 mg bisoprolol is not fully established yet. Therefore, the
      effects of 5 and 10 mg bisoprolol and the duration of action were assessed in 12
      patients (10 male, 2 female; mean age 60.2 years) with stable angina pectoris due
      to CHD after repeated administration. Patients were given 5 or 10 mg bisoprolol
      once daily for 2 weeks according to a double-blind, randomized cross-over design.
      At entry one exercise tolerance test (ETT) served as baseline measurement and
      following each treatment period ETTs were performed before (24-hour value) and 3
      hours after tablet intake. Exercise capacity (in W X min) was calculated until
      the onset of angina, 0.1 mV ST-segment depression and at peak exercise. Compared
      to baseline all workload values during active therapy were significantly improved
      (P less than or equal to 0.05) except for the workload till onset of angina with
      bisoprolol 5 mg at 24 hours. The effects at 3 hours were significantly stronger
      than those after 24 hours for both dosages. Significantly stronger effects were
      observed 3 hours as well as 24 hours after intake during treatment with 10 mg
      compared to 5 mg: at peak exercise on heart rate (P less than or equal to 0.05)
      and exercise capacity (P less than or equal to 0.01), at identical workload on
      heart rate (P less than or equal to 0.01) and rate-pressure product (P less than
      or equal to 0.01). It was found that bisoprolol 5 mg once daily leads to
      therapeutic effects with a clearly maintained duration of action over 24 hours,
      but further increase of peak exercise capacity may be achieved with 10 mg.

PMID- 2897302
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of bisoprolol.
AB  - The aim of this study was the electrophysiological evaluation of bisoprolol, a
      new highly cardioselective beta blocker, void of intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity and without significant membrane stabilizing action. 10 patients (4
      males and 6 females, mean age 67.5 years) with cardiac arrhythmias or syncopes of
      undetermined origin underwent His bundle recording with incremental as well as
      programmed atrial and ventricular pacing in an electrophysiological study.
      Electrophysiological parameters were measured at basal conditions and at 15 and
      30 minutes after the infusion of bisoprolol 5 mg (for patient 1 to 5) and 10 mg
      (for patient 6 to 10). All electrophysiological parameters were within normal
      range at basal evaluation. Bisoprolol prolongs significantly sinus cycle length,
      corrected sinus node recovery time, AH interval, cycle length inducing AV-node
      block, effective and functional refractory periods of the AV-node. All these
      parameters remained within normal limits and were modified to about the same
      extent by 5 and 10 mg of the drug. No drug-related changes of QT interval were
      observed. Bisoprolol have been confirmed to have strictly beta-blocking
      properties.

PMID- 2897299
TI  - Reduction of exercise tachycardia in man after propranolol, atenolol and
      bisoprolol in comparison to beta-adrenoceptor occupancy.
AB  - In a double blind, placebo controlled study, propranolol (240 mg), atenolol (200
      mg) or bisoprolol (100 mg) were administered as a single oral dose to groups of 6
      healthy male volunteers. Exercise tachycardia was monitored for 84 hours after
      administration of the drugs to monitor beta blockade in vivo. Plasma samples
      drawn in parallel with these effects were used to detect beta 1- or beta 2
      adrenoceptor occupancy in two subtype selective in vitro receptor binding assays.
      Reduction of exercise tachycardia parallels beta 1-adrenoceptor occupancy.
      Furthermore, at comparable beta 1-adrenoceptor occupancy, less beta 2
      adrenoceptor occupancy was observed after bisoprolol than after atenolol. The
      latter finding is in agreement with the two-fold higher beta 1/beta 2-selectivity
      ratio of bisoprolol (75-fold) versus atenolol (35-fold). It is concluded, that
      beta blockade observed via the reduction of exercise tachycardia can be
      delineated from the in vitro occupancy of beta 1-adrenoceptors by an antagonist
      present in plasma samples.

PMID- 2897301
TI  - Changes in regional blood flows and myocardial performance after administration
      of bisoprolol to pigs.
AB  - The cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist bisoprolol (4-1024 micrograms kg
      1) caused in anaesthetized open-chest pigs a dose-dependent decrease in cardiac
      output, which was primarily due to a negative chronotropic action as heart rate
      decreased more than stroke volume. The decrease in stroke volume apparently
      resulted from a negative inotropic action of the drug, reflected by a decrease in
      max LV dP/dt in animals both with and without atrial pacing. A mild increase in
      systemic vascular resistance prevented serious hypotension. Pulmonary artery
      pressure was not affected, as pulmonary vascular resistance increased although
      the increase was statistically significant only with the highest concentration.
      The dose-related decreases in left ventricular blood flow were equally
      distributed over all myocardial layers and were the consequence of the reduced
      metabolic needs of the myocardium. Cerebral blood flow was well preserved but the
      changes in blood flow to some other organs and tissues (kidneys, stomach and
      skeletal muscle) paralleled that in cardiac output. The systemic haemodynamic
      effects of bisoprolol (16-1024 micrograms kg-1; i.v.) in conscious pigs resembled
      closely those observed in anaesthetised animals and were similar to those exerted
      by propanolol (25-300 micrograms kg-1; i.v.) in the same preparation. The
      effectiveness of bisoprolol and propranolol in antagonizing isoprenaline-induced
      changes in heart rate and max LV dP/dt were, however, markedly different. While
      propranolol inhibited both parameters to the same extent, bisoprolol was more
      effective in inhibiting max LV dP/dt than heart rate responses in conscious
      animals, probably due to beta 1-adrenoceptor selectivity.

PMID- 2897304
TI  - Comparison of pharmacokinetic properties of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs.
AB  - Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs can be characterised by their pharmacokinetic
      properties. One of the most important factors appears to be lipid solubility.
      Lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, such as propranolol, oxprenolol and
      metoprolol, are cleared by the liver and undergo hepatic 'first-pass' metabolism.
      This results in low bioavailability, substantial interpatient variability in
      'steady-state' plasma drug concentrations, rapid elimination half-lives and the
      possibility of drug interactions with other drugs such as pentobarbitone and
      cimetidine which affect hepatic enzymes. In addition, lipid soluble drugs are
      distributed widely within the body and penetrate the brain easily and rapidly.
      This may result in centrally mediated adverse effects such as vivid dreams. In
      contrast, the more water-soluble beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, such as
      atenolol, sotalol and nadolol, are cleared by the kidney unchanged. They show
      less interpatient variation in plasma levels, have longer elimination half-lives
      and do not interact with drugs affecting hepatic enzymes. They penetrate the
      central nervous system less easily and cause less central side-effect. Between
      these two extremes, there are several drugs like betaxolol, bisoprolol and
      pindolol, which are cleared partly by the liver and partly by the kidney. Their
      clearance is only altered by severe renal or hepatic disease, and they do not
      appear to interact with enzyme inducers or inhibitors.

PMID- 2897303
TI  - Effects of bisoprolol on local vascular resistance.
AB  - Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood flow
      and vascular resistance in the arm and in the leg were investigated in 9 healthy
      volunteers (22-40 years) after oral dosing with bisoprolol 10 mg, propranolol 40
      mg, and placebo in a randomized double-blind cross-over study. Arterial blood
      flow and vascular resistance were determined in brachial and femoral arteries
      with unimpeded circulation, after exclusion of the hand or foot by placing a
      tourniquet on the wrist or ankle, and during post-ischaemic hyperaemia. Distal
      arterial occlusion allows one to isolate a predominantly muscular circulation in
      the forearm or, to a lesser extent, in the leg. Both active drugs induced a
      significant fall in heart rate and systolic blood pressure versus placebo with no
      significant difference between the drugs. Brachial and femoral flow rates were
      reduced by both drugs probably due to a fall in cardiac output, but the two beta
      blockers produced different effects on vascular resistance: propranolol
      significantly increased brachial vascular resistance compared with placebo and
      bisoprolol, both during unimpeded circulation and during occlusion of the hand by
      a wrist tourniquet. Bisoprolol had no influence on brachial vascular resistance.
      Both drugs induced small increases in femoral vascular resistance. The different
      action on local vascular resistance in the brachial artery territory could be
      interpreted as the expression of the high beta 1 selectivity of bisoprolol
      leaving the vascular beta 2 receptors unopposed, whereas non-selective
      propranolol acts on both beta-adrenoceptor subtypes.

PMID- 2897305
TI  - Bisoprolol versus hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride in essential hypertension, a
      randomized double-blind study.
AB  - Beta blocker monotherapy is often considered to be inadequate in essential
      hypertension. It was the aim of this study to compare the antihypertensive
      activity of the new betablocker bisoprolol with the diuretic combination:
      hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride. Forty hypertensive patients (DBP 95-120 mmHg)
      were enrolled in the study, of which 34 were evaluable for efficacy. The patients
      were, under double-blind conditions, randomly allocated to receive 10 mg
      bisoprolol (B) or 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide plus 5 mg amiloride (HA) as single
      daily doses for 30 days. Patients whose DBP had been normalized (less than or
      equal to 90 mmHg) after 30 days (D 30) continued the monotherapy for another 30
      days. Patients whose DBP remained over 90 mmHg were, under single-blind
      conditions, kept on their initial treatment but received in addition the
      alternative drug for another 30 days (D 60). Blood pressure measurements were
      performed 24 hours after drug intake. The two groups comprising 17 patients each
      were comparable with regard to the patients' characteristics and baseline blood
      pressure values. After 30 days of treatment supine SBP, DBP and HR were
      significantly more reduced with B than with HA. The mean reduction of DBP was
      16.8 +/- 8.0 mmHg with B and 8.4 +/- 6.4 mmHg with HA (P less than 0.002). After
      30 days of monotherapy, blood pressure was within the normal range in 15/17
      (88.2%) patients treated with B but in only 4/17 (23.5%) patients treated with HA
      (B vs HA: P less than 0.001). In the B group, there was a further slight decrease
      in SBP, DBP and HR during the second 30 day period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2897306
TI  - Adrenergic arrhythmogenicity.

PMID- 2897308
TI  - Direct application of a guanylate cyclase activator lowers intraocular pressure.

PMID- 2897307
TI  - Desenkephalin-gamma-endorphin and neuroleptics counteract the DP-7-ATN-induced
      hypomotility after intra-accumbens treatment.
AB  - Injection of the selective presynaptic dopamine agonist N,N-dipropyl-7-hydroxy-2
      aminotetralin (DP-7-ATN, 1 fg to 1 microgram) into the nucleus accumbens
      decreased motor activity. The reduction of motor activity was reversed by
      pretreatment with haloperidol (10 pg), (-)-sulpiride (10 pg) or desenkephalin
      gamma-endorphin (DE gamma E) (100 pg). These results support the hypothesis that
      DE gamma E may interfere with presynaptically located D-2 dopamine receptor
      systems in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, the use of DP-7-ATN in the
      described test procedure might be a useful model for testing novel neuroleptic
      compounds in vivo.

PMID- 2897309
TI  - Evidence for ATP as a cotransmitter in dog mesenteric artery.
AB  - Contractile responses of the dog mesenteric artery were obtained (after removal
      of endothelium) to transmural stimulation of the perivascular nerves and to
      exogenous application of ATP, noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and
      high potassium solution. The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin and
      phentolamine preferentially reduced the response to noradrenaline and the
      secondary phase of the biphasic contractile response to nerve stimulation, whilst
      the addition of alpha, beta-methylene-ATP, which selectively desensitizes P2
      purinoceptors, reduced only the contractions to ATP and the portion of the nerve
      mediated response which was resistant to the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists. The
      responses to nerve stimulation were reduced by the selective P1-purinoceptor
      agonist 2-chloroadenosine, and its effect was reversed by the P1-purinoceptor
      antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline. These results suggest that in dog mesenteric
      artery part of the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation is mediated by ATP
      acting on P1-purinoceptors on the arterial smooth muscle, and that P1
      purinoceptors on the sympathetic nerve terminal can inhibit release of the
      neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2897310
TI  - Effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on transmitter release in
      dystrophic mice.
AB  - Intracellular recording was used to study the effect of uncouplers of oxidative
      phosphorylation on miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) in skeletal muscles
      from dystrophic mice and their clinically normal littermates. Control m.e.p.p.
      frequency in muscles from dystrophic mice was not significantly different from
      normal. In the presence of the inhibitors 2,4-dinitrophenol (10(-4) M) or
      guanidine (5 X 10(-3) M) m.e.p.p. frequency was increased less in muscles from
      dystrophic mice than that in muscles from normal littermates. In contrast,
      raising the extracellular calcium concentration, depolarising nerve terminals
      with potassium or motor nerve stimulation all caused a similar increase in
      m.e.p.p. frequency in normal and dystrophic muscles. It is suggested that there
      is a difference in the way in which calcium is stored in dystrophic nerve
      terminals but that their ability to regulate free calcium is normal.

PMID- 2897311
TI  - Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells
      by cell-cell contact.
AB  - It has previously been shown that cell density increases the specific enzyme
      activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in cultures of PC12 cells. The difference
      in TH activity was shown to be due to cell-cell contact rather than to diffusible
      factors released by the PC12 cells (C. Lucas, D. Edgar, and H. Thoenen (1979)
      Exp. Cell Res. 121, 79-86). We have extended these studies and demonstrated that
      TH is regulated at the transcriptional level. Cells were harvested from confluent
      high-density cultures and replated at either low (2 x 10(4) cells/cm2) or high
      density (5 x 10(5) cells/cm2). At low density, the mRNATH and TH enzyme activity
      decreased to low levels within several hours. The decrease in TH activity
      resulting from the loss of cell-cell contact appears to be an active process, as
      it occurs much more rapidly than would be expected from the turnover rate of the
      protein in cells cultured continuously at high density. In contrast to low
      density cultures the mRNATH and TH activity levels in replated high-density
      cultures decreased only slightly and then increased four fold at the mRNATH and
      five fold at the TH activity levels as compared to low-density cultures 2 days
      after replating. The increase in mRNATH preceded the increase in TH activity by 1
      day. Since alpha-amanitin inhibited the increase in TH levels, we conclude that
      cell-cell contact regulates TH in PC12 cells at the transcriptional level.

PMID- 2897312
TI  - [Neuropeptides and the regulation of the nervous system secretion].

PMID- 2897313
TI  - [Drug therapy of pituitary neoplasms].

PMID- 2897314
TI  - Drugs in dentistry. Opioid analgesics.

PMID- 2897316
TI  - [Visceral larva migrans: a probable cause of increase in gamma
      glutamyltransferase].

PMID- 2897315
TI  - Induction of nesidioblastosis will reverse diabetes in Syrian golden hamster.
AB  - Nesidioblastosis, which is the formation of new islets and the differentiation of
      cells within the islets, represents part of the spectrum of hyperfunctioning
      states of the islets of Langerhans at the clinical level. Nesidioblastosis in the
      Syrian golden hamster can be induced by wrapping the head of the pancreas with
      cellophane tape. Ligation of the duct is not involved, and acinar cell atrophy
      does not occur. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the induction
      of nesidioblastosis could be used as a means of reversing streptozocin-induced
      diabetes. Outbred hamsters (n = 32), 8 wk of age, were rendered diabetic by
      treatment with 40 mg/kg i.p. streptozocin, administered daily for 3 days. Four
      days later, 16 animals chosen at random underwent laparotomy with cellophane
      wrapping of the pancreas. Before surgery, the serum glucose and insulin levels
      (means +/- SE) in the unoperated control animals (389.0 +/- 18.6, 33.9 +/- 3.8)
      did not differ from those in the animals awaiting the operation (373.2 +/- 18.6,
      37.9 +/- 3.8). After 7 wk, 50% of the operated animals had serum glucose and
      insulin levels that were normal, compared to only 12% of the unoperated control
      animals (chi2 = 5.53, P less than .05). Islets from normoglycemic operated
      animals were characterized by increased numbers, including many small islets,
      positive immunoreactive insulin staining, and minimal vacuolation of cells.
      Islets from hyperglycemic operated hamsters and from the unoperated control
      animals were decreased in number and generally larger in size, demonstrated
      little or no immunoreactive insulin staining, and exhibited marked vacuolation of
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897317
TI  - Intracerebroventricular pressure inhibits gastric antral and duodenal
      contractility but not acid secretion in conscious rabbits.
AB  - Acute nausea characteristically accompanies head injury or increased intracranial
      pressure, or both. The etiology of this symptom is unclear. We studied the effect
      of increased intracranial pressure on gastric antral and duodenal contractility
      and gastric acid secretion in conscious rabbits. Intracerebroventricular pressure
      was maintained at 3, 8, or 13 cmH2O using normal saline perfused into the lateral
      cerebral ventricle and gastric antral and duodenal contractility was monitored
      using chronically implanted strain gauge force transducers. Gastric acid
      secretion was measured in a separate group of rabbits with chronically implanted
      gastric cannulas. Increased intracerebroventricular pressure (13 cmH2O) resulted
      in an immediate suppression of the amplitude of gastric and duodenal contractions
      by greater than 80% and greater than 60%, respectively. After normalization of
      intracerebroventricular pressure, the contractile pattern returned to basal
      levels. Intravenous bolus injection of bethanechol reversed the suppression of
      gastric antral contractility induced by increased intracranial pressure.
      Increased pressure for 2 h did not modify gastric acid output as compared with
      normal pressure controls, whereas atropine significantly inhibited and histamine
      stimulated gastric acid secretion in the same animals maintained at normal
      pressure. These results demonstrate that acutely increased intracranial pressure
      rapidly and reversibly inhibits gastric and duodenal motor function in conscious
      rabbits.

PMID- 2897318
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of homeo-box-containing genes from
      Atlantic salmon.
AB  - As the most primitive group among vertebrates, fish might serve as a model system
      when studying the genetic regulation of embryogenesis in higher animals. To
      identify genes important for early development, we have constructed a genomic
      library from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and screened it with homeobox
      containing probes from Drosophila melanogaster. Five different salmon homeoboxes
      were isolated. Two of these were located in the same clone, separated by only 7.5
      kb. This demonstrates the presence of clustered homeobox genes in fish. The two
      clustered homeoboxes were sequenced and shown to be closely related to the ANT
      C/BX-C class of Drosophila, being about 80% homologous to the Ultrabithorax gene
      (Ubx) homeobox. One of the clustered genes appears to be the salmon equivalent of
      the mouse Hox-2.1 gene, indicating that some of the vertebrate homeobox
      containing genes are conserved in evolution. A more diverged homeobox that shares
      only 60% homology with Ubx, was also sequenced. In analogy to Drosophila,
      therefore, the salmon genome contains more than one class of homeoboxes. In
      addition, Northern-blot experiments demonstrated that two of the homeobox genes
      are expressed in salmon embryos, suggesting their importance for proper
      development.

PMID- 2897319
TI  - [Drug therapy of dysmenorrhea].

PMID- 2897320
TI  - [Drug therapy of pain].

PMID- 2897321
TI  - [Effect of tiapride on the activity of neuroleptics and other kinds of drugs in
      mice and rats].
AB  - Tiapride is a central dopamine receptor specific antagonist, and it has a
      benzamide chemical structure. This drug is very useful for the treatment of
      dyskinesia and such abnormal behaviors as delirium and psychomotor excitation in
      patients with arteriosclerosis. Most of these patients are elderly and generally
      suffer from other diseases. Since they are apt to be treated with several drugs
      for such diseases, the effect of tiapride in combination with various kinds of
      drugs was examined in rats and mice. Tiapride significantly potentiated the
      catalepsy-inducing effect of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in rats and tended to
      potentiate the muscle relaxing effect of diazepam at the highest dose in mice.
      Conversely, tiapride did not enhance or diminish the hypnotic effect of
      bromvalerylurea, the anticholinergic activity of trihexyphenidyl, the diuretic
      effect of bromvalerylurea, the anti-cholinergic activity of trihexyphenidyl, the
      diuretic effect of trichloromethiazide, or the anti-diabetic effect of
      glibenclamide. Our findings suggest that tiapride should be used with care in
      patients taking neuroleptics, but can be used freely in patients on other kinds
      of drugs.

PMID- 2897322
TI  - [Hypertension therapy of first choice. 3d International Nitrendipine Symposium.
      10 February 1988, Basel].

PMID- 2897323
TI  - [Hemodynamics and ventricular function in dilated cardiomyopathies following
      administration of the new beta-blocker ridazolol].
AB  - Recent reports in the literature indicate that beta-blockade may improve survival
      in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP). This goal can obviously not be
      attained if the beta-blocker employed effects deleterious actions on the left
      ventricular function or hemodynamics. Accordingly, to assess the suitability of
      the new beta-blocker ridazolol for use in this regard, in nine patients with DCMP
      NYHA class II/III, studies were performed (by means of balloon-tipped pulmonary
      artery catheter and radionuclide ventriculography) at rest and during exercise
      prior to and one hour after oral administration of a 40 mg-dose of the agent. At
      rest, there was a decreasing tendency in systolic blood pressure from 123 +/-
      18.5 mm Hg to 113 +/- 15.2 mm Hg and heart rate from 94 +/- 19 beats/min to 83 +/
      17 beats/min. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was not significantly altered
      at 16.2 +/- 7.9 mm Hg and 17.1 +/- 8.4 mm Hg, respectively. Ejection fraction
      remained unchanged with 29 +/- 14%. The slight decrease in cardiac output from
      5.1 +/- 1.3 l/min to 4.5 +/- 1.3 l/min was not significant. During exercise,
      there were also decreasing tendencies in the heart rate from 128 +/- 21 beats/min
      to 102 +/- 22 beats/min and the systolic blood pressure from 148 +/- 20.5 mm Hg
      to 141 +/- 18.4 mm Hg. Essentially unchanged were the pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure (26.1 +/- 7.2 mm Hg/27.8 +/- 5.0 mm Hg) and ejection fraction (30 +/-
      10%/27 +/- 8%) during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897325
TI  - Evidence for the release of somatostatin from human thyroid.

PMID- 2897324
TI  - Insulin-stimulated protein synthesis in submandibular acinar cells: interactions
      with adrenergic and cholinergic agonists.
AB  - The effects of insulin and secretory agonists on amino acid incorporation into
      submandibular gland proteins were studied using isolated acinar cell aggregates.
      Insulin stimulated the incorporation of 3H-leucine into TCA-precipitable proteins
      in a rapid, dose-dependent manner (half-maximal response at 1 nM). Isoproterenol,
      a beta-adrenergic agonist, also stimulated amino acid incorporation, and this
      effect was mimicked by both dibutyryl cAMP and IBMX, a phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor. Although insulin further stimulated incorporation in the presence of
      isoproterenol and IBMX, no additional increase in the rate of synthesis was
      observed after stimulation by dibutyryl cAMP. High concentrations of
      carbamylcholine, a cholinergic agonist, inhibited both basal and insulin
      stimulated incorporation. At low concentrations, however, carbamylcholine
      stimulated synthesis, and the effects of insulin and carbamylcholine were
      additive. A23187, a calcium ionophore, also inhibited 3H-leucine incorporation
      and insulin stimulation, but in contrast to carbamylcholine, low concentrations
      of A23187 neither inhibited nor enhanced the rate of synthesis. Thus, protein
      synthesis in the rat submandibular gland is regulated by both insulin and
      neurotransmitters. Whereas beta-adrenergic stimulation appears to be mediated
      through cAMP, the intracellular signals mediating the actions of insulin and
      cholinergic agonists remain to be elucidated.

PMID- 2897327
TI  - Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma viruses: ATL and AIDS.

PMID- 2897326
TI  - Characterization of a CD11c-reactive monoclonal antibody (HC1/1) obtained by
      immunizing with phorbol ester differentiated U937 cells.
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody (HC1/1) specific for a differentiation marker of
      human monocytes and granulocytes has been generated by using as immunogen the
      monocytic cell line U937 differentiated with phorbol esters. This differentiation
      antigen has been characterized as the p150/95 member of the CD11 family of
      glycoproteins by cellular distribution studies, immunoprecipitation and
      competition experiments with MAb 3.9 specific for the CD11c antigen. Immuno
      alkaline phosphatase staining of normal tissue sections with the HC1/1 MAb
      demonstrated that the CD11c antigen is a useful macrophage marker. Furthermore,
      the MAb HC1/1 stains specifically populations of macrophages on skin and lymph
      node sections from different pathologies such as Sarcoidosis, Granuloma annulare,
      Lepromatous leprosy and Toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2897328
TI  - Preoperative beta blockade for PDA ligation.

PMID- 2897329
TI  - Generation of L3T4-/Ly-2- T cells in Peyer's patches of mice treated with
      monoclonal antibody against helper T cells.
AB  - The effect of in vivo administration of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody on the
      generation of an L3T4-/Ly-2- (CD4-/CD8-) population of Thy-1.2+ cells was
      examined in Peyer's patches of mice by two-color flow cytometry. Female BALB/c
      mice aged 8 wk were given 4-6 weekly injections of either anti-L3T4 (1 mg/wk) or
      phosphate-buffered saline (control group), and dispersed Peyer's patch cells
      analyzed for the presence and absence of L3T4 and Ly-2 on Thy-1.2+ cells. In anti
      L3T4 treated mice, L3T4-/Ly-2- T cells accounted for 25-30% of the Thy-1.2+
      cells, whereas in control mice these cells represented only 3-4% of the T cells.
      The remaining 70-75% of the Thy-1.2+ cells after anti-L3T4 treatment were Ly-2+
      and not L3T4+. The L3T4-/Ly-2- population of Thy-1.2+ cells is a novel subset
      which has not been previously found in Peyer's patches and is amplified when
      helper T cells are depleted.

PMID- 2897331
TI  - RFLP analysis of SLA class I genotypes in Duroc swine.

PMID- 2897332
TI  - Amoebicidal activity of nitrovinylindole.

PMID- 2897330
TI  - Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of class I and class II MHC genes
      of the domestic cat.
AB  - The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the domestic cat has been poorly
      characterized to date, primarily because of numerous difficulties in the
      preparation of allotypic sera. We present here a comparative analysis of class I
      and class II genes in domestic cat populations using molecular probes of the MHC
      from man and mouse. The cat possesses a minimum of 20 class I loci and 5 class II
      genes per haploid genome. Class I genes of the domestic cat expressed limited
      restriction fragment length polymorphism. The average percent difference of the
      size of DNA fragments between individual cats was 9.0%, a value five times lower
      than the value for mice, but comparable to the human DNA polymorphism level.
      Class I and class II genes were both genetically mapped to feline chromosome B2
      using a panel of rodent x cat somatic cell hybrids. Since feline chromosome B2 is
      syntenically homologous to human chromosome 6 and mouse chromosome 17, these
      results affirm the linkage conservation of the MHC-containing linkage group in
      the three mammalian orders.

PMID- 2897333
TI  - Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the F17-A gene encoding the structural
      protein of the F17 fimbriae in bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The genetic determinant for production of the fimbrial F17 adhesive antigen was
      isolated from a bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain. The F17-A gene,
      coding for the structural component of the F17 fimbrial adhesin, was cloned and
      sequenced. An open reading frame of 540 base pairs encoding a polypeptide of 180
      amino acids, of which the NH2-terminal 21 residues are characteristic of a signal
      sequence, has been characterized. The mature protein lacks histidine, methionine,
      and tryptophan. A possible promoter and ribosome binding site as well as a
      possible site for termination of transcription are proposed. An important
      homology of the F17-A protein with fimA and papA fimbrial proteins was found. The
      N-terminal sequence of the mature F17-A pilin is extremely similar to the N
      terminal sequence of the G fimbriae identified on human pyelonephritogenic E.
      coli strains.

PMID- 2897334
TI  - Phorbol esters specifically enhance the cytolytic activity of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica causes invasive amebiasis by lysis of host tissue and
      inflammatory cells. The in vitro cytolysis of target Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells by axenic E. histolytica trophozoites (strain HM1:IMSS) is a calcium- and
      phospholipase A-dependent event initiated by the binding to the target cell of
      the galactose-inhibitable surface lectin of the parasite. We utilized phorbol
      esters as a probe to determine whether an amebic protein kinase C has a role in
      the cytolytic event. The addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) at 10(
      6) or 10(-7) M resulted in a greater than twofold enhancement of amebic killing
      of target CHO cells over 30 min (P less than 0.01). Prior exposure of only the
      amebae, but not the CHO cells, to PMA produced a similar effect (P less than
      0.01). The inactive analog 4-alpha-phorbol had no effect on amebic killing of CHO
      cells. The PMA-mediated enhancement of amebic cytolysis persisted for up to 60
      min after a 5-min exposure; however, after a 30-min exposure to PMA (10(-6) M)
      there was no augmentation of amebic killing of CHO cells. PMA (10(-6) M) did not
      promote adherence of parasites to CHO cells but did enhance amebic cytolysis of
      previously adherent target cells (P less than 0.01). Sphingosine, a specific
      inhibitor of protein kinase C, abolished both the PMA-stimulated and the basal
      cytolytic activity of E. histolytica. PMA enhanced CHO cell cytolysis by the less
      virulent wild-type strain H-303:NIH (P less than or equal to 0.02) but did not
      augment the activity of the less virulent strain H-200:NIH or two avirulent
      clones of HM1 (L6 and C919). In summary, these experiments with the phorbol
      esters and sphingosine as probes to modulate the activity of protein kinase C
      indicate participation of a parasite protein kinase C in the cytolytic activity
      of virulent, axenic E. histolytica trophozoites and thus in the pathogenesis of
      amebiasis.

PMID- 2897336
TI  - Role of pili in adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human respiratory
      epithelial cells.
AB  - The ability of pili from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K (PAK) to act as an adhesin to
      human respiratory epithelial cells was examined using an in vitro adhesion assay.
      Equilibrium analysis of PAK binding to human buccal epithelial cells (BECs) and
      tracheal epithelial cells (TECs) by means of a Langmuir adsorption isotherm
      revealed that the maximum numbers of binding sites per epithelial cell (N) were
      255 for BECs and 236 for TECs, with apparent association constants (Ka) of 2.8 x
      10(-9) and 5.8 x 10(-9) ml/CFU, respectively. Trypsinization of the BECs before
      the binding assay increased N to 605 and decreased the Ka to 1.7 x 10(-9) ml/CFU.
      Addition of homologous pili to the binding assay with BECs or TECs or the
      addition of anti-pilus Fab fragments inhibited PAK adherence. Binding of purified
      pili to BECs was shown to reach saturation. Purified pili and PAK competed for
      the same receptor on the BEC surface. Further, by using peptide fragments of PAK
      pilin (derived from the native pili or produced synthetically) in the binding
      assay for PAK to BECs, we have presumptively identified the pilus binding domain
      in the C-terminal region of the pilin and shown that the C-terminal disulfide
      bridge is important in maintaining the functionality of the binding domain.

PMID- 2897337
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis (Part I).
AB  - In this review of the literature data are collected from the more recent studies
      on the susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis to penicillins, cephalosporins,
      other beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, erythromycin,
      josamycin, co-trimoxazole and various other antibiotics. The methods of
      susceptibility testing of B. pertussis are discussed and suggestions for
      standardization are made.

PMID- 2897338
TI  - Effect of simulated orchiopexy on spermatogenesis in the dog.
AB  - The poor fertility after orchiopexy can be due either to the previously prolonged
      high abdominal temperature, to surgical trauma or to congenitally malformed or
      dissociated testis and epididymis. In order to test whether manipulation of the
      testis and the spermatic cord in juvenile dogs causes damage to the seminiferous
      epithelium after puberty, orchiopexy was performed stepwise in 31 normal young
      dogs. In four dogs, in which traction to the proper testis ligament or biopsy was
      carried out, a significantly lower relative testis weight was found, together
      with impaired differentiation of the seminiferous epithelium. From these
      experiments it was clear that surgical procedures in the inguinal and scrotal
      region do not necessarily affect the development of the seminiferous epithelium
      in the dog. However, trauma to the vaginal tunic seemed to be crucial, causing
      damage to the differentiation of the seminiferous epithelium.

PMID- 2897339
TI  - Glutathione, L-glutamic acid and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the bull
      reproductive tissues.
AB  - The distribution of glutathione (GSH), L-glutamic acid (Glu) and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GT) was studied in bull reproductive organs and fluids.
      Glutathione, the physiological substrate of gamma-GT, was localized specifically
      by a fluorescence method in the testis, epididymis and spermatozoa. Of the
      reproductive tissues, the testis, caput epididymis and ampulla had the highest
      levels of GSH, but it was also present in seminal fluid. Washed caput epididymal
      sperm had three times the GSH content of cauda epididymal or ejaculated sperm. In
      spermatozoa, GSH displayed maximal staining in the midpiece and tail regions. The
      highest levels of gamma-GT were encountered in the epididymis. The concentration
      of Glu was also high in the epididymis. Its formation may be due to the
      hydrolytic activity of gamma-GT, which, in addition, may have an important role
      in the transfer of Glu residues to reactive groups on the sperm surface.

PMID- 2897335
TI  - Relationship of free intracellular calcium to the cytolytic activity of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica adherence and destruction of host cells is required for in
      vivo pathogenicity; amebic in vitro adherence is mediated by a galactose- or N
      acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable surface lectin (Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin).
      Free intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) was measured in living amebae
      and target cells during amebic cytolysis of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and
      human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by utilizing the Ca2+ probe Fura-2 and
      computer-enhanced digitized microscopy. Motile E. histolytica trophozoites had
      oscillatory increases in [Ca2+]i in head or tail regions; however, there was no
      increase in regional or total amebic [Ca2+]i upon contact with a target CHO cell.
      Target CHO cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils demonstrated marked
      irreversible increases in [Ca2+]i within 30 to 300 s following contact by an
      ameba (P less than 0.01); increased [Ca2+]i preceded the occurrence of
      nonspecific surface membrane permeability and death of the target cell. Target
      CHO cells contiguous on a monolayer to a cell contacted by an ameba experienced a
      rapid but reversible rise in [Ca2+]i (P less than 0.01) and were not killed.
      Galactose (40 mg/ml) totally abrogated the rise in target CHO cell [Ca2+]i that
      followed contact by amebae (P less than 0.01); immunoaffinity-purified amebic
      Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin (0.25 micrograms/ml) induced a rapid and reversible
      rise in CHO cell [Ca2+]i (P less than 0.01) which was inhibited by galactose.
      Amebic [Ca2+]i was not elevated following parasite adherence to target cells; a
      rapid and substantial rise in target cell [Ca2+]i occurred which was mediated, at
      least in part, by the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin of the parasite and led to the
      death of target cells.

PMID- 2897341
TI  - Influence of cyclosporin A on growth of an acute T-cell leukaemia in PVG rats.
AB  - Our objective was to examine the effect of cyclosporin A (CsA; 25 or 12.5 mg/kg)
      on growth of an acute (Roser) T-cell leukaemia in male PVG rats. The leukaemic
      blasts were shown (by immunocytochemical analysis) to have a mature, T-helper
      cell phenotype, i.e., OX-19 (CD5) +/- , W3/25 (CD4)+, OX44+, MHC-class I+, OX
      26+, corresponding to a population comprising 5% of normal rat medullary
      thymocytes. Animals received 20 X 10(3) viable tumour cells intramuscularly (day
      0) and were given either CsA (25 or 12.5 mg/kg) or drug vehicle by gavage from
      day 0 or day 14, by which latter time leukaemic blasts normally appeared in the
      circulation. Administration of the higher dose of CsA from day 0 or day 14
      significantly delayed the appearance of leukaemic cells in the peripheral
      circulation, whereas treatment with 12.5 mg/kg was without significant effect.
      CsA whole blood levels on day 17 were twice as high in leukaemic rats as in
      normal controls. Leukaemic infiltration of the spleen and the liver was reduced
      on day 17 after 25 mg/kg CsA, but no such effect was observed in lymph nodes or
      kidneys. A heterogeneous, host "reactive" cell population, which developed in
      response to the leukaemia, was inhibited by CsA, indicating that the effect of
      the drug was probably not mediated by host defence mechanisms. In CsA-treated
      leukaemic animals, there was biochemical evidence of synergistic impairment of
      glomerular and tubular function.

PMID- 2897340
TI  - Serial transplantation of an HTLV-I-transformed hamster lymphoid cell line into
      hamsters.
AB  - A hamster lymphoid cell line, HCT-2, transformed by human T-cell leukemia virus
      type I (HTLV-I) was serially transplanted for 9 passages in newborn hamsters. A
      total of 34 newborn hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.2-2 X
      10(7) HCT-2 cells developed fatal lymphomas with dissemination to various organs
      within 5-10 days. The growth of i.p. inoculated HCT-2 cells was found to be
      dependent on the age of recipients: all 21 suckling hamsters inoculated when aged
      5-10 days succumbed to disseminated lymphomas within 6-7 days, while 4 of 12
      older hamsters inoculated at the age of 15-25 days developed less extensive
      disease with signs of tumor regression. To investigate the effect of
      immunosuppression on host resistance, 3 adult hamsters treated with anti
      thymocyte serum were inoculated i.v. with 2-4 X 10(7) HCT-2 cells; all 3
      developed fatal leukemias in 5-7 days. Irrespective of whether HCT-2 cells were
      inoculated into newborn, suckling, or adult hamsters, histopathological findings
      were similar, with frequent involvement of liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, lymph
      nodes, blood, and bone marrow. Cells harvested from tumors and peripheral blood
      of some tumor-bearing hamsters could be readily recultured as cell lines.
      Chromosome analysis and Southern blot hybridization showed that tumors were
      caused by growth of HCT-2 cells.

PMID- 2897343
TI  - Absence, or low expression, of leukocyte adhesion molecules CD11 and CD18 on
      Burkitt lymphoma cells.
AB  - Leukocyte adhesion to cells is mediated by the cell-surface glycoprotein complex
      CD11a-c/CD18 and, in some cases, the glycoprotein gp84. The process is associated
      with leukocyte activation and modulates lymphocyte proliferation and maturation.
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed normal B lymphocytes give rise to
      lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) which grow as large clusters mediated by
      adhesion molecules. In contrast, newly explanted EBV-infected Burkitt lymphoma
      (BL) cells usually grow as single cells or as loose clusters. We now report that
      EBV positive- and EBV-negative BL lines lack the adhesive protein complex, or
      have only low levels of it, whereas LCLs, representing various stages of B
      lymphocyte development, contain considerably higher amounts, as measured by
      immunofluorescence flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation. The level of gp84
      expression is of the same magnitude in both types of cells.

PMID- 2897342
TI  - Differential effects on expression of IL-2 receptors (p55 and p70) by the HTLV-I
      pX DNA.
AB  - Abnormal expression of the low-affinity receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2R) is a
      characteristic of the HTLV-I (+) leukemic T cells in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL).
      Despite the expression of IL-2R bearing Tac antigen (IL-2R/p55), leukemic cells
      of the majority of ATL patients do not proliferate in response to IL-2. In the
      human NK cell line, YT, as well as in ATL-derived T cells, the co-expression of
      IL-2R/p55 and the second IL-2R without the Tac epitope (IL-2R/p70) is required to
      produce high-affinity IL-2R. To study the effect of HTLV-I on both of the IL-2Rs,
      we transfected a fragment of HTLV-I containing the p40X gene into YT cells. One
      of the 2 transfected YT clones (YT/pX-5.1) had an increased level of expression
      of IL-2R/p55. In contrast, expression of IL-2R/p70 was unaffected, as determined
      by Scatchard analysis and the cross-linking study using 125I-IL-2. Our results
      show that the T-cell phenotype is not required for induction of IL-2R/p55 by
      p40X. We suggest that HTLV-I infection induces a disproportionate induction of IL
      2R/p55 without significant enhancement of IL-2R/p70 expression, resulting in the
      predominant expression of low-affinity IL-2R in ATL. IL-2R/p70 may be a critical
      parameter determining the IL-2 reactivity of HTLV-I-infected T cells as well as
      of normal lymphocytes.

PMID- 2897344
TI  - Repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia aborted by sleep.
AB  - A 43-year-old woman with a 12-year history of palpitation was found to have
      recurrent monomorphic ventricular tachycardia resistant to beta-blockade but
      abolished by sleep.

PMID- 2897345
TI  - [Endodontic approach to injured teeth].

PMID- 2897346
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb--a case report.

PMID- 2897347
TI  - Molecular analysis of DQ beta 3.1 genes.
AB  - HLA class II genes have been implicated in susceptibility to a number of
      diseases. We have previously identified two allelic variants of DQw3 and have
      shown that DR4-DQ beta 3.2 haplotypes are associated with increased risk of IDDM
      whereas DR4-DQ beta 3.1 haplotypes are not. DR5 and DR8 DQw3+ individuals are
      exclusively DQ beta 3.1 and share numerous restriction sites within the DQ beta
      genes with DR4-DQ beta 3.1 individuals. In order to compare the DQ beta 3.1 genes
      associated with different haplotypes, we have sequenced coding and noncoding
      regions of the DQ beta genes from a DR4-DQ beta 3.1 HTC (ER) and a DR8-DQ beta
      3.1 HTC (LUY). LUY and ER DQ beta genes share nucleotide substitutions in both
      the beta 1 and beta 2 exons, yielding six amino acid replacements distinguishing
      them from DQ beta 3.2. In the noncoding regions as well, LUY and ER share
      nucleotide substitutions distinguishing their DQ beta 3.1 genes from DQ beta 3.2.
      These data support the concept that the DQ beta 3.1 allele was introduced onto
      different backgrounds via homologous recombination.

PMID- 2897348
TI  - HLA-DP typing by analysis of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the
      HLA-DP beta subregion.
AB  - HLA class II antigens are encoded in the HLA-D region and are highly polymorphic.
      Southern hybridization technique was used to analyze restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the DP beta gene and an attempt was made to correlate
      these with DP haplotypes derived from primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) analysis.
      Digestion of DNA from 32 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cell lines (of
      haplotypes DPw2, DPw3, DPw4, DPw5, and Cp63) with three different restriction
      endonucleases. Southern transfer, and hybridization to the DP beta cDNA probe
      revealed multiple fragments in all cell lines tested. The polymorphic patterns of
      these fragments were found to correlate with DP haplotypes, suggesting the
      possibility that the analysis of DNA RFLPs (DNA typing) in the HLA-DP beta
      subregion can distinguish and identify HLA-DP haplotypes.

PMID- 2897349
TI  - [Scholarship report from the 2d International Conference on Primary Health Care
      in London. "Health for all by the year 2000"].

PMID- 2897350
TI  - Comments on tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2897351
TI  - Use of ultrasonography to diagnose Sertoli cell neoplasia and cryptorchidism in a
      dog.
AB  - Unilateral cryptorchidism and Sertoli cell tumor in the descended testis were
      provisionally diagnosed by use of ultrasonography in a 7-year-old Keeshond. The
      left testis was thought to have degenerated, but ultrasonography of the scrotum
      did not reveal evidence of testicular or epididymal tissue. The contralateral
      testis contained a hypoechoic mass believed to be a testicular tumor. Surgery and
      histopathologic findings confirmed the diagnosis. Ultrasonography of the scrotum
      and its contents should be considered for use in animals with suspected
      testicular neoplasia and/or degeneration.

PMID- 2897353
TI  - Differential response to the beta-adrenergic agonist cimaterol in mice selected
      for rapid gain and unselected controls.
AB  - Male mice selected for rapid 3 to 6 wk postweaning gain (M16) and unselected
      controls (ICR) were ad libitum fed a stock diet containing 0, 50 or 200 ppm
      cimaterol, a beta-agonist, from 4 to 7 or 4 to 10 wk of age. Mortality rate was
      higher in M16 than in ICR mice fed cimaterol (12.5 vs 1.3%; P less than .01). No
      mortalities occurred in either line fed the control diet. Line M16 exceeded (P
      less than .01) ICR in growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency and lean index.
      Line X cimaterol level interactions (P less than .01) were found for the first
      three of these traits, although cimaterol level did not change line ranking.
      Epididymal fat as a percentage of empty body weight decreased at a faster rate in
      M16 than in ICR as cimaterol level increased. At 0 and 50 ppm, M16 exceeded ICR
      (P less than .05), but at 200 ppm there was no line difference (P greater than
      .05). Line M16 exceeded (P less than .05) ICR in blood glucose (5%),
      nonesterified fatty acids (4%) and lactate at 7 wk (9%), but lactate was higher
      in ICR at 10 wk (13%). Lines were not different in blood urea-N. Compared to zero
      cimaterol level, at 50 and 220 ppm glucose decreased (14% and 23%; P less than
      .05), nonesterified fatty acids decreased (3% and 29%; P less than .05), lactate
      increased (9% and 11%; P less than .05) and blood urea-N increased (3% and 16%; P
      less than .05). There were no line X cimaterol level interactions for blood
      metabolites. Differences in mortality rate, growth, feed consumption, feed
      efficiency and epididymal fat pad percentage between the high-growth and control
      lines in response to cimaterol may reflect genetic differences in mechanisms of
      metabolic regulation.

PMID- 2897352
TI  - Adult T cell leukemia-like disease experimentally induced in rabbits.
AB  - An HTLV-I-transformed T cell line, obtained from the peripheral blood of a virus
      infected (B/J X Chbb:HM) F1 rabbit, was able to kill syngeneic newborn rabbits
      within 7 days, when inoculated intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 X 10(8) cells.
      Inoculation of 1 X 10(7) cells killed or rendered moribund 50% of inoculated
      animals, while surviving animals exhibited cell-mediated cytotoxic activities
      against the transformed cells. The peripheral blood leukocyte counts increased in
      all surviving animals, in association with appearance of abnormal lymphocytes
      with convoluted or lobulated nuclei. Pathological examination of animals that
      died one week post-inoculation revealed no tumors in the abdominal cavity, but
      accumulation of ascites containing abnormal lymphocytes. Histological examination
      showed leukemic infiltration in the liver, lungs, spleen and mesenteric lymph
      nodes. The same cell line was also able to kill syngeneic adult rabbits in 8-10
      days when inoculated intravenously, but not intraperitoneally, at a dose of 1 X
      10(8) cells. Leukemic infiltration was observed in the major organs of these
      animals. Adult animals which were already virus carriers were resistant to this
      lethal inoculation. This rabbit ATL-like disease may prove to be useful as an
      experimental model for acute adult T cell leukemia.

PMID- 2897355
TI  - Effects of almitrine on respiration in unanesthetized newborn rabbits.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that almitrine, a peripheral chemoreceptor stimulant,
      increased tidal volume (VT), expired minute ventilation (VE), and respiratory
      frequency (f) and decreased inspiratory (TI) and expiratory time (TE) in sleeping
      adult cats. We now hypothesized that almitrine would induce an increase in
      ventilation in a young animal model. Respiration was studied by the barometric
      method in 11 unanesthetized New Zealand White rabbit pups between 3 and 6 days of
      age. Recordings were made in 0.21 FIO2 at base line and after cumulative
      intraperitoneal infusions of almitrine (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg). The chamber
      pressure deflection (proportional to VT after appropriate calculation) was
      computer sampled at 200 Hz. At least 100 breaths for each dose in each animal
      were analyzed. We found that a 7.5-mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of almitrine
      increased f to 135 +/- 9% (SE) of base line and decreased TE and TI to 72 +/- 8%
      and 79 +/- 8% of base line, respectively. Changes in VE, VT/TI, and VT were not
      significant. Recognizing that apnea is associated with inadequate ventilation and
      a prolonged TE (failure of the "inspiratory on-switch"), these results,
      particularly the increase in f and decrease in TE, suggest that almitrine might
      be useful in treating apnea in preterm infants.

PMID- 2897354
TI  - Effect of acute oral doses of T-2 toxin on tissue concentrations of biogenic
      amines in the rat.
AB  - T-2 toxin [3 alpha-hydroxy-4 beta, 15-diacetoxy-8 alpha-(3-methylbutyryloxy)
      12,13-epoxytrichotec-9-ene] is an emetic Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxin known
      to cause lethargy, ataxia and feed refusal in economically important animals.
      Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of acute oral doses of T-2
      toxin on tissue concentrations of neurotransmitters thought to play some role in
      regulation of feed consumption. Sixty-seven male weanling rats were intubated
      with a few grams of diet in a liquid slurry with or without 2.0 mg T-2 toxin per
      kilogram of body weight. At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h following dosing, rats
      were killed, and brains, spleens, hearts and adrenal glands were excised and
      analyzed for concentrations of neurotransmitters and metabolites using high
      performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Administration
      of T-2 toxin caused increases in brain concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin
      at the early time intervals after dosing. Brain concentrations of dopamine
      increased, whereas concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
      decreased at the later time interals following dosing. Concentrations of dopamine
      were increased in adrenal glands, whereas epinephrine concentrations decreased.
      Epinephrine was detected in spleen and heart after administration of T-2 toxin.
      It was concluded that the increase in brain indoleamines induced by T-2 toxin
      could contribute to feed refusal in animals suffering from T-2 toxicosis.

PMID- 2897356
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the aroA gene of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - The aroA locus of Bordetella pertussis, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3
      phosphate synthase, has been cloned into Escherichia coli by using a cosmid
      vector. The gene is expressed in E. coli and complemented an E. coli aroA mutant.
      The nucleotide sequence of the B. pertussis aroA gene was determined and contains
      an open reading frame encoding 442 amino acids, with a calculated molecular
      weight for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase of 46,688. The amino acid
      sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence shows homology with the published
      amino acid sequences of aroA gene products of other microorganisms.

PMID- 2897357
TI  - Psychopharmacological treatment of elderly demented patients.
AB  - Elderly demented patients often suffer from accompanying psychiatric symptoms,
      including disturbances of mood and behavior, that may respond to psychotropic
      drug treatment. Despite the wide use of several medication groups--including
      antipsychotics, antidepressants, and sedative-hypnotics--data from double-blind
      clinical trials are limited. Some relevant controlled studies are reviewed, and
      guidelines for treatment based on the available data and clinical experience are
      described. Elderly demented patients can be treated psychopharmacologically. The
      choice of medication depends partly on its side effects. Initial dosages for the
      elderly should be lower than for younger adults.

PMID- 2897358
TI  - On the active site of liver acetyl-CoA. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase from rapid
      acetylator rabbits (III/J).
AB  - A covalent, catalytic intermediate of cytosolic liver acetyl coenzyme A:
      arylamine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) from rapid acetylator rabbits (III/J)
      was isolated and chemically characterized. The active site was further studied
      using two covalent inhibitors, [2-3H]iodoacetic acid and bromoacetanilide.
      Inhibition experiments with [2-3H]iodoacetic acid at pH 6.9 showed that the
      incorporation of 0.7 mol of [2-3H]iodoacetic acid/mol of N-acetyltransferase led
      to rapid, irreversible loss of enzyme activity. Preincubation of the enzyme with
      acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) completely protected against inactivation by [2
      3H]iodoacetic acid. After incubating the N-acetyltransferase with [2-3H]acetyl
      CoA in the absence of an acceptor amine, an acetyl-cysteinyl-enzyme intermediate
      was isolated and characterized. Preincubation of N-acetyltransferase with
      iodoacetic acid prevented the incorporation of the [2-3H]acetyl group into the
      enzyme. The product analog, bromoacetanilide, caused a rapid irreversible loss of
      N-acetyltransferase activity. The reaction was pseudo first-order and saturated
      at high bromoacetanilide concentrations (KI = 0.67 mM; k3 = 1 min-1).
      Preincubation of the enzyme with acetyl-CoA prevented inactivation by the
      inhibitor. The acceptor amine 4-ethylaniline did not prevent inhibition.
      Incorporation of the inhibitor was directly proportional to the loss of activity
      showing a 1:1 stoichiometry of enzyme to inhibitor. The target amino acid was
      identified as cysteine by amino acid analysis of inhibitor-treated enzyme.

PMID- 2897359
TI  - Arylamine N-acetyltransferase from chicken liver. I. Monoclonal antibodies,
      immunoaffinity purification, and amino acid sequences.
AB  - Five monoclonal antibodies against arylamine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) from
      the chicken liver were established by immunizing a mouse with a partially
      purified enzyme preparation. None of the antibodies cross-reacted with arylamine
      N-acetyltransferase from the livers of cow, rabbit, and rat, nor with
      arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase from the chicken pineal gland, indicating a
      high specificity of the antibodies. By using the antibodies, two immunoaffinity
      purification procedures were elaborated: A partially purified enzyme preparation
      was incubated with the monoclonal antibody, and the resulting enzyme-IgG complex
      was separated by a protein A-Sepharose column. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein band with a
      molecular mass of 34 kDa in addition to the heavy and light chains of IgG.
      Secondly, an immunoaffinity column was prepared by immobilizing a monoclonal
      antibody to Sepharose 4B. After a partially purified enzyme preparation was
      absorbed on the column, N-acetyltransferase activity was eluted with 1 M NaCl and
      1 M urea. The eluted sample contained a single 34-kDa protein. The purified
      enzyme preferred arylamines to arylalkylamines as substrates, indicating that it
      was arylamine N-acetyltransferase. The purified protein was subjected to
      digestion by lysylendopeptidase and separated by high performance liquid
      chromatography. Partial amino acid sequences of three peptides were determined by
      a gas-phase sequence analyzer.

PMID- 2897360
TI  - Arylamine N-acetyltransferase from chicken liver II. Cloning of cDNA and
      expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding the full coding region of chicken liver arylamine
      acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) was isolated from lambda gt10 cDNA library by
      screening with the 32P-labeled oligonucleotide deduced from the amino acid
      sequence reported in the preceding paper. The complete nucleotide sequence of the
      cDNA was determined, from which the amino acid sequence of N-acetyltransferase
      was deduced. It consisted of 1,302 nucleotides including a 861-nucleotide region
      coding for 287 amino acids with a molecular weight of 32,914. Two methods were
      applied to confirm that the cDNA encoded arylamine N-acetyltransferase. First,
      mRNA was synthesized in vitro by Bluescript and subsequently translated in vitro.
      The molecular mass of the translation product was 34 kDa consistent with that of
      the enzyme purified from the chicken liver. The translated protein was
      immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody to N-acetyltransferase. Second, the
      cDNA was inserted into an expression vector pcDL1 and introduced into Chinese
      hamster ovary cells. The supernatant of the homogenate of transfected cells
      showed a high level of N-acetyltransferase activity with a substrate specificity
      comparable to that of the liver enzyme. Northern blot analysis revealed three
      mRNAs corresponding to 4.7, 2.0, and 1.4 kilobases. The levels of N
      acetyltransferase mRNAs were relatively high in the liver and distributed in
      various tissues. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of only
      one gene in the chicken haploid genome.

PMID- 2897361
TI  - Steroid regulation of somatostatin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The participation of gonadal steroid hormones in the regulation of the expression
      of the somatostatin gene in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex was studied by
      using a quantitative densitometric hybridization assay which allows the direct
      measurement of specific somatostatin mRNA levels. The levels of somatostatin mRNA
      in hypothalamus were found to be significantly decreased following gonadectomy in
      both male and female rats (67% in males and 75% in females). Moreover, with in
      situ hybridization histochemistry somatostatin mRNA was similarly reduced
      following gonadectomy in the dorsal portion of the periventricular region and in
      the ventromedial nucleus. Estradiol dibenzoate treatment reversed the decrease in
      somatostatin mRNA in females within 24 h and testosterone treatment reversed the
      decrease in castrated males. In contrast, there was no significant change in
      cerebral cortex somatostatin mRNA levels after gonadectomy. These results suggest
      that sex steroids are involved in the regulation of the somatostatin gene in the
      hypothalamus, possibly at the transcriptional level.

PMID- 2897362
TI  - X-ray diffraction and time-resolved fluorescence analyses of Aequorea green
      fluorescent protein crystals.
AB  - The energy transfer protein, green fluorescent protein, from the hydromedusan
      jellyfish Aequorea victoria has been crystallized in two morphologies suitable
      for x-ray diffraction analysis. Hexagonal plates have been obtained in the P6122
      or P6522 space group with a = b = 77.5, c = 370 A, and no more than three
      molecules per asymmetric unit. Monoclinic parallel-epipeds have been obtained in
      the C2 space group with a = 93.3, b = 66.5, c = 45.5 A, beta = 108 degrees, and
      one molecule per asymmetric unit. The monoclinic form is better suited for use in
      a structure determination, and a data set was collected from the native crystal.
      Time-resolved fluorescence measurements of large single crystals are possible due
      to the unique, covalently bound chromophore present in this molecule.
      Fluorescence emission spectra of Aequorea green fluorescent protein in solution
      and from either the hexagonal or monoclinic single crystal show similar profiles
      suggesting that the conformations of protein in solution and in the crystal are
      similar. Multifrequency phase fluorimetric data obtained from a single crystal
      were best fit by a single fluorescence lifetime very close to that exhibited by
      the protein in solution. The complementary structural data obtained from
      fluorescence spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction crystallography will aid in the
      elucidation of this novel protein's structure-function relationship.

PMID- 2897363
TI  - Arginine for glycine substitution in the triple-helical domain of the products of
      one alpha 2(I) collagen allele (COL1A2) produces the osteogenesis imperfecta type
      IV phenotype.
AB  - Skin fibroblasts from two affected members of a family with an autosomal dominant
      form of mild-moderate osteogenesis imperfecta produced two populations of type I
      collagen molecules. One population was normal and the other population contained
      alpha 2(I) chains which had a basic charge shift localized to a peptide from the
      carboxyl-terminal end of the triple-helical domain. The alpha chains in the
      abnormal molecules had increased post-translational modification along the entire
      triple-helical domain but the thermal stability was normal. We isolated a 28-kb
      BamHI fragment from the normal and mutant COL1A2 alleles from an affected family
      member. DNA sequence determination demonstrated that a single nucleotide change
      resulted in an arginine for glycine substitution at triple-helical position 1012,
      the last triple-helical glycine. These data demonstrate the stringent requirement
      for maintenance of the Gly-X-Y triplet sequence in type I collagen and suggest
      that point mutations which disrupt Gly-X-Y in alpha 2(I) produce milder clinical
      effects than similar mutations in alpha 1(I).

PMID- 2897364
TI  - Postnatal development of rat liver mitochondrial functions. The roles of protein
      synthesis and of adenine nucleotides.
AB  - It has been proposed that the acquisition of efficient energy-transducing
      mitochondria after birth is mediated by an ATP-dependent mechanism "that causes
      the rapid maturation of mitochondria without requiring either transcription or
      translation" (Pollak, J. K., and Sutton, R. (1980) Trends Biochem. Sci. 5, 23
      27). Investigation of developmental changes in rat liver mitochondria during the
      first 6 postnatal h showed that fetal mitochondria had low State 4, State 3, and
      uncoupled rates of respiration, inefficient coupling between respiration and
      phosphorylation, and low membrane potentials and proton electrochemical gradients
      under State 4 conditions. In contrast, hepatic mitochondria from 1-h-old neonates
      showed increased respiratory control and ADP/O ratios and adult proton
      electrochemical gradient and membrane potential values. In parallel with these
      changes, mitochondria became enriched in adenine nucleotides and underwent a 50%
      reduction in matrix volume. During the first postnatal hour, an increase in
      mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and F1-ATPase
      activities takes place in the neonatal liver concurrent with a preferential
      postnatal increase in the in vivo rates of protein synthesis for mitochondrial
      proteins. In particular, the amount of F1-ATPase increased from 109 +/- 9 to 206
      +/- 5 ng/microgram of mitochondrial protein in the first hour of postnatal life.
      Inhibitors of cytosolic protein synthesis present during the first 2 h of life
      blocked the postnatal increase in respiratory control and ADP/O ratios, succinic
      dehydrogenase activity, and F1-ATPase content; but they had no effect on the
      increase in adenine nucleotide concentrations and mitochondrial volume
      contraction. This indicates that the acquisition of an efficient coupling between
      respiration and phosphorylation is dependent on de novo protein synthesis and
      cannot be brought about by the postnatal increase in adenine nucleotides. The
      increase of State 4 and uncoupled rates of respiration during the first 2
      postnatal h was resistant to protein synthesis inhibitors. We suggest that the
      postnatal increase in these parameters is due to the reduction of mitochondrial
      volume occurring during that time, which, in turn, may be triggered by the
      concurrent enrichment in adenine nucleotides.

PMID- 2897365
TI  - An autocrine factor from Reuber hepatoma cells that stimulates DNA synthesis and
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Characterization of biologic activity and evidence for a
      glycan structure.
AB  - Conditioned medium from Reuber H-35 or Fao hepatoma cells contains autocrine
      factors that both stimulate DNA synthesis and activate acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)
      carboxylase in serum-deprived Fao cells. The factor(s), which appears within 4 h
      of serum-free culture, also increases the cell number and the mitotic index. The
      effects of the conditioned medium are insulinomimetic, both with respect to
      stimulation of DNA synthesis and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. However, no
      induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity or stimulation of aminoisobutyric
      acid uptake is seen in response to the conditioned medium. Insulin over a 4-h
      period does not increase the concentration of DNA synthesis stimulating activity
      that is observed in the medium. This activity is dialyzable and is resistant to
      acid treatment or to heating to 60-100 degrees C and to trypsin digestion; it is
      not extracted with chloroform/methanol nor adsorbed by charcoal or by a C18
      reverse-phase column. Fractionation of the conditioned medium derived from Reuber
      H-35 hepatoma cells by gel filtration chromatography reveals two low molecular
      weight (less than 1000) compounds that both stimulate DNA synthesis in Fao
      hepatoma cells. The larger compound (peak I) also stimulates the activity of
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The stimulatory effects of the peak I compound are
      destroyed by nitrous acid deamination, periodate oxidation, and methanolysis.
      Biosynthetic labeling studies indicate the probable presence of glucosamine,
      galactose, and perhaps phosphate in the peak I-activating material. No
      significant incorporation of either myoinositol or mannose into the active
      material has been observed. These data, taken together, are consistent with a
      glycan structure for this autocrine factor, which bears strong resemblance to
      similar insulinomimetic factors generated in BC3H1 myocytes and H-35 hepatoma
      cells in response to insulin and on digestion of membranes with a
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Further characterization of this
      factor may provide insight into different pathways of insulin action and could
      provide a strategy to check autocrine-stimulated tumor growth.

PMID- 2897366
TI  - Characterization of a chloroplast sequence-specific DNA binding factor.
AB  - The large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) and the beta
      subunit of chloroplast ATP synthase (atpB) are encoded by divergently transcribed
      genes on the plastid genome. We have identified DNA binding factors specific for
      sequences located in the intergenic region between these two genes. Soluble
      plastid extracts from pea or whole cell extracts from maize protected a maize
      chloroplast DNA probe containing the 160-base pair region between the 5' ends of
      rbcL and atpB genes from exonuclease III digestion between positions -16 and -101
      relative to the rbcL gene transcription start site. Competition assay with
      partial sequences from this intergenic region demonstrated that specific
      sequence(s) are required for the protection. The borders of the binding domain
      are conserved among the homologous regions of maize, tobacco, spinach, and pea
      chloroplast genomes. Gel filtration chromatography revealed a molecular weight of
      about 115,000 for the active complex involved in DNA binding. Using the
      exonuclease III protection assay, we have also shown that purified Escherichia
      coli RNA polymerase protects from +25 to -20 of the rbcL gene and from +21 to -23
      of the atpB gene relative to their respective transcription start sites. These
      regions are analogous to open complexes found when E. coli RNA polymerase
      interacts with the prokaryotic promoters and are consistent with the ability of
      E. coli RNA polymerase to initiate transcription correctly on linear templates
      containing these chloroplast promoters. Possible role(s) for the chloroplast DNA
      binding factor in chloroplast gene expression and its regulation are discussed.

PMID- 2897367
TI  - The high molecular weight receptor to transforming growth factor-beta contains
      glycosaminoglycan chains.
AB  - Proteoglycans are constituents of the cell surface that may play important roles
      in the regulation of cell behavior. Here we report that the 250-kDa receptor
      subunit that binds the multifunctional protein, transforming growth factor-beta 1
      (TGF-beta 1), contains chains of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate and thus
      is a proteoglycan. Digestion of TGF-beta 1-receptor complexes with
      glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-specific degradative enzymes yield core proteins of 115
      140 kDa. Cell monolayers that had been predigested with GAG-specific degradative
      enzymes were capable of binding high levels of TGF-beta 1, but the size of the
      binding components was shifted from the high molecular weight species to the
      lower molecular weight core proteins, indicating that GAG chains are not
      necessary for TGF-beta 1 binding to the cell. The presence of GAG chains on the
      receptor subunit indicates that it has the potential for interaction with the
      extracellular matrix.

PMID- 2897368
TI  - Fibronectin is a component of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble
      transglutaminase substrate.
AB  - Liver plasma membranes contain a morphologically distinct protein complex which
      serves as a substrate for the plasma membrane-associated transglutaminase. The
      complex, which appears as a two-dimensional sheet, is insoluble in sodium dodecyl
      sulfate and reducing agents and has been named SITS for sodium dodecyl sulfate
      insoluble transglutaminase substrate (Tyrrell, D. J., Sale, W. S., and Slife, C.
      W. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1946-1951). Polyclonal antibodies raised against
      SITS were used to probe for soluble constituents of the matrix. Immunoblots
      showed that proteins of 230, 35, and 32 kDa reacted with the anti-SITS antiserum
      when the soluble fraction from a liver homogenate was examined. The 230-kDa
      protein was identified as fibronectin after observing cross-reactivity of anti
      SITS antiserum with authentic fibronectin and cross-reactivity of anti
      fibronectin antiserum with the 230-kDa cytosolic protein and purified SITS.
      Preincubating anti-SITS antiserum with purified fibronectin decreased
      immunostaining of the 230-kDa cytosolic protein and authentic fibronectin.
      Immunoblots of the plasma membrane fraction using anti-SITS and anti-fibronectin
      antisera showed that both antisera reacted with proteins at the top of the
      stacking gel (SITS) and of 230 kDa. In addition, the anti-SITS antiserum reacted
      with proteins of 85, 35, and 32 kDa. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that
      the anti-SITS and anti-fibronectin antisera both react with isolated SITS and
      with the same filamentous structures associated with intact plasma membranes.
      These studies show that fibronectin is a component of the plasma membrane matrix,
      SITS. This finding is consistent with the proposed role of this matrix which is
      to mediate cell-cell adhesion between hepatocytes in the tissue.

PMID- 2897369
TI  - Purification and properties of a vanadate- and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive ATPase
      from chromaffin granule membranes.
AB  - A vanadate- and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive ATPase was purified about 500-fold
      from chromaffin granule membranes. The purified preparation contained a single
      major polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of about 115 kDa, which was
      copurified with the ATPase activity. Immunological studies revealed that this
      polypeptide has no relation to subunit I (115 kDa) of the H+-ATPase from
      chromaffin granules. The ATPase activity of the enzyme is inhibited about 50% by
      100 microM N-ethylmaleimide or 5 microM vanadate. The enzyme is not sensitive to
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, ouabain, SCH28080, and omeprazole, which distinguishes
      it from Na+/K+-ATPase and the gastric K+/H+-ATPase. ATP and 2-deoxy ATP are
      equally effective substrates for the enzyme. However, the enzyme exhibited only
      10% activity with GTP as a substrate. UV illumination of the purified enzyme in
      the presence of [alpha-32P]ATP exclusively labeled the 115 kDa protein. This
      labeling was increased by Mg2+ and strongly inhibited by Ca2+ ions. Similarly,
      the ATPase activity was dependent on Mg2+ and inhibited by the presence of Ca2+
      ions. The ATPase activity of the enzyme was largely insensitive to monovalent
      anions and cations, except for F-, which inhibited the vanadate-sensitive ATPase.
      Incubation of the enzyme in the presence of [14C]N-ethylmaleimide labeled the 115
      kDa polypeptide, and this labeling could be prevented by the addition of ATP
      during the incubation. A reciprocal experiment showed that preincubation with N
      ethylmaleimide inhibited the labeling of the 115-kDa polypeptide by [alpha
      32P]ATP by UV illumination. This suggests a close proximity between the ATP
      binding site and an essential sulfhydryl group. A possible connection between the
      isolated ATPase and organelle movement is discussed.

PMID- 2897370
TI  - The purification and characterization of an acellular pertussis vaccine.
AB  - An acellular pertussis vaccine manufactured by Biken was investigated for purity,
      potency and toxicity. The vaccine was composed of almost equal proportions of
      pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). The purity of the
      vaccine was 97-99%. The protective effects of component vaccines containing
      various ratios of PT and FHA were tested and it was found that the ratio of 1:1
      provided the most effective vaccine.

PMID- 2897371
TI  - Bone cement and the liver. A dose-related effect?
AB  - The serum liver enzyme levels of 40 consecutive patients before and after
      cemented hip replacement were compared with a control group having operation
      without use of cement. Serum gammaglutamyl transferase (SGGT) was abnormally
      raised, for more than four days, in 12 of the 40 patients (32%) in whom bone
      cement was used, compared with one of the 36 control patients. The changes in
      SGGT levels after operation correlated with the weight of cement used (r = 0.66,
      p less than 0.001), but there was return to normal levels in all patients. A
      temporary dose-related effect of bone cement on liver function is demonstrated.

PMID- 2897373
TI  - Pediatric pain management.

PMID- 2897372
TI  - Interaction between pathogenic amebas and fibronectin: substrate degradation and
      changes in cytoskeleton organization.
AB  - Invasion of human tissues by the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is a
      multistep process involving, as a first step, the recognition of surface
      molecules on target tissues by the amebas or trophozoites. This initial contact
      is followed by the release of proteolytic and other activities that lyse target
      cells and degrade the extracellular matrix. In other parasitic diseases, as well
      as in certain cancers, the interaction of invasive organisms or cells with
      fibronectin (FN) through specific receptors has been shown to be the initial step
      in target cell recognition. Interaction with FN triggers the release of
      proteolytic activities necessary for the effector cell migration and invasion.
      Here, we describe the specific interaction of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites
      with FN, and identify a 37-kD membrane peptide as the putative receptor for FN.
      The interaction between the parasite and FN leads to a response reaction that
      includes the secretion of proteases that degrade the bound FN and the
      rearrangement of amebic actin into "adhesion plates" at sites of contact with FN
      coated surfaces. The kinetics of the interaction was determined by measuring the
      binding of soluble 125I-FN to the trophozoites and visualization of the bound
      protein using specific antibodies. Degradation of FN was measured by gel
      electrophoresis and the release of radioactivity into the incubation medium.
      Focal degradation of FN was visualized as black spots under the trophozoites at
      contact sites with fluorescent FN. We conclude that the interaction of E.
      histolytica with FN occurs through a specific surface receptor. The interaction
      promotes amebic cytoskeleton changes and release of proteases from the parasite.
      The binding and degradation of extracellular matrix components may facilitate the
      migration and penetration of amebas into tissues, causing the lesions seen in
      human hosts.

PMID- 2897375
TI  - Analysis of esmolol in human blood by high-performance liquid chromatography and
      its application to pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 2897374
TI  - Drugs, learning and cognitive function in children--an update.

PMID- 2897376
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for dilevalol in human plasma and
      urine using a PRP-1 column and fluorimetric detection.
AB  - A single high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the
      quantitative determination of dilevalol, the R,R isomer of labetalol, was
      developed for both plasma and urine. A significantly improved limit of detection
      for dilevalol in plasma was accomplished by extensive modification of an HPLC
      assay originally developed in our laboratory for labetalol. This simplified
      method is readily adaptable to urine and represents the first reported HPLC assay
      for the quantitative determination of dilevalol in this biofluid. Drug was
      recovered from plasma or urine by partition into diethyl ether under mildly
      alkaline conditions and back-extraction into dilute acid. Reversed-phase
      separation of dilevalol and the internal standard was accomplished on a 150 X 4.1
      mm column commercially packed with a spherical (5 micron) macroporous copolymer
      (PRP-1). No interferences were observed in extracts obtained from drug-free
      plasma or urine. Selectivity for dilevalol in the presence of other beta-blockers
      was established. This method demonstrated a linear detector response to
      concentrations of unchanged drug typically observed in urine and plasma following
      once-a-day treatment with dilevalol hydrochloride (100-800 mg). The lowest limit
      of reliable quantitation was established at 1 ng/ml in plasma. The intra-assay
      precision (coefficient of variation) remained less than 6% at all concentrations
      evaluated from 1 to 800 ng/ml. In urine, the lowest limit of quantitation was
      validated to 20 ng/ml where the intra-assay precision (coefficient of variation)
      for unchanged drug was less than 4% at all concentrations evaluated up to 400
      ng/ml. This method is suitable for routine quantitation of unchanged drug in
      human plasma and urine following the administration of therapeutically effective
      doses of dilevalol hydrochloride.

PMID- 2897378
TI  - Operative andrology.
AB  - Surgical corrections of male fertility disturbances are discussed. Following a
      short historical review, operative treatment of the undescended testicle, the
      indication and date of surgery and postoperative andrological results are dealt
      with. Modern principles of varicocoele surgery are discussed with special
      attention to fertility correction. Surgical treatment of vas deferens
      obstruction, results and microsurgical interventions concerning vaso-epididymal
      anastomoses and vasovasostomies are also described together with the ultimate
      possibilities for surgical therapy of sexual disturbances.

PMID- 2897377
TI  - Thin-layer chromatographic screening method for the tranquillizers azaperone,
      propiopromazine and carazolol in pig tissues.
AB  - A procedure is described for the detection of azaperone, propiopromazine and
      carazolol in pig muscle, liver and kidney tissue. The method comprises extraction
      from an alkaline tissue homogenate with diethyl ether, followed by cleaning up
      and concentration of the extract on a silica gel solid-phase extraction column.
      Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on a silica plate was used for the
      detection of the tranquillizers. Detection levels were 25 micrograms kg-1 for
      propiopromazine, 50 micrograms kg-1 for azaperone (or its metabolite azaperol)
      and 125 micrograms kg-1 for carazolol. In pigs treated with the usual doses the
      presence of propiopromazine and azaperol could be established in kidney tissue 8
      h after administration, whilst in injection sites all three tranquillizers could
      be detected.

PMID- 2897379
TI  - View from the Nation's Capital. DEA considers relaxing restrictions on medical
      use of marijuana.

PMID- 2897380
TI  - A study of buspirone co-presented with antihistamines in 68 anxious ambulatory
      patients.

PMID- 2897382
TI  - Catecholamine neurons in the brainstem of the reptile Caiman crocodilus.
AB  - Immunohistochemical methods were used to map the distribution of neurons
      exhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH) in the brainstem of
      the reptile Caiman crocodilus. The results reveal that many catecholamine systems
      previously described in mammalian and avian species are present in the brainstem
      of the caiman. Within the medulla, many immunoreactive neurons surround the
      central canal. This neuronal field extends rostrally to the level of the dorsal
      motor nucleus of the vagus. Many TH neurons overlap the region of the solitary
      nucleus, and an extensive system of fibers derived from these neurons extends
      ventrally and laterally into the region immediately bordering the descending
      nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Some TH neurons are also present in the
      ventrolateral tegmentum of the medulla at this level. A large number of TH cells
      are present in the pons and midbrain. These include the locus coeruleus, nucleus
      subcoeruleus ventralis, nucleus subcoeruleus dorsalis, substantia nigra (Brauth
      et al., '83), and area ventralis of Tsai. The subcoeruleus nuclei are
      considerably larger in the caiman than in other reptilian species including
      turtles and lizards and closely resemble the subcoeruleus nuclei of birds in
      terms of position and anterior-posterior extent. Within the diencephalon,
      numerous small, intensely staining, TH-immunoreactive and CSF-contacting neurons
      were observed within the preoptic recess and in close proximity to the
      ventricular wall at rostral hypothalamic and preoptic levels. Many intensely
      stained, immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the medial hypothalamus
      similar in position to the A13 cell group of mammals. In the subthalamus, TH
      neurons completely surround the ventral peduncle of the forebrain bundle (which
      contains fibers of the ansa lenticularis) and extend into the ventromedial and
      ventrolateral thalamic areas. A rich plexus of TH-positive axons and terminals
      invests the external layer of the median eminence.

PMID- 2897381
TI  - Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analysis of the development of the
      rat somatostatin-containing neocortical neuronal system.
AB  - The chemical differentiation of somatostatin (SS) neurons in rat neocortex was
      characterized by molecular biochemical and morphological methods. Northern (RNA)
      blotting indicates that regional distribution of SS mRNA correlates with the
      known distribution patterns of SS-containing neurons in the adult, while similar
      analysis of poly (A)+ RNA isolated from telencephalon at various times
      postnatally shows an increase between P9 and P15, with a slight decrease in the
      adult. In situ hybridization with a probe specific to SS mRNA, and
      immunohistochemistry using antisera specific for the N-terminally extended form
      of SS, SS28, and SS28(1-12), were used to detect neocortical neurons containing
      this mRNA or its translation product. The appearance of SS mRNA is coincident
      with detectable immunoreactivity for SS peptides. The expression of the SS gene
      by cortical neurons occurs in two waves. From P1 to P11, hybridizing neurons are
      predominant below the cortical plate in the developing infragranular layers.
      Immunohistochemical analysis of immunoreactivity to SS28 reveals a significant
      development of this neocortical system by late gestation (E20). At this point
      SS28(1-12), the predominant SS form detected, is mainly in neurons of the
      subplate, with less detectable immunoreactivity in the intermediate zone and
      cortical plate. By P2, neurons in the subplate exhibit detectable SS28 and SS28(1
      12). Although immunoreactive perikarya are no longer detectable at P2 in the
      cortical plate or marginal zone, a very dense plexus of SS28(1-12) fibers is seen
      in the subplate, marginal zone, and intermediate zone; relatively few
      immunoreactive fibers are found in the cortical plate. By P12, a dramatic shift
      occurs; a large supragranular population of these SS neurons is observed by both
      mRNA and antibody methods, as is a subsequent decrease in number in the adult.
      The shift in immunoreactivity occurs with supragranular SS28-containing neurons
      now prominent, and SS28(1-12)-containing neurons and fibers greatly diminished.
      The number of neurons containing SS mRNA or SS28 immunoreactivity decreases from
      P12 to adult, when these neurons exhibit a bilaminar distribution. Neurons
      immunoreactive for SS28(1-12) are now sparsely distributed throughout the cortex,
      while SS28(1-12) fibers densely innervate layers I and V/VI.

PMID- 2897383
TI  - Supraspinal nocifensive responses of cats: spinal cord pathways, monoamines, and
      modulation.
AB  - These experiments were conducted to determine (1) whether dorsal and ventral
      ascending spinal pathways can each mediate unlearned supraspinal nocifensive
      responses of cats to noxious thermal stimuli and (2) whether interrupting the
      spinal projection of supraspinal monoaminergic neurons alters the excitability
      and natural modulation of these responses. In partially restrained cats, thermal
      pulses (greater than or equal to 47 degrees C) delivered to the hindlimbs of
      intact cats or rostral to lesions of the thoracic spinal cord elicited abrupt
      body movements and interruption of eating (or of exploring for) liquified food.
      These electronically monitored responses automatically terminated the stimulus.
      Natural modulation of responsiveness was produced by delivering food and thermal
      stimuli simultaneously; this reduced response probability by an average of 41%.
      Complete transection of the thoracic spinal cord eliminated both thermally
      elicited responses and orienting responses to noxious and tactile mechanical
      stimulation of the hindlimbs. Ventral bilateral thoracic spinal cord lesions that
      spared only the dorsal funiculus and portions of the dorsolateral funiculus
      (three cats) significantly reduced orienting responses to all mechanical hindlimb
      stimuli and reduced, but did not eliminate, movement and interrupt responses to
      noxious thermal hindlimb stimuli. Response latency was unaffected. Food-induced
      response suppression persisted although lumbar spinal cord concentrations of
      serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE) were markedly reduced. A bilateral lesion
      of the dorsal funiculi and dorsal portions of the dorsolateral funiculi (one cat)
      also reduced nocifensive responsiveness, but only the NE concentration in lumbar
      spinal cord was reduced significantly relative to a matched cervical sample. In
      contrast, deep bilateral lesions of the dorsolateral funiculi (two cats) produced
      an increase in the probability of movement and interrupt responses without
      affecting either response latency or food-induced response suppression. Lumbar
      spinal cord concentrations of NE and, in one cat, 5HT were reduced. We conclude
      that (1) the dorsal and ventral spinal funiculi are each sufficient to initiate
      and necessary to maintain normal supraspinally organized nocifensive behavior in
      the cat; (2) descending monoaminergic pathways are not necessary for the phasic
      modulation of these responses; and (3) the tonic excitability, but not the phasic
      modulation, of these responses is determined in part by fibers in the
      dorsolateral funiculus.

PMID- 2897384
TI  - Pemphigus foliaceus-like, immunologically negative dermatosis in a patient with T
      cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A 56-year-old black man developed a pemphigus foliaceus-like bullous eruption as
      the initial presentation of chronic T cell lymphocytic leukemia. Histologic
      examination disclosed superficial acantholysis consistent with pemphigus
      foliaceus and an infiltrate of atypical lymphoid cells in the papillary dermis.
      Repeated direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies yielded negative results.
      Acantholysis could be reproduced in vitro by incubation of normal human skin with
      the patient's serum and plasma but not with blister fluid. In the following
      months, the course of the bullous eruption paralleled that of the leukemia.

PMID- 2897385
TI  - Effect of human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 on growth hormone
      release and milk production in dairy cows.
AB  - Twelve cows (209 d in lactation, 642 kg BW) were used in an experiment conducted
      over four 10-d periods (one preinjection, one injection, and two postinjection).
      Gelatine (n = 6) or 10 mg of growth hormone-releasing factor in gelatine (n = 6)
      was injected subcutaneously at 1000 h every day on d 11 to 20. Data were averaged
      for the last 5 d of each period. During the injection period, milk, fat, and
      protein yields increased by 3 kg.d-1 (14.3%), .14 kg.d-1 (16.7%), and .12 kg.d-1
      (15.4%), respectively. Moreover, milk, fat, and protein yields for the treated
      cows remained higher than for the control cows until the last postinjection
      period. Growth hormone response was evaluated from blood samples withdrawn from 2
      h prior to 8 h postinjection on d 11, 15, and 20 and on d 40. After growth
      hormone-releasing factor injection, peaks and area under the curve were 24.5,
      30.8, and 47.0 ng.ml-1 and 2475, 3979, and 3741 ng.ml-1.min-1 on d 11, 15, and
      20, respectively. On d 40, there was no difference in growth hormone
      concentrations in blood between control and treated cows. These results
      demonstrate that 10 d of daily injection of a growth hormone-releasing factor
      increases milk production by 14.3% (3 kg.d-1) and still induces growth hormone
      release at the end of the injection period without any sign of refractoriness.

PMID- 2897386
TI  - Treatment of severe social phobia: effects of guided exposure with and without
      cognitive restructuring.

PMID- 2897387
TI  - Endogenous opiate system and systematic desensitization.

PMID- 2897388
TI  - Comparison of the efficacy and safety of loratadine, terfenadine, and placebo in
      the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of loratadine, 40 mg once daily, were compared with
      terfenadine, 60 mg twice daily, and placebo in controlling symptoms of ragweed
      hay fever. The study was a randomized, multicentric, parallel-group, double-blind
      design involving 280 patients divided into three groups receiving either
      loratadine, terfenadine, or placebo for a period of 14 days in the autumn of
      1984. Both loratadine and terfenadine demonstrated a statistically greater
      reduction in symptom score compared to placebo. They were not statistically
      different from each other, and there was no statistical difference in the
      incidence of side effects between the two drugs.

PMID- 2897389
TI  - H1 receptor antagonist treatment of chronic rhinitis.
AB  - In patients with chronic rhinitis, H1 receptor antagonists play an important role
      in relieving the symptoms of sneezing, itching, and rhinorrhea. New information
      about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of first-generation H1 receptor
      antagonists such as chlorpheniramine has become available in the past few years.
      Comprehensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of new relatively
      nonsedating H1 receptor antagonists such as terfenadine, astemizole, loratadine,
      and cetirizine are appearing. An understanding of the differences in
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among H1 receptor antagonists is required
      for optimal use of these drugs.

PMID- 2897390
TI  - Topical intranasal corticosteroid therapy in rhinitis.
AB  - This paper reviews the current clinical information on the newer corticosteroid
      aerosols used in the management of rhinitis: beclomethasone dipropionate,
      flunisolide, fluocortin butylester, budesonide, and triamcinolone acetonide.
      Discussed are their pharmacologic properties, including our most recent
      understanding of their possible mode of action, comparative efficacy to other
      agents, indications, side effects, and general educational principles regarding
      their use.

PMID- 2897391
TI  - Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture.
AB  - The aims of this study were to estimate the incidence of acute confusional state
      (ACS), its predisposing factors and consequences in 111 consecutive patients
      operated for fractured neck of the femur. The incidence of ACS was 61 percent and
      the predicting factors were old age and dementia. Drugs with anticholinergic
      effect, depression, and previous stroke were factors that seemed to be associated
      with the development of ACS. Ninety-two percent of the patients who had severe
      perioperative blood pressure drops developed ACS. The consequences of ACS were
      prolonged ward-stay at the orthopedic department, a greater need for long-term
      care after discharge, and poor walking ability at discharge and six months after
      surgery. The confused patients also had more complications, such as urinary
      problems, feeding problems and decubital ulcers, as compared with the nonconfused
      patients.

PMID- 2897392
TI  - The effect of selective electrical stimulation of non-myelinated vagal fibres on
      heart rate in the rabbit.
AB  - The bradycardia evoked by electrical stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the
      rabbit vagus nerve is mediated by both myelinated and non-myelinated fibres. The
      purpose of this study was to assess the effects of non-myelinated fibres on heart
      rate in the rabbit using selective electrical stimulation techniques. In 8
      rabbits selective activation of non-myelinated fibres using reversed polarity
      triangular shaped pulses (10 Hz, 20 s), resulted in a slowly developing fall in
      heart rate of 24.1 +/- 1.1 beats/min which outlasted the period of stimulation by
      58.4 +/- 4.2 s. In 4 rabbits stimulation of myelinated fibres at 10 Hz for 20 s
      resulted in a fall in heart rate of 24.5 +/- 2.6 beats/min. On stimulation of
      both myelinated and non-myelinated fibres heart rate fell by 39.9 +/- 3.2
      beats/min. Heart rate returned rapidly to control value following stimulation of
      myelinated fibres (5.6 +/- 0.5 s) but only slowly after stimulation of both
      myelinated and non-myelinated fibres (56.7 +/- 4.9 s). Atropine (5 mg/kg, i.v.)
      abolished all effects of vagal stimulation on heart rate. Hexamethonium (15
      mg/kg, i.v.) abolished the effect of myelinated fibres on heart rate but did not
      affect the fall in heart rate produced by non-myelinated fibres. We suggest that
      the prolonged effects on stimulation of non-myelinated fibres may reflect the
      persistent action of a non-cholinergic excitatory transmitter at the cardiac
      parasympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 2897393
TI  - Antigen-presenting cells for Lyt-2+ cells. I. Stimulation of unprimed Lyt-2+
      cells by H-2 different Thy-1-Ia- cells prepared from spleen and bone marrow.
AB  - In agreement with previous studies on Ia- tumor cells, evidence is presented that
      primary MLR of purified Lyt-2+ T cells to class I alloantigens can be elicited by
      a minor population of Thy 1- Ia- cells present in normal spleen, bone marrow, and
      day-13 fetal liver; these cells are non-stimulatory for L3T4+ T cells. The data
      strengthen the view that primary responses of Lyt-2+ cells do not require the
      presence of Ia+ cells.

PMID- 2897394
TI  - Identification of a murine pan-T cell antigen which is also expressed during the
      terminal phases of B cell differentiation.
AB  - A new rat anti-mouse mAb, designated S7, is described. The antibody, an IgG2a,
      reacts with all Thy-1.2-positive cells and all granulocytic cells in the marrow.
      Resting B cells are non-reactive but, during the terminal phases of LPS-induced B
      cell differentiation, the S7 determinant appears and reaches high levels of
      expression. S7 will probably be useful in studies aimed at subdividing the later
      stages of the B cell maturation process.

PMID- 2897395
TI  - Defective activation of T suppressor cell function in nonobese diabetic mice.
      Potential relation to cytokine deficiencies.
AB  - Nonobese diabetic (NOD) is an inbred mouse strain susceptible to development of T
      cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes. The strain is characterized by high
      percentages of T lymphocytes in lymphoid organs. The syngeneic mixed lymphocyte
      reaction (SMLR), a T cell response to self MHC class II Ag, is reportedly
      involved in the generation of a number of immunoregulatory cells, including
      suppressor inducers. A severely depressed SMLR characteristic of certain other
      autoimmune strains was found in NOD but not in nonautoimmune SWR/Bm mice.
      Moreover, IL-2 produced by NOD T cells at day 6 in an SMLR was at least one
      hundredfold reduced compared with SWR, and NOD T cells harvested from an SMLR at
      day 6 were functionally defective when tested for ability to induce suppression
      of an allogeneic MLR. However, functionally competent suppressor T cells were
      generated in NOD splenic leukocyte cultures in response to Con A, and IL-2
      release from these was equivalent to that released by Con A-stimulated SWR
      splenocytes. A deficiency in cytokine release was not limited to IL-2, because
      peritoneal exudate cells from NOD exhibited a greatly diminished sensitivity to
      LPS-stimulated IL-1 release in comparison to SWR mice. IL-2 supplementation both
      in vitro and in vivo restored the ability of NOD T cells to respond in a SMLR,
      with production of cells capable of inducing suppression. Like SMLR-activated T
      cells from untreated SWR controls, SMLR blasts from IL-2-treated NOD mice were
      enriched for the L3T4 phenotype. IL-1 supplementation in vitro resulted in
      partial restoration of T suppressor activation in a SMLR. The depressed SMLR
      exhibited by NOD mice was apparently a stimulator cell dysfunction, because NOD
      stimulator cells failed to activate T cells from (SWR x NOD)F1 mice, whereas
      stimulators from SWR or F1 mice were capable of doing so. Collectively, these
      results suggest a defect in suppressor cell activation rather than an absence of
      this immunoregulatory cell population.

PMID- 2897396
TI  - Expression of proto-oncogenes in normal and tumor tissues of human skin.
AB  - The expression of c-fos, c-myc, Ha-ras, N-ras, EGF-receptor, and cardiac actin
      genes was examined in 7 normal epidermis, 3 cellular nevi, and 8 skin tumors
      including 6 malignant and 2 benign tumors of human origin. These genes were
      transcribed in most normal and tumor tissues, though no tumor-specific expression
      of proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-myc, Ha-ras, and N-ras) could be detected. However,
      there was a characteristic parallelism between the expression of c-fos and c-myc
      in normal epidermis, while the parallelism was not always definite in skin
      tumors. The ratio of c-fos/c-myc transcripts in normal epidermis was constant
      compared with the expression of other genes examined. These data suggest that c
      fos and c-myc are expressed in all normal skin tissues, and that maintenance of a
      constant ratio of c-fos/c-myc is closely related to ordered cell growth of the
      tissues.

PMID- 2897397
TI  - Molecular evolution of pathogenic Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2897398
TI  - Penicillin resistance and defective lysis in clinical isolates of pneumococci:
      evidence for two kinds of antibiotic pressure operating in the clinical
      environment.
AB  - Seventy percent of clinical isolates of penicillin-resistant pneumococci also
      exhibit defective lysis when treated with penicillin exceeding the minimal
      inhibitory concentration (MIC). To provide a possible explanation for the
      frequent association of these two traits, we exposed penicillin-susceptible
      pneumococci to two kinds of antibiotic pressures in the laboratory. Treatment of
      cultures with cycles of high concentrations of penicillin (20 X MIC) followed by
      growth of the survivors in drug-free medium selected for lysis-defective mutants
      that died only slowly during antibiotic treatment but had unchanged MICs.
      Exposure to sustained, low levels of penicillin produced resistant mutants, with
      elevated MICs, that lysed normally with penicillin. We suggest that the cyclic
      antibiotic exposure generally used in the clinical setting may select primarily
      for enhanced survival. From these survivors a second type of antibiotic exposure-
      sustained antibiotic concentrations just above the MIC (concentrations that may
      be restricted to the tail-end trough of a dosing interval)--selects for
      penicillin-resistant mutants.

PMID- 2897400
TI  - Identification of the antigenic components of Hantaan virus reacting with rabbit
      antisera and sera from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

PMID- 2897399
TI  - Intrathecal synthesis of antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type I and the
      presence of IgG oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      endemic tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), a neuromyelopathy predominantly involving the
      pyramidal tract and commonly observed in tropical and equatorial areas, was
      recently found to be associated with human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I).
      We investigated sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 19 patients with TSP who
      were from the Caribbean area, French Guiana, and Africa. Our results showed an
      elevated intra-blood-brain barrier IgG synthesis rate and an elevated IgG index,
      with an increased HTLV-I antibody-to-albumin ratio and the presence of CSF
      oligoclonal bands in the majority of the patients. These data, in association
      with similar HTLV-I antibody patterns between patients with TSP who were from
      these three regions, strengthen the probable etiologic role of HTLV-I in the
      pathogenesis of such chronic neuromyelopathies.

PMID- 2897401
TI  - The immune response in amoebiasis.

PMID- 2897402
TI  - Studies on blood sucking insects in Suez City Egypt.

PMID- 2897403
TI  - [An immunological study of human T-cell-leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection
      (I)--Detection of low-titer anti-HTLV-I antibodies by HTLV-I associated membrane
      antigen (HTLV-MA) method].

PMID- 2897404
TI  - [An immunological study of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection
      (II)--Radioimmunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic
      analysis of antibody of carriers].

PMID- 2897406
TI  - Contrasuppression. Symposium.

PMID- 2897405
TI  - The role of contrasuppressor T cells in the adoptive transfer of contact
      sensitivity responses to picryl chloride.

PMID- 2897407
TI  - The role of contrasuppression in tumor regression.

PMID- 2897408
TI  - Role of contrasuppressor T cells in the antibody response to type III
      pneumococcal polysaccharide.

PMID- 2897409
TI  - Phenotypic and functional characterization of human contrasuppressor cell
      interactions.

PMID- 2897410
TI  - Function and regulation of SRBC-induced contrasuppressor T cells which modulate
      suppression of MOPC-315 cell secretory differentiation in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2897411
TI  - Contrasuppression in autoimmunity.

PMID- 2897414
TI  - Effect of beta 2-stimulant on utero-umbilical blood flow in normal and growth
      retarded fetuses.

PMID- 2897412
TI  - Contrasuppression in the mucosal immune system.

PMID- 2897415
TI  - [Transmission of HTLV-I infection from mothers to children].

PMID- 2897416
TI  - [Mother-to-child transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type-I].

PMID- 2897413
TI  - Induction of contrasuppression is restricted by genes mapping to the IgH locus.

PMID- 2897417
TI  - [Cryptococcal meningitis with human T-cell leukemia virus type I carrier: report
      of a case].

PMID- 2897419
TI  - [Successful therapy of VIPoma with the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201
      995].

PMID- 2897418
TI  - [10-year clinical course of a patient with chronic adult T-cell leukemia].

PMID- 2897420
TI  - Evaluation of sudden death in psychiatric patients with special reference to
      phenothiazine therapy: forensic pathology.
AB  - The investigation of sudden unexpected death in psychiatric patients and the
      ensuing litigation has brought to our attention many unusual features important
      in the evaluation of such deaths. Certain pathophysiologic mechanisms of death,
      rarely encountered in routine forensic science practice, may be important in
      determining the cause of death in psychiatric patients, especially in cases where
      the autopsy is unrevealing. Of particular concern is a tendency in the current
      literature to implicate phenothiazines as a cause of death when the death
      investigation and the autopsies are incomplete. Thus, based on our experience and
      on a review of the current literature, we have set forth factors that the
      forensic pathologist should consider when faced with a sudden psychiatric death.
      A case report illustrates these unique aspects of scene investigation and
      analysis of terminal events and autopsy findings.

PMID- 2897421
TI  - 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other amphetamine derivatives.
AB  - As various substances of abuse come under Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
      Schedule restrictions, slightly modified derivatives (designer drugs) replace
      them. A series of amphetamine derivatives are discussed in this presentation.
      Applicable analytical methods are presented. Details of cases handled by the
      office (hospital patients, driving while under the influence/driving under the
      influence of drugs [DWI/DUID], and medical examiner cases) are discussed.

PMID- 2897423
TI  - Effect of local injection of cysteamine and cystamine on somatostatin and
      neuropeptide Y levels in the rat striatum.
AB  - Cysteamine and its dimeric form cystamine have been applied to the rat striatum
      by local injection. Both compounds resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of
      somatostatin levels. Maximal reduction of somatostatin (by about 50%) was
      obtained at a dose of 50 micrograms of cysteamine or cystamine after about 6 h.
      All three molecular weight forms of somatostatin--somatostatin-14, somatostatin
      28, and the 13,000 molecular weight form of somatostatin--were reduced, as shown
      by size exclusion HPLC. Injection of radiolabeled cystamine revealed a fast
      conversion of the compound to cysteamine, suggesting it is active in the
      monomeric form. The levels of neuropeptide Y, which is colocalized with
      somatostatin in striatal neurons, failed to be changed by local or
      intraperitoneal injection of cysteamine, suggesting that this treatment does not
      affect vesicles of somatostatin/neuropeptide Y neurons.

PMID- 2897422
TI  - Regenerated fibers of the lamprey spinal cord can coordinate fictive swimming in
      the presence of curare.
AB  - Recently evidence was presented that, following transection, spinal cords of
      larval lampreys could regenerate functional connections. The demonstration in
      isolated spinal cord-notochord preparations consisted of fictive swimming
      coordinated across the lesion site. In the study reported here curare was added
      to the bath to eliminate the possible contribution from reflexes mediated by
      contractions from any remaining muscle fibers attached to the notochord.
      Coordination remained in the presence of curare, adding further evidence that
      indeed the regenerated fibers formed functionally appropriate connections.

PMID- 2897424
TI  - Transmitter-like release of endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine from rat
      striatal slices.
AB  - Biphasic electrical field stimulation (0.5-5 Hz, 2 ms, 25 V, 3 min) and high K+
      (10-30 mM, 5 min) released endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) from
      superfused rat striatal slices. Characteristics of the DOPA release were compared
      with those of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA). Electrical
      stimulation at 2 Hz evoked DOPA and DA over similar time courses. alpha-Methyl-p
      tyrosine (0.2 mM) markedly reduced release of DOPA but not of DA. Maximal release
      (0.3 pmol) of DOPA was obtained at 2 Hz and at 15 mM K+. The impulse-evoked
      release of DOPA and DA was completely tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) sensitive and
      Ca2+ dependent and the 15 mM K+-evoked release was also Ca2+ dependent. On L-[3,5
      3H]tyrosine (1 microM) superfusion, high K+ (15 and 60 mM) released DOPA and DA
      together with concentration-dependent decreases in tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (EC
      1.14.16.2) activity as indicated by [3H]H2O formation, followed by concentration
      dependent increases after DOPA and DA release ended. These findings suggest that
      striatal DOPA is released by a Ca2+-dependent excitation-secretion coupling
      process similar to that involved in transmitter release.

PMID- 2897425
TI  - Regional levels of neurotransmitter markers in the pigeon telencephalon: a
      comparison with possibly homologous areas of the rat telencephalon.
AB  - The levels of cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic), and
      excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter markers have been measured in 18 regions
      of the pigeon telencephalon as well as in supposedly homologous areas of the rat
      telencephalon. Among the basal telencephalic areas, some similar patterns of
      regional distribution were observed, with the noticeable exception of the ratio
      of levels of cholinergic markers between the striatum and globus pallidus, which
      was much larger in the rat than in the pigeon. In the rat cortical areas, some
      interesting differences were noticed among the archicortex, the paleocortex, and
      various parts of the neocortex. In particular, the area identified as prefrontal
      cortex by previous studies was significantly richer in cholinergic and excitatory
      amino acid markers and poorer in GABAergic activity than other neocortical
      regions. In the pigeon, presumedly neocortical equivalent areas--in particular,
      those constituting the dorsal ventricular ridge--were quite variable in levels of
      cholinergic markers, and some apparently well-established areas homologous to
      mammalian neocortex showed exceptionally low levels of cholinergic markers. The
      higher variability in levels of neurotransmitter-related markers shown by
      cortically equivalent areas of the avian dorsal ventricular ridge, as compared
      with the more uniform pattern present in basal telencephalic regions, may be the
      result of a greater plasticity of these structures during evolution, in response
      to different selective pressures.

PMID- 2897426
TI  - Alterations in retinal tyrosine and dopamine levels in rats consuming protein or
      tyrosine-supplemented diets.
AB  - The ad libitum ingestion of casein diets varying in protein content altered serum
      and retinal levels of tyrosine. The serum tyrosine level rose when protein
      ingestion was increased from 6 to 24% casein. In rats consuming high-protein
      diets (40% casein), no further increase in serum tyrosine level occurred,
      although the levels of other large neutral amino acids, which compete with
      tyrosine for retinal uptake, continued to rise. The activity of the liver enzyme
      tyrosine aminotransferase varied directly with the percentage of protein in the
      diet and may partially explain the failure of chronic high-protein feeding to
      increase serum tyrosine levels. The retinal tyrosine concentration was
      significantly correlated with the serum tyrosine level and with the serum
      tyrosine ratio at all levels of protein intake. Retinal 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine synthesis and dopamine (DA) level varied in parallel with
      the level of the precursor, tyrosine. Addition of pure L-tyrosine (1, 2, or 4%)
      to normal protein diets resulted in a stepwise increase in serum and retinal
      tyrosine levels and retinal DA turnover. Alterations of retinal tyrosine level as
      a result of change in amount of dietary protein or by its addition to the normal
      diet can influence retinal DA synthesis and release.

PMID- 2897427
TI  - Characterization of the inhibitory action of botulinum neurotoxin type A on the
      release of several transmitters from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes.
AB  - Under optimised conditions for intoxication, botulinum neurotoxin type A was
      shown to inhibit approximately 90% of Ca2+-dependent K+-evoked release of
      [3H]acetylcholine, [3H]noradrenaline, and [3H]dopamine from rat cerebrocortical
      synaptosomes; cholinergic terminals were most susceptible. In each case, the dose
      response curve for the neurotoxin was extended, with about 50% of evoked release
      being inhibited at approximately 10 nM whereas 200 nM was required for the
      maximal blockade. This may suggest some heterogeneity in the release process. The
      action of the toxin was time and temperature dependent and appeared to involve
      binding and sequestration steps prior to blockade of release. The neurotoxin
      failed to exert any effect on synaptosomal integrity or on Ca2+-independent
      release of the transmitters tested; it produced only minimal changes in
      neurotransmitter uptake although small secondary effects were detected with
      cholinergic terminals. Blockade by the neurotoxin of Ca2+-dependent resting
      release of transmitter was apparent; Sr2+, Ba2+, or high concentrations of Ca2+
      restored the resting release of 3H-catecholamine but not [3H]acetylcholine.
      Interestingly, none of the latter conditions or 4-aminopyridine could reverse the
      toxin-induced blockade of evoked release. This lack of specificity in its action
      on synaptosomes, and other published findings, lead to the conclusion that toxin
      sensitive component(s) exist in all nerve terminals that are concerned with
      transmitter release.

PMID- 2897429
TI  - Characterisation of Na+-independent L-[3H]glutamate binding sites in human
      temporal cortex.
AB  - The binding of L-[3H]glutamate to membranes from human temporal cortex was
      studied in the absence of Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions. Pharmacological
      characterisation revealed that approximately 35% of specific binding at 50 nM L
      [3H]glutamate was sensitive to a combination of kainate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy
      5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. The remaining approximately 65% of specific
      binding was to a single population of sites with a KD of 844 nM and a Bmax of
      0.92 pmol/mg protein. The pharmacological characteristics were consistent with an
      interaction at the N-methyl-D-aspartate subclass of excitatory amino acid
      receptor. The inclusion of Cl- ions revealed additional glutamate binding; this
      was sensitive to quisqualate and DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, but not to
      kainate, DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate, or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5
      methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid.

PMID- 2897428
TI  - Agonist-induced stimulation of inositol phosphates in primary rabbit retinal
      cultures.
AB  - Carbachol, noradrenaline, and serotonin stimulated the accumulation of inositol
      phosphates in a dose-dependent manner and maximally by 172.4%, 71.2%, and 51.6%,
      respectively, in 3-day-old rabbit retinal cultures. In contrast, dopamine,
      nicotine, isoproterenol, clonidine, 8-OH-dipropylaminotetralin, and gamma
      aminobutyric acid were ineffective. In older cultures identified as containing
      primarily Muller cells, only carbachol and noradrenaline were able to induce a
      significant stimulatory response. The carbachol-, noradrenaline-, and serotonin
      induced responses were pharmacologically characterized and shown to be mediated
      by muscarinic, alpha 1-adrenergic, and 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors,
      respectively. The results of the present study show that primary retinal cultures
      of 3 days of age give results comparable with those of the intact retina.
      Furthermore, it is demonstrated for the first time that putative Muller cells in
      cultures possess functional muscarinic and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2897430
TI  - Selective destruction of cultured dopaminergic neurons from fetal rat
      mesencephalon by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: cytochemical and morphological
      evidence.
AB  - Dopaminergic neurons in cultures of dissociated cells from fetal rat
      mesencephalon were exposed to the principal metabolite of the neurotoxin 1-methyl
      4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion
      (MPP+), and several of its structural analogues. At concentrations between 0.01
      and 0.1 microM, MPP+ inhibited catecholamine accumulation as visualized by
      cytofluorescence. Between 0.1 and 10.0 microM, MPP+ resulted in disappearance of
      tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity without affecting other cells in the
      cultures. At concentrations higher than 10 microM, MPP+ was toxic to all cells
      present in the cultures. The effect of low concentrations of MPP+ on
      catecholamine cytofluorescence of the dopaminergic neurons was partially
      reversible. The intermediate concentrations produced irreversible structural
      changes of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, resulting in complete
      disappearance of these neurons. The morphological changes were specific to the
      dopaminergic neurons and were not evident in other cells viewed with phase
      contrast microscopy. Of the structural analogues tested, the 1-ethyl analogue of
      MPP+ was effective in selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in our culture
      system. The antioxidants L-acetyl-carnitine, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol
      failed to protect against MPP+ neurotoxicity when co-incubated with the toxin.

PMID- 2897431
TI  - Familial adrenoleukodystrophy: long chain fatty acid levels and analysis with a
      factor VIII DNA probe.
AB  - Segregation studies of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and a cloned
      desoxyribonucleic fragment (factor VIII gene), which detects polymorphism in the
      distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq28), are reported in a large
      sibship ALD family. The findings should permit better identification of carriers
      and add a new marker for identifying the ALD gene itself.

PMID- 2897432
TI  - Effect of benzodiazepines on older women.

PMID- 2897434
TI  - The effects of acetylcholine on response properties of cat somatosensory cortical
      neurons.
AB  - 1. Two-hundred thirty-three single neurons were isolated and studied in
      somatosensory cortex of cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium or urethane.
      Two-hundred and three were studied during iontophoretic administration of
      acetylcholine (ACh), 173 during administration of glutamate, and 24 during
      administration of atropine. 2. Fifty-six percent of the 218 neurons tested
      responded to somatic stimuli. Another 21% did so during glutamate administration.
      In 11 cases ACh iontophoresis uncovered a receptive field in a previously
      unresponsive cell. 3. Forty-six percent of the 160 cells tested responded to
      thalamic stimulation. Another 17% did so in the presence of glutamate, but 19
      cells responded to neither cutaneous nor thalamic stimuli. 4. Sixteen percent of
      the 203 cells tested were overtly excited by ACh and the responses to somatic
      stimulation of 29% were modulated by administration of ACh. Cells displaying
      overt excitation and/or modulation of responses were said to be cholinoceptive
      and made up 39% of the sample. These cells were located in all cortical layers.
      5. Cholinoceptive neurons were more likely than noncholinoceptive cells to be
      driven by thalamic stimulation. 6. The changes observed during ACh administration
      tended to be facilitatory: an enhanced responsiveness to somatic stimuli, an
      increased firing rate, or an increased receptive-field size. However, in 10 of
      the 203 cases tested one or more of these variables decreased. 7. The enhanced
      responsiveness during ACh administration was a robust phenomenon; responses were
      often increased by as much as 200% and the discharge pattern was altered so that
      bursts of impulses following stimulation were more common. 8. ACh tended to
      enhance one attribute of a cell selectively rather than to act as a general
      excitant. 9. ACh is a powerful neuromodulatory agent in somatosensory cortex
      that, when released in specific behavioral states, should enhance the
      responsiveness of cortical neurons.

PMID- 2897435
TI  - Transient and prolonged effects of acetylcholine on responsiveness of cat
      somatosensory cortical neurons.
AB  - 1. Two-hundred and seven neurons were examined for changes in their
      responsiveness during the iontophoretic administration of acetylcholine (ACh) in
      barbiturate-anesthetized cats. 2. The laminar locations of 78 cells were
      determined. Cholinoceptive neurons were found in all cortical layers and ranged
      from 50% of the cells tested in layer I to 78% in layer VI. 3. When the
      responsiveness of a neuron was measured by the magnitude of the discharge
      generated by a fixed dose of glutamate, 30 of 47 cases (64%) were potentiated,
      and 4 (8%) were depressed when ACh was administered during glutamate-induced
      excitation. 4. ACh administered during glutamate excitation was significantly
      more effective in altering neuronal responsiveness than was ACh administered
      alone (P less than 0.001). 5. When the responsiveness of a neuron was measured by
      the magnitude of the discharge generated by a standard somatic stimulus applied
      to the receptive field, 42 of 52 cases (81%) were potentiated during ACh
      application. This was again different from ACh treatment alone where only 4 of 27
      tests (15%) resulted in subsequent enhancement of the response to somatic
      stimuli. 6. ACh generally increased the responsiveness of neurons with peripheral
      receptive fields and caused the appearance of a receptive field in some cells
      lacking one. 7. In many cases the changes in excitability, as measured by
      responses either to glutamate or to somatic stimulation, remained for prolonged
      time periods. When glutamate was used to test excitability, 34% (16 of 47) of the
      enhancements lasted more than 5 min. When somatic stimuli were used 29% (15 of
      52) lasted more than 5 min. With both measures some neurons still displayed
      enhanced responses more than 1 h after the treatment with ACh. 8. ACh appears to
      act as a permissive agent that allows modification of the effectiveness with
      which previously existing afferent inputs drive somatosensory cortical neurons.
      9. This mechanism to alter neuronal responsiveness has many of the
      characteristics necessary to account for the reorganization observed in
      somatosensory cortex following alterations in its afferent drive and may be
      related to some forms of learning and memory.

PMID- 2897436
TI  - Sipple's syndrome with liver tumors examined by iodine-131 MIBG and technetium
      99m(V)-DMSA.
AB  - This case report describes the localization and categorization of tumors using
      99mTc(V)-dimercaptosuccinic acid and [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scans in a
      very uncommon case of medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with
      pheochromocytoma (Sipple's syndrome) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Technetium
      99m(V)-dimercaptosuccinic acid showed accumulation only in medullary thyroid
      carcinoma, but [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine scans were positive in both
      medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. In advanced Sipple's syndrome,
      combined use of [99mTc(V)]dimercaptosuccinic acid and
      [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine may be useful for the categorization of tumor mass
      lesions and planning appropriate therapy.

PMID- 2897433
TI  - Phase III randomized study of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide v
      fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide in advanced breast cancer: an
      Italian multicentre trial.
AB  - From February 1983 to January 1985, 497 patients with advanced breast cancer were
      randomly allocated to receive either epirubicin or doxorubicin in the following
      combination chemotherapy regimen: fluorouracil (5-FU) 500 mg/m2 intravenous (IV)
      on days 1 and 8; epirubicin or doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 IV on day 1; cyclophosphamide
      500 mg/m2 IV on day 1 (FEC or FAC). Cycles were repeated every 21 days until
      progression or to cumulative doses of 700 mg/m2 for epirubicin and 550 mg/m2 for
      doxorubicin. Dose reductions were applied according to the standard criteria.
      Activity was evaluated in 443 patients (222 in the FEC arm and 221 in the FAC
      arm). The two experimental groups were comparable in age, performance status,
      menopausal status, histology, previous treatments, and site of the disease. The
      overall response rate (complete response and partial response [CR + PR]) was not
      significantly different: 53.6% for FEC and 56.5% for FAC. The median time to
      progression was 273 days for FEC and 314 days for FAC; the median survival time
      was 591 and 613 days, respectively. Leukopenia, anemia, nausea, and vomiting were
      significantly lower in patients treated with FEC. As for cardiotoxicity, four
      cases of congestive heart failure (CHF) were recorded among patients treated with
      FAC while only one was observed in the FEC group. These results indicate that
      epirubicin in a combination chemotherapy regimen is as active as doxorubicin and
      is significantly less toxic.

PMID- 2897437
TI  - Effects of selenium and vitamin E status on plasma creatine kinase activity in
      calves.
AB  - In four experiments, attempts were made to induce nutritional myopathy in calves
      given a selenium- and vitamin E-deficient diet (less than 0.01 mg Se/kg, less
      than 2 mg total vitamin E/kg). In housed calves, combined selenium and vitamin E
      deficiency was insufficient to provoke the large increase in plasma creatine
      kinase activity typical of muscle damage. Such increases were only obtained when
      selenium- and vitamin E-deficient calves were turned out from indoor housing in
      small pens to open pasture. The rises in plasma creatine kinase activity on
      turnout were prevented when the calves had consumed diets supplemented with 0.1
      mg Se/kg (as Na2SeO3). The percentage of the polyunsaturated fatty acid,
      linolenic acid (18:3 omega 3), in plasma total fatty acids was up to 10-fold
      higher in calves consuming fresh grass at pasture or indoors than in those housed
      indoors and fed purified diet. However, in the housed calves there were no rises
      in plasma creatine kinase activity, whereas large increases occurred in those
      turned out to pasture. Thus, because increased dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid
      at turnout is not the sole trigger for the development of myopathy in selenium-
      and vitamin E-deficient calves, additional unidentified dietary or environmental
      factors must also be involved.

PMID- 2897438
TI  - Continuous subcutaneous infusion of narcotics using a portable disposable pump.

PMID- 2897439
TI  - Dose-dependency in the exsorption of theophylline and the intestinal dialysis of
      theophylline by oral activated charcoal in rats.
AB  - The elimination half-life of theophylline in serum after intravenous (i.v.)
      administration of aminophylline increased with increase in dose. Exsorption of
      theophylline from blood to the gastrointestinal tract was investigated after i.v.
      administration of aminophylline (10-50 mg kg-1) to rats by the in-situ single
      pass perfusion technique. The exsorption rate of theophylline into the intestinal
      lumen also increased with increase in dose. When the dose of aminophylline was
      increased five-fold from 10 to 50 mg kg-1, the amount of theophylline exsorbed in
      120 min was proportionally increased from 450 to 2300 micrograms. The average
      extent of theophylline exsorbed into the intestinal lumen was 12-15% after doses
      from 10-50 mg kg-1, while the extent of the drug excreted into the bile varied
      from 0.17-0.30% after doses from 10-50 mg kg-1. However, intestinal and biliary
      clearance of theophylline did not change significantly in the range 10 to 50 mg
      kg-1. Oral administration of multiple doses of activated charcoal reduced the
      serum theophylline levels after i.v. administration of aminophylline (50 mg kg-1)
      to rats. The serum half-life and the area under the serum concentration-time
      curve of theophylline were decreased to 52 and 50% by the charcoal treatment,
      respectively, while the total body clearance of the drug was increased to 188%
      compared with the corresponding control experiments. The volume of distribution
      was not significantly different between treated and control rats.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897440
TI  - Involvement of prostaglandins in histamine-induced fluid and electrolyte
      secretion by rat colon.
AB  - Histamine increased the transmural potential difference across rat colon in-vivo
      and induced a net secretion of fluid. Both effects were inhibited by
      indomethacin. Histamine increased the potential difference and short-circuit
      current, and reduced tissue resistance in colonic sheets in-vitro. This response
      was reduced in the absence of chloride in the bathing medium or in the presence
      of serosal frusemide, suggesting that histamine stimulated electrogenic chloride
      secretion by the colon. The rise in short-circuit current induced by histamine
      was calcium-dependent since it was reduced in the absence of serosal calcium or
      in the presence of serosal verapamil. Indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor,
      and mepacrine, a phospholipase inhibitor, both caused a dose-dependent inhibition
      of the electrical response of colonic sheets to histamine, without affecting the
      rise in short-circuit current induced by prostaglandin E2. The stimulation of
      chloride secretion induced by histamine in rat colon therefore appears to be
      mediated by an increased production of prostaglandins.

PMID- 2897441
TI  - Interaction of memantine with cholecystokinin receptors in mouse brain.
AB  - The effect of memantine on CCK receptors in mouse brain has been investigated
      using particles of dissected cortex and striatum. Total binding of radio-labelled
      CCK33 was one-half maximal within 10 min of incubation and reached a maximum
      after 30 to 60 min when either cortex or striatum was used. Non-specific binding
      (presence of 100 microM unlabelled CCK8) was 50 to 80% of total binding at steady
      state conditions. CCK8 inhibited specific binding of radiolabelled CCK33 in a
      dose-dependent manner; the IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) was in
      the range 3 to 4 nM. Memantine increased CCK binding in a concentration-dependent
      manner, though at high concentrations. The EC50 (half-maximal effective
      concentration) of this effect was less than 100 microM. The memantine effect is
      not due to an inhibition of labelled CCK degradation in the medium. The effect of
      memantine on CCK binding is unique for brain since it was not observed in
      pancreatic acinar membranes. These data, therefore, suggest a modulatory effect
      of memantine on CCK receptors in mouse brain (cortex and striatum) particles.

PMID- 2897442
TI  - The effect of metoclopramide on the absorption and pharmacology of chlorpromazine
      in the rat.
AB  - The mechanism of interaction between metoclopramide (MCP) and chlorpromazine
      (CPZ) has been examined in rats. MCP given intraperitoneally 30 min before orally
      administered CPZ significantly enhanced the cataleptic and hypothermic effects of
      CPZ, and also initially increased its plasma and brain concentrations. However,
      MCP had no effect on the plasma and brain concentrations of CPZ given as an
      intravenous bolus, indicating that MCP interacts with CPZ during its intestinal
      absorption. Furthermore, co-administration of MCP (i.p.) with CPZ (p.o.) markedly
      accelerated gastric emptying compared with CPZ alone, and MCP (i.v.) did not
      alter the uptake of CPZ by the intestinal membrane. Therefore, it is concluded
      that MCP causes an increase in the rate of CPZ absorption, by accelerating the
      gastric emptying.

PMID- 2897443
TI  - Different ability of trifluoperazine to inhibit agonist-induced contraction of
      lung parenchyma strips from control and sensitized guinea-pigs.
AB  - There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of calcium antagonists
      in asthma. Among them the use of calmodulin antagonists deserves consideration.
      In the present work the effect of trifluoperazine on contractions generated by
      different mechanisms (CaCl2, KCl, acetylcholine, histamine and 5
      hydroxytryptamine) in lung parenchyma strip isolated from control and actively
      sensitized guinea-pigs has been studied. Trifluoperazine produced both in
      unsensitized and sensitized lung strips, a concentration-dependent, right,
      downward displacement of the concentration-response curves to the agonists used,
      although the sensitization procedure resulted in a potentiation in the ability of
      trifluoperazine to inhibit agonist-induced contractions. The basis for this
      greater potency of trifluoperazine in sensitized tissues remains to be elucidated
      but raises attention to the future use of selective calmodulin antagonists in the
      management of asthma.

PMID- 2897444
TI  - The influence of binder film thickness on the mechanical properties of binder
      films in tension.
AB  - The physicomechanical properties of films of different thicknesses, made from
      methylcellulose and gelatinized maize starch, have been studied in tension. There
      was a linear relation between film thickness and tensile strength, toughness,
      elastic resilence and elongation at fracture. Young's modulus increased with
      decreasing film thickness particularly with films with a thickness of less than
      15 micron.

PMID- 2897445
TI  - The permeability of grafted human transplant skin in athymic mice.
AB  - Human skin has been transplanted onto athymic mice and its permeability
      properties assessed to see if this in-vivo model would be of benefit in
      predicting accurately absorption of drugs or toxic chemicals through human skin.
      The permeability properties of the skin alone, and grafted and athymic mouse skin
      were assessed by measuring in-vitro absorption of tritiated water and a
      permanently charged cationic penetrant, paraquat. The grafted skin and athymic
      mouse skin had similar permeability to the tritiated water. However, the grafted
      skin was less permeable to paraquat but was more permeable to it than normal
      human skin, indicating that although histologically, the transplanted skin
      appeared normal, its barrier properties were impaired. The model was not,
      therefore, useful for assessing human percutaneous absorption.

PMID- 2897446
TI  - Lipid solubility of a series of drugs and its relevance to fatal poisoning.
AB  - For 11 commonly used drugs, the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (pH 7.4
      temperature 37 degrees C) and solubility in n-octanol were determined. The drugs
      tested were chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, trazodone, dextropropoxyphene,
      diltiazem, dibucaine, amethocaine, procaine, quinidine, acetylsalicylic acid and
      paracetamol. For eight of the drugs, the relative lipid saturation corresponding
      to a fatal plasma concentration was estimated from the two parameters determined
      above and the median fatal blood concentrations reported in the literature. For
      five of those eight drugs, the estimated relative saturation in the lipid phase
      fell within the range 0.001-0.004 which is close to relative saturation figures
      in aqueous and vapour phases already published for chemicals possessing a non
      specific or physical mechanism of toxicity. Since this is determined largely by
      their lipid solubility, it is probable that accumulation in the lipid phase is an
      important determinant of the lethal toxicity of drugs and chemicals with a non
      specific mechanism of toxicity.

PMID- 2897447
TI  - Inhibition of the cataleptic effect of tetrahydrocannabinol by other constituents
      of Cannabis sativa L.
AB  - Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induced catalepsy in mice, whereas a cannabis oil
      (6.68% w/w THC), four cannabinoids and a synthetic mixture did not. Cannabinol
      (CBN) and olivetol inhibited THC-induced catalepsy in the mornings and the
      evenings, but cannabidiol (CBD) exhibited this effect only in the evenings. A
      combination of CBN and CBD inhibited THC-induced catalepsy equal to that of CBN
      alone in the mornings, but this inhibition was greater than that produced by CBN
      alone in the evenings.

PMID- 2897448
TI  - Age-dependent pulmonary first-pass elimination of propranolol in rats.
AB  - Plasma levels of propranolol after 2.5 mg kg-1 given i.v. and i.a. have been
      compared in 3- to 4-week-old rats to evaluate the effect of age on pulmonary
      first-pass elimination of the drug. In 5- to 52-week-old rats, the area under the
      plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) after an intra-arterial dose was always
      larger than that after the i.v. dose. The plasma elimination half-lives after
      both routes of administration were almost identical, but tended to increase with
      age between weeks 7 and 104. First-pass pulmonary clearance and extraction ratio
      tended to decrease with age between weeks 7 and 52.

PMID- 2897449
TI  - Agonist profile of ergometrine (ergonovine) on a population of postsynaptic alpha
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - Ergometrine (0.02-5 microM) produced concentration-related contractions of the
      mouse anococcygeus muscle, which were unaffected by cocaine (2 microM) or by
      pretreatment of mice with 6-hydroxydopamine. Contractions were reduced by alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonists; the rank order of potency was prazosin greater than
      phentolamine greater than yohimbine. With phenoxybenzamine as antagonist, the
      estimated dissociation constant (KD) for ergometrine was 0.41 microM. It is
      concluded that ergometrine causes direct activation of postsynaptic alpha 1
      adrenoceptors, and it is suggested that it acts on the same subtype of the
      receptor as imidazoline agonists.

PMID- 2897450
TI  - Determination of rat cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of adenosine, inosine,
      hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid by high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Isocratic reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography techniques were
      developed to resolve and quantitate the purine nucleosides adenosine (Ado) and
      inosine (Ino) and their metabolites hypoxanthine (Hyp), xanthine (Xan), and uric
      acid (UA) in the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat. The moving phase composition for
      resolving hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid was a 0.22 M, pH 5.8 phosphate
      buffer. The moving phase composition for resolving adenosine and inosine was a
      0.22 M, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, 7% methanol (v/v) and 2.5 mM tetrabutylammonium
      phosphate. The observed cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in the rat were: Ado =
      35 +/- 9 nM (s.e.m.), Ino = 359 +/- 85 nM, Hyp = 243 +/- 77 nM, Xan = 1340 +/-
      423 nM and UA = 6130 +/- 678 nM.

PMID- 2897451
TI  - The emetic activity of centrally administered cisplatin in cats and its
      antagonism by zacopride.
AB  - Cisplatin administered by either the intravenous (i.v.) or intra
      cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route produced emesis in cats. The average time to
      onset of emesis was decreased significantly (4.0 min versus 100.6 min) when
      cisplatin was administered i.c.v. Zacopride administered either i.c.v. (0.02 mg)
      or i.v. (0.1 mg kg-1) completely blocked the emesis due to cisplatin given by
      either route. Their data show that cisplatin possesses a central emetic component
      and that this is blocked by zacopride.

PMID- 2897452
TI  - Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis by 3-pyridinol carboxypentyl ethers
      substituted with a hydroxylated octyl chain.
AB  - Racemic 6-[4-(3'-hydroxy-1'-octenyl)-3-pyridyloxy]hexanoic and 6-[4-(3'
      hydroxyoctyl)-3-pyridyloxy] exanoic acids have been synthesized and their
      activity as inhibitors of the biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 in human serum has
      been studied, in comparison with isomers having the eight-carbon chain in the 2
      position. Very high, selective activity was found for the new 4-substituted 3
      pyridinol ethers, whereas the 2-substituted compounds showed no action.

PMID- 2897453
TI  - Action of mefloquine on toad isolated rectus abdominis muscle.
AB  - The effects of mefloquine and quinine on acetylcholine-induced contractures of
      the toad rectus abdominis muscle have been investigated. Both drugs depressed
      acetylcholine-induced contractures in a dose-related and non-competitive manner.
      A partial reversal of the block was observed in the presence of 4-aminopyridine
      (10, 50 microM) and increased Ca2+ content (1.25x) of the Ringer solution. In
      both cases, the mefloquine-induced blockade was more readily reversed than that
      induced by quinine. Mefloquine and quinine at concentrations greater than 100 and
      500 microM, respectively, also elicited a direct contractile response on the
      muscle. Quantitative differences in their contractile activity have been
      attributed to the greater lipid solubility and tissue binding affinity of
      mefloquine.

PMID- 2897454
TI  - A selective inhibitor of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, Ro 20-1724, has no
      effect on the quantal release of acetylcholine from the mouse phrenic nerve.
AB  - The indirect twitch response of the mouse isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm
      preparation, partially paralysed by tubocurarine, was restored only by about 10%
      by Ro 20-1724 at 2 to 280 microM. The solvent vehicle, dimethylsulphoxide, also
      showed the same effect to a similar extent. Intracellular recordings with glass
      microelectrodes revealed that Ro 20-1724 (40 microM) affected neither the resting
      membrane potential, the amplitude and frequency of miniature endplate potentials
      nor the amplitude of nerve-impulse evoked endplate potentials recorded in
      curarized preparations. The result indicates that Ro 20-1724 at a concentration
      four times the IC50 of phosphodiesterase inhibition has no effect on the quantal
      release of acetylcholine from a mammalian motor nerve and suggests that cAMP has
      no modulatory effect on the transmitter release.

PMID- 2897455
TI  - Effect of sodium valproate on midazolam distribution.
AB  - The displacement of midazolam, a new water-soluble, short acting benzodiazepine,
      from its plasma binding sites by sodium valproate, has been studied in man. An
      increase of its free fraction (ranging from 2.71 to 5.35%) in plasma from
      epileptic patients receiving sodium valproate was observed. A similar situation
      was created in rabbits by pretreatment with sodium valproate (600 mg kg-1 day-1)
      and posterior hypnosis with midazolam. Due to the interaction, sodium valproate
      pretreated rabbits showed an increase in midazolam brain levels (130.91
      micrograms g-1 in cortex vs 84.55 micrograms g-1 in control animals). Therefore,
      it seems likely that displacement of midazolam by sodium valproate in epileptic
      patients could lead to an increase of the midazolam response.

PMID- 2897456
TI  - N-methylation of nicotine enantiomers by human liver cytosol.
AB  - Incubation of human liver cytosol with either R-(+)-[3H-N'CH3]nicotine or S-(-)
      [3H-N'CH3]nicotine results in the formation of the corresponding N-methyl
      quaternary ammonium metabolite. A substrate stereoselectivity was observed in
      that the turnover number for the methylation of the S-(-)-isomer was 0.25 pmol mg
      1 protein h-1, whereas that for the R-(+)-isomer was 2.11. The latter substrate
      exhibited an apparent Km value of 20.1 microM. Nicotine N-methylation appears to
      be species-dependent, since rat liver homogenates contained no 'nicotine N
      methyltransferase' activity, whereas with guinea-pig liver homogenates, a
      substrate specificity for only R-(+)-nicotine was observed.

PMID- 2897457
TI  - Repeated treatment with imipramine and amitriptyline reduced the immobility of
      rats in the swimming test by enhancing dopamine mechanisms in the nucleus
      accumbens.
AB  - Bilateral injections of 1 microgram sulpiride in the rat nucleus accumbens
      antagonized the effect of a seven-day treatment with 20 mg kg-1 day-1 imipramine
      or amitriptyline in the swimming test. The data suggest that dopamine mechanisms
      in the limbic regions of the rat brain are involved in the effect of repeated
      treatment with imipramine and amitriptyline in that test.

PMID- 2897458
TI  - Solubilization of vitamin K1 by bile salts and phosphatidylcholine-bile salts
      mixed micelles.
AB  - The solubilization of vitamin K1 by bile salts (sodium deoxycholate, sodium
      cholate and their corresponding glycine conjugates) and phosphatidylcholine (egg)
      bile salt mixed micelles has been investigated. The solubilization curves were
      not always linear with increasing bile salts, but the vitamin was appreciably
      solubilized in the region below their CMCs. In the bile salt solutions (20 mM,
      phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.5, ions strength 0.2), the solubilized vitamin
      ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 mM. With increasing phosphatidylcholine, the amount of
      vitamin solubilized was dramatically increased; at the molar ratio of 1:1 (both
      20 mM), the amount of vitamin solubilized was about 25-30 times more than by the
      corresponding bile salts alone. There is a possibility that exogenous
      phospholipid given orally as liposomal forms assists the solubilization of
      vitamin K1, in the intestine. This characteristic is suggested as being
      responsible, in part, for the enhanced recovery of blood coagulation after oral
      administration of liposomal vitamin K1 to warfarin-treated rabbits.

PMID- 2897459
TI  - Compatibility of intravenous fat emulsions with prodrug amino acids.
AB  - Three prodrugs, N-alpha-acetyl-L-arginine, N-alpha-acetyl-L-histidine and N-alpha
      acetyl-L-lysine have been examined to see if they could induce significant
      changes in the stability of an intravenous fat emulsion, the stability being
      evaluated in terms of physicochemical measurements such as particle size
      distribution, surface tension, pH and zeta potential. The acetyl amino acids had
      an excellent stabilizing effect on the emulsion compared with amino acids without
      acetyl groups.

PMID- 2897460
TI  - Variation of population release kinetics in polydisperse multiparticulate systems
      (microcapsules, microspheres, droplets, cells) with heterogeneity of one, two or
      three parameters in the population of individuals.
AB  - Release kinetics of active substances from ensembles of microparticles such as
      microcapsules, cells, droplets and liposomes constituted of individual entities
      releasing their contents at constant rates may follow zero order, first order,
      sigmoid or biphasic equations. The release equation observed depends upon the
      statistical distribution of release-determining parameters among the population.
      Typical cases are presented in terms of the distribution of two parameters,
      payload (m infinity) and time for complete payload release (t infinity) which
      also define the release rate constant (k). Heterogeneity of the two parameters
      generally leads to first order ensemble behaviour, whereas heterogeneity of one
      parameter only may lead to different ensemble release equations, viz. zero order
      (m infinity heterogeneous) or first order (t infinity heterogeneous). Biphasic
      distribution can lead to an apparent 'burst' effect, with apparent change of
      kinetics. The presence of a third heterogeneous parameter, lag time, yields a
      sigmoid ensemble release curve. These conclusions are demonstrated by simulations
      or experimentally, and are also valid for linearized curves of microparticles
      following matrix kinetics.

PMID- 2897461
TI  - Differential retention of doxorubicin in the organs of two strains of rats.
AB  - Fluorescence microscopy and high pressure liquid chromatography were used to
      study the decrease of doxorubicin (DXR) concentrations in the liver, spleen,
      heart, lung, kidney and skeletal muscle of two strains of rats at various times
      after a single intravenous injection of the drug (8 mg kg-1). DXR was located
      within the cell nucleus and was mostly undegraded, it persisted, especially in
      heart, lungs and spleen where it was detectable 10 days after injection. The
      DXR/DNA ratio, was used as an index of nuclear fixation of the drug. A major
      difference in the DXR/DNA ratio between the two strains were observed in heart
      and spleen results; the DXR/DNA ratio was significantly higher in heart and
      spleen compared with lung, liver and kidney in both strains.

PMID- 2897463
TI  - Ontogeny of somatostatin binding sites in the rabbit small intestinal epithelial
      tract.
AB  - The ontogenic patterns of somatostatin content and its binding sites were studied
      in small intestine in the developing rabbit from birth until the adult stage. A
      peak of somatostatin concentration was observed immediately after birth (day 0)
      and at day 10 in duodenum and jejunum, followed by a decrease at day 15 and a new
      and gradual augment thereafter. Ileal somatostatin concentrations decreased after
      birth up to day 15 and then increased progressively with age until the adult
      period. The somatostatin binding capacity in cytosol of the mucosal layer of
      duodenum, jejunum and ileum decreased from birth until 10 days and increased
      thereafter up to the adult period. However, no age differences in dissociation
      constants were observed. Interestingly, there was an apparent lack of high
      affinity sites immediately after birth (day 0) whereas two classes of binding
      sites were seen thereafter. These results suggest that somatostatin may be
      involved in the functional and anatomical development of the small intestine
      during the neonatal period.

PMID- 2897462
TI  - Etintidine-propranolol interaction study in humans.
AB  - Etintidine HCl is a potent H2-blocker. The effect of clinical doses of etintidine
      on the disposition of a single oral dose of propranolol was investigated in 12
      normal subjects. This was a double-blind, two-way crossover study. Each subject
      received etintidine (400 mg) or placebo twice a day with meals for 4 days on two
      occasions (separated by 4 days). On each occasion, the subjects were fasted
      overnight on Day 3 and were given an oral dose of Inderal (40 mg propranolol
      hydrochloride) 30 min following the administration of the morning dose of
      etintidine or placebo on Day 4. Blood samples were collected prior to and up to
      24 hr following the administration of propranolol. The plasma samples were
      analyzed for propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol by HPLC. Comparison of the
      pharmacokinetic parameters of propranolol between etintidine and the placebo
      groups indicates that etintidine significantly increased the AUC0-infinity values
      (573.5 vs. 146.4 ng.hr/ml, p = 0.0001) and prolonged the elimination half-life
      (4.61 vs. 2.33 hr) of propranolol. Statistical evaluation of the pharmacokinetic
      parameters of 4-hydroxypropranolol indicates that etintidine also increased the
      AUC0-24 values (43.8 vs. 16.4 ng.hr/ml, p = 0.0028) and prolonged the elimination
      half-life (4.87 vs. 1.97 hr) of 4-hydroxypropranolol. The data suggest that
      etintidine, like cimetidine, impaired the elimination of propranolol. Etintidine
      also protracted the elimination of 4-hydroxypropranolol, an active metabolite of
      propranolol.

PMID- 2897465
TI  - Economic aspects of beta-blocker therapy following myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2897464
TI  - Reversible pulmonary disease and eosinophilia associated with sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2897466
TI  - Synthesis and oral antiallergic activity of carboxylic acids derived from
      imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzoxazines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinolines, imidazo[1,2
      a]quinoxalines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones, pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones,
      pyrrolo[2,3-a]quinoxalinones, and imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazoles.
AB  - 4H-Imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzoxazine-2-carboxylic acid (3) was found to possess
      potent activity in the IgE-induced rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model which
      may be predictive of clinical antiallergic activity. Compared to disodium
      cromoglycate (DSCG, 1), 3 was less active following iv administration but unlike
      DSCG showed very significant oral activity. To explore the structural
      requirements for this activity, a range of tricyclic compounds was prepared and
      their activities were measured. Individual 2-carboxylic acids derived from
      imidazo[1,2-a]quinolines, imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalines, imidazo[1,2
      a]quinoxalinones, pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinones, pyrrolo[2,3-a]quinoxalinones, and
      imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazoles showed iv activities up to 10(3) times as potent as
      DSCG and many of them showed significant oral activity. From these, imidazo[1,2
      a]quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 114 has been chosen for further development.

PMID- 2897467
TI  - Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by
      correspondence analysis.
AB  - The relative binding affinities of over 30 steroids have been measured for the
      cytosol glucocorticoid receptor (GR) of thymus, liver, and hepatoma tissue
      culture cells and for progestin, androgen, and mineralocorticoid receptors. The
      data have been analyzed by correspondence analysis to reveal the singularities
      among the receptors of different hormonal classes, the similarities in GR of
      different origins, and the different specificities of the ligands. Additional
      data on new steroids have been injected into the system as well as results on a
      further parameter, namely the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT)
      activity, to illustrate the power and flexibility of the methodology. The
      analysis has confirmed previous correlations between GR binding and TAT response
      but also highlighted the antiglucocorticoid activity of progestins. This method
      should prove to be a substantial aid to the interpretation of increasingly
      complex data, in particular with regard to the action of existing and newly
      synthesized steroids on glucocorticoid systems of differential sensitivity.

PMID- 2897468
TI  - (Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)phenylmethanones and related compounds as potential
      nonsedative anxiolytics.
AB  - Several series of heterocyclic carboxylic esters were found to be active in the
      benzodiazepine receptor binding assay, a typical example being ethyl 7-ethyl-5
      methoxyimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline-2-carboxylate (4b) with an IC50 of 150 nM. The
      corresponding phenylmethanone 5d was more potent with an IC50 of 14 nM and was
      orally active in animal models thought to predict anxiolytic effects. The
      synthesis of a large number of compounds resulted in the optimization of this
      activity in a series of (imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)phenylmethanones of which
      compounds 7e, 8b, 8h, 8j, and 8k were equipotent with chlordiazepoxide while
      exhibiting reduced anticonvulsant activity, little or no muscle relaxation, and
      negligible sedative effects.

PMID- 2897469
TI  - Increasing correspondence between test items and objectives as part of a
      physician assistant curriculum evaluation.

PMID- 2897470
TI  - Adhesion of clinical and environmental Aeromonas isolates to HEp-2 cells.
AB  - A total of 63 Aeromonas strains isolated from diarrhoeal faeces or water samples
      were tested for adhesion to HEp-2 cells. An association between diarrhoea and
      high level adhesion was observed in that 12 of the 34 faecal isolates and none of
      the 29 environmental isolates yielded greater than 20 bacteria per HEp-2 cell in
      the adhesion assay. The proportion of high adherers was significantly greater for
      A. sobria (57%) than for A. hydrophila isolates (19%). Three of the eight faecal
      A. caviae isolates were also found to be high adherers. All of the environmental
      isolates were heavily pilated with pili having a mean diameter of 5 nm and a mean
      length of 420 nm; these were termed type-S pili. Of the 34 faecal isolates, 32%
      possessed S pili, and 68% were lightly pilated with up to 15 thin, flexible type
      L pili, of mean diameter 2.5 nm and mean length 960 nm. Type-L pilation was
      associated with a high level of HEp-2 cell adhesion, and was more common in A.
      sobria and A. caviae than in A. hydrophila isolates. These results suggest that
      adherence to HEp-2 cells is a useful model for the investigation of Aeromonas
      enteropathogenicity, and that adhesion may be pilus-mediated in this organism.

PMID- 2897471
TI  - T lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin-containing cells in the colonic
      mucosa of ulcerative colitis; a morphometric and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - T lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin containing cells in the colonic
      mucosa of 25 patients with ulcerative colitis have been studied using an indirect
      immunoperoxidase technique. In ulcerative colitis a marked increase in the
      population of Leu 3a positive cells (helper/inducer T cells) and IgG containing
      cells was observed in the mucosal lamina propria. In the intraepithelial spaces,
      a remarkable decrease in the population of Leu 2a positive cells
      (suppressor/cytotoxic T cells) and a marked increase in the number of Leu 3a
      positive cells were revealed. There was a very significant correlation between
      the population of IgG containing cells and the ratio of Leu 3a positive cells to
      Leu 2a positive cells in the lamina propria of patients with ulcerative colitis.
      These results suggest that an imbalance of mucosal immunoregulatory T cells and
      an increased production of IgG occurred in correlation with inflammatory
      activities of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2897472
TI  - Variation in indirect cell-mediated lympholysis.
AB  - The ability of an allograft recipient to respond to donor mononuclear cells in an
      indirect cell-mediated lympholysis (ICML) assay is an in vitro correlate of
      allograft rejection, but the value of this correlation depends upon the assay's
      reliability. We had observed inconsistency in the cytotoxic response of normal
      human mononuclear cells (MNC) to the same allogeneic stimulator MNC when
      cytotoxicity was measured repeatedly on different occasions by micro-ICML. We,
      therefore, investigated the extent and reasons for this inconsistency. Method
      variation, determined by duplicate ICML of 18 stimulator: responder MNC, was not
      statistically significant. Variation in cytotoxicity over time was greater but
      still not statistically significant. The contribution to method variation of 51Cr
      release from 3 different sets of target cells, cultured and labeled in duplicate,
      was minimal (6.33%). We then asked if in vitro generation of effector MNC under
      laboratory conditions was a major cause of ICML variation. We tested this using a
      stable transplant's in vivo sensitized effector cells against donor MNC in a
      direct CML (DCML) and obtained consistent results. Finally, to gain an
      understanding of some of the factors which might influence the generation of in
      vitro cytotoxicity, we measured the frequencies of cell surface antigens (DR,
      TAC, transferrin, Leu 2 and 3) concomitantly with ICML on day 6 of culture.
      Statistical analysis of the results led us to conclude that the micro-ICML is
      reproducible. The magnitude of lysis depends upon activated target cells (TAC-
      and transferrin-positive) and an increase in the proportion of helper/inducer to
      cytotoxic/suppressor T-lymphocytes during effector cell generation.

PMID- 2897473
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary diffraction data for adenosylcobalamin-dependent
      methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium shermanii.
AB  - Pink crystals of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium shermanii, a
      coenzyme B12 (5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin)-dependent enzyme, have been obtained by
      the hanging-drop method in two different forms. One form lies in the space group
      P21, with unit cell dimensions a = 122 A, b = 160 A and c = 90 A, with beta = 104
      degrees (1 A = 0.1 nm). There are two alpha beta dimers in the asymmetric unit.
      The crystals diffract to 3.2 A resolution and are suitable for high resolution X
      ray diffraction studies.

PMID- 2897474
TI  - Adenosine deaminase isoenzymes and HIV/HTLV-1 infections.

PMID- 2897476
TI  - Ureteropyeloscopic removal of ureteral calculi.
AB  - Ureteroscopy has been used for the treatment of calculi throughout the ureter.
      The results of ureteroscopic stone removal were reviewed in 100 patients. Similar
      results were compared in 30 patients undergoing ureterolithotomy and 32 treated
      by basket manipulation. Success of ureteroscopic removal was related to the
      location of the calculus: 50 per cent in the proximal, 80 per cent in the mid and
      99 per cent in the distal ureter. Hospital stay, costs and narcotic analgesic use
      were significantly less for ureteroscopic stone removal than for open surgical
      lithotomy. The success rate for ureteroscopic removal of distal calculi (99 per
      cent) was higher than for blind basketing procedures (59 per cent). Ureteroscopy
      should be considered the technique of choice for the removal of distal ureteral
      calculi. It is an acceptable alternative for treatment of calculi throughout the
      urinary tract.

PMID- 2897477
TI  - A case of pediatric ureteroscopic lasertripsy.
AB  - The standard treatment for ureteral calculi in children has been open surgical
      removal. Recently, we removed successfully a lower ureteral calculus in a young
      child with ureteroscopy and the pulsed dye laser. The improvements in smaller
      rigid and flexible ureteroscopes, in conjunction with lasertripsy, will expand
      its applications in the treatment of pediatric urolithiasis.

PMID- 2897475
TI  - Mechanism of c-erbB transduction: newly released transducing viruses retain
      poly(A) tracts of erbB transcripts and encode C-terminally intact erbB proteins.
AB  - We have previously shown that avian leukosis virus (ALV) induces erythroblastosis
      by insertional activation of the c-erbB gene. In 25% of the ALV-induced leukemic
      samples we have analyzed, acute retroviruses that have captured the activated
      erbB oncogene were released. The unusually high frequency at which erbB
      transduction occurs makes this an ideal system for studying the mechanism of
      oncogene transduction. In addition, these leukemic samples provide a rich source
      for the isolation of novel erbB-transducing viruses. We report here our
      characterization of several new erbB-transducing proviruses. The 5' recombination
      points of all these viruses mapped to the same intron in which proviral
      insertions cluster, supporting the hypothesis that transduction begins with
      proviral insertion near the oncogene. The 3' recombination points usually
      occurred within the 3' untranslated region downstream from the termination codon
      of the c-erbB gene. Three of the erbB-containing proviruses were molecularly
      cloned and analyzed in detail. Two of them were capable of releasing acute
      viruses, and interestingly, both retained poly(A) tracts of erbB messages in
      their genomes. A stretch of six adenosine residues in the ALV env gene appeared
      to mediate the 3' recombination events required for the generation of these
      viruses. These data provide further insight into the mechanism by which oncogenes
      are transduced into retroviral genomes.

PMID- 2897478
TI  - Internal mammary artery coronary bypass and leg ischemia.

PMID- 2897480
TI  - [Mechanism of recurrence and relapse in peptic ulcer after drug therapy; gastric
      juice and gastric acid secretion].

PMID- 2897479
TI  - The effect of metoclopramide treatment on diabetic cystoparesis.

PMID- 2897481
TI  - [Drug administration schedule of anti-ulcer agents to prevent recurrence of
      peptic ulcer; intermittent and long-term administration].

PMID- 2897482
TI  - [Recent developments in drugs antagonistic to factors causing peptic ulcer-
      clinical effects and problems; histamine H2 receptor blockaders].

PMID- 2897483
TI  - [Various problems on refractory peptic ulcers; ulcers resistant to therapy with
      H2-receptor antagonists--therapeutic countermeasures].

PMID- 2897485
TI  - [Gastroscopic stage classification of peptic ulcer according to drug therapy-
      regular and magnification gastroscopy].

PMID- 2897484
TI  - [Various problems on refractory peptic ulcers; drug therapy of hemorrhagic peptic
      ulcers--therapeutic efficacy and limitations].

PMID- 2897486
TI  - [Comparative studies on recurrence and relapse rate in peptic ulcer treated with
      various types of anti-ulcer agent; inhibitors of initiating factors causing
      peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2897487
TI  - [Perspectives in the drug therapy of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2897488
TI  - [Follow-up studies of the tissue healing process in peptic ulcer;
      clinicopathological study of recurrence refractory conditions in peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2897490
TI  - [Changes in hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) in rats with long
      term ethanol administration].

PMID- 2897489
TI  - [Follow-up studies of the tissue healing process in peptic ulcer; characteristics
      of the modification of the ulcer-healing process with various types of anti-ulcer
      agents].

PMID- 2897491
TI  - [Impression on the 1st International Home Childbirth Congress (1)].

PMID- 2897492
TI  - [The 1st International Home Childbirth Congress: my personal learning
      experience].

PMID- 2897493
TI  - [Impressions of the 1st International Home Childbirth Conference. (2)].

PMID- 2897494
TI  - [History of public health nurses affiliated with the Osaka Public Health Office.
      6. At the start of the establishment of the office (6). The first Congress of the
      nationwide organization of public health nurses and public health nursing
      education before and during the second world war (1)].

PMID- 2897495
TI  - [Atypical variant of Cushing's syndrome].

PMID- 2897496
TI  - [Countdown to 2000. 2. International conference for primary health care of WHO in
      London].

PMID- 2897497
TI  - [Yearly meeting of the European Nursing Student Group in Essen].

PMID- 2897499
TI  - [Knee deformities in patients with Larsen syndrome].

PMID- 2897498
TI  - Increase in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration initiated by T3 antigen
      stimulation is imparied in adult T-cell leukemia cells.
AB  - We studied the change in cytoplasmic free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in
      the peripheral blood leukemic cells from adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients
      stimulated by anti-T3 (CD3) or anti-T11 (CD2) antibodies in order to see whether
      there is an abnormal response in the early activation processes following T3 or
      T11 antigen stimulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from four T
      cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL) patients showed a rapid and clear
      increase in [Ca2+]i (from 165 +/- 26 nM to more than 299 nM) when stimulated by
      OKT3 antibody and anti-mouse IgG antibody. This response was comparable to that
      of PBMC from 10 normal individuals (from 151 +/- 20 nM to 252 +/- 34 nM). In
      contrast, PBMC from 10 ATL patients showed only a slight increase in [Ca2+]i
      (from 137 +/- 21 nM to 176 +/- 32 nM) following T3 stimulation. The experiments
      with higher concentrations of OKT3 antibody suggested that this attenuated
      increase in [Ca2+]i in ATL cells was not exclusively due to impaired expression
      of T3 antigen. The [Ca2+]i increase in ATL cells induced by the stimulation with
      two anti-T11 antibodies recognizing different epitopes of the T11 antigen,
      however, was comparable to that of normal PBMC. The abnormal response of [Ca2+]i
      to the T-cell receptor/T3 antigen stimulation in ATL may be related to
      dysfunction or leukemogenesis of HTLV-I-infected cells.

PMID- 2897500
TI  - [Correlation between the blood supply and the function of the fingers].

PMID- 2897501
TI  - [Therapeutic aspects of the pathology of burn injuries].

PMID- 2897502
TI  - [20 years' experience with the Charnley hip prosthesis. The Wrightington
      experience].

PMID- 2897503
TI  - [The Bristow-(Latajet) operation].

PMID- 2897504
TI  - [Damage to the articular cartilage during short-time immobilization in various
      positions].

PMID- 2897505
TI  - [External splint constructed for the fixation of osteotomy in the proximal end of
      the tibia].

PMID- 2897506
TI  - [Concomitant leg injuries considerably influencing rehabilitation of cranio
      cerebral trauma].

PMID- 2897507
TI  - [Rare variation of the ramus muscularis nervi mediani].

PMID- 2897508
TI  - [From trauma care at the county level to the founding of the Regional Trauma
      Center of East Hungary].

PMID- 2897509
TI  - [Central carpal bone or double pseudoarthrosis of the navicular bone?].

PMID- 2897511
TI  - [Undiagnosed posterior dislocation of the shoulder].

PMID- 2897510
TI  - [The use of an isoelastic pelvic prosthesis in segmental resection].

PMID- 2897512
TI  - Biology of depression.
AB  - Research over the past three decades has led to a greater understanding of the
      biologic basis of depression. Observations that certain medications could improve
      or worsen mood led to the development of hypotheses describing the possible role
      of specific neurotransmitters in the brain in depression. Modifications of these
      original hypotheses focused on altered receptor function, failures in the
      regulation of neurotransmitter systems, and interactions of the monoamines with
      cholinergic systems. Strategies using endocrinologic measurements in the
      evaluation of the depressed patient have provided researchers with new clues
      regarding disordered neuroendocrine function in depression and clinicians with
      new tests to aid in diagnosis and management. Moreover, the development of
      standardized sleep EEG methodology has proven useful for the identification of
      characteristic sleep abnormalities in depression. Although there are many
      methodologic and clinical problems still to be resolved, the use of biological
      markers in the assessment of the depressed patient is increasing, and is likely
      to be of significant importance in the future. Finally, recent advances in
      molecular genetics hold promise for further advances in our understanding of the
      inheritance and biochemistry of depression.

PMID- 2897513
TI  - Recognizing the drug-resistant patient in anxiety and depression.
AB  - The number and variety of anxiolytic and antidepressant medications available to
      the modern clinician lend an unparalleled efficacy to the outpatient treatment of
      anxiety disorders and depression. Where diagnosis is precise and complicating
      organic factors have been excluded, true treatment resistance in either anxiety
      disorders or depression is rare. Proper patient education to assist compliance,
      adequate dosage of individual agents, patience to give the medication time to
      work, overcoming the reluctance to attribute the patient's problem to a medically
      treatable disorder rather than to moral or characterologic defect, and the
      flexibility to shift to other or to additional medications on encountering
      initial treatment resistance are the keystones to the successful management of
      more than 90 per cent of all cases.

PMID- 2897514
TI  - [After pharmacologic blood pressure treatment: only two in ten male hypertensive
      patients attain the recommended diastolic pressure].

PMID- 2897515
TI  - Comparative efficacy of ceftriaxone and rifampicin in eradicating pharyngeal
      carriage of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
AB  - During an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Saudi Arabia, oral rifampicin
      (four doses in two days) was compared with a single intramuscular dose of
      ceftriaxone for prophylaxis in family contacts of patients with meningococcal
      disease. Pharyngeal samples were taken for culture before and 1 and 2 weeks after
      administration. Both follow-up cultures indicated that ceftriaxone was
      significantly more effective. At 1 week the eradication rates for ceftriaxone and
      rifampicin were 97% and 75%; at 2 weeks they were 97% and 81%, respectively. No
      serious side-effects were associated with either agent. Ceftriaxone may provide
      an effective alternative to rifampicin for prophylaxis in meningococcal contacts.

PMID- 2897517
TI  - Prevention of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis by non-specific
      immunoglobulin in heart surgery patients.
AB  - To evaluate the effectiveness of immune serum globulin (ISG) in preventing non-A,
      non-B hepatitis, 291 heart surgery patients who received blood from voluntary
      donors were randomly assigned to receive either ISG or no additional protection.
      ISG was given intramuscularly before and 1 week after transfusion. 98 controls
      and 100 in the ISG group completed the study. Post-transfusion non-A, non-B
      hepatitis developed in 11 (11.2%) controls but in only 3 (3.0%) of the ISG group
      (p = 0.0203). 8 (72.7%) of control group with hepatitis had symptoms, and in 5
      (45.4%) the disease became chronic. The disease was self-limiting in all 3 ISG
      patients affected, and only 1 of them had symptoms. Among those with non-A, non-B
      hepatitis aminotransferase levels were higher in the controls than in the ISG
      patients. Incubation periods longer than 8 weeks correlated with a tendency for
      the disease to become chronic. ISG recipients had shorter as well as more
      homogeneous incubation periods. ISG could be a safe, low-cost means for
      preventing post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis which does not call for the
      discarding of donated blood.

PMID- 2897516
TI  - Randomised comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after
      tissue heart valve replacement.
AB  - After tissue heart valve replacement 108 patients were randomised to standard
      anticoagulant control with rabbit brain thromboplastin (Dade C reagent,
      therapeutic range 18-24 s; international normalised ratio 2.5-40) and 102 to a
      less intensive regimen controlled with human brain thromboplastin (Manchester
      Comparative Reagent, therapeutic range 26-30 s; INR 2.0-2.25). Treatment was
      continued for three months, outcome measures being major or minor embolism or
      haemorrhage. 2 patients in each group had major embolic events and 11 in each
      group had minor embolic events. The 95% confidence intervals on the differences
      are -3.4% to 3.2% for major embolism and -9.3% to 8.2% for minor embolism.
      Haemorrhagic complications were significantly more frequent with standard
      treatment (15 patients) than with the less intensive regimen (6 patients); and of
      the 5 patients with major haemorrhagic complications, all were in the standard
      treatment group, again a significant difference. The less intensive regimen is
      thus no less effective and safer than standard anticoagulant therapy in patients
      with tissue heart valve replacement.

PMID- 2897518
TI  - Acute meningo-encephalitis on dose reduction of zidovudine.
AB  - In a study of treatment by zidovudine in 106 patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex, an acute meningo
      encephalitic illness developed in 4 of 21 patients within 17 days after the dose
      of zidovudine had had to be reduced because of myelotoxicity. 3 of the 4 patients
      had previous clinical evidence of HIV encephalopathy. AIDS-related opportunist
      infection of the central nervous system was excluded. This acute meningo
      encephalitic illness probably results from an increase in HIV replication
      following dose reduction.

PMID- 2897519
TI  - Loss of matrix calcium-binding protein-containing neurons in Huntington's
      disease.
AB  - In post-mortem brain specimens from patients dying with a clinical diagnosis of
      Huntington's disease (HD) immunohistochemistry showed a substantial loss from the
      neostriatum of neurons containing the calcium-binding protein calbindin 28K.
      These calbindin neurons, and the straital compartment in which they are sited,
      are particularly damaged in HD, suggesting that a failure of calcium buffering or
      homeostasis may contribute to cell death in HD.

PMID- 2897520
TI  - Limitations of care for very-low-birthweight infants.

PMID- 2897521
TI  - Direction of postgraduate medical education in the UK.

PMID- 2897523
TI  - Autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid antibodies.

PMID- 2897522
TI  - AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 2897524
TI  - Cleft palate and glue ear.

PMID- 2897525
TI  - Livedo reticularis, porcelain-white scars, and cerebral thromboses.

PMID- 2897526
TI  - Normal ageing, impaired cognitive function, and senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer's type: a continuum?
AB  - There is little evidence to support the view that senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer's type (SDAT) is distinct from the normal ageing process. The changes
      in brain function found in normal ageing, benign senescent forgetfulness, and
      SDAT can be seen as a continuum, which may reflect a single underlying process.
      The failure to account for this possibility in research design may explain why
      few risk factors for SDAT have been identified.

PMID- 2897528
TI  - Coagulation factor VIII concentrates and the marketplace.

PMID- 2897527
TI  - Rheumatic disease, heavy-metal pigments, and the Great Masters.
AB  - The painters Rubens, Renoir, and Dufy suffered from rheumatoid arthritis and Klee
      from scleroderma. Analysis of the areas of various colours in randomly selected
      paintings by these four artists and by eight "controls" (contemporary painters
      without rheumatic disease) suggests that Rubens, Renoir, Dufy, and Klee used
      significantly more bright and clear colours based on toxic heavy metals and fewer
      earth colours containing harmless iron and carbon compounds. These four painters
      may have been heavily exposed to mercury sulphide, cadmium sulphide, arsenic
      sulphide, lead, antimony, tin, cobalt, manganese, and chromium, the metals of the
      bright and clear colours, and exposure to these metals may be of importance in
      the development of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Artists today are not so
      exposed, but heavy metal contamination in food and drinking water exists and
      experience from the occupational exposure of old masters is still relevant.

PMID- 2897529
TI  - Gene therapy in man. Recommendations of European Medical Research Councils.
AB  - 1. The purpose of gene therapy currently under consideration is the correction of
      genetic defects; attempts to enhance general human characteristics should not be
      contemplated. Only somatic cell gene therapy, resulting in non-heritable changes
      to particular body tissues, should be contemplated. Germline therapy, for
      introduction of heritable genetic modifications, is not acceptable. Further
      technical improvements in the expression of transferred genes in somatic cells
      will be necessary before successful gene therapy can be achieved even in animal
      models; in the meantime trials in man are not justified. 2. The most appropriate
      "candidate" genetic diseases for early investigation of treatment by gene therapy
      are single-gene disorders for which the affected gene and its regulation have
      been characterised. 3. In the near future, it is likely that success in the
      introduction of normal genes into human cells will be achieved through the use of
      disabled retrovirus vectors, although other techniques may advance rapidly. Much
      further work is required in the development of safe species-specific and tissue
      specific retrovirus vectors. The methods of gene introduction should not result
      in the spread of gene or vector to other tissues within the body or to people in
      contact with the patient. The possibility of a significant increase in the
      predisposition of the patient to cancer should be evaluated in considering the
      risks and benefits of the treatment. In addition, the expression and regulation
      of the gene inserted should be stable and sufficient to ensure a therapeutic
      effect. 4. General ethical considerations applicable to any new clinical
      treatment apply to human gene therapy and, in the first instance, will require
      assessment in individual cases. In the near future it is likely that such therapy
      will be clinically justified in particular patients with invariably fatal or life
      threatening diseases, provided informed consent is obtained and no alternative
      treatment is available. 5. A national body should consider all proposals for
      human gene therapy and ensure the application of agreed national guidelines.
      Early trials should be monitored by a central body.

PMID- 2897530
TI  - Embryos and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2897531
TI  - Legionnaires' disease: early lessons from 1988 London outbreak.

PMID- 2897532
TI  - Legionella: a case for culture.

PMID- 2897533
TI  - Self-poisoning in eating disorders.

PMID- 2897534
TI  - Intratracheal drugs.

PMID- 2897535
TI  - Chronic sinus node disease and coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2897536
TI  - Deaths during mountaineering at extreme altitude.

PMID- 2897537
TI  - Calcitonin for postmenopausal bone loss.

PMID- 2897538
TI  - Treatment of menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients.

PMID- 2897539
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy after abortion.

PMID- 2897540
TI  - Erythraemia in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin.

PMID- 2897541
TI  - Pneumonia in childhood.

PMID- 2897543
TI  - Cerebellar diaschisis.

PMID- 2897542
TI  - Gallstone pancreatitis from intestinal reflux.

PMID- 2897544
TI  - Influence of inhaled terbutaline on bronchial responsiveness.

PMID- 2897545
TI  - Successful stimulation and retrieval of oocytes in patient with Mayer-Rokitansky
      Kuster syndrome.

PMID- 2897546
TI  - 3-Oxo-delta 4 bile acids in liver disease.

PMID- 2897547
TI  - Autovaccination plus heat-inactivated autologous plasma in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2897548
TI  - Antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV infection.

PMID- 2897549
TI  - What is myalgic encephalomyelitis?

PMID- 2897550
TI  - Doppler uteroplacental waveforms.

PMID- 2897552
TI  - Pacemaker policy.

PMID- 2897551
TI  - IgG subclass deficiencies in chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2897553
TI  - Voluntary chemical castration of a mental patient.

PMID- 2897554
TI  - AIDS and life insurance.

PMID- 2897555
TI  - Testing for HIV infection.

PMID- 2897556
TI  - Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in relapse prevention of duodenal ulceration.
AB  - 30 patients with rapidly relapsing duodenal ulceration were studied to assess the
      possible benefit of hypnotherapy in relapse prevention. After the ulcer had
      healed on treatment with ranitidine, the drug was continued for a further 10
      weeks during which time patients received either hypnotherapy or no hypnotherapy.
      The two randomly selected groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, smoking
      habits, and alcohol consumption. Follow-up of both groups of patients was
      continued for 12 months after the cessation of ranitidine. After 1 year, 8 (53%)
      of the hypnotherapy patients and 15 (100%) of the control subjects had relapsed.
      The results of this study suggest that hypnotherapy may be a useful therapeutic
      adjunct for some patients with chronic recurrent duodenal ulceration.

PMID- 2897557
TI  - Increased energy expenditure in young children with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - To investigate the role of energy expenditure in the altered energy balance in
      cystic fibrosis (CF), total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by the doubly
      labelled water method in 9 clinically well CF infants (body weight 7.3-10.9 kg)
      without chronic lung disease. CF infants had 25% higher rates of energy
      expenditure when compared with data derived from measurements of TEE obtained by
      the same method in 16 healthy infants, matched for age and body weight. Mean TEE
      (SEM) for CF was 950 (38) kcal, vs 876 (72) kcal for controls matched for age and
      758 (46) kcal for controls matched for weight. Although subclinical disease
      activity cannot be excluded as a determinant of the excess TEE, the possibility
      of an energy-requiring basic defect is suggested, because further analysis
      indicated that factors other than body weight, degree of underweight, presence of
      pancreatic insufficiency, or presence of lung disease were important. Increased
      TEE may contribute to undernutrition in CF, even in the absence of chronic lung
      disease.

PMID- 2897558
TI  - Acetylcholine sweatspot test for autonomic denervation.
AB  - A test for autonomic denervation based on the local sweat response to 0.1 ml 1%
      acetylcholine administered intradermally, which depends on an intact local
      sympathetic supply, is described. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy affects the
      longest fibres first and thus the test was applied to the feet. After painting a
      standard site on the dorsum of the foot with iodine and starch, acetylcholine was
      injected intradermally in the centre. The normal response, visible to the eye, is
      a uniform distribution of dark spots of iodine discolouration at the sites of
      sweat production. In diabetic autonomic neuropathy this pattern is lost to a
      varying degree. In a photographic image magnified x 10, the spots were counted in
      sixty 2.5 cm squares in a grid centred on the injection site. 50 normal
      volunteers aged 18-69 were tested. No effect of age or sex was found. Five or
      more squares with less than 6 spots was the definition of abnormal. 24 diabetic
      men who complained of impotence were investigated with the sweatspot test, a
      pupil test, and cardiovascular autonomic function tests. 13 had abnormal
      sweatspot tests with scores up to sixty squares with less than 6 spots. In
      keeping with the increased length of the sympathetic fibres to the feet compared
      with those to the iris, there was a 30% false-negative rate for the pupil test if
      the sweatspot test is taken as standard. Agreement between the cardiovascular
      tests and the sweatspot test was seen in only 17 patients. The sweatspot test
      appears to be a more sensitive indicator of autonomic neuropathy than the
      commonly used cardiovascular tests.

PMID- 2897559
TI  - Comparison of once daily ceftriaxone with gentamicin plus cefuroxime for
      treatment of serious bacterial infections.
AB  - To compare the efficacy of once daily monotherapy with that of standard
      combination antibiotic therapy for the initial management of patients suspected
      of serious bacterial infections, 105 patients were randomised to treatment with
      ceftriaxone alone (53 patients) or to a combination of cefuroxime and gentamicin
      (52 patients). There was no difference between the groups in proportions
      responding to therapy or proportions dying from infection, except when non
      evaluable patients were excluded from the group with definite bacterial
      infection, in which case response was better among those treated with
      ceftriaxone. The groups did not differ in number of side-effects, but therapy had
      to be discontinued because of treatment failure, an adverse effect, or death in 1
      of 53 patients given ceftriaxone and in 11 of 34 given the combination. Use of
      ceftriaxone was 107.36 pounds ($182.51) cheaper per patient, and saved 40 minutes
      of nursing and drug administration time per patient per day. Thus 2 g ceftriaxone
      given once a day is at least as effective and costs less in time and money than
      gentamicin plus cefuroxime for the initial treatment of patients with serious
      systemic bacterial infections.

PMID- 2897560
TI  - Possible benefit of GR43175, a novel 5-HT1-like receptor agonist, for the acute
      treatment of severe migraine.
AB  - GR43175, a selective 5-HT1-like agonist, was given as an intravenous infusion in
      an open dose-ranging study to treat 46 attacks of severe migraine in 34 patients.
      The highest dose, 2 mg infused over 10 min in 24 severe attacks, resulted in
      rapid and complete relief of symptoms in 17 attacks (71%) and in improvement to a
      non-migrainous residual headache in 7 attacks. Treatment was well tolerated, the
      only adverse effects being transient feelings of heaviness and pressure,
      predominantly in the head. GR43175 may represent an important advance in the
      treatment of acute migraine.

PMID- 2897561
TI  - Congenital abnormalities in infants of diabetic mothers.

PMID- 2897562
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension: new information from necropsy-based studies.

PMID- 2897563
TI  - Klinefelter's syndrome.

PMID- 2897564
TI  - Cutaneous photosensitivity.

PMID- 2897565
TI  - Where to measure body temperature?

PMID- 2897566
TI  - Motoneuron disease and past poliomyelitis in England and Wales.
AB  - Past notification rates for poliomyelitis show a close geographical relation with
      current mortality from motoneuron disease in England and Wales. The increasing
      rate of poliomyelitis during the first half of this century and its predilection
      for affluent places and families were unique amongst infectious diseases. The
      unusual epidemiology of poliomyelitis is now being paralleled by motoneuron
      disease. These observations provide new evidence for a causal connection between
      the two conditions.

PMID- 2897568
TI  - Does maintenance therapy keep duodenal ulcers healed?
AB  - 34 patients were endoscopically reexamined once a month while receiving
      ranitidine 150 mg at night to sustain remission of a duodenal ulcer. The
      cumulative recurrence rate after 1 year of maintenance treatment was 48%. 71% of
      recurrences were painless when first detected. The monthly percentage
      probabilities for asymptomatic ulcers rehealing, remaining unchanged, and causing
      pain were 33%, 63%, and 4%, respectively. Because painless ulcers may reheal, the
      number of ulcer recurrences detected during maintenance trials depends on the
      frequency of endoscopic reexamination of symptomless patients. Endoscopic
      examination of symptomless patients every 6 months would have failed to detect
      nearly half of all recurrences in this study. Thus an accurate assessment of the
      true incidence of asymptomatic (and, therefore, total) recurrences requires
      frequent endoscopic re-examination of symptomless patients. The clinical value of
      maintenance treatment should be judged by prevention of symptoms and
      complications, since it is not possible--either practically or mathematically--to
      determine the true incidence of ulcer recurrence, and because asymptomatic
      recurrences are irrelevant, provided maintenance treatment is continued.

PMID- 2897567
TI  - Piezo-ceramic lithotripsy of gallbladder stones: initial experience in 38
      patients.
AB  - The efficacy, safety, and side-effects of a piezo-ceramic system for
      extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of gallbladder stones were assessed in the
      first 38 patients treated. Gallstone fragmentation was achieved in 34 patients;
      25 required more than 1 treatment session (range 1-5). Extracorporeal shock-wave
      lithotripsy, conducted without sedation, analgesia, or anaesthesia, was well
      tolerated by all patients; no patient reported pain or discomfort either during
      or after the procedure. Side-effects were negligible: transient microscopic
      haematuria in 2 patients, transiently abnormal liver function tests in 1, and
      short-lived cutaneous petechiae in 4. Initial experience shows that lithotripsy
      with this system is effective, safe, and well tolerated.

PMID- 2897569
TI  - Lignocaine and ulcerative proctitis.

PMID- 2897570
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome after a minor surgical procedure.

PMID- 2897572
TI  - New life for the EEG.

PMID- 2897571
TI  - High incidence of anaphylactic reactions to cefaclor.

PMID- 2897573
TI  - Patch up the menopause.

PMID- 2897574
TI  - Placebos and limb ischaemia.

PMID- 2897575
TI  - Prone or supine for preterm babies?

PMID- 2897576
TI  - Aluminium phosphide: worse than Bhopal.

PMID- 2897577
TI  - Severity index of paraquat poisoning.

PMID- 2897578
TI  - False positive in prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2897579
TI  - Treatment of osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2897581
TI  - Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2897580
TI  - Leukaemia and growth hormone.

PMID- 2897582
TI  - Breast cancer screening.

PMID- 2897583
TI  - Factors affecting direct intraperitoneal insemination.

PMID- 2897584
TI  - Bubble ketoacidosis.

PMID- 2897585
TI  - Remedies for tropical diseases.

PMID- 2897586
TI  - Medicine and Israel's occupied territories.

PMID- 2897587
TI  - Disclosure of inactive drug ingredients.

PMID- 2897589
TI  - Doctors and torture.

PMID- 2897588
TI  - Europe's doctors after 1992.

PMID- 2897590
TI  - Efficacy of dexamethasone in benzodiazepine-resistant delirium tremens.

PMID- 2897591
TI  - Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis.

PMID- 2897592
TI  - Endoscopist protection from biopsy valves.

PMID- 2897594
TI  - Drug information in Italy.

PMID- 2897593
TI  - Intoxication by benzodiazepines during pregnancy.

PMID- 2897595
TI  - Blood pressure increase after erythrocyte transfusion in end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 2897596
TI  - HIV-1 infection in Norwegian family before 1970.

PMID- 2897598
TI  - Breast-feeding and HIV infection.

PMID- 2897597
TI  - Adrenocortical lesions and HIV infection.

PMID- 2897599
TI  - Representation of the people?

PMID- 2897600
TI  - Prolongation of prothrombin time with ivermectin.

PMID- 2897601
TI  - Motoneuron disease as manifestation of lupin seed toxicity.

PMID- 2897602
TI  - Fetal "soap" addiction.

PMID- 2897603
TI  - Medicines Act passes crucial test.

PMID- 2897604
TI  - AIDS in Africa.

PMID- 2897605
TI  - [Laser-induced shockwave lithotripsy--in vitro trial and animal experiment
      studies].
AB  - Laser induced shock wave lithotripsy is a new procedure to destroy gallstones.
      Stones of up to 500 mg are destroyed within 5 min. Severe reactions of the soft
      tissue cannot be observed in animal studies. No perforations, stenoses or thermic
      lesions after wound healing were observed. The development of an optomechanical
      transducer replacing the optical lens system at the end of the transmission guide
      allows its handling in flexible endoscopes. Clinical use is therefore possible
      from the technical aspect.

PMID- 2897606
TI  - [Thoracic dissecting aortic aneurysm. Contribution to the differential diagnosis
      of increased enzymes indicating cholestasis, fever and thoracic pain].
AB  - A 68 years old female patient was admitted with thoracic pain and fever (40.0
      degrees C). A coronary heart disease was known. The liver was enlarged, the
      cholestatic enzymes elevated without bilirubinaemia. In the blood culture gram
      negative bacilli was found. Our diagnosis: septic cholangitis, coronary ischemia.
      She was better by antibiotic therapy, the fever fell. Few days later she suddenly
      died. Autopsy demonstrated a serious arteriosclerosis of the aorta, an aneurysm
      on the aortic arc with chronic bleeding in the environmental tissue with
      inflammation and coronary arteriosclerosis. The liver was normal.

PMID- 2897607
TI  - A novel muscarinic receptor antagonist AF-DX 116 differentially blocks slow
      inhibitory and slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the rabbit sympathetic
      ganglia.
AB  - Muscarinic, slow postsynaptic potentials (s-epsp and s-ipsp) in the rabbit
      superior cervical ganglia were shown to be differentially depressed by a novel
      cardioselective M2-type antagonist AF-DX 116: it antagonized the s-ipsp with IC50
      value of 1.5 X 10(-7) M, which is 16-fold more potent in depressing the s-ipsp
      than the s-epsp. A hyperpolarizing component in the biphasic potential changes
      induced by a muscarinic agonist, methacholine, was selectively eliminated by this
      antagonist. AF-DX 116 was thus shown to be an useful tool for discriminating the
      M2-type muscarinic responses from those of M1-type in the nervous system.

PMID- 2897608
TI  - Characterization of opioid receptors on isolated canine gallbladder smooth muscle
      cells.
AB  - Smooth muscle cells were isolated from the fundus of the canine gallbladder and
      examined for the presence of opioid receptors. The cells contracted in a
      concentration-dependent manner in response to three opioid peptides (Met
      enkephalin, dynorphin1-13 and Leu-enkephalin), which are known derivatives of
      opioid precursors present in myenteric neurons of the gut. The order of potency
      was Met-enkephalin greater than dynorphin1-13 greater than Leu-enkephalin. The
      contractile response to opioid agonists was selectively inhibited by opioid
      antagonists (naloxone and Mr2266) but not by muscarinic, CCK/gastrin or
      tachykinin antagonists. Equivalent responses to the three opioid peptides
      exhibited differential sensitivity to preferential antagonists of mu (naloxone)
      and kappa (Mr2266) opioid receptors consistent with the presence of the three
      main types of opioid receptors (mu, delta and kappa) on canine gallbladder muscle
      cells.

PMID- 2897609
TI  - Characterization of the putative anxiolytic SM-3997 recognition sites in rat
      brain.
AB  - In order to clarify the mechanism of action of the putative nonbenzodiazepine
      anxiolytic SM-3997 [3a alpha,4 beta,7 beta,7a alpha)-Hexahydro-2-(4-(4-(2
      pyrimidinyl)-1- piperazinyl)-butyl)-4,7-methano-1H-isoindole-1,3 (2H)-dione
      dihydrogen citrate), in vitro binding studies with radiolabeled compound were
      performed. 3H-SM-3997 bound rapidly, reversibly and in a saturable manner with
      high affinity to rat brain hippocampal membranes (Kd = 9.4 nM, Bmax = 213 fmol/mg
      protein). This specific binding was displaced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and
      related compounds. Especially, 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT-1A selective agonist, bound with
      the highest affinity to these binding sites. 3H-SM-3997 binding, however, was not
      displaced by a variety of other neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and some other
      drugs. EDTA and physiological concentration of Na+ inhibited this specific
      binding, but several divalent cations, Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, enhanced this
      binding. GTP decreased the affinity of these binding sites for 3H-SM-3997 without
      changing the number of binding sites, but GMP and ATP did not influence 3H-SM
      3997 binding. Furthermore, 3H-SM-3997 bound with marked regional selectivity to
      hippocampal membranes. These characteristics and the regional distribution of 3H
      SM-3997 binding sites were very similar to those of 3H-8-OH-DPAT binding sites (5
      HT-1A receptors). Therefore, these results indicate that SM-3997 binds
      selectively and with high affinity to 5-HT-1A receptors in rat brain and may be
      an agonist.

PMID- 2897610
TI  - Polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissues of rats fed trielaidin and high or low
      levels of linolenic acid.
AB  - Male and female weanling rats that were born to dams fed a diet low in linolenic
      acid received diets of 15% lipids by weight containing 45% elaidic acid (as
      trielaidin) and 8.5% or 0.1% linolenic acid for 10 weeks. Four other groups, in
      which palmitic or oleic acid replaced elaidic acid in the diet, served as
      controls. The fatty acid profiles of several lipid classes were determined in
      adipose tissue, adrenals, testes, heart and brain. Elaidic acid was incorporated
      into tissue lipids in varying degrees, depending on the organ and on the lipid
      class. Feeding elaidic acid induced no changes in the polyunsaturated fatty acid
      (PUFA) profiles of testes lipids but resulted in definite modifications of the
      PUFA patterns of heart phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine
      (PE). In linolenic acid-deprived rats, arachidonic acid was decreased in PC and
      linoleic acid was increased in both PC and PE; 22:5n-6 was strongly depressed in
      both PC and PE. In linolenic acid-fed rats, 22:6n-3 was decreased in PC and PE.
      These changes, on the whole, were more evident in females, and some also were
      observed in adrenal cholesteryl esters but only slightly in brain phospholipids.
      The apparent inhibition of the biosynthesis of PUFA induced by dietary elaidic
      acid appeared to be complex and of greater intensity in the n-6 fatty acid series
      than in their n-3 homologues.

PMID- 2897611
TI  - Loss of genes on the long arm of chromosome 22 in human meningiomas.
AB  - It has been proposed that loss of genes at specific chromosomal loci leads to
      tumorigenesis in some human tumors. This type of oncogenesis was first
      demonstrated in retinoblastoma and Wilms' tumor. Recently, it has been reported
      that acoustic neuroma, ductal breast tumor, and renal cell carcinoma may be
      caused by the same mechanism. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated that some
      meningiomas have monosomy of chromosome 22. In addition, human meningiomas are
      often associated with bilateral acoustic neuroma in which specific loss of
      alleles on chromosome 22 has been demonstrated. Then, we compared constitutional
      and tumor genotypes from 14 cases of sporadic human meningiomas, using four
      polymorphic DNA probes on chromosome 22 (SIS, D22S1, D22S9, IGLC). Loss of
      constitutional heterozygosity was found in three of 11 informative cases. Two of
      the three meningiomas maintained constitutional heterozygosity at the IGLC locus
      and another one showed no loss of heterozygosity at IGLC or D22S9. These results
      suggest that loss of genes on chromosome 22 caused by either a partial deletion
      or a mitotic recombination at a locus distal to D22S9 plays an important role in
      tumorigenesis of the human meningioma.

PMID- 2897613
TI  - Renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity and myoinositol supplementation in
      experimental diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Alterations in ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity, polyol pathway activity,
      and myoinositol metabolism are part of a unifying hypothesis proposed to explain
      the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Direct
      measurements of renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity in animals with
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes show increased or decreased activity, depending
      on the nephron segment examined and the duration of diabetes. While myoinositol
      feeding corrects depressed Na-K ATPase activity in peripheral nerve of
      streptozotocin diabetic rats, the effect of myoinositol feeding on altered renal
      Na-K ATPase activity is unknown. To assess the effect of experimental diabetes on
      renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity and test the involvement of the
      polyol/inositol pathway, we assayed kidneys from normal, streptozotocin diabetic,
      and myoinositol-supplemented diabetic rats for renal ouabain-inhibitable Na-K
      ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, and tau-glutamyltranspeptidase (tau-GT) activity.
      Ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity, expressed per milligram of protein, is
      increased in the inner medulla of the diabetic kidney compared with normal and,
      expressed per microgram DNA, is increased in both the inner medulla and cortex.
      Myoinositol supplementation did not affect the increase in renal enzyme activity
      seen with streptozotocin diabetes. These observations suggest that the regulation
      of renal ouabain inhibitable Na-K ATPase activity, in streptozotocin diabetes,
      does not depend on supplemental myoinositol. These findings do not exclude the
      possibility that changes in polyol or myoinositol concentrations in a specific
      nephron segment may have pathogenetic significance for diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2897612
TI  - Nucleotide sequence analysis of a provirus derived from HTLV-1-associated
      myelopathy (HAM).
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be associated with adult
      T-cell leukemia (ATL). Recently, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) was described
      as a neurological disease with which an etiological association of HTLV-1 is
      suspected. A provirus genome was cloned from a lymphoid cell line derived from
      the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with HAM, in order to examine in detail the
      etiological virus associated with HAM. The nucleotide sequence of the long
      terminal repeat (LTR), protease, env and pX regions of the provirus shows over
      97% homology with that of HTLV-1 derived from ATL. These results suggest that
      this provirus, derived from a patient with HAM, belongs to the same species as
      HTLV-1 derived from patients with ATL.

PMID- 2897614
TI  - Comparative effect of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 on glucagon-induced
      glycogenolysis from the perfused rat liver.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin (SS)-14 and SS-28 on glycogenolysis was studied, using
      a rat liver perfusion technique. Livers from nonfasted rats were perfused with
      5.5 mmol/L glucose or perfusate without the glucose addition. Glucagon-induced
      glucose output was lower in the presence of 5.5 mmol/L glucose than in glucose
      free perfusate at every concentration of glucagon. Under glucose free conditions,
      SS-14 given at five minutes prior to the glucagon addition reduced the glucagon
      induced glucose output dose-dependently. SS-14 given 15 minutes after glucagon
      addition also inhibited glucagon-induced glucose output significantly. However,
      various concentrations of SS-28 failed to affect glucose output. On the other
      hand, in the presence of 5.5 mmol/L glucose, neither SS-14 nor SS-28 affected
      glucagon-induced glucose output. It is suggested, therefore, that glycogenolysis
      induced by glucagon from the liver is reduced by SS-14, but not by SS-28, only
      under glucose free conditions.

PMID- 2897616
TI  - Hemagglutination by pilus antigen 987P of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The hemagglutination (HA) by pilus antigen 987P of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia
      coli strain 987 was examined using fresh and glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed
      erythrocytes (RBC) of various animals. Only when GA-fixed RBC was employed, a
      strain 987 exhibited striking HA activities. This was also demonstrated by using
      latex heads sensitized with the 987P antigen. The 987P-specific antiserum
      inhibited HA of strain 987 and 987P sensitized latex beads against GA-fixed RBC.
      We concluded that HA of strain 987 against GA-fixed RBC was specifically
      associated with the presence of 987P pilus antigen but do not exclude a
      possibility that adhesin is distinct from pili antigen.

PMID- 2897615
TI  - Structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA4 gene encoding dihydroorotase.
AB  - The URA4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, coding for the third enzyme of the
      pyrimidine pathway, has been cloned through phenotypic complementation of a ura4
      mutant of S. cerevisiae. Subcloning of an original 9 kb DNA fragment, carrying
      the yeast URA4 gene, allowed us to localize the gene on a 2 kb ClaI--BamHI
      fragment. The sequence of the URA4 structural gene and surrounding DNA was
      determined by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. The URA4 gene
      encodes a dihydroorotase subunit of calculated molecular weight 40,600. S1
      nuclease mapping indicated that transcription of URA4 is initiated at four major
      start sites located at positions -41, -30, -22 and -18. A set of potentially
      significant sequences was identified in the 5' OH non-coding region of the gene.
      The deduced amino acid sequence of dihydroorotase was examined and compared with
      homologous amino acid sequences of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and
      Drosophila melanogaster. S. cerevisiae dihydroorotase shows 40% homology with the
      S. typhimurium and E. coli enzymes and 23% homology with the D. melanogaster
      enzyme. A potential active site has been predicted for dihydroorotase from these
      comparisons.

PMID- 2897617
TI  - Role of pili in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infection.
AB  - The present study using three isogenic mutants (F+P-, F-P+, F-P-) of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa indicates that the presence of pili enhances the virulence of the
      organisms in experimental P. aeruginosa burn infection of mice. The 50% lethal
      dose (LD50) value for burned mice inoculated with non-piliated (P-) mutant was at
      least ten times higher than those inoculated with piliated (P+) bacteria.
      Meanwhile the LD50 value for burned mice inoculated with non-flagellated (F-)
      mutant was at least 10(5) times higher than those inoculated with flagellated
      (F+) bacteria. At 24 hr after inoculation, the bacterial counts in burned skin of
      mice inoculated with P+ bacteria were ten times higher than those inoculated with
      P- bacteria; and at 48 hr the bacterial counts became a hundred times higher in
      the former mice than the latter. At 24 hr after inoculation, P+ bacteria were
      isolated from blood, liver (F+P+), lung (F+P+), and kidney, while P- bacteria
      were not present in these tissues. And at 48 hr after inoculation, P+ bacteria
      were isolated from all tissues, while P- bacteria were isolated from some sites
      only. These results suggested that pili and flagella each play an important role
      as virulence factors independently, and that pili-mediated enhancement of
      virulence of P. aeruginosa was attributed to pili-mediated enhanced colonization
      of the organisms at the burned skin surfaces.

PMID- 2897618
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody to guinea pig T cells that inhibits
      rosette formation of the cells with rabbit erythrocytes: similarity of the
      antigen to E-receptor on human T cells.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, GPT-1, was prepared by fusion of the splenic cells of mice
      immunized with guinea pig thymocytes with a mouse myeloma cell line. GPT-1
      completely inhibited spontaneous rosette formation of T cells with papain-treated
      rabbit erythrocytes. GPT-1 reacted with 90% of thymocytes, 70% of peripheral
      blood lymphocytes, and 45% of splenic lymphocytes, but not with B cells. These
      results indicate that GPT-1 has pan-T reactivity. The antibody specifically bound
      to a single polypeptide chain with a molecular size of 50-65 kD. The surface
      density of the antigen was higher on thymocytes than on peripheral T cells,
      suggesting that the antigen is a certain differentiation antigen on T cells.
      Phytohemagglutinin-activated T cells expressed more antigen molecules than
      resting T cells. In addition, GPT-1 suppressed the proliferation of T cells
      induced by the mitogen, indicating that GPT-1 recognizes a T cell-specific
      surface antigen which is associated with T cell activation. Based on these
      results, it was concluded that GPT-1 reacts with a guinea pig T cell surface
      antigen which is similar to the E-receptor protein on human T cells (CD2
      molecule).

PMID- 2897619
TI  - DNA probes for presymptomatic diagnosis: keys to biological determinism?

PMID- 2897620
TI  - Prenatal and adult presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease.
AB  - The discovery of a fragment of DNA that is linked closely to the Huntington's
      disease autosomal locus offers the opportunity for the presymptomatic diagnosis
      of this dominantly-inherited neurodegenerative disorder. Presymptomatic testing
      will present individuals and society with difficult choices and responsibilities.
      A pilot adult presymptomatic test programme is under way for SA families.
      Presymptomatic testing requires intensive counselling both before and after the
      test. A form of prenatal test, which is applicable to a significant proportion of
      couples with one partner at risk of Huntington's disease, is available also. As
      this form of prenatal test does not change the risk status of the parent, less
      extensive counselling is required and testing is available nationally through the
      SA programme. It is anticipated that other states will develop their own
      diagnostic programmes in the near future. This article explains the basis for the
      test, its accuracy and the importance of obtaining DNA from key individuals in
      pedigrees of Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2897621
TI  - Syrup of ipecac contamination.

PMID- 2897622
TI  - Stimulation of guanylate cyclase and RNA polymerase II activities in HeLa cells
      and fibroblasts by biotin.
AB  - HeLa cells cultured in a biotin-deficient medium showed reduced rates of protein
      synthesis, DNA synthesis and growth. Continuous synthesis is required for the
      increase in DNA synthesis observed upon addition of biotin to cells cultured in
      biotin-deficient medium. The addition of biotin to the biotin-deficient culture
      medium increased the activity of guanylate cyclase in both HeLa cells and
      fibroblasts. Both cell types cultured in biotin deficient medium showed reduced
      activity of RNA Polymerase II. The exogenous addition of biotin to the biotin
      deficient cell cultures also resulted in increased activity of RNA Polymerase II
      in HeLa cells and fibroblasts. The maximal response was observed in 4 hours.
      Significant increase in enzyme activity was observed at 10(-8) M biotin in the
      culture medium. The growth promoting effect of biotin seems to involve
      stimulations of cellular guanylate cyclase and RNA Polymerase II activity.

PMID- 2897623
TI  - [Interaction of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from the rat liver with analogs of
      activated carbon dioxide and ATP].
AB  - The interaction of rat liver Ac-CoA-carboxylase with reactive and stable analogs
      of carbon dioxide and phosphoric acid mixed anhydrides--hypothetic intermediate
      of the enzyme reaction--has been studied. Carbamoylphosphate showed substrate
      properties, whereas phosphonacetic acid and beta-oxopropyl-alpha, alpha
      diphosphonate inhibited this enzyme (Ki 3.0 and 3.5 mM correspondingly). The
      analog of another possible intermediate in the reaction of ATP and carbon
      dioxide, Appp (CH2COOH) also inhibited Ac-CoA-carboxylase (Ki = 0.7 mM).

PMID- 2897624
TI  - Biased usage of certain Vk gene families by autoantibodies and their polymorphism
      in autoimmune mice.
AB  - Of 79 hybridomas derived from stimulated or unstimulated autoimmune disease prone
      mouse strains, secreting autoantibodies of various specificities more than 65%
      use V genes from five Vk families, namely, Vk1, Vk4, Vk8, Vk10 and Vk19.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of genomic DNAs from
      autoimmune prone mouse strains, tight skin, NZB and SJL show marked differences
      in the polymorphism of the Vk1, Vk10 and Vk19 gene families.

PMID- 2897625
TI  - Transformation studies on human fibroblasts from familial polyposis coli patients
      and normal donors.
AB  - Transformation experiments have been carried out on human diploid fibroblasts
      derived from normal individuals and those from 2 groups with dominantly inherited
      cancer predisposition, familial polyposis coli (FPC), and multiple endocrine
      neoplasia, type 2 (MEN-2). Treatment with a single or multiple doses of the
      carcinogen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), resulted in limited
      anchorage-independent (AI) growth in both normal and FPC cultures; no permanent
      cell lines were produced but FPC cells showed increased proliferation with low
      doses of the carcinogen. Carcinogen treatment followed by application of the
      tumour promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), for 38 weeks was
      insufficient to cause full transformation in cultures derived from normal people
      or MEN-2 patients although AI growth was induced in all 3 cell types. Three FPC
      cultures exhibited an extended life span over the solvent controls. Two of these
      are still actively dividing and have a clonal pseudodiploid karyotype.

PMID- 2897626
TI  - Theileria parva: genomic DNA studies reveal intra-specific sequence diversity.
AB  - Theileria parva parva piroplasm DNA was purified from 11 different infections of
      cattle with 6 different East African isolates of the parasite. Total DNA was also
      prepared from bovine lymphoblastoid cells infected with schizonts of one of the
      isolates. Two of the infections were with cloned parasites. The DNA was of high
      molecular weight and free from protein and RNA, but some of the samples contained
      a proportion of bovine DNA. The 6 samples least contaminated with bovine DNA had
      a mean 'melting' temperature (Tm) of 84 degrees C and a mean GC content of 31.3%.
      Reassociation kinetics gave an estimate of 1.2 x 10(7) base pairs for the genome
      of T. parva. Repetitive restriction fragments were cloned from two samples,
      separated from the recombinant vectors and used as probes to demonstrate RFLPs
      between isolates. Discrimination into five groups was achieved. Schizont and
      piroplasm DNAs from the same isolate gave identical RFLPs, and one of the cloned
      parasites appeared to be a sub-population selected from a mixed-infection field
      isolate. Comparison of RFLPs with monoclonal antibody profiles suggested that
      neither technique yet provides discrimination between all the isolates which may
      comprise a strain. The importance of DNA probes for studying the epidemiology of
      theileriosis and for control programs is discussed.

PMID- 2897627
TI  - Bedside diagnosis of systolic murmurs.
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of bedside maneuvers in the evaluation of patients with
      systolic murmurs has not been assessed objectively. Therefore, we evaluated 50
      patients with documented systolic murmurs and compared all standard bedside
      techniques. Murmurs originating within the right-sided chambers of the heart were
      best differentiated from all other murmurs by augmentation of their intensity
      with inspiration (100 percent sensitivity, 88 percent specificity) and diminution
      of their intensity with expiration (100 percent sensitivity, 88 percent
      specificity). The murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was distinguished from
      all other murmurs by an increase in intensity with the Valsalva maneuver (65
      percent sensitivity, 96 percent specificity) and during squatting-to-standing
      action (95 percent sensitivity, 84 percent specificity), and by a decrease in
      intensity during standing-to-squatting action (95 percent sensitivity, 85 percent
      specificity), passive leg elevation (85 percent sensitivity, 91 percent
      specificity), and handgrip (85 percent sensitivity, 75 percent specificity). The
      murmurs of mitral regurgitation and ventricular septal defect had parallel
      responses to all maneuvers, but could be differentiated from other systolic
      murmurs by augmentation of their intensity with handgrip (68 percent sensitivity,
      92 percent specificity) and during transient arterial occlusion (78 percent
      sensitivity, 100 percent specificity), and by a decrease in their intensity
      during the inhalation of amyl nitrite (80 percent sensitivity, 90 percent
      specificity). No single maneuver identified the murmur of aortic stenosis, but
      the diagnosis could be made by exclusion. Although no single maneuver is 100
      percent accurate in diagnosing the cause of a systolic murmur, its origin can be
      determined accurately at the bedside by observation of the response to a
      combination of maneuvers.

PMID- 2897628
TI  - Hereditary defect of cobalamin metabolism (cblG mutation) presenting as a
      neurologic disorder in adulthood.

PMID- 2897629
TI  - Homologous plant and bacterial proteins chaperone oligomeric protein assembly.
AB  - An abundant chloroplast protein is implicated in the assembly of the oligomeric
      enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, which catalyses
      photosynthetic CO2-fixation in higher plants. The product of the Escherichia coli
      groEL gene is essential for cell viability and is required for the assembly of
      bacteriophage capsids. Sequencing of the groEL gene and the complementary cDNA
      encoding the chloroplast protein has revealed that these proteins are
      evolutionary homologues which we term 'chaperonins'. Chaperonins comprise a class
      of molecular chaperones that are found in chloroplasts, mitochondria and
      prokaryotes. Assisted post-translational assembly of oligomeric protein
      structures is emerging as a general cellular phenomenon.

PMID- 2897630
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of the major protein kinase C substrate of
      platelets.
AB  - In platelets, agonists that stimulate phosphoinositide turnover cause the rapid
      phosphorylation of a protein of apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) 40-47,000,
      called P47, by protein kinase C (PKC). Diverse identities have been ascribed to
      P47 including lipocortin, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase,
      pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit and an actin regulatory protein. We have
      isolated human P47 clones by immunological screening of a lambda gt11
      complementary DNA library from HL-60 cells, a human promyelocytic leukaemia cell
      line. P47 recombinants thus identified hybridized to a 3.0 kilobase (kb)
      messenger RNA in mature white blood cell lines; the same mRNA was induced in HL
      60 cells during differentiation. A 1,050 base pair (bp) open reading frame that
      could encode a protein of Mr40,087 was confirmed by comparison with peptide
      sequences from platelet P47, and by expression of the putative recombinant P47 in
      E. coli and in vitro. The P47 sequence appears to have been conserved throughout
      vertebrate evolution, and is not similar to any other known sequence including
      human lipocortin and the alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The P47 protein
      contains a potential Ca2+-binding 'EF-hand' structure and a region that strongly
      resembles known PKC phosphorylation sites.

PMID- 2897631
TI  - Domain of Ultrabithorax expression in Drosophila visceral mesoderm from
      autoregulation and exclusion.
AB  - Domains of differential homeotic gene activity are formed at specific positions
      along the anteroposterior axis of the early Drosophila embryo. Homeotic genes are
      required continuously throughout development, so that homeotic gene activity has
      to be maintained independently of the positional information provided in the
      early embryo. In the ectoderm, the domains of homeotic gene activity partially
      overlap, but we have found that in the visceral mesoderm at least three of these
      genes are expressed in adjacent and mutually exclusive domains. It has been
      proposed that stable, sharply demarcated domains of this type could be
      established if a homeotic gene product stimulated its own expression locally and
      inhibited the expression of other homeotic genes, which Meinhardt has termed
      autocatalysis and mutual exclusion respectively. Furthermore, autocatalysis of
      this kind can in principle account for the maintenance of homeotic gene activity
      throughout development. We find that the unique domain of Ultrabithorax (Ubx)
      expression in the visceral mesoderm is dependent both on autocatalysis and on an
      exclusion mechanism: Ubx product is required for its own synthesis, whereas the
      product of the posteriorly adjacent gene abdominal-A represses Ubx expression.

PMID- 2897632
TI  - Primary structure and expression of a product from cut, a locus involved in
      specifying sensory organ identity in Drosophila.
AB  - In the absence of cut gene activity in Drosophila, external sensory organs are
      transformed into chordotonal organs. Here we show that the cut locus encodes a
      large protein containing a homoeodomain and is expressed in nuclei of cells in
      external sensory organs but not in cells within chordotonal organs.

PMID- 2897633
TI  - [Neuroleptics as anxiolytics and antidepressants].

PMID- 2897634
TI  - [Stable angina pectoris; why has the prognosis changed so much?].

PMID- 2897635
TI  - [Treatment of undescended testis with gonadorelin (LH-RH) via intranasal spray].

PMID- 2897636
TI  - [Can orchidopexy as treatment of undescended testes be replaced by gonadorelin
      (LH-RH) via nasal spray?].

PMID- 2897637
TI  - [Sharp decrease of the orchidopexy rate on Walcheren].

PMID- 2897638
TI  - [Vaginismus, whose problem?].

PMID- 2897639
TI  - VIP-sensitive adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, muscarinic receptors, choline
      acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, in brain tissue afflicted by
      Alzheimer's disease/senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - Biochemical parameters were determined in autopsy material from several brain
      regions of thirteen patients with Alzheimer's disease/senile dementia of
      Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) (mean age 75 years) and from brains of ten age-matched
      controls (mean age 76 years). Choline acetyltransferase specific activity was
      significantly lower in the nucleus caudatus, putamen, left thalamus, hippocampus
      and the cortex from gyrus hippocampus and the temporal lobe in AD/SDAT,
      acetylcholinesterase specific activity was significantly lower in the
      hippocampus, parietal and left frontal lobe in AD/SDAT samples than in
      corresponding samples from aged-matched controls. A compensatory increase of
      muscarinic receptors was found in the nucleus caudatus and left frontal lobe
      samples in AD/SDAT. Guanylate cyclase activity was not significantly altered in
      AD/SDAT in the brain regions examined. The basal, non-stimulated activity of
      adenylate cyclase was significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated in hippocampus
      samples from AD/SDAT patients and the enzyme activity stimulated by the
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide VIP (2 microM) or forskolin (10 microM) was
      also elevated in AD/SDAT although not significantly.

PMID- 2897640
TI  - Expression of Thy-1 antigen in reactive endoneurial capillaries of the rat
      following peripheral nerve damage.
AB  - Immunohistochemical staining of Thy-1 antigen was studied in rat peripheral
      nerves shortly after a complete crush lesion and after an epineural depot
      injection of lysophosphatidylcholine-palmitate (lysoPC). The Thy-1 antigen was
      expressed in endoneurial capillaries after 20-30 h and was visible previous to
      alterations in the axolemma or other signs of neural damage with the exception of
      endoneurial oedema formation. Thy-1 positive capillaries were restricted to the
      vicinity of degenerating nerve fibres in partially damaged nerves following
      epineural depot injection of lysoPC. It is therefore concluded that expression of
      the Thy-1 antigen in response to peripheral nerve damage in reactive endoneurial
      capillaries is an active process and not due to diffusion from degenerating
      axolemmata. Thy-1 staining could be used as a marker of reactive endoneurial
      capillaries in pathological conditions of peripheral nerves.

PMID- 2897641
TI  - Effect of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on rat hypothalamic corticotropin
      releasing hormone secretion in vitro.
AB  - Several lines of experimental evidence suggest that acetylcholine (ACh) is
      excitatory to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Since previous
      experiments have shown that ACh does not affect pituitary adrenocorticotropin
      secretion in vitro, we hypothesized that ACh stimulates the HPA axis by causing
      hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion. We examined this
      hypothesis using an organ culture system that measures the ability of single rat
      hypothalami to secrete immunoreactive CRH (IR-rCRH) in vitro. ACh stimulated
      hypothalamic IR-rCRH secretion in a dose-dependent fashion, at concentrations
      ranging from 3.3 x 10(-10) to 10(-5) M. This effect was antagonized by the
      simultaneous presence of atropine and hexamethonium, a muscarinic and a nicotinic
      receptor antagonist, respectively (p less than 0.05). Further evidence for the
      cholinergic regulation of the CRH neuron was provided by the findings that both
      carbachol, a muscarinic receptor agonist, and nicotine, a nicotinic receptor
      agonist, stimulated IR-rCRH secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. These effects
      were antagonized by atropine and hexamethonium, respectively, suggesting that
      both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are involved in the process. ACh
      stimulated hypothalamic IR-rCRH secretion in the presence of phentolamine, an
      alpha-adrenergic antagonist, and ritanserin, a serotonin2 receptor antagonist,
      suggesting that the cholinergic stimulation of CRH secretion is not mediated by
      alpha-adrenergic or serotonergic interneurons. We conclude that ACh stimulates
      hypothalamic CRH secretion via both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor
      mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897642
TI  - Characterization of alpha-adrenoceptors in the nucleus reticularis
      gigantocellularis involved in the cardiovascular depressant effects of guanabenz
      in the rat.
AB  - The participation of alpha-adrenoceptors in the nucleus reticularis
      gigantocellularis in the hypotensive, negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
      induced by guanabenz, was examined in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium
      (40 mg/kg, i.p.). Pretreatment with alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine (10
      micrograms), phentolamine (2.5 micrograms) and phenoxybenzamine (20 micrograms),
      which were injected bilaterally into the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis,
      significantly antagonized the cardiovascular suppressant effects normally
      produced by systemic administration of guanabenz (10 micrograms/kg, i.v.).
      Pretreatment with prazosin (0.25 microgram) did not affect the vasodepressive,
      but significantly attenuated the bradycardic actions of guanabenz. The general
      trend of "antagonization potency" shown by the alpha-adrenergic blockers, against
      the cardiovascular effects of guanabenz, was in the order: yohimbine greater than
      phentolamine greater than phenoxybenzamine greater than prazosin. It is concluded
      that while the alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis
      are more critically involved in the antihypertensive actions of guanabenz, the
      possibility exists that alpha 1-adrenoceptors may also participate, in part.

PMID- 2897643
TI  - The pharmacological profile of Org 6906, a potential non-sedative antidepressant
      that combines monoamine uptake inhibition with alpha 2-adrenolytic activity.
AB  - (dl)-(5 alpha,8 alpha,9 alpha)-5,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-5,9- methanobenzocycloocten-8
      amine hydrochloride (Org 6906) is a potential new antidepressant agent, with a
      neurochemical profile quite different from that of the classical tricyclic
      antidepressant drugs. The compound was found active in behavioural tests which
      are considered to be predictive for antidepressant activity, such as the
      muricidal test in the rat and the acquired immobility model. Neurochemical
      studies showed that Org 6906 was an inhibitor of the reuptake of monoamines both
      in vitro and ex-vivo without having appreciable anticholinergic,
      antihistaminergic or alpha 1-adrenolytic activity. The facilitatory effect on
      monoaminergic neurotransmission was confirmed by the reversal of hypothermia
      induced by reserpine. The drug Org 6906 appeared to have selective alpha 2
      adrenolytic properties. It facilitated potassium-stimulated release of
      noradrenaline from slices of cortex, displaced [3H]rauwolscine and
      [3H]dihydroergocryptine from their binding sites but only weakly blocked alpha 1
      adrenoceptors. The alpha 2-adrenolytic properties were also apparent in
      behavioural interaction models. The compound antagonized the sleep-inducing
      effects of clonidine in chicks and mice and it antagonized the mydriasis induced
      by clonidine in the rat. Finally, it was shown that the two enantiomers of Org
      6906 contributed almost equally to the relevant neurochemical and behavioural
      properties.

PMID- 2897644
TI  - Effects of neuroleptic treatments on peripheral opioid secretion.
AB  - The effects of short- and long-term neuroleptic therapy on peripheral secretion
      of beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) were examined in 25
      chronic schizophrenic patients. Haloperidol was given to 8 patients for 10 days
      (group A: 0.1 mg/kg b.w./day) and to another group of 8 patients for 30 days
      (group B: 10-18 mg/day). The other 9 patients were given a combination of
      haloperidol (6-30 mg/day) with either chlorpromazine (25-75 mg/day), clotiapine
      (40-60 mg/day), or fluphenazine decanoate (25-75 mg/month) for 14-18 months
      (group C). beta-EP and beta-LPH levels were assayed before and after each
      treatment. Haloperidol plasma levels were assayed in group B patients at the end
      of treatment. beta-EP mean basal levels were higher in patients than in controls;
      however, beta-LPH mean basal levels were higher only for group A patients. After
      treatment, the mean levels did not differ from those prior to therapy in groups A
      and B, while beta-LPH levels were significantly higher in group C. Level
      increases or decreases in single patients did not correlate with drug dose or
      duration of treatment, with baseline peptide levels or with the clinical effects
      of the various treatments.

PMID- 2897645
TI  - Co-localization of proenkephalin- and prodynorphin-derived opioid peptides in
      laminae IV/V spinal neurons revealed in arthritic rats.
AB  - By the use of highly selective antisera and an immunohistochemical technique the
      possible coexistence of proenkephalin- (PRO-ENK)- and prodynorphin (PRO-DYN)
      derived peptides was examined in 4- to 6-micron thick serial sections of the L4
      L5 segments of the spinal cord of non-colchicine-treated polyarthritic rats. In
      control, non-colchicine treated animals, virtually no cell bodies stained for the
      PRO-ENK-derived peptides, heptapeptide (MRF) and octapeptide (MRGL), nor for the
      PRO-DYN-derived peptides, dynorphin A (DYN) and alpha-neoendorphin (NEO). In
      contrast, in polyarthritic rats, numerous large (15-30 micron) multipolar neurons
      could be visualized with each antiserum in laminae IV/V. Alternate staining of
      adjacent sections with either anti-MRF or anti-MRGL antisera, followed by either
      anti-DYN or anti-NEO antisera, revealed a clear coexistence of PRO-ENK and PRO
      DYN peptides. It was possible to demonstrate co-localization of all 4 opioids in
      a single cell. It appeared that all cells staining for PRO-ENK peptides in
      laminae IV/V also stained for PRO-DYN peptides.

PMID- 2897646
TI  - An excitatory amino acid projection from ventromedial hypothalamus to
      periaqueductal gray in the rat: autoradiographic and electrophysiological
      evidence.
AB  - The projection from ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) to periaqueductal gray (PAG)
      has been implicated in various physiological processes in the rat, but the
      neurotransmitter mediating the excitatory response in PAG has not been
      identified. This pathway has been studied using a combination of anatomical and
      electrophysiological techniques. The retrograde labelling by D-[3H]aspartate in
      VMH, following injections into PAG, was particularly dense, suggesting that an
      excitatory amino acid may be the transmitter. This postulate is strengthened
      since VMH-evoked synaptic responses in PAG were reduced by
      microelectrophoretically administered antagonists of excitatory amino acids.
      Receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate types appear
      to have a functional role in this projection.

PMID- 2897647
TI  - Inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat striatum by 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+).
AB  - We report that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), the active metabolite of 1
      methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), inactivated tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) when MPP+ was directly infused into the striatum. We examined
      both in vitro TH activity and TH content measured by an enzyme immunoassay in the
      rat striatum after MPP+ was administered by an in vivo brain microdialysis probe.
      MPP+ caused the inhibition of TH activity but did not influence TH content in the
      ipsilateral striatum. These results indicate that MPP+ may cause an acute
      inactivation of TH after continuous exposure at the high concentrations.

PMID- 2897649
TI  - Neurotransmitter receptors of the rolling mouse Nagoya: a quantitative
      autoradiographic study.
AB  - The distribution of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator receptors was studied in
      the brain of the rolling mouse Nagoya (RMN) and in controls, using in vitro
      receptor autoradiography. Quantitative autoradiography was used to map adenosine
      A1 (labeled with [3H]cyclohexyladenosine), GABAA [( 3H]muscimol), opiate [(
      3H]naloxone), L-glutamate [( 3H]L-glutamate), benzodiazepine [(
      3H]flunitrazepam), and muscarinic cholinergic [( 3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate)
      receptors. In the cerebellar cortex, GABAA and adenosine A1 binding sites were
      significantly reduced in the RMN, whereas other transmitter binding sites were
      not significantly altered. Adenosine A1 binding sites were also reduced in the
      cerebral cortex and caudate-putamen. Benzodiazepine binding was significantly
      decreased in the cerebral cortex and increased in the CA1 subfield of the
      hippocampus. These results suggest that neurochemical alterations in the caudate
      putamen as well as in the cerebellar cortex play important roles in the ataxia
      and motor dysfunction of the RMN.

PMID- 2897648
TI  - Dextrorphan and dextromethorphan, common antitussives, are antiepileptic and
      antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate in brain slices.
AB  - The antitussive, dextromethorphan (DM), and its metabolite, dextrorphan (DX),
      were evaluated for antiepileptic properties in vitro. Interictal bursts and
      prolonged ictal epileptiform afterdischarges, induced by perfusion of guinea pig
      neocortical brain slices with Mg2+-free solution, were blocked by DX (1-250
      microM) or DM (100 microM). Intracellular records showed that these agents
      blocked N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced depolarizations without altering
      intrinsic membrane properties. DX blocked NMDA but not quisqualate-evoked multi
      unit excitatory responses. DM is a widely available, orally effective drug with
      low toxicity in antitussive doses, which has antiepileptic and NMDA-antagonist
      properties in vitro. Its toxicity and effectiveness as an anticonvulsant should
      be expeditiously examined in clinical trials.

PMID- 2897650
TI  - The glutamate receptor subtype mediating parallel fibre-Purkinje cell
      transmission in rabbit cerebellar cortex.
AB  - Responses of Purkinje cells to parallel fibre stimulation and to ionophoretically
      applied glutamate agonists, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, quisqualate, kainate and N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), were extracellularly recorded in a superficial folium
      of the dorsal paraflocculus of high-decerebrate rabbits. NMDA caused an
      inhibition of simple spike discharge from Purkinje cells. 2-Amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (APV), a selective NMDA receptor antagonist, effectively
      antagonized this inhibition. However, APV did not antagonize the excitation of
      Purkinje cells caused by quisqualate or parallel fibre stimulation. By contrast,
      both kynurenate and gamma-D-glutamylglycine (gamma-DGG) effectively antagonized
      the excitation of Purkinje cells by parallel fibre stimulation in a dose
      dependent manner. Both kynurenate and gamma-DGG also antagonized the excitation
      of Purkinje cells caused by quisqualate, L-glutamate, L-aspartate or kainate.
      However, the antagonism was more prominent to L-aspartate and kainate than to
      quisqualate and L-glutamate. Quisqualate response was antagonized to an extent
      comparable with the response to parallel fibre stimulation. These results
      indicate that the receptor for the neurotransmitter at parallel fibre-Purkinje
      cell synapses is of quisqualate-specific type. The present data are consistent
      with the evidence that L-glutamate is the endogenous transmitter at these
      synapses.

PMID- 2897651
TI  - Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin as a cause of recurrent intrauterine fetal
      death.
AB  - Hyperthyroidism is one of the numerous causes of infertility and recurrent
      abortion. Little mention has been made, however, of the specific role of thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulin (TSIg) as a potential etiology, especially in the
      clinically euthyroid mother. This report describes a case of intrauterine fetal
      death in a euthyroid woman with TSIg.

PMID- 2897652
TI  - [New possibilities for the diagnosis and therapy of ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2897653
TI  - [Initial treatment of amputation injuries].
AB  - Emergency treatment of an amputation injury is based on the correct assessment of
      the extent and functional loss of the amputated part. In addition to choosing the
      best treatment for the patient and amputated part, timely organization of
      transport and early contact with the replantation center are of utmost
      importance. We present the results of our experience based on replantations in
      323 patients.

PMID- 2897654
TI  - Microfilaria density distribution in the human population and its infectivity
      index for the mosquito population.
AB  - A new method of computing the infectivity index of microfilariae (mf) for the
      mosquito population is proposed using the estimated mf density distribution in
      the human population. the observed density distribution is considered a compound
      of the Poisson and the gamma distributions. The former distribution describes the
      probability of a specimen containing a specified number of mf and the latter
      describes the density distribution of mf in the host population. The mf
      infectivity index is the probability that a blood meal will include at least 1
      mf, conditional on the population-density distribution of mf as specified by the
      gamma distribution. Actual data indicate that this population-density-based
      infectivity index can be considerably different from the conventional index based
      on the survey-density distribution. The level of the carrier rate of mf in a
      survey is greatly influenced, apart from the sample variation, by the average
      volume of blood taken from each person. The rate computed on the estimated
      population-density distribution of mf is convertible to any base amount of blood.

PMID- 2897655
TI  - Use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to distinguish between
      nematodes of pathogenic significance.
AB  - The availability of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) would be
      useful for studying the extent of diversity among morphologically
      indistinguishable populations of filarial parasites. Such polymorphisms may be
      useful in correlating various physiological and clinical differences with
      parasite heterogeneity. In order to identify such RFLPs, we isolated DNA from
      microfilaria of 6 filarial species (Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi,
      Brugia pahangi, Dirofilaria immitis, Litomosoides carinii and Setaria digitatum),
      digested the DNA with several restriction endonucleases, prepared Southern blots
      and probed with 32P-labelled DNA probes. The patterns of fragments generated
      using two restriction endonucleases, Mbo I and Taq I, in combination with two
      probes, rDNA from the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and
      pBM103, an anonymous DNA probe from B. malayi, unequivocally distinguish between
      all 6 of the species. To ensure that the differences we observed between the
      species represent true interspecies variation rather than fortuitous individual
      variations we analysed DNA from several individual B. malayi and B. pahangi
      worms. The individual B. malayi worms demonstrated restriction profiles that were
      invariant, as did the individual B. pahangi worms, demonstrating that the
      differences we observed were true interspecies variations.

PMID- 2897656
TI  - The tissue distribution of the 3 alpha-fucosyl-N-acetyl lactosamine determinant
      recognized by the CD15 monoclonal antibodies CMRF-7 and 27.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, CMRF-7 and 27, which react with cells of the
      granulocytic series, were obtained from hybridomas cloned from separate fusions.
      Biochemical studies indicate that both antibodies are of the CD15 group and react
      with the antigenic determinant 3 alpha-fucosyl-N-acetyl lactosamine (hapten X)
      expressed on some glycolipids and several different granulocyte glycoproteins
      with a wide range of molecular weights. The antigen was found on some
      promyelocytes and more differentiated granulocytes, including neutrophils and
      some eosinophils, but not basophils. Monocytes, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes
      were negative for CMRF-7 but neuraminidase treatment revealed "cryptic" sites on
      monocytes and some lymphoid cells. The antibody CMRF-7 reacted with the majority
      of acute myeloid leukemia blasts in the FAB categories M2-M5 but less frequently
      with M1 blasts and was positive with only 5/43 acute lymphoid leukemias.
      Immunoperoxidase staining of other normal human tissues indicates that this
      determinant is found on a range of epithelial cells in skin, the gastrointestinal
      tract and the genitourinary system. In addition some parts of the central nervous
      tissue and some endocrine organs stained with these antibodies.

PMID- 2897657
TI  - Cis-acting sequences affecting the length of the poly(A) head of vaccinia virus
      late transcripts.
AB  - Mutations in the sequences flanking the conserved and essential TAAAT motif of
      vaccinia late gene promoters (consensus: T/A T/A TAAAT G Pu Pu) affect the level
      of expression. Introduction of a pyrimidine in the purine stretch downstream of
      the TAAAT motif reduces the level of RNA synthesis. Mature transcripts from the
      wild-type 11K late promoter have a non-contiguous 5' poly(A) leader of
      approximately 35 A-residues (referred to as a poly(A) head). We show here by RNA
      sequencing, primer extension and subsequent m7G cap selection of cDNA/RNA hybrids
      that the mutations affect the length of the poly(A) head but not the location of
      the junction between the poly(A) leader and sequences encoded in the genome.
      These results are consistent with a slippage mechanism underlying the process of
      5' poly(A) addition, but are not in agreement with a splicing event.

PMID- 2897659
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCT128.2) on chromosome 8
      [D8S39].

PMID- 2897658
TI  - Regulation of in vitro translation by double-stranded RNA in mammalian cell mRNA
      preparations.
AB  - Polyadenylated mRNA has been purified from a variety of human and mouse cell
      sources. These preparations are actively translated in the wheat germ cell-free
      system but have only poor ability to stimulate the nuclease-treated reticulocyte
      lysate. The translation of endogenous and exogenous globin mRNA is strongly
      inhibited by the poly(A)+ RNA preparations in reticulocyte lysates. Both
      polysomal and non-polysomal RNA have similar effects but poly(A)+ RNA is almost
      2000-fold more inhibitory than poly(A)-RNA on a weight basis. The inhibition is
      abolished in the presence a high concentration of poly(I).poly(C). Analysis of
      endogenous eIF-2 in the lysate reveals that the subunit becomes extensively
      phosphorylated in the presence of the inhibitory poly(A)+ RNA. Prolonged
      incubation of lysate with poly(A)+ RNA also causes some nucleolytic degradation
      of polysomal globin mRNA. These characteristics suggest that some eukaryotic cell
      mRNAs contain regions of double-stranded structure which are sufficiently
      extensive to activate translational control mechanisms in the reticulocyte
      lysate.

PMID- 2897660
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pRMU7.4) on chromosome 7p
      [D7S370].

PMID- 2897661
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNM18.1) on chromosome 15
      [D15S35].

PMID- 2897662
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH37) on chromosome 14
      [D14S16].

PMID- 2897663
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cMCOC46) on chromosome 13
      [D13S54].

PMID- 2897664
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNA15.2) on chromosome 15
      [D15S36].

PMID- 2897665
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM1.2) on chromosome 12q
      [D12S15].

PMID- 2897666
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cYNA12) on chromosome 13
      [D13S53].

PMID- 2897667
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH59) on chromosome 17q
      [D17S4].

PMID- 2897668
TI  - Apa I and Sst I RFLPs at the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) locus on
      chromosome 11.

PMID- 2897669
TI  - Magnesium-dependence of in vitro translation programmed by gene-specific mRNAs.

PMID- 2897670
TI  - Human TaqI RFLP recognized by neurofilament gene probes.

PMID- 2897671
TI  - RFLP for TaqI at the human neurofilament (NF-L) gene locus.

PMID- 2897672
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNZ32) on chromosome 4p
      [D4S125].

PMID- 2897673
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTB10.171) on chromosome 10
      [D10S19].

PMID- 2897674
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pHHH163) on chromosome 18
      [D18S21].

PMID- 2897675
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM17.4) on chromosome 10
      [D10S23].

PMID- 2897676
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMI37) on chromosome 7
      [D7S368].

PMID- 2897677
TI  - RFLP of the human c-fes proto-oncogene.

PMID- 2897678
TI  - Gastric secretion and gastrin under progressive doses of somatostatin-14 and -28
      administered intraperitoneally to the rat.
AB  - The actions of progressive doses of intraperitoneally (IP) administered
      somatostatin-14 (SS-14) and -28 (SS-28) on gastric secretion (acid, pepsin) and
      mucosal blood flow (MBF) were studied in conscious gastric fistula rats both
      under basal conditions and under additional administration of pentagastrin. Also,
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was measured in aortal blood in all groups as
      well as aortal gastrin levels under basal conditions. IP infusion of equimolar
      doses of SS-14 and SS-28 resulted in an equal and dose-dependent inhibition of
      basal as well as pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. MBF was reduced
      by either peptide both in the basal and pentagastrin experiments. Under basal
      conditions pepsin secretion was significantly increased by infusion of SS-14 at
      the higher doses, by infusion of SS-28 only at the intermediate dose (3.1 nmole
      kg-1.hr-1). In the pentagastrin experiments, low and intermediate doses of SS-14
      tended to lower pepsin outputs but the highest dose of SS-14 stimulated pepsin
      secretion, whereas SS-28 had no effect on pepsin. Administration of SS-28
      inhibited gastrin only at the highest dose (12.3 nmole kg-1.hr-1), and SS-14 had
      no influence at all on gastrin. After IP infusion of both peptides, plasma SLI
      rose dose-dependently under basal and stimulated conditions. Gel chromatography
      indicated an in-vivo conversion of SS-28 to SS-14 or intermediate fragments. It
      is concluded that SS-14 and SS-28 delivered by IP infusion, inhibit basal and
      stimulated gastric acid equally in the rat without suppressing gastrin. The
      mechanism underlying SS-mediated pepsin stimulation is unknown.

PMID- 2897680
TI  - [The role of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of thyrotropin
      secretion in rats].

PMID- 2897679
TI  - [The factors and mechanisms regulating the number and function of peripheral
      receptors of the adrenergic system].

PMID- 2897681
TI  - Pain management in terminally ill patients. How the primary care physician can
      help.

PMID- 2897682
TI  - Amebiasis. The ancient scourge is still with us.
AB  - Amebiasis is usually contracted in geographic areas where sanitation is poor, but
      outbreaks can still occur anywhere that drinking water becomes contaminated with
      sewage. In the majority of persons infected with the parasite, colonization of
      the intestine is asymptomatic. In others, symptoms of gastrointestinal distress
      can appear within a week. In rare cases, extra-intestinal amebiasis can cause
      abscesses in the liver or elsewhere. Many questions about the disease course in
      different patients remain to be answered. Diagnosis can be made through symptom
      identification; findings of right-upper-quadrant tenderness, leukocytosis, and an
      elevated level of alkaline phosphatase; and testing the feces for trophozoites or
      cysts. Clinicians disagree on whether asymptomatic persons need to be treated,
      but anyone who is capable of transmitting the disease should be advised of how to
      avoid exposing others to it.

PMID- 2897683
TI  - Clostridium difficile, sulphasalazine, and ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Clostridium difficile has been implicated in the relapse of ulcerative colitis.
      Controversy exists over this role and its relationship to sulphasalazine
      exposure. Sixty two of 77 patients with a documented relapse of ulcerative
      colitis were investigated for the presence of Clostridium difficile, or its
      toxin, prior to hospitalization. There was a low incidence of detection which was
      related to antibiotic exposure (2/62). Sampling during the treatment period
      showed that the occurrence of Clostridium difficile in the stool was related to
      antibiotic treatment (2/66). Fifty six percent of patients were taking
      sulphasalazine, none of whom became culture or toxin positive. This study
      demonstrates that Clostridium difficile is not related to relapse of ulcerative
      colitis and is not secondarily acquired during relapse unless the patient is
      exposed to antibiotics. Sulphasalazine does not predispose to acquisition of
      Clostridium difficile. There is no role for routine screening or treatment of
      Clostridium difficile in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2897684
TI  - Microvillar enzyme assays in amniotic fluid and fetal tissues at different stages
      of development.
AB  - A systematic study of microvillar enzyme activities in the amniotic fluid in
      correlation with their values in different fetal tissues during development has
      been undertaken. Microvillar enzymes appeared in the amniotic fluid at the time
      of disappearance of the anal membrane, 12-13 weeks, and declined from the 18th
      week until the 24th week. The study of fetal tissues and fluids has shown that
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase is mainly of liver origin. The significant decrease
      of the activities of these amniotic fluid enzymes has been the basis of prenatal
      diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. These assays may be useful for the diagnosis of
      certain digestive tract abnormalities at later stages of pregnancy.

PMID- 2897685
TI  - First trimester diagnosis of methylmalonic aciduria.
AB  - We have studied methylmalonyl CoA mutase activity in control chorionic villi to
      establish the potential use of assays performed directly on this tissue for
      prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic aciduria. We report the detection of a fetus
      affected with the apo-mutase deficient form of this condition at 9 weeks'
      gestation. Methylmalonyl CoA mutase was markedly deficient in chorionic villi,
      approximately 2.5 per cent of the mean control value. However, incorporation of
      label from [14C]-propionate into protein was 10 and 40 per cent of the mean
      control value, respectively, in two portions of the same biopsy, highlighting
      potential problems in the use of this indirect assay. Normal results were
      obtained in chorionic villus samples from four other pregnancies 'at risk' for
      methylmalonic aciduria which were subsequently shown to be unaffected with this
      condition. The diagnosis in the affected pregnancy was confirmed by demonstration
      of a marked deficiency of methylmalonyl CoA mutase activity in villi obtained at
      termination and in cultured fetal fibroblasts. Reduced incorporation of [14C]
      propionate label into protein was also found in these tissues.

PMID- 2897686
TI  - The preparation of poly(A)+mRNA from the hagfish slime gland.
AB  - The isolation of translatable poly(A)+mRNA from the slime glands of the Pacific
      hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, is not possible by the commonly used procedures
      because of the viscous slime that is formed when the contents of the glands are
      hydrated. This paper reports on a procedure developed to overcome this problem.
      Briefly, the tissue was powdered in liquid nitrogen, mixed with sodium
      lauroylsarcosine and proteinase K and lyophilized. The lyophilized powder was
      then mixed with 0.3 mm diameter glass beads, thoroughly ground and wetted with
      buffer and digested at 37 degrees C. The RNA from the digest was recovered by
      ultracentrifugation through a CsCl cushion. Further purification of the RNA was
      accomplished by the usual methods with slight modifications.

PMID- 2897687
TI  - Long-acting somatostatin (SMS 201-995) in the management of Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome: evidence for sustained efficacy.
AB  - Five patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) have been treated during 9-12
      months with long-acting somatostatin (SMS 201-995). Basal acid output presented a
      sustained decrease in 4 of 5 cases, below 10 mmol/h in three patients, allowing
      ranitidine discontinuation. No escape phenomenon was observed. Maximal acid
      secretion progressively decreased, suggesting an SMS antitrophic effect. Serum
      gastrin level was affected in a greater extent, showing a mean 87% decrease
      throughout the treatment period. Thus three patients kept normal serum gastrin
      levels in the long-term; one escaped to SMS after 9 months. Associated endocrine
      neoplasia were poorly influenced by SMS. No convincing evidence of tumor size
      variation was noted. Tolerance of SMS was excellent in the five patients. SMS'
      antitrophic and antigastrin properties could be of great interest in long-term
      management of ZES.

PMID- 2897688
TI  - Purification of human pancreatic gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase by lectin affinity
      chromatography.
AB  - Two types of pancreatic gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) (EC 2.3.2.2), sialic
      acid poor and sialic acid rich, were purified by the following: anion-exchange
      chromatography, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose chromatography, gel
      filtration chromatography, phenyl-Superose chromatography, and hydroxylapatite
      chromatography. Among these, WGA-Sepharose chromatography helped to increase the
      specific activity of the GGTPs by approximately 20-30-fold in one effort. On
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the two pancreatic GGTPs had
      different molecular weights. Sialic acid-rich GGTP had two subunits of Mr 67,000
      and 27,000; however, the sialic acid-poor type had two subunits of Mr 72,000 and
      29,000. The pI value of the sialic acid-poor GGTP was 5.9, and that of the sialic
      acid-rich GGTP 3.6.

PMID- 2897689
TI  - Distinct P-glycoprotein precursors are overproduced in independently isolated
      drug-resistant cell lines.
AB  - A family of P-glycoproteins are overproduced in multidrug-resistant cells derived
      from the murine macrophage-like line J774.2. To determine whether individual
      family members are overproduced in response to different drugs, the P
      glycoprotein precursors in several independently isolated cell lines, which were
      selected for resistance to vinblastine or taxol, were compared. Individual cell
      lines selected with vinblastine overproduced P-glycoprotein precursors of either
      120 or 125 kDa. Taxol-selected cell lines overproduced either the 125-kDa
      precursor or both precursors simultaneously. Two similar but distinct peptide
      maps for the mature P-glycoproteins were observed. These maps corresponded to
      each precursor regardless of the drug used for selection. One vinblastine
      resistant cell line switched from the 125- to the 120-kDa precursor when grown in
      increasing concentrations of drug. This change coincided with the overexpression
      of a distinct subset of mRNA species that code for P-glycoprotein. It is
      concluded that precursor expression is not drug-specific. These data suggest that
      individual overproduced P-glycoprotein family members are translated as distinct
      polypeptides. The results may help to explain the diversity in the multidrug
      resistant phenotype.

PMID- 2897690
TI  - Suppression of the Escherichia coli ssb-1 mutation by an allele of groEL.
AB  - A series of spontaneous suppressors to the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the
      single-stranded DNA-binding protein mutation ssb-1 were isolated. A genomic
      library of EcoRI fragments from one of these suppressor strains was prepared by
      using pBR325 as the cloning vector. A 10.0-kilobase class of inserts was
      identified as carrying the ssb-1 gene itself. A second class of 8.3-kilobase
      inserts was shown to contain the groE region by (i) restriction analysis, (ii)
      Southern hybridization of the 8.3-kilobase insert to groE+ DNA, and (iii)
      identification of the gene products by similar migration on polyacrylamide gels.
      Subcloning demonstrated that an intact mutant groEL gene was necessary for
      suppression and that plasmids carrying the 8.3-kilobase insert could suppress
      mutants carrying groES- but not groEL- genes for phage lambda growth. The
      suppressor, designated as groEL411, was specific for the ssb-1 allele. In ssb-1
      groEL411 cells, DNA synthesis stopped after a shift to 42.5 degrees C but rapidly
      recovered within minutes. The data suggest a direct interaction between the
      single-stranded DNA-binding protein and GroEL proteins in DNA replication.

PMID- 2897691
TI  - Positive regulation of pertussis toxin expression.
AB  - Although the genus Bordetella contains several closely related species, pertussis
      toxin (PT) is produced only by phase I Bordetella pertussis. In this work we have
      studied the regulation of expression of the PT operon and investigated why PT is
      produced by phase I and not by phase III B. pertussis despite the presence of the
      PT genes. We have constructed a vector for Bordetella species that contains the
      PT promoter fused to the coding region of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      (CAT) gene, and we have used it to identify the regulatory elements involved in
      the transcription of the PT operon. Efficient transcription of these genes
      requires at least two features: (i) the 170-base-pair DNA sequence upstream from
      the start site of transcription and (ii) a trans-activating factor encoded by the
      vir locus. Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica, although
      endowed with a functional trans-activating system, do not produce PT because of
      mutations within their PT promoter regions. In contrast, phase III Bordetella
      species do not show any trans activity.

PMID- 2897692
TI  - Insulin growth factors regulate the mitotic cycle in cultured rat sympathetic
      neuroblasts.
AB  - While neuronal mitosis is uniquely restricted to early development, the
      underlying regulation remains to be defined. We have now developed a dissociated,
      embryonic sympathetic neuron culture system that uses fully defined medium in
      which cells enter the mitotic cycle. The cultured cells expressed two neuronal
      traits, tyrosine hydroxylase [L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen
      oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating); EC 1.14.16.2] and the neuron-specific 160-kDa
      neurofilament subunit protein, but were devoid of glial fibrillary acidic
      protein, a marker for non-myelin-forming Schwann cells in ganglia. Approximately
      one-third of the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells synthesized DNA in culture,
      specifically incorporating [3H]thymidine into their nuclei. We used this system
      to define factors regulating the mitotic cycle in sympathetic neuroblasts.
      Members of the insulin family of growth factors, including insulin and insulin
      like growth factors I and II, regulated DNA synthesis in the presumptive
      neuroblasts. Insulin more than doubled the proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase
      positive cells entering the mitotic cycle, as indicated by autoradiography of
      [3H]thymidine incorporation into nuclei. Scintillation spectrometry was an even
      more sensitive index of DNA synthesis, revealing a 4-fold insulin stimulation
      with an ED50 of 100 ng/ml. Insulin-like growth factor I was 100-fold more potent
      than insulin, whereas insulin-like growth factor II was less potent, suggesting
      that insulin growth factor type I receptors mediated the mitogenic responses. In
      contrast, the trophic protein nerve growth factor exhibited no mitogenic effect,
      suggesting that the mitogenic action of insulin growth factors is highly
      specific. Our observations are discussed in the context of the detection of
      insulin growth factors and receptors in the developing brain.

PMID- 2897693
TI  - Neurotransmitter release is blocked intracellularly by botulinum neurotoxin, and
      this requires uptake of both toxin polypeptides by a process mediated by the
      larger chain.
AB  - Botulinum neurotoxins (types A and B), which are microbial proteins consisting of
      two disulfide-linked chains, inhibit specifically and with high potency the
      release of acetylcholine from peripheral nerve terminals. As a prerequisite for a
      long-term development of effective treatments for botulism, the internalization
      and inhibitory action of the toxin and its constituent chains were examined by
      electrophysiological methods at identified synapses in Aplysia preparations that
      allow both intracellular and bath application of the neurotoxins. Intracellular
      recordings from cholinergic cells of the buccal ganglion demonstrated that extra-
      or intracellular application of low doses of botulinum neurotoxin results in a
      specific blockade of evoked transmitter release, without changing the quantal
      size; an intraneuronal site of action has thus been established. In contrast,
      release from noncholinergic neurons of cerebral ganglion was prevented by the
      neurotoxin only after injection into the cell. Purified preparations of the
      individual renatured chains, shown to be nontoxic in a mouse bioassay, failed to
      affect acetylcholine release when applied extra- or intracellularly. However,
      inhibition of release was observed after intracellular administration of both
      chains or when the light chain was injected and the heavy chain was bath-applied.
      These findings show that both chains are required on the cytosolic side of the
      neuronal plasma membrane for expression of toxicity and that the cholinergic
      specificity of the neurotoxin is attributable to its heavy chain, which mediates
      targeting and subsequent neuronal uptake.

PMID- 2897694
TI  - Effects of dietary nonspecific nitrogen on [14C]glutamate and [14C]proline
      incorporation into bone proteins in chicks.
AB  - The incorporation of [14C]glutamic acid into EDTA-soluble and -insoluble calvaria
      protein in vitro and [14C]proline into EDTA-insoluble femur protein in vivo was
      determined in chicks fed inadequate and adequate levels of nonspecific nitrogen
      (glutamic acid). In each instance, the amount of amino acid incorporated into
      bone protein was reduced by the low level of nonspecific nitrogen. It was
      concluded that the high incidence of leg abnormalities observed in chicks fed
      purified diets containing adequate levels of indispensable amino acids but
      lacking in total nitrogen might be associated with an inability to form bone
      matrix protein.

PMID- 2897695
TI  - Use of analogs of LH-RH and somatostatin for the treatment of hormone dependent
      cancers.

PMID- 2897696
TI  - The role of the multichain IL-2 receptor complex in the control of normal and
      malignant T-cell proliferation.
AB  - Antigen-induced activation of resting T cells induces the synthesis of
      interleukin-2 (IL-2), as well as the expression of specific cell surface
      receptors for this lymphokine. There are at least two forms of the cellular
      receptors for IL-2, one with a very high affinity and the other with a lower
      affinity. We have identified two IL-2 binding peptides, a 55-kd peptide reactive
      with the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody and a 75-kd non-Tac IL-2 binding peptide.
      Cell lines bearing either the p55, Tac, or the p75 peptide alone manifested low
      affinity IL-2 binding, whereas cell lines bearing both peptides manifested both
      high- and low-affinity receptors. Fusion of cell membranes from low-affinity IL-2
      binding cells bearing the Tac peptide alone with membranes from a cell line
      bearing the p75 peptide alone generated hybrid membranes bearing high-affinity
      receptors. We propose a multichain model for the high-affinity IL-2 receptor in
      which both the p55 Tac and the p75 IL-2 binding peptides are associated in a
      receptor complex. The p75 peptide is the receptor for IL-2 on large granular
      lymphocytes and is sufficient for the IL-2 activation of these cells. In contrast
      to resting T cells, human T-cell lymphotropic virus I-associated adult T-cell
      leukemia cells constitutively express large numbers of IL-2 receptors. Because IL
      2 receptors are present on the malignant T cells but not on normal resting cells,
      clinical trials have been initiated in which patients with adult T-cell leukemia
      are being treated with either unmodified or toxin-conjugated forms of anti-Tac
      monoclonal antibody directed toward this growth factor receptor.

PMID- 2897697
TI  - Effect of ethylketocyclazocine on acetylcholine release in guinea-pig brain
      slices.
AB  - The effect of ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) on 3H-Choline (Ch) efflux and on
      endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) release from guinea-pig brain slices was studied.
      The drug inhibited the 3H-Ch efflux at a low concentration (0.1 mumol/l) in
      thalamus slices, while only at high concentrations (30-100 mumol/l) did EKC
      induce deep inhibition in the caudate nucleus and slight reduction in the
      cerebral cortex. Dynorphin (1-13) and morphine (Mo) inhibited the ACh release
      from thalamus slices as well. Naloxone (Nx) was more effective in antagonizing Mo
      than EKC. The experiments carried out with the endogenous ACh bioassay technique
      confirmed the above results. Mr 2266 and Mr 1452, both proposed as preferential k
      antagonists, per se enhanced 3H-Ch efflux from thalamus slices, while the
      dextrorotatory isomer Mr 1453, devoid of opioid properties, did not share such
      action. The role of k-opioid receptors in cholinergic system modulation in the
      guinea-pig brain is discussed.

PMID- 2897698
TI  - Development of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in primary cultures of
      neurones and glial cells derived from the cerebral hemispheres of chick embryos.
AB  - The development of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in neurones and
      glial cells was studied in primary cell cultures derived from the cerebral
      hemispheres of chick embryos. GGT activity was found in both basic types of
      nervous tissue cells. It was always higher in glial cell cultures, where it was
      up to 2.3-fold the values in neurone-enriched cultures. If the culture medium
      contained foetal calf serum, the GGT activity of both types of nerve cells was
      higher than in the presence of inactivated calf serum. Comparison with the in
      vivo situation showed that the level of GGT activity in nerve cell cultures was
      significantly lower. Between the seventh day of embryogenesis and the third day
      of postnatal development of the nerve cells, there were marked differences
      between the GGT activity of cells maintained under in vitro conditions and cells
      of the same age in brain tissue homogenate. GGT activity in cerebral hemisphere
      homogenates from a 17-day-old embryos amounted to 4-fold the activity in a
      primary glial cell culture and to 16-fold the value in a neurone-enriched culture
      from hemispheres at the same stage of development.

PMID- 2897699
TI  - Central mechanisms underlying the neural and neuroendocrine determinants of
      maternal behaviour.
AB  - The neuroendocrine and neurochemical events which occur in the brain in the
      context of maternal behaviour fall into two main categories: 1) Those which
      simultaneously address wide areas of the brain and lack any specific "coding" for
      maternal behaviour but are nevertheless essential for it to occur. The steroid
      hormones and rostrally projecting catecholamine systems fall into this category.
      The steroid hormones may be viewed as primers, but not just for maternal
      behaviour, while the amines, specifically noradrenaline, act to synchronise a
      variety of neural systems associated with maternal behaviour. These include the
      activation of neuroendocrine mechanisms important for the peripheral changes
      associated with maternal behaviour, an interaction with the oxytocin and beta
      endorphin peptidergic systems which are the specific addressing systems, and
      enhancement of sensory signals and learning contingent upon parturition. Indeed,
      parturition is the physiological event which activates the noradrenergic system
      in the context of maternal behaviour. 2) Those which address restricted areas of
      the brain and may be viewed as specific to maternal behaviour. Their action is
      dependent on estrogen priming and the noradrenergic synchronisation of other
      neural events in order for complete maternal behaviour to ensue. The
      oxytocinergic and beta-endorphin peptidergic systems fall into this category,
      promoting maternal behaviour and the neural reinforcement associated with this.
      In order to ensure specificity, these peptidergic systems may be inhibitory to
      potentially competing behaviours such as sexual behaviour and the reproductive
      neuroendocrine response associated with it. Although not discussed in this
      review, the nigrostriatal dopamine projection may be considered both specific, in
      that it relates only to motor events, and non-specific, in that this relationship
      exists in all behavioural contexts. Finally, as maternal behaviour progresses,
      other parts of the brain are called upon to coordinate the different behaviours
      that become associated with maternalism and ensure protection and feeding of the
      offspring. The suckling stimulus appears to be important for activating these
      neural systems by way of the peripeduncular nucleus.

PMID- 2897700
TI  - Neural basis of maternal behavior in the rat.
AB  - This article presents a review of the neural and neurochemical regulation of
      maternal behavior in the rat, emphasizing the role of the medial preoptic area
      (MPOA) and its neural connections in this regulation. Evidence for the role of
      the MPOA includes the following and will be discussed: (1) Axon-sparing lesions
      of the MPOA disrupt maternal behavior, indicating the involvement of MPOA neurons
      rather than fibers of passage. (2) Estradiol acts on the MPOA to facilitate
      maternal behavior. (3) An MPOA-to-lateral preoptic area-to-ventral tegmental area
      circuit may be part of the output pathway by which the MPOA influences maternal
      behavior. (4) MPOA neural circuitry may interact with olfactory neural circuitry
      and with the motor system to influence maternal responsiveness. (5) Opioid neural
      pathways appear to inhibit, and oxytocinergic neural pathways appear to promote,
      maternal behavior.

PMID- 2897702
TI  - [A new method for the determination of the multiple molecular forms of gamma
      glutamyltransferases after electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Preliminary
      data].
AB  - What is described is a new, sensitive, simple and precise method for the
      visualization of the multiple molecular forms of the gamma-glutamyltransferase by
      means of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate in parallel with the serum protein
      pattern. The isoenzymatic pattern in 100 cases with a normal catalytic activity
      was mainly represented by two bands, one in the alpha 1 region and one in the
      alpha 2. Also examined was the serum of 103 cases having various hepatic biliary
      pathologies and a catalytic activity out of the reference interval, in an attempt
      to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of the various isoenzyme patterns.

PMID- 2897701
TI  - Role of primary sensory neurons in the central effects of nicotine.
AB  - Utilizing single unit recording techniques the nicotine-induced excitation of
      noradrenaline (NA)-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) was analyzed.
      Low doses of nicotine (40-160 micrograms, IV) were found to dose-dependently
      increase the LC firing rate. The effect was antagonized by pretreatment with the
      quaternary ganglionic blockers hexamethonium (12 mg/kg, IP) and chlorisondamine
      (0.3 mg/kg, IV). Also, neonatal treatment with capsaicin, a procedure that is
      associated with a selective degeneration of primary sensory C-fibre afferents,
      clearly antagonized the effect of nicotine on LC neurons. The typical effect of
      nicotine on LC discharge was, in all essentials, mimicked by the quaternary
      nicotinic agonist tetramethylammonium (TMA). We here propose that the action of
      nicotine on central NA neurons is primarily executed peripherally via activation
      of primary sensory C-fibre afferents.

PMID- 2897703
TI  - Stimulation of lymphocyte function by monoclonal CD2 (E rosette receptor)
      specific antibodies.

PMID- 2897704
TI  - [Pleomorphism of panarteritis nodosa. Considerations on an anatomo-clinical
      case].

PMID- 2897705
TI  - Effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid deficiency during pregnancy and lactation
      on lipid fatty acid composition of liver and serum in the rat.
AB  - The effects of a dietary alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) deficiency on lipid
      fatty acid composition of the liver and serum of lactating rats have been studied
      during three gestations and over three generations. These females were compared
      to corresponding females which remained sterile. Two lots of female rats
      received, respectively, a diet containing lipids either in the form of 1.50 g of
      sunflower oil per 100 g of diet (deficient diet) or as 1.87 g of soya oil per 100
      g of diet (control diet). Both diet contained the same amount of linoleic acid
      (18:2 n-6), i.e. 940 mg/100 g of diet, but the sunflower diet supplied 43 times
      less 18:3 n-3 than the soja diet, or 3 mg vs 130 mg/100 g of diet. Results show
      that successive gestations appeared to be more efficient means of depleting
      material n-3 PUFA stores than successive generations. The 18:3 n-3 deficient diet
      caused a considerable decrease in the level of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n
      3 PUFA) in liver and serum lipids, and particularly of 22:6 n-3. This decline was
      compensated by an increase in the level of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6
      PUFA), and particularly by a very high augmentation of 22:5 n-6. The ratio n-6
      PUFA/n-3 PUFA in liver phospholipids and in serum lipids was a good index of the
      adequacy of dietary n-3 PUFA supply. However, the ratio 22:5 n-6/22:6 n-3 was a
      finer index. This ratio appeared to be a reliable index of dietary n-3 PUFA
      deficiency when it was higher than 1 in serum lipids of a fasting animal. The
      proportion of 22:5 n-6 as well as the ratios n-6/n-3 and 22:5 n-6/22:6 n-3, were
      also increased in the liver phospholipids of lactating females receiving the soya
      oil diet; this suggested that a supply of 130 mg/100 g of diet, corresponding to
      a ratio of n-6/n-3 = 7.2, was not sufficient for these rats during pregnancy and
      lactation. A supply of 200 mg of n-3 PUFA/100 g of diet, corresponding to a ratio
      of n-6/n-3 = 5, is recommended for these animals.

PMID- 2897706
TI  - Estramustine phosphate inhibits germinal vesicle breakdown and induces
      depolymerization of microtubules in mouse oocyte.
AB  - The first meiotic cell division (meiotic maturation) of the dictyate stage of
      mouse oocytes, removed from the follicle, resumes spontaneously in vitro. This
      study indicates that estramustine phosphate reversibly blocks meiotic maturation
      by inhibiting germinal vesicle breakdown. Oocyte cryostat sections were stained
      with anti-tubulin and two antibodies (anti-MAP1: JA2 and 5051) which decorated
      the metaphase spindle during meiotic maturation. It was found that (1)
      estramustine phosphate depolymerized microtubules in ovo and dispersed non
      tubulin antigens associated with microtubules of the metaphase spindle at various
      stages of maturation, and (2) estramustine phosphate decreased the ability of
      taxol to induce cytoplasmic asters. These results suggest that germinal vesicle
      breakdown and microtubule polymerization may be linked.

PMID- 2897707
TI  - Somatostatin-gastrin interactions in the rat stomach.
AB  - Low concentrations of somatostatin and gastrin within or slightly above the range
      of physiologically circulating levels were perfused in the isolated, vascularly
      perfused rat stomach preparation. Somatostatin at 10 and 50 pg/ml significantly
      inhibited acetylcholine-stimulated gastrin secretion by 26% and 45%,
      respectively, whereas perfusion of 50 and 500 pg/ml exogenous gastrin did not
      modify gastric somatostatin secretion. Perfusion of somatostatin-antiserum
      significantly increased gastrin release by 235%. It is concluded that (1)
      somatostatin is a powerful inhibitor of the gastrin cell under in vitro
      conditions; the data are in accordance with a concept that endogenous
      somatostatin could act as a true hormone; (2) the secretory activity of the
      somatostatin cell is not significantly affected by circulating gastrin.

PMID- 2897708
TI  - Influence of Clostridium perfringens and its toxin in germ-free chickens.
AB  - Twenty-one of 56 germ-free chickens died after receiving an oral inoculation of a
      broth culture of Clostridium perfringens. At necropsy there was detachment and
      disruption of the epithelial layer at the tips of villi and sloughed epithelial
      cells in the duodenum. These are characteristic lesions of necrotic enteritis.
      Germ-free chickens receiving either purified alpha-toxin or the supernatant of
      broth cultures of C perfringens died, but no bird died after receiving
      supernatant of broth cultures neutralised by anti-alpha-toxin serum. It was
      concluded that alpha-toxin of C perfringens was the cause of death in young germ
      free chickens.

PMID- 2897709
TI  - [The discovery of S2 blockers].

PMID- 2897711
TI  - Histamine inhibits interleukin 1 production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated
      human peripheral blood monocytes.
AB  - Histamine inhibited the production of interleukin 1 (IL-1) induced by
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cultures of purified human peripheral blood
      monocytes. The effect of histamine on IL-1 production was dose-dependent and
      significant at histamine concentrations of 10(-4)-10(-5) M. The histamine H2
      receptor agonists dimaprit and 4-methylhistamine, but not the H1 receptor
      agonists 2-pyridylethylamine, aminoethylthiazole and 2-methylhistamine, modulated
      the IL-1 production in a similar manner to histamine. The inhibitory effects of
      histamine could be reversed by the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine but not by
      the H1 receptor antagonist mepyramine. This indicates that the inhibitory effects
      of histamine on LPS-induced IL-1 production are mediated through H2 receptors on
      human peripheral blood monocytes.

PMID- 2897712
TI  - Activation of human T lymphocytes through CD3 and CD2 (T11) with anti-CD3-coupled
      sheep erythrocytes.
AB  - Proliferative activation of T lymphocytes depends on cell-cell cooperation, i.e.
      interactions between specific cell surface receptors and their ligands. My co
      workers and I have recently shown that an activating signal is mediated by
      interaction between the T cell surface antigen CD2 (T11) and its ligand on sheep
      erythrocytes (SE), the T11 target structure (T11TS), which is the homologue to
      the human LFA-3 antigen. Here I demonstrate that the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
      (MoAb) UCHT1 coupled to SE (SE-UCHT1) most efficiently induces accessory cell
      (AC)-independent T cell proliferation, and that SE can substitute for AC in
      stiumulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Inhibition studies with MoAb suggest
      that (1) concurrent stimulation of CD3 and CD2 is essential for interleukin 2
      production and proliferation, since SE-UCHT1 treated with the anti-T11TS MoAb
      L180/1 are not mitogenic; (2) proximity of CD3 and CD2 is required during the
      stimulation, since a mixture of SE exposing either anti-CD3 or T11TS is not
      mitogenic; and (3) that T cell-AC interactions involving LFA-1 can be replaced by
      LFA-3-CD2 interactions, since the anti-LFA-1 MoAb 60.3 does not inhibit the SE
      UCHT1 response, and only partly the SE + PHA response. These results demonstrate
      a functional linkage between the CD3 and CD2 structures, making accessory LFA-1
      signals superfluous in proliferative activation of human resting peripheral T
      cell.

PMID- 2897710
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blockade and exercise. An update.
AB  - Blockade of beta-adrenoceptors interferes with haemodynamic and metabolic
      adaptations and ion balance during dynamic exercise. After administration of a
      beta-blocker exercise heart rate is reduced. Exercise cardiac output and blood
      pressure are reduced also, but to a lesser extent than heart rate. At submaximal
      exercise intensities blood flow to the active skeletal muscle is also reduced.
      The availability of non-esterified fatty acids for energy production is
      decreased, due to inhibition of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated adipose tissue
      lipolysis, and possibly also of intramuscular triglyceride breakdown. During
      submaximal exercise muscle glycogenolysis is unaffected, but there are
      indications that the maximal glycogenolytic rate at high exercise intensities is
      decreased. In normally fed subjects plasma glucose concentration is maintained at
      a normal level during submaximal endurance exercise after beta-blocker
      administration, although lower glucose concentrations are found in fasting
      subjects and during high intensity exercise after beta-blocker administration.
      Plasma lactate concentrations tend to be somewhat lower after beta-blocker
      administration while plasma potassium concentration during exercise is increased.
      beta-Blocker administration may also interfere with thermoregulation during
      prolonged exercise. Maximal aerobic exercise capacity is reduced in normotensive
      and probably also in hypertensive subjects after beta-blocker administration.
      Submaximal endurance performance is impaired to a much more important extent in
      both groups of subjects. In patients with coronary artery disease, on the other
      hand, symptom-limited exercise capacity is improved during beta-blocker
      treatment. Studies on trainability during beta-blocker treatment show
      inconsistent results in healthy subjects, although the majority of studies
      suggest a similar training-induced increase in VO2max during placebo and beta
      blocker treatment. In patients with coronary artery disease the training effects
      are also similar in patients treated with beta-blockers and those without. The
      negative effects of beta-blockers on maximal and especially submaximal exercise
      capacity should be considered when prescribing beta-blockers to physically active
      hypertensive patients. The negative influence is shared by all types of beta
      blockers, although the impairment of submaximal exercise capacity is more
      pronounced with non-selective than with beta 1-selective beta-blockers. beta
      Blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity have similar effects during
      exercise to those without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

PMID- 2897713
TI  - Hormonal control of prostate function.
AB  - The intention of this article is to provide an introduction to some of the recent
      concepts within the subject of hormonal regulation of the prostate gland.

PMID- 2897714
TI  - [ACE inhibitors in the diagnosis and therapy of various forms of hypertension].
AB  - The diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of ACE inhibitors in patients with various
      forms of hypertension are discussed. The immediate blood pressure reduction after
      administration of an ACE inhibitor is significantly more marked in patients with
      renovascular than with essential hypertension. However, analysis of the
      individual blood pressure response after captopril does not allow a clear
      distinction between these two forms of hypertension. In patients with moderate
      hypertension the reduction of blood pressure with ACE inhibitors is similar to
      that with betablockers. Their use as a first step agent in moderate hypertension,
      however, is limited to selected patients. In severe drug-resistant hypertension
      treatment with ACE inhibitors is well established. Cases with renovascular
      hypertension may suffer a deterioration of renal function under ACE inhibitors.
      Other side effects are uncommon where renal function is normal or where the dose
      is adapted to the decreased glomerular filtration rate.

PMID- 2897715
TI  - Expression of the beta-nerve growth factor gene in hippocampal neurons.
AB  - In situ hybridization with complementary DNA probes for nerve growth factor (NGF)
      was used to identify cells containing NGF messenger RNA in rat and mouse brain.
      The most intense labeling occurred in hippocampus, where hybridizing neurons were
      found in the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cell layer. The neuronal identity of
      NGF mRNA-containing cells was further assessed by a loss of NGF-hybridizing mRNA
      in hippocampal areas where neurons had been destroyed by kainic acid or
      colchicine. RNA blot analysis also revealed a considerable decrease in the level
      of NGF mRNA in rat dentate gyrus after a lesion was produced by colchicine. This
      lesion also caused a decrease in the level of Thy-1 mRNA and an increase in the
      level of glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA. Neuronal death was thus associated
      with the disappearance of NGF mRNA. These results suggest a synthesis of NGF by
      neurons in the brain and imply that, in hippocampus, NGF influences NGF-sensitive
      neurons through neuron-to-neuron interactions.

PMID- 2897716
TI  - Chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas with high velocity microprojectiles.
AB  - Bombardment of three mutants of the chloroplast atpB gene of Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii with high-velocity tungsten microprojectiles that were coated with
      cloned chloroplast DNA carrying the wild-type gene permanently restored the
      photosynthetic capacity of the algae. In most transformants of one of the
      mutants, a fragment with a 2.5-kilobase deletion was restored to normal size by a
      homologous replacement event; in about 25 percent of the transformants the
      restored restriction fragment was 50 to 100 base pairs smaller or larger than
      that of wild type. About one-fourth of the transformants of this mutant contained
      unintegrated donor plasmid when first examined. This plasmid persisted in four
      different transformants after 65 cell generations of continuous liquid culture
      but was lost from all transformants maintained on plates of selective medium. The
      restored wild-type atpB gene remains in all transformants as an integral part of
      the chloroplast genome and is expressed and inherited normally.

PMID- 2897717
TI  - Inhibition of cellular proliferation by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA
      cyclin.
AB  - The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA or cyclin) is a nuclear protein
      recently identified as a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. When exponentially
      growing Balb/c3T3 cells are exposed to antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA,
      both DNA synthesis and mitosis are completely suppressed. A corresponding sense
      oligodeoxynucleotide has no inhibitory effects. These experiments indicate that
      PCNA (cyclin) is important in cellular DNA synthesis and in cell cycle
      progression.

PMID- 2897719
TI  - Alfentanil in outpatient ENT surgery.

PMID- 2897718
TI  - "Bicycle kickstand" phenomenon: prolonged erections associated with antipsychotic
      agents.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the ability of some
      antipsychotic agents to produce sustained erection short of priapism. They appear
      to have this effect consistently over time in some individuals. The effect is
      rapidly reversible on discontinuation of the drug, and appears to be dose
      dependent. In one of our patients, the "active metabolite" of that same drug
      could not duplicate the effect. Prevalence and mechanism require clarification.
      If even a small proportion of patients with the sustained erection phenomenon are
      found to progress to priapism, this would have profound ramifications. If this
      phenomenon could be confidently predicted or safely and readily implemented, the
      benefits for some patients with impotence or premature ejaculation might be
      considerable. Given all the potential adverse side effects of antipsychotics, it
      should be appreciated that the potential direct effects on male sexual function
      are not always adverse.

PMID- 2897720
TI  - Teratogenicity of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide in rats and rabbits.
AB  - N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide (HPR) has potential efficacy in the
      treatment of dermatologic, arthritic, and neoplastic disorders. The
      teratogenicity of such a compound is of special concern in light of the known
      adverse effects of retinoids, in general, on the developing conceptus. In these
      studies, Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits were treated orally
      from gestation days 6 to 15 and 6 to 18, respectively, with 0, 20, 125, or 800
      mg/kg/day of HPR. In rat fetuses, low incidences of hydrocephaly (mid- and high
      dosage groups) were observed. Fetal tissue (ng/g) and maternal plasma (ng/ml)
      concentrations of HPR, its major metabolite (N-[4-methoxyphenyl] retinamide
      [MPR]) and retinol were determined in separate groups of similarly-treated rats 3
      h following the last dose on gestation day 15. Fetal tissue concentrations of HPR
      and MPR were approximately one-half maternal plasma concentrations. A dose
      related reduction in maternal plasma and fetal tissue concentrations of retinol
      were also observed. In mid- and high-dosage rabbit fetuses, a dose-related
      increase in the incidence of dome-shaped head was observed. Subsequent skeletal
      evaluation revealed delays in skull bone ossification and a widening of the
      frontal and frontoparietal sutures. Microphthalmia was also observed in two high
      dosage fetuses. A dose-dependent and statistically significant reduction in
      maternal plasma retinol levels was observed across all dosage groups.

PMID- 2897721
TI  - Prenatal and postnatal thallium exposure in rats: effect on development of
      vasomotor reactivity in pups.
AB  - Vasomotor reactivity has been evaluated in rats exposed perinatally and
      postnatally to thallium sulphate (1 mg/dl in their drinking water ad libitum).
      Prenatal and postnatal exposure to thallium did not modify the values of the
      systolic arterial blood pressure on the 30th and 60th day in pups of normotensive
      and DOCA-hypertensive rats. The hypertensive responses induced by endosinusal
      carotid hypotension and by 1-noradrenaline in pups of normotensive and DOCA
      hypertensive rats, exposed or not exposed to thallium sulphate, were more
      intensive on the 60th than on the 30th day. Similar effects were observed for the
      hypotensive responses induced by 1-isoprenaline and acetylcholine. Prenatal
      exposure to thallium did not modify hypertensive responses induced by endosinusal
      carotid hypotension on the 30th and 60th days, but it caused a decrease of
      hypertensive responses induced by 1-noradrenaline on the 30th and 60th days and
      hypotensive responses induced by 1-isoprenaline and acetylcholine exclusively on
      the 60th day. Postnatal exposure to thallium did not modify hypertensive
      responses induced by endosinusal carotid hypotension and hypotensive responses
      induced by acetylcholine, but it caused a decrease of hypertensive responses
      induced by 1-noradrenaline on the 30th and 60th days in pups of normotensive rats
      and exclusively on the 60th day in pups of DOCA-hypertensive rats. Moreover,
      postnatal exposure to thallium caused a decrease of the hypotensive response
      induced by 1-isoprenaline exclusively on the 60th day. Our findings show that
      prenatal and postnatal exposure to thallium sulphate modifies the rat's
      developing vascular autonomic nervous system with a reduction of the alpha, beta
      adrenergic and muscarinic vasomotor reactivity.

PMID- 2897722
TI  - Multiple abnormalities in the ultraviolet light response of cultured fibroblasts
      derived from patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome.
AB  - Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS) is a rare autosomal-dominant inherited disorder
      associated with a marked hypersusceptibility to spontaneous and radiation-induced
      skin cancer. We examined the changes in cell survival, unscheduled DNA synthesis
      (UDS) and the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) induced by
      ultraviolet light (UVL) in confluent normal and BCNS fibroblasts. BCNS cells
      appeared slightly hypersensitive to the cytotoxic effects of UVL. The rate of UDS
      induced by UVL exposure in normal cell strains increased linearly following doses
      up to 30 J/m2, whereas in BCNS cells UDS became saturated at doses of 10 J/m2
      showing no further increase with doses up to 30 J/m2. UDS activity persisted for
      longer periods after UVL exposure in BCNS as compared with normal cells. The dose
      response relationship for UVL-induced SCE was similar in normal and BCNS
      fibroblasts. However, the frequencies of UVL-induced SCE declined to near
      background levels in normal cells following 12-24 hr of confluent holding prior
      to subculture whereas they remained elevated in BCNS cells with holding times up
      to 24 hr after UVL exposure. Overall, these results suggest that BCNS fibroblasts
      may have a diminished capacity for the repair of some type of DNA damage as
      compared with normal fibroblasts.

PMID- 2897723
TI  - Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies of homemade "rust-proof cutting fluid".
AB  - A homemade rust-proof cutting fluid (RPCF) used in China was tested for
      carcinogenicity by an in vivo chronic experiment and for mutagenicity by the Ames
      Salmonella microsomal assay. Undiluted and threefold water-diluted fluid were
      given as drinking water to groups of young adult Wistar rats for 2 years. The
      treatment induced 11/40 malignant tumors with 9/40 acinar adenocarcinomas of the
      pancreas in the high-dose group. Simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid
      dissolved in the undiluted fluid at 2 g acid per 1 g sodium nitrite resulted in
      1/40 pancreatic carcinoma. The results of the Ames test showed that the technical
      RPCF was mutagenic to TA100 with or without metabolic activation. It was
      concluded that the homemade RPCF, which is comprised of sodium nitrite,
      triethanolamine, and polyethylene glycol, may form direct-acting mutagen(s) upon
      storage and form, in vivo, e.g., nitrosamines that caused acinar pancreatic
      carcinoma in Wistar rats. Simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid is
      suggested for the protection of workers exposed to the rust-proof cutting fluid.

PMID- 2897724
TI  - Qualitative analysis of chromosomal evolution in a colcemid-treated Chinese
      hamster population.
AB  - Colcemid is known to inhibit the spindle formation and to induce polyploidy and
      chromosomal nondisjunction. Using a V79 Chinese hamster cell line, we have shown
      that colcemid is able to induce the formation of cells that are numerically
      diploid but whose karyotype, when analyzed with the G-banding technique, differs
      from that of the untreated ones. Even though these cells have a normal
      chromosomal constitution, they carry alterations in the chromosomal balance and,
      consequently, in gene dosage. This could result in an abnormal expression of
      cellular genes or in the expression of new or preexisting recessive mutations,
      even in a diploid chromosomal constitution.

PMID- 2897725
TI  - Dominant lethality in mice--a test for mutagenicity of influenza X-31 virus.
AB  - The induction of dominant lethal mutation in germ cells is the cause of embryonic
      death resulting in the reduction of litter size in the F1 progeny. Dominant
      lethal mutations were induced when male mice were infected with live A2 influenza
      virus. The chromosomal aberrations induced in the germ cells were shown to be
      responsible for the dominant lethality. Killed influenza virus was also potent in
      inducing chromosomal aberrations in spermatocytes of mice. In light of these
      observations, the UV-inactivated virus was tested for its potency in induction of
      dominant lethality in both female and male germ cells. The virus-inoculated
      females were mated with uninjected males and vice versa. Both the inactivated and
      live virus were found to induce dominant lethality in both female and male mice,
      indicating that not only the live virus but also the inactivated virus is capable
      of bringing about chromosomal damage resulting in dominant lethality.

PMID- 2897726
TI  - Population dynamics of mosquito-borne disease: persistence in a completely
      heterogeneous environment.
AB  - We investigate the persistence of a mosquito-borne disease (malaria) in a system
      where mosquitoes and hosts are grouped in patches containing any number of
      individuals. A mosquito from any one of vector patches can bite, and take blood
      meals, in any one of m host patches. We confirm our earlier result (C. Dye and G.
      Hasibeder, 1986, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80, 69-77) that nonhomogeneous
      host selection by mosquitoes leads to basic reproductive rates (which measure the
      persistence of infection in the system) greater than or equal to those obtained
      under uniform host selection. We find, in addition, that strong associations
      between particular groups of mosquitoes and hosts lead to still higher basic
      reproductive rates. Exacting fieldwork would be required to find out how much
      higher.

PMID- 2897727
TI  - Association of HLA-DRBr with HLA-DQw3.
AB  - The antigen HLA-DRBr, previously associated with HLA-DQw1, has been found by RFLP
      to be associated with HLA-DQw3.

PMID- 2897728
TI  - HLA-DR typing using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with one
      enzyme and two probes.
AB  - A panel of 43 homozygous and 36 heterozygous highly selected cells, representing
      the most common DR-specificities, were investigated with the DNA hybridization
      technique. By using a single restriction enzyme, TaqI, and two probes, DR beta
      and DQ alpha, it was possible to construct assignment criteria giving a
      reasonable definition of DR1, 3, 4, 5, 7 + w9, w8, w10 and w11. The criteria
      sometimes require that certain bands must not be present. Therefore, in certain
      genotypic combinations, the presence or absence of the particular specificity on
      one haplotype cannot be decided. This is a problem only for DR2 and DRw6, which
      for this reason cannot be assigned in about 1/3 to 1/4 of the cases. The
      association between RFLP assignment and serological assignment is not absolute,
      the correlation coefficients ranking from 0.62 to 1.0. In the case of false
      negative RFLP assignment, this may be due to genetic heterogeneity, as in the
      case of a DR2 individual who proved to be Dw12 and not Dw2 associated. It is
      often stated that interpretation of the RFLP pattern is particularly difficult in
      random or heterozygous individuals compared to proven homozygotes. This is not
      the case in the present study, where in fact correlation coefficients between
      RFLP and serologically determined DR specificities were higher in the
      heterozygotes (range 0.79-1.00).

PMID- 2897729
TI  - Protection against acute hyperammonemia: the role of quaternary amines.
AB  - The quaternary amine L-carnitine is able to protect Swiss Albino mice from
      hyperammonemia when administered in high doses before ammonium acetate. This has
      been explained by its specific ability to shuttle fatty acids into mitochondria.
      The structure of L-carnitine resembles the chemical structure of other substances
      that have been described as being able to protect living cells against osmotic
      stress. We subjected Swiss Albino mice to hyperammonemia after pretreatment with
      L-carnitine or "osmoprotectants" such as the quaternary amines choline and
      betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide. L-Carnitine proved to be the drug of choice
      to protect against acute hyperammonemia. Nevertheless, the other tested compounds
      appeared also to be effective, suggesting that osmoregulation plays a major role
      in protection against hyperammonemia.

PMID- 2897730
TI  - EEG as a neurotoxicological indicator.
AB  - In living organisms both chemical agents and physical factors [16] may produce
      neurophysiological change that affects EEG activity. EEG signals are very
      suitable for non-invasive measurement of CNS reactions, but quite complicated
      equipment is necessary for measurement and analysis. We have implemented a system
      that permits the study of EEG changes both in time and frequency domains using
      broad-band analysis or fast Fourier transformation (FFT). Experimental animals
      were influenced by high doses of toxic agents (CO, CS2, barbiturates,
      pesticides), drugs and both non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. The EEG changes
      reflecting the influencing factor, respectively its quantity may be divided into
      several classes: (1) appearance of new activities; (2) disappearance of some
      activities; (3) increase of amplitudes, respectively spectral power densities
      (SPD) in certain frequencies; and (4) decrease of amplitudes, respectively SPD in
      certain frequencies. All changes are related to the controls, i.e. to the
      relatively normal state of CNS. Furthermore it is possible to investigate the
      temporal dynamics of these changes. Physiological concordance of these findings
      is sometimes possible from clinical analogues, but in other cases is unknown and
      considerable effort will be necessary to elucidate these correlates. Anyhow in
      some toxic substances, the EEG may be quite insensitive as an indicator of
      neurotoxicity. The best way to solve these problems is to collect sufficient
      experimental data for complex analysis. Although few relevant data are currently
      available, temporal and frequency domain measures of EEG activity appear to have
      promise as neurotoxicity indicators.

PMID- 2897731
TI  - Interactions of neurotoxicants with neurotransmitter systems.
AB  - Many neurotoxic compounds have been shown to interfere with neurotransmission
      both in vitro and following acute and chronic administration. Various parameters
      of neurotransmission can be directly affected by neurotoxicants; these include
      the enzyme(s) synthesizing a neurotransmitter, the release and uptake processes,
      the enzyme(s) which metabolize the neurotransmitter, the receptors, and post
      synaptic events associated with receptor activation. Some neurotoxicants can
      interfere with neurotransmission indirectly, by interacting for example with
      energy metabolism, sodium channels or ATPases. Furthermore, measured alterations
      of any parameter of neurotransmission can be the result of neuronal death, due to
      a cytotoxic effect of the neurotoxicants. Chemicals which have been shown to
      alter neurotransmission include solvents (e.g. carbon disulfide), metals and
      organometals (e.g. lead, mercury, trimethyltin) and pesticides (e.g.
      organophosphates, pyrethroids, organochlorines, formamidines). An example of the
      various alterations in neurotransmitter parameters, which can occur following
      acute or chronic administration, is represented by the organophosphates.
      Organophosphorus insecticides owe their acute toxicity to inhibition of
      acetylcholinesterase and accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors.
      Chronic exposure to these compounds results in the development of tolerance to
      their toxicity which is associated with a decrease in the density of muscarinic
      and nicotinic receptors in both the central and peripheral nervous system. Other
      examples of the interactions of neurotoxicants with neurotransmitters are also
      described.

PMID- 2897732
TI  - [Treatment of soft-tissue injuries of the face and mouth].

PMID- 2897733
TI  - Platelet activity and selective beta-blockade in migraine prophylaxis.
AB  - Migraine is associated with increased platelet activity and an incidence of
      cerebrovascular ischemic events. Because cerebrovascular events might result from
      platelet aggregation, enhancing platelet activity further in the treatment of
      migraine is not desirable. beta-Adrenoceptor blockers effective in migraine
      prophylaxis include propranolol (nonselective) and metoprolol (beta 1-selective),
      but it is uncertain how beta-receptor subtype selectivity might influence
      platelet behavior in migraine. In 29 patients, comparable clinical responses were
      obtained with therapeutic doses during 1 month of treatment with propranolol,
      metoprolol, and the beta 2-selective Li 32-468. Propranolol increased and
      metoprolol decreased platelet aggregation and ATP release, and the effect of Li
      32-468 could be related to that of propranolol. These actions can be largely
      explained in terms of what is known of platelet beta-receptors and therefore can
      be generalized to other effective beta-blockers. Since altered platelet activity
      does not account for the efficacy of these agents in migraine, the actions of
      beta-blockers on platelets should be considered as side effects. Those beta
      blockers inhibiting platelet activity should be preferred in migraine treatment,
      assuming equal efficacy, which implies the use of beta 1-selective blockers.

PMID- 2897734
TI  - [Long-term treatment of acromegaly with a somatostatin analog].

PMID- 2897735
TI  - [The treatment of acute myocardial infarct in Denmark].

PMID- 2897736
TI  - [Concept in the treatment of pain in patients with cancers].
AB  - Pain in cancer patients is shown to arise in different ways, demanding a flexible
      approach to treatment. The following procedures can be selected from, depending
      on the origin of the pain. (1) Systemic analgesia with peripheral or central
      analgesic agents combined with psychotropic preparation; (2) administration of
      opioids through peridural or intrathecal catheters (for pain responsive to
      opioids, but side effects considerable); (3) neurolyses, e.g. epigastric tumors,
      recurrence of rectal carcinoma; (4) cordotomy, e.g. unilateral pain in plexus
      infiltration; (5) operations (endoprostheses, bridging osteosynthesis in the case
      of bone metastases with or without fractures); (6) radiotherapy (strontium in the
      case of multiple bone metastases of some tumors). Other treatment methods, e.g.
      administration of karsil or cortisone, as adjuvant therapy require further
      investigation.

PMID- 2897737
TI  - [Peridural opioid analgesia in the terminal stage of cancer. Indications-
      implementation--results].
AB  - The indications for the application of opioids near the spinal cord are presented
      and two groups of patients treated with pericutaneous and intracorporeal systems
      are reported. If indicated, this method offers the possibility of treating
      patients on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 2897738
TI  - Haemolytic patterns for presumptive identification of Clostridium perfringens
      type C.

PMID- 2897739
TI  - Inheritance of K88-mediated adhesion of Escherichia coli to jejunal brush borders
      in pigs: a genetic analysis.
AB  - The transmission and genetic organization of the adhesion of the serological
      variants of the K88 adhesin in the jejunum of the pig were investigated. The
      results of 28 matings of 5 boars with 15 sows are presented. On the basis of
      previous studies it has been accepted that the presence of specific receptor
      sites for K88ab and K88ac depends on a gene locus with 2 alleles S and s. The
      presence of additional receptor sites for K88ad is now presumed to depend on a
      separate locus with the alleles D and d. The expression of the alleles of the S
      and D loci is not always complete and is likely to be influenced by epistatic
      genes. Inhibition or modification of the expression of the receptor sites for K88
      can result in intermediate phenotypes.

PMID- 2897740
TI  - Lectin-binding in normal and osteoarthrotic articular cartilage from STR/1N-mouse
      knee joints.
AB  - Fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled lectins were used to study the
      distribution pattern of specific binding-sites in histological sections of normal
      and osteoarthrotic articular cartilage from the mouse knee joint. Male inbred
      mice of the STR/1N-strain develop spontaneous arthrotic articular cartilage
      lesions on the medial condyle of tibia and femur. The varus-deformity of the knee
      joint leads to a recurrent medial patellar luxation with osteoarthrotic defects
      on the medial part of the facies patellaris femoris. It was demonstrated that the
      lectin staining pattern of osteoarthrotic articular cartilage, especially on the
      facies patellaris femoris, was different from that of normal articular cartilage.
      The differences in lectin staining corresponded to those observed between normal
      and fibrillated articular cartilage from human patellae. The normal articular
      cartilage of the mouse knee joint possessed lectin binding-sites for Concanavalin
      A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), but not for Ulex europaeus agglutinin
      (UEA), soy bean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA). In addition to the
      completely changed distribution pattern of ConA and WGA in osteoarthrotic
      cartilage, SBA, PNA and UEA developed distinct staining patterns particular to
      the fibrillated areas of arthrotic cartilage. The increased lectin-binding to
      arthrotic articular cartilage may be due to unmasking of sugars in the course of
      bondage breakdown in fibrillated cartilage or the production of pathological
      glycoproteins. It is evident that lectins can demonstrate minute differences
      between normal and arthrotic cartilage and it is concluded, therefore, that
      lectins are sensitive and specific tools for the study of degenerative joint
      diseases.

PMID- 2897741
TI  - Interphasic nucleolar organizer region distribution as a diagnostic parameter to
      differentiate benign from malignant epithelial tumors of human intestine.
AB  - The distribution of the interphasic nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) has been
      investigated in five hyperplastic polyps, five adenomatous polyps and fifteen
      colonic adenocarcinomas. The study was performed using electron microscopy and
      paraffin-embedded sections stained for Ag-NOR proteins. Malignant tumor cells
      were characterized by a large number of NORs which were small in size and showed
      a scattered distribution. Nuclei of both types of polyp had only a small number
      of large-sized NORs in a clustered distribution. In two adenomatous polyps, cells
      were also observed with an NOR distribution pattern intermediate between that of
      frankly benign and malignant lesions.

PMID- 2897742
TI  - Morphometric and cytophotometric nuclear analysis of altered hepatocyte foci
      induced by N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in liver of Wistar
      rats.
AB  - The progressive morphological changes in the liver during neoplastic
      transformation have been studied by histological, cytophotometric and
      morphometric methods in male Wistar rats treated with two carcinogens: N
      nitrosomorpholine (NNM) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Cytophotometric and morphometric
      analysis of hepatocyte nuclei using Feulgen-stained tissue sections were
      performed in morphologically normal hepatic parenchyma and in early preneoplastic
      foci composed of altered hepatocytes. Foci of clear cells, mixed cells and large
      basophilic cells possessed a ploidy distribution similar to the surrounding non
      transformed parenchyma, while the small hyperbasophilic cell foci were
      predominantly diploid. These findings confirm that the foci composed of PAS
      negative, small hyperbasophilic cells with an unique diploid content may
      represent one of the earliest stages in the neoplastic transformation.

PMID- 2897743
TI  - The restoration of proliferation and differentiation of peripheral blood
      mononuclear non-adherent cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells by autologous
      synovial adherent cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The ability of enzyme-dissociated synovial adherent cells (SAC) obtained from
      patients with active rheumatoid arthritis to restore the proliferation and
      differention of peripheral blood mononuclear non-adherent cells (NAC) into
      immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) was investigated. Autologous combinations of
      cells were used in this study to eliminate allogeneic reactions. Peripheral blood
      NAC, prepared by glass adherence and leucine methylester treatment to remove
      monocytes, almost completely lost their capacity to proliferate and differentiate
      into ISC in response to pokeweed mitogen. The response of NAC was restored by
      adding 12.5% of 'fresh SAC', which was obtained by glass-adherence after an
      overnight culture of non-rosette forming, enzyme-dissociated rheumatoid synovial
      cells. Although the response was also restorable by adding more than 25% fresh
      SAC, this was less satisfactory than adding 12.5% SAC. 'Old SAC', obtained by
      glass-adherence after 7 days culture of enzyme-dissociated synovial cells, did
      not restore the response of NAC. Immunohistochemical studies showed that 55% of
      fresh SAC and 3% of old SAC expressed HLA-DR antigens. When 100 units/ml of
      interferon gamma was present, 25% of old SAC remained HLA-DR-positive and some of
      these cells retained a dendritic morphology after 7 days culture. The results
      indicate that rheumatoid synovia contain macrophage-like cells that can
      effectively support the ultimate differentiation of lymphocytes to ISC.

PMID- 2897744
TI  - Short-term effects of carbon tetrachloride on the lipoprotein secretion in
      isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Short-term exposure of isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension to a low dose of
      CCl4 (20 micrograms/ml) leads within minutes to characteristic structural
      alterations. The earliest reaction is a disappearance of the microvilli border 5
      min after starting the incubation. After 10 min the number of Golgi VLDL is
      decreased by about 80% and reaches zero after 20 min. The reduction in Golgi VLDL
      is associated with a decrease in the volume density of the Golgi complexes by
      about 50% compared with controls and by a marked elevation of intracytoplasmic
      and intralysosomal lipid deposits after 20 min incubation. Concomitantly with
      these alterations the total number of VLDL particles within single and multiple
      particle secretory vesicles located along the cell periphery decreases by about
      50% 10 min after CCl4 exposure. This is followed 10 min later by a significant
      increase of about 20% compared with the corresponding controls. The elevation in
      the total number of VLDL is combined with an increase in the number of the
      multiple particle secretory vesicles. The particle content per vesicle, however;
      is significantly lower compared with controls. No reaction is detectable in the
      mitochondria, whereas the amount of RER appears to be decreased and that of the
      SER increased. The incubation of 14C-sodium palmitate prelabeled hepatocytes in
      the presence of CCl4 leads to a significantly higher content of labeled lipids in
      the total Golgi fraction and in the cytosol 20 min after CCl4 administration,
      whereas considerably less labeled lipids are secreted into the incubation
      medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897745
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization by monoclonal antibodies of S-100 alpha and beta
      proteins in mixed tumours and adenomas of the skin.
AB  - A study using monoclonal antibodies was made to evaluate the immunohistochemical
      localization of S-100 protein subunits alpha and beta in a total of 41 mixed
      tumours and adenomas of sweat gland origin. Normal eccrine glands showed positive
      staining for S-100 alpha in the secretory portion and in epithelial cells located
      in the transitional area from the coiled duct to the intraepidermal duct, as well
      as granular deposition of S-100 beta at the luminal surface of the secretory coil
      and duct. The myoepithelial cells were negative for S-100 alpha and beta. In
      mixed tumours, the tumour cells were round or oval in shape and displayed
      markedly positive staining for S-100 alpha and slightly positive or negative
      staining for S-100 beta. S-100 alpha staining in clear cell tumours was typically
      more intense than in any other sweat gland tumour. It is possible that clear cell
      tumours may arise from the transitional area of sweat glands. Spindle cell
      tumours displayed on abundance of S-100 alpha subunits but little S-100 beta.
      Occasional spindle cells located in the outer layer of tubular structures within
      tumours gave positive S-100 alpha staining. This result was different from that
      seen in pleomorphic salivary adenomas. Cells having undergone chondroidal changes
      revealed a positive S-100 reaction.

PMID- 2897746
TI  - [Graves-Basedow disease: current aspects of the diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2897747
TI  - [Effect of diazepam and analeptics on the structure of sleep in the cat].

PMID- 2897748
TI  - [The free myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap in functional rehabilitation of the
      lower extremity].

PMID- 2897749
TI  - [Microbiological research methods of drinking water regulation in West Germany
      from 1986. Suitability of the specifications of DIN 38411, Part 7, for the
      detection of sulfite-reducing, spore-forming anaerobes (Clostridia)].
AB  - The drinking-water regulations of the Federal Republic of Germany, from
      22.05.1986, contains in paragraph 1 the instructions: "Drinking-water must be
      free of pathogens", and further in paragraph 11, "Responsibilities of the
      employer or other owner of a water supplying facility", include that: "The
      official authority may direct, that the employer...of a water supplying facility
      has to extend or has to cause to extend the microbiological examinations in order
      to determine, that...sulfite-reducing, spore-forming anaerobes (Clostridia) can
      not be detected in 20 ml of water..." The drinking-water regulations do not
      prescribe a bacteriological examination method in detail. Appendix 1 rules only
      that the examination for sulfite-reducing, spore-forming anaerobes (Clostridia)
      has to be performed after heating the sample to 75 degrees C (+/- 5 degrees C)
      for 10 min, by either the multiple-tube or membrane filtration method and
      cultivation in DRCM1-medium. If growth occurs, the presence of Clostridia must be
      confirmed by anaerobic and aerobic subcultivation. Furthermore, a DIN-instruction
      (DIN 38411, part 7) exists, which prescribes a detailed procedure for multiple
      tube and membrane filtration methods, but does not provide for strict
      anaerobiosis. We were, however, unable to detect Clostridia in a multitude of
      water samples with the methods of the DIN-regulation. In order to examine if
      neglect of strict anaerobiosis was the reason for these failures, we checked the
      suitability of the DIN-regulation for the isolation of Clostridia from drinking
      water. In preliminary tests we examined up to four strains of the species C.
      botulinum, C. cadaveris, C. cochlearium, C. difficile, C. innocuum, C.
      perfringens and C. tertium for their ability to form heat-resistent spores in
      four sporulation media. It was, however, not possible to find a medium, in which
      all strains could sporulate within one week. In order to characterize the
      detection of these anaerobes in water, one particularly well-sporulating strain
      of each of the following, C. cadaveris, C. difficile and C. perfringens, was
      selected and the multiple-tube and membrane-filtration methods were compared.
      Counts of C. difficile and C. perfringens detected by the multiple-tube method
      were identical with counts of test-suspensions determinded by the most probable
      number (MPN) method. It was found to be decisive that only freshly prepared DRCM
      medium be used and that, disagreeing with the DIN-instruction, cultivation at 37
      degrees C is continued for at least four days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2897750
TI  - [Tardive dyskinesia (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2897751
TI  - The possible role of homeotic genes in the causation of malformations in
      monozygotic twins.
AB  - It is proposed that the malformations observed to occur with increased frequency
      in monozygotic twins are similar to the types of malformations caused by mutation
      in homeotic genes in animals.

PMID- 2897752
TI  - Immunohistochemical hormone content in medullary and undifferentiated thyroid
      carcinoma and prognosis after surgery.
AB  - Immunohistochemical determinations in tissue specimens of medullary and
      "undifferentiated" thyroid carcinomas were carried out with antisera against
      calcitonin, calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin, and also
      thyroglobulin, using the PAP method. All 8 samples of medullary carcinoma stained
      positive with antisera against calcitonin and CGRP, 7 samples were also positive
      for somatostatin. Out of 22 cases initially diagnosed as "undifferentiated
      thyroid carcinoma" 3 revealed positivity for calcitonin, 2 for CGRP, and 1 for
      somatostatin. Congo red stain for amyloid, performed several years ago in 2 of
      these 3 cases, had been negative. The patients with medullary carcinoma survived
      longer than those with "undifferentiated" carcinoma. One patient of the latter
      group, but with calcitonin, CGRP, and somatostatin immunoreactivity in the tumour
      tissue, is now alive and well, more than 4 a after initial treatment.

PMID- 2897753
TI  - Opioids in anaesthesia.

PMID- 2897754
TI  - Reduced tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity around cerebral arteries after
      experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. An immunohistochemical study.
AB  - In a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model of the rat, there is a decreased
      tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in the adrenergic nerves around
      cerebral arteries. No altered reactivity is found in the superior cervical
      ganglion or in the nerve bundles around the internal carotid artery of cervical
      portion. The results suggest that SAH impairs the initial step of catecholamine
      synthesis in the adrenergic nerves within the subarachnoid space.

PMID- 2897755
TI  - [Effects of ginseng root saponins on central transmitters and plasma
      corticosterone in cold stress mice and rats].

PMID- 2897756
TI  - [Radioimmunoassay for dynorphin A 1-13].

PMID- 2897757
TI  - [Arrhythmogenic effects of histamine on ischemic hearts of guinea pigs].

PMID- 2897758
TI  - The dopamine systems in the brain, functional classification of different
      dopamine receptors.
AB  - Dopamine (DA) acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The main
      part of the DA cell bodies are localized in the ventral mesencephalon and their
      axons run together in the medial forebrain bundle before diverging to different
      terminal areas in the forebrain, like the nucleus caudatus-putamen, nucleus
      accumbens, septum, amygdala, and several cortical areas like the cingulate,
      pyriform, entorhinal and prefrontal cortices. The functions of the dopamine
      systems are discussed in terms of how dopamine can modulate the functions of the
      area it innervates. Changes in dopaminergic transmission may be found after
      animals have been exposed to stress. This has implications for the discussion of
      whether a changed dopaminergic transmission in schizophrenia is a cause to, or a
      consequence of the disease. Both theories proposing a single localized anatomical
      site of action for the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptic drugs as well as those
      implicating a general effect on a number of different regions have been put
      forward. It is now widely accepted that there exists two classes of DA receptors,
      the D-1 and D-2 receptors, which have different physiological, and therefore
      proposed to have different clinical, characteristics. Other research implies
      however that a subpopulation of D-2 receptors is most important for the
      antipsychotic effect.

PMID- 2897759
TI  - Receptor pharmacology. Its use in neuroleptic research.
AB  - Dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors can be labelled selectively by using 3H-SCH 23390
      and 3H-Spiperone as ligands, respectively. Neuroleptics are divided into
      different groups according to their affinity for D-1 and D-2 receptors.
      Thioxanthenes have comparable affinities for D-1 and D-2 receptors.
      Phenothiazines have higher affinity for D-2 than for D-1 receptors.
      Butyrophenones, diphenylbutylpiperidines and substituted benzamides are almost
      selective inhibitors of D-2 receptors. The affinity of neuroleptics for several
      other receptor types is mentioned. The use of the receptor binding technique in
      diseased schizophrenics is discussed. In vivo receptor binding in vitro and ex
      vivo receptor autoradiography and PET scanning are discussed as alternative
      methods to evaluate neuroleptics, clinical outcome and treatment strategies.

PMID- 2897760
TI  - Central dopaminergic mechanisms in schizophrenia.
AB  - A neurochemical evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia has been
      carried out. There was no evidence to suggest that the synthesis or inactivation
      of dopamine was abnormal in schizophrenia. The brain concentrations of the amine
      itself, its metabolities and the activities of its related enzymes were similar
      in controls and schizophrenics. However in vitro and in vivo evidence is
      presented that suggests that the illness may be associated with an increase in
      the numbers of dopamine D2 receptors in the brain.

PMID- 2897761
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Prolonged exposure to neuroleptic drugs induces tardive dyskinesia which may be
      persistent or permanent. Predisposing factors to tardive dyskinesia are not
      apparent although the aging brain appears more vulnerable. The drug treatment of
      tardive dyskinesia is at present unsatisfactory. Preventive measures, other than
      limiting neuroleptic use have not been established. The pathophysiology of
      tardive dyskinesia may relate to cerebral dopamine overactivity. However,
      although this may be a primary change responsible for tardive dyskinesia
      alterations in other neuronal systems such as acetylcholine, 5HT or GABA may be
      involved.

PMID- 2897762
TI  - Psychoneuroimmunology and neuroimmunomodulation. An outline of some recent
      developments presented at the Second International Workshop on
      Neuroimmunomodulation.
AB  - Recent developments of Psychoneuroimmunology and Neuroimmunomodulation presented
      at the Second International Workshop on Neuroimmunomodulation (Dubrovnik 1-6 June
      1986) are summarized. The bidirectional nature of the relationship between the
      central nervous system and the immune system is stressed.

PMID- 2897763
TI  - Analgesic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. A double-blind comparison of
      ketobemidone + the spasmolytic A29 (Ketogan) and morphine.
AB  - The analgesic effect of ketobemidone hydrochloride + the spasmolytic component
      A29 (Ketogan) and morphine hydrochloride was compared double-blindly in patients
      with suspect acute myocardial infarction. The test drugs were administered i.v.
      in an initial dose of 0.5 ml (2.5 mg Ketogan, 5 mg morphine) followed, if
      necessary, by additional injections of 0.25 ml. Altogether, 309 patients
      participated in the trial. The total consumption of the test drugs showed that 5
      mg Ketogan was equipotent with 10 mg of morphine. Treatment with Ketogan resulted
      in a significantly higher proportion of patients who were completely free of pain
      15 and 30 min after the initial injection: 16% and 15% more, respectively,
      compared to morphine. Within 2 hours after the initial injection, approximately
      15% of the patients in both treatment groups had reported nausea and about 7% had
      vomited (patients who vomited or were nauseated before treatment were not
      included in this analysis). The frequency of other side-effects was low, with no
      differences between the two treatment groups. Morphine caused a greater reduction
      of the systolic blood pressure than Ketogan. The effect of both drugs on pulse
      rate and respiration was the same.

PMID- 2897764
TI  - Responsiveness to diving reflex after acute myocardial infarction. Influence of
      early beta-adrenoceptor blocker therapy.
AB  - We studied the influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on heart rate responses to
      facial immersion in ice-cooled water after acute myocardial infarction. Forty
      patients with acute myocardial infarction were randomized to the double-blind
      therapy with metoprolol 200 mg daily or matching placebo. Therapy was started as
      soon as possible after admission to hospital and continued for 15 days. After
      this initial period all patients were treated with beta-blockade during the
      subsequent 6 months. Repeated investigations of heart rate responses to facial
      immersion in ice-cooled water and 24-hour ECG-recordings were performed on day 15
      (while patients were on study therapy), after 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months. Throughout
      the 6-month period, facial immersion elicited significant heart rate reductions
      in both treatment groups. No differences were found between the two groups or
      between different examinations during follow-up. There was no correlation between
      heart rate response to facial immersion and frequency of ventricular arrhythmia
      on a 24-hour monitoring. In conclusion, acute administration of metoprolol in
      myocardial infarction does not influence the bradycardial response to facial
      immersion either in the early postinfarction phase or during 6 months' follow-up.
      There is no relation between bradycardial response to face immersion and
      frequency of ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2897765
TI  - Neurotransmission in the hippocampus.

PMID- 2897766
TI  - [High resolution ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of the undescended
      testis in the inguinal region].
AB  - Twenty-six undescended testes in 22 patients between 1 and 31 years old were
      evaluated with ultrasonographic examination between October, 1981 and December,
      1985. All 22 patients were operated on, and the accuracy of the ultrasonic
      diagnosis was evaluated in comparison to that of palpation diagnosis. Fourteen of
      26 testes could be palpated preoperatively and these were all identified
      ultrasonographically and surgically. Twelve testes could not be palpated. On
      these 12 testes, surgical exploration revealed 9 testes in the inguinal region
      and absence of 3 testes. Ultrasound examination predicted its presence in 5 of 9
      testes and its absence in all 3 testes. Both sonography and palpation failed to
      identify their presence in 4 tests. Thus, sensitivity of ultrasound examination
      was 82.6%, specificity 100% and accuracy 84.6% retrospectively. We conclude that
      ultrasound examination is useful in diagnosis of impalpable undescended testes in
      inguinal region.

PMID- 2897767
TI  - Human antibody response to human cytomegalovirus-specific DNA-binding proteins.
AB  - Human antibody responses to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) specific DNA-binding
      proteins were studied in serum samples by the Western blot technique. The
      molecular weights of six DNA-binding proteins found in HCMV-infected cells,
      ranged from 52kD to 18kD. The sera obtained from patients with acute HCMV
      infections reacted well with the six HCMV specific DNA-binding proteins. The
      strongest reactivity was observed with the 52kD and 35kD proteins. The sera from
      healthy HCMV seropositive donors reacted only with the 52kD DNA-binding protein
      as visualized in Western blots, but 2 out of 8 sera failed to react with any HCMV
      specific DNA-binding proteins.

PMID- 2897768
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to monkey pox virus: preparation and application.
AB  - Two fusion experiments with NSO myeloma cells yielded 30 hybrid cell lines which
      continuously and actively secreted monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to monkey pox
      virus. Eight lines appeared to produce antibodies to specific antigenic
      determinants. The isotype and serologic reactivity of MoAb to monkey pox virus
      was characterized and the karyotype of several hybridomas determined. An enzyme
      labelled conjugate has been prepared from MoAb selectively reacting with monkey
      pox virus. This conjugate allowed the identification of monkey pox virus in the
      materials from patients. It also helped to determine that an orthopoxvirus
      isolated from wild squirrel in the Republic of Zaire was monkey pox virus.

PMID- 2897769
TI  - Immunofluorescent IgG and IgM antibodies in human sera by enterovirus infections.
AB  - IgG and IgM antibodies to selected enterovirus serotypes (P2, CB 1-5, E2, 4, 20),
      to prototype collection strains and to fresh isolates were examined by
      immunofluorescence in paired sera of 11 children and 4 adults in whom enterovirus
      had been isolated, or a rise of specific antibodies had been proved by
      neutralization test. One six-month- and one seven-month-old child had antibodies
      of both classes to the isolated virus strain and to poliovirus only. Children
      from eight month onwards and adults had antibodies to the majority of enterovirus
      serotypes tested. Among all enteroviruses tested, heterologous reactions were
      observed not only with IgG but also with IgM class antibodies.

PMID- 2897770
TI  - Treatment of rabies in mice and foxes with antiviral compounds.
AB  - Thirty four chemical compounds were injected into rabies infected mice by
      intramuscular (i.m.) route. Twenty four compounds such as well known therapeutic
      agents: amantadine, lipacids, phenol compounds, didemnin-B, procaine, nucleosides
      analogues (ribavirin, tiazofurin, pyrazofurin) had no effect. Two compounds had a
      slight effect not justifying to consider them as possible therapeutic agents:
      selenazofurin and an analogue of ribavirin (RTA). Eight heteropolyanions (HPA),
      which have a related chemical structure, were efficient providing 100%
      protection. Nineteen compounds were injected into rabies infected mice by the
      intracerebral (i.c.) route. Fourteen compounds such as ribavirin, RTA,
      selenazofurin, tiazofurin and 9 HPA compounds had no effect. Five other HPA
      compounds (HPA 23-39-46-51-56) were efficient preventing the development of
      clinical infection in some mice. Whatever was the treatment route, treated
      surviving mice developed rabies neutralizing antibodies. No proof of viral
      multiplication was found in their brains. As some HPA compounds did produce a
      therapeutic effect in mice, two of them HPA 23 and HPA 39 were administered to
      rabies-infected foxes. In foxes the compounds prolonged the mean survival time
      and increased the number of survivors. These data suggest that chemotherapy might
      be worthwhile when vaccination was impossible.

PMID- 2897771
TI  - Electron microscopic study of developmental stages of Rickettsiella phytoseiuli
      in Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Gamasoidea:Phytoseiidae) mites.
AB  - Rickettsiella phytoseiuli was found in great amounts in all tissues except of the
      nervous system of adult Phytoseiulus persimilis mites. Six morphologically
      different stages (dense, intermediate, bacterial, giant, crystal-forming and
      small dark particles) of R. phytoseiuli were detected. No rickettsiae were seen
      in the larvae and in phase 1 and 2 nymphae of these mites.

PMID- 2897772
TI  - De novo initiation of specific cell-mediated immune responsiveness in chickens by
      transfer factor (specific immunity inducer) obtained from bovine colostrum and
      milk.
AB  - Transfer factors (TF) were prepared from colostrum and milk of bovines previously
      immunized with antigens obtained from Coccidioides immitis, infectious bovine
      rhinotracheitis virus, or from the viral agents responsible for avian Newcastle
      disease, laryngotracheitis disease or infectious bursal disease. The ability of
      bovine TF to transfer specific cell-mediated immune responsiveness to a markedly
      xenogenic species was studied using specific pathogen free (SPF) and standard
      commercial (SC) chickens as model recipients. Cell-mediated immune responsiveness
      was documented using one or more of the following for each antigen (organism)
      studied: (a) an in vitro chicken leukocyte (heterophil) migration inhibition
      assay; (b) delayed-wattle reactivity; or (c) protection from clinical disease.
      Chicken TFs obtained from spleens of immune donors were evaluated in parallel to
      bovine TF's in selected comparative studies. Bovine TF also referred to as
      specific immunity inducer (SII), and chicken TF were found to initiate antigen
      specific cell-mediated immunity de novo in previously non-immune SPF chickens as
      well as in SC chickens despite the presence of maternally acquired humoral
      antibody which may serve as a "barrier" to immunization of SC chickens when
      commercially available vaccines are administered by parenteral routes. Bovine
      TF's specific for laryngotracheitis virus or infectious bursal disease virus
      afforded protection equal to that found for commercially available vaccines.
      Bovine TF's action was rapid (less than a day) and of relatively long duration at
      least 35 days.

PMID- 2897773
TI  - Infectivity assay of bovine rotavirus: evaluation of plaque and end-point methods
      in comparison with immunofluorescent cell assay.
AB  - Three different methods, namely plaque assay, immunofluorescent cell (IFC) count
      and end-point dilution (TCID50) were evaluated for quantitative infectivity assay
      of the cell culture adapted UK strain of bovine rotavirus in secondary calf
      kidney (CK) cells and BGM cell line. Plaque and IFC count techniques were found
      equally efficient for infectivity titration of bovine rotavirus. Addition of
      trypsin into maintenance medium enhanced the sensitivity of the TCID50 method.
      Both CK and BGM cells served as efficient assay cells for infectivity assay of
      bovine rotavirus by IFC count and TCID50 methods, whereas, for plaque assay, only
      CK cells were found suitable.

PMID- 2897774
TI  - Application of ELISA in the detection of goat pox antigen and antibodies.
AB  - Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized for detection of goat
      pox virus (GPV) antibodies and antigen using live and inactivated antigens and
      hyperimmune serum (HIS), convalescent, post-vaccinal, as also post-challenge
      sera. The ELISA was most sensitive in detection of antibody when compared with
      agar gel precipitation (AGP) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) tests. There
      was no complete correlation between the antibody status of vaccinated goats and
      protective immunity as animals having detectable seroconversion were also solidly
      immune to virulent challenge. The application of ELISA in pox infections of goats
      has been discussed.

PMID- 2897775
TI  - Diagnosis of endocarditis in acute Q-fever by immunofluorescence serology.
AB  - The authors compared two groups of 20 patients suffering from Q fever using
      microimmunofluorescence (micro IF) serology. One group had endocarditis and the
      other conventional symptoms of acute Q fever but no endocarditis. Determination
      of the levels of antibodies against the two phases of rickettsiae in each of the
      three immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgM and IgA), allowed to determine the type of
      infection using a single serum sample. Patients having IgA class antiphase I
      antibodies at a level equal to/or higher than 1:25 as well as those whose
      antibody levels fulfilled the conditions for the equation (IgG anti-phase I
      greater than or equal to IgG anti-phase II) + (IgA anti-phase I greater than or
      equal to IgA anti-phase II) were suffering from endocarditis. The positive
      predictive value of these tests was 100% and 94.1%, respectively.

PMID- 2897776
TI  - Terminal sequences of the replicative form of RNA of the Japanese encephalitis
      virus.
AB  - The 5' and 3' terminal sequences of the replicative form (RF) of RNA of a
      flavivirus, the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, strain Ja0ArS982, have been
      determined by in vitro labelling and mobility shift analysis. The plus strand
      sequence was 5'AGAAGUUUAUCUGUGUGAA...UCUOH3', while the minus strand sequence was
      5'AGAUCCUGUGUUCUUCCUCA...UCUOH3'. These sequences were similar to those of West
      Nile (WN) virus being identical in 12 nucleotides at the 5'terminal of the minus
      strand, and in the 5'terminal dinucleotides, 5'AG3'. Somewhat more internal
      hexanucleotides 5'CUGUGU3' are conserved among 3 flaviviruses, the JE, WN, and
      yellow fever viruses.

PMID- 2897777
TI  - Tuftsin a natural peptide with antiviral activity--structural basis of its
      action.
AB  - The influence of tuftsin--the natural phagocytosis stimulating tetrapeptide and
      its elongated analogues--on the mortality of encephalomyocarditis virus-infected
      NMRI mice was investigated. It seems that amino acids elongation in the parent
      peptide chain does not result in significant increase of antiviral activity of
      the compounds tested.

PMID- 2897778
TI  - Transforming activity of crude extract of pseudorabies virus-transformed cells.
AB  - Crude extract of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-transformed human (H-PR-1) cells
      induced transformation in human embryonic lung (HEL) cells. When the extract was
      removed, the acquired cell morphology remained unchanged, but the saturation
      density of cells was decreased. The transforming effect of the extract was
      neutralized with anti-PRV IgG.

PMID- 2897779
TI  - Attempt to cultivate Rickettsiella phytoseiuli in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks:
      an electron microscopic study.
AB  - Rickettsiella phytoseiuli occurring in Phytoseiulus persimilis mites was
      cultivated in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks. Rickettsiella multiplied similarly
      as in mites exerting all six developmental stages: dense, intermediate,
      bacterial, giant, crystal-forming and small dark particles.

PMID- 2897780
TI  - Comparison of bevantolol and atenolol in chronic stable angina.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study design was used to compare the
      antianginal efficacy of bevantolol (200 to 400 mg) and atenolol (50 to 100 mg)
      each administrated once daily for 8 weeks in 39 patients with chronic stable
      angina. Assessments were made using 24-hour ambulatory monitoring and treadmill
      exercise testing performed 22 to 24 hours after the last dose of medication. Both
      groups were comparable at the end of the placebo phase. In the bevantolol group,
      exercise time increased from 7.9 +/- 0.7 minutes with placebo to 9.3 +/- 0.7
      minutes with bevantolol (mean +/- standard error of the mean) (p less than 0.05).
      Time to 1 mm ST depression was unaltered. Rest and exercise heart rate decreased
      (p less than 0.0001 and less than 0.0005, respectively) as did exercise double
      product (p less than 0.0001). In the atenolol group exercise time increased from
      7.1 +/- 0.7 minutes with placebo to 8.2 +/- 0.8 minutes with atenolol (p less
      than 0.02). Time to 1 mm ST depression increased (p less than 0.005) and rest and
      exercise heart rate and double product decreased (p less than 0.0001 and less
      than 0.05, respectively). When within-group differences between placebo and
      active drug were compared for bevantolol and atenolol, no significant differences
      were detected. Both drugs were well tolerated and reduced ambulatory heart rate
      throughout the 24 hours. This study confirms that both bevantolol and atenolol
      are effective antianginal agents. Bevantolol compares well with atenolol in the
      treatment of patients with chronic angina, and there was a similar response to
      exercise testing with the 2 drugs.

PMID- 2897781
TI  - Transient myocardial ischemia after abrupt withdrawal of antianginal therapy in
      chronic stable angina.
AB  - In 47 patients with chronic stable angina and proven coronary artery disease,
      abrupt withdrawal of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents either as monotherapy or
      in combination with calcium antagonists (group 1, n = 25) was compared with
      abrupt withdrawal of calcium antagonist monotherapy (group 2, n = 22) as regards
      the occurrence of cardiac events and total ischemic activity detected by
      ambulatory monitoring. Reinstitution of medical therapy was required in 6
      patients (4 in group 1 and 2 in group 2). Ambulatory monitoring was initiated for
      36 hours on 3 occasions: before withdrawal, and again 2 and 5 days after
      withdrawal. The first 2 monitorings were performed in the hospital and the last
      during daily activity. In group 1, the frequency of total ischemia increased by
      64 and 148% from monitoring occasions 1 to 2 and 1 to 3, respectively (p less
      than 0.01), and silent ischemia increased by 100 and 129%, respectively (p less
      than 0.01). However, no significant change in transient myocardial ischemia was
      noted in group 2. Heart rate at onset of ischemia increased significantly in
      group 1 (p less than 0.01), in contrast to group 2 which had significant
      increases only in out-of-hospital values (p less than 0.05). These results
      indicate that a rebound increase in ischemic activity (mainly silent) occurs
      after abrupt withdrawal of beta-receptor blockade in patients with chronic stable
      angina. This increase in ischemic activity may be caused by increased myocardial
      oxygen demand.

PMID- 2897782
TI  - Human alpha-linolenic acid deficiency.

PMID- 2897783
TI  - Current status of maintenance therapy in peptic ulcer disease. The ACG Committee
      on FDA-Related Matters.

PMID- 2897784
TI  - Nizatidine and ranitidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer: a
      cooperative double-blind study of once-daily bedtime administration.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of a
      new H2-antagonist, nizatidine (N), administered as a single bedtime dose of 300
      mg, compared with ranitidine (R) at the same dosage, in the short-term treatment
      of duodenal ulcer. One hundred forty one patients were included in the study: 70
      were treated with N and 71 with R. During the study, three patients were
      withdrawn for unwanted effects not related to the treatment, and therefore, 69
      patients per group were studied. After 4 wk of treatment, 58 patients treated
      with N (84.1%) and 55 in the group treated with R (77.5%), showed complete
      endoscopic ulcer healing (p greater than 0.5). The corresponding figure after 8
      wk of therapy was 64 (94.2%) and 65 (94.2%) (p greater than 0.5). A similar
      effect on pain relief was observed: 42% of patients in both groups became
      asymptomatic after 4 wk. After 8 wk, the percentage rose to 84.2% in the group
      treated with N and 87.0% in the R group (p greater than 0.5). In both groups,
      only minor side effects occurred, not requiring drug discontinuation. These data
      show that nizatidine in a single bedtime dose of 300 mg is as effective and safe
      as ranitidine at the same dosage, and represents therefore a valid alternative to
      the usual H2-antagonists.

PMID- 2897785
TI  - Role of gluconeogenesis from amino acids in determining fasting and absorptive
      levels of plasma ammonia in cirrhosis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of gluconeogenesis from
      amino acids in the development of fasting and absorptive hyperammonemia in
      cirrhosis. Somatostatin (SRIF), which is known to inhibit the hepatic disposal of
      gluconeogenic amino acids, was administered in a continuous infusion (500
      micrograms/h) for 90 min before and 5 h after a protein meal (240 g of meat) in
      11 overnight fasting patients. Plasma glucagon, insulin, gluconeogenic amino
      acids (GAA: alanine, serine, glycine, and threonine) and ammonia (NH3) were
      evaluated before the infusion, immediately before, and at 1, 3, and 5 h after the
      meal. As control study, the same protocol was randomly repeated in a different
      day with saline infusion. During the latter, a direct correlation was found
      between fasting glucagon and ammonia (r = 0.68; p less than 0.05). Fasting
      glucagon, insulin, and NH3 did not change, whereas alanine (p less than 0.05) and
      the GAA sum decreased (p less than 0.01). When SRIF was infused, fasting glucagon
      (p less than 0.05), insulin (p less than 0.05), and NH3 (p less than 0.05)
      decreased. Alanine did not change, and GAA sum increased (p less than 0.02). No
      correlations were found by plotting changes in glucagon or GAA sum and NH3. After
      the meal, SRIF infusion abolished the plasma response of glucagon and markedly
      reduced that of insulin, so that their area under the curve (AUC0-5) were reduced
      (p less than 0.005, for both), with respect to control study. Moreover, the AUC0
      5 of alanine (p less than 0.005) and GAA sum (p less than 0.005) were increased,
      suggesting a reduced disposal of these compounds. In spite of this, the meal
      induced early increase and the AUC0-5 of plasma NH3 observed during SRIF and
      saline infusion did not differ. Our results do not confirm the importance of
      gluconeogenesis from alpha-amino-nitrogens in determining the fasting ammonemia
      of cirrhosis, and suggest that this metabolic pathway does not significantly
      influence the protein meal-induced exacerbation of plasma ammonia.

PMID- 2897786
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium between cystic fibrosis and linked DNA polymorphisms in
      Italian families: a collaborative study.
AB  - The locus D7S23 includes a CpG-enriched methylation-free island that maps midway
      between the markers J3.11 and met and is genetically very close to the mutation
      causing cystic fibrosis (CF). We have studied the linkage disequilibrium between
      four polymorphic markers from this locus (KM.19, CS.7, XV-2c, and PT-3) and the
      CF mutation (CF) in 127 Italian families. Strong linkage disequilibrium is found
      between KM.19, CS.7, and CF, and weaker but significant disequilibrium is found
      between XV-2c, PT-3, and CF. The disequilibrium between markers and CF for the
      Italian population provides additional information on the origin and homogeneity
      of the CF defect. This panel of probes is sufficiently informative to permit
      accurate prenatal diagnosis of CF in most families with an affected person, and
      the disequilibrium also allows indirect carrier detection/exclusion in some
      cases.

PMID- 2897787
TI  - Determination of the spectrum of beta-thalassemia genes in Spain by use of dot
      blot analysis of amplified beta-globin DNA.
AB  - We have delineated the molecular lesions causing beta-thalassemia in Spain, a
      country that has witnessed the passage of different Mediterranean populations
      over the centuries, in order to evaluate the extent of heterogeneity of these
      mutations and to make possible simplified prenatal diagnosis of the disorder in
      that country. The use of the polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) technique to
      preferentially amplify beta-globin DNA sequences that contain the most frequent
      beta-thalassemia mutations in Mediterraneans enabled us to rapidly analyze 58
      beta-thalassemia alleles in a dot-blot format either by hybridization with allele
      specific radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes or by direct sequence analysis of
      the amplification product. The Spanish population carries seven different beta
      thalassemia mutations; the nonsense codon 39 is predominant (64%), whereas the
      IVS1 position 110 mutation, the most common cause of beta-thalassemia in the
      eastern part of the Mediterranean basin, is underrepresented (8.5%). The IVS1
      mutation at position 6 accounts for 15% of the defects and leads to a more severe
      form of beta+-thalassemia than originally described in most of the patients we
      studied. In this study, we demonstrate further the usefulness of the dot-blot
      hybridization of PCR-amplified genomic DNA in both rapid population surveys and
      prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2897788
TI  - Amelioration of vincristine neurotoxicity by glutamic acid.
AB  - Neurotoxicity is the principal limiting side effect of the widely used antitumor
      agent, vincristine. Following evaluation of glutamic acid as a potential modifier
      of vincristine toxicity in preclinical studies in mice and a preliminary clinical
      trial, a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was
      conducted by the Piedmont Oncology Association. Of 87 patients entered into the
      study, 84 were evaluable, including 42 patients who were randomly assigned to
      receive vincristine 1.0 mg/m2 weekly for six doses and 42 patients who were
      assigned to receive glutamic acid 500 mg orally three times daily plus
      vincristine. The following neurotoxic signs and symptoms were evaluated before
      each dose of vincristine: reflex changes, paresthesias, constipation, strength,
      and mental changes. Loss of the Achilles tendon reflex, an objective parameter,
      was noted in 19 percent of patients receiving glutamic acid and 42 percent of
      control subjects (p = 0.03). Development of moderate to severe paresthesias, a
      subjective parameter, occurred in 19 percent of the glutamic acid group and 36
      percent of the placebo group (p = 0.09). Overall moderate neurotoxicity (6 units
      or more), determined by adding the grade of each neurotoxic parameter for the
      weekly clinic visit in which maximum neurotoxicity occurred, was observed in 21
      percent of patients receiving glutamic acid and 43 percent of those in the
      control group (p = 0.04). Hematologic and gastrointestinal side effects occurred
      with similar frequency in the two groups. The administration of glutamic acid has
      decreased vincristine-induced neurotoxicity without any attendant side effects.

PMID- 2897789
TI  - Benzodiazepine withdrawal: overview and implications for the treatment of
      anxiety.
AB  - The authors critically review 20 reports (studies and large case series)
      detailing the nature, severity, and variability of benzodiazepine withdrawal
      syndromes. Factors affecting the frequency and intensity of withdrawal are
      identified, and methodologic problems limiting the generalizability of certain
      findings are pointed out. Treatment approaches for minimizing withdrawal are
      reviewed, and implications for the problem of long-term benzodiazepine use and
      dependence are discussed.

PMID- 2897790
TI  - Treatment response with bilateral mixed deafness and facial palsy in
      polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2897791
TI  - Systemic necrotizing vasculitis causing bone necrosis.

PMID- 2897792
TI  - Diagnosis of classical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency using an HLA-B locus
      specific DNA-probe.
AB  - The HLA-B and steroid 21-hydroxylase loci are known to be closely linked.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphisms seen after digestion of genomic DNA
      with MspI and TaqI with the HLA-B locus-specific DNA-probe, pHLA-1.1, were
      examined in 7 nuclear families with classical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
      In each family 2 polymorphic hybridizing bands (corresponding to the 2 HLA-B
      genes) were seen. In all families, TaqI-generated polymorphisms allowed for
      identification of children previously shown on clinical and biochemical criteria
      to be affected by 21-hydroxylase deficiency from their unaffected sibs. The
      results were in complete agreement with the clinical diagnoses. Among the
      unaffected children, carriers could be distinguished from non-carriers in all
      cases by TaqI polymorphisms. MspI-generated polymorphisms allowed for full
      identification of genotypes in 5 families. In one family, MspI-generated
      polymorphisms could be used to identify affected from unaffected children, but
      could not distinguish between carriers and non-carriers. In another family, no
      identification of genotypes was possible by MspI-generated polymorphisms alone.
      The HLA-B locus-specific DNA-probe, pHLA-1.1, can be used for diagnosis and
      genotyping of individuals from families with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. This
      technique can be used as an alternative to HLA-serotyping, or in situations where
      HLA-serotyping is technically difficult, for example in chorionic villus samples.

PMID- 2897793
TI  - Direct method for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection in Duchenne/Becker
      muscular dystrophy using the entire dystrophin cDNA.
AB  - DNA sequence polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been widely used as genetic markers for
      identification of the X chromosome that carries the mutation for Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy (DMD) in affected families, but serious limitations and
      pitfalls are associated with this approach [Darras et al., 1987]. The
      complementary DNA (cDNA) of the DMD gene has recently been isolated and shown to
      detect partial gene deletions in a large proportion of patients [Koenig et al.,
      1987]. Two prenatal studies are presented to illustrate how the unambiguous
      identification of deletion mutations by cDNA probes permits direct DNA-based
      diagnoses with high accuracy and in otherwise uninformative families. In a single
      proband family, DNA marker analysis had determined that the Xp21 chromosomal
      region present in the affected male was also carried by a male fetus in a
      subsequent pregnancy. Analysis of this family's DNA with probes covering the
      entire 14 kb cDNA revealed a small deletion in the affected male that was not
      present in the fetus nor in the mother. In the second family the fetus was a
      female deletion carrier identified by comparing intensities of restriction
      fragments. Since 1/3 of all DMD patients are thought to result from new mutations
      and most families have only single affected males, the cloned cDNA probes now
      available are likely to revolutionize DNA-based diagnostic studies in this
      disorder. More reliable, more rapid and less expensive than linkage studies with
      DNA polymorphisms, this method will be informative in the more than 50% of
      DMD/BMD cases that have deletion mutations.

PMID- 2897794
TI  - Relieving pain. An analgesic guide.

PMID- 2897795
TI  - Modulation of receptor-mediated gonadotropin action in rat testes by dietary fat.
AB  - The effect of feeding diets enriched with 18:2 omega 6, 18:3 omega 3, or
      saturated fatty acids on lipid composition and receptor-mediated action of
      luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) in rat testicular
      plasma membranes was investigated. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid treatments
      reduced total phospholipid and cholesterol content of the testicular plasma
      membrane and altered membrane phospholipid composition. Change in phospholipid
      and cholesterol content after feeding the polyunsaturated fats decreased
      cholesterol to phospholipid ratios and binding capacity of the LH/hCG receptor in
      the testicular plasma membrane. LH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was
      decreased in animals fed the linolenic acid-rich diet. NaF-stimulated adenylate
      cyclase activity was decreased in animals fed diets high in either
      polyunsaturated fatty acid. Decreased plasma membrane LH/hCG receptor content was
      associated with decreased testosterone production in Leydig cells in response to
      LH in the linolenic acid-fed group. It is suggested that change in cholesterol-to
      phospholipid ratios alters the physical properties of testicular plasma membranes
      in a manner that influences accessibility of LH/hCG receptors in testicular
      tissue.

PMID- 2897796
TI  - Modulatory effect of glucose on VIP-induced gastric somatostatin release.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine the effect of increasing perfusate
      glucose concentrations on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-induced
      somatostatin (SLI) release from the isolated rat stomach. The stomach of
      overnight-fasted rats was perfused with Krebs-Ringer buffer containing 100, 150,
      or 200 mg/dl glucose, respectively. VIP was administered at 10(-12), 10(-11), 10(
      9), and 10(-8) M. At a normal glucose concentration of 100 mg/dl, VIP at doses of
      10(-12), 10(-11), and 10(-9) M elicited a small inhibitory effect on SLI release
      by 200-300 pg/min (P less than 0.01). As reported previously at 10(-8) M, VIP
      stimulated gastric SLI secretion by 500 pg/min (P less than 0.01). Increasing
      perfusate glucose to 150 mg/dl resulted in a stimulation of SLI release by all
      four concentrations of VIP with a maximal effect at 10(-9) M. During 200 mg/dl
      glucose, VIP had no effect in concentrations below 10(-9) M, and only the two
      highest doses (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) stimulated SLI release significantly. In the
      absence of VIP, glucose had no effect on gastric SLI release. In conclusion, the
      present data demonstrate for the first time that at normal glucose levels VIP has
      not only stimulatory but also inhibitory effects on gastric SLI, and second, a
      modest elevation of glucose has a modulatory effect on gastric D-cell function.

PMID- 2897797
TI  - CNS blockade of acoustic stress-induced gastric motor inhibition by kappa-opiate
      agonists in dogs.
AB  - The influence of the kappa-opioid substances dynorphin-(1-13),
      ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), and U 50488 and mu-opioid substance [D-Ala2-N-Me, p
      nitro-Phe4-Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAGO) on gastric motor inhibition induced by
      acoustic stress (AS) was investigated in fasted dogs with strain-gauge
      transducers chronically implanted on the antrum and proximal jejunum. AS induced
      by 1 h of music (80-90 dB) was delivered through earphones. Starting 40-50 min
      after the last migrating motor complex (MMC), AS delayed by 114% the occurrence
      of the next gastric MMC, whereas intestinal motility was unaffected. During AS
      plasma cortisol increased (P less than 0.05) by 215%, 15 min after the beginning
      of noise and reached a peak at 30 min. When administered
      intracerebroventricularly at doses higher than 20 ng/kg, dynorphin abolished the
      AS-induced lengthening of the gastric MMC cycle. Similar blockade was observed
      for EKC and U 50488 at doses of 10 and/or 20 ng/kg, but DAGO was unable to affect
      the AS-induced gastric inhibition at any dosage tested (20-200 ng/kg icv). At
      doses effective against AS-induced hypomotility, both dynorphin-(1-13) and EKC
      reduced significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) the associated maximal
      increase in plasma cortisol level. Plasma cortisol was unmodified by
      intracerebroventricular administration of DAGO. None of the agonists affected
      basal plasma cortisol levels or the increase (0-90 min) in response to
      intravenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, 5 IU). Both EKC (50 ng/kg) and U
      50488 (20 ng/kg) were unable to antagonize the inhibitory effect of ovine
      corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF, 100 ng/kg icv).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2897798
TI  - Sources of calcium for contraction of distal circular muscle or taenia coli in
      the rabbit.
AB  - Studies were performed on proximal taenia coli and distal circular muscle from
      the rabbit to determine if the source of Ca2+ required for bethanechol
      stimulation of contraction was similar after permeabilizing the tissues with
      saponin. The EC50 for Ca2+ stimulation of contraction was pCa 6.1 +/- 0.1 for
      both tissues. The peak response occurred at pCa 4.5. The addition of 1 microM
      calmodulin did not alter the Ca2+ EC50 or the peak response. Caffeine (20 mM)
      stimulated contraction of both taenia coli and distal circular muscle. The
      caffeine-stimulated contractile response was threefold greater in the taenia than
      in the distal circular muscle (P less than 0.05). Perfusion of thin strips of
      colonic muscle with buffer, containing 10(-7) M Ca2+, reduced the amplitude of
      bethanechol-stimulated contraction. The perfusion time to reduce the contraction
      by 50% was greater in the proximal muscle (2.4 +/- 0.1 min) than in the distal
      muscle (1.1 +/- 0.5 min) (P less than 0.001). These data suggest that 1) the
      intracellular Ca2+ concentration necessary for contraction is similar in the
      proximal and distal colon and 2) the intracellular Ca2+ stores appear to be
      greater in proximal taenia coli compared with distal circular muscle.

PMID- 2897799
TI  - Role of glucagon in cholecystokinin-stimulated bile flow in dogs.
AB  - Although many choleretic agents are known, their physiological roles and
      interrelationships in increasing bile flow remain largely undetermined. Exogenous
      cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon, and insulin are stimulants of hepatic bile flow
      in animals and humans. Of possible importance in the choleresis produced by CCK
      is the stimulation by exogenous CCK of glucagon and insulin release from the
      pancreas. This research evaluates the role of glucagon and insulin in the
      choleresis produced by CCK. Dogs with chronic biliary and gastric fistulas were
      used. The synthetic octapeptide of CCK (CCK-8) administered in increasing doses
      produced progressive increases in bile volume, bile bicarbonate secretion, and
      bile chloride concentration and output. The choleresis produced by CCK-8 was
      qualitatively similar to that produced by intravenous glucagon. CCK-8
      administration in increasing doses produced progressive increases in plasma
      glucagon. When bile flow changes during CCK-8 administration were correlated with
      changes in plasma glucagon, significant correlation existed. CCK-8 significantly
      increased serum insulin concentration only at the highest dose of CCK-8
      administered. Somatostatin is an inhibitor of hormone release. Administration of
      somatostatin, along with CCK-8, inhibited the choleresis and the increased plasma
      glucagon produced by CCK-8 administration alone. During acute experiments in
      anesthetized dogs, the pancreas and stomach were removed to eliminate endogenous
      glucagon and insulin release. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897800
TI  - Developmental regulation of rat intrinsic factor mRNA.
AB  - Using a full-length rat intrinsic factor (IF) cDNA clone, we have examined gene
      expression of IF in selected tissues from the adult rat and during postnatal
      development in the rat stomach. IF mRNA was expressed only in the rat stomach,
      and in situ hybridization revealed that the expression was limited to the chief
      cells at the base of the oxyntic glands. IF mRNA concentration in the stomach
      increased with postnatal age and reached a peak at the 30th day. Postnatally the
      amount of IF mRNA hybridized increased in both individual cells and in total
      number of cells. Administration of cortisol to, or adrenalectomy of, rats between
      5 and 12 days of age resulted in increase or decrease of IF mRNA levels,
      respectively. Other hormones tested (pentagastrin, thyroxine, and
      triiodothyronine) had no significant effect. During the suckling period, IF bound
      well to the ileal receptor, despite lower than adult levels of activity and
      different glycosylation, as assessed by binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose
      beads. These results show that developmental expression of IF activity in rat is
      closely related to the expression of its mRNA and that corticosteroids play an
      important role in such an expression.

PMID- 2897801
TI  - [Beta-adrenomimetics in current obstetrics].

PMID- 2897802
TI  - Further studies on the neurochemical mechanisms mediating differences in ethanol
      sensitivity in LS and SS mice.
AB  - Long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) lines of mice were selectively bred for
      differences in CNS sensitivity to ethanol with LS mice exhibiting much greater
      sensitivity to hypnotic doses of ethanol (4.0-4.5 g/kg) than SS mice. The
      influence of peripheral and central catecholamine neuronal systems on ethanol
      sensitivity (sleep time) in LS and SS mice was examined following administration
      of reserpine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and 6-hydroxydopamine. Ten days after a
      single dose of reserpine, tyrosine hydroxylase activity was increased in the
      brain and adrenal gland of LS mice but only in the brain of SS mice relative to
      untreated mice. Brain catecholamine levels in the reserpine-treated mice were 25
      50% lower in both LS and SS mice compared to levels in untreated mice. These
      changes were associated with a 41% reduction in LS sleep time, but a 90% increase
      in SS sleep time. SS mice were also more susceptible to the lethal effects of
      reserpine. The increased mortality of SS mice may relate to a greater degree of
      reserpine-induced hypothermia and a slower rate of recovery of brain
      catecholamine levels. Neonatal LS and SS mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine
      exhibited increased levels of catecholamines in the locus ceruleus, decreased
      levels in the cerebellum and unchanged levels in the hypothalamus at 60 days of
      age. These changes were associated with a modest decrease (10%) in LS sleep time
      and a marked increase (200%) in SS sleep time. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine decreased
      brain catecholamine levels of both lines by 30-50% while LS sleep times were
      unchanged and SS sleep times were increased by 45%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2897803
TI  - Cardiac mitochondrial abnormalities in a mouse model of the fetal alcohol
      syndrome.
AB  - Mitochondrial enzymes and respiration were studied in the hearts of mice exposed
      to ethanol in utero from gestational Day 8 to parturition. This treatment had
      previously been shown by electron microscopy to result in myofibril loss and
      mitochondrial abnormalities. Ethanol was administered to pregnant mice by a
      liquid diet paradigm and pair-fed dams were used as controls. Ethanol exposure in
      utero reduced the activities of two mitochondrial inner membrane enzymes,
      cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, in the hearts of perinatal
      mice. Secondly, mitochondrial respiration under both State 3 and 4 conditions
      with a NAD-linked substrate was depressed in the hearts obtained from the ethanol
      exposed fetal mice. However, when a flavin-linked substrate was used, State 3
      (ADP-stimulated) but not State 4 respiration was depressed. This study
      illustrates that in utero exposure to ethanol is deleterious to the functioning
      of cardiac mitochondria in newborn mice, which in turn could contribute to the
      development of the heart pathologies present in the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

PMID- 2897805
TI  - Anxiety and informed consent. Does anxiety influence consent for inclusion in a
      study of anxiolytic premedication?
AB  - Forty-three consecutive patients were interviewed on the eve of elective
      gynaecological surgery to determine the effect of anxiety on the granting of
      informed consent to participate in an hypothetical study. Anxiety was assessed
      using the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory and 10-cm linear analogue
      scale. A standardised explanation of an hypothetical premedication study was
      given and the patients' consent requested. Results were grouped for those who
      granted (n = 33) and those who withheld (n = 10) consent: anxiety scores for the
      latter were significantly higher (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that
      patients with high pre-operative anxiety levels are more likely to withhold
      consent for inclusion in premedication studies than are those who are less
      anxious. Seeking informed consent would introduce bias into studies of anxiolytic
      premedication.

PMID- 2897804
TI  - Efficacy of an oral antihistamine, astemizole, as compared to a nasal steroid
      spray in hay fever.
AB  - The efficacy and side effects of the oral H1-antihistamine, astemizole, were
      compared with those of nasal beclomethasone in 158 adult birch-pollen allergic
      hay fever patients. 148 patients completed the 5-week, controlled trial which
      took place in Stockholm, May 1986, during the birch pollen season. Daily pollen
      counts were found to be at a rather low level throughout the study period. The
      effect and tolerability of both drugs were found to be excellent, although
      beclomethasone reduced nasal symptoms (sneezing, rhinorrhoea, blocked nose)
      significantly more effectively than astemizole. Eye symptoms were mild and equal
      in both groups. The results indicate that oral astemizole is an effective non
      sedating antihistamine, though less so than nasal beclomethasone, in the
      treatment of nasal hay fever symptoms.

PMID- 2897806
TI  - Intranasal sufentanil for pre-operative sedation.
AB  - Sufentanil, a short-acting and potent narcotic agent, was studied as a
      premedicant administered by the nasal route. A total dose of 5 micrograms
      appeared to be too low, while either 10 or 20 micrograms was very effective in
      producing sedation. Side effects were minor. There appeared to be no differences
      between nose drops and spray. In a further study, sufentanil nose drops were
      compared with saline 0.9% in a double-blind fashion. Sedation of rapid onset but
      of limited duration was observed in the majority of patients who received
      sufentanil.

PMID- 2897807
TI  - Pain during injection of vecuronium.

PMID- 2897808
TI  - Volatile anesthetics attenuate sympathomimetic actions on the guinea pig SA node.
AB  - The authors examined and compared the direct effects of three volatile anesthetic
      agents and three sympathomimetic agonists on transmembrane action potential (AP)
      characteristics and automaticity of sinoatrial (SA) nodal pacemaker cells. SA
      nodal tissue was isolated from guinea pig hearts and suffused in vitro with
      oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution. Electrophysiologic variables measured were:
      amplitude of the AP, slopes of phase 4 and of phase 0 of the AP, AP duration, and
      spontaneous sinus rate. The authors found that 1 and 2 MAC equivalents of each
      anesthetic, 0.8 and 1.6 vol % halothane, 1.4 and 2.8 vol % isoflurane, and 1.7
      and 3.4 vol % enflurane similarly depressed the slopes of phase 4 and 0 of the
      AP, prolonged AP duration, and slowed the sinus rate at 1 and 2 MAC equivalents.
      Isoproterenol, 0.25 microM, and epinephrine, 50 microM, maximally enhanced the
      slopes of phase 4 and 0 of the AP, shortened AP duration, and increased the sinus
      rate, but phenylephrine, 50 microM, only moderately increased the slope of phase
      4 and the sinus rate. Each of the three anesthetics caused baseline depressions
      of phase 4 and phase 0 slopes and of automaticity of SA nodal cells; the fall in
      sinus rate was counteracted, but was not reversed maximally by increasing the
      concentrations of isoproterenol, epinephrine, or phenylephrine. Regression
      analyses of linearly transformed data showed that each of the anesthetics
      similarly depressed basal sinus rate, so that changes in rate produced with
      isoproterenol and epinephrine were not different from those observed with beta
      agonists in the absence of anesthetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897809
TI  - Synergistic interaction of alpha 1- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists on induction
      arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia in dogs.
AB  - The authors investigated the role of alpha 1- and beta-adrenoceptors on the
      induction of arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia in the dog. The
      arrhythmogenic doses (ADs) of various combinations of alpha 1- and beta
      adrenoceptor agonists were determined in dogs (N = 105) during halothane
      anesthesia. Isoproterenol (ISP) and phenylephrine (PHE) administered separately
      failed to induce arrhythmias in doses up to 4 micrograms/kg and 200
      micrograms/kg, respectively. The interaction between ISP and PHE in inducing
      arrhythmias showed typical hyperbolic isoboles. At a systolic pressure of 140
      mmHg, the AD of ISP in the presence of PHE was significantly lower than that in
      the presence of angiotensin II (ANG II). At a systolic pressure of 150, 160, 170,
      or 180 mmHg, there was no significant difference between the AD of ISP in the
      presence of PHE and that in the presence of ANG II. Increasing heart rate by
      electrical pacing did not replace ISP in the arrhythmogenic interaction between
      ISP and PHE. The results indicate that both alpha 1- and beta-adrenoceptor
      agonists are important for producing arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia, and
      that these agonists synergistically interact on the heart by different
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2897810
TI  - Altered hemodynamic response to dobutamine in relation to the degree of
      preoperative beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - The relationship between the extent of preoperative beta-adrenoceptor blockade
      and the hemodynamic properties of dobutamine was investigated in patients
      scheduled for elective myocardial revascularization during isoflurane-nitrous
      oxide anesthesia. Twenty patients had been treated with beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking drugs for at least 4 weeks before the study; 11 unblocked patients
      served as control group. The extent of clinical beta-adrenoceptor blockade was
      quantified using the isoproterenol sensitivity test. The dose of isoproterenol
      required to increase heart rate by 25 beats/min was defined as the CD25
      (chronotropic dose 25), representing the degree of beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
      Geometric mean CD25/70 kg was 3.8 micrograms in the control group, and 24.5
      micrograms in the patients receiving beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The
      authors found a significant inverse relationship between CD25 values and changes
      in cardiac index in response to three dobutamine infusion rates (1.0, 2.0, and
      4.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), the correlation coefficients being -0.78, -0.79, and 
      0.82, respectively. Compared to unblocked patients, almost no change, or even a
      decrease, of the cardiac index was observed at higher degrees of clinical beta
      adrenoceptor blockade. Moreover, there was a significant linear correlation (r =
      0.66 - 0.75) between CD25 values and the effects of dobutamine on systemic
      vascular resistance index (SVRI), i.e., SVRI decreased in control patients, but
      increased in patients with high degrees of preoperative beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade. This unmasked vasocontrictive response to dobutamine was observed
      despite the fact that the majority of our patients had received cardioselective
      adrenergic blocking drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897811
TI  - Relative analgesic potency of epidural fentanyl, alfentanil, and morphine in
      treatment of postoperative pain.

PMID- 2897812
TI  - Bevantolol vs propranolol: a double-blind controlled trial in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Bevantolol is a novel beta 1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. The Study
      Group evaluated its therapeutic utility (100-300 mg bid) compared with
      propranolol (80-240 mg bid) in 266 patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension (WHO Grades I and II, sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater
      than or equal to 95 mmHg). There was no difference in their antihypertensive
      efficacy over six months, 77% being controlled (DBP less than or equal to 90
      mmHg) on bevantolol and 81% on propranolol. Hydrochlorothiazide 25-50 mg bid
      added later improved BP control in those incompletely controlled on bevantolol
      monotherapy. Both beta-adrenoceptor antagonists also reduced intraocular
      pressure. Bevantolol caused significantly fewer adverse effects than propranolol
      with many fewer withdrawals during long-term therapy. This unique clinical
      pharmacologic profile of bevantolol enhances its therapeutic usefulness and may
      relate to alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist activity, as well as to its beta 1
      selectivity.

PMID- 2897813
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of nebivolol in men: comparison of radionuclide
      angiocardiography with systolic time intervals.
AB  - In a subacute experiment the authors studied the effects of a fourteen -day
      treatment with nebivolol, 5 mg once a day, in 10 healthy male volunteers with a
      mean age of thirty-one, twenty-five to thirty-nine years, by comparing the
      results of the resting ratio of the preejection period (PEP) to the left
      ventricular ejection time (LVET), as measured by systolic time intervals (STI),
      with the results obtained by equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography (ERNA),
      using technetium 99m-labeled autologous red blood cells as a marker. A submaximal
      treadmill exercise test performed before and during treatment demonstrated that
      nebivolol significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced peak exercise heart rate and
      systolic blood pressure from a mean value of 158 +/- 5.4 bpm to 131 +/- 4.3 bpm
      and from 171 +/- 4.9 mmHg to 144 +/- 4.5 mmHg respectively. The data from the STI
      and ERNA were calculated and analyzed independently by two observers. A highly
      significant (r = 0.8182, p = 0.0038) correlation was found between the changes of
      stroke volume (SV) and PEPc/LVETc during treatment with nebivolol. Furthermore
      end-diastolic volume significantly(p = 0.03) increased from a mean value of 177
      +/- 10.1 ml to 198 +/- 6 ml and stroke volume significantly (p = 0.01) increased
      from 120 +/- 6.8 ml to 136 +/- 6.3 ml. Systemic vascular resistance tended to
      decrease from a mean value of 11.4 +/- 1.28 units to 10.6 +/- 1.10 units. No
      changes could be observed either in ejection fraction or in cardiac
      output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897814
TI  - Identification of bovine kappa-casein genotypes at the DNA level.
AB  - By using a bovine kappa-Cn cDNA as probe and the PstI endonuclease we demonstrate
      that the DNA restriction patterns of kappa-Cn AA and kappa-Cn BB cows are
      different. Besides two invariant fragments (about 6.8kb and 1.1kb) the former
      shows two fragments of about 4.3 kb and 0.3 kb and the latter one fragment of
      about 4.6 kb. kappa-Cn AB cows show intermediate pattern. Therefore, it is
      possible to determine the bovine kappa-Cn genotypes even in absence of gene
      product.

PMID- 2897815
TI  - Mechanisms of altered hormone and neurotransmitter action during aging: the role
      of impaired calcium mobilization.
AB  - Age-related changes in hormone and neurotransmitter regulation of physiological
      functions result from various mechanistic alterations. In many cases changes in
      the receptors for these agents appear to be closely linked to altered
      responsiveness. In other instances, receptors are unaffected by aging, and
      various post-receptor changes result in functional deterioration. Examples of the
      latter situation include stimulation of cyclic AMP production and high-affinity
      association of steroid receptor-hormone complexes with nuclear acceptor sites in
      various cell and tissue types. One of the most noteworthy post-receptor changes
      appears to be an impaired ability to stimulate calcium mobilization in many aged
      systems resulting in reductions in various biological responses. Although the
      processes which govern regulation of calcium fluxes vary with cell type, many
      such dysfunctions can be at least partially reversed if sufficient calcium can be
      transported to appropriate cellular sites. Thus, elucidation of the molecular
      mechanisms involved in impaired calcium mobilization may provide the basis for
      new therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2897816
TI  - Immunoregulation in aging.

PMID- 2897817
TI  - Neurohumoral mechanisms of the formation of antitumoral activity.

PMID- 2897818
TI  - The relationship of receptor reserve and agonist efficacy to the sensitivity of
      alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated vasopressor responses to inhibition by calcium
      channel antagonists.

PMID- 2897819
TI  - Calcium antagonists for angina pectoris.
AB  - Angina presents itself to us as a continuous spectrum of ischemic syndromes. The
      disease is multifactorial, and within the same patient different
      pathophysiological mechanisms may occur at different times and in succession.
      Several factors may be causative at a particular moment of the disease process
      and the very next moment a different mechanism may prevail or spontaneous
      improvement may occur. Among these are stable atheroma with episodic increased
      vasomotor tone, fissured plaques with intraluminal and/or intraintimal thrombus,
      thrombocyte aggregation in greater than 70% intraluminal narrowing from ulcerated
      plaques, as well as frank spasm of vessels without major atherosclerosis.
      Consequently, there will never be one therapy for every case of (un)stable angina
      nor will there ever be a best therapy for all. Rather, a stepped approach appears
      the most likely to be successful. This begins with bed rest and requires
      vasodilator therapy with nitrates and/or Ca2+ antagonists and beta blockade. If
      this triple therapy does not "cool" the symptoms within 6-12 hours, semiurgent
      arteriography is indicated. Depending on the pathophysiology found, thrombolytic
      therapy with streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), or coronary artery bypass grafting
      (CABG) must be carried out early. Heparin in the short term and aspirin in the
      long term protect best against late complications. The moment is now here when
      infarction or death after an attack of angina pectoris should be rare.

PMID- 2897820
TI  - A distally based median plantar flap.
AB  - The first metatarsophalangeal joint area is a very difficult one to reconstruct,
      needing skin that is thick, sensitive, and resistant to friction. Although the
      medial plantar island flap was initially described to resurface heel defects, we
      have used this flap as a cross-foot flap to recover the first metatarsophalangeal
      joint area. Its use has always required a second surgical procedure. To overcome
      this inconvenience, we describe the use of a flap based on the principle of
      reversing the direction of blood flow in a distal vascular pedicle to restore a
      defect of the anteromedial aspect of the foot. Good functional and aesthetic
      results were obtained.

PMID- 2897821
TI  - [Distribution of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, gamma
      glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatases and creatine
      kinase in the main organs of adult goats and kids].
AB  - In adult ewes, the distribution of enzymes in the liver, kidney, spleen,
      pancreas, muscle, lung and myocardium was very similar to that in cows or sheep:
      aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were mainly in skeletal muscles and
      the myocardium, while gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatases
      (PAL) predominated in the kidneys. Age-related changes of tissue enzyme patterns
      were dominated by a dramatic decrease of liver ALAT in adults whereas this enzyme
      was liver-specific in one month old animals; a decrease of muscle LDH and CK, and
      an increase of kidney GGT and ALP were also observed in adults.

PMID- 2897822
TI  - Cortical somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and NADPH diaphorase neurons: normal
      anatomy and alterations in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are two neuropeptides that are of particular
      interest in Alzheimer's disease because they are reported to be depleted in
      cerebral cortex. In the present study we examined somatostatin, neuropeptide Y,
      and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase neurons in
      nine cortical regions in both normal and Alzheimer's disease brains. These three
      neurochemical markers show a high degree of co-localization (greater than 90%) in
      nonpyramidal neurons that are primarily distributed in cortical layers II-III, V
      VI, and, most prominently, in infracortical white matter. The highest cell
      density was in temporal and parietal association cortex. The major morphological
      abnormality in Alzheimer's disease brains was a marked pruning and distortion of
      fiber plexuses with an apparent reduction in fiber density. In contrast,
      perikaryal density was preserved except for a reduction in parietal association
      cortex. Approximately 10 to 15% of senile plaques in the inferior temporal gyrus
      contained abnormal neurites. Additional abnormal collections of neurites without
      plaque cores were frequently found in layers II-III and V-VI. Neuropeptide Y and
      somatostatin were co-localized in abnormal neurites, suggesting an origin from
      local intrinsic neurons in which the two peptides are co-localized. Double
      immunofluorescence staining for both tau protein, a major antigenic component of
      paired helical filaments, and either somatostatin or neuropeptide Y showed that
      these neurons do not contain tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary tangles. The
      morphological correlate of reduced somatostatin and neuropeptide Y content in
      Alzheimer's disease brain therefore appears to be a distortion and reduction in
      fiber plexuses. In addition, it is apparent that these neurons can develop
      widespread morphological abnormalities in the absence of neurofibrillary tangle
      formation.

PMID- 2897824
TI  - X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy: a new hereditary muscle disease.
AB  - We report on 3 brothers with a myopathy that also affected their maternal
      grandfather and great-uncle. Characteristic features are onset in early
      childhood, very slow progression, normal life expectancy, weakness of proximal
      limb muscles, especially in the legs, elevation of serum creatine kinase, and no
      cardiac or intellectual involvement. In biopsy material muscle fibers are almost
      never necrotic but show excessive autophagic activity and exocytosis of the
      phagocytosed material. We suggest that this family has an undescribed type of
      congenital myopathy, for which we propose the name X-linked myopathy with
      excessive autophagy.

PMID- 2897823
TI  - Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia: a subgroup with
      preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques.
AB  - Postmortem examination was performed on 137 residents (average age 85.5 years) of
      a skilled nursing facility whose mental status, memory, and functional status had
      been evaluated during life. Seventy-eight percent were demented using
      conservative criteria; 55% had characteristic Alzheimer's disease. Choline
      acetyltransferase and somatostatin were significantly reduced in the brains of
      patients with Alzheimer's disease as compared with age-matched nursing home
      control subjects, although the degree of the reduction was less severe than found
      in subjects less than 80 years of age. Ten subjects whose functional and
      cognitive performance was in the upper quintile of the nursing home residents, as
      good as or better than the performance of the upper quintile of residents without
      brain pathology (control subjects), showed the pathological features of mild
      Alzheimer's disease, with many neocortical plaques. Plaque counts were 80% of
      those of demented patients with Alzheimer's disease. Choline acetyltransferase
      and somatostatin levels were intermediate between controls and demented patients
      with Alzheimer's disease. The unexpected findings in these subjects were higher
      brain weights and greater number of neurons (greater than 90 micron 2 in a cross
      sectional area in cerebral cortex) as compared to age-matched nursing home
      control subjects. These people may have had incipient Alzheimer's disease but
      escaped loss of large neurons, or alternatively, started with larger brains and
      more large neurons and thus might be said to have had a greater reserve.

PMID- 2897825
TI  - Is the thought disorder with oculogyric crisis a feature of tardive akathisia or
      tardive dysphrenia?

PMID- 2897826
TI  - Carboxypeptidase E.
AB  - Carboxypeptidase E appears to be involved in the biosynthesis of a wide range of
      peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. The evidence for this is: (a) CPE is
      present in tissues that produce bioactive peptides; (b) in tissues that have been
      subjected to subcellular fractionation, the CPE activity is associated with
      peptide-containing secretory granules; (c) CPE is able to remove C-terminal basic
      amino acids from a variety of synthetic peptides without further hydrolyzing the
      peptide; (d) CPE is active at pH 5.6, the internal pH of secretory granules. The
      CPE activities in various tissues have similar physical and enzymatic properties.
      Two forms of CPE, soluble and membrane-bound, are present in most tissues with
      CPE activity. These two forms differ slightly in molecular weight, but have
      identical enzymatic properties. Both forms arise from the same precursor, which
      is encoded by a single gene. This gene is a member of a carboxypeptidase gene
      family that includes CPA and CPB. At the amino acid level, CPE has approximately
      20% homology with bovine CPA and 17% homology with bovine CPB. All of the amino
      acids in CPA and CPB that are thought to be essential for catalytic activity are
      present in CPE in comparable positions. The homology of CPE with CPA and CPB
      suggests a common evolutionary origin for the three enzymes. This relationship
      fits with the theory that certain peptide hormones may have evolved from serine
      proteases. Further studies are needed to investigate the processing of proCPE
      into CPE, and the regulation of CPE activity. While there is some evidence that
      CPE may be regulated, it does not appear that regulation of CPE activity plays an
      important role in controlling peptide biosynthesis. However, further studies are
      necessary before this possibility can be eliminated.

PMID- 2897827
TI  - Peptides as regulators of gastric acid secretion.
AB  - Several peptides are important regulators of gastric acid secretion. The best
      characterized is gastrin. This circulating hormone is produced in the gastric
      antrum and mediates the gastric phase of acid secretion. Somatostatin is
      important as an inhibitory regulator of acid secretion, but the relative
      importance of paracrine versus endocrine delivery to its targets remains to be
      determined. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP27 and GRP10, probably are
      mediators of neural release of gastrin. Opioid peptides in the gastric wall
      appear to act as endogenous neurostimulants of gastric acid secretion under some
      conditions. Other neuropeptides in the gastric mucosa and submucosa, including
      sensory neuropeptides, may be important regulators of acid secretion. Hormones or
      nerves activated by fat and other substances in the lumen of the small intestine
      cause inhibition of acid secretion, but the specific peptides responsible for
      this effect have not yet been identified from a long list of candidates. The
      effects of peptides on the parietal cell and the gastrin and somatostatin cells
      are functionally linked with those of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves and with
      locally released histamine.

PMID- 2897828
TI  - Effects of putative neurotransmitters on sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
AB  - Epinephrine, substance P, and glutamate have all been hypothesized as primary
      chemical mediators in the descending pathway from the brain stem "vasomotor
      center" to SPNs. Interestingly, lesions of or antagonists to epinephrine,
      substance P, glutamate, and 5-HT neurons all abolish sympathetic activity and
      reduce blood pressure to a level similar to that in a spinal-transected animal.
      However, it is unlikely that all these substances are primary mediators of
      sympathetic information carried from the brain stem to the spinal cord. How then
      do we resolve these findings? A plausible explanation is that monoamines and
      neuropeptides act in the IML, as in other areas of the central nervous system, as
      neuromodulators, setting the level of excitability of SPNs rather than relaying
      sympathetic information over a functionally specific pathway from brain stem
      sympathetic neurons to the IML. For example, the time course of the
      norepinephrine-mediated slow EPSPs and IPSPs in SPNs is consistent with a gain
      setting function. Likewise, the depolarization of SPNs by 5-HT is similar to the
      depolarization elicited in myenteric and celiac ganglion cells. In these ganglia,
      5-HT appears to mediate a slow excitatory potential that enhances incoming fast
      synaptic potentials. A similar gain-enhancing effect of 5-HT has been
      demonstrated in facial motoneurons. By analogy, epinephrine is likely to act as a
      neuromodulator in the IML rather than to serve as the primary mediator of
      sympathetic information descending from the brain stem. Similarly, it is
      difficult to imagine that an agent with such a long duration of excitatory action
      as substance P could serve as the primary descending transmitter in a system
      where moment to moment changes in activity are essential. It is more likely that
      substance P aids in setting the excitability of SPNs. Pharmacological antagonism
      of any of the excitatory neuromodulators (i.e. gain setters) might act to
      decrease, at least temporarily, the excitability of SPNs to the point where
      primary sympathetic activity from the brain stem could not excite SPNs. This
      accounts for the wide variety of pharmacological agents that act to eliminate
      sympathetic activity and drastically reduce blood pressure. On the basis of the
      above arguments, the most logical candidate for a transmitter mediating primary
      excitatory sympathetic information from brain stem "vasomotor centers" would be
      an excitatory amino acid. Fast EPSPs in SPNs appear to be mediated by glutamate
      and excitatory amino acid antagonists markedly inhibit sympathetic
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2897830
TI  - Activities of Nigerian chewing stick extracts against Bacteroides gingivalis and
      Bacteroides melaninogenicus.
AB  - The in vitro activities of extracts of Nigerian chewing sticks against
      Bacteroides gingivalis and B. melaninogenicus are presented. The greatest
      inhibitory action was produced by Serindeia werneckei, whereas Fagara
      zanthoxyloides produced no appreciable inhibitory effect. A generally good
      correlation was found between the killing curves and MICs. Only extracts of
      Anogeissus leiocarpus showed acute toxicity in mice.

PMID- 2897831
TI  - Low concentrations of suramin can reduce in vitro infection of human cord blood
      lymphocytes with HTLV-I during long-term culture.
AB  - In vitro infection of human cord blood lymphocytes (CBL) with human T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) was found to be reduced by suramin
      treatment at a concentration ranging from 10-100 micrograms/ml. At higher
      concentrations (500 micrograms/ml) suramin was toxic to the cells and even
      resulted in an increased percentage of cells positive for the p19 viral core
      protein. Suramin treatment at the onset of the CBL coculture with a lethally
      irradiated HTLV-I donor cell line (MT-2) reduced virus transmission, evaluated as
      number of p19+ cells, and the consequent amount of integrated provirus in the
      host genome. The amount of viral RNA transcripts was not reduced in CBL
      cocultures. On the other hand, suramin affected HTLV-I replication in infected MT
      2 cells, when used at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, and this might
      contribute to the reduced infectivity of suramin-treated MT-2 cells. In addition
      to its antiviral effects, suramin exerted a modest positive regulation on the
      natural killing activity of CBL and their early proliferative response in mixed
      lymphocyte/tumor cell culture.

PMID- 2897829
TI  - Chemotherapy of rhinovirus colds.

PMID- 2897833
TI  - [A one-year collection of Culicidae in illuminated traps in the park around the
      Pasteur Institute of Madagascar in Tananarive].
AB  - Culicidae captures by light traps have been done, during one year and at regular
      intervals in the Madagascar Pasteur Institute's park in Tananarive. 3,350
      individuals representing twenty species have been caught. Results show a great
      specific wealth, inter and intraspecific variations in space and time and this,
      particularly in relation with rain. Culex quinquefasciatus is in a widely
      commanding position. The Madagascar Pasteur Institute's park can be considered,
      by number of present species, as representative of Culicidae fauna of the
      Tananarive's country.

PMID- 2897832
TI  - Effects of UVB irradiation on epidermal adenylate cyclase responses in vitro: its
      relation to sunburn cell formation.
AB  - UVB irradiation augmented the beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase response of pig
      skin epidermis in vitro. The effect was observed 2-4 h following the irradiation
      and lasted at least for 48 h. There was no significant difference in cyclic AMP
      phosphodiesterase activity between control and UVB-irradiated epidermis at lower
      irradiation dose (150 mJ/cm2), which is the dose of the most marked beta
      adrenergic augmentation effect. The augmentation effect was specific to the beta
      adrenergic system; adenosine and histamine adenylate cyclase responses were
      unchanged or decreased depending on the irradiation dose. Histologically, marked
      sunburn-cell formation was observed following the UVB irradiation. It has been
      suggested that oxygen intermediates generated by ultraviolet radiation
      participate in sunburn-cell formation. The addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      in the incubation medium significantly inhibited sunburn-cell formation. On the
      other hand, the beta-adrenergic augmentation effect was not affected by the
      addition of SOD. Other scavengers of oxygen intermediates (catalase, catalase +
      SOD, xanthine, or mannitol) did not inhibit the UVB-induced beta-adrenergic
      augmentation effect. Further, superoxide-anion generating systems (hypoxanthine
      xanthine oxidase system and acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase system) revealed no
      stimulatory effect on the beta-adrenergic response of epidermis. These results
      indicate that (a) the UVB-induced beta-adrenergic augmentation effect is inherent
      to skin and does not depend on systemic factors such as inflammatory infiltrates
      following UVB irradiation; (b) in contrast to sunburn-cell formation, induction
      of the beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase response is not directly associated with
      oxygen intermediates generated by UVB irradiation.

PMID- 2897834
TI  - The effects of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids and lipoproteins.
AB  - Hypertension is a major risk factor for arteriosclerotic vascular disease.
      Despite intensive antihypertensive intervention, the risk of cardiovascular
      disease has not declined appreciably. Many of the antihypertensive agents have
      been shown to elevate total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels or lower
      the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. Thus, the antihypertensive agents
      chosen may negate the beneficial effects of a lower blood pressure. Our purpose
      is to review all available antihypertensive medications and their influence on
      lipoprotein metabolism. Choosing the antihypertensive therapy least likely to
      worsen or precipitate other known cardiovascular risk factors is important. Cost
      and side effect profiles must also be considered in choosing the best
      antihypertensive regimen for your patients.

PMID- 2897835
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and Crohn's disease. A case report with
      immunological and electron microscopic studies.
AB  - A review of the literature shows that the association of epidermolysis bullosa
      acquisita and Crohn's disease is rare. A 27-year-old man developed cutaneous
      blisters on the trauma-prone areas that were consistent with the diagnosis of
      epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Immunological and electron-microscopic studies
      of the skin showed intense IgG deposits located beneath the basal lamina. Three
      years later, Crohn's colitis was diagnosed. Prednisolone and sulfasalazine
      treatment resulted in an improvement of the bowel disease but without appreciable
      effect on the skin lesions.

PMID- 2897837
TI  - Somatostatin immunoreactivity in postmortem brain from depressed suicides.

PMID- 2897836
TI  - Effect of neuroleptics on altered cerebral glucose metabolism in schizophrenia.
AB  - This study examines whether the duration of treatment with antipsychotic drugs
      influences the regional distribution of cerebral [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose
      utilization as measured by positron emission tomography. Two groups of
      schizophrenic patients are compared with normal volunteers (n = 10). One group (n
      = 5) consisted of patients treated for one year, and the second (n = 12) of
      patients medicated for four to 14 years (mean +/- SD duration, 7.4 +/- 3.4
      years). The first group was also examined before patients received their first
      dose ever of antipsychotic medication. One year of medication was not sufficient
      to alter the schizophrenic profile of cerebral cortical glucose activity but did
      elevate activity of the corpus striatum. Medication for 7.4 years also did not
      alter the schizophrenic pattern of frontal hyperactivity and posterior
      hypoactivity, although deviations from control values appeared less marked than
      after one year. On the other hand, in patients medicated for 7.4 years, there was
      perhaps an even greater increase in the activity of the corpus striatum and of
      the thalamus. Thus, duration of exposure to antipsychotic medication may affect
      the pattern of cerebral glucose activity; possibly, even longer exposure may
      contribute to the hypofrontality noted by others, although this can be confounded
      with the duration of illness as a factor. In considering the biological
      significance of the observed profile of cortical glucose activity, we introduce
      the concept of cerebral metabolic tone. We suggest that a disturbance of this
      tonus may account for some symptoms of schizophrenia and could be consistent with
      the hypothesis of abnormal developmental changes in the brains of schizophrenics.

PMID- 2897838
TI  - Isolated polyarteritis of testis in hairy-cell leukemia.
AB  - A polyarteritis nodosalike systemic vasculitis in hairy-cell leukemia was first
      reported in 1979, and since then at least 30 additional cases of this unusual
      association have been reported in the literature. Reported herein is, to my
      knowledge, the first known example of hairy-cell leukemia with necrotizing
      vasculitis limited to the testis only.

PMID- 2897839
TI  - [Research on human retroviruses: present status and future outlook].

PMID- 2897840
TI  - [Characteristics of morphogenesis of cryptorchism in childhood].
AB  - The main morphological features of undescended testes in children of 2-14 years
      old were incomplete cytodifferentiation of Sertoli cells (absence of transition
      of Sa = Sb cells into Sc type), reduced number of spermatogonia and dystrophic
      changes in germ cells. Intense progressive sclerosis developed in the
      interstitium and walls of seminiferous tubules. The dark Sertoli cells were
      described as a distinct cell type for the first time. The results of the
      morphological study indicated that cryptorchism should be surgically corrected
      during the first two years of life.

PMID- 2897841
TI  - Mode of action of lipid-lowering drugs.
AB  - Following the recent demonstration that both cholestyramine and nicotinic acid
      decrease mortality from coronary heart disease, there is a new enthusiasm for
      hypolipidaemic therapy. The agents in current use are, however, insufficiently
      active or are accompanied by unacceptable side effects. An understanding of the
      mode of action is necessary, both to optimize treatment guidelines (e.g.
      regarding combination therapy or use in specific subsets of patients) and to
      develop new agents with preferred actions on rate-limiting steps. A reduction in
      LDL cholesterol concentration remains the principal desired action, although an
      elevation in HDL may also be beneficial. The main categories of commercially
      available agent comprise the anion exchange resins (inhibitors of bile acid
      absorption); cholesterol absorption inhibitors; fibrates (probably acting by
      enhancing lipoprotein lipase); and probucol (affecting LDL clearance). The most
      interesting of the new agents in clinical trials are the beta-hydroxy-beta
      methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, but other types of agent are at an
      earlier stage of evaluation, e.g. acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase
      inhibitors and peptide cofactors. It is not yet certain whether all the
      approaches to cholesterol lowering have equal validity, although an effect on
      biological endpoints is obtained for a variety of agents. Future evaluation will
      be aided by the implementation of noninvasive methods to quantify atherosclerosis
      and by the use of simple, 'dry-chemistry', cholesterol assays to screen
      populations.

PMID- 2897842
TI  - Autonomic responses and neurohumoral control in the human early antenatal heart.
AB  - Previous sporadic findings and the results of recent, more systematic studies now
      permit us to make an attempt to outline the contribution of the sympathetic and
      parasympathetic system to the control of the human early antenatal cardiac
      function. In the developing heart of man, only acetylcholine and catecholamines
      have so far been proven to act as true autonomic transmitters. Muscarinic
      cholinergic responses to acetylcholine and related agents can be detected from
      the 4th postconception week onwards, i.e. soon after the initiation of the first
      heartbeats. The same applies to the beta-adrenergic responsiveness to
      noradrenaline, adrenaline and other adrenergic stimulants in a somewhat later
      period, commencing at week 5 after conception. The maximum cardiac response to
      all these agonists becomes stronger as development continues. Evidence is
      accumulating to suggest that prostaglandins and triiodothyronine might modulate
      the regulatory function of autonomic transmitters in the human early antenatal
      heart. Morphological and functional establishment of the autonomic innervation
      occurs in the human heart well after the appearance of the reactivity to
      autonomic transmitters. Under 'in vitro' conditions, muscarinic-cholinergic neuro
      effector transmission can be demonstrated in 10-12 week-old hearts, and cardiac
      beta-adrenergic transmission can first be detected in weeks 13-14. From these
      observations and from the appearance of the 'in utero' fetal tachycardiac
      response to atropine in weeks 15-17 and the bradycardiac response to beta
      blockers in weeks 23-28, it seems that the parasympathetic-cholinergic control of
      the developing human heart becomes functional and can play a role in the overall
      regulation of the antenatal cardiac function earlier than the sympathetic
      adrenergic neural control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897844
TI  - Ketotifen prevents terbutaline-induced down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors in
      guinea pig lung.
AB  - We examined the effect of ketotifen on the down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors
      in guinea pig lung chronically treated with terbutaline. There was a significant
      decrease in the density of beta-adrenoceptors following chronic administration of
      terbutaline. Ketotifen prevented the decrease in beta-adrenoceptor density
      induced by terbutaline in a dose-dependent fashion; ketotifen alone, also
      increased the density of beta-adrenoceptors. However, neither ketotifen nor
      terbutaline significantly changed the KD values in either group. These findings
      suggest that ketotifen might be valuable when beta-agonists are administered for
      long term treatment in asthmatic patients.

PMID- 2897843
TI  - On the glutamate transport through cell envelope vesicles of Halobacterium
      halobium.
AB  - Glutamate uptake by envelope vesicles of Halobacterium halobium was measured.
      Previous authors showed that the glutamate uptake needs the illumination as well
      as Na+ gradient across the membrane. The latter is considered to be the driving
      force for the uptake. No satisfactory explanation for the necessity of the
      illumination has not been given. We found that in the absence of Cl- in the
      medium, only Na+ gradient was enough to induce the glutamate uptake, i.e. no
      illumination was needed. Glutamate uptake was measured with various strains of H.
      halobium. We found that the envelope vesicles prepared from strains containing no
      bacteriorhodopsin showed the glutamate uptake in the dark and in the presence of
      Cl- in the medium provided only that Na+ gradient is imposed.

PMID- 2897845
TI  - Exact localization of the familial dysbetalipoproteinemia associated HpaI
      restriction site in the promoter region of the APOC1 gene.
AB  - An HpaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the APOE-C1-C2 gene
      cluster on chromosome 19 is strongly associated with familial
      dysbetalipoproteinemia (type III hyperlipoproteinemia). Recently we localized
      this polymorphic HpaI site between the APOE and APOC1 genes. In the present paper
      we show by molecular cloning and sequencing that the polymorphic HpaI site is
      located 317 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site of the APOC1 gene.
      Overlapping cosmid clones allowed the construction of a detailed restriction map
      of the gene cluster, showing the APOC2 gene to be located 15 kb downstream of the
      APOC1 pseudogene.

PMID- 2897846
TI  - IF1 inhibition of mitochondrial F1-ATPase is correlated to entrapment of four
      adenine- or guanine-nucleotides including at least one triphosphate.
AB  - This paper demonstrates that the inhibition of F1 ATPase activity by the natural
      inhibitor protein IF1 is correlated to triphosphate nucleotide entrapment in F1.
      The complete balance of nucleotides bound after preincubation with Mg-[alpha
      32P]GTP or Mg-[alpha-32P]ATP, used to promote IF1 inhibition, has been
      established on purified F1 containing 0.7 mol of non-exchangeable endogenous
      nucleotides. As many as 4 mol of labelled guanine- or adenine- nucleotides are
      trapped in F1; at least one of these nucleotides is a triphosphate. On the
      contrary, in the absence of IF1, no triphosphate nucleotide is significantly
      retained and the diphosphate nucleotides bound are mainly exchangeable.

PMID- 2897847
TI  - Clostridium spiroforme toxin is a binary toxin which ADP-ribosylates cellular
      actin.
AB  - We have purified from Clostridium spiroforme strain 246 an heterogeneous
      population of proteins (Sa) ranging from 43 to 47 kilodaltons exhibiting ADP
      ribosyl transferase activity as do C. botulinum C2 toxin component I or the ia
      chain of C. perfringens E iota toxin. C. spiriforme Sa had alone no activity upon
      injection in mice or inoculated to Vero cells. When spiroforme ADP ribosyl
      transferase were mixed with a trypsin activated protein (Sb) separated from C.
      spiroforme bacterial supernatant, a lethal effect in mice and cytotoxicity on
      Vero cells were recorded. The Sa cross-reacted immunologically with either the
      light chain of C. perfringens E iota toxin or the ADP-ribosyl transferase from C.
      difficile 196 strain. No immunological relatedness was observed between Sa and C2
      toxin component I. C. spiroforme toxin is thus another binary toxin close to
      iota.

PMID- 2897849
TI  - Restriction fragment analysis confirms the position 33 mutation in transthyretin
      from an Israeli patient (SKO) with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
AB  - Transthyretin isolated from amyloid fibrils from an Israeli patient with Familial
      Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy was sequenced by two research groups. One laboratory
      reported a position 49 Thr----Gly substitution, while the other noted a Phe for
      Ile interchange at amino acid 33. We used a transthyretin cDNA probe to study DNA
      from this patient by Southern blotting. The DNA displayed the unique Bcl I
      restriction site predicted by the mutation in codon 33. Because of the close size
      of the normal (6.40 kb), and variant (6.27 kb) fragments, the variant was more
      easily demonstrated after digestion with both Bcl I and Sph I, which generated
      two easily resolvable fragments of 2.39 and 2.27 kb.

PMID- 2897848
TI  - Inhibition and photoinactivation of the bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase by
      the cytotoxic agent, dequalinium.
AB  - The bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase is inhibited in the dark by the
      amphipathic cation, dequalinium, with a I0.5 of about 12 microM at pH 7.5. When
      illuminated at 350 nm in the presence of 1.7 microM dequalinium, the F1-ATPase is
      inactivated with a pseudo-first order rate constant of 7.9 X 10(-3) min-1. The
      apparent Kd of the dequalinium-enzyme complex was estimated to be about 12.5
      microM by examining the rate of inactivation of the ATPase with 1.7-16.7 microM
      dequalinium. ATP, ADP, Pi, and Mg2+, singly or in combination, protected the
      ATPase against photoinactivation, with Mg2+ plus Pi being the most effective.

PMID- 2897850
TI  - The mosquito larvicidal activity of 130 kDa delta-endotoxin of Bacillus
      thuringiensis var. israelensis resides in the 72 kDa amino-terminal fragment.
AB  - Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis produces 130 kDa delta-endotoxin which is
      highly toxic to mosquito-larvae. The mosquito-larvicidal activity was delineated
      by sequential deletions from ends of the 1136 amino acids delta-endotoxin. A
      maximum of 459 amino acids could be removed from the carboxy-terminal of the
      toxin without a significant loss of the larvicidal activity. However, no more
      than 38 amino acids could be deleted from the amino-terminal without losing the
      toxicity. The truncated peptide of 72 kDa exhibited similar toxicity to the 130
      kDa toxin and was between 39th and 677th amino acids.

PMID- 2897851
TI  - Site-directed mutagenic replacement of glu-461 with gln in beta-galactosidase (E.
      coli): evidence that glu-461 is important for activity.
AB  - Glutamic acid 461 of beta-galactosidase (E. coli) was replaced by gln using site
      directed mutagenesis. Kinetic studies on the purified Q461-beta-galactosidase
      showed that it had less than 0.4% of the wild-type activity (with ONPG as
      substrate), confirming other studies which have suggested that the negative
      charge on glu-461 is important for activity. The Km values did not increase,
      indicating that binding of the substrate was not decreased by this change.
      Thermal denaturation studies showed Q461-beta-galactosidase to be somewhat more
      susceptible to heat denaturation than the wild-type enzyme.

PMID- 2897852
TI  - Synergistic cytotoxic effect of tiazofurin and ribavirin in hepatoma cells.
AB  - Tiazofurin, an anti-cancer drug, which induces remissions in human leukemia, and
      ribavirin, an anti-viral agent, bind at separate sites (NADH and IMP-XMP sites,
      respectively) on the target enzyme, IMP dehydrogenase. Now we show that the
      binding to IMP dehydrogenase of these drugs at two separate sites is translated
      into synergistic inhibition of de novo guanylate biosynthesis and synergistic
      toxicity in rat hepatoma 3924A cells. These results may be utilized in the
      chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases and in the treatment of hepatitis virus
      infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 2897853
TI  - Regulation of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by fatty acids: effect of feeding
      olive oil on cytoplasmic acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase, beta-hydroxy-beta
      methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, and acetoacetyl-coenzyme A ligase.
AB  - We reported previously that, in the perfused rat liver, oleic acid increased the
      specific activity of cytosolic enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis. In this
      study, we examined the effects of oral administration of olive oil on the
      activities of HMG-CoA synthase, AcAc-CoA thiolase, AcAc-CoA ligase and HMG-CoA
      reductase. Olive oil feeding increased the specific activity of hepatic HMG-CoA
      synthase by 50%, AcAc-CoA thiolase by 2-fold, and AcAc-CoA ligase by 3-fold.
      Olive oil had no effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. These data suggest that
      the enzymes that supply the HMG-CoA required for hepatic cholesterogenesis are
      regulated in parallel by a physiological substrate, fatty acid, independent of
      HMG-CoA reductase under these conditions.

PMID- 2897854
TI  - In vitro and in vivo inhibition of human small cell lung carcinoma (NCI-H69)
      growth by a somatostatin analogue.
AB  - An endocrinologically-potent octapeptide analogue of somatostatin (SRIF), 3-(2
      naphthyl)-D-Ala-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2 (BIM-23014 C), was examined for
      its ability to inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of the human small cell
      lung carcinoma (SCLC) line, NCI-H69. When cultured cells were implanted into
      athymic nude mice, treatment (500 micrograms/injection, twice daily) resulted in
      a prolongation of lag time for the appearance of measurable tumors, and there was
      a marked inhibition of the growth rate. Indeed, peptide injection in the region
      of the tumor resulted in a complete regression of the NCI-H69 tumors. Withdrawal
      of BIM-23014 C treatment resulted in an acceleration of tumor growth indicating
      an antiproliferative rather the oncolytic action. A similar inhibition of tumor
      growth was also observed when solid tumors obtained from the first implantation
      were used as the donor tissues. In cell culture, the proliferation in the
      presence of a low concentration (10nM) of BIM-23104 C was also significantly
      retarded suggesting a direct mechanism of action.

PMID- 2897855
TI  - Modulation of guinea-pig lung adenylate cyclase by ovalbumin sensitization.
AB  - 1. The regulation of lung adenylate cyclase was investigated in guinea pigs
      sensitized with high dose (300-500 micrograms kg-1) ovalbumin to raise IgG(I) and
      low dose (2.8-4.0 micrograms kg-1) to raise to IgG/IgE (II) antibodies. 2. Basal
      activity of sensitized II (IgG/IgE antibodies) lung adenylate cyclase was
      approximately double that of the control values. 3. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate
      (GTP) was a potent activator of adenylate cyclase from the sensitized II
      (IgG/IgE) lung membranes. 4. The sensitivity of lung membrane adenylate cyclase
      to stimulation by beta-adrenoceptor agonists or VIP was reduced whereas no
      significant difference was observed with histamine or bradykinin on the
      sensitized II membranes. 5. Possible mechanisms involved in the increase in basal
      activity and in the decreased sensitivity to beta-adrenoceptor- and VIP-mediated
      stimulation of adenylate cyclase by ovalbumin sensitization of guinea-pig lung
      membranes are discussed.

PMID- 2897856
TI  - Vasopressin V1 receptors and inter-receptor regulation in vascular smooth muscle
      cells.

PMID- 2897857
TI  - Calmodulin antagonists of improved potency and specificity for use in the study
      of calmodulin biochemistry.
AB  - Syntheses are described for a range of N-(omega-aminoalkyl)-5-iodo- and -5
      cyanonaphthalene-1-sulphonamides. The selective activity of these compounds as
      inhibitors for calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) is compared
      with their activity for the calmodulin-independent but calcium-dependent enzymes
      protein kinase C and transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13). The results show a drastic
      improvement in the selectivity of effect for the 5-iodo-compounds compared with
      the widely-used drug, W7, N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-1-sulphonamide.

PMID- 2897859
TI  - Successful management of catastrophic gastrointestinal involvement in
      polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - A patient with polyarteritis nodosa developed necrotizing enterocolitis, as
      indicated by pneumatosis intestinalis seen on computed tomographic scans of the
      abdomen. Despite immunosuppressive therapy and concomitant resolution of the
      intramural and portal venous gas and general clinical improvement, on 2 occasions
      (between 20 and 30 days later) the patient developed bowel infarctions and
      perforations that necessitated bowel resection. Leaks developed at anastomotic
      sites, but were not closed surgically. However, these sites and the lower
      quadrants of the abdomen were drained, and the patient was given total parenteral
      nutrition. Over a 2-month period the patient completely recovered from this
      nearly always fatal gastrointestinal complication of polyarteritis nodosa. The
      medical, surgical, and radiographic approach we used may be applicable to the
      management of similar cases in the future.

PMID- 2897858
TI  - Mechanisms of synergistic toxicity of the radioprotective agent, WR2721, and 6
      hydroxydopamine.
AB  - WR2721 is a "prodrug" for a radioprotective thiol which has been proposed for
      adjunctive use as a free radical scavenger in cancer chemotherapy. When used
      adjunctively with oxygen radical generating chemotherapeutic agents in mice,
      however, WR2721 produces synergistic toxicity rather than attenuation of the
      toxic effects of such agents. The present paper discusses potential mechanisms
      for such synergistic toxicity. The pathway for glutathione synthesis appeared to
      be inactivated in mice treated with WR2721. The disulfide metabolite of WR2721
      was a potent inactivator of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting
      enzyme in glutathione synthesis. The inactivation of the enzyme by this compound
      was similar to that reported for cystamine, a compound known to form a mixed
      disulfide with a cysteine residue near the glutamic acid binding site of the
      enzyme. Oxygen radicals not only inactivated the synthetase, as well, but
      hastened the oxidation of the free thiol metabolite of WR2721 to its
      corresponding disulfide.

PMID- 2897860
TI  - The fractional catabolic rate of low density lipoprotein in normal individuals is
      influenced by variation in the apolipoprotein B gene: a preliminary study.
AB  - In a random sample of 22 normolipidaemic male Caucasian individuals, 35-49 years
      old, homozygosity for the X2 allele (cutting site) of the XbaI RFLP of the apo B
      gene was associated with higher mean total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol
      concentration. These individuals also had significantly lower LDL fractional
      catabolic rate (P less than 0.03) and a lower degradation of LDL by mononuclear
      cells in vitro. We propose that the XbaI polymorphism is associated with amino
      acid changes in the apo B protein which influences LDL binding to the LDL
      receptor. This modulates catabolism of this lipoprotein and so contributes to
      variability of plasma cholesterol levels.

PMID- 2897861
TI  - Fade profiles during spontaneous offset of neuromuscular blockade: vecuronium and
      gallamine compared.
AB  - The characteristics of the train-of-four (TOF) response have been studied
      electromyographically during the onset and the spontaneous offset of
      neuromuscular blockade induced with vecuronium or gallamine. During the onset of
      blockade, at 75% depression of initial twitch height, gallamine was associated
      with significantly more TOF fade than vecuronium. Both agents were associated
      with significantly less fade during onset than during spontaneous offset. When
      the two neuromuscular blocking drugs were compared during spontaneous offset they
      showed a similar degree of fade during early offset (up to 50% recovery of
      initial twitch height). However, during late spontaneous offset, when the initial
      twitch height had recovered to 75% of control values, vecuronium was associated
      with more fade than gallamine.

PMID- 2897862
TI  - Pulmonary clearance of UICC amosite fibres inhaled by rats during chronic
      exposure at low concentration.
AB  - Clearance of UICC amosite asbestos from the lungs during chronic--that is,
      repeated--exposure was investigated by using the scanning electron microscope to
      measure lung burdens from rats which had inhaled amosite asbestos at an
      approximately constant concentration of 0.1 mg/m3 or, equivalently, 20 fibres/ml
      for seven hours a day, five days a week for up to 18 months. The lung burdens
      were compared with previous results for higher exposure concentrations of 1 and
      10 mg/m3. Those previous lung burdens had been measured using other analytical
      methods (infrared spectrophotometry) that were not suitable for the new lower
      lung burdens. Taken together, these results showed lung burdens rising pro rata
      with exposure concentration and exposure time. This accumulation of lung burden
      has been described by a kinetic model that takes account of the sequestration of
      material at locations in the lung from where it cannot be cleared. Unlike some
      earlier models in which lung burdens eventually reach a plateau with equilibrium
      between deposition and clearance during chronic exposure, this sequestration
      model shows lung burdens continuing to rise with exposure time. The latest
      results reported here support the application of such a model to lower exposure
      concentrations closer to those of asbestos in workplaces.

PMID- 2897863
TI  - Expression of a human alpha-tubulin: properties of the isolated subunit.
AB  - We examined the in vitro expression and biochemical properties of the isolated
      alpha subunit of tubulin both in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and in Escherichia
      coli extracts. Both systems produce soluble, full-length human alpha-tubulin
      polypeptide. When alpha-tubulin mRNA is translated in rabbit reticulocyte
      lysates, the isolated alpha subunit is fully functional as assayed by coassembly
      with bovine brain tubulin using temperature-dependent or taxol/salt assembly
      procedures. The conformation of the isolated alpha subunit was probed by limited
      proteolytic digestion with chymotrypsin and by reductive methylation. Limited
      proteolysis studies indicated that the "monomeric" alpha subunit is highly
      susceptible to chymotrypsin digestion and becomes resistant to chymotrypsin
      cleavage following incorporation into the heterodimer. Reductive methylation
      indicated that the unassociated alpha subunit has a highly reactive lysyl residue
      essential for microtubule assembly similar to that observed in the heterodimer.
      In contrast, alpha-tubulin expressed in E. coli lysates was incapable of
      coassemblying with bovine brain tubulin. Differences in assembly competence of
      the two alpha-tubulin products appear to be related to formylation of the N
      terminal methionine in the procaryotic synthesized subunit. These findings
      suggest that the amino-terminal methionine of alpha-tubulin plays an essential
      role in the isolated subunit and/or in the heterodimer, a hypothesis supported by
      chemical reactivity studies [Sherman, G., Rosenberry, T.L., & Sternlicht, H.
      (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 2148-2156] which imply that this residue is in a salt
      bridge interaction in the dimer.

PMID- 2897864
TI  - Action of the active metabolites of tiazofurin and ribavirin on purified IMP
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - The inhibitory mechanisms of ribavirin 5'-monophosphate (RMP) and thiazole-4
      carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), the active forms of the antimetabolites
      ribavirin and tiazofurin, were investigated in IMP dehydrogenase purified to
      homogeneity from rat hepatoma 3924A. The hepatoma IMP dehydrogenase has a
      tetrameric structure with a subunit molecular weight of 60,000. For the
      substrates IMP and NAD+, Km's were 23 and 65 microM, respectively. Product
      inhibition patterns showed an ordered Bi-Bi mechanism for the enzyme reaction
      where IMP binds to the enzyme first, followed by NAD+; NADH dissociates from the
      ternary complex first and then XMP is released. XMP interacts with the free
      enzyme and competes for the ligand site with IMP, while NADH binds to the enzyme
      XMP complex. RMP exerted the same inhibitory mechanisms as XMP, and the
      inhibition by TAD was similar to that by NADH. However, the Ki values for RMP
      (0.8 microM) and TAD (0.13 microM) were orders of magnitude lower than those of
      XMP (136 microM) and NADH (210 microM). Thus, the drugs interact with IMP
      dehydrogenase with higher affinities than the natural substrates and products,
      RMP with the IMP-XMP site and TAD with the NADH site. Preincubation of the
      purified enzyme with RMP enhanced its inhibitory effect in a time-dependent
      manner. The enzyme was protected from this inactivation by IMP or XMP. These
      results provide a biochemical basis for combination chemotherapy with tiazofurin
      and ribavirin targeted against the two different ligand sites of IMP
      dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2897865
TI  - Effects of footshock stress on the sensitivity of the isolated rat pacemaker to
      catecholamines.
AB  - The effect of repeated footshock on the sensitivity of the isolated rat pacemaker
      to the chronotropic effect of catecholamines was studied. Footshock stress caused
      subsensitivity to noradrenaline and supersensitivity to isoprenaline. The
      subsensitivity to the neurotransmitter was abolished by cocaine, whereas
      supersensitivity to isoprenaline was unchanged after blockade of the
      extraneuronal uptake. The pA2 value of metoprolol was increased by repeated
      footshock. Butoxamine reversed the supersensitivity to isoprenaline and the
      alteration of the pA2 value. Repeated footshock stress appears to cause
      prejunctional subsensitivity to noradrenaline and to increase the function of
      postjunctional beta 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2897866
TI  - Health of long term benzodiazepine users.

PMID- 2897867
TI  - Effects of noradrenaline on the responsiveness of cultured cerebellar neurons to
      excitatory amino acids.
AB  - The effects of noradrenaline (NA) on the responsiveness of cultured cerebellar
      neurons to excitatory amino acids were intracellularly investigated. NA applied
      to external medium to a final concentration of 10 microM or lower slightly
      decreased the firing frequency of spontaneous spikes, induced a small
      hyperpolarization or slightly increased the input resistance of Purkinje cells.
      In addition, bath-applied NA was found to enhance the depolarizations induced by
      iontophoretically applied glutamate and aspartate but to a smaller extent for the
      latter. These direct and modulating effects of NA were also observed when NA was
      applied by iontophoresis. The sites sensitive to iontophoresed NA were found to
      be not uniformly distributed but localized in restricted regions on individual
      Purkinje cells. The enhancement by NA of the glutamate or aspartate response was
      blocked by beta-adrenergic antagonists, propranolol or pindolol, and
      extracellularly applied cAMP mimicked the NA action. These results suggest the
      possibility that NA physiologically modulates excitatory amino acid-mediating
      synaptic transmission in the cerebellum probably by acting on beta-rather than
      alpha-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2897868
TI  - NMDA receptor activation and early olfactory learning.
AB  - Norway rat pups have an enhanced olfactory bulb response to odors which they have
      learned to prefer early in life. When N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are blocked
      pharmacologically before olfactory preference training, both the behavioral
      preference and the enhanced olfactory bulb response to the learned odor are
      suppressed. These results implicate the activation of these receptors in the kind
      of neural and behavioral plasticity that normally occurs during development.

PMID- 2897869
TI  - Methylmercury-induced movement and postural disorders in developing rat: loss of
      somatostatin-immunoreactive interneurons in the striatum.
AB  - Tissue concentrations of the neuropeptide somatostatin and the specific
      activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were measured in several regions
      of the central nervous system in young rats, following chronic postnatal
      administration of methylmercuric chloride. By the beginning of the fourth
      postnatal week, these animals exhibited clinical signs of a mixed
      spastic/dyskinetic syndrome with visual deficits. At the onset of neurological
      impairment, a significant decrease in GAD activity was detected in the occipital
      cortex (48-49%) and striatum (45-50%) when compared to either normal or weight
      matched controls. At one subclinical stage of toxicity, decreased GAD activity
      was detected only in the occipital cortex (29-30%). Tissue levels of somatostatin
      did not change significantly in the occipital cortex of methylmercury-treated
      animals at any stage of the experiment. However, somatostatin levels in the
      striatum were significantly reduced at the onset of neurological impairment (55
      57%) and at one subclinical stage of toxicity (49-54%). Immunohistochemistry for
      somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons confirmed a marked loss
      of cells in the dorsolateral region of the striatum with atrophy of the surviving
      neurons. In the cerebral cortex of methylmercury-treated animals the morphology
      and distribution of somatostatin-positive neurons appeared normal. In view of the
      reported co-localization of GAD and somatostatin in some non-pyramidal neurons of
      the cerebral cortex, these results indicate that methylmercury-induced lesions of
      the developing cerebral cortex involve a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons which
      are not co-localized with somatostatin. In the striatum, where GAD and
      somatostatin are not co-localized within the same neurons, methylmercury-induced
      lesions involve both GABAergic and somatostatin-positive neurons.

PMID- 2897870
TI  - Development of somatostatin-containing neurons and fibers in the rat hippocampus.
AB  - Using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the
      development of somatostatin (SS)-containing neurons and fibers was examined in
      the rat dorsal hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The major development of this
      hippocampal peptidergic system occurs postnatally. At postnatal day 1 (P1),
      neurons containing SS mRNA are evident primarily in the stratum oriens, but also
      in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Similar neurons are also immunoreactive for
      SS28 and SS28(1-12), suggesting a minimal lag in the transcription of SS mRNA and
      its translation into specific SS peptides. The number of SS neurons increases
      postnatally to P10, followed by a decrease in number in the adult. This transient
      change in the number of SS neurons coincides with dramatic changes in SS28(1-12)
      immunoreactive fibers, which are initially present in the stratum lacunosum
      moleculare, with no significant immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus. By P15,
      the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus is densely innervated, while similar
      immunoreactivity in the stratum lacunosum moleculare is greatly reduced. These
      data are consistent with a transient projection from the stratum oriens to the
      stratum lacunosum moleculare, which is replaced by a projection from the hilus to
      the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus as this structure matures.

PMID- 2897871
TI  - Distorted development of intracerebral grafts: long-term maintenance of tyrosine
      hydroxylase-containing neurons in grafts of cortical tissue.
AB  - Cortical cells obtained from rat embryos (ED14 to ED20) were implanted in various
      regions of rat brain and the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-, neuropeptide
      Y (NPY)- and Met-enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive neurons within the grafts were
      tested using an immunohistochemical approach. TH-like immunoreactive (TH-LI)
      neurons were present within the implants obtained from ED14, but not ED18 or
      ED20, embryos up to 10 months post-implantation and their presence was not
      dependent on the age of the host (adult or neonate) at the time of implantation.
      Furthermore, the density of such cells varied with the site of implantation,
      being the highest in the dorsomedial corner of the striatum. This distorted
      development seems to affect also other cell populations, such as NPY-LI neurons
      which could be observed within the implants in a density much higher than that
      found in the normal cortex and which presented generally a rather immature
      morphology. It has been described that the rat cortex contains TH-LI neurons only
      during a limited period of development. The survival of such neurons within
      intracerebral grafts of cortical tissue indicates that their disappearance during
      normal cortical development is dependent upon environmental cues. The survival of
      TH-LI cells in grafts implanted to neonatal hosts suggests that these cues are
      not some humoral factors appearing postnatally. On the other hand, the present
      observations are compatible with several other hypothesis concerning the nature
      of such cues: humoral factors present during the late embryonic period, signals
      dependent on neuronal connectivities (input and/or outputs) established during
      embryonic or postnatal life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897872
TI  - The presence of non-neuronal cells influences somatostatin release from cultured
      cerebral cortical cells.
AB  - We examined the effect of non-neuronal cells on somatostatin release from
      cultured cerebral cortical cells. Three culture models were used: (1) neuron
      enriched cultures obtained from cortex of 17-day-old rat embryos and exposed to
      10 microM cytosine arabinoside (Ara C) for 48 h between days 3 and 5 after
      plating; (2) whole cell cultures obtained by using the same protocol but
      untreated with Ara C; (3) glial primary cultures obtained from newborn rats. We
      studied: (i) the cellular composition of the cultures by using two astroglial
      markers: vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); (ii) the
      spontaneous and forskolin-stimulated somatostatin release. In 8-day-old cultures
      morphological data revealed that Ara C treatment reduced glial cells to 6%. At 7
      and 10 days of culture somatostatin spontaneously released from Ara C-treated
      cells was higher than that measured from untreated cells. On the 17th day of
      culture, neuron-enriched cultures contained a lower amount of somatostatin than
      whole cell cultures. Forskolin elicited a dose-dependent release of somatostatin
      from whole cell cultures, but had no effect on neuron-enriched cultures.
      Astroglial released media (ARM) from glial primary cultures exposed to forskolin
      for 20 min induced somatostatin release from neuron-enriched cultures. HPLC
      analysis of endogenous amino acids of ARM showed that glutamate, glutamine,
      glycine and alanine were significantly increased after forskolin stimulation. Our
      results suggest a functional interaction between glial cells and neurons
      secreting somatostatin.

PMID- 2897873
TI  - [Selective reduction by serotonin, of neuronal excitation in the locus coeruleus
      evoked by glutamate].
AB  - In the rat, iontophoretically applied serotonin substantially attenuated the
      excitation of locus coeruleus neurons evoked by iontophoretic glutamate but not
      that elicited by acetylcholine. These results occurred independently of
      serotonin's variable effects on spontaneous discharge, and indicate a
      neuromodulatory role of serotonin in locus coeruleus.

PMID- 2897875
TI  - Multifactorial resistance to adriamycin: relationship of DNA repair, glutathione
      transferase activity, drug efflux, and P-glycoprotein in cloned cell lines of
      adriamycin-sensitive and -resistant P388 leukemia.
AB  - Cloned lines of Adriamycin (ADR)-sensitive and -resistant P388 leukemia have been
      established, including P388/ADR/3 and P388/ADR/7 that are 5- and 10-fold more
      resistant than the cloned sensitive cell line P388/4 (Cancer Res., 46: 2978,
      1986). A time course of ADR-induced DNA double-strand breaks revealed that in
      sensitive P388/4 cells, evidence of DNA repair was noted 4 h after removal of
      drug, whereas in resistant clone 3 and 7 cells repair was observed 1 h after drug
      removal. The earlier onset of DNA repair was statistically significant (p =
      0.0154 for clone 3 cells, and p = 0.0009 for clone 7 cells). By contrast, once
      the repair process was initiated, the rate of repair was similar for all three
      cell lines. The level of glutathione transferase activity was determined in whole
      cell extracts. Enzyme activity (mean +/- SE) in sensitive cells was 9.49 +/- 1.00
      nmol/min/mg protein, that in resistant clone 3 cells was 13.36 +/- 1.03
      nmol/min/mg, and that in clone 7 cells was 13.96 +/- 1.44 nmol/min/mg; the 1.44
      fold increase in enzyme activity in resistant cells was statistically significant
      (p = 0.01). Further evidence of induction of glutathione transferase was provided
      by Northern blot analysis using a 32P-labeled cDNA for an anionic glutathione
      transferase, which demonstrated approximately a twofold increase in mRNA in
      resistant clone 7 cells. Western blot analysis with a polyvalent antibody against
      anionic glutathione transferase also revealed a proportionate increase in gene
      product in resistant cells. Dose-survival studies showed that ADR-resistant cells
      were cross-resistant to actinomycin D, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, colchicine,
      and etoposide, but not to the alkylating agent melphalan; this finding provided
      evidence that these cells are multidrug resistant. Using a cDNA probe for P
      glycoprotein, a phenotypic marker for multidrug resistance, Northern blot
      analysis showed an increase in the steady state level of mRNA of approximately
      twofold in resistant clone 3 and 7 cells. Southern analysis with the same cDNA
      probe showed no evidence of gene amplification or rearrangement. Western blot
      analysis with monoclonal C219 antibody demonstrated a distinct increase in P
      glycoprotein in resistant cells. Efflux of Adriamycin as measured by the efflux
      rate constant was identical in all three cell lines. Furthermore, the metabolic
      inhibitors azide and dinitrophenol did not augment drug uptake in either
      sensitive or resistant cells. These findings suggest that despite the increase in
      P-glycoprotein, an active extrusion pump was not operational in these
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2897874
TI  - A modified m-CP medium for enumerating Clostridium perfringens from water
      samples.
AB  - Medium m-CP, designed for the isolation of Clostridium perfringens from water
      samples, contains indoxyl beta-D-glucoside, an expensive chemical that is present
      at a high concentration in this medium. The use of m-CP with three concentrations
      of indoxyl beta-D-glucoside was tested at 0, 60, and 600 mg/L. Lowering the
      amount of indoxyl beta-D-glucoside to 60 mg/L (1/10 the recommended
      concentration) reduced the cost of this medium without affecting its sensitivity.

PMID- 2897876
TI  - The sigma receptor: a novel site implicated in psychosis and antipsychotic drug
      efficacy.

PMID- 2897877
TI  - In vivo induction of immunological memory to human tumor extract with poly (A)
      containing immune RNA.

PMID- 2897880
TI  - The modulation of excitatory amino acid responses by serotonin in the cat
      neocortex in vitro.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological actions of excitatory amino acids and serotonin were
      investigated in slices from cat neocortex in vitro. Intracellular recordings were
      obtained from neurons (mainly in layer V) and the drugs applied extracellularly
      to the same neurons by microiontophoresis. 2. Serotonin, and to some extent
      noradrenaline, facilitated the excitatory actions of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA),
      glutamate, and quisqualate but caused no changes in the passive neuronal membrane
      properties when presented alone. Serotonin had no effect on evoked excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or spike afterhyperpolarizations. 3. The
      facilitatory effect of serotonin on the responses to NMDA was observed with both
      somatic and dendritic applications. It persisted during Mg2+ depletion and in the
      presence of tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium. The effect was attenuated by the
      serotonin antagonist cinanserin but not by methysergide. A possible underlying
      receptor modulation is discussed.

PMID- 2897881
TI  - [The effects of extracellular ATP].

PMID- 2897879
TI  - Neuroendocrine gene expression in the hypothalamus: in situ hybridization
      histochemical studies.
AB  - 1. We have reviewed recent studies in which in situ hybridization histochemistry
      (ISHH) was used to investigate the regulation of expression of neurohypophysial
      peptides and hypothalamic releasing hormones. 2. ISHH is a technique in which the
      presence and quantity of a specific mRNA can be determined in tissue sections
      with a high degree of resolution and sensitivity. 3. ISHH has been used to
      measure changes in cellular levels of mRNAs encoding vasopressin, oxytocin,
      corticotropin-releasing factor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin
      releasing hormone and somatostatin in response to various physiological
      challenges. 4. A theme emerging from these studies is that changes in levels of
      mRNA encoding neuroendocrine peptides reflect changes in biosynthesis and
      secretion.

PMID- 2897882
TI  - Normal pharmacological and morphometric parameters in the noradrenergic
      hyperinnervated mutant mouse, "tottering".
AB  - Pharmacological and anatomical analyses of central monoaminergic and cholinergic
      neurons were performed in the "tottering" mouse, an autosomal recessive
      neurologic gene mutation that results in an overproduction of axons of the locus
      coeruleus and an increase in norepinephrine content in specific terminal fields.
      Except for the previously reported increase in norepinephrine content, all
      pharmacological parameters measured, including tyrosine hydroxylase activity,
      norepinephrine turnover, serotonin content, and choline acetyltransferase
      activity, in targets hyperinnervated by the locus coeruleus were normal.
      Immunocytochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase demonstrated the pronounced
      hyperinnervation in the "tottering" brain, whereas both serotonin and choline
      acetyltransferase immunostaining were similar between "tottering" and wild type.
      The volume of 3 target areas that are hyperinnervated by the locus coeruleus in
      the "tottering" mouse, the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cochlear nuclei, were
      normal. In addition, neuronal number and somal size in the locus coeruleus were
      found to be unchanged in the mutant genotype. These data demonstrate several
      features of the effects of the "tottering" gene: 1) compensatory changes in
      several adrenergic pharmacological parameters do not occur in response to the
      hyperinnervation of targets by locus coeruleus axons; 2) neither direct effects
      of the "tottering" gene on, nor compensatory changes in, the extent of
      cholinergic or serotonergic innervation of several targets of the locus coeruleus
      appear to occur; and 3) the lack of changes in size of the targets of the locus
      coeruleus suggest that the hyperinnervation in the "tottering" mouse is due to a
      direct genetic alteration of axonal growth by the locus coeruleus neurons, rather
      than to selective shrinkage of targets in the presence of normal terminal arbors.

PMID- 2897883
TI  - Two populations of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig
      striatum.
AB  - Two populations of neurons displaying somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were
      detected immunohistochemically in the guinea pig striatum using a monoclonal
      antibody. Sparse, well-stained neurons similar to those described in other
      species were observed throughout the guinea pig caudate-putamen. These neurons
      contained both neuropeptide Y and NADPH-diaphorase in addition to somatostatin. A
      second large population of somatostatin immunoreactive neurons in which these
      other substances did not coexist was found within the putamen.

PMID- 2897878
TI  - Cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling melatonin release by mammalian
      pineal glands.
AB  - 1. The pineal gland is regulated primarily by photoperiodic information attaining
      the organ through a multisynaptic pathway initiated in the retina and the
      retinohypothalamic tract. 2. Norepinephrine (NE) released from superior cervical
      ganglion (SCG) neurons that provide sympathetic innervation to the pineal acts
      through alpha1- and beta 1- adrenoceptors to stimulate melatonin synthesis and
      release. 3. The increase in cyclic AMP mediated by beta 1-adrenergic activation
      is potentiated by the increase in Ca2+ flux, inositol phospholipid turnover, and
      prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis produced by alpha 1-adrenergic
      activation. 4. Central pinealopetal connections may also participate in pineal
      control mechanisms; transmitters and modulators in these pathways include several
      neuropeptides, amino acids such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate,
      and biogenic amines such as serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine. 5. Secondary
      regulatory signals for pineal secretory activity are several hormones that act on
      receptors sites on pineal cells or at any stage of the neuronal pinealopetal
      pathway.

PMID- 2897884
TI  - Novel phenoxyalkylamine derivatives. I. Synthesis and pharmacological activities
      of alpha-isopropyl-alpha-[(phenoxyalkylamino)alkyl]benzeneaceton itrile
      derivatives.

PMID- 2897885
TI  - Immunofluorescent localization of transglutaminase in rat small intestine.
AB  - The distribution of intestinal transglutaminase was investigated by
      immunofluorescence microscopy using rabbit anti-guinea pig transglutaminase
      immunoglobulin. Transglutaminase-related antigen was demonstrated principally in
      the cytoplasm of villous core interstitial cells with some activity in the brush
      border region of the villous epithelial cells. Implications for the pathogenesis
      of coeliac disease are discussed.

PMID- 2897886
TI  - Agarose isoelectric focusing of arylsulfatase A producing a permanent record on
      slab gels.

PMID- 2897888
TI  - [Type 3 multiple endocrine neoplasia].

PMID- 2897887
TI  - [Teeth in and around fracture lines treated with bonded silca wire splints].

PMID- 2897889
TI  - Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of chronic oral therapy with the alpha
      2-agonists clonidine and tiamenidine in hypertensive volunteers.
AB  - Clonidine can produce symptomatic sinus bradycardia or atrioventricular (AV)
      block in some patients. Electrophysiologic studies have been performed after
      intravenous clonidine in patients showing such side effects; these have
      demonstrated variable depression of sinus and AV nodal function. We have
      evaluated the electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of chronic oral
      treatment with either clonidine (0.2 to 0.5 mg every 12 hours; n = 7) or another
      centrally active alpha 2-agonist, tiamenidine (0.5 to 1.5 mg every 12 hours; n =
      7), in otherwise healthy hypertensive human volunteers. At dosages that modestly
      lowered diastolic blood pressure, both agents significantly slowed sinus rate and
      increased the atrial pacing rate producing AV nodal Wenckebach. Clonidine also
      significantly increased corrected sinus node recovery time and lowered cardiac
      output while similar (but statistically insignificant) trends were seen with
      tiamenidine. We conclude that chronic oral treatment with these alpha 2-agonists
      depresses sinus and AV nodal function in virtually all subjects, including those
      without manifest conduction system disease.

PMID- 2897890
TI  - Nizatidine disposition in subjects with normal and impaired renal function.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that renal insufficiency alters nizatidine disposition, we
      determined the pharmacokinetics of nizatidine and its major metabolite after a
      single oral dose in normal volunteers and patients with various degrees of renal
      dysfunction, after a single intravenous dose in normal volunteers and patients
      with severe renal failure and during hemodialysis. After intravenous
      administration the elimination half-life increased from 1.5 +/- 0.2 hours in
      normal volunteers to 6.9 +/- 3.3 hours in patients with renal failure. The plasma
      clearance decreased from 0.59 +/- 0.07 L/kg/hr in normal volunteers to 0.14 +/-
      0.02 L/kg/hr in patients with renal failure. Nizatidine bioavailability was
      nearly 100% in normal volunteers but decreased to 75% in patients with renal
      failure. The volume of distribution was 1.3 +/- 0.1 L/kg in normal volunteers and
      was not different in patients with renal failure. Nizatidine protein binding was
      about 30% in normal and uremic plasma. The drug was not substantially removed by
      hemodialysis. Patients with creatinine clearances less than 50 ml/min/1.73 m2
      should receive 150 mg nizatidine once each evening. Patients with creatinine
      clearances less than 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 should receive 150 mg nizatidine every
      other night.

PMID- 2897891
TI  - Schwann cells and collagen synthesis in taxol-treated nerve crush. An electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - The effect of nerve crush on collagen synthesis in rat sciatic nerve was studied
      by electron microscope. The crushed nerves were treated with taxol which is known
      to increase the amount of cytoplasmic microtubules at the expense of other cell
      organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The results
      were compared to those seen in crushed nerves without taxol treatment. After the
      injury the amount of collagen fibrils increased at the site of the trauma in both
      groups when compared to intact controls. Thin (30 mn in diameter) collagen
      fibrils were often arranged closely to the Schwann cell surface and were
      connected to deep invaginations in areas where the basal lamina had lost its
      typical integrity. This was concluded to indicate a probable site of collagen
      secretion and it provides further evidence that an adult injured nerve Schwann
      cell is capable of synthesizing fibrous collagen. In taxol-treated nerves
      additional, abnormally close connection between thin microfibrils of about 10 nm
      and thin 20-30 nm collagen fibrils appeared in an end-to-end fashion. The
      microfibrils showed occasional collagenous transverse band like structures. The
      rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex play an important role in the
      posttranslational modifications of the procollagen molecule. Taxol-induced
      degeneration of cell organelles such as the Golgi complex, which is also
      essential in the secretion of proteins may thus lead to defective maturation of
      collagen and may explain partly the altered collagen fibril formation.

PMID- 2897892
TI  - Lysyl oxidase in osteogenesis imperfecta and Marfan's syndrome.

PMID- 2897893
TI  - Lithium discontinuation: withdrawal or relapse?
AB  - The authors review the studies on discontinuation of lithium therapy in terms of
      subsequent relapse or possible withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms following
      lithium discontinuation including heightened anxiety, sleep disturbances and
      irritability remain controversial. Relapse of the primary illness following
      lithium discontinuation is a well documented serious complication.

PMID- 2897894
TI  - [How to decrease the risk of myocardial infarct in patients with hypertension?].
AB  - About half a million of the adult Swiss population has elevated blood pressure
      (greater than or equal to 160/95 mmHg); about one third of these cases has not
      yet been identified. In treated hypertensives, the expediency of primary
      prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) has until recently been questioned.
      However, the results of newest prospective studies show the favourable influence
      of blood pressure control not only in terms of reducing the incidence of stroke,
      but also of MI and sudden death, regardless of the drug applied. In male non
      smoking hypertensives, administration of beta-blockers contributes to a further
      reduction of the incidence of MI. With a view to reducing cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality, the author recommends--besides improved detection and
      treatment of hypertension--also a more intensive fight against other risk factors
      of MI, especially against cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2897895
TI  - Homeo box genes in murine development.
AB  - Considerable information has accumulated on mouse homeo box gene organization and
      expression. Homeo box genes are expressed in a wide variety of tissues,
      developmental stages, and cell lines. How can this be interpreted in view of the
      relationship of these genes to Drosophila morphogenetic loci? One view is that
      homeo box genes control determinative decisions by modulating transcription of as
      yet unidentified target genes. Proponents of this view are faced with two tasks:
      to identify developmental processes that are controlled by homeo box genes, and
      to identify the target genes that mediate this control. Such target genes might
      be identified on the basis of in vitro homeo domain-DNA interactions. Candidate
      morphogenetic processes might be identified on the basis of the observed patterns
      of homeo box gene expression. It must be stressed that finding expression in a
      given tissue in no way demonstrates that the expression is necessary for the
      determination of that tissue. The role of Drosophila homeo box genes in
      determinative decisions is based upon analysis of mutants to demonstrate that the
      pattern of homeo box gene expression determines the morphogenetic outcome. To
      test whether the expression of a mouse homeo box gene is involved in a
      determinative decision, one must disrupt the normal pattern of expression of that
      gene and observe the resulting morphogenetic effect. In mouse this can be
      approached by looking for allelism with known morphogenetic loci, by isolating
      mutants in homeo box genes through large-scale mutagenesis screens, or by
      introducing altered homeo box genes into transgenic mice. One of the most
      intriguing possibilities is that homeo box genes are involved in regional
      specification along the anteroposterior axis. In situ hybridization and Northern
      blot analysis have demonstrated that at least four different homeo box genes
      display distinct regional patterns of expression along the anteroposterior axis
      of the developing CNS. The expression of each of these genes has a unique
      anterior boundary from which expression extends posteriorly within the CNS. Hox
      1.5 expression has an anterior boundary within the hindbrain just posterior to
      the pontine flexure. The anterior boundary of Hox 2.1 expression lies more
      posteriorly within the medulla of the hindbrain. Weak expression of Hox 2.5 is
      detected in the spinal cord just posterior to the first cervical vertebra, and
      maximal expression is found posterior to the second cervical vertebra.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2897896
TI  - An RFLP for glycoprotein A (MN) is in linkage disequilibrium with MN and Ss.
AB  - Using a cDNA for glycophorin A (MN), we screened 10 unrelated Caucasians using 22
      restriction enzymes for RFLPs. A common StuI RFLP was identified and shown to be
      in marked linkage disequilibrium with both the MN and Ss blood-group antigens in
      a larger group of unrelated Caucasians. This provides a DNA marker for a locus
      that has been of major importance in genetic and population studies. The
      demonstrated disequilibrium will prove useful in localizing the gene for
      glycophorin B and in studies of genetic and physical distances on human
      chromosomes.

PMID- 2897897
TI  - Somatic cell mapping and restriction fragment analysis of bovine genes for
      fibronectin and gamma crystallin.
AB  - DNAs from cow-hamster and cow-mouse somatic hybrid cells segregating bovine
      chromosomes have been analyzed by Southern blotting and hybridization with human
      fibronectin and gamma crystallin probes. Concordancy of retention of these bovine
      genes was compared to cattle isozyme loci representing previously described
      syntenic groups. Bovine fibronectin (FNI) and gamma crystallin (CRYG) fragments
      were concordant with each other and with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1),
      representing the bovine syntenic group U17. The syntenic relationship of these
      genes is conserved on human chromosome 2q and also on mouse chromosome 1. In
      addition, bovine RFLPs were identified with both fibronectin and gamma crystallin
      probes. These polymorphisms will be used to study recombination between the
      syntenic loci in pedigreed herds and to mark a segment of the bovine genome that
      is likely homologous to the Lsh region of mouse chromosome 1, which confers
      resistance in mice to several intracellular parasites.

PMID- 2897898
TI  - Gastric, duodenal, and pancreatic somatostatin-like immunoreactivity during
      hypovolemic shock.
AB  - Because hypovolemic shock is known to cause gastric ulcers in animals and human
      beings, we investigated the tissue levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      (SLI) in the gastric corpus and antrum, duodenum, and pancreas during hypovolemic
      shock in rats. We studied male Wistar rats (N = 10 each) 15 min, 2 hr, and 12 hr
      after hypovolemic shock and compared results to a control group (N = 15). Two
      rats in both 2-hr and 12-hr groups showed gastric ulcers: three corporal and one
      antral. One animal developed multiple ulcers. In the gastric corpus and antrum
      and in the duodenum, tissue SLI showed significant decrease 15 min and 2 hr after
      shock. Gastric SLI remained low, whereas duodenal SLI recovered and rose above
      control level at 12 hr. Pancreatic SLI showed no significant changes during
      hypovolemic shock. Gastric tissue SLI levels that were significantly lower after
      shock than those of normal controls may have contributed to the peptic ulcer
      disease induced by hypovolemic shock in this experimental model.

PMID- 2897899
TI  - [Self-restoring synaptic transmission in the hippocampus].

PMID- 2897900
TI  - [Hantaan virus infections as a cause of acute kidney failure. 3 cases in West
      Germany].
AB  - Three cases of Hantaan virus infection (Korean haemorrhagic fever) leading to
      acute renal failure are described. All three had mild haemorrhagic fever with a
      renal syndrome. It had started with acute fever followed by oliguria, proteinuria
      and microhaematuria (in two patients) in the further course of the disease, as
      well as urea and creatinine retention. One patient needed to be dialysed twice.
      Hantaan virus-specific IgG antibodies were demonstrated in all three patients;
      one also had IgM antibodies.

PMID- 2897901
TI  - [Parkinson disease. The clinical picture and therapy].

PMID- 2897902
TI  - The potential for added benefits with beta-blockers and calcium antagonists in
      treating cardiovascular disorders.
AB  - Whereas the beta-blockers were heralded as the drugs of the sixties and early
      seventies, the calcium antagonists have established themselves as the drugs of
      the eighties. However, despite the widely differing pharmacology of these 2
      classes of drugs, they are often used for the management of the same
      cardiovascular disorders, including angina pectoris, ischaemic heart disease and
      hypertension. Whether some advantage might be gained from their combined use
      depends upon a precise understanding of how these drugs interact with the
      cardiovascular system. It also requires a clear recognition of the different
      pharmacological profiles displayed by individual members of the same class of
      drugs.

PMID- 2897904
TI  - Breast feeding-induced effects on plasma gastrin and somatostatin levels and
      their correlation with milk yield in lactating females.
AB  - Maternal gastrin and somatostatin levels have been shown to be influenced during
      suckling in dogs and pigs. The present study was performed to investigate whether
      the levels of gastrin and somatostatin are influenced by breast feeding in
      lactating women. Repeated blood samples were drawn in connection with nursing in
      15 females and plasma levels of gastrin and somatostatin were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. Gastrin levels rose significantly (P = 0.01) within two minutes
      after onset of suckling. Somatostatin levels either decreased or increased as an
      effect of breast feeding. The direction of the change was correlated to the pre
      suckling somatostatin levels (P less than 0.01). The somatostatin level recorded
      60 min after start of breast feeding was significantly lower than basal levels (P
      less than 0.01) indicating a long-term inhibitory effect on somatostatin
      secretion. The suckling-induced effect on somatostatin levels was correlated with
      the amount of milk ejected (Rs - 0.52, P less than 0.05). The mechanism by which
      suckling influences circulating gastrin and somatostatin levels is unknown, but
      we suggest that suckling leads to a reflex activation of the vagal nerves, which
      influence the release of these hormones from the stomach. The size of the
      gastrointestinal tract is increased during pregnancy and lactation, illustrating
      that the maternal digestive capacity is adapted to the high demand for energy
      intake occurring during lactation. We speculate that the suckling stimulus
      enhances gastric functions by influencing the release of gastrin and
      somatostatin, which stimulate and inhibit gastric functions and growth,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897903
TI  - Beta-blockers and calcium antagonists in angina pectoris. The potential role of
      combination therapy.
AB  - In coronary heart disease, beta-blockers are beneficial because they limit the
      increase in heart rate and blood pressure during exercise, and calcium
      antagonists are useful because they reduce myocardial oxygen demand. Many
      different pharmacological combinations of a beta-blocker and a calcium antagonist
      are possible, and beta-blockade may ameliorate reflex tachycardia induced by
      peripheral vasodilatation due to calcium antagonists, therefore enhancing the
      benefit. Studies have shown that combination therapy with propranolol and
      nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem has greater antianginal efficacy based on
      symptomatic and objective assessment than either agent alone. A similar result
      has been reported for nifedipine or verapamil combined with atenolol. In
      combination, atenolol and nifedipine did not depress cardiac output or change the
      left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at rest. During exercise atenolol alone
      resulted in a reduced LVEF response in most patients but the combination did not
      adversely affect left ventricular function. Nifedipine alone did not
      significantly change LVEF. When verapamil was combined with atenolol, resting
      ejection fraction fell, indicating a deterioration in cardiac function.
      Nifedipine and propranolol combined do not change heart rate significantly.
      Verapamil and atenolol both reduce resting heart rate and their combination has a
      greater effect; a combination of propranolol and diltiazem also reduces heart
      rate to a similar extent. Caution is therefore warranted when prescribing the
      latter 2 combinations. An increase in side effects can be expected with
      combination regimens compared with monotherapy; but with the nifedipine-atenolol
      combination the calcium antagonist can alleviate beta-blocker-induced effects by
      its vasodilator effect, and beta-blockers may ameliorate nifedipine-induced
      palpitations and flushing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897906
TI  - Neuroendocrine findings in the schizophrenias.
AB  - A host of abnormalities have been found in responses to neuroendocrine challenges
      in the schizophrenias. Some, such as dexamethasone suppression, may be associated
      with pharmacokinetic differences in the handling of agonists or may represent a
      contamination of a schizophrenic population by patients with affective disorders.
      Other abnormalities, such as the growth hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone and to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in adolescents but not in
      adults, may reflect developmental changes interacting with disease processes.
      Still other abnormalities may be more directly reflective of different disease
      processes: a rapidly neuroleptic-responsive and good-prognosis psychotic disorder
      appears to be associated with blunted thyrotropin response to thyrotropin
      releasing hormone and a blunted growth hormone response to apomorphine; a
      relatively drug-responsive psychotic disorder whose response requires several
      weeks of neuroleptic treatment appears to be associated with an excessive growth
      hormone response to apomorphine. The neuroendocrine windows for viewing brain
      function in the schizophrenias still permit indistinct images of the processes
      that modulate their release. Nevertheless, the images may provide important clues
      to the biopathology underlying these diseases.

PMID- 2897905
TI  - Enzymatic and structural modifications of mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone reductase
      with autolysis as experimental model.
AB  - Complex I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone reductase) is a complex
      enzyme system located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has the ability to
      catalyze several different enzymatic reactions in electron transport, and is
      known to be one of the respiratory chain components most sensitive to ischaemia.
      Mitochondria and two complexes I (complex IA and complex IB) were isolated from
      normal and ischaemic myocardial tissue. Enzymatic activities, polypeptide
      composition, as well as other components such as non-haem iron, acid-labile
      sulphur and ubiquinone, were determined. The results indicated that complex IB
      reflected the enzymatic changes in the mitochondria during myocardial ischaemia,
      but complex IA did not. The lesion that resulted from ischaemia was localised as
      altered enzymatic activities due to a different polypeptide composition, as well
      as loss of ubiquinone and non-haem iron from complex IB.

PMID- 2897907
TI  - Neuroendocrine aspects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
AB  - This article summarizes the existing neuroendocrine literature and reports the
      growth hormone response to stimulation with L-dopa and clonidine in male children
      and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Because growth
      hormone secretion is regulated by monoamine neurotransmitters, hyposecretion of
      growth hormone may reflect generalized changes in the neurochemical substrate of
      this disorder. With refinement, these neuroendocrine challenge tests may become
      unique biologic markers in identifying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
      in children and adolescents.

PMID- 2897908
TI  - Endocrine changes in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In conclusion, at present, no consistent endocrine abnormalities can be detected
      in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. However, assessment of
      neuroendocrine function might help identify subpopulations of patients with
      particular neurotransmission abnormalities who are likely to benefit from a
      specific pharmacologic strategy. For example, patients in whom cholinomimetic
      drugs produce the greatest elevation in plasma cortisol concentration appear to
      derive the most symptomatic benefit from these drugs.

PMID- 2897909
TI  - The endocrinology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
AB  - Considerable evidence exists of hypothalamic dysfunction in patients with
      anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. This dysfunction is reflected in
      disturbances of endocrine function including abnormalities of gonadotropin,
      growth hormone, and corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Whereas these
      disturbances are generally reversed with nutritional rehabilitation and weight
      restoration, it is not evident to what extent nutritional factors are the primary
      etiology or whether they unmask an otherwise existing but compensated central
      disturbance. Similarly, endocrine disturbances may be a final common pathway in
      which disturbances of diet, weight, activity, stress, and mood as well as
      hypothalamic dysfunction are expressed.

PMID- 2897910
TI  - Prolactin and neuroleptic drugs.
AB  - Serum prolactin is reliably elevated by the antipsychotic drugs. Prolactin levels
      have been followed in psychotic patients during the use of these drugs as an
      indicator of underlying pathophysiology or as a reflection of drug activity.
      Considerable research is underway to elucidate further the potential clinical and
      research utility of the prolactin response to neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2897911
TI  - Effects of psychotropic medications on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation.
AB  - The psychotropic medications reviewed in this paper have widespread clinical
      applicability in psychiatry and other branches of medicine. These drugs clearly
      can alter peripheral regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones.
      In general, psychotropic medications when administered acutely have a tendency to
      increase the output of both adrenal and pituitary hormones associated with the
      axis; the benzodiazepines appear to be the exception and indeed may decrease axis
      activity. Psychotropic agents may also alter the results of the dexamethasone
      suppression test as currently used in psychiatry, since they alter the
      neurotransmitters that regulate corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion and
      also because they may change the severity of the underlying pathophysiology.
      Withdrawal of these drugs after long-term administration may cause an elevation
      of these hormones, potentially increasing the false-positive rate of the
      dexamethasone suppression test and other neuroendocrine tests.

PMID- 2897912
TI  - Accelerated onset of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs: pancuronium,
      atracurium and vecuronium. A comparison with succinylcholine.
AB  - The time of onset and degree of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in 80 anaesthetized
      patients, following either a single bolus injection of pancuronium 0.95 mg kg-1,
      atracurium 0.53 mg kg-1 or vecuronium 0.07 mg kg-1, or divided doses of
      pancuronium 0.15 mg kg-1, atracurium 0.07 mg kg-1 or vecuronium 0.01 mg kg-1
      administered 3 min or 5 min before the second dose of pancuronium 0.08 mg kg-1,
      atracurium 0.46 mg kg-1 or vecuronium 0.06 mg kg-1, were determined and compared
      to the same parameters measured following succinylcholine administration (1 mg kg
      1). The time to maximum NMB (100%) following the administration of
      succinylcholine was 58.1 +/- 5.3 s, whereas the time to maximum NMB (100%)
      following a single bolus injection of either pancuronium, atracurium or
      vecuronium was 130.6 +/- 22.2, 93.0 +/- 6.4, 127.5 +/- 13.0 s, respectively.
      These values for time to maximum NMB are significantly longer than the time
      required for succinylcholine to achieve maximal blockade. The time to attain
      maximum NMB following divided doses of pancuronium, atracurium or vecuronium
      separated by 3 min decreased significantly to 77.9 +/- 4.3, 77.5 +/- 7.6, 89.0 +/
      8.6 s, respectively. However, when the two doses of drug were separated by 5
      min, only small, non-significant further decreases occurred in the time required
      to achieve maximum blockade. Although the time to maximum NMB following divided
      doses of pancuronium, atracurium or vecuronium is significantly longer than that
      for succinylcholine, divided dosing significantly decreases the time required to
      reach maximal NMB.

PMID- 2897913
TI  - Effect of biliary obstruction on muscle relaxation with vecuronium.
AB  - Vecuronium bromide was used as a muscle relaxant in 30 patients undergoing
      biliary surgery. Ten patients had biliary obstruction, 10 patients without
      biliary obstruction were elderly (78 +/- 1.2 yrs; mean +/- SEM) and 10 patients
      without biliary obstruction were young or middle-aged (35 +/- 3.0 yrs). The
      muscle response to ulnar nerve stimulation was measured electromyographically.
      The results indicate that the neuromuscular blocking effect of vecuronium is
      significantly prolonged in patients with biliary obstruction. The mean total dose
      of vecuronium was lower in the patients with biliary obstruction (1.2 +/- 0.1
      micrograms kg-1 min-1) than in the elderly patients (1.7 +/- 0.2 micrograms kg-1
      min-1) and young patients (2.0 +/- 0.2 micrograms kg-1 min-1; P less than 0.05).
      There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution half
      lives or in the distribution volumes of vecuronium between the groups.

PMID- 2897914
TI  - Heart rate reduction--a mechanism of benefit?

PMID- 2897915
TI  - Effect of ST-567 (a specific bradycardiac agent) in patients with unstable angina
      and myocardial infarction.
AB  - At the time of hospital admission the distinction between reversible ischaemia
      (angina) and myocardial damage (infarction) is often difficult. Thus it would be
      advantageous when a similar therapeutic approach could be used in both
      conditions. Alinidine was given intravenously (10-40 mg) to 24 patients with
      unstable angina. Heart rate decreased as well as systolic and mean arterial
      pressure, while stroke volume remained constant. One patient developed heart
      failure due to an overdose of alinidine (80 mg) in combination with a beta
      blocker. Furthermore, alinidine was administered in 32 patients with acute
      myocardial infarction, 23 of these suffered from heart failure. Similar
      haemodynamic effects were observed while a rise of pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure occurred in two patients only. Alinidine appears to be a safe drug for
      reduction of heart rate in patients with unstable angina and acute myocardial
      infarction. Further studies to verify the clinical benefit of such a treatment
      are required.

PMID- 2897916
TI  - Specific bradycardic agents--a novel pharmacological class?
AB  - Data have been reviewed and presented which suggest that substances from two
      different chemical groups, congeners of alinidine and falipamil, respectively,
      can be described as representatives of a novel and distinct pharmacological
      class: specific bradycardic agents (SBAs). They are characterized by a slowing of
      the sinus rate within physiological limits as the prominent cardiovascular
      effect. Involvement of alpha-adrenoceptors, beta-adrenoceptors and cholinergic
      receptors as mediators of the bradycardic effects have been excluded. Experiments
      in isolated atrial preparations suggested that drugs of the same type as
      alinidine or as falipamil have a similar mode of rate lowering action which is
      different from that of Ca-channel blockers: low external Ca2+ increased and low
      Na+ as well as high K+ decreased the bradycardic effect of SBA; verapamil behaved
      in the opposite way. Combination of different SBAs did not result in excessive
      additive rate-lowering effects; in contrast, addition of verapamil to maximally
      acting concentrations of SBAs resulted in a further significant reduction in
      rate. SBAs were much more potent in reducing spontaneous sinus rate than in
      reducing BaCl2 induced automaticity, whereas Ca-channel blockers behaved in the
      opposite way. Differences in the cardiovascular profile against other drugs with
      rate lowering effects have been pointed out: beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents
      more markedly decrease contractility and Ca-channel blocking agents more markedly
      decrease contractility, slow down AV conduction and have vasorelaxing
      properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897917
TI  - Treatment of the elderly hypertensive: a clinical perspective.
AB  - The negative effects of high blood pressure on longevity and health in the
      elderly are considerable. Despite this fact physicians still tend to be reluctant
      when it comes to exposing elderly hypertensives to antihypertensive treatment. To
      some extent this cautious attitude can be rationalized because cardiovascular
      homeostasis becomes less effective with increasing age, particularly in
      hypertension. Over the past decade, however, several controlled trials have
      demonstrated a favourable benefit/hazard ratio with respect to the effects of
      antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular prognosis in elderly hypertensives.
      The results of these trials are briefly reviewed, followed by a more extensive
      report on the trial conducted by the European Working Party on Hypertension in
      the Elderly (EWPHE). The implications for practice are considered with respect to
      different classes of hypotensive drugs. Thiazides--with potassium sparing
      adjuvants--despite their biochemically untoward effects are recommended as the
      treatment of first choice in view of the trial results. The remainder (beta
      blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ketanserin) are still in the
      competing stage, although there may be clarification in the near future in terms
      of subjective side-effects and ancillary properties.

PMID- 2897918
TI  - Blockade of alpha 2-adrenoceptors by 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (PmP) in vivo
      and its relation to the activity of buspirone.
AB  - The effect of 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (PmP) and the parent drug, buspirone
      in counteracting the behavioral and biochemical effects of clonidine were
      evaluated in the rat. Intraperitoneal or oral administration of PmP, buspirone
      and yohimbine, but not of prazosin, antagonized the slowing of gastrointestinal
      motility induced by subcutaneous clonidine (0.1 mg/kg). The doses that inhibited
      the effect of clonidine on the transit time by 50% were 0.5 mg/kg i.p. and 0.7
      mg/kg p.o. for PmP, 7 mg/kg i.p. and 9 mg/kg p.o. for buspirone and 0.5 mg/kg
      i.p. for yohimbine. PmP (0.5 mg/kg) did not block the antitransit effect of
      clonidine when administered by intracerebroventricular injection. The antitransit
      effect of a low dose of morphine (0.05 mg/kg i.p.) was not blocked by PmP (2
      mg/kg i.p.). The prolongation of the hexobarbital-induced loss of the righting
      reflex that occurs after clonidine (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) administration was inhibited
      by pretreatment with PmP (0.1-2 mg/kg p.o.) or yohimbine (1 mg/kg i.p.) but not
      by pretreatment with prazosin (2 mg/kg i.p.). Buspirone (1-20 mg/kg) also reduced
      the effect of clonidine after oral administration, with a maximal effect at 5
      mg/kg, whereas the same dose administered i.v. had less effect. PmP (2 mg/kg) and
      buspirone (15 mg/kg) raised the levels of total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylgycol
      (MHPG) in rat cerebral cortex, and prevented the decrease in MHPG induced by
      clonidine. These findings show that buspirone, in doses at which it is active as
      an anxiolytic, suppresses the central and peripheral effects of clonidine. This
      action occurs through alpha 2-adrenoceptors and is mediated primarily by the
      metabolite, PmP.

PMID- 2897919
TI  - Elimination of Na+ and GTP regulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptor-agonist
      interactions in rat kidney membranes by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene
      disulfonic acid (DIDS).
AB  - Pretreatment of rat kidney membranes with 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene
      disulfonic acid (DIDS) did not affect the Bmax but reduced the affinity of the
      receptors for antagonist by less than 2-fold. However, such treatment reduced the
      affinity of the receptors for agonist by several fold by preventing the formation
      of agonist-receptor-Gi-protein complex. The modulatory effects of GTP and Na+ on
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor-agonist interactions were also abolished. These results
      suggest that DIDS acts at multiple sites on alpha 2-adrenoceptor-adenylate
      cyclase complex.

PMID- 2897920
TI  - Activation of the 5-HT1A receptor subtype increases rat plasma ACTH
      concentration.
AB  - Serotonergic (5-HT) neuronal pathways regulate the release of adrenocorticotropin
      hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland probably through the action of
      hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, dose
      dependently (0.016-3 mg/kg s.c.) increased rat plasma ACTH concentration. This
      response was blocked stereoselectively by (-)-pindolol, known to have 5-HT1
      antagonist properties, but not by (+)-pindolol, beta 1-, beta 2- or alpha 1
      adrenoceptor, dopamine, muscarinic, 5-HT2 or 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Similar
      increases of plasma ACTH were induced by other 5-HT1A receptor ligands
      (buspirone, ipsapirone and gepirone). These results suggest that activation of
      the 5-HT1A receptor induces the secretion of ACTH from the rat pituitary gland.

PMID- 2897921
TI  - Identification of B2 bradykinin binding sites in guinea-pig brain.

PMID- 2897922
TI  - The acute effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on dopamine release in the
      awake-behaving rat.
AB  - The effects of the recently classified Schedule I amphetamine analog, 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine [+/-)-MDMA) on caudate and nucleus accumbens
      dopamine release and metabolism were studied by in vivo voltammetry and HPLC with
      electrochemical detection. Monitored over a 3 h period, the magnitude of increase
      in dopamine release and the onset of effect were dose-dependent and similar for
      both brain areas following the 2.5 and 5 mg/kg dose of the drug. However,
      responses were different for these brain regions using 10 mg/kg of MDMA; the
      magnitude of increase was greater and the onset of effect more immediate in
      caudate. Analysis of dopamine and DOPAC tissue content in both caudate and
      nucleus accumbens verified the voltammetry results. This study provides the first
      evidence that MDMA induces dopamine release in vivo and that this effect is
      region, time- and dose-dependent.

PMID- 2897923
TI  - Inhibition of post-decapitation convulsions in the rat by dibenzothiepin
      neuroleptics via alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in inhibitory effects of isofloxythepin, a newly
      synthesized dibenzothiepin neuroleptic, on post-decapitation convulsions were
      studied in rats. Isofloxythepin (0.05-2.0 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited post-decapitation
      convulsions in a dose-dependent manner as shown by the decrease in the incidence
      and the shortening of the duration of convulsions. The convulsions were also
      inhibited by oxyprothepin, zotepine or chlorpromazine but not by haloperidol.
      Prazosin and bunazosin, both alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, suppressed the
      post-decapitation convulsions but a non-selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist,
      tolazoline, was without effect. The convulsions were inhibited dose dependently
      by clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, but were prolonged in duration by
      yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist. Yohimbine antagonized the
      inhibitory effects of isofloxythepin, prazosin and clonidine. The noradrenaline
      induced contraction of rat vas deferens was inhibited by isofloxythepin, prazosin
      or chlorpromazine. Isofloxythepin bound to alpha 1-receptors as did
      chlorpromazine in the rat brain cortex. The results imply that post-decapitation
      convulsions seem to be inhibited by a block of postsynaptic alpha 1
      adrenoceptors, enhanced by a block of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors and
      reduced by isofloxythepin via the blocking of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors.
      The convulsions thus could serve as a good model for studying the actions of
      drugs on the central nervous system alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2897924
TI  - Climbing and stereotyped behaviours in mice require the stimulation of D-1
      dopamine receptors.
AB  - Apomorphine-induced climbing and sniffing behaviours in mice were antagonize by
      low doses of SCH 23390 and metoclopramide. The selective D-2 dopamine receptor
      agonists, LY 171555 and RU 24926, and some other dopamine agonists (piribedil,
      lergotrile, bromocriptine) exerted only inhibitory effects on spontaneous
      behaviours. The selective D-1 dopamine receptor agonist, SK&F 38393, did not
      modify the climbing score but increased the sniffing and decreased the gnawing
      scores compared to the scores of control mice. Typical climbing and stereotyped
      behaviours were produced by the combination of SK&F 39383 with LY 171555, RU
      24926 or with the other dopamine agonists tested. These data suggest that the
      stimulation of D-1 dopamine receptors is required for the induction of climbing
      and stereotyped behaviours in mice.

PMID- 2897925
TI  - Scopolamine modulates apomorphine-induced behavior in rats treated with
      haloperidol or SCH 23390.
AB  - In acute experiments, scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) potentiated apomorphine stereotypy
      and inhibited the antistereotypic effect of both haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) and SCH
      23390 (0.2 mg/kg). Daily administration of either haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) or SCH
      23390 (0.2 mg/kg) for 3 weeks produced enhanced stereotypic responses to
      apomorphine. Co-administration of scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) with haloperidol or SCH
      23390 significantly reduced the behavioral supersensitivity produced by
      haloperidol or SCH 23390 alone. It is suggested that both D-1 and D-2 dopamine
      receptors are linked to a cholinergic mechanism.

PMID- 2897926
TI  - Effect of ammonium chloride on subcellular distribution of lysosomal enzymes in
      human fibroblasts.
AB  - Three subcellular fractions enriched in lysosomal enzyme activities have been
      isolated recently from human cultured fibroblasts with Percoll gradients: the
      dense lysosomes (DL), light lysosomes (LL), and light membranous vesicles (LM).
      They were shown to have different morphological, cytochemical, biochemical, and
      immunological properties. We now report on the dramatic but different effects of
      a primary amine, NH4Cl, on these subfractions. The lysosomes, as detected with a
      specific ultrastructural cytochemical stain for the lysosomal enzyme,
      arylsulfatase A, were swollen significantly in all these fractions, increasing
      their volumes by 64% (DL), 53% (LL), and 95% (LM), respectively. When
      arylsulfatase A enzyme activity was monitored, about half of the DL content was
      diverted to the LL. However, when newly synthesized arylsulfatase A enzyme
      protein was monitored with metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation, about 80%
      of the enzyme protein was depleted from both the DL and LL. In contrast, neither
      the enzyme activity nor the newly synthesized enzyme protein of arylsulfatase A
      was greatly altered in the LM fraction by the treatment. Since primary amines
      caused newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes to diverge from the lysosomal route to
      a secretory pathway, it was deduced that (i) the LM fraction corresponded to a
      prelysosomal compartment whose lysosomal enzyme content was not affected by the
      amine and was thus proximal to the point of diversion between the secretory and
      lysosomal pathways; (ii) the LL and DL fractions were distal to the point of
      diversion since both fractions were depleted of their newly synthesized lysosomal
      enzyme; and (iii) the sorting of newly synthesized lysosomal enzyme may be
      different from that of the preexisting pool of the same enzyme since the LL
      fraction was depleted of its newly synthesized enzyme protein while accumulating
      excessive enzyme activity.

PMID- 2897927
TI  - Immunogenicity of specific Bordetella pertussis surface antigens in diphtheria
      tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines.
AB  - The predominant causative organism of whooping cough in Australia is of a
      serotype which has normally been associated overseas with unvaccinated
      communities. Australian DTP vaccines pass the statutory mouse test for Bordetella
      pertussis potency but this test is now believed to be relatively insensitive to
      certain factors, especially the major type-specific agglutinogens, which are
      presumably also important in the human host-parasite relationship. Because
      endemic B. bronchiseptica infections make some laboratory animals unsatisfactory
      for testing B. pertussis agglutinin responses, we have developed a test in which
      young farm sheep were immunized with vaccines. Type-specific agglutinins in their
      sera were assayed after absorption of non-specific agglutinins by suspensions of
      selected bordetella strains. Three well-reputed European DTP vaccines and two
      recent batches of Australian DTP vaccine were tested and compared thus. All
      evoked significant agglutinin responses to the main agglutinogens.

PMID- 2897928
TI  - The nature of posterior hypothalamic projections to cardiorespiratory centers in
      the brainstem.
AB  - Focal electrical stimulation of the midlateral posterior hypothalamus in the rat
      produces rapid shallow respiration accompanied by a rise in arterial blood
      pressure. Stimulation of presumably intrinsic neurons only by glutamate induces
      slower deeper respiration associated with a fall in blood pressure.

PMID- 2897929
TI  - Haplotypes of thalassaemic families from the Po river delta: importance for
      prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia.
AB  - The beta globin haplotypes, corresponding to 50 normal and 50 thalassaemic
      chromosomes, were determined in 25 families from the Po river delta area who had
      beta thalassaemia. The haplotypes were obtained by studying the familial
      segregation of 6 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the beta globin
      gene cluster. The results show an almost exclusive presence of 3 haplotypes
      linked to the beta thalassaemia chromosomes of this area: haplotype I, II and IX
      according to Orkin's classification. It is therefore possible that only two
      thalassaemic mutations are present. A wider variety of haplotypes was found to be
      linked to normal chromosomes. Prenatal diagnosis, by the analysis of polymorphic
      sites (the 6 plus one other) was possible in 92% of the cases. The probable high
      homogeneity of the molecular mutations makes the use of specific oligonucleotides
      practical and applicable to prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2897930
TI  - Y-body study in bone marrow precursors, peripheral blood cells and alveolar
      macrophages for demonstration of haemopoietic engraftment in allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - The value of Y-body study for assessment of haemopoietic engraftment was analyzed
      in 50 consecutive patients submitted to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
      (BMT) (sex-matched in 28 cases, sex-mismatched in 22). The study was performed
      weekly on bone marrow and peripheral blood smears in all cases, and alveolar
      macrophages were also studied in 15 patients in whom bronchoalveolar lavage was
      carried out because of concurrent respiratory disturbances. The analysis was
      performed blindly by 2 independent observers. In both sex-matched and sex
      mismatched cases there was an absolute concordance between recipient and donor Y
      body results, as well as with the simultaneous cytogenetic study. The engraftment
      of erythroid and granulopoietic lines was documented at day +14 in all cases of
      sex-mismatched BMT, whereas megakaryocyte and lymphocyte take was demonstrated at
      d +21. On the other hand, the results from alveolar macrophages were in
      accordance with those obtained in the simultaneous study of bone marrow
      precursors after BMT. The above results indicate that Y-body analysis is a simple
      and useful tool for the demonstration of bone marrow take in sex-mismatched BMT.

PMID- 2897931
TI  - [Antihistaminic antiallergy preparations in the quinuclidine series].

PMID- 2897932
TI  - [Effect of carbidine, sulpiride and haloperidol on levels of monoamines and their
      metabolites in the brain structures of rats].
AB  - Haloperidol (1 mg/kg) was shown to increase significantly the dopamine (DA)
      turnover in n. accumbens and striatum and to a lesser degree in frontal cortex
      and hypothalamus of the rat brain; to decrease the noradrenaline content in
      hypothalamus. Sulpiride (50 mg/kg) slightly increased DA turnover in striatum and
      hypothalamus and lowered the serotonin (5-HT) content in frontal cortex.
      Carbidine (25 mg/kg) was found to increase DA turnover in frontal cortex,
      striatum and hypothalamus to a greater degree than haloperidol; 5-HT turnover was
      increased in all the cerebral regions. The results obtained indicated that the
      atypical neuroleptic drug carbidine exerts the predominant effect on the frontal
      cortex, the serotoninergic component being clearly pronounced.

PMID- 2897933
TI  - [Neuropharmacology of the autonomic vestibular syndrome].
AB  - It was found during studies on man and experiments on animals that various
      neuromediator systems of the organism (M-cholinergic, H1-histaminergic,
      dopaminergic, and opioidergic) are involved in the genesis of VVS. In addition,
      animal experiments showed that of great importance in the process are different
      regulatory peptides, in particular, substance P and beta-endorphin. The findings
      indicate that some neuropeptides may be used in the future in man for VVS
      prevention. At neuronal level the role of opioid peptides in realization of
      vestibulovegetative reactions is decoded and a number of possible mechanisms of
      their action is established. The study of the human hormonal status in VVS
      revealed complex neuroendocrine changes occurring in the organism. Based on the
      knowledge of some neurohormonal and neurochemical mechanisms of VVS pathogenesis,
      a new drug prevention and therapy of seasickness was proposed, efficacy of opioid
      antagonists naloxone and nalorphine was shown.

PMID- 2897934
TI  - [Influence of piracetam on the effects of narcotic analgesics and opioid
      peptides].
AB  - Piracetam possesses some properties not related to the nootropic activity. The
      purpose of the work was to study piracetam influence on effects of narcotic
      analgesics and opioid peptides at intracerebroventricular administration. In
      experiments on cats it was found that piracetam in a dose-dependent way prevented
      the emetic effect of morphine and leu-enkephalin. In experiments on rats (tail
      flick test) piracetam was shown to be able of blocking the analgesic effect of
      fentanyl. Experiments on the study of the anticataleptogenic effect of piracetam
      also showed antagonism between piracetam and agonists of opioid receptors. Thus,
      it was shown on a number of models that piracetam exhibits antagonistic
      properties with respect of opioid peptides and narcotic analgesics.

PMID- 2897935
TI  - [Characteristics of dimedrol, pipolfen and suprastin absorption from the small
      intestine of rats in systemic anaphylactic shock].
AB  - It was shown by the in situ method that absorption of dimedrol, pipolphen and
      suprastine from the small intestine of the rats immunized parenterally with
      ovalbumin against the background of intravenous administration of the resolving
      dose of ovalbumin significantly decreased in connection with the formation in the
      immunized rats of antiovalbumin antibodies. Administration of euphylline
      simultaneously with the resolving dose of ovalbumin to the immunized rats
      partially normalized absorbability of all three drugs.

PMID- 2897936
TI  - Suppression of clofibrate-induced peroxisome proliferation in rat liver by
      nicardipine, a calcium antagonist.
AB  - In vivo administration of nicardipine, nifedipine and diltiazem, known as calcium
      antagonists, suppressed the clofibrate-evoked induction of activities of
      peroxisomal enzymes, such as the peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing system and
      carnitine acetyltransferase. The inhibition activity of nicardipine with respect
      to clofibrate induction of the two enzyme systems was 62 and 33%, respectively.
      Induction of the peroxisomal bifunctional protein, enoyl-CoA hydratase/3
      hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, by clofibrate was suppressed about 60% by
      nicardipine on analysis of the hepatic protein composition by SDS-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Other drugs also exhibited similar inhibitory activity.
      These results provide the first demonstration of calcium antagonists, e.g.
      nicardipine, nifedipine and diltiazem, acting as inhibitors of peroxisome
      proliferation in animals. Such drugs might become useful as tools for elucidating
      the mechanism of peroxisome proliferation and for determination of the
      pathological conditions under which peroxisomal function is impaired.

PMID- 2897937
TI  - Structural requirements of choline derivatives for 'conversion' of pneumococcal
      amidase. A new single-step procedure for purification of this autolysin.
AB  - Tertiary amines appear to be the minimal structure needed to convert in vitro the
      inactive form (E-form) of pneumococcal amidase to the catalytic active form (C
      form). Diethylethanolamine was one of the compounds that converted the E-form, a
      finding that has been used successfully to develop an affinity chromatography
      system in DEAE-cellulose for the rapid and efficient purification of lytic
      enzymes of pneumococcus and its bacteriophages.

PMID- 2897938
TI  - [Cytological method in the prevention and early diagnosis of cancer].

PMID- 2897939
TI  - Eicosanoids as pluripotential modulators of pancreatic islet function.
AB  - Eicosanoids both negatively and positively modulate glucose-induced insulin
      secretion. Although the identity of the positive modulator is uncertain, the
      negative modulator appears to be prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), because 1) glucose
      stimulates PGE2 synthesis from islet cells; 2) exogenous PGE2 inhibits glucose
      induced insulin secretion; 3) inhibition of beta-cell PGE2 synthesis increases
      glucose-induced insulin secretion, and this increase is reversed by exogenous
      PGE2; and 4) PGE2 binds to specific beta-cell receptors that are coupled to
      inhibitory regulatory components of adenylate cyclase whose activation decreases
      cAMP levels. Other possible regulatory effects of eicosanoids on islet function
      include modulation of islet blood flow and its immune responsiveness. From these
      considerations, the perspective is offered that eicosanoids are pluripotential
      modulators of islet function.

PMID- 2897940
TI  - Factors in development of diabetic neuropathy. Baseline analysis of neuropathy in
      feasibility phase of Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). The DCCT
      Research Group.
AB  - The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) is a multicenter randomized
      clinical trial studying the effect of intensive insulin therapy on the early
      vascular and neurological complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM). During the feasibility phase of the DCCT, baseline neurological
      histories, physical examinations, and laboratory measurements of somatic and
      autonomic nerve function were obtained in 278 well-characterized IDDM subjects.
      Subjects were free of advanced complications, including the presence of
      peripheral or autonomic neuropathy sufficiently severe to require treatment.
      Analyses of the cross-sectional data reveal that clinically detectable peripheral
      neuropathy was present in 39% of the subjects. The presence of clinical
      neuropathy correlated with greater age, longer duration of IDDM, and male gender.
      The somatic and autonomic test results confirm the relationship between age,
      diabetes duration, and male gender and diabetic neuropathy. These results support
      an effect of age and gender on the development of diabetic complications.

PMID- 2897941
TI  - The psychiatric management of the globus syndrome.
AB  - Controversy surrounding the term "globus hystericus" points up the historical
      dichotomy between organic disease and conversion disorder that has hampered the
      understanding of this syndrome. Regardless of its sometimes incapacitating
      nature, there is little information in the literature regarding the treatment of
      globus when an organic cause cannot be established. Regarding the syndrome as
      psychosomatic in nature, rather than merely hysterical, we suggest the need for
      an integrated treatment approach. A case study is utilized to illustrate a model
      for psychiatric management of the globus syndrome. In this model, pharmacologic
      and psychotherapeutic interventions are integrated into a comprehensive,
      biopsychosocial treatment plan. Each aspect of the model is reviewed and
      discussed.

PMID- 2897942
TI  - An 80-bp cis-acting regulatory region controls cAMP and development regulation of
      a prestalk gene in Dictyostelium.
AB  - We have analyzed an 80-bp region containing the cis-acting sequences necessary
      for regulation of the Dictyostelium discoideum prestalk gene pst-cathepsin at the
      appropriate stage during multicellular development and in response to cAMP in
      single-cell culture. The region lies between approximately -280 and -200 bp
      upstream from the Cap site and contains two intertwined G/C-rich sequences,
      including a palindromic sequence and a direct repeat of the 3' portion of the
      palindrome. In a previous set of experiments, we showed that the direct repeat,
      or G-box, is important in the regulation of pst-cath expression. In this paper,
      we use a series of nested internal deletions to define other regions within the
      promoter required for cAMP and developmental expression, to further examine the
      importance of the two G-boxes, and to examine the functional relationship of the
      G-boxes with respect to the other regulatory sequences. Analysis of the
      expression of these constructs in transformed cells showed that both the 5'
      portion of the palindrome and the two G-boxes are required for promoter function
      and are capable of developmentally regulating pst-cath expression. An A/T-rich
      sequence located 5' to the G/C-rich sequence is also essential for maximal
      expression, whereas insertion of a linker 5' to this region suggests the presence
      of a negative element functional during multicellular development. The spacing
      between the G-box sequences proved to be important for the full induction of gene
      expression. Constructs containing the G-boxes at wild-type spacing or closer show
      wild-type or near wild-type levels of expression, whereas expansion of the region
      between the G-boxes leads to a substantial drop in the level of gene expression
      in response to cAMP. Insertion of an oligonucleotide containing one of the G
      boxes and surrounding sequences can partially complement deletions in which this
      region has been removed. Analysis of the expression of the cassette constructs,
      in some cases, revealed significant differences in the quantitative level of
      expression under the two developmental conditions. This suggests that there are
      either qualitative or quantitative differences in the factors controlling the
      expression of this gene under these two conditions.

PMID- 2897944
TI  - Effects of psychotropic drugs on memory: Part 2.

PMID- 2897943
TI  - Temporal and spatial relationships between segmentation and homeotic gene
      expression in Drosophila embryos: distributions of the fushi tarazu, engrailed,
      Sex combs reduced, Antennapedia, and Ultrabithorax proteins.
AB  - The specification of segment number and identity in the Drosophila embryo
      requires the activity of several classes of genes that may be grouped according
      to the array of pattern elements that they control. Double-label
      immunofluorescence was used to simultaneously localize the products of genes
      representative of the pair-rule segmentation class (fushi tarazu), the segment
      polarity class (engrailed), and the homeotic class (Sex combs reduced,
      Antennapedia, and Ultrabithorax) of pattern-regulating genes. The temporal order
      of appearance of each class of proteins and the precise spatial relationships
      between the products of the different genes are described with single-cell
      resolution. Boundaries of gene expression, particularly the parasegmental
      boundaries, are established by early-acting genes such as fushi tarazu and
      subsequently respected by the expression patterns of later appearing gene
      products such as engrailed and Ultrabithorax, suggesting regulatory relationships
      between certain pairs of genes. In addition, the dynamic transitions observed in
      spatial relationship among the Sex combs reduced, Antennapedia, and Ultrabithorax
      homeotic protein patterns during the early period of embryogenesis may reflect
      cross-regulatory interactions among these genes. Finally, some cells contain a
      single homeotic product, whereas other cells simultaneously contain several,
      suggesting that certain cells may be determined by the combinatorial action of
      homeotic genes.

PMID- 2897945
TI  - Polymorphic restriction sites of type II collagen gene: their location and
      frequencies in the Finnish population.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the cartilage-specific type II
      collagen gene has been studied in the Finnish population. Two high-frequency
      alleles, also reported in other populations, were detected. The HindIII allele
      had a frequency of 0.33, and that detected with PvuII a frequency of 0.46. Both
      of these frequencies resembled the ones reported for other populations. Also one
      BamHI allele, not earlier reported, was found at a low frequency. Two other
      previously reported polymorphisms for BamHI and EcoRI were not detected in the
      Finnish population. The RFLPs showed a fair agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg
      equilibrium. A linkage disequilibrium was found between PvuII and HindIII
      markers. The alpha 1(II) collagen gene seems to be more conserved in populations
      of various origins than the alpha 2(I) collagen gene. These polymorphic collagen
      markers would be useful in linkage studies of various inherited cartilage
      disorders.

PMID- 2897946
TI  - DNA polymorphisms, identified by an X-chromosome short-arm probe L 1.28 (DXS7),
      in different racial groups.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the L1.28 probe which is closely
      linked to X-linked disorders, retinitis pigmentosa and Norrie disease, were
      studied in samples from England, India and Nigeria. The frequency of the A2
      allele (9-kb fragment) was 0.23, 0.55 and 0.46 in England, India and Nigeria,
      respectively. The differences between the English and Indian populations were
      highly significant.

PMID- 2897947
TI  - Peer review of research abstracts.

PMID- 2897948
TI  - Incidence of retroviruses in some Brazilian groups.
AB  - The prevalence of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies was evaluated in Brazil among 116
      aboriginal Indians living in a pre-Amazonian region, and in 44 patients with
      haematological malignant disorders being treated in Rio de Janeiro. Screening for
      the presence of antibodies to HIV was performed routinely for 17,224 blood donors
      at the National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, from January 1986 to May 1987.
      The results demonstrated that HIV infection was not endemic among Brazilian
      Indians, as none of them had antibodies to HIV, in contrast with the population
      of Rio de Janeiro, which showed a high prevalence (0.34%) of positivity among
      normal individuals. In a small group of patients with haematological disease only
      one with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia proved to be HIV-positive, the infection
      having been acquired through previous blood transfusion. None of the serum
      samples reacted with HTLV-I, including those of 17 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      patients. HTLV-I infection does not seem to be endemic in this country, but
      further large scale studies are necessary, especially in patients with
      haematological disorders, homosexual individuals and drug users.

PMID- 2897949
TI  - Class II genes of miniature swine. I. Class II gene characterization by RFLP and
      by isolation from a genomic library.
AB  - Class II genes of miniature swine have been characterized by restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and by analysis of a series of clones
      isolated from a lymphocyte genomic library. For RFLP analysis, DNA samples from
      three independent major histocompatibility complex homozygous lines and three
      intra-MHC recombinant lines were digested with a variety of restriction enzymes
      and analyzed in Southern blots using human cDNA probes for DP, DQ, DR, and DZ
      alpha genes, and DP, DQ, DR, and DO beta genes. One, or at most two, unique
      fragments were detected by hybridization with each of the human alpha probes
      tested. In contrast, multiple bands (five to six for most enzymes examined) were
      detected by each of the human beta probes tested, the majority of which were
      found to cross-react with at least three of these probes under conditions of
      moderate stringency. Genomic DNA from the SLAc haplotype was cloned into an EMBL
      3 bacteriophage vector, and the corresponding genomic library was screened with
      each of these human cDNA probes. The class II genes thereby isolated from this
      library showed characteristics consistent with those anticipated from the RFLP
      analysis. Thus, unique alpha genes were obtained which showed no evidence of
      cross-hybridization, while beta genes showed extensive cross-hybridization and
      were frequently detected in the library by more than one human beta gene probe.
      These data are consistent with early evolutionary divergence of alpha genes,
      prior to mammalian speciation, and with continuing evolution of beta genes, with
      possible shared usage of these genes by different alpha loci. The data also imply
      that alpha genes can readily be assigned to loci homologous to their human
      counterparts, but that beta genes will require further mapping and/or sequence
      analysis to confirm assignments.

PMID- 2897950
TI  - Genetic mapping of C4 and Bf complement genes in the rat major histocompatibility
      complex.

PMID- 2897951
TI  - Evaluation of alphamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal activity
      against mosquitoes.

PMID- 2897952
TI  - Congestive cardiac failure: advances in management.

PMID- 2897954
TI  - [A 52-year-old patient with fever, massive pericarditis exsudativa and acute
      mononeuritis multiplex].

PMID- 2897953
TI  - Evaluation of oral administration of folic and folinic acid to prevent folate
      deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with
      salicylazosulfapyridine.
AB  - In order to evaluate the efficacy of oral administration of a pharmacological
      dose of folic or of folinic acid to prevent the folate deficiency in patients
      with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP)
      (1g twice daily at meal times), two groups of 15 patients with IBD received 15
      mg/day of folic or folinic acid for one month. In both the groups there were ten
      patients affected by Crohn's disease and five patients affected by ulcerative
      colitis. Before starting the treatment, the plasma folate and the red blood cell
      (RBC) folate concentrations did not statistically differ between the two groups.
      After one month the mean increase in RBC folate concentration was significantly
      greater after folinic therapy then after folic acid therapy (910 +/- 383 versus
      570 +/- 212 ng/ml; p less than 0.01), while no difference was observed in the
      mean increase of plasma folate level (19.8 +/- 6.6 versus 18.5 +/- 5.0 ng/ml). It
      was concluded that: a) both folic and folinic acid could restore and enlarge the
      body stores of folate in patients with IBD treated with SASP, when administered
      at the dose of 15 mg daily for one month; b) folinic acid seems to be more
      efficient in enlarging the body stores of the vitamin than folic acid.

PMID- 2897955
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptors in the urinary bladder of adult and developing rats.
AB  - Specific beta-adrenergic receptors were demonstrated in the urinary bladder of
      adult and developing rats, by direct tissue binding with LD [125I]-cyanopindolol
      (CYP). The maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) was 167 +/- 25 fmol/mg membrane
      protein and the dissociation constant (KD) equalled 61 +/- 33 pM. The Hill slopes
      of the LD [125I]-CYP binding showed a single class of noncooperative receptor
      sites. The rank order of potency of agonist competition for LD [125I]-CYP binding
      suggests that the receptors are mostly of the beta 2 subtype. Beta-adrenergic
      receptor density was approximately half in the first 10 days of life (Bmax 63 to
      77 fmol/mg protein) compared with the older age-groups studied (Bmax 91 to 167
      fmol/ng protein). On the 1st day after delivery, the calculated beta-adrenergic
      receptor number/bladder was 9.4, and it increased significantly with age to 2,496
      in the adult rat. This is a 250-fold increase in the number of receptors/bladder,
      while only a 20-fold increase in membrane protein and a five- to sixfold increase
      in the bladder weight was observed. Thus, an age-dependent increase of beta
      adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane surface area occurred in the developing
      urinary bladder of the rat.

PMID- 2897956
TI  - Recurrent poststreptococcal cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2897957
TI  - Evaluation of continuing education in health education: the Society for Public
      Health Education's 1983, 1984 and 1985 mid-year scientific symposia.
AB  - The Society for Public Health Education's (SOPHE) first three mid-year scientific
      symposia were evaluated three months after each meeting with questionnaires
      mailed to all national SOPHE members who attended and a 10% sample of members who
      did not attend. 3% of SOPHE members attended the first meeting, rising to 7% and
      12% in subsequent years. Persons spending their time in direct education and
      program planning/development and persons less active in health education
      professional organizations were under-represented at the meetings. About 90% of
      those who attended the meetings learned something that they had applied to their
      health education work. A third to a half had made contact with another health
      educator on health education business, and about one fifth had increased their
      participation in SOPHE affairs due to the meeting. Those who attended the mid
      year meetings were significantly more likely to plan attendance at the next
      annual meeting than those who did not attend. Over half of those polled felt that
      SOPHE should continue to hold mid-year meetings; most of the rest were not sure.
      Strengths and weaknesses of the individual meetings are discussed, as well as
      suggestions for improvement, topics and forums for future meetings.

PMID- 2897958
TI  - Pathophysiology of ADDH.

PMID- 2897959
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in neuropsychiatry: an update.
AB  - Although beta-adrenoceptor antagonists such as propranolol have been used in
      neuropsychiatry for more than 20 years, their indications, extent of efficacy,
      and place in therapy remain unclear. In this overview, which concentrates on the
      recent literature, four indications for use of the drugs are reviewed, with
      particular reference to efficacy, mode of action, and clinical utility. The
      indications are anxiety disorders, including performance anxiety; schizophrenia;
      aggressive behavior; and akathisia. The author concludes that beta-blockers are
      useful in some forms of anxiety disorder, perhaps those characterized by somatic
      symptoms and by performance anxiety, and that akathisia seems to be responsive to
      those drugs. However, the use of high doses of beta-blockers in schizophrenia
      remains unestablished, and insufficient data are available with respect to their
      use in aggressive behavior.

PMID- 2897960
TI  - Relapse rate and low serum neuroleptic levels in schizophrenics treated with
      fluphenazine: another view.

PMID- 2897961
TI  - Evidence that glutamic acid 49 of tryptophan synthase alpha subunit is a
      catalytic residue. Inactive mutant proteins substituted at position 49 bind
      ligands and transmit ligand-dependent to the beta subunit.
AB  - Glutamic acid 49 of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia
      coli is an essential residue since 19 mutant proteins substituted at position 49
      were found previously to be inactive. Our present findings that five mutants of
      the alpha subunit, substituted with Asp, Lys, Ala, Phe, or Gly at position 49,
      bind a substrate analog normally are further evidence that glutamic acid 49 is a
      catalytic base. Ligands of the alpha subunit also have similar effects on site
      site interactions between the beta subunit and the wild type or mutant alpha
      subunits. These effects include inhibition of the activity of the beta subunit,
      reduction of the dissociation constant for D-tryptophan, and increase of the
      equilibrium concentration of a quinonoid intermediate formed with L-tryptophan.

PMID- 2897962
TI  - A homologous sequence between H+-ATPase (F0F1) and cation-transporting ATPases.
      Thr-285----Asp replacement in the beta subunit of Escherichia coli F1 changes its
      catalytic properties.
AB  - A sequence of 10 amino acids (I-C-S-D-K-T-G-T-L-T) of ion motive ATPases such as
      Na+/K+-ATPase is similar to the sequence of the beta subunit of H+-ATPases,
      including that of Escherichia coli (I-T-S-T-K-T-G-S-I-T) (residues 282-291). The
      Asp (D) residue phosphorylated in ion motive ATPase corresponds to Thr (T) of the
      beta subunit. This substitution may be reasonable because there is no
      phosphoenzyme intermediate in the catalytic cycle of F1-ATPase. We replaced Thr
      285 of the beta subunit by an Asp residue by in vitro mutagenesis and
      reconstituted the alpha beta gamma complex from the mutant (or wild-type) beta
      and wild-type alpha and gamma subunits. The uni- and multisite ATPase activities
      of the alpha beta gamma complex with mutant beta subunits were about 20 and 30%
      of those with the wild-type subunit. The rate of ATP binding (k1) of the mutant
      complex under uni-site conditions was about 10-fold less than that of the wild
      type complex. These results suggest that Thr-285, or the region in its vicinity,
      is essential for normal catalysis of the H+-ATPase. The mutant complex could not
      form a phosphoenzyme under the conditions where the H+/K+-ATPase is
      phosphorylated, suggesting that another residue(s) may also be involved in
      formation of the intermediate in ion motive ATPase. The wild-type alpha beta
      gamma complex had slightly different kinetic properties from the wild-type F1,
      possibly because it did not contain the epsilon subunit.

PMID- 2897963
TI  - Topography and subunit stoichiometry of the coated vesicle proton pump.
AB  - We have previously shown that the coated vesicle (H+)-ATPase contains nine
      polypeptides of molecular weight 17,000-100,000 which form a single,
      macromolecular complex that can be immunoprecipitated using monoclonal antibodies
      which recognize the native enzyme (Arai, H., Berne, M., Terres, G., Terres, H.,
      Puopolo, K., and Forgac, M. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 6632-6638). In the present
      paper, we have calculated from quantitative amino acid analysis that these
      polypeptides are present in the native complex in a stoichiometry of three copies
      each of the 73,000- and 58,000-dalton subunits, six copies of the 17,000-dalton
      subunit, and one copy each of the 100,000-, 40,000-, 38,000-, 34,000-, 33,000-,
      and 19,000-dalton subunits. To determine the disposition of the (H+)-ATPase
      subunits with respect to the membrane, we have carried out labeling studies using
      the membrane impermeant reagents Na125I/lactoperoxidase and 125I-sulfo
      succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and the hydrophobic reagent 3
      (trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine [( 125I]TID). Polypeptides
      exposed to the cytoplasmic surface were identified by labeling with impermeant
      reagents in intact vesicles from which clathrin had been dissociated followed by
      immunoprecipitation of the native enzyme. Polypeptides exposed to the luminal
      surface were identified by increased labeling by these reagents following
      detergent solubilization under nondenaturing conditions. Labeling by [125I]TID
      was used to indicate which polypeptides are embedded in the lipid bilayer.
      Results of these experiments indicate that the principal polypeptides labeled
      from the cytoplasmic surface are those of molecular weight 73,000 and 58,000,
      although some cytoplasmic labeling of the 100,000, 40,000, 38,000 and
      34,000/33,000 polypeptides was also observed. The polypeptides which show the
      greatest increase in labeling following detergent solubilization are those of
      molecular weight 100,000, 19,000, and 17,000, with some increase observed for the
      40,000, 38,000, and 34,000/33,000 polypeptides. [125I]TID labeled the 17,000
      dalton subunit most heavily, with significant labeling of the 100,000- and 40,000
      dalton subunits also observed. In addition, we find that the 73,000-dalton
      polypeptide can be dissociated from the complex with 0.5 M KI in the absence of
      detergent, indicating a peripheral association of this subunit with the membrane.
      We have combined these results to construct a structural model of the coated
      vesicle (H+)-ATPase.

PMID- 2897964
TI  - Acetyl-coenzyme A:polysialic acid O-acetyltransferase from K1-positive
      Escherichia coli. The enzyme responsible for the O-acetyl plus phenotype and for
      O-acetyl form variation.
AB  - The capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K1 is a linear polymer of N
      acetylneuraminic acid in alpha-2,8 linkage. Certain substrains of E. coli K1
      (designated OAc+) modify the polysaccharide by O-acetylation of the sialic acids.
      We demonstrate here an acetyl-coenzyme A: polysialosyl O-acetyltransferase
      activity that is found only in E. coli K1 OAc+ substrains. When form variation
      between the O-acetyl-positive and -negative states occurred in strain D698:K1,
      the fluctuations were accompanied by appropriate changes in the expression of
      enzyme activity. Thus, expression of this enzyme can account for the OAc+
      phenotype and for the form variation between OAc+ and OAc-. The enzyme was
      solubilized in nonionic detergent and freed of endogenous acceptor activity by
      DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and its general properties were determined.
      Analysis of the reaction product showed a highly preferential acetylation
      reaction that was confined to polysialosyl units of greater than 14 residues.
      Acetyl groups were shown to be transferred to both the 7- and the 9-positions of
      the sialic acid residues. The partially purified enzyme was stable even after
      prolonged incubation at 57 degrees C. In contrast, any further purification
      resulted in loss of activity, even at 4 degrees C. Treatment of the stable enzyme
      with a polysialic acid-specific endoneuraminidase caused a similar loss of enzyme
      stability. This effect of the endoneuraminidase could be protected against by the
      addition of exogenous polysialic acid. This indicates that the partially purified
      enzyme contains traces of endogenous polysialic acid substrate that are required
      for the stability of the enzyme. Finally, the enzyme can O-acetylate the
      polysialic acid chains on the eucaryotic protein neural cell adhesion molecule,
      suggesting that enzymatic recognition of the substrate requires only the
      polysialic acid sequence.

PMID- 2897965
TI  - The cDNA sequence of the 69-kDa subunit of the carrot vacuolar H+-ATPase.
      Homology to the beta-chain of F0F1-ATPases.
AB  - Vacuolar ATPases constitute a novel class of N-ethylmaleimide- and nitrate
      sensitive proton pumps associated with the endomembrane system of eukaryotic
      cells. They resemble F0F1-ATPases in that they are large multimeric proteins, 400
      500 kDa, composed of three to nine different subunits. Previous studies have
      indicated that the active site is located on the approximately 70-kDa subunit.
      Using antibodies to the approximately 70-kDa subunit of corn to screen a carrot
      root lambda gt11 cDNA library, we have isolated cDNA clones of the carrot 69-kDa
      subunit. The complete primary structure of the 69-kDa subunit was then determined
      from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA. The 69-kDa subunit consists of 623
      amino acids (Mr 68,835), with no obvious membrane-spanning regions. The carrot
      cDNA sequence was over 70% homologous with exons of a Neurospora 69-kDa genomic
      clone. The protein sequence of the carrot 69-kDa subunit also exhibited 34.3%
      identity to four representative F0F1-ATPase beta-chains over a 275-amino-acid
      core stretch of similar sequence. Alignment studies revealed several regions
      which were highly homologous to beta-chains, including sequences previously
      implicated in catalytic function. This provides definitive evidence that the
      vacuolar ATPase is closely related to the F0F1-type ATPases. A major functional
      difference between the 69-kDa and beta-subunits is the location of 3 critical
      cysteine residues: two in the putative catalytic region (Cys-248 and Cys-256) and
      one in the proposed Mg2+-binding site (Cys-279). These cysteines (and two others)
      probably account for the sensitivity of the vacuolar H+-ATPase to the sulfhydryl
      reagent, N-ethylmaleimide. It is proposed that the two ATPases may have arisen
      from a common ancestor by the insertion or deletion of a large stretch of
      nonhomologous sequence near the amino-terminal end of the subunit.

PMID- 2897966
TI  - Protein kinase C: subcellular redistribution by increased Ca2+ influx. Evidence
      that Ca2+-dependent subcellular redistribution of protein kinase C is involved in
      potentiation of beta-adrenergic stimulation of pineal cAMP and cGMP by K+ and
      A23187.
AB  - Phenylephrine is known to stimulate translocation of protein kinase C in rat
      pinealocytes (Sugden, D., Vanecek, J., Klein, D.C., Thomas, T.P., and Anderson,
      W. B. (1985) Nature 314, 359-361). In the present study, the receptor mediating
      this effect was found to belong to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor subclass. Activation
      of this receptor is also known to produce a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i by
      increasing net influx (Sugden, A. L., Sugden, D., and Klein, D. C. (1985) J.
      Biol. Chem. 261, 11608-11612), which points to the possible importance of Ca2+
      influx in the subcellular redistribution (activation) of protein kinase C in
      intact cells. This possibility was investigated by reducing extracellular Ca2+
      ((Ca2+]o) with EGTA or by inhibiting Ca2+ influx with inorganic Ca2+ blockers.
      These treatments reduced alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated translocation of protein
      kinase C. This suggested that elevation of Ca2+ influx alone triggers activation
      of protein kinase C. In support of this, it was found that treatments which
      elevate Ca2+ influx, including increased extracellular K+ and addition of the
      Ca2+ ionophore A23187, cause redistribution of protein kinase C. The effect of K+
      was blocked by nifedipine and that of A23187 by EGTA, indicating that effects of
      these agents are Ca2+-dependent. The possible role of phospholipase C activation
      in these effects was examined by measuring the formation of [3H]diacylglycerol by
      cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid. Although [3H]diacylglycerol formation
      was easily detected in the presence or absence of an effective concentration of
      an inhibitor of diacylglycerol kinase, none of the agents which cause rapid
      translocation of protein kinase C were found to cause a rapid increase in the
      generation of [3H]diacylglycerol. These findings establish that an increase in
      Ca2+ influx is sufficient to trigger translocation of protein kinase C. In
      addition, we found that a very close correlation exists between translocation of
      protein kinase C by phenylephrine, K+, and A23187 and their ability to potentiate
      beta-adrenergic stimulation of cAMP and cGMP accumulation. This provides strong
      support to the proposal that translocation of protein kinase C is required for
      potentiation of beta-adrenergic stimulation of pinealocyte cAMP and cGMP
      accumulation.

PMID- 2897967
TI  - The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase mediates Ca2+
      dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase.
AB  - Stimulation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells with ionophore A23187, carbachol,
      or high K+ medium, agents which increase intracellular Ca2+, results in the
      phosphorylation and activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (Nose, P., Griffith, L.
      C., and Schulman, H. (1985) J. Cell Biol. 101, 1182-1190). We have identified
      three major protein kinases in PC12 cells and investigated their roles in the
      Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase and other cytosolic
      proteins. A set of PC12 proteins were phosphorylated in response to both
      elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and to protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid
      dependent protein kinase) activators. In addition, distinct sets of proteins
      responded to either one or the other stimulus. The three major regulatory
      kinases, the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, the cAMP
      dependent protein kinase, and protein kinase C all phosphorylate tyrosine
      hydroxylase in vitro. Neither the agents which increase Ca2+ nor the agents which
      directly activate kinase C (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or 1-oleyl-2
      acetylglycerol) increase cAMP or activate the cAMP-dependent protein kinase,
      thereby excluding this pathway as a mediator of these stimuli. The role of
      protein kinase C was assessed by long term treatment of PC12 cells with 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which causes its "desensitization." In cells
      pretreated in this manner, agents which increase Ca2+ influx continue to
      stimulate tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation maximally, while protein kinase C
      activators are completely ineffective. Comparison of tryptic peptide maps of
      tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated by the three protein kinases in vitro with
      phosphopeptide maps generated from tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylated in vivo
      indicates that phosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase most
      closely mirrors the in vivo phosphorylation pattern. These results indicate that
      the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase mediates
      phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase by hormonal and electrical stimuli which
      elevate intracellular Ca2+ in PC12 cells.

PMID- 2897969
TI  - Calmodulin plays a dominant role in determining neurotransmitter regulation of
      neuronal adenylate cyclase.
AB  - Ca2+, through the mediation of calmodulin, stimulates the activity of brain
      adenylate cyclase. The growing awareness that fluctuating Ca2+ concentrations
      play a major role in intracellular signalling prompted the present study, which
      aimed to investigate the implications for neurotransmitter (receptor) regulation
      of enzymatic activity of this calmodulin regulation. The role of Ca2+/calmodulin
      in regulating neurotransmitter-mediated inhibition and stimulation was assessed
      in a number of rat brain areas. Ca2+/calmodulin stimulated adenylate cyclase
      activity in EGTA-washed plasma preparations from each region studied--from 1.3
      fold (in striatum) to 3.4-fold (in cerebral cortex). The fold-stimulation
      produced by Ca2+/calmodulin was decreased in the presence of GTP, forskolin, or
      Mn2+. In EGTA-washed membranes, receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase
      was strictly dependent upon Ca2+/calmodulin stimulation in all regions, except
      striatum. A requirement for Mg2+ in combination with Ca2+/calmodulin to observe
      neurotransmitter-mediated inhibition was also observed. In contrast, receptor
      mediated stimulation of activity was much greater in the absence of
      Ca2+/calmodulin. The findings demonstrate that ambient Ca2+ concentrations, in
      concert with endogenous calmodulin, may play a central role in dictating whether
      inhibition or stimulation of adenylate cyclase by neurotransmitters may proceed.

PMID- 2897970
TI  - Genetic counseling: using the information wisely.

PMID- 2897968
TI  - Assessment of biological activity of synthetic fragments of transforming growth
      factor-alpha.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is a single chain polypeptide
      hormone of 50 amino acids that stimulates growth of some human cancer cells via
      an autocrine mechanism. The domain(s) of TGF-alpha that bind and activate its
      receptor have not been reported. Hydrophilicity plots of TGF-alpha indicate three
      discrete sequences that are theoretically exposed on the hormone's surface and
      thus potentially able to interact with the TGF-alpha receptor. Fragments of TGF
      alpha encompassing these hydrophilic domains were prepared by using solid-phase
      peptide synthesis (SPPS) techniques and purified by use of high performance
      liquid chromotography (HPLC). Assessment of biological activity of the TGF-alpha
      fragments indicated that none of the fragments significantly inhibited binding of
      EGF to the receptor, stimulated DNA synthesis of cells, inhibited EGF-induced DNA
      synthesis of cells, stimulated growth of cells in soft agar, or induced
      phosphorylation of the receptor or p35 protein. These results indicate that the
      receptor binding domain of TGF-alpha is not totally encompassed by any of the
      separate fragments tested and probably is formed by multiple separate regions of
      TGF-alpha.

PMID- 2897971
TI  - Neurosurgery for the pain of malignancy.

PMID- 2897972
TI  - Mitogenic activity on parathyroid cells in plasma from members of a large kindred
      with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
AB  - We tested plasma from 83 members of a large kindred with familial multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type 1 (FMEN1) for mitogenic activity on cultured bovine
      parathyroid cells. We evaluated the age dependency of parathyroid mitogenic
      activity (PMA) in plasma from affected and unaffected members of the kindred, and
      we analyzed the relation of plasma PMA to indices of activity of parathyroid,
      pancreatic islet, and anterior pituitary tissue. Plasma PMA was higher in members
      expressing the FMEN1 gene than in their unaffected first, second, third, or
      fourth degree relatives (P less than 0.05), and 10 of 20 members expressing the
      FMEN1 gene had plasma PMA above the 95% limit of the control range. Plasma PMA
      was not dependent on sex or age; the lack of age dependency and the high values
      in FMEN1 gene carriers suggested that plasma PMA is elevated in some FMEN1 gene
      carriers very early in life. Plasma PMA in known gene carriers varied
      significantly with one index of parathyroid function [plasma PMA was 2.5 times
      higher in the group with than in the group without prior parathyroidectomy (P
      less than 0.005), an indicator of more severe prior parathyroid disease] and
      correlated positively, although not significantly so, with indices of pancreatic
      islet function (serum gastrin by RIA) and anterior pituitary function (serum PRL
      by RIA). In summary, (1) plasma PMA levels are high in many known carriers of the
      FMEN1 gene, (2) the high plasma PMA levels in FMEN1 may precede overt endocrine
      hyperfunction; and (3) high plasma PMA levels vary with one index of parathyroid
      function, but do not correlate with indices of pancreatic islet or anterior
      pituitary function in members expressing the FMEN1 gene. The high plasma PMA
      levels in FMEN1 may be the direct cause of hyperfunction of the parathyroids, but
      the relation of high plasma PMA to hyperfunction of the pancreatic islets and
      anterior pituitary is uncertain.

PMID- 2897974
TI  - Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I/somatomedin-C in acromegaly: correlation with
      the degree of growth hormone hypersecretion.
AB  - We measured plasma insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin-C (IGF-I/SmC)
      concentrations and mean 24-h GH secretion serially before and during therapy with
      the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 in 21 patients with acromegaly.
      When mean plasma GH was elevated above 12.0 +/- 0.6 (+/- SE) micrograms/L, plasma
      IGF-I/SmC concentrations were uniformly high, but a decline of mean plasma GH
      below this value was accompanied by a linear decrease in IGF-I/SmC concentrations
      (r = 0.89; P less than 0.001). Even mildly abnormal mean GH concentrations
      (greater than 4.6 but less than 10 micrograms/L) were accompanied by high plasma
      IGF-I/SmC values. The log dose-response interrelation between mean 24-h plasma GH
      and IGF-I/SmC concentrations was linear (r = 0.86; P less than 0.001). We
      conclude that 1) an excellent log dose-response correlation between mean 24-h
      plasma GH and IGF-I/SmC concentrations is present in patients with acromegaly; 2)
      normalization of plasma IGF-I/SmC occurs only in patients with mean daily GH
      output within the normal range; and 3) determination of plasma IGF-I/SmC is an
      accurate indicator of normalcy of GH secretion and should be used in the
      diagnosis of active acromegaly as well as in monitoring the progress of therapy.

PMID- 2897973
TI  - Somatostatin-secreting islet cell tumor (somatostatinoma): suppression of growth
      hormone (GH) release induced by GH-releasing hormone.
AB  - A patient with a somatostatin (SRIH)-secreting islet cell tumor, whose only
      symptoms were dyspepsia and anemia, is described. The diagnosis of
      somatostatinoma was based on high plasma SRIH concentrations and
      immunocytochemical findings. The pancreatic exocrine response to secretin was
      decreased, whereas the insulin and/or glucagon responses to glucose and arginine
      were normal. Although the basal plasma GH concentration was normal, the plasma GH
      response to GHRH was subnormal. Gel permeation chromatography studies indicated
      that SRIH-14 was the predominant form of SRIH in plasma as well as in tumor
      tissue.

PMID- 2897975
TI  - Early pregnancy and benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2897976
TI  - Risks and benefits of long-term benzodiazepine use.
AB  - Despite a sharp decline in the prescription of benzodiazepines during the past
      decade, reservations about their use have continued to escalate. This article
      presents converging data from three diverse sources: national survey data from
      consumers, laboratory data on the drug preferences of normal subjects, and a
      controlled clinical study of long-term diazepam treatment and withdrawal. These
      data suggest that (1) the risks of overuse, dependence, and addiction with
      benzodiazepines are low in relation to the massive exposure in our society; (2)
      benzodiazepine addiction can occur when doses within the clinical range are taken
      regularly over about 6 months; (3) many patients continue to derive benefit from
      long-term treatment with benzodiazepines; and (4) attitudes strongly against the
      use of these drugs may be depriving many anxious patients of appropriate
      treatment.

PMID- 2897977
TI  - Survey method for post-marketing drug surveillance: a demonstration.
AB  - Distinguishing characteristics of a community survey method for post-marketing
      drug monitoring are described, as are results of a pilot study of the method.
      Representative samples of outpatients treated with tricyclic antidepressants or
      benzodiazepine anxiolytics were identified in a clinic or pharmacy and
      interviewed at baseline and specified intervals thereafter in the home or by
      telephone. Data were collected by lay interviewers trained to use a detailed
      interview schedule designed with input from experts in pharmacology, relevant
      clinical disciplines, and survey research. The critical validity question was the
      degree to which predicted outcomes for the two well-studied drug classes matched
      observed outcomes. The analytic design involved two contrast groups, three
      measurement periods, and six key symptom measures. The latter were specific to
      the disorder (anxiety and depression), to the medications, or to neither the
      disorders nor the medication (neutral symptoms). Predictions took account of
      degree and direction of change, as well as differences in profile levels over
      time. Results conformed precisely to expectations. As one component of a
      comprehensive system, the method provides an opportunity to examine efficacy as
      well as safety under conditions that are typically absent or excluded in clinical
      trials. Data on patterns of prescribing by physicians and use by patients are
      valuable by-products that are immediately relevant for professional education and
      product liability. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.

PMID- 2897978
TI  - Comparative neurologic effects of diazepam and suriclone, a cyclopyrrolone
      anxiolytic.
AB  - Suriclone selectively displaces benzodiazepines from their binding sites but is
      structurally unrelated to benzodiazepines. Neurologic effects of suriclone were
      compared to those of diazepam in 54 subjects in a sequential, double-blind,
      single dose, randomized study (placebo; diazepam 10 mg; suriclone 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
      or 0.8 mg). Data were collected on-line by microcomputer. Suriclone 0.2 mg did
      not differ from placebo. Suriclone 0.4 mg and 0.6 mg did not differ from diazepam
      10 mg. Suriclone 0.8 mg caused significantly more decrement than diazepam 10 mg
      (p less than 0.05) in manual tracking, force platform stability, and Heath rail
      walking and in total severity of symptoms. Suriclone 0.8 mg caused nausea (p =
      0.02), clumsiness (p = 0.02), and loss of balance (p = 0.01) more frequently than
      diazepam 10 mg. Suriclone 0.8 mg produced symptoms and signs qualitatively and
      quantitatively different from diazepam 10 mg, such as vomiting, unusual ocular
      movement effects, and difficulty walking. Possibly the differences in CNS drug
      binding for anxiolytics are associated with clinical differences in toxicity.

PMID- 2897979
TI  - Affective and cognitive problems with the benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2897980
TI  - The Pisa syndrome: possible role for serotonin and noradrenaline.

PMID- 2897981
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat
      laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area.
AB  - The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located
      just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been
      shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to
      the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the
      present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized
      within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were
      perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence
      immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals
      screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT),
      cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn
      B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY),
      vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic
      acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and
      ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In
      addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF,
      CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers
      in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT,
      and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and
      the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with
      distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this
      area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the
      ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.

PMID- 2897982
TI  - Somatostatin-containing neuron systems in the rat hypothalamus: retrograde
      tracing and immunohistochemical studies.
AB  - By employing a combination of the immunohistochemistry for somatostatin (SRIF)
      and retrograde tracing with biotinylated wheat germ agglutinin (b-WGA) injected
      into the posterior pituitary (group 1) or into the median eminence (group 2),
      functional topography of hypothalamic SRIF neurons was determined in the rat
      hypothalamus. In group 1, large numbers of WGA-labeled neurons appeared in the
      rostral periventricular region and in the magnocellular division of the
      paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei; none of them were SRIF immunoreactive. In
      group 2, WGA-labeled neurons were numerous in the rostral periventricular region,
      the parvicellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, and the arcuate
      nucleus; most of the WGA-labeled neurons in the rostral periventricular region
      and some in the paraventricular nucleus were SRIF immunoreactive, but none in the
      arcuate nucleus showed immunoreactivity for SRIF. It is concluded that, in the
      rat hypothalamus, the locations of neurons containing hypophysiotrophic SRIF are
      confined within the rostral periventricular region and the parvicellular
      paraventricular nucleus. Our results do not support previous suggestions that
      SRIF immunoreactive axons innervate the posterior lobe of the pituitary.

PMID- 2897983
TI  - Report on the European Conference on Septic Shock of the European Society of
      Intensive Care Medicine and the European Shock Society, Brussels, Belgium, March
      1-2, 1987.

PMID- 2897984
TI  - Masticatory muscle hyperactivity in temporomandibular disorders: is it an
      extrapyramidally expressed disorder?
AB  - Masticatory muscle hyperactivity appears to have an important role in
      temporomandibular disorders. A pathophysiological model for masticatory muscle
      hyperactivity is proposed that is centrally mediated, yet maintains support for
      present peripheral causes and therapies. In this hypothesis, masticatory muscle
      hyperactivity represents a mild extrapyramidal disorder distantly related to
      orofacial dyskinesias. Experimental evidence suggests a neurotransmitter
      imbalance in the basal ganglia, involving dopaminergic preponderance, or
      cholinergic and GABA-nergic hypofunction as the underlying cause.

PMID- 2897985
TI  - Success of internal mammary bypass grafting can be assessed intraoperatively
      using myocardial contrast echocardiography.
AB  - To determine whether the success of internal mammary artery bypass grafting can
      be assessed intraoperatively using myocardial contrast echocardiography,
      sonicated Renografin-76 was injected into the aortic root of 11 dogs during the
      delivery of cardioplegic solution. Studies were performed with the left anterior
      descending coronary artery patent and totally occluded, and after internal
      mammary artery bypass grafting distal to the occluded vessel. Flow rate during
      cardioplegia was constant for all three stages in each experiment. Myocardial
      contrast echocardiography clearly demonstrated homogeneous myocardial perfusion
      with the left anterior descending coronary artery patent, lack of perfusion in
      the left anterior descending artery bed during its occlusion and excellent
      perfusion of the occluded bed after internal mammary artery bypass grafting
      distal to the occlusion in 10 of the 11 dogs. In one dog, the bypass graft was
      technically inadequate and contrast opacification was not noted in the left
      anterior descending artery bed after internal mammary artery bypass grafting. The
      exponential function C(t) = Ae-alpha t + Be-beta t was fitted to computer-derived
      time-intensity curves from the myocardium, where alpha denotes contrast washout
      and beta denotes contrast appearance. Respective values for alpha and beta (mean
      + 1 SD) were similar for the patent left anterior descending coronary artery and
      after internal mammary artery bypass grafting distal to the occluded artery (0.11
      +/- 0.10 versus 0.10 +/- 0.10, and 2.5 +/- 2.4 versus 1.1 +/- 0.56). In
      conclusion, myocardial contrast echocardiography has potential for intraoperative
      assessment of the adequacy of coronary artery bypass grafting.

PMID- 2897987
TI  - Effect of theophylline on gastroesophageal reflux in patients with asthma.
AB  - A possible role of methylxanthines in the high incidence of gastroesophageal
      reflux (GER) in patients with asthma has been suggested. Therefore, we used a
      randomized, double-blind, crossover design to compare the effects of a 1-week
      conventional theophylline treatment and a 1-week placebo treatment in 16 adult
      patients with asthma. No oral or parenteral glucocorticoids were administered,
      but seven patients were taking inhaled corticoids. All patients needed inhaled
      adrenergic drugs. At the end of each period of theophylline or placebo treatment,
      the patients were carefully questioned with respect to respiratory and digestive
      symptoms, forced expiratory flows were measured, and GER was assessed by
      prolonged nocturnal intraesophageal pH monitoring. Peak expiratory flow was
      measured three times a day throughout the study. No significant increase in GER
      was found with theophylline compared to placebo, and forced expiratory flows
      improved with theophylline (p less than 0.05 for FEV1 and p less than 0.01 for
      peak expiratory flow rate). There was no correlation between GER, the duration of
      asthma, and forced expiratory flows. Thus, our study failed to demonstrate any
      adverse effect of a slow-release theophylline preparation on GER in patients with
      asthma. These results further suggest that the presence of GER is not a
      contraindication to the use of a slow-release theophylline in subjects with
      asthma.

PMID- 2897986
TI  - Hay fever treatment with combined antihistamine and cyclooxygenase-inhibiting
      drugs.
AB  - Twenty-eight ragweed-allergic patients with hay fever participated in a clinical
      trial that examined the pattern of symptom relief resulting from addition of a
      cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drug to standard antihistamine therapy. In the first
      week antihistamine use by the subjects was standardized, and subjects were
      oriented to use of the hay fever symptom diary. They were then allocated,
      according to symptom severity, to two treatment groups. One group received 120 mg
      of terfenadine and 300 mg of flurbiprofen (a cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drug) per
      day. Members of the other group received terfenadine and a placebo that looked
      like flurbiprofen. This treatment lasted 1 week. Subjects recorded severity of
      congestion, drainage, running, nose blowing, itching, and sneezing four times
      each day. The flurbiprofen-treated patients experienced less severe symptoms,
      demonstrating maximum benefit 3 to 5 days into the drug trial with some loss of
      effect thereafter. Secretion-related symptoms appeared to benefit most. Combined
      blockade of histamine and cyclooxygenase products appears to offer improved
      symptom control in ragweed hay fever.

PMID- 2897988
TI  - Platelet aggregation in hypertension and the effects of antihypertensive
      treatment.
AB  - The major findings of a review of the literature on platelet aggregation in
      hypertensive human subjects and the effects of antihypertensive agents were as
      follows: (1) There is an increased platelet aggregatory response to epinephrine
      and ADP in hypertensives with MAP greater than 120 mmHg. (2) Treatment with
      propranolol decreases the aggregatory response to ADP, but it may enhance the
      response to epinephrine. (3) Treatment with calcium blockers in normotensives
      decreases the aggregatory response to epinephrine. Further work needs to be done
      to answer the questions raised by this review. Since the major goal, yet
      unachieved, of antihypertensive therapy is reduction of the incidence of CHD, the
      anti-thrombotic or thrombotic potential of antihypertensive agents must be known.
      Future clinical trials of drug therapy for hypertension should be designed to
      include at least a determination of platelet aggregation in response to both ADP
      and epinephrine.

PMID- 2897989
TI  - Desensitization of vascular and platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rabbits with
      perinephritis hypertension.
AB  - The effects of infusion of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists on blood pressure, pressor
      responses to bolus doses of agonists and to platelet aggregation were examined in
      rabbits with perinephritis hypertension and in sham-operated controls. Pressor
      responses to bolus doses and infusions of phenylephrine, an alpha 1-selective
      agonist, were greater in hypertensive rabbits. In contrast, responses to boluses
      but not infusions of alpha-methylnoradrenaline, a selective alpha 2-agonist, were
      increased in hypertensives. During alpha-methylnoradrenaline infusions pressor
      responses to bolus doses of alpha-methylnoradrenaline and the aggregatory
      response of platelets to adrenaline were attenuated in all rabbits, consistent
      with alpha 2-adrenoceptor desensitization. Attenuation and recovery were observed
      within minutes of commencing and ceasing infusion. The extent of attenuation and
      rate of change were generally increased in hypertensive animals. This could
      explain the apparent increase in pressor responses to bolus doses but not
      infusions of alpha-methylnoradrenaline in the hypertensive rabbits. It might also
      contribute to the lability in blood pressure observed in these animals.

PMID- 2897990
TI  - The cardiovascular responses to sequential inhibition of alpha-adrenoceptors, the
      renin-angiotensin system and vasopressin in rats with adrenal regeneration
      hypertension.
AB  - The cardiovascular responses to selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonism (with prazosin and idazoxan, respectively) were assessed in rats 4
      weeks after unilateral nephro-adrenalectomy, contralateral adrenal enucleation
      and the provision of a 1% NaCl solution as drinking fluid (AEN rats) and in sham
      operated (SON) rats. Measurements were made between 0700 and 1000 h and between
      1400 and 1700 h, since we have previously shown that resting blood pressures
      (BPs) in AEN rats are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Following
      prazosin administration (morning or afternoon), BP fell to similar levels in both
      SON and AEN rats. Idazoxan, given 20 min after the start of prazosin infusion,
      caused similar transient falls in BP in all four groups of rats. Following the
      subsequent additional antagonism of angiotensin II (Ang II) production (with
      captopril) and vasopressin (V1) receptors [with d(CH2)5DAVP], BP in AEN rats
      studied in the morning was higher than in SON rats at that time of day, and
      higher than in AEN rats studied in the afternoon. These findings suggest than an
      additional underlying mechanism capable of increasing BP exists in AEN rats
      studied in the morning.

PMID- 2897991
TI  - Identification of suppressor T cells in virgin non-responder spleen cells
      responsible for primary unresponsiveness to L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L
      tyrosine10 (GAT).
AB  - T cell subsets that regulate antibody responses to L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30
      L-tyrosine10 (GAT) in mice that are Ir gene non-responders have been further
      characterized. We previously defined several T cell subsets in GAT-primed non
      responder mice. The Lyt-2+ suppressor-effector T cells suppress responses to GAT
      and GAT complexed to methylated BSA (GAT-MBSA). The Lyt-1+ cell population is
      complex and can be separated into I-J- Th cells, which support responses to GAT
      and GAT-MBSA. After priming, the Lyt-1+, I-J+ cell population contains suppressor
      inducer cells that activate precursors of suppressor-effector cells to suppress
      responses to GAT and GAT-MBSA as well as Ts cells that directly inhibit responses
      to GAT but not GAT-MBSA. By contrast, the Lyt-1+ cells from virgin mice contain
      only cells that directly suppress responses to GAT but not GAT-MBSA. The major
      question addressed in the present studies was whether the Lyt-1+, I-J+ Ts cells
      in virgin and primed mice and the suppressor-inducer cells in GAT-primed mice
      were functionally and serologically distinct subsets. The studies used mAb and
      panning procedures to separate cell populations and inhibition of PFC cell
      responses to functionally define the activity of the cell populations. We used
      the following two mAb that were raised by immunizing rats with GAT-specific
      suppressor factors: 1248A4.10 (known to react with suppressor-inducer cells) and
      1248A4.3, another reagent from the same fusion. Lyt-1+ cells from virgin spleens
      contained Ts cells that were A4.10-, A4.3+ and no suppressor-inducer T cells,
      whereas Lyt-1+ cells from GAT-primed spleens contained Ts cells that were A4.10-,
      A4.3+ as well as A4.10+, A4.3- suppressor-inducer cells. Thus, the Lyt1+, I-J+
      cell subset can be divided into two functionally and serologically distinct
      subsets, direct Ts cells (1248A4.3+), which suppress responses to GAT but not GAT
      MBSA, and GAT-primed suppressor-inducer T cells (1248A4.10+).

PMID- 2897992
TI  - Neuroimmunological electron microscopy with microwave-accelerated fixation.
AB  - Immunoelectron microscopy is an important tool used to determine the precise
      location of immune complexes. Standard concentrations of glutaraldehyde destroy
      these complexes. This paper describes a method in which the period of
      glutaraldehyde fixation is shortened by concomitant microwave treatment. Using
      1.25% glutaraldehyde and microwave fixation ideal preservation and demonstration
      of MHC class I antigen on Schwann cells was obtained by the peroxidase method.

PMID- 2897993
TI  - Malignant melanoma over the trophic ulcer.
AB  - One case having trophic ulcer over the heel which on histological examination
      showed malignant melanoma is reported because of malignant melanoma occurring
      over the trophic ulcer.

PMID- 2897994
TI  - In vitro cytotoxic activity of interleukin 2-dependent murine Thy-1+ dendritic
      epidermal cell lines.
AB  - Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (Tdec) are bone marrow-derived cells of T-cell
      lineage. In order to investigate the function of these cells, two interleukin 2
      dependent Tdec lines (AU4 and AU16) were established from ear skin of C3H/HeN
      (MTV-) mice and examined for cytotoxicity against various murine tumor cells. The
      original phenotype of the Tdec, Thy-1+, AsGM1+, T3+, Lyt-1-, Lyt-2-, Lyt-5+, and
      L3T4-, was maintained in the cell lines. The Tdec cell lines (AU4 and AU16) lysed
      a wide spectrum of tumor cell lines in a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay. AU16 was more
      effective in killing a syngeneic UV-induced skin tumor (UV-2240) and an
      allogeneic, natural killer cell-resistant tumor (EL-4) than the YAC-1 cell line,
      which is highly sensitive to natural killer cells. Neither syngeneic nor
      allogeneic lymphoblasts were killed by AU16. Cytotoxicity was blocked by fixation
      of AU16 with paraformaldehyde but not by pretreatment of the cells with puromycin
      or mitomycin C. The finding that two Thy-1+ cell lines derived independently from
      murine epidermis have unique cytotoxic activity against murine tumor cells
      suggests that Tdec could play a role in local immune surveillance against skin
      cancers.

PMID- 2897995
TI  - Withdrawal of endogenous somatostatin induces secretion of growth hormone
      releasing factor in rats.
AB  - Secretion of GH occurs in episodic bursts under the dual control of two
      hypothalamic peptides, GH-releasing factor (GRF) and GH-inhibiting factor
      (somatostatin, SRIF). Recent studies in rats suggest that episodic GH secretion
      is generated by the periodic release of GRF, which is associated with the
      simultaneous withdrawal of SRIF secretion. To test the possibility that GRF
      discharge is functionally coupled with the withdrawal of SRIF, we investigated
      whether acute withdrawal of SRIF can induce GRF release by the rat hypothalamus
      using highly specific antisera against SRIF and rat GRF. In conscious
      unrestrained rats, i.v. administration of SRIF antiserum at the period of the GH
      trough induced a rapid onset of the GH secretory surge with a peak value of 309
      +/- 67 micrograms/l (mean +/- S.E.M.) 30 min after injection. Pretreatment with
      antiserum to rat GRF resulted in a approximately 83% suppression of the GH surge
      induced by SRIF antiserum without affecting the trough GH values. GRF antiserum
      also significantly inhibited the spontaneous GH surge. In urethane-anaesthetized
      rats, as in conscious rats, an acute phasic GH release was caused by SRIF
      antiserum despite the interference of anaesthesia with spontaneous GH secretion.
      A further surge-like GH secretion was not restored during the next several hours,
      however, with the GH secretory profile being characterized by a tonic increase in
      the baseline levels of GH. In the anaesthetized rat antiserum to rat GRF, having
      no effect on basal GH levels, similarly inhibited by approximately 66% the acute
      GH surge induced by SRIF antiserum and decreased by about 30% the later sustained
      rise in GH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897997
TI  - [Polymorphism of restriction fragment length in the detection of the precise
      status of monosomy 21 in a deformed retarded girl].
AB  - The authors used genomic single copy DNA fragments cloned from chromosome 21 to
      study cytogenetic abnormalities in patients not easily defined by conventional
      cytogenetic means. Ten restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RLFP) detected
      by 8 independent probes were used to detect homologous sequences from chromosome
      21 in genomic digests of DNA from one patient and her parents. The proband is a 3
      1/2-year-old girl who was referred to us at 1 month of age because of hypertonia,
      hirsutism, flattened nasal bridge, antimongoloid slant of palpebral fissures,
      high arched palate and bilateral hip dysplasia. The karyotype of the proband was:
      46, XX, -3, -21, + ? del (3) (3 pter----3q1:) +? (3qter----3q1:: 21q21----21
      pter). GTG banding and the karyotype of her parents were normal (in peripheral
      blood and skin fibroblasts). She was re-examined by us every three months,
      because she showed physical and psychomotor retardation. We traced the
      inheritance of RFLPs from her parents, and familial molecular studies showed in
      contrast to the cytogenetic analysis that the patient is disomic for all regions
      of 21q tested by our collection of probes. The use of molecular technology has
      resulted in a more precise definition of 21 chromosome abnormalities and
      especially the "complete" monosomy 21 which is extremely rare in live born
      infants.

PMID- 2897996
TI  - Involvement of the somatostatin and cholinergic systems in the mechanism of
      growth hormone autofeedback regulation in the rat.
AB  - The involvement of the cholinergic system in GH secretion has recently acquired
      increasing importance. Data have been presented suggesting that in rats the
      effect of cholinergic modulation on GH secretion takes place through inhibition
      or stimulation of hypothalamic somatostatin (SRIF) release. To investigate
      further the significance of cholinergic-SRIF link and its role in the regulation
      of GH secretion, the action of cholinergic agonist and antagonist drugs in the GH
      short-loop feedback mechanism mediated by SRIF was investigated.
      Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of 0.2 or 2.0 micrograms GH/rat into
      the lateral brain ventricle of adult male rats induced a significant reduction in
      the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH; 2 micrograms/kg, i.v.)-induced peak GH rise, but
      only the 2.0 micrograms dose reduced also the GH-integrated area after
      administration of GHRH. This effect was absent after central administration of
      20.0 micrograms GH/rat, due probably to leakage of some GH from the cerebral
      ventricle into the systemic circulation. Pretreatment with cysteamine (300 mg/kg,
      s.c.), a known depletor of hypothalamic SRIF, or with anti-SRIF serum (0.5
      ml/rat) completely counteracted the lessening of the GH response to GHRH induced
      by 2.0 micrograms GH injected i.c.v. Similarly, pretreatment with the cholinergic
      agonist pilocarpine (3 mg/kg, i.v.) completely antagonized the inhibitory effect
      of central infusion of GH on the GHRH-induced GH response. Atropine (1.0 mg/kg,
      i.v.), a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, strikingly inhibited the GHRH-induced
      GH rise, but when given in combination with i.c.v. infusion of GH there was no
      additive inhibitory effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2897998
TI  - Evidence for crosstolerance to the analgesic effects between morphine and
      selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Rats were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with morphine (5 mg/kg) until tolerance
      developed to its antinociceptive action, or with 0.9% saline which was used as
      vehicle for morphine. Subsequently, both groups of animals were given an
      intrathecal (i.th.) dose of either noradrenaline (2 micrograms), clonidine (12.5
      micrograms) or guanfacine (12.5 micrograms), that had been found previously to be
      reliably antinociceptive. In the saline-treated animals, these doses of
      noradrenaline, clonidine or guanfacine induced clear antinociceptive effects, but
      not in the morphine-group. It is therefore concluded that cross-tolerance to the
      antinociceptive effects of systemic morphine and the alpha-adrenoceptor agonists
      was obtained. The cross-tolerance between morphine on one hand, and
      noradrenaline, clonidine and guanfacine on the other, implies that a substantial
      opiate-adrenoceptor interaction exists in antinociceptive processes.

PMID- 2897999
TI  - Homospecific activity (activity per enzyme protein) of tyrosine hydroxylase
      increases in parkinsonian brain.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) contents in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and
      substantia nigra from control and parkinsonism brains were measured for the first
      time by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Both the TH protein content and TH
      activity (Vmax) were decreased in parallel in the parkinsonian brains as compared
      with those of the control brains. In contrast, TH "homospecific activity"
      (activity per enzyme protein) was significantly increased in the parkinsonian
      brains. The results indicate that the decrease of TH activity in parkinsonian
      brains is due to the decrease of TH protein content as a result of cell death.
      The increase in the "homospecific activity" of residual TH in parkinsonian brain
      suggests such molecular changes in TH molecules as result in a compensatory
      increase in TH activity.

PMID- 2898000
TI  - Dose-dependent, K+-stimulated efflux of endogenous taurine from primary astrocyte
      cultures is Ca2+-dependent.
AB  - The K+-stimulated efflux of endogenous taurine from primary rat cerebellar
      astrocyte cultures prepared from 7-9-day-old rats was studied at 16-18 days in
      vitro using HPLC analysis. Taurine efflux was dose-dependent at K+ concentrations
      between 10 mM and 80 mM, with an EC50 of approximately 50 mM. Maximum stimulation
      of efflux above basal levels ranged from 56% at 10 mM K+ (204 pmol/min/mg
      protein) to 470% at 80 mM K+ (960 pmol/min/mg protein). Removal of Ca2+ from the
      buffer and the addition of either 1 mM EGTA or 10 mM Mg2+ abolished K+-stimulated
      efflux. Taurine efflux peaked and fell in parallel with the K+ concentration, but
      with an approximate lag of 3-5 min. The time course and amount of preloaded
      [3H]taurine released did not differ significantly from that seen for endogenous
      efflux. Basal taurine efflux varied inversely with the extracellular
      concentration of Ca2+ over the concentration range 0-5.0 mM. The observed Ca2+
      dependence is consistent with a role for Ca2+ in the regulation of taurine
      release. Furthermore, taurine release from astrocytes in response to elevated K+
      may reflect a neuromodulatory role for this amino acid in the CNS.

PMID- 2898001
TI  - Extracellular amino acid concentrations in the dorsal spinal cord of freely
      moving rats following veratridine and nociceptive stimulation.
AB  - In vivo microdialysis was used to sample extracellular concentrations of amino
      acids in the dorsal lumbar spinal cord of freely moving rats. Changes in the
      extracellular concentrations of amino acids were measured in response to infusion
      of veratridine (180 microM), a sodium channel activator, as well as during acute
      noxious stimulation by an injection of 5% formalin into the metatarsal region of
      the hindleg. Veratridine produced a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive increase in the
      extracellular concentration of Glu. Concentrations of Asp, taurine, Ala, Asn, and
      Gly were not significantly elevated following veratridine stimulation.
      Intradermal injection of formalin produced a TTX-sensitive increase in Asp
      concentration and a non-TTX-sensitive increase in Glu concentration. These data
      support the hypothesis that Glu and Asp are dorsal horn neurotransmitters
      involved in nociception.

PMID- 2898002
TI  - Solubilization of rat brain phencyclidine receptors in an active binding form
      that is sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands.
AB  - Phencyclidine (PCP) receptors were successfully solubilized from rat forebrain
      membranes with 1% sodium cholate. Approximately 58% of the initial protein and 20
      30% of the high-affinity PCP binding sites were solubilized. The high affinity
      toward PCP-like drugs, the stereo-selectivity of the sites, and the sensitivity
      to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ligands were preserved. Binding of the
      potent PCP receptor ligand N-[3H][1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine ([3H]TCP)
      to the soluble receptors was saturable (KD = 35 nM), and PCP-like drugs inhibited
      [3H]TCP binding in a rank order of potency close to that observed for the
      membrane-bound receptors; the most potent inhibitors were TCP (Ki = 31 nM) and
      the anticonvulsant MK-801 (Ki = 50 nM). The NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid inhibited binding of [3H]TCP to the soluble receptors;
      glutamate or NMDA diminished this inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Taken
      together, the results indicate that the soluble PCP receptor preparation contains
      the glutamate recognition sites and may represent a single receptor complex for
      PCP and NMDA, as suggested by electrophysiological data. The successful
      solubilization of the PCP receptors in an active binding form should now
      facilitate their purification.

PMID- 2898003
TI  - Calcium homeostasis in digitonin-permeabilized bovine chromaffin cells.
AB  - The regulation of cytosolic calcium was studied in digitonin-permeabilized
      chromaffin cells. Accumulation of 45Ca2+ by permeabilized cells was measured at
      various Ca2+ concentrations in the incubation solutions. In the absence of ATP,
      there was a small (10-15% of total uptake) but significant increase in
      accumulation of Ca2+ into both the vesicular and nonvesicular pools. In the
      presence of ATP, the permeabilized cells accumulated Ca2+ into carbonyl cyanide m
      chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)-sensitive and -insensitive pools. The CCCP
      sensitive pool--mainly mitochondria--was active when the calcium concentration
      was greater than 1 microM and was not saturated at 25 microM. The Ca2+
      sequestered by the CCCP-insensitive pool could be inhibited by vanadate and
      released by inositol trisphosphate, a combination suggesting that this pool was
      the endoplasmic reticulum. The CCCP-insensitive pool had a high affinity for
      calcium, with an EC50 of approximately 1 microM. When the Ca2+ concentration was
      adjusted to the level in the cytoplasm of resting cells (0.1 microM), the
      presumed endoplasmic reticulum pool was responsible for approximately 90% of the
      ATP-stimulated calcium uptake. At a calcium level similar to the acetylcholine
      stimulated level in intact cells (5-10 microM), most of the Ca2+ (greater than
      95%) went into the CCCP-sensitive pool.

PMID- 2898005
TI  - Effects of protonophores on the synthesis of catecholamines and the intracellular
      pH in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells.
AB  - The protonophores carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and
      carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) stimulated the synthesis of 14C
      catecholamines from [14C]tyrosine in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. The
      stimulatory effect of CCCP but not of FCCP was partially dependent on
      extracellular Ca2+. CCCP but not FCCP increased the influx of 45Ca2+ to the
      cells. When cells were incubated with either CCCP or FCCP (0.01-0.2
      microgram/ml), the intracellular pH fell from 7.2 to 6.3-6.5 and catecholamine
      synthesis increased. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in a soluble fraction prepared
      from cultured adrenal medullary cells was measured after incubation of the cells
      with FCCP or CCCP. Although FCCP did not affect the activity of the enzyme, CCCP
      caused a stable activation of it which was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Since
      the optimal pH of soluble tyrosine hydroxylase is around 6.0 in adrenal medullary
      cells, FCCP may increase the synthesis of catecholamines by shifting the
      intracellular pH toward it. In addition to this mechanism, CCCP may enhance the
      synthesis of catecholamines by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.

PMID- 2898004
TI  - Inhibition by forskolin of excitatory amino acid-induced accumulation of cyclic
      AMP in guinea pig hippocampal slices.
AB  - The effect of forskolin on the excitatory amino acid-induced accumulation of
      cyclic AMP was examined in hippocampal preparations of the guinea pig. Forskolin
      at concentrations of 0.1-10 microM remarkably enhanced the stimulatory effects of
      histamine and adenosine, whereas it markedly attenuated the stimulation induced
      by cysteine sulfinate, an excitatory amino acid. Forskolin reduced the maximal
      response to cysteine sulfinate without affecting the apparent ED50. At a
      concentration of 1 microM, forskolin also inhibited the stimulatory effects of
      glutamate, N-methyl-DL-aspartate, and veratridine without affecting those of
      kainate and quisqualate. Pretreatment of the slices with 0.1 mM N-ethylmaleimide
      partially prevented the attenuation by forskolin of cysteine sulfinate-induced
      accumulation of cyclic AMP without affecting the stimulation induced by cysteine
      sulfinate. Forskolin at concentrations of less than 1 microM did not affect GTP
      stimulated activity and Cl- -dependent activity of adenylate cyclase of the
      hippocampal membranes.

PMID- 2898006
TI  - Evidence that aspartate aminotransferase activity and ketodicarboxylate carrier
      function are essential for biosynthesis of transmitter glutamate.
AB  - Based on the selective inhibition of glutamate release in cerebellar granule
      cells in primary cultures by the aspartate aminotransferase inhibitor,
      aminooxyacetic acid, and by the ketodicarboxylate carrier inhibitor,
      phenylsuccinate, a novel model for synthesis of transmitter glutamate is
      suggested: Glutamate is formed from glutamine in the mitochondrial intramembrane
      space by phosphate-activated glutaminase, transported across the inner membrane
      in exchange with aspartate, transaminated in the matrix to alpha-ketoglutarate,
      which via the ketodicarboxylate carrier is transferred to the cytoplasm, and
      transaminated to form transmitter glutamate. Such a mechanism would explain the
      functional role of aspartate aminotransferase in glutamatergic neurons.

PMID- 2898007
TI  - Alteration in fatty acid composition of adult rat brain capillaries and choroid
      plexus induced by a diet deficient in n-3 fatty acids: slow recovery after
      substitution with a nondeficient diet.
AB  - Wistar rats were fed for three generations with a semisynthetic diet containing
      either 1.5% sunflower oil (940 mg% of C18:2n-6, 6 mg% of C18:3n-3) or 1.9% soya
      oil (940 mg% of C18:2n-6, 130 mg% of C18:3n-3). At 60 days of age, the male
      offspring of the third generation were killed. The fatty acyl composition of
      isolated capillaries and choroid plexus was determined. The major changes noted
      in the fatty acid profile of isolated capillaries were a reduction (threefold) in
      the level of docosahexaenoic acid and, consequently, a fourfold increase in
      docosapentaenoic acid in sunflower oil-fed animals. The total percentage of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids was close to that in the soya oil-fed rats, but the
      ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids was reduced by threefold. In the choroid plexus, the
      C22:6n-3 content was also reduced, but by 2.6-fold, whereas the C22:5n-6 content
      was increased by 2.3-fold and the ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids was reduced by 2.4
      fold. When the diet of sunflower oil-fed rats was replaced with a diet containing
      soya oil at 60 days of age, the recovery in content of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids
      started immediately after diet substitution; it progressed slowly to reach normal
      values after 2 months for C22:6n-5 and 2.5 months for C22:6n-3. The recovery in
      altered fatty acids of choroid plexus was also immediate and very fast. Recovery
      in content of C22:5n-6 and C22:6n-3 was complete by 46 days after diet
      substitution.

PMID- 2898008
TI  - Identification of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in chicken pineal gland using
      [3H]rauwolscine.
AB  - The norepinephrine-induced inhibition of avian pineal N-acetyltransferase
      activity appears to be mediated by alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. In this study,
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the chicken pineal gland were directly identified
      by radioligand binding. Membrane preparations of pineal glands from chickens from
      1 to 6 weeks of age were examined using [3H]rauwolscine, a selective alpha 2
      adrenergic receptor antagonist, to characterize the binding sites. The results
      indicate no ontological change in either the affinity (KD) or density of receptor
      binding sites (Bmax) during the time span examined. The binding was saturable and
      of high affinity with a mean KD of 0.27 +/- 0.01 nM and a mean Bmax of 242 +/- 12
      fmol/mg protein. Further characterization of these binding sites indicated that
      the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor is of the alpha 2A subtype, since prazosin and
      ARC-239 bound with low affinities and oxymetazoline bound with high affinity.

PMID- 2898009
TI  - Modified taxols, 4. Synthesis and biological activity of taxols modified in the
      side chain.
AB  - A number of taxol derivatives substituted at the 2' position of the side chain
      have been prepared and their biological activities determined in KB cell culture
      and/or the P-388 in vivo assay. The 2'-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)taxol 5 is
      essentially inactive, indicating the need for a free hydroxyl group at the 2'
      position for activity. Epimerization of the 2' position occurred on treatment of
      2'-acetyltaxol derivatives with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, but treatment
      of 2'-(2,2,2-trichloroethyloxycarbonyl) taxol derivatives with DBU yielded the
      novel cyclization products 11 and 12 and, after deprotection at the 7 position,
      13. The derivative 13 is also essentially inactive in the KB test system. Two
      taxols with increased H2O solubility were prepared, the 2'-(beta-alanyl)
      derivative 15 and the 2'-succinyl derivative 16. Although both these derivatives
      were active in vivo and in vitro, the former was too unstable and the latter not
      active enough to make suitable H2O-soluble derivatives of taxol.

PMID- 2898010
TI  - Aspartic acid aminotransferase activity is increased in actively spiking compared
      with non-spiking human epileptic cortex.
AB  - Increased concentration of the excitatory neurotransmitter aspartic acid in
      actively spiking human epileptic cerebral cortex was recently described. In order
      to further characterise changes in the aspartergic system in epileptic brain, the
      behaviour of aspartic acid aminotransferase (AAT), a key enzyme involved in
      aspartic acid metabolism has now been examined. Electrocorticography performed
      during surgery was employed to identify cortical epileptic spike foci in 16
      patients undergoing temporal lobectomy for intractable seizures. Patients with
      spontaneously spiking lateral temporal cortex (n = 8) were compared with a non
      spiking control group (n = 8) of patients in whom the epileptic lesions were
      confined to the hippocampus sparing the temporal convexity. Mean activity of AAT
      in spiking cortex was significantly elevated by 16-18%, with aspartic acid
      concentration increased by 28%. Possible explanations for the enhanced AAT
      activity include increased proliferation of cortical AAT-containing astrocytes at
      the spiking focus and/or a generalised increase in neuronal or extraneuronal
      metabolism consequent to the ongoing epileptic discharge. It is suggested that
      the data provide additional support for a disturbance of central excitatory
      aspartic acid mechanisms in human epileptic brain.

PMID- 2898011
TI  - Topographical distribution of neurochemical changes in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Biochemical indices of cortical nerve cells affected in Alzheimer's disease have
      been proposed (excitatory dicarboxylic amino acid, EDAA, sodium-dependent
      carrier; phosphate-activated glutaminase activity; serotonin type 2 recognition
      site; somatostatin-like immunoreactivity). These and the content of EDAAs and two
      related amino acids, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity have been
      measured in up to 13 areas of cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex from 16
      patients with Alzheimer's disease and 17 controls. Reduction of the index of the
      serotonin recognition site, somatostatin content and another biochemical index of
      interneurones coincide and indicate a rather unexpected focal loss of such
      neurones from the parietal lobe. No unequivocal measure of the integrity of
      pyramidal neurones could be established as the content of no amino acid was
      reduced, the index of the EDAA carrier showed evidence of change in few brain
      regions and glutaminase activity was subject to unexplained variability. ChAT
      activity alone closely paralleled a previous report of the distribution of
      morphological degeneration. The results are discussed in relation to therapy and
      positron emission tomography.

PMID- 2898012
TI  - Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists on Trypanosoma cruzi interaction
      with host cells.
AB  - We studied the effects of adrenergic agonists on the capacity of blood
      trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi to associate with (i.e., bind and/or
      penetrate) host cells in vitro. The extent of T. cruzi association with mouse
      macrophages in the presence of the beta-adrenergic agonist L-isoproterenol was
      significantly decreased with respect to mock-treated controls. Similar results
      were obtained when the parasite was pretreated with L-isoproterenol and was then
      allowed to interact with untreated macrophages. In contrast, pretreatment of
      trypomastigotes with either L-phenylephrine or methoxamine-alpha-adrenergic
      agonists--enhanced their reactivity with macrophages. Interaction with a
      nonphagocytic host cell was also decreased and increased by parasite pretreatment
      with beta- and alpha-adrenergic agonists, respectively. The L-isoproterenol and L
      phenylephrine effects were no longer detectable 2 and 3 hr after their removal,
      respectively, and were therefore reversible. Atenolol, a specific beta 1
      adrenoreceptor blocker inhibited the L-isoproterenol effect, whereas butoxamine,
      a specific beta 2 blocker, did not. Thus, beta 1-like but not beta 2-like binding
      sites appeared to be expressed on T. cruzi. Both prazosin and yohimbine,
      preferential alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptor blockers, respectively, abolished the
      L-phenylephrine effect. The opposite effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      agonists suggested that the infectivity of T. cruzi may be regulated by
      activation of surface components comparable to the adreno-receptors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898013
TI  - Morphologic effects of unilateral cryptorchidism on the contralateral descended
      testis.
AB  - Unilateral cryptorchidism is frequently accompanied by infertility. Uncertainty
      exists as to whether the infertility is a genetic effect or is related to an
      autoimmune reaction to the elevated testis. The effects of unilateral
      cryptorchidism were evaluated in 50 mice by surgically elevating the left
      testicle of 21-day-old mice into the abdomen (AT). A sham operation was performed
      on the left testicle of 50 control mice (SHT). The temperature of the abdominal
      testes measured 2.5 degrees C higher than the scrotal testes. The testes were
      removed from both sides at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks postoperation. After testicular
      weights were recorded, seminiferous tubule diameters were measured, and germinal
      epithelium maturity was graded histologically using a modified Johnson testicular
      biopsy score. Progressive abnormal changes were seen in the contralateral
      descended testicles of AT as compared to SHT. By 3 weeks, though testicular
      weight changes were similar, mean seminiferous tubule diameter was smaller (P
      less than .001), and the germinal epithelium was less mature (P less than .001).
      These changes persisted through the sixth week. By changing the physiologic
      environment of one testicle, we have induced alterations in the histologic
      appearance of the contralateral testicle during the period of normal maturation.

PMID- 2898014
TI  - Clinical classification for undescended testes: experience in 1,010
      orchidopexies.
AB  - A clinical classification for undescended testes based on location, size, and
      mobility of the testis in the inguinal canal was performed. The latter was
      artificially divided into three sections. The lower portion was considered
      position I; the mid part, position II; the upper part, position III; and the
      abdominal (nonpalpable) part, position IV). Normal-size testes were considered as
      being size A; testes reduced up to 30% in volume, size B; and gonads reduced more
      than 30% of the estimated normal, size C. According to these criteria, a case of
      chryptorchidism can then be classified as I, II, III, or IV and A, B, or C and
      fixed or movable. This classification was used in 1,010 orchidopexies conducted
      under a uniform surgical technique by the same surgeon and followed annually up
      to a maximum of 23 years. Retractile testes were excluded from this series. In
      most cases, the clinical diagnosis matched the surgical findings. Results are
      presented in two groups, unilateral and bilateral, since the main problem for the
      latter is fertility, and they should be considered separately in any study. For
      both groups, the most frequent finding was the normal-sized testis (size A), in
      location I. For positions II and III, size B was the most common; and in position
      IV (intraabdominal), size C had a substantially higher incidence. Surgical
      technique was simpler and the outcome better, as expected, when the testicles
      were of good size, located in a low position, and operated at an early age. A
      worthwhile finding was the long-term cosmetic improvement in an important
      percentage of the surgically descended B-sized testes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2898015
TI  - Omphalocele, cryptorchidism and brain malformations.

PMID- 2898016
TI  - In vitro study on corneal permeability to bunazosin.
AB  - Corneal permeability of bunazosin, one of the alpha-adrenergic receptor
      antagonists, was investigated in vitro using excised rabbit cornea mounted on a
      corneal permeability apparatus, and the enhancing effects of various acids on the
      permeability of bunazosin were evaluated. Caprylic and capric acid elevated
      octanol/water partition coefficient of bunazosin, and corneal permeability was
      increased, probably as a result of ion-pair formation between them. Neither
      bunazosin, these acids, or the ion-pair caused corneal swelling. These acids, in
      contrast, had little effect on the partition of pilocarpine, or on corneal
      permeability.

PMID- 2898017
TI  - Update on tocolytic therapy in the management of preterm labor.

PMID- 2898018
TI  - Doppler ultrasonography as a guide to management in Takayasu's arteritis.

PMID- 2898019
TI  - Adverse reaction to sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2898020
TI  - [Recent advances in neuroendocrinology].

PMID- 2898021
TI  - Polydrug abuse among Ethiopian university students with particular reference to
      khat (Catha edulis).
AB  - The pattern of use of khat (Catha edulis Forsk), alcohol, cigarettes and
      tranquillizers among 479 medical and paramedical students in a boarding college
      in northwestern Ethiopia was studied by an anonymous self-administered
      questionnaire. The survey coverage rate was 98.8%. The majority of students were
      males (82.6%) and their average age was 21.2 years. The prevalence rate of
      current use of alcohol, cigarettes, khat and tranquillizers was 31.1%, 26.3%,
      22.3% and 7.7%, respectively. These substances were also used in combinations,
      the most frequent involved khat, alcohol and cigarettes. Use of khat varied by
      the type of training (medical/paramedical) and by phase of medical education
      (preclinical/clinical). These variations were also apparent when data were
      analysed by sex and frequency of khat use. It appears that the pattern of khat
      use among university students is similar to that reported for substance abuse in
      other countries. Because of the economic importance of khat in the Ethiopian
      economy, its control may be difficult at present.

PMID- 2898022
TI  - A review of surgical treatment of undescended testes with emphasis on anatomical
      position.
AB  - We reviewed our 5-year surgical experience with undescended testes in 295
      patients. Surgery had been performed in a standardized fashion to identify
      accurately testicular position. Before opening the fascia of the external oblique
      muscle, the superficial inguinal pouch and area beyond the external ring were
      explored carefully. Testes beyond the external ring were defined as ectopic.
      Other positions identified included intracanalicular and intra-abdominal. Of 336
      testes 66 per cent were ectopic, 16 per cent intracanalicular, 10 per cent
      abdominal and 3 per cent absent. Maldescent was unilateral in 254 patients and
      bilateral in 41. In the unilateral cases of 178 testes were ectopic (70 per cent)
      and the testis was palpable preoperatively in 158 (89 per cent). Bilateral
      undescended testes were palpable on both sides preoperatively in 25 of 41 cases
      (61 per cent), including 16 (64 per cent) ectopic testes. There were 10 cases of
      bilateral nonpalpable testes and in 8 (80 per cent) both testes were intra
      abdominal. Based on the high incidence of ectopic testes and their associated
      abnormal attachments, it is our prediction that nonsurgical treatment (hormonal)
      of undescended testes would not be expected to achieve optimal results.

PMID- 2898023
TI  - This month in Investigative Urology: what makes bacteria stick to the bladder
      mucosa?

PMID- 2898024
TI  - Effects of five alpha-blockers on the hypogastric nerve stimulation of the canine
      lower urinary tract.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerve increased both urethral and
      bladder pressures of anaesthetized male dogs, without affecting cardiovascular
      parameters. Intravenous injections of prazosin, phentolamine, thymoxamine,
      phenoxybenzamine and yohimbine inhibited the urethral pressure increase in a dose
      dependent manner, but the increase in bladder pressure was not modified by these
      alpha-blockers.

PMID- 2898026
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Syrup of ipecac contamination.

PMID- 2898025
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy after two years of intensified insulin treatment. Follow-up
      of the Kroc Collaborative Study. The Kroc Collaborative Study Group.
AB  - The progression of retinopathy was reevaluated at two years in 64 of the 68
      patients with mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy, originally randomly assigned
      for an eight-month period either to intensified diabetic control with continuous
      subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or to unchanged conventional injection
      treatment. Twenty-three of the 34 patients in the former group and 24 of the 34
      in the latter agreed to continue to follow their original treatment assignment
      for a further 16 months. The others crossed over at the end of the first eight
      months of the study. During those first eight months, substantial lowering of
      blood glucose concentration had been achieved in the CSII group, unexpectedly
      associated with evidence of accelerated progression of retinopathy compared with
      the conventional injection treatment group. Glycemic separation was maintained at
      two years between the two groups continuing to receive the assigned treatment;
      during this time the mean retinopathy level deteriorated with conventional
      injection treatment and improved with CSII. At two years the degree of
      retinopathy in the two treatment groups was indistinguishable, with some trend to
      lesser overall deterioration with CSII. It is concluded that, in diabetics with
      mild to moderate nonproliferative retinopathy, the acceleration in activity
      associated with tightened control is not sustained and does not initiate
      vasoproliferative deterioration in retinopathy.

PMID- 2898027
TI  - A multicenter comparison of lovastatin and cholestyramine therapy for severe
      primary hypercholesterolemia. The Lovastatin Study Group III.
AB  - This study compares lovastatin and cholestyramine resin therapy in patients with
      severe primary hypercholesterolemia. Two hundred sixty-four patients on lipid
      lowering diets were randomized equally to receive 12 g of cholestyramine resin,
      20 mg of lovastatin, or 40 mg of lovastatin, each twice a day. The mean
      reductions among the three groups after 12 weeks' treatment in levels of total
      plasma cholesterol (-17%, -27%, and -34%, respectively) and low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (-23%, -32%, and -42%, respectively) and the median
      reductions in apolipoprotein B levels (-21%, -28%, and -33%, respectively) were
      all significantly different between groups. Similar mean increases in high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (8%, 9%, and 8%, respectively) and median
      increases in apolipoprotein A-1 levels (7%, 6%, and 11%, respectively) were
      observed in all treatment groups. Cholestyramine resin treatment had no
      significant effect on very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein
      A-II levels and produced a median 11% increase in plasma triglyceride
      concentration; in contrast, administration of either 20 or 40 mg of lovastatin
      twice a day was associated with median reductions in very low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels (-34% and -31%, respectively) and plasma triglyceride levels (
      21% and -27%, respectively) and median increases in levels of apolipoprotein A-II
      (8% and 13%, respectively). Adverse events in all treatment groups were
      preponderantly in the gastrointestinal tract; gastrointestinal tract symptoms
      that could be attributed to therapy with a specific drug occurred in 58% of the
      cholestyramine resin group, 13% of the 20-mg lovastatin group, and 14% of the 40
      mg lovastatin group. The only drug-attributable serious adverse event was a
      reversible myopathy in a patient taking 40 mg of lovastatin twice a day. We
      conclude that lovastatin is both more effective and better tolerated than
      cholestyramine resin in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2898028
TI  - [Colitis--recent trends and countermeasures. Mycoses, protozoan and parasitic
      diseases].

PMID- 2898030
TI  - Properties of phenytoin binding sites in the rat brain: regional distribution and
      postnatal development.
AB  - Specific [3H]phenytoin binding in rat cortical membranes is associated with a
      micromolar affinity site through which diazepam can exert an enhancing effect. In
      contrast to diazepam, (+)bicuculline, isoguvacine and pentobarbital inhibited
      phenytoin binding, while GABA and (-)baclofen had no effect. Decreased phenytoin
      binding and a loss of the diazepam effect were observed in phospholipase A2
      treated membranes. Binding in the absence and presence of diazepam demonstrated
      differential postnatal development. Furthermore, the degree to which binding was
      enhanced by diazepam varied from one brain region to another. The regional
      variations of phenytoin binding, both in the presence and absence of diazepam,
      did not correlate positively with the regional distribution of either the central
      benzodiazepine receptors or the peripheral type binding sites in the brain.

PMID- 2898029
TI  - Reclassification of leukemia among A-bomb survivors in Nagasaki using French
      American-British (FAB) classification for acute leukemia.
AB  - The concordance rate for diagnoses of atomic bomb-related cases of leukemia in
      Nagasaki was determined using the French-American-British (FAB) classification
      for acute leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Two Radiation Effects
      Research Foundation (RERF) hematologists and one of the members (JMB) of the FAB
      cooperative group reviewed independently the peripheral blood and/or bone marrow
      smears from 193 people with leukemia or a related disorder. There was 85%
      agreement in the identification of types and subtypes of acute leukemia. There
      was almost complete agreement for the diagnoses of non-FAB disorders (chronic
      myeloid leukemia (CML), adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and others) resulting in
      overall concordance of 88.2%. The present study suggests that the previously
      established leukemia types for about a quarter of the cases of acute leukemia and
      related disorders except CML should be changed. Considerable numbers of cases of
      ATL and MDS were involved in this series. The frequency of the former disease was
      not high in the high-dose irradiated group, but that of the latter was
      considerably high. All subtypes of AML except M3 and M6 were present in the high
      dose group. The striking difference in CML incidence between Nagasaki and
      Hiroshima may continue to be a problem in relation to biological response to
      radiation exposure.

PMID- 2898031
TI  - Effects of various drugs on superoxide generation, arachidonic acid release and
      phospholipase A2 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - The effects of variety of drugs on metabolic burst and phospholipase A2 in
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were investigated. The stimulation of PMNs by
      n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) causes arachidonic acid (AA) to be
      released in the cells concomitantly with the generation of superoxide anion.
      These variables were effectively diminished with some clinically employed drugs
      including chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, azelastine, clemastine and mepacrine
      at the lower concentration of 20 microM. In contrast, indomethacin and procaine
      were ineffective even at the higher concentration of 100 microM. Subcellular
      fractionation of PMNs revealed that phospholipase A2 activity was located both in
      the plasma membrane-rich fraction as well as the granule-microsome-rich fraction,
      and the potency of inhibition of membrane-bound phospholipase A2 by the above
      mentioned drugs was: indomethacin (IC50 = 3 microM) less than chlorpromazine less
      than azelastine and clemastine (IC50 greater than 100 microM). The low potency of
      antipsychotropic drugs and antihistaminic drugs in inhibiting the fractionated
      phospholipase A2 contrast with the high efficiency with which they inhibit the
      superoxide generation and the AA release from stimulated PMNs. The AA releases
      from the PMNs stimulated by FMLP or calcium ionophore (A23187) were almost
      equally diminished by various drugs at the lower concentration. From these
      observations, it appeared likely that these drugs might inhibit the metabolic
      stimulations of PMNs at the sites of the Ca2+-dependent activation processes of
      the enzymes responsible for the AA release and the superoxide generation.

PMID- 2898032
TI  - Palytoxin-induced K+ efflux from ileal longitudinal smooth muscle of the guinea
      pig.
AB  - In guinea-pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle, both palytoxin (PTX) and
      carbachol (CCh) increased K+ efflux with an EC50 of 1.8 X 10(-10) M and 4.1 X 10(
      7) M, respectively. Atropine (10(-6) M) did not inhibit the K+ efflux due to PTX
      (3 X 10(-9) M), but completely inhibited the efflux due to CCh (10(-5) M).
      External Ca2+ removal and verapamil (10(-5) M) did not change the PTX-induced K+
      efflux, although the CCh-induced K+ efflux was inhibited about 77% and 71%,
      respectively. PTX-induced K+ efflux was reduced to 31% by a depletion of
      intracellular Ca2+. Tetraethylammonium (15 mM) inhibited the K+ efflux due to PTX
      or CCh to 61% or 75%, respectively. The PTX-induced K+ efflux was also inhibited
      by cymarin (3 X 10(-8) M), ouabain (10(-5) M) and digitoxin (10(-5) M). These
      results suggest that the PTX-induced K+ efflux is less dependent on Ca2+ influx
      than that due to CCh. Furthermore, the binding sites for PTX in the ileal muscle
      of guinea-pig may be Na+, K+-ATPase, as has been suggested in other types of
      cells.

PMID- 2898033
TI  - Interaction of SM-3997 with serotonin receptors in rat brain.
AB  - The propensity of SM-3997 to displace 3H-ligands was tested in vitro in a number
      of receptor-binding assays. SM-3997 possessed a high affinity towards 5-HT1A
      receptors, low affinity towards dopamine (D2) and 5-HT2 receptors, and no
      affinity towards benzodiazepine (BZ), GABA, 5-HT1B and adrenergic receptors.
      Moreover, SM-3997 facilitated neither 3H-flunitrazepam binding nor 3H-muscimol
      binding. These results suggest that the action of SM-3997 may be mediated via
      central 5-HT1A receptors but not the BZ-GABA receptor complex.

PMID- 2898034
TI  - Comparison of the effects of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics on
      mouse-killing behavior in rats.
AB  - The present study investigated the effects of nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics on
      mouse-killing behavior in rats, compared with the effects of benzodiazepine
      anxiolytics. Mouse-killing behavior was induced by bilateral olfactory
      bulbectomy. The following drugs were administered intraperitoneally:
      chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, ethyl loflazepate, fludiazepam, zopiclone, suriclone,
      and CL 218,872. Among these drugs, suriclone (ED50 = 1.3 mg/kg) and fludiazepam
      (ED50 = 5.9 mg/kg) showed potent suppressive effects. Diazepam, ethyl
      loflazepate, and CL 218,872 showed only weak actions on mouse-killing behavior.

PMID- 2898035
TI  - [Microflora of the drinking water regenerated from atmospheric moisture
      condensate in hermetically sealed quarters].
AB  - In an enclosed environment the species composition of microorganisms was
      quantified and metabolic processes in microbial cells isolated from the
      atmospheric condensate and reclaimed water were investigated. It was demonstrated
      that indicator microorganisms isolated from water and condensate samples
      (Alcaligenes faecalis, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter
      Moraxella) were specific and differed from indicator microorganisms typical of
      regular tap water.

PMID- 2898036
TI  - [Interrelation between changes in bone mass and the hematopoietic stem cell
      count].

PMID- 2898037
TI  - Fast black K salt: a visualization reagent for thin-layer chromatography of beta
      adrenergic blocking drugs.
AB  - A sensitive visual method for the thin-layer chromatography of beta-adrenergic
      blocking drugs is described. The Rf values and the detection limits of eleven
      beta-blockers extracted from urine and as pure drugs are given. Other commonly
      used cardiovascular drugs are shown not to interfere with the method. The
      procedure is applicable to both urine and liver extracts.

PMID- 2898038
TI  - Gastric somatostatin release: evidence for direct mediation by calcitonin gene
      related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
AB  - It has previously been demonstrated that somatostatin (SRIF) directly inhibits
      parietal cell secretion. However, the significance of SRIF as a paracrine agent
      and mechanisms of local gastric SRIF release are not clear. Vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are neuropeptides which
      have been localized in the gastric fundus and have been demonstrated to inhibit
      gastric acid secretion in vivo. The present study examines the hypothesis that
      CGRP and VIP act via the release of gastric fundic SRIF. The study utilized
      rabbit isolated gastric glands prepared by collagenase digestion. Glands were
      incubated alone, or with 10(-10)-10(-6) M CGRP or 10(-10)-10(-6) M VIP for 30
      min. Supernatant SRIF was measured using a specific radioimmunoassay.
      Unstimulated SRIF release was 101 +/- 16 fmole/ml. CGRP (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) and
      VIP (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) resulted in significant SRIF release. The maximum
      release of SRIF by CGRP (506 +/- 113 fmole/ml) was significantly greater than
      that by VIP (293 +/- 33 fmole/ml) (P less than 0.05). However, both these
      concentrations of SRIF are comparable to the ID50 concentration (4.5 X 10(-10) M)
      for SRIF inhibition of acid secretion by isolated parietal cells as assessed by
      [14C]aminopyrine accumulation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis
      that CGRP and VIP inhibition of acid secretion may be mediated, at least in part,
      by the local release of SRIF from the gastric fundus. These data further support
      the significance of paracrine interactions in the modulation of cellular
      secretory function.

PMID- 2898040
TI  - [Terfenadine (Teldanex)--a review of its adverse effects a year after
      registration].

PMID- 2898039
TI  - Intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme in patients with primary liver cancer
      during treatment with N10-propargyl 5, 8-dideazafolic acid (CB 3717).
AB  - Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma
      glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) activities and the serum ALP isoenzyme pattern
      have been measured in eleven patients undergoing treatment with CB3717. There
      were increases in the activity of all three enzymes. The ALP isoenzyme pattern
      showed an increased contribution of the intestinal isoenzyme to the serum ALP
      activity. This may be due to increased intestinal mucosal leakage or impaired
      uptake and breakdown of the intestinal isoenzyme by the liver.

PMID- 2898041
TI  - Induction of B-type receptors for platelet-derived growth factor in vascular
      inflammation: possible implications for development of vascular proliferative
      lesions.
AB  - Expression of B-type receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in
      frozen sections of blood vessels from tissues affected by abnormal vascular cell
      proliferation was investigated by immunohistochemical techniques and compared
      with expression of these receptors in blood vessels of normal tissues. Receptors
      were not expressed, or expressed at low levels, in vessels of normal tissues. In
      contrast, a pronounced expression of PDGF B-type receptors was seen on vascular
      smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaques, rejected kidneys, and chronic
      synovitis. These observations suggest induction of PDGF B-type receptors on
      vascular smooth muscle cells in inflamed tissues, which would render such cells
      responsive to growth stimulation by PDGF released from captured platelets, or
      produced locally (eg, by inflammatory cells or smooth muscle cells). Autocrine or
      paracrine stimulation of cell growth caused by the effect of PDGF on cells with
      induced receptors may be important in the formation of the proliferative lesions
      found in atherosclerosis and in certain forms of chronic inflammation.

PMID- 2898042
TI  - Simple non-invasive method to obtain DNA for gene analysis.
AB  - A technique is described which demonstrates that sufficient human DNA for direct
      gene analysis can be isolated from buccal epithelial cells obtained by mouthwash.
      This procedure is much simpler and cheaper than existing methods and, combined
      with DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction, should allow community
      screening for carrier status for single gene defects such as cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2898043
TI  - Novel modes of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics against Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - Several mucoid strains and one non-mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were
      grown in subinhibitory concentrations of various aminoglycosides, beta-lactams,
      and ciprofloxacin. At antibiotic concentrations that did not affect bacterial
      growth, aminoglycosides inhibited the excretion of alginate capsule and the
      production of the iron-chelating siderophores. The same concentrations also
      disturbed other aspects of the bacterium's iron metabolism, manifested by reduced
      cellular levels of cytochromes and catalase. beta-lactams, except for cefotaxime,
      and ciprofloxacin did not reduce alginate excretion. These effects on virulence
      factors are likely to contribute to the efficacy of aminoglycosides.

PMID- 2898044
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection by in-situ hybridisation in liver
      grafts.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of hepatic dysfunction after liver
      transplantation, but proof of infection and distinguishing CMV hepatitis from
      other causes of impaired liver function can be difficult. In-situ hybridisation
      for CMV-DNA in liver biopsy specimens was assessed in 25 liver graft recipients
      in whom CMV was suspected on clinical grounds. CMV-DNA was detected in all 10
      patients with primary CMV infection, in whom a close correlation was found
      between the number of CMV-DNA-positive cells and both the number of cells
      containing viral inclusions identified by light microscopy and the clinical
      severity of disease. In contrast, CMV-DNA was not detected in patients with
      secondary CMV infection, or in those without evidence of CMV infection. In-situ
      hybridisation for CMV-DNA provides an accurate and rapid diagnosis of CMV
      infection, and allows specific antiviral therapy to be used earlier.

PMID- 2898045
TI  - Effect of intranasal glucagon on blood glucose levels in healthy subjects and
      hypoglycaemic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - Glucagon in solution with a surfactant (deoxycholic acid 1% w/v) was administered
      by intranasal spray to 6 healthy fasting subjects and 6 insulin-dependent
      diabetics with insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In the normal subjects, intranasal
      glucagon increased plasma glucose levels, with a dose-response effect. In the
      diabetic patients, plasma glucose levels showed a mean increase of 100% above
      nadir values in approximately 26 min in response to 7.5 mg intranasal glucagon;
      hypoglycaemic symptoms were relieved within about 7 min. These results suggest
      that intranasal glucagon is effective and may represent an alternative to
      parenteral glucagon or glucose or to oral sugar as the first-line treatment of
      hypoglycaemic episodes in insulin-dependent diabetics.

PMID- 2898046
TI  - Pathogenesis of non-traumatic fat embolism.
AB  - Like the liposomes of certain intravenous fat emulsions associated with embolic
      effects in acutely ill patients, chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins
      (VLDL) show calcium-dependent agglutination by C-reactive protein (CRP). It is
      suggested that non-traumatic fat embolism may be caused by agglutination of
      chylomicrons and VLDL by high levels of plasma CRP. This mechanism may also cause
      acute pancreatitis in patients with types I, IV, and V hyperlipidaemia, and
      avascular necrosis of bone in patients with corticosteroid-induced
      hyperlipidaemia.

PMID- 2898047
TI  - Prophylactic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices: is it justified?

PMID- 2898048
TI  - Ciliary dyskinesia and ultrastructural abnormalities in respiratory disease.

PMID- 2898049
TI  - DNA diagnosis and the polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2898051
TI  - Blood in the alcohol stream--revisited.

PMID- 2898050
TI  - Critical questions: critical incidents; critical answers.

PMID- 2898053
TI  - Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for leukaemia in Europe. Report from the
      Working Party on Leukaemia, European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation.
AB  - 1957 allogeneic HLA-identical sibling-donor bone-marrow transplants done in 52
      European centres between 1979 and 1986 and reported to the European bone-marrow
      transplant leukaemia registry were analysed. The most important factor
      influencing leukaemia-free survival, transplant-related mortality, and relapse
      incidence was the stage of the disease at the time of the transplant. This
      dominant role of the stage of the disease in all three diagnostic categories-
      acute myeloblastic leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and chronic myeloid
      leukaemia--for all three end-points clearly indicates that resistance of the
      leukaemia cell to the procedure is more important than bulk of the disease.
      Additional prognostic factors for leukaemia-free survival and transplant-related
      mortality were age of the patient, cyclosporin for preventing graft-versus-host
      disease, and the donor-recipient sex combination. The risk of relapse was highest
      in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In a multivariate analysis
      leukaemia-free survival was similar for all three major diagnostic categories and
      has not changed since the introduction of the European registry in 1979. These
      results show that the biological differences between the three main diagnostic
      categories of leukaemia are not as great as had been assumed and that the
      traditional approaches to improving results in recent years have failed.

PMID- 2898054
TI  - Combined therapies for upper gastrointestinal disorders--any advantage?

PMID- 2898052
TI  - Impact of B subunit killed whole-cell and killed whole-cell-only oral vaccines
      against cholera upon treated diarrhoeal illness and mortality in an area endemic
      for cholera.
AB  - The impact of B subunit killed whole-cell (BS-WC) and killed whole-cell-only (WC)
      oral cholera vaccines was assessed in a randomised double-blind trial in rural
      Bangladesh. 62,285 children aged 2-15 years and women aged over 15 ingested three
      doses of one of the vaccines or placebo. During the first year of follow-up there
      was a 26% reduction of all visits for treatment of diarrhoea in the BS-WC group
      and a 22% reduction in the WC group. The reduction of all admissions for fatal or
      severely dehydrating diarrhoea was 48% in the BS-WC group and 33% in the WC
      group. Overall mortality rates were 26% lower in the BS-WC group and 23% lower in
      the WC group during the first year, and reductions of mortality were observed
      only in women vaccinated at ages over 15 years. However, no differences in
      cumulative mortality were evident at the end of the second year of surveillance.

PMID- 2898055
TI  - Gallstones and glaciers: the stone that came in from the cold.

PMID- 2898056
TI  - Iodine-deficiency disorders.

PMID- 2898057
TI  - Selective decontamination in intensive therapy units.

PMID- 2898058
TI  - Fish oil.

PMID- 2898059
TI  - Jaundice in patients with gallstones: choledocholithiasis or hepatitis?

PMID- 2898060
TI  - Complete thrombolysis of mesenteric vein occlusion with recombinant tissue-type
      plasminogen activator.

PMID- 2898061
TI  - Mechanical ventilation for the newborn.

PMID- 2898062
TI  - Severity of anaemia and operative mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 2898063
TI  - Specific IgE antibodies to Bordetella pertussis after immunisation in infancy.

PMID- 2898065
TI  - Anonymous testing of women attending antenatal clinics for evidence of infection
      with HIV.

PMID- 2898064
TI  - Mediterranean spotted fever presenting as acute leucocytoclastic vasculitis.

PMID- 2898066
TI  - Breast feeding and HIV infection.

PMID- 2898067
TI  - HIV transmission by oral sex.

PMID- 2898068
TI  - Pentamidine: which salt?

PMID- 2898069
TI  - Overdiagnosis of infective endocarditis.

PMID- 2898070
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus infections in adult bone marrow transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2898071
TI  - Dual infection with leptospira and hantavirus.

PMID- 2898072
TI  - Serological distinction between primary rubella and reinfection.

PMID- 2898073
TI  - Child abuse registers.

PMID- 2898074
TI  - Magic of p values.

PMID- 2898075
TI  - Carcinoembryonic antigen.

PMID- 2898077
TI  - Pancreas transplantations.

PMID- 2898076
TI  - Occupational benzene exposure: preventable deaths.

PMID- 2898078
TI  - Clinical downstaging of uterine cervix by paramedical personnel.

PMID- 2898079
TI  - Galactosylation of IgG associated oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2898081
TI  - Radiation-induced cancer risks.

PMID- 2898080
TI  - Leukaemia and Dounreay.

PMID- 2898082
TI  - Non-surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2898083
TI  - Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from patients on sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2898084
TI  - Acute leukaemia during pregnancy.

PMID- 2898085
TI  - Analgesia during general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2898086
TI  - Papillomavirus infection and progress to abnormal cervical smears.

PMID- 2898087
TI  - Desferrioxamine, anaemia, and haemodialysis.

PMID- 2898088
TI  - Carotid artery disease presenting as cough headache.

PMID- 2898089
TI  - Lessons from an anaesthetic accident.

PMID- 2898090
TI  - AIDS in the UK and globally.

PMID- 2898091
TI  - Uropathogenic Escherichia coli can express serologically identical pili of
      different receptor binding specificities.
AB  - Uropathogenic Escherichia coli frequently express P-pilus adhesins that recognize
      Gal alpha (1-4)Gal-containing glycoconjugates. The P-pilus adhesin of the E. coli
      isolate J96 is encoded by the pap gene cluster and has been shown to agglutinate
      P1-erythrocytes. We now describe a novel gene cluster from J96, prs, which is
      responsible for the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes. The structurally related
      gene clusters both expressed pili exhibiting the F13 antigen. Analysis of mutants
      of cloned prs sequences, together with trans-complementation of pap and prs
      genes, identified the sheep-specific adhesin as the 37-kD PrsG protein. The prsG
      gene occupies the equivalent position in prs as occupied by papG, which specifies
      the Gal alpha (1-4)Gal-specific adhesin of pap. PrsG was shown to be structurally
      distinct from PapG since PapG-specific antiserum did not cross-react with PrsG.
      Using a solid phase glycolipid receptor binding assay, PrsG was found to specify
      preferential binding to the Forssman antigen, a major constituent of sheep
      erythrocyte membranes. The binding epitope was identified as the GaINAc alpha (1
      3)GaINAc moiety. This is the first direct evidence that serologically identical
      pili may present antigenically distinct adhesins, each capable of binding to a
      specific receptor.

PMID- 2898092
TI  - [Hypokalemia and intestinal pseudo-obstruction in a 57-year-old male. Surgically
      confirmed VIPoma with reference to therapy with somatostatin].

PMID- 2898093
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens infection with pronounced hemolysis].

PMID- 2898094
TI  - Endocrine changes in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In conclusion, at present, no consistent endocrine abnormalities can be detected
      in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. However, assessment of
      neuroendocrine function might help identify subpopulations of patients with
      particular neurotransmission abnormalities who are likely to benefit from a
      specific pharmacologic strategy. For example, patients in whom cholinomimetic
      drugs produce the greatest elevation in plasma cortisol concentration appear to
      derive the most symptomatic benefit from these drugs.

PMID- 2898095
TI  - Prolactin and neuroleptic drugs.
AB  - Serum prolactin is reliably elevated by the antipsychotic drugs. Prolactin levels
      have been followed in psychotic patients during the use of these drugs as an
      indicator of underlying pathophysiology or as a reflection of drug activity.
      Considerable research is underway to elucidate further the potential clinical and
      research utility of the prolactin response to neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2898096
TI  - Effects of psychotropic medications on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation.
AB  - The psychotropic medications reviewed in this paper have widespread clinical
      applicability in psychiatry and other branches of medicine. These drugs clearly
      can alter peripheral regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones.
      In general, psychotropic medications when administered acutely have a tendency to
      increase the output of both adrenal and pituitary hormones associated with the
      axis; the benzodiazepines appear to be the exception and indeed may decrease axis
      activity. Psychotropic agents may also alter the results of the dexamethasone
      suppression test as currently used in psychiatry, since they alter the
      neurotransmitters that regulate corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion and
      also because they may change the severity of the underlying pathophysiology.
      Withdrawal of these drugs after long-term administration may cause an elevation
      of these hormones, potentially increasing the false-positive rate of the
      dexamethasone suppression test and other neuroendocrine tests.

PMID- 2898097
TI  - Molecular cloning and analysis of the regulation of cys-14+, a structural gene of
      the sulfur regulatory circuit of Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The cys-14+ gene encodes sulfate permease II, which is primarily expressed in
      mycelia. cys-14+ is one of a set of sulfur-related structural genes under the
      control of cys-3+ and scon+, the regulatory genes of the sulfur control circuit.
      We have cloned cys-14+ from a cosmid library of Neurospora crassa DNA. A
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that this clone maps to
      the region of chromosome IV corresponding to the cys-14+ locus. Northern blot
      analyses were used to examine the regulated expression of the cys-14+ gene. In
      the wild type, a 3-kilobase cys-14+ transcript was highly expressed under sulfur
      derepressing conditions but completely absent during sulfur repression. A cys-3
      mutant, which cannot synthesize any of the sulfur-controlled enzymes, including
      sulfate permease II, did not possess any cys-14+ transcript under either
      condition. A cys-3 temperature-sensitive revertant completely lacked any cys-14+
      mRNA at the conditional temperature but expressed the cys-14+ transcript upon
      derepression at the permissive temperature. Mutation of a second sulfur
      regulatory gene, scon(c), causes the expression of sulfur-related enzymes in a
      constitutive fashion; the scon(c) mutant showed a corresponding constitutive
      expression of cys-14+ mRNA, such that it was present even in cells subjected to
      sulfur repression conditions. These results show that the cys-14+ gene is
      regulated through the modulation of message content by the cys-3+ and scon(c)
      control genes in response to the sulfur levels of the cells.

PMID- 2898099
TI  - Synthesis of proteins in Escherichia coli immunoreactive with sera from
      individuals infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I.
AB  - The env-pX IV fused gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) was
      inserted into lac promoter-directed expression vectors for production of viral
      proteins in bacteria. Resulting recombinant plasmids, pK13 and pK15, directed
      synthesis of fused proteins of 59 kDa (Env-p40x) and 100 kDa (Gag-Env-p40x),
      respectively. Western blot analysis showed that these proteins were reactive with
      sera of patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and retained multiple antigenic
      determinants of viral proteins. In combination with recombinant Gag protein [S.
      Itamura, K. Shigesada, M. Imai, N. Kobayashi, T. Hamakado, T. Harada and M.
      Hatanaka, Gene 38, 57-64 (1985)], these bacterially synthesized proteins may
      provide a useful tool for differential diagnosis of ATL by detecting serum
      antibodies against individual viral proteins and for analysis of viral gene
      functions.

PMID- 2898100
TI  - [Delirium in the general hospital].

PMID- 2898098
TI  - Double minute chromosomes can be produced from precursors derived from a
      chromosomal deletion.
AB  - Recent experiments have shown that gene amplification can be mediated by
      submicroscopic, autonomously replicating, circular extrachromosomal molecules. We
      refer to those molecules as episomes (S. Carroll, P. Gaudray, M. L. DeRose, J. F.
      Emery, J. L. Meinkoth, E. Nakkim, M. Subler, D. D. Von Hoff, and G. M. Wahl, Mol.
      Cell. Biol. 7:1740-1750, 1987). The experiments reported in this paper explore
      the way episomes are formed and their fate in the cell over time. The data reveal
      that in our system the episomes are initially 250 kilobases, but gradually
      enlarge until they become double minute chromosomes. In addition, we show that
      episomes or double minute chromosomes can integrate into chromosomes. Our results
      also suggest that episomes can be produced by deletion of the corresponding
      sequences from the chromosome.

PMID- 2898101
TI  - [Action of doubled derivatives of glutamic acid on mollusk neurons].
AB  - Application of doubled derivatives of glutamic and evoked depolarization of the
      membrane of identified mollusk neurons, whereas glutamate elicited biphasic
      responses. The effect of these substances depended on the length of the chain
      (CH2)n between the residues of glutamic acid; it was maximal for n = 8. Changes
      in membrane conductance were shown to depend on the kind of stereo conformation
      of these residues. Hill's coefficient for tested compounds was about 0.75. It is
      suggested that the doubled derivatives of glutamic acid are agonists of glutamate
      D-receptors.

PMID- 2898102
TI  - [Action of mediators on pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in slices of the
      guinea pig hippocampus].
AB  - Effects of acetylcholine (Ach), norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the background activity were tested in the
      field CA3 in the guinea pig hippocampal slices. Three groups of neurons were
      investigated: nonpyramidal neurons of stratum radiatum-moleculare (NSR), neurons
      with single spike discharges of stratum pyramidale (SD-units) and neurons with
      complex spike discharges (CD-units) in the same stratum. Effects of Ach and NE
      were tested also on presumed interneurons of str. oriens-pyramidale (ISP).
      Similarity between NSR, ISP and SD units and their difference from CD units may
      be suggested on the basis of the drugs action. Activity of the CD units was
      suppressed by NE, 5-HT and GABA, while in a half of these cells Ach evoked
      inhibitory-activatory succession of effects. On the contrary, NSR, ISP and SD
      units were monophasically activated by NE and Ach. Though 5-HT and GABA
      suppressed the activity in some of NSR and SD units, many of them were activated.
      Excitatory influence of Ach, NE and 5-HT on NSR was preserved with the blockade
      of synaptic transmission, which suggests direct influence of the drugs on the
      investigated cells.

PMID- 2898104
TI  - International symposium on Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2898103
TI  - The neurobiology of aging: does it predispose to depression?
AB  - This review examines the various research approaches undertaken to investigate
      possible central nervous system correlates of major depressive illness and
      relates findings from these studies to the alterations in central nervous system
      and neuroendocrine function that normally accompany aging in humans. The topics
      reviewed include: epidemiology of depression and suicide in the elderly;
      monoamine theories of depression; neuroendocrine disturbances in depression; and
      imaging studies.

PMID- 2898105
TI  - Brain neurotransmitters and eating behavior in the elderly.
AB  - Based on published evidence, it is reasonable to propose that disturbances in
      brain neurotransmitters may contribute to the development of eating disorders in
      the elderly. The precise nature of these disturbances, however, cannot be defined
      until further studies are performed in aged animals and more careful attention is
      given to the specific brain site involved and the exact nature of the
      neurochemical change.

PMID- 2898106
TI  - Other likely BBB functions possibly related to aging.
AB  - In addition to selectively facilitating transport between blood and brain, the
      BBB appears to carry out other functions. It probably protects the brain from
      trophic peptides in blood. It also maintains a different electrolyte
      concentration in the neuronal environment relative to blood plasma. It also
      prevents the loss of locally produced neurotransmitters and modulator substances
      in brain. The cytoplasmic enzymes in brain capillary endothelial cells may also
      alter molecular structure on route between blood and brain. Any of these
      functions may be disturbed in the aging brain, but we do not understand them well
      enough to draw any conclusions as yet.

PMID- 2898107
TI  - Anorexia in the elderly.
AB  - Weight loss and anorexia occur commonly in the elderly. While in many cases the
      anorexia can be attributed to associated disease processes, it does appear that a
      true anorexia of aging exists. Animal studies have suggested that older rodents
      have an excessive satiety effect of cholecystokinin and a decreased opioid
      feeding drive. Other older persons develop anorexia in association with
      depression. In these subjects, excess corticotropin-releasing factor may be the
      neurotransmitter involved in the pathogenesis of the anorexia. In Alzheimer's
      disease, decreases in norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y may be involved in the
      anorexia seen in the these patients.

PMID- 2898108
TI  - In vivo analysis of cortical amino acid neurotransmitters collected in the rat by
      a new double lumen push-pull catheter system.
AB  - The release of both endogenous and newly synthesized amino acid neurotransmitters
      was examined simultaneously in different areas of the cerebral cortex in the
      freely moving rat. An array of push-pull guide tubes was implanted permanently to
      rest above the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital areas of the cortex of
      each rat. Then a new double-lumen catheter system, specially adapted for
      localized push-pull perfusion of the conscious animal, was used to perfuse an
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid at each cortical site. For the new synthesis
      experiments, 0.5 microCi of [14C]glucose in a volume of 2.0 microliter was first
      microinjected into the perfusion site as a precursor to label amino acids. After
      the site was perfused at a rate of 12.0 microliter/min, each of the samples was
      assayed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. In a second analysis, the
      content of six endogenous amino acids present in unlabeled samples of push-pull
      perfusate was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with
      electrochemical detection. The results showed a notable homogeneity among each of
      the four cortical areas in the content of four of the six amino acids examined.
      Endogenous glutamine exhibited the highest proportional content in the cortical
      perfusates, whereas glutamic acid was proportionally higher in terms of new
      synthesis. An anatomical analysis revealed that the level of endogenous glutamic
      acid in the frontal area was significantly lower than that found in the occipital
      or temporal regions of the rat's cortex. An opposite result was obtained when the
      proportional synthesis of glutamic acid from [14C] glucose was compared in
      different cortical regions in that a statistically higher release occurred in the
      frontal than in the occipital cortex.

PMID- 2898110
TI  - [125I]dynorphin(1-8) produces a similar pattern of kappa-opioid receptor
      labelling to [3H]dynorphin(1-8) and [3H]etorphine in guinea pig brain: a
      quantitative autoradiographic study.
AB  - kappa-Opioid receptors were radiolabelled with the peptides [125I]dynorphin(1-8)
      and [3H]dynorphin(1-8) or with [3H]etorphine on guinea pig forebrain and
      cerebellar sections and visualized by quantitative autoradiography. All three
      radioligands yielded similar patterns of kappa-receptor localization. However,
      quantitative analysis showed that using saturating concentrations of the
      tritiated radioligands the apparent density of specific [3H]etorphine-labelled
      kappa-sites was 1.5-5.4 times greater than that achieved with [3H]dynorphin(-8).
      The apparent rank order of regional density of kappa-sites on a quantitative
      basis with all 3 radioligands was similar. A high density of kappa-receptors was
      found in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, globus pallidus, cerebral cortex
      (layers V-VI), hippocampal and cerebellar molecular layers, substantia nigra and
      substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. A lower density of these sites was
      associated with the thalamus, hypothalamus and the amygdaloid complex. Thus, in
      view of the advantages of using iodinated ligands in autoradiography this study
      has shown that [125I]dynorphin(1-8) is an acceptable ligand for labelling kappa
      receptors in the brain.

PMID- 2898109
TI  - Striatal grafts in rats with unilateral neostriatal lesions--I. Ultrastructural
      evidence of afferent synaptic inputs from the host nigrostriatal pathway.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry, in combination with Golgi impregnation,
      has been used to study the dopaminergic afferent input to striatal suspension
      grafts implanted into the previously ibotenic acid-lesioned striatum in adult
      recipient rats. The rats were perfused for combined light- and electron
      microscopy at 10-11 months after transplantation, at the end of a series of
      behavioural experiments and a study of in vivo GABA release, reported in the two
      accompanying papers. A tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibre network occurred
      within the grafts in all eight specimens analysed. The tyrosine hydroxylase
      positive fibres had a distinct "patchy" distribution, throughout the graft
      tissue, and within these patches the terminal density was similar to that of the
      normal intact striatum. Ultrastructurally, the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive
      fibres were seen to make abundant synaptic contacts with neuronal elements within
      the grafts. As in the normal striatum, they were all of the symmetric type and
      dendritic shafts and spines were the most usual postsynaptic targets. Sections
      from three of the grafted animals were taken for combined Golgi-impregnation and
      immunostaining. Only cells of the medium-sized densely spiny type were
      impregnated in this material. Six of them, which had portions extending into the
      immunostained neuropil, were drawn using a camera lucida and processed for
      electron microscopy. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive boutons were seen to make
      symmetrical synaptic contacts onto the shafts and spines of the impregnated
      dendrites, and in one case also with the perikaryon. The results indicate that
      the medium-sized densely spiny neuron type (which is a predominant target for the
      dopaminergic afferents in the normal striatum) is abundant in the grafted tissue,
      and that these neurons represent a synaptic target also for the tyrosine
      hydroxylase-positive innervation of the striatal grafts.

PMID- 2898111
TI  - Bradykinin-induced accumulation of [3H]inositol-1-phosphate in human embryonic
      pituitary tumour cells by activation of a B2-receptor.
AB  - Agonist-induced accumulation of [3H]inositol-1-phosphate ([3H]IP1) was studied
      using human embryonic pituitary tumour cells (Flow 9000). Stimulation of Flow
      9000 cells, prelabelled with [3H]inositol, with the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK),
      or its analogues and fragments produced a differential accumulation of [3H]IP1.
      BK-related peptides exhibited the following rank order of potency in this assay:
      BK = [Lys]BK greater than [Met-Lys]Bk much greater than [Des-Arg9]BK much greater
      than BK(1-6) = BK(2-7) = BK(2-9). BK and [Lys]BK produced half-maximal effects at
      2-3 nM. [3H]BK receptor binding studies showed that BK and [Des-Arg9]BK produced
      a concentration-dependent inhibition of [3H]BK binding with Ki values of 4.8 +/-
      1.9 nM (n = 3) and 6.8 +/- 0.7 microM (n = 3) respectively. These studies suggest
      the presence of B2-bradykinin receptors on the human embryonic pituitary tumour
      cell-line which appear to be coupled to the phosphatidyl inositol turnover signal
      transduction mechanism. Cholecystokinin, angiotensin II, vasopressin, thyrotropin
      releasing hormone and bombesin also stimulated [3H]IP1 production but were
      generally much weaker than BK. In contrast, substance P, eledoisin, somatostatin,
      neurotensin, VIP, NPY, CGRP, U50488, DAGO and DADLE appeared inactive in this
      system at 10 microM.

PMID- 2898112
TI  - An endogenous substance of the brain, tetrahydroisoquinoline, produces
      parkinsonism in primates with decreased dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase and
      biopterin in the nigrostriatal regions.
AB  - An endogenous substance of the human brain, tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), that
      had been increased in the parkinsonian brain, produced parkinsonism in marmosets
      after daily injection of TIQ (50 mg/kg per day, s.c. for 11 days). Tyrosine
      hydroxylase activity, total biopterin and dopamine concentrations were also
      decreased in TIQ-treated marmosets. The results suggest that TIQ is one of the
      candidates of neurotoxins to produce parkinsonism.

PMID- 2898113
TI  - Effects of D-(-)-aminophosphonovalerate on behavioral and histological changes
      induced by systemic kainic acid.
AB  - In rats, the seizures induced by systemic kainic acid (KA) are followed by
      extensive neuronal damage, notably in the hippocampal region. We report that the
      specific N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, D-(-)
      aminophosphonovalerate (D(-)APV), given i.c.v. prior to or 2 h after i.p. KA
      injection markedly protected CA1 but not other hippocampal neurons against
      degeneration. In contrast, D(-)APV had no effect on KA-induced wet dog shakes or
      on behavioral seizures. We conclude that NMDA receptors participate in the
      neurotoxic but not in the behavioral effects of systemic KA.

PMID- 2898114
TI  - Evidence of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated modulation of the aortic
      baroreceptor reflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii.
AB  - Microinjections of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) into the medial area of the
      nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of the rat led to a decrease in arterial pressure
      and heart rate. The NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5)
      reduced the cardiovascular responses to NMDA. Depressor and bradycardic responses
      to aortic nerve stimulation were reduced by AP5 but not by a substance P
      antagonist, injected into the NTS. High K+ stimulation caused a calcium-dependent
      release of glutamate and aspartate from tissues in the area of the NTS. These
      results provide evidence of NMDA receptor-mediated modulation of the aortic
      baroreceptor reflex in the rat NTS.

PMID- 2898115
TI  - NMDA- and kainate-evoked GABA release from striatal neurones differentiated in
      primary culture: differential blocking by phencyclidine.
AB  - N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) stimulated (EC50 = 19.4 +/- 1.9 microM) gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from highly purified striatal neurones
      differentiated in primary culture. NMDA effect was inhibited (i) in a competitive
      manner by DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) and (ii) in a non-competitive
      manner by phencyclidine (PCP). Kainate (KA) also stimulated GABA release, but
      this effect was never inhibited by PCP despite the multiple conditions tested (KA
      stimulation performed, after or not NMDA application, in the presence or not of
      NMDA). The existence of two distinct receptor-channel complexes on striatal
      neurones selectively activated by NMDA and KA is discussed.

PMID- 2898116
TI  - Glutamate and dopamine modulate synaptic plasticity in horizontal cell dendrites
      of fish retina.
AB  - Horizontal cell dendrites protruding into the cone pedicles in fish retina
      exhibit a light-dependent plasticity. In a light-adapted retina they form
      numerous spinules having membrane densities at their tips. These spinules
      disappear during dark adaptation. Experiments with light- or dark-adapted retinas
      which were incubated in glutamate or its agonists and antagonists, respectively,
      revealed that this putative cone transmitter is able to reduce the expression of
      spinules in a light-adapted retina. Dopamine, on the other hand, induces the
      formation of spinules in a dark-adapted retina and haloperidol reduces the
      expression in a light-adapted retina. These data suggest a control of spinules
      plasticity through two retinal neurotransmitter systems.

PMID- 2898117
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in rat
      limbocortical areas. I. Frontal cortex.
AB  - The mesolimbocortical dopaminergic system innervates several brain regions
      including the frontal cortex. The aim of our work was both to identify and to
      pharmacologically characterize the dopamine receptors located in this brain area.
      We found that different selective agonists for D1 receptors were able to increase
      adenylate cyclase activity, and these effects were antagonized by haloperidol and
      SCH 23390. Moreover different agonists for D2 receptors inhibited the cyclic AMP
      generating system, and these effects were prevented by (-)-sulpiride. According
      to the paradigm that D1 receptors are linked with adenylate cyclase in a
      stimulatory way, while D2 receptors are linked with the same enzyme in an
      inhibitory way, our results indicate the presence of both D1 and D2 receptors in
      rat frontal cortex.

PMID- 2898118
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in rat
      limbocortical areas. II. Dorsal hippocampus.
AB  - The mesolimbocortical dopamine (DA) system innervates several brain regions
      including the hippocampus. The aim of the present study was both to identify and
      to pharmacologically characterize the DA receptors located in this brain area.
      The results show that different agonists for D1 DA receptors, such as DA itself,
      SKF82526 and (-)-apomorphine, were able to increase adenylate cyclase activity,
      and these effects were antagonized by haloperidol and SCH 23390. Moreover
      bromocriptine, lisuride and RU 24213, which are agonists for D2DA receptors,
      inhibited the cyclic AMP generating system and these effects were prevented by (
      )-sulpiride. According to the paradigm that D1 DA receptors are linked with
      adenylate cyclase in a stimulatory way, while D2 DA receptors are linked with the
      same enzyme in an inhibitory way, our results indicate the presence of both D1
      and D2 receptors in rat hippocampus. Localization studies show that both DA
      receptor subtypes are restricted to the dorsal part of the hippocampus.

PMID- 2898120
TI  - Drug induced disease as a cause of admission to a country hospital.
AB  - During 1983, 15% of admissions to the medical ward of Kaitaia Hospital resulted
      from ill effects of prescribed medication. Tranquillisers, digoxin, beta
      blockers, other hypotensive drugs, and nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs were the
      offending agents in 73% of these admissions. Drug induced illness makes an
      important contribution to the work-load of a general medical ward, and more care
      in the prescription of these classes of drugs might substantially reduce this
      contribution.

PMID- 2898121
TI  - Beta-2 agonists and asthma morbidity.

PMID- 2898119
TI  - A quantitative assessment by flow cytometry of the preservation of the Thy-1
      antigen by various fixation procedures.
AB  - A quantitative assessment of the effects of various fixatives upon the
      preservation of the Thy-1 surface antigen has been undertaken. A panel of 5
      monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been reacted with mouse lymphocytes treated
      with various fixatives, and their binding analysed by flow cytometry using a
      fluorescence activated cell sorter. It was found that 2% paraformaldehyde (PFA)
      provided the best antigenic preservation, as detected by both the anti Thy-1.1
      and anti Thy-1.2 MAbs. The effectiveness of 2% PFA fixation is further
      demonstrated by the immunohistochemical identification of the Thy-1 antigen in
      sections of mouse cerebellar cortex.

PMID- 2898122
TI  - Benzodiazepine addiction.

PMID- 2898123
TI  - The prescribing of psychoanxiolytic and analgesic drugs.

PMID- 2898124
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid activity of dynorphin-converting enzyme at term pregnancy.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid activity of a dynorphin-converting enzyme transforming
      prodynorphin-derived peptides to [Leu]enkephalin-Arg6 was measured in 12 women at
      term pregnancy before cesarean section and in eight nonpregnant, nonpuerperal
      controls. In pregnant women, the dynorphin-converting enzyme activity was
      significantly lower (mean +/- SD 6.8 +/- 3.8 U/L) than in nonpregnant controls
      (11.7 +/- 2.6 U/L; P less than .01). Furthermore, prodynorphin-derived
      [Leu]enkephalin-Arg6-containing polypeptides were significantly increased in
      samples from pregnant women (P less than .05). This indicates that a reduced
      activity of opioid peptide-degrading enzymes might contribute to an increased
      resistance to pain at term pregnancy.

PMID- 2898125
TI  - Presence of carcinogenic glutamic-acid pyrolysis products in human cataractous
      lens.
AB  - The carcinogenic glutamic-acid pyrolysis products, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2
      a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-amino-dipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P
      2), were found to be present in human cataractous lenses, but not in normal
      bovine lenses. Contents of Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2 in 35 human cataractous lenses
      were 832 and 20 ng, respectively. These results indicate that the human
      cataractous lens is exposed to the fluorescent compounds, carcinogenic glutamic
      pyrolysis products.

PMID- 2898126
TI  - The antinociceptive role of a bulbospinal serotonergic pathway in the rat brain.
AB  - The antinociceptive role of spinal serotonin (5-HT) neurons descending from 5-HT
      cells near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata was investigated by
      stimulating these cells in normal rats, in rats with generalized or selective
      chemical ablation of 5-HT nerves, and in rats with postsynaptic blockade of 5-HT
      receptors. Electrical stimulation of the lateral medulla elicited analgesia in
      normal rats; the increase in pain threshold was proportional to the intensity and
      to the frequency of stimulation. In addition, microinjection of kainic acid or L
      glutamate at the same sites also produced analgesia. However, generalized
      destruction of CNS 5-HT nerves produced by intraventricular injection of 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or selective destruction of spinal 5-HT nerves
      produced by intraspinal injection of 5,7-DHT reduced the magnitude of the
      antinociceptive responses to electrical stimulation. Postsynaptic blockade of CNS
      5-HT receptors produced by intraventricular injection of cyproheptadine also
      reduced the stimulation-produced analgesia. The specificity of the lesions for 5
      HT nerves is demonstrated by the lack of effect on the levels of noradrenaline in
      the same brain regions. The results indicate that the activity of 5-HT nerve
      cells adjacent to the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata and
      projecting to the spinal cord serves to elevate pain threshold.

PMID- 2898128
TI  - A HindIII RFLP demonstrated for the kit oncogene on chromosome 4.

PMID- 2898127
TI  - Human tyrosine hydroxylase and insulin genes are contiguous on chromosome 11.
AB  - The gene for the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),
      has been previously mapped to human chromosome 11 p15.5 in the vicinity of the
      loci for insulin (INS) and for the oncogene Harvey Ras 1 (HRAS). Here we show
      that gene probes derived from recombinant clones containing either human TH or
      INS cross-hybridize with each other. Direct DNA sequencing demonstrates that
      these genes are physically linked on chromosome 11. The TH gene is 5' to INS and
      is separated by only 2.7 kb of flanking DNA. Both genes have the same
      transcriptional polarity and form a head-to-tail linkage group with insulin-like
      growth factor 2 (IGF-2) in the order: 5' - TH - INS - IGF-2 - 3'. Because of the
      close physical proximity of these genes, previously described polymorphisms for
      INS are identical to those observed with TH. The localization of TH to the highly
      polymorphic INS locus provides four new restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      which should help determine rapidly whether defects in TH are responsible for
      bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish and other populations.

PMID- 2898129
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pJCZ30) on chromosome 6
      [D6S37].

PMID- 2898130
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH26) on chromosome 11
      [D11S149].

PMID- 2898131
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD70.3) on chromosome 18
      [D18S23].

PMID- 2898132
TI  - Drug-induced psychosis and depression in the elderly.
AB  - This article discusses drug-induced psychosis and depression in the elderly
      population. Selected reports with particular emphasis on the geriatric population
      are evaluated with histamine blockers, antiparkinson, anti-inflammatory,
      antituberculosis, antineoplastic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, cardiac,
      antihypertensive, and steroid drugs. Particular emphasis is placed on possible
      mechanisms of these side effects and factors contributing to increased incidence
      in the elderly population. In review, the clinician is advised to use special
      caution when prescribing these agents in the elderly considering increasing
      patterns of drug-induced psychosis and depression.

PMID- 2898133
TI  - Neuroleptics and alternative treatments. Management of behavioral symptoms and
      psychosis in Alzheimer's disease and related conditions.
AB  - Behavioral problems, and even psychotic symptoms, are universally acknowledged as
      among the most distressing consequences of dementia. A majority of patients
      experience either or both at some time during the course of dementia. Agitation
      is so common that accurate prevalence rates are difficult to ascertain; the
      available data suggest approximately 70 to 80 per cent of patients manifest this
      behavior in some form. Psychotic symptoms in some form occur less frequently, but
      perhaps affect up to half of demented patients at some time. Neuroleptic
      medications are among the psychoactive drugs most frequently prescribed for the
      demented elderly, yet they carry the risk of considerable morbidity from side
      effects, both acute (extrapyramidal syndromes, cardiovascular toxicity,
      anticholinergic effects) and chronic (tardive dyskinesia). They are most widely
      used for behavioral and psychotic symptoms; however, their efficacy for these
      problems is far from unequivocally established. The multiple medical problems of
      the elderly add to the complexity of diagnosing and managing these symptoms.
      Systematic delineation of the etiology, course, and prognosis of behavioral and
      psychotic symptoms may clarify the indications for such treatment. Further
      research on effective adjuncts and alternatives to neuroleptic treatment in the
      demented elderly may facilitate patient management, maximizing efficacy and
      reducing potential adverse consequences.

PMID- 2898134
TI  - Antidepressant drug studies in the elderly.
AB  - This article reviews the literature on antidepressant drug trials conducted in
      elderly populations. Only 27 studies of cyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors (MAOIs), and psychostimulants deal specifically with subjects that
      were over age 60. Methodologic problems were found in many studies, including
      lack of diagnostic criteria and inadequate controlling for cognitive impairment,
      concurrent medical illnesses, and nonpsychotropic medications. Most studies
      compared second-generation antidepressants against placebo or tricyclic
      antidepressants (TCAs). Antidepressant drugs are effective treatments for
      geriatric depression, and limiting side effects are comparable with those seen in
      younger populations.

PMID- 2898135
TI  - Psychotropic drug interactions in the patient with late-onset psychosis and mood
      disorder. Part 1.
AB  - We have discussed major drug interactions involving neuroleptics and MAOIs.
      Interactions in the older patients are probably more frequent owing to the larger
      number of medications used. When interactions do occur in the elderly, the
      effects may be more severe and of a longer duration than those seen in younger
      patients. Many (but not all) drug-drug interactions are predictable, given a
      basic knowledge of the pharmacologic effects of the agents in question. In a
      number of cases, there are therapeutic alternatives to agents that have been
      reported to interact with psychotropic medications. The clinician should consider
      the likelihood of adverse drug interactions to be a significant concern as the
      age of the patient and the number of concurrently administered medications
      increase.

PMID- 2898136
TI  - Psychotropic drug interactions in the patient with late-onset depression or
      psychosis. Part 2.
AB  - We now conclude our discussion of psychotropic drug interactions in the late-life
      depression or psychosis patient. We have attempted to point out the more common
      drug interactions, while also mentioning less well-reported, yet potentially
      important interactions. The outcome of such adverse reactions as we have
      described herein is usually of greater concern in older patients. Accordingly,
      this population would benefit considerably from accurate reporting of any
      suspected drug interactions. Although most drug interactions are usually somewhat
      predictable, it is very important that those interactions that are not expected
      otherwise be well documented. As stated elsewhere in this review, a good basic
      knowledge of the pharmacology of the agents in question will serve the clinician
      and his or her patient well.

PMID- 2898137
TI  - Association of psychosis and movement disorders in the elderly.
AB  - There are a number of different relationships among aging, psychosis and movement
      disorders, most of which have been proposed to involve the neurotransmitter
      dopamine. Dopamine content and dopamine receptors have been shown to decrease
      with age, which may relate to the time of onset of different motor and psychotic
      disorders, as well as to the appearance of these disorders. For example, some so
      called senile movement disorders, such as senile tremor and senile chorea, may
      relate to alterations in dopaminergic transmission with age, as might the general
      findings of increased slowing of movements and mildly increased rigidity with
      age, although it is not clear how common some of these changes are in the
      medically healthy elderly. Decrease in dopamine with age may also be associated
      with the findings that choreiform and psychotic disorders (which have been
      proposed to be related to excess dopaminergic activity) tend to predominate at
      younger ages, whereas parkinsonism is more common at later ages. Certain findings
      support this notion, such as the appearance of both dyskinesia and psychosis in
      patients treated with L-dopa, the finding that psychosis may be less common in
      patients with later-onset Huntington's disease, and the fact that neuroleptic
      induced parkinsonism is often more severe in the elderly. However, the situation
      is more complicated than this, because there are a number of phenomena that do
      not fit the pattern, including the observation of an increased incidence of
      tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. Age-related changes in other transmitters are
      undoubtedly important in both movements disorders and psychosis, and even
      dopamine has been proposed to have both trophic and toxic properties over the
      aging process. In general, care is warranted in the use of any psychotropic
      medications in the elderly, because there can be widespread and often
      unpredictable effects of these drugs on both motor and mental function.

PMID- 2898138
TI  - [The use of DNA recombination technics in human genetics].

PMID- 2898139
TI  - Egg yolk paste for determining some food poisoning bacteria.
AB  - Egg yolk, aseptically prepared from fresh eggs, was partially dehydrated with a
      40% high fructose corn syrup solution, and 10% salt was added. This salted yolk
      paste was added to mannitol salt agar for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus,
      to NaCl-glycine Kim and Goepfert medium for detection of Bacillus cereus, to
      Clostridium welchii agar for detection of C. perfringens, and to Gifu anaerobic
      medium for detection of C. botulinum. These food poisoning bacteria showed the
      same lecithovitellin (LV) reaction on these media as on the same media prepared
      with fresh egg yolk. The yolk paste could be stored at -20 C without freezing and
      did not show any bacterial growth after holding at 25 C for 30 days. The
      increased salt content resulted from the addition of salted yolk paste to the
      media did not inhibit the growth of the food poisoning bacteria used in these
      experiments. For the identification of the food poisoning bacteria used in this
      work, and which give a LV reaction, salted yolk paste is more convenient to use
      than yolk separated from fresh shell eggs.

PMID- 2898140
TI  - [Zona as a predictive element of the infection by human immunodeficiency type 1
      virus in Bangui (Central African Republic)].

PMID- 2898141
TI  - A histone H1 protein in sea urchins is encoded by a poly(A)+ mRNA.
AB  - Typical histone genes lack intervening sequences and encode small mRNAs (400-800
      nucleotides) with short leader and trailer regions. Most histone mRNAs are not
      polyadenylylated but rather terminate in a highly conserved stem and loop
      structure. The early, late, and testis-specific histone genes of sea urchins,
      described to date, have this typical histone gene structure. We have identified
      an unusual H1 gene, H1-delta, in sea urchins that encodes a poly(A)+ mRNA. This
      mRNA is one of a group of polyadenylylated transcripts homologous with H1 gene
      probes. The sequence of H1-delta had been determined. H1-delta encodes a
      different H1 protein. Although the temporal expression of H1-delta mRNA is
      similar to that of other late H1 (beta and gamma) mRNAs, its spatial distribution
      at the time of maximal accumulation is distinct and confirms that H1-delta is
      regulated differently than other H1 genes.

PMID- 2898142
TI  - Structural analysis of the 5' flanking region of the beta-globin gene in African
      sickle cell anemia patients: further evidence for three origins of the sickle
      cell mutation in Africa.
AB  - Haplotype analysis of the beta-globin gene cluster shows two regions of DNA
      characterized by nonrandom association of restriction site polymorphisms. These
      regions are separated by a variable segment containing the repeated sequences
      (ATTTT)n and (AT)xTy, which might be involved in recombinational events. Studies
      of haplotypes linked to the sickle cell gene in Africa provide strong argument
      for three origins of the mutation: Benin, Senegal, and the Central African
      Republic. Nevertheless, the haplotype determination does not give any information
      about the variable segment and does not totally exclude the possibility of
      recombination leading to different haplotypes linked to the mutation. The
      structure of the variable segment in the three African populations was studied by
      S1 nuclease mapping of genomic DNA, which allows a comparison of several samples.
      A 1080-base-pair DNA segment was sequenced for one sample from each population.
      S1 nuclease mapping confirmed the homogeneity of each population with regard to
      both (ATTTT)n and (AT)xTy repeats. We found three additional structures for
      (AT)xTy correlating with the geographic origin of the patients. Ten other
      nucleotide positions, 5' and 3' to the (AT)xTy copies, were found to be variable
      when compared to homologous sequences from human and monkey DNAs. These results
      allow us to propose an evolutionary scheme for the polymorphisms in the 5'
      flanking region of the beta-globin gene. The results strongly support the
      hypothesis of three origins for the sickle mutation in Africa.

PMID- 2898143
TI  - A retrovirus carrying an MDR1 cDNA confers multidrug resistance and polarized
      expression of P-glycoprotein in MDCK cells.
AB  - A full-length cDNA for the human multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) has been
      inserted into a retroviral vector containing a murine Harvey sarcoma virus from
      which the viral oncogene was deleted. Ecotropic and amphotropic virus was
      produced after transfection of this vector into psi-2 and PA-12 packaging cell
      lines. This virus conferred the full phenotype of multidrug resistance on mouse
      and human cell lines. Viral titers of up to 2 X 10(5) drug-resistant colonies per
      ml were observed. Infected cells became resistant to colchicine, vinblastine,
      doxorubicin, VP16 (etoposide), and puromycin, but not cisplatin, indicating that
      the presence of the human MDR1 gene is sufficient to cause multidrug resistance.
      When the dog kidney cell line MDCK was infected with the MDR1 virus, P
      glycoprotein was expressed in a polarized manner on the upper surface of the
      cells, showing that the cloned cDNA also encodes information for polarized
      expression of P-glycoprotein. The MDR1 virus should be useful for introducing
      this drug resistance gene into a variety of cell types for biological experiments
      in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2898144
TI  - Rapid desensitization of glutamate receptors in vertebrate central neurons.
AB  - We have examined glutamate receptor desensitization in voltage-clamped embryonic
      chicken spinal cord neurons and postnatal rat hippocampal neurons maintained in
      culture. Rapid currents that rose in 0.8-3.6 msec were evoked when glutamate was
      ionophoresed with 0.5- to 1.0-msec pulses. With prolonged pulses or brief,
      repetitive pulses, glutamate-evoked currents decayed rapidly in a manner that was
      independent of holding potential. A similar desensitization occurred following
      close-range pressure ejection of glutamate. The rapid, desensitizing glutamate
      current exhibited a linear current-voltage relation and it was not blocked by 2
      amino-5-phosphonovalerate, suggesting that it was mediated by N-methyl-D
      aspartate-insensitive (G2) receptors. Desensitization of G2 receptors may be
      agonist-dependent: currents evoked by kainate, a selective G2 agonist, did not
      decay, whereas prior application of glutamate did reduce the size of kainate
      responses. The appearance of the rapid current depended critically on the
      position of the ionophoretic pipette. Such glutamate-receptor "hot spots" often
      corresponded to points of contact with neighboring neurites, which raises the
      possibility that they are located at synapses.

PMID- 2898145
TI  - Development of stimulus selectivity and functional organization in the
      suprasylvian visual cortex of the cat.
AB  - We have recorded from single neurons in the medial bank of the middle
      suprasylvian sulcus (PMLS) of anaesthetized and paralysed cats aged between nine
      days and eight weeks. Visual responses were assessed qualitatively, by using
      conventional projected stimuli, and quantitatively for drifting, high-contrast
      gratings of optimum spatial and temporal frequencies, but varying in orientation
      and direction of drift. At 9 days of age, some cells in the PMLS were
      spontaneously active but in three long penetrations only one visually responsive
      neuron was isolated. Between 9 and 15 days there was a rapid increase in the
      proportion of responsive units, which first appeared in small clusters in the
      lower layers (IV, V, VI). During the second and third postnatal weeks,
      spontaneous activity and the strength of visual responses increased to adult
      levels, and the proportion of cells showing rapid habituation to visual
      stimulation decreased. Even before two weeks of age, at least 85% of responsive
      cells in the PMLS were selective, by quantitative criteria, for image motion
      along one particular axis, and a majority of these were clearly direction
      selective (responding to movement in one direction significantly more strongly
      than to that in the opposite). By the end of the third postnatal week the
      proportion of units with strong direction preference reached adult levels. The
      selective cells were initially more broadly 'tuned', on average, for the
      direction of motion of a grating (mean half-width in animals of 10-12 days was
      32.6 degrees), but the sharpness of tuning improved to reach the adult level (ca.
      23 degrees) during the third postnatal week. In animals younger than three weeks
      a slightly smaller proportion of cells than in adults (but always more than one
      third of all visually responsive cells) responded to stationary, contrast
      modulated gratings. The majority of these cells showed clear selectivity for the
      orientation of a flashed grating. A few 'non-selective' cells were found in the
      youngest animals but by the end of the third postnatal week virtually all cells
      responsive to stationary gratings displayed orientation selectivity. There was
      always good agreement between the preferred orientations for stationary and
      drifting gratings. Even before two weeks of age, when responsive cells occurred
      only in small clusters, there was a clear tendency for neighbouring neurons to
      have similar or opposite preferred directions, just as in adult cats. By 2-3
      weeks of age there were clear progressive shifts in stimulus preference along
      oblique or tangential tracks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2898146
TI  - Analysis of the rat liver gap junction protein: clarification of anomalies in its
      molecular size.
AB  - The major gap junction polypeptide in most tissues has an apparent molecular mass
      of 27 kDa with a 47 kDa dimer present in junction-enriched fractions. However, a
      54 kDa protein recognized by gap junction-specific antibodies has been reported
      and a complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence for both human and rat liver gap
      junctions codes for a 32 kDa protein. In this paper we show that these are all
      forms of the same gap junction protein that can be observed on SDS-polyacrylamide
      gels simply by varying the concentration of acrylamide in the gels. A 64 kDa
      dimer is also obtainable. Antibodies to the gap junction protein or to a
      synthetic peptide constructed to match the rat liver gap junction amino-terminal
      sequence recognize all of these forms. Under some conditions a 54 kDa dimer is
      'preferred', explaining the presence of this species in whole tissue homogenate
      Western blots. These results clarify several controversies and indicate that the
      protein forming the gap junction channel probably undergoes no major post
      translational modification as the cDNA sequence codes for a protein of molecular
      mass 32 kDa and this protein species and its 64 kDa dimer are demonstrable on SDS
      polyacrylamide gels under appropriate conditions.

PMID- 2898147
TI  - Responses to GABA, glycine and beta-alanine induced in Xenopus oocytes by
      messenger RNA from chick and rat brain.
AB  - Poly (A)+ messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted from rat and chick brains, and
      injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis. This led to the expression of receptors
      that evoked membrane currents in response to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),
      glycine and beta-alanine. These currents all inverted at about the chloride
      equilibrium potential in the oocyte, and showed a marked rectification at
      negative potentials. Oocytes injected with mRNA from chick optic lobe gave large
      responses to GABA and beta-alanine, but small responses to glycine. In contrast,
      one fraction of mRNA from rat cerebral cortex (obtained by sucrose density
      gradient centrifugation) caused oocytes to develop sensitivity to GABA, glycine
      and beta-alanine, but very little to GABA. The pharmacological properties of the
      three amino acid responses also differed. Barbiturate and benzodiazepines
      potentiated the responses to GABA and beta-alanine, but not to glycine.
      Strychnine reduced the responses to glycine and beta-alanine, but not to GABA,
      whereas bicuculline reduced the responses to GABA and beta-alanine, but not to
      glycine. We conclude that different species of mRNA code for receptors to GABA
      and glycine, and possibly also for separate beta-alanine receptors.

PMID- 2898148
TI  - The distribution of the incubation period for the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - This paper contains details of methods and full results of estimates of the
      incubation period of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that were outlined
      in a previous paper by Medley et al. (Nature, Lond. 328, 719 (1987)). The
      original model is modified to assess the influence of age and sex on the
      incubation period: age, but not sex, is statistically significant. The
      difficulties associated with interpretation of these data, and the additional
      information that would be required to resolve these difficulties are discussed.

PMID- 2898149
TI  - Effect of amino acids on renal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption by the rat
      kidney.
AB  - This study shows that L-arginine, a dibasic amino acid, which decreases in
      proximal convoluted tubule HCO3 transport, does not inhibit renal Na+/K+ ATPase
      activity or O2 consumption in vitro. Thus, a mechanism(s) other than inhibition
      of Na+/K ATPase likely accounts for the inhibitory effect of dibasic aminoacids
      on HCO3 transport in the superficial proximal convoluted tubule. Neutral and acid
      aminoacids, unlike dibasic aminoacids, do not inhibit HCO3 transport in this
      nephron segment.

PMID- 2898151
TI  - Factors which modify neural control of the airway.

PMID- 2898150
TI  - Rheogenic transport of basic and acidic amino acids across the brush border of
      Necturus small intestine.
AB  - In studies with isolated Necturus intestine, glutamate (Glu-) and Na+ each
      enhanced the mucosal influx of the other. Measurement of apical membrane
      potential, Va, with microelectrodes revealed a rapid depolarization with addition
      of 10 mM mucosal Glu-. This depolarization was Na+ dependent. Upon complete
      removal of Cl- from the bathing medium Va hyperpolarized and the Glu- -induced
      depolarization increased significantly. However, removal of Cl- did not alter the
      total Glu- influx. These data suggest that external Cl- attenuates the
      rheogenicity of Na+/Glu- cotransport in the apical membrane of the absorptive
      cells. We have presented a model consistent with these observations in which Cl-
      competes with one -COO- group of Glu- for its binding site on the carrier. The
      two complexes which may form, carrier/Glu-/2Na+ or carrier/Glu-/2Na+/Cl-, allow
      for either electrogenic or electroneutral transport of Glu-, depending on the
      ratio [Glu-]/[Cl-] in the extracellular fluid. In other experiments, addition of
      mucosal L-lysine (Lys+) induced a rapid depolarization of Va. In the presence of
      Na+, the depolarization appeared to be saturable with respect to Lys+
      concentration. In Na+-free media, however, the depolarization increased with Lys+
      concentration up to a maximum at 10 mM and then decreased to near zero at 30 mM.
      These data are consistent with a model for Lys+ entry in which an anionic site of
      the carrier can bind either Na+ or the epsilon-NH3+ group of Lys+. In this model
      transport of either complex, carrier-/Lys+ or carrier-/Lys+/Na+ (and return of
      the carrier to the extracellular surface) is rheogenic. However, at higher Lys+
      concentrations, the epsilon-NH3+ group of a second Lys+ molecule may bind to the
      carrier forming a complex, carrier-/2Lys+, which is not transported.

PMID- 2898152
TI  - Effect of active sensitization on canine airway smooth muscle responsiveness to
      adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms in vitro.

PMID- 2898154
TI  - Fixed dose combination therapy in asthma. The positive case for future therapy.

PMID- 2898153
TI  - Epithelial dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity in asthma.
AB  - It is clear that the central airway epithelium plays an important role in
      restricting access of inhaled solutes to sub-epithelial airway wall structures.
      Non-specific airway hyperreactivity to spasmogens in asthma may result partly as
      a consequence of the compromise of the epithelium as a barrier to solute
      diffusion. However, impaired epithelial production and release of smooth muscle
      relaxant factor(s) may also contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness. Virally
      precipitated asthma also involves inflammation-induced epithelial damage. Beta
      adrenoceptor hypofunction induced by respiratory viruses may also contribute to
      bronchial obstruction.

PMID- 2898155
TI  - Inhibition of rat colon motility by stimulation of atypical beta-adrenoceptors
      with new gut-specific agents.
AB  - The new putative beta-adrenergic agonists SR 58306A, 2-[(7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydronaphth-2-yl)amino]-1-phenylethanol hydrochloride and SR 58339A, 2-[(7
      hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-2-yl)amino]-1- (3-chlorphenyl) ethanol
      hydrochloride, were studied in vitro in comparison with reference compounds. SR
      58306A and SR 58339A, unlike isoprenaline and the beta2 selective adrenergic
      agonists salbutamol and ritodrine, potently inhibited rat colon spontaneous
      contractions (EC50 5.9 and 1.1 x 10(-7) M) without increasing guinea-pig atrium
      frequency or relaxing guinea-pig trachea. The nonselective beta-adrenergic
      antagonists alprenolol, pindolol and propranolol competitively antagonized the
      action of SR 58306A on the colon, which was not prevented by either of the
      selective antagonists atenolol (beta 1) and ICI 118551 (beta 2). In the same
      preparation only alprenolol competitively antagonized isoprenaline; antagonism by
      either pindolol or propranolol was not competitive. These results suggest that in
      the rat colon isoprenaline interacts with different beta-receptor subclasses,
      whereas our new gut-specific compounds such as SR 58306A inhibit colonic motility
      by selectively stimulating atypical beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2898156
TI  - Control of alcohol addiction by SKV therapy--its action on water, food intake,
      brain function and cell membrane composition.
AB  - Alcohol being easily permeable through cell membrane causes toxic damage to many
      tissues. Rats drinking aqueous ethanol (25% v/v) for 120 days and 240 days showed
      an initial rise in body weight. The reduced rate in weight gain in chronic
      alcoholism is associated with a fall in food intake. Ethanol ingesting animals
      showed slow response to stimuli and increase in blood ethanol and serum GGTP
      levels. Liver plasma membrane, kidney brush-border membrane and pancreatic plasma
      membrane from alcoholic rats showed significant alterations in
      cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio and membrane ATPases. Water retention with
      the enlargement of liver and kidney associated with increased fluid consumption
      are also seen during alcoholism. SKV by breaking alcohol dependence reduces
      drinking, lowers blood ethanol level and fluid intake without developing
      withdrawal symptoms. Restriction of ethanol intake by SKV therapy resulted in the
      reversal of organ enlargement and membrane composition in alcoholics.

PMID- 2898157
TI  - Effect of 2-pyrrolidone on the concentration of GABA in rat tissues.
AB  - The effects of 2-pyrrolidone, a cyclic lactam of GABA, were studied on blood and
      organ levels of 2-pyrrolidone, GABA, glutamic acid, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
      and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T). When administered i.p., the only significant
      effects observed were increases of brain and liver 2-pyrrolidone. In contrast,
      regular oral administration for 7 months produced significant increases of GABA
      and glutamic acid in brain and of glutamic acid alone in liver while GAD
      decreased in brain and increased in liver; GABA-T was unchanged. A new method for
      the synthesis of radioactive 2-pyrrolidone was set up and the enzymatic
      conversion of 2-pyrrolidone to GABA was measured by an original procedure. The
      results obtained in vitro by this method on the conversion of 2-pyrrolidone to
      GABA catalyzed by tissue slices, together with the observed inhibition of the
      GABA-dependent oxygen consumption by 2-pyrrolidone, partially explain the effects
      of the oral administration.

PMID- 2898158
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of angiotensin II and bradykinin receptors.

PMID- 2898159
TI  - Class II antiarrhythmic agents.

PMID- 2898160
TI  - An immunofluorescent study of insulin-, glucagon-, pancreatic polypeptide- and
      somatostatin-containing cells in the early ovine fetal pancreas.
AB  - Using antisera to insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and
      somatostatin, the localization and cellular distribution of the four hormones
      were investigated in the sheep fetal pancreas of day 40-45 gestation by
      immunofluorescence. All four hormones were immunolocalized at this early
      gestational period. The endocrine cell types had a characteristic distribution
      and were present in different numbers. Insulin and glucagon immunoreactive cells
      were seen in larger numbers compared to fetal PP and somatostatin cells and were
      located either in the developing islets or as single scattered cells in the
      epithelium of the embryonic ductules. These cells became more confined to the
      developing islets at later stages of gestation. In the pancreas of day 40-45
      fetuses PP cells were less numerous than glucagon and insulin cells while
      somatostatin cells were seen rarely. However, PP and somatostatin cells became
      more numerous at later stages of gestation. Our studies demonstrate the presence
      of insulin, glucagon, PP and somatostatin within distinct cell types in the early
      sheep fetal pancreas.

PMID- 2898161
TI  - [Influence of solder on bond strength of metal/ceramic system].

PMID- 2898162
TI  - Streamlining operation of an admitting service for interventional radiology.
AB  - The authors describe how operations of an inpatient admitting service for
      interventional radiology were improved by developing a clinic and hiring a
      physician's assistant. The service, begun in 1982, was managed by a senior
      radiologist and fellows. Because of increasing admissions (from a mean of 52 per
      year in 1982-1985 to 110 per year in 1985-1987), a 1/2-day, twice-weekly clinic
      was created in 1985 to evaluate new patients and perform follow-up examinations.
      In 1986 a physician's assistant was hired to assist in the clinic and during
      patient admissions. Use of the clinic and physician's assistant streamlined
      patient flow and management during hospitalization. This resulted in a decrease
      in mean length of stay for patients undergoing angioplasty (from 3.74 days in
      1982-1983 to 2.41 days in 1986-1987). This decrease means cost savings for the
      hospital under the prospective payment system. Other benefits include improved
      physician-patient relationships and follow-up, new patients for colleagues (15%
      of patients had anatomy unsuitable for interventional procedures and were
      referred to staff surgeons), and increased professional fees.

PMID- 2898163
TI  - The Milan Congress on Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders.

PMID- 2898164
TI  - [The operating room nurse at the 89th Congress of Surgery].

PMID- 2898165
TI  - Brain evolution and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - It is argued that rapid evolution of the hominid brain was accomplished by the
      molecular mechanisms of "regulatory evolution" and "gene duplication". These
      genomic processes may have made newly elaborated brain regions--including the
      association neocortices and parts of the hippocampal formation, nucleus basalis
      of Meynert and amygdaloid body--vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease, by increasing
      the value of a disease-specific genomic character function. Trisomy 21, it is
      proposed, further increases this value.

PMID- 2898166
TI  - Peripheral vasoconstriction in patients with sleep related periodic leg
      movements.
AB  - Two patients complaining of insomnia had sleep-related periodic leg movements
      (nocturnal myoclonus) on polysomnographic evaluation. Both also complained of
      cold feet and had abnormal peripheral pulse examinations. Treatment with
      phenoxybenzamine, alpha-adrenergic blocker, normalized the peripheral pulse
      responses, reduced the complaint of insomnia, and reduced the sleep related leg
      movements but resulted in only mild sleep improvements. Peripheral pulse
      examinations of ten other patients with sleep-related periodic leg movements
      revealed abnormal responses in four. From these and other results, it is
      hypothesized that the sympathetic nervous system may mediate the periodicity of
      sleep related periodic leg movements.

PMID- 2898167
TI  - Once and twice daily doses of H2 antagonists revisited, using continuous
      intragastric pH monitoring.
AB  - Eight patients with previous duodenal ulcer in symptomatic remission underwent
      continuous intraluminal pH monitoring on five separate occasions to compare the
      effects on 24-h intragastric acidity of placebo, 300 mg ranitidine at night, 150
      mg ranitidine twice daily, 40 mg famotidine at night, and 20 mg famotidine twice
      daily. All H2 blocker treatments were superior to placebo (p congruent to 0),
      whereas the twice daily doses of both ranitidine and famotidine were
      significantly better (p congruent to 0 and p = 0.00006, respectively) than the
      single ones in reducing 24-h intragastric acidity. The higher acid inhibitory
      effect of the twice daily dose regimens than of the single ones was evident
      during the daytime, whereas no difference between them was found during the
      nighttime (from 2200 to 0800 h). These data are at variance with those previously
      published, and the slight effect of the single nightly doses of H2 blockers on
      daytime acidity seems to confirm further that the suppression of nocturnal
      acidity may really be the decisive factor in the success of this dosing schedule
      in treating duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2898169
TI  - [Pharmacotherapy of cardiogenic shock].
AB  - The definition and classification of the various forms of circulatory shock are
      outlined, together with the causes and management of cardiogenic shock. The
      pharmacotherapeutic possibilities in patients with shock following myocardial
      infarction are discussed: over the last 15 years several alpha and beta
      adrenergic stimulants, as well as alpha-blocking agents, have been included in
      the treatment of this severe circulatory failure; today the most commonly used
      drugs in cardiogenic shock are dopamine and dobutamine, sometimes in combination
      with vasodilators. Dopamine appears to be indicated when low cardiac output,
      arterial hypotension and oliguria are present; dobutamine, a positive inotropic
      acting drug, should be used when arterial hypotension is only moderate but
      combined with elevated filling pressures. Despite the various therapeutic
      approaches the mortality of cardiogenic shock, which reaches 10-15% of patients
      with acute myocardial infarction, is still high (70-90%); an improvement may be
      expected with newer forms of therapy (fibrinolysis, dilatation). Finally, a
      concept for the management of cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction
      is presented.

PMID- 2898168
TI  - Treatment of malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors with a new long-acting
      somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995.
AB  - Ten patients with malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors were treated with SMS 201
      995 at doses of 50 micrograms twice daily, administered subcutaneously. Four out
      of 10 patients (40%)-1 patient with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and 3 of 6
      with the watery diarrhea syndrome--responded objectively with more than 50%
      reduction of peptide levels, with a median duration of 15.5 months. All four
      patients improved symptomatically, with decreasing dyspeptic symptoms and
      decreasing diarrhoea. Three additional patients had a clear relief of symptoms
      without an effect on tumor-secreted peptides. The disease progressed in three
      patients during treatment. No reduction of tumor mass was seen in any of the
      patients. The main side effect noted was a slight but maintained increase in
      fasting blood glucose in four patients. In conclusion, SMS 201-995 had a
      beneficial effect in more than half of the patients and seems to be a valuable
      adjunct to other causal therapy in this patient category, especially in acute
      situations and weak patients because of its very few side effects.

PMID- 2898170
TI  - DNA fingerprinting takes the witness stand.

PMID- 2898171
TI  - [Treatment of schizophrenia].

PMID- 2898172
TI  - [Beta agonists].

PMID- 2898173
TI  - Development and architectonics of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats.
      Immunohistochemical study.

PMID- 2898174
TI  - Recent advance in the study of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2898175
TI  - Immunogenetic background of intractable disorders.

PMID- 2898177
TI  - [The tasks of perestroika in dentistry. The resolution of the 8th All-Union
      Congress of Dentists].

PMID- 2898176
TI  - [Use of gangliolytics in maxillofacial surgery].

PMID- 2898179
TI  - [Microsurgical transplantation of the testis in cryptorchism].

PMID- 2898178
TI  - Serologic HLA-DR typing is not sufficient for definition of class II
      compatibility.

PMID- 2898180
TI  - Ipecac-induced emesis and gastric lavage are equally unpleasant.
AB  - It has been widely held that gastric lavage is more unpleasant than ipecac
      induced emesis. In fact, patients are occasionally threatened with large rubber
      tubes in order to persuade them to drink ipecac. To confirm that this assumption
      exists, we asked 41 emergency physicians and nurses who had never personally
      undergone either procedure to estimate the discomfort of each using a 10 cm
      unsegmented visual analog scale. This "naive" group thought that gastric lavage
      would be significantly more unpleasant than ipecac-induced emesis (mean scores:
      lavage = 6.46, emesis = 4.94; P less than .001, paired t-test). Using the same
      methods, we asked 16 health professionals who had undergone both procedures as
      part of another study to score the recalled unpleasantness of each procedure.
      Among these who had actually experienced both, there was no significant
      difference between the mean scores for lavage (4.09) and emesis (4.62) (P greater
      than 0.5, paired t-test). The mean score difference (lavage minus emesis) for the
      "naive" group was significantly greater than for the experimental group (1.52 vs 
      .53, P less than .001, unpaired t-test). Among normal volunteers, ipecac-induced
      emesis and gastric lavage are equally unpleasant gastric emptying procedures.

PMID- 2898182
TI  - Factors influencing the pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica.

PMID- 2898181
TI  - Fungal transformations of antihistamines: metabolism of methapyrilene,
      thenyldiamine and tripelennamine to N-oxide and N-demethylated derivatives.
AB  - 1. Strains of the fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245 and 36112 were tested
      for their ability to transform the antihistamines methapyrilene (I),
      thenyldiamine (II) and tripelennamine (III). 2. Antihistamine metabolites were
      isolated by h.p.l.c., and identified by their 1H-n.m.r. and mass spectral
      properties. 3. All three drugs were transformed by both C. elegans strains to N
      oxidized and N-demethylated derivatives. Metabolism during 96 h of incubation
      amounted to 85% for (I), 64% for (II), and 83% for (III). Metabolites soluble in
      organic solvents amounted to 62% to 86% of the total metabolism; approximately
      88% to 95% of the organic-soluble metabolites were N-oxide derivatives of each
      antihistamine.

PMID- 2898183
TI  - Purification of r-glutamyltranspeptidase from rat primary hepatoma tissue and
      preparation of a tumor associated antigen.

PMID- 2898184
TI  - Sulpiride in Meige's syndrome: possible role of glutamate.

PMID- 2898185
TI  - [Age-related changes in the blood-brain barrier in the rat with reference to
      methionine, lysine, glutamic acid and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea].
AB  - One possible cause of the decline in brain function with aging might be an age
      related change in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, we assessed the
      "Brain Uptake Index" (BUI) by the method of Oldendorf (1970) in 99 male Sprague
      Dawley rats aged 3-4 months (young), 7-11 months (adult) and 28-31 months (old)
      for the following compounds: methionine, lysine, glutamic acid and N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea (MNU). The BUIs of methionine and MNU showed marked but contrasting
      biphasic changes with age: the adult animals had the highest BUIs for methionine
      and the lowest for MNU, compared with the young and old groups. With lysine, a
      declining tendency with age was indicated, whereas no differences could be
      detected with glutamic acid. The results suggest that the BBB undergoes different
      changes in development and aging, leading to an optimal amino acid transport and
      minimum penetration of lipophilic agents (MNU) in the adult brain. Thereafter,
      the opposite takes place, reducing necessary transport and increasing the
      penetration of lipophilic compounds.

PMID- 2898186
TI  - [Effect of organophosphate pesticides on the function of the liver and skin via
      their skin resorptive uptake].

PMID- 2898187
TI  - [Involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase in functional characteristics of discrete
      brain nuclei].

PMID- 2898188
TI  - Diurnal changes of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and 24-h growth
      hormone secretory pattern in man. A study in hydrocephalic patients.
AB  - Somatostatin concentration was determined in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid
      during a 24-h period in 7 male patients suffering from hydrocephalus of differing
      aetiologies. Blood and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken every 2
      h during the day (08.00-22.00 h) and every hour during the night (24.00-07.00 h).
      Simultaneously, plasma growth hormone levels were also evaluated. Plasma SRIH
      levels showed significant circadian variations with highest values in the daytime
      and lowest values during the night. Cerebrospinal fluid SRIH did not show any
      significant time-related circadian changes. Plasma GH levels showed the well
      known circadian pattern in the majority of patients. No significant correlation
      was found between the plasma GH and plasma or cerebrospinal fluid SRIH values
      recorded during the 24-h period. Results suggest that peripheral SRIH does not
      play any major role in the control of the 24-h GH secretory pattern in man.

PMID- 2898189
TI  - Preventive action of phentolamine on adrenaline induced blood glucose elevation
      in humans.
AB  - A comparison of the action of adrenaline infusion and a combined adrenaline +
      alpha blocker (phentolamine, Regitine) infusion on blood glucose (BG), plasma
      immunoreactive insulin (IRI), BG/IRI ratio, C-peptide, and plasma cortisol levels
      was made in healthy young human subjects. The purpose of the experiment was to
      check, whether alpha block could abolish adrenaline-induced enhancement of blood
      glucose levels. The results show that during enhanced adrenaline levels, the use
      of regitine could indeed normalize blood glucose levels, not so much by
      increasing the IRI secretion, but by diminishing adrenaline-induced liver
      glycogenolysis via alpha receptors. This could be a model to prevent stress
      (adrenaline) induced metabolic deviations in diabetics, especially before and
      during predictable stress situations, e.g. examinations or surgery.

PMID- 2898190
TI  - Effects of somatostatin and serotonin on calcitonin secretion from cultured rat
      parafollicular cells.
AB  - A primary culture of mammalian parafollicular cells was established from rat
      thyroid glands in order to investigate the effects of serotonin and somatostatin
      on calcitonin secretion. Minced rat thyroid glands were dissociated with
      collagenase and cultured in a Ham's F-12K medium supplemented with calf serum
      (5%), insulin (1.3 X 10(-6) mol/l), hydrocortisone (10(-8) mol/l), transferrin
      (6.1 X 10(-9) mol/l), and glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysin (2.5 X 10(-8) mol/l).
      Immunohistochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase method revealed that the cultured
      parafollicular cells were immunopositive for human calcitonin, and electron
      microscopy demonstrated the existence of dense secretory granules in the cultured
      parafollicular cells. Addition of the Ca2+ to the culture medium stimulated
      calcitonin secretion from the cells dose-dependently as measured by
      radioimmunoassay. Pre-incubation of serotonin with the cells produced higher
      calcitonin levels in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, pre-incubation
      of somatostatin with the cells significantly inhibited calcitonin secretion.

PMID- 2898191
TI  - Secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone in patients with idiopathic
      pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.
AB  - The plasma levels of immunoreactive-GHRH in patients with idiopathic pituitary
      dwarfism and acromegaly were studied in the basal state and during various tests
      by a sensitive and specific RIA. The fasting plasma GHRH level in 22 patients
      with idiopathic pituitary dwarfism was 6.3 +/- 2.3 ng/l (mean +/- SD), which was
      significantly lower than that in normal children (9.8 +/- 2.8 ng/l, N = 21), and
      eight of them had undetectable concentrations (less than 4.0 ng/l). Little or no
      response of plasma GHRH to oral administration of L-dopa was observed in 7 of 10
      pituitary dwarfs, and 3 of the 7 patients showed a response of plasma GH to iv
      administration of GHRH (1 microgram/kg). These findings suggest that one of the
      causes of idiopathic pituitary dwarfism is insufficient GHRH release from the
      hypothalamus. The fasting plasma GHRH level in 14 patients with acromegaly and
      one patient with gigantism was 8.0 +/- 3.9 ng/l, which was slightly lower than
      that in normal adults (10.4 +/- 4.1 ng/l, N = 72). One acromegalic patient with
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type I had a high level of plasma GHRH (270 ng/l)
      with no change in response to L-dopa and TRH test. In 3 untreated patients with
      acromegaly L-dopa did not induce any response of plasma GHRH in spite of
      inconsistent GH release, and in 4 patients with acromegaly, TRH evoked no
      response of plasma GHRH in spite of a marked GH release, suggesting that the GH
      responses are not mediated by hypothalamic GHRH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898192
TI  - Comparison of thyroid stimulating activities measured by cyclic AMP production,
      those by radioiodine uptake in FRTL-5 cells and TSH-binding inhibitory activities
      in patients with hyperthyroid and euthyroid Graves' diseases.
AB  - By using an assay measuring cAMP production in FRTL-5 thyroid cells, thyroid
      stimulating antibodies (TSab) were detected in all of 15 patients with euthyroid
      Graves' disease (EG) and of 26 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease (HG).
      There was no significant difference between TSab activities in EG and in HG. In
      an effort to elucidate why EG patients remain euthyroid in spite of having TSab,
      we investigated the effect of the patient's crude immunoglobulin fractions on
      125I uptake in FRTL-5 thyroid cells, one of the indices of stimulation subsequent
      to cAMP production. The 125I uptake stimulating (IUS) activity was positive in
      46.7% (7/15) of EG patients and 88.5% (23/26) of HG patients, being significantly
      lower in the former than in the latter (P less than 0.02). Although the IUS
      activities significantly correlated with TSab activities in 41 patients with EG
      and HG (r = 0.784, P less than 0.001), the ratio of IUS to TSab in EG tended to
      be lower than that in HG. TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins (TBII) activities
      in EG patients were negative or weakly positive, being significantly lower than
      those in HG patients (P less than 0.001). Thus, the ratios of TBII to both TSab
      and IUS activities were significantly higher in HG than in EG (P less than 0.01,
      P less than 0.001, respectively). The in vitro IUS activities also correlated
      with TBII activities (r = 0.441, P less than 0.001) and in vivo 99mTc thyroid
      uptake (r = 0.401, P less than 0.001) in both EG and HG patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898194
TI  - Two-generation study of neuroleptic isofloxythepin in rats.
AB  - The neuroleptic isofloxythepin was tested in a two-generation study in rats in
      oral doses of 0.1 mg base/kg and 1 mg base/kg. The substance was administered to
      male and female rats of each generation daily from the weaning onward till the
      conclusion of the study. The pups of two consecutive generations F0 and F1 were
      surveilled always in two litters. There were assessed the numbers and body
      weights of the pups from birth till the weaning, the postnatal developmental
      milestones, and the results of neuromuscular and locomotor activity tests. In the
      parents the fertility parameters were followed. --Isofloxythepin at higher
      dosage, 1 mg/kg, influenced the estrous cycles in the females, prolonging the
      diestrus stage, but exerted no significant effects upon their fertility and
      pregnancy. The growth of the offspring of parents treated with isofloxythepin in
      both generations was slightly retarded. In the F0 generation the pup's mortality
      increased in the perinatal period. The sedative effect of the neuroleptic
      manifested itself by a lowering of the locomotor activity. The proved effects of
      isofloxythepin in the higher dose are mostly connected with the drug's
      neuroleptic properties. Analogous effects of other substances of this type have
      been reported in the literature, too. In the course of the study the effects of
      isofloxythepin did not intensify from the first to the second generation.

PMID- 2898193
TI  - Psychopharmacologic facilitation of psychosocial therapy of violence and
      hyperkinesis.
AB  - Experiments on naturally occurring hyperkinetic and violent dogs and cats
      demonstrated the usefulness of low dosages of amphetamine (0,2-1,0 mg/kg per os)
      in inhibiting these nonadaptive forms of behavior, permitting the development of
      discriminated Pavlovian and operant conditional responses. When amphetamine
      therapy was combined systematically with conditioning experiments and
      psychosocial therapy, for long enough periods of time (many weeks), the
      beneficial effects of this drug persisted in the nodrug state, i.e. the learning
      was not state-dependent. Amphetamine also ameliorated significantly conditional
      emotional visceral responses in dogs with low adaptation to psychologically
      stressful situations. The same low dosage of amphetamine which improved the
      behavior and learning of hyperkinetic and violent dogs disrupted the behavior and
      produced disorientation in normal dogs with previously stable conditional
      responses.

PMID- 2898195
TI  - On the special occasion of the 40th anniversary of the founding of Pergamon
      Press: a brief historical background of Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics
      Research. The International Journal.

PMID- 2898196
TI  - Acupuncture anesthesia in thymectomy on myasthenia gravis patients.
AB  - Thymectomy is often successful as treatment for the autoimmune disease myasthenia
      gravis. One complication of the operation on such patients is respiratory
      difficulty especially post-operatively, due to interference with the already
      disturbed transmission of signals along damaged nerve-endings. Acupuncture
      anesthesia offers a solution to that problem. In this series of 90 patients, the
      results of operation under conventional general anesthesia were compared with
      those under acupuncture anesthesia. It was found that patients in the latter
      group suffered fewer complications.

PMID- 2898197
TI  - Acupuncture for poison ivy contact dermatitis. A clinical case report.
AB  - Poison ivy contact dermatitis is fairly common in the suburbia of this country
      among amateur gardeners and children. It commonly inflicts its poison on the
      exposed parts of the limbs. The vesicular or bullous skin lesions are quite
      disturbingly itchy. Scratching the itchy lesions often spreads the condition by
      transplanting the remanent resinous toxin to other parts of the body. Though they
      are usually self-limiting, the intense itch is the main motivation for a patient
      to seek medical care. The conventional treatment is basically ineffective. During
      the summer of 1987 we treated four such cases of dermatitis with acupuncture upon
      their request to mollify their unbearable itch. They originally consulted with us
      for other problems. There were three males and one female. Their ages were
      between 29 and 63. Three cases were relatively mild and the fourth one was fairly
      severe. In the milder cases, their itch subsided in a few hours and skin lesions
      were healed in about two days after one treatment. In the severe case the itch
      subsided in about two days and most of the skin lesions dried up in four days
      after the first treatment and were healed almost completely after three sessions
      of acupuncture treatment. The plausible anti-inflammatory mechanism of
      acupuncture with the involvement of ACTH and/or cortisol was discussed.

PMID- 2898198
TI  - The use of the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" to determine whether or not to give
      acupuncture in pain conditions.
AB  - The "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" was used as a guide in determining the modality of
      treatment of pain conditions. Seven cases are presented in which patients came
      primarily for acupuncture. They were not treated with acupuncture; instead, they
      were given antibiotic therapy because the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test had revealed the
      presence of infection. The antibiotic therapy resulted in dramatic improvement.

PMID- 2898199
TI  - Regeneration in the mammalian nervous system using applied electric fields: a
      literature review.
AB  - The application of weak electric fields on the damaged peripheral and central
      nervous systems will promote recovery of function in animal models. The effect of
      the electric field appears to facilitate the growth and orientation of
      regenerating neurites towards the cathodal pole in a DC field. Thus, provided the
      correct parameters are utilized, facilitation of regeneration in the human
      peripheral and even central nervous system appears possible.

PMID- 2898200
TI  - Overview of acupuncture in the United States.

PMID- 2898201
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone on electroacupuncture analgesia and central nervous
      system metabolism.
AB  - Many reports have indicated that electro-acupuncture analgesia (EAA) was mediated
      by endorphins. Among them is B-endorphin which can be released from the anterior
      lobe of the pituitary. To examine the role of B-endorphin in EAA and observe CNS
      metabolic (functional) and behavioral effects of dexamethasone the present study
      employed the (14C) 2-deoxyglycose (2DG) method. Seventeen adult male Sprague
      Dawley rats in five groups received the following different types of somesthetic
      stimulation to examine the local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) and tail
      flick response latency: control group (N = 3), pain group (N = 4), EA group (N =
      3), pain + EA group (N = 3; from another ongoing study) and dexamethasone group
      (N = 4). Dexamethasone reduced tail-flick response latency in response to
      electroacupuncture, and produced metabolic (functional) changes in a number of
      CNS structures implicated in electroacupuncture produced analgesia effects (some
      changes were statistically significant, many others were not). Specific brain
      structures exhibiting statistically significant changes (p less than 0.05) in
      LCGU when compared to the pain + EA group are: the parafascicular and habennlar
      nuclei of the thalamus and the posterior cingulate gyrus. In comparison of
      dexamethasone group with the other four experimental groups of rats, the
      following trend in LCGU changes was observed: pain + EA group greater than pain
      group = EA group = dexamethasone group greater than control group. In addition,
      dexamethasone had a sedative effect. The results suggest that dexamethasone is
      reducing EAA and having suppressive effects on CNS metabolism and behavior.

PMID- 2898202
TI  - The role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the cardiac output response during
      carbon monoxide hypoxia.

PMID- 2898203
TI  - The physiology and biochemistry of pili.

PMID- 2898204
TI  - Anxiety disorders.

PMID- 2898205
TI  - Antihypertensive drug therapy and arrhythmia risk.

PMID- 2898206
TI  - Spontaneous neurohormonal fluctuation in chronic congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2898207
TI  - Cardiac catheterization by nonphysicians.

PMID- 2898208
TI  - Effect of flestolol on ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in Wolff
      Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - The ultrashort-acting beta blocker flestolol was studied during atrial pacing and
      atrial fibrillation (AF) in 10 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
      Flestolol was given as a 100-micrograms/kg bolus followed by a 10
      micrograms/kg/min infusion for 15 minutes. The drug did not alter the antegrade
      effective refractory period of the accessory pathway or the atrial paced cycle
      length at which block occurred in the accessory pathway. After flestolol, the
      percent of preexcited QRS complexes during AF increased (60 +/- 10 vs 87 +/- 5%,
      p = 0.01). Despite this, the ventricular rate slowed, with increases in mean RR
      interval (382 +/- 20 vs 416 +/- 22 ms, p = 0.02) and in the shortest interval
      between preexcited QRS complexes (251 +/- 18 vs 270 +/- 17 ms, p less than 0.01).
      The effect of isoproterenol 3 to 5 micrograms/min was studied in 5 patients.
      During atrial pacing, isoproterenol decreased the antegrade refractory period and
      the atrial paced cycle length of block in the accessory pathway (p less than or
      equal to 0.05). During AF, it decreased the percent of preexcited QRS complexes,
      mean RR interval and shortest interval between preexcited QRS complexes (p less
      than 0.05). Flestolol reversed the effects of isoproterenol both during atrial
      pacing and AF. Thus, flestolol does not alter conduction over the accessory
      pathway during atrial pacing, but during AF it slows conduction over the
      accessory pathway and prevents isoproterenol-mediated increases in ventricular
      rate. This suggests that in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
      sympathetic stimulation after the onset of AF enhances conduction over the
      accessory pathway and is an important determinant of ventricular rate.

PMID- 2898209
TI  - Cardiovascular pharmacology of dopexamine in low output congestive heart failure.
AB  - Dose-response infusions (0.25 to 4.0 micrograms/kg/min) and extended infusions of
      dopexamine, a new synthetic catechol with beta 2 adrenergic and dopaminergic
      agonist effects, were performed in 12 patients with low output congestive heart
      failure (CHF). The central and regional hemodynamic effects and responses in
      renal function were determined and compared with those of saline-placebo control
      patients in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Dopexamine
      significantly increased cardiac output at a dose greater than or equal to 0.25
      micrograms/kg/min secondary to an increase in stroke volume at greater than or
      equal to 0.25 micrograms/kg/min and heart rate at greater than or equal to 0.50
      micrograms/kg/min. Dopexamine evoked a significant decrease in systemic and
      pulmonary vascular resistances, with mild reductions noted for systemic and
      pulmonary diastolic pressures. Right and left ventricular filling pressures
      decreased over the entire dose range of dopexamine concomitant with a
      demonstrable improvement in the indexes of ventricular performance. Dopexamine
      preferentially increased visceral (renal, hepatic-splanchnic) blood flow over
      that of limb. Urine volume and sodium excretion increased slightly with
      dopexamine. Dopexamine elicits rather prominent vasodilating effects
      (particularly of visceral vascular beds), some positive inotropy and chronotropy
      and favorable responses in renal function.

PMID- 2898210
TI  - Collagenous enterocolitis: a case of collagenous colitis with involvement of the
      small intestine.
AB  - A 78-yr-old previously well caucasian female presented with a 6-wk history of
      profuse watery diarrhea and weight loss. Clinical investigation showed evidence
      of mild malabsorption. Multiple biopsies of colonic mucosa revealed a wide
      subepithelial band of collagen typical of collagenous colitis. Duodenal biopsies
      showed similar collagen deposition and partial villous atrophy. Some amelioration
      of symptoms occurred with sulfasalazine therapy. This is the first reported case
      of collagenous colitis with histological evidence of small intestinal
      involvement. At least in some patients, collagenous colitis and collagenous sprue
      appear to be manifestations of a single disease. For such cases, the term
      collagenous enterocolitis is suggested.

PMID- 2898211
TI  - Production of transforming growth factor-beta activity by Ki-1 positive lymphoma
      cells and analysis of its role in the regulation of Ki-1 positive lymphoma
      growth.
AB  - The growth of activated human T lymphocytes in response to interleukin-2 (IL-2)
      is suppressed by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). This study presents
      data that show a diminished response of two human lymphoma cell lines to
      physiologic regulation by TGF-beta. Cell line L-428 was derived from the
      malignant pleural effusion of a patient with far advanced nodular sclerosing
      Hodgkin's disease and has been shown to have clonal gene rearrangements
      characteristic of both B and T lymphocytes. Cell line Mac-1 was derived from the
      blood of a patient with clinically indolent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Both cell
      lines express the Hodgkin's disease associated antigen, Ki-1. These Ki-1 positive
      lymphomas are shown to secrete TGF-beta into serum-free culture media. The
      addition of picogram quantities of exogenous TGF-beta to cell cultures of
      indolent Ki-1 lymphoma (Mac-1) suppresses IL-2-dependent mitosis; however, the
      suppression is less than 45%. This suppression correlates with a decrease in the
      number of IL-2 receptors. No inhibition of Ki-1 positive Hodgkin's cells (L-428)
      was observed, and proliferation dependent on polyclonal IL-2 was either not
      affected or was slightly potentiated by TGF-beta. Receptor analysis indicates the
      absence of IL-2 and TGF-beta receptors on L-428 cells. Thus, these Ki-1 lymphomas
      derived from activated lymphocytes appear to secrete TGF-beta activity but
      continue to proliferate because of defective suppression of IL-2 (and related
      lymphokine)-dependent DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2898212
TI  - Drug-induced dystonia in young and elderly patients.
AB  - This retrospective study examined the common notion that neuroleptic-induced
      dystonia is less frequent in elderly patients. The hospital records of 45 young
      patients and 45 elderly patients were reviewed. Thirty-one percent of the young
      patients developed dystonia, compared to 2% of the elderly patients. This
      significant difference did not appear to be the result of types of neuroleptics
      used, dose, or concomitant administration of anticholinergic drugs.

PMID- 2898213
TI  - Exacerbation of psychosis after discontinuation of carbamazepine treatment.
AB  - Carbamazepine alone or carbamazepine plus neuroleptic was administered to 20
      chronic schizophrenic patients. Upon abrupt discontinuation two of the 20
      patients had exacerbations of their psychoses characterized by paranoia,
      hostility, and agitation. The authors discuss the possibility of a carbamazepine
      withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2898214
TI  - Beta blockers in neuroleptic-induced akathisia.

PMID- 2898215
TI  - Pharmacologic strategies in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2898216
TI  - Divided dose for methadone maintenance patients.

PMID- 2898217
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of the plantar fascia.
AB  - In this study, rupture of the plantar fascia was seen in five feet, of which four
      had had plantar fasciitis. At the time of the injury, which is an acceleration
      type of motion, there is severe pain in the heel followed by the development of
      ecchymosis in the sole and toward the heel of the foot. With conservative
      symptomatic care, the acute symptoms as well as the plantar fasciitis symptoms
      subside, generally allowing full activity in 3 to 4 weeks.

PMID- 2898218
TI  - Structural elucidation of N-terminal post-translational modifications by mass
      spectrometry: application to chicken enolase and the alpha- and beta-subunits of
      bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - Peptides generated from enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken enolase and the alpha-
      and beta-subunits of bovine F1-ATPase were analyzed by mass spectrometry to
      determine the nature of their modified N-termini. In the case of chicken enolase,
      a peptide was isolated from a Staphylococcus aureus proteinase digest by HPLC and
      analyzed directly by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS). In
      conjunction with mass spectral evidence obtained from the methyl ester derivative
      and a secondary tryptic peptide, a structure is proposed containing an N-acetyl
      serine at the N-terminus. The alpha-subunit of bovine mitochondrial ATPase was
      chromatographed by HPLC after S. aureus proteinase digestion and a single peak
      was analyzed on the basis of predicted retention times. A Mr 716 was determined
      by FABMS and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid was deduced on the basis of its amino
      acid composition and partial Edman sequence data. The beta-subunit of ATPase
      produced a series of closely eluting peaks on HPLC after limited digestion with
      trypsin of the alpha 2 beta 2 complex. These peptides were analyzed by both Edman
      degradation and FABMS. These data showed the N-terminus to be frayed with N
      terminal sequences beginning in pyro-Glu-Ala-Ser, Gln-Ala-Ser, Glu-Ala-Ser, Ala
      Ser, and Ser but with no N-acetyl-Ser as was previously thought.

PMID- 2898219
TI  - Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of the stereoisomers of medetomidine, an alpha
      2-adrenergic agonist, in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The anesthetic-sparing and hemodynamic effects of the stereoisomers of the highly
      selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist medetomidine were studied in halothane
      anesthetized dogs. Male beagles were anesthetized with halothane in oxygen. After
      a 2-hour equilibration period, halothane MAC and baseline hemodynamic functions
      were determined. DL-(n = 7), D- (n = 5), or L-medetomidine (n = 5) at 1, 3, and
      10 micrograms/kg was administered via a right atrial port over 15 minutes while
      each dog was given halothane at the MAC dose for that animal. Twenty minutes
      after the end of infusion (when the hemodynamic variables were stable),
      hemodynamic function was reassessed. Halothane MAC was then redetermined. MAC for
      halothane significantly decreased after DL-medetomidine administration in a dose
      dependent fashion to the extent that at the highest dose (10 micrograms/kg) the
      halothane MAC was less than 0.1%. This effect could be mimicked by the D-isomer,
      whereas the L-isomer was without effect. Neither isomer changed the mean arterial
      pressure, whereas only the D-isomer significantly decreased heart rate and
      cardiac output. Medetomidine, the highly selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist,
      reduces the MAC for volatile anesthesia by a greater degree than with any other
      physiologic, pharmacologic, or pathologic intervention thus far reported. The
      fact that this effect is stereospecific suggests a structure activity relation
      that can be accounted for by a homogeneous receptor population. The role of
      medetomidine as a supplemental anesthetic agent appears promising and requires
      further investigation.

PMID- 2898221
TI  - Anesthesia for a patient with polymyositis undergoing myectomy of the
      cricopharyngeal muscle.

PMID- 2898220
TI  - A comparison of the antinociceptive and behavioral effects of intrathecally
      administered opiates, alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, and local anesthetics in mice
      and rats.
AB  - This study was undertaken to compare the antinociceptive and behavioral effects
      of intrathecally administered opiates, alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, and local
      anesthetics injected by lumbar puncture in the mouse and rat. Antinociception was
      determined by observing the response to a clamp applied to the tail (Haffner
      test) of the mouse and by the rat tail-flick test; log dose-response curves for
      antinociception were generated for each drug in each test. Motor coordination and
      other behavioral effects were also observed. Morphine and fentanyl (mu-opiate
      agonists) as well as ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) and U50488H (kappa-opiate
      agonists), together with buprenorphine (partial mu-opiate agonist) and the alpha
      2-adrenergic agonist clonidine, all produced antinociception in both species
      without causing significant behavioral or motor dysfunctions at antinociceptive
      doses. Xylazine (also an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist), ketamine, procaine, and
      lidocaine inhibited responses but only at doses that also produced motor
      impairment or paralysis. Nalbuphine (mixed opiate agonist-antagonist) was without
      any effect in both species. These data suggest that the mu- and kappa-opiate
      agonists and clonidine are the preferred agents for producing antinociception
      without compromising motor function.

PMID- 2898222
TI  - Mechanical and bone ingrowth properties of a polymer-coated, porous, synthetic,
      coralline hydroxyapatite bone-graft material.
AB  - CHAG, that is, porous hydroxyapatite hydrothermally converted from the calcium
      carbonate exoskeleton of a coral (genus Goniopora), has been shown to be
      effective as a scaffold for bone ingrowth. The large pores in the material,
      however, resulted in low compressive strengths. Compressive testing was performed
      to assess the changes in mechanical properties by coating the internal surfaces
      of CHAG with DL-PLA. Plugs of CHAG with thick (3:1 chloroform to DL-PLA by
      weight), medium (10:1), and thin (30:1) coatings as well as uncoated CHAG were
      then implanted transcortically in the proximal third of the diaphysis of rabbit
      tibiae to assess the in vivo response. The mechanical tests demonstrated
      significantly improved compressive strength, stiffness, and energy absorption for
      coated specimens compared with uncoated specimens. Coated specimens were not
      significantly different from canine tibial cancellous bone in strength and
      stiffness although they achieved only 36% of the energy absorption capacity.
      Specimens from rabbit tibiae were harvested at 3, 12, and 24 weeks for interface
      shear strength determination and contralaterally for histological and
      histomorphometric assessment. At 12 weeks, uncoated CHAG plugs developed an
      average ultimate interface shear stress of 26.7 MPa compared with 17 MPa for
      specimens with 30:1 coatings and 8 MPa for specimens with 10:1 and 3:1 coatings.
      At 24 weeks, there were no significant differences in shear stress between any of
      the specimens. Histomorphometric assessments showed that the ratio of area
      fraction of new bone to area fraction of new bone and void space increased from
      68-70% for specimens with 3:1 and 10:1 coatings at 3 weeks to 85.5-89.5% at 24
      weeks. In comparison, uncoated and 30:1 specimens had area fraction ratios of
      about 82% at 3 weeks and 93% at 24 weeks. Histologic sections demonstrated direct
      apposition of new bone to both the coating and the hydroxyapatite as well as
      degradation of the coating.

PMID- 2898223
TI  - Structural basis for arachidonic acid second messenger signal in gamma-interferon
      induction.

PMID- 2898225
TI  - Intrathecal somatostatin.

PMID- 2898224
TI  - Vasomotor effects of leukotrienes C4 and D4 on cavian pulmonary artery and aorta.
      Characterization and mechanisms.

PMID- 2898226
TI  - Neuroactive substances in cerebrospinal fluid. Normal and pathological regulatory
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2898227
TI  - Intracerebroventricular bethanechol chloride administration in Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - In June 1983 we began evaluating intracerebroventricular (ICV) cholinergic drug
      infusion in patients with biopsy-documented Alzheimer's disease (AD). An initial
      trial in four patients showed this treatment approach to be feasible, but
      objective improvement in cognitive or social function was not documented. A
      double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study involving a larger number of
      patients has since been done. The results of this study, presented here, document
      a statistically significant improvement in some neuropsychological test results
      during periods of drug infusion. However, the degree of improvement is not
      sufficient to justify further treatment with the presently available drug,
      bethanechol chloride.

PMID- 2898228
TI  - New intrathecal drugs in Alzheimer's disease and psychometric testing.
AB  - Bethanechol chloride, a muscarinic agonist, was administered intrathecally to a
      sample of AD patients in double-blind crossover and open escalating-dose trials.
      There was a modest amelioration of disturbed behavior at a moderately high dose
      level, but no improvement in memory or cognition was seen at any dose. At the
      highest dose, cognition deteriorated. These findings, in conjunction with the
      results of the multicenter trial described by Harbaugh, suggest that the clinical
      efficacy of bethanechol in AD is limited. The disappointing results of trials
      with varied cholinomimetic therapies suggest that more than one biochemical
      abnormality is responsible for the AD dementia. The neuropeptide, somatostatin,
      is also reduced in AD, and the level of reduction is correlated with the degree
      of dementia. Manipulation of this transmitter, alone or in conjunction with
      acetylcholine, would appear to be a next logical step in the development of an
      effective neurotransmitter replacement therapy for AD. Implanted drug pumps will
      be needed for such clinical trials. The naturally occurring somatostatin-14 is
      not suitable because of its short half life. Sandostatin, an analog, is
      chemically stable and not metabolized by brain tissue. It does not cross the
      blood-brain barrier so that intrathecal administration is necessary.
      Pharmacological research in AD is complicated by a variety of psychometric
      problems including the criterion-related and construct validity of the outcome
      measures. Patients differ in their tolerance of various therapeutic agents and in
      the extent of the neurochemical pathology. It is critically important, therefore,
      to evaluate individual, as well as group, responses to treatment. The telephone
      log method may provide a useful way of generating enough observations for single
      subject analyses without overburdening the patient with repeated testing.

PMID- 2898229
TI  - Parkinsonism: candidate disorder for implanted pumps?

PMID- 2898230
TI  - Dorsal horn neurophysiology of pain.

PMID- 2898231
TI  - Receptors in the dorsal horn and intrathecal drug administration.

PMID- 2898233
TI  - Pharmacology of dynorphin.
AB  - Like other opioids, the dynorphins play a role in wide variety of physiological
      parameters, including pain regulation, motor activity, cardiovascular regulation,
      respiration, temperature regulation, feeding behavior, hormone balance, and the
      response to shock or stress. The dynorphins are unusual if not unique, however,
      in that they frequently modulate the activity of other opioids, rather than
      having direct effects themselves. Thus, they are not analgesic in brain, yet they
      antagonize opioid analgesia in naive animals and potentiate it in tolerant
      animals. They have little or no effect by themselves on temperature regulation or
      respiration, but they enhance the acute effects of morphine on these parameters.
      Their beneficial effects on stroke are like those of opioid antagonists rather
      than like agonists. Consistent with such a wide variety of physiological effects,
      the dynorphins bind to all three of the major opioid receptor types in brain, mu,
      delta, and kappa, though they exhibit some preference toward kappa sites. They
      also seem to interact with other physiologically relevant sites; though on the
      basis of their sensitivity to des-Tyr fragments of dynorphine and/or their
      insensitivity to naloxone, these sites have been termed "non-opioid". No second
      messenger systems have been directly associated with dynorphine binding, but
      several likely candidates exist.

PMID- 2898232
TI  - Diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia using DNA probes for the low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene.
AB  - Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is one of the most commonly inherited
      diseases. It is characterised by an abnormal LDL receptor resulting in a
      selective elevation of serum LDL and cholesterol levels. The correlation between
      FH and premature heart disease means that these patients contribute significantly
      to the number of individuals presenting with coronary heart disease. In the work
      described here cDNA probes to LDL-receptor were used to assess the usefulness of
      recombinant DNA technology to diagnose familial hypercholesterolaemia. A 3' probe
      to the LDL-receptor which detects a restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) in linkage disequilibrium with normal and mutant LDL-receptor genes, was
      found to be potentially informative in 20% of the families studied. In addition a
      5' probe to the LDL-receptor may be capable of directly detecting mutations in
      some 6% of families. We suggest that until further work has established other
      RFLP's or oligonucleotide probes are synthesised to directly detect mutant LDL
      receptor genes, recombinant DNA technology is only of limited value for
      diagnosing familial hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2898234
TI  - In vivo assessment of neurotransmitter biochemistry in humans.

PMID- 2898235
TI  - Gastric H,K-ATPase as therapeutic target.

PMID- 2898236
TI  - Regulation of the release of coexisting neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2898237
TI  - Neuroleptics and neuroendocrine function.
AB  - Neuroleptics have been developed primarily to treat psychoses, but they have
      become invaluable research tools. Because of their selective action on DA
      receptors, neuroleptics are commonly employed to study the function and
      regulation of DA neurotransmission. The relationship between the antipsychotic
      efficacy and the DA receptor affinity of the various neuroleptic drugs has lead
      to the development of new DA antagonists in hopes of discovering novel
      antipsychotic agents. This approach has produced interesting new compounds
      selective for the DA receptor subtypes. The use of DA receptor antagonism as a
      measure of the potential antipsychotic efficacy of a compound will undoubtedly
      change as the mechanisms behind the antipsychotic actions of neuroleptics become
      better understood. Although endocrine side effects of neuroleptic administration
      are undesired in the clinic, they have provided insight into the neuroendocrine
      regulation of pituitary hormones. Through the use of neuroleptics, DA neurons in
      the hypothalamus have been shown to play a role in the regulation of prolactin,
      GH, and TSH secretion. The ability of DA to act at the pituitary and thereby
      inhibit the secretion of these three hormones suggests that other regulatory
      factors must provide the specificity needed for the differential secretion of the
      individual hormones during varying physiological states. Future research will
      certainly explore the interactions of DA and these regulatory factors at the
      pituitary. The role of DA in neuroendocrine regulation is not limited to the
      pituitary. The presence of DA neurons within the hypothalamus offers the
      possibility of DA regulation of hypothalamic neurosecretory activity.

PMID- 2898238
TI  - The coronary-subclavian steal syndrome: report of a case and recommendations for
      prevention and management.
AB  - The coronary-subclavian steal syndrome involves the siphoning of blood from the
      myocardium through an internal mammary artery graft because of a proximal
      subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion, and results in myocardial ischemia. With
      the increased use of the internal mammary artery for myocardial
      revascularization, the potential exists for recurrence of angina pectoris in
      patients who have or in whom develops high-grade stenosis or occlusion of the
      subclavian artery, because of the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome. The
      coronary-subclavian steal syndrome can be prevented by the identification of
      patients with or at risk to develop subclavian artery occlusive disease. All
      patients undergoing cardiac catheterization prior to coronary artery bypass
      grafting in which use of the internal mammary artery is anticipated should be
      evaluated for the presence of upper extremity and cerebrovascular ischemia, the
      presence of cervical or supraclavicular bruits, and an upper extremity blood
      pressure differential of 20 mm Hg or greater. Patients with these findings or
      with evidence of diffuse atherosclerotic vascular disease should have
      brachiocephalic arteriography at the time of coronary arteriography to identify
      significant subclavian artery occlusive disease. When this is demonstrated, use
      of the internal mammary artery as a free graft instead of an in situ graft or use
      of saphenous vein grafts is indicated. Patients in whom recurrent angina develops
      following coronary artery bypass grafting that included an internal mammary
      artery graft should have coronary arteriography to evaluate the presence of
      coronary-subclavian steal syndrome, and brachiocephalic arteriography. Carotid
      subclavian bypass grafting, probably best done with a prosthetic conduit, is the
      procedure of choice for management of the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome.

PMID- 2898239
TI  - Enhancement of desynchronized sleep signs after microinjection of the beta
      adrenergic antagonist propranolol in the dorsal pontine tegmentum.

PMID- 2898240
TI  - Desynchronized sleep suppression after microinjection of the beta-adrenergic
      agonist isoproterenol in the dorsal pontine tegmentum.

PMID- 2898241
TI  - Necrotizing arteritis of the vermiform appendix. A clinicopathologic study of 12
      cases.
AB  - Necrotizing arteritis of the vermiform appendix (NAVA) is an uncommon condition.
      There are conflicting reports in the literature about its relationship to
      systemic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). In this study, 12 cases of NAVA are
      described, constituting 0.28% of histologically examined appendixes. Nine of the
      patients were followed up for a mean of 6.8 years. Systemic necrotizing arteritis
      was found in three cases, all of which were complicated by secondary ulceration
      or infarction of the colon. The results strengthen the association between NAVA
      and systemic PAN. However, it is more meaningful to relate NAVA to the broader
      group of necrotizing vasculitides rather than exclusively to classic PAN.

PMID- 2898243
TI  - The effect of opiates upon prostatic carcinoma cell growth.
AB  - The effect of opiate receptor agonists upon cell growth of the prostatic
      carcinoma cell line DU145 were studied. Dynorphin-A increased growth
      significantly with a peak response at 10(-13) M, of 21 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM). The
      dose response curve had a typical inverted-U shape. Dynorphin fragments 1-13 and
      1-7 also increased growth at 10(-13) M, while the 2-13 fragment failed to
      increase growth. Naloxone increased growth at high concentration (10(-7) M)
      suggesting a stimulatory effect, while at the same time blocking the effect of
      dynorphin-A. This data demonstrates that agents which stimulate opiate receptors,
      especially the kappa receptor agonist dynorphin, increase the growth of prostatic
      carcinoma, and that this effect is controlled by changes at the N-terminal end of
      the peptide. This effect is blocked by Naloxone.

PMID- 2898242
TI  - Adhesin-receptor interactions mediating the attachment of pathogenic Escherichia
      coli to chicken tracheal epithelium.
AB  - Specific adherence of pathogenic Escherichia coli (serotypes O1, O2, and O78) to
      chicken tracheal epithelium was investigated using adherence-inhibition
      procedures. The role of pilus as adhesin was studied by blocking the pilus with
      antipilus antibodies. The nature of the host cell receptor was determined by
      blocking bacterial adhesion with specific carbohydrates or lectins and destroying
      the receptor with sodium metaperiodate. Antipilus antibodies to all three
      serotypes significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) inhibited their adherence.
      Sodium metaperiodate considerably inhibited the adhesion of all three serotypes,
      indicating a role for monosaccharides in the host cell receptor. D-Mannose and
      its derivative methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside inhibited the adhesion of serotypes
      O1 and O78, indicating a role for these sugars in the host cell receptor; this
      was further supported by the inhibition of both serotypes after treatment of
      tracheal epithelium with concanavalin A. None of the sugars or lectins used
      inhibited adhesion of serotype O2.

PMID- 2898244
TI  - A controlled trial comparing sulfasalazine, gold sodium thiomalate, and placebo
      in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - One hundred eight-six patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were evaluated in
      a double-blind, randomized study that compared treatment with sulfasalazine (SSZ)
      (2 mg/day), gold sodium thiomalate (GST) (50 mg/week), and placebo (PBO). The 37
      week course of therapy was completed by 109 patients. While marked improvement
      was seen in all 3 treatment groups, the only statistically significant
      differences between SSZ or GST and PBO were in a decreased erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and increased grip strength in the right hand. GST is known to
      be superior to PBO, and the response of the GST-treated group was similar to that
      seen in other trials. The response of the PBO group, however, was much greater
      than in other placebo groups we have studied. SSZ was similar in efficacy to
      injectable gold, but was better tolerated. Because of adverse drug reactions
      (most commonly, rash, stomatitis, and proteinuria), 41% of patients were
      withdrawn from the GST treatment. Untoward drug effects (most frequently, rash
      and gastrointestinal distress) caused 16% of patients to be withdrawn from SSZ
      therapy.

PMID- 2898245
TI  - [Impromidine-analogous guanidines: synthesis and activity at the histamine H2
      receptor. 29. Histamine analogs].
AB  - 19 impromidine analogous guanidines were synthetized by acid hydrolysis of the
      corresponding N-cyanoguanidines. The guanidines were tested on the isolated
      spontaneously beating guinea-pig atrium for histamine H2-receptor affinity.
      Lengthening the ethyl chain of cysteamine by one methylene group leads to partial
      agonists of decreased activity. Impromidine congeners containing a branched
      cimetidine side chain prove to be potent H2-agonists with maximal or near maximal
      response. Affinity ratios in favour of the (R)-configurated enantiomers are
      moderate but clearly significant. The interaction between the affinity
      contributing moiety and the complementary receptor area shows a lower degree of
      stereoselectivity than does the efficacy contributing (imidazole-4-yl)propyl
      substituent of impromidine and sopromidine, respectively. Homoisohistamine
      derivatives dramatically lose both efficacy and affinity.

PMID- 2898246
TI  - Effect of the H2-blocker famotidine on gastric mucosal prostaglandin levels in
      water immersion stress in rats.
AB  - A quantitative and rapid method was developed for determination of tissue
      prostaglandin (PG) levels using reverse phase high performance liquid
      chromatography. Using this method, we investigated the effects of famotidine (YM
      11170), an H2-blocker, on changes in gastric mucosal PG levels induced by water
      immersion stress in rats. Gastric mucosal phospholipase (PLase) activity was also
      estimated. Four kinds of PGs, i.e., 6-keto-PGF1a, PGE2, PGF2a, and PGD2 were
      detected in gastric mucosa. 6 h water immersion stress induced decreases in all
      of them at a similar degree, the reduction being about 70% of the control value.
      Decreases in PLase activity were also observed in rats with 6 h stress.
      Pretreatment with famotidine prevented decreases in levels of PGs, which are
      known to have cytoprotective effect, and also maintained PLase activity. These
      results indicate that famotidine exerts its anti-ulcer action via maintenance of
      PG levels and PLase activity.

PMID- 2898247
TI  - Antisecretory and antiulcer activities of a potent new histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist with an intermediate duration of action.
AB  - The antisecretory activities of 4-(dimethylamino)- N-[2-[3-[3-(1
      piperidinyl)methyl]phenoxy]propyl]amino]- 1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl]amino]ethyl]
      butanamide, S-oxide (AY-29,315) and ranitidine were determined in the rat, dog
      and monkey. In conscious, chronically cannulated rats, AY-29,315 was 10 and 208
      times more potent than ranitidine as an inhibitor of spontaneous gastric acid
      secretion by the p.o. and i.v. routes, respectively. Tolerance did not develop in
      the conscious rat with either compound when administered for 8 consecutive days
      at doses equivalent to 4 times their antisecretory ED50. In lumen-perfused,
      anesthetized rats, AY-29,315 i.v. was 44 times more potent than ranitidine as an
      inhibitor of dimaprit-induced acid secretion. In the gastric fistula dog, AY
      29,315 was 7.5 times more potent than ranitidine as an inhibitor of dimaprit
      induced secretion by the i.v. route but 3 times less potent by the oral route. In
      the monkey, against dimaprit, AY-29,315 was 3 and 12 times more potent than
      ranitidine by the oral and i.v. routes, respectively. p.o./i.v. ratios indicate
      that, relative to ranitidine, the bioavailability of AY-29,315 by the oral route
      was low, particularly in the dog. In the dog, at 4 times the oral ED50 dose, the
      antisecretory effect of ranitidine lasted 190 +/- 3 min, while that of AY-29,315
      lasted more than 9 h. AY-29,315 was 8 times more potent than ranitidine as an
      inhibitor of acetylsalicylic acid-induced ulcers in the rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898248
TI  - Putative neurotransmitters in the red nucleus and their involvement in postlesion
      adaptive mechanisms.
AB  - A variety of putative neurotransmitters has been described in the red nucleus
      (RN). Measurement of neurotransmitter biochemical markers and study of their
      specific localizations using morphological techniques in lesion and
      deafferentation of the RN indicate the participation of glutamate (Glu) in
      corticorubral transmission and the presence of GABA in RN intrinsic neurones. The
      cerebellorubral projection may contain at least two populations of fibres, the
      one using acetylcholine and the other Glu as neurotransmitter. The presence of a
      serotoninergic input was also demonstrated. Selective deafferentations of the RN,
      particularly from its cerebellar input, result in biochemical and
      immunohistochemical responses indicative of increased corticorubral glutamatergic
      and local GABAergic transmission. These adaptive changes of neuronal transmission
      as well as the previously described sprouting of corticorubral nerve terminals
      may contribute to functional recovery after cerebellectomy in adult animals.

PMID- 2898249
TI  - Disappearance of CD4-lymphocyte circadian cycles in HIV-infected patients: early
      event during asymptomatic infection.
AB  - Circadian variations have been observed in peripheral blood lymphocyte counts in
      normal subjects; they usually reflect variations in absolute CD4-cell count. For
      this population, nadir occurs around 0800 h (basal value) and the peak value
      occurs at midnight (1.6 times the 0800-h value). This cycle is thought to be of
      major importance in the efficacy of the immune response because it expresses the
      migration of lymphocytes into lymphoid organs.

PMID- 2898250
TI  - Veto cells.

PMID- 2898251
TI  - Structure, organization, and regulation of the complement genes.

PMID- 2898252
TI  - V genes encoding autoantibodies: molecular and phenotypic characteristics.

PMID- 2898253
TI  - Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a disease of world-wide distribution.

PMID- 2898254
TI  - Thallium scintigraphy in patients with angina at rest.
AB  - Sixty six patients with angina at rest were investigated by exercise
      electrocardiography, thallium scintigraphy, and coronary arteriography. A
      positive exercise electrocardiogram was highly predictive (93%) but poorly
      sensitive (52%) of coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50%
      stenosis). Thallium scintigraphy was as predictive of the presence of coronary
      artery disease (91%) but was also highly sensitive (91%). The diagnostic
      contribution of the thallium scan was greatest in those patients with an
      inconclusive exercise electrocardiogram without Q waves.

PMID- 2898255
TI  - Absence of excess peripheral muscle fatigue during beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - 1. In eight normal volunteers, the adductor pollicis (AP) was fatigued using
      intermittent trains of programmed, supramaximal stimulation at 1, 10, 20, 50, 100
      and 1 Hz. Activity protocols were performed both with and without circulatory
      occlusion, both without and during propranolol 80 mg thrice daily in order to
      investigate the effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on 'peripheral' fatigue
      mechanisms. 2. The degree of beta-adrenoceptor blockade was assessed by the
      reduction of exercise tachycardia during cycle ergometry, e.g. pulse rates at 210
      watts were reduced from 190 +/- 15 to 127 +/- 5 beats min-1 (mean +/- 1 s.d.)
      indicating that beta-adrenoceptor blockade was substantial and highly significant
      (P less than 0.001). 3. Before, during and following fatiguing activity with
      circulatory occlusion force declines were identical during and without beta
      adrenoceptor blockade. During and following activity without occlusion, there
      were slight declines in force which were questionably significantly different at
      20 Hz (P less than 0.05). 4. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP)
      amplitude, measured from the skin surface over the muscle, was unaltered by beta
      adrenoceptor blockade before, during or after activity whether with or without
      circulatory occlusion. 5. The maximal relaxation rate (MRR) was not significantly
      reduced in previously unfatigued muscle during beta-adrenoceptor blockade. During
      activity, both with and without circulatory occlusion, there was no evidence that
      MRR was reduced significantly more during beta-adrenoceptor blockade. 6. The
      absence of a convincing effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on peripheral
      fatigue mechanisms may indicate that central mechanisms are involved or that
      impairments of peripheral force production, of a specific nature or as a result
      of exacerbation of limitations of circulatory oxygen transport, though small are
      detected during voluntary exercise and give rise to increases in motor unit
      recruitment and/or firing rates, and hence increased perception of fatigue.

PMID- 2898256
TI  - Effects of the beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 on blood pressure in
      hypertensive patients known to respond to beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - 1. The selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551, 50 mg orally given
      thrice daily, did not lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients known to
      respond to therapy with atenolol or propranolol. 2. This dosage regimen resulted
      in a small decrease in supine heart rate which might represent partial beta 1
      adrenoceptor antagonism by ICI 118,551. 3. The results suggest that beta 2
      selective antagonism does not play a role in the hypotensive action of beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists.

PMID- 2898257
TI  - Topographical distribution of prostaglandin E receptors in human myometrium.
AB  - The binding of radiolabelled prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha and PGE2 by human
      myometrium was measured in vitro and the distribution and characteristics of the
      binding sites in non-pregnant and pregnant uteri were studied. PGF2 alpha binding
      sites were of low affinity (Kd 30 nM) and could be occupied by PG of the E series
      with higher affinity than PGF2 alpha itself. PGE binding sites were of high
      affinity (Kd 1.5 nM) and highly specific for PG of the E series, suggesting that
      they represent true PGE receptors. The concentration of PGE receptors was higher
      in non-pregnant than in pregnant uteri at term. In non-pregnant uteri the
      concentration of PGE receptors was highest in the fundus and decreased towards
      the cervix; in term pregnant uteri the concentration was constant in all areas.
      In both non-pregnant and pregnant uteri there was a significantly lower PGE
      binding affinity in cervix than in myometrium from the fundus-corpus area. The
      concentrations and affinity of PGE receptors were similar during the
      proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle and were not influenced
      by age of the patient. PGE receptors were not influenced by the presence or
      absence of primary dysmenorrhoea but appeared to be increased in unexplained
      menorrhagia.

PMID- 2898258
TI  - Stereochemistry and accessibility of prosthetic groups in flavoproteins.
AB  - Using 8-demethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deaza-5-carba analogues of the appropriate flavin
      nucleotides, we determined the stereochemistry of interaction between coenzyme
      and substrate for several flavoproteins. The enzymes were D-amino acid oxidase, L
      lactate oxidase, and D-lactate dehydrogenase, all three of which interact with
      pyruvate, as well as cyclohexanone monooxygenase and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-5
      carboxylic acid oxygenase, which were both probed with nicotinamide nucleotides.
      L-Lactate oxidase and D-lactate dehydrogenase used the si face of the modified
      flavin ring while the other three enzymes showed re-side specificity. This
      selection of flavoenzymes includes FAD- and FMN-dependent enzymes, enzymes that
      follow a carbanion mechanism, and others that have hydride transfer as an
      integral part of their reaction pathway.

PMID- 2898259
TI  - A new kinetic approach for studying phospholipase C (Clostridium perfringens
      alpha toxin) activity on phospholipid monolayers.
AB  - The enzymatic activity of purified phospholipase C (alpha toxin) from Clostridium
      perfringens was investigated with various phospholipid monolayers. A two-step
      reaction was used. Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble lecithin films by
      phospholipase C, generating 1,2-diacylglycerol and water-soluble phosphocholine,
      was coupled with the action of pancreatic lipase in order to give rise to fatty
      acid and 2-monoacylglycerol, which are rapidly desorbed from the interface. With
      this new procedure, it is possible to obtain continuous and accurate kinetic
      measurements of the phospholipase C catalyzed reaction with phospholipid
      monolayers as the substrate. It is thus possible to avoid the use of radiolabeled
      substrates as necessary in previous studies, and the difficulties caused by
      diacylglycerol accumulation in the lipid film are minimized. No hydrolysis was
      detected when either phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, or
      phosphatidylglycerol films were used as substrates. By means of a film transfer
      technique, Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions were found to play a specific and critical role.
      The present study demonstrates clearly for the first time that Ca2+ is essential
      for enzyme binding to lipid films, whereas Zn2+ is specifically involved in the
      catalytic hydrolysis of the substrate.

PMID- 2898260
TI  - Glutathione-mediated transport across intestinal brush-border membranes.
AB  - Glutathione transport was studied in brush-border membrane vesicles of rabbit
      small intestine in which gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2) had been
      inactivated by a specific affinity-labeling reagent, L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3
      chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT125). Transport of intact [glycine-2
      3H]GSH occurred into an osmotically active intravesicular space of AT125-treated
      membranes. The 0.1 M NaSCN gradient (Na+ inside greater than Na+ outside) in the
      transport medium could be replaced with KSCN or NaCl without affecting transport
      activity. The initial rate of GSH transport followed Michaelis-Menten saturation
      kinetics (Km = 17 microM). The results suggest that, in these membranes, there
      was an Na+-independent mediated transport for intact GSH with marked specificity
      and affinity. In fact glycine, glutamic acid and cysteine did not decrease GSH
      uptake, as was also true for glycylglycine and glycylglycylglycine; only gamma
      glutamylcysteinylglycyl ester, a derivative of GSH, partially inhibited GSH
      transport.

PMID- 2898261
TI  - Rapid stimulation of liver palmitoyl-CoA synthetase, carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase and glycerophosphate acyltransferase compared to peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase in rats fed high-fat diets.
AB  - Key enzymes involved in oxidation and esterification of long-chain fatty acids
      were investigated in male rats fed different types and amounts of oil in their
      diet. A diet with 20% (w/w) fish oil, partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO) and
      partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) was shown to stimulate the
      mitochondrial and microsomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity (EC 6.2.1.3)
      compared to soybean oil-fed animals after 1 week of feeding. Rapeseed oil had no
      effect. Partially hydrogenated oils in the diet resulted in significantly higher
      levels of mitochondrial glycerophosphate acyltransferase compared to
      unhydrogenated oils in the diet. Rats fed 20% (w/w) rapeseed oil had a decreased
      activity of this mitochondrial enzyme, whereas the microsomal glycerophosphate
      acyltransferase activity was stimulated to a comparable extent with 20% (w/w)
      rapeseed oil, fish oil or PHFO in the diet. Increasing the amount of PHFO (from 5
      to 25% (w/w)) in the diet for 3 days led to increased mitochondrial and
      microsomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase and microsomal glycerophosphate
      acyltransferase activities with 5% of this oil in the diet. The mitochondrial
      glycerophosphate acyltransferase was only marginally affected by increasing the
      oil dose. Administration of 20% (w/w) PHFO increased rapidly the mitochondrial
      and microsomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase and
      microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase activities almost to their maximum
      value within 36 h. In contrast, the glycerophosphate acyltransferase and
      palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2) activities of the mitochondrial fraction and
      the peroxisomal beta-oxidation reached their maximum activities after
      administration of the dietary oil for 6.5 days. This sequence of enzyme changes
      (a) is in accordance with the proposal that an increased cellular level of long
      chain acyl-CoA species act as metabolic messages for induction of peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, i.e., these enzymes are regulated by
      a substrate-induced mechanism, and (b) indicates that, with PHFO, a greater part
      of the activated fatty acids are directed from triacylglycerol esterification and
      hydrolysis towards oxidation in the mitochondria. It is also conceivable that the
      mitochondrial beta-oxidation is proceeding before the enhancement of peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation.

PMID- 2898262
TI  - Expression of the cytosolic and particulate forms of transglutaminase during
      chemically induced rat liver carcinogenesis.
AB  - Transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) activity in chemically induced rat hepatocellular
      carcinomas was reduced by some 65% when compared to normal rat livers. The
      majority of the remaining activity (approx. 85%) was found in the particulate
      fraction. The use of non-ionic detergent to extract the transglutaminase activity
      present in both normal and tumour tissue followed by its separation on a Mono-Q
      column revealed two distinct peaks of activity. These peaks of activity were
      equivalent to those previously identified as a membrane-bound transglutaminase
      and the more characteristic cytosolic or tissue transglutaminase. The ratio of
      the activity of the cytosolic enzyme to that of the membrane-bound enzyme in
      normal liver was calculated as 5:1. In hepatocellular carcinomas, this ratio was
      reduced to 0.4:1. No significant change in the activity of the membrane-bound
      enzyme was detectable in tumour tissue. Comparison of the cytosolic enzyme found
      in hepatocellular carcinomas with that found in normal liver indicated no change
      in its molecular weight, Km,app for putrescine incorporation into N,N'
      dimethylcasein and sensitivity to activation by Ca2+. These observations suggest
      that the reduction in transglutaminase activity observed in the hepatocellular
      carcinoma is due to a selective reduction in the expression of the cytosolic
      transglutaminase.

PMID- 2898263
TI  - [Action of trimethyl 3,3-N-hexene-5-lactam on the mechanical properties of the
      longitudinal fibers of the rat colon. An in vitro study].
AB  - The effects of trimethyl 3,3-N-hexene-5-lactam (T. H. L.) on the mechanical
      properties of longitudinal muscle strips of the distal rat colon were
      investigated through stretching, electrical stimulation and addition of
      pharmacologic agents. T. H. L. abolished the contraction induced by electrical
      stimulation and decreased amplitude of contractions induced by carbamoylcholine
      and serotonin. It further reduced the relaxation induced by adrenaline.

PMID- 2898264
TI  - [Enzyme systems of the substrate and cofactor supply of hyperlipogenesis in non
      insulin-dependent diabetes].
AB  - Enzymatic systems of hepatic hyperlipogenesis supply by substrate (acetyl-CoA)
      and cofactors (NADPH and ATP) were studied in experiments on diabetic C57Bl/Ks J
      mice (db/db) that served as a model of non-insulin dependent diabetes. The rise
      in acetyl-CoA synthetase activity catalyzing the primary step of lipogenesis from
      acetate has been found, while pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity did not
      differ from the control and ATP-citrate lyase activity was lowered.
      Hyperlipogenesis in non-insulin dependent diabetes was induced by the activation
      of cellular energy supply revealed in enhanced 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
      activity and elevated ATP level, as well as changes in the activity ratio of
      NADPH supply and utilization and the rise in fructose-1,6-diphosphate, allosteric
      effector of fatty acid synthetase, which resulted in the increase of the enzyme
      activity and created wider potentials of NADPH utilization as a reducing
      equivalent in lipogenesis.

PMID- 2898265
TI  - [Restriction fragment length polymorphism of c-fos and c-src oncogene loci in
      spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and control (WKY) rats].
AB  - Interstrain restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected after
      Southern blot hybridization of DNA from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and
      WKY rats treated with Bam HI restrictase with c-fos probe. The SHR genome is
      characterized by an additional miner band of 4.0 kilobase. RFLP was also revealed
      in c-src locus by Eco RI and Hind III restrictases. The major characteristic
      bands are 1.6 kb (SHR) and 2.4 kb (WKY) after Eco RI restriction and 3.4 kb (SHR)
      and 4.1 kb (WKY) after Hind III restriction. These RFLP can be used as mendelian
      traits in the linkage studies of distribution of blood pressure and other
      quantitative physiological traits in (SHR x WKY) F2 hybrids. The interstrain
      polymorphism determined in c-fos and c-src can also appear important in the
      evaluation of their physiological role in the cell.

PMID- 2898267
TI  - Management of unstable angina soon after myocardial infarction.
AB  - The recurrence of angina soon after myocardial infarction is not uncommon and
      represents areas of viable myocardium at risk from infarct extension and thus a
      worse prognosis. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of acute ischaemic
      syndromes and developments in interventional cardiology in the past decade have
      helped us rationalize our approach to this high-risk subset and achieve maximal
      myocardial salvage with its short- and long-term benefits.

PMID- 2898266
TI  - Distribution of somatostatin receptors on murine spleen and Peyer's patch T and B
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) plays an
      immunoregulatory role. We demonstrated previously that SOM inhibits concanavalin
      A-induced cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis by murine Peyer's patch
      and splenic lymphocytes. Available data suggest that these effects are in part
      mediated by specific SOM receptors expressed by lymphocytes, but as yet these
      receptors have not been characterized. Using cytofluorimetry we investigated the
      distribution and specificity of binding of fluorescent SOM (SOM*) to murine
      Peyer's patch and splenic T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations. The specificity of
      binding was confirmed by radioassay. T and B cells from both organs showed
      specific binding of SOM*. In Peyer's patches, approximately 50% of all cell
      populations studied (whole, T- and B-cell-enriched) bound SOM specifically and
      this was significantly higher than the corresponding splenic lymphocyte
      populations. Eighty to eighty-four percent of Peyer's patch Thy1.2+, Lyt1+, or
      L3T4+ cells and 94% of Lyt2+ cells bound SOM. Greater than 80% of B cells from
      this organ bound SOM (sIgA+ = sIgM+ greater than sIgG+ cells). In spleen,
      approximately 30% of Thy1.2+, Lyt1+, or L3T4+ cells bound SOM and this was
      significantly less than the proportion of Lyt2+ cells (53%) which did so. More
      sIgA+ (89%) than sIgG+ (66%) than sIgM+ (55%) B cells bound SOM*. Although we
      have previously shown that the effect of SOM on immunoglobulin synthesis was
      relatively isotype-specific (IgA synthesis was predominantly affected, especially
      in Peyer's patches) this cannot be explained solely on the basis of preferential
      expression of SOM receptors by distinct lymphocyte subsets. Instead, it is
      probably the result of the specific immunological microenvironment in which the
      lymphocytes reside.

PMID- 2898268
TI  - Weight loss in obese subjects on a restricted diet given BRL 26830A, a new
      atypical beta adrenoceptor agonist.
AB  - A double blind placebo controlled study was carried out in 40 subjects newly
      referred for treatment for obesity to determine the effects of the new
      thermogenic beta adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830A. The subjects were randomised to
      receive either BRL 26830A, 200 mg daily for two weeks then 400 mg daily, or
      placebo for 18 weeks, and all were instructed to follow a 3.35 MJ diet that was
      low in fat and high in fibre. Weight loss was 15.4 (SD 6.6) kg in subjects given
      BRL 26830A compared with 10.0 (5.9) kg in those given placebo (p = 0.02). The
      relative weight loss was 0.93 (0.39%) a week with BRL 26830A and 0.61 (0.38)%
      with placebo (p = 0.02). Urinary excretion of nitrogen was similar in both
      groups, whereas measurements of skinfold thickness indicated a 4.1 kg difference
      in the amount of fat lost, suggesting that weight loss with BRL 26830A was mainly
      from adipose and not lean tissue. BRL 26830A had no effect on resting pulse rate
      or pressor effects on either diastolic or systolic blood pressure. No significant
      differences were found between the two groups in serum cholesterol concentration,
      percentage of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma concentrations of
      glucose and insulin, the ratio of glucose to insulin, serum concentrations of
      triiodothyronine and thyroxine, and creatinine clearance. Short term
      administration of BRL 26830A to six subjects who had taken the drug for 18 weeks
      showed that the expenditure of energy increased by 11.6% during the second hour
      after administration, which suggests that BRL 26830A may enhance weight loss
      thermogenically. BRL 26830A may be a useful drug in the treatment of obesity.

PMID- 2898269
TI  - Lithium increases dynorphin A(1-8) and prodynorphin mRNA levels in the basal
      ganglia of rats.
AB  - The aim of this study was to understand the possible influence of the antimanic
      drug, lithium, and the neuroleptic, haloperidol, alone or in combination, on the
      regulation of dynorphin biosynthesis in the striatum. The study was done using
      male Fisher-344 rats subjected to a regimen of subchronic administration of
      lithium chloride (4 mEq/kg/day for 1,2,4 or 6 days, i.p.) or a regimen of chronic
      oral administration of a diet containing lithium carbonate (1.5 g/kg of the
      diet). Subchronic administration of lithium increased striatal dynorphin A(1-8)
      like immunoreactivity (DN-LI) in a time-related fashion. Immunocytochemistry
      revealed an increase in DN-LI in fibers and cells clustered in 'patches'
      throughout striatum. The increase in DN-LI was reversible on cessation of lithium
      administration. Concurrent administration of lithium and an opiate antagonist,
      naltrexone, or a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, did not influence the
      changes induced by lithium. Chronic oral administration of lithium for 21 days
      led to an increase in DN-LI in the striatum. Co-administration of haloperidol
      with the 21 day regimen of lithium administration failed to affect the increase
      in DN-LI. The prodynorphin mRNA abundance in the striatum was quantitated by a
      molecular hybridization procedure using a prodynorphin 32P-cRNA probe generated
      from the Riboprobe system. Evidence from the Northern blot analysis reveals that
      lithium increases the prodynorphin mRNA abundance in the striatum. These results
      indicate that lithium affects the dynamics of prodynorphin biosynthesis in the
      striatum, presumably increasing transcription and/or translational processes.

PMID- 2898270
TI  - A cholinergic antagonist blocks cold stress-induced alterations in rat adrenal
      tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA.
AB  - The role of nicotinic cholinergic transmission in cold stress-induced alterations
      in rat adrenomedullary tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA was investigated by RNA dot
      blot hybridization, using a cloned TH cDNA probe. Chlorisondamine, a ganglionic
      blocking agent, greatly attenuated the induction of TH mRNA levels caused by cold
      exposure, whereas carbachol and nicotine, cholinergic agonists, increased TH mRNA
      in control animals. These results suggest that cholinergic nicotinic receptors
      play a key role in the transsynaptic induction of adrenal TH gene expression.

PMID- 2898271
TI  - Substance K (NKA) increases tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in cultured substantia
      nigra.
AB  - Cultured explants of the mouse substantia nigra were used to analyze mechanisms
      underlying the depolarization-induced increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
      Steady-state levels of messenger RNA encoding tyrosine hydroxylase were detected
      using an antisense riboprobe in an RNase protection assay. Explants exposed to
      the depolarizing agent, veratridine, exhibited an approximate 2-fold increase in
      tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA. Moreover, the native presynaptic excitatory
      agonist substance K also elicited a significant increase in tyrosine hydroxylase
      message. We conclude that depolarizing influences induce tyrosine hydroxylase in
      the cultured substantia nigra in association with an elevation of enzyme
      messenger RNA.

PMID- 2898272
TI  - Brain neurotransmitter systems mediating behavioral deficits produced by
      inescapable shock treatment in rats.
AB  - The effect of inescapable footshock (IS) upon rats' motor activity (the open
      field and forced swim tests) was studied in rats subjected to drugs, and
      neurotoxin treatments, affecting their central neurotransmitter systems. The
      agonists of GABA-receptor complex, dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin neuronal
      systems, as well as the cholinergic antagonist, partially reversed motor
      suppression induced by IS, while the dopamine agonist, chlorpromazine, and the
      cholinergic antagonist, physostigmine, potentiated it. The effects of chemical
      lesions of the brain monoaminergic neurons with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), N
      chloro-ethyl-2,2-bromo-benzylamine (DSP-4), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) were more complex, depending upon the extent of
      monoamine depletion, and the kind of test applied. It is concluded that a
      decrease in the brain noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and GABAergic
      neuronal activity, as well as the central cholinergic hyperactivity, might
      contribute to the behavioral suppression after IS. Thus the central mechanisms of
      behavioral deficits produced by IS involve multiple neurotransmitter systems, and
      the analysis of their role in more complicated behavioral patterns must also take
      into account changes in animals' baseline and stimulated motor activity.

PMID- 2898273
TI  - Orally administered MDMA causes a long-term depletion of serotonin in rat brain.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), when
      administered subcutaneously, is toxic to central serotonergic neurons in rats.
      Because humans typically self-administer this drug orally, we compared this route
      to the s.c. route of administration. Orally administered MDMA produced a dose
      related depletion of serotonin comparable to that produced by the s.c. route.
      These findings suggest that MDMA, when given orally, retains it neurotoxic
      activity and that humans using MDMA may be at risk for developing a persistent
      depletion of brain serotonin.

PMID- 2898274
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in the cerebral cortex of
      lizards.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex of
      two lizards has been studied. Results are similar in both species. Somatostatin
      positive neurons show variable morphology; they are bipolar, multipolar or
      pyramidal cells. Their distribution within the cerebral cortex is not
      homogeneous: they tend to be found in the innermost cortical layer, the deep
      plexiform layer, where they constitute a constant population in the region of the
      dorsomedial cortex. All immunoreactive processes observed in the cerebral cortex
      belong to somatostatin cortical neurons since no immunoreactive fiber is found to
      reach or leave the telencephalic cortex. Most of the dendrites are smooth or
      sparsely spinous. Axons are abundant in the deep plexiform layer; in the
      dorsomedial cortex a prominent terminal field appears in the outermost region of
      the superficial plexiform layer, which may arise from the neuronal somatostatin
      immunoreactive population found deeper in the same cortex.

PMID- 2898275
TI  - In vitro release of somatostatin from cerebral cortical slices: characterization
      of electrically evoked release.
AB  - Calcium-dependent, tetrodotoxin (1 microM)-sensitive release of somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SRIF-LI) could be evoked by electrical field stimulation of
      vibratome-cut cerebral cortical slices superfused in vitro. The release of SRIF
      LI from cortical slices was frequency-dependent, and showed facilitation between
      5 and 25 Hz. Release was also current-dependent and above a threshold of 10 mA
      increased to plateau at 80 mA. Addition of peptidase inhibitors did not improve
      the recovery of SRIF-LI, and HPLC analysis of the released material showed that
      over 95% of SRIF-LI released corresponded to SRIF-14 (SRIF-28).

PMID- 2898276
TI  - The developmental appearance of Thy-1 in the avian cerebellum.
AB  - The cellular localization of the Thy-1 antigen during development of the chick
      cerebellum has been investigated using a monoclonal antibody SB1-20.11. Improved
      cellular morphology and retention of both membrane and intracellular antigenicity
      was achieved by the immunohistochemical labelling of polyester wax sections using
      an indirect peroxidase visualization protocol. A parallel histological
      investigation was carried out using a modified silver staining procedure based on
      that of Bodian. Immunoreactivity was found throughout development in the soma and
      dendritic tree of the Purkinje cell, in the internal granular layer, white matter
      and elements of the deep cerebellar nuclei. The antigen's expression closely
      correlates to the morphological maturation of Purkinje cell population.
      Furthermore, it appears to reflect the formation of glomeruli and the basket cell
      interaction with the Purkinje cell. An association of Thy-1 with climbing fibres,
      as reported previously in rodent species, cannot be unambiguously shown in the
      chick because of the high levels of Thy-1 expressed throughout development on the
      Purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular layer. The spatial and temporal pattern
      of expression in the chick cerebellum suggests that Thy-1 contributes to the
      definition of synaptic fields.

PMID- 2898277
TI  - Effect of depolarization on the maturation of cerebellar granule cells in
      culture.
AB  - The effect of depolarization on the maturation of granule cells derived from
      cerebella of 8-day-old rats can be studied in cultures in chemically defined
      media because their survival is not dependent on elevated K+ as it is when they
      are grown in serum-containing media. As an index of maturation, stimulus-coupled
      transmitter release was examined. This was chosen because it is closely
      associated with the neuronal phenotype and, in contrast to granule cells grown
      under depolarizing conditions in serum-containing media, it has not been known
      whether this property is expressed during the development of serum-free cells in
      culture. Veratrine-induced release of preloaded D-[3H]aspartate (Asp), an
      analogue of glutamate (Glu; the transmitter of the granule cells), was not
      detectable in the serum-free cells at a time (8-12 days in vitro) when this
      property was fully developed in cells grown in a medium containing serum and 25
      mM K+ (reference cultures). This finding may be related to the failure of the
      expression of voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the serum-free granule cells.
      However, in comparison with reference cultures, voltage-sensitive 45Ca2+ entry
      was only transiently retarded in the serum-free cells. Furthermore, in contrast
      to the exogenous D-[3H]Asp, stimulated release of endogenous Glu was detectable,
      although it was substantially lower than in the reference cultures.
      Autoradiographic studies indicated that the failure to elicit evoked release of
      the exogenous amino acid was due to a severe retardation of the expression of the
      acidic amino acid carrier in the serum-free granule cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898280
TI  - Methods to define and locate patterns of motifs in sequences.
AB  - A method to define and search for complex patterns of motifs in nucleic acid and
      protein sequences is described. With this method nucleic acid motifs can be
      defined in eight different ways and protein motifs in six. A pattern is defined
      by a list of motifs. The motifs in a list are combined using the logical
      operators AND, OR and NOT. The list also defines the ranges of allowed
      separations of the motifs in the pattern. Programs to search for patterns in
      individual sequences and libraries of sequences are described. Patterns are
      defined by users and stored as annotated disk files. Hence the programming to
      define and locate new structures can be performed by users and fewer specific
      novel algorithms should be required. Examples are given of searches for
      transcription initiation regions, nematode mitochondrial tRNA genes and for
      members of the globin sequence family.

PMID- 2898278
TI  - Neurotransmitters in the regulation of neuronal cytoarchitecture.
AB  - Recent experiments in isolated neurons in cell culture have demonstrated that
      neurotransmitters and associated electrical activity can directly affect neurite
      outgrowth. The results indicate that neurotransmitters have considerable
      potential to control the development of the neuronal circuits in which they
      participate in information coding in the adult. Cellular mechanisms regulating
      growth cone motility have been found to be similar to those regulating
      neurotransmitter release at the synapse and involve electrical activity, calcium
      and other second messengers. These similarities suggest that the morphological
      changes in connections observed in adult plasticity may involve the transition of
      synaptic terminals back to a growth mode. Excitatory and inhibitory
      neurotransmitters can interact to yield a net effect on neuronal morphology. In
      the intact nervous system a balance between these neurotransmitter inputs is
      probably important in maintaining circuits. Studies of neurotransmitter
      involvement in learning and memory processes indicate that brain function can
      alter brain structure and that neurotransmitters may control these structural
      changes. The hippocampus is one brain region in which we are beginning to define
      roles for neurotransmitters as sculptors of neuronal cytoarchitecture. The
      neurotransmitter glutamate was found to specifically affect the cytoarchitecture
      of hippocampal pyramidal neuron dendrites in a graded manner which suggests that
      glutamate may be involved in: establishing hippocampal circuitry during brain
      development; maintaining and modifying circuitry in the adult; and inducing
      neurodegeneration in several disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease,
      and stroke. Therapeutic approaches to disorders which affect brain
      cytoarchitecture may now be devised based upon knowledge of the neurotransmitters
      and their cellular mechanisms in the pertinent brain region.

PMID- 2898279
TI  - Convergence of thermal signals on the reticulospinal neurons in the midbrain,
      pons and medulla oblongata.
AB  - A total of 670 reticulospinal (RfS) and non-RfS neurons in the mesencephalic,
      pontile and medullary reticular formation (mRf, pRf and mdRf) were studied for
      the responsiveness to changes in temperatures of local brain sites, preoptic and
      anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) and skin in the urethane anesthetized rat. Local
      thermoresponsiveness was found in 49.6% of 139 mRf neurons, 61.9% of 160 pRf
      neurons and 75.4% of 126 mdRf neurons. While the ventromedial region of pRf and
      mdRf contained predominantly warm-responsive neurons (54.8% and 62.5%), cold
      responsive neurons were much more frequently found in the mRf (33.8%) and the
      dorsolateral region of pRf (41.9%) and mdRf (50.0%). Responsiveness to
      hypothalamic temperature and/or skin temperature was observed in about 40-74% of
      Rf neurons. Higher incidence of responsiveness to remote temperatures was found
      among locally thermoresponsive neurons than among locally thermounresponsive
      neurons in all three areas. Particularly, there was a high degree of convergence
      of 'cold' signals from local and remote sites on the RfS neurons in the mRf and
      the dorsolateral pRf and mdRf. Microinjections of procaine and glutamate into
      these regions decreased and increased the cold-induced increase in EMG activity
      and shivering without any correlated changes in cardiovascular and respiratory
      parameters and pilomotor activity. The results suggest that RfS and non-RfS
      neurons in the mRf and the dorsolateral pRf and mdRf are involved in the control
      of thermoregulatory muscle tone and shivering.

PMID- 2898281
TI  - [Quantitative detection of serum free E-receptor and its clinical significance].

PMID- 2898282
TI  - Cardiac effects produced by long-term stimulation of thoracic autonomic ganglia
      or nerves: implications for interneuronal interactions within the thoracic
      autonomic nervous system.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of an acutely decentralized stellate or middle cervical
      ganglion or cardiopulmonary nerve augments cardiac chronotropism or inotropism;
      as the stimulation continues there is a gradual reduction of this augmentation
      following the peak response, i.e., an inhibition of augmentation. The amount of
      this inhibition was found to be dependent upon the region of the heart
      investigated and the neural structure stimulated. The cardiac parameters which
      were augmented the most displayed the greatest inhibition. Maximum augmentation
      or inhibition occurred, in most instances, when 5-20 Hz stimuli were used.
      Inhibition of augmentation was overcome when the stimulation frequency was
      subsequently increased or following the administration of nicotine or tyramine,
      indicating that the inhibition was not primarily due to the lack of availability
      of noradrenaline in the nerve terminals of the efferent postganglionic
      sympathetic neurons. Furthermore, as infusions of isoproterenol or noradrenaline
      during the period of inhibition could still augment cardiac responses, whereas
      during the early peak responses they did not, the inhibition of augmentation does
      not appear to be due primarily to down regulation of cardiac myocyte beta
      adrenergic receptors. The inhibition was modified by hexamethonium but not by
      phentolamine or atropine. Inhibition occurred when all ipsilateral
      cardiopulmonary nerves connected with acutely decentralized middle cervical and
      stellate ganglia were stimulated, whereas significant inhibition did not occur
      when these nerves were stimulated after they had been disconnected from the
      ipsilateral decentralized ganglia. Taken together these data indicate that the
      inhibition of cardiac augmentation which occurs during relatively long-term
      stimulation of intrathoracic sympathetic neural elements is due in large part to
      nicotinic cholinergic synaptic mechanisms that lie primarily in the major
      thoracic autonomic ganglia. They also indicate that long-term stimulation in
      intrathoracic sympathetic neural elements with frequencies as low as 2 Hz may
      augment the heart as much as higher stimulation frequencies, depending upon the
      structure stimulated and the cardiovascular parameter monitored.

PMID- 2898283
TI  - Postnatal development of beta-adrenergic response in ventricular muscle of the
      rat heart.
AB  - In adult mammalian, heart responses to beta- and alpha-adrenergic stimulation are
      different: the beta-type effect exhibits a larger increase of relaxation than of
      contraction, while the alpha-stimulation has no selective influence on
      relaxation. The present results show that the effect of isoprenaline (ISO) on the
      neonatal rat heart during the 1st postnatal week is not a typical beta-effect in
      that the relaxant influence of beta-stimulation is lacking. During the 2nd and
      3rd postnatal weeks the typical beta-response, with improved relaxation,
      gradually appears. The absence of the typical beta-effect is not caused by the
      lack of beta-receptors or cAMP-dependent phosphorylation reactions because in
      other respects, the positive inotropic effect of ISO is well developed at the
      moment of birth. In addition to these qualitative changes, also prominent
      quantitative changes occurred in the ISO response. The dose-response curves were
      shifted to the right with advancing age, suggesting reduced beta-agonist potency
      of the maturing tissue. The developed tension (Tmax) abruptly increased between
      the 12th and 17th postnatal days and then steeply declined during the next 2
      weeks. Changes in Tmax correlated fairly well with the general ability of the
      tissue to generate extra force, as expressed by rest-dependent potentiation of
      twitch. However, during the 2nd postnatal week cardiac tissue seemed to be
      subsensitive to ISO, since all contractile parameters except T''max were
      depressed. The results suggest that the postnatal changes in beta-response are
      primarily determined by alternations in the electromechanical coupling process of
      the developing tissue, and less by the proper adrenergic mechanisms.

PMID- 2898284
TI  - Hypofrontality in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2898285
TI  - Reversible sellar enlargement due to growth hormone-releasing hormone production
      by pancreatic endocrine tumors in a acromegalic patient with multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type I syndrome.
AB  - A 28-year-old woman presented with hypoglycemia and acromegaly associated with
      pituitary sellar enlargement. Preoperative plasma levels of insulin and growth
      hormone (GH) were markedly elevated and there was mild hyperprolactinemia.
      Laboratory tests suggested hyperparathyroidism. Partial pancreatectomy was
      performed and two tumors were found. Morphologic examination revealed two well
      differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms with distinct histologic,
      immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features. Immunoreactivity for insulin
      was present in the larger tumor; the smaller tumor contained glucagon, gastrin,
      somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Both neoplasms demonstrated growth
      hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) immunopositivity and released GRH in vitro.
      Subsequent studies confirmed abnormally elevated preoperative plasma levels of
      GRH. Postoperatively, blood glucose, insulin, GRH, and GH normalized and there
      was regression of acromegalic features with significant reduction in sellar size.
      The clinicopathologic findings indicate that, in patients with multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type I (MEN-I), GRH production by pancreatic tumors can stimulate
      hypophysial somatotrophs resulting in GH excess and acromegaly due to a
      reversible pituitary lesion, most likely somatotroph hyperplasia.

PMID- 2898286
TI  - Chromosomal reorganization for the expression of recessive mutation of
      retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in the development of osteosarcoma.
AB  - Recent evidence indicates that the mutation of retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB)
      gene is also involved in the development of osteosarcoma. We studied 30 cases of
      osteosarcoma for the structural anomalies of the RB gene by Southern
      hybridization analysis with cDNA probes of the RB gene. Thirteen cases (43%)
      showed structural anomalies of the RB gene. They included the total or partial
      deletion, or rearrangement of the RB gene; seven with homozygous deletions and
      six with hemizygous deletions or rearrangements. By the use of restriction
      fragment length polymorphism fragments as chromosome markers, those seven tumors
      having homozygous deletions and four of six tumors having hemizygous anomalies
      showed the loss of heterozygosity at other loci on chromosome 13. Among those
      tumors with no apparent structural changes of the RB gene, seven cases showed the
      loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 13, and altogether the loss of
      heterozygosity by either homozygosity or hemizygosity was found in 18 (64%) of 28
      informative cases. The loss of heterozygosity was also found for nine of 10 other
      chromosomes, of which chromosome 17 showed the highest frequency (77%). The
      tumors with loss of chromosome 13 alleles also showed additional losses of
      alleles on other chromosomes, while tumors retaining heterozygosity of chromosome
      13 also retained heterozygosity at the informative loci on other chromosomes.
      Southern hybridization and karyotype analysis in some selected cases suggest that
      the concerted loss of heterozygosity at multiple loci may be a consequence of the
      polyploidization-segregation process.

PMID- 2898287
TI  - Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in HL60 cells: evidence that a surface
      membrane protein distinct from P-glycoprotein contributes to reduced cellular
      accumulation of drug.
AB  - HL60 cells exhibiting a 140-fold increase in resistance to vincristine contain
      three surface membrane proteins with molecular weights of 210,000 (P210), 180,000
      (P180), and 150,000 (P150) which are highly phosphorylated in vivo and in an in
      vitro system in the presence of Mn2+ and [gamma-32P]ATP. These phosphorylated
      proteins are either absent or present in very low levels in membranes of drug
      sensitive cells. Growth of the vincristine-resistant isolate in the absence of
      drug results in a decrease in the level of resistance and a major reduction in
      the phosphorylation of P210 and P180. The phosphorylation of P150 is not altered
      in the revertant which still exhibits substantial levels of resistance. Further
      studies show that P210 and P180 are highly reactive with a monoclonal antibody
      against P-glycoprotein. These two proteins are present in only very low levels in
      revertant cells. The monoclonal antibody exhibits no reactivity with P150. In
      HL60 cells isolated for a 25-fold increase in vincristine resistance proteins
      reactive with P-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody are essentially absent. P150 is
      however highly phosphorylated in these cells. Additional experiments using lectin
      binding of 32P-labeled proteins demonstrates that P150 has properties distinct
      from P210 and P180. Analysis of drug uptake patterns in the vincristine-resistant
      isolates and the revertant shows that resistance is related to a reduced
      intracellular accumulation of drug. Reduced accumulation of vincristine is also
      found in HL60 cells isolated for resistance to Adriamycin. These cells are devoid
      of P-glycoprotein but contain phosphorylated P150. These results suggest that
      proteins P150, P180, and P210 may contribute to multidrug resistance in HL60
      cells through a mechanism which involves reduced cellular accumulation of drug.
      P180 and P210 are structurally related whereas P150 is distinct from these two
      proteins.

PMID- 2898288
TI  - Multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human epidermal growth
      factor receptor gene.
AB  - We have examined the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene for structural
      alterations in fresh human tumors. DNA samples from 92 patients with solid tumors
      (lung cancer, 37; breast cancer, 24; head and neck cancer, 17; other tumors, 14)
      were analyzed and compared with those from 22 leukemia patients and 14
      individuals without malignant neoplasms. When DNA samples were digested with
      HindIII restriction endonuclease, Southern blot analysis demonstrated 3 distinct
      polymorphic bands (9.8, 11, and 12 kilobases) after hybridization to the HER-A64
      1 probe and another 2 distinct polymorphic bands (4.9 and 5.2 kilobases) after
      hybridization to the HER-A64-3 probe. Pedigree analysis of 43 members of a single
      family and comparative analysis of tumor and normal DNA samples from the same
      patients demonstrated that the variations in fragment size observed were due to 2
      independent restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the region of the EGF
      receptor gene. Amplification of the EGF receptor gene was detected in 3 cases of
      breast cancer, but not in other tumors studied. We conclude that the human EGF
      receptor gene has multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms and that in
      fresh human tumor samples rearrangement and amplification of the gene occur
      infrequently, if ever, within the region encompassed by the 2 complementary DNA
      probes used.

PMID- 2898289
TI  - Microtubule changes and cytotoxicity in leukemic cell lines treated with taxol.
AB  - Taxol, a diterpenoid plant product that enhances the polymerization of tubulin,
      is currently entering clinical trials in the treatment of human leukemia. In
      order to develop an in vitro assay to predict tumor sensitivity to taxol, human
      leukemic cell lines were exposed to clinically achievable concentrations of taxol
      for relevant exposure periods. Changes in microtubules visualized by indirect
      immunofluorescence were compared to drug sensitivity measured by a clonogenic
      assay. Taxol produced either multiple mitotic asters in G2/M or microtubule
      bundling throughout the cell cycle. In cells that were relatively resistant to
      taxol, microtubule bundling was reversible while microtubule bundling in
      relatively sensitive cells persisted in the presence or absence of taxol. In
      contrast, aster formation was unrelated to cytotoxicity in any cell line. In the
      future, these microtubule effects may be useful in predicting the
      chemotherapeutic efficacy of taxol.

PMID- 2898290
TI  - Note re: January 1, 1988 cover of Cancer Research.

PMID- 2898291
TI  - The role of biochemical mediators in peripheral nociception and bone pain.
AB  - There are various substances that mediate or modulate pain, but most of the
      studies have been in human skin or in laboratory animals. It is not known whether
      the same substances are involved in the pain of bone metastases, and the
      tentative conclusions made here are by extrapolation and by inference from the
      effects of drugs whose actions have been characterized. Prostaglandins E2 and I2
      cause hyperalgesia to bradykinin and histamine, and they increase oedema
      formation. Other lipids may also have a similar potentiating role in pain and
      inflammation. Pain can be sensed from the periosteum, and from within the bone
      due to increased pressure. NSAIDs act mainly at peripheral sites to inhibit the
      formation of prostaglandins, and so lessen the hyperalgesia and oedema
      production, but a central inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may also
      contribute to the analgesia. Opioid peptides have important roles in pain, mainly
      as analgesic substances, but in contrast some may have a role as algesic agents
      by an action on different receptors. The importance of these and other possible
      mediators and modulators of pain has not been fully assessed, but advances will
      be made when selective antagonists of lipoxygenases and kinins become available
      for use in humans.

PMID- 2898292
TI  - Localization of vasopressin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, peptide
      histidine isoleucine- and somatostatin-mRNA in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - Messenger RNAs (mRNA) coding for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide
      histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin and vasopressin were localized in the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat hypothalamus using in situ hybridization
      histochemistry. Specific mRNA coding for each of these peptides was distributed
      in areas coextensive with the immunohistochemical localization of the appropriate
      peptide. The autoradiographic signal produced with probes to VIP and PHI created
      dense concentrations of silver grains over neuronal perikarya in the
      ventrolateral SCN, and the coextensive distribution of both VIP- and PHI-mRNAs
      suggests that both peptides are synthesized within the same neurons. The
      distribution of somatostatin-mRNA was distinct from the of VIP and PHI. Labeled
      neurons are observed at the interface of the two SCN subdivisions and the
      distribution of these neurons is identical to those shown to contain somatostatin
      immunoreactivity. Vasopressin-mRNA is also differentially concentrated within
      neurons in the dorsomedial subdivision of the SCN in an area that is coextensive
      with vasopressin-immunoreactive perikarya. The discrete pattern of hybridization
      for each of these mRNAs indicates that each of these peptides are synthesized in
      SCN neurons and reaffirms the differential distribution of each of these
      chemically defined cell populations within cytoarchitecturally distinct
      subdivisions of the nucleus.

PMID- 2898294
TI  - Somatostatin-28- and somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivities in the rat pituitary
      gland.
AB  - Endogenous SS14- as well as SS28-like immunoreactive materials were detected in
      both male and female rats by radioimmunoassay and by immunocytochemistry on
      ultrathin frozen sections. The content of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was
      0.39 +/- 0.08 pg per mg adenohypophysis. Immunoreactivity was localized by
      immunocytochemistry in three pituitary cell types: somatotrophs, lactotrophs and
      thyrotrophs, but not in corticotrophs and gonadotrophs. In these three pituitary
      cell types the SS28- and the SS14-like immunoreactive materials were localized in
      the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm the immunoreactivity was seen
      in the cytoplasmic matrix and in the secretory granules. In the nucleus it was
      present mainly in the euchromatin close to the heterochromatin. In somatotrophs
      and lactotrophs, SS14- and SS28-like immunoreactive materials have been detected
      at the plasma membrane level. These results suggest that (1) endogenous SS14 and
      SS28 are present in adenohypophysis in somatotrophs, lactotrophs and thyrotrophs,
      and (2) the two peptides act on both the cytoplasmic components and the nucleus.

PMID- 2898293
TI  - Putative neurotransmitters in the retinae of three urodele species (Triturus
      alpestris, Salamandra salamandra, Pleurodeles waltli).
AB  - The immunocytochemical localization of several substances with putative
      neurotransmitter or modulator properties was investigated in the retinae of three
      urodele species. Gamma-aminobutyric acid-like immunoreactive labelling appeared
      in different types of amacrine and horizontal cells. In addition, labelled fibres
      in the optic nerve were detected. It was not possible to determine whether these
      fibres were ganglion-cell axons or part of an efferent projection. Endogenous
      serotonin was found in several populations of amacrine cells including stratified
      and diffuse types. Glucagon-like immunoreactivity appeared in one bistratified
      amacrine cell type, and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was detected in a
      single monostratified amacrine cell type. Metenkephalin-like-immunoreactive
      labelling was type. Metenkephalin-like-immunoreactive labelling was rare but
      found in several sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer. Thus each peptide-like
      immunoreactive cell type makes up a distinct and unique population of cells and
      probably has a special functional role in retinal processing. There are striking
      similarities in the peptide-like immunoreactive patterns of Triturus alpestris
      and Necturus maculosus whereas in Ambystomatidae the peptide-like-immunoreactive
      systems appear to be differently organized. This supports the hypothesis that
      Salamandridae and Proteidae are more closely related to each other than to the
      Ambystomatidae.

PMID- 2898295
TI  - Neuropeptide distribution in the cervico-thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the
      cat with particular reference to calcitonin gene-related peptide
      immunoreactivity.
AB  - Paraffin sections of cervical and upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the cat
      were investigated by immunohistochemistry using antisera directed against
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The relationships of CGRP-immunoreactive
      structures to those exhibiting immunoreactivity to antisera against other
      regulatory peptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), respectively, were
      studied in consecutive sections. Singly scattered CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal
      perikarya were observed in the superior and middle cervical ganglia as well as in
      the stellate ganglion. These neurons also displayed immunoreactivity to
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and some additionally exhibited faint
      substance-P immunoreactivity. DBH- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive ganglion
      cells were not identical with CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies. According
      to the immunoreactive properties of varicosities, which abut on CGRP/VIP
      immunoreactive perikarya, three types of CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive ganglion cells
      could be distinguished: (1) CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive neurons being surrounded by
      somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers, (2) neurons being approached by both
      DBH- and met-enkephalin-immunoreactive varicosities, and (3) neurons receiving
      both DBH- and neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers. The stellate and upper thoracic
      ganglia harbored clusters of intensely VIP-immunoreactive somata, which lacked
      CGRP-immunoreactivity. Fine somatostatin-immunoreactive and coarse CGRP
      immunoreactive fibers were distributed within these clusters, whereas patches of
      neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers were complementarily arranged. At all segmental
      levels investigated, a few postganglionic neurons were approached by both CGRP
      immunoreactive and substance P-immunoreactive varicosities, but lacked a VIP
      immunoreactive innervation. Therefore, CGRP/substance P-immunoreactive fiber
      baskets appeared rather to be of extraganglionic origin than to emerge from
      intraganglionic CGRP/VIP/SP neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898297
TI  - [A study on the early diagnosis of epidemic hemorrhagic fever by ELISA for
      examining antigens in urine].

PMID- 2898296
TI  - [The study on inapparent infection in the endemic areas of the wild and domestic
      rat types EHF in parts of north-east areas in China].

PMID- 2898298
TI  - Disappearance of high-grade left anterior descending stenosis after
      revascularization.
AB  - Complete resolution of a high-grade left anterior descending (LAD) stenosis 6
      months after revascularization with a left internal mammary artery (IMA) graft
      and the first reported case of spontaneous IMA graft spasm during repeat cardiac
      catheterization for continued atypical chest pain in the same patient are
      reported. Mechanisms involving regression of atherosclerosis and atypical spasm
      are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2898299
TI  - Single-step induction of mammary adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice bearing the
      activated c-neu oncogene.
AB  - We have used transgenic mice that carry an activated c-neu oncogene driven by a
      mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter to assess the stepwise progression of
      carcinogenesis in mammary epithelium. Unlike the stochastic occurrence of
      solitary mammary tumors in transgenic mice bearing the MMTV/c-myc or the MMTV/v
      Ha-ras oncogenes, transgenic mice uniformly expressing the MMTV/c-neu gene
      develop mammary adenocarcinomas that involve the entire epithelium in each gland.
      Because these tumors arise synchronously and are polyclonal in origin, expression
      of the activated c-neu oncogene appears to be sufficient to induce malignant
      transformation in this tissue in a single step. In contrast, expression of the c
      neu transgene in the parotid gland or epididymis leads to benign, bilateral
      epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia which does not progress to full malignant
      transformation during the observation period. These results indicate that the
      combination of activated oncogene and tissue context are major determinants of
      malignant progression and that expression of the activated form of c-neu in the
      mammary epithelium has particularly deleterious consequences.

PMID- 2898300
TI  - mec-3, a homeobox-containing gene that specifies differentiation of the touch
      receptor neurons in C. elegans.
AB  - The mec-3 gene is essential for proper differentiation of the set of six touch
      receptor neurons in C. elegans. In mutants lacking mec-3 activity, the touch
      receptors express none of their unique differentiated features and appear to be
      transformed into other types of neurons. We cloned the mec-3 gene by transposon
      tagging and showed that a mec-3 mutant can be rescued by germ line transformation
      using a 5.6 kb genomic DNA fragment. In a strain in which transforming mec-3 DNA
      is present in about 50 copies per haploid genome, additional cells express a mec
      3-dependent phenotype. The putative coding sequence of mec-3 contains a homeobox,
      suggesting that the mec-3 protein specifies the expression of touch cell
      differentiation by binding to DNA and regulating transcription of genes that
      encode the differentiated features of these cells.

PMID- 2898301
TI  - Interleukin-1 stimulates diacylglycerol production in T lymphocytes by a novel
      mechanism.
AB  - We have investigated the biochemical mechanism by which interleukin-1 (IL-1)
      serves as a comitogen with agents that directly activate the antigen receptor in
      T lymphocytes. We have studied the human T cell line Jurkat, which can be
      stimulated to produce Interleukin-2 by treatment with antibodies that bind to the
      CD3-antigen receptor complex and hence represents a model system for T cell
      activation. Using highly purified, recombinant human IL-1, we show that IL-1
      stimulates rapid diacylglycerol and phosphorylcholine production from
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the absence of phosphatidylinositol turnover in
      Jurkat cells. This effect is also observed in peripheral blood T cells and a
      murine T cell line. The EC50 for IL-1 was 28 fM, and PC hydrolysis was detectable
      within 5 sec at 37 degrees C. The murine cell line had typical high-affinity IL-1
      receptors (kd = 7 X 10(-11) M). However, we were unable to detect IL-1 binding to
      Jurkat cells. This reaction occurs via a novel mechanism and may explain the
      comitogenic activity of IL-1 in T lymphocyte activation as well as many of the
      pleiotropic biologic effects of this cytokine.

PMID- 2898303
TI  - [The ELISA technic in the screening of mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium
      falciparum].

PMID- 2898302
TI  - The physiology of cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 2898304
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase-conferred resistance to hydroquinone induced GSH
      depletion and toxicity in isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - Hepatocyte resistance against glutathione (GSH) depleting xenobiotics was studied
      in an in vitro model. Hepatocytes were isolated from carcinogen treated rats that
      had received phenobarbital for three weeks. Isolated cells were incubated in GSH
      containing buffer with hydroquinone, which depleted GSH. Cells were then seeded
      on collagen coated plates and cultured overnight in complete medium. Attached
      cells were stained and the proportion of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)
      positive cells was counted. It was found that toxicity related to GSH depletion
      increased the proportion of GGT-positive cells from 10-15% up to 40-60%,
      indicating that the toxicity mainly affected GGT-negative cells. GSH added to the
      buffer was essential for this effect. It is concluded that GGT may protect GGT
      positive hepatocytes from GSH depletion and toxicity early during liver
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2898305
TI  - Effects of SO2 or NOx on toxic and genotoxic properties of chemical carcinogens.
      II. Short term in vivo studies.
AB  - Short term in vivo studies were performed to study biological effects of the
      common air pollutants SO2 or NOx and their influence on the genotoxic activities
      of nitrosamines. Hepatocytes and lung cells were isolated from Sprague-Dawley
      rats which had inhaled 50 p.p.m. of SO2 or NOx for 2 weeks. After incubating the
      cells for 1 h, genotoxicity was determined in hepatocytes by measuring DNA single
      strand breaks induced by N-nitroso-acetoxymethylmethylamine, N
      nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine. Parameters of toxicity
      (trypan blue exclusion and leakage of serum enzymes) were determined in both
      liver and lung cells also following 1 h incubation. The activities of aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), nitrosodimethylamine demethylase (NDMA-D) and
      glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were determined in subcellular microsomal
      fractions isolated from lung and liver tissues. Finally, as a measure of overall
      toxicity, the activities of various serum enzymes were determined in the blood
      serum of the rats. It was found that the induction of DNA single-strand breaks by
      three nitrosamines was decreased in hepatocytes from SO2-treated animals. The
      viability of rat hepatocytes and of rat lung cells, as determined by trypan blue
      exclusion, was similar in all three treatment groups immediately after isolation,
      as well as after 1 h incubation with DMSO or with the nitrosamines. In contrast,
      the leakage of enzymes was different in hepatocytes of SO2-treated rats, since
      lactate dehydrogenase activity was decreased. Leakage of enzymes from the lung
      cells did not differ from group to group, but was lower than from hepatocytes.
      Foreign compound metabolizing enzymes were mainly decreased in NOx-treated
      animals, namely AHH, NDMA-D and GST in liver and GST in the lung. For SO2-treated
      animals NDMA-D was increased in liver and GST was decreased in lung. Blood serum
      enzyme levels were not greatly different from each other, except for lactate
      dehydrogenase which was elevated in SO2-exposed animals.

PMID- 2898307
TI  - Protection by beta-blocking agents against free radical-mediated sarcolemmal
      lipid peroxidation.
AB  - The effects of beta-blocking and class I antiarrhythmic agents on free radical
      mediated sarcolemmal lipid peroxidation were examined. Highly purified canine
      myocytic sarcolemmal membranes were pretreated with 10-800 microM of selected
      beta-blocking (propranolol, pindolol, metoprolol, atenolol, or sotalol) and class
      I (quinidine, lidocaine, procainamide, or diphenylhydantoin) antiarrhythmic
      agents at 37 degrees C for 10 minutes. Subsequently, a superoxide radical
      (derived from dihydroxyfumarate) driven, Fe3+-ADP catalyzed free radical
      generating system was added and incubated for up to 45 minutes. Lipid
      peroxidation of sarcolemma was determined by malondialdehyde formation.
      Pretreatment of the membranes with the five beta-blockers resulted in various
      degrees (20-95%) of inhibition of sarcolemmal peroxidation in a concentration-
      and time-dependent manner. All the class I agents were less effective (less than
      20% inhibition). The order of potency of the beta-blockers was propranolol
      greater than pindolol greater than metoprolol greater than atenolol greater than
      sotalol and appeared to relate to their degree of lipophilicity. Propranolol, the
      most potent agent, achieved half-maximal inhibition of peroxidation at about 100
      microM and achieved significance (p less than 0.01) at 20 microM. At pH 6.0, the
      efficacy of pindolol, metoprolol, atenolol, and sotalol diminished by 30-50%
      compared to pH 7.2, but the potency of propranolol remained unchanged. Since
      increased free radical production may occur during myocardial
      ischemia/reperfusion injury, the above findings suggest that the lipophilic beta
      blockers may provide additional antiperoxidative protection of ischemic tissue.

PMID- 2898306
TI  - Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in ovarian adenocarcinoma cell
      lines derived from a patient before and after the onset of drug resistance:
      intrinsic differences and cell cycle effects.
AB  - The regulation of glutathione and various glutathione-dependent enzymes has been
      studied in two ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines derived from a patient before
      (PE01) and after (PE04) the onset of drug resistance to cis-platinum,
      chlorambucil and 5-fluorouracil. Reduced glutathione levels were higher in the
      drug resistant cells (PE04). This could possibly be attributed to a much higher
      (6.5-fold) gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase activity. In addition, glutathione-S
      transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase were 2.9- and 2.3-fold higher in
      this cell line. Analysis of the GST subunit composition showed both cell lines
      contained high levels of the acidic GST and lower concentrations of a basic
      isozyme. The difference in GST activity between PE01 and PE04 did not appear to
      be related to the levels of these GST subunits. GSH, glutathione peroxidase and
      gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase were all found to be regulated during the cell
      cycle, higher levels being detected in logarithmic versus confluent cultures of
      PE01 and PE04 and MCF7. This did affect some of the differences between PE01 and
      PE04 and therefore may be a contributing factor to the differential sensitivity
      of these cells to cytotoxic compounds. The above data provide the first evidence
      that tumour cells obtained from a patient before and after the onset of drug
      resistance have significant differences in glutathione-dependent enzyme content.

PMID- 2898308
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase reference material: an example of international
      cooperation.
AB  - The different steps in the preparation of a certified reference material for
      gamma-glutamyltransferase are described. A preparation of pig kidney gamma
      glutamyltransferase, partly hydrolyzed with papain, was prepared and lyophilized
      in a matrix containing bovine serum albumin. The between-ampoule variability of
      gamma-glutamyltransferase was estimated to be 0.6%. The predicted degradation at 
      20 degrees C is 0.00% per year. The certification procedure involved 15
      participating laboratories. The certified gamma-glutamyltransferase catalytic
      concentration of the reconstituted material, using the IFCC proposed method, is
      86.8 U/1 with a 0.95 confidence interval of +/- 2.1 U/1.

PMID- 2898309
TI  - Early diagnosis of clostridial gas gangrene using sialidase antibodies.
AB  - In order to improve the diagnosis of gas gangrene, especially at an early stage
      of infection, new ways for the detection of the responsible Clostridia were
      investigated. Sialidase, known to be excreted in large amounts by the most
      frequently occurring myonecrotizing clostridial species, Clostridium perfringens,
      Clostridium septicum, and Clostridium sordellii, was isolated. With polyclonal
      antibodies raised against these enzymes, two immunological assays were
      established, which are directed against the sialidase activity (sialidase
      inhibition test) and the enzyme protein ('sandwich'-ELISA), respectively. Using
      these assays, species-specific information about the presence of clostridial
      sialidase was obtained within 50 min or 6 h. Animal tests revealed that both
      assays are applicable 8-12 h after clostridial infection, using resected tissues
      or wound fluids for estimations. The assays allow specific, sensitive, and
      quantitative measurement of clostridial sialidases, and no significant
      interference by sialidases from other microbes or from host tissues occurred. The
      applicability of the new assays for an early diagnosis of gas gangrene in human
      patients is discussed.

PMID- 2898310
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase.
AB  - Eight hybridoma clones secreting large amounts of monoclonal antibodies against
      purified human kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were isolated and produced
      in ascites. None of them inhibits the catalytic activity of GGT. They all bind to
      the heavy subunit of this dimeric enzyme. Immunoblot analysis showed that these
      antibodies react with the catalytically active GGT. The monoclonal antibodies
      also recognize the heavy subunit of the human liver enzyme. This is of interest,
      as serum GGT is known to originate from the liver. None of the monoclonals reacts
      with GGTs from rat or pig kidney. After identification of epitopes specificities,
      the antibodies will be used for the development of immunoassays of GGT especially
      in human serum.

PMID- 2898311
TI  - Clinical assessment of beta blockade.
AB  - This study was undertaken to assess a clinical measurement (leg squats) in order
      to determine the adequacy of beta-adrenergic blockade (AdBB) utilizing the
      symptom-limited exercise test heart rate of less than 120 beats/min as the
      standard. Seventy subjects were tested, 35 receiving beta-adrenergic-blocking
      drugs in clinically determined maximal doses, and 35 subjects not receiving these
      agents. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and positive (Pv+) and negative (Pv-)
      predictive values were calculated for post-leg squat heart rates of less than or
      equal to 100, less than or equal to 110 and less than or equal to 120 beats/min.
      Other variables analyzed for AdBB were resting heart rates and post-leg squat
      heart rate increase greater than 50% over baseline. A cost-benefit analysis was
      also performed. It was concluded that: (1) Neither the resting heart rate or
      percent increase in heart rate compared to baseline reliably predicted AdBB. (2)
      In patients receiving beta-blocking drugs, a post-squat heart rate of less than
      or equal to 100 beats/min had a Se = .82, Sp = .67, Pv+ .70, and Pv- .80, values
      not high enough to be reliably used in many clinical situations. (3) If the post
      squat heart rate was greater than 110 beats/min, however, AdBB is probably
      absent, since no subjects on beta blockers with maximum exercise test heart rate
      less than or equal to 120 beats/min had a post-leg squat heart rate greater than
      110 beats/min. (4) For a reasonable range of cost and test performance estimates,
      utilization of the leg squat test as described here is favored on the basis of
      cost-benefit analysis.

PMID- 2898312
TI  - [HTLV-I associated myelopathy with multiple spotty areas found in the cerebral
      white matter and brain stem by MRI].

PMID- 2898313
TI  - DNA polymorphism of the class II genes in DR4 cells.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DR-beta, DQ-alpha and -beta
      genes in 11 DR4 homozygous cells of different Dw type were investigated. The
      results showed that, with the enzyme-probe combination studied, the DR beta
      restriction polymorphism patterns were constant between the different cell lines.
      With the DQ alpha and DQ beta probes, variations in restriction patterns were
      obtained. No absolute correlation was seen between RFLP and Dw types. These
      differences may be useful in the investigation of the association between RA and
      specific subsets of DR4.

PMID- 2898314
TI  - New HLA DNA polymorphisms associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Studies of restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) have further
      clarified two DNA polymorphisms detected in DR4 positive individuals with a DQ
      beta probe. These patterns have been designated DQ beta omega, characterized in
      the Dw4 homozygous typing cell (HTC) BM14 and DQ beta phi, characterized in the
      Dw4 HTC MCF, and so do not correspond with different Dw types. These patterns
      clearly segregate in families with HLA haplotypes. We suggest that omega and phi
      may be polymorphisms of the DX beta gene. The previously reported DX alpha
      polymorphisms U and L were found with all DR types and in association with DQ
      beta omega (U) and DQ beta phi(L). In addition DQ beta phi was found to be
      strongly associated with TA10 positively (a subdivision of DQw3) although this
      association was not absolute. Associations between RFLP and other HLA Class II
      and I antigens seen in DR4 patients and DR4 controls suggest the existence of at
      least two preferential allelic associations (PAA), one containing omega/U and the
      other phi/L. PAA1: DX alpha U-DQ beta omega-TA10 negative-DQw3-Dw4-DR4----Bw62
      Bw6-Cw3-A2 PAA2: DX alpha L-DQ beta phi-TA10 positive-DQw3-Dw4-DR4----B44-Bw4-Cw3
      A2 The frequency of the omega pattern was higher, although not significantly in
      the RA patients compared with controls. However, a significantly higher frequency
      of omega was found in RA patients with extra-articular manifestations (EA)
      compared (a) with controls (p less than 0.04) and (h) with those patients without
      EA (p less than 0.05). In addition the frequency of phi was significantly higher
      in RA patients with nodules and/or erosions (N/ER) compared with patients without
      these features (p less than 0.008). When cumulative scores were assigned to
      patients after assessing the number of components fulfilled for each PAA, PAA1
      appeared to be pronounced in patients with EA and PAA2 in patients with N/ER. The
      frequency of a previously reported DQ beta T6 band found with the enzyme Taq 1
      and DQ-beta probe was found at a higher frequency in RA patients compared with
      controls. In addition a significantly higher frequency of this band was found in
      female RA patients compared to males.

PMID- 2898315
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism in Felty's syndrome.
AB  - Southern blot analysis with DR beta and DQ beta cDNA probes was used to compare
      genomic DNA from Felty's syndrome patients with HLA-DR-matched normal controls.
      We describe two restriction fragment length polymorphisms putatively associated
      with Felty's syndrome.

PMID- 2898316
TI  - The clinical applications of DNA polymorphisms.

PMID- 2898317
TI  - Detection of sequences that hybridize to human cytomegalovirus DNA in cervical
      neoplastic tissue.
AB  - Punch biopsies were taken from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
      and the DNA was extracted and examined for sequences which hybridized to human
      cytomegalovirus DNA by Southern blotting analysis. Two biopsies out of 43 were
      found to contain DNA which hybridized to human cytomegalovirus DNA. In one biopsy
      DNA sequences were detected which contained four restriction sites colinear with
      those of the prototype strain AD169. Evidence of rearranged viral DNA sequences
      was also found.

PMID- 2898319
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a new controlled-release formulation of naproxen in
      osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Canadian Multicentre Study Group.
AB  - A two-part multi-centre study was carried out to assess the efficacy and
      tolerability of a new controlled-release (CR) naproxen tablet in the treatment of
      osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Patients already receiving naproxen on a
      regular basis were first enrolled in a 6-week randomized double-blind trial
      comparing the controlled-release tablet (750 mg or 1000 mg once-a-day) to the
      standard marketed tablet (375 mg or 500 mg twice-a-day). At the end of this
      phase, patients in both treatment groups were eligible to enter the long-term
      phase involving 28 weeks of open-label treatment with controlled-release naproxen
      at the previously established dose level (750 mg or 1000 mg once-a-day). A total
      of 404 patients entered the initial double-blind phase, 320 of whom continued
      into the open-label phase. Twenty-nine (14%) naproxen patients and 23 (11%)
      naproxen CR patients were withdrawn prematurely from the double-blind phase, 87
      (27%) patients from the open-label phase. Parameters of efficacy and tolerability
      were evaluated at base-line, during the double-blind phase (after 3 and 6 weeks
      of treatment), and during the open-label phase (after 20 and 34 weeks of
      treatment). The entire study population showed significant improvements in
      overall disease activity and severity of pain, but with no statistically or
      clinically significant differences between the two treatment groups; nor were
      there significant differences among treatments in incidence of adverse events.
      The patients treated with naproxen CR for an additional 28 weeks showed either no
      change or continued improvement in arthritic symptoms and no signs of toxicity.
      It was concluded that, in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients, once
      a-day controlled-release naproxen tablets can be substituted for standard
      naproxen tablets without loss of efficacy or tolerability.

PMID- 2898318
TI  - Detection of the mRNA to placental alkaline phosphatase by in vitro translation
      and immunoprecipitation.
AB  - RNA prepared from human placental syncytiotrophoblast tissue was analysed by in
      vitro translation and immunoprecipitation. The major polypeptide synthesized from
      syncytiotrophoblast mRNA was human placental lactogen, accounting for 15-20 per
      cent of the translated polypeptides. Immunoprecipitation using antibodies to
      placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) specifically precipitated polypeptides of
      56 kD and 58 kD. The possible relationship between these polypeptides and those
      of placental microvillus PLAP is discussed.

PMID- 2898320
TI  - Controlled study on the anxiolytic activity of a newly-developed benzodiazepine,
      metaclazepam.
AB  - A double-blind, parallel group study was carried out in 50 patients with an
      anxiety disorder to compare the anxiolytic efficacy and tolerability of a
      recently developed benzodiazepine, metaclazepam, with that of bromazepam.
      Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment for 2 weeks with either 15
      mg metaclazepam or 4 mg bromazepam per day in two divided doses. Assessments were
      made using the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (physician) on entry and after 7 and
      13-days' treatment, and a visual analogue scale (patients) on entry and at the
      end of the study. The results showed that there was a significant, marked
      reduction in anxiety rating scores after 1 and 2 weeks in both groups and a
      significant improvement in the patients' subjective assessment of their condition
      after treatment. Few side-effects were reported in either group.

PMID- 2898321
TI  - A double-blind comparison of the anxiolytic activity of two benzodiazepines,
      metaclazepam and bromazepam, in anxiety neurosis.
AB  - A double-blind controlled trial was carried out in 50 patients with anxiety
      neuroses to compare the effectiveness of metaclazepam, a recently developed
      benzodiazepine with anxiolytic activity, and bromazepam. Patients were allocated
      at random to receive treatment for 13 days with either 15 mg metaclazepam or 4 mg
      bromazepam per day, in 2 divided doses. The patients' anxiety status was assessed
      on entry and after 7 and 13 days of treatment by the physician, using the
      Hamilton multi-factorial rating scale, and by the patients, using a self
      assessment rating scale. Both drugs produced a highly significant reduction in
      mean total scores, improvement being evident by the Day 7 assessment. Correlation
      between scores on the two scales was significant at all time points.
      Metaclazepam, however, was rated as producing a significantly greater improvement
      from baseline than with bromazepam on the self-rating scale.

PMID- 2898322
TI  - Ring calcification of coronary artery aneurysms.

PMID- 2898323
TI  - Delayed pleuropulmonary complications following coronary artery revascularization
      with the internal mammary artery.
AB  - We have seen four cases of delayed postoperative pleuro-pulmonary complications
      associated with use of the internal mammary artery (IMA) conduit. In each case
      the left IMA was used as a bypass conduit to the left anterior descending (LAD)
      coronary artery. In two of the instances the complications were life-threatening
      to the patients. Each patient was left with symptomatic residual roentgenographic
      changes. The IMA is becoming the graft of choice for coronary artery
      revascularization. The potential for delayed pleuropulmonary complications
      associated with use of this graft is not well recognized.

PMID- 2898324
TI  - Orthomolecular therapy: its history and applicability to psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2898325
TI  - [Immune-mediated renal damage in epidemic hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
      (Hantavirus nephropathy].

PMID- 2898326
TI  - [Transmission of epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus between mice and mites in EHF
      endemic areas].

PMID- 2898327
TI  - Early neonatal drug utilization in preterm newborns in neonatal intensive care
      units. Italian Collaborative Group on Preterm Delivery.
AB  - The pattern of drug use in preterm newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care
      units (NICU) was monitored as part of a large multicenter study including a
      representative sample of Italian NICUs. All prescriptions from the admission of
      the mother through the 1st week of the neonate's life were carefully documented
      on standardized ad hoc forms, with particular attention to the timing and
      duration of each prescribed drug. The 706 babies included in the surveillance
      program received an average of 1.7 drugs during the early neonatal period, and
      were exposed to an average of 3.4 drugs over the whole perinatal period. The most
      commonly used drugs postnatally were vitamins, antibiotics (ampicillin,
      gentamicin and tobramycin), methylxanthines (aminophylline and caffeine),
      phenobarbital and furosemide. The frequency and intensity of the use of these
      drugs appears to be directly related to the severity of the clinical status, and
      inversely related to birth weight and gestational age.

PMID- 2898328
TI  - Metabolic activation of the halothane metabolite, [14C]2-chloro-1,1
      difluoroethene, in hepatic microsomes.
AB  - Halothane is reduced to 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CTE) and 2-chloro-1,1
      difluoroethene (CDE) by cytochrome P-450. These compounds may potentially undergo
      secondary metabolism in vivo, but their capacity to undergo metabolic activation
      and bind to macromolecules is unknown. This study, therefore, compared the
      abilities of CDE and CTE to bind to microsomal components in relation to that of
      halothane in hepatic microsomes. The results show that CDE, in addition to
      halothane, binds to microsomes under conditions of cytochrome P-450 activity.
      While halothane bound predominantly to lipids under nitrogen, CDE bound mainly to
      protein under oxygen. No CTE binding under any conditions could be detected. On
      an equimolar basis, CDE binding to protein was approximately one-third of that of
      halothane under oxidative conditions, however, CDE binding was enhanced in the
      presence of halothane. The results support the hypothesis that CDE metabolism may
      contribute to the metabolic binding due to halothane exposures.

PMID- 2898330
TI  - Regiochemistry and substrate stereoselectivity of O-demethylation of verapamil in
      the presence of the microsomal fraction from rat and human liver.
AB  - The oxidative O-demethylation of verapamil (1), a calcium channel antagonist, in
      the presence of rat and human liver microsomes was examined. By using GC/MS
      methodology and synthesized regioisomeric standards, we showed that three of the
      four possible monophenolic metabolites, alpha-[3-([2-(3,4
      dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]methyl-amino) propyl]-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-alpha-(1
      methylethyl)phenyl-acetonitrile (2), alpha-[3-([2-(3,4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]methyl
      amino) propyl]-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)phenylaceto nitrile (3),
      and alpha-[3-([2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]methylamino) propyl]-3,4
      dimethoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)phenylacetonitrile (4) were formed. The other
      possible regioisomeric monophenolic metabolite 5 was not observed. Substrate
      stereoselectivity for the O-demethylation process was determined when
      pseudoracemic verapamil [equimolar (S)-(-)-verapamil-d6 and (R)-(+)-verapamil-d0]
      was used as substrate. In the presence of rat liver microsomes, significant
      substrate stereoselectivity was observed for formation of 4 (S/R ratio 2.28),
      whereas marginal substrate stereoselectivity was observed in the formation of
      both 3 and 2 (S/R ratio approximately 0.8). Substrate stereoselectivity for the O
      demethylation process in the presence of human liver microsomes was slight and
      variable (six samples). Quantitatively, the ratio of O-demethylation products
      obtained (4:2:3) was similar in the presence of rat and human liver microsomes.
      In both systems, more than one-half of the total O-demethylation occurred in the
      aromatic ring of the phenethylamine moiety, and of the total O-demethylation
      process, more para- than meta-O-demethylation was observed. The similarity of
      regioselectivity for O-demethylation in the presence of rat and human liver
      microsomes suggests a similar cytochrome P-450 isozyme or set of isozymes may be
      responsible for the O-demethylation process.

PMID- 2898329
TI  - Regioselective and stereoselective metabolisms of pyrene and 1-bromopyrene by rat
      liver microsomes and effects of enzyme inducers.
AB  - Due to the symmetrical property of pyrene (Py), trans-dihydrodiols formed at 4,5-
      and 9,10-positions are identical, as are the monohydroxylated products (phenols)
      formed at C1, C3, C6, and C8 positions. With a bromo substituent at C1 position
      of Py, 1-bromopyrene (1-BrPy) trans-4,5-dihydrodiol and 1-BrPy trans-9,10
      dihydrodiol are distinctly different products, as are the phenolic products
      formed at C3, C6, and C8 positions. Products formed in the oxidative metabolism
      of 1-BrPy by rat liver microsomes were characterized by retention times on
      reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and by ultraviolet
      visible absorption and mass spectral analyses. We have compared regioselective
      and stereoselective metabolisms at the K- and non-K-regions of Py and 1-BrPy by
      liver microsomes from untreated (control), phenobarbital (PB)-treated, 3
      methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB, Aroclor
      1254)-treated rats. The effects of inducers on the relative amounts of non-K
      region phenols formed in the metabolisms of Py and 1-BrPy by rat liver microsomes
      were: MC greater than PCB greater than PB greater than control. The relative
      order was PB greater than PCB greater than MC greater than control for the
      formation of both 1-BrPy trans-4,5-dihydrodiol and 1-BrPy trans-9,10-dihydrodiol
      in the metabolism of 1-BrPy. The ratios between metabolically formed 1-BrPy trans
      4,5-dihydrodiol to Py trans-4,5-dihydrodiol, using 0.5 mg of microsomal protein
      per ml of incubation mixture, were between 0.4 and 0.6 in the presence of liver
      microsomes from untreated, PB-treated, and PCB-treated rats. However, the ratio
      was approximately 1.5 using liver microsomes from MC-treated rats. The ratios
      between the sum of 1-BrPy trans-9,10-dihydrodiol and 1-BrPy 9,10-epoxide to Py
      trans-9,10-dihydrodiol, and to 1-BrPy trans-4,5-dihydrodiol were in the range of
      0.1 to 0.5 using four rat liver microsomal preparations. These data revealed the
      effects of a bromo substituent at C1 of Py on the regioselectivity of various rat
      liver microsomal enzymes toward the oxidative metabolism at various positions of
      1-BrPy. The enantiomeric compositions of K-region dihydrodiols formed by four rat
      liver microsomal preparations were determined by chiral stationary phase HPLC and
      circular dichroism spectral analyses; the percentage of R,R-enantiomers were: Py
      trans-4,5-dihydrodiol, 78-79%; 1-BrPy trans-4,5-dihydrodiol, 74-77%; 1-BrPy trans
      9,10-dihydrodiol, 86-97%.

PMID- 2898331
TI  - In vivo renal tubular secretion and metabolism of the disulfide of 2,3
      dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate.
AB  - The in vivo renal tubular secretion and metabolism of the disulfide of the heavy
      metal-complexing agent 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS) was examined in
      the Sperber preparation. DMPS was readily oxidized to DMPS disulfide when
      incubated with chicken plasma, with whole blood or with urine in the presence of
      transition metals. Net reduction of the disulfide was not detected when the
      disulfide was incubated with chicken blood. When the disulfide was infused into
      the saphenous vein of chickens at a rate of 1 mumol of DMPS equivalents.min-1.kg
      of body weight-1, 62% of the DMPS disulfide that entered the renal portal
      circulation of the ipsilateral kidney was excreted in the urine unchanged during
      a single pass through the peritubular capillaries, 28% was excreted as DMPS, and
      9% as an unidentified mixed disulfide. Net reduction of DMPS disulfide to DMPS
      occurred in vitro in rat kidney cytosol (pH 7.4) supplemented with 0.5 or 5.0 mM
      reduced glutathione. Reduction of DMPS disulfide to DMPS also occurred in EDTA
      Tris HCl (pH 9) containing glutathione disulfide and glutathione reductase.
      Intracellular reduction of DMPS disulfide to DMPS in the kidney, involving a
      glutathione-disulfide exchange reaction, may be important for the in vivo
      activity of DMPS as a complexing agent for mercury.

PMID- 2898332
TI  - The disposition of the hypolipidemic agent, o-(N-phthalimido)acetophenone, in
      Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Disposition studies of the potent experimental hypolipidemic agent, o-(N
      phthalimido)acetophenone, were conducted in the laboratory rat. Intravenous
      administration of the drug demonstrated a declining biphasic plasma concentration
      time curve suggesting a rapid distribution into tissues. Less than 5% of the
      intravenous dose was recovered in urine and feces after 5 days. Oral
      administration of the drug showed that the maximum blood levels were attained
      within 15 min. After 48 hr, 92% of the orally administered 14C dose was
      eliminated either via urine (60%) or feces (40%). 14C in a 0-24-hr urine
      collection after oral administration showed that urinary radioactivity was
      composed of 22% of the parent compound o-(N-phthalimido) acetophenone, a benzoic
      acid metabolite (22%) o-(N-phthalimido)benzoic acid, and an amic acid metabolite
      (56%) N-(o-acetophenone)phthalamic acid. The two metabolites were unconjugated
      and possessed less hypolipidemic activity than the parent drug.

PMID- 2898333
TI  - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator
      in anesthetized dogs following intravenous infusion.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of SK&F recombinant two-chain tissue-type plasminogen
      activator (tPA) following intravenous (iv) infusion were characterized in
      anesthetized, open chested mongrel dogs in which artificial intracoronary thrombi
      were formed. SK&F tPA was infused at rates of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8
      micrograms/kg/min (N = 3 to 5 per dose) for 90 min, and arterial blood samples
      were withdrawn during and after infusion for determination of functionally active
      tPA concentrations using a modified and validated S-2251 chromogenic assay. At
      all doses studied, steady state active tPA plasma concentrations were achieved 10
      20 min after the onset of infusion. Upon cessation of infusion, active tPA plasma
      concentrations declined rapidly with a t1/2 of 2-3 min. The active tPA plasma
      concentration at steady state (Css) and the area under the tPA plasma
      concentration-time curve (AUC) increased linearly with the dose in the range of
      0.5-4 micrograms/kg/min. However, as the dose was increased 2-fold from 4 to 8
      micrograms/kg/min, the AUC and the Css increased 2.5-fold. The systemic clearance
      ranged from 15-16 ml/min/kg at doses of 0.5-4 micrograms/kg/min, but decreased to
      11.7 ml/min/kg at the 8 micrograms/kg/min dose. With exceptions in three dogs,
      the volume of distribution at steady state approached or slightly exceeded the
      blood volume. Plasma tPA antigen concentrations were also determined in the dogs
      receiving the 2 micrograms/kg/min dose. At steady state, active tPA accounted for
      40-60% of the total tPA antigen. The postinfusion t1/2 of the tPA antigen was
      considerably longer (13.46 +/- 5.94 min) than that of active tPA.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898334
TI  - Regioisomeric aromatic dihydroxylation of propranolol. Use of monohydroxylated
      intermediates for structural assignments of the metabolites formed in vitro.
AB  - The formation of dihydroxylated propranolol metabolites [(HO)2-Ps], determined as
      their trimethylsilyl derivatives, was investigated using GC/MS techniques.
      Tentative structural assignment for the (HO)2-Ps was achieved by matching
      retention times of the (HO)2-Ps arising from the incubation of synthetic mono-HO
      P regioisomers in the presence of the rat liver 9000g supernatant. Seven
      compounds were identified as (HO)2-Ps: 2,3-, 3,4-, 3,7-, 4,6-, 4,8-, 5,6-, and
      7,8-(HO)2-P. Five of these regioisomers were observed as metabolites when
      propranolol was the substrate: 4,8-, 3,4-, 5,6-, and 4,6-(HO)2-P. The pathway for
      the formation of (HO)2-Ps was investigated by incubating propranolol in the
      presence of rat liver microsomes under an 18O2 atmosphere. 18O2 was the source of
      both hydroxyl group oxygen atoms indicating that sequential hydroxylation occurs.
      Mono-HO-Ps, not having hydroxyl groups at C-4 or C-5, proved to be the best
      substrates for the second hydroxylation. Propranolol is a better substrate than
      is 4-HO-P for formation of (HO)2-Ps. The regioselectivity of the second
      hydroxylation is predictable on the basis of expected sites of electrophilic
      substitution on the mono-HO-P intermediates. Substrate stereoselectivity in the
      formation of (HO)2-Ps was determined.

PMID- 2898335
TI  - Regioisomeric aromatic dihydroxylation of propranolol. Synthesis and
      identification of 4,6- and 4,8-dihydroxypropranolol as metabolites in the rat and
      in man.
AB  - The formation of the three prominent dihydroxylated propranolol [(HO)2-P]
      metabolites, 4,6-, 4,8-, and 3,4-(HO)2-Ps, was investigated in vivo in rat and in
      man. Authentic O,O-dibenzyl ethers of 4,6- and 4,8-(HO)2-P were synthesized from
      the corresponding dihydroxy-l-naphthaldehydes. The l-carboxyaldehyde group was
      used as the latent side chain l-naphthol ether available by Baeyer-Villiger
      oxidation and subsequent side chain elaboration. The benzyl ethers were cleaved,
      and the resulting dihydroxynaphthalenes were immediately derivatized with bis-N,O
      (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. After ip administration of P-3,3-d2 (20
      mg/kg) to rats, 4,6-, 5,6-, 3,7-, 3,4-, and 4,8-(HO)2-Ps were identified by GC/MS
      as urinary metabolites. After administering pseudoracemic propranolol [(2R)-P
      d0/(2S)-P-3,3-d2] ip to rats (20 mg/kg), parent ions of the (HO)2-Ps as
      trimethylsilyl derivatives were monitored by GC/MS. While 4,6- and 3,4-(HO)2-P
      arose stereoselectively from (2S)-propranolol, 4,8-, 4,7-, and 5,6-(HO)2-P arose
      stereoselectively from (2R)-propranolol. About 3.3% of the dose was converted to
      (HO)2-Ps. Three (HO)2-Ps, 4,6-, 4,8-, and 3,4-(HO)2-P, were identified as urinary
      metabolites of propranolol in man after a single oral dose of 80 mg of P-3,3-d2.
      Less than 1% of this dose was converted to urinary (HO)2-Ps in 24 hr.

PMID- 2898336
TI  - Regioisomeric products of propranolol metabolism. The monomethyl ethers of 3,4
      dihydroxypropranolol and of 3,4-dihydroxypropranolol glycol.
AB  - Regioisomeric monomethyl ethers of the 3,4-catechol of propranolol (1) and its 3
      aryloxypropane-1,2-diol (glycol) metabolite were prepared to prove the structures
      of these putative products of oxidative metabolism. The ring regioisomer 4
      methoxy-3-hydroxypropranolol (3) was prepared from 1-acetoxy-3-acetyl-4
      methoxynaphthalene (8). Baeyer-Villiger oxidation was the key step in converting
      the 3-acetyl functionality to the desired 3-naphthol. The ring regioisomer 4
      hydroxy-3-methoxypropranolol (4) was prepared from 3-methoxy-1,4
      dihydroxynaphthalene (13) by selective 1-O-acylation with trimethylacetyl
      chloride. 4-O-Benzylation, followed by hydrolysis, and side chain elaboration
      afforded the 4-O-benzyl ether of 4. Similar methods afforded glycols 5 and 6,
      with the side chain obtained by osmium tetroxide oxidation of an O-allyl group.
      GC/MS analysis using the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of these known standards
      showed both 3 and 4 were metabolites of 1 in the rat. From a single dose study in
      man, 4 was identified as a minor urinary metabolite, and both regioisomeric
      glycol metabolites 5 and 6 were observed. In addition, another regioisomeric
      hydroxymethoxyglycol metabolite was found.

PMID- 2898337
TI  - Relationship between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of
      nilvadipine in the dog.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of
      nilvadipine and, using a chronic dog model, determine whether there was a
      correlation between plasma concentrations of the drug and hemodynamic effects.
      Nilvadipine was given to four dogs as single intravenous (iv) and oral doses.
      Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated after each dose using model-independent
      methods. The mean elimination half-life was approximately 6 hr after both iv and
      oral doses. The absolute bioavailability of nilvadipine decreased from 67 to 27%
      after increasing oral doses (6 and 24 mg), probably because of reduced drug
      absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Nilvadipine produced plasma
      concentration-related decreases in diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood
      pressure and reflex increases in heart rate. The maximum reduction in DBP and SBP
      ranged from 34 to 53% and 17 to 47%, respectively, from control and was attained
      at about 0.1 and 0.7 hr after iv and oral doses, respectively. A strong linear
      correlation between the per cent reduction in both DBP (r = 0.9; p less than
      0.001) and SBP (r = 0.66; p less than 0.001) and log plasma concentration of
      nilvadipine was established. The slopes of the concentration-response
      relationships were virtually superimposable after both iv and oral routes of
      administration. A plasma concentration of about 10 and 16 ng/ml was associated
      with a 14% reduction in DBP or SBP, respectively. There was no clear relationship
      between plasma concentrations of nilvadipine and changes in heart rate.

PMID- 2898338
TI  - Dose-dependent tissue uptake of flecainide during chronic administration in
      rabbits.
AB  - This study was designed to examine the metabolism of flecainide after repeated
      administration to rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits were administered either 7.5
      mg/kg body weight (dose I) or 20 mg/kg body weight (dose II) flecainide twice
      daily intraperitoneally for 12-14 days. Serum, heart, liver, lung, kidney,
      muscle, fat, and brain were collected upon death. Flecainide concentrations in
      serum and tissues were determined by a liquid chromatographic procedure
      standardized in our laboratory. Serum and tissue flecainide concentrations showed
      a significant, dose-dependent increase after chronic administration. Flecainide
      accumulated in lung, liver, kidney, and heart, its concentration decreasing in
      that order. Tissue to serum flecainide ratios also followed a similar pattern.
      Cornea and urine contained flecainide metabolites which were not characterized.
      Only traces of flecainide were detected in brain and fat tissues. Substantial
      tissue uptake of flecainide should be considered in long term flecainide therapy.

PMID- 2898339
TI  - In vitro metabolism and covalent binding among ortho-substituted bromobenzenes of
      varying hepatotoxicity.
AB  - A series of ortho-substituted bromobenzene derivatives with widely differing
      hepatotoxicities were investigated for their tendency to undergo oxidative
      metabolism and protein covalent binding in the presence of rat liver microsomes
      in vitro. Compounds studied included o-bromobenzonitrile, o-dibromobenzene,
      bromobenzene, o-bromoanisole, and o-bromotoluene (names in order of decreasing
      hepatotoxicity and increasing rate of in vitro metabolism). No correlation was
      found between net covalent binding and toxicity. However, a good rank order
      correlation was observed between toxicity and the relative binding index of each
      compounds, defined as (picomoles covalently bound/nmol metabolized), with values
      ranging from a low of 7 with o-bromotoluene to a high of 365 with o
      bromobenzonitrile, Extensive side chain metabolism was observed with o
      bromotoluene (92-95%) and o-bromoanisole (26-42%), which accounts for their high
      rate of total metabolism and low relative binding index. The extent of tritium
      loss, relative to C-14, was assessed for each compound as an index of the
      "average oxidation state" of those metabolites, presumably epoxides and/or
      quinones, which covalently bound to protein. Tritium retention ranged from a high
      of 84% with o-bromobenzonitrile to a low of 21% with o-bromoanisole, and
      generally paralleled toxicity. These results show that introduction of ortho
      substituents onto bromobenzene leads to qualitative and quantitative changes in
      overall oxidative metabolism, as well as important qualitative changes in the
      nature of reactive metabolites formed. Nevertheless, the relative binding index
      computed for each compound appears to reconcile these changes to a large degree,
      giving an in vitro index which correlates well with toxicity.

PMID- 2898340
TI  - Effect of diet and gavage on the absorption and metabolism of fluperlapine in the
      rat.
AB  - Fluperlapine, Sandoz compound NB 106-689, 3-fluoro-6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-11H
      dibenz[b,e]azepine, in a 12-week toxicity study exhibited liver toxicity
      (moderate to severe hyperlipidosis) when administered to rats in the diet at 40
      mg/kg/day and at 80 mg/kg/day, but not by gavage at 80 mg/kg/day. In order to
      elucidate those factors which might explain these differences in toxicological
      findings, the effect of mode of administration (diet vs. gavage) on the
      absorption and metabolism was investigated in rats. Although the peak
      concentration of radioactivity was earlier (2 hr vs. 15 hr) and higher (3.3
      micrograms eq/ml vs. 1.6 micrograms eq/ml) by gavage than by diet, the extent of
      absorption based on AUC values and excretion of radioactivity was the same.
      Analysis of plasma and liver extracts for metabolites showed that although the
      metabolic pathways were the same after diet or gavage, the relative composition
      of drug and metabolites present was a function of the mode of administration. In
      the liver, the target organ, after multiple oral doses by the diet mode, 96% of
      the identified products represented hydroxylation; a minor amount of parent drug
      was present. After gavage, the drug (32%) and desmethylfluperlapine (25%)
      together accounted for 54% of the mixture, and hydroxylation accounted for 44%.
      In plasma after multiple oral doses, a similar trend was observed; there was a
      greater percentage of the hydroxylated metabolites compared to the
      nonhydroxylated metabolites after diet administration and an almost similar
      proportion of these products after gavage administration. It is possible that the
      observed differences in toxicity could be due to a difference in the exposure of
      the target organ to drug and metabolites.

PMID- 2898341
TI  - Disposition and metabolism of double-labeled [3H and 14C] N-methyl-2
      pyrrolidinone in the rat.
AB  - The disposition of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) was studied in the rat using
      tritium-labeled ([4-3H]NMP) and carbon-14-labeled ([methyl-14C]NMP and [ring
      14C]NMP) radioisomers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single
      intravenous dose (45 mg/kg) of 5.0 microCi of 3H or 14C for single-labeled
      disposition studies or 5.0 microCi of 3H and 2.5 microCi of 14C for double
      labeled studies (2:1 ratio, 3H:14C). Plasma levels of intact NMP were analyzed by
      HPLC through 6 hr after dosing and suggested a rapid distribution phase followed
      by a slow elimination phase. The half-life for the terminal elimination phase
      from plasma was about 7 hr for both 14C-isomers and 9.9 hr for the 3H-isomer. The
      major route of excretion of radioactivity was via the urine and accounted for
      about 70% of the dose within 12 hr. After 24 hr, cumulative excretion in urine
      represented about 80% of the dose. The 2:1 ratio of administered 3H:14C was
      maintained in urine through 6 hr. Measurement of radioactivity in tissues at 6 hr
      showed the liver and intestines to contain the highest accumulations of
      radioactivity, representing approximately 2% and 3% of the dose, respectively.
      Tissue distribution of radioactivity was similar for all three radiolabeled
      isomers and showed that NMP was extensively distributed to all major organs.
      Radiomonitored HPLC analyses of urine revealed the presence of one major and two
      minor metabolites. The major metabolite, representing 70-75% of the administered
      dose of radioactivity, was found to retain all three radiolabeled
      positions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898342
TI  - Quantitative analysis of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine metabolism
      in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The biotransformation of the tertiary amine 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes, in order to
      assess the relative contributions of the metabolic reactions previously described
      in studies with subcellular preparations. The oxidative pathway which produces
      the toxic metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) via the generation of
      the 2,3-dihydropyridinium derivative, MPDP+, accounted for approximately 90% of
      MPTP metabolism by hepatocytes. Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase type B (MAO B)
      was specifically responsible for the initial step of this conversion. In the
      endoplasmic reticulum, cytochrome P-450 catalyzed the demethylation of MPTP to
      form PTP, while the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) was responsible for the
      generation of MPTP N-oxide. No other metabolite was detected in our hepatocyte
      incubations under any of the experimental conditions used. After pretreatment
      with the specific MAO B inhibitor, deprenyl, the rates of production of the two
      microsomal metabolites were enhanced, but the overall rate of MPTP conversion
      decreased by more than 60%. On the other hand, no significant difference in the
      rate of MPTP metabolism was found after the inhibition of cytochrome P-450 by SKF
      525-A or with the use of methimazole, a competitive substrate for FMO. The SKF
      525-A and methimazole treatments selectively inhibited the formation of PTP and
      MPTP N-oxide, respectively, but had no significant effect on the rate and extent
      of MPTP toxicity. MPP+ was the only metabolite which accumulated within the cell
      compartment under all the experimental conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2898343
TI  - Cyclosporine-phenytoin interaction.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CsA), an immunosuppressant, is used widely to prevent rejection of
      transplanted organs. It is extensively metabolized in the liver by hydroxylation
      and demethylation. Since phenytoin is used extensively post-transplant as an anti
      convulsant, we studied the effect of chronic treatment with phenytoin on CsA by
      determining the disposition of CsA, prior to and after chronic treatment with
      phenytoin (30 mg/kg, po) for 5 days. CsA was analyzed by HPLC. The clearance (CL)
      of CsA was significantly enhanced following treatment with phenytoin when
      compared to the CL values obtained pretreatment (15.46 +/- 0.76 vs. 25.3 +/- 3.11
      ml/min/kg). There were no significant changes in the volume of distribution of
      CsA. From the above data, we conclude that phenytoin probably induces the
      metabolism of CsA.

PMID- 2898344
TI  - N-benzylimidazole, a high magnitude inducer of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450
      exhibiting both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- and phenobarbital-type induction
      of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes.
AB  - The effects of N-benzylimidazole on hepatic microsomal and cytosolic drug
      metabolizing enzymes were compared to the effects produced by phenobarbital, beta
      naphthoflavone, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and Aroclor 1254, a
      polychlorinated biphenyl mixture. N-Benzylimidazole was a "high magnitude"
      inducer of male rat hepatic cytochrome P-450, inducing cytochrome P-450 over 3
      times above control. N-Benzylimidazole exhibited mixed type induction of
      cytochrome P-450, producing both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- and
      phenobarbital-type induction. There was no evidence of imidazole (isoniazid) type
      induction characteristics. Microsomes from rats treated with either Aroclor 1254
      or N-benzylimidazole showed a common pattern of induction of the cytochrome P-450
      dependent properties and glucuronosyltransferase activities, and the
      electrophoretic profiles of proteins were also similar. Cytosolic glutathione
      transferase activity was also induced similarly after treatment with the two
      agents.

PMID- 2898346
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of recombinant human tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha in mice.
AB  - The serum pharmacokinetics and the major organs of accumulation of recombinant
      human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rHuTNF) were determined in BDF1 mice after
      intravenous and intramuscular administration. Serum concentrations of
      immunoreactive protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and
      radioactivity was quantitated by beta and gamma scintigraphy. The serum
      pharmacokinetics of labeled and unlabeled rHuTNF were identical when administered
      by the intravenous route. After intravenous doses of 165 to 320 micrograms/kg,
      the clearance was 2.9-3.6 ml/hr, the initial volume of distribution was 1.4-1.6
      ml (70-80 ml/kg), and the half-life was 18.5-19.2 min. Intramuscular
      administration of 320 micrograms/kg resulted in a peak serum concentration of 112
      ng/ml. The time of the peak concentration was 1 hr, and the bioavailability of
      the intramuscular dose was 12%. The data suggest that the disposition of this
      protein may be biexponential. If this is the case, the terminal phase would
      appear to account for less than 1% of the total AUC. Since serum concentrations
      in the terminal phase are at the sensitivity limit of the assay, a single half
      life is reported. 125I-Labeled and metabolically labeled 3H-rHuTNF were used to
      examine tissue distribution. After intravenous 125I-rHuTNF administration, the
      rank order of accumulation of the 125I-radiolabel in the major organs (per cent
      dose per organ over 1440 min) was: liver greater than kidney greater than lung
      greater than heart greater than spleen. This rank order of accumulation was
      confirmed by intravenous 3H-rHuTNF administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2898345
TI  - Cytochrome P-450-dependent formation of ethylene from N-nitrosoethylamines.
AB  - Ethylene was identified as a metabolite of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) as well
      as of N-nitrosomethylethylamine and N-nitrosoethylbutylamine. The formation of
      ethylene from these carcinogenic compounds is cytochrome P-450- and NADPH
      dependent. With NDEA, the rate of the reaction in rabbit liver microsomes is
      increased by treatment of the animals with phenobarbital or ethanol, which are
      known to induce the synthesis of P-450 form 2 and P-450 form 3a (P-450ALC),
      respectively, and the activity is inhibited by anti-P-450 form 2 or form 3a IgG.
      The rate of ethylene formation is about 10-fold higher in nasal microsomes than
      in hepatic microsomes. In a reconstituted system, P-450 form 3a is the most
      active in ethylene formation from NDEA, followed by forms 2 and 4. It has been
      proposed by others that the alpha-hydroxylation of N-nitrosodialkylamines leads
      to the formation of an aldehyde and an alkyl diazonium ion, which, with the loss
      of N2, yields an alkyl carbonium ion capable of producing the corresponding
      alcohol or binding macromolecules through electrophilic reactions. In the case of
      the N-nitrosoalkylethylamines we have studied, the ethyl carbonium ion produced
      could, in addition, generate ethylene by proton elimination.

PMID- 2898347
TI  - Modulation of trans-4-acetylaminostilbene metabolism in the rat by
      methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital and its relevance for acute toxicity.
AB  - trans-4-Acetylaminostilbene (trans-AAS) is acutely toxic to rats. Animals can be
      protected from the effects of a lethal dose by pretreatment with
      methylcholanthrene (MC), but not with phenobarbital (PB). In order to study the
      effects of these pretreatments on pharmacokinetic parameters, single, acute toxic
      doses of 3H-trans-AAS were orally administered to female Wistar rats and
      metabolism and excretion studied in untreated and PB- and MC-pretreated animals.
      MC pretreatment enhanced the rate of metabolism and the excretion of metabolites
      into the bile, but did not alter urinary excretion. After 3 days, 46, 86, and 52%
      of the administered dose was excreted, respectively, in untreated, MC-pretreated,
      and PB-pretreated animals. MC pretreatment modified both phase I and phase II
      metabolism of trans-AAS. Urinary excretion of unconjugated metabolites was
      decreased accompanied by an increased formation of sulfates. Biliary excretion of
      glucuronides and conjugated polar metabolites was increased by MC pretreatment.
      It is concluded that MC protects rats from acute trans-AAS toxicity by increasing
      the rate of total metabolism and enhancing metabolic (conjugation) pathways of
      inactivation relative to putative activation by oxidative metabolism.

PMID- 2898348
TI  - Marked interspecies differences between humans and pigs in cyclosporine and
      prednisolone disposition.
AB  - Pigs have been used extensively in various transplantation protocols.
      Immunosuppressive therapy is usually performed by steroids and cyclosporine A
      (CyA). For rational dosage of these xenobiotics, their pharmacokinetics should be
      characterized. Therefore, we investigated the kinetics of prednisolone, an
      immunobiologically active steroid, after oral and iv administration, and of CyA,
      after oral and iv dosing, in seven pigs and compared these results with those
      obtained in 20 renal transplant patients. The mean area under the blood
      concentration versus time curve of CyA (HPLC measurements) was lower in pigs than
      in humans after oral (67 +/- 31 micrograms/ml x min vs. 296 +/- 101 micrograms/ml
      x min) and after iv (358 +/- 71 micrograms/ml x min vs. 858 +/- 292 micrograms/ml
      x min) doses of CyA. Compared to humans, pigs had lower concentrations of total
      prednisolone--assessed by HPLC--after oral prednisone (7.1 +/- 4.3 micrograms/ml
      x min vs. 297.9 +/- 75.6 micrograms/ml x min) and after iv prednisolone (26.8 +/-
      9.5 micrograms/ml x min vs. 373.3 +/- 77.7 micrograms/ml x min). The plasma
      concentrations of both agents, lower in pigs than in humans, were attributable to
      an increased volume of distribution, an increased clearance, and more of a
      diminished systemic availability in pigs than in humans. Thus, to obtain the same
      target concentrations of CyA and prednisolone in both species, pigs require about
      2 to 4 times higher iv or oral doses of CyA and 10 to 30 times higher iv or oral
      doses of steroids.

PMID- 2898349
TI  - Effect of serum from renal failure and cirrhotic patients on the blood-brain
      barrier permeability to DL-propranolol in rats.
AB  - Our previous studies using an in vivo tissue-sampling single-carotid injection
      method have shown that the transport of DL-propranolol into rat brain is
      inhibited by the serum from rats with uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure.
      The present studies were designed to examine the effect of serum from patients
      with renal or liver disease on the transport of DL-propranolol into the rat
      brain. While the binding of DL-propranolol to serum from cirrhotic patients was
      significantly decreased compared to normal serum, there was no change for the
      serum from patients with renal failure. In the carotid injection studies, the
      brain transport parameters such as the brain uptake index (BUI), the
      unidirectional extraction ratio (ET), the blood-brain barrier permeability
      surface area product (PSapp), and PSapp corrected for the unbound fraction
      (PSuapp) in rats injected with serum from patients with renal failure were
      significantly reduced to approximately 40-53% of those in controls. No change in
      BUI, ET, and PSapp was found in rats injected with serum from cirrhotic patients.
      However, the cirrhotic patients adopted in the present study had relatively mild
      liver disease (judging from the biochemical blood test), and we cannot refer to
      the more severe cirrhotic patients only from this study. Moreover, significant
      correlations were observed between the biochemical parameters (blood urea
      nitrogen, serum creatinine concentration) representing the degree of renal
      failure and the transport parameters (ET, PSapp, or PSuapp) of DL
      propranolol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898350
TI  - Metabolism of cyclosporin A. III. Interaction of the macrolide antibiotic,
      erythromycin, using rabbit hepatocytes and microsomal fractions.
AB  - The interaction between cyclosporin A (CsA) and the macrolide antibiotic,
      erythromycin, has been studied in freshly isolated rabbit hepatocytes and in
      rabbit liver microsomal fractions. In hepatocytes, CsA was rapidly accumulated
      inside the cells and metabolized to its different groups of derivatives (mono-
      and/or dihydroxylated and/or N-demethylated metabolites) [Fabre, Bertault-Peres,
      Fabre, Maurel, Just, and Cano: Drug Metab. Dispos. 15, 384 (1987)]. In the
      presence of erythromycin in the extracellular compartment, CsA metabolism was
      inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. However, erythromycin did not
      affect intracellular CsA accumulation and binding of CsA to its intracellular
      protein binding site(s). Since CsA was specifically metabolized by the cytochrome
      P-450 LM3c isozyme [Bertault-Peres, Bonfils, Fabre, Just, Cano, and Maurel: Drug
      Metab. Dispos. 15, 391 (1987)], we further studied the effect of erythromycin on
      CsA metabolism by liver microsomal fractions. In the presence of erythromycin,
      CsA metabolism was also decreased. Lineweaver-Burk analysis of erythromycin-CsA
      interaction demonstrated that erythromycin was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 156
      microM) of CsA metabolism (Km = 0.43 microM; Vmax = 4.8 nmol/min). In agreement
      with these data, CsA inhibited (i) erythromycin N-demethylation to a large extent
      and (ii) the appearance of the erythromycin-cytochrome P-450 LM3c complex. We
      could conclude that the interaction between CsA and erythromycin most likely
      results from the fact that both drugs are extensively metabolized by the same
      cytochrome P-450 form: P-450 LM3c or P-450 III A4 according to the new
      nomenclature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898351
TI  - The metabolism and disposition of fenofibrate in rat, guinea pig, and dog.
AB  - The metabolism and disposition of orally administered single doses of
      [14C]fenofibrate (isopropyl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2- methylpropionate)
      have been studied in rat, guinea pig, and dog. In rats, the urinary excretion of
      14C in 5 days varied from 11 to 51% of the dose and was markedly dependent upon
      the dose form given. The interpretation of these data in terms of factors
      affecting the absorption of fenofibrate from the gut is complicated by the
      enterohepatic recirculation of metabolites. The tissue distribution of 14C after
      oral administration of an ethanolic solution of fenofibrate has been studied in
      the rat. The only tissues in which the concentration of 14C exceeded that in the
      blood were the organs of absorption and elimination, the gut, liver, and kidneys.
      Guinea pigs excreted 53% of the dose in the urine in 5 days, with a further 34%
      in the feces, while in dogs the corresponding figures were 9% and 81%,
      respectively. In all three species, all the urinary metabolites were products of
      ester hydrolysis, and the principal excretion product was "reduced fenofibric
      acid" which arose by subsequent carbonyl reduction. Glucuronidation of fenofibric
      acid and "reduced fenofibric acid" was a very minor reaction in the rat and
      guinea pig and was not detected in the dog. In addition, polar unknown
      metabolite(s) were detected in all three species, but were not investigated
      further. The results are discussed in terms of the comparative disposition of
      fenofibrate and other hypolipidemic agents and the contribution of these findings
      to the safety assessment of such drugs.

PMID- 2898352
TI  - Pre- and postweaning development of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in small
      intestine and liver of rats.
AB  - The postnatal development of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S
      transferase activities, total non-protein sulfhydryls, and cytochrome P-450
      contents was compared in small intestine and liver of male Wistar rats from 18 to
      60 days of life. In the intestine, main age-related changes affected conjugation
      enzymes which were increased rapidly by a factor of 4 during the weaning time and
      remained unchanged thereafter. Development in the rat was accompanied by changes
      in cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity only in the
      liver. In both organs, glutathione concentration and selenium-dependent
      glutathione peroxidase activity were not significantly modified between 18 and 60
      days. In the liver, we observed discontinuities in the developmental pattern of
      UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and the ontogenesis of glutathione-S-transferase
      activities differed according to the substrate metabolized.

PMID- 2898353
TI  - The rat biliary and urinary metabolism of the N6-methylated derivative of
      elliptinium acetate, and antitumor agent.
AB  - The rat biliary and urinary metabolism of N2,N6-dimethyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium
      (an N6-methyl derivative of elliptinium acetate, an antitumor agent) is reported.
      Two main metabolites have been identified: the glucuronide and sulfate
      derivatives by conjugation of the hydroxy group at position 9. Excretion profiles
      in bile and urine are also given. It has to be noted that no metabolite
      corresponding to a demethylation at the indolic nitrogen has been identified.
      However, the evidence for an increased concentration of the oxidized form of
      glutathione in bile during the drug excretion supports the hypothesis of an
      oxidative metabolism of this drug in rat liver.

PMID- 2898354
TI  - Effect of pH on acyl migration and hydrolysis of tolmetin glucuronide.

PMID- 2898355
TI  - Identification of two metabolites of a penem (Sch 34343) in human urine.

PMID- 2898356
TI  - Efflux of cimetidine from the rat cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2898357
TI  - Inhibition of cimetidine transport by creatinine in luminal membrane vesicles
      prepared from rabbit kidney.

PMID- 2898358
TI  - Metabolism of 7-ethoxyresorufin by phenobarbital or Aroclor 1254 pretreated mice.

PMID- 2898359
TI  - Localization of pancreastatin immunoreactivity in porcine endocrine cells.
AB  - Pancreastatin is a peptide isolated from the porcine pancreas and shown to
      inhibit insulin release. We have studied the immunocytochemical distribution of
      pancreastatin in three porcine endocrine tissues: pancreas, gut, and
      adenohypophysis. Pancreastatin-specific immunoreactivity was found in all three
      locations and distributed to numerous cells. In the pancreas, we performed the
      alternate labeling of consecutive thick (immunofluorescence) or thin (protein A
      gold) sections and we observed that pancreastatin colocalizes to secretory
      granules of insulin and somatostatin-containing cells. The relationship of
      pancreastatin to chromogranin A is discussed.

PMID- 2898360
TI  - Calmodulin dependence of somatostatin release stimulated by growth hormone
      releasing factor.
AB  - Experiments were performed in vitro to examine the possible role of calcium and
      calmodulin in GRF-induced somatostatin (SRIF) release from the median eminence.
      Adult male rats were used as tissue donors. The median eminences were first
      prestimulated in 0.4 ml Krebs Ringer bicarbonate glucose buffer (pH 7.4)
      containing bacitracin at 37C in an atmosphere of 95% O2, 5% CO2 with constant
      shaking for 30 min. When calcium was omitted, this medium was used during the
      prestimulation and stimulation periods. After prestimulation, the medium was
      discarded and replaced by medium containing the different substances to be tested
      (GRF, EGTA, calcium channel blockers, and calmodulin inhibitors). The stimulation
      of SRIF release induced by 10(-10) M GRF was not inhibited by omission of
      extracellular calcium or when the remaining CA+2 was chelated with 10(-4) M EGTA.
      The calcium channel blockers, nifendipine and verapamil (10(-6) M), failed to
      alter the increase of SRIF release induced by rGRF. Three calmodulin inhibitors
      were employed to examine the possible influence of calmodulin on GRF-induced SRIF
      release. Trifluoperazine (10(-6) M), triflupromazine (10(-6) M) and penfluridol
      (10(-7) M) had an inhibitory effect on the stimulation of SRIF release induced by
      GRF and failed to alter resting release. Thus, GRF can evoke SRIF release
      independently of extraterminal Ca+2 concentration and Ca+2 influx into the nerve
      terminals, but the releasing process involves translocation of Ca+2 from
      intracellular stores. The inhibitory effect of the calmodulin inhibitors on GRF
      induced SRIF release, suggests that the translocated Ca+2 must bind to calmodulin
      in order to release SRIF.

PMID- 2898361
TI  - Decidual prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor stimulates the synthesis of PRL from
      human decidual cells.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the acute release of PRL
      from human decidual tissue is stimulated by a 23.5 kilodalton placental protein
      which we designated decidual PRL-releasing factor (PRL-RF). To determine whether
      PRL-RF may also affect the synthesis of PRL and/or cause a secondary increase in
      PRL release, we have examined the effects of purified PRL-RF on the synthesis and
      release of PRL over a 96-h period. Exposure of dispersed decidual cells to PRL-RF
      (0.5 microgram/ml) stimulated a biphasic increase in PRL release with acute
      transient stimulation during the first 0.5 h and a delayed and sustained
      stimulation beginning about 8 h after exposure which persisted for the duration
      of the 96 h. The amounts of PRL released from PRL-RF-exposed cells after 0.5, 8,
      12, 24, and 96 h were 321.2 +/- 36.2 (mean +/- SEM, n = 3), 110.2 +/- 5.3, 138.2
      +/- 7.2, 194.5 +/- 11.2, and 201.5 +/- 14.2% that of control cells. Studies of
      the de novo synthesis of [35S]methionyl PRL indicated that the increase in PRL
      release after the first few hours of exposure to PRL-RF was secondary to an
      increase in PRL synthesis. Somatostatin (100 nM) inhibited the acute stimulatory
      effect of PRL-RF, but had no effect on the delayed stimulation of PRL release. On
      the other hand, cycloheximide (20 microM) completely inhibited the secondary
      increase in PRL release in response to PRL-RF but had no effect on the acute
      release. These results demonstrate that PRL-RF stimulates both the synthesis and
      release of decidual PRL.

PMID- 2898363
TI  - Secondary prevention reinfarction Israeli nifedipine trial (SPRINT). A randomized
      intervention trial of nifedipine in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
      The Israeli Sprint Study Group.
AB  - The efficacy of nifedipine in the prevention of post-infarction morbidity and
      mortality was evaluated in a double-blind clinical trial of 2276 survivors of
      acute myocardial infarction recruited from the cardiac departments of 14 Israeli
      hospitals. The patients were randomized to either nifedipine 30 mg day-1 or
      placebo between 7 and 21 days after their hospitalization for the acute event.
      Baseline characteristics of patients in each group were virtually identical for
      most pertinent variables. Mortality during an average 10-month follow-up period
      was 5.7% in the placebo group and 5.8% among those receiving nifedipine. Nonfatal
      recurrent myocardial infarction occurred in 4.8% and 4.4% of placebo and
      nifedipine patients, respectively. Administration of nifedipine according to the
      protocol used in the present study had no effect on cardiac events in survivors
      of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2898365
TI  - Successful treatment of tardive and spontaneous dyskinesias with corticosteroids.
AB  - Three patients, 2 with tardive dyskinesia and 1 with senile chorea, were
      successfully treated with corticosteroids during an observation period of up to 5
      months. Permanent complete relief or pronounced improvement of the dyskinesias
      was observed at a dosage of 5 mg prednisolone/day. Possible interactions between
      the putatively hyperactive dopaminergic system and corticosteroids are discussed.

PMID- 2898362
TI  - Inhibitory effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone and somatostatin release from rat median eminence in vitro
      correlated with the characterization of specific PAF receptor sites in rat
      hypothalamus.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) exhibits a wide range of biological activities,
      including the stimulation of secretory processes in various cell types. However,
      little is known regarding its possible influence on the release of brain
      neuropeptides. In the present study we have examined the effect of PAF on the
      release of three hypothalamic releasing hormones in adult male rats, and have
      characterized the presence of specific PAF binding sites in rat hypothalamic
      membranes. PAF decreased LHRH and somatostatin (SRIF) release from the median
      eminence with a maximal inhibition at 10(-14) M for both neuropeptides, whereas
      GRF release was not significantly altered. Moreover, PAF strongly counteracted
      the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187-stimulated release of LHRH and SRIF from median
      eminence and medial basal hypothalamus (greater than 50% inhibition). These
      results suggest an involvement of Ca2+ dependent events in PAF action. This
      inhibitory effect was specifically exerted at a hypothalamic site because PAF
      failed to depress LH and GH release from the anterior pituitary. A specific,
      reversible and saturable binding of [3H]PAF to membrane preparations of rat
      hypothalamus was demonstrated and two classes of binding sites were
      characterized. The affinity (KD) of each binding class was 2.14 +/- 0.32 nM and
      61.63 +/- 16.4 nM, respectively, and the corresponding maximal number of each
      binding class was 25.41 +/- 3.2 fmol/mg protein and 146.2 +/- 47.5 fmol/mg
      protein. In the same conditions no specific binding was observed using rat
      pituitary membranes. The specificity of PAF analogs for these binding sites was
      well correlated to their relative effectiveness in altering LHRH and SRIF release
      (order of potency: L-652,731, kadsurenone greater than BN 52021 greater than Lyso
      PAF). These data suggest that the binding sites identified in the hypothalamus
      have the characteristics expected of a specific PAF receptor and that PAF effect
      on neuropeptides release is a receptor-mediated process.

PMID- 2898364
TI  - Thyroid uptake of MIBG in Sipple's syndrome.
AB  - The use of the adrenomedullary tracer metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in the
      localization of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is based on the
      embryologic relationship of the APUD cell series. The authors report the results
      obtained in six patients with MCT: two had Sipple's syndrome and four sporadic
      forms of the disease. MIBG uptake by the CMT was observed in both cases of
      Sipple's syndrome and in only one of the other cases. Scintigraphic detection
      seems to depend on the clinical features, the size of the tumour and also on the
      part played by its secretory function. MCT would thus appear to be more
      frequently visualized by MIBG in cases of Sipple's syndrome than in sporadic
      cases. The procedure therefore seems useful in the diagnosis, follow up and even
      in the treatment of MCT.

PMID- 2898366
TI  - Prediction of neuroleptic on-drug response in schizophrenic in-patients by EEG.
AB  - The subjects were 34 acutely ill in-patients who met the RDC criteria of
      schizophrenic psychosis, and 4 EEGs were recorded from each patient before, 2 h
      and 24 h after oral intake of a single dose of 150 mg perazine, and on the 28th
      day of the neuroleptic treatment period. As a criterion of clinical response a
      decrease of at least 66% in the schizophrenia-specific sum score of the Brief
      Psychiatric Rating Scale on day 28 relative to the baseline value was decided
      upon. The EEGs were assessed using a newly developed procedure which takes into
      consideration 4 derivations simultaneously. As we tried to search out EEG
      variables with predictive value the statistical data analysis underlying our
      findings should largely by regarded as exploratory. Independent of day,
      responders (R) showed a tendency towards more low voltage desynchronized epochs
      (non-A stage) than non-responders (NR). Thus, R exhibited a higher degree of
      dynamic variability or a broader range of control of the spontaneous vigilance
      fluctuation (dynamic lability) than NR (dynamic rigidity). Furthermore, R and NR
      differed with respect to their time-dependent changes of non-A epoch frequencies
      before medication. While R showed a monotonous increase which is typical for
      normals, NR did not. Because of considerable inter-individual variability these
      group differences could not be used for individual prediction of the therapy
      response. By means of a qualitative data analysis R could be distinguished from
      NR with regard to various test dose-induced changes of the topographical
      distribution of absolute alpha power. All the group differentiating variables
      showed a time course of the same kind: R showed a prompt and ample deflection and
      the same recovery of baseline; NR, in contrast, showed no significant deflections
      at all. These findings are in line with the results concerning the dynamics of
      vigilance and certain claims of earlier authors according to which EEG
      changeability should be decisive for therapeutic outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2898367
TI  - Identification of a multidrug resistance associated antigen (P-glycoprotein) in
      normal human tissues.
AB  - The multidrug resistance (NDR) phenotype describes a pattern of cross-resistance
      to unrelated compounds observed in mammalian cell lines selected in vitro for
      resistance to a single agent. Overexpression of a 170,000 dalton cell membrane
      glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) is associated consistently with this phenotype in
      these cell lines. Recently, several human tumours have been shown to contain P
      glycoprotein and expression was greatest in tumours exhibiting clinical drug
      resistance. To explore further the significance of P-glycoprotein, we examined
      normal human tissues obtained at autopsy by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and immunoblotting using a monoclonal antibody directed against P-glycoprotein.
      We showed expression of P-glycoprotein in normal liver and small bowel mucosa but
      not in other organs examined. This suggests there may be significant expression
      of P-glycoprotein in certain normal human tissues and any plan to exploit P
      glycoprotein clinically must take these findings into account.

PMID- 2898368
TI  - Decrease of plasma potassium due to inhalation of beta-2-agonists: absence of an
      additional effect of intravenous theophylline.
AB  - The effect on the plasma potassium concentration of inhalation of the beta-2
      agonists fenoterol, salbutamol (albuterol), and terbutaline from metered-dose
      inhalers was studied in normal volunteers. All three drugs caused a significant,
      dose-dependent decrease, more pronounced for fenoterol and salbutamol than for
      terbutaline. Relative to the bronchodilating potency (one puff of fenoterol 0.2
      mg is considered to be equivalent to two puffs of salbutamol 2 x 0.1 mg, or two
      puffs of terbutaline 2 x 0.25 mg), fenoterol had a more pronounced effect on
      plasma potassium than salbutamol or terbutaline. The systemic effect on plasma
      potassium seems to be related to the structure of the drugs: the more lipophilic
      the drug (fenoterol) the sooner the systemic symptoms appear and the more
      pronounced they are. The effects of theophylline alone, and combined with
      fenoterol, were also studied. The intravenous infusion of theophylline (after
      placebo inhalation; maximal mean plasma concentration 14.9 +/- 2.2 mg l-1) caused
      a small but significant decrease of plasma potassium. There was no additive or
      synergistic effect when theophylline was added to fenoterol. It is concluded that
      inhalation of beta-agonists induces a decrease of plasma potassium, that this
      effect is relatively more pronounced for fenoterol than either salbutamol or
      terbutaline, and that it is not enhanced by the concomitant use of theophylline.
      Theophylline by itself causes a slight decrease in plasma potassium
      concentration.

PMID- 2898370
TI  - CD2 is involved in regulating cyclic AMP levels in T cells.
AB  - The human T lymphocyte-specific CD2 (T11) molecule, that regulates T cell
      activation, is capable of mediating increases of intracellular cAMP. Monoclonal
      antibodies directed to different epitopes of the CD2 molecule which either induce
      or inhibit T cell proliferation are capable of triggering an increase of cAMP
      comparable to that induced by reagents which activate adenylate cyclase. These
      results indicate that there is a relationship between the CD2 membrane molecule
      and the adenylate cyclase system.

PMID- 2898369
TI  - Effect of prednisolone and ketotifen on beta 2-adrenoceptors in asthmatic
      patients receiving beta 2-bronchodilators.
AB  - In 13 patients with bronchial asthma, who were on beta 2-adrenergic
      bronchodilator therapy, the effects of prednisolone and ketotifen on lymphocyte
      beta 2-adrenoceptor density and -responsiveness were investigated. The mean
      lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density and -responsiveness was significantly
      lower than in healthy controls, presumably due to the long-term beta 2-adrenergic
      bronchodilator treatment. Both prednisolone 100 mg i.v. and ketotifen 1 mg
      b.d.p.o. for 6 days rapidly improved lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor function. 16
      h after prednisolone and about 6 days after the first dose of ketotifen
      lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density and -responsiveness had risen to values
      within the range in normal volunteers. The improvement of lymphocyte beta 2
      adrenoceptor function was accompanied by a significant increase in peak
      expiratory flow rate before and after inhalation of salbutamol. It is concluded
      that prednisolone and ketotifen may act beneficially on the recovery of beta 2
      adrenoceptor responsiveness to beta 2-adrenergic bronchodilators in tolerant
      asthmatic patients.

PMID- 2898371
TI  - 'GABA shift' in vivo: enhancement of benzodiazepine binding in vivo by modulation
      of endogenous GABA.
AB  - The enhancement of benzodiazepine binding by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
      its analogues has been described in detail in brain membrane preparations, but
      results in in vivo preparations such as tissue slices or animals treated with
      GABA modulators are conflicting. This 'GABA shift' in vitro has been reported for
      compounds with agonist effects at the benzodiazepine receptor but not for
      antagonists. We examined the effects of modulators of endogenous GABA on
      benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo as determined by specific uptake of the
      benzodiazepine antagonist [3H]Ro 15-1788. Enhancement of radioligand uptake was
      observed in cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus and pons-medulla 4 h after
      treatment with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), in cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus,
      hippocampus and pons-medulla 0.5 h after treatment with valproic acid, and in
      cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus and hippocampus 6 h after treatment with gamma
      vinyl-GABA. GABA concentrations were increased at each of these points, as were
      synaptosomal GABA concentrations in prior studies. In contrast, no changes in
      radioligand uptake or GABA concentrations were observed 12 and 24 h after gamma
      vinyl-GABA treatment. Increases in binding appeared to be due to increased
      apparent affinity at the receptor rather than a change in receptor number. These
      data indicate that binding of a benzodiazepine antagonist undergoes a GABA shift
      in vivo analogous to that observed with agonists in vitro.

PMID- 2898372
TI  - Effect of azelastine on the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in guinea pig
      peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Azelastine, an orally effective anti-allergic agent, has been demonstrated to
      inhibit the release of histamine and leukotrienes. This suggests that azelastine
      might alter the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. We have examined the effect
      of azelastine on the change in intracellular free calcium concentration
      ([Ca2+])i) in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages induced by platelet activating
      factor (PAF-acether) or N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) using a
      fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, fura2. PAF-acether raised [Ca2+]i from 89 +/- 4 to
      243 +/- 26 nM (n = 15) within 20 s after addition of PAF-acether in the presence
      of 2 mM EGTA. This indicates that the stimulation of macrophages by PAF-acether
      induced intracellular mobilization of Ca2+, and pretreatment with azelastine
      reduced the PAF-acether-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner
      (IC50 = 16 microM). Azelastine also inhibited the FMLP-induced increase in
      [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, PAF-acether and FMLP both caused the release of
      prostaglandin E2 from macrophages, and pretreatment with azelastine reduced the
      PGE2 release dose dependently (IC50 = 10 microM). These results suggest that
      azelastine inhibits the release of Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites induced
      by PAF-acether or FMLP, and that this effect possibly causes reduction in the
      release of PGE2 from the cells.

PMID- 2898373
TI  - Interaction of calmodulin antagonists with alpha-adrenergic responses in pithed
      rats and in the perfused hindquarters of the rat.
AB  - The effect of calmodulin antagonists was studied on the alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor-mediated increase in diastolic blood pressure in pithed rats and on
      the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated reduction of flow in the perfused hindquarters
      of the rat. B-HT 920 was used as a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist in the
      pithed rat experiments, whereas cirazoline was used as a selective agonist for
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The latter was used after pretreatment with nifedipine (1
      mg/kg) or phenoxybenzamine (30 micrograms/kg), revealing calcium influx
      insensitive and -sensitive mechanisms of vasoconstriction, respectively.
      Papaverine, calmidazolium and W-7 did not influence the dose-response curves for
      the agonists in the pithed rat experiments. The modest effects of high doses of
      flunarizine and bepridil on the dose-response curve for B-HT 920 and of
      trifluoperazine on the dose-response curve for cirazoline can be explained by the
      well-known calcium entry (flunarizine) and alpha 1-adrenoceptor-blocking
      (bepridil) effects of these drugs. Bepridil and calmidazolium caused an elevation
      of the cirazoline dose-response curves in the perfused rat hindquarters;
      flunarizine and trifluoperazine showed a parallel and dose-dependent displacement
      of the cirazoline dose-response curve to the right, whereas W-7 was inactive. Our
      results do not implicate calmodulin-associated effects in the alpha-adrenoceptor
      mediated vasoconstriction in pithed rats and in the perfused rat hindquarters.

PMID- 2898374
TI  - Adrenergic effect on the atrial natriuretic peptide secretion and
      vasoconstriction induced in the perfused rat heart by phorbol ester.
AB  - Infusion of a phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), known to
      stimulate protein kinase C, caused a gradual, sustained increase in perfusate
      immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (IR-ANP) concentration and a more rapid
      increase in perfusion pressure in the isolated perfused rat heart. Administration
      of isoprenaline resulted in a rapid rise in IR-ANP release whereas methoxamine
      induced a sustained increase in IR-ANP secretion into the perfusion fluid.
      Methoxamine, when infused in combination with TPA, enhanced both IR-ANP secretion
      and the increase in perfusion pressure produced by phorbol ester. Isoprenaline
      also acted synergistically on TPA-induced IR-ANP release but attenuated the
      coronary vasoconstriction produced by phorbol ester. The TPA-induced increase in
      IR-ANP secretion was attenuated significantly by infusion of atenolol and
      slightly by infusion of prazosin, neither of which affected TPA-induced
      vasoconstriction. The vasoconstrictor response to infusion of phorbol ester was
      similar but the secretory response was attenuated in hearts from rats pretreated
      with reserpine. The results indicate that adrenoceptor stimulation interacts
      differentially with phorbol ester-induced ANP secretion and vasoconstriction in
      the perfused rat heart. Our results also suggest that the effect of TPA on
      perfusion pressure appears to be due to its direct action on vascular smooth
      muscle cells but that a part of the TPA effect on ANP secretion may be an
      indirect one.

PMID- 2898375
TI  - Selectivity of ligand binding to opioid receptors in brain membranes from the
      rat, monkey and guinea pig.
AB  - Conditions for the equilibrium binding to opioid receptor of [3H]sufentanil (mu
      selective), [3H][D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (delta selective), and [3H]U69,593
      (kappa selective) were established in membranes from rat brain cerebrum, monkey
      cortex, or guinea pig cerebellum. The selectivity index of various opioid
      alkaloids and peptides in binding to the mu, delta, or kappa opioid receptors was
      expressed as the ratio of their EC50 values in displacing two selective
      radiolabeled ligands: [3H]sufentanil/[3H](D-Pen2,D-Pen5)enkephalin (selectivity:
      mu/delta), [3H]sufentanil/[3H]U69,593 (selectivity: mu/kappa), or [3H][D-Pen2,D
      Pen5]enkephalin/[3H]U69,593 (selectivity: delta/kappa). High resolution in
      binding selectivity was observed: in rat brain the mu/delta selectivity for Tyr-D
      Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-Gly-ol and sufentanil were 0.02 and 0.03, whereas for [D-Pen2,D
      Pen5]enkephalin and ICI 174,864 they were 1,200 and 998. Compared to mu opiates,
      the specific binding of delta and kappa agonists was less sensitive to sodium.
      The results describe a routinely applicable methodological approach for the
      assessment of selective ligand binding to the mu, delta and kappa opioid
      receptors in rodent and monkey brain membranes.

PMID- 2898376
TI  - Correlation of inhibitory potencies of putative antagonists for sigma receptors
      in brain and spleen.
AB  - The putative sigma receptor antagonists, haloperidol, HR 375, BMY 14802 and BW
      234U potently inhibited both [3H]d-N-allylnormetazocine binding to sigma
      receptors in brain homogenates and [3H]haloperidol binding to sigma receptors in
      spleen homogenates. An excellent correlation of inhibitory potencies in the two
      assay systems was obtained. The results support the view that [3H]d-N
      allylnormetazocine and [3H]haloperidol both label the same receptor populations,
      and suggest that sigma antagonists may be useful in elucidating physiological
      role(s) of sigma receptors in the nervous and immune systems.

PMID- 2898377
TI  - A new and specific non-NMDA receptor antagonist, FG 9065, blocks L-AP4-evoked
      depolarization in rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - L(+)-AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate) depolarized slices of rat cerebral cortex,
      when applied following a 2 min priming application of quisqualate. This response
      diminishes with time and is not seen after NMDA application. A new selective non
      N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitro-2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline
      (FG 9065), inhibits the L(+)-AP4 depolarization. It is argued that the response
      is mediated indirectly by postsynaptic quisqualate receptors.

PMID- 2898378
TI  - Rods are selectively altered by lead: I. Electrophysiology and biochemistry.
AB  - In vitro studies have demonstrated that lead selectively and reversibly depresses
      the rod photoreceptor component of the electroretinogram (ERG). To determine if
      low-level lead exposure during early postnatal development produced long-term
      selective rod deficits, we examined rod and cone ERG functions and cyclic GMP and
      cyclic AMP metabolism in adult control and lead-exposed rats. A-wave and b-wave
      voltage-log intensity and latency-log intensity functions, generated from single
      flash ERGs in fully dark-adapted rats, revealed that low-level lead exposure
      during early postnatal development caused a 23- and 18% decrease in maximum
      amplitude, a 1.0- and 0.5 log unit decrease in absolute sensitivity and a mean
      latency increase of 47- and 29%, respectively. Additional ERG experiments, using
      scotopically balanced stimuli and scotopic and photopic flicker fusion frequency
      functions, also demonstrated selective rod deficits. Cone ERGs, elicited by 30-Hz
      white flashes in the presence of a white background adapting light, were similar
      in control and lead-exposed rats. Lead exposure during early postnatal
      development caused cGMP levels in dark-adapted and light-adapted retinas to
      increase 40- and 25%, respectively, above controls whereas cyclic AMP levels
      remained unchanged. Light-activated cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDE) was
      inhibited 40% while guanylate cyclase activity was unchanged. The retinal lead
      concentration was 10(-6) M at the end of exposure (day 21) while at the time of
      ERG testing and biochemical analysis it was 10(-7) M. In vitro studies with adult
      control retinas incubated with 10(-9)-10(-4) M lead revealed a dose-response
      inhibition (10-40%) of cGMP-PDE between 10(-6)- and 10(-4) M lead and stimulation
      of guanylate cyclase (20-158%) only above 10(-4) M lead, indicating that cGMP-PDE
      is more sensitive to the direct effects of lead than the synthetic cGMP enzyme.
      These in vitro cyclic nucleotide metabolism results are similar to those we
      observed in vivo and both are consistent with the observed ERG changes. The
      selective rod-mediated amplitude, sensitivity and temporal deficits and the lack
      of effect on the cone ERGs clearly demonstrate that low-level lead exposure
      during early postnatal development causes a long-term selective disruption of rat
      rod photoreceptors. The relevance and applicability of these data to subclinical
      pediatric lead poisoning has yet to be established.

PMID- 2898379
TI  - Involvement of excitatory neurotransmitters in the damage produced in chick
      embryo retinas by anoxia and extracellular high potassium.
AB  - Chick embryo retinas were exposed for 40 min to anoxic conditions and the
      resulting histological changes were studied by light microscopy. A strong
      edematous response with severe swelling of the inner nuclear, inner plexiform and
      ganglion cell layers and numerous cells with pyknotic nuclei but very few dead
      cells were observed. These changes were qualitatively similar to those observed
      on retinas exposed to high potassium concentration or to glutamic acid. The
      deleterious effects of anoxia and high potassium concentration were not affected
      by the removal of calcium ions from the retina incubation medium but were
      prevented by gamma-D-glutamylglycine, an antagonist of excitatory amino acid
      receptors. These results suggest that the damage observed in retinas maintained
      under anoxia for 40 min is likely to be due to the release, from non-synaptic
      pools, of excitatory neurotransmitters, possibly glutamic and/or aspartic acids,
      evoked by the dissipation of the membrane ionic gradients. These events would be
      the first in a chain of toxic damage leading ultimately to cell death.

PMID- 2898381
TI  - Biochemical changes in progressive muscular dystrophy. XV. Distribution of
      radioactive glutamate and proximate composition of various components of skeletal
      muscle and liver in vitamin E-deficient dystrophic rabbits and 129/ReJ (dy/dy)
      mice.
AB  - The proximate composition of skeletal muscle and liver and the incorporation of
      radioactive glutamate into their various components were investigated in vitamin
      E-deficient rabbits and genetically dystrophic (dy/dy) mice during various stages
      of the disease. Total fat content in skeletal muscle was decreased in the early
      phase and increased in the terminal stage of both types of dystrophy. This
      component altered only in the liver of dystrophic mice, showing a reduction in
      the mild stage but returning later to normal values. Carbohydrate content was
      diminished in the skeletal muscle of both species at each stage of the disease.
      In the liver, however, it was elevated considerably in vitamin E-deficient
      rabbits, but was depressed in dystrophic mice. Protein content was decreased in
      the skeletal muscle of both dystrophic models. Similar results were obtained for
      amino acids, except that they were increased in the terminal stages of
      nutritional dystrophy. Analogous values were recorded for hepatic amino acids in
      nutritionally-induced and hereditary dystrophy (in rabbits and mice
      respectively). Incorporation of C14-glutamate into various components of skeletal
      muscle and liver in both models revealed divergent responses, depending upon the
      nature of the dystrophy, and the component in which incorporation was measured.
      These data indicate a rapid turnover of C14-glutamate in the skeletal muscle and
      liver of vitamin E-deficient and genetically dystrophic animals. Also, it is
      clear that the changes in the various components of skeletal muscle and liver, as
      well as the pattern of C14-glutamate incorporation, are different in the two
      types of dystrophy.

PMID- 2898380
TI  - Mesencephalic dopamine cell deficit involves areas A8, A9 and A10 in weaver
      mutant mice.
AB  - The mesencephalic dopamine (DA) cell system was examined in mice homozygous and
      heterozygous for the weaver (wv) gene and in wild-type controls to estimate the
      extent of cell losses associated with the genetically determined central DA
      deficiency observed in weaver homozygotes. Animals of the three genotypes (+/+,
      wv/+, wv/wv) were studied at postnatal day (P)20 and P90. Serial coronal sections
      were obtained through the brainstem. Half of the sections were immunolabeled with
      antiserum to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Cell counts were obtained in areas A8
      (retrorubral nucleus, RRN), A9 (substantia nigra, SN), and A10 (ventral tegmental
      area, VTA). The counts were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance
      followed by individual comparisons among group means. In A8, weaver homozygotes
      did not differ significantly from wild-type controls at P20, whereas there was a
      significant difference of 56% at P90. In A9, weaver homozygotes differed
      significantly from wild-type mice by 42% at P20 and by 69% at P90. The decrease
      in cell number between P20 and P90 in weaver homozygotes was 54%. In A10, weaver
      homozygotes did not differ significantly from wild-type controls at P20, whereas
      there was a significant difference of 26% at P90. Cell numbers in all three areas
      of heterozygotes did not differ significantly from wild-type control values at
      either age point. These findings demonstrate that by three months of age
      homozygous weaver mutants exhibit nerve cell losses in all three areas of the
      mesencephalic DA cell system. Such losses account for the DA deficiency seen in
      striatal, limbic and cortical projection fields.

PMID- 2898382
TI  - Synthesis and beta-adrenergic blocking activity of oxipropanolamines of 3,4
      dihydro-3-oxo-2H(1,4)benzothiazine.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of oxypropanolamines of 3,4-dihydro-3-oxo
      2H(1,4)benzothiazine is reported. Some of these compounds proved more potent than
      propranolol and carteolol as beta-adrenergic blocking agents in in vitro tests.
      The 8-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxy)propoxy-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H(1,4)
      benzothiazine fumarate (XVI a), which gave better results, confirmed its
      remarkable activity in in vivo tests.

PMID- 2898383
TI  - The amino acid substitution in albumin Roma: 321 Glu----Lys.
AB  - Albumin Roma is an electrophoretically slow moving genetic variant of human serum
      albumin found in 22 unrelated families. The protein was isolated from the serum
      of a healthy, heterozygous subject. Analysis of CNBr fragments by isoelectric
      focusing allowed us to localize the mutation to fragment CNBr IV (residues 299
      329). This fragment was isolated on a preparative scale by RP-HPLC and subjected
      to tryptic digestion. Sequential analysis of two abnormal tryptic peptides,
      purified by RP-HPLC, revealed that the variant arises from the substitution of
      glutamic acid 321 by lysine. This amino acid replacement, probably resulting from
      a point mutation in the structural gene, causes a change in the net charge of +2
      units which is in keeping with the decreased electrophoretic mobility of the
      native protein.

PMID- 2898384
TI  - Kinetic limitations in the overall reaction of mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation accounting for flux-dependent changes in the apparent delta
      GexP/delta mu H+ ratio.
AB  - Changes in J0, delta muH+ and delta GexP were investigated as a function of load.
      The flux control coefficients, particularly those of the adenine nucleotide
      translocator and H+-ATPase at the maximum rate of oxidative phosphorylation were
      seen to strongly depend on the phosphate concentration accounting in common for
      the highest share in flux control. There was no unique relationship observed
      between JP and delta muH+ in load-controlled, well coupled systems, but JP was
      found to depend on delta muH+ at excessive load and increasing proton leakage.
      All the results presented can be elucidated on the grounds of delocalized
      chemiosmotic coupling.

PMID- 2898386
TI  - The low activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in basal and glucagon-stimulated
      hepatocytes is due to phosphorylation by the AMP-activated protein kinase and not
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified from isolated hepatocytes is activated
      dramatically by protein phosphatase treatment, concomitant with a reduction of
      the phosphate content from 3.7 to 1.1 mol/subunit. Glucagon treatment of the
      cells produces a further inactivation of the enzyme that is totally reversed by
      phosphatase treatment, and is associated with an increase in phosphate content of
      0.8 mol/subunit, distributed in two peptides which contain the sites
      phosphorylated in vitro by the cyclic AMP-dependent and AMP-activated protein
      kinases. Sequencing of these peptides shows that the low activity of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase is due to phosphorylation by the AMP-activated protein kinase, and
      not cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, even after glucagon treatment.

PMID- 2898385
TI  - A third human CALC (pseudo)gene on chromosome 11.
AB  - A genomic locus in man (CALC-III) containing nucleotide sequences highly
      homologous to both exon 2 and exon 3 of the CALC-I and -II genes, is described in
      this paper. The CALC-I gene produces calcitonin (CT) (encoded by exon 4) or
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (encoded by exon 5) in a tissue-specific
      fashion. The CALC-II gene produces a second human CGRP, but probably not a second
      CT. The CALC-III gene does not seem to encode a CT- or CGRP-related polypeptide
      hormone and is probably a pseudogene. Like the other two CALC genes, the CALC-III
      gene is located on human chromosome 11.

PMID- 2898387
TI  - Identification of alpha-subunit Lys201 and beta-subunit Lys155 at the ATP-binding
      sites in Escherichia coli F1-ATPase.
AB  - Binding of about 1 mol of adenosine triphosphopyridoxal to Escherichia coli F1
      ATPase resulted in the nearly complete inactivation of the enzyme [(1987) J.
      Biol. Chem. 262, 7686-7692]. About two thirds of the label was bound to the alpha
      subunit, and the rest to the beta-subunit. The present study revealed that Lys201
      in the alpha-subunit and Lys155 in the glycine-rich region of the beta-subunit
      are the major sites labeled with this reagent. Thus, these two residues might be
      located close to the gamma-phosphate of the bound ATP.

PMID- 2898388
TI  - Survey of mosquito fauna of northeastern region of India.

PMID- 2898389
TI  - Mosquito survey in Tirap and Subansiri districts of Arunachal Pradesh.

PMID- 2898390
TI  - Cutaneous T cell lymphomas and retrovirus infection.

PMID- 2898391
TI  - Maternal deaths in the less developed world: preventable tragedies.
AB  - A half million women die yearly around the world as a result of pregnancy. Many
      of these deaths are inaccurately classified and many others are not reported at
      all, but new demographic techniques have clarified causes of maternal mortality
      and improved estimates of rates. New data from several less developed countries
      suggest that many maternal deaths could be prevented by measures already
      demonstrated to be effective elsewhere. These include better antenatal and
      intrapartum care, contraception for women who want no more pregnancies, legal
      abortion to terminate unwanted pregnancies, and uterine aspiration and
      antibiotics for treatment of septic abortion.

PMID- 2898393
TI  - Vaginal birth after cesarean section: management debate.
AB  - Obstetric performance of 1847 women with previous cesarean section (CS) during
      the years 1983 and 1984 were studied. Vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC)
      was attempted in 94% of females with one previous CS, 4% in those with two
      previous CS, and one among the 70 patients with three or more previous CS. VBAC
      was achieved in 51% of those with one previous CS. It was successful in 60% of
      parturients with CS for non-recurrent causes, 36% of CS for cephalopelvic
      disproportion (CPD) and in 64% of those with a prior vaginal delivery. Uterine
      scar dehiscence was found in 0.9% of all patients with a previous CS. A failed
      attempt with Ventouse to achieve VBAC caused maximum maternal and perinatal
      morbidity.

PMID- 2898392
TI  - Preliminary report of an identification mission for safe motherhood, Senegal:
      putting the M back in M.C.H.
AB  - The Government of Senegal, in keeping with the priority given to women and
      children in its health programs, requested the assistance of the United Nations
      Development Program (UNDP) in identifying and executing a program to diminish
      maternal mortality in that country. A UNDP "Mission of Identification" was
      carried out in response to this initiative. The preliminary results of this
      mission confirm that the issue of maternal safety is of primary concern not only
      to the government but also to women in the Republic of Senegal. The methodology
      employed during this mission allowed the team of national and international
      experts to confirm the level of this concern and to identify four major potential
      areas of intervention. Quantitative goals for the program have been set and
      estimates for the efficacy of each of the intervention areas indicate that
      intervention through the timely provision of access to emergency surgical
      services and appropriate prenatal care will yield the largest reduction. The
      feasibility of providing interventions in each of the four areas was also
      addressed during the mission. This methodology will be applicable to other
      settings as Third World countries begin to address the problem of excessive
      maternal mortality.

PMID- 2898394
TI  - Obstetric complications of macrosomic babies in African women.
AB  - A prospective analysis has been made on 145 consecutive deliveries resulting in
      babies weighing 4.5 kg and above delivered at the University of Nigeria Teaching
      Hospital (U.N.T.H.), Enugu, over a 1-year period (1985). Babies weighing 4.5 kg
      and over are regarded as macrosomic babies. The incidence of macrosomic babies in
      this study is 11 per thousand deliveries or 1 in 90. Factors that predisposed to
      the birth of macrosomic babies include: excessive weight gain during the course
      of pregnancy, tall height of the woman, multiparity and prolonged gestation.
      Diabetes mellitus was not a significant factor. Complications include prolonged
      labor, post-partum hemorrhage, ruptured uterus, shoulder dystocia and an
      increased perinatal mortality rate. Maternal mortality was also increased. Ninety
      percent of the multiparous women achieved spontaneous vaginal delivery while only
      42% of the primigravidae achieved vaginal delivery. The implications are
      discussed.

PMID- 2898395
TI  - Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring during cesarean section.
AB  - Fetal heart rate (FHR) response to cesarean section was studied in 65 patients.
      Induction of anesthesia, skin, fascial, peritoneal and bladder flap incisions
      were not associated with a change in FHR. Abdominal preparation was associated
      with FHR decelerations in 15% of cases. Myometrial incision was followed by FHR
      deceleration in 11% of cases. No correlation between the incision/delivery (I-D)
      interval and FHR changes was seen.

PMID- 2898396
TI  - Induction of dead fetus labor with 15-(S)-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha.
AB  - This study examines whether labor can be induced with the intramuscular
      administration of 15-(S)-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha in cases of intrauterine
      fetal death. The success rate of labor induction in the studied group was 93.75%,
      and was the same for primigravid and multigravid patients. The authors conclude
      that the prophylactic administration of an analgesic potentiator, an anti-emetic
      and an anti-diarrheal is advantageous to a woman's tolerance of the
      prostaglandin. PGF2 alpha is a quick and effective drug for use in the induction
      of labor to terminate pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death and offers
      tolerable side-effects when used with adjuvant medication.

PMID- 2898397
TI  - Intrapartum levels of trace metals in maternal blood in relation to umbilical
      cord blood values: lead, iron, copper, zinc.
AB  - The study was designed to measure the gradients of lead, iron, copper and zinc
      from maternal blood to cord blood in pregnant urban and rural women. The
      concentrations of iron, copper, zinc and lead were measured by means of atomic
      absorption spectometry (AAS) in whole blood of 100 normal parturients and 92 of
      their neonates. Levels of lead in cord blood were not significantly different
      from those in maternal blood. This ratio was associated with similar iron and
      zinc ratios. Neonatal birth weight was negatively correlated with maternal copper
      levels, whereas cord blood zinc values positively correlated with placental
      weight. Rural women showed higher maternal to cord blood lead ratios than urban
      women. The implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2898398
TI  - Fetal biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements: results of a
      longitudinal study in Zimbabwe.
AB  - In a longitudinal study in Harare, Zimbabwe, 1233 biparietal diameter and 857
      head circumference measurements were obtained from the fetuses of 190 women.
      Weekly mean values and the two standard deviations were calculated for both the
      biparietal diameter and head circumference from 12 to 40 weeks of pregnancy.
      There was little difference between these values and some Caucasian and African
      standards. Comparison was also made of the weekly biparietal diameter growth rate
      between our results and those from one study in West Africa. The possible reasons
      for the differences are explained.

PMID- 2898399
TI  - The hemoglobinopathies and pregnancy in Lagos.
AB  - Thirty-four patients with abnormal hemoglobin were studied through 42 pregnancies
      under one obstetrician. There were 30 patients with sickle cell anemia (HbSS),
      two with sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (HbSC) and two with homozygous
      hemoglobin C disease (HbCC). There were 39 live births (including one pair of
      twins), and four perinatal deaths. The patients with HbSC and HbCC had five
      uncomplicated pregnancies and deliveries. Of the 36 pregnancies in patients with
      HbSS one aborted at 12 weeks. Intra-uterine growth retardation (14.3%) and
      pregnancy-induced hypertension (14.3%) were the most serious pregnancy
      complications. No patient had more than one crisis. Only one out of the 10
      patients transfused needed more than two units of blood throughout pregnancy. The
      mean gestation at delivery was 37.5 +/- 3.2 (S.D.) weeks. The mean birth weight
      was 2.7 +/- 0.6 (S.D.) kg. The perinatal mortality was 114.3 per thousand live
      births and there was one maternal death.

PMID- 2898400
TI  - Evaluation of tolerance of and response to iron dextran (Imferon) administered by
      total dose infusion to pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia.
AB  - Six hundred twenty-three pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia received iron
      dextran Imferon by total dose infusion (TDI). Two dose levels were compared in
      respect of tolerance and hemoglobin response. The incidence of delayed reactions
      was significantly higher in the high dose group (P less than 0.01) but there was
      no significant difference in the incidence of reactions occurring during the
      infusion. These findings are discussed in relation to the hemoglobin response.

PMID- 2898401
TI  - Cervical incompetence: a 24-year review.
AB  - Three hundred nineteen cervical cerclages performed in 264 pregnant women were
      retrospectively studied. The diagnosis of cervical incompetence was established
      by the obstetrical history, hysterosalpingography, ultrasound screening and
      vaginal examination. All cervical cerclages were applied between 14 and 17 weeks
      gestation according to Shirodkar's technique except 49 emergency cases between 18
      and 26 weeks gestation for which other techniques were chosen. The incidence of
      preterm deliveries (26-37 weeks gestation) decreased from 39.7% to 14.23% (P less
      than 0.001) and that of full term pregnancies increased from 20.04% to 75.74% (P
      less than 0.001). The number of neonates weighing less than or equal to 2000 g
      decreased from 44.20% to 11.38% (P less than 0.001) and those weighing greater
      than or equal to 2500 g increased from 44.83% to 75.82% (P less than 0.001).
      Perinatal mortality after cerclage declined from 28.21% to 5.52% (P less than
      0.001). There was no increase in congenital defects. An increased rate of breech
      presentation (5.32%) and cesarean section (20.38%) was noticed. The repeated
      cerclage in consequent pregnancies did not seem to influence the duration of
      gestation. In emergency cases the rate of preterm deliveries was 53.06%, of full
      term pregnancies 12.25%, of newborns with birthweight less than or equal to 2500
      g 31.77% and of those with birthweight greater than 2500 g 19.23%. Perinatal
      mortality in emergency cases was 42.3%. An increase in aerobic and anaerobic
      pathological flora was noticed in postoperative cervical cultures.

PMID- 2898402
TI  - Prevalence of urinary incontinence in middle-aged women.
AB  - An anonymous questionnaire was used to interview 946 premenopausal women (age 29
      52 years), previously either hysterectomized or laparoscopically sterilized,
      concerning disorders of the urinary tract. Of the 750 (79.3%) women that
      responded, 307 (40.9%) admitted to some degree of urinary disorder. The
      prevalence of urinary disorders was 170/415 (40.9%) for the women with a previous
      supravaginal or total hysterectomy and 137/335 (40.8%) for the women in the
      sterilization group. Of the responding women 85 (11.3%) experienced a urinary
      loss sufficient to necessitate the wearing of a sanitary napkin or change of
      underclothing several times a day.

PMID- 2898403
TI  - A cost-effective but safe protocol for the staging of invasive cervical carcinoma
      in a third world country.
AB  - The treatment and prognosis of invasive cervical carcinoma depends on proper
      clinical staging. The prestaging investigations are time-consuming and costly and
      3rd world countries find it difficult to adhere to 1st world protocols. In the
      search for a more cost-effective but safe protocol for pre-treatment
      investigation the analysis of some of the special investigations performed on a
      total of 903 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma have proven beyond doubt
      that some of these investigations can be omitted without harming the patient. The
      Gynecologic Oncology Unit of the Tygerberg Hospital R.S.A. propose such a cost
      effective protocol provided some criteria are strictly adhered to in safe
      guarding proper health care.

PMID- 2898404
TI  - Carcinoma of the cervix uteri in Zaria: etiological factors.
AB  - The study conducted at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria from
      January to December, 1984 showed that carcinoma of the cervix uteri occurred in
      4.18% of new gynecological attendances; 68.9% of the cases occurred in the age
      range 40-55 years. Early age at marriage (80.0%), and at first pregnancy (77.8%)
      as well as multiple marriages (48.9%) and low contraceptive usage were
      identifiable associated factors. The parity of the patient did not seem to be of
      significance. The earliest presenting symptom was post-coital bleeding occurring
      10.8 months prior to attendance for medical advice. However, late presentation
      (in Stages IIb-IV) in 86.7% of cases was due to illiteracy, shyness, male
      dominance and non-recognition of the importance of early warning symptoms.

PMID- 2898405
TI  - The influence of different amounts of clomiphene citrate on follicle-stimulating
      hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol levels and on the number and
      maturation of follicles.
AB  - Sixty-eight anovulatory women were divided into three groups according to the
      administered doses of clomiphene citrate (CC) (A 250 mg, B 500 mg, C 750 mg).
      Daily follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol
      (E2) measurements were performed. Follicular maturation was monitored by
      ultrasound. In the high-CC dose group, a statistically significant FSH rise was
      noted. As a result, earlier selection of the dominant follicle (DF), faster
      increase in the DF diameter and increased E2 production was found.

PMID- 2898407
TI  - Puerperal adynamic ileus.
AB  - Puerperal adynamic ileus includes acute mild and severe clinical manifestations.
      Acute severe puerperal adynamic ileus may constitute the clinical indication of a
      serious underlying disease, such as sepsis, rupture of uterus, intra-abdominal or
      retroperitoneal bleeding, ureteral pathology, intra-abdominal foreign body and
      internal diseases. Sometimes the diagnosis requires abdominal and chest X-ray,
      uterine exploration and intravenous pyelography. Surgical treatment requires
      proper previous general evaluation; and fluids, electrolytes and plasma should be
      provided.

PMID- 2898406
TI  - Sonographic detection of an asymptomatic rupture of the uterus due to necrosis
      during the third trimester.
AB  - This is a report on the first sonographic detection of a silent rupture of the
      uterus in the 33rd week of pregnancy of a 35-year-old patient. On the basis of
      the clear sonographic picture immediate cesarean section was (considered)
      indicated in spite of lack of clinical symptoms. The intraoperative situs
      confirmed the sonographic diagnosis of a ruptured uterus related to an old
      cesarean section, combined with partial necrosis of the lower uterine segment.

PMID- 2898408
TI  - Estrogen treatment and subsequent pregnancy in two patients with severe
      hypergonadotropic ovarian failure.
AB  - The history, diagnosis and management of two patients with premature ovarian
      failure who responded to estrogen replacement therapy is presented. Both women
      conceived and had a live healthy baby.

PMID- 2898409
TI  - Testicular function in rats following immobilization stress.
AB  - Stress is believed to influence male reproductive activity. Male rats were
      subjected to immobilization stress for 2 h/day for 30 days to assess the effects
      of stress on testicular function. Net mass of the testes, epididymes and the
      seminal vesicles, sperm morphology, number of epididymal sperms and percent
      progressive motility of the sperms were determined. Adrenal weights were
      significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in the stressed animals. There was no
      significant difference between the control and the stressed animals with respect
      to testicular and epididymal weight, level of sperm production, progressive
      motility, seminal vesicular weight and abnormal forms. Histological examination
      also revealed a similarity in the structure of seminiferous tubules, adequacy of
      cell types of developing germ cells, structure of Leydig cells and epididymal
      lumina in both the groups. This study demonstrated a lack of significant effect
      of immobilization stress on testicular function in rats.

PMID- 2898410
TI  - Activation of four homeobox gene clusters in human embryonal carcinoma cells
      induced to differentiate by retinoic acid.
AB  - We have studied the expression of nine homeobox genes from Hox 1, Hox 2, Hox 3
      and Hox 5 clusters in human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines analyzed as both
      stem cells and after exposure to the differentiation-inducing agents retinoic
      acid (RA), hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). None of
      the homeobox genes was expressed in stem cells, whereas all were activated,
      although with different kinetics, in cultures of the pluripotent EC cell line
      NTERA-2, clone D1 (NT2/D1), following differentiation induced by RA. At least
      some homeobox genes were stably expressed in differentiated cells several weeks
      after removal of RA from the culture medium. However, the length of initial
      exposure to RA is a critical factor in achieving stable gene expression, and
      differs among the different sets of genes and, at least in one case, among
      different transcripts from the same gene. No homeobox gene expression was
      detected in NT2/D1 cells induced to differentiate with HMBA or BUdR. Also, no
      expression was detectable in xenograft tumors generated by NT2/D1 cells in nude
      mice, even though tumors of this type contain mostly differentiated cells. Other
      human EC lines tested, i.e., 833KE, 2102Ep or 1156QE, did not differentiate in
      response to RA and did not express homeobox genes. No expression was detectable
      in xenograft tumors of 833KE and 2102Ep, containing essentially EC cells. These
      data indicate that homeobox-gene activation specifically accompanies RA-induced
      differentiation of NT2/D1 cells, thereby providing an excellent model for
      studying the molecular basis of homeobox-gene regulation and the possible role of
      the homeobox in cell differentiation.

PMID- 2898412
TI  - [Short- and medium-term study of arterial grafts and native coronary circulation
      after in situ implant of the internal mammary artery].
AB  - The internal mammary artery (IMA) is being increasingly utilized as a conduit for
      myocardial revascularization, based on its higher long-term patency. The aim of
      this study is the serial assessment of the changes of native coronary vessels
      after IMA coronary anastomosis. Twenty-six consecutive patients (24 males and 2
      females, mean age 56.4 years) received an IMA graft on the left anterior
      descending (LAD) artery. IMA coronary anastomosis was single in 11 patients and
      double (LAD and diagonal branch) in the remaining 15 cases. In 23 patients
      (88.5%) at least one associated saphenous vein graft was inserted. Post
      operatively, no new Q waves or low-output syndromes were observed. Follow-up
      angiographic study, including selective opacification of the IMA graft, was
      carried out after 1 month and after 1 year. The cumulative patency rate of IMA
      grafts was 97.7% after 1 month. The LAD stenosis proximal to the IMA anastomosis
      progressed to total occlusion in 6 patients (28.5%), all of them with a
      preoperative stenosis ranging from 90 to 99%; its diameter remained unchanged in
      6 patients (28.5%), while a reduction of the coronary narrowing greater than or
      equal to 20% was observed in 9 patients (43%). Preoperatively, the LAD stenosis
      of the latter groups ranged from 70 to 90%. Severity of residual stenosis and
      relative diameters of LAD artery and IMA graft influenced the competitive flow
      distribution through these vessels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898411
TI  - Modulation of the hydrophobicity of glutamine synthetase by mixed-function
      oxidation.
AB  - Oxidative modification of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase renders the
      enzyme susceptible to proteolytic degradation by a specific protease purified
      from the bacterium; native enzyme is not a substrate for the protease. A model
      oxidizing system consisting of ascorbate, iron, and oxygen was used to generate a
      series of glutamine synthetases of increasing oxidative modification. We assessed
      the effect of oxidative modification on the surface hydrophobicity of the
      glutamine synthetases, utilizing hydrophobic chromatography on a phenyl matrix.
      Initial exposure to the oxidizing system caused inactivation of the enzyme and
      generated a protein that was more hydrophilic than the native form; it was not a
      substrate for the protease. Continued exposure to the oxidizing system yielded a
      protein with additional oxidative modification. This form was distinctly more
      hydrophobic than the native form and it was very susceptible to proteolytic
      attack by the purified protease. Thus, oxidative modification modulates the
      surface hydrophobicity of glutamine synthetase, and this modulation can control
      susceptibility to proteolysis.

PMID- 2898413
TI  - [Effect of the sympathetic activation and its inhibition on left ventricular
      mechanics in mitral prolapse. Echocardiographic study in 35 patients].
AB  - Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is characterized by arrhythmias, atypical anginal
      chest pain and left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities. The role of
      autonomic nervous system (ANS) as the origin of these disturbances is still
      debated. The aim of the study was to determine the possible interference between
      left ventricle (LV) mechanics and ANS. 35 consecutive patients with MVP (24
      female, 11 male) (mean age 30 +/- 9 years), matched with a homogeneous control
      group, were examined by means of 2D-Echo during resting conditions and during
      sympathetic activation induced by passive orthostatism (90 degrees Tilting). At
      rest, no significant difference was found between the two groups regarding heart
      rate (HR), LV volume (LVV), ejection fraction (EF). Tilting produced a
      significant increase in HR (p less than 0.1) and LVV reduction (p less than .01)
      in both groups; on the other hand, EF did not change significantly. At 2D-Echo,
      LV abnormal wall motion at rest in 10/35 (29%) MVP, increasing to 17/35 (49%) was
      found during Tilting. This abnormality consisted in LV wall reduced systolic
      thickening and motion, localized in the antero-apical region in 11 patients (54%)
      and in the posterior wall in 6 patients (36%). Thirteen MVP patients with LV
      abnormal contraction patterns were re-examined after two weeks of beta-adrenergic
      blockade (200 mg Metoprolol orally per day). In all of them, LV abnormalities
      disappeared while LVV and EF remained unchanged. These data stress the role of
      the ANS in inducing LV abnormalities in patients with MVP.

PMID- 2898414
TI  - [Glaphenine biliary lithiasis. Identification by infrared spectrophotometry].
AB  - The authors report the case of a woman, presenting with choledocholithiasis
      essentially composed of glafenic acid. Identification of the drug and its
      metabolites was demonstrated using infrared spectrophotometry and thin layer
      chromatography. To our knowledge, this is the first publication of drug
      choledocholithiasis.

PMID- 2898415
TI  - The bioelectrical activity of the body wall of the pulmonate freshwater snail
      Lymnaea stagnalis: effects of neurotransmitters and the sodium influx stimulating
      neuropeptides.
AB  - A method is described to dissect segments of the head skin of Lymnaea stagnalis.
      These skin segments were used to study the effects of neurotransmitters and of
      the Lymnaea sodium influx stimulating (SIS) peptides on ion transport, using the
      Ussing-cell technique. The electrical activity of the segments, with Lymnaea
      ringer solution at both sides, was low: the mean electrical potential difference
      (PD) across the skin was 0.7 +/- 0.6 mV (inside positive) at a resistance of 160
      +/- 57 ohm.cm2 (inward short-circuit current, SCC, 4.2 +/- 3.0 microA/cm2; n =
      25). Acetylcholine, adrenalin, noradrenalin, histamine, dopamine, and GABA, at
      10(-5) M, did not affect skin resistance and PD. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-HCl (5-HT),
      however, in a dose-dependent way, increased the PD, SCC, and, to a much lesser
      extent, the resistance of skin segments. Extracts of the medium lip nerves, which
      contain the SIS peptides, had similar effects, but of much longer duration.
      Effects comparable to those of 5-HT and the SIS peptides could also be brought
      about by cAMP analogs. The inward current stimulation by 5-HT, SIS peptides, and
      cAMP was abolished by ouabain. The inward current induced by 5-HT and the SIS
      peptides was partly (10-25%) inhibited by amiloride. The presence of tetrodotoxin
      (10(-6) M) did not prevent the inward current stimulation by 5-HT and the SIS
      peptides.

PMID- 2898416
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of ovine homeo-box-containing genes.
AB  - The sheep genome contains at least eleven homeo-boxes (hox). Using two hox
      specific 36-mer oligodeoxynucleotides to screen a sheep genomic library,
      constructed in lambda Charon28, clones of nine of the hox were identified. Six of
      the hox clones were analysed by nucleotide sequencing, Southern-blot
      hybridization and Northern-blot analysis. Two of the hox appear to be cognates of
      the human Hu-1 (or mouse Hox 2.1) and the mouse Hox 1-3, while another is closely
      related to the mouse Hox 1-4. These results suggest that there is strong sequence
      conservation in the hox-containing genes of different mammals, and highlight the
      possible occurrence of an ubiquitous set of hox-containing genes in mammals.
      Northern-blot analysis of four sheep hox-containing genes indicates that they are
      all expressed during embryogenesis and that expression is temporally regulated
      allowing hierarchical-regulatory interaction. Interestingly, none of the cloned
      hox-containing sequences contain repetitive sequences.

PMID- 2898417
TI  - Neurohumoral mechanisms of aging. Symposium. October 14-16, 1986, Kiev.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2898418
TI  - Age-related changes in brain neurotransmission.
AB  - In experiments on 2-, 10- and 22-month-old rats it was found that the Bmax values
      of dopamine (DA2), serotonin (5-HT1) and enkephalin (Enk) receptors as well as
      the 5-HT level in the three brain regions (cortex, striatum and hypothalamus)
      decreased with age; the DA level in the brain cortex and striatum and the
      noradrenaline (NA) content in the brain cortex decreased, while the NA level in
      the striatum and the 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) level in the brain cortex
      and the striatum as well as the MAO-T and MAO-A activities in the three brain
      structures increased. It is suggested that these and other changes observed in
      brain neurotransmission are an important element in the neurochemical bases of
      the age-related changes in behavior.

PMID- 2898419
TI  - Release of neurotransmitter amino acids from rat brain synaptosomes and its
      regulation in aging.
AB  - The release of neurotransmitter amino acids 14C-Asp, 14C-Glu and 14C-GABA from
      rat brain synaptosomes in aging is studied. It is established that K+-induced
      Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent release of these amino acids decreases
      significantly in the old animals. K+ (40 mM) stimulates strongly their release
      for both ages, but the effect of K+ ions in old animals is less marked. Removal
      of Ca2+ has a greatly inhibitory effect on synaptosomal release in young as well
      as in old rats. The degree of inhibition does not depend on age, though it takes
      place at a lower level in old rats.

PMID- 2898420
TI  - Neurohumoral control of liver functions during aging.
AB  - A profound influence of steroidal (and possibly growth) hormone change during
      aging on the P-450 functions has been found in male rats. Direct and rapid
      autonomic nervous controls on glycogen metabolism in the liver is also greatly
      affected by aging. However, neither the responses of isolated rat hepatocyte
      preparations to adrenergic agonists nor the bindings of hepatocyte surface
      membrane preparations to adrenergic ligands was found to change with age,
      suggesting that the age effect on autonomic nervous control may be of central
      (presumably hypothalamic) origin. The present methodology of evaluating the
      receptor functions using Scatchard plot analysis does not seem sufficient to
      explore the functional alterations of receptor systems during aging and a need
      for new approaches that can determine certain physicochemical alterations of
      receptor, namely the measurement of the lateral mobility of membrane proteins
      during aging, is proposed.

PMID- 2898421
TI  - Laserlithotripsy of common bile duct stones.
AB  - Endoscopic retrograde laser lithotripsy of common bile duct stones is a new
      technique which can be carried out through the endoscope without anaesthesia
      using ordinary endoscopic equipment. In the method described here a flashlamp
      pulsed Neodymium YAG laser (wave length 1064 nm) was used. Light energy was
      transmitted along a highly flexible quartz fibre with a diameter of 0.2 mm. This
      new technique was used in nine patients with concrements in the common bile duct,
      which could not be removed with the established endoscopic techniques. In eight
      of the nine the concrements (maximum diameter 4.7 x 3.1 cm) could be fragmented
      and in six the fragments could be extracted from the common bile duct. The total
      energy required was 80-300 J; complications were not observed.

PMID- 2898422
TI  - Controlled trial comparing olsalazine and sulphasalazine for the maintenance
      treatment of ulcerative colitis.
AB  - One hundred and sixty four patients with ulcerative colitis in remission were
      entered into a double blind, double dummy trial comparing olsalazine 500 mg bd
      and sulphasalazine 1 g bd. Clinical examination, sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy
      were performed at 0, three, and six months. Sixteen of 82 (19.5%) patients
      relapsed on olsalazine and 10/82 (12.2%) relapsed on sulphasalazine. The
      difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.1632). Adverse events were
      minor and were similar in both groups. No haematological or biochemical
      abnormalities were detected. Thus, olsalazine is as effective as sulphasalazine
      for preventing a relapse of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2898423
TI  - Long acting somatostatin treatment of paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome in a case
      of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
AB  - Cushing's syndrome, caused by ectopic ACTH production during Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome, raises difficult therapeutic problems. We report a case of clinical and
      biological efficacy of long acting somatostatin (SMS) in this condition. In a
      short term study with 200 micrograms SMS bid, symptoms of hypercorticism
      disappeared while cortisol and ACTH serum concentrations fell below the normal
      values. Longterm treatment was instituted with 50 micrograms SMS bid. Excellent
      clinical efficacy as well as normal cortisol and ACTH serum concentrations were
      maintained during the nine month follow up. Lipotrophic hormone (LPH) serum
      concentration remained raised. No decrease in size of hepatic metastases was
      observed. Long acting somatostatin analogues may be useful in endocrine
      paraneoplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2898424
TI  - [Rational treatment of heart rhythm disorders. International symposium on "The
      Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias: the Role of Encainide and Sotalol". 24-25
      March 1988, Wallingford (USA)].

PMID- 2898426
TI  - Pancreatic secretagogues regulate somatostatin binding to acinar cell membranes
      via two-functionally distinct pathways.
AB  - Pretreatment of pancreatic acini with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or
      secretin for 120 min reduced subsequent [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin binding to
      membranes prepared from these acini, with a maximally reduced binding being 79.2%
      or 77.4% of control, respectively. In addition, exogenously added cyclic AMP
      derivatives or a phosphodiesterase inhibitor mimicked the effect of VIP or
      secretin. Scatchard analysis of [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin binding demonstrated that
      the decrease in the labeled somatostatin binding induced by VIP or dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) pretreatment was due to the decrease in the maximum binding
      capacity without a significant change in the binding affinity. The effect of
      simultaneous pretreatment of acini with VIP and carbamylcholine (carbachol) on
      subsequent labeled somatostatin binding appeared to be almost equal to the
      calculated additive value for each peptide. Results obtained, therefore, indicate
      that the binding of somatostatin to its receptors in the pancreas may be
      regulated via two functionally distinct pathways.

PMID- 2898425
TI  - [Studies on the clinical significance concerning the changes in serum pepsinogen
      I and gastrin levels in aged patients with chronic gastritis].
AB  - Of 86 cases of aged patients with chronic gastritis treated with Trimebutine or
      Flutazolam, we evaluated the changes of serum pepsinogen-I and gastrin levels in
      their clinical courses from the points of the correlation with severity of
      chronic gastritis, aging phenomenon and the changes of symptom and endoscopic
      findings. In order to elucidate the multidimensional interrelation among these
      items, we used Hayashi's quantification theory II as a conventional analysis
      method. In aged patients, generally, although the serum gastrin levels were
      rather high compared with younger generation, the serum pepsinogen-I levels were
      consistently low throughout their clinical courses. There were some correlation
      between the levels of serum gastrin and the severity of chronic gastritis. When
      the drugs were effective on improving the condition of the disease, the level of
      gastrin revealed gradual decrease. These changes of gastrin were more typical in
      patients treated with Trimebutine.

PMID- 2898427
TI  - Postprandial glycaemic effects of a long-acting somatostatin analogue
      (octreotide) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Postprandial changes in blood glucose, insulin and glucagon were examined in 7
      non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, before and after 3 days' treatment with
      the somatostatin analogue, octreotide (50 ug injected subcutaneously
      thricedaily). After octreotide injection, postprandial rises in plasma insulin
      and glucagon were significantly flattened. The postprandial glycaemic rise was
      delayed but the area under the glycaemic curve was not increased. Animal studies
      have suggested that octreotide inhibits growth hormone and glucagon secretion
      much more powerfully than native somatostatin, while relatively sparing insulin
      secretion. However, the present findings suggest that this analogue is not
      sufficiently selective to be therapeutically useful in non-insulin dependent
      diabetes.

PMID- 2898428
TI  - Seven polymorphic loci mapping to human chromosomal region 11q22-qter.
AB  - Seven polymorphic loci that map to human chromosomal region 11q22-qter are
      revealed by DNA probes isolated from a chromosome-specific phage library
      constructed from a human X mouse somatic cell hybrid that has retained an 11q;16q
      translocation as the only human DNA. Three probes, each of which reveals a two
      allele polymorphism, and four probes, each of which detects two linked RFLPs,
      have been characterized. Using a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel that divides
      11q into four discrete sections, the seven clones have been localized to specific
      chromosomal regions. Localization of one of the clones has been confirmed and
      refined by in situ hybridization.

PMID- 2898429
TI  - Proteins that appear to be associated with pili in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are thought to be composed entirely of identical
      subunits, called pilin, that self-assemble in vitro. Previous pilus purification
      methods have relied on this latter point, and dissociation and reassociation of
      pilin subunits has yielded pilin preparations of high purity. Such a procedure
      could result in the loss of any pilus-associated proteins. We have developed a
      procedure for the isolation of intact native pili in a deoxycholate-urea buffer
      in which the pili are fractionated on the basis of size and hydrophobicity.
      Electron microscopy indicates that the pili are largely free from outer membrane
      vesicles and other cellular material. Electrophoretic analysis has shown that a
      number of proteins copurify with pilin. Antibodies to these proteins could be
      removed from an antiserum against whole piliated cells by absorption with
      piliated cells but not by absorption with nonpiliated cells. Hence, our results
      indicate that these proteins could be pilus associated.

PMID- 2898432
TI  - Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and
      psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels. I. Watchkeeping on
      board ships: a methodological approach.
AB  - The safety of a ship depends substantially on its bridge watchkeepers, whose
      alertness and efficiency must be maintained at all hours of the day and night.
      Fatigue, circadian rhythms, and sleep disruption occasioned by the unusual
      working hours of these personnel may all affect their performance. A methodology
      for assessing the magnitude of this problem is proposed. The application of this
      methodology in a large-scale shipboard study of merchant mariners on extended
      voyages is then described, and details given of the techniques used to measure
      sleep and activity, and temporal variations in a range of physiological und
      psychological parameters. A summary of the data collected in the study is
      provided as a reference point for the reports on the different aspects of the
      results that follow in subsequent articles.

PMID- 2898430
TI  - Mediation of immunity to Eimeria vermiformis in mice by L3T4+ T cells.
AB  - Immunity to infection with Eimeria vermiformis was transferred in NIH mice by
      both the nylon wool-adherent (B-cell-enriched) and nonadherent (T-cell-enriched)
      fractions of lymphocytes (spleen and mesenteric lymph node) taken from infected
      donors. Transfer was more variable with the adherent fraction, and when
      contaminating T cells were removed by treatment with anti-Thy1 monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) and complement, this fraction lost all protective activity. The
      protective effect of T-cell-enriched populations of mesenteric lymphocytes was
      abrogated by treatment with anti-L3T4 MAb and complement in vitro before transfer
      or by opsonization with this MAb in vitro before intravenous inoculation into
      recipients. Similar treatments of cells with anti-Lyt2 MAb did not have this
      effect, confirming that Thy1+ L3T4+ cells mediate the adoptive transfer of
      immunity to E. vermiformis. Thy1+ L3T4+ cells were also shown to limit the
      replication of E. vermiformis in primary infections: mice depleted of this subset
      (by thymectomy followed by intravenous injection of anti-L3T4 MAb) passed greater
      numbers of oocysts over a longer period of time than did mice similarly depleted
      of Lyt2+ cells.

PMID- 2898431
TI  - Epidemiological study on the hepatotoxicity of occupational toluene exposure.
AB  - In a cross-sectional study of 181 male workers of a rotogravure printing plant,
      most of whom were exposed to toluene levels well above the GDR threshold limit
      values, 55 subjects revealed pathological liver screening values (activities of
      serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma
      glutamyltransferase; liver size). The differential diagnostic examination showed
      in 51 out of these 55 subjects an association with competing factors such as
      alcohol abuse (78%) and overweight (40%), to a slight extent disorders of fat and
      carbohydrate metabolism and of the gallbladder. Drug intake did not play any
      role. The variance and regression analyses of the biochemical data have shown
      that alcohol significantly and considerably increases the activities of all three
      enzymes tested. Bodyweight had a similar, but less pronounced, significant
      effect. On the other hand, in subjects with a higher alcohol intake the
      activities of liver enzymes in highly toluene exposed subgroups were
      significantly and clearly lower than among slightly toluene exposed workers.

PMID- 2898433
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of intravenous induction drugs.

PMID- 2898434
TI  - The prevalence and transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in urban, rural
      and institutionalized black children of Natal/KwaZulu, South Africa.
AB  - The sera of statistically selected urban (805), rural (238) and institutionalized
      (127) black children were tested for markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      infection. The age-standardized (6-14 years) prevalence rates of HBs antigenaemia
      for comparison between urban, rural and institutionalized children were 10%,
      18.5% and 25.1% and the HBV exposure rates were 31.4%, 62.1% and 72.0%
      respectively. In the newborn to six years age group the prevalence rates of HBsAg
      and HBV exposure were 2.5% and 7.1% for urban children and 53.1% and 70.3% for
      institutionalized children. Peak prevalences of HBsAg occurred in the 6-8 year
      age group and were 14.4% and 22.6% in urban and rural children respectively.
      Hepatitis Be Antigen (HBeAg) was detected in 46.5% and antibodies to hepatitis Be
      antigen (HBeAb) in 10.0% of all HBsAg positive children. Multiple mechanisms
      involving horizontal rather than vertical transmission appeared to be important
      in urban children, with HBV exposure in females being significantly associated
      with ear-piercing (p less than 0.001) and scarification (p less than 0.05). In
      addition, HBsAg was detected in 25 of 29 pools of bloodfed mosquitoes caught at
      the children's institution and was negative in all four pools of unfed
      mosquitoes, suggesting that these arthropods may also be one factor in the
      horizontal spread of HBV infection. Familial clustering of HBV infection was
      suggested by a significantly higher (p less than 0.01) prevalence of HBsAg
      amongst family contacts of HBsAg positive urban children (17.7%) than in the
      control groups of family contacts of HBsAb positive children (8%) and children
      who were negative for all HBV markers (2.4%). The significance and implications
      of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2898435
TI  - Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease: a
      review and discussion.

PMID- 2898436
TI  - Hydralazine-induced hepatitis in pregnancy.
AB  - During 1983, 38 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension were treated with
      hydralazine-apresoline (1-hydrazinophthalazine). During the course of their
      treatment, five of these patients showed evidence of the HELLP syndrome described
      by Weinstein (hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzymes). Evidence
      is presented on the role of hydralazine in producing hepatocellular damage. Liver
      function is compromised during the natural course of pregnancy-induced
      hypertension, and 5-10% of preeclamptic patients develop the HELLP syndrome. In
      many places hydralazine is the drug of choice in the treatment of pregnancy
      induced hypertension.

PMID- 2898437
TI  - Mycoplasma, chlamydia, Epstein-Barr, herpes I and II, and AIDS infections among
      100 consecutive infertile female patients and husbands: diagnosis, treatment, and
      results.
AB  - One hundred consecutive infertile patients were studied to determine the
      incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among middle and upper income
      patients, most of whom were referred as longstanding failures by other
      physicians. There were no cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, or AIDS found among these
      patients. One patient was pregnant when first seen, and was eliminated. Genital
      mycoplasmas were cultured from 64 wives. Antibodies for past or recent infection
      with Chlamydia were present in only 23. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus and to
      herpes II were found in 92 and 65, respectively. If only the mycoplasmas,
      Chlamydia, and herpes II are considered possible causes of human infertility,
      only 7 of the 99 couples showed no evidence of ever having had any of these three
      infections. Edometrial histology was positive for the changes associated with
      Mycoplasma infection in 47 of the 86 patients biopsied. Of the 39 with negative
      biopsies, 24 yielded positive cultures for Mycoplasma. Hence, only 15 of the 99
      patients were negative for Mycoplasma by both culture and/or endometrial
      histology. Treatment with the antibiotic of choice, as indicated by sensitivity
      testing of all Mycoplasma-positive cultures, was an important factor in producing
      43 pregnancies during the first year of study. Two of these were ectopic; 11 were
      spontaneous abortions, with one of these women now pregnant again and in mid
      trimester; 28 have delivered healthy babies; and two are still pregnant and doing
      well.

PMID- 2898438
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of the cervical factor. I. Improvement with a short
      course treatment of high-dose estrogen.
AB  - A new technique for improving cervical factor is described. This technique
      employs the use of high-dose estrogen at the time that a mature follicle is
      determined by ultrasound in patients who have inadequate postcoital tests despite
      the use of low-dose estrogen, guaifenesin, and tetracycline. Previously, a
      technique based on high-dose estrogen early in the follicular phase was employed;
      this suppressed pituitary gonadotropins, thus requiring the concomitant use of
      hMG. Seventy-three percent of the patients for whom this more expensive and
      intricate technique would have been necessary were able to achieve a good
      postcoital test through this modified technique of merely using high-dose
      estrogen when the follicle has already matured. Thirty-three percent achieved a
      pregnancy within 6 months on this therapy.

PMID- 2898439
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of the cervical factor. II. Employment of pelvic
      sonography in diagnosis.
AB  - A study was performed to evaluate the relationship between the postcoital test,
      follicle size, and the basal body temperature (BBT). We found 17% of the patients
      to have good postcoital tests before the rise in the BBT, at which time, however,
      the follicle was still too small. By the time the follicle reached maturity, the
      mucus quality regressed to poor. The problem was corrected in 88% of the patients
      by the human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)-high-dose estrogen technique, and 53%
      achieved pregnancies. Twenty-two percent had a poor postcoital test just before
      the rise in the BBT. However, ultrasound data indicated that ovulation had
      already taken place, and the mucus had been of good quality a few days before,
      when the follicle was at the proper size. Thus, ultrasound may be useful in
      eliminating false positive and negative cervical factor diagnoses, and is also
      helpful in some new techniques for treating the cervical factor.

PMID- 2898440
TI  - Failure of uterine withdrawal bleeding following exogenous estrogen and progestin
      administration.
AB  - A woman who showed no secretory effect on repeated endometrial samplings, in the
      absence of Asherman's syndrome on hysteroscopy, conceived on clomiphene
      administration. The possibility of uterine progesterone receptor decreases in
      number or affinity as a cause of improper histologic response to endogenous
      hormone production is discussed.

PMID- 2898441
TI  - Luteal phase deficiency: an inadequate endometrial response to normal hormone
      stimulation.
AB  - Two hundred seventy-four infertile patients and 43 women with two or more
      previous first-trimester abortions underwent a luteal function evaluation by
      basal body temperature, plasma progesterone, estradiol and prolactin
      determination, and endometrial biopsy (repeated in a later cycle when the first
      was defective). An endometrial luteal phase deficiency was detected in 37 (13.5%)
      of the infertility cases and in 14 (32.5%) of the patients with recurrent
      miscarriage. However, the endometrial defect was associated with normal hormonal
      levels in the great majority of patients (86.3%).

PMID- 2898442
TI  - Cleavage rate of embryos in the rabbit oviduct following tubal surgery.
AB  - The effect of tubal surgery upon early embryonic development in the rabbit
      oviduct was studied. Resection-reanastomosis was performed applying microsurgical
      techniques. Embryonic cleavage stages were recorded in the surgically altered
      oviduct, in the contralateral nonoperated tube, and in the tubes of nonoperated
      control animals. Higher cleavage rates were found in the operated animals
      compared with nonoperated controls. Early embryonic development was enhanced in
      both the operated tube and the contralateral nonoperated tube. These findings
      suggest an embryonic cleavage promoting factor to be active in the operated
      animals. This factor seems to affect not only the operated tube, but the
      contralateral control tube as well.

PMID- 2898443
TI  - Sperm penetration in capillary tubes with albumin-Ringer solutions.
AB  - Linear penetration of sperm from 65 different semen samples was investigated in
      Ringer solutions containing 1%, 3%, and 6% bovine albumin and in cervical mucus
      by use of the capillary tube test. A high degree of correlation was observed
      between the penetration distances recorded in the Ringer-albumin solutions,
      particularly in the 3% and the 6% solutions, as compared with those observed in
      cervical mucus. The relative number of spermatozoa with abnormal configuration
      was found to be markedly lower in the upper segment of the tubes, indicating a
      relationship between propulsive motility and normal morphology.

PMID- 2898444
TI  - The effect of serum prolactin levels on ovarian steroidogenesis.
AB  - In order to assess the effect of hyperprolactinemia on ovarian steroidogenetic
      potential, a group of anovulatory hyperprolactinemic patients and a control group
      of anovulatory normoprolactinemic women were submitted to exogenous gonadotropin
      (hMG) stimulation under identical experimental conditions. Serum 17 beta
      estradiol (E2) concentrations were determined before and after hMG stimulation.
      The mean basal serum E2 levels in the hyperprolactinemic group (22.7 +/- 3.3
      pg/mL, mean +/- 1 SE) were significantly lower than in the normoprolactinemic
      control group (48.7 +/- 8.4 pg/mL, P less than .01). A significant negative
      correlation (r = -.6157, P less than .01) between basal serum E2 levels and basal
      serum prolactin (hPRL) concentrations was found. Following hMG stimulation, the
      serum E2 increment (delta E2) from basal E2 levels in the control group (491 +/-
      91 pg/mL) was significantly higher than the increment in the hyperprolactinemic
      group (182 +/- 48 pg/mL, P less than .01), and a significant negative correlation
      was observed between basal serum hPRL levels and the logarithm of delta E2 (r = 
      .4744, P less than .05). Our results suggest that chronic hyperprolactinemia
      induces ovarian refractoriness to exogenous gonadotropin stimulation and
      substantially reduces its steroidogenetic potential.

PMID- 2898445
TI  - Second World Conference on Fallopian Tube in Health and Disease. January 27-31,
      1987, Dorado Beach, Puerto Rico. Abstracts.

PMID- 2898446
TI  - Ovulation in uremic women: the reproductive cycle in women on chronic
      hemodialysis.
AB  - We studied five uremic women of fertile age and on chronic intermittent
      haemodialysis over a 3-month period. The purpose of this investigation was to
      establish how often the hormonal pattern indicated ovulation in uremic women and,
      thereby, the possibility of an inexpedient pregnancy. The pituitary ovarian axis
      was estimated by analyzing the serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating
      hormone, luteotropic hormone, progesterone, estradiol, and prolactin. Forty
      percent of the investigated cycles seemed to be ovulatory, though with a slightly
      atypical hormonal pattern. Because of these factors, it is recommended that
      sexually active women of fertile age and on chronic intermittent hemodialysis
      consider the use of contraception in order to avoid unwanted pregnancies.

PMID- 2898447
TI  - Distal tubal occlusion: microsurgery versus in vitro fertilization--a review.
AB  - The success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has established it as a viable
      alternative in the treatment of infertility associated with distal tubal
      occlusion (DTO). In an attempt to adequately counsel patients with DTO as to
      whether their primary treatment should be microsurgery or IVF, the authors have
      performed a comprehensive world-wide literature review. Based on what has been
      published to date, it would appear that patients with mild to moderate tubal
      disease should be offered salpingoneostomy as their first treatment modality. For
      patients with severe disease accompanied by extensive pelvic adhesions,
      salpingoneostomy should be discouraged.

PMID- 2898449
TI  - Ovulation induction for in vitro fertilisation using clomiphene citrate and low
      dose human menopausal gonadotrophin.
AB  - Ovulation induction using a low dose of human menopausal gonadotrophins and
      clomiphene citrate for in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer is described.
      Sixty-two cycles of ovulation induction were initiated in 37 patients. Forty-six
      laparoscopies were performed, yielding 116 oocytes. Of these, 90 (77.6%) cleaving
      embryos developed, and in 36 transfers 10 pregnancies (27.8%) were established.
      The use of low-dose hMG in conjunction with a programme on an outpatient basis
      may prove to be optimal for the purpose of in vitro fertilisation and embryo
      transfer.

PMID- 2898448
TI  - Nonsurgical management of unruptured isthmic ectopic pregnancy: preliminary
      experience.
AB  - Five unruptured isthmic tubal pregnancies diagnosed at laparoscopy were treated
      with either methotrexate/citrovorum factor rescue (MTX/CF) (n = 4) or observation
      alone (n = 1). Entry criteria required that the ectopic be fully visualized, no
      greater than 3 cm in diameter, with intact serosa, and without active bleeding.
      Treatment selection was based upon preoperative levels of beta-hCG with MTX/CF
      given to subjects exhibiting a plateaued or rising pattern and observation alone
      given those with falling levels. Subjects were followed with serial measurements
      of beta-hCG, complete blood counts, and liver function tests. In all subjects the
      ectopic pregnancy resolved without further surgery. Time to resolution (first day
      of treatment to undetectable beta-hCG) ranged from 12 to 55 days. Of the five
      subjects studied, follow-up hysterosalpingograms in four demonstrated tubal
      patency on the side of the ectopic gestation.

PMID- 2898451
TI  - Reproductive performance of dibromochloropropane-treated female rats.
AB  - Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) is an effective nematocide which has been shown to
      suppress spermatogenesis and cause infertility in both men and male rats. There
      are no similar reports concerning the effects of DBCP on female reproduction. The
      purpose of the present study was to attempt to interfere with the various phases
      of oogenesis. Proestral or pregnant rats were injected subcutaneously once with
      40 mg/kg DBCP on one of each days of L12-L20 of gestation; a double dose (80
      mg/kg) was injected in eight consecutive days (L11-L18). In addition, L13 fetuses
      were injected--directly into the amniotic sac--with 0.1 mg DBCP. Pooled data from
      the various days of gestation revealed that postimplantation losses were three
      times as high in the DBCP-treated animals as in DMSO-treated controls. Perinatal
      deaths were 58% higher and mean pup weights were 30% lower in the DBCP-treated
      rats than in controls. The reproductive performance of females exposed to DBCP
      while in utero was affected only to a limited degree (reduced number of
      ovulations and implantations) as compared with their DMSO counterparts. Doubling
      the dose (80 mg/kg) seriously reduced the birth weight of pups (50% of controls),
      all of which died within several hours post-partum. Direct injection of DBCP into
      embryos or to proestral rats did not have any adverse effects on their future
      reproductive performance. In contrast to the effect on spermatogenesis, it
      appears that oogenesis and ova are unaffected by DBCP.

PMID- 2898450
TI  - Effects of momorcharins on ovarian response to gonadotropin-induced
      superovulation in mice.
AB  - Alpha- and beta-momorcharins, which are abortifacient proteins isolated from
      Momordica charantia seeds, were tested for a possible effect on ovulation and
      plasma levels of ovarian steroids in mice induced to superovulate by PMSG and
      hCG. The plant proteins did not affect follicular recruitment and maturation as
      evidenced by ovarian histology and serum 17 beta-estradiol level. Both proteins
      diminished the number of oocytes ovulated when given on the day prior to or on
      the day of PMSG treatment, but not when given after the gonadotropin injection;
      they also increased the incidence of follicular atresia. The number of corpora
      lutea was slightly reduced by treatment with the proteins, but there was no long
      term suppression of the serum progesterone level. After mating, animals which
      have previously been treated with the plant proteins underwent pregnancy
      resulting in a litter size similar to that of controls.

PMID- 2898452
TI  - Maturation of bovine oocytes transplanted into bovine follicles of follicular and
      luteal phase.
AB  - Forty-one bovine host follicles with guest oocytes were studied. Fifty of these
      host follicles from the follicular phase and 26 follicles from the luteal phase
      of the cycle were cultured in a continuous flux system. No hormones were added to
      the follicular fluid or the culture medium. After culturing there was no close
      contact between the oocyte complex and the follicular wall. Of the oocytes
      cultured in the follicular-phase follicles, 27.2% remained in the germinal
      vesicle stage and 7.1% reached MII, whereas 9.9% of the oocytes cultured in the
      luteal-phase follicles remained in germinal vesicle phase and 29.5% reached MII.
      Of the oocytes cultured in the luteal-phase host follicles, 15.2% were fertilized
      in vitro; none of the oocytes cultured in follicular-phase follicles were
      fertilized.

PMID- 2898453
TI  - Effects of progesterone on postoperative adhesion formation in hysterectomized
      rabbits.
AB  - Progesterone has been reported to have an antiinflammatory as well as
      immunosuppressive effect, and may prevent adhesion formation. In this study, nine
      treated and seven control rabbits were randomly selected for either pre- and
      postoperative progesterone treatment or no treatment. All rabbits underwent
      hysterectomy, focal peritoneal denudation, and intraabdominal instillation of
      suspended talc. Adhesion formation was evaluated 1 month postoperatively during
      repeat exploratory laparotomy. Progesterone-treated and control rabbits did not
      show any significant difference overall in the incidence of adhesion formation.
      Subgrouping of adhesion formation into adhesions formed by major surgical tissue
      trauma or minor peritoneal damage revealed a beneficial effect of progesterone in
      the reduction of only minor adhesion formation.

PMID- 2898454
TI  - In memoriam Robert B. Greenblatt.

PMID- 2898455
TI  - Gonadotropin therapy: new trends and insights.

PMID- 2898456
TI  - The diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy in infertility
      investigation.
AB  - Four hundred and twenty infertile patients had hysterosalpingography (HSG) and
      laparoscopy as a part of their infertility workup. A comparison of HSG and
      laparoscopy findings was carried out to study the diagnostic value of each of
      these two procedures. It was found that the accuracy in the diagnosis of tubal
      patency or tubal blockage was quite similar for both procedures. However,
      laparoscopy revealed peritubal adhesions in 29.8% of patients, whereas HSG made
      an accurate diagnosis in only 8.8%. It is concluded that HSG is as accurate as
      laparoscopy in the diagnosis of tubal patency or blockage, and should remain an
      integral part of female infertility investigation. Laparoscopy excels HSG in the
      diagnosis of pelvic pathology and thus should always be performed whenever a
      pelvic factor is suspected in female infertility.

PMID- 2898457
TI  - The effects of a new beta-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830A in refractory obesity.
AB  - Beta-adrenoceptor agonists have recently been shown to promote substantial loss
      of adipose tissue in laboratory animals. One of these BRL, 26830A, increases
      thermogenesis in human volunteers and has been shown to enhance the rate of
      weight reduction in patients adhering to a strict reducing regimen. Forty-three
      post-menopausal or sterilized female subjects suffering from refractory obesity
      participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, the treatment group
      receiving BRL 26830A 50 mg qid. Two subjects were withdrawn because they
      developed an unpleasant sensation of tremor and in all, 17 of the 20 who received
      BRL 26830A mentioned this side effect. There was no change in erect or supine
      blood pressure or in resting heart rate. There was no significant difference in
      weight change during the 6-week study. It is concluded that BRL 26830A does not
      appear to promote weight reduction in subjects unable to adhere strictly to their
      dietary regime.

PMID- 2898458
TI  - Efficient conjugation of DTPA to an IgM monoclonal antibody in ascites fluid.
AB  - We have developed a simple, rapid, and reproducible method for conjugating the
      bifunctional metal chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to an IgM
      monoclonal antibody (MoAb) without first isolating the MoAb from the ascites
      fluid. Treatment of the protein mixture in the ascites fluid with cyclic DTPA
      anhydride (cDTPAA) followed by HPLC purification on a size exclusion column
      allowed isolation of the DTPA-IgM conjugate which could then be labeled with
      111In in greater than or equal to 80% yield. Over the range of total protein
      concentrations used (11-44 mg/mL), the number of DTPA molecules per molecule of
      IgM was approximately one-half the molar ratio of cDTPAA to total protein. We
      have used this method to prepare an 111In labeled anti-Thy 1.2 IgM, a MoAb with
      specificity for a murine cell-surface antigen found on normal and malignant T
      cells and neuroectodermal tissues. Analysis of the DTPA-IgM conjugate prior to
      and after 111In labeling using indirect immunofluorescence flow cytometry and a
      target-cell binding assay showed that the antigen specificity of this anti-Thy
      1.2 MoAb is not substantially altered by the presence of up to 8 DTPA molecules
      per IgM molecule.

PMID- 2898460
TI  - Evidence of the African origin of sickle cell hemoglobin in western Sicily.

PMID- 2898459
TI  - Non-random association of the Rsa I polymorphic site 5' to the beta-globin gene
      with major sickle cell haplotypes.
AB  - There are three main African haplotypes associated with the sickle mutation on
      chromosome 11. We have examined an Rsa I polymorphism 550 bp 5' to the beta
      globin gene to study the degree of linkage disequilibrium between this Rsa I site
      and the three haplotypes. This Rsa I site is contained within the 10.3 kb or less
      area of randomization separating the 5'- and 3'-haplotype clusters. The beta S
      containing chromosomes of the Benin and Senegal haplotypes are not cut, while
      those of the Central African Republic are cleaved by Rsa I at this site. Possible
      explanations of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2898461
TI  - Selected allied health professionals' self-confidence in health promotion
      counseling skills and interest in continuing education programs.
AB  - Mail surveys of samples of dental hygienists (n = 90, 36% response), registered
      dietitians (n = 262, 52% response), and physician assistants (n = 289, 89%
      response) in Texas and certified nurse midwives (n = 143, 57% response) in the US
      provided data regarding their confidence that they possess skills and knowledge
      to counsel patients about selected areas of health promotion (self-efficacy).
      Also, the surveys gathered information regarding respondents' beliefs that
      patients will follow through on their recommendations (adherence expectation),
      and their interest in continuing education programs. Overall, respondents
      displayed highest self-efficacy with regard to counseling patients about blood
      pressure and smoking. Confidence was lowest in illicit drug abuse and mental
      health areas. Certified nurse midwives and physician assistants indicated
      confidence in many more areas than the other two groups. Respondents consistently
      expressed less certainty about patient adherence than about their own skills and
      knowledge. They generally indicated a high degree of interest in continuing
      education across the several health promotion topics. Modest relationships were
      observed between self-efficacy and interest in continuing education programs for
      physician assistants and registered dietitians, indicating that those with
      greater self-efficacy had a greater interest in building their skills. A similar
      pattern was observed among physician assistant respondents with respect to
      adherence expectations.

PMID- 2898462
TI  - A computerized approach to discipline-specific bibliographies in the allied
      health sciences.
AB  - The traditional subject headings in Index Medicus and other standard indexes have
      frequently proved too broad for researchers in the allied health sciences.
      Therefore, the Physician Assistant Program at the University of Florida has
      developed a computerized bibliography program designed to expedite research by
      using a selected list of keywords as subject headings and subheadings tailored to
      the interests and concerns of the physician assistant profession. Each subject
      heading and subheading is translated into a numerical coding system that permits
      efficient data entry and rapid identification of items in the professional
      literature as well as reducing the incidence of operator error in data entry. The
      program can be used for review of the literature, curriculum design,
      identification of supplementary reading material for education courses, and
      identification of appropriate resources to enhance the study of the physician
      assistant profession. Through the development of discipline-specific keywords,
      the program can be tailored to the educational and research interests of any
      discipline in the allied health sciences or other educational fields.

PMID- 2898463
TI  - Defective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles produced by cloned cells
      of HTLV-I-carrying MT-4 cells persistently infected with HIV.
AB  - Persistently HIV-infected cell lines were isolated from surviving and
      proliferating cells after infection of HTLV-I-carrying MT-4 cells with cell-free
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); HTLV-IIIB and LAV. The media of the cloned
      cell cultures did not cause HIV infection of MT-4, MOLT-4, TALL-1, or HL-60
      cells. Most of the constituents of the virus in the media were env proteins and
      many defective doughnut-shaped particles released from the cells were identified
      by electron microscopy.

PMID- 2898464
TI  - A soluble-factor(s) secreted by a human skin cancer cell line supports clonal
      growth of adult T-cell leukemia cells.
AB  - Leukemic cells from four out of eight patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)
      were successfully grown by cocultivation with HSC-I cells, a human skin cancer
      cell line, in the presence of interleukin-2. Three of these four cultures of
      growing cells showed rearrangement of the T-cell receptor beta-chain gene like
      the original leukemic cells in vivo, and also showed conservation of the patterns
      of HTLV-I integration of the original leukemic cells in vivo. Cell-to-cell
      contact between HSC-I cells and leukemic cells was not necessary for growth of
      the leukemic cells. The results indicate that some soluble growth factor secreted
      by HSC-I cells and interleukin-2 are required for the in vitro growth of leukemic
      cells from some patients with adult T-cell leukemia.

PMID- 2898465
TI  - Enzyme-altered liver cell foci in woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis
      virus.
AB  - The histochemical characteristics of liver cell foci in woodchucks were
      investigated. The foci appeared to be distributed throughout the liver and were
      observed only in the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-positive animals, including
      all 19 woodchucks with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), and 7 without HCC. No foci
      appeared in 11 WHV-negative animals. Histochemical studies revealed that liver
      cell foci and carcinoma cells were characterized by positive gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT) enzymatic reactions and decreased glucose-6-phosphatase
      enzyme activity compared to non-neoplastic liver. Furthermore, serum GGT was
      significantly elevated in almost all of the animals which had larger carcinomas.
      Ultrastructural findings of foci showed some resemblance to carcinoma cells,
      being characterized by abundant free ribosomes within the cytoplasm and
      undeveloped endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that the liver cell foci
      are potential precursors of HCC in WHV-infected animals, and that serum GGT may
      be a useful marker for indicating the development of carcinoma.

PMID- 2898467
TI  - Three tests of the hypothesis that glutamate is the sensory hair cell transmitter
      in the frog semicircular canal.
AB  - Three series of experiments were devised to test the hypothesis that glutamate is
      the transmitter released by sensory hair cells of the frog semicircular canal.
      These three tests were: 1 - The Tolerance experiment (i.e. making the preparation
      tolerant to injected Glu yet still capable of responding to endogenous
      transmitter). 2 - The Glu Decarboxylase experiment (i.e. bathing the preparation
      in sufficient enzyme to prevent the effects of exogenous Glu by degrading it
      without affecting the response to endogenous transmitter) and; 3 - The Diltiazem
      experiment (i.e. using the calcium channel antagonist, diltiazem, to prevent the
      effect of exogenous Glu and yet not to interfere with endogenous transmitter
      release and action). The Tolerance and Diltiazem experiments produced results
      indicative of a clear dissociation between exogenous Glu and natural transmitter.
      The Glu decarboxylase experiment results were not so clear, producing both
      evidence for and against the hypothesis.

PMID- 2898466
TI  - HCG treatment increases intratesticular pressure in the abdominal testis of
      unilaterally cryptorchid rats.
AB  - Adult, unilaterally cryptorchid rats were given a single subcutaneous injection
      of hCG. HCG treatment of 100 I.U. (but not 10 I.U.) resulted in a marked increase
      in intratesticular pressure (approximately 40 mm Hg) in the abdominal testis that
      was maximal 24 hours after treatment. This increase in pressure is caused by
      increased vascular permeability coupled with insufficient lymph drainage. In the
      scrotal testis, hCG treatment resulted in increased vascular permeability and
      lymph flow, but this did not result in a marked increase in testicular pressure.
      No morphologic signs of hCG-induced damage were observed in either the abdominal
      or scrotal testis 10 days after hCG treatment. Testicular microcirculation, as
      studied by laser doppler flowmetry, was abnormal in the abdominal testis, but hCG
      treatment inhibited vasomotion in both the abdominal and scrotal testis.

PMID- 2898468
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of GABA-immunoreactive terminals in the
      anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig.
AB  - The immunocytochemical distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied
      by electron microscopy in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) of the guinea
      pig using affinity-purified antibodies made against GABA conjugated to bovine
      serum albumin. Our observations confirm that spherical cells are the predominant
      cell type in the guinea pig AVCN and receive numerous axosomatic contacts
      (Schwartz and Gulley, (1978) J. Anat. 153, 489-508). Stellate cells receive few
      axosomatic contacts. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry shows that GABA
      immunoreactivity is present in synaptic terminals in the AVCN. Of the several
      classes of presynaptic terminals present in the AVCN as characterized by vesicle
      type (large round; oval/pleomorphic; flat; small round) only those containing
      oval/pleomorphic vesicles were GABA-immunoreactive. However, GABA
      immunoreactivity may not be present in all these terminals because some
      oval/pleomorphic terminals are unlabelled. Immunoreactive terminals are
      widespread in the AVCN; they are abundant on spherical cell bodies, rarely seen
      on stellate cell bodies and are also found scattered throughout the neuropile.

PMID- 2898469
TI  - Simplified methods for the microbiological evaluation of bottled natural mineral
      waters.
AB  - The conventional methods for the microbiological examination of natural mineral
      water were compared with a simplified procedure. The results indicate that when
      indicator micro-organisms are present in water, they may not be detected in the
      simplified method. An alternative procedure, including the determination of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is suggested.

PMID- 2898470
TI  - Genetic analysis of a region of the Bordetella pertussis chromosome encoding
      filamentous hemagglutinin and the pleiotropic regulatory locus vir.
AB  - The vir locus of Bordetella pertussis apparently encodes a trans-acting positive
      regulator that is required for the coordinate expression of genes associated with
      virulence: pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), hemolysin, and
      adenylate cyclase toxin. DNA clones of vir and of genes required for the
      synthesis of some of the factors under vir control were obtained with DNA probes
      from the chromosomal DNA surrounding sites of Tn5 insertion mutations that
      inactivated those genes. Two vir clones were found which also contained genes
      required for the proper expression of FHA in B. pertussis. The plasmids which
      contained both the fha and vir genes expressed immunologically reactive FHA in
      Escherichia coli, as detected by colony blots, whereas plasmids which contained
      only fha or vir were negative in this assay. The regulation of FHA production in
      E. coli, as in B. pertussis, was temperature dependent and inhibited by high
      concentrations of either magnesium ions or nicotinic acid, indicating that the
      sequences cloned in E. coli contained the information required to preserve the
      physiological responses seen in B. pertussis. Further characterization of the vir
      fha clones by Tn5 mutagenesis in E. coli and by the return of cloned sequences to
      B. pertussis in trans and to the B. pertussis chromosome led to the localization
      of the vir locus, the structural gene for FHA, and genes that are possibly
      required for the synthesis and export of FHA.

PMID- 2898472
TI  - Chloroplast and cytosolic glutamine synthetase are encoded by homologous nuclear
      genes which are differentially expressed in vivo.
AB  - We have shown that the individual members of the plant gene family for glutamine
      synthetase (GS) are differentially expressed in vivo, and each encode distinct GS
      polypeptides which are targeted to different subcellular compartments
      (chloroplast or cytosol). At the polypeptide level, chloroplast GS (GS2) and
      cytosolic GS (GS1 and GSn) are distinct and show an organ-specific distribution.
      We have characterized full length cDNA clones encoding chloroplast or cytosolic
      GS of pea. In vitro translation products encoded by three different GS cDNA
      clones, correspond to the mature GS2, GS1, and GSn polypeptides present in vivo.
      pGS185 encodes a precursor to the chloroplast GS2 polypeptide as shown by in
      vitro chloroplast uptake experiments. The pGS185 translation product is imported
      into the chloroplast stroma and processed to a polypeptide which corresponds in
      size and charge to that of mature chloroplast stromal GS2 (44 kDa). The 49 amino
      terminal amino acids encoded by pGS185 are designated as a chloroplast transit
      peptide by functionality in vitro, and amino acid homology to other transit
      peptides. The cytosolic forms of GS (GS1 and GSn) are encoded by highly
      homologous but distinct mRNAs. pGS299 encodes the cytosolic GS1 polypeptide (38
      kDa), while pGS341 (Tingey, S. V., Walker, E. L., and Coruzzi, G. M. (1987) EMBO.
      J. 6, 1-9) encodes a cytosolic GSn polypeptide (37 kDa). The homologous nuclear
      genes for chloroplast and cytosolic GS show different patterns of expression in
      vivo. GS2 expression in leaves is modulated by light, at the level of steady
      state mRNA and protein, while the expression of cytosolic GS is unaffected by
      light. The light-induced expression of GS2 is due at least in part to a
      phytochrome mediated response. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that
      chloroplast and cytosolic GS have evolved from a common ancestor and suggest a
      molecular mechanism for chloroplast evolution.

PMID- 2898473
TI  - A point mutation abolishes binding of cAMP to site A in the regulatory subunit of
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - Each regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase has two tandem cAMP
      binding sites, A and B, at the carboxyl terminus. Based on sequence homologies
      with the cAMP-binding domain of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator
      protein, a model has been constructed for each cAMP-binding domain. Two of the
      conserved features of each cAMP-binding site are an arginine and a glutamic acid
      which interact with the negatively charged phosphate and with the 2'-OH on the
      ribose ring, respectively. In the type I regulatory subunit, this arginine in
      cAMP binding site A is Arg-209. Recombinant DNA techniques have been used to
      change this arginine to a lysine. The resulting protein binds cAMP with a high
      affinity and associates with the catalytic subunit to form holoenzyme. The mutant
      holoenzyme also is activated by cAMP. However, the mutant R-subunit binds only 1
      mol of cAMP/R-monomer. Photoaffinity labeling confirmed that the mutant R-subunit
      has only one functional cAMP-binding site. In contrast to the native R-subunit
      which is labeled at Trp-260 and Tyr-371 by 8-N3cAMP, the mutant R-subunit is
      convalently modified at a single site, Tyr-371, which correlates with a
      functional cAMP-binding site B. The lack of functional cAMP-binding site A also
      was confirmed by activating the mutant holoenzyme with analogs of cAMP which have
      a high specificity for either site A or site B. 8-NH2-methyl cAMP which
      preferentially binds to site B was similar to cAMP in its ability to activate
      both mutant and wild type holoenzyme whereas N6-monobutyryl cAMP, a site A
      specific analog, was a very poor activator of the mutant holoenzyme. The results
      support the conclusions that 1) Arg-209 is essential for cAMP binding to site A
      and 2) cAMP binding to domain A is not essential for dissociation of the mutant
      holoenzyme.

PMID- 2898471
TI  - Pilin-gene phase variation of Moraxella bovis is caused by an inversion of the
      pilin genes.
AB  - Moraxella bovis Epp63 can express either of two different pilin proteins, called
      alpha and beta. We have previously cloned and sequenced the beta-pilin gene and
      now report that DNAs isolated from bacteria expressing alpha pilin have
      hybridization patterns consistently different from those of bacteria expressing
      beta pilin. The phase variation between alpha- and beta-pilin gene expression
      appears to be associated with an inversion of about 2 kilobases of DNA, whose
      endpoints occur within the coding region of the expressed pilin gene. Comparisons
      of the beta-pilin gene sequence with those of well-studied bacterial inversion
      systems revealed a stretch of 58% sequence similarity (21 of 36 base pairs)
      between the left inverted repeat of the Salmonella typhimurium flagellar hin
      control region and the amino-terminal portion of the beta-pilin gene.

PMID- 2898474
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase: a single copy gene in the rat and a multigene
      family in the human genome.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) genomic sequences were isolated from rat and
      human libraries using a rat GGT cDNA as a cross-species hybridization probe.
      Characterization of the human GGT clones by restriction mapping clearly
      establishes that at least four different GGT genes or pseudogenes are present in
      the human genome. All the rat genomic clones cover a 12.5-kilobase sequence and
      exhibit a unique restriction pattern. A precise quantitation of the rat GGT gene
      copy number by Southern blot analysis demonstrates that this sequence is present
      as a single copy/rat haploid genome. Therefore, the GGT gene organization is
      different between rat and human species; this raises the possibility of different
      regulatory mechanisms in the two species.

PMID- 2898475
TI  - Induction of glycogenolysis in cultured Ewing's sarcoma cells by dopamine and
      beta-adrenergic agonists.
AB  - This study describes hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism in Ewing's
      sarcoma cells. 3H-Glycogen synthesized in cultured Ewing's sarcoma WE-68 cells
      from 3H-glucose was hydrolyzed in a concentration-dependent manner by various
      catecholamines. The order of potency for the glycogenolytic effects of
      catecholamines was isoproterenol greater than or equal to dopamine greater than
      norepinephrine greater than epinephrine. The concentrations giving half-maximal
      effectiveness (EC50) were about 2 x 10(-8) M, 3 x 10(-8) M, 8 x 10(-8) M, and 5 x
      10(-7) M for isoproterenol, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine,
      respectively. Higher concentrations of each of the catecholamines were necessary
      to elicit EC50 stimulation of cyclic AMP production in Ewing's sarcoma cells.
      Glycogenolysis induced by dopamine was blocked by chlorpromazine, a dopamine D1
      receptor antagonist, but not by haloperidol, a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist.
      The glycogenolytic action of norepinephrine was markedly reduced by propranolol,
      a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, and was not affected by yohimbine, an alpha
      adrenoreceptor antagonist. In addition, chlorpromazine also antagonized the
      glycogenolytic response to norepinephrine. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine, and the diterpene forskolin were also found to induce 3H-glycogen
      hydrolysis. Our data indicate that catecholamines exert their glycogenolytic
      effects in Ewing's sarcoma cells by stimulation of cyclic AMP formation via beta
      adrenergic receptors and dopamine D1-receptors.

PMID- 2898476
TI  - Antiproliferative effects of somatostatin and the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995
      on three human breast cancer cell lines.
AB  - The antiproliferative effect of somatostatin and the somatostatin analog SMS 201
      995 on three human breast cancer cell lines (CG5, T 47 D, and ZR 75-1) is
      reported. Both peptides markedly inhibited CG5 cell growth with a maximal
      inhibition of about 40% as compared with control cells. The antiproliferative
      effect of somatostatin on T 47 D and ZR 75-1 cells was much less evident. These
      results suggest that somatostatin is a peptide inhibitory factor for human breast
      cancer cells. Possible therapeutic implications of these findings are still to be
      investigated.

PMID- 2898477
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of mutant low density lipoprotein receptors that
      fail to reach the Golgi complex.
AB  - In the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor system, blocks in intracellular
      movement of a cell surface receptor result from naturally occurring mutations.
      These mutations occur in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. One class
      of mutant LDL receptor genes (class 2 mutations) produces a receptor that is
      synthesized and glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but does not reach
      the cell surface. These receptors contain serine/threonine-linked (O-linked)
      carbohydrate chains with core N-acetylgalactosamine residues and asparagine
      linked (N-linked) carbohydrate chains of the high mannose type that are only
      partially trimmed. To determine the site of blockage in transport, we used
      electron microscope immunohistochemistry to compare the intracellular location of
      LDL receptors in normal human fibroblasts with their location in class 2 mutant
      fibroblasts. In normal cells, LDL receptors were located in coated pits, coated
      vesicles, endosomes, multivesicular bodies, and portions of the Golgi complex. In
      contrast, the mutant receptors in class 2 cells were almost entirely confined to
      rough ER and irregular extensions of the rough ER. Metabolic labeling studies
      with [3H]glucosamine confirmed that these mutant receptors contain core O-linked
      sugars, suggesting that the enzymes that attach these residues are located in the
      rough ER or the transitional zone of the ER. These studies establish that
      naturally occurring mutations in cell surface receptors can cause the receptors
      to remain trapped in the ER, thereby preventing their normal function and
      producing a genetic disease.

PMID- 2898478
TI  - Dissection of the asynchronous transport of intestinal microvillar hydrolases to
      the cell surface.
AB  - Novel subcellular fractionation procedures and pulse-chase techniques were used
      to study the intracellular transport of the microvillar membrane hydrolases
      sucrase-isomaltase and dipeptidylpeptidase IV in the differentiated colon
      adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. The overall rate of transport to the cell
      surface was two fold faster for dipeptidylpeptidase IV than for sucrase
      isomaltase, while no significant differences were observed in transport rates
      from the site of complex glycosylation to the brush border. The delayed arrival
      of sucrase-isomaltase in the compartment where complex glycosylation occurs was
      only in part due to exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. A major slow-down could
      be ascribed to maturation in and transit of this enzyme through the Golgi
      apparatus. These results suggest that the observed asynchronism is due to more
      than one rate-limiting step along the rough endoplasmic reticulum to trans-Golgi
      pathway.

PMID- 2898480
TI  - Effects of hypoxia and adrenergic stimulation induced alterations in PGI2
      synthesis by diabetic coronary arteries.
AB  - Before the onset of histologically detectable alterations in diabetic arteries, a
      considerable decrease in vasodilatory potential is seen. While analyzing this
      phenomenon, the role of altered PGI2 synthesis in rings of coronary arteries from
      metabolically healthy and alloxan-diabetic dogs was measured by radioimmunoassay
      during baseline, under the influence of phenylephrine (100 mumol/L), and during
      hypoxia with or without the presence of the alpha adrenergic blocker phentolamine
      (5 mumol/L). Basal levels of PGI2 synthetized by healthy and diabetic coronaries
      were no different (7.9 +/- 2.1 and 6.4 +/- 1.4 pg/mg vessel). Phenylephrine
      potentiated PGI2 synthesis in controls (150 +/- 22%), while it proved to be
      ineffective in the diabetic animals (98 +/- 6%). Under hypoxic conditions, PGI2
      production of healthy coronaries (152 +/- 24%) increased, while that in the
      diabetic ones (82 +/- 7%) decreased (p less than 0.01). In the presence of
      phentolamine no difference could be detected between the two groups. Given all
      these data, the decreased ability of the diabetic coronaries to vasodilate
      develops due to diminished PGI2 production, presumably controlled by adrenergic
      mechanisms. Furthermore, the more severe outcome of ischaemic heart disease in
      diabetes mellitus might be explained by the lack of an enhanced coronary PGI2
      synthesis under hypoxic conditions.

PMID- 2898479
TI  - Antihistamines reverse blood-ocular barrier breakdown in experimental diabetes.
AB  - Retinal and other tissue histamine synthesis is increased in experimental
      diabetes; histamine infusion causes blood-ocular barrier breakdown in nondiabetic
      rats. We have examined the hypothesis that antihistamines prevent blood-ocular
      barrier breakdown in streptozotocin diabetes using male Sprague-Dawley rats held
      28 days. During the last 7 days they were divided into these treatment groups:
      control (C), untreated diabetic (D), diabetic rats receiving diphenhydramine-HCl
      (B), diabetic rats receiving ranitidine (R) and diabetic rats receiving
      diphenhydramine and ranitidine (BR). Vitreous albumin content was measured 6 hr
      following fluorescein isothiocyanate bovine serum albumin (FITCBSA) injection.
      Data show that D had a 98.3% increase in vitreous body FITCBSA over C (p less
      than 0.05) while B and R showed respective decreases of 34.9% and 51.4% compared
      to D, R being significantly lower than D (p less than 0.05). BR showed a decrease
      of 71% (p less than 0.05) compared to D, and R and BR groups were not
      significantly different from C (p less than 0.05). Leakage into the vitreous was
      from the retina, not the ciliary body. These data indicate that 1) experimental
      diabetes results in elevated blood-ocular barrier permeability, which can be
      reversed by diphenhydramine-HCl and ranitidine; and 2) histamine H1- and H2
      receptor activation and interaction by altered endogenous histamine metabolism
      may mediate blood-ocular barrier breakdown, implicating a pathogenic role of
      histamine in diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2898481
TI  - [Pancreatic fistula after left pancreatectomy. Frequency and severity].
AB  - In order to study the frequency and complications related to pancreatic fistula
      following distal pancreatectomy we have reviewed 19 patients operated on between
      January 1st 1981 and February 28 1986. There was no mortality but the incidence
      of pancreatic fistula was 52%. 40% of these cases developed a subphrenic abscess
      (21% of the total number of cases). These fistulas closed after an average post
      operative period of 42 days. Reoperation for an infected collection was required
      in 4 cases. The incidence of pancreatic fistula was not related to the initial
      pancreatic pathology. Splenectomy did not influence the incidence of subphrenic
      abscess. Different techniques of closure of the distal pancreas after resection
      have not changed the incidence of this complication. The use of somatostatin
      appears to favourably influence the course of the fistula. These conclusions tend
      to confirm the results of other reported series.

PMID- 2898483
TI  - Qualitative gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric
      screening for beta-blockers in urine after solid-phase extraction using Extrelut
      1 columns.

PMID- 2898482
TI  - [External supramalleolar flap in the reconstructive surgery of the foot].
AB  - The external supramalleolar flap is a mixed cutaneoaponeurotic flap removed from
      the external surface of lower part of leg and with, as its principal vascular
      pedicle, the anterior perforating branch of the peroneal artery. The flap can be
      used in two ways: as a rotation flap with distal cutaneous hinge allowing lover
      third of internal surface of leg and instep to be covered, or as a retrograde
      flux island flap by anastomosis of perforating artery to arteries of foot. The
      latter procedure is of interest in that it permits covering of loss of distal
      substance of foot in the dorsal or plantar region. Results of use of this method
      in 35 patients situate the place of the external supramalleolar flap in the
      techniques available for lower limb repair.

PMID- 2898484
TI  - Specific immunoglobulin A to Bordetella pertussis antigens in mucosal secretion
      for rapid diagnosis of whooping cough.
AB  - Specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) to Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin
      (FHA) and pertussis toxin (PT) was determined in mucosal secretions by an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It took 3 to 4 h to complete the ELISA. The
      upper limits of normal values for age were determined in nasopharyngeal (NPH)
      secretions from 23 patients with viral infections and in 10 healthy adults
      working with pertussis patients or cultures. A significant IgA response to FHA
      was found in 38 of 54 (70%) and to PT in 28 of 54 (52%) NPH secretions from
      patients with pertussis confirmed by culture, serology, or both. The rate of
      positive responses to either antigen (44 of 54 [81%]) was significantly higher
      than that by culture alone (29 of 54 [54%]; P less than 0.01). The rate of
      positive responses increased from 65% in patients with symptoms for 1 week or
      less to 87 to 92% in patients with symptoms for 2 or more weeks. The specific IgA
      response to PT was found in 100% of NPH samples from 17 unimmunized children less
      than 3 years of age and in only 30% of adults and immunized children greater than
      3 years of age. A response to FHA was found in 65 to 73% of the NPH secretions in
      all age groups. Saliva samples were found to contain specific IgA to FHA and PT
      in all age groups, but these were of diagnostic value in 50% (11 of 22) of the
      adult patients. The specificity of the ELISA was 100% (10 of 10 negatives) in NPH
      secretions from patients with pertussis-like cough who had negative cultures and
      serology. The results indicate that determination of specific IgA to PT and FHA
      in NPH aspirates represents a sensitive and rapid diagnostic method for the
      detection of pertussis.

PMID- 2898485
TI  - Evaluation of substrates for radiometric detection of bacteria in blood cultures.
AB  - Various 14C-labeled substrates were evaluated for their potential use in blood
      culture media. These uniformly labeled compounds were added to hypertonic and
      anaerobic formulations of modified Columbia broth and compared with analogous
      BACTEC media with the BACTEC 460. Different bacterial species gave significant
      growth indices when 2.0 microCi of labeled glucose, glutamic acid, aspartic acid,
      arginine, or formate was used alone or in combinations in the experimental media.
      The combination of glucose, glutamic acid, and sodium formate was selected, and
      simulated blood cultures with representative aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic
      bacteria and a yeast were compared with BACTEC vials. Under these conditions, the
      experimental media often became positive several hours earlier than the BACTEC
      vials and usually produced higher growth indices.

PMID- 2898486
TI  - Lytic effector cell function in schizophrenia and depression.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cell activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
      (ADCC) were tested in patients with schizophrenia or depression. It was found
      that NK activity as well as ADCC were significantly lower in both groups, as
      compared to healthy control individuals (P less than 0.001). Psychopharmacologic
      treatment with neuroleptics and antidepressives resulted in a significant
      increase in NK activity and ADCC (P less than 0.005) in patients with
      schizophrenia but not in treated patients with depression. In patients with
      schizophrenia, no correlation could be established between the dose of
      neuroleptic given and the increase in NK activity. Lithium also did not produce
      an increase in NK activity and ADCC. The addition of serum, derived from
      untreated patients with schizophrenia, to cell cultures in concentrations of 10
      and 20% had an inhibitory effect upon the ADCC and, to a lesser degree, upon NK
      activity (20% serum concentration only); sera from treatment schizophrenics
      produced no inhibition of NK activity, but did affect ADCC. No serum-derived
      inhibitory effect upon either NK activity or ADCC was found to be present in sera
      from patients with depression. We conclude that lytic effector mechanisms are
      impaired in patients with schizophrenia or depression and that this defect is
      reversed in schizophrenic patients on treatment, but not in depressives on
      therapy. Patients with schizophrenia also tend to have a reversible serum
      mediated inhibition of NK activity which is absent in patients with depression.

PMID- 2898487
TI  - Transient suppression of clonal hemopoiesis associated with pregnancy in a
      patient with a myeloproliferative disorder.
AB  - We have used restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to study the
      clonal involvement of the blood cells in a woman with myeloproliferative disease,
      whose initially high platelet count (940,000/microliter) spontaneously decreased
      during a normal pregnancy but then returned rapidly to the same high level after
      delivery of her child. Analysis of her erythroid progenitors showed the presence
      of erythropoietin-independent progenitors before, during, and after her
      pregnancy, consistent with a diagnosis of myeloproliferative disease, and
      persistence of the abnormal clone throughout the period of study. Analysis of DNA
      from her blood granulocytes showed these to be polyclonal at mid-pregnancy, when
      her platelet count had decreased to normal values, in comparison to the
      monoclonal pattern exhibited by her blood granulocytes 3 mo postpartum, when her
      platelet count was again elevated. These results demonstrate a partial conversion
      to normal, polyclonal hemopoiesis during her pregnancy and suggest a previously
      unanticipated differential sensitivity of normal and neoplastic hemopoietic cells
      to physiological changes associated with this state.

PMID- 2898488
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of whooping cough using monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) method for antigen detection using
      monoclonal antibody was assessed for its ability to aid in the rapid diagnosis of
      Bordetella pertussis in 59 patients. A positive diagnosis from a combination of
      results from tests of serum and urine was obtained in 51 (87%) of cases. For
      sera, CIE had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 94%; for urine samples
      the sensitivity was 81% and a specificity of 100%. Antigen detection by CIE is
      simple to perform and yields results on the same day, thus allowing treatment to
      begin at an early stage.

PMID- 2898489
TI  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid in the medial rat nucleus accumbens: ultrastructural
      localization in neurons receiving monosynaptic input from catecholaminergic
      afferents.
AB  - Neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the medial portion of the
      adult rat nucleus accumbens were characterized with respect to their
      ultrastructure, sites of termination, and catecholaminergic input. Antisera
      against GABA-conjugates and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), were localized within single sections by means of peroxidase
      antiperoxidase (PAP) and immunoautoradiographic labeling methods. Peroxidase
      reaction product indicating GABA-like immunoreactivity (GABA-LI) was seen in
      medium-size (15-20 microns) perikarya containing either round and unindented or
      invaginated nuclear membranes. The cells with invaginated nuclei were few in
      number and usually exhibited more intense peroxidase reaction product in sections
      collected at the same distance from the surface of the tissue. Reaction product
      for GABA was also detected in proximal (1.5-3.0 microns) dendrites, axons, and
      terminals. Terminals with GABA-LI formed symmetric junctions on perikarya,
      proximal dendrites, and dendritic spines of neurons that usually lacked
      detectable immunoreactivity. Many of the GABAergic terminals also were apposed
      directly to other unlabeled terminals and to terminals exhibiting either
      peroxidase labeling for GABA or immunoautoradiographic labeling for TH. Many of
      the unlabeled terminals associated with the GABAergic axons formed asymmetric
      junctions on dendritic spines. From 138 TH-labeled, principally dopaminergic
      terminals that were examined in the medial nucleus accumbens, 4% were associated
      with the somata of GABAergic neurons and another 14% formed symmetric junctions
      with proximal dendrite showing GABA-LI. The remaining TH-immuno-reactive
      terminals either lacked recognizable densities or formed symmetric synapses on
      unlabeled dendrites and spines. A few of the unlabeled dendrites, as well as
      those containing GABA-LI, received symmetric synapses from both catecholaminergic
      and GABAergic terminals. We conclude that in the medial portion of the rat
      nucleus accumbens, GABA is localized to two morphologically distinct types of
      neurons, one or both of which receive monosynaptic input from catecholaminergic
      afferents, and that GABAergic terminals form symmetric synapses on other
      principally non-GABAergic neurons. The results also support earlier physiological
      evidence showing that GABA may modulate the output of other GABAergic and non
      GABAergic neurons through presynaptic associations.

PMID- 2898490
TI  - Localization of tyrosine-hydroxylase-like-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the
      larval tiger salamander retina.
AB  - Immunocytochemistry was used to localize the populations of tyrosine-hydroxylase
      like (TH)-immunoreactive cells in the tiger salamander retina. Ninety percent of
      these cells possessed somas that were situated in the innermost cell row of the
      inner nuclear layer and were classified as amacrine cells. Ten percent of TH
      immunoreactive somas were located in the ganglion cell layer and were tentatively
      designated as those of displaced amacrine cells. The processes of TH
      immunoreactive cells ramified most heavily in sublayer 1 of the inner plexiform
      layer, while a relatively small number of TH-labelled processes distributed in
      sublayers 3 and 5. Less than 1% of TH-immunoreactive cells in the amacrine cell
      layer exhibited a short process of somal origin that extended distally toward the
      outer plexiform layer. However, these processes did not cross the whole of the
      inner nuclear layer, and no immunolabelling was observed in the outer plexiform
      layer. An examination of retinal whole-mounts revealed that TH-immunoreactive
      amacrine and displaced amacrine cells were distributed throughout the center and
      periphery of the retina. The density of TH-immunolabelled amacrine cells was
      calculated to be 49 +/- 13 (mean +/- standard error) cells per mm2. The vast
      majority of TH-immunoreactive amacrine and displaced amacrine cells exhibited a
      stellate appearance and gave rise to three or more primary dendrites. A few TH
      amacrine and displaced amacrine cells possessed two primary dendrites that
      emerged from opposite sides of their somas. The processes of TH-immunoreactive
      cells were generally poorly branched and varicose with terminal branches
      sometimes appearing thin and beaded. Because some TH-immunolabelled processes
      were very long, there was considerable overlap between the dendritic fields of
      neighboring TH-cells. Lastly, individual TH-immunoreactive amacrine and displaced
      amacrine cells were often observed in whole-mounts to provide processes that
      ramified at more than one level of the inner plexiform layer.

PMID- 2898491
TI  - A non-linear mathematical model for computerized analysis of mood curves:
      construction of the model and its application to the mood curves of depressive
      and schizophrenic inpatients.
AB  - A non-linear mathematical model for the computerized description of mood curves
      is presented. This model reaches a high goodness of fit to the real data and
      seems superior to a linear model recently proposed. Using this model in a
      computer program for describing the mood data of a large sample of psychiatric
      inpatients, significant and clinically meaningful group differences between the
      mood curves of schizophrenic, endogenous depressive, and neurotic depressive
      inpatients could be demonstrated. The application of this methodology might be
      helpful among others in the field of evaluative research.

PMID- 2898493
TI  - ADA and Foundation command strong presence in international dietetics.

PMID- 2898492
TI  - Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in agoraphobia.
AB  - In order to evaluate hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in agoraphobia, the
      authors administered the self-rated Illness Attitude Scales to 18 agoraphobic
      patients. The patients reported hypochondriacal concerns similar to those of
      patients with hypochondriasis. After agoraphobia had been treated with exposure
      therapy in ten patients, hypochondriacal concerns did not differ significantly
      from those of normals. The findings suggest that hypochondriacal concerns are
      substantial in agoraphobia and that these wane when anxiety decreases.

PMID- 2898494
TI  - UCLA geriatric grand rounds. Hypertension in the elderly.

PMID- 2898495
TI  - Complementary distribution of carbamoylphosphate synthetase (ammonia) and
      glutamine synthetase in rat liver acinus is regulated at a pretranslational
      level.
AB  - We studied the distribution of the mRNAs for carbamoylphosphate synthetase
      (ammonia) and glutamine synthetase in frozen sections of adult rat liver by in
      situ hybridization to [35S]-labeled cDNA probes. The density of silver grains
      resulting from hybridization to the labeled cDNA probe for carbamoylphosphate
      synthetase is highest around the portal venules, decreases towards the central
      venule, and is virtually absent from an area two to three cells wide that lines
      the central venules in which mRNA for glutamine synthetase is predominantly
      localized. Therefore, both mRNAs show the same complementary distribution within
      the liver acinus that was found for the proteins they encode, demonstrating that
      compartmentalization of the expression of these enzymes is controlled at a
      pretranslational level. In addition, we found that carbamoylphosphate synthetase
      mRNA is present mainly in the epithelium of the crypts of the proximal part of
      the small intestine, whereas carbamoylphosphate synthetase protein is present in
      the epithelium of both crypts and villi.

PMID- 2898496
TI  - Lateral olivocochlear neurons contain both enkephalin and dynorphin
      immunoreactivities: immunocytochemical co-localization studies.
AB  - Antibodies to methionine enkephalin and to dynorphin B were used in an
      immunocytochemical study examining co-containment of enkephalins and dynorphins
      in olivocochlear neurons in the guinea pig lateral superior olive. Two methods of
      sequential co-localization were employed: one using primary antibodies from
      different species, the second using elution of antibodies. Co-localization of
      enkephalin-like and dynorphin-like immunoreactivities was found in lateral
      olivocochlear neurons, suggesting co-containment of enkephalins and dynorphins in
      this projection pathway from the lateral superior olive to the organ of Corti.

PMID- 2898497
TI  - Copper-H2O2 oxidation strikingly improves silver intensification of the nickel
      diaminobenzidine (Ni-DAB) end-product of the peroxidase reaction.
AB  - We propose an improved silver procedure for intensification of peroxidase
      staining. It utilizes the high argyrophilia of polymerized Ni-DAB as a chromogen
      of peroxidase histochemistry, and the capacity of Cu++-catalyzed H2O2 oxidation
      to suppress tissue argyrophilia without influencing the argyrophilia of the
      polymerized Ni-DAB. This procedure is much more effective than any previously
      proposed intensification technique. When used in somatostatin histochemistry, it
      reveals perikarya, fibers, and nerve terminals in locations at which they have
      never been detected in preparations where only the DAB polymer was silver
      intensified.

PMID- 2898498
TI  - Procedures and experiences with preoperative skin preparation in Sweden.
AB  - The current situation with preoperative skin preparation in Sweden is described.
      Patients are given two preoperative washes with chlorhexidine scrub, and are sent
      to theatre on a clean bed, so no extra linen is required. Wound infection rates
      are acceptably low, and use of chlorhexidine has also assisted in reduction of
      infection associated with central venous catheters. Use of chlorhexidine scrub is
      recommended to help healing of infected wounds.

PMID- 2898499
TI  - Preoperative whole body disinfection--a controlled clinical study.
AB  - Preoperative whole body washing with chlorhexidine scrub was compared with soap
      for its effect on prevention of wound infection in clean surgery. Two thousand
      and fifteen patients were studied using chlorhexidine scrub, placebo or plain
      soap. The overall infection rate in the control and placebo groups was 12.8% (p
      less than 0.05) and 11.7% as opposed to 9% (p less than 0.05) in the treated
      group. Three per cent fewer infections were found in treated 'clean surgery'
      patients, and the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections was reduced from
      6% (bar soap) to 3% (chlorhexidine). The saving in bed occupancy from prevention
      of infection is a significant cost-saving.

PMID- 2898500
TI  - Studies on perioperative skin flora.
AB  - Chlorhexidine in spirit is used to reduce the skin bacterial load before surgery;
      and recently prewashing with chlorhexidine scrub has been advocated. We describe
      three studies on cardio-thoracic surgical patients--particularly those having
      coronary artery grafts with long leg and sternal wounds. Two studies compared
      prewashes with chlorhexidine scrub (Hibiscrub-ICI) or soap. Study Number One (250
      patients per group) was of wound infections; and Number Two (25 patients per
      group) was of alterations in skin flora for 10 days postoperation. Chlorhexidine
      scrub failed to reduce overall wound infection rates in Study 1, although leg
      wounds healed more quickly with less inflammation. Study Two showed that the
      scrub had a significant effect on skin flora that lasted at least 3 days
      postoperation. Study Number Three was of 100 patients (no chlorhexidine scrub)
      examined for methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRSE) by
      cultures of swabs from the leg, sternum and chest drain site before and after
      operation on methicillin agar. Three per cent of patients had MRSE preoperation
      (1 doctor) and 23% postoperation. One thousand strains were tested by agar
      dilution against methicillin and chlorhexidine. MRSE had a 2-8-fold increased
      resistance to chlorhexidine compared to a greater than 256-fold to methicillin.
      Thus although chlorhexidine has a marked persistent effect on skin flora,
      emergence of major resistance is unlikely. Use of postoperative chlorhexidine
      should be investigated further.

PMID- 2898501
TI  - Preoperative skin preparation and surgical outcome.
AB  - The use of antiseptics in surgery from Lister to the present day is described. A
      review of current procedures for preoperative preparation for surgery is given;
      and some data showing that the effect of chlorhexidine on skin flora is
      persistent is recorded.

PMID- 2898502
TI  - Current thoughts on Staphylococcus epidermidis in vascular surgery.
AB  - Staphylococcus epidermidis (CNS) is a major cause of infection in peripheral
      vascular surgery. It occurs as commonly in vascular prostheses as in orthopaedic,
      cardiac and neurosurgical implants. Greater awareness of the possible presence of
      CNS in initially indolent infections, particularly in the groin, is necessary.
      More rapid isolation and identification techniques to separate the contaminant
      from the pathogenic CNS are needed. It seems that better preoperative antiseptic
      care of vascular patients may reduce the tendency for even 24 h cephalosporin
      prophylaxis to encourage the emergence of resistant CNS strains.

PMID- 2898503
TI  - Prevention of intraoperative wound contamination with chlorhexidine shower and
      scrub.
AB  - In a prospective, controlled, clinical trial, we found that preoperative
      showering and scrubbing with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate was more effective than
      povidone-iodine or triclocarban medicated soap in reducing skin colonization at
      the site of surgical incision. Mean log colony counts of the incision site were
      one half to one log lower for patients who showered with chlorhexidine compared
      to those who showered with the other regimens. No growth was observed on 43% of
      the post shower skin cultures from patients in the chlorhexidine group compared
      with 16% of the cultures from patients who had povidone-iodine showers and 5% of
      those from patients who used medicated soap and water. The frequency of positive
      intraoperative wound cultures was 4% with chlorhexidine, 9% with povidone-iodine
      and 14% with medicated soap and water. This study demonstrates that chlorhexidine
      gluconate is a more effective skin disinfectant than either povidone-iodine or
      triclocarban soap and water and that its use is associated with lower rates of
      intraoperative wound contamination.

PMID- 2898504
TI  - The Ig kappa L chain allelic groups among the Ig kappa haplotypes and Ig kappa
      crossover populations suggest a gene order.
AB  - The Ig kappa complex locus of inbred mice found on chromosome 6 contains one
      constant (C kappa), five joining (J kappa), and 100 to 300 variable (V kappa)
      exons and spans an estimated 500 to 2000 kbp of DNA. The V kappa exons are
      organized into groups of highly homologous coding regions (approximately 300 bp)
      separated by approximately 10 kbp of intervening sequence. A group contains from
      1 to 30 or more exons (exon refers to uninterrupted coding region DNA which is
      capable of encoding all or part of V kappa gene) that can be detected with
      specific DNA probes in conjunction with restriction endonuclease fragments (REF)
      from genomic DNA. Thirteen DNA probes specific for different V kappa exon groups
      and one DNA probe specific for J kappa and C kappa exons were used in conjunction
      with 55 inbred strains in an attempt to detect RFLP that could be used to
      establish Ig kappa allelic groups and Ig kappa haplotypes. Each probe detected
      two to four different REF patterns (allelic groups) among the panel of inbred
      mice examined. Size estimates of the REF were made, and each probe detected 4.2
      to 107.7 kbp of DNA, including faint REF, 675.6 to 723.6 kbp of DNA could be
      detected within a single haplotype. Based on these allelic groups, seven
      haplotypes were identified among the 55 inbred strains of mice. No subline
      differences were detected, and the distribution of allelic groups implied common
      ancestry among many of the inbred strains examined. The DNA probes were also used
      in conjunction with recombinant inbred, congenic strains and backcross
      populations of mice. By using the analysis of known Ig kappa r populations, and
      assuming a common ancestry among the inbred strains, a gene order was predicted:
      Centromere-Hd-(Ig kappa-V11, Ig kappa-V24, Ig kappa-V9-26)-(Ig kappa-V1, Ig kappa
      V9)-(Ig kappa-V4, Ig kappa-V8, Ig kappa-V10, Ig kappa-V12, 13, Ig kappa-V19)-(Ig
      kappa-V28, Rn7s-6)-Ig kappa-V23-(Ig kappa-V21, Ig kappa-J, Ig kappa-C)-(Ly2, Ly3)
      wa-1.

PMID- 2898505
TI  - Slot-machine mutagenesis of a polymorphic residue on the A kappa alpha-chain.
AB  - This study explores the limitations on variability at a polymorphic position of
      an MHC class II molecule. Using a convenient and rapid method termed "slot
      machine mutagenesis," we have converted Glu75 on the A kappa-chain to 15
      alternative amino acids. This residue is of interest because it is an
      immunodominant site on the A kappa alpha chain and because it participates in
      certain T cell epitopes. The wild-type and mutant A kappa alpha cDNA were
      transfected into L cells (together with the A kappa beta cDNA and a selection
      marker), and transfectants displaying high surface levels of the A kappa complex
      were selected and expanded. We sought to examine three questions: what is the
      effect of these mutations on the expression and overall conformation of the A
      alpha: A beta complex? How do these diverse mutations influence mAb epitopes for
      which Glu75 makes a direct contribution to specificity? Do such substitutions
      affect T cell recognition of the A kappa alpha:A kappa beta complex? The answers
      to these three questions are quite different. Position 75 of the A alpha chain
      can accommodate essentially all chemically divergent amino acids without major
      consequences for expression and overall A alpha:A beta structure. In contrast,
      mAb that recognize Glu75-dependent epitopes are extremely particular about the
      amino acid residing at this position. T cells are less fastidious: those that are
      affected by the mutations still recognize a number of substitutions. These data
      emphasize the tolerance of MHC molecules to evolutionary tampering.

PMID- 2898506
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity and cytotoxic activity of Con A and IL-2-stimulated
      cultures of mouse Thy-1+ epidermal cells.
AB  - Short-term and long-term cultures of mouse Thy-1+ epidermal cells (EC) were
      established in order to characterize their phenotypic and functional properties.
      Concanavalin A (Con A) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) stimulated Thy-1+ EC mediated non
      MHC directed cytotoxicity preferentially against the NK-sensitive target, YAC-1
      vs the NK-resistant target, P815; these cells also mediated antibody-dependent
      cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), indicating the presence of IgG-FcR on at least
      some of them. Freshly isolated Thy-1+ EC failed to lyse YAC-1 targets; however,
      this activity was observed after 9 d of culture with Con A and IL-2. While
      dendritic Thy-1+ EC, in vivo, do not express the T-cell markers, L3T4 and Lyt-2,
      short-term cultured cells displayed phenotypic heterogeneity with small but
      significant percentages of Lyt-2+ and L3T4+ cells appearing transiently. The
      phenotype of the effector cell(s), which mediates cytotoxic activity, was
      determined by utilizing flow cytometry to sort short-term cultured EC into
      positively and negatively stained populations. Cells which express L3T4, or which
      lack asialo GM1, did not lyse YAC-1 targets; maximum cytotoxic activity was found
      within populations of cells which are asialo GM1+, Lyt-2-, and asialo GM1+, Lyt
      2+. These studies indicate that Thy-1+ cells derived from mouse epidermis when
      cultured in the presence of Con A and IL-2 have the capacity to generate a
      phenotypically heterogeneous population, some cells of which are capable of
      mediating cytotoxic activities.

PMID- 2898508
TI  - Downregulation of cell adhesion molecules LFA-3 and ICAM-1 in Epstein-Barr virus
      positive Burkitt's lymphoma underlies tumor cell escape from virus-specific T
      cell surveillance.
AB  - Some EBV+ BL cell lines continue to grow as single cells on in vitro passage,
      show an unusually restricted expression of EBV-latent genes and retain a BL
      biopsy-like cell surface phenotype (group I/II lines); others change to growth in
      aggregates, show a broader pattern of virus latent gene expression, and develop a
      cell surface phenotype more characteristic of EBV-transformed LCL (group III
      lines). Here we show that the cell surface adhesion molecules LFA-1, ICAM-1, and
      LFA-3 are expressed at very low levels, if at all, on group I/II lines and are
      coordinately upregulated as BL lines move towards group III. The change to growth
      in aggregates reflects the increasing availability of LFA-1 and ICAM-1, the two
      ligands whose mutual interaction underlies homotypic BL cell adhesion in vitro.
      The low levels of ICAM-1 and LFA-3 on group I/II BL cell lines are also
      associated with an impaired ability to interact with EBV-specific CTL in the
      antigen-independent phase of effector/target conjugation. mAb blocking studies
      show that the small number of conjugates that are formed with group I/II BL
      targets involve the LFA-1/ICAM-1 adhesion pathway but not the LFA-3 pathway; in
      contrast, both pathways contribute to the efficient conjugate formation shown by
      group III BL or LCL targets. Earlier work identified one group III line, WW1 BL,
      as unusual since is expressed the full spectrum of EBV-latent proteins yet
      remained insensitive to lysis by EBV-specific CTL. Here we show that this line
      has an anomalous pattern of adhesion molecule expression with high levels of LFA
      1 and ICAM-1 in the absence of detectable LFA-3. The WW1 BL cells form conjugates
      with EBV-specific CTL through the LFA-1/ICAM-1 pathway, but in the absence of a
      target LFA-3/effector CD2 interaction these conjugates do not achieve target cell
      lysis. This may reflect an important role for target LFA-3 molecules in
      activating EBV-specific CTL function. From these in vitro studies, we postulate
      that downregulation of the adhesion molecules LFA-3 and ICAM-1 on EBV+ BL
      underlies the ability of the malignant clone to evade EBV-specific T cell
      surveillance in vivo.

PMID- 2898507
TI  - The Ebner glands: a pancreatic-like gland secreting an acid lipase. Secretory
      regulation in vitro.
AB  - The lingual serous glands of rat tongue, the Ebner glands, secrete a potent acid
      lipase that acts in the stomach where it initiates the digestion of dietary fat.
      The factors affecting its secretion were studied 'in vitro' on Ebner slices. The
      lipolytic activity was measured in the incubation medium using tributyrine as
      substrate and by titration at pH: 5.4. Cholecystokinin (10(-9) M) and carbachol
      (10(-5) M) efficiently stimulated lipase secretion (3 fold over basal rate). The
      parasympathetic agent triggered secretion involving a calcium dependent system.
      Atropin (10(-4) M) blocked this cholinergic effect by about 40%. Lipase secretion
      was stimulated by epinephrine and isoproterenol. Propranolol (beta-antagonist)
      inhibited the adrenergic stimulation, while phentolamine was ineffective. The
      inhibitory effect of the selective beta 1-antagonist (Betaxolol) and the lack of
      effect of the selective beta 2-antagonist (ICI 118551) suggest the participation
      of beta 1-adrenoceptors in the secretion mechanism.

PMID- 2898509
TI  - Reactive arthritis following a sting by a Portuguese man-of-war.

PMID- 2898510
TI  - Astrocytic responses to the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in cat and mouse brain.
AB  - Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry was used as a selective
      marker for regional reactive gliosis in the striatum and ventral mesencephalon in
      cats and mice exposed to the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine. Thirty mice (C-57 black strain) were injected with 30 mg/kg
      intraperitoneally (IP) MPTP.HCl for seven days. Five adult cats were injected
      with 10 mg/kg IP MPTP.HCl for seven days. Animals were killed five to seven days
      after the last MPTP injection. Reactive gliosis was observed throughout the mouse
      striatum but not in the substantia nigra. In contrast, reactive gliosis was
      topographically represented in the cat caudate nucleus with a dorsal-ventral and
      medial-lateral gradient evident. Gliosis was also observed in the putamen and the
      substantia nigra, pars compacta. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry
      revealed a loss of dopamine in the mouse striatum but no loss of substantia nigra
      neurons. Nigral neurons were destroyed in the cat. These results suggest that
      MPTP may destroy nigrostriatal dopamine cell bodies and terminals in the cat
      while destruction in the mouse is at least initially confined to striatal
      terminals.

PMID- 2898511
TI  - Synaptic and intrinsic responses of medical entorhinal cortical cells in normal
      and magnesium-free medium in vitro.
AB  - 1. Extracellular recordings were made from slices of hippocampus plus
      parahippocampal regions maintained in vitro. Field potentials, recorded in the
      entorhinal cortex after stimulation in the subiculum, resembled those observed in
      vivo. 2. Washout of magnesium from the slices resulted in paroxysmal events which
      resembled those occurring during sustained seizures in vivo. These events were
      greatest in amplitude and duration in layers IV/V of the medial entorhinal cortex
      and could occur both spontaneously and in response to subicular stimulation.
      Spontaneous seizure-like events were not prevented by severing the connections
      between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, but much smaller and shorter
      events occurring in the dentate gyrus were stopped by this manipulation. Both
      spontaneous and evoked paroxysmal events were blocked by perfusion with the N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2
      AP5). 3. Neurons in layers IV/V were characterized by intracellular recording.
      Injection of depolarizing current in most cells evoked a train of nondecrementing
      action potentials with only weak spike frequency accommodation and little or no
      posttrain after hyperpolarization. 4. A small number of cells displayed burst
      response when depolarized by positive current. The burst consisted of a slow
      depolarization with superimposed action potentials which decreased in amplitude
      and increased in duration during the discharge. The burst was terminated by a
      strong after hyperpolarization and thereafter, during prolonged current pulses a
      train of nondecrementing spikes occurred. The burst response remained if the cell
      was held at hyperpolarized levels but was inactivated by holding the cell at a
      depolarized level. 5. Depolarizing synaptic potentials could be evoked by
      stimulation in the subiculum. A delayed and prolonged depolarization clearly
      decremented with membrane hyperpolarization and, occasionally, increased with
      depolarization. 6. Washout of magnesium from the slices resulted in an
      enhancement of the late depolarization and a reversal of its voltage dependence.
      Eventually a single shock to the subiculum evoked a large all-or-none paroxysmal
      depolarization associated with a massive increase in membrane conductance.
      Similar events occurred spontaneously in all cells tested. The paroxysmal
      depolarizations, both spontaneous and evoked, were rapidly blocked by 2-AP5. 7.
      It is concluded that medial entorhinal cortical cells possess several intrinsic
      and synaptic properties which confer an extreme susceptibility to generation of
      sustained seizure activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2898512
TI  - Seizures induce dramatic and distinctly different changes in enkephalin,
      dynorphin, and CCK immunoreactivities in mouse hippocampal mossy fibers.
AB  - Light microscopic immunocytochemical techniques were used to evaluate the
      influence of recurrent limbic seizure activity on the immunoreactivity for 3
      neuropeptides--enkephalin, dynorphin, and cholecystokinin (CCK)--contained within
      the mouse hippocampal mossy fiber axonal system. Seizures were induced either by
      the placement of a small unilateral electrolytic lesion in the dentate gyrus
      hilus or by intraventricular injection of kainic acid. Both treatments induce
      epileptiform activity in hippocampus lasting several hours. Four days after
      either lesion placement or injection of 0.05-0.1 microgram kainic acid,
      immunoreactivity for all 3 peptides was altered throughout the intact mossy fiber
      system, bilaterally, but in distinctly different ways: enkephalin
      immunoreactivity (ENK-I) was dramatically elevated, dynorphin immunoreactivity
      was reduced, and CCK immunoreactivity (CCK-I) was either severely reduced or
      completely absent in the mossy fiber system. ENK-I was also clearly increased in
      other areas, including the lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and within the
      entorhinal (perforant path) efferents to temporal hippocampus. In contrast, the
      loss of CCK seemed restricted to the mossy fiber system in that immunostaining
      appeared normal in scattered hippocampal perikarya, within the dentate gyrus
      commissural system, as well as within other limbic structures. Four days after
      injections of 0.2 or 0.25 microgram kainic acid, mossy fiber ENK-I was greatly
      elevated, dynorphin immunoreactivity was reduced, but, unlike the situation with
      lower kainic acid doses, CCK-I was only modestly reduced in the mossy fibers and
      was clearly reduced in other hippocampal systems as well. These data indicate
      that epileptiform physiological activity differentially affects the regulation of
      3 neuroactive peptides contained within the hippocampal mossy fiber system and
      suggest a mechanism through which seizurelike episodes can have a lasting
      influence on the operation of specific hippocampal circuitries.

PMID- 2898514
TI  - Locomotion produced in mesencephalic cats by injections of putative transmitter
      substances and antagonists into the medial reticular formation and the
      pontomedullary locomotor strip.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of cells in the
      medial reticular formation (MRF) and the pontomedullary locomotor strip (PLS),
      which can induce locomotion when activated. Controlled microinjections of
      neuroactive substances (Goodchild et al., 1982) into the MRF or PLS were made in
      order to activate cell bodies in those areas. The ability of trigeminal receptive
      field stimulation to induce locomotion before and after drug infusion into the
      PLS was also assessed since the PLS and the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal
      nerve are similar in their anatomical distribution. Experiments were performed on
      precollicular-postmamillary decerebrate cats walking on a treadmill. Injections
      of glutamic acid (GA; 500 nmol) into the MRF produced locomotion that was
      antagonized by infusion of glutamic acid diethyl ester into the same spot.
      Decreases in the current threshold for locomotion produced by electrical
      stimulation of the MRF were observed when the MRF was infused with either GA (40
      80 nmol), DL-homocysteic acid (DL-HCA; 200 nmol), or picrotoxin (PIC; 15 nmol).
      Injections of GA (100 nmol), DL-HCA (700 nmol), PIC (10-50 nmol), and substance P
      (2 nmol) into the PLS also produced locomotion. Locomotion produced by injections
      of PIC into the PLS was blocked by infusion of equal amounts of muscimol or GABA.
      Effective PLS injection sites were all confined to the trigeminal spinal nucleus
      or immediately ventral and medial to this in the adjacent lateral reticular
      formation. Trigeminal nerve peripheral field stimulation evoked locomotion after
      microinjection of PIC into the PLS, although this same facial stimulus was not
      effective prior to drug injection. We conclude that the MRF and PLS regions of
      the cat brain stem contain cells that produce locomotion when chemically
      stimulated, and we suggest that the PLS is closely related to or synonymous with
      the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Furthermore, we suggest that
      stimulation of trigeminal afferents is analogous to stimulation of segmental
      afferent pathways in the production of locomotion (Sherrington, 1910; Jankowska
      et al., 1967; Afelt, 1970; Budakova, 1972; Grillner and Zangger, 1979).

PMID- 2898513
TI  - Comparison of primary afferent and glutamate excitation of neurons in the
      mammalian spinal dorsal horn.
AB  - The actions of L-glutamate and agonists, agents blocking their membrane receptors
      and dorsal root afferent volleys, were compared on intracellularly recorded
      neuronal activity in an in vitro horizontal slice preparation of the hamster
      spinal dorsal horn. Bath-applied L-glutamate or L-aspartate (less than or equal
      to 1 mM) rapidly depolarized and excited less than a third of the dorsal horn
      neurons sampled. Bathing solutions containing low Ca2+ eliminated synaptic
      transmission in the slices but failed to block the excitatory effects of L
      glutamate for the majority of the neurons tested. N-Acetylaspartylglutamate had
      no effect on dorsal horn neurons at concentrations up to 1 mM. Neurons excited by
      L-glutamate were most commonly located in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I
      and II). Neurons insensitive to L-glutamate were more broadly distributed, with a
      number being located in laminae III-V. Kynurenic acid, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric
      acid, and 2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid selectively antagonized rapid, short
      lasting synaptic components of the dorsal cord potentials. Kynurenic acid
      reversibly antagonized intracellularly recorded L-glutamate-induced excitation,
      spontaneous synaptic potentials, and fast synaptic potentials evoked by dorsal
      root volleys. Compounds with strong antagonist actions at the NMDA receptor, 2
      amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid and D-alpha-aminoadipic acid, were much less
      effective in suppressing the effects of L-glutamate or in blocking synaptic
      potentials. We conclude that a subset of spinal neurons directly excited by
      dorsal root fibers have excitatory membrane receptors activated by L-glutamate.
      This conclusion is consistent with the concept that L-glutamate or a substance
      binding to the receptors it activates is released from the central terminals of
      some primary afferent fibers and mediates fast synaptic transmission from them to
      certain spinal neurons in the dorsal horn.

PMID- 2898516
TI  - Characterization and regional distribution of glutamatergic and cholinergic
      ligand binding sites in goldfish brain.
AB  - The binding of several ligands that selectively interact with glutamate receptor
      subtypes was characterized in extensively washed synaptosomal membrane
      preparations from goldfish brain. The binding affinity (Kd), an estimate of the
      number of sites (Bmax), the rank-order potency of glutamatergic ligands at
      inhibiting binding, and the regional localization of binding sites were
      determined. In whole brain preparations, 3H-kainate had a Kd of 136 nM and a Bmax
      of 63 pmol/mg protein, 3H-AMPA had a Kd of 26 nM and a Bmax of 0.4 pmol/mg
      protein, and 3H-L-glutamate bound with an apparent affinity of 323 nM and a Bmax
      of 5 pmol/mg protein. Most of the binding sites for each of the glutamate analogs
      were present in the cortex and the fewest were in the cerebellum, except for 3H
      kainate binding sites, which were most prevalent in the cerebellum and least
      abundant in the cortex. The proposed neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      (nAChR) ligands 3H-(-)nicotine and 125I-alpha-Bgt were also investigated. 125I
      alpha-Bgt had a Kd of 0.08 nM and a Bmax of 132 fmol/mg protein. 3H-(-)nicotine
      did not bind to the extensively washed membrane preparations, so a less
      stringently washed P2 tissue fraction was used. In this tissue preparation, 3H-(
      )nicotine had a Kd of 9 nM and a Bmax of 84 fmol/mg protein. Eye removal resulted
      in a time-dependent decrease in the number of 3H-(-)nicotine and 125I-alpha-Bgt
      binding sites in the contralateral optic tectum, but no reduction in the number
      of binding sites for any of the glutamatergic ligands. The results suggest that
      both 3H-(-)nicotine and 125I-alpha-Bgt binding sites are similarly regulated in
      the optic tectum, which supports previously reported data indicating that the
      binding sites are located on closely related proteins or may, at least partially,
      be colocalized on the same protein (Henley and Oswald, 1987).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898515
TI  - Outgrowth-regulating actions of glutamate in isolated hippocampal pyramidal
      neurons.
AB  - The present study examined the effects of glutamate on the outgrowth of dendrites
      and axons in isolated hippocampal pyramidal-like neurons in cell culture. During
      the first day of culture the survival and outgrowth of these neurons was
      unaffected by high concentrations (up to 1 nM) of glutamate, quisqualic acid
      (QA), kainic acid (KA), and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid. Beginning on day 2 of
      culture high levels of glutamate, KA and QA were toxic to the majority of
      pyramidal neurons, while subtoxic levels of these agents caused a well-defined,
      dose-dependent, sequence of effects on dendritic outgrowth. At increasing
      concentrations of glutamate, QA, and KA, the following events were observed: (1)
      dendritic outgrowth rates were reduced, while axonal elongation rates were
      unaffected; (2) dendritic length was reduced, while axons continued to grow; (3)
      dendrites regressed dramatically, and axonal outgrowth rate was reduced. These
      dendrite-specific effects of glutamate were apparently mediated at the growth
      cones since focal application of glutamate to individual dendritic growth cones
      resulted in suppression of growth cone activity and a regression of the dendrite;
      axons were unaffected by focal glutamate application. Pharmacological tests using
      glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists demonstrated that receptors of the
      KA/QA type mediated the glutamate effects on outgrowth and survival. The calcium
      channel blocker Co2+ prevented both glutamate neurotoxicity and glutamate-induced
      dendritic regression. Ionophore A23187 and elevations in extracellular K+ levels
      each caused a dose-dependent series of outgrowth and survival responses similar
      to those caused by glutamate. Taken together, these results indicate that
      activation of glutamate receptors leads to the opening of voltage-dependent
      calcium channels; the resulting increases in calcium influx lead to the observed
      alterations in dendritic outgrowth and neuronal survival.

PMID- 2898517
TI  - Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in identified neuronal populations of insect
      nervous systems.
AB  - Glutamate is considered to be the most likely transmitter candidate at excitatory
      synapses onto skeletal muscles of insects. We investigated the distribution of
      glutamate-like immunoreactivity (Glu-LI) in identified motor neurons of
      glutaraldehyde-fixed metathoracic ganglia of the locust in paraffin serial
      sections. The presumably glutamatergic fast and slow extensor tibiae motor
      neurons show Glu-LI, whereas other cells, including the GABAergic common
      inhibitory motor neurons and the cluster of octopaminergic dorsal unpaired median
      cells, show rather low levels of staining. Immunoreactivity of the fast extensor
      tibiae motor neuron is located in soma, neurites, axon, and the terminal
      arborizations. A double-labeling experiment on sections of the locust
      metathoracic ganglion showed that antisera against glutamate and GABA
      discriminate between the presumably glutamatergic and GABAergic motor neurons and
      that GABA-LI-positive neurons are low in Glu-LI. The results suggest that Glu-LI
      can be used as a marker for detecting potential glutamatergic neurons in insects
      under the present conditions. Application of the glutamate antiserum to sections
      of the honeybee brain revealed Glu-LI in motor neurons but also in certain
      interneurons. The most prominent populations of Glu-LI-positive cells were the
      monopolar cells and large ocellar interneurons, which are first-order
      interneurons of the visual and ocellar system. Several groups of descending
      interneurons also showed Glu-LI. The distributions of Glu-LI and GABA-LI are
      complementary in locust and bee ganglia. The high level of Glu-LI in certain
      interneuronal populations, as well as in identified glutamatergic motor neurons,
      suggests that insect central nervous systems may contain glutamatergic neuronal
      pathways.

PMID- 2898518
TI  - Therapeutic basis in cryptorchidism. A clinical and experimental study.

PMID- 2898520
TI  - Surgical repair of the foot with muscle transposition. A case report.

PMID- 2898519
TI  - Crohn's disease of the esophagus: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Esophageal involvement with Crohn's disease has been rarely reported and
      pathologic documentation of granulomatous disease is often missing. A 12-year-old
      boy who presented initially with dysphagia, odynophagia, and weight loss was
      found to have granulomatous esophagitis, gastritis, and subsequent colitis by
      endoscopic examination. Esophageal manometry showed a hypertensive lower
      esophageal sphincter with normal peristalsis and sphincter relaxation. The
      esophageal symptoms responded to oral steroids and sulfasalazine without any
      specific treatment for acid peptic disease. This case is the youngest reported
      patient with Crohn's disease of the esophagus. A review of the medical literature
      illustrates salient clinical, radiographic, endoscopic, and pathologic features
      of esophageal involvement in Crohn's disease. This case and the summarized cases
      emphasize the potential significance of esophageal symptoms in patients with
      Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2898521
TI  - Local actions of trimebutine maleate in canine small intestine.
AB  - A study of the local actions of trimebutine (TMB) maleate and its N-diesmethyl
      metabolite (TMB-M) was carried out in the gastrointestinal tract of anesthetized
      dogs. In the unstimulated small intestine, but not in the stomach or colon, i.a.
      TMB and TMB-M caused activation of circular muscle. Like the activation by i.a.
      [Met5]-enkephalin, this was antagonized by naloxone. In field-stimulated segments
      of stomach and small intestine circular muscle, TMB or TMB-M, like dynorphin-1-13
      or [Met5]-enkephalin, inhibited the phasic and tonic contractions which were
      mediated mostly by cholinergic, postganglionic nerves. However, the inhibitory
      effects of dynorphin-1-13 or [Met5]-enkephalin on small intestine were
      antagonized by naloxone whereas those of TMB sometimes or those of TMB-M usually
      were not. TMB or TMB-M did not affect responses to i.a. acetylcholine, but high
      doses reduced the contractile responses to subsequent field stimulation and
      excitatory responses to [Met5]-enkephalin. We concluded that the excitatory local
      actions of TMB or TMB-M on small intestine involved opioid receptors probably of
      the mu or delta types. Inhibitory local actions on nerve-mediated responses,
      however, may not have involved opioid receptors. Comparison of these data to
      results when TMB or TMB-M were given i.v. suggests that these agents also have
      peripheral actions to affect gastrointestinal motility at sites outside the
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2898522
TI  - Vasopressin inhibits sympathetic ganglionic transmission but potentiates
      sympathetic neuroeffector responses in hindlimb vasculature of rabbits.
AB  - To determine whether vasopressin (AVP) affects vasoconstrictor responses to
      electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves or i.a. norepinephrine (NE), changes
      in perfusion pressure were measured during lumbar sympathetic nerve stimulation
      (LSNS, 1-8 Hz), or administration of NE (50-200 ng), in the isolated constant
      flow perfused hind limb of chloralose-anesthetized rabbits (n = 7), before and
      after i.a. infusion of AVP (0.65 mU/kg/min). AVP significantly potentiated
      responses to LSNS (relative potency (RP) = 1.59) and to NE (RP = 5.17). The
      potentiation of LSNS and NE by AVP infusion was abolished by the AVP V1
      antagonist, d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP, 400 ng, total dose (n = 6). Because there was a
      significant difference between the RP of LSNS (stimulation of both preganglionic
      and postganglionic nerves) and NE (direct effect on the vascular smooth muscle),
      we verified whether this difference might represent disparate actions of AVP on
      the ganglia and/or sympathetic neuroeffector sites. To evaluate responses to
      stimulating only the postganglionic sympathetic nerves, we repeated the above
      study in animals pretreated with a supramaximal dose of the ganglionic blocking
      agent hexamethonium (25 mg/kg i.v.). After ganglionic blockade the responses to
      LSNS were reduced to 22% of control. In the presence of ganglionic blockade, AVP
      potentiated responses to LSNS (RP = 4.09) (n = 6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2898523
TI  - Elevation of serum prolactin and corticosterone concentrations in the rat after
      the administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
AB  - The racemic mixture of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which has been
      reported to produce selective destruction of serotonergic neurons in the central
      nervous system, was studied to determine its neuroendocrine and temperature
      effects and mechanism of action. MDMA elevated serum concentrations of
      corticosterone in doses ranging from 3 to 20 mg/kg administered i.p. Serum
      corticosterone concentrations were elevated 30 min after the administration of
      MDMA (10 mg/kg i.p.) and remained elevated 4 hr later. Serum prolactin (PRL)
      concentrations were elevated by administration of MDMA in doses ranging from 1 to
      20 mg/kg i.p., and were maximal 60 min after the injection of 10 mg/kg i.p.,
      declining rapidly over the next 4 hr. MDMA also significantly elevated the body
      temperature of rats maintained at ambient (23 degrees C) temperature. MDMA
      induced corticosterone secretion and hyperthermia were blocked by the 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists, ketanserin and mianserin, which have a high
      affinity for 5-HT2 binding sites. Conversely, neither (-)-pindolol, a beta
      antagonist that also blocks 5-HT1A-mediated responses, nor the nonspecific 5-HT
      antagonists, cyproheptadine and metergoline, had an effect on MDMA-induced
      corticosterone secretion. None of the 5-HT antagonists blocked MDMA-induced PRL
      secretion. Pretreatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.) 16 hr before MDMA
      administration significantly blunted the effect of MDMA on corticosterone but not
      PRL secretion. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (150 mg/kg i.p.) for 3
      days depleted cortical and hypothalamic 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid by
      approximately 80% and significantly attenuated MDMA-induced corticosterone and
      PRL secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898524
TI  - Effects of an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist on angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitor-induced hypotension and potentiated allergen-evoked inflammatory skin
      responses.
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been demonstrated to possess
      proinflammatory properties. Persistent cough and increased broncho-obstruction
      have been reported frequently in hypertensive subjects on ACE inhibitor therapy.
      We have studied the effect of an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, on MK
      422 (active parent diacid of enalapril)-induced hypotension and potentiated
      inflammatory skin responses in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. Clonidine was
      found to abolish dose-dependently MK 422-potentiated ovalbumin-evoked
      inflammatory dermal responses and it possesses additive hypotensive effects when
      combined with the ACE inhibitor. It would therefore be interesting to evaluate
      further alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and ACE inhibitors in a combination therapy
      in humans when single drug antihypertensive therapy of the drugs is insufficient.

PMID- 2898525
TI  - Beta adrenoceptors in the canine large coronary arteries: beta-1 adrenoceptors
      predominate in vasodilation.
AB  - Beta adrenoceptors of the canine large coronary artery were characterized by
      observing the effects of the subtype selective antagonists, metoprolol (beta-1)
      and ICI 118,551 (beta-2), on the vasodilator responses of isolated and perfused
      preparations to beta adrenoceptor agonists and in the radioligand binding assay.
      The integrity of the endothelium was checked by acetylcholine-induced
      vasodilations. Without any precontraction, isoproterenol, norepinephrine,
      epinephrine and procaterol (selective beta-2 agonist) dilated the canine large
      coronary artery pretreated with phentolamine (10(-5) M). The rank order of
      agonist potency was isoproterenol greater than norepinephrine greater than
      epinephrine greater than procaterol. The pA2 values for metoprolol and ICI
      118,551 were determined by the antagonisms of the vasodilator responses to
      isoproterenol and procaterol. The slopes of Schild plots for metoprolol and ICI
      118,551 against isoproterenol and the value for ICI 118,551 against procaterol
      were not significantly different from unity, but the value for metoprolol against
      procaterol was significantly less than unity. The pA2 value for metoprolol
      against isoproterenol was 7.48 and those values for ICI 118,551 against
      isoproterenol and procaterol was 7.19 and 7.25, respectively. These pA2 values
      are typical for beta-1 adrenoceptors. The beta adrenoceptors of the canine large
      coronary artery were examined further using an antagonist [125I]iodocyanopindolol
      as a ligand for the binding of beta adrenoceptors. The [125I]iodocyanopindolol
      binding to the canine coronary artery smooth muscle membrane was saturable with a
      KD of 63.7 pM and a total number of radioligand binding sites of 44 fmol/mg of
      protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898526
TI  - Cholinergic transmission in the superior cervical ganglion reinnervated by
      peripheral vagal stump cut below the nodose ganglion in cats.
AB  - In cats, the peripheral stump of the vagus nerve cut below the nodose ganglion
      was sutured with preganglionically denervated superior cervical ganglion (SCG).
      Cross-anastomosis were performed in a total of 23 cats, of which 21 survived. In
      20 cats, after 9 to 13 weeks of surgery, functional reinnervation of SCG by the
      vagus was established by contraction of the nictitating membrane in response to
      stimulation of the vagal preganglionic trunk. This contraction was reduced by the
      treatment with hexamethonium and atropine. Stimulation of the vagal preganglionic
      trunk caused release of acetylcholine into perfusate through the anastomosed SCG
      perfused with Kreb's solution. It is concluded that the vagal afferent fibers do
      reinnervate the preganglionically denervated SCG and the pharmacological nature
      of this reinnervated SCG is, at least in part, cholinergic.

PMID- 2898528
TI  - The post-receptor era or the receptor and beyond.

PMID- 2898527
TI  - [D-Pro10]-dynorphin(1-11) is a kappa-selective opioid analgesic in mice.
AB  - The synthetic opioid agonist [D-Pro10]-dynorphin(1-11) (DPDYN) binds kappa
      receptors with both high affinity and selectivity in vitro. We have examined the
      in vivo characteristics (i.e., analgesic properties) of the peptide in mice. The
      analgesic effects of i.c.v. administered DPDYN were determined in two nociceptive
      tests, involving thermal cutaneous (tail-flick) and chemical visceral (AcOH
      induced writhing) stimuli, in which mu and kappa receptors are known to be
      activated differentially. The antinociceptive action of DPDYN was compared with
      that of 1) morphine and U-50,488H, which are, respectively, the prototypical mu
      and kappa agonists, 2) dynorphin A which is the endogenous parent peptide and 3)
      Leu-enkephalin, which represents the N-terminal sequence of DPDYN. DPDYN did not
      show any activity against thermal stimulus but, in contrast, produced a dose
      related effect against chemical pain. In the AcOH-writhing test, there was no
      significant cross-tolerance between morphine and DPDYN in mice made tolerant to
      morphine. Pretreatment with low doses of s.c. naloxone (less than 1 mg/kg)
      antagonized completely the antinociceptive action of morphine but only partially
      reversed the analgesic action of DPDYN. In gastrointestinal studies, DPDYN as
      well as U-50,488H were ineffective (maximum effect lower than 25%) in inhibiting
      intestinal transit in mice, in contrast to morphine which produced a dose-related
      antitransit effect reaching 100%. These data indicate that the in vivo
      properties, and particularly analgesia, of i.c.v. administered DPDYN are mediated
      by a "non-mu" (presumably kappa) opioid receptor at the supraspinal level of the
      opioid system of the mouse.

PMID- 2898529
TI  - Differentiation of alpha-adrenergic receptors using pharmacological evaluation
      and molecular modeling of selective adrenergic agents.
AB  - Subtypes of alpha adrenergic receptors were studied using selective adrenergic
      agonists. A-53693, A-54741, and related compounds were evaluated for their
      affinity for alpha receptor subtypes using radioligand binding techniques.
      Efficacy and potency were also evaluated using in vitro bioassays of alpha-1
      receptors in rabbit aorta smooth muscle and alpha-2 receptors in the
      phenoxybenzamine-pretreated canine saphenous vein. Active and inactive compounds
      were then submitted for computer-assisted molecular modeling evaluation to
      ascertain the structural requirements for optimal potency and selectivity. Rigid
      catecholamines such as A-53693 display a high degree of selectivity for alpha-2
      compared to alpha-1 receptors, probably because of the unique regions of space at
      the ligand binding site occupied by active compounds. Imidazolines such as A
      54741 also interact with extremely high affinity and potency for alpha-2
      receptors, and to a lesser extent at alpha-1 receptors. The spatial domains
      occupied by phenethylamines and imidazolines differ, each having unique regions
      of permissable space at alpha receptors. Compounds such as A-53693 and A-54741
      are extremely useful probes of the molecular interactions of alpha agonistic
      compounds which will help in the design of even more selective drugs for alpha
      adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2898530
TI  - Modulation of ANP receptor-mediated cGMP accumulation by atrial natriuretic
      peptides and vasopressin in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - ANP receptor binding and desensitization were demonstrated in the A10 vascular
      smooth muscle cell (VSMC) line. Concomitantly, the ANP receptor coupled guanylate
      cyclase activity was reduced by the receptor down-regulation with ANP. The ANP
      stimulated cGMP accumulation is modulated by arginine-vasopressin, while the
      arginine-vasopressin mediated cAMP system remained unaffected by ANP. Results
      suggest negative coupling of arginine-vasopressin receptors to the guanylate
      cyclase activity, and indicate that the vasorelaxant activity of ANP might be
      regulated in part by arginine-vasopressin via specific receptor sites.

PMID- 2898531
TI  - Methotrexate analogues. 34. Replacement of the glutamate moiety in methotrexate
      and aminopterin by long-chain 2-aminoalkanedioic acids.
AB  - Eight previously unreported methotrexate (MTX) and aminopterin (AMT) analogues
      with the L-glutamate moiety replaced by DL-2-aminoalkanedioic acids containing up
      to 10 CH2 groups were synthesized from 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic or 4
      amino-4-deoxy-N10-formylpteroic acid. All the compounds were potent inhibitors of
      purified L1210 mouse leukemia dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), with IC50's of
      0.023-0.034 microM for the MTX analogues and 0.054-0.067 microM for the AMT
      analogues. The compounds were not substrates for, but were inhibitors of,
      partially purified mouse liver folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS). Activity was
      correlated with the number of CH2 groups in the side chain. The IC50's for
      inhibition of cell growth in culture by the chain-extended MTX analogues were
      0.016-0.64 microM against CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts and 0.0012-0.026 microM
      against L1210 mouse leukemia cells. However, the optimal chain length for growth
      inhibitory activity was species-dependent. Our results suggested that CEM cells
      were inhibited most actively by the analogue with nine CH2 groups, while L1210
      cells were most sensitive to the analogue with six CH2 groups. Among the AMT
      analogues, on the other hand, the most active compound against L1210 cells was
      the one with nine CH2 groups, which had an IC50 of 0.000 65 microM as compared
      with 0.0046 microM for MTX and 0.002 microM for AMT. A high degree of cross
      resistance was observed between MTX and the chain-extended compounds in two MTX
      resistant cell lines, CEM/MTX and L1210/R81. All the MTX analogues were active
      against L1210 leukemia in mice on a qd X 9 schedule, with optimal increases in
      lifespan (ILS) of 75-140%. Notwithstanding their high in vitro activity, the AMT
      analogues were more toxic and less therapeutically effective than MTX analogues
      of the same chain length even though neither series of compounds possessed FPGS
      substrate activity. These MTX and AMT analogues are an unusual group of compounds
      in that they retain the dicarboxylic acid structure of classical antifolates yet
      are more lipophilic than the parent compounds because they have more CH2 groups
      and are almost equivalent in vivo to MTX on the same schedule even though they do
      not form polyglutamates.

PMID- 2898532
TI  - cis-4-Carboxy-6-(mercaptomethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1 H)-one , a
      potent inhibitor of mammalian dihydroorotase.
AB  - A series of cis- and trans-4-carboxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones
      possessing either a carboxy, hydroxymethyl, or mercaptomethyl substituent at C-6
      were prepared and tested for their ability to inhibit mammalian dihydroorotase.
      Of these compounds, only the cis-6-mercaptomethyl compound, cis-1, was found to
      be a potent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (Ki = 140 nM at pH 7.4 and 8.5)
      when assayed in the direction of dihydro-L-orotate hydrolysis. These results
      suggest that the inhibition arises from the ligation of the thiolate to the zinc
      atom which is thought to be located in the enzyme's active site. Although
      analysis of cis-1 with 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitrobenzoic acid) revealed significant
      loss of the free thiol group under enzymatic assay conditions, the addition of
      the reducing agent, dithiothreitol, to the enzymatic reaction mixtures afforded
      cis-1 complete protection against this chemical decomposition, as evidenced by
      lowering of the inhibition constant in the presence of dithiothreitol. Compound
      cis-1 had no significant antiproliferative activity against B16 melanoma cells in
      tissue culture, possibly due to the rapid decomposition of the compound or poor
      permeability into cells.

PMID- 2898534
TI  - Syntheses and gastric acid antisecretory properties of the H2-receptor
      antagonist. N-[3-[3-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl]thieno[3,4-d]isot hiazol
      3-amine 1,1-dioxide and related derivatives.
AB  - The synthesis and gastric acid antisecretory properties of several N-substituted
      thieno[3,4-d]isothiazol-3-amine 1,1-dioxides and analogues are described. Two of
      the more potent compounds, N-[3-[3-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl]thieno[3,4
      d] isothiazol-3-amine 1,1-dioxide (6a) and N-[4-[3-(1
      piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl]thieno[3,4-d] isothiazol-3-amine 1,1-dioxide,
      showed greater potencies as H2-receptor antagonists (in vitro) than ranitidine.
      They also had potent gastric acid antisecretory activities in vivo, inhibiting
      basal acid secretion in the rat, histamine-stimulated acid secretion in the dog,
      and food-stimulated acid secretion in the dog. These were selected for further
      pharmacological evaluation.

PMID- 2898533
TI  - Polycyclic aryl- and heteroarylpiperazinyl imides as 5-HT1A receptor ligands and
      potential anxiolytic agents: synthesis and structure-activity relationship
      studies.
AB  - A series of polycyclic aryl- and heteroarylpiperazinyl imides were prepared and
      tested in various receptor-binding and behavioral tests. Parameters measured
      included in vitro inhibition of D2 and 5-HT1A receptor binding, inhibition of
      apomorphine (APO) induced stereotyped and climbing behavior, and activity in
      blocking conditioned avoidance responding (CAR). Several compounds demonstrated
      moderate to high affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor binding site; compounds 27 and
      36 containing the serotonin mimetic (o-methoxyphenyl)piperazinyl moiety and
      compounds 42 and 50 containing the 2-pyrimidinylpiperazinyl moiety displayed the
      highest affinity, being equal to that of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (Ki = 1-1.3
      nM). In addition to affinity at 5-HT1A binding sites, many compounds were active
      in blocking CAR. Compound 34, 2-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1
      piperazinyl]butyl]hexahydro-4,7-etheno-1H- cyclobut[f]isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione,
      demonstrated 3 times the activity of buspirone, blocking CAR in rats with an AB50
      of 13 mg/kg. It also displayed high affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor (Ki = 16
      nM), which is at least 20 times higher than its affinity for D2 (Ki = 345 nM) and
      5-HT2 (Ki = 458 nM) receptors. Compound 34 was selected for further preclinical
      and pharmacokinetic evaluations for possible development as an anxiolytic agent.
      Structure-activity relationships within this series are discussed.

PMID- 2898535
TI  - Meiotic recombination in the beta globin gene cluster causing an error in
      prenatal diagnosis of beta thalassaemia.
AB  - In the course of a prenatal diagnosis for beta thalassaemia by linkage analysis
      of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, a homozygous beta thalassaemia
      fetus was misdiagnosed as beta thalassaemia trait. Extensive studies of the
      polymorphic sites within the beta globin gene cluster in all the members of the
      family resulted in the conclusion that the paternal chromosome 11 of the newborn
      was different from that expected. Paternity was confirmed by HLA typing and blood
      group studies. The analysis of another polymorphic locus on chromosome 11 within
      the family was in agreement with the possibility of a crossing over between the
      two paternal chromosomes in a region 5' to the beta gene, previously indicated to
      contain a 'hot spot' area for recombination. This report underlines the risk of
      performing prenatal diagnosis using restriction polymorphisms 5' to the beta
      gene.

PMID- 2898536
TI  - Treatment of locally unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas: comparison of
      combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) to chemotherapy alone.
      Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.
AB  - Randomized trials of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group have previously
      demonstrated enhanced survival of patients with locally unresectable pancreatic
      cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil in combination with radiation therapy compared
      with that of patients treated with radiation therapy alone. The present study
      compared the survival of patients treated with multidrug chemotherapy
      [streptozocin, mitomycin, and 5-fluorouracil (SMF)] versus radiation combined
      with 5-fluorouracil followed by the same three-drug SMF combination. In 43
      patients randomly allocated between these two arms, an improved median survival
      for the combined-modality therapy (42 weeks) compared with chemotherapy alone (32
      weeks) was demonstrated. Overall survival following this combined-modality
      treatment program (41% at 1 year) was significantly superior to that following
      SMF chemotherapy alone (19% at 1 year), by a two-tailed log rank test (P less
      than .02). Serial studies of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group with patients
      with locally unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma have shown that combined
      modality therapy is superior to either optimal radiotherapy or chemotherapy
      alone.

PMID- 2898537
TI  - Isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding bovine adrenal
      tyrosine hydroxylase: comparative analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase gene products.
AB  - Investigations into the structure and mechanisms regulating the expression of the
      genes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis have led to the isolation of a cDNA
      coding for bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The 1,722 bp cDNA contains
      the complete coding sequence and 3' untranslated region of the TH mRNA. The
      nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and the deduced amino acid sequence were compared
      to those reported for rat and human TH. Bovine TH shares 85% and 84% amino acid
      sequence identity with that of rat and human TH, respectively. Alignment of the
      amino acid sequences of rat, bovine, and human TH reveals that 79% of the
      residues are identical in all three species, indicating a strong evolutionary
      conservation of enzyme structure. Moreover, three of the four putative
      phosphorylation sites located in the N-terminal region of TH are conserved in
      these animal species. There are, however, some interspecies differences in TH
      gene products. The 3' untranslated region of bovine TH mRNA is 56 and 97
      nucleotides shorter than rat and human TH mRNA, respectively. Additionally, the
      bovine protein is 7 and 6 amino acids smaller than its rat and human homologues.
      All of the absent amino acid residues of bovine TH are missing from an alanine
      rich region in the N-terminal portion of the rat and human proteins (amino acids
      51-68). Comparison of the size of bovine and rat TH mRNA and protein by northern
      blot and immunoblot analyses yielded differences consistent with those predicted
      from the nucleotide sequence data.

PMID- 2898538
TI  - Occult fractures in preschool children.
AB  - Five hundred consecutive radiographic examinations of acutely limping infants and
      toddlers were analyzed retrospectively. One hundred of the 500 (20%) had a
      fracture as the underlying etiology. Although the most common sites of
      involvement were the tibia/fibula (56 cases) and femur (30 cases), fractures in
      the pelvis and feet, notably the metatarsals (11 cases), also were seen. We
      therefore recommend obtaining radiographs of the pelvis and both lower
      extremities including the feet, when occult trauma is suspected and the exact
      area of injury cannot be pinpointed clinically.

PMID- 2898539
TI  - Substance abuse terminology.

PMID- 2898540
TI  - Amoebic pericardial effusion.

PMID- 2898541
TI  - [Clinical and epidemiological survey of adult T cell leukemia in Kanagawa
      Prefecture and HTLV-I infection in hemodialyzed patients].

PMID- 2898542
TI  - [A case of adult T-cell leukemia with dual expressions of OKT4 and OKT8: clinical
      improvement by alpha interferon].

PMID- 2898543
TI  - [Adult T-cell leukemia presenting scirrhous-like lesion in the stomach by X-ray
      examination].

PMID- 2898544
TI  - [Adult T cell leukemia associated with antigen-positive cases due to blood
      transfusion].

PMID- 2898546
TI  - [HTLV infection in patients with bone marrow transplantation].

PMID- 2898545
TI  - [Measurement of ATLA antibody in patients with leukemia].

PMID- 2898547
TI  - [Investigation into the actual conditions of the prevention of HTLV-I
      infections].

PMID- 2898548
TI  - [Carrier detection of hemophilia A in the Japanese population by use of four
      intragenic and extragenic RFLPs].

PMID- 2898549
TI  - [An autopsy case of adult T-cell leukemia with marked melena due to small
      intestine involvement].

PMID- 2898550
TI  - [Chronic adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) complicating disseminated strongyloidiasis].

PMID- 2898551
TI  - [Studies of severe pulmonary infection in patients with adult T-cell leukemia
      lymphoma].

PMID- 2898552
TI  - [Chronic adult T cell leukemia with punched out osteolytic lesions: report of a
      case].

PMID- 2898553
TI  - [Studies on immunoreactive somatostatin and gastrin contents in the same biopsy
      specimen of the gastric mucosa in patients with pernicious anemia].

PMID- 2898554
TI  - [A case of aortitis syndrome (Takayasu's arteritis) associated with
      glomerulonephropathy mimicking lupus membranous glomerulonephropathy].

PMID- 2898555
TI  - Selection of non-flagellated and non-piliated mutants from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      strain TPB-1.

PMID- 2898556
TI  - Steroid metabolism in testes of patients with incomplete masculinization due to
      androgen insensitivity or 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency and
      normally differentiated males.
AB  - For purposes of establishing suitable controls in studies of patients with a
      suspected enzyme deficiency, activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis
      of testosterone were compared in testes of patients with androgen insensitivity
      syndrome (AIS) and normally differentiated males with carcinoma of the prostate
      (Ca prostate) or testis (Ca testis). Activities of 17,20-desmolase and of 3 beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) were higher in the testes of pre-, peri
      or postpubertal patients with AIS than in elderly men (58-80 yr) with Ca
      prostate. Activities of 17 beta-HSD (reductive direction) and 3 beta-HSD tended
      to be higher in peri- or postpubertal than in prepubertal patients with AIS.
      Activity of 3 beta-HSD was low in the patient with Ca testis. In a peripubertal
      (12 yr) patient with incomplete masculinization due to a severe deficiency of 17
      beta-HSD, reductive activity of 17 beta-HSD was very low compared with that of
      patients with Ca prostate, Ca testis or AIS. In contrast, in testes from the
      younger sibling (4 yr), in whom the deficiency of 17 beta-HSD was less severe, 17
      beta-HSD reduction of dehydroepiandrosterone was as high as that of men with Ca
      prostate, yet deficient in comparison with that of more closely age-matched
      patients with AIS. This emphasizes the desirability of using age-matched tissue
      for control purposes in enzyme studies.

PMID- 2898557
TI  - GH response to GRF (1-29) NH2 in female rats treated neonatally with estradiol
      benzoate or testosterone propionate.

PMID- 2898558
TI  - Angiographic studies of internal mammary artery grafts 11 years after coronary
      artery bypass grafting.
AB  - Of 99 consecutive patients with 101 internal mammary artery grafts, 91 of 97
      hospital survivors (94%) underwent angiography 2 weeks after operation, 84 of 96
      survivors (88%) after 1 year, 66 of 88 survivors (75%) after 5 years, and 37 of
      69 survivors (54%) after 11 years (range 10 to 13 years). Thirty-five of the 37
      patients who consented to a fourth postoperative angiographic study (95%,
      confidence limits 86% to 100%) still reported relieved angina 11 years after the
      operation, and seven patients (19%, confidence limits 5% to 33%) were completely
      free of symptoms. Angiographic findings in 30 patients with symptoms of angina
      were progression of the coronary artery disease in 22, (73%, confidence limits
      56% to 91%), occluded or stenosed grafts in nine (30%, confidence limits 12% to
      48%), and nonbypassed obstructions in six patients (20%, confidence limits 4% to
      36%). The cumulative 11-year patency rate was 88%, confidence limits 81% to 95%,
      for internal mammary artery grafts and 61%, confidence limits 45% to 76% for
      saphenous vein grafts. Six of 18 saphenous vein grafts (33%, confidence limits
      19% to 58%) occluded in the interval between 5 and 11 years after operation, and
      gross wall irregularities were observed in six of the 12 patent saphenous vein
      grafts. Unligated side branches and stenosis of the internal mammary artery did
      not prevent long-term graft patency. Internal mammary artery graft failures were
      related to technical errors during the operation and occurred when the internal
      mammary artery was used to bypass a low-grade coronary artery stenosis. In one
      patient, regression of a coronary artery stenosis was associated with a marked
      decrease in luminal size of the internal mammary artery graft before the 5-year
      follow-up. This single internal mammary artery graft became occluded in the
      interval between 5 and 11 years after the operation. Eleven of 36 internal
      mammary artery grafts (31%, confidence limits 14% to 47%) increased 15% to 40% in
      luminal diameter as a result of increased myocardial blood demand before the 11
      year follow-up.

PMID- 2898559
TI  - Vasilii I. Kolesov. A pioneer of coronary revascularization by internal mammary
      coronary artery grafting.
AB  - Vasilii I. Kolesov, a cardiac surgeon from Leningrad, performed the first sutured
      internal mammary artery-coronary artery anastomosis on Feb. 25, 1964. He used the
      internal mammary artery pedicle (Kolesov's pedicle, Feb. 25, 1964) and described
      beadlike nodules and a dimpling of the epicardium over the atherosclerotic
      coronary artery (Kolesov's groove sign, Jan. 26, 1965). He introduced mechanical
      suturing to coronary artery surgery (March 22, 1967), internal mammary artery
      grafting for acute myocardial infarction (Feb. 5, 1968) and for unstable angina
      (May 17, 1968), and retrograde (Dec. 11, 1968) and bilateral (July 10, 1969)
      internal mammary artery grafts. Kolesov demonstrated early and long-term clinical
      and hemodynamic improvement with a 70% survival rate at 5 to 17 years' follow-up
      after internal mammary artery grafting (1967 to 1987).

PMID- 2898560
TI  - Vasilii I. Kolesov: pioneer in coronary revascularization.

PMID- 2898561
TI  - [Therapeutic results in Dupuytren contracture. Views on the surgical method and
      postoperative care].

PMID- 2898562
TI  - [Management of Dupuytren contracture by Z-plasty and fasciectomy].

PMID- 2898563
TI  - [The role of the minifixateur in hand surgery].

PMID- 2898564
TI  - [Radiologic signs and biomechanical analysis of the progression of dysplastic
      coxarthrosis].

PMID- 2898565
TI  - [Principle and initial results with the Charite Modular type SB cartilage disk
      endoprosthesis].

PMID- 2898566
TI  - [The internal fixator: initial experiences in Hungary with the newest method for
      the management of thoraco-lumbar spinal injuries].

PMID- 2898567
TI  - [Simultaneous fracture of the os capitatum and os scaphoideum].

PMID- 2898568
TI  - [Incidence of tendon re-rupture and multiple tendon ruptures].

PMID- 2898569
TI  - [Relation between the development of the acetabular roof and valgus re-rotation
      after varus derotation osteotomy of the femur].

PMID- 2898570
TI  - [Results of MacIntosh hemiarthroplasty of the knee].

PMID- 2898571
TI  - Determination of thyroid-binding inhibiting immunoglobulins using unextracted
      serum.

PMID- 2898572
TI  - Clinical utility of thyrotropin-receptor antibody assays: comparison of
      radioreceptor and bioassay methods.
AB  - Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH)-receptor antibodies, important
      in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease, can be assayed by one of two methods: (1)
      bioassays that measure stimulation of thyroid cellular activity by patient
      immunoglobulins or (2) radioreceptor assays that measure inhibition of binding of
      labeled TSH to TSH receptors by the same substances. In this study, we report our
      experience with bioassay of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) based on
      measurement of generation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in a clone of the
      Fisher rat thyroid cell line (FRTL-5) in 279 patients, and we compare, in 163
      consecutive samples, the results obtained by a radioreceptor assay for
      thyrotropin-binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII). Among the untreated,
      hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease, TSI were present in 95% (38 of 40),
      and TBII were present in 85% (17 of 20). In patients with euthyroid Graves'
      disease, TSI were found in 57% (16 of 28), and TBII were present in 41% (7 of
      17). Of 49 nongoitrous and euthyroid controls, only 4% had TSI and 3% had TBII.
      Extremely high TSI indices were found in all patients who had pretibial
      dermopathy (N = 10) or severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (N = 19) requiring orbital
      decompression. We conclude that both assays are highly sensitive and specific in
      diagnosing Graves' disease. The TSI bioassay was more sensitive (P less than
      0.001) than the TBII radioreceptor assay in detection of Graves' disease. In our
      experience, both assays have proved useful in the diagnosis of euthyroid Graves'
      disease with ophthalmopathy and atypical manifestations of hyperthyroid Graves'
      disease.

PMID- 2898573
TI  - Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies--the calm after the storm after
      the calm?

PMID- 2898574
TI  - [Enzymes of cholestasis in myotonic dystrophy].

PMID- 2898575
TI  - The effect of secretagogue selection on potency determinations for gastric acid
      antisecretory agents.
AB  - The most common treatment for gastric and duodenal ulcers is by suppressing the
      secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach. Two major
      categories of drugs can accomplish this specifically: histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist and (H+ + K+)ATPase inhibitors. Using a canine model of gastric acid
      secretion and either histamine or food as secretagogues, the effects of two drugs
      from each of these classes were investigated. The two H2-antagonists (ranitidine,
      Wy-45,727) demonstrated a significantly greater antisecretory potency when acid
      secretion was stimulated by histamine as compared to a food stimulus. Conversely,
      the (H+ + K+)ATPase inhibitors (omeprazole, timoprazole) were equipotent
      regardless of stimulus.

PMID- 2898577
TI  - [Diagnosis of adult type of polycystic kidney by means of genetic linkage
      analysis].

PMID- 2898578
TI  - [Ecology of mosquito-borne infections in Fennoscandia--a review].

PMID- 2898576
TI  - Anticatatonic effect of venoruton.
AB  - The protective effect of venoruton O-(beta-hydroxy-ethyl) rutoside, HR was
      investigated against drug induced catatonia in rats. Perphenazine, haloperidol,
      reserpine and meperidine produced frank catalepsy in rats. The cataleptic effect
      of these neuroleptics was significantly attenuated when the animals were
      pretreated with venoruton. The protective effect of venoruton is speculated to be
      due to its inhibitory action on superoxide formation and free radicals are
      considered to have a role in the neurotoxicity caused by the above agents.

PMID- 2898579
TI  - [Alpha-2-agonists in psychiatry--a review].

PMID- 2898580
TI  - Diagnostic radionuclide imaging of amyloid: biological targeting by circulating
      human serum amyloid P component.
AB  - The specific molecular affinity of the normal plasma protein, serum amyloid P
      component (SAP), for all known types of amyloid fibrils was used to develop a new
      general diagnostic method for in-vivo radionuclide imaging of amyloid deposits.
      After intravenous injection of 123I-labelled purified human SAP there was
      specific uptake into amyloid deposits in all affected patients, 7 with systemic
      AL amyloid, 5 with AA amyloid, and 2 with beta 2M amyloid, in contrast to the
      complete absence of any tissue localisation in 5 control subjects. Distinctive
      high-resolution scintigraphic images, even of minor deposits in the carpal
      regions, bone marrow, or adrenals, were obtained. This procedure should yield
      much information on the natural history and the management of amyloidosis, the
      presence of which has hitherto been confirmed only by biopsy. Clearance and
      metabolic studies indicated that, in the presence of extensive amyloidosis, the
      rate of synthesis of SAP was greatly increased despite maintenance of normal
      plasma levels. Furthermore, once localised to amyloid deposits the 123I-SAP
      persisted for long periods and was apparently protected from its normal rapid
      degradation. These findings shed new light on the pathophysiology of amyloid and
      may have implications for therapeutic strategies based upon specific molecular
      targeting with SAP.

PMID- 2898581
TI  - Effect of bile salts and of fusidic acid on HIV-1 infection of cultured cells.
AB  - Bile salts completely inactivated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in
      vitro and, unexpectedly, completely destroyed all the cultured persistently HIV-1
      infected T cells. Fusidic acid, which likewise possesses the properties of an
      anionic surfactant, inactivated HIV-1 only at concentrations toxic to uninfected
      cultured cells. Bile salts or their derivatives, and other anionic surfactants,
      could be of therapeutic value in HIV-1 infections.

PMID- 2898582
TI  - Antibody response to pre-S2 and hepatitis B virus induced liver damage.
AB  - Antibodies to the pre-S2 encoded sequence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope
      were detected in 83% of patients recovering from acute hepatitis B. Such
      antibodies were absent in cases showing chronic evolution and were found in less
      than 10% of chronic hepatitis B cases, with no relation to liver disease
      activity. In acute infection anti-pre-S2 became detectable when maximum liver
      damage had already occurred and was still detectable in 30% of the cases tested 5
      7 years after recovery, as well as in 40% of healthy individuals with naturally
      acquired immunity to HBV. 10 out of 20 recipients of a plasma-derived, pre-S2
      containing, HB vaccine acquired anti-pre-S2 and had no evidence of concurrent
      liver damage or of autoimmune reactions to human albumin or of suppression of the
      anti-HBs response. These findings indicate that the antibody response to pre-S2
      is a marker of HBV clearance and has no role in the pathogenesis of HBV-related
      liver damage.

PMID- 2898583
TI  - A new treatment for urethral strictures.
AB  - A urethral stent, originally developed for endovascular use, was implanted into
      eight patients with urethral strictures after experimental studies in the canine
      urethra. The stent is woven in the form of a tubular mesh from surgical grade
      stainless steel wire and is self-expanding when released from its small-diameter
      delivery catheter. At follow-up 6 months to 1 year postoperatively (mean 8
      months) all had a good calibre urethra. Urethroscopy showed complete epithelial
      covering of the implant at 4-6 months.

PMID- 2898584
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in five children with sickle cell anaemia.
AB  - Five children with severe sickle cell anaemia underwent an HLA compatible
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In four children the engraftment was
      rapid and sustained. The fifth child rejected the bone marrow graft and required
      a second bone marrow transplantation 62 days after the first one. The outcome was
      then uneventful. In all cases there was complete cessation of vaso-occlusive
      episodes and haemolysis. The haemoglobin electrophoretic pattern became similar
      to that of the donor (AA or AS) and cytogenetic studies in three patients
      confirmed the donor origin of bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2898586
TI  - What causes diabetic renal failure?

PMID- 2898585
TI  - Relaxin as an aetiological factor in diabetic embryopathy.
AB  - Relaxin, an insulin homologue, has effects on collagen resembling those of
      certain teratogenic agents. It is suggested that diabetic embryopathy could be
      due to disturbances of relaxin secretion during fetal organogenesis.

PMID- 2898587
TI  - Cryptococcosis and AIDS.

PMID- 2898588
TI  - Virus diagnostic scanning electronmicroscopy.

PMID- 2898589
TI  - Disposable extended-wear contact lenses.

PMID- 2898590
TI  - Drug delivery in red blood cells.

PMID- 2898591
TI  - Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis following rapid correction of
      hyponatraemia.
AB  - Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis is caused by the rapid correction
      of hyponatraemia. Acceptance of this concept has been impeded by recent reports
      attributing myelinolysis to uncorrected hyponatraemia, overcorrection of
      hyponatraemia, or hypoxia. Several new names have been proposed for this disease,
      but all are less specific than pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. This
      proliferation of terminology is unnecessary and adds to the confusion surrounding
      the aetiology of myelinolysis.

PMID- 2898592
TI  - Pulmonary embolectomy: its place in the management of pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2898593
TI  - Outcome of confirmed periconceptional maternal rubella.
AB  - 61 pregnant women in whom confirmed rubella occurred from 5 weeks before to 6
      weeks after the last menstrual period (LMP) were followed up prospectively. In
      39, the pregnancy was terminated and the fetal tissues or mixed products of
      conception were examined for rubella virus. In 22, the pregnancy continued to
      term and cord serum was tested for specific IgM antibody. No evidence of
      intrauterine infection was found in 38 pregnancies in which the mother's rash
      appeared before, or within 11 days after, the last menstrual period. The shortest
      interval at which fetal infection occurred was when the rash appeared 12 days
      after the last menstrual period. All 10 pregnancies in which the rash appeared 3
      6 weeks after the last menstrual period resulted in fetal infection: 4 of these
      pregnancies went to term, and all 4 infants were damaged. The risk to the fetus
      when rubella occurs before the mother's last menstrual period is probably
      negligible.

PMID- 2898594
TI  - Rational programme for screening travellers for antibodies to hepatitis A virus.
AB  - A blood test and a saliva test for antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti HAV) were
      offered to British travellers seeking human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG)
      prophylaxis. The specimens were tested by an IgG capture and a competitive
      radioimmunoassay (GACRIA, COMPRIA). By GACRIA 211 subjects were anti-HAV positive
      and 358 anti-HAV negative on both serum and saliva. 10 other seropositive
      subjects had weakly positive saliva reactions. There were three discrepant
      results. For the population investigated HNIG use could be minimised at no extra
      cost by first testing the saliva of those greater than 40 years old, frequent or
      long-stay travellers, those born in HAV endemic areas, and those with a history
      of jaundice. Of the 51% of travellers tested for these reasons 20% were anti-HAV
      positive. They made up 76% of all those with antibody.

PMID- 2898595
TI  - Polycythaemia vera can present with aquagenic pruritus.

PMID- 2898596
TI  - Six deaths from measles.

PMID- 2898597
TI  - Penicillin-resistant pneumococci.

PMID- 2898598
TI  - Penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria meningitidis in Spain.

PMID- 2898600
TI  - Tetracycline-resistant meningococci.

PMID- 2898599
TI  - HIV seroconversion with progressive disease in health care worker after
      needlestick injury.

PMID- 2898601
TI  - Increased frequency of haemarthroses in haemophilic patient treated with
      zidovudine.

PMID- 2898602
TI  - Severe hypocalcaemia in AIDS patients treated with foscarnet and pentamidine.

PMID- 2898603
TI  - In vitro inactivation of HIV-1 by contraceptive sponge containing nonoxynol-9.

PMID- 2898604
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with group A streptococcal
      infection in pregnancy.

PMID- 2898606
TI  - Detection of drugs in urine of body-packers.

PMID- 2898605
TI  - Cyclosporin-associated cerebral lesions in liver transplantation.

PMID- 2898607
TI  - Indexing bibliographic data bases.

PMID- 2898608
TI  - Oronasal obstruction, lung volumes, and arterial oxygenation.

PMID- 2898609
TI  - Red-cell surface charge in patients with nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2898610
TI  - Failure of intravenous immunoglobulin to affect cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.

PMID- 2898611
TI  - Differences between benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2898612
TI  - Season of birth, year of birth, and arthritic disease in later life.

PMID- 2898613
TI  - Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in gastrointestinal biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2898614
TI  - Deletions of muscle mitochondrial DNA.

PMID- 2898615
TI  - Gain of antibiotic sensitivity accompanying emergence of clinical ciprofloxacin
      resistance.

PMID- 2898616
TI  - Human herpesvirus 6 and exanthem subitum.

PMID- 2898617
TI  - Antimitochondrial-positive but anti-M2-negative primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2898618
TI  - Overuse syndrome.

PMID- 2898619
TI  - Cold-chain breaks in Africa.

PMID- 2898620
TI  - Association of cytomegalovirus infection with autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
AB  - The lymphocytes from 59 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients and 38 normal
      control subjects were examined for the presence of human cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      genome by molecular hybridizations with human CMV specific probe. The CMV
      specific viral genome was found in 13 (22%) of 59 diabetic patients, but in 1
      (2.6%) of 38 control subjects. Of the patients, 39% had islet cell antibody (ICA)
      and 41% had cytotoxic beta cell surface antibody (CBSA) in their serum; of the
      controls the corresponding rates were 2.6% and 2.6%. 62% and 69% of CMV genome
      positive patients had ICA and CBSA, respectively, compared with 33% and 33% of
      CMV genome-negative patients. The single CMV genome-positive control subject did
      not have either ICA or CBSA whereas only 1 of the 37 CMV genome-negative control
      subjects had ICA. The strong correlation between CMV genome and islet cell
      autoantibodies detected in diabetic patients suggests that persistent CMV
      infections may be relevant to pathogenesis in some cases of type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 2898621
TI  - Patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients.
AB  - The prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients presenting with non
      haemorrhagic stroke or transient ischaemic attacks under the age of 40 years was
      determined by contrast echocardiography. Studies were performed at rest and with
      a Valsalva manoeuvre in 40 stroke patients and in an age and sex matched control
      group. Right-to-left shunting was found in 20 (50%) of the stroke patients and 6
      (15%) of the controls (p less than 0.001). Paradoxical embolism through a patent
      foramen ovale may be an under-recognised cause of stroke in young adults.

PMID- 2898624
TI  - Need we poison the elderly so often?

PMID- 2898623
TI  - Yin and yang in vasomotor control.

PMID- 2898622
TI  - Rapid recurrence of mania following abrupt discontinuation of lithium.
AB  - Fourteen patients with a history of mania satisfying DSM-III criteria were
      entered into a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial,
      spending four weeks on each of lithium and placebo. All patients had been well
      and stable on lithium for at least 18 months and were not taking any other
      psychotropic drugs. Seven patients (50%) had a relapse of their manic illness and
      a further two had to be withdrawn because they recognised signs of incipient
      relapse. One of these became overtly manic after restarting lithium. The seven
      definite and the two possible relapses occurred in the placebo phase; this
      finding was unlikely to have arisen by chance. The relapses started 13-19 days
      after placebo substitution. These results have important implications in the
      management of lithium prophylaxis by all doctors, particularly those who, for any
      reason, are considering withdrawal of lithium from their patients.

PMID- 2898625
TI  - Trans-tracheal oxygen.

PMID- 2898626
TI  - Pacemakers to make the heart beat faster with exercise.

PMID- 2898627
TI  - Sedation, analgesia, and intranasal sufentanil.

PMID- 2898628
TI  - Sodium intake, body sodium, and sodium excretion.

PMID- 2898629
TI  - Investigation of inborn errors of metabolism in unexpected infant deaths.

PMID- 2898630
TI  - Subgroup analysis.

PMID- 2898631
TI  - Egypt. Medical care, public and private.

PMID- 2898632
TI  - First seizure in adult life.

PMID- 2898633
TI  - Listeria in cook-chill food.

PMID- 2898634
TI  - Cholesterol in Indian ghee.

PMID- 2898635
TI  - "Yellowfever" in eastern Nigeria.

PMID- 2898637
TI  - Fetal "soap" addiction.

PMID- 2898636
TI  - Quality of life on angina therapy: a randomised controlled trial of transdermal
      glyceryl trinitrate against placebo.
AB  - In a randomised controlled trial in 427 men with chronic stable angina continuous
      use of 5 mg transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) showed no advantage over
      placebo in terms of efficacy (anginal attack rates and sublingual GTN
      consumption) or quality of life (as measured with the sickness impact profile and
      a health index of disability). Patients on the active drug reported headaches
      more frequently than patients on placebo, and a higher proportion of them
      withdrew from the trial because of headache. Quality-of-life measurements showed
      a significant adverse effect of active treatment, principally in the social
      interaction dimension of the sickness impact profile. A similar effect was
      observed in placebo patients when crossed to active treatment in a 4-week single
      blind period. The results suggest no benefit in the relief of chest pain from 5
      mg transdermal GTN when used continuously.

PMID- 2898639
TI  - Drug users, AIDS, and the government response.

PMID- 2898638
TI  - Long-term psychiatric sequelae of physical and sexual abuse of females.

PMID- 2898640
TI  - AIDS, condoms, and prisons.

PMID- 2898641
TI  - A small outbreak of HIV infection among commercial plasma donors.

PMID- 2898642
TI  - Breast feeding and premature babies.

PMID- 2898643
TI  - Coagulation factor VIII concentrates and the marketplace.

PMID- 2898644
TI  - Cutaneous reactions to aluminium in vaccines: an avoidable problem.

PMID- 2898645
TI  - Solitary rectal ulcer.

PMID- 2898646
TI  - Children, paediatrics and South Africa.

PMID- 2898647
TI  - Ethics of preventive medicine.

PMID- 2898648
TI  - Erythromycin propionate and estolate.

PMID- 2898649
TI  - New category of drug allergy.

PMID- 2898650
TI  - Shigella diarrhoea and treatment.

PMID- 2898651
TI  - Uraemic thrombocytopathy and parathyroid hormone.

PMID- 2898652
TI  - Predicting insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2898653
TI  - Q-T interval syndromes.

PMID- 2898654
TI  - Leukaemia in electrical workers in New Zealand: a correction.

PMID- 2898655
TI  - Myocardial injury after interleukin-2 therapy.

PMID- 2898657
TI  - Differentiation of glomerular and non-glomerular haematuria.

PMID- 2898656
TI  - Ursodeoxycholic acid for cholestatic diseases.

PMID- 2898658
TI  - Indices of angina.

PMID- 2898659
TI  - Non-meningococcal purpuric sepsis.

PMID- 2898660
TI  - Congenital abnormalities and congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2898661
TI  - Y chromosome and sex determination.

PMID- 2898662
TI  - Synthetic oligonucleotides as diagnostic probes for rhinoviruses.

PMID- 2898664
TI  - Excessive hours of work.

PMID- 2898663
TI  - IVth international AIDS conference.

PMID- 2898665
TI  - A second genetic locus for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - Hitherto, mutations that lead to autosomal dominant adult-type polycystic kidney
      disease have been found to be linked to the alpha-globin genes on the short arm
      of chromosome 16. In an Italian family, absence of linkage between the disease
      mutation and alpha-globin indicates that the condition can be caused by mutations
      in a second gene. The clinical features of the disease in this Italian family are
      indistinguishable from those found in the "linked" families. The finding that
      there are two polycystic kidney disease genes means that linkage must be
      demonstrated independently in each family before predictive tests with DNA probes
      can be used reliably.

PMID- 2898666
TI  - Aspirin, expectations, and the heart.

PMID- 2898668
TI  - Myalgic encephalomyelitis, or what?

PMID- 2898667
TI  - Vocal-cord paresis in infants: another use for continuous insufflation of the
      pharynx.

PMID- 2898669
TI  - Interferon production in postviral fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2898670
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by DNA amplification for detection of KM-19
      polymorphism.

PMID- 2898672
TI  - Novel viruses in human faeces.

PMID- 2898671
TI  - Same-day, first-trimester antenatal diagnosis for cystic fibrosis by gene
      amplification.

PMID- 2898673
TI  - 99mTc-HMPAO scanning in focal encephalitis.

PMID- 2898675
TI  - Sleeping position and SIDS.

PMID- 2898674
TI  - Piezoelectric lithotripsy of gallstones.

PMID- 2898677
TI  - Acceptability of medical pregnancy termination.

PMID- 2898676
TI  - Which salt of pentamidine? The case for dosage in substance units.

PMID- 2898678
TI  - Hepatitis B and blood transfusion.

PMID- 2898679
TI  - Health warnings and alcoholic drinks.

PMID- 2898680
TI  - Remedies for tropical diseases.

PMID- 2898681
TI  - Heatstroke and armed forces training.

PMID- 2898682
TI  - HIV and aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2898683
TI  - HIV antigen testing.

PMID- 2898684
TI  - HIV testing without permission.

PMID- 2898685
TI  - Bovine viral diarrhoea.

PMID- 2898686
TI  - Surgical audit and carotid endarterectomy.

PMID- 2898687
TI  - Adhesive dressing allergy.

PMID- 2898688
TI  - Improving elective referral rate for abdominal aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2898689
TI  - Meningococcal rash.

PMID- 2898690
TI  - Raised renal venous pressure: direct cause of renal sodium retention in
      cirrhosis?

PMID- 2898691
TI  - Legionella: a case for culture.

PMID- 2898692
TI  - Ethambutol and the eye.

PMID- 2898693
TI  - Cerebellar stroke.

PMID- 2898694
TI  - Treatment of adult systemic mastocytosis with a PAF-acether antagonist BN52063.

PMID- 2898695
TI  - Importance of HLA antigen splits for kidney transplant matching.
AB  - Whether matching for HLA antigen "splits" results in better transplant outcome
      than matching for "broad" HLA antigens was investigated in 30,000 first cadaver
      kidney transplants. At three years, there was an 18% difference between the
      survival rates of grafts with 0 or 4 mismatches among transplants typed for HLA-A
      and B antigen splits whereas the difference in transplants typed for broad
      antigens was only 2%. Analysis of HLA-A, B antigens together with HLA-DR antigens
      showed an even greater advantage of matching for antigen splits: the difference
      in survival at three years between grafts with 0 or 6 mismatches for HLA-A, B, DR
      was 31% when antigen splits were analysed, in contrast to a 6% difference with
      broad antigens. These results indicate that typing for HLA antigen splits is
      important in renal transplantation, that the potential benefit of HLA matching in
      renal transplantation is greater than currently accepted, and that HLA typing and
      kidney allocation routines must be refined in order to exploit this potential.

PMID- 2898697
TI  - Adverse effect of early high-dose adrenaline on outcome of ventricular
      fibrillation.
AB  - Resuscitation for cardiac arrest was monitored over 4 years to examine the effect
      on survival of a change in the ventricular fibrillation (VF) protocol to include
      the routine early use of "high-dose" intravenous or transbronchial adrenaline. A
      significant reduction in the immediate survival of patients with VF was seen when
      the protocol was changed (22% after the change, 43% before). Prior predictors of
      poor response were similar in each group, except for the number of witnessed
      arrests, delay until cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and occurrence of
      endotracheal intubation, but multiple logistic regression showed the use of
      adrenaline to be an independent predictor of outcome. Early high-dose adrenaline
      was associated with a reduction in immediate survival in patients with persistent
      VF.

PMID- 2898696
TI  - Single dose phenobarbitone prevents convulsions in cerebral malaria.
AB  - 48 patients over 6 years of age with strictly defined cerebral malaria were
      randomised to receive either a single intramuscular injection of phenobarbitone
      (3.5 mg/kg) or placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
      Phenobarbitone significantly reduced the incidence of subsequent convulsions from
      54% to 12.5%, without adverse effects. A single intramuscular injection of
      phenobarbitone is a simple, cheap, and effective method for prevention of
      convulsions in cerebral malaria.

PMID- 2898698
TI  - Long-term follow-up of 71 patients with thunderclap headache mimicking
      subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - Seventy-one patients with sudden, severe, and unusual headache, but with normal
      computerised tomographic scan and cerebrospinal fluid, were followed for an
      average of 3.3 years. Twelve patients (17%) had identical recurrences, but again
      without evidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Findings on cerebral angiography,
      performed in four patients after the first attack and in two patients after
      recurrent episodes, were normal. Thirty-one (44%) of the seventy-one patients
      subsequently had regular episodes of tension headache or common migraine. If the
      computerised tomographic scan and cerebrospinal fluid findings are normal, this
      type of headache can be regarded as a benign symptom, and cerebral angiography is
      not indicated.

PMID- 2898699
TI  - Alpha-interferon therapy for essential thrombocythaemia.
AB  - 18 patients with symptomatic essential thrombocythaemia were treated with
      recombinant alpha interferon (2a or 2b). Subcutaneous dosage regimens, which were
      well-tolerated, selectively lowered the platelet count and relieved symptoms in
      all patients, whether previously treated or untreated. Recombinant alpha
      interferon may offer a non-leukaemogenic alternative therapy for these patients.

PMID- 2898700
TI  - Enhanced tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in fulminant hepatic failure.
AB  - Sepsis and endotoxaemia are common in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and may
      contribute to multisystem disease in such patients. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
      is a probable mediator of endotoxic shock and infusion of this monokine into
      animals causes multi-organ failure that shares features with FHF. In patients
      with FHF, TNF production was increased and correlated closely with activity of
      interleukin-1, another cytokine that is released by monocytes/macrophages in
      response to infection and endotoxin and is produced in increased quantities in
      FHF. Interleukin-2 activity was impaired in FHF and correlated negatively with
      TNF production.

PMID- 2898702
TI  - The NHS at 40: skeletons at the birthday feast.

PMID- 2898701
TI  - Genesis of breast cancer is in the premenopause.
AB  - In Britain and other high-risk countries, about a third of patients with breast
      cancer are premenopausal at diagnosis. In the remainder, tumour initiation might
      have occurred in the premenopause, even though the clinical presentation was late
      in life. This possibility has important implications for breast cancer prevention
      and screening. The relations between the patient's age and tumour kinetics,
      prognosis, oestrogen receptors, and environmental X-ray carcinogenesis were
      studied, together with the age-related protection afforded by pregnancy. The
      findings support the hypothesis that breast cancer is initiated in the
      premenopause.

PMID- 2898703
TI  - Headaches and subarachnoid haemorrhage.

PMID- 2898705
TI  - Another Savage?

PMID- 2898706
TI  - Isolated reduction of residual volume.

PMID- 2898704
TI  - The Philadelphia chromosome and chronic myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2898708
TI  - Changing prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Comparison of age-specific prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus between
      1946 and 1958 British cohort birth studies (up to the ages of 26 and 23,
      respectively) suggests that the overall prevalence of diabetes in young life has
      not increased, but the disease is manifest at an earlier age in susceptible
      individuals.

PMID- 2898707
TI  - Value of necropsy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Necropsy findings in 101 adult patients with the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) from two metropolitan hospitals were compared retrospectively
      with the antemortem clinical diagnoses. 94% of the patients were male and 68%
      were homosexual or bisexual. 75 (74%) patients had AIDS-related diseases at
      necropsy that were not suspected clinically. The commonest of the unsuspected
      AIDS-related diseases were cytomegalovirus infection (49% of all cases), systemic
      fungal infection (20%), systemic Kaposi's sarcoma (14%), Mycobacterium avium
      intracellulare infection (11%), and systemic herpes infection (9%). Cryptococcal
      infection and cytomegalovirus retinitis were always diagnosed antemortem; and
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia went undiagnosed in only 5 of 58 (9%) patients who
      had proven infection either clinically or at necropsy. 8 patients who died with
      fungal pneumonia had undergone bronchoscopy; however, in only 1 patient was it
      diagnosed antemortem. Tuberculosis was undiagnosed in 4 patients. 4 cases of
      central nervous system lymphoma diagnosed only at necropsy had been treated
      empirically for toxoplasmosis. Bacterial pneumonias contributed considerably to
      mortality in 30% of the patients.

PMID- 2898710
TI  - Meta-analysis.

PMID- 2898709
TI  - Blood disorders and suicide in patients taking mianserin or amitriptyline.
AB  - 26,781 patients who had been prescribed mianserin and 42,082 prescribed
      amitriptyline were followed up by means of a questionnaire addressed to their
      general practitioners. No patient had aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis, or
      leucopenia severe enough to endanger life, and in only 2 patients in each group
      was a causal association likely. If either drug dose cause leucopenia, the
      incidence is likely to be in the range of 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100,000 patients.
      Among patients who were reported to have attempted suicide, 56 of 246 survivors
      of amitriptyline overdoses required intensive care, compared with none of 92
      patients who overdosed with mianserin. 4 patients who overdosed with
      amitriptyline alone died, compared with none of the patients who overdosed with
      mianserin alone. Both drugs are associated with a low risk of blood disorders,
      but mianserin is appreciably safer than amitriptyline because of its low toxicity
      in overdosage.

PMID- 2898711
TI  - Thrombin/antithrombin-III complex level as early predictor of reocclusion after
      successful thrombolysis.

PMID- 2898712
TI  - Community-based treatment with ivermectin.

PMID- 2898713
TI  - Peppermint oil.

PMID- 2898714
TI  - Indwelling intravenous catheter in a young haemophiliac.

PMID- 2898715
TI  - Opiate-prostaglandin interactions in the regulation of insulin secretion from rat
      islets of Langerhans in vitro.
AB  - The inadequate insulin secretory response to glucose stimulation in non-insulin
      dependent diabetes has been attributed to many factors including high PGE2 levels
      blunting the secretory response, and to the existence of inhibitory opiate
      activity in vivo. The purpose of the present work was to see if there was a
      connection between these two independent theories. Radioimmunoassayable PGE2 in
      islets of Langerhans was found to be proportional to islet number and protein
      content and was typically 4 to 5pg/micrograms islet protein. Indomethacin (2.8 X
      10(-5) M), sodium salicylate (1.25 X 10(-3) M) and chlorpropamide (7.2 X 10(-5)
      M) all lowered islet PGE2 levels and stimulated insulin release in vitro.
      Dynorphin (1-13), stimulated insulin release at a concentration of 6 X 10(-9) M,
      while lowering islet PGE2. Conversely, at a higher concentration, (6 X 10(-7) M),
      dynorphin had no stimulatory effect on insulin secretion and did not lower PGE2
      levels in islets or in the incubation media. The stimulatory effects of dynorphin
      and sodium salicylate on insulin secretion were blocked by exogenous PGE2 (10(-5)
      M). PGE2 at a lower concentration (10(-9) M) did not exert any inhibitory effect
      on dynorphin- or sodium salicylate-induced insulin release. This concentration of
      exogenous PGE2 stimulated insulin release in the presence of 6mM glucose. Results
      from these experiments suggest that since an opioid peptide can lower endogenous
      PGE2 production in islets and since the stimulatory effects of the opioid peptide
      are reversed by exogenous PGE2 there may be interactions between these two
      modulators of insulin secretion.

PMID- 2898716
TI  - Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]CTOP binding to mu opioid receptors in rat
      brain.
AB  - [3H]H-D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 ([3H]CTOP), a potent and highly
      selective mu opioid antagonist, was used to localize the mu receptors in rat
      brain by light microscopic autoradiography. Radioligand binding studies with
      [3H]CTOP using slide-mounted tissue sections of rat brain produced a Kd value of
      1.1 nM with a Bmax value of 79.1 fmol/mg protein. Mu opioid agonists and
      antagonists inhibited [3H]CTOP binding with high affinity (IC50 values of 0.2-2.4
      nM), while the delta agonist DPDPE, delta antagonist ICI 174,864, and kappa
      agonist U 69, 593 were very weak inhibitors of [3H]CTOP binding (IC50 values of
      234-3631 nM). Light microscopic autoradiography of [3H]CTOP binding sites
      revealed regions of high density (nucleus of the solitary tract, clusters in the
      caudate-putamen, interpeduncular nucleus, superior and inferior colliculus,
      subiculum, substantia nigra zona reticulata, medial geniculate, locus coeruleus
      and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus) and regions of moderate labeling (areas
      outside of clusters in the caudate-putamen, cingulate cortex, claustrum and
      nucleus accumbens). The cerebral cortex (parietal) showed a low density of
      [3H]CTOP binding.

PMID- 2898717
TI  - Effect of subcutaneous injection of a long-acting analogue of somatostatin (SMS
      201-995) on plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone in normal human subjects.
AB  - SMS 201-995 (SMS), a synthetic analogue of somatostatin (SRIF) has been shown to
      be effective in the treatment of the hypersecretion of hormones such as in
      acromegaly. However, little is known about the effects of SMS on the secretion of
      thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in normal subjects. In this study, plasma TSH
      was determined with a highly sensitive immunoradiometric assay, in addition to
      the concentration of SMS in plasma and urine with a radioimmunoassay, following
      subcutaneous injection of 25, 50, 100 micrograms of SMS (4 subjects/dose) or a
      placebo (6 subjects) to normal male subjects, at 0900 h after an overnight fast.
      The plasma concentrations of SMS were dose-responsive and the peak levels were
      1.61 +/- 0.09, 4.91 +/- 0.30 and 8.52 +/- 1.18 ng/ml, which were observed at 30,
      15 and 45 min after the injection of 25, 50 and 100 micrograms of SMS,
      respectively. Mean plasma disappearance half-time of SMS was estimated to be 110
      +/- 3 min. Plasma TSH was suppressed in a dose dependent manner and the
      suppression lasted for at least 8 hours. At 8 hours after the injection of 25, 50
      and 100 micrograms of SMS, the plasma TSH levels were 43.8 +/- 19.4, 33.9 +/- 9.4
      and 24.9 +/- 3.2%, respectively, of the basal values. The results suggest that
      SMS suppresses secretion of TSH from the normal thyrotrophs in man and thus also
      that attention should be paid to possible hypothyroidism during the long-term
      treatment of patients such as those with acromegaly with this potent analogue of
      SRIF.

PMID- 2898718
TI  - Hypothermic response produced by manassantin A, a novel neuroleptic agent.
AB  - Manassantin A (MNS-A), a novel neolignoid, neutral compound shown to possess
      neuroleptic properties, causes hypothermic response in male and female mice of CD
      1 strain when administered by the intra-cerebroventricular (icv), (0.1, 1.0, 3.2,
      10 micrograms/mouse), intraperitoneal (ip), (0.1, 0.32, 1.0, 3.2 mg/kg) and oral
      (0.5, 1.6, 5.0, 16 mg/kg) routes. The hypothermia was found to be dose and time
      dependent, the maximum decrease of temperature being observed by the icv route (P
      less than 0.001) after 2 hours. However, ip and oral administration of lower and
      middle order doses were not very effective but higher doses caused significant (P
      less than 0.001) reduction of body temperature. The centrally-induced hypothermic
      response by MNS-A may give future leads as a screening model for antidepressant
      drugs and can be a useful tool for manipulating physiological and pharmacological
      processes to understand the central thermoregulatory functions.

PMID- 2898719
TI  - International Congress of Medical Librarians, Tokyo--1985.

PMID- 2898720
TI  - Insulinoma in a patient with the MEN type I syndrome.

PMID- 2898721
TI  - [History of nurses' training in the USSR].

PMID- 2898722
TI  - [All-around programs of the specialties--a scientific basis for making study
      plans and standard programs in medical and pharmaceutical schools].

PMID- 2898723
TI  - [Beta blockers in acute and chronic phases of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2898724
TI  - [Treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis with almitrine].

PMID- 2898725
TI  - Treatment of Physalia physalis envenomation.

PMID- 2898726
TI  - [Description of a case: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome].

PMID- 2898727
TI  - Three sequence-specific DNA-protein complexes are formed with the same promoter
      element essential for expression of the rat somatostatin gene.
AB  - We identified three sequence-specific DNA-protein complexes which are formed
      after in vitro binding of nuclear extracts, derived from neuronal (CA-77, rat
      brain) or non-neuronal (HeLa) cells, to positions -70 to -29 of the rat
      somatostatin promoter. The protein(s) responsible for the formation of the three
      sequence-specific complexes was fractionated from rat brain whole cell extracts
      by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. The critical contact residues of the factor(s)
      in each complex, as determined by methylation interference analyses, are located
      within positions -59 to -35, which is protected from DNase I digestion; these
      include the G residues of a TGACGTCA consensus also found in the cAMP-responsive
      human enkephalin (positions -105 to -76) and E1A-inducible adenovirus type 5 E3
      (positions -72 to -42) promoters. Competition assays with these heterologous
      promoters reveal that the factor(s) of each complex displays approximately 50
      fold greater affinity for the somatostatin promoter-binding site. Synthetic
      oligonucleotides spanning positions -70 to -29 of the somatostatin promoter and
      containing single-base substitutions of the G residues in the TGACGTCA consensus
      were utilized in competition assays. The G residues located in the center of the
      module are the most critical determinants in the formation of the three sequence
      specific complexes. Deletions disrupting the TGACGTCA consensus abolish not only
      formation of the three complexes in vitro but also expression of the somatostatin
      promoter in vivo, suggesting that formation of one or more of these complexes is
      essential for transcription of the rat somatostatin gene.

PMID- 2898728
TI  - Determinants of mRNA stability in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae: differences
      in poly(A) tail length, ribosome loading, and mRNA size cannot account for the
      heterogeneity of mRNA decay rates.
AB  - As an approach to understanding the structures and mechanisms which determine
      mRNA decay rates, we have cloned and begun to characterize cDNAs which encode
      mRNAs representative of the stability extremes in the poly(A)+ RNA population of
      Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. The cDNA clones were identified in a screening
      procedure which was based on the occurrence of poly(A) shortening during mRNA
      aging. mRNA half-lives were determined by hybridization of poly(A)+ RNA, isolated
      from cells labeled in a 32PO4 pulse-chase, to dots of excess cloned DNA.
      Individual mRNAs decayed with unique first-order decay rates ranging from 0.9 to
      9.6 h, indicating that the complex decay kinetics of total poly(A)+ RNA in D.
      discoideum amoebae reflect the sum of the decay rates of individual mRNAs. Using
      specific probes derived from these cDNA clones, we have compared the sizes,
      extents of ribosome loading, and poly(A) tail lengths of stable, moderately
      stable, and unstable mRNAs. We found (i) no correlation between mRNA size and
      decay rate; (ii) no significant difference in the number of ribosomes per unit
      length of stable versus unstable mRNAs, and (iii) a general inverse relationship
      between mRNA decay rates and poly(A) tail lengths. Collectively, these
      observations indicate that mRNA decay in D. discoideum amoebae cannot be
      explained in terms of random nucleolytic events. The possibility that specific 3'
      structural determinants can confer mRNA instability is suggested by a comparison
      of the labeling and turnover kinetics of different actin mRNAs. A correlation was
      observed between the steady-state percentage of a given mRNA found in polysomes
      and its degree of instability; i.e., unstable mRNAs were more efficiently
      recruited into polysomes than stable mRNAs. Since stable mRNAs are, on average,
      "older" than unstable mRNAs, this correlation may reflect a translational role
      for mRNA modifications that change in a time-dependent manner. Our previous
      studies have demonstrated both a time-dependent shortening and a possible
      translational role for the 3' poly(A) tracts of mRNA. We suggest, therefore, that
      the observed differences in the translational efficiency of stable and unstable
      mRNAs may, in part, be attributable to differences in steady-state poly(A) tail
      lengths.

PMID- 2898729
TI  - Assembly of a polyadenylation-specific 25S ribonucleoprotein complex in vitro.
AB  - Extracts from HeLa cell nuclei assemble RNAs containing the adenovirus type 2 L3
      polyadenylation site into a number of rapidly sedimenting heterodisperse
      complexes. Briefly treating reaction mixtures prior to sedimentation with heparin
      reveals a core 25S assembly formed with substrate RNA but not an inactive RNA
      containing a U----C mutation in the AAUAAA hexanucleotide sequence. The
      requirements for assembly of this heparin-stable core complex parallel those for
      cleavage and polyadenylation in vitro, including a functional hexanucleotide,
      ATP, and a uridylate-rich tract downstream of the cleavage site. The AAUAAA and a
      downstream U-rich element are resistant in the assembly to attack by RNase H. The
      poly(A) site between the two protected elements is accessible, but is attacked
      more slowly than in naked RNA, suggesting that a specific factor or secondary
      structure is located nearby. The presence of a factor bound to the AAUAAA in the
      complex is independently demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of a specific T1
      oligonucleotide containing the element from the 25S fraction. Precipitation of
      this fragment from reaction mixtures is blocked by the U----C mutation. However,
      neither ATP nor the downstream sequence element is required for binding of this
      factor in the nuclear extract, suggesting that recognition of the AAUAAA is an
      initial event in complex assembly.

PMID- 2898732
TI  - Fatal pulmonary lipid embolism associated with taxol therapy.

PMID- 2898733
TI  - Costs and effectiveness of routine therapy with long-term beta-adrenergic
      antagonists after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - We analyzed the costs and effectiveness of routine therapy with beta-adrenergic
      antagonists in patients who survived an acute myocardial infarction. On the basis
      of data pooled from the literature, this form of therapy resulted in a 25 percent
      relative reduction annually in the mortality rate for years 1 to 3 and a 7
      percent relative reduction for years 4 to 6 after a myocardial infarction. The
      estimated cost of six years of routine beta-adrenergic-antagonist therapy to save
      an additional year of life was $23,400 in low-risk patients, $5,900 in medium
      risk patients, and $3,600 in high-risk patients, assuming that the entire benefit
      of earlier treatment is lost immediately after six years. Under a more likely
      assumption--that the benefit of six years of treatment wears off gradually over
      the subsequent nine years--the estimated cost of therapy per year of life saved
      would be $13,000 in low-risk patients, $3,600 in medium-risk patients, and $2,400
      in high-risk patients. As compared with coronary-artery bypass grafting and the
      medical treatment of hypertension, routine beta-adrenergic-antagonist therapy has
      a relatively favorable cost-effectiveness ratio.

PMID- 2898731
TI  - Complexity of the early genetic response to growth factors in mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - Genes whose expression is growth factor regulated are likely to be important
      components in the mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and differentiation.
      With the aim of identifying some of those genes, a lambda cDNA library was
      prepared with poly(A)+ RNA from quiescent NIH 3T3 cells stimulated with serum for
      4 h in the presence of cycloheximide. Differential screening of approximately
      200,000 recombinant phage plaques revealed 2,540 clones that cross hybridized
      preferentially with [32P]cDNA derived from RNA of stimulated cells rather than
      with cDNA derived from nonstimulated cells. Cross hybridization of these clones
      identified 82 independent sequences, including c-fos and c-myc. Seventy-one
      clones were further studied. Analysis of the changes in transcription and mRNA
      levels after serum stimulation demonstrated that the kinetics and extent of the
      induction vary dramatically between the different genes. Cycloheximide in all
      cases superinduced the mRNA levels by two mechanisms, inhibiting the shutoff of
      transcription and prolonging the half-lives of the mRNAs. Our results showed that
      induction of proliferation is accompanied by the onset of a complex genetic
      program.

PMID- 2898730
TI  - Infrequent genomic rearrangement and normal expression of the putative RB1 gene
      in retinoblastoma tumors.
AB  - Retinoblastoma (RB) tumors develop when both alleles of a gene (RB1) are mutated
      and unable to function normally. Recently, Friend et al. [S. H. Friend, R.
      Bernards, S. Rogelj, R. A. Weinberg, J. M. Rapaport, D. M. Albert, and T. P.
      Dryja, Nature (London) 32:643-646, 1986] reported the cloning of a gene, 4.7R,
      with some properties expected for the RB1 gene, namely, a high frequency (30%) of
      genomic rearrangements in tumors and absence of message in all RB tumors
      examined. To extend the characterization of this gene, we used 4.7R probes to
      search for genomic rearrangements of DNA and to study the expression of the 4.7R
      gene in RB tumors, osteosarcoma (OS) tumors arising in RB patients, and other
      normal and malignant tissues. In 34 previously unreported RB and OS tumors
      arising in RB patients, we observed only four (12%) with genomic abnormalities.
      Transcripts of 4.7R were present in 12 of 17 RB tumors, 2 of 2 OS tumors, and all
      non-RB tumors and normal tissues tested. We were unable to confirm the high
      frequency of truncated messages of 4.7R in RB tumors reported by Lee et al. (W.
      H. Lee, R. Bookstein, F. Hong, L. J. Young, J. Y. Shaw, and E. Y. Lee, Science
      235:1394-1399, 1987) and Fung et al. (Y. K. Fung, A. L. Murphree, A. Tang, J.
      Qian, S. H. Hinrichs, and W. F. Benedict, Science 236:1657-1661, 1987) but did
      confirm the presence of a truncated transcript in the RB cell line Y79. Of the RB
      and RB-related OS tumors which appeared normal on Southern blots, 2 of 26 or 12%
      had abnormal transcripts, giving a combined frequency of 22% abnormalities in the
      4.7R gene detectable by Southern and Northern (RNA) blot analyses.

PMID- 2898734
TI  - Neuronal development. Not all about eve.

PMID- 2898735
TI  - Pattern formation in the developing eye of Drosophila melanogaster is regulated
      by the homoeo-box gene, rough.
AB  - Homoeo-box genes play a central role in the regulation of embryogenesis in
      Drosophila melanogaster. Their widespread phylogenetic distribution, and the
      tissue and stage specificity of their expression in other organisms, argue that
      they play a general and significant role in animal development. In D.
      melanogaster, all homoeo-box genes characterized to date are involved in major
      aspects of embryogenesis. We report here the molecular characterization of a
      Drosophila homoeo-box gene that has no apparent involvement in early
      embryogenesis. The gene appears to be rough, a gene implicated in pattern
      formation in the developing eye. It is expressed in cells within, and posterior
      to, the morphogenetic furrow, the site of the primary pattern forming events in
      the developing retina, and also in a region of the brain of the third instar
      larva. We have found no genetic or molecular evidence of a role for this gene in
      other aspects of fly development.

PMID- 2898737
TI  - [Treatment of severe alcoholic delirium].

PMID- 2898736
TI  - [Season-related forms of depression. II. Modification by phototherapy and
      biological results].
AB  - The efficacy of phototherapy with bright, fluorescent, full-spectrum light for
      treatment of seasonal affective disorders (SAD) has now been widely demonstrated
      in controlled studies. However, treatment with dim light did not reveal a
      significant therapeutic improvement. Specific parameters of light treatment are
      necessary or optimal for producing this response and light intensity and duration
      in contrast to timing and spectrum seem to be a major importance. The mechanism
      of action of phototherapy is closely linked to the psychobiology of SAD and has
      not yet been satisfactorily explained. Among the several theories which have been
      proposed, the melatonin hypothesis and phase shift hypothesis have been the basis
      for the earlier studies. Newer theories also include the function of further
      neuroendocrine systems, as well as neurotransmitter and immune function and
      electrophysiological mechanisms. Until now, the value of phototherapy in the
      treatment of other non-seasonal syndromes has not yet been explored thoroughly
      and this line of research seems worth continuing.

PMID- 2898739
TI  - Regional distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin A in the human gastrointestinal
      tract.
AB  - Immunoreactive dynorphin A (ir-Dyn A) was detected throughout the human
      gastrointestinal tract by a validated radioimmunoassay. Moreover, the stability
      of 125I-Dyn A during extraction procedures was confirmed by high performance
      liquid chromatography. Levels of ir-Dyn A were higher in the stomach and in the
      small bowel. In tissue samples separated into the main layers composing the gut
      wall (muscularis externa, submucosa and mucosa) ir-Dyn A was uniformly
      distributed. An exception was the colon, where concentrations were higher in the
      muscular portion. Gel permeation chromatography on samples of mucosa and
      muscularis externa extracts of ileum and gastric fundus, showed immunoreactive
      material eluting in several forms of apparently higher molecular weight than Dyn
      A, while only a minor peak was found to coelute with authentic Dyn A.

PMID- 2898740
TI  - Basic trends in research into the neurochemical mechanisms of learning and
      memory.

PMID- 2898738
TI  - Effects of fasting and diabetes on some enzymes and transport of glutamate in
      cortex slices or synaptosomes from rat brain.
AB  - Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were
      assayed in homogenates and synaptosomes obtained from starved (48 hr or 120 hr)
      and diabetic (streptozotocin) rat brain cortex. Glutamine synthetase (GS) was
      assayed in homogenates, microsomal and soluble fractions, from brain cortex of
      similarly treated rats. L-Glutamate uptake and exit rates were determined in
      cortex slices and synaptosomes under the same conditions. The specific activity
      (s.a.) of PAG, a glutamate producing enzyme, decreased (50%) in the homogenate
      after 120-hr starvation. In synaptosomes it decreased (25%) only after 48-hr
      starvation. The s.a. of GAD and GS, which are glutamate-consuming enzymes, were
      progressively increased with time of starvation, reaching 39% and 55%
      respectively after 120 hr. GS in the microsomes or the soluble fraction and GAD
      in the synaptosomes showed no change in s.a. under these conditions. Diabetes
      increased (40%) microsomal GS s.a. and decreased GAD s.a. (18%) in the
      homogenate. The L-glutamate uptake rate was decreased (48%) by diabetes in slices
      but no in synaptosomes. It is suggested that a) enzymes of the glutamate system
      respond differently in different subcellular fractions towards diabetes or
      deprivation of food and b) diabetes may affect the uptake system in glial cells
      but not in neurons.

PMID- 2898742
TI  - Effect of a hydrocolloid dressing on the pain level from abrasions on the feet
      during intensive marching.

PMID- 2898741
TI  - Experimental modeling of cellular mechanisms of some psychopathological
      syndromes.

PMID- 2898743
TI  - [Ulcer disease: as seen today].

PMID- 2898744
TI  - [Zollinger-Ellison syndrome based on our surgically treated cases].

PMID- 2898745
TI  - [Experimental pre-eclampsia: neurohormonal reaction of pregnant rabbits to
      uteroplacental ischemia].

PMID- 2898746
TI  - Somatic DNA variability in human breast carcinoma.
AB  - Bkm-related probe 2[8], consisting mainly of GATA repeats, detects a
      hypervariable pattern of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in human DNA
      which is normally developmentally stable. However, specific somatic DNA
      variability was found in 53% (7/13) of human breast carcinomas, but not in eight
      cases of bladder carcinoma, when compared with leukocyte DNAs from the same
      patient under the same conditions. Certain of the restriction fragments detected
      carry both GATA-related sequences and sequences related to the M13 vector.
      Comparison of BstN1 digests of tumour and cognate leukocyte DNA revealed a
      further variable ethidium-stained restriction fragment class, not recognised by
      the probe, in 93% of breast and in 63% of bladder carcinomas.

PMID- 2898747
TI  - [Possible entry of fragments of a bacterial genome into the trophozoite nucleus
      of the dysentery amoeba].
AB  - The use of Folgen-like electron microscopy reaction has revealed particles in the
      cytoplasm and nucleus of the dysentery amoeba trophozoites which in their size
      and resistance to acidic hydrolysis and in their affinity for uranilacetate are
      similar to tightly packed elements of the bacterial genome. On this basis a
      conclusion was drawn that some fragments of genomes of phagocytic bacteria can be
      preserved in the amoebal cell. The community of microorganisms consisting of
      trophozoites of the dysentery amoeba and bacteria of the intestinal flora is
      supposed to be a suitable model for studying the possibility of penetration of
      transgenetic elements from procaryote to eucaryote.

PMID- 2898748
TI  - The relationship between stimulant medication and tics.
AB  - Clinical evidence supports the observation that stimulant drugs increase the
      severity of tics in 25% to 50% of patients with TS, and occasionally can
      precipitate TS in a patient who did not previously manifest symptoms of this
      disorder. As ADD is frequently associated with TS, the clinician is often faced
      with a dilemma. A conservative approach to the use of stimulant medication,
      stringent criteria for its use, adequate counseling of the child and parents, and
      a thorough cost-benefit analysis before initiating treatment are required.
      Behavior management and environmental manipulation can be useful techniques with
      the child with ADD, and should be tried before medication is considered.

PMID- 2898750
TI  - [HTLV-I virus and associated chronic neuromyelopathies. Current data and
      hypotheses].
AB  - Human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) isolated in 1980, is a human
      retrovirus. This CD4+ lymphotropic type C retrovirus is endemic in South Western
      Japan, the Caribbean region and Africa where it is associated with a rare form of
      lymphoproliferative disease, adult T cell leukemia. Recently, HTLV-I antibodies
      has been found in sera and CSF from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis
      (TSP), a chronic neuromyelopathy of unknown etiology common in tropical areas and
      in Japanese patients with a similar clinical myelopathy. These data suggest that
      HTLV-I or an antigenically related virus might be neurotropic or neurovirulent
      and etiologically linked to such chronic neuromyelopathies. The fact that TSP
      affects about 10 to 100 persons/100,000 in tropical HTLV-I endemic areas, a
      prevalence comparable to that of multiple sclerosis in temperate regions,
      increases considerably the public health interest in HTLV-I and associated
      diseases. The possible neurotropism or neurovirulence of this retrovirus is
      discussed.

PMID- 2898749
TI  - Gamma glutamyltransferase contribution to renal ammoniagenesis in vivo.
AB  - The role of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) in renal ammoniagenesis and
      glutamine utilization was evaluated in the intact functioning rat kidney. Total
      NH4+ released, as the sum of renal venous and urinary NH4+, was measured under
      conditions of chronic metabolic acidosis and paraminohippurate infusion. Ammonia
      derived from extracellular gamma-GT hydrolysis of glutamine was differentiated
      from that produced by intracellular phosphate dependent glutaminase (PDG) by
      employing acivicin, a gamma-GT inhibitor. In non-acidotic animals acivicin
      administration inhibited gamma-GT 95% and renal venous NH4+ release 48%; NH4+
      release into the urine was not inhibited. Chronic metabolic acidosis elevated
      total NH4+ release 2.5fold, associated with adaptive increase in both gamma-GT
      and PDG; acivicin reduced total NH4+ released 36% with both renal venous and
      urinary release effected. The contribution of gamma-GT to total NH4+ production
      doubles in metabolic acidosis in agreement with the adaptive rise in the in vitro
      assayed gamma-GT activity. Luminal ammoniagenesis increases in chronic acidosis
      associated with a fall in urinary glutamine concentration and a rise in the blood
      to urine glutamine concentration gradient; gamma-GT inhibition eliminates this
      gradient suggesting luminal ammoniagenesis is largely dependent upon the
      paracellular glutamine flux. In support of this, paraminohippurate (PAH) infusion
      increased total renal NH4+ release due entirely to enhanced NH4+ excretion. PAH
      stimulated luminal ammoniagenesis was associated with an acceleration of renal
      glutamine extraction and a steeper blood to urine glutamine diffusion gradient;
      acivicin blocked this response consistent with PAH secretion coupled to
      activation of intraluminal gamma-GT and glutamine hydrolysis.

PMID- 2898751
TI  - [Genetic polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer].
AB  - Proto-oncogenes, which have been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of
      malignant human tumors, frequently demonstrate restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP). Population studies of such restriction alleles is of
      potential interest for genetic analysis of cancer susceptibility. Some of the
      initial date of Krontiris et al (1985) showing a significant increase of rare c
      ha-ras-l alleles in individuals with tumors, have been confirmed in certain types
      of cancer (breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma), whereas others have been refuted
      (myelodysplasia, melanoma, colon adenocarcinoma). Other significant associations
      have been found between other proto-oncogene RLFPs and tumors (c-mos and breast
      cancer, c-raf and non Hodgkins lymphoma, L-myc and lung carcinoma metastasis).
      Although they are controversial, these studies should be extended, in order to
      determine whether the presence of certain alleles is a contributing factor in the
      development of certain tumors.

PMID- 2898752
TI  - [Autografts of blood cells at various stages].
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with acute myeloblastic or lymphoblastic leukaemia had
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected by 3 continuous-flow leukapheresis
      as they entered first remission after induction chemotherapy. CFU-GM were assayed
      as a measure of the number of haemopoietic stem cells in each collection. Numbers
      of CFU-GM harvested varied among the patients (for example 0.27 to 155.10(4)/kg
      for ANLL patients). Nineteen patients underwent peripheral blood stem cells
      autografts after a conditioning regimen with high dose cyclophosphamide and TBI.
      The patients were transfused with a median of 2.2.10(4)/kg CFU-GM cells (0.28 to
      100.10(4) CFU-GM/kg). Only 1 patient had a graft failure. The rate of
      haemopoietic recovery was studied for our patients and those reported in the
      literature. A strong correlation exists between the numbers of CFU-GM transfused
      and the rate of granulocytes and platelets recovery. Very rapid recovery are
      regularly obtained when the number of CFU-GM transfused is superior to
      5.10(4)/kg.

PMID- 2898753
TI  - [Adult T-cell leukemia associated with HTLV1 and positive HIV2 serology in an
      African woman].
AB  - We report a case of acute adult T-cell leukemia associated with HTLV1 infection
      in a young African woman. The leukemic proliferation consisted of CD4-, CD25
      positive lymphoid cells with typically convoluted nuclei and monoclonal
      integration of the HTLV1-proviral DNA. The clinical course was characterized by a
      rapid progression of the leukemia with development of hypercalcemia, resistance
      to chemotherapy, and the presence of multiple opportunistic infections. The
      additional finding of a seropositivity for HIV2 raises the problem of the
      respective contribution of the two retroviruses in this patient's disease.

PMID- 2898756
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH22) on chromosome 9
      [D9S12].

PMID- 2898755
TI  - Complete cDNA sequence coding for the human T cell receptor alpha chain HPB-ALL.

PMID- 2898757
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pHHH157) on chromosome 6p
      [D6S29].

PMID- 2898754
TI  - Trans-activation of transcription, from promoters containing immunoglobulin gene
      octamer sequences, by myeloma cell mRNA in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - To study factors required for immunoglobulin gene transcription hybrid promoters
      were made by linking octamer elements to a Xenopus albumin gene construct
      containing only 50bp of the albumin gene promoter. When injected into oocytes
      these hybrid promoters directed transcription far less efficiently than the
      unmodified 50bp albumin gene promoter fragment. Activity of the hybrid promoter,
      but not the unmodified albumin promoter, could be stimulated by preinjection of
      poly(A)+ RNA from NS1 myeloma cells. This stimulation may be caused by
      translation of the NS1 poly(A)+ RNA into transcription factors that act on the
      octamer. Both the reduction in transcription caused by octamer insertion and the
      extent of the inducibility by NS1 RNA are greater when two, rather than one,
      octamers are inserted.

PMID- 2898758
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pHHH106) on chromosome 1
      [D1S67].

PMID- 2898759
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMI40) on chromosome 13
      [D13S49].

PMID- 2898760
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM62) on chromosome 14
      [D14S21].

PMID- 2898762
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM6) on chromosome 20
      [D20S19].

PMID- 2898761
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFZ31) on chromosome 22
      [D22S32].

PMID- 2898763
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM86) on chromosome 17q
      [D17S74].

PMID- 2898764
TI  - RFLP for the human erb-A beta locus.

PMID- 2898765
TI  - An RFLP in the gene for the human pro-alpha 2 chain of type V collagen (COL5A2).

PMID- 2898766
TI  - SnR30: a new, essential small nuclear RNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The gene for a previously unidentified small nuclear RNA has been cloned from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. The
      RNA, snR30, was mapped to a unique coding sequence 605 nucleotides long. SnR30
      appears to be one of the most abundant snRNAs of S, cerevisiae in that it can be
      resolved by ethidium bromide staining on one-dimensional denaturing gels of total
      yeast RNA. Like other snRNAs, snR30 is enriched in nuclei preparations and
      possesses a trimethyl guanosine cap structure at its 5' end. After substituting
      one allele of the wild type gene in a diploid strain for a deleted gene, after
      sporulation, haploid strains carrying the deletion were unable to grow,
      indicating that snR30 is required for an essential, but as yet, unknown function.
      The nucleotide sequence close to the initiation site of the SNR30 gene is similar
      to that of other yeast SNR genes whose transcripts are associated with pre-rRNA,
      suggesting that snR30 is related to this group of snRNAs.

PMID- 2898767
TI  - Components required for in vitro cleavage and polyadenylation of eukaryotic mRNA.
AB  - We have studied in vitro cleavage/polyadenylation of precursor RNA containing
      herpes simplex virus type 2 poly A site sequences and have analyzed four
      RNA/protein complexes which form during in vitro reactions. Two complexes, A and
      B, form extremely rapidly and are then progressively replaced by a third complex,
      C which is produced following cleavage and polyadenylation of precursor RNA.
      Substitution of ATP with cordycepin triphosphate prevents polyadenylation and the
      formation of complex C however a fourth complex, D results which contains cleaved
      RNA. A precursor RNA lacking GU-rich downstream sequences required for efficient
      cleavage/polyadenylation fails to form complex B and produces a markedly reduced
      amount of complex A. As these GU-rich sequences are required for efficient
      cleavage, this establishes a relationship between complex B formation and
      cleavage/polyadenylation of precursor RNA in vitro. The components required for
      in vitro RNA processing have been separated by fractionation of the nuclear
      extract on Q-Sepharose and Biorex 70 columns. A Q-Sepharose fraction forms
      complex B but does not process RNA. Addition of a Biorex 70 fraction restores
      cleavage activity at the poly A site but this fraction does not appear to
      contribute to complex formation. Moreover, in the absence of polyethylene glycol,
      precursor RNA is not cleaved and polyadenylated, however, complexes A and B
      readily form. Thus, while complex B is necessary for in vitro cleavage and
      polyadenylation, it may not contain all the components required for this
      processing.

PMID- 2898769
TI  - A new Sst 1 RFLP associated with human insulin receptor locus.

PMID- 2898768
TI  - At least three human homeoboxes on chromosome 12 belong to the same transcription
      unit.
AB  - Mammalian homeoboxes show a clustered chromosomal organization. In the mouse, at
      least seven homeoboxes on chromosome 6 and at least six on chromosome 11 identify
      the murine Hox-1 and Hox-2 loci, respectively. A number of homeoboxes on
      chromosome 7 define the human HOX-1 locus and homeoboxes on chromosome 17 define
      the human HOX-2 locus. We studied the genomic organization of three homeobox
      sequences of the HOX-3 locus on chromosome 12 and analyzed transcripts from this
      region. Structural characterization and sequencing of several cDNA clones reveal
      that the three homeobox sequences present in this chromosomal region identify a
      single transcription unit. Primary transcripts are alternatively processed to
      give mature messengers with a common 5' noncoding exon encoding different
      proteins containing one of the three homeodomains.

PMID- 2898770
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHIZ53) on chromosome 12
      [D12S18].

PMID- 2898771
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNZ15) on chromosome 2
      [D2S50].

PMID- 2898772
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMHZ13) on chromosome 9q
      [D9S13].

PMID- 2898773
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNH3) on chromosome X
      [DXS287].

PMID- 2898774
TI  - [DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of insulin and
      apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) genes in patients with diabetes mellitus coexistent
      with polyendocrinopathy].

PMID- 2898775
TI  - Pancreatic endocrine tumors.
AB  - In this review the current state of our understanding of endocrine tumors of the
      pancreas is considered. It is based on the experience with a series of 365
      tumors. The first part of the article focuses on origin and classification,
      markers, frequency, criteria of malignancy as well as general structural features
      of the pancreatic endocrine tumors. In the second half of the article the
      functioning tumors, i.e. tumors that cause hormonal syndromes, and the
      nonfunctioning tumors as well as the endocrine tumors associated with multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type 1 are dealt with in detail. Special emphasis is put on
      the immunocytochemical profile and the biological features of the respective
      tumors.

PMID- 2898777
TI  - [Drug-induced lithiasis of the choledochus].

PMID- 2898776
TI  - Elevated level of beta-adrenoceptors in intact hepatocytes from partially
      hepatectomized rats.
AB  - The binding characteristics of 125I-iodocyanopindolol (125I-ICYP) and 3H-CGP
      12177 to intact hepatocytes and a particulate fraction prepared from hepatocytes
      from sham-operated and partially hepatectomized rats were compared. In the
      particulate fraction, the beta-adrenoceptor number increased 4-10-fold after
      partial hepatectomy. 125I-ICYP binding to intact cells demonstrated a high
      fraction of non-specific binding, although phentolamine was included in the assay
      to reduce non-specific binding. 3H-CGP-12177 binding to intact cells also
      demonstrated a higher fraction of non-specific binding than in most cell types.
      In intact cells, the beta-adrenoceptor number increased 5-6-fold after partial
      hepatectomy. The number of receptors was comparable in intact cells and the
      broken cell preparation, indicating that receptors are conserved during the
      preparation of the particulate fraction.

PMID- 2898778
TI  - The effects of drugs on the formation of Theileria annulata merozoites in vitro.
AB  - The effects of colchicine, taxol, dinitrophenol, sodium azide, TLA-144, and
      obioactin on Theileria annulata schizonts were tested in vitro and studied by
      means of light and electron microscopy. Colchicine (0.001-5 microM) and taxol (1
      microM) completely inhibited the mitosis of the host cell. This resulted in
      higher numbers of schizont nuclei after 96 h, since the division of the parasites
      was apparently not affected. Increasing numbers of schizont nuclei were also
      obtained after incubation of parasitized lymphocytes for 7 day at 41 degrees C
      with a daily medium exchange.

PMID- 2898779
TI  - Cholecystokinin (CCK)-4 and CCK-8 stimulate islet hormone secretion in vivo in
      the pig.
AB  - It is known that cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates islet hormone secretion under a
      variety of experimental conditions. Since CCK occurs in several different
      molecular forms, with 58, 39, 33, 12, 8, or 4 amino acid residues, the question
      has evolved as to which is the shortest active form of CCK. We therefore
      investigated the influences of the C-terminal octapeptide of CCK, CCK-8 (sulfated
      form) and of the C-terminal tetrapeptide, CCK-4, on the secretion of insulin,
      glucagon, and somatostatin from the pig pancreas in vivo by infusing each of the
      two peptides into the superior pancreatic artery. We found that islet hormone
      secretion increased promptly upon infusion of both CCK-8 and CCK-4. Thus, the
      secretion of insulin was stimulated from 51 +/- 12 to 295 +/- 70 microU/min
      during the first 2 min after injection of CCK-8 and from 40 +/- 12 to 240 +/- 78
      microU/min after injection of CCK-4. Similarly, the secretion of glucagon was
      stimulated from 240 +/- 45 to 357 +/- 38 pg/min after CCK-8 and from 282 +/- 44
      to 335 +/- 43 pg/min after CCK-4, and somatostatin secretion was stimulated from
      112 +/- 7 to 226 +/- 12 pg/min by CCK-8 and from 105 +/- 11 to 246 +/- 16 pg/min
      by CCK-4. With regard to the efficiency to stimulate the secretion of these three
      islet hormones, CCK-8 and CCK-4 were equipotent. We conclude that in pigs, CCK-8
      and CCK-4 both stimulate the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
      from the pancreas in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898780
TI  - In vitro expression in eukaryotic cells of a prion protein gene cloned from
      scrapie-infected mouse brain.
AB  - It has been proposed that the causative agent of scrapie represents a class of
      infectious particle that is devoid of nucleic acid and that an altered form of
      the endogenous prion protein (PrP) is the agent. However, it has been difficult
      to exclude the possibility that PrP purified from scrapie tissues might be
      contaminated with a more conventional viral agent. To obtain PrP uncontaminated
      by scrapie-infected tissues, PrP cDNA cloned from a scrapie-infected mouse brain
      was expressed in mouse C127 cells in vitro. mRNA and protein encoded by the
      cloned PrP gene were identified. The expressed PrP polypeptides appeared to be
      glycosylated and were released from the cell surface into the medium. Homogenates
      of the cells expressing the cloned PrP gene were inoculated into susceptible mice
      but failed to induce clinical signs of scrapie. Thus, either PrP is not the
      transmissible agent of scrapie or the expressed PrP requires additional
      modification to be infectious.

PMID- 2898783
TI  - Lack of evidence for association of meiotic nondisjunction with particular DNA
      haplotypes on chromosome 21.
AB  - The hypothesis of a predisposition to meiotic nondisjunction for chromosome 21
      carrying a specific molecular haplotype has been tested. The haplotype in
      question is defined by the restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the
      D21S1/D21S11 loci. Our results obtained on a sample of Northern Italian families
      with the occurrence of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) failed to support this
      hypothesis, contradicting a previous study [Antonarakis, S. E., Kittur, S. D.,
      Metaxotou, C., Watkins, P. C. & Patel, A. S. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
      82, 3360-3364]. These findings rule out an association between any specific
      D21S1/D21S11 haplotype (as well as other haplotypes for the D21S13, ETS2, and
      D21S23 loci) and a putative cis-acting genetic element favoring the meiotic
      missegregation of chromosome 21. For this reason, no preventive screening for
      couples at risk for trisomy 21 may be based on any of the haplotypes tested.

PMID- 2898782
TI  - Hox-5.1 defines a homeobox-containing gene locus on mouse chromosome 2.
AB  - We have isolated a murine homeobox-containing gene, Hox-5.1, by virtue of its
      relatedness to the Hox-1.4 gene. In situ hybridization to metaphase spreads
      mapped Hox-5.1 to band D of mouse chromosome 2. Sequence comparisons indicate
      that Hox-5.1 is the murine homolog of the human C13 homeobox-containing gene. Hox
      5.1 also bears significant similarity to the Xenopus Xhox-1A homeobox-containing
      gene and the Drosophila deformed homeotic gene at N-terminal and homeobox
      regions. Hox-5.1 transcripts were detected in mouse embryos, in adult mouse
      testis, kidney, heart, and intestine, and in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells
      treated with retinoic acid. In situ hybridization to sections from whole mouse
      embryos revealed Hox-5.1 expression in spinal cord and prevertebrae.

PMID- 2898781
TI  - Nuclear posttranscriptional processing of thymidine kinase mRNA at the onset of
      DNA synthesis.
AB  - The posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism(s) underlying thymidine kinase (TK)
      mRNA accumulation was investigated in BALB/c 3T3 cells during their progression
      from G0 into S phase of the cell cycle. Very little TK mRNA could be detected in
      either the nuclear or the cytoplasmic compartment from cells harvested in G0 or
      G1. At the onset of S phase, however, the level of nuclear TK mRNA precursors and
      mature TK mRNAs increased dramatically. The high molecular weight TK
      heterogeneous nuclear RNA species detected in the nuclei of S-phase cells were
      polyadenylylated and hybridized to intron sequences derived from the TK gene. A
      series of high molecular weight precursors could be chased to lower molecular
      weight species in the presence of actinomycin D, suggesting an ordered removal of
      intron sequences with the kinetics of a precursor-product relationship. These
      results demonstrate a striking change in the nuclear posttranscriptional
      processing of TK heterogeneous nuclear RNA at the G1-S boundary and, furthermore,
      define a model system for the examination of RNA-processing events in vivo.

PMID- 2898784
TI  - Identification of carbohydrate structures that are possible receptors for
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Different strains and isogenic variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were assayed for
      their ability to bind glycolipids extracted from various sources. Among a large
      number of reference glycolipids, binding was observed only to lactosylceramide
      [Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer], isoglobotriaosylceramide [Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal(beta
      1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer], gangliotriaosylceramide [GalNAc(beta 1-4)Gal(beta 1
      4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer], and gangliotetraosylceramide [Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc(beta 1
      4)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)Cer]. The latter two glycolipids bound gonococci with
      the highest affinity. Lactosylceramide and gangliotriaosylceramide were found in
      glycolipid preparations from ME180 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from a
      human cervical carcinoma, and thus are possible receptors for gonococci. The
      gonococcal surface component that bound the above glycolipids is a protein
      distinct from pilin and protein II.

PMID- 2898785
TI  - Requirement of GTP on somatostatin-induced K+ current in human pituitary tumor
      cells.
AB  - The role of GTP on somatostatin-induced K+ current increase was examined in
      dissociated human pituitary tumor cells obtained from three acromegalic patients.
      Pituitary cells in culture were voltage-clamped by using the patch clamp
      technique in the whole-cell configuration. Somatostatin (100 nM) increased the
      membrane permeability to K+ ions and inhibited hormone secretion. A current
      voltage relation of the somatostatin-induced K+ current showed an inward
      rectification when the concentration of extracellular K+ ions was increased. The
      amplitude of the somatostatin-induced K+ current decreased during recording when
      the patch pipette solution did not contain GTP; addition of 100 microM GTP to the
      patch pipette solution prevented this reduction. Intracellular application of 100
      microM guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[gamma S] evoked an inward
      rectifying K+ conductance in the absence of somatostatin. After the GTP[gamma S]
      induced K+ conductance reached a steady level, application of somatostatin did
      not further increase the K+ conductance. In pertussis toxin-treated cells
      GTP[gamma S] did not evoke K+ conductance. It was concluded that somatostatin
      induced K+ channels were regulated by a GTP-binding protein.

PMID- 2898787
TI  - Neuropeptide Y as an autonomic neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2898786
TI  - Expression of receptors for cholecystokinin and other Ca2+-mobilizing hormones in
      Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - The expression of receptors for cholecystokinin (CCK) and other similar acting
      Ca2+-mobilizing hormones was studied in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Poly(A)+ RNA was
      prepared from pancreatic AR42J cells, which normally express receptors for CCK
      and bombesin and the RNA injected into oocytes. The presence of these pancreatic
      receptors on the oocytes was then demonstrated by hormone-induced mobilization of
      45Ca2+. CCK receptors were present 1 day (maximum, 2 days) after injection of RNA
      and were generally proportional to the amount of poly(A)+ RNA injected (1-50 ng).
      Oocyte CCK receptors retained selectivity for CCK analogs (CCK8 greater than
      unsulfated CCK8 greater than CCK4) and were blocked by the specific CCK receptor
      antagonist CR 1409. When poly(A)+ RNA was subjected to size fractionation on
      sucrose gradients, activity-inducing CCK receptors showed a single peak centered
      at 3 kilobases. The generality of this oocyte system for expressing Ca2+
      mobilizing hormone receptors was further shown by expression of a response to
      bombesin after injection of AR42J cell RNA and a response to vasopressin and
      angiotensin II when poly(A)+ RNA from rat liver was injected. No response to CCK
      was demonstrable after injection of liver RNA, demonstrating the specificity of
      this assay.

PMID- 2898788
TI  - [Treatment of attention deficit disorders in adulthood using psychostimulants and
      low-dose neuroleptics--a critical case report].
AB  - Psychiatric research and therapy recently evinced increasing interest in patients
      suffering from attention deficit disorder. "Attention deficit disorder" is a
      category of mental disorders listed in DSM III, with a separate diagnostic
      subgroup for attention deficit disorders persisting in adults who had been
      hyperkinetic in childhood ("attention deficit disorder-residual type"); however,
      this does not feature in a corresponding manner in the ICD 9 version. Since there
      are practically no therapy studies in existence within the ICD range that can be
      relevant for such disorders, we studied the treatment of an adult patient with
      the psychostimulant fenetylline under clinical conditions and found a significant
      improvement in attention performance. However, on integration in a long-term day
      clinic rehabilitation programme we found that low-dose neuroleptic treatment was
      on the whole of greater benefit than fenetylline treatment.

PMID- 2898789
TI  - The mode of action of bromocriptine following pretreatment with reserpine and
      alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine in rats.
AB  - The ability of bromocriptine (BRC), a selective dopamine D-2 receptor agonist, to
      induce yawning responses was studied in rats pretreated with reserpine and alpha
      methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT). BRC (1 20 mg/kg IP) evoked yawning responses,
      which were pronounced at 2.5 mg/kg and characterized by the head moving downward.
      Higher doses of BRC (5 20 mg/kg) dose-dependently delayed the onset and peak time
      of yawning. A low dose of the selective D-1 dopamine receptor agonist SK&F38393
      did not induce yawning but enhanced the BRC-induced response. Pretreatment with
      reserpine (1 and 5 mg/kg SC), alpha-MPT (100 and 300 mg/kg IP) and reserpine (1
      mg/kg) plus alpha-MPT (100 mg/kg) was able to significantly reduce BRC-induced
      yawning. The inhibitory effects were prevented by a low dose of SK&F38393 (0.5
      mg/kg IP). In particular, combined treatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg) and BRC (10
      and 20 mg/kg) elicited upright fighting and jumping behaviors which were
      inhibited by haloperidol (1 mg/kg IP), a non-selective D-1 and D-2 receptor
      antagonist, SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg SC). a selective D-1 receptor antagonist, or
      sulpiride (20 mg/kg IP), a potent D-2 receptor antagonist, and were potentiated
      by SK&F38393 (0.5 mg/kg). SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg) decreased BRC-induced yawning and
      the apomorphine (low doses)-induced potentiation of BRC yawning, and prevented
      the apomorphine (high doses)-induced reduction of BRC yawning. SCH23390 also
      inhibited apomorphine-induced stereotypy and BRC-induced potentiation of
      apomorphine stereotypy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898790
TI  - The threshold lowering effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on brain-stimulation reward.
AB  - 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychoactive phenylisopropylamine
      which is structurally similar to both amphetamine-related sympathomimetics and
      the hallucinogen, mescaline. MDMA produces pleasurable effects which include
      euphoria, and recent reports continue to demonstrate its widespread recreational
      use. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of racemic MDMA on
      the threshold for rewarding intracranial self-stimulation, an animal model used
      to assess a drug's abuse liability in man. Rewarding electrical stimulation was
      delivered via electrodes stereotaxically implanted in the medial forebrain bundle
      lateral hypothalamic area of the rat brain. Thresholds were determined by means
      of a rate-independent psychophysical method. MDMA produced a dose-related
      lowering of the reward threshold in all four animals tested. Given that increased
      sensitivity for rewarding brain stimulation, measured as a lowering of the reward
      threshold, is an animal model of drug-induced euphoria these results suggest a
      similar mode of action for its reinforcing effects as other abused substances.

PMID- 2898792
TI  - Clinical profile of gepirone, a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic.

PMID- 2898791
TI  - Drug discrimination studies with MDMA and amphetamine.
AB  - The term entactogen has recently been introduced to describe a new
      pharmacological class of compounds best represented by 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, and its alpha-ethyl homologue MBDB. The
      present study was designed to test the similarities of the discriminative
      stimulus properties produced by MDMA and MBDB, as well as to elaborate further
      the distinction between entactogens, hallucinogens and stimulants. Two groups of
      rats were trained to discriminate saline from either racemic MDMA hydrochloride
      (1.75 mg/kg) or S-(+)-amphetamine sulfate (1.0 mg/kg) in a two-lever drug
      discrimination task. The (+/-)-MDMA cue completely generalized to S-(+)-MDMA, S
      (+)-amphetamine, (+/-)-MDA, S-(+)-MBDB, (+/-)-MBDB, R-(-)-MDMA, and R-(-)-MBDB,
      but not to LSD or DOM. The S-(+)-amphetamine cue generalized to (+/-)
      methamphetamine, but not to racemic MDMA or MBDB, nor to their optical isomers.
      The S-(+)-isomers of both MDMA and MBDB were more potent than the R-(-)-isomers.
      The results indicate that MDMA and MBDB may share a component of their
      discriminative stimulus properties which is different from both stimulants and
      hallucinogens. Although MDA and MDMA have been shown to be amphetamine-like, the
      lack of stimulant effects for MBDB suggests that amphetamine-like stimulant
      activity is not necessary for a compound to share discriminative stimulus
      properties with MDMA.

PMID- 2898793
TI  - Pilot study of alpidem, a novel imidazopyridine compound, in anxiety.

PMID- 2898794
TI  - A 5-HT1A ligand with both antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.

PMID- 2898795
TI  - Neuroleptic treatment and prediction of response.

PMID- 2898796
TI  - Kraepelinian schizophrenia: a subgroup of schizophrenia?

PMID- 2898797
TI  - Stimulant treatment for adolescents with attention deficit disorder.

PMID- 2898798
TI  - [Electron microscopy of damaged solder].

PMID- 2898799
TI  - Effects of antidepressants on monoamine transporters.
AB  - 1. Using [3H]antidepressants, high affinity binding sites associated with the
      neuronal transporter for serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine and adrenaline have
      been identified. 2. The association of high affinity [3H]imipramine binding with
      the serotonin transporter in brain and platelets is well established. Although
      the exact relationship between the [3H]imipramine recognition site and the
      serotonin transporter remains to be elucidated, it appears that the
      [3H]imipramine labelled component of the serotonin transporter represents a novel
      receptor that functions to modulate serotonin uptake. 3. Most data available to
      date support the hypothesis that [3H]imipramine binding to platelet represents a
      biological marker in depression. The majority of studies indicate that the Bmax
      of platelet [3H]imipramine binding is lower in depressed, untreated patients than
      in the control population and that this finding is relatively specific to
      depression. 4. Among the [3H]antidepressant binding sites associated with the
      other monoaminergic transporters, the recent identification of [3H]desipramine
      binding to the neuronal transporter for adrenaline offers novel perspectives.
      Thus, given the high affinity for [3H]desipramine binding to the adrenaline
      transporter in the frog heart for not only desipramine but also imipramine and
      the atypical antidepressants mianserin and iprindol, it is possible that an
      interaction with the adrenaline transporter is of significance to the clinical
      effects of antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2898800
TI  - [Reactions to withdrawal of benzodiazepines: implications for the practitioner].

PMID- 2898801
TI  - [Springtime rhinoconjunctivitis: current findings].

PMID- 2898802
TI  - [The status, objectives and prospects of rheumatological services in the RSFSR in
      the light of the resolutions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2898803
TI  - [Study of the effect of DDT analogs on the activity of selected enzymes in rats
      in an acute experiment].

PMID- 2898804
TI  - [Genetics of type 1 diabetes: study of the polymorphism of DNA restriction
      fragments].

PMID- 2898805
TI  - Biologically ineffective gonadotropin secretion: two cases.
AB  - Symptoms of gonadal insufficiency, in the presence of high serum levels of
      gonadotropins, generally indicate primary gonadal failure. An exception to this
      generalization is the secretion of ineffective gonadotropic hormone secretion by
      the pituitary. One such case was reported in 1979. However rare it may be, this
      disorder should still be taken into consideration when evaluating hypogonadal
      patients. In fact, it may not be so rare as it is supposed. In this report, two
      such cases are presented. They both show signs of gonadal insufficiency in the
      presence of high serum gonadotropin concentrations, but responding normally to
      exogenously administered chorionic gonadotropin.

PMID- 2898806
TI  - Sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibit contractile leukotriene
      formation.
AB  - Sulfasalazine, used therapeutically in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, is
      cleaved in vivo to form 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine. In an
      isolated preparation of rat peritoneal cells both sulfasalazine (IC50 = 0.15 mM)
      and 5-ASA (IC50 = 2.3 mM), but not sulfapyridine, inhibited calcium ionophore
      stimulated formation of contractile leukotriene activity. This activity, although
      not identified directly, is attributable to a mixture of leukotriene C4 and
      leukotriene D4 (commonly referred to as SRS-A, or slow-reacting substance of
      anaphylaxis). Reference compounds evinced expected activities (IC50 = 0.024 mM
      for phenidone, IC50 = 0.3 microM for nordihydroguaiaretic acid, IC50 = 0.033 mM
      for BW 755C), whereas para-aminosalicylic acid and thiosalicylic acid were
      inactive. These properties of sulfasalazine may contribute to its therapeutic
      efficacy in vivo.

PMID- 2898807
TI  - Sulphasalazine in the treatment of reactive arthritis.

PMID- 2898808
TI  - A two year prospective study of rearrests for drunken driving.
AB  - 393 drunken drivers, arrested within a six-month period in 1984/85, were selected
      for a prospective study of rearrests for drunken driving. Within the following
      two years, 119 (30%) of the drivers were rearrested. They were responsible for
      232 detected drunken driving offences. The rearrest rate increased with
      increasing blood alcohol concentration (measured at the time of selection). The
      rearrest rate was greater for those with elevated blood gamma glutamyltransferase
      (a marker of excessive alcohol consumption), and was markedly greater for those
      with more than one arrest for drunken driving preceding the observation period.

PMID- 2898809
TI  - [Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine].

PMID- 2898810
TI  - Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells were isolated with the use of a
      variety of phenotypic markers. These cells can proliferate and differentiate with
      approximately unit efficiency into myelomonocytic cells, B cells, or T cells.
      Thirty of these cells are sufficient to save 50 percent of lethally irradiated
      mice, and to reconstitute all blood cell types in the survivors.

PMID- 2898811
TI  - [Mutual potentiation of the analgesic effects of [MET5] enkephalin, dynorphin A
      (1-13) and morphine in the spinal cord of the rat].

PMID- 2898812
TI  - [Effect of starvation on the secretion of insulin and its mechanism in rats].

PMID- 2898813
TI  - Pharmacological control of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2898814
TI  - [Attack on education meets with increased activities].

PMID- 2898815
TI  - [Mass of paper dominates students meeting in Korsor].

PMID- 2898816
TI  - Anticoagulant activity in cell homogenate of adult T cell leukemia.
AB  - The hemostatic abnormality in 18 patients with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) was
      studied. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was slightly prolonged and
      prekallikrein activity was markedly low in these patients. The leukemic cell
      homogenate from these patients prolonged the recalcification time (RCT) of normal
      plasma; homogenates containing more than 3 x 10(3) cells/microliter prolonged it,
      although a lower cell concentration shortened it. The crude anticoagulant
      fraction from the gel filtration, with a molecular weight of about 34,000,
      prolonged RCT. The crude anticoagulant did not affect prothrombin time (PT),
      thrombin activity or activated X activity at any concentration, but prolonged the
      contact activation test, inhibited the activation of prekallikrein and prolonged
      RCT of Fletcher trait, Fitzgerald trait and F XII deficient plasma. These effects
      of ATL cell homogenate were stronger on platelet poor plasma than on platelet
      rich plasma. Although ATL cells had low procoagulant activity, increase of
      leukemic cells made anticoagulant activity predominant, might be the cause of
      hemostatic abnormality or amplify the bleeding tendency in patients with ATL.

PMID- 2898817
TI  - Monocytes of patients congenitally deficient in plasma factor XIII lack factor
      XIII subunit a antigen and transglutaminase activity.
AB  - Monocytes isolated from patients with severe deficiency in plasma Factor XIII of
      blood coagulation (FXIII) were tested for FXIII antigen and transglutaminase
      activity. By immunoperoxidase method the patients' monocytes, in contrast to
      normal controls, showed no reaction with a monospecific antibody against FXIII
      subunit a. This result was confirmed by immunoblotting technique, as well. In
      addition, tissue macrophages tested in one of the patients were also exempt of
      FXIII subunit a antigen. The transglutaminase activity in FXIII deficient
      monocytes was below the limit of the detection of the dansylcadaverine
      incorporation assay. The results suggest that FXIII subunit a of
      monocytes/macrophages and its plasma and platelet counterparts are closely
      related or identical proteins and demonstrate that the transglutaminase activity
      in monocytes is of FXIII origin and tissue transglutaminase is present, if at
      all, only in insignificant amount.

PMID- 2898818
TI  - Phospholipase C from clostridium perfringens induces human platelet aggregation
      in plasma.
AB  - We studied the aggregating effect of different concentrations of phospholipase C
      (PLC) (extracted from Clostridium perfringens) on human platelet-rich plasma
      (PRP). PRP was preincubated with PLC for 3 min at 37 degrees C and the platelet
      aggregation was followed for 10 min. The threshold aggregating concentration
      (TAC) of PLC was 3-4 U/ml. We also studied the potentiation of PLC with other
      stimuli on platelet aggregation. Potentiating stimuli, such as arachidonic acid
      (AA), ADP. Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) and U-46619 (a stable analogue of
      cyclic endoperoxides) were all used at subthreshold concentrations. We also
      studied the possible inhibitory effect of aspirin, apyrase, TMQ, a prostaglandin
      endoperoxide/thromboxane receptor antagonist and BN-52021, a PAF receptor
      antagonist. Only aspirin and apyrase were able to reduce aggregation induced by
      PLC alone and PLC + AA and PLC + ADP respectively. TMQ and BN-52021 were
      inactive. In ex vivo experiments oral aspirin (500 mg) partially inhibited
      platelet aggregation induced by PLC alone, PLC + AA and PLC + ADP 2 and 24 h
      after administration. Aspirin 20 mg for 7 days also reduced aggregation induced
      by PLC + AA.

PMID- 2898819
TI  - [Do beta-blockers protect against myocardial infarction?].

PMID- 2898820
TI  - [Treatment of anaphylaxis].

PMID- 2898821
TI  - [Undescended testes in adulthood. A special case].

PMID- 2898822
TI  - [Undescended testes in adulthood. Statistics and tactics].

PMID- 2898823
TI  - [Beta agonists].

PMID- 2898824
TI  - Use of an in vitro system to study the effects of lead on astrocyte-endothelial
      cell interactions: a model for studying toxic injury to the blood-brain barrier.
AB  - We investigated the effect of inorganic lead on the interaction of immature rat
      astrocytes and bovine adrenal endothelial cells. The two cell types were cultured
      alone and in coculture in the presence or absence of lead acetate for up to 1
      week. A battery of cell specific markers was used for cell identification.
      Newborn Sprague-Dawley rat brain astrocytes were more sensitive than bovine
      adrenal endothelial cells to the cytotoxic effects of 10-50 microM lead acetate,
      as demonstrated by a decrease in cell number and by the presence of intracellular
      vacuoles and detached cells. The number of astrocytes decreased to 50% of control
      after 4 days in culture at a concentration of 10 microM lead. In contrast, a
      mitogenic effect of lead was observed on the endothelial cells at this
      concentration, with an increase in cell number to 110% of control. In coculture,
      the two cell types demonstrated a distinctive cellular organization and the
      astrocytes were less sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of lead than when they
      were cultured alone. A lead-enhanced induction of a neural capillary enzyme
      activity, gamma-GTP, was detected histochemically in the coculture system. These
      results are consistent with a maturing or differentiating effect of the
      endothelial cells on the astrocytes, making them less susceptible to lead and
      mature enough to induce gamma-GTP activity in the endothelial cells.

PMID- 2898825
TI  - [Utilization of the cardio-selective beta receptor blocker Cordanum as
      premedication in dental-surgical interventions in the ambulatory].

PMID- 2898826
TI  - [Atracurium and vecuronium. Advantages and disadvantages].

PMID- 2898827
TI  - [Acid secretory function of the kidneys in patients with hemorrhagic fever with
      the renal syndrome].

PMID- 2898829
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of hepatic transferrin receptors in human
      liver with and without iron overload.
AB  - The expression of transferrin receptors (TfR's) has been investigated in eight
      liver biopsy specimens (four from patients without demonstrable iron and four
      from patients with iron storage due to primary hemochromatosis (HC)) using
      immunoelectron microscopy to demonstrate TfR's by the simultaneous application of
      two specific monoclonal antibodies (OKT9 and B3/25) to tissue chopper sections.
      In the four specimens without iron overload, hepatocytes, but not sinusoidal
      lining cells, stained positively and immunoreactivity was mainly localized in the
      cytoplasm. Positively stained cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated
      synthesis of the TfR. The presence of TfR's on segments and coated invaginations
      of the sinusoidal membrane and in small, but otherwise unidentified vesicles in
      the cytoplasm is compatible with endo-/exocytotic transport and recycling of
      TfR's as demonstrated by biochemical studies. Occasional positively stained
      material in canalicular lumina together with positively stained canalicular
      microvilli and pericanalicular vesicles suggest that transcellular transport may
      be an additional pathway for TfR's. In three biopsies showing severe iron
      overload due to HC, TfR immunoreactivity was completely absent. The remaining
      specimen showing HC, exhibited relatively mild iron overload and showed only a
      few positively stained hepatocytes. This supports the previously reported
      disappearance of hepatic TfR expression in HC when iron overload is severe.

PMID- 2898828
TI  - Protein degradation in lysosomes from chemically induced malignant rat hepatoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in rat liver by exposing the animals to
      diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene in combination with partial
      hepatectomy. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that the general
      appearance of the tumour tissue was that of highly differentiated malignant
      hepatocytic cells. Morphometrically there was a difference between normal and
      malignant cells in that the entire lysosomal apparatus was twice as large in
      malignant cells as in normal cells. This was mainly due to an increase in the
      fractional volume of autophagic vacuoles. A total lysosomal fraction (dense
      bodies and autophagic vacuoles) was isolated and characterized from both control
      and tumour livers. Marker enzyme analysis showed that the lysosomal enzyme
      activities were significantly lower in malignant liver tissue. Injection of
      leupeptin, an inhibitor of cathepsins B, H, and L, into rats did not increase the
      fractional volume of autophagic vacuoles in tumour tissue as much as in normal
      liver tissue. The proteolytic rate was lower in the lysosomal fraction from
      hepatoma cell tissue compared with the lysosomal fraction from normal cell
      tissue. This could conceivably be due to the lower activities of lysosomal
      enzymes. However, if the recovery of lysosomes is taken into account no clear-cut
      difference in lysosomal proteolysis between control and malignant liver tissue
      was noted. Accordingly, in malignant liver tissue a proteolytic balance is
      obtained characterized by an increased fractional volume of AVs and lower rate of
      protein degradation in individual lysosomes.

PMID- 2898830
TI  - Interdigitating reticulum cells in dermatopathic lymphadenitis: freeze-fracture
      and ultrathin-section morphology.
AB  - Dermatopathic lymphadenitis is a non-neoplastic lesion found with various chronic
      skin lesions and associated with hyperplasia of the thymus-dependent (T) areas.
      These areas consist chiefly of interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC's), which are
      known to be accessory cells for T-cell-dependent immune reactions. The most
      characteristic features of IDC's are the bizarre-shaped cell nucleus, numerous
      cytoplasmic processes, deep cytoplasmic invaginations, and a close topographical
      relationship to surrounding (T) lymphocytes. The cytoplasmic processes of IDC's
      do not interdigitate with adjacent lymphocytes, as previously reported in the
      literature, but show close interdigitations with the processes of neighboring
      IDC's. With the freeze-fracture technique it can be seen that IDC's exhibit a
      characteristic distribution of intramembranous particles (IMP). While, for
      example, macrophages, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes display a clearly greater
      number of IMP on the P face than on the E face, IDC's show an equally high
      particle density on both the P face and the E face. The organelle content of
      IDC's in dermatopathic lymphadenitis varies considerably. Tubular profiles, the
      Golgi apparatus and vesicles may be increased in number. Birbeck granules are
      also found in IDC's, but only rarely. Variations in the numbers of the different
      cytoplasmic organelles may be a reflection of varying degrees of metabolic
      activity of IDC's.

PMID- 2898831
TI  - Unimpaired membrane dynamics in parathyroid cells in insulin deficient rats.
AB  - The responsiveness of parathyroid cells in insulin deficient and short-term
      diabetic rats was investigated by morphometric analysis. Insulin deficiency was
      produced by intravenous injection of D-mannoheptulose and short-term (7 days)
      diabetes mellitus by intraperitoneal application of streptozotocin. Parathyroid
      glands were stimulated for parathyroid hormone secretion by decreasing the serum
      calcium concentration through intravenous infusion of EGTA. Parathyroid cells of
      controls, insulin deficient, and short-term diabetic rats responded to reduced
      serum calcium by a 45% increase of the cell surface area. This increase is
      assumed to be the result of the membrane-bound transport of parathyroid hormone
      from the Golgi complex and secretory granules to the plasma membrane and
      subsequent exocytic release of parathyroid hormone induced by the low serum
      calcium concentration. Therefore, the unimpaired increase in the cell surface
      area of parathyroid cells in insulin deficient and short-term diabetic rats
      indicates that insulin does not modulate the release of parathyroid hormone. It
      is also considered likely that synthesis of parathyroid hormone is not suppressed
      in short-term diabetes but that fat metabolism is disturbed leading to
      accumulation of lipid vacuoles.

PMID- 2898833
TI  - Histogenesis and morphogenesis of epidermoid metaplasia in hamster tracheal organ
      explant culture.
AB  - The formation of epidermoid metaplasia was studied in hamster tracheal epithelium
      in long-term serum-free organ explant culture. Explants were cultured up to 5
      weeks in CMRL 1066 with antibiotics and amphotericin B. At 3 weeks there were
      rare small foci of epidermoid metaplasia and they became larger and more numerous
      at 4 and 5 weeks. Three dimensional reconstructions from serial sections
      demonstrated that the small deep-seated foci were discrete and did not reach the
      epithelial surface, whereas the larger foci were expansive and involved the full
      thickness of the explant epithelium. Each small focus consisted of a few swollen
      electron-lucent basal cells attached to the basal lamina, covered by a layer of
      flattened electron-dense secretory cells which formed a tight-fitting cap over
      the basal cells. The altered secretory cells displayed moderately well-developed
      rough endoplasmic reticulum and tonofilament bundles. During the early stages of
      formation the deep-seated metaplastic foci were completely covered by a layer of
      normal appearing cuboidal to low-columnar secretory and ciliated cells. Expansion
      of the metaplastic foci occurred by addition of flattened, electron-dense
      secretory cells to the cap so that multiple layers of altered secretory cells
      covered a core of basal cells, analogous to the structure of an onion. The
      secretory cells became cornified and with time the foci broke through the
      columnar mucociliary surface layer. In well-advanced foci, the uppermost
      cornified squames (metaplastic secretory cells) exfoliated into the tracheal
      lumen. The study emphasizes similarities and differences between the
      morphogenesis and histogenesis of epidermoid metaplasia in vivo and in
      vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898832
TI  - Dual secretory and myoepithelial differentiation in the transplantable R3230AC
      rat mammary carcinoma.
AB  - The hormone-responsive R3230AC mammary carcinoma, serially transplantable in
      Fisher rats, shows striking functional and morphological similarities to the
      normal mammary gland. We have studied its cellular composition by both light and
      electron microscopy, employing markers of myoepithelial and epithelial cells. We
      identified two cell types: the major cellular component corresponded to
      epithelial milk-protein secreting cells, while a second component showed
      immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the myoepithelial
      cells. These cells were positive with a monoclonal antibody detecting alpha
      smooth muscle actin. The dual differentiation which normally occurs in breast
      ducts is therefore reproduced in a malignant experimental tumor. The coexistence
      of neoplastic cell populations, divergent in morphology and function, that
      persist in a tumor despite many transplant generations, leads to reconsideration
      of the relationship between cellular differentiation and malignant
      transformation.

PMID- 2898834
TI  - Nuclear growth and chromatin relaxation-condensation cycle in hepatocytes during
      the proliferative activation of rat liver.
AB  - In order to quantify the changes in nucleolar and nuclear volumes and in
      chromatin condensation produced during proliferative activation we have carried
      out morphometric studies on hepatocyte nuclei during rat liver regeneration using
      electron microscopy. To minimize the artefactual effects produced by fixation on
      subcellular structures we have fixed the livers by perfusion with glutaraldehyde.
      The mean values for the nucleolar and nuclear volumes were progressively
      increased until 28 h after 66% partial hepatectomy. The maximum values raised for
      the nuclei and nucleoli at this time were 3 and 4.28 times, respectively, those
      of controls. Later, nuclear and nucleolar volumes progressively declined. Two
      waves of diminution in nuclear electron-dense material were produced after
      hepatectomy. The first occurred between 0 and 12 h, with minimum values 1.34
      times lower than those from control animals at 8 h. The second occurred between
      12 and 28 h, with minimum values 2.56 times lower than those from control rats at
      24 h. These two waves in chromatin relaxation correlate very well with the
      transcriptional changes described by other authors during the pre-replicative,
      replicative and mitotic phases of liver regeneration.

PMID- 2898836
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa in Jamaicans.

PMID- 2898835
TI  - [Regulatory effects of terminal products and intermediates of aromatic pathways
      on rifamycin biosynthesis in Nocardia mediterranei].

PMID- 2898837
TI  - A re-examination of the mechanism of ackee-induced vomiting sickness.

PMID- 2898838
TI  - Electron microscope localization of some enzymes in the blood microvessels
      supplying the sensory nerve endings.

PMID- 2898839
TI  - Monoamine-containing islet cells of the pancreas in the pigmented domestic fowl.
      Fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2898840
TI  - Structure of the ATP-synthase from chloroplasts and mitochondria studied by
      electron microscopy.
AB  - The structure of the ATP-synthase, F0F1, from spinach chloroplasts and beef heart
      mitochondria has been investigated by electron microscopy with negatively stained
      specimens. The detergent-solubilized ATP-synthase forms string-like structures in
      which the F0 parts are aggregated. In most cases, the F1 parts are arranged at
      alternating sides along the string. The F0 part has an approximate cylindrical
      shape with heights of 8.3 and 8.9 nm and diameters of 6.2 and 6.4 nm for the
      chloroplast and mitochondrial enzyme, respectively. The F1 parts are disk-like
      structures with a diameter of about 11.5 nm and a height of about 8.5 nm. The F1
      parts are attached to the strings, composed of F0 parts, in most cases, with
      their smallest dimension parallel to the strings. The stalk connecting F0 and F1
      has a length of 3.7 nm and 4.3 nm and a diameter of 2.7 nm and 4.3 nm for the
      chloroplast and mitochondrial enzyme, respectively.

PMID- 2898841
TI  - Alternative model for Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilin variation.
AB  - The pilus of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a dominant outer membrane organelle, is a
      major virulence factor. The pilus undergoes phase variation and antigenic
      variation has also been observed, both in vitro and in vivo. The current model of
      pilus variation invokes a gene conversion type recombination between a silent
      pilin locus and the pilin expression site. Experimental results which led to the
      creation of this hypothesis are reviewed and data are presented which support an
      alternative model based on DNA transformation.

PMID- 2898842
TI  - Tip proteins of pili associated with pyelonephritis: new candidates for vaccine
      development.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains associated with extra-intestinal infections frequently
      express carbohydrate binding adhesins which are present as minor components of
      pili. The adhesin protein, PapG, and at least two other minor pilus subunits,
      PapE and PapF, are associated with the tips of Gal alpha (1-4)Gal-binding Pap
      pili or P fimbriae of uropathogenic E. coli. The structural and antigenic
      variation of these tip-associated proteins is discussed and evidence is presented
      showing that serologically identical pili may contain antigenically distinct
      adhesins each capable of binding to a specific receptor. One approach to the
      purification of these tip-associated proteins is presented and involves complex
      formation with the periplasmic transport protein PapD.

PMID- 2898844
TI  - Progress towards a vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - A variety of approaches are being investigated in the development of a vaccine
      against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). These approaches include
      purified fimbriae vaccines, toxoid vaccines, live attenuated E. coli vaccine
      strains and ETEC antigens expressed in carrier organisms. Studies of the
      pathogenesis and immune response to ETEC indicate that development of a vaccine
      against human ETEC is a realistic goal but considerable work remains before this
      goal is realized.

PMID- 2898843
TI  - Safe, live Vibrio cholerae vaccines?
AB  - Mutants of Vibrio cholerae defective in intestinal colonization have been
      constructed. Characterization of these mutants has led to the identification of a
      gene cluster involved in the assembly of a pilus colonization factor called TCP.
      The tcp operon has been cloned and strains of V. cholerae have been constructed
      that overproduce this pilus and the B subunit of cholera toxin. Together these
      studies may contribute to the eventual construction of efficient live and killed,
      oral cholera vaccines.

PMID- 2898845
TI  - [Neuropathophysiological and neuroimmunopathological approaches to understanding
      the mechanisms and establishing the principles of the pathogenetic therapy of
      alcoholism].

PMID- 2898846
TI  - [Perazine-induced agranulocytosis--case report].
AB  - This complication normally arises between the 5th and 10th weeks of treatment and
      is most commonly seen in middle-aged and elderly women. The risk is estimated to
      be between 0.04% and 2%, depending on the type of medication and the method of
      assessment. The present report describes a 16-year-old boy who developed
      agranulocytosis after 4 weeks of treatment with perazine. The problem was
      complicated by acute toxoplasmosis. After perazine was discontinued the
      neutrophils recovered within 5 days; the boy did develop fever, but the
      infectious disease had a mild course. This case report once again confirms the
      importance of regular blood control during the early phases of treatment with
      psychopharmacological agents.

PMID- 2898847
TI  - [Pathogenic properties of freshly isolated strains of the pertussis microbe].
AB  - The serovar composition, toxicity, virulence and lymphocytosis stimulating
      activity (LSA) of B. pertussis strains circulating in the 1980-ies were studied
      in comparison with the strains circulating in previous years. The study revealed
      changes in the toxic properties of B. pertussis: their decrease in the years of
      the intensive immunization of children against whooping cough and rise at the
      period when the number of immunized children was reduced. The toxic properties
      and LSA in most B. pertussis strains were less pronounced in the 1980-ies than in
      the 1960-ies. The serovar composition of the circulating strains remained stable
      for 15 years with the prevalence of serovar 1.0.3.

PMID- 2898848
TI  - [Effect of weather conditions in an epidemic season on the nature of the
      morbidity of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].
AB  - The epidemic manifestation of the most active natural foci of HFRS in the USSR on
      the territory of Bashkiria is described. The authors compare two epidemic seasons
      of 1975-1976 and 1977-1978. Besides the number of rodents, the rise of morbidity
      is influenced by their early multiplication and weather conditions. The early
      appearance of the stable snow cover facilitates a rapid drop in the number of
      NFRS cases as early as in October, while prolonged autumn with rains, snow,
      periods of thaw and ice-covered ground leads to a rise in NFRS morbidity
      occurring in autumn and winter and ending only in March. Weather conditions also
      influence the epidemiological structure of morbidity.

PMID- 2898849
TI  - [The structure of immunoregulatory cells as a reflection of their interaction in
      infectious diseases].
AB  - Analysis of the structure of immunoregulatory cells (IRC) as the reflection of
      cell interaction in healthy persons and in patients with typhoid fever, tick
      borne encephalitis, or chronic opisthorchiasis has shown that the characteristics
      under study (information entropy, structural information, the coefficient of
      ecological-genetic correspondence) are highly sensitive and specific, which makes
      it possible to use them quite effectively for differentiating health from disease
      and for identifying this disease. The study of IRC structure as the reflection of
      cell interrelations helps evaluate the changes in the organization of IRC system
      as a whole in different infectious diseases.

PMID- 2898850
TI  - [Effect of phosphaden and unithiol on the cyclase system of the small intestine
      mucosa in rabbits in experimental salmonellosis].
AB  - The study was made on 59 chinchilla rabbits. S. typhimurium 1847 live culture was
      introduced into the lumen of an isolated loop of the thin intestine. The activity
      of adenylate cyclase (AC), guanylate cyclase (GC), the levels of cyclic adenosine
      3,5-monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate (cGMP), the activity
      of cAMP- and cGMP-phosphodiesterases were determined in the mucous membrane of
      the ligated part of the intestine. Considerable fluid accumulation in the loop,
      activation of AC and cGMP-phosphodiesterase, a rise in the level of cAMP and a
      drop in the level of cGMP in the mucosa of the ligated part of the intestine were
      registered. In one group of the animals phosphadene and in the other group
      unitiol were introduced into the infected intestinal loop; as a result, a
      decrease in the accumulation of fluid in the loop, on the average, by 40% and a
      tendency to an increase in the level of cAMP and a drop in the level of cGMP in
      the mucous membrane of the ligated part of the intestine were observed. Changes
      in the level of cGMP play, seemingly, a more important role in the development of
      diarrhea in salmonellosis.

PMID- 2898851
TI  - The use of gene probes to investigate the etiology of hyperlipidaemia and
      arterial diseases.

PMID- 2898852
TI  - Chronic GnRH administration in prepubertal male pigs. A model to evaluate the
      effects of GnRH treatment in cryptorchidism.
AB  - The effect of chronic pulsatile low-dose GnRH treatment on the juvenile testis
      and associated structures was evaluated in relation to hormonal parameters in the
      peripheral blood in the pig. Starting at 8 weeks of age, male pigs (crossbreds of
      Dutch Landrace and Yorkshire breeds) were injected 6 times daily im with 0, 75 or
      250 ng GnRH/kg body weight during 4 weeks. Immediately after the treatment
      period, a GnRH stimulation test with 750 ng GnRH/kg iv was carried out. Samples
      for plasma LH, FSH, testosterone and 5 alpha DHT measurement were obtained weekly
      (basal level) and after GnRH stimulation. The pigs were castrated at 12 weeks of
      age and the weights and lengths of the testis, epididymis and cremaster muscle
      were recorded. Intratesticular testosterone and 5 alpha DHT concentrations were
      determined, and the testis and epididymis were evaluated for histological
      changes. Basal plasma hormone concentrations, intratesticular androgen
      concentrations and the response of the pituitary gland to stimulation had not
      been affected by GnRH treatment. Pigs receiving the higher treatment dose of GnRH
      showed less increase in testosterone levels in response to the stimulation dose
      at 12 weeks of age than the other pigs. Morphologically, no changes were observed
      in the epididymis and cremaster muscle after GnRH treatment and no signs of
      reactivation of structures that can provoke testicular descent could be seen. The
      development of the seminiferous epithelium was more advanced in the GnRH-treated
      groups, apparently in a dose-dependent manner.

PMID- 2898853
TI  - Peripheral and hepatic resistance to insulin and hepatic resistance to glucagon
      in uraemic subjects. Studies at physiologic and supraphysiologic hormone levels.
AB  - To characterize endogenous glucose production in uraemia, nondialyzed uraemic
      patients and controls were exposed to two major modulating hormones, insulin and
      glucagon. Nineteen uraemic and 15 healthy subjects underwent either a 2-step
      (insulin infusion rates: 0.45 and 1.0 mU.kg-1.min-1) or a 3-step (insulin
      infusion rates: 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mU.kg-1.min-1) sequential euglycaemic insulin
      clamp. Average steady state serum insulin concentrations were almost identical
      during all five infusion rates in uraemic patients (16, 22, 26, 31 and 66 mU/l)
      and controls (15, 19, 24, 33 and 68 mU/l). At all steps, insulin infusion was
      accompanied by significantly lower glucose disposal rates [( 3(-3)H]glucose) in
      uraemic patients compared with controls (P less than 0.05 or less). Moreover, the
      restraining potency of insulin on endogenous glucose production was much more
      prominent in healthy than in uraemic subjects at the lowest three infusion rates
      (0.6 +/- 1.0 versus 1.4 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- 1 SD), -0.3 +/- 0.7 versus 0.7 +/- 0.3,
      and -1.1 +/- 0.7 versus 0.2 +/- 0.6 mg.kg-1.min-1; P less than 0.05, P less than
      0.01 and P less than 0.01, respectively), implying a shift to the right of the
      dose-response curve in uraemia. In contrast, basal values were comparable (2.4 +/
      0.3 versus 2.2 +/- 0.6 mg.kg-1.min-1) as the difference vanished at higher
      infusion rates, i.e. peripheral insulinaemia above approximately equal to 30
      mU/l. Another 7 uraemic patients and 7 controls were infused with glucagon at
      constant rates of 4 or 6 ng.kg-1.min-1, respectively, for 210 min concomitant
      with somatostatin (125 micrograms/h) and tritiated glucose. The ability of
      glucagon to elevate plasma glucose was markedly attenuated in uraemic patients
      compared with controls during the initial 60 min of glucagon exposure. This
      difference was entirely due to diminished hepatic glucose production (3.5 +/- 0.8
      versus 4.8 +/- 1.0 mg.kg-1.min-1; P less than 0.05). In conclusion, in addition
      to insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, uraemia is also associated with
      hepatic insulin resistance. Furthermore, glucagon challenge implies impaired
      early endogenous glucose release in uraemia suggesting a superimposed hepatic
      resistance to glucagon.

PMID- 2898854
TI  - Augmentation of glucose induced insulin secretion by pertussis vaccine,
      phentolamine and benextramine: involvement of mechanisms additional to prevention
      of the inhibitory actions of catecholamines in rats.
AB  - Pertussis vaccine, pertussis toxin, and the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug
      phentolamine augment glucose-induced insulin secretion. The present study was
      carried out to determine the relationship between this action and the ability of
      these agents to prevent the inhibitory actions of adrenaline. Pertussis vaccine
      augmented glucose-induced insulin secretion in rat islets ex vivo and prevented
      the inhibitory actions of adrenaline and clonidine. Incubation of islets with
      phentolamine or the irreversible alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent benextramine
      also augmented glucose-induced insulin secretion. However, the alpha-adrenoceptor
      blocking drugs idazoxan, yohimbine or phenoxybenzamine, in concentrations that
      prevented the inhibitory effects of adrenaline and/or clonidine, did not modify
      glucose-induced insulin release in vitro. Benextramine (1 X 10(-5) mol/l) blocked
      the inhibitory effect of clonidine, whilst having no significant effect on the
      response to adrenaline. It is concluded that stimulation of insulin secretion by
      certain alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs can be dissociated from their alpha
      adrenoceptor properties. The ability of pertussis vaccine, phentolamine or
      benextramine to augment glucose-induced insulin release in vitro is unlikely to
      be due to the prevention of the inhibitory action of endogenous catecholamines.

PMID- 2898855
TI  - Somatostatin reduces posthypoglycemic insulin resistance in insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In order to study whether somatostatin reduces posthypoglycemic insulin
      resistance, hypoglycemia was induced between 7.00 and 8.00 h by an iv infusion of
      insulin with and without somatostatin (250 micrograms/h) in 6 male patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Exogenous glucagon was infused to
      substitute for the suppression of its endogenous release (1.0-1.5 ng.kg-1.min-1).
      Insulin resistance was assessed by a somatostatin-insulin-infusion test (SIGIT)
      between 11.00 and 15.00 h. In the study without hypoglycemia, blood glucose was
      kept close to 6 mmol/l from 8.00 h until start of the SIGIT. In both hypoglycemic
      studies similar nadir blood glucose levels were achieved and hypoglycemia evoked
      the same increase of plasma epinephrine and cortisol, whereas plasma glucagon
      remained at its basal level. The growth hormone response to hypoglycemia was
      suppressed by somatostatin. At the onset of the SIGIT, the plasma levels of the
      counterregulatory hormones had returned to basal, and blood glucose and plasma
      free insulin concentrations were almost identical. During the SIGIT there were no
      differences in plasma free insulin or counterregulatory hormone levels. Insulin
      resistance, as seen following hypoglycemia, was not demonstrable in the study
      with somatostatin. It is concluded that somatostatin reduces insulin resistance
      following hypoglycemia in patients with IDDM. It is therefore suggested that an
      analogue with a specific GH release inhibiting property may be useful in reducing
      glycemic instability when given as adjunct therapy to insulin in patients with
      labile glycemic control.

PMID- 2898856
TI  - Blood levels, clearance rates and effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on
      insulin and metabolites during alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade in cattle in
      vivo, and in vitro degradation of dopamine in bovine blood.
AB  - To study possible modifications of norepinephrine and epinephrine kinetics
      (metabolic clearance rate and half-times) by inhibition of binding to alpha-
      and/or beta-adrenergic receptors, norepinephrine and epinephrine were iv infused
      in the absence or presence of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine,
      the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol, and during the combined
      administration of phentolamine and propranolol. In addition, recovery experiments
      were performed to investigate the in vitro degradation of dopamine,
      norepinephrine and epinephrine. Blood levels and kinetics of epinephrine were not
      modified by alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, whereas norepinephrine clearance
      was reduced by alpha-adrenergic blockade, and was greater than epinephrine
      clearance. alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade markedly modified insulin, glucose
      and non-esterified fatty acid responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
      Norepinephrine and epinephrine could fully be recovered when added to bovine
      blood plasma. In contrast, dopamine obviously was immediately destructed by
      bovine, but not by human blood plasma, and should therefore barely be detectable
      in blood of cattle in vivo.

PMID- 2898858
TI  - Distribution of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-I carriers in Kochi prefecture,
      Japan.

PMID- 2898857
TI  - Immunocytochemical changes in hypothalamic and pituitary hormones after acute and
      prolonged stressful stimuli in the anestrous ewe.
AB  - We studied the effect of short (acute (20 min/h, for 4 h) and intermittent, long
      term (20 min/h for 9 h on 3 consecutive days) electric foot shocks on the
      immunocytochemical localization of CRH and SRIH in the hypothalamus and of ACTH,
      beta-endorphin, GH and PRL in the pituitary of the anestrous ewe. Acute stress
      greatly reduced immunoreactive (ir) CRH in the median eminence and cellular
      irACTH, beta-endorphin and PRL, as well as the proportion of these cell types in
      the pituitary. A slight reduction of irSRIH in the median eminence was also
      observed. After long-term stress, reduction of irCRH in the median eminence was
      still observed. However, ACTH/beta-endorphin cells in the pituitary gland
      displayed increased secretory activity, manifested by hypertrophy and
      hyperplasia. A marked depletion of irSRIH in the nerve terminals of the median
      eminence was observed. The proportion of PRL cells but not their ir content
      returned to control levels. No effects were observed on the features of the GH
      cells. This study indicates that there are differences in the effect of short-
      and long-term stressful stimuli on the activity of hormonal systems in the
      anestrous ewe. Short-term stress immediately activates the CRH/ACTH/beta
      endorphin axis. Prolonged stress appears to augment the activation of the SRIH
      hypothalamic system and probably has a restraining effect on ACTH/beta-endorphin
      release.

PMID- 2898859
TI  - A comparison of betaxolol and timolol in open angle glaucoma and ocular
      hypertension.
AB  - In a randomized, double-masked study, 41 patients with primary open-angle
      glaucoma or ocular hypertension were treated with betaxolol 0.5% or timolol 0.5%
      drops for 26 weeks. The average decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) over the
      total study period was significant with both betaxolol (-6.3 mmHg) and timolol (
      7.2 mmHg) in patients receiving no adjunctive therapy. There was no difference
      between betaxolol and timolol with respect to changes from baseline IOP.
      Significantly decreased mean brachial arterial pressure (MAP) was seen only with
      timolol, although the difference between the two groups was not significant.
      Pulse, pupil size, and basal tear secretion were unchanged in both groups.
      Burning upon instillation of the drops was more frequent with betaxolol.

PMID- 2898860
TI  - Relations between blood flow and mucociliary activity in the rabbit maxillary
      sinus.
AB  - The effects of two sympathomimetic drugs on mucociliary activity and mucosal
      blood flow in the rabbit maxillary sinus were investigated by using a photo
      electric technique (mucociliary activity) and laser Doppler flowmetry (blood
      flow). The responses produced were compared with effects of ligation of the
      external carotid artery. The alpha 1-agonist phenylpropanolamine (0.1-100
      micrograms/kg) had no effect on the mucociliary activity, whereas the blood flow
      was reduced by 33.8 +/- 8.9% (mean +/- SE) when the dose was 100 micrograms/kg.
      The alpha 2-agonist xylometazoline (0.01-10.0 micrograms/kg) reduced mucociliary
      wave frequency by 21.6 +/- 4.6% (mean +/- SE) (maximum) for the dose 10
      micrograms/kg. The blood flow was reduced by xylometazoline in the interval 1.0
      to 10.0 micrograms/kg, with a maximum decrease of 65.8 +/- 2.6% (mean +/- SE) for
      the dose of 10 micrograms/kg. Ligature of the external carotid artery reduced
      blood flow by 76.0 +/- 4.6% (mean +/- SE), but did not significantly influence
      the mucociliary wave frequency. It is concluded that the decrease in mucociliary
      activity induced by alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists is not due to a reduced blood
      flow.

PMID- 2898861
TI  - DNA typing of a cystic fibrosis family with borderline sweat tests.

PMID- 2898862
TI  - Long-term use of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in the treatment of
      hypoglycaemia due to nesidioblastosis.
AB  - An infant presented with hypoglycaemia secondary to nesidioblastosis. Subtotal
      pancreatectomy failed to prevent recurrent post-operative hypoglycaemia.
      Subcutaneous somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) was shown to increase the blood
      concentrations of glucose and B-hydroxybutyrate while lowering serum insulin
      levels. Regular use of somatostatin analogue was helpful in long term management
      without causing significant side effects.

PMID- 2898863
TI  - [Studies on crystal structures and structure-activity relationships of the 4
      substituted fentanyl derivatives].

PMID- 2898864
TI  - New selective dopamine D-2 antagonists as antipsychotic agents. Pharmacological,
      chemical, structural and theoretical considerations.

PMID- 2898865
TI  - Effects of ganglion blocking agents on post-train facilitation in the rabbit
      superior cervical ganglion.
AB  - The effect of ganglion blocking agents, hexamethonium and tubocurarine, on post
      train facilitation and ganglionic transmission was studied and compared in
      isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rabbit, using electrophysiological
      technique--the conditioning-testing methodology. The preganglionic nerve trunk
      was stimulated, with either a single unconditioned stimulus (UR)-or a train of
      conditioning stimuli at 10 or 30 Hz, followed by a post-train test stimulus
      (PTR). The transmitted postganglionic, compound action potential (PCAP) was
      recorded following single and trains of stimuli, in the presence and absence of
      ganglion blocking drugs, hexamethonium (1-100 microM) and tubocurarine (1-100
      microM). Hexamethonium and tubocurarine produced concentration-dependent
      reduction in the amplitude of the transmitted PCAP, increased post-train
      facilitation values and proportionately reduced those of the subliminal fringe
      (SF). The mean IC50 values (concentration to produce 50% block of PCAP) of
      hexamethonium and tubocurarine-induced blockade of the single unconditioned
      response were 15 +/- 1 microM and 26 +/- 2 microM (n = 6, P less than 0.01)
      respectively. A dose-ratio (tubocurarine)/hexamethonium) of 1.7 was obtained.

PMID- 2898866
TI  - Somatostatin-induced inhibition of lipolysis: in vitro studies.
AB  - Incubation of epididymal fat tissue slices with somatostatin (SS) led to the
      inhibition of epinephrine-induced release of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol
      in a dose-dependent manner. The SS administration did not suppress the lipolysis
      evoked by dibutyryl cAMP. The experimental findings indicate that SS exerts an
      inhibition of catecholamines-induced lipolysis at the level of adipocytes
      although the mechanism of action requires further investigations.

PMID- 2898867
TI  - Effect of intraarterial somatostatin infusion on SMA blood flow.
AB  - Experiments were carried out on anaesthetized cats to study the effect of
      somatostatin on the mesenteric circulation. Intraarterial infusions of
      somatostatin were applied into the superior mesenteric artery. The effect of
      atropine, propranolol and phentolamine were investigated. Catecholamine release
      or uptake of the mesenteric vascular bed during somatostatin infusions were also
      measured. We found dose dependent vasodilatory effect of somatostatin on the
      mesenteric vasculature that was not influenced by atropine and by the
      adrenoreceptors or by denervation. A direct effect of somatostatin on the
      vascular smooth muscle membrane is assumed.

PMID- 2898868
TI  - Effects of neurohypophyseal hormones on food-reinforced classical conditioning in
      the rat.
AB  - The effects of different doses of lysine vasopressin (LVP) and oxytocin (OXT)
      were studied on the six-day acquisition or extinction of a food-reinforced
      classical conditioning reflex (conditional stimulus: light) when intraperitoneal
      (ip.) injections were carried out 20 min prior to the behavioural sessions. The
      highest (600 mU/kg) dose of LVP inhibited acquisition, and all LVP doses tested
      (150, 300 and 600 mU/kg) facilitated the extinction of conditioned behaviour.
      These same mU doses of OXT did not significantly affect the food-reinforced
      conditioning, although a consequent tendency towards increased performance (the
      opposite action to vasopressin) was observed. When 2.5 or 25 micrograms/kg doses
      of desglycinamide-arginine-vasopressin (DGAVP), a 500 micrograms/kg dose of
      prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) or a 1200 mU/kg dose of OXT was injected during
      the extinction sessions, 2.5 micrograms/kg DGAVP and 1200 mU/kg OXT significantly
      facilitated extinction; the other treatments were without effect. LVP in a dose
      of 300 or 600 mU/kg and OXT in a dose of 300, 600 or 1200 mU/kg did not influence
      the food intake of 22 h food-deprived rats in a nonconditional situation. The
      present results indicate that the effects of LVP and OXT on memory display
      reinforcement-dependent characteristics, and are thus indirect or non-specific in
      nature.

PMID- 2898869
TI  - Pharmacological profile and mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2898870
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a syndrome of involuntary movements that develops in
      predisposed individuals during neuroleptic drug treatment, with an average
      prevalence of 15%. Neuroleptic (antidopaminergic) drugs are the predominant
      etiological factor. Although no simple correlation can be established, both
      dosage and treatment duration seem to be of importance for the development of
      dyskinesia. It is still uncertain whether some neuroleptics carry a higher risk
      than others, but it appears that the atypical neuroleptic clozapine, which causes
      no or minimal dystonia, parkinsonism, or akathisia, also carries no or minimal
      risk of TD. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TD are unclear. The
      traditional dopamine hypersensitivity theory is no longer viable, whereby new
      hypotheses have been advanced: TD can be due to the blockade of a subset of
      striatal dopamine receptors, while parkinsonism is due to the blockade of another
      such subset, and/or can be due to a reduced GABA turnover in a subgroup of
      neurons connecting striatum with globus pallidus and substantia nigra. TD is best
      prevented by a course of neuroleptic medication involving as little antidopamine
      effect as possible, including minimal doses and shortest possible length of
      treatment. The main TD treatment principle consists of a gradual dose reduction,
      possibly over years. It should be added, however, that more recent investigations
      indicate that traditional antidopaminergic treatment in moderate doses may be
      safely continued over a long period without an increased risk of TD progression.

PMID- 2898871
TI  - Topographical distribution of absolute alpha-power in the EEG and psychopathology
      in schizophrenic outpatients.
AB  - In 36 schizophrenic outpatients (Research Diagnostic Criteria) under neuroleptic
      maintenance treatment the EEG was recorded under resting conditions. The absolute
      alpha-power (7.5-13 Hz) was estimated by Fast Fourier Transform as the mean of
      300 2-second epochs for the leads F3/A1, F4/A2, 01/A2 and 02/A2. Two
      lateralization quotients (anterior, posterior) and two anteriorization quotients
      (left, right) were calculated from the absolute alpha-power. Clinical status was
      assessed cross-sectionally with BRPS, GAS and CGI. The main findings are: 1) A
      linear relationship between the left/right ratio of absolute alpha-power over
      posterior regions and anxiety/depression--the more the alpha-power is left
      lateralized, the higher the anxiety/depression score; 2) a curvilinear, inverted
      U-shaped relationship between the left/right ratio of absolute alpha-power over
      posterior regions and the score of schizophrenia-specific symptomatology; 3) the
      amount of daily neuroleptic dose (mgCPZ) has no impact on EEG-parameters. Results
      are discussed with respect to hemisphere asymmetry models of psychopathology.

PMID- 2898872
TI  - [Measurement of pain intensity in surgery patients for the purpose of evaluating
      the effects of analgesics].

PMID- 2898873
TI  - [Cryptorchism III. A: The gubernaculum in testicular descent. Experimental
      study].

PMID- 2898874
TI  - [Cryptorchism III. B: Qualitative and quantitative changes in experimentally
      induced cryptorchid testis].

PMID- 2898875
TI  - [Indications for the interlocking nailing in open fractures].
AB  - The history of intramedullary nailing leads us to assume that septic
      complications arising from the treatment of open fractures through marrow nailing
      are largely due to reaming and need no longer to a full extent be put down to
      treatment by locking nailing. Locking nailing of an open fracture (all three
      degrees) of the femur can be recommended as long as the periosteum is not exposed
      over large segments, and coverage with soft tissue is possible. Locking nailing
      of the lower leg can only be recommended with open fractures of the first degree.
      With fractures of the second and third degrees the fixateur externe is the
      treatment of choice.

PMID- 2898876
TI  - [Para-articular fracture of the hip joint in the aged--an indication for
      immediate operation?].
AB  - 177 patients with fractures near the hip joint were operated on between January
      1983 and December 1985. The fractures were treated with Ender pinnings, total
      endoprostheses and dynamic hip screws (compression screw fixation). Up to June
      1984 surgery was performed after the patients had been allowed a stabilisation
      phase of 4 days on the average, but from July 1984 onwards we aimed at performing
      immediate surgery within 12 hours. The second group was compared with the first
      group in a retrospective study in respect of recumbent period and mortality
      (hospital mortality and mortality after 8 months). The period during which the
      patients had to remain recumbent in the hospital was found to be considerably
      shorter, but there were no statistically significant differences in respect of
      mortality. The causes and consequences are discussed.

PMID- 2898877
TI  - [Subcutaneous tendon ruptures of the upper arm].
AB  - 25 subcutaneous tendon ruptures of the upper arm were operatively treated between
      1982 and 1985. The long biceps tendon was ruptured fifteen times, the distal
      biceps tendon eight times and the triceps tendon twice. Operative procedures and
      the functional results are described. The follow-up investigation was undertaken
      on an average of 14 months after operation. Mechanism of injury and variations of
      histological findings in the different tendons are compared. The functional
      results are good. The operative treatment of subcutaneous tendon ruptures of the
      upper arm is therefore recommended.

PMID- 2898878
TI  - [Isolated fractures of the shoulder blade in childhood and adolescence].
AB  - Fractures of the scapula in childhood and youth are very rare injuries. Despite
      the few number of cases one can clearly distinguish, with regard to the cause of
      the accident, the sort of forces involved and the type of fracture, between those
      injuries received by adults and those of children. In the case of children and
      youths isolated scapular injuries and a larger number of isolated fractures of
      the acromial and the coracoid processes can be found. For an accurate diagnosis a
      thorough radiological examination must be undertaken, and if necessary further
      special x-ray projections or on-target x-ray spot exposures.

PMID- 2898879
TI  - [Intra- and postoperative fractures in alloarthroplastic knee replacement].
AB  - In contrast to aseptic and septic loosening intra- and postoperative fractures of
      the femur rsp. the tibia represent rare complications of total knee replacement.
      Between 1971 und 1986 we implanted altogether 163 knee prostheses; 7 times (6
      patients) happened a fracture of the femur or the tibia (3 times intra-, 4 times
      postoperatively). Those complications are described by special case reports.
      Intraoperative fractures are mainly referred to not very subtle operative
      technique. Concerning postoperative fractures prosthesis specific factors and non
      specific circumstances have to be differentiated.

PMID- 2898880
TI  - [Concentration of metronidazole in bones].
AB  - Bone and serum concentrations of metronidazole were determined in 16 patients
      receiving a single dose of metronidazole before total hip replacement. The
      patients gave written informed consent to the procedure. Bone specimens were
      taken during the operation. Metronidazole was determined in serum and bone by
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 30 to 85 minutes after i.v.
      infusion of 0.5 g metronidazole (infusion period 20 min.) concentrations in bone
      ranged from 3 to 25 mg/l. Metronidazole appears suitable for treatment of mixed
      infections of bone by anaerobes with proven sensitivity. Metronidazole should
      always be given in combination with another suitable antibiotic.

PMID- 2898881
TI  - [Fixation of the cervical spine with a new halo fixation system].
AB  - The stable fixation of the cervical spine by means of a halo external fixator is
      superior in terms of stability compared with alternative methods. A new Halo
      external fixator system is being introduced which enables uncomplicated handling
      with which optimal possibilities for positional correction are achieved by means
      of lockable ball joints. By using carbon enhanced connection rods radiolucency is
      given.

PMID- 2898883
TI  - [A simple instrument for distal intramedullary nailing].

PMID- 2898882
TI  - [The infected hip joint].
AB  - The deep infection of a hip joint (after operative treatment of a fracture, after
      corrective osteotomy or as a haemtogeneous joint infection) is a severe, locally
      and systemically dangerous sickness; her treatment ist difficult because of the
      multifactorial genesis. In the accident hospital of Tubingen were treated 35
      empyemas of hip joint (excluding after implantation of a prosthesis) within 10
      years. The therapeutic management normally needs three steps: 1. Control of acute
      empyema or septicaemia (Debridement, Drainage, antibiotic treatment) 2.
      Achievement of fracture or osteotomy stability (by changing of osteosynthesis or
      bone-grafting under continuous drainage) 3. Definitive healing by removing of
      metal, resection of a destroyed or necrotic femoral head, by arthrodesis of the
      joint or--in special cases--by implantation of a prosthesis. In this way it was
      possible to control all of the 35 deep hip joint infections and to maintain
      function in 28 cases. Within the follow up (in the average 4 years) all the
      patients were free of infection.

PMID- 2898884
TI  - [The synthesis of catecholamines in bovine iris in vitro].

PMID- 2898885
TI  - [Buccal ulceration in a case of periarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2898886
TI  - [Clinical studies against chronic prostatitis and prostatitis-like syndrome (2).
      Evaluation of therapeutic effect].
AB  - We treated 229 cases of chronic prostatitis (bacterial in 29, non-bacterial in
      200) and 238 cases of prostatitis-like syndrome and evaluated the clinical
      efficacy. Clinical efficacy was seen in 77.3% of the chronic prostatitis cases
      (82.8% bacterial, 76.5% non-bacterial) and 53.8% of the prostatitis-like syndrome
      cases, with a statistical difference between these two types of disease (p less
      than 0.01). Treatment included chemotherapy, anti-inflammation agents and minor
      tranquilizers. None of them were effective against the prostatitis-like syndrome.
      On the other hand, combination usage (chemotherapies and anti-inflammation agent)
      was satisfactory on chronic bacterial prostatitis. Also on chronic non-bacterial
      prostatitis, chemotherapy was significantly effective (p less than 0.05%).
      Chemotherapeutic effectiveness against chronic prostatitis (both bacterial and
      non-bacterial) was high with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracyclines,
      cephalosporins, nalidixic acid and penicillins in this order. There was no
      difference among these drugs. Prostatic massage was generally effective
      especially for chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (p less than 0.05) and
      prostatitis-like syndrome (p less than 0.01). Light psychological treatment was
      significantly effective toward some cases of prostatitis-like syndrome with
      strong psychosomatic factors (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2898887
TI  - [Risk factors of undescended testis].
AB  - A study on possible association of maternal factors with undescended testis was
      undertaken. A comparison was made using mothers of boys with the disease (No. =
      108) and mothers of boys without the disease (No. = 108). The boys without the
      disease were selected from outpatients by individually matching the birth year
      with the case. A smaller proportion of mothers having babies with the disease
      experienced vomiting during the index pregnancy (the estimated relative risk RR =
      0.51, P = 0.02). A larger proportion of them had delivered by vacuum extractor
      delivery, cesarean section, or breech extraction (RR = 2.10, P = 0.04). A higher
      proportion of cases were complicated with inguinal hernia (RR = 9.00, P = 0.03),
      congenital cardiac diseases (RR = infinity, P = 0.008), or other various kinds of
      congenital disorders. A larger proportion of these mothers had never breastfed
      for the cases (RR = 3.75, P = 0.02). Exposure to external estrogen in the utero
      was not noted to be associated with undescended testis.

PMID- 2898889
TI  - Pharmacologic management of chronic pain in the cancer patient.

PMID- 2898888
TI  - [A case of Kallmann's syndrome].
AB  - A 13-year-old boy visited our hospital with the chief complaint of right
      undescended testis and retardation of secondary sexual characteristics. Central
      hyposmia and sensorineural hearing loss were found. The plasma levels of
      luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were low and the
      reaction to LH-releasing hormone (RH) test was poor. After repeated LH-RH tests,
      a good response in plasma levels of LH and FSH was observed. The diagnosis of
      Kallmann's syndrome was made from the above findings. The testicular biopsy
      specimen from him showed immature testis without any developed Leydig or Sertoli
      cells. To induce secondary sexual characteristics, 2000 I.U. of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) was administered to him twice a week for 3 months. The
      administration of hCG resulted in elevation of plasma testosterone level,
      swelling of testes, increase of pubic hair and spurt of height.

PMID- 2898890
TI  - Effect of drug therapy on survival in chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - A review of the current evidence on the effects of various agents on survival
      among patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) suggests that angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors probably offer the greatest potential for benefit.
      Trials undertaken before the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival
      Study (CONSENSUS) revealed favorable trends among patients in New York Heart
      Association functional classes II to IV who received angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitors. Data from CONSENSUS clearly demonstrate that enalapril reduces
      mortality rates among patients in New York Heart Association class IV, but
      conclusions regarding effects in patients with mild or moderate CHF must await
      the results of future studies. In contrast, the large data base on alpha
      adrenergic blockers suggests that these drugs are not likely to improve survival.
      Information on inotropic agents is sparse, but it is possible that these drugs
      may not improve survival and, in fact, may have a harmful effect. Mortality data
      on CHF patients treated with beta blockers and calcium channel blockers are
      likewise limited; conclusions concerning effects on survival must be postponed
      until further studies are conducted. Many of the investigations undertaken thus
      far to examine survival in patients with CHF have been small and of short
      duration, so any comparisons of the effects of various drugs must be interpreted
      with caution.

PMID- 2898892
TI  - Adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve and catecholamine secretion excitation caused
      by capsaicin in rats.
AB  - Capsaicin enhances adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion. The participation
      of the central nervous system on this enhancement by capsaicin was investigated
      in alpha-chloralose-urethan- or halothane-anesthetized rats. Intravenous
      administration of capsaicin caused a rapid and marked increase in adrenal
      sympathetic nerve activity. The nerve activity began to show an increase with the
      administration of capsaicin at a dosage of 20 micrograms/kg and significantly
      increased with a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg, i.e., capsaicin was found to cause
      a dose-dependent increase in adrenal nerve activity. Cholinergic blocking with
      hexamethonium bromide and atropine sulfate (1 and 5 mg/kg iv, respectively)
      attenuated the adrenal epinephrine secretion caused by capsaicin. The direct
      action of capsaicin on adrenal catecholamine secretion was examined using a
      retrograde perfusion system of left adrenal gland. Up to 8.2 X 10(-5) M capsaicin
      did not enhance catecholamine secretion from the adrenal gland. These results
      suggest that the enhancement of physiological catecholamine secretion by
      capsaicin is mainly through activation of the central nervous system.

PMID- 2898891
TI  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus I and adult T-cell leukemia: report of a cluster
      in North Carolina.
AB  - PURPOSE: Human adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma is a malignant, proliferative
      disease of CD4+ lymphocytes associated with infection with human T-cell
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Following the presentation of a patient who
      was infected with the virus, we undertook a study of his family members and
      sexual contacts to see if a cluster of infected persons could be identified. CASE
      REPORT: A black heterosexual North Carolina native with a history of drug abuse
      presented with jaundice, and pancytopenia subsequently developed. He then became
      hypercalcemic and leukemic, with high numbers of circulating, morphologically
      abnormal CD4+ lymphocytes. RESULTS: As determined by radioimmunoassay and
      immunoblot analyses, the serum of the index case contained antibodies against
      core proteins (p19 and p24) of HTLV-I. When cultured in vitro with interleukin-2,
      the lymphocytes expressed HTLV-I specific core proteins. The virus recovered from
      these T cells was transmitted to cord blood T cells, which became immortalized
      for continuous growth in vitro, expressed HTLV-I p19 protein, and displayed
      characteristic C-type particles by electron microscopy. Studies of family members
      and sexual contacts, all of whom were black, heterosexual central North Carolina
      natives, revealed five of 28 whose serum had anti-HTLV-I antibodies as determined
      by radioimmunoassay and immunoblot. Neither the patient nor the seropositive
      family/contacts had antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus proteins.
      Four of the six people with HTLV-I infection had no history of intravenous drug
      abuse. Three of the five seropositive family/contacts had circulating,
      morphologically abnormal lymphocytes suggestive of "preleukemic" or "smoldering"
      human adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma.

PMID- 2898893
TI  - Physiological insulin action is opposed by beta-adrenergic mechanisms in dogs.
AB  - To investigate the possible role of adrenergic mechanisms in modulating glucose
      homeostasis during physiological insulin changes, we studied the effects of alpha
      , beta-, or combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade on glucose production
      (Ra) and utilization (Rd) via isotope ([3-(3)H]glucose) dilution during
      nonstressful, nonhypoglycemic conditions in response to physiological insulin
      changes in conscious dogs. Without adrenergic blockade, infusion of insulin at
      0.275 mU.kg-1.min-1 (control) caused glucose to fall from 92 +/- 4 to 82 +/- 4
      mg/dl over 30 min, because of transient fall in Ra from 2.8 +/- 0.4 to 2.3 +/-
      0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1, which recovered to base line by 30 min. There was a later rise
      in Rd to 3.9 +/- 0.4 mg.kg-1.min-1 at 45 min, but no counter-regulatory hormonal
      changes (glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) to account for
      these findings in glucose kinetics. alpha-Blockade alone led to an initial rise
      in base-line insulin and consequent fall in glucose, associated with a transient
      fall in Ra but no change in Rd; infusion of insulin led to a further small fall
      in glucose, with no change in Ra, but with a rise at 30 min in Rd similar to
      controls. beta-Blockade alone led to an initial fall in insulin and modest rise
      in glucose; insulin infusion led to a greater rate of fall in glucose than in
      controls (from 112 +/- 6 to 78 +/- 7 mg/dl over 30 min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898894
TI  - Effects of somatostatin and glucose infusion on glucose kinetics in fetal sheep.
AB  - We examined the contribution of glucose, independently of insulin, on fetal
      glucose kinetics in the sheep by infusing somatostatin (SRIF), followed by SRIF
      plus glucose (protocol A) or reversing the initial infusion sequence (protocol
      B). In protocol A (n = 8), infusion of SRIF at 200 micrograms/h decreased plasma
      insulin (IRI) and blood glucose (G) by 2.8 +/- 1.0 microU/ml and 1.34 +/- 0.2
      mg/dl from their respective basal concentrations of 6.8 +/- 1.4 microU/ml and
      16.47 +/- 0.91 mg/dl (P less than 0.05; P less than 0.005). There were no
      significant changes in plasma glucagon (IRG) or the rates of umbilical G uptake
      or of G utilization, but G turnover decreased by 1.77 +/- 0.34 mg.kg-1.min-1 (P
      less than 0.005). Addition of G at a rate of 5.6 +/- 0.8 mg.kg-1.min-1 had no
      effect on IRI and IRG. Total G uptake (G infusion rate plus umbilical G uptake)
      increased from 6.37 +/- 0.77 to 10.25 +/- 1.0 mg.kg-1.min-1 (P less than 0.01),
      despite suppression of umbilical G uptake by 33%. Fetal G reached a new steady
      state of 23.08 +/- 1.37 mg/dl, and G turnover increased by 4.81 +/- 0.96 mg.kg
      1.min-1 from its SRIF-induced nadir (P less than 0.005). Since G concentration
      was maintained at steady state, the rate of G utilization was equivalent to the
      rate of total G uptake, an increase of 60% from basal despite suppressed
      IRI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898895
TI  - Functional somatostatin receptors on a rat pancreatic acinar cell line.
AB  - Somatostatin receptors from a rat pancreatic acinar cell line, AR4-2J, were
      characterized biochemically, structurally, and functionally. Binding of 125I
      [Tyr11]somatostatin to AR4-2J cells was saturable, exhibiting a single class of
      high-affinity binding sites (Kd = 0.55 +/- 0.06 nM) with a maximal binding
      capacity of 258 +/- 20 fmol/10(6) cells. Somatostatin receptor structure was
      analyzed by covalently cross-linking 125I-[Tyr11]somatostatin to its plasma
      membrane receptors. Gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of cross-linked
      proteins revealed a peptide (Mr 80,000) containing the somatostatin receptor.
      Somatostatin inhibited vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-stimulated adenosine
      3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) formation in a dose-dependent manner. The
      concentration of somatostatin that caused half-maximal inhibition of cAMP
      formation (IC50 = 0.4 nM) was close to the receptor affinity for somatostatin.
      Pertussis toxin pretreatment of AR4-2J cells prevented somatostatin inhibition of
      VIP-stimulated cAMP formation as well as somatostatin binding. We conclude that
      AR4-2J cells exhibit functional somatostatin receptors that retain both
      specificity and affinity of the pancreatic acinar cell somatostatin receptors and
      act via the pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein Ni to
      inhibit adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2898896
TI  - Immunoneutralization of somatostatin and neurotensin: effect on gastric acid
      secretion.
AB  - Cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin and neurotensin,
      designated S-10 and NT-C5, respectively, have recently been generated. The
      purpose of the present immunoneutralization study in urethan-anesthetized gastric
      fistula rats is 1) to examine the ability of these antibodies to block the
      inhibitory effect of their target peptides on meal-stimulated gastric acid
      secretion and 2) to use these antibodies as probes to determine whether
      somatostatin and/or neurotensin are involved in the inhibition of gastric acid
      secretion produced by intraduodenal, intra-ileal, and intracolonic fat infusions.
      The results demonstrate that both S-10 and NT-C5 successfully bound exogenous
      somatostatin and neurotensin in vivo. S-10 but not NT-C5 prevented the inhibition
      of gastric acid secretion produced by intraduodenal fat. NT-C5 but not S-10
      prevented the inhibition of gastric acid secretion produced by intra-ileal fat.
      Neither S-10 nor NT-C5 prevented the inhibition of gastric acid secretion
      produced by intracolonic fat. We conclude that somatostatin is associated with
      proximal and neurotensin with distal small bowel intestinal fat-induced
      inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2898897
TI  - ATL opportunistic infections.

PMID- 2898898
TI  - [Roentgen photogrammetry of the artificial hip joint acetabulum].

PMID- 2898899
TI  - Interactions of ACTH4-10 and ACTH1-24 with L-[3H]glutamate binding sites and
      GABA/benzodiazepine/picrotoxin receptor complexes in vitro.
AB  - The effects of ACTH4-10 and ACTH1-24 on L-[3H]glutamate (Glu) binding sites and
      GABA/benzodiazepine/picrotoxin receptor complexes in vitro were investigated.
      ACTH4-10 and ACTH1-24 inhibited [3H] Glu and [3H] muscimol binding concentration
      dependently, while [3H] flunitrazepam (FNP) and [35S] t
      butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding were not affected. These ACTH
      fragments also inhibited GABA-stimulated [3H] FNP binding. These results suggest
      that ACTH and its fragments may act as anticonvulsants by antagonizing glutamate
      binding, their interaction with GABA-A sites may relate to the other central
      nervous effects of ACTH than the anticonvulsant activity.

PMID- 2898900
TI  - Enhancement by pain and stress of analgesia produced by epidural sufentanil in
      the rat.
AB  - This study examined whether pain or stress can enhance the analgesic effects of
      spinally administered opiates. The experiments determined the effects of
      mechanically produced pain and of the stress of being restrained on the analgesic
      effects of 0.63 microgram of epidural sufentanil in rats using a tail-withdrawal
      procedure. The painful, as well as the stressful, conditions appeared to increase
      the duration of opiate analgesia 3.7- and 3.0-fold, respectively. The data offer
      initial evidence that pain and other stressful conditions can enhance the
      analgesia produced by spinally administered opiates.

PMID- 2898901
TI  - Analgesic and respiratory effects of epidural sufentanil in patients following
      thoracotomy.
AB  - Immediately following thoracotomy, 22 patients were entered into a randomized,
      double blind study comparing the effects of three lumbar epidural doses of
      sufentanil on postoperative pain and respiratory pattern. Patients were given
      either 30 micrograms (group I), 50 micrograms (group II), or 75 micrograms (group
      III) of epidural sufentanil in 20 ml N saline. Repeat doses were given on request
      for the 24-h study period. Linear analogue pain score (PS), heart rate (HR), and
      mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured at 15-min intervals after each dose.
      Respiratory depression was assessed by the presence of: 1) slow respiratory rate
      (SRR--less than 10 breaths per minute for greater than 5 min), 2) apnea (AP-
      cessation of tidal ventilation for greater than 15 s), and 3) increased PaCO2 in
      arterial blood gases (ABG) drawn at regular intervals. SRR and AP were measured
      using respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP). A further group of ten
      patients (group IV) underwent preoperative RIP monitoring during sleep and in the
      absence of any drug. Maximum analgesia was achieved within 15 min after a dose of
      sufentanil for all groups. Analgesia was not significantly prolonged by
      increasing the dose of sufentanil. SRR occurred in all four groups (group I: 2/9;
      group II: 2/6; group III: 7/7; group IV: 2/10 P less than 0.05 I, IV:II, I,
      IV:III, II:III). The number of episodes of SRR/hr was highest in group II (group
      I: 0.6 +/- 0.8, group II: 4.12 +/- 0.6, group III: 1.8 +/- 2.0, group IV: 0.5 +/-
      0.2) (NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898902
TI  - Structure:action relationships among some desacetoxy analogues of pancuronium and
      vecuronium in the anesthetized cat.
AB  - The hypothesis that the neuromuscular blocking potency of pancuronium and
      vecuronium depends on the two acetylcholine moieties present at positions 3 and
      17 was tested in cats by examining the neuromuscular profile of several
      desacetoxy analogues. Blockade of sciatic nerve-induced contraction of the
      tibialis and soleus muscles, as well as the effects on vagal-induced bradycardia
      and on sympathetically induced contractions of the nictitating membrane, were
      studied. The bis-desacetoxy analogue of pancuronium (ORG 7931) was one-fifth as
      potent as the parent compound as a neuromuscular blocking drug and as a vagolytic
      agent, but the neuromuscular block was faster in onset and shorter in duration
      than that produced by pancuronium. The desacetoxy analogues of vecuronium (ORG
      8730 and ORG 8764) also were less potent neuromuscular blocking drugs, and, in
      addition, produced more vagal block than did vecuronium itself. The neuromuscular
      block produced by these desacetoxy analogues was of more rapid onset and shorter
      duration than that produced by vecuronium. The results thus showed that the
      greater neuromuscular blocking potency of pancuronium and vecuronium is lost
      after removal of one or both of the acetylcholine moieties. An analysis of the
      relationship between neuromuscular blocking dose and duration of action revealed
      that it was reciprocal, and it is suggested that a nondepolarizing equivalent of
      suxamethonium, when discovered, may necessarily be a drug of relatively low
      potency.

PMID- 2898903
TI  - Vecuronium inhibits histamine N-methyltransferase.
AB  - Although there have been clinical reports of significant hypotension and flushing
      associated with the use of vecuronium, it produces minimal cardiovascular effects
      in the vast majority of patients. In addition, there is no evidence that
      vecuronium stimulates the release of histamine. The authors performed in vitro
      kinetic studies to determine the effect of vecuronium on histamine N
      methyltransferase (HNMT), the primary catabolic enzyme for histamine in humans.
      They also examined plasma from patients who had received vecuronium (0.1 or 0.2
      mg/kg) to determine whether clinically used concentrations of the drug could
      inhibit HNMT. It was determined that vecuronium is a strong inhibitor of HNMT;
      apparent Ki = 1 microM. The inhibition is competitive with respect to methyl
      donor and noncompetitive with respect to histamine. Vecuronium, in doses greater
      than or equal to 0.1 mg/kg, may delay the metabolism of histamine by HNMT in
      vitro.

PMID- 2898904
TI  - Importance of the level of paralysis recovery for a rapid antagonism of
      vecuronium with neostigmine in children during halothane anesthesia.

PMID- 2898905
TI  - Effect of terfenadine on the bronchoconstriction induced by ultrasonically
      nebulized distilled water.
AB  - Ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW) has been shown to induce
      bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. The proposed mechanism is through changes in
      osmolarity of the airway fluids and subsequent release of mediators from airway
      mast cells. We investigated whether terfenadine has a protective effect on UNDW
      challenges. Twelve mild-to-moderate asthmatics responded to screening a
      methacholine and UNDW challenge. For four hours after the ingestion of 0, 120,
      and 240 mg of terfenadine pulmonary responses were performed, followed by a UNDW
      challenge. Nine of 12 subjects dropped 20% after 120 mg and after 240 mg. There
      was a suggestion of a protective effect at 120 mg (P = .054), which was
      significant at 240 mg (P = .012) when the areas under the dose-response curves
      were compared. Bronchoconstriction induced by UNDW may in part be caused by
      histamine release and was attenuated by an oral antihistamine.

PMID- 2898906
TI  - A double-blind study of astemizole and terfenadine in the treatment of perennial
      rhinitis.

PMID- 2898908
TI  - Colocalization of VIP with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in the
      autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2898907
TI  - Coronary artery disease, lipid disorders and genetic polymorphisms.
AB  - Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
      most industrialized countries, accounting for one out of every two deaths in the
      United States. Disorders of the lipid transport system resulting from complex
      interactions among nutritional, environmental and genetic factors, play a very
      important role in the development of this disease. It has been proposed that low
      density lipoproteins (LDL) cause cholesterol deposition in the arterial wall,
      whereas high density lipoproteins (HDL) promote efflux of cholesterol from this
      site. Thus, low levels of HDL and/or high levels of LDL, have been associated
      with increased risk of CAD. Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) is the major protein
      component of HDL, and it has been proposed that the levels of this protein are a
      better predictor of risk of CAD than the level of cholesterol in HDL. The human
      Apo A-I gene has been characterized, and it has been found to be adjacent to the
      genes for apolipoproteins C-lll and A-lV on the long arm of chromosome 11. The
      cloning of these genes provides the appropriate tools to apply molecular genetic
      techniques to find differences between individuals at the gene level (restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms, RFLP) and to identify specific alleles at this
      particular gene locus which may be associated with a clinical phenotype, more
      specifically, premature CAD and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. In a
      preliminary study we have identified a Pst I restriction-endonuclease site
      flanking the human apolipoprotein A-I gene at its 3' end that is
      polymorphic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898910
TI  - Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine in the
      cerebral circulation.

PMID- 2898909
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide. Transmitter of inhibitory motor neurons of the
      gut.

PMID- 2898911
TI  - Neuroendocrine significance of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
AB  - The new data reported here, and available in the literature, are interpreted to
      indicate that acute release of PRL in stress is probably mediated by secretion of
      VIP and PHI arising from a subpopulation of paraventricular cells in the
      tuberoinfundibular system, and that this secretion is under serotonergic control,
      presumably by way of the raphe nuclear projection to the hypothalamus. The acute
      PRL response to suckling response is only partially under VIP/PHI control, and
      may be regulated by an as yet unidentified neural lobe hormone. In addition to
      the hypothalamic component of PRL regulation, there is a well-defined population
      of VIP cells within the pituitary, representing the only known example of VIP
      expression outside of nerve cells. This population of VIP cells is exquisitely
      responsive to thyroid status, and in common with the thyrotrope cell, is
      activated by hypothyroidism. Since VIP secretion is enhanced in the hypothyroid
      pituitary, and VIP release is stimulated by TRH, it is reasonable to postulate
      that paracrine VIP secretion may play a role in the reasonable to postulate that
      paracrine VIP secretion may play a role in the hyperprolactinemia prolactinemia
      that occurs in the hypothyroid human, although this is clearly not the case for
      the rat in whom hyperprolactinemia was not demonstrable. The role of VIP/PHI in
      human pituitary disease is unknown. We have been unable to identify any tumors
      that contain immunoreactive material using tissues prepared by standard methods.
      It may be that the demonstration of VIP/PHI is more demanding and will require
      better techniques for staining. The role of tuberoinfundibular VIP hypersecretion
      remains to be established but the evidence for stress-induced PRL hypersecretion
      in man encourages us to believe that at least some cases may be due to excessive
      hypothalamic activity. Additional potential neuroendocrine actions of VIP are in
      the secretomotor control of the ovary and thyroid, and in the regulation of
      somatostatin secretion and synthesis. In dispersed cell cultures (but not in
      whole hypothalamic slices from adult animals), VIP stimulates somatostatin
      secretion and independently stimulates the formation of somatostatin mRNA, an
      effect that can be duplicated in mixed cultures by treatment with forskolin, a
      postreceptor cAMP stimulator. In work carried out by Montminy and colleagues, the
      cAMP action has shown to be mediated by formation of a soluble protein that
      appears to activate the somatostatin gene promotor through interaction with a
      specific gene sequence.

PMID- 2898912
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the lung.

PMID- 2898914
TI  - Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in
      peristalsis and sphincter function.

PMID- 2898913
TI  - Somatostatin and analogues in the treatment of VIPoma.

PMID- 2898915
TI  - Antineoplastic activity of two taxol derivatives on an ovarian tumor xenografted
      into nude mice.
AB  - In order to compare the antineoplastic activities of taxol A, taxol B, a mixture
      of the two (taxol A 72%) and vinblastine, a human ovarian tumor serially
      transplanted into 104 female athymic mice was used. In the first experiment (11th
      passage), the antineoplastic activities of taxol A, taxol B and the mixture taxol
      AB were tested. The same dose was used in each case (12.5 mg/kg i.e. 1/20 of the
      evaluated LD50 value). It was administered subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days.
      Three courses of treatment were performed, with 2 rest periods of 1 week in
      between. All the taxol derivatives produced a statistically significant delay in
      the tumor growth. However, taxol B had the lowest chemotherapeutic response. In
      the second experiment (18th passage), different dose levels were administered
      (mixture 12.5 mg/kg/day x 4 - taxol A 8.8. mg/kg/day x 4 - taxol B 3.5 mg/kg/day
      x 4 - vinblastine 0.5 mg/kg/day x 2). For all the taxol derivatives 4 treatment
      courses with 3 rest periods of 4 days were used, and for vinblastine 4 treatment
      courses with 3 rest periods of 1 week. At the end of the second experiment,
      vinblastine, taxol A and a mixture of the two showed similar significant
      activity, whereas no objective antitumor response was observed following the
      taxol B treatment at the dose level chosen. The experimental results obtained
      clearly demonstrate that, in the taxane system, the greatest degree of
      antineoplastic activity can be attributed to taxol A.

PMID- 2898916
TI  - Antimigraine drug interactions with serotonin receptor subtypes in human brain.
AB  - The interactions of antimigraine agents with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5
      HT) receptor subtypes were analyzed in human frontal cortex membranes. The drugs
      studied included 5-HT antagonists, beta-adrenergic antagonists, and calcium
      channel blockers. At 5-HT1A sites labeled by 3H-8-hydroxy-2-(N,N-dipropylamino)
      tetralin, (-)pindolol, alprenolol, (-)propranolol, methysergide, cyproheptadine,
      and pizotifen are similar in that they display affinities of approximately 100 nM
      for this receptor. By contrast, only methysergide displays relatively high
      affinity (120 +/- 60 nM), whereas all other drugs have affinities greater than
      1,000 nM for non-5-HT1A sites labeled by 3H-5-HT in human cortex. Finally, at 5
      HT2 receptors labeled by 3H-spiperone, cyproheptadine, methysergide, and
      pizotifen are extremely potent agents (affinity constants of 1 to 10 nM), whereas
      amitriptyline (23 +/- 4 nM), verapamil (140 +/- 50 nM), and nifedipine (320 +/-
      80 nM) are moderately potent. All other drugs are inactive at concentrations
      below 1,000 nM. These data demonstrate that most antimigraine drugs display high
      affinity for the 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT2 receptor subtypes in human brain. However,
      antimigraine efficacy cannot be explained by drug interactions with a single 5-HT
      receptor subtype.

PMID- 2898917
TI  - Abnormal physiology of the dorsal horn as related to the deafferentation
      syndrome.
AB  - The spinal cord dorsal horn has been implicated in the generation of pain and
      dysesthesias following nerve and nerve root damage and/or avulsion, as well as
      following damage in adjacent spinal cord regions. Alterations in the functional
      properties of dorsal horn neurons occur after deafferentation and may underlie
      the occurrence of abnormal sensations referred to the denervated body part.
      Abnormal activity following deafferentation has also been noted at thalamic and
      cortical levels. Some of these post-denervation functional changes, determined
      anatomically and/or electrophysiologically, are reviewed as well as the results
      of behavioral studies of the deafferentation syndrome in the rat.

PMID- 2898918
TI  - Neurochemistry of the dorsal horn.
AB  - The dorsal horn region of the spinal cord, particularly the dorsal root entry
      zone (DREZ), represents the first central integration center for nociceptive
      afferent impulses. Here, the excitatory neurotransmitters/modulators, products of
      the primary sensory neurons, are released, the segmental interneuronal influences
      pertain, and the descending bulbospinal tracts terminate. A vast variety of
      compounds are thus involved in the processing of nociceptive information in these
      areas, among which are the 'classical' neurotransmitters and the more recently
      described neuropeptides. A continued vast interest exists concerning the
      chemistry of the dorsal horn/DREZ region. The current developments and
      understanding regarding the pharmacology of this region are presented. Particular
      emphasis is given to the interactions among the various compounds, the
      coexistence of some of these within single neuronal populations, the importance
      of the opiate receptor subtypes, and the actions and localizations of some of the
      newly discovered neuropeptides.

PMID- 2898919
TI  - Growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked chili during cooling.
AB  - U.S. Department of Agriculture regulations require that brick chili be cooled
      from 48.9 degrees C to 4.4 degrees C within 2 h of cooking, but processors may
      not always be able to comply. Studies were conducted to evaluate the extent of
      bacterial multiplication resulting from outgrowth of germinated Clostridium
      perfringens spores experimentally inoculated into chili and incubated at various
      temperatures. Inoculated samples were heated (75 degrees C for 20 min) to
      activate spores, quickly equilibrated, and held at one of five desired
      temperatures for 6 h. No growth was observed for C. perfringens in samples held
      at 26.7 degrees C and below for 6 h, but growth was observed by 6 h in samples
      held at 32.2 degrees C and after 2 h in samples held at temperatures between 37.8
      degrees C and 48.9 degrees C. Using isothermal growth data, we developed a simple
      model for predicting the growth of bacteria with time under exponential cooling
      conditions. The model predicts both the lag phase and the numbers of bacteria at
      specific times during the growth phase. It was developed by using isothermal
      growth data and tested by using temperature-varying growth data from experiments
      with spores of C. perfringens in chili. Actual data agreed closely with predicted
      results. The results should be useful for evaluating the hazard potential for
      growth of C. perfringens in chili.

PMID- 2898920
TI  - [Therapeutic approach targeting the proteins involved in mechanisms of multidrug
      resistance].
AB  - Recently, the mechanisms of multidrug resistance have been partly elucidated.
      Based on these resistant mechanisms, therapeutic approaches targeting the
      proteins involved in the mechanisms of multidrug resistance are under
      investigation. These include therapies with monoclonal antibodies, drug resistant
      genes and agents interacting with the proteins of resistant tumor cells.

PMID- 2898921
TI  - [Cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens available for serum diagnosis].
AB  - Many of the recently developed tumor antigens detected by monoclonal antibodies
      are sugar chains and frequently associated with blood group substance. By
      immunohistological studies, we evaluated mainly the clinical usefulness and
      significance of the serum assay of CA-50 classified as a type 1 sugar chain,
      sialyl SSEA-1 classified as a type 2 sugar chain, and ST-439 with an undetermined
      structure, as well as their clinicopathological significance. In addition, the
      value of measurement of CA 19-9 and ST-439 in pancreatic juice was studied. The
      incidence of serum CA-50 was highest in pancreatic cancer (86%) and biliary tract
      cancer (66%), but relatively low in benign diseases. Moreover, the positivity and
      specificity of CA-50 as a tumor marker were no less useful than those of CA 19-9.
      However, comparison of serum levels of CA-50 with those of CA 19-9 in the same
      samples revealed a highly positive correlation in malignant diseases. Thus,
      improvement of the diagnostic rate through a combination assay of CA-50 and CA 19
      9 seems unlikely. Both serodiagnostic and immunohistological studies showed that
      sialyl SSEA-1 and ST-439 were highly specific for tumor, whereas their
      appearances in serum or tumor were lower than CA 19-9 or CA-50 carrying the type
      1 sugar chain. In addition, an appreciable number of sialyl SSEA-1 or ST-439
      positive patients were found among those negative for CA 19-9 or CA-50. These
      results indicate that assay of sialyl SSEA-1 or ST-439 improves the diagnostic
      rate in combination with CA 19-9 or CA-50. Although the concentration of CA 19-9
      in pancreatic juice from pancreatic cancer patients was highest, it was also
      significantly higher in patients with chronic pancreatitis than in controls.
      Furthermore, the overlap between the values in patients with cancer and those
      with chronic pancreatitis was great. On the other hand, the concentration of ST
      439 in pancreatic juice was significantly higher only in patients with pancreatic
      cancer. These results indicate that the measurement of ST-439 in pancreatic juice
      is more useful as a tumor marker than measurement of CA 19-9, and that moreover,
      the assay of CA 19-9 in pancreatic juice could be used as a sensitive marker for
      nonspecific pancreatic injury.

PMID- 2898923
TI  - Clinical diagnosis of cryptorchidism. John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism
      Study Group.
AB  - We examined 3534 boys for cryptorchidism at birth, and, if present, again at 3
      months of age. We compared Scorer's standard criterion for cryptorchidism, based
      on measurement of the testis from the public tubercle, with the simpler criterion
      of whether the testis was in the normal position, well down in the scrotum. At
      birth 210 (5.9%) boys were cryptorchid by measurement and 220 (6.2%) by position.
      By 3 months of age the cryptorchidism rate was identical (1.6%) whichever
      criterion was used. We therefore recommend that position be used as the sole
      criterion for diagnosing cryptorchidism. There was a clear decrease in the
      cryptorchidism rate with increasing birth weight. A testis that was undescended
      at birth was more likely to descend spontaneously by 3 months the lower its
      position along the normal pathway of descent. For a given position of the testis,
      cryptorchid babies weighing less than 2500 g had a greater chance of spontaneous
      descent by 3 months than larger babies. An independent effect of gestation is
      suggested; cryptorchid babies of less than 37 weeks' gestation were more likely
      to have normally descended testes at 3 months than babies of longer gestation.

PMID- 2898922
TI  - Possible association between breast cancer and malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2898924
TI  - Growth hormone releasing hormone or growth hormone treatment in growth hormone
      insufficiency?
AB  - Sixteen prepubertal children who were insufficient for growth hormone were
      treated with growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) 1-40 and GHRH 1-29 for a
      mean time of nine months (range 6-12 months) with each peptide. Eleven children
      received GHRH 1-40 in four subcutaneous nocturnal pulses (dose 4-8
      micrograms/kg/day) and eight (three of whom were also treated with GHRH 1-40)
      received GHRH 1-29 twice daily (dose 8-16 micrograms/kg/day). Altogether 73% of
      the children receiving GHRH 1-40 and 63% receiving GHRH 1-29 showed a growth
      response. Double the daily dose of GHRH 1-29 was required to obtain equivalent
      growth response to pulsatile GHRH 1-40. A significant linear correlation was
      shown between growth hormone secretion and height velocity on GHRH 1-40 but not
      on GHRH 1-29 and there was a significant correlation between plasma GHRH and
      serum growth hormone concentrations during GHRH 1-40 administration. Response to
      conventional growth hormone treatment in a matched group of children was
      significantly better than the response after GHRH. A significant improvement in
      height velocity was observed in the children transferred to growth hormone
      replacement. Growth hormone remains the treatment of choice in growth hormone
      insufficiency. GHRH treatment may be of benefit in children with less severe
      growth hormone insufficiency in the presence of pulsatile endogenous growth
      hormone secretion.

PMID- 2898925
TI  - Acute confusional state and hyponatraemia due to inappropriate antidiuretic
      hormone secretion in polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - An acute confusional state, which developed in a patient with polyarteritis
      nodosa (PAN), proved to be secondary to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
      hormone and consequent hyponatraemia. This is a very unusual complication of PAN
      and may well reflect a direct stimulation of the supraoptic nuclei owing to
      cerebral vasculitis.

PMID- 2898926
TI  - [Sequential development of vitamin D metabolites under isoniazid and rifampicin
      therapy].
AB  - A sequential study of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D), 1.25 dihydroxy vitamin D
      [1.25 (OH)2-D], PTH, alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (gamma
      GT) was undertaken in a series of 46 children with asymptomatic tuberculosis
      treated by isoniazid (INH) alone or associated with rifampin (RMP). These
      parameters were measured before treatment, 1 month, 3 months after the onset and
      at the end of treatment (6 months). In order to reduce the influence of the time
      of the year on the 25-OH-D levels, 22 patients were selected for whom the whole
      treatment took place between October and May of the following year. In this
      group, 13 children were treated by INH and RMP, 9 by INH alone. A statistically
      significant decrease in 25-OH-D levels could be demonstrated after 3 months of
      treatment in 13 patients under INH and RMP as well as a significant increase in
      alkaline phosphatase and gamma GT levels. In 9 patients given INH alone, 1.25
      (OH)2-D levels decreased after 3 months without significant changes in 25-OH-D,
      alkaline phosphatase or gamma GT levels. These results emphasize the need for
      regular biochemical supervision, even if no sign of rickets is observed in these
      patients.

PMID- 2898927
TI  - [Flumazenil: a useful antagonist in pediatrics].

PMID- 2898928
TI  - [Growth of children treated for leukemia or malignant lymphoma. Influence of
      cranial radiotherapy].
AB  - We studied the height growth of 96 children presenting with acute leukemia or non
      Hodgkin lymphoma, together with an investigation of GH and TSH in 41 of them.
      There were 2 groups: group I consisting of 19 patients without brain irradiation
      and group II consisting of 77 patients with prophylactic brain irradiation.
      Initial average height was identical in both groups. Growth rate was
      significantly decreased in group II but not in group I (p less than 0.01). There
      is a correlation between the decrease of growth rate and the decrease of GH to
      arginine stimulation test (p less than 0.03). A lack of response to GRF-44 was
      noted in 4 of 11 investigated patients. TSH and prolactin secretions were
      unchanged.

PMID- 2898929
TI  - Enzyme immuno assay for the detection of virus specific IgG and IgM antibody in
      patients with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
AB  - Consecutive serum samples collected from 235 patients with Haemorrhagic Fever
      with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), between two days and two years after onset of
      disease, have been analysed for the presence of IgG and IgM type of antibodies
      specific for Hanta-viruses. The sera were screened in parallel by a newly
      developed indirect Immuno Enzyme Assay (EIA) in parallel with Indirect
      Immunofluorescent Antibody Assay (IFA). In both tests the Hantaan virus strain 76
      118 was used as the antigen. The EIA was much more sensitive than the IFA test
      for the detection of IgM type antibodies. With the indirect EIA IgM type
      antibodies against Hantaan virus 76-118 have been detected in HFRS patient's sera
      from the second day of illness indicating the usefulness of this test for the
      early serological diagnosis of this disease.

PMID- 2898930
TI  - Introduction of foreign strains of Suid herpesvirus 1 (Aujeszky's disease virus)
      documented by restriction fragment pattern (RFP) analysis.
AB  - Six isolates of Suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) collected from clinical outbreaks of
      Aujeszky's disease (AD) in Jutland in January-February, 1985, were compared by
      restriction fragment pattern (RFP) analyses with older SHV-1 isolates from
      Jutland as well as with SHV-1 isolates from different parts of West Germany and
      Ireland. The RFP analysis indicated that the outbreaks were caused by SHV-1
      isolates introduced from abroad.

PMID- 2898931
TI  - Comparison of a cheetah herpesvirus isolate to feline herpesvirus type 1.
AB  - A cytopathogenic virus with size and structural characteristics of a
      Herpesviridae was isolated from a cheetah with severe ulcerative dermatitis.
      Restriction endonuclease analysis and cross-hybridization studies revealed that
      the isolate was related to feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1). Antigenic
      comparison studies using anti-FHV-1 serum demonstrated the presence of common
      antigens in the FHV-1 and the isolate from the cheetah.

PMID- 2898932
TI  - Topical beta-blocker therapy and central nervous system side effects. A
      preliminary study comparing betaxolol and timolol.
AB  - Topical beta-blocking agents have been associated with adverse central nervous
      system (CNS) effects, including depression, emotional lability, and sexual
      dysfunction. Two studies were done to determine if patients who develop CNS
      effects while using timolol maleate would improve with betaxolol hydrochloride.
      In one study, 18 patients with CNS symptoms during timolol therapy were switched
      to betaxolol. Sixteen of the 18 patients noted symptomatic improvement with
      betaxolol. The second study involved seven patients with CNS symptoms during
      timolol therapy who were entered into a double-masked cross-over study. In two
      patients CNS symptoms resolved with betaxolol; in three patients symptoms
      improved; and in one patient symptoms worsened with betaxolol. Although factors
      influencing beta-blocker activity in the CNS are not well understood, there may
      be some advantage to a selective agent.

PMID- 2898933
TI  - Postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in blood vessels of human nasal mucosa.
AB  - Human nasal mucosa has various types of blood vessels and is a good tissue for
      demonstrating receptors for many vasoactive substances, including alpha
      adrenoceptors. In contrast to the large contractile response induced by alpha 1
      agonists, our studies have shown that alpha 2-agonists produce a small maximal
      contraction. This alpha 2-induced response was easily blocked by alpha 1
      antagonists, indicating that it is evoked, at least partially, by the stimulation
      of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Noradrenaline (NA)-induced contractions could not be
      abolished by either alpha 1- or alpha 2-antagonists alone, but were almost
      completely blocked by the combination of both antagonists. This suggests the
      presence of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The low-maximal responsiveness
      to alpha 2-agonists and calcium independency of NA-induced contractions were
      distinct from our former results obtained on canine nasal specimens.

PMID- 2898934
TI  - Human gut neuroanatomy: methodology for a quantitative analysis of nerve elements
      and neurotransmitter diversity in the human "enteric nervous system".
AB  - After a few decad of neglect, the "enteric nervous system" has recently regained
      the attention of investigators. Indeed, various studies, such as those which led
      to the isolation from the gut of a number of neuropeptides, subsequently
      demonstrated throughout the nervous system, have prompted major advancements of
      modern neuroscience. In spite of a wealth of animal investigations and a number
      of human studies, however, available information concerning the human "enteric
      nervous system" is comparatively sparse. In the opinion that such lack of
      information was largely due to unavailability of appropriate techniques, we have
      initiated and developed a new comprehensive methodology. This way, a quantitative
      analysis was made possible of both nerve structure and transmitter status, point
      to-point along the gut, as well as within the various, functionally heterogeneous
      components of the gastrointestinal wall itself. After a general introduction, the
      present review is intended to summarize such methodology, with the addition of a
      few illustrative examples of application and a practically-oriented guideline to
      its use, in the form of technical appendix.

PMID- 2898935
TI  - Medullary and mesencephalic neuronal groups reacting to antibodies against VIP,
      somatostatin and bombesin in adult Gallus gallus domesticus.
AB  - The caudo-cranially intermediate one-third of medullary dorsal region, the
      periaqueductal grey and the rostro-ventral portion of the midbrain tegmentum of
      adult chickens were studied in detail by means of the PAP-DAB procedure, to
      define further the main morphological features of the neuronal populations that
      in previous studies had shown VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide),
      Somatostatin (SRIF)-, and Bombesin-like immunoreactivities. In the medulla, VIP
      like immunoreactivity was detected within neuronal bodies and processes and
      extended down to the cervical spinal cord. SRIF-like immunoreactivity was seen
      only within nerve cell processes, at least a part of which could be sensitive
      fibre terminals. Bombesin-like immunoreactivity was observed only within neuronal
      processes. In the periaqueductal grey, all 3 immunoreactivities were detected
      within perikarya and neuronal processes, with a higher density cranially. In the
      rostro-ventral portion of the midbrain tegmentum, VIP-like and Bombesin-like
      immunoreactivities were detected (the latter being located somewhat more
      cranially) both in neuronal bodies and in processes. SRIF-like immunoreactivity
      was found in this region only in long neuronal processes.

PMID- 2898936
TI  - Kinetic studies of chicken and turkey liver mitochondrial aspartate
      aminotransferase.
AB  - The kinetic behaviour of chicken liver and turkey liver aspartate
      aminotransferases (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) was
      studied. Steady-state data were obtained from a wide range of concentrations of
      substrates and product L-glutamate. The data were fitted by rational functions of
      degree 1:1, 1:2 and 2:2 with respect to substrates and 0:1, 1:1, 0:2 and 1:2 with
      regard to product (L-glutamate), by using a non-linear regression program that
      guarantees the fit. The goodness of fit was improved by the use of a computer
      program that combines model discrimination parameter refinement and sequential
      experimental design. It was concluded that aspartate aminotransferase requires a
      minimum velocity equation of degree 2:2 for L-aspartate, 2:2 for 2-oxoglutarate
      and 1:2 for L-glutamate. Finally, a plausible kinetic mechanism that justifies
      these experimental results is proposed.

PMID- 2898937
TI  - Affinity purification and biochemical characterization of histolysin, the major
      cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - We report a one-step method for the purification to homogeneity of a cysteine
      proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica (histolysin) by affinity chromatography of
      the soluble extract of the parasite on immobilized phenylalanyl(2
      phenyl)aminoacetaldehyde semicarbazone. The enzyme has an apparent Mr of 26,000
      by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and 29,000 by gel chromatography. Its
      pH optimum varies widely, from 5.5 with azocasein to approx. 7 with other protein
      substrates and benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanyl-L-citrullylaminomethylcourmarin++ +
      (Z-Phe-Cit-NHMec), and to 9.5 with
      benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylarginylaminomethylcoumarin (Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec) and
      benzyloxycarbonylarginylarginylaminomethylcourmarin (Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec). Values of
      Km, kcat. and kcat/Km are 1.5 microM, 130 s-1 and 87 X 10(6) M-1.s-1 for Z-Arg
      Arg-NHMec, and 32 microM, 0.4 s-1 and 0.012 x 10(6) M-1.s-1 for Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec,
      respectively, at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. The enzyme is inhibited by leupeptin
      and such inhibitors of cysteine proteinases as L-transepoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido
      4-(guanidino)butane, peptidyldiazomethanes, iodoacetic acid and chicken cystatin.
      The tentative N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme closely resembles that
      of papain. Histolysin does not degrade type I collagen or elastin, but it is
      active against cartilage proteoglycan and kidney glomerular basement-membrane
      collagen. It also detaches cells from their substratum in vitro, and could well
      play a role in tissue invasion.

PMID- 2898938
TI  - Homoeostatic control of membrane cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in the rat
      liver.
AB  - Experiments were designed to assess the effect of cholesterol feeding, with or
      without high levels of either saturated (coconut oil) or unsaturated (sunflower
      seed oil) fat on the fatty acid composition of hepatic microsomal membrane
      lipids, as well as on the activities of several membrane-bound enzymes of
      cholesterol synthesis and metabolism. Administration of 2% (w/w) cholesterol in
      the rat diet inhibited hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, and this
      inhibition was much more pronounced when cholesterol was fed in combination with
      unsaturated rather than with saturated fat. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
      activity was increased by all the high-cholesterol diets and inhibited by both
      the high-fat diets. Cholesterol esterification, as assessed by acyl
      CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity, was enhanced after unsaturated
      fat feeding. Cholesterol supplement, without any added fat, failed to elicit any
      significant increase in ACAT activity, whereas consumption of cholesterol in
      combination with unsaturated fat led to the greatest increase in ACAT activity.
      After cholesterol feeding, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids in the microsomal
      phospholipids were increased, with concomitant decreases in C18:0, C20:4 and
      C22:6 fatty acids, leading to an overall decrease in membrane unsaturation,
      irrespective of the particular fat supplement. It can be concluded that the
      inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and the enhancement of cholesterol
      utilization, either by increased bile formation or by increased cholesterol
      esterification, after cholesterol feeding, may not be enough to prevent
      cholesterol accumulation in the microsomal membranes. Then, to compensate for the
      altered fluidity resulting from cholesterol enrichment, the unsaturation of
      membrane phospholipids is decreased, which would in turn have an effect on
      membrane lipid fluidity opposite to that of increased cholesterol.

PMID- 2898939
TI  - The induction, desensitization and de-induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by 8
      bromo-cyclic AMP in rat hepatoma cells.
AB  - Addition of 1-3 mM-8-bromo-cyclic AMP to monolayer cultures of H-4 rat hepatoma
      cells resulted in a rapid but short-lived increase in tyrosine aminotransferase
      (EC 2.6.1.5) activity. The transient nature of this induction is due to
      desensitization to 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. Throughout this time course of induction
      and desensitization, removal of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP resulted in a rapid and
      significant decrease in tyrosine aminotransferase activity, a process referred to
      as 'de-induction' in this study. We showed that the changes in tyrosine
      aminotransferase activity in its induction, desensitization and de-induction by 8
      bromo-cyclic AMP were directly attributable to changes in the synthesis rate of
      the protein, and the amount of translatable and hybridizable mRNA encoding for
      tyrosine aminotransferase (mRNATAT). We further showed that this desensitization
      was specific to cyclic AMP. First, only active analogues of cyclic AMP and agents
      which increased cellular concentrations of cyclic AMP elicited this
      desensitization. Second, the desensitized cells were refractory only to the
      effects of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP; dexamethasone and insulin induced the tyrosine
      aminotransferase activity in the 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-desensitized cells in a
      manner similar to that of the controls. Studies on the metabolism of 8-bromo
      cyclic AMP suggest that neither its degradation nor the accumulation of its
      primary metabolite, 8-bromoadenosine, played a significant role in modulating the
      expression of tyrosine aminotransferase during the time course of action of 8
      bromo-cyclic AMP. These results provide evidence for a specific pretranslational
      mode of action of cyclic AMP in the control of tyrosine aminotransferase
      expression in its desensitization and de-induction, in addition to the early
      phase of induction.

PMID- 2898940
TI  - Characterization of atrial-natriuretic-factor-receptor-coupled membrane guanylate
      cyclase from rat and mouse testes.
AB  - Studies with isolated adrenal cells and mouse testicular cells have supported a
      mediatory role of cyclic GMP in ANF (atrial natriuretic factor)-dependent
      steroidogenic signal transduction. This concept has been strengthened by the
      purification and biochemical characterization of a 180 kDa protein, which appears
      to contain both ANF receptor and guanylate cyclase activities, from rat
      adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Utilizing the antibody to 180 kDa membrane
      guanylate cyclase as a probe, we now demonstrate the direct presence of ANF
      dependent membrane guanylate cyclase in mouse and rat testes. The antibody blocks
      the ANF-dependent guanylate cyclase activity in isolated membranes, and Western
      blot analysis of the partially purified enzyme reveals a single 180 kDa protein.
      The presence of this enzyme in mouse and rat testes, together with its previous
      demonstration in rat adrenocortical carcinoma, represent an important potential
      biochemical role for this enzyme in receptor-mediated steroidogenic signal
      transduction.

PMID- 2898941
TI  - Effects of indole alkaloids on multidrug resistance and labeling of P
      glycoprotein by a photoaffinity analog of vinblastine.
AB  - Multidrug resistant cells are characterized by decreased drug accumulation and
      retention, thought to be mediated by a high molecular weight glycoprotein, P
      glycoprotein (P-gp). Agents such as verapamil have been shown to increase
      anticancer drug cytotoxicity and increase the amount of drug accumulated and
      retained by such cells. We show here that in addition to verapamil, reserpine,
      chloroquine, quinine, quinacrine, yohimbine, vindoline, and catharanthine also
      enhance the cytotoxicity of vinblastine (VLB) in a multidrug resistant, human
      leukemic cell line, CEM/VLB1K, described here for the first time. These cells
      express P-gp as a doublet that is photoaffinity labeled by the analog of VLB, N(p
      azido-[3-125I]salicyl)-N'-beta-aminoethylvindesine ([125I]NASV). Both reserpine
      and, to a lesser extent, verapamil, compete with [125I]NASV for binding to P-gp.
      We also found that chloroquine, quinacrine, vindoline, and catharanthine, each of
      which enhanced VLB cytotoxicity in CEM/VLB1K cells by 10- to 15-fold, similarly
      inhibited [125I]NASV labeling of P-gp. However, neither quinine nor yohimbine
      inhibited this labeling, and the inhibition produced by catharanthine and
      vindoline was the greatest or exclusively on the lower band of the P-gp doublet.
      Our results suggest a complex relationship between the ability of a compound to
      modulate MDR and its ability to compete for binding to P-gp.

PMID- 2898942
TI  - Selective incorporation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in essential fatty acid
      deficient rats in response to short-term oil feeding.
AB  - Essential fatty acid deficient male Sprague Dawley rats were fed for 7 days a fat
      free semi-synthetic diet supplemented with 10% by weight of different oil
      supplements. The oil supplement was a mixture of olive, safflower and linseed
      oils prepared at different proportions so the dietary n-9/n-6/n-3 ratios were
      approximate 2/1/1, 1/2/1, 1/1/2, and 1/1/1. The fatty acid compositions of plasma
      and liver lipids were then examined. Our results show polyunsaturated n-6 and n-3
      fatty acids were selectively incorporated into plasma and liver phospholipids,
      and also into plasma cholesteryl esters. A preferential incorporation of n-6 over
      n-3 fatty acids into plasma cholesteryl esters and phospholipids was also
      observed.

PMID- 2898943
TI  - Increase of daunorubicin and vincristine accumulation in multidrug resistant
      human ovarian carcinoma cells by a monoclonal antibody reacting with P
      glycoprotein.
AB  - An overexpression of plasma membrane 170-180 kDa P-glycoproteins is consistently
      found in multidrug-resistant (MDR) cell lines. In this study MRK-16, a monoclonal
      antibody (mAb) reacting with P-glycoprotein is used to study the putative
      functional role of this protein in vincristine (VCR) and daunorubicin (DNR)
      cellular accumulation in the MDR human ovarian carcinoma cell line 2780AD. We
      established that this cell line is highly cross-resistant to vincristine and
      daunomycin, related to a greatly reduced drug accumulation. Verapamil (Vp) (8
      microM) caused a 3.6-fold increase in DNR as well as VCR accumulation. Exposition
      of 2780AD cells to MRK-16 led to an increase of 30% in cellular accumulation of
      VCR, both in normal growth medium as well as in medium without added glucose and
      with sodium azide, which largely depleted cellular ATP levels. No increase in DNR
      accumulation was found under these conditions. However, in the presence of 8
      microM Vp, MRK-16 increased not only VCR but also DNR accumulation with about
      30%. The relative increase of DNR accumulation was constant in a concentration
      range of 0.2-4 microM DNR. These data indicate that mAbs against P-glycoprotein
      might potentiate the action of calcium antagonists like Vp to increase cellular
      anthracycline accumulation.

PMID- 2898944
TI  - N-alkyl colchiceineamides: their inhibition of GTP or taxol-induced assembly of
      tubulin.

PMID- 2898945
TI  - Serum biochemical and haematological markers of alcohol abuse in patients with
      femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures.
AB  - Excessive alcohol intake causes bone loss. Alcohol abuse is a commonly associated
      disorder in femoral neck fractures in men, but little attention is given to such
      an association in women. Using serum biochemical and haematological markers (mean
      red cell volume MCV, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GGT, aspartate transaminase
      AST, uric acid UA and triglyceride TG) alcohol abuse was assessed in 14 men and
      93 women with non-violent fractures of the hip. Abnormal elevations in one or
      more of the five test pairs known to correlate with increasing alcohol
      consumption (GGT/MCV, GGT/AST, AST/MCV, MCV/UA) were found in 7.1% of men, and
      11.8% of women. When abnormal results in other test pairs were included the
      prevalence rose to 14.3% in men and 20.4% in women. These figures are higher than
      those reported for the general population of elderly people.

PMID- 2898946
TI  - [Formation of a multicenter study conducted during the 1986 pollen season].
AB  - A multicentre study was conducted in France during the 1986 pollen season. 186
      patients who were diagnosed as suffering from allergic rhinitis (seasonal and
      perennial) were admitted to the trial. The treatment that was administered was:
      RHINAAXIA, nasal solution, applied as a double spray in each nostril, five times
      daily during one or two months. On the 14th day, at the first assessment, the
      treatment was found to have been effective or very effective (63.3% of
      physicians). This good result was confirmed by the later evaluations (67.8% on
      day 30 and 69.9% on day 60). The diary cards showed that patients who had severe
      symptoms at the start were greatly improved (2/3 in 4 days). In addition, good
      tolerance of RHINAAXIA is confirmed in this study and makes it the treatment of
      choice for allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2898948
TI  - Structure and chromosomal localization of the human renal kallikrein gene.
AB  - Glandular kallikreins are a family of proteases encoded by a variable number of
      genes in different mammalian species. In all species examined, however, one
      particular kallikrein is functionally conserved in its capacity to release the
      vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen. This
      kallikrein is found in the kidney, pancreas, and salivary gland, showing a unique
      pattern of tissue-specific expression relative to other members of the family. We
      have isolated a genomic clone carrying the human renal kallikrein gene and
      compared the nucleotide sequence of its promoter region with those of the mouse
      renal kallikrein gene and another mouse kallikrein gene expressed in a distinct
      cell type. We find four sequence elements conserved between renal kallikrein
      genes from the two species. We have also shown that the human gene is localized
      to 19q13, a position analogous to that of the kallikrein gene family on mouse
      chromosome 7.

PMID- 2898949
TI  - 1H Fourier transform NMR studies of insulin: coordination of Ca2+ to the Glu(B13)
      site drives hexamer assembly and induces a conformation change.
AB  - 1H Fourier transform NMR investigations of metal ion binding to insulin in 2H2O
      were undertaken as a function of pH* to determine the effects of metal ion
      coordination to the Glu(B13) site on the assembly and structure of the insulin
      hexamer. The C-2 histidyl regions of the 1H NMR spectra of insulin species
      containing respectively one Ca2+ and two Zn2+/hexamer and three Cd2+/hexamer have
      been assigned. Both the Cd2+ derivative (In)6(Cd2+)2Cd2+, where two of the Cd2+
      ions are coordinated to the His(B10) sites and the remaining Cd2+ ion is
      coordinated to the Glu(B13) site [Sudmeier, J.L., Bell, S.J., Storm, M. C., &
      Dunn, M.F. (1981) Science (Washington, D.C.) 212, 560], and the Zn2+-Ca2+
      derivative (In)6-(Zn2+)2Ca2+, where the two Zn2+ ions are coordinated to the
      His(B10) sites and Ca2+ ion is coordinated to the Glu(B13) site, give spectra in
      which the C-2 proton resonances of His(B10) are shifted upfield relative to metal
      free insulin. Spectra of insulin solutions (3-20 mg/mL) containing a ratio of
      In:Zn2+ = 6:2 in the pH* region from 8.6 to 10 were found to contain signals both
      from metal-free insulin species and from the 2Zn-insulin hexamer, (In)6(Zn2+)2.
      The addition of either Ca2+ (in the ratio In:Zn2+:Ca2+ = 6:2:1) or 40 mM NaSCN
      was found to provide sufficient additional thermodynamic drive to bring about the
      nearly complete assembly of insulin hexamers. Cd2+ in the ratio In:Cd2+ = 6:3
      also drives hexamer assembly to completion. We postulate that the additional
      thermodynamic drive provide by Ca2+ and CD2+ is due to coordination of these
      metal ions to the Glu(B13) carboxylates of the hexamer. At high pH*, this
      coordination neutralizes the repulsive Coulombic interactions between the six
      Glu(B13) carboxylates and forms metal ion "cross-links" across the dimer-dimer
      interfaces. Comparison of the aromatic regions of the 1H NMR spectra for
      (In)6(Zn2+)2 with (In)6(Zn2+)2Ca2+, (In)6(Cd2+)2Cd2+, and (In)6(Cd2+)2Ca2+
      indicates that binding of either Ca2+ or Cd2+ to the Glu(B13) site induces a
      conformation change that perturbs the environments of the side chains of several
      of the aromatic residues in the insulin structure. Since these residues lie on
      the monomer-monomer and dimer-dimer subunit interfaces, we conclude that the
      conformation change includes small changes in the subunit interfaces that alter
      the microenvironments of the aromatic rings.

PMID- 2898947
TI  - Changes in postprandial release patterns of gastrointestinal hormones in late
      pregnancy and the early postpartum period.
AB  - Intestinal transit time increases and gastrointestinal incretin effect is
      reported to decrease in pregnancy. The release patterns of gastrointestinal
      hormones related to these functions were studied in eight women before and after
      ingestion of a standardized meal at 32-34 weeks gestation and at 4 days
      postpartum. Basal plasma motilin and the integrated meal response of motilin,
      pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) were
      significantly lower in pregnancy than postpartum. The meal-induced rise of
      somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was, however, absent in
      late pregnancy; whereas the somatostatin response recovered postpartum, and the
      plasma VIP concentrations stabilized at significantly higher levels postpartum
      without any meal response. Basal and meal-induced plasma insulin were
      significantly higher in pregnancy.

PMID- 2898950
TI  - The rotation of the alpha subunit of F1 relative to minor subunits is not
      involved in ATP synthesis. Evidence given by using an anti-alpha subunit
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - To test whether ATP synthesis could occur via a mechanism of rotational catalysis
      in which the alpha and beta subunits of F1 would rotate with respect to the minor
      subunits, we have measured the rate of ATp synthesis after binding various masses
      of antibodies to F1. If the rotation was an essential feature of the mechanism,
      the rate of ATP synthesis should be inhibited either completely or
      proportionately to the load carried by F1. Bivalent immunoglobulins (IgG) or
      monovalent Fab fragments of an anti-alpha monoclonal antibody (7B3) were bound to
      F1 present in electron-transport particles in a ratio of 2 Fab or 2 IgG per F1.
      This binding similarly inhibited the rate of ATP synthesis by a maximum of about
      50%. When anti-mouse immunoglobulins were added to the F1-7B3 (IgG) complex, no
      significant change in the rate of inhibition was observed. In conclusion, the
      rate of ATP synthesis was the same when F1 was loaded with 100 kDa (2 Fab), 300
      kDa (2 IgG, 7B3) or 900 kDa (2 IgG + 4 ant-mouse IgG). It is concluded that the
      rotation of the alpha subunits is extremely unlikely to play an essential role in
      the mechanism of ATP synthesis.

PMID- 2898951
TI  - [Characteristics of K+ uptake in S. enteritidis bacteria].
AB  - Bacterial Salmonella enteritidis var. Issatchenko in media without exogenic
      energy source uptakes K+ in one step with Km 2.1 mM and Vmax 0.08 mM min-1/10(12)
      cells. This K+ uptake does not depend on pH and osmotic shock and is not
      inhibited by DCC. Endogenic energy source (glucose) leads to K+ uptake with Km
      2.8 mM and Vmax 0.10 mM min-1/10(12) cells, and secretion of H+. The ratio of the
      DCC-sensitive fluxes of H+ to K+ equals 2. Arsenate and protonophores depress the
      K+ uptake. Valinomycin decreases the rate of K+ uptake. It is assumed that K+
      uptake takes place via the Trk-like system, which works as a separate system as
      supercomplex with the H+-ATPase complex.

PMID- 2898952
TI  - [Effects of cordanum and propranolol on coronary resistance].
AB  - The effects of cordanum and propranolol on the coronary resistance were studied
      in isolated cat hearts. The infusion of cordanum and propranolol may be followed
      by both reduction or enlargement of the coronary resistance. The alterations of
      the coronary resistance are in most cases parallel with the weakening of the
      isolated heart function. In some cases cordanum infusion is followed by a short
      term reduction in the coronary resistance, which precedes the alteration of the
      heart function and thus may be due to direct cordanum effect on the coronary
      vessels.

PMID- 2898953
TI  - Molecular genetic analysis of porcine von Willebrand disease: tight linkage to
      the von Willebrand factor locus.
AB  - von Willebrand disease (vWD), one of the most common bleeding disorders in
      humans, is manifested as a quantitative or qualitative defect in von Willebrand
      factor (vWF), an adhesive glycoprotein (GP) with critical hemostatic functions.
      Except for the rare severely affected patient with a gene deletion as etiology of
      the disease, the molecular basis for vWD is not known. We studied the molecular
      basis for vWD in a breeding colony of pigs with a disease closely resembling the
      human disorder. The porcine vWF gene is similar in size and complexity to its
      human counterpart, and no gross gene deletion or rearrangement was evident as the
      pathogenesis of porcine vWD. A restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP)
      within the porcine vWF gene was identified with the restriction endonuclease
      HindIII, and 22/35 members of the pedigree were analyzed for the polymorphic
      site. Linkage between the vWF locus and the vWD phenotype was established with a
      calculated LOD score of 5.3 (1/200,000 probability by chance alone), with no
      crossovers identified. These findings indicate that porcine vWD is due to a
      molecular defect within (or near) the vWF locus, most likely representing a point
      mutation or small insertion/deletion within the vWF gene.

PMID- 2898954
TI  - A second BamHI DNA polymorphism and haplotype association in the factor IX gene.
AB  - A second BamHI DNA polymorphism has been identified in the factor IX gene in an
      American black population at an allelic frequency of 0.13. This site has been
      localized within 500 basepairs (bp) 5' to the XmnI intron 3 polymorphic site and
      increases the heterozygosity of black females at the factor IX gene locus. In
      addition, haplotype analysis of factor IX genes at five polymorphic loci
      indicates that although there is conservation of sequences between the races,
      factor IX genes show more heterogeneity in an American black population and thus
      more heterozygosity is observed in black females compared with whites. This
      increased heterogeneity is due to DNA polymorphisms unique to black populations
      and to linkage equilibrium between the most 5' and 3' polymorphic sites in factor
      IX genes in blacks.

PMID- 2898955
TI  - Beta thalassemia in Melanesia: association with malaria and characterization of a
      common variant (IVS-1 nt 5 G----C).
AB  - Data on the distribution of beta thalassemia among over 6,000 Melanesians reveals
      a major difference in the carrier rates between populations in the malarious
      coastal regions of New Guinea and those living in the historically malaria-free
      Highlands. The island of Maewo in Vanuatu has a particularly high incidence of
      beta + thalassemia associated with a single restriction enzyme haplotype. Direct
      cloning into a plasmid vector and sequence analysis demonstrate that the mutation
      is a G to C transversion at position 5 of intron 1 of the beta-globin gene.
      Oligonucleotide probe surveys indicate that this variant accounted for all cases
      of beta thalassemia studied from Maewo. It is also common in coastal Papua New
      Guinea where haplotype and oligonucleotide probe data suggest that the molecular
      basis of beta thalassmia is more heterogeneous.

PMID- 2898956
TI  - Differential effects of beta-endorphin fragments on human natural killing.
AB  - The endogenous opiate peptide, beta-endorphin, has two effects on human natural
      killing (NK). Preincubation of effector lymphocytes with between 10(-7) and 10(
      11) M beta-endorphin increases NK. Preincubation with lower concentrations
      results in a reduction in NK. Endorphin peptides containing an unmodified N
      terminal sequence, and which are known to bind only to opiate receptors, increase
      NK. Sequences reported to bind only to nonopiate receptors reduce NK.

PMID- 2898957
TI  - Effect of artificial respiratory volume on the cardiovascular responses to an
      alpha 1- and an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist in the air-ventilated pithed rat.
AB  - 1. The effect of varying artificial respiratory volume (at a fixed rate of 54 min
      1) on cardiac output, its distribution and tissue blood flows were determined
      with tracer microspheres in control pithed rats or during pressor responses to
      either the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine or the alpha 2-agonist
      xylazine. Phenylephrine was investigated in the presence of propranolol (3 mg kg
      1). The rats were pithed under halothane anaesthesia. 2. A respiratory volume of
      15 ml kg-1 produced modest hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 47 mmHg), hypoxia (PaO2 = 60
      mmHg) and acidosis (pH = 7.35) relative to control animals respired at 20 ml kg-1
      (PaCO2 = 32 mmHg; PaO2 = 77 mmHg; pH = 7.47). In rats respired at 15 ml kg-1,
      total peripheral resistance was lower, and cardiac output greater (due to
      increased stroke volume), than in the controls. Lowering respiratory volume
      reduced distribution of cardiac output to the kidneys, increased it to the large
      intestine and also increased blood flow through the gastrointestinal tract, skin
      and spleen. A respiratory volume of 30 ml kg-1 gave mild hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 19
      mmHg), hyperoxia (PaO2 = 101 mmHg) and alkalosis (pH = 7.59) compared to 20 ml kg
      1 but had no effect on cardiac output distribution or organ blood flow although
      heart rate was 29% greater at 30 ml kg-1. 3. Xylazine (500 micrograms bolus
      followed by 100 micrograms min-1 infusion) at all three respiratory volumes gave
      well-sustained mean pressor responses of 62-64 mmHg by increasing both total
      peripheral resistance and cardiac output (resulting from increased stroke
      volume). It increased the proportion of cardiac output passing to the liver,
      reduced that going to the spleen and gastrointestinal tract and increased
      cardiac, renal and hepatosplanchnic blood flows. 4. The secondary, relatively
      sustained, pressor effect of phenylephrine (5 micrograms bolus followed by 0.4
      micrograms min-1 infusion, i.v.) varied at the 3 respiratory volumes with mean
      values from 32 to 53 mmHg. This response was due to both increased total
      peripheral resistance and cardiac output (resulting from greater stroke volumes
      and/or heart rates). Phenylephrine increased the proportion of cardiac output
      passing to the gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys and hepatosplanchnic bed
      and increased cardiac, hepatosplanchnic, renal and gastrointestinal blood flows.
      5. Respiratory volume had no effect on the cardiovascular effects of xylazine.
      However, respiratory volume modified the effects of phenylephrine on heart rate
      and changed the relative contributions of stroke volume and heart rate to the
      increased cardiac output. It also influenced the effects of phenylephrine on
      cardiac output distribution to the liver, epididimides and hepatosplanchnic bed
      and on blood flow through skeletal muscle and the large intestine. 6. Changes in
      respiratory volume of air ventilated pithed rats thus influence cardiac output,
      its distribution and regional blood flows. Such changes can also differently
      influence the responses of various vascular beds to phenylephrine whilst having
      no effect on their responses to xylazine.

PMID- 2898958
TI  - Excitatory amino acid antagonists and endogenous aspartate and glutamate release
      from rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - 1. The effect of excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists on the efflux of
      endogenous aspartate and glutamate from the rat hippocampus in vitro was studied.
      2. None of the compounds tested had any effect on the basal efflux of endogenous
      aspartate and glutamate. 3. 2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), 2-amino-7
      phosphonoheptanoic acid (APH) and MK-801 all reduced the potassium-evoked efflux
      of aspartate and glutamate by between 14.9% and 34.3% (P less than 0.05). 4. The
      depression of efflux brought about by APV was still observed in the presence of
      tetrodotoxin. 5. Neither N-methyl-D,L-aspartate nor quinolinic acid had any
      effect on the potassium-evoked efflux of aspartate and glutamate. 6. These
      results imply the existence of presynaptic amino acid receptors that are capable
      of modulating the efflux of endogenous aspartate and glutamate.

PMID- 2898959
TI  - Quinolinic acid effects on amino acid release from the rat cerebral cortex in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - 1. The effect of quinolinic acid, N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMDLA) and kainate on
      the release of endogenous and exogenous amino acids from the rat cerebral cortex
      in vitro and in vivo was studied. 2. Neither quinolinic acid nor NMDLA had any
      effect on the basal or potassium-evoked release of [3H]-D-aspartate from slices
      of rat cerebral cortex either in the presence or absence of magnesium. Kainic
      acid failed to modify the basal efflux of [3H]-D-aspartate but significantly
      inhibited (by 34.4% +/- 0.04%, P less than 0.05) the potassium-evoked release. 3.
      Neither quinolinate nor NMDLA had any effect on the basal efflux of endogenous
      amino acids from rat cortical slices either in the presence or absence of
      magnesium ions at concentrations between 10 microM and 5 mM. 4. Both NMDLA (1 mM)
      and quinolinate (5 mM) produced an efflux of endogenous aspartate (371.4% +/-
      11.6%; 389.3% +/- 12.1%) and glutamate (405.4% +/- 13.6%; 430.1 +/- 8.7%)
      respectively from the rat cerebral cortex in vivo (P less than 0.01). The
      quinolinic acid-evoked efflux was abolished by the NMDLA antagonist, 2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid (200 microM). 5. Kainic acid also caused an efflux of
      endogenous amino acids from the rat cerebral cortex in vivo. However, the profile
      of this release was different from that produced by quinolinate and NMDLA. 6. The
      results add further support to the suggestion that quinolinic acid acts at the
      NMDLA-preferring receptor and may also explain the requirement for intact
      afferent projections for the neurotoxic effects of quinolinate to be manifested.

PMID- 2898962
TI  - Testicular torsion after orchidopexy.

PMID- 2898960
TI  - Effects of an intrathecally administered benzodiazepine receptor agonist,
      antagonist and inverse agonist on morphine-induced inhibition of a spinal
      nociceptive reflex.
AB  - 1. The effects of an intrathecally administered benzodiazepine receptor (BZR)
      agonist (midazolam, up to 50 micrograms), antagonist (flumazenil, Ro 15-1788, 5
      micrograms) and inverse agonist (Ro 19-4603, 15 micrograms) on nociception and on
      morphine-induced antinociception were studied in rats. 2. By themselves, none of
      these compounds significantly altered pain threshold. 3. The BZR agonist
      midazolam enhanced the morphine-induced antinociceptive effect whereas the
      antagonist flumazenil did not alter it. In contrast, the BZR inverse agonist Ro
      19-4603 decreased the morphine-induced antinociceptive effect. 4. Naloxone (1 mg
      kg-1 i.p.) completely reversed all these effects. 5. These results demonstrate
      that BZR agonists and inverse agonists are able to affect, by allosteric up- or
      down-modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA)-receptors, the transmission
      of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level, when this transmission is
      depressed by mu-opioid receptor activation.

PMID- 2898961
TI  - The potential anxiolytic activity of GR38032F, a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist.
AB  - 1. The highly selective 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, GR38032F, has been tested in
      five animal models predictive for anxiolytic activity. 2. In the social
      interaction test in the rat and in a light/dark exploration test in the mouse,
      GR38032F dose-dependently released suppressed behaviour without modifying
      locomotor activity. 3. In the cynomolgus monkey and the marmoset, GR38032F
      reduced anxiety-related symptoms without causing sedation. In the marmoset, the
      effects were clearly dose-related. 4. GR38032F did not have any detectable
      activity in the water-lick conflict test in the rat. 5. We conclude that GR38032F
      is potentially a very potent anxiolytic agent without sedative, anticonvulsant or
      hypnotic activity.

PMID- 2898964
TI  - Effects of somatostatin antiserum on growth hormone levels in rats with
      periventricular lesions in the anterior hypothalamus.
AB  - To determine whether residual inhibitory control of growth hormone (GH) secretion
      in rats with lesions of the periventricular nucleus (PVN) and depleted median
      eminence content of somatostatin (SRIF) is due to SRIF, PVN-lesioned rats were
      treated with SRIF antiserum. Such treatment, in contrast to normal sheep serum,
      caused increased (P less than 0.0001) plasma GH in lesioned and control groups.
      These results indicate that biologically important amounts of SRIF are available
      in the PVN-lesioned rat.

PMID- 2898963
TI  - Activated charcoal, emesis, and gastric lavage in aspirin overdose.

PMID- 2898965
TI  - The origins and trajectories of somatostatin reticulospinal neurons: a potential
      neurotransmitter candidate of the dorsal reticulospinal pathway.
AB  - Somatostatin (SOMA)-immunoreactive neurons present in the nucleus
      gigantocellularis and nucleus raphe magnus formed the origins of a descending
      pathway from the rostral medulla to the spinal cord. This descending pathway was
      traced through the central medullary tegmentum and dorsolateral funiculus to
      innervate the dorsal horn. The location, trajectories and presumed inhibitory
      nature of SOMA in the spinal cord suggest that SOMA maybe a potential
      neurotransmitter candidate for the classic dorsal reticulospinal pathway.

PMID- 2898966
TI  - A simple two-step immunocytochemical method using protein A-peroxidase to stain
      immunoreactive cell antigens.
AB  - We report a simple two-step immunocytochemical method that uses staphylococcal
      protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and the H2O2-3,3'-diaminobenzidine
      chromogenic reaction to stain neurons and fibers containing immunoreactive cell
      antigens. Our protein A-peroxidase method was found to produce stains of equal or
      superior quality to those of the classical 3-step peroxidase-anti-peroxidase
      (PAP) technique. Since the chromogenic reaction with protein A-peroxidase has low
      non-specific tissue binding, the reaction can be carried out at acidic pH with
      higher horseradish peroxidase activity and no significant increase in background.
      Using this method, we were able to produce clear stains of neurons and fibers
      containing tyrosine hydroxylase or fibers containing methionine-enkephalin. The
      use of protein A-peroxidase conjugate substantially simplified the
      immunocytochemistry procedure, and reduced both the time and cost of experiments.

PMID- 2898968
TI  - [Localization of proteases in the brain of rats after insulin coma].

PMID- 2898967
TI  - Somatostatin(14) and -(28) but not somatostatin(1-12) hyperpolarize CA1 pyramidal
      neurons in vitro.
AB  - The three major prosomatostatin-derived peptides found within CNS neurons are a
      28-amino acid peptide (SS28), a cyclic 14 amino acid peptide (SS14) and a 12
      amino acid peptide (SS1-12). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrate a
      differential distribution of these related forms of somatostatin within CNS
      neurons and have led to the suggestion that SS1-12 may represent the predominant
      neurotransmitter form of this family of peptides. Intracellular recordings from
      CA1 pyramidal neurons in the in vitro rat hippocampal slice revealed that
      application of SS14 and SS28 in nanomolar concentration produced neuronal
      hyperpolarization; synaptic responses, recorded extracellularly, were also
      reduced. In contrast, we were unable to demonstrate a pre- or postsynaptic action
      of SS1-12 on these neurons. These results do not support the hypothesis that SS1
      12 functions as a central neurotransmitter in area CA1 of the hippocampus.

PMID- 2898969
TI  - Surgical correction of burn scar contractures of the foot in children.
AB  - The results of reconstructive procedures for the treatment of burn scar
      contractures of the feet in 55 children undergoing 90 operations were reviewed.
      The patients were treated in all but one case by release of the contracture band
      with placement of a skin graft in the resulting defect. There was an overall
      recurrence rate of 15 per cent that was not affected by the use of split
      thickness versus full-thickness grafts. The time delay from the thermal injury to
      the reconstructive procedure was also found not to affect the outcome.
      Postoperative immobilization by the use of either a dynamic or an adynamic splint
      was found to be important both for preventing graft loss and for decreasing the
      rate of contracture recurrence.

PMID- 2898971
TI  - Infections and head injury: a potentially lethal combination.

PMID- 2898970
TI  - Simultaneous modeling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: an improved
      algorithm.
AB  - An algorithm and computer program is presented that fits a largely non-parametric
      model to pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data; it is an extension
      of a recently proposed approach. A PK model relates dose to plasma concentrations
      (Cp), a link model relates plasma concentrations to the concentration in the
      effect site (Ce), a PD model relates Ce to the effect. Both the PK and the PD
      model are non-parametric, but the link model is parametric. The extension
      presented here allows modeling of PK/PD data arising from non-steady-state
      experiments after arbitrary dosage. In addition, several data sets from the same
      individual (or from different individuals) can now be analyzed simultaneously,
      assuming the same link model for all, but allowing either all the PD models to be
      the same, or all to be different.

PMID- 2898973
TI  - Release of CMA statement on AIDS to highlight 1988 annual meeting.

PMID- 2898972
TI  - Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: clinical
      management.
AB  - The symptoms and clinical management of alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine
      withdrawal syndromes are discussed in this article. People who suffer alcohol
      withdrawal should be admitted to hospital if they have medical or surgical
      complications or severe symptoms; supportive care and pharmacotherapy, especially
      diazepam loading, are the essential components of treatment. Barbiturate
      withdrawal requires pharmacotherapy and admission to hospital for patients who
      have taken more than 0.4 g/d of secobarbital or an equivalent amount of another
      barbiturate for 90 days or longer, or 0.6 g/d or an equivalent dose for 30 days
      or longer, or who have had withdrawal seizures or delirium; phenobarbital loading
      is recommended. Regular benzodiazepine therapy that has lasted at least 3 months
      should be gradually stopped. Short-acting agents should be replaced with long
      acting ones, such as diazepam, to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Most of these
      patients can be managed on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 2898975
TI  - Biochemistry of the human brain in old age and dementia.

PMID- 2898974
TI  - Production of bone-resorbing activity corresponding to interleukin-1 alpha by
      adult T-cell leukemia cells in humans.
AB  - The physicochemical properties and relationship of bone-resorbing activity and
      interleukin 1 (IL-1) produced by adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells and cell line
      were studied in vitro. The culture supernatant of ATL cell line, MT2, and
      peripheral blood lymphocytes freshly obtained from ATL patients had both IL-1
      activity detected by the stimulation of murine thymocyte-proliferative responses
      and bone-resorbing activity detected by the stimulation of 45Ca release from
      prelabeled murine fetal bones. By Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography, both
      activities were eluted as a single peak at approximately Mr 15,000. By the
      chromatofocusing technique, the isoelectric point values of both activities were
      estimated as pH 4.8 and 5.2. Furthermore, both activities were absorbed with
      rabbit anti-IL-1 alpha antiserum, but not with anti-IL-1 beta antiserum. These
      results suggest that ATL cells and cell line produce bone-resorbing activity
      which corresponds to IL-1 alpha and that this IL-1 alpha is one of the most
      important causes of hypercalcemia in ATL patients.

PMID- 2898976
TI  - Drug consumption in patients with hip fractures compared with controls.
AB  - All drugs in a prospective series of 309 consecutive patients with cervical
      fractures and 300 with trochanteric fractures were recorded and compared with an
      age- and sex-matched randomly selected group from the city population files. A
      greater consumption of drugs was observed in the hip fracture group compared with
      the control group. Significant differences were observed for men regarding
      selective beta 2-adrenergic stimulants and xanthines, laxatives, phenothiazines
      and anti-psychotic drugs, as well as anti-glaucoma drugs. Women with hip
      fractures had a significantly greater consumption of diuretics, laxatives,
      insulin, phenothiazines and other antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2898977
TI  - Age-related prescribing patterns in general practice.
AB  - To examine differences in prescribing patterns in relation to patient age, all
      drugs dispensed during 1 week in a sample of community pharmacies were recorded.
      The mean number of drugs per prescription increased linearly from 1.5 in children
      aged 0-9 years to 2.8 in patients 80 years and over. The rate of prescribing of
      diuretics, benzodiazepines, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents and drugs
      acting on the cardiovascular system increased markedly with advancing age. Drugs
      with a low therapeutic ratio were also prescribed more frequently for patients
      over 65 years. Psychotropic agents (15.9%), diuretics (13.8%) and cardiovascular
      drugs (13.7%) were the most commonly prescribed drugs in this age group. While a
      minority of elderly patients were prescribed a large number of drugs, prescribing
      rates overall did not appear excessive.

PMID- 2898978
TI  - Inheritance of allelic blueprints for methylation patterns.
AB  - We have developed a strategy to distinguish between the methylation patterns of
      homologous chromosomes in tissues, and to follow these patterns in human
      pedigrees. This genetic approach uncovered evidence of variation in the
      methylation of allelic sites on homologous chromosomes. This variation was tissue
      specific and reproducible after transmission through the germ line, demonstrating
      that homologous chromosomes have distinct blueprints for the tissue-specific
      regulation of methylation. Furthermore, this approach can be used to study the
      relationship between parental imprinting and methylation in native mammalian
      loci.

PMID- 2898979
TI  - Regulation of mucosal IgA production in vitro by autoreactive immunoregulatory T
      cells from murine Peyer's patches.
AB  - In this study, we investigated whether Peyer's patch-derived T-cell subsets
      participate in vitro in self major histocompatibility (MHC) class II antigen (Ag)
      mediated immunoregulatory circuits for gut-mucosal IgA isotype selection in the
      presence of Peyer's patch (PP)-derived syngeneic surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM)
      bearing B cells. When fresh (in vitro unstimulated) sIgM-bearing B cells were
      cocultured with fresh, PP-derived L3T4+ Vicia villosa-nonadherent (VV-) T cells
      (T helper (Th) cells), the production of all class-specific immunoglobulins (Ig),
      but, in particular, IgA, was enhanced two- to sixfold. This augmented Ig
      production was, however, reduced by nearly 50% when fresh PP-derived Lyt2+ VV-T
      cells (suppressor T cells) were added. Furthermore, addition of PP-derived L3T4+
      VV+ and Lyt 2+ VV+ T cells abrogated, by nearly 100%, the suppression induced by
      the Lyt 2+ VV-T cells (contrasuppression). When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      stimulated, PP-derived sIgM-bearing B cells were cocultured with the Th cells,
      the production of each class-specific Ig was similarly enhanced, but Ig levels
      exceeded those obtained with cultures of the unstimulated B cells (P less than
      0.001). Anti-I-A or anti-I-E monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited the induction of
      each immunoregulatory T-cell effector activity (P less than 0.001), and anti-I
      A/E inhibited it synergistically. Thus, unstimulated fresh PP-derived T cells
      appear to be activated and then to exert T-cell effector functions in the
      sequential development of helper, suppressor, and contrasuppressor
      immunoregulatory networks in the presence of PP-derived sIgM B cells and,
      particularly, LPS-preactivated sIgM B cells. Based on the blocking effect of anti
      I-A and/or anti-I-E mAb on the induction of each T-cell-mediated immunoregulatory
      function in class-specific Ig production, it appears that the autoreactive (self
      MHC class II Ag-reactive) activation of PP T cells evoked by Ia Ag on PP sIgM B
      cells largely controls mucosal IgA production by the latter cells. Furthermore,
      this immunoregulation by autoreactive effector T cells, especially the L3T4+ VV-
      helper T cell, may play a significant role in vivo in gut-mucosal IgA isotype
      production.

PMID- 2898980
TI  - Leg and foot injuries in racquet sports.
AB  - Injuries to the lower extremity are common in racquet sports. The acute injuries
      usually respond well to treatment. Chronic injuries may require more patience and
      sometimes a change of playing habits on the part of the player. Some chronic
      injuries will respond well to operative intervention but most will do well with
      conservative care.

PMID- 2898981
TI  - Urinary D-glucaric acid and serum hepatic enzyme levels in chronic alcoholics.
AB  - Urinary D-glucaric acid (DGA) and the activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase
      (GGT) and other hepatic enzymes in serum were determined in 33 noncirrhotic male
      alcoholics who had continued to consume alcohol until at least 24 h prior to the
      taking of samples. DGA excretion was significantly greater in them than in a
      group of 30 healthy controls (p less than 0.001), exceeding the upper reference
      level in 38% of the alcoholic cases (as compared with 88% for GGT). In the
      alcoholic patients, there was highly significant correlation between urinary DGA
      and serum GGT (r = 0.613, p less than 0.001), suggesting that in both cases the
      increased levels are due to enzyme induction. None of the biochemical variables
      studied were significantly correlated with estimated daily alcohol consumption.
      Urinary DGA levels fell off rapidly with abstinence, and in 31 alcoholic patients
      who had consumed no alcohol for 5 days, there was no statistically significant
      correlation between DGA excretion and serum GGT (r = 0.158, p congruent to 0.4).

PMID- 2898983
TI  - Pharmacological bases of the medical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux
      disease.

PMID- 2898984
TI  - Role of eicosanoids in diarrheal diseases.

PMID- 2898982
TI  - Alanine aminopeptidase in serum: biological variations and reference limits.
AB  - We studied the effect of various factors on the biological variation of alanine
      aminopeptidase (AAP, EC 3.4.11.2) in serum in a population of 2178 apparently
      healthy subjects and in subjects taking specific drugs. To measure AAP, we used
      an automated assay, with alanyl-4-nitroanilide as substrate. AAP activity
      concentrations were significantly higher in males than in females in all age
      groups between 10 and 55 years. The highest mean AAP values were found for
      children between 10 and 14 years. In male heavy smokers, AAP values were 8%
      higher than in moderate or nonsmokers (P less than 0.001); in females, this
      effect was less pronounced. AAP concentrations were higher in subjects consuming
      over 44 g of ethanol a day than in those consuming less (P less than 0.01 for
      men, P less than 0.05 for women). The use of oral contraceptives increased AAP
      values by 12% (P less than 0.001). Hypolipidemic drugs caused lower values for
      AAP in men (P less than 0.001). Subjects showing induction of gamma
      glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2) by anticonvulsant drugs had also higher AAP
      activities (by 23%). Taking these data into account, we established reference
      limits for AAP in serum.

PMID- 2898985
TI  - The role of alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in the antihypertensive effects of
      fenoldopam in humans.
AB  - Fenoldopam, a dopamine-1 receptor agonist, has been reported to exhibit alpha
      adrenoceptor-blocking actions in intact and isolated animal preparations. To
      determine whether alpha-adrenoceptor blockade contributes to its antihypertensive
      properties in humans, the effects of fenoldopam on the pressor responses to
      norepinephrine and angiotensin II were compared in eight normal volunteers.
      Fenoldopam (0.5 micrograms/kg/min) shifted the dose-response curves for both
      agonists to the right (p less than 0.05). Dose ratios for an increase in mean
      blood pressure of 10 mm Hg were 3.3 +/- 0.9 for norepinephrine and 3.2 +/- 0.6
      for angiotensin II (p not significant). Consequently, fenoldopam is not a
      selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist at therapeutic concentrations in humans.

PMID- 2898986
TI  - Cumulative dose-response with infusion: a technique to determine neuromuscular
      blocking potency of atracurium and vecuronium.
AB  - The ability of cumulative dose-response techniques to obtain accurate data is
      most likely limited by redistribution and elimination of the drug during the
      study period. Therefore the usefulness of these techniques would be improved by
      replacing the amount of drug lost. This hypothesis was assessed for the
      intermediate-duration neuromuscular blockers vecuronium and atracurium, and
      calculations were made based on a pharmacokinetic model with an effect
      compartment. Sixty patients received either single doses (SD) (n = 36),
      cumulative doses (CD) (n = 12), or CD of vecuronium or atracurium with an
      infusion (CDI) to replace eliminated or redistributed drug (n = 12). The force of
      contraction of the adductor pollicis muscle in response to train-of-four
      stimulation was measured and recorded. Linear regressions were obtained between
      the logit transformation of neuromuscular blockade at the adductor pollicis and
      log dose. The potencies obtained with all three methods were within 20% of each
      other. For vecuronium the ED90 was (mean +/- SE) 0.034 +/- 0.002 (SD), 0.037 +/-
      0.003 (CD), and 0.036 +/- 0.003 mg/kg (CDI). For atracurium the ED90 was 0.175 +/
      0.009 (SD), 0.206 +/- 0.019 (CD), and 0.179 +/- 0.015 mg/kg (CDI). Calculated
      values corresponded well with measured values. The calculations predicted that
      the agreement between single- and cumulative-dose techniques would be improved if
      (1) the dose increment was increased, (2) the elimination half-life was increased
      above 20 minutes, or (3) an infusion was added.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2898987
TI  - Lymphoid tissue responses to perfluorocarbon emulsion in rats: time course
      effects relative to immune challenge.
AB  - 1. The effects of either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection
      of low doses (10 ml/kg) of the commercial emulsion, Fluosol-DA 20% (F-DA), on
      lymphoid tissues and antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC)
      have been studied relative to the timing of immunization in rats. 2. Spleen and
      liver weights were significantly increased in response to injection of F-DA
      although no consistent pattern was observed. 3. Thymus weight was decreased
      following F-DA injection in some experimental groups whereas mesenteric lymph
      node (MLN) weights were unchanged throughout. 4. The mean plasma antibody titre
      to SRBC was significantly increased in some groups of animals injected with F-DA
      both before or after immunization; maximum titres were observed following
      injection of emulsion simultaneously with SRBC. 5. These results show that
      lymphoid tissue weights and plasma antibody titres in rats immunized with SRBC
      vary according to the timing and route of a previous or subsequent injection of F
      DA.

PMID- 2898989
TI  - The cardiac effects of arginine vasotocin in amphibians.
AB  - 1. The cardiac effects of arginine vasotocin (AVT) on isolated atria were
      examined in three anuran and one urodele species. 2. AVT produced dose-related
      positive chronotropic and inotropic responses. 3. The responsiveness of the
      atrial tissue varied among species. 4. Both the basal atrial rate (AR) and
      tension (T) were attenuated in the presence of phentolamine and propranolol,
      alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist,
      increased both AR and T, an effect which would be inhibited by propranolol. 5.
      The effects of AVT on both AR and T were not inhibited by alpha- and beta
      adrenergic blockers, nor by verapamil and imidazole with the dosages used in the
      present study. 6. On the contrary, the effects of AVT on AR, but not T, was
      enhanced in the presence of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers. 7. The
      mechanism of action of AVT on the amphibian atrium remains unknown.

PMID- 2898988
TI  - Actions of dopamine and related amines on reserpinized and chronically denervated
      vasa deferentia of the rat.
AB  - 1. Reserpine, chronic guanethidine denervation and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
      were used to distinguish between presynaptic and postsynaptic actions of
      exogenous dopamine (DA), octopamine (OA), tyramine (TA) and noradrenaline (NA) on
      the rat vas deferens. 2. TA has only a presynaptic action while DA and OA have
      mixed presynaptic actions (releasing endogenous NA) and postsynaptic actions. 3.
      The postsynaptic actions of DA and OA are likely to be mediated by alpha
      adrenoceptors rather than by specific receptors.

PMID- 2898990
TI  - Hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity in the channel catfish, Ictalurus
      punctatus.
AB  - 1. Several pathways of drug metabolizing enzymic activity were measured in
      hepatic fractions of the channel catfish and rat using model substrates. The
      pathways examined included the O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, microsomal
      ester hydrolysis of procaine and glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol, and the
      cytosolic acetylation of sulfamethazine and sulfation of 2-naphthol. Catfish
      liver preparations were incubated at both 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. 2. The
      oxidative metabolism of p-nitrophenol was only one-eighth that of the rat at 37
      degrees C and one-twelfth that of the rat at 25 degrees C. 3. Procaine ester
      hydrolysis was negligible in catfish microsomal preparations. 4. At 37 degrees C,
      p-nitrophenol glucuronidation was equivalent in catfish and rat microsomes. 5.
      Catfish cytosolic preparations exhibited N-acetyltransferase and
      arylsulfotransferase nearly comparable to those of the rat. 6. Rates of
      glucuronidation and sulfation were higher at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C in
      hepatic fractions of catfish.

PMID- 2898991
TI  - B-naphthoflavone induction and its effect on hepatic phospholipid metabolism in
      rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. B-naphthoflavone (BNF) induction of microsomal cytochrome P-488 and its effect
      on liver phospholipid metabolism were examined in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
      24 and 96 hr after intraperitoneal injection. 2. Cytochrome P-448 content
      increased at 96 hr to approximately double the cytochrome content of control
      fish. 3. Computer-analyzed laser densitometry scans of LDS-polyacrylamide gels of
      96 hr BNF-treated liver microsomes showed a 90% increase in cytochrome P-448
      levels. 4. A 34% increase in microsomal phospholipid (mumol/mg protein) was
      observed 24 hr after BNF injection, with a marked increase in choline,
      ethanolamine and inositol phospholipids. 5. Following 96 hr of exposure to BNF
      some differences in enzyme activity were noted; choline kinase and
      cytidylyltransferase activities were reduced, while a marked increase was
      observed in choline phosphotransferase activity. In light of current information
      on induction of liver microsomal phospholipid metabolism in mammals, the results
      of the this study suggest that trout do not respond like mammals to inducers of
      monooxygenase activity.

PMID- 2898993
TI  - Recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity after irreversible inhibition by
      organophosphorous compounds in embryonic development.
AB  - 1. Recovery of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was studied using the embryos
      of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius and S. nudus, embryos of axolotl
      Ambystoma mexicanum and in the chick embryo muscle culture treated by
      "irreversible" organophosphorous inhibitors (OPI). 2. AChE activity was assayed
      by a modified Ellman's procedure. 3. It follows from the data obtained that,
      unlike the plutei of sea urchins and the monolayer culture of chick embryo muscle
      cells, the embryos of axolotl show a compensatory increase in AChE biosynthesis
      after inhibition by OPI. 4. This mechanism is assumed to be related to the
      presence of a well developed neuromuscular system in the A. mexicanum embryos. 5.
      It is possible that acetylcholine accumulated as a result of partial AChE
      inhibition is responsible for the compensatory increase in AChE biosynthesis.

PMID- 2898992
TI  - Deltamethrin induced changes in choline transport and phosphorylation activities
      in synaptosomes from the optic lobe of squid, Loligo pealei.
AB  - 1. Deltamethrin, a powerful synthetic pyrethroid causes a significant change in
      choline transport in freshly prepared synaptosomes from squid optic lobes. 2. At
      resting state (nondepolarized) such an effect manifested as a reduction of 14C
      choline uptake in a short term (1 min) uptake experiment. 3. At depolarized
      state, or under conditions where synaptosomes are subjected to osmotic, aging and
      other stress conditions, deltamethrin caused stimulation of 14C-choline uptake,
      resulting in elevation of the levels of total radiocarbons in synaptosomes. 4.
      Such changes are accompanied with changes in overall phosphorylation activities
      in synaptosomes.

PMID- 2898994
TI  - Effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on the electrophoretic behavior of rat and dogfish
      metallothionein and chromatographic evidence of a naturally occurring
      metallothionein polymerization.
AB  - 1. Metallothionein behavior in SDS-PAGE has been characterized. 2. It has been
      found that metallothionein behavior in this electrophoretic system depends upon
      the reducing environment. Migration as a well-defined protein band is only
      achieved in the presence of 2-100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. 3. Within those 2
      mercaptoethanol levels, both rat and dogfish metallothionein migrate as a protein
      with a molecular weight several times higher than that expected by amino acid
      analyses. This is not due to molecule oxidations, since this effect is promoted
      by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. 4. No effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on
      metallothionein behavior is found in conventional PAGE. 5. The present results
      suggest that to study the effect of 2-mercaptoethanol in SDS-PAGE is a simple and
      accurate way to identify a protein as metallothionein. 6. It has also been found
      that metallothionein aggregates naturally in the absence of ionic strength.

PMID- 2898995
TI  - Noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan concentrations in the
      brains of four cohabiting species of fish.
AB  - 1. The concentrations of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine and 5
      hydroxy-tryptamine and the amino acid tryptophan were determined in the
      telencephalon, optic lobes and rest of the brains of four species of fish
      collected from a stream in central Saskatchewan. 2. The species investigated were
      white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus),
      longnosed dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) and northern pike (Esox lucius). 3.
      Significant differences were found in the concentrations of amines in different
      regions of the brain within species and within the same brain region between
      species. 4. These results may be related to the phylogenetic differences or to
      patterns in brain development evolved by fish species to adapt to particular
      lifestyles.

PMID- 2898996
TI  - Peroxidation of mullet and rat liver lipids in vitro: effects of pyridine
      nucleotides, iron, incubation buffer, and xenobiotics.
AB  - 1. Lipid peroxidation was observed in homogenates of mullet and rat livers and
      was affected by the specific conditions used for the in vitro assays. 2. Lipid
      peroxidation was altered by the buffer used in the assays and was dependent on
      the amount of Fe added to the assay. 3. Lipid peroxidation was stimulated by both
      NADH and NADPH and by the xenobiotics, CCL4 and DEM. 4. Lipid peroxidation was
      observed in microsomes of mullet livers and was inhibited by addition of cytosol.

PMID- 2898997
TI  - A comparison of toxins isolated from the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria agardhii and
      Microcystis aeruginosa.
AB  - 1. A toxin isolated from a strain of Oscillatoria agardhii var. was compared to a
      peptide toxin isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. 2. The Oscillatoria toxin
      possessed similar hepatotoxic properties on mice as the Microcystis toxin but had
      a higher LD50 than the latter; 320 micrograms/kg compared to 43 micrograms/kg
      (i.p. mouse), respectively. 3. Ultra-violet and infra-red spectra showed that the
      Oscillatoria toxin is a peptide which is not identical to the Microcystis toxin.
      4. The spectra also indicated some structural similarities in these toxins.

PMID- 2898998
TI  - Influence of lead exposure on catecholamine metabolism in discrete rat brain
      nuclei.
AB  - 1. Using the rat exposed both acutely and chronically to lead as a model of lead
      neurotoxicity, various parameters of catecholamine metabolism were investigated.
      2. The steady-state concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine
      together with the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N
      methyl transferase were measured in discrete brain nuclei--periventricular,
      paraventricular, median eminence, posterior and anterior hypothalamus, caudate
      putamen and globus pallidus. 3. Lead exposure resulted in significant fall in the
      activity of the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine
      hydroxylase which was associated with alterations in concentrations of
      catecholamines in the median eminence, periventricular nucleus and anterior
      hypothalamus. 4. No other brain nuclei investigated exhibited any effect of lead
      on the catecholaminergic nervous system and, therefore, the effect of lead on rat
      brain can be considered to be regionally specific.

PMID- 2898999
TI  - Effects of lead exposure on rat brain catecholaminergic neurochemistry.
AB  - 1. The effects of lead on catecholaminergic neurotransmission have been
      investigated. 2. Using the rat as a model, animals were exposed both acutely and
      chronically to lead. The levels of catecholamines, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and
      dopamine along with the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine
      N-methyl transferase were measured in 5 brain regions--cerebral cortex,
      brainstem, hippocampus, anterior and posterior hypothalamus. 3. A lead related
      reduction in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was observed in association
      with alterations in steady-state levels of the catecholamines in the posterior
      and anterior hypothalamus. 4. Thus, lead exposure, known to result in behavioural
      changes, is associated with localised neurochemical effects on the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2899000
TI  - Sampling and storage conditions of rainbow trout liver affects monooxygenase and
      conjugation enzymes.
AB  - 1. The effect of storage conditions of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver on
      monooxygenase and conjugation enzyme activities was studied. Fish livers or whole
      fish were frozen and stored for various periods of time at -4, -20 or -80 degrees
      C. 2. Freezing the whole fish at -20 degrees C affected the biotransformation
      enzyme activities dramatically. The loss of monooxygenase activity exceeded up to
      one-tenth of the initial rate in 17 days. UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase activity
      increased 50%. Glutathione S-transferase appeared to be the most durable enzyme.
      3. When the whole fish were stored in an ice-bath at -4 degrees C for up to 24 hr
      the activities measured decreased only half of that when frozen for 3 days. 4.
      When it is impossible to freeze the tissues studied in liquid nitrogen the
      activities are best preserved when whole, decapitated, bled fish are kept in an
      ice-bath for less than 24 hr.

PMID- 2899001
TI  - A comparative study of some oxidative and conjugative drug metabolizing enzymes
      in liver, lung and kidney of sheep.
AB  - 1. The comparative distribution of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system,
      glucuronyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase and N-acetyltransferase was
      studied in the liver, lung and kidney of young male sheep. 2. The sheep liver was
      characterized by a lack in glutathione S-transferase activity with isoniazid as
      substrate. 3. The oxidative drug metabolizing enzymes of lung were generally
      close to those of liver; benzphetamine N-demethylase and ethoxycoumarin O
      deethylase were even found to be higher in lung (213 and 148%, respectively). 4.
      Pulmonary conjugative and both renal oxidative and conjugative systems accounted
      only for 9-38% of hepatic corresponding enzymes. 5. The enzyme determination in
      various sampling sites of the three organs, demonstrated the homogeneous
      distribution of all investigated monooxygenases and transferases in liver, lung
      and kidney of sheep.

PMID- 2899002
TI  - Evolution of neurotransmitter-related markers in the vertebrate telencephalon.
      Comparative microchemical study in discrete brain regions of a frog and a turtle.
AB  - 1. Neurochemical markers related to cholinergic, GABAergic and
      glutamatergic/aspartatergic neurotransmission have been measured in telencephalic
      areas obtained by microdissection from frog (Rana esculenta) and turtle
      (Pseudemys scripta elegans) brain. 2. In both species, pallial areas showed
      remarkably higher levels of synaptosomal D-3H-aspartate high affinity uptake than
      basal regions. Conversely, striatal and septal areas possessed higher levels of
      the GABAergic marker glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) than the pallium. 3. A
      differential distribution of GAD was noticed in striatal regions, highest levels
      of the enzyme being present in the ventral striatum, followed by the nucleus
      accumbens and the dorsal striatum. 4. Cholinergic markers choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were rather uniformly
      distributed in the frog telencephalon, while, in the turtle, cholinergic markers
      were several-fold higher in the basal telencephalon, particularly in the
      striatum, than in the pallium. 5. The turtle dorsal ventricular ridge possessed
      ChAT levels more similar to the striatal than to the cortical ones. On the
      contrary, D-3H-aspartate uptake in the dorsal ventricular ridge was close to the
      highest levels found in cortical areas. 6. The quantitative neurochemical
      approach adopted for the present study appears to be a useful tool to investigate
      the problem of homologies and to gain new information on the evolution of neuron
      populations and neuronal connections in the vertebrate telencephalon.

PMID- 2899003
TI  - Occurrence and effects on motility of bombesin related peptides in the
      gastrointestinal tract of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
AB  - 1. Low levels of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (less than 1.10 pmol/g tissue),
      eluting at the same position as synthetic bombesin and litorin, have been
      measured in muscle and mucosa of the gastrointestinal canal of the cod, Gadus
      morhua. 2. Immunohistochemistry showed bombesin-like material in endocrine cells
      and nerves throughout the gut. Intensity and absorption controls indicated a
      difference in character between the peptides present in stomach and intestinal
      muscle respectively. 3. Stomach motility was stimulated by bombesin (pD2 = 8.27
      +/- 0.19), litorin (8.03 +/- 0.04) and (less potently) GRP (less than 7.46 +/-
      0.22). Litorin (8.21 +/- 0.31) had an inhibitory effect on intestinal motility.
      4. In conclusion, one or several bombesin-like peptides may be involved in the
      control of gastrointestinal motility in the cod, causing opposite effects on
      stomach and intestine. The structure of the peptide in gastric nerves may differ
      from that in intestinal nerves.

PMID- 2899004
TI  - Monoamine oxidase and semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase activities in toad
      liver mitochondria.
AB  - 1. The deamination of 5-HT and PEA has been assayed by a radiochemical method in
      mitochondria isolated from toad liver. 2. Time courses of 5-HT and PEA
      deamination indicate that when PEA is used as the substrate, higher specific
      activities are obtained. 3. 5-HT is deaminated by MAO A and partially by a SSAO
      like enzyme. 4. PEA is deaminated exclusively by SSAO and, MAO B activity, at
      least under the adopted experimental conditions, is not detectable.

PMID- 2899005
TI  - Histamine-induced potentiation of cholinergic transmission in chick oesophagus
      (Gallus gallus).
AB  - 1. The effects of histamine on cholinergic nerve transmission were investigated
      in the oesophagus of the chick (0-29 days old). 2. Histamine potentiated the
      contractile responses produced by vagal or transmural nerve stimulation and by
      the ganglionic stimulant (DMPP) with the increase of tonus of oesophagus. On the
      other hand, a selective H2 agonist, 4-methylhistamine, did not have any effect.
      3. The sensitivity of oesophagus to ACh did not change in the presence of
      histamine (0.2-2 microM). 4. Mepyramine but not metiamide antagonized the
      contractile and potentiating effects of histamine. 5. From these findings, it is
      concluded that histamine preferentially acts on H1-receptors located in
      cholinergic neurones to facilitate cholinergic transmission in the chick
      oesophagus, potentiating the nerve-mediated contraction.

PMID- 2899007
TI  - The effect of feeding tall fescue seed infected by Acremonium coenophialum on
      pregnancy and parturition in female rats.
AB  - 1. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to
      various dietary treatments containing: (1) 100% Purina rodent chow, ad libitum;
      (2) same as 1, but restricted to daily intake of 7; (3) 50% rodent chow (w/w) and
      50% endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) seed; (4) same as 3, but
      restricted to intake of 5; (5) 50% rodent chow, 25% endophyte-free tall fescue
      seed and 25% endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue seed; (6)
      50% rodent chow, 12.5% endophyte-free and 37.5% endophyte-infected tall fescue
      seed; and (7) 50% rodent chow and 50% endophyte infected tall fescue seed. 2.
      Average daily feed intakes and average daily weight gains decreased with higher
      levels of endophyte infected seed. 3. Frequency of litter production was affected
      by all endophyte-infected containing diets. 4. Conception was reduced only in
      dietary treatment (7). 5. Litter weights, number of pups per litter and weight
      per pup were proportionally reduced as higher levels of infected seed were
      incorporated in the ingested diets.

PMID- 2899006
TI  - Effects of a testicotoxic dose of cadmium on the liver and drug metabolism in the
      rat.
AB  - 1. The effect of an acute testicotoxic dose of cadmium (CdCl2.H2O, 2.0 mg/kg
      i.p.) on liver morphology and drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were studied in
      adult male and female rats. 2. Cd treatment to female rats caused a slight and
      reversible decrease in hepatic microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and
      aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND) activities. 3. No significant changes were noted
      in the liver morphology, serum alanine aminotransferase activities, enzyme
      induction by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, and glucuronosyl-transferase
      (GT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. 4. The same Cd treatment to
      male rats, however, resulted in a much more pronounced and prolonged reduction in
      AHH and APND activities, which was attributable to a Cd-induced testicular
      necrosis and, hence, impairment of androgen secretion. 5. Accordingly, Cd
      treatment to castrated male rats did not lower the enzyme activities any further,
      and full recovery of activities was obtained after the administration of
      testosterone. 6. Both GT and GST, the two sex-independent enzymes, were not
      significantly affected by either Cd or gonadectomy in the male rat. 7. The
      present data show that a low acute dose of Cd induces chemical castration without
      severely altering hepatic function.

PMID- 2899008
TI  - Myocardial responsiveness to isoproterenol and calcium: a comparison of SD and
      F344 rats.
AB  - 1. Inotropic effects of isoproterenol and extracellular Ca2+ were compared in
      left atrial muscle isolated from F344 and SD rats. Preparations from the F344
      strain were more sensitive to the actions of both agents. 2. The chronotropic
      action of isoproterenol was not different in right atria isolated from the two
      strains. 3. This suggests that the strain-related difference in responsiveness to
      the inotropic effect of isoproterenol is not caused by heterogeneity in the beta
      adrenoceptor/adenylate cyclase system but rather by variations in excitation
      contraction coupling.

PMID- 2899009
TI  - Enzymatic histamine catabolism in vertebrate ontogenesis. A comparative study.
AB  - 1. The synthesizing and degrading activities of histamine were determined in the
      liver and small intestine of developing guinea pig and chick embryos. 2. Though
      increasing with age, HDC values were always 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than
      those of degrading enzymes. 3. DAO activity on the other hand was 10-100 fold
      higher than HMT at all ages studied, suggesting a decisive role for oxidative
      deamination in control of tissue histamine levels. 4. Generally histamine levels
      were higher in tissues of developing guinea pig than chick embryo, however, in
      the laying hen intestine histamine concentration was approximately 5 times
      greater than in the adult guinea pig intestine.

PMID- 2899010
TI  - The effects of DDE, PCB and chlordane on the binding of progesterone to its
      cytoplasmic receptor in the eggshell gland mucosa of birds and the endometrium of
      mammalian uterus.
AB  - 1. The specific binding of progesterone to its cytoplasmic receptor in the mucosa
      of the shell gland from egg-laying ducks, domestic fowls and from the endometrium
      of the rabbit uterus was compared. The effect of DDE, PCBs and chlordane added in
      vitro was also studied. 2. The KD value for progesterone with regard to its
      receptor was about four times lower in the domestic fowl and the rabbit than in
      the duck. 3. The chlorinated hydrocarbons decreased the binding of progesterone
      to its receptor. Their potency was higher in the duck than in the domestic fowl.
      In rabbit uterine mucosa their effects were similar to those observed in the
      duck. 4. DDE is an inhibitor of calmodulin: other calmodulin inhibitors as
      calmidazolium and trifluoperazin also reduced the binding of progesterone in
      similar concentrations. It is suggested that DDE reduced the progesterone binding
      by inhibiting calmodulin.

PMID- 2899011
TI  - Hypomagnesaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and plasma lipid changes in rats following the
      oral administration of ciclosporin.
AB  - 1. The effects of orally administered ciclosporin (40, 50 or 80 mg/kg body wt) on
      plasma magnesium, albumin, total cholesterol and triglycerides have been studied
      in male Wistar rats. 2. Plasma magnesium and albumin were significantly lower in
      rats dosed with ciclosporin (40, 50 or 80 mg/kg) after 14 days. 3. Variable
      changes of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were observed. Some implications
      of the inter-relationships of magnesium, albumin and plasma lipids in ciclosporin
      treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2899014
TI  - Effect of ionic contents in saline on depolarizing afterpotential induced by
      phenothrin and methoxychlor.
AB  - 1. The depolarizing afterpotential induced by phenothrin and methoxychlor in
      crayfish giant axons was measured intracellularly. 2. Changes in the K+ ion
      concentration did not affect the depolarizing afterpotential when evaluated as
      the membrane potential. 3. Addition of tetrodotoxin or replacement of the Cl-
      ions by OAc- ions or of the Na+ ions by choline ions reduced the depolarizing
      afterpotential and the action potential. 4. A ratio of the reduction of the
      depolarizing afterpotential in saline that contained OAc- ions to that of the
      action potential was similar to that measured in the saline containing
      tetrodotoxin. 5. With the increase in the choline concentration, the relative
      value of the depolarizing afterpotential to that measured before the replacement
      decreased almost linearly with that of the decrease in the action potential.

PMID- 2899012
TI  - The actions of phenol and pentachlorophenol (PCP) on axonal conduction,
      ganglionic synaptic transmission, and the effect of pH changes.
AB  - 1. A comparison of phenol, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and procaine effects on axonal
      conduction were studied in vitro in the sciatic nerves of toad. PCP and procaine
      were respectively 6.3 and 3.15 times more potent than phenol in blocking axonal
      conduction. 2. Effects of PCP on synaptic transmission were studied in vitro in
      the eighth sympathetic ganglion of toad. 3. Axonal conduction block and synaptic
      transmission block by phenol was reversible, but not that by PCP. 4. When the PCP
      ionization was increased, a lesser per cent reached the site of action, reducing
      its capacity to block the axonal conduction and ganglionic transmission. 5. PCP
      plus, 3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) decreased synaptic transmission block from
      post-ganglionic compound action potential (CAP) responses to supramaximal
      preganglionic stimulation.

PMID- 2899013
TI  - Pharmacologically induced changes in the latency of digastric reflexes in 1-7 day
      old rabbits.
AB  - 1. The naturally occurring change in latency of the digastric reflex from long
      (40-70 msec) to short (15-35 msec) in the first week of life was studied in
      rabbits using drugs known to affect GABAergic and glycinergic transmission. 2.
      Usually the long or the short latency reflex response appeared alone but after
      strychnine both appeared together. 3. The long latency responses were favoured by
      the GABA blockers bicuculline and picrotoxin; periodically rhythmic activity was
      also elicited. 4. The short latency responses were favoured by the GABA agonists
      pentobarbitone and diazepam.

PMID- 2899015
TI  - Chromosome aberrations in cultured central mudminnow heart cells and Chinese
      hamster ovary cells exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sediment
      extracts.
AB  - 1. Genotoxicity experiments were conducted with cultured fish cells to determine
      if the high frequency of epidermal papillomas observed in lemon sole from
      Sturgeon Bank, where a sewage treatment plant discharges, could be correlated
      with contamination of the sediments with chemicals such as 3,4-benzopyrene. 2.
      The frequency of chromosome aberrations was measured in cultured Umbra limi heart
      (U1-H) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells following exposure to the polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 3,4-benzopyrene (BP), 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene (DBA),
      1,2-benzanthracene (BA), and pyrene (PY), activated using S9 prepared from
      rainbow trout liver. 3. An increase in the chromosome aberration frequency was
      only observed following exposure to fish S9-activated BP in both cell lines. 4.
      Following exposure of the cells to both Sturgeon Bank and Spanish Bank sediment
      extracts, it was determined that a higher level of toxic and genotoxic activity
      was associated with the Sturgeon Bank sediments. 5. Since the detection of PAH
      genotoxicity requires the presence of S9, and since a higher level of genotoxic
      activity was noted following sediment extract exposures with no S9 present, this
      suggests that the extracts contain a complex mix of chemicals, some of which
      express genotoxic activity. 6. An assessment using the micronucleus test failed
      to indicate in vivo genotoxicity in fish collected from Sturgeon and Spanish
      Banks. 7. It was, therefore, difficult to associate the observed sediment
      genotoxicity with the previously noted high incidence of epidermal papillomas in
      lemon sole from this area.

PMID- 2899016
TI  - Identification of tissues and cells producing erythropoietin in the anemic mouse.

PMID- 2899017
TI  - Beta-blocker action on lymphocyte proliferative response in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - The proliferative response of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) - stimulated lymphocytes
      of healthy donors and hypertensive subjects was analysed according to 3H
      thymidine incorporation and cell cycle phase position on a flow cytofluorimeter.
      3H-thymidine uptake and the percentage of cells in (S + G2) phase were
      significantly lower in hypertensive patients. After short-term propranolol
      administration the lymphocyte blastogenic response in essential hypertension
      increased by 30--100%. The data suggest that the change in mitogenic response of
      lymphocytes in essential hypertension results from changes in the distribution of
      lymphocyte subclasses. The connection between the sympathoadrenal and immune
      system is discussed.

PMID- 2899018
TI  - Undissolved sulfasalazine tablets.

PMID- 2899019
TI  - Effect of SMS 201-995 in rapidly progressive diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2899020
TI  - Glutamergic transmission and cardiovascular apparatus in normotensive rats.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects induced by L-glutamic acid (G) on the cardiovascular
      apparatus of normotensive ethyl urethane-anaesthetized rats have been evaluated.
      (a) When administered i.v. (1 to 100 mg/kg) G induced a transitory and dose
      dependent increase of arterial pressure (AP) with very moderate sinus
      bradycardia. It was antagonized by L-glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE, 0.1 to
      100 mg/kg i.v.). (b) The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of G
      (third ventricle, right lateral ventricle, posterior hypothalamus and striatum)
      at a dose of 0.1 to 10 mg/an induced a transitory and dose-dependent increase of
      AP, abolished by i.c.v. GDEE (1 to 10 mcg/an). (c) G hypertension was reduced by
      several procedures, i.e. catecholamine depletion, alpha 1, alpha 1 and alpha 2 or
      beta adrenergic blocks, alpha 2 central adrenergic stimulation, Ca2+
      transmembrane or gangliary block, surrenectomy, and spinal transection at C7. (d)
      Atropine, bilateral vagotomy and sinus carotidal denervation increased G
      hypertension. (e) Therefore the bradycardia does seem to be due to a reflex
      mediated effect via sinus carotid and aortic baroreceptors. (f) These data show
      that glutamergic transmission also participates through a central mechanism in
      the regulation of cardiovascular function in rats, via an increase in central
      sympathetic efferent activity.

PMID- 2899021
TI  - Neuroleptic plasma concentrations and clinical response: in search of a
      therapeutic window.
AB  - There is much interest in finding a therapeutic window for commonly used
      neuroleptics so that dosage can be individualized and side effects minimized. The
      authors review specific requirements of good study design and survey the
      literature that has investigated the relationship between therapeutic response
      and plasma concentrations of neuroleptics. The evidence from a number of fixed
      dose haloperidol studies suggests, but does not yet prove, the existence of a
      therapeutic window for this compound.

PMID- 2899022
TI  - [Antibodies to the human T-cell leukemia virus in the blood serum of the
      inhabitants of Sakhalin and Iuzhno-Kuril'sk].
AB  - Two immunological tests were used in testing of 808 blood serum samples from
      inhabitants of Sakhalin and of the city of Yuzhno-Kurilsk for antibodies against
      HTLV-1 etiologically associated with human T-cell leukemia. Antibodies to HTLV-1
      were detected in 4.2% of Nivkhs, 1.2% of Oroks and 1.5% of Russians. The highest
      level of virus-carriers reaching 6.0% was detected in Nivkhs from the middle part
      of Sakhalin. The antibodies were detected more often in persons of old age and in
      women.

PMID- 2899023
TI  - [Antimetastatic effect of the delta-sleep peptide during stress in mice with
      Lewis' lung carcinoma].
AB  - The experiments on C57Bl mice with metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma have shown
      that peptide delta-sleep (DSIP) lowers the stimulation of metastatic spreading
      which is observed in combination of the surgical removal of the tumour with the
      emotional-painful stress. The antimetastatic effect is accompanied by
      stabilization of neurohumoral indices, by a decrease in the intensity of lipid
      peroxidation and of the acid cathepsin activity in the blood vessels and in the
      lung tissue.

PMID- 2899024
TI  - [Immunity, neuropeptides and psychiatry].
AB  - The author proposes and defends new lines in psychiatric research, aimed not
      primarily at the study of etiology but of pathogeny. Two systems recognize self
      from non self: the nervous and the immune systems. These communicate with each
      other by means of hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters and
      neuromodulators. The biochemical family of the neuropeptides therefore plays an
      important role in the transmission of this information and participates in the
      complex regulatory mechanisms which insure the physical and psychical equilibrium
      of the individual. Disorders of such regulation lead to or participate in the
      psychosomatic diseases and to psychiatric pathology. The author proposes that, in
      order to elucidate the normal complex regulatory mechanisms, one should first
      carry out studies on neuropeptides in primitive living organisms and observe the
      functional capacities of lymphocytes and thymocytes from psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2899025
TI  - Transglutaminase activity along the rat small bowel and cellular location.
AB  - A recent report indicates a relationship between human transglutaminase (TG)
      jejunal mucosa activity and celiac disease. We investigated the enzyme
      distribution along six consecutive small bowel segments of mucosa and tested TG
      activity on brush border membranes obtained from whole mucosa homogenate in
      Wistar rats. TG activity was significantly present in jejunal mucosa even if
      mostly detected in the distal part of small intestine. Our study indicates
      highest enzymatic activity in the subcellular fraction containing organelles and
      cellular membranes (66.8%) while a 7% activity was associated with the brush
      border fraction.

PMID- 2899026
TI  - Role of the N-terminus of rat pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase in the
      regulation of the enzyme's activity.
AB  - Activation of rat pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase by limited tryptic
      proteolysis was investigated. The modifications produced upon the enzyme's
      structure were analyzed with the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and tyrosine hydroxylase activity was measured all through the
      digestion. During the proteolysis the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was
      elevated threefold at the same time as a 56-kDa tryptic fragment was formed. When
      the enzyme was phosphorylated, at its N-terminal region, by a kinase copurified
      with tyrosine hydroxylase, the major 56-kDa species did not appear to be
      phosphorylated on the autoradiograph, suggesting that it was derived from the
      native subunit by cleavage of the N-terminal of the protein. The reactivity of
      the 2/40/15 anti-(tyrosine hydroxylase) monoclonal antibody with the N-terminal
      of tyrosine hydroxylase was also investigated, using the Western-blot technique.
      This antibody reacted with the 62-kDa hydroxylase subunit but not with the 60-kDa
      tryptic fragment; the amino acid sequences of these two species showed that the
      60-kDa fragment lacked the first 16 N-terminal amino acids of the native
      molecule. These results suggest that the N-terminal region of tyrosine
      hydroxylase is apparently responsible for an inhibition of the hydroxylase
      activity and that the first N-terminal amino acids of the hydroxylase are
      necessary for the recognition of the enzyme by its antibody.

PMID- 2899027
TI  - Antibody response to pertussis toxin in patients with clinical pertussis measured
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Serum antibody response to pertussis toxin was measured by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay in 172 patients with clinical symptoms typical of whooping
      cough. The diagnosis was verified by culture in 100 patients. Serum antibodies
      were either not detectable or present only at low levels in sera obtained in the
      early stage of disease. Significant changes in serum levels of IgG, IgM and/or
      IgA were demonstrated in 143 patients (83%). The lack of comparable increases in
      most of the other patients may be due to inappropriate timing of serum
      collection. Thus, detection of antibodies against pertussis toxin in paired serum
      samples can be used for serological diagnosis of pertussis. However, the presence
      of IgM and/or IgA in a single serum sample does not confirm a diagnosis of
      pertussis, since such antibodies were found in healthy adults as well as in
      patients two years after the disease. High levels of these antibodies are,
      however, suggestive of on-going or recent disease.

PMID- 2899028
TI  - Growth hormone releasing factor and somatostatin concentrations in the milk of
      lactating women.
AB  - The concentrations of growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin, two
      hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the regulation of growth hormone
      secretion, were measured in human milk samples. The study was performed in
      healthy women within 48 h of delivery or during established lactation (between 1
      and 64 weeks post delivery). No statistically significant correlation was found
      between the levels in milk of either of the neuropeptides and the gestational age
      at birth. However, lower values of GRF (23 +/- 4.7 pg/ml vs. 40.5 +/- 4.9 pg/ml)
      were found in milk obtained during established lactation than in milk obtained
      close to delivery. A positive correlation was observed between somatostatin and
      GRF concentrations in milk. The possible involvement of milk neuropeptides in the
      control of growth hormone secretion in the neonate, as well as in the regulation
      of other physiological processes, are evaluated.

PMID- 2899029
TI  - Fundic, antral and pancreatic D-cell population changes following oophorectomy
      and sex hormone administration in guinea pigs. Experimental immunocytochemical
      study.
AB  - Twelve female guinea pigs were given estradiol and another 12 testosterone for 18
      days. A third group of 15 animals underwent oophorectomy and a group of 8 animals
      served as controls. Gastric and pancreatic D-cells were quantitated in all four
      groups. Oophorectomy and androgens significantly increased and estrogens
      significantly decreased gastric D-cell populations. Additionally, estrogens
      significantly decreased D-cell population in pancreatic islets. It is concluded
      that the alterations in gastric and pancreatic D-cell populations, which are
      induced by sex hormone administration and oophorectomy, possibly reflect a
      hormonal adaptive attempt to restore gastric secretory functions within the
      normal range.

PMID- 2899030
TI  - Pluripotent stem cells with normal or reduced self renewal survive lethal
      irradiation.
AB  - Transfusion with 10,000 or 20,000 marrow cells resulted in 30+ days survival of
      15%-50% of mice exposed to an Ld90 or LD100 or radiation. The use of congenic
      mice with alloenzyme markers permitted the identification of host and donor cells
      in the peripheral blood of transfused animals. Donor cells were present initially
      in all hosts. Between 55% and 92% of the animals became 100% host type by 12-24
      weeks after transfusion in three separate experiments. To explore whether the
      temporary repopulation by donor cells was due to short-lived stem cells, the
      marrows of several primary hosts were transfused into secondary, lethally
      irradiated hosts. Some of the retransplanted primary donor and host cells
      persisted only temporarily. It is suggested that some of the donor stem cells in
      both the primary and secondary hosts had an intrinsically shortened life span.

PMID- 2899031
TI  - DSP-4 treatment produces abnormal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in
      rat hippocampus.
AB  - DSP-4 has been used as selective toxin for central norepinephrine (NE) systems.
      The depletion of NE by DSP-4 is though to result from neurotoxic destruction of
      locus coeruleus terminals and axons. We have used tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunocytochemistry (TH-IR), silver stains for neural degeneration, and electron
      microscopy to examine the morphological effects of DSP-4 treatment on the rat
      hippocampus. Animals survived for either 2 or 5 weeks after DSP-4 treatment. DSP
      4 depleted hippocampal norepinephrine levels to 15% of control values. Abnormally
      enlarged TH-IR fibers were found in the hippocampus of DSP-4-treated animals. No
      evidence of fiber degeneration was found following light or electron microscopic
      examination of the dentate hilus in DSP-4-treated animals. These data suggest
      that DSP-4 treatment does not destroy NE terminals, but may produce an
      intraneuronal lesion leading to an accumulation of TH and a depletion of
      norepinephrine within the terminal fields.

PMID- 2899032
TI  - Role of peptide substrate structure in the selective processing of peptide
      prohormones at basic amino acid pairs by endoproteases.
AB  - Three putative processing enzymes, each with defined action in a prohormone
      system, a 'pro-ocytocin-neurophysin convertase' from bovine neurohypophysis
      secretory granules, a 'Leu-enkephalin Arg6 generating enzyme' from human CSF and
      the endoprotease from the 'S-28 convertase' complex of rat brain cortex, were
      tested for their ability to hydrolyze peptides deriving from pro-ocytocin, pro
      enkephalin B and pro-somatostatin, respectively at pairs of basic amino acids.
      The observations suggest that structural parameters specified by the peptide
      region around the dibasic moieties govern recognition by the enzyme and define
      which peptide bond is hydrolyzed.

PMID- 2899033
TI  - Inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPases by fusidic acid and suramin.
AB  - The vacuolar system of eukaryotic cells is energized by a few ATP-driven ion
      pumps. One of these, the H+-ATPase, plays a major role in providing the
      protonmotive force for several organelles, as well as maintaining the proper pH
      inside the organelles. Formation of the protonmotive force in organelles isolated
      from the vacuolar system was inhibited by fusidic acid. The inhibition results
      from a combination of uncoupling the proton pumping and inhibition of the H+
      ATPase activity. Suramin is also a potent inhibitor of the H+-ATPase from
      chromaffin granules. A possible connection between these activities and
      inhibition of HIV infection is pointed out.

PMID- 2899034
TI  - Kinetic analysis of proton translocation catalyzed by F0F1 ATPase.
AB  - Kinetic analysis of both proton translocating and steady-state ATP hydrolytic
      activities catalyzed by F0F1 ATPase in submitochondrial particles were carried
      out over an ATP concentration range of 1-2000 microM. The results were examined
      in relation to the prediction based on the alternate binding change model
      proposed by Gresser et al. [(1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12030-12038] in which
      energy transduction occurs only at the tri-site catalytic cycle. The present
      results essentially contrast with the model and rather indicate that if the
      alternate binding mechanism holds for the ATP hydrolytic reaction, the proton
      translocation should be coupled to at least both bi-site and tri-site cycles.

PMID- 2899035
TI  - [The level of feldsher training at feldsher-midwife centers for the hygiene
      instruction and education of the population].

PMID- 2899036
TI  - [Somatostatinomas].
AB  - Somatostatinomas are endocrine tumors which prevailing secretion is somatostatin.
      They are localized in the pancreas and digestive tract or not often in tissues
      unusually secreting somatostatin, as bronchi. Forty three cases have been
      described until now. The endocrine syndrome, not very specific and inconstant, is
      the result of the somatostatin hypersecretion. Diabetes mellitus, cholelithiasis,
      pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, gastric hypochlorhydria and anemia are the
      main symptoms of pancreatic somatostatinoma. On the other hand, they are not
      found in digestive tumors. Somatostatinomas often secrete other hormonal peptides
      which may change the clinical manifestations. Radioimmunoassay of plasma
      somatostatin (basal level and/or after stimulation by tolbutamid) is a more
      successful diagnostic test; but only immunocytochemistry of the tumor can proved
      the diagnosis. They a bad prognosis but are not a contra-indication to make a
      curative treatment; surgical resection and chemotherapy by streptozotocin and 5
      FU are the two treatments.

PMID- 2899038
TI  - The giant common duct stone: still a hard nut to crack.

PMID- 2899037
TI  - Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism in insulin-receptor gene and insulin
      resistance in NIDDM.
AB  - Restriction-enzyme analysis of genomic DNA from 52 White and Hispanic nondiabetic
      subjects and 51 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) was carried
      out with insulin-receptor cDNA probes. A polymorphic 5.8-kilobase SstI fragment
      was found in 12 (23.5%) of 51 NIDDM subjects but only in 4 (7.7%) of 52
      nondiabetic control subjects. This association is significant by chi 2-analysis
      (P less than .05). Furthermore, the nondiabetic subjects with the polymorphism
      were found to have hyperinsulinemia and/or nondiagnostic glucose tolerance. The
      polymorphism is a genetic marker for a phenotype that is neither necessary nor,
      by itself, sufficient for NIDDM. Nevertheless, it may indicate that insulin
      resistance functionally related to an insulin-receptor gene polymorphism is the
      proximal cause of NIDDM in at least one subset of the population.

PMID- 2899039
TI  - Physician assistant training and practice in geriatric medicine.

PMID- 2899040
TI  - [The development of a high sensitivity and high linearity fluorescence
      microphotometry system for distribution analysis of neurotransmitter in the
      brain].
AB  - A new fluorescence microphotometry system was developed for analysis of the
      distributions and amounts of neurotransmitter and its related chemical substances
      in the smaller brain regions. This system can measure fluorescence intensity of
      10,000 points in animal brain slices which were immunohistochemically and
      histochemically stained. This system mounts a photomultiplier tube of high
      sensitivity and high linearity to a detector; therefore, this system surpasses in
      quantitative capability by two figures compared with an image analyzer which uses
      a high-sensitivity TV camera. The high-precision step-motor scanning stage moves
      under the objective lens of the fluorescence microscope and analyzes the entire
      surface of the slice: measuring speed, 250 points/min; maximum measuring area, 76
      X 52 mm. The data of fluorescence intensity and position (X and Y value) on the
      slice are transmitted to a computer, calculated statistically and displayed two-
      and three-dimensionally. In this study, immunohistochemical distribution and
      intensity of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in
      the rat cervical spinal cord were measured. The distributions of their chemical
      substances are consistent with previous observations. This system is applicable
      to a wide range of neuroscience studies.

PMID- 2899041
TI  - [Adrenergic therapy of glaucoma].

PMID- 2899043
TI  - [Effects of 3 topically administered beta blockers on the rabbit crystalline
      lens].

PMID- 2899042
TI  - [Corneal sensitivity after single doses of timolol, betaxolol or placebo in
      persons with healthy eyes--a randomized, prospective double-blind study].

PMID- 2899045
TI  - [Immunodeficiency and virus infection].

PMID- 2899046
TI  - [Blood donation and HTLV-1 and HIV].

PMID- 2899044
TI  - Spontaneous transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.
AB  - The classical studies of Katz and co-workers have shown that nerve impulses
      release quanta of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. This release is
      regulated by presynaptic calcium and accounts for the trans-synaptic transmission
      of nerve impulses. In resting conditions it gives rise to small spontaneous
      potentials, i.e. miniature endplate potentials. In addition these investigators
      described a spontaneous molecular leakage of acetylcholine from the motor nerve.
      I have studied a third type of acetylcholine release. It is a spontaneous
      intermittent secretion of acetylcholine which postsynaptically causes large,
      generally slow rising potentials. This release is unaffected by presynaptic
      calcium and is therefore not influenced by nerve activity. The acetylcholine
      responsible for these potentials comes from the same pool of transmitter as that
      liberated by nerve impulses. The observation that the release is blocked by drugs
      that prevent the accumulation of acetylcholine into synaptic vesicles indicates
      that the secretion originates from clusters of vesicles or large vesicle-like
      structures in the nerve terminal. This type of release is present at a low
      frequency at normal neuromuscular junctions. It is markedly accelerated whenever
      the calcium-dependent quantal release of acetylcholine is blocked or impaired.
      The drug 4-aminoquinoline selectively stimulates this release. I speculate that
      this type of transmitter secretion is important for the development of synaptic
      connexions.

PMID- 2899047
TI  - [Seroepidemiological and clinical studies of adult T cell leukemia in Hokkaido].

PMID- 2899048
TI  - [Clinical findings of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma in Hokkaido].

PMID- 2899050
TI  - Alterations of hepatic enzyme levels and of the acinar distribution of glutamine
      synthetase in response to experimental liver injury in the rat.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase shows a striking heterogeneous distribution in normal rat
      liver as consistently revealed by immunohistochemistry using a specific antiserum
      against the rat liver enzyme or a cross-reacting antiserum. The effects of zonal
      liver injury induced by allylformate or CCl4 on this distribution and on the
      activity of glutamine synthetase as well as of enzymes with different acinar
      distribution were investigated. Treatment with allylformate or CCl4 at
      appropriate concentrations led to severe hepatocyte necrosis in the periportal
      and perivenous zone, respectively, as revealed by histological examination and by
      the levels of serum marker enzymes. Exposure to allylformate (50 to 100
      microliter per kg) for less than 1 day did not change the distribution and
      activity of glutamine synthetase but reduced the specific activities of the urea
      cycle enzymes. In contrast, treatment with CCl4 (1,000 microliter per kg)
      strongly reduced the activity and the acinar region covered by glutamine
      synthetase but not, for instance, the activities of the urea cycle enzymes. These
      results in conjunction with the data obtained for other enzymes indicate that a
      short exposure to these hepatotoxins affects different enzyme activities in close
      accord with their preferential acinar localization. During prolonged exposure
      this initial response was often modified due to adaptation. In the case of
      glutamine synthetase, however, no adaptive appearance of glutamine synthetase in
      other parts of the acinus could be detected even if the cell population
      originally expressing this phenotype was destroyed. This extremely inflexible
      distribution suggests that glutamine synthetase expression is a matter of cell
      differentiation rather than of modulation by nutritional and hormonal factors (or
      their acinar gradients) as found for many other hepatic enzymes.

PMID- 2899049
TI  - The effect of dexamethasone and glucagon on the expression of hepatocyte plasma
      membrane proteins during development.
AB  - The regulation of different maturational processes in the liver is believed to be
      influenced by the hormonal system. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      effect of two hormones, glucagon and dexamethasone, on levels of plasma membrane
      proteins in rat liver cells during late fetal and early postnatal stages of
      development. For this purpose, 18-day-old rat fetuses and 1-day-old newborns were
      treated with glucagon or dexamethasone and killed at 22 days of gestation and 3,
      5 and 7 days of age, respectively. Postnuclei liver membranes were isolated using
      a sucrose gradient method and assessed for levels of specific membrane proteins.
      Asialoglycoprotein receptor and 110,000 Mr glycoprotein, denoted GP 110,
      representing the sinusoidal and bile canalicular domains, respectively, were
      quantitated using the immunoblot method. Membrane enzymes alkaline phosphatase,
      leucine aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase were evaluated using
      enzymatic methods. The data showed that glucagon and dexamethasone have a
      differential effect on membrane constituents according to the stage of
      development. Glucagon increased the levels of membrane enzymes during the late
      fetal stage but had no effect on liver membrane proteins in the newborn animal.
      In contrast, although dexamethasone elevated GP 110 in fetal rat livers, none of
      the other marker proteins was significantly affected. On the other hand, in
      newborns dexamethasone reduced the amount of asialoglycoprotein receptor and
      alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase enzyme activities but greatly
      augmented the level of gamma-glutamyl transferase. Thus, glucagon primarily
      affects plasma membrane proteins in late gestation while dexamethasone does so
      during the early postnatal period. The roles that these two hormones may play
      during ontogeny is discussed with respect to liver development.

PMID- 2899052
TI  - High efficiency in the attribution of parental origin of non-disjunction in
      trisomy 21 by both cytogenetic and molecular polymorphisms.
AB  - The precise origin of the supernumerary chromosome can be defined in the majority
      of trisomy 21 cases. This is achieved by evaluating the chromosome 21 short arm
      polymorphism and analysing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of
      multiple chromosome 21 loci. We report a study on 37 Italian families with Down's
      syndrome. In 35 cases (94.6%) both the parental and the meiotic stage of non
      disjunction could be established. Knowledge of the origin of the extra chromosome
      21 is a pre-requisite for investigations of genetic or environmental factors that
      may affect the meiotic process.

PMID- 2899051
TI  - Prognostic evaluation in cirrhosis.

PMID- 2899053
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with factor VIII:C gene in
      Chinese.
AB  - Twenty-six unrelated hemophilia A and 70 unrelated normal chromosomes in 184
      subjects were studied to determine the frequencies of intragenic and intergenic
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with the factor VIII:C gene.
      The incidences for positive BclI and BglI polymorphic sites in the Chinese were
      82% and 100%, respectively. Both were higher than in other ethnic groups, while
      the incidence for XbaI polymorphism was 57%, which is similar to that reported in
      Caucasians. Using the St14.1 probe, two polymorphic TaqI allelic systems in the
      DXS52 region were detectable, with heterozygous rates of 0.712 (for system I,
      alleles 1 to 8) and 0.495 (for system II, alpha and beta alleles), respectively.
      Thus, using a combination of four polymorphisms, it would be possible to offer
      carrier detection or prenatal diagnosis in 96% of Chinese females at risk.

PMID- 2899054
TI  - Chromosome localization and polymorphism of an oestrogen-inducible gene
      specifically expressed in some breast cancers.
AB  - The BCEI gene codes for a small secreted protein and is expressed in the human
      mammary tumour cell line MCF7 under oestrogen control and in some breast cancers.
      We have mapped the gene to chromosome 21 using a panel of somatic hybrid lines,
      and in situ hybridization has allowed a precise assignment to band 21q223. Two
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) are described that should be of
      use in linkage or population studies to test a possible involvement of the BCEI
      gene in genetic predisposition to breast cancer. This gene should also be a
      useful marker for the genetic and physical mapping of chromosome 21, and for a
      better definition of the region involved in the clinical phenotype of Downs
      syndrome.

PMID- 2899055
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency using oligonucleotide probe
      analysis.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of a pregnancy at risk for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency was
      performed by oligonucleotide probe analysis using M- and Z-specific
      oligonucleotides. The result was confirmed by the alternative approach utilizing
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Application of oligonucleotide
      analysis requires only fetal tissue if proteinase inhibitor types are accurately
      determined within the family. Our modified protocol is easy to carry out and is
      practicable in all laboratories where the Southern blot procedure has been
      established.

PMID- 2899056
TI  - In vitro killing of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites by interferon-gamma
      activated mouse macrophages.
AB  - The effect of murine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) on macrophage activation for
      amoebicidal activity was examined. Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from
      C57BL/6 mice and preincubated with IFN-gamma and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In
      vitro amoebicidal activity of these macrophages was determined by trypan blue
      exclusion test against a virulent strain of E. histolytica (IP:0682:1). It was
      found that in vitro amoebicidal activity was evident in macrophage monolayers
      treated with both IFN-gamma and LPS. Macrophages treated with IFN-gamma alone did
      not develop cytotoxic activity unless they were exposed to LPS as a second
      triggering signal. The ability of IFN-gamma to prime macrophages to respond to
      trigger signals of LPS and develop cytotoxicity increased with time of
      incubation, the highest response being observed after 24 h. There was a dose
      dependent relationship between the concentrations of both IFN-gamma and LPS used
      to activate macrophages and the number of dead trophozoites. These data suggest
      that macrophages are important in host defense against amoebiasis.

PMID- 2899057
TI  - Studies on the adjuvant action of beryllium. IV. The preparation of beryllium
      containing macromolecules that induce immunoblast responses in vivo.
AB  - Solutions of BeSO4 were added to soluble macromolecules and the mixtures brought
      to neutrality. Under appropriate conditions much of the beryllium did not
      precipitate out as insoluble hydroxides but became attached to naturally
      occurring sulphated proteoglycans and polysaccharides (e.g. heparin, chondroitin
      sulphate, fucoidan, etc.) and to synthetic, sulphonated aromatic dyestuffs (e.g.
      trypan, Evans and Coomassie blues, Suramin, etc.). At physiological conditions of
      pH and ionic strength, these addition compounds were relatively stable and did
      not dissociate during dialysis. When such materials were injected s.c. into sheep
      (in doses containing about 50 micrograms Be), rapid lymphoproliferative responses
      took place in the regional nodes so that immunoblasts appeared in the efferent
      lymph in numbers that exceeded those provoked by powerful conventional antigenic
      stimuli. Significant amounts of the injected materials passed through the nodes
      and, in intact animals, became systematized. A method was devised for attaching
      beryllium to particulate carriers, such as lymphocytes or red cells that had been
      fixed with glutaraldehyde. The injection of suspensions of such materials also
      provoked vigorous immunoblastic responses, but the particulate materials did not
      pass beyond the regional node. In the doses usually used, none of these materials
      was grossly toxic and they may be suitable for consideration for development into
      a new type of immunostimulator cum adjuvant.

PMID- 2899058
TI  - Role of the nucleus ambiguus in the regulation of heart rate and arterial
      pressure.
AB  - The present study examined the effect of lesion of cell bodies in the nucleus
      ambiguus area on the development of neurogenic hypertension and further explored
      the cardiovascular responses produced by chemical and electrical stimulation of
      the nucleus ambiguus and the neighboring C1 region. Three days after chemical
      lesion of the nucleus ambiguus with kainic acid, arterial pressure and heart rate
      were unchanged; however, subsequent sinoaortic deafferentation produced a
      significantly greater increase of arterial pressure (157 +/- 7 vs 132 +/- 5 mm
      Hg) and heart rate (436 +/- 10 vs 374 +/- 10 beats/min) compared with those
      produced by sham lesion. Glutamate injected into the nucleus ambiguus increased
      arterial pressure and heart rate at 20 nmol/100 nl and decreased heart rate at 50
      nmol/100 nl. Glutamate injected into the C1 area increased arterial pressure and
      heart rate at both doses. Gamma-Aminobutyric acid at 50 nmol/100 nl produced
      bradycardia and a fall in arterial pressure when injected into both the nucleus
      ambiguus and C1 area. The heart rate responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid and
      glutamate were attenuated in sinoaortic-deafferentated rats. The nucleus ambiguus
      and the C1 region were mapped using electrical stimulation with microelectrodes.
      All points stimulated in three anteroposterior sections in the nucleus ambiguus
      and the C1 area produced increases in arterial pressure, whereas bradycardia was
      restricted to the middle of three lateral coordinates associated with the center
      of the nucleus ambiguus and the C1 area ventral to the nucleus ambiguus.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899059
TI  - Vascular and sympathoadrenal responses to bradykinin and a bradykinin analogue.
AB  - These experiments were designed to assess the interaction of bradykinin and its
      antagonist (Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Phe-Ser-DPhe-Phe-Arg-trifluoroacetic acid) with the
      sympathoadrenal system. Three groups of male Wistar rats received 5-minute intra
      arterial infusions of either dextrose (Group 1, n = 6), bradykinin, 250
      micrograms/min (Group 2, n = 5), or bradykinin, 25 micrograms/min (Group 3, n =
      4). Six other groups received a similar infusion of the bradykinin antagonist at
      250 micrograms/min. They were either intact rats (Group 4, n = 10) or rats
      previously submitted to chemical sympathectomy (Group 5, n = 17), to adrenal
      enucleation (Group 6, n = 8), to combined alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic
      blockade (Group 7, n = 7), to alpha 1-adrenergic receptor blockade (Group 8, n =
      8), or to alpha 2-adrenergic receptor blockade (Group 9, n = 8). Bradykinin
      infusion produced a sustained fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in Groups 2
      and 3 (by -48 +/- 3 and -36 +/- 7 mm Hg, respectively) associated with similar
      increases in plasma epinephrine levels (100-fold), and norepinephrine (sevenfold)
      as compared with Group 1. The bradykinin antagonist infusion in intact rats
      produced a 23 +/- 4 mm Hg rise in MAP associated with a sixfold increase in
      epinephrine and a twofold increase in norepinephrine. Group 5 rats with lower
      baseline catecholamine levels had an even larger MAP rise (30 +/- 6 mm Hg)
      accompanied by a rise in epinephrine and norepinephrine proportionally similar to
      that of intact animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899060
TI  - Geographic distribution of HTLV-I and identification of a new high-risk
      population.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies indicate that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV
      I), the causative agent of most cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in
      Southeast Japan and the Caribbean islands and the probable cause of a progressive
      neurological disorder often referred to as tropical spastic paraparesis, occurs
      with unusual geographic clustering. The current large-scale serosurvey was
      undertaken to improve our understanding of HTLV-I prevalence in different parts
      of the world. We analyzed 43,445 serum samples collected from various geographic
      locales worldwide; 76% of these sera came from clinically healthy donors. Samples
      were initially screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 4,353
      were further evaluated by means of competition assays. In this study, which did
      not include sera from endemic areas of Japan, a high prevalence of infection was
      observed in several countries in the Caribbean basin. A significant age-sex
      difference was observed between populations in the Caribbean and non-endemic
      regions of Japan. The reason for the male excess in non-endemic areas of Japan
      will require further study, while the female excess in the Caribbean basin is
      compatible with the previously described pattern for other HTLV-I-endemic areas.
      A newly recognized area of possible endemicity was southern Florida, where
      evidence of infection with HTLV-I or a related virus was found in a group of
      native Americans whose sera were collected in 1968. In certain parts of the
      world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, important problems in determining
      specificity of reactivity occurred, probably because of cross-reacting
      antibodies. No pattern was detected that could explain the cross-reactivity
      solely on the basis of geographic areas, specific patterns of non-viral parasitic
      infection, or methods of handling the specimens. It is possible that these cross
      reactivities are antibodies to proteins from HTLV-I-related retroviruses yet to
      be discovered.

PMID- 2899061
TI  - Edmund Lesser and the International Congress of Dermatology.

PMID- 2899063
TI  - Beyond the bottom line.

PMID- 2899062
TI  - Comparison of thermogenic activity induced by the new sympathomimetic Ro 16-8714
      between normal and obese subjects.
AB  - In a previous study, we demonstrated that the new beta-adrenoceptor agonist Ro 16
      8714 possesses thermogenic property in normal male volunteers. The aim of the
      present study was to compare the metabolic response of lean vs obese individuals
      to a similar dose of this compound. Following an overnight fast, Ro 16-8714 (0.17
      mg/kg fat free mass) or a placebo was given per os to six normal-weight subjects
      and to six moderately obese subjects. The rate of energy expenditure (EE) and the
      substrate utilization were determined by indirect calorimetry (hood system)
      before and for 6 h following the drug administration. Heart rate and blood
      pressure as well as plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid (FFA)
      concentrations were also measured at regular intervals throughout the study. The
      increment relative to base-line (mean +/- s.e.m.) in EE was similar in the two
      groups and averaged 4.0 +/- 1.4 per cent and 12.2 +/- 1.4 per cent with placebo
      and with Ro 16-8714 respectively in lean subjects, whereas the values reached 3.5
      +/- 1.2 per cent and 14.4 +/- 2.0 per cent in obese subjects. Heart rate,
      systolic blood pressure, insulin and FFA were increased without any significant
      difference between the two groups. This study shows that Ro 16-8714 is a potent
      thermogenic agent both in normal and obese subjects.

PMID- 2899064
TI  - Aging: a new fad.

PMID- 2899065
TI  - A case for a tickler file. Will you renew your contract or will it renew itself?

PMID- 2899067
TI  - Clinicopathologic correlations of eighty nonpalpable breast lesions.

PMID- 2899066
TI  - Balloon dilatation for mitral stenosis.

PMID- 2899068
TI  - Dorothea Lynde Dix. A pioneer in mental health care.

PMID- 2899069
TI  - Go West young man! Correspondence from an Illinois frontier physician. By Orlando
      M. Bryan. Sycamore, January 26, 1847.

PMID- 2899071
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis: retrospective study of
      schizophrenic inpatients.
AB  - Chouinard has suggested that a significant number of schizophrenic outpatients
      may rapidly relapse after discontinuing or abruptly reducing antipsychotic drugs,
      and he has hypothesized that this relapse reflects a supersensitivity psychosis
      related to mesolimbic postsynaptic dopamine supersensitivity caused by drug
      therapy. Using Chouinard's criteria, the authors found 12 probable but no
      definitive cases of this syndrome while conducting a chart review of 265
      hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Six of the 12 patients were subsequently
      rediagnosed as schizoaffective. Four patients had tardive dyskinesia, but this
      condition did not worsen after the drug dosage was decreased. Although
      supersensitivity psychosis was not common among this population, further study of
      the syndrome is needed to determine if neuroleptics are causing a subgroup of
      patients to relapse early or if the early relapses are a manifestation of the
      natural course of illness in these patients.

PMID- 2899070
TI  - Primary liver cell cultures grown on gas permeable membrane as source for the
      collection of primary bile.
AB  - Isolated rat hepatocytes maintained in primary culture on gas permeable membrane
      for 20 h form monolayers and establish at their cell borders a network of
      canaliculi (approximate diameter 3.5 micron). In the presence of the known
      choleretic bile acid dehydrocholate, dilation of canaliculi occurs. When
      nonfluorescent carboxyfluorescein diacetate ester is added to the culture medium,
      fluorescent carboxyfluorescein appears in the intracanalicular space. In the
      dilated state, fluid containing the fluorescent compound could be collected from
      the canaliculi by puncture with a micropipette. The intracanalicular space shows
      a negative electrical potential difference of 31 mV in reference to the bath
      solution and is 13.5 mV more positive with reference to recordings from the
      cytosol of cultured rat hepatocytes. Cultured rat hepatocytes grown on gas
      permeable membrane are energetically stable over 3 d. On Day 4, ATP levels
      increase markedly, whereas Na+-K+-ATPase activity declines. Ionic composition of
      hepatocytes, as measured by electronprobe element analysis on cryosection
      samples, does not change markedly during monolayer formation. With formation of
      bile canaliculi, the activity of alkaline phosphatase rapidly increases within 24
      h and is stable for the next 3 d. Within that time the activity of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase, however, increases steadily, reaching a 1.6-fold higher
      activity than freshly isolated hepatocytes. Bile acids appear in the culture
      supernatant after 1 d. When unconjugated [14C]cholic acid is added to the
      cultures the supernatant contains also [14C]tauro- and [14C]glycocholic acid,
      indicating the preservation of conjugation capacity in these cultures. Total bile
      acid concentrations in the supernatant increase from 5 to 26 microM on Day 4. The
      cultures do not secrete alpha-fetoprotein. Monolayer cultures of hepatocytes in
      the presence of choleretic bile acids seem to be a suitable model system to
      collect and to analyze the composition of primary bile. In conjunction with the
      electrical parameters, it is possible to describe directly properties of bile
      secretion at the canalicular pole of the intact hepatocyte.

PMID- 2899072
TI  - Membrane-bound trypsin-like enzyme functioning in degradation of dynorphin in
      neuroblastoma cells. Purification and characterization.
AB  - A trypsin-like enzyme has been purified to apparent homogeneity from
      neuroblastoma cell membranes by a procedure including extraction with Triton X
      100, soybean trypsin inhibitor-immobilized Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography,
      and gel filtration. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing
      conditions of the purified enzyme gave a single band corresponding to a molecular
      weight of 28,000. The molecular weight of the enzyme was also estimated to be
      32,000 by gel filtration. The pH optimum of the activity was 8.5-9.0. The
      purified enzyme was inhibited by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate, p
      aminobenzamidine, and leupeptin, and moderately by chymostatin, but not, or only
      scarcely, by bestatin, phosphoramidon, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and N
      ethylmaleimide. The substrate subsite specificity of the purified enzyme was
      broad toward various peptidyl-arginine (or lysine) 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amides, but
      it cleaved dynorphin(1-17) only at two sites, i.e., between the Arg6-Arg7 and
      Lys11-Leu12 bonds, both of which correspond to the initial cleavage sites of
      dynorphin with a membrane preparation of neuroblastoma cells. A trypsin-like
      enzyme was also purified from a synaptic membrane preparation of rat brain, which
      shows almost the same properties as those of the enzyme from the neuroblastoma
      cell membrane. Thus, the trypsin-like enzyme present in the synaptic membrane
      would participate in the degradation of dynorphin.

PMID- 2899073
TI  - Intrinsic membrane sector (Fo) of H+-ATPase (FoF1) from Escherichia coli.
      Mutations in the alpha subunit give Fo with impaired proton translocation and F1
      binding.
AB  - Mutant alleles for the alpha subunit of H+-translocating ATPase (FoF1) were
      cloned from Escherichia coli strains isolated in this laboratory. Determination
      of their DNA sequence revealed four nonsense mutations (KF3 and KF9, Gln-20---
      end; KF24, Trp-111----end; KF2, Trp-231----end; KF70, Gln-252----end) and one
      missense mutation (KF45, Pro-143----Ser). The membranes of all the mutants except
      strain KF9 (KF3) had 50-70% of ATPase activities of the wild-type. Unlike the F1
      ATPase of the wild-type, those of the mutants were insensitive to
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and were easier to solubilize from membranes. As
      membranes of strain KF24 had F1-ATPase activity, these results suggest that at
      least a part of the F1-binding sites could be formed without a region between
      residues 111 and the carboxyl terminus of the alpha subunit. However, normal
      interactions between Fo and F1 require regions between residues 252 and 271
      (carboxyl terminus) and in the vicinity of Pro-143. Membranes of strain KF45 were
      capable of forming a low ATP-driven H+ gradient, whereas other membranes were
      not. The possibility that the region between residues 252 and 271 is involved in
      H+ translocation is discussed.

PMID- 2899074
TI  - Isoprenoid synthesis during the cell cycle. Studies of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A synthase and reductase and isoprenoid labeling in cells synchronized
      by centrifugal elutriation.
AB  - The activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase and reductase
      were assayed in exponentially growing LM fibroblasts and Friend murine
      erythroleukemia cells isolated at various stages of the cell cycle by centrifugal
      elutriation. The activities of these enzymes were similar in all phases of the
      cell cycle, regardless of whether the cells were cultured in the presence or
      absence of serum. These observations were confirmed in murine erythroleukemia
      cells synchronized by recultivation of pure populations of G1 cells. The
      incorporation of [14C]acetate or 3H2O into sterols decreased by 30-50% in later
      stages of the cell cycle, whereas the incorporation of [14C]acetate into
      ubiquinone increased as the cells progressed toward mitosis. Similar changes in
      the labeling of sterols compared to ubiquinone and dolichol were observed when
      [3H]mevalonate was used, suggesting that cell cycle-dependent alterations may
      occur in the flux of farnesyl pyrophosphate into the various branches of the
      isoprenoid pathway. Synchronized murine erythroleukemia cells incorporated
      [3H]mevalonate into protein-bound isoprenyl groups at all stages of the cell
      cycle, and there were no substantial changes in the electrophoretic profiles of
      these labeled polypeptides. The finding that the activities of the enzymes
      regulating mevalonate synthesis did not vary substantially during the cell cycle
      implies that changes in the endogenous mevalonate pool probably do not play a
      limiting role in regulating cell cycle traverse when cells are undergoing
      exponential growth. Although small cell cycle-dependent changes may occur in the
      relative activity of various post-mevalonate branches of the isoprenoid
      biosynthetic pathway, there is no evidence that synthesis of any major isoprenoid
      end product is confined exclusively to a specific phase of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2899075
TI  - Regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen cyclin and thymidine kinase
      mRNA levels by growth factors.
AB  - The enzymes of the DNA synthesizing machinery constitute a group of gene products
      that are generally expressed co-ordinately at the G1/S boundary of the cell
      cycle. We have investigated how growth factors regulate the steady-state mRNA
      levels of two of these genes, the PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear
      antigen)/cyclin and the thymidine kinase genes. To detect the PCNA/cyclin mRNA,
      we isolated a cDNA clone from a human library. Two different cell lines were used
      for these studies: BALB/c3T3 cells, which are exquisitely sensitive to growth
      factors, and ts13 cells, a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of the cell cycle,
      which arrests in G1 at the restrictive temperature. The steady-state levels of
      the RNAs for these two genes under different growth conditions were also compared
      with the levels of histone H3 RNA which are good indicators of the fraction of
      cells in S phase. Both PCNA/cyclin and thymidine kinase genes share two
      fundamental characteristics, i.e. they are not inducible in a G1-specific ts
      mutant of the cell cycle at the restrictive temperature and their expression is
      inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that unlike early growth-regulated genes,
      they require the previous expression of other growth-regulated genes. However,
      the two genes also show differences, the most notable being that PCNA/cyclin is
      inducible by epidermal growth factor alone, while thymidine kinase is not.

PMID- 2899077
TI  - Factor XIII cross-linking of fibronectin at cellular matrix assembly sites.
AB  - We describe the effect of activated Factor XIII (Factor XIIIa, plasma
      transglutaminase) on the incorporation of plasma fibronectin into extracellular
      matrix by cultured human fibroblasts. In the absence of added Factor XIIIa,
      fibronectin binds to cultured fibroblast cell layers and is assembled into
      disulfide-bonded multimers of the extracellular matrix. When Factor XIIIa was
      included in the binding medium of skin fibroblasts, accumulation of 125I
      fibronectin in the deoxycholate-insoluble matrix was increased. Fibronectin
      accumulating in the cell layer was cross-linked into nonreducible high molecular
      weight aggregates. The 70-kDa amino-terminal fragment of fibronectin inhibited
      the binding and cross-linking of 125I-fibronectin to cell layers, whereas
      fibrinogen had little effect. When 125I-fibronectin was incubated with isolated
      matrices or with cell layers pretreated with cytochalasin B, it did not bind and
      could not be cross-linked by Factor XIIIa into the matrix. HT-1080 human
      fibrosarcoma cells bound exogenous fibronectin following treatment with
      dexamethasone; Factor XIIIa cross-linked the bound fibronectin and caused its
      efficient transfer to the deoxycholate-insoluble matrix. These results indicate
      that exogenous fibronectin is susceptible to Factor XIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking
      at cellular sites of matrix assembly. Thus, Factor XIIIa-mediated fibronectin
      cross-linking complements disulfide-bonded multimer formation in the
      stabilization of assembling fibronectin molecules and thus enhances the formation
      of extracellular matrix.

PMID- 2899076
TI  - Conserved aspartic acid residues 79 and 113 of the beta-adrenergic receptor have
      different roles in receptor function.
AB  - Deletion mutagenesis experiments have demonstrated that the binding site of the
      beta-adrenergic receptor involves the hydrophobic core of the protein (Dixon, R.
      A. F., Sigal, I. S., Rands, E., Register, R. B., Candelore, M. R., Blake, A. D.,
      and Strader, C. D. (1987) Nature 326, 73-77). Single amino acid replacements for
      the conserved Asp79 and Asp113 within this putative transmembrane region had
      profound effects on the ability of the receptor to bind radiolabeled ligands
      (Strader, C. D., Sigal, I. S., Register, R. B., Candelore, M. R., Rands, E., and
      Dixon, R. A. F. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 4384-4388). In this
      report we have analyzed the ability of these mutant receptors to stimulate
      adenylyl cyclase in the presence of agonists. The substitution of Asp79 with Ala
      caused 10-fold increases in both the Kd for isoproterenol binding and the Kact
      for adenylyl cyclase stimulation. The substitution of Asp113 by Asn or Glu
      resulted in 8,000-40,000 and 300-1,500-fold increases, respectively, in the Kact
      values for agonist stimulation of adenylyl cyclase without altering the maximum
      level of stimulation. Whereas the binding of antagonists to the receptor was not
      affected by substitution of Asp79, substitution of Asp113 decreased the affinity
      for the antagonist propranolol by 10,000-fold. These data are consistent with
      overlapping but not identical binding sites for agonists and antagonists on the
      beta-adrenergic receptor, in which the carboxylate group of Asp113 interacts with
      the amino group of the ligand. The sequence similarity among the family of G
      protein-linked receptors suggests that the presence of an Asp residue at the
      analogous position of one of these receptors is predictive of the ability of the
      receptor to bind amines as ligands.

PMID- 2899078
TI  - Characterization of a protein serine kinase from yeast plasma membrane.
AB  - A casein kinase activity, which copurifies with the H+-ATPase activity during
      isolation of plasma membranes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and during centrifugation
      of the solubilized membrane extract through a sucrose gradient, is separated from
      the Mr = 100,000 ATPase catalytic polypeptide by subsequent DEAE-cellulose
      chromatography. The purified casein kinase activity exhibits a low Km of 12
      microM MgATP, is maximally stimulated by 6 mM free Mg2+, and is 50% inhibited by
      300 microM Zn2+, by 7.5 micrograms of heparin/ml, and by 300 microM
      orthovanadate. It phosphorylates only seryl residues. The purified casein kinase
      contains two polypeptides of Mr = 45,000 and 39,000 which yield antibodies which
      do not cross-react to each other. The two polypeptides seem to originate from a
      precursor of Mr = 85,000 which is detected by both antibodies in partly purified
      fractions. In the absence of casein, a zinc and heparin-sensitive phosphorylation
      of the ATPase polypeptide is observed in partly purified ATPase fractions, and a
      peptide of similar mobility is phosphorylated, among others, in isolated plasma
      membranes. The purified ATPase activity is markedly inhibited by incubation in
      the presence of acid phosphatase. In agreement with a recent report that the
      purified active ATPase molecule is largely phosphorylated (Yanagita, Y., Abdel
      Ghany, M., Raden, D., Nelson, N., and Racker, E. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.
      S. A. 894, 925-929) this data suggests that dephosphorylation leads to
      deactivation of ATPase activity.

PMID- 2899079
TI  - Sequence and characterization of two auxin-regulated genes from soybean.
AB  - The auxin-regulated expression of two poly(A)+ mRNAs in soybean hypocotyl was
      demonstrated by cloning of the cDNAs and Northern blot hybridization analyses
      (Walker, J.C., and Key, J.L. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 7185-7189).
      The corresponding genes, designated Aux28 and Aux22, have been isolated, and the
      cDNAs and genes have been sequenced. The Aux28 and Aux22 genes are present at one
      to two copies per haploid genome, contain four and two introns, and encode
      hydrophilic proteins of 26.8 and 21.5 kDa, respectively. Although the cDNAs were
      isolated independently and do not cross-hybridize under stringent hybridization
      conditions, the protein coding sequences of the two cDNAs have several colinear
      regions of high homology at the nucleic acid (77-80%) and the amino acid (80
      100%) levels; together these regions constitute approximately a third of the
      protein coding sequences of the cDNAs. These data, together with genomic Southern
      blot hybridization analysis and hybrid-select translations of mRNAs homologous to
      the cDNAs, show that these genes belong to two related multigene families. We
      have identified two sequences, TGATAAAAG and GGCAGCATGCA, that occur at similar
      distances upstream of the transcription start site in each gene, and the spacing
      between these two elements is essentially identical in the two genes. The
      possible significance of these sequences is under evaluation.

PMID- 2899080
TI  - Regulation of malate dehydrogenase activity by glutamate, citrate, alpha
      ketoglutarate, and multienzyme interaction.
AB  - Binding experiments indicate that mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase can
      associate with the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and that
      mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase can associate with this binary complex to form
      a ternary complex. Formation of this ternary complex enables low levels of the
      alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, in the presence of the
      aminotransferase, to reverse inhibition of malate oxidation by glutamate. Thus,
      glutamate can react with the aminotransferase in this complex without glutamate
      inhibiting production of oxalacetate by the malate dehydrogenase in the complex.
      The conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate could also be facilitated
      because in the trienzyme complex, oxalacetate might be directly transferred from
      malate dehydrogenase to the aminotransferase. In addition, association of malate
      dehydrogenase with these other two enzymes enhances malate dehydrogenase activity
      due to a marked decrease in the Km of malate. The potential ability of the
      aminotransferase to transfer directly alpha-ketoglutarate to the alpha
      ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in this multienzyme system plus the ability
      of succinyl-CoA, a product of this transfer, to inhibit citrate synthase could
      play a role in preventing alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate from accumulating in
      high levels. This would maintain the catalytic activity of the multienzyme system
      because alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate allosterically inhibit malate
      dehydrogenase and dissociate this enzyme from the multienzyme system. In
      addition, citrate also competitively inhibits fumarase. Consequently, when the
      levels of alpha-ketoglutarate and citrate are high and the multienzyme system is
      not required to convert glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, it is inactive.
      However, control by citrate would be expected to be absent in rapidly dividing
      tumors which characteristically have low mitochondrial levels of citrate.

PMID- 2899081
TI  - Heterodimeric transforming growth factor beta. Biological properties and
      interaction with three types of cell surface receptors.
AB  - Type beta transforming growth factors (TGF) are disulfide-linked homo- and
      heterodimers of two related polypeptide chains, beta 1 and beta 2. The homodimers
      TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 are widely distributed, but the heterodimer TGF-beta
      1.2 has been found only in porcine platelets (Cheifetz, S., Weatherbee, J.A.,
      Tsang, M.L.-S., Anderson, J.K., Mole, J.E., Lucas, R., and Massague, J. (1987)
      Cell 48, 409-415). Here we characterize the receptor binding and biological
      properties of TGF-beta 1.2 and compare them with those of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta
      2. Three types of cell surface receptors previously identified by affinity
      labeling with 125I-TGF-beta 1 are available for binding to TGF-beta 1.2. These
      three types of receptors are detected as 65-kDa (type I), 85-95-kDa (type II),
      and 250-350-kDa (type III) affinity-labeled receptor complexes on electrophoresis
      gels. They co-exist in many cell types, have high affinity for TGF-beta 1, and
      varying degrees of affinity for TGF-beta 2. Of the 11 cell lines screened in the
      present study none showed evidence for additional receptor types that would bind
      TGF-beta 2 but not TGF-beta 1. In receptor competition studies, TGF-beta 1, TGF
      beta 1.2, and TGF-beta 2 competed for binding to type I and type II receptors
      with a relative order of potencies of 16:5:1 and 12:3:1, respectively, whereas
      all three forms of TGF-beta were equipotent as ligands for the type III
      receptors. The three forms of TGF-beta were equally potent at stimulating the
      biosynthesis of extracellular sulfated proteoglycan in BRL-3A rat liver
      epithelial cells, a response that presumably involves the type III receptor
      present in these cells. In contrast, the ability of the three ligands to inhibit
      the growth of B6SUt-A multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells which display
      only type I receptors decreased in the order TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 1.2, and TGF
      beta 2 with a relative potency of 100:30:1. The results indicate that the
      presence of one beta 1 chain in TGF-beta 1.2 increases (with respect to TGF-beta
      2) the biological potency and binding affinity toward receptor types I and II,
      but the presence of a second beta 1 chain in the dimer is required for full
      potency.

PMID- 2899082
TI  - A linear analog of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) discriminates guanylate
      cyclase-coupled ANP receptors from non-coupled receptors.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) contains a disulfide which is generally
      considered to be required for biological activity. A truncated linear ANP analog,
      des-Cys105,Cys121-ANP-(104-126) (referred to as analog I), that lacks the 2
      cysteine residues of the parent peptide was synthesized. In competition binding
      studies using rabbit lung membranes, ANP-(103-126) and analog I displaced bound
      125I-ANP-(103-126) from specific ANP binding sites 100 and 73%, respectively. The
      concentrations of ANP-(103-126) and analog I that produced 50% inhibition of
      radioligand binding to the membranes were 0.26 +/- 0.07 and 0.31 +/- 0.09 nM,
      respectively. Radioiodinated ANP-(103-126) and analog I were chemically cross
      linked to binding sites on rabbit lung membranes, and the labeled membrane
      proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and autoradiography. 125I-Analog I specifically labeled a 65,000
      dalton protein and a 135,000-dalton protein which, under reducing conditions,
      dissociated into 65,000-dalton subunits. In contrast, 125I-ANP-(103-126) labeled
      specifically a nonreducible 135,000-dalton protein, in addition to the 65,000
      dalton species and the reducible 135,000-dalton species. ANP-(103-126) (100 nM)
      stimulated rabbit lung particulate guanylate cyclase activity, whereas analog I,
      at the same concentration, had no effect on cyclic GMP production and did not
      antagonize the effect of ANP-(103-126). From these observations, we conclude that
      analog I is a selective ligand which binds to approximately 73% of the total ANP
      binding sites present in rabbit lung membranes. Unlike ANP-(103-126), analog I
      does not bind to the remaining 27% of the binding sites and does not activate
      guanylate cyclase. Binding to the cyclase-linked ANP receptor correlates with the
      specific labeling by 125I-ANP-(103-126) of the nonreducible 135,000-dalton
      membrane protein.

PMID- 2899083
TI  - Comparison of the effects of NGF, activators of protein kinase C, and a calcium
      ionophore on the expression of Thy-1 and N-CAM in PC12 cell cultures.
AB  - The addition of nerve growth factor (NGF) to PC12 cells induces an approximate
      doubling in the cell surface expression of the Thy-1 glycoprotein and the neural
      cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) after 24 h of culture. Although both responses are
      measured at the same time point, their sensitivity to NGF differed with half
      maximal induction of Thy-1 apparent at NGF concentrations (approximately 0.1
      ng/ml NGF) that had little effect on N-CAM expression. Phorbol ester derivatives
      capable of activating Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase
      C) and the calcium ionophore A23187 were found to mimic the NGF induction of Thy
      1, but not N-CAM. Similar results were observed when a synthetic diacylglycerol
      was added to PC12 cell cultures. Increased expression of Thy-1 consequent to
      phorbol ester, calcium ionophore, or NGF treatment was associated with an
      increase in the expression of the mRNA species that encodes Thy-1. Increased
      expression of Thy-1 consequent to all three treatments was also reduced by
      treatment with the transcription inhibitor cordycepin. Treatment of PC12 cells
      with high concentrations of phorbol esters was found to inhibit the NGF induction
      of Thy-1, but not N-CAM. Whereas the above results are consistent with activation
      of protein kinase C underlying the NGF induction of Thy-1, the same data are not
      consistent with this pathway being important in the N-CAM response.

PMID- 2899084
TI  - [The role of surgery in the treatment of duodenal ulcer].
AB  - If duodenal ulcer surgery has been limited since introduction of anti-H2, it
      keeps an important position. For chronic duodenal ulcer, surgery currently
      represent a reasonable alternative to medical treatment, owing to two operations,
      fundic vagotomy and more recently anterior lesser curve sero-myotomy + posterior
      truncal vagotomy; the permanent effect of surgery contrast with the only
      suspensive effect of medical treatment on ulcer disease. For ulcer complications,
      surgery is often mandatory, but in emergency, truncal vagotomy + drainage keeps a
      predominant position.

PMID- 2899085
TI  - The new genetics and clinical medicine: a summing up.

PMID- 2899086
TI  - Assay of gamma-L-glutamylcyclotransferase activity in rat brain synaptosomes by
      high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2899087
TI  - Rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of
      bisoprolol in plasma and urine.

PMID- 2899088
TI  - Inhibition of thyrotropin-stimulated iodide uptake in FRTL-5 thyroid cells by
      crude immunoglobulin fractions from patients with goitrous and atrophic
      autoimmune thyroiditis.
AB  - We studied the effects of crude immunoglobulin (Ig) fractions of serum from
      patients with goitrous and atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis on TSH-, thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)-, forskolin-, and dibutyryl cAMP-stimulated 125I
      uptake by FRTL-5 thyroid cells. TSH-stimulated 125I uptake was inhibited by the
      Ig fractions from 15 patients with atrophic thyroiditis who had serum TSH binding
      inhibitor Igs (TBII), 10 (62.5%) of 16 TBII-negative patients with atrophic
      thyroiditis, 7 (43.8%) of 16 hypothyroid patients with goitrous thyroiditis who
      had no TBII activity, and only 2 (15.4%) of 13 euthyroid patients with goitrous
      thyroiditis who were negative for TBII. The mean inhibition of TSH-stimulated
      125I uptake produced by the crude Igs from the former 3 groups of hypothyroid
      patients was statistically significant (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.001, and
      P less than 0.01, respectively) and correlated closely with the ability of the Ig
      fractions to inhibit TSI-stimulated 125I uptake (r = 0.882) and TSH-stimulated
      cAMP accumulation (r = 0.929). The inhibition of TSH- or TSI-stimulated 125I
      uptake by Ig samples containing TBII correlated significantly with the TBII
      activities. On the other hand, in the presence of Igs from TBII-negative
      hypothyroid patients, the inhibition of TSH-stimulated 125I uptake correlated
      significantly with that of forskolin-stimulated 125I uptake (r = 0.685). Although
      6 (12.8%) of 47 Ig samples from hypothyroid patients inhibited dibutyryl cAMP
      stimulated 125I uptake, the activities were marginal. These findings suggest that
      at least 2 types of antibodies are involved in the inhibition of TSH- or TSI
      stimulated 125I uptake: 1 being a competitive inhibitor of TSH binding to its
      receptors, and another exerting influence on a step subsequent to TSH or TSI
      binding, presumably through adenylate cyclase inhibition.

PMID- 2899089
TI  - Medical management of acromegaly due to ectopic production of growth hormone
      releasing hormone by a carcinoid tumor.
AB  - A 59-yr-old woman with a disseminated carcinoid tumor was evaluated for
      acromegaly. She had previously undergone a hypophysectomy for acromegaly and an
      enlarged pituitary, with a reduction in her serum GH levels from 100 to 4
      micrograms/L. Recurrence of acromegalic symptoms 2 yr later was accompanied by
      elevated serum GH (16 micrograms/L) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I; 528
      micrograms/L) and plasma GHRH levels (12 micrograms/L; normal, less than 30
      ng/L). Computed tomographic scan did not reveal pituitary enlargement. Metastatic
      carcinoid tissue in bone removed at biopsy contained GHRH (100 pg/mg tissue).
      High performance liquid chromatography of plasma GHRH revealed predominantly GHRH
      (3-40)-OH, a biologically inactive GHRH metabolite, along with mature GHRH forms,
      while carcinoid tissue contained both GHRH-(1-40)-OH and GHRH-(1-44)-NH2.
      Treatment with pergolide initially resulted in reduction in serum GH and IGF-I
      levels and amelioration of symptoms of acromegaly. However, after 14 months of
      pergolide therapy, serum GH levels increased despite administration of up to 1000
      micrograms pergolide/day. Plasma GHRH levels remained elevated throughout the
      treatment period. Subsequent treatment with SMS 201-995, a long-acting
      somatostatin analog, for over 1 yr resulted in sustained reductions of ectopic
      GHRH secretion, GH hypersecretion, and IGF-I levels. Plasma GHRH levels
      correlated with simultaneously measured serum GH levels in response to acute SMS
      201-995 administration. SMS 201-995 was an effective medical treatment for
      acromegaly caused by ectopic GHRH production in this patient.

PMID- 2899090
TI  - Somatostatin enhances insulin-mediated glucose disposal in elderly subjects.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIH) infusion has been widely used in metabolic studies of
      carbohydrate metabolism. While the effects of SRIH itself on various aspects of
      carbohydrate economy have been assessed in young adults, such studies have not
      been conducted in the elderly, which represent an increasingly important study
      group. To examine the effect of SRIH on insulin-mediated glucose disposal in the
      elderly, we studied 12 (7 men and 5 women) healthy nonobese subjects, aged 65-80
      yr. Paired 3-h euglycemic insulin clamp studies were performed in random order
      employing insulin alone (22 mU/m2.min) or insulin with SRIH (250 micrograms/h)
      and glucagon (0.4 ng/kg.min) to maintain normal basal plasma glucagon levels.
      Basal plasma insulin, glucose, glucagon, GH, and glucose production and
      disappearance were similar on each occasion. Steady state (10-180 min) mean
      plasma insulin [insulin alone, 298 +/- 12 (+/- SE); insulin; glucagon, and SRIH,
      304 +/- 15 pmol/L] and glucagon (insulin alone, 85 +/- 7; insulin, glucagon, and
      SRIH, 96 +/- 9 ng/L) concentrations were similar. At steady state (150-180 min)
      glucose production was suppressed to similar levels (insulin alone, 26 +/- 7;
      insulin, glucagon, and SRIH, 36 +/- 13 mumol/kg.min). However, steady state
      glucose disposal was significantly higher during the SRIH infusion (insulin
      alone, 295 +/- 26; insulin, glucagon, and SRIH, 346 +/- 32 mumol/kg.min; P less
      than 0.02). We conclude that SRIH augments insulin-mediated glucose disposal in
      healthy older subjects at physiological levels of insulin.

PMID- 2899091
TI  - Myogenic and neurogenic regulation of myosin gene expression in cat jaw-closing
      muscles regenerating in fast and slow limb muscle beds.
AB  - Immunocytochemical techniques were used to study changes in myosin gene
      expression during the regeneration of the cat posterior temporalis muscle
      transplanted into the bed of either the fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or
      the slow soleus muscle. Strips of the posterior temporalis, a homogeneously
      superfast muscle, were treated with Marcaine and then transplanted into limb
      muscle beds which had been completely cleared of host muscle fibres. The
      regenerates were examined 6 to 224 days after surgery. Early regenerates in both
      muscle beds reacted with antibodies against the heavy chain of foetal, slow and
      superfast myosins, but not with antibodies against fast myosin. In the long-term,
      regenerates innervated by the EDL nerve expressed only superfast myosin whereas
      in the regenerates innervated by the soleus nerve most fibres expressed only slow
      myosin and only a few fibres reacted exclusively with the anti-superfast myosin
      antibody even after 210 days. In contrast, EDL and soleus muscles regenerating in
      their own beds expressed foetal, slow and fast myosin, but did not express
      superfast myosin. The isometric contraction times of the various types of
      regenerates reflected the types of myosin synthesized. It is concluded that jaw
      and limb muscle cells exist as two distinct allotypes, each having a distinct
      repertoire for the expression of adult isomyosins, and that within that
      repertoire isomyosin gene expression can be modulated by the nerve. Thus, myosin
      gene expression in skeletal muscle fibres is regulated by both myogenic and
      neurogenic mechanisms.

PMID- 2899093
TI  - Torsion of a teratoma in an undescended intra-abdominal testis: ultrasonographic
      findings.

PMID- 2899094
TI  - Secretion of dilevalol in breast milk.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of unchanged and total (unchanged plus Glusulase
      [Biotechnology Systems, Boston, MA]) released dilevalol and secretion into human
      breast milk was studied in six healthy breast-feeding female volunteers
      administered a single 400-mg dilevalol hydrochloride capsule. In plasma, the mean
      Cmax for unchanged dilevalol, 485 ng/mL was reached at 0.8 hour (tmax) and the
      AUC(48 hours) was 1435 hr X ng/mL. Pharmacokinetic analysis of unchanged
      dilevalol in plasma showed that dilevalol was distributed and eliminated with
      half-lives of 0.9 and 8.2 hours, respectively. Breast milk concentrations of
      unchanged dilevalol as a function of time, paralleled those of plasma but were
      consistently lower. The milk Cmax, 149 ng/mL, occurred during the 0 to 2 hour
      collection interval; the AUC(42 hours) for unchanged dilevalol in milk was 663 hr
      X ng/mL. The mean milk to plasma concentration ratio was 0.46. The unchanged
      dilevalol plasma concentrations were 12 to 18% those of total drug suggesting
      that the drug is extensively conjugated. By contrast, the concentrations of
      unchanged dilevalol in breast milk, based on Cmax and AUC data were 63 to 94%
      those of total drug, indicating that very little conjugated drug is secreted into
      breast milk. Through 48 hours, a mean of only 27 micrograms dilevalol or 0.007%
      of the administered dose was secreted into breast milk, which is much less than
      that reported for other beta blockers.

PMID- 2899092
TI  - In vivo administration of lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies in nonhuman
      primates. IV. Cytotoxic effect of an anti-T11-gelonin immunotoxin.
AB  - The cytotoxic effect of a lymphocyte-specific immunotoxin formed by disulfide
      conjugation of an anti-T11 monoclonal antibody with the ribosome-inactivating
      protein gelonin was assessed in vitro on peripheral blood T cells and in vivo on
      splenic and lymph node T cells of macaque monkeys. This immunotoxin was cytotoxic
      to proliferating peripheral blood T cells in vitro as measured by both direct and
      indirect assays. Two sequential intravenous infusions into macaque monkeys
      achieved plasma concentrations of immunotoxin far in excess of those shown to be
      cytotoxic for cultured T cells and coated all T cells in lymph nodes and spleen
      with intact immunotoxin for four days. However, the cytotoxic effect of the
      immunotoxin on T cells in vivo was considerably less than that predicted by the
      in vitro studies. Further experiments suggested that the state of activation of
      the targeted T cell population in vivo, or the appearance of anti-immunotoxin
      antibodies, which occurred in all infused monkeys, might attenuate immunotoxin
      mediated cell killing in vivo. These studies illustrate the significant
      differences between the action of immunotoxin conjugates in vitro, and those seen
      when these conjugates are utilized as therapeutic agents in vivo.

PMID- 2899095
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cetamolol in hypertensive patients with normal and
      compromised renal function.
AB  - The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic parameters of a 30-mg oral dose of
      cetamolol hydrochloride (Betacor), a new synthetic cardioselective beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist, with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, were evaluated
      by studying 32 hypertensive patients with normal renal function or different
      degrees of renal impairment. After administration of cetamolol, serial blood and
      urine sample collections, as well as vital sign determinations for the next 48
      hours, were performed in all patients (with the exception of urine collection,
      which was not possible in hemodialysis patients). Results indicate that
      cetamolol's pharmacokinetic parameters are significantly changed in patients who
      have moderate or severe renal impairment. Specifically, as the severity of renal
      impairment increased, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and the area under
      the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) increased, whereas the renal clearance
      (CLR), urinary excretion, and total body clearance (CL) decreased. Additionally,
      significant direct or inverse correlations for AUC, CL, CLR, and urinary
      excretion with creatinine clearance (CLCR) were demonstrated. In the subjects
      with mild renal impairment, the trends toward changes in the cetamolol
      pharmacokinetic parameters were evident, though small and not statistically
      significant. Although anuric, patients on hemodialysis still retained the ability
      metabolically to clear cetamolol at a rate of about one-third of that found in
      normal subjects. Reductions in blood pressure and heart rate also were found to
      be greater and more prolonged as the severity of renal impairment increased.
      There were no adverse drug or toxic effects noted in any of the study patients.
      Based on these findings, dosing recommendations are suggested for patients who
      have compromised renal function because of the effects of renal function on the
      pharmacokinetics of cetamolol.

PMID- 2899096
TI  - Effects of L-glutamine on tyrosinase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase of B-16
      melanoma cells in culture.

PMID- 2899097
TI  - The distribution of 2,4-dinitrophenyl groups on Thy-1 positive cells in the
      epidermis of mouse following skin painting with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.

PMID- 2899098
TI  - Is neurohormonal activation deleterious to the long-term outcome of patients with
      congestive heart failure? I. Introduction.

PMID- 2899099
TI  - Is neurohormonal activation deleterious to the long-term outcome of patients with
      congestive heart failure? II. Protagonist's viewpoint.

PMID- 2899100
TI  - Is neurohormonal activation deleterious to the long-term outcome of patients with
      congestive heart failure? III. Antagonist's viewpoint.

PMID- 2899101
TI  - Do positive inotropic agents adversely affect the survival of patients with
      chronic congestive heart failure? III. Antagonist's viewpoint.

PMID- 2899102
TI  - Inhibitory effect of oral cetirizine on in vivo antigen-induced histamine and PAF
      acether release and eosinophil recruitment in human skin.
AB  - The use of a noninvasive skin chamber technique in vivo in pollen-sensitive
      patients allowed us to quantify the time-course release of histamine and the
      recruitment of inflammatory cells (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils)
      in skin sites challenged with pollen, histamine, and compound 48/80. The new H1
      receptor antagonist, cetirizine 2 HCl, orally administered with 10 mg once a day
      to pollen-sensitive patients in a double-blind, crossover study versus placebo,
      induced a significant decrease in the wheal-and-flare cutaneous reaction induced
      by intradermal injection of pollen, histamine, and compound 48/80. It also
      significantly inhibited the immediate histamine release occurring in skin
      chambers after pollen introduction, whereas it did not significantly inhibit the
      late release. In patients receiving placebo, we detected platelet-activating
      factor-acether in media collected at the sixth hour from chambers filled with
      pollen. With cetirizine 2 HCl treatment, platelet-activating factor-acether was
      not detected in chamber media. Interestingly, cetirizine 2 HCl significantly
      reduced the eosinophil recruitment observed on the superficial dermis 24 hours
      after pollen challenge.

PMID- 2899103
TI  - Hypodense eosinophils in allergic rhinitis.
AB  - Based on density, function, and membrane receptors, peripheral blood eosinophils
      are a heterogeneous population of cells. Importantly, hypodense eosinophils (HE)
      are metabolically more active and likely to contribute to tissue injury. In the
      following study, peripheral blood from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) was
      evaluated for the presence of HE. To accomplish this, blood was obtained from
      patients with ragweed AR, granulocytes were isolated and fractionated by
      continuous density Percoll gradients, and the density distribution of these cells
      was determined after centrifugation. A significantly higher percentage of
      peripheral blood eosinophils were hypodense (defined as density less than 1.081
      gm/ml) in patients with AR when these patients were compared to control subjects,
      30.0 +/- 5.0% versus 9.0 +/- 1.9%, p less than 0.01. Moreover, we also noted that
      an increased percentage of HE was found more often in patients with moderate-to
      severe AR than in subjects with none-to-mild disease (p less than 0.01). These
      data suggest that the appearance of HE in the circulation may relate to the
      development of allergic symptoms. Furthermore, our observations suggest that the
      HE, because of its enhanced metabolic activity and now its association with more
      symptomatic hay fever, may participate in the pathophysiology of AR.

PMID- 2899104
TI  - Enterobacter: an emerging nosocomial pathogen.

PMID- 2899105
TI  - Microbiological evaluation of a hospital delivered meals service using precooked
      chilled foods.
AB  - A delivered meals service supplying centrally produced, precooked, chilled foods
      to 24 hospitals was introduced in Plymouth Health District between August 1985
      and July 1986. Over 18 months, 3393 food items were examined microbiologically,
      using the criteria recommended by the Department of Health and Social Security
      (DHSS) (1980). No Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium
      perfringens were detected. Seventy-five (8.6%) of 876 cooked vegetable items had
      total viable counts (TVC) greater than 1 x 10(5) cfu g-1 (the recommended limit)
      after aerobic incubation at 37 degrees C for 48 h, whereas only 2.6% (66) of 2517
      foods other than vegetables had TVC above this limit. Reasons for high counts
      were investigated and mostly corrected so that, whereas 8.4% of samples had TVC
      above recommended limits in the first 4 months of the study, only 1.6% exceeded
      this limit in the last 3 months. The value of microbiological standards for cook
      chill food and their use in hygiene control are assessed.

PMID- 2899106
TI  - Effect of chlorhexidine-containing detergent, non-medicated soap or isopropanol
      and the influence of neutralizer on bacterial pathogenicity.
AB  - In handwashing experiments with Salmonella typhimurium the effect of
      chlorhexidine (CHX) on the pathogenicity of surviving bacteria was assessed with
      and without a neutralizer in a mouse model of infection. Without neutralizer the
      LD50 of CHX handwash fluids was raised. Neutralizer in suspensions of untreated
      bacteria caused a reduction of LD50 up to 1.2 logs. Thus, in contrast to soap or
      alcohol, CHX without neutralizer exerted a slight 'depathogenizing' action and
      neutralizer a slight 'pathogenizing' effect in the experimental model used.
      However, in comparison to the efficiency of handwashing procedures which reduce
      the number of bacteria available for transfer by at least 3.0 to 4.2 logs, the
      size of these effects seems to be negligibly small and unpredictable. Therefore,
      the single most important parameter in assessing the potency of disinfectants
      remains the reduction of viable counts with time.

PMID- 2899108
TI  - Computer assisted analysis of wound infection in neurosurgery.
AB  - The effect of 10 variables on the development of postoperative infection in 536
      clean elective neurosurgery patients was calculated using correlational,
      regression and discriminant analyses. The time of shaving the operation site,
      type of theatre ventilation and duration of operation were found to have a highly
      significant effect on the infection rate. The influence of season and age of
      patient was not evident on simple analysis, but both were found to be significant
      factors using regression analysis. The sex of patient, carriage of Staphylococcus
      aureus, airborne bacterial count, presence of bacteria in the wound and the use
      of prophylactic antibiotics did not have a significant effect on infection rates.

PMID- 2899107
TI  - Hand disinfection: a comparison of various agents in laboratory and ward studies.
AB  - The efficacy of 14 handwashing or disinfectant preparations was compared in
      laboratory tests on staff volunteers. The test organism, Escherichia coli, was
      applied to the fingertips and log reductions (LR) were measured following
      treatment with the test agent and control preparations (70% isopropanol and non
      medicated bar soap). Alcoholic preparations, particularly n-propanol and
      isopropanol were the most effective showing LRs of 3.1-3.8. Chlorhexidine (LR
      2.9) and povidone-iodine detergent preparations were significantly more effective
      than non-medicated soap (LR 2.1), but triclosan products were not. In addition
      the residual effect of several of these formulations was assessed after 10
      applications by comparing the survival of E. coli on the fingertips over a 32-min
      period. This number of handwashes compares favourably with those recorded during
      an 8 h nursing shift. Chlorhexidine-detergent consistently showed the best
      residual activity. Alcoholic formulations showed little or no residual effect.
      The survival studies show that on the whole gram-positive organisms
      (Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans) survive better on the skin than Gram
      negative bacilli (GNB). However, it would seem that GNB which are considered to
      be residents (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Enterobacter spp.) survive much
      better than many other GNB (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Proteus
      vulgaris). The Klebsiella species varied in survival times. Random sampling of
      ward staff hands showed that contamination with S. aureus and GNB was greater in
      dermatological and general wards than in an isolation unit, where handwashing or
      disinfection was carried out after every patient contact. No cross-infection
      occurred in the isolation ward during periods of study in which 70% alcohol,
      chlorhexidine-detergent and non-medicated soap were used.

PMID- 2899109
TI  - Bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization.
AB  - The incidence of bacteriuria and the risk factors related to its acquisition were
      determined in a prospective study of 220 hospitalized patients. Bacteriuria was
      recorded in 97/220 (44%) of patients, in 42 cases within 48 h (Group A) and in 55
      cases more than 48 h (Group B) after catheterization. The results of a
      multivariate analysis of Group A demonstrated that the reason for
      catheterization, the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy and the medical specialty
      of care were the only variables of those assessed associated with the acquisition
      of bacteriuria. In a similar analysis of Group B the number of days the catheter
      was in situ and the use of antimicrobial chemotherapy were the only factors which
      achieved statistical significance.

PMID- 2899110
TI  - 'Cialit' as a tissue preservative: a microbiological assessment.
AB  - We describe bacterial contamination of a 'Cialit'-preserved cartilage bank which
      continued after a variety of changes to the harvesting and preservation protocols
      during a 3-year prospective study. Our results emphasize the importance of
      adequate tissue bank microbiological screening. Alternative methods of tissue
      preservation should be considered.

PMID- 2899111
TI  - Assessment of the suitability of food colouring materials as indicators of
      bacterial contamination of enteral feeds.
AB  - The suitability of using food colouring materials in enteral feeds as indicators
      of bacterial contamination was examined. Experiments using Triosorbon, Clinifeed
      ISO or Vivonex Standard plus amaranth, carmoisine, ponceau 4R, sunset yellow FCF,
      tartrazine or erythrosine demonstrated that although the change in appearance of
      coloured feed could be linked with the presence of high numbers of bacteria in
      the feed, the converse was not always true.

PMID- 2899112
TI  - Evaluation of three disinfectants after in-use stress.
AB  - Solutions of 2.0% and 3.4% glutaraldehyde, and of 0.5% phenate with 0.18%
      glutaraldehyde were stressed with a microbial and organic soil load for the
      periods advocated by the respective manufacturers. The disinfecting efficacy of
      the stressed solutions was challenged with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), a water Mycobacterium
      sp. and Candida albicans. The three disinfectants were active against the fast
      growing bacteria in appropriate dilutions; lesser dilutions of the glutaraldehyde
      solutions killed the mycobacteria and the yeast, while stressed phenate with
      glutaraldehyde did not. One hour exposure of the stressed disinfectants failed to
      kill the spore preparations while reducing the number of survivors.

PMID- 2899114
TI  - Eczema and skin lesions in health care staff.

PMID- 2899113
TI  - Survey of antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal surgery in Scotland--5 years
      on.
AB  - The results of a 5-year follow-up survey of the use of prophylactic antibiotics
      in gastrointestinal surgery in Scotland are reported. There have been significant
      increases in the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics during elective
      cholecystectomy (21% to 53% of surgeons; P less than 0.001) and appendicectomy
      (49% to 79% of surgeons; P less than 0.001). In addition a substantial number of
      surgeons used prophylactic antibiotics in selected high risk patients undergoing
      biliary tract surgery and gastroduodenal surgery.

PMID- 2899115
TI  - Vancomycin resistant lactobacilli.

PMID- 2899117
TI  - Ethylene oxide sterilization at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2899116
TI  - Bacteraemia and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

PMID- 2899118
TI  - Air, antibiotics and sepsis in replacement joints.
AB  - Reducing bacterial contamination of the wound by limiting dispersal from the
      operating staff through the wearing of special occlusive clothing and by
      employing directional flow ventilating systems substantially reduces the risk of
      later joint sepsis. Inhibiting growth of those bacteria which reach the wound, by
      means of perioperative antibiotics, further reduces the incidence of joint
      sepsis. When all three means are used together the sepsis rate in the years after
      operation can be reduced to no more than a few per thousand. The hospital costs
      of any or all of these measures, in terms of the cases of sepsis avoided, are
      several times less than the costs of treating a septic joint.

PMID- 2899119
TI  - The role of clothing and drapes in the operating room.

PMID- 2899120
TI  - The role of antibiotics in preventing infections following total hip replacement.
AB  - The incidence of infection in hip replacement surgery from the MRC trial was less
      than 1% and it should be the aim of every centre to remain within this range.
      Some 50,000 total hip replacements are performed in the United Kingdom each year,
      and even this incidence would produce a significant number of revision
      arthroplasties. Perhaps the ideal combination of prophylaxis is to use an
      ultraclean air system together with short-course high-dose antibiotics delivered
      at the time of surgery. However, probably more important than anything else is
      the enforcement of a theatre discipline; large numbers of people should be
      prevented from moving around in the theatre and the theatre should remain a
      closed system allowing the clean air plenum ventilation to function.

PMID- 2899121
TI  - Surgical management of the infected arthroplasty.

PMID- 2899122
TI  - The choice between prophylactic agents for orthopaedic surgery.

PMID- 2899124
TI  - Restriction fragment mapping of Branhamella catarrhalis: a new tool for studying
      the epidemiology of this middle ear pathogen.

PMID- 2899123
TI  - [Long-term efficacy of anticholinergic and alpha-blockader drugs on the detrusor
      muscle in children with myelomeningocele].
AB  - Pharmacological agents, essentially anticholinergic and alpha-blocking drugs,
      occupy an important place in the stabilization of congenital neurogenic bladders.
      In actual fact, the functional characteristics of the detrusor, contractility,
      compliance and functional capacity, are important factors in the prognosis of
      these neurogenic bladders, both for the future of the upper urinary tract and for
      the possibilities of continence. This behaviour of the detrusor may be
      pharmacologically modified not only by anticholinergic drugs, but also by alpha
      blockers due to the adrenergic innervation of foetal bladders by short neurones.
      This study compared the activity of these 2 drugs prescribed separately over a
      minimal period of 2 years to 54 children with congenital neurogenic bladder. The
      amplitude of vesical contraction was reduced in about 75% of cases with both
      drugs, but this result was obtained more rapidly with anticholinergic drugs than
      with alpha-blockers. No escape phenomenon over time was observed. Anticholinergic
      drugs were more effective on phasic contractions while alpha-blockers were more
      effective on rhythmic contractions. In contrast, they had an insignificant action
      on hypertonia. The increase in functional vesical capacity was 4 times greater
      with anticholinergic drugs than with alpha-blockers, possibly because of a
      simultaneous reduction in peripheral resistance with alpha-blockers.

PMID- 2899125
TI  - Characterization of enteroadherent-aggregative Escherichia coli, a putative agent
      of diarrheal disease.
AB  - Escherichia coli that exhibit the aggregative pattern of adherence to HEp-2 cells
      (enteroadherent-aggregative E. coli [EA-AggEC]) have been epidemiologically
      incriminated as a cause of diarrhea. We undertook a preliminary microbiological
      and pathogenetic characterization of 42 isolates of this putative pathogen. The
      strains were negative by tests with DNA probes for enteropathogenic,
      enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enterohemorrhagic E. coli and, by serotype,
      did not fit these categories. Thirty-nine of 42 strains had a 55-65-megadalton
      plasmid; many shared DNA homology. With one representative strain, plasmid
      transfer was accompanied by transfer of smooth lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae
      expression, and the aggregative property. EA-AggEC caused characteristic lesions
      in rabbit and rat ileal loops. The intestinal lesions and (Shiga-like) limb
      paralysis and death in rabbits inoculated with live organisms suggest toxin
      involvement; assays for Shiga-like toxins were negative. These preliminary
      results support the contention that EA-AggEC may represent a distinct category of
      diarrheagenic E. coli.

PMID- 2899126
TI  - [Metabolism of peptidoleukotrienes by leukocytes].

PMID- 2899127
TI  - [Structure of biotin-binding site of biotin-dependent carboxylases].

PMID- 2899128
TI  - Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of an adult T cell leukaemia
      virus/human T cell leukaemia virus type I (ATLV/HTLV-I) isolate of Caribbean
      origin: relationship to other members of the ATLV/HTLV-I subgroup.
AB  - We report the first complete nucleotide sequence of an adult T cell leukaemia
      virus/human T cell leukaemia virus type I (ATLV/HTLV-I) isolate from a British
      patient of Caribbean origin. Sequence comparisons of our proviral clone (HS-35)
      with other molecular clones are shown. We note the strong sequence conservation
      between isolates of Caribbean and Japanese origin (2.3% divergence), but
      demonstrate the higher homologies existing between isolates originating from
      similar geographical areas (approximately 1% divergence). Implications for the
      origin, evolution and dissemination of the ATLV/HTLV-I subgroup are discussed.
      Analysis of defective proviral clones isolated from the same genomic library is
      also reported, and suggests a pattern of proviral sequence deletions during the
      biogenesis of defective proviruses.

PMID- 2899129
TI  - Replication of the scrapie agent in hamsters infected intracerebrally confirms
      the pathogenesis of an amyloid-inducing virosis.
AB  - Following intracerebral infection of hamsters with scrapie agent replication
      started with or without a very short lag phase. Infectivity titres increased
      exponentially within 35 to 40 days post-infection to a maximum level of 3 x 10(9)
      LD50 per brain and then remained constant until death. Minimal detectable amounts
      of scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) appeared at 42 days and reached high levels
      56 days after inoculation. The first clinical symptoms were diagnosed at about 65
      days and animals died after 85 to 95 days. These data confirm earlier results in
      which peripheral infection first revealed agent replication, then SAF formation
      and finally clinical disease. Unconventional virus diseases, therefore, can best
      be described as virus-induced, organ-specific amyloidoses.

PMID- 2899130
TI  - Enzymes of fatty acid beta-oxidation in developing brain.
AB  - Developmental profiles were determined for the activities of eight enzymes
      involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation in rat brain. The enzymes studied were the
      palmitoyl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, glutaryl-CoA, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
      dehydrogenases, the enoyl-CoA hydratase (crotonase), and the C4- and C10
      thiolases. With the exception of the thiolases, all of the activities (expressed
      on the basis of brain weight) increased during the postnatal period of brain
      maturation. The activity of octanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase was elevated markedly
      compared to that of palmitoyl-CoA dehydrogenase at all developmental stages and
      in all brain regions in the rat. A similar relationship between these enzymes was
      observed in various regions of adult human brain. Comparisons of the activities
      of the beta-oxidation enzymes in human brain versus human skeletal muscle and in
      cultured neural cell lines (neuroblastoma and glioma) versus cultured skin
      fibroblasts revealed that the elevated activity of octanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase
      relative to palmitoyl-CoA dehydrogenase was specific to the neural tissues. This
      relationship was particularly evident when the enzyme activities were normalized
      to the activity of crotonase. The data support previous findings with
      radiochemical tracers, indicating that the brain is capable of utilizing fatty
      acids as substrates for oxidative energy metabolism. The relatively high activity
      of the medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in neural tissue may represent
      an adaptive mechanism to protect the brain from the known encephalopathic effects
      of octanoate and other medium-chain fatty acids that readily cross the blood
      brain barrier.

PMID- 2899131
TI  - Chaotropic ions affect the conformation of quisqualate receptors in rat cortical
      membranes.
AB  - Binding of [3H](R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
      ([3H]AMPA) to quisqualate receptors in the presence of SCN- ions produced
      curvilinear Scatchard plots. Kinetic investigations of [3H]AMPA binding showed
      that the curvilinearity cannot be explained by assuming binding to two separate
      binding sites or by considering it due to cooperative interaction. A more likely
      explanation is that the quisqualate receptors exist in two states, one with high
      and one with low affinity for [3H]AMPA. Chaotropic ions change the relaxation
      constant between the two states.

PMID- 2899133
TI  - Properties of quisqualate-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate binding sites in rat brain as
      determined by quantitative autoradiography.
AB  - Quisqualate, a glutamate analogue, displaced L-[3H]glutamate binding in a
      biphasic manner, corresponding to "high-affinity" and "low-affinity" binding
      sites. High-affinity quisqualate sites were termed "quisqualate-sensitive L
      [3H]glutamate" binding sites. Quisqualate-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate binding was
      regionally distributed, with the highest levels present in the cerebellar
      molecular layer. This binding was stimulated by millimolar concentrations of
      chloride and calcium. The stimulatory effects of calcium required the presence of
      chloride ions, whereas chloride's stimulatory effects did not require calcium.
      All of the L-[3H]glutamate binding stimulated by chloride/calcium was quisqualate
      sensitive and only weakly displaced by N-methyl-D-aspartate, L-aspartate, or
      kainate. At high concentrations (1 mM), the anion blockers 4-acetamido-4'
      isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'
      disulfonic acid both reduced, by 41 and 43%, respectively, the stimulatory
      effects of chloride. At concentrations of 100 microM, kynurenate, L-aspartate,
      (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and L-2
      amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-APB) failed to displace quisqualate-sensitive L
      [3H]glutamate binding in the cerebellar molecular layer. In the presence of KSCN,
      however, 100 microM AMPA displaced 44% of binding. Quisqualate-sensitive L
      [3H]glutamate binding was not sensitive to freezing, and, in contrast to other
      chloride- and calcium-dependent L-[3H]glutamate binding sites that have been
      reported, quisqualate-sensitive binding observed by autoradiography was enhanced
      at 4 degrees C compared with 37 degrees C. Quisqualate-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate
      binding likely represents binding to the subclass of postsynaptic neuronal
      glutamate receptors known as quisqualate receptors, rather than binding to
      previously described APB receptors, chloride-driven sequestration into vesicles,
      or binding to astrocytic membrane binding sites.

PMID- 2899132
TI  - Differential control by N-methyl-D-aspartate and kainate of striatal dopamine
      release in vivo: a trans-striatal dialysis study.
AB  - Using the technique of trans-striatal dialysis in halothane-anesthetized rats, we
      have studied the effects of intrastriatally infused N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA),
      kainate, and quisqualate on the liberation of endogenous striatal dopamine. The
      striatal infusion of NMDA (10(-3)-10(-2) M) or kainate (10(-4)-10(-2) M) but not
      of quisqualate (up to 10(-2) M) for one 20-min fraction provoked a dramatic
      increase in striatal dopamine efflux up to a maximum of 1,200 and 3,400% of basal
      levels for NMDA and kainate, respectively. NMDA (10(-3) M) evoked liberation of
      striatal dopamine was totally blocked by coinfusion of 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (2-APV; 5 X 10(-4) M) and by the systemic injection of
      phencyclidine (3 mg/kg i.p.). The effects of NMDA (10(-3) M) were also totally
      antagonized in a dose-dependent manner by the striatal coinfusion of atropine
      (10(-7)-10(-4) M), and abolished in rats that had received bilateral striatal
      ibotenate lesions (10 micrograms/1 microliter) 1 week prior to implantation of
      the dialysis fiber. The striatal infusion of tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M) reduced
      basal dopamine efflux by 60-70% and abolished the NMDA (10(-3) M)-evoked
      liberation of striatal dopamine. The effects of kainate (10(-3) M) on striatal
      dopamine efflux were only partially reduced by doses of 2-APV or atropine that
      totally blocked the NMDA response, and were also partially resistant to
      tetrodotoxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899134
TI  - Cyclic AMP analogues potentiate kappa-opiate and attenuate alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonist effects on intrasynaptosomal free calcium.
AB  - The intrasynaptosomal free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in quin2
      loaded synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortex. Membrane-permeant cyclic
      adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) analogues [8-bromo-cyclic adenosine-3',5'
      monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) and dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (db
      cAMP)] increased [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner; The maximal increases were
      approximately 50% for 8-Br-cAMP and 35% for db-cAMP and occurred at approximately
      10 microM with both analogues. Clonidine (1 microM) alone reduced [Ca2+]i by
      26.5%; db-cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP attenuated this reduction to 14.2 and 8.2%,
      respectively. In contrast, the reduction (19.9%) in [Ca2+]i induced by the
      preferential kappa-opiate agonist dynorphin A(1-13) was not attenuated by the
      cAMP analogues; in fact, db-cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP potentiated the effect of
      dynorphin A(1-13) (1 microM), producing decreases in [Ca2+]i of 33.6 and 29.6%,
      respectively. We conclude that although alpha 2-adrenergic and kappa-opiate
      receptors both reduce [Ca2+]i, the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated response and the
      kappa-opiate receptor-mediated response involve different effector mechanisms. It
      appears that presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist effects are linked to
      reductions in adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP production and a resultant
      increase in Ca2+ sequestration, Ca2+-channel blockade, or both. On the other
      hand, the kappa-opiate-mediated effects possibly involve an increase in cAMP
      production and a blockade of Ca2+ entry.

PMID- 2899135
TI  - Predicted amino acid sequence of bovine tyrosine hydroxylase and its similarity
      to tyrosine hydroxylases from other species.
AB  - The previously obtained cDNAs coding for bovine tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA
      (mRNATH) were further analyzed, and the entire nucleotide sequence was
      determined. The mRNATH consists of 1,706 nucleotides with an open reading frame
      for 491 amino acids, which corresponds to a calculated molecular weight of
      55,011. The predicted amino acid sequence of bovine TH is compared with that of
      rat TH and shows a similarity of 66% in the amino terminal (amino acids 1-157)
      and 91% in the carboxy terminal (amino acids 158-491) region of the TH protein
      molecule. The carboxy terminal region has been shown to make up the catalytic
      site of TH and, therefore, is conserved to a greater extent in different species
      than the amino terminal region, which has been shown to be mainly responsible for
      the regulation of the catalytic activity of TH. Three of the four serine residues
      (Ser 8, 19, and 40) that have been shown to be substrates for various protein
      kinases in rat TH are also present in bovine TH and are located near the amino
      terminal end of the molecule. The amino acids from position 60 to position 66 of
      rat TH are not present in bovine TH, resulting in the absence of a predicted
      hydrophobic region as compared with rat TH. This difference could result in an
      altered degree of regulation by posttranslational phosphorylation and also
      association to cell organelle membranes of bovine TH as compared with rat TH.

PMID- 2899137
TI  - Multiple human tyrosine hydroxylase enzymes, generated through alternative
      splicing, have different specific activities in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - A single human tyrosine hydroxylase (HTH) gene has been shown previously to
      generate four species of mRNA by alternative splicing. The four different HTH
      mRNAs were independently synthesized in vitro, using the SP6 transcription
      system. Each of these mRNA species was able to direct the synthesis of an active
      form of TH following injection into Xenopus oocytes. Quantitation of synthesized
      HTH polypeptides allowed the determination of the relative specific activity of
      each individual HTH form. A significant difference in specific activity was found
      between each form, suggesting that alternative splicing may play a role in
      regulating HTH activity in vivo.

PMID- 2899136
TI  - alpha-[3H]Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid binding to rat
      striatal membranes: effects of selective brain lesions.
AB  - The binding of alpha-[3H]amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
      ([3H]AMPA), a structural Glu analog, to rat striatal membranes was studied. In
      the absence of potassium thiocyanate and Cl-/Ca2+, saturation-curve analysis of
      [3H]AMPA binding suggested that a single class of noninteracting binding sites
      with a KD value of 340 +/- 27 nM was involved, although AMPA inhibition of
      [3H]AMPA binding set at a concentration of 100 nM suggested, in contrast, the
      presence of multiple populations of striatal binding sites. Several other
      excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and antagonists were tested, and the most
      potent and selective quisqualic acid (QA) receptor agonists (QA, L-Glu, and AMPA)
      were found to represent the most potent inhibitors of [3H]AMPA binding. N-Methyl
      D-aspartate receptor agonists and antagonists were ineffective as displacers of
      the [3H]AMPA binding. Lesions of intrastriatal neurons (using kainic acid local
      injections) and of corticostriatal afferent fibers led 2-3 weeks later to large
      decreases (63 and 30%, respectively) in striatal [3H]AMPA binding, whereas
      selective lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway (using nigral
      injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine) was without any influence. Taken together, these
      results suggest that [3H]AMPA binding is primarily associated with postsynaptic
      intrastriatal neurons. Some [3H]AMPA binding sites may also be located
      presynaptically on corticostriatal nerve endings. So, in addition to the
      possibility that [3H]AMPA binding sites may be involved in corticostriatal
      synaptic transmission, it is interesting that these putative QA-preferring
      excitatory amino acid receptor sites may also play some role in autoregulatory
      processes underlying this excitatory synaptic transmission.

PMID- 2899138
TI  - Interleukin 2 promotes conjugate formation by purified LAK precursors and T
      lymphocytes: evaluation of conjugates using flow cytometric techniques.
AB  - The capacity of null cells, enriched in natural killer cells and lymphokine
      activated killer (LAK) cell precursors, and T cells to conjugate with tumor
      targets was analyzed using a flow cytometric assay. Both purified null and T
      lymphocytes had a similar capacity to conjugate with uncultured and cultured
      tumor targets prior to interleukin-2 (IL-2) stimulation. In addition, the
      frequency of conjugation did not correlate with the cytotoxicity expressed by
      these purified lymphocyte subpopulations, as null but not T cells were highly
      lytic for the K562 target. Following incubation in IL-2, however, the level of
      conjugation with tumor targets of both null and T lymphocytes was increased. Both
      effector populations formed stable conjugates within 6 min at 37 degrees C. The
      promotion of conjugation was associated with the induction of LAK activity by
      null but not T lymphocytes. No differences were apparent between the capacity of
      either IL-2-activated null or IL-2-activated T lymphocytes to conjugate with
      tumor targets, although only the former efficiently lysed them. Conjugation of
      both null and T effectors with tumor targets required the presence of Mg2+
      cations because it was inhibited by the presence of EDTA (38-72% inhibition) but
      not EGTA. Conjugation was also inhibited by an antibody (MHM 23) recognizing the
      beta-chain shared by LFA-1, MAC-1, and P150/95 molecules. These observations
      demonstrate that both null and T lymphocytes responded to IL-2 with an increase
      in their ability to conjugate with tumor targets. The frequent formation of
      stable conjugates under these conditions by cells with both cytolytic and
      noncytolytic capacity failed to define conjugation as the only major condition
      proximate to LAK lysis.

PMID- 2899139
TI  - Diagnostic factors in intermediate and high-grade lymphomas: pathologic,
      immunologic, and clinical.

PMID- 2899140
TI  - Major prognostic factors of adult patients with advanced T-cell
      lymphoma/leukemia.
AB  - Eighty-one adult patients with advanced T-cell lymphoma/leukemia including 54
      with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), who were treated between 1981 and 1983
      with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, prednisolone, and doxorubicin (VEPA) or VEPA
      plus methotrexate (VEPA-M) in randomized fashion, were evaluated for pretreatment
      characteristics. The overall complete response (CR) and the 4-year survival rates
      were 39.5% and 19.4%, respectively, and 69% of 32 CR patients had relapses,
      indicating the need for development of new effective regimens for the disease. In
      a multiple logistic regression analysis, only three factors, leukemic
      manifestation, poor performance status (PS), and a high lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH) level, were significantly associated with the poor response rate. In a Cox
      proportional hazards model analysis, shortened survival was again significantly
      associated with poor PS and a high LDH level, but not with a clinical diagnosis
      of ATL. The two factors, PS and LDH level, that were found to be significantly
      associated with both CR and survival rates, were used to construct a model
      containing six categories of patients at increasing risk for poor response and
      shortened survival. These categories divided the patients into three groups with
      respective CR and 4-year survival rates of 75% and 53% for low-risk, 45% and 15%
      for moderate-risk, and 15% and 0% for high-risk. The results indicate that PS and
      LDH levels were the most important in predicting the response and survival of an
      adult patient with advanced T-cell lymphoma/leukemia. The prognosis of patients
      with usual peripheral T-cell lymphoma, excluding ATL, was comparable with that of
      advanced B-cell lymphoma. These results have important implications for the
      design of new prospective therapeutic trials.

PMID- 2899141
TI  - Potential for dietary amino acid precursors of neurotransmitters to overcome
      neurochemical changes in acute T-2 toxicosis in rats.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to determine the potential for overcoming T-2 toxin
      induced changes in brain neurotransmitter concentrations through dietary
      manipulation. Rats were fed either a tryptophan-deficient, gelatin-based diet or
      the same diet supplemented with a mixture of large neutral amino acids for 4 d.
      Rats were then dosed with 0 or 2.0 mg T-2 toxin/kg body weight and killed 4, 8 or
      12 h after dosing. The large neutral amino acid supplements successfully reduced
      brain concentrations of tryptophan and serotonin in control rats, but this was
      not enough to overcome the acute effects seen in T-2 toxin-treated rats. A
      further experiment was then conducted to monitor the effect of T-2 toxin on the
      ratio of free to protein-bound tryptophan in plasma. Total plasma tryptophan
      increased in T-2 toxin-treated rats, although there were no significant
      differences in the ratio of free to protein-bound tryptophan. A final experiment
      was conducted to determine the specificity of the T-2 toxin effect on
      concentrations of plasma amino acids. Concentrations of amino acids that use the
      large neutral amino acid transport system into the brain were higher in T-2 toxin
      treated animals. The only other amino acid that had a higher concentration was
      arginine. It was concluded that acute doses of T-2 toxin may selectively alter
      membrane transport of amino acids.

PMID- 2899142
TI  - The dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide in pellet
      formulations.
AB  - The influence of non-active ingredients in the manufacture of pellets on in-vitro
      dissolution rate and on bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide has been studied.
      Pellets were formulated using either microcrystalline cellulose or
      microcrystalline cellulose-carboxymethylcellulose sodium blends as matrix, and
      hydrochlorothiazide as the active ingredient. In-vitro drug release from the
      different pellet formulations was retarded in comparison to a conventional tablet
      formulation and was dependent on the nature of the non-active ingredient and, for
      the microcrystalline cellulose-carboxymethylcellulose sodium blend, of the
      dissolution medium. In-vivo bioavailability of both pellet formulations was low
      compared with that of the conventional tablet and the plasma concentration-time
      profiles did not suggest slow release.

PMID- 2899143
TI  - Vesicular systems (niosomes and liposomes) for delivery of sodium stibogluconate
      in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - Suppression of Leishmania donovani liver amastigotes by sodium stibogluconate has
      been determined in a murine model of experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
      Niosomal and liposomal drug formulations were equiactive and both increased drug
      efficacy by an order of magnitude compared with that of free drug. Niosomes
      containing 30 mol % cholesterol were prepared from three different non-ionic
      surfactants and no significant difference in activity was detected among the
      different drug-loaded niosomes. Both negatively charged and neutral vesicles were
      found to be equally effective. However, vesicle cholesterol content had a slight
      influence on the antiparasitic activity of the drug-loaded niosomes. Empty
      vesicles produced a dose-dependent parasite suppression for all vesicles studied.
      Studies of antimony distribution in the mouse using neutron activation analysis
      showed high liver levels after i.v. administration of the carrier forms of the
      drug.

PMID- 2899144
TI  - Evaluation of reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes as intra-articular drug
      vectors: effects on normal and experimentally arthritic rabbit knee joints.
AB  - Fusogenic vesicles reconstituted from the envelopes of Sendai virus particles
      were injected into rabbit knee joints (both normal and experimentally arthritic)
      to evaluate the in-vivo biocompatibility of these putative drug carriers. The
      reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes (RSVE) were greater than 80% retained within
      the arthritic knee joints after 24 h and studies with 125I- and fluorescein
      labelled RSVE both showed association of the vesicles with the synovia of
      arthritic and healthy joints. However, RSVE were found to cause inflammation
      after intra-articular injection, as judged by joint swelling and histological
      assessment, and these effects were exacerbated by successive administrations.
      RSVE-entrapped methotrexate, whether free or conjugated to human serum albumin,
      was ineffective in preventing the irritancy of RSVE or in reducing the chronic
      inflammation in joints affected by an experimentally induced arthritis.

PMID- 2899145
TI  - Association of liposome-entrapped [3H]methotrexate with thioglycollate-elicited
      macrophages in-vitro.
AB  - The association of free or liposome-entrapped [3H]methotrexate [( 3H]MTX) with
      thioglycollate-elicited macrophages was investigated in-vitro. [14C]Cholesteryl
      oleate was incorporated into the liposomes as a lipid marker. [3H]MTX association
      with the macrophages was 5 to 9-fold higher with liposome-entrapped [3H]MTX than
      with the free drug. Macrophage-liposome association was biphasic, temperature
      dependent and saturable at high liposomal lipid concentration. A high liposome
      cholesterol (CH) content or the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol or colchicine also
      reduced macrophage-liposome association.

PMID- 2899146
TI  - Transport characteristics of propantheline across rat intestinal brush border
      membrane.
AB  - The transport mechanism of propantheline, an anti-acetylcholine quaternary
      ammonium compound, has been studied using brush border membrane vesicles isolated
      from rat small intestine. The uptake of propantheline was facilitated by the
      transmembrane electrical potential difference (cell interior negative) induced by
      NaSCN, NaI or valinomycin. But this effect was a secondary action; in the initial
      phase of propantheline uptake (less than 5 min), there was no facilitating
      effect. When the transmembrane potential difference was induced after
      propantheline uptake had reached a steady state, there was an overshoot of the
      drug. Therefore, it is suggested that the transport of propantheline across the
      brush border membrane consists of at least two processes. In the first,
      propantheline rapidly binds to the brush border membrane, in the second it enters
      into epithelium driven by the negative transmembrane electrical potential
      difference. Cationic tertiary amines such as chlorpromazine, imipramine and
      promethazine markedly inhibited propantheline uptake. These results suggest that
      there is a common absorption process for tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium
      compounds.

PMID- 2899147
TI  - Depolarizing effect of various local anaesthetics on the Helix aspersa neurons:
      dose-response relationship.
AB  - The depolarizing effect of various local anaesthetics (LA) on the membrane
      potential of Helix central neurons has been examined. There is a relation between
      depolarizing effect and concentration of LA in the bath that is linear over a
      range of concentrations. The slope of the curve is significantly higher for
      amethocaine (tetracaine) than for procaine while for dibucaine the dose-response
      relation is not linear. The blockade of a response to acetylcholine (ACh) is
      about two fold higher for dibucaine and amethocaine than for procaine. These
      results suggest that both amethocaine and procaine act at the ACh-site in
      addition to their binding with specific sites located within the ionic channel
      lumen; dibucaine appears to act through another mechanism.

PMID- 2899148
TI  - Evaluation of different drugs in two models of immediate hypersensitivity.
AB  - The effect of the calcium antagonists, verapamil, nicardipine and diltiazem, the
      two cromones, disodium cromoglycate and SM-857 (11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1
      b]quinazoline-2-carboxylic acid), and the anthelmintic, diethylcarbamazine
      citrate, have been compared on the ovalbumin (OA)-induced contraction of the
      isolated trachea and longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (LM-MP) from sensitized
      guinea-pigs. The calcium antagonists prevented the OA-induced contractions in LM
      MP and to a lesser degree the OA-induced contractions in trachea. Similar doses
      of SM-857 protected both tissues but neither cromoglycate (10(-5)M) nor
      diethylcarbamazine (10(-5)M) affected these contractions. The OA-induced
      contraction in trachea had a tonic phase that was not present in the LM-MP
      response. Only the calcium antagonists succeeded in relaxing this OA tonic
      component, diltiazem being the more potent. These results unmask different
      mechanisms of drug action on immediate hypersensitivity and specific
      sensibilities, depending on the kind of tissue.

PMID- 2899149
TI  - Paroxetine, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor with antidepressant
      properties, lacks amphetamine-like stimulus properties in an operant drug
      discrimination bioassay in rodents.
AB  - To evaluate whether the novel antidepressant paroxetine has any possible
      amphetamine-like actions, rats were trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine
      sulphate in a standard two lever operant drug discrimination (DD) procedure using
      a fixed ratio 10 schedule of food reinforcement with a quantal, lever selection,
      index of the amphetamine stimulus. The 'training' dose of amphetamine was 1 mg kg
      1, i.p. Rats trained with this dose of amphetamine (n = 15) learned the drug
      discrimination rapidly over 30 training sessions and discriminative performance
      in these animals was subsequently maintained at a high level of accuracy (90%
      correct) over a prolonged time. In tests in these trained animals, amphetamine
      itself and the antidepressant agents nomifensine and tranylcypromine all produced
      clear, unequivocal dose-related generalization to amphetamine with ED50s of 0.2,
      0.5 and 1.6 mg kg-1 respectively (as determined by probit analyses). In tests
      with paroxetine hydrochloride it was established that, over the dose range 0.3 to
      10 mg kg-1, no evidence was seen of generalization to the amphetamine stimulus.
      These data confirm earlier studies which suggested that some antidepressants may
      possess abuse potential because of their ability to induce amphetamine-like
      internal states. In contrast, paroxetine is devoid of such properties.

PMID- 2899150
TI  - The anxiolytic and anxiogenic actions of ethanol in a mouse model.
AB  - The administration to mice of ethanol in the drinking water for 7 days modified
      exploratory activity (rearings/line crossings) in an anxiety testing box
      separated into white and black sections with an interconnecting door. During
      ethanol intake mice exhibited reduced anxiety responding, shown as increased
      rearings and line crossings in the white section, to which the mice are normally
      averse, with corresponding decreased behaviour in the black section. When naive
      mice were presented with a choice between normal drinking water and drinking
      water containing ethanol, they consumed sufficient of the latter to secure a full
      anxiolytic response, making up the total volume of fluid required by also
      drinking the former. A 48 h withdrawal from a 14 day treatment with ethanol
      caused a reversed profile of exploratory behaviour, directed preferentially at
      the black section of the test box, and indicative of an anxiogenic response.
      Diazepam, tiapride or clonidine given twice daily during withdrawal from ethanol
      could each secure a reduction in the withdrawal anxiogenesis. It is concluded
      that the simple model of anxiety described in the mouse may be useful for
      eludicating the mechanisms involved in the anxiolytic and anxiogenic potential of
      ethanol and may aid the search for novel agents having potential to suppress
      withdrawal anxiogenesis.

PMID- 2899152
TI  - Gastric emptying of large single unit dosage forms.
AB  - The gastrointestinal transit of two single unit dosage forms has been followed in
      healthy subjects under different feeding conditions. Transit was affected by the
      size of the meal administered. When two tablets were given concurrently they
      often emptied from the stomach at or about the same time, but in a number of
      cases the two units were seen to empty at widely different times.

PMID- 2899151
TI  - Interfacial tensions and partition coefficients in water/heptane systems
      containing 2,6-diisopropylphenol, n-alkylphenols and cycloalkanols.
AB  - The free energies of absorption, dehydration, and transfer in a heptane-water
      system for a set of phenolic compounds and a series of cycloalkanols have been
      investigated. The free energy of adsorption depends only upon the molecular
      surface area of the hydrophobic fraction of the molecule, whereas the free energy
      of dehydration is independent of this fraction.

PMID- 2899153
TI  - Contractile activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide on pulmonary tissues.
AB  - Rat calcitonin gene-related peptide was shown to be a very potent contractile
      agent on guinea-pig trachea, contractions being observed at 10 pM and maximal
      contractions (32-36% of the methacholine maximum) being observed between 0.3 and
      13.3 nM. The response was largely inhibited (88%) by pretreatment with
      indomethacin indicating that the effect was mediated through the secondary
      generation of cyclooxygenase products.

PMID- 2899154
TI  - Kinetic mechanism for the intestinal absorption of ofloxacin.
AB  - The absorptive behaviour of ofloxacin, a quinolone antibacterial agent, was
      studied following recirculation in small intestine of both male and female rats,
      at initial doses ranging from 0.125 to 5 mg mL-1. A saturable Michaelis-Menten
      process is suggested to explain the intestinal absorption. No significant
      differences were found in the absorption parameters per metabolic weight unit.

PMID- 2899155
TI  - In-vivo studies with the opioid antagonist, 16-methylcyprenorphine.
AB  - The effect of the opioid antagonist, 16-methylcyprenorphine (RX8008M), on the
      antinociceptive action of the mu-selective agonist, morphine, and the kappa
      selective agonist, U50488H, has been investigated in the mouse abdominal
      constriction test. RX8008M produced a dose-dependent antagonism of the
      antinociceptive effect of morphine, but did not antagonize the response to
      U50488H. RX8008M should prove a useful probe for the in-vivo characterization of
      the receptor selectivity of opioid drugs.

PMID- 2899156
TI  - A modified transmembrane migration method for evaluating the spermicidal potency
      of some nonoxynol compounds.
AB  - The transmembrane migration technique, a simple method in-vitro for
      quantitatively assessing the effects of a drug on human sperm motility, has been
      evaluated. The original method has been modified to include a preincubation step,
      and the incubation time has been reduced to 90 min. In semen samples possessing
      sperm concentrations of less than 75 x 12(6) spermatozoa mL-1 the volume of the
      lower reservoir has been reduced to 1 mL. This modified method has been used to
      compare the spermicidal potency of the widely employed non-ionic surfactant
      nonoxynol-9, with nonoxynol-5 and nonoxynol-15 (containing, respectively, fewer
      and more ethylene oxide units per molecule). The rank order of spermicidal
      potency of the compounds evaluated was nonoxynol-9 = nonoxynol-5 greater than
      nonoxynol-15.

PMID- 2899157
TI  - A method for stabilization of monoamine oxidases in homogenates of rat intestine
      epithelium.
AB  - In a homogenate of epithelium isolated from the small intestine of male Wistar
      rats, the amine oxidase activity with 10(-3)M tyramine was 9200 +/- 200 nmol (g
      tissue)-1 h-1 of which 91% was due to the A form of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and
      9% to the B form. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity was not detected
      with either 10(-3)M tyramine or 10(-4)M benzylamine as substrate. However, it was
      detectable in the homogenate of the gut residue where the activity with 10(-4)M
      benzylamine was 3600 +/- 200 nmol (g tissue)-1 h-1. The MAO activity, in
      homogenates of epithelium prepared with 0.1 M sodium phosphate pH 7.4, was stable
      at 4 degrees C for at least 6 h whilst at minus 20 degrees C it decreased by 70%
      within 24 h. Incorporation of 10% (v/v) glycerol into the homogenization medium
      stabilized the enzymes. The total activity and proportions due to MAO-A and MAO-B
      and kinetic constants for tyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, did not alter during
      5 weeks storage at -20 degrees C. The ability to store tissue homogenates should
      facilitate studies of intestinal amine oxidases.

PMID- 2899158
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor stimulating effects of phenylephrine and noradrenaline in the
      rat pulmonary vascular bed.
AB  - The effects of phenylephrine and noradrenaline have been investigated on the
      perfusion pressure of the rat isolated lung. Both drugs (0.3-30 micrograms)
      produced a dose-dependent decrease in perfusion pressure elevated by 20 mM KCl,
      which was reversed to a dose-dependent increase after addition of propranolol (1
      x 10(-7) M) to the perfusion fluid. Increments due to both agonists in the
      presence of propranolol were antagonized by prazosin (1 x 10(-6) M). Propranolol,
      but not prazosin, elevated the basal perfusion pressure. The results indicate
      that phenylephrine and noradrenaline are more effective in stimulating beta
      adrenoceptors than alpha-adrenoceptors in the rat pulmonary vascular bed and that
      beta-adrenoceptors may regulate the vascular tone of the rat pulmonary
      circulation.

PMID- 2899159
TI  - Dopamine-mediated behaviours produced in naive mice by bromocriptine plus SKF
      38393.
AB  - The ability of bromocriptine and SKF38393 (2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1
      phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine) to produce some dopamine-mediated behaviours has been
      assessed in mice. Soon after injection, SKF38393 produced moderate increases in
      grooming and sniffing which were not very intense, while bromocriptine (with or
      without SKF38393) inhibited all grooming behaviour. Bromocriptine alone also
      depressed rearing and sniffing in the first hour and SKF38393 alone was without
      effect on rearing, but the combination produced a marked increase in the
      incidence of both rearing and sniffing, both of which behaviours appeared to be
      stereotyped. When bromocriptine-induced locomotor stimulation was peaking about 3
      h after injection, as measured in automated activity cages in previous studies,
      there was an increase in sniffing and rearing, the incidence of which was
      unaffected by the addition of SKF38393, perhaps due to the shorter duration of
      action of SKF38393 than of bromocriptine. The data indicate that the D-1 agonist
      SKF38393 can qualitatively and quantitatively alter the behavioural spectrum
      produced by the D-2 agonist bromocriptine.

PMID- 2899160
TI  - High doses of L-naloxone but neither D-naloxone nor beta-funaltrexamine prevent
      hyperthermia-induced seizures in rat pups.
AB  - The effects of the non-specific opiate antagonist L-naloxone and the inactive
      isomer D-naloxone, as well as the specific mu receptor antagonist beta
      funaltrexamine, have been examined on hyperthermia-induced seizures in
      unrestrained 15 days old rats. Saline-injected animals exposed to an ambient
      temperature of 40 degrees C showed a gradual increase in body temperature
      reaching a maximum of 42 +/- 0.1 degrees C at 50 min exposure. At this time all
      the pups had seizures and died. Similar results were obtained when the animals
      were pretreated with different doses of D-naloxone and beta-funaltrexamine. Rats
      pretreated with L-naloxone also showed an increase in rectal temperature; but the
      temperature was lower than in saline-injected animals. Only high doses of L
      naloxone prevented seizures and deaths. These data indicate that endogenous
      opioid peptides may play a role in seizures induced by hyperthermia and that
      receptors other than mu receptors could be involved in hyperthermia-induced
      seizures.

PMID- 2899161
TI  - The effect of repeated oral doses of azelastine hydrochloride on antipyrine half
      life in normal volunteers.
AB  - Treatment with azelastine 4.4 mg twice daily for 21 days did not produce any
      change in salivary antipyrine elimination in 8 normal volunteers.

PMID- 2899162
TI  - Proteoglycan biosynthesis as a determinant of patella damage in the murine
      antigen-induced arthritis model.
AB  - The incorporation of 35SO4 into cartilage proteoglycan has been employed as a
      measure of patella damage in the murine antigen-induced arthritis model. In a
      preliminary set of experiments, where both the proteoglycan concentration and
      35SO4 incorporation were determined in control and arthritic patella over a 2 day
      to 6 day week period, the arthritic joint contained significantly higher levels
      of radioactivity compared with the controls. A subsequent study over an extended
      period of 10 weeks confirmed the earlier results, and indicated that the 6 week
      samples showed the greatest difference (71%) in 35SO4 incorporation between the
      arthritic and control patella.

PMID- 2899163
TI  - The serum amyloid P response in the mouse air pouch.
AB  - Levels of the acute phase reactant serum amyloid P (SAP) have been measured in
      the mouse pouch model of rheumatoid arthritis. Implantation of cartilage resulted
      in a significant and rapid elevation in the SAP concentration, which remained
      high for the duration of the experiment (14 days). Initial studies with several
      clinically employed antirheumatic drugs indicated that dexamethasone and
      cyclosporin A had a marked inhibitory effect.

PMID- 2899164
TI  - Alpha adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in rat hindlimb: innervated alpha-2
      adrenoceptors in the saphenous arterial bed.
AB  - The alpha adrenoceptor subtypes mediating vasoconstriction to exogenous agonists
      and to spinal sympathetic nerve stimulation have been characterized in the
      autoperfused (constant flow) femoral (predominantly skeletal musculature) and
      saphenous (predominantly cutaneous) vascular beds of the pithed rat. Intra
      arterial infusion of the alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, methoxamine, increased
      perfusion pressure in both vascular beds over the same range of infusion rates,
      and the maximum responses were similar. The selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      agonist, B-HT 933, also increased perfusion pressure in both beds, although the
      maximum response to B-HT 933 in the saphenous bed was approximately twice that
      observed in the femoral bed. Responses to methoxamine were blocked by the alpha-1
      adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (0.1 mg/kg), but not the alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      antagonist, rauwolscine (1 mg/kg), or by the selective postjunctional alpha-2
      adrenoceptor antagonist, SK&F 104078 (1 mg/kg). Conversely, responses to B-HT 933
      were blocked by rauwolscine and by SK&F 104078, but not by prazosin. Vasopressor
      responses to B-HT 933 in both vascular beds of the rat hindlimb also were reduced
      markedly by the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine (1 mg/kg), whereas responses
      to methoxamine were relatively resistant to inhibition by nifedipine. In the
      femoral bed, as in the systemic arterial circulation, responses to sympathetic
      nerve stimulation were strongly inhibited by prazosin, were potentiated by
      rauwolscine and were unaffected by SK&F 104078. In contrast, in the saphenous
      arterial bed, the responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were inhibited by
      all three antagonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899165
TI  - Tertatolol ameliorates renal function in rats with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Tertatolol is a new beta-blocking agent which induces renal vasodilation in
      experimental animals and humans and increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR),
      diuresis and natriuresis. The mechanisms underlying renal effects of tertatolol
      are not known. Our aims were to establish whether tertatolol influences renal
      function by a systemic or by an intrarenal effect and to assess whether
      tertatolol could maintain GFR in chronic renal failure. Tertatolol but not
      propranolol when given as i.v. bolus injection at the dose of 25 and 50
      micrograms/kg. b.w. induces a significant increase in GFR and perfusate flow rate
      (PFR) in an isolated perfused kidney model [GFR: tertatolol, 25 micrograms/kg;
      preinjection: 0.477 +/- 0.077 ml/min/g of kidney; 30 min postinjection: 0.996 +/-
      0.114 ml/min/g of kidney. Tertatolol (50 micrograms/kg) preinjection: 0.517 +/-
      0.040 ml/min/g of kidney; 30 min postinjection: 0.879 +/- 0.035 ml/min/g of
      kidney. Propranolol (500 micrograms/kg) preinjection: 0.574 +/- 0.045 ml/min/g of
      kidney; 30 min postinjection: 0.538 +/- 0.029 ml/min/g of kidney. PFR:
      tertatolol, 25 micrograms/kg, preinjection: 30.00 +/- 0.79 ml/min; 30 min
      postinjection: 36.20 +/- 2.58 ml/min. Tertatolol (50 micrograms/kg) preinjection:
      29.30 +/- 1.44 ml/min; 30 min postinjection: 38.01 +/- 1.87 ml/min. Propranolol
      (500 micrograms/kg) preinjection: 28.70 +/- 1.04 ml/min; 30 min postinjection:
      28.30 +/- 0.91 ml/min]. In the same preparation tertatolol significantly
      increases urine flow rate and Na+ excretion [urine flow rate: tertatolol (25
      micrograms/kg) preinjection: 28.28 +/- 4.10 microliter/min; 60 min postinjection:
      38.23 +/- 6.74 microliter/min. Tertatolol (50 micrograms/kg) preinjection: 24.02
      +/- 0.63 microliter/min; 60 min postinjection: 33.18 +/- 2.07
      microliter/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899166
TI  - Pronounced supersensitivity of postjunctional alpha adrenoceptors after
      denervation of fish melanophores.
AB  - The aggregation of melanosomes within melanophores (pigment cells) attached to
      isolated scales from the cuckoo wrasse (Labrus ossifagus L.) can be elicited
      either by stimulation of intrinsic nerves (electrical field stimulation of K+
      depolarization) or by adrenoceptor agonists. The melanophores of isolated scales
      survived in a culture medium for up to 20 days. During this period a progressive
      increase in sensitivity to exogenously applied noradrenaline took place. After 8
      days of isolation there was an about 300-fold increase in sensitivity to
      noradrenaline. The increased sensitivity was accompanied by a progressive loss of
      the nerve-elicited response during the first days of isolation. Before and during
      this early period cocaine was found to potentiate the effect of noradrenaline
      about 8-fold. On the 3rd day after isolation the effect of cocaine was lost,
      which coincided fairly well with the time when the nerve-mediated response was
      lost. The early developing increase in sensitivity to noradrenaline (8-fold) is
      therefore most likely caused by loss of presynaptic amine uptake, but the main
      part (50-fold) of the increase in sensitivity presumably has other explanations,
      like changes in the receptor population.

PMID- 2899167
TI  - Altered pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of heptabarbital in
      experimental renal failure in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether renal dysfunction is
      associated with an alteration in the concentration-anesthetic effect relationship
      of heptabarbital (HB). Adult female rats were pretreated with uranyl nitrate (5
      mg/kg i.v.) to produce renal dysfunction. Saline-injected rats served as
      controls. The concentration-effect relationship of HB was determined both at
      onset of loss of righting reflex (LRR) during an i.v. infusion (0.563 mg/min) and
      at offset of LRR after administration of a bolus dose (82 and 111 mg/kg in renal
      failure and controls, respectively, inducing similar durations of effect). In
      renal failure HB concentrations in serum (total and free) and in brain and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) both at onset and offset of LRR were reduced
      significantly. When HB was infused at different rates (0.225, 0.563 and 1.50
      mg/min) rats with renal impairment had slightly increasing HB concentrations at
      onset of LRR with increasing infusion rate, not only in serum and brain but also
      in CSF. When HB was administered in different bolus doses (71, 77, 80 and 96
      mg/kg i.v.) the duration of effect increased linearly with the logarithm of the
      dose, but HB concentrations in serum (both total and free), brain and CSF at
      offset of LRR were similar, indicating the absence of (inter)active metabolites.
      The results indicate that renal dysfunction is associated with an increased
      sensitivity of the brain to HB, which is unrelated to changes in the disposition
      of HB.

PMID- 2899168
TI  - Psychopharmacological consequences of activation of beta adrenergic receptors by
      SOM-1122.
AB  - SOM-1122 was found to be a high-affinity, partial agonist for beta adrenergic
      receptors. SOM-1122 inhibited the binding of [125I]iodopindolol to membranes
      prepared from rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum. GTP regulated the binding of
      SOM-1122 by increasing the Hill coefficient in both tissues and reducing the
      affinity of the receptor for SOM-1122 in the cerebellum. SOM-1122 increased the
      concentration of cyclic AMP in slices of rat cerebral cortex in a dose-dependent
      manner; this effect was antagonized by propranolol. Two lines of evidence
      suggested that SOM-1122 was centrally active after peripheral administration.
      First, SOM-1122 inhibited the binding of [125I]iodopindolol in vivo in a dose
      dependent manner. Second, after chronic infusion with SOM-1122 for 7 days, the
      density of beta adrenergic receptors in the cerebellum was reduced; receptor
      density also was reduced 18 hr after acute administration of SOM-1122, although
      to a lesser extent. SOM-1122 was found to be behaviorally active. It reduced
      locomotor activity and reduced response rate under a multiple fixed-interval,
      fixed-ratio schedule in a dose-dependent manner. SOM-1122 also reduced response
      rate and increased reinforcement rate under a differential-reinforcement-of-low
      rate schedule. These behavioral actions of SOM-1122 appeared to be due to an
      interaction of the agonist with beta adrenergic receptors, as they were
      antagonized by propranolol. The behavioral changes produced by stimulation of
      beta adrenergic receptors with SOM-1122 were generally similar to those caused by
      other centrally acting beta adrenergic agonists and by antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2899169
TI  - Regulation of the metabolism of striatal dynorphin by the dopaminergic system.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore the dopaminergic control of the
      striatonigral dynorphin system. Seven daily injections of a dopamine (DA)
      agonist, apomorphine (APO, 5 mg/kg, b.i.d., s.c.), caused a significant increase
      of dynorphin A (1-8)-like immunoreactivity (DN-LI) in the striatum (140% over
      control) and substantia nigra (41% over control) without changing DN-LI in
      frontal cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Immunocytochemistry revealed
      intense dynorphin A (1-17)-like immunostaining in striatal "patch" neurons and
      striatonigral fibers after APO treatment. In order to understand the mechanism of
      increase in the peptide level, the abundance of preprodynorphin mRNA was
      quantified by Northern blot hybridization with a 32P-labeled cRNA probe coding
      for rat preprodynorphin. Seven daily injections of APO increased the abundance of
      striatal preprodynorphin mRNA by 60%. In another experiment, rats received a
      single injection of various doses of APO (0.5-2.5 mg/kg s.c.). Striatal DN-LI was
      decreased by 15% 1 hr after injection of a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of APO. Seven daily
      injections or a single injection of D-amphetamine produced effects similar to
      those elicited by APO. These studies reveal that the nigrostriatal DA system
      plays an important role in modulating the metabolism of striatonigral dynorphin
      containing neurons.

PMID- 2899170
TI  - CGS 19755, a selective and competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate-type excitatory amino
      acid receptor antagonist.
AB  - CGS 19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid) was found to be a
      potent, stereospecific inhibitor of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked, but not
      KCl-evoked, [3H] acetylcholine release from slices of the rat striatum. The
      concentration-response curve to NMDA was shifted to the right by CGS 19755 (pA2 =
      5.94), suggesting a competitive interaction with NMDA-type receptors. CGS 19755
      inhibited the binding of [3H]-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
      to NMDA-type receptors with an IC50 of 50 nM, making it the most potent NMDA-type
      receptor antagonist reported to date. CGS 19755 failed to interact with 23 other
      receptor types as assessed by receptor binding, including the quisqualate- and
      kainate-type excitatory amino acid receptors. In crude P2 fractions, no evidence
      was obtained to suggest that CGS 19755 is taken up by an active transport system.
      Furthermore, CGS 19755 failed to affect the uptake of L-[3H]glutamate, or to
      interact with aconitine-induced inhibition of L-[3H]glutamate uptake, the latter
      finding suggesting a lack of membrane-stabilizing or local anesthetic properties.
      CGS 19755 selectively antagonized the excitatory effect of iontophoretically
      applied NMDA in the red nucleus of the rat without affecting the excitatory
      effects of quisqualate. CGS 19755 blocked the harmaline-induced increase in
      cerebellar cyclic GMP levels at a dose of 4 mg/kg i.p. with a duration of action
      exceeding 2 hr. CGS 19755 inhibited convulsions elicited by maximal electroshock
      in rat (ED50 = 3.8 mg/kg i.p. 1 hr after administration) and in mouse (ED50 = 2.0
      mg/kg i.p. 0.5 hr after administration). Likewise, convulsions elicited by
      picrotoxin were inhibited by CGS 19755, whereas the compound was relatively weak
      in protecting against convulsions elicited by pentylenetetrazole or strychnine.
      CGS 19755 produced retention performance deficits in a dark avoidance task.
      However, CGS 19755 did not show a unique propensity for learning and memory
      disruption compared to other anticonvulsants.

PMID- 2899171
TI  - Presynaptic effects of d-tubocurarine on neurotransmitter release at the
      neuromuscular junction of the frog.
AB  - 1. Presynaptic effects of d-tubocurarine on neurotransmitter release were
      examined at the frog neuromuscular junction, using intracellular and
      extracellular recording techniques. 2. d-Tubocurarine in concentrations of 10(-7)
      10(-6) M decreased the quantal content (m) measured by the coefficient of
      variation and failure methods. 3. d-Tubocurarine produced a shift to the right of
      the curve relating log quantal content to log [Ca2+]o without changing the slope.
      4. The duration of twin-impulse facilitation was not affected by 5 x 10(-7) M-d
      tubocurarine. Early facilitation was higher in d-tubocurarine. 5. d-Tubocurarine
      altered the synaptic delay histogram. The peak of the histogram was shifted to
      longer delays. Prolongation of the minimal delay was seen in most but not all
      experiments. 6. These results suggest that d-tubocurarine inhibits release of
      neurotransmitter by affecting a stage in the process of release, which occurs
      after the entry of Ca2+ ions.

PMID- 2899172
TI  - Rate of ingestion by mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) as a factor in the
      effectiveness of a bacterial stomach toxin.

PMID- 2899173
TI  - What happened to the RN First Assistant Bill?

PMID- 2899174
TI  - Engineering, mosquitoes and filariasis: a case report.
AB  - The results of larval surveys were used to assess the relative numbers of
      mosquitoes breeding in different types of habitat and in different parts of the
      town of Pondicherry, India. The results illustrate an effective method to set
      priorities for mosquito control by identifying the most significant breeding
      sites in a town, and show that they are not necessarily the most obvious, the
      most extensive or those intuitively most likely.

PMID- 2899175
TI  - Analyses of frequency of infection, specific infectivity, and prion protein
      biosynthesis in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cell clones.
AB  - Scrapie, a spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats, is caused by a poorly
      understood transmissible agent in which no nucleic acid has been conclusively
      identified. Biochemical characterization of agent derived from animal tissues has
      not been precise because of the tenacious association of the agent with tissue
      components. As an approach toward obtaining homogeneous preparations of agent
      generated in vitro, we cloned scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells. By frequency
      analysis, nearly every cell in expanded cultures contained scrapie agent. We also
      analyzed cell-dose infectivity relationships and developed a standard curve which
      allowed various cultures to be compared. Since a proteinase K (PK)-resistant form
      of a protein designated prion protein (PrP) has been found in partially purified
      preparations of scrapie agent from infected animal spleens and brains, we sought
      to identify this protein in cell cultures. No PK-resistant PrP was found in
      infected or uninfected cultures, although the PK-sensitive PrP was readily
      detected. These results suggested that PK-resistant PrP may not be an essential
      component of the infectious scrapie agent.

PMID- 2899177
TI  - Acute effect of TRH, flunarizine, lithium and zotepine on amygdaloid kindled
      seizures induced with low-frequency stimulation.
AB  - We assessed the acute effects of various drugs on amygdaloid kindled seizures
      induced with low-frequency stimulations. We used the number of stimulating pulses
      required for the induction of epileptic afterdischarge (pulse-number threshold;
      PNT) as an indicator of the seizure generating threshold and the duration of
      induced seizures (AD duration; ADD) as an indicator of the seizures. TRH
      increased the PNT without affecting the ADD at a high dose (1.2 mg/kg).
      Flunarizine decreased the PNT and ADD simultaneously at a high dose (50 mg/kg).
      Lithium increased the PNT without affecting the ADD at two doses (100 mg/kg, 200
      mg/kg). Zotepine decreased the PNT without affecting the ADD at two doses (8
      mg/kg, 16 mg/kg). We propose that the technique of low-frequency kindling is a
      useful experimental model in assessing the effects of antipsychotic or
      antiepileptic drugs on the excitability of the limbic regions.

PMID- 2899176
TI  - Human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection of CD4+ or CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell
      clones results in immortalization with retention of antigen specificity.
AB  - The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is capable of chronically
      infecting various types of T cells and nonlymphoid cells. The effects of chronic
      infection on the specific functional activities and growth requirements of mature
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have remained poorly defined. We have, therefore,
      investigated the results of HTLV-I infection of both CD4+ and CD8+ human CTL
      clones. HTLV-I infection resulted in the establishment of functional CTL lines
      which propagated indefinitely in culture many months longer than the uninfected
      parental clone. The infected cells became independent of the need for antigen
      (target cell) stimulation as a requirement for proliferation and growth. Like
      their uninfected counterparts, however, these HTLV-I-infected clones remained
      strictly dependent on conditioned medium from mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes
      for their growth. This growth factor requirement was not fulfilled by recombinant
      interleukin-2 alone. Furthermore, the infected lines remained functionally
      identical to their uninfected parental CTL clones in their ability to
      specifically recognize and lyse the appropriate target cells. Our findings
      indicate that the major effects of HTLV-I infection on mature CTL consist of (i)
      the capacity for proliferation in the absence of antigen stimulation and (ii) a
      prolonged or immortal survival in vitro, but they also indicate that the fine
      specificity and cytolytic capacity of these cells remain unaffected.

PMID- 2899178
TI  - [Effect of the Russian alpha-adrenergic blockader tropafen on the coagulative and
      rheological properties of the blood in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 2899179
TI  - [Pathogenesis of pain in the cardiac area in patients with neurocirculatory
      asthenia and the problems of its treatment].

PMID- 2899180
TI  - [Urocaninase activity of the blood of patients with decompensated diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 2899181
TI  - Determination of beta adrenoceptor density on rabbit mononuclear leukocytes.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to devise a technique for the isolation of a
      relatively homogeneous mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) preparation from rabbit whole
      blood and determine the density and affinity of beta-adrenoceptors on MNL. A
      modified method based upon that by Boyum was developed to maximize isolation of
      MNL from red blood cells (RBC), granulocytes, and platelets. The method involved
      an initial centrifugation to remove platelets and two centrifugations with a
      Ficoll solution to eliminate RBC and granulocytes. beta-Adrenoceptor density as
      determined with [125I]cyanopindolol and MNL membrane or whole cell preparations
      ranged between 317 and 360 sites per cell. Affinity for the binding sites was
      dependent upon whether membrane or whole cell preparations were studied, being
      56.3 +/- 9.9 and 11.4 +/- 1.4 pM, respectively. Binding sites were found to be
      saturable and noncooperative. In addition, the binding sites demonstrated
      selectivity and stereospecificity for beta-adrenoceptor ligands. It is concluded
      that the modified method of harvesting MNL from rabbit whole blood provides a
      relatively homogeneous cell suspension that can be used to study the beta
      adrenoceptor system.

PMID- 2899182
TI  - Membrane transferrin receptor (TfR) and nuclear proliferation-associated Ki-67
      expression in hemopoietic malignancies.
AB  - The expression of membrane transferrin receptors (TfRs), as defined by monoclonal
      antibody OKT9, and the nuclear proliferation-associated antigen Ki-67 were
      examined in 159 cases of hematological malignancy. Of the "chronic" B and T cell
      leukemias studied (n = 85), 61% showed less than 5% OKT9-positive cells and only
      7% of cases were TfR+ (defined as greater than 20% positive cells). For
      comparison, the acute leukemias (n = 62) showed higher (p less than 0.001) TfR
      expression with 39% TfR+ cases, although there was considerable variation within
      diagnostic subgroups. Nuclear Ki-67 expression was generally insignificant (less
      than 1%) in chronic leukemias (78 of 88 cases), although two of eight B cell-type
      prolymphocytic leukemia and four of four cases of plasma cell leukemia showed
      greater than 10% Ki-67+ components. In contrast, 47% (31 of 66) acute leukemias
      had greater than 10% Ki-67+ cells, although there appeared to be no relationship
      between Ki-67 expression and leukemic type. Combined assessments of TfR and Ki-67
      expression revealed a Ki-67- TfR- phenotype in 82% of chronic leukemias, compared
      with 28% of acute type, and a Ki-67+ TfR+ pattern was found in 27% of acute
      proliferations but not in any case of chronic leukemia. The determination of
      membrane TfR expression appears to have little value in the diagnostic
      differentiation of leukemias, whereas Ki-67 is considered to be a useful
      supplementary investigation in defining high grade tumors, in the recognition of
      prognostically poor cases of otherwise well defined low grade malignancy, and of
      potential value in resolving discrepancies between morphological and
      immunophenotypic features in leukemias of "intermediate" type.

PMID- 2899183
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative enzyme studies of Hodgkin's disease-derived cell
      lines.
AB  - Any extensive analysis of Hodgkin (H) and Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells is limited by
      the scarcity of available material and by the common contamination with "by
      stander" cells. The establishment of Hodgkin's disease-derived cell lines
      provides the opportunity to undertake studies in which large numbers of cells are
      required, as these cell lines are by definition monoclonal populations with
      unlimited cell growth. In this study, we analyzed the enzyme profiles of eight
      Hodgkin's disease cell lines (Co, Ho, Fox, HDLM-2, KM-H2, L428, L540, and L591)
      whereby cellular alpha-naphthyl acetate esterases, acid phosphatases, and
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV were examined quantitatively or qualitatively by IEF or
      chromatographic techniques. The results indicate that all of the H-RS cell lines
      examined had enzymatic features typical for lymphoid cells and, in particular, a
      monocyte/histiocyte origin of the cell lines could be excluded. Extrapolation of
      the available immunological, molecular biological, and enzymological evidence
      gained in vitro on cultured representatives of H-RS cells suggests a lymphoid
      origin for in vivo H-RS cells.

PMID- 2899184
TI  - Molecular/cytogenetic alterations accompanying the development of multidrug
      resistance in the J774.2 murine cell line.
AB  - Mouse macrophage-like J774.2 cells were selected for resistance to colchicine and
      examined by molecular/cytogenetic analysis to determine whether the acquisition
      of the multidrug resistant (mdr) phenotype was associated with specific
      chromosomal rearrangements. Cytogenetic studies of the J774.2 parental and two
      colchicine-resistant (CLCR) sublines--J7.Cl-30 (770-fold CLCR) and J7.Cl-100
      (2500-fold CLCR)--demonstrated specific numeric and structural karyotypic
      alterations accompanying the emergence of mdr. The parental cells demonstrated a
      modal chromosome number of 63, while the modal number of the J7.Cl-30 subline was
      53. The most striking difference between the parental and J7.Cl-30 subline was
      the presence of an average of 60 double minutes (DMs) per cell in the CLCR cells.
      The 2500-fold resistant J7.Cl-100 subline displayed a modal number of 50, which
      included structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 2 and 7 and concomitant
      replacement of DMs by a homogeneously staining region (HSR). Southern blotting
      analysis demonstrated a approximately 35-fold amplification of P-glycoprotein
      homologous sequences in the J7.Cl-30 subline and approximately 70-fold
      amplification in the J7.Cl-100 subline. Chromosomal in situ hybridization
      localized the amplified P-glycoprotein sequences to DMs (J7.Cl-30) and the HSR
      (J7.Cl-100) in these CLCR sublines. Our results suggest that CLCR in J774.2 cells
      results from overexpression of P-glycoprotein via gene amplification which was
      accompanied by chromosomal evolution from DMs to an HSR.

PMID- 2899185
TI  - Management of patients on psychotropic drugs in primary care clinics.
AB  - While nonpsychiatrist physicians account for the majority of prescriptions
      written for psychotropic drugs, little is known about the quality of their drug
      management strategy. We studied this issue using data from 16 academic internal
      medicine group practices. Data on treatment, abstracted from medical records,
      were compared to criteria for quality care. Eighteen percent of patients used
      minor tranquilizers or antidepressants. The only individual factor independently
      associated with use of minor tranquilizers was mental health status. Nonwhites
      were less likely than whites to be diagnosed as depressed or receive
      antidepressants, even after controlling for baseline mental and physical health
      status. Mental and physical health status were also independently associated with
      antidepressant drug use. Quality of care was low for formulating a treatment plan
      for either drug group and for follow-up plans for antidepressants. Documentation
      of an adequate treatment plan for minor tranquilizers was poorest for patients
      who visited a house staff or nonphysician rather than a faculty member. For
      antidepressants, the patients with the poorest general health status tended to
      have the best documentation of treatment plans.

PMID- 2899186
TI  - The Northwick Park "functional" psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment
      response.
AB  - Functional psychosis is conventionally subdivided into schizophrenia and manic
      depressive psychosis. Response to treatment is assumed to be a validating
      criterion for these diagnoses. The efficacy of pimozide (a dopamine antagonist
      neuroleptic), lithium, and a combination of the two was compared with that of
      placebo in a 4 week trial in 120 functionally psychotic patients each of whom was
      assessed for psychotic symptoms, manic symptoms, and depressive symptoms. The
      sample was subdivided into patients with predominantly elevated mood,
      predominantly depressed mood, and no consistent mood change. Pimozide reduced
      psychotic symptoms in all groups of patients. The only significant effect of
      lithium was to reduce elevated mood. Thus dopamine blockade seems relevant to the
      resolution of psychotic symptoms in all types of "functional" psychosis but the
      mode of action of lithium in psychotic patients concerns only mood. Application
      of standardised classifications of functional psychosis to these data did not
      change this conclusion.

PMID- 2899187
TI  - Evaluation of simple clinical signs for the diagnosis of acute lower respiratory
      tract infection.
AB  - The reliability of clinical signs that might be used by village health workers in
      distinguishing acute lower respiratory infection (LRI) from upper respiratory
      infections (URI) in children was evaluated. 142 infants and 108 preschool
      children with LRI and 151 infants and 281 preschool children with URI, attending
      hospital, were studied. Respiratory rates of over 50/min in infants and over
      40/min in children 12-35 months of age, as well as a history of rapid breathing
      and the presence of chest retractions in both age groups, were found to be
      sensitive and specific indicators of LRI. Increased respiratory rates and history
      of rapid breathing were also sensitive in diagnosis of less severe LRI that did
      not necessitate admission to the wards, whereas chest retraction was not. All
      these clinical signs had a low sensitivity in diagnosing LRI in children aged 36
      months and over.

PMID- 2899189
TI  - Symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive kidney recipients:
      reinfection with donor virus rather than reactivation of recipient virus.
AB  - 74 patients receiving cadaver kidney grafts were investigated prospectively for
      cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Among seropositive recipients CMV infection,
      especially symptomatic and disseminated infection, occurred significantly more
      frequently when kidneys came from seropositive than from seronegative donors.
      Since seropositive recipients can become infected with donor virus, the excess is
      probably accounted for by reinfection. This conclusion was supported by
      restriction enzyme typing of virus isolates from recipient pairs receiving
      kidneys from the same donor; proven reinfection with donor strain virus was
      significantly commoner than proven reactivation of recipient virus. Furthermore,
      symptoms occurred only in the proven reinfection group. Although the proportion
      of reinfections that caused symptoms was less than that seen in primary
      infections, prior natural infection with CMV clearly does not prevent symptomatic
      reinfection in seropositive recipients, a point which has profound implications
      for future vaccination strategies in renal allograft recipients and choice of
      donors.

PMID- 2899190
TI  - Encapsulation of tumours as a modified wound healing response.
AB  - Tumour capsules may arise as the result of a modified wound healing response,
      consequent upon disturbance of the normal tissue architecture caused by an
      expanding tumour.

PMID- 2899188
TI  - Effect of a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet on symptoms of cyclical mastopathy.
AB  - 21 patients with severe persistent cyclical mastopathy of at least 5 years'
      duration were randomised to a control group who received general dietary advice
      or to an intervention group who were taught how to reduce the fat content of
      their diet to 15% of calories while increasing complex carbohydrate consumption
      to maintain caloric intake. Both groups were followed for 6 months with food
      records and measurement of plasma hormone and lipid levels. Severity of symptoms
      was recorded with daily diaries and patients were assessed at the beginning and
      end of the study by a physician who was unaware of their dietary regimen. After 6
      months there was a significant reduction in the intervention group in the
      severity of premenstrual breast tenderness and swelling. Physical examination
      showed reduced breast swelling, tenderness, and nodularity in 6 of 10 patients in
      the intervention group and 2 of 9 patients in the control group.

PMID- 2899191
TI  - Child abuse after Cleveland.

PMID- 2899192
TI  - Midazolam--is antagonism justified?

PMID- 2899193
TI  - What causes cerebral palsy?

PMID- 2899194
TI  - HIV infection, breastfeeding, and human milk banking.

PMID- 2899195
TI  - Preventing travellers' diarrhoea.

PMID- 2899196
TI  - Impact of the National Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases Project on infant and child
      mortality in Dakahlia, Egypt. National Control of Diarrheal Diseases Project.
AB  - The Egyptian National Control of Diarrheal Diseases Project (NCDDP) started in
      1983. A field trial done in Dakahlia Governorate in 1980 to promote oral
      rehydration therapy showed that the mortality rate for the under-fives during the
      diarrhoea season was 18.1/1000 in control villages and 10.5/1000 in "outreach"
      villages (p less than 0.001). In 1986 mortality rates had become similar in the
      two areas and lower than in 1980 (6.5/1000 and 6.0/1000, respectively), even
      though there were no significant changes in diarrhoea incidence. Virtually all
      the reduction in mortality was due to a decline in diarrhoea-associated deaths.
      The principal differences between 1986 and 1980 were better case-management by
      mothers and doctors, in both outreach and control villages, and far greater
      television ownership. Village civil registers showed only slight changes in under
      five mortality from all causes after 1980, but an accelerating decline from 1983.
      Governorate-wide civil registration data showed slowly falling infant death rates
      from 1970 onward, accelerating after 1982, with most of the decline corresponding
      to the seasonal pattern of diarrhoea-associated mortality throughout the year.
      Thus NCDDP promotion of better treatment seems to have been responsible for the
      decline in mortality.

PMID- 2899197
TI  - Dracunculiasis eradication: the tide has turned.

PMID- 2899198
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis in critically ill patients.
AB  - Continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis (CAVHD) is a new treatment for critically
      ill patients with renal failure that combines convective and diffusive solute
      removal. The clearance of urea (14.8-22.1 ml/min) is sufficient to achieve a
      steady-state urea concentration of 22 mmol/l, even in patients with a high
      catabolic rate and cardiovascular instability. The technique is simple and does
      not involve the use of blood pumps or specialised staff. Initial experience in 36
      critically ill patients with renal failure indicates that it is safe and
      reliable, with less associated morbidity than other techniques.

PMID- 2899199
TI  - Prevention of disease in the poor world.

PMID- 2899200
TI  - Ethical and medical considerations for a blood donation programme in a refugee
      population.

PMID- 2899201
TI  - Psychiatric profile of shoplifters.

PMID- 2899202
TI  - Skin absorption of lead.

PMID- 2899203
TI  - Reversible chorea due to ranitidine and cimetidine.

PMID- 2899204
TI  - Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

PMID- 2899205
TI  - Hypnotherapy for duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2899206
TI  - Viruses of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 2899207
TI  - Airway hyperreactivity.

PMID- 2899208
TI  - Influence of inhaled terbutaline on bronchial responsiveness.

PMID- 2899209
TI  - Sustained effects of oestrogen implant overdose.

PMID- 2899210
TI  - Implantation of embryos after partial opening of oocyte zona pellucida to
      facilitate sperm penetration.

PMID- 2899211
TI  - Monitoring of cyclosporin by monoclonal radioimmunoassay in cardiac
      transplantation.

PMID- 2899212
TI  - Serological discrimination between HIV-1 and HIV-2.

PMID- 2899213
TI  - AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 2899214
TI  - Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 2899215
TI  - Treatment of menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients.

PMID- 2899216
TI  - Biological differences in the three major leukaemias.

PMID- 2899218
TI  - Gallstone pancreatitis.

PMID- 2899217
TI  - Correction of anaemia by desferrioxamine in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2899220
TI  - Legionnaires' disease.

PMID- 2899219
TI  - Deterioration in primary biliary cirrhosis in patient on ursodeoxycholic acid.

PMID- 2899221
TI  - Variation in antibody isotype responses in clinically covert toxocariasis.

PMID- 2899222
TI  - Neonatal intensive care: trends in morbidity.

PMID- 2899223
TI  - Resource allocation review.

PMID- 2899225
TI  - Child abuse registers.

PMID- 2899226
TI  - Alpha-interferon in thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2899224
TI  - Avoidable deaths.

PMID- 2899228
TI  - Torsade de pointes and Q-T prolongation in secondary hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2899227
TI  - Impaired ability of peroxisomes to activate very-long-chain fatty acids in X
      linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

PMID- 2899229
TI  - T waves in long Q-T syndromes.

PMID- 2899230
TI  - Screening for early ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2899232
TI  - Extreme labile blood pressure in Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 2899231
TI  - Mechanism of nitrate vasodilators.

PMID- 2899233
TI  - Occupational cancer and radiation.

PMID- 2899234
TI  - The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: comparison of drug and psychological
      treatments.
AB  - 210 psychiatric outpatients with generalised anxiety disorder (71), or panic
      disorder (74), or dysthymic disorder (65) diagnosed by an interview schedule for
      DSM-III were allocated by constrained randomisation to one of five treatments:
      diazepam (28), dothiepin (28), placebo (28), cognitive and behaviour therapy
      (84), and a self-help treatment programme (42). All treatments were given for 6
      weeks and then withdrawn by 10 weeks. Ratings of psychopathology were made by
      psychiatric assessors blind to both treatment and diagnosis before treatment and
      at 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks after randomisation. 18 patients had insufficient data
      for analysis because of early drop-out. There were no important differences in
      treatment response between the diagnostic groups, but diazepam was less effective
      than dothiepin, cognitive and behaviour therapy, or self-help, these three
      treatments being of similar efficacy. Significantly more patients in the placebo
      group took additional psychotropic drugs in the 10 week period, and those
      allocated to dothiepin and cognitive and behaviour therapy took the least.

PMID- 2899235
TI  - Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory tract
      with chronic lung disease and death in very-low-birth-weight infants.
AB  - Endotracheal aspirates from 200 infants who weighted less than or equal to 2500 g
      and who had evidence of respiratory disease were cultured within 24 h of birth
      for mycoplasmas, chlamydiae, viruses, and bacteria to evaluate the relation
      between lower respiratory tract infection and development of chronic lung disease
      and/or death. Ureaplasma urealyticum, an organism not visible on gram stain, not
      recovered on routine bacteriological media, and not susceptible to antibiotics
      commonly used to treat neonatal infections, was the single most common organism
      isolated. 14% of isolates were from infants born by caesarean section with intact
      membranes, which indicated that infection had occurred in utero. The findings
      probably represented true infection of the lower respiratory tract because the
      organism was recovered in pure culture in numbers greater than 10(3) from 85% of
      the infants, and also from the blood in 26% of infants. Those infants less than
      or equal to 1000 g with Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory
      tract were twice more likely to have chronic lung disease or to die than were
      infants of similar birth-weight but who were uninfected, or infants greater than
      1000 g. Very-low-birth-weight infants infected with ureaplasmas did not differ
      from those uninfected, either in demographic features or in potential risk
      factors for chronic lung disease.

PMID- 2899236
TI  - Effects of intermittent treatment with aspirin on thromboxane and prostacyclin
      formation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Thromboxane and prostacyclin formation were monitored in twenty patients with
      acute myocardial infarction. Ten received 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
      orally starting 12 h after admission and then intermittently every third day for
      one month; the other ten did not receive ASA or any other drug known to interfere
      with the synthesis of prostanoids. In the ASA group thromboxane formation,
      initially raised, fell rapidly and remained low. In the control group thromboxane
      formation decreased very slowly and was not normal by the end of the study
      period. Prostacyclin formation seemed identical in the two groups. Thus
      intermittent ASA, in this dosage, efficiently inhibited the enhanced thromboxane
      formation in acute myocardial infarction without interfering with prostacyclin
      formation.

PMID- 2899237
TI  - Efficacy of multiple-dose halofantrine in treatment of chloroquine-resistant
      falciparum malaria in children in Kenya.
AB  - Halofantrine hydrochloride given to 46 Kenyan children with falciparum malaria at
      10 mg/kg for two doses, and to 60 other children at 8 mg/kg for three doses,
      resulted in rapid parasite clearance, mean parasite clearance times being 45.4 h
      and 54.8 h, respectively. In-vitro chemosensitivity tests showed that most
      infections were due to chloroquine-resistant parasites, and that parasite
      maturation was inhibited by considerably lower concentrations of halofantrine
      than of chloroquine.

PMID- 2899238
TI  - Clinical trials with halofantrine hydrochloride in Malawi.
AB  - Two clinical trials of the phenanthrene methanol compound halofantrine in the
      treatment of Plasmodium falciparum were conducted in Malawi, in areas where the
      parasite was known to be chloroquine resistant. In the first trial all 46
      patients had symptoms of malaria and parasite densities ranging from
      2500/microliter to 212,000/microliter. They were given a single dose of
      halofantrine hydrochloride, 16 mg/kg body weight. The recrudescence rate on day
      14 of follow up was unacceptably high (38%). In the second trial the dose given
      was 8 mg/kg 6 hourly for three doses. Of the 49 children followed up for 14 days,
      47 became aparasitaemic--ie, the cure rate was 96%. In both trials the drug was
      very well tolerated. Halofantrine hydrochloride seems to be effective against P
      falciparum chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains in Africa.

PMID- 2899239
TI  - Prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by inhaled frusemide.
AB  - To determine whether inhaled frusemide, a diuretic able to interfere with ion and
      water movement across airway epithelium, can modify exercise-induced
      bronchoconstriction, a three-part randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      study was done in asthmatic patients who had a fall in FEV1 of at least 20% after
      running up and down a corridor. In the first part the effect of approximately 28
      mg frusemide given as an aerosol was compared with that of a placebo. In the
      second part two doses of inhaled frusemide (approximately 14 mg and 28 mg) were
      examined. In the third part the effect of 20 mg oral frusemide was tested.
      Inhaled frusemide had a good and dose-related protective effect, whereas oral
      frusemide was ineffective. The mean (95% CI) maximum percentage falls in the FEV1
      were: 11.5 (14.3-8.7) with frusemide and 33.8 (39.1-28.5) with placebo in the
      first part of the study; 13.6 (21.6-6.0) with 28 mg frusemide, 19.7 (28.2-11.3)
      with 14 mg frusemide, and 34.6 (39.4-30.0) with placebo in the second part of the
      study; and 15.2 (19.9-10.5) with inhaled frusemide, 38.2 (47.1-29.3) with oral
      frusemide, and 35.3 (45.9-24.7) with placebo in the last part of the study. The
      findings lend support to the hyperosmolarity hypothesis of exercise-induced
      asthma and may have therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2899240
TI  - Measurement of cardiac output.

PMID- 2899241
TI  - Kava.

PMID- 2899242
TI  - Another shock to the system for the NHS?

PMID- 2899243
TI  - Gastro-oesophageal reflux and apparent life-threatening events in infancy.

PMID- 2899244
TI  - Obesity and the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2899246
TI  - Trends in dental health of ten-year-old school children in south-west Scotland
      after cessation of water fluoridation.
AB  - The prevalence of dental caries in 10-year-old children in Stranraer has
      increased since the withdrawal of water fluoridation, with a 115% increase in the
      mean cost of restorative dental work due to caries and a 21% increase in the mean
      cost of all dental treatment. In Annan, a similar town which has never had
      fluoride added to the water supply, caries prevalence fell significantly, with
      little change in the cost of dental treatment. The findings suggest an
      association between cessation of water fluoridation and the increased prevalence
      of caries in Stranraer children.

PMID- 2899245
TI  - Candida and AIDS: evidence for protective antibody.
AB  - Clinical observation and animal models of candidosis suggest that, although T
      lymphocytes are important in preventing superficial candidosis, defence against
      systemic candidosis depends upon humoral immunity. An antibody response to the
      immunodominant 47 kD antigen of Candida albicans is invariably associated with
      recovery. The presence of this antibody in patients with chronic mucocutaneous
      candidosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) could account for
      the rarity of disseminated candidal infection in these conditions. Polyclonal B
      cell activation may be responsible for the frequency with which this antibody is
      produced in AIDS. Antibody to the 47 kD antigen could be useful in the treatment
      and prevention of systemic candidosis, though not in the superficial candidosis
      of AIDS.

PMID- 2899247
TI  - Physicians, triage, and nuclear war.

PMID- 2899248
TI  - Exploding head syndrome.

PMID- 2899249
TI  - Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis.

PMID- 2899251
TI  - Prosthetic heart-valve occlusion.

PMID- 2899250
TI  - Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by extracorporeal immunoadsorption.

PMID- 2899252
TI  - Near-pure xylene causing reversible neuropsychiatric disturbance.

PMID- 2899254
TI  - Cryoglobulinaemia and alpha-interferon.

PMID- 2899253
TI  - Seroconversion against human herpesvirus-6 (and other herpesviruses) and clinical
      illness.

PMID- 2899255
TI  - H2-receptor antagonist non-responders.

PMID- 2899256
TI  - Management of ruptured and unruptured ectopic pregnancies by videopelviscopy.

PMID- 2899257
TI  - Management of unruptured tubal pregnancy by aspiration of sac under ultrasound
      control.

PMID- 2899259
TI  - Treatment of severe hypercalcaemia with mithramycin and aminohydroxypropylidene
      bisphosphonate.

PMID- 2899258
TI  - Renal failure during dissolution of gallstones by methyl-tert-butyl ether.

PMID- 2899260
TI  - HIV infection, breastfeeding, and human milk banking.

PMID- 2899261
TI  - Polymerase chain reaction and in-vitro antibody production for early diagnosis of
      paediatric HIV infection.

PMID- 2899262
TI  - In-vitro secretion of HIV-specific antibodies by peripheral blood cells.

PMID- 2899263
TI  - Myelopathy after stopping zidovudine.

PMID- 2899264
TI  - Genetic recombination between tuberous sclerosis and oncogene v-abl.

PMID- 2899265
TI  - Cibenzoline and hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 2899266
TI  - Listeriosis associated with antithymocyte globulin treatment.

PMID- 2899267
TI  - Optochin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID- 2899268
TI  - Quinolones and multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum.

PMID- 2899269
TI  - Scintigraphic demonstration of myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2899270
TI  - New approach to capitation fees.

PMID- 2899271
TI  - Notifying drug addicts.

PMID- 2899272
TI  - Prevention of disease in the Third World.

PMID- 2899273
TI  - Remedies for Third World diseases.

PMID- 2899274
TI  - Alcohol intake in the UK.

PMID- 2899276
TI  - Rapids, rafts, and rats.

PMID- 2899275
TI  - Strategies for control of malaria in Africa.

PMID- 2899277
TI  - Fetal blood sampling in investigation of chromosome mosaicism in amniotic fluid
      cell culture.

PMID- 2899278
TI  - Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in gastrointestinal biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2899279
TI  - Cyclosporin and erythraemia.

PMID- 2899280
TI  - Dietary fatty acids and ischaemic arrhythmias.

PMID- 2899281
TI  - Haemochromatosis screening.

PMID- 2899282
TI  - Will falling death rates from acute and chronic bronchitis continue?

PMID- 2899283
TI  - Childhood leukaemia and Dounreay.

PMID- 2899284
TI  - Import of psittacine birds and chlamydial infections in Finland.

PMID- 2899285
TI  - Galactosylation of IgG associated oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2899287
TI  - Mitochondrial dysfunction, energy expenditure, and cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2899286
TI  - Bleeding in renal failure.

PMID- 2899288
TI  - Global AIDS figures.

PMID- 2899290
TI  - [Regulation of the transcription of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene by
      glucocorticoids in Morris hepatoma 7777 and 8994 cells].
AB  - Kinetics of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) mRNA synthesis in Morris rat hepatoma
      cell lines 7777 and 8994 after dexamethasone treatment (10(-7) M) was studied by
      molecular hybridization of the RNA with cloned fragments of TAT gene from rat
      liver cells. It was demonstrated that initiation of TAT gene transcription
      increased 20 minutes after glucocorticoid treatment. The level of TAT mRNA was
      not induced by dexamethasone in rat hepatoma cell line 8994. Actinomycin D
      prevented the deinduction of TAT by stabilization of TAT mRNA.

PMID- 2899291
TI  - The diffuse neuroendocrine system: a molecular perspective.
AB  - This review seeks to illustrate that the concept of a 'diffuse neuroendocrine
      system' arises from a series of ontogenetic, phylogenetic and functional overlaps
      borne out at the molecular level, which engender an apparent global unit.
      Extrapolation from the overlaps should lead to the discovery of new facets in the
      relationships between molecular components of the DNES, and this approach will
      lead to a spectrum of markers and probes with a variety of clinical applications.
      Initial approaches progressed from cellular function toward molecular anatomy,
      but converse questions starting from anatomical markers are now arising.

PMID- 2899289
TI  - Asthma in the elderly: a brief report.
AB  - Asthma in the elderly may present difficult management problems. We reviewed 46
      elderly patients with corticosteroid dependent asthma who have been managed on
      our ambulatory service for an average of nine years. We present our therapeutic
      regimens which resulted in better control for the majority of patients. The goals
      of therapy were control of asthma to prevent status asthmaticus which is
      potentially fatal asthma. In those patients who did not improve, inability to
      comply with our regimens was a major factor.

PMID- 2899292
TI  - Progressive destructive mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomi.

PMID- 2899293
TI  - Infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type I in patients with leukemia.

PMID- 2899294
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 31-1988. A 51-year-old man with fever, painful legs, and a rash.

PMID- 2899295
TI  - Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - In idiopathic Parkinson's disease massive cell death occurs in the dopamine
      containing substantia nigra. A link between the vulnerability of nigral neurons
      and the prominent pigmentation of the substantia nigra, though long suspected,
      has not been proved. This possibility is supported by evidence that N-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its metabolite MPP+, the latter of
      which causes destruction of nigral neurons, bind to neuromelanin. We have
      directly tested this hypothesis by a quantitative analysis of neuromelanin
      pigmented neurons in control and parkinsonian midbrains. The findings demonstrate
      first that the dopamine-containing cell groups of the normal human midbrain
      differ markedly from each other in the percentage of neuromelanin-pigmented
      neurons they contain. Second, the estimated cell loss in these cell groups in
      Parkinson's disease is directly correlated (r = 0.97, P = 0.0057) with the
      percentage of neuromelanin-pigmented neurons normally present in them. Third,
      within each cell group in the Parkinson's brains, there is greater relative
      sparing of non-pigmented than of neuromelanin-pigmented neurons. This evidence
      suggests a selective vulnerability of the neuromelanin-pigmented subpopulation of
      dopamine-containing mesencephalic neurons in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2899296
TI  - Augmentation of the indirect sympathomimetic action of tyramine by cardioactive
      steroids is a consequence of elevated intracellular sodium.
AB  - The augmentation by the cardioactive steroid acetylstrophanthidin of
      neurotransmitter release evoked by tyramine, and the dependence of the
      augmentation upon Na+, has been investigated in dog saphenous vein rings in which
      monoamine oxidase activity and uptake2 had been inhibited with pargyline and
      corticosterone respectively. High extracellular Na+ (Nao; 263 mmol/l) reduced
      basal efflux of 3H-compounds from the rings and also reduced tyramine-evoked
      efflux. Low Nao (25 mmol/l) increased basal efflux of 3H but reduced tyramine
      evoked efflux. The increment in basal 3H-efflux caused by low Nao was cocaine
      sensitive. A presumed increase in intracellular Na+ (Nai), produced by
      preincubating rings with acetylstrophanthidin in normal (143 mmol/l) or high Nao,
      augmented 3H-efflux evoked by subsequent incubation with tyramine in normal Nao.
      Pre-incubating rings with acetylstrophanthidin in low Nao, conditions which would
      not be expected to increase Nai, did not cause augmentation of the subsequent
      tyramine-evoked 3H-efflux. An increase in Nai, produced either as above or by pre
      incubating rings in high Nao alone, reduced subsequent neuronal 14C-tyramine
      uptake. Low Nao present only during incubation reduced neuronal 14C-tyramine
      uptake, but high Nao present only during incubation did not increase neuronal 14C
      tyramine uptake from that measured in normal Nao. The data are consistent with
      the following hypotheses: that tyramine uptake is dependent upon the prevailing
      inwardly directed Na+-gradient, that consequent noradrenaline efflux is Na+
      gradient dependent and that the enhancement by acetylstrophanthidin of tyramine
      evoked 3H-efflux is a consequence of the raised Nai caused by Na+,K+-ATPase
      inhibition.

PMID- 2899297
TI  - Octreotide: Jack-of-all-trades or expensive orphan?

PMID- 2899298
TI  - Successful treatment of ophthalmoplegia in acromegaly with the somatostatin
      analogue SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2899299
TI  - Closure of a high-output external pancreatic fistula by SMS 201-995, a long
      acting analogue of somatostatin.

PMID- 2899300
TI  - Selective damage in striatum and hippocampus with in vitro anoxia.
AB  - An in vitro model of anoxia-induced brain damage was utilized to help elucidate
      the biochemical basis of cell damage due to reduced oxygen availability. Previous
      studies suggest that anoxia-induced damage may vary presynaptically, post
      synaptically or in the cell body. Thus, the consequences of an anoxic treatment
      incubation were examined with hippocampal slices, which contain cholinergic nerve
      terminals but not cell bodies, and with slices from whole striatum or its
      subregions, which contain both cholinergic cell bodies and nerve terminals.
      Slices were preincubated with either oxygen or nitrogen (treatment incubation)
      and the persistent effects of this treatment on [14C]acetylcholine and 14CO2
      production from [U-14C]glucose were assessed in a subsequent incubation under
      optimal conditions (test incubation). An anoxic treatment incubation reduced the
      subsequent test incubation production of CO2 about 40% in the hippocampus and
      striatum. The anoxic treatment incubation diminished ACh production by 46% in the
      striatum, but only minimally affected that in the hippocampus. Anoxic treatment
      incubations of synaptosomes did not alter test-incubation ACh synthesis or CO2
      production. Omission of calcium from the anoxic treatment incubation increased
      striatal ACh synthesis by 88% and CO2 production in both regions. These results
      suggest that anoxia produces persistent changes in postsynaptic processes or cell
      bodies (in this model cholinergic ones) that differ from those in nerve terminals
      and that calcium is important in the production of these deficits.

PMID- 2899301
TI  - Glutaminase in neurons and astrocytes cultured from mouse brain: kinetic
      properties and effects of phosphate, glutamate, and ammonia.
AB  - Phosphate activated glutaminase comprises two kinetically distinguishable enzyme
      forms in cultures of cerebellar granule cells, of cortical neurons and of
      astrocytes. Specific activity of glutaminase is higher in cultured neurons
      compared with astrocytes. Glutaminase is activated by phosphate in all cell types
      investigated, however, glutaminase in astrocytes requires a much higher
      concentration of phosphate for half maximal activation. One of the products,
      glutamate, inhibits the enzyme strongly, whereas the other product ammonia has
      only a slight inhibitory action on the enzyme.

PMID- 2899302
TI  - Application of serial sampling of cerebrospinal fluid in pharmacodynamic studies
      with a drug active in the CNS: heptabarbital concentrations at onset and offset
      of loss of righting reflex in rats.
AB  - As cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) possesses unique characteristics in order to explore
      concentration-pharmacological response relationships of drugs active in the CNS,
      the practicability of serial sampling of CSF was tested in a study with
      heptabarbital. Concentrations in CSF and plasma were measured simultaneously in
      individual rats during and after an intravenous infusion for 30 min. At the end
      of the infusion, the distribution equilibrium was attained with a CSF/plasma
      concentration ratio of 0.38, roughly equal to the fraction unbound to protein.
      When concentrations in blood and CSF were determined at the onset and offset of
      loss of righting reflex concentrations in blood were significantly greater at
      onset (146 +/- 19 mg/l) than at offset (108 +/- 16 mg/l, n = 6), whereas
      concentrations in CSF were identical (39 +/- 5 and 38 +/- 5 mg/l, respectively).
      This confirmed the earlier observation that the CSF is pharmacokinetically
      indistinguishable from the site of action. When the duration of the loss of
      righting reflex was varied, concentrations of heptabarbital in CSF at onset and
      offset were similar, independent of the duration of the loss of righting reflex
      (1-5 hr). These findings demonstrate the absence of the development of acute
      tolerance and confirmed that no (inter)active metabolites interfered with the
      pharmacological response. In a total number of 26 rats the concentrations in CSF
      at onset and offset of loss of the righting reflex were compared. The
      interindividual variation was 13-15% and the intra-individual variation was only
      4-6%. The results demonstrate the usefulness of serial sampling of CSF in
      pharmacodynamic studies with centrally acting drugs.

PMID- 2899303
TI  - The effect of long-term treatment with amine-depleting drugs or chlorpromazine on
      alpha-adrenoreceptors and 5-HT2 receptors in the brain of the rat.
AB  - The effect of chlorpromazine, oxypertine, tetrabenazine or reserpine on alpha
      adrenoreceptors and 5-HT2 receptors in the brain of the rat was studied both in
      vitro and after the administration to animals for up to 12 months. In vitro,
      chlorpromazine and oxypertine potently displaced the specific binding of [3H]WB
      4101 to alpha 1 adrenoreceptors in the cortex and of [3H]ketanserin to 5-HT2
      receptors in the frontal cortex. Both drugs were moderately effective in
      displacing the specific binding of [3H]clonidine from cortical alpha 2
      adrenoreceptors. Tetrabenazine only weakly displaced the specific binding of
      [3H]WB 4101, [3H] clonidine and [3H]ketanserin. The incorporation of reserpine
      into tissue incubates had little effect on the binding of any of these ligands.
      Administration of chlorpromazine (33-36 mg/kg/day) to rats for up to 12 months
      reduced the number of specific binding sites (Bmax) for [3H]ketanserin in the
      frontal cortex, but did not alter the specific binding of [3H]WB 4101 or specific
      [3H]clonidine to cortical membranes. In contrast, treatment with oxypertine (6.3
      7.3 mg/kg/day), tetrabenazine (6.0-6.7 mg/kg/day) or reserpine (0.28-0.30
      mg/kg/day) increased the Bmax for the specific binding of [3H]WB 4101, but did
      not alter the specific binding of [3H]clonidine or [3H]ketanserin. Oxypertine
      resembles chlorpromazine in its ability to interact with alpha-adrenoreceptors
      and 5-HT2 receptors in brain. Tetrabenazine and reserpine have few direct actions
      on post-synaptic monoamine receptors. However, on long-term administration,
      oxypertine, like tetrabenazine and reserpine, predominantly altered alpha 1
      adrenoreceptors, whereas chlorpromazine influenced the population of 5-HT2
      receptors.

PMID- 2899304
TI  - Transmitter phenotype is a major determinant in the specificity of synapses
      formed by cholinergic neurons transplanted to the hippocampus.
AB  - Embryonic habenular or striatal cholinergic tissues were transplanted to the
      hippocampal formation of adult rats. The connectivity of these grafts with the
      host hippocampal formation was analysed using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry
      and immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase.
      Both graft types produced laminar arrangements of acetylcholinesterase-positive
      fibers in the hippocampal formation that closely resembled the native pattern of
      cholinergic innervation. In addition, graft-derived choline acetyltransferase
      immunoreactive synapses were found in the host hippocampal formation. These
      synapses were formed on non-immunoreactive dendritic structures and were similar
      to the types of cholinergic synapses found in the hippocampal formation of normal
      animals. These data indicate that the cholinergic transmitter phenotype is a
      major determinant of whether a neuron will form typical cholinergic synapses with
      hippocampal targets.

PMID- 2899305
TI  - Both synaptic and antidromic stimulation of neurons in the rat superior cervical
      ganglion acutely increase tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk produces
      an acute increase in the rate of DOPA synthesis in the rat superior cervical
      ganglion. The present study was designed to test the possibility that this acute
      transsynaptic stimulation of catechol biosynthesis could be, at least in part, a
      consequence of an increase in the firing rate of the postganglionic sympathetic
      neurons. For this purpose, the effect of stimulation in vitro of the
      preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk was compared to that of stimulation of
      the predominantly postganglionic internal and external carotid nerves.
      Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk at 10 Hz for 30 min produced a 4.6
      fold increase in DOPA synthesis, while simultaneous stimulation of the two
      postganglionic trunks produced a 3.1-fold increase. The internal carotid nerve is
      known to contain a small population of preganglionic fibers that synapse on
      principal neurons in the ganglion before entering this nerve trunk. To eliminate
      the possibility that the effect of stimulation of the internal carotid nerve is
      mediated by synaptic stimulation via these preganglionic "through fibers", the
      effect of stimulation of previously decentralized ganglia was examined. While
      decentralization reduced the magnitude of the effect of stimulation of the
      internal and external carotid nerves, a 2.0-fold increase in DOPA synthesis was
      still seen. In addition, when these nerve trunks were stimulated in control
      ganglia that had been maintained in organ culture for 48 h to allow time for the
      degeneration of afferent nerve terminals, DOPA synthesis increased 4.1
      fold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899306
TI  - Immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase in the human brain stem: description of adrenergic perikarya
      and characterization of longitudinal catecholaminergic pathways.
AB  - Using immunocytochemical method in conjunction with antibodies to tyrosine
      hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, catecholaminergic cell
      groups and axon pathways are mapped in the human hind brain. Adrenergic perikarya
      are located mainly in the rostral medulla, as in lower animals, and contribute a
      subset of axons to the main longitudinal catecholaminergic bundle which runs
      through the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain such as the dorsal part of the
      central nucleus of the medulla oblongata, the parvocellular reticular formation
      ventromedial to the facial nerve and ventrolateral to the locus coeruleus.
      Adrenergic terminals are present in the locus coeruleus and other medullary and
      pontine structures. The locus coeruleus contains only tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive cells and appears to be the source of a discrete dorsal
      catecholaminergic bundle which runs through the central tegmental field just
      ventrolateral to the periaqueductal gray of the rostral pons and mesencephalon
      and which does not contain adrenergic axons. A ventral catecholaminergic bundle
      arising in the medullary cells does contain a subset of adrenergic axons in the
      mesencephalic tegmental field. These two longitudinal axon bundles run near each
      other in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Additional descriptions are
      provided of catecholaminergic axons near the dorsal and ventral surface of the
      human medulla.

PMID- 2899307
TI  - The mode of action of guanidine on mouse motor nerve terminals.
AB  - The action of guanidine on presynaptic membrane currents has been investigated to
      elucidate its facilitatory effect on phasic transmitter release at the mouse
      neuromuscular junction. Guanidine (2-10 mM) produced a near complete inhibition
      of the fast voltage-dependent K current. This effect is expected to allow an
      increase in Ca2+ influx and, thereby, in transmitter release upon nerve
      stimulation. Guanidine failed to block the Ca-dependent K current of the nerve
      terminals.

PMID- 2899308
TI  - CNQX blocks acidic amino acid induced depolarizations and synaptic components
      mediated by non-NMDA receptors in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - 6-Cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitro-quinoxaline (CNQX; FG 9065) is a new excitatory
      amino acid antagonist. In the spinal cord it has been reported to selectively
      block responses to acidic amino acids acting at receptors of the non-N-methyl-D
      aspartate (non-NMDA) type. Here we report that in rat hippocampal slices bathed
      in Mg2+-free medium 10 microM CNQX reversibly blocks responses to alpha-amino-3
      hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA), quisqualate and kainate but
      not NMDA. The synaptic response evoked by low frequency stimulation of Schaffer
      collateral-commissural fibres in 1 mM Mg2+-containing medium is completely
      blocked by this concentration of CNQX. In contrast the synaptic response evoked
      in Mg2+-free medium is not fully blocked by CNQX. The CNQX-insensitive component
      is, however, abolished by addition of a selective NMDA antagonist. The use of
      CNQX has allowed for the first time selective synaptic activation of NMDA
      receptors in the hippocampus.

PMID- 2899310
TI  - Effect of the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion on phosphorylation of tyrosine
      hydroxylase in rat pheochromocytoma PC12h cells.
AB  - Effects of the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) on DOPA formation and
      phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) of rat pheochromocytoma PC12h cells
      were examined after the cells were cultured with MPP+. DOPA formed from
      endogenous tyrosine in PC12h cells after a 3-day culture with 100 microM MPP+ was
      decreased to less than 50% as compared to that in the control cells cultured
      without MPP+. Kinetical study showed that two apparent forms of TH with different
      Km existed in the cells cultured with 100 microM MPP+ but one form in that of
      control. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into TH molecule was also reduced
      to 50% of its control value following a 3-day exposure to 100 microM MPP+. These
      results suggest that MPP+ acutely inhibits the phosphorylation of TH to decrease
      cellular DOPA formation.

PMID- 2899309
TI  - NMDA antagonists: lack of protective effect against hypoxic damage in CA1 region
      of hippocampal slices.
AB  - Rat hippocampal slices were exposed to a hypoxic insult in control medium or
      while exposed to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists DL-2-amino
      7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (100 microM) or DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (25
      or 100 microM). Synaptic transmission between Schaffer collaterals and CA 1
      pyramidal cells was evaluated before and after the hypoxic period, and the DC
      potential in the CA 1 pyramidal cell layer was monitored during the hypoxic
      period. Neither antagonist significantly increased the proportion of slices in
      which synaptic transmission recovered following hypoxia, nor did they increase
      the latency of the spreading depression-like anoxic depolarization. We suggest
      that NMDA receptors are not involved in neural damage caused by severe hypoxia
      with sudden onset, while they may play a role in the effects of more moderate,
      gradual onset hypoxia and in post-ischemic reperfusion effects.

PMID- 2899311
TI  - Prognostic variables in treating vaginismus.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with vaginismus were seen in a Sexual Dysfunction Program
      over five years. Twenty of these patients continued in therapy and had successful
      outcomes. Length of therapy was analyzed and seen to be related to the following
      factors: duration of the dysfunction, and patient's conception of the etiology of
      the problem, history of previous attempts at operative treatment, motivational
      factors, the husband's degree of acceptance of the unconsummated marriage,
      previous organic abnormalities, extent of sexual knowledge, fear of sexually
      transmitted diseases, parental attitudes regarding sex, and the patient's
      attitude toward her genitalia. Follow-up of one to four years has revealed
      maintenance of sexual functioning in 95% of the couples. The three patients who
      dropped out and were considered failures all had had previous operative therapy
      and would not relinquish the idea that there was an anatomic abnormality causing
      their dysfunction. The method of therapy is reviewed.

PMID- 2899312
TI  - Effect of terfenadine on the response to exercise and cold air in asthma.
AB  - To assess the role of histamine as a mediator in the response to exercise and
      isocapnic hyperventilation of cold air (IHCA) in asthma, we studied nine
      asthmatic subjects, age 13 to 25 years. All had exercise induced asthma (EIA) and
      positive responses to IHCA. Baseline lung function was measured before
      standardized challenges with histamine, exercise and IHCA. On separate days,
      these tests were repeated 3 h after a single oral dose of 120 mg terfenadine
      (TF). Histamine responsiveness decreased significantly, with a provocative
      concentration, producing a greater than or equal to 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20), of
      1.1 +/- 0.8 mg/ml (mean +/- SEM) before and 12.0 +/- 4.9 mg/ml after the
      antihistamine. EIA was significantly less after TF, with 53 +/- 5% mean maximal
      falls in FEV1 from baseline before, and 29 +/- 9% after treatment (P less than
      0.01, paired t-test). In contrast, the effect of TF on the response to IHCA was
      insignificant, with mean maximal falls of 45 +/- 7% in FEV1 before, and 41 +/- 7%
      after treatment. There was a correlation between PC20 and lowest FEV1 (%
      predicted) for EIA (r = 0.56, P less than 0.05), but not for IHCA (r = 0.34, NS).
      This study indicates a role of histamine as a mediator in EIA but not in IHCA,
      supporting different mechanisms for both stimuli.

PMID- 2899313
TI  - Physiological assessment of growth hormone secretion in the diagnosis of children
      with short stature.
AB  - Many advances characterize the research into the diagnosis of short stature in
      children. Increasing evidence shows a continuous spectrum of growth hormone (GH)
      output among GH-deficient patients and short normal children. Although
      biosynthetic human GH could theoretically offer the chance of treating most
      slowly growing children, it is not certain that all short normal children with a
      poor height velocity could benefit from therapy. Indeed, besides auxological
      findings, the assessment of GH secretion remains essential in selecting
      candidates for therapy. In this respect the evaluation of GH secretion by means
      of tests that can explore the physiological pathways involved in the hormone
      output appears important. Moreover some clinical evidence suggests that
      pharmacological stimuli cause the pituitary release of stored GH perhaps
      unavailable in physiological conditions. Among the classical physiological tests,
      the exercise test, the standardization of which has been debated, is commonly
      used in clinical practice. The sleep test, i.e. the evaluation of sleep
      associated GH secretion, is the most important. It has no side effects and does
      not require the administration of exogenous stimuli. Several studies have
      demonstrated its reliability in diagnosing growth disorders in childhood, mainly
      if performed with EEG monitoring. Among the new physiological diagnostic
      approaches the most reliable test is the evaluation of 24-hour GH secretion.
      Knowledge of the integrated hormone concentrations appears particularly important
      in studying children who may have more subtle disturbances in GH secretion. These
      cases show normal GH response to provocative stimuli but show a reduced hormone
      output over 24 h. Indeed they respond well to human GH treatment.

PMID- 2899314
TI  - Regulation of growth hormone secretion. Relevance to the pediatrician.
AB  - The regulation of human growth hormone secretion is complex involving both a
      hypothalamic stimulating and inhibiting hormone. These neurohormones are further
      regulated by neurotransmitters. Abnormalities in growth hormone secretion may
      occur in neurologic, psychiatric and metabolic disorders not related to short
      stature. In addition, the diagnosis of deficiency states of growth hormone
      secretion can often be very difficult. Guidelines for the work-up of short
      children are given.

PMID- 2899315
TI  - [Effect of alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor blockaders on thyroid function in rats
      of various ages].
AB  - The effect of alpha-adrenoblocker dibenamine and beta-adrenoblocker propranolol
      on the blood level of thyroid hormones (TH) and TH production by isolated
      thyroids (T) was investigated in adult and old male rats. Isolated T were
      incubated for 4 h in medium 199 with or without TSH (100 mU/ml). TH blood
      concentration and specific TH production by isolated T was decreased with age.
      TSH stimulated thyroid hormone production in isolated T only in adult rats. Alpha
      or beta-adrenoblockers administration resulted in a decrease in the TH blood
      concentration, basal and TSH-stimulated thyroid hormone production in adult rats.
      The results obtained suggested that aging was accompanied by decreased adrenergic
      control of thyroid function.

PMID- 2899316
TI  - Discriminative and analgesic effects of mu and kappa opioids: in vivo pA2
      analysis.
AB  - This paper illustrates the use of antagonists to study receptor mediation of the
      discriminative stimulus effects of opioids and to determine if their analgesic
      effects are mediated in a similar manner. Analysis by pA2 was used to quantify
      interactions between the opioid antagonist quadazocine and several opioid
      agonists. Interactions were examined under a drug discrimination procedure and
      under a tail withdrawal analgesia procedure. Values of pA2 for quadazocine in
      combination with the kappa agonists bremazocine, ethylketazocine, and U50,488
      ranged between 6.1 and 6.4 under the drug discrimination and tail withdrawal
      procedures. In contrast, the pA2 values for the mu agonists etorphine, fentanyl,
      and morphine under these procedures ranged between 7.6 and 8.2. The difference
      between these pA2 values indicates that the affinity of quadazocine for the
      receptors mediating the effects of the kappa agonists is over one log unit lower
      than its affinity for the receptors mediating the effects of the mu agonists.
      This suggests that the discriminative stimulus and analgesic effects of kappa
      opioid agonists are mediated at the same opioid receptor type, which is different
      from the type of opioid receptor at which mu agonists produce their
      discriminative stimulus and analgesic effects.

PMID- 2899317
TI  - Receptor mediation of the discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine and
      sigma-opioid agonists.
AB  - Evidence has accumulated that the discriminative stimulus effects of
      phencyclidine (PCP) may be transduced by a specific receptor in mammalian brain.
      Two major lines of evidence support this hypothesis. One is the structure
      activity correlation that arylcyclohexylamine analogs of PCP have for PCP-like
      discriminative effects and displacement of [3H]PCP binding. The other, even
      stronger, evidence is that representatives of some nonarylcyclohexylamine classes
      of drugs are both generalized from PCP and have activity at PCP-binding sites.
      These include the psychotomimetic sigma-agonist opioids such as (+)-N
      allylnormetazocine (NANM), the 1,3-substituted dioxolanes dexoxadrol and
      etoxadrol and some benz(f)isoquinolines. Early evidence suggested that there may
      be a complete overlap in the discriminative effects and receptor systems for PCP
      and sigma-agonists, and there continues to be evidence to support the commonality
      of these drug groups. On the other hand, binding studies with radiolabeled sigma
      agonists have revealed a non-PCP site. The role of this site in the behavioral
      actions of sigma-agonists is at present unknown. PCP analogs and other PCP-like
      drugs also can function as reinforcers for self-administration behavior,
      suggesting that the same cellular mechanisms may be responsible for both
      discriminative and reinforcing stimulus effects of these drugs. PCP has been
      shown to block many of the in vitro and in vivo effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA), a putative specific agonist for a subtype of excitatory amino acid
      receptor. Recent evidence that NMDA antagonists are generalized from PCP in rats
      and pigeons provides evidence that modification of excitatory amino
      neurotransmission may be a physiological function of the PCP receptor and that
      this receptor complex may be involved in PCP's discriminative stimulus effects.

PMID- 2899318
TI  - Central nervous system stimulants: neuropharmacological mechanisms.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying CNS-stimulant drug discrimination are discussed.
      Although different doses of CNS stimulants may produce qualitatively different
      cues, it appears that a relatively low dose of d-amphetamine (e.g., 1 mg/kg)
      elicits a "general" CNS-stimulant cue. Presynaptically, this cue may primarily
      depend on release of endogenous dopamine whereas inhibition of dopamine reuptake,
      per se, is insufficient to elicit the cue. Postsynaptically, the involvement of
      both dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors is implicated. Furthermore, in the drug
      discrimination situation, D-1/D-2 receptors may be coupled differently than in
      dopamine-dependent locomotor activation. Anatomically, CNS-stimulant drug
      discrimination may depend primarily on mesolimbic dopamine systems.

PMID- 2899319
TI  - Discriminative stimulus properties of anxiolytic and sedative drugs:
      pharmacological specificity.
AB  - In the first set of experiments rats were trained to discriminate a dose of 5
      mg/kg chlordiazepoxide from saline. The chlordiazepoxide cue was antagonized by
      flumazepil (Ro 15-1788) and by CGS 8216, and generalized to a variety of
      anxiolytic and sedative drugs including the benzodiazepine receptor ligands
      zopiclone, suriclone, CL 218,872, CGS 9896, and ZK 91296. The novel
      imidazopyridine hypnotic, zolpidem, which also displaces benzodiazepines from
      their binding sites, failed to produce high levels of responding on the
      chlordiazepoxide-associated level except at a dose which greatly reduced rates of
      lever pressing. In further experiments rats were trained to discriminate a dose
      of 2 mg/kg zolpidem from saline. This dose produced reductions in response rates
      but an attempt to establish a lower dose of zolpidem as a discriminative stimulus
      was largely unsuccessful. Zolpidem-appropriate responding was produced by
      pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, triazolam, CL 218,872, clorazepate, lorazepam,
      quazepam, and zopiclone but only at doses which reduced response rates. The
      zolpidem cue was antagonized by flumazepil, CGS 9896, and ZK 91296. While the
      discriminative stimulus produced by chlordiazepoxide may be related to its
      anxiolytic action, the zolpidem stimulus is probably more closely associated with
      sedation. It was also tentatively concluded that the stimulus properties of
      chlordiazepoxide and zolpidem are produced by activity at different subtypes of
      benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2899320
TI  - Comparison of discriminative stimuli produced by full and partial benzodiazepine
      agonists: pharmacological specificity.
AB  - Benzodiazepines produce discriminative stimuli that are stereospecific and
      antagonized by specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. The potency of these
      stimuli correlate with the ability of these compounds to bind to the
      benzodiazepine receptor complex. These data indicate that benzodiazepine stimuli
      are transduced via the benzodiazepine receptor. The underlying basis of these
      stimuli is unclear. Results with novel compounds that produce preclinical
      anxiolytic effects without the sedation and muscle relaxation of the classical
      benzodiazepines suggest that muscle relaxation may contribute to these stimuli. A
      direct comparison of discriminative stimuli established on a classical
      benzodiazepine agonist with the stimuli established on a partial benzodiazepine
      agonist supports the possibility that the classical benzodiazepine cue is
      mediated by a muscle relaxant effect, while the partial agonist cue is related to
      the anxioselectivity of the compound.

PMID- 2899321
TI  - Down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors: agonist-induced reduction in
      receptor mRNA levels.
AB  - Incubation of DDT1 MF-2 hamster vas deferens cells with beta-adrenergic agonists
      results in a time- and concentration-dependent decreases in both beta-adrenergic
      receptor (beta AR) responsiveness and receptor number. Receptor mRNA levels were
      quantified by DNA-excess solution hybridization by using a 170-nucleotide single
      stranded probe derived from the hamster beta 2AR cDNA. RNA blot analysis of
      poly(A)+-selected RNA with the solution probe revealed a 2.2-kilobase species.
      Digestion of the RNA/solution probe mixture with S1 endonuclease revealed a
      single species of RNA (170 bases) that was protected by the solution probe. DDT1
      MF-2 cells were found to contain 0.38 pg of beta AR mRNA per microgram of total
      cellular RNA. Incubation (16 hr) with isoproterenol decreased beta AR mRNA levels
      in cells by 40%. This agonist-induced decrease in receptor mRNA levels was found
      to be dependent on the time of incubation and the dose of agonist. The decrease
      in beta AR mRNA was half-maximal at 0.1-0.5 microM isoproterenol. The beta
      adrenergic antagonists CGP 20712A (beta 1-selective) and ICI 118,551 (beta 2
      selective) blocked in a dose-dependent fashion the ability of isoproterenol to
      effect receptor mRNA levels. The beta 2-adrenergic antagonist displayed a potency
      25-fold greater than that of the beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, in agreement with
      the subtype of receptor (beta 2) expressed by these cells. For down-regulated
      cells in which receptor mRNA levels declined in response to agonist, the addition
      of the antagonist ligand (-)-propranolol (1 microM) was able to restore receptor
      mRNA levels to 90% of the control value within 12 hr. Full recovery of steady
      state beta AR mRNA was achieved within 60 hr. These studies provide a molecular
      explanation for the down-regulation of GTP-binding regulatory protein (G protein)
      linked cell-surface receptors that accompanies desensitization.

PMID- 2899322
TI  - Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a biologically active thyroid hormone
      receptor.
AB  - We have isolated a c-erbA cDNA clone from a GH3 cell library. The clone, denoted
      erb62, is 4.5 kilobases long and encodes a 461-amino acid beta-type c-erbA
      protein. This c-erbA protein binds 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and T3 analogs
      with affinities similar to those of the authentic T3 receptor. By RNA gel blot
      analysis, erb62 hybridizes to a 6-kilobase RNA found in organs that express T3
      receptors--e.g., heart, kidney, and brain. A COS-cell transient cotransfection
      system was used to show that erb62 encodes a biologically active T3 receptor. An
      oligonucleotide, corresponding to a portion of the rat growth hormone gene 5'
      flanking region that contains a T3 response element, was inserted on the 5' side
      of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter in a chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase-expressing plasmid. Reporter gene expression directed by this
      hybrid promoter was T3 inducible only if this plasmid was cotransfected with an
      erb62-expressing plasmid.

PMID- 2899323
TI  - Amplified expression of the HER2/ERBB2 oncogene induces resistance to tumor
      necrosis factor alpha in NIH 3T3 cells.
AB  - Functional characterization of oncogene products that induce cellular
      transformation has progressed rapidly in recent years. However, less is known
      about the mechanism(s) by which the transformed cells may escape destruction by
      host immune defenses and form tumors. A recently described oncogene that has an
      important association with aggressive human breast carcinoma is "HER2," for human
      epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The oncogene has also been called NGL and
      human c-erbB-2 (ERBB2). In this paper we show that amplification of HER2 oncogene
      expression can induce resistance of NIH 3T3 cells to the cytotoxic effects of
      recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF-alpha) or macrophages. Resistance
      is accompanied by an increased dissociation constant for rTNF-alpha binding to
      high-affinity receptors on the HER2-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. The resistance
      phenotype is independent of transformation since NIH 3T3 cells transformed by the
      activated human homologue of the Harvey-ras oncogene (HRAS) retain high-affinity
      binding sites for rTNF-alpha as well as sensitivity to its cytotoxic effects.
      These results suggest that HER2 may potentiate tumorigenesis by inducing tumor
      cell resistance to host defense mechanisms.

PMID- 2899324
TI  - Molecular evidence for somatic recombination in the ribosomal DNA of Tetrahymena
      thermophila.
AB  - The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in Tetrahymena thermophila is a 21-kilobase-pair
      palindromic DNA molecule that replicates autonomously in the macronucleus and is
      maintained at the level of about 10,000 copies per macronucleus. The rDNA of
      inbred strain C3 outreplicates the rDNA of inbred strain B in most B/C3
      heterozygous macronuclei, generating macronuclei containing exclusively C3 rDNA
      sequences. In 1% or less of the B/C3 heterozygous macronuclei, however, rDNA
      sequences derived from both B and C3 strains persist in the macronucleus (co
      maintainers). We report here that long-term culture of co-maintainers has yielded
      recombinant rDNA molecules combining sequences from both parental inbred strains.
      The genetic structure of such molecules also gives us virtual certainty that the
      differential replication of C3 rDNA with respect to B rDNA is due to the DNA
      sequence difference previously reported in domain 2 of the rDNA replication
      regions of the two strains.

PMID- 2899325
TI  - Two mutant alleles of the human cytochrome P-450db1 gene (P450C2D1) associated
      with genetically deficient metabolism of debrisoquine and other drugs.
AB  - The "debrisoquine polymorphism" is a clinically important genetic defect of drug
      metabolism affecting 5-10% of individuals in Caucasian populations. It is
      inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. A full-length cDNA for human
      cytochrome P-450db1, the deficient enzyme (also designated P450IID1 for P450
      family II subfamily D isozyme 1), has recently been cloned. Leukocyte DNA from
      "extensive metabolizers" (EMs) or "poor metabolizers" (PMs) of debrisoquine was
      examined by Southern analysis. Two polymorphic restriction fragments were
      associated with the PM phenotype when DNAs from 24 unrelated PM and 29 unrelated
      EM individuals were probed with P-450db1 cDNA after digestion with Xba I
      restriction endonuclease and Southern blotting: a polymorphic 44-kilobase (kb)
      fragment was found in 58% of PMs but only in 3.4% of EMs, and a polymorphic 11.5
      kb fragment was present in 33% of PMs but in none of the EMs. Seventy-five
      percent of PMs had either the 44-kb or the 11.5-kb fragment or both. Segregation
      of these restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the families of six PM
      probands demonstrated that each of the two fragments is allelic with the 29-kb
      fragment present in all EM individuals and suggests that they identify two
      independent mutated allels of the P-450db1 gene (designated P450C2D1). At least a
      third mutated allele not detected by these restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms must be present in the population. The Xba I 44-kb fragment and
      11.5-kb fragment were in linkage disequilibrium with restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms generated by four and five additional restriction endonucleases,
      respectively, which can be used to identify the same mutant alleles for the P
      450db1 gene.

PMID- 2899326
TI  - Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations
      in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats.
AB  - The effect of various drugs on the extracellular concentration of dopamine in two
      terminal dopaminergic areas, the nucleus accumbens septi (a limbic area) and the
      dorsal caudate nucleus (a subcortical motor area), was studied in freely moving
      rats by using brain dialysis. Drugs abused by humans (e.g., opiates, ethanol,
      nicotine, amphetamine, and cocaine) increased extracellular dopamine
      concentrations in both areas, but especially in the accumbens, and elicited
      hypermotility at low doses. On the other hand, drugs with aversive properties
      (e.g., agonists of kappa opioid receptors, U-50,488, tifluadom, and bremazocine)
      reduced dopamine release in the accumbens and in the caudate and elicited
      hypomotility. Haloperidol, a neuroleptic drug, increased extracellular dopamine
      concentrations, but this effect was not preferential for the accumbens and was
      associated with hypomotility and sedation. Drugs not abused by humans [e.g.,
      imipramine (an antidepressant), atropine (an antimuscarinic drug), and
      diphenhydramine (an antihistamine)] failed to modify synaptic dopamine
      concentrations. These results provide biochemical evidence for the hypothesis
      that stimulation of dopamine transmission in the limbic system might be a
      fundamental property of drugs that are abused.

PMID- 2899328
TI  - Benzodiazepine abuse in patients of doctors in domiciliary practice in the Basle
      area.
AB  - In the city of Basle with a catchment area of 300,000 inhabitants a significant
      number of physicians were asked for observations concerning benzodiazepine abuse
      by their patients. In 1985, 31 patients abusing benzodiazepine only were
      observed, which represents an incidence of 1:10,000 or 0.01%. In addition,
      concrete information on 88 patients with multiple abuse was obtained. Demographic
      data, diagnosis and main reason of abuse, data on most frequently abused drugs,
      consequences of abuse, as well as measures against the abused are described in
      relation to the two main groups of abusers.

PMID- 2899327
TI  - L-glutamate-induced depolarization in solitary photoreceptors: a process that may
      contribute to the interaction between photoreceptors in situ.
AB  - L-Glutamate is a leading candidate for the vertebrate photoreceptor transmitter.
      In addition to the signal transmission to second-order neurons, photoreceptors
      communicate with each other not only electrically but also chemically. In the
      present study, by using solitary turtle photoreceptors, we examined the
      possibility that L-glutamate mediates interreceptor communication. L-Glutamate
      evoked an inward current in all subtypes of photoreceptors voltage-clamped to the
      resting potential. The highest glutamate sensitivity was located at the axon
      terminal. Both stereoisomers of aspartate were effective, whereas kainate,
      quisqualate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and D-glutamate were ineffective. The presence
      of Na+ was essential to response generation; even Li+ could not substitute for
      Na+. The relation between L-glutamate-induced current and the membrane voltage
      was strongly inward-rectifying. These results favor the hypothesis that the L
      glutamate-induced response is generated by an electrogenic uptake carrier.
      However, L-glutamate-induced current was always accompanied by an increase in
      current fluctuations, a phenomenon commonly observed in ion channels but not
      expected for an uptake carrier. Although the underlying mechanism needs further
      elucidation, it seems likely that L-glutamate is a transmitter for communication
      between photoreceptors.

PMID- 2899329
TI  - Antidepressant combination therapy of endogenous depressions with benzodiazepines
      or neuroleptics--a study comparing adjuvant treatment with oxazolam versus
      chlorprothixene.
AB  - Antidepressants are routinely administered in combination with benzodiazepine
      tranquilizers or low-potency neuroleptics. A controlled study was conducted
      involving 40 endogenous depressive inpatients who were treated with maprotiline
      in combination with the benzodiazepine oxazolam or the neuroleptic
      chlorprothixene. After a period of two weeks there was no significant difference
      in the clinical ratings (HRSD, Bf-S, BL, CGI) of the two groups studied. Only in
      the factor "anxiety" and the adjective mood scale scores was there a tendency
      toward quicker onset of action (third day) in the patient group treated with
      oxazolam, though it was not statistically significant. The clinical global
      evaluation (efficacy, tolerability) showed more favorable ratings for oxazolam
      than for chlorprothixene. Both substances were generally tolerated well; oxazolam
      hardly ever caused any side effects. However, a slight deterioration of some
      patients' conditions was observed after discontinuation of oxazolam.

PMID- 2899330
TI  - High-dose infusion therapy for severe depressions.
AB  - The present paper reports the results of high-dose intravenous antidepressive
      treatment performed at the Psychiatric Department of the Hungarian Central
      Hospital in Budapest. Based on the differences in the comparative dexamethasone
      suppression tests (DSTs), prolactin (PRL) responses and Fischer Symptom Check
      List (FSCL) scores, it is hypothesized that a high parenterally administered dose
      of dibenzepine acts differently in comparison to oral drugs, which are
      extensively metabolized in the hepatic microsomal system. The results obtained so
      far suggest that the effect of high-dose intravenous dibenzepine in endogenous
      depressive states is comparable to that of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), as
      far as the regression of symptoms and biochemical changes are concerned.

PMID- 2899331
TI  - Positron emission tomography and subcortical glucose metabolism in schizophrenia.
AB  - Our previous observation of a disturbed subcortical-to-cortical gradient of
      activity in schizophrenia was further elucidated by examining glucose metabolism
      in three subcortical structures: lenticular nucleus, caudate nucleus, and
      thalamus. Local cerebral glucose metabolism was determined with 18F
      fluorodeoxyglucose using positron emission tomography (PET) in a sample of 20
      unmedicated schizophrenics and 18 normal volunteers. Repeated evaluations were
      performed for 12 schizophrenics following treatment with psychotropic medications
      and for 11 controls. Unmedicated schizophrenics had lower cortical and caudate
      absolute metabolic rates. Subcortical-to-cortical ratios for the lenticular
      nucleus and thalamus were increased in schizophrenics compared with controls,
      reflecting a preservation of activity in these structures relative to decreased
      cortical metabolism. When patients were grouped by length of medication-free
      period before the initial study, there was a trend for patients who had been
      medication free less than 6 months to have higher subcortical ratios. However,
      there were no consistent effects of medication in the subsample of patients whose
      PET studies were repeated following treatment. The results demonstrate relative
      hypermetabolism in structures implicated in dopamine pathways. An understanding
      of the physiological significance of this finding awaits the combined measurement
      of metabolic activity and neuroreceptors in schizophrenics.

PMID- 2899332
TI  - Neuroleptic effects on electrodermal responsivity to soft tones and loud noise in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Electrodermal procedures have consistently yielded two groups of schizophrenic
      patients--responders and nonresponders--on the basis of their electrodermal
      responsivity to auditory stimuli. The reliability of this finding has proved to
      be a cornerstone of autonomic research in schizophrenia. Previous investigators
      have reported that neuroleptic medications have little or no effect on
      electrodermal responsivity to mild tones. The current research found that
      patients receiving neuroleptics with high anticholinergic properties showed
      significantly less electrodermal responsivity compared with those receiving low
      anticholinergic neuroleptics. This was true for both loud and mild auditory
      stimuli.

PMID- 2899333
TI  - Central mu, delta- and kappa-opioid influences on intestinal water and
      electrolyte transport in dogs.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of opioid peptides
      with mu-(DAGO), mu- and delta-(DALAMIDE, DADLE) and kappa-(dynorphin) properties
      on normal and stimulated (cholera toxin) net fluxes of water, Na+ and K+ through
      a jejunal Thiry-Vella loop were investigated in conscious dogs. Basal net water
      absorption was slightly, but significantly (P less than 0.05) increased during
      i.c.v. infusion of DALAMIDE or DAGO (0.5 ng/kg/min) but not DADLE and dynorphin
      (1-13) at the same rate; DALAMIDE and DAGO also markedly reduced (by 72.3 and
      79.5% respectively) the secretory effects of cholera toxin (0.4 micrograms/ml).
      Similar effects were obtained with DALAMIDE and DAGO when injected i.c.v. as a
      bolus (100 ng/kg) prior to cholera toxin infusion; they were suppressed after
      i.v. pretreatment with naltrexone (0.3 mg/kg) but also with propranolol (0.2
      mg/kg). In contrast, i.v. phentolamine (0.2 mg/kg) and bilateral truncal
      vagotomy, were unable to block their effects. These results suggest that Met
      enkephalin can act centrally to affect intestinal transport of (i) water and (ii)
      electrolytes in dogs. They act probably at central mu-receptors which are
      involved in the regulation of intestinal secretion mediated through a central or
      peripheral beta-adrenergic pathway.

PMID- 2899334
TI  - Effect of vagotomy and atropine on plasma somatostatin response to a meal in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - In 4 conscious dogs with gastric fistulas the somatostatin responses to a meal
      were measured and compared to the responses seen after i.v. infusion of atropine
      sulfate (20 and 50 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) or cimetidine (8 mg.kg-1.h-1). The
      experiments were repeated after truncal vagotomy. The somatostatin responses to
      bombesin (0.5 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) were also measured before and after vagotomy.
      Vagotomy decreased basal and postprandial somatostatin levels and reduced the
      somatostatin responses to feeding during the first 30-min period following the
      ingestion of the meal but not during subsequent periods. Bombesin-induced
      somatostatin release was increased after vagotomy. Atropine decreased the
      somatostatin responses to the meal before and after vagotomy. Cimetidine had no
      significant effect. These studies suggest that, in conscious dogs, somatostatin
      released into the circulation is partly under vagal control and that, as for
      gastrin release, vagal pathways for stimulation and inhibition are present. Our
      studies also suggest that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the control of
      postprandial somatostatin release.

PMID- 2899335
TI  - [Pharmacologic effect of a new synthetic analog of somatostatin (SMS 201-995) on
      fasting intragastric pH in subjects with duodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2899336
TI  - Enhancing effect of bucolome on biliary excretion of ouabain and digoxin in the
      rat.
AB  - The effect of bucolome (1-cyclohexyl-5-n-butyl-2,4,6-trioxoperhydropyrimidine) on
      the biliary excretion of intravenously administered ouabain and digoxin was
      examined in rats. The intravenously administered [3H] ouabain (0.1 mg/100 g b wt)
      was more rapidly excreted in the bile in female rats than in males.
      Intraperitoneal administration of bucolome induced a two fold increase in bile
      flow rate, accompanied by a significant increase in biliary recovery of ouabain
      during first 10 min (by 100% in males and 50% in females) resulting in
      significantly higher 60-min total biliary recoveries in both sexes. In female
      rats 80% of radioactivity was recovered in the bile as an unmetabolized form
      after 10 min of intravenous administration of [3H] digoxin. Biliary excretion of
      the parent drug, digoxin, was also enhanced by intraperitoneal administration of
      bucolome. Although the underlying mechanism(s) remains unknown, it was shown that
      biliary excretion of both ouabain and digoxin was enhanced by bucolome, as was
      previously shown for ouabain in male rats.

PMID- 2899337
TI  - Methylmercury-cysteinylglycine constitutes the main form of methylmercury in rat
      bile.
AB  - The chemical form of methylmercury (MM) in bile was studied by gel filtration and
      ion exchange chromatography using male rats of various ages. EDTA was added to
      all mixtures used throughout the experimental procedures in order to prevent
      oxidation of non-protein sulfhydryl compounds (NPSHs). MM-cysteinylglycine
      (CysGly) was found to be a predominant chemical form of MM in bile of 4 to 22
      week-old rat exposed to methylmercuric chloride. The ratio of MM-glutathione
      (GSH) tended to increase with age after 4 weeks until 12 weeks of age, reflecting
      the age-dependent increase in the ratio of GSH to total NPSHs in bile. In 8-week
      old rats, although the biliary concentration of GSH was about three times higher
      than that of CysGly, MM-CysGly was still one of the main chemical forms of MM in
      bile. This suggests that CysGly has a higher affinity for MM than GSH. In fact,
      when MM was mixed in vitro with GSH and CysGly in the same molar ratio as that in
      the bile of 8-week-old rat, MM-CysGly was found to be a predominant mercury-thiol
      complex. Thus, age-dependent changes in the molar ratio of biliary NPSHs together
      with their affinity to MM seems to determine the biliary chemical form of MM
      administered or added into the bile in vitro.

PMID- 2899338
TI  - New method for easy labeling of beta-2-agonists in the metered dose inhaler with
      technetium 99m.
AB  - The actual deposition pattern of micronized drugs from metered dose inhalers
      (MDI) is incompletely known because there are no methods available to label the
      drugs (beta 2-agonists) with gamma-emitters. Indirect measurements of the
      distribution of the drug in man differed greatly due to the method used. Our
      method uses the better solubility of 99mTcO4- in the beta 2-agonist-micronized
      drug in relation to the propellant with surfactant. The principle is to extract
      the 99mTcO4- from the original water phase into the liquid phase of the
      propellant with ethyl methyl ketone. For labeling the micronized drug particles,
      the original MDI must be cooled to -60 degrees C and some labeled propellant
      (including surfactant) with high specific activity of 99mTcO4- is added through
      an aperture in the bottom of the container. The aperture is sealed with a screw.
      After rewarming the MDI, more than 90% of the added 99mTcO4- is dissolved in the
      beta 2-agonist-micronized drug in relation to its volume. This is proved by
      comparing the distribution of the radioactivity component with chemical analysis.
      The pattern of deposition of both MDIs - placebo and beta 2-agonist-micronized
      drug - was shown to be similar in healthy volunteers. With a labeled MDI a
      preliminary study with 2 different inhaling maneuvers was performed in 7
      volunteers: inhaling from residual volume after a pause of 2 s the intrabronchial
      deposition was 18.7%, and inhaling at 50% of vital capacity maneuver the
      intrabronchial deposition was 33.0%. The data obtained with actual measurement of
      the inhaled drug from MDI suggest greater intrabronchial deposition than was
      assumed before in the literature.

PMID- 2899339
TI  - [Takayasu's arteritis: study of 11 cases].

PMID- 2899340
TI  - [Bioequivalency of salazosulfapyridine tablets].

PMID- 2899341
TI  - [Pharmaceutical characteristics of depot neuroleptics. Their use and efficacy in
      the psychiatric clinic].

PMID- 2899342
TI  - [Hematology: biomedical discipline and interdiscipline constantly updated].

PMID- 2899343
TI  - [Importance of immunoserological research in the diagnosis and follow-up of the
      evolution of autoimmune hemolytic anemias].

PMID- 2899345
TI  - [Blast study in acute leukemia using monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 2899344
TI  - [Acute promyelocytic leukemia. A study of 119 cases and a review of the
      literature].

PMID- 2899346
TI  - [The staging of chronic lymphatic leukemia. Its prognostic value and therapeutic
      implications].

PMID- 2899347
TI  - [Treatment by the CHOP protocol in malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas with high
      malignancy].

PMID- 2899348
TI  - [Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The working morphological classification of
      the Hematology Clinic].

PMID- 2899349
TI  - [The value of an in vitro method of granulomonocytic colonies for the diagnosis
      and prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes].

PMID- 2899350
TI  - [Erythrocytic fragmentation--a sign of disseminated intravascular coagulation].

PMID- 2899351
TI  - [Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia: a clinical study of 30 cases and a review of the
      literature].

PMID- 2899352
TI  - [Pathogenetic mechanism of the DIC syndrome].

PMID- 2899353
TI  - [Chronic refractory anemia with manifestations of nocturnal paroxysmal
      hemoglobinuria and chronic disseminated coagulopathy preceding the onset of acute
      myelomonocytic leukemia].

PMID- 2899354
TI  - Activation of human T cells by neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-treated
      erythrocytes involving CD2 (T11) and its complementary structure.
AB  - Human T lymphocyte proliferation induced by neuraminidase-galactose oxidase
      (NAGO)-treated autologous erythrocytes (HENAGO) plus polyethylene glycol (PEG)
      has previously been shown to be independent of accessory cells. Here, we show
      that the response to HENAGO + PEG was accompanied by interleukin 2 (IL-2) release
      and was inhibited by anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies. HENAGO alone
      initiated DNA synthesis together with phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol
      13-acetate; TPA). To elucidate the nature of the stimulatory signals NAGO-treated
      sheep erythrocytes (SENAGO) were used in additional experiments. In parallel to
      the superior rosetting capacity of SE compared to HE. SENAGO were by themselves
      stimulatory, and the response was further enhanced by PEG or TPA. Antibody
      L180/1, specific for the T11 (CD2) target structure (T11TS) on SE, homologous to
      the human CD2 ligand LFA-3, abolished the response to SENAGO alone or when
      combined with PEG or TPA. The results suggest that ENAGO induce T-cell response
      through CD2-LFA-3-T11TS interaction, and via other surface antigens bound by the
      oxidatively induced aldehyde groups on ENAGO.

PMID- 2899355
TI  - [Advances in research on sleep mechanisms].

PMID- 2899356
TI  - Carboxyl terminal domain of Gs alpha specifies coupling of receptors to
      stimulation of adenylyl cyclase.
AB  - The alpha subunits of Gs and Gi link different sets of hormone receptors to
      stimulation and inhibition, respectively, of adenylyl cyclase. A chimeric alpha
      i/alpha s cDNA was constructed that encodes a polypeptide composed of the amino
      terminal 60% of an alpha i chain and the carboxyl terminal 40% of alpha s. The
      cDNA was introduced via a retroviral vector into S49 cyc- cells, which lack
      endogenous alpha s. Although less than half of the hybrid alpha chain is derived
      from alpha s, its ability to mediate beta-adrenoceptor stimulation of adenylyl
      cyclase matched that of the normal alpha s polypeptide expressed from the same
      retroviral vector in cyc- cells. This result indicates that carboxyl terminal
      amino acid sequences of alpha s contain the structural features that are required
      for specificity of interactions with the effector enzyme, adenylyl cyclase, as
      well as with the hormone receptor.

PMID- 2899357
TI  - Sphenopalatine ganglion blocks for the treatment of nicotine addiction.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sphenopalatine
      ganglion block upon the physical symptoms of nicotine withdrawal in a double
      blind placebo-controlled study. Seventeen patients completed a course of
      treatment which involved daily intranasal application of local anesthetic
      (bupivacaine or cocaine) or saline over the sphenopalatine ganglion. The reported
      numbers of daily symptoms of physical discomfort were recorded during the
      preprocedure period. Analysis of variance results indicated that patients in all
      three groups experienced a significant decline in the number of symptoms of
      physical discomfort over the six-day withdrawal period. Further findings provided
      evidence of significantly fewer symptoms of discomfort for patients in the
      anesthetic treatment groups than in the placebo control group, though no
      statistically significant difference emerged between the two anesthetic treatment
      groups. Accelerated alleviation of discomfort during nicotine withdrawal may
      increase the success of smoking cessation.

PMID- 2899359
TI  - The International Working Party for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Carcinoma of
      the Cervix.

PMID- 2899358
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: guidelines for treatment and reinstitution of
      neuroleptics.
AB  - The neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a dangerous, often fatal,
      idiosyncratic disorder presumably of the basal ganglia and hypothalamus. It is
      usually associated with neuroleptic medications, and it is believed to be related
      to blockage of dopamine receptors in the brain. The NMS has also been reported in
      patients with Parkinson's disease after withdrawal of antiparkinsonian agents
      during "drug holidays." Cardinal features include fever, muscular rigidity, an
      elevated serum level of creatine phosphokinase, changes in mental status, and
      autonomic dysfunction. Although treatment has been largely supportive, dopamine
      agonists, such as bromocriptine, and a direct-acting muscle relaxant, dantrolene,
      have been used with good clinical outcome. Guidelines for reinstitution of
      neuroleptics are suggested.

PMID- 2899360
TI  - [The basic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2899361
TI  - Cryptorchidism, and epidemiologic study with emphasis on the relationship to
      central nervous system dysfunction.
AB  - This case-control study examines the relation of cryptorchidism to central
      nervous system dysfunction. Elevated odd ratios were found for cerebral palsy (RR
      = 34), low IQ (RR = 2.7), and low motor function measured by the Bayley test (RR
      = 3.6). Low IQ and cerebral palsy were independent risk factors for
      cryptorchidism. Breech labor (RR = 2.6), a gestation less than 34 weeks (RR =
      2.0), and being a twin (RR = 4.1) were also independent risks. Other risk factors
      were estrogen use by the mother (RR = 3.3) and a maternal Quetelet index less
      than 24 (RR = 1.6). All of these risks were statistically significant. These
      factors suggest that cryptorchidism may be caused either by sex steroid action
      directly on the testes or by CNS damage, which in turn causes suppression of
      pituitary gonadotropins. The increased occurrence of cryptorchidism in twins and
      small babies indicates that retarded general fetal development can be another
      mechanism for maldescent of the testes.

PMID- 2899362
TI  - Immunosuppression of graft rejection with idarubicin-monoclonal antibody
      conjugates by elimination of T cell subsets in vivo.
AB  - Idarubicin, a more therapeutically effective derivative of daunomycin, when
      coupled to monoclonal antibodies that react with murine and human tumors has the
      ability to specifically target and eradicate tumor cell populations in vitro and
      in vivo. In this study the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of idarubicin coupled to
      monoclonal antibodies reactive with distinct subpopulations of lymphocytes
      (L3T4+, Ly-2+) has been characterized. Using a tumor allograft model in vivo the
      potential use of drug-monoclonal antibody conjugates to prevent graft rejection
      has been investigated. Three to five molecules of Idarubicin could be coupled to
      the monoclonal antibodies (anti-Ly-2.1, anti-L3T4, or anti-Thy-1) with retention
      of protein solubility and antibody activity. Some loss of idarubicin activity (4
      10-fold) occurred upon conjugation to the monoclonal antibodies--however,
      selective cytotoxicity for antibody reactive cell lines was observed. All three
      conjugates demonstrated the capacity to significantly deplete reactive subsets of
      spleen cells--further evidenced by the ability of combined idarubicin-anti-L3T4
      and Idarubicin-anti-Ly-2.1 treatment of idarubicin-anti-Thy-1 treatment to
      prolong the survival of (Ly-2-, L3T4-) P388D1 tumor grafts in CBA mice in the
      presence of H-2 and non H-2 antigenic differences. This form of selective
      immunosuppression may have relevance for the treatment of graft rejection in man.

PMID- 2899363
TI  - An anti-human-T-cell monoclonal antibody with specificity for a novel
      determinant.
AB  - A new antihuman T cell monoclonal antibody, MAb 22, recognizes an antigen that is
      present on all mature T cells, but detected on only a subset of thymocytes. Dual
      color flow microfluorimetry (FMF) demonstrates that MAb 22 staining has
      concordant distribution with pan-T MAb specific for CD3 and CD5 and includes the
      CD4 and CD8 subsets; other FMF studies confirm T cell specificity of MAb 22
      expression by cells of hematopoietic origin. The antigen recognized by MAb 22 is
      expressed on only a subset of thymocytes and by dual FMF is expressed at a mature
      thymocyte stage. Immunoprecipitation by MAb 22 demonstrates a series of molecules
      with a predominant 45 KD protein and associated 12 and 95 KD proteins under
      reducing conditions, while a 92 KD protein predominates under nonreducing
      conditions. Comparisons of expression on a variety of T cell lines, including a
      mutant line defective in the expression of the T cell receptor, by FMF analysis
      further distinguishes the determinant recognized by MAb 22 from those detected by
      MAb of defined T cell specificity.

PMID- 2899364
TI  - Study of murine T cell migration using the Thy-1 allotypic marker. Demonstration
      of antigen-specific homing to lymph node germinal centers.
AB  - We describe the use of Thy-1 alloantigen as a marker for in vivo T lymphocyte
      homing studies. Following transfer of 5 x 10(7) peripheral node T cells i.v., 32%
      of the transferred cells could be recovered in the host lymphoid organs (spleen,
      lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and thymus); 11% of the T cells in the lymph nodes
      were donor derived. The transferred T cells assume the same microenvironmental
      and immunophenotypic distribution as the host T cells. The transferred T cells
      are identifiable in peripheral lymph nodes up to 170 days posttransfer, gradually
      declining in number during this time without evidence of rejection. This Thy-1
      transfer technique permits T lymphocyte homing studies to be performed under
      physiologic conditions without problems of loss of lymphocyte subsets, selective
      labeling of lymphocyte populations, or long-term marker loss or dilution. We then
      employ this technique to demonstrate the antigen-directed homing of peripheral T
      cells to lymph node germinal centers.

PMID- 2899365
TI  - Medical management of ulcerative colitis and indications for colectomy.

PMID- 2899366
TI  - Medical management: its accomplishments in Crohn's disease and indications for
      surgery.

PMID- 2899367
TI  - [The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas and Vibrio species in river
      water].
AB  - 262 samples of river water had been analysed for the occurrence of antibiotic
      resistant Aeromonas and Vibrio strains. The bacteria were cultured on selective
      media containing the antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents oxytetracycline,
      chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, gentamycin or trimethoprim.
      Although it was not possible to identify antibiotic resistant bacteria of the
      genus Vibrio, resistant strains of Aeromonas hydrophila with a wide variety of
      resistance patterns could be cultured in many cases. R plasmids were found by
      means of conjugation in 21.2% of the 826 tested Aeromonas hydrophila strains.
      They were characterized with the aid of the fin- and pili test. The majority of
      the R plasmids were fin-negative, and the sex pili could be assigned strikingly
      often to sex pilus group C with the phages we used. 15 strains of Aeromonas
      hydrophila had been tested in agarose gel electrophoresis on plasmid DNA. In 11
      Aeromonas hydrophila strains with transferable and in 3 from 4 strains with non
      transferable multiple antibiotic resistance plasmid DNA with 100 Megadalton had
      been found.

PMID- 2899368
TI  - Glucagon and glucose tolerance in liver cirrhosis.
AB  - The present study was undertaken in order to establish the significance of
      glucagon in glucose intolerance in liver cirrhosis. The plasma glucose response
      to an oral glucose load (75 g) was determined in 10 control subjects and in 10
      cirrhotic patients, after infusions of: glucagon (3 ng.kg-1.min-1) or saline (154
      mmol/l); somatostatin (SRIH) (500 micrograms/h); and SRIH plus glucagon (3 ng.kg
      1.min-1). Glucagon infusion did not impair glucose tolerance, neither in normal
      subjects nor in patients with cirrhosis. On the other hand, in both groups
      glucose tolerance was impaired by SRIH infusion, presumably owing to an absolute
      insulin deficiency. Both in normal subjects and in cirrhotic patients, SRIH plus
      glucagon infusion further impaired glucose tolerance, presumably as a result of
      excess glucagon and concomitant insulin deficiency. In conclusion, our data show
      that hyperglucagonemia is not an important factor in the development of the
      glucose intolerance in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2899369
TI  - Pancreatic hormone secretion in chronic pancreatitis without residual beta-cell
      function.
AB  - Hormonal responses (glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin) to iv
      glucagon, iv arginine, and ingestion of a mixed meal were investigated in 6
      patients with insulin-dependent diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis
      without beta-cell function, in 8 Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetics without
      beta-cell function, and 8 healthy subjects. No significant differences were found
      between the two diabetic groups regarding glucagon responses to arginine and meal
      ingestion. In the patients with diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis
      compared with Type I diabetics and normal controls, the pancreatic polypeptide
      concentrations were significantly lower and somatostatin concentrations were
      significantly higher after glucagon, arginine and a mixed meal. Thus, pancreatic
      glucagon secretion was preserved in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes
      secondary to chronic pancreatitis, having no residual beta-cell function. These
      findings suggest that pancreatic glucagon deficiency is not absolute in insulin
      dependent diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis. A high level of
      somatostatin may contribute to a lower blood glucose level in patients with
      chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2899370
TI  - Islet secretion of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the
      'paracrine-like' effects of its exogenous administration.
AB  - In order to know more about the secretory pattern of islet TRH in response to
      glucose and its possible physiological relevance, the release of this hormone as
      well as that of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin was radioimmunologically
      measured. Whereas the secretion of immunoreactive insulin and somatostatin by
      incubated rat islets is known to be dose-dependently stimulated by glucose, that
      of glucagon and TRH was inhibited by glucose. Similarly, palmitate dose
      dependently inhibited islet glucagon and TRH release. Exogenous TRH exerted
      strong and dose-dependent effects on islet secretion of the other hormones at the
      same concentration range at which its hypophysiotropic effects are produced (10(
      10) to 10(-8) mol/l). It inhibited the insulin response to glucose and blocked
      that of glucagon, whereas it enhanced glucose-induced stimulation of
      somatostatin. These results are suggestive of a possible paracrine inhibitory
      role of islet TRH, either directly exerted on the secretion of insulin and
      glucagon or partially mediated through the stimulation of somatostatin release.

PMID- 2899371
TI  - Decision making in the routine management of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2899372
TI  - Difficulties with tooth protectors in endotracheal intubation.
AB  - The suitability of three tooth protectors for routine use during endotracheal
      intubation was studied in 300 consecutive patients undergoing elective operations
      under general anaesthesia. The main disadvantages of the protectors were lack of
      space and the consequent difficulty of guiding the endotracheal tube into the
      larynx, and poor visibility, especially when the Camo protector was used. These
      difficulties could be avoided in most cases by cutting off the right angle of the
      Camo protector. The less experienced anaesthesiologists especially had
      difficulties with the protectors: 20% of patients in the Camo group were
      considered impossible to intubate unless the protector was removed. The silicone
      inlay of the Camo protector melts and becomes adhesive at body temperature, which
      makes its prolonged use hazardous. Two patients lost a maxillary incisor despite
      the proper use of a protector (Denex). Thus the use of a tooth protector alone
      does not guarantee avoidance of dental trauma. Better results could be obtained
      by improving the design of the protectors and by careful pre-anaesthetic dental
      examination.

PMID- 2899373
TI  - The acute response of Schwann cells to taxol after nerve crush.
AB  - The effect of taxol, an antimitotic drug which stabilizes microtubules and
      promotes their assembly, was studied with regard to Schwann cells over a 4-week
      period following a crush injury to rat sciatic nerve. A single intraneural
      injection of taxol in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was given immediately after the
      crush into the site of injury in one sciatic nerve and was compared with the
      other side which was crushed but injected with DMSO only. Sampled sites were
      taken proximal and distal to the lesion, as well as from the lesion itself, and
      studied by light and electron microscopy. The Schwann cell response was most
      marked during the degenerative phase immediately following the crush. At this
      time, there was a decrease of all cytoplasmic structures except microtubules and
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum. At the site of the crush lesion in taxol-treated
      nerves, Schwann cells possessed accumulations of myelin debris and lipid
      droplets. Mitotic Schwann cells were also engorged with myelin breakdown
      products. Multinucleated Schwann cells, believed to be the result of abnormal
      mitotic activity, were also apparent and were filled with large numbers of
      cytoplasmic microtubules. The latter were sometimes regularly arranged around
      phagocytosed or intracytoplasmic debris. Some recovery from the crush injury was
      noted with time, although the number of Schwann cells was much lower than would
      have been anticipated in the absence of taxol, in that long stretches of naked
      axon bundles were common and microtubule-related abnormalities persisted up to 4
      weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899375
TI  - Gastric aspirates of newborn infants: pH, volume and levels of gastrin- and
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity.
AB  - The aim of the present investigation was to study volume, pH and the levels of
      gastrin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in gastric aspirates obtained
      immediately after birth from 25 healthy infants. In addition, the same parameters
      were measured in amniotic fluid collected from 11 of the mothers. The median
      volume of the gastric contents was 4 ml (range 0-11) and median pH was 6.96
      (range 2.77-9.58). Gastrin and somatostatin median concentrations were 8 pM
      (range 0-52) and 67 pM (range 15- greater than 1,000), respectively. The
      corresponding levels in amniotic fluid were 8.2 +/- 3.6 pM and 28.4 +/- 5.3 pM,
      median pH was 9.22 (range 8.05-9.58). There was a significant correlation between
      volume and pH of gastric contents. The pH of the gastric aspirate was inversely
      correlated with the somatostatin levels. No correlation could be demonstrated as
      regards levels in amniotic fluid and gastric content. Gastric content and
      amniotic fluid were not correlated regarding pH, gastrin and somatostatin. It is
      suggested that the foetus drinks about 10 ml portions of amniotic fluid which are
      gradually emptied from the stomach and that these drinking episodes are
      associated with gastric exocrine and endocrine secretion normally seen following
      feeding after birth.

PMID- 2899374
TI  - The acute effects of taxol upon regenerating axons after nerve crush.
AB  - The effects of taxol, a compound renowned for its ability to promote microtubule
      assembly, were studied upon axons after its injection into rat sciatic nerve
      immediately following a local nerve crush injury. The single injection of taxol
      was delivered into the lesion site and the animals were sampled up to 4 weeks
      post-injection (PI) for morphological study. At the lesion site, Wallerian
      degeneration was encountered and this was followed by axonal sprouting by 5 days
      PI. In contrast to axonal sprouting seen in uninjected controls (crush-only),
      sprouts in taxol-injected nerves rapidly became swollen due to an increasing
      number of axoplasmic microtubules. By 2 weeks PI, this led to the formation of
      giant axonal bulbs from which by 3 weeks PI, a secondary wave of regenerative
      growth occurred consisting of thin, haphazardly twisted axonal twigs largely
      lacking Schwann cell investment. These were most numerous after 3 and 4 weeks PI.
      Within the affected axoplasm, microtubules occasionally formed occasional
      channels around mitochondria. The present results, characterized by the more
      rapid appearance of taxol-induced giant axonal bulbs in regenerating sprouts than
      seen after taxol injection of intact nerve, suggest that regenerating PNS axons
      are exquisitely sensitive to and dramatically affected by taxol. The conclusions
      support previous observations on a crucial role for microtubules during early
      axonal growth.

PMID- 2899376
TI  - Outbreak of infections due to P-fimbriated Escherichia coli O16:K1 in a neonatal
      intensive care unit.

PMID- 2899377
TI  - Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathophysiology.
AB  - The authors review the literature discribing non-dyskinetic antipsychotic
      withdrawal phenomena. Withdrawal of these agents can cause nausea, emesis,
      anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgia, paresthesia, anxiety,
      agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by
      increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness and insomnia, but the temporal
      relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or
      discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt
      withdrawal.

PMID- 2899378
TI  - Do concentrations of neurotransmitters measured in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid
      reflect the concentrations at brain level?
AB  - CSF concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin
      (CCK), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) were measured in the lateral
      ventricles and at the lumbar level in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus
      (NPH). The concentrations of VIP (n = 15), NA (n = 10) and DA (n = 10) were
      significantly higher at the lumbar level than at the ventricular level, whereas
      the concentrations of CCK (n = 9) were similar at the two sites. A significant
      positive correlation between the concentrations measured at the two levels was
      found for VIP (rs = 0.65; p less than or equal to 0.01) and DA (rs = 0.94; p less
      than or equal to 0.001). The results indicate that the concentrations of
      transmitter substances measured in CSF at the lumbar level not necessarily are
      indicative for concentrations measured more centrally. The negative correlations
      between Evans ratio and L-CSF VIP (rs = -0.76; p less than or equal to 0.001),
      and between resistance to outflow and V-CSF as well as L-CSF CCK (rs = -0.75); p
      less than or equal to 0.05) might be explained by a reduction in number of
      cortical neurons or by disturbances in CSF dynamics in patients with NPH.

PMID- 2899379
TI  - Structure and expression of genes involved in T lymphocyte recognition and
      activation.

PMID- 2899380
TI  - On the relationship between incorporation of 32P into phospholipids and binding
      of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs to isolated mast cells.
AB  - The lipophilic beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs exaprolol and propranolol
      significantly decreased the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol of isolated rat mast cells. In
      contrast, the hydrophilic drugs metipranolol, practolol and atenolol increased
      the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and
      phosphatidylinositol. The inhibition of 32P incorporation by lipophilic drugs
      correlated with the high binding of these drugs to mast cells.

PMID- 2899381
TI  - Histamine dependent cyclic AMP generating system in rabbit CNS: interaction with
      neuroregulators and forskolin.
AB  - Histamine (HI) potently stimulated, through H2-receptors, cAMP accumulation in
      rabbit cerebral cortical slices but not in retinal pieces. The action of HI in
      the cerebral cortex was not significantly affected by dopamine, serotonin,
      melatonin and GABA-ergic drugs. Forskolin markedly stimulated cAMP accumulation
      both in the cerebral cortex and retina. There was a synergistic interaction
      between HI and forskolin in the cerebral cortex, whereas in the retina HI
      decreased the forskolin-activated cAMP accumulation.

PMID- 2899382
TI  - Action of histamine on nerve mediated responses of the guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The effect of histamine on the responses of the guinea-pig ileum to stimulation
      of intramural nerves and to some potential nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC)
      neurotransmitters was analysed. During sustained tonic histamine contraction,
      electrical stimulation of all intramural nerves elicited a biphasic response
      (contraction followed by after-relaxation) and application of ATP and bradykinin
      caused relaxation of the ileum in contrast to their contractile effect on basal
      tension. Histamine reduced contractile and augmented relaxatory NANC responses,
      and prevented capsaicin from producing any contractile effect and from
      significantly influencing the NANC contractions. The present results suggest
      that, besides its direct effect, histamine activates intramural nerve fibres,
      mainly the sensory ones, and unmasks NANC relaxation thus modifying the
      mechanical activity.

PMID- 2899383
TI  - Central effects of histamine H2-receptor agonists and antagonists on nociception
      in the rat.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular injection of histamine H2-receptor
      agonists (4-methylhistamine, 4-MeH; dimaprit, DIM), H2-antagonists (cimetidine,
      CIM; ranitidine, RAN; famotidine, FAM) and of the DIM chemical analogue SK&F
      91487 on hot-plate latency in rats were examined. Both DIM (0.4-0.8 mumol/rat)
      and 4-MeH (0.4-0.8 mumol/rat) significantly enhanced the pain threshold, whereas
      SF&F 91487 (0.8 mumol/rat) had no effect, indicating that DIM antinociception is
      specifically due to its activity on histamine (HA) receptors. The H2-antagonists
      CIM (0.8 mumol/rat) and RAN (0.6 mumol/rat) also enhanced the pain threshold,
      while FAM (0.03 mumol/rat) did not modify pain latency. When injected before 4
      MeH, FAM reduced the antinociceptive effect of 4-MeH. These findings suggest that
      the antinociceptive activity of CIM and RAN is not related to specific blockade
      of H2-receptors and that the activation of HA-H2-receptors is inhibitory to
      nociception.

PMID- 2899384
TI  - The possibilities of predicting allergic effects of new antirheumatics.
AB  - The new antirheumatic drugs Benzofenac and Flobufen were assessed for their
      possible influence on various immunological parameters. They were shown to
      enhance passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) to ovalbumin in rats and to suppress
      the numbers of helper and suppressor T-lymphocytes in mice. The effect of
      Benzofenac in the latter system was found to be more pronounced. The drugs had no
      effects in any of the other test systems, including the development of delayed
      hypersensitivity, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and the
      production of antisera (as tested by PCA).

PMID- 2899385
TI  - Pulmonary reactions induced by drugs: a clinical compendium.
AB  - With the increasing number of drugs, the list of agents which are capable of
      inducing pulmonary reactions continues to lengthen. This article is a compendium
      of presently available information on drug induced pulmonary reactions which we
      have found clinically useful. We have divided the drugs in groups on the basis of
      two features, pharmacologic actions and type of pulmonary reactions. A total of
      109 drugs are cited. Categories of pharmacologic actions include cytotoxic drugs,
      analgesic and antirheumatic drugs, antimicrobial agents, vasoactive drugs,
      tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, oral
      antidiabetics and a group of miscellaneous drugs. Type of pulmonary reactions
      include pulmonary eosinophilia, bronchoconstriction, acute interstitial pulmonary
      disease, mediastinic involvement, pleural effusion, pulmonary hypertension,
      pulmonary calcifications, pulmonary infections and drugs reported to cause drug
      induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

PMID- 2899386
TI  - Secondary prevention in elderly survivors of heart attacks.
AB  - More than 200,000 elderly patients survive myocardial infarctions each year.
      Thus, the achievement of even minimal decreases in reinfarction and mortality
      rates will benefit large numbers of patients. Secondary prevention strategies
      include smoking cessation; the control of hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes;
      the management of hypertension and stress; exercise; the use of drugs such as
      beta blockers and aspirin, and increased attention to general health.

PMID- 2899387
TI  - New alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension:
      role of vascular alpha receptors in the control of peripheral resistance.
AB  - The pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety of new alpha-adrenergic receptor
      antagonists for the treatment of hypertension was reviewed (Table XIV). Although
      all these agents block alpha 1 receptors, some of them have additional effects on
      histamine, serotonin, dopamine, and alpha 2 receptors. These other actions
      account for the differences in the side effect profiles observed, i.e., increased
      incidence of central nervous system side effects found with indoramin,
      ketanserin, and urapidil, as well as for some additional beneficial effects of
      ketanserin (i.e., antiplatelet aggregation activity). The magnitude of BP
      reduction observed with antagonists of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors is modest. In
      most studies, the degree of BP reduction is comparable to that of prazosin, but
      less than that achieved with thiazide diuretics, beta-receptor antagonists, or
      methyldopa. Studies on the comparative efficacy and safety of new alpha 1
      antagonists with converting enzyme inhibitors or calcium-channel blockers are not
      available. In general, alpha 1 antagonists produce greater reductions in standing
      than in supine BP, an effect due to the venodilatory action of these drugs. New
      alpha 1 antagonists appear to have equal efficacy in black and white hypertensive
      individuals. Their comparative efficacy and safety in young vs elderly
      hypertensive individuals requires further investigation. No information about the
      possible development of tolerance during treatment with new alpha 1 blockers was
      encountered. The effects of alpha 1 antagonists on HR are variable and depend on
      how long after the oral dose the measurements were obtained. In most studies, no
      significant HR changes are noticed for readings obtained 24 hours post dose;
      whereas tachycardia has been observed at the time of peak hypotension. Since
      alpha 1 antagonist-induced tachycardia is most likely of reflex nature, i.e.,
      mediated to an increase in sympathetic activity, the increased HR may be
      associated with increases in myocardial contractility and in myocardial oxygen
      consumption. Consequently, a 24-hour HR monitoring during treatment with alpha 1
      antagonists should be required for evaluation of new agents. The hemodynamic,
      humoral, and hormonal effects of the newer alpha 1-receptor antagonists are
      comparable to those of prazosin. The most consistent finding is a reduction in
      total peripheral resistance associated with either no change or with only small
      increases in cardiac index. These agents have been shown either not to change or
      to increase renal blood flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2899388
TI  - Pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapy considerations in the management of the
      black hypertensive patient.
AB  - The mortality and morbidity of hypertension-related diseases among blacks are
      much higher than in age- and sex-matched white counterparts. New data show that
      the incidence of renal damage may be 18 to 20 times greater in blacks than in
      whites. Some preliminary data also indicate that coronary heart disease is much
      more prevalent in blacks than previously suspected and that coronary heart
      disease mortality among blacks may indeed not be declining, as it is for white
      populations. Major contributors to these findings in blacks are an increased
      prevalence and severity of hypertension, a possibly increased susceptibility to
      end-organ damage, socioeconomic factors and beliefs that affect hypertension
      control, and very possibly some obsolete treatments that focus on blood pressure
      numbers and do not emphasize the black person and the associated risk factors.
      Diuretic therapy has long been the mainstay treatment for black hypertensives,
      but the effects of diuretics on lipid levels and left ventricular hypertrophy,
      among other factors, should be carefully assessed. A recent study of beta
      blockers in blacks showed that metoprolol was effective and well tolerated.
      Consideration of epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and pharmacotherapeutic
      features of hypertension in blacks may require traditional views of this disease
      and its treatment in this special population to be reevaluated.

PMID- 2899389
TI  - Central nervous system considerations in the use of beta-blockers, angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors, and thiazide diuretics in managing essential
      hypertension.
AB  - The most common mild side effects occurring with use of beta-blockers, thiazide
      diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for blood pressure
      control are central nervous system symptoms, specifically lethargy, sedation, and
      fatigue. These symptoms affect 5% to 10% of patients taking these drugs. The
      mechanism by which beta-blockers may induce central nervous system effects is
      uncertain. Relative lipophilicity as a factor affecting penetrance of the blood
      brain barrier has not proved to be a reliable predictor of whether the drug will
      cause such disturbances. Comparisons of atenolol (hydrophilic) and metoprolol
      (lipophilic) have shown no differences between these drugs with respect to side
      effects of the central nervous system. The incidence of central nervous system
      effects with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors is similar to that for most
      beta-blockers. The precise role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme in the
      central nervous system is not well defined. Most thiazide diuretics are not
      associated with major complications of the central nervous system, although
      electrolyte imbalance may occasionally lead to complaints of neurologic symptoms.
      Because the incidence of central nervous system effects with these three classes
      of drugs is so low, concern for the side effects of the central nervous system is
      not a prime consideration in the choice of an initial antihypertensive agent.

PMID- 2899390
TI  - Impact of beta-blockade on complex cognitive functioning.
AB  - Fifty adult men with mild to moderate hypertension were recruited to participate
      in a double-blind crossover study. Each subject received 14 days of drug
      treatment and 14 days of placebo treatment (random order). Half the subjects were
      assigned to a metoprolol (150 mg/day) vs placebo treatment regimen and half to an
      atenolol (100 mg/day) vs placebo regimen. Blood pressure levels as well as
      measures of simple (proofreading), intermediate (visual-motor task), and complex
      (management simulation) task performance were obtained at the end of the drug and
      placebo treatment periods. Metoprolol treatment generated better scores than did
      placebo or atenolol treatment for proofreading, visual-motor performance, and
      several measures of complex managerial competence. Atenolol treatment generally
      resulted in performance levels that did not differ from those observed with
      placebo. However, atenolol-treated subjects made more errors than did placebo
      treated subjects in the visual-motor task and also showed some deterioration on
      one measure of complex managerial functioning.

PMID- 2899391
TI  - The role of sympathetic activity in atherogenesis: effects of beta-blockade.
AB  - Clinical and experimental evidence points to potential antiatherosclerotic
      effects of certain beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists. Long-term treatment with
      metoprolol resulted in significant reductions of total and cardiovascular
      mortality or morbidity due to decreased incidence of coronary and cerebrovascular
      complications both in a primary prevention trial in hypertensive patients and in
      a secondary prevention trial in patients surviving myocardial infarction. The
      observations suggest that a retardation of atherosclerosis development might have
      contributed to the reduced incidence of cardiovascular complications. An
      antiatherosclerotic effect of beta-blockers has been directly demonstrated in
      animal studies. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, metoprolol significantly reduced the
      development of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic intima in the absence of any
      changes in blood lipids. Similar findings were reported for propranolol, which
      prevented psychosocial stress-induced atherosclerosis of the coronary artery in
      monkeys. Furthermore, beta-blockers have been shown to prevent stress-induced
      endothelial injury and platelet accumulation to intima at atherosclerotic
      predilection sites in animal models. These antiatherogenic effects may be due to
      biochemical and hemodynamic factors. Two biochemical effects of beta-blockade may
      lead to reduced cholesterol accumulation in arterial intima at unchanged serum
      cholesterol levels. One is a beta-blocker-induced increase of prostacyclin
      biosynthesis, and the other a metabolic change of low-density lipoprotein,
      reducing its potential for deposition in the arterial wall. The antiatherogenic
      effect of these factors may be reinforced by beta-blocker-induced hemodynamic
      changes leading to reductions of arterial flow aberrations and pressure-related
      wall stress.

PMID- 2899392
TI  - Effects of stress and the sympathetic nervous system on coronary artery
      atherosclerosis in the cynomolgus macaque.
AB  - Epidemiologic evidence increasingly implicates psychosocial variables in the
      development of coronary heart disease in human beings, an association that
      appears to be independent of the effects of other coronary disease risk factors.
      It has been hypothesized that behavioral influences on coronary heart disease are
      mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, perhaps through
      exacerbation of coronary artery atherosclerosis. This article summarizes several
      studies of the effects of stress and sympathetic arousal on atherosclerosis in a
      nonhuman primate model of atherogenesis. The application of a behavioral stressor
      involving periodic reorganization of social group memberships resulted in
      worsened coronary atherosclerosis among male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) fed a cholesterol-containing diet, relative to control animals
      housed in groups of fixed (stable) membership, but only among those monkeys that
      retained dominant social status during the course of the study. This effect could
      not be attributed to concomitant variability in blood pressure or serum lipid
      concentrations. When the same experimental procedures were applied to males fed a
      diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, the manipulation of group memberships
      similarly led to development of greater atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries.
      In related observations, monkeys that exhibited the largest heart rate responses
      to a standardized behavioral challenge had more extensive coronary
      atherosclerosis than animals showing a less pronounced cardiac responsivity to
      stress. In a final investigation, we observed that the exacerbated
      atherosclerosis of dominant monkeys consuming an atherogenic diet and housed in
      unstable social groups could be prevented by long-term administration of a beta
      adrenoreceptor-blocking agent, propranolol hydrochloride.

PMID- 2899393
TI  - A comparison of the identification of group A streptococci and enterococci by two
      rapid pyrrolidonyl aminopeptidase methods.
AB  - Group A streptococci and enterococci can be differentiated from other
      streptococci by their ability to cleave L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-napthylamide (PYR).
      The authors evaluated two pyrrolidonyl aminopeptidase (PYRase) systems--Minitek
      (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD) and Identicult-AE (Scott
      Laboratories, Inc., Fiskeville, RI)--for the presumptive identification of Group
      A streptococci and enterococci. Eighty-three Group A streptococci, 77 beta
      hemolytic non-Group A streptococci, 74 enterococci, 56 nonenterococcal non-beta
      hemolytic streptococci, 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 1 Aerococcus were tested.
      Compared with results obtained with reference methods (bile esculin agar and 6.5%
      [w/v] sodium chloride for identification of enterococci, and latex agglutination
      tests by Streptex [Burroughs Wellcome, NC] for grouping of beta-hemolytic
      streptococci) both the Identicult-AE and MInitek systems were 100% sensitive and
      specific for identification of both enterococci and Group A beta-hemolytic
      streptococci. Advantages of the Identicult-AE system compared with Minitek were
      the use of a smaller inoculum for which subculture was not necessary, incubation
      at room temperature rather than at 37 degrees C, and lower cost. Both PYRase kits
      tested, and in particular the Identicult-AE system, were very easy to use and
      should be considered as rapid, reliable, and cost-effective alternative methods
      for the presumptive identification of Group A streptococci and enterococci in the
      clinical laboratory.

PMID- 2899394
TI  - Entomologic studies after a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Grand Junction,
      Colorado.
AB  - In 1986, after a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Grand Junction, Colorado, in
      1985, vector mosquitoes in the city were surveyed to correlate their bionomics
      and infection rates with the occurrence of human disease. No human cases were
      reported, but mosquito surveillance disclosed St. Louis encephalitis virus in
      Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens pipiens. Mosquitoes were collected with gravid
      traps designed to attract Cx. p. pipiens and with Centers for Disease Control
      light traps. Culex p. pipiens was the predominant vector mosquito collected and
      was captured chiefly in gravid traps. The Culex tarsalis population emerged and
      expanded approximately one month earlier than did the Cx. p. pipiens population.
      Consequently, Cx. p. pipiens was the predominant vector species after August.
      Infection rates throughout the surveillance period (June to September) were
      severalfold higher in Cx. tarsalis than in Cx. p. pipiens; however, in late
      summer, diminished numbers of Cx. tarsalis and a persistent population of Cx. p.
      pipiens resulted in relatively larger numbers of infected Cx. p. pipiens. Thus,
      the participation of Cx. p. pipiens as a St. Louis encephalitis vector would have
      been underestimated in previous studies employing light traps alone. These
      studies provide further evidence that Cx. p. pipiens-associated urban St. Louis
      encephalitis and rural Cx. tarsalis-associated St. Louis encephalitis cycles may
      coexist in the West.

PMID- 2899395
TI  - Placental transfer of beta-adrenergic antagonists studied in an in vitro
      perfusion system of human placental tissue.
AB  - Maternofetal transfer of five beta-blockers differing in molecular weight,
      solubility, and binding to albumin was studied using a dual in vitro perfusion
      system of an isolated cotyledon of human placenta. At steady state the diffusion
      rate of the lipid-soluble propranolol, timolol, and labetalol was three to four
      times higher than that of the hydrophilic atenolol and celiprolol. Albumin
      binding had no significant effect on diffusion when equal concentrations were
      used in the two perfusion circuits. With increased albumin concentration on the
      fetal side an acceleration of the diffusion of propranolol could be shown.
      Propranolol and labetalol showed considerable binding to placental tissue. After
      bolus injection transfer was clearly suppressed, as a result of tissue binding,
      and there was a delay until a steady state of diffusion was reached when constant
      concentrations were maintained in the maternal compartment. With recirculation of
      the fetal and maternal compartments propranolol rapidly equilibrated in the two
      perfusion circuits at 35% of the initial level in the maternal circuit. Atenolol
      after 4 hours of recirculation had not reached full equilibration between the two
      compartments, and the fetal concentration was at 55% of the initial level on the
      maternal side.

PMID- 2899396
TI  - Entry level education inadequate for practice in pediatrics.

PMID- 2899397
TI  - Effect of PGE2 and alpha-adrenergic agonists on AVP-dependent cAMP levels in
      rabbit and rat CCT.
AB  - The effect of prostaglandins and alpha-adrenergic agonists on arginine
      vasopressin-induced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production was
      investigated in microdissected rat and rabbit cortical collecting tubules (CCT)
      incubated in vitro. In rabbit CCT, addition to all media of a prostaglandin
      synthesis inhibitor increased this production; exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
      induced a reproducible dose-dependent inhibition of cAMP accumulation. Maximal
      inhibition (mean: 57.5%) was observed with 0.3 microM PGE2, and threshold
      inhibition was observed with concentrations ranging from 3 to 10 nM PGE2.
      Inhibition of cAMP levels in rabbit CCT was also obtained with 0.3 microM PGF2
      alpha (mean inhibition: 44.3%) but not with alpha-adrenergic agonists studied
      under the same conditions. The opposite was observed in rat CCT studied in
      parallel: the alpha-agonists inhibited cAMP production by up to 80%, but PGE2 had
      no effect.

PMID- 2899398
TI  - Alpha 2-agonists block ADH action in toad bladder and this inhibition is not
      modified by indomethacin.
AB  - To identify the type of alpha-adrenoceptors involved in the inhibition of the
      hydrosmotic effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the toad bladder, we studied
      the effect of different alpha-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on ADH-induced
      water transport. Serosal addition of epinephrine (10(-6) M) and norepinephrine
      (10(-6) M) in the presence of 10(-4) M propranolol significantly inhibited the
      hydrosmotic effect of ADH (arginine vasopressin). This inhibitory effect of the
      catecholamines was completely reversed by 10(-5) M yohimbine but not by prazosin.
      Clonidine did not block ADH-induced water transport, but guanabenz, another alpha
      2-agonist, inhibited water transport in response to ADH. In bladders pretreated
      with indomethacin to block prostaglandin synthesis, basal water permeability was
      increased, and even in this condition epinephrine inhibited ADH-induced water
      transport. These studies indicate that alpha 2-adrenergic receptors are involved
      in the inhibitory effect of catecholamines on ADH-mediated water permeability in
      the toad bladder. However, this effect was not mimicked by clonidine, as in the
      case of rabbit cortical collecting tubule. The inhibitory effect of epinephrine
      appears to be exerted independently of prostaglandin synthesis.

PMID- 2899399
TI  - Regulation of cholesterol metabolism in fetal rabbit aorta: role of amniotic
      fluid factors.
AB  - This study shows that amniotic fluid enhances cholesterol esterification in
      arterial wall, as measured by in vitro assay of acyl-CoA:cholesterol
      acyltransferase (ACAT) activity and by incorporation of oleic acid to cholesteryl
      esters in cultured fetal aortas and smooth muscle cells. This property is mostly
      evident in the fraction of molecular weight greater than 100,000, and it is
      abolished by delipidation, indicating that stimulating factor is probably
      lipoprotein in nature. Despite an increased cholesterol esterification by the
      presence of amniotic fluid in medium of cultured fetal aortas, the content of
      cholesterol and cholesteryl esters was much lower. The cellular structures are
      better preserved in explants cultured with amniotic fluid than in control
      animals. This study indicates that amniotic fluid contains factors that may have
      a pronounced effect on arterial wall during development.

PMID- 2899400
TI  - Circulatory and metabolic responses to carbon monoxide hypoxia during beta
      adrenergic blockade.
AB  - The role(s) of beta-adrenoceptors in whole body and hindlimb skeletal muscle
      cardiovascular and metabolic responses during carbon monoxide hypoxia (COH) was
      studied in anesthetized dogs. One group of animals was beta-blocked with
      propranolol (beta 1- and beta 2-blockade), a second was given ICI 118,551 (beta 2
      blockade), and a third served as a time control. Immediately after a control
      sampling period, COH was induced (about a 63% decrease in arterial O2 content),
      and additional measurements were then obtained at 30 and 60 min of hypoxia.
      Cardiac output values were not different between the three series at control; an
      increase (P less than 0.05) occurred in all groups during COH. This rise was
      greatest in the COH group; the values for the propranolol- and ICI 118,551
      blocked groups were not different from each other during COH. Hindlimb blood flow
      rose (P less than 0.05) during COH only in the control group. Both whole body (30
      min) and hindlimb (30 and 60 min) resistance values were greater during hypoxia
      in the beta-blocked groups (P less than 0.05) than in the control series.
      Furthermore, whole body oxygen uptake decreased (P less than 0.05) in both beta
      blocked groups during COH. We conclude that approximately 35% of the rise in
      cardiac output occurring during COH depended on peripheral vasodilation mediated
      through beta 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2899401
TI  - Creatine kinase elevation after neuroleptic treatment.
AB  - Two cases of asymptomatic elevation of creatine kinase levels after oral
      neuroleptic treatment are described. One patient was successfully challenged with
      a different neuroleptic. The authors discuss possible reasons for creatine kinase
      elevation.

PMID- 2899402
TI  - Long-term claustrophobia following magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2899403
TI  - Efficacy of anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia.
AB  - The authors analyzed data from nine studies comparing the incidence of acute
      dystonia induced by neuroleptic agents with and without concomitant use of
      anticholinergic agents. Anticholinergic agents reduced the rate of dystonia by
      1.9-fold in all patients treated with different neuroleptics and by 5- to 8-fold
      in patients treated with high-potency neuroleptics. In addition, the incidence of
      dystonia and the efficacy of anticholinergic prophylaxis were related inversely
      to age. These results support the efficacy of anticholinergic agents in
      preventing neuroleptic-induced dystonia, particularly in young male patients
      treated with high-potency neuroleptics.

PMID- 2899404
TI  - Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol infusion--50 consecutive cases.
AB  - Fifty consecutive patients in the authors' practice were anaesthetised with a
      total intravenous technique using propofol infusion, fentanyl, vecuronium and
      oxygen in air. Patients were predominantly elderly and undergoing major upper
      gastrointestinal surgery for a mean duration of 133 minutes (range 20 minutes to
      7 hours). Twenty-one patients had significant concomitant medical illness.
      Propofol was found to give a rapid, smooth induction with wide variation in dose
      requirement (0.5 to 2.9 mg/kg). There was a mean systolic blood pressure fall of
      27% from preoperative values, greatest in elderly patients. Depth of anaesthesia
      was readily adjusted by alteration in infusion rate according to standard
      clinical criteria. The dose of propofol required for maintenance was highly
      variable (range 2-15 mg/kg/hr in the first hour). Three patients reported
      dreaming and two of these had shown signs of light anaesthesia. Recovery was
      rapid, with few side-effects, and a mean time to open eyes on command of 8.5
      minutes from the end of infusion. Propofol was considered to be a satisfactory
      intravenous agent for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in the
      majority of patients studied. The most significant problem was hypotension
      following the induction dose.

PMID- 2899405
TI  - Dental damage and laryngoscopy.

PMID- 2899406
TI  - Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase catalyzed reactions of coenzyme A with alpha, beta
      unsaturated carboxylic acids.
AB  - alpha, beta-Unsaturated coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters including acrylyl CoA,
      methacrylyl CoA, and propiolyl CoA were synthesized by catalysis with acetyl CoA
      synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1.). After isolation from the enzymatic reactions, the
      products were found to be the result of 1,4 addition of CoASH to the double bond
      and addition of water to the triple bond of the initial acyl CoA adducts.
      Structural determinations of these products by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and the chemical
      reactions leading to their formation are described.

PMID- 2899407
TI  - Electrophoresis of DNA restriction fragments in poly-N-acryloyl-tris gels.
AB  - Poly-N-acryloyl-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (NAT) gels were evaluated as a
      matrix for DNA electrophoresis. The resolution of DNA restriction fragments in
      three poly(NAT)-N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (Bis) gels (4, 5, and 6%) was
      compared with the resolution in polyacrylamide (AA)-Bis gels of the same
      percentage. Poly(NAT) gels were found to give a substantially improved separation
      of DNA fragments larger than 200 bp. In contrast to poly(AA) gels, DNA fragments
      of up to 4 kbp were well resolved in the new matrix. By pulse-field
      electrophoresis the useful separation range of poly(NAT) gels was expanded to at
      least 23 kbp. For DNA fragments below 10 kbp, the resolution was better than that
      in a 0.7% agarose gel. Thus poly(NAT) gels are most suitable for the
      electrophoretic separation of DNA molecules whose size is out of the optimal
      fractionation range of poly(AA) or agarose gels.

PMID- 2899408
TI  - The increase in urinary alanine aminopeptidase excretion associated with
      enflurane anesthesia is increased further by aminoglycosides.
AB  - Urinary excretion of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) is an extremely sensitive
      indicator of drug-induced renal tubular damage. The urinary excretion of AAP was
      determined in patients after enflurane anesthesia with or without concurrent
      aminoglycoside administration to determine if enflurane enhances the nephrotoxic
      potential of aminoglycosides. Twenty-two patients with normal renal function were
      studied. Ten received enflurane alone, eight received enflurane plus gentamicin
      or tobramycin, and four patients who underwent nitrous oxide and narcotic
      anesthesia were the control group. Preoperative values ranged from 1010 to 2461
      microU/24 hour. Urinary AAP excretion increased significantly in both enflurane
      groups 2 days postoperatively (P less than 0.025). Patients who received both
      enflurane and aminoglycosides had significantly greater urinary AAP excretion on
      postoperative day 2 than did patients given enflurane alone: 21,342 +/- 4074
      microU/24 hour and 6336 +/- 1496 microU/24 hour, respectively (mean +/- SEM, P
      less than 0.005). There was no change in AAP excretion in the control group
      compared to baseline; on day 3 AAP was 1412 +/- 710 microU/24 hour. No changes in
      blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels were observed. These data suggest
      that enflurane increases the renal tubular effects of aminoglycosides, possibly
      increasing the risk of aminoglycoside renal toxicity.

PMID- 2899409
TI  - A simple and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for pentobarbital
      and other barbiturates in serum.
AB  - A single extraction technique for measuring pentobarbital and other barbiturates
      in serum involved high-pressure liquid chromatography and UV detection yielding a
      sensitivity for pentobarbital of about 1 microgram/ml. We concluded that the
      assay provides a practical method for use in pharmacokinetic studies and in serum
      concentration monitoring in experimental animals.

PMID- 2899410
TI  - Elevated serum levels of soluble Tac peptide in adult T-cell leukemia:
      correlation with clinical status during chemotherapy.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)
      is characterized by a clonal expansion of a CD4-positive subset of T lymphocytes
      that constitutively express high numbers of interleukin-2 receptors and that
      frequently infiltrate the skin; osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia. Using
      an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, we measured the level of
      soluble Tac peptide, one chain of the human interleukin-2 receptor, in the serum
      of 50 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (38 Japanese and 12 American patients),
      8 patients with other hematologic malignancies, 8 asymptomatic HTLV-I-antibody
      positive carriers, and 17 normal controls. The serum level of soluble Tac peptide
      (geometric mean U/mL, 95% CI) was elevated at presentation in all patients with
      adult T-cell leukemia (16,461; 819 to 330,896) when compared with normal controls
      (238; 112 to 502), patients with other hematologic malignancies (1302; 475 to
      3569), and healthy HTLV-I antibody-positive carriers (490; 115 to 2086). The
      highest levels were seen in patients (n = 33) with acute (32,154; 2587 to
      399,598) compared with chronic (5464; 661 to 45,156) disease (n = 14). Serum
      levels of Tac peptide also tended to be more elevated in patients with adult T
      cell leukemia with hypercalcemia (32,072; 2461 to 417,908) compared with
      normocalcemic patients (13,885; 496 to 388,436). Serial measurements of soluble
      Tac peptide levels in serum were done in four patients with adult T-cell leukemia
      during chemotherapy and the levels reflected disease activity. These observations
      suggest that the measurement of soluble Tac peptide levels in patients with adult
      T-cell leukemia is useful as a noninvasive measure of tumor burden and will help
      in the diagnosis of the disease and management of these patients.

PMID- 2899411
TI  - [Early biochemical indicators of renal injury].

PMID- 2899412
TI  - Plasma somatostatin behaviour in diabetes.

PMID- 2899413
TI  - [Comparison of the efficacy of two H2 antagonists of histamine in allergic
      rhinitis. Considerations on the mechanism of action].
AB  - A random study has been made on perennial atopic rhinitis patients divided into
      two homogeneous groups and treated with HH2 antagonists of different chemical
      structure: Cimetidine and Ranitidine. An identity of clinical and humoral results
      was noted in the two groups. This leads us to believe that the effects induced by
      the two drugs are linked to the properties of H2 antagonists and not to other
      potential action as hypothesised for Cimetidine by Drazen. The improvement in all
      subjective and objective parameters, decrease in total serum IgE, the delayed
      onset of clinical improvement and its duration in time, suggest that the vascular
      type action mechanism hypothesised by some Authors is quite secondary to the
      immunomodulatory one. H2 antagonists in fact induce, together with the clinical
      improvement and the total serum IgE decrease, a modulatory effect on the T
      lymphocyte subsets with a variation in the OKT4/OKT8 ratio towards the latter
      subset that identifies the suppressor cells. Since lymphocyte histamine receptors
      are uniquely present on suppressor T-cell, it is on these the H2 antagonists
      would act, modulating the suppressive function positively.

PMID- 2899414
TI  - [Synthesis of new beta-blockaders analogs of bevantolol or alprenolol].

PMID- 2899415
TI  - [Synthesis and pharmacological study of glutamic acid palmitamide and
      linoleamide].

PMID- 2899417
TI  - Quantitation by immunoblotting of the in vivo induction and subcellular
      distribution of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
AB  - The in vivo induction of rat liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) the rate-limiting
      enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis, has been examined by immunoblotting, avidin
      blotting, and enzyme isolation. Three high-molecular-weight immunoreactive bands
      (Mr 220,000-260,000) were recognized in liver extracts by an anti-carboxylase
      polyclonal antiserum. Two bands, A and B, comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gels with purified acetyl-CoA carboxylase, were avidin binding,
      and were dramatically induced following high carbohydrate refeeding. Only band A
      was recognized on immunoblots using a monoclonal antibody directed against acetyl
      CoA carboxylase, suggesting that band B is a proteolytic fragment in which the
      epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody is absent. Following refeeding,
      approximately 57% of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mass (band A + band B) was present in
      the high-speed supernatant fraction, while 34 and 9% were in the high-speed
      (microsomal) and low-speed pellet fractions, respectively. Refeeding caused a
      large increase in total acetyl-CoA carboxylase mass, the magnitude of which
      differed in the various fractions. In the low-speed supernatant, a 20-fold
      increase in ACC mass was observed, while a 12-fold increase was seen in the high
      speed supernatant. The fold increase in the high-speed pellet was even greater
      (greater than 27-fold). Acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified by avidin-Sepharose
      chromatography from fasted/refed rats had an approximate 4-fold higher Vmax and a
      significantly lower Ka for citrate than enzyme purified from fasted animals. The
      results of this study indicate that the induction of hepatic ACC that occurs
      during high carbohydrate refeeding of the fasted rat predominantly involves
      increases in enzyme content in both cytosol and microsomes, but is also
      accompanied by an increase in enzyme specific activity.

PMID- 2899416
TI  - Isolation and characterisation of dog uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains and
      their fimbriae.
AB  - A number of Escherichia coli strains have been isolated from dogs with urinary
      tract infections. These strains have been characterised with respect to their O,
      K, H, and fimbrial antigens, colicin production, antibiotic resistance, plasmid
      content and their ability to haemagglutinate erythrocytes from various species.
      Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of fimbrial extracts, as well as the reaction of
      partly purified fimbriae of a number of these strains with monoclonal antibodies
      revealed homology or a strong crossreaction with an F12 fimbrial subunit protein
      of human uropathogenic E. coli strains. Unlike human F12 fimbriae producing
      strains, the dog isolates did agglutinate dog erythrocytes in the presence of D
      mannose but not human erythrocytes, indicating that the adhesin carried by these
      strains is different from the adhesin on fimbriae of human uropathogenic E. coli.
      Similar indications were obtained from experiments with latex beads coated with
      the receptor for P-fimbriae. These beads were agglutinated by Escherichia coli
      strains from human urinary tract infections, but not by the dog isolates
      described here. Preliminary adhesion experiments of human and dog Escherichia
      coli to human bladder epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cells also showed
      differences in adhesion depending on the origin of the strain tested.

PMID- 2899418
TI  - Ca2+-dependent activation of the malate-aspartate shuttle by norepinephrine and
      vasopressin in perfused rat liver.
AB  - The role of Ca2+ in stimulation of the malate-aspartate shuttle by norepinephrine
      and vasopressin was studied in perfused rat liver. Shuttle capacity was indexed
      by measuring the changes in both the rate of production of glucose from sorbitol
      and the ratio of lactate to pyruvate during the oxidation of ethanol. (T. Sugano
      et al. (1986) Amer. J. Physiol. 251, E385-E392). Asparagine (0.5 mM), but not
      alanine (0.5 mM) decreased the ethanol-induced responses. Norepinephrine and
      vasopressin had no effect on the ethanol-induced responses when the liver was
      perfused with sorbitol or glycerol. In the presence of 0.25 mM alanine,
      norepinephrine, vasopressin, and A23187 decreased the ethanol-induced responses
      that occurred with the increase of flux of Ca2+. In liver perfused with Ca2+-free
      medium, asparagine also decreased the ethanol-induced responses, but
      norepinephrine and vasopressin had no effect. Aminooxyacetate inhibited the
      effects of norepinephrine, A23187, and asparagine. Regardless of the presence or
      absence of perfusate Ca2+, the combination of glucagon and alanine had no effect
      on the ethanol-induced responses. Norepinephrine caused a decrease in levels of
      alpha-ketoglutarate, aspartate, and glutamate in hepatocytes incubated with Ca2+.
      The present data suggest that the redistribution of cellular Ca2+ may activate
      the efflux of aspartate from mitochondria in rat liver, resulting in an increase
      in the capacity of the malate-aspartate shuttle.

PMID- 2899419
TI  - Sites of action of glucagon and other Ca2+ mobilizing hormones on the malate
      aspartate cycle.
AB  - Data from a number of laboratories suggest that the exchange of glutamate for
      aspartate across the mitochondrial inner membrane is stimulated by glucagon and
      by Ca2+-mobilizing hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine the site
      of action of these hormones. Two possibilities were considered and tested. The
      first hypothesis is that the mitochondrial membrane electrical potential gradient
      (delta psi m) in the cells is increased by the hormones; and that the putative
      increase in delta psi m stimulates aspartate efflux. The second possibility is
      that Ca2+ mediates decreases in cellular levels of alpha-ketoglutarate, secondary
      to stimulation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and that the decrease in
      alpha-ketoglutarate stimulates aspartate production by mitochondria. The effect
      of glucagon on delta psi m was estimated in intact hepatocytes using the
      lipophilic cation tetraphenyl phosphonium. No increase in delta psi m was
      observed due to hormone treatment. On the other hand, alpha-ketoglutarate was
      found to be an effective competitive inhibitor of aspartate formation via
      glutamate transamination by isolated liver mitochondria (Ki = 0.55 mM).

PMID- 2899420
TI  - Nutritional management of patients undergoing long-term antipsychotic and
      antidepressant therapies.

PMID- 2899421
TI  - Endocrinological parameters and cell-mediated immunity postoperation for
      cryptorchidism.
AB  - Andrological and endocrinological parameters and cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
      were assessed in 25 postpubertal males who had undergone repair of unilateral or
      bilateral cryptorchidism in childhood or early adolescence. Among 20 patients
      with unilateral cryptorchidism, approximately 30% had decreased sperm density,
      whereas among 5 bilaterally affected, 1 was azoospermic and 2 oligozoospermic. In
      most patients the motility and viability values were normal, although the
      percentage of morphologically pathological sperm was higher than normal. Levels
      of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, LH, and prolactin were within normal ranges
      in all the patients. Levels of FSH were slightly elevated. These findings may
      suggest a better fertility prognosis of postcryptorchid oligozoospermic patients
      than in patients with oligozoospermia of other etiology. CMI toward autologous
      semen revealed a positive reaction in 80% of the bilateral group and in 45% of
      the unilateral group. This response might be due to the damage of seminiferous
      tubules of undescended testis causing unmasking and exposure of antigenic
      determinants.

PMID- 2899422
TI  - Effects of ifenprodil tartrate on alpha-adrenoceptors and Ca2+ movement in
      isolated canine saphenous veins.
AB  - The effect of ifenprodil tartrate (IFT) on 2 subtypes of postsynaptic alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-adrenoceptors was investigated. For this purpose, changes in the
      tension of isolated canine saphenous veins were measured isometrically, and Ca2+
      uptake in these veins was also measured. IFT displaced the dose-contractile
      response curves for phenylephrine and clonidine in a competitive manner, and the
      activity sequence of antagonists against phenylephrine was IFT greater than
      phentolamine greater than prazosin greater than yohimbine. On the other hand, the
      activity sequence of antagonists against clonidine was IFT greater than
      phentolamine greater than yohimbine greater than prazosin. The effect of IFT as
      well as that of phentolamine were different from the other antagonists and of
      approximately the same specific activities against both agonists. The IFT-induced
      relaxations of the veins contracted by phenylephrine and clonidine were
      relatively unchanged in both normal and Ca2+-free solutions. IFT inhibited
      phenylephrine- and clonidine-induced Ca2+ uptake in the saphenous veins. The
      results suggest that IFT does not possess a relative selectivity toward
      postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and that these actions reflect
      the vasorelaxing effects on phenylephrine- and clonidine-induced contraction in
      the canine saphenous veins.

PMID- 2899423
TI  - Hypoxic stress-induced convulsion and death: protective effect of alpha 2
      adrenoceptor and benzodiazepine receptor agonists and Ro 5-4864.
AB  - Various alpha 2-agonists such as clonidine, guanfacine, B-HT 920 and ICI 106270
      were investigated for their effect in hypoxic stress in rats and mice.
      Pretreatment with alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists exhibited a yohimbine sensitive
      antistress effect as they prolonged the latencies for convulsion and death due to
      hypoxia. Intracerebroventricular administration of clonidine and ICI 106270 also
      shared the protective effect, indicating the involvement of central alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. However, their protective effect, though comparable to diazepam
      and CL 218872, was more pronounced. The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor
      agonist, Ro 5-4864, also had a marked antihypoxic stress effect.

PMID- 2899424
TI  - [Interaction of Entamoeba histolytica and antibodies in situ].

PMID- 2899425
TI  - Electroconvulsive treatment compared with lithium in the management of manic
      states.
AB  - Thirty-four hospitalized manic patients were randomized to treatment with either
      lithium carbonate or an average series of nine bilateral electroconvulsive
      treatments (ECTs), followed by maintenance with lithium carbonate. Weekly ratings
      of manic, depressive, and psychotic symptoms were obtained for eight weeks, and
      patients were followed up monthly for up to two years. Ratings by nonblind and
      blind observers indicated that the patients who underwent ECT improved more
      during the first eight weeks than did patients who were treated with lithium
      carbonate. This was especially true of patients with mixed symptoms of mania and
      depression and/or extreme manic behavior. Clinical ratings after eight weeks
      showed no significant differences between the lithium carbonate- and ECT-treated
      patients. Likewise, the two groups had comparable rates of relapse, recurrence,
      and rehospitalization during the follow-up period.

PMID- 2899426
TI  - Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency.
AB  - Three of 27 patients treated for pheochromocytoma between 1974 and 1987 presented
      with pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis (PMC). This unusual presentation
      consists of multiple organ system failure, temperature often greater than 40
      degrees C, encephalopathy, and hypertension and/or hypotension. Although urgent
      medical therapy achieved blood pressure control in all three patients, the other
      manifestations of PMC progressed rapidly in spite of alpha and even beta
      blockade. The first patient died during attempts to localize a septic focus. The
      other two patients underwent urgent adrenalectomy and had postoperative
      improvement in their multiple organ system failure. All three tumors were large
      and produced markedly elevated levels of epinephrine. In conclusion (1) PMC is an
      unusual presentation of pheochromocytoma; (2) its manifestations include multiple
      organ system failure, high fever, encephalopathy, and vascular lability; (3) it
      may result from increased epinephrine secretion; and (4) successful treatment of
      PMC demands prompt diagnosis, vigorous medical preparation, and emergency tumor
      removal if the patient's condition continues to deteriorate.

PMID- 2899427
TI  - Influence of di-butyltin dilaurate on brain neurotransmitter systems and behavior
      in rats.
AB  - Exposure to DBTL (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg body weight) caused a decrease in levels of
      noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) at all treatment levels.
      Hypothalamus and frontal cortex appeared to be most affected, since levels of all
      the three amines examined showed changes in these areas. Maximum decrease of DA
      was found in corpus striatum, NA in pons medulla and of 5-HT in frontal cortex.
      These animals also showed a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity and
      learning at all the doses. The data indicates involvement of hypothalamus and
      frontal cortical regions of the brain in the neurotoxicity of DBTL.

PMID- 2899428
TI  - Gastritis with valproate therapy.
AB  - We have identified ten children who developed gastritis after prolonged
      anticonvulsant therapy that included either valproic acid or divalproex sodium.
      Presenting symptoms were primarily feeding difficulties, including anorexia and
      refusal to eat. Vomiting was present in two thirds of the patients, with
      diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain occurring less frequently. Occult blood
      in stool samples was a late development. All patients responded to therapy with
      H2-receptor antagonists, oral antacids, or both, with prolonged treatment often
      necessary to prevent relapse. Although gastrointestinal tract side effects are
      common with the initiation of valproate sodium therapy, feeding difficulties
      after long-term treatment are less common. Gastritis should be suspected in
      children receiving valproate therapy when feeding difficulties arise,
      particularly if the symptoms are persistent or recurrent.

PMID- 2899429
TI  - Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the basal and TSH-stimulated 3H-thymidine
      incorporation into rat thyroid lobes incubated in vitro.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin on the spontaneous and TSH--stimulated incorporation
      of tritiated thymidine into the rat thyroid lobes incubated in vitro were
      investigated. The rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation was used as an index of
      thyroid follicular cells (TFC) proliferation. It was shown that: 1) somatostatin,
      at a concentration of 10(-7)M, decreased 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of
      TFC, 2) the highest somatostatin concentration, as tested in this study (10(
      6)M), produced a similar decreasing effect; the decrease, in this case, did not
      attain significance vs. controls, 3) somatostatin, when employed together with
      TSH, suppressed the stimulatory effect of the latter hormone on 3H-thymidine
      incorporation into DNA of thyroid lobes.

PMID- 2899430
TI  - Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. IV. Effects of diphenaldehyde, a
      major product of ozonized phenanthrene, in rats.
AB  - Diphenaldehyde is the major product of phenanthrene ozonized on silica gel. Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a single ip injection of DMSO (3.0 ml/kg)
      or diphenaldehyde (90 mg/kg) in DMSO. Diphenaldehyde produced significant
      alterations in levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
      aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and
      lactate dehydrogenase relative to DMSO-injected rats 24 hr after injection. These
      results, as well as gross observations on necropsy, suggest that diphenaldehyde
      exhibits significant hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2899431
TI  - Effects of drugs on the activity of histamine-N-methyltransferase from guinea pig
      skin.

PMID- 2899432
TI  - Stimulatory effect of angiotensin II on the electric properties of the isolated
      toad skin.
AB  - In 1982 we showed that angiotensin II (Agt II) stimulates the bioelectric
      properties of the isolated toad skin and that this effect is blocked by
      pretreatment of the skin with indomethacine [J. B. Concha et al., IRCS Med. Sci.
      10, 584 (1982)]. Ussing's technique and several inhibitors were used to continue
      this study on the isolated Pleurodema thaul skin. Serosal Agt II produced a dose
      dependent increase in electrical parameters: a maximal concentration of 6 X 10(
      6) M Agt II increased potential difference by 43 +/- 7.8% and short-circuit
      current by 51.5 +/- 7.7%. The responses were not affected by either alpha or beta
      blockers or by atropine. Indomethacine blocked responses to the calcium ionophore
      A23187 and to Agt II which were similar to each other. Additive effects of Agt II
      and of the calcium ionophore A23187 were found. No response to Agt II was
      obtained when Ca2+-free Ringer was used on the serosal side. Calcium channel
      blockers (nifedipine, verapamil, manganese), pentobarbitone and saralasin blocked
      the response to Agt II. This pharmacological evidence is in favour of the
      hypothesis that Agt II activates specific membrane receptors, leading to Ca2+
      release and formation of prostaglandins which stimulate adenyl cyclase. This
      increases cAMP secretion, which in turn increases apical membrane permeability to
      sodium and enhances the active transport system.

PMID- 2899433
TI  - In vitro studies on the interaction of famotidine with liver microsomal
      cytochrome P-450.

PMID- 2899434
TI  - Beta-2-agonists of third generation.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic agents have been used for a long time in the treatment of asthma.
      For the purpose of bronchodilation the better results would be attained with the
      increase in Beta-2-selectivity. From the newer Beta-agonists the mot currently
      used are TERBUTALINE, FENOTEROL, SALBUTAMOL, CLEMBUTEROL, TOLBUTEROL, CARBUTEROL,
      PROCATEROL, RIMITEROL and REPROTEROL, this last combining in its molecule the
      structure of a beta-agonist with a Xanthine group. These agents could be used in
      different ways, by mouth, injection and inhalation (with a exception of
      Clembuterol which is effective only by oral route). The authors have, some years
      ago, comparatively studied the bronchodilating effect of Salbutamol and Fenoterol
      including 18 patients. The main increase of PFR was slightly higher after
      FENOTEROL but this difference was not significant. The authors have studied
      REPROTEROL by inhalation and oral routes in 11 asthmatic patients. After
      inhalation of 400 mcg of REPROTEROL the bronchodilator effect was comparable to
      others inhaled bronchodilators. However they could not confirm that REPROTEROL
      acts also as a Xanthine and only traces of Theophylline have been detected in
      blood of subjects taking it. These data seem to indicate that REPROTEROL do not
      release Theophylline in the body or only release a Xanthine like compound not
      detected by "EMIT" of high pressure liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2899435
TI  - [Treatment of chronic urticaria with ketotifen].
AB  - Ketotifen, an inhibitor of the mastocytes degranulation is used in the treatment
      of allergic asthma. The use of this drug in chronic urticaria is proposed because
      histamine play a major role in the production of the lesions. In this study, 36
      patients with chronic urticaria of various aetiology are treated with ketotifen
      (2 mg/d). 12 patients were healed, 11 good results and 12 failure were obtained.
      The best results are obtained in cold urticaria and in food related urticaria.
      This result were compared with data concerning the treatment of chronic
      urticaria.

PMID- 2899436
TI  - Influence of acute ethanol administration on hepatic glutathione metabolism in
      the rat.
AB  - The effect of acute ethanol administration on the hepatic metabolism of
      glutathione was studied in male Wistar rats. Animals fasted for 18 hr received
      ethanol (5 g/kg body wt.) through a gastric tube as a 20% (w/v) solution in 0.154
      NaCl. Four hours after administration of ethanol liver glutathione content was
      decreased by 21% when compared to saline-treated controls. A significant
      reduction (28%) was also found in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity and
      plasma glutathione levels were increased non significantly by 17% with respect to
      control rats. Glutathione S-transferase activity in the liver of ethanol-treated
      animals was decreased by 28% but no change was found in total glutathione
      peroxidase activity. The results indicate that the lowered glutathione synthesis
      could be an important factor contributing to the reduction of hepatic glutathione
      concentration following the acute ingestion of ethanol.

PMID- 2899437
TI  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase: normal cortical levels in Alzheimer disease.
AB  - gamma-Glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2; gamma-GT) may be important in the
      transport of amino acids or peptides across the blood-brain barrier. Gamma-GT
      activities were the same in cortical samples from Alzheimer and age-matched
      control brains, and there was no correlation between gamma-GT and choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, both of which
      were significantly reduced in the Alzheimer samples. ChAT and AChE activities
      were significantly correlated in both groups. ChAT showed a negative correlation
      with age in the controls and a positive correlation in the Alzheimer group. The
      opposite was true for gamma-GT, although the correlations were of low
      significance. The results do not lend any support to the hypothesis of a defect
      in the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer disease.

PMID- 2899438
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of diarrhoea producing gram negative enteric bacteria to
      sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulfapyridine and four quinolones. Brief
      report.
AB  - The in vitro susceptibility of diarrhoea producing Gram negative enteric bacteria
      to sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulfapyridine and four quinolones was
      investigated using an agar dilution method. All strains were resistant to 1600
      micrograms/ml of sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. MIC range of
      sulfapyridine for Y. enterocolitica was 3.1-25 micrograms/ml (median:6.2) and for
      Salmonella 25-100 micrograms/ml (median: 100) Campylobacter jejuni/coli were less
      susceptible to sulfapyridine with MIC values ranging from 200 to 800
      micrograms/ml. Shigella and three of five E. coli strains were resistant to 1600
      micrograms/ml of sulfapyridine. Two strains of E. coli were inhibited by 25
      micrograms/ml. All strains were fairly susceptible to enoxacin, ciprofloxacin,
      pefloxacin and ofloxacin. Cirpofloxacin was the most active drug on weight basis.

PMID- 2899439
TI  - Importance of ancillary properties of beta blockers in angina: a study of
      celiprolol and atenolol.
AB  - Celiprolol (400 mg) and atenolol (100 mg) were given once a day to 16 patients
      with stable angina pectoris in a double blind placebo controlled crossover study.
      Celiprolol produced less suppression of heart rate both at rest and during
      exercise than atenolol. Both drugs were equally effective in reducing the
      frequency of angina and in delaying the onset of ischaemia during exercise.
      Radionuclide ventriculography showed that atenolol but not celiprolol lowered
      cardiac output at rest and during exercise. Thus the ancillary properties of
      celiprolol, including partial beta 2 agonist activity and direct vasodilating
      activity, have detectable effects on cardiac function that may be beneficial in
      patients with angina.

PMID- 2899440
TI  - Depression of early phase of HTLV-I infection in vitro mediated by human beta
      interferon.
AB  - Natural human interferon beta (beta-IFN) was tested during the early phase of in
      vitro infection with HTLV-I virus of human cord blood mononuclear cells (CBL), to
      evaluate whether its antiviral and immunomodulating effects might prevent
      spreading of infection in the host. beta-IFN was found to reduce HTLV-I
      transmission and integration in CBL cultures. Moreover, beta-IFN had no effect in
      preventing virus transmission and integration in K562 and a very limited effect
      in HL60 and Molt-4 human tumour lines, suggesting a cell-type specific mode of
      action. beta-IFN induced a 'priming' response on CBL, since overnight
      pretreatment of recipient cells or one single treatment at the onset of the
      coculture were almost equally effective in protecting against HTLV-I infection.
      During the early days post infection (p.i.), IFN-treated CBL showed a pattern of
      phenotypic markers that was closer to that of non-infected CBL. In contrast,
      untreated CBL exposed to HTLV-I showed a percent increase of Tac+, M3+ and Leu
      11+ subpopulations. Cell-mediated immune responses of CBL were depressed after
      coculturing with HTLV-I producer MT-2 cells. beta-IFN was able to boost the cell
      mediated cytotoxicity of fresh and infected CBL against both K562 and MT-2 target
      cells. Leukocyte blastogenesis in mixed lymphocyte/tumour cell cultures,
      evaluated in terms of 3H-thymidine incorporation during the first week p.i., was
      also enhanced by IFN when macrophages and lymphocytes were reconstituted at an
      optimal 1:20 ratio. It is conceivable that this overall enhancement of the immune
      response induced by beta-IFN could contribute to reduce HTLV-I infection in
      vitro.

PMID- 2899441
TI  - Inactivation of the F1-ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 by 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoylinosine at 65 degrees C is accompanied by modification of
      beta-tyrosine-364.
AB  - A major radioactive peptide, T1, was resolved by high-performance liquid
      chromatography from a tryptic digest prepared from the F1-ATPase from the
      thermophilic bacterium PS3 which had been inactivated with p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyl[3H]inosine. Two radioactive peptides, T1P1 and T1P2, were
      isolated from a peptic digest of T1 by high-performance liquid chromatography.
      The sequences of T1P1 and T1P2 were shown to be E-E-H-X-Q-V-A-R and E-E-H-X-Q,
      respectively, where X corresponds to derivatized Tyr-364 of the beta subunit.

PMID- 2899442
TI  - Mechanism of multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2899444
TI  - Almitrine as a long term treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2899443
TI  - [Changes in the activity of adenylate- and guanylate cyclase in different rat
      tissues after chronic administration of ACTH or cortisol].
AB  - The state of adenylate and guanylate cyclases in the adrenals, suprarenal fat and
      ventricular myocardium of the rat was studied under conditions of chronic
      administration of ACTH or cortisol. By the end of ACTH injections the weight of
      the adrenals and the DNA content in them increased 6 and 3 times, respectively;
      both parameters showed a gradual increase. The corticosteroid level in the blood
      changed throughout the experiment. The changes in the DNA content in the adrenals
      and in the corticosteroid level in the blood were oppositely directed. This was
      paralleled with cyclic changes in the basal and stimulated activities of
      adenylate and guanylate cyclases occurring with a periodicity of 15 days. The
      peaks of the cyclase activity preceded the increase in the DNA content. Similar
      cyclic changes in the enzyme activity were observed in the adipose tissue and
      myocardium. It was supposed that periodic changes in the cyclase activity are the
      main prerequisites for the growth and replication of cells under conditions of
      changed hormonal status of the organism.

PMID- 2899445
TI  - Effects of enalapril on changes in cardiac output and organ vascular resistances
      induced by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in pithed normotensive
      rats.
AB  - 1. Cardiac output, its distribution and regional vascular resistances were
      determined with tracer microspheres in pithed rats in the presence of the
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril. The effects of enalapril on
      the cardiovascular responses elicited by either the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist
      phenylephrine or the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist xylazine were determined. 2.
      Enalapril decreased diastolic and mean blood pressure by decreasing cardiac index
      and total peripheral resistance. It induced vasodilatation in the kidney,
      epididimides, epididimidal fat and pancreas/mesentery. Vasoconstriction in the
      lungs, testes and liver was evident following enalapril administration as well as
      a decrease in the proportion of cardiac output passing to them, whilst the
      pancreas and mesentery received a greater proportion of the cardiac output. All
      the above effects of enalapril were reversed by infusion of angiotensin II at a
      rate of 75 ng kg-1 min-1. 3. Xylazine increased blood pressure by increasing both
      cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Enalapril did not affect the
      increase in cardiac output caused by xylazine but decreased the effect of the
      alpha 2-agonist on blood pressure by preventing the increase in total peripheral
      resistance. Inhibition by enalapril of xylazine-induced vasoconstriction in the
      kidneys, testes, fat and gastrointestinal tract contributed to the decrease in
      total peripheral resistance. Enalapril also inhibited xylazine-induced changes in
      cardiac output distribution to the liver, lungs and heart. All the above effects
      of enalapril were reversed by infusion of angiotensin II. 4. Enalapril decreased
      the sustained phase of the pressor response to an infusion of phenylephrine
      whilst having no effect on the initial peak pressor response to a bolus injection
      of phenylephrine. Phenylephrine increased both cardiac output and total
      peripheral resistance and enalapril abolished its effect on total peripheral
      resistance whilst having no effect on the increase in cardiac output. Enalapril
      inhibited phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in the testes, fat, muscle,
      spleen and gastrointestinal tract. Enalapril also inhibited phenylephrine-induced
      changes in cardiac output distribution to the lungs and liver. The infusion of
      angiotensin II did not fully reverse the inhibitory effect of enalapril either on
      the phenylephrine-induced increases in diastolic blood pressure or on the
      vasoconstriction in the fat, spleen and gastrointestinal tract, but did reverse
      all other effects of enalapril.

PMID- 2899446
TI  - Somatosensory neurons in partially deafferented rat hindlimb granular cortex
      subsequent to transection of the sciatic nerve: effects of glutamate and
      acetylcholine.
AB  - The effects of drugs administered iontophoretically were studied on 302 neurons
      isolated from partially deafferented hindlimb granular cortex of the rat and were
      compared to a previously studied sample from normal granular cortex. The
      proportions of cells affected by glutamate and acetylcholine (ACh) were not
      markedly different after partial deafferentation, but the cells were more readily
      depolarized by glutamate and their responses to a fixed dose of glutamate were
      larger. Fewer cells were excited strongly by ACh (up to the point of
      depolarization block) and the amplitudes of responses to test pulses of ACh were
      reduced in infragranular layers after partial deafferentation. Fifteen cells
      (5.9%) were inhibited by ACh administration, whereas in normal cortex this value
      was less than 1%. Fewer receptive fields were uncovered by glutamate after
      partial deafferentation, but more receptive fields were enlarged by this
      substance after nerve transection. These data were interpreted to mean that the
      cells from deafferented cortex had fewer excitatory inputs and as well, were
      apparently under a comparatively weaker degree of inhibitory control after
      deafferentation. The administration of ACh uncovered fewer somatic inputs than in
      normal animals. Responses were enhanced by ACh less frequently, and repeated
      treatments with ACh often led to a reduction in the effectiveness of the afferent
      stimulus. Increases in neuronal thresholds for somatic stimuli also were
      observed. The laminar distribution of the effects of ACh was similar to the
      distribution observed in normal animals. The responses to iontophoretically
      administered ACh and its agonists appeared to be mediated through both nicotinic
      and muscarinic receptor processes after partial deafferentation. Often the time
      course of the effects of ACh was abnormal, being characterized by oscillations
      between silence and very high rates of discharge with a period of 6-12 s. These
      observations are consistent with the hypothesis that after a major
      deafferentation (i) there is a reduction of the inhibitory controls normally
      present in the somatosensory cortex, and (ii) neuronal responses to ACh are
      modified in partially deafferented cortex. The magnitude of the responses of
      cells to ACh in the supragranular layers are larger after deafferentation whereas
      the magnitude of responses in the infragranular layers are reduced by this
      procedure. These changes may be related to changes induced by deafferentation in
      the distribution of receptors and/or in their pharmacological properties.

PMID- 2899447
TI  - The dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex: a tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive fibers was
      characterized immunohistochemically in the prefrontal cortical regions of both
      Old World cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and New World squirrel monkeys
      (Saimiri sciureus). In both species, differences in the density and/or laminar
      distribution of TH-labeled fibers were detected both across and within almost
      every prefrontal cytoarchitectonic region. In cynomolgus monkeys, areas 9 and 24
      had the greatest density of TH-labeled fibers, areas 11, 12, 13 and 25 were of
      intermediate density, and areas 10 and 46 had the lowest density of
      immunoreactive fibers. Differences in fiber density within many of these regions
      were also consistently observed. On a laminar basis, the distribution of labeled
      fibers in a given area of cynomolgus prefrontal cortex was systematically related
      to the overall fiber density of that area. For example, in the lightly innervated
      fundus of the principal sulcus (area 46), labeled fibers were primarily present
      in layer I and layers V-VI, whereas in area 9, the most densely innervated
      region, TH-labeled fibers were present in all cortical layers. Similar regional
      differences in the density and laminar distribution of TH-immunoreactive fibers
      were also present in squirrel monkey prefrontal cortex. In previous studies, we
      have analyzed the regional and laminar distributions of fibers immunoreactive for
      TH and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker for noradrenergic
      cortical fibers, in multiple areas of cortex from both normal and locus ceruleus
      lesioned animals. These comparisons, which have been confirmed in the present
      report, indicate that anti-TH and anti-DBH label distinct populations of axons in
      monkey neocortex, which presumably are dopaminergic and noradrenergic,
      respectively. Thus, the distribution of TH immunoreactivity described in the
      present report suggests that dopaminergic fibers are distributed in a very
      heterogeneous fashion in monkey prefrontal cortex. The distinctive innervation
      patterns exhibited by these fibers reveal the regions and layers that may be the
      principle sites of action of dopamine in exerting its effects on prefrontal
      cortical function.

PMID- 2899448
TI  - Levels of neurotransmitter and cytoskeletal protein mRNAs during nerve
      regeneration in sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - The present study examines levels of neurotransmitter messenger RNA (mRNA) at
      various stages after crush of postganglionic nerves in the superior cervical
      ganglia. Using complementary DNA (cDNA) probes, we demonstrated a reduction in
      ganglionic mRNA levels for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) after axotomy.
      Concomitantly, actin and tubulin mRNA levels in ganglia were increased. Thus, in
      neurons of sympathetic ganglia, axotomy appears to be associated with a selective
      reduction in levels of TH mRNA, and, in turn, alters levels of protein and enzyme
      activities.

PMID- 2899449
TI  - Characterization of opioid binding sites in murine neuroblastoma.
AB  - The binding of [3H] [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin ([3H]DAGO), [3H]D-Ala2,D
      Leu5]enkephalin ([3H]DADLE) and (+/-)-[3H]ethylketocyclazocine ([3H]EKC) to
      neurotumor tissues derived from S20Y neuroblastoma cells transplanted into A/Jax
      mice was examined. Specific and saturable binding to [3H]DADLE and [3H]EKC was
      detected, and the data fit a single homogeneous binding site for each ligand.
      Scatchard analysis for [3H]DADLE and [3H]EKC yielded Kd values of 0.65 and 0.45
      nM, respectively, and Bmax values of 9.2 and 116 fmol/mg protein. Binding was
      dependent on time, temperature, and pH, and was sensitive to Na+ and guanine
      nucleotides. Pretreatment of the tumor homogenates with trypsin markedly reduced
      binding to both ligands, suggesting that the binding sites were proteinaceous in
      character. Displacement experiments indicated that delta (delta) receptor related
      compounds (e.g. DPDPE, ICI 174,864) avidly displaced [3H]DADLE, whereas kappa
      (kappa) related compounds (e.g. U50,488, dynorphin) markedly competed with
      [3H]EKC. Mu (mu) receptor drugs (e.g. DAGO, beta-FNA, morphine) were not potent
      in displacing either [3H]DADLE or [3H]EKC. These results are the first to
      characterize opioid binding sites in tumor tissue. The function of these sites is
      unclear, but previous evidence as to the growth regulatory properties of
      endogenous opioid systems may suggest that either one, or both, binding sites may
      be involved in carcinogenic events.

PMID- 2899450
TI  - Enhancement of opioid cataleptic response by cortical frontal deafferentation or
      intrastriatal injection of NMDA-receptor antagonists.
AB  - The cataleptic activity of morphine and methadone was markedly potentiated in
      frontally decorticated rats with no apparent changes in the onset or duration of
      action. Enhancement of the opioid cataleptic response was not due to changes in
      the availability of the drugs in the brain. The potentiation of methadone-induced
      catalepsy in decorticated rats was mimicked in naive rats by intrastriatal (i.s.)
      application of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7), a potent and selective
      antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, degeneration of
      glutamatergic synapses following decortication could be responsible for the
      changes in behavioral effects caused by opioids. The failure of AP7 to elicit an
      effect after injection into the n. accumbens fits with the possibility of a
      selective involvement of the striatum in this phenomenon. That the striatum plays
      a critical role in the expression of opioid-induced catalepsy was substantiated
      by the findings that: (1) naloxone, an opioid antagonist, injected i.s., prevents
      the potentiation of catalepsy induced by methadone and morphine in decorticated
      animals, (2) oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist, injected i.s., reverses the
      enhancement of opioid-catalepsy in decorticated rats, (3) earlier studies by
      others showed that ablation of the striatum had a facilitatory action on opioid
      induced catalepsy. In conclusion, evidence is given that the corticostriatal
      pathway exerts an inhibitory effect upon narcotic-induced cataleptic behavior.
      The possibility that this effect is mediated through striatonigral GABAergic
      output is discussed. The data further suggest that the neuronal mechanisms
      through which the corticostriatal pathway mediates narcotic catalepsy is
      operative through activation of NMDA receptors within the striatum.

PMID- 2899451
TI  - Esmolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - Infusion of esmolol, an ultra short acting beta-blocker was used in the acute
      management of 48 patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Following acute
      control of the heart rate, patients received maintenance of esmolol infusion for
      6 h when they were transferred to alternate oral antiarrhythmic agents. Prompt
      control of heart rate (mean +/- SD, 15 +/- 8.8 mins) was achieved in 85% of
      patients with esmolol at a dose rate of 80 +/- 59 micrograms/kg/min. Ninety
      percent of these subjects were successfully transferred to alternate oral
      therapy. Five subjects experienced transient side effects. Esmolol was highly
      effective and particularly suitable for the acute management of patients with
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 2899452
TI  - Common sports injuries to the foot and leg.
AB  - Running related injuries to the leg and foot account for approximately 45 per
      cent of the total injuries to the lower extremity. The incidence of running
      injuries has increased significantly in the past decade, thus, creating a demand
      for increased proficiency in treating runners. Specifically, overuse injuries
      account for most of the runner's complaints. The goal of sports medicine as
      mentioned previously is to keep the athlete active and injury free. To achieve
      this goal the etiologies of the injuries must be recognized and treated. Common,
      preventable causes of overuse injuries would include training errors and
      biomechanical factors. The biomechanical factors as they relate to foot and leg
      have been addressed within this article. Early recognition and biomechanical
      treatment will decrease the vast majority of the lower limb injuries.

PMID- 2899453
TI  - Presence of HTLV-I proviral DNA in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
      in Taiwan.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral DNA was demonstrated in the
      leukemic cells of two newly identified cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
      (ATL) in Taiwan by the Southern blot hybridization method. Therefore, the ATL
      cases diagnosed clinicopathologically in Taiwan were, for the first time,
      documented to be definitely related to HTLV-I.

PMID- 2899454
TI  - Amino acids modulate calcium permeability of the plasma membrane of human
      neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Four different amino acids (kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, L-cysteine sulfinate
      and D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate) have been observed to stimulate uptake of
      45Ca2+ into human neuroblastoma cells. This stimulation of uptake is specific and
      many amino acids which are structural analogs of the above compounds are without
      activity. The calcium movement is not inhibited by compounds which block voltage
      dependent calcium channels. Biological specificity is observed in which some cell
      lines respond to the amino acids and others do not. It is concluded that these
      amino acids are acting on a class of receptors whose physiological role is
      modulation of neuronal metabolism by modulating the calcium permeability of the
      plasma membrane. The amino acids can substitute for the, as yet, unidentified
      natural agonists, albeit with low affinity.

PMID- 2899455
TI  - Properties of verapamil-hypersensitive multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary
      cells.
AB  - Two vincristine-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines have been shown
      previously to be hypersensitive to the calcium channel blocker, verapamil. They
      are now shown to be hypersensitive to the membrane-active agent quinidine sulfate
      and to the calcium channel blockers diltiazem and nicardipine. Hypersensitivity
      to quinidine sulfate implies that calcium channels are not the primary target for
      these drug effects on these cell lines and is consistent with our previous
      observation that their calcium accumulation is normal in the presence and absence
      of verapamil. The two cell lines have elevated levels of membrane P-glycoprotein
      and of two cytosolic proteins, Mr 27,000 and pI 6.0 and 6.4. Revertants have
      normal levels of these cytosolic proteins, suggesting that these proteins may
      play a role in conferring resistance. [3H]Verapamil accumulation by the two cell
      lines is lower than in controls. One of the cell lines has been hybridized to
      normal cells and the vincristine resistance and verapamil sensitivity of three
      hybrid clones has been determined. Vincristine resistance is semidominant but
      verapamil hypersensitivity is completely recessive.

PMID- 2899456
TI  - Apparent stronger expression in the human adrenal cortex than in the human
      adrenal medulla of Mr 170,000-180,000 P-glycoprotein.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (MAb), MRK 16, specific to Adriamycin-resistant human
      myelogenous leukemia cell line K562, was used to examine whether the antigen
      molecules (P-glycoprotein) recognized by the MAb are present in the adrenals. The
      materials examined included 61 human adrenals and several cell lines.
      Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that almost all of the human adrenal
      specimens (59 out of 61) were stained positively with MAb MRK 16 and that the
      antigen was strongly expressed even in cases where anticancer agents had not been
      given. Immunoprecipitation showed that the Mr 170,000-180,000 glycoprotein was
      present in all of the adult adrenals but not in fetal and neonatal adrenals.
      Furthermore, fluorescence image analysis revealed that the P-glycoprotein was
      more strongly expressed in the cortex than in the medulla, showing a tendency to
      occur in cell clusters in the latter area. The cell lines derived from animal
      adrenals (SW-13, Y-1, and PC-12) showed no positive staining with MAb MRK 16. It
      is suggested that this glycoprotein may be related to maturation of the adrenal,
      in which it possibly plays a physiological role.

PMID- 2899457
TI  - Contrasting actions of staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, on human
      neutrophils and primary mouse epidermal cells.
AB  - Staurosporine, a recently described microbial alkaloid, is uniquely potent as an
      inhibitor of protein kinase C in vitro, being active at nM concentrations rather
      than the microM concentrations typical of other inhibitor classes. Like these
      other inhibitors, however, staurosporine exhibits only limited selectivity among
      different protein kinases. We report here that, in intact human neutrophils, nM
      concentrations of staurosporine blocked the action of the phorbol ester tumor
      promoters. In mouse primary epidermal cells, on the other hand, staurosporine
      failed to block the effects of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate on epidermal growth
      factor binding and on induction of ornithine decarboxylase and epidermal
      transglutaminase. Unexpectedly, staurosporine induced morphological changes in
      keratinocytes to a dendritic shape resembling that induced by the phorbol esters.
      It also induced epidermal transglutaminase and cornified envelope production,
      markers of the differentiative pathway in the epidermal cells. We conclude that
      the effectiveness of staurosporine as a protein kinase C inhibitor in intact
      cells may depend markedly on the cell system. Other actions of staurosporine may
      predominate, and, in keratinocytes, its activity is suggestive of a tumor
      promoter rather than of an inhibitor of tumor promotion.

PMID- 2899458
TI  - Partial inhibition of the growth of transplanted dunning rat prostate tumors with
      the long-acting somatostatin analogue sandostatin (SMS 201-995).
AB  - The growth-inhibiting effects of the long-acting somatostatin analogue
      Sandostatin on the transplanted Dunning R3327-H androgen-sensitive rat prostate
      tumor were investigated. Recipient animals were male Copenhagen x Fischer F1 rats
      (N = 36). When mean tumor volume reached 700 mm3 (20 weeks following
      transplantation), the rats were divided into four groups: control; Sandostatin
      (100 micrograms/kg s.c. twice a day); castrate; castrate/Sandostatin. Tumor size
      was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging 21, 42, 63, 105, and 138 days
      subsequently. Administration of Sandostatin was interrupted between days 43 and
      62. As assessed by transplant volume, Sandostatin caused a moderate (up to 50%)
      but highly significant (P less than 0.001) suppression of tumor growth in the
      intact rats; the effect was reversed when drug administration was stopped. In the
      castrates, in which tumor growth was markedly less than in intact rats, no
      significant effect of Sandostatin was seen. Analysis of the tumor growth rate
      demonstrated that Sandostatin led to a 19% reduction (P less than 0.05) in growth
      rate in intact rats and a 9% decrease (not significant) in castrates. These
      findings extend previous reports of partial suppression of various types of
      tumors in vivo with Sandostatin and other somatostatin analogues. Their relevance
      with regard to the possible use of Sandostatin in the treatment of prostatic
      carcinoma in humans is discussed.

PMID- 2899460
TI  - [Incidence and clinical forms of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Eastern
      Slovakia].

PMID- 2899459
TI  - [Celiprolol tolerance in patients with left ventricular function disorders].

PMID- 2899461
TI  - Certain beta-blockers can decrease beta-adrenergic receptor number: I. Acute
      reduction in receptor number by tertatolol and bopindolol.
AB  - We have previously reported that a potent new beta-blocker, tertatolol, when
      given at therapeutic doses to healthy volunteers, rapidly reduced the number of
      human mononuclear leukocyte beta-receptors. In the present study, the mechanism
      of receptor regulation by beta-antagonists incubated with target cells in vitro
      was investigated. Two different cell types (human mononuclear leukocytes and S49
      murine lymphoma cells) were used, and beta-adrenergic receptors were measured
      using either the hydrophilic ligand 3H-CGP 12177 (specific for surface receptors)
      or lipophilic 125I-pindolol (which measures total receptors). In a comparison
      between beta-blockers, tertatolol and bopindolol, but not propranolol and
      pindolol, were found to rapidly (1 hour at 37 degrees C) reduce the number of
      beta-adrenergic receptors. This was paralleled by a reduction in isoproterenol
      stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. The reduction in receptors was the same
      whether surface or total receptors were measured; thus, it was not due to
      receptor sequestration. This effect was not caused by partial agonist activity
      (bopindolol is a weak partial agonist); in parallel experiments, tertatolol and
      bopindolol, but not pindolol (potent partial agonist) and isoproterenol (full
      agonist), reduced beta-adrenergic receptors. Finally, this effect was not due to
      irreversible binding: the receptor reduction induced by the irreversible blocker
      bromo-acetyl-alprenolol-methane (BAAM) was stable for several hours, while the
      effect of tertatolol and bopindolol was slowly reversed over the same time
      course. We suggest that tertatolol and bopindolol have two effects on beta
      adrenergic receptors: they bind competitively, and then they modify the receptors
      so that they are no longer available for binding by ligands or
      catecholamines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899462
TI  - Certain beta-blockers can decrease beta-adrenergic receptor number: II. Down
      regulation of receptor number by alprenolol and propranolol in cultured lymphoma
      and muscle cells.
AB  - We have used two different cultured cell lines--S49 lymphoma cells and BC3H-1
      muscle cells--to examine the regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by receptor
      antagonists. Rather than an increase ("up-regulation") of receptor number that
      such antagonists often produce, we found that certain beta-blockers elicit a
      decrease ("down-regulation") of beta-adrenergic receptors. Alprenolol and
      propranolol, but not sotalol or ICI 118,551, at concentrations of 10-100 nM down
      regulated beta-adrenergic receptors 20-70% following 16-20 hours of treatment of
      S49 or BC3H-1 cells. Several observations suggest that this phenomenon depends
      upon beta-receptor interaction, including stereoselectivity [(-)-enantiomers more
      potent than (+)-enantiomers], blockade of the effect by ICI 118,551, absence of
      down-regulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors in BC3H-1 cells, and lack of a
      decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor-independent (forskolin-stimulated) cyclic
      AMP accumulation in S49 cells. The possibility of retained antagonist interfering
      with receptor measurement was precluded by the fact that the antagonist-induced
      decrease in receptor number required several hours incubation and occurred
      without a prominent change in receptor affinity. The ability of the beta-blockers
      to elicit down-regulation did not correlate with hydrophobicity of the drugs.
      Antagonist-induced down regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors did not occur in
      S49 lymphoma cells that lack the alpha-subunit of Gs, the guanine nucleotide
      binding regulatory protein, thus implying a requirement for receptor-alpha s
      interaction in eliciting beta-receptor down-regulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2899463
TI  - Neurohumoral responses to chronic myocardial infarction in rats.
AB  - In chronic cardiac failure, various neurohumoral mechanisms are activated to
      sustain blood volume, blood pressure, and organ perfusion. Using the coronary
      artery ligation model of heart failure in the rat, we have measured changes in
      vasoactive hormone secretion and related these changes to salt and water status
      during a 1-month period. When compared with controls, rats with infarction had a
      marked rise in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (294 +/- 59 vs. 79 +/- 10 pg/ml,
      p less than 0.001) although there was no increase in total exchangeable body
      sodium. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentrations were the same
      for both rats with infarction and controls. Similarly, there were no significant
      differences in plasma arginine vasopressin, plasma osmolality, or plasma sodium
      concentration in rats with infarction. Ventricular norepinephrine levels were
      reduced in animals with infarction (p less than 0.01). Plasma atrial natriuretic
      peptide levels were raised in this model of chronic left ventricular failure.
      However, there was no salt retention and little stimulation of the renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system or vasopressin. The results suggest that high
      circulating atrial natriuretic peptide levels may prevent or limit salt and water
      retention, either directly or indirectly, by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system.

PMID- 2899464
TI  - The rate of loss of CR1 from ageing erythrocytes in vivo in normal subjects and
      SLE patients: no correlation with structural or numerical polymorphisms.
AB  - The stability of CR1 (complement receptor type 1) on ageing erythrocytes in vivo
      was examined in a group of normal subjects who had been genotyped using a
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (detected using a cDNA probe for CR1)
      that correlates with the numerical expression of CR1 on normal erythrocytes (H =
      allele correlating with high expression, L = low). Erythrocytes were separated
      into 5 fractions of increasing age on discontinuous Percoll gradients. Mean CR1
      numbers on erythrocytes fell from 636 molecules per cell in the first fraction to
      384 in the fifth in the HH group and from 478 to 315 in the LL group. There was
      no difference in the rate of decline of CR1 numbers between the groups. A group
      of nine SLE patients was also studied in the same way; their genotypes were HH
      (four) and HL (five). Mean CR1 numbers amongst all of these patients fell from
      477 to 232, a faster rate of decline than in a genotypically matched group of
      normal subjects. There was no difference in the prevalence of the different
      structural allotypes amongst 30 SLE patients compared with 21 normal subjects.
      These data provide further evidence that there are enhanced extracellular
      mechanisms for the removal of CR1 from erythrocytes of SLE patients and do not
      support the hypothesis that inherited variation in CR1 expression on erythrocytes
      increases disease susceptibility to SLE.

PMID- 2899465
TI  - Isocitrate dehydrogenase in D. melanogaster imaginal discs: pattern development
      and alteration by homoeotic mutant genes.
AB  - The distribution of the soluble form of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase
      (ICDH) was examined in Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs. Development of the
      enzyme patterns and the specific transformations of the patterns by homoeotic
      mutants were studied. ICDH pattern formation was followed in eye-antennal discs
      and wing discs from the late 2nd instar stage through 3rd instar and 8 hours into
      prepupal development. The patterns formed gradually in both disc types. The most
      interesting pattern developed in the eye portion of the eye-antennal disc
      complex. ICDH distribution as well as staining intensity correlated well with
      differentiation of the ommatidia. The spatial distribution of ICDH within the
      discs was under genetic control. The patterns reflected the state of
      determination of the disc. When the presumptive tissue type was transformed via
      mutant homoeotic genes to different determinative states, the ICDH pattern
      likewise transformed to the pattern characteristic of the newly acquired
      structure.

PMID- 2899466
TI  - Reliability of QT intervals as indicators of clinical hypercalcemia.
AB  - Reliability of corrected QT intervals (QoTc, QaTc, and QeTc) as indicators of
      clinical hypercalcemia was assessed in 14 hypercalcemic patients. Hypercalcemia
      was severe to extreme (serum calcium 14.9 to 22.8 mg/dl) in 11, moderate (13.4
      mg/dl) in 1, and mild (12.2 and 11.8 mg/dl) in 2 patients. QT intervals during
      hypercalcemia were compared with those during normocalcemia either before or
      after development of hypercalcemia. QeTc interval showed neither significant
      correlation with serum calcium nor any consistent pattern of change with
      development of hypercalcemia or normalization of serum calcium. In contrast, QoTc
      and QaTc intervals shortened with development of hypercalcemia and returned
      toward normal with normalization of serum calcium in all the patients, and showed
      significant correlation with serum calcium (QoTc: r = -0.77, p less than 0.001, n
      = 35; QaTc: r = 0.82, p less than 0.001, n = 35). QaTc was short (less than 0.30
      s) in all the ECGs in severe and moderate hypercalcemia and in 2 of the 5 ECGs in
      mild hypercalcemia. Combination of short QoTc (less than 0.18 s) and short QaTc
      was found to be highly specific for, and was present in 65% of ECGs, in moderate
      and severe hypercalcemia. Combination of normal QoTc (greater than 0.18 s) and
      normal QaTc (greater than 0.30 s) was not observed in moderate or severe
      hypercalcemia. We conclude that QoTc and QaTc intervals are reliable indicators
      of clinical hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2899467
TI  - Fatal bone marrow toxicity in a patient treated with methotrexate and glafenine
      for rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2899468
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis and bilateral sacroiliitis.

PMID- 2899469
TI  - The predictive value of computed tomography and Haemophilus influenzae capsular
      antigen in subdural fluid collections.
AB  - A study was made of 52 patients with Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis
      complicated by subdural collections of fluid to determine which of these
      collections were sterile (effusions) and which infected (empyema). This
      differentiation is important for the treatment which differs in the two
      conditions. Cranial computed tomography (CT) alone was not as reliable as the
      combination of CT associated with detection of Haemophilus influenzae capsular
      antigen, in accurately predicting if a subdural fluid collection was infected, or
      had a high probability of becoming infected.

PMID- 2899470
TI  - Effects of nonionizing radiation on birds.
AB  - 1. With the ability to fly comes a greater probability of direct irradiation by
      nonionizing radiation. The effect of nonionizing radiation on birds is,
      therefore, of environmental significance. 2. Most biological effects of exposure
      to nonionizing radiation in avian species are a result of radiation-induced
      temperature increases. 3. The incubating avian egg provides a model to study
      nonthermal effects of microwave exposure since ambient incubation temperature can
      be adjusted to compensate for absorbed thermal energy. 4. Some studies have shown
      that exposure to nonthermal levels of nonionizing radiation affect a bird's
      ability to recover from acute physiological stressors. 5. Although earlier
      research indicated that modulated radiofrequency radiation increased calcium-ion
      efflux in chick forebrain tissue, criticism of experimental techniques and
      contradictory results between related studies have made final conclusions
      elusive. 6. Birds have been shown to be able to reliably detect magnetic fields
      in both the field and laboratory. Some researchers have reported malformations in
      chicken embryos exposed to a sinusoidal bipolar oscillating magnetic field.

PMID- 2899471
TI  - Serum enzymes in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation during
      embryogeny.
AB  - 1. Japanese quail eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave
      radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate
      of 4.03 mW/g during the first 12 days of embryogeny. 2. After hatching, serum
      biochemical changes in response to hemorrhagic stress were measured following a
      hemorrhage of 30% of the calculated total blood volume. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase,
      beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, glucose and protein were not affected by
      microwave irradiation during embryogeny either before or after hemorrhage. 4.
      Microwave irradiation in ovo affected the response of serum glutamic oxaloacetic
      transaminase activity to hemorrhagic stress in Japanese quail.

PMID- 2899472
TI  - Kidney function in response to salt feeding in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri
      Richardson).
AB  - 1. The effect of high levels of dietary salt up to 12% NaCl on kidney function in
      freshwater rainbow trout was investigated. 2. Renal response to dietary NaCl load
      includes increases in urinary flow rate and glomerular filtration rate, together
      with a slight reduction in ionic reabsorption capacity. 3. The renal salt
      excretion rate, which was doubled to about 100 microM/kg/hr, in fish fed the high
      salt diet, is not entirely a consequence of a reduction in tubular ionic
      reabsorption but also of increased glomerular filtration. 4. The role of the
      endocrine system in control of renal salt excretion is discussed.

PMID- 2899473
TI  - The effect of alkaline earth cations and of ionic strength on the dissociation of
      earthworm hemoglobin at alkaline pH.
AB  - 1. The effect of alkaline earth cations on the dissociation of the extracellular
      hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris and the effect of ionic strength on the
      dissociation of the hemoglobins of L. terrestris and Tubifex tubifex at
      concentrations of ca 2.5 mg/ml, over the pH range 9.0-10.5 was investigated using
      ultracentrifugation to separate the dissociated from the undissociated molecules.
      2. Mg(II), Ca(II) and Sr(II) at concentrations of up to 0.2 M, decreased the
      dissociation of Lumbricus oxyhemoglobin from 70% at pH 9.0 and 100% at pH 9.5 and
      higher, to 20-30% at 0.05 M. The three cations were equally effective in
      decreasing the extent of dissociation of L. terrestris oxyhemoglobin over the pH
      range 9.0-10.5, with a K1/2 of ca 10 mM. 3. The dissociation of L. terrestris
      oxyhemoglobin over the pH range 9.0-10.5 was decreased only to 50-60% in the
      presence of up to 0.5 M NaCl or KCl; there was no further decrease in
      dissociation at concentrations of the two salts up to 1.5 M. 4. The dissociation
      of T. tubifex oxyhemoglobin over the pH range 9.0-10.0 was decreased from 100% to
      ca 40-50% in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl or KCl with little or no change at higher
      concentrations. At pH 10.5 and 11.0 the decrease in dissociation was more
      gradual, reaching ca 50% at 1.5 M NaCl.

PMID- 2899475
TI  - Oxygen transport properties of blood in two different bovine breeds.
AB  - 1. The whole oxygen dissociation curve of oxyhemoglobin has been determined in
      double-muscled cattle of the Belgian White Blue breed and in Friesian cattle of
      different body weight. 2. In calves, P50 values are low and DPG level is high (4
      20 mumol/g Hb). 3. P50 values of 25 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) and a level of
      DPG less than 1.5 mumol/g Hb have been found in animals weighing more than 80 kg.
      4. Effects of temperature and pH on the oxygen dissociation curve have been
      measured at all levels of saturation. The temperature coefficient (dlog P50/dT)
      and the Bohr effect expressed as dlog P50/dpH were 0.017 and -0.40, respectively.
      5. Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentrations and oxygen capacity of hemoglobin have
      been measured. 6. No difference between both breeds has been observed. 7. These
      data can be used to correct measured values of oxygen tension for temperature and
      pH and to measure oxygen content of blood in cattle.

PMID- 2899474
TI  - Comparative quantitation of the physiological response to acute stress in impala
      and roan antelope.
AB  - 1. The concentrations of 8 variables in the blood of impala and roan antelope
      exposed to acute stress were investigated. 2. An objective measure of the acute
      stress response, based on the % maximal change of the 8 variables, is suggested.
      3. The method takes into account the species specificity of the stress response
      and is based on changes in the concentration of variables which reflect the
      (general) hormonal and (neuro-) endocrine balance of an animal at a given time.
      4. The species-specific experimental response to stress (SSERTS), thus obtained,
      is time and procedure dependent.

PMID- 2899476
TI  - Iron-binding properties and amino acid composition of marsupial transferrins:
      comparison with eutherian mammals and other vertebrates.
AB  - 1. Some physicochemical properties of transferrin from three marsupials, viz a
      possum (Trachosurus vulpecula), a kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) and the quokka
      (Setonix brachyurus) were studied and compared with those of transferrins from
      mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate species. 2. The molecular weight of the
      marsupial transferrins fell within the range of 76,000-79,000 daltons. 3. The
      marsupial transferrins were similar to the transferrins of eutherian mammals with
      respect to optical spectral properties, iron binding capacity and the pH
      dependence of iron binding, and iron release mediated by 2,3-DPG. 4. The amino
      acid compositions of the marsupial transferrins were compared with each other and
      with the transferrins from the other vertebrate species. The compositions of the
      marsupial transferrin were closely related to each other, and also showed
      similarities with transferrins from eutherian mammals and chicken ovotransferrin.

PMID- 2899477
TI  - Metabolism and evaporative heat loss in the dik-dik antelope (Rhynchotragus
      kirki).
AB  - 1. Under controlled conditions, the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) respiratory
      frequency, evaporative water loss, heat balance, rectal (Trec) and surface
      temperatures were determined in the dik-dik antelopes at ambient temperatures
      (Ta) ranging from 1 to 44 degrees C. 2. The thermal neutral zone was found to be
      between 24 and 35 degrees C. 3. Respiratory frequency ranged between 27 and 630
      breaths/min. 4. At a Ta of 44 degrees C, 95% of the heat produced by the dik-dik
      was lost via respiratory evaporation. Despite an increase in Trec, cutaneous
      evaporation did not increase. 5. During panting, VO2 increased in accordance with
      the expected Q10 effect, contrary to earlier findings. 6. Measurements of
      circadian rhythm [LD 12:12 (7-19) CT26 degrees C] in VO2 showed that the minimum
      VO2 (0.42 ml O2/g/hr) occurred at midnight while the maximum (0.78 ml O2/g/hr)
      occurred at midday. The 24 hr mean VO2 was 0.61 ml O2/g/hr. 7. These measurements
      suggest that in nature, determinants other than light may be responsible for
      triggering the variations observed in VO2.

PMID- 2899478
TI  - Non-gonadal mediated effect of photoperiod on hibernation and body weight cycles
      of the European hamster.
AB  - 1. Sexually active male European hamsters raised under short photoperiod display
      high levels of plasma testosterone, high body weight and do not hibernate. 2.
      Castrated males in May, raised under the same conditions, do not hibernate and do
      not present the physiological body weight rhythm. 3. Normal and castrated animals
      under natural conditions enter hibernation and display a normal body weight
      rhythm. 4. Normal and castrated animals not submitted to the natural succession
      of long and short days do not enter hibernation. 5. Photoperiod directly controls
      body weight and hibernation gonadal interactions.

PMID- 2899479
TI  - The pneumostome rhythm in slugs: a response to dehydration controlled by
      hemolymph osmolality and peptide hormones.
AB  - 1. One response of the terrestrial slug, Limax maximus to dehydration is the
      initiation and modulation of the pneumostome rhythm. When a slug has lost 15-20%
      of its initial body weight by evaporation, the frequency of pheumostome closures,
      which is less than 0.5 closures/min in fully hydrated slugs, begins to increase.
      2. The frequency increases with further dehydration, but the average duration of
      each closure remains constant. Thus, the proportion of time during which the
      pneumostome is closed increases. Simultaneously, the area of the pneumostome
      opening decreases. 3. This behavior appears to be controlled in part by both the
      osmolality of the slug's hemolymph and by a peptide closely related to arginine
      vasotocin (AVT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Injecting intact slugs with
      mannitol, which increases the osmolality of the hemolymph, or with AVT or AVP,
      can initiate the pneumostome rhythm. 4. Mannitol injections, however, do not
      provoke the decrease in the area of the pneumostome opening which is induced by
      natural dehydration or by AVT or AVP injection. This suggests that at least two
      systems may be involved in the overall control of the pneumostome.

PMID- 2899480
TI  - A simple and inexpensive tonometry system for use with microlitre blood samples.
AB  - The construction of a blood tonometering system based on the vibrating action of
      a firebell is described. Its performance has been assessed with human blood at 37
      degrees C and in use with Antarctic fish blood (Pagothenia borchgrevinki) at -1.5
      degrees C.

PMID- 2899481
TI  - Electrical currents associated with rhythmic contractions of the blastoderm of
      the medaka, Oryzias latipes.
AB  - 1. We used a vibrating probe to measure extracellular electrical currents near
      the surface of dechorionated Oryzias latipes eggs as contraction waves moved
      slowly across the blastoderm. 2. Although we found no detectable current outside
      dechorionated embryos, we recorded large current pulses near the edge of wounds
      made in the surface of the blastoderm. 3. The maximum net inward current--or in
      some cases, the least net outward current--correlated temporally with the
      contraction of cells near the edge of the wound. 4. The current pulses were
      superimposed on steady currents of variable magnitude and polarity. 5. We discuss
      possible mechanisms for the initiation and propagation of the contraction wave.

PMID- 2899482
TI  - An investigation of an estrogen-binding component in the liver and plasma of
      brook char, Salvelinus fontinalis.
AB  - 1. Estrogen-binding activity was investigated in liver nuclear and cytosolic
      preparations of sexually mature female brook char, Salvelinus fontinalis. Nuclear
      salt extracts of estrogen-injected fish were found to contain high affinity
      binding sites (Kd = 1.6 nM, capacity = 2.8 fM/ug DNA). 2. Low levels of high
      affinity specific binding activity were found in the cytosol of both injected and
      untreated fish (Kd = 7.5 nM, capacity = 16.1 fM/mg protein). 3. Binding sites in
      both preparations were specific for estrogens with no significant competition by
      5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, or cortisone. 4. A plasma-binder was
      found to have distinctive differences with regard to structural specificity
      compared to the estrogen-binding component in liver. It was found to have no
      affinity for diethylstilbestrol while having some affinity for both 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone and progesterone. 5. The brook char liver estrogen-binding
      component was observed to have characteristics in common with estrogen receptors
      found in other vertebrates.

PMID- 2899483
TI  - Olfactory deprivation in pigeons: examination of methods applied in homing
      experiments.
AB  - 1. Effectiveness of three methods of olfactory deprivation or impairment was
      tested by means of unconditioned cardiac acceleration in response to odorous
      stimuli. 2. Occlusion of nostrils reduced stimulus intensity to approx. 20-30% of
      the level in unimpeded state. Capability of stimulus quantification remained
      unimpaired. 3. Bilateral olfactory nerve section and backward bending of the
      nerve stumps irreversibly eliminated responses to weaker stimuli. With higher
      concentrations of the odorant, pigeons responded at a reduced level, most likely
      due to trigeminal reception. 4. Spraying the nasal cavities with an anaesthetic
      largely abolished sensitivity to odorous stimuli. However, its effect was quite
      variable depending on the kind of application (which cannot be fully
      standardized). The time course of effectiveness is shown. 5. The relevance of
      these findings to experiments on pigeon homing is discussed. Conclusions on
      involvement of unspecified non-olfactory stimuli can only be drawn if methods are
      applied that reliably isolate the birds from airborne environmental odours.

PMID- 2899484
TI  - Intra-arterially administered vasopressin inhibits nocturnal pineal melatonin
      synthesis in the rat.
AB  - 1. In order to investigate the possible involvement of arginine-vasopressin (AVP)
      in the inhibition of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis following electrical
      stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei, adult male rats received
      injections of 5 micrograms/100 g body weight of the peptide during either day- or
      night-time. Following survival times of 30 or 120 min, animals were killed and
      the activity of the melatonin synthesis enzyme N-acetyltransferase (NAT) was
      determined. 2. At night, NAT activity was significantly decreased 30 and 120 min
      following AVP injection. 3. During the daytime, NAT activity was unchanged
      following AVP administration. 4. It is suggested that pineal melatonin synthesis
      may be affected by PVN stimulation not only via neural pathways but possibly also
      by PVN-released blood-borne AVP.

PMID- 2899486
TI  - The relationship between food intake, body fat and reproductive inhibition in
      prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bardii).
AB  - 1. Reproductively-inhibited deermice selected from four laboratory populations
      consumed significantly less food than reproductively-proven pairs. 2.
      Reproductively-inhibited animals predominantly, but not consistently, had reduced
      total body fat compared with reproductively capable deermice. 3. The per capita
      food consumption rate of two populations followed for 26 weeks since founding,
      decreased over time to about 65% of the daily intake of the proven animals used
      to found the populations. 4. An aggregation or "huddling" behaviour with
      concomitant reduction in thyroid hormone activity, possibly in response to the
      density of the "huddle", is suggested as an explanation for these observations.

PMID- 2899485
TI  - Effects of cholecystokinin peptides on digestive enzymes in killifish in vivo.
AB  - 1. The abilities of cholecystokinin-like peptides to elicit lipase secretion were
      examined in the stomachless killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. 2. Cholecystokinin
      octapeptide, caerulein, and nonsulfated caerulein stimulated lipase secretion in
      vivo, with caerulein and nonsulfated caerulein being the most potent peptides
      tested. 3. Lipase secretion was not induced by carbachol, and peptide stimulated
      lipase secretion was not inhibited by atropine. 4. These data suggest digestive
      enzyme secretion constitutes an evolutionary primitive role for CCK.

PMID- 2899487
TI  - Characteristics of the water response across the dorsal epithelium of frog
      tongue.
AB  - 1. Dorsal epithelium of the frog tongue produced a change in potential difference
      across the tissue in response to removal of NaCl from the adapting Ringer
      solution on the mucosa. 2. The response was not caused by an osmotic decrease in
      the stimulus, and its profile was in many respects similar to that of the
      receptor potential in frog taste cells. 3. In conclusion, the response may
      influence or modify water reception in frogs.

PMID- 2899488
TI  - Lactate utilization and influx in resting and working rat red muscle.
AB  - 1. The behavior of lactate was studied during electrical stimulation and influx
      was measured under resting conditions of rat soleus muscle. 2. Lactate
      utilization was measured with (U-14C) lactate and results from electrical
      stimulation of the soleus muscle present evidence that this substance is mainly
      oxidized. 3. Under resting conditions, lactate influx showed a saturable
      transport system with an apparent Km of 11 mM. This low affinity for lactate
      suggests that lactate transport has a limiting factor for the muscle. 4. The
      increased lactate utilization under electrical stimulation (1,114 +/- 344
      mumol/g/hr, at 20 mM lactate) corresponds to increased lactate permeability as
      compared to the influx rate (20.81 +/- 1.65 mumol/g/hr at 20 mM lactate) in
      resting conditions. 5. Alanine, epinephrine or S.I.T.S. 4-amino
      4'isothiocyanostilbene-2-2'-disulphonate) do not affect lactate permeability in
      the soleus muscle.

PMID- 2899489
TI  - Thermoregulation in the largest African cricetid, the giant rat Cricetomys
      gambianus.
AB  - 1. Thermoregulation, metabolism and minimum conductance in Africa's largest
      cricetid, Cricetomys gambianus (1870.9 +/- 194.2 g), were investigated. 2. A mean
      minimal resting metabolic rate of 0.61 +/- 0.09 ml O2/g/hr (139% of that
      predicted), a minimal conductance of 0.04 +/- 0.01 ml O2/g/degrees C/hr (195% of
      that predicted), a thermoneutral zone from 21 to 34 degrees C and a mean body
      temperature of 35.6 +/- 1.1 degree C below an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C
      were found. 3. It was concluded that giant rats are physiologically adapted to
      burrowing habits, but only within cool environments, and are precluded from
      exploiting drier areas.

PMID- 2899490
TI  - Prazosin, an adrenergic blocking agent inadequate as male contraceptive pill.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and the acceptability
      of Prazosin as a male contraceptive pill. Acceptable antifertility drugs for men
      are proving difficult to produce, and the possibility of using pharmacological
      agents to block selectively or to inhibit normal sperm transport through the male
      genital tract is an interesting approach. Prazosin administered in doses up to 10
      mg/day did not cause azoospermia following ejaculation. In conclusion, we have
      not been able to confirm either the efficacy or the acceptability of the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist Prazosin as a male contraceptive drug. Homonnai et al.
      confirmed the fact that phenoxybenzamine blocks ejaculation, but it should be
      noted that although both drugs are alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking agents, they are
      not chemically identical.

PMID- 2899491
TI  - Use of histamine2-receptor blocking agents and sucralfate in a health maintenance
      organization following continued clinical pharmacist intervention.
AB  - The effect of continued clinical pharmacist intervention on the proper use of
      histamine2-receptor blocking agents and sucralfate in a health maintenance
      organization was studied. New prescriptions written for cimetidine, famotidine,
      ranitidine, and sucralfate in January 1986 (preintervention), October 1986
      (postintervention), and February 1987 (follow-up), and the medical record of each
      patient were analyzed for appropriateness using approved criteria. Clinical
      pharmacist intervention occurred throughout the study. There was a significant
      decrease (p less than 0.005) in the rate of inappropriate prescribing in the
      postintervention (42.4 percent) and follow-up (48.7 percent) periods versus the
      preintervention period (81.5 percent), and in the average number of refills
      authorized per patient in the postintervention (1.2 +/- 1.54) and follow-up (1.3
      +/- 1.00) periods versus the preintervention period (3.0 +/- 3.67). There were no
      significant differences in these areas between the postintervention and follow-up
      periods (p greater than 0.05). A benefit-to-cost ratio of 4.3:1 was generated
      from this study which demonstrated that continued clinical pharmacy interventions
      can have a positive, cost-effective impact on the proper use of these commonly
      prescribed medications.

PMID- 2899492
TI  - Neuroleptic rechallenge after neuroleptic malignant syndrome: case report and
      literature review.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is associated with essentially all of the
      currently available antipsychotic agents. The signs and symptoms associated with
      the syndrome are hyperpyrexia, defined by body temperature greater than 38
      degrees C; extreme muscle rigidity, with or without elevated creatine
      phosphokinase or hyperreflexia; and other symptoms such as altered level of
      consciousness and/or autonomic dysfunction as manifested by labile blood
      pressure, tachycardia, tachypnea, urinary or fecal incontinence, pallor, or
      diaphoresis. This potentially fatal syndrome complicates the treatment of
      patients with recurrent psychotic symptoms because of the possibility for
      recurrence of the NMS. A case of recurrent NMS is presented in which the patient
      was rechallenged with an antipsychotic agent. In addition, 41 reported cases of
      antipsychotic rechallenge after NMS are reviewed. The results of the review
      suggest that neuroleptic rechallenge following NMS is associated with an
      acceptable risk of recurrence in most patients. However, close monitoring for NMS
      and careful selection of patients for antipsychotic rechallenge is mandatory. A
      minimal time period of five days before rechallenge may also reduce the risk of
      recurrent NMS. Recurrence was not associated with patient age or gender, nor the
      antipsychotic agent used.

PMID- 2899493
TI  - Generalized convulsions in a patient receiving ultrashort-acting beta-blocker
      infusion.
AB  - Beta-receptor blocking agents are commonly used to treat patients with heart
      disease, and generalized seizures due to therapy with these agents are rare. All
      reported cases of seizures due to beta blocking agents have occurred only in
      those subjects who ingested large doses of the drugs. We observed generalized
      convulsions in a patient who was receiving therapeutic doses of an ultrashort
      acting beta-blocking agent (esmolol hydrochloride) intravenously. A literature
      survey and possible mechanisms by which these agents induce seizures are
      presented.

PMID- 2899494
TI  - Antihypertensive treatment according to age, plasma renin and race.
AB  - Recent large scale antihypertensive treatment trials emphasise the importance of
      blood pressure control in reducing both cerebrovascular accidents and myocardial
      infarction. Obviously therefore, the drug that best normalises blood pressure
      while producing the fewest adverse effects should be sought. On the basis of
      studies demonstrating cellular membrane and calcium homeostatic derangements and
      an age-dependent transition of overall cardiovascular regulation and peripheral
      vasoconstrictor forces during the course of essential hypertension, this review
      proposes an alternative treatment. Under this treatment scheme angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors or beta-blockers should be used in younger patients
      and in those with high plasma renin activity, while calcium antagonists are used
      in place of diuretics in older low-renin or Black patients. Age-oriented 2-way
      drug selection enables a normalisation of blood pressure without untoward effects
      in about 80% of patients with essential hypertension and helps to optimise drug
      combinations in those patients who are difficult to treat.

PMID- 2899496
TI  - Cefotaxime lavage in children undergoing appendicectomy.
AB  - In an attempt to reduce postoperative sepsis, a series of randomised, double
      blind studies was begun in 1982, using cefotaxime as backbone therapy. Up to 1985
      (stages I and II), the best results were obtained using a combination of
      cefotaxime (75 mg/kg intravenously in 3 doses at 12-hourly intervals) plus
      metronidazole (10 mg/kg intravenously in 3 doses), both drugs administered 1 hour
      before surgery (preoperatively) or at anaesthetic induction (peroperatively). In
      300 consecutive cases, the wound infection rates were 1% in uncomplicated acute
      appendicitis and 5% in perforated/gangrenous appendices. The present study (stage
      III) reports the findings in 401 consecutive patients: 215 treated with the above
      regimen, either pre- or perioperatively (group 1) and 186 who additionally had
      peritoneal lavage with cefotaxime 2 g/L during surgery (group 2). There were 16
      wound infections overall, 2 among patients administered prophylaxis
      preoperatively and 14 in those administered prophylaxis perioperatively. All
      produced mixed cultures, with Escherichia coli, Streptococcus milleri and
      Bacteroides fragilis predominating. The overall figures for postoperative sepsis
      are 12/215 (5.6%) in the non-lavage group and 8/186 (4.3%) in the lavage group.
      Among patients with a perforated and/or gangrenous appendix, the wound infection
      rate was 8/72 (11.1%) in the non-lavage group (group 1) and 4/66 (6.1%) in the
      lavage group (group 2). Each group had 2 cases of pelvic abscess.

PMID- 2899497
TI  - Immunoreactive growth hormone-releasing hormone in rat placenta.
AB  - It has been shown that immunoreactive and biologically active GH-releasing
      hormone (GHRH)-like material is present in rat placenta. To investigate the role
      of placental GHRH, we measured it in human and rat placenta of different
      gestational stages, using specific RIA systems. GHRH and somatostatin contents in
      median eminence, pituitary GH contents, and plasma GHRH levels were also
      quantified in rats. Immunoreactive GHRH was detectable in rat placenta [13 days
      of gestation, 1.4 +/- 0.4 (+/- SD); 16 days, 1.4 +/- 0.2; 20 days, 1.7 +/- 0.4
      ng/g] but not in human placenta (less than 0.06 ng/g in both full-term and mid
      term placenta). GHRH concentrations in rat placenta did not change significantly
      during pregnancy, but total contents increased progressively in relation to
      placental growth. GHRH and somatostatin contents in median eminence of pregnant
      rats were not different from those of control female rats. In contrast, rat
      pituitary GH contents in pregnant rats were significantly lower than those of
      control female rats. Immunoreactive GHRH was not detectable in plasma of either
      pregnant rats or nonpregnant rats. Molecular sieve chromatography revealed two
      peaks of immunoreactive GHRH in rat placental extracts: a major peak eluted in
      the position of synthetic rat GHRH and a minor peak in the higher molecular
      weight region. In contrast, a single peak in the position of rat GHRH was
      observed in rat median eminence extracts. Detection of immunoreactive GHRH in rat
      placenta but not in human may suggest that the mechanism of GHRH gene expression
      in placenta is species specific. Failure of detection of immunoreactive GHRH in
      rat maternal circulation suggests that placental GHRH may not affect the maternal
      hypothalamic pituitary axis. Presence of high molecular weight materials of
      immunoreactive GHRH in rat placenta but not in median eminence suggests that
      posttranslational processing of the GHRH precursor molecule may be different in
      the two organs. Placental GHRH may have a paracrine function or may be secreted
      into fetal circulation and contribute to fetal growth.

PMID- 2899495
TI  - Doxazosin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic efficacy in mild or moderate hypertension.
AB  - Doxazosin is a long-acting selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist structurally
      related to prazosin. Like prazosin, doxazosin exerts its antihypertensive effect
      by reducing total peripheral resistance by selective postsynaptic alpha 1
      blockade, without reducing cardiac output, and similarly, doxazosin appears to
      have a negligible effect on heart rate. Doxazosin differs from prazosin in that
      its long half-life enables once-a-day oral administration. Doxazosin
      significantly lowers both standing and supine blood pressure and appears to
      maintain this antihypertensive effect over a 24-hour dosing interval. Doxazosin 1
      to 16 mg once daily has been found to be comparable in efficacy to atenolol 50 to
      100 mg and prazosin 1 to 20 mg daily. Characteristic of alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists, doxazosin also has favourable effects on the plasma lipid profile in
      that it decreases total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increases high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as well as the HDL/total cholesterol ratio.
      Although further long term trials are needed to clarify the role of doxazosin in
      multidrug regimens in more severe hypertension, it appears to be a suitable drug
      for consideration as first-line therapy in mild to moderate essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 2899498
TI  - Inhibitory effect of hypothalamic medial preoptic area somatostatin on growth
      hormone-releasing factor in the rat.
AB  - Possible inhibitory effects of somatostatin (SRIF) on GRF were studied by
      assessing spontaneous GH secretion and GRF content and release in adult male rats
      depleted of hypothalamic SRIF by anterolateral hypothalamic deafferentation (AHD)
      or electrolytic lesions in the medial preoptic area (MPO). Plasma GH levels were
      measured 7 days postoperatively every 20 min in conscious animals with indwelling
      iv cannulae. Median eminence SRIF was markedly reduced 8 days postoperatively in
      both AHD and MPO rats, as determined by immunohistochemistry and RIA (P less than
      0.01). Although GRF immunoreactivity in the median eminence of AHD and MPO
      animals appeared well preserved immunocytochemically, hypothalamic GRF content by
      RIA was significantly decreased at 8 days (P less than 0.01). Spontaneous GH
      secretion was pulsatile in sham-operated animals. In contrast, basal GH levels in
      AHD and MPO animals were markedly elevated (P less than 0.01), and secretory
      pulses were absent. Intravenous injection of specific anti-GRF serum into MPO
      animals decreased the elevated plasma GH levels (P less than 0.01), indicating
      increased hypothalamic GRF secretion. GRF release from hypothalamic median
      eminence-arcuate nucleus complexes in vitro was significantly greater in AHD and
      MPO animals than in control animals 4 and 8 days postoperatively in response to
      30 mM K+ (P less than 0.01), but not under basal conditions. These results
      suggest that hypothalamic medial preoptic area somatostatinergic neurons play a
      tonic inhibitory role in the regulation of GRF release and that GH hypersecretion
      observed after MPO and AHD is attributable to changes in both SRIF and GRF.

PMID- 2899499
TI  - Distribution of progestin-concentrating cells in rat brain: colocalization of
      [3H]ORG.2058, a synthetic progestin, and antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase in
      hypothalamus by combined autoradiography and immunocytochemistry.
AB  - The anatomical distribution of progestin-concentrating cells in rat brain was
      investigated by thaw-mount autoradiography. Fifteen 23-day-old ovariectomized and
      adrenalectomized female Holtzman rats were injected sc with 5 micrograms 17 beta
      estradiol in oil/100 g BW daily for 4 days. On the fifth day, all animals were
      injected iv with 1 microgram/100 g BW [3H]ORG.2058, a synthetic progestin. The
      animals were killed after 30 or 60 min, and the brains were frozen and processed
      for autoradiography. Nuclear concentration of radioactivity was found in certain
      cells of the forebrain and midbrain and was prevented by prior injection (15 min)
      of excess unlabeled ORG.2058. In the preoptic-septal region, progestin-labeled
      neurons were observed in the nucleus (n.) septi lateralis, n. interstitialis
      striae terminalis, n. preopticus medialis, n. preopticus lateralis, n. preopticus
      periventricularis, and n. preopticus suprachiasmaticus. In the hypothalamus,
      labeled neurons were seen in n. periventricularis hypothalami, n. arcuatus
      hypothalami, n. ventromedialis hypothalami, n. dorsomedialis hypothalami, n.
      premammillaris ventralis, n. premammillaris dorsalis, and lateral hypothalamus.
      In the extrahypothalamic region, a few labeled cells were found in the central,
      medial, and cortical nuclei of the amygdala, the organum subforniculare, the
      lateral geniculate nucleus, the parietal and entorhinal cortex, and the central
      gray of the midbrain. Some of the progestin-concentrating cells were
      characterized with combined autoradiography and immunocytochemistry. Tyrosine
      hydroxylase-containing cells of the arcuate nucleus and the hypothalamic
      periventricular nucleus (group A12) showed nuclear concentration of
      radioactivity. Tyrosine hydroxylase cells in groups A11, A13, and A14; the
      substantia nigra (group A9); and the ventral tegmental area (group A10) did not
      show nuclear concentration of [3H]ORG.2058. The autoradiographic study
      demonstrates specific progestin-binding sites in nuclei of neurons in select
      areas of the rat brain. The results of combined autoradiography and
      immunocytochemistry suggest, for the first time, a direct action of progestin on
      tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2899500
TI  - Photoperiodic adjustments in hypothalamic amines, gonadotropin-releasing hormone,
      and beta-endorphin in the white-footed mouse.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine short photoperiod (SD; 8 h of light, 16 h of
      darkness)-induced alterations in reproductive endocrine and neuroendocrine
      parameters in the male white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. Exposure to SD
      for 8 weeks caused dramatic reductions in testis and seminal vesicle weights,
      decreased circulating LH and testosterone levels, and lowered the content of LH
      in the pituitary gland relative to those in mice under long photoperiod (LD; 16 h
      of light, 8 h of darkness). These changes were associated with significant
      increases in content of radioimmunoassayable GnRH in the mediobasal hypothalamus
      (MBH) and anterior hypothalamus at two time points in the light/dark cycle: 2100
      h (dark phase) and 0900 h (light phase), respectively. Exposure to SD also caused
      an increase in radioimmunoassayable beta-endorphin in the MBH and preoptic area
      of the hypothalamus (POA) at 2100 h, but not at 0900 h. Mice exposed to SD also
      had a significantly higher metabolism of serotonin in the MBH at 0900 and 2100 h
      compared to mice under LD. The concentration of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus
      was unaffected by exposure to SD. However, the metabolism of dopamine (DA) in the
      POA at 0900 h was significantly increased relative to that in mice maintained
      under LD at this time. This increase in DA metabolism was associated with
      enhanced immunocytochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase in nerve fibers of
      the POA. Conversely, staining for tyrosine hydroxylase in tuberoinfundibular DA
      cell bodies of the arcuate nucleus was less intense under SD exposure. From these
      data it is concluded that exposure to SD caused regional and time-dependent
      alterations in the activities of hypothalamic amines (serotonin and DA) and
      neuropeptides (beta-endorphin and GnRH). These changes may be part of the
      neuroendocrine mechanism for SD-induced seasonal adaptations.

PMID- 2899501
TI  - Decrease in number of somatostatin receptors in rat brain after adrenalectomy:
      normalization after glucocorticoid replacement.
AB  - The effects of adrenalectomy on somatostatin (SS) concentration and specific
      binding in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus were examined
      using [125I-Tyr11]SS as the binding ligand. Adrenalectomy did not affect the
      concentration of SS-like immunoreactivity in the brain areas studied.
      Nevertheless, the number of SS receptors was significantly decreased in membrane
      preparations from hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus, but not in cerebral
      cortex. No significant differences in the apparent binding affinity values were
      seen after adrenalectomy. The adrenalectomy-induced decreases in [125I-Tyr11]SS
      receptors were completely reversed by glucocorticoid replacement with
      dexamethasone. These results demonstrate that adrenalectomy modulates SS
      receptors in discrete brain areas, suggesting the existence of a possible
      relationship between corticosteroids and SS in the neuronal activity of these
      structures. The physiological significance of these findings remains to be
      clarified.

PMID- 2899502
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide in bovine corpus luteum.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been demonstrated to exert endocrine
      functions, including the modulation of steroid synthesis. This prompted
      investigations to search for ANP receptors in the corpus luteum, a tissue that
      produces progesterone. The studies revealed a single binding site for [125I] ANP
      with similar characteristics (Kd, 122 pM; maximum binding, 18 fmol/mg protein) in
      all four stages of corpus luteum development. These receptors were demonstrated
      to stimulate cGMP production upon activation with synthetic ANP. Maximal cGMP
      synthesis was observed at 10(-7) M ANP, 5 min after activation of receptors. An
      acidic extract of corpus luteum contained immunoreactive ANP (approximately 220
      fmol/g tissue), as indicated by gel chromatography, HPLC, and identification by
      means of a highly specific ANP antibody. The data do not permit definition of a
      specific endocrine role of ANP in the corpus luteum.

PMID- 2899503
TI  - Thyroid hormone action on biosynthesis of somatostatin by fetal rat brain cells
      in culture.
AB  - Thyroid hormone (TH) action on somatostatin (SRIF) secretion and synthesis by
      fetal rat brain cells in culture was studied. Cortical and hypothalamic brain
      cells were maintained as monolayer cultures for 7-10 days. T3, T4, and [3H]
      phenylalanine [( 3H]Phe) (40 microCi/plate) were added simultaneously for 48 h.
      Alternately, cultures were pulse labeled with [3H] Phe for only the last 3 h,
      after being exposed to TH for 45 h. 3H-Labeled SRIF-like material [( 3H]IR-SRIF)
      was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and further characterized by gel
      filtration in Bio-Gel P-10. Total protein synthesis was determined by the
      incorporation of [3H]Phe into trichloroacetic acid precipitable proteins. Forty
      eight-hour T3 treatment had a biphasic effect on secretion of IR-SRIF by both
      cortical and hypothalamic cells. In cortical cells, low doses of T3 (10(-11) M)
      significantly increased (P less than 0.01) and high T3 doses (10(-7) M)
      significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) total IR-SRIF (nanograms per plate);
      control: 2 +/- 0.25; T3 (10(-11) M): 3 +/- 0.3; T3 (10(-7) M): 1.3 +/- 0.1.
      Similarly, T4 had a significant stimulatory action at 10(-9) M, being inhibitory
      at 10(-7) M (picograms/plate); control: 290 +/- 20 T4 (10(-9) M): 510 +/- 40; T4
      (10(-7) M): 201 +/- 10. When [3H]Phe was added during the 48 h of the experiment,
      [3H]IR-SRIF synthesis in response to T3 by cortical cells significantly increased
      after exposure to 10(-11) M (P less than 0.05) and decreased with 10(-7) M (P
      less than 0.05). When [3H]Phe was added for only the last 3 h or incubation with
      T3, the action was inhibitory at both 10(-11) M and 10(-7) M. Trichloroacetic
      acid precipitable material decreased in a dose response manner between T3, 10(
      11) M and 10(-7) M. These findings suggest that at this time of brain
      development, SRIF synthesis by cortical and hypothalamic cells is affected by TH.

PMID- 2899504
TI  - A case of active acromegaly with reduced height and type 1 renal tubular
      acidosis.
AB  - A 41-year-old man with acromegaly was suffering from chronic, progressive
      backache and aware of reduction in his body height. Endocrine studies revealed
      increased glucose non-suppressible serum growth hormone (GH) and serum prolactin
      (PRL). Pituitary microadenoma was detected by a computerized axial tomogram and
      subsequently resected by trans-sphenoidal adenomectomy. The tumor proved to be a
      mixed GH- and PRL-secreting adenoma by electron microscopy and immunoperoxidase
      staining. Concurrent investigation of backache and reduced height disclosed
      markedly reduced radiodensity of the spinal bones, bilateral nephrocalcinosis,
      and hypercalciuria, which were ascribed to renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
      demonstrated by reduced urinary excretion of acids and insufficient reduction of
      urinary pH following oral administration of ammonium chloride. From the analogy
      to certain endocrinopathies, it appears likely that enhanced calcium metabolism
      and resultant hypercalciuria due to excess GH and PRL have led to the development
      of RTA, which further enhanced calciuria. Such enhanced calcium metabolism and
      consequent hypercalicuria conceivably led to accelerated demineralization of the
      spine and resulted in the reduced height of this patient in his early forties.

PMID- 2899505
TI  - Ectopic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) syndrome in a case with multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type I.
AB  - A 36-yr-old man with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I had an ectopic
      growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) syndrome due to a GHRH-secreting
      pancreatic tumor. The immunoreactive (IR)-GHRH concentration in his plasma ranged
      from 161 to 400 pg/ml (299 +/- 61 pg/ml, mean +/- SD; normal, 10.4 +/- 4.1
      pg/ml), and a significant correlation was found between his plasma IR-GHRH and GH
      (r = 0.622, p less than 0.02). After removal of the pancreatic tumor, the high
      plasma GH concentration returned to nearly the normal range (42.2 +/- 31.3 to 9.6
      +/- 3.8 ng/ml). These changes paralleled the normalization of his plasma IR-GHRH
      (16.1 +/- 3.8 pg/ml) and some of his symptoms related to acromegaly improved.
      However, plasma GH (7.7 +/- 1.3 ng/ml) and IGF-I (591 +/- 22 ng/ml)
      concentrations were high at 12 months after surgery, suggesting adenomatous
      changes in the pituitary somatotrophs. Before surgery, exogenous GHRH induced a
      marked increase in plasma GH, and somatostatin and its agonist (SMS201-995)
      completely suppressed GH secretion, but not IR-GHRH release. No pulsatile
      secretion of either IR-GHRH or GH was observed during sleep. An apparent increase
      in the plasma GH concentration was observed in response to administration of TRH,
      glucose, arginine or insulin, while plasma IR-GHRH did not show any fluctuation.
      However, these responses of plasma GH were reduced or no longer observed one
      month and one year after surgery. These results indicate that 1) a moderate
      increase in circulating GHRH due to ectopic secretion from a pancreatic tumor
      stimulated GH secretion resulting in acromegaly, and evoked GH responses to
      various provocative tests indistinguishable from those in patients with classical
      acromegaly, and 2) the ectopic secretion of GHRH may play an etiological role in
      the pituitary lesion of this patient with MEN type I.

PMID- 2899506
TI  - Effect of physical training on immunoreactive gamma-glutamyltransferase in human
      plasma.
AB  - The effects of 10-week physical training on both the activity and concentration
      of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) in plasma were investigated on 7
      sedentary healthy male students. The training consisted of running over 5 km, 6
      times/week. The maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) and 12-min field performance
      increased significantly after training, from 43.5 and 2,683.7 to 48.1 ml.kg-1.min
      1 and 2,931.1 m, respectively. After training the resting plasma gamma-GT
      concentration decreased to half, whereas the gamma-GT activity did not vary
      substantially. The training did not affect the response to the Vo2max test of
      either concentration or activity of gamma-GT. These results may suggest that
      plasma gamma-GT concentration is useful as an index of the extent of physical
      training.

PMID- 2899507
TI  - Comparison of evoked electromyography and mechanical activity during vecuronium
      induced neuromuscular blockade.
AB  - The relationship of compound electromyography to mechanical myography was
      investigated in 20 patients given vecuronium in a dose of 0.1 mg kg-1. Mechanical
      response was affected less quickly and recovered faster than the electrical
      response. Although there was a good correlation between the two throughout the
      study, a shift towards mechanical responses was observed in all cases for the
      onset of blockade and recovery from blockade. Moreover, during recovery the
      mechanical responses became greater than the control value in all patients. This
      was also reflected in the statistically significant difference (P less than 0.05)
      of the regression lines relating tension and electromyography (TI as well as
      train-of-four ratio) between onset of, and recovery from, neuromuscular block.

PMID- 2899508
TI  - DNA analysis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
AB  - By analysing the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) detected by an
      ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) gene specific DNA probe, we followed the
      segregation of the defective gene in two families with OTC deficiency (X-linked
      disease). We were able to exclude some female family members as carriers. In one
      case a doubtful result obtained in a biochemical carrier detection test (by
      examining the renal orotic acid excretion after a protein load) could be
      clarified by DNA analysis. In every family with OTC deficiency, carrier detection
      should be biochemical with additional DNA analysis. Previous results of the
      biochemical carrier test should be controlled by DNA analysis, especially when
      "normal" results were obtained.

PMID- 2899509
TI  - Influence of xamoterol, a partial beta 1-selective agonist, on physical
      performance capacity and cardiocirculatory, metabolic and hormonal parameters.
AB  - In a double-blind, random, cross-over study, 14 healthy male volunteers received
      xamoterol 200 mg (Corwin; C) twice daily or placebo (P) for two seven-day
      medication periods to investigate effects on physical performance,
      cardiocirculatory parameters, metabolism and hormone levels during exercise. An
      oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also done. C showed a positive inotropic
      effect up to an exercise intensity of 100 W, corresponding to a heart rate of
      about 100 beats.min-1. Chronotropic regulation of the heart remained unchanged,
      but the increase in systolic blood pressure was more pronounced and the
      catecholamines behaved as after P. From 150 W onwards, C exhibited beta-blocking
      properties; heart rate was reduced by up to 8 beats.min-1; systolic blood
      pressure remained unchanged; and the catecholamines showed a more pronounced
      increase than after P. Diastolic blood pressure behaved almost identically under
      all test conditions. With the exception of a slightly increased level of free
      fatty acids at rest, the parameters of physical performance, lipid and
      carbohydrate metabolism and the hormone levels under all conditions after C
      showed similar behaviour to that after as P. The findings indicate that physical
      performance capacity, cardiocirculatory system, metabolism and hormones were not
      negatively influenced by C.

PMID- 2899510
TI  - Beta-blockade antagonism of tyramine-induced rise in blood pressure.
AB  - The effect beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the pressor response to tyramine has
      been investigated in 6 healthy volunteers, each submitted to an i.v. tyramine
      pressor test before and after 7 days of propranolol 40 mg b.d. or indenolol 60 mg
      o.d. Tyramine was given as i.v. boluses of 1-6 mg, alternating with saline, in a
      randomized, single blind fashion. Prior to treatment tyramine caused a temporary,
      dose-dependent increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, whilst the
      heart rate remained unaffected. Both propranolol and indenolol reduced the
      pressor response to tyramine, as shown by a significant increase in ED15, i.e.
      the dose of tyramine required to increase systolic blood pressure by 15%.

PMID- 2899512
TI  - Effects of somatostatin on self-stimulation behaviour in rats pretreated with a
      receptor blocker.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation were
      investigated in rats pretreated with haloperidol, bicuculline, phenoxybenzamine
      or propranolol. Somatostatin decreased the rate of self-stimulation. Halperidol,
      bicuculline and phenoxybenzamine potentiated the somatostatin-induced depression
      of self-stimulation behaviour. Propranolol had no effect. It is suggested that
      dopaminergic, GABAergic and noradrenergic systems are involved in the
      somatostatin-induced depression of self-stimulation.

PMID- 2899511
TI  - Serum magnesium, calcium, phosphate and PTH following long-term beta-blockade in
      ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - In 40 patients with ischaemic heart disease the serum levels of magnesium,
      parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphate, calcium, and ionized calcium remained
      unchanged and within normal limits following treatment for 12 months with
      alprenolol (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20). No changes occurred during a 2 week
      withdrawal period. The clinical implication is that the non-cardioselective
      betablocker alprenolol can be given to patients with ischaemic heart disease
      without the risk of inducing potentially cardiotoxic disturbances in serum
      magnesium and serum calcium levels. Whether this applies to cardioselective beta
      blockers remains to be established.

PMID- 2899513
TI  - Pharmacologic profile of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) at various
      brain recognition sites.
AB  - We report here an in vitro pharmacologic profile for MDMA (3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine) at various brain recognition sites. The rank order
      of affinities of MDMA at various brain receptors and uptake sites are as follows:
      5-HT uptake greater than alpha 2-adrenoceptors = 5-HT2 serotonin = M-1 muscarinic
      = H-1 histamine greater than norepinephrine uptake = M-2 muscarinic = alpha 1
      adrenoceptors = beta-adrenoceptors greater than or equal to dopamine uptake = 5
      HT1 serotonin much greater than D-2 dopamine greater than D-1 dopamine. MDMA
      exhibited negligible affinities (greater than 500 microM) at opioid (mu, delta
      and kappa), central-type benzodiazepine, and corticotropin-releasing factor
      receptors, and at choline uptake sites and calcium channels.

PMID- 2899514
TI  - Intracerebral SCH 23390 and catalepsy in the rat.
AB  - Stereotaxic injection of SCH 23390 (D-1 antagonist), but not water or ritanserin
      (5-HT antagonist), into all parts of the caudate-putamen, elicited an immediate
      and often long-lasting catalepsy in 79% of rats. Similar results were obtained
      with SCH 23390 delivered into the nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus, but not
      into a variety of other brain sites. The results support the idea that SCH 23390
      induced catalepsy is related to the occlusion of dopamine D-1 receptors in the
      forebrain, particularly the striatum, although the topography of the catalepsy
      evoked by intrastriatal SCH 23390 did not match the distribution of D-1 sites
      labelled in autoradiographic studies.

PMID- 2899515
TI  - Long-term motor stimulant effects of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO),
      a dopamine D-2 receptor agonist: interactions with a dopamine D-1 receptor
      antagonist and agonist.
AB  - Rats were given continuous infusions of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine
      (PHNO, 5 micrograms/h), a dopamine D-2 receptor agonist, using subcutaneous
      implants of ALZET osmotic minipumps. It was observed that tolerance occurred to
      the motor stimulant effects of PHNO during the light cycle of each day, but not
      during the dark cycle. Rather, the motor stimulant actions of PHNO were gradually
      augmented during successive nights. Daytime tolerance to the stimulant actions of
      PHNO was reversed by a mild environmental stress or by administration of the D-1
      receptor agonist, SKF 38393 (6 mg/kg i.p.). Co-administration of the dopamine D-1
      receptor antagonist, (SCH 23390, 20 micrograms/h s.c. by ALZET osmotic
      minipumps), initially blocked the motor stimulant actions of PHNO and also
      attenuated the reversal of tolerance to PHNO produced by stress, without blocking
      the actions of stress on activity in vehicle-infused animals. These results
      indicate that tolerance to the behavioural effects of PHNO may result from a loss
      of activation of D-1 receptors by endogenous DA.

PMID- 2899516
TI  - Alpha 2-antagonistic effect of N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine
      hydrochloride (LON-954).
AB  - The effect of N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine hydrochloride (LON
      954) on alpha 2-adrenoceptors was studied in in vivo and in vitro preparations.
      Like yohimbine, LON-954 antagonised the clonidine-induced inhibition of twitch
      responses in the Auerbach's plexus of guinea pig ileum and rat vas deferens
      preparations. It also reversed the anti-convulsant effect of clonidine on
      pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions in the rat, a property shared by
      yohimbine. However LON-954 failed to prevent the hypothermic response to
      clonidine in mice. The dissimilarity in action of LON-954 and yohimbine on
      clonidine-induced hypothermia could be due to the fact that the anticlonidine
      effect of yohimbine on hypothermia is mediated through its antiserotonin action.
      The results indicate that LON-954 acts as an alpha 2-antagonist both centrally
      and peripherally.

PMID- 2899517
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: virulence potential and sensitivity to metronidazole and
      emetine of four isolates possessing nonpathogenic zymodemes.
AB  - The pathogenic potential of four Entamoeba histolytica isolates obtained from
      asymptomatic carriers and possessing nonpathogenic zymodemes was compared to four
      E. histolytica strains obtained from invasive cases of amebiasis and having
      pathogenic zymodemes. Both xenic and axenic cultures of a number of strains were
      tested. Determinations of cytopathogenicity were done in vitro by measuring the
      rates of destruction of tissue cultured monolayers of baby hamster kidney cells
      by intact amebae or by its cell-free extracts. The in vivo virulence was tested
      by assessing their capacity to form hepatic abscesses in hamsters or cecal
      ulcerations in rats. The results obtained show that two of the isolates from
      asymptomatic carriers (strains SAW 1734R clAR and WI:0385:191) were as virulent
      as three of the invasive ones (HM-1:IMSS, 200:NIH, and SAW 408). Two other
      isolates from asymptomatic carriers and one from a dysentery case were avirulent.
      All the E. histolytica isolates tested were similarly sensitive to metronidazole
      and emetine (IC50 1-10 micrograms/ml). The results indicate that the pathogenic
      potential of E. histolytica varies between isolates and can be affected by
      culture conditions and by the presence or absence of bacterial cells. These
      findings suggest that virulence does not necessarily correlate with a pathogenic
      zymodeme.

PMID- 2899518
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: potent in vitro antiamoebic effect of gossypol.

PMID- 2899519
TI  - Effect of high doses of somatostatin on adenylate cyclase activity in peripheral
      mononuclear leukocytes from normal subjects and from acute leukemia patients.
AB  - In normal lymphocytes somatostatin non-competitively inhibited basal (ID50 5 x
      10(-4) M) and isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity
      (Ac). In acute leukemia blasts, non-responsive to isoproterenol, forskolin, which
      activates the catalytic subunit, stimulated and somatostatin inhibited Ac, thus
      indicating the leukemic enzyme, though defective, retains the inhibitory pathway
      and catalyst function.

PMID- 2899520
TI  - Synthesis and dopamine receptors binding affinity of 2-(3-fluoro-4
      hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine and its N-alkyl derivatives.
AB  - The 2-(3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine and its N,N-dialkyl derivatives were
      synthesized. The affinity of new compounds for dopamine binding sites was
      measured in a test involving displacement of [3H]SCH 23390 (D-1 selective) and
      [3H]spiperone (D-2 selective) from homogenized rat striatal tissue. No compound
      proved effective in displacing [3H]SCH 23390. Two derivatives are selective
      displacers of [3H]spiperone.

PMID- 2899521
TI  - [Regional vascular effects of a decrease in adrenergic activity under conditions
      of a resting state in animals and during immobilization].
AB  - Regional changes of circulation after injection of pirroxan, obsidan and ornid
      depended on functional state of rats. The differences were significant in
      systemic hemodynamic and regional changes of resistive, transcapillary exchange
      and the blood volume function of the circulation.

PMID- 2899522
TI  - [Formation of the regulator factor activating Na,K-ATPase and neuronal uptake of
      3H-norepinephrine under the effect of heat shock].

PMID- 2899523
TI  - [Clinical studies on abnormal thyroid stimulators in patients with Graves'
      disease. I. A sensitive assay for thyroid-stimulating antibodies using cultured
      porcine thyroid cells and polyethylene glycol precipitation of serum].
AB  - The activities of thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) in serum from patients with
      Graves' disease were measured by a sensitive assay, using cultured porcine
      thyroid cells and the precipitation from serum with polyethylene glycol (PEG),
      and the activities were compared with those of thyrotropin binding inhibitor
      immunoglobulin (TBII), measured by the commercial assay kit. Porcine thyroid
      cells after digestion were cultured for 15-18 hours with TSH of 1-10,000
      microU/ml or the precipitations of sera from normal subjects and patients with
      Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and then the cAMP levels in the
      culture medium were determined by the commercial RIA assay kit (Yamasa). The
      precipitation was obtained by adding 0.5 ml of 30% PEG solution to 0.5 ml serum,
      and was resuspended with 0.6 ml of Hanks' medium without NaCl, containing 1.5%
      bovine serum albumin, 20mM Hepes and 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. The
      precipitation contained about 85% of immunoglobulin and 63% of albumin of the
      original amount of the serum, as well as substantial TSH, when the original serum
      contained TSH more than 40 microU/ml. When the PEG precipitations from 10 normal
      subjects were incubated with the thyroid cells of 4 X 10(5) cells, the cAMP
      releases into the medium ranged from 83 to 124%, when the mean value was
      calculated as 100%. Therefore, the cAMP release of more than 130% of the amount
      released into the culture medium incubated with normal IgG was judged as positive
      TSAb activity. The minimum detectable quantities were regarded as about 5
      microU/ml TSH equivalent. TSAb and TBII activities were detected in 48 (92%) and
      50 (96%) of 52 patients with untreated hyperthyroid Graves' disease,
      respectively, and either TSAb or TBII activities were detected in 16 (80%) of 20
      patients with Graves' disease maintained in a clinically euthyroid state by
      treatment with antithyroid drugs. TBII was positive in 10(50%) of these patients.
      Some patients showed distinct discrepancies in these two activities, although
      there was a significant positive correlation between TSAb and TBII activities (r
      = 0.53, p less than 0.01) in patients with untreated Graves' disease. In these
      patients, TSAb activities showed a significant positive correlation with values
      for 99mTc thyroid uptake, determined 30 min after the injection. However, they
      did not show any significant correlation with serum T4 or T3 concentrations.
      Similarly, TBII showed significant correlations with goiter size and 99mTc
      thyroid uptake. To conclude, the present assay for TSAb is sensitive and
      reproducible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2899524
TI  - Cholinergic stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat anterior pituitary.
AB  - The production of inositol phosphates in response to carbachol was studied in rat
      anterior pituitary tissue prelabelled with [3H]inositol. Carbachol (10 microM)
      stimulated inositol mono-, bis- and trisphosphate production (IP1, IP2 and IP3)
      by 360 +/- 49, 338 +/- 49 and 503 +/- 49 (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.001)
      percent respectively during a 30 min incubation. Mean basal production was 5.4 +/
      0.3, 4.1 +/- 0.5 and 0.9 +/- 0.3 expressed as a percent of total [3H]inositol
      lipid for IP, IP2 and IP3 respectively. Stimulated inositol phosphate production
      was dose dependent and detectable after 5 min. Atropine prevented this
      stimulation indicating mediation via muscarinic receptors. Removal of
      extracellular Ca2+ reduced both basal and stimulated total inositol phosphate
      production by 60% and 56% respectively but did not impair carbachol-induced
      phosphoinositide hydrolysis per se. Pretreatment of pituitary tissue with either
      somatostatin (5 micrograms/ml) or pertussis toxin (1 microgram/ml) had no effect
      on either basal or stimulated inositol phosphate production. These results
      demonstrate a cholinergic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2)
      hydrolysis in the anterior pituitary which may be important in the action of
      cholinergic agonists on pituitary hormone secretion.

PMID- 2899525
TI  - Uterotropic 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone is an adrenergic agonist and a melatonin
      analog.
AB  - 6-Methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA) is a compound isolated from grasses which has
      gonadotropic effects in a variety of animals. The weak beta-adrenergic agonist
      character of MBOA is shown by its in vitro stimulation of adenylate cyclase from
      several tissues. Tritiated MBOA bound specifically to particulate fractions from
      uterus is also displaced by alpha- and beta-adrenergic compounds. The adrenergic
      properties of MBOA suggest it may exert diverse effects including direct actions
      on gonadotropin synthesis and release. The mixed adrenergic agonist ephedrine and
      the antidepressant imipramine were also found to be uterotropic in the vole
      Microtus montanus following injection protocols used with MBOA. MBOA is
      structurally similar to melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine); [3H]melatonin
      which binds to uterine and pineal membranes is displaced by MBOA and by other
      adrenergic agents. The fact that MBOA is a beta-adrenergic agonist and a
      melatonin analog can account for stimulatory and inhibitory effects of this
      compound on sexual development.

PMID- 2899526
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin inhibit insulin release from
      individual rat B cells.
AB  - Hormone secretion from single, rat pancreatic B cells was visualised by a reverse
      haemolytic plaque assay for C-peptide. Quantitative analysis of the size and
      number of haemolytic plaques indicated that exposure to 3, 5, 10 and 20 mM
      glucose resulted in a dose-dependent increase in both the magnitude of C-peptide,
      and thus, insulin release by individual B cells and the recruitment of activity
      secreting B cells. Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide, fragment 28
      37 (CGRP28-37) were shown to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release as
      assessed by the size of individual plaques and the number of recruited B cells,
      and hence to reduce the total area of plaques formed. In the presence of 15 mM
      glucose, a dose-dependent effect of CGRP28-37 on the secretion of insulin was
      observed, with the size of plaques formed by individual B cells reduced at
      concentrations of CGRP28-37 between 10(-5) and 10(-11) M. Thus, both somatostatin
      and CGRP28-37 can act directly on individual B cells to inhibit their secretory
      response to increasing levels of glucose. We suggest that these peptides which
      can be immunolocalised in islet cells may have a role in the regulation of
      insulin secretion.

PMID- 2899527
TI  - Malignant pancreatic somatostatinoma in a patient with dermatitis herpetiformis
      and coeliac disease.
AB  - A case of malignant somatostatinoma is reported in a patient with long-standing
      dermatitis herpetiformis and coeliac disease. The patient had non-specific
      abdominal pain of several years duration and came to attention because of weight
      loss despite strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. Plasma somatostatin levels
      were raised, and laparotomy showed a pancreatic tumour with metastases, which on
      histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry proved to be a
      somatostatinoma. After a promising initial response to streptozotocin, she died
      30 months later. This is the first reported occurrence of a somatostatinoma in a
      patient with coeliac disease, adding to the growing list of neoplastic
      complications in this condition.

PMID- 2899528
TI  - Diet counselling improves the clinical course of patients with Crohn's disease.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to establish the role of individualized diet
      counselling in the management of 137 outpatients with Crohn's disease.
      Individualized dietary counselling for 6 months was associated with a significant
      decrease in the Crohn's disease activity index, an increased incidence of disease
      remission, a decreased need for prednisone and Salazopyrin therapy, a reduction
      in the number of days spent in hospital, and a reduction in the amount of time
      lost from work due to Crohn's disease, when compared with control patients who
      did not receive dietary counselling but who were seen regularly in follow-up
      under similar circumstances. Improvement with diet counselling was more likely to
      occur in patients who had not previously been subjected to small bowel resection,
      and occurred in patients with active or inactive disease. The effect of
      counselling 58 patients was assessed over a further 6 months (for a total 12
      month period); there was a persistently reduced Crohn's disease activity index
      and a continued decreased number of lost days of work. The mechanism for these
      beneficial effects of diet counselling was not established. It is suggested that
      individualized diet counselling, aimed at optimizing the patient's nutritional
      status, may play a role in the management of patients with Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2899529
TI  - Teratology studies of compound LY171883 administered orally to rats and rabbits.
AB  - The teratogenic potential of the leukotriene antagonist LY171883, a novel
      antiasthma agent, was investigated in CD rats and Dutch Belted rabbits. Mated
      female rats were dosed with 0, 10, 65, or 425 mg/kg/day on gestation days 6
      through 15 and killed on gestation day 20. Mated female rabbits were dosed with
      0, 20, 65, or 200 mg/kg/day on gestation days 6 through 18 and killed on
      gestation day 28. Maternal toxicity was indicated at 425 mg/kg in rats and 200
      mg/kg in rabbits by depressed body weight gain and food consumption. In the
      rabbit study four abortions occurred at 200 mg/kg, most likely secondarily to
      maternal toxicity. LY171883 did not cause embryo/fetal toxicity or teratogenicity
      in rats or rabbits at doses up to and including those that were maternally toxic.

PMID- 2899530
TI  - Absence of somatostatin receptors in human exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
AB  - Somatostatin receptor frequency was evaluated in 12 human exocrine pancreatic
      carcinomas taken after surgery. The tumors were analyzed by receptor
      autoradiography on tissue sections and by in vitro binding techniques on tumor
      homogenates. None of the tested human pancreatic carcinomas was shown to possess
      specific somatostatin receptors. In comparison, five single tumors taken from
      rats transplanted with the rat pancreatic adenocarcinoma CA 20948 were found to
      contain specific high-affinity somatostatin receptors. Also, human endocrine
      pancreatic tumors, i.e., two insulinomas, did contain somatostatin receptors
      under identical experimental conditions. These data confirm previous results with
      other tumors, documenting the absence of somatostatin receptors in highly
      malignant human carcinomas. They also may represent an explantation at the
      molecular level for the lack of therapeutic effect of somatostatin analogues such
      as SMS 201-995 seen in patients with advanced exocrine pancreatic carcinomas.

PMID- 2899531
TI  - Regulation of gastric somatostatin secretion.

PMID- 2899532
TI  - Mhc class II DNA polymorphisms within and between chromosomal species of the
      Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of two major histocompatibility
      class II genes (P alpha 1 and Q beta) were studied in 13 populations of four
      chromosomal species (2n = 52, 54, 58 and 60) of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi
      superspecies in Israel. A substantial frequency of allelic fragments was found in
      both genes for all populations, including a desert isolate. In the P alpha 1
      gene, one allelic fragment is a result of a deletion mutation which is diagnostic
      of the 2n = 52 chromosomal species. All other ten allelic variants are the result
      of point mutations. All mutations are located in a short region flanking the 3'
      end of the gene. Based on Mhc polymorphisms we confirm earlier evidence that gene
      flow does not occur between the older chromosomal species (2n = 52, 54, 58), and
      that reproductive isolation decreases, progressively from the oldest to the
      youngest species (2n = 60).

PMID- 2899534
TI  - [Use of a method of color writing in assessing the functional status of 6-year
      old children].

PMID- 2899533
TI  - An engrailed class homeo box gene in sea urchins.
AB  - The homeo box, a conserved DNA element first recognized in Drosophila development
      controlling genes, is present in the genomes of many higher metazoan species and
      provides a valuable probe for the isolation of regulatory genes from diverse
      phylogenetic groups. We have employed these probes to isolate and study the homeo
      box genes in sea urchins. As in other species, the sea urchin homeo boxes fall
      into at least two classes defined by nucleotide sequence similarity to the homeo
      boxes of the Drosophila Antennapedia (Antp) and engrailed (en) genes. In this
      study, we characterize the only detectable sea urchin en class homeo box. Its
      nucleotide sequence similarity and lack of an intron indicate that it is more
      closely related to the two mouse en class homeo boxes than to the two Drosophila
      en class homeo boxes. These relationships are most parsimoniously explained if
      the single sea urchin en class homeo-box gene represents the primitive condition
      and the two mouse and the two Drosophila en class homeo-box genes represent
      independent duplications which occurred in the evolutionary lines leading to the
      vertebrates and arthropods, respectively. The most abundant en class gene
      transcripts detected by gel transfer analysis of RNA extracted from sea urchin
      tissues were found in Aristotle's lantern. Rare transcripts were present in
      ovary, testis and coelomocytes.

PMID- 2899535
TI  - Effects of fasting and refeeding on somatostatin concentration and binding to
      cytosol from rabbit gastric mucosa.
AB  - Somatostatin like immunoreactivity and the density of somatostatin binding sites
      were measured in stomach (fundus and antrum) from either fed, 12 to 96 hours
      fasted, or 96 hours fasted plus 48 hours refed rabbits. The somatostatin
      concentration increased in fundic and antral mucosa after 24 h and reached its
      highest value after 96 h of fasting. The number of specific somatostatin binding
      sites with high and low affinity decreased with the duration of fasting.
      Refeeding of fasted animals resulted in a normalisation to control values of
      gastric mucosal somatostatin and somatostatin binding.

PMID- 2899537
TI  - Gastric carcinoid tumour and parathyroid adenoma.
AB  - A case involving a gastric carcinoid in association with parathyroid adenoma is
      reported and the question of a possible link between these two ailments is
      discussed.

PMID- 2899538
TI  - Hormonal regulation of biliary calcium excretion in rats: inhibition of
      calcitonin action by alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - The effect of synthetic [Asu1,7] eel calcitonin (CT) and other hormones on
      biliary calcium excretion was investigated in rats cannulated bile duct.
      Administration of CT (80 mU/100 g body weight) produced a significant increase in
      liver calcium and a corresponding elevation of bile calcium content. The increase
      in bile calcium content was also caused by administration of insulin (0.1 U/100
      g), epidermal growth factor (10 micrograms/100 g), glucagon (10 micrograms/100
      g), epinephrine (10 micrograms/100 g), norepinephrine (10 micrograms/100 g), 4
      beta-phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (10 micrograms/100 g) and ATP (1.0 mg/100
      g), suggesting that this increase may be a receptors-mediated response. Of these
      hormones and drugs, norepinephrine, a alpha-receptor mediator, clearly prevented
      CT effect on biliary calcium excretion. Moreover, phenylephrine, a alpha 1
      receptor agonist, caused an inhibition of the CT effect, while the agonist
      significantly increased biliary calcium excretion. The present study clearly
      demonstrates that biliary calcium excretion is stimulated by various hormones
      which increase calcium influx into liver cells, and suggests that the CT action
      may be inhibited by alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation.

PMID- 2899536
TI  - Comparison of delayed release 5 aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) and
      sulphasalazine in the treatment of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis relapse.
AB  - Oral formulations of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) appear less toxic than
      sulphasalazine. We have therefore compared sulphasalazine, low dose mesalazine
      and high dose mesalazine in the treatment of mild to moderate relapse of
      ulcerative colitis. Sixty one patients (32 men, aged 20-78 years) were randomly
      allocated to sulphasalazine 2 g daily, mesalazine 800 mg daily, or mesalazine 2.4
      g daily in a double blind, double dummy, four week trial. Groups were comparable
      for age, sex, extent of disease, and pretrial sulphasalazine intake. Four
      patients were unable to complete the study because of treatment failure (two
      taking sulphasalazine and two high dose mesalazine). A further two patients
      taking sulphasalazine developed side effects necessitating withdrawal. Within
      treatment comparisons revealed significant improvement of: sigmoidoscopic grade
      in the sulphasalazine group; rectal bleeding, sigmoidoscopic and histological
      grade in the low dose mesalazine group; stool frequency, rectal bleeding and
      sigmoidoscopic grade in the high dose mesalazine group. Greater improvement in
      rectal bleeding (p less than 0.05) and sigmoidoscopic appearances (p less than
      0.05) occurred in patients taking high dose mesalazine than in those taking
      sulphasalazine. In two patients taking high dose mesalazine minor rises of plasma
      creatinine concentrations occurred, suggesting the need to monitor renal
      function.

PMID- 2899539
TI  - The analgesic effect and development of dependency to somatostatin analogue
      (octreotide) in headache associated with acromegaly.

PMID- 2899540
TI  - Congenital absence of insulin-secreting cells.
AB  - A male infant was diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus 1 d after birth and died
      on the third day. Histological examination of the pancreas showed small and
      inconspicuous islets of Langerhans that were completely devoid of insulin
      secreting cells. There was no evidence of insulitis.

PMID- 2899541
TI  - Conservation and reorganization of loci on the mammalian X chromosome: a
      molecular framework for the identification of homologous subchromosomal regions
      in man and mouse.
AB  - By means of cross-reacting molecular probes, some 18 loci specific for the X
      chromosome of both man and mouse have been localized on the mouse X chromosome
      using an interspecific mouse cross involving the inbred SPE/Pas strain derived
      from Mus spretus. Comparison of the localizations of these loci on the mouse X
      with their positions on the human X chromosome suggests that intrachromosomal
      rearrangements involving at least five X chromosome breakage events must have
      occurred during the period of evolutionary divergence separating primates from
      rodents. Within the five blocks of chromosomal material so defined, there is for
      the moment little or no evidence that either chromosomal inversion events or
      extensive rearrangements have occurred. These data confirm the remarkable
      evolutionary conservation of the X chromosome apparent in mammalian species,
      compared to autosomal synteny groups in which both inter- and intrachromosomal
      rearrangement events appear to have occurred frequently. The breakage events
      described here for the X chromosome should therefore provide a minimal estimate
      for the frequency of chromosomal rearrangement events, such as breakage and
      inversion, which have affected autosomal synteny groups during the evolutionary
      period separating man from mouse. The definition of the number of chromosome
      breakage events by which the X chromosomes of these species differ, together with
      their localization, provides a framework for the use of interspecies mouse
      crosses for further detailed mapping of particular subchromosomal regions of the
      human X chromosome and for defining loci in the mouse homologous to those
      implicated in human congenital diseases.

PMID- 2899542
TI  - Multiple restriction site polymorphism at the human somatostatin locus: a
      population study in Italy.
AB  - Three Italian populations were examined for a multiple restriction fragment
      length polymorphism tightly linked to the human somatostatin gene. No difference
      was observed between the three samples. The haplotype frequencies in Italy were
      found to be: SST ESBS = 0.836, SST ESBF = 0.072, SST EFBS = 0.091 and SST EFBF =
      0.001.

PMID- 2899543
TI  - Studies on the human chromosome 3 centromere with a newly cloned alphoid DNA
      probe.
AB  - Starting from a chromosome-specific DNA library, we have isolated a human
      chromosome-specific satellite DNA sequence. This sequence of 635 base pairs (bp)
      consists of 3.7 alpha DNA monomers of 170-171 bp. Under high stringency it
      hybridizes to the centromere of chromosome 3 in a region composed of 2,750 bp
      tandem repeats characterized by the regular spacing of Hind III and TaqI
      restriction enzyme recognition sites. It has diverged and undergone amplification
      after the human speciation. The amplification allows an easy monitoring of the
      chromosome 3 centromere by in situ hybridization with a nonradioactive probe.

PMID- 2899544
TI  - Genetic variations of insulin-like growth factor I in Italy.
AB  - Four Italian populations were examined for a HindIII RFLP associated with the
      human insulin-like growth factor I gene. No differences were observed among the
      four samples. The allele frequencies in Italy were: IGF-I HF = 0.834; IGF-I HS =
      0.166. The polymorphism appears to be due to a 400-bp sequence insertion-deletion
      mechanism.

PMID- 2899545
TI  - Central modulation of peripheral inflammation.

PMID- 2899546
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex
      of the dog.
AB  - Human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) cDNA probes were used to analyze the
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the DLA-D region in dogs.
      Genomic DNA from peripheral blood leucocytes of 23 unrelated DLA-D-homozygous
      dogs representing nine DLA-D types (defined by mixed leucocyte reaction) was
      digested with restriction enzymes (Bam HI, Eco RI, Hind III, Pvu II, Taq I, Rsa
      I, Msp I, Pst I, and Bgl II), separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and
      transferred onto Biotrace membrane. The Southern blots were successively
      hybridized with radiolabeled HLA cDNA probes corresponding to DR, DQ, DP, and DO
      beta genes. The autoradiograms for all nine enzyme digests displayed multiple
      bands with the DRb, DQb, and DPb probes while the DOb probe hybridized with one
      to two bands. The RFLP patterns were highly polymorphic but consistent within
      each DLA-D type. Standard RFLP patterns were established for nine DLA-D types
      which could be discriminated from each other by using two enzymes (Rsa I and Pst
      I) and the HLA-DPb probe. Cluster analysis of the polymorphic restriction
      fragments detected by the DRb probe revealed four closely related supertypic
      groups or DLA-DR families: Dw3 + Dw4 + D1, Dw8 + D10, D7 + D16 + D9, and Dw1.
      This study provides the basis for DLA-D genotyping at a population level by RFLP
      analysis. These results also suggest that the genetic organization of the DLA-D
      region may closely resemble that of the HLA complex.

PMID- 2899547
TI  - Duplications and deletions of Vh genes in inbred strains of mice.
AB  - The evolution of variable region (Vh) gene family copy number and polymorphism
      was investigated by the analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable
      region (Igh-V) locus in 74 inbred strains and substrains of mice. Several strains
      were found to have slight differences from Igh-V haplotypes previously
      identified, usually involving the gain or loss of one or a few members of a
      single Vh gene family. These results indicate that the evolution of copy number
      in the mouse Igh-V locus proceeds largely by the accumulation of incremental
      changes, reflecting the clustered organization of the mouse Igh-V locus. We have
      found no evidence of very large or frequent duplication or deletion events
      indicative of rapid expansion or contraction processes. The existence of one or
      more particularly large Vh gene families most likely reflects random copy number
      variation, rather than selection for the amplification of their members. The
      identification of strains with recombinant Vh gene arrays demonstrates that
      recombination, both within and between haplotypes, appears to be the predominant
      mechanism generating the high restriction fragment length polymorphism in the Igh
      V locus.

PMID- 2899548
TI  - Limited polymorphism of both classes of MHC genes in four different species of
      the Balkan mole rat.
AB  - We analyzed the restriction fragment length polymorphism of class I and class II
      MHC genes in DNA from 20 individuals belonging to the four different species of
      the complex of species of Balkan mole rats Spalax leucodon captured at four
      different localities in Yugoslavia. All populations were tested with four
      restriction enzymes and one conserved mouse probe for each of the two classes of
      MHC genes. The probes employed detect either limited polymorphism of class I
      genes or lack of polymorphic bands containing class II genes. Of the two other
      subterranean rodents that have been studied, four karyotype forms of the Israeli
      mole rat show polymorphism in both classes of MHC genes similar to the one found
      in all other mammals (Nizetic et al. 1985), and the Syrian hamster shows limited
      polymorphism of class I genes and high polymorphism of class II genes (McGuire et
      al. 1985). Balkan mole rats belong to a new group in this respect, different from
      all mammals studied so far, since they apparently show limited polymorphism of
      both classes of MHC genes.

PMID- 2899550
TI  - Field trials on the relative efficacy of three repellents against Mansonia
      mosquitoes.

PMID- 2899549
TI  - Linked genetic markers of the rabbit kappa light chain are not linked to the Tcr
      beta chain genes.
AB  - In order to investigate linkage, we used serum allotypes of the two rabbit C
      kappa isotypes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the genes
      for V kappa, C kappa, and T-cell receptor C beta. The inheritance of these
      genetic markers was studied through backcross and F2 matings. Southern analysis
      and hybridization of genomic DNA with a C kappa probe detected a 5 kb Pst I
      fragment linked to expression of the K2bas1 allotype and the presence of the
      kappa 1bbas gene and a 6.6 kb Pst I fragment linked to the expression of the K1b9
      allotype, the presence of the kappa 2bas2 gene and lack of expression of the
      K2bas1 allotype. A V kappa probe detected a 1.3 kb Eco RI fragment linked to the
      presence of the kappa 1bbas gene and expression of the K2bas1 allotype. In
      contrast, the 9 or 14 kb Eco RI RFLP (C beta a or C beta b) detected with a Tcr
      beta chain probe segregated independently from C kappa allotypes and RFLPs. It
      has previously been found that C kappa and C beta are also unlinked in man,
      whereas in the mouse they are linked at a distance of approximately 8
      centimorgans.

PMID- 2899551
TI  - Clonal population structure of encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae.
AB  - Chromosomal genotypes of 2,209 isolates of the six polysaccharide capsule types
      of Haemophilus influenzae recovered from human hosts worldwide were characterized
      by an analysis of electrophoretically demonstrable allelic profiles at 17
      metabolic enzyme loci. For 222 representative isolates, restriction fragment
      length polymorphism patterns produced by digestion of cap region DNA were also
      determined. With few exceptions, isolates belonging to individual phylogenetic
      lines or groups of allied lineages identified by multilocus enzyme
      electrophoresis had characteristic cap region restriction fragment length
      polymorphism patterns and characteristic combinations of cap region patterns and
      outer membrane protein types. The occurrence of strong associations of characters
      and the recovery of isolates with identical genetic properties in widely
      separated geographic regions and over a 40-year period indicated that the
      population structure of encapsulated H. influenzae is clonal. Recombination of
      chromosomal genes, including those mediating capsule synthesis, apparently is not
      a major factor in the short-term evolution of these pathogenic organisms and,
      therefore, may be of minor clinical significance.

PMID- 2899552
TI  - Characterization of the plasmid from Escherichia coli RDEC-1 that mediates
      expression of adhesin AF/R1 and evidence that AF/R1 pili promote but are not
      essential for enteropathogenic disease.
AB  - RDEC-1, an Escherichia coli strain that adheres to rabbit mucosa and causes an
      attaching, effacing lesion, expresses the pilus adhesin AF/R1 which determines in
      vitro attachment to rabbit intestinal brush borders. In order to determine the
      role of AF/R1 pili in the pathogenesis of enteropathogenic diarrhea in rabbits,
      we localized the genes for AF/R1 expression, constructed an AF/R1- strain, and
      compared the virulence of the AF/R1+ and AF/R1- strains with particular attention
      to the development of attaching, effacing lesions. We introduced Tn5 into the 86
      megadalton (MDa) conjugative plasmid known to mediate expression of AF/R1 pili
      and transferred the derivative plasmids into laboratory strain HB101.
      Transconjugant M5 was found to contain the 86-MDa plasmid from RDEC-1 and to
      express AF/R1 pili. Pilus expression on M5 was confirmed by reaction with
      antiserum raised against purified AF/R1 pili and allowed the bacteria to adhere
      to the rabbit ileum in an in vitro assay. Three Tn5 insertions in the 86-MDa
      plasmid were obtained which resulted in loss of AF/R1 expression. Part of the
      plasmid was mapped, including a region necessary for AF/R1 pilus expression.
      AF/R1- mutant strain M34 was constructed, and its pathogenesis was investigated.
      M34 produced disease in rabbits but was less virulent than the parent. The
      characteristic effacing lesions of RDEC-1 and enteropathogenic E. coli developed
      in the intestine of rabbits infected with either M34 or RDEC-1, although with M34
      they were much less frequent and did not involve the small bowel. We conclude
      that AF/R1 pilus expression is not essential for the attaching, effacing lesion
      but serves as an accessory virulence factor which promotes an initial interaction
      of RDEC-1 with normal epithelial cells.

PMID- 2899553
TI  - CS31A, a new K88-related fimbrial antigen on bovine enterotoxigenic and
      septicemic Escherichia coli strains.
AB  - The nature of the common surface antigen of six hemagglutinating and adhesive
      piliated Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic or septicemic calves
      was studied. By electron microscopy studies, the E. coli surface antigen
      designated CS31A was found on bacterial cells and in purified form to consist of
      thin (2-nm) "fibrillar" fimbriae. E. coli 31A, which was cured of a 105
      megadalton plasmid, failed to express CS31A fimbriae, but retained the ability to
      hemagglutinate and to adhere in vitro on intestinal cells. Conversely, E. coli K
      12, harboring the 105-megadalton plasmid originating from strain 31A, produced
      CS31A fimbriae but was not able to hemagglutinate or adhere on intestinal cells.
      A single fimbrial subunit of 29 kilodaltons was observed when purified fimbriae
      from the 105-megadalton plasmid-containing E. coli K-12 strain was subjected to
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or eluted by gel
      filtration after dissociation by 8.5 M guanidium hydrochloride from an S300
      Sephacryl column. Western immunoblot analysis and the N-terminal sequence and
      amino acid composition of CS31A indicate structural and immunological relatedness
      between CS31A and K88 protein subunits.

PMID- 2899554
TI  - Rationale for a new triphasic oral contraceptive.
AB  - The association of progestogen and estrogen with certain undesirable effects led
      investigators to seek oral contraceptive (OC) formulations containing reduced
      amounts of both. Evidence is presented from studies of the triphasic regimen of
      0.5 mg norethindrone plus 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol on the first seven
      menstrual cycle days, 0.75 mg norethindrone plus 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol
      the second seven days, followed by 1 mg norethindrone plus 35 micrograms ethinyl
      estradiol for the final seven days. This OC formulation appears to be highly
      effective and relatively free of the side effects commonly associated with low
      dose OC regimens.

PMID- 2899555
TI  - Update: The biological effects of hormonal contraceptives. Proceedings of a
      symposium held at the XIth World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Berlin,
      West Germany, September 18, 1985.

PMID- 2899556
TI  - Arteriosclerosis risk in women and the role of oral contraceptive progestins.
AB  - Recent studies are reviewed to develop a perspective on the risk of
      arteriosclerotic heart disease occurring in women using various oral
      contraceptive (OC) formulations and postmenopausal estrogens. Evidence is
      provided in support of the following points: (1) arteriosclerosis risk increases
      in women after age 40 at a rate parallel to that in men; (2) arteriosclerosis
      risk is related to small changes in lipoprotein concentration, specifically LDL,
      HDL, and a subfraction of HDL, HDL2; (3) OC formulations alter LDL, HDL, and HDL2
      concentrations in relation to the relative biologic effects (potency) of the
      estrogen and progestin components of the oral contraceptive pill, and/or the
      associated androgenic effect of the progestin component, with estrogen producing
      putatively favorable changes, and progestin, unfavorable changes; and (4)
      arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI) risk in young women using OC
      steroids is associated with increasing progestin potency, while postmenopausal
      women experience a reduced MI-related mortality and all-cause mortality, the
      latter attributable in part to an increase in HDL cholesterol concentrations.
      CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: It is presently advisable to screen all subjects for
      hypercholesterolemia as a general measure, particularly those subjects who are
      contemplating the use of OCs. This national mandate is important in light of the
      data from the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. This ten
      year study showed that a 1% reduction in cholesterol yielded a 2% reduction in
      coronary risk. Therefore, small changes in a patient's lipid profile can have
      major ramifications later in life. OC steroids should be used with circumspection
      by women with existing cardiovascular disease risk factors and should be selected
      so as to minimize potentially adverse effects on lipoprotein physiology.

PMID- 2899557
TI  - Progestins and carbohydrate metabolism.
AB  - The effect of hormonal oral contraceptives (OCs) on carbohydrate metabolism
      depends on the amount of estrogen (ethinyl estradiol or mestranol), type and
      amount of progestin, formulation of the pill (monophasic, sequential, or
      triphasic), duration of use, mode of administration (oral v parenteral), and race
      and genetic predisposition of the user. The progestin megestrol has minimal
      effect on carbohydrate metabolism but is no longer available due to its
      carcinogenic effects in beagle dogs. Combination pills with norethindrone and its
      derivatives (norethindrone acetate, norethynodrel, and ethynodiol diacetate) show
      moderate impairment of glucose tolerance with definite hyperinsulinemia. The
      lowest metabolic effect was observed with triphasic formulations. The effect of
      levonorgestrel depends on the formulation; the highest impairment of glucose and
      insulin response after oral glucose loading is found in sequential and combined
      formulations with doses of 50 micrograms ethinyl estradiol, whereas with doses of
      30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol only minor effects on glucose tolerance are seen.
      Few effects were observed while using triphasic preparations. Therefore, to
      minimize disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism, low-dose formulations and
      triphasic preparations should be used.

PMID- 2899558
TI  - Biological activity of oral contraceptives.
AB  - The synthetic steroid hormones used in oral contraceptives differ in their
      effects and potencies. Because all low-dose preparations currently sold in the
      United States contain the same estrogen, the differences among progestin
      components are of clinical significance. Synthetic progestins may have
      progestational, estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and androgenic effects; all have
      antiovulatory effects. Means for measuring the different effects of steroid
      hormones, ranging from animal assays to human studies, are reviewed. The problems
      of generalizing from effects of one steroid in an animal system to combination
      steroids in the human system are emphasized. Our evolving concept of desirable
      and undesirable effects of progestins is reviewed, the concept of minimal
      effective dose introduced, and a conclusion suggested from the limited human data
      available. A plan for the selection of contraceptive steroids for human use is
      proposed.

PMID- 2899559
TI  - Lipid, carbohydrate, and androgen metabolism in women using a triphasic oral
      contraceptive containing norethindrone for one year.
AB  - A clinical trial was conducted to determine the effects of a norethindrone
      containing triphasic oral contraceptive, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7, on lipid,
      carbohydrate, and androgen metabolism in 22 women during 12 cycles of use.
      Examinations were made in two consecutive cycles before treatment and after 3, 6,
      9, and 12 cycles of treatment. Treatment consisted of ethinyl estradiol, 35
      micrograms/d for 21 days, together with norethindrone in stepwise-increasing
      doses of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/d, with each dose given for seven days. Only a
      minimal impact on lipid metabolism was observed during treatment. There were no
      unfavorable changes in any HDL-related measurement. HDL-cholesterol and alpha
      levels were not altered in any cycle. The HDL:LDL ratio was not significantly
      altered during treatment. LDL cholesterol levels were also unaltered during
      treatment, but there were slight elevations in other LDL-related measurements in
      some cycles. Total cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride levels were
      elevated in cycle 9, and triglyceride levels also increased in cycle 3, but no
      significant changes were observed in these levels at any other sampling times.
      Carbohydrate metabolism did not change significantly as indicated by mean fasting
      levels of glucose, insulin, and HbA1c or by levels of these parameters after a
      glucose load. Changes observed in androgenic parameters indicate the lack of
      androgenicity. The results of this study demonstrate that Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 use
      results in a minimal impact on lipid metabolism, no change in carbohydrate
      metabolism, and no potential for androgenic side effects.

PMID- 2899561
TI  - Communicating uteri: description and classification of a new type.
AB  - A case of bicornuate-bicervical communicating uterus with atresia of the right
      hemicervix is reported. This cannot be included in any of the nine groups of
      Toaff's classification of uterine malformations proposed in 1984, and should be
      classified as a new, tenth type.

PMID- 2899560
TI  - Early endocrine events in induced pregnancies.
AB  - Progesterone (P) and human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels were measured
      randomly or serially in 141 single clinical intrauterine pregnancies resulting
      from treatment of infertility. Seventy (group I) were conceived during
      spontaneous cycles, 36 (group II) with clomiphene citrate, and 35 (group III)
      with menotropins (hMG). Each group was subdivided into subgroup A (normal
      pregnancies) and B (pregnancies ending in abortion). Thirteen percent of patients
      in group I aborted, 19% in group II, and 31% in group III (P less than .05). The
      overall mean (+/- SD) P level in group IA was 25.8 +/- 10.3 ng/mL and in group
      IB, 16.6 +/- 9.9 ng/mL (significantly lower, P less than .001); in group IIA the
      mean P level was 37.8 +/- 21.9 ng/mL and in group IIB, 22.9 +/- 17.9 ng/mL, again
      significantly lower (P less than .01). In subgroups IB and IIB, 11 of 16 patients
      showed early abnormal beta-hCG patterns; these findings suggest defective
      embryonic development and/or deficient corpus luteum function as the cause of
      abortion. There was no significant difference between mean P in group IIIA (71.1
      +/- 43.7 ng/mL) and IIIB (75.7 +/- 55.9 ng/mL). In group IIIB, the mean "peak" P
      level of 101.1 +/- 73.6 ng/mL was followed by a mean "nadir" of 35.4 +/- 24.8
      ng/mL at 6-9 weeks. In group IIIB, 7 of 11 patients showed normal beta-hCG
      patterns. Three patients with precipitous P decline aborted karyotypically normal
      fetuses in spite of normally rising beta-hCG levels and the presence of fetal
      cardiac activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899562
TI  - Infertility in a patient with abnormal spermatogenesis and in utero DES exposure.
AB  - A young azoospermic patient is described whose spermatogenesis reflected an
      abnormality of meiosis. A diagnosis of asynapsis of chromosomes during early
      spermatogenesis was made by cytogenetic examination of a testicular biopsy.
      Standard histologic examination gave no indication of this abnormality. An
      incidental history of intrauterine diethylstilbesterol (DES) exposure of the
      patient was elicited. Attention is called to the dearth of cytogenetic studies of
      spermatogenesis in DES-treated male progeny and the usefulness in general of
      meiotic cytogenetic studies for obtaining accurate diagnoses in human
      infertility.

PMID- 2899563
TI  - Comparison of semen quality and follicular growth between conception and non
      conception cycles after artificial insemination by donor using cryopreserved
      semen.

PMID- 2899564
TI  - Excretion of estrone-3-glucuronide in urine in spontaneous and induced ovulatory
      cycles.
AB  - Response of the ovary to ovulation-inducing agents, such as clomiphene citrate
      and gonadotropin, was assessed using estimations of urinary estrone-3-glucuronide
      (E1G) by an ELISA test. Baseline data collected over 58 cycles from regularly
      menstruating women were used as reference. Further, the pattern of E1G excretion
      was compared with ultrasound assessment of follicular growth. In ovulatory
      cycles, a good correlation is seen between follicular growth and follicular
      function. However, when cystic follicles develop after treatment, the correlation
      is poor: the follicle increases in size without a corresponding increase in E1G
      excretion. It is suggested that ultrasound examination and hormonal pattern
      should be used concurrently to assess the response of the ovary to ovulation
      inducing agents.

PMID- 2899565
TI  - Desensitization of both luteal and pituitary function in baboons with nafarelin,
      a potent LH-RH agonist.
AB  - Acute responsiveness in vivo of the baboon corpus luteum to a course of twice
      daily injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been studied with and
      without concomitant injections of nafarelin, a potent luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist. HCG injection alone caused an acute (1 hour)
      rise in circulating levels of progesterone (P), confirmed to be a direct effect
      at the luteal level, since no change in circulating levels of endogenous LH was
      detected. When hCG was coadministered with a low dose of nafarelin (50 micrograms
      per injection), circulating levels of LH rose, but the rise in serum P levels was
      blunted. However, when hCG was coadministered with a high dose of nafarelin (250
      micrograms per injection), serum LH levels rose only in response to the first
      injection and serum levels of P were not elevated, suggesting a desensitization
      of the pituitary to the LH-RH agonist and of the corpus luteum to the hCG. The
      profile of luteal P during the luteal phase in response to combined treatment
      with hCG and nafarelin also reflected these effects, being intermediate between
      vehicle controls and hCG treatment alone. This first demonstration of a luteal
      desensitization to gonadotropin by an LH-RH agonist in primates may account for
      previously noted successful interception of pregnancy in baboons treated with
      these agents.

PMID- 2899566
TI  - Technical improvement for ultrasonic study of the endometrium.
AB  - Ultrasound imaging has evolved technically. Large-aperture, multielement array
      systems achieve improved spatial, contrast, and temporal resolutions. These
      advances are useful for detailed study of the endometrium, especially for early
      detection of neoplastic disease and premalignant risk factors, assessment and
      management of infertility, monitoring the course of early pregnancy at--and about
      -the time of implantation and, possibly, for increasing knowledge about
      symptomatic conditions, such as dysmenorrhea. Referring physicians should be
      aware of the level of study that instrumentation advances have now made possible.

PMID- 2899567
TI  - Application of the quantitative sperm immobilization test for follow-up study of
      sperm-immobilizing antibody in the sera of sterile women.
AB  - For quantitative estimation of sperm immobilizing antibody, a new assay method
      was developed and applied to a follow-up study of antibody titers in the sera of
      sterile women. The 50% sperm immobilization units (SI50) estimated by the
      quantitative method ranged from 1.2 to 97.3 in the sera from 16 sterile women who
      showed relatively high antibody activities in the previous semiquantitative sperm
      immobilization test. When the quantitative antibody titers, SI50, were followed
      over 3 years in sterile women with the sperm immobilizing antibody, the antibody
      titers were found to be unstable, and undulated over a period of several months.
      Therapy consisting of use of a condom seemed to be ineffective in decreasing the
      antibody titers.

PMID- 2899568
TI  - A comparison between the hamster egg penetration test and the seminal parameters
      in men of infertile couples.
AB  - The zona-free hamster egg penetration test was performed on 74 random consecutive
      semen samples from men of infertile couples and on 7 men of proven fertility
      (semen donors). Of these 74 men, 31 had never before delivered a semen sample
      (Group I), while the remaining 43 had delivered samples before (Group II). The
      penetration rates were correlated with the parameters of the semen analysis. In
      Group I, the mean penetration rate was 59%, in Group II, 42%, and among the
      fertile donors, 52%. No strong correlation was found between hamster egg
      penetration rates and the various semen parameters. Only the proportion of motile
      spermatozoa in Group II correlated significantly with the egg penetration test (P
      less than .05). Differences in methodology make comparison with the results from
      different laboratories difficult. It is likely that the egg penetration test
      measures some separate quality of the spermatozoa that may not be clear from the
      routine semen analysis. The role of the hamster egg penetration test in the
      investigation of the causes of infertility should be evaluated further.

PMID- 2899569
TI  - Estrogen formation from cholesterol in rabbit preimplantation blastocysts and
      corpora lutea in vitro.
AB  - Rabbit blastocysts and corpora lutea (CL) obtained six days after coitus were
      incubated with [4-14C]cholesterol. In the CL, the conversion of [4
      14C]cholesterol to radioactive progesterone was about twice that to radioactive
      estrone. On the other hand, in the preimplantation blastocyst, estrone formation
      from the substrate was far higher than progesterone formation. Both in the
      blastocyst and CL, [4-14C]cholesterol was least incorporated into estradiol among
      the steroids identified. It is suggested that steroids biosynthesized in rabbit
      preimplantation blastocysts and CL are quite different both in quality and in
      quantity at the time of implantation.

PMID- 2899570
TI  - Psychoanalysis and Germany: a re-encounter fifty years after Hitler.

PMID- 2899571
TI  - Chemistry, histochemistry and microscopy of the organic matrix of spicules from a
      gorgonian coral. Relationship to alcian blue staining and calcium binding.
AB  - Alcian blue dye normally binds to polyanionic, polymeric substances. Such
      structures are often associated with calcium binding portions of the organic
      matrix in calcifying tissues. The organic matrix of spicules prepared from the
      gorgonian Pseudoplexaura flagellosa (Houttuyn) is alcianophilic. The dye is very
      tightly bound to the lipoid portion of the insoluble spicule matrix. No acidic
      substances (sulfated or acidic polysaccharides or phospholipids) were
      demonstrable in this material, suggesting an unusual but unknown interaction
      between dye and substrate. On a microscopical basis, inclusion of Alcian blue (or
      Ruthenium red) is an essential co-requisite to glutaraldehyde fixation. Without
      the dye the morphological integrity of the spicule is lost on decalcification.
      The fragmented matrix is still alcianophilic suggesting that the dye may
      substitute for material solubilized by the decalcifying agents. Examination of
      post-decalcification supernatants demonstrate that approximately 13% of the
      matrix is solubilized on demineralization, releasing 93% of the carbohydrate but
      less than 20% of the protein. Liberated protein takes the form of peptides
      ranging from 1100-1500 daltons. The composition of these peptides is a function
      of the demineralizing agent. Acidic demineralizers produce peptides
      proportionately high in acidic amino acids, that do not bind calcium. Peptides
      produced by chelator decalcification appear to bind calcium but other evidence
      strongly suggests that the binding is due to adsorbed chelator rather than by
      soluble matrix.

PMID- 2899572
TI  - Hypothesis for prediction of stimulant drug effectiveness utilizing sensory
      integrative diagnostic methods.

PMID- 2899573
TI  - Clearing the air.

PMID- 2899574
TI  - A look at indemnification. Plain talk about who pays.

PMID- 2899575
TI  - A reassessment of education.

PMID- 2899576
TI  - Poor resident participation. Who's to blame?

PMID- 2899577
TI  - Effect of cimaterol on sheep adipose tissue lipid metabolism.
AB  - Effects of dietary cimaterol (5 mg/kg) on adipose tissue metabolism of wether
      lambs were studied. Lipogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid composition and adipocyte
      size and number were measured. Cimaterol feeding increased lipogenesis; however,
      this effect was not statistically significant. Insulin (1,000 microU/ml)
      stimulated lipogenesis of adipose tissue from control sheep. However, this
      elevated rate was abolished by in vitro cimaterol. Insulin had no stimulatory
      effect on lipogenesis in cimaterol-fed sheep. Lipolysis was depressed by
      cimaterol feeding. However, 10(-4) M cimaterol stimulated lipolysis in the
      adipose tissue from both control and cimaterol-fed sheep. Insulin inhibited
      stimulated lipolysis in adipose tissue from control sheep but had no effect on
      the stimulated lipolysis in cimaterol-fed sheep. Mean adipocyte diameter was
      smaller (from 74 to 70 microns) and adipocyte size distribution also was changed
      in the cimaterol-fed sheep. Adipocyte number per gram of tissue was not affected
      by cimaterol. There was a significant increase in percentage of unsaturated fatty
      acids in adipose tissue from cimaterol-fed sheep. These results indicate that
      lipogenic and lipolytic responses to insulin and cimaterol in sheep adipose
      tissue were altered by cimaterol feeding. The carcass fat content decrease in
      cimaterol-fed sheep may be attributed to the reduction in adipocyte size.

PMID- 2899578
TI  - Sodium butyrate preserves aspects of the differentiated phenotype of normal adult
      rat hepatocytes in culture.
AB  - We have determined that sodium butyrate and, to a lesser extent,
      dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) preserve aspects of the
      differentiated phenotype of primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. The
      histone deacetylase inhibitor, butyrate, inhibits the increase in gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity and the decrease in basal tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) activity normally observed when hepatocytes are cultured
      under appropriate conditions. The effects of butyrate on GGT and TAT activities
      are accompanied by parallel changes in GGT and TAT mRNA levels. The
      poly(ADP)ribose-synthetase inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide, has effects similar to
      butyrate on GGT activity and mRNA levels, while both 3-AB and DMSO increase basal
      TAT activity in cultured hepatocytes. Under appropriate conditions all three
      agents--butyrate, 3-AB, and DMSO--extend the length of time cultured hepatocytes
      can be maintained as confluent monolayers. However, under all the conditions
      studied, butyrate extended the length of time hepatocytes could be maintained as
      monolayers more than any other treatment used. Butyrate-treated hepatocytes
      maintained ultrastructural features that were more similar to those of
      hepatocytes in vivo than hepatocytes treated with any other of the agents tested.
      Histone acetylation levels of primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes declined
      concomitant with the loss of the differentiated phenotype of the cells. These
      results suggest that histone acetylation may play a role in the changes in gene
      expression observed when hepatocytes are placed in culture.

PMID- 2899579
TI  - Research on psychotherapy integration: recommendations and conclusions from an
      NIMH workshop.

PMID- 2899580
TI  - Privatisation and other problems.

PMID- 2899581
TI  - Epidemiological typing: a user's view.

PMID- 2899583
TI  - Prior antimicrobial therapy and resistance of Enterobacter Citrobacter and
      Serratia to third generation cephalosporins.
AB  - During a 6-month period all inpatients from whom Enterobacter, Citrobacter or
      Serratia. had been isolated were reviewed and information on selected variables
      recorded. Two groups, one including 19 patients with organisms resistant to third
      generation cephalosporins and the other 111 patients with susceptible organisms
      were compared. In the initial analysis, the mean number of antimicrobials
      received in the prior 2 months was the variable most strongly associated with
      isolation of resistant organisms (2.6 +/- 1.5 vs 1.5 +/- 1.6; P = 0.002). When
      patients who had received no antimicrobials were omitted from the analysis, the
      mean number of antimicrobials was similar (2.6 +/- 1.5 vs 2.3 +/- 1.5; P = 0.19).
      Comparisons of antimicrobials received in the prior 2 months showed only
      cefoxitin (9/70 vs 7/19; P = 0.016) and cefotaxime (4/70 vs 5/19; P = 0.008) to
      be associated with isolation of resistant organisms. These data suggest that, at
      our institution, antimicrobial therapy with an extended spectrum cephalosporin is
      an important risk factor for subsequent acquisition of an organism resistant to
      third generation cephalosporins.

PMID- 2899582
TI  - A comparison of the effects of preoperative whole-body bathing with detergent
      alone and with detergent containing chlorhexidine gluconate on the frequency of
      wound infections after clean surgery. The European Working Party on Control of
      Hospital Infections.
AB  - In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 27
      surgical units in six European countries, the effect of preoperative whole-body
      bathing on two occasions with a detergent containing chlorhexidine (CHX+) on the
      incidence of wound infection in elective, clean surgery was compared with two
      bathings with a detergent without chlorhexidine (CHX-). In the CHX+ group 2.62%
      of 1413 patients and in the CHX- group 2.36% of 1400 patients subsequently became
      infected. The infection rate in the CHX+ group was 1.11 times that in the CHX-
      group with 95% confidence limits ranging between 0.69 and 1.82. Consequently,
      bathing patients twice preoperatively with chlorhexidine-detergent did not reduce
      the incidence of infection of clean wounds.

PMID- 2899584
TI  - National prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Czechoslovakia.
AB  - A nationwide 1-day prevalence survey of a total of 12,260 patients in 23
      hospitals across Czechoslovakia yielded 751 cases of hospital-acquired infection
      (HAI), a prevalence of 6.1%. Analysis of the data revealed that the prevalence of
      HAI amongst surgical patients was almost twice that amongst medical patients
      (8.2% vs. 4.4%). Persons aged over 60 on the urological and surgical wards were
      at highest risk of acquiring infection. The most frequent site of HAI was the
      urinary tract (25%), followed by surgical wounds (15%) and the upper respiratory
      tract (13%). Fifty per cent of infection in gynaecological patients occurred
      within 6 days of admission compared with 15% in urological patients, and a wide
      variation was seen in other specialties.

PMID- 2899585
TI  - Gastrointestinal carriage rate of Clostridium difficile in elderly, chronic care
      hospital patients.
AB  - The carriage rate of Clostridium difficile in patients at a chronic care hospital
      was determined by two point prevalence surveys at 6-monthly intervals. In the
      first survey C. difficile or its toxin was present in stool samples from five
      symptomless patients on three of the four wards studied. All of these colonized
      patients had been in hospital for at least 2 months, but there was no
      relationship between carriage of the organism and antibiotic use. When the survey
      was repeated 6 months later, no symptomless carriers were found but one
      symptomatic patient had C. difficile and its toxin present in the stool. The
      results suggest that C. difficile should always be considered as a possible cause
      of diarrhoea in long-stay hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2899587
TI  - Influence of age on faecal carriage of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli and other
      gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized neonates.
AB  - The aerobic faecal flora of 953 infants aged over 5 days was studied on discharge
      from 22 neonatal wards in Swedish hospitals. Klebsiella/enterobacter was isolated
      from 74% of infants and dominated the aerobic gram-negative flora in 19 wards.
      Escherichia coli was carried by 42% and showed a slight dominance in two wards.
      Initially klebsiella/enterobacter dominated the flora but became increasingly
      mixed with and taken over by E. coli, carriage increasing from 21% in infants
      discharged after 5-7 days to 57% after 3 weeks or later. Among infants with E.
      coli, P-fimbriated strains were demonstrated in 23% (range 0-67) and were
      independent of age. Occasional clustering of such strains was observed in 3/22
      wards during the study period. It is postulated that the general and local
      colonization patterns observed reflect differences between individual strains of
      E. coli and klebsiella in both their capacity for transmission and their
      persistence in the newborn gut. The role of P-fimbriae in intestinal colonization
      of neonates by E. coli was, however, not supported.

PMID- 2899586
TI  - A multicentre study to compare piperacillin with the combination of netilmicin
      and metronidazole for prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery undertaken in
      district general hospitals.
AB  - We have conducted a multicentre randomized study to compare piperacillin with the
      combination of netilmicin and metronidazole in patients undergoing elective
      colorectal surgery. There was no significant difference in the incidence of
      operation-related infection, chest or urinary tract infection. Major life
      threatening sepsis occurred in 6% and the overall incidence of operation-related
      infection was 24%. Organisms which normally inhabit the bowel lumen were cultured
      from most of the postoperative infections; however, Staphylococcus aureus was
      isolated as a causative organism in nine patients in the piperacillin group
      compared with none in the netilmicin and metronidazole group. We are concerned at
      the high incidence of infection in both groups, and we believe that other factors
      in addition to prophylactic antibiotics need to be evaluated if the incidence of
      infection is to be reduced further.

PMID- 2899588
TI  - A prospective randomized controlled trial of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis
      in renal transplantation.
AB  - We have carried out a prospective, randomized controlled trial of perioperative
      prophylaxis with cefuroxime and piperacillin in 53 recipients of renal
      allografts. Twenty-seven patients received antibiotic prophylaxis with three
      doses of cefuroxime 750 mg and piperacillin 4 g, and 26 patients received no
      prophylaxis. Risk factors for infection were well matched. Infection rates were
      analysed for the periods 0-5 days and 0-14 days post-transplant. In the first 5
      days, patients receiving antibiotics had fewer infections (3 vs. 11, P = 0.04)
      but by 14 days this difference was no longer apparent (21 vs. 30, P = NS). There
      was a total of 15 wound infections, which were more common in the control group
      both at 5 days (1 vs. 5, P = NS) and at 14 days (4 vs. 11, P = 0.027). Urinary
      infections were unaffected by prophylaxis. We conclude that perioperative
      antibiotic prophylaxis results in a modest but worthwhile reduction in the
      incidence of wound infections after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2899589
TI  - The effect of handling procedures on microbial contamination of enteral feeds.
AB  - Three of the most commonly used delivery systems in enteral feeding were
      evaluated for potential routes of contamination during assembly and delivery of
      feeds. Assembly of systems wearing sterile gloves gave no contamination in the
      feeds but all systems were contaminated when assembled either with bare
      unprotected hands or with hands experimentally contaminated with bacterial cells.
      Delivery of contamination-free feed was only possible with the use of sterile
      gloves.

PMID- 2899590
TI  - Short-term cephradine prophylaxis in elective transurethral prostatectomy.
AB  - A prospective randomized trial was conducted to assess the value of short-term
      antibiotic prophylaxis in elective transurethral resection of the prostate. Two
      hundred patients were randomized to receive 1.5g cephradine intramuscularly
      preoperatively and 1g cephradine orally before removal of the urethral catheter
      or to receive no antibiotic prophylaxis. Fifty-eight patients were excluded
      because of occult neoplasm or protocol violation. There was no difference in time
      to removal of catheter, incidence of pyrexial episodes, length of hospital stay
      or minor complication rate between the two groups. We conclude that a short-term
      antibiotic regime is of no value in the elective patient with sterile urine.

PMID- 2899591
TI  - Assessment of 'cold Sterilog glutaraldehyde monitor'.
AB  - A new monitor, used in conjunction with an ultraviolet spectrophotometric
      difference method to determine glutaraldehyde concentration was tested with 2%
      alkaline solutions of varying concentrations and pH. Glutaraldehyde solutions
      with a concentration below 1.6% were rejected by the monitor, which reflected
      deterioration of glutaraldehyde quite closely, but failed to yield satisfactory
      results with fresh 2% alkaline solutions.

PMID- 2899592
TI  - Current problems with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2899593
TI  - The prevention and control of superficial wound infection in a military training
      establishment: a comparative study of two different strengths of povidone-iodine
      dry powder spray.

PMID- 2899594
TI  - MIC tests are not suitable for assessing antiseptic handwashes.

PMID- 2899595
TI  - Unusual pathogens in neutropenic patients.

PMID- 2899597
TI  - Thymocyte subpopulations during early fetal development in the BALB/c mouse.
AB  - Phenotypic analysis of thymocytes during murine fetal development may be of use
      in determining the pathways of thymocyte differentiation. The expression of the
      functionally significant molecules Lyt-2 (CD8), L3T4 (CD4), and the TCR has
      already been described. However, mAb specific for several other murine lymphocyte
      surface markers are now available and, although these have been used to
      characterize adult thymocytes, a detailed analysis of fetal thymocytes with these
      antibodies has not previously been undertaken. In this study, we have used mAb
      specific for Thy-1, J11d, Pgp-1, and the IL-2R, in addition to those for Lyt-2
      and L3T4, to identify subpopulations of early fetal thymocytes. By using two
      color flow cytometric analysis of cells obtained from fetal thymuses on
      sequential days of gestation, we have been able to follow the development of
      various subpopulations through early fetal ontogeny. Our data indicate that the
      earlier thymocytes are found in the J11d+/Pgp-1+ subset which is abundant at
      fetal day 14 but constitute a numerical minority by day 16.

PMID- 2899596
TI  - CD11a-c/CD18 and GP84 (LB-2) adhesion molecules on human large granular
      lymphocytes and their participation in natural killing.
AB  - Effect of mAb against the CD11a-c, CD18, and GP84 adhesion molecules on the
      binding and cytotoxicity of human NK cells was studied. The target cells were
      K562, MOLT-4, Raji, and fresh uncultured autologous endometrial carcinoma cells.
      Antibodies against adhesion relevant epitopes of CD11a(TA-1/LFA-1),
      CD11b(Mol/OKM1/Mac1), or CD11c (Leu-M5) did not inhibit NK function. The mAb 60.3
      against CD18, the common beta-chain associated to CD11a-c, strongly inhibited
      both the binding and cytotoxicity of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) against all
      the target cells tested. Also the antibody LB-2 against the GP84 adhesion
      molecule inhibited NK function to some degree. 60.3 and LB-2 antibodies exerted
      an additive effect in the inhibition of both binding and cytotoxicity. However,
      even this antibody combination did not completely block NK activity, suggesting a
      heterogeneity of adhesion structures in the NK system. According to both FACS
      analyses and immunoprecipitation studies, all the tested antibodies recognized
      either a subpopulation or all of LGL. On the other hand, antibodies against
      CD11b, CD11c, and LB-2 showed only marginal reactivity with highly purified LGL
      free T cells.

PMID- 2899599
TI  - Human T lymphotropic virus I infection deregulates surface expression of the
      transferrin receptor.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I) is an etiologic agent in adult T cell
      leukemia. In an effort to understand the relationship between HTLV-I infection
      and malignant transformation, we have examined transferrin receptor expression in
      HTLV-I-infected cells. Transferrin receptor expression in normal T cells is
      tightly regulated and essential for cell proliferation. We have used matched T
      cell sets originating from a normal donor, consisting of tetanus toxoid-specific
      normal T cell clones (TM3 and TM5) and their in vitro HTLV-I-infected
      counterparts (TM3H and TM5H). Using these matched sets of virus-infected and
      normal T cells, we have determined that HTLV-I infection leads to hyperexpression
      of surface transferrin receptors (five- to six-fold higher than normal
      counterparts). Although the growth rates of the virus-infected cells did not
      differ significantly from their normal controls, HTLV-I-infected cells
      constitutively hyperexpressed surface transferrin receptors, whereas the level of
      surface receptor expression of normal counterpart cells varied during the cycle
      of antigenic stimulation. Immunoprecipitation of total (surface plus cytoplasmic)
      transferrin expression showed that the HTLV-I-infected cells did not possess a
      greater total number of transferrin receptors than their normal counterparts.
      This data was supported by Northern blot analysis, which showed equivalent
      transferrin receptor mRNA expression in HTLV-I-infected and uninfected cells.
      Functional analysis revealed a marked defect in 59Fe-transferrin internalization
      in the HTLV-I-infected cells. Furthermore, the HTLV-I-infected cells showed
      markedly decreased transferrin receptor phosphorylation and internalization in
      response to active phorbol ester. Thus the data demonstrate that in peripheral
      blood T cells, HTLV-I infection is accompanied by surface transferrin receptor
      overexpression secondary to subcellular redistribution and defective
      internalization.

PMID- 2899598
TI  - The murine IgA-secreting plasmacytoma MOPC-315 expresses somatostatin receptors.
AB  - We have previously shown that some neuropeptides had a profound effect on in
      vitro Ig synthesis (especially IgA) and mitogen-driven murine lymphocyte
      proliferation. MOPC-315, an IgA-secreting plasmacytoma line, has been extensively
      used in studies of the regulation of IgA synthesis. In this report we show that
      the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) inhibits proliferation ([3H]thymidine uptake)
      of MOPC-315 and also inhibits IgA synthesis in vitro. MOPC-315 cells bind both
      fluorescent SOM and [125I]SOM specifically. On cytofluorimetric analysis, 68 +/-
      6.8% (mean +/- SE, n = 7) of MOPC 315 cells labeled with fluorescent SOM and this
      staining was compatible by incubation with an excess of unlabeled peptide.
      Specific [125I]SOM binding increased linearly with cell concentration, was rapid
      and achieved equilibrium after 20 min at 4 degrees C. It was temperature
      dependent, readily reversible, and under equilibrium conditions demonstrated a
      dissociation constant of 1.6 +/- 0.7 nM (mean +/- SE, n = 5). Scatchard analysis
      showed that MOPC-315 cells had 40,733 +/- 16,050 (mean +/- SE) binding sites for
      SOM per cell. The characteristics of the interactions of SOM with MOPC-315 cells
      suggest a specific receptor-mediated mechanism whereby this neuropeptide may
      modulate lymphocyte function.

PMID- 2899600
TI  - Activation of MHC-restricted rat T cells by cloned syngeneic thyrocytes.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that rat thyrocytes express MHC class II Ag
      (RT1.B&D) in response to IFN-gamma. To determine whether MHC class II-positive
      thyrocytes can be recognized by MHC-restricted T cells, we used our clone of rat
      thyroid cells (1B-6) derived from the Fisher rat thyroid cell line (FRTL-5) and
      known to express MHC class II Ag in response to recombinant rat IFN-gamma. CD4+
      and CD8+ normal syngeneic Fisher rat spleen T cells were selected by flow
      cytometry and averaged greater than 96% purity. We demonstrated that irradiated
      MHC class II-positive but not class II-negative 1B-6 thyrocytes stimulated CD4+ T
      cells in a primary sensitization reaction over 4 days. In contrast, CD8+ T cells
      had no response in similar experiments. This stimulation of CD4+ T cells was dose
      dependent for 1B-6 thyrocytes and was abrogated by anti-rat MHC class II mAb (MRC
      OX-6). Autoreactive (Fisher) and alloreactive (Buffalo) T cell lines and isolated
      CD4+ T cells derived from these lines, which were developed against Fisher rat
      spleen cells, similarly recognized MHC class II Ag expressed on 1B-6 cells but
      had no detectable response to 1B-6 MHC class II-negative thyrocytes or MHC class
      II-positive human thyroid cells. The CD4+ T cell recognition of 1B-6 cells via
      MHC class II Ag supports our previous data with autologous human thyroid T cell
      co-cultures and is indicative of an autospecific role for thyrocytes in the
      development of autoimmune thyroiditis.

PMID- 2899601
TI  - Expression of the J11d marker on peripheral T lymphocytes of MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
AB  - MRL-lpr/lpr (lpr) mice spontaneously develop massive lymphadenopathy resulting
      from the expansion of a unique population of Thy-1+ cells which are CD4- and CD8-
      (double negative) and the nature of which is not clear. The antibody J11d has
      been shown to define a differentiation Ag found on immature thymocytes but not on
      mature and functional peripheral CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. To analyze the possible
      relationship between the lpr double-negative T cells and the thymocytes, we
      investigated the simultaneous expression of J11d and Thy 1 Ag on the double
      negative lpr lymph node cells by using two-color immunofluorescent staining
      technique. We observed that lpr mice at 3 to 4 weeks of age, before the onset of
      lymphadenopathy, did not have significant numbers (less than 4%) of J11d+ T cells
      in the periphery, similar to the number found in the control MRL +/+ mice.
      However, with increasing age of approximately 8 to 10 weeks and coinciding with
      the appearance of lymphadenopathy, a significant number (approximately 35%) of
      J11d+ Thy-1+ cells started appearing in the periphery of lpr mice and was
      maintained until the mice died at 20 to 24 weeks of age. The J11d+ T cells
      belonged to the abnormal double-negative T cell pool, inasmuch as J11d+ CD4+ or
      J11d+ CD8+ cells were absent in the lymph nodes of 20-wk-old lpr mice.
      Furthermore, 20-wk-old lpr mice demonstrated increased numbers (approximately
      41%) of double-negative T cells in the thymus, a significant proportion of which
      were J11d+. In contrast, the 20-wk-old +/+ mice or 4-wk-old lpr mice had only 4%
      double-negative T cells in the thymus. The present study suggests that a
      significant number of peripheral double-negative T cells of lpr mice bear the
      immature thymic differentiation Ag J11d. The possibility that the accumulation of
      double-negative T cells results from abnormal peripheralization of double
      negative J11d+ thymocytes, before complete differentiation into CD4+ or CD8+ T
      cells, is discussed.

PMID- 2899602
TI  - IL-2 production in human T lymphotropic virus I-infected leukemic T lymphocytes
      analyzed by in situ hybridization.
AB  - In situ hybridization studies were performed with 35S-labeled anti-sense RNA
      probes to study IL-2 mRNA expression in three human T lymphotropic virus I
      infected T cell lines at the single cell level. In HuT 102, MT-2, and MT-4 cells,
      IL-2 mRNA-expressing cells were identified, occurring at frequencies of 2 x 10(
      2), 8 x 10(-3), and 5 x 10(-3), respectively. In these cell lines, IL-2 mRNA was
      not detectable in RNA extracted from whole adult T cell leukemia cell populations
      because of dilution by other RNA species from the vast majority of cells that do
      not contain IL-2 mRNA. The data indicate the possibility of paracrine growth
      stimulation via IL-2 and its receptor even in those human T lymphotropic virus I
      infected T cell populations that apparently lack IL-2 activity when analyzed by
      conventional assay procedures.

PMID- 2899603
TI  - Idiotype vaccines against human T cell leukemia. II. Generation and
      characterization of a monoclonal idiotype cascade (Ab1, Ab2, and Ab3).
AB  - Previously, we had generated anti-Id mAb (Ab2) binding to a hybridoma SN2 (Ab1),
      which recognizes a glycoprotein, gp37, expressed by human leukemic T cells. To
      characterize these anti-idiotopes further, they were used to immunize mice and
      rabbits. Several murine anti-anti-Idiotype mAb (Ab3), mostly of IgM-k isotype,
      were obtained. mAb3 and sera from rabbits immunized with Ab2 contained antibodies
      that bind to gp37 Ag and leukemic MOLT-4 and JM cells. Also, mAb3 and immune sera
      from rabbits competed with Ab1 for binding to MOLT-4 cells. They inhibited the
      binding of iodinated Ab1 to Ab2 indicating that Ab3 in mice and rabbits shares
      idiotopes with Ab1 (SN2). Furthermore, both the murine mAb3 and rabbit polyclonal
      Ab3 immunoprecipitated the same gp37 Ag as SN2 (Ab1). The production of Ag
      specific Ab3 (Ab1') in mice and rabbits in absence of any exposure to gp37
      indicates that these Ab2 may indeed carry the internal image of the gp37 Ag. Such
      anti-idiotopes (Ab2 beta) may be useful as Ag substitute for the induction of
      therapeutic immunity in T cell leukemia patients.

PMID- 2899604
TI  - Beta-adrenergic agonists blocked the expression of IL-2 receptors on mitogen
      stimulated lymphocytes and IL-2-dependent T cell lines.

PMID- 2899605
TI  - Comparative study of intravenous metronidazole and intramuscular dehydroemetine
      in amoebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2899606
TI  - The dose-response for low-LET radiation-induced DNA double-strand breakage:
      methods of measurement and implications for radiation action models.
AB  - There is considerable controversy over the form of the dose-response for DNA
      double-strand breakage (dsb) induction in mammalian cells by low-LET type
      radiation. This controversy centres on the techniques used for measuring DNA dsb.
      The applications and shortcomings of the four major techniques for estimating DNA
      size--sedimentation, viscoelastometry, electrophoresis, and non-denaturing filter
      elution--are examined. In particular, the criticisms of the results obtained
      using the non-denaturing filter elution technique, which have suggested that the
      DNA dsb dose-response is non-linear, are discussed. It is concluded that these
      results may require a re-evaluation of the basic assumptions of many radiation
      action models.

PMID- 2899607
TI  - Cell proliferation in the murine epidermis and subcutaneous vascular endothelium
      after hyperthermia.
AB  - The skin of mouse legs was exposed to 44 degrees C hyperthermia using a
      thermostatically controlled waterbath. Treatment at 44 degrees C, for 15 or 30
      min, led to oedema in the dermis immediately after treatment and to an
      infiltration by neutrophils within 7 h. The oedema disappeared in 2 days.
      Treatment for 60 min at 44 degrees C led to subepidermal blistering and as a
      result of this a considerable area of the tissue became necrotic 4 days after
      treatment. A repair reaction followed, and 3 weeks after heating for 60 min at 44
      degrees C the epithelium was again completely or almost completely covering the
      underlying tissue. Shortly (7 h) after 15 or 30 min at 44 degrees C an increase
      was observed in the number of basal cells in the epithelium incorporating
      [3H]thymidine. This increase declined slowly with time: 3 weeks after treatment
      the number of labelled basal cells was not significantly different from that in
      untreated skin. Shortly after 60 min at 44 degrees C some basal cells of the
      epidermis still incorporated [3H]thymidine. The labelling index dropped to near
      zero at day 2 after 60 min at 44 degrees C. Thereafter repopulation started and
      in the areas next to the granulation tissue the labelling index of basal cells
      reached values close to 100 per cent, 2 or 3 weeks after treatment. Treatment for
      15 min at 44 degrees C did not lead to a stimulation of the proliferation of
      subcutaneous endothelial cells. Both 30 min and 60 min at 44 degrees C led to a
      greatly enhanced proportion of labelled subcutaneous endothelial cells after 2
      days and 4 weeks, respectively (labelling index between 35 and 40 per cent).
      After this peak value the labelling index declined rapidly. However, in
      granulation tissue it remained high for about 10 days after the peak on day 4.
      The stimulated proliferation of subcutaneous endothelial cells after heating for
      30 and 60 min at 44 degrees C correlated well with the finding that these heat
      treatments, given after or shortly before X-irradiation, led to a greatly reduced
      (X-ray-induced) tumour bed effect.

PMID- 2899608
TI  - SEM autoradiography: aggregation of inhaled 239PuO2.
AB  - Aggregation of inhaled 239PuO2 particles in the pulmonary region of the lung may
      be required for promotion of pulmonary carcinogenesis in rats. Female Wistar rats
      were exposed to an aerosol of 239PuO2 and their lungs examined by scanning
      electron microscopic (SEM) autoradiography. SEM autoradiography provides a rapid
      and inexpensive method for viewing a large lung tissue volume for alpha tracks.
      Evidence of particle aggregation was seen by 28 days postinhalation and was
      marked by 90 to 150 days post-inhalation. Subpleural plutonium particles resulted
      in exposure into the pleural cavity. Peribronchiolar, alveolar plutonium
      particles and particle aggregates gave the greatest radiation dose to the
      bronchiolar epithelium. High-dose, overlapping, alpha-track, radiation zones in
      bronchiolar epithelium may be required for maximum development of lung tumors.

PMID- 2899609
TI  - Oxidation of iodide by the intense acoustic bursts of an extracorporeal
      lithotripter.

PMID- 2899610
TI  - Does incomplete repair explain the apparent failure of the basic LQ model to
      predict spinal cord and kidney responses to low doses per fraction?
AB  - Recent evidence indicates that isoeffect doses for spinal cord and kidney may be
      overestimated for fraction sizes as small as 1 or 2 Gy when calculated from a
      linear-quadratic (LQ) model fitted to data obtained for fraction sizes larger
      than 2 Gy. Reasons for this are unknown, but possible interpretations include
      exhaustion of repair capacity and incomplete repair in experiments designed to
      study the response to these small doses. The latter interpretation is motivated
      by the relatively short intervals between multiple daily doses given to the
      spinal cord (4 h) and kidney (5 h) when fraction sizes were small. The
      possibility that overestimation of isoeffect dose could be explained by
      incomplete repair during short intervals between doses was assessed by fitting
      experimental data to the incomplete-repair model. For the spinal cord the data
      could be interpreted by assuming that a repair process with a half-time of 1.7 h
      was incomplete; this half-time is negligibly different from the estimate obtained
      from repair-kinetics experiments with larger doses per fraction. The deviation
      from the (complete-repair) LQ model could be interpreted for the kidney in terms
      of a half-time of repair of 2.8 h (a negligibly different fit was obtained with
      the value 1.5 h). The clinical implication could be that multiple-fractions-per
      day treatment would benefit from use of the longest feasible interfraction
      interval when late reactions are dose limiting.

PMID- 2899611
TI  - Combined action of phthalocyanine photosensitization and gamma-radiation on
      mammalian cells.
AB  - The response of Chinese hamster cells and human lymphocytes to the combined
      action of photosensitization by chloroaluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate and
      gamma-radiation was studied using colony-forming ability and [3H]thymidine
      incorporation following mitogenic stimulation respectively, as endpoints. The
      action of both treatments was usually additive regardless of the sequence of
      application. However, in human lymphocytes irradiated at low temperature, the
      photosensitization interacted synergistically with the subsequent ionizing
      radiation; in this experiment the initial photosensitization reduced the yield of
      micronuclei produced by gamma-radiation.

PMID- 2899612
TI  - Relationship between sedimentation behaviour of DNA-protein complexes and DNA
      single- and double-strand breaks after irradiation with gamma-rays, pulsed
      neutrons and 12C ions.
AB  - The sedimentation behaviour of DNA-protein complexes was studied following
      irradiation of Chinese hamster cells (V79-4) and human lymphocytes over a wide
      dose range of 137Cs gamma-rays, pulsed neutrons and accelerated 12C ions. We have
      shown that the decrease of relative sedimentation velocity of the complexes at
      low doses is related to the occurrence of single-strand breaks in DNA. Rejoining
      of the breaks during a repair period increases the sedimentation velocity. At
      higher doses of radiation, double-strand breaks lead to an increase of
      sedimentation velocity of DNA-protein complexes. A new method can be devised on
      the basis of these results enabling estimation of the yields of single- and
      double-strand breaks in DNA.

PMID- 2899614
TI  - Radiosensitive xrs-5 and parental CHO cells show identical DNA neutral filter
      elution dose-response: implications for a relationship between cell
      radiosensitivity and induction of DNA double-strand breaks.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to investigate a possible correlation between DNA
      elution dose-response and cell radiosensitivity. For this purpose neutral (pH
      9.6) DNA filter elution dose-response curves were measured with radiosensitive
      xrs-5 and the parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in the logarithmic and
      plateau phase of growth. No difference was observed between the two cell types in
      the DNA elution dose-response curves either in logarithmic or plateau phase,
      despite the dramatic differences in cell radiosensitivity. This observation
      indicates that the shape of the DNA elution dose-response curve and the shape of
      the cell survival curve are not causally related. It is proposed that the
      shoulder observed in the DNA elution dose-response curve reflects either partial
      release of DNA from chromatin, or cell cycle-specific alterations in the
      physicochemical properties of the DNA.

PMID- 2899613
TI  - Unusual alkaline elution pattern induced in mammalian cell DNA by fast neutrons
      p(34) + Be.
AB  - Syrian hamster fibroblasts (cell line BHK 21/13) were exposed to p(34) + Be fast
      neutron irradiation and their DNA analysed by the alkaline elution technique. The
      elution profiles showed an unusual tailing off, characteristic of neutron
      irradiated samples, suggesting the presence of a modification in DNA induced by
      the neutrons. This was not seen with 60Co gamma-irradiation. In neutron
      irradiated samples the alteration of DNA appeared to persist even after 2 h of
      post-treatment incubation (37 degrees C) indicating the absence of repair. The
      modification of DNA induced by neutrons provides a possible explanation for the
      reduction of the shoulders in survival curves obtained with neutrons, and the
      high RBE of neutrons.

PMID- 2899615
TI  - Critical DNA target size model of ionizing radiation-induced mammalian cell
      death.
AB  - A new model of mammalian cell killing by ionizing radiation is presented. This
      model, termed the critical DNA target size model, postulates that DNA double
      strand breakage is the critical radiation-induced lesion and that the dose
      response for such breakage can be non-linear due to the action of a saturable
      chemical repair process. DNA double-strand breakage occurring within critical
      targets (proto-oncogene- or common fragile site-associated sequences) is
      postulated to initiate recombination events with undamaged sequences, leading to
      chromosomal aberrations. The subsequent loss of acentric fragments at mitosis is
      postulated to prevent the continuity of the genome and to produce cell death by
      the induction of chromatin structural changes. Experimental evidence contrary to
      other radiation action models is examined, and the hypotheses of the model are
      justified.

PMID- 2899616
TI  - Effect of X-ray dose protraction and a tumor promoter on transformation induction
      in vitro.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of X-rays given in a brief exposure (1 min or
      less) or protracted over 5 h, on cell survival and the induction of neoplastic
      transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells with an emphasis on latent transformation
      damage remaining after protracted irradiation. This latent damage and its
      expression were investigated at accumulated doses of 0.25 to 4 Gy by chronic
      treatment with TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate or phorbol myristate
      acetate) at 0.1 microgram/ml beginning after irradiation. Transformation
      incidence from protracted as well as brief X-irradiations was linearly related to
      X-ray dose in the presence of 0.1 microgram/ml TPA/ml. In the absence of TPA, the
      best fits were obtained with cubic rather than quadratic functions. The effect
      modifying factors due to dose protraction were similar with or without TPA and
      averaged 4.6 at low doses (up to 2 Gy). Also within this dose range average
      transformation enhancement due to TPA was approximately 4. Our results indicate
      that dose protraction does not change the shape the dose-response curve for
      transformation, and that the shape change induced by TPA is also independent of
      dose protraction.

PMID- 2899617
TI  - Cure, cell killing, growth delay and fragmentation of X-irradiated human melanoma
      HMV-I multicellular spheroids.
AB  - Human melanoma, HMV-I, multicellular spheroids were irradiated and cure was
      determined by the absence of cellular outgrowth. Their cellular radiosensitivity
      was measured by the colony-forming ability of cells dispersed from the spheroid.
      Analysis of radiocurability of spheroids in terms of their cellular
      radiosensitivity predicted three necessary conditions: a linearity of dose versus
      the double-minus logarithm of curability; constancy of a critical cell number;
      and constancy of cellular radiosensitivity. These conditions were found to exist
      in the observed data for each of three size classes of spheroids. Analysis
      suggests that cellular radiosensitivity in multicellular spheroids with diameters
      of 250 and 400 microns was different from that of monolayers, and that the
      increase of spheroid-control doses was found to be a function of cellular
      radiosensitivity, total cell number per spheroid and a critical cell number. The
      critical cell number increased from 0.8 in a 150 microns spheroid to 4 in a 250
      microns spheroid and to 57 in 400 microns spheroid. This number is a unique
      characteristic of multicellular systems and is one important factor in
      determining their radiocurability. X-ray-induced growth delay of spheroid size
      was increased with increasing dose. At high doses a sharp increase in delay time
      was seen, sometimes accompanying fragmentation of spheroids at late
      postirradiation times. The clonogenic activity of these fragments may serve as a
      model of exfoliation, the first step of radiation-induced metastasis.

PMID- 2899618
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa: report in a newborn infant.

PMID- 2899619
TI  - Split tolerance induced by the intrathymic adoptive transfer of thymocyte stem
      cells.
AB  - The intrathymic transfer of semiallogeneic CD4/CD8 double-negative (DN) thymocyte
      stem cells into irradiated host mice resulted in a transient state of chimerism
      in adoptive host thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Host-derived T cells, isolated
      from the thymus and periphery of the chimeric mice, were found to be specifically
      nonresponsive to the MHC antigens of the semiallogeneic DN donor in cytotoxicity
      assays. This nonresponsiveness was not permanent, but persisted as long as
      appreciable numbers of Thy-1 alloantigen-positive progeny of the DN donor cells
      could be detected in the spleen and lymph nodes of adoptive host mice. FACS
      sorting of DN donor cells before intrathymic transfer indicated that
      nonresponsiveness could be induced by Thy-1+ cells and was therefore not
      attributable to contaminating thymic macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells.
      When FACS-sorted Thy-1+ (bm5 x bm12)F1 DN cells were transferred intrathymically
      into C57BL/6 hosts, nonresponsiveness to DN donor MHC class I but not class II
      alloantigen (split tolerance) was observed. These experiments were repeated using
      FACS-sorted Thy-1+ DN donor cells that were semiallogeneic to the irradiated
      adoptive host at either MHC class I or class II locus with similar results.
      Limiting dilution analysis showed that host-derived CTL precursors were tolerant
      of DN donor MHC class I alloantigen and no evidence for the involvement of
      suppressor T cells was found. The data indicate that murine thymocytes themselves
      are capable of tolerizing to MHC class I but not class II alloantigen after
      intrathymic transfer. The implications for intrathymic T cell differentiation and
      maintenance of self tolerance are discussed.

PMID- 2899620
TI  - Receptor analogs and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit adherence of Bordetella
      pertussis to human ciliated respiratory epithelial cells.
AB  - The adherence of Bordetella pertussis to human respiratory cilia is critical to
      the pathogenesis of whooping cough. To explore the development of agents that
      could interrupt adherence, the structure of the receptor on the ciliary surface
      was investigated. Using an in vitro adherence assay to human ciliated epithelial
      cells, galactose, lactose, and complex carbohydrates containing lactose
      eliminated adherence when preincubated with the bacteria. 10(-2) M galactose
      eluted adherent bacteria from cilia. B. pertussis and its two purified adhesins
      bound specifically to natural lactose-containing glycolipids in a TLC assay. mAbs
      to eukaryotic glycoconjugates with specificity for substituted galactose-glucose
      moieties blocked adherence when preincubated with ciliated cells. The
      carbohydrates that serve as receptors for B. pertussis on human cilia are
      galactose-glucose-containing glycolipids. Receptor analogs and anti-receptor
      antibodies effectively block adherence of B. pertussis to cilia and thus should
      be considered candidates for therapeutic intervention against disease.

PMID- 2899621
TI  - Nonnutritive sucking in tube-fed preterm infants: effects on gastric motility and
      gastric contents of somatostatin.
AB  - The present study investigated the way that sucking of a pacifier influences
      gastric secretory and motor functions in connection with tube feeding.
      Experiments were performed on eight preterm infants who were tube fed twice--once
      with and once without sucking of a pacifier. The time for tube feeding was
      significantly decreased and gastric retention decreased in five of seven infants
      when sucking a pacifier. Maternal milk was found to contain gastrin-17,
      somatostatin-14, and a somatostatin-like peptide larger than somatostatin-28.
      Somatostatin levels were significantly reduced in connection with non-nutritive
      sucking. Gastrin levels were increased in six of ten experiments 2 h and/or 3 h
      after bolus feeding, suggesting that these peptides were not only supplied by the
      milk, but were also released from the gastric mucosa. The presence of gastrin and
      somatostatin in gastric aspirates was established by use of chromatographic
      methods. The results indicate that somatostatin and gastrin are released into the
      gastric lumen in preterm infants and that sucking of a pacifier, in connection
      with bolus feeding, stimulates the gastric motor functions and facilitates the
      digestion process, probably via activation of vagal mechanisms.

PMID- 2899622
TI  - Role of type 1 somatic pili (fimbriae) in mucosal attachment of the
      enteroadherent Escherichia coli, strain RDEC-1, in rabbits.
AB  - We have previously shown that attachment of the rabbit enteroadherent Escherichia
      coli, strain RDEC-1, to ileal brush borders in vitro is mediated by both mannose
      resistant, AF/R1 pili and mannose-sensitive, type 1 pili. Because the role of
      type 1, somatic pili as adhesins that mediate bacterial enteroadherence in vivo
      remains controversial, we examined adherence of RDEC-1 expressing either type 1
      pili or AF/R1 pili to rabbit ileum in ligated loops and after oral infection of
      rabbits. A rabbit fecal commensal E. coli, 640, which also expressed type 1 pili
      was used as a control. After oral infection of rabbits we evaluated: (a)
      diarrhea, (b) fecal shedding of organisms, (c) luminal colonization of jejunum
      and ileum, and (d) mucosal adherence of bacteria to jejunum, ileum, and colon.
      RDEC-1 expressing either type 1 or AF/R1 pili adhered to enterocytes both in
      ileal ligated loops and in the distal ileum, cecum, and proximal colon of
      infected rabbits. In contrast, enteroadherence of 640 was not observed. Diarrhea
      developed in rabbits challenged with either type 1 or AF/R1 piliated RDEC-1, but
      not in rabbits fed 640. Seven days after infection of rabbits with RDEC-1 bearing
      type 1 pili, luminal colonization of jejunum (4.22 +/- 0.55 CFU/g, X +/- SE) and
      ileum (6.34 +/- 0.55) was the same as after infection with AF/R1 piliated RDEC-1
      (jejunum 4.47 +/- 0.20, ileum 5.81 +/- 0.70) and significantly greater than
      luminal colonization by type 1 piliated 640 (jejunum less than 2.22 +/- 0.14,
      ileum less than 2.06 +/- 0.15).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899623
TI  - Characterization of sodium carboxymethylcellulose-gelatin complex coacervation by
      chemical analysis of the coacervate and equilibrium fluid phases.
AB  - The complex coacervation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and gelatin has
      been characterized by chemical analyses of the coacervate and equilibrium fluid
      phases. The phenol-sulphuric acid (for SCMC) and Lowry (for gelatin) assays were
      used. Chemically analysed coacervate yield was used to predict optimum
      coacervation conditions, which occurred at a SCMC-gelatin mixing ratio of 3:7 at
      pH 3.5. The effects of pH, colloid mixing ratio and total colloid concentration
      on coacervate yield and composition were studied. The colloid mixing ratio, at
      which the peak coacervate yields occurred varied with coacervation pH. Increase
      in the total colloid concentration suppressed coacervation, resulting in a
      coacervate of higher water content. A similar coacervation mechanism was seen for
      two viscosity grades SCMC. However, because of the different degree of
      substitution of these two grades the SCMC-gelatin coacervates had different SCMC
      contents.

PMID- 2899624
TI  - The effects of inclusions and conditions of storage on the mechanical properties
      of maize starch and methylcellulose films.
AB  - Films of methylcellulose and gelatinized maize starch were tested in tension,
      with and without 0.01-10% of additive in the film. The effects of these
      inclusions on the physical properties of the films have been found to be
      statistically significant in almost every case. The films, with and without
      inclusions, have also been conditioned at four different relative humidities and
      the behaviour of these films has also been considered. In general films were
      weakened by the presence of additives particularly at higher concentrations. The
      properties of methylcellulose films were changed most at specific concentrations
      of the inclusions, this effect was not found with maize starch films.
      Plasticization of maize starch films was not achieved.

PMID- 2899625
TI  - Stereospecific absorption and degradation of cephalexin.
AB  - Stereospecific absorption and degradation of two stereoisomers about the alpha
      amino group at the 7-position of cephalexin (CEX) have been investigated in the
      rat intestine. The L-isomer (L-CEX) was not found to be present either in serum
      or urine after oral administration, but the D-isomer (D-CEX) was well absorbed.
      In contrast to the saturable uptake of D-CEX (Kt = 10.54 +/- 1.73 mM, pH = 6.0)
      by the in-vitro everted intestinal sac, no appreciable uptake of L-CEX was
      observed. However, L-CEX competitively inhibited the uptake of D-CEX by the in
      vitro everted intestine and the inhibitory constant (Ki) of L-CEX was determined
      to be 0.67 +/- 0.09 mM. L-CEX was rapidly degraded in-vitro in the intestinal
      tissue homogenate, serum and urine, while there was no appreciable degradation of
      D-CEX. Analysis of the major metabolite of L-CEX by high-performance liquid
      chromatography identified it as 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA).
      Furthermore, 7-ADCA was detected in serum after oral administration of L-CEX,
      indicating significant absorption of L-CEX as well as D-CEX. The results obtained
      suggest that both L- and D-CEX can be absorbed through the intestinal brush
      border membrane via the same mechanism, most likely through the dipeptide
      transport system, and that the affinity of L-CEX to the carrier system is higher
      than that of D-CEX.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899626
TI  - Toxicity of solubilized and colloidal amphotericin B formulations to human
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The toxicity of a number of solubilized or colloidal amphotericin B formulations
      to human erythrocytes has been studied in-vitro. All the solubilized formulations
      studied, using poloxamer F127 or L92, or sodium deoxycholate as solubilizing
      agents, showed similar toxicity, erythrocyte lysis being greater than 90% for
      amphotericin B concentrations between 4 to 8 micrograms mL-1. Emulsion
      formulations stabilized by poloxamers showed reduced toxicity, while those
      stabilized by egg lecithin showed less than 5% erythrocyte lysis up to an
      amphotericin B concentration of 200 micrograms mL-1. The mechanisms of the
      differential toxicity is considered to be due to the differences in the
      equilibrium concentration of free amphotericin B in the aqueous phase.

PMID- 2899627
TI  - Rate-controlled absorption enhancement of rectally administered cefazolin in rats
      by a glyceride mixture (MGK).
AB  - The enhancing effect of the medium chain glyceride preparation MGK on the rectal
      absorption of the cephalosporin antibiotic cefazolin sodium was evaluated in
      relation to the rate of delivery. Cefazolin sodium proved to be absorbed to a
      small extent (15 to 27%) after rectal administration without MGK. Bolus
      administration with MGK enhanced rate and extent of cefazolin sodium absorption,
      resulting in a bioavailability of 57 +/- 26%. Linear infusion of 3 mg cefazolin
      sodium with MGK in 32 min produced complete absorption of the antibiotic (102 +/-
      7%), but absorption occurred slower in comparison with bolus delivery. The rate
      of administration proved to be an important variable of the absorption enhancing
      effect of MGK.

PMID- 2899628
TI  - Glycogenolysis in the rat isolated perfused liver as a measure of chemically
      induced liver toxicity.
AB  - The relationship between chemically induced glycogenolysis and decreased thiol
      content in the rat isolated, perfused liver has been examined. Chemicals such as
      2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), diethyl maleate, alcohols and anti-inflammatory agents
      (except for sodium salicylate) accelerated glycogenolysis. Protein thiol loss
      correlated well with a marked increased rate of glucose release. Non-protein
      thiol loss, without significant loss of protein thiol, caused by a slight
      increase in the rate of glycogenolysis compared with controls. Since it has been
      reported that protein thiol loss rather than non-protein thiol loss is correlated
      to liver cell injury, a marked glucose release from the perfused liver may be a
      convenient measure of hepatic toxicity for a variety of chemicals.

PMID- 2899630
TI  - Tissue distribution and excretion of amodiaquine in the rat.
AB  - 14C-Labelled amodiaquine ([14C]AQ) has been administered to male Wistar rats by
      oral and intravenous routes (n = 6 for each route of administration). Excretion
      of total 14C-activity was predominantly in the faeces after both oral and
      intravenous administration. After oral administration 86 +/- 8.3% (mean +/- s.d.)
      of the 14C administered had been excreted (77 +/- 9% in the faeces, 7 +/- 1% in
      the urine and 2 +/- 2% in cage washings) over 72 h. Of the 14C administered, 4 +/
      1% was recovered from the tissues, and this was widely distributed, with the
      main organs of accumulation being kidney, liver, red bone marrow and spleen.
      After intravenous administration, 102.6 +/- 9.7% of the 14C had been excreted
      (90.9 +/- 9.6% in faeces, 10.9 +/- 0.8% in urine and 0.5 +/- 0.2% in cage
      washings) over 72 h. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of urine
      and faeces samples following oral administration of 14C-AQ (8.6 mg kg-1; base)
      revealed recoveries of 210 +/- 70 micrograms amodiaquine (AQ) and 123 +/- 32
      micrograms desethylamodiaquine (AQm) in the faeces, and 2.4 +/- 0.5 micrograms AQ
      and 18.5 +/- 4.1 micrograms AQm in the urine. Female Wistar rats (n = 6) each
      received [14C]AQ orally and were killed at the following times: 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 24
      and 48 h. Autoradiographs were prepared from each animal and these revealed
      significant amounts of radioactivity in the tissues at 48 h. This was accumulated
      maximally by liver and kidney. Radioactivity was detected in bone marrow at 48
      h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899631
TI  - The effects of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, caffeine and dantrolene sodium on
      suxamethonium-induced contractures in denervated rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - Previously unidentified forms of suxamethonium-induced contractures have been
      investigated in chronically denervated rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle
      at 20 degrees C. Contractures were assigned to groups 1-6 on the basis of the
      peak tension (Tp1) during 0-10 min exposure to the drug (3.0 x 10(-5) M), (7.0 x
      10(-6) M), and (3.5 x 10(-6) M) and the subsequent retention, increase, or
      decrease in tension (Tp2), during the further 10 min. It is proposed that four
      stages exist in the development of contractile changes at 1-7, 8-35, 36-70 and 70
      130 days after denervation (DPD) and that contractility is lost at 147 days after
      denervation. Initial changes, although present in EDL muscles in group 1 at 2.0
      DPD s.d. +/- 1 (n = 7) in response to the drug (3.0 x 10(-5) M), were more
      apparent in EDL muscles in group 2 which were identified at 5.5 DPD s.d. +/- 1.6
      (n = 7) by an excessive contracture response (Tp2) to the drug (3.0 x 10(-5) M),
      18.3 mN s.d. +/- 10.6. At 5.0 DPD s.d. +/- 2.7 (n = 5) contracture tension (Tp2)
      was commensurate with membrane depolarization, 13.1 mN/33.1 mV, but residual
      tension increased to 23.3 mN during the Krebs wash (80 min) whilst membrane
      depolarization decreased to 9.2 mV. Also, at 4.3 DPD s.d. +/- 2.3 (n = 5) tension
      (Tp2) increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) in the presence of
      caffeine (4.1 x 10(-3) M).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899629
TI  - The distribution of doxorubicin in mice following administration in niosomes.
AB  - Large multilamellar non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) with diameters of
      around 800-900 nm prepared from a C16 triglyceryl ether with and without
      cholesterol and containing doxorubicin (Adriamycin) were administered to S180
      tumour-bearing NMRI mice by bolus injection. Although in-vitro drug release from
      cholesterol-containing niosomes is delayed, in-vivo there was little difference
      between the two preparations when plasma levels were compared. As previously
      observed, half-lives of the drug were prolonged compared with free solution
      profiles. Liver uptake was not significantly affected by niosome encapsulation of
      doxorubicin. There is minor accumulation of drug in the lung, perhaps because of
      aggregation of the vesicles and their physical entrapment. Tumour levels of drug
      were higher following administration of cholesterol-containing niosomes and this
      was reflected in the more effective reduction in tumour growth. Metabolism of
      doxorubicin is altered by niosomal administration, but more studies are required
      before the significance of the metabolic data can be assessed.

PMID- 2899632
TI  - Particulate contamination in solutions of antibiotics packed as dry powders in
      vials.
AB  - The particulate contamination in 12 formulations of antibiotic solutions in vials
      packed as dry powders from five South African sources has been analysed
      quantitatively using a HIAC PC 320 light blockage particle analyser linked to a
      CMB 60 sensor. Results showed that the level of particulate contamination fell
      well within the limits set by the USP XXIst Edition for Small Volume Parenterals
      although four formulations contained some particles greater than or equal to 50
      micron. There was no apparent difference between the quality of the same
      antibiotics from different sources or between vials of the same antibiotics
      packed in different strengths.

PMID- 2899633
TI  - The effect of moisture on the cohesive properties of microcrystalline celluloses.
AB  - A comparative evaluation of two microcrystalline celluloses, Avicel PH101 and
      Emcocel, revealed some differences in their cohesive properties at different
      moisture contents. A new method of sandwich rheometry was used to evaluate the
      cohesive properties of different powder masses. The force required to cause shear
      failure of a rough-surfaced blade in a powder bed was recorded. Avicel PH101 was
      found to be more cohesive than Emococel at moisture contents less than 30 wt%,
      whereas at higher moisture contents the cohesive behaviour was comparable.

PMID- 2899634
TI  - Presynaptic changes promoted by alloxan diabetes in the cat isolated heart.
AB  - Adrenergic presynaptic functions were evaluated in the cat isolated perfused
      heart preparation. The sympathetic nerve endings were labelled with
      [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) and the effect of electric neural stimulation was
      determined in the presence of drugs which inhibit neuronal or extraneuronal
      uptake, or which antagonize alpha-adrenoceptors. [3H]NA overflow was measured in
      control and diabetic cats and was significantly increased by electric neural
      stimulation on both conditions. Perfusion with 0.1 microM phentolamine increased
      transmitter overflow in control hearts but failed to do so on organs obtained
      from alloxan-treated cats. The data provide evidence that in alloxan diabetic
      cats there is an abnormality of the adrenergic synapse.

PMID- 2899635
TI  - Differences in the development of tolerance to two anticonvulsant benzodiazepines
      in the amygdaloid kindled rat.
AB  - The effects of chronic treatment with two benzodiazepines were studied on kindled
      amygdaloid seizures in rats. Clobazam (4 mg kg-1), clonazepam (0.3 mg kg-1) or
      vehicle (1 mL kg-1) was administered, by intraperitoneal injection, to fully
      kindled rats twice daily for nineteen days. Each rat was electrically stimulated
      30 min after the morning dose on alternate days of treatment. Tolerance developed
      rapidly to the anticonvulsant effects of clobazam after only three days of
      treatment, following which only a small residual protection was maintained.
      Tolerance to clonazepam developed gradually over the course of the experiment,
      although this effect was relatively minor.

PMID- 2899637
TI  - The therapeutic effect of sodium stibogluconate in BALB/c mice infected with
      Leishmania donovani is organ-dependent.
AB  - A study of the antileishmanial efficacy of sodium stibogluconate was carried out
      in BALB/c mice. The drug was administered to Leishmania donovani-infected animals
      on days 7 and 8 post-infection in one of three forms; free (40-50 mg Sbv Kg-1),
      liposomal, or niosomal (6.4-8.0 mg Sbv Kg-1) drug. On day 14 post-infection
      counts of the number of parasites present in the liver, spleen and bone marrow of
      treated and control animals showed that although all three drug preparations
      significantly reduced parasite numbers in the liver (approximately equal to 99%
      suppression) they had little effect on those residing in the spleen or bone
      marrow. The carrier forms of the drug were therefore significantly more effective
      than free drug in reducing liver parasite burdens. Increasing the concentration
      and the number of doses of free drug (maximum of 500 mg Sbv Kg-1), and reducing
      the size of the vesicles used to deliver the drug had a minimal effect on
      parasite numbers in the spleen and bone marrow. It is proposed that because of
      the resistance of spleen and bone marrow parasites to drug therapy, the BALB/c
      mouse infected with L. donovani provides an excellent model system for the study
      of drug delivery to these deeper tissue sites.

PMID- 2899636
TI  - Intracerebroventricularly administered bradykinin augments carrageenan-induced
      paw oedema in rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administered bradykinin (2.5 and 5.0
      micrograms/rat) was found to augment carrageenan-induced acute paw oedema
      throughout the 4 h post-carrageenan observation period. The effect was
      statistically significant with the higher dose. The pro-inflammatory effect of
      i.c.v. bradykinin was antagonized following pretreatment with hemicholinium and
      atropine ethoiodide administered i.c.v., drugs that reduce central cholinergic
      activity. Similarly, central administration of drugs that inhibit the synthesis
      of eicosanoids, hydrocortisone, diclofenac and paracetamol, also attenuated the
      pro-inflammatory effect of bradykinin. The findings indicate that the
      inflammation-promoting effect of centrally administered bradykinin involves the
      central prostaglandin and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems.

PMID- 2899638
TI  - Prolonged apparent half-life of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in plasma of chronic
      marijuana users.
AB  - The aim of this study was to characterize the elimination half-life of delta 1
      tetrahydrocannabinol in blood plasma in chronic marijuana users. The subjects
      smoked four cigarettes during a two day period, each cigarette containing 15 mg
      deuterium-labelled delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol. The plasma concentrations of
      deuterium-labelled tetrahydrocannabinol were measured for 13 days using gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry equipped with selected ion monitoring. The
      elimination half-life for delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in blood plasma was
      calculated to be 4.1 +/- 1.1 days (range 2.9-5.0 days) from the two week plasma
      level curves. Albeit the present results are based upon a small sample, an
      elimination half-life of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in blood plasma of about 4
      days is more in line with apparent half-life excretion of delta 1
      tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites in the urine of chronic marijuana smokers.

PMID- 2899639
TI  - The effect of capsule size and density on transit through the proximal colon.
AB  - Colonic transit of radiolabelled capsules has been monitored in 18 healthy
      subjects using gamma scintigraphy. The capsules ranged in volume from 0.3-1.8 cm3
      and in density from 0.7-1.5 gcm-3. The capsules were administered after an
      overnight fast and entered the colon, on average, 5 h after dosing. Transit rates
      through the proximal colon were independent of capsule density. Any effect due to
      capsule volume was small when compared with intersubject variations in transit
      rates. Within 10 h of entering the colon 80% of the units had reached the splenic
      flexure. These findings have implications in the design of non-disintegrating,
      sustained release dosage forms.

PMID- 2899640
TI  - The effects of the selective kappa-opioid agonist MR 2034 on the guinea-pig
      ileum.
AB  - The effects of the selective kappa-opioid agonist MR 2034 on the guinea-pig ileum
      were compared with those produced by the mu-agonist morphine. MR 2034 induced
      acute tolerance and inhibited electrically evoked contractions to the same extent
      as morphine. The slope of the concentration-effect curve to MR 2034 was not
      significantly different from that of morphine. However, MR 2034 and morphine may
      act at their respective receptors since naloxone was 6.57 times more effective at
      inhibiting responses to morphine than MR 2034. MR 2034, like morphine, induced
      acute dependence as revealed by naloxone-induced contractions of tissues that had
      been incubated with MR 2034 for 5 h. The functional properties of kappa-opoid
      receptors are the same as mu-receptors in the guinea-pig ileum.

PMID- 2899641
TI  - "The influence of conformational factors on the metabolic conjugation of
      aryloxyacetates"--a comment.

PMID- 2899642
TI  - Freeze-fracture study of the trophozoite and the cyst of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - The fine structure of the trophozoite and cyst of Entamoeba histolytica from the
      stool of a patient was compared using the freeze-fracture method. The
      intramembranous particles (IMP's) were heterogeneously distributed on the plasma
      membrane of the trophozoite and their density was 1139 +/- 105/micron 2 on the P
      face. Particle-rich depressions and linear particle arrays, reported by other
      investigators on cultured trophozoites, were also observed on the P face while on
      the E face such special particle arrangement was not recognized. Particle-free,
      small protrusions were frequently observed on the P face of the trophozoite
      membrane. The existence of these protrusions is a new finding. In the cyst, the
      IMP's were also distributed heterogeneously on both the P and E faces of the
      plasma membrane. The density of the IMP's, however, was much lower than in the
      trophozoite: 6 +/- 2/micron 2 on the P face and averaging less than 1/micron 2 on
      the E face. In freeze-fracture images, the plasma membrane of the cyst showed a
      variety of configurations from smooth to uneven or ridged surfaces. These
      morphological alterations of the plasma membrane may be attributed to the aging
      of the cyst. The thick wall of the cyst had a filamentous tri- or tetra-lamellar
      structure. The cytoplasm of the cyst was similar in structure to that of the
      trophozoite and the diameter of the nuclear pores was equal in both trophozoites
      and cysts.

PMID- 2899643
TI  - Growth hormone and its modulation.
AB  - Our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of somatotroph cell
      growth is scanty and much work is still needed to elucidate the role of different
      growth factors and the mechanisms involved in oncogene activation in both normal
      and tumour cell growth. However, there are several recent, important clinical
      ramifications from our improved understanding of GH neuroregulation. The use of
      long-acting SS analogues is valuable in the treatment of acromegaly, probably in
      acute variceal haemorrhage and it also produces symptomatic improvement in
      patients with vipomas and glucagonomas. GHRH may be of value in the treatment of
      short stature due to hypothalamic GHRH deficiency but further definitive studies
      are now required to provide convincing evidence that this line of treatment is of
      greater benefit than the use of synthetic recombinant human GH. Inhibition of GH
      release may be of value in prevention of both acute and chronic complications of
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The use of cholinergic muscarinic receptor
      blockade in this context may be particularly useful because of a probably sparing
      of the counter-regulatory GH response to hypoglycaemia. In view of the relative
      ease with which nocturnal GH secretion can be abolished, we think it reasonable
      to consider the possible existence of a permissive or mediating role of GH in
      other disease states, either directly or by maintaining production of either
      local tissue or circulating growth factors or both.

PMID- 2899644
TI  - Role of the fetal pituitary in cryptorchidism induced by exogenous maternal
      oestrogen during pregnancy in mice.
AB  - A single subcutaneous injection of 5 or 1 mg oestradiol given to pregnant female
      mice on Day 14 of pregnancy resulted in all male offspring being cryptorchid.
      Pituitary LH content, testicular weights and structure, seminal vesicle weights
      and the structure of the reproductive tract as a whole were monitored on the day
      of birth and at 2, 4, 8 and 14 weeks of age. Apart from an initial significant
      reduction in pituitary LH at the time of birth, no other marked differences were
      seen between control and treated animals except that all oestrogen-treated males
      lacked a gubernaculum and the testes were freely mobile within the abdomen.
      Hypogonadal (hpg) male mice lacking GnRH are cryptorchid but have a normal
      gubernaculum and their testes develop and descend normally if treated with
      gonadotrophins. When the mothers of hpg mice were treated with oestradiol the
      male offspring lacked a gubernaculum. These results indicate that perturbations
      of the fetal hypothalamic/pituitary axis play no significant part in oestrogen
      induced cryptorchidism in mice.

PMID- 2899645
TI  - Sulfasalazine treatment and lymphocyte function in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Sulfasalazine is now an established 2nd line agent in the treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) but its mode of action is unknown. Two separate studies have
      investigated the possibility that it works in RA by influencing lymphocyte
      function. After 12 weeks of treatment with sulfasalazine, elevated levels of
      circulating activated lymphocytes and abnormal ex vivo mitogen response to
      concanavalin A (Con-A) in 11 patients with RA reverted to normal. An in vitro
      study investigated the effect of sulfasalazine and its metabolites on mitogen
      response by healthy and RA peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
      Sulfapyridine (SP) and 5-hydroxy SP suppressed the response of RA PBMC to Con-A.
      Sulfasalazine, SP and N-acetyl SP suppressed the response of healthy PBMC to
      pokeweed mitogen. 5-aminosalicylic acid also affected mitogen response and cell
      viability, which may be relevant to actions of this metabolite within the gut.

PMID- 2899646
TI  - In vitro immunomodulatory effects of sulfasalazine and its metabolites.
AB  - We assessed the in vitro effects of sulfasalazine and its 2 main metabolites,
      sulfapyridine (SP) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) on functional aspects of
      peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBM) of normal controls and patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sulfasalazine, but not its 2 main metabolites,
      inhibited mitogen induced proliferative responses of PMB at high drug
      concentrations (100 micrograms/ml). Similar results were obtained with purified B
      lymphocytes. Sulfasalazine depressed, in a dose dependent manner, pokeweed
      mitogen induced Ig synthesis by PBM of normals and patients with RA. Moreover,
      synthesis of IgM rheumatoid factor was depressed to a greater degree than total
      IgM at low sulfasalazine concentrations (10-25 micrograms/ml). Both SP and 5-ASA
      were not inhibitory at the concentrations tested. Experiments with purified
      lymphocyte subpopulations indicated that sulfasalazine exerted its major
      inhibitory activity on the B lymphocyte. These studies indicate that
      sulfasalazine, but not its 2 main metabolites, has immunomodulatory
      characteristics which may be related to its therapeutic activity in RA.

PMID- 2899647
TI  - Dopamine autoreceptor agonists as potential antipsychotics. 1.
      (Aminoalkoxy)anilines.
AB  - The synthesis and pharmacological properties of a novel type of
      [(arylpiperazinyl)alkoxy]anilines with dopaminergic properties are described. One
      of these compounds, 3-[3-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy]benzenamine (4c), has
      been identified as a selective dopamine (DA) autoreceptor agonist in tests that
      include [3H]haloperidol binding, inhibition of striatal DA synthesis, inhibition
      of DA neuronal firing, inhibition of spontaneous locomotor activity, and reversal
      of reserpine-induced depression in rats. In addition, 4c possesses good oral
      activity in the Sidman conditioned avoidance test in squirrel monkeys, which is
      indicative of antipsychotic activity. In a primate model, 4c was found to lack
      the liability for extrapyramidal side effects usually associated with
      antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2899648
TI  - Differentiation of phase I and variant strains of Bordetella pertussis on Congo
      red media.
AB  - The addition of Congo red, Trypan blue or haemin to the growth medium allowed the
      differentiation of phase-I and variant strains of Bordetella pertussis. Phase-I
      strains produced red (CR+), blue or dark brown colonies on a modified
      cyclodextrin solid medium containing Congo red, Trypan blue or haemin,
      respectively, whereas variant (Vir- and phase IV) strains grew as pale (CR-)
      colonies. Spontaneous CR- variants were isolated and characterised and had a
      phenotype like that of Vir- or phenotypically modulated, C-mode strains in that
      they did not produce the haemolysin, haemagglutinin(s), histamine-sensitising
      factor (pertussis toxin), heat-labile toxin and two major envelope polypeptides
      associated with phase-I strains. Two such variants had reduced virulence for
      mice. CR+ strains, when grown on a high nicotinic acid medium to induce
      modulation, gave CR- colonies. Thus the CR+ phenotype is a characteristic of
      phase-I B. pertussis and its expression appears to be controlled in a manner
      similar to that of other phase I-related factors. CR- variants of B.
      parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica were also deficient in these factors. Four
      isolates of B. avium were CR-.

PMID- 2899649
TI  - Complications of Crotalidae antivenin therapy.
AB  - Polyvalent antivenin is the mainstay of treatment of serious snake envenomation.
      Its use, however, has been challenged as being unnecessary in minor envenomations
      and potentially hazardous due to allergic complications. Our institution
      routinely uses antivenin, and this report focuses on the allergic complications
      of this therapy. Forty patients with Crotalidae snake bites were evaluated and
      treated over a 7-year period. Twenty-six patients received a total of 507 vials
      of antivenin, the dose correlating with the clinical severity of envenomation.
      All patients were skin tested. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions occurred in
      six patients (23%). Cutaneous manifestations alone occurred in three of these
      patients, while systemic anaphylaxis occurred in three. Twenty patients were
      available for followup, and ten (50%) developed serum sickness. Skin testing was
      not reliable in predicting the development of immediate (anaphylaxis) or delayed
      (serum sickness) hypersensitivity reactions. Treatment of antivenin allergic
      reactions was uniformly effective, with no mortality, minimal morbidity, and no
      chronic sequelae.

PMID- 2899650
TI  - Bethanechol supersensitivity test, rhabdosphincter electromyography and
      bulbocavernosus reflex latency in the diagnosis of neuropathic detrusor
      areflexia.
AB  - A total of 57 patients with neuropathic or nonneuropathic detrusor areflexia was
      studied with the bethanechol supersensitivity test, electromyography of the
      urethral rhabdosphincter and bulbocavernosus reflex latency. The sensitivity of
      these tests in detecting neuropathic areflexia was 90, 87.5 and 78.1 per cent,
      respectively, and the specificity was 95.6, 76 and 80 per cent, respectively.
      When all 3 tests were performed together the combined accuracy approached 100 per
      cent. These combined tests are useful in the diagnosis of patients with equivocal
      bladder neuropathic conditions and in those with subtle neurological lesions.

PMID- 2899651
TI  - [A chronic ATL patient showing epidermal eruptions with a leaking of ATL cells
      from hair pouches].

PMID- 2899652
TI  - [Epididymal abnormalities associated with cryptorchidism].

PMID- 2899653
TI  - [A case of periarteritis nodosa with bronchial asthma simulating a tumor of the
      stomach].

PMID- 2899654
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a retroviral malignancy endemic in South
      Carolina.

PMID- 2899655
TI  - Inverse correlation between dexamethasone 21-mesylate agonist activity and
      sensitivity to dexamethasone for induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in rat
      hepatoma cells.
AB  - Previous results demonstrated that both the level of induction of the liver
      specific enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) by the irreversible
      antiglucocorticoid dexamethasone 21-mesylate (Dex-Mes) and the concentration of
      the reversible glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) required for 50% of maximal TAT
      induction (i.e. EC50) were different in HTC and Fu5-5 rat hepatoma culture cells.
      In the present study, a retrospective analysis of these two parameters over an 8
      yr period indicates that the absolute values of both parameters varied within
      each cell line over time in a reversible manner. The variation of both parameters
      appears to be causally related since a linear, reciprocal relationship exists
      between the amount of Dex-Mes agonist activity and log10 (Dex EC50) in both cell
      lines (correlation coefficient is -0.896 for n = 46). This relationship was
      independent of changes in basal TAT level, culture medium, and serum lot. Results
      with cloned HTC cells indicate that these temporal variations are not due to
      fluctuations in the relative abundance of two cell populations displaying either
      high or low amounts of agonist activity with Dex-Mes. While these analyses relied
      on the detection of enzyme levels, the amount of TAT mRNA is shown to parallel
      the enzyme levels. Thus the variation in parameters of TAT induction by Dex and
      by Dex-Mes appears to be modulated at a pre-translational step. Such variations
      have not previously been observed for the control of specific gene transcripts by
      other steroid hormones and may be related to the known differences in agonist
      activity seen for most antisteroids in various systems.

PMID- 2899656
TI  - Young domestic pigs for the cardiovascular assessment of inotropic drugs.
      Comparison with dogs.
AB  - A comparison is made of cardiovascular response to cardiotonic drugs in young
      domestic pigs and dogs, and the use of pigs as an alternative to dogs in
      cardiovascular investigations is described.

PMID- 2899657
TI  - [Neurofibromatosis, glioma of the optic nerve and multiple endocrine tumors.
      Presentation of a case].

PMID- 2899658
TI  - [Management of insulinoma with the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995].

PMID- 2899659
TI  - Potentiation of the gastric antisecretory activity of histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists by clebopride.
AB  - The substituted benzamide, clebopride, at doses (0.03-3 mg kg-1 i.p.) that were
      without effect per se on the secretion of gastric acid in pylorus ligated (Shay)
      rats, potentiated the antisecretory effects of the histamine H2 receptor
      antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine in this model but not those of the
      muscarine receptor antagonist pirenzepine nor those of the proton pump inhibitor
      omeprazole. By contrast, clebopride was without influence on the inhibitory
      effects of cimetidine on pentagastrin-induced secretion in perfused stomach
      (Ghosh and Schild) preparations in anaesthetized rats. The significance of these
      findings is discussed in relation to the previously described potentiating
      effects of clebopride on the anti-ulcer activity of cimetidine in various
      experimental models, and the potential beneficial effects of such combined
      therapy in the clinic.

PMID- 2899660
TI  - Double-masked trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. British and Dutch
      Multiple Sclerosis Azathioprine Trial Group.
AB  - 354 patients with multiple sclerosis were randomised to receive either
      azathioprine 2.5 mg/kg daily or placebo in a double-masked trial. During follow
      up of at least 3 years only small differences emerged between the groups. After 3
      years the mean deterioration in Kurtzke disability score was 0.62 in the
      azathioprine group and 0.80 in the placebo group, a difference of 0.18 (95%
      confidence intervals [CI] -0.15 to +0.52) and in the ambulation index it was 0.84
      and 1.25, respectively, difference 0.41 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.80). After 3 years
      there had been slightly fewer relapses in the azathioprine group (average 2.2)
      than in the placebo group (average 2.5) but the difference of 0.3 (95% CI -0.2 to
      +0.9) was not significant. Although the results favour a small beneficial effect
      from azathioprine the benefit is so small that the use of azathioprine cannot be
      generally recommended for most patients with multiple sclerosis. Analysis of
      subgroups (by sex, age, severity, rate of progression, HLA status, relapsing or
      progressive course) has not revealed any that have shown clear clinical benefit.

PMID- 2899661
TI  - Lytic anti-endothelial cell antibodies in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.
AB  - Sera from 13 of 14 children with acute haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)
      contained complement-fixing IgG and IgM antibodies that lysed cultured human
      umbilical vein endothelial cells. In 3 of 3 sera tested, no lysis of dermal
      fibroblasts was observed. The endothelial cell antigen was lost after treatment
      of the cells with gamma interferon. In contrast, only 3 of 5 adult patients with
      acute, non-relapsing, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) had lytic anti
      endothelial antibodies and only 1 of these recognised an antigen lost upon gamma
      interferon treatment. None of 32 control sera contained lytic anti-endothelial
      cell antibodies. These data suggest that HUS involves a disorder of
      immunoregulation and that a unique class of anti-endothelial cell antibodies is
      produced that may take part in the pathogenesis of vascular injury in HUS.

PMID- 2899662
TI  - Virus safety of solvent/detergent-treated antihaemophilic factor concentrate.
AB  - The safety of an antihaemophilic factor concentrate treated with the organic
      solvent tri-(n-butyl)phosphate and sodium cholate (factor VIII-SD) was assessed
      for transmission of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis and human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV). Patients enrolled in the study had no previous exposure to blood
      products made from plasma pools, although 5 had received small quantities of
      single-donor products. All but 1 had normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
      levels, none had markers of HIV infection, and all had been vaccinated against
      hepatitis B. After treatment with factor VIII-SD, serum ALT levels and HIV
      antibody were monitored for up to 1 year. 20 patients received 625 to greater
      than 40,000 U (total 163,000 U, median dose 3900 U), and 17 of these were
      followed up for at least 6 months: transmission of either NANB hepatitis or HIV
      was not observed.

PMID- 2899664
TI  - Heart-lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis.
AB  - 13 patients with severe lung disease and cor pulmonale from cystic fibrosis were
      accepted for heart-lung transplantation (HLT). 6 have had the operation, of whom
      5 are well, with normal lung function, 3-29 months after operation. 1 patient
      died from adult respiratory distress syndrome after reoperation to control
      persistent chest-wall bleeding: at necropsy, this patient proved to have
      cirrhosis. Respiratory tract infections and acute lung rejection after HLT for
      cystic fibrosis were no more common than in other HLT patients. Of the 7 patients
      for whom suitable donor organs were not found, 3 died within 3 months of
      assessment. Initial severity of disease had been similar to that in the
      transplant group. The cost of assessment, operation, and 1 year's treatment after
      HLT is similar to that of medical treatment for such patients.

PMID- 2899665
TI  - The shock of the new.

PMID- 2899663
TI  - Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine
      prevention.
AB  - The use of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) for migraine prophylaxis was assessed
      in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. After a one
      month single-blind placebo run-in, 72 volunteers were randomly allocated to
      receive either one capsule of dried feverfew leaves a day or matching placebo for
      four months and then transferred to the other treatment limb for a further four
      months. Frequency and severity of attacks were determined from diary cards which
      were issued every two months; efficacy of each treatment was also assessed by
      visual analogue scores. 60 patients completed the study and full information was
      available in 59. Treatment with feverfew was associated with a reduction in the
      mean number and severity of attacks in each two-month period, and in the degree
      of vomiting; duration of individual attacks was unaltered. Visual analogue scores
      also indicated a significant improvement with feverfew. There were no serious
      side-effects.

PMID- 2899667
TI  - The MRC's muffler.

PMID- 2899666
TI  - HIV testing in the workplace.

PMID- 2899668
TI  - Seronegative (reactive) arthropathy: precipitating factors.

PMID- 2899669
TI  - Physical therapy in spastic diplegia.

PMID- 2899671
TI  - Physicians and the bomb.

PMID- 2899670
TI  - Nebulisers and paradoxical bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2899672
TI  - Looking back, seeing ahead.

PMID- 2899673
TI  - Survival of the smallest. Time trends and determinants of mortality in a very
      preterm population during the 1980s.
AB  - In a regionally representative preterm birth cohort, the fetal to first year
      survival of very preterm infants born at 32 weeks' gestation or less increased
      from 54% to 66% between 1978 and 1986. This improvement was due to a fall in
      numbers of stillbirths while neonatal mortality either declined or remained the
      same. Only among extremely immature preterm babies born at 26 weeks or less was
      improvement in fetal survival counteracted by an increase in neonatal mortality.
      Fewer than 5% of complete fetal to first year deaths occurred postneonatally.
      After the age of 26 gestational weeks, intrauterine growth retardation was a
      major unfavourable factor, associated with a 3-fold increase in neonatal
      mortality.

PMID- 2899674
TI  - Amblyopia--factors influencing age of presentation.
AB  - In the 47 months from September, 1981, 1531 new cases of amblyopia were
      identified in the ophthalmic clinics of Leicestershire. Amblyopia was due to
      strabismus in 689 (45%), combined strabismus and anisometropia in 540 (35%),
      anisometropia alone in 252 (17%), and form deprivation in 50 (3%). The median age
      at presentation for strabismic amblyopia (3.64 years) was significantly lower
      than for combined strabismus and anisometropia (4.68 years) and anisometropia
      (6.27 years). Boys presented later than girls, as did Asians compared with
      Caucasians. Only 38 (15%) of children with a visual defect without strabismus
      (anisometropia) were identified before the age of 5 years. The major reason for
      this late identification is the lack of a reliable single test for preschool
      vision assessment.

PMID- 2899675
TI  - Window of opportunity.

PMID- 2899676
TI  - Continuous intrapartum measurement of fetal oxygen saturation.

PMID- 2899677
TI  - Lithotripsy of inaccessible salivary duct stone.

PMID- 2899678
TI  - Clinical significance of penicillamine antibodies.

PMID- 2899679
TI  - Missed diagnosis of infective endocarditis.

PMID- 2899681
TI  - Polycystic ovarian syndrome treated by laser through the laparoscope.

PMID- 2899680
TI  - Low-dose aspirin improves fetal weight in umbilical placental insufficiency.

PMID- 2899682
TI  - Assessing the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

PMID- 2899683
TI  - Dissolution of calcified gallbladder stones by treatment with methyl-hexyl ether
      and urea-EDTA.

PMID- 2899684
TI  - Intranasal glucagon for hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 2899685
TI  - Natural history of localised prostatic cancer managed by conservative therapy
      alone.

PMID- 2899686
TI  - In-vitro production of human platelets.

PMID- 2899687
TI  - Ciprofloxacin vs ceftriaxone for eradication of meningococcal carriage.

PMID- 2899688
TI  - Differences in HLA types in children with insulin-dependent diabetes diagnosed in
      1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

PMID- 2899689
TI  - Life-threatening psoriasis relapse on withdrawal of cyclosporin.

PMID- 2899690
TI  - Anaemia and aluminium chelation therapy in dialysis patients.

PMID- 2899691
TI  - Colloids, anaphylaxis, and the heart.

PMID- 2899692
TI  - Cryptococcosis and AIDS.

PMID- 2899693
TI  - HIV-2-associated AIDS in the 1970s.

PMID- 2899694
TI  - HIV antibody on paper-dried sera.

PMID- 2899695
TI  - Autoimmunity in stiff man syndrome.

PMID- 2899696
TI  - Ultrasound in diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

PMID- 2899698
TI  - Fetal "soap" addiction.

PMID- 2899697
TI  - Eat fat hen carefully?

PMID- 2899700
TI  - Drug promotion in the Third World.

PMID- 2899699
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension in gestational choriocarcinoma: a west London syndrome?

PMID- 2899701
TI  - Inactive ingredients in medicines.

PMID- 2899702
TI  - Litigation and private practice.

PMID- 2899703
TI  - Cover charge.

PMID- 2899704
TI  - Cytology services.

PMID- 2899705
TI  - Support for South African paediatricians.

PMID- 2899706
TI  - Gut bacterial metabolism.

PMID- 2899707
TI  - Is Alzheimer's disease distinct from normal ageing?

PMID- 2899708
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic eye implants.

PMID- 2899709
TI  - Toxic-shock syndrome after a minor surgical procedure.

PMID- 2899711
TI  - Lung-sound transmission and reliability of chest signs.

PMID- 2899710
TI  - Factor-VIII-related antigen and vasculitis.

PMID- 2899712
TI  - Cimetidine plus cisapride for reflux oesophagitis.

PMID- 2899713
TI  - Renal transplantation in sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2899714
TI  - Soft egg shells--carpal tunnel syndrome or sign of pollution?

PMID- 2899715
TI  - Failure of a deputising service.

PMID- 2899717
TI  - AIDS in the UK.

PMID- 2899716
TI  - Restricted discharge of mental patients.

PMID- 2899718
TI  - Randomised controlled trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus
      urokinase in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism.
AB  - The effect of intravenous recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt
      PA) was compared with that of urokinase in 45 patients with angiographically
      documented pulmonary embolism (PE) in a randomised controlled trial. The two
      principal end-points were clot lysis at 2 h, as assessed by angiography, and
      pulmonary reperfusion at 24 h, as assessed by perfusion lung scanning. All
      patients received the full dose of rt-PA but urokinase infusions were terminated
      prematurely (on average after 18 h) in 9 patients because of allergy in 1 and
      uncontrollable bleeding in 8. By 2 h, 82% of rt-PA-treated patients showed clot
      lysis, compared with 48% of urokinase-treated patients (p = 0.008; 95% CI for the
      difference = 10-58%). Improvement in lung scan reperfusion at 24 h was identical
      in the two treatment groups. The reduction in fibrinogen did not differ
      significantly between the rt-PA and urokinase groups (45% vs 39% at 2 h and 34%
      vs 40% at 24 h). The results indicate that in the dose regimens employed, rt-PA
      acts more rapidly and is safer than urokinase in the treatment of acute PE.

PMID- 2899719
TI  - Long-term follow-up in a randomised controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2
      interferon in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.
AB  - 72 Chinese patients who had been positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
      and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) for more than six months with stable serum
      hepatitis B virus DNA were randomised to receive recombinant alpha 2-interferon
      at doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 X 10(6) U/m2 intramuscularly thrice weekly for 12-24
      weeks, or no treatment. 6 (11%) of 54 treated and 1 (6%) of 18 control patients
      became HBeAg-negative at the end of therapy or after 24 weeks of follow-up. 9
      (17%) of treated but none of the control patients became HBeAg-negative between
      completion of therapy and 12 months. Reactivation of HBV replication subsequently
      occurred in 7 (13%) of the treated patients and in 1 control. Thus, sustained
      clearance of HBeAg was achieved only in 8 (15%) of treated patients at 12 months.
      Between 12 and 24 months 3 (9%) of treated patients and 1 control became negative
      for HBeAg. None of the patients became HBsAg-negative. alpha 2-interferon in the
      dose regimen used has little long-term effect in the suppression of HBV
      replication in Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection.

PMID- 2899720
TI  - Cytomegalovirus infection and donor/recipient HLA antigens: interdependent co
      factors in pathogenesis of vanishing bile-duct syndrome after liver
      transplantation.
AB  - The contribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and its interrelation with
      HLA antigens in the development of chronic rejection (vanishing bile-duct
      syndrome--VBDS) was investigated in 101 patients surviving for at least 3 months
      after liver transplantation. A 1-2 antigen match for HLA DR antigens (30.9% vs
      4.5% for zero DR match; p less than 0.002), a zero match for HLA A/B antigens
      (27.5% vs 10.9% for 1 or more A/B match; p less than 0.05), and active CMV
      infection (26.3% vs 4.4% for no CMV infection; p less than 0.005) were
      independently associated with an increased risk of VBDS. The coexistence of a 1-2
      HLA DR match and CMV infection carried the highest relative risk (10.1) of VBDS;
      these two variables were probably interdependent since either alone was
      associated with a low relative risk (0.45 and 0.5). The association between VBDS
      and active CMV infection was not a consequence of alterations in
      immunosuppressive therapy. The findings would be consistent with precipitation of
      chronic rejection by CMV-induced HLA antigen expression in patients rendered
      susceptible by the donor/recipient HLA antigen match.

PMID- 2899721
TI  - Multicentre, cross-sectional study of ventricular arrhythmias in chronically
      haemodialysed patients. Gruppo Emodialisi e Patologie Cardiovasculari.
AB  - 127 patients on ambulatory in-hospital haemodialysis (HD) were randomly selected
      from 13 centres. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease was 14%, 17% had left
      ventricular dysfunction, and 37% had left ventricular hypertrophy. Ventricular
      arrhythmias, assessed by continuous 48 h Holter monitoring, were present in 76%
      of patients. 29% had greater than or equal to 2 premature ventricular complexes
      (PVC)/h; 21% had Lown classes 4A or B; and 6% had greater than or equal to 3
      consecutive beats of ventricular tachycardia. Risk factors for ventricular
      arrhythmias were age greater than or equal to 55 yr and left ventricular
      dysfunction, independent of age. The frequency of ventricular arrhythmias rose
      significantly during the third hour of HD, and this effect lasted for at least 5
      h after dialysis, and was associated with age greater than or equal to 55 yr,
      left ventricular dysfunction, and the presence of ventricular arrhythmias before
      dialysis. Ventricular arrhythmias are present in a large proportion of patients
      with end-stage renal failure and HD has an arrhythmogenic effect.

PMID- 2899722
TI  - Diagnostic significance of octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid in cervical neoplasia.
AB  - The percentage molar ratio (%MR) of the 9,11 and 9,12 isomers of octadecadienoic
      acid was determined in cervical exfoliated cells from 148 subjects, of whom 27
      had cytologically proven intraepithelial neoplasia and in cervical biopsy
      specimens from 43 subjects, of whom 24 had histologically diagnosed cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia. The %MR in both cervical biopsy specimens and
      exfoliated cells did not significantly differ in subjects with or without
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The measurement of the %MR of 9,11:9,12
      octadecadienoic acid has no role in the detection of cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia.

PMID- 2899723
TI  - Defective bile acid amidation: predicted features of a new inborn error of
      metabolism.
AB  - Biochemical and clinical features are predicted for an as yet unreported inborn
      error of metabolism, in which bile acids cannot be conjugated with glycine or
      taurine. Unconjugated cholic acid will be secreted into bile, be absorbed from
      the intestine, and become the predominant bile acid in bile and plasma. Other
      bile acids will be esterified with glucuronate and secreted into bile, but
      undergo little enterohepatic circulation. Cholestasis will not be present; the
      bile acid pool will be diminished and lipid absorption, especially that of fat
      soluble vitamins, will be impaired. A secretory diarrhoea may occur, caused by
      increased bile acid concentrations in the colon. Awareness of this possible
      syndrome should aid in its identification; oral administration of bile acids
      conjugated with glycine or taurine should correct the metabolic and clinical
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2899724
TI  - Radiation protection in the UK: an opportunity missed.

PMID- 2899725
TI  - Health care inequity in the USA.

PMID- 2899726
TI  - Lung function in children after neonatal meconium aspiration.

PMID- 2899727
TI  - Ubiquitin, protein degradation, and dynamic neuropathology.

PMID- 2899728
TI  - Escargots and eosinophilic meningitis.

PMID- 2899729
TI  - Role of infected food handler in hotel outbreak of Norwalk-like viral
      gastroenteritis: implications for control.
AB  - Investigation of an outbreak of viral (Norwalk-like) gastroenteritis amongst
      staff (40 cases), resident guests (over 70 cases), and persons attending
      functions (54 cases) at one hotel over 8 days suggested that the main vehicle of
      infection was cold foods prepared by a food handler during and after a mild
      gastrointestinal illness. He was excreting Norwalk-like virus particles 48 hours
      after the illness. In addition, ill kitchen staff vomited in the kitchen area and
      may have contaminated surfaces and stored foods. It is recommended that food
      handlers should be regarded as potentially infectious until at least 48 hours
      after clinical recovery from viral gastroenteritis. Stored foods that may have
      been contaminated should be immediately discarded and areas of the work place
      which may have been affected should be identified and decontaminated.

PMID- 2899730
TI  - Nuclear threat and health in the Pacific Ocean.

PMID- 2899731
TI  - EEC supranational drug regulatory authority by 1992?

PMID- 2899732
TI  - The academic task.

PMID- 2899733
TI  - Bone-marrow transplantation for sickle-cell anaemia.

PMID- 2899734
TI  - Indications for pulmonary embolectomy.

PMID- 2899736
TI  - Neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2899735
TI  - Octadeca-9-11-dienoic acid in diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 2899738
TI  - Laboratory-acquired mycobacterial infection.

PMID- 2899737
TI  - New inhibitor of platelet aggregation in onion oil.

PMID- 2899739
TI  - Lung function tests in survivors of the piper alpha oil-platform disaster.

PMID- 2899740
TI  - IVF surrogacy and absent uterus syndromes.

PMID- 2899741
TI  - Withholding intensive care from premature babies.

PMID- 2899742
TI  - Toxicity of cyclosporin metabolites.

PMID- 2899743
TI  - Quality of life on angina therapy.

PMID- 2899744
TI  - Effect of oral folate on duration of acute infantile diarrhoea.

PMID- 2899746
TI  - Oral contraceptives and gallstones.

PMID- 2899745
TI  - Can children's intelligence be increased by vitamin and mineral supplements?

PMID- 2899747
TI  - Almitrine and peripheral neuropathy.

PMID- 2899748
TI  - Open access mammography.

PMID- 2899749
TI  - Finding alternatives to benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2899750
TI  - Carnitine and gangliosides.

PMID- 2899751
TI  - Clobazam in chronic epilepsy.

PMID- 2899752
TI  - Renoir and Monet.

PMID- 2899753
TI  - "Doctor" in Europe.

PMID- 2899754
TI  - Birth control vaccine.

PMID- 2899755
TI  - Continuing problems in the National Health Service.

PMID- 2899756
TI  - Odds ratios and relative risks.

PMID- 2899757
TI  - Academic freedom and the MRC.

PMID- 2899758
TI  - Urethral lubrication and trauma, a possible mechanism.

PMID- 2899759
TI  - Acetylcholine sweatspot test.

PMID- 2899760
TI  - Haptoglobin to protect against renal damage from ethanolamine oleate sclerosant.

PMID- 2899761
TI  - Delayed CSF reaction to praziquantel.

PMID- 2899762
TI  - Acyclovir-resistant herpes in AIDS treated with foscarnet.

PMID- 2899763
TI  - HLA haplotype and HIV infection.

PMID- 2899764
TI  - Could platelet-derived growth factor have a role in the pathogenesis of lupus
      nephritis?

PMID- 2899766
TI  - Chloramphenicol-resistant Haemophilus ducreyi in southern Africa.

PMID- 2899765
TI  - Hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension in diabetes.

PMID- 2899767
TI  - Treatment of menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients.

PMID- 2899768
TI  - Endotoxaemia in neutropenic patients.

PMID- 2899769
TI  - Surgery, tamoxifen, and breast cancer in the elderly.

PMID- 2899771
TI  - BMA advice on insurance AIDS tests.

PMID- 2899770
TI  - Surgical lesions, parkinsonism, and brain graft operations.

PMID- 2899772
TI  - Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither
      among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2
      (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group.
AB  - 17,187 patients entering 417 hospitals up to 24 hours (median 5 hours) after the
      onset of suspected acute myocardial infarction were randomised, with placebo
      control, between: (i) a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 1.5 MU of streptokinase;
      (ii) one month of 160 mg/day enteric-coated aspirin; (iii) both active
      treatments; or (iv) neither. Streptokinase alone and aspirin alone each produced
      a highly significant reduction in 5-week vascular mortality: 791/8592 (9.2%)
      among patients allocated streptokinase infusion vs 1029/8595 (12.0%) among those
      allocated placebo infusion (odds reduction: 25% SD 4; 2p less than 0.00001);
      804/8587 (9.4%) vascular deaths among patients allocated aspirin tablets vs
      1016/8600 (11.8%) among those allocated placebo tablets (odds reduction: 23% SD
      4; 2p less than 0.00001). The combination of streptokinase and aspirin was
      significantly (2p less than 0.0001) better than either agent alone. Their
      separate effects on vascular deaths appeared to be additive: 343/4292 (8.0%)
      among patients allocated both active agents vs 568/4300 (13.2%) among those
      allocated neither (odds reduction: 42% SD 5; 95% confidence limits 34-50%). There
      was evidence of benefit from each agent even for patients treated late after pain
      onset (odds reductions at 0-4, 5-12, and 13-24 hours: 35% SD 6, 16% SD 7, and 21%
      SD 12 for streptokinase alone; 25% SD 7, 21% SD 7, and 21% SD 12 for aspirin
      alone; and 53% SD 8, 32% SD 9, and 38% SD 15 for the combination of streptokinase
      and aspirin). Streptokinase was associated with an excess of bleeds requiring
      transfusion (0.5% vs 0.2%) and of confirmed cerebral haemorrhage (0.1% vs 0.0%),
      but with fewer other strokes (0.6% vs 0.8%). These "other" strokes may have
      included a few undiagnosed cerebral haemorrhages, but still there was no increase
      in total strokes (0.7% streptokinase vs 0.8% placebo infusion). Aspirin
      significantly reduced non-fatal reinfarction (1.0% vs 2.0%) and non-fatal stroke
      (0.3% vs 0.6%), and was not associated with any significant increase in cerebral
      haemorrhage or in bleeds requiring transfusion. An excess of non-fatal
      reinfarction was reported when streptokinase was used alone, but this appeared to
      be entirely avoided by the addition of aspirin. Those allocated the combination
      of streptokinase and aspirin had significantly fewer reinfarctions (1.8% vs
      2.9%), strokes (0.6% vs 1.1%), and deaths (8.0% vs 13.2%) than those allocated
      neither. The differences in vascular and in all-cause mortality produced by
      streptokinase and by aspirin remain highly significant (2p less than 0.001 for
      each) after the median of 15 months of follow-up thus far available.

PMID- 2899773
TI  - Risk-benefit ratio of sodium fluoride treatment in primary vertebral
      osteoporosis.
AB  - The risk-benefit ratio of combined fluoride-calcium therapy in primary vertebral
      osteoporosis was examined prospectively in patients with at least one vertebral
      fracture. 257 patients were randomised to receive sodium fluoride 25 mg twice
      daily plus elemental calcium 1 g daily and a vitamin D2 supplement, and 209
      received one of the alternative therapies usually prescribed in France. After a
      follow-up of 24 months the fluoride-calcium group showed a significantly lower
      rate of new vertebral fractures, the main adverse effect of the regimen being a
      higher incidence of osteoarticular pains in the ankle and foot; the risk of non
      vertebral fractures was not increased, and digestive disorders arose with equal
      frequency in the two groups. Sodium fluoride 50 mg daily seems to represent a
      reasonable compromise in terms of anti-fracture effectiveness and side-effects.

PMID- 2899774
TI  - Infant feeding and childhood cancer.
AB  - A case-control study was used to assess whether inadequate exposure to the
      immunological benefits of human milk may affect infants' response to infection
      and make them more susceptible to childhood malignancies. 201 Denver children
      with cancer diagnosed at 1.5-15 years of age were compared with 181 controls, who
      were selected to be similar to cases for age, sex, and area of residence. Infant
      feeding categories were: breast feeding (BF) greater than 6 months; BF less than
      or equal to 6 months; and artificial feeding (AF, or exclusive non-human milk
      feeding). Compared with BF greater than 6 months, a raised risk for total cancers
      was found in both BF less than or equal to 6 month and AF groups. This increased
      risk was largely due to an increased incidence of lymphoma (n = 26).

PMID- 2899775
TI  - Association of genetic variant of the glucose transporter with non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A DNA sequence polymorphism, revealed by digestion of genomic DNA with the
      endonuclease Xba1 and hybridisation with a complementary DNA clone for a human
      glucose transporter, yields two alleles (sizes 6.2 kbp, the X1 allele; or 5.9
      kbp, the X2 allele). The genotype frequencies were investigated in three non
      insulin-dependent diabetic populations. The frequencies (%) of X1.X1, X1.X2, and
      X2.X2 were 13, 51, and 36 among 89 North European diabetic subjects, and 8, 38,
      54 among their 104 controls (chi 2 test p less than 0.02; G-test p less than
      0.02). For 53 South European diabetic patients the frequencies were 19, 50, 31,
      and for their 41 controls they were 2, 58, 40 (chi 2 test p less than 0.02; G
      test p less than 0.01). The corresponding figures were 6, 55, 39 for 45 Japanese
      patients and 0, 28, 72 for a further 49 controls (chi 2 test p less than 0.01; G
      test p less than 0.001). The occurrence of the association of the X1 allele with
      diabetes in three separate populations suggests that the polymorphic site may be
      close to a diabetogenic locus on chromosome 1.

PMID- 2899776
TI  - Severe premenstrual exacerbations of asthma: effect of intramuscular
      progesterone.
AB  - Three patients with severe premenstrual exacerbations of asthma are reported.
      None had responded to conventional treatment, including high-dose
      corticosteroids. In all cases there was a striking fall premenstrually in peak
      flow rate. The addition of intramuscular progesterone (100 mg daily in two cases
      and 600 mg twice a week in one) to the regimen eliminated the premenstrual dips
      in peak flow, and daily doses of prednisolone were reduced in the three patients.

PMID- 2899777
TI  - Treatment of syndromes or of symptoms in psychiatry?

PMID- 2899778
TI  - Progression of chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2899779
TI  - Prognosis of psoriatic arthritis.

PMID- 2899780
TI  - Bovine somatotropin and human health.

PMID- 2899781
TI  - Imipenem/cilastatin.

PMID- 2899782
TI  - Self-measurement of blood pressure.

PMID- 2899783
TI  - School screening for scoliosis.

PMID- 2899784
TI  - Trial of anonymous versus confidential human immunodeficiency virus testing.
AB  - Before December, 1986, all public human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in
      Oregon was done confidentially (using names). In December, clients were offered
      the option of either anonymous or confidential services. As judged by
      questionnaire responses, the availability of anonymity increased overall demand
      for testing by 50%: 125% for homosexual/bisexual (gay) men, 56% for female
      prostitutes, 17% for intravenous drug users, and 32% for other clients. The
      number of gay clients who had tests increased from a mean of 42 per month during
      the 4 months before anonymity was available to 108 per month during the 4 months
      after, whereas, at public sites in Colorado or California and private sites in
      Oregon, the number of gay clients tested did not increase. Twice as many
      seropositive persons were identified during the 3 1/2 months after anonymity
      became available (n = 85) as in the 3 1/2 months before (n = 36). Thus,
      availability of anonymous HIV testing and counselling drew gay men who had not
      sought services under a confidential testing system.

PMID- 2899786
TI  - The enemy system.

PMID- 2899785
TI  - Colic, "overfeeding", and symptoms of lactose malabsorption in the breast-fed
      baby: a possible artifact of feed management?
AB  - Curtailing the time for which a baby feeds at the first breast, in order to
      encourage intake from the second breast, may maximise milk production by the
      mother. With escalation of this situation a point may be reached at which the
      infant, because of the constraint of his stomach capacity, is unable to consume
      sufficient calories at a feed, since foremilk is lower in calories than hindmilk.
      The result will be symptoms of hunger (crying, fretfulness) and maybe even
      failure to thrive. The low fat content of the diet may cause rapid gastric
      emptying. This in turn may lead to lactose reaching the small bowel in
      concentrations that may tax the infant's lactase potential, with resulting
      diarrhoea. A simple change in breastfeeding patterns may alleviate some instances
      of undernutrition or diarrhoea.

PMID- 2899788
TI  - Time trends in juvenile-onset diabetes.

PMID- 2899787
TI  - Midazolam antagonism.

PMID- 2899789
TI  - Hyperlipidaemia after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2899790
TI  - Ultrasound and pyloric stenosis.

PMID- 2899792
TI  - Oestrogen implant overdose.

PMID- 2899791
TI  - Abnormal cortisol response in Alzheimer's disease linked to hippocampal atrophy.

PMID- 2899793
TI  - Motoneuron disease and past poliomyelitis.

PMID- 2899794
TI  - Potency of ergometrine in tropical countries.

PMID- 2899795
TI  - Ceftriaxone in relapsing fever.

PMID- 2899796
TI  - Risk to UK heterosexuals of contracting AIDS abroad.

PMID- 2899797
TI  - HIV monitoring via general practice.

PMID- 2899798
TI  - HIV testing without permission.

PMID- 2899799
TI  - Fall in human herpesvirus 6 seropositivity with age.

PMID- 2899800
TI  - Antibody to human herpesvirus 6 in HIV-1 positive and negative homosexual men.

PMID- 2899801
TI  - Dippers and non-dippers.

PMID- 2899802
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis at 6 weeks.

PMID- 2899803
TI  - Child abuse after Cleveland.

PMID- 2899804
TI  - Cytology services.

PMID- 2899805
TI  - Categories of drug allergy.

PMID- 2899806
TI  - Inactive ingredients in medicines.

PMID- 2899807
TI  - T-lymphocyte activation and allergy.

PMID- 2899808
TI  - In-vitro production of human platelets.

PMID- 2899809
TI  - Rectal sucralfate in radiation proctitis.

PMID- 2899810
TI  - Syncope while vomiting during migraine attack.

PMID- 2899811
TI  - Digitalis: still under suspicion?

PMID- 2899812
TI  - Safety of mianserin.

PMID- 2899813
TI  - Acute viral hepatitis 5 years after start of vaccination campaign in Zurich.

PMID- 2899814
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor and hairy cell leukaemia.

PMID- 2899815
TI  - Biological differences in the three major leukaemias.

PMID- 2899816
TI  - Recombinant interferon-alpha for treatment of polycythaemia vera.

PMID- 2899817
TI  - Release of PAF-acether and precursors during allergic cutaneous reactions.

PMID- 2899818
TI  - Fluctuating serum cholesterol: implications for coronary prevention.

PMID- 2899819
TI  - Lipoprotein (a) and coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2899820
TI  - Prevention of post-transfusion infectious complications.

PMID- 2899821
TI  - Subcutaneous erythropoietin.

PMID- 2899822
TI  - General Medical Council Tests and Race Relations Act.

PMID- 2899823
TI  - Safety of blood products for haemophilia patients.

PMID- 2899824
TI  - [The jellyfish (Pelagia noctiluca) as a health problem in the Adriatic and
      Mediterranean Seas].

PMID- 2899825
TI  - Nicotine enhances delayed matching-to-sample performance by primates.
AB  - The non-human primate provides an excellent model for studies of learning and
      memory, and one particular test, the delayed matching-to-sample task, is
      performed in a similar manner by both humans and non-human primates. Five young
      adult macaques were employed in this study, displaying variable capacities for
      retention in the task. Baseline performance was very consistent and three levels
      of performance difficulties (95-100%, 80-85% and 65-75% correct choices) were
      employed by including several delay intervals (0-60 sec) in each session. A
      reproducible enhancement in performance by nicotine in macaques performing a
      delayed matching-to-sample task was demonstrated. Nicotine enhanced performance
      with an average increase of 10% at the longest retention delay interval. This
      beneficial effect of nicotine was abolished in animals pretreated with a low dose
      (0.5 mg/kg) of mecamylamine to block central nicotinic receptors. Selective
      blockade of peripheral nicotinic receptors with hexamethonium was without effect
      on the nicotine response. A high dose (2 mg/kg) of mecamylamine itself induced a
      marked inhibition of performance, while an equivalent dose of hexamethonium was
      without effect. These experiments point to the possibility that central nicotinic
      receptors may be exploited pharmacologically to enhance memory performance. In
      this respect it is interesting that nicotine was most effective at enhancing
      performance when recall was more difficult, that is, on the longer retention
      interval delays. This could signify that nicotine might be particularly effective
      in the most impaired individuals. Lastly, it is encouraging that the mecamylamine
      induced decrease in cognitive performance might provide a new model of memory
      impairment from which to study the pathogenesis and develop new pharmacological
      strategies for the dementias.

PMID- 2899826
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic and histamine H1 receptor binding of phenothiazine drug
      metabolites.
AB  - In vitro binding affinities of chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, levomepromazine,
      perphenazine and some of their metabolites for dopamine D2 receptors, alpha 1-
      and alpha 2 adrenoceptors in rat brain were previously reported from our
      laboratories. The present study reports the in vitro binding affinities of the
      same compounds for muscarinic cholinergic receptors and for histamine H1
      receptors in rat brain, using 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate and 3H-mepyramine as
      radioligands. Chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, and their metabolites had 5-30
      times higher binding affinities for muscarinic cholinergic receptors than
      fluphenazine, perphenazine and their metabolites. Levomepromazine was the most
      potent and fluphenazine the least potent of the four drugs in histamine H1
      receptor binding. 7-Hydroxy levomepromazine, 3-hydroxy levomepromazine and 7
      hydroxy fluphenazine had only 10% of the potency of the parent drug in histamine
      H1 receptor binding, while the 7-hydroxy-metabolites of chlorpromazine and
      perphenazine had about 75% of the potency of the parent drug in this binding
      system. Their histamine H1 receptor binding affinities indicate that metabolites
      may contribute to the sedative effects of chlorpromazine and levomepromazine.

PMID- 2899827
TI  - Suncus murinus as a new experimental model for motion sickness.
AB  - Characteristics of motion sickness and effects of possible prophylactic drugs
      were studied using Suncus murinus (house musk shrew) for its potential use as an
      experimental model in motion sickness. Mild reciprocal shaking (amplitude: 10-40
      mm; frequency: 0.5-3.0 Hz) induced vomiting in most of Suncus murinus within 2
      min. Adaptation was observed when the motion stimulus was repeated with an
      interval of 2 to 3 days. During the repetitive motion training, both the ratio of
      sensitive animals and the number of vomiting episodes decreased, and the time
      from the start of shaking to the first vomiting was extended. Subcutaneous
      injection of scopolamine (100 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (8 mg/kg), promethazine (50
      mg/kg), diphenhydramine (20 mg/kg), chlorphenylamine (20 mg/kg) and
      methamphetamine (2 mg/kg) decreased the emetic effect of motion sickness, but
      pyrilamine (20 mg/kg), meclizine (20 mg/kg) and dimenhydrinate (32 mg/kg) were
      not effective or very weak. These results indicate that the Suncus murinus is
      sensitive to the motion stimulus and antiemetic drugs are effective as
      prophylaxis. The Suncus murinus is useful as a new experimental animal model for
      motion sickness.

PMID- 2899828
TI  - High affinity binding of [125I-Tyr11]somatostatin-14 to human small cell lung
      carcinoma (NCI-H69).
AB  - The in vitro binding of [125I-Tyr11]somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) to membranes
      prepared from cultured human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells (NCI-H69) has
      been characterized. Binding to SCLC was monophasic and of high affinity (Kd =
      0.59 +/- 0.02 nM, n = 3). The estimated Bmax was 173 +/- 2.4 fmol/mg protein.
      Receptors were also present on solid NCI-H69 tumors grown in vivo in the athymic
      nude mouse. However, the concentration was only about 10% of that observed in
      cell culture. Biologically-active SRIF analogues were potent inhibitors of [125I
      Tyr11]SRIF-14 binding, and an analysis of the pharmacological specificity
      indicated that the SCLC receptor was of the peripheral (e.g., non-neural)
      subtype. The presence of SRIF receptors on SCLC membranes may indicate that SRIF
      has a role in regulation of SCLC function.

PMID- 2899829
TI  - Stable analogs of acyl adenylates. Inhibition of acetyl- and acyl-CoA synthetase
      by adenosine 5'-alkylphosphates.
AB  - Adenosine 5'-alkylphosphates are potent inhibitors of acetyl- and acyl-CoA
      synthetase. In each case, the most effective inhibitor in the series is
      homologous with the tightly bound acyl adenylate intermediate. Adenosine 5'
      ethylphosphate (Ki = 33 nM) is 88-fold more potent than adenosine 5'
      methylphosphate (Ki = 2900 nM) as a competitive inhibitor of acetyl-CoA
      synthetase; the contribution of a single carbon to the observed binding energy (
      11 kJ/mol) is much larger than is typically observed.

PMID- 2899830
TI  - Flow dependent changes in the effective surface area of microdialysis probes.
AB  - The relative efficiencies of microdialysis probes were determined both in vitro
      and in vivo using tritiated water. Tritiated water (THO) freely distributes
      throughout the fluid spaces of an experimental animal and, at equilibrium, the
      brain extracellular concentration of THO is the same as the plasma concentration.
      Microdialysis probes were inserted into the right caudoputamen of anesthetized
      rats. The rats were injected with THO and after one hour microdialysis samples
      were collected at flow rates between 0.2 and 10.0 ul/min. The in vitro relative
      efficiency for THO was computed as the ratio of the THO concentration in the
      dialysate to that of the solution the probe was immersed in. The in vivo relative
      efficiency was computed as the ratio of the concentration of THO in the brain
      dialysate to that measured in the plasma of the rat. Both the in vitro and in
      vivo relative efficiencies for THO decrease with increasing flow rates, but they
      differ from each other except at very low flow rates (less than 0.25 ul/min). The
      in vitro relative efficiency at a given probe flow is the maximum efficiency that
      can be attained in vivo at that flow. The surface of effective exchange (Se) is
      the fraction of that maximum which is attained in vivo. This study also
      demonstrates how the effective surface area can be computed at any probe flow
      rate and how it can be used as a correction factor.

PMID- 2899832
TI  - Midgestational exposure of pregnant BALB/c mice to magnetic resonance imaging
      conditions.
AB  - The potential for producing reproductive toxicity or teratogenesis in mice by
      exposure to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conditions was evaluated by means of
      reproduction studies and the homeotic shift test. Embryos from pregnant BALB/c
      mice were exposed in vivo for 16 hours beginning on gestation day 8.75 to MRI
      conditions of modest field strength (static field, 0.35 tesla (T); pulsed
      gradients, 2.3 X 10(-4) T/cm for 2.5 to 10 msec; and radio frequency, 15 MHz at
      an average of 61.2 mW). Unexposed, sham-exposed (both MRI and X-ray) and X
      irradiated (0.5 Gy) animals were the control groups. Neither placental
      resorptions nor stillbirths were increased by MRI. Fetal weight at birth and
      crown-rump length were proportional; however, crown-rump length was significantly
      less (p less than 0.001) in the MRI-exposed fetuses (respective mean values for
      MRI-exposed fetuses were 21.8 +/- 0.2 mm compared to 22.4 +/- 0.1 for sham
      exposed fetuses). Both crown-rump length and fetal weight were significantly
      reduced after X-irradiation. The percentage of homeotic skeletal shifts was
      scored for each of eight anatomic sites. Only X-radiation produced significant
      increases in skeletal shifts. Prolonged midgestational exposure of mice to MRI
      conditions currently used for human clinical imaging, therefore, failed to reveal
      overt embryotoxicity (resorptions, stillbirths) or teratogenicity (homeotic
      shifts), consistent with the non-ionizing properties of MR. However, the slight
      but significant reduction in fetal crown-rump length after prolonged exposure
      justifies further study of higher MRI energy levels and consideration of other
      endpoints for establishing with greater confidence the safety of MRI during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2899831
TI  - Attenuation of growth hormone gene expression in desensitized somatotropes.
AB  - The effects of GRF-induced desensitization of somatotropes on GH gene expression
      were investigated on pituitary cells derived from male rats. Pretreatment of
      monodispersed cells for 18 hr with GRF abolished both the acute release of GH and
      the stimulation of GH gene expression in response to a subsequent 4 hr challenge
      with GRF. Concomitant preincubation with GRF and SS resulted in restoration of
      the ability of GRF to stimulate release of GH but not to augment GH gene
      expression. These results demonstrate that desensitization by GRF affects both
      the release of GH and GH gene expression, whereas the resensitizing effects of SS
      appear to be directed exclusively at the release mechanism.

PMID- 2899833
TI  - Serum amyloid A (SAA) gene variations in familial Mediterranean fever.
AB  - Novel structural changes in members of the serum amyloid A (SAA) gene family have
      been found in four patients of varied ethnic backgrounds with familial
      Mediterranean fever. Since the genes for these small acute phase proteins are
      generally well conserved, these observations suggest that alterations of serum
      amyloid A genes, their protein products and/or their regulation may be
      responsible for familial Mediterranean fever.

PMID- 2899834
TI  - The "Irukandji syndrome" and acute pulmonary oedema.

PMID- 2899835
TI  - Nizatidine (AXID).

PMID- 2899836
TI  - Purification and properties of the Drosophila zen protein.
AB  - The zen protein is encoded by the zerknullt gene required for normal early
      development in Drosophila. Like many regulatory proteins of this type, zen
      contains a 60 amino acid homeobox sequence. We have purified the zen protein and
      studied its solution behavior and its interaction with DNA. The zen protein
      exists as a monomer in solution with a molecular weight of about 40,000. It binds
      specifically to a site about 900 bases upstream from the zen gene. Within this
      binding site DNase protection experiments indicate that binding is confined to
      two regions approximately 11 and 14 bases in length that are separated by about
      30 base pairs. The protein concentration dependence of the binding curve suggests
      that protein binding is non cooperative.

PMID- 2899838
TI  - Molecular analysis of membrane gamma 2b heavy chain expression.
AB  - In order to study T cell regulation of B cell isotype differentiation we have
      developed a model system consisting of clonal populations of T and B cells. Using
      this system we have shown that the murine B cell lymphoma, 70Z/3, can be induced
      to express membrane IgG2b by exposure to a T cell hybridoma derived from the
      Peyer's patch (termed HAJ-3). The membrane bound IgG2b (mIgG2b) expression is
      associated with induction of gamma 2b-mRNA, but switch region rearrangement and C
      mu deletion does not occur. While LPS-stimulated 70Z/3 B cells also express
      considerable amounts of gamma 2b-mRNA they do not express detectable mIgG2b,
      indicating that T cell influence is necessary for the production of translatable
      gamma 2b-specific mRNA. Both the LPS and T cell induced gamma 2b mRNA transcripts
      lack VH sequences, implying that the surface IgG2b detected lacks a variable
      region. These findings lend support to a two step model of B cell isotype
      switching and provide evidence that T cells can regulate early events involved in
      B cell isotype differentiation.

PMID- 2899837
TI  - Structure and evolution of somatostatin genes.
AB  - A bovine pancreatic preprosomatostatin cDNA clone has been isolated and
      sequenced. Although it encodes a predicted 116 amino acid preprosomatostatin that
      is very similar in primary structure to those deduced from other mammalian
      preprosomatostatin cDNAs, there are some differences in amino acid composition.
      Hybridization of this clone to Northern blots of fetal bovine pancreatic poly(A+)
      RNA reveals a mRNA of 700 nucleotides. Evolution of the preprosomatostatin genes
      was studied by statistical analysis of anglerfish, catfish, bovine, rat, and
      human cDNA sequences. The results suggest that the two somatostatin genes present
      in both anglerfish and catfish were the result of a gene duplication event in a
      common ancestor of anglerfish and catfish.

PMID- 2899839
TI  - HLA-DR and DQ DNA polymorphisms in subjects of Asian Indian and white Caucasian
      origin.
AB  - There is a close correspondence between serologically defined DR types and DR
      beta chain restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). There is also an
      association between DR types and DQ alpha and DQ beta RFLPs because of linkage
      disequilibrium. We present the results of an analysis of DR beta, DQ alpha and DQ
      beta RFLPs in Asian Indians and white Caucasian subjects. DR beta RFLPs were
      similar in the two groups. Clearly distinguishable DR beta patterns were observed
      for DR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and w10. The DR beta patterns associated with DR3 were,
      however, also found with w6. The DR7 DR beta patterns were also found with w9.
      For DR specificities 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and w10, the associated DQ alpha and DQ beta
      RFLPs were similar in both racial groups, but for DR2, however, marked
      differences were found. The DR2-positive white Caucasian subjects all possessed a
      single DQ alpha/DQ beta combination whereas the DQ alpha/DQ beta patterns in DR2
      positive Asian Indians showed considerable heterogeneity. The pattern seen in
      white subjects was present in only a minority of Asians. DR-DQ relationships
      clearly vary in different racial groups. RFLP analysis of HLA-linked diseases in
      different populations should prove to be an important technique in identifying
      the primary genetic factor(s) in these disorders.

PMID- 2899841
TI  - Localization and seizure-induced alterations of opioid peptides and CCK in the
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2899840
TI  - The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - We studied the effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction in 2466 patients
      with previous infarction from 38 hospitals in the United States and Canada. The
      patients were randomly assigned to receive diltiazem (240 mg per day, n = 1234)
      or placebo (n = 1232) and followed for 12 to 52 months (mean, 25). Total
      mortality rates were nearly identical among the two treatment groups (167 and
      166, respectively), as were cumulative mortality rates. There were 11 percent
      fewer first recurrent cardiac events (death from cardiac causes or nonfatal
      reinfarction) in the diltiazem group than in the placebo group (202 vs. 226; Cox
      hazard ratio, 0.90; 95 percent confidence limits, 0.74 and 1.08). A significant
      (P = 0.0042) bidirectional interaction between diltiazem and pulmonary congestion
      was observed on x-ray examination. In 1909 patients without pulmonary congestion,
      diltiazem was associated with a reduced number of cardiac events (hazard ratio,
      0.77; 95 percent confidence limits, 0.61 and 0.98); in 490 patients with
      pulmonary congestion, diltiazem was associated with an increased number of
      cardiac events (hazard ratio, 1.41; 95 percent confidence limits, 1.01 and 1.96).
      A similar pattern was observed with respect to the ejection fraction, which was
      dichotomized at 0.40. Thus, diltiazem exerted no overall effect on mortality or
      cardiac events in this population of patients with previous infarction. This
      neutral effect reflected a diltiazem-related reduction in cardiac events in the
      majority of patients without left ventricular dysfunction and an increase in such
      events in the minority of patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2899842
TI  - Seizure-induced alterations in the metabolism of hippocampal opioid peptides
      suggest opioid modulation of seizure-related behaviors.
AB  - The evidence accumulated so far indicates that seizure activity exerts profound
      changes on the metabolism of opioid peptides in the hippocampus. Our data
      consistently show a large transient decrease in dynorphin and a modest decrease
      in enkephalin in the hippocampus following either a single ECS or KA injection.
      These initial reductions, which are indicative of increased release, may trigger
      the biosynthetic process of hippocampal opioids and result in an overproduction
      of the peptides seen in the rebound phase. However, the amount and timing of the
      rebound in enkephalin and dynorphin levels in response to repeated ECS,
      amygdaloid kindling, or KA differ drastically: a rapid and sustained increase in
      ME-LI follows all three treatments, in contrast to a slow recovery after a large
      and sustained decrease in DN-LI induced by repeated ECS and amygdaloid kindling.
      These results, which are unique to the hippocampus, suggest that differential
      mechanisms are operative in regulating the metabolism of these two opioid
      peptides in the hippocampus. It is likely that a well-coordinated regulation of
      hippocampal function can be achieved through the differential release of
      enkephalin and dynorphin and their subsequent interactions at different subtypes
      of opioid receptors following seizure activities. From a functional point of
      view, our data provide a neurochemical correlate of previous reports that brain
      opioid peptides may mediate ECS-induced behavioral alterations, such as changes
      in seizure threshold, postictal depression, and retrograde amnesia. The robust
      changes in the levels of opioid peptides in kindled rats, plus shortening of the
      kindling process by pretreatment with mu opioid antagonists, strongly suggest the
      involvement of brain opioid peptides in the development of kindling. Finally,
      these studies show clear evidence that enkephalin in the hippocampus is important
      in KA-induced WDS, a component of the opiate withdrawal syndrome in rodents
      (Isaacson and Lanthorn 1981). Further studies should help distinguish the
      regulatory mechanisms responsible for changes in opioid peptide metabolism during
      states of hyperexcitability in the hippocampal formation.

PMID- 2899843
TI  - Opioid receptor mechanisms in the rat hippocampus.

PMID- 2899845
TI  - [Depression in Parkinson disease].

PMID- 2899844
TI  - Mapping of mutation causing Friedreich's ataxia to human chromosome 9.
AB  - Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive disease with progressive
      degeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system. The biochemical
      abnormality underlying the disorder has not been identified. Prompted by the
      success in localizing the mutations causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy,
      Huntington's disease and cystic fibrosis, we have undertaken molecular genetic
      linkage studies to determine the chromosomal site of the Friedreich's ataxia
      mutation as an initial step towards the isolation and characterization of the
      defective gene. We report the assignment of the gene mutation for this disorder
      to chromosome 9p22-CEN by genetic linkage to an anonymous DNA marker MCT112 and
      the interferon-beta gene probe. In contrast to the clinical variation seen for
      the disorder, no evidence of genetic heterogeneity is observed.

PMID- 2899846
TI  - [Benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system of mammals].
AB  - The review describes benzodiazepine receptor in CNS of mammalians. There are two
      types of benzodiazepine receptors--"central" and "peripheral" with different
      pharmacological properties. Besides, it is possible to consider that "central"
      benzodiazepine receptors are not homogeneous, and are presented by two
      populations which fulfil different physiological role.

PMID- 2899847
TI  - Age-related changes in growth hormone releasing factor and somatostatin in the
      rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Distribution and staining intensities of growth hormone releasing factor (GR
      (GRF) and somatostatin (SRIF) were examined in young (3 months of age) and old
      (24 months of age) male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain, using the PAP
      immunocytochemical procedure. Some animals of each age group were
      intraventricularly injected with colchicine to demonstrate immunoreactive
      neuronal perikarya. GRF-immunoreactive intensities of old rats were markedly
      reduced in the median eminence as compared with those of young rats. No
      remarkable difference could be detected between SRIF immunoreactivities in the
      young and old animals, since intensive SRIF immunoreactivities were found in the
      external layer of the median eminence of both groups of animals. Between two age
      groups injected with colchicine, we also found no difference in the distribution
      and staining intensities of immunoreactive perikarya of GRF and SRIF in the
      hypothalamus and also detected no significant difference in total neuron numbers
      of each peptide. These findings suggest that the synthesis and/or release of GRF
      in GRF-containing neurons are decreased, though GRF-containing neurons themselves
      remain alive and have the capacity to synthesize GRF.

PMID- 2899848
TI  - Relationship of alpha-1- and alpha-2-adrenergic-binding sites to regions of the
      paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus containing corticotropin-releasing
      factor and vasopressin neurons.
AB  - To investigate catecholamine regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and
      vasopressin (VP) release, the relationship of alpha-adrenergic receptor-binding
      sites to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and VP-containing cell populations
      within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was studied.
      Immunohistochemistry for CRF and neurophysin-vasopressin (NP-VP) was combined
      with receptor autoradiography. The adrenergic antagonist [3H]-prazosin was used
      to visualize alpha-1-binding sites and the agonist [3H]-p-aminoclonidine to
      visualize alpha-2-binding sites. To determine if changes in adrenergic binding
      accompanied experimentally induced increased activity of CRF- and VP-containing
      neurons, adrenalectomy was used as a stimulus for CRF release and dehydration as
      a stimulus for VP release. Quantitative assessment of autoradiograms revealed a
      greater density of alpha-1- and alpha-2-binding sites over the medial,
      parvocellular, CRF-containing region of PVN as compared to the lateral,
      magnocellular, NP-VP-containing region of the nucleus in all animal groups.
      Following 10 days of dehydration, the density of alpha-1- and alpha-2-binding
      sites associated with the CRF- and NP-VP-containing regions of PVN decreased. At
      14 days postadrenalectomy the density of alpha-2-binding sites associated with
      CRF- and NP-VP-containing regions of the nucleus decreased, but the density of
      alpha-1-binding sites was unchanged. Results of this study support the hypothesis
      that epinephrine and/or norepinephrine regulate the release of ACTH and
      vasopressin via alpha-1- and alpha-2-adrenergic receptors associated with CRF-
      and VP-containing somata within the PVN.

PMID- 2899849
TI  - Somatostatin-28 effects on central nervous system regulation of vasopressin
      secretion and blood pressure.
AB  - Somatostatin-28 (SS-28) acted within the central nervous system (CNS) to produce
      a dose-dependent elevation of mean arterial pressure (MAP), a reduction of heart
      rate (HR), and an elevation of the plasma concentration of vasopressin. SS-28
      given intravenously did not affect MAP or HR. Furthermore, these changes of
      cardiovascular functions were not prevented by systemic passive immunization
      against SS-28, thus supporting a CNS site of action. Microinjections of SS-28, in
      amounts ineffective when given into the lateral cerebroventricle or other brain
      parenchymal areas, into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produced
      significant elevations of MAP. Neither ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine
      nor treatment with the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, phentolamine,
      prevented SS-28-induced changes of cardiovascular function; however, treatment of
      animals with the vasopressin antagonist [1-deaminopenicillamine, 2-(0-methyl)Tyr]
      vasopressin completely prevented SS-28-induced elevation of MAP and slowing of
      HR. These results suggest that SS-28 acts within the CNS to increase MAP and
      decrease HR by stimulating pituitary vasopressin secretion.

PMID- 2899850
TI  - Superior protective effects of phenytoin against hypoxia in a pharmacological
      screening test.
AB  - The selection of drugs to prevent the development of pathology in cerebral
      infarction remains an important problem. For the selection of effective drugs
      from among a large number of possible candidates, widely-used test screening
      techniques are sufficient for obtaining a good understanding of candidate drug
      effects. The effects of various drugs on the survival time of mice made hypoxic
      by exposure to a 4% O2-96% N2 gas have been examined. The survival time of 110
      control animals was 170 +/- 6 s, showing a nearly normal distribution pattern. No
      control mouse had a survival time beyond 8 min. The survival time after the drugs
      were administered was as follows: suloctidil (12.5 mg/kg, n = 11), 1833 +/- 487
      s; vitamin E (200 mg/kg, n = 15), 1160 +/- 342 s; pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, n =
      12), 602 +/- 74 s; and phenytoin (100 mg/kg, n = 10), 2667 +/- 452 s. In
      contrast, administration of vitamin C, coenzyme Q, cytochrome c, beta-methasone,
      mannitol or germanium-132 did not result in prolongation of survival time.
      Comparison of the percentage of animals in each group which survived for more
      than 1 h showed 0% in the control group, 45.5% in the suloctidil group (12.5
      mg/kg), 23.5% in the vitamin E group (200 mg/kg), 0% in the pentobarbital group
      (50 mg/kg) and 70% in the phenytoin group (100 mg/kg). These findings suggest
      that phenytoin is the most effective drug in combatting the effects of hypoxia
      (survival time was expressed as mean +/- SE).

PMID- 2899851
TI  - Freeze-fracture cytochemistry of cholesterol content in neuronal plasma membrane
      following cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - Minor changes on the neuronal perikaryon cytoplasm and large alterations in
      neuronal processes have been demonstrated with transmission electron microscopy
      after 60 minutes of focal and selective cerebral ischaemia. The distribution of
      cholesterol in neuronal plasma membrane and perikarya plasmalemma of normal and
      ischaemic caudate nucleus was investigated with the polyene antibiotic filipin, a
      morphological probe for membrane cholesterol domains in freeze-fracture replicas.
      After filipin incubation of prefixed vibratome slices, filipin-cholesterol
      complexes appeared as 20-30 proturberances and pits on P- and E-faces. Distinct
      patterns of filipin-cholesterol complexes were found in non-ischaemic and
      ischaemic neuronal membrane. The filipin-treated specimens showed a 35-40% drop
      in cholesterol content in the neuronal plasmalemma one hour after cerebral
      ischaemia.

PMID- 2899852
TI  - Regional differences in inhibition and recovery of protein synthesis after
      transient hindbrain ischaemia of gerbils.
AB  - Regional protein synthesis was estimated autoradiographically in a model of
      transient hindbrain ischaemia of gerbils. In studies of 5 min ischaemia followed
      by 5 min recirculation, incorporation of [14C]valine into the TCA-insoluble
      protein fraction was not affected. In studies of 15 min ischaemia followed by 5
      min recirculation, incorporation of the tracer into the protein fraction was
      severely depressed in the ischaemic lesion of the brain stem and cerebellum.
      However, the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex had partially preserved
      protein synthesis. When recirculation time was extended to 2 h after 30 min
      ischaemia, protein synthesis of the cerebellar cortex almost recovered to the
      full level of the control. However, in the pontine grey matter, inferior
      colliculus and vestibular nucleus, a significant reduction in protein synthesis
      persisted. These results indicate that protein synthesis in the pontine grey
      matter, inferior colliculus and vestibular nucleus are selectively inhibited by
      ischaemia. Further its recovery after recirculation is slow. The cerebellar
      cortex is less vulnerable to ischaemia, and recovery is relatively fast. The
      regional heterogeneity of protein synthesis is neither due to the degree of
      ischaemia in this model nor the extent of postischaemic hypoperfusion. Factors
      that influence protein synthesis in this ischaemic model are discussed.

PMID- 2899853
TI  - Revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease.
AB  - Moyamoya disease is a disease characterized by chronic occlusion of the circle of
      Willis with subsequent development of fine vascular networks in the ganglionic
      region, which is common in Japanese people. The term of 'moyamoya' means puff of
      smoke in the Japanese language and represents the characteristic angiographic
      findings of subsequent development of fine vascular networks in the ganglionic
      region. Although reconstructive surgery for moyamoya disease has been widely
      accepted nowadays, there is still no definite consensus as to a surgical
      indication for patients with an haemorrhagic attack and as to the selection of an
      operative method for each individual patient. This paper presents our overall
      surgical results and introduces a new operation, devised by Y. Nakagawa (i.e.
      EMAS). It refers also to surgical intervention for patients with haemorrhagic
      attacks.

PMID- 2899854
TI  - Neuroradiological study of human brain in the fetal period.
AB  - Craniocerebral CT scans were performed on 50 subjects including embryos, fetuses
      and newborns. Fetuses were divided into three stages based upon CT findings. The
      first stage ranged from the 8th gestational week to the 12th week, and the second
      stage from the 13th to 23rd week. Beyond 24 gestational weeks, fetuses were
      classified as the third stage. In the first stage, it is difficult to recognize
      the intracranial structure on CT scans. In the second stage, the intracranial
      structures on CT scans become clearer. Around the lateral ventricle a symmetrical
      high-density area appears, which corresponds to the germinal matrix. However, at
      the third stage, the high-density area disappears. The morphological changes of
      the ventricular system with growth are ascribed to a remarkable development of
      the cerebral parenchyma.

PMID- 2899855
TI  - Subarachnoid haemorrhage produces differential effects on transmitter kinetics at
      cerebral periarterial noradrenergic terminals.
AB  - The functional states of cerebral perivascular noradrenergic terminals were
      investigated following experimental 'closed-space' subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)
      in cat. The left middle cerebral artery (L-MCA) was compared to the ruptured
      right (R-MCA) one. Permeability kinetics of 3H-NA (noradrenaline) were measured
      simultaneously in isolated segments of paired R- and L-MCAs, testing responses to
      electrical field stimulation and the presence of the alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, phentolamine, at different concentrations and times post-SAH.
      Fractional 3H-NA efflux from ruptured R-MCAs was reduced to undetectable levels
      at 18 h to at least 3 d post-SAH. Response to electrical stimulation partially
      recovered at 10 d and approached the controls by 16 to 30 d. In the L-MCAs, 3H-NA
      efflux was decreased up to 90% at 18 h, but recovered to control level by 3 d,
      unless it too became involved by encroachment of blood from the SAH side. The
      fractional 3H-NA efflux in the controls was typically augmented by phentolamine,
      reaching a peak at 0.3 microM of the drug. This overflow response was completely
      lost between 0.03 and 3.0 microM phentolamine in the R-MCAs for at least 30 d
      post-SAH, whereas uninvolved L-MCAs regained drug-induced overflow at 10 to 16 d
      post-SAH. Uptake of 3H-NA after SAH was also decreased 30 to 50% for both MCAs at
      18 h and 3 d post-SAH. Control 3H-NA uptake was regained by 10 d post-SAH in the
      L-MCA but not until 16 d in the R-MCA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899856
TI  - Haemodynamic evaluation of the cerebral circulation by periorbital Doppler
      examination and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement in carotid artery disease.
AB  - To assess the haemodynamic significance of an internal carotid artery (ICA)
      stenosis, angiography or direct ultrasound examination should be supplemented by
      indirect physiologic testing of the collateral circulation. Among the tests
      proposed, we used the periorbital flow direction, assessed by Doppler technique,
      and cerebral blood flow reactivity to vasodilation, by i.v. xenon-133 technique,
      in 35 patients before carotid endarterectomy. The results were related to the
      actual perfusion pressures, measured during surgery in the distal ICA. All 15
      patients with normal orthograde periorbital flow had normal cerebral blood flow
      (CBF) vasoreactivity and no, or only minor, reduction in ICA perfusion pressure.
      Of the 20 patients with inverted flow, 12 had normal and 8 had abnormal CBF
      reactivity. These 8 patients proved to have significantly lower cerebral
      perfusion pressures, as compared with the remaining 12 patients with inverted
      periorbital flow (p less than 0.001), who in turn had lower perfusion pressures
      than the 15 patients with orthograde flow (p less than 0.005). Based on these
      results, we suggest periorbital Doppler examination as a haemodynamic adjunct to
      direct ICA visualization. A normal orthograde flow will most certainly rule out
      any severe pressure reduction. By measuring CBF at rest and following
      vasodilation in cases with inverted flow, most patients with severe reduction in
      cerebral perfusion pressure may be identified.

PMID- 2899857
TI  - Middle cerebral artery occlusion in presence of low perfusion pressure increases
      infarct size in rats.
AB  - A model was set up in order to evaluate the importance of hemispheric perfusion
      pressure when the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is occluded in anaesthetized rats.
      In 6 animals the internal carotid artery (ICA) was occluded prior to ipsilateral
      MCA occlusion; in 17 animals the MCA only was occluded; 6 animals underwent the
      same preparation, but the vessels were left unoccluded. Four days after surgery
      the infarct volume was measured with a computerized image analyser. The infarcted
      areas were significantly larger in the ICA + MCA occluded group compared with the
      MCA occluded group (p less than 0.005), which in turn had larger infarcts than
      the sham-operated animals (p less than 0.001). These results indicate that
      patients with hypoperfusion, due to severe ICA stenosis and impaired collateral
      blood supply, are at higher risk of developing major stroke, when embolism into a
      cerebral artery occurs, as compared to patients with no, or only minor, reduction
      in hemispheric perfusion pressure.

PMID- 2899859
TI  - GABAergic innervation of somatostatin-containing neurosecretory cells of the
      anterior periventricular hypothalamic area: a light and electron microscopy
      double immunolabelling study.
AB  - Double immunolabelling on semithin sections revealed glutamate decarboxylase
      immunopositive dots surrounding somatostatin-containing cell sections in the rat
      periventricular hypothalamic area. Up to 12 appositions were observed per cell
      section with an average number of 2-3 and a unimodal distribution. At the
      electron microscopical level pre-embedding staining of glutamate decarboxylase
      showed that most immunoreactive elements consisted of immunolabelled axonal
      endings. Most of these glutamate decarboxylase immunopositive boutons were found
      within the neuropil where they frequently made synapses on unidentified
      dendrites. Some of them were apposed to somatostatin-containing cell bodies that
      were identified according to the presence of immunolabelled granules using
      combined immunogold post-embedding staining. In many instances glutamate
      decarboxylase immunoreactive endings were also found to be involved in synaptic
      contact with somatostatin-labelled perikarya, or neuronal processes. These
      contacts provide the morphological basis for a direct GABAergic control of the
      somatostatin-containing cells regulating the secretion of growth hormone.

PMID- 2899858
TI  - Near-infrared monitoring of cerebral oxygen sufficiency. I. Spectra of cytochrome
      c oxidase.
AB  - Near-infrared (NIR) difference spectra were obtained for oxidized cytochrome c
      oxidase of isolated mitochondria in vitro and of cerebral tissue in situ observed
      through scalp and skull. The broad peaks of maximal absorption observed in both
      were not inconsistent with the customary assignment of an 830 nm peak. However,
      the ratios of the intensity of the NIR band to that of the visible peak (605 nm),
      which we found to be identical for in-vitro and in-situ spectra, were
      consistently and significantly higher than those of the various purified enzyme
      preparations reported in the literature. In addition the half-band widths of our
      in-vitro and in-situ preparations were narrower. Haemoglobin spectra in the NIR
      obtained in clear and in highly light-scattering media showed almost total
      absence of band distortion in this spectral region, suggesting that the
      differences observed are not due to scattering effects. Anoxia and the specific
      oxidase inhibitors, cyanide and carbon monoxide, caused the expected
      disappearance of the band in both the mitochondria in vitro and the cerebrum in
      situ. The 830 nm band observed in intact, well-oxygenated animal preparations was
      therefore identified with the NIR absorption band of oxidized cytochrome c
      oxidase, notwithstanding the differences with the observations on purified
      preparations. This points to the possibility of developing instrumentation and
      techniques for the non-invasive monitoring of the redox state of cytochrome c
      oxidase as an index to cerebral oxygen sufficiency, i.e. adequate delivery and
      utilization of oxygen to and by brain tissue.

PMID- 2899861
TI  - Multiple sulfatase deficiency.
AB  - Multiple sulfatase deficiency is an inherited disorder characterized by a
      deficiency of several sulfatases and the accumulation of sulfatides,
      glycosaminoglycans, sphingolipids, and steroid sulfates in tissues and body
      fluids. The clinical manifestations represent the summation of two diseases: late
      infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy and mucopolysaccharidosis. We present a 9
      year-old girl with a phenotype similar to a mucopolysaccharidosis: short stature,
      microcephaly, and mild facial dysmorphism, along with dysphagia, retinal
      degeneration, developmental arrest, and ataxia. We discuss the importance of
      measuring the sulfatase activities in the leukocytes, and the instability of
      sulfatases in the cultured skin fibroblasts.

PMID- 2899860
TI  - Adrenal secretion of catecholamines evoked by chemical stimulation of trigeminal
      nucleus caudalis in the cat.
AB  - Microinjections of the neuroexcitatory substance L-glutamate, were made directly
      into various laminae of trigeminal nucleus caudalis to examine the influence of
      medullary dorsal horn neurons on the adrenal secretion of catecholamines in the
      anesthetized cat. Microinjections into the marginal layers (lamina I-II) or into
      the deep magnocellular portion (lamina V-VI) of nucleus caudalis ipsilateral to
      the adrenal vein sample evoked a prompt increase in the secretion of epinephrine
      and a smaller, yet consistent, increase in the secretion of norepinephrine.
      Injections into the magnocellular layers (lamina III-IV) had no significant
      effect on secretion of catecholamines. Injections into nucleus caudalis,
      contralateral to the adrenal vein sample, had no consistent effect on secretion
      suggesting that the central pathway from nucleus caudalis to the spinal cord for
      control of adrenal secretion of catecholamines is mainly ipsilateral. Changes in
      the adrenal secretion of epinephrine were not correlated with changes in adrenal
      venous blood flow, in arterial pressure or in heart rate. Arterial pressure was
      transiently increased by L-glutamate injections into the marginal layers, whereas
      injections into other laminae had no consistent effect. Heart rate increased
      regardless of the laminar site injection. The results indicate that local
      excitation of nucleus caudalis, in laminae that contain the majority of
      nociceptive neurons, evokes a consistent increase in the adrenal secretion of
      catecholamines, whereas excitation of neurons in laminae that mainly process non
      noxious sensory input has no significant effect. It is concluded that secondary
      trigeminal neurons that contribute to the autonomic responses to noxious
      trigeminal stimuli have a similar distribution within nucleus caudalis as those
      that underlie the sensory-discriminative aspects of nociceptive.

PMID- 2899862
TI  - Spontaneous proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased in patients
      with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.
AB  - We found unstimulated (spontaneous) peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL)
      proliferation significantly increased in 14 patients with human T-lymphotropic
      virus (HTLV)-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) compared with findings in HTLV-I
      seropositive non-HAM carriers (N = 8) or HTLV-I seronegative controls (N = 16).
      The proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed
      mitogen was decreased in the HAM patients. Cell clusters were frequent in
      cultures of unstimulated PBL from the HAM patients, but much less common in the
      controls or carriers. This spontaneous PBL proliferation was depressed when
      adherent-cell populations were depleted from the cultures. IL-2 activity
      increased in the supernatant of 3-day cultured cells from HAM patients, but not
      in cultured cells from the controls. Since IL-2 receptor positive cells increased
      in HAM, this spontaneous PBL proliferation is probably a response to IL-2 through
      the expression of IL-2 receptors.

PMID- 2899864
TI  - Effects of the NMDA antagonist 2AP5 on complex spike discharge by hippocampal
      pyramidal cells.
AB  - The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate
      (2AP5) was administered intraventricularly to determine its effect on the complex
      spike firing pattern of spontaneously active hippocampal pyramidal cells recorded
      in urethane anaesthetized rats. Following 2AP5 delivery, complex spike firing
      decreased by a mean 36%, while only a 5% decrease was observed after saline
      injection. This effect could not be explained by changes in firing rate per se
      but appeared to be related to the degree of blockade of commissurally induced
      long-term potentiation. Thus 2AP5 not only disrupts synaptic plasticity in the
      hippocampus but can also alter the pattern of ongoing activity of the pyramidal
      cells.

PMID- 2899863
TI  - Use of the selective benzodiazepine-1 (BZ-1) ligand [3H]2-oxo-quazepam (SCH 15
      725) to localize BZ-1 receptors in the rat brain.
AB  - Receptor autoradiographic techniques have been used to localize benzodiazepine-1
      (BZ-1) receptor sites by employing a tritiated form of 2-oxo-quazepam (SCH 15
      725), a metabolite of the benzodiazepine quazepam (SCH 16-134). Labeling of the
      receptors was quantitatively determined to be most abundant in areas of the rat
      brain known through previous autoradiographic studies to bind preferentially with
      BZ-1 selective ligands. These areas include lamina IV of the parietal cortex,
      substantia innominata, anterior amygdaloid nucleus, substantia nigra, zona
      incerta, and molecular layer of the cerebellum. Autoradiographic localization of
      binding sites for [3H]2-oxo-quazepam provides additional support for the
      hypothesis that this compound identifies the BZ-1 receptor subtype and
      demonstrates the utility of this ligand for quantitation of the distribution and
      density of these sites.

PMID- 2899865
TI  - [Meetings for reflexion of the Organizacion Colegial de Enfermeria.
      Restructuring].

PMID- 2899866
TI  - T cell depletion of bone marrow for clinical marrow allografting: optimalization
      of conditions for depletion by anti-CD2 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies with
      rabbit complement, and for detection of residual T cell content.
AB  - Normal bone marrow obtained at harvest for bone marrow transplantation was passed
      over a Ficoll density gradient to obtain the mononuclear cell fraction. These
      cells were incubated with anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies (MAb) anti-HuLym-1
      and anti-HuLym-8 plus rabbit complement, washed, and the degree of T cell
      depletion was assessed by culture in phytohemagglutinin, by flow cytometry and by
      limiting dilution analysis. The optimal protocol for T cell depletion was found
      to be a 2-stage incubation with 2 cycles of complement treatment, using a bone
      marrow cell concentration as low as possible. The precise conditions of
      complement dilution and incubation temperature depended on the batch of
      complement used, and had to be assessed for each batch. Of the 3 methods used for
      assessing T cell contamination, culture in PHA was found to be inappropriate due
      to large variation in background proliferation of treated and untreated bone
      marrow cells. Flow cytometry was accurate for residual T cell content of greater
      than 1% (corresponding to a 90-95% depletion of T cells) but could not detect
      lower levels of T cell contamination. The limit dilution assay was found to be by
      far the most sensitive, being capable of detecting a T cell contamination of 1 in
      10,000 cells. When combined with flow cytometry on untreated marrow for
      calculation of the cloning efficiency, it gave very accurate determinations of
      residual T cell content of marrow.

PMID- 2899867
TI  - Retroviruses: new viral infections in man.

PMID- 2899868
TI  - Both presynaptic nicotinic-like and muscarinic-like autoreceptors regulate
      acetylcholine release at an identified neuro-neuronal synapse of Aplysia.
AB  - The possible involvement of cholinergic presynaptic receptors regulating evoked
      quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release was investigated at an identified cholinergic
      neuro-neuronal synapse in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia, using cholinergic
      agonists (carbachol, pilocarpine, oxotremorine) and/or antagonists (curare,
      atropine, hexamethonium). Bath applied carbachol or pilocarpine (10(-8) M to 10(
      4) M) induced a decrease in the evoked quantal release of ACh. As the effects of
      carbachol were prevented by atropine (5.10(-6) M) and not by curare (10(-5) M),
      it was concluded that carbachol activated presynaptic muscarinic-like receptors
      implicated in a negative feed-back on ACh release. On the contrary, oxotremorine
      (up to 10(-4) M) induced a potentiation of ACh release which was suppressed by
      curare (4.10(-6) M) or hexamethonium (10(-5) M) but not by atropine (5.10(-6) M)
      pointing to the activation of presynaptic nicotinic-like receptors implicated in
      a positive feed-back on ACh release. Moreover, in the presence of curare,
      oxotremorine decreased ACh release: this suggested that oxotremorine also
      activated the presynaptic muscarinic-like receptors. These results revealed the
      conjoint presence, on the same terminal, of both muscarinic-like and nicotinic
      like autoreceptors.

PMID- 2899869
TI  - Effects of serotonin on electrical properties of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - The present study has been performed to test for the influence of serotonin on
      the potential difference across the cell membrane (PD) of Madin-Darby canine
      kidney (MDCK)-cells. Under control conditions PD averages -48.6 +/- 0.6 mV (n =
      98). Increasing extracellular potassium concentration from 5.4 to 10 and 20
      mmol/l depolarizes the cell membrane by +6.3 +/- 0.6 mV (n = 6) and +14.1 +/- 1.0
      mV (n = 12), respectively. The cell membrane is transiently hyperpolarized to 
      67.8 +/- 0.8 mV (n = 63) by 1 mumol/l serotonin. In the presence of serotonin,
      increasing extracellular potassium concentration from 5.4 to 20 mmol/l
      depolarizes the cell membrane by +26.4 +/- 1.0 mV (n = 11). 1 mmol/l barium
      depolarizes the cell membrane by +15.7 +/- 1.3 mV (n = 17) and abolishes the
      effect of step increases of extracellular potassium concentration from 5.4 to 10
      mmol/l. In the presence of barium, serotonin leads to a transient
      hyperpolarization by -26.3 +/- 1.0 mV (n = 16). During this transient
      hyperpolarization, the cell membrane is sensitive to extracellular potassium
      concentration despite the continued presence of barium. 10 mumol/l methysergide
      hyperpolarize the cell membrane by -7.2 +/- 2.0 mV (n = 6). In the presence of 10
      mumol/l methysergide, the effect of serotonin is virtually abolished (+0.4 +/-
      0.9 mV, n = 6). 1 mumol/l ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor blocking agent, ICS 205
      930, a 5-HT3 receptor blocking agent, and phentolamine, an unspecific alpha
      receptor blocking agent, do not significantly modify the effect of serotonin. In
      the nominal absence of extracellular calcium, the effect of serotonin is markedly
      reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899871
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding yeast ribosomal protein
      YS25.

PMID- 2899872
TI  - Sequence of the gene encoding the mitochondrial F1-ATPase alpha subunit from
      Nicotiana plumbaginifolia.

PMID- 2899870
TI  - A novel human cytochrome P450 gene (P450IIB): chromosomal localization and
      evidence for alternative splicing.
AB  - We have isolated from a single human liver cDNA library two clones which are
      highly homologous (78% over the coding region) to the major phenobarbital
      inducible P450 from rat (P450IIB1). This is the first direct demonstration of the
      presence of the P450IIB gene subfamily in humans. This subfamily is much less
      extensive than the rodent homologues, but does appear to contain at least two
      genes. Of the cDNA clones isolated one is apparently normally spliced, whereas
      the other lacks exon 8 and retains all or part of intron 5. Both clones contain
      transcribed Alu sequences. The human P450IIB gene has been located to chromosome
      19q12----19q13.2 using a probe derived from intron 5, and is close to the CYP 2A
      locus encoding cytochrome P450IIA2. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      have been found with the enzymes BamHI and MspI which will enable linkage to be
      determined between these two loci.

PMID- 2899873
TI  - RFLPs revealed by cosmid 131 [HGM9 no. D17S78].

PMID- 2899874
TI  - Cosmid 128 defines three RFLPs on chromosome 17q23-qter. [HGM9 no. D17S77].

PMID- 2899875
TI  - A PstI RFLP for the human retinoic acid receptor in 17q21.

PMID- 2899876
TI  - Two EcoT14I RFLPs at the human renin (REN) gene locus.

PMID- 2899877
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM66) on chromosome 14
      [D14S22].

PMID- 2899879
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCOC12) on chromosome 14
      [D14S20].

PMID- 2899878
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD85.7) on chromosome 15
      [D15S37].

PMID- 2899880
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cMCOE32) on chromosome 2
      [D2S53].

PMID- 2899881
TI  - EcoT14I RFLP found at the human amyloid beta protein gene locus.

PMID- 2899882
TI  - Calf thymus DNA polymerase delta: purification, biochemical and functional
      properties of the enzyme after its separation from DNA polymerase alpha, a DNA
      dependent ATPase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
AB  - We have established a novel procedure to purify calf thymus DNA polymerase delta
      from cytoplasmic extracts. The enzyme has typical properties of DNA polymerase
      delta including a 3' - greater than 5' exonuclease activity and efficiently
      replicates natural occurring genomes such as primed single-stranded M13 DNA and
      single-stranded porcine circovirus DNA, this last one thanks to an associated or
      contaminating primase activity. A processivity of at least a thousand bases was
      evident and this in the apparent absence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
      The enzyme was purified through a procedure that allows the simultaneous
      isolation of DNA polymerase delta, DNA polymerase alpha-primase and a DNA
      dependent ATPase. All these enzymes coeluted from a phosphocellulose column.
      After chromatography on hydroxylapatite DNA polymerase delta separated from the
      coeluting DNA polymerase alpha and DNA dependent ATPase. Separation of the latter
      two was achieved on heparin-Sepharose. DNA polymerase delta was further purified
      by heparin-Sepharose and fast protein liquid chromatography. Purified DNA
      polymerase delta was resistant to the DNA polymerase alpha inhibitors BuPdGTP and
      BuAdATP and did not react with DNA polymerase alpha monoclonal and polyclonal
      antibodies. Based on this isolation protocol we can start to test biochemically
      the hypothesis whether DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase alpha might act
      coordinately at the replication fork as leading and lagging strand replicases,
      respectively.

PMID- 2899883
TI  - Mammalian cyclin/PCNA (DNA polymerase delta auxiliary protein) stimulates
      processive DNA synthesis by yeast DNA polymerase III.
AB  - Human cyclin/PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) is structurally,
      functionally, and immunologically homologous to the calf thymus auxiliary protein
      for DNA polymerase delta. This auxiliary protein has been investigated as a
      stimulatory factor for the nuclear DNA polymerases from S. cerevisiae. Calf
      cyclin/PCNA enhances by more than ten-fold the ability of DNA polymerase III to
      replicate templates with high template/primer ratios, e.g. poly(dA).oligo(dT)
      (40:1). The degree of stimulation increases with the template/primer ratio. At a
      high template/primer ratio, i.e. low primer density, cyclin/PCNA greatly
      increases processive DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase III. At low template/primer
      ratios (e.g. poly(dA).oligo(dT) (2.5:1), where addition of cyclin/PCNA only
      minimally increases the processivity of DNA polymerase III, a several-fold
      stimulation of total DNA synthesis is still observed. This indicates that
      cyclin/PCNA may also increase productive binding of DNA polymerase III to the
      template-primer and stabilize the template-primer-polymerase complex. The
      activity of yeast DNA polymerases I and II is not affected by addition of
      cyclin/PCNA. These results strengthen the hypothesis that yeast DNA polymerase
      III is functionally analogous to the mammalian DNA polymerase delta.

PMID- 2899886
TI  - Mosquito transmission of HIV remains unsupported.

PMID- 2899885
TI  - The phenomenon of analgesic tolerance in cancer pain management.

PMID- 2899884
TI  - The Drosophila engrailed protein is phosphorylated by a serine-specific protein
      kinase.
AB  - The engrailed gene is required during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster
      for normal segmental development and for differentiation of posterior
      compartments. The protein encoded by the engrailed gene contains a homeodomain,
      has sequence specific DNA binding activity, and has been proposed as a
      transcriptional regulator. We show here that the engrailed protein, isolated from
      both cultured cells and embryos, has been modified by a serine-specific protein
      kinase. This is the first report that homeobox proteins are post-translationally
      modified. Phosphorylation of the engrailed protein may directly or allosterically
      modify its function, and offers the possibility that the engrailed protein
      becomes phosphorylated in response to extracellular, mitogenic or positional
      stimuli.

PMID- 2899887
TI  - [Presence of benzodiazepines in the serum of patients after accidents. Relation
      to alcoholism].
AB  - In a study of 2.021 injured persons (accidents at home or at work, road
      accidents), qualitative assays of serum benzodiazepines by the EMIT method were
      positive in 9.6 per cent of the cases, including 3.2 per cent who had blood
      alcohol levels in excess of 0.10 g/l. Benzodiazepines were more frequently found
      in accidents at home and on roads than in accidents at work. These results raise
      the question of the role played by benzodiazepines as a possible risk factor of
      accidents, notably road accidents.

PMID- 2899888
TI  - [Remission of recurrent Cushing's disease with an analog of somatostatin].

PMID- 2899889
TI  - Phosphorylation process induced by epidermal growth factor alters the oncogenic
      and cellular neu (NGL) gene products.
AB  - The rat neu oncogene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein, p185, that possesses
      tyrosine kinase activity. The p185 polypeptide exhibits structural similarity to
      the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at both the deduced amino acid and
      nucleic acid level. However, the neu oncogene and the gene encoding the EGFR have
      been shown to reside on distinct chromosomes. Comparative analysis of the
      sequences of the normal neu cDNA and of the neu cDNA from neuroblastomas has
      revealed a single point mutation leading to a valine-to-glutamic acid
      substitution in the transmembrane anchoring domain. This mutation converts the
      neu gene to a transforming gene in rodents. In humans, the gene is called ERBB2
      (also NGL and HER2), and amplification and over-expression of its products have
      been detected in certain tumors. The rat embryonal fibroblast cell line (Rat-1)
      appears to express both EGFR and cellular p185 polypeptides. We have found that
      EGF stimulates the phosphorylation of p185 in these cells at tyrosine as well as
      serine and threonine residues in a specific and dose-dependent manner. This
      activity occurs even though radiolabeled EGF cannot bind to immunopurified p185.
      The EGF effect is apparently unique since platelet-derived growth factor,
      insulin, and transforming growth factor beta all fail to phosphorylate p185 at
      tyrosine. The EGF-induced effect requires interaction of the EGFR and its cognate
      ligand because cell lines that lack EGFR cannot be shown to phosphorylate p185,
      even when exposed to large amounts of EGF. Oncogenic rodent p185 and the human
      p185 homologue ERBB2 that is overexpressed in human breast tumor cells also can
      be shown to become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the action of EGF.
      Collectively, these data demonstrate that EGF mediates phosphorylation of p185 at
      tyrosine as well as serine/threonine through cellular kinases by a receptor
      specific mechanism.

PMID- 2899890
TI  - Increased tyrosine kinase activity associated with the protein encoded by the
      activated neu oncogene.
AB  - A single mutation altering the transmembrane domain of the receptor-like p185
      protein encoded by the rat neu gene converts the normal neu gene into a potent
      oncogene. The biochemical consequences of this mutation were studied by examining
      phosphorylation of the normal and transforming p185 molecules in membrane
      preparations. Here we show that the transforming p185 is phosphorylated to a much
      higher extent in vitro than its normal counterpart. This preferential
      phosphorylation has the properties that would be expected of p185
      autophosphorylation: it takes place on tyrosine and requires intact p185 kinase
      activity. The normal p185 protein does not demonstrate increased phosphorylation
      even when it coexists in a transformed cell with the transforming p185 protein.
      These data show that transforming p185 is specifically associated with an active
      tyrosine kinase activity and suggest that this activity is intrinsic to the
      transforming protein. Thus, the transmembrane domain of p185 appears to directly
      regulate its kinase activity.

PMID- 2899891
TI  - Insulin stimulates the dephosphorylation and activation of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase.
AB  - The mechanism underlying the ability of insulin to acutely activate acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase [acetyl-CoA: carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4.1.2; AcCoA
      Case] has been examined in Fao Reuber hepatoma cells. Insulin promotes the rapid
      activation of AcCoACase, as measured in cell lysates, and this stimulation
      persists to the same degree after isolation of AcCoACase by avidin-Sepharose
      chromatography. The insulin-stimulated enzyme, as compared with control enzyme,
      exhibits an increase in both citrate-independent and -dependent activity and a
      decrease in the Ka for citrate. Direct examination of the phosphorylation state
      of isolated 32P-labeled AcCoACase after insulin exposure reveals a marked
      decrease in total enzyme phosphorylation coincident with activation. The
      dephosphorylation due to insulin appears to be restricted to the phosphorylation
      sites previously shown to regulate AcCoACase activity. All of these effects of
      insulin are mimicked by a low molecular weight autocrine factor, tentatively
      identified as an oligosaccharide, present in conditioned medium of hepatoma
      cells. These data suggest that insulin may activate AcCoACase by inhibiting the
      activity of protein kinase(s) or stimulating the activity of protein
      phosphatase(s) that control the phosphorylation state of the enzyme.

PMID- 2899892
TI  - Interleukin 1 prevents loss of corticotropic responsiveness to beta-adrenergic
      stimulation in vitro.
AB  - Corticotropin (ACTH) secretion by the anterior pituitary is stimulated by
      catecholamines in vivo and in vitro. The nature of the response in vivo is
      controversial but appears to be mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors, whereas
      the response is dependent on alpha-adrenergic receptors in cultured anterior
      pituitary cells. In the present studies, by using a superfusion technique, we
      demonstrate that catecholamine stimulation of ACTH release from rat anterior
      pituitaries changes with time from a predominantly beta-adrenergic-mediated event
      to a predominantly alpha-adrenergic-mediated event. From 0 to 2 hr after
      initiating the superfusion, release of ACTH from anterior pituitary glands is
      stimulated up to 2.4-fold by the beta-adrenergic agonist l-isoproterenol.
      However, the ACTH secretory response to the alpha-adrenergic agonist l
      phenylephrine is less than or equal to 5% of that to l-isoproterenol during the
      same time period. Beginning 2 hr after the start of the superfusion, the
      responsiveness to the beta-adrenergic agonist declines, and the response to the
      alpha-adrenergic agonist increases until, 10 hr after removal, greater than 95%
      of the catecholamine-inducible ACTH release is mediated by an alpha-adrenergic
      pathway. The addition of interleukin 1 alone to the medium from the beginning of
      the superfusion does not modify basal ACTH secretion rates and does not affect
      the acquisition of the response to phenylephrine. However, the presence of
      interleukin 1 does allow the maintenance of the full ACTH secretory response to
      isoproterenol. This effect of interleukin 1 is reversed by an interleukin 1
      antagonist. These observations suggest an additional way in which immune
      regulators might interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

PMID- 2899895
TI  - Evidence for the connections between a clutch cell and a corticotectal neuron in
      area 17 of the cat visual cortex.
AB  - Evidence is presented for the synaptic connectivity between a physiologically
      characterized and intracellularly filled GABAergic interneuron and a
      corticotectal pyramidal neuron in area 17 of the cat visual cortex. The
      interneuron was located in layer 4 and had the morphological characteristics of a
      clutch cell. The physiological data demonstrated that the clutch cell received
      direct X-type innervation from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. These
      results indicate that a GABAergic neuron is directly involved during the first
      cortical stages of geniculocorticotectal interactions. Furthermore, the proximal
      location of the clutch-cell inputs to the labelled dendrite suggests a strategic
      siting of intracortical feedforward inhibition.

PMID- 2899894
TI  - Radioimmunoassay for octapeptide analogs of somatostatin: measurement of serum
      levels after administration of long-acting microcapsule formulations.
AB  - The development of a long-acting delivery system for D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val
      Cys-Trp-NH2 (RC-160), an octapeptide analog of somatostatin, required the
      establishment of a method for determining the concentration of this analog in
      serum during treatment. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for RC
      160 was developed and used for following the rate of liberation of this peptide
      from microcapsules of poly(DL-lactide-coglycolide). Antibodies were generated in
      a rabbit against RC-160 conjugated to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde.
      At an antiserum dilution of 1:100,000, the antibodies bound approximately 25% of
      added radiolabeled RC-160. Somatostatin octapeptide analogs that had a disulfide
      bridge showed crossreactivity with the antiserum, but analogs without the
      disulfide bridge and other peptides tested did not crossreact. The minimum
      detectable dose of RC-160 was 10 pg. Intra- and interassay coefficients of
      variation ranged from 9.1% to 12.8% and from 14% to 30%, respectively. The RIA
      was suitable for direct determination of RC-160 in serum. Eleven prototype
      batches of microcapsules were tested in rats, and the rate of release of the
      analog from the microcapsules was followed. An improved batch of microcapsules
      made from RC-160 pamoate maintained high serum levels of RC-160 for more than 30
      days after intramuscular injection. The RIA should be of value for monitoring
      levels of this analog in serum during long-term therapy.

PMID- 2899896
TI  - Receptor kinetics pertaining to blockade of nerve-released transmitter at
      synapses.
AB  - The question is raised as to whether competitive inhibitors should block
      responses of tissue to nerve-released neurotransmitter to the same extent as they
      block equivalent responses to exogenous agonist. From a simple dynamic model of
      synaptic events, which takes into account non-constancy of transmitter
      concentration in space and time, it is deduced that equal blockade of responses
      to nerve-released and exogenous transmitter substance will occur if: (i) there
      are locally many more receptor molecules than transmitter molecules; (ii) the
      active agonist-receptor complex, AnR, has n = 1; and (iii) tissue response is
      insensitive to spatial or temporal inhomogeneity of AR. In such a case there will
      also be equal sensitivity of responses to other modes of inhibition: irreversible
      competitive, uncompetitive, and non-competitive. Equal blockade of responses to
      equi-effective endogenous and exogenous agonist will also occur if nerve
      stimulation gives rise to a steady uniform concentration of agonist, so that
      equilibrium kinetics are applicable. When n greater than 1 and/or when tissue
      responses reflect local peak AnR, response to nerve-released transmitter will be
      relatively insensitive to receptor blockade by a competitive inhibitor. The same
      is true for irreversible competitive blockade or for modulation of receptor
      density. However, an uncompetitive inhibitor (e.g. a 'channel blocker') may be
      more effective against nerve-released agonist than against exogenous agonist.

PMID- 2899893
TI  - Structure and expression of Hox-2.2, a murine homeobox-containing gene.
AB  - The Hox-2.2 gene is one of a cluster of homeobox-containing genes on mouse
      chromosome 11. A cDNA clone containing the Hox-2.2 homeobox has been isolated
      from an adult spinal cord library. Our analysis of the Hox-2.2 cDNA and genomic
      clones indicates that there are at least two oxons and one intron. The largest
      open reading frame includes the homeobox and codes for a 224 amino acid protein
      of molecular weight 25,312. Comparisons of the predicted Hox-2.2 protein with
      other homeodomain-containing proteins revealed four regions of sequence
      similiarity: an N-terminal octapeptide, a hexapeptide upstream of the
      homeodomain, the homeodomain, and a glutamic acid-rich region at the C terminus.
      Possible functions of these regions are discussed. The Hox-2.2 gene is expressed
      in 13.5-day embryos in the developing hindbrain and spinal cord. The expression
      patterns of Hox-2.2 and Hox-2.1 in 13.5-day embryos are compared.

PMID- 2899897
TI  - Biochemical hypotheses on antidepressant drugs: a guide for clinicians or a toy
      for pharmacologists?
AB  - The development of knowledge about the mechanism of action of tricyclic and the
      so-called 'atypical' antidepressants (AD) is reviewed. The discovery of
      clinically active antidepressants with little or no effect on noradrenaline or
      serotonin uptake has disproved the widely accepted concept that inhibition of
      monoamine uptake is a prerequisite for antidepressant activity. Another serious
      objection to this hypothesis is that blockade of monoamine uptake occurs in a
      matter of minutes after administration while 2-3 weeks of repeated treatment are
      necessary for the clinical AD effect. Nevertheless, the effect of repeated
      treatment with AD is compatible with the hypothesis that changes in central
      monoamine transmission are involved in the clinical activity of these drugs.
      Major changes in monoamine function after repeated treatment with AD include:
      desensitization and reduced density of noradrenaline receptors coupled to the
      adenylcyclase system, opposite changes in the sensitivity of alpha 1 (increased)
      and alpha 2-adrenoreceptors (decreased), down regulation of serotonin2 receptors
      and complex changes in the behavioural and electrophysiological responsiveness to
      serotonin agonists, subsensitivity of presynaptic dopamine receptors and enhanced
      activity of the mesolimbic dopamine system, decreased and increased density of
      GABA-A and GABA-B receptors respectively and down regulation of
      [3H]benzodiazepine binding. It remains to be clarified whether some of these
      changes have larger roles than others or whether they all contribute to the AD
      activity. An important role of dopamine in the activity of AD drugs is suggested
      by findings in the forced swimming test, whereas both catecholamines seem to be
      involved in the attenuation of escape deficit provoked by inescapable shock
      (learned helplessness).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899899
TI  - [Regulation of Thy-1 gene expression].

PMID- 2899898
TI  - Cognitive impairment in long-term benzodiazepine users.
AB  - In view of the very extensive and often prolonged use of benzodiazepines in
      therapeutic practice, this study was designed to investigate whether or not
      cognitive ability is impaired in long-term benzodiazepine users, and to determine
      the nature and extent of any deficit. Fifty patients currently taking
      benzodiazepines for at least one year, thirty-four who had stopped taking
      benzodiazepines, and a matched control group of subjects who had never taken
      benzodiazepines or who had taken benzodiazepines in the past for less than one
      year were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests designed to measure
      a wide range of cognitive functions. It was found that patients taking high doses
      of benzodiazepines for long periods of time perform poorly on tasks involving
      visual-spatial ability and sustained attention. This is consistent with deficits
      in posterior cortical cognitive function.

PMID- 2899900
TI  - [Pregnancy and asthma].
AB  - One in a hundred pregnant females has asthma. Pregnancy may change the course of
      the asthma and inversely foetal and obstetric prognosis may be affected by the
      illness and by the potentially deleterious effect of treatment. The maternal
      physiological changes which occur during pregnancy throw little light on the
      variations in asthma during pregnancy. Clinical studies in the literature suggest
      that the quality of follow-up and treatment in patients allows for a satisfactory
      outcome in pregnancy and that it is an important prognostic factor. Overall,
      taking account of the pregnancy and confinement the therapeutic approach of the
      thoracic physician differs little from that in management outside pregnancy. The
      first objective is to relieve the bronchial obstruction. Broncho-dilator therapy
      with beta-agonist and by theophylline remains usable in most cases. The side
      effects of steroid therapy ought to be balanced against the advantages, in order
      to maintain a normal physiological state. Immunotherapy, and antibiotics should
      be adapted appropriately for the pregnancy and for their respective contra
      indications. Finally, the prevention of atopy should be envisaged.

PMID- 2899902
TI  - [A new therapy for acromegaly].

PMID- 2899901
TI  - [TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas].

PMID- 2899903
TI  - [Reverse genetics and prenatal diagnosis].
AB  - "Reverse" genetics is a research process consisting in finding the gene of a
      disease, then in "descending" toward the final product that it codes. This
      reasoning is the reverse of the one normally used which "ascends from the protein
      to the gene" and can be applied to the discovery of the pathogenic mechanism of a
      disease. There are numerous spin-offs of this new type of approach for prenatal
      diagnosis (PND). Thus, the discovery of polymorphic tracers surrounding the gene
      enables an indirect PND in informative families. Reliability is great if we have
      many probes at our disposal. Then, discovery of the gene itself permits a direct
      PND with the use of intragenic probes and synthetic oligonucleotides.

PMID- 2899904
TI  - [Somatostatinoma of the pancreas].

PMID- 2899905
TI  - Monoclonal autoantibodies specific for kidney proximal tubular brush border from
      mice with experimentally induced chronic graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - Nine hybridomas producing monoclonal autoantibodies specific for kidney proximal
      tubular brush border were found in 600 hybridomas derived from (C57BL/6J X
      DBA/2)F1 mice injected with DBA/2 T cells. None of the 1100 hybridomas derived
      from nonautoimmune (C57BL/6J X DBA/2)F1 mice produced antibodies with a similar
      specificity. Four of these nine monoclonal antibodies were characterized further.
      They did not bind to cryosections of liver, lung, stomach, or intestine. Three
      bound to kidney proximal tubular brush border of mouse, cattle, sheep, pigs,
      rabbits, rats, and humans, whereas the fourth was specific only for murine brush
      border. All four precipitated from mouse kidney microvilli, a protein with an
      apparent molecular weight of 160,000 under reducing as well as nonreducing
      conditions. Removal of asparagine-linked carbohydrate with EndoF reduced the
      molecular weight of the 160,000 protein by about 20,000. One of the three multi
      species-specific antibodies bound to pig kidney aminopeptidase, a glycosylated
      enzyme located on the microvilli of kidney proximal tubular brush border. Three
      antibodies have a heavy-chain variable region encoded by VH genes of the J558
      family, whereas the heavy-chain variable region of the fourth is encoded by a VH
      gene of the 7183 family. Attempts to passively transfer immune complex
      glomerulonephritis to normal mice by injection of the purified monoclonal
      antibodies or by growth of the corresponding hybridoma cells in mice have so far
      been unsuccessful. However, antibodies recognizing the 160,000 molecule are
      present in the serum of mice with chronic graft-versus-host disease and can be
      eluted from kidneys with immune complex glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2899906
TI  - Efficacy and safety of once daily versus intermittent dosing of tobramycin in
      rabbits with acute pyelonephritis.
AB  - Unilateral pyelonephritis was induced in 50 rabbits by injecting Escherichia coli
      (minimum inhibitory concentration of tobramycin 0.25 mg/l) into the left kidney
      and by obstructing the ureter temporarily. Tobramycin treatment (daily dose 10
      mg/kg) was started 4 days after surgery, either in a single daily dose or in 3
      divided doses at 8 h intervals, for 2, 3, 5, 7 or 10 days. Comparison of
      bacteriology, renal morphology, and renal functions (BUN, serum creatinine,
      alanine aminopeptidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, cathepsin B,
      sphingomyelinase) suggests better efficacy and renal tolerance of the single
      daily dose regimen in the treatment of experimental acute pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2899907
TI  - Management of postoperative pain after abdominal surgery.

PMID- 2899908
TI  - HIV-1-infected T cells show a selective signaling defect after perturbation of
      CD3/antigen receptor.
AB  - The binding of antigen or monoclonal antibody to the T cell receptor for antigen
      or the closely associated CD3 complex causes increases in the concentration of
      intracellular ionized calcium and subsequent cell proliferation. By measuring
      second messenger production in primary cultures of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV-1)--infected T cells stimulated with monoclonal antibodies specific for
      either CD3 or CD2, a specific impairment of membrane signaling was revealed. The
      HIV-1--infected T cells were unable to mobilize Ca2+ after stimulation with anti
      CD3, whereas CD2-induced calcium mobilization remained intact. Furthermore, the
      HIV-1--infected cells proliferated poorly after CD3 stimulation, although the
      cells retained normal DNA synthesis in response to interleukin-2 stimulation.
      These results show that the signals initiated by CD2 and CD3 can be regulated
      independently within the same T cell; uncoupling of signal transduction after
      antigen-specific stimulation provides a biochemical mechanism to explain, in
      part, the profound immunodeficiency of patients with HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 2899910
TI  - [Corrective osteotomies of the foot in post-traumatic deformities].

PMID- 2899911
TI  - [Antacids, histamine H2 receptor antagonists].

PMID- 2899909
TI  - Quinoxalinediones: potent competitive non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists.
AB  - The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-subtype of glutamate receptors has been well
      described as a result of the early appearance of NMDA antagonists, but no potent
      antagonist for the "non-NMDA" glutamate receptors has been available.
      Quinoxalinediones have now been found to be potent and competitive antagonists at
      non-NMDA glutamate receptors. These compounds will be useful in the determination
      of the structure-activity relations of quisqualate and kainate receptors and the
      role of such receptors in synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain.

PMID- 2899912
TI  - Characterization, evolutionary relationships, and chromosome location of
      processed mouse HPRT pseudogene.
AB  - Studies on a cell line with amplified copies of the mouse hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene and HPRT gene transfer experiments revealed
      the existence of a nonfunctional HPRT-related sequence in the mouse genome. This
      sequence was isolated and found to be a processed HPRT pseudogene. With the
      exception of a small internal deletion, the pseudogene is believed to comprise a
      complete reverse transcript of HPRT mRNA, although the 3' end of the pseudogene
      was lost in the cloning process. A probe from a region flanking the mouse
      pseudogene was used to investigate the evolutionary relationships of mammalian
      HPRT pseudogenes. The pseudogenes in mouse and Chinese hamster appear to have a
      common origin, but no homology to any of the four known human HPRT pseudogenes
      was detected. A pseudogene-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism was
      used to map the pseudogene to the distal end of mouse chromosome 17.

PMID- 2899913
TI  - Rapid reversal of life-threatening hypoglycaemia with a somatostatin analogue
      (octreotide). A case report.
AB  - A patient with life-threatening hypoglycaemia caused by metastatic malignant
      insulinoma is described. Treatment with octreotide (SMS 201-995, Sandostatin;
      Sandoz) resulted in immediate sustained improvement of the hypoglycaemia despite
      persistent high levels of insulin. The possible mechanisms of action, other
      indications and contraindications of octreotide are discussed.

PMID- 2899914
TI  - Discrimination between alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the isolated
      perfused ileum.
AB  - Adrenergic control over intestinal homeostasis has been associated with changes
      in intestinal vascular resistance, motility, and transport. With the use of
      selective alpha-adrenergic agents, this study was designed to discriminate
      between the vascular and transport effects. Rabbit 20 cm ileal segments (n = 31)
      were vascularly perfused at a rate of 1.5 ml/min by means of a modified Krebs
      solution containing 15% to 20% red cells. The intestinal lumen was perfused with
      an isotonic solution containing carbon 14-polyethylene glycol as a nonabsorbable
      marker. Net fluxes of water and electrolytes were calculated during 20-minute
      basal, experimental, and recovery periods. Norepinephrine (mixed alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-agonist) significantly increased intestinal absorption and vascular
      resistance. Phenylephrine (alpha 1-agonist) significantly increased vascular
      resistance without altering transport. Clonidine (alpha 2-agonist) stimulated
      intestinal absorption without changing vascular perfusion pressure. Yohimbine
      (alpha 2-antagonist) prevented norepinephrine-induced absorption but had no
      effect on norepinephrine-induced increases in perfusion pressure. In this
      isolated perfused whole gut model, alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation was responsible
      for increases in vascular resistance, and alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation was
      responsible for increases in the absorption of water and electrolytes. The
      ability to discriminate between alpha 1- and alpha 2-effects has potential
      therapeutic implications in patients with malabsorption and diarrhea.

PMID- 2899915
TI  - Influence of total nitrogen, asparagine, and glutamine on MCA tumor growth in the
      Fischer 344 rat.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that growth of the
      methylcholanthrene (MCA) sarcoma is dependent on total nitrogen substrate
      availability in vivo and on the specific amino acids asparagine and glutamine in
      vitro. This experiment determines whether these two phenomena can be used to
      selectively depress tumor growth and maintain host carcass. Sixty-two rats were
      inoculated with sarcoma and were infused for 10 days with isocaloric (60
      kcal/day) TPN solutions at 100%, 16%, 10%, and 5% of normal nitrogen levels,
      either with (W) or isonitrogenously without (WO) the amino acids asparagine,
      glutamine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. W solutions contained 33% of these
      amino acids. Mean weights of 100 W tumors were significantly greater (p = 0.002)
      than all other groups. Total body weights minus tumor weights were similar in W
      versus WO animals at each rate of nitrogen infusion. Mean venous plasma
      concentrations of asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid were
      similar in all eight groups. These data indicate that the same degree of tumor
      depression produced by nitrogen deprivation can also be produced by removal of
      asparagine, glutamine, and their precursors from nutrient solutions without
      adverse effects on carcass mass. The mechanisms involved are not readily
      explained by analysis of venous plasma amino acid concentrations.

PMID- 2899916
TI  - Control of gastrin release in cultured gastrinoma-derived G cells.
AB  - Functional gastrin-containing tumor cells (GT cells) have been maintained in
      short-term culture on microporous membranes, and their response to selected
      agents has been determined. After dispersion of gastrinoma by collagenase-DNAase
      digestion coupled with mechanical disruption, dispersed cells were depleted in
      stromal material by selective attachment to a plastic substrate, then cultured
      for 72 hours on porous cellulose membranes. Cultures contained 68 +/- 5% GT cells
      with a viability of 92 +/- 2%. Secretin stimulated the rate of gastrin release
      from cultured GT cells in both a time- and a dose-dependent fashion. To examine
      the possible involvement of adenylate cyclase- and protein kinase C-mediated
      mechanisms in regulating gastrin release from the neoplastic GT cells, we
      evaluated the effects of 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP;
      10(-4) - 10(-2) mol/L), the diterpene forskolin (10(-5) mol/L), 12-0
      tetradencanoylphorobol 13-acetate (TPA; 10(-8) - 10(-6) mol/L), and 4 alpha
      phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4 alpha PDD; 10(-8) - 10(-6) mol/L) on gastrin
      release. Among all compounds tested, 8-BrcAMP (10(-2) mol/L) was the most potent,
      stimulating the rate of gastrin release 263% above basal. Both 8-BrcAMP and TPA
      stimulated gastrin release in a dose-dependent fashion. The biologically inactive
      phorbol ester, 4 alpha PDD, was without effect at all concentrations.
      Somatostatin (10(-8) - 10(-6) mol/L) inhibited 8-BrcAMP-stimulated gastrin
      release in a dose-dependent fashion to a maximum of 75%.

PMID- 2899917
TI  - Regulatory decision making and the need for and the use of exposure data on
      pesticides determined to be teratogenic in test animals.
AB  - Major efforts have been made in the development of a system that takes the
      reviewer step-by-step by the use of the developmental toxicity and exposure
      assessment data to a recommended risk assessment and risk management position.
      Thereupon a set of regulatory decisions can be arrived at that are backed up by
      sound scientific analysis. Examples of pesticides that have been found to be
      teratogenic in animal testing are provided to demonstrate the process of use of
      exposure data in making risk assessment and management decisions.

PMID- 2899918
TI  - Effects of N-acetylcysteine on fetal development and on phenytoin teratogenicity
      in mice.
AB  - The teratogenicity of phenytoin may result from its enzymatic bioactivation to a
      reactive intermediate, which interacts irreversibly with fetal tissues. Since
      glutathione (GSH) is involved in the detoxification of many reactive
      intermediates, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor, was evaluated for
      its effects on murine fetal development and phenytoin teratogenicity. NAC, 100 to
      275 mg/kg, was given intraperitoneally (ip) or per os (po), or as 266 to 410
      mg/kg in the drinking water, at various times before or after phenytoin, 65 to 75
      mg/kg ip, on gestational days 12 and 13. Dams were killed on gestational day 19,
      fetal resorptions were noted, and fetuses were examined for anomalies.
      Significant reductions in phenytoin-induced fetal weight loss and cleft palates
      were observed when NAC was given by gavage 6 hours after phenytoin or in the
      drinking water with the lower dose of phenytoin. NAC administered in the drinking
      water also reduced the incidence of resorptions produced by the higher dose of
      phenytoin and enhanced postpartum survival in fetuses exposed to 65 or 75 mg/kg
      phenytoin (P less than .05). Conversely, the incidence of resorptions increased
      when NAC was given by gavage at other times before or after phenytoin, by single
      or repetitive ip injections, or in high concentrations in the drinking water (P
      less than .05). When given with the higher dose of phenytoin, NAC administered
      via the drinking water significantly increased the incidence of phenytoin-induced
      cleft palates and fetal weight loss (P less than .05). Similar results were
      obtained with a single ip injection of NAC and a lower dose of phenytoin. Thus,
      when given orally, NAC can partially reduce phenytoin teratogenicity and
      embryopathy. However, altering the route of NAC administration, or increasing the
      dose of phenytoin and/or NAC, enhanced phenytoin embryotoxicity, and NAC alone at
      higher doses had embryopathic effects.

PMID- 2899919
TI  - Effect of smokeless tobacco on the development of the CD-1 mouse fetus.
AB  - The objective of this study was to examine the effect of smokeless tobacco (ST)
      on the development of the CD-1 mouse fetus. ST was administered continuously via
      Alzet osmotic minipumps during the critical gestational days 7-14 and 6-13. Two
      ST dosages were administered, 3.2 mg/ml (Dosage I) and 6.4 mg/ml (Dosage II),
      which yielded plasma nicotine levels within the range comparable to those of an
      average ST user or smoker (36.0 ng/ml). Plasma nicotine levels were maintained in
      the range of 29.4 +/- 4.8 ng/ml to 44.3 +/- 16.0 ng/ml for the Dosage I group of
      dams, and in the range of 34.6 +/- 10.9 ng/ml of 75.5 +/- 19.9 ng/ml for the
      Dosage II group of dams. The main effect on the fetus was weight reduction, with
      Dosage I producing a tendency toward weight reduction (p = .08). Dosage II
      produced a significant 8.6% weight reduction from normal (p less than .0001) and
      an increase in fetal deaths (p less than .03). Dosage I produced an increase in
      the incidence of hemorrhages and supernumerary ribs, and a significant delay (p
      less than .05) in ossification of the supraoccipital bone, the sacrococcygeal
      vertebrae, and the bones of the forefoot and hindfoot. There were no significant
      differences between placental weights. Weights of dams were significantly reduced
      only at the higher ST exposure levels. We conclude that at plasma nicotine levels
      comparable to those of an average ST user, ST produces weight reduction, delayed
      ossification, and increase in hemorrhages and fetolethality in the CD-1 mouse
      fetus.

PMID- 2899920
TI  - Stage-related induction of chromosomal aberrations and SCE in mouse embryos
      treated transplacentally during organogenesis with MMC and DMBA.
AB  - During organogenesis, mouse embryos were treated transplacentally with MMC and
      DMBA. The clastogenic and SCE-inducing effects of MMC and the clastogenic effects
      of DMBA were analyzed in metaphases from whole embryo suspensions. Positive
      effects were observed on all the days of pregnancy on which the embryos were
      analyzed, i.e., on days 10, 11, 12, and 13. Whereas the MMC-induced SCE
      frequencies did not change significantly during the tested period, the
      clastogenic effects of MMC and DMBA varied drastically. Extremely high aberration
      rates were observed in embryos on day 11; on the other days the aberration rates
      were much lower. Factors that might have given rise to these stage-related
      effects are discussed.

PMID- 2899921
TI  - Tissue injury and proliferative response induced in rat kidney by cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (II).
AB  - Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin), an inorganic platinum salt used in
      cancer chemotherapy, is characterized by a renal toxicity recognized both in
      experimental animals and in patients treated with the compound. The purpose of
      the present study was to explore by both light and electron microscopy the
      morphological alterations induced in the rat kidney by cisplatin administration
      and, in particular, to analyse the tissue repair reaction following nephrotoxic
      injury. Experimental animals (four rats per group) were treated i.p. with 2, 4 or
      8 mg/kg cisplatin administered in four consecutive daily injections. The rats
      were sacrificed 4 days after the last injection. In addition, the persistence of
      renal lesions and the duration of the repair reaction were determined in rats
      given 8 mg/kg cisplatin and killed 4, 7, 14 or 21 days after the last injection.
      The cell proliferation associated with tissue repair was estimated both
      quantitatively (rate of DNA synthesis) and qualitatively (histoautoradiography
      and electron microscopy examination) 1 h after in vivo exposure to [3H]
      thymidine. Renal tissue alterations and the repair reaction were minimal after
      the administration of 2 or 4 mg/kg cisplatin. In contrast, 8 mg/kg cisplatin
      caused a spectrum of morphological abnormalities affecting proximal, distal and
      collecting tubules, and ranging from sublethal cell alterations to tubular
      necrosis and cystic dilatation. The latter degenerative change primarily involved
      the straight portion of proximal tubules and seemed to develop over the weeks
      following cisplatin administration. Concomitantly with the tissue lesions, a
      burst of cell proliferation, associated with stimulation of DNA synthesis, was
      apparent in the renal cortex and outer medulla. Whereas a very high incidence of
      S-phase cells was encountered in seemingly undifferentiated tubules, they also
      appeared in differentiated proximal, distal and collecting tubules, but were
      infrequent in cystic tubules. Proliferation of fibroblasts was also stimulated in
      the renal interstitium. The proliferative response persisted for the whole
      duration of the experiment, indicating incomplete tissue repair. The long-lasting
      tubular injury and the slowness of repair are consistent with the chronic renal
      dysfunction (polyuria and hypomagnesemia) that cisplatin is known to induce in
      both man and experimental animals.

PMID- 2899922
TI  - Hodgkin cells in freeze-fracture replicas.
AB  - Lymph nodes from six patients with Hodgkin's disease (three with the nodular
      sclerosing subtype, one with mixed cellularity and two with the lymphocyte
      predominant subtype) were analysed by electron microscopy in freeze-fracture
      replicas and thin sections. Two main variants of Hodgkin cell could be identified
      in the nodular sclerosing and mixed cellularity subtypes. (1) Hodgkin cells with
      wide cytoplasm and short, smooth- and rough-surfaced tubular profiles of
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unevenly scattered in the cytoplasm. (2) Hodgkin cells
      with well developed rough ER. In freeze-fracture replicas the ER was seen to
      consist of both short and long tubules, some of the latter forming anastomoses
      with each other. Both cell types possessed branching cytoplasmic processes. A P
      face rich in intramembrane particles (IMP) and an E-face with few IMP were common
      to both Hodgkin cell types. These cells do not, therefore, possess the membrane
      features characteristic of interdigitating reticulum cells, thus refuting the
      previously held belief that Hodgkin cells, in particular lacunar cells, are
      related to interdigitating reticulum cells. The cytoplasmic structures and
      membrane characteristics of Hodgkin cells in the lymphocyte-predominant subtype
      (L & H cells) are similar to other Hodgkin cells in that they may show a high
      content of rER, and the P-face of these cells contains more IMP than the E-face.
      Both characteristics support the theory put forward in the literature (based on
      immunohistochemical findings) that these are lymphoid cells (immunoblasts or
      immature plasma cells).

PMID- 2899923
TI  - Structure and motility of primary cilia in the follicular epithelium of the human
      thyroid.
AB  - In order to clarify contradictory reports concerning ciliary structure and
      function, follicular epithelium from macroscopically normal portions of 37
      surgical specimens of human thyroid were processed for video-microscopy and/or
      transmission electron microscopy. The cilia of living cells were immotile. In
      transverse sections the cilia revealed a 9 + 0 pattern at the base of the shaft,
      whereas towards the distal end the number of microtubular doublets diminished.
      Dynein arms, radial spokes and central microtubules were absent. The immotility
      and structure of these primary cilia implies that their function is not related
      to motility. The phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of the thyroid suggests
      that tumor cells of follicular origin displaying abnormal secondary cilia may
      represent a pathological variant of differentiation.

PMID- 2899924
TI  - Effects of all-trans retinol and cigarette smoke condensate on hamster tracheal
      epithelium in organ culture. I. A cell proliferation study.
AB  - The effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and all-trans retinol on the cell
      proliferative activity of vitamin A-deprived hamster tracheal epithelium have
      been studied in vitamin A-deficient, serum-free, hormone-supplemented medium in
      organ culture. In the absence of retinol, CSC induced a dose-dependent increase
      in labeling index (LI) during 12 days of culture. The basal cells were more
      sensitive to CSC exposure than non-basal cells during the first 6 to 8 culture
      days. However, in squamous metaplastic foci developing after culture day 6, both
      basal and non-basal cells in the mid-part of the epithelium were labeled.
      Physiological concentrations of all-trans retinol stimulated the non-basal LI and
      inhibited the basal cell LI. Compared with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), all retinol
      concentrations used in the present study inhibited the basal cell LI at each time
      point examined (4-12 days culture). Exposure of tracheal rings to retinol, either
      before or after exposure to CSC, or simultaneous exposure to retinol and CSC,
      clearly decreased the CSC-induced basal cell proliferative activity depending on
      the retinol concentration used. It is concluded from the present study that
      squamous metaplasia induced by vitamin A-deficiency or by CSC originates mainly
      from basal cells and that for the maintenance of these lesions, both basal and
      non-basal cells play a role. Furthermore, all-trans retinol inhibited CSC-induced
      basal cell proliferation.

PMID- 2899925
TI  - Effects of all-trans retinol and cigarette smoke condensate on hamster tracheal
      epithelium in organ culture. II. A histomorphological study.
AB  - The effects of all-trans retinol and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on tissue
      morphology and cellular differentiation were investigated in vitamin A-deprived
      tracheal epithelium cultured in vitamin A-and serum-free hormone-supplemented
      medium. Physiological retinol concentrations prevented the development of
      hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia with or without keratinization, and induced
      differentiation to mucous cells. Squamous metaplastic foci with keratinization
      were observed during 12 days of culture with low retinol concentrations and with
      dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) which was accompanied by an increased number of basal
      and indeterminate cells. CSC induced a dose-related hyperplasia and irregularly
      shaped foci of squamous metaplasia with atypical epithelial proliferation. In non
      metaplastic epithelium, CSC exposure increased the number of ciliated cells.
      Hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia were inhibited if the tracheal rings were
      first treated with retinol followed by CSC exposure, or if the tracheas were
      simultaneously treated with retinol and CSC. CSC-exposure prior to retinol
      treatment induced similar histomorphological alterations as CSC alone.

PMID- 2899926
TI  - [The resolution of the 3d All-Union congress of specialists in physical therapy
      and sports medicine].

PMID- 2899927
TI  - [Comparison of guanylate cyclase activity of the heart and thrombocytes in normal
      states and in experimental allergic myocarditis].
AB  - Activity of soluble forms of guanylate cyclase from rabbit heart and thrombocytes
      was studied under conditions of normal state and in dynamics of heart allergic
      impairment: at the step preceding the impairment (step of sensitization), at the
      acute period (I-st day of the allergy) and at the step of reparation (14 day of
      the disease). The enzymatic activity was found to be 15-20-fold higher in
      thrombocytes as compared with that of heart muscle. Two-fold activation of the
      thrombocyte guanylate cyclase was detected at the step of sensitization; at the
      acute period the enzyme activity was distinctly decreased (below the values of
      normal state) an then normalized to the step of reparation. The similar but less
      distinct trend was observed in alterations of activity of myocardial guanylate
      cyclase. The data obtained suggest the conformity of the enzymatic properties in
      myocardium and thrombocytes under conditions of normal and pathological states.

PMID- 2899929
TI  - [Serum amine oxidases and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in burns].
AB  - Activities of amine oxidases (benzylamine, 4-nitrobenzylamine, 4-dimethylamine
      methylbenzylamine used as substrates) and of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were
      studied in blood serum of 72 patients with thermic burns of various intensity and
      degree. Severity of the disease correlated with the rate of amine oxidases
      activity alteration. Distinct and long-term decrease in oxidation of benzylamine
      as well as simultaneous stimulation of 4-dimethylamine methylbenzylamine
      oxidation were observed in severe forms of the burns disease, thus suggesting the
      increase in diamine oxidase activity. This phenomenon proved to be an
      unfavourable prognostic indication of the disease. Alterations in activity of
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase corresponded to severity of the burns disease.
      Estimation of the enzymatic activity might be used in evaluation of the
      impairments severity as well as in prognosis of burns disease development.

PMID- 2899928
TI  - [Serum amine oxidase activity in children with mental deficiency].
AB  - Correlation between a degree of mental deficiency and an activity of amine
      oxidase in blood serum as well as therapeutic efficiency of encephabole were
      found in children with mental deficiency of various genesis. Nootropile decreased
      the blood serum amine oxidase activity in the patients as well as the drug
      lowered the monoamine oxidase activity in brain mitochondria of young rats with
      antenatal hypoxia.

PMID- 2899930
TI  - [Use of signopam in the complex treatment of patients with mental disorders].

PMID- 2899932
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of idazoxan in the rat.
AB  - 1. [2'-14C]Idazoxan was rapidly and completely absorbed after its oral
      administration to rats. 2. After administration of either [2'-14C] or [6,7
      3H]idazoxan, radioactivity was taken up by a wide range of tissues and became
      localized, especially in the organs of metabolism and excretion. Quantitative
      distribution patterns were route-dependent such that oral dosing resulted in
      lower radioactivity concentrations in all tissues apart from liver. 3. Clearance
      of idazoxan (94-144 ml/min per kg) was due mostly to metabolism and was
      independent of dose. Oral bioavailability in male rats at low oral doses of
      idazoxan (10 mg/kg) was about 1%, but increased with increasing dose to 23% at
      100 mg/kg. Oral bioavailability in female rats was considerably higher than in
      male rats, at all doses studied. Brain idazoxan levels were in equilibrium with
      those in plasma, but ten-fold higher. 4. Elimination of radioactivity after
      administration of 14C-idazoxan was via the urine and the faeces (about 75% and
      20% of dose respectively) and occurred essentially in the 24 h period immediately
      after dosing. By 96 h after dosing, elimination was virtually complete, with less
      than 0.5% dose remaining in the carcasses. 5. Biotransformation was by
      hydroxylation at positions 6 and 7 to form phenolic metabolites, which were
      excreted as glucuronide and sulphate metabolites in urine, but unconjugated in
      faeces. Other minor metabolic routes were 5-hydroxylation or oxidative
      degradation of the imidazoline ring, but these pathways were of quantitatively
      minor importance in the rat.

PMID- 2899931
TI  - Differential inhibition of human liver phenacetin O-deethylation by histamine and
      four histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - 1. The effects of histamine and four histamine H-2 receptor antagonists on
      phenacetin O-deethylation by microsomal preparations of four human livers was
      quantified by a radiometric-thin layer chromatographic method. 2. Histamine and
      three of these drugs, namely cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine, were weak
      inhibitors of this cytochrome P-450-catalysed O-deethylation, but mifentidine was
      a potent competitive inhibitor with a Ki in the range 40-70 microM. 3.
      Cimetidine, histamine and mifentidine are all 4(5)-substituted imidazole
      derivatives, and the contrast between the very weak inhibitory effects of
      cimetidine and histamine, and the more potent effect of mifentidine, suggests
      that the imidazole moiety may play little role in the inhibition of phenacetin O
      deethylase by mifentidine. 4. The demonstration that cimetidine, ranitidine and
      histamine were all poor inhibitors of phenacetin oxidation further suggests the
      possible lack of identity between the human liver cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes
      responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of metoprolol and phenacetin. This
      follows from recognizing that metoprolol oxidation is known, from both in vivo
      and in vitro studies, to be strongly inhibited by both of these H-2 receptor
      antagonists and from in vitro studies also to be inhibited by histamine.

PMID- 2899933
TI  - [Effect of physical training on the aerobic-anaerobic transition in chronic liver
      diseases].
AB  - 7 males, aged 30 to 60 years, with bioptically ascertained chronic liver diseases
      underwent a four-week preservance training programme on the bicycle ergometer in
      the aerobic-anaerobic transitional area (performance at 2-4 mmol 1(-1) lactate).
      The training caused a significant amelioration of the aerobic functional capacity
      of the test persons. The hypothesis of a liver-protective effect of the
      perserverance training was confirmed. The inclusion of a dosed physical training
      in the therapy and rehabilitation programme, respectively, of patients with
      chronic liver diseases can be recommended, particularly, since there is no causal
      medicamentous therapy of chronic liver diseases possible at present.

PMID- 2899934
TI  - [Characteristics of research on the mechanisms of the conditioned reflex in
      higher invertebrate animals (gastropod mollusks)].

PMID- 2899935
TI  - [Analgesia and sedation of ventilated patients in intensive care medicine].
AB  - Any patient admitted to an intensive care unit requires individual analgetic and
      sedative treatment, depending on type and severity of the disease with its
      associated physical and psychic problems. There is a wide range of possible
      medicaments and combinations of these from among which the authors investigated
      combinations of the short-action opiates fentanyl and alfentanyl and midazolam, a
      benzodiazepine, short-action as well. These were tested for their effects on
      several circulatory parameters, intracranial pressure, wake-up behaviour, and
      selected hormonal parameters of mechanically ventilated patients. Both
      analgosedation schemes yielded best results, when compared to other combinations
      also continuously administered through perfusion. Individually adapted
      synchronisation of the patients to respirator and therapeutic concept proved to
      be practicable at any time, in spite of that fixed combination of analgetic with
      sedative.

PMID- 2899937
TI  - Drugs recently released in Belgium. Recombinant DNA yeast-derived hepatitis B
      vaccine-terazosin.

PMID- 2899936
TI  - Inhibition of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase by rose bengal mediated photooxidation.
      Interaction of the Fe2+ chelate of bathophenanthroline with the sensitizer.
AB  - Rose Bengal mediated photooxidation of mitochondrial F1-ATPase and its beta
      subunit resulted in inactivation and loss of about 50 and 60% of their histidine
      residues, respectively. The beta-subunit was not cleaved upon photooxidation.
      Photooxidation of histidine probably results in changes in the conformational
      stability of F1-ATPase leading to its inactivation. The participation of singlet
      molecular oxygen during the photooxidation process is suggested by the selective
      loss of histidine residues, while other amino acids, also sensitive to singlet
      oxygen attack, were not affected. Photochemical damage of F1-ATPase was prevented
      by various phenanthroline compounds, the order of efficiency being
      bathophenanthroline-Fe chelate greater than bathophenanthroline greater than
      orthophenanthroline-Fe chelate greater than bathophenanthroline-sulfonate-Fe
      chelate. The prevention by bathophenanthroline-Fe chelate of photochemical damage
      is interpreted on the basis of its interaction with the photosensitizer, Rose
      Bengal, probably implying a chemical reaction which decreases the actual
      concentration of the sensitizer and, thereby, the extent of photoinactivation.

PMID- 2899938
TI  - Sequential presentation of a case of hyperthyroidism with autonomously
      functioning nodules and Graves' disease in the presence of IgG thyroid
      stimulators.
AB  - The rare occurrence of hyperthyroidism with an autonomously functioning nodule
      which following 131I therapy presented as toxic diffuse goitre (Graves' disease)
      is described in a 60 year old male. This progression was characterised by the
      presence of varying concentrations of IgG thyroid stimulators, thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulins and thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins, as
      measured by cytochemical bioassay. It is postulated that the presence of the
      nodule and its associated hypersecretion of thyroid hormones may have protected
      the gland from the effects of IgG stimulators by bringing about inhibitory short
      loop feedback on normal thyroid cells. It is further suggested that following
      therapeutic ablation of the nodule, normal thyroid cells became sensitive to the
      thyroid stimulators with the evolution of typical features of toxic diffuse
      goitre.

PMID- 2899939
TI  - Pituitary-dependent effects of estradiol-17-beta on catecholamine turnover rates,
      gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations in various hypothalamic and
      limbic brain structures.
AB  - Estrogens exert many effects in a variety of hypothalamic and mesolimbic
      structures. Whether the actions of the estrogens are direct or indirect, possibly
      involving anterior pituitary hormones, is largely unknown. We therefore studied
      catecholamine turnover rates, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate
      concentrations in various hypothalamic and mesolimbic structures in estrogen
      treated hypophysectomized (hypox) rats and compared the measured parameters with
      those in sham hypophysectomized (sham) animals. Results clearly demonstrate that
      many of the effects of estrogen require an intact pituitary. Dopamine turnover
      rates in hypox rats were significantly reduced in the hypothalamus and the
      striatum, whereas they increased in the medial septum and medial preoptic area in
      comparison with sham rats. Norepinephrine turnover rates were reduced in the
      anterior mediobasal hypothalamus, somatosensory cortex and the nucleus accumbens
      of hypox animals in comparison with the sham-operated animals. In contrast,
      norepinephrine turnover was accelerated in the mediocortical amygdala and
      posterior medial basal hypothalamus of hypox rats. A significant reduction of
      epinephrine turnover was evident in the nucleus accumbens of hypox rats. Gamma
      aminobutyric acid concentrations increased in the medial septum, anterior and
      posterior part of the mediobasal hypothalamus, but decreased in the mediocortical
      amygdala of hypox animals. Concentrations of glutamate were also decreased in the
      mediocortical amygdala in hypox animals. These results indicate that many direct
      effects of estrogens in the brain are accompanied by indirect effects which
      require an intact pituitary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899940
TI  - Response of luteinizing hormone secreting pituitary adenoma to a long-acting
      somatostatin analogue.
AB  - A large pituitary tumour was discovered in a 20 year old man who came to medical
      attention because of grand-mal seizures. The tumour produced biologically active
      LH as demonstrated by supranormal plasma LH and plasma testosterone values. Free
      alpha-subunit values were also elevated. In contrast, plasma FSH was in the lower
      normal range. Transsphenoidal operation failed to remove all tumour tissue.
      Detailed studies were carried out in the postoperative period. TRH and GnRH
      administration were associated with a rise of plasma LH and alpha-subunit,
      whereas plasma FSH was low and unresponsive. Bromocriptine treatment was
      ineffective. In contrast, both during and after treatment with SMS 201-995 for 6
      weeks, a decrease of basal plasma LH values was observed. Furthermore, the
      administration of a single dose of SMS 201-995 reproducibly induced a decrease of
      plasma LH lasting for a period of about 6 h. The study suggests that SMS 201-995
      may be useful in the treatment of patients with gonadotrope cell adenomas.

PMID- 2899941
TI  - A new approach in evaluation of fertility in surgically treated cryptorchids.
AB  - In this study twenty two operated cryptorchids were followed up (average period
      12.02 years) and various indices of function like size, semen analysis and
      histology were assessed. FNAC as an index of spermatogenic potential of testis
      was added and compared with other investigations. The fertility potential in
      operated unilateral cryptorchids was 86.7 percent and in bilateral 42.9 percent.
      As an investigation in cryptorchids, FNAC correlated well with semen analysis and
      histology in all respects--the two gold standards. When done in a child FNAC
      would hence give an excellent idea of spermatogenic potential of that testis,
      regardless of age. We recommend that FNAC being the least traumatic but equally
      reliable modality should replace biopsy in the intraoperative as well as
      subsequent follow up evaluation of cryptorchids.

PMID- 2899942
TI  - Age-related changes in regulatory peptides in rectal mucosa.

PMID- 2899943
TI  - Vecuronium in the management of tetanus. Is it the muscle relaxant of choice?
AB  - Two cases of severe tetanus admitted to ITU with muscle rigidity and convulsions
      and needed mechanical ventilation had a continuous infusion of vecuronium as
      muscle relaxant. The cardiovascular changes of the two patients are described. It
      is concluded that vecuronium because of its minimal cardiovascular effects is the
      relaxant of choice in the management of severe tetanus.

PMID- 2899944
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Common and uncommon morphological features.

PMID- 2899945
TI  - Management of medullary thyroid carcinomas.

PMID- 2899946
TI  - Three-dimensional arrangement of ductular structures formed by oval cells during
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - The three-dimensional arrangement of ductular structures formed by oval cells in
      rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) was studied by scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) of biliary tract casts and light microscopy of sections of liver
      injected with india ink via the biliary tract. Both resin and india ink were well
      injected up to bile ductules, and the findings of each method correlated with
      each other. By the second week after 2-AAF administration, a few oval cells
      appeared in the periportal areas forming ductular structures which connected with
      the portal bile ducts. At the 4th week, increased ductular structures occupied
      two thirds of the lobule and formed networks communicating with each other, and
      with the portal bile ducts. At the 8th week, such ductular structures were
      compressed around hyperplastic nodules and appeared like a basket in biliary
      casts examined by SEM. Although a histochemical study of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase revealed activity both on the luminal side of the ductular
      structures and hepatocytes in hyperplastic nodules, no transition was observed
      between these two cell populations. These results suggest that oval cells have
      characteristics more similar to those of biliary epithelia than of hepatocytes,
      and have no relation to the development of hyperplastic nodules.

PMID- 2899947
TI  - Neuroendocrine properties of the immune system.

PMID- 2899948
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma and nitrite inhalants.

PMID- 2899949
TI  - Evaluation of amino acid neurotransmitters, related compounds, and precursors in
      dystonia.

PMID- 2899951
TI  - An evaluation of sustained postural abnormalities in rats induced by intracerebro
      ventricular injection of chlorpromazine methiodide or somatostatin as models of
      dystonia.

PMID- 2899950
TI  - Dystonia clinical research center tissue resource facility: investigations on
      collected tissue.

PMID- 2899953
TI  - Meige syndrome: primary and secondary forms.

PMID- 2899952
TI  - Animal models of neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia.

PMID- 2899954
TI  - Molecular genetics of an autosomal dominant form of torsion dystonia.

PMID- 2899955
TI  - Pharmacological consideration of intracavernous drug injection in the treatment
      of impotence.

PMID- 2899956
TI  - Antibody production against BLV-p24 in calves following application of cell
      extracts from tumorous lymph nodes of cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis.
AB  - In the cell extract from tumorous lymph nodes of bovine leukosis virus (BLV)
      infected cattle (tumour cell extract) and from lymph nodes of BLV-free cattle
      (control cell extract) neither the gp51 nor the p24 antigens were detectable. The
      tumour cell extract contained receptors for the BLV antigens gp51 and p24. The
      immunogenicity of the cell extracts was tested in calves. All calves treated with
      the tumour cell extract developed antibodies against p24 but not against gp51.
      Administration of the control cell extract, in contrast, induced no antibodies
      against p24.

PMID- 2899958
TI  - Resistance of mice to reinfection after E-aminocaproic acid treatment of primary
      influenza virus infection.
AB  - The effect of proteolysis inhibitors on the formation of resistance to virus
      challenge has been studied in experimental influenza of mice. E-aminocaproic acid
      (E-ACA) when used in the treatment of influenza decreased the virus reproduction
      in lungs and also enhanced the humoral immune response. The antibody titre on
      days 14 to 21 post infection (p.i.) was significantly higher in the treated
      animals. On day 30 after challenge with the homologous strain (H3N2) the virus
      reproduced to low levels in the lungs of untreated convalescent mice, but no
      virus was detected in the lungs of mice which had been treated with E-ACA during
      primary infection. Marked increase of the antibody level was found in such mice.
      Upon challenge with lethal doses of the virulent strain (H1N1), the protection
      was significantly higher among animals treated with E-ACA during primary
      infection with a sublethal virus dose. We believe that the immunomodulatory
      action of E-ACA may play an important role in the increased resistance to
      challenge exhibited by such treatment.

PMID- 2899957
TI  - Simultaneous determination of the level of antibodies to influenza virus surface
      and internal proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been adopted for simultaneous
      determination of the levels of antibodies to different influenza virus proteins
      in human sera with known haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titre. Whole virus of
      serotypes H1N1 and H3N2, haemagglutinin (HA), matrix (M) and nucleoprotein (NP)
      proteins have been used as antigens. For detection of antibodies bound to the
      antigen, peroxidase labelled Staphylococcus protein A conjugate has been used.
      Correlation of the ELISA and HI titres of anti-HA antibody has been demonstrated.
      The use of isolated HA as antigen increased the specificity of ELISA. The
      analysis of human reconvalescent sera has shown that increase in the titre of
      antibodies to internal proteins does not always coincide with the increase of
      antibody level to HA. Out of 8 sera with significant increase of the HI titre to
      the H3 subtype 5 specimens showed 4-fold increase of antibody titre to NP
      protein. The antibody titre to M protein was elevated in 2 sera only, while 1
      serum showed no rise of antibody response to the tested viral proteins.

PMID- 2899959
TI  - Comparative clinico-morphological investigations of the CNS of monkeys and of the
      eye teguments of guinea pigs infected with different measles virus strains.
AB  - Measles virus strains Edmonston and L-16 have been studied in 10 intracerebrally
      (i.c.) infected monkeys and in 155 guinea pigs infected into the anterior eye
      chamber. The strains appeared to differ in pathogenicity for monkeys and guinea
      pigs. The more pathogenic Edmonston strain caused encephalitis in monkeys,
      whereas in guinea pigs it caused iridocyclitis, keratoconjunctivitis and
      follicular conjunctivitis. Strain L-16 was not neurovirulent for monkeys, while
      in guinea pigs it caused follicular conjunctivitis. Specific pathohistological
      changes detected in the CNS of monkeys and in the eye teguments of guinea pigs
      were confirmed by virologic and serologic findings.

PMID- 2899960
TI  - Dependence on the birth season of the antibody level against West Nile virus in
      the Pakistani population.
AB  - Variation of antibody level against West Nile (WN) virus depending on the season
      of birth was followed among 151 paired serum samples of healthy Pakistani persons
      in Karachi, collected twice in July and October, 1985. The persons born during
      the months between February and June had lower positive antibody rate and lower
      responsiveness in haemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing tests against WN
      virus than those born during the other months. This phenomenon implies that the
      ability to produce antibodies against WN virus among Pakistani persons may depend
      on their birth season.

PMID- 2899962
TI  - Herpes simplex type 1 defective interfering particles do not affect the antiviral
      activity of acyclovir, foscarnet and adenine arabinoside.
AB  - The concentration of defective interfering particles (DI-particles) of herpes
      simplex type 1 virus was analysed by electron microscopy and plaque titration.
      Fifteen consecutive passages of undiluted virus in green monkey kidney cells were
      followed. No relationship was found between the concentration of DI-particles and
      the activity of antiviral substances such as acyclovir, foscarnet and adenine
      arabinoside.

PMID- 2899961
TI  - Human interferon alfa therapy and hepatitis B virus markers in the serum of
      patients with chronic course of illness.
AB  - Dynamics of serum levels of HBsAg, HBeAg and anti HBc were followed during human
      interferon alpha (Hu IFN alpha) therapy of patients with chronic active or
      chronic persistent hepatitis B. More or less expressed oscillations of HBsAg
      serum levels seen in two out of our six treated patients seemed to occur due to
      IFN effect. Little and seldom changes were observed in HBeAg and anti HBc serum
      levels. The profiles of HBsAg serum levels of interferon-treated patients
      compared with the profiles of "conventionally" treated patients disclosed
      occurrence of spontaneous or perhaps interferon-induced cyclic elevations and
      depressions of HBsAg blood levels. The possible significance of this phenomenon
      is discussed.

PMID- 2899963
TI  - Analysis of electrophoretypes of rotavirus from diarrhoeic faeces of neonatal
      buffalo calves in India.
AB  - Two distinct rotavirus RNA electrophoretypes were revealed by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis followed by silver staining (PAGE-SS). The rotavirus was sampled
      from the faeces of buffalo calves in India from October, 1986 to January, 1987.
      In the buffalo farm under study one electrophoretype was prevalent first and then
      the second appeared after the disappearance of the first electrophoretype. For
      the detection of rotavirus in the diarrhoeic faeces of buffalo calves PAGE-SS was
      found more sensitive when compared with agar gel immunodiffusion and
      discontinuous counter immunoelectrophoresis tests.

PMID- 2899964
TI  - Induction of Epstein-Barr virus antigens by hydroxyurea.
AB  - Treatment of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed, virus-producer P3HR-1 cell
      line with hydroxyurea (HU) resulted in increased synthesis of the EBV-specific
      early antigen (EA) and viral capsid antigen (VCA). The induction was noted
      already at a 200 mumol/l and reached plateau at a 1500 mumol/l HU concentration.
      At plateau concentration, the percentage of cells expressing EA and VCA was about
      5 times higher than in the absence of the drug.

PMID- 2899965
TI  - Detection of the antigen and antibodies to the eastern subtype of haemorrhagic
      fever with renal syndrome virus in small rodents in Slovakia.
AB  - Direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the demonstration
      of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus antigen in lung tissue of
      small rodents trapped in Eastern and Western Slovakia. The eastern subtype of
      HFRS virus antigen was demonstrated in the lungs of Apodemus agrarius and of the
      western subtype in the lungs of Microtus arvalis. Antibodies to HFRS virus
      antigen have been detected in Apodemus species (A. agrarius and A. flavicollis)
      in higher titres to the Eastern subtype.

PMID- 2899966
TI  - The role of cytoskeleton and nuclear matrix in virus replication.
AB  - In the light of the cytoarchitecture concept, the presented review attempts to
      cover what is known of the involvement of cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal
      elements in the replication cycle of various viruses and in cell transformation.
      Our knowledge on the relationship of virus replication with cell architecture has
      rapidly progressed during the recent years in association with studies on
      composition of various filaments within cells, their spatial organization and
      possible functions which focussed much interest on the cytoskeleton and nuclear
      matrix. The new results indicated that highly specialized elements for normal
      cell function may be coopted for virus growth. Recently, using various methodical
      approaches it has been possible to obtain information about the association of
      virus-structural proteins with cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal elements, about
      the reorganization of cytoskeleton during virus replication, about the role of
      tubulin in transcription and RNA synthesis of negative-strand viruses, about the
      involvement of cytoskeletal filaments in the transport of viral proteins, virus
      penetration, virus assembly and release from the infected cell. The role of
      cytoskeleton in cell transformation and in initiation of DNA synthesis and
      intracellular signaling to cell proliferation has been also investigated.

PMID- 2899967
TI  - Anti-LCMV immune serum preparation and its testing by complement fixation test
      and immunoelectroosmophoresis.

PMID- 2899968
TI  - First isolation of Soldado virus in southern France.

PMID- 2899969
TI  - Analysis of hamster lymphomas for the presence of hamster papovavirus DNA.
AB  - The hamster papovavirus (HaPV) is a polyomavirus isolated from skin epitheliomas
      arising spontaneously in young Syrian hamsters. It can induce lymphomas and
      leukaemias in newborn hamsters. Although no virus particles are detectable by
      electron microscopy, high amounts of monomeric and oligomeric forms of
      extrachromosomal HaPV DNA molecules are found in the lymphoma cells. These
      molecules display deletions of about 300 nucleotides in length. Their role in the
      lymphoma induction is discussed.

PMID- 2899970
TI  - Hemodynamic, renal, and neurohumoral effects of a selective oral DA1 receptor
      agonist (fenoldopam) in patients with congestive heart failure.
AB  - Fenoldopam mesylate (SK&F 82526-J) is a novel benzazepine derivative. It has
      selective agonist activity at post-junctional (DA1) vascular dopaminergic
      receptors, which normally subserve renal artery vasodilation. Previous studies in
      normal subjects and in patients with hypertension indicate that fenoldopam
      increases renal blood flow and promotes a sodium diuresis. Drug efficacy was
      clinically evaluated in eight patients with chronic congestive heart failure
      (CHF) after a single oral dose of 100 mg of fenoldopam and following 3 days of
      therapy (100 mg four times daily). Stroke volume index acutely increased from 26
      +/- 7 (mean +/- SD) to 30 +/- 4 ml/beat/m2 (p less than 0.05) and left
      ventricular filling pressure decreased from 26 +/- 13 to 23 +/- 11 mm Hg (p less
      than 0.05). Systemic vascular resistance decreased from 1513 +/- 159 to 1128 +/-
      319 (p less than 0.05). Hemodynamic changes were seen as early as 30 minutes
      following fenoldopam and returned to control levels by 4 hours. Forearm blood
      flow, hepatic blood flow, and venous capacitance did not significantly change
      acutely, but renal blood flow index was significantly reduced (34 +/- 4 to 30 +/-
      3 min-1 X 1000, p less than 0.01). Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity,
      plasma arginine vasopressin, and plasma aldosterone did not significantly change
      acutely. After 3 days of treatment, 100 mg of fenoldopam again reduced the renal
      blood flow index (35 +/- 7 to 26 +/- 7 min-1 X 1000, p less than 0.01) and tended
      to increase plasma renin activity (11.7 +/- 8 to 21.2 +/- 19.4 ng/ml/hr, p =
      NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899971
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blocker withdrawal syndromes in hypertension and other
      cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2899972
TI  - Gm typing by immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene RFLP analysis.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate a means of assigning Gm allotypes to
      Caucasians by RFLP analysis. A single immunoglobulin heavy-chain gamma-4 cDNA
      probe (HU gamma 4) was hybridized with genomic DNA digested separately with two
      restriction enzymes, TaqI and PvuII. Results showed excellent correlation (P less
      than .001) between serologically defined Gm allotypes G1m(1), G1m(2), G2m(23),
      and G1m;G3m (3;5,10) and RFLPs identified with the (HU gamma 4) probe. We
      conclude that it is now possible to define common Gm haplotypes in Caucasians by
      RFLP analysis. This method provides a useful adjunct to serological allotyping
      and indeed has several important advantages over traditional serology: it allows
      confident Gm assignment and the definition of homozygous and heterozygous Gm
      arrangements, is highly reproducible, and is readily executed in any molecular
      genetic laboratory.

PMID- 2899973
TI  - Recurrent parotitis with H2 receptor antagonists in a patient with Sjogren's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2899974
TI  - Parallel changes of atrial natriuretic factor and catecholamines during surgery
      for pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2899976
TI  - Achondroplasia is not caused by mutation in the gene for type II collagen.
AB  - Achondroplasia is the most common human skeletal dysplasia. It is inherited as an
      autosomal dominant trait but the underlying biochemical cause is unknown. Genomic
      DNA from 49 affected individuals and two multiplex families with achondroplasia
      was studied using probes spanning COL2A1, the structural gene for type II
      collagen. Two lines of evidence speak against mutation in COL2A1 as the cause of
      achondroplasia: (1) no gross rearrangements are seen on Southern blot analysis of
      DNA from probands, and (2) linkage studies in multiplex families demonstrate
      discordant inheritance of achondroplasia and COL2A1 alleles.

PMID- 2899975
TI  - Ileal carcinoid tumor complicated by retroperitoneal fibrosis and a prolactinoma.
AB  - A patient with mid-gut carcinoid tumor and the unusual complication of
      retroperitoneal fibrosis was also found to have a prolactinoma. This case brings
      the number of reported mid-gut carcinoid tumors complicated by a second endocrine
      neoplasm to five. Three of the second tumors were parathyroid in origin, and the
      fourth was an insulinoma. In view of the rarity of second tumors and in the
      absence of documented familial occurrence, it is inappropriate to exhaustively
      study each person with mid-gut carcinoid tumor, or their families, for a second
      endocrine neoplasm; however, physicians caring for patients with mid-gut
      carcinoid should be aware that second tumors are possible. Retroperitoneal
      fibrosis is also a rare complication of carcinoid, but can be associated with
      renal failure that can be prevented by surgical intervention. Thus, physicians
      caring for patients with the carcinoid syndrome should also be aware of this
      complication.

PMID- 2899977
TI  - Comparative efficacy of the beta-blockers for the prevention of increased
      intraocular pressure after cataract extraction.
AB  - We conducted a randomized, double-masked study of intraocular pressure in 80
      patients treated with betaxolol, levobunolol, timolol, or placebo after
      extracapsular cataract extraction. Intraocular pressures were measured
      preoperatively and early (four to seven hours) and late (20 to 24 hours)
      postoperatively. There was a significant mean increase in pressure from the
      preoperative period to the early postoperative period for the placebo group (5.35
      mm Hg), betaxolol group (6.73 mm Hg), and the timolol group (3.83 mm Hg).
      However, the levobunolol group had a mean decrease in pressure (0.43 mm Hg).
      There was no significant difference between preoperative and late postoperative
      pressures for any of the groups. One-way analysis of covariance of the changes in
      pressure from the preoperative to early postoperative period showed a significant
      increase for the placebo and betaxolol groups compared to the levobunolol group,
      without significant difference between the levobunolol and timolol groups.
      Overall, levobunolol proved most effective in preventing an increase in
      intraocular pressure after extracapsular cataract extraction; timolol was
      partially effective.

PMID- 2899979
TI  - [Benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine antagonists in anesthesia and intensive
      medicine].

PMID- 2899978
TI  - Human infections with Tensaw virus in south Florida: evidence that Tensaw virus
      subtypes stimulate the production of antibodies reactive with closely related
      Bunyamwera serogroup viruses.
AB  - Maguari virus, a member of the Bunyamwera serogroup (family Bunyaviridae, genus
      Bunyavirus) has not been isolated north of Trinidad. Anecdotal information from
      other investigators has indicated the presence of antibody to Maguari virus in
      human residents of south Florida. We attributed such antibody to either cross
      reactivity with Tensaw virus, the only Bunyamwera serogroup virus known in south
      Florida, or to cross-reactivity to an antigenic subtype or variant of Tensaw
      virus. Five strains, identified as Tensaw virus when they were isolated from
      mosquitoes collected in south Florida more than 20 years ago, were retrieved from
      storage. They were compared by serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization
      tests with Bunyamwera serogroup prototypes Tensaw, Maguari, Cache Valley, and
      Tlacotalpan viruses. The south Florida isolates were shown to be most closely
      related to prototype Tensaw virus and most distantly related to prototype Maguari
      virus. One isolate could not be distinguished from prototype Tensaw virus, and
      the other 4 appeared to be subtypes of prototype Tensaw virus. More than 300
      serum samples from humans in south Florida were tested for neutralizing antibody
      to prototypes Tensaw and Maguari viruses and to 3 of the field isolates. Thirteen
      had antibody to prototype Tensaw virus only, 19 to prototype Maguari virus only,
      and 39 to both. Antibody to all but 6 of these 71 was attributed to infection
      with Tensaw virus, to a subtype of Tensaw virus, or to travel or birth outside
      the United States. It is likely that those with antibody to Maguari virus only
      had been infected with yet another subtype of Tensaw virus, although another,
      undiscovered, Bunyamwera serogroup virus may exist in south Florida.

PMID- 2899980
TI  - [Effects and side effects of benzodiazepines].
AB  - Due to the wide margin of safety and their pharmacological properties
      benzodiazepines are among the most widely used drugs in anaesthesiology and
      intensive care. Onset, duration and intensity of action depends mainly on their
      pharmacokinetic characteristics which exhibit some differences between the
      numerous compounds. All benzodiazepines possess dose-dependently anxiolytic,
      sedative-hypnotic, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsive properties. Likewise, the
      profile of side effects is almost identical, because all central actions of the
      benzodiazepines are based on a common molecular mechanism. CNS-depressant
      reactions, such as sedation, (hang-over) fatigue, ataxia, impairment of motor
      coordination and intellectual functions including memory (amnesia!) are most
      frequent, especially in the elderly if dosage has not been reduced accordingly.
      Rapid injection of higher doses should be avoided because these drugs (especially
      midazolam) can suppress ventilation. However, if benzodiazepines are properly
      used in patient-adjusted dosage they will represent valuable drugs in
      anaesthesiology and intensive care.

PMID- 2899981
TI  - [Benzodiazepines in premedication].
AB  - Benzodiazepines have an anxiolytic, sedative, amnesic, muscle relaxant and
      anticonvulsive action. An analysis of the literature shows that benzodiazepines
      are the most important substances for premedication. They are preferred the
      evening before surgery for sleep induction. At the day of surgery they reduce
      stress better than any other substances or combinations. The different
      characteristics of different substances are presented. The way of application is
      discussed. Benzodiazepines, especially midazolam, offer new perspectives in the
      premedication of small children. Especially this group of patients remains to be
      a severe anaesthesiological problem.

PMID- 2899982
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of benzodiazepines].
AB  - Benzodiazepines are of major interest in anesthesiology and intensive care
      medicine; they are indicated world-wide pre-, intra- and postoperatively.
      Application of these drugs is influenced by their side-effects such as
      hemodynamic changes, limiting their indication. The paper is focusing on general
      hemodynamic changes caused by benzodiazepines; the most important intravenous
      derivatives are reviewed with specific reference to their hemodynamic profile.

PMID- 2899983
TI  - [The immune system and benzodiazepines].
AB  - Alterations of the immune-system by benzodiazepines are of minor degree in
      dependence of their central or peripheral activity. Regarding their central
      effects a modulation may be assumed via the endocrine system. In vitro and in
      vivo studies lead to the assumption, that benzodiazepines have a mutagenic
      effect, even though this hypothesis could not be confirmed by in vitro
      investigations. In vivo a possible mutagenic action could only be found in two
      patients after long term therapy. A more mitosis-inhibiting effect of diazepam
      was shown in in vitro studies. In animal experiments this observation could not
      be confirmed for the thymus. With regard to specific immunity, diazepam seems to
      have a stimulating effect on the T-helper cells. Locomotion and chemotaxis of
      human polymorphonuclear granulocytes is not influenced by anaesthetic doses of
      benzodiazepines. It is questionable whether benzodiazepines are of clinical
      importance for the immune-system of patients receiving anaesthetic doses.
      However, the presently generous use of benzodiazepines, e.g. on intensive care
      units, should be reconsidered in respect to immunological consequences.

PMID- 2899985
TI  - [Antagonism of the effects of benzodiazepines using flumazenil (Ro 15-1788)].
AB  - Flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) proved to be a very efficacious competitive antagonist of
      benzodiazepines that reliably counteracts their pharmacological actions within 1
      2 min as could be demonstrated in clinical and EEG studies. In general, a total
      dose of 0.3-0.8 mg will be sufficient in clinical practice, avoiding side effects
      like nausea, tremor, sweating, or transient anxiety that could be observed when
      higher dosages were administered. Its therapeutic range is very high as could be
      demonstrated in experimental animal in which up to 8.000-fold the clinical dose
      was administered. The total volume of distribution (Vdes) amounts to nearly 1.000
      ml/kg BW and the total clearance exceeds 1.200 ml/min, resulting in a biological
      half-life of less than 60 min. According to the benzodiazepine dosage and the
      rapid plasma concentration decline of flumazenil, in some cases a resedation
      could be observed. Hence, a careful observation of the antagonised patient on the
      ward is mandatory for 1.5-2 h, even if at first sight the antagonization seemed
      successful and the patient fully awake and cooperative. In anaesthesia,
      indications to administer flumazenil are adverse drug reactions and prolonged
      recovery after adequate benzodiazepine dosage. In intensive care medicine, the
      antagonist may be used in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose as well as in
      the differential diagnosis of a coma of unknown origin. Additionally, the
      antagonist may be administered to interrupt benzodiazepine sedation e.g. for
      neurological examination.

PMID- 2899984
TI  - [Neurophysiological monitoring (electroencephalogram, evoked potentials) and the
      effects of benzodiazepines].
AB  - Since the introduction of diazepam, flunitrazepam and midazolam into clinical
      practice benzodiazepines have been increasingly used for premedication, induction
      of anesthesia, and long-term sedation in the intensive care unit utilizing their
      anxiolytic and sedative components. Intraoperative monitoring of central nervous
      structures has to take into account the effects of benzodiazepines on the
      electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked potentials (EP) before their contribution
      to alterations in brain electrical activity during balanced anesthesia with
      combination of different drugs can be evaluated. EEG reflects the spontaneous
      brain electrical activity whereas EP are the averaged time-locked electrical
      responses to external stimulation. They are thus able to assess the functional
      integrity of afferent neuronal pathways from peripheral nerves to cortical areas.
      The specific benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil binds competitively to
      benzodiazepine receptors and is able to induce a change in pharmacodynamic
      parameters, which i.e. can be measured by EEG- and EP-recordings.
      Characteristical changes in the EEG after benzodiazepine medication consist in an
      activation of higher EEG-frequencies simultaneous to a decrease in alpha
      activity. A facultative increase in delta-activity seems to be dependent on the
      absolute dose administered and on the speed for intravenous injection.
      Benzodiazepine-induced EEG-alterations can be reversed by flumazenil almost
      completely but in the time course will change again in correspondence to the
      plasma levels of the benzodiazepines and the half-time of flumazenil. Cortical EP
      components are suppressed by benzodiazepines whereas subcortical generated
      potentials are not altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899986
TI  - Sinus arrest and beta blockade.

PMID- 2899987
TI  - [Energy and amino acid metabolism in the human brain under Disoprivan anesthesia
      with various paCO2 values].
AB  - Propofol like thiopental and etomidate, suppresses cortical electrical activity
      in a dose-related manner, which leads to a 36% decrease in cerebral oxygen uptake
      and a 51% decrease in cerebral blood flow after an induction dose of 2 mg/kg
      followed by a maintenance dose of 0.2 mg/kg per min. In this study, the effects
      of propofol and varying paCO2 values on cerebral energy and amino acid metabolism
      were examined. METHODS. Eleven male patients between 49 and 63 years of age who
      were about to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery were studied. Measurements
      were performed with the patient awake (I), during steady-state maintenance
      anesthesia after propofol 2 mg/kg as an induction dose with 0.2 mg/kg per min by
      infusion with normocapnia (paCO2 39.9 +/- 3.1 mm Hg) (II), during hypocapnia
      (paCO2 29.9 +/- 2.6 mmHg) (III), and during hypercapnia (paCO2 50.6 +/- 3.3 mmHg)
      (IV). Cerebral blood flow was measured using the argon wash-in technique. A
      catheter was advanced into the superior bulb of the right internal jugular vein
      for measurement of cerebral oxygen, glucose, lactate, and amino acid uptake and
      release, which were calculated by multiplying the arterial-cerebral venous oxygen
      and substrate difference by the cerebral blood flow. Lactate/glucose index was
      calculated from the equation. Formula: see text. where a-vD lactate and a-vD
      glucose represent the arterial-cerebral venous substrate differences in mmol/l.
      Cerebral electrical activity was recorded by Fourier analysis of the
      EEG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899988
TI  - [Onset of the effect and intubation conditions following atracurium, verocuronium
      and suxamethonium].
AB  - 1. The onset of neuromuscular blockade following i.v. injection of atracurium
      0.3, 0.4, or 0.5 mg/kg; vecuronium 0.08 or 0.1 mg/kg; and succinylcholine 1.0
      mg/kg was studied in 205 adult patients during induction of anesthesia by means
      of the compound action potential (EMG) of the hypothenar muscle, which was
      indirectly stimulated via the ulnar nerve above the wrist, using the Datex
      Relaxograph. At the same time, the intubation conditions at 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 min
      after injection were assessed using a scoring system (Crul 1983) related to ease
      of laryngoscopy, movement of vocal cords and coughing, and reflex movements of
      the extremities. 2. Neuromuscular blockade and intubation conditions 2 min after
      administration of atracurium 0.3 mg/kg were 60 +/- 10% and 8.7 +/- 0.3; after 0.4
      mg/kg 74 +/- 4% and 10.3 +/- 0.3; and after 0.5 mg/kg 86 +/- 5% and 11.8 +/- 0.2.
      After 0.08 mg/kg vecuronium 76 +/- 3% and 7.4 +/- 0.5 were recorded and after 0.1
      mg/kg 85 +/- 6% and 10.5 +/- 0.4. Motor blockade 1 min after succinylcholine was
      98 +/- 2% and intubation conditions scored 11.3 +/- 0.3. Relating intubation
      conditions to neuromuscular blockade yielded a close correlation and surprisingly
      good or very good intubation conditions (score more than 10) at a motor blockade
      of 80% (resp. 20% transmission). 3. Although succinylcholine is still the muscle
      relaxant with the most rapid onset of action, the new drug atracurium seems to
      satisfactorily facilitate tracheal intubation within an acceptably short time
      interval of 2 min after injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2899989
TI  - Management of acute elevated intraocular pressure: Part II. Treatment.

PMID- 2899990
TI  - [Surgery of peptic ulcer 10 years after the introduction of anti-H2 agents].
AB  - To evaluate the actual rate of both elective and emergency surgical operations
      for peptic ulcer, a questionnaire on the incidence of these operations was sent
      to 60 european departments of digestive surgery. 28 centers entered the trial,
      with the following results: 1,800 patients operated on; marked decrease of
      elective operations (100 percent of the centers); High decrease of emergency
      operations for hemorrhagic ulcer (80 percent of the centers). Decrease of
      emergency operations for perforation (50 percent of the centers). Decrease of
      operations for stenosis (70 percent of the centers). No-responders ulcers (ever
      more rare) and acute complications of patients with acute ulcer (elderly
      patients, under steroid or chemotherapy or intensive care) represent the resting
      indications to surgery. These results confirm the decline of surgery ten years
      after the introduction of H2 receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2899991
TI  - The influence of cysteamine and propionitrile on duodenal phosphoprotein
      phosphatase in rats.
AB  - Cysteamine and propionitrile cause severe duodenal ulcers with perforation within
      24-48 h after a single injection in rats. These animal models were used to gain
      insight into the early, preulcerogenic biochemical changes in the duodenal
      mucosa. The results indicate that a single sc injection of cysteamine and
      propionitrile induced dose- and time-dependent decreases in the activity of
      phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPPase) in homogenate and particulate fractions of
      rat duodenal mucosa. The decrease in enzyme activity was detectable 4 h after the
      injection of the ulcerogens, it was maximal at 12 h, and hardly detectable at 24
      h. No effect on the enzyme activity was found under in vitro conditions. PPPase
      activity in the liver was not influenced by either cysteamine or propionitrile.
      Furthermore, the toxic but nonulcerogenic derivative of cysteamine ethanolamine
      had no effect on PPPase in the duodenum. Thus, the effect of the duodenal
      ulcerogens on PPPase activity was indirect and organ specific, related only to
      the target organ (i.e., duodenal mucosa). The effect of the drugs was also
      selective at the level of mucosal cells: both duodenal ulcerogens depleted
      protein and alkaline phosphatase but not lysosomal acid phosphatase. The decrease
      of PPPase activity could be a general property of the duodenal ulcerogens since
      it is independent of their effect on endogenous somatostatin.

PMID- 2899992
TI  - Seronegative spondarthritis associated with Takayasu's arteritis.
AB  - A young woman presented with an aortic arch syndrome a few years after the onset
      of ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue typing showed HLA-B27. The possibility of an
      association between ankylosing spondylitis and Takayasu's arteritis is suggested.

PMID- 2899993
TI  - Growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis during hypocaloric parenteral
      nutrition. Role of hormonal-substrate environment.
AB  - The influence of growth hormone (GH) on protein metabolism and fuel utilization
      was investigated in eight paired studies of normal volunteers. GH (10 mg) was
      given daily during one period, and saline was injected during control studies.
      For 6 days, subjects received parenteral nutrition that provided adequate dietary
      nitrogen, vitamin, and minerals, but energy intake varied to provide 30-100% of
      requirements. On Day 7, the feedings were discontinued and an oral glucose load
      (100 g) was administered. The level of energy intake did not markedly influence
      the actions of GH. During nutrient infusions, GH caused positive nitrogen balance
      (1.0 +/- 0.3 g/m2/day vs. -1.2 +/- 0.3 in controls, p less than 0.001) and
      increased protein synthesis (16.8 +/- 0.7 g N/m2/day vs. 13.9 +/- 0.8, p less
      than 0.01). No change in the rate of protein breakdown or excretion of 3
      methylhistidine occurred. GH was associated with an increase in insulin and
      insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations (IGF-I, 9.1 +/- 0.6 IU/ml vs. 3.3 +/-
      0.5, p less than 0.001). After discontinuation of the parenteral nutrition and
      administration of the oral glucose load, glucose concentrations tended to be
      higher after GH; however, despite a two- to threefold increase in insulin
      response, muscle glucose uptake was attenuated (1.10 +/- 0.19 g/kg forearm vs.
      1.64 +/- 0.30 in controls, p less than 0.05). Compared with control conditions,
      GH appeared to attenuate the increase in amino acid nitrogen efflux from muscle
      after the administration of oral glucose. These data demonstrate that the protein
      anabolic effect of GH, which occurs even during hypocaloric feedings, is related
      to multiple mechanisms that favor protein synthesis. These include the increase
      in plasma concentrations of GH, insulin IGF-I and fat utilization. GH
      administration results in a hormonal-substrate environment that favors nitrogen
      retention and protein synthesis. GH may be beneficial in promoting protein
      synthesis in surgical patients, particularly in association with hypocaloric
      glucose infusions that allow utilization of body fat as an energy source.

PMID- 2899995
TI  - Retrograde flow in the internal mammary artery.

PMID- 2899996
TI  - High-frequency ventilation during dissection of the internal mammary artery.

PMID- 2899994
TI  - Susceptibility of hamsters to caecal amoebiasis by oral infection.
AB  - A method is described for successfully establishing caecal amoebiasis in hamsters
      which were not fed and which were pretreated with 1 ml of magnesium sulphate
      every 24 hours for three days and then given 12 x 10(5) trophozoites of the HM-1
      axenic strain or 18 x 10(5) trophozoites of the HK-9 axenic strain of Entamoeba
      histolytica by the oral route. All the animals developed diarrhoea within 24
      hours of infection. When the animals were killed on the fifth day after infection
      the caecum was swollen and fused. Large macroscopic ulcers full of pus could be
      seen in the caecum. None of the control animals showed any of the changes
      mentioned above.

PMID- 2899997
TI  - [Circadian rhythm in myocardial infarct].
AB  - In order to determine if the beginning of the Myocardial Infarction (MI) is at
      random along the day or if it follows a circadian rhythm, we analyzed the
      clinical charts of 819 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unite. Among them,
      645 were male and 174 female. It was established that the beginning of the MI
      follows a circadian rhythm with maximal frequency between 8 and 9 a.m. and
      minimal at 0 hours (p greater than 0.01). This rhythm is sex independent. In
      patients younger than 45 years as well as those who received beta-block agents in
      less than 24 hours previous the MI no circadian rhythm was observed.

PMID- 2899998
TI  - Possible involvement of receptors in the entry of Kunjin virus into Vero cells.
AB  - The results obtained from electron microscopy, adsorbed and internalised virus
      assays and immunofluorescence studies supported that the most likely mode of
      entry of Kunjin virus into Vero cells was by receptor-mediated endocytosis. This
      was deduced indirectly from the time sequence of events that occurred. Electron
      microscopy revealed that endocytosis of the virus through coated vesicles had
      occurred. The adsorbed and internalised virus assay and immunofluorescence
      studies showed that there were two factors being recycled during endocytosis: the
      receptor for the virus and clathrin, the protein found on coated pits and
      vesicles. The study showed that clathrin was recycled first, followed by the
      receptor.

PMID- 2899999
TI  - Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization of human T-lymphotropic
      virus type I (HTLV-I)-producing rabbit lymphoid cell lines.
AB  - Fine structural and immunocytochemical characterization of rabbit lymphoid cell
      lines transformed by human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was carried out.
      All nine cell lines tested were reactive with anti-HTLV-I-positive human, monkey,
      and rabbit sera and monoclonal antibody to HTLV-Ip 19, but not with anti-HTLV-I
      negative sera and monoclonal antibodies to human Ia and pan-T antigens. All cell
      lines were strongly positive for monoclonal antibodies to rabbit Ia and pan-T
      antigens. Ultrastructurally, each cell line contained C-type virus particles in
      varying numbers in the extracellular space. These particles showed replication
      patterns similar to those in HTLV-I or simian T-lymphotropic virus type I (STLV
      I)-producing human or monkey cells. In addition, anti-HTLV-I-positive rabbit
      serum gave positive immunoreactivity to HTLV-I or STLV-I by indirect
      immunoferritin method. These results indicate that the ultramorphology and
      replication patterns of HTLV-I in rabbit cell lines are indistinguishable from
      those of HTLV-I in human and monkey cell lines, HTLV-I in rabbit cells shares the
      common surface antigenic determinants with HTLV-I or STLV-I in human or monkey
      cells, and that these cells are definitely rabbit T cells bearing their own Ia
      antigens.

PMID- 2900000
TI  - Expression of pili and capsule by the avian strain P-1059 of Pasteurella
      multocida.
AB  - The avian strain P-1059 of Pasteurella multocida was grown on blood agar (BA), on
      dextrose-starch agar (DSA), or in Heddleston's hydrogen sulfide test broth. Cells
      were examined for the presence of pili using electron microscopy after staining
      with phosphotungstic acid, and they were examined for capsule after ruthenium red
      staining. Pili were found on the capsulated iridescent type, P-1059I, and on two
      non-capsulated variants, the blue, P-1059B, and the gray, P-1059G. Many cells
      grown on BA were heavily piliated. In contrast, fewer cells grown on DSA had
      pili, and piliation was only slight to moderate. The P-1059I, P-1059B, and P
      1059G produced pellicles when grown on broth medium. Pili were found on the
      circumference of the cells grown on either agar or broth medium. Occasionally a
      pilus connecting two cells was seen on cells cultured in broth. Cultivation of
      the P-1059I on DSA containing the iron-chelating agent alpha,alpha'-bipyridyl
      produced a non-capsulated blue variant. The non-capsulated variant reverted to P
      1059I when grown on BA but did not revert when grown on DSA.

PMID- 2900001
TI  - Vasopressin modulates the activity of nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms during
      memory retrieval in mice.
AB  - Lysine vasopressin (0.03 micrograms/kg, sc) enhanced retention test performance
      on a one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance task when injected into male
      Swiss mice 20 min before the retention test. Tests were done 48 h following
      training. A low dose of the vasopressin antagonist AAVP (0.01 microgram/kg, sc,
      20 min prior to testing) did not significantly affect retention test performance,
      whereas a higher dose (0.03 microgram/kg, sc) impaired it. Neither lysine
      vasopressin nor AAVP when given prior to testing modified latencies to step
      through of mice that had not received a footshock during training. The
      simultaneous administration of AAVP (0.01 microgram/kg, sc) prevented the
      enhancement of retention test performance induced by lysine vasopressin. The
      influence of lysine vasopressin on retention test performance was antagonized by
      the simultaneous administration of mecamylamine (5 mg/kg, sc) but not by
      hexamethonium (5 mg/kg, sc), atropine (0.5 mg/kg, sc), or methylatropine (0.5
      mg/kg, sc). A modulatory role of vasopressin on the activity of central
      cholinergic nicotinic mechanisms which probably operate at the time of testing is
      suggested.

PMID- 2900002
TI  - Functional shift from muscarinic to nicotinic cholinergic receptors involved in
      inositol trisphosphate and cyclic GMP accumulation during the primary culture of
      adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - Specificities of cholinergic receptors for the accumulation of inositol
      trisphosphates (InsP3) and cyclic GMP and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ in
      relation to culture periods were investigated in primary cultures of bovine
      adrenal chromaffin cells. At 0.5 day in culture, muscarine, a specific agonist
      for muscarinic receptors, caused a greater effect on intracellular Ca2+
      mobilization and the accumulation of Ins(1,3,4)P3 than did the nicotinic-specific
      agonist nicotine. On the contrary, at 5 days, nicotine produced a greater effect
      on the accumulation of Ins(1,3,4)P3 and intracellular calcium mobilization than
      did muscarine. Furthermore, at 0.5 day, the muscarinic antagonist atropine
      strongly inhibited the increase in InsP3 accumulation that was induced by the
      nonspecific agonist carbachol, whereas at 5 days the inhibitory effect of
      atropine was greatly lowered. On the other hand, the nicotinic receptor
      antagonists hexamethonium and d-tubocurarine showed a much higher inhibitory
      potency at 5 days compared with 0.5 day in culture. Cholinergic receptor subtypes
      involved in cyclic GMP accumulation showed functional shifts similar to those in
      InsP3 formation. Binding experiments with a muscarinic ligand excluded the
      possibility that the reduction in muscarinic effects on InsP3 and cyclic GMP
      formation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization were due to disappearance of the
      muscarinic receptor itself. These data show that cholinergic receptors linked to
      the accumulation of InsP3 and cyclic GMP and Ca2+ mobilization functionally shift
      from muscarinic to nicotinic during primary culture of adrenal chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2900004
TI  - Evidence for the bioactive conformation in a cyclic hexapeptide analogue of
      somatostatin containing a cis-peptide bond mimic.
AB  - N-methyl- alpha -benzyl-o-aminomethylphenylacetic acid was incorporated into a
      cyclic somatostatin analogue in order to mimic a cis-peptide bond configuration.
      The high biological potency of one of the isomers of the cyclic peptide strongly
      argues in favour of the proposed cis-configuration of the peptide bond at that
      position in the parent peptide. This represents the first cis-peptide bond mimic
      which has high biological activity.

PMID- 2900003
TI  - Chronic ethanol administration depresses fatty acid synthesis in rat adipose
      tissue.
AB  - Administration of ethanol as part of a nutritionally adequate liquid diet to
      female Wistar rats was found to depress markedly incorporation of labelled
      glucose into adipose-tissue acylglycerol fatty acids. Similar results with
      labelled pyruvate and acetate suggested inhibition of the fatty-acid-synthesis
      pathway at, or distal to, the acetyl-CoA carboxylase step. Activities of acetyl
      CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase were markedly lower in ethanol-fed
      animals. The activity of another lipogenic enzyme, phosphatidate
      phosphohydrolase, was not affected by chronic ethanol feeding. These findings
      suggest that chronic ethanol administration has marked effects on adipose-tissue
      lipogenesis.

PMID- 2900005
TI  - Effects of azadirachtin on insect cytochrome P-450 dependent ecdysone 20
      monooxygenase activity.
AB  - The effects of the insect growth and ecdysis inhibitor azadirachtin on ecdysone
      20-monooxygenase activity were examined in three insect species. Homogenates of
      wandering stage third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster, or abdomens from
      adult female Aedes aegypti, or fat body or midgut from last instar larvae of
      Manduca sexta were incubated with radiolabelled ecdysone and increasing
      concentrations of azadirachtin and the ecdysone 20-monoxygenase activity
      quantified by radioassay. Azadirachtin was found to inhibit in a dose-response
      fashion the ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with all the insect
      preparations. The concentration of azadirachtin required to elicit approximately
      50% inhibition of the ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity ranged from a low of 1 x
      10(-4) M for Drosophila to a high of 4 x 10(-4) M for Manduca midgut.

PMID- 2900006
TI  - Beta-endorphin modification by transglutaminase in vitro: identification by
      FAB/MS of glutamine-11 and lysine-29 as acyl donor and acceptor sites.
AB  - FAB-Mapping strategy was successfully exploited to characterize the reaction
      products of the transglutaminase-mediated modifications of human beta-endorphin
      in vitro. The GLN-11 residue of the neuropeptide was shown to be an effective
      acyl donor site for the enzyme, being able to bind spermine in the presence of
      Ca2+. Moreover, only one out of five lysyl residues (LYS-29) was demonstrated to
      act as acyl acceptor crosslinking with GLN-11.

PMID- 2900007
TI  - Palmitoyl carnitine: an endogenous promotor of calcium efflux from rat heart
      mitochondria.
AB  - The effects of the fatty acid ester palmitoyl carnitine (PC) on mitochondrial
      Ca2+ handling and ATP synthesis are described. At low concentrations (5-40
      microM) PC was found to produce changes in mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, the most
      significant effect (P less than 0.05) being the promotion of Ca2+ efflux (EC25 =
      1.19 +/- 0.11 microM). Studies on mitochondrial substrate oxidation in the
      presence of either glutamate plus malate, or succinate, confirmed the ability of
      PC (10-100 microM) to cause loss of respiratory control as shown by reductions in
      the Respiratory Control Index for each substrate. It was concluded that the
      effect of PC on Ca2+ transport was due to a direct action on the Na+-Ca2+
      antiporter system, whilst the effect on respiration was due to an uncoupling
      action.

PMID- 2900008
TI  - Phorbol esters and thyroliberin have distinct actions regarding stimulation of
      prolactin secretion and activation of adenylate cyclase in rat pituitary tumour
      cells (GH4C1 cells).
AB  - The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) enhances the
      effects of TRH on phase II of prolactin secretion as well as on hormone synthesis
      at both low and high TPA receptor occupancy. Furthermore TPA, but not the
      biologically inactive substance 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4 alpha-PDD),
      stimulates the particulate bound adenylate cyclase with a time course paralleling
      that of TRH activation. However, the combined additions of TRH and TPA activate
      this cyclase in an additive manner while the Gpp(NH)p- and the forskolin
      sensitive enzyme are unaffected by TPA addition. Polymyxin B, which inhibits
      protein kinase C, abolishes activation of adenylate cyclase by TPA without
      interfering with the stimulatory action of TRH. Also, when phosphatase activity
      is preferentially inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with sodium vanadate,
      the TRH-sensitive cyclase is unaltered, while TPA activation is obliterated.
      Maximal stimulation of adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin pretreatment,
      obliterated the actions of TRH and TPA. Cells pretreated with pertussis toxin
      retained their TRH-sensitive cyclase, however, TPA-responsiveness was lost. We
      therefore suggest that the action of TPA as it relates to activation of adenylate
      cyclase, is probably mediated via the Gi component of the adenylate cyclase
      complex, while TRH stimulates the enzyme via the classical pathway involving the
      stimulatory GTP binding protein (Gs).

PMID- 2900009
TI  - Effects of heterocyclic amines in food on dopamine metabolism in nigro-striatal
      dopaminergic neurons.
AB  - We investigated the effects of 14 heterocyclic amines in food on nigro-striatal
      dopaminergic neurons. Among 14 compounds tested, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H
      pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P
      2) caused substantial decreases in 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) formation
      in striatal tissue slice system. When Trp-P-1 or Trp-P-2 was unilaterally infused
      in the rat striatum by an in vivo micro-dialysis technique, both compounds
      produced a transient increase of dopamine (DA) and continuous decreases in the
      metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
      in the perfusate. This suggests that the two compounds inhibit monoamine oxidase
      (MAO) in vivo. Indeed they were found to be very potent inhibitors of MAO in
      vitro. Systemic administration of Trp-P-1 to C57 Black mice caused a marked
      decrease of DOPAC content and a significant increase of DA in the striatum,
      indicating inhibition of MAO in vivo. These results suggest that Trp-P-1 and Trp
      P-2 contained in food could alter the metabolism of DA in the brain.

PMID- 2900010
TI  - [Alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted lamtidine analogs: synthesis and H2-antagonistic
      activity. 38. H2-antihistaminics].
AB  - In studies on the structure-activity relationships of histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists, lamtidine analogous derivatives of ortho-, meta- und para
      substituted piperidinomethylphenoxypropylamines bearing an additional substituent
      on the aromatic ring were prepared and tested for their H2-antagonistic activity
      on the isolated guinea-pig atrium. An additional substituent decreases the H2
      antagonistic activity of the 3-(3-piperidinomethyl-phenoxy)-propylamine
      derivatives, while 2-membered substituents neighboring the connecting chain
      increase the activity of the ortho- and para-piperidinomethyl-substituted
      phenoxypropylamine derivatives.

PMID- 2900011
TI  - Absence of amnesia induction in mice with hydroxyzine in comparison with three
      other minor tranquillizers.
AB  - Hydroxyzine (Atarax) was compared with three traditional anxiolytics (diazepam,
      meprobamate, triazolam) for potential amnesic activity in a step-through passive
      avoidance task in the mouse. The doses investigated were: hydroxyzine (4, 8 and
      16 mg/kg); diazepam (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg); meprobamate (8, 16 and 32 mg/kg);
      triazolam (0.0015, 0.003 and 0.006 mg/kg). The doses investigated were chosen on
      the basis of prior experiments for not having sedative effects as measured in a
      photo-cell activity meter. All drugs were administered i.p. 30 min before the
      first trial of the passive avoidance task. The compounds were also investigated
      for eventual analgesic activity using the hot plate test. The results indicated
      that hydroxyzine up to sedative doses was devoid of amnesic activity, whereas
      clear signs of amnesia were induced by diazepam, meprobamate and triazolam at
      doses at least 8 times lower than those which reduced spontaneous motor activity.
      None of the compounds showed analgesic activity in the hot plate test suggesting
      that the signs of amnesia observed in the passive avoidance test were not due to
      reduced sensitivity to aversive stimulation.

PMID- 2900012
TI  - Effect of food on absorption of chlordemethyldiazepam.
AB  - The kinetics of a single 1-mg oral dose of chlordemethyldiazepam (CDDZ, En) was
      determined on two occasions in 8 healthy volunteers. CDDZ was given in the
      fasting state on one occasion and following a standard meal on another. Compared
      with the fasting state, administration of CDDZ with food prolonged the time to
      reach peak concentration (1.5 vs. 6.8 h after dosage, p less than 0.01) and the
      absorption half-life (28 vs. 231 min, p less than 0.01). Total area under the
      curve was not influenced, nor was CDDZ elimination half-life (84.2 vs. 88.7 h).
      Thus administration of CDDZ with food slows the rate of its absorption but does
      not alter the completeness of absorption.

PMID- 2900013
TI  - [Long-term beta adrenergic antagonists in spastic bronchopathies].
AB  - Beta-blockers are usually contra-indicated or reluctantly prescribed in cases of
      chronic obstructive bronchopathy. The aim of this study is firstly to show their
      tolerance in the long term in this pathology when the condition is stable and
      secondly to judge their efficacy in controlling side effects caused by
      bronchodilators (trembling, tachycardia) which are often administered at the same
      time. This study concerned 21 patients: 8 asthmatics and 13 spastic bronchitics,
      treated over a period of 4 months in a cross-over, double-blind test by 2 cardio
      selective beta-blockers (2 months: betaxolol, 2 months atenolol). During the
      study, respiratory tolerance proved to be good and side effects of
      bronchodilators were controlled.

PMID- 2900014
TI  - Intra-cerebral cysteamine infusions attenuate the motor response to dopaminergic
      agonists.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that somatostatin neurons in the basal ganglia
      may be involved in motor activity. In the present experiments, the effects of
      cysteamine, a drug which reduces somatostatin levels, on the basal and dopamine
      mediated motor activities were examined in the rat. Neither intra-striatal nor
      intra-accumbens infusions of cysteamine had any effect on motor activity prior to
      the administration of dopamine agonists. However, intra-striatal cysteamine
      infusions reduced the duration of the stereotypic behavior induced by systemic
      apomorphine. In addition, intra-accumbens infusions of cysteamine produced a
      slight reduction in the locomotor response induced by amphetamine. The direct
      intra-cerebral infusion of cysteamine produced a significant depletion in the
      levels of somatostatin at the site of injections as measured by radioimmunoassay.
      These results indicate that somatostatin neurons in the basal ganglia may
      modulate the motor responses following dopaminergic activation, and further
      support the presence of a dopamine-somatostatin interaction in this region.

PMID- 2900015
TI  - Behavioral and neurochemical profile of the spontaneously diabetic Wistar BB rat.
AB  - The overall objective of the present investigation was to examine the behavioral
      and neurochemical profile of long-term diabetes (2-4 months), in the
      spontaneously diabetic Wistar BB rat (SDR). This animal model mimics the salient
      symptomatology of Type-I diabetes in man and circumvents confounds attributed to
      non-specific effects encountered in the chemically-induced models of diabetes.
      The first set of experiments were designed to investigate the effects of dopamine
      (DA) agonists and circadian cycle on the following spontaneous behaviors:
      locomotion, floor activity, rearing frequency and rearing duration. The results
      demonstrated that the SDR manifests (1) a blunted response to D-amphetamine (0.5
      3.0 mg/kg; i.p.), and (2) lower levels of spontaneous locomotor and rearing
      activity in the latter part of the dark cycle, particularly at the transition of
      the cycle from dark to light. The next set of experiments assessed the status of
      brain catecholamine and metabolite levels in the insulin maintained and deprived
      SDR. The regional catecholamine and metabolite levels of the insulin-maintained
      SDR were not significantly different from those of the non-diabetic or the
      genetically distinct controls. However, the cessation of insulin administration
      to the SDR for 4 days resulted in significant increases in the levels of
      norepinephrine in the cortex and the hypothalamus, DA in the hippocampus, and
      homovanillic acid in the striatum.

PMID- 2900016
TI  - Human erythrocyte transglutaminase: purification and preliminary
      characterisation.
AB  - Erythrocyte transglutaminase was purified by anion-exchange chromatography, size
      exclusion and affinity chromatography. Homogeneity was achieved by an additional
      step of HPLC size-exclusion chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified
      enzyme was calculated to be 65,000 Da by size-exclusion chromatography and
      sucrose-gradient centrifugation, and 92,000 Da by SDS-PAGE, thus suggesting a
      high degree of asymmetry. The amino-acid composition of erythrocyte
      transglutaminase differed substantially from that of the guinea-pig liver enzyme,
      notably with respect to the number of histidine, cysteine and acidic amino-acid
      residues. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for divalent cations for
      activity: calcium, manganese, and the lanthanides terbium and gadolinium activate
      the enzyme in decreasing order of efficacy, while no activity is displayed in the
      presence of magnesium. In the presence but not in the absence of calcium ions,
      the enzyme is rapidly inactivated by N-ethylmaleimide and by diethylpyrocarbonate
      suggesting that the cation influences the reactivity of amino acids essential for
      catalysis. When erythrocyte proteins are employed as amine acceptors in the
      presence of calcium, the erythrocyte transglutaminase appears to preferentially
      modify membrane-associated proteins, although, in the absence of calcium ions and
      exogenous amines, it displays a pH-dependent interaction with soluble proteins.

PMID- 2900017
TI  - Studies on protein phosphorylation using subcellular fractions from insulin
      treated white adipose tissue of rats.
AB  - In these studies the incorporation of 32P into proteins within subcellular
      fractions, obtained from rat white adipose tissue upon incubation in the presence
      of [gamma-32P]ATP, was investigated. A stable increase in the activity of protein
      serine(threonine) kinase in high-speed supernatant fractions was observed
      following treatment of intact tissue with insulin. Protein kinase activity
      associated with the plasma membrane fraction of cells was diminished in response
      to insulin, but the decrease was apparently insufficient to account for increases
      observed in corresponding supernatant fractions. A range of assay conditions was
      employed to characterize the insulin-stimulated protein serine(threonine) kinase
      in in supernatant fractions. The insulin-stimulated protein serine(threonine)
      kinase displays properties that indicate it is distinct from a number of well
      characterized protein kinases, including those regulated by cAMP, calcium ions
      (in the presence or absence of calmodulin or mixtures of phosphatidylserine
      diacylglycerol), polyamines, or heparin. There were no apparent effects of
      insulin on incorporation of 32P into added casein or histones II-S or III-S. The
      protein serine(threonine) kinase activity (or activities) described here displays
      properties that also appear to differ from the properties of previously described
      insulin-stimulated activities able to catalyze the phosphorylation of the
      ribosomal protein S6. The differences in properties may, in part, be explained by
      the use of different cell types, but may also indicate that treatment of cells
      with insulin leads to activation of more than one protein serine(threonine)
      kinase.

PMID- 2900018
TI  - In vitro cross-linking of gluten into high-molecular-weight polymers with
      transglutaminase.
AB  - From the amino acid composition of gluten proteins and the substrate specificity
      of transglutaminases (TGase) we concluded that gluten proteins can be favourable
      substrates for TGases due to their high glutamine content. By use of sodium
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis it was demonstrated that from
      gluten-ES and gluten-TS high-molecular-weight proteins developed in the presence
      of Ca2+ and red blood cell lysate containing TGase. When ovalbumin or deamidated
      gluten were applied as substrates no high-molecular-weight products were formed.
      Upon spectrophotometric measurements we found that covalent cross-links
      (isopeptide bonds) formed under the effect of TGases presumably cause a change in
      the position of chromophore groups in the substrates. Absorption decrease was
      detected between 274-276 nm as a result in the case of gluten-TS and gluten-ES
      used as substrates for TGase. No such change occurred in ovalbumin and deamidated
      gluten, applied as controls, under the influence of TGase. On the basis of our
      experiments it is postulated that the first step in gluten toxicity is presumably
      the binding of gluten to the intestine mucosa. In this binding the high
      transglutaminase activity in the intestines of coeliac patients and the high
      glutamine content of gluten may have an important role.

PMID- 2900019
TI  - Mode of action of Clostridium perfringens initiation protein (spore-lytic
      enzyme).
AB  - The extracellular initiation protein (IP; spore germination enzyme) produced by
      Clostridium perfringens was further purified and characterized. IP hydrolysed
      spore cortical fragments with the release of free amino groups. End group
      analysis of hydrolysed fragments indicated the presence of N-terminal alanine but
      no reducing sugars. Molecular weight analysis of IP- and lysozyme-treated
      fluorescamine-labelled cortical fragments indicated that IP acts only on
      peptidoglycan chains containing cross-linked peptide subunits. IP failed to
      hydrolyse a number of nitrophenyl-conjugated glucopyranosides and
      galactopyranosides. The results indicate that IP is an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine
      amidase.

PMID- 2900020
TI  - A comparative serological and molecular study of linear IgA disease and
      dermatitis herpetiformis.
AB  - The class I and class II HLA serologically defined antigens and DQ alpha and DX
      alpha restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in 23 patients with linear
      IgA disease (LAD) were determined and their frequencies compared with those in a
      group of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and healthy controls. In LAD
      there was a significant increase in HLA-B8 and DR3 and a larger increase in the
      DQw1-DR2/DRw6 related DQ alpha 6.2 kb and 6.8 kb RFLP. In DH there was a
      significantly increased frequency of HLA-A1, B8, DR3, and DQw2 with a concomitant
      increase in the DR3-DQw2 related DQ alpha 4.6 kb RFLP. The difference in DR3
      frequencies and the increased frequency of DQw1 rather than DQw2 in LAD indicates
      that different susceptibility genes operate in the two diseases.

PMID- 2900021
TI  - Interim report of the Medical Research Council/Royal College of Obstetricians and
      Gynaecologists multicentre randomized trial of cervical cerclage. MRC/RCOG
      Working Party on Cervical Cerclage.
AB  - Overall 905 pregnant women whose obstetricians were 'uncertain' whether to
      recommend cervical cerclage, chiefly because of a history of early delivery or
      cervical surgery, were randomly allocated to cerclage or no surgery; 92% were
      treated as allocated. The overall preterm delivery rate was 30%. The results for
      those allocated cerclage were marginally statistically significant, more
      favourable in terms of fewer deliveries before 33 weeks [59 (13%) compared with
      82 (18%), P = 0.03] and correspondingly for birthweight under 1500 g [48 (11%)
      compared with 73 (16%), P = 0.01] and for miscarriage, stillbirth or neonatal
      death [37 (8%) compared with 54 (12%), P = 0.06]. There were similar numbers of
      deliveries between 33 and 36 weeks [65 (14%) compared with 64 (14%)]. These
      results suggest that the operation had an important beneficial effect in one in
      20 to 25 cases in the trial. But because the observed differences are not
      strongly statistically significant and because no such benefit has been seen in
      other randomized trials, there remains uncertainty about how much (if any) of
      this apparent benefit is real. So, the trial still remains open for randomization
      of more women whose obstetricians are uncertain about the advisability of
      cerclage.

PMID- 2900022
TI  - Inhibition by heparin of the oxidation of lysine in collagen by lysyl oxidase.
AB  - The generation of covalent cross-linkages in collagen is initiated by the
      deamination by lysyl oxidase of specific lysine residues in this connective
      tissue protein. Since lysyl oxidase activity is influenced by ionic ligands bound
      to its protein substrates, the effect of heparin, an anionic glycosaminoglycan
      known to bind to collagen, was explored by using collagen and elastin substrates
      and highly purified lysyl oxidase. Concentrations of heparin up to 1 mg mL-1 had
      little effect on the enzymatic rate of oxidation if it was added prior to the
      addition of enzyme to a preformed fibrillar collagen substrate or to an insoluble
      elastin substrate. However, collagen oxidation was inhibited by 85% if this
      glycosaminoglycan was present at 0.4 mg mL-1 during collagen fibril formation
      before addition of the enzyme. Similarly, the rate and extent of collagen
      fibrillogenesis in the absence of lysyl oxidase were each markedly inhibited in
      the presence of 0.4 mg mL-1 heparin. Heparin also inhibited the extent of tight
      binding of lysyl oxidase to preformed fibrils by about 40% under conditions where
      enzyme activity against preformed fibrils was hardly affected. These results
      suggest that heparin may modulate the oxidation and thus the insolubilization of
      extracellular collagen fibers, possibly under conditions where elastin fiber
      synthesis is not affected, and that the tight binding of lysyl oxidase to
      collagen is not completely related to the expression of enzyme activity toward
      this substrate. These results also have mechanistic implications for the
      retarding effect of heparin on postoperative wound healing.

PMID- 2900023
TI  - Amino acid sequence of guinea pig liver transglutaminase from its cDNA sequence.
AB  - Transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13) catalyze the formation of epsilon-(gamma
      glutamyl)lysine cross-links and the substitution of a variety of primary amines
      for the gamma-carboxamide groups of protein-bound glutaminyl residues. These
      enzymes are involved in many biological phenomena. In this paper, the complete
      amino acid sequence of guinea pig liver transglutaminase, a typical tissue-type
      nonzymogenic transglutaminase, was predicted by the cloning and sequence analysis
      of DNA complementary to its mRNA. The cDNA clones carrying the sequences for the
      5'- and 3'-end regions of mRNA were obtained by use of the sequence of the
      partial-length cDNA of guinea pig liver transglutaminase [Ikura, K., Nasu, T.,
      Yokota, H., Sasaki, R., & Chiba, H. (1987) Agric. Biol. Chem. 51, 957-961]. A
      total of 3695 bases were identified from sequence data of four overlapping cDNA
      clones. Northern blot analysis of guinea pig liver poly(A+) RNA showed a single
      species of mRNA with 3.7-3.8 kilobases, indicating that almost all of the mRNA
      sequence was analyzed. The composite cDNA sequence contained 68 bases of a 5'
      untranslated region, 2073 bases of an open reading frame that encoded 691 amino
      acids, a stop codon (TAA), 1544 bases of a 3'-noncoding region, and a part of a
      poly(A) tail (7 bases). The molecular weight of guinea pig liver transglutaminase
      was calculated to be 76,620 from the amino acid sequence deduced, excluding the
      initiator Met. This enzyme contained no carbohydrate [Folk, J. E., & Chung, S. I.
      (1973) Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 38, 109-191], but six potential Asn
      linked glycosylation sites were found in the sequence deduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900024
TI  - Effect of different insulin secretagogues and blocking agents on islet cell Ca2+
      ATPase activity.
AB  - Plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity was measured in rat islet homogenates. The
      enzyme was inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, when the islets were
      preincubated for 5 min with different concentrations of glucose (2 to 16 mM).
      This inhibition disappeared almost entirely after 15 min incubation, regardless
      of the glucose concentration in the medium. Simultaneous measurement of insulin
      in the medium revealed a stimulatory effect of glucose upon insulin secretion.
      The Ca2+-ATPase activity was also inhibited when the islets were preincubated for
      3 min with other stimulators of insulin secretion such as gliclazide (76 microM),
      tolbutamide (1.5 mM), glucagon (1.4 microM) + theophylline (10 mM) and
      ketoisocaproic acid (15 mM). Conversely, the activity of the enzyme was
      significantly enhanced when the islets were preincubated briefly with the insulin
      secretion blocker, somatostatin (1.4 microM). Neither glucose nor any of the
      other substances tested when added directly to the enzyme assay medium modified
      significantly the Ca2+-ATPase activity measured in the islet homogenates. These
      results would suggest that the activity of the islet plasma membrane is modulated
      by one or more of the intracellular metabolites produced when the islets are
      challenged by the insulin stimulator or blocking agents.

PMID- 2900025
TI  - Reaction mechanism of the reconstituted aspartate/glutamate carrier from bovine
      heart mitochondria.
AB  - A functional model for the aspartate/glutamate carrier of the inner mitochondrial
      membrane was established based on a kinetic evaluation of this transporter.
      Antiport kinetics were measured in proteoliposomes that contained partially
      purified carrier protein of definite transmembrane orientation (Dierks, T. and
      Kramer, R. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 937, 122-126). Bireactant initial
      velocity analyses of the counterexchange reaction were carried out varying
      substrate concentrations both in the internal and the external compartment. The
      kinetic patterns obtained were inconsistent with a pong-pong mechanism; rather
      they demonstrated the formation of a ternary complex as a consequence of
      sequential binding of one internal and one external substrate molecule to the
      carrier. Studies on transport activity in the presence of aspartate and glutamate
      in the same compartment (formally treated as substrate inhibition) clearly
      indicated that during exchange only one form of the carrier at either membrane
      surface exposes its binding sites, for which the two different substrates
      compete. In the deenergized state (pH 6.5) both substrates were translocated at
      about the same rate. Aspartate/glutamate antiport became asymmetric if a membrane
      potential was imposed, due to the electrogenic nature of the heteroexchange
      resulting from proton cotransport together with glutamate. Investigation of the
      electrical properties of aspartate/aspartate homoexchange led to the conclusion
      that the translocating carrier-substrate intermediate exhibits a transmembrane
      symmetry with respect to the (negative) charge, which again only is conceivable
      assuming a ternary complex. Thus, an antiport model is outlined that shows the
      functional complex of the carrier with two substrate molecules bound, one at
      either side of the membrane. The conformational change associated with the
      transition of both substrate molecules across the membrane then occurs in a
      single step. Furthermore the model implicates a distinct proton binding site,
      which is derived from the different influence of H+ concentration observed on
      transport affinity and transport velocity, respectively, when glutamate is used
      as a substrate.

PMID- 2900026
TI  - Effect of glycerol on gluconeogenesis in isolated rabbit kidney cortex tubules.
AB  - In renal tubules isolated from fed rabbits glycerol is not utilized as a glucose
      precursor, probably due to the rate-limiting transfer of reducing equivalents
      from cytosol to mitochondria. Pyruvate and glutamate stimulated an incorporation
      of [14C]glycerol to glucose by 50- and 10-fold, respectively, indicating that
      glycerol is utilized as a gluconeogenic substrate under these conditions.
      Glycerol at concentration of 1.5 mM resulted in an acceleration of both glucose
      formation and incorporation of [14C]pyruvate and [14C]glutamate into glucose by 2
      and 9-fold, respectively, while it decreased the rates of these processes from
      lactate as a substrate. In the presence of fructose, glycerol decreased the ATP
      level, limiting the rate of fructose phosphorylation and glucose synthesis. As
      concluded from the 'cross-over' plots, the ratios of both 3
      hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate and glycerol 3-phosphate/dihydroxyacetone phosphate,
      as well as from experiments performed with methylene blue and acetoacetate, the
      stimulatory effect of glycerol on glucose formation from pyruvate and glutamate
      may result from an acceleration of fluxes through the first steps of
      gluconeogenesis as well as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. As
      inhibition by glycerol of gluconeogenesis from lactate is probably due to a
      marked elevation of the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio resulting in a decline of flux
      through lactate dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2900027
TI  - Somatostatin-28 and pro-ocytocin/neurophysin convertases: basic pair selective
      endoproteases involved in pro-hormone processing in the rat brain cortex and
      bovine corpus luteum.
AB  - Two neuropeptide precursor processing enzyme systems were characterized in the
      rat brain cortex and bovine neurohypophysis and corpus luteum. The first one
      combines the action of a 90 kDa endoprotease which cleaves somatostatin-28 before
      the Arg-Lys doublet and that of an aminopeptidase B-like enzyme. The second
      system associates the action of a 58 kDa endoprotease cleaving pro
      ocytocin/neurophysin (1-20) after the Lys-Arg dibasic moiety and a
      carboxypeptidase B-like activity. Both systems appear to be located in membrane
      limited secretory vesicles of the producing organs, and to exhibit the properties
      of metallo-enzymes sensitive to divalent cation chelators. In contrast, they do
      not show the characteristics of serine-proteases and of trypsin-like enzymes.
      Studies with substrate analogs selectively modified at the basic doublet
      indicated that the integrity of both basic amino acids is essential but that
      conformational parameters, probably governed by the amino acid sequences flanking
      the basic doublet, play an important role. These data will be discussed in
      relation to a hypothesis on the predicted preferred secondary structure of these
      restriction loci.

PMID- 2900028
TI  - Smoking and tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2900029
TI  - [Physiological role of pancreatic D-cells (mathematical study)].
AB  - The physiological role of pancreatic D cells has been studied by the method of
      mathematical simulation. D cells were proved to produce a sparing effect both on
      B and A cells, bringing about a more economical secretory response to these
      cells. The suppression of insulin secretion by pancreatic somatostatin is
      substantial at lower glucose concentration and is insignificant at higher glucose
      concentration. Vice versa, the effect of D cells on glucagon secretion is
      especially considerable at higher glucose concentration, being slight at lower
      glucose concentration. The presence of D cells is absolutely necessary for the
      Langerhans islets to function as an organ regulating the deposition and
      mobilization of the biological fuel.

PMID- 2900030
TI  - Chromosome translocations involving band 7q35 or 7p15 in childhood T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - In a chromosome study in childhood T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, we found
      t(7;11)(q35;p13) in 2 patients, t(7;14) (q35;q11) in one patient, and
      t(7;14)(p15;q32) in 1 patient. Southern blotting and in situ chromosomal
      hybridization studies in one patient with the t(7;11) demonstrated that both
      alleles of the T-cell antigen receptor beta-subunit gene (TCRB) were rearranged,
      and that one TCRB allele had relocated from 7q35 to the fusion point in band p13
      of the involved chromosome 11 (11p-). These findings suggest that juxtaposition
      of TCRB with the putative oncogene tcl-2 located in band 11p13 may be a critical
      step toward development of this T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. In the other two
      translocations, all breakpoints were sites for lymphocyte function genes, ie,
      7q35 for TCRB, 14q11 for T-cell antigen receptor alpha-subunit gene (TCRA), 7p15
      for T-cell antigen receptor alpha-subunit gene (TCRG), and 14q32 for
      immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene (IGH). Thus, the findings in these cases allow us
      to expand the above hypothesis and propose that the juxtaposition of TCRB or TCRG
      with tcl-2, TCRA, or IGH through chromosomal translocation may activate a
      mechanism for the genesis of T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with these chromosome
      translocations.

PMID- 2900031
TI  - B-cell proliferative and differentiative responses after autologous peripheral
      blood stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - In this study the authors have evaluated B-cell function after autologous
      peripheral-blood stem cell transplantation (ABSCT) and autologous bone marrow
      (ABMT) transplantation. The B-enriched fractions of peripheral blood from ten
      normal subjects and 22 autografted patients (11 patients after ABMT, eight
      patients after ABSCT, and three patients after ABSCT followed by ABMT) were
      investigated. Time postgrafting ranged from 1 to 34 months. Proliferative
      responses to anti-mu antibody, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC), and low
      molecular weight (mol wt) 12-Kd B-cell growth factor (BCGF) were measured.
      Differentiative responses to the same factors were assessed by quantifying in
      vitro immunoglobulin (IgG/IgM) production. The authors found no difference in B
      cell function between the ABMT and the ABSCT patient groups. Compared to the B
      cells of normal subjects, only five out of 22 autografted patients showed a
      normal proliferative response to all agents used, while nine out of 22 did not
      respond to any signals. Eight out of 22 patients displayed various defects of B
      cell response. However, in vitro IgG/IgM secretion of predominantly IgG subclass
      was normal in 19 out of 22 patients. This in vitro ability to produce Ig was
      reflected by the patients' normal serum IgG/IgM levels, whereas serum IgA levels
      were low. The authors speculate that there may be 2 B-cell populations: the
      normal in vitro Ig production and in vivo serum IgG may come from the stimulation
      of a small number of re-infused pre-committed memory B cells while, in parallel,
      immature B cells develop from autografted hematopoietic progenitor cells.

PMID- 2900033
TI  - Brain damage and alcohol abuse: where do we go from here?

PMID- 2900032
TI  - Distribution of Ha-RAS-1 proto-oncogene alleles in breast cancer patients and in
      a control population.
AB  - The frequencies of 13 different Ha-ras proto-oncogene alleles have been estimated
      in 92 breast cancer patients and 60 unaffected individuals. The Ha-ras alleles
      can be identified using a DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      closely linked to the 3' end of the gene, and are characterized by a different
      length due to a region of sequences repeated a variable number of times (variable
      tandem repeats, VTR). The statistical analysis of the data obtained shows that
      the frequency of alleles ranging between specific length limits is significantly
      higher in breast cancer patients than in controls. The same applies to specific
      genotypes bearing the aforementioned alleles. This suggests that the inheritance
      of these alleles may be associated with an increased risk of developing breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2900034
TI  - The concurrent use of alcohol, cigarettes and caffeine in British benzodiazepine
      users as measured by a general population survey.

PMID- 2900035
TI  - Blockade of vasopressor and vas deferens responses by alpha,beta-methylene ATP in
      the pithed rat.
AB  - 1. The pressor responses produced by the intravenous administration of alpha,beta
      methylene ATP were tachyphylactic. 2. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP can attenuate
      pressor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation both in the presence and in
      the absence of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents. 3. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP
      has no effect on the pressor responses produced by bolus injections of
      noradrenaline. 4. In the presence of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents,
      alpha,beta-methylene ATP further attenuates contractions of the vas deferens
      produced by nerve stimulation. 5. The results, together with previous data,
      suggest that the vasopressor response to stimulation of the sympathetic outflow
      in the rat is partly purinergic and partly alpha-adrenergic and that this occurs
      as co-transmission. The same applies to rat vas deferens, confirming in vitro
      data. The pithed rabbit had an alpha-blocker-resistant vasopressor nerve-mediated
      response but this was resistant to alpha,beta-methylene ATP.

PMID- 2900036
TI  - Vasodilator response to dopamine in the ferret pulmonary circulation.
AB  - 1. The isolated perfused lung of the ferret was used to study the effects of
      dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. Under constant flow, a fall in
      pulmonary artery pressure reflects a vasodilator response. Since tone is normally
      low, agonists were given during hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to enable
      detection of dilator responses. 2. Vasodilator responses were produced by bolus
      doses of dopamine over the range 0.1 to 5.0 micrograms kg-1, and by the selective
      DA1 agonist SK&F 38393 (1-phenyl-7,8-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3
      benzazepine hydrochloride). 3. The dopamine response was blocked by low doses of
      the selective DA1-antagonist SCH23390 (R-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl
      5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7- ol maleate), and by sulpiride. 4. The vasodilator
      response to the relatively selective DA2-agonist N,N-di-n-propyl dopamine
      occurred only at high dose and was incompletely blocked by the selective DA2
      antagonist domperidone at a cumulative dose of 10 mg kg-1. 5. Thus dopamine
      receptors of the DA1 type may mediate vasodilatation in the ferret pulmonary
      circulation, but no evidence was obtained for the existence of DA2-receptors.

PMID- 2900037
TI  - Correlation between log POCT/H2O and pKB estimates for a series of muscarinic and
      histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - 1. With histamine used as agonist, pKB values were estimated for seventeen
      histamine H2-receptor antagonists on assays involving acid secretion by the mouse
      isolated stomach and contraction frequency of the guinea-pig right atrium. 2.
      With the exception of oxmetidine, SK&F 94,826 and SK&F 94,206 on the right atrium
      assay, the compounds behaved as simple competitive antagonists on both assays.
      Although the former three compounds produced concentration-dependent, parallel,
      displacement of the histamine concentration-effect curves, subsequent analysis
      indicated Schild plot slope parameters significantly less than unity. However,
      the application of a combined dose-ratio analysis indicated that their
      antagonistic behaviour did not differ from expectations for simple competition at
      dose-ratios of approximately 20, and pKB values were estimated on this basis. 3.
      In accordance with previously reported data, pKB values were found to be
      consistently lower on the stomach than atrial assays. The pKB value for tiotidine
      was underestimated to the same extent on the stomach assay when impromidine was
      used as agonist. 4. The removal of the serosal muscle from the mouse stomach,
      achieved by using an isolated, perfused, mucosal sheet preparation, did not
      significantly affect the underestimation of the pKB value for metiamide. 5.
      Linear regressional analysis indicated a significant, positive, correlation
      between lipophilicity (log POCT/H2O) of the antagonists and the degree of
      antagonist pKB value underestimation on the gastric secretion assay.

PMID- 2900038
TI  - Bradykinin analogues: differential agonist and antagonist activities suggesting
      multiple receptors.
AB  - Bradykinin analogues with specific antagonist activity in several bioassays were
      evaluated for effects on [3H]-bradykinin receptor binding sites and inositol
      phosphate production in neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells. The analogues varied in
      their affinities for bradykinin receptors in guinea-pig ileum and N1E-115 cell
      membranes, in their effects on uterine and ileal contractions and in their
      agonist or antagonist activity on phosphoinositide turnover in N1E-115 cells.
      These tissue specific effects suggest the presence of multiple bradykinin
      receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2900040
TI  - Perspectives in the aetiology of seronegative polyarthritis.
AB  - The concept of seronegative polyarthritis is reviewed in relation to its
      clinical, immunogenetic, pathological and therapeutic features.

PMID- 2900039
TI  - The inhibitory effect of somatostatin peptides on the rat anococcygeus muscle in
      vitro.
AB  - 1. Electrically evoked contractions of the rat anococcygeus muscle were inhibited
      in a concentration-dependent manner by somatostatin-14 (SS14), -28 (SS28) and two
      synthetic hexapeptide analogues: L-363,301 (Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe) and L
      363,586 (N-Me-Ala-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Phe), with pIC50 values of 7.41, 7.38, 7.07
      and 8.34, respectively. 2. The inhibitory effects of SS14 were dependent on
      stimulation frequency and external calcium ion concentration. Calcium behaved as
      a non-competitive antagonist of SS14, it reduced the maximal inhibitory effect of
      the peptide and at a concentration of 5.08 mM it significantly affected the pIC50
      value. 3. SS14 (3 x 10(-7) M) did not affect the tonic actions of bath-applied
      noradrenaline in the absence of field stimulation. 4. The effects of SS14
      persisted in naloxone (10(-5) M) and were, therefore, not due to an action at
      opiate receptors. Furthermore, experiments involving the lyophilization of bath
      contents, showed no evidence to support an indirect mechanism involving the
      release of an endogenous inhibitory substance. 5. High concentrations (10(-5) M)
      of SS14 or L-363,301 inhibited the relaxation response evoked by electrical
      stimulation of guanethidine (3 x 10(-4) M)-treated preparations. 6. These results
      are consistent with similar actions of SS14 on other smooth muscle preparations
      and are presumed to reflect a presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release by a
      direct action on somatostatin receptors. The antagonistic effect of calcium on
      this response is discussed with reference to a possible role in receptor
      desensitization.

PMID- 2900041
TI  - Lasertripsy for ureteric stones in 120 cases: lessons learned.
AB  - The pulsed dye laser has proved to be an effective and safe method of treating
      ureteric stones; 120 patients have been treated. Ureteroscopic lasertripsy (107
      cases) had an overall success rate of 84%. The failures were due to mobile stones
      inadvertently flushed back into the kidney (14%) and 2% of patients required open
      ureterolithotomy after failure of two ureteroscopic procedures. "Blind"
      lasertripsy (13 cases) was safe but not as efficient, the success rate being only
      23%.

PMID- 2900042
TI  - BRL 26830A and weight loss.

PMID- 2900043
TI  - Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
      mRNA levels in the sympathoadrenal system by the pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
AB  - The pituitary-adrenocortical axis plays a complex role in the regulation of the
      levels of enzymes of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. In this report we
      have explored molecular mechanisms of these regulations, by examining the effects
      of hypophysectomy (HPX) and dexamethasone (DEX) on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA levels in the adrenal medulla
      (AM) and superior cervical ganglia (SCG). Three weeks after hypophysectomy
      weights (-48%), total RNA (-49%), and DNA (-22%) contents in AM were
      significantly reduced, when compared to sham-operated animals (SO). In SCG
      decreases in weight (-23%) and in the ratio of RNA/DNA (-25%) were also found. TH
      mRNA contents paralleled decreases in total RNA levels and no significant change
      in the relative abundance of TH mRNA was found. When HPX rats were injected for 5
      days with DEX (1 mg/kg, i.p.), TH mRNA levels in the SCG (+51%) and in the AM
      (+74%) were significantly increased when compared to saline-treated HPX animals.
      DEX given to SO rats increased TH mRNA in SCG (+49%); a 27% increase in TH mRNA
      in the AM was also observed. The relative abundance of PNMT mRNA in the AM was
      reduced after hypophysectomy (-64%). This decrease was completely reversed by
      DEX. In contrast, DEX did not affect PNMT mRNA levels in the AM of SO rats. PNMT
      mRNA was not detected in SCG of saline- or DEX-treated rats. In conclusion, our
      findings suggest that the pituitary-adrenocortical axis is involved in the
      regulation of the steady-state levels of TH and PNMT mRNAs. This regulation
      involves: (1) induction of TH mRNA contents in AM and SCG by increased plasma
      glucocorticoid levels; and (2) maintenance of the steady-state levels of PNMT
      mRNA in AM by glucocorticoid-dependent mechanisms.

PMID- 2900044
TI  - Histamine H1-receptors mediate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in astrocyte-enriched
      primary cultures.
AB  - Astrocyte-enriched primary cultures of newborn rat brain hemispheres, prelabeled
      with [3H]inositol, accumulated [3H]inositol phosphate but not [3H]inositol bis-
      and tris-phosphate, after exposure to histamine for 60 min in the presence of 10
      mM LiCl. The response to histamine was not a function of contaminating meningeal
      fibroblasts since no accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphate was elicited by
      histamine in meningeal cultures. The stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis
      by histamine in astrocytes was dose-dependent (EC50 = 1.7 microM, maximal effect
      = 345% over basal levels) and was mimicked by several H1-receptor agonists. The
      use of selective receptor antagonists confirmed that the histamine response was
      the result of activation of H1-receptors. The histamine-induced [3H]inositol
      phosphate accumulation was completely abolished by omission of Ca2+ from the
      incubation medium. Astrocyte membranes specifically bound the radiolabeled H1
      antagonist, [3H]mepyramine with an affinity (Kd = 5.9 nM) and a density of
      binding sites (Bmax = 113 fmol/mg protein) similar to rat brain. These results
      demonstrate the presence of functional histamine H1-receptors in rat brain
      astrocytes and suggest a role for histamine as a neuromodulator of astrocyte
      function.

PMID- 2900045
TI  - The mechanism of cytosine arabinoside toxicity on quiescent astrocytes in vitro
      appears to be analogous to in vivo brain injury.
AB  - Neuronal cultures derived from the septal diagonal band region of the embryonic
      rat brain and grown in a chemically defined medium contained a very small number
      of contaminating astroglial cells. During the first week in culture, these cells
      were well dispersed in the form of a single isolated cell with fine fibrous
      branched processes. Treatment with 4 microM cytosine arabinoside for 24 h failed
      to kill these astrocytes (most probably present in quiescent form), as judged by
      glutamine synthetase activity and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cell
      count. On the other hand, the exposure of cultures to cytosine arabinoside
      resulted in a marked increase in choline acetyltransferase enzyme activity. The
      overall results, together with our previous findings, are consistent with the
      proposal that a brief exposure to a relatively low concentration of cytosine
      arabinoside induces quiescent astrocytes to produce a large quantity of a
      neurotrophic factor that is involved in the regulation of cholinergic cells.

PMID- 2900046
TI  - Role of microtubules in the cytoplasmic compartmentation of neurons. II.
      Endocytosis in the growth cone and neurite shaft.
AB  - We investigated the role of microtubules in the compartmentation of motility and
      endocytosis in the neurite shaft and growth cone of cultured chick sensory
      neurons. As reported previously by Letourneau and Ressler (J. Cell Biol., 98
      (1984) 1355-1362), stimulating microtubule polymerization with taxol inhibits
      growth cone motility. In neurons that had grown for 18-30 h, taxol treatment
      caused growth cones to round up forming an obvious varicosity (taxol bulb) at the
      terminal. Removal of taxol allowed nearly immediate resumption of cortical
      motility in all 17 neurons observed by time-lapse videomicroscopy. However, only
      one of the 17 neurites was observed to elongate measurably even after 5 h of
      observation. In 14 cases taxol was rinsed out and the concentration of nerve
      growth factor was increased 10x, 11/14 neurites retracted within the next hour.
      Endocytic activity was investigated by incubating control and taxol treated
      neurons in either cationized ferritin or horseradish peroxidase for 30 min. The
      number and area of label-containing vesicles was measured along with the total
      area of the growth cone or taxol bulb. We found that taxol treatment caused a 7
      fold decrease in the ratio of the area of the labeled vesicles to the area of
      growth cone or taxol bulb. Conversely, in neurite shafts, normally relatively
      quiescent with respect to endocytosis, those regions devoid of microtubules in
      both control and nocodazole-treated cells contained a high concentration of label
      containing vesicles. We conclude that the presence of microtubules plays a role
      in regulating endocytic activity by the overlying cell cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900047
TI  - Differential afferent regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the
      mouse main olfactory bulb.
AB  - Peripheral deafferentation of the mouse main olfactory bulb following intranasal
      irrigation with ZnSO4 produced profound decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity and immunoreactivity in intrinsic dopamine neurons normally localized to
      the juxtaglomerular region of the bulb. In contrast, only modest alterations in
      GABA-immunoreactivity and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity were
      observed in the same region. In fact, when GAD activity was expressed per mg
      tissue, a reflection of enzyme concentration, no changes in activity were
      observed 3 weeks postlesion and only relatively modest decreases in specific
      activity were found following long survival times (4 months). When the data were
      expressed per bulb, as an indication of the total amount of enzyme present, GAD
      activity and bulb weight exhibited similar reductions. Olfactory marker protein
      levels, determined as an indication of the completeness of the deafferentation,
      were at or below the limits of detection in all lesioned mice. These data
      indicate that afferent regulation of transmitter expression in the
      juxtaglomerular neurons of the olfactory system is phenotype specific.

PMID- 2900048
TI  - Effects of excitatory amino acids on the oxygen consumption of hippocampal slices
      from the guinea pig.
AB  - The effects of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate (Glu) and aspartate
      (Asp), and their receptor agonists, kainate (Ka), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA),
      and quisqualate (Quis) on the neuronal activity and the oxygen consumption were
      investigated using hippocampal slices of the guinea pig. Bath application of
      these excitants elevated the amplitude of the postsynaptic field potential (PSP)
      to approximately 120% of the original level at low concentrations, although
      effective doses varied for the different excitants (Ka greater than NMDA greater
      than Quis greater than Glu greater than Asp). At concentrations over each
      effective dose the PSP was diminished and subsequently abolished. The application
      of Ka (1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-6) M), NMDA (1 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-4) M), Quis (1 x
      10(-7) to 1 x 10(-4) M), Glu (1 x 10(-5) to 5 x 10(-4) M), and Asp (1 x 10(-5) to
      5 x 10(-3) M) enhanced the oxygen consumption dose-dependently, to a maximum of
      120-146% of the resting level (8.43 mumol/g protein/min). It was notable that the
      initial increase in the oxygen consumption was associated with neuronal
      excitation and the doses of the excitants producing maximal oxygen consumption
      was in good agreement with those demonstrating disappearance of the PSP, probably
      because of massive depolarization of the neurones. The increase of the oxygen
      consumption and the neuronal activity induced by the excitants were specifically
      inhibited by their antagonists, such as glutamic acid diethylester (GDEE), DL-2
      amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), and Joro spider toxin (JSTX). The present
      results strongly suggest that the enhancement of oxygen consumption due to the
      excitatory amino acids and agonists must reflect the neuronal activation induced
      by them.

PMID- 2900049
TI  - Role of somatostatin in the regulation of vasopressin secretion.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) (30 ng
      1 micrograms) resulted in a dose-dependent elevation of plasma concentrations of
      vasopressin. Continuous i.c.v. infusion of SS-28 produced a depletion of
      vasopressin-like immunoactivity within the paraventricular and supraoptic of the
      hypothalamus as determined by immunocytochemistry. To evaluate the role of
      endogenous brain somatostatin in the regulation of vasopressin secretion, animals
      were treated with cysteamine. Cysteamine (90 mg/kg) treatment given s.c. produced
      a 50% depletion of endogenous brain somatostatin-like peptide concentrations.
      Pretreatment of animals with cysteamine attenuated hemorrhage-induced elevation
      of plasma vasopressin levels. The elevation of plasma vasopressin concentrations
      following the i.v. administration of hypertonic saline or the i.c.v.
      administration of angiotensin-II were not altered by cysteamine treatment. These
      results are consistent with the conclusion that an endogenous brain somatostatin
      may be involved in the physiologic regulation of vasopressin secretion following
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 2900050
TI  - The response of striatal neuropeptide Y and cholinergic neurons to excitatory
      amino acid agonists.
AB  - The effect of excitatory amino acid antagonists on antagonist on neuropeptide Y
      (NPY) and cholinergic neurons in the striatum of the rat was studied by means of
      NPY immunocytochemistry, DFP histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and
      biochemical determinations of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Intrastriatal
      infusion of drugs revealed that striatal neurons containing NPY are more
      sensitive than cholinergic neurons to the neurotoxic actions of kainic acid (KA),
      quinolinic acid (QA) and L-glutamic acid (GA); all 3 compounds produced a marked
      loss of NPY neurons, but only a moderate decrease in the number of AChE neurons
      or ChAT activity. Co-injection experiments showed that the neurotoxicity of QA
      and GA, but not that of KA, can be antagonized by the specific N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 3-((+/-)-2-(carboxypiperazine-4-yl))-propyl
      1-phosphonic acid (CPP). Destruction of the glutamatergic corticostriatal
      projection by cerebral decortication protected striatal NPY and cholinergic
      neurons against KA neurotoxicity. These results indicate that striatal NPY and
      cholinergic neurons receive prominent cortical amino acid afferents, and that the
      neurotoxic effect of QA and GA on these neurons is mediated through NMDA
      receptors.

PMID- 2900051
TI  - Neuropeptides and neuropathology in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease:
      relationship between somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and subregional distribution of
      neuritic plaques.
AB  - This study examined the amygdaloid complex in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We
      compared the distribution and morphology of somatostatin (SOM-) and neuropeptide
      Y-immunoreactive (NPY-IR) neurons in the amygdala with the distribution of
      neuritic plaques (NP) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining patterns in
      various subnuclei. We found that in AD, there was an increase in the number of
      small, atrophic neurons for both SOM and NPY, and subregional analysis revealed
      similar size reductions in all subnuclei. In contrast, the highest density of NP
      was found in the corticomedial nuclei and densest staining for AChE in the basal
      nucleus. Although NPY- and SOM-IR fibers were occasionally associated with NP, a
      dense, morphologically preserved peptidergic fiber-network was found in all areas
      including subnuclei with high numbers of NP. Our study indicates that atrophic
      SOM- and NPY-IR neurons are not correlated with the subregional distribution of
      NP or cholinesterase staining pattern of the amygdala, and suggests that
      alterations in SOM and NPY neurons are not characteristics of the primary
      pathogenic process that underlie the formation of NP or cholinergic cell loss in
      AD.

PMID- 2900052
TI  - Regional distribution of pre- and postsynaptic glutamatergic function in
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Ca2+/Cl- -independent L-[3H]glutamate- and sodium-dependent D-[3H]aspartate
      binding assays were used to assess the integrity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      receptors and glutamate uptake sites in a number of areas from control and
      Alzheimer's diseased brain. NMDA receptor densities were unchanged in all areas
      tested. In contrast, significant reductions in the number of glutamate terminals
      were seen in the hippocampus of the Alzheimer's samples. A smaller reduction was
      seen in the caudate nucleus but this failed to reach significance. No such
      reductions were seen in either the frontal or parietal cortices.

PMID- 2900053
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for a possible somatostatin-containing
      amygdalostriatal pathway in normal and Alzheimer's disease brain.
AB  - Somatostatin (SOM) immunohistochemistry was used to map SOM-containing fibers,
      perikarya and terminal-like structures in the human forebrain of 8 control and 8
      Alzheimer's diseased patients. Immunohistochemically processed tissue revealed a
      somatostatin-immunoreactive amygdalostriatal fiber pathway apparently originating
      from SOM-positive neurons of the central amygdaloid nucleus. This pathway coursed
      dorsomedially between the optic tract and the internal segment of the globus
      pallidus within the ansa peduncularis-ventral amygdalofugal fiber system en route
      to the substantia innominata-nucleus basalis complex, the bed nucleus of the
      stria terminalis, the medial preoptic hypothalamic area, the nucleus accumbens
      and the olfactory tubercle. Somatostatin fibers associated with this pathway
      appeared as coarse heavily stained 'wooly fibers'. At the light microscopic
      level, there was no apparent difference in this somatostatin containing
      amygdalostriatal pathway between neurologically normal and Alzheimer's diseased
      brains.

PMID- 2900054
TI  - Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical and chemical stimulation of the
      rostral medullary raphe of the rabbit.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the rostral medullary raphe (RMR) of the rabbit
      elicited pressor responses that were accompanied by tachycardia or bradycardia.
      Stimulation of dorsal sites (the dorsal raphe obscurus) evoked a
      pressor/tachycardia response and stimulation of ventral sites (the ventral raphe
      obscurus, raphe magnus and raphe pallidus) produced a pressor/bradycardia
      response. Electrical stimulation of the RMR after sinoaortic denervation led to
      an increase in the magnitude of the pressor response elicited from all
      stimulation sites, a decrease in the magnitude of the bradycardia produced by
      stimulation at the ventral sites, but had no effect upon the magnitude of the
      tachycardia observed from stimulation of the dorsal sites. These findings suggest
      that electrical stimulation of the dorsal sites leads to inhibition of the
      cardiomotor component of the baroreceptor reflex. The results of vagal blockade
      experiments demonstrated that baroreceptor attenuation of the pressor responses
      at ventral sites was mediated primarily by parasympathetic input to the heart.
      Chemical stimulation of the RMR with L-glutamate also led to a
      pressor/tachycardia response at the dorsal sites and a pressor/brachycardia
      response at the ventral sites. This finding provides evidence that neuronal cell
      bodies, not axon of passage, mediated the responses elicited by electrical
      stimulation.

PMID- 2900056
TI  - Neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in primates display glutamate but not GABA
      immunoreactivity.
AB  - Immunohistochemical studies undertaken with a highly specific antiserum raised
      against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-glutaraldehyde-lysyl-protein conjugate
      showed that cell bodies of the subthalamic nucleus in the squirrel monkey
      (Saimiri sciureus) were closely surrounded by several GABA-positive terminals but
      were not themselves immunoreactive. In contrast, after incubation with a
      monoclonal antibody directed against carbodiimide-fixed glutamate, virtually all
      cell bodies of the subthalamic nucleus displayed an intense immunoreactivity.
      They were surrounded by various neuronal processes that also stained for
      glutamate. These results suggest that the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in
      primates utilize the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate instead of the
      inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.

PMID- 2900055
TI  - Cholinergic brainstem sites for gain control of vestibulospinal reflexes in cats.
AB  - Decerebrate cats were injected with carbachol into the locus coeruleus (LC) or
      with carbachol or bethanechol into the dorsal pontine reticular formation (pRF)
      of one side; recordings were made of the tonic contraction of forelimb extensor
      muscles of both sides and of their responses to sinusoidal roll tilt of the
      animal. Both drugs had similar effects when injected into the pRF: a decrease in
      the tonic contraction of limb extensors and a greatly enhanced amplitude and gain
      with slightly decreased phase lead in the responses to animal tilt of the
      forelimb extensor, triceps brachii, ipsilateral to the side of injection.
      Injected into the LC, carbachol produced a response opposite to the above: it
      increased the tonic contraction of limb extensors ipsilateral to the side of
      injection, but decreased the amplitude and gain of the EMG responses of limb
      extensor muscles to labyrinth stimulation induced by sinusoidal tilt. These
      findings did not depend on changes in posture since they were still observed when
      postural EMG activity was maintained constant by appropriate changes in static
      stretch of the muscle. Moreover, the magnitude of the effects increased in a dose
      dependent manner. Results suggest that cholinergic activation of dorsal pRF
      neurons through muscarinic receptors increases the background discharge of
      medullary inhibitory reticulospinal (RS) system neurons, thus increasing their
      modulatory influence. Further, it is postulated that cholinergic activation of LC
      neurons would cause them to inhibit this tonic facilitatory drive by the pRF.
      Common to both sites of carbachol injection is the increase in phase lag of the
      EMG response of limb extensors to animal tilt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900057
TI  - Differential activation of spinal cord dynorphin and enkephalin neurons during
      hyperalgesia: evidence using cDNA hybridization.
AB  - A unilateral experimental inflammation of the hindlimb produces hyperalgesia to
      both mechanical and radiant thermal stimuli that is rapid in onset. During this
      period, parameters of dynorphin biosynthesis are elevated to a much greater
      degree than those of the enkephalin system. An increase in the content of the
      peptide dynorphin A(1-8) occurs in the spinal cord segments that receive sensory
      input from the affected limb. This is accompanied by a rapid (within 24 h) and
      pronounced increase in the levels of mRNA coding for the dynorphin protein
      precursor. Maximum elevations (6- to 8-fold) of preprodynorphin mRNA are observed
      between days 2 and 5 subsequent to the induction of inflammation. Compared to the
      increase in mRNA, the increase in dynorphin A(1-8) peptide was appreciably
      delayed and proportionately less; maximal increases in peptide (3-fold) were seen
      at day 5 of inflammation. Dorsal spinal cord preproenkephalin mRNA is elevated to
      a lesser degree (50-80%). However, the increase in preproenkephalin mRNA is
      apparently not enough to yield a measurable increase in the proenkephalin-derived
      peptide met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, the levels of which showed no significant
      change during the 14-day inflammatory period. These data suggest the active
      participation of opioid neurons, especially those containing dynorphin, at the
      spinal level, in the modulation of sensory afferent input during peripheral
      inflammatory pain states.

PMID- 2900058
TI  - Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts the disappearance of tyrosine-hydroxylase
      immunoreactive nerve cell bodies, dendrites and terminals in the mesostriatal
      dopamine system of the male rat after partial hemitransection.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were partially hemitransected at the mesodiencephalic
      junction and treated with nicotine (nicotine hydrogen (+)-tartrate) using Alzet
      minipumps implanted subcutaneously. Nicotine was delivered for 2 weeks in a dose
      of 0.125 mg/kg/h resulting in a serum nicotine level of 50.0 +/- 5.1 ng/ml. Three
      other groups of rats were analyzed: hemitransected rats receiving saline
      treatment and sham-operated animals receiving nicotine and saline, respectively.
      The effects of hemitransection and nicotine rostrally as well as caudally to the
      lesion were evaluated with image analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      immunoreactive (IR) nerve cell body and dendrite profiles in the rostral and
      caudal substantia nigra and of TH-IR nerve terminal profiles in the striatum.
      Adjacent sections were taken to Nissl staining. [3H]Nicotine binding in the
      midbrain and forebrain was studied by means of receptor autoradiography on
      partially hemitransected rats receiving no treatment. Catecholamine (CA) levels
      in the frontal cortex were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC). Striatal dopamine (DA) function was analyzed studying apomorphine-induced
      (1.0 mg/kg) ipsilateral rotational behavior. The spontaneous behavior of the rats
      was evaluated with a hole board. Furthermore, body temperature and body weight
      were measured. The results demonstrated a lesion-induced disappearance of TH-IR
      cell body and dendrite profiles in the substantia nigra and of TH-IR nerve
      terminal profiles in the striatum. Similar findings were seen after Nissl
      staining. A significant counteraction of this disappearance was found in the
      nicotine-treated animals. On the lesioned animals a marked reduction of
      [3H]nicotine binding in the striatum and the substantia nigra was found. In the
      functional experiments an enhancement of the apomorphine-induced ipsilateral
      rotational behavior was demonstrated. The degree of rotation was positively
      correlated with the serum nicotine level. The study on spontaneous activity in
      the hole board showed a slower restoration of total activity in the
      hemitransected nicotine-treated rats. All these results are compatible with the
      hypothesis that the protective action of nicotine on the mesostriatal DA system
      may be due to a desensitization of excitatory nicotine cholinoceptors located on
      the nigral DA nerve cells, leading to a reduction of firing rate and reduced
      energy demands. Such an action of nicotine could be of importance for a possible
      anti-parkinsonian effect.

PMID- 2900059
TI  - Single thalamic dopaminergic neurons project to both the neocortex and spinal
      cord.
AB  - Cells in the rat subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (Spf) belonging to the
      diencephalic A11 cell group, were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies
      against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine itself. Employing a combination of
      retrograde fluorescent double-labeling and TH immunofluorescence techniques, we
      revealed the existence of dopaminergic Spf cells, giving rise to collateral
      projections to the neocortex and spinal cord.

PMID- 2900060
TI  - Ethanol potentiates GABA- and glycine-induced chloride currents in chick spinal
      cord neurons.
AB  - The effects of acute ethanol exposure of chick spinal cord neurons were studied
      in tissue culture, using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Results indicate
      that ethanol produces a persistent increase in the sensitivity of spinal neurons
      to GABA and glycine, with no change in input resistance or resting membrane
      potential. Glutamate responses, in contrast, are unaffected by ethanol.

PMID- 2900062
TI  - The time of origin of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat hippocampal
      formation.
AB  - Experiments utilizing a combination of [3H]thymidine autoradiography and
      immunohistochemistry were conducted to determine the time of origin of
      somatostatin-immunoreactive (SSIR) neurons in the hippocampal formation of the
      rat. A quantitative and topographic description of neurogenesis in this peptide
      containing neuronal system was generated using a computer-aided system to plot
      the position of labeled cells. Dissected and 'flattened' hippocampal preparations
      were used to facilitate the analysis of spatial gradients of SSIR cell
      development. The results indicate that most SSIR hippocampal cells are generated
      during a short embryonic period which extends from the 12th through the 15th day
      of gestation (E12-E15). Within this period of development, the distribution of
      SSIR cells follows a spatial gradient along the transverse or subiculo-dentate
      axis of the hippocampus. The earliest formed SSIR neurons, generated on E12 and
      E13, are preferentially distributed to the subiculum, those generated on E14 are
      most commonly observed throughout the CA1-CA3 fields of the hippocampus and SSIR
      neurons which become postmitotic on E15 are more heavily represented in the hilar
      region of the dentate gyrus than cells born at other stages of development. There
      was no clear-cut neurogenic gradient along the septotemporal axis of the
      hippocampus. These results indicate that somatostatin cells in the rat
      hippocampal formation are generated during the same prenatal period when glutamic
      acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive neurons become postmitotic. These studies also
      suggest that quantitative developmental analyses of chemically specific cell
      types can reveal prominent features of cortical ontogeny that are not readily
      apparent in standard [3H]thymidine preparations.

PMID- 2900061
TI  - Morphological and physiological properties of rat cerebellar neurons in mature
      and developing cultures.
AB  - Immunohistochemical techniques and antibodies to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),
      parvalbumin, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase were
      used to identify populations of cerebellar neurons in culture that exhibit
      morphological features and immunoreactivity characteristic of neuronal types
      present in the cortical region of the cerebellum in vivo. The cultures were
      examined at 3 culture ages: 6-9, 12-15 and greater than 15 days in vitro,
      reflecting early, intermediate and late periods in cerebellar development.
      Neurons identified as Purkinje neurons (PNs), granule cells or inhibitory
      interneurons (stellate, basket, Golgi and Lugaro cells) were present at all
      culture ages. The granule cells (GCs) and inhibitory interneurons (INs) were
      morphologically well developed at the youngest culture age studied; morphological
      features did not change dramatically during the culture period. In contrast, the
      PNs were morphologically immature at 6-9 DIV (DIV = days in vitro) and exhibited
      dramatic changes in morphological structure with culture age. Extracellular
      recordings from PNs. GCs and INs in living cultures revealed that all classes of
      neurons exhibited spontaneous activity, but that only a portion of the GCs and
      INs were spontaneously active. The spontaneously active GCs and INs exhibited
      variable patterns of activity and low firing rates (approximately 2-6 Hz) at all
      culture ages studied. At 6 DIV, PNs exhibited firing rates and patterns similar
      to that of the interneurons. At older culture ages, the firing rate and pattern
      of PNs was significantly different from the GCs and INs and was characterized by
      high frequency (greater than 10 Hz) spike activity usually in a regular pattern.
      All cerebellar neurons by excited by the transmitter glutamate (Glu). The Glu
      response in the GCs and INs consisted of a brief burst of single spikes; in PNs,
      the response to Glu was prolonged and multiphasic. These data indicate that the
      cerebellar GCs and INs express morphological, physiological and developmental
      properties that are significantly different from the PN.

PMID- 2900063
TI  - The influence of neuronal cells on the development of glutamine synthetase in
      astrocytes in vitro.
AB  - The influence of neurons on the development of astroglial cells was examined in
      vitro using glutamine synthetase (GS) activity as an index of metabolic
      maturation. The GS activity in forebrain astrocytes was significantly increased
      (about 70%) when they were co-cultured with forebrain neuronal cells. A similar
      effect was also observed when astrocytes from the immature septum, hippocampus or
      cerebellum were co-cultured with neurons derived from the septal-diagonal band
      region. The magnitude of the effect was not uniform; the cerebellar astrocytes,
      with relatively low GS activity, showed a greater (about 290%) quantitative
      response to the subcortical nerve cells than did the septal (about 115%) or the
      hippocampal (about 120%) astroglial cells. The addition of conditioned medium
      derived from neuronal cultures or plating the cells on a substratum of heat
      killed nerve cells, elevated the GS activity of astroglial cells by 33% and 39%,
      respectively. Our results indicate that a trophic factor secreted by neurons and
      direct contact with the nerve cell matrix, are both involved in the regulation of
      the differentiation of astrocytes.

PMID- 2900064
TI  - Pain control during the intensive care phase of burn care.
AB  - Pain management in burned patients is a controversial topic. Early effective pain
      management in these patients requires that the physician and nurse be aware of
      the advantages and disadvantages of various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic
      measures that may be used. Newer approaches to assessing and managing pain in
      these patients must be explored.

PMID- 2900065
TI  - MK 458, a selective and potent D2 receptor agonist in advanced Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - MK 458 is a potent and selective D2 receptor agonist. MK 458 consists of (+)-4
      propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO) in a hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose-lactose
      matrix. MK 458, mean dose 8.1 mg (range 2.5 to 13.5 mg), was administered to 14
      patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) who were no longer satisfactorily
      responding to levodopa. The duration of the study was 4 weeks with a titration to
      maximum dose in 2 weeks. The addition of MK 458 resulted in a mean reduction in
      levodopa of 41% (range 0 to 81%). This degree of levodopa reduction was not seen
      in previous studies with other DA agonists. While the reduction in signs of PD
      was comparable to those on levodopa, MK 458 did not induce dyskinesias or
      dystonias. It is postulated that MK 458 may be able to replace levodopa as the
      primary treatment for PD.

PMID- 2900066
TI  - Detergent-accelerated hydrolysis of bacterial endotoxins and determination of the
      anomeric configuration of the glycosyl phosphate present in the "isolated lipid
      A" fragment of the Bordetella pertussis endotoxin.
AB  - Due to the formation of micelles, severance of the hydrophilic (poly- or
      oligosaccharide) and hydrophobic ("Lipid A") domains of bacterial
      lipopolysaccharides at pH 3.4 or 4.5 and 100 degrees is slow and sometimes does
      not proceed at all; partially degraded fragments are usually formed. At pH 3.4
      (100 degrees) in aqueous 1% sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), both
      lipopolysaccharides of the Bordetella pertussis endotoxin are cleaved within 20
      30 min, but 80% of the glycosidically bound phosphate present in the hydrophobic
      domain is lost. Other endotoxins behave similarly. At pH 4.5 (100 degrees) and in
      the absence of detergent, hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2
      octulosonic acid residues of the B. pertussis endotoxin is negligible but, in
      aqueous 1% SDS, severance of the two regions of LPS 1 is complete within 1 h
      (that of LPS-2 requires 3-4 h), and the glycosidically bound phosphate of the
      isolated hydrophobic region is preserved. Comparison of the rate of acid
      catalysed hydrolysis of the glycosidically bound phosphate present in this
      "isolated Lipid A" preparation with that of 2-deoxy-2-[(3R)-3
      hydroxytetradecanamido]-alpha- and -beta-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphates established
      that the former 1-phosphate was the alpha anomer.

PMID- 2900067
TI  - Synthesis of the glucuronide of carazolol.

PMID- 2900068
TI  - The pathophysiology and management of primary pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Primary pulmonary hypertension is a relatively rare disease with a poorly
      understood pathophysiology, limited therapeutic options, and a dismal prognosis.
      The advantages and disadvantages of different pharmacologic approaches for this
      condition are discussed in this article.

PMID- 2900069
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockade in children.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic blockers are often used in children to treat a variety of
      cardiovascular and noncardiovascular medical problems. The clinical experiences
      with beta-blockers in neonates, children, and adolescents are discussed in this
      comprehensive review.

PMID- 2900070
TI  - Cardiovascular drugs in pregnancy.
AB  - Cardiovascular drugs are often used in pregnancy for the treatment of maternal
      and fetal conditions. The complex physiologic changes occurring during pregnancy
      may significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of many drugs and, consequently,
      the toxicity and therapeutic response. Of special concern are the effects of
      maternal therapy on the fetus and the undesired translactal passage of drugs to
      newborns. Although the body of information regarding cardiovascular therapy in
      pregnancy is incomplete, some of the available data are summarized in this
      article.

PMID- 2900071
TI  - Dual regulation of ACTH secretion by guanine nucleotides in permeabilized AtT-20
      cells.
AB  - 1. We have examined the effects of guanine nucleotides on ACTH secretion from
      digitonin-permeabilized AtT-20 cells, with the aim of analyzing the involvement
      of GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) in the secretory process. 2. AtT-20 cells
      permeabilized with 20 microM digitonin displayed calcium-dependent secretion. The
      EC50 of calcium was approximately 2 microM and the maximal stimulation was 350%
      of basal release. 3. Nonhydrolyzable guanine nucleotides also stimulated ACTH
      release, in a virtually Ca2+-free medium. The EC50 of guanosine 5'-(3-O
      thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) was approximately 15 microM and the maximal
      stimulation was approximately 230% of basal release. The effects of calcium and
      guanine nucleotides were not additive. 4. In the presence of the inhibitory
      hormone, somatostatin guanine nucleotides inhibited the calcium-stimulated
      secretion. 5. Both the stimulatory and the inhibitory effects on secretion of
      guanine nucleotides were independent of changes in cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium.
      It is suggested that G proteins influence an unknown step in the secretion
      process, which would be near or at the exocytotic site. 6. The results can be
      explained by assuming the existence of two types of G proteins, one with
      stimulatory effects on exocytotic release (GeS) and another with inhibitory
      effects (GeI).

PMID- 2900073
TI  - A role for the cytoplasmic domain in transferrin receptor sorting and coated pit
      formation during endocytosis.
AB  - The cytoplasmic domain of transferrin receptor (TR) is essential for endocytosis
      of this transmembrane protein. We have investigated by electron microscopy the
      association of wild-type and cytoplasmic deletion mutant human TR with coated
      pits at the surface of transfected L cell lines. Approximately 15% of wild-type
      TR was concentrated in coated pits, regardless of the level of TR expression. In
      contrast, only 2% of deletion mutant TR was present in these structures. We also
      correlated the frequency of coated pits with the level of TR expression in
      different transfected L cell lines. Expression of more than 3 x 10(6) wild-type
      TR per cell was accompanied by up to a 4-fold increase in coated pits compared
      with nontransfected Ltk- cells. No such increase was observed in a cell line
      expressing a similarly high level of cytoplasmic deletion mutant TR. These
      results indicate that the cytoplasmic domain plays an active role in sorting and
      endocytosis of TR by providing an assembly site for coated pit formation.

PMID- 2900072
TI  - Presynaptic regulation of dopaminergic transmission in the striatum.
AB  - 1. In vitro studies have indicated that several transmitters present in the
      striatum can regulate presynaptically the release of dopamine (DA) from nerve
      terminals of the nigrostriatal DA neurons. 2. The receptors involved in these
      local regulatory processes are located or not located on DA nerve terminals. 3.
      Recent in vivo investigations have demonstrated that the corticostriatal
      glutamatergic neurons facilitate presynaptically the release of DA and have
      allowed the analysis of the respective roles of presynaptic events and nerve
      activity in the control of DA transmission.

PMID- 2900074
TI  - The role of CD18 in phorbol ester-induced human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.
AB  - Monocyte cell surface molecules play an important role in the regulation of
      monocyte function. To investigate the molecular basis of monocyte-mediated
      cytotoxicity, we tested the ability of a variety of mediators to stimulate human
      monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Phorbol myristic acetate (PMA) stimulated
      significant monocyte-mediated killing of tumor cells in an 18-hr indium-111
      release assay. Five other cytoactive substances did not induce monocyte-mediated
      cytotoxicity. The acquisition of monocyte cytotoxicity was associated with nearly
      a twofold increase in surface expression of three CD18-bearing cell surface
      molecules (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c). The direct involvement of the CD18-bearing
      molecules in monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated using monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) inhibition. MAb recognizing the CD18 subunit significantly
      inhibited monocyte-mediated killing. The inhibition by anti-CD18 MAb could not be
      attributed to LFA-1 (CD11a) alone, suggesting that CR3 (CD11b) and p150,95
      (CD11c) may also participate in monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast,
      seven of eight other cell surface structures were not affected by PMA treatment,
      and MAb to all eight cell surface structures did not inhibit killing. These
      findings suggest that CD18-bearing molecules are upregulated with monocyte
      activation and may play a functional role in monocyte-mediated killing.

PMID- 2900075
TI  - Foot and foot-related injuries in the young athlete.
AB  - This article discusses the more common pediatric problems of the foot associated
      with microtrauma. In the author's experience, most pediatric foot problems in
      sports are related to the biomechanics of the foot and lower extremity and most
      of their treatment is directed toward improving the immediate problem at hand and
      either at the same time or at a future time improving the biomechanics associated
      with the problem. It is the author's opinion that much of the macrotrauma is alos
      related to the biomechanical parameters of the foot type and lower leg function,
      indirectly or directly contributing to the mechanism of injury. This article
      elaborates on these mechanisms.

PMID- 2900076
TI  - Cloning, sequencing and analysis of the yeast S. uvarum ERG10 gene encoding
      acetoacetyl CoA thiolase.
AB  - The ERG10 gene specific to S. uvarum, a brewing yeast, has been cloned by
      complementation of an S. cerevisiae erg10 mutant. S. uvarum contains two
      different ERG10 genes. One of these is similar to the S. cerevisiae ERG10 gene;
      they are structurally different, but functionally homologous. The cloned ERG10
      gene has been located on chromosome XVI, and we have shown that it is allelic to
      the previously isolated tsm0115 mutants. Northern blot and sequence analysis
      indicate that the ERG10 gene is highly expressed, and biochemical and genetic
      evidence show that it encodes the cytoplasmic acetoacetyl CoA thiolase.

PMID- 2900079
TI  - [Ultrastructural study of megakaryocytes in 4 patients with epidemic hemorrhagic
      fever].

PMID- 2900078
TI  - Extensive restriction fragment length polymorphisms in a new isolate of
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - A new field isolate of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with
      useful properties for restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping is
      described in this report. The isolate, S1-D2 (mating type -), was the only strain
      found among 24 Chlamydomonas isolates taken from many locations which was
      interfertile with laboratory strains of C. reinhardtii. It mates at high
      efficiency, giving tetrads with excellent viability. Using cloned probes for both
      nuclear and chloroplast genes, we have found numerous restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms between S1-D2 and laboratory strains of C. reinhardtii.

PMID- 2900077
TI  - Isolation of a DNA fragment which complements glutamine synthetase deficient
      strains of S. pombe.
AB  - From a gene bank of S. pombe DNA, a 5.6 kb clone was isolated which complemented
      mutants defective in glutamine synthetase (GS) activity. Sub-cloning fragments of
      this 5.6 kb clone showed that the complementing activity was localised in a 1.6
      kb HindIII-AvaI fragment and a partial DNA sequence revealed an open reading
      frame preceded by TATA sequences and a TGACTA sequence. Plasmid constructs
      carrying up to 3.4 kb of DNA used to transform gln- strains gave transformants
      which showed a wide range of GS activity, in some cases 100 times the wild-type
      level. These constructs identify DNA sequences lying downstream from the putative
      coding sequence which have effects on the total amount of enzyme activity, but do
      not affect the control imposed by the nitrogen source on which the cells are
      grown.

PMID- 2900080
TI  - [Monitoring of mosquito vectors at international airports of the South Pacific
      region].
AB  - A survey conducted in eight airports of the South pacific, yielded 2,044 larvae
      and 136 adult forms, belonging to 25 Culicidae species. Breeding places were
      found in every airport, either within the perimeter (6 airports) or in the
      protective zone. Some potentially dangerous vectors were identified: Aedes
      aegypti (4 airports), Ae. polynesiensis, Ae. vigilax, Anopheles farauti (2
      airports), Culex annulirostris, C. p. quinquefasciatus. Vector control measures
      should be strengthened to suppress every breeding place within the airport
      perimeter.

PMID- 2900081
TI  - [Sero-epidemiological study in Mauritania (1985-1986): incidence of
      treponematosis, hepatitis B virus, HIV virus and viral hemorrhagic fevers].
AB  - A serological serosurvey was made in different ethnic groups of Mauritania in
      1985. A very high prevalence of hepatitis B markers was found with more than 20%
      of HBs antigen carriers. Treponema specific antibodies in low-age classes
      observed is a reflect of endemic syphilis. The seroprevalence of antibody against
      HIV and viral haemorrhagic fever viruses (Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo
      haemorrhagic fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) was very low.

PMID- 2900082
TI  - [Arboviroses in the region of Nosy-Be, Madagascar. Serologic and entomologic
      data].
AB  - Since 1977, the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar has been studying, during six
      surveys, the arboviruses of Nosy-Be area, in the north-west of Madagascar. 47.2%
      out of 271 human sera and 11.3% out of 151 sera of Lemurs, tested for antibodies
      to 16 arboviruses by the haemagglutination inhibition test, are positive. The
      results show an important prevalence of Flaviviruses. West Nile and Dengue 1
      viruses were probably circulating some years before the surveys. Antibodies
      against Sindbis and Rift Valley Fever viruses, were found only in few subjects.
      Bunyamwera and California groups of virus are absent. The rate of positive Lemurs
      is weak, particularly in Lemur macaco macaco. Flaviviruses are the most frequent.
      12,262 haematophagous diptera (11,965 Culicidae belonging to 40 species) were
      caught. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are both present. Arbovirus isolation
      attempts from 394 mosquito pools failed; only Mengo virus was isolated from four
      pools of Eretmapodites quinquevittatus and one pool of Aedes (Skusea) sp.

PMID- 2900083
TI  - Large doses of vecuronium and plasma histamine concentrations.
AB  - The authors studied 20 surgical patients to determine the effect of large doses
      of vecuronium on plasma histamine concentrations. Patients were unpremedicated
      and anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and halothane via a mask. Tracheal
      intubation was performed without the use of muscle relaxants. Fifteen min later
      and before surgery had begun, vecuronium, in doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg.kg-1 (n = 10
      for each dose), was administered as an IV bolus. Arterial blood samples were
      obtained prior to and 2, 5, and 10 min after vecuronium administration and
      analyzed for plasma histamine by a radioenzymatic method. Arterial blood pressure
      and heart rate were measured continuously. In one patient who received 0.1 mg.kg
      1 of vecuronium, plasma histamine concentrations at 2 min were 275 per cent of
      the control histamine value but fell below control at 10 min. This increase in
      plasma histamine was not associated with clinically important changes in blood
      pressure or heart rate. As a group, study patients had no significant changes in
      plasma histamine concentrations with either dose of vecuronium. In addition, mean
      plasma histamine values for each sampling interval did not differ between the two
      patient groups. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased significantly at 10
      min in patients receiving vecuronium 0.1 mg.kg-1, and at 2 and 10 min in patients
      receiving 0.2 mg.kg-1 of vecuronium. However, these decreases in MAP were not
      clinically important. Changes in plasma histamine concentrations did not
      correlate with corresponding changes in MAP. Heart rate did not change
      significantly in any patient during the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900086
TI  - Cancer promoting potential of different strains of Fusarium moniliforme in a
      short-term cancer initiation/promotion assay.
AB  - A short-term cancer initiation/promotion bioassay was established to screen 10
      toxic strains of Fusarium moniliforme for their cancer promoting activity in
      rats. The assay consisted of a four week 'promoting' treatment, effected by
      incorporating culture material (5%) of each strain into the diet, commencing one
      week after an initiation treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 200 mg/kg). The
      appearance of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive (GGT+) foci was used as an
      indication of promoting activity. Three out of 10 strains of F. moniliforme
      obtained from corn from a high risk area for esophageal cancer in Transkei,
      southern Africa, had significant cancer promoting activity. A highly significant
      correlation was found between toxicity expressed as reduction in body weight gain
      and cancer promoting activity. This finding suggests that the compounds
      responsible for the hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity of F. moniliforme
      could be identical.

PMID- 2900084
TI  - Low-dose sufentanil as a supplement to halothane/N2O anaesthesia in infants and
      children.
AB  - Sufentanil as a supplement to halothane/N2O anaesthesia was evaluated in 32
      unpremedicated infants and children age 6 months to 9 yr undergoing elective
      orthopaedic surgery. Patients were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to
      receive one of four intravenous supplements: placebo, sufentanil 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5
      micrograms.kg-1. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR) and end-tidal
      halothane concentration were recorded before and after induction, supplement
      administration, tracheal intubation, incision and every 15 min during the
      procedure. Venous catecholamine samples were obtained before and after incision.
      A pain score was assigned to the patients in the postanaesthesia care unit
      (PACU). Sufentanil at all three doses prevented increases in SAP and HR with
      intubation and incision, provided superior pain relief in the PACU and did not
      prolong wake-up time. Sufentanil 1.0 and 1.5 micrograms.kg-1 allowed for a
      reduction in the halothane requirements. Sufentanil 1.5 micrograms.kg-1 was
      associated with lower catecholamine levels than in the placebo group following
      incision. Sufentanil supplementation at 1.0 and 1.5 micrograms.kg-1 was
      associated with bradycardia and/or hypotension during induction and an increased
      incidence of vomiting during the first 24 hours postoperatively. One patient in
      the sufentanil 1.0 micrograms.kg-1 group whose surgical time was less than 45 min
      exhibited respiratory depression in the PACU requiring narcotic reversal. In
      conclusion, sufentanil 0.5 micrograms.kg-1 improved immediate postoperative pain
      relief and is acceptable as a supplement during halothane anasethesia in infants
      and children. The associated side effects of larger doses of sufentanil (1.0 and
      1.5 micrograms.kg-1) make their use as a supplement to halothane anaesthesia
      unacceptable.

PMID- 2900085
TI  - Pre-treatment with somatostatin in the anaesthetic management of a patient with
      carcinoid syndrome.
AB  - Carcinoid syndrome produces flushing, bronchoconstriction and gastrointestinal
      hypermotility secondary to serotonin, histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandin
      release. A variety of drugs, foods and anaesthetic agents may provoke this
      syndrome. Under anaesthesia, the flushing produced may be associated with acute
      hypotension and cardiovascular collapse; this phenomenon is called a carcinoid
      crisis. Recently, somatostatin analogue has been used successfully to treat
      intraoperative carcinoid crisis. In this report, we present a 66-year-old lady
      with carcinoid syndrome who was pre-treated with 50 micrograms somatostatin
      analogue IV and IM prior to surgical manipulation. The anaesthetic course was
      relatively uneventful and the patient did well postoperatively.

PMID- 2900087
TI  - On standardization of the radioreceptor assay for anti-thyrotropin receptor
      antibody.

PMID- 2900088
TI  - Prenatal treatment: medical and gene therapy in the fetus.

PMID- 2900089
TI  - Scintigraphic portrayal of the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type-2B.
AB  - The scintigraphic appearance of the neoplasms in multiple endocrine neoplasia
      type 2B (MEN-2B) and the interpretations of the image patterns are described. An
      18-year-old male patient with the MEN-2B syndrome underwent TI-201 imaging that
      showed concentrations of TI-201 in the primary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
      tumor and in cervical lymph node metastases. After total thyroidectomy and lymph
      node dissection, the TI-201 image was normal. Catecholamine levels in the blood
      and urine were only borderline elevated. Yet, greater than normal concentrations
      of I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG) were present in both adrenal
      glands. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed normal adrenal glands. These
      results were consistent with the diagnosis of adrenal medullary hyperplasia, a
      precursor of pheochromocytoma. No operation was indicated to remove the adrenal
      glands. Imaging with TI-201 appears to be useful in identifying sites of MTC in
      patients with the MEN-2B syndrome. I-131 MIBG imaging, in conjunction with
      computed tomography of the adrenal glands and appropriate catecholamine
      measurements, should be performed in patients with the MEN-2B syndrome to
      determine the status of the adrenal medullae, which then may be classified as
      normal, hyperplastic, or tumorous with pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2900090
TI  - Somatostatin increases hepatic insulin extraction.
AB  - Somatostatin has been widely employed in studies of hepatic metabolism to
      suppress the endogenous secretion of the pancreatic hormones, insulin and
      glucagon. The possibility of somatostatin having hepatic effects has been
      considered before, but not decisively demonstrated. Eleven anesthetized dogs were
      used to assess the effect of somatostatin on hepatic insulin extraction (HIE) and
      hepatic glucose production (HGP). Insulin was infused by peripheral vein alone
      and during somatostatin (800 ng/kg/hr) in one series (I) of experiments and in
      the reverse sequence in another series (II). Portal vein and hepatic artery blood
      flow were measured electromagnetically, and blood samples were taken from the
      hepatic artery, portal vein, hepatic vein and a peripheral vein. HIE was
      increased in the presence of insulin plus somatostatin infusion. The combined
      results in Series I and II were 72.0 +/- 3.0% compared in insulin alone (64.0 +/-
      4.0%, p less than 0.01). HGP was decreased in the presence of insulin and
      somatostatin infusion compared to insulin infusion alone both in Series I and II
      (1.71 +/- 0.25 to 3.72 +/- 4.0%, combined results, p less than 0.01). Whether
      this reduction in HGP indicates a direct effect of somatostatin on the liver, in
      addition to the inhibition of glucagon secretion, remains to be clarified.
      However, a decrease in hepatic glucose production is consistent with increased
      insulin extraction during somatostatin observed in the present study. We conclude
      that somatostatin increases the hepatic extraction of exogenous insulin. This
      effect of somatostatin is associated with decreased hepatic glucose production.

PMID- 2900091
TI  - Some evolutionary relationships of the primary biological catalysts glutamine
      synthetase and RuBisCO.

PMID- 2900092
TI  - The origins of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology (written in celebration of
      the 40th anniversary year of the foundation of Pergamon Press, 1948-1988).

PMID- 2900093
TI  - Temperature mediated processes in teleost immunity: differential abilities of
      channel catfish T and B lymphocytes to cap membrane antigen.
AB  - 1. The effect of both in vivo acclimation temperature and in vitro assay
      temperatures on channel catfish T and B lymphocyte membrane antigen (mAg) capping
      were investigated to determine if capping might be the temperature sensitive step
      involved in the low temperature immunosuppression of channel catfish T cell
      responses. 2. Flow cytometry was used to monitor the kinetics of capping induced
      by a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 11G3) specific for a common antigenic
      determinant present on channel catfish T and B cells. Results indicated that the
      kinetics of mAg capping were dependent on in vitro assay and in vivo acclimation
      temperatures and the length of time of in vivo acclimation. 3. T cells from fish
      appropriately acclimated to 27 degrees C cap mAg more efficiently at low assay
      temperatures than do B cells. 4. Activation energies were 32 and 47 kcal/mol for
      B and T cells, respectively, from fish acclimated to 17 degrees C for 3 weeks,
      but were significantly lower (14 and 22 kcal/mol, respectively) after acclimation
      for 5 weeks. 5. In summary, it appears that after appropriate in vivo
      acclimation, channel catfish T cells are better able to cap mAg at low assay
      temperatures than are B cells. These results suggest that mAg capping is not the
      low temperature sensitive step involved in T cell immunosuppression in channel
      catfish.

PMID- 2900094
TI  - The protein content of extracellular fluids and its relevance to the study of
      ionic regulation: net charge and colloid osmotic pressure.
AB  - 1. Protein net charge in blood plasma and haemolymph is relevant to overall anion
      cation balance, Donnan equilibria, colloid osmotic pressures (COPs), buffering
      and liquid junction potentials, but its definition and measurement are not always
      straightforward. 2. Normal values of protein net charge in man and other animals
      are discussed, as is their dependence on pH. 3. Although it is clear that charge
      on a protein augments COP, the theory of COP is still incomplete. 4. The
      dependence of COP on protein and salt concentrations and on pH are therefore
      considered empirically. 5. Normal values for COP in various animals are given and
      the regulation of COP is discussed.

PMID- 2900095
TI  - Haematology and iron status of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus.
AB  - 1. Haematological values and iron status of wild and captive fruit bats
      (Rousettus aegyptiacus) were determined. 2. Plasma iron concentrations were 175
      micrograms/dl in wild males, and 286-316 micrograms/dl in captive bats. 3. Total
      splenic stores were small (around 100 micrograms) in relation to hepatic stores
      (3 mg) and total haem iron (2.6 mg). 4. Haemoglobin levels, red cell counts and
      haematocrits were unusually high and mean corpuscular volumes low. 5. Lactating
      wild bats showed no deficits in iron status or in haematological values. 6. It is
      concluded that the ascorbic acid content of fruit, together with the bats' high
      food requirement, has ensured an ample iron supply in this vegetarian species.

PMID- 2900096
TI  - Studies on renal excretion of potassium in the dik-dik antelope.
AB  - 1. In a study on the renal handling of potassium by the dik-dik antelope, plasma
      and urine samples were analysed for potassium, sodium and creatinine
      concentrations and osmolality during dehydration and intra-ruminal loading of
      potassium solutions. 2. The fractional excretion of potassium was 0.64 during the
      control period and rose up to as high as 2.3 during potassium loading. Urinary
      osmolality and potassium concentration decreased as the urine volume increased
      but the total amounts of potassium excreted were independent of urine volume. 3.
      Potassium loading led to a steady increase in its urinary excretion but a
      decrease in plasma potassium concentration was observed. This observation casts
      doubt on the hypothesis that alterations in potassium intake produce parallel
      alterations in plasma potassium concentration (which supposedly stimulates or
      depresses potassium excretion) and thereby maintain potassium homeostasis. 4. A
      possible alternative signal for increased potassium excretion following increased
      intake is discussed.

PMID- 2900097
TI  - Plasma cathepsin activity and the role of hypovolemic shock in dehydrational
      death in the toad, Bufo marinus.
AB  - 1. The pH- and activator-dependence of toad plasma cathepsin activity assayed by
      hemoglobin digestion was characteristic of cathepsins B1 and D. 2. Dehydration,
      even to the point of death, did not produce a significant elevation of plasma
      cathepsin activity over controls. 3. Toads were remarkably resistant to the
      effects of splanchnic artery ligation, which also did not produce significantly
      higher plasma cathepsin levels. 4. Cardiac depression via the production of a
      myocardial depressant factor by cathepsins does not appear to be an important
      factor in dehydrational death in toads.

PMID- 2900098
TI  - Consumption of blood, renal function and utilization of free water by the vampire
      bat, Desmodus rotundus.
AB  - 1. Captive vampires consume blood to an average of 59.5% of their body weight in
      a period no longer than 30 min. 2. Fluid consumption by the vampire is mainly
      dependent on the presence of plasma in fluid. 3. Ingestion of blood is
      accompanied and followed by diuresis, urine flow attained a peak 20-25 min after
      feeding. 4. Urine osmolality increased with time after feeding. Vampires
      concentrate urea in urine to 2630 mmol/l but cannot concentrate electrolytes
      beyond 453 mmol/l. 5. Inorganic salts other than sodium chloride never contribute
      more than 9% to the total osmotic activity. 6. Na to Cl ratio and concentration
      of non-nitrogenous organic acids increase with urine osmolality. 7. Vampires
      drink free water if available.

PMID- 2900099
TI  - Spectral sensitivity of melanophores of a freshwater teleost, Zacco temmincki.
AB  - 1. The melanophores of a freshwater teleost, Zacco temmincki, responded to
      changes in illumination: in darkness the melanophores induced a melanosome
      aggregation and when subjected to light they caused a melanosome dispersion. 2.
      Using monochromatic light, the spectral sensitivity of the melanophores was
      examined. 3. The melanophores showed a different sensitivity to light between 400
      and 600 nm with a maximum at about 525 nm. 4. The action spectrum closely
      resembled a porphyropsin absorbance curve, suggesting a porphyropsin or similar
      photopigment is active in the melanophore light response of Zacco temmincki.

PMID- 2900101
TI  - A comparison of postnatal thermal physiology and energetics in an altricial
      (Gerbillus perpallidus) and a precocial (Acomys cahirinus) rodent species.
AB  - 1. Daily weight increase is polyphasic in Gerbillus perpallidus whereas it
      follows a linear pattern in Acomys cahirinus. 2. Young A. cahirinus achieve full
      homeothermic capacities much earlier (less than or equal to 12 days old) than G.
      perpallidus (19-21 days old). 3. The differences in the development of the two
      species are reflected in the alterations of their metabolic rates. 4. In both
      species, age-dependent phases of development are obvious, beginning, however,
      much later in G. perpallidus. 5. It is concluded that, by postponing functional
      maturity, considerably more energy can be allocated to growth. This may be a
      precondition for the altricial mode of development.

PMID- 2900100
TI  - Metabolic rate of feeding and fasting juvenile midland painted turtles, Chrysemys
      picta marginata.
AB  - 1. Resting metabolic rates at 25 degrees C were determined for juvenile midland
      painted turtles that had recently been fed or fasted for 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14 or 19
      days. 2. Recently fed turtles had an oxygen consumption rate of 211 microliter
      O2/g/hr. This decreased by 32% on the first day of the fast and by 69% by the
      19th day. 3. Mass of the turtles (4.91-14.30 g) did not affect the rate of oxygen
      consumption (VO2).

PMID- 2900102
TI  - Hormonal regulation of preputial gland function in male Microtus montanus, the
      montane vole.
AB  - 1. Preputial gland function in male Microtus montanus is androgen-dependent, both
      in terms of preputial weights and in the production of a series of lipids which
      are present in M. montanus and absent from Microtus pennsylvanicus. 2. Production
      of these species-typical lipids is decreased but not eliminated in castrates, as
      well as in adrenalectomized castrates treated with corticosterone. Therefore, in
      the total absence of androgens, a low level of these lipids is still produced. 3.
      5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 17 beta-estradiol enanthate have limited effects
      on maintenance of preputial weight, suggesting that testosterone itself is the
      active steroid in the preputial gland of this species.

PMID- 2900103
TI  - Digestion, assimilation and metabolism of captive estuarine crocodiles,
      Crocodylus porosus.
AB  - 1. Digestion, assimilation and metabolism of lean and fatty pork were studied in
      immature C. porosus. 2. Up to 92% of protein was digested but protein digestion
      was adversely affected by high levels of dietary fat. 3. Protein was catabolized
      in preference to fat, much of which was stored, although the ratio between
      metabolizable energy and protein retention was still 2.73 g/100 kJ. 4. 56.8% of
      ingested energy was stored, maintenance requirements taking as little as 7.7%. 5.
      Up to 13.8% energy was spent digesting and assimilating food.

PMID- 2900104
TI  - Thyroid function in a lizard, a tortoise and a crocodile, compared with mammals.
AB  - 1. Thyroid activity was examined in the lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus, the
      tortoise Chelodina longicollis and the crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni,
      acclimated to 20-22 degrees C and 30-32 degrees C. Thyroidal uptake and release
      of 125I, plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 were measured as was resting oxygen
      consumption (at 30 degrees C) before and after both thyroidectomy and thyroxine
      injections. 2. All three species showed 125I uptake at both temperatures and
      showed no thyroidal release of 125I at 20-22 degrees C but exhibited thyroidal
      release of 125I (and presumably hormone secretion) at 30-32 degrees C. 3. Plasma
      concentrations of thyroxine ranged from 0.55 nM to 3.24 nM and triiodothyronine
      from 0.14 nM to 0.51 nM. 4. Neither thyroidectomy nor thyroxine injections had
      any effect on metabolic rate in 20-22 degrees C acclimated lizards. Thyroidectomy
      resulted in a significant decrease in metabolic rate in 30-32 degrees C
      acclimated lizards and tortoises and thyroxine injections resulted in significant
      increases in metabolism in 30-32 degrees C acclimated lizards, tortoises and
      crocodiles. 5. A comparison of thyroid parameters in reptiles and mammals
      concluded that although the reptilian thyroid is active at high temperatures it
      is still considerably less active than it is in mammals.

PMID- 2900105
TI  - Chemical composition of blood and seminal plasma of Barbus aeneus (Cyprinidae).
AB  - 1. The chemical composition of the seminal and blood plasma of Barbus aeneus
      (smallmouth yellowfish) were determined. 2. Various concentration differences
      between the components of the seminal and blood plasma were noted. 3. Differences
      found can be ascribed to the existence of a blood-testis barrier.

PMID- 2900106
TI  - Possible evolutionary futures for mankind.
AB  - 1. With the development of techniques of gene transfer, human genetic defects
      such as sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonurea, cystic fibrosis, haemophilia,
      Huntington's chorea, etc. will be eliminated. Ninety nine percent of humans in
      the year 2500 will be much the same as at present, but healthier. 2. Studies of
      Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology show that many strategies have been
      developed in the Animal Kingdom that could be advantageous in furthering human
      survival. Some of these strategies are discussed in the present article. 3.
      Commensal algae that will live in the epidermis of domestic animals (pigs, goats,
      cattle) will be developed enabling these animals to live in dry environments with
      minimal demands for food and water. Once successful in domestic animals, the
      algae could be adapted to live in some humans, i.e. the "Green Man". 4. Commensal
      protozoa and bacteria that digest cellulose and lignin will be developed so that
      they can live in the human gut and convert the material to sugars, volatile fatty
      acids and amino acids that can be absorbed and metabolized by Man, thus making
      many inexpensive vegetable food resources available. 5. Mammalian embryos will be
      able to develop through to full term in vitro in a cleidoic egg; and the in vitro
      fertilized egg will have to depend on finding a surrogate mother. 6. Some people
      will have an altered pattern of sexual activity. Many patterns will be available;
      one suggested here is of protogynous hermaphroditism, i.e. the individuals would
      be female for the first 30 years of life and male for the remaining
      years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900107
TI  - Cardiovascular correlates of exercise in snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina.
AB  - 1. Heart rate increased with a rise in body temperature (10-30 degrees C) and
      with induced physical exercise in snapping turtles. 2. Maximum heart rate
      increment occurred at 30 degrees C. 3. Standard oxygen pulse did not change with
      a rise in temperature. 4. Oxygen pulse during exercise and oxygen pulse increment
      were maximal at 10 degrees C and minimal at 20 degrees C. 5. The increase in
      heart rate with exercise accounted for only 9-22% of the increase in oxygen
      transport during activity; the remainder was provided by a rise in cardiac stroke
      volume and/or A-V difference.

PMID- 2900108
TI  - Orientation responses of American eels, Anguilla rostrata, to varying magnetic
      fields.
AB  - 1. The locations of freshwater yellow eels in an eight-chambered octagonal
      behavior tank were videotaped during six-day intervals while the animals were
      being subjected to normal and experimental magnetic fields. 2. The earth's
      magnetic field (0.5 g) was utilized for two control periods at the start and
      completion of each run for each animal. 3. During each run, the sequence of
      applied magnetic fields was +1.0, 0.0, -0.5 and -1.0 g, each being applied for a
      period of 24 hr. 4. Under the influence of the earth's magnetic field, the eels
      showed a preference for a northeast direction (27.01%). During the second control
      period (i.e. after being subjected to variations in the magnetic field), the
      animals showed a dual preference for north and northwest directions (23.02% and
      25.9%, respectively). 5. In a 0.0 g field, the eels preferred the north chamber
      (24.43%) and the vestibule of the behavior tank (19.46%); a preference for north
      was also obtained with a field of +1.0 g (25.95%). 6. The preferred direction
      with the -0.5 and -1.0 g fields was southeast (20.93 and 26.71%, respectively).

PMID- 2900109
TI  - Nonfaecal and faecal losses of Pomadasys commersonni (Teleostei: Pomadasyidae)
      feeding on the surf clam, Donax serra.
AB  - 1. The nonfaecal and the faecal production of Pomadasys commersonni, a marine
      teleost, were investigated at 15, 20 and 25 degrees C. 2. Nonfaecal nitrogen
      excreted by starved and fed P. commersonni consisted mainly of ammonia-N. 3. The
      mass component b of the equation, AE = aMb (AE, ammonia-N in Mg-N/hr; M, fish
      mass in g) ranged from 0.68-0.72 and 0.71-0.75 for starved and fed fish,
      respectively, and was temperature-independent. 4. The mean percentage of the food
      energy lost as nonfaecal energy (exogenous plus endogenous) was 4.38 +/- 2.68%.
      5. The faeces had a low energy content and ranged from 2.09 to 4.25 kJ/g. 6.
      Assimilation efficiencies showed some variation and ranged from 7.34 to 99.34%
      for dry matter and from 96.02 to 99.89% for energy. 7. The mean combined energy
      loss was 11.77% of the ingested energy.

PMID- 2900110
TI  - Nonfaecal and faecal losses of the marine teleost, Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758),
      feeding on live southern mullet, Liza richardsonii (Smith, 1846).
AB  - 1. Nonfaecal and faecal losses of Lichia amia were determined under controlled
      laboratory conditions at 15, 20 and 25 degrees C. 2. Ammonia-N was the major form
      of nonfaceal nitrogen excreted by L. amia and excretion rates were temperature
      dependent. 3. The mass component b of the mass/ammonia-N excretion equation was
      temperature-independent and ranged from 0.63-0.65 and from 0.66-0.73 for starved
      and fed fish, respectively. 4. Mean nonfaecal energy loss (exogenous plus
      endogenous) was 3.78 +/- 1.99% of the ingested energy. 5. Assimilation
      efficiencies varied between individual fish and ranged from 61.24-93.79% (mean
      80.76 +/- 7.14%) for dry matter and 87.52-98.22% (mean 94.09 +/- 2.22%) for
      energy. 6. The mean nonfaecal and faecal energy loss was 23.11 +/- 1.67% of the
      ingested energy.

PMID- 2900111
TI  - Physiology of chemoreceptor cells in the legs of the freshwater prawn,
      Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
AB  - 1. Chemoreceptor cells in the first pereiopods (legs) of the freshwater prawn,
      Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were investigated using single-unit, extracellular
      electrophysiological recording techniques on an isolated, perfused leg
      preparation. 2. The cells were responsive to aqueous extracts of food (shrimp,
      mullet, trout chow), a salt mixture (artificial sea-water), amino acids (L
      arginine HCl, taurine), a quaternary ammonium compound (betaine HCl) and ammonium
      chloride. 3. The response specificity of individual cells ranged from narrow to
      broad, but on average was broad, being more similar to chemoreceptor cells of
      freshwater crayfish than of marine spiny or clawed lobsters. 4. Responses were
      generally excitatory. However, some responses were inhibitory, the first such
      demonstration in aquatic crustaceans. 5. These electrophysiological results
      highly correlate with results of feeding behavioral assays carried out on M.
      rosenbergii.

PMID- 2900112
TI  - Water balance during saline imbibition in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones
      unguiculatus).
AB  - 1. There were few changes in the water balance of gerbils drinking 0.25 and 0.50
      M NaCl solutions for 5 days. 2. Imbibition of 0.75 and 1.0 M saline resulted in
      some dehydration of the body fluids and considerable depletion of the neural lobe
      vasopressin store. 3. Although large amounts of NaCl were excreted, the maximum
      urine osmolality was considerably less than that found following water
      deprivation. 4. The imbibition of 1.0 M saline caused similar changes in water
      balance to water deprivation showing that little, if any, water was gained from
      this solution.

PMID- 2900113
TI  - Cooling rates of living and killed chicken and quail eggs in air and in helium
      oxygen gas mixture.
AB  - 1. In a helium atmosphere, heat is dissipated from a surface 3.5 times faster
      than it is in air. Eggs in a helium-oxygen atmosphere cool only 1.4 times faster
      than they cool in air. This signifies that internal resistance to heat flow is a
      significant factor in the cooling rates of eggs. 2. Heat flow occurs inside an
      egg in two ways: by conduction through the tissues and in flowing blood. Killing
      an embryo stops the latter, but not the former. Eggs cool more slowly after they
      have been killed, signifying that blood flow can be an important component in an
      egg's internal flows of heat. 3. Blood flow should be a relatively more important
      component of heat flow in large eggs than in small eggs. The difference in
      conductance between living and killed eggs is larger in 60 g chicken eggs than it
      is in 10 g quail eggs.

PMID- 2900114
TI  - The evolutionary origin of eukaryotic transmembrane signal transduction.
AB  - 1. A comparison was made of transmembrane signal transduction mechanisms in
      different eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 2. Much attention was given to eukaryotic
      microbes and their signal transduction mechanisms, since these organisms are
      intermediate in complexity between animals, plants and bacteria. 3. Signal
      transduction mechanisms in eukaryotic microbes, however, do not appear to be
      intermediate between those in animals, plants and bacteria, but show features
      characteristic of the higher eukaryotes. 4. These similarities include the
      regulation of receptor function, adenylate cyclase activity, the presence of a
      phosphatidylinositol cycle and of GTP-binding regulatory proteins. 5. It is
      proposed that the signal transduction systems known to operate in present-day
      eukaryotes evolved in the earliest eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2900116
TI  - Glycosylated haemoglobin: an indicator of long-term blood glucose in domestic
      sheep and goats.
AB  - 1. Percentages of glycosylated Hb were determined in (32) Najidi sheep (Ovis
      ovies) and (20) Nubian goats (Capra hiscas) from Saudi Arabia, using the
      thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. 2. The levels of glycosylated Hb in sheep
      (3.24%) and in goats (3.96%) differ significantly from human controls (4.9%) (P
      greater than 0.001). 3. Generally, low blood glucose and shorter erythrocyte life
      span in sheep and relatively in goats are reflected in a lower value for
      glycosylated Hb, indicating that glycosylated Hb may be used as a valid index of
      long-term mean blood glucose in sheep and goats.

PMID- 2900115
TI  - Some effects of water deprivation on dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) in the
      Sudan.
AB  - 1. The effects of dehydration for 10 days and subsequent rehydration for 2 days
      on some physiological and biochemical parameters were studied in the Dorcas
      gazelle. 2. At the end of the 10 days of dehydration, feed intake and body weight
      were decreased by 42 and 29% of the control values, respectively. Rehydration
      restored most of the loss in feed intake and body weight. 3. Dehydration
      decreased the water content in the faeces of the gazelles by 41%. Rehydration
      restored 36% of the lost faecal water. Urine volume in dehydrated animals
      decreased by 66%, an effect which was readily reversed by rehydration. 4. Blood
      haemoglobin of dehydrated gazelles decreased by 22% but this effect was not
      reversed by rehydration for 2 days. 5. Dehydration for 10 days decreased the
      concentration of serum glucose by 34% and increased that of urea and albumin by
      34 and 18%, respectively. Dehydration for 2 days reversed these effects
      completely. 6. The serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were
      increased by dehydration by 23, 44 and 18% respectively. After 2 days of
      rehydration the values returned to normal. 7. No change in the heart rate, pulse
      or temperature was found during the dehydration period. 8. The gazelles survived
      the 10 days of dehydration, although they tended to be drowsy, weak and emaciated
      during the last 2 days of dehydration. The animals appeared normal after
      rehydration.

PMID- 2900117
TI  - The intestinal epithelial cells of ground squirrel (Citellus undulatus)
      accumulate at G2 phase of the cell cycle throughout a bout of hibernation.
AB  - 1. The mitotic index was found to be greatly reduced in the intestinal crypt
      cells of ground squirrel during bout of hibernation. The percentage of mitosis
      rose abruptly at least 2 hr after arousal. 2. An increase in the number of G2
      cells was found in the intestinal tract of ground squirrel during bouts of
      hibernation. 3. The conclusion can be drawn that the cells are progressing
      steadily through the cell cycle. The cells accumulate at G2 in hibernation. 4. It
      was assumed that the block in G2 prevents the cells from possible damage in
      mitosis under hypothermia accompanying hibernation and, therefore, it represents
      an adaptive reaction.

PMID- 2900118
TI  - The Arabian race camel normal parameters--I. Haemogram, enzymes and minerals.
AB  - 1. Racing camels' (Camelus dromedarius) normal blood parameters were determined
      in Al-Ain, U.A.E. The parameters were: packed cell volume, haemoglobin, total red
      and white blood cells, the activities of glutamate oxaloacetate (GOT), creatinine
      kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) and CK muscle-brain isoenzyme
      and the concentrations of creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, calcium,
      magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper and iron. 2. Most blood
      parameters were found to differ from those of other domestic animals and from non
      race camels. 3. The data are discussed in relation to the management system
      practised.

PMID- 2900119
TI  - Developmental study of digestive motor response to dietary pattern in young
      broilers.
AB  - 1. Gastrointestinal (GI) morphometry and motility were measured in young broilers
      (3, 8 and 15 days old) when they were submitted to three dietary patterns (ad
      libitum food, acute 48-hr fast and cumulative semi-starvation). 2. All GI regions
      were hypertrophied when acute or intermittent starvation were applied; lightly
      when acute starvation was applied and strongly with intermittent starvation. 3.
      All the 3-, 8- and 15-day-old acutely and intermittently starved chickens
      increased GI motility at the shortest times (0.5 and 1 hr) after the marker
      administration, but decreased GI motility at the longest times (2 and 4 hr). 4.
      The GI motor response of intermittently starved chicks was faster than the
      observed one in acutely starved chicks. The GI tract of intermittent starved
      chicks increased its motor response proportionally to the broilers age, while
      acutely starved chicks decreased their GI motility when the broilers age was
      increased. 5. A relationship between morphometrical and motor GI responses to
      dietary pattern has been inferred. From the gizzard and small bowel hypertrophy
      caused by intermittent starvation, an increased reflex GI motor response can be
      expected. Acute starvation only caused a light increase of GI motility, because
      it only increased the gizzard morphometry. 6. We concluded that young chicks
      respond to acute starvation by means of a short-term mechanism (an increase of GI
      motor reflexes) and responds to intermittent starvation by means of a medium- and
      long-term mechanism (a hypertrophy of GI tract and its subsequent increase of GI
      motor reflexes).

PMID- 2900120
TI  - Drinking induced by cellular dehydration in the quail, Coturnix coturnix
      japonica.
AB  - 1. Drinking was induced in water-replete quail 5-10 min after intravenous
      injection of hypertonic NaCl (0.69 osmol/l) or sucrose (1.06 osmol/l), but
      hypertonic urea (2.78 osmol/l) failed to induce drinking. 2. The birds drank
      approximately the amount required to dilute the injected solutes to isotonicity
      for each given dose of NaCl or sucrose. 3. The plasma angiotensin II level
      decreased after injection of 7% NaCl (2.5 osmol/l), but it increased after
      injection of an equi-osmolar solution of sucrose (65%). 4. Plasma osmolality and
      Na+ concentration returned quickly to control levels, and then decreased further,
      after injection of 7% NaCl or 65% sucrose. 5. Blood volume and blood pressure
      increased immediately after injection of 7% NaCl or 65% sucrose. 6. These results
      show that drinking is induced after injection of hypertonic solutions exclusively
      by cellular dehydration, and other regulatory mechanisms for thirst, such as
      extracellular dehydration and the renin-angiotensin system, are rather inhibitory
      after injection of hypertonic NaCl.

PMID- 2900121
TI  - Plasma levels of beta-endorphin in white-tailed deer: seasonal variation and the
      effect of thyroxine, GnRH, dexamethasone and ACTH administration.
AB  - 1. A distinct seasonal cycle of beta-endorphin (beta-E) was detected in plasma of
      four intact, male white-tailed deer. Peak levels (around 11 pg/ml) were observed
      in August and minimal concentrations (around 5 pg/ml) were detected in January
      and February. 2. The seasonal variation (which corresponds to intensity of antler
      growth) was more pronounced in the two mature bucks, as compared to the immature
      ones. 3. Intramuscular administration of synthetic thyroxine (in doses of 500,
      750 and 1000 micrograms/deer) and GnRH (100 micrograms/deer) had generally no
      significant effect on the beta-E levels. 4. I.v. administration of dexamethasone
      (5 mg/deer) as well as i.m. injection ACTH (20 Int. Units/deer) significantly
      reduced beta-E levels.

PMID- 2900122
TI  - Biliary and pancreatic exocrine secretions via endogenous secretin by intestinal
      infusion of propionate and propionate analogues in piglets.
AB  - 1. The secretory responses of hepatic bile and exocrine pancreas by intraduodenal
      infusion of propionate (PA), 3Cl-PA, 2Cl-PA, 3Br-PA and 2Br-PA solutions were
      examined in anesthetized piglets. 2. Pancreatic juice and protein secretions were
      enhanced by infusion of PA and PA analogue solutions of pH 2.0 following increase
      of plasma secretin level but not pH 7.0. The order of response time was as
      follows: 3Br-PA greater than 2Cl-PA greater than 2Br-PA greater than 3Cl-PA
      greater than PA. 3. The response of bile flow depended on endogenous secretin and
      showed almost the same pattern as that of pancreatic juice secretion. 4. The
      results suggested that pancreatic exocrine secretion via endogenous secretin was
      not always dependent on the dissociation constant of weak acids.

PMID- 2900123
TI  - Changes in plasma thyroid hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol,
      progesterone and corticosterone of laying hens during a forced molt.
AB  - 1. Circulating concentrations of iodothyronines, luteinizing hormone(LH),
      estradiol(E2), progesterone and corticosterone were measured in hens before,
      during, and after a forced molt induced by fasting. 2. Corticosterone increased
      at the onset of molt, peaked at the maximal molt and returned to pre- and post
      molt levels. LH, E2 and progesterone declined during the molt, and the decline
      was coincident with the cessation of egg production. 3. Thyroxine(T4),
      triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine(rT3) increased during the
      molt. The increases of T4 and T3 were not abolished even if the forced molt was
      conducted in mild weather.

PMID- 2900125
TI  - The effect of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas on human red blood cell transglutaminase
      activity.
AB  - We have examined the effect of glipizide, a hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, upon
      transglutaminase activity in human red blood cells. In a first series of
      experiments the in vitro effect of the drug was assessed. The results obtained
      showed that glipizide inhibits transglutaminase activity in human red blood
      cells. In a second approach, glipizide was administered orally to six type 2
      diabetic patients during 3 months, in order to evaluate the long-term effect upon
      transglutaminase activity. Again, glipizide induced a significant decrease in the
      enzyme activity in blood red cells (P less than 0.01). We suggest that treatment
      of type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemic sulfonylureas could improve insulin
      effects by inhibiting cellular transglutaminase activity.

PMID- 2900124
TI  - The effect of beta-blocker on ERG c-wave of the rabbit.
AB  - The toxicity of beta-blocker, Befunolol HCl (BFE), to the retinal pigment
      epithelium was investigated electrophysiologically. Rabbit in vivo ERG b- and c
      waves were recorded after intravitreal injections of 0.1 ml of 0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6
      and 10% BFE solutions with osmolalities of 304, 340, 383, 432, 493 and 618 mOsm
      respectively. Phosphate solutions with osmotic pressure corresponding to the BFE
      solutions were injected as control. In eyes injected with 0.25% BFE, amplitude of
      either b- and c-waves were unchanged for 60 min, while in eyes injected with BFE
      with a higher concentration than 1%, the b-waves attenuated but the c-waves
      enhanced in proportion to the BFE concentrations. In the control group, the b
      waves attenuated and the c-waves enhanced by the injection of the high osmotic
      phosphate solutions up to 500 mOsm, which corresponded to the osmotic pressure of
      6% BFE, but attenuated by the phosphate solutions higher than 600 mOsm. Based on
      the above result, no acute toxicity of BFE to the retina was suggested in dose of
      its therapeutic use. The attenuation of b-waves by BFE was likely due to the
      influence of osmotic pressure since no significant difference in the b-waves
      amplitudes was found between BFE and equimolar phosphate solutions. However, high
      concentration of BFE itself was suggested to exhibit an effect to enhance the c
      wave because a manifest difference was observed in the c-wave amplitudes between
      the group at higher BFE concentrations and the correspond control group.

PMID- 2900126
TI  - [Murine radiation chimeras with mosaic hematopoietic tissue from several species
      of rodent].

PMID- 2900127
TI  - [Drug-induced alveolitis caused by salazosulfapyridine].
AB  - At onset of chronic rheumatoid arthritis a 36-year-old woman was started on a
      course of sulphasalazine. During the first four weeks the treatment she developed
      severe dyspnoea, mild fever, dry cough with chest pain, marked hypoxaemia and
      severely abnormal restrictive lung functions. Chest x-ray demonstrated diffuse
      alveolar-interstitial infiltrates. After discontinuing the drug and short-term
      administration of corticosteroids, blood gases and the chest x-ray reverted to
      normal within four weeks, but the abnormal lung functions persisted. The course
      of the illness and published reports on the side effects of sulphasalazine point
      to the need of carefully watching out for possible side effects during the first
      three months of treatment with this drug.

PMID- 2900128
TI  - Cytological effects of khat (Catha edulis) in somatic and male germ cells of
      mice.
AB  - Cytological effects of khat (Catha edulis), a popular drug of abuse from Southern
      Arabia and Eastern Africa, have been studied in Swiss albino mice. The studies on
      the somatic system involved the use of micronucleus test and the cytological
      analysis of the mitotic index in the femoral cells of mice. In the micronucleus
      test, the mice were treated with different doses of khat extract (125, 250 and
      500 mg/kg, p.o.) 30 and 6 hours before sacrificing the animals. The polychromatic
      erythrocytes were screened for the induction of micronuclei. For the analysis of
      bone marrow cytotoxicity, the mice were treated with the dose of 125, 250 and 500
      mg/kg, body weight, p.o. daily for 5 consecutive days. The animals were
      sacrificed and the femoral cells were microscopically examined for the mitoses.
      Following the same schedule of treatment, studies on the cytogenetic analysis of
      meiotic chromosomal aberrations and the sperm head abnormality were undertaken.
      Khat extract significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated
      polychromatic erythrocytes, induced bone marrow depression and reduced the
      mitotic index of the somatic cells. It induced significant chromosomal
      aberrations viz., aneuploids, autosomal univalents, univalents of the sex
      chromosomes and polyploids. The frequency of abnormal sperms was also increased.

PMID- 2900129
TI  - Experimental studies on the neurocardiovascular effects of urapidil.
AB  - The major purpose of our study was to determine whether urapidil acts in the
      central nervous system (CNS) to lower arterial blood pressure. Once demonstrating
      a CNS antihypertensive action of urapidil we further set out to determine: (1)
      the relative role of a CNS antihypertensive action to the total antihypertensive
      effect of urapidil; (2) the brain site of action for the antihypertensive effect
      of urapidil; and, (3) the receptor mechanism whereby urapidil acts in the CNS to
      lower arterial blood pressure. Studies were conducted in chloralose-anaesthetised
      cats, and arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. Drugs were
      administered intravenously (IV), into the cerebral ventricles (ICV), topically by
      application to the ventral surface of the medulla and by microinjection into
      specific nuclei. Receptor binding studies were also conducted using rat cerebral
      cortex homogenates. We found that injection of urapidil into the fourth ventricle
      decreased arterial pressure. Local application of urapidil to the ventral
      medullary surface also decreased arterial blood pressure. Microinjection of
      urapidil into one of the nuclei associated with the ventral surface of the
      medulla, the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis lateralis (rLRN), produced a
      similar degree of antihypertensive effect. The effect of urapidil was not altered
      by alpha 1-receptor blockade. Instead, the urapidil effect resembled that
      produced by drugs that stimulate serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)-1A receptors
      (B695-40 and 8-OH-DPAT). Furthermore, urapidil was found to have the highest
      potency for binding to serotonin-1A receptor sites (as compared to alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-receptor sites). Urapidil administered IV was shown to lower arterial
      blood pressure in part by blocking peripheral alpha 1-adrenoceptors but also, in
      high doses, by acting in the CNS to decrease central sympathetic outflow. These
      data indicate that urapidil is a unique drug, possessing both peripheral and CNS
      actions which contribute to its antihypertensive effect. Urapidil may also be
      unique in that its central action may involve activation of serotonin-1A
      receptors.

PMID- 2900130
TI  - Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor blockers on renal function and blood pressure
      adjustment in human hypertension.
AB  - In this paper the different aspects of the role played by alpha-adrenoceptors in
      the control of renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal
      sodium and water reabsorption, and the effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists
      on systemic haemodynamics, will be investigated. Animal experiments suggest that
      the renal alpha-adrenoceptors exert a restraining action on renin secretion while
      increasing tubular reabsorption of sodium and water. A recent study in man has
      confirmed the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of renin secretion.
      Previously available ganglion blocking and antiadrenergic agents, while causing a
      significant supine blood pressure reduction, can cause at the same time
      clinically relevant side effects such as orthostatic hypotension, sedation,
      drowsiness etc. The advent of selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockers, such as
      prazosin and urapidil, allow a significant blood pressure reduction without
      significant interference on haemodynamic adjustments and only induce a limited
      incidence of side effects.

PMID- 2900131
TI  - Systemic and regional haemodynamic profile of diuretics and alpha- and beta
      blockers. A review comparing acute and chronic effects.
AB  - The influence of the acute and chronic administration of antihypertensive agents
      on blood flow to various organs which are known targets of hypertension is
      important in the determination of drug therapy for this disorder. In association
      with the frequently observed fall in cardiac output and increase in total
      peripheral resistance in response to acute administration, beta-blockers may
      induce a decrease in blood flow to the brain and kidney. However, during chronic
      treatment it has been widely shown that total peripheral resistance returns to
      pretreatment levels (except for labetalol, a beta-blocker with alpha-blocking
      properties) whilst renal and cerebral blood flows are unaffected. Although alpha
      blockers acutely lower blood pressure and induce a baroreflex-mediated increase
      in heart rate and cardiac output while not affecting cerebral blood flow, during
      chronic treatment no change in systemic or cerebral or renal blood flow is
      observed. Diuretics and dietary sodium restriction, which are the most widely
      used therapeutic interventions, are usually well tolerated; however, in aged
      patients in whom renal adaptation to sodium depletion is impaired, deterioration
      of renal function may be observed.

PMID- 2900132
TI  - Renal haemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to urapidil in hypertensive man.
AB  - In order to evaluate the acute effects of urapidil on renal vascular tone and on
      pressor systems we performed a randomised placebo-controlled crossover study in 8
      patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Each subject received, on two
      separate days one week apart, an intravenous injection of either placebo or
      urapidil (25 mg, to be increased to 50 mg if blood pressure did not fall within 5
      minutes). Before and following this injection we measured blood pressure and
      heart rate (Dinamap), renal plasma flow (125I-hippuran), renin, angiotensin II,
      aldosterone, and catecholamines. The results show that urapidil, when compared to
      placebo, significantly reduced blood pressure, while increasing heart rate, renal
      blood flow, noradrenaline and adrenaline. Dopamine levels, on the other hand,
      were suppressed. While renin and angiotensin II were only mildly stimulated,
      aldosterone levels increased markedly. It is concluded that urapidil, given
      intravenously, has an immediate blood pressure lowering effect associated with a
      fall in renal vascular tone and an increase in renal perfusion. As a consequence
      both the sympathetic system and the renin-angiotensin system are stimulated,
      although the latter only to a mild degree. The rise in aldosterone may be related
      to withdrawal of dopaminergic tone.

PMID- 2900133
TI  - [Therapeutic indications of S-adenosyl methionine in neuropsychiatry].
AB  - Studies conducted by Italian and Anglo-saxon authors underline the thymoanaleptic
      properties of a transmethylant biological substance, the S-adenosyl methionine
      (SAMe). The authors discuss a review of literature concerning the use of SAMe in
      neuro-psychiatry, particularly in the treatment of affective disorders. The many
      physiopathological implications are subtended by the biological inter-relations
      of SAMe with other biological substances. Some hypotheses are proposed on the
      role played by phospholipid methylation, the folate metabolism and the purinergic
      transmission in mental diseases.

PMID- 2900134
TI  - [Medicolegal aspects of tardive dyskinesia in the United States].
AB  - Tardive dyskinesia is by definition a neurological complication resulting from
      neuroleptic treatment. The exact role of neuroleptic drugs in the
      etiopathogenicity of this syndrome is discussed. The manifestation of dyskinesia
      in a patient who is under neuroleptics may involve the responsibility of a
      physician. The evolution of jurisprudence in the United States is analysed.

PMID- 2900135
TI  - Combined effects of human growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor-44 (GRF) and
      somatostatin (SRIF) on post-SRIF rebound release of GH and prolactin: a model for
      GRF-SRIF modulation of secretion.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) and GRFs play key roles in regulating GH secretion. We
      previously presented a model of SRIF-cAMP interaction; SRIF blocks rat (r) GH
      release without preventing its accumulation in a potentially releasable pool.
      This phenomenon may represent a mechanism whereby tonic SRIF inhibition and its
      subsequent reduction or withdrawal can modulate the magnitude if not the
      initiation of rGH pulses. Herein we test that model using human GRF-44 (hGRF-44).
      Tritium-prelabeled rat anterior pituitary fragments were perifused until stored
      [3H]rGH and [3H]rPRL release rates were stable. SRIF (10 or 25 nM), with and
      without hGRF-44 (3 or 10 nM), was added in short (1-h hGRF-44) and long (3-h hGRF
      44) protocols; SRIF was then withdrawn while hGRF-44 was continued. Release of
      stored prelabeled [3H]rGH and [3H]rPRL was assessed by immunoprecipitation.
      Effects on PRL release were followed for comparison. SRIF-induced inhibition of
      release was only partially reversed by hGRF-44. At these concentrations and so
      long as SRIF was present, hGRF-44 could not stimulate the rate of hormone release
      to values above pre-SRIF basal rates. On the other hand, the amplitude of post
      SRIF rebound release was increased by prolonging exposure to SRIF alone, by
      including hGRF-44 with SRIF, by increasing the amount of hGRF-44 included with
      SRIF, by prolonging exposure to hGRF-44 plus SRIF, and by using a smaller
      concentration of SRIF during exposure to hGRF-44. Interaction of hGRF-44-SRIF
      effects generated peak rates of hormone release after SRIF withdrawal which
      exceeded the maximum rates achieved using hGRF-44 alone in this system.
      Lactotroph responses were much smaller, but qualitatively resembled somatotroph
      responses. We conclude that the interplay of simultaneous hGRF-44 and SRIF
      effects can regulate the amplitude of rGH pulses. Although GRF can initiate
      physiological GH release, and GRF antisera can block GH pulses, we suggest that
      the surge of release that follows reduction of SRIF-induced inhibitory tone in
      vitro represents a potential mechanism that could contribute to the initiation of
      some pulses of release. Finally, we also present a theoretical model of
      secretagogue interactions at the cellular level to explain our results. The model
      is compatible with either a homogeneous cell population in which each secretory
      cell has multiple capabilities or a heterogeneous cell population composed of
      cell subgroups with complementary secretory abilities.

PMID- 2900136
TI  - The nonhuman primate as a model of growth hormone physiology in the human being.
AB  - Our review confirms the close correlation of the physiology of GH secretion in
      the nonhuman primate and the human subject which has not been seen in any other
      animal model, at least from the studies available to date. Except for a
      discrepancy in the relationship of GH secretion during early sleep, there are no
      significant differences between the species that can not likely be explained by
      methodological differences. Even the discrepancy between nighttime GH secretion
      may be due to methods of studying the nonhuman subjects. But methodological
      problems are at the heart of the problem in primate research. Primates are
      expensive to buy ($800-$1200 is not unusual for an adult male), expensive to
      house ($2-$3 per day is customary), dangerous to work with (bodily injury and
      serious infections are equally worrisome to handlers), exquisitely sensitive to
      environmental factors (as noted above), and above all, the subject of appropriate
      concern from animal use committees: these factors easily explain the relative
      dearth of primate studies on GH physiology compared to rodent studies. Problems
      of handling the animals and ensuring their stable state are helped to large
      degree by facilities such as the Regional Primate Facilities in the United
      States. The studies reviewed above should clearly demonstrate that the primate
      model, in spite of all the difficulties involved, is invaluable in investigating
      physiological phenomenon impossible to pursue in the human being. But only
      studies offering fastidious attention to detail in this potentially unstable
      model of GH physiology are likely to answer more questions than they raise.

PMID- 2900137
TI  - Identification, transmembrane orientation and biogenesis of the amyloid A4
      precursor of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The precursor of the Alzheimer's disease-specific amyloid A4 protein is an
      integral, glycosylated membrane protein which spans the bilayer once. The carboxy
      terminal domain of 47 residues was located at the cytoplasmic site of the
      membrane. The three domains following the transient signal sequence of 17
      residues face the opposite side of the membrane. The C-terminal 100 residues of
      the precursor comprising the amyloid A4 part and the cytoplasmic domain have a
      high tendency to aggregate, and proteinase K treatment results in peptides of the
      size of amyloid A4. This finding suggests that there is a precursor-product
      relationship between precursor and amyloid A4 and we conclude that besides
      proteolytic cleavage other events such as post-translational modification and
      membrane injury are primary events that precede the release of the small
      aggregating amyloid A4 subunit.

PMID- 2900139
TI  - Insulin and phorbol ester stimulate phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase at
      similar sites in isolated adipocytes. Lack of correspondence with sites
      phosphorylated on the purified enzyme by protein kinase C.
AB  - 1. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) stimulates fatty
      acid synthesis from glucose in isolated adipocytes with a half-maximal effect at
      0.72 microM. In seven batches of cells, the maximal effects of TPA and insulin
      were 8.5 +/- 1.1-fold and 27.1 +/- 2.1-fold respectively. Insulin also stimulated
      fatty acid synthesis from acetate 8.9 +/- 0.5-fold (three experiments), but TPA
      did not significantly increase fatty acid synthesis from this precursor. 2. In
      contrast to insulin, TPA treatment of isolated adipocytes did not produce an
      activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase which was detectable in crude cell extracts.
      3. The total phosphate content of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, isolated from
      adipocytes in the presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors, was estimated by
      32P-labelling experiments to be 2.6 +/- 0.1 (5), 3.4 +/- 0.2 (5), and 3.8 +/- 0.2
      (3) mol/mol subunit for enzyme from control, insulin- and TPA-treated cells
      respectively. Insulin and TPA stimulated phosphorylation within the same two
      tryptic peptides. 4. Purified acetyl-CoA carboxylase is phosphorylated in vitro
      by protein kinase C at serine residues which are recovered in three tryptic
      peptides, i.e. peptide T1, which appears to be identical with the peptide Ser
      Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-His-Leu-Val-Lys phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent
      protein kinase, and peptides Ta and Tb, which have the sequences Ile-Asp-Ser(P)
      Gln-Arg and Lys-Ile-Asp-Ser(P)-Gln-Arg respectively, and which appear to be
      derived from a single site by alternative cleavages. None of these correspond to
      the peptides whose 32P-labelling increase in response to insulin or TPA. Peptides
      Ta/Tb are not significantly phosphorylated in isolated adipocytes, even after
      insulin or TPA treatment. Peptide T1 is phosphorylated in isolated adipocytes,
      but this phosphorylation is not altered by insulin or TPA. 5. These results show
      that TPA mimics the effect of insulin on phosphorylation, but not activation, of
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase, i.e. that these two events can be dissociated. In
      addition, phorbol ester stimulates phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in
      isolated adipocytes, but this is not catalyzed directly by protein kinase C, and
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase does not appear to be a physiological substrate for this
      kinase.

PMID- 2900138
TI  - Identification by amino acid sequencing of three major regulatory phosphorylation
      sites on rat acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
AB  - We have examined the sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase by three
      protein kinases which have been shown to inactivate the enzyme, i.e. cyclic-AMP
      dependent protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-2 (ACK2, purified from
      rat mammary gland) and the AMP-activated protein kinase (formerly called acetyl
      CoA carboxylase kinase-3, purified from rat liver). Each protein kinase
      phosphorylates two out of three sites (termed 1-3) which have been established by
      amino acid sequencing. The two sites phosphorylated by each kinase can be
      recovered on separate peptides, TC1 and TC2, derived by combined digestion of the
      native enzyme by trypsin and chymotrypsin: TC1 = Ser-2Ser(P)-Met-3Ser(P)-Gly-Leu;
      TC2 = Arg-Met-1Ser(P)-Phe- Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates
      sites 1 and 2 exclusively, whereas the AMP-activated protein kinase
      phosphorylates sites 1 and 3, plus at least one other minor site. ACK2
      phosphorylates site 1 and, more slowly, an unidentified site(s) within TC1. We
      have also established the structures of the single major phosphopeptides (T1 and
      C1 respectively) which are recovered by HPLC after acetyl-CoA carboxylase
      phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase is digested with trypsin or
      chymotrypsin alone. T1 is related to TC1, and has the structure: Ser-Ser(P)-Met
      Ser-Gly-Leu-His-Leu-Val-Lys. C1 is identical with TC2. We have carried out
      studies on the correlation of the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase with the
      occupancy of sites 1, 2 and 3 during phosphorylation by each of the three protein
      kinases. The results suggest that phosphorylation of site 3 is primarily
      responsible for the large decrease in Vmax produced by the AMP-activated protein
      kinase, while phosphorylation of site 1 may be primarily responsible for the
      increase in A0.5 for citrate and more modest depression of Vmax produced by
      cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and ACK2. Our results emphasize that amino
      acid sequence information is essential in the unequivocal interpretation of data
      from phosphopeptide mapping experiments and allow a more complete interpretation
      of previous data on phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in intact cells.
      They also open the way to experiments which could establish the physiological
      roles of these protein kinases in the control of fatty acid synthesis.

PMID- 2900140
TI  - Analysis of sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase in response to insulin
      in isolated adipocytes. Comparison with sites phosphorylated by casein kinase-2
      and the calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase.
AB  - We have examined the sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase in response
      to insulin in isolated adipocytes. Two tryptic peptides derived from the enzyme
      become more radioactive after treatment of 32P-labelled cells with insulin. One
      of these (T4a) accounts for a large part of the total increase in phosphate
      observed after insulin treatment, and comigrates with the peptide containing the
      sites phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase-2. The other may correspond to the
      'I' site peptide originally described by Brownsey and Denton in 1982: labelling
      of this peptide is stimulated at least threefold by insulin treatment, but it is
      a minor phosphopeptide and, even after insulin treatment, accounts for only about
      2.5% of the enzyme-bound phosphate (equivalent to less than 0.1 mol phosphate/mol
      240-kDa subunit). Two other major tryptic phosphopeptides (T1 and T4b) labelled
      in adipocytes do not change significantly in response to insulin, and comigrate
      with peptides containing sites phosphorylated in vitro by cyclic-AMP-dependent
      protein kinase and calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase respectively. We have
      sequenced peptides T4a and T4b from acetyl-CoA carboxylase derived from control
      and insulin-treated adipocytes, and also after phosphorylation in vitro with
      casein kinase-2 and the calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase. The results
      show that T4a and T4b are forms of the same peptide containing phosphate groups
      on different serine residues: Phe-Ile-Ile-Gly-Ser4-Val-Ser5-Gln-Asp-Asn-Ser6-Glu
      Asp -Glu-Ile-Ser-Asn-Leu-. Site 5 was phosphorylated by the calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase and site 6 by casein kinase-2. Migration in the T4a position was
      exclusively associated with phosphorylation in site 6, irrespective of the
      presence of phosphate in sites 4 and 5. Sites 5 and 6 were partially
      phosphorylated in control adipocytes, and there were also small amounts of
      phosphate in site 4. On stimulation with insulin, phosphorylation appeared to
      occur primarily at site 6, thus accounting for the increase in 32P-labelling of
      T4a. We were unable to isolate sufficient quantities of the other insulin
      sensitive peptide to determine its sequence. Our results are consistent with the
      idea that insulin activates either casein kinase-2, or a protein kinase which has
      the same specificity as casein kinase-2. The function of this modification is not
      clear, since phosphorylation by casein kinase-2 has no direct effect on acetyl
      CoA carboxylase activity.

PMID- 2900141
TI  - The enantiomeric error frequency of aspartate aminotransferase.
AB  - The enantiomeric error frequency of aspartate aminotransferase (mitochondrial
      isoenzyme from chicken) was assessed by adding the enzyme in high concentration
      (0.89 mM) to a mixture of L-glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate (12 and 1.2 mM,
      respectively, at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees C). The substrates continuously undergo
      the transamination cycle under these conditions. Thereby, L-glutamate is
      progressively racemized, a 1:1 ratio of two enantiomers being reached within 240
      h. The enantiomeric error frequency, i.e. the ratio of the rate of D-glutamate
      production and the rate of the transamination reaction with glutamate and 2
      oxoglutarate as substrates, is 1.5 x 10(-7). D-Glutamate is also converted to a
      1:1 racemic mixture. The racemizing activity of a mixture of free pyridoxal 5'
      phosphate and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate is about two orders of magnitude lower
      than that of aspartate aminotransferase. The error frequency of the enzyme in the
      case of the C4 substrate pair aspartate and oxalacetate is 3.4 x 10(-8), i.e. 4
      times lower than that with the C5 substrate pair.

PMID- 2900142
TI  - Microcirculatory effects of somatostatin in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Somatostatin, a 28-amino-acid inhibitory polypeptide has been advocated for the
      treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and acute pancreatitis. This study
      examines the effect of somatostatin in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in piglets
      (n = 12), weighing 8-12 kg. Six animals served as controls, and received only
      fluid resuscitation (0.9%, NaCl, 20 ml/kg/h). Six animals received somatostatin
      treatment consisting of a 15 micrograms/kg bolus i.v. given simultaneously with
      the induction of pancreatitis, and treatment continued with an intravenous
      infusion (15 micrograms/kg/h) for 5 h. Cardiac output, heart rate, blood
      pressure, arterial pO2, hematocrit and serum amylase were recorded before and
      each hour during the experiment. Regional blood flow in the gastrointestinal area
      was measured using the microsphere method. The microspheres labelled with three
      different isotopes were administered before the experiment and at 2 and 5 h,
      respectively. There was a significant decrease in the cardiac output (p less than
      0.05) and an increase in systemic blood pressure in the somatostatin-treated
      group (p less than 0.025). Pancreatic blood flow decreased by 43% following
      somatostatin infusion. The decreases at 2 and 5 h were highly significant (p less
      than 0.005). Blood flow to the mucosal but not muscular region of the stomach was
      decreased by somatostatin. This study suggests that somatostatin might be harmful
      in acute pancreatitis due to its adverse effects on pancreatic blood flow and
      cardiac output. However, somatostatin may be effective in reducing
      gastrointestinal bleeding. If the drug is used clinically, careful monitoring of
      the cardiac output is necessary.

PMID- 2900143
TI  - Comparison of the acute haemodynamic effects of bopindolol and propranolol at
      rest and during supine exercise.
AB  - The acute cardiovascular effects of two beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents,
      bopindolol and propranolol, were compared in a randomized study in 16 male
      patients with coronary heart disease. All patients had had an uncomplicated acute
      myocardial infarction at least 8 weeks earlier. The two drugs reduced the
      arterial blood pressure to the same extent, both at rest and during exercise. As
      heart rate and stroke volume were also decreased, cardiac output was reduced,
      whereas systemic vascular resistance was increased at rest and during exercise.
      Left ventricular filling pressure was increased. No statistically significant
      differences in these variables were seen between the two groups.

PMID- 2900144
TI  - Ethnic differences in response to beta-blockade: fact or artefact? A study with
      bisoprolol and propranolol.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in 8 white and
      8 black volunteers matched for sex, age and mass. The effect of 3 intravenous
      doses of a new, cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker, bisoprolol, on the heart
      rate increase after standardized exercise was compared to that of 3 doses of
      propranolol. As described previously for propranolol, black volunteers showed
      less response than whites to beta-blockade assessed in terms of the reduction in
      exercise-induced tachycardia. The effects of the two beta-blockers were similar
      and the apparent ethnic difference was seen with both drugs. It has previously
      been shown that black volunteers have a higher intrinsic heart rate (i.e. heart
      rate after parasympathetic and beta-adrenergic blockade of the heart) than
      whites, but their resting heart rates are similar because of greater
      parasympathetic tone in blacks. When exercise-load was calculated as increase in
      heart rate above that after atropinization, no ethnic differences were seen. It
      is suggested that in populations that are heterogenous in terms of the heart rate
      increase after atropine, work load should be standardized in terms of the
      increase in heart rate over the atropine heart rate rather than on absolute heart
      rate. The apparent ethnic difference represents a flaw in methodology as applied
      to a heterogenous volunteer population.

PMID- 2900145
TI  - Variation in serum binding of tertatolol mediated by disease-induced modification
      of alpha-acid glycoprotein concentration.
AB  - The serum concentrations of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), albumin (HSA) and
      non-esterified fatty acids, and the serum binding of tertatolol were measured in
      four groups of individuals: healthy control subjects (n = 24), and patients with
      inflammation (n = 28), and hepatic (n = 20) and renal (n = 27) insufficiency.
      Serum binding of tertatolol was increased in patients with inflammation (94.6%),
      decreased in patients with hepatic insufficiency (88.8%) and it was unchanged in
      patients with renal insufficiency (92.8%) as compared to controls (92.7%).
      Multivariate analysis indicated that the changes were mainly related to
      concomitant changes in AAG concentration, which could account for 57% of
      intersubject variability in the bound/free ratio, and to a lesser extent in HSA,
      which accounted for only 4% of the variability in the binding. The data show that
      the free fraction of the basic drug tertatolol in serum is affected by
      pathological conditions that cause changes in AAG concentration.

PMID- 2900147
TI  - Definition of the RFLP alleles in the human immunoglobulin IGHG gene locus.
AB  - In order to define more precisely the polymorphism of the human immunoglobulin
      IGHG (C gamma) genes and, consequently, to understand the structure and evolution
      of this multigene family, we have investigated the Restriction Fragment Length
      Polymorphisms (RFLP) of the IGHG genes in 113 unrelated individuals and 18
      families. Using the restriction enzymes Bam HI, Sac I and Eco RI, and
      hybridization to a IGHG probe and to a specific IGHG3 (C gamma 3) probe, we
      describe 47 different restriction fragments (RF) in the IGHG locus, allowing us
      to define at least 15 RFLP alleles for the different IGHG genes. Our data
      demonstrate that the restriction fragment length polymorphism is occasionally due
      to the presence or absence of a given restriction site as a consequence of a
      point mutation, such as the creation of an Eco RI site, at the codon 3 of exon 2
      in one IGHG4 allele (IGHG4*D2). However, most of the RFLP we observed seem to
      result from the insertion or deletion of a few hundred base pairs as illustrated
      by the IGHG3 polymorphism.

PMID- 2900146
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of short-term treatment with bopindolol in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Ten patients (mean age 53 years) with essential hypertension have been studied at
      rest and during exercise following oral treatment for 6 weeks with a new beta
      adrenoceptor blocking agent, bopindolol. The treatment caused a significant
      decrease in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure and heart rate, both
      at rest and during exercise. Stroke volume fell, too, and therefore so did
      cardiac output, whereas the systemic vascular resistance was increased. Left
      ventricular filling pressure was elevated both at rest and during exercise
      following bopindolol therapy. However, a different haemodynamic pattern was noted
      in patients with elevated total peripheral resistance prior to therapy (Group 1)
      compared to patients with normal or subnormal peripheral resistance (Group 2). A
      decrease in systemic vascular resistance seemed to be the cause of the fall in
      blood pressure in Group 1, as the expected increase in vascular resistance did
      not occur, whereas a reduction in cardiac output was of greater importance in
      Group 2. During exercise the lowering of arterial blood pressure in both groups
      was mediated by a reduction in cardiac output.

PMID- 2900148
TI  - Restriction fragment haplotypes in the human immunoglobulin IGHG locus and their
      correlation with the Gm polymorphism.
AB  - Of the four human IgG subclass heavy chain (IGHG) genes, three--IGHG1, IGHG2 and
      IGHG3--have allelic forms which encode antigenic determinants called G1m, G2m and
      G3m allotypes for markers of the IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 molecules. The alleles at
      these three closely linked loci are transmitted as Gm haplotypes, together with
      the IGHG4 and the IGHGP (or pseudo gamma) genes. Restriction Fragment Length
      Polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been described for all these IGHG genes, allowing us
      to define at least 15 RFLP alleles (N. Ghanem et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1988.
      18:1059). In this article, we determine unambiguously the Gm alleles and
      haplotypes and the associated RFLPs in French, Lebanese and Tunisian families,
      chosen for the various Gm phenotypes of their members, in order to correlate both
      these polymorphisms and to know the evolution of the IGHG multigene family. We
      were able to assign all the IGHG alleles to the Gm alleles and to their linked
      IGHG4 and IGHGP genes allowing us to define restriction fragment haplotypes of
      the IGHG gene family.

PMID- 2900149
TI  - Activation signals via CD2 molecule and interleukin 2 receptor act in synergy for
      helper function induction.
AB  - The membrane CD2 molecule appears to play an important role in T cell activation.
      Indeed, T cell stimulation by some combinations of anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies
      (mAb) can result in antigen-independent expression of helper function as assessed
      by proliferation and lymphokine secretion. We report here that T cell stimulation
      by a combination of two anti-CD2 mAb recognizing GT2 and T11(1) epitopes,
      respectively, cannot alone induce T helper clones to proliferate when
      preincubated in culture medium devoid of exogenous interleukin 2 (IL2). The
      concerted action of both anti-GT2 + T11(1) mAb and exogenous recombinant IL2 is
      required to induce cloned helper T cells to produce IL 2 and interferon-gamma to
      significantly increase IL2 receptors (IL2R) and finally to divide by an autocrine
      mechanism, whereas each signal alone has no effect. This therefore suggests that,
      under some conditions of CD2 stimulation, two minimal signals may be delivered
      through CD2 and IL2R and act synergistically to achieve a complete expression of
      T helper cell functions. Moreover, analysis of phosphatidylinositol and
      phosphatidic acid metabolic changes mediated by each signal separately or
      together suggests that, in this model, IL2 increases the phosphoinositide
      turnover induced by anti-CD2 antibodies up to a level required for helper
      function acquisition.

PMID- 2900150
TI  - T cell activation: distinct pathways involve phosphorylation of different
      cellular proteins.
AB  - The murine T cell clone D10.G4.1 can be induced to proliferate by monoclonal
      antibodies (mAb) to the T cell receptor (TcR) or to Thy-1 molecules. When cells
      were stimulated by anti-TcR mAb, a group of 4 proteins (19-25 kDa) was
      specifically phosphorylated. This effect was completely mimicked by the Ca2+
      ionophore A23187, whereas only two of these proteins (19 kDa and 25 kDa) were
      phosphorylated after cell exposure to the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate. By contrast, anti-Thy-1 mAb had no effect on the phosphorylation of
      these proteins, but induced specifically the phosphorylation of a protein of 32
      kDa. These results therefore demonstrate that distinct activating pathways in T
      cells involve the phosphorylation of different proteins, suggesting that the
      stimulation of protein kinases in T lymphocytes is an early event in cell
      activation.

PMID- 2900152
TI  - Vascular postsynaptic effects of some 5-HT1-like receptor agonists in the pithed
      rat.
AB  - 5-HT induced an increase in blood pressure in the pithed rat which was
      antagonized by LY 53857 a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. It was not
      antagonized by spiroxatrine, MDL 72222, idazoxan or AR-C 239, respectively 5-HT1
      like and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists. 5-MeODMT also induced an increase in blood pressure which was
      antagonized by LY 53857 but not by the other 5-HT receptor antagonists and alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonists used, suggesting a 5-HT2 component in the pressor effect
      of 5-MeODMT. The maximal effect of 5-MeODMT was less marked than that of 5-HT. 8
      OH-DPAT, RU 24969 and TFMPP were far less effective than 5-HT and 5-MeODMT to
      increase blood pressure. In contrast, 5-CT induced a vasodepressor effect. It is
      therefore suggested that the vasoconstriction induced by 5-HT and by 5-MeODMT in
      pithed rats could be due mainly to the selective stimulation of postjunctional 5
      HT2 receptors because selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists
      were ineffective against the vasoconstrictor effects of 5-HT and 5-MeODMT. The
      relative lack of effect of 8-OH-DPAT, RU 24969 and TFMPP to increase blood
      pressure suggested that postjunctional 5-HT1-like receptors play only a minor
      role - if any - in 5-HT induced vasoconstriction in the pithed rat.

PMID- 2900151
TI  - Development of autoreactive L3T4+ T cells from double-negative (L3T4-/Ly-2-) Thy
      1+ spleen cells of normal mice.
AB  - Thy-1+/L3T4-/Ly-2- spleen cells were purified from normal C57BL/6 (B6) and C,B-17
      mice. Cells within this subset expressed the T cell receptor (TcR) for antigen:
      the majority of cells in this subset were CD3+; a fraction of the cells was
      stained with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) F23.1; and the TcR molecule was
      immunoprecipitable with mAb F23.1 from cells within this subset. In limiting
      dilution analyses, about 1/30 cells within this subset were growth inducible in
      vitro by stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin;
      conditioned media containing interleukin (IL) 1, IL2, IL3 or IL4 activity neither
      triggered nor promoted in vitro growth of these cells. The in vitro generated T
      cells displayed the Thy-1+/L3T4+/Ly-2- surface phenotype and were self-reactive,
      i.e., proliferated preferentially in response to syngeneic stimulator cells, and
      secreted IL2 and IL3 only in response to syngeneic but not allogeneic stimulator
      cells. The proliferative response of these cells to syngeneic stimulator cells
      was blocked by anti-self Ia mAb. This autoreactive helper T cell subset was not
      inducible in purified Thy-1+ spleen cell subsets from athymic nude mice or scid
      mice. Autoreactive helper T cells did not express detectable levels of the IL2
      receptor (IL2R), and their proliferative response was not blocked by anti-IL2R
      mAb. From PMA plus ionomycin-stimulated double-negative Thy-1+ spleen cells, 14 T
      cell clones were established in long-term culture which displayed the CD3+CD4+CD8
      surface phenotype and were self-reactive.

PMID- 2900153
TI  - Continuous slow release of low levels of diazepam produces tolerance to its
      depressant and anxiolytic effects on the startle reflex.
AB  - Development of tolerance to the depressant effects of diazepam on the acoustic
      startle reflex and to the blockade of fear-potentiated startle, a measure of fear
      or anxiety in rodents, was evaluated after chronic administration via continuous
      release from implanted diazepam-filled silastic capsules or daily intraperitoneal
      (i.p.) injections. After continuous exposure to diazepam via capsule implants,
      complete tolerance occurred to the depressant effects of diazepam on startle and
      partial tolerance occurred to the antifear effects. In contrast, no tolerance was
      observed after daily i.p. injection with comparable amounts of diazepam (5 mg/kg)
      although tolerance could be produced by daily i.p. injections of a much higher
      dose of diazepam (20 mg/kg). These data suggest that tolerance to at least some
      behavioral effects may be much easier to produce with continuous rather than
      intermittent occupation of benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2900154
TI  - Characterization of the selectivity, specificity and potency of medetomidine as
      an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist.
AB  - Medetomidine (4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole) was tested for alpha
      2-adrenoceptor agonist activity and compared to several reference agents. In
      binding studies carried out with rat brain membrane preparations, medetomidine
      showed high affinity for alpha 2-adrenoceptors, as measured by the displacement
      of [3H]clonidine (Ki 1.08 nM compared to 1.62, 3.20, 6.22 and 194 nM for
      detomidine, clonidine, UK 14,304 and xylazine, respectively). The affinity of
      medetomidine for alpha 1-adrenoceptors, as measured by [3H]prazosin displacement,
      was much weaker, yielding a relative alpha 2/alpha 1 selectivity ratio of 1620
      which is 5-10 times higher than that of the reference compounds. Medetomidine
      caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the twitch response in
      electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens with a pD2 value of 9.0 compared to
      that of 8.6, 8.5, 8.2 and 7.1 for detomidine, clonidine, UK 14,304 and xylazine,
      respectively. The effect of medetomidine was antagonized by idazoxan. In
      anaesthetized rats, medetomidine caused a dose-dependent mydriasis which could be
      reversed by alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade. In receptor binding experiments and
      isolated organs medetomidine had no affinity or effects on beta 1-, beta 2-, H1,
      H2, 5-HT1, 5-HT2, muscarine, dopamine, tryptamine, GABA, opiate and
      benzodiazepine receptors. Based on these results, medetomidine can be classified
      as a potent, selective and specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist.

PMID- 2900155
TI  - Evaluation of stem cell reserve using serial bone marrow transplantation and
      competitive repopulation in a murine model of chronic hemolytic anemia.
AB  - Serial transplantation and competitive repopulation were used to evaluate any
      loss of self-replicative capacity of bone marrow stem cells in a mouse model with
      increased and persistent hemopoietic demands. Congenic marrows from old control
      and from young and old mice with hereditary spherocytic anemia (sphha/sphha) were
      serially transplanted at 35-day intervals into normal irradiated recipients. Old
      anemic marrow failed or reverted to recipient karyotype at a mean of 3.5
      transplants, and young anemic marrow reverted at a mean of 4.0 transplants,
      whereas controls did so at a mean of 5.0 transplants. In a competitive assay in
      which a mixture of anemic and control marrow was transplanted, the anemic marrow
      persisted to 10 months following transplantation; anemic marrow repopulation was
      greater if anemic marrow sex matched with the host. It is possible that lifelong
      stress of severe anemia decreases stem cell reserve in the anemic sphha/sphha
      mouse marrow. However, marginal differences in serial transplantation number and
      the maintenance of anemic marrow in a competition assay would suggest that marrow
      stem cells, under prolonged stress, are capable of exhibiting good repopulating
      and self-replicating abilities.

PMID- 2900156
TI  - High-affinity uptake of L-[3H]glutamate and D-[3H]aspartate during postnatal
      development of the hippocampal formation: a quantitative autoradiographic study.
AB  - Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine the topographical and time
      patterns of L-[3H]glutamate and D-[3H]aspartate high-affinity uptake system in
      the hippocampal formation of the rat during postnatal development. Extended
      control experiments were performed to verify the specificity of labelling. For
      short incubation periods of 3-10 min, the data demonstrated a conspicuously low
      rate of glutamate accumulation in the hippocampal formation of newborn animals
      and a marked increase in labelling of hippocampal neuropil areas during the first
      weeks of postnatal life. Our autoradiographic data on developmental increase in
      glutamate high-affinity uptake levels are consistent, in terms of time and
      topography, in many ways with other parameters of maturation of glutamatergic
      and/or aspartatergic structures in the hippocampal formation.

PMID- 2900157
TI  - Bradykinin activates tyrosine hydroxylase in rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase is activated in PC-12 cells by bradykinin in a concentration
      dependent manner with maximal stimulation occurring at 1 microM. This stimulatory
      effect occurs within 15 s and is maximal at 5 min. This stimulation is due to an
      increase in the affinity of tyrosine hydroxylase for its pterin cofactor, and can
      be blocked by a specific bradykinin receptor antagonist. These data indicate that
      bradykinin can regulate the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC-12 cells.

PMID- 2900158
TI  - Negative interactions between phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by the
      cyclic AMP-dependent and AMP-activated protein kinases.
AB  - We have reported previously that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
      phosphorylates two sites on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (site 1: Arg-Met-Ser(P)-Phe,
      and site 2: Ser-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu), while the AMP-activated protein kinase
      also phosphorylates site 1, plus site 3 (Ser-Ser-Met-Ser(P)-Gly-Leu), the latter
      being two residues C-terminal to site 2. We now report that prior phosphorylation
      of site 2 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase prevents the subsequent
      phosphorylation of site 3 and the consequent large decrease in Vmax produced by
      the AMP-activated protein kinase. Similarly, prior phosphorylation of site 3 by
      the AMP-activated protein kinase prevents subsequent phosphorylation of site 2 by
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

PMID- 2900159
TI  - Neurotransmitters, cytokines, and the control of alveolar bone remodeling in
      orthodontics.
AB  - This article described research aimed at testing the hypothesis that tissue
      remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement is modulated, at least in part, by
      factors derived from the nervous and vascular (immune) systems. Specifically, the
      neurotransmitters SP and VIP and the cytokines IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were
      localized immunohistochemically in paradental tissues of cat canines that had
      been treated by the application of an 80 g tipping force for 1 hour to 14 days.
      Increased staining (concentrations) of these agents were found in areas of PDL
      tension and compression at different time periods. Moreover, administration of SP
      and IL-1 beta to human PDL fibroblasts in vitro for 1 to 60 minutes resulted in
      significant increases in the levels of the intracellular "second messenger" cAMP,
      as well as of PGE2, a plasma membrane-associated fatty acid believed to serve as
      a local regulator of bone cell activity. Taken together, these results tend to
      support the hypothesis that neurotransmitters and cytokines play a regulatory
      role in orthodontic force-induced alveolar bone remodeling. Consequently,
      determination of the cytokine synthetic activity by leukocytes of orthodontic
      patients may inform about their alveolar bone remodeling potential.

PMID- 2900160
TI  - Safe motherhood.

PMID- 2900161
TI  - Maternity care in developing countries: relevance of new technological advances.
AB  - It is suggested that improved maternity care in the developing world depends
      primarily on the increased provision of cost-effective, basic, easily accessible
      maternity care services. Expensive new technologies should be judged by their
      effectiveness, safety, technical feasibility, cost (including operating and
      maintenance expenses) and local need. After identifying the major causes of
      morbidity and mortality, priority should be given to interventions applicable at
      the local level and which do not require highly or specially trained educated
      personnel.

PMID- 2900162
TI  - The problem of grandmultiparity in current obstetric practice.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 646 Arab grandmultiparas who booked for hospital
      confinement between 1983 and 1985 was carried out. The results were compared with
      that of non-grandmultiparas during the same period. In the grandmultiparas, the
      incidences of gestational diabetes, hypertension rheumatic heart disease,
      antepartum, postpartum hemorrhage and macrosomic infants were increased. However,
      contrary to some previous reports the incidences of anemia, cesarean sections,
      induced labor, dysmaturity and perinatal deaths were decreased. This is thought
      to be due to the provision of modern specialist perinatal care and improved
      socioeconomic standards.

PMID- 2900163
TI  - How does pre-eclampsia influence thermal conductivity of the skin?
AB  - To evaluate the thermal conductivity characteristics in relation to pre
      eclampsia, deep body temperature (DBT) was measured using the zero-heat flow
      method in non-pregnant healthy subjects, normal pregnant subjects, pregnant
      subjects with essential hypertension and in pre-eclamptics. The duration of the
      initial rise in peripheral DBT was significantly prolonged in the pre-eclamptics,
      as compared with findings in the other three groups. The results indicate that
      pre-eclamptics have a decrease of thermal conductivity of the skin.

PMID- 2900165
TI  - The impact of diagnostic ultrasound on the prediction of intrauterine growth
      retardation in developing countries.
AB  - The purpose of this report is to throw light on the problem of intrauterine
      growth retardation in our society, and to show how this situation could be
      affected by the introduction of diagnostic ultrasound in our antenatal service. A
      series of 828 pregnant women were serially examined by ultrasound during the
      course of pregnancy. Among the whole series (no. 828) there were 98 growth
      retarded neonates (11.8%). Antenatal ultrasonic evaluation could predict 89.7% of
      these cases, while only 34.7% of cases could have been predicted by fundal
      palpation. Among the different etiological factors, maternal anemia was the most
      common (25%).

PMID- 2900164
TI  - Maternity care monitoring: a contrast at two levels of health care delivery in
      Ibadan, Nigeria.
AB  - The obstetric performance of women delivering at two hospitals in Ibadan is
      compared in this study. The prevalence of high-risk pregnancies at the tertiary
      level hospital (University College Hospital) was higher than that of the
      secondary level hospital (Oluyoro Catholic Hospital). Consequently, the cesarean
      section rate of the UCH (21.8%) was higher than that at the OCH (2.3%).
      Similarly, the maternal mortality (3.5 per 1000) and perinatal mortality (60.2
      per 1000) at the UCH were significantly higher than at the OCH, 2.0 per 1000 and
      9.8 per 1000, respectively. The need for a national birth survey based on a
      representative sample of all the different types of health establishments in
      Nigeria was stressed.

PMID- 2900166
TI  - Risk factors for low birthweight in Singapore: strategies for prevention.
AB  - An analysis of 9399 consecutive singleton births delivered at this unit is
      presented. The incidence of low birthweight (less than 2500 g) was 7.4%. Further
      analysis of the 698 low birth weight babies indicated that a variety of socio
      demographic risk factors are operational in the etiology of low birthweight. Many
      of these are preventable before pregnancy so that the implementation of
      preventive Public Health measures utilising appropriate technology at least in
      developing countries may be socially and economically preferable to continued
      financial investment in intensive perinatal services.

PMID- 2900167
TI  - Serum complement levels in normal pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension.
AB  - Serum complement assay (CH50) was carried out in urban low-income women belonging
      to the following groups: (i) non-pregnant and non-lactating women; (ii) pregnant
      women in different periods of gestation; (iii) women suffering from pregnancy
      induced hypertension. Serum CH50 titers showed significant increase in the second
      and third trimester pregnancies as compared to non-pregnant, non-lactating women.
      There were no differences in CH50 levels between women suffering from pregnancy
      induced hypertension and those with normal pregnancy of comparable period of
      gestation. Nutritional status did not seem to have any influence on complement
      titers.

PMID- 2900168
TI  - Outcome of cesarean section in twin pregnancy.
AB  - In an 8-year period (January 1978 to December, 1985), the 17,379 deliveries at
      the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) consisted of 2089 cesarean
      sections (12.0%), 56 of which were associated with twin pregnancy. The main
      indications for cesarean section on the twin pregnancies were antepartum
      hemorrhage (placenta previa), malpresentation, cervical dystocia and previous
      cesarean section. The maternal mortality rate was 2% for all twin mothers
      delivered by cesarean section. There was no statistical difference in perinatal
      mortality rates (PMR) for all twin deliveries, vaginal twin deliveries and
      deliveries by cesareans section which were 111,113 and 100 per 1000 births,
      respectively. In the case of a retained second twin, however, recorded PMR was
      significantly higher (133 per 1000 births). Consideration of more liberal
      recourse to cesarean section in all cases of twins may reduce these unacceptably
      high perinatal death rates in twin pregnancy.

PMID- 2900169
TI  - Perinatal mortality at King Fahd Hospital of the University Al-Khobar, Saudi
      Arabia.
AB  - The perinatal deaths of all singleton births that occurred at King Fahd Hospital
      of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia during a 4-year period are analysed.
      The causes of death are classified into 12 groups using an extended modification
      of the Aberdeen classification. There were 165 perinatal deaths in 8057 singleton
      births, giving a perinatal mortality rate of 20.47 per 1000 total births. Fetal
      malformations occurred in 29 (17.57%) cases. Of the remaining 136 normal infants,
      77 (56.6%) were stillbirths and 59 (43.4%) died within 1 week of delivery.
      Spontaneous premature labor was the commonest cause of death (23.52%) followed by
      birth trauma (11%) and maternal diseases (9.55%). The cause of death was not
      known in 22 (16.17%) cases. In conclusion, prevention of premature labor, better
      intrapartum fetal monitoring, early recognition of fetal distress and improvement
      of neonatal care should reduce the perinatal mortality rate.

PMID- 2900170
TI  - Four-year follow-up of electrocoagulation and tubal ring sterilizations in Costa
      Rica.
AB  - An earlier analysis of 299 laparoscopic sterilizations comparing
      electrocoagulation and tubal ring occlusion techniques found no significant
      differences in rates of surgical complications. The risk of potentially serious
      complications, such as bowel/bladder burns, was considered higher with
      electrocoagulation be the preferred technique. Examination of the same women
      through 48 months poststerilization between the two techniques with respect to
      the incidence of gynecologic surgery performed subsequent to sterilization.
      Gynecologic abnormalities were similar for women in both groups. The rate of
      pregnancy was higher for tubal rings than for electrocoagulation (2.1 compared to
      0.7 at 48 months) but this difference was not statistically significant.

PMID- 2900171
TI  - A clinico-pathologic study of ovarian neoplasm.
AB  - A series of 96 patients who were diagnosed with 120 ovarian neoplasms at surgery
      have been reviewed. Nine types of benign ovarian cysts were encountered. Benign
      cystic teratoma with an incidence of 30% was the commonest tumor. The majority of
      these were in the 20-30 year age range. The mean age of the patients with
      mucinous cyst adenoma and benign cystic teratoma was significantly less (P less
      than 0.05) than those with serous cyst adenoma. The incidence of ovarian
      malignancies of 8.3% was low, and none of the malignancies was bilateral. There
      was a high incidence of 8.3% of malignant change in benign cystic teratomas.
      Abdominal pain and swelling were the symptoms most frequently experienced in
      patients with benign ovarian neoplasms.

PMID- 2900172
TI  - Effect of human menopausal gonadotrophin on the non-pregnant uterine response to
      intrauterine administration of prostaglandin E2.
AB  - The effect of intrauterine instillation of 50 micrograms of prostaglandin E2
      (PGE2) on the non-pregnant human uterus was evaluated in 10 volunteers, before
      and after systemic administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG). The
      cases were either in the early proliferative (n = 5) or late secretory (n = 5)
      phases of the cycle. Before HMG administration, the uterus responded to local
      PGE2 by stimulation in all the cases. After HMG treatment, no response to PGE2
      was detected in eight cases and a decrease in uterine tonus was observed in two
      cases. The implications of these findings in certain physiological and
      pathological conditions relating to reproduction are discussed.

PMID- 2900173
TI  - Infertility in Central Africa: infection is the cause.
AB  - Determinants of infertility were studied in 340 women in Eastern Gabon, an area
      situated in the "infertility belt" of Central Africa. Fallopian tube occlusion
      was diagnosed in 82.8% of cases, showing the importance of infection-related
      causes. Women with tubal occlusion did not differ significantly from women with
      normal tubes in obstetrical history or prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae or
      Chlamydia trachomatis on endocervical culture. Antecedents of pelvic inflammatory
      disease or a pelvic mass were significantly more common in the group with tubal
      occlusion. This group also had a significantly higher prevalence of serum
      chlamydial antibodies at a titer of 1/64 or higher. Hormonal factors were found
      in 31.7% of women, a cervical factor in 29.0% and mechanical factors in 5.6%. No
      diagnosis could be made in 12.2% of cases. During the investigation, 4.4% of
      women became pregnant. The predominance of infectious related causes of
      infertility makes it imperative to focus resources on prevention programs of
      upper genital tract infections in women.

PMID- 2900175
TI  - Abortion-related morbidity and mortality in Benin City, Nigeria: 1973-1985.
AB  - In a 13-year review of maternal deaths at the University of Benin Teaching
      Hospital, Benin City, abortion was one of the three major causes of death,
      accounting for 37 (22.4%) out of the 165 deaths. Induced abortion was responsible
      for 34 (91.9%) of these deaths. The usual victim is the teenage, inexperienced
      school girl who has no ready access to contraceptive practice. Death was mainly
      due to sepsis (including tetanus), hemorrhage and trauma to vital organs,
      complications directly attributable to faulty techniques by unskilled abortion
      providers, a by-product of the present restrictive abortion laws. Total overhaul
      of maternal child health services and the family health education system, as well
      as integration of planned parenthood at primary health care level into the health
      care delivery system, are suggested. Contraceptive practice should be made
      available to all categories of women at risk, and the cost subsidised by
      governmental and institutional bodies. Where unwanted pregnancies occur, the
      authors advocate termination in appropriate health institutions where lethal and
      sometimes fatal complications are unlikely to occur. In effect, from the results
      of this study and a review of studies on abortion deaths in Nigeria and other
      developing countries, it is obvious that a revision of abortion laws as they
      operate, notably in the African continent, is overdue.

PMID- 2900174
TI  - The role of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device in the prevention and
      treatment of iron deficiency anemia during fertility regulation.
AB  - Hematocrit and blood ferritin were assayed in 43 women using a levonorgestrel
      intrauterine device (LevoNg-IUD), 49 using the Copper T-380 Ag (T-Cu 380 Ag), 27
      using the Lippes loop and 30 non-IUD users as controls. The mean duration of use
      was 41 months for the three IUD groups. Women not using IUDs and with similar
      age, parity, years of schooling and family income as users had a normal mean
      hematocrit and ferritin, but 30% had low hematocrit (below 38%) and 43% had low
      ferritin (below 11 ng/ml). After prolonged use of the IUDs, 26% of users of
      Lippes loop, 22% of users of T-Cu 380 Ag and only 2% of users of LevoNg-IUD had
      subnormal hematocrit; 70%, 55% and 14%, respectively, had low ferritin. Thus, in
      a population with high incidence of anemia, the use of LevoNg-IUD appears to
      reduce the proportion of women with clinical anemia and with depletion of their
      iron store.

PMID- 2900176
TI  - Endocrine and morphological study of a case of ovarian sex-cord tumor with
      annular tubules in a woman with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
AB  - A bilateral ovarian sex-cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT) was incidentally
      discovered in an amenorrheic patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome during
      conservative surgery in which a small non-capsulated mass was removed from each
      ovary. Ovulation was then induced over two consecutive cycles with urinary
      gonadotropins; the couple did not conceive because of a male infertility factor.
      Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy were performed to prevent recurrence and
      avoid the possibility of a cervical malignant adenoma. Immunohistochemistry of
      the SCTAT showed positivity for estradiol and testosterone similar to that of
      Sertoli and granulosa cell tumors; progesterone was not detected in any cellular
      component of the neoplasia. Electron microscopy showed that the neoplasm
      consisted of numerous solid cords of cells surrounded by fibrillary layers of
      basal lamina, as well as central hyaline bodies. Two types of cells, clear and
      dark, were noted; clear cells were predominant and intermixed with scattered dark
      cells. No crystalloids or Charchot-Bottcher filaments were detectable in the
      tumors.

PMID- 2900177
TI  - Management of vesico-uterine fistulae: a report of six cases.
AB  - Six cases of vesico-uterine fistulae caused by cesarean section in four and
      pelvic trauma in two cases were treated during the past 15 years. Both the cases
      of vesico-uterine fistulae due to pelvic trauma and one case of vesico-uterine
      fistula due to cesarean section in whom the fistula was detected in the early
      post-operative period, could be managed successfully by suprapubic urinary
      diversion and control of infection. Two patients who were seen more than 1 year
      after the cesarean section, were cured by trans-abdominal closure of the fistula
      with omental interposition. One patient who reported 3 months after the cesarean
      section was managed by estrogen and progesterone-induced amenorrhea. The
      management protocol for vesico-uterine fistula should thus be individualised
      taking into consideration the etiology, and time interval between its occurrence
      and institution of treatment regimen.

PMID- 2900178
TI  - Pelvic fibromatoses--a rare gynecological entity.
AB  - A rare case of pelvic fibromatoses is reported. This condition is rarely
      encountered in gynecological practice but when encountered, creates a diagnostic
      and therapeutic challenge. The reported patient highlights the difficulties
      encountered in surgical excision (done twice) and illustrates the local
      aggressive growth behavior of this entity.

PMID- 2900179
TI  - WHO issues statement on social aspects of AIDS control.

PMID- 2900181
TI  - [Oral sedation in dental practice: personal experience].

PMID- 2900180
TI  - [Hepatic involvement in HIV 1 virus infection].
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients with serum antibodies against HIV 1 were
      evaluated for the prevalence and the type of liver injury. According to the CDC
      classification, 16 patients belonged to group II (asymptomatic patients), 47 to
      group III (persistent generalized lymphadenopathy) and 37 to group IV (11
      constitutional disease, 19 secondary infectious diseases, 5 secondary cancers,
      one chronic lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and one visceral leishmaniasis).
      Liver histology was studied in 32 patients. Clinical, biological and histologic
      abnormalities were assessed according to the clinical group and to the number of
      T4 lymphocytes. The prevalence of HBV infection was determined by HBV DNA and
      monoclonal antibodies. Clinical hepatic abnormalities were rare (13 p. 100) and
      no difference was found between groups. Transaminases or GGT activities were
      elevated in 60 p. 100 of all cases. Serum GGT activity was higher and serum
      albumin lower in patients in group IV. HBV infection markers were less frequently
      found in patients with opportunistic infection (74 p. 100) than in asymptomatic
      patients (100 p. 100; p less than 0.05). Prevalence of serum HBsAg detected by
      poly- or monoclonal antibodies was very high (29 p. 100) in all clinical groups.
      Prevalence of serum HBsAg detected only by monoclonal antibodies (10 p. 100)
      suggest infection of these patients by an HBV variant. Of the 32 patients
      undergoing liver histology, only 5 (16 p. 100) had signs of activity. There was
      no association between clinical or histologic signs and the number of T4
      lymphocytes per ml. Alkaline phosphatase, ASAT and GGT activities were higher and
      serum albumin lower in patients with less than 200 T4 lymphocytes per ml.

PMID- 2900183
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis with molecular genetic methods].

PMID- 2900184
TI  - [Osteoporosis: an avoidable fate].

PMID- 2900182
TI  - Functional hyperthermia due to central dopaminergic impairment.
AB  - The clinical cases described are characterized by rigidity, mutism and
      hyperthermia, with cutaneous pallor and diaphoresis. This symptomatology marks
      the "malignant neuroleptic syndrome" and can be found, at times, in parkinsonians
      on "drug holiday". The cases described, which comprehend patients with both
      disorders, lead us to a single pathogenetic hypothesis: a central dopaminergic
      impairment. Hyperthermia, secondary to functional hypothalamic deficiency, is
      maintained by defective heat dispersion due to the lack of cutaneous
      vasodilation.

PMID- 2900185
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the cardiovascular effects and the pharmacokinetics of
      benalfocin and its metabolite in healthy subjects during repeated dosing.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects and the pharmacokinetics of a new selective alpha-2
      adrenoceptor antagonist, benalfocin, and its active metabolite, both compounds
      with a similar receptor affinity profile, were examined in healthy volunteers
      during repeated dosage. Significant diastolic blood pressure lowering effects
      were observed on the first and the last day of the treatment persisting
      throughout the dosage interval. Furthermore, heart rate reductions were found on
      these days which were significantly correlated with both the parent compound's
      and the metabolite's plasma concentrations and their sum. Pharmacokinetics
      remained unchanged after a 1-wk oral dosing as compared to a single oral dose;
      the plasma half-life of the metabolite was 3-fold longer than that of the parent
      compound. In normotensive subjects, benalfocin produced blood pressure and heart
      rate reducing effects, the latter being more correlated with the metabolite's
      plasma concentrations. Furthermore, results suggest that the compound's known
      cholinergic effects may be particularly related to the metabolite and that this
      molecule is an interesting cardiovascular compound.

PMID- 2900186
TI  - Somatostatin in the management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage: bleeding ulcers.
AB  - Stress ulcers are characterized by difficult management and poor prognosis. They
      currently represent a complication in the clinical course of other conditions,
      mainly shock states. The pathogenesis of stress ulcers is not well understood
      although the role of hypovolemia leading to energetic deprivation and
      insaturation of anaerobic cellular metabolism have been carefully studied.
      Somatostatin has been found to reduce the incidence of experimental stress
      ulcers. In the clinic, patients with duodenal ulcers were found to exhibit a low
      number of antral D cells and a significant decrease in tissue somatostatin. In a
      multicenter trial, patients with bleeding peptic or stress ulcers were treated
      with somatostatin or cimetidine plus pirenzepine. Results were favorable to the
      former substance on account of the time required to stop the hemorrhage and the
      demands for blood replacement. Thus, medical management of bleeding ulcers with
      somatostatin may represent an alternative to more radical surgical intervention.

PMID- 2900187
TI  - Prevention of pancreatic reactions by bolus somatostatin administration in
      patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography and
      endoscopic sphincterotomy.
AB  - Mild pancreatitis is a common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangio
      pancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy. Knowing that a bolus
      injection of natural somatostatin (SRIF) dramatically reduces pancreatic
      secretion, a study was conducted in 33 subjects undergoing invasive diagnostic
      procedures. A placebo (n = 16) or SRIF (n = 17; 4 micrograms/kg) were injected
      before cannulation. Enzymatic rise was observed in 16 (94%) subjects receiving
      placebo and in 8 (50%) injected previously with SRIF. In the former group 65%
      reported abdominal pain whereas only 19% had this complaint in the SRIF series.
      Results suggest that a bolus injection of SRIF may attenuate pancreatic
      irritation caused by diagnostic procedures or sphincterotomy.

PMID- 2900188
TI  - Size changes of a growth hormone- and prolactin-producing adenoma during and
      after sandostatin treatment.
AB  - A 46-year-old woman with acromegaly and marked hyperprolactinemia was treated
      chronically with sandostatin (50 micrograms b.i.d. up to 100 micrograms t.i.d.).
      Plasma growth hormone (GH) was reduced by 90% of basal values and prolactin (PRL)
      dropped from initially 204 to 74 ng/ml. Serial CAT scans detected a volume
      reduction of the pituitary adenoma of 46.7%, but discontinuation of therapy was
      followed by re-expansion of the tumor. Tissue collected at transsphenoidal
      adenomectomy was examined by immunohistology and found positive for both GH and
      PRL. This characteristic would explain the dual hormonal response to the specific
      GH inhibitor sandostatin.

PMID- 2900189
TI  - Long-term management of acromegaly with sandostatin.
AB  - The present report illustrates the effectiveness of a long-acting somatostatin
      analog, SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin), in the chronic treatment of acromegaly. Daily
      doses of 50-300 micrograms were administered subcutaneously to 37 patients.
      Gradual dose increments induced a progressive GH decrease accompanied by a
      parallel reduction in plasma somatomedin C concentrations. There was a
      concomitant amelioration of clinical signs and symptoms throughout the
      investigational period. No escape phenomenon or tachyphylaxis was observed. It is
      concluded that chronic therapy with SMS 201-995 represents a promising medical
      alternative for the treatment of active acromegaly.

PMID- 2900190
TI  - Somatostatin analog treatment of acromegaly: new aspects.
AB  - Ten acromegalics received daily doses of 200-300 micrograms of a long-acting
      somatostatin analog, SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin, SMS), for an average of 64 weeks.
      Basal mean GH values of 44 +/- (SE) 7.8 ng/ml had fallen into the normal range at
      the end of the observation period (mean 64 weeks). This effect was accompanied by
      a substantial drop in somatomedin-C values. Reduction of pituitary tumor size
      could be documented in 3 of 6 patients. Whereas SMS did not affect high plasma
      PRL in 4 microprolactinoma patients, lactotrophs turned sensitive to this agent
      in mixed GH/PRL tumors. In a comparative study between SMS and bromocriptine, the
      former normalized circulating GH in 10 of 17 acromegalics in an acute trial,
      whereas bromocriptine was effective in only 5. A combination of both substances
      was effective in 2 of 3 patients who were insensitive to single drug
      administration. Cultures of GH-secreting tumor cells showed a statistically
      significant hormone decrease in the medium when exposed to SMS. However, in some
      instances, a diminution of the GH contents of the tumor cells was also observed,
      presumably as the basis for intracellular breakdown and clinical tumor shrinkage.

PMID- 2900191
TI  - Somatostatin analogs in the management of gastrointestinal tumors.
AB  - Experience with SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin), a somatostatin analog, in the
      treatment of endocrine active gastrointestinal tumors is reviewed. Best immediate
      results were obtained in vipomas and insulinomas but a scape phenomenon was
      frequently observed. A positive and persistent effect was recorded in a case of
      nesidioblastosis. It was striking that good clinical control could be obtained in
      some instances despite insufficient suppression of hormone secretion by the
      tumor. This finding suggests peripheral actions of somatostatin and SMS
      independently of its primary effect on hormone release.

PMID- 2900192
TI  - Treatment of inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin with somatostatin analog SMS
      201-995.
AB  - Inappropriate thyrotropin secretion (IST) may originate from either neoplastic
      disease (nIST) or non-neoplastic resistance to thyroid hormone (nnIST). An
      inhibitory effect of somatostatin on TSH secretion has been documented. In an
      attempt to elucidate the possible therapeutic effect of this peptide on nIST and
      nnIST, a study was conducted in 7 such patients. Sandostatin (SMS 201-995) was
      administered in daily doses of 100 micrograms for several days to 1 month. Four
      patients with nIST responded with a fall in circulating TSH as well as alpha
      subunit with concomitant normalization of free thyroxine and clear symptomatic
      improvement. In the 3 nnIST patients this effect was considerably less apparent
      and a partial TSH escape was observed on long-term treatment in 2 cases. The
      importance of somatostatin and its analogs in the management of thyroid
      malignancy is stressed.

PMID- 2900194
TI  - Somatostatin. Recent advances in basic research and clinical applications. An
      international symposium of the European Neuroendocrine Association. Madrid,
      October 7-8, 1986. Proceedings.

PMID- 2900193
TI  - Influence of somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing factor on behavior.
      Clinical and therapeutic implications in neuropsychiatric disorders.
AB  - Administration of hypothalamic peptides has been reported to induce behavioral
      changes and to modify neurological functions such as locomotor activity and
      learning. Somatostatin (SS) and growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) exert
      opposite effects on anterior pituitary secretion. Similarly, at the central
      nervous system (CNS) level, SS and GRF display antagonistic actions on behavioral
      parameters. The authors were able to confirm these effects in male Wistar rats by
      means of a computerized electronic maze measuring locomotor activity and
      learning. SS concentration is reduced in specific areas of the CNS in patients
      with late onset of senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT). In early onset
      SDAT a GRF test elicits a growth hormone response much greater than that observed
      in normal controls of the same age or in patients with late onset SDAT. Thus,
      administration of GRF to patients with early onset SDAT has been followed by a
      significant improvement in locomotion, appetite, mental performance and social
      interaction. A possible therapeutic role of GRF in the management of patients
      with dementia remains to be explored.

PMID- 2900195
TI  - Somatostatin: a historical perspective.
AB  - Following the discovery and biochemical characterization of natural somatostatin
      its action profile has been thoroughly investigated. Although the name
      somatostatin was coined in virtue of its growth hormone release-inhibiting
      properties, a number of central and peripheral endocrine and paracrine actions
      have been ascribed to this peptide. Its inhibitory effect on a series of
      pituitary and gastrointestinal hormones has characterized somatostatin as a
      classical brain-gut hormone. Circulating and tissue levels of somatostatin and
      its possible physiological role are analyzed and clinical implications are drawn.

PMID- 2900196
TI  - Structure-function relationships of somatostatin analogs.
AB  - Objective of peptide chemistry has always been the production of analogues for
      clinical application. Advantages sought over natural peptides are (a) reduced
      molecular size; (b) prolonged biological half-life, and (c) enhanced specificity.
      After elucidation of the active core of somatostatin a number of analogues have
      been synthetized. Among them SMS 201-995, an octapeptide, was selected for
      further development because of its high potency and prolonged plasma clearance.
      Procedures extending the duration of action of somatostatin derivatives such as
      enhancement of lipophilicity and amino acid substitution are described, and
      factors influencing the specificity of such substances are succinctly analyzed.

PMID- 2900198
TI  - Somatostatin receptors in normal and tumoral tissue.
AB  - Somatostatin receptors have been visualized with autoradiography and
      characterised biochemically in various somatostatin target tissues, such as
      brain, pituitary, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, where they are likely to
      mediate the somatostatin actions. With the same methods, somatostatin receptors
      have been detected also in tumors originating from somatostatin target tissues:
      high receptor incidence is found in GH-producing pituitary adenomas as well as in
      some hormone-producing gastrointestinal tumors. These tumors are often highly
      responsive to somatostatin analogs in vivo. Among brain tumors, meningiomas
      usually contain a high density of receptors, suggesting a novel function for
      somatostatin in the human meninges. Among other human tumors tested, prostate,
      ovarian and endometrial carcinomas were free of receptors whereas 3 out of 39
      mammary tumors contained somatostatin receptors.

PMID- 2900197
TI  - Mechanism of action of somatostatin.
AB  - The chain of events leading to the manifestation of the biological action of
      somatostatin are described. Internalization is mediated by cytoskeletal proteins
      in the presence of calmodulin. Transduction of the somatostatin message at the
      membrane level takes place through inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation and
      blockade of cytosol calcium increases. The influence of central and peripheral
      factors upon these processes is discussed and the importance of the Ni/Ns
      components is stressed. Thus, somatostatin also suppresses phosphoinositide
      turnover and stimulates soluble phosphodiesterase, thus reinforcing its negative
      effect on cyclase generation.

PMID- 2900199
TI  - Somatostatin as a physiological regulator of pulsatile growth hormone secretion.
AB  - Somatostatin plays an important role in the regulation of the episodic and
      ultradian rhythm of growth hormone (GH) secretion. Passive immunization of rats
      with specific antibodies to the 14 and 28 amino acid sequences caused a
      significant GH elevation. The fact that somatostatin antiserum was unable to
      block episodic GH surges indicates that this hormone's release must be regulated
      by a dual mechanism. Indeed, GH-releasing factor (GRF) seems to be instrumental
      in the maintenance of pulsatile GH secretion. Moreover, exogenous GRF induced a
      further GH increase predominantly during the period of active secretion.
      Neutralization of endogenous somatostatin eliminated this time-dependent effect,
      indicating that this peptide blocks periodical spontaneous GH release. Food
      deprivation and changes in glucose homeostasis virtually obliterate the ultradian
      GH rhythm. In this context, peripheral somatostatin seems to play an important
      role. Also the central GRF/somatostatin interplay is responsible for a short-loop
      feedback control on pituitary somatotrops.

PMID- 2900200
TI  - Physiological significance of gastrointestinal somatostatin.
AB  - Somatostatin participates in the regulation of nutrient entry from the intestinal
      tract into the circulation. Thus, dietary fats and proteins may elicit
      significant increases of gastropancreatic somatostatin. Regulation of
      postprandial somatostatin secretion may occur via neural, hormonal and humoral
      factors. This peptide, in pharmacological doses, inhibits virtually all
      gastrointestinal exo- and endocrine functions as well as local motor activity.
      Neutralization of endogenous circulating somatostatin with specific antiserum is
      followed by increases in GH and enteroglucagon, augmenting also the postprandial
      rise of gastrin, insulin and pancreatic polypeptide. Somatostatin deficiency can
      be observed in obese subjects with hyperinsulinism. Concomitant elevation of
      insulin and gastrin levels can be antagonized by exogenous somatostatin. These
      findings confirm the importance of somatostatin as a peripheral regulator in
      experimental and human biology.

PMID- 2900201
TI  - Somatostatin structure-activity studies in the stomach.
AB  - Somatostatin may inhibit gastric exocrine functions independent of blockade of
      gastrin secretion. In order to further investigate this suppressive effect,
      somatostatin derivatives were injected to cats bearing a cannulated gastric
      fistula under pentagastrin stimulation. Results showed that somatostatin-14 was
      more potent than somatostatin-28 in this particular model. Analogues with
      substituted residues exhibited a variable spectrum of actions on hormone release
      and gastric function. A cyclic pentapeptide was deprived of gastric or GH
      inhibitory properties whereas the related peptide with a benzyl-protecting group
      on Thr was only devoid of gastric effect. The octapeptide SMS 201-995 was
      described as a potent inhibitor of gastric secretion in comparison with natural
      somatostatin in rats and also in humans, but was unable to induce maximal
      suppression of acid output in the cat model. Differences in gastric effect of
      different derivatives could be explained on the basis of binding to a selective
      subset of receptors, since at least two binding sites have been identified in the
      stomach mucosa. Serial studies with short cyclic somatostatin should help to
      establish a clear relationship between peptide structure and inhibition of
      gastric secretion.

PMID- 2900202
TI  - Hormonal and nonhormonal cytoprotective effect by somatostatins.
AB  - Beside its known hormonal activity, somatostatin exerts cytoprotective action.
      Thus, its favorable effect on the course of experimental pancreatitis, liver and
      lung lesions, and gastric ulcerations cannot be explained solely on the basis of
      hormone-mediated mechanisms. Cytoprotection is only observed when somatostatin is
      administered prior to toxin exposure or tissue damage, and the structure/activity
      of the substance is important in determining this effect. Thus, the non-hormonal
      biological effects of somatostatin can be summarized as follows: (a) Natural
      somatostatin-14 has been shown, in addition to its full endocrine effect, to
      block the uptake of toxic substances into liver cells. (b) Analogues with
      superactive cytoprotection may be devoid of endocrine activity. In turn, this
      effect is commonly found in the low-molecular derivatives. (c) Although the
      mechanism leading to tissue protection has not been clarified, stabilisation of
      cell membranes may play a role as well as changes in the aminoacid sequence.

PMID- 2900203
TI  - Measurement of somatostatin.
AB  - Biological activity of somatostatin can be altered by modifications in the amino
      acid sequence. Thus, a number of bioassays have been developed in order to
      measure the potency and specificity of analogues and heterogeneous molecular
      forms of somatostatin. These procedures may assist in the estimation of
      somatostatin contents of tissue extracts but measurements in blood are limited by
      the presence of other substances masking the biological response to somatostatin.
      Recently, radioimmunoassay procedures have been developed and their usefulness in
      experimental and clinical medicine is reviewed.

PMID- 2900204
TI  - Clinical applications of somatostatin.
AB  - Because of its wide distribution in the organism, natural somatostatin (SRIF)
      demonstrates an ample spectrum of actions, involving mainly the central
      neuroendocrine system and the enteropancreatic area. In the former, this peptide
      may find its field of application in conditions characterized by excessive GH,
      TSH or ACTH secretion, depending on the central or peripheral cause of the
      inappropriate hormone control. The inhibitory effect of SRIF on gastrointestinal
      and pancreatic hormones may be useful in the management of tumors originating in
      this system and also in the treatment of inflammatory processes such as
      pancreatitis, in malignant diarrhea, and in gastrointestinal bleeding. A complex
      action of SRIF and its derivative on insulin release and glucose homeostasis may
      offer some advantages in the control of unstable diabetes. Dampening of organic
      functions in the upper digestive tract may also render SRIF and its analogues
      useful in the exploration of the gallbladder, gastric and pancreatic functions.
      The effect of such peptides on tissue growth and on the regulation of blood
      pressure are the subject of present investigations. Cytoprotection, an
      interesting aspect of SRIF application, is discussed elsewhere in this
      compendium. Finally, some comments on the possible use of SRIF as an additive to
      the conventional treatment of burns and sepsis close this review.

PMID- 2900205
TI  - Effect of a long-acting somatostatin derivative SMS 201-995 (sandostatin) on
      glucose homeostasis in type I diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The infusion of natural somatostatin (SRIF) has been able to partially correct
      postprandial hyperglycemic reactions in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM). SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin) is a long-acting derivative with a growth
      hormone-suppressive effect 10-60 times more potent than the native peptide. The
      effect of SMS 201-995 (50 micrograms s.c.) on glucose control by exogenous
      insulin has been documented in a series of type I diabetics after stabilization
      of blood sugar by an artificial pancreas. Inhibition of counterregulatory
      mechanisms significantly diminished the postprandial hyperglycemia, and insulin
      requirements, both total and 2 h after meals, were markedly decreased. Also the
      effect of a single s.c. injection of 100 micrograms SMS 201-995 on the dawn
      phenomenon in a patient with poorly adjustable diabetes was investigated. The
      glucose escape observed during the control night was blocked by SMS 201-995.
      Thus, the stabilizing action of this peptide on postprandial and nocturnal
      hyperglycemia in unstable diabetes warrants further studies.

PMID- 2900206
TI  - Preliminary experience on treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with a
      long-acting somatostatin analogue (L363,586).
AB  - L363,586 is a potent, long-acting, somatostatin derivative. Intravenous and
      intranasal administration to diabetic subjects was effective in reducing both
      fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. Also in patients stabilized on a closed
      loop insulin infusion device, the intranasal administration of L363,586 was able
      to improve the glucose imbalance known as dawn phenomenon. Therefore, this
      analogue associated to standard insulin replacement could be useful in the
      control of unstable diabetes.

PMID- 2900207
TI  - Effects of somatostatin in patients with portal hypertension.
AB  - Portal hypertension is a common complication of chronic liver disease.
      Conventional therapy consists of surgery and palliative measures for the
      hemodynamic problem. It has been recently reported that somatostatin may reduce
      portal pressure without altering the systemic circulation and so reducing hepatic
      blood flow. This peptide also causes a significant fall in azygos circulation in
      patients with esophageal varices. The mechanism of this effect is unclear
      although suppression of intestinal vasodilating hormones and of glucagon have
      been claimed to play a role. Comparative clinical studies have shown somatostatin
      to be superior to the standard vasopressin treatment. Recent findings suggest
      that the efficacy of somatostatin can be increased by administering this peptide
      in repeated intravenous bolus injections. New derivatives, specially long-acting
      peptides, may eventually prove beneficial in the chronic treatment of this
      complication.

PMID- 2900208
TI  - C-cell hyperplasia in thyroid tissue adjacent to follicular cell tumors.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study was conducted on the number and distribution of C
      cells in the nonneoplastic thyroid tissue adjacent to tumors of follicular cell
      origin. It consisted of 49 cases, of which 25 were papillary carcinomas, 22 were
      follicular adenomas, and 2 were follicular carcinomas. Twenty normal adult
      thyroids from the Broward's Medical Examiner's morgue served as controls. In 17
      of the 49 cases (34.6%), there was a statistically significant increase in the
      number of C-cells in the normal-appearing thyroid tissue adjacent to follicular
      cell tumors, with at least 50 C-cells in one low power field, while only one of
      20 normal thyroids had a similar number of cells. (P = .02; chi 2 = 5.05). In two
      tumor cases there were more than 100 C-cells in several low power fields with
      formation of small C-cell nodules similar to those described in the type II
      Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome (MEN). It was concluded that the
      nonneoplastic thyroid tissue adjacent to 34.6% of tumors with follicular cell
      phenotypes contains significantly more C-cells than those present in normal adult
      thyroids. The possible pathogenesis and clinical significance of these findings
      are discussed.

PMID- 2900209
TI  - Factor XIIIa and the classic histiocytic markers in malignant fibrous
      histiocytoma: a comparative immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Fifteen cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and 79 cases of
      differential-diagnostically related soft tissue tumors were evaluated for
      immunoreactive cells for the subunit A of factor XIII (F-XIIIa) in comparison
      with the staining obtained by the classic histiocytic markers: lysozyme, alpha 1
      antitrypsin (AAT) and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (AACT). Ubiquitous and focal
      staining patterns were distinguished. Only three cases of MFH were characterized
      by an ubiquitous positive reaction for AAT and AACT, in contrast to the
      obligatory positive staining of MFH for F-XIIIa. This low ratio is probably
      related to the high proportion of predominantly fibroblastic and myxoid types of
      MFH (11/15). In the three cases of MFH characterized by ubiquitous positive
      reactions for both antiproteases and for F-XIIIa, the frequency of positive cells
      for AAT and AACT exceeded that for F-XIIIa. Thus, the positive cells for
      antiproteases and those for F-XIIIa represent different levels of fibro
      histiocytic differentiation; the F-XIIIa-positive cells are fibro-histiocyte
      precursors. F-XIIIa-positive stromal cells are present in the normal mesenchyme,
      but their significance is unknown. The fact that these cells are a constant
      feature of MFH argues for a histiocytic pathway of their differentiation. The
      ubiquitous presence of F-XIIIa-positive cells in MFH distinguishes them from the
      histologically similar soft tissue tumors. However, the focal presence of F-XIIIa
      positive cells indicate only a host response to an unspecified tissue injury that
      may occur in all kinds of soft tissue tumors.

PMID- 2900210
TI  - Lymph node enlargement in patients with unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus
      infections.
AB  - The histologic findings in lymph nodes were used to identify eight patients, who
      are not in a high-risk group, with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
      In order to determine the specificity of these findings, the histologic and
      clinical findings in these patients were compared with the histologic and
      clinical findings in 40 patients whose lymph nodes exhibited reactive follicular
      hyperplasia and who received biopsies before 1981. While a definitive diagnosis
      of HIV infection cannot be made from the histologic changes in lymph nodes
      because the organisms cannot be identified, our findings indicate that HIV
      infection can be suggested, and appropriate testing warranted, when marked
      reactive follicular hyperplasia with mononuclear cells (and a small number of
      neutrophils) in parafollicular sinuses is found in a patient with unexplained
      lymph node enlargement at two or more noncontiguous, noninguinal sites for
      several months, with or without systemic symptoms.

PMID- 2900211
TI  - An autopsy case of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy.
AB  - This report describes the first autopsy case of human T-lymphotropic virus type I
      (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (HAM). The disease mainly affected the spinal
      cord, particularly the lateral and anterior columns, where loss of myelin and
      axon was observed. The changes were bilateral and occurred mainly along the
      tract. Perivascular and parenchymal infiltration with lymphocytes and
      macrophages, as well as astrocytosis, were observed in the white and grey matters
      of the spinal cord. Blood vessels in the spinal cord and in the subarachnoid
      space of the spinal cord showed hyalinoid thickening of media and adventitia
      associated with infiltration of lymphocytes. These findings are similar to those
      of tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP).

PMID- 2900214
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected by anonymous DNA probes mapped
      to defined intervals of human chromosome 16.
AB  - Three anonymous DNA probes ACH207, ACH224, and ACH202, isolated from a flow
      purified chromosome 16 library and mapped to defined intervals of human
      chromosome 16, detected restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The
      RFLPs were of simple two allele types. The ACH207 (D16S4) probe detected a TaqI
      and an MspI RFLP with polymorphism information content (PIC) values of 0.30 and
      0.27; the ACH224 (D16S5) probe detected an RsaI RFLP, PIC value of 0.34; and the
      ACH202 (D16S4) probe detected an XbaI RFLP, PIC value of 0.22.

PMID- 2900213
TI  - Analysis for linkage between F13A and three chromosome 6 marker loci: evidence
      for 6pter:F13A:HLA:GLO1:cen gene order.
AB  - The results of the present study provide independent support for F13A:HLA linkage
      and refine the F13A:HLA and F13A:GLO1 linkage relationships. Analysis of the
      corresponding recombination fractions for the total paternal F13A:HLA and
      F13A:GLO1 peak lod scores (z) indicates a locus order of 6pter:F13A:HLA:GLO1:cen.
      Lod scores between F13A and PLG, a locus recently assigned to chromosome 6,
      exclude close linkage between these loci.

PMID- 2900212
TI  - Polymorphism of MHC class III genes: definition of restriction fragment linkage
      groups and evidence for frequent deletions and duplications.
AB  - The loci for the complement proteins BF and C2 and the two loci for C4 are
      closely linked to one another, as are the duplicated steroid 21 hydroxylase (21
      OHase) genes to the C4A and C4B loci. The alleles of these four loci occur in
      specific combinations termed "complotypes". We have studied the gene frequencies
      of their different products in the Lebanese population and compared these values
      with those found in other populations. We observed a novel complotype (S B 4 6)
      in one family and a complotype with a so far undescribed variant of the C4A
      locus. Using several restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), we have
      defined restriction fragment linkage groups. The combined use of C4 and 21-OHase
      probes allowed us to detect different types of deletions and duplications at
      these loci in the Lebanese population.

PMID- 2900215
TI  - Isolation of the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2900216
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of paracetamol, diclofenac and vidarabine during plasma
      exchange.
AB  - In order to establish guidelines for prescribing drugs in patients treated with
      plasma exchange (PE), we studied the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (5
      patients), diclofenac (4 patients) and vidarabine (3 patients) during one or
      several PE. Results were compared with those obtained without PE. Diclofenac and
      paracetamol were chosen because they presented different volume distribution and
      protein binding characteristics. Vidarabine was studied because we use it for the
      treatment of patients with polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus.
      Diclofenac (100 mg) and paracetamol (1000 mg) were given 1 hour before PE.
      Samples were obtained 60 and 30 min before PE, every 15 min during PE and hourly
      for 2 hours after the end of PE. Vidarabine was given in continuous infusion, 15
      mg/kg/d during the first week of treatment and 7.5 mg/kg/d during subsequent
      weeks. Samples were obtained before PE, 3 times during PE and every 30 min for 4
      hours after the end of PE. Paracetamol, diclofenac, vidarabine and hypoxanthine
      arabinoside were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. During each
      PE 60 ml/kg were removed and replaced by albumin. We found that 17% of
      diclofenac, 4.3% of paracetamol and 4.9% of vidarabine were removed during each
      session. Plasmapheresis clearance was 51% of plasma clearance for diclofenac, 15%
      for paracetamol and 10% for vidarabine. Drugs which are mainly removed during PE
      are those which are bound to proteins with a small distribution volume. Those
      drugs, such as diclofenac, must be administered after the end of each PE session.
      Drugs which present a large distribution volume and low protein binding can be
      given before the session. Vidarabine can be administered during PE without loss
      of effectiveness due to drug removal.

PMID- 2900218
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of the aggressive adult patient.

PMID- 2900217
TI  - The electrophysiologic properties of esmolol, a short acting beta-blocker.
AB  - Although beta-blockers have established efficacy in treating ventricular ectopy
      and PSVT, their applicability for acute antiarrhythmic interventions in patients
      with organic heart disease or COPD, is frequently limited by negative inotropic
      or bronchospastic side effects. The development of an ultrashort acting beta
      blocker with rapid reversibility of its side effects would widen their
      applicability. Therefore, we tested the electrophysiologic properties of such a
      new short acting beta-blocker, esmolol, in 14 patients (10 with organic heart
      disease) with a mean EF of 47.6 +/- 17%, undergoing standard clinical
      electrophysiologic studies for various indications. Like most other beta
      blockers, esmolol's major direct effects were on sinus node function and AV nodal
      conduction characteristics; significantly prolonging sinus cycle length, cycle
      length to Wenckebach and AH interval in sinus rhythm and at a paced cycle length
      of 600 ms. In contrast to most other beta-blockers, following termination of its
      infusion, esmolol shortened parameters of sinus node function and AV nodal
      refractoriness, with respect to the control values, suggesting a possible rebound
      phenomena. These effects occurred within 5 min of terminating the intravenous
      drug infusion. Esmolol had no significant effect on systolic blood pressure,
      electrocardiographic intervals and had rare adverse reactions. We conclude that
      esmolol is an ultra-short acting beta-blocker, with typical direct
      electrophysiologic effects on sinus node and AV nodal function, and a possible
      rebound phenomena following its discontinuation that may make it particularly
      suited to acute antiarrhythmic interventions in patients susceptible to adverse
      beta-blocker side effects.

PMID- 2900220
TI  - Recent research in neuroimmunomodulation: some highlights of the second
      international workshop, and some clinical implications of behavioral immunology.

PMID- 2900219
TI  - Neuroleptic-mediated hypothalamic deregulation of central insulin and peripheral
      glucose metabolism in tardive dyskinesia: a hypothesis.
AB  - In the following communication we discuss evidence that impaired peripheral and
      central glucose and insulin metabolism may be significant in the pathophysiology
      of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Such an association between
      alterations in glucose metabolism and pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia may
      open new avenues in the prevention and pharmacological management of this often
      therapy-resistant chronic neurological disorder.

PMID- 2900221
TI  - Dopaminergic stimulation of the immune reaction: interaction of serotoninergic
      and dopaminergic systems in neuroimmunomodulation.

PMID- 2900222
TI  - [Carcinoid syndrome with a course of more than 10 years].

PMID- 2900223
TI  - [Receptors for neurotransmitters and psychiatric diseases].

PMID- 2900224
TI  - Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase isoenzyme forms and lipoproteins in normal and
      pathological sera.
AB  - The molecular nature of serum (from normal subjects and from patients affected by
      various hepatobiliary diseases) gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) isoenzymes has
      been studied by selective lipoprotein precipitation. Some fractions co
      precipitate with LDL + VLDL (pre-beta-, beta-, beta/gamma-, gamma-, and dep-GGT
      fractions) or with HDL (partial precipitation of alpha 1-GGT in cirrhosis). Alpha
      1-GGT + alpha 2-GGT in normal subjects, and Alb-GGT did not precipitate with
      either of the precipitation treatments. Total GGT and its isoenzymes were stable
      at 4 degrees C and at -20 degrees C for at least 20 days, with the exception of
      Alb-GGT which at -20 degrees C decreased by 20%. The percentage of GGT associated
      with LDL + VLDL appeared to be a possible marker to discriminate liver tumors
      from cirrhosis. A cut-off value of 20 U/L of this marker yielded a diagnostic
      sensitivity of 87% and a diagnostic specificity of 85%.

PMID- 2900225
TI  - Pisa syndrome. Report of a case.
AB  - Very few cases of Pisa syndrome have been reported. The syndrome consists of
      dystonic symptoms, namely, tonic flexion of the trunk to one side and its slight
      rotation. It appears to be a side effect of prolonged antipsychotic therapy. We
      report on a case of Pisa syndrome in which withdrawal significantly improved the
      dystonic symptoms. However, a severe exacerbation of schizophrenic symptoms
      required the immediate resumption of neuroleptic therapy which was followed by
      the reappearance of dystonic symptoms. Associated anticholinergic medication led
      to only a slight improvement.

PMID- 2900226
TI  - Effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder
      contraction: the role of calcium.
AB  - Smooth muscle contraction is initiated by a rise in intracellular calcium, which
      binds to calmodulin resulting in myosin phosphorylation. CPZ impairs smooth
      muscle contraction by either interfering with calcium influx at low
      concentrations (less than 1.25 x 10(-5) M) or inactivating calcium-calmodulin at
      higher levels. This chlorpromazine effect was used to determine if gallbladder
      agonists act through different intracellular mechanisms. Guinea pig gallbladders
      were mounted in an organ bath and auxotonic contractions induced by bethanechol,
      KCl and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK). Bethanechol and KCl-induced
      contractions were profoundly inhibited by 1.25 x 10(-5) M CPZ throughout the dose
      response curve. In contrast, CPZ did not affect CCK-mediated contractions at CCK
      concentrations less than 5.7 x 10(-8) M. At maximal CCK doses (3 x 10(-7) M), CPZ
      had only a modest inhibitory effect of 20%, compared with tension losses of 62
      and 80% for bethanechol and KCl, respectively. This inhibition with high-dose CCK
      was offset by increasing extracellular calcium in the organ bath. The resistance
      of CCK to CPZ inhibition at low doses within the physiologic range implies that
      CCK acts independently of extracellular Ca2+ unlike the other agonists. Higher
      CPZ concentrations, greater than or equal to 1.25 x 10(-4) M, markedly suppressed
      CCK throughout the dose-response curve. Cholecystokinin may act via myosin
      phosphorylation, but unlike other agonists any rise in cytoplasmic calcium likely
      originates from an intracellular site.

PMID- 2900227
TI  - Binding of mouse red blood cells (MRBC) by human thymocytes: augmentation of
      rosette formation by phospholipase C treatment.
AB  - The formation of rosettes with MRBC is not an exclusive property of chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia cells and of human B-lymphocytes. Human thymus cells and the
      HD-MAR T-cell line were also found to be capable of forming rosettes with MRBC.
      The binding of MRBC by thymocytes differed from that of sheep (SRBC), rabbit
      (RRBC) and human (HRBC) erythrocytes by a number of parameters: monoclonal
      antibodies against the E-receptor inhibited the attachment of SRBC, RRBC, and
      HRBC, but not of MRBC to thymus cells. The presence of EDTA had the opposite
      effect, abrogating only the attachment of MRBC to thymus cells but not of RBC
      from the other sources. Exposure of thymus cells to pronase eliminated their
      capacity to bind SRBC, RRBC, and HRBC, but only slightly inhibited the attachment
      of MRBC. Treatment with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase enhanced the formation of
      rosettes with SRBC, RRBC, and HRBC, but had no effect on the formation of
      rosettes with MRBC. Exposure of thymus cells and of the HD-MAR cells to
      phospholipase C enhanced the proportion of rosettes formed with MRBC, but had no
      effect on the binding of other RBC. Treatment with either phospholipase A2 or
      phospholipase D had no such effect. The binding of MRBC by Raji cells was not
      increased by phospholipase C treatment. The present study indicates that the
      binding of MRBC by human thymus cells is mediated by receptors distinct from
      those involved in the binding of SRBC, RRBC, and HRBC and also from those
      mediating the binding of MRBC to human B-cells.

PMID- 2900228
TI  - HTLV-1 seroconversion in a 56-year-old Japanese woman undergoing chemotherapy for
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2900229
TI  - Synaptic communication between somatostatinergic axons and growth hormone
      releasing factor (GRF) synthesizing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the rat.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) production of the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by
      inhibiting and releasing hormones that are synthesized in the diencephalon. In
      order to elucidate the possible interrelationships between somatostatin and
      growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) synthesizing neurons at the hypothalamic
      level, immunocytochemical double labelling studies were performed on sections
      containing the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the rat. Somatostatin producing neurons
      were located in the dorsomedial part of the ARC, while somatostatin
      immunoreactive (IR) axons were found in the ventro-lateral part of the nucleus,
      an area containing GRF-synthesizing cells. The use of the dual antigen
      localization technique revealed the approach and juxtaposition of somatostatin
      containing axons to dendrites and cell bodies of GRF-synthesizing neurons. At the
      light microscopic level, several somatostatinergic axon varicosities were
      clustered around single GRF-synthesizing cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the
      ventro-lateral part of the ARC showed that (i), somatostatinergic axons
      established synaptic connections (ii), GRF-producing neurons received axons
      terminals on their somata and dendrites and (iii), somatostatin-IR axons formed
      asymmetric synaptic specializations with both dendrites and somata of GRF
      synthesizing neurons. These morphological findings indicate that the hormone
      production and release of hypophysiotrophic GRF-IR neurons can be influenced by
      the central somatostatin system via direct synaptic mechanisms. The data support
      the concept, that the interaction of inhibiting and releasing hormones, which
      determines responses of the pituitary target cells, may take place also at the
      hypothalamic level.

PMID- 2900230
TI  - Auditory evoked potentials as possible predictors of outcome in schizophrenic
      outpatients.
AB  - As part of a follow-up study on long-term neuroleptic treatment, 36 schizophrenic
      out-patients under neuroleptic treatment were studied in an 'auditory oddball'
      event-related potential paradigm after a 3-month stabilization phase following
      clinical discharge. In the first cross-sectional analysis, we evaluated the
      influences of age and gender and tried to find auditory evoked potential (AEP)
      variables, which might be promising as potential predictors of the course of
      illness. Compared with healthy age-matched controls, the patients showed smaller
      N1/P3-amplitudes. Males and females showed only minor AEP-differences, the
      amplitude N1/P2 being slightly higher in females. Age correlated positively with
      the latency P3 and negatively with the latency P2R. The interpeak latency P3-P2R
      showed the highest correlation with age. Test/re-test reliability was measured
      and variables with r less than 0.60 were rejected. The amplitudes N1/P2 and N1/P3
      showed the highest test/re-test correlations. The more severely disturbed
      patients (global assessment scale [GAS]-score less than 65) had shorter interpeak
      latencies P2F-N1F than the less disturbed patients (GAS greater than or equal to
      65). Patients with a high rate of relapse tended to have shorter interpeak
      latencies P2F-N1F than patients with low rates of relapse. Our results indicate
      that the interpeak latency P2F-N1F has an acceptable test/re-test reliability
      (C3: r = 0.72; C4: r = 0.80) and is related to clinical variables characterizing
      the course and outcome of illness. This leads to the hypothesis that a short
      interpeak latency, P2F-N1F, might be a predictor of poor prognosis.

PMID- 2900231
TI  - Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with adult T-cell
      leukemia and human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type-I seropositive healthy
      carriers.
AB  - Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, we measured the
      soluble interleukin 2 receptor (s-IL-2R) levels in the sera of patients with
      adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in Japan. The s-IL-2R levels in the sera of the ATL
      patients were markedly higher (range 540-310, 400 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 62,800 +/-
      81,000 U/ml, n = 42) than those in normal individuals (range 42-950 U/ml, mean +/
      SD = 322 +/- 198 U/ml, n = 35, P less than 0.01). The patients with acute-type
      or lymphoma-type ATL had high s-IL-2R levels (range 11,900-310,400 U/ml, mean +/-
      SD = 110,340 +/- 370 U/ml, n = 15; range 26,400-214,400 U/ml, mean +/- SD =
      90,170 +/- 59,040 U/ml, n = 7, respectively). All of the patients with
      hypercalcemia (Ca greater than 10 mg/dl) or elevated serum LDH levels (LDH
      greater than 500 IU/liter) also had s-IL-2R levels above 10,000 U/ml. The high s
      IL-2R levels in the sera of ATL patients indicate abnormal IL-2 receptor
      production and its release from the leukemic cells in vivo. Thus, the serum s-IL
      2R level may be a sensitive and useful marker to monitor the total amount of
      tumor cells in ATL, especially in the lymphoma type. We next examined the serum s
      IL-2R levels in human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type-I (HTLV-I) seropositive
      healthy carriers to investigate whether there might be abnormal IL-2 receptor
      expression in such individuals. However, there was no statistically significant
      difference between the s-IL-2R level of 71 HTLV-I seropositive healthy carriers
      (range 65-880 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 394 +/- 212 U/ml) and that of 71 age- and sex
      matched normal individuals (range 33-950 U/ml, mean +/- SD = 357 +/- 224 U/ml)
      who lived in Okinawa Prefecture.

PMID- 2900233
TI  - Role of beta 2-adrenergic receptors on coronary resistance during exercise.
AB  - The effects of regional alpha- and specific beta 2-adrenergic receptor blockade
      on measurements of late diastolic coronary resistance (LDCR) and mean coronary
      blood flow velocity (CBFV) during exercise were examined in 14 conscious adult
      mongrel dogs. Specific beta 2-adrenergic receptor blockade (ICI 118.551)
      significantly decreased CBFV and increased LDCR by blockade of beta 2-vasodilator
      tone independent of alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated tone and independent of
      altering myocardial metabolism. alpha-Adrenergic receptor blockade (phentolamine,
      1 mg) significantly increased CBFV and decreased LDCR by blocking sympathetically
      mediated vasoconstrictor tone. There was no significant difference in the
      magnitude of response between alpha- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor blockade.
      These results demonstrate that alpha- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors have a
      significant and evidently equal influence on CBFV and LDCR during exercise. Four
      weeks of daily exercise and left stellate ganglionectomy (LSGx) prevented
      phentolamine-induced vasodilation but not ICI 118.551-induced vasoconstriction.
      This suggests that daily exercise and LSGx significantly decreased the alpha
      adrenergic receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor tone on the coronary circulation,
      resulting in an apparently greater role for the coronary vascular beta 2
      adrenergic receptor on the control of CBFV and LDCR during exercise.

PMID- 2900232
TI  - Characterization and localization of beta-adrenergic receptors in control and
      cryptorchidized rat testis by in vitro autoradiography.
AB  - beta-adrenergic receptors were localized and characterized in control and
      cryptorchidized rats to investigate further their role in testicular function.
      Slide-mounted cryostat sections were incubated with [125I]cyanopindolol, a
      specific ligand for beta-adrenergic receptors. The subtypes were characterized by
      the displacement of [125I]cyanopindolol binding by practolol, which binds
      preferentially to the beta 1 subtype, and zinterol, which is preferential for
      beta 2 receptors. Labeling was detected by autoradiography, first by exposing
      sections to Ultrofilm (LKB) and second by dipping slides in NTB-2 Kodak
      photographic emulsion. The histologic distribution of receptors was analyzed by
      counting silver grains overlying the testicular structures. It was found that the
      vast majority of receptors were of the beta 2-subtype. In intact rats, the
      greatest density of receptors was found in interstitial cells, with some specific
      labeling over the seminiferous tubules. However, in cryptorchidized animals, the
      proportion of beta 2 receptors in tubules that contained mainly Sertoli cells
      appeared to be markedly increased. The results obtained suggest that
      catecholamines have multiple sites of action in the testis.

PMID- 2900234
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic agents in lungs of normal and air-embolized awake
      sheep.
AB  - It is unclear whether beta-adrenergic agonists or antagonists affect lung liquid
      and protein exchange by changing pulmonary hemodynamics or microvascular
      leakiness. In 23 unanesthetized, instrumented sheep with long-term lung lymph
      fistulas, we assessed the effect of the beta-agonist terbutaline or the beta
      antagonists propranolol, nadolol, and atenolol, all infused intravenously, on
      lung lymph flow under base-line conditions and during the acute lung injury
      caused by 4 h of venous air embolism. Under base-line conditions, neither beta
      stimulation nor blockade had any effect. During air embolism, terbutaline
      decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and lymph flow by 25%. Propranolol and
      nadolol (non-selective beta 1,beta 2-antagonists) but not atenolol (selective
      beta 1-antagonist) also decreased lymph flow by 22% on average. We favor the more
      conservative (hemodynamic) over the more liberal (altered permeability)
      explanation for our results. First, beta-stimulation clearly caused vasodilation,
      which lowered the pulmonary microvascular pressure at the site of injury. beta
      blockade caused changes similar to alpha-stimulation (J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 2147
      2153, 1987). We therefore interpret the beta-blockade as unmasking pulmonary
      arterial alpha-receptors stimulated by the air-embolism injury, thus allowing
      vasoconstriction upstream to the site of injury. We do not believe the
      explanation of the beta-agent effects requires any modulation of lung
      microvascular leakiness by beta-adrenergic agents.

PMID- 2900235
TI  - Purification of the Escherichia coli type 1 pilin and minor pilus proteins and
      partial characterization of the adhesin protein.
AB  - Type 1 pili of Escherichia coli contain three integral minor proteins with
      apparent molecular weights (Mr) of 28,000 (28K protein), 16,500, and 14,500
      attached to rods composed of Mr-17,000 pilin subunits (Hanson and Brinton, Nature
      [London] 322:265-268). We describe here an improvement on our earlier method of
      pilus purification, which gives higher yields and higher purity. Also reported
      are methods allowing fractionation of intact type 1 pili into rods of pure pilin
      and free minor proteins, as well as fractionation of the 28K tip adhesion protein
      from the 16.5K and 14.5K proteins. We have determined the amino acid composition
      and amino-terminal sequence of the adhesion protein. This sequence shows limited
      homology with the amino-terminal sequences of several E. coli pilins, including
      type 1.

PMID- 2900236
TI  - Genes encoding the alpha, gamma, delta, and four F0 subunits of ATP synthase
      constitute an operon in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.
AB  - A cluster of genes encoding subunits of ATP synthase of Anabaena sp. strain PCC
      7120 was cloned, and the nucleotide sequences of the genes were determined. This
      cluster, denoted atp1, consists of four F0 genes and three F1 genes encoding the
      subunits a (atpI), c (atpH), b' (atpG), b (atpF), delta (atpD), alpha (aptA), and
      gamma (atpC) in that order. Closely linked upstream of the ATP synthase subunit
      genes is an open reading frame denoted gene 1, which is equivalent to the uncI
      gene of Escherichia coli. The atp1 gene cluster is at least 10 kilobase pairs
      distant in the genome from apt2, a cluster of genes encoding the beta (atpB) and
      epsilon (atpE) subunits of the ATP synthase. This two-clustered ATP synthase gene
      arrangement is intermediate between those found in chloroplasts and E. coli. A
      unique feature of the Anabaena atp1 cluster is overlap between the coding regions
      for atpF and atpD. The atp1 cluster is transcribed as a single 7-kilobase
      polycistronic mRNA that initiates 140 base pairs upstream of gene 1. The deduced
      translation products for the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 subunit genes are more
      similar to chloroplast ATP synthase subunits than to those of E. coli.

PMID- 2900237
TI  - Molecular characterization of the type 3 (MR/K) fimbriae of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae.
AB  - The expression of type 3 (MR/K) fimbriae by Klebsiella pneumoniae requires the
      production of at least four polypeptides with molecular masses of 20.5, 25, 34,
      and 78 kilodaltons. The genes encoding these polypeptides are located on a gene
      cluster 5,500 base pairs in length. The nucleotide sequence of the major fimbrial
      structural gene was determined, and its transcription was shown to initiate in
      vitro 157 base pairs upstream of the translational start site. The predicted
      amino acid sequence for the fimbrial subunit comprised 202 residues, including a
      signal peptide of 22 amino acids. Despite similarities in the organization of the
      gene cluster, the nucleotide and the amino acid sequence of the major fimbrial
      subunit revealed little agreement with other known fimbrial subunit sequences.

PMID- 2900238
TI  - Cloning and sequence of the gene encoding the major structural component of
      mannose-resistant fimbriae of Serratia marcescens.
AB  - Serratia marcescens US46, a human urinary tract isolate, exhibits mannose
      resistant hemagglutination and agglutinates yeast cells, thereby indicating that
      it has two types of adhesins. We constructed a cosmid library for the DNA of this
      organism and isolated DNA clones carrying genes for mannose-sensitive (MS) and
      mannose-resistant (MR) fimbriae. On introduction of the cloned genes into
      Escherichia coli K-12, MS and MR fimbriae were formed. These fimbriae were
      functionally and morphologically indistinguishable from those of S. marcescens.
      Subcloning of these gene clusters revealed that the genes encoding MS fimbriae
      reside on a 9-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment, while those encoding MR fimbriae are
      present on a 12-kb fragment. Transposon insertion and maxicell analyses revealed
      that formation of MR fimbriae is controlled by several genes which reside on the
      9-kb fragment. The nucleotide sequence of smfA, the gene encoding the major
      structural component of MR fimbriae, revealed that this gene encodes a 174-amino
      acid polypeptide with a typical procaryotic signal peptide. The primary structure
      of the smfA product showed significant homology with the primary structure of the
      E. coli fimbrial subunit.

PMID- 2900240
TI  - Adenine nucleotides as allosteric effectors of pea seed glutamine synthetase.
AB  - The effects of adenine nucleotides on pea seed glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2)
      activity were examined as a part of our investigation of the regulation of this
      octameric plant enzyme. Saturation curves for glutamine synthetase activity
      versus ATP with ADP as the changing fixed inhibitor were not hyperbolic; greater
      apparent Vmax values were observed in the presence of added ADP than the Vmax
      observed in the absence of ADP. Hill plots of data with ADP present curved upward
      and crossed the plot with no added ADP. The stoichiometry of adenine nucleotide
      binding to glutamine synthetase was examined. Two molecules of [gamma-32P]ATP
      were bound per subunit in the presence of methionine sulfoximine. These ATP
      molecules were bound at an allosteric site and at the active site. One molecule
      of either [gamma-32P]ATP or [14C]ADP bound per subunit in the absence of
      methionine sulfoximine; this nucleotide was bound at an allosteric site. ADP and
      ATP compete for binding at the allosteric site, although ADP was preferred. ADP
      binding to the allosteric site proceeded in two kinetic phases. A Vmax value of
      1.55 units/mg was measured for glutamine synthetase with one ADP tightly bound
      per enzyme subunit; a Vmax value of 0.8 unit/mg was measured for enzyme with no
      adenine nucleotide bound at the allosteric site. The enzyme activation caused by
      the binding of ADP to the allosteric sites was preceded by a lag phase, the
      length of which was dependent on the ADP concentration. Enzyme incubated in 10 mM
      ADP bound approximately 4 mol of ADP/mol of native enzyme before activation was
      observed; the activation was complete when 7-8 mol of ADP were bound per mol of
      the octameric, native enzyme. The Km for ATP (2 mM) was not changed by ADP
      binding to the allosteric sites. ADP was a simple competitive inhibitor (Ki =
      0.05 mM) of ATP for glutamine synthetase with eight molecules of ADP tightly
      bound to the allosteric sites of the octamer. Binding of ATP to the allosteric
      sites led to marked inhibition.

PMID- 2900239
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli mutants that lack the heat
      shock sigma factor sigma 32.
AB  - The product of the Escherichia coli rpoH (htpR) gene, sigma 32, is required for
      heat-inducible transcription of the heat shock genes. Previous studies on the
      role of sigma 32 in growth at low temperature and in gene expression involved the
      use of nonsense and missense rpoH mutations and have led to ambiguous or
      conflicting results. To clarify the role of sigma 32 in cell physiology, we have
      constructed loss-of-function insertion and deletion mutations in rpoH. Strains
      lacking sigma 32 are extremely temperature sensitive and grow only at
      temperatures less than or equal to 20 degrees C. There is no transcription from
      the heat shock promoters preceding the htpG gene or the groESL and dnaKJ operons;
      however, several heat shock proteins are produced in the mutants. GroEL protein
      is present in the rpoH null mutants, but its synthesis is not inducible by a
      shift to high temperature. The low-level synthesis of GroEL results from
      transcription initiation at a minor sigma 70-controlled promoter for the groE
      operon. DnaK protein synthesis cannot be detected at low temperature, but can be
      detected after a shift to 42 degrees C. The mechanism of this heat-inducible
      synthesis is not known. We conclude that sigma 32 is required for cell growth at
      temperatures above 20 degrees C and is required for transcription from the heat
      shock promoters. Several heat shock proteins are synthesized in the absence of
      sigma 32, indicating that there are additional mechanisms controlling the
      synthesis of some heat shock proteins.

PMID- 2900241
TI  - Gene structure of the human mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase beta
      subunit.
AB  - The mitochondrial ATP synthase beta subunit is encoded by a nuclear gene and
      assembled with the other subunits encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear
      genes. As the next step in the analysis of the molecular mechanisms coordinating
      the two genetic systems, the gene for the human beta subunit was cloned, and its
      structure was determined. The gene contains 10 exons, with the first exon
      corresponding to the noncoding region and most of the presequence which targets
      this protein to the mitochondria. Eight Alu repeating sequences including
      inverted repeats were found in the 5' upstream region and introns. An S1 nuclease
      protection experiment revealed two initiation sites for the transcription. A
      typical TATA box was not present at about 30 base pairs upstream from either
      initiation site. Three CAT boxes (CCAAT) were found between the two initiation
      sites. In addition, one CAT box was found 41 base pairs upstream from the first
      initiation site. Two GC boxes (potential Sp1 binding sites) were located in the
      5' upstream region, one of them linked to Alu repeating sequences. For
      determination of the promoter activity, fragments of various length from the 5'
      upstream region were fused to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and
      transfected into cultured cells. This experiment showed the existence of an
      enhancing, structure(s) for transcription between nucleotide -400 and -1100 in
      the upstream region.

PMID- 2900242
TI  - The molecular basis of retinoic acid action. Transcriptional regulation of tissue
      transglutaminase gene expression in macrophages.
AB  - Retinoic acid acts as an acute and specific inducer of tissue transglutaminase in
      mouse resident peritoneal macrophages. We have isolated cDNA clones for this
      enzyme and used them to demonstrate that this induction is due to the
      accumulation of tissue transglutaminase mRNA that occurs within minutes of
      exposure of macrophages to retinoic acid. The retinoic acid-induced increase in
      tissue transglutaminase mRNA is independent of concurrent protein synthesis and
      is due to an increased transcription of the tissue transglutaminase gene. Our
      results demonstrate that retinoic acid is capable of inducing acute
      transcriptional activation of gene expression in myeloid cells.

PMID- 2900243
TI  - Evidence for a reactive gamma-carboxyl group (Glu-418) at the herbicide
      glyphosate binding site of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Incubation of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, a target for the
      nonselective herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), with 1-ethyl-3-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide in the presence of glycine ethyl ester resulted
      in a time-dependent loss of enzyme activity. The inactivation followed pseudo
      first order kinetics, with a second order rate constant of 2.2 M-1 min-1 at pH
      5.5 and 25 degrees C. The inactivation is prevented by preincubation of the
      enzyme with a combination of the substrate shikimate 3-phosphate plus glyphosate,
      but not by shikimate 3-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, or glyphosate alone.
      Increasing the concentration of glyphosate during preincubation resulted in
      decreasing the rate of inactivation of the enzyme. Complete inactivation of the
      enzyme required the modification of 4 carboxyl groups per molecule of the enzyme.
      However, statistical analysis of the residual activity and the extent of
      modification showed that among the 4 modifiable carboxyl groups, only 1 is
      critical for activity. Tryptic mapping of the enzyme modified in the absence of
      shikimate 3-phosphate and glyphosate by reverse phase chromatography resulted in
      the isolation of a [14C]glycine ethyl ester-containing peptide that was absent in
      the enzyme modified in the presence of shikimate 3-phosphate and glyphosate. By
      amino acid sequencing of this labeled peptide, the modified critical carboxyl
      group was identified as Glu-418. The above results suggest that Glu-418 is the
      most accessible reactive carboxyl group under these conditions and is located at
      or close to the glyphosate binding site.

PMID- 2900244
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of Petunia hybrida 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
      synthase: Lys-23 is essential for substrate binding.
AB  - Chemical modification of Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
      synthase, a target for the nonselective herbicide glyphosate (N
      phosphonomethylglycine), with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate suggested that Lys-22
      (equivalent to Lys-23 of the Petunia hybrida enzyme) is a potential active site
      residue (Huynh, Q. K., Kishore, G. M., and Bild, G. S. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263,
      735-739). To investigate the possible role of this residue in the reaction
      mechanism, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to replace Lys-23 of the P.
      hybrida enzyme with 3 other amino acid residues: Ala, Glu, and Arg. Analysis of
      these mutant enzymes indicates that of these only the Lys-23 to Arg mutant enzyme
      is active; the other two replacements (Ala and Glu) result in inactivation of the
      enzyme. Two of the mutant enzymes (Lys-23 to Arg and Ala) were purified to
      homogeneity and characterized. The purified Lys-23 to Arg mutant enzyme is less
      sensitive than the wild type enzyme to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. It showed
      identical Km values for substrates and a 5-fold higher I50 value for glyphosate
      in comparison with those from the wild type enzyme. Binding studies using
      fluorescence measurements revealed that the substrate shikimate 3-phosphate and
      glyphosate were able to bind the purified Lys-23 to Arg mutant enzyme but not to
      the purified catalytically inactive Lys-23 to Ala mutant enzyme. The above
      results suggest that the cationic group at position 23 of the enzyme may play an
      important role in substrate binding.

PMID- 2900245
TI  - Proton/product time course ratios: a new approach to transient-state kinetic
      analysis.
AB  - The usefulness of the indicator dye method for the detection of transient enzyme
      product intermediates has been very limited due to the near impossibility of
      resolving the apparent single exponential time courses resulting from sequences
      of steps linked by rather similar rate constants. We propose here a novel
      approach, the proton-product time course method, a procedure which can extract a
      great deal of the mechanistic information which remains buried in conventional
      proton release-time course measurements. The method involves nothing more than
      measuring the ratio, r, of the moles of H+ released to the moles of product
      formed as a function of time. We derive the theory relating this r function to
      mechanisms of varying complexity, explore the theoretical behavior of the
      function in various possible mechanistic situations, and employ the new approach
      in an experimental system. We demonstrate the fact that the proton/product time
      course ratio method can provide evidence of the existence of hidden steps in
      transient state kinetic studies, that it can determine accurate thermodynamic pK
      values of the intermediate complexes involved in those steps, and that it can
      produce time courses of individual intermediates which are obscure to
      conventional kinetic methods.

PMID- 2900246
TI  - Remodeling of a rat hepatocyte plasma membrane glycoprotein. De- and
      reglycosylation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV.
AB  - The present paper demonstrates the terminal de- and reglycosylation of a rat
      hepatocyte plasma membrane glycoprotein, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV).
      Cultured hepatocytes were used in pulse-chase experiments with [3H]L-fucose and
      [14C]N-acetyl-D-mannosamine as markers for terminal carbohydrates, [3H]D-mannose
      as marker of a core-sugar, and [35S]L-methionine for labeling the protein
      backbone. Membrane DPP IV was immunoprecipitated with a polyclonal antibody which
      bound selectively at 4 degrees C to the cell-surface glycoprotein. The times of
      maximal labeling of hepatocyte plasma membrane DPP IV were 6-9 min for [3H]L
      fucose, 20 min for [3H]D-mannose, and 25 min for [35S]L-methionine. When
      antibodies were bound to cell-surface DPP IV at 4 degrees C, the immune complex
      remained stable for more than 1 h after rewarming to 37 degrees C, despite
      ongoing metabolic and membrane transport processes. This was shown by pulse
      labeling with [35S]L-methionine at 37 degrees C, followed by cooling to 4 degrees
      C, and addition of antibody against plasma membrane DPP IV. During rewarming, the
      radioactivity in the complex remained constant. In a similar experiment with
      [3H]L-fucose, the radioactivity in the immune complex declined rapidly,
      indicating a defucosylation of the plasma membrane glycoprotein. Using the same
      experimental design with [3H]D-mannose, the radioactivity in the immune complex
      remained constant, showing that the core-sugar D-mannose is not cleaved from the
      membrane glycoprotein. Terminal reglycosylation (refucosylation and
      resialylation) was demonstrated as follows. Hepatocytes were maintained at 37
      degrees C in a medium supplemented with tunicamycin in order to block the de novo
      synthesis of N-glycosidically bound carbohydrate chains. At 4 degrees C the
      antibody against DPP IV bound only to cell surface glycoprotein. During the
      rewarming period at 37 degrees C, radioactivity from [3H]L-fucose and [14C]N
      acetyl-D-mannosamine became incorporated into the immune complex. This indicates
      a fucosylation and sialylation of the glycoprotein originally present at the cell
      surface. The mechanisms whereby terminal de- and reglycosylation of plasma
      membrane glycoproteins may occur during membrane recycling are discussed.

PMID- 2900247
TI  - Novel streptococcal mutants defective in the regulation of H+-ATPase biosynthesis
      and in F0 complex.
AB  - In Streptococcus faecalis (faecium), the cytoplasmic pH is regulated by proton
      extrusion via a proton translocating F1F0-ATPase; the level of this enzyme
      increases in response to cytoplasmic acidification (Kobayashi, H., Suzuki, T.,
      and Unemoto, T. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 627-630). We describe here two novel
      acid-sensitive mutants, designated AS8 and AS17, that contain ATPase activity but
      fail to grow on acid media. Our data suggested that in mutant AS17, acidification
      of the cytoplasm stimulates synthesis of the F0 sector of the ATPase but not the
      F1 sector. The accumulation in the plasma membrane of F0 sectors devoid of F1
      results in enhanced proton permeability, and as a consequence mutant AS17 is
      unable to regulate the cytoplasmic pH in acid media. The genetic defect may
      reside in a gene that regulates expression of the F1F0-ATPase. Mutant AS8 does
      not generate a proton motive force. Our results suggest that the F1F0-ATPase can
      hydrolyze ATP but fails to translocate protons due to a defect in one of the
      subunits of the F0 sector.

PMID- 2900248
TI  - Comparative susceptibility of a peptidoglycan monomer from Brevibacterium
      divaricatum and its anhydromuramyl analogue to hydrolysis with N-acetylmuramyl-L
      alanine amidase. Isolation and characterization of anhydromuramyl-peptidoglycan
      monomer.
AB  - Peptidoglycan monomer, GlcNAc-beta-(1----4)-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-iGln[ (L)-meso-A2pm
      (D)-amide-(L)-D-Ala-D-Ala] (PGM), from Brevibacterium divaricatum is composed of
      the disaccharide pentapeptide containing muramic acid with a reducing end (ca. 90
      95%) and of the anhydromuramyl analogue (anhydromuranyl-PGM; ca. 5-10%),
      according to analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fast
      atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). The two peptidoglycan analogues
      cannot be separated by simple physico-chemical procedures. The enzyme N
      acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase (mucopeptide amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.28)
      cleaves the bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and L-alanine in the PGM molecule.
      It is shown that anhydromuramyl-PGM is also a substrate for the amidase. In a
      preparation containing both analogues, the amidase hydrolyses preferentially PGM
      rather than anhydromuramyl-PGM. The experimental conditions for treatment with
      the amidase were adjusted with respect to time and enzyme concentration to allow
      hydrolysis to proceed for several hours. The course of hydrolysis was followed by
      analysis of the unhydrolyzed substrate by HPLC, and FAB-MS at predetermined time
      intervals; after 6 h, the amount of anhydromuramyl-PGM in the unhydrolyzed
      substrate increased to 25% as compared to the starting material containing only
      6%. Such a mixture was suitable for separation of components by preparative thin
      layer chromatography and for isolation of completely purified PGM and the
      corresponding anhydromuramyl analogue containing an intramolecular 1,6
      anhydromuramyl end. The separated purified compounds were characterized by HPLC
      and their structure confirmed by FAB-MS-MS.

PMID- 2900249
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica antigens as possible vaccinogens? A short review.
AB  - A few key papers which have recently been published on the characterization of
      amoeba antigens are reviewed. Immunofluorescence tests and immunoelectron
      microscopy have demonstrated the localization of certain surface antigens on
      axenically cultured trophozoites. Most of the surface antigens have largely been
      shown to elicit a humoral response. The elicitation of cellular response has not
      been well illustrated. The localization of a large number of antigens in
      cytoplasmic vacuoles and plasma membrane indicates that a greater stimulus to the
      host would be provided by intracellular antigens than by those located on the
      surface of amoeba trophozoites. In a few inoculation studies, amoeba antigens, in
      combination with several adjuvants, have been successfully employed for inducing
      protective immunity in various animal model systems. These and other results
      clearly demonstrate that amoeba antigens are fully capable of generating humoral
      and as well as CMI responses. A combination of these two effector limbs of
      immunity can be fully exploited through effective use of future vaccines.

PMID- 2900250
TI  - Determination of clenbuterol and mabuterol in equine plasma by ion-pair liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. Chromatographic and
      electrochemical characteristics.
AB  - A method for the routine determination of the beta-adrenergic drugs clenbuterol
      and mabuterol in equine plasma has been developed. The drugs were isolated from
      alkalinized plasma by liquid-liquid extraction. The organic phase was evaporated
      to dryness and the residue was dissolved in the mobile phase prior to injection.
      The recoveries were 98% and 95% for clenbuterol and mabuterol, respectively. The
      drugs were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and
      quantitated by a use of a coulometric detector set at +0.75 V vs. the internal
      reference electrode. The influence of pH and amounts of organic modifier and ion
      pairing agent on the retention times was investigated. The relationship between
      peak current and concentration was linear up to 1 microgram/ml for both
      compounds. The limits of detection were 0.5 ng/ml for clenbuterol and 2 ng/ml for
      mabuterol with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. A brief discussion of the
      electrochemistry of the compounds is given.

PMID- 2900251
TI  - [Growth hormone (GH) secretion during a 6-hour continuous infusion of GH
      releasing factor (GRF) in monosodium glutamate (MSG) administered rats].

PMID- 2900254
TI  - Porous hydroxyapatite as a bone graft substitute in maxillary augmentation. An
      histometric study.
AB  - A porous HA matrix, which is available for clinical use, was compared with split
      rib autografts after maxillary contour augmentation in 17 dogs. Specimens were
      retrieved at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months and undecalcified sections were prepared
      for microscopy and histometry. The implant and graft cross sectional areas did
      not change with time, although mechanical trauma caused early changes in implant
      area in some specimens. In all implants, union with the maxillary cortex occurred
      along with substantial bone ingrowth. An area under the periosteum contained soft
      tissue ingrowth. In all grafts, except one, union also occurred. However, bone
      ingrowth into the cancellous spaces was not apparent, or minimal. The implant
      specimens were composed of 34.7% HA matrix, 23.9% bone and 41.3% soft tissue. The
      bone ingrowth remained permanent for the study duration. A 6.5% decrease in HA
      matrix occurred between the 24 and 48 month time intervals, suggesting the
      presence of microporous surface resorption. The graft specimens were composed of
      55.8% bone and 44.2% non-mineralized tissue, without change over time. The
      similarity in mineralized tissue composition of the implants (58.6%) and grafts
      (55.8%) supported the thesis that a porous HA matrix can function as a bone graft
      substitute.

PMID- 2900253
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism studies show consistent loss of
      chromosome 3p alleles in small cell lung cancer patients' tumors.
AB  - Previous karyotypic analysis of human small cell lung cancer cell lines has
      demonstrated a consistent deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome
      3(p14-23). DNA prepared from tumors and normal tissues obtained from 24 small
      cell lung cancer and two extrapulmonary small cell cancer patients was hybridized
      to four probes that detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms within
      chromosome region 3p14-21. Of the 25 patients who were heterozygous for at least
      one marker in this region in the DNA from normal tissue, 23 (92%) showed an
      unequivocal loss of heterozygosity in the DNA from their tumor tissue. From these
      studies we conclude that loss of alleles from the short arm of chromosome 3 is a
      consistent finding in unselected small cell lung cancer patients' tumor DNA.

PMID- 2900255
TI  - Endocrine-skin interactions. Cutaneous manifestations of adrenal disease,
      pheochromocytomas, carcinoid syndrome, sex hormone excess and deficiency,
      polyglandular autoimmune syndromes, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, and
      other miscellaneous disorders.
AB  - Endocrinologic disorders occasionally manifest themselves by their associated
      and/or induced cutaneous abnormalities. In some instances, the initial and most
      prominent complaints of the patient are related to alterations in the skin, and
      therefore the dermatologist will at times be the first physician consulted. In
      this review we describe the cutaneous lesions that occur in patients with
      Cushing's syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, pheochromocytomas, carcinoid syndrome,
      sex hormone excess or deficiency, polyglandular autoimmune syndromes, and
      multiple neoplasia syndromes. Additionally, we discuss the relationship of
      acanthosis nigricans and xanthomas to endocrinologic disorders and the skin
      lesions that occur in association with the spotty pigmentation, myxoma, endocrine
      overactivity syndrome, and the polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M
      protein, skin changes (POEMS) syndrome.

PMID- 2900252
TI  - Direct muscarinic cholinergic inhibition of hepatic glucose production in humans.
AB  - To explore the potential role of the parasympathetic nervous system in human
      glucoregulatory physiology, responses to the muscarinic cholinergic agonist
      bethanechol (5.0 mg s.c.) and antagonist atropine (1.0 mg i.v.) were measured in
      normal humans. There were no changes in the plasma glucose concentration or rates
      of glucose production or utilization following atropine administration. After
      bethanechol administration there were no changes in the plasma glucose
      concentration or fluxes despite increments in plasma glucagon (75 +/- 7 to 103 +/
      10 pg/ml, P less than 0.02). There were no changes in insulin or C-peptide
      levels. To test the hypothesis that direct muscarinic inhibition of glucose
      production was offset by an indirect action of the agonist, specifically
      increased glucagon secretion with consequent stimulation of glucose production,
      bethanechol was administered while glucagon levels were held constant with the
      islet clamp technique (somatostatin infusion with insulin, glucagon and growth
      hormone replacement at fixed rates). Under that condition the muscarinic agonist
      induced a 25% decrement in the plasma glucose concentration (101 +/- 8 to 75 +/-
      8 mg/dl, P less than 0.05). When compared with separate clamp control studies
      (with placebo rather than bethanechol injection) both the rate of glucose
      production and the glucose concentration were reduced (P less than 0.05)
      following bethanechol injection; the rate of glucose utilization was unaltered.
      Thus, we conclude: Withdrawal of parasympathetic tone does not appear to be an
      important glucoregulatory process in humans. Direct muscarinic cholinergic
      inhibition of hepatic glucose production occurs in humans but during generalized
      muscarinic activation this is offset by an indirect muscarinic action, increased
      glucagon secretion with consequent stimulation of glucose production. Thus,
      particularly if regional neuronal firing occurs, the parasympathetic nervous
      system may play an important role in human glucoregulatory physiology.

PMID- 2900256
TI  - Efficacy and safety of loratadine (10 mg once daily) in the management of
      idiopathic chronic urticaria.

PMID- 2900257
TI  - Chronic treatment with beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists alters the
      composition of proteins in rat parotid saliva.
AB  - This investigation was undertaken to determine the role of beta-adrenergic
      receptors in the regulation of the protein composition of rat parotid saliva.
      Chronic treatment of rats with dobutamine, a beta 1-adrenergic agonist, resulted
      in changes in parotid saliva volume, protein concentration, and composition which
      were essentially the same as those changes which occurred following chronic
      treatment with isoproterenol, a non-specific beta-adrenergic agonist. Chronic
      treatment with the beta 2-adrenergic agonist, terbutaline, had no effect on
      parotid saliva volume, protein concentration, or composition. Chronic treatment
      of rats with a beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, metoprolol, had different effects on
      saliva dependent on the manner by which the drug was delivered. Twice-daily
      injections of metoprolol led to a decrease in flow rate, but protein
      concentration and composition were unaltered. When metoprolol was delivered by
      surgically implanted osmotic minipumps, neither the flow of parotid saliva nor
      its concentration of protein was altered; however, there was a reduction in the
      proportion of proline-rich proteins in saliva. Comparable changes in parotid
      saliva protein composition occurred when the minipumps delivered propranolol, a
      non-specific beta-adrenergic antagonist. Chronic treatment of rats with an alpha
      2-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) or antagonist (yohimbine) was without effect on
      parotid saliva flow rate, protein concentration, or composition. These findings
      suggest that the synthesis of proline-rich proteins is regulated, in part, by
      beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation, and primarily by the beta 1-receptor
      subtype.

PMID- 2900258
TI  - Nonselective beta-receptor blocker effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol
      after chronic exercise.
AB  - High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol changes were followed in 45 men with
      coronary heart disease who underwent 12 weeks of monitored aerobic exercise.
      Twenty-five patients who were taking a nonselective beta-receptor blocking drug
      (Group 1) did not demonstrate a significant change in HDL cholesterol after
      exercise (mean difference 2.8 +/- 11.5 mg/dl), whereas patients who had not
      received a beta-blocking drug for greater than or equal to 3 months (Group 2)
      showed a significant increase (mean difference 8.4 +/- 5.5 mg/dl; p less than
      0.05). However, for those patients in each group who had an initial HDL
      cholesterol level less than 35 mg/dl before exercise, there was a significant
      increase in HDL cholesterol levels (mean difference 8 +/- 6.9 mg/dl [p less than
      0.02] and 11 +/- 3 mg/dl [p less than 0.001] for Group 1 and Group 2,
      respectively) and a significant decrease in the low density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL
      cholesterol ratio (mean difference -1.2 +/- 1.6 [p less than 0.05] and -0.9 +/-
      0.57 [p less than 0.001], respectively). Patients in both groups who started
      exercise with an HDL cholesterol level greater than 35 mg/dl did not show a
      significant change after exercise. Patients in Groups 1 and 2 achieved similar
      levels of exercise training after 12 weeks and were closely matched in age,
      medications, alcohol intake and smoking. The results indicate that among high
      risk patients (with an abnormally low HDL cholesterol level) exercise training
      can induce an augmentation of HDL cholesterol in those receiving a beta-blocking
      drug similar to that of patients not receiving such a drug.

PMID- 2900259
TI  - Use of an ultrashort-acting beta-receptor blocker (esmolol) in patients with
      acute myocardial ischemia and relative contraindications to beta-blockade
      therapy.
AB  - The hemodynamic responses to esmolol, an ultrashort-acting (t1/2 = 9 min) beta 1
      adrenergic receptor antagonist, were examined in 16 patients with myocardial
      ischemia and compromised left ventricular function as evidenced by a mean
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 15 to 25 mm Hg. Esmolol was infused
      intravenously to a maximal dose of 300 micrograms/kg body weight per min for less
      than or equal to 48 h in 16 patients: 9 with acute myocardial infarction, 6 with
      periinfarction angina and 1 with acute unstable angina. The sinus rate and
      systolic arterial pressure declined rapidly in all patients from baseline values
      of 99 +/- 12 beats/min and 126 +/- 19 mm Hg to 80 +/- 14 beats/min (p less than
      0.05) and 107 +/- 20 mm Hg (p less than or equal to 0.05) during esmolol
      treatment. Rate-pressure product decreased by 33% and cardiac index by 14% during
      esmolol treatment, but pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was not significantly
      altered by drug infusion (19 +/- 3 mm Hg at baseline versus 19 +/- 5 during
      treatment, p = NS). In all patients there was a rapid return toward baseline
      hemodynamic measurements within 15 min of stopping administration of esmolol, and
      virtually complete resolution of drug effect was evident within approximately 30
      min. During infusion of esmolol, four of nine patients receiving intravenous
      nitroglycerin required downward adjustment of nitroglycerin infusion rate to
      maintain systolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2900260
TI  - Beta adrenergic blocking agents for open-angle glaucoma.
AB  - Beta adrenergic blocking agents have gained wide acceptance among practitioners
      and patients alike as extremely useful drugs for the treatment of open-angle
      glaucoma. This new class of antiglaucoma agents usually is effective in reducing
      elevated intraocular pressure and is generally well tolerated. This paper is
      intended to provide an understanding of the ophthalmic beta adrenergic blocking
      agents to optometrists who are actively involved in the treatment of glaucoma
      and/or in the monitoring of glaucoma patients. The clinical pharmacology of the
      three FDA-approved beta blockers -- timolol, levobunolol, and betaxolol, is
      evaluated and the drugs are compared.

PMID- 2900262
TI  - The significance of impaired performance.

PMID- 2900261
TI  - Complications following traumatic incidents with STA-peg procedures.
AB  - The authors describe use of a Silastic plug to limit subtalar joint motion in
      symptomatic pediatric flatfeet. Three patients sustained postoperative injury
      resulting in pedal complications. Successful resolution of these cases is
      discussed.

PMID- 2900264
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in human,
      rat, and mouse bronchopulmonary and gastrointestinal endocrine cells.
AB  - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) catalyzes the cellular decarboxylation
      of L-aromatic amino acids and is therefore involved in the synthesis of several
      biogenic amines. Application of the indirect immunoperoxidase method on human,
      rat, and mouse tissues using specific antibodies to AADC revealed all AADC
      containing cells. Besides mast cells and adrenergic nerve fibers, the following
      cells were immunostained: neuroendocrine cells in the tracheobronchial
      epithelium; neuroepithelial bodies in the bronchopulmonary epithelium;
      Kultschitzky cells in the small intestine and appendix as well as adrenal
      chromaffin cells. All the latter cells belong to the so-called APUD system, the
      "D" in the acronym standing for the activity of the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid
      decarboxylase. Immunocytochemistry for AADC may become an additional tool not
      only to highlight APUD cells in tissue sections but also to differentiate the
      sites of cellular amine synthesis from those of amine storage.

PMID- 2900263
TI  - Detection of receptors for sulfated polysaccharides in human placenta by
      biotinylated probes.
AB  - Histochemical detection of binding sites for sulfated polysaccharides believed to
      be important mediators within recognitive interactions was carried out by
      application of biotinylated probes such as heparin, native and desulfated
      fucoidan, dermatan sulfate, and two types of carrageenans. The probes were
      derivatized by mild cyanogen bromide activation and subsequent aminoalkylation to
      allow incorporation of biotin, inserted with an epsilon-aminocaproic acid spacer
      to reduce charge-related and steric impediments. Specific labeling could be
      detected in different cell types of human placenta, dependent on the
      developmental stage. Sulfated polysaccharides bound predominantly to leucocytes
      in full-term placenta, whereas demonstration of specific binding sites in
      decidua, syncytiotrophoblasts, and cytotrophoblasts was restricted primarily to
      heparin and, less intensely, fucoidan, although not desulfated fucoidan. Heparin
      binding in the placenta after 8 weeks of gestation was reduced for epithelia
      that, at this stage of development, revealed carrageenan binding sites. Fucoidan
      binding was at this developmental stage measurable only for leucocytes. These
      results provide definite histochemical evidence for the presence and
      developmental regulation of expression of receptors for sulfated polysaccharides
      in different cell types of human placenta.

PMID- 2900265
TI  - Sandwich enzyme immunoassay of tumor-associated antigen sialosylated Lewisx using
      beta-D-galactosidase coupled to a monoclonal antibody of IgM isotype.
AB  - Enzyme conjugates with antibody of IgG type have been used extensively in
      immunohistochemistry, but conjugates with antibody of IgM type have not been
      reported. This paper describes the beta-D-galactosidase (Gal) labeling of a
      monoclonal IgM antibody designated CSLEX1 (for cytotoxic sialosylated Lewisx),
      which is directed against a tumor-associated antigen sialosylated Lewisx (S-Lex).
      The antibody was first acylated with a heterobifunctional agent N-(gamma
      maleimidobutyryloxy)succinimide (GMBS) to introduce the maleimide groups into the
      molecule; excess reagent was removed by gel filtration and then the activated
      antibodies were crosslinked to the thiol groups of Gal. The conjugates were
      partially purified of free Gal by DEAE-Toyopearl column chromatography with an
      increasing linear concentration of NaCl. The conjugates thus prepared retained
      almost full enzyme activity and were demonstrated to be free of CSLEX1 by
      affinity chromatography using anti-galactosidase antibody bound to Sepharose 4B.
      The conjugates were used as a label in a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (SEIA) to
      detect the antigen at concentrations as low as 0.2 U/well. The SEIA was used to
      measure serum S-Lex levels in both healthy subjects and lung cancer patients and
      mean concentrations of 70 U/ml and 198.6 U/ml were detected respectively.

PMID- 2900266
TI  - Binding and internalization of rat colonic mucins by the galactose/N-acetyl-D
      galactosamine adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - Purified rat colonic mucins inhibit Entamoeba histolytica in vitro adherence to
      and lysis of colonic epithelial cells by binding to the amoebic galactose/N
      acetyl-D-galactosamine (Gal/GalNAc)-inhibitable adherence lectin. We found that
      125I-labeled mucins demonstrated saturable Gal-specific binding to E. histolytica
      trophozoites (strain HM1:IMSS), with 2.8 x 10(3) binding sites per amoeba and a
      dissociation constant of 8.20 x 10(-11) M-1. Inhibition of parasite protein
      synthesis completely abrogated mucin binding; elevation of amoebic vesicle pH
      with ammonium chloride (10 mM) had no effect. Surface-bound 125I-labeled mucins
      were rapidly internalized and released from amoebae without evidence of
      proteolytic degradation. Three avirulent HM1 clones contained immunoreactive
      Gal/GalNAc lectin molecules with high-affinity binding of 125I-labeled mucins but
      exhibited markedly reduced rates of uptake and exocytosis of bound mucins. High
      affinity binding by the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin was followed by rapid
      internalization and eventual release of the colonic mucins. Additionally, defects
      in lectin surface expression and endocytosis were found in the avirulent clones.

PMID- 2900267
TI  - Asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly women.

PMID- 2900268
TI  - Expression of P fimbriae in urine.

PMID- 2900269
TI  - [IgM anti-ATLA antibodies in HTLV-I healthy carriers and patients with adult T
      cell leukemia and HTLV-I associated myelopathy].

PMID- 2900270
TI  - [Combined treatment of plasmapheresis and methylprednisolone pulse therapy to
      polyarteritis nodosa with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis].

PMID- 2900271
TI  - [Evaluation of lymphocyte-subset of the cerebrospinal fluid and the peripheral
      blood in a case with adult T-cell leukemia meningitis].

PMID- 2900272
TI  - The repairability of oxidative free radical mediated damage to DNA: a review.
AB  - Many DNA repair enzyme activities are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
      organisms. Among these are DNA exo- and endonucleases and DNA glycosylases which
      remove oxidatively damaged portions of the DNA molecule, thereby initiating
      excision-repair. The existence of these enzymes may be taken as evidence that
      cellular DNA is continuously subject to endogenous oxidative stress. Many of the
      lesions introduced by ionizing and ultraviolet radiation are identical to those
      introduced into DNA by reactive oxygen species generated by activated white
      cells, and are substrates for the repair enzymes. The chemical nature of the
      lesions, their biologic effects, and the mechanism of their repairability are
      described.

PMID- 2900273
TI  - Radiation doses in Sweden resulting from the Chernobyl fallout: a review.
AB  - The risk associated with the Chernobyl fallout is the product of radiation dose
      and risk factor per dose unit. The radiation doses originate from inhalation of
      radioactive particles, ground irradiation from deposited nuclides and internal
      irradiation caused by contaminated food. In Sweden the largest dose contribution
      is due to external radiation. The deposition has been mapped by aerial
      measurements and in situ high-resolution gamma measurements at ground level over
      the whole country. On the basis of these measurements, population-weighted doses
      for external radiation have been estimated. Whole-body measurements on randomly
      selected individuals have been performed in order to estimate the average dose
      from internal irradiation. The collective dose, i.e. the sum of all individual
      doses, has been estimated to be about 1500 man-Sievert for the first year after
      Chernobyl and 5000-7000 man-Sievert for a 50-year period. Using a risk factor of
      0.02 fatal cancers per man-Sievert the Chernobyl fallout over Sweden might cause
      100-200 fatal cancers.

PMID- 2900274
TI  - 131I dose to the human fetal thyroid in the Zagreb district, Yugoslavia, from the
      Chernobyl accident.
AB  - The 131I activity was measured in 30 human fetal thyroids in Zagreb district
      after the Chernobyl accident. A model of radioiodine metabolism in the mother and
      human fetus which takes into account the age dependence of the uptake and
      retention of radioiodine in the fetal thyroid was developed. Having assessed that
      the total intake by the average mother was about 1330 Bq, a good correlation
      between calculated and measured fetal thyroid activities was found (r = 0.77, P
      less than 0.001). The fetal thyroid dose reached the maximum of 0.43 micro Gy/Bq
      intake at about the fifth month of gestation. It was concluded that the risk of
      having a child with a harmful trait due to 131I absorbed by the mother was
      negligible.

PMID- 2900275
TI  - Superoxide radical reactions in aqueous solutions of pyrogallol and n-propyl
      gallate: the involvement of phenoxyl radicals. A pulse radiolysis study.
AB  - The reactions of O2-. in aqueous solutions of pyrogallol 1 and the antioxidant n
      propyl gallate 2 have been studied. In both cases the initial reaction gives
      hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding phenoxyl radical (k(1 + O2-.) = 3.4 x
      10(5), k(2 + O2-.) = 2.6 x 10(5) dm3 mol-1S-1). These phenoxyl radicals have been
      produced independently by reacting 1 and 2 with Br2-. and their spectra and first
      pKa values measured (pKa(phenoxyl radical from 1) = 5.1, pKa(phenoxyl radical
      from 2) = 4.1). It is necessary to correct the observed spectra for the
      contribution of the H-adducts, formed by the reaction of radiolytically produced
      H atoms with the substrates (k(1 + H) = 2.5 x 10(9), k(2 + H) = 3.8 x 10(9) dm3
      mol-1 S-1). The H-adduct spectra are given. In the reactions of O2-. with the
      substrates the initial transient absorbances are characteristic of the phenoxyl
      radicals; however at longer times a new transient absorbing around 500 nm
      (epsilon congruent to 10(4) dm3 mol-1 cm-1) appears. This is believed to be the
      deprotonated hydroxy-orthoquinone, formed by the reaction of phenoxyl radicals
      with O2-. (k congruent to 1.5 x 10(8) dm3 mol-1 S-1, from kinetic curve-fitting).
      The absorbance due to the hydroxy-orthoquinones decays by first-order kinetics
      (1.6 x 10(2) in the case of 1 and 1.1 x 10(2) s-1 in the case of 2). This is
      thought to be mainly the result of the conversion of the hydroxy-orthoquinone
      into its hydrate. Similar experiments were carried out with catechol and ethyl
      protocatechuate. The chemistry appears to be similar to that of the pyrogallol
      derivatives. The rate constant for reaction of these compounds with O2-. is,
      however, only less than or equal to x 10(4) dm3 mol-1 s-1.

PMID- 2900276
TI  - Effect of DNA conformation on the hydroxyl radical-induced formation of 8,5'
      cyclopurine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside residues in DNA.
AB  - Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with DNA form a variety of base and sugar products
      and 8,5'-cyclopurine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside residues in DNA. Here we report the
      effect of DNA conformation on the yields of 8,5'-cyclopurine 2'-deoxynucleosides
      and the ratios of their (5'R)- and (5'S)-diastereomers. Calf thymus DNA in native
      (double-stranded DNA) or heat-denatured form (single-stranded DNA) was exposed to
      hydroxyl radicals generated by ionizing radiation in nitrous oxide-saturated
      phosphate buffer. Doses ranging from 10 to 40 Gy were used to ensure low levels
      of damage to DNA and thus to preserve its secondary structure in experiments with
      double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA). After irradiation, DNA was hydrolysed enzymatically
      to 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. The hydrolysates were dried, trimethylsilylated, and
      analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected-ion
      monitoring. An internal standard was used for quantitative measurements and added
      to DNA samples prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. The yields of 8,5'-cyclo-2'
      deoxyadenosine and 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyguanosine in single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA)
      were higher than those in ds-DNA. The (5'R)-diastereomers of both compounds were
      found to predominate over their (5'S)-diastereomers in ss-DNA. In contrast, the
      yields of the (5'S)-diastereomers in ds-DNA were slightly higher than those of
      the (5'R)-diastereomers. The G values of 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine in ss-DNA
      and ds-DNA were 0.042 and 0.025, respectively. Those of 8,5'-cyclo-2'
      deoxyguanosine in ss-DNA and ds-DNA were 0.038 and 0.017, respectively.

PMID- 2900277
TI  - Induction of double-strand breaks following neutron capture by DNA-bound 157Gd.
AB  - Irradiation of plasmid DNA/Gd3+ mixtures with thermal neutrons induces DNA double
      strand breaks (dsb). However, the extent of breakage is markedly reduced by
      sequestering the Gd3+ from DNA by addition of EDTA. Since the 157Gd neutron
      capture event involves some internal conversion, we suggest that the DNA dsb
      induction results from Auger electron emission.

PMID- 2900278
TI  - DNA strand breaks induced by gamma irradiation and alkaline treatment: a computer
      program for the analysis of the influence of the sequence.
AB  - Deoxyoligonucleotides 32P-labelled at one end have been used to probe the DNA
      chain breakage induced by external gamma-irradiation and alkali treatment. The
      fragments were separated according to their chain lengths by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and their radioactivity counted. Quantitative analysis of the
      distribution pattern of the intensity fragments was performed by computer. In
      this article the principles of the calculation program are given. The basic units
      corresponding to adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine exhibited different
      radiosensitivities. It was possible to estimate the mean chain rupture per
      nucleotide and per Gray for G, T, C and A. These coefficients were derived from
      experimental values by iteration. Thus, it is possible to simulate very
      accurately the oligonucleotide fragment intensities. The relative error was
      usually less than 10 per cent for most of the nucleotide units. In this way small
      differences in the band intensities may be demonstrated. They can be explained by
      variations of the local conformation of the biopolymer.

PMID- 2900279
TI  - Repair of potentially mutagenic damage, sensitive to anisotonic treatment, in
      actively growing Chinese hamster cells.
AB  - Using exponentially growing Chinese hamster V79 cells we studied the effect of
      anisotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treatment on the frequency of mutation
      following X-irradiation. Induction of mutants was studied at the hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus (HGPRT). When cells were X-irradiated
      and immediately followed by 0.5 M NaCl/PBS treatment for 20 min at 37 degrees C,
      cell survival was significantly decreased and a concomitant increase in the
      number of mutants was observed, indicating that postirradiation treatment with
      anisotonic salt solution caused conversions of potentially lethal damage and
      potentially mutagenic damage to lethal and mutagenic damage, respectively. The
      repair kinetics of potentially mutagenic damage expressible by 0.5 M NaCl/PBS
      after 5.86 Gy of X-rays were similar to those of potentially lethal damage. The
      repair of both types of damage was essentially complete within 40 min after X
      irradiation.

PMID- 2900280
TI  - Modification of radiation dose-rate sparing effects in a human carcinoma of the
      cervix cell line by inhibitors of DNA repair.
AB  - The in vitro cell survival of a human cervix carcinoma cell line (HX156c) has
      been assessed using 60Co gamma-rays administered at either high (150 cGy/min) or
      low (3.2 cGy/min) dose rate. Recovery during low dose-rate irradiation was
      observed; the dose reduction factor at 10(-2) cell kill for 150 versus 3.2
      cGy/min was around 1.3. An insight into the possible underlying mechanisms of
      this recovery process has been investigated by addition of non-toxic
      concentrations of various agents thought to inhibit eukaryotic DNA repair. Agent
      were added 2 h prior to irradiation and removed after 24 h exposure. Differential
      effects among the inhibitors were observed; aphidicolin had no effect on cell
      survival, novobiocin, hydroxyurea and 3-aminobenzamide reduced survival by a
      similar extent at both dose rates, beta-ara A and caffeine reduced survival to a
      greater extent during low dose-rate irradiation. beta-ara A and caffeine seemed
      to exert their effects mainly by increasing the alpha component of the acute
      survival curve. Since survival curves obtained at dose rates of around 3 cGy/min
      help define a dominant component of the initial slope of the acute curve we have
      demonstrated that beta-ara A and caffeine modify the initial slope, probably by
      inhibiting DNA repair processes involved in the sparing of tumour cells during
      protracted irradiation.

PMID- 2900281
TI  - Regulation of DNA repair kinetics in proliferative and quiescent tumor cells.
AB  - The radiosensitivity and kinetics of repair of radiation-induced DNA damage were
      determined for proliferative (P) and quiescent (Q) cells of the mouse mammary
      adenocarcinoma line 67. 67 Q cells are more radiosensitive than 67 P cells.
      Radiation induced the same amount of DNA damage in both 67 P and 67 Q cells. Both
      67 P and 67 Q cells repaired their DNA damage with biphasic kinetics, but the
      half-times for the fast and slow phase were longer in 67 Q cells. Q cell DNA
      appeared to be in a more compact or condensed chromatin structure and was less
      accessible to enzymatic digestion than P cell DNA. These data suggest that 67 Q
      cells are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than 67 P cells because they
      repair their radiation-induced DNA damage more slowly, perhaps as a result of
      their more condensed chromatin structure.

PMID- 2900282
TI  - G2 arrest in mouse zygotes after X-irradiation: reversion by caffeine and
      influence of chromosome abnormalities.
AB  - The effect of caffeine was studied on mouse zygotes blocked in the G2 phase of
      the first cell cycle after X-irradiation. Caffeine (2 mM) effectively reversed
      the G2 arrest when zygotes were incubated in its presence at the time when first
      mitosis normally takes place. This effect of caffeine was inhibited by
      cycloheximide (5 micrograms ml-1). In embryos escaping the G2 arrest the
      frequencies of chromosome aberrations varied as a function of the time of
      irradiation, showing a clear relationship with the varying rates of lethality
      occurring from the morula stage. Blocked zygotes suffered major chromosome
      damage: however, this did not appear to be the only cause of the G2 arrest.
      Triploid zygotes were preferentially blocked, suggesting that nuclei contain the
      target for this X-ray effect. Mouse zygotes are a useful model for studies on G2
      arrest and normal cell division regulation.

PMID- 2900283
TI  - Radioprotection of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells by WR-255591.
AB  - We examined the radioprotective effect of the aminothiol WR-255591 and its
      phosphorothioate derivative WR-3689 on aerated cultured Chinese hamster ovary
      cells. At concentrations up to 10 mmol dm-3, WR-3689 afforded little protection
      from the lethal effects of gamma-radiation. The free thiol WR-255591, on the
      other hand, efficiently protected these cells, giving a protection factor (PF)
      for cell survival of 2.3 at a concentration of 6 mmol dm-3. The effects of WR
      255591 on the induction and rejoining of gamma-ray-induced DNA single-strand
      breaks (ssb) and double-strand breaks (dsb) were measured using alkaline (pH
      12.1) and neutral (pH 7.0 or 9.6) elution, respectively. PFs calculated from
      these data were compared with the PFs measured for cell survival. WR-255591 (6
      mmol dm-3) protected against the induction of both DNA ssb and dsb; however, the
      magnitude of the modification of both ssb (PF of 1.23) and dsb (PF of 1.83 at pH
      7.0 and 1.70 at pH 9.6) was less than that for cell survival (PF of 2.3) measured
      under identical conditions (irradiation on ice). Treatment of cells with WR
      255591 prior to irradiation retarded the subsequent rate of ssb rejoining but had
      no effect on dsb rejoining. Postirradiation treatment with the drug slightly
      retarded ssb rejoining but had no effect on cell survival. The observation of
      lower PFs for DNA strand breaks than for cell survival suggests that
      radioprotection by WR-255591 probably does not result from a uniform decrease in
      the induction of all types of DNA lesions. Rather, the drug may differentially
      protect against the induction of subclasses of DNA damage--which could also
      explain the effects on the kinetics of ssb rejoining--and/or enhance cellular
      recovery processes.

PMID- 2900285
TI  - Influence of heat treatment on osmotic fragility of carp erythrocytes.

PMID- 2900284
TI  - DNA damage does not appear to be a trigger for thermotolerance in mammalian
      cells.
AB  - The hypothesis that DNA damage is the trigger for thermotolerance in mammalian
      cells was tested in Chinese hamster ovary cells by looking for evidence of
      thermotolerance after ionizing radiation or ultraviolet light exposure. As
      previous studies have demonstrated that relatively non-toxic radiation exposures
      do not induce thermotolerance in mammalian cells (Li et al. 1976), higher doses,
      comparable to those used in yeast to induce thermotolerance (Mitchel and Morrison
      1984), were tested in this study. Doses of this magnitude are lethal to mammalian
      cells, thereby precluding the use of clonogenic survival as an endpoint. We
      therefore used three alternative assays which are indicators of the subsequent
      development of thermotolerance. These were; (a) heat-induced inhibition of total
      protein synthesis, (b) heat-induced uptake of dansyl lysine, and (c) synthesis of
      heat shock proteins. Only total protein synthesis revealed evidence of a small
      degree of thermotolerance which occurred immediately after ionizing radiation
      exposure. By 4 h postirradiation the tolerance, as measured by this assay, was no
      longer evident. No evidence of thermotolerance was seen following UV exposure. In
      addition, when a large radiation dose was given either immediately before or
      after a heat treatment used to induce thermotolerance, there was no alteration in
      the level of heat-induced tolerance, despite the extensive number of DNA stand
      breaks caused by the radiation. Our data therefore suggest that, in mammalian
      cells, the type of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation is not the trigger for
      the induction of thermotolerance.

PMID- 2900286
TI  - Evaluation of random cDNA clones as probes for human restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms.
AB  - We constructed two human cDNA libraries and selected clones hybridizing with more
      than five fragments of digested genomic DNA. We assume that these cDNAs detect
      sequences belonging to gene families. Compared with cDNAs derived from mRNAs of
      other tissues, the cDNAs of lymphocytes contained a higher proportion of these
      selected species of cDNA. We assume that these extra cDNAs are tissue-specific.
      In parallel tests, cDNAs belonging to gene families detected more restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms than did genomic probes, due to the larger number
      of restriction sites that can be checked using one probe. However, the
      chromosomal assignment of these polymorphisms often proved to be very difficult.
      In addition, we noticed that the mean length of EcoRI fragments hybridizing with
      our cDNAs is greater than the mean length of fragments hybridizing with randomly
      chosen genomic probes, possibly due to methylation connected with the
      inactivation of related active gene sequences.

PMID- 2900287
TI  - A multicentre study of the new Reflotron system for the measurement of urea,
      glucose, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      haemoglobin.
AB  - Reflotron, a solid phase reagent technology capable of measuring a wide range of
      analytes on whole blood, plasma or serum samples has been evaluated with
      reference to urea, glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, haemoglobin and gamma
      glutamyltransferase analyses. The results show good concordance with conventional
      wet chemistry methods, with comparable imprecision. Performance is not affected
      by variations in haematocrit up to 0.55 or bilirubin concentrations at least up
      to 250 mumol/l.

PMID- 2900288
TI  - Measurement of activation energy of gamma-glutamyltransferase as a marker for
      enzyme heterogeneity.
AB  - In order to detect differences between various multiple forms of gamma
      glutamyltransferase, the activation energy was measured. In the serum of patients
      with liver diseases, activation energy was measured. In the serum of patients
      with liver diseases, activation energy of the serum enzyme is higher than in
      normal individuals (41.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 38.9 +/- 1.5 kJ/mol, p less than 0.05).
      Neuraminidase treatment resulted in a reduction of activation energy. Various
      multiple forms of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, as prepared by lectin affinity
      chromatography (concanavalin A, Ricinus communis I and II, wheat germ agglutinin)
      showed activation energy differences between binding and nonbinding fractions.
      Similar results were observed in seminal plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase, when
      patients with accessory gland infection were compared with a reference
      population. Our results suggest that the activation energy depends upon
      differences in the carbohydrate part of the enzyme. The low gamma
      glutamyltransferase activation energy of tissue extracts increased significantly
      after butanol extraction and was then comparable with serum activation energy
      values, which suggests that lipid-binding is a factor in activation energy
      variation. In most cases, gamma-glutamyltransferase activities measured at a
      certain temperature can be easily converted to a corresponding activity at
      another temperature, but in severe liver disease significant errors may be
      introduced when simple temperature conversion factors are used.

PMID- 2900289
TI  - Conservation of antigenic properties and sequences encoding the envelope proteins
      of prototype Hantaan virus and two virus isolates from Korean haemorrhagic fever
      patients.
AB  - Viruses isolated from the blood of two Korean haemorrhagic fever patients were
      propagated in cell culture and compared to prototype Hantaan virus which was
      isolated from Apodemus mice. The antigenic properties of the human isolates were
      found to be closely related to Hantaan virus by plaque reduction neutralization,
      haemagglutination inhibition and fluorescent antibody staining with both
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The medium genome segment of each human
      isolate was sequenced and compared to that of Hantaan virus. Nucleotides
      comprising the Hantaan virus G1 and G2 envelope protein-coding regions differed
      from those of the other viruses by only 5.4% and 5.7%. The human isolates
      differed from one another by 1.6%. The nucleotide differences resulted in
      predicted amino acid variations of 1.3% to 2.3% among the three viruses, with the
      majority occurring as conservative substitutions in G1.

PMID- 2900290
TI  - The aortic alpha 1-adrenergic receptor in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
AB  - To assess the pathophysiology of the sympathetic nervous system in familial
      amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), we used 3H-bunazosin to identify and
      characterize the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor in human aortic membranes. The
      binding of 3H-bunazosin was rapid, readily reversible, stereospecific, and
      saturable. The Scatchard analysis described a single class of binding sites with
      a dissociation constant (KD) of 0.370 +/- 0.035 nM and a maximal binding capacity
      (Bmax) of 11.8 +/- 1.30 fmol/mg protein in control patients. Competition analysis
      demonstrated the alpha 1-adrenergic specificity of the 3H-bunazosin binding sites
      in human aortic membranes. The KD and Bmax of 3H-bunazosin binding in four FAP
      patients was 0.274 +/- 0.052 nM and 7.79 +/- 0.15 fmol/mg protein, respectively;
      these values did not differ significantly from those in 14 control patients. An
      increase in Bmax or affinity of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors may not be the cause
      for denervation supersensitivity in FAP.

PMID- 2900291
TI  - Receptor changes during chronic dopaminergic stimulation.
AB  - The underlying cause of the long term complications of L-DOPA or dopamine agonist
      therapy in Parkinson's disease remains unknown. Previous studies of repeated
      administration of L-DOPA or bromocriptine to rodents have shown increases,
      decreases or no change in brain dopaminergic activity. For this reason we have re
      examined the effects of chronic L-DOPA or dopamine agonist administration on
      brain dopamine receptor function in rats. Repeated intraperitoneal administration
      of L-DOPA to rats for 21 days followed by 3 days drug withdrawal caused an
      enhancement of apomorphine-induced stereotypy but no apparent alteration in
      striatal dopamine receptor numbers or affinity (as judged by 3H-spiperone; 3H-NPA
      and 3H-piflutixol binding). Chronic oral administration of L-DOPA plus carbidopa
      to rats for one year was without effect on apomorphine-induced stereotypy or
      striatal D-2 dopamine receptors. Similarly, no effects were observed on striatal
      dopamine function following one year's administration of bromocriptine. Pergolide
      produced an enhancement of apomorphine-induced stereotypy but a decrease in D-2
      receptor density as judged by 3H-spiperone binding. In rats with a unilateral 6
      OHDA lesion of the medial forebrain bundle the oral administration of L-DOPA plus
      carbidopa for 4 weeks, followed by 4 days withdrawal, enhanced the rate of
      apomorphine-induced contraversive rotation. It appears difficult, at least in
      rats, to manipulate striatal dopamine receptors with L-DOPA or dopamine agonist
      drugs. An enhancement of motor behaviour can occur in the presence of no change
      or a decrease in dopamine receptor numbers identified by in vitro ligand binding
      to tissue homogenates.

PMID- 2900292
TI  - Somatostatin content and receptors in the cerebral cortex of depressed and
      control subjects.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity is reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid in
      depression and this is presumed to reflect alterations in cerebral
      somatostatinergic systems. We have examined this hypothesis by measuring this
      immunoreactivity and somatostatin receptors in post-mortem cortical tissue from
      depressed patients and control subjects. There was no significant difference in
      the temporal and occipital cortex in somatostatin-like immunoreactivity or in
      somatostatin receptor affinity and binding capacity between depressed and control
      groups. It is concluded that there may not be an alteration of cortical
      somatostatin function in depression.

PMID- 2900293
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's syndrome: clinical features and results of
      treatment with levodopa.
AB  - Twenty six consecutive patients with neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's syndrome
      (NIPS) are described. Their median age was 61 years, 60% were female, and most
      had received chronic neuroleptic medication for psychiatric indications. The
      clinical features were indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson's disease,
      except for the presence of co-existing orofacial chorea, limb dyskinesia or
      akathisia which provided an aetiological clue in 11 cases. Complete resolution of
      NIPS occurred in only two patients, one of whom later developed Parkinson's
      disease. Sixteen patients were treated with 300-1000 mg levodopa/benserazide for
      up to 4 years with few adverse effects but therapeutic response was
      disappointing.

PMID- 2900294
TI  - Involuntary orofacial movements in hospitalised patients with mental handicap or
      epilepsy: relationship to developmental/intellectual deficit and presence or
      absence of long-term exposure to neuroleptics.
AB  - Among 42 adult patients with mental handicap who had received treatment with
      neuroleptic drugs, the prevalence of orofacial dyskinesia increased with age and
      those with such involuntary movements were characterised by a considerably
      greater degree of mental handicap. Similar associations were found among a group
      of 15 patients with epilepsy. Two of seven other mentally handicapped patients
      and one of eight other epileptic patients showed indistinguishable orofacial
      dyskinesia, despite no record of them having received neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2900295
TI  - Contribution of GABAergic inhibition to the response characteristics of auditory
      units in the avian forebrain.
AB  - 1. We tested the contribution of GABAergic inhibition to the response
      characteristics of 213 neurons in the auditory telencephalon of chronically
      prepared nonanesthetized chickens. Extracellular recordings were obtained with
      multibarrel glass electrodes containing a tungsten wire. Auditory stimuli
      consisted of tones, two-tone combinations, and noise bursts presented either free
      field or via earphones. 2. Response properties of the neurons were studied both
      before and during iontophoretic application of GABA, glutamate, bicuculline
      methiodide (BIC), and acetylcholine. 3. During BIC application excitatory
      responses were facilitated. With the exception of transient off-responses, which
      occasionally appeared only in the BIC condition, the temporal response patterns
      to tone stimuli at the units' best frequency usually were unaltered. In no case
      was an inhibitory response component to binaurally presented pure tones
      antagonized by BIC. 4. BIC iontophoresis enlarged the isointensity-response areas
      of the vast majority of neurons in the structures of the auditory forebrain lying
      postsynaptic to the thalamorecipient layer L2. This effect was not obtained when
      neurons were depolarized to perithreshold levels with glutamate. 5. Two-tone
      stimulation resulted in a suppression of the excitatory response to a neuron's
      best frequency when the second frequency lay outside the excitatory response
      area. In lamina L2, the frequency range inducing two-tone suppression was narrow,
      and the suppressive effect was not antagonized by BIC. In the postsynaptic
      layers, frequencies up to three octaves from the neurons' best frequency induced
      two-tone suppression that was sensitive to BIC. In addition, these neurons also
      displayed a BIC-insensitive suppression similar to the one seen in layer L2. 6.
      Neurons displaying no or only a poor response to white-noise stimulation strongly
      responded to this wide-band stimulus during BIC iontophoresis. 7. Neurons without
      tone responses usually displayed clear response areas to tones during BIC
      application. Iontophoretic application of acetylcholine, but not glutamate, also
      induced such tone responses. Two-tone combinations with frequencies lying within
      the response areas observed in the BIC condition elicited excitatory responses
      after full recovery from the BIC application. 8. During BIC iontophoresis
      nonmonotonic intensity-response functions were converted to monotonic functions
      in most of the neurons studied. 9. A model of GABAergic inhibitory interactions
      is proposed that is based on two independent GABAergic systems.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2900297
TI  - Importance of pulmonary blood volume and aortic blood pressure in regulation of
      left ventricular function.

PMID- 2900298
TI  - Rhythms in pineal immunoreactive somatostatin in the Syrian hamster, mouse, and
      gerbil.
AB  - Immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) has been previously demonstrated in the pineal
      gland of different rodent species, and we observed a 24-hr rhythm in rats. Recent
      data suggest that the peptide may represent a neurotransmitter in the so-called
      peptidergic nerves of the central, pinealopetal innervation of the epiphysis,
      which may modulate the activity and secretion of the gland. We investigated
      whether 24-hr changes of pineal IRS content occurred in Syrian hamsters, gerbils,
      and mice. Adult males, kept in a 14:10 LD photoperiod, were decapitated at 4-hr
      intervals throughout a 24-hr period. Pineals and median eminences were analyzed
      for IRS by radioimmunoassay. No significant changes in the median eminence
      content of IRS with time was observed. As previously described in rats, a
      statistically significant rhythm of IRS was observed in the pineal of hamsters
      and mice, with a peak at 2000 hr (mice 51.7 +/- 5 pg/pineal; hamsters 26.3 +/-
      4.6) and a nadir at 2400 hr (mice 30.8 +/- 1.4) or 0400 hr (hamsters 8.6 +/- 1).
      However, in the gerbil pineal IRS content remained unchanged throughout the
      period of study. Since the three species examined have very different melatonin
      cycles, it is suggested that the melatonin and IRS rhythms are unrelated and
      independently regulated events within the pineal gland.

PMID- 2900299
TI  - Solubilization kinetics of a triglyceride/n-alkane mixture in a non-ionic
      surfactant solution.
AB  - The kinetics of solubilization in a non-ionic surfactant solution of pure n
      hexadecane, pure triolein and a mixture of the two oils have been investigated.
      The rates were determined from observations of the dissolution of a single,
      microscopic droplet, using a drop-on-fibre technique. Conditions were such that
      negligible saturation of the micellar surfactant with solubilizate occurred. The
      rate of solubilization of each of the pure oils was found to be independent of
      time, hexadecane solubilization on a volume basis being about 8 times as rapid as
      that for triolein. The rate of solubilization of a mixture of the two oils,
      having a volume fraction 0.69 for triolein, was found to vary in the medium term,
      the rates apparently being steady both initially and (at a lower value) in the
      long term. These observations can be related quantitatively to the rates found
      for the pure oils.

PMID- 2900296
TI  - Vascular headache.

PMID- 2900300
TI  - Characterization of sodium carboxymethylcellulose-gelatin complex coacervation by
      viscosity, turbidity and coacervate wet weight and volume measurements.
AB  - A sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and gelatin coacervation system has been
      evaluated and characterized and the effects of pH and colloid mixing ratio on the
      coacervation process investigated. The colloid mixing ratio at which optimum
      coacervation occurred varied with the coacervation pH. A viscometric
      investigation of various isohydric SCMC-gelatin mixtures was used to predict
      optimum conditions for complex coacervation. Optimum coacervation occurred at pH
      3.5 at a SCMC-gelatin weight ratio of 3:7 for the SCMC complex coacervation
      system. Turbidity data confirmed these viscometric results. Coacervate wet weight
      and volume measurements could not be used to predict optimal coacervation
      conditions due to changes in the coacervate morphology with mixing ratio. At pH
      values where coacervation did not occur, the viscosity showed unexpected positive
      deviations from additive behaviour.

PMID- 2900301
TI  - Effect of butylated hydroxyanisole on hepatic glucuronidation and biliary
      excretion of drugs in mice.
AB  - Inhibition of glucuronidation by depletion of UDP-glucuronic acid from liver
      impairs the hepatobiliary transport of glucuronidated xenobiotics. However, it is
      not known if enhancement of hepatic glucuronidation increases the biliary
      excretion of these compounds. Therefore, the effect of treatment with butylated
      hydroxyanisole (BHA), which increases hepatic glucuronidation capacity, on the
      biliary excretion of compounds undergoing glucuronidation was studied in mice.
      BHA-feeding (1% for 10 days) increased hepatic UDP-glucuronic acid content by
      240% and enhanced hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities (expressed per
      kg body weight) toward valproic acid, phenolphthalein, iopanoic acid and
      bilirubin 220, 180, 120 and 60%, respectively. BHA treatment did not influence
      the biliary excretion of unmetabolized cholephils, phenol-3,6-dibromphthalein
      disulphonate and phenolphthalein glucuronide, but enhanced that of
      phenolphthalein (+108%), iopanoic acid (+63%) and bilirubin (+33%) as
      glucuronides. However, these increases were apparent only in the initial phase of
      excretion. In contrast, BHA markedly decreased (-43%) the biliary excretion of
      valproic acid glucuronides. Simultaneously, BHA increased the urinary excretion
      of the glucuronides of phenolphthalein (+48%), iopanoic acid (+450%) and valproic
      acid (+150%). A shift in the distribution of iopanoic acid and valproic acid and
      metabolites from liver to kidney was also apparent in BHA-fed mice. Thus,
      enhanced glucuronidation does not facilitate the biliary excretion of all
      glucuronidated compounds and only transiently increases others. It is likely that
      this phenomenon is the result of the glucuronides readily entering the plasma and
      being excreted by the kidney.

PMID- 2900302
TI  - Biochemical characterization of a new highly cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist.
AB  - P0160 (1-phenyl-3-(2-(3-(2-cyanophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino) ethylhydantoin
      HCl) is an aryloxypropanolamine which contains a ureido group as part of the
      hydantoin ring. This molecule was synthesized to obtain a more cardioselective
      beta-adrenoceptor blocker. Preliminary data have shown that it is as potent as
      propranolol and four times more cardioselective than atenolol in pharmacological
      tests in-vitro and in the conscious rat. In the present study we evaluated the
      interaction of P0160 with beta-adrenoceptors by radioreceptor binding studies and
      by measuring adenylate cyclase activity coupled to beta-adrenoceptors. The data
      indicate that P0160 binds with nanomolar affinity to beta-adrenoceptors labelled
      with [3H]DHA in the rat heart, but with micromolar affinity in the rat lung. Its
      binding is stereospecific, the S-(-)isomer being 200 times more active than the R
      (+) form. P0160's selectivity between cardiac beta 1- and beta 2-receptors was
      1388, about 60 times that for metoprolol. Analysis of the thermodynamic
      characteristics of P0160's interaction with rat heart beta-adrenoceptors
      indicated antagonist properties of the same order of magnitude as propranolol, as
      confirmed by adenylate cyclase studies. These data indicate that P0160 is a
      potent, specific and selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, and give a
      molecular explanation for the cardioselective activity found in pharmacological
      tests.

PMID- 2900303
TI  - Mechanisms of the antiallergic action of N-methylmequitazine (LG 30435).
AB  - LG 30435 (N-methylmequitazine) was assayed in passive lung (PLA) and cutaneous
      (PCA) anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs and rats. At doses from 0.3 to 3 mumol kg-1
      i.v., it produced a dose-dependent inhibition of guinea-pig PLA and of rat PCA
      and PLA, while the parent compound was ineffective or poorly effective up to 3
      mumol kg-1. An attempt was made to elucidate the mechanism of LG 30435's action
      in these anaphylactic models, by means of various antagonists. It was tentatively
      concluded that different mechanisms are involved in the protective action of LG
      30435 in each of the three models: histamine antagonism, possibly accompanied by
      an inhibition of the effects of peptido-leukotrienes in guinea-pig PLA; histamine
      antagonism in rat PCA and 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonism in rat PLA, possibly
      accompanied by a mast-cell stabilizing action in both cases. LG 30435 is devoid
      of smooth muscle relaxant effects on the airways and its demonstrated
      anticholinergic and anti-PAF effects do not appear to be involved in its
      antiallergic action.

PMID- 2900304
TI  - The use of a perfluorochemical emulsion as a vascular perfusate in drug
      absorption.
AB  - In-vitro simultaneous luminal and vascular perfusion using the perfluorochemical
      emulsion, FC-43 emulsion, as a vascular perfusate, was examined for drug
      absorption in rat jejunum. The intestinal membrane in this system was found to
      retain its normal barrier functions for drug transport, as evident from the
      following: (i) stable absorption clearance of tritiated water and salicylic acid
      at steady-state, (ii) agreement of this clearance with that by in-situ single
      pass luminal perfusion, (iii) active transport of D-glucose and its inhibition by
      phloridzin and (iv) normal glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity in the
      intestinal mucosa. FC-43 emulsion gave a more normal absorption site blood flow
      than the usual vascular perfusate containing erythrocytes and albumin in Krebs
      Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution. Consequently, this emulsion was useful for
      examining the contribution of blood flow resistance toward drug absorption. The
      rate-limiting steps of absorption of tritiated water, antipyrine and salicylic
      acid were examined by perfusion using FC-43 emulsion. The absorption of tritiated
      water was almost completely blood flow-limited and its absorption clearance may
      possibly be an approximated absorption site blood flow. The contribution of blood
      flow resistance to total resistance for antipyrine absorption exceeded that for
      salicylic acid absorption.

PMID- 2900305
TI  - Increase in mouse brain regional noradrenaline turnover after L-dopa
      administration.
AB  - Noradrenaline (NA) and its major metabolite, 3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenylethylene
      glycol (MHPG) were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection in five mouse
      brain regions after L-dopa treatment. Noradrenaline concentration increased
      significantly, by 30-40%, in the three terminal regions of the locus coeruleus;
      cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, but did not change in hypothalamus and
      brainstem. In mice whose central NA levels had been depleted by prior treatment
      with the neurotoxin, DSP-4, remaining NA neurons in these terminal regions were
      still able to respond with an increase in NA after L-dopa loading. The NA
      metabolite, MHPG, increased several-fold in all five regions in both saline and
      DSP-4-pretreated mice. Thus, L-dopa may be a useful precursor of NA in specific
      brain regions, particularly when NA is depleted.

PMID- 2900306
TI  - The response of the intestinal mucosa to prostaglandin E2 during withdrawal from
      morphine.
AB  - Experiments were designed to determine whether the diarrhoea characteristic of
      morphine withdrawal results from an enhanced sensitivity of the intestinal mucosa
      to PGE2. Rats (250-300 g) were made morphine-dependent by subcutaneous injection
      of an emulsion releasing 300 mg morphine HCl over 48 h. In-vivo, the
      transintestinal potential difference (PD) responses to PGE2 (4.6-46 micrograms kg
      1 i.v.), which reflect increased Cl secretion, were significantly larger in
      withdrawn (morphine emulsion, 10 mg kg-1 naloxone s.c.) compared with non
      dependent animals (emulsion only, naloxone s.c., P less than 0.05). Muscle
      stripped intestinal sheets from dependent animals incubated with naloxone (10(-5)
      mol L-1) in-vitro did not demonstrate a greater electrical response (PD, short
      circuit current) to PGE2 (1.4 x 10(-6) mol L-1) than sheets taken from non
      dependent animals. In-vitro preparations from animals withdrawn in-vivo did not
      respond differently from tissue taken from non-dependent animals (naloxone 10 mg
      kg-1 s.c., 10(-4) mol L-1 in medium, in both groups). This occurred in whole
      sheets of intestine as well as sheets without attached muscle. Jejunal fluid
      absorption in-vivo was lower in withdrawn animals than in non-dependent animals.
      However, the responses to intra-arterial infusion of PGE2 were similar in both
      groups with 2 micrograms min-1 inhibiting absorption and 4 micrograms min-1
      inducing secretion. In-vivo, PGE2-induced Cl secretion appears to be enhanced
      during withdrawal although net fluid transport is not altered, suggesting
      different effects of the withdrawal process on the electrogenic Cl secretory and
      neutral NaCl absorptive mechanisms.

PMID- 2900307
TI  - The biochemical actions of phentolamine and papaverine on rat perfused skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - The direct actions of the vasodilators, papaverine and phentolamine, on skeletal
      muscle metabolism were investigated in an isolated perfusion system. Eviscerated
      male rats were hemisected above the diaphragm and perfused, via the aorta, with a
      physiological perfusion medium containing erythrocytes. Papaverine, but not
      phentolamine, reduced vascular resistance throughout the 80 min study. Papaverine
      caused marked reductions in muscle concentrations of ATP and phosphocreatine,
      when compared with muscle from preparations without added vasodilators. This was
      accompanied by elevations in lactate concentrations. Water content of papaverine
      treated muscle was also higher than values in unperfused muscle taken in-vivo.
      Phentolamine, in contrast, had no effect on muscle ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate
      or water content. The metabolism of the entire preparation was also investigated.
      Papaverine induced increases in lactate output while phentolamine treatment
      caused an initial uptake, followed by an increased output of lactate. There was
      no significant effect of either papaverine or phentolamine on the metabolism of
      K+ and glucose. Arteriovenous differences in oxygen-saturation of haemoglobin and
      pH were also unaltered. Investigations on aspects of protein metabolism
      demonstrated that papaverine and phentolamine caused significant reductions in
      muscle protein synthesis when compared with control perfusions or in-vivo values.
      The reductions in synthesis were not due to reductions in cAMP or limitations in
      branched-chain amino acid supply. However, there was the suggestion that
      phentolamine caused a decrease in protein breakdown. The overall data indicated
      that papaverine and phentolamine may cause impairment of skeletal muscle
      metabolism. This has important implications for their therapeutic or experimental
      use.

PMID- 2900308
TI  - Inhibitory effect of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives on arachidonic acid-induced
      mouse ear oedema.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives were examined
      on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear oedema in mice. Of the compounds,
      dihemiphthalate derivatives of 18 beta-olean-12-ene-3 beta, 30-diol (IId, IId'),
      18 beta-olean-9(11)12-diene-3 beta, 30-diol (IIIa, IIIa') and olean-11, 13(18)
      diene-3 beta, 30-diol (IVa, IVa') showed a strong inhibition of ear oedema on
      both tropical (ID50, 1.9, 2.8 and 1.7 mg/ear, respectively) and oral (ID50, 90,
      130 and 88 mg kg-1, respectively) administration. Topical ID50 values were
      approximately the same potency as nordihydroguaiaretic acid (ID50, 2.1 mg/ear).
      Given topically these compounds were also capable of inhibiting PGE2 and LTC4
      formation at an early stage of AA-induced ear oedema. However, glycyrrhetinic
      acid (Ia) and deoxoglycyrrhetol (IIa), the fundamental skeletons of the
      derivatives, showed no detectable inhibition of oedema at a dose of 1 mg/ear
      (topical) or 200 mg kg-1 (oral). The most effective time for the topical
      administration of the compound IId against ear oedema was 0-30 min before AA
      application; this is different from dexamethasone which requires a time lag for
      reaction. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of the hemiphthalate
      compounds (IId, IId', IIIa, IIIa', IVa and IVa') is a direct action, and does not
      involve the anti-inflammatory action of steroids mediated by the secondary
      formation of a reactive protein.

PMID- 2900309
TI  - The effects of interacting variables on the tensile strength, disintegration and
      dissolution of paracetamol tablets.
AB  - A factorially designed scheme has been used to analyse the separate and combined
      effects of packing fraction (P), nature of binder (N) and concentration of binder
      (C) on the tensile strength, disintegration and dissolution (t50%) times of
      paracetamol tablets. In general, P has the greatest effect on tensile strength,
      disintegration and dissolution times followed by C then N. For the variables in
      combination, the ranking of the effects on tensile strength, for the PVP/gelatin
      formulations, are P x N greater than N x C greater than P x C and for the
      PVP/tapioca formulations are P x C = N x C greater than P x N. For disintegration
      and for dissolution, the ranking for the PVP/gelatin formulations are P x C
      greater than P x N = N x C and P x N greater than P x C greater than N x C,
      respectively, and for the PVP/tapioca formulations are P x N greater than N x C =
      P x C. The results also show that tapioca acts as a binding agent when included
      in paracetamol tablet formulations, but it is a weaker binder than either PVP or
      gelatin. It is thus required in a higher concentration to produce tablets of
      comparable physical properties with those formulated with PVP or gelatin.

PMID- 2900310
TI  - Investigation into substrate cracking of a film-coated bilayered tablet.
AB  - Substrate cracking occurred during film coating of a bilayered tablet. The cause
      was traced to differences in the expansion characteristics of the two layers upon
      exposure to heat. Thermal mechanical analysis was used to determine the
      coefficients of thermal expansion of the respective layers.

PMID- 2900311
TI  - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of local drug delivery: the intratesticular and
      intrarenal administration of acenocoumarol in the rat.
AB  - According to theory, the regional increase in drug concentration during target
      organ directed drug delivery as compared with systemic drug delivery is related
      to the quotient of the clearance of the drug and the blood flow of the target
      organ. We investigated the steady-state pharmacokinetic disposition of S
      acenocoumarol in plasma, liver, testis, and kidney following its administration
      (constant rate infusion by an osmotic minipump) directly into the testis or the
      kidney of rats. The effects of clearance induction (phenobarbitone treatment) on
      the disposition of the drug were also investigated. The results confirm the
      theory of target-directed drug delivery.

PMID- 2900312
TI  - The effect of hydrochlorothiazide on the composition of renal papillary
      interstitial fluid in the rat.
AB  - The effect of chronic hydrochlorothiazide administration on the composition of
      renal papillary interstitial fluid was investigated in the rat.
      Hydrochlorothiazide alone had no effect on papillary composition. However, when
      the sodium depletion that usually accompanies thiazide treatment was minimized by
      allowing the rats access to hypertonic NaCl solution, hydrochlorothiazide
      administration resulted in significant reductions in papillary osmolality, and
      sodium and potassium concentrations. It is suggested that the effects of
      hydrochlorothiazide on the renal papilla might be mediated by thiazide-induced
      hypokalaemia, and that under normal circumstances these effects are masked by the
      concomitant sodium depletion.

PMID- 2900313
TI  - Binding studies on two functional cardioselective antimuscarinic compounds.
AB  - Vecuronium and himbacine are antimuscarinic compounds which in functional studies
      exhibited a ca 6- and 10-fold higher potency at cardiac muscarinic receptors than
      at ileal muscarinic receptors. However in binding studies both compounds failed
      to differentiate between [3H](-)-QNB binding sites in guinea-pig atrial and ileal
      muscle homogenates. In the latter experiments, the dissociation constants of
      vecuronium in atria and ileum and that of himbacine in ileum were lower than the
      values determined functionally. The basis for the lack of cardioselectivity in
      binding studies is not known. These compounds add to the list of functional
      cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonists that failed to display
      selectivity in binding studies with [3H](-)-QNB.

PMID- 2900314
TI  - Twenty-one hormones fail to inhibit the brain to blood transport system for Tyr
      MIF-1 and the enkephalins in mice.
AB  - Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-amide) and methionine enkephalin are transported
      intact across the blood-brain barrier by a saturable, stereospecific system. This
      system has been found to be modulated by a few non-peptide substances and by
      certain conditions such as ageing and some stresses. We investigated the
      possibility that hormones structurally unrelated to Tyr-MIF-1 and the enkephalins
      might also be capable of modulating this transport. Twenty-one hormones were
      tested including steroids, proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, and thyroid
      hormones, in doses ranging from 0.01 pmol to 1 nmol/mouse by injecting each
      hormone directly into the lateral ventricle simultaneously with [125I]Tyr-MIF-1.
      No clear effect on transport could be established for any of the substances at
      the doses tested. None of these substances seemed able to act as competitive
      inhibitors, to share their respective transport systems with Tyr-MIF-1, or to
      modulate immediately the saturable transport system.

PMID- 2900315
TI  - Differential displacement of opioids from plasma protein binding sites by di
      isopropylfluorophosphate in the mouse.
AB  - Di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) displaced the opioid drug, alfentanil, from
      plasma proteins in-vivo and in-vitro in mice but was without effect on the
      structurally related compound, fentanyl. This action probably accounts for the
      enhanced entry of alfentanil into the brain of DFP-treated animals and its
      enhanced antinociceptive activity.

PMID- 2900316
TI  - Flavonoids, leucocyte migration and eicosanoids.
AB  - Quercetin reduced the concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4
      (LTB4) in the pleural exudate induced in rats by 1% carrageenan given
      intrapleurally. Leucocyte migration in the exudate was also reduced by the
      flavonoid. Inhibition of eicosanoids and leucocytes in the exudate was dose
      related. Quercetin also reduced LTB4 synthesis in cells stimulated with ionophore
      A23187, either ex-vivo or in-vitro. A similar, though less active, mode of action
      was found with quercitrin, while apigenin and luteolin reduced leucocyte
      accumulation and PGE2 formation, but not LTB4-formation.

PMID- 2900317
TI  - Oral absorption of metronidazole in rabbits irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma
      radiation.
AB  - The absorption of oral metronidazole in control rabbits and in rabbits irradiated
      with cobalt-60 gamma radiation was studied. It was observed that the
      bioavailability of metronidazole was significantly reduced in irradiated animals
      the reduction being dependent on the dose of radiation. The maximum decrease in
      absorption was seen 48 h post-irradiation.

PMID- 2900318
TI  - Naltrexone and the behavioural action of clonidine in normotensive and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The present experiments were aimed at the behavioural effects of clonidine and
      the possible involvement of opiate systems therein. Previous work had shown that
      opiate antagonists could block the effects of clonidine on blood pressure. In the
      open-field, clonidine treatment induced a decrease in ambulation and rearing
      activity. This effect was similar in normotensive Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats
      and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In neither strain did naltrexone
      pretreatment influence the behavioural action of clonidine, however. These
      results do not lend support to the proposed interaction between opiate systems
      and the central effects of clonidine.

PMID- 2900319
TI  - Zacopride, a potent 5-HT3 antagonist.
AB  - The substituted benzamide derivative zacopride was found to antagonize
      competitively the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the guinea-pig ileum,
      the rabbit vagus nerve and the von Bezold Jarisch reflex in the rat. The potency
      of zacopride was comparable with that of ICS 205-930 and it is concluded that
      zacopride possesses 5-HT3 receptor antagonizing properties.

PMID- 2900320
TI  - Zacopride: anxiolytic profile in rodent and primate models of anxiety.
AB  - Zacopride, a substituted benzamide derivative, was compared with diazepam in
      three models of experimental or provoked anxiety. The drug's action (i) in
      reducing aversion to a brightly lit environment was assessed in mice using a two
      compartment black and white test box system, (ii) in disinhibiting a suppressed
      behaviour was measured in the rat social interaction test under high
      light/unfamiliar conditions and (iii) in antagonizing a defensive response in the
      marmoset was assessed using the threat of a human presence. Both zacopride and
      diazepam enhanced exploratory behaviour and social interaction in the mouse and
      rat models and antagonized the defensive response in the marmoset, zacopride
      being 100 times more potent than diazepam. It is concluded that the 5-HT3
      receptor antagonist, zacopride, alters rodent and primate behaviour in a manner
      consistent with that of an anxiolytic agent.

PMID- 2900321
TI  - Anticholinesterase activity of prolactin: correlation with analgesia.
AB  - The possible inhibitory effect of prolactin on serum cholinesterase activity has
      been examined. Prolactin given to mice inhibited the enzyme's activity in a dose
      related fashion. This inhibition was not reversed by naloxone. A significant
      correlation was observed between the anticholinesterase and analgesic activity of
      prolactin. The findings suggest that prolactin may exert its cholinomimetic
      activity by inhibition of cholinesterase. A significant contribution by the
      cholinergic activity, which was independent of the opioid system, was indicated
      in the analgesic effect.

PMID- 2900322
TI  - Dopamine and apomorphine do not modulate the uptake of [3H]D-aspartate in the rat
      striatum in-vitro.
AB  - Sodium-dependent [3H]D-aspartate uptake was measured in rat striatal homogenates.
      The uptake was inhibited by both L- and D-glutamate, with IC50 values of 5.6 and
      224 microM, respectively. Dopamine (10(-7)-10(-4) M), apomorphine (10(-7) M),
      sulpiride (10(-6) M) or a combination of dopamine and sulpiride were found not to
      affect the observed uptake of [3H]D-aspartate. Thus, the in-vitro dopaminergic
      modulation of high affinity glutamate uptake reported in the literature is not
      found when [3H]D-aspartate is used instead of [3H]L-glutamate.

PMID- 2900323
TI  - Degloving injuries of the foot. Case presentation and review of the literature.

PMID- 2900324
TI  - Antinociceptive action of intracerebroventricularly administered dynorphin and
      other opioid peptides in the rat.
AB  - Using a rat tail-flick analgesic assay that uses a cold water-ethylene glycol
      mixture (-10 degrees C) as the noxious stimulus, we have been able to demonstrate
      a dose-related, naloxone-reversible analgesic effect for dynorphin A (1-17), the
      proposed endogenous ligand for the kappa receptor. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were
      implanted surgically with cannulas in the right lateral ventricle at least 1 week
      before testing. Five microliters of either drug or saline, followed by a 3
      microliter saline flush, were administered. Nociceptive threshold was measured as
      the latency for the rat to flick or remove its tail from the bath solution after
      immersion. Dynorphin produced a dose-related analgesia at doses of 1 to 50
      micrograms i.c.v., reaching 100% maximum possible analgesia (compared to predrug
      base line) at the highest dose. We found similar dose-related analgesia when we
      tested the selective mu agonist [Try-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol] (0.01-1
      microgram), the selective kappa receptor ligand U-50,488H (100-500 micrograms),
      the selective delta agonist [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin (50-200 micrograms) and beta
      endorphin (0.1-10 micrograms). Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) was able to block the
      antinociceptive effect of all but the highest doses of dynorphin, which required
      10.0 mg/kg of naloxone. When we compared the same dosages of dynorphin using hot
      water (55 degrees C) as the noxious stimulus, no antinociception was observed.
      Although we do not known the mechanisms responsible for the differences between
      the hot and cold water tests, it may be that the cold water tail-flick test,
      which is able to assess the antinociceptive activity of both opioid agonists and
      mixed agonist-antagonists, is a more sensitive measure of the type of analgesia
      mediated by kappa receptors.

PMID- 2900325
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of cocaine in conscious dogs: importance of fully
      functional autonomic and central nervous systems.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of i.v. cocaine were studied in conscious dogs with
      chronically implanted arterial and venous catheters. The effects of i.v. cocaine
      on arterial blood pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product were studied at
      doses ranging from 0.063 to 8 mg/kg. To avoid any possibility that development of
      acute tolerance to the actions of cocaine might interfere with our results, each
      dose of cocaine was administered on a separate day. Cocaine-induced changes in
      mean arterial blood pressure ranged from an increase of 11.8 +/- 2.1 mmHg at a
      dose of 0.063 mg/kg to an increase of 95.8 +/- 11 mmHg at a dose of 8 mg/kg.
      Similarly, cocaine-induced changes in heart rate ranged from a decrease of 4.5 +/
      0.9 beats/min to an increase of 83 +/- 10 beats/min at the 0.063 and 8 mg/kg
      cocaine doses, respectively. Although the rate-pressure product was not
      significantly altered by doses of cocaine below 0.25 mg/kg, doses above that
      level produced dose-dependent increases in this parameter. The rate-pressure
      product, which was increased approximately 27% by the 0.25 mg/kg dose of cocaine,
      was more than doubled by the 2 mg/kg cocaine dose and was increased almost 4-fold
      by the 8 mg/kg dose of cocaine. The blood pressure response observed after
      cocaine administration was significantly decreased by pretreatment with 10 mg/kg
      hexamethonium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900326
TI  - Influence of dynorphin (1-13) on spinal reflexes in the rat.
AB  - Previously, we showed that intrathecal administration of dynorphin A (1-13)
      (dynorphin) in rats produced, within 5 min, a reversible inhibition of tail-shock
      vocalization, a reversible hind-limb paralysis and an irreversible loss of the
      tail-flick reflex. The selective loss of the tail-flick reflex was investigated
      using electrophysiologic methods and a dose of dynorphin effective in 90% of the
      rats. These studies revealed that intrathecal administration of dynorphin
      resulted in loss of the C-fiber initiated reflex when assayed 1 to 30 days after
      injection. On the other hand, reflexes initiated by Group I and III afferents
      were not obviously different from those seen in saline-injected animals.
      Application of dynorphin in situ on to the cord during stimulation of the dorsal
      root and recording of ventral root potentials demonstrated a rapid onset of
      peptide action. Initially the C-fiber evoked reflex was potentiated selectively
      with a decrease in conduction time. These responses were followed by inhibition
      of all reflexes for a short period of time after which the reflexes initiated by
      Group I and III afferents reappeared whereas the C-fiber reflex did not recover.
      This time course paralleled closely the time course of the loss of the tail-flick
      reflex suggesting that the two effects may be causally related. Furthermore, the
      selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate applied
      directly to the spinal cord during recording resulted in a reversible inhibition
      of the C-fiber-initiated reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900327
TI  - Noradrenergic denervation alters serotonin2-mediated behavior but not serotonin2
      receptor number in rats: modulatory role of beta adrenergic receptors.
AB  - Recent behavioral evidence suggests that enhancement of noradrenergic
      neurotransmission may alter the functional sensitivity of serotonin2 (5-HT2)
      receptors in the central nervous system. The present studies have examined the
      effects of two types of noradrenergic denervation [neurotoxic: via N-(2
      chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4) treatment; and pharmacologic: via
      chronic beta adrenergic receptor blockade] on the 5-HT2-mediated head shake
      response and cortical beta adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptor number in the rat. No
      changes in quipazine-induced head shakes were observed 3 days after DSP4 lesion.
      However, the frequency of head shakes was significantly enhanced 10 days after
      DSP4 treatment in the presence of a 39% up-regulation of beta adrenergic
      receptors. Pretreatment with propranolol 10 days after DSP4 lesion selectively
      antagonized the enhancement of the behavioral response to quipazine without
      altering base-line response rate, whereas pretreatment with the 5-HT2 antagonist
      ketanserin totally blocked head shakes in both control and DSP4-treated rats.
      Pharmacologic denervation achieved by continuous (14 day) administration of the
      beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol also resulted in a potentiation of the
      head shake response (274% of control) and an upregulation of beta adrenergic
      receptors (44%). Conversely, continuous treatment with the beta adrenergic
      agonist clenbuterol resulted in a marked reduction in head shakes (36% of
      control) with a concomitant 29% down-regulation of beta adrenergic receptors. 5
      HT2 receptor binding was not modified by either DSP4 lesion or continuous
      administration of beta adrenergic agonists or antagonists. These studies
      demonstrate that changes in cortical beta adrenergic receptor density may modify
      5-HT2-mediated behavior in a manner that is independent of changes in 5-HT2
      receptor number.

PMID- 2900328
TI  - The beta adrenoceptor blocker tertatolol causes vasodilatation in the isolated
      perfused vasoconstricted rat kidney.
AB  - The activity of the beta adrenoceptor antagonist tertatolol on renal
      vasoconstrictions was investigated. Infusion of increasing concentrations of
      tertatolol (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) progressively inhibited the constrictor responses
      to bolus injections of norepinephrine and to electrical stimulation in isolated
      perfused kidneys of both normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Also,
      in kidneys of normotensive rats the vasoconstrictions caused by serotonin and
      barium chloride were inhibited by tertatolol. During sustained vasoconstrictions
      induced by infusion of norepinephrine (6 X 10(-7) M) increasing doses of
      tertatolol (2.5 X 10(-7) g to 2 X 10(-5) g) caused rapid, reversible dilatations
      in the rat kidneys. The inhibitory responses caused by tertatolol were not
      antagonized by propranolol, atropine, hexamethonium, SCH23390, metoclopramide,
      mepyramine, cimetidine, naloxone, cocaine or indomethacin. During constrictions
      caused by norepinephrine, methylene blue significantly inhibited the renal
      vasodilatations caused by tertatolol, acetylcholine, papaverine and nitroglycerin
      but not those caused by atrial natriuretic factor. Unlike the other vasodilators,
      tertatolol did not inhibit the constrictions induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha (5
      X 10(-6) M) in the rat kidneys. In canine renal arteries with endothelium,
      tertatolol (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) did not cause relaxations during contractions
      induced by norepinephrine, electrical stimulation or prostaglandin F2 alpha. Our
      data illustrate that tertatolol has potent vasodilator properties in the isolated
      perfused vasoconstricted rat kidney. The dilator response to the beta blocker
      cannot be inhibited by a variety of classical receptor blockers but ultimately
      seems to depend on the formation of cyclic GMP.

PMID- 2900329
TI  - Cardioprotective action of alpha-blocking agents, phentolamine and bunazosin, on
      hypoxic and reoxygenated myocardium.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine whether alpha-blocking agents,
      phentolamine and bunazosin, may exert a cardioprotective effect on hypoxic and
      subsequently reoxygenated hearts. For this purpose, rabbit hearts were perfused
      for 20 min under hypoxic conditions, followed by a 45 min-reoxygenation. Agents
      were administered between the 8th and 20th min of hypoxic perfusion. Hypoxic
      perfusion for 8 min resulted in a decline of cardiac contractile force and
      myocardial high-energy phosphates and a loss of adenine nucleotide metabolites
      from the heart, whereas a rise in resting tension was not observed. Neither
      increase in perfusion pressure, release of creatine kinase from hearts nor
      increase in tissue calcium was observed. At 20 min-hypoxia, significant changes
      in resting tension and perfusion pressure of the heart and release of creatine
      kinase from the heart were observed. Cardiac contractile force after 45 min of
      reoxygenation was less than 10% of the initial value. Treatment with 83 microM
      phentolamine or 46 microM of bunazosin resulted in a significant suppression of
      hypoxia-induced increase in tissue calcium, release of creatine kinase and
      adenine nucleotide metabolites and rise in perfusion pressure and resting
      tension. Treatment with either phentolamine or bunazosin resulted in appreciable
      recovery of cardiac contractile force. Reoxygenation-induced release of creatine
      kinase was also suppressed significantly. Two possible mechanisms for the
      protective effect of this treatment are considered; 1) preservation of ATP
      metabolites which may be utilized as substrates for a salvage synthesis of ATP
      during reoxygenation and 2) prevention of a nonselective transmembrane flux of
      cellular constituents due to changes in cell membrane permeability.

PMID- 2900330
TI  - Comparative effects of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in modulation of
      coronary flow during exercise.
AB  - During submaximal exercise, an alpha adrenergic vasoconstriction that opposes
      metabolic dilation exists in the coronary circulation. Fifteen dogs were given
      i.c. injections of prazosin (0.5 mg) or yohimbine (0.7 mg) to determine the
      participation of alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the vasoconstriction during
      exercise. All dogs were chronically instrumented to measure left circumflex blood
      flow, heart rate, regional left ventricular function and global left ventricular
      function. The experimental protocol consisted of a graded exercise regimen during
      which, at the highest level of exercise an alpha antagonist was given i.c.
      Exercise significantly increased heart rate, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt,
      systolic shortening and rate of shortening, and coronary blood flow. After the
      prazosin injection there was an increase in circumflex blood flow (25 +/- 3%) as
      well as regional (38 +/- 6%) and global (20 +/- 3%) contractile function.
      However, there was no change in circumflex blood flow or myocardial function
      after yohimbine. These data indicate that during exercise the sympathetic
      constrictor tone in the coronary circulation is mediated primarily by alpha 1
      adrenoceptors, with little or no involvement from alpha 2 adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2900331
TI  - Pertussis toxin modifies the characteristics of both the inhibitory GTP binding
      proteins and the somatostatin receptor in anterior pituitary tumor cells.
AB  - The effects of pertussis toxin treatment on the characteristics of somatostatin
      receptors in the anterior pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20 were examined.
      Pertussis toxin selectively catalyzed the ADP ribosylation of the alpha subunits
      of the inhibitory GTP binding proteins in AtT-20 cells. Toxin treatment abolished
      somatostatin inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and
      somatostatin stimulation of GTPase activity. To examine the effects of pertussis
      toxin treatment on the characteristics of the somatostatin receptor, the receptor
      was labeled by the somatostatin analog [125I]CGP 23996. [125I]CGP 23996 binding
      to AtT-20 cell membranes was saturable and within a limited concentration range
      was to a single high affinity site. Pertussis toxin treatment reduced the
      apparent density of the high affinity [125I]CGP 23996 binding sites in AtT-20
      cell membranes. Inhibition of [125I]CGP 23996 binding by a wide concentration
      range of CGP 23996 revealed the presence of two binding sites. GTP predominantly
      reduced the level of high affinity sites in control membranes. Pertussis toxin
      treatment also diminished the amount of high affinity sites. GTP did not affect
      [125I]CGP 23996 binding in the pertussis toxin-treated membranes. The high
      affinity somatostatin receptors were covalently labeled with [125I] CGP 23996 and
      the photoactivated crosslinking agent n-hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate. No
      high affinity somatostatin receptors, covalently bound to [125I]CGP 23996, were
      detected in the pertussis toxin-treated membranes. These results are most
      consistent with pertussis toxin uncoupling the inhibitory G proteins from the
      somatostatin receptor thereby converting the receptor from a mixed population of
      high and low affinity sites to only low affinity receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900332
TI  - Synaptic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the Schaffer collateral
      commissural pathway of rat hippocampus.
AB  - 1. The involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the response to
      single-shock (0.033 Hz) stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural
      pathway in hippocampal slices has been investigated using current- and voltage
      clamp techniques. 2. In the presence of Mg2+ (1 or 2 mM) at membrane potentials
      near rest, the selective NMDA antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) had
      no effect on the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the biphasic
      inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) evoked by Schaffer collateral
      commissural stimulation. The recurrent IPSP evoked by antidromic stimulation of
      alvear fibres was also unaffected by APV. 3. The introduction of a Mg2+-free
      perfusate led, at high stimulus intensity, to an orthodromically evoked
      epileptiform discharge but little change in the recurrent IPSP. APV suppressed a
      large proportion of the enhanced response in Mg2+-free perfusate. 4. EPSPs and
      excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked in Mg2+-free perfusate invariably
      had both APV-resistant and APV-sensitive components. Both synaptic components had
      similar thresholds and latencies to onset. The APV-sensitive component had a long
      time to peak and long duration. 5. Under current-clamp conditions in Mg2+
      containing medium, an APV-sensitive component was recorded at membrane potentials
      of between -30 and -10 mV, but not at potentials more negative than -55 mV. 6.
      Under voltage-clamp, but not current-clamp, conditions in Mg2+-containing medium,
      a small APV-sensitive component was recorded at resting membrane potentials and
      increased with membrane depolarization. The difference between the current- and
      voltage-clamp data is attributed to the hyperpolarizing influence of conjointly
      activated IPSPs. 7. In the presence of Mg2+ and picrotoxin, a dual-component EPSC
      was recorded between -30 and +30 mV in all cells examined. The APV-resistant and
      APV-sensitive components had similar latencies to onset. They both had reversal
      potentials of between -8 and 0 mV. The APV-sensitive component had a longer
      latency to peak and duration than the APV-resistant component. 8. It is suggested
      that NMDA receptors can contribute a low-threshold and long-duration monosynaptic
      component of the response evoked by low-frequency stimulation of the Schaffer
      collateral-commissural pathway. However, under physiological conditions
      significant expression of this component is prevented by concurrently activated
      IPSPs which rapidly hyperpolarize neurones into a region where Mg2+ substantially
      blocks NMDA channels.

PMID- 2900334
TI  - Electrical activity at the sympathetic neuroeffector junction in the guinea-pig
      vas deferens.
AB  - 1. The relationship between the nerve terminal action potential and transmitter
      release from sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals has been studied in vitro
      by focal extracellular recording. 2. In the absence of stimulation, 'spontaneous
      excitatory junction currents' (SEJCs) were recorded with amplitudes up to 500
      microV, durations of 50-80 ms and frequencies of occurrence of 0.3-0.05 Hz; SEJCs
      of unusually long time course were also observed. The SEJCs were not recorded in
      tissues pre-treated with 6-hydroxydopamine to destroy sympathetic nerves, were
      unaffected by tetrodotoxin (TTX), the competitive alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists,
      prazosin and phentolamine, the irreversible alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      benextramine but were blocked by alpha,beta-methylene ATP which desensitizes P2
      purinoceptors. 3. During trains of supramaximal stimuli at 0.1-4 Hz stimulus
      locked 'excitatory junction currents' (EJCs) were evoked intermittently from the
      population of varicosities located under the suction electrode with a probability
      of occurrence of 0.005-0.8. Although EJCs occurred intermittently, they were
      always preceded by an associated, non-intermittent, nerve impulse (delay less
      than or equal to 3 ms). 4. The EJCs reflect transmitter release from nerves
      because they were abolished by TTX, removal of calcium from the bathing medium,
      exposure to alpha-beta-methylene ATP and exhibited frequency-dependent
      facilitation. 5. Amplitude distributions of SEJCs and EJCs recorded in the same
      attachment were similar and skewed towards low-amplitude events. Individual SEJCs
      and EJCs could be found which were identical in amplitude and time course. 6.
      Locally applied TTX blocked impulse propagation and transmitter release in the
      terminal region; electrotonic invasion of the terminals from the point of block
      did not activate the transmitter release process. 7. These studies indicate that
      (1) intermittence of transmitter release is caused by a low probability of
      release in the invaded varicosity and is not caused by conduction failure in the
      terminal regions, (2) only a single quantum is normally secreted when the release
      mechanism of a varicosity is activated by the nerve impulse and (3) active
      invasion of the terminals is necessary for transmitter release to occur.

PMID- 2900333
TI  - Frequency-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission
      in rat hippocampus.
AB  - 1. The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, D-2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (APV) were examined on synaptic responses evoked by high
      frequency stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway, in the
      presence of Mg2+ (1 or 2 mM) and functional synaptic inhibition. 2. The synaptic
      response evoked by 100 Hz stimulation comprised fast excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials (EPSPs) evoked by each shock and a slow depolarization. APV reduced
      the size of the depolarization without depressing the fast EPSPs. 3. The mean (+/
      1 S.E.) amplitude of the APV-sensitive component (3.0 +/- 0.3 mV), evoked by 100
      Hz stimulation at membrane potentials near rest, was invariably smaller than the
      first fast EPSP (9.8 +/- 0.7 mV). Both of these synaptic components had similar
      thresholds and increased in amplitude as the stimulus intensity was raised. There
      was a positive correlation between the amplitude of the two components (r = 0.57,
      P less than 0.01). 4. The amplitude of the APV-sensitive component was positively
      correlated (r = 0.97, P less than 0.05) with the frequency of stimulation during
      the trains (between 10 and 100 Hz). The threshold frequency for evoking an APV
      sensitive component was approximately 10 Hz. 5. In contrast to the fast EPSPs the
      amplitude of the APV-sensitive component increased with depolarization, and
      decreased with hyperpolarization, of a neurone from its resting membrane
      potential. The component was no longer present in some cells which had been
      hyperpolarized sufficiently. 6. It is suggested that during high-frequency
      stimulation a neurone may become depolarized for a sufficient time to reduce the
      Mg2+ block of NMDA channels. This enables the NMDA receptor system to contribute
      transiently to the synaptic response, despite the inhibitory synaptic mechanisms
      which prevent its activation during single-shock stimulation. The characteristics
      of the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic response may explain properties relating
      to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP).

PMID- 2900335
TI  - Midline cerebral defects and Kallmann's syndrome.

PMID- 2900337
TI  - A predevelopment mosquito survey in the Mahaweli Development Project area, Sri
      Lanka: adults.

PMID- 2900336
TI  - Giant gastrinoma in a patient with multiple endocrine adenopathy (type 1).

PMID- 2900338
TI  - A predevelopment mosquito survey in the Mahaweli Development Project area, Sri
      Lanka: immatures.

PMID- 2900339
TI  - Efficacy of a single dose of secnidazole in the treatment of acute and chronic
      amoebiasis.
AB  - An open study was carried out to determine the clinical efficacy of secnidazole
      in the treatment of acute and chronic cases of amoebiasis. Patients were given 2
      g of secnidazole in a single dose or in two divided doses within a 4 h interval.
      Details were recorded daily by patients of complaints such as fever, lumbar pain,
      LBM, dizziness, body weakness, bloody mucoid stools, epigastric pains and other
      symptoms, before and after treatment. Results were analysed for 45 chronic and
      five acute cases and showed clinical cure of 98% in chronic and 80% in acute
      cases. The acute group showed a non-significant change (P greater than 0.05)
      which could be attributed to the small sample size. The treatment regimen proved
      effective for the eradication of E. histolytica and only two (4%) remained
      positive after treatment out of the 50 patients initially positive.

PMID- 2900340
TI  - Observations on the interpretation of amoebic serology in endemic areas.
AB  - Antibody to Entamoeba histolytica antigen was evaluated in cases of proven and
      suspected intestinal amoebiasis as well as in extra-intestinal cases from an
      endemic area. Screening methods included the gel diffusion precipitation test
      (GD), counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and the indirect haemagglutination test
      (IHA). Control populations consisting of asymptomatic cyst passers, non-amoebic
      individuals, patients with giardiasis and cases of enteric fever were also
      screened using the above tests. All (100%) cases of amoebic liver abscess and 75
      80% of hepatic amoebiasis without overt abscess formation could be detected by
      serology, with good correlation between the tests used. However, the
      interpretation of serology in cases of proven and suspected intestinal amoebiasis
      posed two main problems. The presence of low antibody levels even in proven cases
      and the persistence of antibodies due to past infection was found to reduce the
      diagnostic efficiency of serology for acute intestinal amoebiasis. There was no
      statistical difference between intestinal cases and controls when comparing
      either percentage of cases detected or titre of antibody obtained. The results of
      this study indicate that serology for acute intestinal amoebiasis can be
      unreliable; however, it is of undoubted value as an adjunct to clinical diagnosis
      in cases of hepatic amoebiasis.

PMID- 2900342
TI  - [Progress in the study of lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis: progress in
      the molecular genetic study of apolipoproteins and hyperlipidemia].

PMID- 2900343
TI  - [Endogenous C-type retroviridae and autoimmune diseases].

PMID- 2900341
TI  - Immunological analysis of host and agent effects on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and
      scrapie prion proteins.
AB  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and scrapie are degenerative neurological
      diseases caused by unusual infectious pathogens. The term prion has been
      introduced to underscore the apparent distinctness of these agents from viruses
      and viroids. The only macromolecule shown to be associated with the infectious
      agent, the CJD or scrapie prion protein (PrPCJD or PrPSc, respectively), is
      encoded by the same gene as a normal cellular protein. In several studies
      biochemical differences have been reported in PrPScs derived from a common host
      species infected with different putative strains of the scrapie agent, suggesting
      agent-specific characteristics independent of the host. We analyzed various agent
      host combinations by Western blotting of PrPs that were separated by size or
      charge. The profile of immunoreactive proteins for CJD prions isolated from mice,
      guinea pigs, and humans appeared distinct. Importantly, PrPCJDS purified from a
      human brain and from the corresponding first-passage mouse brains were clearly
      distinguishable. PrPCJDs isolated from CJD prions propagated in NAMRU or B10.Q
      mice, which are homozygous for a short-incubation-time gene; from the short
      incubation-time backcross progeny of (B10.Q x I/LnJ)F1 x B10.Q; or from NAMRU
      mice inoculated with I/LnJ prions were identical to each other but
      distinguishable from those of I/LnJ mice, which are homozygous for the long
      incubation-time gene. The PrPs from human CJD and ovine scrapie propagated in the
      same mouse strain appeared the same, but they were distinct from the same isolate
      of scrapie passaged in hamsters. Lastly, PrPScs purified from five different
      strains of scrapie propagated in C57BL mice were identical, including strains,
      ME7 and 139A, which were previously reported to be distinct. This evidence does
      not support, although it does not exclude, agent-mediated characteristics
      independent of host-mediated ones for scrapie and CJD.

PMID- 2900344
TI  - [Marker antibodies of autoimmune diseases and their clinical significance].

PMID- 2900345
TI  - [Clinical study of autoimmune diseases: recent trends--with special reference to
      progress in immunological tests and therapeutic methods. Systemic autoimmune
      diseases. 5) Periarteritis nodosa and necrotic vasculitis].

PMID- 2900346
TI  - PstI fragment polymorphism in the gene of the human ATP synthase beta subunit.

PMID- 2900347
TI  - [Effect of beta-blockers on retinal function in vitro].
AB  - In an attempt to identify possible beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the cat retina
      the authors extended their previous studies on the effects of beta-agonists
      (Graefe's Arch. clin. exp. Ophthalmol. 225: 33-38, 1987) to three beta-adrenergic
      antagonists: propranolol, ICI 118.551, and timolol were applied in micromolar
      concentrations to the arterially perfused, dark-adapted cat eye. The rod ERG b
      wave was generally depressed, sometimes enhanced after initial depression
      (propranolol), without showing any clear-cut dose-dependency. In contrast, the
      rod-mediated optic nerve action potential exhibited dose-dependent depression of
      the plateau and OFF components. All effects were reversible within 60-80 minutes.
      These results, in conjunction with earlier data on the effects of beta-agonists
      and recent biochemical and autoradiographic studies, strongly support the theory
      that there are beta-adrenergic synaptic mechanisms located in the inner layers of
      the mammalian retina.

PMID- 2900348
TI  - Effects of low amine diet on gastric endocrine cell proliferation in the rat.
AB  - The effects of a liquid diet low in amines on gastrin cell and somatostatin cell
      functions were studied in the rat. Significant decreases in portal gastrin levels
      (44% at 5 days) were noted in animals maintained on a liquid diet (Vivonex).
      Refeeding solid rat chow resulted in a significant, but transient,
      hypergastrinemia. Portal somatostatin levels were significantly increased during
      ingestion of the liquid diet. With refeeding, portal somatostatin promptly
      returned to baseline values. Gastrin cell density decreased progressively during
      liquid diet ingestion (37% decline by Day 5). Antral somatostatin cell numbers
      were increased during this time period (86% versus controls). With solid chow
      refeeding, both gastrin cell and somatostatin cell densities returned to
      baseline.

PMID- 2900349
TI  - L-glutamic acid as a neurotransmitter in the CNS.

PMID- 2900350
TI  - The enteric nervous system--an overview.

PMID- 2900351
TI  - First results on mortality reduction in the UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast
      Cancer. UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer Group.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1981 the UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer enrolled
      women aged 45-64 living in eight locations in the United Kingdom. Annual
      screening by clinical examination of the breast, with mammography in alternate
      years, was provided over 7 years for 45,841 women; 63,636 were offered teaching
      in breast self-examination and were provided with a self-referral clinic; and
      127,117, for whom no extra services were provided, form a comparison population.
      Over the 7 years from the start of the trial a reduction in the risk of dying
      from breast cancer in women offered screening relative to that in the comparison
      population was observed. The reduction was 14% (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.69-1.08) when
      no allowance was made for underlying differences in breast cancer mortality
      between the populations, but rose to 20% (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64-1.01) when
      adjusted for differences in pretrial mortality rates. These differences fall
      short of statistical significance. No reduction in mortality was observed during
      the first 5 years but thereafter the gap widens. These results, though in
      themselves inconclusive, are consistent with the hypothesis that screening can
      achieve a worthwhile mortality reduction. No difference in mortality has so far
      been observed between women offered teaching in breast self-examination and the
      comparison population.

PMID- 2900352
TI  - Does prolonged breastfeeding adversely affect a child's nutritional status?
AB  - In 202 children who visited a children's hospital in the city of Accra, Ghana,
      breastfeeding beyond the age of 19 months was found to be associated with
      malnutrition. The effect of weaning on food intake was then studied in 15
      breastfed malnourished children in a rural community. Before weaning (complete
      cessation of breast-feeding) protein and energy intakes of all the malnourished
      children were about half those of 5 normal children. 10 of the malnourished
      children were weaned, and their intakes rose to the levels of the normal
      children; the 5 who continued breastfeeding maintained their low intakes. These
      results indicate that prolonged breastfeeding can reduce total food intake and
      thus predispose to malnutrition. They also suggest that in Ghana and other
      developing countries the proper weaning age may be about 18 months.

PMID- 2900353
TI  - Identification of HIV-infected seronegative individuals by a direct diagnostic
      test based on hybridisation to amplified viral DNA.
AB  - There is a need for direct detection of the virus in people infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), independently of a serological response. In this
      study, after enzymic amplification of a specific segment of the HIV genome, a
      simple slot-blot hybridisation procedure allowed unequivocal identification of
      HIV DNA in all seropositive subjects tested. More importantly, the hybridisation
      test allowed the detection of HIV DNA in several seronegative subjects from very
      high risk groups. This new direct approach towards the diagnosis of HIV
      infection, which can easily be carried out on a large scale, is therefore capable
      of identifying HIV-infected individuals before the development of antibodies.

PMID- 2900355
TI  - Gene studies in newborn males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy detected by
      neonatal screening.
AB  - 18,000 newborn males were screened for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) by
      creatine kinase (CK) analysis of filter paper blood spots between Jan 1, 1986,
      and Dec 31, 1987. 5 affected boys have been identified, and in 3 of 5 probands
      molecular deletions or duplications have been found. 3 of 5 mothers were judged
      highly likely to be carriers of DMD because of repeatedly raised CK levels,
      identified gene rearrangements, or both abnormalities. 1 mother has a very low
      probability of being a carrier and 1 is at an intermediate risk. The use of DNA
      analyses in new DMD probands identified by neonatal screening has allowed
      confirmation of the diagnosis and accurate assignment of carrier status in
      mothers and female relatives in over half the cases studied, and may help to
      reduce the population incidence of DMD by avoiding delay before clinical
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2900354
TI  - Participation of cell-mediated immunity in deposition of fibrin in
      glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Fibrin deposition is prominent in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions
      and is initiated by antigen-specific, T-lymphocyte-directed macrophage expression
      of human tissue factor (HTF). To examine the role of DTH in glomerular fibrin
      deposition, 10 fibrin-positive and 24 fibrin-negative biopsy specimens from
      patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) and samples from normal controls were
      studied with monoclonal antibodies against T cells, macrophages, and HTF. Fibrin
      positive sections showed intense glomerular staining for HTF and significantly
      more T cells and macrophages than fibrin-negative specimens. All the essential
      elements of DTH reactions can therefore be simultaneously demonstrated within
      glomeruli from patients with fibrin-related GN. These findings suggest a role for
      cell mediated immunity in GN.

PMID- 2900356
TI  - Dystrophin.

PMID- 2900357
TI  - Risking less treatment in cancer patients: lessons from germ-cell tumours.

PMID- 2900358
TI  - Complications of chronic volatile substance abuse.

PMID- 2900359
TI  - Routine vaginal examination at antenatal booking.

PMID- 2900360
TI  - Secretory IgA in recurrent urinary tract infections in childhood.

PMID- 2900361
TI  - Nodular hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome.

PMID- 2900362
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of presymptomatic Wilson's disease.
AB  - In ninety families with at least one proven case of Wilson's disease, seen over
      32 years, all close relatives were examined and "presymptomatic" disease was
      diagnosed in 30. 11 had one or more abnormal physical signs when examined and 7
      of these had Kayser Fleischer rings. In a further 10 patients the abnormalities
      of copper metabolism were so pronounced as to leave no doubt as to the diagnosis.
      6 patients were not seen until they had been on treatment for 2 years or more; in
      some, much of the evidence on which the diagnosis was based is not available. In
      3 patients there were only minor histological abnormalities in the liver and no
      increase in urinary copper but other indices of copper metabolism pointed to a
      diagnosis of Wilson's disease. 2 patients had transient neurological signs after
      starting treatment; otherwise, all but one (who died in an accident) have
      remained well for up to 26 years.

PMID- 2900363
TI  - Effect of antischistosomal chemotherapy on prevalence of Symmers' periportal
      fibrosis in Sudanese villages.
AB  - Almost all mortality caused by Schistosoma mansoni is secondary to Symmers'
      periportal fibrosis of the liver which can now be diagnosed by ultrasonography.
      This study assessed the usefulness of ultrasonography in measuring the effect of
      chemotherapy on the prevalence of Symmers' periportal fibrosis in Sudanese
      villagers. The prevalence of Symmers' fibrosis in 318 randomly selected patients
      from two villages not receiving systemic antischistosomal chemotherapy was
      compared with that in 168 patients from a village where antischistosomal
      chemotherapy had been systematically applied since 1979. The prevalence of
      Symmers' fibrosis was two to three times lower among treated villagers, with an
      eight-fold difference for villagers aged 10-20 years.

PMID- 2900364
TI  - Clinical effect of admission chest X-rays in Zimbabwe.
AB  - The independent effect of admission chest X-rays on clinical management of 432
      consecutive patients admitted to general medical wards was prospectively
      evaluated. Diagnosis, investigations, and treatment were recorded on the basis of
      clinical findings alone. A chest X-ray was then taken and clinical effect
      measured by the resultant changes. Although 226 (53%) admission chest X-rays were
      abnormal, only 9% changed management. In patients with no clinical evidence of
      cardiorespiratory disease ("routine" X-rays, n = 214) the clinical effect was
      slight; management was changed in 5% and patient benefit resulted in 1.4%.
      Clinical effect was greatest in patients (n = 172) with definite signs of new
      cardiorespiratory illness (altered management 14%, patient benefit 6%) and
      patients (n = 34) with "possible" chest disease (altered management 9%, patient
      benefit 9%). Omission of admission chest X-rays in patients with no clinical
      evidence of chest disease, those with clinically stable, known chest disease, and
      those with isolated cardiomegaly or hyperinflated lungs would result in a 60%
      reduction in the number of admission chest X-rays.

PMID- 2900365
TI  - The arms race as a threat to health.

PMID- 2900366
TI  - Premorbid neuropathology in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2900367
TI  - Falling incidence of Reye's syndrome in Northern Ireland.

PMID- 2900368
TI  - Ultrasonic restoration of severely calcified aortic valve.

PMID- 2900369
TI  - Differentiating glomerular and non-glomerular haematuria.

PMID- 2900370
TI  - Anti-pre-S2 antibodies in clearance of hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2900371
TI  - Age and obesity as risk factors in perioperative atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2900373
TI  - Hypovitaminosis A of follicular duct as cause of acne vulgaris.

PMID- 2900372
TI  - Renal transplantation for dialysis arthropathy.

PMID- 2900374
TI  - Persistent virus infection and type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 2900375
TI  - Abnormalities of corpus callosum in patients with inherited metabolic diseases.

PMID- 2900376
TI  - Linkage heterogeneity in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

PMID- 2900377
TI  - HIV transmission to a blood donor.

PMID- 2900378
TI  - Severe group A streptococcal infection.

PMID- 2900379
TI  - HIV infection, breastfeeding, and human milk banking.

PMID- 2900380
TI  - Cat-scratch disease in patient with AIDS: atypical skin manifestation.

PMID- 2900381
TI  - No cat-scratch disease bacilli in sporadic epithelioid haemangiomas.

PMID- 2900382
TI  - Granulocytopenia due to fusidic acid.

PMID- 2900383
TI  - Irradiated neuroblastoma in childhood as potential risk factor for subsequent
      thyroid tumour.

PMID- 2900384
TI  - "Doctor" in Spain.

PMID- 2900385
TI  - Academic freedom.

PMID- 2900386
TI  - Facial injuries to restrained drivers caused by steering wheels.

PMID- 2900387
TI  - Excessive hours of work.

PMID- 2900388
TI  - Cyanide and fire victims.

PMID- 2900389
TI  - Gallstone lithotripsy.

PMID- 2900390
TI  - Central pontine myelinolysis not associated with rapid correction of
      hyponatraemia.

PMID- 2900391
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2900392
TI  - Cyclosporin radioimmunoassay and cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2900393
TI  - Bonney's blue.

PMID- 2900394
TI  - Legionnaires' disease following immersion in a river.

PMID- 2900395
TI  - Physical therapy in spastic diplegia.

PMID- 2900396
TI  - Hantavirus and Leptospira.

PMID- 2900397
TI  - Lysis in detection of intracellular organisms.

PMID- 2900398
TI  - Management of breast cancer in the elderly.

PMID- 2900399
TI  - General Medical Council advice on testing for HIV infection.

PMID- 2900400
TI  - AIDS in the UK.

PMID- 2900401
TI  - Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of recombinant live oral cholera vaccines,
      CVD 103 and CVD 103-HgR.
AB  - The genes encoding the A (toxic) subunit of cholera toxin were deleted from
      pathogenic Vibrio cholerae O1 strain 569B by recombinant techniques, leaving
      intact production of immunogenic, non-toxic B subunit. The resultant strain, CVD
      103, evaluated for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy as a live oral vaccine,
      was highly attenuated and elicited strong antibacterial and antitoxic immune
      responses; a single dose significantly protected volunteers against challenge
      with pathogenic V cholerae O1 of either serotype or biotype. A further
      derivative, CVD 103-HgR, which has an Hg++-resistance gene to differentiate it
      from wild-type vibrios, was also well-tolerated, immunogenic, and protective;
      moreover, faecal excretion of this derivative was significantly lower than that
      of CVD 103, which should minimise environmental spread of the vaccine. CVD 103
      HgR is a candidate for expanded clinical trials in endemic areas.

PMID- 2900403
TI  - Does Sc1-70 modulate collagen production in systemic sclerosis?
AB  - Sc1-70, an autoantigen in systemic sclerosis, may accelerate collagen gene
      transcription by virtue of its activity as a topoisomerase I (topo I), a DNA
      template-modifying enzyme. A survey of sequences corresponding to all or part of
      the known topo I binding sequence AGAACTTAGAGAAAATTTAAA in four fibrillar
      collagen genes (three of them dermal) and sixteen non-collagen genes showed a
      striking preponderance of the tetramer 5'-CTTA-3', comprising the core of this
      binding sequence, at the exon-intron junctions of the fibrillar collagen genes
      (59% compared with 16% in the control group). In addition, a non-random
      clustering of three potential topo I binding sites was seen within 350 base-pairs
      of 5' flanking DNA in the dermal collagen gene alpha 2(I), and a fourth site
      occurred in the promoter region of the alpha 1(III) gene. The findings suggest
      that a selective vulnerability to the action of Sc1-70/topo I is built into the
      structure of the dermal collagen genes.

PMID- 2900402
TI  - Use of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in the Brazil
      radiation accident.
AB  - 8 patients with bone marrow failure after a caesium-137 radiation accident were
      treated with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
      (rHuGM-CSF). The 7 who were evaluable had prompt increases in granulocytes and
      bone marrow cellularity. 2 patients died of radiation toxicity and haemorrhage
      and 2 of bacterial sepsis acquired before the start of rHuGM-CSF treatment. 4
      patients survive, including 2 who were treated early and never became infected.
      This therapeutic approach to radiation-induced granulocytopenia may therefore be
      useful after radiation and nuclear accidents.

PMID- 2900404
TI  - Reduced felodipine bioavailability in patients taking anticonvulsants.
AB  - Felodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, structurally related to
      nifedipine, which undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism and normally
      has an oral bioavailability of 15%. Felodipine disposition was studied in 10
      patients who had microsomal enzyme induction due to chronic anticonvulsant
      therapy, and in 12 normal volunteers matched for age and sex. Plasma felodipine
      concentrations after a 5 mg oral dose were grossly reduced in the epileptic
      patients: the mean peak concentration was 1.6 (vs 8.9) nmol/l, and the area under
      the curve was only 2.0 (vs 30.0) nmol.h/l. The relative bioavailability of
      felodipine in the epileptic patients was thus only 6.6% of that in the normal
      subjects, and less than 1% of the oral dose was systemically available. Patients
      on anticonvulsant treatment will require substantially higher doses of felodipine
      to achieve plasma concentrations equivalent to those in non-induced subjects.

PMID- 2900405
TI  - Resection of haematogenous metastases.

PMID- 2900406
TI  - Chemotherapy of leprosy.

PMID- 2900408
TI  - Economics of the illicit drug market in the UK.

PMID- 2900407
TI  - Food and H2 blockade.

PMID- 2900409
TI  - Williams syndrome--the enigma continues.

PMID- 2900411
TI  - Gastro-oesophageal reflux and respiratory disorders in adults.

PMID- 2900410
TI  - Improved recovery and reduced postoperative stay after therapeutic suggestions
      during general anaesthesia.
AB  - The clinical value of therapeutic suggestions during general anaesthesia was
      assessed in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. 39 unselected
      patients were allocated to suggestion (n = 19) or control (n = 20) groups who
      were played either recorded therapeutic suggestions or a blank tape,
      respectively, during hysterectomy. The patients in the suggestion group spent
      significantly less time in hospital after surgery, suffered from a significantly
      shorter period of pyrexia, and were generally rated by nurses as having made a
      better than expected recovery. Patients in the suggestion group, unlike those in
      the control group, guessed accurately that they had been played an instruction
      tape.

PMID- 2900412
TI  - Nuclear weapons test ban 1988.

PMID- 2900413
TI  - Air travel and thrombotic episodes: the economy class syndrome.

PMID- 2900414
TI  - Non-A, non-B hepatitis transmission by intravenous immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2900415
TI  - What causes diabetic renal failure?

PMID- 2900416
TI  - Are neonatal necropsies useful in developing countries?

PMID- 2900417
TI  - Epidemiology of listeriosis, England and Wales.

PMID- 2900418
TI  - Lack of effect of topical retinoic acid on sebum excretion rate in acne.

PMID- 2900419
TI  - Isotretinoin dose and teratogenicity.

PMID- 2900420
TI  - Dependence potential of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2900421
TI  - Benzodiazepines and convulsions.

PMID- 2900422
TI  - Reversal of hepatic coma with flumazenil with improvement in visual evoked
      potentials.

PMID- 2900423
TI  - In-utero platelet transfusion for alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2900424
TI  - Guthrie cards for detection of point mutations in phenylketonuria.

PMID- 2900425
TI  - Bone-marrow transplantation for severe genetic anaemia.

PMID- 2900426
TI  - Triptorelin to prevent hysterectomy in patients with leiomyomas.

PMID- 2900427
TI  - Value of necropsy in AIDS.

PMID- 2900428
TI  - Zidovudine overdose.

PMID- 2900429
TI  - Simplified confirmatory HIV testing.

PMID- 2900430
TI  - No clinical signs 14 years after HIV-2 transmission via blood transfusion.

PMID- 2900431
TI  - Short-term buspirone treatment in disinhibition with dementia.

PMID- 2900432
TI  - Bacterial antigenic cross-reactions and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2900433
TI  - Prazosin contraindicated in patients with narcolepsy.

PMID- 2900434
TI  - Anosmia.

PMID- 2900435
TI  - Anxiety and panic during magnetic resonance scans.

PMID- 2900436
TI  - Sleeping position and SIDS.

PMID- 2900437
TI  - Delayed seroconversion in Legionnaire's disease.

PMID- 2900438
TI  - Psoriasis and cyclosporin withdrawal.

PMID- 2900440
TI  - Fish oil and ischaemic heart disease in Greenland.

PMID- 2900439
TI  - Energy expenditure in children with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2900441
TI  - Salt and pregnancy-induced hypertension.

PMID- 2900442
TI  - Is Alzheimer's disease distinct from normal ageing?

PMID- 2900443
TI  - Hydrocortisone myopathy.

PMID- 2900444
TI  - Measurement of cardiac output.

PMID- 2900445
TI  - Renal failure during dissolution of gallstones by methylbutyl ether.

PMID- 2900446
TI  - Single photon emission computed tomography in diagnosis of herpes simplex
      encephalitis.

PMID- 2900447
TI  - Continuous intrapartum measurement of fetal oxygen saturation.

PMID- 2900449
TI  - The Khartoum floods and diarrhoeal diseases.

PMID- 2900448
TI  - Pulse oximetry and methaemoglobinaemia.

PMID- 2900450
TI  - Human herpesvirus-6 infection and disease.

PMID- 2900451
TI  - Chemotherapy and the circulating progenitor cell compartment.

PMID- 2900452
TI  - Coronary thrombolysis and myocardial salvage by tissue plasminogen activator.

PMID- 2900453
TI  - Wrong blood transfusion and Rhesus incompatibility.

PMID- 2900454
TI  - Bad professional relations and risks to patients.

PMID- 2900455
TI  - AIDS counselling.

PMID- 2900456
TI  - Parotid cysts and HIV infection.

PMID- 2900457
TI  - Evidence for involvement of the astrocytic benzodiazepine receptor in the
      mechanism of action of convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs.
AB  - The anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine, phenobarbital, trimethadione, valproic
      acid and ethosuximide at pharmacologically relevant concentrations inhibit
      [3H]diazepam binding to astrocytes in primary cultures but have much less effect
      on a corresponding preparation of neurons. Phenytoin as well as pentobarbital
      (which is not used chronically as an anticonvulsant) are equipotent in the two
      cell types. The convulsants picrotoxinin and pentylenetetrazol, the convulsant
      benzodiazepine RO 5-3663 and the two convulsant barbiturates DMBB and CHEB
      similarly inhibit diazepam binding to astrocytes but have little effect on
      neurons. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that these convulsants
      and anticonvulsants owe at least part of their effect to an interaction with the
      astrocytic benzodiazepine receptor, perhaps by interference with a calcium
      channel.

PMID- 2900458
TI  - Dynorphin A [1-17] induces "reward" in rats in the place conditioning paradigm.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of dynorphin A [1-17] induced
      significant place preference conditioning in male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Place
      preferences were induced by 2.3 and 3.5 nmole, but not 1.2 nmole of dynorphin A.
      Co-administration of naloxone, 27.5 nmole but not 5.5 nmole, antagonized the
      reward response induced by 2.3 nmole of dynorphin A. Leu-enkephalin, 5 or 25
      nmole, and dynorphin A [2-17], 2.3 or 3.5 nmole, had no effect in the place
      conditioning paradigm.

PMID- 2900459
TI  - B-HT 920 stimulates postsynaptic D2 dopamine receptors in the normal rat:
      electrophysiological and behavioral evidence.
AB  - The putative autoreceptor-selective dopamine (DA) agonist B-HT 920 was tested
      using electrophysiological and behavioral models thought to reflect actions at
      postsynaptic D2 DA receptors. Direct iontophoretic application of B-HT 920 onto
      nucleus accumbens neurons caused a current-dependent inhibition of firing which
      could be attenuated by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (to deplete DA)
      and reinstated (enabled) by concurrent administration of the selective D1 DA
      receptor agonist SKF 38393. These findings suggest that, like other selective D2
      DA receptor agonists, the postsynaptic effects of B-HT 920 require concurrent
      stimulation of D1 DA receptors. Behavioral indices of postsynaptic D2 DA receptor
      stimulation (stereotyped sniffing and rearing) were also evident following
      combined treatment with B-HT 920 and SKF 38393. Moreover, similar "low-level"
      stereotyped behaviors were also observed when B-HT 920 was administered alone
      following pretreatment with the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists idazoxane and
      piperoxane, suggesting that alpha-2 agonist actions of B-HT 920, in some way,
      mask the expression of D2 receptor-mediated stereotyped responses. When B-HT 920
      was combined with SKF 38393 following pretreatment with idazoxane, both the
      intensity and form (continual licking and gnawing) of stereotyped behavior was
      enhanced. Taken together, these electrophysiological and behavioral findings
      indicate that B-HT 920 possesses the properties of a selective D2 DA receptor
      agonist and cannot be considered as a DA autoreceptor-selective compound.

PMID- 2900460
TI  - Regulation of pyrC expression in Salmonella typhimurium: identification of a
      regulatory region.
AB  - Deletion analysis of a plasmid carrying the entire pyrC gene of Salmonella
      typhimurium served to localize the regulatory region within a 120 base pair DNA
      fragment comprising the promoter-leader region and the first 10 codons of pyrC. A
      region of dyad symmetry is present in the leader DNA and may result in the
      formation of a stable hairpin in the transcript with part of the Shine-Dalgarno
      sequence included in the stem. Four independently-isolated regulatory mutants,
      overexpressing pyrC, were found to have point mutations within the symmetry
      region and, significantly, the mutations occurred in sequences pertaining to
      either side of the stem of the putative hairpin of the transcript. All four
      mutations would decrease the stability of the hairpin, suggesting that pyrC
      expression is controlled at the level of translation. Additional evidence for
      translational control was provided by the finding that synthesis of galactokinase
      mediated from a pyrC-galK transcriptional fusion is not regulated by pyrimidines.
      The importance of the symmetry region in the leader was further emphasized by
      showing that pyrC expression is strongly affected when this region is deleted,
      inverted, or structured as a tandem duplication.

PMID- 2900461
TI  - Genes that modify expression of major urinary proteins in mice.
AB  - A survey of major urinary proteins (MUPs) from eight BALB/c mouse substrains by
      isoelectric focusing identified a common pattern with about 10 protein bands in
      males. One substrain, BALB/cJPt, differed in that it expressed two variant MUP
      patterns, designated 4.1lo and null. To find the chromosomal location of the gene
      which determines the 4.1lo phenotype, BALB/cJPt-MUP-4.1lo was crossed with a wild
      derived Mus musculus domesticus inbred strain (CLA) that expresses the common
      BALB/c MUP pattern. The F1 phenotype revealed that the gene(s) controlling the
      MUP-4.1lo trait was recessive. A restriction fragment polymorphism between these
      strains found with a MUP cDNA probe allowed us to establish that a gene
      determining the MUP-4.1lo trait was not linked to the MUP structural genes on
      chromosome 4. Assays for other chromosomal marker loci revealed that a gene
      determining the MUP-4.1lo trait, designated Mupm-1, was closely linked to Myc-1
      on chromosome 15. To determine the genetic basis of the null trait, BALB/cJPt-MUP
      null mice were crossed with BALB/cJPt-MUP-4.1lo mice. A MUP restriction fragment
      polymorphism between these two lines was tightly linked to a gene or genes
      involved in determining the MUP-null phenotype. The two variant MUP phenotypes in
      BALB/cJ mice are determined by separate genes, one of which is located on
      chromosome 4 and the other on chromosome 15. The chromosomal location of Mupm-1
      suggests that it produces a trans-acting factor which regulates MUP expression.

PMID- 2900462
TI  - [Isolation and characteristics of the bacteriophage from the vaccine strain
      Tohama phase I].
AB  - Some properties of bacteriophage phi T isolated from the vaccine strain
      Bordetella pertussis Tohama phase I and propagated in Bordetella parapertussis
      504 cells are presented. Phage phi T belongs to the IV group in accordance with
      Tikhonenko classification. The diameter of head and length of noncontractile tail
      sheath are 49.5 +/- 0.5 and 145 +/- 7 nm, respectively. Diameter of the tail
      sheath is 3.2 +/- 0.6 nm. Molecular mass of the phage DNA is 37 +/- 3 kb.
      Population of phi T phage is polymorphous and consists of particles the genomes
      or which vary from each other by the "insert" located 6.8 +/- 0.6 kb from the end
      of molecule. The blot hybridization has demonstrated that the bacteriophage
      genome is not inserted into the chromosome of the lysogenic strain. Autonomous
      location of the phage genome in the host cell is suggested. The temperature and
      hydrogen ions concentration effects on bacteriophage phi T stability were
      studied. The conditions for phage suspension storage are described.

PMID- 2900463
TI  - Report and recommendations of the San Antonio Conference on Diabetic Neuropathy.
      American Diabetes Association.

PMID- 2900464
TI  - Role of glucocorticoids in increased muscle glutamine production in starvation.
AB  - The influence of glucocorticoids on muscle glutamine production in starvation was
      studied by using cortisol-treated or non-cortisol-treated, starved,
      adrenalectomized rats. Administration of cortisol at physiological doses in vivo
      (1 mg/100 g body weight) to fasted, adrenalectomized rats increased the muscle
      ratio of glutamine/glutamate and the activity of glutamine synthetase after only
      6 hours. Prior treatment of fasted, adrenalectomized animals with actinomycin D
      or proflavine abolished these increases by cortisol. Therefore, cortisol induces
      muscle glutamine synthetase, and this induction can be detected by changes in the
      fresh-muscle ratio of glutamine/glutamate. Using this ratio as a qualitative
      indicator of muscle glutamine synthesis, the role of glucocorticoids in modifying
      muscle glutamine production in starvation was studied. In fresh-frozen soleus,
      extensor digitorum longus, and diaphragm muscle, starvation led to greater ratios
      of glutamine/glutamate and higher levels of tyrosine, which are indicative of
      enhanced muscle protein turnover. These effects were not apparent in starved,
      adrenalectomized animals but were restored, at least partially, by administering
      a physiological dose of cortisol. Therefore, glucocorticoids seem essential for
      promoting muscle glutamine production in starvation probably by inducing the
      activity of glutamine synthetase.

PMID- 2900465
TI  - Seroprevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 among homosexual men in
      the United States.

PMID- 2900466
TI  - The discriminative stimulus properties of midazolam in pigeons.

PMID- 2900467
TI  - Precipitation of spinally mediated withdrawal signs by intrathecal administration
      of naloxone and the mu-receptor antagonist CTP in morphine-dependent mice.
AB  - We evaluated the ability of naloxone and the mu receptor antagonist CTP (D-Phe
      Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2) to precipitate withdrawal in morphine
      dependent mice after intrathecal (i.t.) administration. The withdrawal syndromes
      elicited by naloxone and CTP given i.t. were compared to those of CTP or naloxone
      injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). When given i.t. or i.c.v., naloxone
      produced the classical syndrome of events including jumping, wet dog shakes,
      urination, defecation followed by diarrhea, and weight loss. There was no
      significant difference in the potency or efficacy of naloxone when it was given
      i.t. or i.c.v. The profile of withdrawal effects produced by i.t. CTP resembled
      that caused by i.c.v. CTP; both were different from that of naloxone. The
      withdrawal signs seen following both i.t. or i.c.v. CTP included wet dog shakes
      and defecation. Mice treated with i.t. CTP lost significantly less body weight
      than those treated with i.c.v. CTP. In addition, i.t. and i.c.v. CTP did not
      stimulate jumping behaviors or diarrhea. In contrast, while i.c.v. CTP resulted
      in increased incidence of urination, CTP given i.t. did not. These finding
      indicate that naloxone given spinally acts on mu receptors to precipitate wet dog
      shaking and defecation, but acts on other non-mu opioid receptors (i.e. delta
      and/or kappa) to cause jumping, urination, diarrhea and weight loss. The
      differential effects of CTP given i.c.v. or i.t. suggest that supraspinal mu
      receptors are more involved in gastrointestinal and urinary bladder function
      during dependence/withdrawal than their spinal counterparts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900468
TI  - Biological evaluation of compounds for their physical dependence potential and
      abuse liability. XI. Drug testing program of the Committee on Problems of Drug
      Dependence, Inc. (1987).

PMID- 2900469
TI  - Increased pH and tumorigenicity of fibroblasts expressing a yeast proton pump.
AB  - A common early response of eukaryotic cells to stimuli which activate their
      proliferation is an increase in intracellular pH (ref. 1). In animal cells this
      is caused by the activation of an Na+/H+ exchange system; in fungi and plants an
      H+-pumping ATPase is involved. The critical question is whether this
      intracellular alkalinization is merely coincident with the activation of cell
      proliferation or whether it is a regulatory signal. To increase intracellular pH
      bypassing the usual physiological stimuli (growth factors, hormones etc.)
      alkaline media or ammonia have been used in the past. Both approaches suffer from
      long-term toxicity effects and cannot be used in tumorigenic assays with whole
      organisms. We introduce here a more specific approach which involves expressing
      the gene for the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase in fibroblasts. The resulting
      cells have an elevated intracellular pH and acquire tumorigenic properties,
      suggesting that the yeast ATPase gene behaves as an oncogene in mammalian cells.
      These experiments support a crucial role of intracellular pH in the growth
      control of animal cells.

PMID- 2900470
TI  - Phosphorylation-induced binding and transcriptional efficacy of nuclear factor
      CREB.
AB  - A nuclear protein, CREB, has been isolated from rat brain and shown to stimulate
      transcription of the cyclic AMP-responsive gene somatostatin as a dimer.
      Biochemical analysis suggests that dimerization and transcriptional efficacy of
      CREB protein in vitro are regulated by phosphorylation. These findings
      demonstrate that cellular signals can modulate gene expression by regulating the
      covalent modification of pre-existing nuclear factors.

PMID- 2900471
TI  - Prevention of guanine nucleotide-induced reductions in muscarinic agonist binding
      to rabbit ileal submucosal membranes by lidamidine and tetracaine.
AB  - The effects of low concentrations (less than = 1 microM) of the anti-diarrhoeal
      drug lidamidine and sub-anaesthetic concentrations (less than = 1 microM) of
      tetracaine on the binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]N-methylscopolamine
      ([3H]NMS) and the high affinity muscarinic agonist, [3H]oxotremorine-M ([3H]oxo
      M) to broken cell preparations of rabbit ileal submucosal membranes were
      investigated. High affinity [3H]NMS binding (KD = 0.79 +/- 0.05 nM, Bmax = 1.75
      +/- 0.13 pmoles.mg-1) was unaffected by either lidamidine or tetracaine.
      Inhibition of NMS binding by the muscarinic agonist carbachol was reduced by the
      nonhydrolyzable analogue of GTP, GppNHp. This effect of GppNHp was partially
      prevented by lidamidine. Analysis of equilibrium binding of the muscarinic
      agonist [3H]oxotremorine-M revealed that the binding of oxotremorine-M could be
      best described by the presence of the least two populations of sites with
      affinities of 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 27.7 +/- 0.9 nM respectively. High affinity
      [3H]oxotremorine-M binding was markedly reduced by GppNHp, GDP beta S and
      fluoride (5 mM). Neither lidamidine, nor tetracaine had any effect on the binding
      of oxotremorine-M when added alone. However, lidamidine and tetracaine prevented
      GppNHp, GDP beta S and fluoride-induced reductions in oxotremorine-M binding. The
      present findings are consistent with an allosteric interaction between lidamidine
      or tetracaine and GppNHp-induced reductions in oxotremorine-M binding to
      submucosal muscarinic receptors. These effects are discussed in relation to the
      observed action of lidamidine in potentiating presynaptic inhibition of
      acetylcholine release by muscarinic agonists.

PMID- 2900472
TI  - Comparison of the effects of haloperidol, remoxipride and raclopride on "pre"-
      and postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the rat brain.
AB  - The ability of the dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol, raclopride and
      remoxipride to prevent the B-HT 920-induced decrease in striatal and limbic L
      DOPA accumulation in gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)- and NSD 1015-treated rats (termed
      'GBL-reversal') was used to define the effects of these compounds on
      "presynaptic" dopamine receptors. The doses of the dopamine antagonists producing
      antagonism of GBL-reversal were in each case roughly similar to the doses
      required to increase dopamine turnover in striatal and limbic areas. The
      potencies of haloperidol, raclopride and remoxipride in the GBL model were
      compared with their potencies in behavioural models for postsynaptic dopamine
      receptors. Haloperidol produced antagonism of GBL-reversal over a similar dose
      range to that required for antagonism of apomorphine-induced hyperactivity and
      stereotypy syndromes. Raclopride was effective in the order of potency:
      antagonism of apomorphine-induced hyperactivity greater than antagonism of GBL
      reversal greater than antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotypy. For
      remoxipride, the dose-response curve for antagonism of GBL-reversal was
      superimposable over that for antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotypies, with
      an ED50 value about 12 times higher than that for antagonism of apomorphine
      induced hyperactivity. Thus, the relative potencies of dopamine receptor
      antagonists at "pre-" and postsynaptic dopamine receptors vary considerably from
      compound to compound.

PMID- 2900473
TI  - Presynaptic beta 2-adrenoceptors on the sympathetic nerve fibres of the human
      saphenous vein: no evidence for involvement in adrenaline-mediated positive
      feedback loop regulating noradrenergic transmission.
AB  - Spirally cut strips of human saphenous veins preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline
      were superfused in the presence of corticosterone and, unless stated otherwise,
      of cocaine or desipramine. Tritium overflow was stimulated electrically (2 Hz).
      Adrenaline (in the presence of rauwolscine), isoprenaline and the preferential
      beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist procaterol concentration-dependently increased the
      electrically evoked tritium overflow. Prenalterol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist
      with moderate preference for beta 1-adrenoceptors, was ineffective. The
      concentration-response curve of isoprenaline was shifted to the right by the
      nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol and by the preferential
      beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551, but was not affected by the beta 1
      selective antagonist atenolol. In experiments on strips preexposed to adrenaline
      10 nmol/l (i.e. a concentration higher than that which normally occurs in vivo)
      for 32 min in the absence of cocaine or desipramine, the electrically evoked 3H
      overflow was not affected 12 and 44 min after withdrawal of adrenaline,
      irrespective of whether propranolol was absent or present in the superfusion
      fluid. In veins incubated with 3H-adrenaline, a considerable amount of the
      radioactivity was accumulated. During subsequent superfusion with 3H-adrenaline
      free solution, electrical stimulation induced tritium overflow in a tetrodotoxin
      sensitive manner. Propranolol failed to modify the evoked tritium overflow. It is
      concluded that the sympathetic nerve fibres of the human saphenous vein are
      endowed with facilitatory presynaptic beta 2-adrenoceptors. These receptors do
      not seem to play a substantial role in a local adrenaline (previously taken up)
      mediated positive feedback loop regulating noradrenergic transmission, at least
      under the present in vitro conditions.

PMID- 2900474
TI  - Effect of alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation with methoxamine and phenylephrine on
      spontaneously beating rabbit sino-atrial node cells.
AB  - Effects of methoxamine and phenylephrine on the action potential and the membrane
      currents in spontaneously beating rabbit sino-atrial node cells were examined by
      means of a two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Both methoxamine and
      phenylephrine (10(-4) mol/l) prolonged the cycle length (CL) and the action
      potential duration (APD), significantly. At concentrations higher than 3 x 10(-4)
      mol/l, phenylephrine increased the maximum rate of rise of action potential
      (Vmax) but methoxamine reduced it. Both agents depolarized the maximum diastolic
      potential (MDP). These changes in the action potential parameters occurred in a
      concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of phentolamine (10(-5) mol/l),
      methoxamine (3 x 10(-4) mol/l) did not modify the action potential parameters.
      Also, phenylephrine did not affect them during exposure to phentolamine (10(-5)
      mol/l) and pindolol (10(-7) mol/l). In voltage-clamp experiments, at 10(-3) mol/l
      both methoxamine and phenylephrine slightly increased the slow inward current
      (Isi), but decreased the time-dependent outward current (Ik). The steady-state
      activation variable of Ik (p infinity) was unaffected by these agents. The
      hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) was suppressed in the presence of
      methoxamine, but enhanced in the presence of phenylephrine. An additional
      application of pindolol (10(-7) mol/l) during exposure to phenylephrine (10(-3)
      mol/l) depressed the action potential amplitude (APA) and Vmax, and prolonged CL
      slightly. Under the same condition, all the membrane currents (Isi, Ik and Ih)
      were decreased. In addition, the time courses of decay for Isi were not modified
      in the absence and the presence of phenylephrine (10(-3) mol/l) and phenylephrine
      plus pindolol (10(-7) mol/l).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900475
TI  - Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by LY83583.
AB  - The ability of LY83583 to antagonize vascular smooth muscle relaxation elicited
      by a number of vasodilators was examined in rings of rat aorta. LY83583 (0.3-10
      microM) inhibited relaxant responses to acetylcholine, calimycin (A23187),
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and sodium nitroprusside, whereas responses to
      atriopeptin III an activator of particulate guanylate cyclase, and papaverine
      were unaffected. For acetylcholine and calimycin the major effect of LY83583 (0.3
      10 microM) was to reduce the maximal response without appreciably altering the
      EC50 values whereas for ATP the EC50 values were markedly increased by low
      concentrations of LY83583 (0.3-1 microM) with depression of maximal responses
      occurring at higher concentrations (10 microM) of the antagonist. In contrast
      LY83583 produced nonparallel rightward shifts of the curve for sodium
      nitroprusside without altering the maximal response. In addition, LY83583 (10
      microM) reduced basal levels of cyclic GMP and prevented acetylcholine and sodium
      nitroprusside-induced elevations of cyclic GMP, in parallel with reductions in
      the relaxant responses. In the presence of LY83583 (10 microM) higher
      concentrations of sodium nitroprusside restored both the relaxant response and
      the elevation of cyclic GMP. The results of this study show that LY83583
      antagonises only those vasodilators which are thought to act via stimulation of
      soluble guanylate cyclase. The nonsurmountable inhibition of relaxation to
      acetylcholine, calimycin and ATP probably reflects a limited maximal capacity of
      the endothelium to release EDRF in response to these agents.

PMID- 2900476
TI  - Critical thinking and fatigue: how do nurses on 8- & 12-hour shifts compare?

PMID- 2900477
TI  - [New aspects of Huntington disease. The neurotoxin hypothesis, genetic diagnosis
      and psychological sequelae].

PMID- 2900478
TI  - [Metachromatic leukodystrophy. Results of laboratory chemical, neurophysiologic,
      histologic and imaging procedures within the scope of a family study].
AB  - Examining the members of a family the validity of chemical analysis,
      neurophysiology and neuroimaging for the diagnosis of metachromatic
      leukodystrophy (MLD) is discussed. As the arylsulfatase A is not decreased in all
      cases, the neuroimaging (cranial computerized tomography--at a less extend
      magnetic resonance imaging) gains a particular diagnostic significance. But
      neither for neuroimaging nor for neurophysiological findings the results are
      specific. The histological findings have to back up the diagnosis.

PMID- 2900479
TI  - Spontaneous release of endogenous aspartate and glutamate from rat striatal
      slices is increased following destruction of local neurons by ibotenic acid.
AB  - We sought to determine in rat striatum whether the release of neurotransmitter
      amino acids aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      were affected by local neurons. To do so, unilateral microinjections of ibotenic
      acid, and excitotoxin that destroys local neurons without affecting fibers of
      passage, were made into the striatum. Release of endogenous amino acids from
      lesioned and intact striatal slices were measured by HPLC one week later. The
      effectiveness and specificity of the lesion were confirmed by measuring the
      enzyme activity associated with extrinsic dopamine neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase;
      111 +/- 14%), intrinsic GABA neurons (glutamic acid decarboxylase; 19 +/- 7%) and
      intrinsic acetylcholine neurons (choline acetyltranferase; 37 +/- 10%).
      Destruction of local striatal neurons markedly attenuated the release of GABA (41
      +/- 12% of control) elicited by depolarization with K+ (35 mM), but did not
      significantly reduced the K+-evoked release of Asp (80 +/- 17%) and Glu (92 +/-
      8%). However, spontaneous release of Asp and Glu was significantly greater than
      that observed in unlesioned tissue (159 +/- 18% and 209 +/- 27%, respectively),
      while the spontaneous release of GABA was not significantly reduced (75 +/- 43%).
      Although release of the neurotransmitter amino acids Asp, Glu and GABA were
      affected by the lesion, the release of the non-neurotransmitter amino acid
      tyrosine was unaffected. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that: 1)
      the predominant source of releasable stores of endogenous Asp and Glu in the
      striatum arises from extinsic neurons, and 2) that the spontaneous release of Asp
      and Glu from axon terminals in the striatum may be regulated, at least in part,
      by local inhibitory neurons.

PMID- 2900480
TI  - Postmortem stability of somatostatin in brain tissue.
AB  - The stability of somatostatin (SS) in brain tissue was studied in human material
      obtained post-mortem and in the rat. In both human and rat brain, loss of SS was
      found to occur in tissue frozen to -70 degrees C. In the rat, this loss varied
      from 26 to 70 percent depending on the type of tissue processing used. These data
      suggest that, for the study of SS in post-mortem brain, use of frozen material
      should be avoided.

PMID- 2900481
TI  - Effects of neuroleptics on glutaminase from rat synaptosomes.
AB  - Phosphate-activated glutaminase was isolated from synaptosomes from three areas
      of rat brain. Glutamine utilization phosphate activation and inhibition by
      glutamate or ammonia were assessed in the absence or presence of haloperidol,
      chlorpromazine, or clozapine. All three drugs (at 1 micromolar concentration)
      elevated the Km for glutamine using preparations from the amygdala, hippocampus,
      or striatum. They interfered with phosphate activation only in the amygdala
      preparation. No drug affected end-product inhibition. The data suggest that
      neuroleptics may depress the release of glutamic acid from synaptosomes by
      interfering with the activation of glutaminase by phosphate.

PMID- 2900483
TI  - Alprazolam compared to clobazam and placebo in anxious outpatients.
AB  - In this double-blind study we compared alprazolam, clobazam, and placebo for the
      treatment of outpatients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. At the end
      of the treatment, the three groups were significantly improved without showing
      differences among them. However, both active-drug groups were much improved at
      the end of week 1 in contrast to the placebo group. We were unable to find any
      difference on efficacy evaluations between alprazolam and clobazam, but
      alprazolam reached a consistently better outcome on some ratings compared to
      placebo. Although benzodiazepines share many common properties, it is necessary
      to identify selected groups of patients that can be helped by specific compounds
      or even placebo.

PMID- 2900482
TI  - Certain neuroleptics reduce bone mineralization in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - A significant increase of urinary Ca and hydroxyproline levels and a decrease of
      urinary alkaline phosphatase activity were found in 12 schizophrenic patients
      receiving certain neuroleptic drugs. In these patients, the levels of active
      metabolites of vitamin D3 were decreased, while the levels of midmolecule
      parathyroid hormone were within the normal range, except for 2 cases. These
      results suggest that certain neuroleptics induce the increased urinary Ca
      excretion through suppression of active vitamin D3 formation and that chronic
      treatment with certain neuroleptics may induce abnormal bone mineralization.

PMID- 2900484
TI  - Long-term replicability of EEG spectra and auditory evoked potentials in
      schizophrenic and normal subjects.
AB  - The spectral characteristics and average, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were
      determined from EEGs repeatedly recorded over a span of several years. Data from
      a vertex lead is presented for 4 chronic schizophrenic patients and 5 normal
      subjects. Measurements were made under identical conditions. For each subject
      characteristic spectra and AEPs were exhibited despite the passage of time.
      Patients had recordings performed both on and off antipsychotic medication. While
      receiving antipsychotic medication the patients' EEG spectra showed an increase
      in alpha activity. Less consistently there was a decrease in delta or an increase
      in beta activity; theta activity was unchanged. These latter effects are
      different from those generally reported for an acute antipsychotic dose and may
      be more representative of antipsychotic effects (which occur after days or weeks
      of treatment). Psychopathology tended to be inversely related to alpha power, the
      magnitude of the AEP N100, and medication.

PMID- 2900485
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in pregnancy.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, a lymphocytic leukemia caused by human T-cell
      lymphoma virus-I (HTLV-I), is prevalent in southwestern Japan. A Japanese woman
      with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in the third trimester of pregnancy was
      delivered of an infant by cesarean section. She did not breast-feed the child,
      who has remained free from HTLV-I infection.

PMID- 2900486
TI  - Medical management of pheochromocytoma in pregnancy.
AB  - A pregnant patient presented with a history of diagnosed pheochromocytoma.
      Despite excision of the extra-adrenal tumor before pregnancy, the patient's urine
      catecholamine levels and blood pressure remained elevated. Subsequent attempts at
      localizing the tumor, including repeat laparotomy, were unsuccessful. The patient
      was medically managed with alpha blockade from the first trimester and was
      delivered by cesarean section after demonstration of fetal lung maturity at 35
      weeks' gestation. She represents one of the few reported cases of successful
      medical management of pheochromocytoma throughout the entire course of a
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2900487
TI  - The pathology of intrauterine thyrotoxicosis: two case reports.
AB  - The autopsy findings are described in two infants of hyperthyroid mothers in whom
      the clinical symptomatology, laboratory data, and autopsy findings strongly
      suggested intrauterine thyrotoxicosis secondary to transplacental thyroid
      stimulating immunoglobulin. Documented intrauterine thyrotoxicosis is extremely
      rare, and we believe these to be the first detailed pathologic descriptions of
      the entity. Autopsy findings included slim habitus, massive thyromegaly,
      hypertrophic cardiomegaly, congestive visceromegaly, pulmonary hypertension,
      adenopathy, and prominent amniotic fluid aspiration. Both cases illustrate the
      positive contribution that a carefully performed autopsy, even in the severely
      macerated stillborn, can make toward better understanding of intrauterine
      disease.

PMID- 2900488
TI  - [In vitro activity of roxithromycin against hospital bacteria and the concordance
      curve].
AB  - This study was set up to establish the regression curve for roxithromycin
      inhibition zone diameters (disks 15 micrograms) and MIC to create a strain
      distribution plot, in order to allow accurate interpretation of the disk
      diffusion method for testing susceptibility to roxithromycin. 373 bacterial
      strains were studied in three university hospital. Roxithromycin was active
      against erythromycin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative
      Staphylococci at concentrations of 0.06 to 4 micrograms/ml (mode 0.5).
      Erythromycin resistant strains were also resistant to roxithromycin. Enterococci
      could be divided into two populations, one resistant (MIC greater than 128
      micrograms/ml) and the other with MIC of 0.5 to 32 (mode 1-2). This was also the
      case for Streptococci and Pneumococci with MIC lower for susceptible strains
      (mode 0.06-0.12). Roxithromycin was active on Haemophilus at concentrations of
      0.12 to 32 micrograms/ml; MIC for beta-lactamase producing strains were
      comparable to those of strains not producing. MIC for Gonococci were low (less
      than 0.008 to 0.12), except for three strains. They were higher for Meningococci
      (0.03 to 32) with a majority of strains inhibited by 0.5 to 4 micrograms/ml. MIC
      were 4 for Clostridium perfringens; Bacteroides fragilis strains were inhibited
      by 0.5 to 2 micrograms/ml. The correlation coefficient for regression curve was
      0.79; for critical concentrations less than or equal to 1 and greater than 4
      micrograms/ml, critical diameters are greater than or equal to 22 and less than
      17 mm.

PMID- 2900489
TI  - [Demonstration of seasonal variations of circadian rhythm in gentamicin-induced
      chrono-nephrotoxicity in rats].
AB  - The present study investigates the chronobiological approach of the gentamicin
      induced nephrotoxicity in rats treated with a single sublethal dose administered
      at different times of day and season of year. The nephrotoxicity is appreciated
      by gamma-glutamyl-transferase and alanine-amino-peptidase, two enzymes of the
      brush border cells and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, a lysosomal enzyme. These
      excretions peak out at 8 p.m. and reach a through at 8 a.m. for the
      experimentation in january-february. In contrast, for the experimentation in June
      July, we evidence gamma-glutamyl-transferase and alanine aminopeptidase excretion
      increased at 2 p.m. and decreased at 8 p.m. So, we evidence with gentamicin not
      only a circadian but also a seasonal susceptibility in rats.

PMID- 2900490
TI  - [Hyperammonemia in childhood. II. Enzymopathies not related to the urea cycle].

PMID- 2900491
TI  - Chronic ipecac poisoning in infancy: a case report.

PMID- 2900492
TI  - Intentional ipecac poisoning: Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
AB  - The intentional poisoning of two children with ipecac by their mothers is
      described. Intractable vomiting and diarrhea were the initial symptoms in both
      patients. In addition, one patient had clinical and laboratory evidence of
      skeletal and cardiac myopathy. Both children were subjected to extensive and
      invasive diagnostic evaluations before the correct diagnosis of chronic ipecac
      poisoning was made. These cases illustrate the toxic effects of ipecac ingestion
      and serve to alert physicians to child abuse by ipecac poisoning.

PMID- 2900493
TI  - In defense of retaining ipecac syrup as an over-the-counter drug.

PMID- 2900494
TI  - Ascendancy of the 'black bottle'.

PMID- 2900495
TI  - Human estrogen receptor (ESR) gene locus: PssI dimorphism.

PMID- 2900498
TI  - A high frequency MspI RFLP at the human vitamin D binding protein (hDBP) locus.

PMID- 2900496
TI  - RFLP for Duchenne muscular dystrophy cDNA clone 44-1.

PMID- 2900497
TI  - Phage 8-10 identifies an RFLP on 11q23-qter [HGM9 no. D11S286].

PMID- 2900499
TI  - RFLP for an EGF-receptor related gene associated with the melanoma oncogene locus
      of Xiphophorus maculatus.

PMID- 2900500
TI  - An anonymous DNA probe (LAMP 92) detects a Pvu II polymorphism on human
      chromosome 9 [D9S29].

PMID- 2900501
TI  - RFLPs upstream of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene.

PMID- 2900502
TI  - Human LDL receptor gene: HincII polymorphism detected by gene amplification.

PMID- 2900503
TI  - A Taq 1 polymorphism for the human platelet glycoprotein IIIa gene (GP3A).

PMID- 2900504
TI  - Human amyloid beta protein gene locus: HaeIII RFLP.

PMID- 2900505
TI  - [Autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells].

PMID- 2900506
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in the plasma of patients with alcoholic and
      opiate abstinence syndromes].

PMID- 2900507
TI  - Influence of age, strain, and beta-adrenergic agonist on insulin sensitivity in
      chicks as determined by an adaptation of the euglycemic clamp technique.
AB  - The euglycemic clamp technique has been widely used to examine changes in in vivo
      insulin sensitivity during physiological changes in mammals. The technique offers
      the advantage that the tissue uptake of glucose induced by a set dose of insulin
      is determined at the normal (steady state) circulating concentration of glucose
      (euglycemia). The euglycemic clamp technique has been modified to examine in vivo
      sensitivity to insulin in chickens. Insulin sensitivity is determined by the rate
      of infusion of exogenous glucose required to maintain euglycemia. Young (6 to 8
      wk-old) male chickens (White Leghorn) are more sensitive to insulin than adult
      males of the same strain. There is, however, no difference in insulin sensitivity
      between young male chicks of broiler and White Leghorn strains. Chronic
      administration of beta-adrenergic agonist (L-640,033, donated by Merck, Sharp,
      and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ) in the diet, at levels of 0, .25,
      1.0, and 4.0 ppm for 3 to 5 days also did not influence in vivo insulin
      sensitivity.

PMID- 2900508
TI  - Substrate specificity of duckling hepatic and renal D-amino acid oxidase.
AB  - The substrate specificity of duckling hepatic and renal D-amino acid oxidase
      (DAAO; D-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase [deaminating], E.C. 1.4.3.3) was
      determined using a method based on the combination of coupled enzyme reactions
      and a colorimetric procedure. When activities were averaged across tissues, D
      proline was the most reactive substrate, followed by (in order) D-phenylalanine,
      D-alanine, D-methionine, D-leucine, D-isoleucine, D-valine, D-tryptophan, D
      arginine, and D-lysine. Compared with D-alanine, duckling DAAO had minimal or no
      reactivity with D-asparagine, D-glutamine, D-histidine, D-threonine, D-cysteine,
      glycine, or D-serine. These results were in general agreement with data from
      other vertebrate species.

PMID- 2900509
TI  - [Tropical spastic paraparesis related with HTLV1 in Guadeloupe].

PMID- 2900510
TI  - Maxillofacial and dental injuries in contact team sports.

PMID- 2900511
TI  - Transdifferentiation of human neuroblastoma cells results in coordinate loss of
      neuronal and malignant properties.

PMID- 2900512
TI  - Differential expression of intermediate filaments and fibronectin in human
      neuroblastoma cells.

PMID- 2900513
TI  - Ewing's sarcoma is an undifferentiated neuroectodermal tumor.

PMID- 2900514
TI  - Double-blind randomized trial of the benzodiazepine derivative metaclazepam as
      compared with placebo treatment of outpatients with anxiety syndromes.
AB  - In a double-blind randomized study the therapeutic anxiolytic efficacy and the
      tolerance of metaclazepam were tested in comparison with placebo. The study was
      performed according to the model of the "Study Group - Psychotropic Drugs in
      Medical Practice" (Laakmann and Hippius, 1981; Laakmann et al., 1982). A total of
      121 male and female patients aged between 18 and 50 years were treated either
      with placebo, or with 15 mg or with 30 mg metaclazepam/day for two weeks, during
      which period they were examined on Day 0, Day 7 and Day 14. The patients suffered
      from a neurotic anxiety syndrome. In the physician's rating metaclazepam showed a
      therapeutic effect significantly superior to that of placebo, both in the
      Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). This
      effect was already noticeable at the end of the first week. Similarly, a
      significantly superior anxiolytic activity of metaclazepam as compared with
      placebo was observed in the patients' ratings in the course of treatment. This
      was true for the Erlangen Anxiety Scale (EKSA) as well as for the Scale of Well
      being (Befindlichkeits-Skala [Bf-S]) and the List of Complaints (Beschwerden
      Liste [B-L]) by von Zerssen. No difference in efficacy could be found between the
      doses of 15 mg and 30 mg metaclazepam/day, neither in the physicians' nor in the
      patient's ratings. Compared with placebo, twice as many undesirable side effects
      were recorded with 15 mg metaclazepam and three times as many with 30 mg
      metaclazepam. This was clearly demonstrated by the significantly higher frequency
      of daytime fatigue after 30 mg metaclazepam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900515
TI  - The prevention and avoidance of genetic diseases.

PMID- 2900516
TI  - The importance of genetic disease and the need for prevention.
AB  - Until recently the effects of disease could only be reduced by prevention and
      treatment. It is now possible to interrupt development after fetal diagnosis.
      This prevents birth, but not the cause of the disease, and is usefully termed
      'avoidance'. Genetic disorders are the consequence of mutational events in the
      past, including the remote and the immediate past, and prevention, in its true
      sense, can only be applied to preventing further mutations. This requires a
      knowledge both of the mechanism of mutation and of the mutagens to which
      populations and individuals are exposed, and the maintenance of public health
      requires the collection of data relevant to mutational disease.

PMID- 2900517
TI  - The human gene map.
AB  - Mapping started exactly 50 years ago when Bell & Haldane (Proc. R. Soc. Lond.
      123, 119 (1937] measured the genetic distance between colour blindness and
      haemophilia. In their Discussion they wrote 'if...an equally close linkage were
      found between the genes determining blood group membership and that determining
      Huntington's chorea, we should be able, in many cases, to predict which children
      of an affected person would develop this disease, and to advise on the
      desirability or otherwise of their marriage'. Progress in this direction has
      proceeded through the discovery of autosomal linkages by family studies, and the
      assignment of genes to particular chromosomes by somatic-cell hybridization
      techniques. Recombinant DNA technology has been successfully used in both
      approaches, with the result that many chromosomes are now roughly mapped. In
      practice, the map can already be used for prenatal diagnosis of several diseases,
      and may provide 'take-off' points for some molecular approaches to poorly defined
      genes. More fundamentally, it is beginning to provide insights into the nature of
      the meiotic process and the organization of the genome.

PMID- 2900518
TI  - Progress in the molecular cytogenetics of man.
AB  - Recombinant DNA technology has contributed greatly to the precision of chromosome
      analysis in man. Breakpoints of chromosome deletions and rearrangements may be
      defined on a chromosome map whose landmarks are the loci of DNA sequences rather
      than Giemsa bands. Flow cytogenetics allows the extent of chromosome duplications
      and deletions to be measured more precisely than has hitherto been possible. DNA
      probes can reveal hidden translocations through the application of in situ
      hybridization, and may be used as markers to determine the parental origin of non
      disjunction. It is evident that a study of the pathology of human chromosomes now
      requires the combined skills of recombinant DNA and cytology.

PMID- 2900519
TI  - The role of cloned genes in the prevention of genetic disease.
AB  - The application of recombinant DNA technology to the study of human genetic
      disease promises to increase the scope for carrier detection and prenatal
      diagnosis. Here we summarize current experience with prenatal diagnosis of single
      gene disorders by DNA analysis and highlight some of the technical and
      organizational problems that remain to be solved.

PMID- 2900520
TI  - Progress towards cloning the cystic fibrosis gene.
AB  - Genetic linkage analysis with polymorphic DNA markers (restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms: RFLPS) has allowed the assignment of the cystic fibrosis
      (CF) locus to the long arm of chromosome 7, within the region of band q31. Two of
      these markers, MET and D7S8, are tightly linked to the disease locus. Although
      recent data suggest that they are located on opposite sides of CF, the two can be
      separated by as much as 5 centimorgans. To obtain a better description of the CF
      locus and, eventually, to identify the affected gene, additional DNA markers are
      required to connect MET and D7S8, physically. We have screened the flow-sorted
      chromosome-7-specific library and thus far isolated 28 new probes from the 7q31
      region by DNA hybridization analysis that uses a series of somatic cell hybrids
      containing various portions of human chromosome 7. Together with the previously
      identified markers, MET, D7S8, D7S13 and D7S16, these new markers should provide
      a fine genetic and physical map for the chromosomal region surrounding CF. DNA
      segments can then be sequentially cloned by chromosome walking from points
      closest to the CF locus and examined for genes that are preferentially expressed
      in tissues known to be affected in the disease.

PMID- 2900521
TI  - The problem of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-linked muscular disorder. The
      biochemical defect remains unknown, but the gene responsible has been mapped to
      band Xp21. The gene has now been cloned in two laboratories solely from knowledge
      of its map location. L. M. Kunkel and his colleagues isolated genomic sequences
      (PERT 87) from within a large deletion causing DMD, whereas our group isolated
      genomic sequences (XJ) spanning the junction of an X-autosome translocation
      causing the disease. Chromosome walking by both groups has led to the isolation
      of over 400 kilobases of the PERT 87 and XJ region. Subclones of PERT 87 and XJ
      reveal restriction fragment length polymorphisms that segregate with the DMD gene
      in 95% of meioses, and fail to hybridize with DNA from about 8% of male patients.
      Selected subclones of PERT 87 and XJ contain exons that hybridize to muscle
      derived complementary DNA (cDNA) clones. The cDNA clones detect a large (16
      kilobase) message. Analysis of deletions, mutations and translocations suggests a
      DMD gene of between two million and three million base pairs. The clones obtained
      so far are useful for attempts to generate antibody against the gene product and
      for carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2900523
TI  - Prospects for a complete molecular map of the human genome.
AB  - Linkage maps are limited by the number of recombinations that can be scored in
      human pedigrees to a resolution of ca. 1 centimorgan (relative distance between
      genes on a chromosome having a crossover value of 1%) which is estimated to be
      about 10 megabases. Molecular maps can be formed at any resolution down to the
      base sequence. To complement the linkage approach, the most useful molecular map
      would be one that helped to locate disease loci, by using restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPS) and accurate localization of recombinations, and
      which then helped to find candidate genes in this region, by providing the
      positions of coding sequences. This paper discusses the appropriate form and
      scale of such a map, how it can be produced with methods now available, and the
      most efficient strategy for building the map, based on present knowledge of the
      organization of the human genome.

PMID- 2900522
TI  - Huntington's disease: prediction and prevention.
AB  - The identification of a DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism closely
      linked to Huntington's disease on the short arm of chromosome 4 has for the first
      time allowed presymptomatic prediction to be undertaken in first-degree relatives
      at risk. The late and variable onset of this dominantly inherited disorder makes
      such prediction a powerful and potentially valuable aid in genetic counselling,
      but in the absence of effective therapy there are serious ethical reservations
      concerning such a predictive test. The new developments have stimulated an active
      and informative debate among professionals and family members on whether and how
      predictive tests should be used. Guidelines have emerged which should be useful
      not only for Huntington's disease, but for other serious late-onset neurogenetic
      disorders. Meanwhile, studies in Wales and elsewhere have not only confirmed the
      original linkage but have excluded multi-locus heterogeneity as a significant
      problem. Genetic prediction for the individual at risk remains critically
      dependent on a suitable family structure, present in only a minority of families
      in Wales. A more feasible alternative for most families is prenatal exclusion,
      which can allow risk prediction for a pregnancy without altering the situation
      for the person at risk. This approach has already been applied in Wales; the
      experience gained will be useful in full prediction, which is currently being
      introduced.

PMID- 2900524
TI  - Prevention and avoidance of congenital malformations.
AB  - Many congenital abnormalities do not have either a Mendelian pattern of
      inheritance or an identifiable chromosome abnormality and are described as
      'multifactorial' as it is assumed they are determined by several genes, each with
      added effects and modified to a greater or lesser extent by environmental
      factors. They include spina bifida and anencephaly, cleft lip or cleft palate or
      both, congenital heart defect and congenital dislocation of the hip, and they
      constitute a major community health problem. Developments in genetics,
      biochemistry and cytogenetics have presented new approaches to the prevention and
      avoidance of congenital abnormalities. The approaches available for the avoidance
      of congenital malformations include the avoidance of harmful environmental
      factors, the screening of the newborn and early treatment, genetic counselling
      and antenatal monitoring with selective termination. The prevention of neural
      tube defects in 'high risk' mothers can be achieved by periconceptional vitamin
      supplementation. In Northern Ireland, of 438 fully supplemented women, only 4
      (0.98%) infants or fetuses among 407 infants and fetuses examined had a neural
      tube defect, whereas of 356 unsupplemented women, 16 (4.7%) infants or fetuses
      among 337 infants or fetuses examined had a neural-tube defect.

PMID- 2900525
TI  - The incidence of Down's syndrome and progress towards its reduction.
AB  - Down's syndrome is the most common autosomal aberration and single cause of
      mental retardation in man. There is a close relation between advanced maternal
      age and Down's syndrome. The limitation of family size has made a considerable
      impact on the incidence of Down's syndrome. In Denmark in the 1950s, 50% of
      Down's syndrome cases were born to mothers over the age of 35. The percentage
      went down to 25% in the 1970s and was reduced by prenatal diagnosis to 8% in the
      1980s. For the period 1980-85 we followed the birth prevalence closely for
      different maternal age groups. The birth prevalence was lowered for the age group
      over 35, but there was a steady rise for the age groups below 35. Early
      diagnosis, high rate of survival of light-for-date babies and babies with
      congenital heart defect, and, possibly, exogenous factors working on
      gametogenesis might be an explanation. To achieve a reduction in incidence,
      maternal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-serum screening for low values may be a
      possibility. So far, avoidance, but not primary prevention, of Down's syndrome is
      available.

PMID- 2900526
TI  - Mutation as a cause of genetic disease.
AB  - Mutational changes can be conveniently classified into two sorts: those that
      appear to involve single genes and are generally referred to as gene mutations,
      and those that involve chromosomal segments containing many genes, or even whole
      chromosomes, and are referred to as chromosomal mutations. Both of these kinds of
      mutation occur in germ-cell lineages and contribute substantially to inherited
      disease, or pre-disposition to disease, and both also occur in somatic cells and
      contribute to acquired disease. The mutation rates for inherited disease ascribed
      to mutation in a single gene differ for different genes and are age-dependent.
      Moreover, a single disease entity, such as haemophilia B, may be the result of
      any one of a number of different alterations within the gene responsible for the
      disease. The mutation rate for inherited chromosomal mutation is also age
      dependent, particularly so in the case of mutations involving alterations in
      chromosome number. Studies in experimental animals demonstrate that exposure to
      physical or chemical mutagens results in increasing the incidence of inherited
      gene and chromosomal mutations. However, such increases have not been
      unequivocally demonstrated in human populations exposed to known mutagens.
      Studies on mutation in human lymphoid or epithelial somatic cells clearly
      demonstrate an increased frequency in cells taken from people exposed to ionizing
      radiations or chemical mutagens or in cells exposed in vitro. The consequences of
      such mutations will depend upon their nature and the origins and functions of the
      cells in which they occur. Of particular importance are mutations influencing
      cell growth and proliferation, and both gene and chromosomal mutations are
      implicated as causal factors in the development of human cancers.

PMID- 2900527
TI  - Experimental work on induced mutations.
AB  - The detection of changes in mutation rate in human populations remains extremely
      difficult. Thus estimation of genetic hazards of mutagens to man depends on
      extrapolation from experimental systems. Germ cells of animals show complex
      variations in sensitivity to mutagenic effects. Some agents predominantly affect
      stem cells or other immature germ cells, whereas others mainly affect later germ
      cell stages. Dose-response relations also vary both with the agent and with the
      stage or sex of germ cell treated. In man, in addition to single-gene defects and
      chromosome anomalies, conditions of complex or uncertain inheritance, such as
      congenital malformations, are clinically important. Genetic theory leaves unclear
      whether the incidence of these would be affected by a change in mutation rate.
      Recent research has shown that in mice the incidence of malformations is
      increased by exposure of the parents to mutagens, but the effect is small.
      Chromosomal non-disjunction is also clinically important. Again, recent research
      shows that its frequency can be changed by mutagens, but the effects vary with
      germ-cell stage. Thus, further research is needed to elucidate the relative
      contributions of different environmental mutagens to human genetic disease.

PMID- 2900528
TI  - Diagnosis of human heritable defects by recombinant DNA methods.
AB  - Recombinant DNA methods provide highly sensitive means for the detection of DNA
      alterations that lead to human disease mutations. In this paper I shall
      illustrate the approaches currently available and discuss new technologies that
      show promise of replacing the present methods. Medical diagnosis by means of
      recombinant DNA methods has an expanding role in clinical medicine.

PMID- 2900529
TI  - The prevention and avoidance of genetic disease: summing up.
AB  - The preceding papers have dealt with major advances in understanding and
      detecting the mutational basis of human disease. If these advances are to be of
      practical benefit, systems of effective, efficient and acceptable delivery of the
      technology to the relevant population groups will need to be planned. In these
      delivery systems, the key figure is likely to be the clinical geneticist, still a
      somewhat shadowy figure, difficult to define: a doctor among scientists, and a
      scientist among doctors. The clinical geneticist, among other duties, acts as a
      user-friendly interface between the public (including the medical profession) and
      the conceptually quite difficult fields of modern genetics. Few people in this
      age of transition to computer literacy will underestimate the importance of a
      user-friendly interface, without which even the most powerful analytical machines
      are underused, error prone, or even incomprehensible.

PMID- 2900530
TI  - Bi-directional changes in sham feeding in the rat produced by benzodiazepine
      receptor ligands.
AB  - Both the real and sham intake of a 5% sucrose solution were increased by
      midazolam (3 mg/kg IP), a benzodiazepine agonist. In contrast, both the real and
      sham intakes of a 20% sucrose solution were reduced by Ro15-3505 (a
      benzodiazepine antagonist with weak inverse agonist properties) and by FG 7142 (a
      beta-carboline inverse agonist). These data demonstrate that drugs acting at
      benzodiazepine receptors can bi-directionally alter ingestional responses,
      probably by modulation of the oropharyngeal control of consumption.

PMID- 2900531
TI  - Plant based antiamoebic drugs; Part II. Amoebicidal activity of parthenin
      isolated from Parthenium hysterophorus.

PMID- 2900532
TI  - Medication decisions and the risk of tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2900534
TI  - Recent developments in neurobiology: Part II. Neurotransmitter receptors and
      psychopharmacology.

PMID- 2900533
TI  - CSF somatostatin in anorexia nervosa and bulimia: relationship to the
      hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal cortical axis.
AB  - The eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and normal weight bulimia, are associated
      with disturbances of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) and growth
      hormone function. Because somatostatin (SRIF) is one of the neuropeptides known
      to modulate feeding behavior and neuroendocrine systems, we measured
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of this peptide in patients with eating
      disorders. CSF SRIF concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa, both at low
      weight and after weight recovery, were similar to those in controls. When normal
      weight bulimic women stopped binging, they had a modest but significant increase
      in CSF SRIF. CSF SRIF was not related to plasma growth hormone concentrations but
      did show relationships to HPA axis hormones. Healthy volunteer women had a
      significant positive relationship between CSF SRIF and CSF corticotropin
      releasing hormone (CRH). In underweight anorectics, CSF SRIF was negatively
      related to both 24-hr urinary free cortisol and plasma cortisol concentrations
      after dexamethasone, but it was not significantly related to CSF CRH. These
      relationships more closely resembled those of healthy controls after weight
      correction. In bulimics, CSF SRIF was positively related to CSF CRH and
      negatively related to plasma cortisol. Our findings support a previously
      described relationship between CSF SRIF and HPA axis activity. The differences in
      SRIF-HPA relationships in anorectics and bulimics may constitute or reflect
      pathophysiological distinctions between these disorders.

PMID- 2900535
TI  - The role of molecular biology in psychiatry.

PMID- 2900536
TI  - The role of adenosine in the central actions of the benzodiazepines.
AB  - 1. Evidence is presented which indicates that the central actions of the
      benzodiazepines cannot be fully accounted for by assuming an action only at the
      GABAA-Cl- channel supramolecular complex. 2. The hypothesis is presented,
      together with supporting evidence, that inhibition of adenosine uptake can
      account for many of the actions of the benzodiazepines. 3. New findings showing
      that Ro 15-1788 and Ro 5-4864 have both potentiative and antagonistic
      interactions with adenosine are discussed. 4. The proconvulsant beta-carbolines
      are shown to be adenosine antagonists. 5. The concept that benzodiazepine action
      may involve several mechanisms is presented.

PMID- 2900537
TI  - Glutamate transmission and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - 1. Despite intensive research, the cause of Alzheimer's disease is unknown. 2.
      Glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter of the cerebral cortex and
      hippocampus and it appears to have an important role in learning and memory. In
      addition to its transmitter function, glutamate is a neurotoxin which has been
      implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. 3.
      Glutamate toxicity may play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. 4.
      Disruption of glutamatergic neurotransmission may account, in part, for the
      learning and memory deficits of Alzheimer's disease. 5. Labeling of the glutamate
      receptor complex may allow in vivo diagnosis by positron emission tomography. 6.
      Glutamate receptor ligands may provide a means of therapeutic intervention in
      Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2900538
TI  - Blockade of hippocampal dopamine (DA) receptors: a tool for antipsychotics with
      low extrapyramidal side effects.
AB  - 1. 32 neuroleptics (NL) and a Ciba-Geigy antipsychotic (savoxepine, CGP 19 486 A)
      were tested on adult male rats and mice. 2. Interaction with D2 DA receptors was
      assessed using in vivo (3H)spiperone (SPI) binding in rat hippocampus and
      striatum. 3. Antipsychotic efficacy of NL was checked by their ability to
      antagonize apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice. 4. We found a good
      correlation between blockade of DA receptors in hippocampus and antagonism of
      climbing with both classical and atypical NL. 5. No correlation was found between
      blockade of DA receptors in striatum and climbing with the atypical NL. 6. It is
      suggested that NL exerting preferential blockade of hippocampal as compared to
      striatal DA receptors may show a better dissociation between antipsychotic
      efficacy and induction of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) in the clinic. The
      antipsychotic agent savoxepine, displayed such a favourable profile of action.

PMID- 2900539
TI  - Benzodiazepine dependent patients and their psychological treatment.
AB  - 1. 91 patients were referred to a tranquilizer withdrawal clinic. 44 of these
      entered a withdrawal programme. The characteristics of the patients are
      described. 2. 72% of patients accepted for benzodiazepine withdrawal had a
      history of previous psychiatric contact. They also had significantly higher
      scores on S.T.A.I. than control groups of non-psychotic psychiatric out-patients
      indicating a considerable psychiatric morbidity prior to withdrawal. 3. 12
      patients were treated with psychological group therapy using anxiety management
      techniques. The outcome of this pilot study showed that 50% of subjects were able
      to discontinue their benzodiazepines despite previous failures. 4. Patients found
      learning to cope with symptoms, sharing problems with others and learning to
      change thoughts the most useful components of the anxiety management package
      during withdrawal.

PMID- 2900540
TI  - Super high affinity 3H-para-aminoclonidine binding to platelet adrenoceptors in
      depression.
AB  - 1. An assay was developed using sucrose gradient purified platelet plasma
      membranes which allowed detection, for the first time in patients, of both super
      high affinity (KD = 17 pM) and high affinity (KD = 1.7 nM) binding sites. 2.
      Limited Scatchard plot analyses were performed on platelet membranes from
      depressed patients and controls using 10 pM-2.5 nM 3H-p-aminoclonidine (3H-PAC).
      3. Patients (n = 9) were age-paired with healthy control subjects for
      simultaneous blood drawing, platelet preparation and analysis. 4. All patients
      were endogenous depressives with Hamilton-Depression scores ranging from 19 to 30
      at the time of pre-treatment. Seven of the nine patients were analyzed again at
      six weeks of treatment with antidepressant medication. 5. Using 60 pM 3H-PAC (a
      concentration determined to bind predominantly to the super-high affinity
      receptor state) pre-treatment patient values were higher then paired controls (p
      = 0.06). Post-treatment analysis of seven of the patients and paired controls
      showed no differences (p = 0.5) suggesting a normalization of receptor binding
      following treatment. 6. No differences were observed in platelet yield or
      morphology or in the percent of other blood cell contaminants in the platelet
      preparations between patients at pre-treatment and controls. However, the
      platelet yield was significantly lower in patients post-treatment (p = 0.06). 7.
      These results are in agreement with two previous studies showing elevated 3H
      clonidine binding to high affinity sites from depressed patients. The data
      presented herein suggest that there is a modest 1.25-fold elevated super-high
      affinity platelet adrenoceptor binding in depressed patients pre-treatment.
      Receptor binding becomes normal post-treatment.

PMID- 2900541
TI  - [Somatostatin and its effect in closing intestinal fistulas].

PMID- 2900542
TI  - Influence of the autonomic nervous system in the horse urinary bladder.
AB  - alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in detrusor muscle and bladder base of horses
      were investigated by in vitro responses of smooth muscle strips to exogenous
      agonist and antagonist drugs. Noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol induced
      relaxation of detrusor muscle strips which was significantly inhibited by
      propranolol and butoxamine suggesting that the response is mediated by beta-2
      adrenergic receptors. In the urinary bladder base noradrenaline, phenylephrine
      and B-HT 920 induced strong contractile effects. These contractile responses were
      inhibited by the alpha antagonist phenoxybenzamine, the alpha-1 selective
      antagonist prazosin and the alpha-2 selective antagonist yohimbine. The
      inhibitory action of prazosin was more potent than that observed with yohimbine
      suggesting that the response in the bladder base of horses is mediated
      predominantly by alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, although alpha-2 receptors also
      participate.

PMID- 2900543
TI  - Further studies on the diagnostic value of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5'
      nucleotidase in cattle, sheep and horses.
AB  - The distribution of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (gamma-GT) is similar in the tissues of the sheep, calf and horse, except that
      there is relatively less gamma-GT in calf liver than in the liver of the other
      two species. The liver lesion produced by the oral administration of chloroform
      is similar in the three species and is accompanied by the release of 5'-NT into
      the plasma of the sheep and calf but not of the horse. Conversely, gamma-GT is
      released into plasma of the horse but not of the sheep or calf. This difference
      is not related to the tissue distribution of the two enzymes. The kidney lesion
      in sheep produced by the intravenous administration of mercuric chloride is
      accompanied by a reduction in the rate of excretion of an injected dose of inulin
      and by an increase in the concentration of urea in plasma and in the activity of
      gamma-GT in plasma and urine. There was no increase in 5'-NT activity in plasma
      or urine.

PMID- 2900544
TI  - Use of a monoclonal antibody to detect the F41 fimbrial adhesion of
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody that identifies a specific epitope on the F41 fimbrial
      adhesin was used in coagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      tests, to identify successfully strains of Escherichia coli expressing the F41
      adhesin. The antibody also bound to frozen sections of ileum from piglets
      infected with an F41 positive E coli demonstrating that the epitope is expressed
      in vivo.

PMID- 2900545
TI  - [Value of oral premedication with a non-sedative anxiolytic agent for performing
      electrophysiological hearing tests. Apropos of 100 cases of patients treated with
      bromazepam].

PMID- 2900546
TI  - [Effect of histamine H2-antagonists on serum gastrin levels in gastric lumen
      perfused rats].
AB  - The effect of histamine H2-antagonists on serum gastrin concentration and
      histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied in gastric lumen-perfused
      rats in which changes in the intragastric pH were limited by using 2.5 mM
      propionate-succinate buffer as perfusate. The gastric acid secretion was measured
      by the titration of the acidity of gastric juice with 0.05 N NaOH. The serum
      gastrin levels were determined in the blood that was obtained simultaneously with
      gastric juice by radioimmunoassay. The gastric acid secretion was inhibited by
      these histamine H2-antagonists--cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine and TZU-0460
      administered intravenously. Within the dose-response range of the inhibition of
      gastric acid secretion, cimetidine and ranitidine increased significantly the
      serum gastrin levels, but famotidine and TZU-0460 did not. The doses of
      famotidine and TZU-0460 which were used to increase the serum gastrin levels were
      found to be higher than those for the maximal inhibition of gastric acid
      secretion. They also presented a dose-response curve to the serum gastrin levels
      similar to cimetidine and ranitidine. The findings suggest that histamine H2
      antagonists have a potency to increase serum gastrin levels to that of the
      inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2900547
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens septicemia].
AB  - We report 3 cases of Clostridium perfringens bacteremia with uterine gas
      gangrene. Clinical presentation included severe infectious syndrome,
      hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria, jaundice, uterine tenderness and hypertension.
      All 3 cases were first seen with installed renal failure. Diagnosis and
      modalities of therapy were reviewed. Clostridium perfringens bacteremia with
      uterine gas gangrene still occur in developing countries.

PMID- 2900548
TI  - Education and training in gastroenterology. Report from the OMGE symposia at the
      International Congress of Gastroenterology, Lisbon, Portugal, September 1984, and
      at the 8th World Congress of Gastroenterology, Sao Paulo, Brazil, September 1986.
AB  - Gastroenterology is recognized as a speciality in most countries, especially in
      Europe and North America. The requirements for being acknowledged as a specialist
      vary from 1 1/2 to 4 years of training and education in gastroenterology in
      addition to 1-6 years of training and education in internal medicine/surgery. The
      requirement of theoretical education varying from 40 to 300 h is practiced in
      some countries only. In some countries training in endoscopy is separated from
      gastroenterology. A formal examination and post-specialization training program
      is required in only some of the countries answering the questionnaire. The number
      of centres per million inhabitants recognized for training and education also
      varied greatly. The number of specialists per million inhabitants was 3.6 to 15.
      In the Middle and Far East the organisation of gastroenterology was much inferior
      to that in Europe and North America because of insufficient education and
      organization programs and lack of economic support to perform them. The answers
      from the gastroenterological associations and personal reporters agreed on the
      following: A speciality in medical and surgical gastroenterology should be
      established in all countries around the world. Programs for training and
      education should be agreed upon in recognized teaching and training institutions
      of gastroenterology, probably of 3 years' duration in combination with a
      speciality in internal medicine. A gastroenterologist will in most cases be
      dealing with other diseases as well. The number of specialists per million
      inhabitants may be estimated to 10, the exact number not being possible to
      determine at present. In most countries the post-specialization programs were not
      required but were offered, a problem that has to be clarified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900549
TI  - Reports from gastroenterological societies and individual gastroenterologists.

PMID- 2900550
TI  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Yugoslavia: detection of hantaviral
      antigen and antibody in wild rodents and serological diagnosis of human disease.
AB  - Lung tissues from 547 rodents and 26 insectivores captured between 1981 and 1984
      in central Bosnia (Fojnica) and central Serbia (Cacak), 2 regions known to be
      endemic for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), were examined for
      hantaviral antigen by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. Antigen
      was detected in 17/231 Apodemus flavicollis, 3/187 A. sylvaticus, 1/46 A.
      agrarius, 4/32 Mus musculus, and 3/28 Clethrionomys glareolus. In addition,
      antibodies against Hantaan and Puumala viruses were found in serum pooled from 2
      C. glareolus captured in Fojnica and 6 Pitimys subterraneus caught in Cacak. Sera
      of 27 HFRS patients from different parts of Yugoslavia were tested against 3
      serotypes of hantavirus. Patients from Bosnia and Serbia had highest titers
      against Hantaan virus, while patients from Croatia had highest titers against
      Puumula virus, the agent of nephropathia epidemica.

PMID- 2900552
TI  - Hematological aspects of infectious diseases II.

PMID- 2900553
TI  - Infection with HTLV-I and HTLV-II: evolving concepts.

PMID- 2900551
TI  - Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (nephropathia epidemica) in Norway:
      seroepidemiology 1981-1985.
AB  - An indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) was applied to serologically
      confirm the clinical diagnosis in 507 nephropathia epidemica (NE) suspected
      patients. Hantaan virus (HV), the agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, which is
      serologically related to the NE agent, was used as antigen. Both IgG and IgM
      reactions were detected. High levels of IgG antibodies to HV were common, even in
      the acute phase of illness. Over a 5-year period, a total of 35% of the NE
      suspected patients revealed antibodies to HV, but this varied considerably in the
      different years. In 2 endemic areas the serological confirmation of the NE
      diagnosis was 60%. 82% of the seropositive NE patients lived in 4 endemic areas.
      The bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) was common in all areas and predominant
      in 2. The wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) was abundant in the other 2. In years
      with high bank vole population, the number of seropositive NE cases increased,
      with a peak in October/November. When the bank vole population was low, the
      relatively few seropositive NE cases occurred more regularly throughout the year.
      Subclinical infections were common. Antibodies to HV were detected in 74% male
      and 26% female NE patients, but the ratio varied between age groups.

PMID- 2900554
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome--report of a case.

PMID- 2900555
TI  - Efficacy of histamine H1 and H2 receptor blockers in the anesthetic management
      during operation for hydatid cysts of liver and lungs.
AB  - We studied the effects of preoperative administration of histamine (H1 and H2)
      receptor blockers on hemodynamic changes in two groups of patients having
      operation for hydatid cyst. Patients in group 1 received no antihistaminics,
      whereas those in group 2 were pretreated with both H1 (diphenhydramine) and H2
      (cimetidine) receptor blockers. Even though there were significant hemodynamic
      responses associated with spillage of hydatid cyst contents in both groups, the
      hemodynamic changes were significantly less in the patients who had received
      histamine receptor blockers. We conclude that the preoperative administration of
      H1 and H2 receptor blockers to patients having hydatid cyst surgery is
      beneficial.

PMID- 2900556
TI  - P-fimbriated E coli urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2900557
TI  - Application of biotechnology in the identification of filarial larva in
      mosquitoes.
AB  - Current methods for detecting and identifying filariae in mosquitoes are
      laborious and time consuming. With today's technology, we can reasonably expect
      development of rapid, sensitive and specific assays for detecting and identifying
      filariae in naturally infected mosquito populations. Progress in developing such
      assays is reviewed.

PMID- 2900558
TI  - Drugs in sport. The first 5 years of testing in South Africa.
AB  - Since 1983 screening procedures have been developed to detect prohibited
      substances in urine specimens collected from competitors in sport. Gas
      chromatography is used for the detection of stimulant drugs and gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry for the detection of anabolic steroids. Of 679
      urine samples analysed, a positive result was obtained for 45 (6.6%).
      Fencamfamine was the stimulant most frequently detected, while the ephedrines as
      a group accounted for 18 positive samples. These findings indicate the necessity
      to continue the monitoring of drug use and abuse in sport.

PMID- 2900559
TI  - Health implications of petroleum distillate ingestion.
AB  - The authors discuss the clinical approach to the management of hydrocarbon
      ingestions, including the role, implementation, and type of gastric
      decontamination utilized; the extent of medical evaluation, observation or
      hospitalization required; and the appropriate therapy for hydrocarbon
      pneumonitis. An appendix covers myocardial sensitization following inhalation
      abuse of hydrocarbons.

PMID- 2900561
TI  - Pericarditis due to Bacteroides melaninogenicus secondary to a teratoma.

PMID- 2900560
TI  - Effect of azelastine on bronchoconstriction induced by histamine and leukotriene
      C4 in patients with extrinsic asthma.
AB  - Azelastine, a new oral agent with antiallergic and antihistamine properties, has
      been shown to inhibit the effect of histamine and leukotriene (LT) in vitro,
      though not a specific leukotriene receptor antagonist. The effect of both a
      single dose (8.8 mg) and 14 days' treatment (8.8 mg twice daily) with azelastine
      on bronchoconstriction induced by LTC4 and histamine has been examined in 10
      patients with mild asthma in a placebo controlled, double blind, crossover study.
      LTC4 and histamine were inhaled in doubling concentrations from a dosimeter and
      the results expressed as the cumulative dose (PD) producing a 20% fall in FEV1
      (PD20FEV1) and 35% fall in specific airways conductance (PD35sGaw). The single
      dose of azelastine produced a significantly greater FEV1 and sGaw values than
      placebo at 3 hours, but this bronchodilator effect was not present after 14 days
      of treatment. Azelastine was an effective H1 antagonist; after a single dose and
      14 days' treatment with placebo the geometric mean PD20FEV1 histamine values
      (mumol) were 0.52 (95% confidence interval 0.14-1.83) and 0.54 (0.12-2.38),
      compared with 22.9 (11.5-38.3) and 15.2 (6.47-35.6) after azelastine (p less than
      0.01 for both). LTC4 was on average 1000 times more potent than histamine in
      inducing bronchoconstriction. Azelastine did not inhibit the effect of inhaled
      LTC4; the geometric mean PD20FEV1 LTC4 (nmol) after a single dose and 14 days'
      treatment was 0.60 and 0.59 with placebo compared with 0.65 and 0.75 with
      azelastine. The PD35sGaw LTC4 was also unchanged at 0.66 and 0.73 for placebo
      compared with 0.83 and 0.74 for azelastine. Thus prolonged blockade of H1
      receptors did not attenuate the response to LTC4, suggesting that histamine and
      LTC4 act on bronchial smooth muscle through different receptors. Four patients
      complained of drowsiness while taking azelastine but only one who was taking
      placebo and three patients complained of a bitter, metallic taste while taking
      azelastine.

PMID- 2900562
TI  - [Cardiovascular effects of timolol, carteolol, metipranolol, betaxolol collyres
      in the aged patient].

PMID- 2900563
TI  - Purification of Chironex fleckeri venom components using Chironex immunoaffinity
      chromatography.
AB  - A comparison of the purification of the nematocyst venom of Chironex fleckeri by
      affinity immunochromatography using 13 different monoclonal antibodies was made.
      Varying degrees of purification of mouse lethal factor, hemolysin and
      dermonecrotic factors, as well as antigen positive proteins were achieved with
      each of the monoclonal antibodies. Although the protein curves of the
      chromatography were similar, each of the monoclonal antibody columns had a
      distinctive pharmacological and SDS-PAGE profile. At least two hemolysins
      (120,000 and 70,000 molecular weight), two dermonecrotic principles (120,000,
      less than 120,000) and three lethal factors (120,000, 70,000 and 14,500 molecular
      weight) were detected. The degree to which aggregation and fragmentation affects
      the molecular weights of these proteins is not known. It appears that multiple
      pharmacological activities are present within the same molecule since it is only
      with great difficulty that a pharmacological activity can be assigned to a
      specific molecular weight.

PMID- 2900564
TI  - Antihypertensive effect of beta blockade in renal transplant recipients with or
      without host kidneys.
AB  - Host kidneys may contribute considerably to hypertension after renal
      transplantation. Their role in sustaining hypertension is more prominent if
      glomerulonephritis (GN) than if interstitial nephritis (IN) is the original renal
      disease. We compared the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockade in IN (n = 10)
      and GN (n = 19) hypertensive renal transplant recipients with host kidneys in
      situ with those who had undergone bilateral nephrectomy (BN, n = 10).
      Pretreatment blood pressures were comparable in BN, IN, and GN patients, being
      165 +/- 6/108 +/- 3, 172 +/- 5/104 +/- 3, and 161 +/- 3/104 +/- 1, mmHg,
      respectively. Blood pressure did not change on beta-blockade in BN patients,
      whereas it decreased significantly more (P less than 0.001) in GN than in IN
      patients, changes of mean arterial pressure being -107 +/- 1.0, -14.9 +/- 1.3,
      and -6.8 +/- 1.6%, respectively. This failure to respond to beta-blockade in
      patients without host kidneys may be related to low activity of the renin
      angiotensin system or to functional denervation of the grafted kidney. Further
      investigations of this phenomenon may clarify the mechanism of antihypertensive
      action of beta-blockade as well as the nature of hypertension after renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2900565
TI  - Frequency of HLA-DRBr in renal patients awaiting transplantation.

PMID- 2900566
TI  - Use of the Candela laser in the ureter.
AB  - The Candela pulsed dye laser is safe and effective. Complications are few and
      related more to the ureteroscopy than to the laser. Current results in the lower
      ureter utilizing primarily ultrasound as a method of power lithotripsy have been
      excellent, and it is difficult to see how lasertripsy will improve on these. The
      importance of the laser is related to its small size and its flexibility. This
      will permit simpler access to the stone employing instruments such as small
      caliber rigid ureteroscopes and small steerable flexible instruments. If these
      instruments can be passed without ureteral dilatation, access to the stone will
      be safer, and they may well extend the range of stones regularly susceptible to
      ureteroscopic removal.

PMID- 2900567
TI  - Use of pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the ureter.
AB  - An Nd-YAG laser of 1064-nm wavelength, 8-nanosecond pulse duration, and single
      pulse energy of 20 to 80 mJ can create shock waves with a peak pressure of 1000
      bar in less than 4 nanoseconds. The safety of this laser has been demonstrated in
      cultured cells, whole blood, and porcine urothelium. Clinically, ureteral calculi
      have been removed from 24 of 27 patients.

PMID- 2900568
TI  - The impact of laparoscopy on modern urologic practice.
AB  - The original concept of laparoscopy developed as a branch of cystoscopy. Since
      the use of the Nitze cystoscope at its inception, laparoscopy has kept pace with
      the innovations in our cystoscopic inventory. The recently emerging interest of
      urologists in utility of the laparoscope for a variety of urologic surgery is a
      welcome renascence of this procedure, which has been used mainly by our
      gynecologic colleagues, in part because of our own lack of pursuit in its
      development. Laparoscopy should now become an integral part of our urologic
      teaching and practice.

PMID- 2900569
TI  - Effects of pulsed dye laser lithotripsy on tissues. Experimental study in the
      canine ureter.
AB  - This experimental study demonstrates the absence of irreversible tissue damage
      after lithotripsy with a pulsed dye laser. The absence of thermal damage with
      this laser is due to the beam divergence capacity at the end of the fiber and to
      the short pulse, which generates very low thermal effect. These results as a
      whole confirm the safety of the pulsed dye laser and indicate that it can be used
      for clinical treatments in humans.

PMID- 2900570
TI  - MRI of the scrotum.
AB  - Surface coil magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the scrotum allows
      differentiation of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord. Intratesticular
      and extratesticular lesions are demarcated by the tunica albuginea. The
      sensitivity of MR is very high for detection of scrotal abnormalities but is non
      specific since it is unable to distinguish primary testicular tumors from benign
      lesions. Undescended testes which lie proximal and distal to the internal
      inguinal ring are well visualized by MR imaging. The advantages of MR imaging in
      locating undescended testes is that it is noninvasive, without ionizing
      radiation, and capable of multiplanar images.

PMID- 2900571
TI  - Use of the muscle relaxant vecuronium in a myasthenic dog.

PMID- 2900572
TI  - The intraclonal and interclonal phenotypic heterogeneity in a rhabdomyosarcoma
      cell line with abortive imitation of embryonic myogenesis.
AB  - Three distinct subpopulations (A, B, C) derived from a dimethylbenzanthracene
      induced rat rhabdomyosarcoma were established as permanent cell lines. Although
      the clonal nature of each of these subpopulations was confirmed by repeated
      recloning procedures, a striking intraclonal phenotypic heterogeneity was
      observed. By means of immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron
      microscopy, it could be shown that these subpopulations closely recapitulate
      stages of embryonic rhabdomyogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, but differ in
      their particular range of maximum differentiation. Embryonic rhabdomyogenesis is
      imitated most perfectly by subpopulation C, in which multinuclear myotubes are
      formed in vitro by fusion of mononuclear cells, and alpha-sarcomeric actin is
      expressed in the multinuclear cells and in a few mononuclear cells. After
      retransplantation in vivo, subpopulation C further proceeds in fine structural
      differentiation, now exhibiting myofibrils with a sarcomeric organization in the
      myotube-like giant cells. The cells of subpopulation B do not exceed the stage of
      mononuclear desmin-positive cells in vitro, but synthesize thin and thick
      myofilaments after retransplantation in vivo. The cells of subpopulation A
      recapitulate embryonic rhabdomyogenesis least successfully being confined to the
      stage of mononuclear desmin-positive cells. Thus, the coexistence of diverse
      subpopulations and the cellular maturation within these subpopulations together
      contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of rhabdomyosarcomas.

PMID- 2900573
TI  - Intravesical BCG administration in the guinea pig. A histomorphological study.
AB  - Intravesical BCG administration is used as an adjuvant therapy after
      transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer in man. The mechanisms of
      its antitumor activity are not known. The aim of this study was to characterize
      the histomorphological changes in various organs of the guinea pig after
      intravesical BCG administration. The BCG preparation used was BCG-RIVM, a Dutch
      BCG preparation. Instillations were performed in previously undamaged bladders
      weekly for 6 consecutive weeks and lasted 30 min or 1 h. Different doses were
      used ranging from 10(3) culturable particles (c.p.) to 5 x 10(7) c.p. of BCG.
      After 6 weeks, the animals were killed and postmortem examination was performed.
      The bladder wall, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs and distant
      lymph nodes were examined histologically. The BCG therapy, with a dose of 10(6)
      culturable particles and higher, induced an inflammatory reaction consisting of
      mononuclear infiltrates in the subepithelial tissue of the bladder wall. In
      approximately 50% of the animals investigated, the infiltrates were accompanied
      by non-caseating granulomatous lesions indicated by the presence of epithelioid
      cells. In general, the epithelial layer of the bladder showed no visible
      alterations. Similarly, a granulomatous inflammatory reaction was observed in the
      first retroperitoneal (iliac) lymph nodes draining the bladder. Granulomatous
      lesions were occasionally also present in liver and lung. In three of the 29
      animals investigated, lesions were present both in liver and lungs, and in two of
      these three animals a granulomatous reaction was observed in the spleen and
      distant lymph nodes indicating a generalized inflammatory response induced by
      BCG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900575
TI  - Stereological estimates of nuclear volume in normal mucosa and carcinoma in situ
      of the human urinary bladder.
AB  - The nuclear volume of the epithelial cells in the human urinary bladder mucosa
      has been estimated using point sampled intercepts in vertical sections (local
      vertical windows). The study included 27 specimens: ten from normal bladder
      mucosa, five from inflamed mucosa, seven from mucosa with flat grade II lesions
      and five from mucosa with flat grade III lesions. After standard fixation,
      embedding, sectioning and haematoxylin-eosin staining an unbiased estimate of the
      mean volume of nuclei sampled with a chance proportion to the volume = vV = pi/3
      x (l0)3 was calculated using a frame for orientating the linear test probe in
      vertical sections. Here l0 is the length of the intercept through a test point
      hitting a nucleus measured in a random direction through the test point. The
      weighted mean nuclear volume of bladder mucosa with grade II and grade III
      lesions (537 microns 3 and 494 microns 3 respectively) was significantly larger
      than the weighted mean nuclear volume of normal (133 microns 3) and inflamed
      bladder mucosa (182 microns 3). This simple and fast estimation of nuclear volume
      seems to provide objective data useful in discriminating between neoplastic and
      non-neoplastic lesions of the bladder mucosa.

PMID- 2900574
TI  - Developmentally regulated expression of the calcitonin gene related peptide
      (CGRP) in rat lung endocrine cells.
AB  - Calcitonin (CT) and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are generated by
      alternative RNA processing from a single CT/CGRP gene. Recently, we reported the
      existence of CGRP-immunoreactivity and CGRP mRNA in endocrine cells or Kulchitsky
      (K) cells of human and rat lung [Wada et al. 1987b]. In this report, an
      examination was made of developmental changes in the expression of the CGRP gene
      in rat lungs by immunohistochemistry, radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Northern
      hybridization. CGRP-positive K-cells in lung tissue appeared on the 18th day of
      gestation. Their number was greatest on the 20th day of gestation and then
      decreased postnatally. The level of CGRP in rat lung was found to be highest in a
      1-day-old neonate by RIA. In the Northern hybridization of rat lung using the
      CGRP 3' non-coding region (exon 6) of the first human CT/CGRP gene as the probe,
      1.0 kilobase (kb) CGRP mRNA was found to be abundant on the 20th day of gestation
      and in a 1 day-old neonate. It thus appears that CGRP in rat lung is essential
      for pulmonary adaptation at birth and/or from the last intrauterine stage to the
      early neonatal period.

PMID- 2900576
TI  - Sex chromatin analysis of lymphocytes invading host organs in transfusion
      associated graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - We report a method of sex chromatin analysis of lymphocytes separated from host
      organs in transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which enabled
      the demonstration of invasion by donor lymphocytes. The lymphocytes examined were
      separated from deparaffinized tissue blocks of skin, spleen and bone marrow from
      two female patients with transfusion-associated GVHD by incubation in 0.5%
      pepsin. The tissues had been removed at autopsy and fixed in formalin. Sex
      chromatin analysis was performed by fluorescence microscopy on separated
      lymphocytes stained with 0.005% quinacrine dihydrochloride. By this means Y
      chromatin-positive (i.e. male) lymphocytes were demonstrated in the skin, spleen
      and bone marrow of both female patients.

PMID- 2900577
TI  - Morphological changes in a human scirrhous gastric carcinoma cell line (KATO-III)
      when cultured in collagen-coated dishes.
AB  - The morphological differences between cells of a human scirrhous gastric
      carcinoma cell line (KATO-III) cultured in plastic dishes and in collagen-coated
      dishes were examined by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. When KATO-III
      cells were inoculated into plastic dishes, a few cells became attached to the
      surface of the dishes and the rest remained in suspension. However, when they
      were inoculated into collagen-coated dishes, they all remained in suspension. In
      both types of dish, most of the cells in suspension were single although a few
      were in clusters. The cells in suspension in collagen-coated dishes differed in
      morphology from those in the plastic dishes. They had abundant cytoplasm, well
      developed Golgi complexes, and many microvillus-like cell protrusions. Moreover,
      they had hemidesmosome-like and desmosome-like structures on their surface and an
      increased amount of intracytoplasmic desmosome-like structures. The cells in
      clusters in the collagen-coated dishes were closely connected by junctional
      complexes, such as tight junctions, desmosomes and interdigitations, whereas
      those in plastic dishes were linked only by desmosomes. These results suggest
      that collagen affects the morphology of human scirrhous carcinoma cells.

PMID- 2900578
TI  - LaCrosse virus gene expression in mammalian and mosquito cells.
AB  - LaCrosse virus infection of mammalian BHK cells is highly cytopathic, whereas
      that of mosquito C6/36 cells is asymptomatic and persistent. When the individual
      mRNAs and their genome segments are followed in parallel infections, cytopathic
      effects were found to correlate with the rate of synthesis, but not the
      accumulation, of the viral RNAs. The change from the acute to the persistent
      phase of the infection in C6/36 cells was found to take place at 24 hr p.i., at
      which time genome and N protein synthesis was severely reduced, even though mRNA
      levels remained high. When the persistent infection was followed for 72 days, the
      total amounts of genomes and their relative proportions were found to fluctuate
      greatly, whereas mRNA levels were either severely reduced or undetectable. DI
      genomes could not be detected during this time. The self-limiting nature of the
      mosquito cell infection appears to be due the translational control of N protein
      synthesis.

PMID- 2900579
TI  - [Histochemical studies of lipid metabolism in Entamoeba histolytica (Schaudinn,
      1903)].

PMID- 2900580
TI  - [Reintervention in C-cell carcinoma].
AB  - Cervical re-exploration in persistent medullary thyroid cancer usually fails to
      normalize serum calcitonin levels, which is the most sensitive criterion of
      tumour-free status (2 out of 21 patients in our re-exploration series). Positive
      lymph nodes - even at an early tumour stage - seem much more important
      (postoperative normal serum calcitonin: 86% in the occult tumour group, 71% in
      patients with palpable primary tumour and negative lymph nodes, as opposed to
      only 18% with a palpable cervical mass and positive lymph nodes). However, local
      re-exploration in case of persistent medullary thyroid cancer seems to offer a
      possible curative chance for the control of recurrence, especially after
      inadequate primary surgery. In cases without visible distant metastases a marked
      reduction in serum calcitonin level may be expected (21% of the preoperative
      level for stages N1 and N2 and 16% for stage N3 on average). In patients with
      elevated calcitonin levels after stimulation as sole indicator of persistent
      tumour the indication for reoperation should be handled cautiously. Thus, in 3
      out of 5 patients with occult medullary thyroid cancer diagnosed only on the
      basis of venous sampling who were subjected to multiple cervical re-explorations,
      distant metastases were subsequently found during follow-up.

PMID- 2900581
TI  - Reoperative parathyroid surgery.
AB  - Reoperation for persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism immediately
      connotes a complex clinical management problem. Successful cure of hypercalcemia
      is less frequent whereas complications are more common compared to initial
      explorations. Of 212 patients operated on at the Mayo Clinic from 1978 through
      1986, 189 (89%) were cured. Sporadic disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia, and
      familial hyperparathyroidism were found in 183 (87%), 20 (9%), and 9 (4%)
      patients, respectively. Prior to the most recent reoperation, these patients had
      undergone from one to five operations. Preoperative localization examinations
      were performed in 192 patients (91%). Cervical high-resolution, real-time
      ultrasonography, computed tomography, and thallium-technetium scintigraphy had
      sensitivity rates of 87%, 56%, and 71%, respectively. When the tumor was
      localized preoperatively, the operative time and cost were significantly reduced
      compared to nonlocalized tumors. Cervical reexploration only was required in 154
      (72%), combined cervical and mediastinal exploration occurred in 46 (22%), and
      mediastinal exploration only was performed in 12 (6%). There was no perioperative
      mortality; permanent hypoparathyroidism developed in 33 patients (16%), and six
      patients (2.9%) suffered permanent unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Anatomically,
      the most frequent site to find a missed parathyroid adenoma was in the normal
      location. The large majority of these glands were removed through a cervical
      incision although, on occasion, they were retracted from the anterior superior
      mediastinum or the low tracheoesophageal space. These data confirm that
      reoperative parathyroid surgery can be performed safely, with a rather high
      degree of success, but too-frequently results in a lifetime morbidity of
      hypoparathyroidism.

PMID- 2900582
TI  - [Reinterventions for hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine adenopathy].
AB  - Six out of a series of 10 patients with hyperparathyroidism associated with an
      MEA type I syndrome were treated by subtotal parathyroidectomy with resulting
      normocalcaemia over a follow-up time of one to 7 years. Three patients with
      repeated previously unsuccessful operations underwent total parathyroidectomy
      with simultaneous autotransplantation. The first type of operation remains our
      first choice, while the radical approach with forearm transplantation is reserved
      only for recurrent surgery for various reasons.

PMID- 2900583
TI  - Insulinoma: the value of intraoperative ultrasonography.
AB  - Ideally, surgical exploration for insulinomas would be met with uniform success
      in both finding and removing the tumor, incurring no postoperative mortality or
      morbidity. In reality, however, insulinomas remain undetected by even experienced
      surgeons in 10 to 20% of patients, including present-day series. Additionally,
      postoperative complications may occur in 10 to 25% of patients, principally
      related to the pancreatic dissection. Although dispensing with any attempt to
      preoperatively localize the tumor has been advocated, most authors agree that
      localization efforts are necessary and helpful. To review the results and
      surgical implications of current localization techniques, 41 adult patients who
      were surgically treated for insulinomas at the Mayo Clinic from 1980 through June
      1987, were reviewed. Tumor size ranged from 5 mm to 4 cm, and the sensitivity of
      tumor localization using arteriography, computed tomography, preoperative and
      intraoperative ultrasonography were 55%, 27%, 59%, and 90%, respectively. Since
      the introduction of intraoperative ultrasonography into our clinical practice in
      1982, all 29 of our adult patients' insulinomas have been identified with a
      combination of this technique and palpation by an experienced surgeon. There were
      no false positive interpretations with intraoperative ultrasonography, and tumors
      were imaged in four patients that were not palpable. In 18 of these 29 (62%)
      patients, the information gleaned from the images appeared to influence the
      surgical management. While there is no substitute for exploration by an
      experienced surgeon, his ability is enhanced by the addition of both preoperative
      and intraoperative ultrasonography.

PMID- 2900584
TI  - [Ofloxacin in therapy of "resistant" duodenal ulcer. A pilot study].
AB  - Since its description in 1983 Campylobacter pylori (C.p.) has been discussed as
      possible pathogenic factor at least in duodenal ulcer disease. The therapeutic
      combination of H2-receptor-antagonists (= H2-RA) and ofloxacin (Tarivid) has
      shown to heal resistant duodenal ulcers in some preliminary cases, which did not
      respond to a three month standard dosage treatment with H2-RA. This paper
      describes the results of twelve patients whose duodenal ulcers were resistant to
      H2-RA. C.p. was detected in all patients before therapy. The combined treatment
      with ofloxacin and H2-RA healed the duodenal ulcers within 2 weeks in 6 patients,
      within 4 weeks in 2, and within 6 weeks in 4 patients as proven by fortnightly
      performed endoscopic controls. At the end of therapy C.p. was not detected in 11
      of 12 patients. The MIC's of ofloxacin for C.p. ranged from 0.5-1 microgram/ml in
      six investigated patients. The results suggest a possible pathogenic role of C.p.
      in duodenal ulcer disease.

PMID- 2900585
TI  - [Treatment of chronic non-secretory diarrhea in ileostomy with the long-acting
      somatostatin analog SMS 201-995].
AB  - A patient with chronic refractory non-secretory diarrhea following ileostomy was
      treated with the long acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995. Under treatment
      with somatostatin stool weights were drastically reduced and electrolyte
      dysbalance was normalized within a few days. This case report shows that
      somatostatin is also therapeutically effective in non-secretory diarrhea.

PMID- 2900586
TI  - Modern screening strategies in analytical toxicology with special regard to new
      benzodiazepines.
AB  - Screening procedures for the detection of toxicologically relevant substances
      have become of ever-increasing importance due to the rapid development of new
      substances. Identification methods must be simple, sensitive, and practicable.
      This article describes standardized chromatographical (corrected Rcf values,
      retention indices) and immunological methods (enzyme-multiplied immunoassay
      technique, fluorescent polarization immunoassay) with special regard to the
      screening of some newer benzodiazepines, a class of substances that is still
      expanding. Some of these new compounds may be integrated in well-known screening
      procedures (via aminobenzophenones and detection by the Bratton-Marshall
      reagent); others require special concepts for detection. The problems are
      indicated and discussed, including the use of high-pressure-liquid chromatography
      and mass spectrometry; recommendations are given.

PMID- 2900588
TI  - Effects of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, and
      idazoxan on sympathetic blood flow control in the periodontal ligament of the
      cat.
AB  - Blood flow changes in the periodontal ligament (PDL) were measured indirectly by
      monitoring the local clearance of 125I- during electric sympathetic nerve
      stimulation or close intra-arterial infusions of either noradrenaline (NA) or
      adrenaline (ADR) before and after administration of phentolamine (PA),
      phenoxybenzamine (PBZ), or Idazoxan (RX). At the doses used in the present study,
      PA was the only antagonist that significantly reduced the blood flow decrease
      seen on activation of sympathetic fibers, although PBZ also reduced this
      response. Idazoxan, however, did not induce the consistent effect on blood flow
      decreases seen on sympathetic activation. All three alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonists almost abolished the effects of exogenously administered NA and ADR.
      The results suggest the presence of functional post-junctional adrenoceptors of
      both the alpha 1 and alpha 2 subtypes in the sympathetic regulation of blood flow
      in the PDL of the cat. A component of the response elicited by electrical
      sympathetic stimulation appeared to be resistant to alpha-adrenoceptor blockade.
      Administration of guanethidine (which inhibits further release of NA and
      neuropeptide Y) after PA abolished this residual sympathetic response.

PMID- 2900589
TI  - [Alloplastic replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament in chronic instability
      -indications and technic].
AB  - Since August 1980, missing or no longer present cruciate ligament structures have
      been replaced in many patients suffering from chronic instability of knee-joint
      ligaments, by an implanted ligament made from Trevira hochfest. 158 operations of
      this kind were supervised by the author. Although results have been good so far,
      the indication for such an operation should be extremely restricted. The isolated
      replacement of the anterior cruciate ligaments in chronic instability is an ideal
      application field. Detailed attention is given to the implantation technique
      aiming at restoring permanent stability.

PMID- 2900587
TI  - Neuropathology of Rett syndrome.
AB  - Rett syndrome is an increasingly recognized progressive disorder in females,
      commencing in infancy and characterized by autistic behavior, gait ataxia,
      stereotyped movements, seizures and generalized growth and mental retardation,
      possibly associated with disorders of central biogenic amine synthesis. The gene
      locus and pathogenesis of Rett syndrome are unknown. Autopsy studies in nine
      girls dying between 4 and 17 years, and sural nerve and muscle biopsies from two
      girls aged 3 and 17 years showed: (1) diffuse cortical atrophy/micrencephaly,
      with a decrease in brain weight by 12% to 34% of age-matched controls, apparently
      related to the duration of the disorder; (2) mild diffuse cortical atrophy with
      increased amounts of neuronal lipofuscin and occasional mild gliosis, but without
      signs of a storage disorder; (3) underpigmentation of the zona compacta nigrae,
      which showed fewer well-pigmented neurons for age and fewer melanin granules per
      neuron, while total numbers of nigral neurons and the substructure of
      neuromelanin were normal for age. No pathological changes were seen in other
      transmitter-specific brain stem nuclei; (4) immunoreactivity for tyrosine
      hydroxylase was slightly reduced in nigral and hypothalamic neurons, and the
      pituitary gland showed decreased immunoreaction for prolactin and growth hormone;
      (5) ultrastructurally, in frontal cortex and caudate nucleus, isolated abnormal
      neurites and reactive or degenerative axonal swellings were seen; the latter are
      possibly related to the nigral changes, suggesting some dysfunction of the
      dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, which is supported by neurochemical data; (6)
      preliminary biochemical studies revealed increased beta-endorphines in thalamus
      and cerebellum; (7) peripheral nerves demonstrated increase in small fibers
      without demyelination and increased numbers of neurofilaments in axons,
      suggesting distal axonopathy, while skeletal muscle showed alterations in the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum with circular profiles in the Z-filaments. These
      nonspecific changes may be interpreted as early signs of denervation. The variety
      of lesions in the central, neuroendocrine and peripheral neuromuscular systems in
      Rett syndrome are discussed with regard to their clinical and biochemical
      significance.

PMID- 2900590
TI  - [Assessment of axis deviation following tibial intramedullary nailing in the
      standard roentgen image].
AB  - Evaluation of 87 fixations of the lower leg revealed that standard x-ray film
      safely enables accurate determination of defective axial and lateral positioning.
      Assessment of rotatory malpositioning is unsafe and not likely to yield accurate
      results. The only possibility is to take the x-ray film of the fixed foot; this
      enables conclusions from measurements performed on the x-ray film with the metal
      still implanted and the fixation still in place, as reference parameters.
      Detailed analysis of the x-ray films, however, revealed even further results:
      delayed and disturbed healing of bone fractures can be detected early from the
      mechanical measurement data on the x-ray film, so that correction of the fixation
      nail can be made well in time. Cases treated in this way healed properly and in a
      well-adjusted manner. Corrections performed with the fixation nail were
      pseudoarthroses (5 cases), 4 of which healed without complications whereas one
      healed after removal of the nail and conservative aftercare. Fractures in the
      distal part of the lower leg seem to be particularly critical. Because of the
      close proximity of the ankle joint, unsatisfactory stability will result if the
      nail end is too short.

PMID- 2900591
TI  - [Principles of intramedullary nailing of the femur and tibia].
AB  - The interlocking nail technique is a perfected method to stabilise even complex
      shaft fractures of tibia and femur. There are some advantages of this technique
      compared with Kuntscher's intramedullary nailing, such as avoidance of
      telescoping and rotation of the fragments. In view of the principles of
      interlocking nailing and some hints on indication, as given here, the orthopaedic
      surgeon will obtain good results in the treatment of shaft fractures when
      proceeding as described.

PMID- 2900592
TI  - [Bundle nailing--an evaluation after 27 years].
AB  - The development of modern osteosynthetic procedures has made the use of bundle
      nailing uncommon. Bundle nailing is restricted to extraordinary situations, but
      when indication is correct, it is superior to alternative procedures. From a
      current viewpoint only two indications remain: one are the fractures of the
      humeral shaft which cannot be treated conservatively, and the second are
      fractures of the femur in children if serious complications endanger conservative
      treatment. Simple instruments and implants as well as simple technique produce
      excellent results in the hands of experienced surgeons even if seldom performed.
      The rate of relevant complications for the above mentioned indications was 0.91%
      in a total of 560 bundle nailings; those were complications which either led to
      reoperation or negative effects on function.

PMID- 2900594
TI  - [Polytrauma and femoral fracture].
AB  - From 1976 to 1986 1.003 polytraumatized patients were treated at our institution.
      88% had suffered fractures of spine, pelvis and limbs. Of particular relevance
      are the femoral fractures (36% of all cases) in the management of those patients.
      In not adequately immobilized femoral fractures the rate of general and local
      complications in this group is elevated. Impaired microcirculation and the
      required high doses of analgesics can lead to an increased risk of eventually
      lethal ARDS. From 1976 to 1983 we used the conventional approach and stabilized
      femoral fractures using plates and IM nails. Due to the time required for the
      operation, the eventual blood loss and the invasiveness of the operation, we
      could operate only on 44% of the femoral fractures within the first 24 hours. In
      1984 we introduced the DAF device in our service and used it in compound femurs
      and unstable patients with femoral fractures. In the other cases the locking nail
      (GK Nail) was used. With this concept we managed to increase the rate of surgery
      of femoral fractures in polytrauma victims within the first 24 hours to 80%.
      Further assessment of the date showed a significant drop of 27.3% in mortality,
      mainly due to a decreased rate in late ARDS-related deaths. The advantage of the
      DAF concept in the stabilization of these fractures in polytrauma victims we see
      in the less time consuming fixation, the minimal blood loss, easier ICU care and
      fewer local complications. The DAF device is used as a definitive management tool
      and does not generally require a change to another method of fixation.

PMID- 2900593
TI  - [Indications and osteosynthesis procedures in humeral shaft fractures].
AB  - In the therapy of fractures of the humeral shaft, the individual patient's total
      condition should be taken into consideration when selecting the adequate method
      of treatment. Conservative treatment of humeral shaft fractures is still
      preferred, and Sarmiento's functional therapy has expanded the therapeutic
      possibilities. The decision for operative treatment is clarified by dividing the
      indications into the following categories: absolute, relative and recommended
      indications. In order to reduce complication rates and to ensure stability, we
      chose among three osteosynthetic procedures: 1. Bundle nailing. 2. Compression
      plate. 3. Fixateur externe (De Bastiani's mono-fixateur). In simple fractures of
      the shaft, bundle nailing is an effective and low-risk treatment. Compression
      plate is indicated in the presence of radial nerve palsy and in very distal shaft
      fractures. In open fractures and fractures with accompanying blood vessel damage,
      we favour stabilization with the De Bastiani's unilateral fixateur externe.

PMID- 2900595
TI  - [Results of surgical treatment of pelvic fractures in polytraumatized patients].
AB  - High-speed accidents involving automobiles and two-wheeled vehicles with
      resultant entrapment and crush injuries have led to an ever-increasing incidence
      of pelvic fracture within the realm of multiple trauma. Between the years 1982
      and 1986 ninety-eight cases of pelvic fracture were operatively stabilised by the
      Department of Surgery and the Outpatient Department of the Technical University,
      Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, West Germany. This paper is a report on fifty
      five of these patients who were discovered to have suffered additional
      multitrauma. Independent from those patients found to have sustained
      multitraumatisation, twenty-four cases of isolated acetabulum fracture as well as
      four instances of pelvic ring fracture and one fracture of the pelvic brim were
      also documented. Combinations of the above mentioned fractures were uncovered in
      twenty-six patients. With fifty-four of the fracture injuries, osteosynthesis was
      carried out while in one case primary alloarthroplasty was deemed necessary.
      Following a mean post-treatment period of twenty-six months forty-five of the
      patients were objectively evaluated for results of treatment according to the
      methodology of Merle d'Aubigne. 70% of those patients assessed were rated with a
      "good" result. At the time of follow-up thirty-five (78%) of the forty-five
      reexamined individuals reported to be once again employed. Early operative
      treatment along with internal stabilisation and prompt initiation of
      physiotherapy have proved decisive in obtaining a favourable postoperative
      result.

PMID- 2900596
TI  - [Use of arthrosonography in the diagnosis of Tossy injuries of the shoulder
      joint].
AB  - In a pilot study specificity and sensibility of ultrasonics on Tossy III lesions
      were tested, and that in 20 cases of guaranteed intact acromioclavicular joints
      and 22 cases of radiologically diagnosed Tossy III lesions with a following
      operative control. Additionally in these 22 cases the contralateral
      acromioclavicular joints were also examined by ultrasonics. All examinations were
      registered on video tape. With it in a single blind test the exact diagnosis was
      made in all cases. The diagnosis was based on ultrasonic findings as visible
      instability, unevenness of the joint line, haematoma formation with ligament
      stumps. Compared to radiologic diagnostics ultrasonics do not demand cooperative
      patients or special postures for the examination. A proved accuracy in the
      diagnosis and the capability of further extension of this technique are of
      clinical importance. A differentiation of various grades of Tossy lesions is
      possible.

PMID- 2900597
TI  - [Subcapital correcting humerus osteotomy in post-traumatic malposition of the
      humerus head].

PMID- 2900598
TI  - New ranitidine analogues containing the 2-aminobenzimidazole moiety: in vivo and
      in vitro histamine H2-receptor blocking activity.
AB  - The paper reports the pharmacological profile of a new series of ranitidine
      analogues in which the diaminonitroethene group is replaced by the 2-amino-5(6)
      substituted and unsubstituted benzimidazole moieties. These derivatives show a
      histamine H2-receptor blocking activity comparable to that of the model both in
      vitro (KB on atria 0.16-1.15 microM) and in vivo (ID50 on the perfused stomach of
      the anaesthetized rat from 0.34 to 4.10 mumol kg-1 i.v.). The results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that, at least in the ranitidine analogues, the
      "urea equivalent" moiety may be replaced by a polar group partially ionized at
      physiological pH without loss of H2-blocking activity.

PMID- 2900600
TI  - A symposium: Focus on heart failure--current experiences in basic research and
      clinical studies on dopexamine hydrochloride (Dopacard). September 12-13, 1987,
      Paris, France. Proceedings.

PMID- 2900599
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa: an unusual cause of facial pain and swelling.

PMID- 2900601
TI  - The functional importance of beta 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors in the human heart.
AB  - Radioligand binding studies have demonstrated convincingly the coexistence of
      beta 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors in the human heart. Both subtypes are involved in
      the increase in tissue levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in isolated,
      electrically driven, human right atria and in the activation of adenylate cyclase
      in human cardiac membrane preparations. In isolated, electrically driven strips
      of human right atria, isoproterenol increased contractile force through
      stimulation of both beta 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors, while the selective beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonist, procaterol, caused its positive inotropic effect
      predominantly through beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation. Norepinephrine, however,
      increased contractile force solely via beta 1-adrenoceptor stimulation. In this
      preparation, dobutamine also acted as a full agonist, producing a positive
      inotropic effect through stimulation of both beta-adrenoceptor subtypes.
      Dopexamine hydrochloride, on the other hand, having an approximately 10-fold
      greater affinity for right atrial beta 2 than for beta 1 adrenoceptors, acted as
      a partial agonist (maximal positive inotropic effect: about 30% that of
      isoproterenol). Similar effects have been obtained in human right and left
      ventricular strips; thus, there can be no doubt that cardiac beta 2 adrenoceptors
      can contribute to the positive inotropic effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists in
      the human heart. Besides mediating positive inotropic effects, right atrial beta
      2 adrenoceptors may be involved in the regulation of heart rate since, in healthy
      volunteers, the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118,551, was more
      potent than the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, bisoprolol, in
      antagonizing isoproterenol-induced tachycardia, when both antagonists were
      administered in doses that selectively occupied more than 90% of beta 2 and beta
      1 adrenoceptors, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900602
TI  - An introduction to the pharmacologic properties of Dopacard (dopexamine
      hydrochloride).
AB  - Dopexamine hydrochloride (Dopacard) has been developed as a peripherally acting
      dopamine receptor agonist with afterload reducing properties for use in the acute
      management of low cardiac output states. Dopexamine hydrochloride is one-third as
      potent as dopamine in stimulating DA1 receptors but 60 times as potent as a beta
      2-adrenoceptor agonist. Unlike dopamine, it is a weak beta 1-adrenoceptor agonist
      and does not stimulate vascular alpha adrenoceptors. Its stimulant properties at
      vascular DA1 receptors and at vascular beta 2 adrenoceptors endow it with the
      ability to improve renal blood flow and to increase cardiac output secondary to
      afterload reduction. In addition, mild positive inotropic activity arises from
      stimulation of cardiac beta 2 adrenoceptors, potentiation of endogenous
      norepinephrine due to uptake-1 blockade, and activation of the baroreceptor
      reflex. Other features of dopexamine hydrochloride that should enhance its
      clinical use are lack of arrhythmogenicity and rapid responsiveness to
      alterations in infusion rate.

PMID- 2900603
TI  - Antiarrhythmic strategies for the chronic management of supraventricular
      tachycardias.

PMID- 2900604
TI  - Spontaneous mutation in the male gamete as a cause of hemophilia A: clarification
      of a case using DNA probes.
AB  - The carrier status of two sisters of the mother of a hemophilic boy was clarified
      by the use of DNA probes in a family with a single case of hemophilia A and no
      family history of the disease. The extragenic polymorphic site demonstrated by
      probe DX13 (locus DXS15) and the intragenic polymorphic site demonstrated by BgI
      I digestion and a factor VIII partial cDNA probe indicated that the mother of the
      index case carried a mutation in the X-chromosome received from her nonhemophilic
      father rather than the X-chromosome received from her mother. In spite of
      equivocal coagulation data, the mother's two sisters were shown not to be
      carriers of hemophilia A.

PMID- 2900605
TI  - Synaptic behavior of myenteric neurons in guinea pig distal colon.
AB  - Intracellular recording methods were used in vitro to analyze the synaptic
      behavior of neurons in myenteric ganglia of guinea pig distal colon. Fast
      excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were observed in a variety of types of
      colonic neurons. Both spontaneous and stimulus-evoked EPSPs were abolished or
      suppressed by addition of hexamethonium, tetrodotoxin, or elevation of Mg2+ and
      reduction of Ca2+ in the bathing medium. Individual neurons usually received
      inputs from several fiber tracts and multiple EPSPs were sometimes evoked by
      electrical stimulation of single-fiber tracts. Stimulus-evoked fast EPSPs were
      always of greater amplitude, longer duration, and longer decay time than were
      spontaneous fast EPSPs in the same neurons. No rundown of the fast EPSPs occurred
      during prolonged stimulation at frequencies up to 10 Hz. Repetitive stimulation
      evoked slow depolarizing potentials (slow EPSPs) in 25% of the neurons.
      Characteristics of the slow EPSPs were 1) slow rise times, 2) duration in the
      seconds time domain, 3) enhanced excitability, 4) increased input resistance, and
      5) reduction of hyperpolarizing after-potentials. In general, the variety of
      synaptic potentials and the properties of the events were the same as found in
      myenteric neurons of the guinea pig small bowel. Compared with synaptic behavior
      of small intestinal myenteric neurons, the notable differences were absence of
      the rundown phenomenon for fast EPSPs in the colonic neurons and a greater
      incidence of spontaneously occurring fast EPSPs.

PMID- 2900606
TI  - Mechanism of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist-induced diuresis.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to assess the mechanism of the
      diuretic effect of B-HT 933, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. In
      conscious Sprague-Dawley rats whose plasma vasopressin (AVP) levels were
      increased by infusion of hypertonic NaCl, B-HT 933 had no effect on AVP
      secretion. In Brattleboro homozygous (DI) rats, the antidiuretic dose response to
      AVP was shifted to the right by B-HT 933. In addition, a sustained antidiuresis
      induced in rats by infusion of 10 pg/min AVP was attenuated by B-HT 933 in a
      concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of DI rats with pertussis toxin (2
      micrograms/kg iv) 4-5 days before testing abolished the inhibitory effect of B-HT
      933 on AVP-induced antidiuresis. In outer medullary collecting ducts of DI rats,
      norepinephrine and B-HT 933 produced significant inhibition of AVP-stimulated
      adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. In contrast, the
      selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist cirazoline had no effect on AVP-induced
      cAMP formation. The inhibitory effect of norepinephrine was antagonized by the
      selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine but not by prazosin, a
      selective alpha 1-antagonist. In outer medullary collecting ducts dissected from
      the pertussis toxin-treated DI rats used in the in vivo studies, the inhibitory
      effect of norepinephrine and B-HT 933 on AVP-stimulated cAMP accumulation was
      abolished. The results indicate that the hydrosmotic action of AVP is inhibited
      by alpha 2-agonists via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism.

PMID- 2900607
TI  - Neural control of shark rectal gland.
AB  - Veratrum alkaloids stimulated salt secretion by the isolated perfused rectal
      gland of Squalus acanthias. Stimulation by veratrine was prevented by the nerve
      channel blockers tetrodotoxin and procaine and was not evident in a preparation
      of dispersed rectal gland cells. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like
      immunoreactivity was detected by histological techniques in neuronal tissue
      within the rectal gland. Veratrine stimulation caused the release of
      immunoreactive VIP into the venous effluent of perfused glands. The stimulatory
      action of veratrine was inhibited by somatostatin, another neuropeptide known to
      be present in nerves of Squalus rectal gland. These findings suggest the
      likelihood of neural modulation of rectal gland function.

PMID- 2900608
TI  - Recovery of neuromuscular function and postoperative morbidity following blockade
      by atracurium, alcuronium and vecuronium.
AB  - Recovery of neuromuscular function and postoperative morbidity were studied in 51
      fit female patients who had nonemergency gynaecological laparoscopy as
      inpatients. They were allocated randomly to one of three groups to receive either
      atracurium 0.31 mg/kg, alcuronium 0.25 mg/kg, or vecuronium 0.06 mg/kg as part of
      an otherwise standard anaesthetic technique. There were neither differences in
      intubation conditions nor in the occurrence of postoperative diplopia whichever
      muscle relaxant was used. Deficits in grip strength and expiratory force were
      seen at one hour after reversal with atropine 1.2 mg and neostigmine 2.5 mg in
      all patients, deficits which persisted for 3 hours in those who received
      alcuronium. The recovery of inspiratory force was slower and less complete at up
      to 3 hours in those who received alcuronium and there was a high incidence of
      minor postoperative morbidity at up to 24 hours in each of the three groups. The
      only statistical difference in symptomatic morbidity was an increase in muscle
      weakness in those who received alcuronium compared with atracurium at 3 hours
      after laparoscopy. Only 25%, 20% and 31% of the patients who received atracurium,
      alcuronium and vecuronium respectively said that they would have liked to be day
      stay patients.

PMID- 2900609
TI  - Suxamethonium for penetrating eye injuries.

PMID- 2900610
TI  - The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of vecuronium in patients anesthetized
      with isoflurane with normal renal function or with renal failure.
AB  - The duration of action and the pharmacokinetics of vecuronium were compared in
      patients with and without renal function. Twenty patients were studied: 12 with
      renal failure who were to receive kidney transplants from cadaveric donors, and
      eight with normal renal function. After oral premedication with diazepam, 10 mg,
      anesthesia was induced with thiopental, 4 mg/kg iv, and maintained with the
      inhalation of 60% nitrous oxide and 0.9-1.1% isoflurane, end-tidal concentration,
      in 40% oxygen. The force of thumb adduction in response to supramaximal ulnar
      nerve stimulation was monitored and recorded. An intravenous bolus of vecuronium,
      0.1 mg/kg, was administered after 15 min of a stable end-tidal isoflurane
      concentration, as measured by mass spectrometry. Venous blood was then sampled at
      frequent intervals for 4 h following the bolus. Vecuronium concentrations in
      plasma were quantified by a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic assay.
      Data were analyzed by nonlinear least squares regression and described by a two
      compartment model. The duration of neuromuscular blockade was longer in patients
      with renal failure than in those with normal renal function. This increased
      duration may be related to both a decreased plasma clearance and a prolonged
      elimination half-life of vecuronium in the renal failure group.

PMID- 2900611
TI  - The effect of two genes on anesthetic response in the nematode Caenorhabditis
      elegans.
AB  - The authors studied the wild type strain, N2, and three mutant strains of the
      nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, in order to measure genetically produced
      changes in responses to nine volatile anesthetics. They determined the anesthetic
      ED50s of N2 for thiomethoxyflurane, methoxyflurane, chloroform, halothane,
      enflurane, isoflurane, fluroxene, flurothyl, and diethylether. The log-log
      relationship of the oil-gas partition coefficients (O/G) and the ED50s of these
      agents for N2 yields a straight line with a slope of -.997 with a R2 of .98 over
      a range of O/G (at 37 degrees C) from 48 to 7230. When the O/Gs are corrected to
      22 degrees C, the slope is -.964 with an R2 of .98. This relationship is similar
      to that found in other animals. Two mutant strains, unc-79 and unc-80, show
      altered responses to these anesthetics. These strains are two to three times more
      sensitive than N2 to anesthetics with an O/G greater than that of halothane (220
      at 37 degrees C), yet they differ little from N2 in response to anesthetics with
      lower O/Gs. unc-79 and unc-80 are about 30% more sensitive than N2 to
      diethylether. The double mutant unc-79; unc-80 is more sensitive to halothane,
      isoflurane, and fluroxene than is either mutant alone. The authors believe these
      data indicate an alteration at the site of action of volatile anesthetics in unc
      79 and unc-80. They also postulate that the interaction of unc-79 and unc-80
      indicate these genes code for enzymes in a common pathway, and that unc-79
      precedes unc-80 in this pathway.

PMID- 2900612
TI  - Postoperative neuromuscular blockade: a comparison between atracurium,
      vecuronium, and pancuronium.

PMID- 2900613
TI  - [Effect of ganglionic blockaders on hemodynamics during eye surgery under local
      anesthesia].

PMID- 2900614
TI  - Pressor responses from noncardioselective beta-blockers.
AB  - This study reviews more than fifty papers dealing with pressor responses from
      noncardioselective beta-blockers. It is concluded that the responses are usually
      mild. They occur mainly in situations of increased sympathetic activity.
      Therefore some patients seem to be at risk, eg, patients with unstable diabetes
      type 1, sportsmen performing isometric exercise, and heavy smokers. In
      orthostatic hypotension, noncardioselective beta-blockers may be beneficial.
      Cardiac output tends, however, to decrease, and patients with orthostatic
      hypotension will probably not benefit from this effect.

PMID- 2900616
TI  - Cystic fibrosis: recent advances in genetics and molecular biology.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal hereditary disease of Caucasians,
      occurring once for every 2,000 live births. One out of 20 persons in the United
      States white population is a heterozygous carrier. An autosomal recessive pattern
      of inheritance is well established. The disease affects the respiratory and
      digestive tracts most severely. Despite the clearcut hereditary nature of the
      disease, insight into the biochemistry of CF has been almost totally lacking
      until very recently. New evidence strongly indicates that abnormal chloride ion
      transportation underlies the clinical manifestations. Recent advances in
      molecular genetics have established that the CF disease gene is located on the
      long arm of chromosome 7. Several restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLP) markers are closely linked to the CF gene. These markers permit antenatal
      testing of samples from fetuses at risk for CF with a high probability of disease
      prediction. One laboratory has isolated a desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence
      from chromosome 7 which is a candidate for the CF gene itself. A protein called
      the CF antigen is coded by a gene on chromosome 1. Patients with CF and carriers
      have abnormally high serum levels of this protein. In the normal state, the
      product of the CF gene on chromosome 7 may interact with the product of the gene
      on chromosome 1, enabling its normal catabolism and function. The structure of
      the CF antigen suggests that it may regulate ion transport.

PMID- 2900615
TI  - [How should a toxic accident be treated?].
AB  - Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity is a rare but often dramatic complication of
      regional anaesthesia. Convulsions often follow warning signs, easily recognized
      when looked for; but they may occur from the first. They are rapidly followed by
      hypoxia and hypercapnia which greatly enhance the risk of severe cardiac
      depression, mainly with bupivacaine or etidocaine. Thiopentone is able to stop
      convulsions quickly, but may further depress the cardiovascular system. Diazepam
      has been shown to be effective in the treatment of local anaesthetic-induced
      convulsions. It gives less myocardial depression, but is much slower in effect.
      Midazolam, a new short-acting benzodiazepine, should be the best choice. Should
      tracheal intubation become necessary, suxamethonium can be used. Indeed, the
      principal use of these drugs is to make ventilation easier, so as to restore
      rapidly correct oxygenation. Severe cardiac depression, often leading to cardiac
      arrest, may occur from the first or after the appearance of convulsions. It
      generally follows a regional block carried out with bupivacaine. A few
      antiarrhythmic drugs have been used to treat ventricular arrhythmias, either in
      experimental studies (lidocaine, bretylium) or after clinical accidents
      (lidocaine). Their efficacy and innocuity have to be proved before they can be
      proposed to treat these accidents. Bradycardia only needs treatment with atropine
      when it causes severe haemodynamic disturbances. When cardiac arrest occurs,
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation must be carried out; its mainstays are: oxygen,
      sodium bicarbonate, adrenaline, calcium and perhaps glucagon. This must be
      continued for a long time, as late successes have been published.

PMID- 2900618
TI  - [Medullary cancer of the thyroid. Apropos of 20 years' experience in France].
AB  - The majority (1013) of cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid observed in
      France in the last twenty years have been registered in a national file. Once
      overcome the difficulty of diagnosing the index case, all first degree parents at
      least should undergo a pentagastrin stimulation test and calcitonin estimation.
      Though such a policy involves difficulties of several types, it has resulted in
      the detection of 203 cases belonging to 61 families. 29 families suffered only
      from isolated MCT; in the 32 other families this cancer was a part of
      polyendocrinopathies of type 2a (28 cases) or type 2b (4 cases). The tumour was
      apparently of the sporadic type in 208 subjects. In 602 other cases the data were
      insufficient for a correct classification. An epidemiological enquiry of the
      disease is in progress since 1986. Though the number of complete files analysed
      is still insufficient, this study will be essential in understanding the natural
      history of the disease, the causes of its heterogeneity and in deducing
      eventually preventive measures even if in meantime a genetic marker is available.

PMID- 2900617
TI  - Effects of peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids on mitochondrial function and
      structure: pathogenetic implications for Reye's syndrome.
AB  - Linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is a constituent of margosa oil
      which has been implicated as a cause of Reye's syndrome (RS) in infants.
      Increased concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found in sera
      from patients with RS. Isolated rat liver mitochondria exposed to the peroxidized
      (but not unperoxidized) methyl esters of linoleic (C18:2) or linolenic (C18:3)
      acids showed decreases in state 3 and uncoupled respiratory rates and in
      respiratory control and ADP/O ratios. In addition, they caused mitochondrial
      swelling as demonstrated spectrophotometrically. Between the two, the peroxidized
      methyl ester of linolenic acid was more toxic and was capable of inducing high
      amplitude swelling ultrastructurally similar to that seen in the hepatocytes of
      RS victims. The ability of rat liver mitochondria to oxidize glutamate was
      inversely related to the peroxide concentration in the medium. This accords with
      the reports of reduced glutamic dehydrogenase activities in the livers of both
      patients with Reye's syndrome and rats treated with margosa oil.

PMID- 2900619
TI  - [Endocrine polyadenomatosis of 2a type (MEN 2a). Clinical and genetic study of a
      family].
AB  - In a large kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a (MEN 2a) (137
      members, 5 generations), bilateral thyroid medullary carcinoma was found in all
      affected members. Pheochromocytoma was present in 59% of the cases, and was
      responsible at least for 4 out the 5 deaths related to MEN 2a.
      Hyperparathyroidism was less frequent (41%). Family screening leads to a
      reduction in age for diagnosis and to an improvement in the prevalence of
      complete healing after surgery. Linkage between HLA loci and a dominant gene for
      MEN 2a was investigated in this kindred. Lod scores for recombination fraction
      were all negative (-0.47 for a recombination fraction of 0.05). These results
      comfort the lack of linkage between MEN 2a and the HLA complex.

PMID- 2900620
TI  - [Tumor markers of medullary cancer of the thyroid body. Basic and endocrine
      aspects].
AB  - MTC is characterized by multiple humoral and hormonal manifestations. Although
      calcitonin is the specific marker of the disease, somatostatin, the pro
      opiomelanocortin derived peptides and bombesin--among hormones produced by the
      tumor--can represent an exacerbation of normal C cells potentialities through
      genome derepression induced by the cancer. In this paper, the functional
      polymorphism of princeps tumoral markers and the endocrinological aspects of this
      neoplasia are reviewed. Molecular biology has been instrumental in discovering
      new tumoral peptides ("ancestral" CT forms, cryptic peptide and CGRP) and methods
      of CT detection; therefore, the role of CT could be better evaluated. In addition
      to its calciotropic role, CT acts also as a neuromodulator on some hypophyseal
      hormones. Conversely, CT secretion is also regulated by amines and neuropeptides,
      providing the basis of potential hormonal treatment.

PMID- 2900621
TI  - [The genetics of medullary cancer of the thyroid].
AB  - 10% of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma have a family history of this
      cancer. The genetic nature is much more marked in the associations known by the
      name of multiple endocrine neoplasms (MEN) type II. Type IIa is compatible with
      autosomal dominant inheritance. The clinical symptoms may be revealed later, but
      the response of calcitonin to pentagastrin should allow the diagnosis of all
      carriers of the gene before the age of 35 years. The incomplete nature of
      clinical penetrance (probably 80%) may lead to errors of omission in the
      screening. The disease appears to be less aggressive in certain lines, without
      any explanation at the present time. The locus of MEN is probably on chromosome
      10, in the centromere region or nearby on the long arm. The mechanism of
      tumourigenesis has not yet been elucidated. Hopefully, in the near future,
      reliable markers for the identification of children at risk will be available
      together with an understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of the disease.

PMID- 2900622
TI  - Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations in pathologically graded cases of
      Huntington's disease.
AB  - Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations have previously been reported to
      be increased in the basal ganglia in Huntington's disease (HD). In the present
      study we have extended these findings by examining both somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity (SLI) and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPYLI) in cases
      of HD, which were graded according to the severity of pathological degeneration
      in the striatum. In addition, we surveyed a large number of subcortical nuclei
      and cortical regions for alterations. Both SLI and NPYLI were significantly
      increased about threefold in the caudate, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens.
      Increases in mild and severe grades were similar, which is consistent with a
      relative but not absolute sparing of striatal aspiny neurons in which
      somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are colocalized. Significant increases of NPYLI
      were also found in the external pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
      compacta, claustrum, anterior and dorsomedial thalamus, bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis, and locus ceruleus. SLI was significantly increased in the external
      pallidum, red nucleus, and locus ceruleus. Measurements of both neuropeptides
      were made in 24 regions of the cerebral cortex. Significant increases in both
      NPYLI and SLI were found in the frontal cortex (Brodmann areas 6, 8, 9, 10, 11,
      and 45) and temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21), whereas NPYLI was also increased
      in Brodmann areas 12, 20-22, 25, and 42. Alterations in the cerebral cortex were
      as pronounced in cases with mild striatal pathological changes as in those with
      severe striatal pathological changes. These alterations may occur early in HD and
      could reflect a selective sparing of somatostatin-neuropeptide Y cortical neurons
      combined with cortical atrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900623
TI  - DNA and protein polymorphism: application to anthropology and human genetics.
AB  - In this paper, the author analyses the different approaches of the DNA
      polymorphism. Mitochondrial DNA, RFLP haplotypes associated with serum protein
      polymorphism, variability of some small regions of the genome detected by
      minisatellite probes are now well developed and often adapted to population
      analysis. The data gathered are used to build phylogenic or genealogic trees.
      Despite the limited number sampled in these investigations, it is obvious that
      they were obtained to establish a beginning of geographical map distribution of
      the DNA polymorphisms and to answer basic questions in Anthropology. In this
      sense, DNA polymorphism is a new way to obtain a large amount of information not
      available through the different polymorphisms previously performed. Today, the
      interpretation of the data on DNA polymorphism is based on archeological and
      prehistorical hypotheses. It is highly probable that for a long time, no
      phylogenic analysis will be able to determine the step of speciation, the period
      of emergence of primitive man and of his geographical origins. In some fields of
      anthropological investigations, studies on the DNA structure and organisation may
      bring new information on the genetic of skin pigmentation, eye and hair colours,
      body size, etc. But the essential aim of studies on humans cannot exist out of
      multidisciplinary follow up including sociology, biology, linguistics, behaviour
      and economy. Molecular biology of DNA is an additional method from which we can
      learn a lot about human genetic heterogeneity but man is a group, a society, a
      population, a tribe and not a certain amount of allele frequencies.

PMID- 2900624
TI  - Treatment of severe psoriasis with somatostatin: four years of experience.
AB  - Over a period of 4 years, 20 patients suffering from severe forms of psoriasis
      (erythrodermic, sub-erythrodermic, resistant generalized forms and/or forms
      associated with acute arthropathy) were treated with 96 h of continuous i.v.
      infusion of somatostatin (Stilamin, Serono) diluted in D5W at 250 micrograms/h.
      In addition to the usual blood chemistry parameters, circadian levels of growth
      hormone (GH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were measured before, during, and
      after therapy. Approximately 2-3 weeks after termination of therapy,
      erythrodermic and suberythrodermic symptoms had disappeared. In some patients, a
      few lesions of psoriasis vulgaris remained, although they were much less severe.
      Remission of acute arthropathy was impressive. Blood chemistry parameters were
      unchanged after therapy. Circadian levels of GH and EGF, normal before therapy,
      were significantly decreased after therapy. The infusion was well-tolerated.
      Infusion rates of greater than 250 micrograms/h caused only some complaints of
      abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. During the 4 years, erythrodermic symptoms
      reappeared only in seven patients, three of whom were also arthropathic. After 6
      8 months, they underwent a second course of somatostatin therapy with good
      results. The other patients are still able to control their disease with tar
      based products alone or with low-dose 8-methoxypsoralen + UVA (PUVA) or UV
      therapy. The arthropathic patients control their symptoms with periodic low-dose
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy.

PMID- 2900625
TI  - [Congenital heart diseases and urinary malformations].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the advisability of a systematic search
      for uropathy in patients with malformative heart disease. Thirty-three cases of
      urinary tract malformation associated with congenital cardiopathy are reported.
      These cases represent 2.8 p. 100 of all cardiac patients seen during the same
      period. The congenital heart diseases were varied, with a predominance of
      ventricular septal defect (48 p. 100) followed by dextrocardia, single ventricle
      and coarctation of the aorta. UT abnormalities included vesico-ureteral reflux
      (36 p. 100), renal agenesis (5 cases), renal dysplasia or hypoplasia (4 cases),
      upper UT obstruction (4 cases), hypospadias (3 cases), renal ectopia (3 cases),
      lower UT obstruction (2 cases), polycystic kidney, megaloureter, horseshoe kidney
      and supernumerary kidney (1 case each). A study of the literature showed that the
      two uropathies with a risk of associated cardiopathy are renal agenesis and
      horseshoe kidney. The cardiopathy-uropathy association was found in isolation (11
      cases) or combined with cryptorchidism (2 cases) or with multiple malformations
      (20 cases). The malformations were diverse, the most frequent being
      neurosensorial malformations (70 p. 100), followed by skeletal malformations (55
      p. 100) equally divided between apine and limbs, genital malformations (35 p.
      100) and digestive tract malformations (25 p. 100). A study of the cardiopathy
      uropathy concordances failed to elicit any predominant association; in the
      literature, ventricular septal defect is usually associated with horseshoe
      kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900626
TI  - [Postnatal development of somatostatin neurons in the rabbit visual cortex.
      Quantitative and morphological study].

PMID- 2900627
TI  - Beta-blocker effects on sexual function in normal males.
AB  - Among the antihypertensives currently in use, the sympatholytic drugs (e.g.,
      central alpha-agonists, beta-blockers) and diuretics are most commonly associated
      with sexual side effects. Previous reports of sexual dysfunction associated with
      these drugs have been based entirely on retrospective and self-report data. This
      is the first study to date to investigate beta-blocker effects on sexual function
      by means of physiological (NPT), subjective, and hormonal measures. Four beta
      blockers with different ancillary properties (atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol,
      propranolol) were evaluated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, Latin-square
      design. Thirty healthy male volunteers received, in counterbalanced order, each
      of the four drugs and 1 week of placebo testing. Significant drug effects on both
      total and free testosterone were found during treatment with all four beta
      blockers, although it appeared that the nonselective drugs (pindolol,
      propranolol) were associated with the greatest reduction in testosterone. No
      significant effects were found on measures of cortisol or cholesterol. Analysis
      of NPT and self-report data yielded inconclusive results, perhaps due to the
      confounding effects of sleep disruption and the brief duration of treatment in
      this study. Inspection of individual records, however, suggested that some
      subjects may be especially vulnerable to sexual dysfunction in association with
      propranolol.

PMID- 2900628
TI  - [The morphology of amebiasis].
AB  - Amebiasis--a protozoan human disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica--occurs in
      the USSR sporadically in particular geographic regions and in particular
      populations. The paper reports morphologic findings made in patients with
      amebiasis involving the intestine or other organs. In typical cases, amebiasis
      affects the large intestine, particularly the cecum and ascending colon, and has
      the development of distinctive ulcers as its characteristic feature. As the
      disease progresses, these appear in all parts of the large intestine; less
      commonly, the terminal portion of the small intestine is also involved. The most
      frequent complications of amebic colitis are perforation and phlegmon, which
      result in peritonitis. Not infrequently, amebic abscesses arise in the liver or
      other organs through hematogenous dissemination of amebas. Histologic diagnosis
      of amebiasis may be difficult. Recommendations on how to detect amebas and the
      tissue changes peculiar to amebiasis are given.

PMID- 2900629
TI  - [Preventive effects of L-alanine and L-glutamic acid on acute toxicity of
      acetaldehyde in mice].

PMID- 2900630
TI  - HLA B27 positive helicopter pilot with reactive arthritis responsive to
      sulfasalazine.
AB  - An aviator with prolonged right sided low back pain is described. The diagnostic
      workup is presented leading to diagnosis of HLA B27 positive reactive
      sacroiliitis. Trial of sulfasalazine lead to resolution of his pain. The
      spondylarthropathies are briefly reviewed. Implications on his aeromedical status
      are discussed.

PMID- 2900631
TI  - Inherited forms of rickets and osteomalacia.

PMID- 2900632
TI  - Synthesis of human factor XIIIa in bacterial cells.
AB  - The coding sequence for human factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) was introduced into
      Escherichia coli expression vectors. Bacterial cells transformed with the
      recombinant plasmids synthesized fusion proteins of the expected molecular
      weights and the proteins were shown to be immunoreactive with anti-FXIII
      antibodies. Furthermore, with the help of oligodeoxynucleotide synthesis, we
      constructed a plasmid which directs the synthesis of the human FXIIIa protein in
      the unfused form. Sequence determination at the aminoterminus of this protein
      revealed the identical sequence compared to placental FXIIIa. The protein is
      expressed intracellularly in a denatured and biologically inactive form. It
      constitutes approximately 2% of total cellular protein and can easily be purified
      by standard methods.

PMID- 2900633
TI  - Panic, fear reduction and habituation.

PMID- 2900635
TI  - In vitro translation and processing of human hepatoma cell (Hep G2) gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase.
AB  - Human hepatoma cell (Hep G2) gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), a 120 ka
      single-chain glycoprotein, is much larger than the expected precursor of the
      dimeric enzyme in other human tissues. However, the Hep G2 gamma-GT mRNA encodes
      a 63 kDa peptide, similar to that of rat gamma-GT mRNA product and to the
      predicted, unglycosylated precursor of the enzyme in human tissues. Translation
      in presence of dog pancreas microsomes results in processing of the 63 kDa to an
      80 kDa core-glycosylated species which is subsequently cleaved to 58 and 22 kDa
      subunits resembling those in other human tissues. The unusually large Mr of gamma
      GT in Hep G2 would thus seem to be due to further glycosylation and processing in
      the Golgi. A deficiency of the processing protease is the most likely reason for
      the persistence of the single-chain form of gamma-GT in Hep G2 cells.

PMID- 2900636
TI  - Evidence for a FSH dependent secretion of a receptor reactive transforming growth
      factor beta-like material by immature Sertoli cells in primary culture.
AB  - Type beta Transforming Growth Factor (TGF beta)-like activity was identified in
      conditioned medium obtained from immature porcine Sertoli cell-enriched cultures
      using the following criteria: (i) stimulation of anchorage independent growth of
      mesenchymal cell lines, (ii) competition with pure human TGF beta in a
      radioreceptor assay. The secretion of the receptor reactive TGF beta-like
      material in Sertoli cell conditioned medium is decreased to very low or
      undetectable levels by Follicle Stimulating Hormone, one of the major hormones
      involved in the physiological testicular activities. The effects of this factor
      are probably exerted in the context of the local control of the male gonad
      functions.

PMID- 2900634
TI  - Identification of the junction between the glutamine amidotransferase and
      carbamyl phosphate synthetase domains of the mammalian CAD protein.
AB  - The hamster CAD gene encodes a protein that catalyzes the first three steps of
      pyrimidine biosynthesis. We have sequenced a portion of a CAD cDNA and determined
      the location of the carbamyl phosphate synthetase II coding region. Subdomains
      coding for the glutamine hydrolyzing and carbamyl phosphate synthesizing
      functions have been identified through their high degree of similarity to
      carbamyl phosphate synthetase genes from a variety of organisms. The proline-rich
      junction between the glutaminase and synthetase domains, however, does not appear
      to be conserved among carbamyl phosphate synthetases.

PMID- 2900637
TI  - Tightly bound 2-azido-adenine nucleotides at catalytic and noncatalytic sites of
      the rat liver F1 ATPase label adjacent tryptic peptides of the beta subunit.
AB  - UV irradiation of rat liver F1 ATPase, previously exposed to Mg2+ and [beta,
      gamma-32P]-2-azido-ATP and separated from medium nucleotides, covalently modifies
      two tyrosine residues in adjacent tryptic peptides of the beta subunit. This
      results from the occupancy by 2-azido-ATP or 2-azido-ADP of two distinct types of
      nucleotide binding sites, the catalytic and noncatalytic sites. The two modified
      peptides are identical to the ones modified by 2-azido-adenine nucleotides in the
      beef heart F1 ATPase. Both catalytic and noncatalytic sites are labeled when the
      ATPase is exposed to [beta-32P]-2-azido-ADP in the presence or the absence of 5'
      adenylyimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), showing that two distinct types of ADP binding
      sites are present on the liver enzyme. Similar incorporation of 2-azido-adenine
      nucleotides is obtained when membrane-bound rat liver F1 ATPase is incubated with
      Mg2+ and [beta, gamma-32P]-2-azido-ATP.

PMID- 2900638
TI  - Adenine nucleotides regulate the functional transition in mitochondrial H+-ATPase
      and the kinetic behaviour of its ATP-synthetase form.
AB  - The kinetics of the SMP-catalyzed Pi-ATP exchange and oxidative phosphorylation
      was studied at variable [MgATP] + + [MgADP] and [MgATP]/[MgADP]. The existence on
      F1 of a center with a low affinity was demonstrated (KM = 0.4-2.7 mM). Saturation
      of this center with the Mg2+-complex of one of the nucleotides is obligatory for
      H+-ATPase to exhibit its ATP synthetase activity. It was found that with a
      decrease of [MgATP]/[MgADP] the lag periods, tau, of the reactions and KM(Pi)
      also show a decrease. Besides, in the Pi-ATP exchange reactions delta microH+
      (steady-state) diminishes and SMP coupling is enhanced (the Vhydr/Vsynth ratio is
      decreased). Preincubation of SMP with MgADP eliminates the lags but does not
      affect the course of the steady-state reaction. It is concluded that F1 when
      bound to MgATP or MgADP changes to a "more" or "less coupled" conformational
      state, thus determining the rate of conversion to the ATP-synthetase functional
      state (ko = tau-1), the threshold potential of this conversion and the kinetic
      behaviour of ATP-synthetase (KM for Pi).

PMID- 2900639
TI  - Acromegalic arthropathy. Characteristics and response to therapy.
AB  - Arthropathy was assessed in 19 patients with active acromegaly. Axial or
      peripheral arthropathy was present in 10 patients, was located most often in
      large joints or the lumbosacral spine, and was osteoarthritic in nature. The mean
      duration of acromegaly in patients with arthropathy was 21.6 years, while the
      mean duration in patients without arthropathy was 7.9 years. A mild-to-moderate
      improvement in symptoms, estimated functional ability, and crepitus occurred in 8
      of 9 patients who were prospectively examined during therapy to lower production
      of growth hormone. We conclude that this therapy did improve the symptoms of
      acromegalic arthropathy. Whether objective structural improvements occur remains
      unclear.

PMID- 2900640
TI  - Adult T cell leukemia presenting with proliferative synovitis.

PMID- 2900641
TI  - [General review of a non-sedative antihistaminic, astemizole (Hismanal), a H1
      receptor antagonist].
AB  - The non-sedating antihistamine Astemizole seems to approach all the major
      characteristics of the ideal histamine H1 antagonist, according to a
      comprehensive review of 54 clinical trials and clinical use in over 6,500,000
      patients worldwide. The following statements concerning Astemizole can now be
      made: Astemizole is more potent than any other known antihistamine, following
      Astemizole therapy, H1 blockade is complete in the main target tissues, such as
      nasal and ocular mucosa, this blockade is also specific, since all histamine
      mediated signs and symptoms respond to the drug, this blockade is maintained,
      since tolerance does not appear during long-term treatment. Astemizole is a non
      sedative and non-toxic drug, even during chronic use. Astemizole is very
      effective in patients with chronic urticaria. Astemizole has well-documented
      beneficial protective effects on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2900642
TI  - Taxol-induced reorganization of the microtubule system in murine splenic
      lymphocytes inhibits response to allogeneic cells but not to concanavalin A.
AB  - The exposure of mouse splenic lymphocytes to the microtubule assembly-promoting
      drug taxol (10 microM for 4 h) results in an extensive reorganization of the
      microtubule system to form one to a few large bundles of microtubules, which
      extend from the centrosome. Lymphocytes pretreated with taxol for 4 h, or
      cultured in the continued presence of taxol, respond normally to the mitogen
      concanavalin A up to, and including, the stage of DNA replication. In contrast,
      the induction of DNA synthesis during the alloactivation of lymphocytes is
      inhibited when taxol is present in the mixed leukocyte culture. If the
      stimulators are pretreated with this drug, the mixed leukocyte reaction occurs
      normally, but pretreatment of the responders inhibits the proliferative response
      markedly. Microscopic observations of nuclear morphologies in these populations
      and autoradiography indicate that taxol inhibition occurs early in
      alloactivation, prior to DNA replication. The responding ability of taxol-treated
      lymphocytes is not restored to control levels by the addition of interleukin 2,
      leading to the suggestion that interleukin 2 receptors do not emerge or function
      normally in these cells. We conclude that the capacity to respond to allogeneic
      cells, but not to a mitogen, is dependent on the presence of the normal
      submembranous organization of the microtubule system.

PMID- 2900643
TI  - Normal and anomalous structures simulating retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy at
      computed tomography.
AB  - The present report illustrates normal and anomalous anatomic structures which may
      represent pitfalls in diagnosis when computed tomography of the abdomen is
      performed in the search for enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

PMID- 2900644
TI  - Failure of dopexamine to maintain haemodynamic improvement in patients with
      chronic heart failure.
AB  - Ten patients with chronic heart failure were given a continuous infusion of
      dopexamine after an initial stage of dose titration. On the dose selected the
      cardiac index initially rose by 56%, as a result of an increase in both heart
      rate and stroke volume index. Systemic vascular resistance fell by 34% and the
      mean arterial pressure did not change. Within 18 hours of the start of the
      continuous infusion, however, all the variables except heart rate had returned to
      preinfusion values. Nine of the 10 patients were withdrawn from the 48 hour
      study, six because of haemodynamic deterioration and two because of side effects.
      If the premature loss of therapeutic effect reflects an intrinsic property of
      this agent, dopexamine may be of limited clinical value.

PMID- 2900645
TI  - Myocardial ischaemia: progress in drug therapy.

PMID- 2900646
TI  - Cyclophosphamide and tamoxifen as adjuvant therapies in the management of breast
      cancer. CRC Adjuvant Breast Trial Working Party.
AB  - In 1980 the Cancer Research Campaign launched a multi-centre breast cancer trial;
      aimed at repeating the Scandinavian Chemotherapy Study Group's cyclophosphamide
      trial, and the NATO tamoxifen study; thereby further evaluating the role of these
      two adjuvant regimens in patients with early breast cancer. Two thousand two
      hundred and thirty women were randomized into this trial between 1980 and 1985
      and preliminary analyses demonstrate a significant improvement in event-free
      survival for both regimens. Results from this study closely parallel the two
      trials it set out to repeat.

PMID- 2900647
TI  - Controlled trial of tamoxifen as a single adjuvant agent in the management of
      early breast cancer. 'Nolvadex' Adjuvant Trial Organisation.
AB  - At a maximum follow up of 8 years (median 5 years 6 months) in a randomised trial
      of adjuvant tamoxifen versus no treatment as therapy for early breast cancer, a
      significant advantage persists for patients receiving 20 mg of tamoxifen daily
      for 2 years. This advantage is independent of menopausal status, stage, grade and
      ER status. Log hazard rate analysis fails to demonstrate a rebound effect on
      stopping the drug and suggests that more prolonged treatment might further
      improve results.

PMID- 2900648
TI  - Treatment of chronic urticaria with cetirizine dihydrochloride a non-sedating
      antihistamine.
AB  - The efficacy of cetirizine dihydrochloride, a new H1-antagonist with minimal
      sedative or anticholinergic side effects was evaluated in 30 patients with
      chronic idiopathic urticaria. In the first part of the study, cetirizine 10 mg
      and placebo were compared in a double-blind cross-over trial. In the second part,
      patients who did not respond adequately in the first part were randomized, still
      double-blind, to receive 10 mg cetirizine either once daily or twice daily. In
      the first part, treatment was discontinued by 17 patients on placebo and two
      patients on cetirizine because of lack of efficacy. Cetirizine dihydrochloride
      was found significantly to reduce occurrence of weals, erythema and pruritus
      compared with placebo (P less than 0.001). Twenty-six of the patients improved on
      cetirizine and two on placebo. Mild sedation was noted by two patients on
      cetirizine and by one on placebo.

PMID- 2900649
TI  - Transplantation of embryonic haemopoietic stem cells without prior recipient X
      irradiation.
AB  - Allogeneic day 7 mouse embryonic cells can colonize the haemopoietic system of
      normal, non-irradiated recipient mice. Donor embryonic cells are disaggregated
      and injected intravenously resulting in colonization in 40% of recipients, as
      shown by the presence of electrophoretic markers, characteristic of the donor
      cells. Donor type haemoglobin (Hb) and donor type glucose phosphate isomerase
      (GPI) demonstrates the presence of donor type erythrocytes and lymphocytes
      respectively. Repeat grafts in recipients not showing donor makers did not result
      in colonization. Recipient type haemopoiesis was dominant in all types of
      recipient. Skin grafts of allogenic donor type skin onto successfully grafted
      embryonic cell recipients did not survive. Allogeneic donor embryonic cells
      therefore survive in recipients where adult skin allografts do not. Donor
      embryonic cells, homozygous for T6 marker chromosomes, were used to assess the
      site of colonization of intravenously grafted cells. Donor chromosomes were seen
      in recipient liver and bone marrow at low levels. This distribution of donor
      cells persists for up to 64 d post-graft.

PMID- 2900650
TI  - Effects of the beta-agonist, cimaterol, on growth, body composition and energy
      expenditure in rats.
AB  - 1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 146.5 (SE 4.3) g were fed on a semi
      synthetic diet containing 0, 25 or 150 mg cimaterol/kg for 12 d. Net changes in
      weight and composition of carcass, liver, heart, gastrointestinal tract,
      gastrocnemius plus plantaris muscles, skin and remainder were estimated by
      comparative slaughter. 2. Cimaterol increased protein gains in gastrocnemius plus
      plantaris muscles from 0.09 g in controls to 0.14 and 0.12 g in 25 and 150 mg
      cimaterol/kg groups respectively. Carcass protein gains increased from 6.27 g in
      controls to 8.00 and 7.05 g in 25 and 150 mg cimaterol/kg groups respectively. 3.
      Rats treated with cimaterol either gained less fat or actually lost fat from all
      tissues studied, whilst control rats gained fat. These changes were reflected in
      lower energy retention in cimaterol-fed rats. 4. Energy intake was not affected
      by treatment. Cimaterol increased heat production from 776 kJ/kg body-weight0.75
      in controls to 863 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 in both treated groups. Gross efficiency
      was reduced from 17.4% in controls to 8.0 and 7.7% in rats fed on 25 and 150 mg
      cimaterol/kg diets respectively. 5. These results indicate that cimaterol
      increases protein gain at the expense of fat in rats. In addition, subcutaneous
      adipose tissue appears to be more sensitive than abdominal fat, whilst protein
      gains are particularly enhanced in skeletal muscle relative to other body
      tissues.

PMID- 2900651
TI  - Multiple sites and synergism in the binding of inhibitors to microsomal
      aminopeptidase.
AB  - The active site of microsomal aminopeptidase has been probed by studying the
      inhibition of the enzyme in the simultaneous presence of two ligands. The results
      have been analyzed with the Yonetani-Theorell plot to quantitate the degree of
      interaction between the two inhibitors. As expected, the enzyme contains a strong
      binding site for the alpha-amino group and the hydrophobic side chain of specific
      substrates. In addition, however, the enzyme can interact with another amine and
      a second hydrophobic group. Evidence suggests that this extra amine may bind to
      the zinc in an unprotonated form and that one of the hydrophobic sites is located
      in the vicinity. Another unexpected finding in this work is a strong synergism
      between the binding of ammonia and that of zinc ligands such as hydroxamates.
      This synergism may reflect an induced-fit mechanism that brings the catalytically
      important zinc atom into the optimal state only in the presence of specific
      substrates.

PMID- 2900652
TI  - Function of tightly bound nucleotides on membrane-bound chloroplast coupling
      factor.
AB  - The kinetic behavior of tightly bound nucleotides on chloroplast coupling factor
      from spinach was determined under phosphorylating and nonphosphorylating
      conditions. Chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) was labeled with tightly bound
      radioactive ADP and/or ATP at two specific sites and reconstituted with thylakoid
      membranes depleted of CF1 by treatment with NaBr. The initial incorporation and
      dissociation of ADP from one of the sites requires light but occurs at the same
      rate under phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating conditions. The initial rate
      is considerably slower than the rate of ATP synthesis, but nucleotide exchange is
      very rapid during steady-state ATP synthesis. A direct correspondence between
      this nucleotide binding site and a site on soluble CF1 that hydrolyzes ATP was
      demonstrated. A second site binds MgATP very tightly; the MgATP does not
      dissociate during ATP synthesis nor does its presence alter the rate of ATP
      synthesis. This is analogous to the behavior found for soluble CF1 during ATP
      hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that the tight-binding nucleotide sites on
      soluble CF1 and membrane-bound coupling factor are essentially identical in terms
      of binding properties and kinetic behavior during ATP hydrolysis and synthesis.

PMID- 2900653
TI  - Uncoupling protein in embryonic brown adipose tissue--existence of nonthermogenic
      and thermogenic mitochondria.
AB  - Embryonic development of mouse and rat brown adipose tissue was characterized by
      electron microscopy and by quantifying the mitochondrial oxidative,
      phosphorylating and thermogenic capacities immunochemically, using antibodies
      against cytochrome oxidase, F1-ATPase and uncoupling protein, respectively.
      Mitochondria and cytochrome oxidase were detected from the 15-16th day of
      pregnancy and their amounts continuously increased toward birth. F1-ATPase was
      also found on the 15th day but it reached a maximum level already on the 19th day
      when the uncoupling protein appeared and rapidly increased during further
      maturation of brown adipose tissue. It thus appears that mitochondria in early
      prenatal brown adipose tissue lack completely uncoupling protein and are
      nonthermogenic. They transform into typical thermogenic mitochondria abruptly
      only 2 days before birth.

PMID- 2900654
TI  - Protection of tyrosine aminotransferase against proteolytic digestion by
      nucleotide derivatives.
AB  - The abilities of several nucleotides to protect tyrosine aminotransferase (L
      tyrosine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.5) against proteolytic
      inactivation in vitro have been examined as part of an ongoing investigation of
      the role of cyclic GMP in the intracellular degradation of the hepatic enzyme.
      Although neither cyclic GMP nor cyclic AMP was found to exert such a protective
      effect, certain nucleotide analogs were observed to inhibit the inactivation of
      tyrosine aminotransferase by trypsin and chymotrypsin. The nucleotides which
      conferred the strongest protection were the dibutyryl derivatives of cyclic GMP
      and cyclic AMP. This phenomenon appears to require a purine nucleotide with
      hydrophobic substituent(s), while the cyclic phosphate is not essential. The
      nucleotides probably act by direct interaction with tyrosine aminotransferase as
      indicated by changes in kinetic properties and heat stability of the enzyme and
      by their failure to inhibit trypsin when other protein substrates, including
      another aminotransferase, were used. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP was shown to block the
      appearance of a characteristic 43 kDa tryptic cleavage product of tyrosine
      aminotransferase but not the conversion of the native 54 kDa form to a size of 50
      kDa. Arguments are presented against the involvement of the protective effect in
      the actions of dibutyryl cyclic nucleotides on tyrosine aminotransferase in
      cells.

PMID- 2900655
TI  - Extracellular cAMP formation from host cell ATP by Bordetella pertussis adenylate
      cyclase.
AB  - The effect of exogenously added adenylate cyclase from Bordetella pertussis
      (strain 114) has been investigated in Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor, chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO) and several other cells. A partially purified adenylate cyclase was
      found not to enter cells but, nevertheless, produced large amounts of cAMP in the
      medium. We could show that this resulted from release of ATP (and not larger
      molecules). The ATP released by the cells could be (1) directly measured and was
      replenished after each change of medium; (2) was reciprocally related to the cAMP
      produced; and (3) was competed for by ATPases present in added serum or by
      hexokinase and, less effectively, by exoenzymes on the cell surface. The extent
      of ATP leakage varied widely between different cell lines, being marked in CHO
      and Y-1 adrenal cells but negligible in transformed lymphocyte lines. The
      uncertainty of the origin of cAMP found in media of cultured cells requires
      separate analysis of cell and medium cAMP and an assessment of ATP leakage.

PMID- 2900656
TI  - TRH test and DST in schizoaffective mania, mania, and schizophrenia.
AB  - The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test and the Dexamethasone Suppression
      Test (DST) were given to 10 patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)
      for schizoaffective disorder, manic type, 9 who met the criteria for mania, and
      27 who met the criteria for schizophrenia. A blunted thyrotropin (TSH) response
      to TRH was observed in 3 of the 10 schizoaffective manics, 4 of the 9 manics, and
      3 of the 27 schizophrenics. Nonsuppression on the DST was observed in 5 of the 10
      schizoaffective manics, 2 of the 9 manics, and 2 of 22 schizophrenics. The
      schizoaffective manic and the manic patients had similar rates of TSH blunting
      and DST nonsuppression, and these were significantly higher than the rates in the
      schizophrenic patients. This difference was not attributable to baseline TSH and
      cortisol levels or to neuroleptic treatment. It is suggested that patients with
      RDC schizoaffective mania and mania have more disturbance in the hypothalamic
      pituitary adrenal and thyroid axes than patients with schizophrenia.

PMID- 2900657
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glutathione, and L-glutamic acid in the rat
      epididymis during postnatal development.
AB  - During postnatal development, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), reduced
      glutathione (GSH), and L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) were assayed in the epididymides
      of rats at 5-day intervals between 10 and 60 days of age and compared to adult
      levels. gamma-GT activity (with gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide as substrate) and L
      Glu (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide conversion-dependent assay) were measured
      photometrically, while GSH (o-phthalaldehyde reaction) was quantified with a
      fluorometric assay. In immature rats, the epididymal gamma-GT was very low but
      increased after 25 days of age in the caput and after 50 days of age in the
      cauda. The enzyme level in the epididymal caput was by far the highest in the
      adult rat reproductive tissues. The postnatal increase of gamma-GT in epididymal
      caput and cauda was associated with a decline of its substrate GSH and an
      accumulation of the product L-Glu. These observations provide evidence for the in
      vivo hydrolytic activity of gamma-GT and explain the high levels of L-Glu found
      in the epididymis of rats and other mammals.

PMID- 2900658
TI  - Classification and treatment of systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 2900660
TI  - Quantitative correlation between tetanus-induced decreases in extracellular
      calcium and LTP.
AB  - Decreases in the extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]o), induced by
      tetanization of the Schaffer collaterals in rat hippocampal slices, were measured
      by means of Ca2+-sensitive microelectrodes. The amount of long term potentiation
      (LTP) of the evoked field potentials, induced by this tetanus, was determined. A
      positive correlation was found between the amplitude of the tetanus induced
      decrease in [Ca2+]o and the amount of LTP that was elicited. The N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino-phosphonovalerate decreased both the
      tetanus-induced decreases in [Ca2+]o and the amount of LTP that was induced. We
      conclude that the amount of Ca2+ that enters the cell during a tetanus is of
      major importance in the induction process of LTP.

PMID- 2900659
TI  - Clinical findings and prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss
      angiitis: a study in 165 patients.
AB  - Factors influencing the prognosis were studied in 165 patients with polyarteritis
      nodosa (PAN) and Churg-Strauss angiitis. One hundred and forty-seven of the
      patients fulfilled histological and/or arteriographic diagnostic criteria, and in
      18 patients the diagnosis was based on clinical criteria. The patients' mean age
      on diagnosis was 48.4 +/- 16.4 years. The main symptoms were fever (69%), weight
      loss (66%), arthritis (44%), mononeuritis multiplex (67%), cutaneous signs (46%),
      renal involvement (26%), gastrointestinal symptoms (31%), asthma (29%),
      hypertension (31%) and cardiac failure (18%). Ninety-two per cent of the patients
      survived for at least 1 year after diagnosis of the disease, 79% for 2 years, and
      63% for 5 years. The immediate causes of death were gastrointestinal bleeding or
      peritonitis in 11 cases, pancreatitis in two, renal insufficiency in six, cardiac
      failure in five, infectious complications in four, stroke in three and other
      causes in 11. We studied the prognosis of necrotizing angiitis in relation to
      clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. The association of four conditions
      were associated with a poor prognosis: age over 50, gastrointestinal problems,
      cardiomyopathy and renal signs. The survival rates in patients with these
      conditions were: for gastrointestinal problems, 55% 5-year survival (versus 67%);
      and for age over 50, 68% 3-year survival (versus 78%; p less than 0.09). One
      hundred and fifty-nine patients were treated with steroids for at least 18
      months. Forty-eight also received cytotoxic agents (27%) and 46 plasma exchange.
      Patients who were treated with plasma exchange and prednisone were randomly
      assigned to additional treatment with cyclophosphamide. Survival rates were
      comparable in both groups.

PMID- 2900661
TI  - Electrophysiological properties of paraventriculo-spinal neurones in the rat.
AB  - In rats anaesthetized with urethane, electrical stimulation of the thoracic cord
      at T9-10 evoked antidromic response in neurones in the parvocellular portion of
      the ipsilateral paraventricular nucleus. Estimated conduction velocities in the
      spinally-projecting axons ranged from 0.6-5.9 m/sec. The majority (97%) of
      spinally projecting neurones were quiescent. Increases or decreases in the level
      of baroreceptor stimulation produced by intravenous injection of phenylephrine (1
      5 micrograms) or sodium nitroprusside (10-15 micrograms) inhibited and excited
      amino acid-induced activity in 5/8 and 4/11 neurones respectively. Stimulation of
      vagal afferent endings by rapid bolus injection of 5-HT, to evoke the Bezold
      Jarisch reflex. inhibited amino acid-induced activity in 15/18 cells. Activation
      of gastric vagal afferents by distension of the stomach had no effect on
      paraventriculo-spinal cells. It is suggested that at rest the excitability of
      paraventriculo-spinal neurones is depressed by a tonic inhibitory input which
      arises from vagal afferent fibres in the heart.

PMID- 2900662
TI  - Age-related decrements in the muscarinic enhancement of K+-evoked release of
      endogenous striatal dopamine: an indicator of altered cholinergic-dopaminergic
      reciprocal inhibitory control in senescence.
AB  - Previous experiments have indicated that the release of striatal dopamine (DA) is
      controlled by inhibitory DA autoreceptors which are mediated by inhibitory
      cholinergic heteroreceptors (HTRs). Activation of the HTRs by muscarinic or
      nicotine agonists potentiates the K+-evoked release of DA from the striatum.
      Present experiments were carried out to determine if this relationship is altered
      as a function of aging. Cross-cut striatal tissue slices obtained from 3 age
      groups (6, 12-18 and 24 months) Wistar rats were superfused with a modified Krebs
      Ringer basal release medium containing 2.5 mM KCl. After a 30-min equilibration
      period, a 5-min baseline fraction was collected from each chamber. The medium was
      then switched to one containing 30 mM KCl, and depending upon the experiment, 1
      of 4 concentrations of a particular muscarinic (oxotremorine, pilocarpine,
      carbachol or bethanecol) or nicotinic (nicotine) agonist. In some experiments DA
      autoreceptor function was assessed directly with haloperidol. Six 5-min fractions
      were taken during depolarization. DA release was assessed using high performance
      liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. Results indicated
      that the efficacy of the muscarinic agonists was reduced in an age-dependent
      manner with the oldest age groups showing the smallest enhancement. The age at
      which the decline was seen was dependent on the muscarinic agonist that was
      applied. Deficits were seen as early as 12 months when full agonists (e.g.
      carbachol) were applied, but did not appear until 18 months when partial agonists
      (e.g. oxotremorine) were applied. These age-related alterations were not seen
      when haloperidol or nicotine were used to enhance the K+-evoked release of
      DA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900663
TI  - Cryopreservation of human fetal adrenal medullary cells.
AB  - Cryopreservation of human fetal adrenomedullary cells was performed, after
      dissociation of the gland and purification of chromaffin aggregates, using 10%
      dymethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectant. More than 90% of thawed cultured clusters
      appear morphologically intact, showing extensive neurite outgrowth and absence of
      appreciable cellular loss. Immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase and response
      to nerve growth factor were demonstrated. These findings indicate that human
      medullary cells maintain their distinctive functional characteristics after
      cryopreservation.

PMID- 2900664
TI  - Diurnal alterations in retinal tyrosine level and dopamine turnover in diabetic
      rats.
AB  - Retinal tyrosine level is correlated not only to its serum concentration, but
      also to the serum tyrosine ratio (the ratio of serum tyrosine to the sum of 5
      neutral amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan and phenylalanine
      which compete with it for tissue uptake). In control animals, serum tyrosine
      ratio, retinal tyrosine, dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, and DOPA synthesis
      exhibit roughly parallel daily rhythms with night-time lows and peak levels
      occurring in the early portion of the daily light phase (L + 4 HR). In rats made
      diabetic by streptozotocin injection serum leucine, isoleucine and valine are
      elevated, lowering the serum tyrosine ratio and retinal tyrosine level by about
      50% throughout the daily cycle. Parameters of DA turnover are still highest in
      the light phase but normal peak levels are delayed by 4 h until the latter half
      of the light phase (L + 8 HR). In diabetic rats, the normal increase in retinal
      DA synthesis and release upon exposure to light may be compromised by the
      decreased availability of its precursor, tyrosine.

PMID- 2900665
TI  - Differential effects of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and L-homocysteic acid on
      cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
AB  - The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and L-homocysteic acid (LH) were
      measured on cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In urethane-anesthetized rats,
      iontophoretic application of NMDA elicited 3 different effects on the spontaneous
      activity of Purkinje cells: excitation, inhibition and biphasic responses
      consisting of excitation followed by inhibition. On the other hand, LH elicited
      excitation, only, regardless of the actions of NMDA on the same neurons. We also
      examined the effects of various excitatory amino acid antagonists on NMDA- and LH
      mediated responses. Excitatory effects of NMDA were antagonized effectively by
      D.L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), ketamine, gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG),
      D,L-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (APH), and were not influenced significantly by
      L-glutamate diethylester (GDEE). Inhibitory responses of NMDA were antagonized by
      APV, APH and ketamine. LH-mediated excitations were influenced significantly by
      DGG and ketamine whereas GDEE, APV and APH failed significantly to attenuate the
      effects of LH. Based on the differential actions of LH and NMDA and the
      selectivity of NMDA antagonists for NMDA rather than LH-mediated excitations, it
      appears that the major actions of LH may not be mediated through NMDA receptor
      sites, at least in the cerebellum.

PMID- 2900666
TI  - Inactivation of mammalian brain glutamine synthetase by oxygen radicals.
AB  - Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in ischemic-reperfusion injury to the
      central nervous system. Ischemic injury to tissue is exacerbated in the presence
      of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. Glutamine synthetase is
      responsible for the conversion of glutamate to its non-toxic metabolite,
      glutamine, in the CNS. The present paper presents evidence for the inactivation
      of brain glutamine synthetase by oxygen radicals in vitro and in vivo, and
      suggests that such a mechanism may underlie the exacerbation of tissue injury in
      the reperfusion which follows an ischemic insult.

PMID- 2900667
TI  - Bethanechol-induced increase in hypothalamic estrogen receptor binding in female
      rats is related to capacity for estrogen-dependent reproductive behavior.
AB  - Neuroactive agents associated with different neurotransmitter systems can
      modulate the number of hypothalamic estrogen binding sites. It has been
      demonstrated previously that the muscarinic cholinergic agonist, bethanechol,
      administered 30 min prior to in vitro estrogen receptor assays increases the
      concentration of hypothalamic estrogen binding sites by 30-35% in female rats.
      Bethanechol was without effect on male hypothalamic preparations. In order to
      investigate further this sex difference and in an attempt to determine a
      relationship between the modulation of estrogen binding sites and a sexually
      differentiated function, bethanechol was given to female rats rendered either
      anovulatory and capable of displaying lordosis or anovulatory and behaviorally
      insensitive to estrogen. The results showed that bethanechol significantly
      increased the number of estrogen binding sites in females capable of displaying
      lordosis but not in females which did not show this estrogen-dependent behavior.
      It is possible that the capacity for drug-induced modulation of estrogen binding
      sites could be related functionally to the ability to display lordosis behavior.

PMID- 2900668
TI  - Facilitation of hippocampal long-term potentiation in slices perfused with high
      concentrations of calcium.
AB  - The effect of increased extracellular calcium on long-term potentiation (LTP) of
      synaptic transmission has been examined in the CA1 region of guinea pig
      hippocampal slice preparation using extracellular recordings from the dendritic
      layer. The application of high calcium (4 mM) led to an increase in the initial
      slope of the field potential that reversed following return to control (2 mM
      calcium) solution. The magnitude of the field potential change was unaffected by
      prior induction of LTP, and inputs tetanized after return to control solution
      showed the same amount of LTP as those tetanized before the high calcium
      application. These results suggest that the calcium application by itself did not
      induce LTP. Inputs tetanized in the high calcium solution showed a greater amount
      of potentiation than in control solution, any given train producing about twice
      as much potentiation. However, using long trains (40 impulses) at high strength
      (2 x test strength) gave similar LTP values in the two solutions. The
      facilitatory effect of high calcium on LTP was completely blocked by raising
      extracellular magnesium from 2 to 4 mM. As in control solution. LTP evoked in the
      high calcium solution was blocked by 2-amino-5-phosphono-valerate. The results
      support the view that calcium influx through postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptor channels is directly involved in the induction of LTP.

PMID- 2900669
TI  - Maturational changes in retinal excitatory amino acid receptors.
AB  - The appearance, kinetics and pharmacological properties of receptors for n-methyl
      D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid
      (AMPA), kainate (KA), L-glutamate (Glu) and L-aspartate (Asp) was investigated
      using 3H-ligand binding during the development of chick embryo retina. Receptors
      for AMPA are maximally concentrated at embryonic day 7 (ED 7) and decline 50% in
      subsequent days; L-Glu receptors are low until ED 11, and the same is true for
      Asp and NMDA receptors which increase at ED 14 and 18 respectively. All receptors
      studied underwent an increase in pharmacological specificity, whereas only AMPA
      receptors showed an important change in affinity during ontogeny. Results
      demonstrate that receptors for excitatory amino acids in the retina suffer
      maturational changes and suggest that while NMDA and aspartate could interact
      with the same receptor, AMPA and glutamate seem to bind to different sites.

PMID- 2900670
TI  - Regeneration of adult rat retinal ganglion cell processes in monolayer culture:
      comparisons between cultures of adult and neonatal neurons.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to develop a model culture system for the study
      of factors controlling regeneration of axons from injured adult mammalian central
      nervous system. We show, for the first that retinal ganglion cells (RGC)
      dissociated from adult rat retina, regrow processes in vitro over long distances
      under over appropriate conditions in monolayer culture. Most importantly, adult
      RGC depend completely upon the presence of a preformed layer of neonatal cortical
      astrocytes, whereas RGC from neonatal retinae are supported by indigenous retinal
      glia which spread and proliferate to form a monolayer of cells upon which RGC
      regrow processes. Adult retinal glia fail to spread on the culture surface and
      proliferate in the same way and we suggest that this is a major factor in
      limiting the survival of adult RGC on an acellular substrate such as polylysine.
      Laminin does not substitute for the presence of a glial monolayer. These findings
      indicate that at least one type of adult CNS neuron is capable of regenerating
      its processes in vitro in an environment which includes a cellular component of
      CNS tissue.

PMID- 2900671
TI  - Effects of stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on blood
      pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity.
AB  - Effects of electrical and chemical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus
      (PVN) of the hypothalamus on blood pressure were examined in rats anesthetized
      with urethane-chloralose. Focal electrical stimulation (10-25 microA, 50 Hz, 0.5
      msec) within the PVN consistently decreased blood pressure. Microinjection of L
      glutamate (0.5 M, 80 n1) into the PVN led to a decrease in blood pressure, while
      the same amount of saline injection had no effect. The depressor response was not
      affected by cervical vagotomy. In order to obtain direct evidence for involvement
      of sympathetic nerve activity in the PVN-induced depressor response, effects of
      PVN stimulation on renal sympathetic nerve activity were examined. Low intensity
      electrical stimulation of the PVN inhibited renal sympathetic nerve activity,
      whereas the high intensity stimulation evoked a transient excitation followed by
      long lasting inhibition in renal sympathetic nerve activity. Latencies of the
      inhibitory and the excitatory responses were about 200 msec and 50-100 msec,
      respectively, judged by peristimulus time histograms. The result suggests that
      activation of PVN neurons produces a decrease in blood pressure due to inhibition
      of sympathetic outflows.

PMID- 2900672
TI  - Neural control of blood glucose homeostasis; effect of microinjection of glucose
      into hypothalamic nuclei on efferent activity of pancreatic branch of vagus nerve
      in the rat.
AB  - Efferent discharges were recorded from the nerve filament dissected from the
      central cut end of the pancreatic branch of the vagus nerve in the rat.
      Microinjections of 5% glucose solution (100-200 nl) into the LHA caused an
      increase in efferent activity, however, those into VMH caused no change in
      discharge rate. The results of experiments indicate that activation of vagal
      pancreatic efferents in hyperglycemic situation is originated in LHA and
      transmitted to the vagal pancreatic motoneurons. The role played by the neural
      network on blood glucose homeostasis was also discussed.

PMID- 2900673
TI  - Transmitter and peptide actions on hypothalamic neurons in vitro: implications
      for lordosis.
AB  - This article summarizes a series of studies using brain tissue slices of rats to
      record single-unit activity from the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and
      preoptic area (POA), both of which are crucial for the regulation of the estrogen
      dependent feminine mating behavior, lordosis. In these studies the actions of
      acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE), luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone (LHRH), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), and oxytocin (OXY) on
      neuronal activity were investigated. The results show that these agents could
      evoke either direct responses or neuromodulatory changes from VMN or POA cells in
      vitro. Comparison of the net neuronal actions of each of these agents with their
      effects on lordosis behavior revealed interesting correlations. All the
      excitatory agents, i.e., ACh, AVP, OXY, and LHRH, have been indicated by
      intracerebral application studies to be facilitatory on lordosis. The inhibitory
      agent, 5HT, could inhibit lordosis, when applied to the VMN and its vicinity.
      Such correlations indicate that these transmitters and peptides can facilitate or
      inhibit lordosis by increasing or decreasing, respectively, the frequency of
      action potentials in the types of hypothalamic neurons recorded here.

PMID- 2900674
TI  - [Ganglionic synapses of Aplysia as a model for the study of the mechanism of
      action of botulinum neurotoxins].
AB  - The action of type A and type B botulinum neurotoxin on neurotransmitter release
      was studied on identified ganglionic synapses of Aplysia. Using this model, we
      have shown that botulinum neurotoxins at concentrations used in vertebrate
      preparations had the same specificity of action and that both heavy and light
      chains of these toxins are intracellularly required to inhibit neurotransmitter
      release.

PMID- 2900675
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of phenylketonuria (with a report of 10 cases)].

PMID- 2900676
TI  - Effect of microtubule disorganizing or overstabilizing drugs on the proliferation
      of rat 3T3 cells and their virally induced transformed derivatives.
AB  - Drugs that disorganize or overstabilize cytoplasmic microtubules (colchicine,
      vinblastine, griseofulvin, or taxol) can at certain concentrations totally block
      proliferation of SV40 and polyoma virus transformants with only a minimal effect
      on the proliferation of the parental rat 3T3 cells. This difference in
      sensitivity is not due to a more active drug uptake by transformed cells.
      Examination of cytoplasmic microtubules in actively proliferating normal or
      transformed cells reveals two categories in each case: cells with microtubules
      and cells without distinct microtubules. The proportion of cells without distinct
      microtubules did not differ much between normal and transformed cells. However,
      transformed cells with a clear microtubule network appear to have fewer
      microtubules than normal cells. This may contribute to the higher sensitivity of
      transformed cells. These results render even more rational the use of
      antimicrotubule drugs in cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2900677
TI  - Characterization of the ATPase activity of the Mr 170,000 to 180,000 membrane
      glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) associated with multidrug resistance in K562/ADM
      cells.
AB  - The Mr 170,000 to 180,000 membrane glycoprotein associated with multidrug
      resistance (P-glycoprotein) is involved in drug transport mechanisms across the
      plasma membrane of multidrug-resistant cells. We have recently reported the
      purification of P-glycoprotein. The purified P-glycoprotein was found to have an
      ATPase activity, which might be coupled with the active efflux of anticancer
      drugs. In the present study, we have further studied the properties of the P
      glycoprotein ATPase activity by an immobilized enzyme assay procedure using a P
      glycoprotein-antibody-Protein A-Sepharose complex. GTP was also hydrolyzed by the
      P-glycoprotein, although less efficiently than ATP. The ATPase activity of P
      glycoprotein had an optimal pH range around neutrality (pH 6.5-7.4). The
      detergent concentration of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propane
      sulfonate used for protein solubilization was essential for enzyme recovery.
      Maximum activity was obtained when 0.1-0.2% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyl
      ammonio]-propane sulfonate was used, while higher concentrations markedly
      inhibited the ATPase activity. The ATPase activity was dependent on Mg2+; maximum
      activity was obtained at 2-10 mM. Manganese and cobalt could substitute for
      magnesium as ionic cofactors. Divalent cations such as Ca2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+,
      and Cu2+ inhibited the Mg2+-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis. N-Ethylmaleimide and
      vanadate inhibited the ATPase activity, while sodium azide or ouabain had no
      effect. Anticancer agents such as vincristine and Adriamycin did not affect the
      enzyme activity. In contrast, verapamil and trifluoperazine, agents which inhibit
      active drug efflux and restore drug sensitivity in resistant cells, caused an
      increase in the P-glycoprotein ATPase activity suggesting that P-glycoprotein
      might be the target molecule of these agents.

PMID- 2900678
TI  - Seroepidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection in Taiwan.
AB  - The epidemiological characteristics of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I
      infection in Taiwan have been explored by an island-wide community-based survey,
      which was carried out among residents in 19 townships and metropolitan precincts
      randomly selected through stratified sampling. Serum specimens of 7278 healthy
      subjects were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by
      Western blot method. A total of 103 subjects showed positive or weak reactions by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but only 35 of them were confirmed to be
      positive by Western blot analysis. The anti-human T-cell lymphotropic virus type
      I antibody positive rate was 4.81/1000. The seropositive rate increased with age
      in both males and females, and females had a greater seropositive rate than males
      for all the age groups. Aborigines and Hakka Taiwanese had higher seropositive
      rates than Fukien Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese. Those people with lower
      educational levels were found to be associated with higher anti-human T-cell
      lymphotropic virus type I seropositive rates.

PMID- 2900679
TI  - Modulation of hormonal induction of tyrosine aminotransferase and glucocorticoid
      receptors by aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin in Reuber hepatoma cells.
AB  - Employing Reuber rat hepatoma cells, H4-II-E, the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)
      and sterigmatocystin (STC), which exhibit a similar cytotoxicity but a marked
      difference in hepatocarcinogenicity, on the hormonal induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT), on glucocorticoid receptors, and on their nuclear
      acceptor sites were investigated. AFB1 strongly inhibited hydrocortisone
      inducible TAT activity. The IC50 value was 0.2 micrograms/ml. AFB1 also showed
      weak inhibitory effects on insulin- and dibutyryl cyclic AMP-inducible TAT
      activities. In contrast, the IC50 of STC on hydrocortisone-inducible TAT activity
      was 3.5 micrograms/ml, about 10 times higher than that of AFB1. Dibutyryl cyclic
      AMP- and insulin-inductions were not depressed by STC. AFB1 inhibited the
      formation of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor-hormone complexes (GRCs) but STC
      did not. Moreover, AFB1, activated in vitro by the microsomal cytochrome P-450
      system, interfered more markedly in the formation of cytosolic GRCs than STC did.
      Sucrose density gradient analysis of GRCs and Scatchard analysis revealed that
      AFB1 and STC mainly impaired glucocorticoid receptors and GRC-acceptor sites,
      respectively. The present data suggest a marked difference between AFB1 and STC
      with regard to the inhibition of hormonal induction of liver specific enzymes.

PMID- 2900680
TI  - Comparison of constitutive and inducible levels of expression of peroxisomal beta
      oxidation and catalase genes in liver and extrahepatic tissues of rat.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratories have shown that carcinogenic peroxisome
      proliferators significantly increase the mRNA levels of peroxisomal beta
      oxidation genes in the rat liver by enhancing the transcriptional activity.
      Because of a good correlation between the inducibility of peroxisome
      proliferation and carcinogenicity of this class of xenobiotics, we proposed that
      sustained induction of peroxisomal beta-oxidation system and the resultant
      oxidative stress form the basis for carcinogenesis. Since this concept implies
      that tumors should develop only in tissues which display maximal peroxisome
      proliferation, we have now assessed the degree to which catalase and the three
      beta-oxidation genes are expressed in liver and 12 extrahepatic tissues of adult
      rats fed for 2 weeks a diet containing 0.025% ciprofibrate (w/w), a peroxisome
      proliferator. In the ciprofibrate-treated rats, the levels of catalase mRNA
      increased to less than 2-fold in liver, kidney, intestine, and heart, but no
      change was detected in other tissues. The mRNA levels of the three genes of beta
      oxidation system in the liver of adult rats treated with ciprofibrate increased
      greater than 20-fold. In contrast, in the kidney, small intestine, and heart the
      increases in the mRNA levels of all three beta-oxidation genes were small and
      varied from 2- to 4-fold following ciprofibrate treatment. Ciprofibrate did not
      significantly increase the levels of these mRNAs in the other nine tissues. These
      results correlated well with the levels of peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity,
      peroxisome volume density, and the immunologically quantified proteins in various
      tissues. These results provide evidence for the presence of beta-oxidation
      enzymes in peroxisomes of many tissues of rat and for tissue (cell)-specific
      differences in the inducibility of mRNAs of these beta-oxidation genes. The
      marked inducibility of beta-oxidation genes in liver and subsequent development
      of liver tumors support the hypothesis that tumors develop in tissues that show
      inducibility of peroxisome proliferation vis a vis beta-oxidation system
      following exposure to peroxisome proliferators.

PMID- 2900681
TI  - The neuropharmacology of epileptic falling spells.

PMID- 2900682
TI  - Therapeutic response to progabide in neuroleptic- and L-dopa-induced dyskinesias.
AB  - The results of two trials conducted in human dyskinesia with progabide, a
      specific gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist, are reviewed. In one
      trial, 13 parkinsonian patients with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LDD) and "on-off"
      fluctuations were included in a double-blind controlled trial progabide versus
      placebo. No change was observed during this trial in the severity of dyskinesia
      on progabide treatment but the drug significantly extended the "on" period as
      compared with placebo. In the second trial, 20 patients with neuroleptic-induced
      dyskinesia (TD) entered an open dose ranging trial with progabide. Fourteen of
      the 16 patients who completed the trial had a good-to-excellent therapeutic
      response. According to these results, progabide does not seem to have the same
      therapeutic benefit in LDD as TD. These data suggest that the hypothesis of a
      dopaminergic supersensitivity as a similar pathogenic substrate for both clinical
      conditions should be reconsidered. If this hypothesis remains the most consistent
      to explain the occurrence of LDD, the therapeutic effect of progabide in TD is an
      argument for an implication of the GABAergic system in the appearance of TD.

PMID- 2900683
TI  - Drug levels and antiparkinsonian drugs in neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - The limitations of antiparkinsonian treatment strategy when using anticholinergic
      drugs are determined by their side effects induced through excessive inhibition
      of parasympathetic functions. In the present study we have investigated the
      peripheral effects of antiparkinsonian agents on blood levels of concomitantly
      administered neuroleptic drugs. We have compared the anticholinergic and a
      dopamine mimetic antiparkinsonian agent in their effects on serum neuroleptic
      activity (SNA) and serum anticholinergic activity (SAA). Sixteen schizophrenic
      patients on chronic neuroleptic therapy with steady state neuroleptic levels were
      receiving either amantadine, 200 mg/day, or anticholinergic drugs
      (trihexyphenidyl, 10 mg/day, or benztropine, 6 mg/day) for the first 2 weeks,
      after which the amantadine group was crossed over to anticholinergic and the
      anticholinergic group to amantadine for the following 2 weeks. Blood samples were
      obtained once a week along with clinical testing. The results indicate that SAA
      was fivefold higher with benztropine than with trihexyphenidyl and that
      amantadine had no effect on SAA. Moreover, SNA was not altered either by
      anticholinergics or amantadine coadministration, indicating that the therapeutic
      blood neuroleptic levels are not compromised by antiparkinsonian administration.

PMID- 2900685
TI  - [Study on the geographic epidemiology of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Fujian].

PMID- 2900686
TI  - Percutaneous angioplasty of coronary bypass grafts: an emerging consensus.

PMID- 2900684
TI  - Cell-specific immuno-probes for the brain of normal and mutant Drosophila
      melanogaster. I. Wildtype visual system.
AB  - We have screened antibodies for immunocytochemical staining in the optic lobes of
      the brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Seven polyclonal antisera and five
      monoclonal antibodies are described that selectively and reproducibly stain
      individual cells and/or produce characteristic staining patterns in the
      neuropile. Such antisera are useful for the cellular characterization of
      molecular and structural brain defects in visual mutants. In the wildtype visual
      system we can at present separately stain the following: the entire complement of
      columnar "T1" neurons; a small set of presumptive serotonergic neurons; some 3000
      cells that contain and synthesize gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA); and three
      groups of cells that bind antibodies to Ca2+-binding proteins. In addition, small
      groups of hitherto unknown tangential cells that send fine arborizations into
      specific strata of the medulla, and two patterns of characteristic layers in the
      visual neuropile have been identified by use of monoclonal antibodies generated
      following immunization of mice with homogenates of the brain of Drosophila
      melanogaster.

PMID- 2900687
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on nitroglycerin-induced augmentation of
      regional coronary blood flow in patients.
AB  - Although beta-adrenergic blockade may increase coronary vascular resistance in
      some patients with severe ischemic heart disease, the effects of beta blockade on
      the nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced augmentation of coronary blood flow have not been
      elucidated. Therefore, systemic hemodynamic and anterior left ventricular
      regional coronary blood-flow (thermodilution) data were measured during
      administration of NTG into the left coronary artery, before and 10 min after
      intravenous propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) in 22 patients. Six patients (Group 1) had
      normal left coronary arteries and nine (Group 2) had severe coronary artery
      disease with at least greater than 70% narrowing of the left anterior descending
      artery. In seven additional patients (three without and four with greater than
      70% left anterior descending coronary artery disease), measurements were obtained
      with constant-paced heart rates (Group 3). Before beta blockade, NTG (200 mcg)
      significantly increased anterior regional great-vein flow [for Group 1, 84 +/-
      38% (81 +/- 20 to 140 +/- 60 ml/min); Group 2, 39 +/- 41% (61 +/- 26 to 83 +/- 38
      ml/min); and Group 3, 87 +/- 55% (75 +/- 36 to 144 +/- 86 ml/min)]. In Groups 1
      and 2, beta-adrenergic blockade reduced heart rate 10% (p less than 0.01) but did
      not affect mean arterial or pulmonary artery pressures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2900688
TI  - Cyclin in fission yeast.

PMID- 2900689
TI  - Crosslinking CD3 with CD2 using sepharose-immobilized antibodies enhances T
      lymphocyte proliferation.
AB  - T lymphocyte proliferation can be triggered through interactions with either
      CD3:Ti, the target of antigen-specific activation, or CD2, the target of an
      antigen-independent activation pathway. Sepharose-immobilized antibody reactive
      with CD3 was used to aggregate the T cell receptor complex resulting in T
      lymphocyte activation. When CD3 was simultaneously crosslinked with CD2 using
      Sepharose beads coupled to antibodies directed at both determinants, T cell
      proliferation was markedly enhanced (stimulation index = 8- to 11-fold). A
      smaller enhancement was induced when CD3 was crosslinked with several other
      functionally relevant T cell surface molecules. The relative mitogenic potency of
      the accessory molecules tested was CD2 greater than CD4 greater than CD8 greater
      than 2H4. Little or no increased proliferation resulted from crosslinking CD3
      with class I or class II major histocompatibility antigens. The added
      proliferation induced by CD3: CD2 crosslinking did not occur in the presence of
      soluble antibodies directed against CD2. Human thymocytes, the majority of which
      express both CD3 and CD2, were similarly activated by Sepharose-immobilized
      antibodies. Our results suggest that specific interactions between T cell surface
      molecules may play a role in the regulation of lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2900690
TI  - Characterization of IL-2-induced murine cells which exhibit ADCC activity.
AB  - The incubation of murine splenocytes in recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2) gives
      rise to both lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells capable of lysing fresh
      tumor cells and cells capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of anti-H2 allosera. A similarity between
      these two IL-2-induced cell populations was found. The precursors of the cells
      mediating these activities were shown to be ASGM1 positive, Thy 1 negative, and
      radiosensitive. Cells taken from the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow were able to
      mediate ADCC after culture in IL-2. The effector cell was either Thy 1 positive
      or negative and was less affected by anti-Thy 1 plus C' treatment than cells
      which mediated LAK activity. In addition ADCC was exhibited in IL-2-cultured
      splenocytes from various murine strains and correlated with their LAK activity
      with one exception. While IL-2-cultured C57BL/6 splenocytes exhibited LAK
      activity similar to that of C3H LAK cells, no ADCC activity could be demonstrated
      in C57BL/6 cells. Study of the difference in the ability of these two strains to
      mediate ADCC revealed that IL-2-induced FcR+ cells in C3H thymocytes, but not in
      C57BL/6 thymocytes. Based on FACS analysis and on the radiosensitivity of the
      induction of both FcR+ cells and ADCC, it was suggested that IL-2 was expanding a
      small FcR+ cell population rather than inducing an increase in FcR density on the
      cell surface. The relationship between the IL-2-induced ADCC mediator and other
      IL-2-induced cells, as well as ADCC effector cells, and the possible implications
      of the results for the in vivo therapy of cancer based on ADCC are discussed.

PMID- 2900691
TI  - IgE antibody-forming cells in rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and
      immunized with antigens.
AB  - The distribution of IgE antibody-forming cells was examined in rats infected with
      Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) or immunized with Nb antigen or with OA. The
      frequency of antigen-specific IgE antibody-forming cells was detected by a
      passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction using cell extract from lymphoid
      organs. In Nb-infected rats, anti-Nb and anti-4th stage larvae (L4) IgE-forming
      cells distributed mainly in the mesenteric and the bronchial lymph nodes (LN)
      near the parasite-harboring sites. After intraperitoneal (ip) immunization with
      Nb antigen mixed with Al(OH)3 and Bordetella pertussis (Bp) as adjuvants, anti-Nb
      IgE antibody-forming cells were detected in the mesenteric and the bronchial LN.
      Anti-Nb or OA IgE antibody-forming cells after subcutaneous (sc) immunization
      were found in the inguinal and the axillary LN. An effect of Bp on the
      distribution of IgE antibody-forming cells seems to be ruled out. The
      distribution of IgG2a antibody-forming cells was similar to that of IgE antibody
      forming cells, indicating that the distribution of the IgE antibody-forming cells
      is not preferential. IgE antibody-forming cells were stimulated in the regional
      LN near the site of antigen administration. IgE antibody-forming cells induced by
      potentiated IgE antibody production were also examined. Rats were immunized ip or
      sc with OA and infected with Nb. Anti-OA IgE antibody-forming cells were found in
      all of the lymphoid organs and especially in the regional LN near the Nb parasite
      harboring and antigen administration sites.

PMID- 2900692
TI  - Foot and ankle injuries.

PMID- 2900693
TI  - Foot and ankle injuries in dancers.
AB  - Dancing is not dangerous; however, dancers must recognize their limitations and
      learn to do the best they can with what they have to work with. This article
      discusses some of the more common acute and chronic foot and ankle problems in
      dancers for the benefit of the treating physician.

PMID- 2900694
TI  - The rehabilitation of overuse foot injuries in athletes and dancers.
AB  - Overuse injuries in athletes and dancers provide a challenge to the diagnostic
      acumen and rehabilitative and preventive skills of the medical community. The
      challenge is intensified when the primary lesion is located in the foot, whose
      levers, arches, and pulleys are responsible for absorbing shock, as well as
      converting a mobile adapter into a rigid lever for propulsion. A thorough
      knowledge of these active and passive mechanisms is essential for the appropriate
      and expeditious management of overuse syndromes. Sports and dance medicine health
      practitioners must also explore and comprehend the kinesiology of the sports
      and/or dance activity prevalent among their clientele. Furthermore, in order to
      determine the etiology and make judicious recommendations, clinicians must
      familiarize themselves with the density and inclines of popular running and
      dancing surfaces within their referral area. Rehabilitation of the foot requires
      a multifaceted approach. Physical therapists dealing with these problems need to
      develop expertise in manual techniques, along with clinical competency in laser,
      electrical, and thermal modalities. Reduction of predisposing factors is of
      utmost importance in the successful management of overuse injuries, and often
      requires greater skill and attention than does the treatment of the primary
      lesion.

PMID- 2900695
TI  - The epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in sports.
AB  - A 6 1/2-year review of 16,754 injuries seen in a multispecialty sports medicine
      clinic found that 25 per cent of the 12,681 injuries in the top 19 sports
      occurred at the ankle and foot. The percentages of foot and ankle injuries varied
      substantially from sport to sport, as did the proportion of sprains versus
      overuse injuries at each location. An appreciation of the patterns and numbers of
      injuries presenting to a sports medicine facility can be helpful in patient
      management and can aid the planning of both clinical investigations and
      educational programs.

PMID- 2900696
TI  - Polymorphic variations in the ori sequences from the mitochondrial genomes of
      different wild-type yeast strains.
AB  - We determined the restriction maps and primary structures of two as yet poorly
      characterized regions of the mitochondrial genomes of different wild-type strains
      of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These regions respectively comprised the ori1
      sequence and the newly identified ori8 sequence. Ori1 and ori8, together with
      their flanking sequences, exhibit a large polymorphism, resulting from specific
      variations due to insertions or deletions of optional GC clusters at different
      locations. The mechanisms underlying such sequence rearrangements are discussed.

PMID- 2900697
TI  - The mitochondrial genome of fertile maize (Zea mays L.) contains two copies of
      the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the F1-ATPase.
AB  - In contrast to the situation in animals and fungi the alpha-subunit of the
      mitochondrial F1-ATPase is encoded by two identical mitochondrial genes (ATP A)
      in male fertile maize (Zea mays L.). Cytoplasmic male sterile (T, C and S) maize
      mitochondrial genomes only contain a single copy of the gene. Sequence analysis
      reveals that the uninterrupted coding region of both copies of the gene is 1,524
      bp long and encodes a polypeptide of 508 amino acids with a molecular weight of
      55,117. The predicted amino acid sequence shares over 60% homology with the
      nuclear encoded alpha-subunit from yeast and bovine ATPase and approx. 50% with
      the corresponding chloroplast and bacterial polypeptides.

PMID- 2900698
TI  - Studies on metabolic reduction of befunolol in rabbit liver and kidney.

PMID- 2900699
TI  - Effect of 3-[2-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2,4(1H,3H)-
      quinazolinedione monophydrochloride (SGB-1534), an antihypertensive agent, on 3H
      prazosin and 3H-p-aminoclonidine binding to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in
      dog brain and aorta.

PMID- 2900701
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative effects on epidermal Langerhans (Ia+) and Thy-1+
      dendritic cells following topical application of phorbol diesters and mezerein.
AB  - Repeated twice-weekly applications of promoting doses of 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to the dorsal skin of female adult SENCAR
      mice led to a reduction in numbers per unit area of epidermal Thy-1+ dendritic
      cells. Although no parallel effect was observed on Ia+ Langerhans cells, a
      concurrent reduction of dendritic morphology of both cell types was observed.
      Topical administration of TPA (2 micrograms) twice weekly for 4 or 8 weeks led to
      reductions in Thy-1+ cell numbers of 52 and 61%, respectively, whereas a single
      treatment was without effect. Similar effects were observed in animals initiated
      with 10 nmol 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene suggesting that the response was
      specific to the promotion, rather than the initiation, phase of two-stage
      tumorigenesis. All initiated animals bore tumors after 16 promoter treatments. In
      comparison with the potent promoter TPA, the weak overall, but stage-specific
      promoters 4-O-methylTPA and mezerein showed no effects on number or morphology of
      either dendritic cell type. These findings are therefore consistent with an
      important role for quantitative and qualitative alterations in epidermal non
      keratinocytes of immune function in tumor promotion.

PMID- 2900700
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of 3-deazaguanine cytotoxicity in L1210-sensitive and 
      resistant cell lines.
AB  - 3-Deazaguanine (3-DG), a purine analogue, has unusual antitumor activity against
      experimental mammary tumor models and a number of other solid tumors. Others have
      shown that mutant CHO cells deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl
      transferase (HGPRTase) or adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRTase) are
      resistant to 3-DG. We developed a L1210 cell line resistant to 3-DG, L1210/3-DG,
      by subculturing the parent L1210/0 cells in the presence of increasing
      concentrations of 3-DG. The IC50 was 3.5 microM and 620 microM for L1210/0 and
      L1210/3-DG, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies proved the resistance to be
      stable. Examination of the baseline-specific activity of HGPRTase and APRTase
      showed that the former was 118-fold lower in L1210/3-DG than in L1210/0, and the
      latter demonstrated no difference. A 4-h treatment of the cell lines at IC50
      doses showed 48% and 23% reductions in IMP dehydrogenase in L1210/0 and L1210/3
      DG, respectively. The rate of de novo purine biosynthesis was studied by using
      [14C]formic acid. Formate flux increased 2-fold in L1210/3DG in concert with the
      observed deficiency of HGPRTase in the cell line. 3-DG uptake was studied with
      [14C]-labelled compound. The total radioactivity was 9-fold higher in L1210/0
      than in L1210/3-DG at 2 h. Subsequent chromatographic separation of radioactivity
      showed the 3-DG and 3-deazaguanosine pools of the drug to be equal in both lines.
      However, 3-DG nucleotide pools at 1 min and 2 h were 2.5-fold and 16-fold lower,
      respectively, in L1210/3-DG than in L1210/0. 3-DG incorporation studies with
      radiolabelled drug demonstrated that 3-deazaguanine is incorporated in the acid
      insoluble fraction of the cell. These studies conclude that HGPRTase, and not
      APRTase, is required for the activation of drug. Inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase
      is partially responsible for antitumor activity of the drug. The incorporation of
      drug into nucleic acids may be a major mechanism for its antitumor activity.
      Further studies using a cloned cDNA probe for hypoxanthine guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) demonstrated no change in the DNA arrangements
      of the L1210/3-DG cell line, and Northern blot analysis showed approximately
      equal expression of mRNA in both cell lines.

PMID- 2900703
TI  - Current drug therapy for Tourette's syndrome.

PMID- 2900702
TI  - Metabolic predisposition of a novel mutant (LEC rats) to hereditary hepatitis and
      hepatoma: alterations of the drug metabolizing enzymes.
AB  - Previously we established that 'LEC rats' have displayed spontaneous fulminant
      hepatitis with severe jaundice, which progressed to liver cancer, and a single
      autosomal recessive gene is responsible for the cause of the diseases. The
      activities of drug metabolizing enzymes were assayed in livers from LEC and
      control (LEA) rats at 4 weeks and 3 months before the onset of liver cancer. At 4
      weeks the cytochrome P-450 content of the LEC rat livers was 43% of the control
      (LEA) value. At 3 months the level was 65% of the control. Epoxide hydrolase,
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities were 2.6-,
      6.9- and 2.4-times higher than those in the LEA rats at 4 weeks, respectively,
      while glutathione S-transferase activity was not significantly different between
      the two strains. The enzyme changes in the LEC rats are quite similar to those
      observed in hyperplastic foci and nodules in chemical carcinogenesis of
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2900704
TI  - Glycemic control and raised serum alanine aminotransferase activity in treated
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The prevalence of raised serum liver-associated enzyme activity in stabilised,
      treated diabetic outpatients without concurrent hepatobiliary disease was
      investigated using a retrospective computer search of biochemical data. The
      frequency of raised alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or
      gamma glutamyl transferase activity found among diabetic, general medical and
      respiratory outpatients was compared with that found in apparently healthy
      controls. It was established that a raised activity of any of the three enzymes
      occurred with a similar frequency in each outpatient group. However, only with
      alanine aminotransferase did the frequency of elevation (7.1%) in the patients
      with previously diagnosed hepatobiliary disease exceed that of healthy controls.
      A raised alanine aminotransferase activity in diabetic outpatients was associated
      with good glycemic control (hemoglobin A1 less than 8%, p less than 0.02) and
      treatment with oral hypoglycaemic agents (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2900705
TI  - Behaviour of L-gamma-glutamyl-4-nitroanilide and L-gamma-glutamyl-3-carboxy-4
      nitroanilide with respect to gamma-glutamyltransferases of different origin.
AB  - In this paper we compare the measurement of catalytic activity concentrations of
      gamma-glutamyltransferase with the non-carboxylated and the carboxylated
      substrate in preparations of different origin. Fresh human sera, commercial test
      sera and preparations of gamma-glutamyltransferase purified from human liver,
      porcine kidney and bovine kidney were used as sample materials. When assayed with
      both substrates preparations of gamma-glutamyltransferase from bovine kidney
      behaved in a different manner as did the enzyme in preparations from human liver
      or porcine kidney and the enzyme in fresh human sera. On account of the results
      obtained with both substrates we classified the commercial test sera for their
      enrichment using multi-inductive component analysis. The differences observed for
      the various methods of determination seem to have significance in quality
      control.

PMID- 2900706
TI  - gamma-Glutamyl-transpeptidase in diabetics: a case control study.
AB  - Several investigators have reported high levels of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase
      (GGT) in the diabetic population. Therefore, we undertook a study to see the
      prevalence of 'isolated' high GGT in a large population of diabetics without
      chronic liver disease (CLD), as compared to an age- and sex-matched control group
      of non-diabetic subjects without CLD, and the role of extrahepatic factors in
      'isolated' high GGT, as possible etiopathogenetic causes. We selected 351
      diabetics with normal hepatologic screening, without echographic abnormalities of
      the hepatic parenchyma or the biliary tract. Age, duration and therapy of
      diabetes, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, glycosylated hemoglobin
      (HbA1), and the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were studied to see if they
      are related to high GGT. The control group included 260 age- and sex-matched non
      diabetic subjects. We did not find any significant difference between diabetics
      and the control group in the prevalence of high GGT (mean: 17.5% vs. 23%; women:
      16% vs. 14.5%). Multiple regression analysis showed that alcohol consumption
      plays the major role in the high GGT of both men and women.

PMID- 2900707
TI  - The gene for incontinentia pigmenti: failure of linkage studies using DNA probes
      to confirm cytogenetic localization.
AB  - Probes for restriction fragment length polymorphisms mapping between Xp21 and
      Xq22.3 have been used in a linkage study of incontinentia pigmenti (IP). Six
      independent sporadic cases of disorders resembling IP with X-autosome
      translocations involving the same X chromosome breakpoint (Xp11) have been
      reported. These observations suggest that the IP gene may be located in the Xp11
      chromosomal region. However, the linkage study with DNA probes has failed to
      confirm this localisation.

PMID- 2900708
TI  - Recombinational event between Norrie disease and DXS7 loci.
AB  - We have identified a family affected with X-linked recessive Norrie disease, in
      which a recombinational event occurred between the disease locus and the DXS7
      locus identified by the probe L1.28. The addition of our family brings the total
      of published informative families to seven, with a maximum lod score of 7.58 at a
      recombination frequency of 0.038 +/- 0.036. This finding indicates that the L1.28
      probe is useful but may not be completely reliable for prenatal diagnosis and
      that the gene for Norrie disease is not within the DNA sequence identified by the
      L1.28 probe.

PMID- 2900709
TI  - Dynamic heterogeneity: metastatic variants to liver are generated spontaneously
      in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - Mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells derived from F9 cells form predominantly
      liver tumors following the intravenous injection (i.e. experimental metastasis
      assay) of EC cells into syngeneic 129/J male mice. In this study, EC cells (OTF9)
      expressing stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) are compared with cells
      (SOTF9) lacking SSEA-1 antigen in the experimental liver metastasis assay. When
      parallel clones of EC cells were grown to a measured cell number and tested in
      the experimental metastasis assay, it was observed that the frequency of
      experimental liver metastases increases with the population size. When the clonal
      population size is less than the critical number of cells (approximately 2 x
      10(5) cells), the frequency of liver tumors is reduced relative to that of the
      parent EC population. The metastatic ability of clones derived from individual
      liver metastases did not differ from that of the parental cells. An analysis of
      the recessive biochemical and immunochemical markers of parental cells and of
      independent liver metastases suggests that somatic hybridization to host cells by
      the EC cells is not involved. These results are consistent with predictions from
      our dynamic heterogeneity model that was formulated by examining the experimental
      lung metastasis of KHT fibrosarcoma and B16 melanoma cells. Mathematical analysis
      of the results indicates that the effective rate of generation of the liver
      metastasizing variant cells is (7 +/- 3) x 10(-6) per cell per generation for
      both OTF9 and SOTF9 cells.

PMID- 2900710
TI  - [Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the amygdaloid complex in patients with
      Alzheimer type dementia and aged controls].

PMID- 2900711
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of the hospitalized young adult schizophrenic patient.
AB  - The authors surveyed pharmacotherapy in a group of hospitalized 18 to 35-year-old
      young adult patients (N = 286) with a DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenia. Drug
      use comparisons were made between patients with a 180 day or less hospitalization
      (short-stay, N = 226) and those with a 366+ day hospitalization (long-stay, N =
      60). Psychotropic drug usage during the initial 180 and most-recent 180 days of
      treatment of the long-stay group was compared with the total episode of the short
      stay group. Antiepileptic, antidepressant, lithium and
      anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotic agents, were used in significantly more of the long
      stay than short-stay patients. This increase was not observed between the two
      groups for the initial 180 days of the long-stay group but was observed during
      the most recent 180 days of treatment. Antipsychotic mean daily doses and
      patterns of use in the two length of stay groups were similar. Chlorpromazine
      (CPZ) dosage was significantly increased in long-stay patients compared with
      short-stay patients (P less than .05).

PMID- 2900712
TI  - Psychosis, behavioral disturbance, and the use of neuroleptics in dementia.
AB  - Despite the widespread use of psychotropic agents in patients with dementia,
      there is little available research on the nature and prevalence of psychiatric
      disturbance and behavioral syndromes requiring this treatment, and the results of
      such therapy. The authors suggest strategies to overcome difficulties inherent in
      attempting to obtain symptom profiles in demented patients. There is weak
      evidence to support the use of neuroleptics in the treatment of symptoms like
      suspiciousness, hallucinations, sleeplessness, agitation, emotional liability,
      and aggressiveness; no individual neuroleptic can be considered superior to any
      other for this purpose. Few studies have evaluated the effect of neuroleptics on
      activities of daily life (ADL), and no study has used detailed
      neurophsychological evaluation to examine their effects on cognitive function in
      dementia.

PMID- 2900713
TI  - Significance of mixed features in acute mania.
AB  - We studied a group of 23 manic patients to ascertain the prognostic significance
      of mixed affective features. Eight patients (34.8%) presented with a mixed manic
      state. This mixed state correlated with a longer hospitalization and
      significantly worse disposition outcome. In the light of previous conceptual
      models the authors speculate about the meaning of DSM-III defined mixed bipolar
      disorder.

PMID- 2900715
TI  - Experimental study on the effects of adrenergic blockade to multiple organ
      failure.

PMID- 2900714
TI  - Effect of sulfasalazine and its analogs on fertility in male rats.
AB  - Several derivatives of sulfasalazine were tested for their antifertility activity
      in male rats. The compounds were administered to groups of rats daily by oral
      gavage for 28 days. Fertility of the rats treated with sulfasalazine or compound
      CH 74A was reduced, while other compounds had no effect. In a subsequent
      experiment, therefore, only the active compounds were studied further. Fertility
      of rats treated with sulfasalazine, compound CH 74A, CH 99A or sulfapyridine was
      reduced during 40 days of treatment. At the end of treatment, body weights were
      reduced in higher dose groups of sulfasalazine, CH 74A and sulfapyridine compared
      to control animals. The weights of the testes, prostate or seminal vesicle were
      not altered by any of the treatments. On the other hand, weight of the
      epididymides decreased in all higher dose groups except in CH 99A-treated
      animals. Sperm motility decreased in all the treated rats except in animals
      treated with low dose of sulfapyridine, whereas epididymal sperm count decreased
      in all but CH 99A-treated animals. These results suggest that sulfasalazine and
      its derivatives bring about their antifertility effects by decreasing sperm
      motility and/or number of spermatozoa.

PMID- 2900716
TI  - Developmental regulation of prion protein mRNA in brain.
AB  - During development of the hamster brain, synthesis of the cellular isoform of the
      scrapie prion protein (PrPC) was found to be regulated. Low levels of PrP
      poly(A)+ mRNA were detectable one day after birth. PrP poly(A)+ mRNA reached
      maximal levels between 10 and 20 days post-partum; thereafter, no change in its
      level could be detected at ages up to 13 months. In contrast, myelin basic
      protein poly(A)+ mRNA was shown to reach maximal levels by 30 days of age and
      thereafter steadily declined in adult brain. Using monospecific PrP antisera,
      immunoprecipitable cell-free translation products were detected at low levels two
      days after birth and progressively increased up to 10 days of age. How the PrP
      mRNA participates in brain development and its function in scrapie prion
      infection are being investigated.

PMID- 2900717
TI  - Scrapie: a virus-induced amyloidosis of the brain.
AB  - We have studied the pathogenesis of scrapie in hamsters, in particular the
      increase of infectivity and the formation of scrapie-associated fibrils in
      relation to clinical disease. The results of such studies after intraperitoneal
      or intracerebral infection are consistent with the idea that transmissible
      spongiform encephalopathies are a type of virus-induced, brain-specific
      amyloidosis. Therefore, an appropriate name for the class of viruses that cause
      these diseases might be amyloid-inducing viruses.

PMID- 2900718
TI  - Scrapie-associated fibrils, PrP protein and the Sinc gene.
AB  - Scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) are disease-specific structures found in
      extracts of the brains of animals affected with scrapie. These structures are
      pathological aggregates of a normal host protein called PrP. In collaboration
      with Konrad Beyreuther (Heidelberg), we have characterized the multiple forms of
      PrP found in SAF fractions from mouse brain affected by the ME7 strain of
      scrapie. There is no in vivo N-terminal cleavage of the most abundant forms of
      PrP. However, N-terminal cleavage of some minor forms of PrP does occur in vivo
      within a domain of repetitive sequences at sites similar to but distinct from
      those cut by proteinase K in vitro. We suggest that such covalently modified
      forms of PrP may be the result of enzymic degradation occurring as a consequence
      rather than as a cause of disease. We also found a novel, as yet unidentified,
      amino acid derivative of the arginine residue at position 3 in both hamster and
      mouse PrP 33-35, which may predispose PrP to form SAF. Carlson and colleagues
      have discovered a linkage between the PrP gene and the murine gene provisionally
      called Prn-i which, from the work of Carp and coworkers, appears identical to the
      Sinc gene. The Sinc gene is the major gene determining the incubation period of
      all strains of scrapie in mice. We have evidence for a linkage of the PrP gene
      and Sinc using inbred mice of known Sinc genotype, including VM(Sincp7) and
      VM(Sincs7) congenic mice. PrP may even be the protein product of the Sinc gene.

PMID- 2900719
TI  - Properties of scrapie prion proteins in liposomes and amyloid rods.
AB  - The scrapie prion protein (PrP 27-30) has been demonstrated to be required for
      infectivity. Aggregates of PrP 27-30 form insoluble amyloid rods which resist
      dissociation by non-denaturing detergents. Mixtures of the detergent cholate and
      phospholipids were found to solubilize PrP 27-30 with full retention of scrapie
      prion infectivity. No evidence for a prion-associated nucleic acid could be found
      when the phospholipid vesicles with PrP 27-30 were digested with nucleases and
      Zn2+. Under digestion conditions which allowed hydrolysis of exogenous nucleic
      acids, no diminution of prion infectivity was observed. Tobacco mosaic virions
      added to the liposomes at a concentration 100 times lower than the scrapie prion
      titre could be seen by electron microscopy. These studies indicate that there is
      no subpopulation of filamentous scrapie viruses hidden amongst the prion rods -
      indeed, they would have been observed among the liposomes. The partitioning of
      PrP 27-30 and scrapie infectivity into phospholipid vesicles argues for a central
      role of PrP 27-30 in scrapie pathogenesis and establishes that the prion amyloid
      rods are not essential for infectivity.

PMID- 2900721
TI  - Genetic control of prion incubation period in mice.
AB  - The prion gene complex (Prn) is located on mouse chromosome 2 between the beta-2
      microglobulin (B2m) and agouti (A) genes. Within this complex are the prion
      protein gene (Prn-p), which encodes the only identified macromolecule (PrP) that
      purifies with infectious scrapie agent, and a scrapie incubation time gene (Prn
      i). Using a variety of restriction endonucleases, six allelic forms of the Prn-p
      gene have been distinguished by their patterns of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms. We had previously shown that the exceptionally long scrapie
      incubation period of I/LnJ mice inoculated with the Chandler isolate (over 200
      days) was due to the effects of a scrapie incubation time gene tightly linked to
      Prn-p. So far, this long scrapie incubation time allele has been found only in
      those inbred mouse strains (I/LnJ, P/J and IM) that have the b allele of Prn-p.
      It is not known whether the incubation time gene and prion protein gene are two
      distinct loci or are one and the same. Putative recombinants between the
      incubation time phenotype and Prn-p genotype have been observed, but this could
      be due to effects of other genes segregating in the population. Regardless of
      whether or not the incubation time and PrP genes are identical, if any
      differences were found in the amino acid sequences of PrP encoded by the
      different Prn-p alleles there would be important implications for interpretation
      of results on 'strains' of scrapie agent. It would not be necessary to invoke
      nucleic acid as the informational macromolecule of the scrapie agent because
      differences in prion 'strains' recovered from mice with different Prn-p genotypes
      need not be the result of host selection but could be due to differences in host
      encoded PrP.

PMID- 2900722
TI  - Enzymatic hydrolysis of retinamides.
AB  - Enzymatic activity present in liver microsomes from rats slowly hydrolyzed N-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR). A product of the reaction was all-trans-retinoic
      acid. The reaction, which had a pH optimum greater than 8.6, was stimulated by
      divalent cations, particularly Mn2+. Enzyme activity was highest in liver
      microsomes but was also present in kidney microsomes, liver cytoplasm, and spleen
      cytoplasm. Of 10 possible substrates tested, the 13-cis- and all-trans-forms of N
      ethylretinamide were most active. The all-trans-form of 4HPR was much more active
      than the 13-cis-form. Neither 13-cis- nor all-trans-retinoyl leucine was a
      substrate. Because no detectable [14C]all-trans-retinoic acid could be found in
      the livers of rats after doses of [14C]4HPR, we conclude that this enzyme is not
      extensively active in intact animals.

PMID- 2900720
TI  - Novel mechanisms of degeneration of the central nervous system--prion structure
      and biology.
AB  - Prion is a term for the novel infectious agents which cause scrapie and
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; these infectious pathogens are composed largely, if
      not entirely, of prion protein (PrP) molecules. No prion-specific polynucleotide
      has been identified. Considerable evidence indicates that PrP 27-30 is required
      for and inseparable from scrapie infectivity. PrP 27-30 is derived from a larger
      protein, denoted PrPSc. A cellular isoform, designated PrPC, and PrPSc are both
      encoded by a single copy chromosomal gene and both proteins appear to be
      translated from the same 2.1 kb mRNA. Monoclonal antibodies to PrP 27-30 as well
      as antisera to PrP synthetic peptides, react with both PrPC and PrPSc,
      establishing the relatedness of these proteins. PrPC is completely digested by
      proteinase K; PrPSc is converted to PrP 27-30 under the same conditions.
      Detergent extraction of microsomal membranes isolated from scrapie-infected
      hamster brains solubilizes PrPC but induces PrPSc to polymerize into amyloid
      rods. This procedure allows separation of the two prion protein isoforms and the
      demonstration that PrPSc accumulates during scrapie infection while the level of
      PrPC does not change. The prion amyloid rods generated by detergent extraction
      are identical morphologically, except for length, to extracellular collections of
      prion amyloid filaments which form plaques in scrapie- and CJD-infected brains.
      The prion amyloid plaques stain with antibodies to PrP 27-30 and PrP peptides.
      Prion rods composed of PrP 27-30 dissociate into phospholipid vesicles with full
      retention of scrapie infectivity. The murine PrP gene (Prn-p) is linked to the
      Prn-i gene, which controls the length of the scrapie incubation period. Prolonged
      incubation times are a cardinal feature of scrapie and CJD. While the central
      role of PrPSc in scrapie pathogenesis is well established, the chemical and
      conformational differences between PrPC and PrPSc are unknown but presumably
      arise from post-translational events.

PMID- 2900724
TI  - Suppression of acetaminophen conjugation and of conjugate elimination in the rat
      by metyrapone, a classical P-450 inhibitor.
AB  - This study examined the effects of metyrapone on the overall elimination of
      acetaminophen and on the individual processes principally responsible for
      elimination, the formation of acetaminophen sulfate and glucuronide. Because
      acetaminophen pharmacokinetics are nonlinear above a threshold dose, experiments
      were designed to investigate acetaminophen elimination in the linear (30 mg/kg)
      and nonlinear (150 mg/kg) ranges to assess possible effects of metyrapone on
      conjugating enzymes and on cofactor availability. Prior treatment with 400 mg/kg
      metyrapone tartrate decreased total clearance of acetaminophen over 30% in the
      linear range (25.4 +/- 2.0 vs. 36.2 +/- 3.7 ml/min/kg in controls; p less than
      0.01) and over 40% in the nonlinear range of disposition (4.42 +/- 1.07 vs 7.76
      +/- 1.37 ml/min/kg in controls, p less than 0.01). Partial clearance to
      acetaminophen glucuronide was decreased by metyrapone in each dose range. Partial
      clearance to acetaminophen sulfate also declined in each dose range but
      statistically so only after 150 mg/kg. Metyrapone decreased the renal clearance
      of acetaminophen sulfate and glucuronide when these conjugates were formed in
      vivo after acetaminophen administration. However, metyrapone failed to impair the
      renal clearance of acetaminophen glucuronide when preformed metabolites were
      administered directly. The utility of metyrapone as a specific inhibitor of
      oxidative drug metabolism appears to be limited for drugs such as acetaminophen
      by concomitant inhibition of competing conjugation pathways, which account for
      the majority of drug elimination.

PMID- 2900723
TI  - Genetic control of acetyl coenzyme A-dependent arylamine N-acetyltransferase,
      hydrazine N-acetyltransferase, and N-hydroxy-arylamine O-acetyltransferase
      enzymes in C57BL/6J, A/J, AC57F1, and the rapid and slow acetylator A.B6 and B6.A
      congenic inbred mouse.
AB  - Acetyl coenzyme A-dependent N-acetyltransferase and O-acetyltransferase
      activities were examined in liver cytosols derived from homozygous rapid
      acetylator C57BL/6J and A.B6 congenic inbred mouse strains, from homozygous slow
      acetylator A/J and B6.A congenic inbred mouse strains, and from the (C57BL/6J x
      A/J)F1 heterozygous acetylator hybrid mouse strain. Acetylator genotype-dependent
      N-acetyltransferase activity was exhibited for the N-acetylation of p
      aminobenzoic acid, 2-aminofluorene, and 4-aminobiphenyl. In contrast, levels of
      isoniazid N-acetyltransferase and N-hydroxy-3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl O
      acetyltransferase activities in mouse liver cytosol appeared to be independent of
      the arylamine Nat acetylator gene. Although cytosolic N-acetyltransferase
      activities differed about 2-fold between the parental C57BL/6J and A/J strains
      for p-aminobenzoic acid, 2-aminofluorene, and 4-aminobiphenyl, the same N
      acetyltransferase activities differed about 6-7-fold between the homozygous rapid
      acetylator A.B6 and the homozygous slow acetylator B6.A congenic inbred strains.
      Partial purification of acetyl coenzyme A-dependent arylamine N-acetyltransferase
      activity in the five inbred mouse strains showed one major paraoxon-resistant
      enzyme in liver cytosol in each of the rapid and slow acetylator mouse strains
      examined. Levels of partially purified 2-aminofluorene and 4-aminobiphenyl N
      acetyltransferase activity were about 7-fold higher in the A.B6 than the B6.A
      congenic inbred strain. Partial purification of acetyl coenzyme A-dependent
      isoniazid N-acetyltransferase activity showed catalysis by a paraoxon-resistant
      enzyme(s) distinct from the major arylamine N-acetyltransferase enzyme(s). These
      results suggest that isoniazid N-acetyltransferase(s) in mouse liver cytosol is a
      product of a separate gene that segregates independently of the arylamine Nat
      gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900725
TI  - Inhibition of the metabolism of urethane by ethanol.
AB  - Ethanol has been shown to inhibit the localization of [ethyl-1-14C] urethane in
      the male mouse, but the effect of ethanol on the metabolism of urethane has not
      been clarified. Consequently, the concentration of unchanged urethane was
      determined in the blood of male mice up to 11 hr after oral administration of
      urethane with or without ethanol. A high and constant blood level of urethane
      persisted for 8 hr after the administration of an ethanolic solution of [ethyl-1
      14C] urethane (125 mumol/kg, 10 muCi/20 g of mouse, 5 g of ethanol per kg, po);
      the blood level of ethanol was at or above 150 mg/dl during these 8 hr. In
      contrast, rapid clearance of radioactivity was observed in mice treated with
      [ethyl-1-14C]urethane dissolved in water. Coadministration of ethanol with
      urethane decreased the rate of 14CO2 expiration; furthermore, covalent binding
      with liver protein was delayed about 8 hr and was less than that in the group
      treated with urethane in water. The metabolism of urethane and production of
      14CO2 from [carbonyl-14C]urethane by mouse liver homogenate in vitro were
      inhibited by the presence of ethanol (greater than 10 mM); these concentrations
      of ethanol in vitro are about the same as those that are inhibitory in vivo, but
      the extent of inhibition suggests that the liver is not the only site of
      metabolism of urethane. These results indicate that ethanol can inhibit the
      initial metabolism of urethane, prevent the formation of active metabolites, and
      allow urethane to persist in blood.

PMID- 2900726
TI  - Benzazepine metabolism revisited. Evidence for the formation of novel amine
      conjugates.
AB  - Three novel metabolites of the benzazepine SK&F 86466 (6-chloro-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-3-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine) have been isolated from dog urine and
      characterized by tandem mass spectrometry, using fast atom bombardment and
      thermospray ionization, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The parent drug
      undergoes oxidation to yield an N-oxide or N-demethylation to yield the primary
      metabolite SK&F 101055 (6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine). This
      desmethyl metabolite then undergoes N-sulfoconjugation to yield 6-chloro-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-3-N-sulfonate. Two glucuronide conjugates derived
      from the desmethyl metabolite were also isolated and characterized. One
      glucuronide is formed from an intermediate carbamic acid, formally derived from
      the addition of CO2 to the desmethyl benzazepine. A second glucuronide is derived
      from an intermediate hydroxylamine metabolite. Methodology for characterizing the
      carbamyl glucuronide was developed, using an ethanolysis reaction to give a
      stable ethyl carbamate derivative that can then be characterized by GC-MS. This
      methodology should prove useful in establishing whether such carbamylation
      reactions occur with other amines.

PMID- 2900727
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of a series of 6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-substituted-1H- 3
      benzazepines in rats. Determination of quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic
      relationships.
AB  - To aid in the effort to discover novel agents for the treatment of cardiovascular
      disease, the relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters in the rat and
      lipophilicity and basicity were studied for a series of 6-chloro-2,3,4,5
      tetrahydro-3-substituted-1H-3-benzazepines. Eight compounds, ranging in
      lipophilicity from log P = 1.64 to 3.50 and basicity from pKa = 6.75 to 9.36,
      were studied. The compounds were administered iv to rats, and the pharmacokinetic
      parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration-time curves. Plasma
      protein binding was determined in vitro using equilibrium dialysis to allow
      calculation of steady state volume of distribution of unbound drug, Vss,u; and
      tissue binding. Stepwise regression analysis with each pharmacokinetic parameter
      as the dependent variable and log P and pKa as the independent variables was
      performed. In no case was there a significant relationship between a
      pharmacokinetic parameter and both of the independent variables. Statistically
      significant linear relationships were found between pKa and Vss and t 1/2z.
      Lipophilicity was found to correlate with the free fraction in plasma and the
      free fraction in tissues. The clearance parameters did not correlate with either
      of the physicochemical parameters. The pharmacokinetics of the one secondary
      amine in the series were clearly different from those of any of the tertiary
      amines. The clearance of the secondary amine was lower and the volume of
      distribution higher than any of the tertiary amines. These results demonstrate
      that alteration of the lipophilicity of 3-substituted benzazepines does not alter
      their pharmacokinetics in a predictable fashion but that the pharmacokinetics of
      secondary amines may be substantially different than tertiary amines.

PMID- 2900728
TI  - Pharmacokinetic procedures for the estimation of organ clearances for the
      formation of short-lived metabolites. Acetaminophen-induced glutathione depletion
      in hamster liver.
AB  - Several approaches have been developed to estimate in vivo the intrinsic
      clearances of enzymes that catalyze the formation of chemically reactive
      metabolites that do not escape the organs in which they are formed. Two basic
      models are considered. Model 1 is a general model in which the chemically
      reactive metabolite is inactivated by a combination of a pseudo-first order
      reaction, such as a reaction with large pools of protein, and a second order
      reaction with a depletable endogenous substance, such as glutathione or an
      enzyme. Model 2 is a special case, in which at low doses of the parent compound
      the reactive metabolite preferentially reacts with a depletable endogenous
      substance, such as glutathione. In developing both models we have assumed that
      the rate of formation of reactive metabolite follows first order kinetics and
      that the concentration of reactive metabolite in liver reaches a steady state
      almost instantaneously. In developing Model 2 we also have assumed that the
      depletion of hepatic reduced glutathione is due solely to the formation of
      glutathione conjugates. The uses of the approaches based on Model 2 were
      illustrated by studying the effects of a marginally toxic dose of acetaminophen
      on the depletion and subsequent repletion of hepatic glutathione in hamsters.
      From the calculated rate of synthesis of glutathione in liver, the fraction of
      the dose of acetaminophen converted to the glutathione conjugate in liver, and
      the clearance for the formation of glutathione conjugate in vivo was estimated
      and was found to be similar to that obtained with hepatic 9,000 g supernatant
      preparations. Other uses of the models are described.

PMID- 2900729
TI  - Hydroxy metabolites of phencyclidine. Identification and quantitation of two
      novel metabolites.
AB  - A new sensitive and specific GC-MS assay was developed to quantify monohydroxy
      metabolites of phencyclidine (PCP) from biological samples. The method is based
      on the two-step extraction of PCP and related basic metabolites in an organic
      solvent followed by a capillary column GC separation and mass selective detection
      of the extract derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. The
      detection limit of the method is about 5 pmol with a linear standard curve to 3
      nmol/injection. The assay was used for the quantification of monohydroxy
      metabolites in the urine of PCP-dosed mice and rats. A new compound (specifically
      selected for this study), 1-phenyl-1-(1-[3-hydroxymethyl]piperidinyl)cyclohexane,
      was used as the internal standard. The internal standard was selected to closely
      mimic the chemical characteristics of potential alicyclic hydroxy metabolites of
      PCP. The in vitro biotransformation of PCP by mouse and rat liver microsomes also
      was studied. The presence of a recently identified metabolite, 3-phenyl-3-(1
      piperidinyl)-trans-cyclohexanol was confirmed. A new metabolite, 1-phenyl-1-(1
      piperidinyl-3-ol)cyclohexane, was identified and quantified in the urine and
      liver microsomal preparations.

PMID- 2900730
TI  - Differential renal handling of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
      enalaprilat and lisinopril in rats.
AB  - Enalaprilat, the active metabolite of enalapril, and its lysine analogue
      lisinopril are potent nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
      Earlier studies from our laboratories demonstrated that neither drug is
      significantly metabolized, and both are almost exclusively eliminated by renal
      excretion. This report compares the renal excretory mechanisms for these
      structurally related compounds in the rat. After an iv, 1-mg/kg dose, ratios of
      renal clearance (CLR) of unbound drug to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for
      enalaprilat and lisinopril were 2.72 +/- 0.70 and 1.01 +/- 0.18, respectively,
      suggesting that enalaprilat, but not lisinopril, was actively secreted by the
      kidneys. Treatment with probenecid and p-aminohippuric acid, potent competitive
      inhibitors for the renal anionic transport system, caused a profound decrease in
      the renal clearance of enalaprilat to the level of GFR. The CLR/fu.GFR, where fu
      is the unbound fraction, became 1.10 +/- 0.09 and 1.25 +/- 0.25, respectively.
      These results and the fact that quinine, a potent inhibitor for the cationic
      transport system, had little effect on the renal clearance of enalaprilat
      indicated that enalaprilat is secreted by the organic anion transport system. On
      the other hand, probenecid, p-aminohippuric acid, and quinine had no effect on
      the renal clearance of lisinopril, suggesting that lisinopril is eliminated
      exclusively by glomerular filtration.

PMID- 2900731
TI  - Metabolism-dependent covalent binding of (S)-[5-3H]nicotine to liver and lung
      microsomal macromolecules.
AB  - Incubation of (S)-[5-3H]nicotine with rabbit liver microsomes in the presence of
      dioxygen and NADPH results in the formation of metabolites that bind covalently
      to microsomal macromolecules (250-550 pmol/mg of protein/hr). The partition ratio
      [(S)-nicotine metabolized/(S)-nicotine equivalents covalently bound] ranged
      between 250:1 and 500:1. The addition of SKF 525-A, cytochrome c, or n-octylamine
      inhibited both (S)-nicotine metabolism and covalent binding whereas phenobarbital
      pretreatment increased the rates of metabolism and covalent binding. Sodium
      cyanide, which forms stable adducts with the cytochrome P-450-generated iminium
      ion metabolites of (S)-nicotine and a variety of other tertiary amines, inhibited
      covalent binding but also decreased the rate of (S)-nicotine metabolism. The
      metabolism-dependent covalent binding of (S)-nicotine and its conversion to the
      delta 1',5'-iminium species were observed also in microsomal incubations prepared
      from rabbit lung and human liver tissues.

PMID- 2900732
TI  - Excretion and biotransformation of cisapride in dogs and humans after oral
      administration.
AB  - The excretion and biotransformation of cisapride, a novel gastrokinetic drug,
      were studied after a single po dose of [14C]cisapride in dogs and humans. The
      excretion of radioactivity amounted to 97% within 4 days after a 1 mg/kg dose in
      dogs (72% in feces and 25% in urine). After a 10-mg dose in humans, 44% was
      excreted in the 0-24-hr urine and 37% in the 0-35-hr feces; excretion was
      complete within 4 days. Excretion of the parent drug was greater in dogs (0.4
      1.3% of the dose in urine, 23% in feces) than in humans (0.2% in urine, 4-6% in
      feces). This was due, at least in part, to a larger proportion of amine
      glucuronidation and sulfation in dogs. N-Deal-kylation at the piperidine nitrogen
      resulting in the main urinary metabolite, norcisapride, and aromatic
      hydroxylation of the 4-fluorophenyl ring were major metabolic pathways in both
      species. Norcisapride excretion accounted for 14% of the dose in dogs and 41-45%
      in humans. Minor metabolic pathways were O-dealkylation at the 4-fluorophenoxy
      group and piperidine oxidation. Peak plasma levels and AUC values of norcisapride
      in humans were 8-9 times lower than those of cisapride. Apart from more amine
      conjugation in dogs, the biotransformation of cisapride was similar in dogs and
      humans.

PMID- 2900733
TI  - Excretion and biotransformation of cisapride in rats after oral administration.
AB  - The excretion and biotransformation of cisapride, a novel gastrokinetic drug,
      were studied after single (10, 40, and 160 mg/kg) and repeated (10 mg/kg/day) po
      administration to rats, using three different radiolabels. In fasted rats,
      cisapride was absorbed almost completely, except for the 160 mg/kg dose.
      Cisapride was metabolized extensively to at least 30 metabolites. The excretion
      of the metabolites amounted to more than 80% of the dose at 24 hr and was almost
      complete at 96 hr after dosing. In bile duct-cannulated rats, 60% was excreted in
      the bile within 24 hr, 45% of which underwent enterohepatic circulation. The main
      urinary metabolites, 4-fluorophenyl sulfate and norcisapride, primarily resulted
      from the N-dealkylation at the piperidine. Another major metabolic pathway was
      aromatic hydroxylation, occurring on either the 4-fluorophenoxy or the benzamide
      rings. The resulting phenolic metabolites were eliminated as conjugates in the
      bile; a large portion of them were subjected to a rapid enterohepatic circulation
      before their final excretion in the feces. Minor metabolic pathways included
      piperidine oxidation, O-dealkylation, O-demethylation of the methoxy substituent
      at the benzamide, and amine glucuronidation. Only minor quantitative dose- and
      sex-dependent differences could be observed for the mass balance of the
      metabolites. Upon repeated po dosing, steady state excretion rates were already
      attained after two to three doses, and excretion and metabolite patterns were
      very similar to those after single dose administration.

PMID- 2900734
TI  - Stereoselectivity and regioselectivity of purified human glutathione transferases
      pi, alpha-epsilon, and mu with alkene and polycyclic arene oxide substrates.
AB  - The stereoselectivities of three biochemically distinct human glutathione
      transferases, the acidic isoenzyme (pi) purified from placenta and the basic
      (alpha-epsilon) and the near-neutral (mu) isoenzymes purified from liver, were
      determined with (+/-)-benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide, pyrene-4,5-oxide, and (+/-)
      styrene-7,8-oxide as substrates. Transferase mu was highly selective (greater
      than 95%) for reaction of glutathione with R-configured oxirane carbon atoms of
      (+/-)-benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide and pyrene-4,5-oxide, whereas transferase pi was
      highly stereoselective (greater than 95%) for S-configured epoxide carbon atoms
      of (+/-)-benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide and pyrene-4,5-oxide. The basic transferases
      (alpha-epsilon) showed relatively low stereoselectivity with these polycyclic
      arene oxide substrates; glutathione reaction at R-configured oxirane carbons was
      preferred, but only by about 2-fold. With (+/-)-benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide as
      substrate, transferases mu and alpha-epsilon were enantioselective for (4R,5S)
      benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-oxide (about 6-fold), whereas transferase pi showed little
      enantioselectivity. With (+/-)-styrene-7,8-oxide as substrate, transferases mu
      and pi were selective for (7S)-styrene-7,8-oxide, but this enantioselectivity was
      not great (1.3- to 1.8-fold); enantioselectivity could not be accurately
      determined with alpha-epsilon due to the low enzymatic turnover. Transferase pi
      selectively catalyzed the reaction of glutathione with the benzylic oxirane
      carbon (C-7) of (+/-)-styrene-7,8-oxide whereas alpha-epsilon preferentially
      catalyzed reaction with the terminal epoxide carbon (C-8) atom.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900735
TI  - Species differences in the stereoselective hydrolysis of esmolol by blood
      esterases.
AB  - The stereoselective hydrolysis of esmolol was examined in blood from several
      species including humans. Blood esmolol esterase activity was in the order of
      guinea pigs greater than rats greater than rabbits greater than dogs greater than
      rhesus monkeys greater than humans. Dog and rat blood esterases hydrolyzed the (
      )-enantiomer of esmolol faster than the (+)-enantiomer whereas rhesus monkey,
      rabbit, and guinea pig blood esterases hydrolyzed the (+)-enantiomer faster.
      Human blood esterases did not demonstrate stereoselectivity. Dog liver esterases
      also showed stereoselectivity towards the (-)-enantiomer but dog skeletal muscle
      esterases did not. Studies in mongrel dogs indicated that during esmolol
      infusions the concentration ratio of (-)-esmolol/(+)-esmolol was approximately
      0.85. After termination of the esmolol infusion the (-)/(+) concentration ratio
      continuously decreased until (-)-esmolol was no longer quantifiable. These
      results indicate that stereoselective hydrolysis of esmolol occurs in vitro and
      in vivo.

PMID- 2900736
TI  - Metabolism and disposition of n-butyl acrylate in male Fischer rats.
AB  - Butyl acrylate (BA) is one of the major monomers used in the manufacture of
      polymers and resins. Because little is known regarding its metabolic fate in
      animals, it was of interest to study the metabolism and disposition of BA in the
      rat. After oral administration, butyl [2,3-14C]acrylate was rapidly absorbed and
      metabolized. The acrylate moiety was metabolized primarily to CO2, accounting for
      elimination of up to 75% of the administered radiolabel. Elimination in urine and
      feces accounted for approximately 10 and 2% of the dose, respectively. Initial
      clearance of radioactivity from the tissues was very rapid and then decreased to
      a negligible rate 2 hr after iv administration. Total radioactivity in the major
      tissues was relatively constant from 2 to 24 hr. The majority of the
      radioactivity in the blood at 24 hr was found to be covalently bound to the
      protein fraction of the red blood cell membranes. There was some evidence of a
      first-pass effect when BA was administered by gavage because iv administration
      resulted in less metabolism to CO2 and quantitative differences in urinary
      metabolites. The two major metabolites in urine were identified as N-acetyl-S-(2
      carboxyethyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine-S-oxide. Results of
      this study indicated that the major portion of a BA dose was hydrolyzed to
      acrylic acid, which was further metabolized to compounds available for oxidative
      metabolism. Radiolabeled carbons from the BA molecule were excreted as CO2 or
      incorporated in trace amounts into lipids, proteins, and other products of de
      novo synthesis. A smaller portion of the BA dose was conjugated with endogenous
      glutathione.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900737
TI  - Methyl carbamate. Species-dependent variations in metabolism and clearance in
      rats and mice.
AB  - Studies of the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of methyl carbamate (MC) in
      F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice indicate that this compound is more toxic to rats than
      mice. MC was also a carcinogen for rats but not a carcinogen for mice even when
      administered at a higher dose. The present study of the comparative metabolism
      and disposition of MC in these two species was conducted to determine possible
      sources of these varying responses. Results of this study indicate that, although
      the initial distribution of MC in the two species is similar, the mouse
      metabolizes and clears MC much more rapidly than does the rat. In the mouse,
      clearance was primarily by metabolism to CO2 and elimination in exhaled air,
      which accounted for approximately 70% of the dose in 48 hr. On the other hand,
      the rat eliminated approximately 18% of the dose as CO2 in 48 hr and a similar
      amount in urine. The parent compound accounted for approximately 90% of the
      material excreted in urine of both rats and mice. Only the parent compound was
      detected in tissues of either species. Less than 4% of the dose was excreted in
      feces of either species. The lesser ability of the rat to metabolize and
      eliminate MC as CO2 results in bioaccumulation of this compound on repeat
      exposure. Therefore, bioaccumulation of MC by the rat on chronic exposure
      probably results in both greater total exposure and higher peak exposure of most
      rat tissues vs. those of mice and may thus account for the greater toxicity and
      possibly carcinogenicity of MC to rats.

PMID- 2900738
TI  - Mechanism of azoreduction of dimethylaminoazobenzene by rat liver NADPH
      cytochrome P-450 reductase and partially purified cytochrome P-450. Oxygen and
      carbon monoxide sensitivity and stimulation by FAD and FMN.
AB  - We have reported that the hepatocarcinogen dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) is
      reduced by rat liver microsomes in an oxygen- and carbon monoxide-insensitive
      manner and that activity is induced by clofibrate but no other recognized
      inducers of cytochrome P-450 activity. In the present study we have shown that
      the reaction proceeds in a partially purified reconstituted cytochrome P-450
      system as well as with purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase alone. In the
      latter system, activity is totally inhibited in air whereas the former system is
      active in air as well as in a carbon monoxide atmosphere. Although clofibrate
      induces both DAB azoreductase and laurate hydroxylase activities, the suicide
      substrate 10-undecynoic acid blocks the latter but not the former, implying
      catalysis by distinct enzymes. FAD and FMN stimulate DAB azoreduction 40-50-fold
      by both NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase alone and by the reconstituted
      cytochrome P-450 system. However, it was shown that these flavins facilitate
      electron flow to DAB only from reductase and not from cytochrome P-450. The fact
      that the reconstituted system, which contains NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase,
      is oxygen insensitive suggests that there is an obligatory electron flow through
      cytochrome P-450 to DAB, bypassing the oxygen-sensitive step.

PMID- 2900739
TI  - Metabolism of 1-chloro-2-methylpropene. Evidence for reactive chloroaldehyde
      intermediates.
AB  - Recent metabolism and disposition studies of 1-chloro-2-methylpropene
      (dimethylvinyl chloride) revealed cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates of 3
      chloro-2-methylpropenoic acid as the major metabolites. In the present studies we
      have investigated various steps in the metabolic pathway to determine which step
      was responsible for the observed trans (E)-stereochemistry of these metabolites.
      In vitro incubation studies of dimethylvinyl chloride with rat liver microsomes
      indicated cytochrome P-450-catalyzed aliphatic hydroxylation to be only
      stereoselective. Both (E)- and (Z)-3-chloro-2-methylpropenols formed in an
      identical ratio of 2:1 in incubations with microsomes from untreated male and
      female rats and phenobarbital-treated male rats. No alcohol formation was
      observed in incubations using microsomes from beta-naphthoflavone-treated male
      rats. Investigation of the subsequent conjugation reactions of sulfur
      nucleophiles with haloenoic carbonyl compounds showed that both (E)- and (Z)-3
      chloro-2-methylpropenals reacted rapidly with N-acetylcysteine, the E-adduct
      being the sole product in either case. In contrast, the Michael reaction of the
      corresponding acids with N-acetylcysteine was very sluggish. Also, whereas the E
      acid yielded exclusively the corresponding E-adduct, the Z-isomer afforded both Z
      and E-conjugates in the ratio of 3:4. Glutathione S-transferases had poor
      activity towards conjugation of glutathione with these acids. Formation of only
      an E-glutathione conjugate could be observed from either the E- or Z-acid in
      these enzymatic reactions. Direct Michael reaction of glutathione with (E)-3
      bromo-2-methylpropenoic acid, used in chemical synthesis of the conjugates,
      yielded both the E- and Z-adducts in the ratio of 95:5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2900740
TI  - Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents. III. Formation of
      oxidized metabolites of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid in rabbit.
AB  - Disulfide metabolites of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS), a heavy
      metal chelating agent, have been found in the urine of catheterized rabbits after
      a single dose of DMPS. After treating the urine with a reducing agent such as
      NaBH4, a 20-fold increase in DMPS was observed within 6 hr after administration.
      This suggested the presence of disulfide metabolites of DMPS. The disulfide
      metabolites were isolated from urine by extraction and were further purified by
      ion-interaction reverse phase HPLC. Upon reduction with NaBH4 or dithiothreitol,
      the isolated disulfides converted to DMPS. The isolated metabolites were not
      chelates of copper or zinc as determined by atomic absorption. Negative ion fast
      atom bombardment mass spectra indicated that the isolated metabolites were cyclic
      and acyclic polymeric disulfides of DMPS. The cyclic polymeric disulfides
      consisted of dimeric and trimeric forms of DMPS. One of the acyclic polymeric
      disulfides was identified as a DMPS dimer. Urinary excretion profiles of rabbits
      revealed that the majority of the altered DMPS consisted of cyclic and acyclic
      polymeric disulfides of DMPS. The cyclic disulfides increased with time while the
      acyclic disulfides decreased with time, suggesting that the acyclic forms are
      intermediates and oxidize to the cyclic forms. The rapid formation of stable 8
      membered cyclic dimeric and 12-membered cyclic trimeric disulfides of DMPS
      strongly suggests that oxidation-reduction reactions are occurring. Both
      spontaneous and enzymatic oxidation mechanisms appear to be involved.

PMID- 2900741
TI  - Disposition of ethanol and its proximate metabolite, acetaldehyde, in the near
      term pregnant ewe for short term maternal administration of moderate-dose
      ethanol.
AB  - The effect of short term maternal ethanol administration on the disposition of
      ethanol in the ovine maternal-fetal unit was determined. Eleven conscious
      instrumented near-term pregnant ewes (between 125 and 134 days of gestation;
      term, 147 days) received 1-hr iv infusion of 1 g of ethanol.kg of maternal body
      weight-1.day-1 for six days (N = 6 ewes) or an equivalent volume of saline for
      six days (N = 5 ewes). On the seventh day, the ethanol- and saline-pretreated
      animals were administered 1 g of ethanol.kg of maternal body weight-1. Ethanol
      and acetaldehyde concentrations were determined by headspace GLC in maternal
      blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid samples obtained at selected times during
      the 14-hr study. The data demonstrated that short term maternal administration of
      once-daily moderate dose ethanol did not produce major changes in the disposition
      of ethanol and its proximate metabolite, acetaldehyde, in the maternal, fetal,
      and amniotic fluid compartments during near-term ovine pregnancy.

PMID- 2900742
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in dogs.
AB  - Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the major nonpsychoactive cannabinoids produced by
      Cannabis sativa L. Recent studies have shown that CBD has a high protective
      index, comparable to that of phenobarbital and phenytoin. Because CBD has been
      reported to possess both anticonvulsant and antiepileptic activity, its
      pharmacokinetics were studied in dogs after the administration of two iv doses
      (45 and 90 mg) and one oral dose (180 mg) to dogs. After iv administration, CBD
      was rapidly distributed, followed by a prolonged elimination. It has a terminal
      half-life of 9 hr. CBD plasma levels declined in a triphasic fashion. The total
      body clearance of CBD was 17 liters/hr (after the 45-mg dose) and 16 liters/hr
      (after the 90-mg dose). This clearance value, after its normalization to blood
      clearance using mathematical equations, approaches the value of the hepatic blood
      flow; the extraction ratio in the liver is 0.74. CBD was observed to have a large
      volume of distribution, approximately 100 liters. In the dose range of 45 to 90
      mg, the increase in the AUC was proportional to the dose, a fact that indicates
      that the pharmacokinetic profile of CBD in this dose range was not dose
      dependent. In three of the six dogs studied, CBD could not be detected in the
      plasma after oral administration. In the other three, the oral bioavailability
      ranged from 13 to 19%. The results of this study show that CBD is barely absorbed
      after oral administration to dogs. This low bioavailability may be due to a first
      pass effect.

PMID- 2900743
TI  - Distribution of [3H]colchicine in brain and spinal cord areas following its
      intracerebroventricular or intra-spinal cord injection in rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular or intra-spinal cord (at lumbar level) injection of low
      doses of colchicine leads to irreversible urine retention. To learn whether
      colchicine induces this effect by diffusing from the sites of injection, we
      studied, using the above-mentioned routes of administration, the distribution of
      [3H]colchicine in brain and spinal cord areas as a function of time. The release
      of [3H]colchicine into the blood and its elimination via the renal route was
      studied as well. The results of these experiments show that after its
      intracerebroventricular injection, [3H]colchicine diffuses to brain areas that
      normally exert a facilitatory or inhibitory action on urine excretion but reaches
      the lumbar region in only modest amounts (0.02%). On the other hand, after its
      intra-spinal cord injection, [3H]colchicine remains at the site of injection,
      where the sacral micturition center is located. This suggests that
      intracerebroventricular or intra-spinal cord injected colchicine induces urine
      retention by exerting its action at two different levels of the neuronal pathway
      that regulates micturition, depending on the site of injection.

PMID- 2900744
TI  - Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney,
      intestine, and blood serum.
AB  - The biotransformation of glycerol trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate (ISD),
      pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), and mannitol
      hexanitrate (MHN) by extracts from human liver, small intestine mucosa, kidney,
      and blood serum was investigated. The glutathione-dependent organic nitrate ester
      reductase activity of the intestinal mucosa was 21, 4, 4, and 2 times higher than
      the liver activity for ISD, PETN, GTN, and ETN, respectively. The liver enzymatic
      activity for MHN was 35% higher than the intestinal activity and 56% higher than
      kidney enzyme activity. The order of increasing enzymatic rates was: ISD = PETN
      less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the intestinal mucosa; ISD less than
      PETN less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the liver; and ISD less than
      PETN = GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the kidney. Human serum also
      metabolized these organic nitrates at lower rates than the studied organs. Thus,
      the serum specific activities were 1/5 for MHN, 1/30 for ETN, 1/40 for GTN, 1/44
      for ISD, and 1/2000 for PETN of the activity present in kidney. On the other
      hand, the activity of human albumin was lower than that of blood serum. The serum
      and albumin activities were not modified by reduced glutathione or sulfhydryl
      inhibitors. These results suggest that small intestine may play an important role
      in the biotransformation of these drugs at their absorption site, after oral
      administration. They also demonstrate the possible participation of various human
      tissues in the overall metabolism of organic nitrate esters.

PMID- 2900745
TI  - Glucuronides of hydroxylated metabolites of amitriptyline and nortriptyline
      isolated from rat bile.
AB  - Polar conjugates were isolated from the bile of rats given amitriptyline (AT,
      unlabeled or labeled with 14C), nortriptyline (NT), or 10-hydroxy (10-OH)
      derivatives of the drugs. The procedure involved extraction on a column of
      polystyrene resin, elution with methanol, and separation by preparative TLC
      followed by reversed phase HPLC. Individual metabolites were characterized by NMR
      spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and by enzymatic or acid
      deconjugation with subsequent identification of aglycones and glucuronic acid.
      Conversely, they were compared with conjugates obtained from hydroxy compounds by
      incubation with rat liver microsomes and UDP-glucuronic acid. Glucuronides
      isolated from the bile of rats given AT were derived from 2-OH-AT, (E)- and (Z)
      10-OH-AT, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy- (or 3-hydroxy-2-methoxy) AT, 10, 11-(OH)2-AT, and
      some of the N-demethylated analogues of these compounds. In most cases, 10-OH
      compounds form two diastereoisomeric glucuronides produced from the enantiomeric
      alcohols; 10, 11-(OH)2 metabolites occur as cis- and trans-isomers that are
      conjugated with glucuronic acid. Administration of synthetic (E)- and (Z)-10-OH
      AT and -NT leads to the excretion of their glucuronides along with conjugates
      formed after demethylation and/or introduction of a second OH group. NT gives
      rise to 2-OH-NT glucuronide besides those conjugates derived from (E)-10-OH-NT.
      No glutathione conjugates could be detected.

PMID- 2900746
TI  - Influence of a platelet-activating factor antagonist on circulating levels of
      cyclosporine in the dog.

PMID- 2900747
TI  - Quantitative metabolic profile of tripelennamine and pyrilamine in the rat.

PMID- 2900748
TI  - The effect of pindolol on the transport of L-lysine in renal brush border
      membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2900749
TI  - Identification of a quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronide of chlorpromazine in
      the urine of a schizophrenic patient treated with chlorpromazine.

PMID- 2900750
TI  - Enantioselective formation and disposition of (E)- and (Z)-10
      hydroxynortriptyline.

PMID- 2900751
TI  - Intervention of nitrite in the metabolism of quaternary ammonium compounds.

PMID- 2900752
TI  - [Vibrational loads of human teeth during grinding with a dental turbine].

PMID- 2900753
TI  - [Soldering, microplasma and laser welding of dental alloys].

PMID- 2900754
TI  - [Tests on laser-welded or laser-soldered gold and Co/Cr/Mo dental alloys].

PMID- 2900755
TI  - [Anti-insulin, proinsulin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and somatostatin
      antibodies in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus treated with
      conventional insulin preparations].

PMID- 2900756
TI  - The efficacy of flumazenil versus physostigmine after midazolam-alfentanil
      anaesthesia in man.
AB  - The effects of flumazenil and physostigmine were studied in adult surgical
      patients recovering from midazolam-alfentanil anaesthesia. Thirty-two patients
      were anaesthetized with midazolam (0.2 mg kg-1 and 0.36-0.66 mg kg-1 h-1 by
      infusion) and alfentanil (0.15 mg kg-1 and 0.03-0.15 mg kg-1 h-1 by infusion),
      vecuronium, 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen, intubated and ventilated. The midazolam
      and alfentanil infusions were stopped at the end of surgery. Residual
      neuromuscular blockade and ventilatory depression were antagonized and the
      patients were extubated. In the recovery room, patients received either
      flumazenil 1 mg or physostigmine 2 mg i.v. over 10 min in a randomized, double
      blind way. Before and up to 2 h after injection, patients were asked to perform
      two psychomotor tests. The degree of sedation and orientation in time and space
      were also determined. Seventeen patients received flumazenil and 15 patients
      received physostigmine. Before injection all patients were heavily sedated. After
      flumazenil, patients were fully awake within 6-7 min but sedation recurred 10-20
      min later. After physostigmine, the degree of sedation did not change. The
      difference in the degree of sedation was significant until 30 min after
      injection. The time-course of test scores and orientation were similar to that of
      sedation. No serious side-effects or haemodynamic changes were observed after
      flumazenil. After physostigmine, seven patients had an increase in heart rate to
      140 beats min-1 and blood pressure decreased in three patients.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900758
TI  - Alzheimer's disease amyloidogenic glycoprotein: expression pattern in rat brain
      suggests a role in cell contact.
AB  - The cloned cDNA encoding the rat cognate of the human A4 amyloid precursor
      protein was isolated from a rat brain library. The predicted primary structure of
      the 695-amino acid-long protein displays 97% identity to its human homologue
      shown previously to resemble an integral membrane protein. The protein was
      detected in rodent brain and muscle by Western blot analysis. Using in situ
      hybridization and immunocytochemistry on rat brain sections, we discovered that
      rat amyloidogenic glycoprotein (rAG) and its mRNA are ubiquitously and abundantly
      expressed in neurons indicating a neuronal original for the amyloid deposits
      observed in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The protein appears in patches
      on or near the plasma membranes of neurons suggesting a role for this protein in
      cell contact. Highest expression was seen in rat brain regions where amyloid is
      deposited in AD but also in areas which do not contain deposits in AD. Since
      amyloid deposits are rarely observed in rat brain, we conclude that high
      expression of AG is not the sole cause of amyloidosis.

PMID- 2900757
TI  - Primary structure and developmental expression pattern of Hox 3.1, a member of
      the murine Hox 3 homeobox gene cluster.
AB  - The murine Hox 3.1 gene maps to a cluster of homeobox-containing genes on
      chromosome 15. We report the primary structure of the Hox 3.1 protein, as deduced
      from cDNA sequences, and the expression of Hox 3.1 mRNA during embryogenesis. In
      addition, a second member of the gene cluster, Hox 3.2, is characterized. The
      predicted Hox 3.1 protein consists of 242 amino acid residues and has a
      calculated mol. wt of 28 kd. Besides the homeodomain, it shares with other murine
      homeodomain proteins a conserved hexapeptide, a region rich in glutamic acid
      residues at the carboxy terminus and homology at the amino terminus. During
      embryogenesis, Hox 3.1 transcripts are detected first in the posterior neural
      tube of 9.5 days post-coital embryos. At later developmental stages, a ventral
      dorsal gradient of Hox 3.1 transcript accumulation is established. Hox 3.1
      transcripts also are detected in the thoracic sclerotomes from the 6th to the
      10th thoracic pre-vertebrae. The data support the hypothesis that the Hox 3.1
      gene specifies positional information during murine embryogenesis.

PMID- 2900759
TI  - Processing at immunoglobulin polyadenylation sites in lymphoid cell extracts.
AB  - We have developed an in vitro system for polyadenylation of RNA substrates in
      cell-free nuclear extracts prepared from murine cells of lymphoid origin. RNA
      substrates containing the adenovirus L3, murine immunoglobulin (IgM) secreted and
      membrane polyadenylation sites were accurately polyadenylated in these extracts.
      Kinetic analysis showed that the rate of polyadenylation in vitro responds
      proportionally to the substrate concentration. Quantitation of the initial rate
      of polyadenylation at the three sites permitted comparison of the activities of
      extracts prepared from HeLa cells, B cells (Wehi 231) and plasmacytoma cells
      (P9.37.11). From this analysis, we concluded that in all three extracts the
      polyadenylation activity at the L3 site was higher than that of either of the IgM
      sites. In contrast to the preferential utilization of the secreted site in vivo
      in plasmacytomas, this site was not selectively processed in plasmacytoma as
      compared to B cell extracts. The efficiency of polyadenylation at both IgM sites
      in the plasmacytoma extract was significantly lower than that in the B cell
      extract. The common low activity at the IgM sites in the plasmacytoma cell
      extract suggests that the rate-limiting step for polyadenylation at these two
      sites differs from that at the L3 site.

PMID- 2900760
TI  - The mouse ribosomal gene terminator consists of three functionally separable
      sequence elements.
AB  - The structural requirements for 3' end formation of mouse pre-rRNA have been
      studied. Three sequence elements are shown to be required for accurate and
      efficient transcription termination by RNA polymerase I (pol I) assayed both in a
      cell-free transcription system and in vivo after transfection of rDNA minigene
      constructs into 3T6 cells. The essential termination signal is the previously
      identified 18-bp conserved element (AGGTCGACCAGATTANTCCG) that contains a SalI
      restriction site. This sequence motif (the 'Sal box') interacts with a specific
      nuclear protein that directs transcription termination. Here we demonstrate that
      the 'Sal box' sequence motif is sufficient for termination of pol I transcripts
      and the release of the nascent RNA chains from the template. However, in addition
      to this termination signal, pyrimidine-rich sequences flanking the box at the 5'
      and 3' side play a role in the efficient and correct formation of authentic pre
      rRNA termini. Downstream sequences contribute to the efficiency of the
      termination reaction, whereas the position of 3' end formation (i.e. 21 bp
      upstream of the 'Sal box') is affected by 5' flanking regions. These flanking
      regions are recognized by at least two different nuclear factors which
      specifically bind to DNA sequences located upstream and downstream of the 'Sal
      box'.

PMID- 2900761
TI  - Four mating-type genes control sexual differentiation in the fission yeast.
AB  - The mating-type region of fission yeast consists of three components, mat1, mat2
      P and mat3-M, each separated by 15 kb. Cell-type is determined by the alternate
      allele present at mat1, either P in an h+ or M in an h- cell. mat2-P and mat3-M
      serve as donors of information that is transposed to mat1 during a switch of
      mating type. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of each component of mat.
      The P and M specific regions are 1104 and 1128 bp, respectively, and bounded by
      sequences common to each mating-type cassette (H1; 59 bp and H2; 135 bp). A third
      sequence is present at mat2-P and mat3-M but absent at mat1 (H3; 57 bp), and may
      be involved in transcriptional repression of these cassettes. mat1-P and mat1-M
      each encode two genes (Pc; 118 amino acids, Pi; 159 amino acids, Mc; 181 amino
      acids and Mi; 42 amino acids). Introduction of opal or frame-shift mutations into
      the open-reading-frame of each gene revealed that Pc and Mc are necessary and
      sufficient for mating and confer an h+ or h- mating type respectively. All four
      genes are required for meiotic competence in an h+/h- diploid. The transcription
      of each mat gene is strongly influenced by nutritional conditions and full
      induction was observed only in nitrogen-free medium. The predicted product of the
      Pi gene contains a region of homology with the homeobox sequence, suggesting that
      this gene encodes a DNA binding protein that directly regulates the expression of
      other genes.

PMID- 2900762
TI  - Molecular analysis of formaldehyde-induced mutations in human lymphoblasts and E.
      coli.
AB  - The molecular nature of formaldehyde (HCHO)-induced mutations was studied in both
      human lymphoblasts and E. coli. Thirty HPRT- human lymphoblast colonies induced
      by eight repetitive 150 microM HCHO treatments were characterized by Southern
      blot analysis. Fourteen of these mutants (47%) had visible deletions of some or
      all of the X-linked HPRT bands, indicating that HCHO can induce large losses of
      DNA in human lymphoblasts. In E. coli, DNA alterations induced by HCHO were
      characterized with use of the xanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt)
      gene as the genetic target. Exposure of E. coli to 4 mM HCHO for 1 hr induced
      large insertions (41%), large deletions (18%), and point mutations (41%). Dideoxy
      DNA sequencing revealed that most of the point mutations were transversions at GC
      base pairs. In contrast, exposure of E. coli to 40 mM HCHO for 1 hr produced 92%
      point mutations, 62% of which were transitions at a single AT base pair in the
      gene. Therefore, HCHO is capable of producing different genetic alterations in E.
      coli at different concentrations, suggesting fundamental differences in the
      mutagenic mechanisms operating at the two concentrations used. Naked pSV2gpt
      plasmid DNA was exposed to 3.3 or 10 mM HCHO and transformed into E. coli. Most
      of the resulting mutations were frameshifts, again suggesting a different
      mutagenic mechanism.

PMID- 2900763
TI  - Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase. Penetration into host cells.
AB  - Exposure of Chinese hamster ovary, mouse adrenal cortex tumor (Y-1), THP-1 and U
      937 cells and human erythrocytes to adenylate-cyclase-containing urea extracts of
      Bordetella pertussis (strain 114) organisms promotes the formation of large
      concentrations of intracellular cAMP. Accumulation is dependent on dose and
      temperature, with significant accumulation occurring at 4 degrees C, and is
      virtually instantaneous, with a doubling at 1 min. There is an absolute Ca2+
      requirement but external calmodulin (the activator of cyclase activity) has no
      effect except in erythrocytes and U-937 cells, where it reduces cAMP
      accumulation. However, calmodulin antagonists inhibit cAMP accumulation. In Y-1
      adrenal cells the urea-extract adenylate cyclase stimulates steroidogenesis. Anti
      (B. pertussis) antibodies inhibit cyclase activity and prevent further cAMP
      accumulation after 10 min in cells previously exposed to urea extract. The same
      effect is obtained by washing. This suggests that a portion of the cyclase is
      associated with cells in a form not accessible to antibody or washing but
      accessible to substrate, which we interpret as internalized enzyme with a short
      lifetime. Continuing cAMP accumulation thus appears to need a continuing source
      of external cyclase. Inhibitors of the effect of diphtheria toxin, such as NH4Cl,
      methylamine, chloroquine or monensin, have no inhibitory effect on the
      accumulation of intracellular cAMP promoted by the internalized adenylate cyclase
      of urea extracts of B. pertussis organisms. We conclude that entry of the cyclase
      into cells is not by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

PMID- 2900764
TI  - Effect of intracellular pH and potassium ions on a primary transport system for
      glutamate/aspartate in Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - We have studied the mechanism of L-glutamate/L-aspartate transport in a
      fermentative oral bacterium of Streptococcus mutans (strain Ingbritt). The
      transport rate stays virtually constant throughout the pH range 5.5-8.5 and
      followed Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. At high pH values from 7 to 8.5,
      transport was essentially insensitive to N,N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCCD),
      an inhibitor of ATPase, and to carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl
      hydrazone (FCCP), an ionophore dissipating proton motive force indicating that S.
      mutans transports glutamate by a primary transport system at the expense of ATP
      or an alternative energized metabolite. At lower external pH (7-5.5), DCCD (100
      microM) or FCCP (10 microM) significantly inhibited L-glutamate transport while
      the intracellular ATP level was hardly affected, indicating that the activity of
      the primary transport system was decreased at lower intracellular pH. The
      glutamate transport was stimulated in the presence of potassium ion at an
      external pH of 6. The stimulation can be explained partly by the regulation of
      intracellular pH with concomitant potassium ion movement.

PMID- 2900765
TI  - 8-Bromo cyclic GMP mimics the actions of nitroglycerin in modulating responses
      produced by full and partial alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in canine saphenous
      vein.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine whether 8-bromo cyclic GMP (8
      Br cGMP) mimics the actions of nitroglycerin (GTN) in inhibiting alpha-1 versus
      alpha-2 adrenoceptor-mediated constrictor responses in canine saphenous vein.
      Phenylephrine (PE) and L-dobutamine were used as full and partial alpha-1
      adrenoceptor agonists, respectively, and B-HT 920 was employed as a selective
      alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist. The ability of 8-Br cGMP and GTN to inhibit
      vasoconstrictor responses to a standard agonist concentration of PE, L-dobutamine
      and B-HT 920 was determined. 8-Br cGMP like GTN produced a selective antagonism
      of alpha-2-mediated responses of B-HT 920 and had minimal effects on alpha-1
      induced constrictor responses of phenylephrine. However, when a portion of the
      alpha-1-adrenoceptor pool was inactivated by phenoxybenzamine (POB) (5 x 10(-8)
      M, 1 x 10(-7) M) 8-Br cGMP like GTN produced a significant depression of
      responses to PE. In addition, contractions produced by L-dobutamine, a selective
      partial alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist (no alpha receptor reserve), were highly
      sensitive to inhibition by 8-Br cGMP and GTN. These results suggest that the
      presence of a large alpha-1-adrenoceptor reserve to PE concealed an underlying
      functional antagonism to alpha-1-adrenoceptor-mediated responses by GTN and 8-Br
      cGMP. The similarity in the efficacy and potency of these two agents (8-Br cGMP
      and GTN) suggests that the effects of GTN in canine saphenous vein may be the
      result of an increase in the intracellular concentration of cGMP.

PMID- 2900766
TI  - Explanation of the discrepancy between the degree of organic nitrate
      decomposition, nitrite formation and guanylate cyclase stimulation.
AB  - We continuously studied the quantitative formation of nitric oxide (NO), nitrite
      and nitrate ions from several organic nitrate esters in the presence of various
      thiol-containing compounds by spectroscopy and HPLC. The results indicate that
      there are different pathways of decomposition depending on the chemical nature of
      the mercaptan tested. The amino acid cysteine is known to function as an
      essential cofactor for guanylate cyclase activation by organic nitrates in vitro.
      For comparison we investigated several structural analogues with respect to their
      nitric oxide or nitrite ion releasing potency. Both were found to represent the
      main products resulting from nitrate ester breakdown besides the respective
      alcohols. We found that only those compounds were able to activate the enzyme in
      the presence of nitroglycerin (GTN) which induce the release of NO as well. On
      the other hand, nearly all other thiols tested caused an in vitro decomposition
      of organic nitrates by producing excess nitrite and the corresponding disulfide
      without the formation of NO. Thus, the decomposition of organic nitrates to
      nitrite ions does not contribute at all to activation of guanylate cyclase. Our
      results confirm that the liberation of nitric oxide is the common principle of
      action for all nitrovasodilators. In addition, our results suggest that the thiol
      consuming transformation of organic nitrates into nitrite ions (ratio NO/nitrite
      1:10) may lead to a depletion of cysteine stores, resulting in a decreased
      formation of NO and, consequently, in a decrease of guanylate cyclase activation,
      clinically arising as nitrate tolerance.

PMID- 2900767
TI  - Problems encountered using temazepam syrup for sedation in infants.
AB  - Six infants with a history of wheezing were given temazepam syrup as sedation, to
      allow lung function tests to be performed. Despite doses ranging from 2.5 mg/kg
      4.5 mg/kg only one infant remained a sleep for 1 h, the time taken for full lung
      function to be assessed. All other infants awoke within 15 min before test could
      be completed. Three infants developed hiccoughs and three were very irritable
      after awaking from sedation.

PMID- 2900768
TI  - Spinal subarachnoid injection of somatostatin causes neurological deficits and
      neuronal injury in rats.
AB  - The tetradecapeptide somatostatin produced dose-related neurological deficits
      following subarachnoid injection in the lumbar spinal cords of rats. Lower
      pharmacological doses (1.6 and 3.1 nmol, i.t.) of somatostatin caused only
      transient deficits, while higher doses (6.2-25 nmol, i.t.) caused persistent
      deficits characterized by motor and sensory impairments in hindlimbs and tail,
      hindlimb edema, priapism, bladder atony with infarction, and urinary
      incontinence. Pretreatment with 0.3 nmol of the somatostatin receptor antagonist
      cyclo[7-aminoheptanoyl-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr(Bzl)] blocked the hindlimb paralytic
      effects of 3.1 and 6.2 nmol of somatostatin, and significantly improved
      neurological recovery injection of 12.5 nmol of somatostatin. Higher doses of the
      antagonist produced hindlimb paralysis by itself. Neuroanatomical evaluations
      revealed extensive cell loss and necrosis in the lumbosacral spinal cords of rats
      paralyzed by 25 nmol of somatostatin. Collectively, these results suggest that
      through interactions with a receptor, somatostatin destroys neurons involved in
      diverse spinal cord functions.

PMID- 2900769
TI  - Essential fatty acids modulate apomorphine activity at dopamine receptors in cat
      caudate slices.
AB  - We have used a classical neurotransmitter release model to investigate the effect
      of dietary polyenoic fatty acids on the sensitivity of the presynaptic dopamine
      autoreceptor in slices of cat caudate nucleus. Maximum inhibition of [3H]dopamine
      release was seen only in animals fed a diet containing post delta-6-desaturation
      fatty acids of both the w3 and w6 series. The removal of either or both groups of
      fatty acids resulted in attenuation of sensitivity of the autoreceptor to
      apomorphine. We propose that a balance of w3 and w6 fatty acids is required to
      maintain normal dopaminergic function in the cat caudate nucleus.

PMID- 2900770
TI  - Presence of dopamine-dependent adenylate cyclase activity in human renal cortex.
AB  - The effects of dopamine (DA) and of two selective DA DA1 agonists (SKF 38393 and
      SKF 82526) on adenylate cyclase activity were studied with human kidney cortex
      membrane preparations. DA elicited a dose-related stimulation of adenylate
      cyclase activity with an EC50 of 60 microM. The selective DA DA1 antagonist SCH
      23390 behaved as a competitive antagonist, shifting the dose-response curve to
      the right. The non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist (-)-propranolol did not
      affect the EC50 of the dose-response curve to DA but attenuated the maximal
      stimulatory effect of DA at concentrations higher than 100 microM. (+)-Sulpiride
      inhibited DA-induced adenylate cyclase stimulation in a dose-dependent manner
      with an IC50 of 4.6 X 10(-8) M but (-)-sulpiride was without effect. Both SKF
      38393 and SKF 82526 stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity of human kidney
      cortex; this effect was completely antagonized by SCH 23390. Our results,
      demonstrating the presence of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity, strongly
      suggest the presence of a DA receptor of the DA1 subtype in human kidney cortex.

PMID- 2900771
TI  - Coexistence of somatostatin-immunoreactivity in an adrenal pheochromocytoma and a
      thyroid medullary carcinoma (Sipple syndrome).
AB  - The presence of somatostatin-immunoreactivity in tumor tissue of adrenal
      pheochromocytoma and thyroid medullary carcinoma identified by peroxidase
      antiperoxidase technique is reported in one case of Sipple syndrome. This patient
      was found to have a high concentration of somatostatin-immunoreactivity in the
      peripheral blood (40 ng/l, normal 0-20 ng/l). After removal of the tumors, the
      plasma somatostatin-immunoreactivity fell within normal range (12.5 ng/l). This
      seems to be the first report of Sipple syndrome that produces somatostatin
      immunoreactivity in both: pheochromocytoma and thyroid medullary carcinoma.

PMID- 2900772
TI  - The effect of temperature on recombination activity in testes of rodents.
AB  - An extractable enzyme system capable of catalyzing recombination in vitro was
      described in murine spermatocytes [Hotta et al. (1985) Chromosoma 93, 140-151].
      The system is specific to meiosis, its activity increasing 400-fold between the
      premeiotic S-phase and mid-pachytene. The present study examines the effect of
      temperature on this system since the elevation of testicular temperature is one
      of the major factors causing impairment of testicular function. A strong
      depression of in vitro recombination activity occurred immediately after raising
      the testicular temperature in vivo by translocating the testes into the abdominal
      cavity (cryptorchid). The in vitro study also showed that the extract from
      spermatocytes preferred lower temperatures (30-32 degrees C) than somatic cells
      (37 degrees C) for maximal activity of recombination. These results suggest that
      the strong depression of recombination activity may be an important factor which
      causes degeneration of testes by heat.

PMID- 2900773
TI  - Direct evidence for the binding of rat liver DPP IV to collagen in vitro.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the tripeptide Gly-Pro-Ala, a substrate for
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, EC 3.3.14.5), interferes with initial spreading
      of hepatocytes on a matrix consisting of fibronectin and denatured collagen. In
      the present investigation we report that the tripeptide as well as the anti-DPP
      IV antibody inhibits the initial spreading of hepatocytes also on native
      collagen. This effect appears to be due to the interaction of DPP IV from
      hepatocyte plasma membrane with native collagen. It is shown in vitro by
      immunohistochemistry, catalytic histochemistry, and by affinity chromatography of
      solubilized plasma membrane on collagen-Sepharose that DPP IV has a binding
      affinity to collagen. This binding does not affect the activity of DPP IV.

PMID- 2900774
TI  - Acylation and deacylation of phospholipids in isolated bovine rod outer segments.
AB  - Isolated bovine rod outer segments (ROS) were incubated under different
      conditions with radiolabeled fatty acid-Coenzyme A (CoA) compounds, fatty acids
      and phospholipids in order to further investigate the rates, mechanisms and
      function of phospholipid metabolism within that organelle. ROS contain acyl CoA
      synthetase, acyl transferase, acyl CoA hydrolase, and phospholipase A activities.
      Although different radiolabeled fatty acid CoAs were esterified to the major ROS
      phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine)
      at the same rate, different free fatty acids were esterified at different rates.
      There was no correlation between these estimates of in vitro rates of
      incorporation of fatty acids and the fatty acid composition of ROS phospholipids.
      Both the deacylation of radiolabeled phospholipids (phospholipase A activity) and
      the acylation of endogenous phospholipids (acyl transferase activity) were
      maximally stimulated when ATP, CoA, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were present, and both
      processes were stimulated by pro-oxidizing conditions and exposure to light.
      Under phospholipase A-stimulatory conditions, there was preferential hydrolysis
      of polyenoic fatty acids from endogenous ROS phospholipids. Both the acylation
      and deacylation reactions were primarily at the sn-2 position of ROS
      phospholipids.

PMID- 2900775
TI  - Selective failure of long-term survival of isolated photoreceptors from both
      homozygous and heterozygous rd (retinal degeneration) mice.
AB  - Retinas from homozygous rdle/rdle and heterozygous rdle/++ C57BL/6J mice were
      dissected and dissociated on postnatal day 2, when they are still essentially
      indistinguishable. The resulting cell suspensions were seeded on highly adhesive
      substrata, to which the cells attach as individual units, and grown in vitro for
      2 weeks in serum-free, chemically defined media. The behavior of neurons and
      photoreceptors in vitro was investigated with several techniques; essentially no
      differences were found between rdle/rdle and rdle/++ cells. Three distinctive
      cell types could be recognized in cultures of both genotypes towards the end of
      the first week in vitro: process-free cells, multipolar neurons and rod
      photoreceptors. There were similarities between rdle/rdle and rdle/++ cultures in
      the number and morphology of photoreceptor cells, to include the presence of a
      cilium and a short neurite terminating in a spherule-like body. Moreover, in
      cultures of both genotypes, only photoreceptors showed opsin immunoreactivity and
      the antigen recognized by the rod-specific monoclonal antibody RET-P1.
      Biochemical and autoradiographic studies demonstrated that rdle/rdle and rdle/++
      cells also showed similar uptakes of the putative amino acid neurotransmitters
      glutamate and aspartate (associated with most of the photoreceptors and only some
      neurons), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (associated with neurons but absent in
      photoreceptors). Thus, according to several parameters, the properties shown by
      photoreceptor cells were similar in rdle/rdle and rdle/++ cultures during the
      first week in vitro. Massive photoreceptor cell death was observed in both
      genotypes during the second week in vitro, coinciding with the time when
      photoreceptor degeneration occurs in vivo in rd/rd, but not in rd/+ retinas.
      Photoreceptor death in culture appeared to be specific, since approx. 80% of the
      non-photoreceptor neurons survived normally during the period when photoreceptor
      degeneration took place. Several reports from the literature suggest that the
      period around postnatal days 8-10 represents a critical stage for rd/rd
      photoreceptors, since they survive until this time but degenerate thereafter.
      Genetically normal photoreceptors apparently undergo a comparable crisis during
      maintenance in primary culture, suggesting the involvement of cell-cell contacts
      and/or retina-derived environmental signals in the survival or rod visual cells.

PMID- 2900776
TI  - Fine structure histochemical study of the distribution of dipeptidylpeptidase IV
      (DPP IV) in the meningeal lamellae of the rat.
AB  - DPP IV was localized in the meningeal lamellae of the spinal cord sheaths of the
      rat by light and electron microscopy. A membrane-bound reaction product of DPP IV
      was found in the internal, intermediate and external meningeal lamellae which
      delineated the CSF-filled meningeal spaces. The cells of the marginal glia
      displayed heterogeneous localization of the reaction product for DPP IV. DPP IV
      distribution in the spinal cord sheaths suggests its possible participation in
      the interactions of the meningeal cells with the neuropeptides in cerebrospinal
      fluid.

PMID- 2900777
TI  - [Evaluation of the immunotoxicity of sulfanilamide, anti-inflammatory and
      antihistaminic preparations].
AB  - The effects of 15 widely used drugs on the production of IgE-antibodies and the
      development of anaphylactic sensitization of rat skin were studied. Some drugs
      were shown to be able to increasing antibody titres in the blood and prolonging
      skin sensitization.

PMID- 2900778
TI  - Three adenine nucleotide binding sites in F1-F0 mitochondrial ATPase as revealed
      by presteady-state and steady-state kinetics of ATP hydrolysis. Evidence for two
      inhibitory ADP-specific noncatalytic sites.
AB  - Preincubation of submitochondrial particles with ADP in the presence of Mg2+
      results in the complete inhibition of ATPase which is slowly reactivated in the
      assay mixture containing ATP and the ATP regenerating system. Significantly, the
      rate of activation increases as the concentration of ADP in the preincubation
      mixture rises from 1 microM to 20 microM and reaches a constant value at higher
      ADP concentrations. The first-order rate constant for the activation process in
      the assay mixture is ATP-dependent at any level of inhibitory ADP. The data
      obtained strongly suggest that two ADP-specific inhibitory sites and one ATP
      specific hydrolytic site are present in F1-F0 ATPase. Taking into account the (3
      alpha.3 beta).gamma.delta.epsilon structure of F1, it is concluded that the
      synchronous discharge of ADP from two inhibitory sites during the activation
      occurs after ATP binds to the ATPase catalytic site.

PMID- 2900779
TI  - Studies on the import into mitochondria of yeast ATP synthase subunits 8 and 9
      encoded by artificial nuclear genes.
AB  - Direct fusions have been constructed between each of subunits 8 and 9 from
      mitochondrial ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proteins normally encoded
      inside mitochondria, and the cleavable N-terminal transit peptide from the
      nuclearly encoded precursor to subunit 9 of Neurospora crassa mitochondrial
      ATPase. The subunit 8 construct was imported efficiently into isolated yeast
      mitochondria and was processed at or very near the fusion point. When expressed
      in vivo from its artificial nuclear gene, this cytoplasmically synthesized form
      of subunit 8 restored the growth defects of aap 1 mutants unable to produce
      subunit 8 inside the mitochondria. The subunit 9 construct was, however, unable
      to be imported into isolated mitochondria and could not, following nuclear
      expression in vivo, complement growth defects in mitochondrial oli 1 mutants.
      This behaviour is contrasted with the previously demonstrated import competence
      of another yeast subunit 9 fusion, bearing the first five residues of mature N.
      crassa subunit 9 interposed between its own transit peptide and the yeast subunit
      9 moiety.

PMID- 2900780
TI  - [Organization at feldsher-midwife centers of medical and social care for single
      elderly persons].

PMID- 2900781
TI  - [The role of the feldsher in fighting drug abuse].

PMID- 2900782
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia--type I syndrome and hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2900783
TI  - [Mechanisms of the regulation of immunologic memory].

PMID- 2900784
TI  - [The role of glucagon, somatostatin and somatotropin in the physiological
      regulation of carbohydrate balance].

PMID- 2900785
TI  - [Effect of beta-adrenoactive substances on the secretory function of the
      stomach].

PMID- 2900786
TI  - [Alternative metal bonding. Composite cement for durable bond].

PMID- 2900787
TI  - [Insufficient filling, casting and gas-inclusion solders are also unsafe due to
      existing diffusion].

PMID- 2900788
TI  - Regulation of glycogenolysis by neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
AB  - Neurotransmitters are the molecules that neurons use to communicate with each
      other and with the other cell types of the nervous system, such as glial cells
      and cells of the vasculature. The best characterized actions of neurotransmitters
      are the alterations in excitability that they elicit in other neurons. These
      changes in neuronal firing rate are due to the opening or closing of
      transmembrane channels selectively permeable to given ionic species. We have
      however recently demonstrated that certain neurotransmitters can regulate energy
      metabolism within discrete regions of the central nervous system. In particular
      we have observed that Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide stimulates glycogenolysis in
      the cerebral cortex. This action is also exerted by the monoamines noradrenaline,
      serotonin and histamine. Studies in primary cultures indicate that the
      glycogenolysis elicited by neurotransmitters may take place in astrocytes, which
      are glial cells and where glycogen is predominantly stored in the nervous system.
      These observations suggest that the primary function of certain neuronal circuits
      may be to regulate the availability of energy substrates within discrete neuronal
      ensembles.

PMID- 2900789
TI  - [Does somatostatin have a role in the treatment of diabetes?].

PMID- 2900790
TI  - [A method for determining the error rate in evaluating the size of a test
      object].

PMID- 2900791
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptides I and II and calcitonin: distinct effects on
      gastric acid secretion in humans.
AB  - The human calcitonin gene-related peptides I and II (CGRP I and CGRP II) are two
      neuropeptides that have been recognized throughout the gastrointestinal system
      including the stomach. The present study was undertaken to compare in healthy
      volunteers the effects of intravenous infusions of CGRP I and CGRP II (79
      pmol/kg.h) on pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion to those of calcitonin (88
      pmol/kg.h). Calcitonin gene-related peptide I did not inhibit basal or
      pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. However, CGRP II and calcitonin inhibited
      pentagastrin-stimulated acid responses by 20% and 28%, respectively (p less than
      0.05 and p less than 0.01), whereas basal acid output was only reduced with
      calcitonin (p less than 0.05). These effects were recognized with low doses of
      pentagastrin, and absent with high doses suggesting competitive inhibition.
      Furthermore, step-doses of CGRP I and CGRP II (79-320 pmol/kg.h) were given
      intravenously on continuous pentagastrin stimulation and compared with calcitonin
      (88-352 pmol/kg.h). Calcitonin gene-related peptide II and calcitonin induced a
      dose-dependent decrease of acid output, whereas CGRP I was ineffective. The
      inhibitory effects of CGRP II and calcitonin are not due to increased gastric
      alkaline secretion or to somatostatin release, as neither peptide stimulated
      gastric bicarbonate secretion or induced an increase in circulating somatostatin.
      In conclusion, CGRP II, unlike CGRP I, inhibits gastric acid secretion in humans.
      Inhibitory effects of CGRP II and of calcitonin were comparable. The results
      imply that CGRP I and II, at the level of the stomach, have distinct biological
      properties in humans.

PMID- 2900792
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide: enteric and cardiovascular effects in the dog.
AB  - We have measured the effects of intravenous infusion of calcitonin gene-related
      peptide at doses of 2.5, 10, and 50 pmol/kg.min on net jejunal water and solute
      fluxes and on plasma somatostatin concentrations in dogs. The hemodynamic effects
      and the pharmacokinetics of the peptide were also assessed. Using the triple
      lumen perfusion technique in unsedated restrained animals it was shown that the
      highest dose of the peptide stimulated a transient net jejunal water and
      electrolyte secretion, and induced diarrhea in 4 of 6 animals receiving it. The
      peptide also induced dose-dependent tachycardia, hypotension, and increases in
      plasma immunoreactive somatostatin. All three doses of calcitonin gene-related
      peptide produced plasma immunoreactive peptide levels within the elevated range
      previously measured in human patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma.
      Calcitonin gene-related peptide may have a major role in the pathogenesis of
      secretory diarrhea in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2900793
TI  - Effects of chromosomal inversion on cell fitness in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - In an effort to learn what factors might mitigate the establishment of
      Escherichia coli variants bearing major chromosomal rearrangements, we have
      examined the effects on cell growth of two inversions between rRNA operons. One
      of these inversions, IN(rrnD-rrnE), had been propagated in a commonly used
      subline of E. coli K-12 for approximately 30 yr before its discovery, a fact that
      illustrates the absence of obvious detrimental effects associated with the
      inversion. We found that culturing under conditions requiring repeated transition
      from stationary phase to rapid growth led to the replacement of IN(rrnD-rrnE)
      cells by cells that had undergone either of two types of additional chromosomal
      inversion: one type fully restored the wild-type order, while the other partially
      restored it. The partial reinversion was also between rrn operons, but it left a
      small transposition. The tendency for overgrowth by these revertants persisted
      through several rounds of periodic selection. In contrast, the other inversion,
      IN(rrnG-rrnE), was associated with severe, detrimental effects. The effects of
      IN(rrnG-rrnE) were also alleviated by full or partial reinversion. The probable
      relationship between the severity of the effects caused by the inversions and the
      degree of displacement of the replication origin is discussed. Spontaneous
      inversion events between rrn operons separated by 18% of the chromosome were
      estimated to occur at a frequency of roughly 10(-5). If extended to natural
      situations, the growth disadvantage together with the relatively high frequency
      of reinversion suggest that clones of cells with an inversion between these rrn
      operons would be readily overgrown by revertants.

PMID- 2900795
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium in human ribosomal genes: implications for multigene
      family evolution.
AB  - Members of the rDNA multigene family within a species do not evolve
      independently, rather, they evolve together in a concerted fashion. Between
      species, however, each multigene family does evolve independently indicating that
      mechanisms exist which will amplify and fix new mutations both within populations
      and within species. In order to evaluate the possible mechanisms by which
      mutation, amplification and fixation occur we have determined the level of
      linkage disequilibrium between two polymorphic sites in human ribosomal genes in
      five racial groups and among individuals within two of these groups. The marked
      linkage disequilibrium we observe within individuals suggests that sister
      chromatid exchanges are much more important than homologous or nonhomologous
      recombination events in the concerted evolution of the rDNA family and further
      that recent models of molecular drive may not apply to the evolution of the rDNA
      multigene family.

PMID- 2900794
TI  - The rosy region of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. I.
      Contrasting levels of naturally occurring DNA restriction map variation and
      divergence.
AB  - A 40-kb region around the rosy and snake loci was analyzed for restriction map
      variation among 60 lines of Drosophila melanogaster and 30 lines of Drosophila
      simulans collected together at a single locality in Raleigh, North Carolina. DNA
      sequence variation in D. simulans was estimated to be 6.3 times greater than in
      D. melanogaster (heterozygosities per nucleotide of 1.9% vs. 0.3%). This result
      stands in marked contrast to results of studies of phenotypic variation including
      proteins (allozymes), morphology and chromosome arrangements which are generally
      less variable and less geographically differentiated in D. simulans.
      Intraspecific polymorphism is not distributed uniformly over the 40-kb region.
      The level of heterozygosity per nucleotide varies more than 12-fold across the
      region in D. simulans, being highest over the hsc2 gene. Similar, though less
      extreme, variation in heterozygosity is also observed in D. melanogaster. Average
      interspecific divergence (corrected for intraspecific polymorphism) averaged
      3.8%. The pattern of interspecific divergence over the 40-kb region shows some
      disparities with the spatial distribution of intraspecific variation, but is
      generally consistent with selective neutrality predictions: the most polymorphic
      regions within species are generally the most divergent between species. Sequence
      length polymorphism is observed for D. melanogaster to be at levels comparable to
      other gene regions in this species. In contrast, no sequence length variation was
      observed among D. simulans chromosomes (limit of resolution approximately 100
      bp). These data indicate that transposable elements play at best a minor role in
      the generation of naturally occurring genetic variation in D. simulans compared
      to D. melanogaster. We hypothesize that differences in species effective
      population size are the major determinant of the contrasting levels and patterns
      of DNA sequence and insertion/deletion variation that we report here and the
      patterns of allozyme and morphological variation and differentiation reported by
      other workers for these two species.

PMID- 2900796
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of rhesus monkey pepsinogen A cDNA.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) pepsinogen A
      (PGA) cDNA was determined from two partially overlapping cDNA clones, covering
      the whole coding sequence and part of the flanking sequences. The nucleotide and
      deduced amino acid sequences were compared to known PGA sequences from other
      species. The degree of similarity with human PGA appeared to be 96% at the
      nucleotide sequence level and 94% at the amino acid sequence level. In the coding
      region the divergence was highest in the activation peptide. The amino acid
      sequence similarity between Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) PGA and Rhesus
      monkey PGA was shown to be 99%. Using the cDNA as probe in Southern hybridization
      of EcoRI-digested human and Rhesus monkey genomic DNAs, PGA patterns with inter
      individual differences were observed. The hybridization patterns are compatible
      with the existence of a PGA multigene family in both species.

PMID- 2900797
TI  - Psychoactive drugs in the elderly: antipsychotics and anxiolytics.
AB  - Psychiatric disorders in the elderly are common and often overlap with multiple
      medical problems. If used inappropriately, psychotropic drugs can further
      compromise a difficult clinical situation. Management of elderly patients with
      agitation, psychosis, anxiety, and insomnia are reviewed with a discussion of the
      optimal use of antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and sedating drugs. Initial attempts to
      control symptoms should involve nonpharmacologic techniques, but, when absolutely
      required, psychotropic drugs will often relieve symptoms with a minimum of side
      effects. Dangers in the chronic use of neuroleptics are stressed.

PMID- 2900798
TI  - [Effects of terazosin on the blood pressure responses to tilting in conscious
      animals: comparison with prazosin].
AB  - Inhibitory effects of terazosin on the compensatory blood pressure responses to
      tilting were studied in conscious rabbits and spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR). In rabbits, doses which reduced the mean blood pressure by 15 mmHg were
      330 micrograms/kg, i.v., for terazosin and 42 micrograms/kg, i.v., for prazosin,
      while those which depressed the blood pressure responses to tilting by 30 mmHg
      were 180 micrograms/kg, i.v., for terazosin and 54 micrograms/kg, i.v., for
      prazosin. In SHR, almost equal decreases in the mean blood pressure (about 30%)
      were observed by 1 mg/kg prazosin, p.o., 20 mg/kg hexamethonium, i.p., 3 mg/kg
      hydralazine, p.o., or 3 mg/kg nicardipine, p.o. In these conditions, prazosin and
      hexamethonium markedly depressed the blood pressure responses to tilting, whereas
      hydralazine and nicardipine showed little effect. The results with these
      antihypertensive drugs closely paralleled the established orthostatic profiles
      seen clinically. In this SHR tilting model, when the mean blood pressure was
      reduced by 15%, prazosin significantly depressed the tilting reflexes; however,
      terazosin produced no depression. Considering the dose ratio of terazosin to
      prazosin for antihypertensive effects and inhibitory effects on the tilting
      reflexes, the orthostatic liability of terazosin was about 3 times as low as that
      of prazosin. On the basis of these results, it is expected that terazosin causes
      less orthostatic hypotension than prazosin in clinical use.

PMID- 2900800
TI  - Increased frequency of specific alleles of the c-Ha-ras gene in Japanese cancer
      patients.
AB  - We have examined the c-Ha-ras locus in 145 cancer patients of a mixed group and
      164 normal individuals in Japan for restriction fragment length polymorphisms and
      compared the allele distributions in normal and cancer populations. The c-Ha-ras
      gene is highly polymorphic in Japanese as previously reported in Caucasians. Two
      rare alleles were found to be present with increased frequencies in Japanese
      cancer patients. These results suggest that genotype analysis of the c-Ha-ras
      gene could be used to detect cancer-prone individuals.

PMID- 2900799
TI  - Psychopharmacologic approaches to the borderline patient.
AB  - Five case examples are presented to illustrate the role of psychopharmacology in
      the treatment of patients diagnosed as Borderline Personality Disorders. The
      cases range from organic through affective and schizophrenic syndromes which are
      not infrequently at the "border" of personality disorders, and which often
      respond to specific pharmacologic interventions. The importance of looking for
      and recognizing drug treatable syndromes within the wide array of patients who
      satisfy DSM-III criteria for Borderline Disorders is discussed.

PMID- 2900801
TI  - DNA haplotype distribution in Algerian beta thalassaemia patients. An extended
      evaluation by family studies and representative molecular characterization.
AB  - An evaluation of beta thalassaemia mutations and the associated chromosomal
      haplotypes has been made among Algerian thalassaemic patients in this extended
      series. The major features of our findings are: (i) due to elevated proportion of
      consanguinity, the frequency of true homozygotes for a defect is high; (ii)
      Despite this high homozygosity within families, the number of molecular defects
      resulting in beta thalassaemia are very heterogeneous within this population.
      This is exemplified not only by the high heterogeneity of haplotypes and
      associated mutations, but also by the definition of several new haplotypes, among
      which two of them were found to be associated with novel mutations. Family
      studies have been performed in parallel to evaluate the degree of feasibility of
      antenatal diagnosis in this population.

PMID- 2900802
TI  - Origin of the extra chromosome in trisomy 18. A study on five patients using a
      restriction fragment length polymorphism.
AB  - The parental origin of an extra chromosome in five patients with trisomy 18 was
      traced using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the human
      prealbumin (PA) gene, localized to 18p11.1-q12.1, as a genetic marker. MspI
      digests of the genomic DNAs of the five patients, their parents and normal
      controls were hybridized with the PA-cDNA. Densitometric analysis on the gene
      dose of the polymorphic fragments of these patients revealed that three had
      originated from a maternal meiotic error. The other two patients were
      uninformative for the parental origin of trisomy 18. Our results indicate that
      nondisjunctional errors leading to trisomy 18 may occur predominantly at the
      maternal meiosis, consistent with the results of previous studies on the parental
      origin of trisomies 21 and 13.

PMID- 2900803
TI  - DNA polymorphisms within the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in two Swedish
      families with acute intermittent porphyria.
AB  - Two unrelated families with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an autosomal
      dominant disease related to a defect in porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D, EC
      4.1.3.8.), were studied with regard to three restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) (MspI, PstI, BstNI) within the PBG-D gene. The results
      indicate that linkage analysis of RFLPs within the gene can be used as a
      complement to PBG-D analysis for the diagnosis of gene carriers in families with
      AIP.

PMID- 2900805
TI  - A deletion hot spot in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene.
AB  - We have made a detailed study of a deletion hot spot in the distal half of the
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, using intragenic probe P20 (DXS269),
      isolated by a hybrid cell-mediated cloning procedure. P20 detects 16% deletions
      in patients suffering from either DMD or Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), in
      sharp contrast to the adjacent intragenic markers JBir (7%) and J66 (less than
      1%), mapping respectively 200-320 kb proximal and 380-500 kb distal to P20. Of
      the P20 deletions, 30% start within a region of 25-40 kb, the majority extending
      distally. P20 was confirmed to map internal to a distal intron of the DMD gene.
      This region was recently shown by both cDNA analysis (M. Koenig et al., 1987;
      Cell 50: 509-517), and field inversion electrophoresis studies (J.T. Den Dunnen
      et al., 1987, Nature (London) 329: 640-642) to be specifically prone to
      deletions. In addition, P20 detects MspI and EcoRV RFLPs, informative in 48% of
      the carrier females. Together, these properties make P20 useful for carrier
      detection, prenatal diagnosis, and the study of deletion induction in both DMD
      and BMD.

PMID- 2900804
TI  - Linkage relationship between retinoschisis and four marker loci.
AB  - The linkage relationship between the locus for juvenile retinoschisis (RS) and
      four X-chromosomal marker loci DXS9 (RC8), DXS16 (XUT23), DXS41 (99-6), and DXS43
      (D2) has been studied in six families showing a history of this disease.
      Recombination with RS was found for all marker loci except DXS9. The maximum lod
      score is zeta = 2.66 for RS vs. DXS9 at a recombination fraction of theta = 0.0.
      Multipoint linkage analysis was performed and the locus order best supported by
      our data is: RS - DXS9 - DXS43 - DXS16 - DXS41.

PMID- 2900806
TI  - Linkage analysis of the properdin deficiency gene: suggestion of a locus in the
      proximal part of the short arm of the X chromosome.
AB  - Properdin is a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation.
      Inherited deficiency of the protein predisposes an individual to develop
      meningococcal disease. A family segregating for properdin deficiency (McKNo
      31206), in a manner consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance, was studied
      by RFLP analysis using 24 X-chromosome-specific DNA probes of known regional
      assignments. Linkage was observed to the OTC locus and the DXS7 locus. These
      results suggest that the properdin gene is located on the short arm of the X
      chromosome in the region Xp21.1-Xcen.

PMID- 2900807
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and assignment of the
      metalloproteinases stromelysin and collagenase to the long arm of chromosome 11.
AB  - Collagenase and stromelysin are two metalloproteinases produced mainly by
      connective tissue cells and involved in the breakdown of the extracellular
      matrix. cDNA clones for both of these genes have been isolated and sequencing has
      shown them to be closely related. The collagenase and stromeylsin cDNA clones
      have been used to assign these genes to the long arm of chromosome 11 in the
      regions 11q21-22.1 and 11q22.2-22.3, respectively. This has been achieved using
      somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization. In addition a Taq1 restriction
      fragment length polymorphism has been demonstrated using the stromelysin cDNA.

PMID- 2900808
TI  - Fine mapping of gene probes and anonymous DNA fragments to the long arm of
      chromosome 16.
AB  - The fragile site, FRA16B, at 16q22.100 and four different translocations with
      breakpoints at 16q22.102, 16q22.105, 16q22.108, and 16q22.3 were used to locate
      and order DNA probes. This was achieved by Southern analysis of a somatic cell
      hybrid panel containing portions of chromosome 16 and by in situ hybridization.
      The anonymous DNA fragments D16S6, D16S10, and D16S11 were proximal to FRA16B and
      located at 16q13----q22.100. D16S4 and LCAT were located at 16q22.100----q22.102.
      TAT and HP were located at 16q22.105----q22.108. CTRB was located distal to
      16q22.105 and therefore is in the distal half of 16q22. The order of markers in
      this region was determined as centromere-D16S6, D16S11, D16S10, MT-FRA16B-D16S4,
      LCAT-HP,TAT,CTRB-APRT- telomere. Linkage studies to determine map distances
      between the closest markers flanking the fragile site are now in progress.

PMID- 2900809
TI  - A primary genetic map of markers of human chromosome 10.
AB  - We have constructed a primary genetic map for human chromosome 10 from 13
      polymorphic marker systems defining 11 loci, using a new gene mapping algorithm
      implemented in the computer program GMS. The loci form a continuous genetic map
      that spans approximately 116 cM in males and 170 cM in females. These loci
      provide regularly spaced anchor points for linkage studies, except for one
      interval that is 28 cM in males and 64 cM in females.

PMID- 2900810
TI  - Polymorphic Bgl II restriction sites of DR alpha demarcate a novel HLA-DR1
      antigen.
AB  - Mechanisms to account for the unusual properties of a DR1 alpha beta complex
      (designated DRgp50) that is resistant to dissociation under normal conditions
      utilized were investigated. Expression of this DRgp50 complex is highly
      correlated with the failure of cells from certain DR1 individuals (DR1x) to
      stimulate specific DR1-restricted or alloreactive T-cell clones. Pulse/chase
      experiments demonstrated that this DRgp50 complex was not detectable until
      approximately 1 h of chase. The DR1 alpha and beta chains associated into the
      heterodimer in the absence of glycosylation and alterations in the number of
      oligosaccharides or sialylation of cell surface forms were not evident when
      compared with normal DR1 alpha and beta chains. Restriction fragment length
      polymorphism patterns of DR beta genes from normal (DR1n) and DR1x individuals
      were indistinguishable. However, a difference in the alpha chain genes between
      DR1n and DR1x individuals was revealed using Bgl II. This Bgl II restriction site
      mapped to the 3' untranslated region of DR alpha and represents a new genomic
      marker to distinguish this functional and biochemical variant of DR1.

PMID- 2900811
TI  - First domain encoding sequence mediates human class II beta-chain gene cross
      hybridization.
AB  - HLA class II molecules are surface heterodimers which are essential in the
      initiation of immune responses. The amount of polymorphism expressed by the
      different class II molecules is largely dependent on the polymorphic structure of
      their beta chains. Cross-hybridization between class II beta genes frequently
      hampered restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of donor genomic DNA.
      In this report we show that the cross-hybridization between human class II beta
      genes is mediated by a region of high homology, rich in C and G residues, between
      the first domain encoding sequences of DP, DQ, and DR genes. The removal of the
      DNA segment containing this region from the fragments used as labeled probes
      against the corresponding fragments of the genes at other loci or against
      endonuclease digested genomic DNA completely eliminated or drastically reduced
      the cross-hybridization. Also, the RFLP patterns generated with the shortened
      probes were more informative and much simpler to interpret than were these
      generated with probes made from the original genes.

PMID- 2900812
TI  - Expression of K99 adhesion antigen controlled by the Escherichia coli tryptophan
      operon promoter.
AB  - The genetic determinant for the K99 adhesin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      B41 [O101:K99] has been cloned as a 7.0-kilobase BamHI-generated DNA fragment
      into the vector pBR322 by us and others (J. D. A. van Embden, F. K. de Graaf, L.
      M. Schouls, and J. S. Teppma, Infect. Immun. 29:1125-1133, 1980). Cells harboring
      one such construction, known as pK99-64, are capable of expressing K99 antigen on
      the cell surface. We replaced the natural promoter sequence for the gene encoding
      the K99 pilus subunit with a strong, inducible exogenous promoter, the E. coli
      tryptophan (trp) operon promoter, to construct the plasmid pBR-TrpK99. E. coli
      cells harboring pBR-TrpK99 or a similar construction in the plasmid pDR540, known
      as pKO-TrpK99, upon induction with 3-beta-indoleacrylic acid, produced about
      fourfold more K99 antigen than did cells bearing pK99-64 with the natural
      promoter. Expression of the pilus antigen was found to be under control of the
      tryptophan promoter. Plasmid instability was encountered, however, in cells
      bearing pKO-TrpK99 when the trp promoter was derepressed. Introduction of the
      aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase gene of transposable element Tn5 into pKO
      TrpK99 to generate pKON-TrpK99 effectively stabilized the plasmid in cells grown
      under identical conditions in medium containing kanamycin.

PMID- 2900813
TI  - Detection of pilus subunits (pilins) and filaments by using anti-P pilin
      antisera.
AB  - P pilus filaments are important in binding to globoside through an adhesin
      located at the tip of the pilus. There is considerable antigenic variation among
      P pili, and the immunologic response is usually serotype specific. We purified
      denatured pilin subunits and used them as immunogens to prepare more broadly
      cross-reactive antisera. Although antifilament antisera (AFA) detected
      predominantly the homologous strain, antisubunit antisera (ASA) prepared from two
      different strains detected P pili in 16 of 16 and 14 of 16 P-piliated strains by
      Western blotting (immunoblotting). The binding of ASA to the homologous pilus
      filament was inhibited by only 3 of 17 strains. ASA agglutinated only two of nine
      heterologous strains and immunoprecipitated pili from one of three heterologous
      strains. By immunoelectron microscopy ASA was seen to bind to pilus filaments but
      not as strongly as AFA. Antiserum raised to the denatured pilin subunit was not
      substantially more reactive with pilus filaments derived from heterologous
      strains than was AFA. ASA was, however, a very useful probe for detecting most P
      pilins.

PMID- 2900814
TI  - Morphological differences in Neisseria meningitidis pili.
AB  - Disease and carrier isolates of Neisseria meningitidis were examined for their
      ability to adhere to human buccal epithelial cells and human cell lines and to
      hemagglutinate human erythrocytes, properties thought to be associated with the
      presence of pili. Seventy percent (7 of 10) of carrier isolates were found to be
      highly adherent to human buccal epithelial cells and to agglutinate human A, B,
      O, Rh-, and Rh+ erythrocytes. In contrast, 60% of the disease isolates adhered
      poorly to human buccal epithelial cells and 80% failed to agglutinate human
      erythrocytes. No adherence of either disease or carrier isolates was observed
      when several human cell lines were tested. When the meningococcal strains were
      examined by electron microscopy, 7 of 10 disease isolates were found to possess
      large bundles of aggregated pili (alpha-type pili), while 7 of 10 carrier
      isolates were found to have numerous unaggregated pili (beta-type pili). A
      monoclonal antibody against meningococcal pili and one against gonococcal pili
      reacted with 6 of 10 piliated carrier isolates and 4 of 10 piliated disease
      isolates. These results suggest that meningococci, like gonococci, possess
      different types of pili which differ in morphological, antigenic, and binding
      properties. In addition, antigenic and morphological differences between pili
      from carrier and disease isolates were observed as well as differences in
      adherence and hemagglutinating properties.

PMID- 2900815
TI  - Effect of unilateral cryptorchidism on the intertubular tissue of the adult rat
      testis: evidence for intracellular changes within the Leydig cells.
AB  - Adult male rats were made unilaterally cryptorchid for 1, 2 or 4 weeks, and the
      morphological response of the Leydig cells was then studied using morphometric
      assessment of total Leydig cell volume and number per testis in abdominal and
      scrotal testes. Serum hormone levels were measured and the steroidogenic
      properties of isolated Leydig cells were evaluated by in-vitro stimulation with
      hCG and interstitial fluid (IF) obtained from normal rat testes. Total Leydig
      cell volume and number per testis were not altered in abdominal vs scrotal
      testes, although the volume of the abdominal testis was 46, 29 and 21%,
      respectively, of the volume of the contralateral scrotal testis after 1, 2 and 4
      weeks. This reduction was accompanied by significant (P less than 0.05) elevation
      of the serum levels of FSH and LH, although serum testosterone levels were
      unchanged from the normal range. Despite the lack of quantitative alterations in
      Leydig cell morphology, hCG- and IF-stimulated testosterone production was
      significantly (P less than 0.01) greater by abdominal Leydig cells when compared
      with scrotal Leydig cells derived from the same animals. Ultrastructural
      examination of Leydig cells in situ suggested an increase in volumetric density
      of mitochondria in abdominal Leydig cells. Together with the enhanced
      steroidogenic responses of these cells, these findings suggest that disruption of
      spermatogenesis in the cryptorchid testis is accompanied by intracellular
      activation of Leydig cells. Since these effects were not exhibited by Leydig
      cells from the scrotal testis it is concluded that local factors within the
      cryptorchid testis are responsible, at least in part, for regulation of Leydig
      cell activity.

PMID- 2900816
TI  - A comparison of the bronchodilator effects of broxaterol and salbutamol.
AB  - In 12 adult patients with reversible bronchospasm (7 bronchial asthma and 5
      chronic obstructive bronchitis) the bronchodilator activity and tolerability of
      200 and 400 mcg of broxaterol hydrochloride (Z 1170) were compared to those of
      200 mcg of salbutamol administered by metered-dose inhaler. A single dose of the
      drugs was compared in a double-blind balanced latin square cross-over design.
      FEV1, FVC, MMEF, MEF25, heart rate and blood pressure were measured just before
      and 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after each treatment. At these times
      clinical evaluation was also carried out to ascertain the presence of side
      effects. In the doses employed, broxaterol and salbutamol caused significant
      increases over baseline FEV1, MMEF and MEF25 from 7.5 to 240 min and FVC from 7.5
      to 120 min. The difference between the effects of the two doses of broxaterol on
      FVC, MMEF and MEF25 was significant at 15 min. No significant difference was
      observed in the activity curves of 400 mcg of broxaterol and salbutamol. The
      effects of salbutamol were significantly greater than those of 200 mcg of
      broxaterol on FEV1 at 7.5 and 15 min and on FVC, MMEF and MEF25 at 15 min. All
      three treatments were well tolerated. No significant changes were observed in
      heart rate or blood pressure and tremors were not reported in any patient.

PMID- 2900817
TI  - The effect of food or milk on the bioavailability of etintidine in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - A three-way crossover study was conducted in 24 normal, male volunteers to
      compare the bioavailability of etintidine from capsules (2 X 200 mg) taken under
      fasting conditions, with food and with milk. Blood samples were collected prior
      to and at various times after each treatment and plasma levels of etintidine were
      determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis of the
      plasma etintidine concentration data indicated that while neither food nor milk
      had an apparent effect (p greater than 0.05) on the rate of etintidine
      absorption, both food alone and milk alone slightly decreased the extent of
      etintidine absorption. Mean bioavailability parameters of etintidine obtained
      following the administration of etintidine with food, milk or under fasting
      conditions are 5.28, 5.26 and 5.88 micrograms.h/ml, respectively (for AUC) and
      1.75, 2.18 and 2.59 micrograms/ml, respectively (for Cmax), and 1.23, 1.01 and
      0.91 h, respectively (for tmax). Symmetrical 95% confidence interval analyses
      showed that the observed decreases of less than 11% in the AUC values of
      etintidine following the concomitant administration of food or milk were within
      17% of the fasting value and, therefore, may not be of clinical significance.

PMID- 2900818
TI  - Esmolol: a short-acting titratable beta-blocker in acute myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Esmolol (Brevibloc) is a potent, titratable, cardioselective beta-blocker with a
      short elimination half-life (t1/2 = 9.2 min) and no intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity. It was designed for use in critically ill patients who would benefit
      from the short duration of beta-adrenergic blockade. Esmolol's short duration of
      action allows for rapid onset and control of hemodynamic effects. Its safety and
      efficacy has been demonstrated in patients with acute myocardial ischemia. This
      review provides a brief summary of the pharmacology of esmolol, as well as
      experimental and clinical evidence on the use of esmolol in acute myocardial
      ischemia.

PMID- 2900819
TI  - Esmolol attenuates tachycardia caused by tracheal intubation: a double-blind
      study.
AB  - A new cardioselective and rapidly metabolized beta-blocker, esmolol (E), was
      given to prevent post-intubation tachycardia in 40 ASA Class PS I-II patients
      induced with thiopental, succinylcholine, N2O: O2 and enflurane sequence. The
      control group (A, n = 10) received 5% D/W. Three study groups received E loading
      doses of 500 micrograms/kg/min for 1 min (B, n = 8), 2 min (C, n = 10) and 4 min
      (D, n = 12); the continuous i.v. maintenance doses were 100, 200 and 300
      micrograms/kg/min for a total of 10 min, respectively. The pre-esmolol heart
      rates were 85 +/- 4 in group A, 80 +/- 5 in B, 77 +/- 5 in C, 83 +/- 5 in D; at
      anesthetic induction and at 4 min after E-infusion, heart rates were 93 +/- 5, 65
      +/- 4, 71 +/- 4, 70 +/- 5, respectively; three min post-intubation heart rates
      were in the control group 111 +/- 4 and 82 +/- 5, 93 +/- 5, 85 +/- 4,
      respectively, in the E-treated groups. Group A showed marked tachycardia (p less
      than or equal to 0.001) not observed in the treated groups B, C, D. A significant
      blockade of HR increases at all infusion rates of E (p less than or equal to
      0.05) was found. E at all doses reduced the significant increase in BP observed
      in Group A. Catecholamine increases were identical and not significantly
      different among the groups. No adverse effects e.g. bradycardia, arrhythmias and
      hypotension caused by E or intubation were seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900820
TI  - Peptide conformation. 48. Conformation and biological activity of proline
      containing cyclic retro-analogues of somatostatin.
AB  - Six cyclic retro-analogues of the peptide hormone somatostatin have been
      synthesized using the solid phase technique. The peptides cyclo(-Xaa1-Phe2-Thr3
      Lys4-Ybb5-Phe6-) and cyclo(-Phe1-Xaa2-Thr3-Lys4-Ybb5-Phe6-) with Xaa = D- or L
      Pro and Ybb = D- or L-Trp were cyclized via the azide method. The conformations
      of the cyclic hexapeptides in DMSO-d6 solution were determined by a number of
      homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional n.m.r.-techniques including 2D rotating
      frame NOE-spectroscopy. Two-step coherence transfers, ROE and chemical exchange,
      are observed for the first time in ROESY spectra. The backbone conformation of
      the all-trans cyclopeptides consists of a beta-turn containing the Pro residue in
      the position i + 1. These retro-analogues of somatostatin exhibit a high activity
      in the inhibition of cholate and phalloidin uptake by liver cells (cytoprotective
      effect); however, the hormonal activities of the natural hormone are completely
      suppressed. The constitutional and conformational requirements for the
      cytoprotective activity are discussed.

PMID- 2900821
TI  - Identification of messenger RNA for nucleocapsid protein of Lassa virus in
      infected cells.
AB  - Single-stranded RNAs from Lassa virus-infected cells were fractionated by
      affinity chromatography on an oligo(dT)-cellulose column as well as by sucrose
      gradient centrifugation. Fractionated RNAs were translated in rabbit reticulocyte
      lysates, and translation products were precipitated with monoclonal antibodies to
      the nucleocapsid protein of Lassa virus. It has been shown that mRNA for the
      nucleocapsid protein is 15-16S and the RNA does not contain long if any poly(A)
      sequences.

PMID- 2900822
TI  - HTLV-I and human disease.

PMID- 2900823
TI  - HTLV-I-associated T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Israel.
AB  - Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus Type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a relatively new clinical entity. The disease is
      endemic in southwestern Japan, the Caribbean basin, the southeastern United
      States and Africa. We report the identification of this disease in Israel and
      review previous cases of HTLV-I infection and ATL in this region. The disease was
      initially indolent and later clinically aggressive, characterized by
      hypercalcemia, osteolytic bone lesions, leukemic skin and organ infiltration and
      opportunistic infection.

PMID- 2900824
TI  - Physiologic effects of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2900825
TI  - Induction and promotion of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci in the rat
      liver by methylglyoxal.
AB  - The effect of pre-(initiation) and post-(promotion) administration of
      methylglyoxal (MG) on the induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)
      positive foci in the liver of F344 male rats was investigated. GGT-positive foci
      were produced in dose-related amounts by 0.05 and 0.2% MG in drinking water,
      either when administered to uninitiated rats or when given in the promotion
      phase.

PMID- 2900826
TI  - Amplified allele of the human N-myc oncogene in neuroblastomas.
AB  - The N-myc amplification unit was investigated using two restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms for SphI and PvuII which we previously found to occur in the
      2nd intron and in the 3' region of the human N-myc oncogene, respectively. All
      the three haplotypes which are dominant in the Japanese population were observed
      in the amplified DNA after analyses of a total of 22 DNA samples of fresh
      neuroblastomas with N-myc amplification. We conclude that only one of the alleles
      was amplified and that either allele could be amplified with respect to both the
      SphI and PvuII polymorphisms.

PMID- 2900827
TI  - No correlation between L-myc restriction fragment length polymorphism and
      malignancy of human colorectal cancers.
AB  - The correlation of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern of
      L-myc with the progressive state of cancer and metastases to lymph nodes or other
      organs were examined in 35 cases of human colorectal cancer by chi 2 analysis. No
      significant correlation was found.

PMID- 2900828
TI  - Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors and Na-K ATPase activity by hydrocortisone
      in proximal tubular epithelial cells.
AB  - The effect of hydrocortisone (HC) in modulating glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and
      sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K ATPase) activity was studied in
      primary cultures of immunoisolated murine proximal tubular epithelial cells
      (PTEC). Utilizing monoclonal antibody against stage-specific embryonic antigen-1,
      a homogeneous population of PTEC was obtained in high yield. The cells were
      cultured to confluence and further treated for 48 h in serum-free growth medium
      containing no HC (control); 50 nM HC; or 50 nM HC plus 20 nM of the
      antiglucocorticoid, RU 38486. PTEC treated with 50 nM HC had 56% of GR binding
      and 160% Na-K ATPase activity as compared to controls (P less than 0.01). GR
      binding was abolished by incubation in RU 38486 whereas Na-K ATPase fell below
      control values (P less than 0.05). Brief incubations of HC-treated PTEC with 0.5
      mM ouabain resulted in a fall in GR binding without a change in Na-K ATPase
      activity. These data indicate that in PTEC, HC regulates GR binding and they
      suggest that stimulation of Na-K ATPase activity is a direct biological response
      to this receptor-hormone interaction. Thus, primary cultures of immunoaffinity
      isolated PTEC offer a good model system for investigating the molecular basis
      underlying the regulation of GR binding and postreceptor events influenced by
      glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2900829
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a gene for Actinomyces naeslundii WVU45 type 2
      fimbriae.
AB  - A genomic library of Actinomyces naeslundii WVU45 DNA in Escherichia coli was
      screened for antigen expression with rabbit antibody against A. naeslundii
      fimbriae. Western blotting (immunoblotting) of one recombinant clone carrying a
      13.8-kilobase-pair insert revealed a 59-kilodalton (kDa) immunoreactive protein.
      A protein of similar electrophoretic mobility was detected from the isolated
      fimbrial antigen. Expression of the 59-kDa cloned protein in E. coli was directed
      by a promoter from the insert. The DNA sequence of the subunit gene was
      determined, and an open reading frame of 1,605 nucleotides was identified which
      was preceded by a putative ribosome-binding site and followed by two inverted
      repeats of 14 and 17 nucleotides, respectively. The reading frame encoded a
      protein of 534 amino acids (calculated molecular weight, 57,074), and the N
      terminal sequence resembled that of a signal peptide. The presence of a 32-amino
      acid signal peptide was indicated by amino-terminal sequencing of the fimbriae
      from A. naeslundii. The sequence, as determined by Edman degradation, was
      identical to that deduced from the DNA sequence beginning at predicted residue 33
      of the latter sequence. Moreover, the amino acid composition of the predicted
      mature protein was similar to that of the isolated fimbriae from A. naeslundii.
      Thus, the cloned gene encodes a subunit of A. naeslundii fimbriae.

PMID- 2900831
TI  - Gene clusters for S fimbrial adhesin (sfa) and F1C fimbriae (foc) of Escherichia
      coli: comparative aspects of structure and function.
AB  - Fimbrial adhesins enable bacteria to attach to eucaryotic cells. The genetic
      determinants for S fimbrial adhesins (sfa) and for F1C ("pseudotype I") fimbriae
      (foc) were compared. Sfa and F1C represent functionally distinct adhesins in
      their receptor specificities. Nevertheless, a high degree of homology between
      both determinants was found on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridizations.
      Characteristic differences in the restriction maps of the corresponding gene
      clusters, however, were visible in regions coding for the fimbrial subunits and
      for the S-specific adhesin. While a plasmid carrying the genetic determinant for
      F1C fimbriae was able to complement transposon-induced sfa mutants, a plasmid
      carrying the genetic determinant for a third adhesin type, termed P fimbriae, was
      unable to do so. Proximal sfa-specific sequences carrying the S fimbrial
      structural gene were fused to sequences representing the distal part of the foc
      gene cluster to form a hybrid cluster, and the foc proximal region coding for the
      structural protein was ligated to sfa distal sequences to form a second hybrid.
      Both hybrid clones produced intact fimbriae. Anti-F1C monoclonal antibodies
      (MAbs) only recognized clones which produced F1C fimbriae, and an anti-S adhesin
      MAb marked clones which expressed the S adhesin. However, one of four other anti
      S fimbriae-specific MAbs reacted with both fimbrial structures, S and F1C,
      indicating a common epitope on both antigens. The results presented here support
      the view that sfa and foc determinants code for fimbriae that are similar in
      several aspects, while the P fimbriae are members of a more distantly related
      group.

PMID- 2900830
TI  - Formation of the chlorophyll precursor delta-aminolevulinic acid in cyanobacteria
      requires aminoacylation of a tRNAGlu species.
AB  - In the chloroplasts of higher plants and algae, the biosynthesis of the
      chlorophyll precursor delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) involves at least three
      enzymes and a tRNA species. Here we demonstrate that in cell extracts of the
      unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 ALA was formed from
      glutamate in a series of reactions in which activation of glutamate by glutamyl
      tRNAGlu formation was the first step. The activated glutamate was reduced by a
      dehydrogenase which displayed tRNA sequence specificity. Fractionation of strain
      6803 tRNA by reverse-phase chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      yielded two pure tRNAGlu species which stimulated ALA synthesis in vitro. These
      tRNAs had identical primary sequences but differed in the nucleotide modification
      of their anticodon. The 6803 tRNAGlu was similar to the sequences of tRNAGlu
      species or tRNAGlu genes from Escherichia coli and from chloroplasts of Euglena
      gracilis and higher plants. Southern blot analysis revealed at least two tRNAGlu
      gene copies in the 6803 chromosome. A glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase,
      the terminal enzyme in the conversion of glutamate to ALA in chloroplasts, was
      detected in 6803 cell extracts by the conversion of glutamate-1-semialdehyde to
      ALA and by the inhibition of this reaction by gabaculin.

PMID- 2900833
TI  - The multidrug transporter, a double-edged sword.

PMID- 2900832
TI  - Cloning and expression of a Salmonella enteritidis fimbrin gene in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - A gene bank of DNA from a human isolate of Salmonella enteritidis was constructed
      in the cosmid pHC79 in Escherichia coli HB101. Five clones containing 35- to 45
      kilobase inserts of S. enteritidis DNA reacted in colony immunoblot assays with a
      polyclonal antiserum prepared against purified S. enteritidis fimbriae. Electron
      microscopy showed that none of the five fimbrin-producing clones produced
      fimbriae, yet radioimmunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis located the 14,400-molecular-weight S. enteritidis in the
      outer membrane fraction of three of the clones and in the periplasmic fraction of
      all five clones. By using an oligonucleotide probe homologous to the 5' region of
      the fimbrin structural gene, the fimbrin gene was located on a 5.3-kilobase
      HindIII fragment. In vitro transcription-translation analysis verified that this
      HindIII fragment subcloned into plasmid pTZ18R produced unprocessed S.
      enteritidis fimbrin of molecular weight 16,400. Dot blot hybridization against a
      selection of strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae indicated a limited
      distribution of the S. enteritidis fimbrin gene.

PMID- 2900834
TI  - Short-term metabolic fate of 13N-labeled glutamate, alanine, and glutamine(amide)
      in rat liver.
AB  - Tracer quantities (in 0.2 ml) of 13N-labeled glutamate, alanine, or
      glutamine(amide) were administered rapidly (less than or equal to 2 s) via the
      portal vein of anesthetized adult male rats. Liver content of tracer at 5 s was
      57 +/- 6 (n = 6), 24 +/- 1 (n = 3), and 69 +/- 7 (n = 3)% of the injected dose,
      respectively. Portal-hepatic vein differences for the corresponding amino acids
      were 17 +/- 6, 26 +/- 8, and 19 +/- 9% (n = 4), respectively, suggesting some
      export of glutamate and glutamine, but not of alanine, to the hepatic vein.
      Following L-[13N]glutamate administration, label rapidly appeared in liver
      alanine and aspartate (within seconds). The data emphasize the rapidity of
      nitrogen exchange via linked transaminases. By 30 s following administration of
      either L-[13N]glutamate or L-[13N]alanine, label in liver glutamate was
      comparable; yet, by 1 min greater than or equal to 9 times as much label was
      present in liver glutamine(amine) following L-[13N]glutamate administration than
      following L-[13N]alanine administration. Conversely, label in liver urea at 1 min
      was more pronounced in the latter case despite: (a) comparable total pool sizes
      of glutamate and alanine in liver; and (b) label incorporation from alanine into
      urea must occur via prior transfer of alanine nitrogen to glutamate. The data
      provide evidence for zonal differences in uptake of alanine and glutamate from
      the portal vein in vivo. The rate of turnover of L-[amide-13N]glutamine was
      considerably slower than that of L-[13N]alanine or of L-[13N]glutamate,
      presumably due in part to the higher concentration of glutamine in that organ.
      Nevertheless, it was possible to show that despite occasional suggestions to the
      contrary, glutamine(amide) is a source of urea nitrogen in vivo. The present
      findings continue to emphasize the rapidity of nitrogen exchange reactions in
      vivo.

PMID- 2900835
TI  - Primary structure of the multifunctional alpha subunit protein of yeast fatty
      acid synthase derived from FAS2 gene sequence.
AB  - The yeast fatty acid synthase consists of two multifunctional proteins, alpha and
      beta, arranged in an alpha 6 beta 6 complex with a molecular weight of 2.4 x
      10(6). Five of the seven enzymatic activities reside in the beta subunit, while
      the remaining two activities, beta-ketoacyl synthase and beta-ketoacyl reductase,
      and the domain of the acyl carrier protein, with its prosthetic group, 4'
      phosphopantetheine, are in the alpha subunit. The genes FAS1 and FAS2 coding for
      beta and alpha subunits, respectively, have been cloned and the sequence of FAS1
      has been reported (Chirala, S. S., Kuziora, M. A., Spector, D. M., and Wakil, S.
      J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4231-4240). In this study, we present the
      nucleotide sequence of the FAS2 gene. The sequence has an open reading frame,
      coding for a protein of 1894 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of
      207,863. The location of the serine site of attachment of the prosthetic group of
      the acyl carrier protein domain and the active cysteine-SH site of beta-ketoacyl
      synthase have been identified at residues 180 and 1312, respectively, in the
      deduced amino acid sequence. A putative NADPH binding site of beta-ketoacyl
      reductase has been suggested at residue 1038 based on the similarities to the
      consensus amino acid sequences -Gly-Ser-Ala- of the pyridine nucleotide enzymes.
      We could not find any sequence homology in the 5' flanking sequence of the FAS1
      and FAS2 genes that would suggest common regulatory function. However, in the
      sequence of these two genes there is an identical eight-base pair sequence
      TCATTATG at the translational initiation site suggesting that the subunit
      stoichiometry probably results from equal translational efficiency of the mRNAs
      of both FAS1 and FAS2 genes. The S1 endonuclease mapping suggests that there is a
      transcriptional initiation site at about 40 nucleotides upstream of the first ATG
      codon and a transcriptional termination site about 300 nucleotides downstream of
      the TAG stop codon. The gene does not contain introns as no intron consensus
      TACTAAC have been found in the sequence.

PMID- 2900836
TI  - Phosphorylation of bovine adrenal chromaffin cell tyrosine hydroxylase. Temporal
      correlation of acetylcholine's effect on site phosphorylation, enzyme activation,
      and catecholamine synthesis.
AB  - Tryptic peptide fragments of tyrosine hydroxylase isolated from 32PO4-prelabeled
      bovine adrenal chromaffin cells are resolved into seven phosphopeptides by
      reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. All seven of the peptides
      are phosphorylated on serine residues. Three of these putative phosphorylation
      sites, peptides 3, 5, and 6, are rapidly phosphorylated (5-fold in 15 s) by both
      acetylcholine stimulation and potassium depolarization of the cells, and this
      phosphorylation is accompanied by a similarly rapid activation of the enzyme.
      Both phosphorylation and activation are transient and do not account for the
      prolonged increase in catecholamine biosynthesis produced by these stimuli.
      Peptides 4 and 7 show a much slower and sustained increase in phosphorylation (3
      fold in 4 min) in response to acetylcholine and potassium. Phosphorylation of
      these peptides correlates with the sustained increase in catecholamine
      biosynthesis rather than enzyme activation. Peptides 1 and 2 are not stimulated
      by any agonist yet employed and thus show no relation to enzyme activation or
      catecholamine biosynthesis. Phosphorylation of all five peptides by acetylcholine
      or potassium is calcium-dependent. In contrast to the stimulation of
      phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase on multiple sites, forskolin stimulates
      the phosphorylation of only peptide 6, and this is accompanied by a coordinated
      activation of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased catecholamine biosynthesis.
      These findings show that the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in intact
      cells is more complex than predicted from in vitro results, that at least two
      protein kinases are involved in the secretagogue-induced phosphorylation of
      tyrosine hydroxylase, and that the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis, in
      response to phosphorylation, appears to involve both tyrosine hydroxylase
      activation and other mechanisms.

PMID- 2900837
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation induces inositol trisphosphate production
      and Ca2+ mobilization in rat parotid acinar cells.
AB  - In dispersed rat parotid gland acinar cells, the beta-adrenergic agonist (-)
      isoproterenol, but not its stereoisomer (+)-isoproterenol, induced a transient
      1.6-fold (at maximum stimulation, 2 x 10(-4) M) increase in cytosolic free
      calcium ([Ca2+]i) within 9 s, which returned to resting levels (approximately 190
      nM) by 60 s. This [Ca2+]i response was not altered by chelating extracellular
      Ca2+ with [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and could be
      completely blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonists propranolol (beta 1 + beta
      2) and ICI 118,551 (beta 2) but not by atenolol (beta 1). The muscarinic
      cholinergic agonist carbachol (at maximum stimulation, 10(-5) M) induced a 3-4
      fold elevation in [Ca2+]i within 6 s, which slowly returned to resting levels by
      8-10 min. The peak carbachol [Ca2+]i response was not substantially altered by
      the addition of EGTA to the extracellular medium. However, if the cells were
      first stimulated with isoproterenol in the EGTA-containing medium, the peak
      carbachol response was decreased approximately 54%. When carbachol was added to
      cells in the presence of high extracellular calcium, at the isoproterenol
      stimulated [Ca2+]i peak, the resulting [Ca2+]i level was equal to that achieved
      when carbachol was either added alone or added after propranolol and
      isoproterenol. 8-Bromo-cyclic AMP induced a [Ca2+]i response similar to that
      elicited by isoproterenol, which was not additive to that by carbachol. Carbachol
      induced a approximately 3.5-fold increase in inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
      production in parotid cells within 30 s. 8-Bromo-cAMP, N6,O2'-dioctanoyl-cAMP,
      and isoproterenol consistently induced a significant stimulation in IP3
      production. The half-maximal concentration of isoproterenol required for [Ca2+]i
      mobilization and IP3 production was comparable (approximately 10(-5) M).
      Isoproterenol-induced IP3 formation was blocked by propranolol. The data show
      that in rat parotid acinar cells, beta-adrenergic stimulation results in IP3
      formation and mobilization of a carbachol-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pool by a
      mechanism involving cAMP. This demonstrates an interaction between the cAMP and
      phosphoinositide second messenger systems in these cells.

PMID- 2900838
TI  - Characterization of a hydrophilic form of Thy-1 purified from human cerebrospinal
      fluid.
AB  - Thy-1 is a developmentally regulated cell surface glycoprotein in nervous tissue.
      An inositol-containing glycolipid structure is covalently attached to its
      carboxyl terminus, which anchors the protein to the cell membrane. In the present
      paper we report the characterization of a water-soluble form of Thy-1, purified
      from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In contrast to the membrane-bound form of
      Thy-1 (M-Thy-1) isolated from human brain cerebral cortex, CSF-Thy-1 behaved like
      a completely hydrophilic glycoprotein, as analyzed by charge-shift
      electrophoresis in the presence of detergents and by liposome incorporation
      experiments. CSF-Thy-1 displayed a slightly higher apparent molecular weight in
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than M-Thy-1.
      Digestions with endoglycosidases demonstrated that this difference in size was
      correlated to different processing of the three N-linked oligosaccharides, and
      the mobilities of the deglycosylated molecules were indistinguishable in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate gels. A Pronase-resistant carboxyl-terminal fragment was isolated
      from the CSF-Thy-1 after trypsin digestion and compared with the corresponding
      structure of M-Thy-1, obtained by treatment either with bacterial
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C or with human serum (as a source of
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D). The major fragment from CSF-Thy-1
      behaved identically, with respect to size and charge, to the carboxyl-terminal
      fragment from M-Thy-1 solubilized by phospholipase D. These findings suggest an
      in vivo release of phosphatidylinositol-anchored Thy-1 glycoprotein from brain
      cells by the action of an endogenous phospholipase D.

PMID- 2900840
TI  - Quantitation of pancuronium, 3-desacetylpancuronium, vecuronium, 3
      desacetylvecuronium, pipecuronium and 3-desacetylpipecuronium in biological
      fluids by capillary gas chromatography using nitrogen-sensitive detection.
AB  - A sensitive and specific capillary gas chromatographic (GC) assay was developed
      for the quantitation of the quaternary ammonium steroidal neuromuscular blocking
      drugs pancuronium (PANC), vecuronium (VEC) and pipecuronium (PIP), as well as the
      metabolites 3-desacetylpancuronium (3-desPANC) and 3-desacetylvecuronium (3-des
      VEC) in plasma, bile and urine; the putative metabolite 3-desacetylpipecuronium
      (3-des PIP) was extracted and quantitated only in urine. The procedure employed a
      single dichloromethane extraction of the iodide ion-pairs of the monoquaternary
      or bisquaternary ammonium compounds (including internal and external standards)
      from acidified, ether-washed biological fluid followed by the formation of stable
      O-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives at the 3-hydroxy steroidal position of the
      metabolites. An automated capillary GC system fitted with a nitrogen-sensitive
      detector and an integrator was then used to analyze and quantitate both parent
      compounds and their derivatized metabolites. Optimal extraction, derivatization
      and GC conditions, as well as short-term stability and recoveries of these drugs
      and metabolites in plasma, are reported. Electron ionization mass spectrometry
      combined with GC was used to confirm the identities of compounds eluted from the
      column. The assay demonstrated a 10(3)-fold linear range up to 5000 ng/ml for
      PANC, VEC, 3-des VEC and PIP, and lower limits of detection with adequate
      precision of 2 ng/ml for PANC, VEC and PIP, and 4 ng/ml for 3-des VEC; 3-des PANC
      was linear from 8 to 500 ng/ml while 3-des PIP was linear from 25 to 1000 ng/ml.
      The precision (coefficient of variation) of the calibration curves for
      underivatized drugs and their derivatized metabolites over the linear ranges was
      2-20% and the reproducibility of the assay over a range of clinical
      concentrations of these drugs found in human plasma was 5-16% for PANC, 2-4% for
      VEC and 6-11% for PIP. No interferences were detected in the assay of plasma
      samples from 106 surgical patients.

PMID- 2900841
TI  - Simple assay procedure for tyrosine hydroxylase activity by high-performance
      liquid chromatography employing coulometric detection with minimal sample
      preparation.
AB  - A simple assay procedure for tyrosine hydroxylase activity in crude tissue
      samples was devised that requires minimal sample preparation and use of high
      performance liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection.
      After incubation of enzyme samples, such as human brain homogenates or rat
      pheochromocytoma PC12h cells, with L-tyrosine and a tetrahydropterin cofactor, in
      the presence or absence of p-bromobenzyloxyamine, an inhibitor of aromatic L
      amino acid decarboxylase, the reaction was terminated by addition of an equal
      volume of 0.1 M perchloric acid. For quantitation of L-DOPA produced, the sample
      was centrifuged, filtered and directly applied to the chromatographic apparatus
      connected to a coulometric electrochemical detector. This method makes redundant
      a time-consuming step in the previous methods, purification and concentration of
      L-DOPA or dopamine using alumina. The reaction conditions for the assay of
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain homogenates and PC12h cells were re
      examined by this method. Both tyrosine hydroxylase samples required a naturally
      occurring cofactor, (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin [(6R)BH4],
      catalase and NSD-1055 for the full activity, and tyrosine hydroxylase in human
      brain homogenates required Fe2+ ions for its full activity. (6R)BH4 proved to be
      a more effective cofactor than a synthetic cofactor, (6RS)-methyl-5,6,7,8
      tetrahydropterin, which is commonly used for this assay.

PMID- 2900839
TI  - Time-dependence and differential induction of rat and guinea pig peroxisomal beta
      oxidation, palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, cytosolic and microsomal epoxide hydrolase
      after treatment with hypolipidemic drugs.
AB  - Fischer-344 rats and Hartley guinea pigs received a diet containing 0.01% (w/w),
      0.05% (w/w), or 0.25% (w/w) of the hypolipidemic drug fenofibrate. Rats were
      treated for 4, 7, 14, or 21 days, and a clear dose-dependent and weak time
      dependent increase in liver/body weight ratio was observed. The specific activity
      of peroxisomal beta-oxidation increased linearly with time at all concentrations
      used. A dose-dependent increase in cEH was observed, but the activity remained
      constant after treatment for 7 days. Enhancement of palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase was
      dose-dependent, but was similar at all 4 time points investigated. In contrast to
      the other enzyme activities, mEH was not or only minimally (less than 1.5-fold)
      induced. In contrast to the rat, treatment of guinea pigs with fenofibrate for 1
      week did not change liver weight or enzyme activities. Prolonged treatment of
      guinea pigs (4 weeks) with fenofibrate did not result in an increase in enzyme
      activities. This was also observed with clofibrate whereas tiadenol caused a
      slight increase in enzyme activities (1.5- to 2.6-fold). In contrast to the
      guinea pig each of the three hypolipidemic drugs led to an increase in enzyme
      activities in the rat liver after treatment for 1 week.

PMID- 2900842
TI  - Effective high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of glafenine in
      plasma: pharmacokinetic application.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for an effective determination
      of glafenine and its main metabolite, glafenic acid, is described. The assay
      involves separate extraction procedures for glafenine and for its metabolite, but
      the same internal standard (floctafenine) and the same chromatographic conditions
      (including a 5-micron C8 column, a quaternary solvent mixture of water
      acetonitrile-diethylamine-acetic acid and an ultraviolet detector set at 360 nm).
      For 1 ml of plasma, the detection limit is 0.05 mg/l for glafenine and 0.25 mg/l
      for glafenic acid. Compared with previously described techniques, this assay uses
      a very low glafenine linearity range, which allows the true pharmacokinetics of
      this drug to be described for the first time.

PMID- 2900843
TI  - A persistent pattern of varying pituitary responsivity to exogenous growth
      hormone (GH)-releasing hormone in GH-deficient children: evidence supporting
      periodic somatostatin secretion.
AB  - The pattern and degree of variation in pituitary responsivity to GHRH was
      examined in four GH-deficient children (two boys and two girls, aged 4 3/12 to 10
      4/12 yr). All children were studied before and on multiple (three to six per
      child) occasions during long term GHRH therapy (1 or 2 micrograms/kg, sc, every 3
      h) in an identical fashion. Each study comprised withdrawal of blood for serum GH
      measurements every 20 min between 2000 and 0800 h. All subjects received GHRH at
      2000, 2300, 0200, and 0500 h as well as at 0800, 1100, 1400, and 1700 h
      throughout the long term treatment period (6-18 months). Although all children
      had low level (less than 7.0 micrograms/L) pulsatile GH secretion during baseline
      studies, the maximal peak values occurred at times other than 0500 h. Before GHRH
      treatment, serum GH levels rose significantly in response to 91% (62 of 68) of
      the GHRH doses administered. GH pulse amplitudes varied throughout the studies in
      all children, and this variability persisted despite 1300-3600 consecutive doses
      in each child. In all 17 study periods the highest serum GH concentration
      occurred shortly after the 0500 h GHRH dose. The mean peak GH concentration after
      the 0500 h GHRH dose [18.4 +/- 3.5 (+/- SE) micrograms/L] was significantly
      higher than those after the 2000 h (5.3 +/- 1.0 micrograms/L; P = 0.0001), 2300 h
      (7.4 +/- 2.1 micrograms/L; P = 0.0003), and 0200 h (10.9 +/- 2.5 micrograms/L; P
      = 0.011) doses. These results demonstrate that the responsivity of the pituitary
      to GHRH varies throughout the night in some GH-deficient children. There appears
      to be a direct relationship between the time of night and the degree of pituitary
      responsivity to GHRH. We suggest that this variable responsivity may be due to
      intermittent hypothalamic somatostatin secretion.

PMID- 2900845
TI  - New, practical approach to detecting antibody to pertussis toxin for public
      health and clinical laboratories.
AB  - A new, practical method for determining antibody to pertussis toxin (PT) by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for public health and clinical laboratories is
      possible because of recent advances in understanding the pathobiology of
      Bordetella pertussis and the physicochemical properties of PT. The new approach
      does not require the use of highly purified PT antigen, which is difficult and
      expensive for most laboratories to obtain. Moreover, it employs only reagents
      that are commercially readily available. The method combines the purification of
      PT antigen and an assay for PT antibody into one process. It depends on (i)
      growth of B. pertussis in a simple, defined medium to obtain a PT-rich
      supernatant with little contamination of cellular antigens; (ii) a simple, one
      step concentration of PT in the culture supernatant with Affi-Gel Blue (Bio-Rad
      Laboratories, Richmond, Calif.); and (iii) specific adsorption of PT as the test
      antigen to microtiter wells coated with fetuin for the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. The procedure is sensitive and specific for PT antibody. It
      is technically simple, reproducible, and can be performed in a modestly equipped
      laboratory.

PMID- 2900844
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica antigen-specific induction of human immunodeficiency virus
      replication.
AB  - Replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be initiated in infected
      lymphocytes by antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. A soluble protein derived from
      an invasive strain of Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic antigen [AA]) was used to
      study the lymphoblastic responses of T lymphocytes derived from 8 HIV
      seronegative homosexual men (controls) and 15 HIV-seropositive homosexual men
      (patients). The soluble protein was also used in long-term cultures as a stimulus
      for HIV replication. No control or patient produced detectable lymphoblastic
      responses to AA in a 6-day tritiated-thymidine incorporation assay. Of 15
      patients, 5 (33%) produced HIV p24 (ranging from 31 pg/ml to 151 ng/ml) in
      response to AA in 30-day cell cultures. HIV p24 was expressed in three of seven
      patients in response to AA but not to the T-lymphocyte mitogen
      phytohemagglutinin. Implications for managing HIV-infected patients are
      discussed.

PMID- 2900848
TI  - Net portal-drained visceral and hepatic metabolism of glucose, L-lactate, and
      nitrogenous compounds in lactating holstein cows.
AB  - Net portal-drained visceral and hepatic flux of glucose, L-lactate, alpha-amino
      N, NH3N, urea N, glutamate, and glutamine were measured in four Holstein cows.
      Cows were fed a 60:40 corn silage: concentrate diet ad libitum and milked at 12-h
      intervals. Six to 16 d postpartum chronic catheters were established in hepatic
      portal, hepatic, and mesenteric veins and a carotid artery was elevated. Twelve
      Measurements of net flux, the mathematical product of blood flow (measured by p
      aminohippurate dilution) and venous-arterial concentration difference, were
      obtained for each cow at hourly intervals during 1 d of wk 4 and 8 postpartum.
      Dry matter, N, and energy digestion trials began 1 to 2 d after blood sampling.
      Dry matter intake and milk yield averaged 15.6 and 32.2 kg/d. Portal-drained
      visceral blood flow averaged 80% of hepatic blood flow (2041 L/h). Net flux of
      NH3N, urea N, and alpha-amino N across portal-drained viscera represented 68, 54,
      and 51% of N apparently digested. There was net use of glucose by portal-drained
      viscera. Hepatic glucose production (3.1 kg/d) exceeded calculated mammary
      glucose requirements. Net hepatic removal of L-lactate, alpha-amino N, and NH3N
      represented 115, 43, and 101%, respectively, of their net absorption by portal
      drained viscera. Net hepatic L-lactate and alpha-amino N removal could account
      maximally for 17.4 and 16.5% of glucose produced.

PMID- 2900847
TI  - Cutaneous Crohn's disease and progressive vitiligo.
AB  - A patient with Crohn's colitis rapidly developed violaceous papules and plaques
      on the thigh, breast, and back during an exacerbation of colitis. Biopsy
      specimens of lesional bowel and skin showed noncaseating granulomatous
      inflammation consistent with Crohn's disease. The rare occurrence of
      granulomatous skin lesions widely separated from the perirectal area, previously
      reported as metastatic Crohn's disease, is reviewed, and the additional finding
      of concomitant vitiligo with a possible linked pathogenesis is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2900846
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of humoral immune responses following infection with
      Bordetella pertussis or immunization with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
AB  - To help develop better diagnostic tests for pertussis, we examined the serologic
      response to whole-cell proteins of Bordetella pertussis after natural infection
      or vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. Serum specimens
      collected during a pertussis outbreak investigation and from uninfected persons
      were used in Western blot (immunoblot) analyses to determine the presence of
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies to specific B. pertussis proteins. IgG
      antibodies to proteins of molecular masses 220 and 210 kilodaltons (kDa) were
      detected in 14 of 18 serum samples obtained from patients with culture-confirmed
      pertussis greater than or equal to 40 days after the onset of coughing. IgA
      antibodies were detected in 15 of the 18 samples. Of 19 serum samples obtained
      from patients who had not been ill with pertussis, 6 contained IgG antibodies to
      these proteins and 1 contained IgA antibodies. The two proteins bound antiserum
      specific for filamentous hemagglutinin and comigrated with purified filamentous
      hemagglutinin. IgG antibodies to two additional protein bands of molecular masses
      84 and 75 kDa were associated with previous vaccination. Antibody to the 84-kDa
      protein was detected in 15 of 17 vaccinated, never-infected persons, and antibody
      to the 75-kDa protein was detected in 16 of the 17. None of 11 nonvaccinated,
      never-infected persons tested had antibodies to either protein. All seven fully
      vaccinated persons with culture-documented infection had antibodies to both
      proteins. Antibodies to the 84-kDa protein were detected in 6 of 22 nonvaccinated
      and infected persons, and antibodies to the 75-kDa protein were detected in 8 of
      the 22. Use of Western blot analysis in this study allowed us to distinguish
      antibody responses to infection and immunization.

PMID- 2900849
TI  - Scope and significance of eating disorders.

PMID- 2900850
TI  - Biological aspects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

PMID- 2900851
TI  - Measurement of TSAb directly in serum using FRTL-5 cells.
AB  - FRTL-5 cells were shown to be suitable for the measurement of thyroid stimulating
      antibody (TSAb) present in sera of patients with Graves' disease. Current methods
      for the assay of TSAb require the separation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from
      patient sera. In this report the possibility to measure TSAb directly on serum
      was evaluated using FRTL-5 cells. To this purpose cells were seeded in 96-well
      plates and cultured for 4 days in medium deprived of TSH. Using this system
      bovine TSH was able to produce a significant stimulation of cAMP production at 1
      microU/ml. Whole normal serum completely inhibited the stimulation of TSH as well
      as that of TSAb, while diluted serum was devoid of any effect. Heat inactivated
      sera and IgGs, prepared by DEAE Sephadex separation, were diluted in hypotonic
      medium and incubated with cells for 1 h at 37 C. After incubation cAMP was
      measured in the assay medium by RIA. In some experiments the effects of graded
      dilutions of sera and IgGs with known TSAb activity were compared. Sera as well
      as IgGs increased the cAMP production, but, at the highest concentrations, an
      inhibitory effect was evident. For this reason sera were tested after appropriate
      dilution. Thirteen/27 (48%) sera and 22/27 (81%) IgGs from patients with Graves'
      disease were TSAb positive. The effect of Graves' sera on adenylate cyclase
      stimulation was completely inhibited by an anti-human IgG. The results of
      stimulation produced by Graves' sera and IgGs were highly correlated (r = 0.97, p
      less than 0.001). In conclusion it is possible to measure TSAb directly in serum
      using FRTL-5 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2900852
TI  - On the in vitro neutralization test of Clostridium perfringens type A toxin.
AB  - Data are presented on the detection in crude animal and human sera of Cl.
      perfringens phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. When the level of Cl. perfringens
      type A antitoxin is determined in the in vitro toxin neutralization test the
      inhibitor is found to decrease PLC activity in the test dose of experimental
      homologous toxin. The extent of decrease accounts for the variation of results
      obtained in the in vitro and in vivo toxin neutralization tests. The variation
      may be cancelled out by introducing a corresponding coefficient to calculate the
      level of alpha-antitoxin. It is suggested that the isolation and investigation of
      the PLC inhibitor will contribute to the development of preparations for
      treatment of gas gangrene due to Cl. perfringens type A.

PMID- 2900853
TI  - The association of DNA variants at or near the IgH locus with rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - DNA samples from 78 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
      and 132 healthy controls were analysed by the Southern blotting method, using two
      DNA probes: the first to the immunoglobulin mu heavy-chain switch region (S mu),
      in conjunction with the SstI restriction endonuclease, and the second to the
      D14S1 region, in conjunction with the HindIII restriction endonuclease. The
      homozygous phenotype for the 6.9 kb S mu fragment was decreased in the patient
      group (7.8%) compared to controls (19.1%) (P = 0.04). The homozygous phenotype
      for the 10.3 kb D14S1 fragment was increased in the patient group (38.5%)
      compared to controls (21.2%) (P = 0.02). The increase was more pronounced in the
      DR4-positive patients (51.2%) (P versus DR4-positive controls = 0.009). These
      results suggest that genes on chromosome 14 are involved in the genetics of RA.

PMID- 2900854
TI  - IgA2 allotypes determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism in IgA
      deficiency. Re-expression of the silent A2m(2) allotype in the children of IgA
      deficient patients.
AB  - IgA2 allotyping was performed on DNA from 60 IgA-deficient Caucasian individuals.
      The frequency of A2m(2) was not statistically different from that of normal
      controls. Two informative families were selected for further studies. In both
      families, the A2m(2) allotype (derived from the IgA-deficient parent) was
      inherited by some of the children, as determined by Southern blotting
      experiments. In all cases the 'silent' IgA2m2 gene was re-expressed, as judged by
      conventional serological allotyping of serum proteins. These data strongly argue
      against structural gene deletions or mutations as a cause of IgA deficiency.

PMID- 2900855
TI  - Heterogeneity and linkage of equine C4 and steroid 21-hydroxylase genes.
AB  - The fourth component of complement (C4) is polymorphic in most species studied,
      and is encoded by a gene or genes within the MHC. In man and mouse there are two
      closely linked C4 and steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) genes. Therefore we have
      used Southern blotting to determine whether equine C4 and 21-OH genes are linked.
      C4 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was found with the enzymes
      EcoRI and BamHI. Comparison of the sizes of EcoRI-digested fragments of genomic
      DNA hybridizing with C4 and 21-OH probes revealed that equine C4 and 21-OH genes
      are separated by no more than 13 kb. Further, there is no evidence of C4 and 21
      OH gene duplication in the horse. Segregation of ELA and different polymorphic
      forms of equine C4 suggest that C4 and 21-OH genes are within the MHC. It is
      likely that equine MHC supratypes will provide improved markers of disease
      susceptibility.

PMID- 2900856
TI  - Seroepidemiology of human T lymphotropic viruses and hepatitis viruses among
      prostitutes in Taiwan.

PMID- 2900857
TI  - [Epidemiology of adult T-cell leukemia in Ehime Prefecture].

PMID- 2900858
TI  - The molecular genetics of the incision step in the DNA excision repair process.
AB  - This review describes the evolution of research into the genetic basis of how
      different organisms use the process of excision repair to recognize and remove
      lesions from their cellular DNA. One particular aspect of excision repair, DNA
      incision, and how it is controlled at the genetic level in bacteriophage,
      bacteria, S. cerevisae, D. melanogaster, rodent cells and humans is examined. In
      phage T4, DNA is incised by a DNA glycosylase-AP endonuclease that is coded for
      by the denV gene. In E. coli, the products of three genes, uvrA, uvrB and uvrC,
      are required to form the UVRABC excinuclease that cleaves DNA and releases a
      fragment 12-13 nucleotides long containing the site of damage. In S. cerevisiae,
      genes complementing five mutants of the RAD3 epistasis group, rad1, rad2, rad3,
      rad4 and rad10 have been cloned and analyzed. Rodent cells sensitive to a variety
      of mutagenic agents and deficient in excision repair are being used in molecular
      studies to identify and clone human repair genes (e.g. ERCC1) capable of
      complementing mammalian repair defects. Most studies of the human system,
      however, have been done with cells isolated from patients suffering from the
      repair defective, cancer-prone disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum, and these cells
      are now beginning to be characterized at the molecular level. Studies such as
      these that provide a greater understanding of the genetic basis of DNA repair
      should also offer new insights into other cellular processes, including genetic
      recombination, differentiation, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging.

PMID- 2900859
TI  - Radiation-induced mating-type switching in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Haploid yeast cells possess two different mating types which are controlled
      genetically by the MAT locus. Information of the opposite mating type is stored
      on the same chromosome but not expressed. Radiation may initiate a gene
      conversion event leading to 'mating-type switching'. This was studied by using X
      rays and 254 nm ultraviolet light. X-ray-induced mating type switching shows an
      oxygen enhancement ratio of 2.9 which is higher than that for survival (1.8) and
      equals that for double-strand break induction. Mating-type switching by UV is not
      photoreactivable and depends on a functioning excision repair system. The results
      are compatible with the interpretation that mating type switching is initiated by
      a double-strand break in the MAT coding region.

PMID- 2900860
TI  - Analysis of structural and numerical chromosomal anomalies at the first, second,
      and third mitosis after irradiation of one-cell mouse embryos with X-rays or
      neutrons.
AB  - One-cell mouse embryos were irradiated with X-rays or neutrons. Analysis of the
      first, second, and third postradiation mitoses revealed that the yields of
      structural aberrations increased linearly after exposure to both radiation
      qualities. For X-rays the aberration frequency decreased from the first to the
      third mitosis, whereas after neutrons it decreased from the first to the second
      mitosis but then increased in the third mitosis. RBEs of 4.7, 4.8, and 7.4 were
      calculated for the corresponding mitoses. It was clearly demonstrated that new
      aberrations were produced after the first postradiation mitosis and expressed
      during the second and third mitosis. Chromosome loss also increased with
      increasing radiation dose at the second mitosis. An RBE of 2 was calculated for
      this effect. Comparing the presented data with previous investigations on
      embryonic and fetal death after prenatal irradiation, it was concluded that the
      high radiosensitivity of the one-cell embryo is due to the induction of
      structural as well as of numerical chromosome aberrations.

PMID- 2900861
TI  - Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by an X-radiation accident:
      results of a 4-year postirradiation analysis.
AB  - After occupational and medical radiation exposures structural chromosome
      aberrations may be induced in the lymphocytes of the irradiated persons. Many
      authors have estimated the radiation dose from the yields of dicentric
      aberrations. We analysed the influence on the dicentric yield of increasing time
      intervals between irradiation and blood sampling from a person involved in an X
      radiation accident (radiography). During a 4-year follow-up we observed an
      approximately 7-fold decline of the dicentric yield up to the 25th month and
      thereafter an almost constant value. Since the decline did not commence until
      around the 10th month after the exposure, an exponential decrease of dicentric
      yield with time should be considered with reservation in this study, although it
      cannot be entirely ruled out. We conclude that in 'biological dosimetry' blood
      should be sampled as early as possible after the exposure. Furthermore,
      computation of 'half-times' of lymphocytes to allow for a delay in blood sampling
      seems uncertain after partial body exposures to high doses. Therefore in such
      cases dose estimates obtained 1 or more years after irradiation should be
      considered as minimum values.

PMID- 2900862
TI  - Radiation chemistry of d(TpApCpG) in oxygenated solution.
AB  - The radiation chemistry of the DNA tetranucleoside triphosphate d(TpApCpG) was
      investigated. The tetramer was X-irradiated in oxygenated aqueous solution and
      the various products separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The
      principal modifications of the tetramer were analysed intact using nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and in some instances also by fast atom
      bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. The principal radiation-induced lesions of
      d(TpApCpG) were found to be a formamido modification derived from the thymine
      base, two stereoisomeric forms of a 1-carbamoyl-2-oxo-4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine
      modification derived from the cytosine base and an 8-hydroxyguanine modification.

PMID- 2900863
TI  - Radicals produced by the reactions of SO4- with uridine and its derivatives.
      Studies by pulse radiolysis and gamma-radiolysis.
AB  - Using a pulse radiolysis technique, the sulphate radical, SO4-, has been
      demonstrated to react with uridine, 3'-UMP and 5'-UMP to produce intermediates of
      a new type, decaying according to a first-order rate law with k = 2.1, 4.1, 3.0 x
      10(5) s-1 respectively at pH 7. The rate for uridine increases slightly with
      increasing pH. With deoxyuridine and 2', 3'-isopropylidene uridine, on the other
      hand, OH adduct radicals with longer lives (second-order decay) were found in
      accordance with the known fact that similar radicals are produced from N(1)
      methylated uracils with SO4-. On gamma-irradiation of similar solutions
      containing the substrates that produce such short-lived species, chain reactions
      and high yields of unaltered uracil were found. Some optical properties are
      detailed and a probable structure of the short-lived species is discussed in
      relation to the substituent effect at the 2' position of the sugar part and to
      its strong reducing ability revealed by the rapid reaction with TNM.

PMID- 2900864
TI  - Repair kinetics in mouse lung after multiple X-ray fractions per day.
AB  - The potential advantage for sparing normal tissue damage by hyperfractionation of
      low-LET radiation may be limited by the repair kinetics of tissues in the
      irradiated field. Tissues with slow repair kinetics will limit the number of
      fractions that may be given on the same day. Results are presented for mouse lung
      treated with a range of doses per fraction using either two or three fractions
      per day in multiple X-ray fractionation schedules. The results are analysed to
      determine whether the repair kinetics follow a single exponential function of
      time. The calculated repair rate (T1/2) was about 1.2 h for two fractions per day
      of 2 Gy (10F/5d) but slightly less (T1/2 = 0.8 h) for two fractions of 9 Gy
      (2F/1d). For smaller doses per fraction of 1.1 Gy, given three times per day
      (39F/13d), the T1/2 was not significantly less (T1/2 = 0.3-0.7 h). For three
      fractions per day of 1.1 Gy per fraction an unsatisfactory fit is achieved using
      a single exponential function of time, and a better fit is obtained using two
      components of repair. The repair kinetics are slow for lung, in comparison to
      acute reacting tissues (except skin), and may require that 6-8 h (i.e. four or
      five half-times) should be allowed between fractions on the same day so that more
      than 95 per cent of the repairable dose is repaired. At present the variation in
      repair kinetics with doses per fraction between 1.1 and 9 Gy are not
      significantly different, so no reduction of interfraction interval should be
      proposed.

PMID- 2900865
TI  - Structure of hydroxyl radical-induced DNA-protein crosslinks in calf thymus
      nucleohistone in vitro.
AB  - Hydroxyl radicals are known to produce DNA-protein crosslinks in chromatin in
      vivo and in vitro. Here we investigated DNA-protein crosslinks formed between
      aliphatic amino acids and thymine in calf thymus nucleohistone exposed
      predominantly to hydroxyl radicals in gamma-irradiated N2O-saturated aqueous
      solution. Aliphatic amino acids are the predominant types of amino acids in the
      core histones of calf thymus, and thus are likely to form crosslinks with DNA.
      For identification of the crosslinks we first investigated hydroxyl radical
      induced crosslinking of thymine to aliphatic amino acids in model systems, i.e.
      an aqueous mixture of thymine and a single amino acid. Samples were analyzed for
      possible thymine-amino acid crosslinks by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
      Using this approach the structure of the crosslinks was elucidated, and
      information on their gas chromatographic and mass spectral properties was
      obtained. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring (GC
      MS/SIM) was then used to identify DNA-protein crosslinks in acidic hydrolysates
      of calf thymus nucleohistone exposed to ionizing radiation in buffered aqueous
      solution. DNA-protein crosslinks involving thymine and the amino acids Gly, Ala,
      Val, Leu, Ile and Thr were identified. In some cases several isomers of the same
      crosslink were observed. The yield of the crosslinks was measured by GC-MS/SIM
      and was found to be a linear function of radiation dose in the range 49 to 436
      Gy. The mechanism for the formation of these DNA-protein crosslinks is thought to
      involve hydrogen atom abstraction by hydroxyl radicals from the aliphatic amino
      acid followed by addition of the amino acid radical to the carbon(6)-position of
      thymine and subsequent oxidation of the adduct radical.

PMID- 2900866
TI  - Modification of potentially lethal damage repair by some intrinsic intra- and
      extracellular agents: I. Proteinases and proteinase inhibitors.
AB  - The effects of nine intra- and extracellular proteinases and six proteinase
      inhibitors on the repair of potentially lethal damage (PLDR) induced by gamma
      rays in plateau-phase V79 cells were examined. It was demonstrated that these
      agents, which are intrinsic factors produced within mammalian cells, can modify
      PLDR activity. A stimulatory effect on PLDR was seen with calf liver neutral
      proteinase, and to a lesser extent, with inhibitor pepstatin A. Other proteinases
      which belong to serine, cysteine and aspartic superfamilies, as well as
      proteinase inhibitors, inhibited PLDR to different degrees. The effects of some
      of these agents, present during the PLDR period, on the rate of tritiated
      thymidine incorporation into the acid-insoluble cell fraction was also examined.
      They can modify the DNA synthesis of cells when subcultured from plateau phase
      for the assessment of colony-forming ability. There is no clear evidence that the
      effects observed are entirely attributed to the alteration of cellular
      proliferative processes. It seems more likely that many serine and cysteine
      proteinases and their inhibitors can adversely affect the PLDR process by
      modulating the activity of proteinase(s) and other enzymes involved more directly
      in PLDR because of interrelationships of the entire intracellular proteinase
      system.

PMID- 2900868
TI  - Charge potential of the 125Te daughter nuclide from 125I decay.

PMID- 2900867
TI  - Effect of free radicals induced by ultrasonic cavitation on cell killing.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of in vitro cell
      killing induced by 1.0 MHz continuous wave ultrasound at an intensity of 5.8
      W/cm2. The chemical effects and mechanical effects arising from acoustic
      cavitation were determined by the amount of liberated iodine and the number of
      DNA double-strand breaks, respectively. The survival of mouse L cells immediately
      after irradiation was estimated by counting the number of cells which are not
      stained by trypan blue and the clonogenicity of surviving cells remaining
      immediately after irradiation was monitored by colony-forming ability. The
      effectiveness of the dissolved gases in liberating iodine was in the order O2
      greater than Ar greater than N2 greater than N2O approximately 0. However, the
      effect of dissolved gases on the yield of double-strand breaks of DNA and on the
      two kinds of end points of cell killing was in the order O2 = Ar = N2 greater
      than N2O approximately 0. These results suggest that the different amounts of
      free radicals induced by ultrasound are not directly related to the
      ultrasonically induced cell killing. The presence of cysteamine (2 mmol dm-3)
      during sonication completely inhibited a decrease in clonogenicity of surviving
      cells, but did not inhibit that of cell survival immediately after sonication.
      These results suggest that the decrease of survival immediately after sonication
      is due to mechanical shear stress arising from cavitation, while the decrease of
      clonogenicity of the remaining surviving cells is due to free radicals induced by
      cavitation. The contribution of free radicals to total cell killing was estimated
      as about 1 per cent at the level of 95 per cent cell killing immediately after
      sonication.

PMID- 2900869
TI  - Re. Clonogenicity of the progeny of surviving cells after irradiation.

PMID- 2900870
TI  - Carrier detection in Japanese hemophilia A by use of three intragenic and two
      extragenic factor VIII DNA probes: a study of 24 kindreds.
AB  - The three factor VIII intragenic restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs), Bcll, Xbal, and Bgll and the two extragenic RFLPs, Bglll/DX13 and
      Taql/St14, were analyzed in 60 normal Japanese subjects and 24 families with
      hemophilia A. The allele frequencies were determined and the extent of linkage
      disequilibrium among the polymorphisms was assessed. In contrast to intragenic
      RFLPs of the factor IX gene, intragenic and extragenic RFLPs of the factor VIII
      gene in Japanese were similar to those observed in whites. As in whites, marked
      linkage disequilibrium severely compromised the value of the Bgll RFLP. The
      combination of the Bcll, Xbal, and Taql/St14 RFLPs gave 100% carrier detection in
      the hemophilia A families analyzed.

PMID- 2900872
TI  - Destruction of cell surface polarity by colchicine in rat salivary gland acinar
      cells: reevaluation of the microtubular function.

PMID- 2900871
TI  - Human fat cell beta-adrenergic receptors: beta-agonist-dependent lipolytic
      responses and characterization of beta-adrenergic binding sites on human fat cell
      membranes with highly selective beta 1-antagonists.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic receptors were characterized in human fat cell membranes using
      125I-labeled cyanopindolol (125I-labeled CYP) and highly selective beta 1
      antagonists. The iodinated radioligand bound saturably and specifically to a
      single class of high affinity binding sites. The number of binding sites
      determined with 125I-labeled CYP closely agreed with that determined with two
      other tritiated radioligands: [3H]dihydroalprenolol and [3H]CGP-12,177. Since
      125I-labeled CYP does not discriminate between beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors,
      the densities of the two receptor subtypes were determined from the competition
      curves of 125I-labeled CYP by highly selective beta 1-antagonists (bisoprolol,
      ICI-89,406, CGP-20,712A, and LK-204,545). Moreover, in order to enable
      correlation with binding data, the regulation of adenylate cyclase activity and
      of lipolysis was tested with various beta-agonist and antagonist compounds. The
      results obtained on fat cell membranes from abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue
      demonstrated the following. 1) 125I-labeled CYP represents a valuable tool for
      the quantification and the delineation of beta-receptor subtypes. 2) The presence
      of sodium ions in binding buffers causes a modification of the affinity of beta
      sites for some beta-antagonists. 3) The human fat cell beta adrenergic receptor
      population defined by nonselective radioligands is composed of two subtypes that
      can be interpreted in terms of classic beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor
      subtypes as assessed by competition studies with highly selective antagonists;
      beta 2-sites are predominant (60-70% of 125I-labeled CYP sites) in the adipocytes
      of slightly overweight women. 4) Results support the idea that beta 1- as well as
      beta 2-adrenergic receptors are coupled with adenylate cyclase and involved in
      the induction of lipolysis. 5) The results focus on the interest in some beta 2
      agonist drugs (zinterol, clenbuterol) as partial inductors of lipolysis, with the
      lipolytic efficacies of these compounds being well correlated with their
      efficacies at 125I-labeled CYP sites.

PMID- 2900873
TI  - [Treatment of the tall stature of Marfan disease with a delayed-action analog of
      somatostatin (SMS 201-995)].

PMID- 2900874
TI  - Spatial learning potentiates the stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis by
      excitatory amino acids in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - Stimulation of phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis by excitatory amino acids
      (glutamate and ibotenate) or norepinephrine was potentiated in hippocampal slices
      from rats trained in an eight-arm radial maze, used as a test of spatial
      learning. No difference in basal or carbamylcholine-stimulated PI hydrolysis was
      found between control and trained animals. An increased PI response to excitatory
      amino acids and norepinephrine was not found in hippocampal slices prepared from
      animals trained in a shock conditioning avoidance test. These results suggest a
      possible involvement of specific glutamate receptors coupled with PI hydrolysis
      in the synaptic mechanisms underlying formation and/or storage of spatial memory.

PMID- 2900875
TI  - Selective protection of benzomorphan binding sites against inactivation by N
      ethylmaleimide. Evidence for kappa-opioid receptors in frog brain.
AB  - Selective binding of [3H]bremazocine and [3H]-ethylketocyclazocine to kappa
      opioid receptor sites in frog (Rana esculenta) brain membranes is irreversibly
      inactivated by the sulfhydryl group alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM).
      Pretreatment of the membranes with kappa-selective compounds
      [ethylketocyclazocine (EKC), dynorphin (1-13), or U-50,488H] but not with [D
      Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAGO; mu specific ligand) or [D-Ala2,N-Me
      Phe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DADLE; delta specific ligand) strongly protects the
      binding of the radioligands against NEM inactivation. These results provide more
      evidence for the existence of kappa-opioid receptors in frog brain. The
      relatively high concentrations of NEM that are needed to decrease the specific
      binding of [3H]bremazocine together with the observation of an almost complete
      protection of its binding sites by NaCl suggest that bremazocine may act as an
      opioid antagonist in frog brain.

PMID- 2900876
TI  - Muscarinic agonists evoke neurotransmitter release: possible roles for
      phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate breakdown products in neuromodulation.
AB  - Carbachol (CCh), a muscarinic agonist that elicits the formation of inositol
      trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DG), induces a calcium-dependent
      [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) release [IC50 = (2.7 +/- 0.5) X 10(-4) M] in rat
      brain slices. Similarly, other muscarinic agonists evoke [3H]NE release which is
      specifically inhibited by muscarinic antagonists such as 3-quinuclidinyl
      benzilate, atropine, and N-methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate. The atropine-sensitive
      evoked release is effectively inhibited by neomycin (IC50 = 50 microM), a
      phospholipase C inhibitor that interferes with IP3-dependent cellular processes.
      In addition, polymyxin B, a rather selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PK
      C), abolishes the agonist-mediated release with a half-maximal effective
      concentration of 0.53 microM (750 ng/ml). These results have a significant
      implication for the mechanism by which agonists generating IP3 and DG act as
      inducers of neurotransmitter release in the CNS. However, since both neomycin and
      polymyxin B act also as N-calcium-channel blockers, other possible mechanisms are
      discussed. The CCh-induced release suggests that in the CNS an agonist-receptor
      interaction leads to a calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release, most likely
      via promoting the IP3/DG as second messengers followed by activation of PK-C.

PMID- 2900877
TI  - Restoration of catecholamine content of previously depleted adrenal medulla in
      vitro: importance of synthesis in maintaining the catecholamine stores.
AB  - The functional integrity of adrenal chromaffin storage vesicles was studied in
      the perfused rat adrenal gland subjected to intense exocytosis. Continuous
      perfusion with 55 mM K+-Krebs solution produced a large and uninterrupted
      secretion of catecholamines. Total amounts secreted within 45 min were 4.66
      micrograms and represented almost 30% of the total tissue catecholamine content.
      If perfusion with excess K+ was extended to 90 min, the secretion increased
      further to 5.76 micrograms. Despite such a large secretory response, the
      catecholamine content of the K+-stimulated adrenal medulla was comparable to that
      of unstimulated control, suggesting an enhanced resynthesis to maintain the
      normal levels. Pretreatment of rats with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, and including
      this agent in the perfusion medium during stimulation with K+, caused a marked
      reduction in catecholamine content. The degree of depletion depended on the
      extent of stimulation with K+ (45% in 45 min and 60% in 90 min). Although
      depleted catecholamine stores did not show spontaneous recovery in 2 h, inclusion
      of tyrosine, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or dopamine (but not epinephrine or
      norepinephrine) completely restored the catecholamine content of previously
      depleted adrenal medulla. Repletion achieved by tyrosine was time dependent
      (evident in 30 min and maximum in 2 h) and blocked by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine but
      not by calcium deprivation. The ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine remained
      constant during various stages of the experiment, suggesting both types of
      vesicles were equally affected by different treatments. The secretory response
      (10 Hz for 30 s) was unaffected even though tissue catecholamine stores were
      significantly depleted (50%). In summary, we have demonstrated that catecholamine
      content of the isolated perfused adrenal gland can be reduced by stimulation of
      exocytotic secretion in the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor. Since the
      depleted stores can be fully refilled by synthesis of catecholamines from its
      precursors, it is suggested that chromaffin vesicles may be reutilized for the
      purpose of synthesis, storage, and secretion of adrenal medullary hormones.

PMID- 2900878
TI  - Astrocyte metabolism of [15N]glutamine: implications for the glutamine-glutamate
      cycle.
AB  - The metabolism of glutamine was studied in cultured astrocytes by incubating
      these cells with [2-15N]-glutamine and using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
      to quantitate the transfer of 15N to other amino acids. We found that astrocytes
      simultaneously synthesize and consume [2-15N]glutamine, with the respective
      synthetic and utilization rates being approximately equal (ca. 13.0 nmol min-1 mg
      protein-1). Considerable 15N was transferred to alanine and a significant amount
      to the essential amino acids leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, the latter
      process denoting active reamination of cognate ketoacids. A net export of alanine
      into the medium was noted. Astrocyte glutamine utilization appeared to be
      mediated via both the phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) pathway and the
      glutamine aminotransferase pathway, the activity of which was about half that of
      PAG. The glutamine concentration in the incubation medium determined whether net
      synthesis or utilization of this amino acid occurred. When glutamine was omitted
      from the medium, net synthesis occurred. When it was present at a high (5 mM)
      level, net consumption was observed. At a physiologic (0.5 mM) concentration,
      neither net synthesis nor consumption was noted, although the 15N data indicated
      that glutamine was actively metabolized. An implication of this work is that
      astrocytes clearly are capable of both synthesizing and utilizing glutamine, and
      current concepts of a glutamate-glutamine cycle functioning stoichiometrically
      between astrocytes and neurons may be an oversimplification.

PMID- 2900879
TI  - Glucose and synaptosomal glutamate metabolism: studies with [15N]glutamate.
AB  - The metabolism of [15N]glutamate was studied with gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry in rat brain synaptosomes incubated with and without glucose.
      [15N]Glutamate was taken up rapidly by the preparation, reaching a steady-state
      level in less than 5 min. 15N was incorporated predominantly into aspartate and,
      to a much lesser extent, into gamma-aminobutyrate. The amount of [15N]ammonia
      formed was very small, and the enrichment of 15N in alanine and glutamine was
      below the level of detection. Omission of glucose substantially increased the
      rate and amount of [15N]aspartate generated. It is proposed that in synaptosomes
      (a) the predominant route of glutamate nitrogen disposal is through the aspartate
      aminotransferase reaction; (b) the aspartate aminotransferase pathway generates 2
      oxoglutarate, which then serves as the metabolic fuel needed to produce ATP; (c)
      utilization of glutamate via transamination to aspartate is greatly accelerated
      when flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle is diminished by the omission of
      glucose; (d) the metabolism of glutamate via glutamate dehydrogenase in intact
      synaptosomes is slow, most likely reflecting restriction of enzyme activity by
      some unknown factor(s), which suggests that the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
      may not be near equilibrium in neurons; and (e) the activities of alanine
      aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase in synaptosomes are very low.

PMID- 2900880
TI  - Treating fearful dental patients: a practical behavioral approach.

PMID- 2900882
TI  - Catecholamine toxicity in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture.
AB  - Identification of endogenous toxins and characterization of the mechanisms by
      which toxins produce cell injury and death may help understand both normal
      modeling of cell populations and connections in the CNS as well as abnormal cell
      loss. The toxicity of catecholamines intrinsic to the CNS was investigated using
      the model system of rat cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture. All
      catecholamines tested, including norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and epinephrine,
      were toxic to neurons as well as glia at a concentration of 25 microM when added
      to cultures 24 hr after plating. Toxicity was evident after 48 hr exposure to NE,
      as monitored by loss of cells from the cultures. Toxicity did not seem to be
      mediated by adrenergic receptors because, although the beta-adrenergic agonist
      isoproterenol (but not the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine) was similar in
      its toxic effect to NE, the beta-adrenergic antagonist atenolol did not block the
      toxic effect of NE. Toxicity could be mimicked by hydrogen peroxide, a product of
      the oxidative degradation of catecholamines. Toxicity of NE was blocked by
      catalase. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), supposedly selective for
      catecholaminergic neurons, was found to be toxic over the same concentration
      range as NE. These results suggest that endogenous catecholamines may play a role
      in normal and abnormal cell death, and suggest that caution be used in relying on
      the specificity of 6-OHDA and other supposedly selective neurotoxins.

PMID- 2900881
TI  - Interactions between the lateral hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray.
AB  - Anatomical and physiological experiments were conducted to characterize the
      interactions between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the periaqueductal gray
      (PAG) and to determine the role of neurotensin in their interaction. Anatomical
      studies using injection of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the LH showed
      an extensive projection to the ventromedial and the ventrolateral PAG and a less
      dense projection to the medial and dorsal parts of this region. Physiological
      experiments were performed on both deeply and lightly anesthetized animals.
      Electrical stimulation of the LH caused excitation of PAG cells with an onset
      latency of approximately 14 msec. There was a strong correlation between the
      response of PAG cells to electrical stimulation and injection of glutamic acid
      into the LH. Electrical or chemical stimulation of the LH produced an increase in
      tail flick latency in the lightly anesthetized animals that outlasted the
      stimulation period. There was a strong correlation between the response of PAG
      cells to electrical and chemical stimulation of the LH and their response to
      pressure-injected neurotensin. It is concluded that an excitatory projection from
      the LH to PAG exists which may involve neurotensin. This pathway may be involved
      in the analgesia produced by LH stimulation.

PMID- 2900884
TI  - Increased intracellular levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like
      immunoreactivity in pulmonary endocrine cells of hypoxic rats.
AB  - The mammalian respiratory tract contains innervated groups of endocrine cells
      which are believed to respond to hypoxia. We have demonstrated the involvement of
      a specific regulatory peptide produced by the cells, calcitonin gene-related
      peptide (CGRP), in this response. Cells immunoreactive for CGRP or for protein
      gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general marker of nerves and endocrine cells, were
      quantified in sections of lungs from hypoxic (21 days, 10 per cent O2) and
      normoxic rats. An immunostaining method employing supra-optimal dilutions of
      primary antiserum was used. This detects variations in antigen concentration
      which may be masked if the routine, optimal dilution is used. The number of CGRP
      immunoreactive endocrine cells was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater in
      the lungs of hypoxic rats (76.9 +/- 10.1 cells/cm2, mean +/- SEM) compared with
      controls (19.7 +/- 2.4). However, the numbers of PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cells
      were the same in both groups (81.3 +/- 12.2, hypoxic; 79.5 +/- 9.8 control),
      suggesting that the total number of endocrine cells did not change. It is
      concluded therefore that the apparent increase in CGRP-immunoreactive endocrine
      cells in hypoxic rat lungs is due to increased intracellular levels of the
      peptide. Since CGRP is a vasodilator, this could have important implications in
      the vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia.

PMID- 2900883
TI  - Glutamate-positive corticocortical neurons in the somatic sensory areas I and II
      of cats.
AB  - Combined retrograde transport-immunocytochemical experiments were carried out on
      cats to study the morphology, laminar distribution, and percentages of
      corticocortical projecting neurons of somatosensory area I (SI) and II (SII)
      showing immunoreactivity to an antiserum raised against the amino acid glutamate
      (Glu). A previously characterized anti-Glu serum (Conti et al., 1987a, b; Hepler
      et al., 1987) was used in conjunction with HRP. This tracer was injected either
      in SI to label retrogradely neurons in ipsilateral SII (SII-SI association
      neurons) and contralateral SI (SI-SI callosal neurons) or in SII to label
      retrogradely neurons in ipsilateral SI (SI-SII association neurons) and
      contralateral SII (SII-SII callosal neurons). In sections from SI and SII
      processed for simultaneous visualization of Glu and HRP (Bowker et al., 1982),
      and containing the cells from which every one of the 4 corticocortical
      projections arise, 3 types of labeled neurons were observed: (1) single-labeled
      neurons showing the homogeneous brown immunoreaction product of Glu (Glu-positive
      neurons); (2) single-labeled neurons containing the granular black reaction
      product of retrogradely transported HRP (Glu-negative, association or callosal
      neurons); and (3) double-labeled neurons in which both the black HRP granules and
      the brown immunostaining were present (Glu-positive, association or callosal
      neurons). Double-labeled neurons were all pyramidal in shape and were distributed
      intermingled with Glu-negative corticocortical neurons in all layers of SI and
      SII known to give rise to association and callosal projections. Counts from 25
      micron-thick sections showed that of 432 association and callosal neurons sampled
      from SI and SII, 214 (49.5%) were Glu-negative and 218 (50.5%) Glu-positive. In
      counts carried out on 5-micron-thick sections, the percentage of Glu-positive
      corticocortical neurons raised to about 70%. The 2 populations of single- and
      double-labeled corticocortical neurons showed no difference in their perikaryal
      cross-sectional areas. The present results show that a large fraction of
      association and callosal neurons of SI and SII are immunoreactive for Glu, and,
      therefore, these neurons probably use this excitatory amino acid, or a closely
      related compound, as neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2900885
TI  - Management of pediatric pain with opioid analgesics.
AB  - We have attempted to dispel many of the myths and misconceptions surrounding the
      use of narcotic analgesics in the treatment of childhood pain. Our hope is that
      an improved understanding and the application of effective, safe therapy will
      minimize the suffering of the child with acute or chronic pain.

PMID- 2900886
TI  - Phenylalanine hydroxylase expression in liver of a fetus with phenylketonuria.
AB  - The expression and activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase was studied in the liver
      of a fetus aborted after prenatal diagnosis of phenylketonuria. No phenylalanine
      hydroxylase enzymatic activity or immunoreactive protein was detectable in the
      PKU liver specimen, though both enzymatic activity and immunoreactive protein
      were detectable in control specimens of similar gestational age. Phenylalanine
      hydroxylase messenger RNA of normal size was present in the PKU fetal liver at
      normal abundance. These results confirm the genetic diagnosis of PKU in this
      fetus and indicate that the mutations in this fetus affect translation or
      stability of the phenylalanine hydroxylase protein.

PMID- 2900887
TI  - [Reactions and interactions of drugs].

PMID- 2900888
TI  - Corneal permeability to bunazosin in rabbits.
AB  - Topical and systemic absorption of bunazosin after topical instillation was
      investigated in rabbits. Corneal permeability of bunazosin in vivo was increased
      by the addition of caprylic acid in amounts equimolar to bunazosin. Aqueous humor
      levels of bunazosin were significantly elevated. These results correlated well
      with those obtained in vitro experiments. Contrarily, the levels of plasma were
      not significantly affected and only slightly lowered by caprylic acid.

PMID- 2900889
TI  - Differential control of sympathetic fibres supplying hindlimb skin and muscle by
      subretrofacial neurones in the cat.
AB  - 1. Simultaneous recordings were made from postganglionic sympathetic fibres
      supplying hindlimb skin and skeletal muscle in chloralose-anaesthetized,
      artificially ventilated cats. Single-fibre activity was either isolated by
      dissection or discriminated from few-fibre preparations of fascicles in the left
      superficial peroneal or sural nerve (innervating hairy skin) and common peroneal
      nerve (innervating muscle). Vasoconstrictor fibres were identified by their
      spontaneous activity as well as their responses to stimulation of the lumbar
      sympathetic chain and to changes in baroreceptor activity. The baroreceptors were
      then denervated by bilateral section of the vagi, carotid sinus and aortic
      nerves. 2. In five cats, neurones in the region of the subretrofacial nucleus
      were activated chemically by microinjections of 2-10 nl 0.5 M-sodium glutamate
      from a micropipette inserted into the ventral surface of the medulla. Both skin
      and muscle vasoconstrictor fibres were activated by glutamate injections into
      this region on either side of the medulla. Arterial pressure also rose. 3.
      Glutamate injections at forty-two sites evoked a positive response, defined as an
      increase in cutaneous and/or muscle vasoconstrictor fibre activity of at least
      25%. This response was evoked only in the cutaneous fibre at sixteen of these
      sites ('skin points'), only in the muscle fibre at seven sites ('muscle points'),
      and in both fibres in the remainder ('mixed points'). The largest percentage
      increases in activity of either type of fibre were obtained from mixed points. 4.
      The blood pressure rises following glutamate stimulation of muscle points were
      significantly greater than those produced by stimulation of skin points. Analysis
      of all positive responses showed that the evoked rise in blood pressure was
      significantly correlated with muscle sympathetic activity but not with cutaneous
      sympathetic activity. 5. Glutamate stimulation at different sites could evoke
      differential responses in skin and muscle vasoconstrictor fibres without any
      detectable change in the pattern of phrenic nerve discharge. 6. Skin points were
      grouped in the medial part of the subretrofacial region, and muscle points in the
      lateral part. In addition, for all positive responses there was a highly
      significant correlation between the ratio of muscle to cutaneous sympathetic
      activity evoked, and the distance from the mid-line of the corresponding
      injection site. 7. These results demonstrate a functional differentiation among
      subretrofacial neurones in their relative control of the sympathetic
      vasoconstrictor supply to skin and skeletal muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2900890
TI  - Naloxone excites oxytocin neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of lactating rats
      after chronic morphine treatment.
AB  - 1. Lactating rats were implanted with a cannula in a lateral cerebral ventricle
      to deliver morphine (up to 50 micrograms/h) chronically from a subcutaneous
      osmotically driven mini-pump. After infusion of morphine for 5 days the rats were
      anaesthetized with urethane and prepared with ventral surgery for recording the
      electrical activity of single, antidromically identified neurones in the
      supraoptic nucleus. 2. A single I.V. injection of naloxone (5 mg/kg) in these
      rats provoked a long-lasting, large increase in intramammary pressure, but in
      control rats had negligible effects. Concentrations in plasma of oxytocin,
      measured by radioimmunoassay in samples of femoral arterial blood, rose from 44.7
      +/- 2.5 to 1072.1 +/- 89.5 pg/ml (means +/- S.E.M.) 6 min after naloxone in the
      morphine-treated rats. In control rats, the concentration of oxytocin in plasma
      rose only from 42.1 +/- 2.9 to 125.1 +/- 28.2 pg/ml after naloxone. 3. Naloxone
      produced a transient increase in arterial blood pressure in morphine-treated but
      not control rats. Concentrations in plasma of vasopressin, measured by
      radioimmunoassay in samples of femoral arterial blood, rose in morphine-treated
      rats from 7.4 +/- 2.4 to 29.2 +/- 3.7 pg/ml after naloxone, but did not rise
      significantly in control rats. 4. Naloxone (1-5 mg/kg) produced a prompt and
      prolonged increase in the discharge rate of each of ten continuously active
      (putative oxytocin) cells recorded from ten morphine-treated rats. The discharge
      rate of the six cells tested at the highest dose (5 mg/kg) increased by an
      average of 6.3 Hz (360%) within 5 min, and the firing rate remained elevated for
      at least 30 min; the discharge rate of six continuously active supraoptic
      neurones recorded in control rats was not affected by naloxone. 5. The firing
      activity of five phasic (putative vasopressin) supraoptic neurones in morphine
      treated rats was increased for at least 30 min by the injection of naloxone;
      these increases were the result of a raised intraburst firing rate with no change
      in burst duration or frequency. One phasic neurone was inhibited for 15 min, and
      one phasic neurone was unaffected. 6. The excitatory effects of naloxone on
      neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of morphine-treated rats were not explained by
      changes in blood pressure or osmolarity and did not depend on suckling or a
      cholinergic pathway. 7. The concentrations of oxytocin in plasma and the
      operation of the milk-ejection reflex were similar in the controls and morphine
      treated rats, prior to naloxone. These findings indicate tolerance to initial
      inhibitory effects of morphine on oxytocin secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2900891
TI  - The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on gastric motility in the lamb.
AB  - 1. Intra-arterial infusions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were made
      in anaesthetized lambs in which activity of the reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO) was
      recorded manometrically and in conscious lambs in which activity of the
      reticulum, ROO and abomasum were recorded by electromyographic (EMG) techniques.
      2. Spontaneous rhythmic opening and closing movements of the ROO occurred in
      anaesthetized lambs at 3-5 min-1. Infusions of VIP into the left gastric artery
      at rates of 0.5-3.0 nmol min-1 produced changes in activity of the ROO. Within
      120 s of commencement of the infusions there was an increase in frequency and
      magnitude of the movements of the ROO for up to 120 s. This was followed with
      infusion of VIP at the lower levels (0.5-1.0 nmol min-1), by a marked reduction
      and sometimes complete loss of the rhythmic movements. There was always complete
      cessation of activity of the ROO with infusion of VIP at 1.5-3.0 nmol min-1. 3.
      In conscious lambs the frequency of the diphasic reticular EMG bursts which recur
      at intervals of ca. 1 min was not affected by infusions of VIP at 3.0 nmol min-1
      for 10 min. 4. Between each diphasic reticular EMG burst in the conscious lamb
      there was normally phasic activity of the ROO consisting of EMG bursts of long
      (ca. 4 s) and short (ca. 1 s) duration. Within 90 s of commencement of infusion
      of VIP at 3.0 nmol min-1 short-burst EMG activity disappeared with the remaining
      long bursts being of greater duration (5.4 +/- 1.2 s) than before infusion. After
      a series of four to fifteen such more prolonged long bursts there was quiescence
      of the EMG of the ROO. After infusion of VIP EMG activity recommenced first as a
      series of eight to fourteen long bursts which was followed by the reappearance
      also of short-burst activity. Infusions of VIP at 8-10 nmol min-1 produced a more
      prompt cessation of EMG activity of the ROO. Of other peptides which were infused
      only PHI (a peptide with N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine amide)
      produced cessation of the EMG activity of the ROO. However, on a molar basis VIP
      was 2-3 times more potent than PHI in causing cessation of activity of the ROO.
      5. Infusion of VIP at 3.0 nmol min-1 produced a cessation or diminution of EMG
      activity of the body, antrum and pylorus of the abomasum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2900892
TI  - Slow excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
      on cultured mouse central neurones.
AB  - 1. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked between pairs
      of cultured neurones from either hippocampus or spinal cord were examined using
      the tight-seal whole-cell recording technique. 2. Using the selective N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), two
      components of the EPSP could be resolved in cultures from both brain regions. The
      APV-sensitive (slow) component had the same latency, but a much slower time-to
      peak and longer duration than the APV-resistant (fast) component. Other NMDA
      antagonists such as ketamine also selectively blocked the slow component of the
      EPSP. 3. In Mg2+-free medium, the dual-component EPSP had a duration lasting up
      to 500 ms, greatly exceeding the membrane time constant of the postsynaptic
      neurone, suggesting that persistent activation of NMDA receptors was responsible
      for the long duration of the APV-sensitive component. 4. Under voltage clamp the
      excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) also showed fast and slow components,
      both of which had a reversal potential near 0 mV in physiological saline. The
      synaptic current could be fitted with a sum of two exponentials with a decay time
      constant for the slow EPSC near 80 ms. The slow current contributed approximately
      50% of the total charge transfer during the EPSC. 5. In Mg2+-containing medium,
      the peak of the fast component was voltage insensitive, whereas the synaptic
      current measured at a latency of 10-50 ms was voltage dependent with a region of
      negative slope conductance at membrane potentials hyperpolarized to -30 mV. 6.
      Raising [Ca2+]o from 1 to 20 mM resulted in a shift of the reversal potential of
      the APV-sensitive component from near 0 mV to + 10 mV, but the reversal potential
      of the fast component remained near 0 mV. This suggests that conductances with
      different ionic permeability underlie the two components of the EPSC and that the
      slow component is highly permeable to Ca2+ as well as to monovalent cations. 7.
      Our results demonstrate that two functionally distinct excitatory amino acid
      receptor channels are simultaneously activated by transmitter release from a
      single presynaptic neurone. The conductance mechanism underlying the slow
      component of the EPSP displays the voltage dependence and Ca2+ permeability
      expected for NMDA-receptor channels. We suggest that the available conductance
      generating the slow EPSP may be sufficient, even at low firing rates, to
      influence excitability on both a short-term and more long-lasting basis.

PMID- 2900893
TI  - Synaptic connections in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of mice, in vitro.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) in
      slices that contained the root of the auditory nerve and parts of the dorsal and
      ventral cochlear nuclei. Probably the largest and most common cells were impaled.
      2. Weak shocks to the nerve usually evoked an excitatory postsynaptic potential
      (EPSP) that lasted about 90 ms and whose latency was often less than 1.2 ms,
      indicating monosynaptic input. 3. Stronger shocks elicited a larger EPSP and a
      later train of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Increasing the
      stimulus voltage shortened the latency of the train of IPSPs and increased its
      efficacy so that at large stimulus strengths inhibition dominated the synaptic
      response. 4. To determine whether any of the neuronal circuitry which generated
      the synaptic responses involved the ventral cochlear nucleus, recordings were
      made from slices containing only the dorsal nucleus. Synaptic responses to
      stimulation of the pial surface of the isolated DCN resembled those driven from
      the nerve root. That is, weak shocks evoked long-lasting, monosynaptic EPSPs and
      stronger stimuli elicited a larger EPSP followed by trains of IPSPs. The DCN,
      therefore, contains intrinsic inhibitory interneurones. 5. The parallel fibres of
      the DCN course superficially, near the stimulating electrodes, whereas the axons
      of the auditory nerve terminate in deeper areas. Thus, the monosynaptic EPSPs
      evoked from the pial surface are probably generated by parallel fibres.
      Apparently the inhibitory interneurones are also excited by a circuit including
      parallel fibres. 6. The putative neurotransmitter of parallel fibres, glutamate,
      excited all neurones tested. 7. Cells were sensitive both to glycine and to gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA). Only strychnine, however, not picrotoxin or
      bicuculline, blocked IPSPs.

PMID- 2900894
TI  - The effect of temperature on neuromuscular transmission in the main caudal artery
      of the rat.
AB  - 1. Excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) recorded in isolated segments of the
      proximal main ventral artery of the rat tail were reduced in amplitude and
      prolonged in time course as temperature was lowered from 35 to 15 degrees C. 2.
      The slow depolarization that followed the EJPs after supramaximal or repetitive
      perivascular stimulation was markedly slowed in time course, but little affected
      in amplitude, as temperature was lowered. 3. The time constant (tau EJP) of the
      exponential decay phase of the EJP recorded from cells deep in the media was
      similar to the membrane time constant, so that the increase in tau EJP at low
      temperatures is consistent with a decrease in membrane conductance. 4. The value
      of tau EJP was also prolonged if the EJP was evoked at the time of the peak of
      the slow depolarization; this effect was blocked by idazoxan (10(-7) M) but not
      by prazosin (10(-6) M). 5. During repeated short bursts of high-frequency
      stimulation, action potential initiation was facilitated by both the prolongation
      of EJPs and summation of slow depolarizations; these effects were greater at 25
      than at 35 degrees C. 6. The interactions between EJPs and alpha-adrenoreceptor
      mediated membrane conductance changes are considered with respect to the
      electrical events occurring during sympathetic neuromuscular transmission at the
      natural temperatures of the rat tail.

PMID- 2900895
TI  - Cellular distribution, developmental changes and effects of cryptorchidism on
      uridine kinase in the rat testis.
AB  - High specific activity of uridine kinase was found in cultured peritubular cells
      (3.0 nmol/min per mg protein) which was more than 3-fold higher than that found
      in cultured Sertoli cells (0.79 nmol/min per mg protein). In the various classes
      of germ cells a decrease in specific uridine kinase activity was associated with
      increased maturity of the cells, primary spermatocytes, round spermatids and
      spermatozoa showing 1.3, 0.65 and 0.16 nmol/min per mg protein, respectively. A
      relationship between uridine kinase activity and the rate of RNA synthesis in
      these cells is suggested. A decrease in specific uridine kinase activity in
      testis with increasing age supports the finding of lower uridine kinase in mature
      germ cells than in earlier germ cells and somatic cells. This finding is further
      supported by the observation that cryptorchidism, which is associated with a time
      dependent depletion of germ cells, resulted in an increase in specific uridine
      kinase activity. The results indicate that pyrimidine salvage is important in
      earlier germ cells, as well as in somatic cells in the testis, to produce
      substrates for nucleic acid synthesis.

PMID- 2900896
TI  - Chronic muscle contraction headache: the importance of depression and anxiety.

PMID- 2900897
TI  - Substituted benzamides with conformationally restricted side chains. 2.
      Indolizidine derivatives as central dopamine receptor antagonists.
AB  - The substituted benzamides metoclopramide (1) and clebopride (3) are stimulants
      of gastric motility. They are also central dopamine receptor antagonists with 3
      being the more potent. This is presumed to be due to an additional interaction of
      its N-benzyl group with the receptor. The effect of restricting the conformation
      of this group by replacing the N-benzylpiperidine side chain of 3 by phenyl
      substituted quinolizidines and indolizidines has been investigated. Only the
      indolizidines had significant activity, the nature of which depended upon the
      orientation of the phenyl substituent. The 2 alpha-phenyl isomers 5d-h were
      potent central dopamine D2 receptor antagonists with 5h showing selectivity for
      the limbic system. The 2 beta-phenyl isomer 5c was a gastric motility stimulant
      devoid of significant central dopamine receptor antagonist activity. Implications
      on receptor models are discussed.

PMID- 2900898
TI  - Retro-inverso concept applied to the complete inhibitors of enkephalin-degrading
      enzymes.
AB  - Peptide retro-inverso modification was applied to the complete hydroxamate
      inhibitors of the three zinc metallopeptidases (neutral endopeptidase 24-11 (NEP,
      EC 3.4.24.11), aminopeptidase N (APN, EC 3.4.11.2), and a
      dipeptidylaminopeptidase (DAP) involved in the in vitro enkephalin degradation by
      brain tissues. Compounds corresponding to the general formula
      RN(OH)CO(CH2)nCH(CH2Ph)NHCOCH(R')COOH (n = 0, 1) were synthesized. In the first
      series of inhibitors (n = 0), the "retro-inverso" modification induced a large
      decrease in inhibitory potency for NEP as compared to that of the parent
      compounds. In contrast, the presence of a methylene group between the hydroxamate
      and CH alpha in the second series (n = 1) led to derivatives with inhibitory
      potencies in the nanomolar range, similar to their analogues with a natural amide
      bond. On the other hand, the retro-inverso modification led to a slight
      improvement in the inhibition of DAP and APN, in the first series of inhibitors,
      while the inverse result occurred in the second series. Thus, compounds
      containing an alpha-amino acid moiety in P'1 position behave as weak inhibitors
      of the three enzymes, with IC50 values in the micromolar range, and compounds
      bearing a beta-amino acid moiety in the same position are more specific than the
      parent compounds for NEP inhibition.

PMID- 2900899
TI  - Structure-activity relationships among benextramine-related tetraamine
      disulfides. Chain length effect on alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking activity.
AB  - Several N'-substituted N,N''-(dithiodi-2,1-ethanediyl)bis(1, omega
      alkanediamines) were prepared and evaluated for their blocking activity on alpha
      adrenoreceptors in the isolated rat vas deferens and human blood platelets. The
      results were compared with those obtained for benextramine (N,N''-(dithiodi-2,1
      ethanediyl)bis[N'-[(2-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]- 1 ,6- hexanediamine], 10).
      Bendotramine (N,N''-(dithiodi-2,1-ethanediyl)bis[N'-[(2-methoxyphenyl)- methyl]
      1,12-dodecanediamine], 16) proved to be as active as 10 on alpha 1
      adrenoreceptors, showing that optimum activity is associated with two carbon
      chain lengths separating inner from outer nitrogens of tetraamine disulfides. On
      the other hand, 16 had no activity up to 20 microM at alpha 2-adrenoreceptors.
      The optimum activity at this receptor subtype was associated with a six to eight
      carbon chain (10-12). Furthermore, 10 proved to be more selective toward alpha 2
      adrenoreceptors whereas 16 was a selective alpha 1-antagonist. The tetraamine
      disulfides were shown also to be potent inhibitors of human platelet aggregation
      induced by ADP or epinephrine. The potency increased with the carbon chain
      length. However, the results on platelets did not parallel those found in the rat
      vas deferens, indicating that differences exist between the alpha-adrenoreceptor
      subtypes investigated. In conclusion, 10 may be a useful tool in characterizing
      alpha 2-adrenoreceptors whereas 16 might help in investigating alpha 1
      adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2900900
TI  - Role of the autonomic nervous system in reperfusion arrhythmias.

PMID- 2900901
TI  - Triazinate and platinum efficacy in combination with 5-fluorouracil and
      doxorubicin: results of a three-arm randomized trial in metastatic gastric
      cancer. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.
AB  - The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group compared three regimens in a controlled
      prospectively randomized trial for the treatment of patients with advanced
      gastric cancer. All regimens contained 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin (FA) but
      differed in the third drug: semustine (Me), triazinate (T), or cisplatin (P). FAT
      produced significantly superior overall survival (P less than .01) compared to
      FAMe. One-year survival rate for the FAT regimen was 30% compared to 15% for the
      FAMe regimen, and median survival times were 30 versus 24 weeks, respectively.
      The FAP regimen demonstrated a similar survival advantage compared to the FAMe
      regimen. The improved survival was observed despite decreased 5-fluorouracil and
      doxorubicin dosages for patients on the FAT and FAP arms. Severe toxicity rates
      were 42% for FAT, 69% for FAP, and 62% for FAMe. The FAT regimen produced
      significantly less hematologic toxicity than either FAP or FAMe, while mild
      neurotoxicity was the limiting toxicity of cisplatin in this study. Two classes
      of drugs, without known risks of potentially fatal long-term toxic effects,
      appear to be effective substitutes for long-acting alkylating agents such as Me
      or mitomycin in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. These findings identify
      new approaches to therapy for this common disease.

PMID- 2900902
TI  - Abdominal polyorchidism: an unusual variant.
AB  - We describe an 18-month-old boy with polyorchidism in whom both ipsilateral
      testes were located intra-abdominally. To our knowledge no prior reports have
      documented a similar case in the literature to date. This case has important
      implications pertaining to the treatment of intra-abdominal cryptorchid testes.
      Intra-abdominal polyorchidism and its management are discussed briefly.

PMID- 2900903
TI  - Role of Escherichia coli adhesins in urethral colonization of catheterized
      patients.
AB  - Escherichia coli is a major cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infection
      and frequently colonizes the urethra prior to invading the urinary tract.
      Bacterial pili, filamentous protein cell surface-associated appendages, have been
      shown to mediate colonization of epithelial cells. Pili associated adhesins can
      be detected in vitro by their ability to mediate bacterial hemagglutination of
      erythrocytes. We have assessed the role of bacterial adhesins in supporting
      urethral colonization by determining the hemagglutination reactions of 56 E. coli
      isolates from the urethra of patients with indwelling urethral catheters. The
      adhesin detected most frequently was the type 1 mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin
      (43%), and 43% of isolates failed to hemagglutinate guinea pig or human
      erythrocytes. E. coli hemagglutinins were no more common on urethral isolates
      from patients that were persistently colonized (E. coli present 70% of the time
      catheterized), than from those that were transiently colonized (E. coli present
      30% of the time catheterized). Analysis of the HA reactions and DNA plasmid
      profiles of multiple isolates from persistently colonized patients suggested that
      the E. coli strain colonizing the urethra changed over time. The data suggest
      that bacterial colonization of the urethra is mediated in part by adhesins and
      changes over time.

PMID- 2900904
TI  - Infections with Francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica in hares (Lepus
      timidus, Lepus europaeus) from Sweden.
AB  - The occurrence of tularemia was studied in 1,500 hares submitted to the National
      Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden for postmortem examination during 1973
      through 1985. A total of 109 tularemia cases was recorded based on the
      fluorescent antibody (FA) test for Francisella tularensis and on the gross and
      microscopic pathology. Tularemia was diagnosed only in the varying hare (Lepus
      timidus) and not in the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus). The geographical
      distribution of the 109 cases indicates that tularemia has not spread in Sweden
      during the last 45 yr, with the exception of an endemic occurrence of the disease
      on the island of Stora Karlso in the Baltic sea. The disease was most frequent in
      the autumn and only a few cases were recorded during winter. Cases were not seen
      in the spring. The annual prevalence varied, with several cases in 1974 and 1981,
      but there were no cases in 1976 and 1980. The postmortem findings in hares dying
      of tularemia in the autumn were characterized by focal coagulative necrosis in
      liver, spleen and bone marrow, with high numbers of bacteria FA-positive for F.
      tularensis. In hares dying during winter months, the most characteristic findings
      were hemorrhagic enteritis and typhlitis, although necrotic lesions could occur
      in liver, spleen and bone marrow. Diseased hares on the island of Stora Karlso
      were demonstrated to be infected with ticks, while hares on the mainland of
      Sweden generally were fed upon by mosquitoes. Twenty-six of the 109 hares with
      tularemia were examined bacteriologically and F. tularensis biovar palaearctica
      was isolated from eight. The lung extract antibody test for F. tularensis was
      performed in 18 of the 109 hares. All were negative. In addition to the field
      study, an experimental study with F. tularensis biovar palaearctica was
      performed. Four varying hares and three European brown hares were inoculated.
      None of the hares died from tularemia, and generalized infection was not
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2900905
TI  - [Epidural anesthesia for a patient with Takayasu arteritis].

PMID- 2900906
TI  - [Concepts and future prospects in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy].

PMID- 2900907
TI  - Prevalence of hepatitis B markers, antibodies to adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
      virus and antibodies to human immune deficiency virus in prostitutes in Fukuoka,
      Japan.
AB  - Prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) markers, antibodies to human T cell leukemia virus
      (HTLV-1) and antibodies to human immune deficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in prostitutes
      working in Fukuoka city were studied. Sera were collected from 237 prostitutes
      during January-September, 1986. Among them, 9 (3.8%) were HB virus surface
      antigen (HBs Ag) positive, of whom, 3 were HBe antigen positive and the remaining
      6 were anti-HBe positive. The positive rate of anti-HBs was 34.2%. The incidence
      of anti-HTLV-1 in the prostitutes was 5.9%. These incidences are considered to be
      within the usual range in Kyushu district. No seropositive case for anti-HIV was
      found.

PMID- 2900908
TI  - Effects of caffeine on gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis induced by alpha
      adrenergic stimulation in suspensions of rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Effects of caffeine on gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis of rat isolated
      hepatocytes were investigated in the presence of hormonal agonists. Phenylephrine
      at 10 microM stimulated 1.7-fold gluconeogenesis and 1.9-fold (compared to
      control) urea synthesis from 4 mM glutamine. Stimulative effects of caffeine in
      the range from 0.1 to 10 mM were biphasic depending on its concentration, and it
      showed maxima at about 1 mM. Caffeine at 1 mM stimulated 2.1-fold gluconeogenesis
      and 2.4-fold urea synthesis. Caffeine without phenylephrine did not stimulate
      both syntheses. These effects of caffeine and phenylephrine diminished in the
      absence of extracellular Ca2+. Results on uptake of 45Ca2+ into hepatocytes and
      change in quin-2 fluorescence indicated that phenylephrine induced Ca2+ influx
      into the cell and consequently increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration,
      [Ca2+], and that the addition of caffeine did not further stimulate the effect of
      phenylephrine on [Ca2+]. Therefore, we suggest that stimulation of
      gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis by phenylephrine is due to increase in [Ca2+].
      Since caffeine is known to inhibit phosphodiesterase, the additional stimulation
      of both syntheses by caffeine plus phenylephrine may be due to the synergistic
      effect of increases in cAMP and [Ca2+]. The increase in the rates of
      gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis similarly depended on the caffeine
      concentration. Furthermore, the ratio of [acetoacetate]/[3-OH-butyrate] which
      shows intramitochondrial redox state, also depended on the caffeine
      concentration, indicating a possible coupling of the redox function of
      mitochondria with [Ca2+].

PMID- 2900909
TI  - Different responses to beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs of the blood pressure and
      heart rate in the urethane-anesthetized dog and rat.
AB  - I.v. propranolol (Prop) produced sustained pressor responses in rats but not in
      dogs under urethane anesthesia. In the dogs there was a progressive reduction in
      systolic blood pressure (SBP) in accordance with a significant heart rate (HR)
      reduction. Even at the i.v. dose (5 mg/kg) where vasoconstrictor response to i.v.
      norepinephrine (NE) is changed to the vasodilator one in rats, phenoxybenzamine
      could not completely suppress the NE-induced vasoconstriction in dogs. In pithed
      dogs, unlike pithed rats, i.v. Prop augmented neither sympathetic nerve
      stimulation- nor i.v. epinephrine (Epi)-induced pressor responses. Urethane
      anesthesia brought much higher concentrations in plasma Epi and NE in the dog
      than in the rat. In comparison with their respective values under the conscious
      state, SBP and HR of the dog were higher and those of the rat were lower under
      urethane anesthesia. As in urethane-anesthetized dogs, i.v. Prop elicited
      remarkable HR reduction accompanied by progressive hypotension in coronary
      ligated rats with high sympathetic activity. Thus the reason for the absence of
      pressor response to beta-receptor blockage in the dog may be due to less
      functional significance of beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilation in
      determining the peripheral vascular tone; and also, the possibility that there
      may be the involvement of an inverse influence of urethane on the cardiovascular
      regulatory system in terms of enhancing sympathetic nervous activity in the dog
      and a decreasing one in the rat can not be ruled out.

PMID- 2900910
TI  - [Effect of clopheline on thrombocyte aggregation].
AB  - Data on clopheline effect on platelet aggregation, both spontaneous and ADP- or
      adrenaline-induced, in normal donors are reported. Clopheline is shown to
      slightly increase aggregation in normal subjects, exhibiting properties of a weak
      aggregation inductor. Where adrenaline is present in the aggregating system,
      clopheline undermines its platelet aggregation-inducing effect and, consequently,
      shows properties of a more competitive antagonist, as compared to adrenaline.

PMID- 2900911
TI  - A simple and rapid method to screen for mutant mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase
      activity.
AB  - A simple and rapid method to screen for mutant mice (Mus musculus) lacking D
      amino-acid oxidase activity has been devised. Mice were given water containing
      small amounts (0.02%) of either D-methionine or D-phenylalanine. Urinary levels
      of the D-amino acid were examined using thin-layer chromatography. Some mice
      excreted substantial amounts of the D-amino acid through the urine. None of them
      had detectable D-amino-acid oxidase activity.

PMID- 2900912
TI  - Neuropeptide Y: a candidate neurotransmitter for biliary motility.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a recently discovered polypeptide found in neurons
      throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in especially high concentrations in
      the biliary tree. This study was designed to test the functional significance of
      these high concentrations in the biliary tree by determining the effect of
      intravenous NPY on sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder motility. In adult male
      prairie dogs a side-hole, pressure-monitored perfusion catheter was placed
      through a choledochotomy into the duodenum and positioned in the sphincter of
      Oddi. A perfusion catheter was also placed in the gallbladder fundus. Sphincter
      of Oddi and gallbladder pressures were recorded before and during intravenous
      infusions of NPY at doses of 10, 100, and 500 ng/kg/min. Each dose was
      administered to seven separate animals. No effects were seen at the 10 or 100
      ng/kg/min doses. NPY at the 500 ng/kg/min dose significantly increased sphincter
      of Oddi phasic wave frequency, amplitude, and motility index (MI = F X A). In
      addition, gallbladder pressure was significantly increased after 20 min of
      intravenous infusion of NPY at the 500 ng/kg/min dose. No significant changes in
      blood pressure were noted. These data suggest that in the prairie dog, systemic
      intravenous infusion of NPY significantly increases sphincter of Oddi phasic wave
      activity and gallbladder pressure. These findings are similar to those observed
      with intravenous cholecystokinin but opposite of those seen with peptide YY in
      this species. We hypothesize that neuropeptide Y may be an important
      neurotransmitter or neuromodulator regulating bile flow.

PMID- 2900913
TI  - A new method for determination of in vivo pA2 using infusions of naloxone to
      steady-state blood concentrations.
AB  - A method is described for the measurement of pA2 in vivo for the opioid
      antagonist naloxone, infused to predicted steady-state blood concentrations in
      rats. The method has been applied to antagonism of the respiratory depressant
      effects of opioid agonists. The basis of the technique rests upon determination
      of the plasma clearance of the antagonist whence appropriate loading doses and
      zero order infusion rate constants are calculated. The predicted concentrations
      of naloxone were verified by direct plasma measurement. Using the infusion
      protocol pA2 determinations by Schild analysis were significantly different from
      those obtained by bolus injection. The approach described provides more accurate
      estimates of in vivo pA2 and could be applied to other antagonists, species, and
      biological responses, overcoming many of the problems inherent in the use of
      bolus antagonist dosing, which is currently widely employed.

PMID- 2900914
TI  - Effects of bicuculline on the changes of pain threshold and some
      neurotransmitters of brain in rats induced by EAA.

PMID- 2900915
TI  - Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and blood transfusion.
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia (or T-lymphotropic) virus type I (HTLV-I) is a human
      exogenous infectious retrovirus of the family Retroviridae. This virus has been
      associated with adult T-cell leukemia and endemic myelopathies (tropical spastic
      paraparesis and HTLV-I associated myelopathy). HTLV-I is transmitted by sexual
      contact, from mother to child, by intravenous drug abuse, and by blood
      transfusion. The estimated lifetime risk of developing disease in antibody
      positive patients is 1 in 80, and a latency period as long as 20 years can
      intervene. No case of transfusion-transmitted disease has been reported to date.
      Currently, no testing of blood donors for HTLV-I is required in the United
      States, and no such test has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
      Because data on the natural history of this virus may take years to accumulate,
      it is probably wise to begin excluding anti-HTLV-I-positive units from the blood
      supply in the United States as soon as a licensed test is available.

PMID- 2900916
TI  - A cytostatic drug (taxol) which does not inhibit monocyte phagocytosis.
AB  - Taxol is a new cytotoxic agent which arrests cell division in the G2 and the M
      phases, due to its unique property of inhibiting microtubule function by
      stabilization. In contrast to other microtubule antagonists except griseofulvin,
      taxol did not inhibit monocyte phagocytosis. It is suggested that lack of
      interference with the function of mature leukocytes may reduce the
      immunosuppression induced by a cytotoxic agent.

PMID- 2900917
TI  - Diagnosis of alcoholism.
AB  - Alcoholism is among the most prevalent of the difficult diseases to establish
      diagnoses in medicine. This article outlines a number of steps to help in
      identifying the alcoholic patient. These include: a careful history, several
      laboratory blood tests, simple paper-and-pencil tests, and recognition of alcohol
      related medical disorders.

PMID- 2900918
TI  - Effects of ethyl loflazepate (CM 6912) on sleep in normal humans.
AB  - The effects of 2 mg and 4 mg of ethyl loflazepate (CM 6912), a new anxiolytic
      benzodiazepine, on sleep were studied in 12 healthy male subjects. Polygraphic
      recordings were made for 6 consecutive nights from each subject. An inert placebo
      was given on the first 3 nights and on the sixth night, and 2 mg or 4 mg of CM
      6912 was administered on the fourth and fifth nights to 6 subjects, respectively.
      The drug and placebo were administered orally 30 min after supper, and the record
      of polysomnograms started at 22:30 hr and continued until the natural awakening
      of the subjects the next morning. The polysomnograms were evaluated by
      computerized automatic analysis using the method of interval histogram. Both
      doses of CM 6912 increased total sleep time, and reduced sleep latency and total
      awakening in a dose-dependent manner. Both doses slightly decreased stage 1
      sleep, significantly increased stage 2 sleep, but slightly decreased stages 3, 4
      and REM sleep. These changes continued into the sixth recovery night. No obvious
      changes were observed in subjective assessments after administration of CM 6912.
      These results suggest that CM 6912 is an efficacious compound and has minimal
      adverse effects on sleep.

PMID- 2900919
TI  - Trial of tissue plasminogen activator for mortality reduction in acute myocardial
      infarction. Anglo-Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET).
AB  - 13,318 patients admitted to fifty-two coronary care units with suspected acute
      myocardial infarction were considered for inclusion in a double-blind study
      comparing recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) 100 mg plus
      heparin with placebo plus heparin. 8307 (62%) were excluded, mainly because their
      symptoms had begun more than 5 h previously, but all excluded patients were
      followed up at least until hospital discharge. 2516 patients were randomly
      allocated to rt-PA and 2495 to placebo. At one month the overall case fatality
      rates were 7.2% and 9.8%, respectively, a relative reduction of 26% (95%
      confidence interval 11-39%). 6.3% of patients given rt-PA had a bleeding
      complication (1.4% major) compared with 0.8% given placebo (0.4% major). However,
      the incidence of stroke was similar--1.1% in the rt-PA group and 1.0% in the
      placebo group. Subset analysis showed that patients who had a normal
      electrocardiogram (ECG) at the time of randomisation (17.5% of the whole trial
      population) had a low case fatality rate (1.6% in those given rt-PA compared with
      3.0% in those given placebo). In those with an abnormal ECG at entry, rt-PA was
      associated with a 24.5% relative reduction in 1 month fatality (95% confidence
      interval 9-37%).

PMID- 2900920
TI  - Microalbuminuria as predictor of vascular disease in non-diabetic subjects.
      Islington Diabetes Survey.
AB  - The relation between urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) and vascular disease
      was studied in 187 subjects aged over 40 selected from 1084 cases attending a
      diabetic screening project. AER exceeded 20 micrograms/min in 3 of 13 newly
      diagnosed diabetic subjects (23%) and 16 of 171 non-diabetic subjects (9.4%).
      There was a weak relation between AER and both systolic and diastolic blood
      pressures. Coronary heart disease was found in 54 of 164 (32.9%) subjects with
      AER of 20 micrograms/min or less and in 14 of 19 (74%) with AER above this.
      Peripheral vascular disease was present in 16 of 165 (9.7%) subjects with AER of
      20 micrograms/min or less and 8 of 18 (44%) with a high AER. Logistic regression,
      including diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, systolic and diastolic blood
      pressures, smoking, age, sex, ethnic origin, and body mass index, demonstrated
      the independence of this relation between AER above 20 micrograms/min and
      coronary heart disease (odds ratio [OR] 6.38, 95% confidence interval 1.91-21.4)
      and peripheral vascular disease (OR 7.72, 2.14-27.8). After a mean of 3.6 (SD
      0.19) years, 167 subjects (89.3%) were traced. There had been 9 deaths, 3 (2.0%)
      among 149 subjects with normal AER and 6 (33%) among 18 microalbuminuric subjects
      (OR 24.33, 5.40-109.7).

PMID- 2900921
TI  - Cerebral anaerobic glycolysis and reduced cerebral oxygen transport in human
      cerebral malaria.
AB  - In 12 patients comatose with cerebral malaria, cerebral blood flow was 52.2 (SE
      4.0) ml/100 g per min, within the reported range for healthy controls, but
      cerebral vascular resistance was raised at 1.66 (0.19) mm Hg/ml per 100 g per
      min. Cerebral oxygen consumption (1.90 [0.23] ml/100 g per min), and cerebral
      arteriovenous oxygen content difference (3.5 [0.43] ml/dl) were subnormal, while
      cerebral venous pO2 (5.7 [0.2] kpA) was raised. After recovery of consciousness
      there were significant decreases in arterial lactate concentration (2.44 [0.45]
      to 1.19 [0.45] mumol/l) and cerebral lactate production (17.4 [7.9] to 5.6 [1.1]
      mmol/100 g per minute). These results provide evidence of cerebral anaerobic
      glycolysis associated with inadequate oxygen delivery to the brain consistent
      with either inhibition of cerebral oxidative metabolism or the microcirculatory
      obstruction envisaged in the "mechanical" hypothesis for cerebral malaria.

PMID- 2900922
TI  - Detection of HIV1 DNA in infants and children by means of the polymerase chain
      reaction.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to investigate the possibility
      of HIV1 DNA detection in uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from
      newborn infants and children of HIV-infected mothers. HIV1 DNA sequences were
      detected in mononuclear cells of six of fourteen symptom-free newborn infants of
      seropositive mothers. Only one of these infants had detectable HIV antigenaemia.
      In addition, HIV1 DNA was identified in the mononuclear cells of five of ten
      children (2-5 years old) of infected mothers who had become seronegative 12-15
      months after birth; among these, four children had only mild clinical features
      related to HIV infection, while the other had none. HIV1 DNA was shown in all of
      eight seropositive children with HIV infection and none of fifteen normal
      seronegative controls. The PCR assay thus provides an early and direct
      identification of HIV infection in newborn infants and seronegative children born
      to infected mothers.

PMID- 2900923
TI  - Effect of fenamates on prostaglandin E receptor binding.
AB  - The effect of fenamates on prostaglandin E receptor binding was examined in
      myometrial samples collected at hysterectomy. Sodium meclofenamate and mefenamic
      acid inhibited binding of PGE2 to its specific receptor in a dose-dependent
      manner, with an ED50 of 20 mumol/l and 200 mumol/l, respectively.

PMID- 2900924
TI  - Catheter and wire guided endoscope exchange for biliary stents.

PMID- 2900925
TI  - Retinoids and control of cutaneous malignancy.

PMID- 2900926
TI  - Fatigue.

PMID- 2900928
TI  - Benign familial haematuria.

PMID- 2900927
TI  - Biochemical assessment of birth asphyxia.

PMID- 2900929
TI  - The right to die.

PMID- 2900930
TI  - Recurrent pulmonary oedema in hypertension due to bilateral renal artery
      stenosis: treatment by angioplasty or surgical revascularisation.
AB  - 11 patients with atheromatous renovascular hypertension had a history of multiple
      episodes of pulmonary oedema. 7 had stenosis of both renal arteries, 2 had
      stenosis of the artery to a solitary kidney, and 2 had unilateral stenosis with
      an intact contralateral kidney. Successful revascularisation (by angioplasty in
      8, and surgery in 3) improved blood pressure and renal function, and virtually
      eliminated pulmonary oedema. In a second series of 55 consecutive patients with
      azotaemia and renovascular hypertension, pulmonary oedema occurred in 13 (23%).
      Blood pressure and renal function were not significant predictors of pulmonary
      oedema, but coronary heart disease and bilateral (vs unilateral) renal artery
      stenosis were. Bilateral renal artery stenosis may be a specific and treatable
      predisposing factor to pulmonary oedema in azotaemic hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2900931
TI  - Diagnosis and management of dysentery by community health workers.
AB  - To develop guidelines for community health workers in the treatment of patients
      with diarrhoea, diarrhoea prevalence was actively surveyed for a year in a remote
      rural community of 915,000 persons, and the enteric pathogens and clinical
      features associated with diarrhoeal illness were determined in a sample of 300
      patients. Bloody diarrhoea accounted for 39% of all diarrhoea episodes and 62% of
      diarrhoea-associated deaths. 51 (50%) of 101 patients with a history of bloody
      diarrhoea had Shigella infection, compared with 31 (16%) of 199 patients with
      other types of diarrhoea. A history of bloody diarrhoea was as predictive of the
      presence of shigella infection (positive predictive value 50%, negative
      predictive value 86%) as more complex prediction schemes incorporating other
      clinical features or stool microscopic examination. In the area of Bangladesh
      where the study was done reduction of diarrhoea-related morbidity and mortality
      will depend on control and treatment of shigellosis, and community health workers
      have been instructed to provide antibiotics for patients with a history of bloody
      dysentery.

PMID- 2900932
TI  - Choice of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in persons treated for dyspepsia.
AB  - Prior use of analgesics among 1327 new users of cimetidine over the age of 65 at
      Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound was much more common than among 5308
      members of similar age and sex who had never taken cimetidine. The excess
      included not only most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and
      aspirin, but also extended to paracetamol. New users of cimetidine who had not
      received analgesics in the preceding 2 years were preferentially given recently
      introduced NSAIDs if an NSAID was subsequently prescribed. Review of prior
      studies of analgesic use and ulcer diseases reveals a regular association between
      ulcer and preceding use of paracetamol, a drug for which no causal association to
      ulcer is thought to exist. General increases in use of analgesics by elderly
      dyspeptic patients may have given rise to artefact in reported associations
      between manifestations of ulcer disease and NSAIDs.

PMID- 2900934
TI  - Tamoxifen as risk factor for carcinoma of corpus uteri.

PMID- 2900933
TI  - Inadvertent nuclear war.

PMID- 2900935
TI  - Intrathecal beta-interferon in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2900936
TI  - Frusemide and prevention of bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2900937
TI  - Parkinson's disease after antithyroid treatment.

PMID- 2900938
TI  - Clobazam for epilepsy.

PMID- 2900940
TI  - Use of midazolam in children.

PMID- 2900939
TI  - Familial polyposis coli.

PMID- 2900941
TI  - Glyceryl trinitrate in skin necrosis caused by extravasation of parenteral
      nutrition.

PMID- 2900942
TI  - Management of oral bleeding in haemophilic patients.

PMID- 2900943
TI  - Human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy.

PMID- 2900944
TI  - Management of ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2900945
TI  - Spontaneous abortion and assisted conception.

PMID- 2900946
TI  - Deletion of blood mitochondrial DNA in pancytopenia.

PMID- 2900947
TI  - Thalidomide for severe acute graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2900948
TI  - Haloperidol and cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2900949
TI  - Cytomegalovirus matching in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2900950
TI  - Death from hyperglycaemic ketoacidosis in a man with no history of diabetes.

PMID- 2900951
TI  - HTLV-I and malignant hypereosinophilic syndrome.

PMID- 2900952
TI  - Defective handling of mycobacteria.

PMID- 2900954
TI  - Almitrine and peripheral neuropathy.

PMID- 2900953
TI  - Persistence of heptachlor in serum of people consuming contaminated dairy
      products.

PMID- 2900955
TI  - New method specific for acetylcholinesterase in cerebrospinal fluid: application
      to Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2900956
TI  - Hyponatraemia and hypo-osmolality.

PMID- 2900958
TI  - "Doctor" in Europe.

PMID- 2900957
TI  - New treatment for urethral strictures.

PMID- 2900959
TI  - Koryagin and psychiatric coercion.

PMID- 2900960
TI  - Medical defence and insurance.

PMID- 2900961
TI  - The 1987 Athens heatwave.

PMID- 2900962
TI  - Seroconversion to HIV-1 negative regulation factor.

PMID- 2900964
TI  - Lung-sound transmission and reliability of chest signs.

PMID- 2900963
TI  - Acute meningoencephalitis on dose reduction of zidovudine.

PMID- 2900965
TI  - Fundus fluorescein angiography in adult respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 2900966
TI  - Potentially fatal splenic involvement in infective endocarditis.

PMID- 2900967
TI  - Postoperative wound scoring.

PMID- 2900968
TI  - Carboplatin or cisplatin?

PMID- 2900969
TI  - Campylobacter enteritis during doxycycline prophylaxis for malaria in Thailand.

PMID- 2900970
TI  - Platelet serotonin concentration in patients with finger-clubbing.

PMID- 2900971
TI  - Anti-LEA1 monoclonal antibody and bone marrow graft rejection in adults.

PMID- 2900972
TI  - Pathogenesis of haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2900973
TI  - Spontaneous adverse reaction reporting in the elderly.

PMID- 2900974
TI  - Three anaesthetic deaths. Leaving the anaesthetised patient.

PMID- 2900976
TI  - Too great expectations.

PMID- 2900975
TI  - BMA view on HIV prevalence screening.

PMID- 2900977
TI  - Effects of routine one-stage ultrasound screening in pregnancy: a randomised
      controlled trial.
AB  - 4997 of 7354 pregnant women had no clinical indication for an elective ultrasound
      examination at 12 weeks' gestation. 2482 of these women were randomly selected
      for ultrasound screening at 15 weeks and the remainder received the same standard
      antenatal care without the scan. Labour was less often induced among screened
      women both for all reasons (5.9% vs 9.1%, p less than 0.0001) and for suspected
      post-term pregnancy (1.7% vs 3.7%, p less than 0.0001). Earlier detection of
      twins had no effect on neonatal outcome. Among babies born to screened women,
      fewer were of birthweight less than 2500 g (59 vs 95, p = 0.005) and mean
      birthweight was 42 g higher (p 0.008). For babies born to screened women who
      smoked it was 75 g higher (p 0.012) and for those of non-smokers 26 g (not
      significant). The reason for the differences in mean birthweight could be that
      screened women reduced smoking in response to watching their fetus on the scan.

PMID- 2900978
TI  - Oesophageal ischaemia in motility disorders associated with chest pain.
AB  - The cause of chest pain in diffuse oesophageal spasm and "nutcracker" oesophagus
      is not clear. Spasm of the oesophageal muscle itself is probably not the cause,
      because pain and spasm are frequently not coincident. It is suggested instead
      that oesophageal ischaemia may be the cause of the pain, since the rewarming rate
      of the oesophagus after a standardised cold challenge was significantly longer in
      9 patients with these motility disorders than in 21 normal controls. As rewarming
      time in other sites correlates with blood flow, these results are consistent with
      the hypothesis that the oesophagus is ischaemic in these patients.

PMID- 2900979
TI  - Direct detection of HIV RNA expression in seropositive subjects.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription were used to assess
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) RNA expression in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell samples from seropositive subjects. HIV RNA was detected from
      seropositive subjects who had no symptoms, lymphadenopathy syndrome, and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. DNA PCR of the samples used for RNA extraction showed
      that seventeen of eighteen (94%) contained HIV proviral DNA. Eleven (65%) of the
      seventeen DNA-positive samples were also positive for HIV RNA, including samples
      from four patients undergoing antiviral drug treatment. Serum HIV antigen assays
      detected only six (32%) of the nineteen PCR-positive samples. Owing to the speed
      and high sensitivity of PCR for HIV detection, this technique will be suitable
      for monitoring antiviral therapy and the virus load of people with HIV
      infections.

PMID- 2900981
TI  - Mutation in cystatin C gene causes hereditary brain haemorrhage.
AB  - Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy (HCCAA) is an autosomal dominant
      disorder in which a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, cystatin C, is deposited as
      amyloid fibrils in the cerebral arteries of patients and leads to massive brain
      haemorrhage and death in young adults. A full length cystatin C cDNA probe
      revealed a mutation in the codon for leucine at position 68 which abolishes an
      Alu I restriction site in the cystatin C gene of HCCAA patients. The Alu I marker
      has been used to show that this mutation is transmitted only in affected members
      of all eight families investigated, and that the mutated cystatin C gene causes
      HCCAA.

PMID- 2900980
TI  - Failure of second-look laparotomy to influence survival in epithelial ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - The survival benefit of second-look laparotomy after completion of primary
      chemotherapy in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer has been assessed in a
      prospective randomised trial of 166 patients. Patients were randomised into three
      groups. All were initially treated with cisplatin (100 mg/m2 x 5) after primary
      laparotomy. Group A (n = 53) was scheduled to have a second-look laparotomy,
      followed by cyclical oral chlorambucil. Group B (n = 56) was scheduled to have a
      second-look laparotomy, followed by total abdominal and pelvic irradiation, and
      group C (n = 57) received oral chlorambucil as for group A but had no second-look
      operation. With a median follow up of 46 months (range 21-64), no differences in
      survival were noted between the three groups. The median survival for group A was
      21 months (95% CI 11-31 months), for group B 15 months (11-19), and for group C
      17 months (8-26). Thus second-look laparotomy after completion of first-line
      single-agent cisplatin chemotherapy did not confer any survival benefit on
      patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2900983
TI  - Ovalocytosis and malaria.

PMID- 2900982
TI  - BSE and scrapie: agents for change.

PMID- 2900984
TI  - Bedside detection of intracardiac shunts.

PMID- 2900985
TI  - Are insect repellents safe?

PMID- 2900986
TI  - Disposal of the previable fetus.

PMID- 2900987
TI  - Sports medicine--is there lack of control?

PMID- 2900988
TI  - Oxford screening programme for abdominal aortic aneurysm in men aged 65 to 74
      years.
AB  - 824 men aged 65 to 74 were invited for ultrasound screening of the aorta and 426
      (51.7%) attended. An abdominal aortic aneurysm was discovered in 23 (5.4%), and
      in 10 (2.3%) the aneurysm was 4.0 cm or more in diameter. 2 other patients had a
      common iliac artery aneurysm. The 36 men who had objective evidence of occlusive
      arterial disease of the lower limbs were twice as likely to be tobacco smokers
      and accounted for 5 (20%) of the aneurysms discovered. Extension of this
      screening programme to England and Wales could be expected to identify 52,500 men
      with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. If elective surgical replacement of the
      aneurysm were to be accepted by 60% of those with aneurysms 4 cm or more in
      diameter, 6000 unnecessary deaths from aortic aneurysm rupture could be
      prevented.

PMID- 2900989
TI  - Family outbreaks of psittacosis in Israel.
AB  - Eight family outbreaks of clinical or subclinical psittacosis in Israel after
      exposure to infected birds were studied. Throat cultures for Chlamydia psittaci
      and serological tests for Chlamydia species, including strain TWAR, were obtained
      from 37 people. Cloacal smears and cultures of internal organs for C psittaci
      were taken from 9 dead birds. 62% of the people studied had symptoms, and 67% of
      the birds that died had previously been sick. Evidence for acute C psittaci
      infection was found in 81% of patients (30/37). Diagnosis was established in 22
      by isolation of the causal organism from throat cultures and in 8 by positive IgM
      serology (reciprocal titre greater than or equal to 8) with evidence of acute
      seroconversion or clinical findings compatible with the disease, or both. No
      serological evidence for acute TWAR infection was found. All birds studied had
      microbiological evidence of C psittaci infection, and most had abnormal findings
      on necropsy.

PMID- 2900990
TI  - Youth and the threat of nuclear war. The psychological task of venturing into
      unknown territory.

PMID- 2900992
TI  - Nottingham study of neurotic disorder.

PMID- 2900991
TI  - Indigenised pharmaceuticals in developing countries: widely used, widely
      neglected.

PMID- 2900993
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment response in "functional" psychosis.

PMID- 2900994
TI  - Gamma-interferon and chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2900995
TI  - Astemizole-induced torsade de pointes.

PMID- 2900996
TI  - Thunderclap headache.

PMID- 2900997
TI  - Exploding head.

PMID- 2900999
TI  - Syncope, vomiting, and migraine.

PMID- 2900998
TI  - Successful treatment of prosthetic heart-valve thrombosis with high short-term
      doses of streptokinase.

PMID- 2901000
TI  - Simple signs and acute respiratory infections.

PMID- 2901001
TI  - Ethambutol and the eye.

PMID- 2901002
TI  - Predicting insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2901003
TI  - Treatment of essential thrombocythaemia by alpha-interferon.

PMID- 2901004
TI  - Diagnostic value of plasma D-dimer in suspected pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2901005
TI  - Safety of bovine somatotropin.

PMID- 2901006
TI  - Immunosuppressive therapy and Sneddon's syndrome.

PMID- 2901007
TI  - Leukaemia in young children in Scotland.

PMID- 2901008
TI  - Antibody to both human herpesvirus 6 and cytomegalovirus.

PMID- 2901009
TI  - Natural history of early gastric cancer.

PMID- 2901010
TI  - 2-Amino-3 (methylamino)-propionic acid in cycad-derived foods is an unlikely
      cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism.

PMID- 2901011
TI  - HLA antigen splits for kidney matching.

PMID- 2901012
TI  - New role for the serum bactericidal test.

PMID- 2901013
TI  - Surveillance for stage 1 non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumours--a
      potential threat to employment?

PMID- 2901014
TI  - Importance of electrocardiography for coronary risk factor surveys.

PMID- 2901015
TI  - Mortality reduction in ISIS-2 too optimistic because of unstable angina?

PMID- 2901016
TI  - In-situ hybridisation for detection of cytomegalovirus in liver from patients
      after marrow grafting.

PMID- 2901017
TI  - Measurement of cardiac output.

PMID- 2901018
TI  - Acute volume loading, atrial natriuretic peptide release and cardiac function in
      healthy men. Effects of beta-blockade.
AB  - Release of ANP is dependent on right atrial distension and pressure, which in
      turn are dependent on both venous return and left ventricular function. These two
      latter parameters are both modulated by beta-receptors. In the present study, the
      effects of selective beta-blockade vs non-selective beta-blockade on hypertonic
      volume expansion induced changes in ANP release and systemic hemodynamics were
      assessed in 8 healthy normotensive male volunteers. On placebo, infusion of
      hypertonic saline (1200 ml of 2.5% NaCl) caused an intravascular volume expansion
      of 10-11%, and small non-significant increases in cardiac performance (LVEDV, SV,
      or CI), but it provoked a 2-fold increase in plasma ANP. Beta-blockade by either
      atenolol or propranolol blunted the increase in cardiac volume load (reflected by
      LVEDV) as compared to placebo, but did not affect the ANP response to volume
      expansion. The increase in ANP correlated closely with the intravascular volume
      expansion on placebo and to a lesser extent on beta-blockade. In healthy men,
      therefore, intravascular volume expansion that caused only small changes in
      cardiac activity, resulted in clear increases in release of ANP. Inhibition of
      the increase in cardiac volume load by beta-blockade did not interfere with ANP
      increase, suggesting a role for extra-cardiac receptors in the release of ANP or
      a change in the pressure/volume relationship.

PMID- 2901019
TI  - Effects of morphine and opioid peptides on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic
      peptide.
AB  - The effect of opiate ligand administration on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic
      peptide (ANP) was studied in awake, freely moving Sprague-Dawley rats. Prior to
      and following the intracerebroventricular (icv) or central venous (iv) injection
      of morphine (MS), leu-enkephalin (Leu-enk), dynorphin (Dyn) or beta-endorphin (B
      endor), plasma samples were obtained for measurement of ANP concentrations by
      radioimmunoassay. MS was 10 times more potent when given icv than when given iv
      to increase plasma ANP levels. Icv injection of Leu-enk decreased plasma ANP
      concentrations. Dyn and B-endor administration (iv or icv) did not alter the
      plasma concentration of ANP. These effects of MS and Leu-enk on plasma
      concentrations of ANP appear to be mediated through actions on the central
      nervous system. MS, Leu-enk, B-endor, and Dyn given icv, produced elevations of
      plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) concentrations. When MS was
      given icv, mean Epi and NE plasma levels increased 10-50 times the increases
      noted with B-endor, Leu-enk and Dyn. A role of catecholamines in mediating MS
      stimulated ANP release is supported by the observation that ganglionic blockade
      with chlorisondamine significantly attenuated the increase of plasma ANP levels.
      MS, but not B-endor, Leu-enk and Dyn, acts within the brain to increase plasma
      levels of ANP. MS-induced elevations of plasma ANP levels may be dependent on an
      intact autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2901020
TI  - Influence of D-1 receptor system on the D-2 receptor-mediated hypothermic
      response in mice.
AB  - The hypothermia induced by apomorphine, a mixed dopamine (DA) agonist in male
      Swiss-Webster mice, was not blocked by the selective D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 but
      was completely blocked by the selective D-2 antagonists haloperidol, sulpiride
      and YM-09151-2. The selective D-1 agonist SKF 38393 did not elicit hypothermic
      response but the selective D-2 agonist quinpirole caused a marked lowering of
      rectal temperature. D-2 antagonists blocked this response to quinpirole. SCH
      23390 enhanced and SKF 38393 attenuated the hypothermia induced by quinpirole.
      Ineffective doses of haloperidol and SKF 38393, when given together, completely
      blocked the effect of quinpirole. It was concluded that hypothermia is a D-2
      receptor mediated response but modulated by the D-1 receptor system. In another
      series of experiments the influence of neuroleptics and antidepressants on the
      hypothermic effect of apomorphine and quinpirole was investigated. The
      hypothermic effect of a low dose (1 mg/kg) of apomorphine was blocked by the D-2
      receptor antagonists, but not by classical antidepressants. However, the response
      to a high dose (10 mg/kg) of apomorphine was blocked by both classical
      antidepressants and D-2 antagonists (except haloperidol). These drugs did not
      show similar effect on quinpirole-induced hypothermia. It is clear that the
      hypothermic response, especially that of quinpirole, is not a suitable model for
      testing either neuroleptics or antidepressants.

PMID- 2901021
TI  - An improved and rapid HPLC-EC method for the isocratic separation of amino acid
      neurotransmitters from brain tissue and microdialysis perfusates.
AB  - An improved, HPLC with electrochemical detection method for the isocratic
      separation and determination of amino acids from post-mortem brain tissue and
      from microdialysates of awake-behaving animals is described. Optimal conditions
      that maximize stability, resolution, and sensitivity were determined for the pre
      column derivatization of amino acids using o-phthalaldehyde and B
      mercaptoethanol. Ten different amino acids including aspartate, glutamate,
      taurine, tyrosine and GABA were effectively resolved within 18 min. Tissue
      measurements from caudate, globus pallidus and substantia nigra showed regional
      variations in amino acid content. Microdialysis of the striatum yielded
      significant amounts of all amino acids examined, including GABA, from only 25
      microliter of perfusate.

PMID- 2901022
TI  - Feeding elicited by dynorphin (1-13) microinjections into the ventral tegmental
      area in rats.
AB  - Both the endogenous opioid peptide, dynorphin (1-13) (DYN), and morphine elicited
      dose-dependent feeding when microinjected into the ventral tegmental area of food
      satiated rats. DYN was 50,000 times more potent than morphine in producing
      feeding. Whereas the ED50 for morphine was in the nanomole range, the ED50 for
      DYN was in the femtomole range. Administration of a narcotic antagonist
      attenuated DYN-elicited feeding. These data suggest a possible role for DYN in
      the VTA in opioid modulation of feeding behavior.

PMID- 2901023
TI  - Differences in the time course of haloperidol-induced up-regulation of rat
      striatal and mesolimbic dopamine receptors.
AB  - Regional differences in the onset and persistence of increased dopamine D2
      receptor density in rat brain were studied following daily injections of
      haloperidol for 3, 7, 14, or 28 days. Striatal [3H]-spiroperidol Bmax values were
      significantly increased following 3-28 days of haloperidol treatment, as compared
      to saline controls. Olfactory tubercle Bmax values were significantly increased
      only after 14 or 28 days of haloperidol treatment. Nucleus accumbens Bmax values
      were significantly increased only in the 14-day drug treatment group, suggesting
      that dopamine D2 receptor up-regulation in nucleus accumbens may reverse during
      ongoing neuroleptic treatment. These findings suggest that important differences
      in adaptive responses to chronic dopamine blockade may exist between dopaminergic
      synapses located in various rat brain regions.

PMID- 2901024
TI  - [Medical workers of Ulyanovsk Province during World War II].

PMID- 2901025
TI  - Circadian monitoring of gastric juice mutagenicity.
AB  - The circadian monitoring of intragastric pH and of the mutagenicity of 440
      gastric juice samples collected hourly from 22 subjects provided evidence that,
      irrespective of diagnosis and treatment, a weak yet consistent increase in
      revertants can be detected in his- Salmonella typhimurium strains during the 3-4
      h periods following each meal. The recorded mutagenic activity was not related to
      the histidine content of gastric juice, was due to thermostable components and
      was not significantly inhibited by administration of vitamin C. Various genetic
      mechanisms were involved, which were different from those consequent to the
      artificial supplementation of gastric juice with sodium nitrite. Treatment with a
      histamine H2-receptor antagonist (famotidine), either at dinner or at bedtime,
      was followed by a nocturnal plateau of mutagenicity. However, such effect was not
      due to mutagenicity of the drug or of its derivatives, but to the therapeutic
      rise in pH associated with its antisecretory activity.

PMID- 2901026
TI  - Characterization of an epithelial, nearly diploid liver cell strain, from Chinese
      hamster, able to activate promutagens.
AB  - Epithelial liver cells of the Chinese hamster (CHEL cells) were propagated in
      culture for 35 passages. At favourable cell densities, the population doubling
      time in normal medium, was 20 h. L-Tyrosine amino transferase activity was
      retained at a measurable level, but its enhancement by dexamethasone was detected
      solely in cells of early passages. Pyruvate kinase was strongly activated by
      fructose-1,6-biphosphate at low substrate concentrations. These enzymatic
      properties suggest that the CHEL cells are derived from a sub-population of
      parenchymal hepatocytes or from cells closely related to parenchymal hepatocytes.
      With a lag period of a few hours, CHEL cultures metabolized benzo[a]pyrene. In
      cell homogenates the various monooxygenase activities investigated were below the
      detection limits. However, other xenobiotic-metabolizing activities, such as
      cytochrome P-450 reductase, glutathione transferase and UDP-glucuronosyl
      transferase were high, with levels comparable to those observed in freshly
      isolated rat parenchymal cells. Epoxide hydrolase activity was also detected, but
      was lower than in the liver. The CHEL cells were able to activate benzo[a]pyrene,
      7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and aflatoxin B1 to mutagens, as shown in a co
      culture assay with V79 cells, in which acquisition of resistance to 6-thioguanine
      was studied. At early passages, the CHEL cells had a near diploid set of
      chromosomes. Then, gradually the frequency of cells with slight changes in the
      number of chromosomes and the frequency of tetraploids were increased. During the
      observation period (up to passage 20) the modal number of chromosomes shifted
      from 22 to 23. No gross morphological changes in the cultures were noticed during
      the 20 passages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901027
TI  - [Spreading of the virus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome among small
      mammals of a meadow-field complex and its epidemiological significance].

PMID- 2901029
TI  - Effects of thiol-reagents on [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4
      propionic acid binding to rat telencephalic membranes.
AB  - The binding of [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid
      ([3H]AMPA), a ligand for the quisqualate subtype of excitatory amino acid
      receptors, was measured after chemical modifications of rat brain synaptic
      membranes. Treatment with oxidizing or thiol-alkylating agents did not modify
      [3H]AMPA binding, whereas treatment with several sulfhydryl reagents produced
      marked increases in binding. The involvement of free sulfhydryl groups in the
      regulation of the properties of [3H]AMPA binding sites was suggested by the
      specificity of p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), its sulfonate analog p
      chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonic acid (PCMBS), and HgCl2, plus the reversal of their
      effects after reduction with dithiothreitol. Pretreatment of synaptic membranes
      with the oxidizing agent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or the alkylating
      agent N-ethylmaleimide did not significantly affect [3H]AMPA binding but markedly
      reduced the enhancing effect of PCMBS. On the other hand, the increase in
      [3H]AMPA binding produced by PCMBS was not prevented by treatment with agonists
      such as quisqualate or L-glutamate and was produced equally well in resealed
      postsynaptic membranes with both lipophilic or nonlipophilic SH-reagents. Using
      filtration assays, two types of binding sites could be detected with high and low
      affinity for [3H]AMPA. Treatment with SH-reagents produced an increase in the
      Bmax for the high affinity component and a decrease in the Bmax for the low
      affinity component, accompanied by an increase in its affinity for the ligand.
      Using centrifugation assays, the same two types of sites could be detected under
      control conditions but treatment with SH-reagents produced an increase in
      affinity of the large component that prevented the analytical differentiation of
      the two sites. Treatment with SH-reagents also increased the binding of [3H]
      glutamate to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors but did not modify the binding of
      [3H]kainate to the kainate receptors or the strychnine-insensitive [3H]glycine
      binding. These results suggest that free sulfhydryl groups allosterically
      modulate the affinity of the quisqualate subtype of excitatory amino acid
      receptors and also indicate that different types of glutamate receptors might be
      differentially affected by chemical modification.

PMID- 2901028
TI  - Pilins of Bacteroides nodosus: molecular basis of serotypic variation and
      relationships to other bacterial pilins.

PMID- 2901030
TI  - The effect of lysosomotropic agents and secretory inhibitors on anthracycline
      retention and activity in multiple drug-resistant cells.
AB  - The effect of lysosomotropic agents and secretory inhibitors were compared with
      verapamil for their effect on the activity of doxorubicin (DOX) in multiple drug
      resistant (MDR) P388 leukemia cells (P388R) and in blocking anthracycline efflux
      from these cells. Agents known to interact with the plasma membrane did not
      potentiate DOX activity in P388R cells unless these same agents were also capable
      of interacting with acidic compartments within the cell. The lysosomotropic
      detergent Triton WR-1339, for example, potentiated DOX activity in P388R cells
      and stimulated the net accumulation of daunorubicin (DAU) in P388R cells by
      inhibiting drug exodus. However, another detergent, deoxycholate, and two
      membrane active antibiotics, amphotericin B and filipin, had no effect on DOX
      activity and/or DAU efflux in P388R cells. Lysosomotropic agents such as
      chloroquine and secretory inhibitors such as monensin, cytochalasin B, and
      vinblastine all inhibited DAU efflux from P388R cells. In a MDR B16 melanoma cell
      line, the activity of DOX was potentiated by both verapamil and reserpine. These
      same two agents also inhibited melanin secretion from this same cell line. Based
      on these observations, we propose that secretory vesicles derived from the Golgi
      apparatus might be involved in the MDR phenomenon. We further suggest that drugs
      such as DOX might be concentrated in these acidic vesicles, where they would be
      released to the outside of the cell by exocytosis.

PMID- 2901031
TI  - Differential sensitivity of HTC and Fu5-5 cells for induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase by 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
AB  - The two independently derived hepatoma cell lines (HTC and Fu5-5) have previously
      been shown to display different sensitivities for the induction of tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme activity and mRNA levels by glucocorticoids with
      the enzyme being half-maximally induced at approximately 7-fold higher
      concentrations of dexamethasone in HTC cells than in Fu5-5 cells. In the present
      study we investigated the induction of TAT activity by cAMP in order to see
      whether the difference is limited to the steroidal induction. Using the stable
      cAMP derivative (8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP) as an inducer, we found that a 6
      fold higher cAMP concentration was needed in HTC cells to achieve the same extent
      of enzyme induction as in Fu5-5 cells. The induction of TAT enzyme activity could
      be accounted for by an increased amount of TAT mRNA. Further experiments
      involving sequential addition of both inducers in general showed a synergism of
      steroids and cAMP for TAT induction in HTC cells only at submaximal
      concentrations of steroid; in Fu5-5 cells, the occurrence of synergism depended
      on the order of addition of inducers. The maximal response in HTC cells was
      limited to the value that could be achieved by induction with steroid alone. In
      Fu5-5 cells, however, the steroid response could be augmented when cAMP was added
      to cells already maximally induced by steroid. This demonstrates that the effect
      of a combination of cAMP and steroids depends on their concentration, the
      sequence of their addition, and the rat hepatoma cell line used. Collectively the
      data suggest that a common pretranslational event determines the differential
      sensitivity of TAT induction by glucocorticoids and by cAMP in HTC and Fu5-5
      cells. Furthermore a second, or possibly the same, common event also regulates
      the maximum level of TAT induction that is obtainable under most conditions with
      glucocorticoids and/or cAMP.

PMID- 2901032
TI  - Structural organization and regulation of the chicken estrogen receptor.
AB  - We have cloned the chicken estrogen receptor (ER) from a chicken oviduct lambda
      gt11 library using the human ER cDNA sequence. This chicken ER sequence is
      virtually identical to the recently published sequence. One noteable difference
      is an amino acid change from glutamine to arginine located toward the central
      region of the sequence. The size of the ER protein predicted from the 589 amino
      acids is approximately 66,000 which fits well with the range of molecular weights
      previously published for the calf uterine and human ER (65,000-70,000). We
      observed the size of the chicken ER mRNA to be approximately 7.8 kilobases which
      is in agreement with the previously published size of 7.5 kilobases. In vivo
      secondary stimulation of chicken oviduct total RNA with diethylstilbestrol does
      not induce chicken ER mRNA. A time course following the chicken ER mRNA levels
      after secondary stimulation with diethylstilbestrol indicated a decrease in mRNA
      levels 8 h after DES administration. A similar study was performed using
      progesterone for the secondary stimulation. An increase in the chicken ER mRNA
      levels was observed 24 h after stimulation with progesterone. Two regions of very
      high homology were delineated by analyzing the sequence of this chicken ER cDNA
      and comparing it to the sequences of the human ER, human glucocorticoid, and
      chicken progesterone receptors and the P75-erbA fusion product of the avian
      erythroblastosis virus. The first concensus region is 72 amino acids in length
      and the second region of high homology is 62 amino acids long. Detailed
      comparisons of these regions for the steroid hormone receptors and v-erb A are
      presented. Possible functions for the individual regions of high homology are
      discussed.

PMID- 2901033
TI  - Developmental regulation of somatostatin gene expression in the brain is region
      specific.
AB  - Developmental regulation of somatostatin (SRIF) gene expression was studied in
      five regions of rat brain and in rat stomach. Total RNA was isolated from
      hypothalamus, cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb, as well as
      stomach at eight stages of development from prenatal day 16 to postnatal day 82.
      Hybridization of a 32P-labeled rat SRIF cDNA probe to Northern blots of total RNA
      from the above tissues during development demonstrated a single hybridizing band
      approximately 670 base pairs in length. When SRIF mRNA levels from each stage of
      development were quantified and normalized by the amount of poly (A)+ RNA present
      at that stage of development, a unique pattern of SRIF gene expression was seen
      in each region. In brainstem and cerebellum, SRIF mRNA levels peaked early in
      development between prenatal day 21 and postnatal day 8 and then declined until
      postnatal day 82. Hypothalamus and cortex, on the other hand, showed a
      progressive increase during development with peak levels occurring between
      postnatal days 13 and 82. In contrast, stomach and olfactory bulb showed SRIF
      mRNA levels which were low during early development and which rose late in
      development (postnatal days 13 to 82). Marked differences in the amount of SRIF
      mRNA within each region were present as well. These data suggest that there is
      differential expression of the SRIF gene in different regions of the brain and in
      the stomach during development. Further study of this phenomenon may provide
      insight into the in vivo control of SRIF gene expression and the role of SRIF in
      the developing brain.

PMID- 2901034
TI  - Nervous and immune system cooperation during newt limb regeneration. A new look
      on old problems.

PMID- 2901035
TI  - Mutagenicity of amino acid and glutathione S-conjugates in the Ames test.
AB  - The mutagenicity of the glutathione S-conjugate S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione
      (DCVG), the cysteine conjugates S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) and S
      (1,2-dichlorovinyl)-DL-alpha-methylcysteine (DCVMC), and the homocysteine
      conjugates S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-homocysteine (DCVHC) and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)
      DL-alpha-methylhomocysteine (DCVMHC) was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium
      strain TA2638 with the preincubation assay. DCVC was a strong, direct-acting
      mutagen; the cysteine conjugate beta-lyase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid
      decreased significantly the number of revertants induced by DCVC; rat renal
      mitochondria (11,000 X g pellet) and cytosol (105,000 X g supernatant) with high
      beta-lyase activity increased DCVC mutagenicity at high DCVC concentrations. DCVG
      was also mutagenic without the addition of mammalian activating enzymes; the
      presence of low gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in bacteria, the reduction of
      DCVG mutagenicity by aminooxyacetic acid, and the potentiation of DCVG
      mutagenicity by rat kidney mitochondria and microsomes (105,000 X g pellet) with
      high gamma-glutamyltransferase activity indicate that gamma-glutamyltransferase
      and beta-lyase participate in the metabolism of DCVG to mutagenic intermediates.
      The homocysteine conjugate DCVHC was only weakly mutagenic in the presence of rat
      renal cytosol, which exhibits considerable gamma-lyase activity, this mutagenic
      effect was also inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid. The conjugates DCVMC and
      DCVMHC, which are not metabolized to reactive intermediates, were not mutagenic
      at concentrations up to 1 mumole/plate. The results demonstrate that gamma
      glutamyltransferase and beta-lyase are the key enzymes in the biotransformation
      of cysteine and glutathione conjugates to reactive intermediates that interact
      with DNA and thereby cause mutagenicity.

PMID- 2901036
TI  - Metabolism of phospholipids and lysophospholipids by Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei brucei) rapidly metabolize exogenous 1
      acyl-lysophospholipids by at least two routes: (1) hydrolysis by a phospholipase
      A1; (2) acylation by an acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferase. In contrast to
      lysophospholipids, exogenous phospholipids are not rapidly metabolized by T.
      brucei. The acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) converts exogenous 1-acyl
      lysophosphatidylcholine and exogenous acyl-CoA to phosphatidylcholine and CoA-SH.
      It is a membrane-bound enzyme and shows maximal activity within the first 2 min
      of exposure of trypanosomes to the exogenous substrates. The acyltransferase
      specificity for lysophospholipids is lysophosphatidylcholine greater than
      lysophosphatidylinositol greater than lysophosphatidylethanolamine greater than
      lysophosphatidate. Phosphatidylcholine enhances the enzyme activity towards
      lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidic acid. The preference for CoA
      acyl thioesters is oleoyl greater than palmitoyl greater than myristoyl greater
      than stearoyl greater than arachidonoyl, and this specificity distinguishes the
      protozoan enzyme from those of cells of mammalian hosts, which are specific for
      arachidonoyl-CoA. When the acyltransferase converts exogenous
      lysophosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylethanolamine, the latter is rapidly
      methylated to form dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine. There is also rapid
      hydrolysis of exogenous oleoyl-CoA by a thioester hydrolase in living
      trypanosomes, to yield free oleate and CoA-SH.

PMID- 2901037
TI  - Combination adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer. Inadequacy of
      a single perioperative cycle.
AB  - We studied the timing and duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast
      cancer with axillary-node involvement in a randomized trial including 1229
      patients divided into three treatment groups. One group received a single
      perioperative course of adjuvant combination chemotherapy beginning within 36
      hours of mastectomy; a second received six cycles of conventionally timed
      adjuvant chemotherapy starting 25 to 32 days after operation; and a third
      received both the perioperative cycle and the conventionally timed regimen. The
      chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil.
      Tamoxifen was added to the conventionally timed regimen in postmenopausal women.
      At a median follow-up of 42 months, the estimated four-year disease-free survival
      was 40 percent for the single perioperative cycle, 62 percent for the longer,
      conventionally timed regimen, and 60 percent for the combined program (P less
      than 0.0001). Overall survival differences also favored the longer treatments (P
      = 0.011). We conclude that a single perioperative cycle of adjuvant combination
      chemotherapy is less effective than prolonged therapy in patients with operable
      breast cancer and involved axillary nodes. Furthermore, starting the prolonged
      therapy perioperatively is no more effective than starting treatment four weeks
      after mastectomy.

PMID- 2901038
TI  - P-glycoprotein in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and in the blastic crisis of
      myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2901040
TI  - The molecular genetics of embryonic pattern formation in Drosophila.
AB  - Analysis of the genes that control the early events of Drosophila embryogenesis
      is providing details of the molecular processes underlying the positional
      specification of cells. There are two distinct phases: the first precedes the
      cellularization of the blastoderm embryo and is associated with a cascade of
      interactions between transcriptional regulators; the second occurs after
      cellularization and depends on communication between cells. These processes may
      be conserved in a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates.

PMID- 2901039
TI  - Membrane guanylate cyclase is a cell-surface receptor with homology to protein
      kinases.
AB  - Guanylate cyclase has been strongly implicated as a cell-surface receptor on
      spermatozoa for a chemotactic peptide, and on various other cells as a receptor
      for atrial natriuretic peptides. Resact (Cys-Val-Thr-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Cys-Val-Gly
      Gly-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH2), the chemotactic peptide released by sea urchin Arbacia
      punctulata eggs, is specifically crosslinked to A. punctulata spermatozoan
      guanylate cyclase. After the binding of the peptide the state of guanylate
      cyclase phosphorylation modulates enzyme activity. We report here that the
      deduced amino-acid sequence of the spermatozoan membrane form of guanylate
      cyclase predicts an intrinsic membrane protein of 986 amino acids with an amino
      terminal signal sequence. A single transmembrane domain separates the protein
      into putative extracellular and cytoplasmic-catalytic domains. The cytoplasmic
      carboxyl-terminal 95 amino acids contain 20% serine, the likely regulatory sites
      for phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, the enzyme is homologous to the protein kinase
      family.

PMID- 2901041
TI  - Mosquito release blocked by fearful California residents.

PMID- 2901042
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide acts as a novel vasodilator neurotransmitter in
      mesenteric resistance vessels of the rat.
AB  - Systemic blood pressure is controlled by changes in the resistance of the
      peripheral vascular bed for example in the mesenteric blood vessels. The tone of
      peripheral blood vessels is primarily maintained by sympathetic vasoconstrictor
      nerves. Although vasodilator innervation has been identified in certain isolated
      elastic arteries, it is not known whether vasodilator nerves contribute to the
      regulation of the peripheral resistance vessels. We present pharmacological
      evidence for the existence of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) vasodilator
      nerves in the mesenteric resistance vessel of the rat and that the resistance is
      controlled by not only sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves but also NANC
      vasodilator nerves. We also show that the neurogenic vasodilation was selectively
      abolished by depleting endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a
      potent vasodilator neuropeptide, from perivascular nerves. This indicates that
      CGRP is a novel vasodilator neurotransmitter and may play a role in control of
      the total peripheral resistance of systemic circulation through a local reflex
      mechanism.

PMID- 2901043
TI  - A mitotic inducer matures.

PMID- 2901044
TI  - Presynaptic regulation of the electrically evoked release of endogenous dopamine
      from the isolated neurointermediate lobe or isolated neural lobe of the rat
      pituitary gland in vitro.
AB  - Isolated neurointermediate lobes (NILs) or isolated neural lobes (NLs) of the rat
      pituitary gland were incubated in Krebs-HEPES solution which contained pargyline
      and the dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12921. The release of endogenous dopamine
      was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Electrical stimulation of
      the pituitary stalk induced a frequency-dependent release of dopamine. The
      release of dopamine from the combined NIL evoked by stimulation at 15 Hz was
      increased by 130% in the presence of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, (-)
      sulpiride; the (+)-enantiomer of sulpiride had virtually no effect. When the
      stimulation frequency was 3 Hz (-)-sulpiride caused an increase in dopamine
      release by 230%. A similar increase was observed in the presence of domperidone,
      another dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. The dopamine receptor agonists,
      apomorphine and quinpirole, had no significant effects on the evoked release of
      dopamine indicating that under the present incubation conditions endogenous
      dopamine may have been maximally activating the autoinhibition. However, in the
      presence of 1 mumol/l (-)-sulpiride, apomorphine as well as quinpirole reduced
      the evoked release of dopamine in a concentration-dependent manner. The dopamine
      D1 receptor selective antagonist, SCH 23390, had no effect on the evoked release
      of dopamine at a concentration of 1 mumol/l. Only at a concentration of 10
      mumol/l did SCH 23390 cause a small increase in dopamine release; this effect
      was, however, abolished in the presence of 1 mumol/l (-)-sulpiride.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901045
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor activation of nictitating membrane and iris in cats.
AB  - Intra-arterial administration of (+)- and (-)-isomers of adrenaline and
      noradrenaline produced dose-related contraction of the nictitating membrane (NM)
      and dilation of the pupil in anesthetized cats. The relative potencies were (-)
      adrenaline greater than (+)-adrenaline = (-)-noradrenaline greater than (+)
      noradrenaline. Observations of the effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on (
      )-noradrenaline activation of these two effectors were made simultaneously. All
      of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists tested produced a dose-related blockade
      of the NM with the relative potencies being prazosin greater than WB-4101 greater
      than phentolamine greater than phenoxybenzamine. In contrast, the iris dilator
      was blocked by WB-4101 and phenoxybenzamine but was refractory to antagonism by
      doses of prazosin and phentolamine that reduced the (-)-noradrenaline evoked NM
      response by 75-80% in the same animals. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      yohimbine, produced significant inhibition of the NM only at high dose (1 mg/kg)
      but even at this level had no effect on pupil diameter. These results suggest
      that activation of the NM by exogenous noradrenaline is due solely to stimulation
      of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. alpha 2-adrenoceptors do not seem to significantly
      contribute to noradrenaline induced activation of either the NM or iris dilator
      muscle in vivo. In contrast, the alpha-adrenoceptors on the iris dilator muscle
      that are stimulated by exogenous noradrenaline can not easily be classified
      pharmacologically as either alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2901047
TI  - [Neuroleptics in anxiety, depression and poorly understood physical symptoms].

PMID- 2901046
TI  - Precontraction-induced contractile response of isolated canine portal vein to
      alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - The responses of isolated canine portal veins, in either transverse or
      longitudinal strip, to alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists were examined. B-HT920, a
      selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, did not elicit an appreciable response in
      the transverse strips of the portal vein under resting tone (0.5 g/mm width).
      When the preparation was partially precontracted with phenylephrine,
      prostaglandin F2 alpha, KCl, Bay K 8644, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine,
      histamine, or A23187, B-HT920 evoked concentration-dependent contractile
      responses (3 x 10(-9)-10(-6) M). Maximum contractions, which depended on the
      precontraction levels and the precontracting substances, ranged from 10-35% of
      those evoked by norepinephrine 10(-5) M. Similar precontraction-dependent
      contractile responses were obtained in the longitudinal strips. Concentration
      response curves of B-HT920 in the transverse strips precontracted with
      prostaglandin F2 alpha were shifted by yohimbine to the right, but not by
      prazosin. Schild analysis yielded a slope of unity and a pA2 of 8.79. Clonidine
      also showed a similar precontraction-dependent contractile response. The lower
      part of the concentration-response curve of clonidine was shifted by yohimbine.
      These results may be explained by the presence of postsynaptic alpha-2
      adrenoceptors in canine portal vein, which mediate a contractile response under
      certain conditions.

PMID- 2901048
TI  - [Depression induced by salazosulfapyridine in cyclothymia and Crohn disease].

PMID- 2901049
TI  - Energy metabolism in glutamatergic neurons, GABAergic neurons and astrocytes in
      primary cultures.
AB  - Several aspects of energy metabolism (glucose utilization, lactate production,
      14CO2 production from labeled glucose, glutamate or pyruvate, oxygen consumption
      and contents of ATP and phosphocreatine) were measured in cerebellar granule
      cells (glutamatergic) in primary cultures and compared with corresponding data
      for cerebral cortical neurons (mainly GABA-ergic) and astrocytes. Cerebellar
      granule cells and astrocytes were metabolically more active than cerebral
      cortical neurons. Glutamate which is utilized as a major metabolic fuel as
      astrocytes and, to a lesser extent, in cerebral cortical neurons, was virtually
      not oxidized in cerebellar granule cells.

PMID- 2901051
TI  - The effect of fluorocitrate on transmitter amino acid release from rat striatal
      slices.
AB  - In order to study the role of glutamine from glial cells for the synthesis of
      transmitter amino acids, the effect of the gliotoxic-substance fluorocitrate on
      amino acid release from slices was investigated. In vivo treatment with 1 nmol
      fluorocitrate reduced the Ca2+ dependent K+ evoked release of endogenous
      glutamate and GABA from the slices, whereas the glutamine efflux decreased and
      alanine efflux increased. The K+ evoked release of [3H]D-aspartate increased
      during fluorocitrate treatment. The latter is consistent with an inhibited uptake
      of D-aspartate into glial cells. Incubation of striatal slices with fluorocitrate
      (0.1 mM) decreased the glutamine efflux and increased the alanine efflux. Similar
      to the in vivo condition, fluorocitrate increased the K+ evoked [3H]D-aspartate
      release, but the K+ evoked release of endogenous glutamate and GABA increased
      rather than decreased. The ratio between the K+ evoked release of exogenous D
      aspartate to endogenous glutamate increased in both cases. The results suggest an
      important role of glial cells in the synthesis and inactivation of transmitter
      amino acids.

PMID- 2901050
TI  - Peroxidative block of glucose utilization and survival in CNS neuronal cultures.
AB  - The search for neuronotrophic factors addressing CNS neurons requires CNS
      neuronal cell cultures to quantitate putative effects on neuronal survival.
      Investigation of neurons dissociated from several embryonic CNS tissues have
      shown that their short-term survival requires supplementation of the culture
      medium with either pyruvate or the enzyme catalase. Pyruvate can be replaced with
      alpha-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate, or with amino acids capable to transaminate
      to these three metabolites in the presence of exogenous alpha-ketoacid acceptors.
      Experiments were designed to evaluate the ability of cultured CNS neurons to
      utilize glucose as their primary source. We show that: (1) catalase requires the
      availability of glucose in the medium in order to exert its neuronal maintenance
      effect, (2) in the absence of catalase, the cells are unable to metabolize
      glucose through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, (3) catalase restores the neuronal
      ability to utilize glucose for oxydative metabolism, and renders redundant the
      use of other sources such as glutamate conversion to alpha-ketoglutarate, (4)
      graded concentrations of glucose in the medium affect in parallel these metabolic
      activities and the viability of the cultured neurons, and (5) anti-oxidant agents
      other than catalase mimic the catalase effects. We conclude that dissociated
      embryonic CNS neurons suffer from a block in glucose utilization which results
      from an imbalance between free radical attack and cellular defenses to it and
      speculate on a more general involvement of peroxidation damage in the trophic
      requirements for neuronal survival.

PMID- 2901053
TI  - CSF somatostatin is elevated in patients with postzoster neuralgia.
AB  - We evaluated the concentration of the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) in the CSF
      of patients with several neurologic diseases. Since SOM is localized in high
      concentrations in primary sensory pathways, such as the dorsal root ganglia and
      dorsal horn of the spinal cord, it might be involved in conditions of chronic
      pain due to functional alterations of nociceptive neurons, such as postinfectious
      zoster neuralgia. Our study indicated a marked elevation of SOM in patients
      suffering from postzoster neuralgia compared with controls. Comparison with other
      neurologic diseases revealed decreased CSF SOM levels in Parkinson's and
      Alzheimer's disease, unchanged values in patients with amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis, and increased concentrations in patients with brain tumors. In
      neurodegenerative disorders, SOM levels in CSF seemed to reflect the anatomic
      distribution as well as a reduction or preservation of the peptide in certain
      brain areas affected by the disease process. In postzoster patients,
      postinfectious degeneration of dorsal root ganglia cells might cause
      deafferentation of dorsal horn neurons and activation of SOM-containing systems
      with increased release either locally from neurons in the dorsal horn of the
      spinal cord or from descending fiber projections. The results suggested that SOM
      may take part in the modulation of nociceptive responses.

PMID- 2901052
TI  - Time courses of amnesia development in two areas of the chick forebrain.
AB  - The roles of different forebrain structures in stages of memory formation were
      investigated by injecting agents into either the left medial hyperstriatum
      ventrale (MHV) or right lateral neostriatum (LNS) close to the time of one-trial
      taste-avoidance training. With L-glutamate injected into either the left MHV or
      right LNS 5 minutes pretraining, retention was good 1 minute posttraining but
      significantly impaired at 5 minutes and each subsequent time point. With emetine
      injected into either area, retention was still good 60 minutes posttraining but
      significantly impaired at 90 minutes. With ouabain, retention declined more
      slowly following injection into the right LNS (at 45 minutes) compared to
      injection in the left MHV (at 30 minutes). A second experiment confirmed the
      regional difference in amnesia development produced by ouabain. These results
      indicate that the duration of short-term memory is longer following inhibition of
      intermediate-term memory (ITM) in the right LNS, compared to inhibition of ITM in
      the left MHV.

PMID- 2901054
TI  - [Clotiazepam vs flunitrazepam in premedication in a day hospital regimen].

PMID- 2901056
TI  - Changes in glutamate-evoked currents of frog motoneurones by extracellular Mg2+.
AB  - Responses of frog motoneurones to glutamate were studied using a single electrode
      voltage clamp method. At resting membrane potential glutamate evoked biphasic
      effects: firstly a transient outward current with reversal potential between -90
      and -100 mV. Secondly an inward current with reversal potential near 0 mV and non
      linearly related to the holding potential. Mg2+ (1 mM) had no effect on the
      outward current but reduced the inward current and its slope conductance at
      holding potentials more negative than -60 mV. These data indicate that the
      operation of the inward current activated by glutamate was partly but not solely
      controlled by extracellular Mg2+.

PMID- 2901055
TI  - Catecholaminergic parasympathetic efferents within the dorsal motor nucleus of
      the vagus in the rat: a quantitative analysis.
AB  - Catecholaminergic vagal motor neurones were identified within the dorsal motor
      nucleus of the vagus, by retrograde tracing of True blue from the stomach
      followed by immunocytochemistry using antibodies directed against tyrosine
      hydroxylase. Presumed dopaminergic efferents were largely confined to caudal
      regions, where they averaged as much as 30% of the labelled efferents. Most but
      not all of these were also identified on the basis of acetylcholinesterase
      histochemistry.

PMID- 2901057
TI  - Formation of inositol trisphosphate by muscarinic agents does not stimulate
      transmitter release in cultured sympathetic neurons.

PMID- 2901058
TI  - Immunohistochemical evaluation of the neurotoxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl
      1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons of young
      adult mice using dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies.
AB  - The recovery of dopamine (DA) neurons in young adult mice from 1-methyl-4-phenyl
      1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) damage was analyzed at various times after MPTP
      treatment with DA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry and also by
      chemical DA assay. A remarkable discrepancy in the recovery rate of DA and TH
      reactivities of the nigral neurons was observed: the TH immunoreactivities of
      both cell bodies in the substantia nigra and terminals in the neostriatum were
      markedly reduced 4 days after MPTP. However, these reactivities progressively
      improved and almost fully recovered after 25 days, while the DA
      immunoreactivities were maximally depleted 10 days after, and the depletion
      continued even through the 25th day. The alteration of DA levels was correlated
      with that of DA immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that a major effect of
      MPTP on the DA neurons of young adult mice is a transient neurotoxicity, and that
      the TH content improves more promptly than that of DA.

PMID- 2901059
TI  - Intracerebral dopaminergic transplants are not activated by electrical footshock
      stress activating in situ mesocorticolimbic neurons.
AB  - Male rats received a dopaminergic implant aimed either at the nucleus accumbens
      or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) following 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of their
      mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system. Exposure to electrical footshock stress 6
      months later markedly activated the mesocorticolimbic neurons in control animals
      as shown by the increase of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels both in the
      nucleus accumbens and the VTA. However, no stress-induced activation was seen for
      the grafted neurons, irrespective of the area of implantation. These results
      indicate the lack of reinnervation and modulation of the grafted dopaminergic
      neurons by one of the important afferent systems regulating the activity of
      endogenous mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2901060
TI  - Codeine and homebake.

PMID- 2901061
TI  - Sulphasalazine and inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2901062
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism in myopia.
AB  - A previous study has demonstrated that timolol maleate (0.5%), a non-selective
      beta-adrenergic antagonist, produces in emmetropes a significant reduction in
      accommodative convergence (AC) during the initial four minutes of a near-vision
      task. The present study has examined the effect of timolol on AC for three
      refractive groups (each comprising N = 20): emmetropes, early-onset myopes
      (EOMs), i.e. myopia onset prior to 15 years of age and late-onset myopes (LOMs),
      i.e. myopia onset after 15 years. A double-blind protocol was adopted between
      timolol and a saline control. AC was derived from accommodation stimuli of 3.3,
      4.1 and 4.8 D with changes in heterophoria being assessed using a Maddox rod and
      tangent scale. The relationship between the ocular hypotensive effect of timolol
      and anterior corneal curvature was also investigated using a Goldmann applanation
      tonometer and a two-position keratometer (Haag-Streit). Timolol produced a
      significant reduction in AC in emmetropes but did not induce significant changes
      in AC in LOMs or EOMs. The timolol-induced reduction in IOP did not result in any
      changes in anterior corneal curvature.

PMID- 2901063
TI  - Epidural analgesia in the orthopaedic patient (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2901064
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of rat glutamine synthetase mRNA.

PMID- 2901065
TI  - A polymorphic DNA clone which maps to 19p13.2----19q12 (D19S27).

PMID- 2901066
TI  - A chromosome 1 BglI RFLP for the LR67 anonymous DNA segment [D1S26].

PMID- 2901067
TI  - BglII polymorphism of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) gene.

PMID- 2901068
TI  - A polymorphism of the beta 1 adrenergic receptor gene (BADR) detected with Bgl I.

PMID- 2901069
TI  - A retinoic acid receptor cDNA probe (RAR2) identifies a moderately frequent RFLP
      on chromosome 17.

PMID- 2901070
TI  - A cDNA probe (PheA12) from the hc-(ERBA) gene on chromosome 3 detects a high
      frequency RFLP.

PMID- 2901071
TI  - BanII and ScaI RFLPs at the human p53 gene locus.

PMID- 2901073
TI  - A new TaqI BO variant detected with the p49 probe on the human Y chromosome.

PMID- 2901072
TI  - Taq I RFLP in the human cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) gene.

PMID- 2901074
TI  - Human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genomic fragment (pHGTH4) identifies a PstI
      polymorphism.

PMID- 2901076
TI  - [Effect of somatostatin on phenazone pharmacokinetics in healthy men].

PMID- 2901075
TI  - [Value of determining gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and
      aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities in the evaluation of liver
      damage in alcoholics].

PMID- 2901078
TI  - Peptide neurotransmitters--redundant vestiges?

PMID- 2901077
TI  - Transdermal scopolamine-induced psychosis.
AB  - Transdermal scopolamine (Transderm-Scop) is being increasingly used for effective
      prophylaxis of motion sickness. It is reported to have a lower incidence of CNS
      side effects than orally administered scopolamine. Although uncommon, such side
      effects occur more often in the elderly, in those with preexisting psychiatric
      disease, and in patients concurrently taking other medications with
      anticholinergic activity. Correct diagnosis may be delayed by the occult location
      of the delivery system, delayed onset of symptoms, prolonged action, absence of
      peripheral manifestations, and negative toxicologic screening tests. Treatment is
      usually supportive. Physostigmine should be reserved for the treatment of severe
      symptoms.

PMID- 2901079
TI  - Trophozoite and nuclear size, DNA base composition, and nucleotide sequence
      homology of several Entamoeba strains in axenic culture.
AB  - We carried out a comparative study of nuclear and trophozoite diameters and of
      DNA thermal denaturation in eight Entamoeba strains cultured axenically (four of
      them E. histolytica, two initially designated as E. invadens, one E. moshkovskii,
      and one E. histolytica-like), as well as an analysis of the overall DNA sequence
      homology of the non-E. histolytica strains. The average nuclear (N) and
      trophozoite (T) diameters (in micron) were, respectively: global averages +/- SD
      for E. histolytica strains, 6.5 +/- 2.5 and 28.8 +/- 3.7; E. invadens IP101, 5.8
      and 27.5, and PZ, 7.8 and 33.6; E. moshkovskii FIC, 4.1 and 12.9; E. histolytica
      like Laredo strain, 5.0 and 20.6. The GC content of DNA, estimated by thermal
      elution in hydroxyapatite, was around 23% in HK9 and its clone HK9-1 and around
      27% in the HM2 and HM3 E. histolytica strains; it was 37% in the Laredo strain,
      26% in IP101, 35% in PZ, and 33% in FIC. The reassociation kinetics of PZ strain
      DNA showed that it consists of 40% repeated sequences and 60% unique sequences.
      By means of DNA association experiments in which one of each pair of DNAs tested
      had been labeled in vitro with 125I, we found the following overall sequence
      homology among the strains tested: PZ-FIC, 38%; IP101-Laredo, 38%; IP101-FIC,
      47%; PZ-Laredo, 49%; Laredo-FIC, 69%; and IP101-PZ, 83%. We conclude that
      trophozoites of different E. histolytica strains have similar nuclear size and GC
      content, whereas these parameters and the nucleotide sequences are clearly
      different in every other Entamoeba species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901080
TI  - Long-term treatment of anxiety: benefits and drawbacks.
AB  - Anxiety disorders are common conditions, often chronic, occurring in the general
      population with a prevalence of about 3%. Long-term use of tranquilizers varies
      from 0.5% of the total adult population in Sweden and 1.3% in Denmark to 3.1% in
      Great Britain and 5% in France. This use is tending to become more and more long
      term. Long-term efficacy of benzodiazepine medication has not been established.
      Adverse effects include psychomotor and cognitive impairment, especially in the
      elderly; some, but not all, effects show tolerance. Some impairment can be
      demonstrated even after years of use. Rebound and withdrawal reactions after long
      term use are common. Practical guidelines to minimize long-term use are
      suggested.

PMID- 2901081
TI  - Future directions in anxiety research.
AB  - More than 3.5 million patients suffer from anxiety in the United States of
      America alone. While our knowledge of the basic biological mechanisms of anxiety
      is very poor, we have a good understanding of the mechanism of action of various
      anxiolytic drugs at the molecular level. Their mechanism of action often relates
      to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and it might be speculated that GABA has
      a role in anxiety. Future research will concentrate on designing better
      anxiolytic drugs, based for example on the discovery of partial benzodiazepine
      receptor agonists, and also on GABA uptake inhibitors as enhancers of GABAergic
      function. Furthermore, scientific studies will focus on a search for putative
      biological defects related to anxiety, such as defects in the GABA/benzodiazepine
      receptor chloride channel complex.

PMID- 2901082
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of neuroleptic drugs and the utility of plasma level monitoring.
AB  - Variability in response to antipsychotic drug treatment may be caused by variable
      patient compliance, interactions with other drugs, pharmacokinetic variations and
      variations in concentration-response relationships at the receptor level.
      Pharmacokinetic variations may in some cases be compensated by individual dosage
      adjustments based on plasma drug level measurements. The interpatient variability
      in response to a certain time-course of drug concentrations at the receptor site
      could hitherto only be assessed by clinical judgement. New methods for in vivo
      assessment of receptor occupancy hold promise for possible measurement of
      parameters accounting for at least part of the interindividual variation in drug
      response at the receptor level. Monitoring of fluphenazine, perphenazine,
      thiothixene and sulpiride plasma levels by specific chemical assay methods seems
      to offer some guidance to individualization of drug doses. Definite therapeutic
      plasma level ranges have not been established for chlorpromazine and haloperidol.
      However, monitoring plasma levels of chlorpromazine or haloperidol might be of
      value when drug-induced toxicity is suspected, and as a means of controlling
      patient compliance.

PMID- 2901083
TI  - Neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of acute psychosis: how much do we really
      know?
AB  - The efficacy of neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs has been well demonstrated and
      neuroleptics are the standard treatment of acute psychosis. However, important
      aspects of neuroleptic treatment, including course of response, optimal doses,
      and mechanism of action, remain poorly studied or controversial. Placebo
      controlled studies of the onset of the response of acute psychosis to
      neuroleptics are few and yield conflicting results. Studies of the relationship
      of doses and blood levels to the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics suggest that
      the optimal range of doses and levels is narrow and that commonly used doses are
      too high. Finally, studies of the mechanism of action of neuroleptics suggest
      that the dopamine hypothesis is based on unsupported assumptions concerning drug
      effects, drug distribution, and effective doses of drug. Alternative hypotheses,
      that the antipsychotic effects of the neuroleptics are mediated, at least in
      part, through alpha 1-adrenergic or serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonism, are
      reviewed. The evidence regarding these issues and controversies is discussed, and
      specific approaches to increase our understanding and enhance our use of the
      neuroleptics are suggested.

PMID- 2901084
TI  - Observations on the use of depot neuroleptics in schizophrenia.
AB  - This paper reviews some of the advantages and disadvantages of long-term
      maintenance therapy with neuroleptics in schizophrenia. The need to separate
      first-illness schizophrenia from chronic schizophrenia is illustrated. The
      reduction in the risk of a further acute relapse with continued medication and
      the likely duration of maintenance therapy are discussed. The true meaning of a
      further relapse to the patient in terms of reduced social and work function is
      also discussed. The advantages of using long-acting depot injections for drug
      administration are stressed. The complex issue of the correct dosage for
      maintenance is reviewed, with no proven advantage for either very high doses or
      very low doses. The frequency of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia is reviewed
      and the possible aetiologies discussed. The decision to use short- or long-term
      drug therapy, and whether to use a particular method of drug administration (oral
      or long-acting depot injections) should be separate issues. Depot injections may,
      on occasions, be the appropriate method of drug administration for short-term
      therapies, just as oral drugs have a place in the longer-duration maintenance
      treatments.

PMID- 2901085
TI  - Neuroleptic side effects: acute extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - The neuroleptic-induced motor system side effects of acute extrapyramidal
      syndromes (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) are the major limitations of these
      drugs. Effective strategies for managing these problems are based on the clinical
      presentations, pathophysiological processes, and a complex interaction of patient
      and treatment variables. New concepts about the causes and long-term outcome of
      acute EPS and TD are emerging to challenge some of the commonly held views about
      these syndromes. The primary method of preventing undue side effects is to use
      the lowest effective dose of both neuroleptic and anti-EPS drugs. The pressing
      need is for novel compounds which treat schizophrenia and are free of the
      undesirable motor system effects (a nonneuroleptic neuroleptic).

PMID- 2901086
TI  - Future treatment of schizophrenia.
AB  - In spite of 35 years of experience with antipsychotic drugs, the psychiatrists
      are still faced with the limitations of these drugs: no or minimal therapeutic
      effect in hallucinations and delusions in about 25% of schizophrenic patients;
      persisting anergia and emotional withdrawal in otherwise successfully treated
      patients; a great spectrum of side effects, some irreversible. Quo vadis? An
      incidental discovery of a completely new drug, a new "chlorpromazine" would be
      the ideal solution, but for the present, one has to continue with the small
      pragmatic steps, especially within the following areas: (a) the selective
      antidopaminergic drugs, especially the substituted benzamides, may be further
      developed in the direction of antipsychotic selectivity with fewer and fewer
      extrapyramidal side effects; (b) the atypical clozapine ought soon to have
      successors, hopefully without the risk of bone marrow depression and
      cardiovascular side effects; (c) the D1 antagonists as well as the D1 agonists
      may imply therapeutically valuable effects; (d) the dopamine autoreceptor has
      long been in focus, but until now, no pure agonist has been found, and the drugs
      available, including (-)3-PPP, appear to have many side effects; (e) serotonin
      antagonists may be an interesting possibility; and (f) when it may be possible to
      influence brain peptides more efficiently than up to now, this area will probably
      provide us with several psychotropic drugs. Furthermore, during the search for
      new antipsychotic drugs, one must not forget to improve the practical use of
      available neuroleptics and of nonpharmacological, psychosocial treatment
      modalities.

PMID- 2901087
TI  - p21ras-induced responsiveness of phosphatidylinositol turnover to bradykinin is a
      receptor number effect.
AB  - Proteins encoded by ras genes have recently been reported to couple certain
      growth factor receptors to phospholipase C, the enzyme catalyzing
      phosphatidylinositol breakdown. To investigate this hypothesis, the normal and
      the transforming Ha-, Ki-, and N-ras genes were each transfected into Rat-1
      fibroblasts under the control of strong promoters. Several cell lines, both
      normal and transformed, were selected that expressed high levels of p21ras.
      Phosphatidylinositol turnover was measured in these cells in response to a wide
      variety of peptide factors; bradykinin was found to have a greatly enhanced
      effect on the p21ras overexpressors relative to the parental and control cells.
      Bradykinin receptor numbers were measured in these lines and found to be up to 40
      fold higher in the p21ras overexpressors than in the parental cells. This was
      found to be the case for both normal and transforming forms of all three
      varieties of ras genes. Receptor number correlated well with the bradykinin
      dependent phosphatidylinositol turnover response in all cases. These data
      indicate that the effects of p21ras on cellular responses to the peptide hormone
      bradykinin are due to changes in receptor number rather than to direct coupling
      by p21ras between the receptor and phospholipase C.

PMID- 2901088
TI  - Structure of the coding sequence and primary amino acid sequence of acetyl
      coenzyme A carboxylase.
AB  - Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (Ac-CoA carboxylase; EC 6.4.1.2) catalyzes the rate
      limiting reaction in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. To investigate the
      mechanism of genetic control of expression of Ac-CoA carboxylase and the
      relationship between its structure and function, cDNA clones for Ac-CoA
      carboxylase were isolated. The complete coding sequence contains 7035 bases; it
      encodes a polypeptide chain of 2345 amino acids having a Mr of 265,220. The
      sequences of several CNBr peptides of Ac-CoA carboxylase were localized within
      the predicted protein sequence as were those peptides that contain the sites for
      phosphorylation. The deduced protein contains one putative site for biotinylation
      in the NH2-terminal half. The "conserved" biotinylation site peptide, Met-Lys
      Met, is preceded by valine, whereas alanine is found in a similar position in all
      other known biotin-containing proteins. The primary sequences of Ac-CoA
      carboxylase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase exhibit substantial identity.

PMID- 2901089
TI  - Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and potential regulatory elements of the glutamine
      synthetase gene from murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming); EC 6.3.1.2]
      specific activity, cellular content, mRNA abundance, and gene transcription rate
      increase by greater than 100-fold during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1
      cells. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes dexamethasone increases, whereas insulin as well as
      N6,O2'-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate decrease, glutamine
      synthetase gene expression. We analyzed the nucleotide sequence of a 1.9-kilobase
      Sal I-EcoRI restriction fragment from a 3T3-L1 glutamine synthetase genomic
      clone. This genomic fragment is composed of 1851 base pairs (bp) and includes the
      first exon and 1029 bp of the 5' flanking sequence. The 600 bp at the 3' end of
      the 1.9-kb Sal I-EcoRI restriction fragment constitute an open reading frame. We
      identified the transcription start site at a location 222 bp upstream of the
      glutamine synthetase coding sequences. The 5' flanking region of the gene
      encompasses several potential regulatory elements including TATA and CAAT
      sequences and a 40-bp poly(dT-dG).poly(dC-dA) putative enhancer element.
      Potential hormone and fat-specific regulatory elements are also located upstream
      of the transcription start site; they include glucocorticoid and cAMP response
      elements and fat-specific elements. These potential regulatory elements could
      account for the differentiation-associated changes and hormone-mediated changes
      seen in glutamine synthetase gene transcription and mRNA abundance.

PMID- 2901090
TI  - Alternative splicing generates messages encoding rat c-erbA proteins that do not
      bind thyroid hormone.
AB  - The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of two variant cDNAs [rat brain
      thyroid hormone receptor (rTR alpha) vI and vII], isolated from a rat brain cDNA
      library by using the Pst I fragment of v-erbA, showed virtual identity with the
      rat brain thyroid hormone receptor (rTR alpha) [Thompson, C. C., Weinberger, C.,
      Lebo, R. & Evans, R. M. (1987) Science 237, 1610-1614] in the putative DNA
      binding domain and in the first 180 amino acids of the hormone binding domain but
      no similarity except for 5 amino acids at the extreme 3' end. Isolation and
      sequencing of the 3' end of the gene coding for rTR alpha, vI and vII mRNAs
      revealed that the 3' heterogeneity is due to alternative splicing of the primary
      transcripts of the same gene. RNA transfer blot analyses with probes unique to
      rTR alpha, rTR alpha vI, and rTR alpha vII showed that only the variant mRNAs are
      abundantly expressed in rat brain, contrary to the previously reported high-level
      expression of rTR alpha. Since in vitro translation products of rTR alpha vI and
      rTR alpha vII did not bind thyroid hormones specifically, our findings explain
      the discrepancy between the reported abundance of the receptor mRNA and the low
      receptor levels determined by ligand binding studies in rat brain. These variant
      mRNAs are also expressed in kidney, heart, spleen, and liver, albeit at lower
      levels. The presence of an intact DNA binding domain in rTR alpha vI and rTR
      alpha vII suggests that the variants might have modulating functions in thyroid
      hormone action.

PMID- 2901091
TI  - Characterization of the gene for the a subunit of human factor XIII (plasma
      transglutaminase), a blood coagulation factor.
AB  - Factor XIII (plasma transglutaminase, fibrin stabilizing factor) is a
      glycoprotein that circulates in blood as a tetramer (a2b2) consisting of two a
      and two b subunits. The primary structures of the a and b subunits of human
      factor XIII have been reported by a combination of cDNA cloning and amino acid
      sequence analysis. To establish the gene structure of the a subunit for factor
      XIII, several human genomic libraries were screened by using the cDNA encoding
      the a subunit as a probe. Among approximately equal to 5 x 10(7) recombinant
      phage, 121 have been shown to contain an insert encoding a portion of the a
      subunit. Twenty-five unique clones were then characterized by restriction
      mapping, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing. Overlapping clones encoding the a
      subunit of factor XIII span greater than 160 kilobases. The gene was found to
      contain 15 exons separated by 14 introns. All the sequences of the introns at the
      intron-exon boundaries were GT-AG, which are the same as those found in other
      eukaryotic genes. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the activation peptide
      released by thrombin, the active site cysteine region, the two putative calcium
      binding regions, and the thrombin cleavage site leading to inactivation are
      encoded by separate exons. This suggests that the introns may separate the a
      subunit into functional and structural domains. A comparison of the amino acid
      sequence deduced from the genomic DNA sequence with those deduced from cDNA or
      determined by amino acid sequence analysis of the plasma and placental proteins
      revealed apparent amino acid polymorphisms in six positions of the polypeptide
      chain of the a subunit.

PMID- 2901092
TI  - Specific dephosphorylation of phosphoproteins by protein-serine and -tyrosine
      kinases.
AB  - Five protein kinases are shown to serve as specific phosphatases in the absence
      of ADP. Although the rates of hydrolysis are very slow compared to the forward
      phosphorylation rates under optimal conditions, they are of the same order as the
      reverse reaction in the presence of ADP. Because cells contain approximately
      equal to 3 mM ATP, neither the reverse reaction nor the phosphatase is likely to
      play a physiological role. beta-casein B phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit
      of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) is specifically
      dephosphorylated by protein kinase A but not by polypeptide-dependent protein
      kinase (protein kinase P). beta-casein B phosphorylated by protein kinase P is
      specifically dephosphorylated by protein kinase P but not by protein kinase A.
      Histone H1 phosphorylated by protein kinase C is dephosphorylated by the same
      enzyme in the absence of ADP. In all cases tested addition of ADP and F1-ATPase
      accelerates moderately the rate of dephosphorylation. Native H+-ATPase from yeast
      plasma membranes is isolated mainly in the phosphorylated form. It is
      dephosphorylated and rephosphorylated by protein kinase P but not by protein
      kinase A. Protein-tyrosine kinase of the epidermal growth factor receptor
      phosphorylates the random synthetic polypeptide poly(Glu80Tyr20). The
      phosphorylated polymer is specifically dephosphorylated in the absence of ADP by
      epidermal growth factor receptor preparations but not by insulin receptor
      preparations. The same polymer phosphorylated by insulin receptor is
      dephosphorylated by insulin receptor but not by epidermal growth factor receptor
      preparations. By using a cycle of dephosphorylation-rephosphorylation, it is
      possible to identify proteins that are phosphorylated by these protein kinases in
      vivo. Should this method be applicable to additional protein kinases, it should
      be possible to estimate the quantitative contribution of each protein kinase to a
      single phosphoprotein.

PMID- 2901093
TI  - Parathyroid hormone modulates transforming growth factor beta activity and
      binding in osteoblast-enriched cell cultures from fetal rat parietal bone.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is produced by bone cells, is abundant
      in bone matrix, and regulates bone cell biochemical processes. In osteoblast
      enriched fetal rat parietal bone cell cultures, low TGF-beta doses increase DNA
      synthesis, whereas higher levels are less mitogenic, stimulate collagen
      production, and decrease alkaline phosphatase activity. Parathyroid hormone by
      itself has minimal effects on these processes, but it opposes the effects of TGF
      beta and alters TGF-beta binding to its receptors in osteoblast-enriched
      cultures. Some functions ascribed to parathyroid hormone in bone may therefore
      result from alterations in TGF-beta activity, suggesting that the local effects
      of TGF-beta in bone are under systemic hormonal control.

PMID- 2901094
TI  - Cell contacts are required for induction by cortisol of glutamine synthetase gene
      transcription in the retina.
AB  - In embryonic neural retina the enzyme glutamine synthetase [GS; L
      glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.1.2] is a glia-specific
      differentiation marker inducible with cortisol. We show that cortisol elicits GS
      mRNA accumulation by stimulating transcription of the GS gene and that this
      stimulation requires cell contacts: in dissociated and separated retina cells GS
      gene transcription was not induced; when the separated cells were reassembled
      into multicellular aggregates, restoring cell contacts, accumulation of GS mRNA
      was again inducible. In cells dissociated from retina tissue that had been
      preinduced with cortisol, GS gene transcription rapidly declined, despite
      continued hormone availability. In the separated cells transcription of the
      histone H3.3 gene and accumulation of carbonic anhydrase II mRNA were unaffected;
      therefore, cell separation selectively precluded induction of the GS gene. These
      findings provide direct evidence for the regulatory role of cell contacts in
      hormonal control of gene transcription.

PMID- 2901095
TI  - Comparative mapping of DNA markers from the familial Alzheimer disease and Down
      syndrome regions of human chromosome 21 to mouse chromosomes 16 and 17.
AB  - Mouse trisomy 16 has been proposed as an animal model of Down syndrome (DS),
      since this chromosome contains homologues of several loci from the q22 band of
      human chromosome 21. The recent mapping of the defect causing familial Alzheimer
      disease (FAD) and the locus encoding the Alzheimer amyloid beta precursor protein
      (APP) to human chromosome 21 has prompted a more detailed examination of the
      extent of conservation of this linkage group between the two species. Using
      anonymous DNA probes and cloned genes from human chromosome 21 in a combination
      of recombinant inbred and interspecific mouse backcross analyses, we have
      established that the linkage group shared by mouse chromosome 16 includes not
      only the critical DS region of human chromosome 21 but also the APP gene and FAD
      linked markers. Extending from the anonymous DNA locus D21S52 to ETS2, the
      linkage map of six loci spans 39% recombination in man but only 6.4%
      recombination in the mouse. A break in synteny occurs distal to ETS2, with the
      homologue of the human marker D21S56 mapping to mouse chromosome 17. Conservation
      of the linkage relationships of markers in the FAD region suggests that the
      murine homologue of the FAD locus probably maps to chromosome 16 and that
      detailed comparison of the corresponding region in both species could facilitate
      identification of the primary defect in this disorder. The break in synteny
      between the terminal portion of human chromosome 21 and mouse chromosome 16
      indicates, however, that mouse trisomy 16 may not represent a complete model of
      DS.

PMID- 2901096
TI  - Interleukin 4 induces membrane Thy-1 expression on normal murine B cells.
AB  - Thy-1, a cell-surface glycoprotein of undetermined function, is expressed in
      relatively large amounts on mouse thymocytes, peripheral T cells, and neurons. It
      is widely used as a marker to distinguish peripheral T cells from B cells in
      mice. We show here that, in five distinct mouse strains, recombinant interleukin
      4 (IL-4/B-cell stimulatory factor 1) strikingly induces membrane expression of
      Thy-1 on the vast majority of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated normal murine B
      cells. Thy-1+ B cells are precursors for immunoglobulin-secreting cells. RNA blot
      analysis indicates that B cells express a Thy-1 mRNA of 1.8 kilobases, the same
      size as that found in T cells. Cell mixing experiments show that only cells
      derived from Thy-1.2+ donors express Thy-1.2, indicating that B cells expressing
      Thy-1 have not passively absorbed the glycoprotein from another cell source.
      Recombinant interferon-gamma inhibits Thy-1 induction by B cells stimulated with
      LPS and IL-4. Thy-1 is also induced on B cells that have been stimulated as a
      result of the specific activation of an IL-4-producing T-helper clone. Anti-IL-4
      monoclonal antibody inhibits the induction of B-cell Thy-1 in this T-cell-B-cell
      interaction.

PMID- 2901098
TI  - Chromosome jumping from D4S10 (G8) toward the Huntington disease gene.
AB  - The gene for Huntington disease (HD) has been localized to the distal portion of
      the short arm of human chromosome 4 by linkage analysis. Currently, the two
      closest DNA markers are D4S10 (G8), located approximately equal to 3 centimorgans
      centromeric to HD, and D4S43 (C4H), positioned 0-1.5 centimorgans from HD. In an
      effort to move closer to the HD gene, with the eventual goal of identifying the
      gene itself, we have applied the technique of chromosome jumping to this region.
      A 200-kilobase jumping library has been constructed, and a jump from D4S10 has
      been obtained and its approximate distance verified by pulsed field gel
      electrophoresis. Two restriction fragment length polymorphisms have been
      identified at the jump locus, which is denoted D4S81. Linkage analysis of
      previously identified recombinants between D4S10 and HD or D4S10 and D4S43 shows
      that in two of five events the jump has crossed the recombination points. This
      unequivocally orients D4S10 and D4S81 on the chromosome, provides additional
      markers for HD, and suggests that recombination frequency in this region of
      chromosome 4 may be increased, so that the physical distance from D4S10 to HD may
      not be as large as originally suspected.

PMID- 2901097
TI  - Interleukin 1 amplifies receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 in 3T3
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Human recombinant interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and IL-1 beta stimulated
      prostaglandin E2 synthesis in 3T3 fibroblasts in a time- and concentration
      dependent manner. Enhanced prostaglandin E2 synthesis after IL-1 treatment was
      apparent by 1 hr and continued to increase for at least 2 days. Half-maximal
      stimulation occurred at 0.5 pM IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta, and both interleukins
      were equally effective, with maximal stimulation occurring in response to 5-10 pM
      IL-1. In contrast to IL-1, bradykinin stimulation of prostaglandin E2 synthesis
      is rapid; its effect is maximal by 5 min. In cells that had been pretreated with
      IL-1 for 24 hr, prostaglandin E2 synthesis in response to bradykinin was
      amplified more than 10-fold. IL-1 also amplified the receptor-mediated formation
      of prostaglandin E2 by bombesin and thrombin. The lymphokine did not affect
      bradykinin receptor number or affinity. IL-1 treatment induced phospholipase A2
      and cyclooxygenase but not phospholipase C or prostaglandin E isomerase. It also
      enhanced bradykinin-stimulated GTPase activity, suggesting possible induction of
      the GTP-binding regulatory protein coupled to the bradykinin receptor. Thus, IL-1
      enhanced receptor-mediated release of prostaglandin E2 in response to bradykinin,
      bombesin, and thrombin by increasing the cellular levels of phospholipase A2,
      cyclooxygenase, and GTP-binding regulatory protein(s).

PMID- 2901099
TI  - HLA-DQ rather than HLA-DR region might be involved in dominant nonsusceptibility
      to diabetes.
AB  - Since HLA-DRw15 (a subdivision of the HLA-DR2 specificity previously called DR2
      long) is associated with dominant nonsusceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM), while HLA-DRw16 (another subdivision of HLA-DR2, previously
      called DR2 short) is positively associated with the disease, we looked for
      particular characteristics of HLA products encoded by the DR2 haplotypes of IDDM
      patients. The results show the following: (i) HLA-DQ molecules of HLA-DRw15
      positive IDDM patients are different from those of HLA-DRw15-positive controls,
      suggesting that the HLA-DQ gene of DRw15 haplotypes is involved in a protective
      effect. (ii) HLA-DR and -DQ products of DRw16-positive IDDM are functionally
      indistinguishable from those of HLA-DRw16-positive controls. Furthermore, our
      data provide evidence that the residue at position 57 on the DQ beta chain could
      play a crucial biological role in antigen presentation to T cells as far as the
      DRw16 haplotype is concerned. This observation fits with the recent observation
      of correlation between DQ beta allelic polymorphism at position 57 and both
      susceptibility and resistance to IDDM.

PMID- 2901100
TI  - Induction of erythroid differentiation and modulation of gene expression by
      tiazofurin in K-562 leukemia cells.
AB  - Tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-4-thiazole-carboxamide; NSC 286193), an
      antitumor carbon-linked nucleoside that inhibits IMP dehydrogenase (IMP:NAD+
      oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.205) and depletes guanylate levels, can activate the
      erythroid differentiation program of K-562 human leukemia cells. Tiazofurin
      mediated cell differentiation is a multistep process. The inducer initiates early
      (less than 6 hr) metabolic changes that precede commitment to differentiation;
      among these early changes are decreases in IMP dehydrogenase activity and in GTP
      concentration, as well as alterations in the expression of certain protooncogenes
      (c-Ki-ras). K-562 cells do express commitment-i.e., cells exhibit differentiation
      without tiazofurin. Guanosine was effective in preventing the action of
      tiazofurin, thus providing evidence that the guanine nucleotides are critically
      involved in tiazofurin-initiated differentiation. Activation of transcription of
      the erythroid-specific gene that encodes A gamma-globin is a late (48 hr) but
      striking effect of tiazofurin. Down-regulation of the c-ras gene appears to be
      part of the complex process associated with tiazofurin-induced erythroid
      differentiation and relates to the perturbations of GTP metabolism.

PMID- 2901101
TI  - Central mammalian neurons normally resistant to glutamate toxicity are made
      sensitive by elevated extracellular Ca2+: toxicity is blocked by the N-methyl-D
      aspartate antagonist MK-801.
AB  - It is widely held that a glutamate-like toxin that resembles N-methyl-D-aspartate
      may be responsible for the death of nerve cells seen after severe neurological
      insults including stroke, seizures, and degenerative disorders, such as
      Huntington disease, Alzheimer disease, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      parkinsonism-dementia complex found on Guam. One puzzling fact about these
      maladies is the differential vulnerability of specific groups of neurons peculiar
      to each condition. We report here that an identified population of central
      neurons, rat retinal ganglion cells, are resistant to the neurotoxic effects of
      millimolar concentrations of glutamate under otherwise normal culture conditions.
      Patch-clamp experiments show that this resistance is associated with a very small
      ionic current response to N-methyl-D-aspartate. Varying the ionic milieu by
      increasing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration, however, results in a striking
      increase in glutamate-induced cell death in this population. Under these
      conditions, Mg2+ or the amino acid antagonist MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro
      5H-dibenzo-(alpha,gamma)-cyclohepten-5 ,10-imine maleate], blockers of N-methyl-D
      aspartate receptor-coupled ion channels, completely abrogate the lethal effects
      of glutamate. These findings strongly suggest that Ca2+ entry through N-methyl-D
      aspartate-activated channels is responsible for this type of neuronal death and
      suggest strategies that may be clinically useful in the treatment of various
      neurological disorders.

PMID- 2901102
TI  - The same substitution, glutamic acid----lysine at position 501, occurs in three
      alloalbumins of Asiatic origin: albumins Vancouver, Birmingham, and Adana.
AB  - A strategy is described for identifying structural changes in genetic variants of
      human serum albumin (alloalbumins). By use of this strategy we have determined an
      amino acid substitution in three alloalbumins of Asiatic origin. The same amino
      acid exchange, glutamic acid----lysine at position 501, occurs in albumins
      Vancouver and Birmingham, both from families that migrated from northern India,
      and also in albumin Adana from Turkey. This exchange corresponds to a single base
      mutation in the codon GAG to AAG and accords with the slow mobility of the three
      albumins at pH 8.6. Each of the three alloalbumins had been reported to be a new
      variant, yet they have the same substitution. These results emphasize the need
      for structural study of genetic variants that have been differentiated only by
      nonspecific physical criteria such as dye binding and electrophoretic mobility.
      We know of no other description of the substitution involved in an alloalbumin
      originating from the Indian subcontinent. However, the same change of glutamic
      acid----lysine at position 501 may be present in several other named variants
      reported for populations in north India and the surrounding regions.

PMID- 2901103
TI  - Acetyladenylate plays a role in controlling the direction of flagellar rotation.
AB  - Cells of Escherichia coli deleted for genes that code for the transducers and all
      the known cytoplasmic Che proteins except CheY responded reversibly to the
      addition of acetate by spinning their flagellar motors clockwise. By varying
      growth conditions and using metabolic inhibitors and mutants deficient in acetate
      metabolism, this effect was shown to require acetate-CoA synthetase [acetate:CoA
      ligase (AMP-forming); EC 6.2.1.1], an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of
      acetyl-CoA from acetate by an acetyladenylate intermediate. A mutant deficient in
      this enzyme but retaining the chemotaxis genes was deficient for chemotaxis.
      Thus, acetyladenylate appears to play a role in generating clockwise rotation at
      the level of CheY or the motor.

PMID- 2901104
TI  - Antibodies to synthetic peptides from the tubulin regulatory domain interact with
      tubulin and microtubules.
AB  - The carboxyl-terminal region of tubulin alpha and beta subunits plays a major
      role in regulating its assembly into microtubules and constitutes an essential
      domain for the selective interaction of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs).
      With the goal of understanding the structural basis of the regulatory function of
      the carboxyl-terminal domains of tubulin subunits, we have produced rabbit
      antisera against two MAP-interacting peptides Lys-Asp-Tyr-Glu-Glu-Val-Gly-Val-Asp
      Ser-Val-Glu of alpha-tubulin and Tyr-Gln-Gln-Tyr-Gln-Asp-Ala-Thr-Ala-Asp-Glu-Gln
      Gly of beta subunit. The affinity-purified alpha and beta anti-peptide antibodies
      interacted specifically with tubulin and with the respective peptide antigens but
      did not interact with MAPs. Substoichiometric amounts of both antibodies showed
      the capacity to inhibit in vitro MAP-induced tubulin assembly and to promote a
      fast depolymerization of preassembled microtubules. Taxol-promoted assembly of
      pure tubulin was not inhibited by the antibodies. In the presence of MAP-2 and
      taxol, the antibodies decreased the MAP-2 content of taxol-promoted microtubules.
      The interaction with microtubules was corroborated by immunofluorescence
      experiments in HeLa and NE-18 lung carcinoma cells. The epitopes recognized by
      the alpha and beta anti-peptide antibodies appear to be located in the outer
      surface of the microtubular structure.

PMID- 2901105
TI  - Pharmacologically different Na/H antiporters on the apical and basolateral
      surfaces of cultured porcine kidney cells (LLC-PK1).
AB  - Proximal tubule cells of the kidney contain, on their apical surface, an
      amiloride-sensitive Na/H antiporter that functions in Na reabsorption and proton
      secretion. We have investigated the localization of the antiporter in a cloned
      cell line of porcine renal origin, LLC-PK1/Cl4, which is often considered to be a
      useful model of the proximal tubule. Transport measurements were performed with
      differentiated monolayers grown on Nuclepore filters, permitting independent
      access to the apical and basolateral cell surfaces. In control experiments with
      LLC-PK1/Cl4 monolayers, three marker transport systems showed the expected
      polarity: 87% of ouabain-sensitive Rb uptake was at the basolateral surface, and
      99% of Na-dependent alpha-methylglucoside transport and 93% of Na-dependent D
      aspartate (L-glutamate) transport were at the apical surface. By contrast, the
      monolayers displayed significant Na/H antiporter activity (assayed as
      ethylisopropylamiloride-sensitive 22Na uptake) at both cell surfaces, with an
      apical uptake rate amounting to 44% and a basolateral rate amounting to 56% of
      the total. Significantly, the apical and basolateral antiporters could readily be
      distinguished from one another on the basis of ethylispropylamiloride
      sensitivity. The apical system had an IC50 of 13 microM, close to that reported
      for kidney brush border vesicle preparations, whereas the basolateral system had
      an IC50 of 44 nM, similar to values seen in undifferentiated LLC-PK1 cells and
      other cultured cell lines. The PKE20 mutant, previously selected from LLC-PK1/Cl4
      on the basis of resistance to ethylisopropylamiloride, was found to overexpress
      the more resistant antiporter both during rapid growth and on its apical cell
      surface at confluence; normal amounts of the more sensitive antiporter were seen
      on the basolateral surface of confluent PKE20 cells. Taken together, these
      results suggest that there are two distinct forms of the Na/H antiporter, which
      are under separate genetic control.

PMID- 2901106
TI  - Detection of DNA "fingerprints" of cultivated rice by hybridization with a human
      minisatellite DNA probe.
AB  - A human minisatellite DNA probe detects several restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms in cultivars of Asian and African rice. Certain fragments appear to
      be inherited in a Mendelian fashion and may represent unlinked loci. The
      hybridization patterns appear to be cultivar-specific and largely unchanged after
      the regeneration of plants from tissue culture. The results suggest that these
      regions of the rice genome may be used to generate cultivar-specific DNA
      fingerprints. The demonstration of similarity between a human minisatellite
      sequence and polymorphic regions in the rice genome suggests that such regions
      also occur in the genomes of many other plant species.

PMID- 2901107
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - We have constructed a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for
      the nuclear genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The map,
      containing 90 randomly distributed molecular markers, is physically very dense;
      greater than 50% of the genome is within 1.9 centimorgans, or approximately 270
      kilobase pairs, of the mapped DNA fragments. The map was based on the meiotic
      segregation of markers in two different crosses. The restriction fragment length
      polymorphism linkage groups were integrated with the five classically mapped
      linkage groups by virtue of mapped mutations included in these crosses. Markers
      consist of both cloned Arabidopsis genes and random low-copy-number genomic DNA
      clones that are able to detect polymorphisms with the restriction enzymes EcoRI,
      Bgl II, and/or Xba I. These cloned markers can serve as starting points for
      chromosome walking, allowing for the isolation of Arabidopsis genes of known map
      location. The restriction fragment length polymorphism map also can associate
      clones of unknown gene function with mutant phenotypes, and vice versa.

PMID- 2901108
TI  - In vitro reinnervation of adult rat muscle fibres by foreign neurons and
      transformed chromaffin PC12 cells.
AB  - Adult rat muscle fibres were dissociated by using collagenase and maintained in
      culture. One to nine days later, neurons obtained from stages 22-30 Xenopus
      laevis embryos, or neonatal spinal cord, or pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells treated
      with nerve growth factor were added. Subsequently, the co-cultures were
      maintained for up to eight days. Functional synapses were formed with variable
      efficiency: 12% in rat-Xenopus nerve-muscle co-cultures, 23% in rat-rat and 33%
      in PC12 co-cultures. Miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) and currents (MEPCs)
      were recorded, at frequencies ranging from 0.01 to 0.9 Hz. Their mean amplitude
      was smaller than in normal mammalian muscles. The rise time and time-constant of
      decay of MEPCs was about seven to ten times longer than that found in the
      original muscle, resembling immature synapses. (+)-Tubocurarine abolished the
      MEPPs in the rat-PC12 neuromuscular junctions. It is concluded that dissociated
      adult rat muscle fibres retain their ability of being reinnervated, and can form
      functional synapses with foreign neurons and transformed chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2901109
TI  - The reaction-limited kinetics of membrane-to-surface adhesion and detachment.
AB  - Biological adhesion is frequently mediated by specific membrane proteins
      (adhesion molecules). Starting with the notion of adhesion molecules, we present
      a simple model of the physics of membrane-to-surface attachment and detachment.
      This model consists of coupling the equations for deformation of an elastic
      membrane with equations for the chemical kinetics of the adhesion molecules. We
      propose a set of constitutive laws relating bond stress to bond strain and also
      relating the chemical rate constants of the adhesion molecules to bond strain. We
      derive an exact formula for the critical tension. We also describe a fast and
      accurate finite difference algorithm for generating numerical solutions of our
      model. Using this algorithm, we are able to compute the transient behaviour
      during the initial phases of adhesion and detachment as well as the steady-state
      geometry of adhesion and the velocity of the contact. An unexpected consequence
      of our model is the predicted occurrence of states in which adhesion cannot be
      reversed by application of tension. Such states occur only if the adhesion
      molecules have certain constitutive properties (catch-bonds). We discuss the
      rational for such catch-bonds and their possible biological significance.
      Finally, by analysis of numerical solutions, we derive an accurate and general
      expression for the steady-state velocity of attachment and detachment. As
      applications of the theory, we discuss data on the rolling velocity of
      granulocytes in post-capillary venules and data on lectin-mediated adhesion of
      red cells.

PMID- 2901110
TI  - Mechanism of synaptic inhibition by noradrenaline acting at alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - The actions of agonists at alpha 2-adrenoceptors were investigated on single
      cells of the submucous plexus of the guinea pig small intestine. Intracellular
      recordings were made from neurons in vitro, and noradrenaline and other agonists
      were applied by adding them to the superfusion solution. The actions of
      noradrenaline released from terminals of sympathetic nerves was also studied by
      stimulating the nerves and recording the inhibitory postsynaptic current; this
      current can be mimicked by brief applications of noradrenaline from a pipette tip
      positioned within 50 micron of the neuron. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor-bound
      noradrenaline with an apparent dissociation constant of 15 microM, determined by
      the method of partial irreversible receptor inactivation: clonidine and 5-bromo-6
      (2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)-quinoxaline (UK 14304) had dissociation constants of 36
      nM and 2.5 microM respectively. Noradrenaline and UK 14304 caused maximal
      hyperpolarizations, or outward currents; clonidine was a full agonist in only 4
      of 35 cells, a partial agonist in 25 cells, and without effect in 4 cells.
      Clonidine acted as a competitive antagonist of noradrenaline in those cells in
      which it lacked agonist action; its dissociation equilibrium constant determined
      by Schild analysis was about 20 nM. The potassium conductance increased by the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, whether they were applied exogenously or released
      by stimulation of presynaptic nerves, showed marked inward rectification. The
      neurons showed inward rectification also in the absence of agonist; both types of
      rectification were eliminated by rubidium (2 mM), barium (3-30 microM) and
      caesium (2 mM). When the recording electrodes contained the nonhydrolysable
      derivative of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), guanosine 5'-O-(3
      thiotriphosphate, GTP-gamma-S), the effects of applied alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonists did not reverse when they were washed from the tissue, implying that GTP
      hydrolysis is necessary for the termination of agonist action. Pretreatment with
      pertussis toxin abolished the inhibitory synaptic potential (IPSP) and agonist
      induced hyperpolarizations. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, forskolin, cholera toxin
      and sodium fluoride did not affect the responses to alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonists. The synaptic hyperpolarization resulting from sympathetic nerve
      stimulation, or the hyperpolarization evoked by a brief (3-5 ms) application of
      noradrenaline, began after a latency of about 30 and 60 ms respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2901112
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A receptor-mediated effects of buspirone, gepirone and
      ipsapirone.
AB  - The effects of the nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic agents, buspirone, gepirone and
      ipsapirone on body temperature and corticosterone secretion were studied in the
      rat. The administration of buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone resulted in dose
      related decreases in body temperature and increases in the plasma concentration
      of corticosterone. Spiperone produced a dose-related inhibition of the
      hypothermic and corticosterone responses to gepirone. Spiperone also inhibited
      ipsapirone-induced changes in body temperature and hormone secretion. Although
      spiperone also blocked the buspirone-induced stimulation of corticosterone, it
      did not attenuate the hypothermic response to buspirone at the dose tested. (-)
      Pindolol, a potent 5-HT1A antagonist, prevented gepirone- and ipsapirone-induced
      hypothermia and corticosterone secretion. (-)-Pindolol also blocked the
      hypothermic but not the corticosterone response to buspirone. Ketanserin, a 5-HT2
      antagonist, did not inhibit the hypothermic or corticosterone responses produced
      by these novel anxiolytic agents. It is concluded that buspirone, gepirone and
      ipsapirone produce hypothermia and increase plasma concentrations of
      corticosterone by activating 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms.

PMID- 2901111
TI  - Prostaglandin E1: a review.
AB  - Work on the structure of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), isolated from natural sources,
      was completed 25 years ago (1). Shortly after, methods for the chemical synthesis
      of PG with their natural configuration were developed in the laboratories of the
      UpJohn Company (2) and of E. J. Corey (3) and, by the late sixties, PGE1 became
      widely available. The information since accumulated about its biological and
      clinical effects is more substantial than for any other PG. This review will draw
      together some of this information, focusing on recent studies of its mechanisms
      of action.

PMID- 2901113
TI  - Opioid and nicotinic medullary hyperalgesic influences in the decerebrated rat.
AB  - The effects of ethylketazocine (EKC) administered intraperitoneally and the
      nicotinic ligands (-)- and (+)-nicotine, (-)-cytisine, (-)-lobeline, and (+)-2
      methylpiperidine administered into the 4th ventricle on the latency of the
      thermally evoked withdrawal reflex of the decerebrate rat were investigated. EKC
      administered intraperitoneally produced both hyperalgesia and analgesia. (-)
      Nicotine administered into the 4th ventricle produced a biphasic dose related
      effect on the latency of the withdrawal reflex; low doses produced a dose related
      analgesia while higher doses produced hyperalgesia. (-)-Cytisine and (-)-lobeline
      administered into the 4th ventricle produced biphasic effects. (+)-2
      Methylpiperidine administered into the 4th ventricle produced a significant
      degree of hyperalgesia. Both the analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of (-)
      nicotine were antagonized by mecamylamine (1 mg/kg) and naltrexone (5 mg/kg). The
      hyperalgesic action of (+)-2-methylpiperidine was antagonized by naltrexone but
      not by mecamylamine. These observations suggest that there are both medullary
      opioidergic and nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms for modulating both analgesic
      and hyperalgesic processes and that nicotinic ligands have multiple mechanisms of
      action in the brain.

PMID- 2901114
TI  - Behavioural and neural-system analyses of the actions of anxiolytic drugs.
AB  - Anti-anxiety drugs (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates and alcohol) have a
      distinctive profile of behavioural action in animal species ranging from goldfish
      to chimpanzee. This profile may be summarised as a blockade of three kinds of
      reaction (behavioural inhibition, preparation for vigorous action, and increased
      attention to the environment) in response to any of three kinds of stimuli
      (novelty, stimuli associated with punishment, or stimuli associated with
      frustrative nonreward). On this basis, one may postulate a 'behavioural
      inhibition system' in the brain, responsible for organising the above reactions
      in response to appropriate stimuli; activity in this system would then constitute
      'anxiety.' One may attempt to describe the brain structures that constitute the
      behavioural inhibition system either by enquiring about the neurochemical mode of
      action that is common to anti-anxiety drugs, or by seeking for structures with
      appropriate behavioural functions. The latter approach has implicated a number of
      structures in the limbic system (including the hippocampal formation, the septal
      area, and ascending monoaminergic pathways). Possible information-processing
      functions of these structures are described.

PMID- 2901115
TI  - Pharmacology and anxiety: inadequacies of current experimental approaches and
      working models.
AB  - Current models concerning the mechanisms of punishment suppression and anxiolytic
      drug effects fail to account for several treatment-test interactions in
      pharmacological studies. This applies in the first place to some important
      "double dissociation" phenomena. For example, in rats benzodiazepines are
      effective in conflict tests (Geller- and Vogel-type) but not in go-no go
      avoidance discriminations, while the converse is true in the case of
      antimuscarinics. Such a situation makes it necessary to postulate a plurality of
      mechanisms which can serve punishment suppression in various conditions, and can
      operate at least partly "in parallel" rather than "in series". In addition,
      different varieties of a particular test can show quite different sensitivities
      to the same type of agent and/or different profiles in studies using various
      types of anxiolytics and antagonists. This does not preclude the use of one or
      the other test as a convenient assay. It appears, however, that we have only
      limited knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the production of behavioral
      effects which are assumed to be typical of the anxiolytic profile.

PMID- 2901116
TI  - Preclinical studies with pyrazolopyridine non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics: ICI
      190,622.
AB  - Tracazolate is a pyrazolopyridine anxiolytic that enhances the binding of [3H]
      flunitrazepam [( 3H]FLU) to brain tissue. The discovery that a metabolite of
      tracazolate, desbutyltracazolate, was a weak inhibitor of [3H]FLU binding led to
      the synthesis of a series of potent anxiolytics. From this series, ICI 190,622
      emerged as a viable drug candidate, being a potent anxiolytic in rats and
      monkeys. This anxiolytic agent appears to produce only minimal sedation.
      Furthermore, ICI 190,622 appears less likely to potentiate the actions of ethanol
      than diazepam. ICI 190,622 is also a potent anticonvulsant (anti-metrazol ED50 =
      1.1 mg/kg, PO) in rodents. Neurochemically, ICI 190,622 is similar to the
      benzodiazepine anxiolytics. In vitro, ICI 190,622 competitively inhibited [3H]FLU
      binding in cerebral cortex with an IC50 of 81 nM and was 4.3-fold more potent in
      the cerebellum (IC50 = 19 nM). This suggests a selectivity for the Type 1
      benzodiazepine binding site. In contrast, diazepam showed similar affinities in
      both regions (cerebral cortex = 7 nM and cerebellum = 9 nM). Following oral
      administration, ICI 190,622 displaced [3H]FLU binding from cerebellar membranes
      more potently than diazepam (ED50 = 3 and 6 mg/kg, respectively, 1 hour after
      administration). Thus, ICI 190,622 should be an effective anxiolytic with
      significant advantages over benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2901117
TI  - Modifications of brain electrical activity after activation of the benzodiazepine
      receptor types in rats and rabbits.
AB  - The present study reports a comparative electroencephalographic (EEG) study of
      drugs belonging to different chemical classes which share the property to bind at
      benzodiazepine (BDZ) recognition sites. The EEG patterns are recorded from the
      neocortex of rats and rabbits as well as from dorsal hippocampus and red nucleus
      in rabbits after intravenous administration of diazepam (0.1-10 mg/kg),
      clonazepam (0.02-2.5 mg/kg), zopiclone (0.3-3 mg/kg), flunitrazepam (0.03-2.5
      mg/kg), CGS 9896 (0.1-3 mg/kg), zolpidem (0.1-3 mg/kg) and Cl 218,872 (0.1-10
      mg/kg). The most relevant differences are observed at the level of the neocortex.
      All drugs induced appearance of 7-12 Hz spindle bursts. On the contrary, the
      presence of 15-30 Hz waves (defined beta-like activity) mainly occurs after
      diazepam, clonazepam and zopiclone. Scarce beta-like activity is present after
      CGS 9896, zolpidem and Cl 218,872. According to the selectivity of these drugs
      for the various types of BDZ receptor, one can speculate that activation of BDZ2
      is relevant for the appearance of the beta-like activity. Flunitrazepam,
      diazepam, and zolpidem increase the amplitude of the red nucleus waves. Such an
      effect is less marked after zopiclone and CGS 9896, whereas is almost absent
      after clonazepam and Cl 218,872. A reduction of the frequency is observed after
      flunitrazepam, diazepam, clonazepam, CGS 9896 and zolpidem, whereas it is almost
      absent after zopiclone and Cl 218,872. Finally, all drugs induce a reduction of
      the amplitude of the hippocampal theta rhythms, whereas after diazepam,
      flunitrazepam, zolpidem and CGS 9896 a slowing of the record also occurs.

PMID- 2901118
TI  - Electroencephalographic changes after short-term exposure to agonists of
      benzodiazepine receptors in the rat.
AB  - Naive rats receiving IV diazepam (10 mg/kg), flunitrazepam (2.5 mg/kg) and
      clonazepam (2 mg/kg) show electroencephalographic (EEG) changes consisting of
      lengthening of the spindle bursts (7-12 Hz; 200-300 microV) and appearance of 15
      30 Hz waves (beta-like activity). These EEG manifestations are associated with
      signs of behavioral sedation (crouched, eyes open and myorelaxation) and
      stimulation (gnawing, running, ear twitches and sometimes wet-dog shakes),
      respectively. Bursts of 2-4 Hz waves can be occasionally observed associated with
      either marked sedation (lying down, eyes closed and presence of righting reflex)
      or sleep (stretched in the side with absence of righting reflex). Measurements of
      the periods spent by the animals in the two EEG patterns within the first hour
      after intravenous injection show the large preponderance of the spindle bursts
      over the beta-like activity. After the triazolopyridazine Cl 218,872 (10 mg/kg)
      the beta-like activity is almost absent, and in no case loss of the righting
      reflex can be observed. These agonists of BDZ receptors have been injected at the
      above reported doses for 5 days, once-a-day. At the 5th day, animals receiving
      diazepam exhibit a preponderance of the EEG and behavioral activation within the
      first hour after injection. Rats receiving flunitrazepam show a significant
      increase of the periods of stimulation and a slight decrease of the periods of
      sedation. These phenomena of "habituation" are absent in animals treated with
      clonazepam and Cl 218,872.

PMID- 2901119
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
AB  - Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics can be conveniently divided into those which are
      not primarily used as anxiolytics, those which pharmacologically but not
      chemically resemble benzodiazepines, and those which are novel both chemically
      and pharmacologically. The former include antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs,
      antihistamines and beta-adrenergic antagonists. The second group comprises a
      variety of compounds which act on the benzodiazepine/GABA complex and include
      alpidem and zuriclone. The most important of the non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics
      is buspirone, which seems to act on 5-HT mechanisms. The field of anxiolytic
      therapy is changing rapidly. New drugs are being introduced and the use of old
      ones questioned. It is hoped that drugs will be developed which are not only
      effective and safe with no sedation, but also with little or no propensity to
      dependence and abuse.

PMID- 2901120
TI  - Clinical studies with the new anxiolytic alpidem in anxious patients: an overview
      of the European experiences.
AB  - Alpidem is a new imidazopyridine compound which has been selected in animal
      pharmacology for its anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activity, and for its high
      therapeutic index. In healthy volunteers, alpidem was well tolerated up to doses
      of 300 mg and appeared to be devoid of CNS toxic effects. An extensive clinical
      development plan has been carried out in Europe to test its efficacy and safety
      in anxious patients. In a series of 5 double-blind placebo controlled parallel
      group studies, alpidem was administered as a single dose in a situation of stress
      induced anxiety where the stress was represented by diagnostic investigations
      such as gastroscopy, cardiac catheterisation or minor surgical operations. In
      these studies, 188 patients received placebo and 188 received alpidem; their
      anxiety was assessed before and after the drug administration by means of visual
      analogue scales and state anxiety inventories. Alpidem at 50 and 75 mg was
      significantly better than placebo in reducing stress induced anxiety. Alpidem was
      then administered to patients suffering from severe generalized anxiety in doses
      from 50 to 150 mg/day for 3-4 weeks in 3 double-blind placebo controlled studies:
      127 patients received alpidem and 80 received placebo. Patients were assessed by
      means of rating scales and visual analogue scales. Alpidem did show an anxiolytic
      activity in this patient population and was well tolerated especially with regard
      to CNS side-effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901121
TI  - Remoxipride--a new potential antipsychotic drug. Pharmacological effects and
      pharmacokinetics following repeated oral administration in male volunteers.
AB  - Remoxipride, a new potential antipsychotic drug, was administered over 4 days at
      two dose levels, 70 and 140 mg t.i.d., to eight healthy male volunteers.
      Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and effect on plasma prolactin levels
      were evaluated. Remoxipride exhibited essentially linear pharmacokinetics. Only
      minor deviations in biochemical and physiological safety parameters were found.
      The drug was well tolerated by all subjects at the 70 mg dose level. At 140 mg
      akathisia appeared in seven subjects. The drug induced a rapid and transient
      increase in plasma prolactin concentrations at both dose levels after single
      doses. During steady state, a significant reduction in the prolactin response was
      observed as compared to after the first dose.

PMID- 2901122
TI  - Anxiolytic effects of acebutolol and atenolol in healthy volunteers with induced
      anxiety.
AB  - Acebutolol (400 mg once daily), atenolol (100 mg once daily) and placebo were
      self administered to 12 healthy male volunteers in a double-blind crossover
      study. Each drug treatment was administered for 4 days so that subjects' plasma
      levels of the drug were at steady state. Subjects were tested on the 4th day. On
      each of the 3 test days subjects underwent an anxiety induction procedure
      involving both easy and difficult versions of the Stroop test and syntactic
      reasoning. Measures of state anxiety were taken during the difficult task, an
      easy version of the task and after a period of quiet relaxation. High, medium and
      low levels of anxiety corresponded to the three levels of task difficulty. Highly
      significant differences were exhibited in state anxiety between high, medium and
      low anxiety induction procedures with both Stroop test and syntactic reasoning.
      This was shown by highly significant main effects for task difficulty with both
      tasks. There was no significant anxiolytic action of either acebutolol or
      atenolol when compared to placebo (there were no drug effects or any interaction
      of drugs with task difficulty). There were no significant drug effects upon any
      of the cognitive test measures. Overall, there was no evidence of either
      anxiolysis or sedation with either of these two relatively hydrophilic drugs.

PMID- 2901123
TI  - Behavioral evidence for the role of noradrenaline in putative anxiolytic and
      sedative effects of benzodiazepines.
AB  - The effects of clonidine on the antianxiety and sedation of benzodiazepines (BZD)
      were assessed respectively in rats trained in a two-lever diazepam cue
      discrimination procedure and in single-lever fixed-ratio (FR) water-reinforced
      performance. Clonidine (10-60 micrograms/kg) significantly shifted to the left
      the dose-effect curves of diazepam in the discrimination paradigm. This treatment
      also shifted generalization dose-effect curves of the diazepam cue to
      chlordiazepoxide and CL 218,872 to the left in the drug discrimination procedure.
      The diazepam cue was antagonized in a dose-related manner by Ro 15-1788, but not
      by bicuculline. Clonidine also potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of
      diazepam on the FR schedule when the dose of diazepam was increased to 0.3 mg/kg,
      but not the milder rate-decreasing effect of CL 218,872 until the dose of CL
      218,872 was increased to 10 mg/kg. The potentiating effects of clonidine on the
      stimulus control and depression of diazepam were antagonized by yohimbine.
      Yohimbine (1.0 mg/kg) also significantly shifted the dose-effect curve of
      diazepam cue to the right. Bicuculline (3 mg/kg) completely antagonized the rate
      decreasing effect of diazepam (1 mg/kg), but significantly potentiated the rate
      suppressant effect of clonidine (10 micrograms/kg). These results suggest that
      the central noradrenaline (NA) system may be involved not only in the
      antianxiety, but also the sadative action of BZD. The nature of NA involvement in
      relation to the different subtypes of BZD receptors requires further exploration.

PMID- 2901124
TI  - Antagonism by exifone, a new cognitive enhancing agent, of the amnesias induced
      by four benzodiazepines in mice.
AB  - Exifone is a novel compound proposed for treating cognitive decline associated
      with age and shows corrective effects in animal models of memory dysfunction. The
      present experiments examined the antagonism by exifone of the amnesias induced in
      mice in a passive avoidance test by four benzodiazepines: bromazepam, diazepam,
      lorazepam and triazolam. Subsequent experiments investigated the specificity of
      exifone's antagonism of benzodiazepine-induced amnesia by examining its
      interaction with the effects of the benzodiazepines in the staircase test
      (anxiolytic/sedative activity) and the electroshock test (anticonvulsant
      activity). The results indicated that exifone clearly antagonised the amnesias
      induced by the four benzodiazepines, but was without intrinsic effects in the
      staircase or electroshock test and did not antagonise the effects of the
      benzodiazepines in these two tests. These results suggest that exifone might be
      useful for decreasing the amnesias induced by commonly used benzodiazepines
      without affecting their anxiolytic or anticonvulsant activity.

PMID- 2901125
TI  - Objective and subjective assessments of the effects of flupentixol and
      benzodiazepines on human psychomotor performance.
AB  - The aim of this double-blind crossover trial was to compare the objective and
      subjective effects of flupentixol and lorazepam on human performance, and to
      reveal possible interactions between flupentixol and diazepam. Twelve healthy
      students received at 1-week intervals oral single doses of flupentixol 1 mg,
      flupentixol 2 mg, lorazepam 2.5 mg, placebo, and diazepam 15 mg alone and with
      flupentixol 1 mg. After the baseline measurements, the drugs were given in
      capsule form, and the tests were repeated 1.5, 3 and 4.5 h later. Diazepam was
      given at 1.5 h, to time its peak effect to coincide with that of lorazepam. Drug
      effects were measured objectively (two tracking tests, digit substitution, letter
      cancellation, flicker fusion, Maddox wing, tapping, memory) and subjectively
      (visual analogue scales, questionnaire). Blood samples were taken after each test
      time. Flupentixol 1 mg did not differ from placebo objectively or subjectively.
      Flupentixol 2 mg proved nearly inert objectively and on visual analogue scales.
      Lorazepam impaired objectively measured test performance, the clearest effects
      occurring at 3 and 4.5 h. It also impaired subjectively assessed performance.
      Diazepam impaired objective performance less than lorazepam, its effects peaking
      at 1.5 h after intake. Diazepam caused subjective drowsiness, clumsiness, mental
      slowness etc. as much as or more than lorazepam. The combination of 1 mg
      flupentixol and diazepam modified performance as much as diazepam alone. After
      the administration of 1 mg flupentixol, plasma concentrations were undetectable
      and levels after 2 mg were hardly detectable. Concentrations of lorazepam
      exceeded those of diazepam in direct bioassay, but they were much lower when
      bioassayed after solvent extraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901126
TI  - Evidence for postsynaptic dopamine agonist effects of B-HT 920 in the presence of
      the dopamine D-1 agonist SKF 38393.
AB  - The ability of B-HT 920, a selective dopamine (DA) D-2 agonist, to stimulate
      postsynaptic DA receptors in brain was evaluated by assessing its ability to
      induce stereotypy and to increase locomotor activity in rats. When administered
      alone, B-HT 920 (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) did not induce stereotypy and produced only
      inhibition of locomotor activity, suggesting a lack of postsynaptic DA agonist
      actions. However, a different pattern of effects emerged when B-HT 920 was
      administered in combination with the selective DA D-1 agonist SKF 38393 (10
      mg/kg): stereotypies (sniffing, licking, and gnawing) were induced and there was
      an inverted U-shaped function for locomotor activity. These data are consistent
      with the hypothesis that B-HT 920 has postsynaptic DA D-2 receptor agonist
      effects in normal rats that are revealed when D-1 receptor stimulation is also
      increased.

PMID- 2901127
TI  - Single-dose kinetics of the neuroleptic drug perazine in psychotic patients.
AB  - Eight male and two female unmedicated psychotic patients received 100 mg perazine
      orally and seven blood samples were taken within 25 h. Plasma levels of perazine
      and its demethylated metabolite were analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical
      detection. They exhibited large interindividual variations, with maximal
      concentrations as well as AUC values of perazine differing more than 10-fold.
      From the decay of plasma levels during the last 12-18 h half-lives were estimated
      to be between 7.5 and 10 h; they did not correlate with AUC. There was a
      significant positive correlation between AUC and age. Desmethylperazine was
      consistently present at lower concentrations than the parent drug during the
      first 12 h.

PMID- 2901128
TI  - Changes in behavioural responses to the combined administration of D1 and D2
      dopamine agonists in normosensitive and D1 supersensitive rats.
AB  - The selective D1 receptor stimulant SKF 38393 dose-dependently increased grooming
      time in rats without affecting locomotor activity or eliciting stereotyped
      behaviour. The selective D2 receptor agonist LY 171555 induced a dose-dependent
      increase in rat motility, a marked decrease in grooming time and a low occurrence
      of stereotyped behaviour. Concurrent administration of the two selective agonists
      induced high-degree stereotyped responses and reductions in locomotor and
      grooming behaviours. Rats withdrawn from repeated treatment with the selective D1
      receptor blocker SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg twice daily for 21 days; 7 days of
      washout) did not exhibit any change of locomotor and grooming responses to
      threshold doses of LY 171555 and SKF 38393 given alone or in combination. On the
      contrary, a significantly greater occurrence of high-degree stereotyped responses
      to the combination of the two selective agonists was observed. The data support
      the view that D1 and D2 receptors have a cooperative role in the generation of
      stereotypies and suggest that D1 receptor supersensitivity needs D2 stimulation
      to be revealed.

PMID- 2901129
TI  - The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists idazoxan and yohimbine increase rates of DRL
      responding in rats.
AB  - Previous studies have reported that antidepressant drugs exert specific effects
      on responding maintained by DRL schedules of reinforcement, giving rise to
      increased frequencies of reinforcement. In order to investigate whether the alpha
      2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan would produce similar effects, the actions of
      this compound were compared with those of yohimbine, imipramine, mianserin and d
      amphetamine in rats trained to lever press for food reinforcement on a DRL 60-s
      schedule. Neither imipramine nor mianserin produced any effects on response rate
      or reinforcement frequency, except at the highest doses. In contrast, both
      idazoxan and yohimbine gave rise to dose-related increases in rates of responding
      and consequent decreases in reinforcement frequencies. Amphetamine also increased
      responding, but higher doses of this drug produced marked hyperactivity and
      stereotyped movements which were not observed after idazoxan and yohimbine.
      Although the present behavioural baseline was not sensitive to antidepressants,
      it demonstrated an unexpected activity of two alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists
      which deserves further investigation.

PMID- 2901130
TI  - Blockade of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys with
      the D1 dopamine antagonist SCH 23390.
AB  - To investigate the role of D1 dopamine receptors in the discriminative stimulus
      effects of cocaine, two rhesus monkeys were trained in a two-lever, food
      reinforced, drug discrimination paradigm to discriminate cocaine (0.2 mg/kg, IM)
      from saline. Administration of various doses of cocaine resulted in a dose
      related increase in the percentage of responses that occurred on the drug
      appropriate lever. Administration of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 20 min before
      cocaine reduced drug-appropriate responding from 100% to 0% in all subjects and
      increased by 4-8-fold the cocaine dose necessary to induce drug-appropriate
      responding. A mutual antagonism of the rate-decreasing effects of cocaine and SCH
      23390 was also observed. These findings suggest that D1 receptors play a
      significant role in the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of
      cocaine.

PMID- 2901131
TI  - The advent of malaria research in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2901132
TI  - [Science of labor--really useful?].

PMID- 2901133
TI  - Somatostatin response to glucose before and after prolonged fasting in lean and
      obese non-diabetic subjects.
AB  - Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin concentrations were measured in 7 lean and 7
      obese non-diabetic subjects over 7 days of fasting. In addition each subject was
      given a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test after fasts of 12 h and 7 days. In lean
      subjects complete food deprivation induced a significant decrease in the
      circulating levels of both insulin and somatostatin, while glucagon nearly
      doubled by 48 h and then remained constant for the duration of starvation.
      Refeeding with oral glucose suppressed the increased plasma glucagon, but insulin
      and somatostatin responses were enhanced in comparison with the prefast values,
      as assessed by the integrated areas of change. In obese subjects peripheral
      insulin and somatostatin levels were significantly lowered, but plasma glucagon
      level was unchanged at the end of the starvation period. In the same group
      glucose-induced insulin and somatostatin release were greater than in the fed
      state. Suppression of plasma glucagon by glucose appeared less complete in obese
      than in lean subjects. It is concluded that prolonged starvation enhances D-cell
      responsiveness to glucose in lean and obese subjects.

PMID- 2901134
TI  - Cysteamine-induced reduction in gastrointestinal somatostatin: evidence for a
      region-specific loss in immunoreactivity.
AB  - Administration of cysteamine (beta-mercaptoethylamine; 2-aminoethanethiol) to
      rats has been shown to decrease the levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      (SLI) in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas but its mode of action is
      unclear. In the current study the effect of cysteamine on gastrointestinal and
      pancreatic SLI has been studied using two antisera with different regional
      specificities. In addition, the in vitro effect of cysteamine on SS-14 and SS-28
      has been studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      Characterization of the two antisera (AS 26.3.2 and AS 1001) with a range of
      analogs of SS-14 revealed that both were directed against the midportion of the
      molecule but that AS 1001 was also sensitive to changes at the N- and C-termini.
      Tissue extracts from cysteamine-treated rats measured with AS 26.3.2 showed no
      significant change for the stomach, jejunum or pancreas but duodenal levels were
      reduced. With AS 1001 SLI levels were reduced in all tissues. Gel permeation
      chromatography of stomach extracts measured with AS 1001 showed a reduction in
      both SS-14 and SS-28. With AS 26.3.2 an increase in SLI eluting prior to the SS
      14 peak occurred explaining why no significant reduction in total SLI was
      detected. With duodenal extracts the elution profiles with AS 1001 reflected the
      large reduction in total SLI whereas with AS 26.3.2 a smaller reduction occurred.
      Both SS-14 and SS-28 were reduced. HPLC analysis of SS-14 and SS-28 following
      incubation with cysteamine in vitro showed a time-dependent decrease in both
      somatostatin species with absorbance at 280 nm was measured. New peptide peaks
      which developed were not all detectable by radioimmunoassay with either antibody.
      The results suggest that cysteamine causes a change in the structure of
      somatostatin which probably first involves a reduction of the disulphide bridge
      and then the N- and C-terminal regions of the molecule thus making it
      unmeasurable by antisera sensitive to changes in these regions.

PMID- 2901135
TI  - Luminal receptors for bradykinin on the canine tracheal epithelium: functional
      subtyping.
AB  - Luminal addition of bradykinin (BK) to the open-circuited canine tracheal
      epithelium produces a biphasic response in transmucosal potential difference
      (P.D.): a rapid, transient decrease (dip) followed by a subsequent, more
      sustained increase (rise), both phases being associated with an increase in
      conductance. We have attempted to characterise the receptor subtype mediating the
      bradykinin response. Lys-bradykinin (Lys-BK) elicited a similar response, and its
      EC50 as judged from concentration-response relations was similar to that of BK.
      Cross-tachyphylaxis between the two peptides confirmed a common receptor. Des
      Arg9-BK (a B1-agonist) neither elicited a response nor inhibited responses to BK.
      The novel B2-antagonist [Thi6,9-D-Phe8]kallidin reversibly inhibited responses to
      both BK and Lys-BK. The rapid changes in P.D. (dips) were unaffected by Na+
      removal, but were eliminated by replacing luminal Cl- with isethionate. Thus, BK,
      acting on B2-receptors, transiently increases anion permeability of the luminal
      membrane of the canine tracheal epithelium.

PMID- 2901136
TI  - [Response of growth hormone to the acute test using GH-releasing factor 1-29 in
      acromegaly. Comparison in the baseline situation and under treatment with
      prolonged-action somatostatin].

PMID- 2901137
TI  - [Buprenorphine: pharmacologic and clinical aspects].

PMID- 2901138
TI  - [Attraction of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) by the Cuban miniature CDC light
      trap using lactic acid as an additional attractant].

PMID- 2901139
TI  - [Anatomo-clinical conference. Apropos of a case of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome].

PMID- 2901140
TI  - [The blood pressure profile, or how to establish the minimal effective dose of an
      antihypertensive agent].

PMID- 2901141
TI  - [Alpha-linolenic acid and its metabolites EPA and DHA].

PMID- 2901142
TI  - [In situ hybridization histochemistry and its use in the neurosciences].

PMID- 2901143
TI  - Subunit stoichiometry and interaction of F1-ATPase of beef heart mitochondria.
AB  - By incubating soluble F1 of the beef heart mitochondria with radio active 7
      chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (14C)-NBD-C1 in the dark, a labeled F1 with
      NBD/F1 molar ratio of 1:1 (0.995:1) was obtained, but 98% of the ATPase activity
      was inhibited. The inactivated ATPase activity of the NBD-labeled F1 may be
      restored by DTT, suggesting that an essential tyrosine residue of F1 (O-NBD-F1)
      may be labeled. By exposure of O-NBD-F1 with 0.83 NBD label per F1 molecule and a
      stable 82.5% inhibition of the ATPase activity even in the presence of DTT. Urea
      PAGE analysis clearly showed that a 63.4% of the total radio activity was
      associated with the beta-subunit. In the beta-fraction from N-NBD-F1 only a 19.90
      20% of the labeling was detected. It is calculated that F1 of the beef heart
      mitochondria contains 3 (2.63-2.64) beta-subunits. The results obtained are
      discussed in connection with the subunit-subunit and site-site interactions and
      three-site model for F1 catalysis proposal by Boyer and his group.

PMID- 2901144
TI  - Gallo meeting a mecca for AIDS researchers.

PMID- 2901145
TI  - [Treatment of open leg fractures using external fixation with a compression
      distraction apparatus].

PMID- 2901146
TI  - [The regulation of growth hormone secretion].

PMID- 2901147
TI  - Protective effects of selenium on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the
      rat.
AB  - Experiments were undertaken to examine the ability of selenium to protect against
      acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and to examine possible mechanisms for this
      protective effect. Pretreatment of male, Sprague-Dawley rats with sodium selenite
      (12.5 mumol Se/kg, ip) 24 hr prior to acetaminophen administration produced a
      significant protection against the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen as
      assessed by a decrease in the plasma appearance of alanine aminotransferase and
      aspartate aminotransferase activities following acetaminophen. This was
      accompanied by an increase in the hepatic glutathione levels in selenium-treated
      animals and an inhibition in the decrease in hepatic glutathione content observed
      in animals receiving hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen. Selenium pretreatment
      decreased the in vivo covalent binding of acetaminophen metabolites to hepatic
      protein, but did not alter hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content or NADPH
      cytochrome c reductase activity, suggesting that selenium does not significantly
      alter the metabolism of acetaminophen to reactive electrophilic metabolites by
      the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase enzyme system. Selenium
      produced an increase in the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase which
      may account for the increased glutathione availability in selenium-treated
      animals and increased the activities of glutathione S-transferase and glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase. Examination of the urinary metabolite profile in
      selenium-treated animals revealed that the urinary excretion of acetaminophen and
      its metabolites was significantly increased over a 72-hr period. The increase
      occurred in the AAP-glucuronide metabolite while parent AAP and AAP-sulfate were
      actually decreased in selenium-treated rats. No change in recovery was observed
      in the AAP-glutathione or AAP-mercapturate urinary metabolites. While the
      glutathione conjugating system is enhanced by selenium treatment, amelioration of
      acetaminophen toxicity is most likely the result of enhanced glucuronidation
      which effectively diverts the amount of acetaminophen to be converted by the
      cytochrome P-450 system to the toxic metabolite.

PMID- 2901148
TI  - Antagonism of bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity by the alpha-adrenergic
      blocking agents, phentolamine and idazoxan.
AB  - The coadministration of phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonist, was
      found to be effective in antagonizing the hepatotoxicity produced by bromobenzene
      in B6C3F1 mice. Multiple doses of phentolamine, administered in dosages of 10
      mg/kg, attenuated almost completely the acute lethality resulting from a 0.5
      ml/kg dosage of bromobenzene. Consistent with this decline in lethality, the
      coadministration of phentolamine significantly altered the magnitude of
      hepatocellular necrosis, the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase
      activity, and the glutathione depression normally produced by this dose of
      bromobenzene. These protective effects were not limited to phentolamine.
      Idazoxan, an adrenergic antagonist more specific for alpha 2-receptors, was
      equally effective in antagonizing the bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity.
      Measurements of serum catecholamine levels revealed that the administration of
      hepatotoxic doses of bromobenzene elevates serum epinephrine levels. Furthermore,
      the phentolamine antagonism of the bromobenzene hepatotoxicity could be
      correlated to elevated serum epinephrine levels in both a temporal and dose
      dependent manner. Although the mechanism of the phentolamine antagonism remains
      to be established, one promising hypothesis involves its prevention of an
      epinephrine-mediated compromise in the glutathione-dependent detoxification of
      bromobenzene.

PMID- 2901149
TI  - Antagonism of bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity by phentolamine: evidence for a
      metabolism-independent intervention.
AB  - A previous study has revealed that phentolamine markedly antagonizes the
      bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity and lethality in B6C3F1 mice. One potential
      mechanism by which phentolamine may diminish the bromobenzene-induced
      hepatotoxicity is by a direct or indirect interference with the metabolism of
      bromobenzene to toxic metabolites. In the present study, phentolamine cotreatment
      failed to alter the elimination of bromobenzene from serum or the distribution of
      bromobenzene to liver. This suggests that phentolamine cotreatment does not
      indirectly interfere with bromobenzene bioactivation secondary to changes in
      bromobenzene absorption, distribution, or elimination. Further, a phentolamine
      concentration 10- to 20-fold greater than those measured in vivo failed to alter
      the in vitro metabolism of bromobenzene to its ortho- and para-phenolic
      metabolites. It is believed that para-bromophenol represents the rearrangement
      product of the hepatotoxic 3,4-epoxide and that ortho-bromophenol is a product of
      the nonhepatotoxic 2,3-epoxide pathway. Thus, it appears that phentolamine does
      not antagonize bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the formation of
      hepatotoxic intermediates, nor by enhancing metabolism via the nonhepatotoxic
      pathway. On the basis of these studies, we conclude that phentolamine antagonism
      of bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity occurs through a mechanism independent of
      bromobenzene bioactivation.

PMID- 2901150
TI  - Effects of AT-125 on the nephrotoxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in rats.
AB  - The role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) in the nephrotoxicity of
      hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) was studied using male Sprague-Dawley rats
      pretreated with AT-125 (Acivicin; L-(alpha S, 5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5
      dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid). Inhibition of gamma-GTP by more than 95% did not
      affect urine output, glomerular filtration rate, or tubular reabsorption of
      filtrate, sodium, or glucose. Nephrotoxicity observed during the first 24 hr
      after HCBD was not decreased by inhibition of gamma-GTP and beyond 24 hr
      nephrotoxicity was increased, rather than decreased, in the AT-125-pretreated
      group. HCBD impairs glucose reabsorption and this was greatly increased in the AT
      125-pretreated group, indicating that function of the initial segment of the
      nephron is impaired by HCBD. Since inhibition of gamma-GTP did not protect
      against HCBD nephrotoxicity, it is concluded that gamma-GTP inhibition does not
      limit the formation of metabolites(s) which cause HCBD nephrotoxicity. Therefore,
      distribution of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase does not account for the selective
      nephrotoxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene.

PMID- 2901151
TI  - [Clinical classification of traumatic teeth injuries].

PMID- 2901152
TI  - [Effect of Argiope lobata venom and its components on L[3H)glutamate binding with
      locust muscle membranes].
AB  - The Argiope lobata venom is shown to block synaptic potential at locust
      neuromuscular junctions and inhibit the high-affinity sodium independent
      L[3H]glutamate binding site in locust muscle membranes. The data obtained due to
      fractionation of venom evidence that it contains components which block synaptic
      potential and inhibit the binding of L[3H]glutamate (5 kDa and more) as well as
      components which block synaptic potential but do not inhibit the binding of
      L[3H]glutamate less than 5 kDa. These observations indicate that spider venom
      contains at least two components with different mechanism of action.

PMID- 2901153
TI  - [Subcutaneous tunnelling of epidural catheters].

PMID- 2901154
TI  - [Undescended testis--when is optimal time for treatment?].

PMID- 2901155
TI  - Renal proton ATPase activity.

PMID- 2901156
TI  - [Testing the effectiveness of a combination of glutamic and citric acid against
      the lethal effects of urea and ammonia in sheep].

PMID- 2901157
TI  - Effects of pancreatic acinar cell surface antibodies and complement on isolated
      rat acinar cells in vitro.
AB  - Surface directed pancreatic acinar cell antibodies raised by immunization of
      rabbits with suspensions of viable isolated rat acinar cells were utilized to
      study immune cytolytic processes as a model of in vitro pancreatic injury. The
      antibodies produced were bound to rat pancreatic acinar cell surface determinants
      and significantly damaged freshly separated acinar cells by immune cytolytic
      mechanisms. Addition of complement accelerated the cytolytic effects on the
      target cells in a dose-dependent manner. The decline of acinar cells was
      dependent only on the presence of the immune cytolytic potential and not on the
      number of already damaged cells. Morphologic changes in the cells induced by the
      agents applied were revealed by both transmission and scanning electron
      microscopy. The presented experimental model seems a valuable tool for further
      investigations at the cellular level into the contribution of primarily occurring
      acinar cell injury in triggering the subsequent pathophysiological mechanisms
      initiating autodigestion of the pancreatic gland in the pathogenesis of acute
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 2901158
TI  - Immunocytochemical study of S-100 protein in human pituitary adenomas.
AB  - The S-100 protein was localized by immunocytochemistry in 70 pituitary tumors
      including 30 prolactin, 16 growth hormone, two corticotropin and 22 non
      functioning adenomas. Positive immunostaining was observed in only one case
      (prolactin adenoma). It is concluded that in functioning and non-functioning
      pituitary tumors there is no particular involvement of S-100 protein-containing
      cells, at least under the conditions of this study.

PMID- 2901159
TI  - Colonization of the rat liver by syngeneic tumor cells. An experimental approach
      by in vivo and in situ studies.
AB  - Syngeneic colon carcinoma cells and glioma cells were injected into the portal
      vein of BD IX rats. After various time periods the animals were sacrificed and
      the livers and lungs were fixed and prepared for histology. Atypical cells were
      observed in the liver 4 and 7 days after the injection of tumor cells, whereas
      distinct colonies of both colon carcinoma and glioma cells were demonstrated
      after 14 days. Lung metastases of both tumor cell types were seen after 14 and 30
      days. Furthermore, injection of glioma and carcinoma cells into the tail vein
      gave detectable lung metastases after 7 and 4 days respectively. Intraperitoneal
      injection of tumor cells resulted in the accumulation of large tumor masses,
      particularly in the mesentery. By in situ perfusions of the liver with tumor
      cells included in the perfusion medium it was possible to establish that all the
      tumor cells were arrested in the course of 4 min. In contrast, normal rat
      leukocytes were not trapped in the liver, whereas trypsin-treated leukocytes
      were, suggesting the importance of trypsin-sensitive structures for binding to
      hepatic tissue. The binding of both glioma and carcinoma cells to the liver and
      the ensuing growth of tumor nodules in this organ indicate a lack of specificity
      on part of the malignant cell types for metastasis to the liver in the rat. Both
      tumor cell types colonized the first organ encountered after injection.

PMID- 2901160
TI  - N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis indicates that isolated atrial amyloid is
      derived from atrial natriuretic peptide.
AB  - Isolated atrial amyloid, the most frequent senile cardiac amyloid type, was
      chemically analysed. Amyloid fibrils obtained from a patient (NIP) were extracted
      and the predominant low-molecular-weight polypeptide (approximately 3.5 kDa,
      designated ASc2 NIP) was isolated by size exclusion high performance liquid
      chromatography in 60% formic acid. N-Terminal amino acid sequence analysis of
      this polypeptide was identical to that of the atrial natriuretic peptide alpha
      hANP for the first 12 residues determined.

PMID- 2901161
TI  - Signal transduction in cells following binding of chemoattractants to membrane
      receptors.
AB  - Binding of chemoattractants to specific cell surface receptors on human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) initiates a variety of biologic responses,
      including directed migration (chemotaxis), release of superoxide anions, and
      lysosomal enzyme secretion. Chemoattractant receptors belong to a large class of
      receptors which utilize the hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides to initiate Ca2+
      mobilization and cellular activation. Receptor occupancy leads to phospholipase C
      mediated hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) yielding
      inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2 sn-diacylglycerol (DAG). These
      products synergize to initiate cell activation via calcium mobilization (IP3) and
      protein kinase C activation (DAG). Pertussis toxin, which ADP-ribosylates and
      inactivates some GTP binding proteins (G proteins), abolishes all chemoattractant
      induced responses, including Ca2+ mobilization, IP3 and DAG production, enzyme
      secretion, superoxide production and chemotaxis. Direct evidence for
      chemoattractant receptor: G protein coupling was obtained using PMN membrane
      preparations which contain a Ca2+-sensitive phospholipase C. Hydrolysis of
      polyphosphoinositides at resting intracellular Ca2+ levels (100 nm) was only
      observed when the membranes were stimulated with the chemoattractant N-formyl
      methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe) in the presence of GTP. Myeloid cells
      contain two distinct pertussis toxin substrates of similar molecular weight (40
      and 41 kD). The 41 kD substrate resembles Gi, whereas a 40 kD substrate is
      physically associated with a partially purified fMet-Leu-Phe receptor preparation
      and may therefore represent a novel G protein involved in chemoattractant
      stimulated responses. Metabolism of 1,4,5-IP3 to inositol proceeds via two
      distinct pathways in PMNs: (1) degradation to 1,4-IP2 and 4-IP1 or (2) conversion
      to 1,3,4,5-IP4, 1,3,4-IP3, 3,4-IP2 and 3-IP1. Initial formation (0-30 s) of 1,4,5
      IP3 and DAG occurs at ambient intracellular Ca2+ levels, whereas formation of
      1,3,4-IP3 and a second sustained phase of DAG production (30 s-10 min) require
      elevated cytosolic Ca2+ influx. The later peak of DAG, which is not derived from
      phosphoinositides, appears to be required for stimulation of respiratory burst
      activity. Products formed during activation can feed back to attenuate
      chemoattractant receptor-mediated stimulation of phospholipase C by uncoupling
      receptor-G protein-phospholipase C interaction.

PMID- 2901162
TI  - Limited short term effects on number of nuclei after electron irradiation of
      mouse bladder urothelium. A morphometric study.
AB  - By use of morphometry the number of urothelial nuclei per mouse bladder on days 1
      and 7 after electron irradiation with 0, 10, 20 and 30 Gy was calculated. The
      results indicate only limited cell loss.

PMID- 2901163
TI  - Stereological studies of the parathyroids in the young rat with hypercalcemia
      induced by severe phosphate depletion.
AB  - In order to suppress the parathyroid glands by inducing hypercalcemia, young rats
      were fed a diet containing a low (0.02%) phosphate content. After 28 days blood
      samples were taken for estimation of serum calcium, phosphate and immunoreactive
      parathyroid hormone levels. Both parathyroids from each animal were subjected to
      serial sectioning so that the total glandular volume could be calculated by light
      microscopy. Volume and surface densities of cells and organelles were measured
      according to conventional stereological principles, so that the total volumes and
      surface areas could be estimated. Phosphate depletion caused marked growth
      retardation. The animals also developed hypophosphatemia, but in spite of
      pronounced hypercalcemia the levels of circulating immunoreactive parathyroid
      hormone remained unchanged. The volume of the parathyroids was reduced, but only
      to an extent commensurate with the reduced body mass. In the experimental group
      the volume density of cells was unchanged, but that of nuclei was increased; the
      volume density of Golgi complexes was reduced. The densities of the other cell
      components measured, namely the volume density of mitochondria and the surface
      densities of secretory cells, nuclear membranes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
      were unchanged. When the volumes and surfaces were expressed in absolute terms
      and related to total body mass, no differences between the groups were
      apparent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901164
TI  - Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA and viral antigens in tissues of different
      manifestations of CMV infection.
AB  - Biopsy and autopsy specimens from 22 patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      infections were investigated by means of in situ hybridization (ISH) to detect
      viral DNA and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to visualize viral proteins. Both
      methods proved to be valuable tools for histopathology. ISH sometimes recognized
      cells that did not show typical CMV inclusions. An antiserum against the full
      spectrum of viral proteins (non-infectious enveloped particles) detected most
      cytomegalic cells in disseminated and organ-limited infections. An antiserum
      against a recombinant polypeptide (XP1) was particularly useful in connatal CMV
      infections and organ-limited infections. We have demonstrated that IHC and ISH
      studies in parallel are the best approach to the detection of CMV infections in
      pathological specimens.

PMID- 2901165
TI  - Terminally differentiated postmitotic tumor cells in a rat rhabdomyosarcoma cell
      line.
AB  - A permanent rat rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (BA-HAN-1C) has been established, the
      phenotype of which is characterized by the coexistence of undifferentiated
      mononuclear cells and differentiated multinuclear myotube-like giant cells. The
      failure of attempts to separate these two cell types by repeated recloning
      procedures indicates their close histogenetic relationship and suggests that
      differentiation in this tumor proceeds in a similar manner to that in normal
      striated muscle where postmitotic myotubes arise from mononuclear myoblasts by
      fusion. The morphologically undifferentiated mononuclear tumor cells were shown
      to be actively proliferating and to incorporate thymidine methyl-3H(3H-TdR). The
      myotube-like giant cells neither incorporated 3H-TdR nor underwent mitosis or
      exhibited any clonogenic potential. After retransplantation into syngenic rats,
      tumor growth was markedly retarded when the tumor cell inoculum contained a high
      percentage of myotube-like giant cells. These data show that proliferative
      activity in this rhabdomyosarcoma cell line is confined to the mononuclear tumor
      cell compartment, the multinuclear myotube-like giant cells having withdrawn from
      the cell cycle and represent terminally differentiated postmitotic cells. This
      cell line should provide a valuable tool for further investigation of coherent
      aspects of proliferation and differentiation using various differentiation
      inducers.

PMID- 2901166
TI  - Chemically induced rhabdomyosarcomas in rats. Ultrastructural,
      immunohistochemical, biochemical features and expression of alpha-actin isoforms.
AB  - A series of 14 primary and two metastatic rat rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) induced
      with nickel sulfide was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron
      microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, avidin-biotin-peroxidase
      immunohistochemistry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Monoclonal or
      affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies were used for the immunohistochemical
      demonstration of vimentin, desmin, alpha-smooth muscle (alpha-sm) actin and alpha
      sarcomeric (alpha-sr) actin. By histological and ultrastructural studies, four
      categories of RMS were diagnosed on the basis of the neoplastic cell types. These
      were: (1) well-differentiated RMS (n = 2), (2) pleomorphic RMS (n = 8), (3)
      embryonal RMS (n = 4), and (4) embryonal myosarcomas (n = 2).
      Immunohistochemically, all these neoplasms expressed desmin and alpha-sr actin,
      reflecting their rhabdomyoblastic origin. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis
      performed on five neoplasms demonstrated alpha, beta and gamma actins spots in
      all cases. This study demonstrates that the alpha-sr actin antibody represents a
      good marker for rhabdomyoblastic differentiation is useful in the diagnosis of
      RMS since it was present in all morphologically confirmed RMS and in two
      ultrastructurally undifferentiated sarcomas positive for desmin. Neoplastic cells
      positive for alpha-sm actin were noted in 11 confirmed RMS. Double indirect
      immunofluorescence showed that all alpha-sm and alpha-sr positive cells also
      contained desmin. Co-expression of alpha-sr and alpha-sm actins was studied in
      serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. Both alpha-sm
      and alpha-sr actins were localized in some rhabdomyoblasts. This study confirms
      our previous observations in human tumors and shows, for the first time, that
      alpha-sr and alpha-sm actins can be present in the same neoplastic cell in vivo.

PMID- 2901167
TI  - Morphometric and cytochemical evaluation of clofibrate-induced peroxisomal
      proliferation in adult rat hepatocytes cultured on floating collagen gels.
AB  - The present ultrastructural morphometric and cytochemical studies demonstrate
      clofibrate induced changes in peroxisomes in adult rat hepatocytes maintained for
      14 days in primary culture on floating collagen gels. Catalase activity and the
      number and diameter of peroxisomes were reduced in hepatocytes cultured for
      between 2/3 and 7 days. However, hepatocytes cultured for 7-14 days had well
      developed peroxisomes containing crystalloid nucleoids. The number of anucleoid
      peroxisomes in hepatocytes treated with 2 mM Na clofibrate increased with culture
      age, and by day 14 the number was 2.9 times greater than in freshly isolated
      hepatocytes. Catalase activity, as well as the number of nucleoid-containing
      peroxisomes were much greater in treated hepatocytes than in untreated controls,
      but decreased slightly with culture age. The diameter of peroxisomes was not
      reduced in the treated cells. These results suggest that the treatment with Na
      clofibrate is effective both for proliferation and maintenance of peroxisomes and
      for enhancing catalase activity. In treated hepatocytes, matrical plates were
      formed in peroxisomes from days 5 to 14 and the number of plate-containing
      peroxisomes increased with culture age.

PMID- 2901168
TI  - Multiple myeloma associated with multilobated plasma cell nuclei.
AB  - Ten cases of multiple myeloma are reported in which there were a large number of
      plasma cells with excessively convoluted or lobulated nuclei. These cases
      represent 3% of the 297 evaluable multiple myeloma patients treated at our
      institution over a 22-year period. All 10 had intermediate or advanced stage
      disease at the time of diagnosis, and all have died after a mean survival of 19.5
      months. Ultrastructural features of 2 cases are described. When found in
      abundance, such cells can cause difficulty in establishing a morphologic
      diagnosis of multiple myeloma because of their resemblance to other cell types.
      Therefore, it may be necessary to perform immunoperoxidase staining and/or
      electron microscopy to confirm the plasmacytic identity of these cells. The
      findings add further support to the contention that the presence of excessive
      nuclear convolutions is not a completely reliable indication of T-cell, as
      opposed to B-cell, lineage.

PMID- 2901170
TI  - Well differentiated and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. Two
      related but distinct clinicopathologic entities.
AB  - Twenty-two resected pulmonary well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas
      (WDNC) were re-evaluated histologically as were 28 resected intermediate-small
      cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (IC-SCNC). WDNC were distinguishable from IC-SCNC
      by their consistently recognizable organoid architecture, and by the absence or
      limited extent of necrosis. Furthermore, WDNC could be subclassified into 3
      subsets based upon the degrees of pleomorphism, local and vascular invasion, and
      stromal fibrosis, the mitotic count, and the extent of tumor necrosis. Whereas
      all those parameters were important in discriminating between WDNC and IC-SCNC,
      the quality of the organoid architecture, and the extent and pattern of necrosis
      emerged as the most significant. WDNC with the more aggressive histologic
      features (subset III) had, as a group, a distinctly worse clinical course that
      those displaying blander features (subsets I and II). Nevertheless, even subset
      III of WDNC had, as a group, a longer survival than similarly treated Stages I
      and II IC-SCNC. We conclude that the histologic spectrum of WDNC is broader than
      generally recognized. Moreover, 3 subsets of WDNC are definable based on
      conventional histologic criteria provided sufficient, well preserved samples are
      examined. Even the most aggressive subset of WDNC can be thus histologically
      discriminated from IC-SCNC, and, given comparable stages, has a better prognosis
      than the latter.

PMID- 2901169
TI  - Extracellular matrix of cultivated, poorly differentiated human gastric
      adenocarcinoma cells promotes attachment and spreading of mesenchymal cells.
AB  - To clarify interactions between carcinoma and mesenchymal cells, we examined the
      extracellular matrix-substance remaining on culture dishes after confluent
      growths of gastric carcinoma cells were removed with EDTA. The matrix synthesized
      by poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cells (cell lines KATO-III and MKN-45)
      cultivated in serum-free medium has a fibroblast (cell line WI38)-attachment
      activity, which is not detected in the matrix synthesized by a well
      differentiated adenocarcinoma (cell line MKN-28). This activity was not observed
      in KATO-III-matrix extracted with 6 M urea, but could be detected in a 1% SDS
      extract from the remaining matrix on the culture dishes after 6 M urea
      extraction. The activity was abolished by treatment with pronase (16
      micrograms/ml), trypsin (0.005%) or alkali, but was unaffected by collagenase (80
      micrograms/ml, 4 h) or chondroitinase ABC (1 U ml, 1 h). It is conceivable that
      the fibroblast-attachment activity of the matrix produced by poorly
      differentiated adenocarcinoma cells is related to the proliferation of
      interstitial connective tissue in vivo.

PMID- 2901171
TI  - [Changes in serum ferritin levels after gallbladder surgery in patients with
      diabetes].

PMID- 2901172
TI  - [Effect of the mosquito iridovirus on the calmodulin content of the larval
      tissues of the honeycomb moth].
AB  - The influence of iridovirus infection on the content of calmodulin in cells of
      honeycomb moth was studied, and a significant increase in the content of
      calmodulin in the infected cells was established which may indicate increased
      transcription of this protein gene.

PMID- 2901173
TI  - [Bronchial hyperreactivity in bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2901174
TI  - [Cloning and gene expression of the leukocytosis (lymphocytosis) stimulating
      factor of Bordatella pertussis in Escherichia coli by bringing the PT genes close
      to the lactose promoter of plasmid pUC19].
AB  - The 4.7 Kb EcoRI-fragment of phase I B. pertussis 475 (serovar 1.2.3.) chromosome
      carrying all five genes of the pertussis toxin (PT) operon was cloned on plasmid
      pUC19 in E. coli. The resulting hybrid plasmid pRH119 contained the PT operon in
      the same orientation of transcription as the lac promoter of plasmid pUC19.
      Nevertheless, the expression of the PT operon was not observed even after
      induction with isopropyl thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG), which suggested
      either the inability of the PT operon to work in E. coli, or the presence of a
      transcription terminator between the lac promoter and the PT operon in plasmid
      pRH119. The expression was determined by the incubation of the clones harboring
      plasmid pRH119 with antiserum to PT and their subsequent in situ treatment with
      125I-labeled protein A. Three deletion variants of plasmid pRH119 were
      constructed with the aim of approaching the PT genes to the lac promoter: pRH121
      (the 0.45 Kb KpnI-fragment deleted), pRH122 (the 0.95 Kb SalGI-fragment deleted)
      and pRH123 (the 1.35 Kb XbaI-fragment deleted). In all these cases different
      levels of expression were observed (but only in the presence of IPTG). Site KpnI
      in the 4.7 Kb fragment was found to be localized in the -57 b. p. region in
      relation to the PT promoter, i. e. to lie, seemingly, in the promoter zone; for
      this reason, the expression of the PT genes in plasmid pRH121 proved the
      existence of a transcription terminator between the lac promoter and the PT
      operon in plasmid pRH119.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901175
TI  - [Detection of the gene sequences of the leukocytosis (lymphocytosis)-stimulating
      factor of Bordetella pertussis in Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella
      bronchiseptica by using molecular hybridization].
AB  - The 4.7 Kb EcoRI-fragment of phase I B. pertussis 475 (serovar 1.2.3) chromosome
      DNA carrying the pertussis toxin (PT) operon was cloned on vector plasmid pUC19
      in Escherichia coli. Three fragments (1.14 Kb KpnI-PstI, 1.27 Kb PstI-PstI, and
      0.96 Kb PstI-PstI) were obtained from the resulting hybrid plasmid, coded pRH119,
      by electrophoretic techniques and used as a combined molecular probe for analysis
      of the EcoRI-digested and PstI-digested chromosomal DNA of B. pertussis strain
      475 in phase I, B. pertussis in phase IV, B. parapertussis strains 504 and 17903,
      B. bronchiseptica strain 214, and B. parapertussis strain 17903 (a convertant
      obtained by means of B. pertussis phage 134), as well as B. pertussis phage 134.
      Southern blot hybridization under the conditions of 100% DNA-DNA homology showed
      the presence of DNA sequences characteristic of the PT operon in all cases except
      the DNA of phage 134; moreover, the use of the above-mentioned probe made it
      possible to hybridize all EcoRI-fragments of chromosomal DNA, having the same
      molecular size (4.7 Kb). Consequently, the PT genes in the above Bordetella
      species were mapped in identical loci.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901176
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical picture and of neuromediator metabolism in
      reactive depression].
AB  - The so-called "pure" depressive states in the structure of psychogenic diseases
      occur less frequently nowadays. Therefore, the pathomorphosis of mental disorders
      which has been observed recently in clinical manifestations of different mental
      diseases complicates the differential diagnosis. To obviate this difficulty one
      of the most important diagnostic methods, namely measurement of the blood levels
      of neuromediators (noradrenaline, acetylcholine) in patients with reactive
      depression was used to study the neuromediator metabolism which is most closely
      related to changes in the emotional sphere. This is of great significance for the
      understanding of mechanisms of the formation of the clinical pattern of various
      depressive states and approaches to the disease diagnosis. These characteristics
      may be of use in selecting the mode of therapy.

PMID- 2901177
TI  - [Neurohumoral regulation of immune homeostasis in alcoholic patients].
AB  - The effect of neuromediators (DA, GABA) of the neostriatum on the immunogenesis
      has been studied in 50 noninbred white rats of both sexes weighing 150-200 g,
      using a new non-cannula method of microinjection of substances into the
      predetermined brain structures. The results obtained have demonstrated that
      stimulation of the dopaminergic or blocking of the GABA-ergic system mediated
      through the impact on the function of neurohormones and cyclic nucleotides
      increase the body's immunological resistance. In contrast, blocking of the
      dopaminergic or stimulation of the GABA-ergic systems via the same mechanisms
      adversely affect immunogenesis. On the basis of the elucidated neurohumoral and
      immunological impairments the author recommends a pathogenetic treatment of
      alcoholism taking into account the patients' clinical status. The author points
      to inadvisability of the use of neuroleptics and GABA-positive drugs for
      suppressing the pathological craving for alcohol.

PMID- 2901178
TI  - [Effect of psychotropic preparations on the properties of tubulin in the brain].
AB  - Neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, triftazin, haloperidol) inhibited the tubulin
      polymerization on supernatant of rat brain proteins in vivo at concentrations
      which corresponded to the therapeutic ones. The electron microscope studies
      demonstrated that these drugs inhibited the assembly of tubulin in microtubules.
      As this effect was the same in vivo and in vitro, it was considered specific.
      Colchicine-binding capacity of tubulin was suppressed only at higher doses of
      tranquilizers (250 microM). Antidepressant drug melipramine inhibited neither
      tubulin polymerization in vivo nor its colchicine-binding activity in vivo or in
      vitro.

PMID- 2901179
TI  - [Torpid schizophrenia with a predominance of asthenic disorders].
AB  - The article deals with the typology of asthenic disturbances that determine for a
      long time the clinical picture of slowly progressive schizophrenia. Two types of
      asthenia (extensive and limited) have been identified as a result. With regard to
      clinical peculiarities these manifestations can be collated respectively with
      "pseudoneurasthenia" and "autochtonous asthenia". The author has analyzed the
      dynamics of these variants of the asthenic symptom complex to which, with the
      progression of the process, disturbances of the non-delirious hypochondria type
      are added. The author has established the relationship between clinical features
      of asthenia and the degree of progression of the process and a differing
      structure of negative changes formed at late stages of the disease. The first
      type (extensive asthenia) is observed in the framework of slowly progressive
      neurosis-like schizophrenia with manifestations of a moderate asthenic defect.
      The second type (limited asthenia) is noted in psychopathy-like slowly
      progressive schizophrenia associated with signs of greater progression and
      psychopathy-like changes of the "verschoben-type" with intellectual reduction.

PMID- 2901180
TI  - Acute effects of medetomidine, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, on
      anterior pituitary hormone and cortisol secretion in man.
AB  - Single iv doses (25, 50 and 100 micrograms) of medetomidine, a selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist of the imidazole type, were administered to 8 healthy male
      volunteers in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The
      concentration of hGH in plasma was powerfully and dose-dependently increased. The
      plasma level of cortisol was dose-dependently decreased, whereas TSH showed a
      slight but statistically significant increase. Plasma levels of PRL, FSH and LH
      were unaffected by the drug. Medetomidine appears to resemble other alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists, notably clonidine, in its endocrine effects. Its high
      selectivity and short duration of action make it a suitable tool for studies of
      the physiology and pharmacology of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in man.

PMID- 2901181
TI  - Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a small single daily dose of methimazole.
AB  - A prospective randomized trial with the conventional divided doses (10 mg 3 times
      daily, N = 29) and a small single daily dose (15 mg once daily, N = 25) of
      methimazole for the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism was performed. Within 8
      weeks, almost 80% of the patients in both groups became euthyroid. The mean time
      required to achieve the euthyroid state was 6.0 +/- 2.8 and 6.0 +/- 3.8 weeks,
      respectively. TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin was found in about 90% of the
      patients in both groups before methimazole treatment. However, a gradual fall of
      its levels was observed in nearly all patients after treatment. There was no
      difference in the mean levels of TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulin between the
      two groups during therapy. We conclude that the single daily dose regimen of 15
      mg of methimazole will control Graves' hyperthyroidism in most patients, and TSH
      binding inhibitor immunoglobulin levels decrease in this regimen in the same way
      as with the conventional divided dose regimen (10 mg 3 times daily).

PMID- 2901182
TI  - Effect of insulin on basal pancreaticoduodenal output of somatostatin in normal
      and diabetic dogs.
AB  - The effect of insulin on basal pancreaticoduodenal output of SRIH was
      investigated in vivo and compared in normal and alloxan diabetic dogs. The
      experiments were performed on anesthetized dogs having a T-shaped catheter
      inserted into the pancreaticoduodenal vein just at the exit of the pancreas for
      blood sampling. In normal dogs, an insulin infusion (1 IU/kg for 20 min) or an iv
      insulin injection (0.2 IU/kg over 30 sec) produced, before any change in
      glycemia, an immediate reduction of the venous pancreaticoduodenal output of
      SRIH. Then pancreaticoduodenal output of SRIH rose close to starting values and
      decreased again when blood glucose level became very low. In alloxan-diabetic
      dogs, insulin infusion (1 IU/kg for 20 min) also induced an immediate inhibitory
      effect on pancreaticoduodenal SRIH output; the effect was more transient and from
      20 min, unlike in normal dogs, an increase in pancreaticoduodenal output of SRIH
      was observed. In conclusion, exogenous insulin induces an immediate reduction in
      pancreaticoduodenal SRIH secretion both in normal and diabetic dogs,
      independently of basal blood glucose level and before any change in glycemia. In
      contrast, the delayed effect is different: SRIH secretion is reduced in normal
      dogs, whereas it is enhanced in diabetic dogs.

PMID- 2901183
TI  - Ornithine decarboxylase and transglutaminase activities in rat placenta during
      pregnancy.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase (L-Orbithine carboxylase, E.C. 4.1.1.17) and
      transglutaminase (R-glutaminylpeptide: amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, E.C.
      2.3.2.1.13), enzymes implicated in the regulation of growth processes, were
      studied in rat placenta during pregnancy; the specific activity of TGase
      increased from the 15th day until the 21st day of pregnancy while no significant
      difference of ODC activity was observed; moreover, the ODCase/TGase ratio
      decreased significantly in rat term placenta.

PMID- 2901185
TI  - 6th international meeting of the International Society for Developmental
      Neuroscience. 8-12 July 1986, Queretaro, Mexico. Program and abstracts.

PMID- 2901184
TI  - The synthetic peptide GRF (1-29)-NH2 with growth hormone releasing activity
      penetrates human epidermis in nitro.

PMID- 2901186
TI  - Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in a Swedish female population. Age-related
      reference intervals; morbidity and prognosis in cases with raised catalytic
      concentration.
AB  - We determined the catalytic concentration of gamma-glutamyltransferase in serum
      from a population sample of 1408 women in seven age strata between 26 and 72
      years. The range in healthy individuals for the different age groups was found to
      increase with age with a maximum of the central 0.95 fractile interval at 58
      years (0.17-1.68 microk/l). The serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
      correlated with body mass index, blood pressure and concentrations of blood
      glucose and serum ferritin, triglycerides and cholesterol. During follow-up of
      women with gamma-glutamyltransferase activity greater than 1.20 microk/l, no
      woman developed any disease possibly related to the original finding of raised
      serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, several individuals being apparently
      healthy. Apparently, the serum gamma-glutamyltransferase assay is an unspecific
      indicator of several metabolic abnormalities. High values may be found in
      individuals in whom all commonly done investigations have given results within
      the health-associated reference interval.

PMID- 2901187
TI  - Modulation of cellular transglutaminase: protease-induced activation.
AB  - Multiple molecular forms of transglutaminase are found in cells and each form is
      widely distributed. We find a 95 K dalton enzyme associated with membrane
      fractions. A 50 K dalton enzyme occurs primarily in epidermis and hair follicles.
      Cells after treatment with proteases show greater transglutaminase activity. The
      activated enzyme in rat chondrosarcoma cells is one of 95 K daltons, whereas
      mouse epidermal cells and rabbit endometrium cells after protease activation
      display enzymes of both 95 K daltons and 50 K daltons. The 95 K dalton enzyme,
      but not that of 80 K daltons, can be activated by proteases or sulfhydryl
      compounds after cell lysis. In cells that undergo terminal differentiation, e.g.,
      reticulocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, chondrocytes, and epidermal cells, the
      forms of transglutaminase are modulated. Our findings suggest that these
      modulations in differentiating cells are the results of transglutaminase post
      translational modifications that cause pronounced changes in catalytic activity.

PMID- 2901188
TI  - Transglutaminase, donor age, and in vitro cellular senescence.

PMID- 2901189
TI  - Searching for the function of tissue transglutaminase: its possible involvement
      in the biochemical pathway of programmed cell death.
AB  - Although several details are still missing, the biological role of two of the
      three well characterized transglutaminases in mammals, namely blood coagulation
      factor XIII and keratinocyte transglutaminase, is established. The function of
      the third one called the tissue type is still an enigma. Its constant
      localization in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of all organs, in heart
      muscle, in medullary interstitial and mesangial cells of kidney, and its
      induction in a number of other cell types under a variety of conditions suggest
      multiple functions. According to our results its participation in the biochemical
      pathway leading to programmed cell death (apoptosis), a basic cellular phenomenon
      of physiological significance, may be one of these functions.

PMID- 2901190
TI  - Modulation of cellular response to antigens by uteroglobin and transglutaminase.

PMID- 2901191
TI  - Transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking of an immunosuppressive and anti
      inflammatory protein secreted from the rat seminal vesicles.

PMID- 2901192
TI  - Macrophage transglutaminases: characterization of molecular species and
      measurement of enzymatic modification by cigarette smoke components.

PMID- 2901193
TI  - Implication of transglutaminase in mitogen-induced human lymphocyte blast
      transformation.

PMID- 2901194
TI  - Biosynthesis of factor XIII A and B subunits.

PMID- 2901195
TI  - Retinoid--regulated expression of tissue transglutaminase in normal and leukemic
      myeloid cells.

PMID- 2901196
TI  - Transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of proteins and cell ageing: the
      erythrocyte and lens models.

PMID- 2901197
TI  - Post-translational modifications of eye lens crystallins: crosslinking,
      phosphorylation and deamidation.

PMID- 2901198
TI  - Differential growth requirements of several Leishmania spp. in chemically defined
      culture media.
AB  - 17 strains of Leishmania from 4 species: brasiliensis, mexicana, donovani and
      garnhami have been continually cultured at 26 degrees C, in the absence of
      proteins, in a medium containing salts, glucose, D-ribose, 2-deoxyribose, hemin,
      tricine, HEPES, 34 amino acids and intermediates of amino acid metabolism, 23
      vitamins, 6 nucleotides and tetrahydrofolic acid. A wide variation in growth
      requirements was observed among leishmaniae which permitted the preparation of
      different minimum culture media for each Leishmania spp. Virulence of parasites
      was maintained after 30 passages in these chemically defined media. The
      requirements for differentiation to amastigotes also varied among the species as
      a function of the temperature of incubation and the protein content of the
      culture medium. Bovine serum albumin tryptic peptides substituted fetal bovine
      serum as growth factors at 30-34 degrees C.

PMID- 2901199
TI  - Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with macrophages. Involvement of surface
      galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues on the recognition process.
AB  - The ability of the surface galactose (Gal)/N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc)
      receptor of mouse peritoneal macrophages to recognize bloodstream trypomastigotes
      of Trypanosoma cruzi was examined. The parasite's uptake is improved by its
      desialylation and impaired by its treatment with Gal or GalNAc-binding lectins.
      Further incubation of asialoparasites with lectins for Gal-blockage (PNA and RCA
      I) reverses, in a dose-dependent way, 35-80% of the neuraminidase effect on the
      endocytosis of T. cruzi. Similar effects were observed when lectins for GalNAc
      blockage (PHA, WPA and DBA) were used. Asialoerythrocytes or galactosyl
      oligosaccharides added during the parasite-cell interaction assays, also competed
      with the normal or desialylated tryptomastigotes for receptors on the host cell
      surface, inhibiting their uptake and reversing the effect of neuraminidase.
      Although indirect, these results are strongly suggestive that the Gal/GalNAc
      recognition system of the macrophages is involved in the interiorization of T.
      cruzi.

PMID- 2901200
TI  - Suppression of cyclical development of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Glossina
      morsitans centralis by an anti-procyclics monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Five hundred and sixty teneral male Glossina morsitans centralis were fed, at the
      height of parasitaemia, on a goat infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
      Thereafter, the tsetse were divided into 4 equal groups. Group I was fed in vitro
      once weekly for 4 weeks and Group II twice weekly for 4 weeks on fresh
      defibrinated ox blood containing 2 mg/ml purified monoclonal antibody against T.
      b. brucei procyclics, while Group III was fed twice a week for 4 weeks on blood
      containing 2 mg/ml anti-T. vivax monoclonal antibody. The last group was fed on a
      rabbit. The tsetse were dissected on day 31 and the percent salivary gland
      infection rates observed were 18.2, 18.6, 39.8 and 40.8, respectively. In another
      experiment, 2 groups of tsetse, 120 per group, were fed on fresh defibrinated ox
      blood containing 2 mg/ml anti-T. b. brucei (test group) or anti-T. vivax (control
      group), on days 3, 6 and 9 following the infected feed. Dissection of the tsetse
      on day 31 revealed salivary gland infection rates of 0% in the test group and
      6.5% in the control group. Thus the monoclonal antibody had a marked, specific
      suppression of the cyclical development of T. b. brucei in the tsetse vector.

PMID- 2901201
TI  - Infection rates in sterile males of morsitans, palpalis and fusca groups Glossina
      for pathogenic Trypanosoma species from East and West Africa.
AB  - Infection rates in sterile male Glossina morsitans centralis, G. austeni, G.
      palpalis palpalis, G.p. gambiensis, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. tachinoides and G.
      brevipalpis for Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei isolated from East
      and West Africa, were studied. Five groups of the sterile males, together with
      the five groups of sexually fertile males, of each of the respective species and
      subspecies were allowed to feed for 24 days on a Boran calf or goats infected
      with T. vivax or T. congolense, or with T. brucei for 34 days, after which they
      were dissected. The results showed that the infection of the pathogenic
      Trypanosoma species became better established in some tsetse species than in
      others. Also, the infection rates of T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei for
      sterile and sexually fertile males of any of the above Glossina did not differ
      significantly. These results indicate that releases of sterile male tsetse in the
      tsetse control programme will potentially increase the risk of trypanosomiasis
      during the period of tsetse releases in the affected areas, unless in the areas
      with low tsetse density the sterile male tsetse are rendered refractory to
      trypanosome infection prior to their releases while in the areas with medium to
      high tsetse densities, the resident tsetse populations are initially reduced with
      insecticides, traps and/or targets.

PMID- 2901202
TI  - Assessment of sensitivity of Trypanosoma congolense to isometamidium chloride: a
      comparison of tests using cattle and mice.
AB  - The sensitivities of 3 strains of Trypanosoma congolense to isometamidium
      chloride (Samorin) were determined in mice and cattle, with the objective of
      evaluating sensitivity testing in mice as a means of predicting curative doses in
      cattle. Comparison of mouse effective dose 80% (ED80) or curative dose 80% (CD80)
      values with cattle minimum curative dose (MCD) values demonstrated a wide
      variation between trypanosome strains. Although a mouse test may give a broad
      indication of the sensitivity of a strain, it cannot be used to predict curative
      doses for cattle. It was concluded that care should be exercised in extrapolating
      the results of a mouse test to cattle.

PMID- 2901203
TI  - Solid-phase extraction and ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC of isometamidium in
      bovine serum and tissues.
AB  - An analytical method has been developed for the determination of isometamidium in
      bovine serum and tissues. Samples were enzymatically hydrolysed and cleaned up on
      a solid-phase system (C8 Bond Elut column). The drug was chromatographed by an
      ion-pair reversed-phase technique using heptane sulphonate as a pairing-ion and
      triethylamine as a counter-ion reagent. Detection was by fluorescence at 593 nm
      (excitation = 380 nm). The method is more sensitive and specific than existing
      methods and it is currently being used in evaluating the pharmacokinetics of
      isometamidium in cattle.

PMID- 2901204
TI  - Bancroftian filariasis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. An epidemiological,
      parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics.
AB  - A 12-month field and laboratory study was carried out to determine the
      epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission dynamics of bancroftian
      filariasis in the Igwun Basin, Nigeria. A total of 1,418 individuals (768 males,
      and 650 females) were examined for clinical signs of filariasis. 690 day
      provocative blood samples (DPS), and 728 night blood samples (NBS) were examined
      for microfilaremia. 14.3% of males and 11.1% of females were mf positive. 5.8% of
      DPS, and 19.5% of the NBS were mf positive. An overall microfilaria rate of 12.8%
      was recorded in the basin. Prevalence and microfilarial density increased with
      age. The highest average density of 35 mf/20 ml NBS occurred in the 40-59-year
      old male individuals. The mean microfilarial density in DPS and NBS were 7.9 and
      28.0 per 20 ml blood in males, respectively, and 6.2 and 20.0 per 20 ml DPS and
      NBS in females, respectively. Disease rates of 55.5% were recorded for males, and
      68.1% for females. The clinical signs observed were: Chyluria (9.1% for males,
      16.7% for females); hydrocele (15.5%); elephantiasis (15.5% in males, 29.2% in
      females); and enlarged groin glands (15.5% in males, 22.2% in females). All
      clinical signs were associated with microfilariae. Anopheles gambiae s.I., and
      Culex pipiens s.I. were the two mosquito vectors identified. The estimated mean
      annual biting rates were 5508 and 10448 for A. gambiae s.I. and C. pipiens s.I.,
      respectively. Their respective mean infection rates were 21.7% for A. gambiae
      s.I. and 22.7% for C. pipiens s.I.; with microfilarial densities of 4.1 and
      6.6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901205
TI  - In vitro culture of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolated from human cerebro
      spinal fluid. Short communication.

PMID- 2901206
TI  - Trypanosome infection rates in tsetse midguts using a short-term in vitro culture
      technique. Short communication.

PMID- 2901207
TI  - Further studies on the Trypanosoma brucei group trypanosome, isolated from a
      patient infected in Anger-Didessa Valley, West Ethiopia, using the blood
      incubation infectivity test (BIIT). Short communication.

PMID- 2901208
TI  - Serum from the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) lacks lytic activity against some
      Trypanosoma vivax stocks. Short communication.

PMID- 2901209
TI  - A survey of aminotransferase activities in bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
      Short communication.

PMID- 2901210
TI  - Investigations of filarial worms of man in metropolitan Lagos. Short
      communication.

PMID- 2901211
TI  - Requirements of defined cultivation conditions for standard growth of Leishmania
      promastigotes in vitro.
AB  - The growth characteristics of L. chagasi (MHOM/BR/79/LI01) and L. braziliensis
      (MHOM/BR/72/1670), the causative agents of visceral and muco-cutaneous
      leishmaniases, respectively, were compared. Inoculum size clearly influences the
      growth course of both Leishmania species, whatever the culture medium used (serum
      supplemented media: GLSH or RPMI, and a chemically defined medium: LITR9).
      Cultures initiated with low concentrations failed to promote cell growth, while
      typical growth curves were obtained when higher promastigote inocula were used.
      For all the species tested, the higher the initial density of flagellates in the
      medium, the shorter were the periods covered by the latent and particularly by
      the logarithmic growth phases. In contrast, using constant inocula, variations in
      the volume of the incubation medium did not change the time-course of the
      different culture phases of either Leishmania species, provided that the ratio of
      incubation medium to total flask volume was comparable. Only cell division time
      significantly increased with the culture volume. We also determined whether or
      not the growth characteristics of the promastigotes of L. chagasi or L.
      braziliensis could be generalized to other members of the genus. Our results show
      that, whatever the culture medium used, L. infantum behaves in the same way as
      does L. chagasi, whereas L. panamensis, L. guyanensis, L. mexicana and L.
      amazonensis display growth patterns similar to that of L. braziliensis.

PMID- 2901212
TI  - [Late consequences of dental injuries].

PMID- 2901213
TI  - Bacterial adhesion and pathogenicity.
AB  - Bacteria adhere to almost any surface via specific surface molecules of
      recognition through which a firm union is established for successful colonization
      of the host. Studies have shown that adhesion plays an important and critical
      early role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, and a series of adhesins
      have been well documented in a certain number of strains and species of bacteria
      of medical importance. Attempts have been made to interfere with, or prevent
      adhesion of, harmful bacteria to the host tissue, using receptor analogues or
      bacterial adhesin-vaccines as prophylactic measures to protect recipients from
      specific bacterial diseases. Although much success has been reported from such
      procedures in laboratory animals and livestock, extensive clinical trials are
      required to assess the efficacy of such procedures in humans. However, reports
      from limited studies have shown some encouraging results. Future studies must
      also be directed to the isolation and characterization of more adhesins and
      receptors and their specific interactions, which would provide fuller
      understanding of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion, especially at molecular level.

PMID- 2901214
TI  - The role of nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium antagonists in stable angina
      pectoris.
AB  - Numerous controlled studies have shown that nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium
      antagonists are effective in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. The
      pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and hemodynamic effects of these agents are
      different, and thus combination therapy offers additive improvement and also
      counterbalancing of the undesirable side effects of each drug. The choice of
      therapy depends on the severity of symptoms, associated diseases, compliance,
      side effects, and status of left ventricular function. The main mechanism of
      improvement is a decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption, though an increase in
      coronary blood flow is another potential reason for the use of calcium blockers.
      This review considers the properties of these drugs, their mechanism of action,
      and the results of randomized studies.

PMID- 2901215
TI  - Effect of maximal exercise testing on serum cholesterol in healthy subjects
      undergoing exercise training and on beta-adrenergic blockade.

PMID- 2901216
TI  - Contributions of neuroendocrine and local autocrine-paracrine mechanisms to the
      pathophysiology and pharmacology of congestive heart failure.
AB  - The degree of activation of neurohormonal mechanisms appears to depend on the
      severity and acuteness of cardiac impairment as well as the status of the
      extracellular fluid volume. Vasoconstrictive antinatriuretic mechanisms are
      markedly activated in severe decompensated cardiac failure. These are accompanied
      by parallel increases in endogenous vasodilatory natriuretic activities that
      modulate the powerful vasoconstrictive mechanisms. During chronic compensation,
      many of these neuroendocrine mechanisms returned to the baseline normal level. In
      addition to endocrine and neurogenic mechanisms, local autocrine-paracrine
      systems in the blood vessel wall may also contribute to the regulation of
      vascular tone. The role of these systems in congestive heart failure has not been
      systematically studied. It is possible that they may contribute to the long-term
      regulation of vascular tone and therefore may play an increasing role in the
      pathogenesis of ventricular remodeling, dilatation and progressive congestive
      heart failure.

PMID- 2901217
TI  - Regional blood flow responses to vasodilators and inotropes in congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - Regional blood flow and the distribution of cardiac output is an important aspect
      of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of human congestive heart failure. This
      study presents the cumulative experience and data from our laboratories with
      specific reference to (1) the regional blood flow responses, some rather unique,
      to various vasodilators and inotropes in patients with congestive heart failure
      (CHF), and (2) the pharmacophysiologic conclusions and concepts that have evolved
      from these data. Certain drugs and drug groups evoke rather consistent changes in
      the blood flow of certain organ systems in CHF. Renal blood flow is augmented by
      hydralazine, an effect that persists with chronic administration. The converting
      enzyme inhibitors, captopril and enalapril, increase renal blood flow; this
      implies that the renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone axis plays a major role in
      modifying renal blood flow and regional blood flow distribution in human CHF.
      Nitrates either reduce or do not change renal blood flow. Augmentation of hepatic
      splanchnic blood flow occurs after first-dose alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade
      suggesting that alpha-adrenergic agonism plays an important role in modifying
      hepatic-splanchnic flow and the regional distribution of cardiac output in CHF. A
      number of drugs and drug groups increase limb blood flow (e.g., dobutamine,
      dopexamine, intravenous nitrates, nitroprusside, hydralazine and nifedipine).
      With respect to regional blood flow and the distribution of cardiac output in
      CHF, major differences have been shown to exist between drug groups, between
      drugs within a group and between different doses of a drug. Certain agents can
      cause a redistribution of systemic flow without changing cardiac output.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901218
TI  - Androgen receptors in boys with isolated bilateral cryptorchidism.
AB  - A study was conducted in boys with bilateral cryptorchidism, who were to undergo
      surgical orchiopexy, to determine if target-organ androgen insensitivity might
      play a role in the failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum. Nine boys
      older than 1 year in whom bilateral undescended testes was the only genitourinary
      abnormality were evaluated. Each subject was administered a six-week course of
      human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 3000 U/m2 of body surface area,
      intramuscularly injected daily for five days and then twice per week. Basal and
      hCG-stimulated levels of testosterone were normal. However, hCG administration
      failed to induce testicular descent in all cases. At the time of surgery, scrotal
      skin and testicular biopsy specimens were obtained for propagation of cells in
      tissue culture. Androgen receptor levels and binding affinity were normal for the
      androgen-specific ligands dihydrotestosterone and metribolone in both skin
      fibroblasts and testicular cells. In addition, 5 alpha-reductase activity was
      normal in scrotal skin fibroblasts. Nine boys with bilateral cryptorchidism and
      normal testicular androgen biosynthesis had normal androgen receptor-binding
      activity and 5 alpha-reductase activity in cultured scrotal skin fibroblasts and
      testicular cells. Therefore, bilateral maldescent of the testes in these boys
      with cryptorchidism was not due to androgen insensitivity.

PMID- 2901219
TI  - Usefulness of serum thyrotropin-binding inhibitory index measurements in
      infantile hypothyroidism. Relationship to serum thyrotropin concentrations.
AB  - Transplacental passage of thyrotropin (TSH)-binding inhibitory immunoglobulins
      may result in transient congenital hypothyroidism. We measured serum TSH-binding
      inhibitory index (TBII) in 11 infants with abnormal screening findings using a
      commercially available kit. Two of the infants, who were siblings, had markedly
      elevated TBII values (90% and 100%, respectively), as did their mother (89%,
      100%), and had a clinical course consistent with transient antibody-mediated
      hypothyroidism. Four other infants had a borderline or mildly elevated TBII that
      was not present in maternal serum, suggesting that endogenous TSH was being
      measured in this assay. The TBII was measured in the sera of 18 additional
      children with primary hypothyroidism and in human TSH standards from 25 to 2000
      mU/L. Increasing concentrations of TSH were associated with a linear increase in
      TBII. Measurement of TBII by this method may identify infants with transient
      antibody-mediated hypothyroidism, although simultaneous assessment of maternal
      serum is necessary.

PMID- 2901221
TI  - Acid suppression and ulcer healing: dichotomy, degree, and dilemma.

PMID- 2901220
TI  - Overnight comparable anacidity by standard large and half-single bedtime doses of
      H2 antagonists in duodenal ulcer patients: a clinical pharmacological study.
AB  - We continuously monitored 24-h intragastric pH in eight ulcer patients--who
      received orally at 10 PM in double-blind, randomized fashion either placebo,
      ranitidine 150 mg and 300 mg, or famotidine 20 mg and 40 mg, on five separate
      occasions--in order to determine whether half the commonly used bedtime doses of
      the H2 antagonists would suppress overnight acidity to the same extent as the
      large doses. Our results show that, during the nocturnal period (from 11 PM to 8
      AM), significantly higher pH values were obtained with the large doses than with
      the half doses of both ranitidine (p = 0.00005) and famotidine (p = 0.00004).
      However, hydrogen ion activity was virtually nil with each H2 blocker dose
      regimen, and the percent inhibition of acidity over placebo was 100% for all of
      them (p = approximately equal to 0). Further more, with regard to the nocturnal
      period elapsed in min above 5.0 pH units, there was no significant difference
      between the two ranitidine doses (p = 0.39) and the two famotidine doses (p =
      0.81). Therefore, the two dosing schedules of each H2 antagonist increased
      intragastric pH differently, but both the half and the standard large regimens
      produced similar overnight virtual anacidity. It is suggested that ranitidine and
      famotidine should be evaluated in the acute treatment of duodenal ulcer, using
      single bedtime doses half those commonly employed.

PMID- 2901222
TI  - Prevalence of HTLV-1 antibodies in hemodialysis patients in Japan.
AB  - The southwestern region of Japan is known as a very high endemic area of human T
      cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiologic agent for adult T-cell
      leukemia (ATL) and probable causative agent for tropical spastic paraparesis and
      its Japanese version, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM). Hemodialysis (HD)
      patients seem to be at high risk for HTLV-1 infection even in other regions of
      Japan because they sometimes receive multiple blood transfusions. We examined
      antibody against ATL-associated antigen (ATLA-Ab) in 1,132 HD patients, including
      1,066 patients in nonendemic areas (Chubu and Tokyo) and 66 in a highly endemic
      area (Okinawa). The HD patients in Okinawa showed the highest prevalence, 21.2%
      (14/66), while those in the Chubu area showed the lowest, 1.1% (10/846), and
      those in the Tokyo area an intermediate value, 2.7% (6/220). The prevalence of HD
      patients in each area was significantly higher than that of local blood donors,
      reflecting an increased prevalence roughly corresponding to the respective
      endemic rate. The average prevalence of ATLA-Ab among the HD patients was 2.7%
      (30/1,132), which was similar to that of HBs antigen (3.2%). In the nonendemic
      areas, 15 of 16 patients with ATLA-Ab had a history of blood transfusions,
      showing a significant correlation to the presence of ATLA-Ab (P less than 0.01),
      although four had family histories related to the endemic area. The relative risk
      of the presence of ATLA-Ab for HD patients with a history of blood transfusions
      was calculated as 10.3. In the endemic area of Okinawa, the relationship to blood
      transfusion was not so close, probably masked by the high background prevalence.

PMID- 2901223
TI  - A new hypervariable marker for the human alpha-globin gene cluster.
AB  - We have located a highly polymorphic region of DNA approximately 100 kb upstream
      of the human alpha-globin genes (the alpha-globin 5' hypervariable region;
      5'HVR). The element responsible is a minisatellite sequence comprising a variable
      copy number tandem repeat array of a G/C-rich 57-bp sequence. This increases the
      number of minisatellite elements in the vicinity of the alpha-globin genes to
      five, all of which share a region of sequence identity, thus raising questions
      concerning the distribution and origins of such tandem repeat sequences. The
      5'HVR is highly polymorphic and, together with other hypervariable regions at
      this locus, provides a valuable genetic marker on the short arm of chromosome 16.

PMID- 2901224
TI  - Maternal duplication associated with gene deletion in sporadic hemophilia.
AB  - Sporadic occurrences of X-linked disorders can give insights into mutagenesis in
      man. In a case of sporadic hemophilia, associated with a partial deletion of the
      factor VIII gene, an unexpected inheritance pattern of gene rearrangements was
      observed. The factor VIII gene was found to be partially duplicated in the
      hemophiliac's mother. A pedigree analysis indicates that the mother has
      contributed both aberrant genes as well as the normal gene to her offspring. One
      simple model for the evolution of the deletion in this family is that the
      duplication is the precursor to the deletion.

PMID- 2901225
TI  - The gene CYP3 encoding P450pcn1 (nifedipine oxidase) is tightly linked to the
      gene COL1A2 encoding collagen type 1 alpha on 7q21-q22.1.
AB  - CYP3, the gene which encodes the hepatic cytochrome P450pcn1, the isozyme
      responsible for the metabolic oxidation of the calcium channel-blocking drug
      nifedipine, has recently been mapped to human chromosome 7 using somatic cell
      hybrids. Using multilocus linkage analysis in CEPH families, we examined the
      linkage of a cDNA probe (hPCN1) for CYP3 to the oncogene MET, the pro-alpha 2(1)
      collagen gene COL1A2, and the T-cell receptor beta-chain gene TCRB, together with
      three arbitrary loci D7S8, D7S13, and D7S16, defined by the anonymous DNA probes
      pJ3.11, pB79a, and p7C22, respectively. From 70 CEPH parents screened with a StyI
      RFLP for hPCN1, four informative families were found each with both parental and
      maternal grandparents and 6-11 children per family. Tight linkage emerged between
      CYP3 and COL1A2, with a maximum combined lod score of 5.72 at theta = 0,
      suggesting the most likely subchromosomal localization of CYP3 is 7q21.3-q22.1.

PMID- 2901227
TI  - Coexistence of thyroid-stimulating and thyroid-blocking antibodies in a patient
      with Graves' disease who had transient hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2901228
TI  - Isospora belli enteric infection in patients with human T-cell leukemia virus
      type I-associated adult T-cell leukemia.

PMID- 2901226
TI  - Characterization of the gene and protein of the common alpha 1-antitrypsin normal
      M2 allele.
AB  - The normal M2 variant of alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) was cloned from a
      genomic DNA library of an individual homozygous for this allele. Sequencing of
      all coding exons of the M2 gene revealed it was identical to the common
      M1(Val213) gene except for two bases (M1(Val213) CGT Arg101, M2 CAT His101;
      M1(Val213) GAA Glu376 M2 GAC Asp376). Analysis of the sequence of the M1(Val213)
      and M2 genes around residue 101 revealed the M1 Arg101----M2 His101 caused a loss
      of the cutting site for the restriction endonuclease RsaI. Using this enzyme, as
      well as 19-mer oligonucleotides probes centered at residues 101 and 376,
      evaluation of genomic DNA from 22 M1 alleles and 14 M2 alleles revealed that
      residue 101 was Arg in all M1 alleles and His in all M2 alleles, while residue
      376 was Glu in all M1 alleles and Asp in all M2 alleles. Despite the differences
      in sequence at two amino acids, the M1(Val213) and M2 proteins function similarly
      as assessed by quantification of the association rate constant of each for their
      natural substrate neutrophil elastase. In the context that there are two
      mutations separating the M1(Val213) and M2 alleles, it is likely that there is
      another alpha 1AT variant that was an intermediate in the evolution of these
      genes.

PMID- 2901229
TI  - Effects of plasma amino acid and hormone levels on renal hemodynamics in humans.
AB  - The effect of plasma amino acid and hormone (insulin, glucagon, and growth
      hormone) levels on renal hemodynamics was studied in 18 healthy subjects. The
      following four protocols were employed: study 1, a balanced amino acid solution
      was infused for 3 h to increase plasma amino acid concentrations two to three
      times base line; study 2, the same amino acid solution was infused with
      somatostatin (SRIF) and infusions of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone were
      concomitantly administered to replace the time sequence of increase in peripheral
      concentrations of these hormones as observed during study 1; study 3, the same
      amino acid infusion was administered with SRIF plus infusions of insulin,
      glucagon, and growth hormone to maintain plasma hormone concentrations constant
      at the basal level; study 4, SRIF was infused with insulin, glucagon, and growth
      hormone to reproduce the time sequence of increase of these hormones as observed
      in study 1; amino acids were not infused in this study. During study 1,
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) rose by 19 and 21%,
      respectively. During study 2 both the time sequence of and magnitude of rise in
      GFR and in RPF were similar to the changes observed during study 1. In studies 3
      and 4 neither RPF nor GFR changed significantly from base line. These results
      indicate that 1) hyperaminoacidemia stimulates insulin/glucagon/growth hormone
      secretion and causes a modest rise in GFR and RPF; and 2) if hyperaminoacidemia
      is created while maintaining basal hormone levels constant or if plasma
      insulin/glucagon/growth hormone levels are increased while maintaining the plasma
      amino acid concentration at basal levels, neither RPF nor GFR rise.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901230
TI  - Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate as a mediator of inhibition of renin
      release.
AB  - The role of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) as an inhibitory mediator
      of tissue renin release was examined in two different in vitro preparations. In
      rat superficial cortical slices, renin release stimulated by isoproterenol (10(
      5) M) was ablated by atriopeptin III (ANP, 2.1 x 10(-8) M), nitroprusside (NP,
      10(-3) M), and 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcGMP, 10(-3) and
      10(-6) M). Arachidonic acid (10(-3) M)-stimulated renin release was also
      inhibited by ANP and 8-BrcGMP (10(-3) and 10(-6) M). Both ANP and NP increased
      tissue cGMP concentrations significantly (P less than 0.05), but neither had an
      effect on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations. When
      methylene blue (10(-5) M), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, was added to slices
      incubated with isoproterenol and ANP, the inhibition of renin release by ANP was
      abolished. These results were confirmed in a preparation of isolated cultured rat
      juxtaglomerular cells. In these cells, isoproterenol induced a significant
      increase (58%, P less than 0.01) in renin release, which was inhibited by the
      addition of 8-BrcGMP (10(-6) M). These data demonstrate a direct inhibitory
      effect of ANP on isoproterenol- and arachidonic acid-induced renin release. The
      results with NP, 8-BrcGMP, and methylene blue suggest that cGMP is an
      intracellular mediator of this inhibition.

PMID- 2901231
TI  - Adrenergic and histaminergic neural interactions in dog paws.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying the vascular responses of superficial fibular nerve
      stimulation (SFNS) have not been defined. Right hindpaws of anesthetized
      heparinized dogs were vascularly and neurally isolated, enclosed in a volume
      recorder, and perfused with controlled pressure. Vascular volume (VV) (131I
      labeled albumin) and rate of tissue volume changes (VT) (plethysmography) were
      determined. SFNS increased blood flow resistance, reduced capillary filtration
      coefficient (CFC) and permeability-surface area product (PS) of 86Rb, increased
      VV, and reduced 131I-albumin recovery. VT increased at the rate of 3.35 +/- 0.45
      ml/min. SFNS during terbutaline increased resistance, CFC, PS, and VV were
      unchanged, 131I-albumin recovery was complete, and VT increased at one-fourth the
      control rate. Phentolamine and yohimbine blocked all responses to SFNS. Prazosin
      with SFNS attenuated hemodynamic changes and VT increased to two-thirds of
      control, decreased VV, albumin, and Rb recovery but not PS and CFC. SFNS during
      pyrilamine maleate reduced VT increase to two-thirds of control rate and blocked
      decreases in PS and CFC. Metiamide did not change the SFNS responses, except to
      reduce vascular volume and VT. The combined histamine H1 and H2 blockers reduced
      VT increase to one-third of control and attenuated albumin loss, prevented
      histamine dilation, attenuated vasopressin and norepinephrine but not angiotensin
      constriction. SFNS stimulation increased precapillary resistance by alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-receptors and venous resistance by alpha 2-receptors and increased
      permeability by histamine release from endothelium.

PMID- 2901232
TI  - Support of arterial blood pressure by major pressor systems in conscious dogs.
AB  - The roles of the autonomic nervous system, vasopressin, and angiotensin II in
      support of blood pressure were evaluated in seven conscious, resting dogs while
      hydrated or dehydrated. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was monitored, and the
      dogs were given hexamethonium to block autonomic ganglia. Thirty minutes later,
      they were given captopril, and after another 30 min, a vasopressin V1 antagonist,
      d(CH2)5TyrMeAVP, was given. The order okf administration of captopril and
      d(CH2)5TyrMeAVP was alternated in different experiments. Hexamethonium had no
      effect on steady-state MAP in either hydrated or dehydrated dogs. In hydrated
      dogs, the average MAP was 100 mmHg; d(CH2)5TyrMeAVP decreased MAP by
      approximately 12 mmHg, and captopril decreased MAP by 24 mmHg. The magnitude of
      the effect of these two inhibitors was independent of the order of their
      administration. Dehydration doubled the effect of d(CH2)5TyrMeAVP on MAP but had
      no effect on the response to captopril. The results suggest that 1) autonomic
      function is not essential for maintenance of arterial blood pressure in resting
      dogs; 2) during autonomic ganglionic blockade, arterial blood pressure is
      supported by both angiotensin II and vasopressin; and 3) dehydration increases
      the role of vasopressin in control of blood pressure.

PMID- 2901235
TI  - Acetylcholine to measure total vascular pressure-volume relationship.

PMID- 2901233
TI  - Pentobarbital anesthesia modifies pulmonary vasoregulation after hypoperfusion.
AB  - Our objectives were 1) to investigate the extent to which the pulmonary vascular
      response to increasing cardiac index after a period of hypotension and
      hypoperfusion (defined as reperfusion) measured in conscious dogs is altered
      during pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, and 2) to determine whether pentobarbital
      anesthesia modifies autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation of the pulmonary
      circulation during reperfusion. Base-line and reperfusion pulmonary vascular
      pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots were generated by stepwise inflation and
      deflation, respectively, of an inferior vena caval occluder to vary Q in
      conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized (30 mg/kg iv) dogs. During pentobarbital
      anesthesia, controlled ventilation (without positive end-expiratory pressure)
      allowed matching of systemic arterial and mixed venous blood gases to conscious
      values. Marked pulmonary vasoconstriction (P less than 0.01) was observed during
      reperfusion in pentobarbital-anesthetized but not in conscious dogs. Both
      sympathetic alpha-adrenergic receptor block and total ANS ganglionic block
      attenuated, but did not abolish, the pulmonary vasoconstriction during
      reperfusion in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Neither sympathetic beta
      adrenergic receptor block nor cholinergic receptor block enhanced the magnitude
      of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to reperfusion during pentobarbital
      anesthesia. Thus, in contrast to the conscious state, the pulmonary vascular
      response to reperfusion is characterized by active, non-flow-dependent pulmonary
      vasoconstriction during pentobarbital anesthesia. This response is primarily, but
      not exclusively, mediated by sympathetic alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction and is
      not offset by either sympathetic beta-adrenergic or cholinergic vasodilation.
      These results indicate, that, compared with the conscious state, pentobarbital
      anesthesia modifies pulmonary vasoregulation, during reperfusion following
      hypotension and hypoperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901234
TI  - Time course of sympathetic denervation supersensitivity in canine ventricular
      recovery.
AB  - We studied the timing of the electrophysiological effects of sympathetic
      supersensitivity with chronically implanted electrodes in the anterior and
      posterior left ventricular free wall in 10 dogs. We produced denervation of the
      anterior wall in six dogs by application of phenol surrounding the anterior
      electrode. Drug infusions that were performed under pentobarbital sodium
      anesthesia included norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and methoxamine. In four
      controls there was no difference in response of the two sites. Presynaptic
      supersensitivity was manifest as early as 2 days and as late as 64 days by a
      parallel left shift (greater than or equal to 8.3 ms) in the norepinephrine dose
      to effective refractory period shortening response curve in the anterior compared
      with posterior left ventricle, P less than 0.01. The isoproterenol dose-response
      curve was also shifted to the left by 5.6 ms (P less than 0.01) but was manifest
      only after 10 days and only until 28 days from the denervation procedure. Local
      repolarization in the denervated areas shortened more than the innervated areas
      with both drugs. The methoxamine dose-response curve was flat, and the anterior
      denervated area was not different than the posterior-innervated area. We conclude
      that recovery properties in ventricular muscle demonstrate evidence of
      supersensitivity, which is neurotransmitter and beta- but not alpha-receptor
      specific.

PMID- 2901236
TI  - DSM-III personality disorders and the outcome of treated panic disorder.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with panic disorder who had been receiving active
      benzodiazepine treatment for 8 weeks were assessed by using the outcome measures
      of spontaneous and situational panic attacks, scores on the Hamilton scales for
      anxiety and for depression, and scores on self-rated disability scales. Although
      spontaneous panic attacks were not affected by the presence of any personality
      disorder, the remaining outcome measures showed a strong and negative association
      with DSM-III antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality
      disorders. There was also a mild negative association with avoidant personality
      disorder. A subgroup of patients with both major depression and panic disorder
      appeared more strongly affected.

PMID- 2901237
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia.

PMID- 2901238
TI  - Treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2901239
TI  - Molecules on activated human T-cells.
AB  - Recent technical advances in immunology (such as the development of monoclonal
      antibodies, FACS analysis, molecular biology techniques, etc.) have enormously
      expanded our understanding of the process of T-cell activation. In this paper, we
      review some of the characteristics of surface molecules of activated human T
      cells.

PMID- 2901240
TI  - Dose-response curves for succinylcholine: single versus cumulative techniques.
AB  - This study was performed to determine the potency of succinylcholine using the
      single-dose technique, and to test the ability of the cumulative dose technique
      for generating dose-response data. Thirty-eight adult patients received single
      doses (n = 18), cumulative doses (n = 10), or cumulative doses of succinylcholine
      with an infusion to replace metabolized drug (n = 10). During opiate-thiopental
      nitrous oxide anesthesia the force of contraction of the adductor pollicis in
      response to train-of-four stimulation was measured and recorded. Linear
      regressions were obtained between the logit transformation of neuromuscular
      blockade and log dose. Similar potencies were obtained with single dose and
      cumulative dose with infusion techniques with an ED90 of 0.27 +/- 0.03 and 0.26
      +/- 0.02 mg/kg (mean +/- SEM) respectively. However, cumulative dose without
      infusion significantly underestimated potency with an ED90 of 0.42 +/- 0.06 mg/kg
      (P less than 0.05 compared with the other two techniques). It is concluded that
      cumulative dose techniques can be accurately employed to determine the potency of
      succinylcholine if an infusion is utilized to compensate for eliminated drug. The
      data suggest that clinically used doses of succinylcholine (1.0-1.5 mg/kg) are
      equivalent to 3-5 times the ED90 and may explain the excellent intubating
      conditions provided by this drug.

PMID- 2901241
TI  - Urinary retention following spinal opiates.

PMID- 2901242
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of DQ and DR class II genes of the
      bovine major histocompatibility complex.
AB  - DQ alpha, DQ beta, DR alpha and DR beta class II genes of the bovine major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) were investigated by Southern blot
      hybridizations using human probes. Hybridizations of these probes to genomic DNA,
      digested with PvuII or TaqI, revealed extensive restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs). The polymorphisms were interpreted genetically by
      analysing a family material, comprising five sires, 48 dams and 50 offspring, and
      a population sample comprising 197 breeding bulls. The analysis resolved 20 DQ
      alpha, 17 DQ beta, 5 DR alpha and 25 DR beta RFLP types. The segregation data
      were consistent with simple Mendelian inheritance of the RFLPs. The analysis of
      the bull sample showed that it is possible to apply the RFLP method for routine
      typing of class II polymorphism in population samples. The linkage disequilibrium
      in the DQ-DR region was found to be extremely strong as only about 20 DQ and
      about 30 DQ-DR haplotypes were observed despite the large number of possible
      haplotypes. Close linkage to the blood group locus M was also found; the M'
      allele occurred in strong linkage disequilibrium with the class II haplotype
      DQ1BDR alpha 4DR beta 1B. A population genetic analysis of the DQ data in the
      sample of breeding bulls revealed that the frequency of homozygotes was
      significantly lower than Hardy-Weinberg expectation and that the allele frequency
      distribution deviated significantly from the one expected for selectively neutral
      alleles.

PMID- 2901243
TI  - [Treatment strategies of psychotic states using low-dose neuroleptics: immediate
      and long-term course].
AB  - Low doses of potent neuroleptics are introduced. Different strategies of
      treatment using low doses in schizophrenia are described. Long term effects on
      relapse development of supersensitivity psychosis and compliance issues are
      discussed.

PMID- 2901244
TI  - [Solian: evaluation of 10 years' experimentation and clinical practice].

PMID- 2901245
TI  - [Bronchial carcinoid tumors in children. Apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 2901246
TI  - Surgeons' attitudes to the operative management of duodenal ulcer perforation and
      haemorrhage.
AB  - The currently preferred operative management of duodenal ulcer haemorrhage and
      perforation was assessed by means of a questionnaire sent to 274 consultant
      general surgeons in England. A 70% response rate was achieved. Simple closure,
      with or without H2 antagonist treatment, was the most popular management of a
      perforated acute duodenal ulcer. For perforation of a chronic duodenal ulcer
      occurring during H2 antagonist therapy, truncal vagotomy and drainage was the
      definitive procedure of choice. There was no consensus about the operative
      management of perforation complicating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
      treatment in the elderly patient. Proximal gastric vagotomy appears to have few
      advocates in the definitive management of either duodenal ulcer perforation or
      haemorrhage. Of our sample 70% selected truncal vagotomy and drainage with
      underrunning of the ulcer as the operative treatment of choice for bleeding.
      Endoscopic coagulation appears to be used only rarely.

PMID- 2901247
TI  - Fumonisins--novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced by Fusarium
      moniliforme.
AB  - Cultures on corn of Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826 are known to cause
      leukoencephalomalacia in horses and to be toxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rats.
      Culture material of this F. moniliforme isolate has also been shown to exhibit
      cancer-promoting activity in a short-term cancer initiation-promotion bioassay
      with diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats and the induction of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase-positive (GGT+) foci as an endpoint after 4 weeks of promotion.
      This bioassay was used as a monitoring system to isolate cancer-promoting
      compounds from cultures of F. moniliforme MRC 826. Culture material was
      successively extracted with ethyl acetate and CH3OH-H2O (3:1). Most of the cancer
      promoting activity was recovered in the CH3OH-H2O extract and remained in the
      aqueous phase following partitioning of this extract between CH3OH-H2O (1:3) and
      CHCl3. The CH3OH-H2O fraction was chromatographed on an Amberlite XAD-2 column,
      and the active fraction was eluted with CH3OH. This fraction was chromatographed
      on a silica gel column with CHCl3-CH3OH-CH3COOH (6:3:1) as eluent and further
      purified on a C18 reverse-phase column. Two pure compounds were isolated, and
      these have been chemically characterized and given the trivial names fumonisin B1
      and B2. At least 2 g of the major compound fumonisin B1 was purified from 1 kg of
      culture material. Fumonisin B1 in the diet (0.1%) significantly (P less than
      0.001) induced the formation of GGT+ foci in the livers of initiated as well as
      noninitiated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901248
TI  - Kinetic characterization, stereoselectivity, and species selectivity of the
      inhibition of plant acetyl-CoA carboxylase by the aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid
      grass herbicides.
AB  - The selective grass herbicides diclofop, haloxyfop, and trifop were found to be
      potent reversible inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from the susceptible
      species barley, corn, and wheat. Kis values with variable concentrations of
      acetyl-CoA ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 microM at pH 8.5 depending on the species of
      grass. Inhibition of the wheat enzyme by diclofop was noncompetitive versus
      acetyl-CoA with Kis less than Kii and noncompetitive versus MgATP and
      bicarbonate, but with Kis approximately equal to Kii. Since the apparent
      inhibition constant was most sensitive to the level of acetyl-CoA, these
      compounds probably interact with the transcarboxylase site rather than the biotin
      carboxylation site. With the wheat enzyme the Kis value for the R-(+)-enantiomer
      of trifop was 1.98 +/- 0.22 times lower than that of the racemic mixture. This
      confirms the stereoselectivity observed in the whole plant. The enzyme from
      tolerant broadleaf species (spinach and mung bean) was much less sensitive to
      these herbicides (Kis values varied from 16 to 515 microM). These data confirm
      that acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the site of action for the aryloxyphenoxypropionic
      acid herbicides and may explain their selectivity for monocotyledenous species.

PMID- 2901250
TI  - [Pathways of the synthesis of glutamic acid by cephalosporin C-producing
      Acremonium chrysogenum].
AB  - There were observed two pathways of glutamic acid formation in two strains of
      Acremonium chrysogenum differing in the production levels of cephalosporin C. The
      pathway involving glutamate dehydrogenase is known. The other pathway involved
      amination catalyzed by glutamine synthetase. Activity of both the enzymes during
      intensive synthesis of the antibiotic was higher in the highly productive strain.
      Under conditions of limited nitrogen content in the medium production of
      glutamate during the antibiotic biosynthesis depended on glutamine synthetase.
      When there was an excess of nitrogen in the medium the main role in production of
      glutamic acid at the phase of cephalosporin synthesis was played by the other
      enzyme i. e. glutamate dehydrogenase. By the dynamics the curve of the glutamate
      dehydrogenase activity correlated with that of the antibiotic production.

PMID- 2901249
TI  - Adjunct endarterectomy of the left anterior descending coronary artery.
AB  - During a three-year period, complete revascularization of diffusely diseased left
      anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was accomplished by extensive
      endarterectomy in conjunction with bypass grafting in 37 patients in whom
      conventional bypass was not feasible. This group constituted 7.0% of all patients
      undergoing nonemergency coronary revascularization during this period. The left
      internal mammary artery was used to bypass the endarterectomized LAD artery in 22
      patients. There was 1 (2.7%) operative death and 1 perioperative myocardial
      infarction. At follow-up, which was 100% with a mean of 41.4 months, all
      endarterectomy patients were in New York Heart Association Functional Class I or
      II. Twenty-four endarterectomy patients underwent first-pass radionuclide
      angiographic stress testing 20 months after operation. Twenty patients (83%) had
      excellent postoperative exercise tolerance, achieving 5 to 7 mets on treadmill
      testing. Left ventricular functional reserve was preserved, as evidenced by an
      increase of global ejection fraction from 48 +/- 15% at rest to 59 +/- 18% (p
      less than 0.005) with exercise. A similar increase was measured in the proximal
      and distal anterior wall segmental ejection fractions. No difference in response
      to exercise was found between the internal mammary artery and the vein graft
      groups. Thus, complete revascularization of the diffusely diseased LAD artery can
      be accomplished by adjunct endarterectomy without added morbidity or mortality
      and with excellent functional results.

PMID- 2901251
TI  - Methylphenidate-induced information processing dysfunction in nonschizophrenic
      patients.
AB  - To examine the relationship of aminergic overactivity to information processing,
      we gave methylphenidate hydrochloride, oxazepam, or placebo to 12 nonpsychotic
      patients in one-week blocks in a double-blind, randomized design. Methylphenidate
      induced a pattern of information processing dysfunction similar to that seen in
      schizophrenic patients, strengthening the linkage of the schizophrenia
      information processing dysfunction-aminergic overactivity relationship. Further,
      the time course of the observed deficits in both schizophrenic and
      methylphenidate-induced states is strikingly compatible with the temporal mapping
      pattern of monoaminergic neuronal systems. More research is needed to identify
      definitively the aminergic influences on attentional functioning. A
      psychophysical task-pharmacologic probe strategy should prove useful.

PMID- 2901252
TI  - The effect of neuroleptics and tardive dyskinesia on smooth-pursuit eye movement
      in chronic schizophrenics.
AB  - We sought to determine whether such state-related factors as neuroleptic
      treatment and facio-oral tardive dyskinesia (TD) influence smooth-pursuit eye
      movement (SPEM) in chronic schizophrenics. The design involved 100
      schizophrenics, 64 of whom showed "abnormal" eye tracking. Experimentally drug
      withdrawn patients, some of whom were clinically relapsed, were compared with
      control patients who continued taking medication in prewithdrawal and
      postwithdrawal SPEM tests. All groups showed a slight worsening in eye-tracking
      performance on two postwithdrawal tests, but significant group-by-test session
      "interactions" were not demonstrable. We also determined that patients with TD
      tend to substitute large, nontracking saccades for SPEM to a significantly
      greater extent than nondyskinetic patients. Our findings strengthen the
      supposition that impaired SPEM is a trait in many schizophrenics but suggest that
      patients with TD be excluded in future studies of SPEM addressed to trait issues.

PMID- 2901253
TI  - Who should receive clozapine?

PMID- 2901254
TI  - [H2-Antihistaminics. 39. Basic substituted aryloxyalkylguanidine derivatives and
      analogs with H2-antagonistic action].

PMID- 2901255
TI  - [Effect of dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on the formation of
      leukotrienes in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes].

PMID- 2901256
TI  - [Recovery of the spermatogenic layer].

PMID- 2901258
TI  - News from Washington AIDS meeting 1987.

PMID- 2901257
TI  - Alzheimer's disease. Aminergic-cholinergic alterations in hypothalamus.
AB  - To better understand the role of the hypothalamus in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we
      have measured dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5HT) levels,
      tritiated spiperone and tritiated serotonin blinding, and choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase activity in seven subregions of
      the hypothalamus from 18 normal control subjects and ten patients with AD. We
      have found a significant reduction of 5HT in the anterior hypothalamus, lateral
      hypothalamus, and posterior lateral hypothalamus and a decline in spiperone
      binding in the anterior hypothalamus of patients with AD. The ChAT activity was
      found to be diminished only in the posterior lateral hypothalamus of patients
      with AD. No NE or dopamine alterations were found in any region of the AD
      hypothalamus. In the normal hypothalamus, dopamine, NE, and 5HT were found to be
      regionally distributed. Our study documents region-specific neurotransmitter
      abnormalities in the AD hypothalamus and raises the question of the relationship
      of these changes, especially in 5HT, to some of the noncognitive clinical
      alterations observed in AD.

PMID- 2901259
TI  - Enzymatically inactive forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - Biotinyl proteins were labelled by incubation of SDS-denatured preparations of
      subcellular fractions of rat liver with [14C]methylavidin before polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Fluorographic analysis showed that mitochondria contained
      two forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase [acetyl-CoA:carbon dioxide ligase (ADP
      forming) EC 6.4.1.2], both of which were precipitated by antibody to the enzyme.
      When both forms were considered, almost three-quarters of the total liver acetyl
      CoA carboxylase was found in the mitochondrial fraction of liver from fed rats
      while only 3.5% was associated with the microsomal fraction. The remainder was
      present in cytosol, either as the intact active enzyme or as a degradation
      product. The actual specific activity of the cytosolic enzyme was approx. 2
      units/mg of acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein while that of the mitochondrial enzyme
      was about 20-fold lower, indicating that mitochondrial acetyl-CoA carboxylase was
      relatively inactive. Fractionation of mitochondria with digitonin showed that
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase was associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane. The
      available evidence suggests that mitochondrial acetyl-CoA carboxylase represents
      a reservoir of enzyme which can be released and activated under lipogenic
      conditions.

PMID- 2901260
TI  - Effect of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide on proton translocation by the
      mitochondrial H+-ATPase.
AB  - 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, a highly reactive reagent towards tryptophan
      residues in proteins, is shown to activate the passive proton flux through the
      inner mitochondrial membrane of bovine heart submitochondrial particles (ETPH).
      When added at low concentrations, the reagent increased both the ATPase activity
      of the particles and the passive proton transport rate through the membrane. The
      presence of oligomycin reduced the extent of the 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide
      action on the proton conductivity suggesting that it acted primarily on the H+
      ATPase complex. Similar effects were observed on F1-depleted particles, whilst no
      effect was observed on the isolated F1-ATPase activity. The results suggest that
      polypeptides bearing tryptophan residues may be involved in the gating function
      of proton channels of the mitochondrial membrane and this is particularly evident
      for the F0F1-ATPase complex.

PMID- 2901261
TI  - A new method for the isolation of fresh hepatocytes from periportal and
      pericentral regions of the liver lobule.
AB  - A simple method which avoids the use of perfusion with calcium free buffer,
      hydrolytic enzymes and detergents has been developed to obtain fresh hepatocytes
      from periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule. Cylindrical plugs
      (200 x 500 microns) of periportal and pericentral areas of the rat liver lobule
      weighing about 1 mg were collected with a micropunch from fresh or perfused
      liver. Ninety percent of cells were intact as assessed from trypan blue staining.
      Glutamine synthetase activity was detected predominantly (ca. 85%) in plugs
      isolated from pericentral regions indicating that this method allows selective
      harvesting of pure sublobular zones of the liver lobule. Rates of oxygen uptake
      measured at 25 degrees C by plugs from livers perfused in the anterograde
      direction were 56 +/- 5 and 33 +/- 7 mumol/g/h by periportal and pericentral
      plugs, respectively, values similar to data obtained from the intact organ. This
      method provides new opportunities to study the regulation of basic metabolic
      processes in cells from sublobular areas under nearly physiological conditions.

PMID- 2901262
TI  - Resolution and pharmacological properties of the enantiomers of the potent alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist 1-[2-ethoxy-2-(3'-pyridyl)ethyl]-4-(2'-methoxy
      phenyl)piperazine.
AB  - Resolution of the optical isomers of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist IP-66 (1
      [2-ethoxy-2-(3'-pyridyl)ethyl]-4-(2'-methoxy-phenyl)piperazine) and its
      intermediate IP-30 (1-[2-hydroxy-2-(3'-pyridyl)ethyl]-4- (2'-methoxy
      phenyl)piperazine have been carried out. Optical purity was assayed by high
      pressure liquid chromatography. The antagonistic potencies of racemic mixtures
      and stereoisomers toward phenylephrine- and norepinephrine-induced contraction in
      isolated rat aortic strips have been compared. (+)-IP-66 and (+)-IP-30 were resp.
      363 and 170 times more potent than respective (-) isomers in eliciting
      competitive alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade. Similarly IP-66 (+) or (+/-) were
      extremely more effective than the (-) isomer in antagonizing norepinephrine
      induced pressor responses in pithed rat.

PMID- 2901263
TI  - Analytical profile of the new diuretic beta-blocking agent tienoxolol
      hydrochloride.
AB  - Physicochemical properties, i.e. elemental analysis, spectra (NMR, MS, IR, UV),
      solubilities, pKa, partition coefficient, melting point, HPLC, and data on purity
      and stability of ethyl 2-(3-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-propoxy)-5-[(2-
      thienylcarbonyl)amino]benzoate hydrochloride (tienoxolol), a new drug with
      antihypertensive properties are reported.

PMID- 2901264
TI  - Effects of moderate drinking and alcohol abstinence on urinary dolichol levels.
AB  - Urinary dolichols were studied during a period of 10 days of moderate drinking
      (60 g of alcohol daily), preceded and followed by a period of abstinence, in 10
      healthy volunteers. No significant changes were observed in dolichol levels
      during this time. Thus, moderate alcohol consumption does not affect urinary
      dolichols. Furthermore, to establish the time of abstinence needed for elevated
      urinary dolichol levels to return to normal, 17 alcoholic patients entering a
      detoxification unit and with initially increased urinary dolichols, were followed
      for seven days. Mean urinary dolichol level, which was clearly elevated in the
      beginning of detoxification, returned to normal by the 5th day of the treatment.
      Half-life decay for increased urinary dolichols was found to be about 3 days.

PMID- 2901265
TI  - Transdermal beta-blocker therapy in essential hypertension.
AB  - Transdermal drug delivery has been applied to various agents in an effort to
      decrease the frequency of drug administration and increase the patients
      compliance. In our study, we demonstrated that transdermal application of a beta
      blocker (20 mg mepindolol) in patients with essential hypertension led to
      effective blood pressure lowering effect within 1 week (160.1 +/- 6.1 mm Hg/95.8
      +/- 8.3 mm Hg vs 136.8 +/- 7.2 mm Hg/84.3 +/- 5.0 mm Hg; P less than 0.05). A
      controlled study of transdermal versus oral beta-blocker administration in
      hypertensives is necessary before this new therapeutic system is introduced in
      antihypertensive treatment.

PMID- 2901267
TI  - Terazosin, a new selective alpha 1-adrenergic blocking agent. Results of long
      term treatment in patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - The long-term treatment of essential hypertension with terazosin, a new once-a
      day alpha 1-adrenergic blocking agent, was evaluated in 364 hypertensive patients
      who received total daily doses of 1 to 40 mg for 3 weeks to 56 months. Consistent
      mean decreases in supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures were
      observed throughout the study for patients treated with terazosin as monotherapy
      (supine, 9 to 12/10 to 13 mm Hg; and standing, 12 to 18/11 to 14 mm Hg) or in
      combination with other antihypertensive agents (supine, 12 to 16/12 to 15 mm Hg;
      and standing, 16 to 22/13 to 19 mm Hg). The most commonly reported adverse
      experiences were dizziness, headache, asthenia, cold symptoms, and nasal
      congestion. Adverse effects and metabolic disorders often associated with
      diuretics and beta blockers such as sexual dysfunction, hyperglycemia,
      hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, or adverse lipid effects were seen infrequently
      during long-term treatment with terazosin as monotherapy. Overall, terazosin was
      shown to be effective, safe, and well tolerated by most patients.

PMID- 2901266
TI  - Comparison of betaxolol, a new beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, to propranolol in
      the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.
AB  - A double-blind, multicenter study compared the safety and efficacy of oral
      betaxolol 10 to 40 mg once daily (n = 68) with propranolol 40 to 160 mg twice
      daily (n = 73) in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. Both
      agents produced significant (P less than 0.01) and comparable reductions in mean
      supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures (7/11 mm Hg on betaxolol and 9/10
      mm Hg on propranolol). Both betaxolol and propranolol significantly (P less than
      0.01) reduced mean supine heart rate by 9 beats per minute. Patients achieved a
      more significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in blood pressure earlier (weeks 2
      and 4 of the titration period) with betaxolol. By the end of treatment there was
      no significant difference in response between treatment groups. A higher
      incidence of central nervous system side effects (insomnia, bizarre dreams,
      depression, hallucinations, dizziness), however, was seen with propranolol than
      with betaxolol. Overall, the data show that in patients with mild to moderate
      essential hypertension, betaxolol 10 to 40 mg administered once daily is as
      effective as and better tolerated than propranolol 40 to 160 mg administered
      twice daily.

PMID- 2901269
TI  - Ontogeny of blood pressure in the inbred Dahl hypertension-sensitive and 
      resistant rat.
AB  - The inbred S/JR rat is characterized by a genetic predisposition to NaCl-induced
      hypertension. Although mature S/JR but not R/JR rats develop hypertension when
      fed a high NaCl-containing diet, this effect has not been examined during early
      neonatal development. S/JR and R/JR dams were maintained on 0.15% (w/w) or 8%
      (w/w) NaCl diets throughout gestation and lactation. Measurements of mean
      abdominal aortic blood pressure (MAP) were obtained in anesthetized offspring at
      5, 15, and 25 days of age. This was greater in neonatal S/JR rats than R/JR rats
      at 5, 15, and 25 days of age. A hypertensinogenic effect of 8% NaCl was seen in
      R/JR at 5 and 15 days. The results indicate that the ontogeny of MAP can be
      influenced by pre- and postnatal dietary NaCl. More importantly, elevated MAP in
      the S/JR strain is a distinguishing characteristic evident throughout the
      neonatal period of development.

PMID- 2901268
TI  - Effects of beta-blockade on muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise. A short
      review.
AB  - Endurance during prolonged exercise decreases more markedly with nonselective
      than beta 1-selective beta-blockade. Because both types of blockers exert
      comparable effects on cardiac performance, oxygen supply to the working muscle,
      and extramuscular substrate mobilization, the difference in exercise capacity is
      apparently due to other factors. The available information in the literature
      along with experimental results from our laboratory suggests that inhibition of
      intramuscular lipolysis only occurs with nonselective beta-blockade and may
      partly account for this difference. In addition, alterations in potassium fluxes
      are particularly induced by nonselective beta-blockade and result in more
      pronounced decreases in the intracellular-extracellular potassium ratio during
      exercise than caused by placebo or beta 1-selective blockade. In contrast to what
      was initially proposed, intramuscular glycogenolysis appears not to be affected
      by either type of beta-blockade, and a decrease is unlikely to be involved in the
      reduced exercise capacity.

PMID- 2901270
TI  - Comparison of large dose of vecuronium with pancuronium for prolonged
      neuromuscular blockade.
AB  - Dose-duration relationships for vecuronium were determined and the duration of
      action produced by vecuronium 0.3 mg kg-1 shown to equal that of pancuronium 0.1
      mg kg-1. Using these doses, the neuromuscular blocking properties and
      cardiovascular effects of the two drugs were compared. With large dose
      administration of vecuronium (0.3 mg kg-1), both the onset time (mean 81 s) and
      the 25-75% recovery index (mean 13.9 min) were about one-half those associated
      with pancuronium (mean 168.5 s and 29.3 min, respectively). The duration of
      action until 25% recovery was similar with both drugs. There was no evidence of
      cardiovascular instability with the large dose of vecuronium. Heart rate,
      however, was significantly slower (range 89.7-94.2% of control) 2-20 min after
      the injection of vecuronium. Vecuronium 0.3 mg kg-1 may have more favourable
      neuromuscular blocking effects than pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 and may be preferable
      to pancuronium when prolonged neuromuscular blockade is required.

PMID- 2901271
TI  - Bradycardia following vecuronium.

PMID- 2901273
TI  - Partial purification of the sodium- and potassium-coupled L-glutamate transport
      glycoprotein from rat brain.
AB  - The sodium- and potassium-coupled L-glutamate transporter from rat brain has been
      solubilized with cholate and 10-20-fold purified using Wheat Germ Agglutinin
      Sepharose 4B. Transport activity--as determined upon reconstitution of the
      fraction into liposomes--was retained on the column and eluted by N
      acetylglucosamine. When the glycoprotein fraction was depleted of the N
      acetylglucosamine and applied to a second round of lectin-chromatography, the L
      glutamate transport activity was retained and again could be eluted by the sugar.
      The transporter activity reconstituted from the glycoprotein fraction exhibited
      the same features as that in synaptic plasma membranes, including
      electrogenicity, an absolute dependence on external sodium and internal
      potassium, affinity and stereospecificity. Furthermore, efflux and exchange
      properties of the reconstituted preparation were also unchanged by the
      solubilisation and lectin-chromatography. These observations indicate that the
      sodium- and potassium-coupled L-glutamate transporter is a glycoprotein and is
      predominantly reconstituted in the 'right-side-out' conformation.

PMID- 2901272
TI  - Conversion of coupling factor 1 of Rhodospirillum rubrum from a Ca2+-ATPase into
      a Mg2+-ATPase.
AB  - Isolation of F1-ATPase from Rhodospirillum rubrum by chloroform extraction of
      chromatophores, followed by purification on a glycerol gradient, results in a
      very pure enzyme preparation containing five subunits with high Ca2+-ATPase
      activity (15 mumol per min per mg protein). Furthermore, conditions are reported
      under which the purified F1 exhibits Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of about 35
      mumol per min per mg protein. NaHCO3 stimulates the Mg2+-activity from 1.5 mumol
      per min per mg protein to 5 mumol per min per mg protein giving a maximal
      activity at a concentration of about 60 mM NaHCO3. Lauryl dimethylamine oxide
      (LDAO), octyl glucoside and nonanoyl N-methylglucamide enhance the Mg2+-ATPase
      activity from 1.5 to 14, 22 and 35 mumol per min per mg protein, respectively, in
      the absence of NaHCO3, and from 5 to 34, 30 and 37 mumol per min per mg protein,
      respectively, in the presence of 50 mM NaHCO3. The Vmax is increased, but the Km
      for ATP remains the same, about 0.22 mM, both in the absence of activators and in
      the presence of NaHCO3, LDAO or NaHCO3 plus LDAO. Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity
      is slightly stimulated by NaHCO3 but strongly inhibited by octyl glucoside.

PMID- 2901274
TI  - Lyophilized Clostridium perfringens 3 alpha- and Clostridium bifermentans 7 alpha
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: two new stable enzyme preparations for routine
      bile acid analysis.
AB  - Preparations of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50) from
      Clostridium perfringens were successfully lyophilized into a stable powder form.
      Purification of the enzyme was achieved using triazine dye affinity
      chromatography. C. perfringens 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was purified
      24-fold using Reactive Red 120 (Procion Red) -cross-linked agarose (70% yield).
      Quantitative measurement of bile acids with the purified enzymes, 3 alpha
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC
      1.1.1.159) from Clostridium bifermentans (strain F-6), was achieved
      spectrophotometrically. Standard curves with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC) and
      cholic acid were linear within a concentration range of 20-100 microM. Analysis
      of mixtures of ursodeoxycholic acid and CDC showed the additive nature of the 3
      alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and showed also that 7 alpha-hydroxyl groups
      were independently quantified by the 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Bile
      acids in Folch extracts of human bile samples were measured using purified
      preparations of Pseudomonas testosteroni 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, C.
      perfringens 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Escherichia coli 7 alpha
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and C. bifermentans (strain F-6) 7 alpha
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Statistical comparison validated the use of C.
      perfringens 3 alpha- and C. bifermentans 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
      for the quantification of bile acids in bile.

PMID- 2901275
TI  - b-chains prevent the proteolytic inactivation of the a-chains of plasma factor
      XIII.
AB  - While the transglutaminase activity is associated exclusively with the thrombin
      cleaved a chains of plasma Factor XIII, there is little information regarding the
      role of the b-chains. The present investigations were undertaken to clarify the
      role of the b-chains during proteolytic activation of plasma factor XIII a
      chains. The a-chains of platelet Factor XIII (a2) were extremely sensitive to
      alpha-thrombin proteolysis, especially in the presence of 5 mM EDTA, resulting in
      two major fragments with molecular masses 51 +/- 3 kDa and 19 +/- 4 kDa.
      Furthermore, fibrin enhanced the alpha-thrombin proteolysis of thrombin-cleaved
      platelet Factor XIII a-chains in presence of CaCl2 or EDTA, resulting in several
      peptide fragments with molecular masses from 51 +/- 3 kDa to 14 +/- 4 kDa. By
      contrast, thrombin-cleaved a-chains of plasma Factor XIII (a2b2) were not further
      degraded by alpha-thrombin in presence of 5 mM EDTA. Even in the combined
      presence of 5 mM EDTA and 0.1 mg/ml fibrin, alpha-thrombin proteolysis of plasma
      Factor XIIIa was limited to the formation of a 76 kDa fragment (= Factor XIIIa),
      a 51 +/- 3 kDa fragment and trace amounts of a 14 +/- 4 kDa species. Platelet
      Factor XIII proteolyzed by 500 nM alpha-thrombin in presence of 5 mM EDTA
      expressed less than 20% of enzymatic activity obtained when platelet Factor XIII
      was activated in presence of 5 mM CaCl2. In contrast, plasma Factor XIII
      activated by 500 nM apha-thrombin in presence of 5 mM EDTA expressed nearly 65%
      of original transglutaminase activity. Likewise, when plasma Factor XIII was
      proteolyzed by 100-1000 nM gamma-thrombin in presence of 5 mM CaCl2 or 5 mM EDTA,
      maximal transglutaminase activity was observed. However, when platelet Factor
      XIII was similarly treated with gamma-thrombin in presence of 5 mM EDTA, only one
      half the original transglutaminase activity was obtained. The b-chains thus
      appear to mimic the function of Ca2+ in preserving transglutaminase activity of
      thrombin-cleaved a-chains. The b-chains of plasma Factor XIII were not degraded
      by either alpha- or gamma-thrombin treatment, in presence of 5 mM EDTA or 5 mM
      CaCl2. Both platelet and plasma Factor XIII a-chains were degraded by trypsin to
      fragments with molecular masses of 51 +/- 3 kDa and 19 +/- 4 kDa in presence of 5
      mM CaCl2 and to fragments with molecular masses of 19 +/- 4 kDa and lower, in
      presence of 5 mM EDTA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2901276
TI  - Adverse effects of drugs on the immature kidney.
AB  - The immature kidney may be adversely affected by a variety of vasoactive or
      diuretic drugs, either administered to the mother during pregnancy, or to the
      neonate. Inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme administered to the
      hypertensive pregnant woman can severely and sometimes definitely impair renal
      function in the fetus, leading to postnatal anuria. Pathogenesis involves
      interference with the renin-angiotensin system and the prostaglandins. Beta
      adrenergic agents administered during labor depress glomerular filtration rate
      transiently. Tolazoline, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent useful in the
      treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate induces intense
      renal vasoconstriction with consequent hypoperfusion. Indomethacin, a
      prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor used for the pharmacological closure of a
      patent ductus arteriosus, also increases renal vascular resistance, and decreases
      urine output. Furosemide, the drug most often used in oliguric neonates, may also
      adversely affect the newborn infant. Its use has been associated with an increase
      in the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis
      and secondary hyperparathyroidism. These observations demonstrate that the proper
      use of drugs requires that the therapeutic endpoint be clearly defined and the
      predictable side effects be anticipated.

PMID- 2901277
TI  - [Comparative study of the relative hydrophobicity and interaction with striatal
      dopamine receptors in the bull of representative dialkylaminoalkyl and
      dialkylaminoacyl phenothiazine derivatives].
AB  - Physicochemical properties and ability of some dialkylaminoalkyl (DAL) and
      dialkylaminoacyl (DAC) phenothiazine derivatives to interact with bovine striatal
      dopamine receptors have been investigated. DAC analogs were significantly less
      effective for the inhibition of [3H]-spiperone-specific binding to D2-receptors.
      The decrease in lipophilicity observed in DAC agents, as compared to DAL, may be
      one of the causes for the loss of affinity to these receptors.

PMID- 2901278
TI  - [Decreased ethanol consumption by rats as affected by central alpha
      adrenoblockaders: the role of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes].
AB  - It has been shown in the experiments on rats that subcutaneous administration of
      central alpha-adrenoblockers IEM-611 (30 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg) and phenoxybenzamine
      (10 mg/kg) for one or two weeks brings about a decrease in voluntary ethanol
      consumption at early stages of experimental alcoholism (3-week alcoholization).
      In rats with chronic alcoholization for 6 months only IEM-611 had a remarkable
      inhibitory effect on alcohol consumption. Moreover, it has been stated that IEM
      611 reduced threefold the activity of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) by the
      inhibition of AlDH isoenzymes with low and high Km for acetaldehyde.
      Phenoxybenzamine inhibited slightly only low Km AlDH. It is suggested that
      differences in IEM-611 and phenoxybenzamine effects may be associated with
      specific drug inhibition of AlDH isoenzymes.

PMID- 2901279
TI  - [Structural bases of the induction of immune reactions in emotional stress].
AB  - Immobilization stress in rats can provoke damages of the brain parenchymal
      vessels, which are most pronounced in the reticular formation of the midbrain. In
      this case the blood plasma and cells enter the brain and the blood elements of
      brain tissue enter the circulation. Some experimental animals exhibit the serum
      complement-fixing brain antibodies and specific reactions of basophils to brain
      antigens 14 days after exposure to stress. Most of the rats reveal immune
      reactions and neurosensitivity a month later. Some of them exhibit the
      autoantibodies to norepinephrine and serotonin. It is suggested that stress
      induced brain vascular damages may play an important role in the mechanisms of
      immune reaction induction.

PMID- 2901280
TI  - 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine: an effective new agent for the treatment of chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine, a new lymphocyte-selective, anti-neoplastic drug was
      administered to 18 patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B-cell
      origin. All patients were resistant to conventional treatment. A total of 44
      courses of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine were completed with minimal toxicity. An
      overall response rate of 55% was achieved with four of 18 patients demonstrating
      partial response and six of 18 patients experiencing clinical improvement. Only
      minor bone marrow suppression occurred during administration of the drug,
      indicating a high degree of lymphocyte selectivity. Reduction of lymphocyte
      infiltration in bone marrow occurred in treated patients including one patient
      who experienced normalization of the bone marrow. Three of four patients with
      concurrent autoimmune hemolytic anemia experienced resolution of hemolysis, as
      indicated by elimination of transfusion requirement, fall in reticulocyte count,
      elevation of hemoglobin, and ability to taper prednisone without recurrence of
      hemolysis. Duration of responses ranged from 2 to 15 months without maintenance
      therapy.

PMID- 2901281
TI  - Treatment of pancreatic fistula with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995.

PMID- 2901282
TI  - Evidence that activation of in vitro hippocampal theta rhythm only involves
      muscarinic receptors.
AB  - The present study was conducted for two purposes: the first was to evaluate
      whether activation of nicotinic receptors in the hippocampal formation in vitro
      (slice) preparation was capable of producing type 2 (atropine-sensitive) theta
      rhythm. The cholinergic nature and involvement of muscarinic receptors in this
      type of theta has been previously well documented. The second purpose was to
      determine whether perfusion of a number of (other) putative neurotransmitters
      shown to be present in the hippocampal formation could elicit type 1 (atropine
      resistant) theta in the slice preparation. Further experiments were conducted to
      determine if these agents interacted in any manner with cholinergically-induced
      type 2 theta. Electroencephalic (EEG) theta activity was not induced by nicotine,
      providing evidence for an exclusive muscarinic receptor involvement in this
      cholinergically-induced type 2 theta. In addition, theta activity was not
      elicited by the application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate,
      norepinephrine, dopamine or serotonin. The application of any of these agents did
      not significantly alter the production of cholinergically-induced theta. These
      results suggest that type 1 theta originates in regions extrinsic to the
      hippocampus, or is the result of the interaction of several neurotransmitters on
      different receptors.

PMID- 2901284
TI  - Comparison of two groups of tardive dyskinesia patients--antipsychotic medication
      reduced vs unchanged.

PMID- 2901283
TI  - Kindling does not cause persistent changes in firing rates or transmitter
      sensitivities of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons.
AB  - These studies were undertaken to determine whether the kindling process induces
      persistent alterations in the functional status of neurons of the substantia
      nigra pars reticulata, a brain area identified previously as a site important in
      regulating the expression of generalized motor seizures. Extracellular, single
      unit recordings of pars reticulata neurons were made in chloral hydrate
      anesthetized, fully kindled rats (2-3 weeks after the last seizure), or unkindled
      control rats of the same age and weight. Kindling caused no alterations in
      several electrophysiological parameters examined. For instance, neither the
      number of active pars reticulata cells encountered, nor their firing rates, were
      significantly different between kindled and control groups. In addition, kindling
      failed to alter the sensitivities of pars reticulata neurons to iontophoretic
      application of two inhibitory transmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine,
      and two transmitters that excite these cells, glutamate and acetylcholine. These
      results suggest that while kindling produces enduring increases in seizure
      susceptibility, it causes no persistent interictal changes in either basal
      activity or several measures of transmitter sensitivity of substantia nigra pars
      reticulata neurons.

PMID- 2901285
TI  - Effect of hormones on hydrolase activities and DNA synthesis in kidney of the
      developing mouse.
AB  - The postnatal development of brush border enzyme activities, namely maltase,
      trehalase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and
      leucylnaphthylamidase, as well as the ontogenic profile of DNA synthesis has been
      determined in the mouse kidney. In addition, these parameters were evaluated
      following daily administration of hormones during 3 days to 8-day-old mice.
      Insulin or epidermal growth factor induced a 34% increase of maltase activity
      over that of 11-day-old controls. Trehalase activity was precociously and
      significantly augmented by cortisone alone or combined with thyroxine (p less
      than 0.05), although thyroxine alone had no influence. Only epidermal growth
      factor had a significant effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. gamma
      Glutamyltranspeptidase activity was significantly decreased when insulin and
      thyroxine were given simultaneously, but was not modified by any of the hormones
      injected separately. The level of leucylnaphthylamidase activity was enhanced by
      70% after cortisone injection, but it was significantly reduced by thyroxine
      injected in combination with insulin or cortisone. The incorporation of
      [3H]thymidine into DNA was increased by 107% after epidermal growth factor
      administration, but it was decreased by 33% after the cortisone treatment. In
      spite of this precocious reduction, the level of incorporation was still 2 times
      higher than that in adult mice. These results show that hormones act separately
      or in cooperation to accelerate or retard the maturation of the suckling mouse
      kidney.

PMID- 2901286
TI  - The action of agonists and antagonists at the histamine H1 receptor and receptor
      protection studies in guinea pig ileum.
AB  - We have examined the ability of histamine and the competitive reversible
      antihistamines to protect the histamine H1 receptor against alkylation with the 2
      haloalkylamines, phenoxybenzamine and SY-14. In isolated guinea pig ileum these
      irreversible antagonists produce a parallel shift in the dose-response curve to
      histamine with retention of the maximum response if they are used at
      concentrations less than about 10(-6)M. Treatment with these 2-haloalkylamines in
      the presence of a high concentration of histamine did not alter the blocking
      activity. Thus histamine appears to be unable to protect its own receptor against
      irreversible blockade. The competitive reversible antagonists, on the other hand,
      did provide effective protection against irreversible blockade. It is likely that
      the competitive reversible H1 receptor antagonists have at least some part of
      their attachment site in common with irreversible antagonists of the 2
      haloalkylamine type, while the inability of histamine to provide self-protection
      suggests that its primary attachment site is different from that of the
      antagonists.

PMID- 2901287
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism and multiple copies of DNA sequences
      homologous with probes for P-fimbriae and hemolysin genes among uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Hemolysin and P-fimbriae are two virulence traits frequently found together in
      uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Previous studies have discovered evidence both
      for linkage between the genes for these traits and for their duplication in the
      chromosomes of a limited number of strains. To test whether these observations
      are characteristic of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, the method of DNA
      hybridization to DNA restriction fragments separated by electrophoresis and
      transferred to nylon was used to determine copy number of genes for P-fimbriae
      (pap) among 51 E. coli strains isolated from symptomatic urinary tract
      infections. Twenty percent of the strains had more than one copy of pap
      homologous sequences. Fifteen strains, each representing a unique clone, were
      examined for the presence of sequences homologous with cloned hemolysin genes
      (hly). Samples of DNA from 14 of the 15 strains hybridized with hly probes. In
      eight strains the number of copies of pap equalled the number of copies of hly,
      including one strain with two apparent copies of each. Five strains appeared to
      have one more copy of pap than of hly, and one strain had an extra copy of hly.

PMID- 2901288
TI  - Clonal genomic alterations in glioma malignancy stages.
AB  - Comparison of constitutional and tumor genotypes at chromosomal loci defined by
      restriction fragment length alleles has proven useful in determining the genomic
      position and tissue specificity of recessive mutations that predispose to cancer
      (Hansen, M.F., and Cavenee, W.K. Cancer Res., 47:5518-5527, 1987). Here we have
      applied this approach to 53 unrelated patients with glial tumors of varying
      histological malignancy grade. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity for loci on
      chromosome 10 was observed in 28 of 29 tumors histologically classified as
      glioblastoma (malignancy grade IV) whereas no similar losses were observed in any
      of 22 gliomas of lower malignancy grade. Examination of restriction fragment
      length alleles on other chromosomes revealed that loss of sequences on
      chromosomes 13, 17, or 22 had occurred at nonrandom frequencies and in at least
      one instance of each malignancy grade of adult glioma. The tumors in which loss
      of constitutional heterozygosity was observed were composed of one or a mixture
      of glial cell subtypes displaying astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, and/or ependymal
      differentiation. These results demonstrate a close association of the loss of
      chromosome 10 sequences with the most malignant histological stage of glioma and
      that glioblastoma arises as the clonal expansion of an earlier staged precursor.
      Furthermore they suggest that glioblastoma is a common phenotypic and malignancy
      terminus for glial tumors of various cellular subtypes which is reached through a
      common molecular pathway. This approach which involves the identification of
      malignancy stage specific somatic losses of heterozygosity provides a genotypic,
      rather than phenotypic, analysis of tumor progression.

PMID- 2901289
TI  - Predicting return to work after acute myocardial infarction. Significance of
      clinical data, exercise test variables and beta-blocker therapy.
AB  - Among 66 full-time employed men surviving an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      and participating in the Norwegian postinfarction study with timolol, 50 (75.7%)
      resumed their previous work within 12 months, and 16 (24.3%) retired. Stepwise
      logistic regression analysis of clinical data and of results from an exercise
      test 3 months post AMI revealed the following factors of independent predictive
      value for enhanced return to work: previous labor characterized as light or
      moderately heavy (p = 0.001), low age at the time of infarction (p = 0.001),
      timolol treatment (p = 0.009), ability to stop smoking post AMI (p = 0.006), and
      a high exercise capacity on the exercise test (p = 0.016). It is concluded that
      the clinical history and an exercise test 3 months after AMI can identify
      patients who are more likely to resume work, and that post-AMI beta-blocker
      treatment with timolol and ability to stop smoking are predictive of an enhanced
      return to work.

PMID- 2901290
TI  - Enterochromaffin (EC-) cells of the mammalian gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP)
      endocrine system: cellular source of pro-dynorphin-derived peptides.
AB  - It has long been disputed whether mammalian enterochromaffin (EC-) cells contain
      a peptide in addition to serotonin. Previous immunohistochemical studies have
      provided evidence for the presence of enkephalins in EC-cells. These findings,
      however, are equivocal. Therefore, the problem of opioid peptides in EC-cells has
      been re-examined in the gastro-intestinal mucosa of dog, guinea-pig and man. A
      battery of antisera against derivatives of pro-opiomelanocortin, pro-enkephalin
      and pro-dynorphin have been applied to semithin serial sections of the tissues,
      in combination with fluorescence histochemistry and serotonin
      immunocytochemistry. Our findings indicate that EC-cells of the investigated
      species contain pro-dynorphin-related peptides, i.e. dynorphin A and alpha-neo
      endorphin, but no derivatives from pro-opiomelanocortin or pro-enkephalin. Since
      remarkable interspecies variations occur with respect to the number and staining
      characteristics of opioid immunoreactive EC-cells, it is concluded that pro
      dynorphin shows specific routes of post-translational processing depending upon
      the species and the gastro-intestinal segment investigated. Future studies should
      focus on the mutual relationships between serotonin and dynorphins and on the
      physiological significance of these peptides in the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2901292
TI  - Ectopic expression of Thy-1 in the kidneys of transgenic mice induces functional
      and proliferative abnormalities.

PMID- 2901291
TI  - Selective decrease of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigrostriatum of
      adult male rats after N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment.
AB  - Several laboratories have reported that N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine causes damage to the nigral dopamine neurons of man, monkey,
      and mouse. Controversial data suggest that a rat model of Parkinsonism may be
      possible. Although loss of dopamine cells has not been detected in the rat brain,
      our immunocytochemical studies show that immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase, the
      rate-limiting enzyme which synthesizes dopamine, is significantly reduced in
      concentration, or its antigenicity altered, in substantia nigra/pars compacta as
      well as the caudate nucleus. Optical density measurements demonstrate the
      reduction or alteration of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigro-striatal
      neurons, indicating that axonal terminals, as well as parent perikarya, may be
      sensitive to the drug. After treatment, abnormal morphological remodelling may
      result in the affected neuronal processes, perhaps indicating sublethal toxicity,
      followed by slow recovery. Despite the lack of nigral cell death, it is proposed
      that the present data support the use of the rat as a model to investigate the
      early effects of Parkinsonism induced by this agent, and the biological
      mechanisms of cellular recovery.

PMID- 2901293
TI  - A role in transmembrane signaling for the cytoplasmic domain of the CD2 T
      lymphocyte surface antigen.
AB  - The CD2 antigen can mediate mitogenesis of T lymphocytes after binding
      combinations of monoclonal antibodies. To examine the importance of the
      cytoplasmic domain in signaling, rat CD2 cDNA has been transfected into the human
      Jurkat cell line and triggering of an increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+
      concentration [( Ca2+]i) has been assayed. In cells expressing full-length CD2, a
      clear signal was triggered with anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, a
      barely detectable increase in [Ca2+]i occurred with mutant rat CD2 molecules that
      included only 6 or 40 amino acids of the full-length cytoplasmic domain of 116
      residues. It thus appears that the CD2 cytoplasmic domain plays a role in the
      signaling event.

PMID- 2901294
TI  - The pharmacology and biochemical action of second-line agents.

PMID- 2901296
TI  - Syntheses of the optical isomers of befunolol.HCl and their beta-adrenergic
      blocking activities.

PMID- 2901295
TI  - The oliC3 gene of Aspergillus niger: isolation, sequence and use as a selectable
      marker for transformation.
AB  - The oliC3 gene of Aspergillus niger has been isolated and sequenced. This gene
      encodes an oligomycin-resistant variant of the mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit
      9. In transformation experiments the gene can serve as a semi-dominant selectable
      marker for A. niger. It was possible to recognize transformants in which oliC3
      had integrated at the homologous oliC locus, as opposed to elsewhere in the
      genome, by observation of phenotypes on medium containing oligomycin. DNA
      sequencing has allowed comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with subunit
      9 proteins from other species and comparison of 5' untranslated sequences with
      those from other fungi.

PMID- 2901297
TI  - [The concept of tropical neuromyelopathy].
AB  - Since the beginning of this century, the concept of tropical neuromyelopathy (T.
      N. M.) was progressively elaborated in tropical areas. This disorder is
      constituted by three main clinical syndromes (e.g.: polyneuropathy, spastic
      paraplegia, ataxia). Abnormal clinical, electrophysiological and pathological
      features, observed in all clinical forms argue in favor of a diffuse
      pathobiological process of the nervous system. The association with positive HTLV
      1 serology, has recently induced a great interest for the spastic forms of T. N.
      M. Tropical spastic paraplegia tend to be individualized. This attitude differs
      from the global concept of T. N. M. which allows gathering similar clinical
      syndromes. This T. N. M. group should be kept intact until the discovery of new
      etiologies. Toxic (manioc, lathyrism) or deficiency (hypovitaminosis,
      malabsorption) causes are incriminated. Otherwise etiologies are unknown.

PMID- 2901298
TI  - Analysis of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies as models of receptor and
      ligand.
AB  - Antibodies to small bioactive ligands and peptides may mimic the binding
      characteristics of the natural receptor; in turn, the anti-idiotypic antibodies
      generated against the binding sites of such anti-ligand antibodies may mimic some
      aspects of small bioactive ligands and peptides. Among the several levels of
      investigation of such antibody-receptor networks are (a) the quantitative
      structure-activity relationships of ligand binding to antibody as compared with
      natural receptor; (b) the molecular modeling of antibody-receptor binding sites
      and the genomic basis for such structures; and (c) the characteristics of the
      molecular mimicry exhibited by "mimetopes" on anti-idiotypic antibodies. To
      illustrate the analysis encountered at each of these levels, we discuss here
      antibody and anti-idiotypic systems that are directed to small neuroactive
      ligands and their receptors.

PMID- 2901299
TI  - Liver-function studies in heart-transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin A.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CsA) hepatotoxicity has been reported but has not been studied
      systematically. This study includes 17 patients undergoing heart transplantation
      (HTx) and being treated with CsA, azathioprine, and corticosteroids. We assessed
      liver function in these patients before HTx and during the following month by
      five biological tests: total bile acids (BA), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT), and total bilirubin in serum, and the aminopyrine
      breath test (ABT). With these tests we could classify the patients into three
      groups before HTx: normal (group I), mildly altered (group II), and severely
      altered (group III) liver function. During CsA therapy we did not observe any
      changes in any test results except for BA and GGT, and these only in group III.
      The ABT improved significantly in this group. During kinetic studies in patients
      without liver dysfunction, we confirmed a direct interference of CsA on BA
      secretion mechanism, but not the GGT increase, which remains to be explained.

PMID- 2901300
TI  - Plasma amino acid pattern of patients with HIV infection.
AB  - We measured the free amino acids in plasma of 58 patients with HIV infection and
      in six persons in the risk group. The HIV+ patients had significantly increased
      concentrations of arginine, phenylalanine, and glutamate in comparison with both
      age- and sex-matched controls and the members of the risk group. Glutamate
      concentrations increased only in an advanced stage of the disease (WR 5 and 6 of
      the Walter Reed staging classification), whereas arginine and phenylalanine
      increased independently of the stage. There was no correlation between the amino
      acid concentrations and the number of T4 and T8 lymphocytes, the sedimentation
      rate, and the existence or absence of Kaposi's sarcoma. The amino acid pattern of
      HIV-infected persons is similar to that of cancer patients or those with other
      immune deficiencies.

PMID- 2901301
TI  - Growth hormone releasing factor stimulates and somatostatin inhibits prolactin
      release from human mixed somatotroph-lactotroph adenomas in perifusion.
AB  - The effects of human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF) and somatostatin on
      growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion in perifusion of dispersed
      cells of human GH-secreting adenomas, obtained from seven acromegalic patients
      with hyperprolactinaemia, were examined. Six adenomas stained for both GH and PRL
      on immunohistochemical examination, and one contained only GH. GH release was
      consistently stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by hGRF (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 nM)
      in all seven adenomas studied. PRL release was undetectable in two adenomas. In
      the other five, hGRF stimulated PRL release and the response was dose related.
      Furthermore, the PRL response was significantly correlated with the GH response
      to hGRF. When cells were perfused with somatostatin (1 nM), GH and PRL secretion
      induced by hGRF was completely antagonized. We also evaluated the effect of hGRF
      pretreatment on the subsequent GH response to hGRF in two adenomas. hGRF
      pretreatment (1 nM) for 210 min reduced the GH response to a subsequent hGRF
      challenge (100 nM) in one tumour but not in the other. In conclusion, the PRL
      response is similar to the GH response in mixed GH and PRL-secreting adenomas
      after exposure to GH release-stimulating and inhibiting hormones. After prolonged
      exposure to hGRF, some adenomas remain responsive to further stimulation with
      hGRF, whereas others do not.

PMID- 2901302
TI  - GH feedback occurs through modulation of hypothalamic somatostatin under
      cholinergic control: studies with pyridostigmine and GHRH.
AB  - We have studied the effect of increased cholinergic tone on the GH response to
      growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and on GH feedback, using pyridostigmine,
      an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In six healthy male adult volunteers 120 mg
      oral pyridostigmine increased basal GH secretion compared to placebo and
      augmented the GH response to 100 micrograms i.v. GHRH (1-29) NH2; the effect was
      more than the additive effect of pyridostigmine and GHRH when each was given
      alone. Pretreatment with 2 IU methionyl-hGH given i.v. abolished the serum GH
      response to GHRH given 3 h later, demonstrating a negative feedback loop of GH on
      the response to GHRH; this inhibited response to GHRH was restored in subjects
      given pyridostigmine as well as methionyl-hGH. The data demonstrate that enhanced
      cholinergic tone releases GH, augments the serum GH response to GHRH and unblocks
      the negative feedback effect of methionyl-hGH pretreatment on the GH response to
      GHRH. These results suggest that GH negative feedback effects on its own
      secretion occur predominantly through increased hypothalamic somatostatin
      secretion; this somatostatin secretion is under inhibitory cholinergic control.

PMID- 2901303
TI  - Sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis: combination therapy with D-penicillamine
      or sodium aurothiomalate.
AB  - This open study examined the safety of adding a second slow-acting anti-rheumatic
      drug (SARD) - D-penicillamine or sodium aurothiomalate - to the therapy of 38
      rheumatoid patients already established on sulphasalazine. Combined anti
      rheumatic therapy given in this way was generally well-tolerated and the
      incidence of adverse reactions was not increased. During the first year none of
      the reactions were serious although 9 of the 29 patients (31%) given D
      penicillamine and 3 of the 9 patients receiving aurothiomalate developed side
      effects requiring withdrawal of the second SARD. Reactions attributed to D
      penicillamine were: gastro-intestinal - 6, rashes - 2, and blurring of vision -
      1. All 3 reactions occurring with gold were rashes, 2 associated with proteinuria
      and one with increased liver enzymes. During the second year D-penicillamine was
      withdrawn in 4 patients due to thrombocytopenia - 2, and rashes - 2. In addition
      an overall favourable clinical response was achieved in 70% of patients. This
      approach for combination therapy whereby a second SARD is given to patients
      already established on a single SARD, appears to minimise the toxicity which is a
      problem when 2 SARDs are started simultaneously.

PMID- 2901304
TI  - How reliable is ESR as a measure of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis
      treated with hydroxychloroquine?
AB  - Forty-two patients with active rheumatoid arthritis treated with
      hydroxychloroquine sulphate (400 mg day-1) for six months have been compared with
      patients treated with D-penicillamine (n = 14), aurothiomalate (n = 13),
      sulphasalazine (n = 15) and chloroquine (n = 17) to compare the changes in
      articular index, plasma viscosity and ESR. Results indicate that while articular
      index and plasma viscosity show significant improvement for all treatments, the
      ESR fails to improve during hydroxychloroquine therapy.

PMID- 2901305
TI  - The use of body mass loss to estimate metabolic rate in fasting sea birds: a
      critical examination based on emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri).
AB  - 1. The validity of the body mass loss (BML) method to estimate incubation and
      molting metabolic rate (MR) in sea birds is examined on the basis of data in
      emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri). 2. The BML composition of emperors
      during mid incubation is revised (61.7% fat, 5.9% protein and 32.4% water; energy
      equivalent of BML = 25.5 kJ/g). 3. Using these data in short-term fasting petrels
      and penguins, or with BML obtained at the beginning or at the end of the fast in
      long-term fasting species, may lead to up to 2-fold overestimates of incubation
      metabolic rate (IMR). Similarly, molting MR may be overestimated by up to three
      times. 4. The use of the 25.5 kJ/g energy equivalent with BML obtained during
      middle part of the incubation shift seems valid in long-term fasting species. It
      is suggested that IMR within the thermoneutral zone might be close to basal MR in
      most antarctic and sub-antarctic sea birds.

PMID- 2901306
TI  - Phosphoadenylate concentrations and adenylate energy charge of largemouth bass
      (Micropterus salmoides): relationship with condition factor and blood cortisol.
AB  - 1. Concentrations of phosphoadenylate nucleotides and adenylate energy charge in
      the dorsal muscle and blood of largemouth bass from a reservoir receiving heated
      effluent were investigated. These values were compared with the length, weight,
      body condition and blood cortisol concentrations. 2. Body condition of the
      largemouth bass ranged from 1043 to 2544, reflecting the range of condition due
      to starvation of some fish in the population. 3. Blood cortisol concentrations
      ranged from 4.0 to 23.1 micrograms/100 ml with a mean of 6.3 micrograms/100 ml.
      4. The adenylate energy charge of muscle (MATP) and blood ranged from 0.37 to
      0.98 and 0.74 to 0.99, respectively. 5. Blood cortisol concentration was
      positively correlated with body condition but not correlated with the adenylate
      energy charge of either blood or muscle. 6. Blood cortisol concentration was
      negatively correlated with concentration of adenylates in both muscle and blood.

PMID- 2901308
TI  - Physical composition of the semen of Barbus aeneus, the smallmouth yellowfish
      (Cyprinidae).
AB  - 1. The physical composition of the semen of Barbus aeneus (smallmouth yellowfish)
      was determined. 2. The mean values and standard deviations for some of the
      physical properties were as follows: sperm count = 8.41 x 10(6)/mm3 +/- 2.55;
      percentage live cells = 92.5% +/- 9.92; spermatocrit = 61.9% +/- 5.74 and the
      total motility = 65 +/- 8.95. The colour of the sperm samples were white while
      the viscosity varied between 2 and 3 on the scale 1-3.

PMID- 2901307
TI  - Development of glucose active transport in embryonic chick intestine. Influence
      of thyroxine and hydrocortisone.
AB  - 1. Glucose active transport is detectable in 12-day-old embryonic chick duodenum
      and increases at least 11-fold after 4 days of postnatal life. 2. Glucose active
      transport develops at the in vivo rate in 72-hr cultures of 14-day embryonic
      duodenum. 3. In the presence of either 1 nM thyroxine or 1 microM hydrocortisone
      in vitro, glucose active transport reaches levels approximately 200% of control
      values (equivalent to 18-19 day levels in vivo). 4. Thyroxine and hydrocortisone
      act by different mechanisms based on their antagonistic interaction and
      differences in time course of action, requirement for protein synthesis and
      modulation by extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2901309
TI  - Sexual maturity and physical exercise alter fibrinolytic activity in birds
      (chickens).
AB  - 1. Sexual maturity in the domestic hen is accompanied by hyperlipidaemia. This
      study examined effects of hyperlipidaemia on fibrinolytic activity at rest and
      following prolonged treadmill exercise. 2. In immature hens the mean pooled
      plasma fibrinolytic activity was 50 mm2 and following 90 min continuous exercise
      this rose to 114 mm2. In contrast, fibrinolytic activity in mature hens was
      undetectable but rose to 51 mm2 after exercise. 3. The fibrinolytic response of
      mature and immature cocks was comparable to that of the immature hens. 4. The
      resting plasma triglyceride concentration in mature hens was approximately seven
      times that of the immature hens, immature and mature cocks. Exercise induced
      significant increases in plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations but had
      no significant effect on triglyceride or cholesterol levels. 5. The results
      demonstrate that prolonged exercise in birds, as in man, evokes
      hyperfibrinolysis. However, the response is impaired in mature females and this
      may be associated with increased blood lipid levels.

PMID- 2901310
TI  - Concentrations of serum cortisol, progesterone, estradiol-17 beta, cholesterol
      and cholesterol ester in the doe during the reproductive stadium, in the fetal
      serum, in the amniotic fluid and in the milk of rabbits, as well as correlations
      between these parameters.
AB  - 1. Serum progesterone, estradiol-17 beta and cortisol, as well as cholesterol and
      cholesterol ester concentrations in pregnant and lactating rabbits (New Zealand
      white hybrids, n = 9), were measured. These parameters were also studied in the
      amniotic fluid, the milk and the fetal serum (28-day old fetuses). 2. Serum
      progesterone and estradiol-17 beta were significantly enhanced during gestation,
      while the content of cortisol showed a marked elevation at the end of pregnancy.
      The concentrations of these hormones decreased before parturition. 3. Serum
      cholesterol and cholesterol ester concentrations markedly decreased in the second
      half of gestation (74 and 76%, respectively) and elevated after parturition and
      in the first week of lactation.

PMID- 2901311
TI  - Levels of calcium and soluble collagen in turkey egg shell membranes.
AB  - 1. This experiment examined the effect of weeks in egg production and type of
      housing confinement of turkey hens on calcium and soluble collagen levels in egg
      shell membranes; and discussion was given to their apparent relationship to gas
      exchange in turkey eggs. 2. The high level of acid-soluble collagen in inner and
      outer egg shell membranes of aging caged hens compared with the same aged floor
      penned hens may have a relationship with the low hatchability generally
      recognized in caged hens. 3. The levels of calcium found in the outer shell
      membrane are low and appeared to decrease with the age of the hen. 4. There were
      no differences over time in levels of total collagen and neutral salt-soluble
      collagen (newly formed collagen) found in egg shell membranes of turkey hens
      confined in cages or floor pens. 5. It is suggested that the acid-soluble
      collagen levels found in inner shell membranes may have a relationship in
      limiting respiratory gas exchange during latter incubation time, and thus limit
      embryo survival.

PMID- 2901312
TI  - Oxygen consumption and feeding rates of the sabellid polychaete, Myxicola
      infundibulum (Renier).
AB  - 1. Rates of respiration and feeding were measured for the sabellid polychaete,
      Myxicola infundibulum. 2. Basal rates of respiration were 1.5 times lower than
      routine rates. 3. Clearance and irrigation rates were independent of cell type
      when the worms were fed on monocultures of algae; however, preferential selection
      was seen when the algal species were offered simultaneously. 4. Calculations
      indicate that this species can meet its energetic needs at rather low cell
      densities. 5. It is suggested that these low energy requirements, coupled with
      the capacity for high pumping/clearing rates may be of adaptive significance in
      reducing competition for food resources.

PMID- 2901313
TI  - The effect of somatic and gonadal size on the rate of oxygen consumption in the
      subantarctic echinoid Abatus cordatus (Echinodermata) from Kerguelen.
AB  - 1. The rate of oxygen consumption of this burrowing spatangoid was measured for
      individuals ranging in size from 3-month old 2.5-mm long juveniles to 39-mm long
      adults. 2. The decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption/dry weight with
      increasing body size is greater among mature adults than among juveniles because
      the increase in aerobic tissue (primarily the test) with body size is less than
      the increase in anaerobic tissues (mainly the gonads). 3. The rate of oxygen
      consumption/ash-free dry weight decreased more slowly with increasing body size
      because of the increase in the level of inorganic material. 4. Replacement of the
      common fresh weight or dry weight specific oxygen consumption by a more synthetic
      value calculated from ash-free dry weight specific oxygen consumption
      measurements, to annulate the body-size effect, is proposed for interspecific
      comparison over a wide range of body size, taking into account parameters such as
      temperature.

PMID- 2901314
TI  - Seasonal energetics of opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in Ohio.
AB  - 1. Female opossums acclimatized to each of the four seasons were not
      significantly different (P greater than 0.05) in oxygen consumption at a Ta of 0
      degrees C; the overall average was 0.66 +/- 0.1 ml O2/g-hr. 2. Body weight
      decreased by 27% from autumn to spring; pelage density increased in winter, but
      thermal conductance changed very little between seasons. 3. Respirometry revealed
      no evidence of thermoregulatory adjustments in opossums acclimatized to winter in
      Ohio.

PMID- 2901315
TI  - Comparative effects of sugars on the hemolytic activity of Schistosoma mansoni
      and other hemolytic agents.
AB  - 1. The rate of red blood cell lysis by the hemolytic agent in adult worm
      homogenates of Schistosoma mansoni is slowed in the presence of added sugars (50
      mM). 2. Trisaccharides were the most effective in slowing and reducing lysis.
      Disaccharides were more effective than monosaccharides. 3. The addition of
      sodium, potassium or lithium chloride salts (25 mM) stimulated hemolysis by the
      S. mansoni agent. 4. Hemolysins with known mechanisms were tested to determine
      the effects of added sugars (50 mM) or salts (25 mM). 5. The S. mansoni hemolytic
      agent responds to the addition of sugars and salts in a manner similar to small
      membrane pore formers.

PMID- 2901316
TI  - Comparative lactation in two species of rat-kangaroo (Marsupialia).
AB  - 1. Milk composition and energy content was measured in two related marsupials,
      Bettongia gaimardi and Potorous tridactylus. 2. Although protein content was
      consistently higher in bettong milk, lactational trends in both species are
      similar to those reported for other marsupials. 3. The faster relative growth
      rate of the bettong may be correlated with the increased protein and a higher
      milk intake.

PMID- 2901317
TI  - Lack of effect of rat atrial natriuretic factor (rANF) on the renal function in
      frogs.
AB  - 1. The aim of the present experiments was to examine the question whether the rat
      atrial natriuretic factor (rANF 1-28) could alter the fractional excretion of
      sodium (FENa) and other solutes in the frog (Rana esculenta). 2. Although
      experiments were performed throughout the year possible seasonal changes in the
      animals were considered in particular. 3. In all frogs, a hypotonic diuresis was
      induced. 4. Under these conditions in winter frogs, the control FENa was 8.8 +/-
      5.8% (15) [means +/- SD (n)], and during rANF administration 7.7 +/- 6.6% (13)
      (NS). 5. In summer frogs, the control and experimental FENa was 5.2 +/- 2.8% (5)
      and 6.0 +/- 2.5% (5), respectively (NS). 6. These results show that there was no
      significant effect of this polypeptide on the fractional excretion of sodium in
      the frog.

PMID- 2901318
TI  - Reabsorption of inorganic sulfate in the frog kidney: saturation of transport
      mechanism.
AB  - 1. Clearance experiments were performed to study reabsorption of inorganic
      sulfate (SO4) in the frog kidney. 2. During stepwise elevation of the SO4
      concentration in plasma by i.v. sulfate administration (SO4 titration), the
      absolute reabsorption of SO4 did not increase but kept constant during mild SO4
      loading. 3. The maximal reabsorptive capacity for SO4 (TmSO4) was about 0.37
      mumol/30 min in this species. 4. The present results do not indicate renal net
      secretion of SO4 in the frog.

PMID- 2901319
TI  - N-acetylglucosamine binding activity in extracts of adult newt skin.
AB  - 1. Extracts of the dermis of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, contain
      hemagglutination activity which is specifically inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine.
      2. The activity is soluble and is associated with a doublet in sodium dodecyl
      sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the bands of which have relative molecular weights
      of 51,000 and 57,000 under both reducing and non-reducing conditions. 3. The
      activity requires magnesium but not calcium, cobalt, or manganese and is
      inhibited by barium. 4. The activity is also dependent on pH with a pH optimum
      between 7.0 and 7.6.

PMID- 2901320
TI  - Elevated intra-rumen pressure and secondary rumen contractions in sheep (Ovis
      aries).
AB  - 1. Sheep rumens were insufflated with nitrogen to 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm water
      pressure and sustained at each pressure for 10 min. 2. Measurements included
      rumen motility, reticulorumen myoelectric activity, eructation frequency and
      volume, changes in tracheal pressure and rumen contraction amplitude. 3. As intra
      rumen pressure increased, contractions designated as special secondary
      contractions appeared. 4. At a pressure of approximately 15 cm water, most of the
      special secondary contractions became regular secondaries; therefore, the special
      secondaries were called pro-secondary contractions. 5. Increased intra-rumen
      pressure was associated with respiratory distress. The recovery phase following,
      rumen insufflation was accompanied by hyperpnea.

PMID- 2901321
TI  - Long-term starvation in Xenopus laevis Daudin--II. Effects on several organs.
AB  - 1. The effect of starvation for 12 months on organo-somatic indices, glycogen,
      protein and water contents of several organs and the Na+/K+ ratio in muscle was
      studied in the South African clawed toad Xenopus laevis Daudin. 2. The liver- and
      ovary-somatic index were reduced by 30 and 70% of the initial value after 12
      months. Fat bodies had disappeared after approximately 6 months of starvation.
      The indices of heart and kidney were not changed. 3. Glycogen concentration of
      the liver, ovaries and muscle were depleted nearly totally during the first half
      of the experimental time, whereas glycogen in the kidney seemed to be unaffected.
      4. Protein concentration increased in the liver, decreased in the muscle and
      remained constant in the kidney. 5. Starvation caused an increase of the water
      concentration of the whole animal and different organs, especially at the end of
      the experiment. 6. The Na+/K+ ratio of the muscle increased significantly after 6
      months of starvation and reached a maximum after 10 months.

PMID- 2901322
TI  - Reproduction of rock pigeon exposed to extreme ambient temperatures.
AB  - 1. The breeding biology of rock pigeon (Columba livia) exposed to ambient
      temperatures (Ta) between 50 and 60 degrees C was investigated. 2. Four families
      accomplished three complete life cycles after long term daily exposure to extreme
      Ta, with about 100% success. 3. The steady state temperatures in the nest were
      60, 58, 53 and 44.6 degrees C in the air, substrate surface, underwing, and in
      the egg's microenvironment, respectively. 4. At thermal conditions between 30 and
      60 degrees C, egg temperature (Tegg) was regulated between 36.8 +/- 0.8 (S.D.)
      and 41.7 +/- 0.4 (S.D.). Tegg increases by 0.163 degrees C/1 degree C rise in Ta.
      5. Mean Tb of the nonincubating parent exposed to 30-60 degrees C is 41.6 +/- 0.6
      degrees C (S.D.). Under the same conditions the incubating parent regulated a
      significantly (P less than 0.01) lower Tb (38.8 degrees C) at 45 degrees C Ta and
      about 1 degree C lower Tb at 30 and 60 degrees C Ta, respectively. 6. By
      comparing the differences between fast (5 min) cooling of hot egg (44.8 degrees
      C) to slow heating (60-90 min), we could demonstrate the high sensitivity of the
      incubating parent to the danger of embryo overheating. 7. The significance of the
      adaptive behavioral and physiological mechanisms in breeding under extreme
      thermal conditions are discussed.

PMID- 2901324
TI  - A molecular characterization of BALB/c congenic C.D2-Idh-1b, Lshr, Rep-1b, Pep-3b
      mice.

PMID- 2901323
TI  - Circannual fluctuations of the serum cortisol in the European ground squirrel,
      Citellus citellus L.
AB  - 1. Serum cortisol levels were measured throughout an annual cycle in male
      European ground squirrels, Citellus citellus L. 2. A circannual rhythm of these
      levels in euthermic animals was found: the highest being in late October,
      November and December, the lowest in May, early October and March. 3. The levels
      varied in the hibernating period as well: strongly reduced during the first part
      (October-December) and significantly elevated in the second one (January-March).
      4. A significant elevation of the cortisol levels was marked 18-20 hr after full
      arousal from hibernation in October.

PMID- 2901326
TI  - Murine Hox genes--a multigene family.

PMID- 2901325
TI  - Identification of a linkage group including the Bcg gene by restriction fragment
      length polymorphism analysis.

PMID- 2901327
TI  - Expression of the homeobox genes Hox 2.1 and 2.6 during mouse development.

PMID- 2901328
TI  - Molecular studies of the parental origin and nature of human X isochromosomes.
AB  - X-chromosome restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to determine the
      parental origin of the isochromosome in nine individuals with an i(Xq) or
      idic(Xq). We were able to specify the parental source of eight of the nine
      isochromosomes, with six being maternal and two paternal in origin. In two cases,
      one i(Xq) and one idic(Xq), we used Xq markers to determine the level of
      heterozygosity in the isochromosome. Each was homozygous at all tested loci,
      suggesting that each originated from a single X chromosome and not from an
      exchange of material between two X's.

PMID- 2901330
TI  - [Genes of Bos taurus caseins. Cloning and restriction analysis].

PMID- 2901329
TI  - The effects of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on carbohydrate homeostasis
      of insulin-dependent diabetics as assessed by the artificial endocrine pancreas.
AB  - On the basis of the inhibitory actions of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995
      on growth hormone (GH) and glucagon (IRG) secretion we investigated its effects
      on carbohydrate metabolism of insulin-dependent diabetics. Six patients with no
      residual insulin secretion were connected to the artificial endocrine pancreas
      (AEP) and after the establishment of a steady state overnight they were injected
      either normal saline or 50 micrograms of SMS 201-995 s.c., t.i.d., or 100
      micrograms of the same compound b.i.d. Insulin requirements were assessed by the
      AEP and compared during the 24 h and after the main meals. The inhibition of GH
      and IRG secretion was evaluated as well. 50 micrograms of SMS analogue t.i.d.
      induced a significant reduction of insulin requirement (mean +/- SEM) while no
      significant difference was observed between control and 100 micrograms s.c.,
      b.i.d., nor between 50 micrograms and 100 micrograms. The curve of glucose
      fluctuations was smoother after 50 micrograms than after 100 micrograms and
      control. Postprandial IRG secretion was inhibited by both regimens of SMS after
      lunch and dinner. GH secretion was significantly inhibited after all meals during
      the days of analogue administration. SMS 201-995 analogue appears to have a
      remarkable antidiabetic activity as shown by the sparing of administered amount
      of insulin, suppression of counter-insulin hormones and smoothing of blood
      glucose curve. It may constitute a safe and effective adjunctive measure in the
      management of insulin-dependent diabetics.

PMID- 2901331
TI  - [The growth of hematopoietic stem cells is inhibited by natural killers only in a
      non-syngeneic microenvironment].

PMID- 2901332
TI  - Antihistaminic properties of cicletanine in human isolated coronary arteries.
AB  - Cicletanine was tested as an antagonist of the various actions of histamine in
      coronary artery rings isolated from old (mostly atherosclerotic) and young (non
      atherosclerotic) patients. Histamine mainly induced concentration-dependent
      contractions in arteries from old patients. Cicletanine antagonized this effect
      with a pA2 value of 6.9 (slope factor of 0.94), revealing in some cases a
      relaxant effect of histamine. In addition, cicletanine increased the threshold
      concentration of histamine required to trigger spastic, indomethacin-sensitive
      rhythmic contractions in (some) rings of the oldest patient. At variance with
      what occurred in coronary rings from old patients, the predominant effect of
      histamine in rings from young patients was relaxation. This relaxation remained
      unaltered by cicletanine (1 microM). As a whole, these results extend the
      histamine H1 antagonistic activity of cicletanine to human coronary arteries. If
      histamine is involved in the promotion of vasospasm, then cicletanine could be of
      potential benefit to patients, without apparently affecting the relaxant response
      to histamine in non-cardiac patients.

PMID- 2901334
TI  - [The 1987-88 epidemiological trend in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Stuttgart and
      surroundings].

PMID- 2901333
TI  - The effects of cicletanine, a new antihypertensive compound, on the flare and
      weal response to histamine.
AB  - This was an open experimental pilot study in five volunteers to identify any
      useful effect of cicletanine in the prevention or relief of the flare and weal
      response to histamine injection on the forearm. Areas of the flare and weal
      responses to three different concentrations of intradermal histamine injection
      were determined. Choice reaction time was measured to assess CNS performance.
      Heart rate, blood pressure and visual near-point were measured as indices of
      autonomic response. Oral cicletanine (200 mg) reduced the flare and weal response
      below pretreatment values for at least 8 h (p less than 0.05). There were no
      apparent changes in heart rate or visual near-point, nor any sedative effects.
      Diastolic blood pressure was significantly elevated 6 and 8 h after cicletanine
      (p less than 0.05) but systolic blood pressure was not affected. These results
      show that cicletanine is a potent non-sedative antihistamine compound.

PMID- 2901335
TI  - Coding sequence and expression of the homeobox gene Hox 1.3.
AB  - We have characterized Hox 1.3 (previously described as m2), a murine homeobox
      containing gene, which is a member of the Hox 1 cluster located on chromosome 6.
      A cloned cDNA was isolated from an Okayama-Berg library generated from the
      chemically transformed cell line MB66 MCA ACL6. The protein sequence of 270 amino
      acids was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of an open reading frame
      containing the homeobox. The open reading frame is interrupted at the genomic
      level by a 960 bp intron and is organized in two exons. The Hox 1.3 protein was
      found to contain extensive sequence homology with the murine homeodomain protein
      Hox 2.1, which is encoded on chromosome 11. There are two homology with the
      regions in the first exon, i.e. a hexapeptide conserved in many homeobox
      containing genes and the N-terminal domain, which was found to be homologous only
      to Hox 2.1. Furthermore, in exon 2 the homologies of the homeodomain regions are
      extended up to the carboxy terminus of Hox 1.3 and Hox 2.1. During prenatal
      murine development, maximal expression of Hox 1.3 is observed in 12-day embryonic
      tissue. The two transcripts carrying the Hox 1.3 homeobox are 1.9 kb and about 4
      kb in length. An abundant Hox 1.3-specific 1.9 kb RNA is also found in F9 cells
      which were induced for parietal endoderm differentiation, whereas F9
      teratocarcinoma stem cells do not stably express this specific RNA. Induction of
      the transcript occurs immediately after retinoic acid/cAMP treatment and the RNA
      level remains high for 5 days. Thus, the kinetics are different from the
      previously described homeobox transcripts Hox 1.1 and Hox 3.1. Interestingly, by
      analogy to the F9 cell system a negative correlation between transformation and
      Hox 1.3 expression is observed in 3T3 fibroblasts also. Untransformed 3T3 cells
      carry abundant 1.9 kb Hox 1.3 RNA, whereas the methylcholanthrene-transformed
      MB66 and LTK- cells or 3T3 cells transformed by the oncogenes src, fos or SV40 T
      antigen express only low levels.

PMID- 2901337
TI  - [At what point is premature labor to be arrested?].

PMID- 2901336
TI  - Regulation of neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA
      level by nerve growth factor in cultured sympathetic neurones.
AB  - The survival of new-born rat sympathetic neurones in culture was increased in a
      dose-dependent manner by 7S nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF also increased, in a
      parallel manner, the specific activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) and
      choline acetyltransferase (CAT). Total acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) activity
      increased with NGF concentration, although less distinctly than TOH and CAT.
      However, NGF caused a large induction of the asymmetric A12 form of AcChE, and to
      a lesser extent of the globular G1 and G2 forms, whereas the globular G4 form was
      little affected. This suggests that NGF differentially regulates the synthesis
      and/or assembly of the various AcChE molecular forms. The levels of TOH mRNA in
      neurone cultures grown with increasing NGF concentrations were measured by
      Northern blot analysis with a rat cDNA probe. To correct for variations in the
      total mass of RNA per neurone, the filters were rehybridized with an 18S rRNA
      probe. The level of TOH mRNA, measured by the ratio (TOH:18S) of the
      hybridization signals increased 3.4-fold between 92 and 740 ng ml-1 7S NGF.
      Increases of TOH specific activity of the same order of magnitude were observed
      in sister cultures. The deficit in the level of mature TOH mRNA at low NGF
      concentration was not accompanied by a compensatory accumulation in unprocessed
      TOH transcripts. As TOH induction is insensitive to RNA polymerase inhibitors, we
      suggest that NGF regulates the maturation of TOH pre-mRNAs, and that the
      unprocessed transcripts are rapidly degraded. The long-term regulation of TOH by
      NGF may thus constitute a case of process-versus-discard control, as defined by
      J.E. Darnell.

PMID- 2901338
TI  - Delayed release formulation of the somatostatin analog RC-160 inhibits the growth
      hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing factor-(1-29)NH2 and decreases elevated
      prolactin levels in rats.
AB  - Recently, we have developed a long-acting delivery system for our somatostatin
      (SS) analog RC-160 based on injectable microcapsules in poly-(D,L-lactide
      coglycolide). We studied the capacity of this formulation to repeatedly block the
      GH secretion induced by administration of GRF-(1-29)NH2 (GRF) on different days.
      Male rats anesthetized with pentobarbital were injected iv with 2.5 micrograms/kg
      BW GRF-(1-29)NH2 or saline. Five minutes later, blood samples were taken for GH
      measurement, and the animals were injected im with RC-160 microcapsules at a dose
      calculated to release 25 micrograms/day of the analog for 7 days or with the
      vehicle. The GRF stimuli were repeated 48 h, 96 h, and 8 days after
      administration of SS analog in microcapsules. GRF administration increased GH
      levels at the four times tested (P less than 0.01) in the control group injected
      with vehicle, while RC-160 microcapsules inhibited the GH response for more than
      96 h (P less than 0.01). The GH levels augmented by pentobarbital were also
      decreased by the RC-160 microcapsules (P less than 0.01). Animals treated with
      microcapsules showed smaller increases in their body weight than untreated rats
      (P less than 0.05). We also investigated the effect of RC-160 microcapsules on
      hyperprolactinemic female rats implanted with pituitary glands under the kidney
      capsules. High PRL levels in rats bearing pituitary grafts showed a significant
      decrease when measured 4 days after the administration of RC-160 microcapsules.
      These results demonstrate the efficacy of the long-acting delivery system of the
      SS analog RC-160 and suggest the possible clinical usefulness of this formulation
      for lowering GH and PRL levels.

PMID- 2901339
TI  - Norepinephrine is a possible neurotransmitter stimulating pulsatile release of
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rhesus monkey.
AB  - The hypothesis that norepinephrine (NE) plays a facilitatory role in controlling
      the pulsatile release of LHRH was tested with a modified push-pull perfusion
      technique in conscious rhesus monkeys. The in vivo LHRH release in perfusate
      samples collected from the stalk-median eminence of ovariectomized females was
      pulsatile and synchronous with pulsatile LH release. Catecholamines measured in
      aliquots of perfusate samples revealed that in vivo NE release was also pulsatile
      and was synchronous with LHRH release. Local infusion of NE or methoxamine (an
      alpha 1-adrenergic stimulant) through a push cannula stimulated LHRH release,
      while iv injection of prazosin (an alpha 1-adrenergic blocker) suppressed LHRH
      release. It is concluded that NE is a possible neurotransmitter stimulating
      pulsatile LHRH release.

PMID- 2901340
TI  - Physiological role of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin in
      the dynamics of GH secretion in adult male rat.
AB  - To investigate the physiological role of GRF and somatostatin (SRIF) in GH
      secretion in adult male rats, we prepared in vitro models using the perifusion
      system of cultured rat anterior pituitary cells exposed to various combinations
      of human GRF-(1-44)NH2 (hGRF) and SRIF. We studied the following three models on
      GRF secretion: 1) pulsatile GRF secreted at 1-h intervals, 2) pulsatile GRF
      secreted at 3-h intervals, and 3) GRF continuously secreted. When 5-min pulses of
      20 nM GRF were delivered at 1-h intervals, the responses to GRF gradually
      declined. The addition of continuous 20 nM SRIF with short pauses prevented this
      attenuated response and produced high peaks of GH at 3-h intervals. When 5-min
      pulses of 20 nM GRF were delivered at 3-h intervals, three high peaks of GH were
      observed regardless of the addition of SRIF. Pretreatment with GRF pulses
      enhanced the peaks of GH during SRIF pauses. When 20 nM GRF was continuously
      delivered, a rapid attenuated response to GRF was observed. Although the addition
      of continuous 20 nM SRIF with short pauses produced three small peaks of GH,
      these results were caused by the post-SRIF rebound release. These observations
      suggest that preexposure to prolonged SRIF can prevent an attenuated response to
      repeated GRF pulses, and that pretreatment with GRF pulses enhances post-SRIF
      rebound release.

PMID- 2901341
TI  - Effect of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 [proglucagon-(78-107) amide] on
      endocrine secretion from pig pancreas, antrum, and nonantral stomach.
AB  - We studied the effect of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 [naturally occurring
      GLP-1; proglucagon-(78-107) amide], a potent insulinotropic peptide from the pig
      ileum, on endocrine and exocrine secretion of potential gastrointestinal target
      organs using isolated perfused preparations of the porcine pancreas, antrum, and
      nonantral part of the stomach. Truncated GLP-1 significantly increased
      somatostatin secretion from the pancreas at 10(-10) mol/liter and more than
      doubled the secretion at 10(-9) mol/liter, but had no effect on either
      somatostatin or gastrin secretion from the antrum or on somatostatin secretion
      from the nonantral stomach in concentrations up to 10(-8) mol/liter. Insulin
      secretion from the pancreas (with 7 mmol/liter glucose in the perfusate)
      increased 2-fold with truncated GLP-1 at 10(-10) mol/liter and almost 5-fold at
      10(-9) mol/liter. Pancreatic glucagon secretion was inhibited by 50% at 10(-10)
      mol/liter and by 70-80% at 10(-9) mol/liter. Full-length GLP-1 [proglucagon-(72
      107)] and GLP-2 [proglucagon-(126-159)] had no effect on hormone secretion from
      any of the perfused organs. It is concluded that truncated GLP-1 may participate
      in an entero-insular control of pancreatic endocrine secretion.

PMID- 2901342
TI  - Identification of a cellular receptor for transforming growth factor-beta in rat
      ventral prostate and its negative regulation by androgens.
AB  - Scatchard analyses of the binding of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta)
      to membranes from rat ventral prostate revealed the presence of high affinity (Kd
      = 140 pM) saturable binding sites for [125I]TGF beta. The binding of [125I]TGF
      beta to prostatic membranes, while displaced in the presence of excess unlabeled
      TGF beta, is unaffected by epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor,
      fibroblast growth factor, or insulin, indicating the specificity of binding.
      Affinity labeling of these membrane receptors by covalent attachment to [125I]TGF
      beta with bis-(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate and subsequent electrophoretic analysis
      of the labeled complexes revealed the specific binding of [125I]TGF beta to a
      macromolecule that predominantly migrates as a 260,000 mol wt band in 7.5%
      acrylamide gels. Castration-induced androgen deprivation produced a significant
      increase in [125I]TGF beta binding to prostatic membranes with no apparent change
      in the affinity of membrane receptors for TGF beta. TGF beta receptor levels per
      total gland increased approximately 2-fold by 3 days after castration, reached a
      peak value by day 4, and then declined during the subsequent 10 days. Androgen
      administration to 4-day castrated animals decreased the number of TGF beta
      receptors to a value similar to that in the intact controls. These results
      demonstrate the presence of specific binding sites for TGF beta in the rat
      ventral prostate. Furthermore, the TGF beta receptor levels seem to be under
      negative androgenic regulation, indicating a potential role for this growth
      factor in the mechanism of activation of castration-induced death of androgen
      dependent epithelial cells in the ventral prostate.

PMID- 2901343
TI  - Both positive and negative regulatory elements mediate expression of a
      photoregulated CAB gene from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia.
AB  - We have analyzed promoter regulatory elements from a photoregulated CAB gene (Cab
      E) isolated from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. These studies have been performed by
      introducing chimeric gene constructs into tobacco cells via Agrobacterium
      tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Expression studies on the regenerated
      transgenic plants have allowed us to characterize three positive and one negative
      cis-acting elements that influence photoregulated expression of the Cab-E gene.
      Within the upstream sequences we have identified two positive regulatory elements
      (PRE1 and PRE2) which confer maximum levels of photoregulated expression. These
      sequences contain multiple repeated elements related to the sequence-ACCGGCCCACTT
      . We have also identified within the upstream region a negative regulatory
      element (NRE) extremely rich in AT sequences, which reduces the level of gene
      expression in the light. We have defined a light regulatory element (LRE) within
      the promoter region extending from -396 to -186 bp which confers photoregulated
      expression when fused to a constitutive nopaline synthase ('nos') promoter.
      Within this region there is a 132-bp element, extending from -368 to -234 bp,
      which on deletion from the Cab-E promoter reduces gene expression from high
      levels to undetectable levels. Finally, we have demonstrated for a full length
      Cab-E promoter conferring high levels of photoregulated expression, that
      sequences proximal to the Cab-E TATA box are not replaceable by corresponding
      sequences from a 'nos' promoter. This contrasts with the apparent equivalence of
      these Cab-E and 'nos' TATA box-proximal sequences in truncated promoters
      conferring low levels of photoregulated expression.

PMID- 2901344
TI  - Interdependence of CD3-Ti and CD2 activation pathways in human T lymphocytes.
AB  - Human T lymphocytes can be activated through either the antigen/MHC receptor
      complex T3-Ti (CD3-Ti) or the T11 (CD2) molecule to proliferate via an IL-2
      dependent mechanism. To investigate the relationship of these pathways to one
      another, we generated and characterized Jurkat mutants which selectively express
      either surface CD3-Ti or CD2. Here we show that CD3-Ti- mutants fail to be
      stimulated by either pathway to increase phosphoinositide turnover, mobilize
      calcium or induce the IL-2 gene. The activation capacity of these mutants via CD2
      as well as CD3-Ti can be restored following reconstitution of surface CD3-Ti
      expression upon appropriate DNA transfer (e.g. Ti beta subunit cDNA into Ti beta-
      Jurkat variants). Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD3-Ti and CD2
      pathways are interdependent and that phosphoinositide turnover is linked to the
      CD3-Ti complex.

PMID- 2901345
TI  - Oncogenic activation of the neu-encoded receptor protein by point mutation and
      deletion.
AB  - The rat neu gene, which encodes a receptor-like protein homologous to the
      epidermal growth factor receptor, is frequently activated by a point mutation
      altering a valine residue to a glutamic acid residue in its predicted
      transmembrane domain. Additional point mutations have been constructed in a
      normal neu cDNA at and around amino acid position 664, the site of the naturally
      arising mutation. A mutation which causes a substitution of a glutamine residue
      for the normal valine at residue 664 leads to full oncogenic activation of the
      neu gene, but five other substitutions do not. Substituted glutamic acid residues
      at amino acid positions 663 or 665 do not activate the neu gene. Thus only a few
      specific residues at amino acid residue 664 can activate the oncogenic potential
      of the neu gene. Deletion of sequences of the transforming neu gene demonstrates
      that no more than 420 amino acids of the 1260 encoded by the gene are required
      for full transforming function. Mutagenesis of the transforming clone
      demonstrates a correlation between transforming activity and tyrosine kinase
      activity. These data indicate that the activating point mutation induces
      transformation through (or together with) the activities of the tyrosine kinase.

PMID- 2901346
TI  - Expression of multiple homeobox genes within diverse mammalian haemopoietic
      lineages.
AB  - Several mouse and human genes encoding the DNA-binding homeobox domain are
      implicated here in haematopoiesis, a differentiation process maintained
      throughout life. Four homeobox cDNA clones were isolated from bone marrow and
      spleen of adult mice and two from the human leukaemia cell line K562. They derive
      from the Hox 1.1, Hox 2.3, Hox 6.1 genes and two previously undescribed genes,
      one of a type (paired) not found before in vertebrates. A survey of 36 cell lines
      of the lymphoid, myeloid and erythroid lineages revealed that certain homeobox
      transcripts were almost ubiquitous, while others were restricted to certain
      lineages or even particular cell lines. The expression pattern altered in a
      myeloid and an erythroid line induced to terminal differentiation, and in novel
      lines that had switched from a lymphoid to a myeloid phenotype. Altogether, the
      haemopoietic compartment may contain up to 20 homeobox transcripts. In one
      myeloid leukaemia, DNA rearrangement has perturbed expression. These findings
      suggest that homeobox genes may influence developmental decisions within the
      haemopoietic system.

PMID- 2901347
TI  - Differential utilization of the same reading frame in a Xenopus homeobox gene
      encodes two related proteins sharing the same DNA-binding specificity.
AB  - Xenopus XlHbox 1 produces two transcripts during early development. One encodes a
      long open reading frame (ORF) and the other a short ORF sharing the same
      homeodomain, but differing by an 82 amino acid domain at the amino terminus. The
      long protein amino terminus is conserved with many other homeodomain proteins,
      and its absence from the short protein could have functional consequences. Some
      viral genes also utilize a single ORF to encode transcription factors of
      antagonistic functions. The overall organization of the homologous genes in frog
      and man is similar, supporting the notion that both transcripts are of functional
      significance. Studies on XlHbox 1 function show that the region common to the
      long and short proteins has a sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, and that
      microinjection of specific antibodies into embryos results in the loss of
      structures derived from cells normally expressing XlHbox 1.

PMID- 2901350
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on training-induced structural adaptations in
      rat left ventricle.
AB  - The study was designed to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of exercise
      training or training-beta-adrenergic blockade combination on gross and
      microscopic alterations of rat cardiac muscle and microvascular bed. Rats were
      randomly assigned to either sedentary control (C), trained (T), metoprolol
      trained (MT), or propranolol-trained (PT) groups. The training protocol involved
      treadmill running for 8 weeks at 0.5 ms-1, 20% grade. Earlier experiments by us
      showed this training protocol to be effective in producing significant changes in
      selected skeletal muscle enzyme activities in all trained groups. In the current
      study an absolute reduction in left ventricular (LV) weight was observed in the
      PT compared to the C group (0.91 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.04 +/- 0.04 g, P less than 0.05).
      LV weight in the T and MT groups was no different from C so that LV to BW ratio
      (mg.g-1) was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) due to a similar
      reduction in body weight (BW) in all three training groups. Morphometric analysis
      of LV myocardium revealed no significant differences in myocyte mean cross
      sectional area (micron 2) in any of the groups (289 +/- 16-C, 332 +/- 20-T, 281
      +/- 44-MT, and 273 +/- 12-PT). Capillary density independently calculated by
      light and electron microscopy was unchanged by training or training-beta-blockade
      combination. It was concluded that training of sufficient intensity and duration
      to produce skeletal muscle enzyme adaptations does not necessarily produce
      myocyte hypertrophy or alter LV capillarity. Additionally functioning beta
      adrenergic receptors appear to play a role in both the central and peripheral
      adaptations to endurance exercise training.

PMID- 2901351
TI  - Permeation of hydrophilic molecules through the outer membrane of gram-negative
      bacteria. Review on bacterial porins.

PMID- 2901348
TI  - A novel, tissue-specific, Drosophila homeobox gene.
AB  - The homeobox gene family of Drosophila appears to control a variety of position
      specific patterning decisions during embryonic and imaginal development. Most of
      these patterning decisions determine groups of cells on the anterior-posterior
      axis of the Drosophila germ band. We have isolated a novel homeobox gene from
      Drosophila, designated H2.0. H2.0 has the most diverged homeobox so far
      characterized in metazoa, and, in contrast to all previously isolated homeobox
      genes, H2.0 exhibits a tissue-specific pattern of expression. The cells that
      accumulate transcripts for this novel gene correspond to the visceral musculature
      and its anlagen.

PMID- 2901349
TI  - Protein/DNA architecture of the DNase I hypersensitive region of the Drosophila
      hsp26 promoter.
AB  - Genomic footprinting on the Drosophila hsp26 promoter in isolated nuclei has
      shown that a TATA box binding factor is present before and after induction by
      heat shock, while three of the seven heat shock consensus sequences 5' of the
      gene are occupied (presumably by heat shock factor, HSF) specifically on heat
      shock. The sites of HSF interaction are separated by greater than 200 bp of which
      approximately 150 bp are bound to the surface of a nucleosome. The juxtaposition
      of these various macromolecules on the DNA suggests a basis for the major DNase I
      hypersensitive site 5' of hsp26 and a novel tertiary structure for the promoter
      complex.

PMID- 2901352
TI  - Protease-nicked theta-toxin of Clostridium perfringens, a new membrane probe with
      no cytolytic effect, reveals two classes of cholesterol as toxin-binding sites on
      sheep erythrocytes.
AB  - A nicked theta-toxin (C theta), obtained by limited proteolysis with subtilisin
      Carlsberg, causes almost no hemolysis while it retains a nearly intact
      cholesterol binding site below 20 degrees C. Neither electron microscopic
      evidence for the formation of arc- and ring-shaped structures on the membrane nor
      toxin-stimulated influx of extracellular Ca2+ are detected in C theta-treated
      cells below 20 degrees C. Thus, event(s) in the lytic process are responsible for
      the temperature dependency of hemolysis, which is also supported by the
      observation that C theta requires higher Arrhenius activation energy for
      hemolysis than the native toxin. Using C theta as a probe due to its high
      affinity for membrane cholesterol without causing any obvious membrane changes,
      we demonstrated the possible existence of high- and low-affinity sites for theta
      toxin on sheep erythrocytes. Both binding sites disappear by simultaneous
      treatment of the cells with sublytic doses of digitonin. Furthermore, C theta
      binds only to cholesterol among the chloroform/methanol-extractable, lipid
      components of sheep and human erythrocytes but not to the protein components
      derived from them. These results strongly suggest that cholesterol is an
      essential component of the both high- and low-affinity sites, and also imply that
      the modes of existence of cholesterol in the red cell membrane are heterogeneous.

PMID- 2901354
TI  - Radiation sensitivity and study of glutathione and related enzymes in human
      colorectal cancer cell lines.
AB  - A panel of 13 human colorectal cell lines was studied, with these lines
      exhibiting a histological profile similar to that observed in clinical practice.
      In the five lines tested, variable sensitivity to radiation was observed, from
      the relatively sensitive NCI-H716 to the highly resistant line NCI-H630, with the
      latter cell line derived from a patient who had previously received radiation
      treatment. Glutathione levels and glutathione related enzyme activity varied
      widely between all 13 cell lines, showing no relationship to radiation
      sensitivity. The variability observed suggests that some colonic tumours may be
      responsive to radiation, although their identification remains difficult.
      However, this may prove possible by incorporation of recently developed cell
      adhesive matrix assays using survival following a 2 Gy radiation dose as a
      parameter of radiation sensitivity. This panel of human cancer cell lines offers
      an ideal model for the study of parameters affecting the radiosensitivity and
      chemosensitivity pattern of colorectal cancer cells.

PMID- 2901353
TI  - Diethylstilbestrol. Interactions with membranes and proteins and the different
      effects upon Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent activities of the F1-ATPase from
      Rhodospirillum rubrum.
AB  - The hydrophobic compound diethylstilbestrol inhibits the generation of the proton
      gradient and the membrane potential in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubum
      and dissipates proton gradients over asolectin vesicle membranes. The Ca2+-ATPase
      activity of chromatophores, of purified F0F1-ATPase and of purified F1-ATPase is
      also decreased in the presence of diethylstilbestrol. Other repressed activities
      are the pyrophosphatase activity of soluble pyrophosphatase from yeast and the
      NADH oxidation by L-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase. We have previously reported that
      also ATP synthesis, PPi synthesis and PPi hydrolysis of R. rubrum chromatophores
      are inhibited by diethylstilbestrol [Strid et al. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      892, 236-244]. Addition of bovine serum albumin reverses or prevents
      diethylstilbestrol-induced inhibition of the activities tested. On the other
      hand, the Mg2+-ATPase activity of chromatophores, purified F0F1-ATPase and
      purified F1-ATPase are stimulated by low concentrations of diethylstilbestrol. On
      the basis of its hydrophobicity and the reversal of its inhibition by bovine
      serum albumin, diethylstilbestrol is proposed to act unspecifically on membranes
      and at hydrophobic domains of proteins. Such an attack upon the subunits of the
      F1-ATPase, altering the subunit interactions, is proposed to explain the
      different results obtained for the Ca2+-ATPase and the Mg2+-ATPase.

PMID- 2901356
TI  - Species conservation of the T cell lymphocyte CD2 cell surface antigen.
AB  - A rabbit polyclonal antiserum was raised against a synthetic peptide, termed CD2
      300, comprizing 18 amino acid resides which are conserved among the cytoplasmic
      domains of the human, rat and mouse CD2 antigens. Cross-depletion experiments
      showed that the CD2 monoclonal antibody OKT11 and purified CD2-300 antibodies
      (Ab) precipitated the same molecules from the surface of human T lymphoblasts.
      The results of immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that the purified CD2-300
      Ab were specific for human and mouse CD2, and that the CD2-300 peptide
      competitively and specifically inhibited precipitation by CD2-300 Ab in both
      species. When employed to stain murine tissues, the CD2-300 Ab gave the
      anticipated pattern of distribution for the CD2 antigen, although there was some
      nonspecific labeling of non-T cells.

PMID- 2901355
TI  - The required interaction between monocytes and peripheral blood T lymphocytes (T
      PBL) upon activation via CD2 or CD3. Role of HLA class I molecules from accessory
      cells and the differential response of T-PBL subsets.
AB  - Previously, we have shown that paraformaldehyde-fixed monocytes are able to fully
      complement, in terms of [3H]dThd incorporation, a primary stimulus delivered to
      purified T cells by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) reacting with CD3 or CD2
      molecules. Here, we show that depending on the stimulus used (CD3 mAb or
      different pairs of CD2 mAb) HLA class I molecules from monocytes are directly
      involved in complementary signals provided to T cells. This was evidenced by the
      following observations: (a) mAb reacting with the heavy or light chain of class I
      molecules, or their Fab fragments, completely blocked proliferation of peripheral
      blood lymphocytes (PBL) activated by CD3 mAb; (b) mAb against the heavy chain of
      HLA class I but not against beta 2-microglobulin partially blocked (approximately
      equal to 50%) PBL activation by the CD2 "GT2 + T111" mAb pair but did not block
      activation by CD2 "D66 + T111" mAb; (c) this pattern of inhibition was observed
      when anti-class I mAb were used in the soluble phase or when they were bound to
      monocytes subsequently fixed with paraformaldehyde and cultivated with purified
      autologous T cells; (d) fixed monocytes are able to restore interleukin (IL) 2
      receptor expression on purified T cells stimulated by CD3 mAb or CD2 "GT2 +
      T111", contrary to anti-HLA class I mAb-pretreated monocytes. The inhibitory
      effects of anti-HLA class I mAb bound to monocytes were not found to be reversed
      by recombinant IL2 or recombinant IL1. We assume that HLA class I would be
      involved in two or more signals delivered to T cells by monocytes, the
      requirement in those signals depending on the initial stimulus applied to T
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901357
TI  - Clorgyline treatment differentially affects m-chlorophenylpiperazine-induced
      neuroendocrine changes.
AB  - Intravenous administration of the 5-HT1B agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m
      CPP) to rats produced increases in plasma prolactin (peak effect at 15 min),
      corticosterone (peak effect at 30 min) and a decrease in plasma growth hormone
      (peak effect at 15 min) concentrations. Short-term or long-term clorgyline
      treatment did not affect baseline levels of prolactin, corticosterone or growth
      hormone. Short-term clorgyline treatment attenuated m-CPP's effect on
      corticosterone but not on prolactin or growth hormone. On the other hand, long
      term clorgyline treatment attenuated m-CPP's effect on prolactin but not on
      corticosterone or growth hormone. These findings are compatible with development
      of functional subsensitivity of 5-HT1B receptors mediating prolactin release
      following long-term clorgyline treatment. Attenuation of m-CPP's effect on
      corticosterone following short-term clorgyline treatment suggests either early
      adaptational changes in a 5-HT receptor subtype mediating corticosterone release,
      or clorgyline-induced increases in other neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine
      which may be responsible for attenuating m-CPP's effect on corticosterone.

PMID- 2901358
TI  - Central effects of the potent and highly selective mu opioid antagonist D-Phe-Cys
      Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) in mice.
AB  - The ability of the selective cyclic mu-opioid receptor antagonist, D-Phe-Cys-Tyr
      D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP), to inhibit the acute and chronic effects of
      morphine in vivo was studied in mice. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)
      administration of CTOP antagonized the analgesic effect of morphine in a dose
      dependent manner, as measured by the heat-irradiant (tail-flick) method. CTOP was
      more effective than naloxone in inhibiting analgesia on a molar basis. CTOP also
      antagonized the acute morphine-induced hypermotility. CTOP caused withdrawal
      hypothermia and a loss of body weight in morphine-dependent animals. After the
      development of morphine-induced chronic dependence, CTOP administered i.c.v.
      caused a dose-dependent loss of body weight and hypothermia, and was about 10-400
      times more potent than naloxone. CTOP administered alone to drugnaive mice did
      not cause antinociception, changes in body weight or body temperature.

PMID- 2901359
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing factor activates tyrosine hydroxylase in rat and mouse
      striatal homogenates.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) caused a concentration-dependent increase in
      dopamine (DA) synthesis measured in rat striatal synaptosomes. The concentrations
      of CRF producing half-maximal and maximal stimulation were 40 and 300 nM,
      respectively. The maximal effect corresponded to a 34% increase from the control
      level of DA synthesis. CRF 1 microM increased DA synthesis in synaptosomes of
      mouse striatum by 48%. Pretreatment of striatal synaptosomes with CRF produced a
      persistent activation of tyrosine hydroxylase assayed in extracts of lysed
      synaptosomes. These results suggest that CRF may play a modulatory role in
      striatal DA synthesis by acting on receptors located on DA terminals.

PMID- 2901360
TI  - Long-term benzodiazepine treatment reduces neuronal responsiveness to
      cholecystokinin: an electrophysiological study in the rat.
AB  - Acute benzodiazepine administration has been reported to antagonize the effect of
      cholecystokinin both in the periphery and in the central nervous system. A two
      week treatment with either diazepam (5 mg/kg per day) or flurazepam (15 mg/kg per
      day) markedly reduced the excitatory effect of microiontophoretically applied
      sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide-(26-33) on rat CA3 hippocampal pyramidal
      neurons but not that of acetylcholine. In view of the sustained anxiolytic
      activity of benzodiazepines that contrasts with their transient sedative effect,
      the present results suggest that the reduction of neuronal responsiveness to
      cholecystokinin by these drugs might be related to their anxiolytic property.

PMID- 2901361
TI  - Glycine reverses antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) by 1-hydroxy-3
      aminopyrrolidone-2 (HA-966) but not by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-AP5) on
      rat cortical slices.

PMID- 2901362
TI  - A proconvulsant action of selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - The effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists were examined on
      seizure thresholds determined by intravenous infusions of convulsants in rodents.
      alpha 2-Adrenoceptor antagonists were proconvulsant; dose dependently reducing
      the threshold for pentylenetetrazol- or bicuculline-induced tonic seizures.
      Strychnine-induced tonic seizures were unaffected. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonists clonidine, BHT-933 and UK 14,304 did not modify pentylenetetazol-induced
      seizures at low or moderate doses but at high doses clonidine and BHT-933 were
      proconvulsant. The facilitatory effect of alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists on
      pentylenetetrazol-induced tonic seizures was blocked by clonidine or UK 14,304.
      The proconvulsant action of alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists was contrasted with
      that of ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate, a benzodiazepine receptor
      contragonist, which markedly reduced the threshold for seizure initiation rather
      than the tonic seizure threshold. The selective facilitatory action of alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blockade on tonic seizures suggests that a noradrenergic mechanism
      is involved in the control of seizure propagation rather than seizure initiation.

PMID- 2901363
TI  - Behavioural and neurochemical effects of antipamezole, a novel alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist.
AB  - The effects of antipamezole (MPV-1248), a novel selective and specific alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist, were studied on monoamine metabolism in rat brain and
      CSF. In addition, the ability of the drug to antagonize the behavioural and
      neurochemical effects of two alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, detomidine and
      medetomidine, was assessed. Atipamezole, 0.03-3.0 mg/kg, had no gross behavioral
      effects on the rats. Above 3 mg/kg, the rats showed increased vocalization and
      some hostility, rapid breathing and piloerection. The drug caused dose-dependent,
      rapid and relatively long-lasting increase in the central turnover of
      noradrenaline (NA) as reflected by increases in the levels of the major
      metabolites of NA in brain and CSF and an increase in the depleting effect of
      alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine on brain NA levels. An increase in the turnover of
      serotonin (5-HT) in brain was indicated by a decrease in the concentration of 5
      HT and a corresponding increase in the level of its metabolite, 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Atipamezole was able to antagonize the sedative,
      hypothermic and neurochemical effects of two potent alpha 2-agonists, detomidine
      and medetomidine. These results give support for the characterization of
      atipamezole as a potent antagonist at central alpha 2-adrenoceptors with a rapid
      onset of action.

PMID- 2901364
TI  - [Elevated immunoreactive-somatostatin levels in the brain of ataxic mutant mice].
AB  - Immunoreactive-somatostatin (IR-SRIF) levels were investigated in the brain of 4
      types of ataxic mice (Rolling Mouse Nagoya, Weaver, PCD, Staggerer) with
      different cerebellar pathologies. IR-SRIF concentrations (ng/mg) were found to be
      significantly elevated in both cerebellum and cerebrum of all ataxic mutant mice,
      IR-SRIF (ng/organ) was found to be increased in the cerebellum and cerebrum in
      Rolling Mouse Nagoya and PCD compared with control mice. The gel-filtration
      profile (Sephadex G-50) in the cerebellar extracts of Rolling Mouse Nagoya proved
      to be identical to that of control mice. Three peaks of IR-SRIF were found to be
      uniformly elevated in Rolling Mouse Nagoya, with the highest peak coinciding with
      authentic somatostatin-14. The present results suggest that elevated levels of IR
      SRIF in the brain may play a role in the mechanism underlying the manifestation
      of ataxia in ataxic mutant mice, especially in Rolling Mouse Nagoya and PCD.

PMID- 2901365
TI  - [A modified Tanabe-Chiba medium for detection of Entamoeba histolytica].
AB  - Tanabe-Chiba's (T-C) medium, which has been routinely used for detection of
      Entamoeba histolytica in feces in Japan, was modified by adding some commercially
      available enrichments to the liquid part and by eliminating the agar slant. This
      is tentatively called M medium. M medium and T-C medium were compared for their
      efficiency for detecting E. histolytica in the feces of monkeys. No significant
      difference in the detection rate was found between the two media. However the
      rate of multiplication of the amoebae in M medium was significantly higher than
      that in T-C medium within the limited time of 24-48 h of cultivation.

PMID- 2901366
TI  - A sigmoidal relationship between liver stearoyl CoA desaturase activity and serum
      hormone concentrations caused by streptozocin and its antagonists.
AB  - Stearoyl CoA desaturase activity in liver microsomes, and insulin, thyroxine, and
      triiodothyronine levels in serum were measured after administration of
      streptozocin (STZ) and its antagonists to rats. The effect of STZ, which caused
      hyperglycemia and inhibited the desaturase activity, was antagonized by 2
      desoxyglucose and 3-O-methyl-glucose; 1-O-methyl-3-desoxyglucose and 1-O-methyl-3
      O-methylglucose were without any effect. The enzyme activity plotted against
      insulin levels showed a broad sigmoidal curve, whereas the activities versus
      thyroid hormone levels showed steeper sigmoidal curves.

PMID- 2901367
TI  - [The anti-H1-histaminic and antimuscarinic effect of 2- and 4-[benzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyrimidine compounds].
AB  - This paper reports the synthesis of 2- and 4- [benzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]pyrimidine compounds and the evaluation of their
      inhibitory properties against histamine (H1), acetylcholine and barium chloride,
      on guinea pig isolated ileum. 4-[p.Methoxybenzyl-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino]-2
      methoxy-pyrimidine (VIII) is shown to possess H1 receptor antagonist activity,
      with a potency similar to that observed for Tonzylamine. By contrast, a specific,
      although weak, antimuscarinic effect is displayed by 4-[benzyl-(2
      dimethylaminoethyl)amino]-2-methoxy-5-methylthio-pyrimidine (XII).

PMID- 2901368
TI  - Medications in angina.

PMID- 2901370
TI  - [Autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow in normo- and hypertensive rats under
      beta-adrenoreceptor blockade].
AB  - A disorder in the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow due to a drop of arterial
      blood pressure (shift to the right) occurred earlier in hypotensive rats than in
      normotensive ones. A beta-adrenergic blockade (obsidan) improved the
      autoregulation (shift to the left) in both normo- and hypertensive animals.

PMID- 2901369
TI  - [Excitatory beta-adrenoreceptors on cholinergic interneurons of the myenteric
      plexus].
AB  - Contractile responses of small intestine segments to isopropylnoradrenaline (INA)
      disappeared after the blockade of M- and N-cholinoreceptors, beta-adrenoreceptors
      and increased after the blockade of alpha-adrenoreceptors. Infusion of
      acetylcholine in subthreshold doses enhanced the small intestine contractile
      responses to the INA. The blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors with propranolol
      reduced contractile responses to exogenous (i. a. administration) and endogenous
      (electrical stimulation of the n. vagus' efferent fibers) acetylcholine,
      histamine and bradykinin. Stimulation of beta-adrenoreceptors with the INA
      enhanced contractile responses to exogenous acetylcholine and histamine and
      reduced the responses to bradykinin. The data obtained suggest the existence of
      activating beta-adrenoreceptors, apart from alpha- and beta-inhibitory
      adrenoreceptors, in the small intestine. Activating beta-adrenoreceptors are
      situated on cholinergic interneurons of the myenteric plexus and mediate the
      activating effect of endogenous catecholamines upon cholinergic neurons of small
      intestine.

PMID- 2901372
TI  - [Mechanisms of "warm" tachycardia and "cold" bradycardia in cats].
AB  - The infusion of a small volume of blood with temperature higher ("warm") or below
      ("cold") the temperature of atrial blood into the right atrium induced "warm"
      tachycardia and "cold" bradycardia, resp., in anesthetized and in alert cats.
      Infusion of the blood with temperature equal to that of atrial blood induced no
      changes of the heart rate. Infusion of the same volume of "cold" or "warm" blood
      after adreno- and cholinoreceptor-blocking agents was accompanied by a less
      severe tachycardia or bradycardia. There seem to be two mechanisms in the
      initiation of the above effects: the neural and the myogenic ones.

PMID- 2901371
TI  - [Influence of a blockade of adrenergic and M-cholinergic structures on the
      hemodynamic effects of prostaglandin E2].
AB  - In 22 dogs, blockade of adrenergic and M-cholinergic structures reduced
      hemodynamic effect of prostaglandin E2. After blockade of beta-adrenoreceptor the
      injection of prostaglandin E2 induced lesser changes in hemodynamic values than
      after blockade of alpha-adreno- and M-cholinoreactive structures.

PMID- 2901373
TI  - [Effect of dopamine on the blood flow in various zones of the kidney cortex and
      medullary layer in rats].
AB  - Phentolamine and propranolol did not alter the kidney response to dopamine
      whereas haloperidol completely prevented the dopamine vascular and channel
      effects. The agents inhibiting cyclooxygenase and kallikrein-kinin system do not
      interfere with an increase in the blood flow or depressing action of the
      neurotransmitter upon sodium transport in the nephron. The hemodynamic shift
      occurring under the effect of dopamine in different areas of renal tissue seems
      to be due to a selective stimulation of vascular DA-receptors and unrelated to an
      increase in the production of prostaglandins and kinins in the kidneys.

PMID- 2901374
TI  - Species specificity in cell-substrate interactions in medusae.
AB  - A new system is described for the study of ECM-tissue interactions, using the ECM
      (called mesogloea) of various cnidarians and isolated striated muscle and
      endodermal tissue of jellyfish. The mesogloea consists mainly of water and
      collagen. It is present in all cnidarians and can be isolated without enzyme
      treatment. It can be used as a substrate to which cells and tissues adhere and on
      which they spread and migrate. Tissues of striated muscle and endoderm adhere and
      spread not only on mesogloea from regions they normally cover, but also from
      other regions of the animal. However, adhesion and spreading are highly species
      specific. Species-specific adhesion is found throughout the whole mass of
      mesogloea even at regions where cells do not occur naturally. The cell adhesion
      factor can be extracted from the mesogloea so that the mesogloea no longer shows
      any cell adhesion properties. The extract consists mainly of a cysteine
      containing collagen.

PMID- 2901375
TI  - Association of susceptibility to spontaneous diabetes in rat with genes of major
      histocompatibility complex.
AB  - This study was designed to map the diabetes susceptibility gene(s) associated
      with the rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) RT1. We have crossed
      spontaneously diabetic male rats bearing the recombinant RT1r8 haplotype with
      female rats of the AC1.1r4 congenic strain. Three diabetic rats were determined
      to be homozygous for the r4 haplotype by serotyping. The absence of recombination
      within the MHC was confirmed by inspection of restriction-fragment-length
      patterns of the diabetic animals and the parental strains. In conjunction with
      previous breeding studies, this study maps the diabetes susceptibility gene to
      the right of the RT1-A locus and to the left of the RT1-C locus. A low incidence
      of diabetes in the F2 (4.5%) emphasizes the multifactorial nature of the
      susceptibility. The presence of depressed responsiveness of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes to concanavalin A stimulation increases the prevalence of the overt
      disease. An unusual feature of the diabetic syndrome in this study is the sparse
      or absent pancreatic lymphocytic inflammatory response, with true insulitis being
      a rare finding.

PMID- 2901376
TI  - Glucoregulatory function of glucagon in hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid miniature
      pigs.
AB  - The glucoregulatory function of glucagon was investigated in hypo-, eu- and
      hyperthyroid miniature pigs. Infusion glucagon, (3 ng x kg body weight-1.min-1)
      transiently increased blood glucose (p less than 0.01) and hepatic glucose
      production (p less than 0.01) in euthyroidism, but was without effect in
      hyperthyroidism. Infusing glucagon plus somatostatin (2 ng x kg body weight-1.min
      1 and 0.2 microgram x kg body weight-1.min-1) transiently increased blood glucose
      (delta 3.0 to 4.3 mmol/l) and hepatic glucose production (delta 3.3 to 7.7 mumol
      x kg body weight-1.min-1) in all thyroid states, the effect was less pronounced
      in hyperthyroid pigs. By contrast, hypoglucagonaemia (74 to 107 pg/ml) at basal
      insulin (28 to 35 microU/ml) provoked hypoglycaemia (1.4 to 2.2 mmol/l) and a
      fall in glucose production (delta 4.7 to 8.3 mumol x kg body weight-1.min-1),
      which was independent of the thyroid state; the effect was most pronounced in
      hyperthyroidism (p less than 0.01). Hepatic glycogen content, arterial
      gluconeogenic precursor concentrations as well as the glycaemic response (delta
      0.60 mmol/l) to alanine infusion (23 mumol x kg body weight-1.min-1) were all
      unaffected by hyperthyroidism. We conclude that moderate experimental
      hyperthyroidism reduces glucagon action due to reduced glycogen mobilisation.
      This may in part result from increased insulin sensitivity.

PMID- 2901377
TI  - First phase of insulin secretion stimulated by glucose plus theophylline and
      inhibitory effect of somatostatin in genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ-mdb).
AB  - In a previous study in C57BL/KsJ mdb/mdb mice aged 4 to 12 days we observed a
      diminished first phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion in vitro, and
      alterations in the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion. This
      study explores, using perifused pancreatic slices, whether the reduced B-cell
      responsiveness to somatostatin in mdb/mdb mice can be overcome upon induction of
      a biphasic insulin release by using theophylline. Under these conditions our
      results show: (1) in mdb/mdb mice aged 4 to 6 days, the restoration of the first
      peak of insulin secretion overcomes the reduced B-cell sensitivity to
      somatostatin; and (2) in mdb/mdb mice aged 7 to 12 days, the addition of
      theophylline only causes a partial restoration of B-cell responsiveness to
      somatostatin, suggesting that other mechanisms could be involved in the
      progressive impairement of B-cell sensitivity to somatostatin inhibitory effect.

PMID- 2901378
TI  - Metformin enhances certain insulin actions in cultured rat hepatoma cells.
AB  - The effect of the oral antidiabetic agent metformin on insulin regulation of
      glycogen metabolism, tyrosine-aminotransferase activity, and [1
      14C]aminoisobutyric acid uptake was studied in H4IIE cultured rat hepatoma cells.
      Metformin enhanced both basal (from 0.213 +/- 0.016 to 0.262 +/- 0.024 nmol/mg
      protein, p less than 0.01) and insulin stimulated [3H] glucose incorporation into
      glycogen in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. A small effect of
      metformin was seen at 1 mumol/l, and its greatest effects were obtained at 10
      mumol/l. At the same concentrations, metformin did not influence basal tyrosine
      aminotransferase activity but it potentiated insulin stimulated tyrosine
      aminotransferase activity (+29.2 +/- 1.4%, p less than 0.01) and prevented the
      loss of tyrosine-aminotransferase responsiveness to insulin in H4IIE cells
      desensitised by a previous exposure to insulin. In contrast, metformin had no
      effect on basal or insulin-stimulated [1-14C]aminoisobutyric acid uptake. Over
      the concentrations of metformin that enhanced insulin action in H4IIE cells, the
      drug had no significant effect on insulin binding to its receptor. These studies
      suggest, therefore, that metformin may influence cellular metabolism by
      potentiating certain insulin actions through mechanisms that may be beyond
      insulin receptor binding.

PMID- 2901379
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor function in asthmatic bronchial smooth muscle.

PMID- 2901380
TI  - The genetically epilepsy-prone rat.
AB  - 1. The genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) is a valuable model for
      investigating mechanisms involved in epilepsy because of the controllable nature
      of the convulsions and their genetic origin. 2. The GEPR exhibits audiogenic
      seizures (AGS) and also displays higher than normal sensitivity to convulsant
      drugs, kindling, electroshock and hyperthermic seizures. 3. An abnormal
      electroencephalographic pattern and increased thresholds for auditory evoked
      potentials from the cochlea and brainstem are observed in the GEPR. 4.
      Afterdischarge-like responses and decreased sound-induced inhibition are observed
      in neurophysiological recordings from neurons of the inferior colliculus (IC) in
      the GEPR. 5. Significant deficits of norepinephrine and serotonin are observed in
      many regions of the GEPR brain. 6. Increases in the number of GABAergic neurons
      and a reduced effectiveness of iontophoretically-applied GABA are observed in the
      IC of this animal. 7. GABA agonists or an excitant amino acid (EAA) antagonist
      block AGS susceptibility when microinjected into brainstem auditory nuclei of the
      GEPR up to the level of IC. 8. A GABA antagonist or an EAA agonist induces
      susceptibility to AGS in normal rats following microinjection into IC. An
      increase in EAA release in IC during AGS in the GEPR is also observed. 9. This
      increased release of EAA and the reduced effectiveness of GABA in IC may be
      important seizure initiation mechanisms in the GEPR. 10. The AGS pathway in the
      GEPR appears to involve the auditory nuclei up to the IC as well as the brainstem
      reticular formation and substantia nigra but not the entopenduncular nucleus or
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2901381
TI  - Potential use of drugs modulating 5HT activity in the treatment of anxiety.
AB  - 1. It has been long suggested that central 5HT-mediated systems may be involved
      in modulation of anxiety and in the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines.
      However, recent evidence has questioned this hypothesis, particularly with
      respect to the mode of action of benzodiazepines. 2. Development of 5HT agonists
      and antagonists selective for different 5HT receptor sub-types (5HT1A, 5HT1B,
      5HT2, 5HT3) has opened a new avenue for investigation of the potential role of
      5HT in anxiety. 3. Buspirone is clinically active in the treatment of anxiety and
      it, and other anxiolytic candidates, gepirone and isapirone, may act as agonists
      (or perhaps partial agonists) on 5HT1A receptors. 4. The prototype 5HT1A agonist
      8OH-DPAT may also have potential anxiolytic effects. 5HT1A agonists may act to
      suppress the activity of 5HT neurones as a major part of their action. 5.
      Although there is some supporting evidence, there is no clear indication of
      anxiolytic activity with agonists with some selectivity for 5HT1B sites (RU24969,
      mCPP, TMPP). 6. A selective 5HT2 antagonist, ritanserin, has anxiolytic effects
      in clinical studies but, like the 5HT1A agonists, does not show a similar profile
      to benzodiazepines in models of anxiety. 7. This raises the question of clinical
      predictivity of the various models used. 8. A recently developed 5HT3 antagonist,
      GR38032F, has been claimed to possess potential anxiolytic activity but its mode
      of action in this respect requires further elucidation.

PMID- 2901382
TI  - Droperidol enhances fentanyl and sufentanil, but not morphine, analgesia.
AB  - 1. The effect of droperidol pre-treatment on the analgesic potency of morphine,
      fentanyl and sufentanil was assessed in mice. 2. Acetic acid writhing test and
      tail immersion test were used to measure the analgesic response. 3. The
      neuroleptic augments the effects of sufentanil and fentanyl. 4. Thus, the dose
      response curves for fentanyl and sufentanil were shifted to the left and the ED50
      of the analgesics lowered in droperidol pre-treated animals. 5. However, morphine
      analgesia was not influenced by droperidol. 6. The results suggest that
      combination of sufentanil or fentanyl with droperidol may be better than morphine
      to produce neuroleptanalgesia and anesthesia.

PMID- 2901383
TI  - Treating dental fears using nitrous oxide oxygen inhalation and systematic
      desensitization.

PMID- 2901384
TI  - Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-induced growth hormone secretion in ducks:
      independence of peripheral plasma somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon.
AB  - In young, but not old, ducks the iv infusion of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
      (TRH) markedly increased peripheral plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations,
      which remained elevated throughout the 30-min period of infusion. This GH
      response to TRH was suppressed by the simultaneous infusion of somatostatin,
      which increased the level of circulating somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI)
      to supraphysiological levels. Basal concentrations of plasma SLI in both young
      and old birds were suppressed by TRH infusion. Concentrations of glucagon-like
      immunoreactivity (GLI) were increased by the infusion of TRH in young birds but
      not in adults, whereas plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was decreased in young
      birds and increased in adults following TRH infusion. These results indicate that
      TRH-induced GH secretion in ducks is unrelated to changes in peripheral plasma
      SLI, GLI, or IRI induced by TRH infusion.

PMID- 2901385
TI  - Genome evolution in mosquitoes: intraspecific and interspecific variation in
      repetitive DNA amounts and organization.

PMID- 2901386
TI  - The positive and negative transcriptional regulation of the Drosophila Gapdh-2
      gene.
AB  - One of the genes encoding glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Drosophila
      melanogaster, Gapdh-2, is expressed in all cell types examined, but its level of
      expression is regulated developmentally. Here we report the analysis of the
      regulatory sequences for the transcription of Gapdh-2. We have generated Gapdh-2
      LacZ fusion genes in which the 5'-flanking sequence of Gapdh-2 has been mutated.
      Examination of the expression of these fusion genes, which have been introduced
      by transfection into the Schneider II cell line and by germ-line transformation
      into flies, led to the identification of two distinct regulatory regions, URS-1
      and URS-2, within the first 145 bp of the 5'-flanking sequence of Gapdh-2. URS-1
      activates transcription throughout the development of Drosophila. However, URS-2
      exhibits a dual function during the development. It clearly represses
      transcription in Schneider II cells, and perhaps also in mid-stage embryos. In
      contrast, it activates transcription in larvae and adult flies. Thus, URS-2 plays
      a key role in the developmental regulation of Gapdh-2. Additionally, the
      efficient transcription of Gapdh-2 in larval and adult stages appears to depend
      on a synergistic function of URS-1 and URS-2.

PMID- 2901387
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for a 130-kDa mosquitocidal protein of
      Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of pVB131 containing the gene coding for a 130-kDa
      Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.isr) mosquitocidal protein was
      determined. The pVB131 plasmid was constructed by Sekar and Carlton [Gene 33
      (1985) 151-158]. Our sequencing revealed only one open reading frame large enough
      to code for a protein of 130 kDa. The translation start site was determined by
      sequencing the protein isolated from B.t.isr. The amino acid sequence of the
      protein was deduced from the nucleotide sequence, and its Mr was determined as
      128,505. Immunological and biochemical analyses of B.t.isr mosquitocidal proteins
      indicated that the 130-kDa protein coded by pVB131 was indeed expressed in
      B.t.isr. Comparing the peptide sequence of the 130-kDa B.t.isr toxin with the
      sequences of other B.t. toxins having activities specific to lepidopteran species
      showed that several domains were highly homologous. This suggests that they are
      evolutionarily related to each other, and in the evolutionary process the
      sequences in the homologous domains that are important to the insecticidal
      activity have been conserved.

PMID- 2901388
TI  - Isolation of genes expressed in specific tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana by
      differential screening of a genomic library.
AB  - The small genome size of Arabidopsis thaliana allows the isolation of genes
      expressed in specific tissues and under controlled conditions by the differential
      screening of a genomic library, as has been shown previously for yeast and
      Drosophila. cDNA probes, based on poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from different
      Arabidopsis organs, were used in colony hybridizations with 1145 randomly chosen
      genomic clones, representing 27,000 kb of Arabidopsis DNA. Twenty percent of the
      clones containing low-copy-number sequences hybridized with one or more of the
      cDNA probes that were synthesized from mRNA isolated from leaves, stems, seed
      pods, inflorescences, callus tissue, and light-grown and dark-grown plants.
      Comparison of the colony hybridizations led to the identification of a large
      variety of clones which contain differentially expressed genes. The pattern of
      expression was confirmed by Northern analysis. The advantage of the described
      method is that it yields directly genomic sequences that contain specifically
      expressed or induced genes. In particular, it circumvents the construction and
      differential screening of cDNA libraries for every tissue or environmental
      parameter to be analyzed.

PMID- 2901389
TI  - [Objectives of the Journal with regard to the realization of the resolutions of
      the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers: "The main trends in
      the development of public health and the reorganization of the public health
      system in the 12th five-year period and up to the year 2000"].

PMID- 2901391
TI  - [A mild antibiotic for acne. Josamycin--a classic drug with new indications].

PMID- 2901390
TI  - [Dale's principle and the one neuron-one transmitter concept].
AB  - Dale's principle was first proposed by Eccles in 1954 based on 3 lectures given
      by Dale in 1934 and 1952. Many authors in the literature define Dale's principle
      as the "one neuron-one transmitter concept". The origin of such an idea, however,
      is rather vague. Neither Dale nor Eccles stated literally the one neuron-one
      transmitter concept. It seems now appropriate to define Dale's principle
      according to Eccles (1976) as follows: "at all the axonal branches of a neuron
      there is liberation of the same transmitter substance or substances". Recent
      studies showed examples that are not in accord with the "one neuron-one
      transmitter concept". Many cases were shown in which a neuron contains more than
      one transmitter. Whether this is a common rule or exceptional remains to be
      clarified by future studies.

PMID- 2901392
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Jordan.

PMID- 2901393
TI  - TaqI polymorphism in the LDL receptor gene and a TaqI 1.5-kb band associated with
      familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene was analyzed in 67 unrelated
      healthy Japanese and 38 members of six consecutive families with familial
      hypercholesterolemia (FH) by Southern blot hybridization with TaqI, an LDL
      receptor cDNA fragment containing exons 1 to 8 being used as a probe. A new TaqI
      RFLP at the LDL receptor locus was detected with allele frequencies of 0.67 and
      0.33. The data obtained with smaller cDNA subfragment probes revealed that the
      TaqI RFLP site is located within 1.1 kb of the 5' side of the EcoRI site of exon
      5. The TaqI RFLP was in linkage disequilibrium with the PstI RFLP but showed no
      significant linkage disequilibrium with the RFLPs for AvaII, ApaLI/I15, PvuII,
      NcoI, and ApaLI/3'. Among the seven RFLPs at the LDL receptor locus, the TaqI
      RFLP was the only useful genetic marker in one of the six families with FH.
      Furthermore, the association of an additional TaqI 1.5-kb band with a mutant LDL
      receptor gene was observed in another family with FH in which the proband was
      homozygous for all of the seven RFLPs. The data obtained with various restriction
      enzymes and smaller cDNA subfragments probes suggested that a minor change in
      nucleotide sequences in the region including exons 5 to 8 is present in the
      mutant gene. These data suggest that the TaqI RFLP is a useful genetic marker at
      the LDL receptor locus and that TaqI serves for the analysis of some mutant LDL
      receptor genes, when used with small LDL receptor cDNA probes.

PMID- 2901395
TI  - BglII RFLPs in the COL1A2 gene in the Finnish population.

PMID- 2901394
TI  - Heterozygosity and localisation of normal allelic fragments for an alpha 1
      antitrypsin homologous sequence.
AB  - Approximately 10 kb downstream of the alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) gene is a
      homologous sequence. Two polymorphisms detected with the restriction enzymes
      BglII and EcoRI have been reported previously. We describe two additional
      polymorphisms with the restriction endonucleases TaqI and HindIII and, for all
      four restriction enzymes, we have mapped the fragments corresponding to the
      normal alleles in a cosmid clone.

PMID- 2901396
TI  - Deletion of chromosome region 13q14 is transmissible and does not always
      predispose to retinoblastoma.
AB  - During routine screening of retinoblastoma patients for esterase D activity in
      red blood cell lysates a patient was identified with only 50% of normal enzyme
      activity. Chromosome analysis showed that this patient had a small deletion
      within chromosome region 13q14. Parental studies showed that, whereas the father
      had normal enzyme levels, the mother had esterase D levels which were also 50% of
      normal and a similar small 13q14 deletion. Ophthalmological examination failed to
      demonstrate any retinal abnormality in either parent. Thus we present the first
      case not only of the direct transmission of a 13q14 deletion within a family but
      also of an individual in whom the deletion has not predisposed to tumour
      formation.

PMID- 2901397
TI  - Allelic association of the cystic fibrosis locus and two DNA markers, XV2c and
      KM19, in 55 German families.
AB  - Allelic association between cystic fibrosis and two linked markers is
      demonstrated in a sample of 55 German families. It is shown by example how these
      observations can be used for genetic risk calculation.

PMID- 2901398
TI  - [Oxatomide in the therapy of urticaria].

PMID- 2901399
TI  - HLA-DQ system and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Japanese: does it
      contribute to the development of IDDM as it does in Caucasians?
AB  - Fifty-six unrelated Japanese patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM) were HLA-typed, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      analysis was performed after enzyme digestion with Bam HI and Taq I by using both
      DR and DQ probes. As previously reported, increased frequencies of Bw54, Cw1,
      DR4, and DRw53, which are in strong linkage disequilibrium in the Japanese
      population and make the characteristic Japanese haplotype, were confirmed. DQw4,
      a new allele of the DQ system recognized by the monoclonal antibody HU-46 and in
      linkage disequilibrium with this haplotype, presented the highest IDDM
      association. The RFLP analysis also showed the strongest correlation to IDDM when
      the DQ probe was applied. These results indicate that HLA-DQ might play the most
      important role in the development of IDDM in Japanese as well as in Caucasians.
      The correlation of DQ beta amino acid sequences strongly associated with IDDM in
      Japanese are discussed in this study, and contrasting results were found when
      such sequences were compared with those of Caucasians.

PMID- 2901400
TI  - Genomic organization of the mouse Tla locus: study of an endogenous
      retroviruslike locus reveals polymorphisms related to different Tla haplotypes.
AB  - A retrovirus element (TLev1) is located within the Thymus leukemia antigen (Tla)
      locus of the C57BL/10 mouse major histocompatibility complex. Low-copy probes
      have been isolated from sequences flanking the TLev1 integration site to examine
      the distribution of TLev1 among inbred mouse strains having genotypically
      determined variations in TL-antigen expression. It was found that the low-copy
      probes cross-hybridize to regions within the Tla locus in a genotype-specific
      manner. Although a strong association was found between TL mouse strains and
      TLev1, the presence or absence of the TLev1 locus did not exclusively correlate
      with expression or nonexpression of TL antigens. Analysis of different Mus
      subspecies indicates that TLev1 integrated into a common ancestor of the species
      Mus musculus. It is suggested that the loss of the TLev1 locus from certain mouse
      genomes reflects evolutionary rearrangements in the TL region; the resulting
      diversity may relate to the differential expression of TL antigens among mouse
      strains. The probes described here provide a useful tool for examining the
      genomic expansions and contractions which have occurred during the evolution of
      the Tla locus.

PMID- 2901401
TI  - Mapping of the Sod-2 locus into the t complex on mouse chromosome 17.
AB  - A human DNA probe specific for the superoxide dismutase gene was used to identify
      the corresponding mouse gene. Under the chosen hybridizing conditions, the probe
      detected DNA fragments most likely carrying the mouse Sod-2 gene. Mapping studies
      revealed that the Sod-2 gene resides in the proximal inversion of the t complex
      on mouse chromosome 17. All complete t haplotypes tested showed restriction
      fragment length polymorphism which is distinct from that found in all wild-type
      chromosomes tested. The Sod-2 locus maps in the same region as some of the loci
      that influence segregation of t chromosomes in male gametes. The possibility that
      the Sod-2 locus is related to some of the t-complex distorter or responder loci
      is discussed. The data indicate that the human homolog of the mouse t complex has
      split into two regions, the distal region remaining on the p arm of human
      chromosome 6, while the proximal region has been transposed to the telomeric
      region of this chromosome's q arm.

PMID- 2901402
TI  - Attachment of Escherichia coli via mannose- or Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta
      containing receptors to human colonic epithelial cells.
AB  - The role of bacterial adhesion for the maintenance of the large-intestinal
      microflora has not been established. In this study, colonic cells from the
      adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 or from surgical specimens were tested for the
      ability to bind Escherichia coli. The E. coli strains were manipulated by
      transformation or by mutagenesis to express either mannose-specific type 1
      fimbriae (strains 506 MS and HU742) or Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-specific P
      fimbriae (506 MR and HU824). Binding to HT-29 cells was seen with strains of
      either receptor specificity and was inhibited by alpha-methyl mannoside or
      globotetraosylceramide (GalNAc beta 1----3Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta 1----4Glc
      ceramide), respectively. The Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-specific strains interacted
      with a loosely surface-associated substance, which was sensitive to mechanical
      treatment and incubation at 37 degrees C, while the mannose-specific strains
      bound both directly to the cell and to the loosely associated substance. Isolated
      colonic epithelial cells bound the mannose-specific bacteria in high numbers,
      while the attachment of the Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-specific strains depended on
      the elution method. Cells eluted sequentially with magnetic stirring were unable
      to bind the Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-specific bacteria, while elution by a more
      gentle method resulted in binding of these strains to material loosely associated
      with the epithelial cells. Thus, the binding pattern of isolated colonic
      epithelial cells paralleled that of the HT-29 cell line. Conceivably, binding to
      mannose- and Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-containing receptors could contribute to
      the maintenance of E. coli in the human large intestine.

PMID- 2901403
TI  - Isolation and comparison of Escherichia coli strains from canine and human
      patients with urinary tract infections.
AB  - We analyzed Escherichia coli strains isolated from dogs with urinary tract
      infections (UTIs) in an attempt to determine if any of these strains were similar
      to E. coli isolated from humans with UTIs. Using genotypic and phenotypic traits,
      we identified four canine and six human E. coli UTI isolates that all appeared to
      be closely related or identical. All isolates shared similar DNA sequences for
      pyelonephritis-associated pili (pap), alpha-hemolysin (hly), and insertion
      sequence 5 (IS5), on the basis of Southern blot analysis. Similar outer membrane
      protein, pilin, and plasmid profiles were obtained for each of the isolates,
      although minor heterogeneity was observed. All of these isolates expressed a
      neuraminidase-sensitive binding phenotype in contrast to the majority of human
      isolates, which are known to express an adhesin that recognizes terminal
      digalactoside residues. Taken together, these results suggest that similar E.
      coli uropathogens may be capable of infecting both dogs and humans. To determine
      if the intestinal tracts of dogs were a reservoir for uropathogenic E. coli,
      eight paired rectal and urine pap+ E. coli strains were cultured from dogs with
      UTIs. By using the same genotypic and phenotypic criteria described above as a
      basis for strain identity, seven of eight urine-rectal pairs showed intrapair
      identity. However, each urine-rectal pair displayed a unique overall profile and
      could be distinguished from the other pairs. We conclude that the uropathogen
      colonizing the bladders of dog can also be the predominant strain colonizing the
      intestinal tracts.

PMID- 2901404
TI  - Binding characteristics of Escherichia coli adhesins in human urinary bladder.
AB  - We studied domains in the human bladder that acted as receptors for Escherichia
      coli P, S, type 1, type 1C, and O75X fimbriae or adhesin and domains in the human
      kidneys that were receptors for E. coli type 1C fimbriae. Binding sites in frozen
      tissue sections were localized by direct staining with fluorochrome-labeled
      recombinant strains and by indirect immunofluorescence with the purified
      adhesins. In the bladder, the P and S fimbriae showed closely similar binding to
      the epithelial and muscular layers, and the S fimbriae also bound to the
      connective tissue elements. Type 1 fimbriae bound to vascular walls and to muscle
      cells, whereas the O75X adhesin bound avidly to connective tissue elements and to
      some extent to epithelial and muscle cells of the bladder. The type 1C fimbriae
      bound to distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney and to vascular
      endothelial cells in both the kidney and bladder. The binding of all adhesin
      types was inhibited by specific receptor analogs or Fab fragments. The results
      reveal a possible mechanism by which the type 1C fimbriae may help invasion of E.
      coli in the kidneys but do not support a pathogenetic role for type 1 fimbriae.
      Similar tissue specificity of P and S fimbriae in the human urinary tract
      indicates that the presence of binding sites on uroepithelia does not fully
      explain the virulence properties of P fimbriae in human urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2901406
TI  - Catecholamine synthesis in Ascaridia galli (Nematoda)

PMID- 2901405
TI  - Identification of factors in human urine that inhibit the binding of Escherichia
      coli adhesins.
AB  - Earlier studies on the binding of Escherichia coli adhesins to the human urinary
      tract have indicated that the ability to recognize binding sites on the urinary
      tract epithelial cells is not a characteristic for P fimbriae only, but is also
      shared by some other adhesins that are not associated with pyelonephritis,
      especially S fimbriae. In the present study we have investigated whether human
      urine contains inhibitors of the binding of E. coli adhesins. Normal human urine
      was found to inhibit hemagglutination by S and type 1 fimbriae but not P
      fimbriae. The major inhibitor of S fimbriae in normal urine was identified as
      Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, and the interaction with S fimbriae is probably
      mediated by its sialyloligosaccharide chains. No significant variation was
      observed in the inhibitory effect of T-H glycoprotein preparations originating
      from different individuals. In contrast to S fimbriae, the major inhibitors of
      type 1 fimbriae in urine were identified as low-molecular-weight compounds. Gel
      filtration and ion-exchange chromatography and alpha-mannosidase treatment
      indicated that they were neutral alpha-mannosides, probably manno
      oligosaccharides with three to five saccharides. Studies of urine samples
      collected from several individuals indicated the common occurrence of these
      inhibitory alpha-mannosides. Type 1 fimbriae bound to immobilized T-H
      glycoprotein, but, unlike S fimbriae, their binding was poorly inhibited by
      soluble T-H glycoprotein. Some urine samples were also found to contain low
      molecular-weight inhibitors for the O75X adhesin of E. coli. These results
      emphasize that to function as a virulence factor in human urinary tract
      infections, an adhesin must evidently recognize such receptor structures at the
      infection sites that are not excreted in soluble form in urine. This prerequisite
      is filled by P fimbriae but not by type 1 or S fimbriae.

PMID- 2901407
TI  - Treatment of anxiety associated with electrophysiologic studies.
AB  - Programmed electrical stimulation, also known as electrophysiologic studies
      (EPS), is a cardiologic technique used to help guide physicians in their
      management of selected patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Data are presented for
      14 consecutive patients undergoing EPS seen in psychiatric consultation who had a
      diagnosis related to anxious mood. Successful management strategies, which
      evolved from work with these patients, included psychologic approaches
      (supportive psychotherapy and education) and psychopharmacologic agents (most
      commonly alprazolam). EPS and related physiologic aspects of anxiety and stress
      are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2901408
TI  - Mapping of a restriction fragment length polymorphism associated with defective
      DR beta 4 chain expression to the HLA-DRB1 gene.
AB  - The HLA-DR beta 4 chain, encoded by the DRB4 gene, carries two DRw53 determinants
      normally expressed by DR4, DR7, and DR9 individuals. However, some DR7
      individuals (DR7, Dw11) fail to express the DR beta 4 chain. At the genomic
      level, a HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism can be detected in
      these individuals with a DR beta cDNA probe. The association of this altered
      HindIII fragment with defective beta 4 chain expression suggested the possibility
      that the polymorphic fragment was derived from the DRB4 gene and might,
      therefore, be related to the defect in expression. However, detailed Southern
      blot analysis has now mapped the polymorphic fragment to the 3' end of the DRB1
      gene, approximately 100 kb away from the defective DRB4 gene. Although the
      alteration in the DRB1 gene might involve sequences important in regulating the
      expression of the DRB4 gene, it is more likely that the association results from
      strong positive linkage disequilibrium between these DR beta chain genes.

PMID- 2901409
TI  - Intraabdominal retraction and entrapment of testicle associated with indirect
      inguinal hernia.
AB  - A 19-year-old man presented with an acute retraction and entrapment of the left
      testicle into the abdomen through an indirect inguinal hernia. No previous case
      reports were found in the literature. The evaluation and treatment of the
      disappearing or absent testicle are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2901410
TI  - 3'-O-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)ADP ether and ATP ether. Affinity reagents for
      labeling ATPases.
AB  - The affinity reagents 3'-O-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)ADP ether (FDNP-ADP) and
      3'-O-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)ATP ether (FDNP-ATP) were synthesized and
      characterized. FDNP[14C]ADP was found to label the active site of mitochondrial
      F1-ATPase slowly at room temperature but with high specificity. F1 was
      effectively protected from the labeling reagent by ATP or ADP. An average number
      of 1.3 covalent label per F1 is sufficient for 100% inhibition of the ATPase.
      About 73% of the radioactive label was found covalently attached to beta
      subunits, 9% on alpha, practically none on gamma, delta, and epsilon. Cleavage of
      the labeled enzyme by pepsin and sequencing of the major radioactive peptide
      showed that the labeled amino acid residue in beta subunit was Lys beta 162.
      These results show that Lys beta 162 is indeed at the active site of F1 as
      assumed in the recently proposed models (Fry, D. C., Kuby, S. A., and Mildvan, A.
      S. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 907-911; Duncan, I. M., Parsonage,
      D., and Senior, A. E. (1986) FEBS Lett. 208, 1-6).

PMID- 2901411
TI  - Mutational analysis of domain I of Pseudomonas exotoxin. Mutations in domain I of
      Pseudomonas exotoxin which reduce cell binding and animal toxicity.
AB  - Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) is a single polypeptide chain that contains 613 amino
      acids and is arranged into three structural domains. Domain I is responsible for
      cell recognition, II for translocation of PE across membranes and III for ADP
      ribosylation of elongation factor 2. Treatment of PE with reagents that react
      with lysine residues has been shown to lead to a reduction in cytotoxic activity
      apparently due to a modification of domain I (Pirker, R., FitzGerald, D. J. P.,
      Hamilton, T. C., Ozols, R. F., Willingham, M. C., and Pastan, S. (1985) Cancer
      Res. 45, 751-757). To determine which lysine residues are important in cell
      recognition, all 12 lysines in domain I were converted to glutamates by site
      directed mutagenesis. Also, two deletion mutants encompassing almost all of
      domain I (amino acids 4-252) or most of domain I (amino acids 4-224) were
      studied. The mutant proteins were produced in Escherichia coli, purified, and
      tested for their cytotoxic activity against Swiss 3T3 cells and in mice. The data
      indicate that conversion of lysine 57 to glutamate reduces cytotoxic activity
      towards 3T3 cells 50-100-fold and in mice about 5-fold. Deletion of amino acids 4
      224 causes a similar reduction in toxicity towards cells and mice. Deletion of
      most of the rest of domain I (amino acids 4-252) causes a further reduction in
      toxicity toward cells and mice indicating this second region between amino acids
      225 and 252 of domain I is also important in the toxicity of PE. Competition
      assays indicated that the ability of PEGlu57 to bind to 3T3 cells was greatly
      diminished, accounting for its diminished cytotoxic activity.

PMID- 2901412
TI  - Transport-deficient mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor.
      Alterations in the cysteine-rich and cysteine-poor regions of the protein block
      intracellular transport.
AB  - Certain individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) produce mutant forms
      of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that fail to move from the
      endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. Here, we describe the cloning and
      expression of one such mutant allele, FH 429. The mutation causes a substitution
      of a Val for a Gly at residue 544. When recreated in an expressible cDNA, this
      substitution gives rise to an LDL receptor that is not transported to the cell
      surface and is rapidly degraded. Three previously mapped transport-deficient
      alleles of the LDL receptor were traced to the cysteine-rich repeats of the
      protein, suggesting that the generation of non-disulfide-bonded (free) cysteines
      might cause the block in transport. The FH 429 mutation is not located in a
      cysteine-rich region, however. We have attempted to test the role of cysteine by
      expressing mutant cDNAs that encode proteins blocked in transport and predicted
      to contain free cysteines. The results suggest that free cysteines are not
      obligatory for the blocked intracellular movement of mutant LDL receptors.

PMID- 2901413
TI  - Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase. Identification of multiple forms of the
      enzyme by antibodies.
AB  - Two forms of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase of 200 and 47 kDa have been
      purified from dialyzed urea extract of the bacteria to specific activities of 466
      and 1685 mumol.min-1.mg-1, respectively. Both forms are activated 50-200-fold by
      calmodulin. The half-maximum concentration required for the activation of the 200
      kDa catalyst is 5.4.10(-9) M, whereas the one required for activation of the 47
      kDa catalyst is 1.8.10(-10) M. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the 47-kDa
      catalyst specifically recognize both forms of the enzyme in purified state as
      well as in bacterial extracts on immunoblots. The antibody inhibits at similar
      titer adenylate cyclase activity of the purified forms as well as the activity
      present in dialyzed urea extract of the bacteria. It also prevents the
      penetration of the invasive B. pertussis adenylate cyclase into human
      lymphocytes. The inhibition induced by the antisera is specific to B. pertussis
      enzyme, since both calmodulin-dependent brain and sperm adenylate cyclase are not
      affected by the antibody.

PMID- 2901414
TI  - Glucagon gene expression in vertebrate brain.
AB  - An increasing number of regulatory peptide genes are known to be transcribed in
      neuroendocrine cells of the intestine and neurons of the central and peripheral
      nervous system. The discovery of the expression of peptide hormone genes in the
      nervous system has led to the suggestion that these peptides may function as
      neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and releasing or inhibiting factors in
      different regions of the brain. Glucagon and the glucagon-like peptides are
      derived from proglucagon in the pancreatic islets and intestine. A role for these
      peptides in the central nervous system has been proposed, but evidence for the
      biosynthesis of proglucagon in brain has been lacking. We now report that the
      glucagon gene is expressed in the brainstem and hypothalamus and that a glucagon
      mRNA transcript identical to that produced in pancreas and intestine gives rise
      to proglucagon-related peptides in the brain.

PMID- 2901415
TI  - The kinetic mechanism of beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase.
AB  - The mechanism of action of the flavoprotein D-aspartate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.1) has
      been investigated by steady-state and stopped flow kinetic studies using D
      aspartate and O2 as substrates in 50 mM KPi, 0.3 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, 4 degrees C.
      Steady-state results indicate that a ternary complex containing enzyme, O2, and
      substrate (or product) is an obligatory intermediate in catalysis. The kinetic
      parameters are turnover number = 11.1 s-1, Km(D-Asp) = 2.2 x 10(-3) M, Km(O2) =
      1.7 x 10(-4) M. Rapid reaction studies show that 1) the reductive half reaction
      is essentially irreversible with a maximum rate of reduction of 180 s-1; 2) the
      free reduced enzyme cannot be the species which is reoxidized during turnover
      since its reoxidation by oxygen (second order rate constant equal to 5.3 x 10(2)
      M-1 s-1) is too slow to be of relevance in catalysis; 3) reduced enzyme can bind
      a ligand rapidly and be reoxidized as a complex at a rate faster than that
      observed for the free reduced enzyme; 4) the rate of reoxidation of reduced
      enzyme by oxygen during turnover is dependent on both O2 and D-aspartate
      concentrations (second order rate constant of reaction between O2 and reduced
      enzyme-substrate complex equal to 6.2 x 10(4) M-1 s-1); and 5) the rate-limiting
      step in catalysis occurs after reoxidation of the enzyme and before its reduction
      in the following turnover. A mechanism involving reduction of enzyme by
      substrate, dissociation of product from reduced enzyme, binding of a second
      molecule of substrate to the reduced enzyme, and reoxidation of the reduced
      enzyme-substrate complex is proposed for the enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of D
      aspartate.

PMID- 2901416
TI  - A novel type of short- and medium-chain acyl-CoA hydrolases in brown adipose
      tissue mitochondria.
AB  - Acyl-CoA hydrolase activities were studied in brown adipose tissue from hamsters.
      A latent activity was observed in isolated mitochondria. Two peaks of activity
      were clearly visible in mitochondria, one with an optimum at propionyl-CoA
      ("short-chain hydrolase") and one with an optimum at nonanoyl-CoA ("medium-chain
      hydrolase"); there was only low activity toward palmitoyl-CoA and longer-chain
      acyl-CoAs. In subcellular fractionation experiments, the activity of the short
      chain and the medium-chain hydrolase fully followed that of the mitochondrial
      matrix marker enzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. The specific activity of the
      hydrolases in the mitochondrial fraction was doubled after cold acclimation. beta
      NADH inhibited the short- and medium-chain hydrolases; alpha-NADH, NADPH, and
      NAD+ were without effect. ADP stimulated the short- and medium-chain hydrolases;
      ATP and AMP were practically without effect. Evidence is presented to indicate
      that NADH and ADP interact on the enzyme at the same site and that ADP is
      essential for the maintenance of the short- and medium-chain enzyme activities. A
      positive effect of KCl was found on the short- and medium-chain hydrolase
      activities. Also, the divalent ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ were stimulatory, but only Ca2+
      was able to overcome NADH inhibition, possibly due to interaction directly with
      NADH. It is concluded that brown adipose tissue mitochondria, besides a
      conventional type of acyl-CoA hydrolase, contain two species of a novel type of
      acyl-CoA hydrolases which are characterized by being regulated by ADP and NADH
      (interacting at a common site) and by having an obligatory requirement for ADP.

PMID- 2901417
TI  - ADP-ribosylated actin caps the barbed ends of actin filaments.
AB  - The mode of action on actin polymerization of skeletal muscle actin ADP
      ribosylated on arginine 177 by perfringens iota toxin was investigated. ADP
      ribosylated actin decreased the rate of nucleated actin polymerization at
      substoichiometric ratios of ADP-ribosylated actin to monomeric actin. ADP
      ribosylated actin did not tend to copolymerize with actin. Actin filaments were
      depolymerized by the addition of ADP-ribosylated actin. The maximal monomer
      concentration reached by addition of ADP-ribosylated actin was similar to the
      critical concentration of the pointed ends of actin filaments. ADP-ribosylated
      actin had no effect on the rate of polymerization of gelsolin-capped actin
      filaments which polymerize at the pointed ends. The results suggest that ADP
      ribosylated actin acts as a capping protein which binds to the barbed ends of
      actin filaments to inhibit polymerization. Based on an analysis of the
      depolymerizing effect of ADP-ribosylated actin, the equilibrium constant for
      binding of ADP-ribosylated actin to the barbed ends of actin filaments was
      determined to be about 10(8) M-1. As actin is ADP-ribosylated by perfringens iota
      toxin and by botulinum C2 toxin, it appears that conversion of actin into a
      capping protein by ADP-ribosylation is a pathophysiological reaction catalyzed by
      bacterial toxins which ultimately leads to inhibition of actin assembly.

PMID- 2901418
TI  - Studies of the phosphoenzyme intermediate of the yeast plasma membrane proton
      translocating ATPase.
AB  - The yeast plasma membrane proton-pumping ATPase forms a phosphorylated
      intermediate during the hydrolysis of ATP. The fraction of enzyme phosphorylated
      during steady-state ATP hydrolysis was studied as a function of substrate
      concentration (MgATP), Mg2+ concentration, and pH. The dependence of the fraction
      of enzyme phosphorylated on the concentration of MgATP is sigmoidal, and the
      isotherms can be fit with parameters and mechanisms similar to those used to
      describe ATP hydrolysis. The isotherm is significantly more sigmoidal at pH 5.5
      than at pH 6.0, with the limiting percentage (100.mol of phosphate/mol of enzyme)
      of enzyme phosphorylated being 70% and 6%, respectively, at the two pH values.
      The maxima in the steady-state rate of ATP hydrolysis occur at higher
      concentrations of Mg2+ and higher pH than the maxima in the fraction of enzyme
      phosphorylated. This suggests that the rate-determining step for ATP hydrolysis
      is different from that for enzyme phosphorylation and the hydrolysis of
      phosphoenzyme is enhanced by Mg2+ and high pH. The rate of phosphoenzyme
      formation was investigated with the quenched-flow method, but only a lower bound
      of 140 s-1 could be obtained for the rate constant at MgATP concentrations
      greater than 2.5 mM. Since the turnover number for ATP hydrolysis under similar
      conditions is 14 s-1, the rate-determining step in ATP hydrolysis occurs after
      enzyme phosphorylation.

PMID- 2901419
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of the leukocyte adherence protein beta subunit during
      human myeloid cell differentiation.
AB  - Adherence reactions involving human leukocytes are mediated by a family of
      glycoprotein surface antigens composed of three different alpha subunits
      designated alpha L, alpha M, and alpha X, each of which is associated with a
      single beta subunit in an alpha 1 beta 1 heterodimer structure. We cloned the
      cDNA for the common beta subunit and investigated beta subunit mRNA expression in
      HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells and human granulocytic cells. Leukocyte
      adherence receptor beta subunit mRNA transcripts were present in low levels in HL
      60 myeloblasts and promyelocytes and increased 10-fold or greater with chemically
      induced differentiation to more mature granulocytes (using retinoic acid and
      dimethylformamide) or monocyte/macrophages (using phorbol myristate acetate).
      Levels of beta subunit mRNA expression were also increased both in normal human
      peripheral blood granulocytes and in granulocytes from patients with chronic
      myelogenous leukemia. Nuclear run-off assays indicated that the increased steady
      state level of the beta subunit mRNA in retinoic acid-differentiated HL-60 cells
      was secondary to enhanced beta subunit gene transcription. We conclude that mRNA
      levels for the beta subunit of the receptor on human leukocytes that mediates
      cellular adherence are increased in more mature granulocytic cells compared to
      immature myeloid precursors and that this enhanced mRNA expression is
      transcriptionally regulated.

PMID- 2901420
TI  - High-pressure water-gun injection injuries to the extremities. A report of six
      cases.
AB  - High-pressure water-gun injection injuries are different from injection injuries
      that are caused by other agents, in that they are associated with extensive
      subcutaneous emphysema but only slight soft-tissue inflammation or destruction.
      The cases of six patients who had such an injury were reviewed. It was found that
      local irrigation and debridement, together with a short course of penicillin or a
      broad-spectrum cephalosporin, resulted in complete recovery from this relatively
      benign variant of high-pressure injection injury.

PMID- 2901421
TI  - The UGI series in renal transplant candidates.
AB  - We reviewed the charts of 115 renal transplant recipients who had pre-transplant
      upper gastrointestinal (UGI) barium examinations to assess this examination as a
      predictor of post-transplant ulceration and hemorrhage. In the past surgical
      therapy for peptic ulcers was recommended before transplantation because of the
      risk of life-threatening hemorrhage after transplantation. Peptic ulcer disease
      was found in 22 patients. Fifteen of these were treated with histamine H2
      receptor antagonists and none had ulceration post-transplantation. Three of the
      seven not so treated had recurrent peptic ulceration. The other 93 examinations
      were normal. Twelve of the patients with normal examinations developed post
      transplant peptic ulceration. We conclude that: (a) the pre-transplant UGI series
      may not distinguish those patients at risk of UGI ulceration post-transplantation
      and (b) treatment with H2-receptor antagonists obviates the need for surgical
      therapy of peptic ulcer disease in these patients before transplantation.

PMID- 2901423
TI  - Development of macrociliary cells in Beroe. I. Actin bundles and centriole
      migration.
AB  - Differentiation of macrociliary cells on regenerating lips of the ctenophore
      Beroe was studied by transmission electron microscopy. In this study of early
      development, we found that basal bodies for macrocilia arise by an acentriolar
      pathway near the nucleus and Golgi apparatus, in close association with plaques
      of dense fibrogranular bodies. Procentrioles are often aligned side-by-side in
      double layers with the cartwheel ends facing outward toward the surrounding
      plaques of dense granules. Newly formed basal bodies then disband from groups and
      develop a long striated rootlet at one end. At the same time, an array of
      microfilaments arises in the basal cytoplasm. The microfilaments are arranged in
      parallel strands oriented toward the cell surface. The basal body-rootlet units
      are transported to the apical surface in close association with the assembling
      actin filament bundle. Microfilaments run parallel to and alongside the striated
      rootlets, to which they often appear attached. Basal body-rootlet units migrate
      at the heads of trails of microfilaments, as if they are pushed upwards by
      elongation of their attached actin filaments. Near the apical surface the actin
      bundle curves and runs below the cell membrane. Newly arrived basal body-rootlets
      tilt upwards out of the microfilament bundle to contact the cell membrane and
      initiate ciliogenesis. The basal bodies tilt parallel to the flat sides of the
      rootlets, and away from the direction in which the basal feet point. The actin
      bundle continues to enlarge during ciliogenesis. These results suggest that basal
      body migration may be driven by the directed assembly of attached actin
      filaments.

PMID- 2901422
TI  - Identification of peroxisomal targeting signals located at the carboxy terminus
      of four peroxisomal proteins.
AB  - As part of an effort to understand how proteins are imported into the peroxisome,
      we have sought to identify the peroxisomal targeting signals in four unrelated
      peroxisomal proteins: human catalase, rat hydratase:dehydrogenase, pig D-amino
      acid oxidase, and rat acyl-CoA oxidase. Using gene fusion experiments, we have
      identified a region of each protein that can direct heterologous proteins to
      peroxisomes. In each case, the peroxisomal targeting signal is contained at or
      near the carboxy terminus of the protein. For catalase, the peroxisomal targeting
      signal is located within the COOH-terminal 27 amino acids of the protein. For
      hydratase:dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase, and acyl-CoA oxidase, the
      targeting signals are located within the carboxy-terminal 15, 14, and 15 amino
      acids, respectively. A tripeptide of the sequence Ser-Lys/His-Leu is present in
      each of these targeting signals as well as in the peroxisomal targeting signal
      identified in firefly luciferase (Gould, S.J., G.-A. Keller, and S. Subramani.
      1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:2923-2931). When the peroxisomal targeting signal of the
      hydratase:dehydrogenase is mutated so that the Ser-Lys-Leu tripeptide is
      converted to Ser-Asn-Leu, it can no longer direct proteins to peroxisomes. We
      suggest that this tripeptide is an essential element of at least one class of
      peroxisomal targeting signals.

PMID- 2901424
TI  - Development of macrociliary cells in Beroe. II. Formation of macrocilia.
AB  - Two patterns of macrociliary growth occur in Beroe. Early differentiation
      described previously (Tamm & Tamm, 1988) leads to the first pattern of
      ciliogenesis. A tuft of 10-20 single cilia initially grows out from basal bodies
      that have migrated to the cell surface and are axially aligned. Ciliary membranes
      then begin to fuse along their length, except at the base, resulting in thicker
      groups of cilia on each cell. Progressive fusion of ciliary membranes, together
      with addition and elongation of new axonemes, finally results in mature
      macrocilia, 5 microns thick and 40 microns long, enclosed by a single membrane
      distally. The second pattern of ciliogenesis begins with the simultaneous
      appearance of several hundred ciliary buds on the apical surface. The short cilia
      possess individual membranes with bulbous tips, and are not axially aligned.
      Subsequent elongation is accompanied by progressive fusion of neighbouring
      ciliary membranes, except at the base, leading to flat-topped 'stumps' surrounded
      by a single membrane distally. Further elongation then proceeds asymmetrically
      within each stump. Axonemes on the aboral side of the macrocilium stop
      elongating, while those towards the oral side increase progressively in height,
      resulting in a slanted profile. Basal feet and central-pair microtubules are now
      uniformly aligned. Unequal elongation of axonemes on the oral and aboral sides of
      the macrocilium continues until the macrocilium resembles a lobster's claw, with
      a long slender shaft projecting from a broad base. Finally, the polarity of
      unequal growth reverses: the shorter axonemes on the aboral side elongate and
      almost catch up with the longer ones on the opposite side, resulting in a mature
      macrocilium of uniform diameter. The unusual membrane architecture of the
      macrocilium is thus a consequence of selective fusion of the distal regions of
      originally separate ciliary membranes. The polarized, asymmetrical growth of
      axonemes on the two sides of the macrocilium illustrates a remarkable control of
      microtubule elongation at the subcellular level.

PMID- 2901425
TI  - Focal cerebral ischaemia in the cat: treatment with the glutamate antagonist MK
      801 after induction of ischaemia.
AB  - The effects of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 in
      reducing ischaemic brain damage have been examined in anaesthetised cats, with
      drug treatment being initiated 2 h after the induction of cerebral ischaemia.
      Focal cerebral ischaemia was produced by permanent occlusion of one middle
      cerebral artery, and the animals were killed 6 h later. The amount of early
      irreversible ischaemic damage was assessed at 16 predetermined stereotactic
      planes. Treatment with MK-801 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) 2 h after middle cerebral artery
      occlusion reduced significantly the volume of ischaemic damage (from 1,625 +/-
      384 mm3 of the cerebral hemisphere in vehicle-treated cats to 792 +/- 385 mm3 in
      MK-801-treated cats). The demonstration of reduced ischaemic brain damage with MK
      801, when the agent is administered after the induction of ischaemia, extends the
      therapeutic potential of such agents in the treatment of focal cerebral ischaemia
      in humans.

PMID- 2901427
TI  - The neurobiology of infantile autism.

PMID- 2901426
TI  - CRH defects in Alzheimer's and other neurologic diseases.

PMID- 2901428
TI  - Thyrotropin (TSH) receptor modulation by specific TSH receptor antibodies in
      Graves' disease.
AB  - In Graves' disease (GD), an antireceptor autoantibody disease, individual
      variability in the pathogenic interaction between TSH receptors and
      autoantibodies has been reported. This variability can be due to allotypic
      (person to person) variability in the receptors or differences in autoantibody
      amount or specificity. This fundamental issue was investigated by evaluating
      immunoglobulin G (Ig)-induced TSH receptor modulation in thyroid tissue from 19
      patients with GD. TSH receptor modulation by Graves' Ig was defined as the
      appearance of 1 class of high affinity binding sites, instead of the usual 2
      classes of binding sites. Ig-induced modulation of receptors occurred in 9 of 19
      (47%) experiments with autologous (patient's own) tissues and correlated with the
      presence of TSH receptor antibodies, measured as TSH binding inhibitor Igs. Of
      these 9 receptor-modulating Graves' Ig preparations, 7 (78%) also had a receptor
      modulating effect in other patient's (homologous) thyroid tissue. Nine of the 10
      Graves' Ig preparations that were negative for TSH receptor-modulating activity
      in autologous thyroid tissue were tested with other patients' thyroid tissues; 7
      (78%) were negative, and all were TSH binding inhibitor Ig negative. We conclude
      that variability in the occurrence of TSH receptor modulation was associated with
      the presence or absence of TSH-binding inhibitor Ig. No evidence for allotypic
      differences in TSH receptors in GD was found.

PMID- 2901429
TI  - Detection of the thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) gene in six unrelated families
      with complete TBG deficiency.
AB  - T4-binding globulin (TBG) is a glycoprotein of hepatic origin which transports
      thyroid hormone in serum. Inherited TBG defects in man are X-chromosome linked
      and are expressed in hemizygotes as complete deficiency, partial deficiency, or
      excess. Since TBG is not necessary for thyroid hormone action, affected subjects
      are healthy. Using DNA probes for human TBG, we searched for restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms in six affected males belonging to 6 unrelated families with
      inherited complete TBG deficiency and an equal number of normal males. TBG could
      not be detected in the serum of any of the TBG-deficient males by a specific and
      sensitive RIA capable of detecting as little as 5 micrograms TBG/L or 0.031% of
      the average normal serum TBG concentration. DNA isolated from white blood cells
      was digested with 11 restriction endonucleases, and the digests were submitted to
      DNA blot analysis using two cloned TBG-DNA probes which together covered the
      entire protein coding and the 5'-flanking sequences of the TBG gene. A total of
      26 different bands were detected on DNA blots, identifying 18 restriction sites
      located within the 4.2-kilobase TBG gene, which includes intronic, exonic, and 5'
      flanking sequences. This analysis, which sampled 2.3% of the total TBG genome,
      failed to reveal differences in fragment size among the 6 TBG-deficient and 6
      normal males examined. One restriction endonuclease (NcoI) identified normal
      sequences at the putative promoter region of the gene, and four other
      endonucleases (TaqI, SstII, MspI, and HpaII) recognized the cytosine-guanine
      dinucleotide phosphate sequences representing potential mutation hot spots.
      Although C was methylated at these sites, no C to T (thymidine) transitions were
      found. These data suggest that large deletions, insertions, or rearrangements of
      the TBG gene, or mutations at sites of methylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide
      phosphate dimers are not common mechanisms for inherited complete TBG deficiency
      in man.

PMID- 2901430
TI  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma: prognosis of familial versus sporadic disease and
      the role of radiotherapy.
AB  - A retrospective study of 202 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
      diagnosed between 1943 and 1987 was done to compare the prognosis of patients
      with sporadic disease and those with the familial form of multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type II and to study the effect of radiotherapy. Patients with multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type II had a significantly higher survival rate than did
      patients with the sporadic variety (P less than 0.005), but most patients with
      sporadic tumors were older and had more advanced disease. No differences in
      survival rates were found when patients from these 2 groups were matched for age
      and involvement of the thyroid gland only (P greater than 0.3), involvement of
      the thyroid gland plus cervical nodes (P greater than 0.3), and involvement of
      the thyroid gland, cervical nodes, and soft tissue (P greater than 0.7). When
      patients with MTC who received radiotherapy were matched for age, extent of
      disease, and surgery with patients who had had no radiotherapy, the latter group
      was found to live significantly longer (P less than 0.05). We conclude that 1)
      the apparently poor prognosis of patients with the sporadic variety of MTC may be
      related to the patients' older age at detection rather than to inherent
      differences in the two forms of disease, and 2) radiotherapy has little effect on
      MTC.

PMID- 2901431
TI  - Reciprocal regulation of antral gastrin and somatostatin gene expression by
      omeprazole-induced achlorhydria.
AB  - Gastric acid exerts a feedback inhibition on the secretion of gastrin from antral
      G cells. This study examines whether gastrin gene expression is also regulated by
      changes in gastric pH. Achlorhydria was induced in rats by the gastric H+/K+
      ATPase inhibitor, omeprazole (100 mumol/kg). This resulted in fourfold increases
      in both serum gastrin (within 2 h) and gastrin mRNA levels (after 24 h). Antral
      somatostatin D cells probably act as chemoreceptors for gastric acid to mediate a
      paracrine inhibition on gastrin secretion from adjacent G cells. Omeprazole
      induced achlorhydria reduced D-cell activity as shown by a threefold decrease in
      antral somatostatin mRNA levels that began after 24 h. Exogenous administration
      of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (10 micrograms/kg) prevented both the
      hypergastrinemia and the increase in gastrin mRNA levels caused by omeprazole
      induced achlorhydria. Exogenous somatostatin, however, did not influence the
      decrease in antral somatostatin mRNA levels seen with achlorhydria. These data,
      therefore, support the hypothesis that antral D cells act as chemoreceptors for
      changes in gastric pH, and modulates somatostatin secretion and synthesis to
      mediate a paracrine inhibition on gastrin gene expression in adjacent G cells.

PMID- 2901432
TI  - Catabolic rate of low density lipoprotein is influenced by variation in the
      apolipoprotein B gene.
AB  - This study examines the potential influence of genetic variation on the
      metabolism of LDL. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the gene
      coding for apo B were identified using the endonucleases Xba I, Eco RI, and Msp I
      in a group of 19 subjects with moderate hyperlipidemia. There was a significant
      association between the Xba I polymorphism and the total fractional clearance
      rate (FCR) of LDL. The individuals with the X1X1 genotype had, on average, a 22%
      higher FCR (P less than 0.025) than those with the genotype X2X2 (X2 allele =
      presence of Xba I cutting site). This difference was attributable to increased
      clearance by the receptor-mediated pathway of LDL catabolism. In this group of
      subjects, there was no association of LDL kinetic parameters and RFLPs of the LDL
      receptor gene or the AI- CIII- AIV gene cluster. The data suggest that variation
      in apo B itself, presumably acting through variable binding to the LDL receptor,
      makes a significant contribution to the rate of catabolism of LDL.

PMID- 2901433
TI  - Catecholamine effects upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone
      secretion in vitro.
AB  - To further our understanding of the functional role of catecholaminergic systems
      in regulating hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion, we
      assessed the direct effects of a multiplicity of catecholamine agonists and
      antagonists on hypothalamic CRH secretion. To accomplish this, we used an in
      vitro rat hypothalamic organ culture system in which CRH secretion from single
      explants was evaluated by a specific RIA (IR-rCRH). Norepinephrine (NE)
      stimulated IR-rCRH secretion dose dependently, with peak effects in the nanomolar
      range. The effect of NE was antagonized by the mixed alpha antagonist
      phentolamine, the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin, and the alpha 2 antagonist
      yohimbine, but not by the beta blocker, L-propanolol. Compatible with these data
      were the findings that the alpha 1 agonist phenylephrine and the alpha 2 agonist
      clonidine both stimulated IR-rCRH secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. On the
      other hand, whereas the beta agonist, isoproterenol, caused a weak, non-dose
      dependent increase in IR-rCRH secretion, this effect could not be antagonized by
      L-propanolol. Despite pretreatment with serotonin and acetylcholine antagonists,
      the effect of NE upon IR-rCRH secretion was undiminished, suggesting that NE
      induced CRH secretion is not mediated by either neurotransmitter. On the other
      hand, pretreatment with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) attenuated NE-induced IR
      rCRH secretion. Whereas epinephrine (E) stimulated IR-rCRH secretion, this
      occurred only at higher concentrations, and was antagonized by phentolamine, but
      not by L-propanolol. Dopamine (DA) had a weak stimulatory effect that could be
      antagonized by the DA1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, but not by phentolamine.
      We conclude that NE and E stimulate hypothalamic IR-rCRH secretion via alpha 1
      and alpha 2 receptors. The effect of NE upon IR-rCRH secretion is not apparently
      mediated by serotonergic or cholinergic interneurons, but is modulated by the
      inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. These data support the idea that the central
      catecholaminergic systems are excitatory rather than inhibitory upon CRH
      secretion when acting directly at the hypothalamic level.

PMID- 2901434
TI  - Inference of a molecular defect of apolipoprotein B in hypobetalipoproteinemia by
      linkage analysis in a large kindred.
AB  - Heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia is characterized by reduced plasma
      concentrations of LDL cholesterol, total triglycerides, and apo B to less than
      50% of normal values. The molecular basis of this disorder remains unknown. The
      phenotype cosegregates with a DNA haplotype of the apo B gene in an Idaho
      pedigree, with a maximum decimal logarithm of the ratio (LOD) score of 7.56 at a
      recombination rate of zero. Individuals carrying this haplotype had total
      cholesterol levels of 96 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol levels of 37 mg/dl, triglycerides
      levels of 51 mg/dl, and apo B levels of 38 mg/dl. This study strongly suggests
      that apo B mutations underlie hypobetalipoproteinemia, and demonstrates the power
      of the candidate gene approach in linkage analysis for unraveling genetic
      determinants in metabolic disorders of undefined etiology.

PMID- 2901435
TI  - Cardioselectivity of cetamolol compared with atenolol and nadolol.
AB  - The selectivity of the beta-adrenoceptor blockade produced by single oral doses
      of cetamolol, atenolol, and nadolol was compared in normal male subjects. Study 1
      established the dose at which each drug provides equivalent beta-1 blockade. Beta
      1 blockade was estimated using the degree of inhibition of the increased heart
      rate (HR) response to graded exercise. Cetamolol (30 mg), atenolol (100 mg), and
      nadolol (80 mg) all attenuated the HR response to a comparable extent. This
      result established that the dose ratio of cetamolol:atenolol:nadolol of
      1.00:3.33:2.67 provides equipotent beta-1 blockade. This ratio of doses was used
      in Studies 2 and 3 to evaluate the antagonism of beta-2-mediated responses to
      titrated doses of intravenous isoproterenol (ISO) by low and high doses of each
      drug. Beta-2 blockade was assessed using the attenuation of ISO-induced
      reductions in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Study 2 and ISO-induced increases
      in specific airway conductance (sGAW) in Study 3. For within drug comparisons,
      antagonism of the HR increase induced by ISO (a response mediated by both beta-1
      and beta-2 receptors) was also examined. Treatments included cetamolol (15 and 60
      mg), atenolol (50 and 200 mg), and nadolol (40 and 160 mg in Study 2; 40 mg only
      in Study 3). All drugs tested suppressed the HR, DBP, and sGAW responses to ISO,
      and this blockade was dose dependent. Cetamolol and nadolol produced
      approximately equipotent beta-1 blockade, whereas cetamolol at both doses
      produced a less potent beta-2 blockade. Atenolol antagonized ISO effects on all
      parameters less than either cetamolol or nadolol. Quantitative cardioselectivity
      indices revealed that cetamolol 60 mg was the most cardioselective and nadolol 40
      mg the least. Data from the three studies demonstrate that cetamolol is
      cardioselective relative to nadolol and that, in contrast to atenolol,
      cardioselectivity appears to increase at the higher dose.

PMID- 2901436
TI  - Geriatric medicine in the United States: new roles for physician assistants.
AB  - The problem of adequate medical care for the nation's elderly is mounting as this
      population grows in numbers. While the overall U.S. population has tripled since
      1900, the segment over 65 has increased eightfold. Because of the high incidence
      of chronic illness in persons over 65, they consume a disproportionate amount of
      health care. Contributing to the problem are pervasive attitudes of ageism in the
      U.S. culture (including those of physicians), with the result that old people in
      the U.S. receive fragmented and often substandard medical care, particularly in
      nursing homes. Although some stirrings of activity in geriatric medicine are
      apparent in medical schools, not nearly enough faculty are available to teach
      courses and the interest of medical students is low. Several trends indicate that
      physician assistants are prepared to help fill the gaps in health care of the
      elderly. First, as physician extenders, these allied health professionals have
      demonstrated that they can perform approximately 80% of primary care tasks
      carried out by physicians at no sacrifice of quality. Second, a large proportion
      of the current caseload of physician assistants is patients over the age of 65.
      Third, physician assistant training programs have incorporated a fivefold
      increase in geriatric courses into their curricula since 1980, and both students
      and graduates show a high interest in this field. Finally, reimbursement policies
      of third party payers indicate a trend toward underwriting more physician
      assistant services. For example, Medicare Part B recently included payment of
      physician assistants in nursing homes and hospitals.

PMID- 2901437
TI  - Neuropeptide- and neurotransmitter-related immunoreactivities in the developing
      rat olfactory bulb.
AB  - The development of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter-related immunoreactivities
      in the rat olfactory bulb were investigated immunohistochemically by using
      antisera raised against substance P (SP), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK), neurotensin
      (NT), leucine-enkephalin or methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK),
      somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Results
      obtained for the adult olfactory bulb confirmed previous observations, except for
      SP-like immunoreactive (SP-IR) granule cells in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and
      NT-IR neurons around the modified glomerular complex (MGC) (Teicher et al., Brain
      Res. 194:530-535, 1980). SP-, CCK- and NT-IR neurons were observed in the MOB of
      the rat fetus. SP-IR neurons also appeared in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB).
      Among them, NT-IR neurons in the MOB and SP-IR neurons in the AOB were observed
      on embryonic day 16. SP- and CCK-IR neurons in the MOB appeared on embryonic day
      18. Most of these neurons were presumed to be projecting neurons. SOM-, NPY-, ENK
      and TH-IR neurons appeared in the newborn rats. The number and intensity of
      immunostaining of these neurons continued to increase with age, producing the
      adult pattern, except for NT-IR neurons in the MGC and SP-IR neurons in the
      mitral cell layer of the AOB, which were more numerous and intensely stained in
      young animals.

PMID- 2901438
TI  - Neurochemical organization of the hypothalamic projection to the spinal cord in
      the rat.
AB  - The hypothalamus provides a major projection to the spinal cord that innervates
      primarily lamina I of the dorsal horn and the sympathetic and parasympathetic
      preganglionic cell columns. We have examined the chemical organization of the
      neurons that contribute to this pathway by using combined retrograde transport of
      fluorescent dyes and immunohistochemistry for 15 different putative
      neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes. Our results demonstrate that 5
      cytoarchitectonically distinct cell groups in the hypothalamus contribute to the
      spinal projection and that each has its own predominant chemical types. In the
      paraventricular nucleus, substantial numbers of hypothalamo-spinal neurons stain
      with antisera against arginine vasopressin (25-35%), oxytocin (20-25%), and met
      enkephalin (10%). About 25% of the neurons with spinal projections in the
      retrochiasmatic area stain with an antiserum against alpha-melanocyte-stimulating
      hormone. Nearly 100% of the hypothalamo-spinal neurons in the tuberal lateral
      hypothalamic area stain with this same antiserum, but these cells do not stain
      for other proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides, and so probably contain a cross
      reacting peptide. This population must be distinguished from an adjacent cell
      group, in the perifornical region, where many spinal projection neurons stain
      with antisera against dynorphin (25%) or atrial natriuretic peptide (20%).
      Finally, in the dorsal hypothalamic area as many as 55-75% of the neurons with
      spinal projections are dopaminergic, on the basis of their staining with an
      antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase. These 5 neurochemically distinct
      projections from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are discussed in the context
      of their possible functional significance.

PMID- 2901439
TI  - Catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla and nucleus of the
      solitary tract in the human.
AB  - Catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and nucleus of the
      solitary tract (NTS) are important because of their presumed roles in autonomic
      regulation, including the tonic and reflex control of arterial pressure,
      neuroendocrine functions, and the chemosensitivity associated with the ventral
      medullary surface. However, little is known about the connections of these
      neurons in the human brain. As a first step in analyzing the functional
      biochemical anatomy of catecholamine neurons in the human, we used antisera
      against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
      (PNMT) to localize medullary catecholamine-containing neurons and processes in
      the VLM and the NTS. Cells staining for TH were located throughout the VLM. Most
      cells staining for TH and PNMT, which are therefore adrenergic, occurred in an
      area of the VLM probably corresponding to the rostroventrolateral reticular
      nucleus. Axons of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the VLM projected (1) dorsally, in
      a series of parallel transtegmental trajectories, toward the dorsomedial
      reticular formation, the NTS, and vagal motor nucleus, (2) longitudinally,
      through the central tegmental field, as fascicles running parallel to the
      neuraxis, (3) ventrolaterally toward the ventral surface (VS) of the rostral VLM
      where they appeared to terminate, and (4) medially into the raphe, where they
      arborized. Similar systems of fibers were labeled for PNMT; the longitudinal
      bundles of PNMT-labeled axons were limited to the principal tegmental bundle and
      concentrated dorsally. Fibers containing PNMT were also identified in the
      medullary raphe, on the medullary ventral surface, and contacting
      intraparenchymal blood vessels. In the NTS, neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to
      both TH and PNMT: Four principal subgroups of TH-immunoreactive neurons were
      seen: a ventral, an intermediate, a medial, and a dorsal group. Perikarya
      containing PNMT were restricted to the dorsolateral aspect of the NTS. Processes
      containing TH and PNMT immunoreactivity were identified in the medial and
      dorsolateral NTS; others appeared to project between the NTS and the VLM and
      within the solitary tract. The presence of catecholaminergic fibers of the VLM
      interconnecting with the NTS, raphe, intraparenchymal microvessels, VS, and
      possibly the spinal cord suggests that the autonomic and chemoreceptor functions
      attributed to these neurons also may apply to the human.

PMID- 2901440
TI  - Diagnostic approach and proposed criteria for the clinical diagnosis of
      Takayasu's arteriopathy.
AB  - The criteria proposed for the clinical diagnosis of Takayasu's disease (chronic
      inflammatory arteriopathy of unknown origin) were based on clinical and
      angiographic data from 108 Japanese patients: 96 with Takayasu's disease and 12
      with another disease of the aorta. The criteria consist of one obligatory
      criterion (age less than or equal to 40 years), two major criteria (left and
      right mid subclavian artery lesions) and nine minor criteria (high erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate, common carotid artery tenderness, hypertension, aortic
      regurgitation or annuloaortic ectasia and lesions of the pulmonary artery, left
      mid common carotid artery, distal brachiocephalic trunk, thoracic aorta and
      abdominal aorta). In addition to the obligatory criterion, the presence of two
      major criteria or of one major plus two or more minor criteria, or of four or
      more minor criteria suggests a high probability of the presence of Takayasu's
      disease. The criteria had an 84% sensitivity in 96 patients with this disease: 52
      (96%) of 54 patients in the active young group, 8 (80%) of 10 in the active older
      group, 14 (67%) of 21 in the inactive young group and 7 (64%) of 11 in the
      inactive older group fulfilled the criteria; however, none of the 12 patients
      with other aortic diseases did so. Use of these criteria has shortened the delay
      of an accurate diagnosis in patients with Takayasu's disease.

PMID- 2901441
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine and catecholamines in developing sympathetic cells of the
      rat.
AB  - Appearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in developing sympathetic cells of
      prenatal rats was studied using the indirect immunofluorescence method. In
      consecutive sections, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was considered
      as a marker for catecholamine-synthesizing cells in general, while
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) immunoreactivity was used as an
      indicator of adrenaline synthesis. 5-HT immunoreactivity was observed for the
      first time in 12.5-day-old embryos in developing sympathetic chain ganglia. On
      day 13.5, 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were first seen on the preaortic region and
      on day 14.5 in the developing adrenal gland. Comparison with consecutive sections
      stained for TH revealed that all TH-immunoreactive cells were also 5-HT
      immunoreactive. During later development, however, 5-HT immunoreactivity was
      retained by some cell types in each sympathetic tissue. In the ganglia, most
      developing principal nerve cells gradually lost their 5-HT immunoreactivity,
      while all so-called small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells remained intensely 5
      HT-immunoreactive. In the adrenal medulla, all catecholamine-containing cells
      showed 5-HT immunoreactivity until day 16.5. The first adrenaline-synthesizing
      cells appeared at this stage. Occasionally on day 16.5 and constantly on day 17.5
      noradrenaline cell islets were distinguished among adrenaline cells. The
      adrenaline cells retained intense 5-HT immunoreactivity, while the noradrenaline
      cells were non-reactive to it. In the main retroperitoneal paraganglion, two
      noradrenaline cell populations were distinguished from day 15.5, one being 5-HT
      immunoreactive and the other non-reactive. A third population appeared in this
      tissue at the time of birth, consisting of adrenaline-synthesizing cells which
      were also 5-HT-immunoreactive. These results indicate that the 3 sympathetic
      tissues undergo similar developmental changes: 5-HT immunoreactivity occurs in
      conjunction with the initiation of catecholamine synthesis and appears first in
      all catecholamine cells. During maturation it is confined to certain
      subpopulations in each tissue, i.e. the SIF cells and some principal nerve cells
      of the ganglion, the adrenaline cells of the adrenal medulla, the adrenaline
      cells and some noradrenaline cells of the paraganglionic tissue.

PMID- 2901442
TI  - Olsalazine as an alternative therapy in a patient with sulfasalazine-induced
      eosinophilic pneumonia.
AB  - A man with Crohn's colitis developed eosinophilic pneumonia after treatment with
      sulfasalazine. Challenge with sulfapyridine revealed that this component of
      sulfasalazine was the likely causative agent. Treatment with olsalazine, a 5
      aminosalicylic acid compound (disodium-azodisalicylate), was well tolerated
      without recurrence of pulmonary symptoms.

PMID- 2901443
TI  - Does sulfasalazine induce alopecia?

PMID- 2901444
TI  - Evidence for multigene control of cryptorchidism in swine.
AB  - The mode of inheritance of cryptorchidism was investigated in Duroc swine.
      Matings of cryptorchid males with females whose full-sib brothers were
      cryptorchids were done. Sixteen of these litters were farrowed, and 54 males were
      born, of which 8 were cryptorchid. Two hypotheses were examined: first, that this
      trait is controlled by homozygosity of a recessive gene at a single locus;
      second, that it is controlled by homozygosity of recessive genes at two loci. The
      single-locus recessive hypothesis was rejected (P less than .01), but the two
      locus model was not. Culling to reduce the incidence of cryptorchidism is
      discussed.

PMID- 2901445
TI  - All CD2-positive human lymphocytes rosette with sheep erythrocytes in the
      presence of polyethylene glycol.
AB  - The efficiency of rosette formation between human peripheral resting lymphocytes
      and sheep erythrocytes (E) is remarkably increased in the presence of 1-4%
      polyethylene glycol of MW 10,000 (PEG). In fact, all CD2 ('sheep E receptor')
      positive lymphocytes formed rosettes. CD2 positivity was assayed by
      immunofluorescence staining with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Leu 5b. PEG also
      induced autologous E rosetting which otherwise did not take place under the usual
      conditions. The specificity of the rosettes was assessed by blocking CD2 with mAb
      Leu 5b and by blocking the CD2 target structure (T11TS) on the sheep E with the
      mAb L180/1. The mAb Leu 5b abolished all rosette formation, but mAb L180/1 only
      abolished the sheep E rosettes as this mAb is specific for sheep E and does not
      cross-react with human E. The results indicate that sheep E in the presence of
      PEG specifically rosette with all CD2-positive lymphocytes.

PMID- 2901446
TI  - Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect
      hemagglutination (IHA), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), and immunodiffusion
      (ID) in the serodiagnosis of amebiasis.

PMID- 2901447
TI  - Advances in cancer pain management: a review of patient-controlled analgesia.

PMID- 2901448
TI  - Molecular aspect on regulation of HTLV-1 replication and leukemogenesis.

PMID- 2901449
TI  - Bacterial adherence in urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2901450
TI  - HTLV-1 infection due to mother milk and blood transfusion.

PMID- 2901451
TI  - HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM).

PMID- 2901452
TI  - Comments on adult T cell leukemia.

PMID- 2901453
TI  - Strongyloides infection and bacterial meningitis in immunocompromised host,
      especially anti-HTLV-1 antibody positive patients.

PMID- 2901454
TI  - Testicular cancer in young men: the search for causes of the epidemic increase in
      the United States.
AB  - A case-control study of 271 men with testicular cancer and 259 controls was
      conducted in the Washington, DC area to evaluate whether suggested risk factors
      could be responsible for the epidemic increases in testicular cancer in young
      men. No substantial risks were associated with a history of groin hernia
      operation, the common childhood diseases, allergies, x rays below the waist,
      venereal disease, vasectomy, or external means of elevating the temperature of
      the testis. Excess risks were associated with a history of undescended testis (RR
      = 3.7, CI = 1.5-9.5), testicular trauma (RR = 2.6, CI = 1.6-4.2), and mumps
      orchitis (RR = 5.8, CI = 0.7-129.7). It is unlikely, however, that any of these
      conditions has increased sufficiently over time to markedly affect the testicular
      cancer incidence patterns. Therefore, while the risk factors identified in this
      paper are of epidemiological interest, they do not account for the increase in
      testicular cancer in young men.

PMID- 2901455
TI  - The value of England and Wales congenital malformation notification scheme data
      for epidemiology: male genital tract malformations.
AB  - Data from the England and Wales national congenital malformation notification
      scheme were examined for associations of male genital tract malformations. For
      some of the malformations comparison of notification rates with the literature
      suggested gross undernotification. There was also evidence suggesting bias:
      examination of the relationships of the malformations to birth weight, maternal
      parity, and maternal age at delivery showed some highly significant trends in
      risk, most of which were at variance with findings in the literature, and several
      potential mechanisms for bias could be adduced. Direct investigation is needed,
      for this and other similar data sets, of the extent and mechanisms of biased
      undernotification.

PMID- 2901456
TI  - Release of neuroactive substances: homocysteic acid as an endogenous agonist of
      the NMDA receptor.
AB  - Sulfur containing amino acids such as homocysteic acid (HCA), cysteinsulfinic
      acid, homocysteinsulfinic acid are released by depolarization of slices from
      various rat brain regions in a Ca++-dependent manner. L-HCA excites caudate
      neurons through their N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor and potentiates
      their cortically evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials. 35S-methionine can
      label the releasable pool of HCA, and thus appears as a precursor of HCA. Thus
      HCA is a transmitter candidate which acts predominantly on the NMDA receptor.

PMID- 2901457
TI  - Anticonvulsant drug action and regional neurotransmitter amino acid changes.
AB  - The role played by the inhibitory transmitters, GABA, glycine and taurine, and by
      excitatory (aspartate/glutamate) antagonists in mediating anticonvulsant action
      will be documented. This study provides examples of one anticonvulsant compound
      that affects glycine metabolism (milacemide), and another that affects aspartate
      metabolism (beta-methylene-aspartate). Beta-Methylene-aspartate, a selective
      inhibitor of glutamate-aspartate transaminase activity, protects against sound
      induced seizures in audiogenic DBA/2 mice, with an ED50 value of 1.9 mumoles
      (icv; clonic phase). Forebrain and cerebellar aspartate, glutamate and GABA
      levels are reduced by 15-30% following the administration of beta-methylene
      aspartate. Milacemide, a glycinamide derivative with experimental and clinical
      anticonvulsant activity, is ineffective against sound-induced seizures in DBA/2
      mice. Following the ip administration of milacemide (100 mg/kg; 3 hours) there
      were significant increases in rat brain glycine levels in the cerebellum (+137%),
      cortex (+45%) and hippocampus (+59%).

PMID- 2901458
TI  - A two-dimensional electrophoresis study of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
      of chromaffin cell proteins in response to a secretory stimulus.
AB  - Phosphorylated proteins of bovine chromaffin cells, radioactively labeled with
      [32P]orthophosphate, have been analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and autoradiography. Complex two-dimensional electrophoretograms
      were studied with the aid of computer-assisted image analysis (CAIA). A database
      map of 32P-labeled proteins was constructed; approximately 500 polypeptides have
      been detected, numbered, and characterized according to the intensity of
      labeling, molecular weight, and isoelectric point. The database was constructed
      from cells kept in resting conditions or stimulated with 59 mM K+ in 2.5 mM Ca2+
      or in 0 Ca2+ solution. These manipulations caused statistically significant
      changes in the degree of phosphorylation of 20 proteins; they were classified as
      Ca2+-dependent substrates for the phosphorylation or dephosphorylation processes.
      These changes were also shown in cells stimulated in the presence of the Ca2+
      channel activator Bay K 8644. New proteins that show as much as a fivefold
      increase in their phosphorylation state during cell stimulation have been located
      with this methodology, as well as many others that had not previously been
      detected with conventional methods. These experiments provide the first CAIA
      database of chromaffin cell phosphoproteins; the map constructed with these data
      will allow the location of specific phosphoproteins and serve as a reference for
      future ongoing studies. The database will continue to grow to identify more
      proteins and to facilitate the comparison of complex patterns obtained in
      different laboratories for normal and transformed pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

PMID- 2901459
TI  - Phorbol esters attenuate glutamate-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in
      neuronal cultures.
AB  - The phorbol diesters 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol
      12,13-dibutyrate, but not 4-alpha-phorbol-didecanoate, inhibited the stimulation
      of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by excitatory amino acids and carbamylcholine
      in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons. This inhibition was mimicked by the
      synthetic diacylglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-rac-glycerol (DOG) and was selective for a
      specific glutamate-phosphoinositide receptor subtype (GP2 receptor) activated by
      glutamate and quisqualate. TPA was nearly inactive in inhibiting the stimulation
      of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by N-methyl-D-aspartate, a selective agonist
      of the GP1 receptor. Phorbol diesters and DOG attenuated the stimulation of
      inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by glutamate and quisqualate also in cerebellar
      slices from 9-15-day-old rats; however, using this preparation, their action was
      weak and required high concentrations (greater than 1 microM). The inhibition of
      signal transduction by phorbol diesters was not consequent to a reduced binding
      of glutamate to its membrane recognition sites. In fact, TPA induced only a small
      increase in the KD but no change in the Bmax of [3H]glutamate binding in
      cerebellar membranes. Phorbol diesters may act to inhibit specific GTP-binding
      proteins or particular molecular forms of phosphoinositidase C associated with
      GP2 or muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

PMID- 2901460
TI  - ATP-dependent glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles from cerebellar mutant
      mice.
AB  - The ATP-dependent glutamate uptake system in synaptic vesicles prepared from
      mouse cerebellum was characterized, and the levels of glutamate uptake were
      investigated in the cerebellar mutant mice, staggerer and weaver, whose main
      defect is the loss of cerebellar granule cells, and the nervous mutant, whose
      main defect is the loss of Purkinje cells. The ATP-dependent glutamate uptake is
      stimulated by low concentrations of chloride, is insensitive to aspartate, and is
      inhibited by agents known to dissipate the electrochemical proton gradient. These
      properties are similar to those of the glutamate uptake system observed in the
      highly purified synaptic vesicles prepared from bovine cortex. The ATP-dependent
      glutamate uptake system is reduced by 68% in the staggerer and 57-67% in the
      weaver mutant; these reductions parallel the substantial loss of granule cells in
      those mutants. In contrast, the cerebellar levels of glutamate uptake are not
      altered significantly in the nervous mutant, which has lost Purkinje cells, but
      not granule cells. In view of evidence that granule cells are glutamatergic
      neurons and Purkinje cells are GABAergic neurons, these observations support the
      notion that the ATP-dependent glutamate uptake system is present in synaptic
      vesicles of glutamatergic neurons.

PMID- 2901461
TI  - Source and physiological significance of plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the
      rat.
AB  - To elucidate the source and physiological significance of plasma 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine, the immediate product of the rate-limiting step in
      catecholamine biosynthesis, plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine was quantified in
      conscious rats after administration of reserpine, desipramine, clorgyline, or
      forskolin, treatments that affect tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Plasma 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine was also examined during infusions of norepinephrine with
      or without clorgyline, reserpine, or desipramine pretreatment. After reserpine,
      the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine level decreased by 22% and then increased
      by 40%, a result consistent with modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      first by an increased axoplasmic norepinephrine content and then by depletion of
      norepinephrine stores. After desipramine, the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
      level decreased by 20%, reflecting the depressant effect of neuronal uptake
      blockade on norepinephrine turnover. Forskolin increased the plasma 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine level by 30%, consistent with activation of tyrosine
      hydroxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation. Acute administration of
      clorgyline was without effect on the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine level.
      Norepinephrine infusions decreased the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
      concentration, as expected from end-product inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase.
      Pretreatment with desipramine prevented the norepinephrine-induced decrease in
      plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine content, indicating that inhibition of tyrosine
      hydroxylase required neuronal uptake of norepinephrine. Both reserpine and
      clorgyline augmented the norepinephrine-induced decrease in plasma 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine level, suggesting that retention of norepinephrine in the
      axoplasm--due to inhibition of norepinephrine sequestration into storage vesicles
      or catabolism--caused further inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase. Changes in
      plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine concentration during norepinephrine infusions
      were negatively correlated with those in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol level,
      a finding consistent with modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by
      axoplasmic norepinephrine. In reserpinized animals, clorgyline and norepinephrine
      infusion together decreased the plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine content by 50%,
      a result demonstrating that hydroxylation of tyrosine was depressed by at least
      half. The results indicate that quantification of plasma 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine can provide a simple and direct approach for examination
      of the rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis.

PMID- 2901462
TI  - Butyrylcholinesterase in human brain and acetylcholinesterase in human plasma:
      trace enzymes measured by two-site immunoassay.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and for
      butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were markedly more specific than conventional
      assays using selective enzyme inhibitors. The new assays were used with blood and
      brain samples containing traces of one enzyme dominated by large amounts of the
      other. The results showed that human plasma does contain AChE (8 ng/ml), even
      though its major cholinesterase is BuChE (3,300 ng/ml). BuChE immunoreactivity
      was not detected in human red blood cells but occurred in all brain regions. The
      cerebellum was the richest region tested (540 ng of BuChE/g of tissue), whereas
      the cerebral cortex was the poorest (240 ng of BuChE/g). However, because of the
      small local AChE content (99 ng/g), BuChE was the major cortical cholinesterase.
      The picture was reversed in the putamen, where BuChE immunoreactivity (340 ng/g)
      was far outweighed by that of AChE (6,100 ng/g).

PMID- 2901463
TI  - Inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by ascorbate in vitro and in rat
      PC12 cells.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase activity is reversibly modulated by the actions of a number
      of protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. A previous report from this
      laboratory showed that low-molecular-weight substances present in striatal
      extracts lead to an irreversible loss of tyrosine hydroxylase activity under
      cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation conditions. We report here that ascorbate is
      one agent that inactivates striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity with an EC50 of
      5.9 microM under phosphorylating conditions. Much higher concentrations (100 mM)
      fail to inactivate the enzyme under nonphosphorylating conditions. Isoascorbate
      (EC50, 11 microM) and dehydroascorbate (EC50, 970 microM) also inactivated
      tyrosine hydroxylase under phosphorylating but not under nonphosphorylating
      conditions. In contrast, ascorbate sulfate was inactive under phosphorylating
      conditions at concentrations up to 100 mM. Since the reduced compounds generate
      several reactive species in the presence of oxygen, the possible protecting
      effects of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were examined. None of
      these three enzymes, however, afforded any protection against inactivation. We
      also examined the effects of ascorbate and its congeners on the activity of
      tyrosine hydroxylase purified to near homogeneity from a rat pheochromocytoma.
      This purified enzyme was also inactivated by the same agents that inactivated the
      impure corpus striatal enzyme. Under conditions in which ascorbate almost
      completely abolished enzyme activity, we found no indication for significant
      proteolysis of the purified enzyme as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We also found that pretreatment of PC12 cells
      in culture for 4 h with 1 mM ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, or isoascorbate (but
      not ascorbate sulfate) also decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity 25
      50%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901464
TI  - Identification and function of octopamine and tyramine conjugates in the Limulus
      visual system.
AB  - Major metabolites of octopamine and tyramine in the Limulus nervous system are
      identified here as gamma-glutamyl octopamine and gamma-glutamyl tyramine. We show
      that these conjugates are normal products of amine metabolism in Limulus, and
      that they are normally present in octopamine-rich Limulus tissues. The synthesis
      of these conjugates is not restricted to nervous tissue, but the highest activity
      of gamma-glutamyl amine synthetase was measured in the CNS. Our interest in these
      molecules stems from our previous observations which showed that they were
      synthesized and stored in, and released from, the efferent fibers to Limulus eyes
      which modulate the sensitivity of the eyes to light. Here we provide direct
      evidence for the release of the conjugates from Limulus eyes in response to
      depolarization, and that gamma-glutamyl octopamine can increase the sensitivity
      of the lateral eye to light. Our observations lend support to the hypothesis that
      gamma-glutamyl octopamine may serve as an intercellular messenger in the Limulus
      visual system.

PMID- 2901466
TI  - Madreporic coral: a new bone graft substitute for cranial surgery.
AB  - Since 1985, the authors have been using madreporic coral fragments (genera
      Porites) as a bone graft substitute. Of the 167 coral grafts implanted, 150 were
      coral "corks" used to obliterate burr holes (diameter 10 mm), five were large
      implants (length 20 to 40 mm) to repair skull defects, and 12 were coral blocks
      to reconstruct the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. Previous experimental
      studies suggested that coral grafts would be well tolerated and become partially
      reossified as the calcific skeleton was resorbed. The authors describe their
      experience and detail the main biological properties of these materials, which
      appear to be very promising for use in cranial reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2901465
TI  - Importance of glutamine for gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis in rat neostriatum
      in vivo.
AB  - This work was carried out to evaluate the importance of glial cells in providing
      precursors for the in vivo synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
      Fluorocitrate, which selectively inhibits the tricarboxylic acid cycle in glial
      cells, was administered locally in rat neostriatum. Inhibition of the glial cell
      tricarboxylic acid cycle led to a decrease both in glutamine level and in gamma
      vinyl GABA (GVG)-induced GABA accumulation, an observation indicating reduced
      GABA synthesis. The role of glutamine, which is synthesized in glial cells as a
      precursor for GABA, was further investigated by inhibition of glutamine
      synthetase with intrastriatally administered methionine sulfoximine. In this
      case, the glutamine level was reduced to near zero values, and the GVG-induced
      GABA accumulation was only half that of normal. The results show that glutamine
      is an important precursor for GABA synthesis, but it cannot be the sole precursor
      because it was not possible to depress the GVG-induced GABA accumulation
      completely.

PMID- 2901467
TI  - Evaluation of the sorbent suspension reciprocating dialyser in the treatment of
      overdose of paracetamol and phenobarbitone.
AB  - Poisoning with paracetamol (acetaminophen) and phenobarbitone is a common
      occurrence in the United States and Europe. The removal efficiency of these drugs
      by a sorbent suspension reciprocating dialyser (SSRD) has been investigated. The
      SSRD is a parallel plate dialyser with a reciprocating blood flow and free mobile
      sorbent suspension composed of charcoal and zeolites. This arrangement provided a
      system with minimal sorbent saturation. High performance liquid chromatography
      was used for the quantification of the drugs in aqueous and serum fluids. The in
      vitro removal efficiency of the dialyser was studied by dialysing a large volume
      of the drug in solution for 12 to 16 h. The removal efficiency remained
      relatively constant up to 10 h of dialysis. The in-vivo dialysis studies were
      performed using normal dogs. Large doses of the drugs were administered orally or
      intravenously to achieve high blood levels. The clearance values obtained from
      these studies were comparable with, or in excess of, the values reported in the
      literature for conventional dialysers. The major advantage of the SSRD is the
      ability of the unit to be used for prolonged dialysis and to provide a system
      with minimal sorbent saturation due to mixing and interchange of sorbent granules
      next to the membrane surface.

PMID- 2901468
TI  - Theophylline metabolism by human, rabbit and rat liver microsomes and by purified
      forms of cytochrome P450.
AB  - The capacity of human, rabbit and rat liver microsomes and purified isozymes of
      cytochrome P450 to metabolize theophylline has been assessed. In all three
      species the 8-hydroxylation of theophylline to 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU)
      was the major pathway. In human, control rabbit and rat liver microsomes this
      metabolite accounted for 59, 77 and 94%, respectively, of the total metabolites
      formed. In both human and control rabbit liver microsomes the N-demethylation of
      theophylline to 1-methylxanthine (1-MX) accounted for 20% of the total
      metabolites formed. N-demethylation of theophylline to 3-methylxanthine (3-MX)
      accounted for 21% of theophylline metabolism in human microsomes but was a minor
      pathway in control rabbit and rat microsomes. Acetone and phenobarbitone
      pretreatment markedly increased the formation of 1,3-DMU by rabbit liver
      microsomes. Rifampicin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
      administration caused a slight but significant increase in this pathway. In
      general the N-demethylation pathways in rabbit liver microsomes were refractory
      to induction. In the rat, the metabolism of theophylline to 1-MX, 3-MX and 1,3
      DMU were all significantly increased in Aroclor 1254, dexamethasone,
      phenobarbitone and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated microsomes. In reconstitution
      experiments the polycyclic hydrocarbon inducible rabbit cytochrome P450 Forms 4
      and 6 and the constitutive Form 3b all metabolized theophylline to its three
      metabolites. In human liver microsomes from four subjects anti-rabbit cytochrome
      P450 Form 4 IgG inhibited the metabolism of theophylline to 1-MX, 3-MX and 1,3
      DMU by approximately 30%. These data indicate that theophylline is metabolized by
      multiple forms of cytochrome P450 in human, rabbit and rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 2901469
TI  - The effect of varying percentages of haemodilution with fluosol-DA or normal
      saline on antipyrine metabolism in the rat.
AB  - Antipyrine disposition and metabolism in conscious, unrestrained rats after 25 or
      50% haemodilution with Fluosol or normal (0.9% NaCl) saline is reported. Rats
      received an intravenous antipyrine dose (20 mg kg-1) 0.5, 24, 48, or 72 h after
      haemodilution and its pharmacokinetic parameters have been compared with non
      exchanged control animals. Haemodilution 25% with Fluosol initially depressed
      antipyrine metabolism for 24 h by decreasing the antipyrine urinary excretion
      rate constant and the formation rate constants of 4-hydroxyantipyrine (4-OH) and
      3-hydroxymethylantipyrine (3-OHME). Metabolism was then increased for 48 and 72 h
      with a slight increase in all rate constants. Haemodilution 50% with Fluosol
      produced a similar pattern but with significant increases in the 3-OHME formation
      rate constant found at 48 and 72 h. Haemodilution 25% with saline reduced 4-OH
      formation for 48 h. Haemodilution 50% with saline significantly reduced
      antipyrine urinary excretion at all times. After a significant increase in the 4
      OH and 3-OHME formation rate constants at 24 h following 50% haemodilution with
      saline, the rate constants were significantly decreased at 48 and 72 h.
      Haemodilution 25% with Flusol significantly reduced the antipyrine Vd at 0.5 and
      72 h. After haemodilution 50% with Fluosol, the Vd alternated between values
      greater and less than control throughout the 72 h. Haemodilution 25 or 50% with
      saline had little influence on Vd.

PMID- 2901470
TI  - The oral disposition of zinc following the use of an anticalculus toothpaste
      containing 0.5% zinc citrate.
AB  - Zinc is retained in the mouth after use of a toothpaste containing 0.5% zinc
      citrate. More than one third of the dose was found to be retained after normal
      brushing. Elevated zinc levels were also found in plaque. Saliva zinc levels were
      significantly above background for at least 2 h after brushing. In-vitro
      experiments demonstrated that zinc can bind to the pellicle-coated tooth surface
      and can subsequently adsorb into saliva. Plaque can calcify to form calculus
      containing appreciable levels of hydroxyapatite. Zinc adsorbs to hydroxyapatite
      inhibiting crystal growth. Levels of zinc in plaque were found to be considerably
      higher than those taken up by hydroxyapatite in an in-vitro test of crystal
      growth inhibition indicating the potential of zinc to inhibit calculus formation.

PMID- 2901471
TI  - Sex-related differences in disposition and response to phenprocoumon in rats.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacological response to phenprocoumon have been
      studied in female and male inbred Lewis-Wistar rats. A significantly lower
      clearance was found in female than in male rats (7.9 +/- 1.4 vs 24.5 +/- 2.5 mL h
      1 kg-1, respectively; t = 15.09, P less than 0.001) as well as a lower apparent
      volume of distribution (288 +/- 46 vs 617 +/- 105 mL kg-1; t = 7.58, P less than
      0.001) and a longer half-life (25.5 +/- 3.4 vs 17.5 +/- 1.8 h; t = 5.16, P less
      than 0.001). The binding of phenprocoumon was higher in female than in male rats
      (fu: 0.0096 +/ 0.0008 vs 0.0124 +/- 0.0007, respectively; t = 6.66, P less than
      0.001). The total (C) as well as the unbound concentration (Cu) needed to elicit
      a 50% decrease in the prothrombin complex synthesis rate was substantially higher
      in female rats: C50 was 377 +/- 98 ng mL-1 in female and 155 +/- 29 ng mL-1 in
      male rats (t = 5.32, P less than 0.001), whereas Cu50 was 3.6 +/- 0.7 ng mL-1 in
      female and 1.9 +/- 0.3 ng mL-1 in male rats (t = 5.50, P less than 0.001).
      However, because of the lower clearance and volume of distribution and the longer
      half-life in female rats, the female rats experienced a higher cumulative effect
      than male rats to 0.34 mg kg-1 i.v. doses.

PMID- 2901472
TI  - Cardiovascular and renal actions of calcium channel blocker chemical subgroups: a
      search for renal specificity.
AB  - The diuretic and natriuretic responses to structurally distinct classes of Ca2+
      channel blockers have been compared, to determine whether any agent provoked K+
      sparing natriuresis, and to assess the relation of such responses with drug
      effects on blood pressure. Conscious normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats received
      vehicle or one of the following drugs in an oral saline load (40 mL kg-1)
      nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine, prenylamine, cinnarizine, flunarizine,
      diltiazem, verapamil, hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride, or hydralazine, at doses
      from 0.316 to 100 mg kg-1. Urine was collected for 6h. Blood pressure was
      monitored directly in parallel studies. Diltiazem (31.6, 100 mg kg-1) and
      flunarizine (100 mg.kg-1) enhanced urine and electrolyte excretion in spite of
      marked hypotension; diltiazem was the only drug to produce dose-related renal
      responses. In contrast, equihypotensive doses of hydralazine and nifedipine
      produced overt urine and electrolyte retention. Nitrendipine and prenylamine
      (0.316 mg kg-1 each) produced slight diuresis or natriuresis without altering
      blood pressure; higher doses had no effect. The 31.6 mg kg-1 doses of verapamil,
      nitrendipine, and nimodipine markedly reduced blood pressure, but neither
      enhanced nor limited urine and electrolyte excretion. Cinnarizine failed to
      produce any cardiovascular or renal effects. Diuretic responses evoked by the
      Ca2+ channel blockers were not class-specific, showed no tendency towards sparing
      K+, were generally weaker than those produced by low doses of amiloride or
      hydrochlorothiazide, and were dissociable from drug-induced changes in blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2901473
TI  - Comparison of the in-vitro receptor selectivity of substituted benzamide drugs
      for brain neurotransmitter receptors.
AB  - The in-vitro selectivity of a group of substituted benzamide drugs for brain
      neurotransmitter receptors was determined to assess the most appropriate drugs
      for use in human PET studies. All substituted benzamide drugs studied inhibited
      [3H]haloperidol and [3H]spiperone binding to rat striatal membranes. The most
      potent compounds were YM 09151-2, clebopride and raclopride. However, these
      substances also interacted in differing degrees with alpha-1, alpha-2, beta
      adrenergic, 5-HT-1, 5-HT-2, and opiate sites. Sulpiride, alizapride, SL 74205,
      TER 1546 and tiapride were specific for D-2 receptors, but these drugs were
      active only in the 10(-7)-10(-6) M range. Raclopride, amisulpiride and sultopride
      showed a 100-1000 differentiation between action on dopamine sites compared with
      other neurotransmitter receptors. No such selectivity was observed for clebopride
      or YM 09151-2. Specific substituted benzamides such as alizapride, may be
      appropriate in high concentrations for defining the interaction of PET ligands
      with brain dopamine receptors. More potent, but selective, drugs such as
      raclopride and amisulpiride, may be effective in low concentrations as ligands
      for labelling dopamine receptor sites. However, the ability of these various
      substituted benzamide drugs to penetrate into brain and in-vivo to identify
      dopamine receptors in all brain areas must be assessed.

PMID- 2901474
TI  - A three dimensional receptor model of the dopamine D2 receptor from computer
      graphic analyses of D2 agonists.
AB  - Four potent D2 agonists were employed to define a primary pharmacophore for the
      D2 receptor. Hypothetical receptor points, representing interaction points on a
      receptor were built on to each molecule. These points and the nitrogen atom were
      averaged to give the coordinates (A) of the primary pharmacophore: R1 (0.00,
      3.50, 0.00), R2 (0.00, -3.50, 0.00), R3 (5.79, 2.06, 0.00), and nitrogen (5.13, 
      0.63, 0.37). Eight structural classes of D2 agonists were then superimposed on to
      the primary pharmacophore to aid in the location of secondary binding sites. The
      secondary sites include two lipophilic clefts, an area of steric bulk, a region
      to hydrogen bond 'meta' hydroxy groups and a 'critical region' accepting methoxy
      and halogen substituents but not hydroxy substituents. The model has the
      potential to design and predict activity of novel D2 agonist compounds.

PMID- 2901475
TI  - High speed photographic analysis of aerosols produced by metered dose inhalers.
AB  - The design of pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDI) used to assess asthma is
      variable. We have examined the aerosol spray flumes generated by four
      commercially available MDI products using high speed video photography. For this
      purpose a moulded jacket was designed which could hold the inhaler in an
      immovable position during actuation. Fresh inhalers were fitted in the jacket
      after thorough shaking and three successive actuations 30 s apart were filmed
      with a high speed video camera (200 frames s-1). The aerosol, ejected at high
      velocity into calm room air, was seen to have a 'jet' phase followed by a 'cloud'
      phase as a result of particle dispersion. Filming was continued till the flume
      could no longer be visualized on the TV monitor. High speed photography was used
      to record flumes seen on the video monitor, to enable characterization of flume
      appearance, dimensions and mean velocity.

PMID- 2901476
TI  - Time-dependent distribution and excretion of radiolabelled, semipermeable, stable
      magnetic microcapsules.
AB  - The time-dependent excretion and potential body retention of magnetic
      polyethyleneimine (PEI) microcapsules, methylated with [14C]methyl iodide have
      been investigated after intragastric administration to mice. Gastric emptying was
      rapid but about 10% of the administered dose was still present in the stomach
      after 6 h; the number of microcapsules within the small intestine remained
      approximately constant over 1-6 h. Excretion of microcapsules in the faeces was
      virtually complete (98.7% excretion within 72 h), with small amounts of
      radioactivity excreted via the urine or as [14C]CO2. There was no detectable
      adsorption or retention of microcapsules within the body as measured by either a
      whole-body autographic study or by direct quantitation of tissue radioactivity.

PMID- 2901477
TI  - Prodrug behaviour of nicotinoylmorphine esters.
AB  - Morphine and its nicotinoyl esters, dinicotinoylmorphine (nicomorphine), 6
      mononicotinoylmorphine (6-MNM) and 3-mononicotinoylmorphine (3-MNM) were tested
      in mice for central activity to obtain time-effect profiles of these compounds in
      rats. Two effects, analgesia with the hot plate test and locomotor stimulation in
      activity cages were measured and nicomorphine, 6-MNM and 3-MNM were found to have
      a faster onset of action compared with morphine. The effects of 3-MNM and
      morphine lasted longer than the effect of nicomorphine and 6-MNM. The prodrug
      behaviour of 3-MNM and nicomorphine for morphine and 6-MNM, respectively, is
      discussed.

PMID- 2901478
TI  - Excitatory P1-purinoceptors on pre- and post-ganglionic cholinergic nerve
      terminals in the chick oesophagus.
AB  - The mechanism of action of ATP and the purinoceptors involved have been
      investigated on the chick oesophagus. The susceptibility of the excitatory
      responses to ATP/adenosine to tetrodotoxin indicates that their action is
      neurally mediated. Blockade of ATP/adenosine responses by atropine suggests the
      involvement of endogenous acetylcholine. ATP action depends on breakdown to
      AMP/adenosine, since theophylline blocks ATP/adenosine responses. The inhibition
      of ATP responses by pentolinium implies the involvement of preganglionic fibres.

PMID- 2901479
TI  - Enhancement of capsaicin-induced contraction of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle
      by vanadate.
AB  - Contractions of guinea-pig isolated tracheal smooth muscle by submaximal
      capsaicin (0.1 microM) were enhanced by 43% (P less than 0.01) after vanadate (10
      microM for 10 min) preincubation. Contractile responses to acetylcholine (0.1-100
      microM), histamine (1-100 microM) or substance P (0.01-1 microM) were, in
      contrast, not affected by prior vanadate exposure. It is suggested that
      tachykinin release from capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerve endings within the
      airways was enhanced by vanadate while airway smooth muscle reactivity remained
      unchanged.

PMID- 2901480
TI  - Propranolol uptake with high capacity by rat perfused lung.
AB  - Lung isolated from 7-week-old rats was perfused with pH 7.4 Krebs-Ringer
      bicarbonate buffer solution (35 mL) containing 1 to 100 micrograms mL-1 of
      propranolol and 3% BSA at the recirculation rate of 8 mL min-1. Almost parallel
      bi-exponential drug concentration-time curves were obtained at the initial load
      lower than 10 micrograms mL-1, whereas relatively slow, mono-exponential decline
      was found after perfusion at 100 micrograms mL-1. Pharmacokinetic analysis for
      the perfusate propranolol concentration-time curves when loaded at 1 to 10
      micrograms mL-1 yielded almost comparable values for the pulmonary perfusion
      clearance (0.387 +/- 0.092 to 0.486 +/- 0.095 mL min-1 g-1). In contrast, this
      parameter was significantly reduced at 100 micrograms mL-1 (0.113 +/- 0.042 mL
      min-1 g-1). The present findings suggest a trend towards saturation kinetics in
      the in-vitro pulmonary clearance of propranolol.

PMID- 2901481
TI  - The role of adrenoceptors in the mechanism of reserpine-induced stimulation of
      gastric acid secretion in the rat.
AB  - The role of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the mechanism of reserpine-induced
      stimulation of gastric acid secretion in the rat has been examined. After 6 h
      reserpine (0.1 mg kg-1 i.p.) significantly stimulated acid secretion relative to
      control values (176 +/- 4 vs 60 +/- 3 mumol, mean +/- s.e.m., n = 10, P less than
      0.001). Neither coeliac ganglionectomy nor propranolol (5-15 mg kg-1) influenced
      this action. Vagotomy prevented acid stimulation by reserpine and was associated
      with H+ output similar to that of vagotomy controls (13 +/- 1 vs 14 +/- 1 mumol,
      mean +/- s.e.m., n = 10). Dose-dependent inhibition of the reserpine-induced acid
      secretion was produced by phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine; an inhibition similar
      to that achieved by vagotomy was noted with the 15 mg kg-1 dose (13 +/- 1 and 15
      +/- 1 mumol, respectively, vs 176 +/- 4 mumol, mean +/- s.e.m., n = 10, P less
      than 0.001). The similarity in action between vagotomy and large doses of
      phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine suggests that, in the rat, vagal alpha
      adrenoceptor stimulation is directly involved in the mechanism of reserpine
      induced stimulation of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2901482
TI  - Chronic antidepressant treatment increases the apomorphine-induced elevation of
      plasma corticosterone in rats.
AB  - Plasma corticosterone concentrations in response to subcutaneous administration
      of apomorphine (25 and 200 micrograms kg-1) have been assessed in rats treated
      acutely (2 days) or repeatedly (15 days) with saline, clomipramine, electroshock
      and clomipramine + electroshock. Chronic, but not acute, antidepressant treatment
      decreased the corticosterone level which remained unchanged in control and in
      rats acutely treated with apomorphine. Chronic antidepressant treatment
      significantly increased the corticosterone response to apomorphine.
      Neuroendocrine evidence is provided for an increased responsiveness of dopamine
      receptors which are thought to mediate the apomorphine effect on corticosterone
      secretion following chronic antidepressant treatment.

PMID- 2901483
TI  - Pharmacological mechanisms of action of flupirtine: a novel, centrally acting,
      nonopioid analgesic evaluated by its discriminative effects in the rat.
AB  - Rats were trained to discriminate the novel analgesic flupirtine (10.0 mg/kg
      i.p., 10 min) from no drug under a two-choice fixed-ratio 5 shock-termination
      schedule. Flupirtine yielded a dose-response curve with an ED50 of 3.87 mg/kg.
      The opioid analgesics pentazocine, codeine and tramadol failed to produce
      flupirtine appropriate responding. The opioid antagonist naltrexone did not
      antagonize the discriminative effects of flupirtine. The mixed alpha-1/alpha-2
      adrenergic agonist clonidine and the highly specific alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
      UK-14304, both partially and dose-dependently produced flupirtine appropriate
      responding. The mixed alpha-1/alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine and the highly
      specific alpha-2 antagonists idazoxan and L-654,284 all partially and dose
      dependently antagonized flupirtine appropriate responding. Neither of the alpha-1
      agonists phenylephrine or ST 587 produced flupirtine appropriate responding, nor
      did the alpha-1 antagonist prazosin antagonize flupirtine responding. It is
      concluded that the discriminative effects of flupirtine are neither of opioid nor
      of alpha-1 adrenergic type, but are primarily mediated through alpha-2 adrenergic
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2901484
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of the hyperglycemia induced by alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - The selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist UK 14.304 induced in the mouse a dose
      dependent hyperglycemic response which was accompanied by a concomitant
      inhibition of insulin secretion. Similar effects were observed with the
      preferential alpha-2 receptor agonists clonidine and guanabenz whereas less
      pronounced effects were found with (-)-epinephrine. No significant effects on
      blood glucose levels were observed with the alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist
      methoxamine. Adrenalectomy or depletion of catecholamine stores by reserpine,
      alpha-methylparatyrosine or DSP4 failed to modify the hyperglycemic response to
      UK 14.304. However, streptozotocin diabetic mice did not respond to UK 14.304.
      The hyperglycemia induced by submaximal doses of UK 14.304 was antagonized by the
      centrally and peripherally acting alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists rauwolscine,
      yohimbine, idazoxan and phentolamine, by the peripheral antagonist benextramine
      but not by prazosin (alpha-1 selective) or propranolol (beta adrenergic). Thus,
      it may be suggested that the alpha agonist-induced hyperglycemia is mediated via
      postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors located on pancreatic beta cells and that it
      is mediated through the inhibition of insulin secretion.

PMID- 2901485
TI  - Alpha and beta adrenoceptor blocking action of carvedilol in the canine
      mesenteric artery and vein.
AB  - We observed the effects of carvedilol, a novel beta adrenoceptor blocker, on
      electrical responses of smooth muscle cells produced by endogenous and exogenous
      norepinephrine (NE) in isolated canine mesenteric artery and vein. Carvedilol
      inhibited the NE-induced depolarization in the artery but not in vein, with
      potencies equivalent to prazosin, i.e., carvedilol blocked alpha 1 adrenoceptors
      in arterial smooth muscles. Stimulation of perivascular nerves evoked an
      excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) and a slow depolarization in these
      vascular smooth muscles. Carvedilol inhibited the slow depolarization evoked in
      the artery but not in the vein, with no marked inhibition of the e.j.p.s. High
      concentrations (10(-5) M) of carvedilol inhibited the e.j.p., slow
      depolarization, and also the compound action potentials of sympathetic nerve
      bundles running along the mesenteric vessels, suggesting that these inhibitions
      were due to local anesthetic actions. The e.j.p. amplitude was increased by
      isoprenaline and was decreased by NE. The NE and isoprenaline actions were
      antagonized by yohimbine and propranolol, respectively. Carvedilol inhibited the
      isoprenaline-actions but not the NE actions on the e.j.p., suggesting that this
      drug blocked prejunctional beta adrenoceptors but not the alpha 2 adrenoceptors.
      These results indicate that carvedilol blocks alpha 1 and beta adrenoceptors but
      not alpha 2 adrenoceptors in vascular tissues.

PMID- 2901486
TI  - Neurological dysfunction after intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-13) in the
      rat. I. Injection procedures modify pharmacological responses.
AB  - In rats, the spinal subarachnoid injection of the kappa opioid agonist Dynorphin
      A (Dyn A)(1-13) and the delta opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174864 produced dose
      related flaccid paralysis of hindlimbs and tail that were influenced appreciably
      by injection procedures. When injected through indwelling intrathecal (i.t.)
      catheters terminating at L1 to L2, both peptides were significantly more potent
      producing paralysis 1 day, rather than 10 to 14 days, after i.t. catheterization.
      Other rats received direct subarachnoid injections of these peptides through 30
      gauge needles placed in the L4 to L5 intervertebral space. In naive,
      uncatheterized and acutely catheterized rats, direct intervertebral injection of
      these peptides, as well as D-Ala2-Dyn A (1-13) amide (a metabolically stable
      analog of Dyn A (1-13), produced hindlimb paralysis with potencies comparable to
      those recorded after injections through acutely implanted catheters. In contrast,
      chronically catheterized rats showed significantly reduced responsivity to direct
      intervertebral injections of all three of these peptides. Loss of hindlimb motor
      function was associated with loss of nociceptive responsiveness. Elevations in
      tail-flick latencies were only seen with doses of Dyn A (1-13) which produced
      motor dysfunction, and were not blocked or reversed by high doses of the opioid
      antagonist naloxone. These results indicate that: 1) indwelling i.t. catheters
      induce spinal cord alterations which complicate their experimental usefulness, 2)
      Dyn A (1-13) does not alter responsiveness to thermal nociceptive stimuli through
      opioid mechanism and 3) Dyn A (1-13) causes parallel disruptions of spinal cord
      motor and nociceptive function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901487
TI  - Neurological dysfunction after intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-13) in the
      rat. II. Nonopioid mechanisms mediate loss of motor, sensory and autonomic
      function.
AB  - The kappa opioid agonist dynorphin A (Dyn A) (1-13) produced dose-related
      neurological deficits after subarachnoid injection in the lumbar spinal cords of
      rats. Whereas the neurological dysfunctions produced by low doses of Dyn A (1-13)
      were transient, higher doses caused persistent deficits, characterized by motor
      and nociceptive impairment in hindlimbs and tail, hindlimb edema, priapism,
      bladder infarction and atony and urinary incontinence. These deficits appeared to
      result from nonopioid actions of Dyn A (1-13), as they were: 1) not blocked by
      the opioid antagonists naloxone or WIN 44,441-3; 2) shared by Dyn A (3-13), which
      lacks opioid activity; and 3) not produced or altered by the selective kappa
      opioid agonist U 50,488. Coinjection of a combination of peptidase inhibitors,
      shown previously to enhance the actions of Dyn A fragments in vitro,
      significantly increased the paralytic actions of Dyn A (1-13). The peptidase
      inhibitors did not by themselves cause neurological dysfunction, and they did not
      alter the paralytic potency of the peptidase-resistant delta opioid antagonist
      ICI 174864. These findings indicate that Dyn A effects were: 1) limited
      appreciably by its rapid enzymatic degradation after injection and 2) most likely
      the result of actions of the intact peptide rather than proteolytic products
      generated after injection. Neuroanatomical evaluations revealed extensive
      neuronal and axonal injury in the lumbosacral spinal cords of rats injected with
      25 nmol of Dyn A (1-13). Collectively, these results indicate that Dyn A (1-13)
      acts through nonopioid mechanisms to cause the injury and death of neurons
      involved in diverse spinal cord functions.

PMID- 2901488
TI  - Differences in the stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine in animals trained to discriminate hallucinogens
      from saline.
AB  - The stimulus properties of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and several related compounds were compared
      to those of (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline (3,4,5
      trimethoxyphenylethylamine) in a two-lever, water-reinforced, drug discrimination
      task. In animals trained to discriminate LSD (0.08 mg/kg) from saline (n = 8),
      LSD-like responding occurred during substitution (generalization) tests with
      sufficiently high doses of (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD,
      mescaline, psilocybin and (-)-MDA; saline appropriate responding occurred after
      (+)-MDA and both (+)- and (+)- and (-)-MDMA. In animals trained to discriminate
      mescaline (10 mg/kg; n = 8), (-)-MDA, (+)-MDA, (-)-MDMA and (+)-MDMA as well as
      (+/- )-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, LSD, mescaline and psilocybin mimicked
      the training drug. Neither (+)-amphetamine nor cocaine produced mescaline-like
      responding; fenfluramine substituted partially for mescaline but not LSD. Because
      all of the phenylisopropylamine enantiomers mimicked the potent hallucinogen
      mescaline (10 mg/kg), these results do not support suggestions that similarities
      in the behavioral effects of "designer" drugs such as MDA and MDMA to those of
      hallucinogens are limited to (-)-MDA. They also indicate that, although LSD and
      mescaline may be pharmacologically similar (in other assays), these compounds do
      not have identical stimulus properties.

PMID- 2901489
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtype on frog esophageal peptic cells: binding
      and secretion studies.
AB  - The muscarinic receptors coupled to pepsinogen secretion on isolated frog
      esophageal peptic cells have been characterized using functional and radioligand
      binding techniques. N-[3H]methylscopolamine [( 3H]NMS) binding to intact cells
      was complex and indicative of a high affinity, low capacity site and a high
      capacity uptake site. Binding to the high capacity site was inhibited by atropine
      with high affinity (IC50, 3 nM) and by imipramine and propranolol with IC50
      values of 70 and 270 nM, respectively. After inhibition of uptake by 30 microM
      propranolol, [3H]NMS bound to a single population of high affinity sites (KD, 125
      +/- 16 pM), which exhibited binding site maximum of 2.1 fmol/10(6) cells,
      equivalent to 1260 sites/cell. Binding to these sites was reversible,
      stereoselective and inhibited by muscarinic receptor agonists with an order of
      potency: oxotremorine greater than acetylcholine greater than carbachol greater
      than bethanechol and by antagonists with an order of potency:atropine greater
      than 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methobromide greater than pirenzepine
      greater than AF-DX 116 (11-2[2-[[diethylamino) methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,
      11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]-benzodiazepine-6-one). Pepsinogen secretion was
      stimulated by the agonists with an order of potency: acetylcholine greater than
      or equal to carbachol greater than oxotremorine greater than bethanechol.
      Atropine, pirenzepine and AF-DX 116 competitively inhibited carbachol-stimulated
      pepsinogen secretion with pA2 values of 9.58, 7.37 and 6.68, respectively, which
      correlated with their log (inhibition constants) for receptor binding. By
      contrast, agonists with significant efficacy exhibited EC50 values which were 20
      to 90 times lower than their inhibition constants for binding which suggests the
      possibility of "spare" muscarinic receptors. Our findings indicate that
      functional muscarinic receptors on peptic cells exhibit similar characteristics
      to the high affinity sites labeled by [3H]NMS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901491
TI  - Activation of protein kinase C promotes glutamate-mediated transmission at the
      neuromuscular junction of the mealworm.
AB  - 1. Actions of protein kinase C activators, 1,2-oleoylacetylglycerol (OAG) and 12
      O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on the glutamate-mediated neuromuscular
      transmission in the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, were studied by the
      microelectrode current-clamp and voltage-clamp techniques. 2. The activators OAG
      and TPA stimulate the evoked and spontaneous transmitter releases from the
      presynaptic terminal, as evidenced by an increase in the quantum content
      estimated by the number of failures of extracellular excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials (EPSPs), and in the frequency of miniature EPSPs. 3. Both OAG and TPA
      act on the postsynaptic membrane to enhance responses to the transmitter L
      glutamate. Protein kinase C activators increased the apparent maximum of the
      ionophoretic dose-response curve for glutamate-induced depolarization, without
      affecting the reversal potential and the voltage-dependent decay rate for the
      excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) under voltage-clamp conditions. 4. The
      postsynaptic effect of OAG and TPA is distinctly different from that of
      activators of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, such as octopamine,
      forskolin, CPT-cyclic AMP (8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate), and 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate) which decreased the postsynaptic sensitivity to L-glutamate. 5. I
      suggest that the responsiveness of the receptor to L-glutamate is under the
      control of these counteracting enzyme systems in the insect neuromuscular
      junction.

PMID- 2901490
TI  - Direct dependence studies in rats with agents selective for different types of
      opioid receptor.
AB  - The objective of this study was to describe, quantitate and compare naloxone
      induced abstinence syndromes in rats infused centrally (Sylvian aqueduct) with
      agonists that are currently the most selective for mu [( D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly
      ol5]enkephalin), delta [( D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin) and kappa (3,4-dichloro-N
      methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide) (U-50,488H) opioid
      receptors, respectively. Morphine, ethylketazocine and dynorphin A served as
      reference compounds. After 70 hr of infusion from s.c. implanted osmotic
      minipumps, three levels of abstinence were associated with the injection of
      naloxone (3 mg/kg s.c.): 1) negligible syndromes (scores of less than 21) were
      obtained in rats on water or the kappa-directed ligands, U-50,488H and dynorphin
      A; 2) a low-to-moderate abstinence score (37-38) was recorded with rats receiving
      [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin and ethylketazocine; and 3) a high abstinence score
      (64-73) was obtained with rats on morphine and DAGO. These results reinforce the
      concept of developing selective, nonbenzomorphan kappa agonists as clinically
      useful analgesics and emphasize that, when evaluating new analgesics, high
      selectivity for delta receptors does not, in itself, guarantee freedom from
      physical dependence.

PMID- 2901492
TI  - Intra-uterine perforation of Meckel's diverticulum with undescended testis (a
      case report).

PMID- 2901493
TI  - Control of cell division by sex factor F in Escherichia coli. III. Participation
      of the groES (mopB) gene of the host bacteria.
AB  - Cell division of F+ bacteria is coupled to DNA replication of the F plasmid. Two
      plasmid coded genes, letA (ccdA) and letD (ccdB) are indispensable for this
      coupling. To investigate bacterial genes that participate in this coupling, we
      attempted to identify the target of the division inhibitor (the letD gene
      product) of the F plasmid. Two temperature-sensitive growth defective mutants
      were screened from bacterial mutants that escaped the letD product growth
      inhibition that occurs in hosts carrying an FletA mutant. Phage P1-mediated
      transduction and complementation analysis indicated that the temperature
      sensitive mutations are located in the groES (mopB) gene, which is essential for
      the morphogenesis of several bacteriophages and also for growth of the bacteria.
      The nucleotide sequence of the promoter region of the gene in which the
      temperature-sensitive mutations had occurred was virtually identical with that of
      the groES gene of Escherichia coli; furthermore the sequence of the first five
      amino acid residues and the overall amino acid composition predicted from the
      nucleotide sequence of the gene match those of the purified GroES protein. The
      temperature-sensitive mutants did not allow the propagation of phage lambda at 28
      degrees C and formed long filamentous structures without septa at 41 degrees C,
      as is observed in the case of groES mutants. Growth of the two groES mutants
      tested was not inhibited by the F plasmid with the letA mutation. These
      observations suggest to us that the morphogenesis gene groES plays a key role in
      coupling between replication of the F plasmid and cell division of the host
      cells.

PMID- 2901494
TI  - Localization of corticotropin-releasing factor, somatostatin, and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide in the parabrachial nuclei of the human brain.
AB  - The immunocytochemical localizations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF),
      somatostatin (SRIF), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were studied in
      the human parabrachial nuclei (PBN) using the avidin-biotin complex (ABC)
      technique. The brains were obtained from seven adult male human subjects of 38-74
      years. In three cases, the brains were fixed within 2 hr, in four cases within 5
      hr, postmortem. All of these peptides were detected in fibers through the
      orocaudal extent of the lateral PBN, whereas the medial nucleus contained only
      CRF immunoreactive fibers. Immunoreactive fibers were distributed unevenly within
      the lateral nucleus with the highest density in the dorsal and much fewer in the
      ventral part of the lateral subdivision. The highest to lowest density of
      immunostained processes were detected using CRF, SRIF, and VIP antisera,
      respectively. Since NPB is known as an important relay nucleus for the central
      autonomic pathway, the presence of the above noted neuropeptides in nerve fibers
      in this area may suggest a neurotransmitter or neuromodulatory role of CRF,
      somatostatin, and VIP in certain autonomic nervous mechanism of the human brain.

PMID- 2901495
TI  - Localization of glial cell antigens in the brains of young normal mice and the
      dysmyelinating mutant mice, jimpy and shiverer.
AB  - Tissue sections from the brains of normal, jimpy, and shiverer mice were
      immunostained by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method for carbonic anhydrase (CA)
      and the putative astrocytic "markers" glutamine synthetase (GS) and glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The cells in normal gray matter that
      immunostained with anti-CA and anti-GS were similar to one another in size and
      process elaboration. In the normal gray matter there were relatively few GFAP
      positive astrocytes. When present, these cells resembled the CA- and GS-positive
      cells; however, the GFAP appeared to be concentrated in the astroglial processes,
      as distinguished from the cell bodies. Glial cell processes, immunostained for CA
      or GS, surrounded blood vessels and unstained neurons in the normal gray matter.
      The glial cells in shiverer gray matter were similar to those in the normal gray
      matter. When stained for GS or GFAP, the glial cells in the jimpy gray matter
      appeared to be somewhat hypertrophied, and when the glial cells in this mutant
      were stained for CA, the nuclei appeared to be swollen. It was concluded that
      some of the CA-positive cells in the gray matter of the normal and of each mutant
      mouse brain could be astrocytes. The patterns of immunostaining in the white
      matter emphasized the different complements of glial cells in the mutants. In the
      normal and shiverer mouse corpus callosum, CA, in particular, was detected only
      in the oligodendrocytes, their processes, and myelin. However, the data
      concerning the jimpy mouse suggested that the few CA-positive cells in the corpus
      callosum of that mutant could be astrocytes.

PMID- 2901496
TI  - Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in rat brain and adrenals by
      exposure to cold.
AB  - The long-term changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity induced by chronic
      exposure to cold in brain noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) were
      analyzed and compared to those measured in a peripheral tissue such as adrenals.
      This analysis was made possible at the level of one single tissue corresponding
      to one animal by the use of sensitive methods that allow assay of TH activity,
      protein, and mRNA levels in parallel from the same homogenate. The three
      parameters were measured in brain structures and adrenals of rats maintained at 4
      degrees C during 4 days and were compared to those of control animals kept at
      normal housing temperature (22 degrees C). LC of rats exposed to cold contained
      200% more TH mRNA than controls. The amount of TH protein in this area rose to as
      much as 164% that of controls. Similarly, the activity of the enzyme increased to
      140% of the normal value. Thus, these observations show that 1) the increase in
      TH mRNA was much higher than the increase in protein levels, and that 2) the
      newly synthesized molecules have about the same activity as that present under
      normal conditions. In contrast to the LC, no variation of these parameters was
      observed in the substantia nigra. In the adrenals, the variations in the
      different parameters were qualitatively similar to that observed in the LC,
      although they were quantitatively higher: TH mRNA, TH protein, and TH activity
      levels were respectively 330%, 182%, and 167% that of control adrenals.
      Altogether, these results demonstrate that exposure to cold induces an alteration
      in TH synthesis in brain noradrenergic neurons as well as in adrenals.

PMID- 2901497
TI  - Fatality from illicit phendimetrazine use.
AB  - Phendimetrazine is an anorectic agent which recently has been detected in three
      medical examiner's cases. In one instance death was attributed to this drug.
      Methods of detecting and identifying this drug in urine and blood are discussed.
      In the one instance where death was attributed to this substance, the blood
      concentration was 300 ng/ml.

PMID- 2901498
TI  - Mutation of a protein kinase C phosphorylation site in the erbB protein of avian
      erythroblastosis virus.
AB  - Tumor promoter-stimulated phosphorylation of threonine 98 of the erbB protein of
      avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) correlates with inhibition of erbB-dependent
      mitogenesis. To more clearly define the role of phosphorylation of this residue
      in regulation of the activity of the erbB protein, we have constructed erbB
      mutations which encode alanine (Ala-98), tyrosine (Tyr-98), or serine (Ser-98) at
      position 98. The biosynthesis and stability of the three mutant proteins were
      similar to those of the wild-type erbB protein, and all three retained the
      ability to transform chicken embryo fibroblasts. Treatment of transformed CEF
      with 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated incorporation of 32Pi
      into wild-type and mutant erbB proteins and resulted in a slight decrease in the
      electrophoretic mobilities of all the erbB proteins. Tryptic maps of erbB
      phosphopeptides showed no endogenous or TPA-stimulated phosphorylation of alanine
      98 or tyrosine 98 in cells transformed by the Ala-98 and Tyr-98 mutants. Analysis
      of tryptic phosphopeptides by high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed that
      TPA treatment of cells stimulated phosphorylation of other sites of the erbB
      protein in addition to threonine 98. A high endogenous level of phosphorylation
      of serine 98 of the Ser-98 mutant protein was found, and TPA treatment of cells
      did not result in further phosphorylation of this residue. Cells transformed by
      wild-type and mutant AEV were equally sensitive to TPA-dependent inhibition of
      growth in soft agar and TPA-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation.
      TPA treatment inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation to a similar extent in cells
      transformed by wild-type or Ala-98 AEV. These data indicate that phosphorylation
      of threonine 98 of the erbB protein is not responsible for TPA-dependent
      inhibition of growth of AEV-transformed cells or TPA-induced inhibition of erbB
      dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. TPA-stimulated phosphorylation of the erbB
      protein at other sites may mediate these effects. The data also show that subtle
      changes in a phosphorylation site (i.e., changing threonine to serine) can
      drastically alter recognition by protein kinases.

PMID- 2901500
TI  - Massive renal hemorrhage owing to polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - We report a case of massive renal hemorrhage owing to unsuspected polyarteritis
      nodosa. The bleeding was ultimately controlled by embolization of the renal
      artery. The findings on renal angiography and enhanced computerized tomography
      were characteristic of the disorder and they should be familiar to all
      urologists.

PMID- 2901499
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of natural Epstein-Barr virus isolates from infectious
      mononucleosis patients and healthy carriers.
AB  - We analyzed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes from lymphoblastoid cell lines
      isolated from patients with infectious mononucleosis and from healthy subjects
      from California, Hawaii, and Hong Kong between 1970 and 1987. Using genetic
      polymorphism as epidemiological markers, we found that several genotypes of EBV
      cocirculate in a community and that although most EBV strains isolated from
      California and Southern China may be differentiated genotypically, there was no
      specific association between genotype and disease or time of isolation.

PMID- 2901501
TI  - Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease. I. Treatments
      following myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2901502
TI  - [Follow-up study of HIV-I antigen (p 24) and HIV-I antibody (gp 41, p 24) in
      hemophiliacs with HIV-I infection].

PMID- 2901503
TI  - [Various pathophysiological conditions seen in glomerulonephritis. Urinary
      proteins and urinary enzymes].

PMID- 2901504
TI  - [Coronary artery bypass grafting to the diagonal branch].

PMID- 2901505
TI  - [Coronary artery bypass surgery utilizing an internal mammary artery graft in a 6
      year-old boy with Kawasaki disease].

PMID- 2901506
TI  - [Cryptorchism and germinal tumors of the testis].

PMID- 2901507
TI  - [Cyclase activity, lipid peroxidation and function of the endogenous
      antioxidative system of the gastric mucosa during the treatment of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2901508
TI  - [Evaluation of the effect of enterosorption on the human body in a changed
      gaseous medium].
AB  - The effect of enterosorption on biochemical and physiological parameters of 18
      normal men was studied. The test subjects spent 7 days in an enclosed environment
      where the content of CO2 reached 3% and that of CO-40 mg/l3 during the last 8
      hours of isolation. Beginning with the first day of enclosure 12 test subjects
      were given an enterosorbent at a dose of 0.75 g/kg 3 times a day. It is shown
      that a regular intake of an enterosorbent during exposure to increased
      concentrations of CO2 and CO affects beneficially central hemodynamics, reduces
      significantly plasma toxicity, content of C2-C5 hydrocarbons in the exhaled air
      and carboxyhemoglobin in blood. These findings may be very important for space
      and marine medicine because they demonstrate the efficacy of enterosorbents in
      protecting the human body from stress effects of an extreme environment.

PMID- 2901509
TI  - [Products of microbiological biodegradation of polymer materials as a factor of
      possible contamination of the atmosphere of hermetically sealed compartments with
      toxic substances].
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to determine hygienic relevance of
      microbial degradation of polymers in an enclosed environment. Experiments were
      carried out to study the growth and development of microorganisms--molds and
      bacteria--on polymers. It was found that the process may be accompanied by the
      formation of volatile toxic substances, i.e. biodegradation products resulting
      from microbial decomposition of polymer components. Polymer ingredients are the
      major factor that determines the qualitative and quantitative composition of
      volatile substances. The accumulation of these substances on polymers leads to
      the deterioration of their sanitary-chemical properties and consequently to the
      contamination of the environment. It is shown that the basic products of
      biodegradation of polyurethane foam are ethanol and acetaldehyde and those of
      polyvinyl chloride plates, isooctanol (2-ethyl hexanol). The environmental
      parameters affect the microbial activity and therefore the rate of biodegradation
      processes.

PMID- 2901510
TI  - [Interaction between chemical substances contaminating a gaseous medium of
      hermetically sealed compartments].
AB  - We have analyzed pertinent literature data and hypothesized that chemicals in an
      enclosed environment may interact (products of polymer outgassing, volatile
      metabolites of man). We have demonstrated that photochemical processes,
      thermochemical degradation and oxidation of chemicals in an enclosed atmosphere
      may lead to the formation of new highly toxic substances. The chemical
      composition of an enclosed atmosphere may be influenced by the technological
      processes of air purification. We have carried out experiments in a small
      enclosure to study ammonia and carbon dioxide interaction. When the concentration
      of ammonia is about 100 mg/m3, that of carbon dioxide is 2.5 vol. % and relative
      humidity of the atmosphere is 40-50%, the formation reaction of ammonia carbonate
      compounds proceeds very slowly, producing no significant changes in the
      environmental toxicological characteristics. It is recommended to continue the
      study of the interaction of chemicals at low concentrations in an enclosed
      environment.

PMID- 2901511
TI  - [Circadian rhythm of psychomotor reactions in humans exposed to the combined
      effects of 18-hour day schedule and increased levels of carbon dioxide].

PMID- 2901512
TI  - Presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediate inhibition of cholinergic transmission
      in rabbit vesical parasympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 2901513
TI  - Assessment of the adrenergic beta-blocking activity of Inula racemosa.
AB  - Inula racemosa root powder was investigated in patients with proven ischaemic
      heart disease. The powder prevented ST-segment depression and T-wave inversion as
      observed in the post-exercise electrocardiogram. The petroleum ether extract of
      roots lowered plasma insulin and glucose levels within 75 min of oral
      administration to albino rats and it significantly counteracted adrenaline
      induced hyperglycaemia in rats. The extract further showed negative inotropic and
      negative chronotropic effects on frog heart. All these findings indicate that one
      of the constituents of Inula racemosa may have adrenergic beta-blocking activity.

PMID- 2901514
TI  - [The neurobiology of anxiety: current assessment and perspectives].

PMID- 2901515
TI  - Effect of carbon dioxide in acute mountain sickness: a rediscovery.
AB  - The effect of adding CO2 to inhaled air in six subjects with acute mountain
      sickness was investigated during a medical expedition to 5400 m.3% CO2 in ambient
      air increased ventilation and resulted in a rise in PaO2 of between 24% and 40%.
      There was a 9-28% increase in PaCO2 and a reduction of the respiratory alkalosis
      normally seen at high altitude. Symptoms of acute mountain sickness were rapidly
      relieved. In three subjects cerebral blood flow increased by 17-39%, so that
      oxygen delivery to the brain would have been considerably improved. This study
      confirms earlier suggestions of the beneficial effect of CO2 inhalation at high
      altitude.

PMID- 2901517
TI  - Xenobiotic metabolism in motor neuron disease.
AB  - Debrisoquine, carbocysteine, and paracetamol were selected as safe drugs to
      investigate the ability of the liver's microsomal system to oxidise carbon,
      oxidise sulphur, and conjugate sulphate in patients with motor neuron disease
      (MND), other hospital patients, and healthy volunteers. Subjects with poor
      sulphur-oxidising and sulphur-conjugating activities were heavily over
      represented in the MND group.

PMID- 2901516
TI  - What is the best predictor of the severity of ABO-haemolytic disease of the
      newborn?
AB  - In 80 newborn infants ABO-incompatible with their mothers, the lysis-inducing
      effect of the maternal IgG anti-A or anti-B antibodies in an antibody-dependent
      cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay and the antigen density of A or B
      antigens on the red cells of the children were measured. On the basis of the
      results, the children were divided into two groups--24 children in whom increased
      haemolysis was to be expected, and 56 children in whom it was not. Signs of
      haemolysis and serological features of ABO haemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO
      HDN) were compared in these two groups and a control group of 120 ABO-compatible
      infants. The effect of the maternal antibodies in the ADCC assay, the titres of
      maternal IgG anti-A or anti-B antibodies, the results of the direct antiglobulin
      test on the red cells in the cord blood, and the titre of IgG anti-A or anti-B
      antibodies in the serum of the infants were compared for their ability to predict
      the severity of ABO-HDN. This was also done for the combination of the ADCC assay
      results plus the A or B antigen density and the direct antiglobulin test plus the
      titre of maternal IgG anti-A or anti-B antibodies. The ADCC assay with maternal
      serum was the most sensitive assay to predict ABO-HDN, and the combination of the
      ADCC assay with A or B antigen density determination the most specific test.

PMID- 2901518
TI  - Passive immunoneutralization of human immunodeficiency virus in patients with
      advanced AIDS.
AB  - Infusions of 55-500 ml plasma from one of two donors selected for high anti-p24
      antibody titre and neutralising capacity were given to six patients with advanced
      AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigenaemia cleared immediately and the
      recipients' serum acquired the HIV antibody profile of the donor together with
      HIV neutralising activity. The passive antibody effects persisted for up to
      eleven weeks depending upon the volume of plasma given, which had a half-life of
      about 12 days. The infusions were followed by fewer symptoms, a transient
      increase in T lymphocytes, a reduction in the frequency of opportunistic
      infections, and a decline in the rate at which HIV could be cultured from plasma
      or lymphocytes.

PMID- 2901520
TI  - Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 2901519
TI  - Effect of cigarette smoking on cervical epithelial immunity: a mechanism for
      neoplastic change?
AB  - Langerhans' cells in cervical epithelium in colposcopic biopsy specimens were
      identified by immunocytochemical staining for S100 protein and T6 (CD1) antigen,
      and their density was quantified. Possible cofactors for the development of
      cervical neoplasia were examined for any effect on the cell counts per unit area.
      Current cigarette smoking was associated with a significant decrease in the
      Langerhans' cell population in both normal epithelium and lesions due to cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia. Ex-smokers tended to have cell counts between those of
      smokers and non-smokers. There was a dose-response relation between number of
      cigarettes smoked daily and effect on cell counts. These findings of a local
      immunological effect of smoking on cervical epithelium may explain the means by
      which cigarette smoking contributes to the development of cervical neoplasia.

PMID- 2901521
TI  - Do T cells cause IDDM?

PMID- 2901522
TI  - Limb salvage surgery.

PMID- 2901523
TI  - Searching MEDLINE.

PMID- 2901524
TI  - Who needs an intragastric balloon for weight reduction?

PMID- 2901525
TI  - Risk of cancer among children exposed in utero to A-bomb radiations, 1950-84.
AB  - This study examines the risk of cancer (incidence) over 40 years among the in
      utero exposed survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and adds
      eight years of follow-up to a previous report confined to mortality. Only two
      cases of childhood cancer were observed among these survivors in the first 14
      years of life; both had been heavily exposed. Subsequent cancers have all been of
      the adult type. Not only did the observed cancers occur earlier in the 0.30 + Gy
      dose group than in the 0 Gy dose group but also the incidence continues to
      increase, and the crude cumulative incidence rate, 40 years after the A-bombing,
      is 3.9-fold greater in the 0.30 + Gy group. In the observation period 1950-84,
      based on the absorbed dose to the mother's uterus as estimated by the 1986
      dosimetry system (DS86), the relative risk of cancer at 1 Gy is 3.77 with a 95%
      confidence interval of 1.14-13.48. For the entire 0.01 + Gy dose group the
      average excess risk per 10(4) person-year-gray is 6.57 (0.07-14.49) and the
      estimated attributable risk is 40.9% (2.9-90.2%). These results, when viewed in
      the perspective of fetus doses, suggest that susceptibility to radiation-induced
      cancers is higher in prenatally than in postnatally exposed survivors (at least
      those exposed as adults). However, definitive conclusions must await further
      follow-up studies.

PMID- 2901526
TI  - Evaluation of ultraviolet light for disinfection of hospital water contaminated
      with Legionella.
AB  - An epidemic of nosocomial Legionella micdadei pneumonia occurred among renal
      transplant patients in the University of Virginia hospital between 1978 and 1982.
      Although no further cases were diagnosed after 1982, filters and ultraviolet
      light (UVL) fittings were installed in 1985 as an attempt to disinfect water
      piped to rooms of transplant patients, because of concern about persistence of L
      micdadei in hospital water. Water samples were obtained from eight UVL-treated
      rooms and eight control rooms. 26 of 95 control samples were culture positive for
      L micdadei compared with 0 of 71 samples of filtered, UVL-treated water (p less
      than 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). After the UVL fitting and filter had been
      bypassed because of a leak, 9 of 33 samples from the UVL rooms were positive (p
      less than 0.0001). These data suggest that UVL treatment may be useful in
      continuous disinfection of water in the hospital rooms of high-risk patients.

PMID- 2901527
TI  - Implications of the new genetics for screening for cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2901528
TI  - Could we safely negotiate a treaty banning all nuclear tests?

PMID- 2901529
TI  - Yohimbine alters regional cerebral blood flow in panic disorder.

PMID- 2901530
TI  - Surgical management of biliary atresia.

PMID- 2901531
TI  - Diet and cyclical mastopathy.

PMID- 2901532
TI  - False-positive results and the polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2901533
TI  - Branched-chain aminoacids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2901534
TI  - Family outbreak of Chlamydia trachomatis.

PMID- 2901535
TI  - Variation in serum cholesterol.

PMID- 2901536
TI  - Gallstones and glaciers: hypothesis melting at the equator.

PMID- 2901537
TI  - Safety of midazolam.

PMID- 2901538
TI  - Safety of mianserin.

PMID- 2901539
TI  - Progesterone for premenstrual exacerbations of asthma.

PMID- 2901540
TI  - Reye's syndrome and aspirin.

PMID- 2901541
TI  - Subcutaneous erythropoietin.

PMID- 2901542
TI  - Early detection of breast cancer.

PMID- 2901543
TI  - Drug regulation in the EEC.

PMID- 2901545
TI  - Sunlight and drinking water.

PMID- 2901544
TI  - Health education and traditional cultures.

PMID- 2901546
TI  - Resource allocation.

PMID- 2901547
TI  - Measuring cardiac output.

PMID- 2901548
TI  - Monitoring of cyclosporin by monoclonal radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2901549
TI  - Clinical heterogeneity of central pontine myelinolysis.

PMID- 2901550
TI  - Borna disease virus-specific antibodies in patients with HIV infection and with
      mental disorders.

PMID- 2901551
TI  - Zidovudine-associated myopathy.

PMID- 2901552
TI  - AIDS case definitions for African children.

PMID- 2901553
TI  - HIV antigen and virus-safety studies.

PMID- 2901554
TI  - Urokinase versus tissue plasminogen activator in pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2901555
TI  - Cardiac metabolism during exercise measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

PMID- 2901556
TI  - Guthrie spots for DNA-based carrier testing in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2901557
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome after a minor surgical procedure.

PMID- 2901558
TI  - Falling death rates from bronchitis.

PMID- 2901559
TI  - Joint hypermobility syndrome and anxiety disorders.

PMID- 2901560
TI  - Laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancies.

PMID- 2901561
TI  - Blood group substances in pneumococcal vaccine.

PMID- 2901562
TI  - Percutaneous angioscopy of peripheral arteries.

PMID- 2901563
TI  - AIDS in the UK and globally.

PMID- 2901564
TI  - Wild chimps rocket statisticians.

PMID- 2901565
TI  - Effects of prolonged naloxone infusion in septic shock.
AB  - Fourteen patients suffering sixteen episodes of septic shock requiring inotrope
      and/or vasopressor support were randomised to receive a 30 micrograms/kg naloxone
      intravenous bolus followed by a 30 micrograms/kg/h infusion or an equivalent
      volume placebo bolus and infusion for 8-16 h in a double-blind study. pH and
      pulmonary wedge pressure were kept constant, and inotrope and/or vasopressor were
      titrated to maintain a preselected mean blood pressure. Inotrope/vasopressor
      requirements in the naloxone-treated group were significantly lower than those in
      the control group at 8 h (eight patients in each group, p less than 0.005) and at
      16 h (five patients in each group, p less than 0.02). Late but significant
      improvements in stroke volume (p less than 0.02) and heart rate (p less than
      0.05) were also noted in the eight naloxone-treated patients.

PMID- 2901566
TI  - Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ditiocarb sodium
      ('Imuthiol') in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - 83 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (CDC groups II,
      III, or IV-A) were randomised in a crossover trial of sodium
      diethyldithiocarbamate (ditiocarb sodium, 'Imuthiol') (10 mg/kg body weight given
      orally once a week) against placebo. Each arm of the trial lasted 16 weeks. The
      disease did not progress to CDC-defined acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the
      ditiocarb group but did so in 4 patients in the placebo group (3 between week 0
      and 16, 1 between week 17 and 32). Ditiocarb was also associated to a
      significantly greater extent than placebo with relief of constitutional symptoms,
      improvement in clinical status (including shrinkage of enlarged spleen and lymph
      nodes), and improvement in immune function (as measured by CD4+ cell count and
      skin test reactivity). When placebo was replaced by ditiocarb, similar
      improvements were observed, whereas symptoms slowly reappeared and CD4+ cell
      levels progressively declined when ditiocarb treatment was replaced by placebo.

PMID- 2901567
TI  - Correlation of plasma interleukin 1 levels with disease activity in rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - The mean plasma level of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), measured by immunoassay,
      was significantly higher in 51 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in 21
      healthy controls of similar age. Further, in the RA group, plasma IL-1 beta
      correlated positively with Ritchie joint index, pain score, and erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and correlated negatively with haemoglobin concentration. In
      individual patients with active disease who had serial measurements, plasma IL-1
      beta also correlated with clinical disease activity. These results support the
      idea that IL-1 beta has a central role in the pathogenesis of RA.

PMID- 2901568
TI  - Hypohaptoglobinaemia as an epidemiological and clinical indicator for malaria.
      Results of two studies in a hyperendemic region in West Africa.
AB  - Hypohaptoglobinaemia is a common phenomenon in tropical countries, where it is
      probably due to malaria-induced haemolysis. Two studies were carried out in a
      hyperendemic zone of West Africa to test its specificity and usefulness as an
      epidemiological indicator for measuring malaria endemicity. The first study
      evaluated the prevalence of hypohaptoglobinaemia before and after courses of
      antimalarial chemotherapy of varying duration. The second monitored haptoglobin
      levels in an untreated population during a whole year to compare its seasonal
      variations with those of several classic indicators of malaria. These studies
      suggest that in regions where malaria is endemic the prevalence of
      hypohaptoglobinaemia could be as useful an indicator as the parasitic index but
      would be much easier to establish and to monitor.

PMID- 2901569
TI  - Effect of electrical nerve stimulation on healing of ischaemic skin flaps.
AB  - Blood circulation was measured by laser doppler flowmetry in fasciocutaneous
      flaps of 24 patients who underwent reconstructive surgery for mammary carcinoma.
      19 of the 24 patients had clinical signs of deficient circulation in the flaps.
      14 patients were treated with electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) and 10 with
      placebo-ENS. Varying degrees of necrosis developed in 8 of the 10 patients who
      received placebo stimulation but in none of those treated with ENS. In the 5
      patients with good capillary refilling and no signs of stasis or oedema before
      treatment, only minor increases in blood flow occurred after ENS.

PMID- 2901570
TI  - Treatment of anismus in intractable constipation with botulinum A toxin.
AB  - In seven patients with anismus the striated sphincter muscle complex was
      selectively weakened by local injection of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin.
      Symptom scores improved significantly and correlated with a significant reduction
      in the maximum voluntary and canal squeeze pressure and a significant increase in
      the anorectal angle on straining. Botulinum A toxin seems to be promising
      treatment for some patients with anismus.

PMID- 2901571
TI  - Genetic markers for neurofibromatosis.

PMID- 2901572
TI  - Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4: chicken and egg.

PMID- 2901573
TI  - Virological screening for herpes simplex virus during pregnancy.

PMID- 2901574
TI  - Optimistic strategy for prevention.

PMID- 2901575
TI  - Epstein-Barr virus and T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2901578
TI  - A view from a nation less likely to be a target for nuclear weapons.

PMID- 2901576
TI  - Campylobacter pylori in abattoir workers: is it a zoonosis?
AB  - Sera from 98 abattoir workers were tested for IgG to Campylobacter pylori, C
      jejuni, and klebsiella. Clerical workers had significantly lower C pylori and C
      jejuni IgG titres than any of the groups in direct contact with freshly cut
      animal parts. No difference was found for antibodies to klebsiella. 28 non
      clerical workers with high-titre C pylori IgG consented to upper gastrointestinal
      endoscopy. C pylori associated gastritis was found in all 28, and four weeks of
      colloidal bismuth subcitrate (240 mg twice daily) was prescribed. On repeat
      testing at three months all showed a decrease in IgG titres to C pylori but not
      to C jejuni, whereas 18 untreated non-endoscoped workers showed no change. These
      findings raise the possibility that C pylori infection is a zoonosis.

PMID- 2901577
TI  - Death takes a holiday: mortality surrounding major social occasions.
AB  - To determine whether death can be postponed until after an important social
      occasion the number of deaths before and after the Jewish holiday of Passover
      (1966-84) were compared. Passover was chosen for study because it allows
      comparison of the participating and non-participating (control) groups, and it
      moves around the calendar (thus allowing separation of the effects of the holiday
      from the effects of the seasons). In the total Jewish sample (n = 1919), the
      number of deaths was lower than expected in the week before Passover and higher
      than expected in the week after (p = 0.045). This dip-peak pattern of mortality
      was concentrated among people with unambiguously Jewish surnames (p = 0.003) and
      did not appear in various control groups, including Blacks, Orientals, and Jewish
      infants. The pattern was most pronounced in the years when the holiday fell on a
      weekend, when it is most likely to be celebrated by the largest number of people
      (n = 183; p = 0.001). This pattern was statistically significant by binomial
      tests and by regression analyses of the data. The Passover pattern of mortality
      was found in each of the three leading causes of death.

PMID- 2901580
TI  - Energy expenditure and cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2901579
TI  - No fault compensation Finnish style.

PMID- 2901582
TI  - Resting energy expenditure and energy intake in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2901581
TI  - Thioridazine: a radiation enhancer in advanced cervical cancer?

PMID- 2901583
TI  - Growth during early teenage pregnancy.

PMID- 2901585
TI  - Self-measurement of blood pressure.

PMID- 2901584
TI  - Sleeping position, cot mattresses, and cot deaths.

PMID- 2901586
TI  - Continuous tissue plasminogen activator infusion to maintain patency of
      recurrently narrowing coronary artery.

PMID- 2901587
TI  - Aspirin, infarction, and platelet/vessel-wall interactions.

PMID- 2901588
TI  - Is absence of atheroma in Down syndrome due to decreased homocysteine levels?

PMID- 2901589
TI  - Profound fetal thrombocytopenia in Rhesus disease: serious hazard at
      intravascular transfusion.

PMID- 2901591
TI  - Respiratory tract chlamydial infection and importation of psittacine birds.

PMID- 2901590
TI  - Simple clinical signs for diagnosis of acute lower respiratory infections.

PMID- 2901593
TI  - The enemy system.

PMID- 2901592
TI  - Health priorities and the developing world.

PMID- 2901594
TI  - Vitamins, minerals, and IQ.

PMID- 2901595
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis where single affected child has died.

PMID- 2901596
TI  - Amyloid precursor protein in senile plaques of Alzheimer disease.

PMID- 2901597
TI  - Herpesviruses as co-factors in AIDS.

PMID- 2901598
TI  - False-positive Paul-Bunnell test in HIV seroconversion.

PMID- 2901599
TI  - Cimetidine (but not ranitidine or famotidine) affects histamine determination.

PMID- 2901600
TI  - CMV, HIV, and the pancreas.

PMID- 2901601
TI  - Another strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic in London.

PMID- 2901602
TI  - High-dose adrenaline and cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2901603
TI  - Spaced administration of antibiotic combinations to eliminate pseudomonas from
      sputum in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2901604
TI  - Patch testing and menstruation.

PMID- 2901605
TI  - Serological differences between verocytotoxin 2 and shiga-like toxin II.

PMID- 2901606
TI  - Rapid spontaneous postpartum clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in
      African women.

PMID- 2901607
TI  - Anonymous testing for HIV.

PMID- 2901608
TI  - UK coordinated AIDS research.

PMID- 2901609
TI  - Circadian variation of total ischaemic burden and its alteration with anti
      anginal agents.
AB  - 6264 hours of ambulatory ST segment monitoring of 150 unselected patients with
      proven coronary artery disease, who were off all routine anti-anginal treatments,
      showed 598 ischaemic episodes, of which 446 (75%) were silent (symptom-free).
      Most (68%) ischaemic episodes occurred between 0730 and 1930, with a peak in the
      morning and a lesser peak in the evening. Two subgroups were studied further in
      double-blind controlled trials: 33 patients had a total of 1313 hours of ST
      segment monitoring while treated with nifedipine; and 41 patients a total of 1581
      hours while treated with atenolol. Nifedipine did not alter the circadian pattern
      of ischaemic episodes; atenolol abolished the morning peak, and the peak
      incidence of ischaemia then occurred in the evening. Circadian patterns for total
      duration of ischaemic episodes corresponded closely to those of episodes of
      ischaemia, and were similarly altered by treatment. The circadian pattern of
      silent ischaemic episodes and their total duration were very similar to those of
      total ischaemia for the group as a whole and the different subgroups. This
      circadian distribution of ischaemic episodes and the observed changes with
      treatment resemble the reported circadian variation of acute myocardial
      infarction and sudden death.

PMID- 2901610
TI  - Controlled clinical trial of complete open surgical drainage and of prednisolone
      in treatment of tuberculous pericardial effusion in Transkei.
AB  - 240 patients with active tuberculous pericardial effusion received a 4-drug daily
      antituberculosis regimen for 6 months and have been studied for 24 months or
      longer. Those willing were randomly allocated to open pericardial biopsy and
      complete drainage of pericardial fluid on admission or percutaneous
      pericardiocentesis as required. All patients were randomly allocated to
      prednisolone or matching placebo for the first 11 weeks, on a double-blind basis.
      Complete open drainage on admission abolished the need for pericardiocentesis (p
      less than 0.01) but did not influence the need for pericardiectomy for subsequent
      constriction or the risk of death. Among patients who did not have open drainage
      on admission, 2 (3%) of 76 given prednisolone compared with 10 (14%) of 74 given
      placebo died of pericarditis (p less than 0.05), 6 (8%) and 9 (12%) respectively
      required pericardiectomy, 7 (9%) and 17 (23%) repeat pericardiocentesis (p less
      than 0.05), and 3 (4%) and 7 (9%) open surgical drainage. By 24 months, apart
      from the 16 who died from pericarditis, all but 3 patients (2%) had a favourable
      status.

PMID- 2901612
TI  - Prevention of disuse muscle atrophy by means of electrical stimulation:
      maintenance of protein synthesis.
AB  - The effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation in preventing immobilisation
      induced muscle atrophy was determined from measurements of quadriceps mass,
      composition, and rate of protein synthesis in seven men who had a fracture of one
      tibia immobilised in a long-leg cast for 6 weeks. These features were compared
      with those of fourteen men with similar injuries who did not use an electrical
      stimulator. In men who did not use the stimulator, quadriceps cross-sectional
      area (CSA) at midthigh, measured by ultrasonography, fell by a mean (SD) 17 (10)%
      and the rate of muscle protein synthesis was 23 (10)% lower on the immobilised
      than on the control side (0.037 [0.016] vs 0.048 [0.02]%/h). In contrast, in
      those who used the stimulator, quadriceps CSA (55.5 [7.3]) cm2 control leg, 50.9
      [9.0] cm2 immobilised leg) and the rate of muscle protein synthesis (0.053
      [0.009] %/h control leg, 0.059 [0.012] %/h immobilised leg) were similar on the
      two sides. The results suggest that brief periods of low-voltage percutaneous
      electrical stimulation will reduce quadriceps atrophy secondary to knee
      immobilisation, and that the mechanism includes prevention of the fall in muscle
      protein synthesis that usually occurs on immobilisation.

PMID- 2901611
TI  - Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus.
AB  - In a preliminary study, carriers of hepatitis B virus were treated with a
      preparation of the plant Phyllanthus amarus for 30 days. 22 of 37 (59%) treated
      patients had lost hepatitis B surface antigen when tested 15-20 days after the
      end of the treatment compared with only 1 of 23 (4%) placebo-treated controls.
      Some subjects have been followed for up to 9 months. In no case has the surface
      antigen returned. Clinical observation revealed few or no toxic effects. The
      encouraging results of this preliminary study recommend continued evaluation of
      this plant and the active principles isolated from it.

PMID- 2901614
TI  - Selective fetal reduction.

PMID- 2901613
TI  - Cotside measurement of cerebral blood flow in ill newborn infants by near
      infrared spectroscopy.
AB  - A new method of quantifying cerebral blood flow which allows repeated cotside
      measurements is described. 31 observations were made on nine ill, mostly very
      preterm, infants. Cerebral blood flow was usually about 18 ml.100 g-1.min-1, but
      ranged from 7 ml.100g-1.min-1 (after the administration of indomethacin to a very
      preterm infant) to 33 ml.100 g-1.min-1 in a birth-asphyxiated post-term infant.

PMID- 2901615
TI  - Diuretics or paracentesis for ascites?

PMID- 2901616
TI  - Measuring stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2901617
TI  - A diamond jubilee.

PMID- 2901618
TI  - Genetics of pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2901621
TI  - Nuclear winter.

PMID- 2901622
TI  - A threat to medicine's professional mandate.

PMID- 2901620
TI  - Virucidal treatment of clotting factor concentrates.

PMID- 2901623
TI  - Value of prolonged breastfeeding.

PMID- 2901619
TI  - Association of sporadic listeriosis with consumption of uncooked hot dogs and
      undercooked chicken.
AB  - In 1986-87 the Centers for Disease Control conducted an active population-based
      survey of Listeria monocytogenes infections in six regions of the United States.
      Listeriosis was reported in 154 patients: one-third of cases were perinatal and
      the remaining two-thirds occurred in the elderly and immunosuppressed. 28% of
      cases were fatal. 82 cases and 239 controls matched for age and underlying
      disease were enrolled in a study of risk factors for listeriosis. Cases were
      significantly more likely than controls to have eaten uncooked hot dogs or
      undercooked chicken, with 20% of the overall risk of listeriosis attributable to
      consumption of these foods. No other risk factors were identified.

PMID- 2901624
TI  - Amenorrhoea/depression in famine.

PMID- 2901625
TI  - Acetylcholine sweatspot test.

PMID- 2901626
TI  - Pregnancy after transfer of sperm under zona.

PMID- 2901627
TI  - Syncope and vomiting.

PMID- 2901628
TI  - Two rabies deaths after corneal grafts from one donor.

PMID- 2901629
TI  - Malaria chemoprophylaxis and traveller's weight.

PMID- 2901630
TI  - Do health workers recognise tuberculosis in Burkina Faso?

PMID- 2901631
TI  - Clinical signs of pneumonia in children.

PMID- 2901632
TI  - Glucose transporter gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2901633
TI  - Resolution, by DNA probes, of uncertain diagnosis of inheritance of
      hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2901634
TI  - Timing of seroconversion in Legionnaires' disease.

PMID- 2901635
TI  - Screening for toxoplasma in pregnancy.

PMID- 2901636
TI  - Cyanide and fire victims.

PMID- 2901637
TI  - Infant feeding and childhood cancer.

PMID- 2901639
TI  - Thromboembolism and air travel.

PMID- 2901638
TI  - Hypovitaminosis A and acne.

PMID- 2901640
TI  - Health care inequity in USA.

PMID- 2901641
TI  - Right to die.

PMID- 2901642
TI  - Time-expired drugs.

PMID- 2901643
TI  - Medical defence premiums.

PMID- 2901644
TI  - Consent to AIDS testing.

PMID- 2901645
TI  - Intranasal glucagon for hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 2901646
TI  - Almitrine and peripheral nerve function.

PMID- 2901647
TI  - Staphylococcal peritonitis following selective decontamination of digestive
      tract.

PMID- 2901648
TI  - Clinical cure of haemophilia A by liver transplantation.

PMID- 2901649
TI  - Multiple sclerosis: a T-cell disease?

PMID- 2901650
TI  - Neonatal necropsy in developing countries.

PMID- 2901651
TI  - Dialysis amyloidosis with massive popliteal deposition of beta 2-microglobulin
      amyloid.

PMID- 2901652
TI  - Risk of relapse upon withdrawal of cyclosporin therapy for psoriasis.

PMID- 2901653
TI  - Dietary modification as cause of anticoagulation instability.

PMID- 2901654
TI  - Human herpesvirus 6 and the Henle-Koch postulates.

PMID- 2901655
TI  - Malignant thyroid tumours following childhood cancer.

PMID- 2901656
TI  - Routine one-stage ultrasound screening in pregnancy.

PMID- 2901657
TI  - Williams syndrome and renal failure.

PMID- 2901658
TI  - The extension of AIDS.

PMID- 2901659
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic agonists stimulate neonatal glucose production less than beta
      adrenergic agonists in the lamb.
AB  - Epinephrine, a catecholamine with both alpha (alpha)- and beta (beta)-adrenergic
      agonist effects, may produce clinical hyperglycemia in the adult by increasing
      glucose production and decreasing glucose clearance. However, the relative
      contribution of alpha v beta adrenergic agonists in control of neonatal glucose
      kinetics has not been defined. Twenty-three term lambs (weighing 4.4 +/- 0.2 kg,
      mean +/- SEM, and aged 3.8 +/- 0.4 days) were infused with 0.9% NaCl at 0.6 mL.kg
      1 min-1 + 100 microCi/kg D[6-3H]-glucose by prime plus constant infusion for 210
      minutes. Ra (rate of production) was measured during infusion of variable doses
      of epinephrine with or without variable doses of propranolol, a competitive beta
      adrenergic antagonist to isolate the alpha-adrenergic agonist effects. All basal
      kinetic data were comparable. Under conditions of epinephrine infusion, the
      plasma glucose concentration increased from 95 +/- 10 mg/dL to 129 +/- 18 mg/dL
      (50 ng.kg-1 min-1 epinephrine; P less than .0001) and from 85 +/- 6 mg/dL to 253
      +/- 8 mg/dL (500 ng.kg-1 min-1 epinephrine; P less than .00001) compared with
      controls (96 +/- 7 mg/dL to 95 +/- 8 mg/dL). When epinephrine and propranolol
      were infused simultaneously, plasma glucose concentration increased from 95 +/-
      10 mg/dL to 122 +/- 12 mg/dL (50 ng.kg-1 min-1 epinephrine + 1.1 micrograms.kg-1
      min-1; P less than .0001) and from 78 +/- 9 mg/dL to 134 +/- 12 mg/dL (500 ng.kg
      1 min-1 epinephrine + 11 micrograms.kg-1 min-1; P less than .0001) compared with
      controls (no epinephrine, no propranolol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901660
TI  - Functional and structural homology among regulatory cistrons of pili-adhesin
      determinants in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Expression of the digalactoside-binding Pap pili involves two trans-acting
      regulatory genes, papB and papI. Using pap-lac operon fusions and DNA
      hybridization probes derived from pap DNA we tested whether or not other pili
      adhesin determinants from different Escherichia coli strains encode homologs to
      the pap regulatory genes. Digalactoside-specific clones of serotypes F72 and F11
      complemented papB and papI mutants of the Pap (serotype F13) clone and DNA
      hybridization analysis showed that the clones are homologous in the DNA sequences
      encoding the two regulatory genes. Similar results were obtained with an S-pili
      determinant which mediates binding to sialic acid-containing receptors and the
      findings suggest that the regulatory regions may be more conserved than other
      genes in different pili-adhesin gene clusters. Determinants for type 1-pili
      (mannose-specific binding) and for pili associated with enterotoxigenic E. coli
      (K88, K99, CFAI, CFAII) did not appear to contain DNA sequences homologous to
      papB or papI. E. coli strain J96, which was the origin of the pap DNA, was found
      to carry two additional copies of papB-papI homologous sequences in the
      chromosome. In strains expressing more than one kind of pili the trans-active
      gene products thereby may allow for regulatory interaction between separate pili
      adhesin gene systems.

PMID- 2901661
TI  - Restriction fragment polymorphism in the sex-determining region of the Y
      chromosomal DNA of European wild mice.
AB  - Using 32P-labeled probe consisting mainly of (GATA)n we have shown that a male
      specific Alu1 DNA blot pattern which defines the Y chromosome sex-determining
      locus in inbred mice is highly polymorphic in wild mice, indicating substantial
      sequence evolution in this region under field conditions. In all cases examined
      by in situ hybridization, the region concerned is paracentromeric. In contrast,
      the blot pattern of another probe (M 34) which detects repeated sequences
      specific to the mouse Y chromosome but outside the sex-determining locus, remains
      constant between different isolates.

PMID- 2901662
TI  - Excitatory amino acid receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes: agonist
      pharmacology.
AB  - The properties of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors transplanted into Xenopus
      oocytes were investigated by voltage clamp 48 hr to 5 days after oocytes had been
      injected with mRNA isolated from rat brain. The application of EAA agonists to
      mRNA-injected cells, but not to uninjected or water-injected cells, produced
      several different inward currents, two of which are characteristic of neuronal
      EAA receptors. Currents with properties expected from activation of N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptors were evoked by L-glutamate (EC50 = 2.3 microM), D
      aspartate (10 microM), L-aspartate (13 microM), NMDA (31 microM), and ibotenate
      (35 microM). Inward currents activated by these agonists were blocked by Mg2+ in
      a voltage-dependent manner and antagonized by 10-50 microM D-2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV). The D-APV block was not voltage dependent. A
      second type of inward current was produced by kainate, domoate, (RS)-alpha-amino
      3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA), and L-glutamate. This smooth
      inward current was insensitive to Mg2+ and D-APV. L-Glutamate and domoate were
      equipotent for activating this current (EC50 = 14 microM) whereas kainate was
      less potent (98 microM). The kainate potency was somewhat voltage dependent,
      inasmuch as the EC50 was 33% lower when measured at +38 mV than when measured at 
      60 mV in the same cells. Quisqualate (50 microM) and AMPA (50 microM) drastically
      reduced the kainate current, suggesting these agonists also interact with this
      receptor. Some mRNA preparations encoded only receptors for the kainate response,
      which argues for distinct NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. A third type of inward
      current was produced by quisqualate. This current, consisting of oscillating and
      smooth components, was carried by chloride and not evoked by AMPA, suggesting it
      is not likely caused by activation of the conventional neuronal quisqualate
      receptor. The utility of the oocyte preparation for quantitative pharmacological
      studies of EAA receptors is discussed.

PMID- 2901663
TI  - Opiate binding in calf thalamic membranes: a selective mu 1 binding assay.
AB  - In the present study, we examined the binding of [3H][D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin ([
      3H]DADL) to bovine thalamic membranes. Scatchard plots were linear with a KD of
      0.7 nM. However, competition experiments suggested binding heterogeneity.
      Approximately 20% of [3H]DADL binding was easily inhibited by [D-Pen2,D
      Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) and was insensitive to morphine, implying labeling of
      delta receptors. The remaining 80% of binding was quite sensitive to both
      morphine and [D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAGO) and insensitive to DPDPE,
      consistent with a mu receptor. However, this binding did not correspond to
      classical morphine-selective mu receptors. Unlike morphine-selective receptors,
      this binding had similar affinities for morphine, DAGO, DADL and [D
      Ser2,Leu5]enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET). In addition, it was far more sensitive to
      naloxonazine's wash-resistant inhibition and magnesium-induced enhancement of
      binding than either the morphine-selective (mu 2) or delta sites. [3H]DSLET
      binding yielded results very similar to those using [3H]DADL. In conclusion,
      approximately 80% of [3H]DADL binding in thalamus corresponds to a mu receptor
      distinct from the classical morphine-selective site. Based upon the results of
      our studies, we feel that this binding represents mu 1 receptors. DPDPE (10 nM)
      can effectively inhibit the binding of [3H]DADL to delta receptors, leaving a
      relatively homogeneous labeling of mu 1 sites. The availability of this selective
      binding assay should facilitate additional studies of mu 1 receptors.

PMID- 2901664
TI  - Evidence for alpha 1-adrenergic receptor internalization in DDT1 MF-2 cells
      following exposure to agonists plus protein kinase C activators.
AB  - Agonist-induced sequestration and internalization of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors
      were examined in DDT1 MF-2 cells. Pretreatment of cells with epinephrine or
      norepinephrine alone, but not with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate alone,
      resulted in a marked decrease in [3H]prazosin binding to intact cells at 4
      degrees. These pretreatments resulted in little or no change in the fraction of
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptors exhibiting limited accessibility to the hydrophilic
      competing ligand epinephrine in short-time competition binding assays with intact
      cells and little or no change in the subcellular distribution of alpha 1
      adrenergic receptors between the plasma membrane and light vesicle compartments
      as assessed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation assays. Pretreatment with
      a combination of agonist plus phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate resulted in a
      greater decrease in [3H]prazosin binding at 4 degrees than was observed when
      cells were pretreated with agonist alone, induced the conversion of about half of
      cell surface alpha 1-adrenergic receptors to a form exhibiting limited
      accessibility to epinephrine in short-time assays, and induced a shift of about
      half of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors from the plasma membrane fraction to a light
      vesicle fraction on sucrose density gradients. A similar shift of alpha 1
      adrenergic receptors was observed on sucrose density gradients after exposure to
      agonist plus either mezerein or beta-phorbol didecanoate, but not with agonist
      plus alpha-phorbol didecanoate, indicating involvement of protein kinase C. These
      results suggest that pretreatment with agonist alone induces the sequestration of
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptors into a compartment that is inaccessible to
      [3H]prazosin at 4 degrees but that is accessible to hydrophilic ligands at 37
      degrees and remains associated with the plasma membrane. In contrast, alpha 1
      adrenergic receptors are apparently internalized from the plasma membrane to a
      separate compartment, presumably an intracellular vesicle, when cells are
      pretreated simultaneously with a combination of agonist plus a protein kinase C
      activator.

PMID- 2901665
TI  - The potency and kinetics of the beta-adrenergic receptors on human neutrophils.
AB  - The binding to catecholamines to the beta-adrenergic receptors on human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes rapidly inhibits cell responses stimulated by
      chemoattractant ligands. As a first step in understanding the mechanism of the
      inhibition, we investigated the number of beta-receptors required to optimally
      block superoxide anion production, a response that is measured kinetically by a
      convenient spectrophotometric assay for the reduction of cytochrome c. We found
      that after blockade of 50-60% of the beta-adrenergic receptors with an
      irreversible antagonist, maximal inhibition of the response was still elicited by
      isoproterenol (ISO). Next we investigated the kinetics with which superoxide
      generation is inhibited. We found that half-maximal inhibition was observed at 3
      x 10(-8) M ISO, which approximates the Kd because many of the receptors are
      involved. Cell responsiveness recovered when propranolol was added between the
      time of ISO and chemoattractant addition. From the recovery we estimated that the
      half-time for ISO dissociation is less than 10 sec. Finally, we examined the rate
      at which cell responses decay following ISO administration after chemoattractant.
      Optimal rates of inhibition, turning off oxidant production in seconds, occur at
      ISO concentrations greater than or equal to 3 x 10(-7) M. Taken together, these
      observations are consistent with an association rate constant for ISO estimated
      to be greater than or equal to 10(8) M-1min-1 and a dissociation rate constant
      greater than or equal to 4 min-1. These results are discussed in terms of the
      available data concerning the binding of agonists to beta-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2901666
TI  - Effect of tumor necrosis factor on acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase gene expression
      and preadipocyte differentiation.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is secreted by macrophages in response to various
      stimuli and blocks lipid accumulation during the conversion of preadipocytes to
      adipocytes in culture. In the present report, we investigate the effect of
      recombinant TNF on the expression of acetyl-coenzyme-A (CoA) carboxylase, the
      rate-limiting enzyme for long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. We used a
      preadipocyte cell line, 30A-5, derived from 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts after
      treatment with 5-azacytidine. Treatment of the preadipocyte cell line with
      dexamethasone and insulin triggers the conversion of these cells to mature
      adipocytes as evidenced by the accumulation of lipid. The mRNA and enzyme levels
      of acetyl-CoA carboxylase as well as the enzyme activity increase markedly during
      the conversion process. TNF prevents the conversion of preadipocytes to
      adipocytes with a concomitant inhibition in the accumulation of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase mRNA and decrease in enzyme activity. This observed reduction in
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA levels is reversible upon removal of TNF. Acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase mRNA levels and enzyme activity also decrease when fully
      differentiated adipocytes are exposed to TNF but to a much lesser extent. These
      results suggest that TNF affects de novo lipid synthesis in part by altering the
      mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2901667
TI  - Regulation of two c-erbA messenger ribonucleic acids in rat GH3 cells by thyroid
      hormone.
AB  - There is recent evidence suggesting that c-erbA is the thyroid hormone nuclear
      receptor, and that there may be multiple c-erbA genes. We investigated the effect
      of T3 on two c-erbA mRNAs present in GH3 cells. A partial cDNA was isolated from
      rat GH3 cells which is nearly identical (99.6% nucleotide identity) to rat c-erbA
      alpha, except for a unique 3'-region corresponding to the carboxyl terminal
      region of the predicted protein sequence. This cDNA (c-erbA alpha-2), like rat c
      erbA alpha, hybridizes to a 2.6 kilobase (kb) mRNA which is distinct from a 6.2
      kb species that hybridizes to c-erbA beta. Since nuclear T3-binding is down
      regulated by T3, we hypothesized that one or both c-erbA mRNAs might be regulated
      by T3. GH3 cells were treated with 10 nM T3 for up to 24 h, a manipulation known
      to decrease nuclear T3 binding by approximately 2-fold in GH cells. Both the 6.2
      kb and 2.6 kb mRNA species decreased to nearly 50% of control values at 24 h.
      These data indicate that these two c-erbA mRNAs are regulated by T3 and suggest
      that the T3 effect on T3 binding-activity in GH cells may be mediated, in part,
      by down-regulation of c-erbA mRNA levels.

PMID- 2901668
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin for the prevention of infection in chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia. A randomized, controlled clinical trial.
AB  - In a double-blind study, we randomly assigned 84 patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia who were judged to be at increased risk of bacterial
      infection to receive intravenous immunoglobulin G (400 mg per kilogram of body
      weight) or a placebo every three weeks for one year. Eligible patients had
      hypogammaglobulinemia, a history of infection, or both. The patients receiving
      immunoglobulin had significantly fewer bacterial infections during the study
      period than those receiving placebo (23 vs. 42; P = 0.01). This reduction was
      most striking in the patients who completed a full year of treatment (14 vs. 36;
      P = 0.001). The period from study entry to the first serious bacterial infection
      was significantly longer in the patients receiving immunoglobulin (P = 0.026).
      There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of
      nonbacterial infection. Immunoglobulin therapy was tolerated well; there were no
      serious adverse reactions, and the incidence of minor reactions was low. We
      conclude that selected patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who are at risk
      of bacterial infection can be substantially protected from this complication by
      the regular intravenous administration of immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2901669
TI  - Membrane potential has no direct role in evoking neurotransmitter release.
AB  - Neurons communicate by secreting a transmitter that excites or inhibits other
      neurons at synapses. The role of presynaptic membrane potential in triggering
      transmitter release is still controversial. In one view, presynaptic action
      potentials trigger the release by the entry of calcium ions into presynaptic
      terminals through voltage-dependent calcium channels. Calcium acts at high local
      concentrations at release sites near channel mouths to cause neurosecretion. An
      opposing view is that, in addition to elevating presynaptic calcium, presynaptic
      potential stimulates transmitter release by a distinct direct action. The
      relative importance of depolarization and calcium entry in neurosecretion cannot
      be determined because the two events are tightly linked. To delineate the roles
      of presynaptic potential and calcium entry in transmitter release, we have used
      nitr-5, a photolabile calcium chelator, and a voltage-clamp technique to control
      intracellular calcium and membrane potential independently at a synapse formed
      between cell bodies of cultured neurons of the fresh water snail Helisoma
      trivolvis. We found transmitter release occurred when presynaptic calcium levels
      were elevated to concentrations of a few micromolar, and that presynaptic voltage
      had no direct effect on neurosecretion.

PMID- 2901670
TI  - Electrogenic glutamate uptake in glial cells is activated by intracellular
      potassium.
AB  - Uptake of glutamate into glial cells in the CNS maintains the extracellular
      glutamate concentration below neurotoxic levels and helps terminate its action as
      a neurotransmitter. The co-transport of two sodium ions on the glutamate carrier
      is thought to provide the energy needed to transport glutamate into cells. We
      have shown recently that glutamate uptake can be detected electrically because
      the excess of Na+ ions transported with each glutamate anion results in a net
      current flow into the cell. We took advantage of the control of the environment,
      both inside and outside the cell, provided by whole-cell patch-clamping and now
      report that glutamate uptake is activated by intracellular potassium and
      inhibited by extracellular potassium. Our results indicate that one K+ ion is
      transported out of the cell each time a glutamate anion and three Na+ ions are
      transported in. A carrier with this stoichiometry can accumulate glutamate
      against a much greater concentration gradient than a carrier co-transporting one
      glutamate anion and two Na+ ions. Pathological rises in extracellular potassium
      concentration will inhibit glutamate uptake by depolarizing glial cells and by
      preventing the loss of K+ from the glutamate carrier. This will facilitate a rise
      in the extracellular glutamate concentration to neurotoxic levels and contribute
      to the neuronal death occurring in brain anoxia and ischaemia.

PMID- 2901671
TI  - Effects of zolantidine a brain-penetrating H2-receptor antagonist, on naloxone
      sensitive and naloxone-resistant analgesia.
AB  - The action of zolantidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist which penetrates
      the brain, was characterized on the analgesia elicited by brief continuous
      footshock of 3 intensities. Zolantidine inhibited the analgesia elicited by
      exposure to 3.5 mA for 3 min, with maximum inhibition observed 30 min after a
      dose of 5 mg/kg. This inhibition was not dose-related, possibly due to inhibition
      of the metabolism of histamine in brain by this drug at larger doses. While
      zolantidine alone, or in combination with naloxone, attenuated this analgesic
      response, naloxone alone had no such effect, further supporting the non-opiate
      nature of this response. Conversely, naloxone, but not zolantidine, strongly
      inhibited the analgesia elicited by 2.0 mA for 3 min, confirming the apparent
      opiate nature of this analgesic mechanism. Although a combination of zolantidine
      and naloxone still significantly attenuated this response, a tendency toward
      reversal of the antagonism by naloxone was observed with this combination of
      drugs, consistent with previous findings. Furthermore, the analgesia elicited by
      2.5 mA for 3 min was resistant to both naloxone and zolantidine, alone or in
      combination. These results further strengthen the hypothesis that histamine and
      H2-receptors in brain are important mediators of endogenous antinociception and
      also support the possible existence of an additional non-opiate, non-H2-analgesic
      mechanism.

PMID- 2901672
TI  - Chronic benzodiazepine treatment increases the effects of the inverse agonist
      FG7142.
AB  - A schedule of treatment with the benzodiazepine, flurazepam, in mice for 7 days
      caused a significant enhancement of the convulsive effects of the partial inverse
      agonist FG7142. Full convulsions were seen with FG7142 after the chronic
      administration of flurazepam, although this compound does not cause convulsions
      in normal mice of the strain used. The change appeared to be maximal at 24 hr
      after the last dose of flurazepam and lasted for up to a week. The chronic
      treatment with flurazepam caused tolerance to the effects of flurazepam, but the
      tolerance was of shorter duration than the increase in the effects of FG7142.
      When the benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788, was given with the flurazepam,
      the incidence of convulsions induced by FG7142 was no longer significant.
      Repeated administration of midazolam also slightly increased the effects of
      FG7142. Single doses of flurazepam or midazolam did not significantly alter the
      effects of FG7142, although some convulsions were seen.

PMID- 2901673
TI  - Concurrent monitoring of central carbamazepine and transmitter amine metabolism
      and motor activity in individual unrestrained rats using repetitive withdrawal of
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - A method for repeated withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cisterna
      magna was used in a pharmacokinetic and behavioural study of conscious, freely
      moving rats, given the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (35 mg/kg i.p.).
      Pharmacokinetic constants (i.e. time to peak concentration, peak concentration,
      area under the curve and t 1/2) for the drug and its primary metabolite
      carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and also concentrations of acidic metabolites of 5
      hydroxytryptamine and dopamine were obtained for the CSF of individual rats. A
      pharmacodynamic constant, the effective concentration of drug in CSF for 50%
      inhibition of motor activity was also determined for each animal. The above data
      provides good indices of the corresponding values for carbamazepine and its
      metabolite in brain insofar as a separate experiment showed good correlations
      between CSF and brain for concentrations of both the drug and its metabolite.
      Carbamazepine appeared to be largely responsible for the depression of motor
      activity as the metabolite, at the levels attained, seemed to have little effect.
      The changes in motor activity were not associated with altered concentrations of
      the metabolites of 5-hydroxytryptamine or dopamine in the CSF. While the
      investigation did not reveal major advantages in monitoring the drug under study
      in CSF rather than in serum it illustrates the potential of the CSF method as a
      simple way to obtain neuropharmacokinetic and neuropharmacodynamic profiles of
      the action of drugs in individual rats.

PMID- 2901674
TI  - Evidence for a peripheral action of thyrotropin releasing hormone on
      gastrointestinal transit in mice.
AB  - The effect of the two analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), namely MK
      771 and DN-1417, administered peripherally, on the actions of morphine and
      loperamide on gastrointestinal transit, was investigated in mice. The actions of
      naltrexone and methyl naltrexone on these effects were also determined in order
      to assess the central or peripheral mechanism of action. The administration of
      morphine sulfate (5 mg/kg) inhibited gastrointestinal transit, as measured by the
      charcoal meal test. The effect of morphine was potentiated by MK-771 and DN-1417
      at the 10 mg/kg dose. The peripheral administration of DN-1417 inhibited
      gastrointestinal transit but MK-771 had no effect. Naltrexone antagonized the
      potentiating effect of the peptides on the effect of morphine on gastrointestinal
      transit. Methyl naltrexone, which crosses the blood-brain barrier with
      difficulty, also antagonized the potentiating effect of the peptides on the
      action of morphine on gastrointestinal transit. A subthreshold dose (0.5 mg/kg)
      of loperamide, a peripherally acting opiate, which had no effect on
      gastrointestinal transit by itself, when combined with MK-771 or DN-1417
      significantly inhibited gastrointestinal transit. The administration of methyl
      naltrexone had little effect on loperamide-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal
      transit but antagonized the potentiating effect of MK-771 and DN-1417. It is
      concluded that the effects of analogs of thyrotropin releasing hormone on
      gastrointestinal transit involve peripheral sites of action, the effect of DN
      1417 was not antagonized by naloxone and that the inhibitory effect of DN-1417 on
      gastrointestinal transit is not mediated by opiate receptors.

PMID- 2901675
TI  - Stimulation of D-1 dopamine receptors facilitates D-2 dopamine receptor recovery
      after irreversible receptor blockade.
AB  - The hypothesis that stimulation of the D-1 dopamine receptor subtype affects the
      recovery of the D-2 subtype after alkylation by EEDQ was investigated. Animals
      were pretreated with either SCH23390, to protect D-1 receptors, or saline, before
      administration of EEDQ. After EEDQ one group of saline pretreated animals
      received 12 hourly injections of the D-1 agonist SKF38393. Animals were
      sacrificed at 6, 24 and 48 hours after EEDQ and Kd and Bmax of striatal D-1 and D
      2 receptors measured. The concentration of D-2 receptors in the groups in which D
      1 receptors had been protected by SCH23390 or stimulated by SKF38393 were
      significantly greater than that of the EEDQ alone group.

PMID- 2901676
TI  - Epileptiform activity induced by magnesium-free solution in slices of rat
      amygdala: antagonism by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.
AB  - The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, D-2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate (D-APV) and phencyclidine (PCP), were studied in vitro on
      epileptiform activity induced in magnesium-free solution in neurons of the
      basolateral amygdala of the rat, using intracellular recording techniques. Twenty
      to 30 min after switching to magnesium-free medium, spontaneous interictal-like
      events were observed in 33 out of 37 amygdala slices. The spontaneous interictal
      like events consisted of an initial burst followed by a number of
      afterdischarges. Superfusion with D-APV, a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist,
      reversibly reduced the duration of the events was also reduced. The IC50,
      estimated from the graph of the concentration-response relationship, was
      approximately 10 microM which is close to the IC50 for the binding of D-AVP to
      the NMDA receptor in other regions of the brain. The effect of phencyclidine, a
      noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, was similar to that of D-APV. These
      results suggest that activation of NMDA receptors plays an intrinsic role in the
      induction or propagation of epileptiform activity seen in magnesium-free solution
      in the neurons of the amygdala.

PMID- 2901678
TI  - Learning impairment in rats by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.
AB  - 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV, icv) phencyclidine (PCP, ip) and scopolamine
      (sc) dose-dependently disrupted short term working memory in radial maze. These
      drugs injected before, but not after training attenuated retention of long term
      memory in passive avoidance task. A relation of PCP action to its antagonism at
      NMDA receptors may be suggested.

PMID- 2901677
TI  - The importance of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the hypermotility response
      produced by the administration of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid into the nucleus
      accumbens.
AB  - The bilateral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMA) into the nucleus
      accumbens of rats has been shown to stimulate locomotor activity. This response
      is antagonized by drugs that interfere with dopaminergic neurotransmission, such
      as reserpine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) and haloperidol, suggesting that NMA
      may exert its effects by stimulating the release of dopamine (DA) from nerve
      terminals. To test this hypothesis, the ability of NMA to release endogenous DA
      from slices of nucleus accumbens, which were incubated in magnesium-free medium
      was evaluated. It was found that NMA, at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM, did not
      stimulate the release of endogenous DA from slices in magnesium-free normal
      medium, medium containing pargyline (to inhibit monoamine oxidase) or medium
      containing methylphenidate (to block the reuptake of released DA). In contrast,
      both amphetamine (10(-5) M) and a high potassium (20 and 40 mM) stimulated the
      release of endogenous dopamine. The lack of effect of NMA on the release of
      endogenous DA was supported by in vivo studies which showed that the injection of
      NMA into the nucleus accumbens, in a dose that stimulated locomotor activity, did
      not increase the turnover of dopamine as reflected by an increase in the
      concentration of DOPAC. In contrast, the direct administration of haloperidol (13
      nmol) into the nucleus accumbens produced a marked increase in the concentration
      of DOPAC. To determine the role of activation of DA receptors in the
      hypermotility response to NMA, NMA was administered together with subthreshold
      doses of either DA or apomorphine into the nucleus accumbens of rats pretreated
      with AMPT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901679
TI  - The pharmacology of excitatory transmission in the rat olfactory cortex slice.
AB  - The pharmacology of excitatory transmission in slices of olfactory cortex of the
      rat, perfused with solution containing picrotoxin, has been studied by assessing
      the effects of cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylate, a nonselective antagonist of
      excitatory amino acid receptors, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, a selective
      antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and 2-amino-4
      phosphonobutyrate (APB) and baclofen, which act at APB and GABAB sites,
      respectively, on evoked surface field potentials. Monosynaptic excitatory
      transmission was monitored by measuring the amplitude of the N'a'-wave, evoked on
      stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract, whilst di-/polysynaptic excitatory
      transmission was evaluated by calculating the areas of the potentials evoked on
      direct stimulation of the superficial and deep-lying association fibre systems.
      On the basis of the effects of the drugs in this and earlier studies, it is
      concluded that: (i) transmission at the lateral olfactory tract-pyramidal cell
      synapse is mediated by kainate/quisqualate but not NMDA receptors and is
      regulated by inhibitory APB receptors, located on the tract terminals; (ii) NMDA
      receptors are involved in mediating excitatory transmission at the synapses of
      superficial association fibres with the proximal apical dendrites of pyramidal
      cells with inhibitory APB receptors playing a regulatory role; (iii) transmission
      at synapses of association fibres with basal dendrites of pyramidal cells, is
      mediated in part by NMDA receptors with (presynaptic?) GABAB receptors exerting a
      strong inhibitory influence. These proposed roles of NMDA receptors have been
      confirmed in experiments in which the effects of magnesium ions on field
      potentials evoked in slices perfused in magnesium-free solution were monitored.

PMID- 2901680
TI  - Responses of hippocampal pyramidal cells to putative serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B
      agonists: a comparative study with dorsal raphe neurons.
AB  - In low cerveau isole transected rats, the effects of microiontophoretic
      application of putative serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists on the spontaneous
      firing rate of CA1 pyramidal cells were compared to those of 5-HT. In contrast to
      the large current-dependent suppression of unit activity observed with 5-HT, the
      5-HT1A compounds, ipsapirone, 8-OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin)
      and LY 165163 (p-aminophenylethyl-m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine) and the 5
      HT1B compounds, mCPP (m-chlorophenylpiperazine) and TFMPP
      (trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine), produced only weak inhibition of spontaneous
      firing. Conversely, using identical ejection parameters, ipsapirone and LY 165163
      (previously reported) and 8-OH-DPAT were as effective as 5-HT in inhibiting
      markedly the baseline activity of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons; mCPP and
      TFMPP (previously reported) were only weakly active. In view of the minor
      suppressant effects of the 5-HT1A agonists on the firing of pyramidal cells, a
      modulatory role for these compounds was sought. Excitation of pyrimadal cells,
      induced by microiontophoretic application of glutamate, was attenuated by
      ipsapirone and 8-OH-DPAT; however, when directly compared in the same cells,
      ipsapirone was no more effective than the 5-HT1B agonist, mCPP. In summary, the
      inability of CA1 pyramidal cells to distinguish the actions of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B
      ligands is in sharp contrast to the striking differences observed for these
      compounds with dorsal raphe neurons. Consistent with these findings is the idea
      that 5-HT1A compounds are full agonists on dorsal raphe neurons but only partial
      agonists on pyramidal cells.

PMID- 2901681
TI  - Depletion of monoamine transmitters by tetrabenazine in brain tissue in
      Huntington's disease.
AB  - The neurochemical effect of tetrabenazine was assessed by determining the levels
      of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine and their metabolites in post
      mortem brain from Huntington's disease patients with or without a history of
      tetrabenazine treatment. The tetrabenazine-treated group showed a general
      description of monoamines in all regions studied, the greatest reduction being
      dopamine in the caudate. This provides the basis for the effect of tetrabenzine
      on chorea, while monoamine losses in limbic regions may mediate the production of
      side effects, such as depression.

PMID- 2901682
TI  - Pharmacological characteristics of the postsynaptically mediated contractile
      responses of guinea-pig ileum to long-lasting electrical field stimulation.
AB  - The contractile responses of the longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the isolated
      guinea-pig ileum which were elicited by long-lasting (40 sec train duration)
      electrical field stimulation (0.8 msec, 20 V), applied at a frequency of either 5
      or 30 Hz, comprised an initial phasic component followed by a secondary tonic
      contraction, were studied against the background of postsynaptically-acting
      receptor antagonists. Atropine and apamin reduced both components of the
      responses while prazosin produced no change. Propranolol induced a slight
      reduction, decreasing mainly the responses evoked by stimulation at a frequency
      of 5 Hz. The simultaneous application of cholinoceptor and adrenoceptor blockers
      revealed a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic component of the responses. The
      putative prostaglandin antagonist, SC 19220 was found to reduce mainly the tonic
      component of the non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic contractions evoked by
      stimulation at both frequencies used. These results demonstrated that the two
      component contractile responses of the guinea pig ileum to long-lasting
      electrical stimulation were due to the release of more than one neurotransmitter
      and/or spasmogenic substance. It is concluded that the initial phasic component
      was evoked by acetylcholine and by a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic
      neurotransmitter, while the tonic component was maintained predominantly by
      prostaglandins released during stimulation.

PMID- 2901683
TI  - Changes in neurotransmitter release at a neuromuscular junction of the lobster
      caused by cannabinoids.
AB  - In vitro intracellular recording techniques were used on an excitatory
      neuromuscular junction of a walking-limb stretcher muscle of the lobster in order
      to define the synaptic pharmacology of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11
      hydroxy-THC and cannabidiol. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-THC, in
      relatively small concentrations, increased the amplitude of the excitatory
      junctional potential and the mean quantum content of a muscle fiber, whereas
      larger concentrations produced depression. In contrast, cannabidiol reduced the
      excitatory junctional potential and the mean quantum content. All three
      cannabinoids, however, depressed the amplitude of the spontaneous miniature
      junctional potential. The changes in mean quantum content point to a presynaptic
      site of action for the drug, while the reduction of the amplitude of the
      miniature junctional potential presumes a postsynaptic site. Such findings
      suggest synaptic mechanisms and sites of action for the central excitatory and
      depressant properties of the cannabinoids.

PMID- 2901684
TI  - Dynorphin (1-8) inhibits stimulated release of oxytocin but not vasopressin from
      isolated neurosecretory endings of the rat neurohypophysis.
AB  - The effects of the opioid peptide dynorphin (1-8) on oxytocin and vasopressin
      release at the level of isolated neurosecretory endings were investigated.
      Neurosecretory endings prepared by homogenization and centrifugation were placed
      on a filter and constantly superfused. Stimulated hormone release was evoked by
      potassium depolarization (30 mM) and simultaneous increase of the osmolarity (20
      mosmol/1). Stimulation resulted in two peaks of hormone release--a short first
      peak and a longer second one. Addition of dynorphin (1-8) (10(-7) M) to the
      superfusion buffer significantly diminished the first peak of oxytocin release
      and totally abolished the second. There was no effect of dynorphin (1-8) on
      vasopressin release.

PMID- 2901685
TI  - The ionic mechanisms underlying opioid actions.
AB  - Recent experiments using intracellular recording techniques in vitro have
      revealed that common ionic mechanisms may explain the actions of opioid drugs.
      Evidence is now available from studies on guinea pig gut myenteric and submucous
      plexi, from preparations of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, from brain
      slices including the locus coeruleus and from neuroblastoma/glioma hybrid cells.
      The concensus is that mu opioid receptors activate an outward potassium
      conductance, possibly by way of adenylate cyclase. Activation of the receptor
      increases the membrane permeability to potassium ions and thus produces a
      membrane hyperpolarisation and conductance increase, plus an indirect inhibition
      of calcium entry during the action potential. Kappa opioids appear to inhibit
      directly the entry of calcium through voltage-dependent calcium channels,
      although to date there is no conclusive evidence that this mechanism of action
      can be extended to neurones of the central nervous system. The mechanism of
      action of delta opioids has only recently been investigated and initial evidence
      suggests they increase a potassium conductance similar to that increased by mu
      opioids. However, work in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells has suggested that
      in these cells at least, receptor activation depress a component of voltage
      dependent calcium current. The link between the receptor and the calcium channel
      involves a G-protein, Go.

PMID- 2901686
TI  - Measurement of dynorphins with 3H-etorphine and canine limbic system receptors.
AB  - A canine limbic system preparation was used as the source of opioid peptide
      receptors to screen biologic extracts for the presence of opioid receptoractive
      peptides following their gradient RP-HPLC separation. Eight synthetic dynorphin
      peptides were studied for their ability to displace the commonly-used ligand 3H
      etorphine from the canine limbic system P2 preparation. The peptides studied
      included the dynorphins 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-12, 1-13, 1-17, and dynorphin B.
      Two different types of opioid peptide molecules were utilized for the
      determination of the level of non-specific binding. In one study, methionine
      enkephalin, and in the second study each one of the eight corresponding
      dynorphins, was used for determination of non-specific binding. The experimental
      data indicated that 3H-etorphine bound to the canine limbic system P2 receptors,
      and that those dynorphins displaced effectively the 3H-etorphine from those
      receptors.

PMID- 2901687
TI  - Occurrence of pyroglutamyl peptidase II, a specific TRH degrading enzyme in
      rabbit retinal membranes and in human retinoblastoma cells.
AB  - Pyroglutamyl peptidase II, a highly specific thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
      degrading enzyme is found in highest concentration in brain where it is localized
      to synaptic membranes. Retina contains relatively high concentrations of both
      immunoreactive TRH and TRH receptors. We report that the specific activity of
      pyroglutamyl peptidase II in rabbit retinal membranes exceeds that of all non-CNS
      tissues thus far studied. Nine clonal cell lines were screened for this enzymatic
      activity. The specific activity of pyroglutamyl peptidase II in Y79
      retinoblastoma cells was greater than the highest activity found in other cell
      lines by approximately one order of magnitude. These studies further support a
      functional relationship between pyroglutamyl peptidase II and TRH and identify a
      cell line suitable for studies on the regulation of this enzyme.

PMID- 2901688
TI  - Effects of neuronotrophic factors on adrenal medulla grafts implanted into adult
      rat brains.
AB  - The effects of neuronotrophic factors (NFs) on adult adrenal medulla grafts
      transplanted into the rat caudate nucleus after the destruction of the
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways were investigated. Two months after
      implantation, all of the adrenal medulla grafts treated with NFs, but only 45% of
      the untreated grafts, had survived. The levels of tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      in the caudate nucleus however, were not significantly different between the sham
      operated control and either NF-treated or untreated grafted groups. These results
      indicate that treatment with NFs significantly enhances the survival rate of the
      grafts.

PMID- 2901689
TI  - [3H]D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate as a ligand for N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptors in the mammalian central nervous system.
AB  - Tritiated D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate has been prepared and evaluated as a
      radioligand for investigating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat brain
      membranes. A radioactive impurity, which was more acidic than 2-amino-5
      phosphonopentanoate, interfered with the binding assay for [3H]D-2-amino-5
      phosphonopentanoate in preliminary experiments and developed progressively with
      time of storage of the ligand, was isolated by ion-exchange purification and its
      binding site characterized. Binding of the 3H-impurity was increased in the
      presence of calcium ions, with a maximum effect at a concentration of 1-3 mM, but
      not by sodium, potassium or magnesium ions. It was inhibited by omega-phosphonate
      analogues of D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate and by inorganic phosphate but not
      by L-glutamate or any other omega-carboxylates, omega-sulphinates or omega
      sulphonates tested. The site of binding for the 3H-impurity was not identified,
      but from its pharmacological profile it appears to be unrelated to any excitatory
      amino acid receptor so far described. Binding of purified [3H]D-2-amino-5
      phosphonopentanoate to rat cerebral cortical membranes was saturable (KD, 0.53
      microM; Bmax, 4.3 pmol/mg protein), was maximal at pH 7.3, but was not
      particularly temperature sensitive. Dissociation of the receptor-ligand complex
      was very rapid. Magnesium ions had an inhibitory effect on the binding of [3H]D-2
      amino-5-phosphonopentanoate, but the mechanism of this action was not clear. For
      a wide range of competitive excitatory amino acid antagonists with different
      potencies and receptor specificities there was a direct relationship between
      their Ki values as inhibitors of [3H]D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate binding and
      their KD values for antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate induced depolarizations.
      Thus, [3H]D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate binds to electrophysiological N-methyl
      D-aspartate receptors. Among endogenous agonists, L-glutamate had the highest
      affinity (Ki 0.9 microM) for the [3H]D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate binding
      site; L-homocysteate and S-sulpho-L-cysteine also had high affinity. However,
      quinolinate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate had relatively low affinity. It is
      considered that L-glutamate is the most likely substance to be the transmitter
      activating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors physiologically. A study of the
      regional distribution of [3H]D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate binding sites showed
      the hippocampus and cerebral cortex to have the highest density of these sites,
      while the cerebellum and spinal cord had the lowest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2901690
TI  - [3H]SCH 23390 binding to D1 dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia of the cat
      and primate: delineation of striosomal compartments and pallidal and nigral
      subdivisions.
AB  - The distribution of D1 dopamine receptors was studied autoradiographically in the
      basal ganglia of the cat, monkey and human. These receptor binding sites were
      labeled directly with the D1-selective antagonist [3H]SCH 23390, and ligand
      binding assays were performed concurrently. Serial- or same-action analysis
      permitted comparisons among D1 binding distributions, acetylcholinesterase
      staining and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. In all species studied, the
      dorsal striatum exhibited patches of particularly dense D1 binding in
      correspondence with acetylcholinesterase-poor striosomes. Highly patterned
      binding was present in the ventral striatum. Distinctions in binding density were
      observed among the subdivisions of the globus pallidus and of the substantia
      nigra. The external segment of the pallidum was extremely sparse in D1 binding,
      whereas the internal segment (or entopeduncular nucleus in the cat) was a site of
      high D1 binding density. The binding density was greatest in the core of the
      internal segment, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers surrounded and weakly
      dispersed themselves through this core. Weak binding was present in the ventral
      pallidum. In the substantia nigra, the pars reticulata demonstrated the densest
      binding, particularly medially. The pars compacta showed much sparser binding,
      though some of its tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons had dendrites extending
      ventrally into the zone of dense D1 binding in the pars reticulata. We conclude
      that [3H]SCH 23390-defined D1 binding is compartmentalized in the dorsal striatum
      and that, particularly in relation to the reported distributions of striatal D2
      dopamine receptors, this is likely to be of functional significance in the
      dopaminergic modulation of intrastriatal neurotransmission as well as of afferent
      and efferent neurotransmission. The segregated localizations of D1 receptors in
      the substantia nigra suggest predominant activation of the pars reticulata,
      including ventral and medial regions adjacent to the densocellular zone. Specific
      pathways from compartments in the striatum to subdivisions of the pallidum may
      also be differentially modulated by dopamine acting via distinct receptor
      subtypes. At the level of the pallidum, such D1 modulation appears to be
      restricted to the internal segment, which projects to the thalamus, rather than
      to the external pallidum, which projects to the subthalamic nucleus.

PMID- 2901691
TI  - Structure/activity relations of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands as studied
      by their inhibition of [3H]D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid binding in rat
      brain membranes.
AB  - Structure/activity relations of agonists and antagonists for the N-methyl-D
      aspartate receptor have been investigated by measuring the ability of a large
      range of substances to inhibit binding of [3H]2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate to
      rat brain membranes. A major difference between optimum structures for agonist
      and antagonist activity lay in the differential effectiveness of sulphonic and
      phosphonic acid groups as the omega-acidic terminal in these two types of
      compound. The sulphonic acid moiety was an effective omega-acidic terminal in
      short chain agonists, but not in longer chain antagonists, while the phosphonic
      acid group was the most effective omega-acidic terminal in longer chain
      antagonists, but was only very weakly active in short chain agonists. It is
      proposed that the binding site of the omega-acidic terminal of antagonists is
      different from that for the omega-acidic group of agonists. Other structural
      features conducive to effective interaction of ligands with the receptor are
      discussed.

PMID- 2901692
TI  - The distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive neurons in the human
      medulla oblongata.
AB  - We have described the distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive neurons
      in the medulla oblongata of the adult human. The majority of neuropeptide Y-like
      immunoreactive cells were found in four regions of the medulla: the ventrolateral
      reticular formation, the dorsomedial medulla, the secondary sensory nuclei and
      the rostral raphe nuclei. The morphology of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive
      cells varied in each of these regions. In the ventrolateral reticular formation,
      the labelled neurons were round and pigmented caudal to the obex but elongated
      and non-pigmented rostral to the obex; in the dorsomedial medulla, they were
      triangular and pigmented caudal to but not rostral to the obex; in the secondary
      sensory nuclei, they were multipolar, non-pigmented and significantly smaller
      than in the other areas; in the rostral raphe nuclei, they were bipolar and non
      pigmented. Colocalization studies revealed that many neuropeptide Y-like
      immunoreactive cells also synthesize monoamines, consistent with conclusions
      based on a quantitative comparison of their distributions. Neuropeptide Y-like
      immunoreactivity was present in about 25% of presumed noradrenaline-synthesizing
      cells in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (corresponding to the A1 region); about
      50% of adrenaline- and 70% of presumed serotonin-synthesizing cells in the
      rostral ventrolateral medulla (C1 and B2-3 regions); 90-100% of presumed
      noradrenaline-synthesizing cells in the dorsomedial medulla at and above the obex
      (A2 region); about 50% of adrenaline-synthesizing cells in the rostral
      dorsomedial medulla (C2 region); about 5% of presumed serotonin-synthesizing
      cells in the rostral raphe nuclei (B2-3 region). The largest of these groups was
      the presumed serotonin-synthesizing cells that contained neuropeptide Y-like
      immunoreactivity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. This is the first report
      of such a cell group in the medulla of any mammal, and emphasizes the
      neuroanatomical differences between humans and other species.

PMID- 2901693
TI  - Glucose deprivation depolarizes plasma membrane of cultured astrocytes and
      collapses transmembrane potassium and glutamate gradients.
AB  - Primary cultures of astrocytes were used to investigate the effects of glucose
      deprivation on plasma membrane potential, on the respiration and on the energy
      status of these cells. Plasma membrane potential, as monitored with a cyanine
      dye, 3,3'-diethylthiadicarbocyanine, hyperpolarized by about 100% when glucose
      was added to substrate-deprived cells. The effect of glucose was prevented by
      iodoacetate or ouabain. In the absence of glucose, cellular adenosine
      triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate ratio was extensively reduced and pyruvate was
      unable either to restore energy status or to hyperpolarize the plasma membrane of
      astrocytes, although it was the preferential substrate for mitochondria within
      the cells. Glucose deprivation and inhibition of glycolysis or respiration in the
      presence of glucose caused dramatic decrease in transmembrane potassium ion and L
      glutamate gradients. The gradients were not restored in the presence of pyruvate.
      Thus, aerobic glycolysis, rather than oxidation of pyruvate, is required to
      maintain maximal plasma membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate/adenosine
      diphosphate ratios as well as K+ and L-glutamate gradients. This evidence,
      together with the unresponsiveness of astrocyte respiration to ouabain, indicates
      a functional dissociation between energy dissipation at the plasma membrane and
      mitochondrial synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. The results are discussed with
      regard to the vulnerability of glia at low levels of blood glucose and the
      contribution of glial dysfunction to development of hypoglycaemic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2901694
TI  - Cyclic GMP and cell death in rat cerebellar slices.
AB  - Incubated slices of young rat cerebellum were used to examine the possible
      relationship between the neurotoxic effects of excitatory amino acids and their
      ability to elicit large increases in the levels of cyclic GMP in this tissue. No
      cell death was detectable following exposure of the slices to the guanylate
      cyclase activator, nitroprusside (up to 0.3 mM), the phosphodiesterase inhibitor,
      isobutylmethylxanthine (0.5 mM), or to cyclic GMP (10 mM) and its dibutyryl and 8
      bromo derivatives (0.5 mM). However, incubation of the slices with tbe guanylate
      cyclase inhibitors, N-methylhydroxylamine and hydroxylamine (0.1-1 mM), methylene
      blue (10-100 microM), ethacrynic acid (300 microM) and retinol (1 mM) caused a
      progressive destruction of the differentiating cells. The damage induced by N
      methylhydroxylamine and hydroxylamine was inhibited by nitroprusside, cyclic GMP
      and isobutylmethylxanthine. It could also be reduced by lowering the partial
      pressure of oxygen, by oxygen radical scavenging enzymes and by omitting Ca2+
      from the medium. Oxygen radical generating enzyme systems mimicked the pattern of
      toxicity of the guanylate cyclase inhibitors but their effects were not reduced
      by nitroprusside or omission of Ca2+. The results indicate that guanylate
      cyclase/cyclic GMP does not mediate amino acid neurotoxicity but, instead, may be
      part of a protective mechanism against oxygen free radicals.

PMID- 2901695
TI  - Antibodies against GABA and glutamate label neurons with morphologically distinct
      synaptic vesicles in the locust central nervous system.
AB  - Antibodies raised against GABA and glutamate were used to stain sections through
      locust thoracic ganglia for light and electron microscopy. Using a peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method for light microscopy, the GABA antibody was shown to label
      inhibitory motor neurons thought to use GABA as their neurotransmitter, and the
      glutamate antibody to label excitatory motor neurons thought to use glutamate. An
      immunogold method was used to reveal labelled neuropilar processes in the
      electron microscope. Each antibody specifically labels a particular population of
      processes. With the GABA antibody, labelling is equally clear whether the
      processes concerned contain synaptic vesicles or not and is strongly contrasted
      against very low background levels. With the glutamate antibody, most processes
      show some affinity for the antibody, probably reflecting the presence of
      metabolic glutamate, however one population can be clearly distinguished by the
      presence of a much greater density of gold particles over synaptic vesicles. In
      the locust it appears, therefore, that the antibody can distinguish clearly
      between the metabolic and neurotransmitter pools of glutamate. It has been
      proposed that synaptic vesicles in GABAergic neurons have a different shape to
      those in glutamatergic neurons. This was supported by the electron microscope
      immunocytochemistry. Those showing GABA-like immunoreactivity contain
      predominantly pleomorphic agranular vesicles approximately 21 x 30 nm in
      diameter. Those showing glutamate-like immunoreactivity contain round agranular
      vesicles of about 38 nm in diameter. The GABA antibody appears to label all
      processes containing pleomorphic agranular vesicles. By contrast, some processes
      containing round agranular vesicles are not labelled by the glutamate antibody,
      even though the vesicles they contain are statistically identical in size to
      those in labelled profiles. With neither antibody was the labelling of glial
      cells greater than the background level.

PMID- 2901696
TI  - CNS amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative diseases.
AB  - The amyloid plaques found in neurodegenerative diseases show considerable
      morphologic diversity. Two amyloidogenic proteins have been isolated from the
      brains of humans and animals with neurodegenerative diseases--beta-protein from
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome, and prion protein (PrP) from
      scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Using monoclonal antibodies to a
      synthetic peptide corresponding to a portion of beta-protein and rabbit antiserum
      to hamster scrapie PrP 27-30, we examined in situ amyloid plaques on sections
      from cases of neurodegenerative diseases, including cases with a spectrum of
      plaque types. Anti-beta-peptide stained cerebrovascular and plaque core amyloid
      in all AD cases as well as cerebrovascular amyloid and senile plaque core amyloid
      in five elderly CJD cases. Anti-PrP stained plaques in CJD, kuru, and Gerstmann
      Straussler syndrome cases but not cerebrovascular amyloid or plaques in AD. Dual
      localization experiments showed that in cases with a mixture of plaque types, the
      antibodies identified different populations of plaques that showed anatomic
      heterogeneity. Colocalization of the two proteins was not observed in any plaque
      type. The data suggest that in neurodegenerative diseases two major plaque types
      exist, which have different etiologic origins. Our results emphasize the need for
      classification of CNS amyloids based not on their morphology but on the
      macromolecular components comprising these pathologic polymers.

PMID- 2901697
TI  - PHNO [(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine]: a new and effective anti-Parkinson's
      disease agent.
AB  - PHNO [(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine] is a chemically novel and highly
      potent dopamine (D2) receptor agonist without D1 activity. It had significant
      antiparkinsonism effects when used as open-label monotherapy in ten patients who
      were Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 or 3. The standard formulation of PHNO produced a 3-
      to 4-hour therapeutic effect in most patients; the response to the time-release
      formulation lasted up to 10 hours. Side effects were similar to those of other
      dopamine agonists but dyskinesia was seen in only one patient.

PMID- 2901698
TI  - Elevated serum antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus in HTLV-I-associated
      myelopathy (HAM).
AB  - We studied the serum antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 11 patients
      with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM). HAM patients showed significant
      increases in IgG antibodies to EBV-capsid antigen (VCA) and -early antigen (EA)
      and in VCA-specific IgA compared with 25 seronegative subjects. However, there
      were no significant differences in antibodies to EBV-nuclear antigen (EBNA) or to
      other viruses between the two groups. In HAM patients, altered antibody responses
      occurred specifically to EBV-associated antigens, not to other viruses.

PMID- 2901699
TI  - A population of very small striatal neurons in the cat displays vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity.
AB  - Cells displaying vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity were
      demonstrated in the feline striatum using a monoclonal antibody raised against
      natural porcine VIP. The VIP-immunoreactive neurons in the cat striatum were very
      small, (8 microns diameter) bipolar and multipolar cells. The VIP-positive
      neurons were more numerous than the cholinergic neurons but less common than the
      somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the cat caudate-putamen. The VIP
      immunoreactive cells were localized predominantly in the striatal matrix and
      tended to avoid enkephalin-immunoreactive patches. Thus VIP-immunoreactive cells
      comprise another neurochemically defined neuronal population which appears to
      observe striosomal organization.

PMID- 2901701
TI  - Low-magnesium epilepsy in rat hippocampal slices: inhibitory postsynaptic
      potentials in the CA1 subfield.
AB  - Spontaneous, synchronous epileptiform discharges were recorded in both CA3 and
      CA1 subfields of rat hippocampal slices perfused with Mg2+-free medium. Surgical
      separation of the two areas abolished the spontaneous discharges only in the CA1
      subfield. However, epileptiform responses in the isolated CA1 subfield could
      still be evoked by orthodromic stimulation. Intracellularly these stimulus
      induced responses were characterized by a depolarization associated with a burst
      of action potentials. Stimulation of the alveus still evoked a hyperpolarizing
      potential, presumably a recurrent inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in CA1
      pyramidal cells. Both spontaneous and stimulus-induced epileptiform discharges
      were blocked by the selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors
      DL-2-amino-phosphonovalerate (APV). APV also reduced the amplitude and duration
      of the IPSP induced by alveus stimulation. Thus, epileptiform discharges evoked
      by lowering Mg2+ in the CA1 subfield are associated with a preservation of
      inhibitory mechanisms. Furthermore the effects exerted by APV upon the IPSP
      implicate that NMDA receptors might be involved in the neuronal circuit
      responsible for the hyperpolarizing IPSP generated by CA1 pyramidal neurons.

PMID- 2901700
TI  - An intracellular analysis of amino acid induced excitations of deep dorsal horn
      neurones in the rat spinal cord slice.
AB  - The rat spinal cord slice preparation has been used to investigate the
      sensitivity of deep dorsal horn neurones to the excitatory amino acids N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate and L-glutamate. Intracellular recordings were made
      from 44 neurones in laminae III-VI of 14- to 16-day rats. Superfusion of
      quisqualate (30 microM) excited all neurones, NMDA (50 microM) excited 72% and L
      glutamate (0.5-1 mM) 63% of the neurones. Depolarizations were retained after
      tetrodotoxin but with a reduced amplitude. The NMDA antagonist D
      aminophosphonovalerate (D-APV, 10 microM) reduced NMDA and L-glutamate
      depolarizations by 66% and by 40%, respectively, while the quisqualate responses
      were enhanced by 27%. Dorsal root stimulation elicited two main patterns of
      activity; short-latency single/double spikes followed by subthreshold excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or a burst of spikes rising from a long duration
      composite EPSP. D-APV reduced the long-latency components of the first type and
      reduced the amplitude and duration of the composite EPSP of the second. These
      results support a specialized role for NMDA receptors in synaptic transmission in
      the dorsal horn.

PMID- 2901702
TI  - Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats determined by on
      line dialysis: effects of apomorphine and the neuroleptic-like peptide
      desenkephalin-gamma-endorphin.
AB  - This study examined the effects of apomorphine, sulpiride, desenkephalin-gamma
      endorphin (DE gamma E) and a combination of DE gamma E with apomorphine on the
      release of dopamine (DA) and its main metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving
      rats. A fully automated on-line brain dialysis system was used. A small dose of
      s.c. administered apomorphine induced a decrease in the output of DA and DOPAC.
      Sulpiride, infused into the nucleus accumbens, induced a 2-fold increase in the
      output of DA, DOPAC and HVA. DE gamma E hardly modified either the basal release
      of DA, DOPAC and HVA or the apomorphine-induced attenuation of the release of DA
      and DOPAC. These results indicate a dissociation between the behavioural effects
      of DE gamma E and its effect on the release of DA in vivo.

PMID- 2901703
TI  - Pertussis toxin blocks the effects of alpha 2-agonists and antagonists on locus
      coeruleus activity in vivo.
AB  - This study assessed the effects of pertussis toxin, which is known to inactivate
      G proteins and therefore to block receptors linked to G proteins, on
      electrophysiological activity of the locus coeruleus in vivo. Pertussis toxin was
      injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats, and locus coeruleus
      activity was then recorded. Compared to vehicle-injected control animals,
      pretreatment with pertussis toxin markedly increased the spontaneous firing rate
      of locus coeruleus neurons. In addition, the alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan was no
      longer able to augment either spontaneous or evoked locus coeruleus activity
      after pretreatment with pertussis toxin. Finally, pretreatment with pertussis
      toxin made locus coeruleus neurons resistant to inhibition by the alpha 2-agonist
      clonidine. These results are consistent with the view that pertussis toxin blocks
      alpha 2-receptors, receptors linked to G proteins, in vivo.

PMID- 2901704
TI  - Glutamine-induced membrane currents in cultured chick spinal cord neurons.
AB  - The effects of L-glutamine (GLN) on cultured spinal cord neurons from the chick
      were studied in the whole cell mode of the patch clamp technique. GLN induced
      membrane currents rectified at positive membrane potentials (m.p.) and reversed
      polarity close to zero m.p. The dose-response curve was nearly linear at a
      semilogarithmic scale for concentrations of 10(-5) M-10(-2) M. Summation of the
      responses evoked by GLN (10(-3) M) and glycine (10(-3) M) was observed when these
      two amino acids were applied together, while no significant increase of the
      responses was present when GLN was applied together with L-glutamate (10(-3) M)
      or kainate (10(-3) M). It is suggested that GLN binds to the glutamate receptors
      and activates the same type of ionic channels as glutamate and kainate.

PMID- 2901705
TI  - Haemophilia carrier detection using DNA analysis.

PMID- 2901706
TI  - [Our journal--its tasks during perestroika in the light of the resolutions of the
      27th Congress of the CPSU].

PMID- 2901707
TI  - Glutamate activation of neurons within trigeminal nucleus caudalis increases
      adrenocorticotropin in the cat.
AB  - The role of trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) in control of the autonomic and
      endocrine correlates of nociception was assessed in chloralose-anesthetized cats.
      Microinjections of the neuroexcitatory agent, L-glutamate (0.5 M), were directed
      at the marginal layers, at the central magnocellular portion, and at the deep
      magnocellular portion of Vc. Changes in the plasma concentration of
      adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), in mean arterial pressure, and in heart rate were
      examined. Glutamate excitation of neurons within the marginal layers of Vc evoked
      a significant (+143 +/- 52 pg/ml, P less than 0.01) increase in plasma ACTH
      during the 10 min postinjection sampling period. Glutamate injections into the
      deep magnocellular portion of Vc also increased plasma ACTH (+97 +/- 28 pg/ml, P
      less than 0.05), whereas activation of neurons in the central magnocellular
      portion of Vc had no consistent effect on plasma ACTH (-25 +/- 29 pg/ml, P
      greater than 0.10). Arterial pressure increased transiently after glutamate
      injections into the marginal layers or central magnocellular portion of Vc,
      whereas injections into the deep magnocellular portion of Vc did not affect
      arterial pressure. Heart rate increased transiently regardless of the laminar
      site of injection within Vc. These data indicate that activation of neurons in
      laminar regions of Vc that process nociceptive information cause an increase in
      plasma ACTH, whereas activation of neurons in laminae of Vc that process mainly
      non-nociceptive input have no significant influence on plasma ACTH.

PMID- 2901708
TI  - Effects of a drug that blocks the vascular beta 2-receptors on blood prostanoid
      levels during physical exercise.

PMID- 2901709
TI  - [Mosquito net barriers for sample collection of zoophilic Culicidae].
AB  - Mosquito net fences 2.30-2.50 m high placed around cowsheds at their night
      resting sites have been successfully utilized to obtain large samples of malaria
      vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex and of other mosquito species.
      Collections of blood-fed mosquitoes were carried out during the night by
      inspecting regularly the net side facing the animal enclosure. This sampling
      procedure has important advantages over alternative procedures based on direct
      collection on animal or on the use of animal-baited traps.

PMID- 2901710
TI  - Photobinding of some 7-chloro-1,4-benzodiazepines to human plasma protein in
      vitro and photopharmacology of diazepam in the rat.
AB  - The extent to which diazepam, diazepam-N4-oxide and N4-desoxychlordiazepoxide
      irreversibly bind to plasma protein upon UV irradiation was determined.
      Comparison with the results for chlordiazepoxide leads to the conclusion that the
      N4-oxide function is essential for the occurrence of irreversible binding in
      vitro. Investigation of the photopharmacology of diazepam in the rat gave results
      similar to those for N4-desoxychlordiazepoxide: in contrast with what already had
      been found for chlordiazepoxide no difference was observed between the
      pharmacology of diazepam in UV-A irradiated rats and those kept in the dark. Both
      in vitro and in vivo data expand the hypothesis to other 7-chloro-1,4
      benzodiazepines, according to which the presence of an N4-oxide group is a
      prerequisite for the occurrence of phototoxicity and that an oxaziridine is the
      toxic intermediate.

PMID- 2901711
TI  - Methylated DNA-binding protein is present in various mammalian cell types.
AB  - A DNA-binding protein from human placenta, methylated DNA-binding protein (MDBP),
      binds to certain DNA sequences only when they contain 5-methylcytosine (m5C)
      residues at specific positions. We found a very similar DNA-binding activity in
      nuclear extracts of rat tissues, calf thymus, human embryonal carcinoma cells,
      HeLa cells, and mouse LTK cells. Like human placental MDBP, the analogous DNA
      binding proteins from the above mammalian cell lines formed a number of different
      low-electrophoretic-mobility complexes with a 14-bp MDBP-specific oligonucleotide
      duplex. All of these complexes exhibited the same DNA methylation specificity and
      DNA sequence specificity. From the extracts of rat and calf tissues,
      oligonucleotide protein complexes formed that also had the same specificity as
      human placental MDBP although they had a higher electrophoretic mobility probably
      due to digestion by proteases in the nuclear extracts. Although MDBP activity was
      found in various mammalian cell types, it was not detected in extracts of
      cultured mosquito cells and so may be associated only with cells with vertebrate
      type DNA methylation.

PMID- 2901712
TI  - Duplication of the bcr and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase genes.
AB  - The Philadelphia (Ph') translocation involves rearrangement of the bcr gene
      located on chromosome 22. Hybridization experiments revealed the presence of
      multiple bcr gene-related loci within the human genome. Two of these were
      molecularly cloned and characterized. Both loci contain exons and introns
      corresponding to the 3' region of the bcr gene. Restriction enzyme and DNA
      sequence analysis indicate a very high degree of conservation between bcr and the
      two related genomic sequences. Both bcr-related loci are located on chromosome
      22, one centromeric, the other telomeric, of the bcr gene. Within the two bcr
      related genomic sequences, fragments or the complete coding sequences of an
      unrelated gene were found to be present. This gene was identified; it encodes
      gamma-glutamyl transferase, an enzyme involved in the glutathione metabolism.

PMID- 2901714
TI  - Phage 8-9 defines a cluster of site polymorphisms on chromosome 16q22-q24 [HGM9
      no. D16S20].

PMID- 2901715
TI  - A highly polymorphic locus is detected by probe CARLP II6.3 [D5S88].

PMID- 2901713
TI  - Use of RecA protein to enrich for homologous genes in a genomic library.
AB  - RecA protein-coated probe has been utilized to enrich genomic digests for desired
      genes in order to facilitate cloning from genomic libraries. Using a previously
      cloned HLA-B27 gene as the recA-coated enrichment probe, we obtained a mean 108x
      increase in the ratio of specific to nonspecific plaques in lambda libraries
      screened for B27 variant alleles of estimated 99% homology to the probe. Class I
      genes of lesser homology were less enriched: 6.7x for non-B27 genes of estimated
      greater than 95% homology and 3.7x for other-Class I genes of greater than 80%
      homology. Loss of genomic DNA during the enrichment procedure can, however,
      restrict application of this technique whenever starting genomic DNA is very
      limited. Nevertheless, the impressive reduction in cloning effort and material
      makes recA enrichment a useful new tool for cloning homologous genes from genomic
      DNA.

PMID- 2901716
TI  - HindIII polymorphism in the human c-sis proto-oncogene.

PMID- 2901717
TI  - XmnI RFLP at 5q13 detected by a 0.49 kb Xmn I fragment of human hexosaminidase
      (HEXB) cDNA.

PMID- 2901718
TI  - A new RFLP at the human vitamin-D binding protein (hDBP) locus.

PMID- 2901719
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism near the IgH locus on mouse chromosome
      12.

PMID- 2901720
TI  - A BglI polymorphism for the interleukin-2 receptor gene (IL2R) on chromosome 10.

PMID- 2901721
TI  - RFLP for the human transforming growth factor beta-1 gene (TGFB) on chromosome
      19.

PMID- 2901722
TI  - A TaqI RFLP detected by the human haptoglobin (HP) cDNA probe, pULB1148.

PMID- 2901723
TI  - Four RFLPs of the human insulin receptor gene: PstI, KpnI, RsaI (2 RFLPs).

PMID- 2901724
TI  - Intrinsic polymorphism of variable number tandem repeat loci in the human genome.
AB  - In the human genome, short tandem repetitive (STR) DNA sequences often show
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) due to variation in the number
      of copies of the repeat unit. For a subset of these sequences known as
      minisatellites or variable number tandem repeat loci (VNTR), it has been proposed
      that a homologous "core" sequence of 10-12 nucleotides is involved in the
      mechanism(s) generating the polymorphism. In our present study we have prepared
      oligonucleotide probes complementary to one or two repeat units of several VNTR
      loci. Under stringent hybridization and wash conditions these probes hybridize
      locus specifically thus allowing the evaluation of the intrinsic polymorphism of
      individual loci. Our results indicate that not all of the loci having STR DNA
      sequences are polymorphic despite the fact that they share the "core" sequence.
      This suggests that more than the DNA sequence of the locus is involved in the
      mechanism(s) generating the polymorphism.

PMID- 2901725
TI  - Identification of DNA sequences required for mouse APRT gene expression.
AB  - The mouse aprt promoter contains four GC boxes, which bind transcription factor
      Spl in vitro, and lacks both TATA and CCAAT boxes. Removal of the two most distal
      GC boxes of this promoter had little effect on APRT enzyme levels produced in a
      transient expression assay. Deletion of the distal three GC boxes resulted in a
      50% reduction, and deletion of all GC boxes resulted in essentially complete loss
      of APRT activity. There are two predominant transcription start sites which are
      located within the region containing the GC boxes. The promoter behaved as a
      relatively strong promoter when compared to the RSV LTR promoter in a transient
      CAT assay, and operated in one orientation only. No upstream anti-sense
      transcripts were detected in either mouse CAK or liver cells, confirming that the
      mouse aprt promoter, unlike some other GC-rich promoters appears not to support
      bidirectional transcription.

PMID- 2901726
TI  - Nucleoside imidodiphosphates synthesis and biological activities.
AB  - The synthesis of imidodiphosphate analogues of natural nucleoside 5'-diphosphates
      including adenosine 5'-imidodiphosphate (4a), guanosine 5'-imidodiphosphate (4b),
      2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-imidodiphosphate (4c), and 2'-deoxy-guanosine 5'
      imidodiphosphate (4d) has been accomplished for the first time. These compounds
      are the products of the reaction between nucleosides and trichloro
      [(dichlorophosphoryl)imido] phosphorane in trimethyl phosphate. Some of the major
      by-products of the reaction including 5'-deoxy-5'-chloro nucleosides are
      discussed. Compounds 4b, 4c, and 4d are potent inhibitors of ecto-5'-nucleotidase
      whereas compound 4a also active but less potent inhibitor. Compound 4b is the
      most potent inhibitor of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PPRP) synthetase which
      follows by 4c, 4d and 4a. All of these compounds were more potent inhibitor of
      PPRP-synthetase than ADP or GDP. Ribavirin imidodiphosphate (4e) was also
      synthesized and tested for its inhibitory effect on ecto-5'-nucleotidase, PPRP
      synthetase as well as IMP dehydrogenase. Compound 4e is the most potent inhibitor
      of IMP dehyrogenase but was a weak inhibitor of the other two enzymes. compound
      4a, 4b, 4c and 4d are weak inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2901727
TI  - Highly polymorphic locus D15S24 (CMW-1) maps to 15pter-q13. [HGM9 provisional no.
      D15S24].

PMID- 2901728
TI  - A deletion/insertion polymorphism in the human BCR gene on chromosome 22.

PMID- 2901729
TI  - HincII and KpnI RFLPs for laminin B1 (LAMB1) gene on chromosome 7.

PMID- 2901730
TI  - NcoI RFLP at the creatine kinase-muscle type gene locus (CKMM, chromosome 19).

PMID- 2901731
TI  - NcoI and TaqI RFLPs for human M creatine kinase (CKM)

PMID- 2901732
TI  - An EcoRI polymorphism for pMet G in inbred mice.

PMID- 2901733
TI  - Two new ApoB gene polymorphisms: Rs1 and Rs2.

PMID- 2901735
TI  - RsaI polymorphism of a human immunoglobulin VH5 subclass locus.

PMID- 2901734
TI  - Two new ApoB gene polymorphisms: Rs3 and Rs4.

PMID- 2901736
TI  - pmcf.2-11, a single copy clone from chromosomal region 12q12-q13.1 [D12S32].

PMID- 2901738
TI  - Neuronal interactions between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and catecholaminergic systems
      in the rat arcuate nucleus as shown by dual immunocytochemistry.
AB  - Several recent studies have suggested interactions between catecholamine (CA) and
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) neuronal systems in the rat brain. In order to obtain
      morphological evidence for such CA/NPY interactions in the arcuate nucleus, we
      have used a double immunostaining procedure using an anti-tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) antiserum as a marker for catecholamine neurons and an anti-NPY antiserum.
      This double staining, where the first staining is silver-gold intensified, was
      detectable at both light and electron microscopic levels. In semi-thin sections,
      a substantial overlap and close proximity of TH-immunopositive neurons and NPY
      neuronal elements could be seen within the arcuate nucleus. At the electron
      microscopic level, direct appositions between TH- and NPY-immunoreactive
      structures could be detected. These appositions were of axosomatic, axodendritic
      or axoaxonic types without any synaptic membrane differentiation. Moreover,
      direct appositions between NPY-immunoreactive structures have also been observed.
      This morphological study showing appositions between TH and NPY neuronal systems
      suggest direct interactions between these two systems in the arcuate nucleus.

PMID- 2901737
TI  - Superactive somatostatin analog decreases plasma glucose and glucagon levels in
      diabetic rats.
AB  - The action of the new analog of somatostatin, D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp
      NH2 (RC-160), on plasma glucagon and glucose levels was evaluated in
      streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The effect of this analog on the insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia in diabetic rats was also investigated in order to evaluate the risk
      of exacerbating hypoglycemia. Administration of analog RC-160, in a dose of 25
      micrograms/kg b. wt. SC, inhibited plasma glucagon secretion and decreased plasma
      glucose levels. This effect also occurred when plasma glucagon and glucose levels
      were first elevated by arginine infusion, 1000 mg/kg/hr for 30 min. Subcutaneous
      injection of regular insulin, 15 U/kg b. wt., produced hypoglycemia with a
      progressive increase in glucagon levels. Analog RC-160 completely suppressed the
      hypoglycemia-induced glucagon release for up to 150 min after injection of the
      analog or insulin. A greater decrease in the plasma glucose level was observed in
      the group treated with insulin and the analog than in the group injected only
      with insulin. These results indicate that somatostatin analog RC-160 can produce
      a marked and prolonged inhibition of glucagon release and a decrease in the
      plasma glucose level in diabetic rats. This analog may be useful as an adjunct to
      insulin in the treatment of diabetic patients, although caution should be
      exercised, to prevent hypoglycemia when using somatostatin analogs together with
      insulin.

PMID- 2901739
TI  - Identification of immunoreactive somatostatin in the rat harderian gland:
      regulation of its content by growth hormone, beta-adrenergic agonists and calcium
      channel blockers.
AB  - Immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) was identified in the male rat Harderian gland
      (HG) by radioimmunoassay. Tissue was extracted and a displacement curve
      performed; there were no significant differences between values obtained with
      serial dilutions of extracted tissue and those from purified somatostatin
      standard used in the radioimmunoassay. Basal values of HG-IRS were found to be in
      the nanomolar range (10.8 +/- 3.5 ng IRS/mg protein). Hypophysectomy did not
      change the HG-IRS but, in vivo growth hormone (GH) treatment led to a dramatic
      increase (6-7-fold) in the levels of IRS in the HG. Isoproterenol, a beta
      adrenergic agonist, when administered in vivo significantly decreased the HG-IRS
      content. The effect of two different calcium channel blockers on the
      isoproterenol-induced decrease of HG-IRS was studied; no changes were observed
      with nifedipine but verapamil, injected one hour after isoproterenol
      administration, prevented the drop in HG-IRS levels. These data demonstrate the
      existence of IRS in a new location, the rat Harderian gland, and support a
      classical endocrine regulation for its tissue concentration.

PMID- 2901741
TI  - The quest to establish the neural substrates of anxiety.
AB  - Recent developments in neuroanatomic, lesion and stimulation, and functional
      brain mapping studies offer great promise in the search for the neural substrates
      of anxiety. Animal studies have provided important clues about the neural
      pathways that underlie certain aspects of the evaluative and expressive
      components of anxiety. As a brain-imaging technique that safely permits the study
      of the living human brain, positron emission tomography is likely to provide
      additional information about the neural structures that underlie the evaluation,
      expression, and experience of anxiety in each of its normal and pathologic forms.
      The quest to establish the neural substrates of anxiety has two parts:
      identification of the elementary psychophysiologic operations that define anxiety
      and identification of the precise neural pathways that underlie each of these
      operations. To paraphrase an investigator who is involved in this quest, the
      challenge and charm of this field are that studies of both the mind and the brain
      are required.

PMID- 2901740
TI  - Cortical amino acid neurotransmitter release is altered by CCK perfused in
      frontal region of unrestrained aged rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate in the aged animal the functional
      interaction between cholecystokinin (CCK) and amino acid neurotransmitter
      activity in the frontal cortex, a structure of importance in age-related
      disabilities. Guide cannula for repeated push-pull perfusion were implanted
      bilaterally in the superficial frontal cortex of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two
      groups of animals were selected on the basis of their age at the time of
      stereotaxic surgery: 90 days and two years. Following post-operative recovery, an
      artificial CSF solution was perfused repeatedly within the cortex of each animal
      for a 5.0 min interval. The rate of perfusion was 25 microliters/min and a 5.0
      min period elapsed between the collection of each sample of perfusate. After the
      initial control perfusions, CCK octapeptide was incorporated in a concentration
      of 6.0 or 18.0 ng/microliter in the CSF and perfused for 5.0 min under identical
      conditions. Each sample of perfusate was assayed by high performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) for its content of
      glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp), glutamine (Gln), glycine (Gly), taurine (Tau)
      and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) with homoserine used as an internal standard.
      Although CCK in the lower 6.0 ng/microliter concentration failed to alter
      significantly the profile of amino acids in the frontal cortex, the higher 18.0
      ng/microliter solution of CCK enhanced the efflux of Glu as well as Asp, but only
      in the aged rats. Both concentrations of CCK tended also to augment the release
      of Gln in the older animals but these changes were not statistically significant.
      Both Gly and Tau were unaffected by CCK in either dose in both the young and old
      groups. GABA was not detectable in any of the samples of perfusate throughout the
      experiments. These results suggest that CCK-8 exerts a selective effect on amino
      acid neurotransmitter activity in the frontal cortex which is clearly age
      dependent. In the older animal, this sensitivity of the cortical cells to CCK may
      reflect a functional attribute of the peptide in the aging process.

PMID- 2901742
TI  - Collagenous colitis with rapid response to sulphasalazine.
AB  - A case of collagenous colitis in a young female with a rapid response to
      sulphasalazine both symptomatically and histologically is reported. This is only
      the third such response to be reported. In most published accounts, collagenous
      colitis fails to respond to treatment and runs a very prolonged course.

PMID- 2901744
TI  - Intermittent treatment of duodenal ulcer for long term medical management.
AB  - Most patients with duodenal ulcer relapse but in individuals the events is
      unpredictable and complications are rare. Two methods of long term treatment have
      been developed: daily maintenance treatment to prevent relapse; and intermittent
      treatment, in which individual symptomatic relapses are treated with a short
      healing course. Pooling the results of three studies on intermittent treatment
      where cimetidine was used, the number of relapses in one year and the proportion
      of patients who relapsed were: no relapse, 26%; 1 relapse, 33%; 2 relapses, 24%;
      greater than or equal to 3 relapses, 17%. Thus, 83% of patients on average have
      less than or equal to 2 attacks per year, which can be rapidly controlled with a
      short course of treatment. In comparative trials, relapse on maintenance
      treatment is much less than on intermittent treatment, as would be expected, but
      the clinical advantage of the former is relatively small and obtained at a much
      higher cost in drugs. However, in practice, the two treatments are complementary,
      not competitive, and patients in whom maintenance treatment (or surgery) is
      necessary would not be considered for intermittent treatment. Most work on
      intermittent treatment has been done with histamine H2 receptor antagonists.
      Theoretically, better results might be achieved by increasing the healing rate
      with omeprazole or more effectively, by reducing the spontaneous relapse rate by
      healing with colloidal bismuth. Intermittent treatment is contraindicated in the
      one-third who are either 'high-risk' patients or those who have aggressive ulcer
      disease. It is suitable for the two-thirds who meet all the following criteria:
      age <60 years; no associated serious illness; no previous haemorrhage or
      perforation; not on regular treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
      symptoms develop gradually (se that treatment can be started before pain
      worsens); less than or equal 2 relapses per year; ulcer is non-refractory. It is
      essential to establish an accurate diagnosis before starting therapy. Treatment
      is given for a month and repeated when typical symptoms recur. Repeat endoscopy
      is not needed except in special circumstances. For the majority of patients,
      intermittent treatment is an effective, simple and economical way of providing
      long term treatment.

PMID- 2901743
TI  - Protective effects against alcohol insult: does somatostatin play any role?
AB  - This study evaluated the cytoprotective properties of misoprostol, a synthetic
      prostaglandin E1 analogue and cimetidine, against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal
      injury and examined the role of increased gastric juice somatostatin in
      cytoprotection. Forty-give healthy adult male volunteers were enrolled in a
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled endoscopic study. Screening
      endoscopy was done to exclude subjects with asymptomatic gastric mucosal
      abnormality. Misoprostol (200 micrograms) intragastrically, cimetidine (300 mg)
      orally or placebo were administered prior to ethanol challenge. Injury to the
      gastric mucosa was produced by spraying it with 80% ethanol solution instilled
      intragastrically. Endoscopic evaluation of gastric mucosa was conducted 15 and 30
      minutes after ethanol by two endoscopists independently according to a seven
      point scale. Thirty minutes following the instillation of ethanol, gastric
      contents were aspirated and analysed for immunoreactive somatostatin. The gastric
      mucosa of placebo-treated subjects showed marked damage with endoscopic score
      (mean +/- standard deviation) of 5.5 +/- 0.9. Cimetidine partially prevented
      gastric mucosal damage with endoscopic score of 4.5 +/- 1.7 as compared to
      placebo (P = 0.04). Misoprostol prevented significant gastric mucosal injury,
      (endoscopic score of 1 +/- 1.7) when compared to placebo (P = 0.0001) and to
      cimetidine (P = 0.0002). The gastric juice somatostatin concentration (pg/ml) was
      75.79 +/- 13.59 in the misoprostol group, 64.71 +/- 8.06 in the cimetidine group
      and 34.34 +/- 5.66 in the placebo group. Both misoprostol and cimetidine showed
      significant (P = 0.05) increase in gastric juice somatostatin when compared to
      placebo treatment. The degree of gastric mucosal protection afforded by
      misoprostol was significantly greater than cimetidine. Since gastric juice
      somatostatin in the misoprostol group was not significantly different from the
      cimetidine group, it was concluded that gastric juice somatostatin is not solely
      responsible for the cytoprotective ability of misoprostol.

PMID- 2901745
TI  - [In pursuit of excellence: raising the standards of clinical practice in
      nursing].

PMID- 2901746
TI  - Mechanism of action of the mitochondrial proton pumping ATPase in ATP synthesis
      and hydrolysis.

PMID- 2901747
TI  - Rapid kinetics measurements of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions release from CF1-ATPase.

PMID- 2901748
TI  - The vacuolar H+-ATPase, a proton pump controlled by a slip.

PMID- 2901749
TI  - Allosteric short-term regulation of ATP synthase: a plausible model.

PMID- 2901750
TI  - High yield incorporation of the Neurospora plasma membrane H+ATPase into
      proteoliposomes: lipid requirement and secondary structure of the enzyme by IR
      spectroscopy.

PMID- 2901751
TI  - Proton-ATPases: universal catalysts in biological energy conservation.

PMID- 2901752
TI  - Structure of the ATP-synthase from chloroplasts as revealed from biochemical
      studies and electron microscopy.

PMID- 2901753
TI  - Structure of the ATP-synthase from chloroplasts studied by electron microscopy
      and image processing.

PMID- 2901754
TI  - Dissociation-reconstitution experiments with NBD-modified F1: support for the
      presence of two catalytic beta-subunits.

PMID- 2901755
TI  - Mitochondrial ATP synthase: role of metal binding in structure and function.

PMID- 2901756
TI  - Behavioural and EEG effects of some excitatory amino acid antagonists.

PMID- 2901757
TI  - Evidence for a regulatory role of alpha-2 receptors on gastric acid secretion and
      gastrin release in the dog.

PMID- 2901758
TI  - Antagonism of clonidine-induced hypothermia by alpha adrenoceptor antagonists in
      electrically stimulated mice.
AB  - The involvement of receptor subtypes in clonidine-induced hypothermia in
      electrically stimulated mice was studied using various alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonists. Yohimbine, the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist
      significantly blocked the action of low dose (50 micrograms/kg i.p.) of clonidine
      pretreated with Minimal Threshold Shock (12 mA, 0.2 Sec), while prazosin,
      selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist partially blocked the action,
      suggesting predominant involvement of alpha 2 and partial involvement of alpha 1
      adrenoceptors. Under similar conditions when clonidine was used in higher dose
      (500 micrograms/kg i.p.), its action was blocked by prazosin, phenoxybenzamine
      and yohimbine suggesting involvement of both alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
      In case of animals pretreated with Maximal Threshold Shock (36 mA, 0.2 Sec) the
      hypothermic action of clonidine in lower dose was blocked by all the three
      antagonists viz. prazosin, phenoxybenzamine and yohimbine, suggesting involvement
      of both alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, however, when clonidine was used in
      the higher dose, the action was significantly antagonised by prazosin and
      partially by yohimbine, suggesting predominant involvement of alpha 1 and partial
      involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2901759
TI  - Differential alteration in striatal dopaminergic and cortical serotonergic
      receptors induced by repeated administration of haloperidol or centbutindole in
      rats.
AB  - Centbutindole is a new neuroleptic drug having a pharmacological profile similar
      to haloperidol, but it does not cause hypothermia and has a higher separation
      between doses causing catalepsy and neurolepsy. The interactions of centbutindole
      with striatal dopamine and cortical 5-HT2 receptors have been studied along with
      haloperidol following 3 weeks of administration. Rats received haloperidol (1.0
      mg/kg, p.o.), centbutindole (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) or saline daily for 21 days.
      Following drug withdrawal for 3 days, apomorphine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HTP, 50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected. Apomorphine-induced
      stereotyped behaviour was potentiated in the haloperidol-treated rats, while the
      5-HTP-induced behavioural syndrome was increased in centbutindole-treated rats.
      Receptor binding studies indicated an increase in the maximal binding capacity
      Bmax of striatal dopamine receptor (29.4%) in haloperidol-treated and of cortical
      5-HT2 receptor (17.8%) in centbutindole-treated animals. No change in the
      apparent dissociation constant Kd was observed. It is concluded that repeated
      treatment with haloperidol produced striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity
      while centbutindole treatment produced cortical serotonergic receptor
      supersensitivity.

PMID- 2901760
TI  - Mutational analysis of the yeast coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase complex.
AB  - The synthesis of cytochrome b in yeast depends on the expression of both
      mitochondrial and nuclear gene products that act at the level of processing of
      the pre-mRNA, translation of the mRNA, and maturation of the apoprotein during
      its assembly with the nuclear-encoded subunits of coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c
      reductase. Previous studies indicated one of the nuclear genes (CBP2) to code for
      a protein that is needed for the excision of the terminal intervening sequence
      from the pre-mRNA. We show here that the intervening sequence can promote its own
      excision in the presence of high concentrations of magnesium ion (50 mM), but
      that at physiological concentrations of the divalent cation (5 mM), the splicing
      reaction requires the presence of the CBP2-encoded product. These results provide
      strong evidence for a direct participation of the protein in splicing, most
      likely in stabilizing a splicing competent structure in the RNA. The conversion
      of apocytochrome b to the functional cytochrome has been examined in mutants
      lacking one or multiple structural subunits of the coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c
      reductase complex. Based on the phenotypes of the different mutants studied, the
      following have been concluded. (i) The assembly of catalytically active enzyme
      requires the synthesis of all except the 17 kDa subunit. (ii) Membrane insertion
      of the individual subunits is not contingent on protein-protein interactions.
      (iii) Assembly of the subunits occurs in the lipid bilayer following their
      insertion. (iv) The attachment of haem to apocytochrome b is a late event in
      assembly after an intermediate complex of the structural subunits has been
      formed. This complex minimally is composed of apocytochrome b, the non haem iron
      protein and all the non-catalytic subunits except for the 17 kDa core 3 subunit.

PMID- 2901761
TI  - Import of proteins into mitochondria.
AB  - A mounting body of evidence suggests that cytoplasmically synthesized proteins
      destined to be imported into the mitochondrial interior must at least partly
      unfold to penetrate across the mitochondrial membranes. During post-translational
      import, this unfolding process appears to be a major rate-limiting step. It can
      be blocked by ligands that stabilize the protein's native conformation and
      appears to be accompanied by the cleavage of ATP outside the mitochondrial inner
      membrane.

PMID- 2901762
TI  - A path from mitochondria to the yeast nucleus.
AB  - We have identified a path in yeast, from mitochondria to the nucleus, which may
      have a regulatory function in mitochondrial biogenesis. This path is evident as
      an elevated expression of a number of nuclear DNA sequences in response to
      specific defects in the mitochondrial genome, including the absence of
      mitochondrial DNA in rho 0 petites. Among those nuclear sequences preferentially
      expressed in certain respiratory-deficient cells are stable poly(A)+ transcripts
      derived from the so-called non-transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal
      DNA repeat, where they are most abundant in the rho 0 petite. Although the
      function of these unusual RNAs is unclear, the observations may reflect the
      presence of a mitochondrial homeostatic control system in yeast, which we suggest
      could function to adjust the mass of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in the
      cell in response to inequities in organelle apportionment during cell budding.

PMID- 2901763
TI  - Organization and expression of algal (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) mitochondrial
      DNA.
AB  - The mitochondrial genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga,
      is a linear 15.8 kilobase pair (kbp) molecule. In gene arrangement and mode of
      expression, as well as in size, it differs radically from the large (200-2400
      kbp) mitochondrial genomes of higher plants. Heterologous hybridization
      experiments and nucleotide sequence analysis have revealed that C. reinhardtii
      mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a compactly organized genome specifying at least
      eight proteins, a minimum of three transfer RNAs, and large subunit (LS) and
      small subunit (SS) ribosomal RNAs. Both strands of the mtDNA encode genetic
      information, with genes organized into perhaps a single transcriptional unit on
      each strand. Stable transcripts have been identified by Northern hybridization
      analysis, and transcript termini have been mapped by primer extension and S1
      nuclease protection experiments. The results suggest that mature RNAs, which
      virtually saturate the genome, are generated by precise endonucleolytic cleavage
      of long precursors, with specific motifs (both primary sequence and secondary
      structure) implicated as processing signals. Codon usage in C. reinhardtii
      mitochondria is highly biased, with eight codons entirely absent from all protein
      coding genes; however, even though codon usage is restricted, it appears that C.
      reinhardtii mtDNA cannot encode the minimum number of tRNAs needed to support
      mitochondrial protein synthesis. The most striking feature of C. reinhardtii
      mtDNA is the division of SS and LS rRNA genes into a number of separate subgenic
      coding segments ('modules') that are interspersed with one another and with
      protein-coding and tRNA genes. We have identified abundant small RNAs,
      transcribed from these modules, that approximate to the latter in size. This
      indicates that splicing of rRNA 'pieces' does not occur in this system. Rather,
      the mature rRNAs apparently exist and function as non-covalent complexes of small
      RNAs (four in SS rRNA, at least eight in LS rRNA), held together by
      intermolecular base pairing. These complexes contain all the conserved elements
      of the minimal secondary structures that define the functional core of
      conventional LS and SS rRNAs.

PMID- 2901764
TI  - Recombination is associated with polymorphism of the mitochondrial genomes of
      maize and sorghum.
AB  - Extensive recombination events characterize higher-plant mitochondrial DNAs.
      Numerous recombination events resulted in the appearance of an unusual
      mitochondrial open reading frame, urf13-T, which encodes a 13 kDa polypeptide in
      the male-sterile T cytoplasm of maize. Maize lines with T cytoplasm are unusually
      susceptible to two fungal pathogens which produce host-selective toxins. Mutants
      derived from tissue culture expressing male fertility and toxin-insensitivity are
      characterized by truncation or deletion of urf13-T. These events result from a
      frameshift associated with a tandem 5 base pair repeat, placing a premature stop
      codon in frame, or from a recombination event, apparently limited to tissue
      culture, resulting in the deletion of urf13-T. Neither class of mutants produces
      the 13 kDa gene product. Repeated sequences that participate in recombination in
      sorghum appear to be randomly distributed among male-fertile or male-sterile
      cytoplasms. Processes involved in the evolution of mitochondrial DNAs in higher
      plants therefore include the generation and deletion of configurations through
      recombination.

PMID- 2901765
TI  - Mitochondrial biogenesis.

PMID- 2901766
TI  - Translational regulation of mitochondrial gene expression by nuclear genes of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We describe several yeast nuclear mutations that specifically block expression of
      the mitochondrial genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunits II (COXII) and III
      (COXIII). These recessive mutations define positive regulators of mitochondrial
      gene expression that act at the level of translation. Mutations in the nuclear
      gene PET111 completely block accumulation of COXII, but the COXII mRNA is present
      in mutant cells at a level approximately one-third of that of the wild type.
      Mitochondrial suppressors of pet111 mutations correspond to deletions in mtDNA
      that result in fusions between the coxII structural gene and other mitochondrial
      genes. The chimeric mRNAs encoded by these fusions are translated in pet111
      mutants; this translation leads to accumulation of functional COXII. The PET111
      protein probably acts directly on coxII translation, because it is located in
      mitochondria. Translation of the mitochondrially coded mRNA for COXIII requires
      the action of at least three nuclear genes, PET494, PET54 and a newly discovered
      gene, provisionally termed PET55. Both the PET494 and PET54 proteins are located
      in mitochondria and therefore probably act directly on the mitochondrial
      translation system. Mutations in all three genes are suppressed in strains that
      contain chimeric coxIII mRNAs with the 5'-untranslated leaders of other
      mitochondrial transcripts fused to the coxIII coding sequence. The products of
      all three nuclear genes may form a complex and carry out a single
      function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901767
TI  - Hybridization analysis of the class P tetracycline resistance determinant from
      the Clostridium perfringens R-plasmid, pCW3.
AB  - The tetracycline resistance determinant from pCW3, a conjugative plasmid from
      Clostridium perfringens, has been identified and the structural gene localized to
      within a 1.4-kb region. Hybridization analysis, which utilized an internal 0.8-kb
      specific gene probe, showed that eight nonconjugative tetracycline resistant C.
      perfringens strains all carried homologous resistance determinants. No homology
      was detected in DNA prepared from tetracycline resistant isolates of Clostridium
      difficile or Clostridium sporogenes. However, the one strain of Clostridium
      paraputrificum that was tested did contain an homologous determinant. No homology
      was found to any of the recognized classes of tetracycline resistance
      determinants. The C. perfringens tetracycline resistance determinant represents a
      new hybridization group, Class P.

PMID- 2901768
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of the bacteriocinogenic
      plasmid, pIP404, from Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid, pIP404, from
      Clostridium perfringens has been determined. The plasmid genome comprises 10,207
      bp and has a dA + dT content of 75%. Functions have been tentatively assigned to
      6 of the 10 open reading frames and an origin-like region of repeated sequence
      identified. The codon usage of this extremely dA + dT rich plasmid is highly
      unusual and displays a pronounced preference for codons with the lowest dG + dC
      content. Only one of the genes from pIP404 was expressed at a significant level
      in Escherichia coli, suggesting that the atypical codon usage could represent a
      major obstacle to heterologous gene expression.

PMID- 2901769
TI  - Identification and molecular genetic analysis of replication functions of the
      bacteriocinogenic plasmid pIP404 from Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - The replication functions of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid pIP404, from
      Clostridium perfringens, were localized to a 2.8-kb EcoRI-EcoRV fragment by
      cloning into a vector deficient for replication in Bacillus subtilis. This
      fragment contains two genes, cop and rep, which encode proteins and an 800-bp
      noncoding segment of complex structure consisting of multiple tandemly repeated
      sequences. The Cop protein is involved in copy number control, whereas the rep
      gene product is essential for plasmid replication. By deletion analysis the
      minimal origin of replication was defined as the rep gene plus most of the
      repeated sequences. A powerful promoter producing a 150-nucleotide RNA molecule,
      RNA1, that could act as an anti-sense RNA to the rep gene was detected in the
      "origin-like" region. In contrast to most other small plasmids of gram-positive
      bacteria, pIP404, and its derivatives, does not appear to replicate via a single
      stranded intermediate in either C. perfringens or B. subtilis.

PMID- 2901770
TI  - The Clostridium perfringens chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn4451 excises
      precisely in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Tn4451-deletion derivatives, pJIR47 and
      pJIR86, which were derived from Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens,
      respectively, showed that the deletion events that led to the formation of these
      plasmids were identical and precise. The results also showed that the termini of
      this C. perfringens-derived transposon contained imperfect 12-bp inverted repeat
      sequences which had some sequence similarity with the termini of Tn3-like
      transposons.

PMID- 2901771
TI  - Cloning and partial characterization of three small cryptic plasmids from
      Bacillus thuringiensis.
AB  - The strain H1.1 of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis harbors three small
      cryptic plasmids: pGI1, pGI2, and pGI3 (8.2, 9.2, and 10.6 kb, respectively). Two
      of these plasmids (i.e., pGI2 and pGI3) were successfully cloned in their
      entirety into the vector pBR322, whereas only overlapping DNA fragments covering
      pGI1 were obtained in Escherichia coli. A curing-hybridization technique was used
      to obtain isolates of B. thuringiensis missing one or another small cryptic
      plasmid. These derivatives were examined for any change in a phenotypic trait,
      but no specific function could be assigned to one of these plasmids.
      Hybridization and restriction mapping data revealed that the transposon Tn4430
      accounts for 45% of the pGI2 plasmid DNA.

PMID- 2901772
TI  - Introduction of the Streptococcus faecalis transposon Tn916 into Bacillus
      thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.
AB  - The conjugative Streptococcus faecalis transposon Tn916 was introduced into
      Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by filter matings with S. faecalis. B.
      thuringiensis transconjugants resistant to tetracycline (Tetr) were detected at a
      frequency of approximately 7.0 X 10(-7) per recipient cell during filter matings,
      whereas transfer of Tn916 was not observed in broth matings. The Tetr phenotype
      in subsp. israelensis was stable in the absence of antibiotic selection. Southern
      hybridization analysis revealed that Tn916 had inserted into several different
      sites on the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis chromosome but insertion into
      plasmid DNA was not observed. Movement of Tn916 was demonstrated when Tetr B.
      thuringiensis transconjugants were mated with isogenic recipients. Southern
      hybridizations, however, showed that the resulting Tetr isolates contained Tn916
      junction fragments that were nearly identical to the donor, suggesting that this
      movement resulted from transfer of chromosomal DNA from donor to recipient or
      from a fusion of mating cells, rather than conjugative transposition of the Tn
      element.

PMID- 2901773
TI  - Familial and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical and
      immunohistological findings.
AB  - We have studied the clinical and thyroid immunohistological features of 19
      patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and 16 patients with the
      hereditary syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia 2a (MEN 2a). Both groups were
      identified by family screening using serum calcitonin determinations before and
      after pentagastrin stimulation. Pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism were
      associated both with multiple endocrine neoplasia 2a and some cases of sporadic
      medullary thyroid carcinoma. Hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma was
      invariably associated with C-cell hyperplasia, but C-cell hyperplasia was also
      associated with some sporadic tumours. All tumours were positive for calcitonin
      and carcinoembryonic antigen (by immunohistological staining) (CEA) and most
      tumours stained for somatostatin. C-cell hyperplasia also stained for calcitonin,
      CEA and somatostatin. We conclude that sporadic and familial medullary thyroid
      carcinoma cannot always be discriminated by clinical or immunohistological
      methods. Family screening is essential in the diagnosis of hereditary medullary
      thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2901774
TI  - Simultaneous localization of a classical neurotransmitter (GABA) and a peptide
      transmitter candidate (proctolin) in the nervous system of the cockroach,
      Periplaneta americana.
AB  - The distribution of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the
      6th abdominal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was investigated
      using an antiserum against GABA. The high number of GABA immunoreactive neurons
      refer to the important function of this transmitter substance. The relation
      between the GABAergic system and the proctolinergic system in the 6th abdominal
      ganglion was examined by means of an immunohistochemical double staining
      technique. The results show that probably GABA and proctolin do not coexist
      within one neuron.

PMID- 2901775
TI  - [Immunocytochemical studies of the development of basal cell types of human islet
      organs].
AB  - The investigations are carried out in 19 human fetal pancreases. The detection of
      the 4 islet hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and PP ist carried out in
      PAP-technique. The parts of these 4 types of islet cells are estimated
      quantitatively. In the 10th to 15th week of development insulin-producing B-cells
      are present. Moreover glucagon-, somatostatin- and PP-cells in the islet organ
      are present. In the group of 16th to 20th week of gestation insulin-, glucagon-
      and somatostatin-cells are increased compared to the first group. PP-cells are
      not altered. The increase of 3 types of islet cells is a result of fetal
      development.

PMID- 2901776
TI  - Long-lasting changes after perinatal exposure to antidepressants.

PMID- 2901778
TI  - Neurotransmitters as morphogens.

PMID- 2901777
TI  - Alcohol as a social teratogen.

PMID- 2901779
TI  - Use of toxins to disrupt neurotransmitter circuitry in the developing brain.

PMID- 2901781
TI  - [The enzymes and genes participating in DNA replication of animal cells. PCNA/DNA
      polymerase delta auxiliary protein and molecular cloning of the gene].

PMID- 2901780
TI  - Prenatal neurotransmitter programming of postnatal receptor function.

PMID- 2901782
TI  - [Abdominal aortic aneurysm, retroperitoneal fibrosis and vasculitis].

PMID- 2901783
TI  - The nurse's guide to cardiovascular drugs. Part II (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2901784
TI  - Effect of acid inhibition on Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori (Cp) infection has been demonstrated in 59 of 65 (91%)
      patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer. Patients were included in a double blind
      study with ranitidine or famotidine for 4-8 weeks. After therapy, all gastric and
      duodenal ulcers healed but Cp remained in all previously infected patients,
      associated with chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa. Our results suggest that
      H2 antagonists do not have any effect either on Cp infection or on concurrent
      chronic gastritis. At the same time we observed that Cp infection does not
      disturb the ulcer healing process. However, Cp may be implicated in the
      persistence of the chronic gastritis and relapses of ulcers.

PMID- 2901785
TI  - Cytoprotective agents and C. pylori associated acid peptic diseases.

PMID- 2901786
TI  - The assay for thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin using cultured human thyroid
      cells and its clinical application.
AB  - A new technique for the determination of the serum level of thyroid stimulating
      immunoglobulins (TSI) is described. TSI may be detected by measuring cyclic AMP
      increases in cultures of isolated thyroid epithelial cells in response to added
      normal or patient's serum. Our results showed that the serum level in the normal
      control group was mostly lower than 110%, however, in 9.1% of normal human sera,
      TSI showed a positive result. In abnormal position, activity of TSI was higher
      than 110% of the rate of the normal control group. The positive result was 86%
      and the serum TSI levels were 270 +/- 176.6% in patients with Graves' disease
      before receiving antithyroid drug. After treatment with antithyroid drugs from
      one to thirty months, the positive results dropped to 35% and the serum TSI level
      decreased to 117.0 +/- 113%, which was significantly lower than that in untreated
      patients. In conclusion, TSI can be detected in the majority of the sera in
      patients with Graves' disease using this technique. It is helpful to the
      diagnosis and treatment of the Graves' disease.

PMID- 2901787
TI  - HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Natal.

PMID- 2901788
TI  - Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia related to human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - From 1 January 1984 to 31 August 1987, 11 patients underwent splenectomy for
      treatment of thrombocytopenia related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Six
      of the patients had been previously treated with prednisone, five of whom showed
      some response. None of those who responded to the prednisone had a sustained
      response and, thus, all required splenectomy. All 11 patients had an excellent
      response to splenectomy. The average preoperative and postoperative platelet
      counts were 19,700 and 498,000, respectively. All patients have maintained normal
      platelet counts at an average follow-up period of 12.4 months (range of one to 37
      months). There were no postoperative deaths. Morbidity was minimal; in two
      patients, wound seromas developed. In one patient, acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) developed 12 months after splenectomy, but none of the other
      patients have evidence of AIDS. Splenectomy is a safe and effective therapy for
      HIV-related immune thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2901789
TI  - Transplantation of cultured human adrenal chromaffin cells into 6-hydroxydopamine
      lesioned rat brain.
AB  - Adult young rats were subjected to a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the
      nigrostriatal dopamine pathway and then given intrastriatal grafts of human fetal
      adrenal chromaffin cell cultures. Amphetamine-induced ipsiversive turning
      behavior in the lesioned rats was largely reversed in four of eight rats given
      such transplants when tested at 1.5 and 4.5 months post-transplantation. Two rats
      showed a transient recovery at 1.5 months followed by deterioration at 4.5
      months, while two other rats showed continuous deterioration. Six rats given
      sciatic nerve grafts as controls all showed deterioration from the
      pretransplantation levels. Catecholamine fluorescent and immunohistochemical
      examination of chromaffin-cell-transplanted brains demonstrated neurons and
      neuronal processes positive for catecholamines or tyrosine hydroxylase in the
      transplanted area. This transplantation of cultured human fetal cells to an
      animal model may provide the necessary basic experimental system for assessing
      the possible utility of human neuronal transplants.

PMID- 2901790
TI  - Changes in synaptic morphology associated with presynaptic and postsynaptic
      activity: an in vitro study of the electrosensory organ of the thornback ray.
AB  - The influence of synaptic activity on synaptic structure was studied by
      selectively stimulating the presynaptic or postsynaptic membranes of ribbon
      synapses in an in vitro preparation, and examining the ultrastructure of synapses
      with conventional electron microscopic methods. Functionally significant changes
      in synaptic morphology were observed after direct depolarization of the
      presynaptic membrane or incubation with the neurotransmitter glutamate to
      depolarize the postsynaptic membrane. After depolarizing the presynaptic membrane
      for 30 seconds, the depth of the postsynaptic trough was reduced, and other
      morphological changes correlated with decreased sensitivity and spontaneous
      activity were evident. Depolarizing the postsynaptic membrane by incubating
      synapses with the neurotransmitter glutamate, produced opposite effects. These
      results suggest that synapses can undergo functionally significant morphological
      changes in response to certain patterns of activity. The mechanism for these
      changes might include synaptic vesicle recycling processes, changes in ion
      concentration, or cytoskeletal alterations in the presynaptic, postsynaptic, or
      support cells. These mechanisms could operate in association with long-term
      changes in synaptic efficacy or account for some physiological phenomena such as
      synaptic fatigue or accommodation.

PMID- 2901791
TI  - Glutamic acid decarboxylase- and peptide-immunoreactive neurons in cortex cerebri
      following development in isolation: evidence of homotypic and disturbed patterns
      in intraocular grafts.
AB  - Fetal parietal cerebral cortex was transplanted to the anterior eye chamber of
      adult Sprague-Dawley rats. After two to three months the grafts, with or without
      colchicine treatment, were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using
      antibodies against cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide
      tyrosine (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine
      isoleucine (PHI) and the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase
      (GAD). Cerebral cortex in situ of untreated and colchicine-treated rats was
      always analyzed in parallel. A dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers was
      distributed in all parts of the transplants, and after colchicine treatment a
      large number of CCK-positive cells was observed. These cells were markedly
      increased in number as compared to normal cortical tissue in colchicine
      pretreated rats. The amount of NPY-immunoreactive cells was also markedly
      increased, whereas somatostatin-positive cells were found in numbers similar to
      those seen in cortex in situ. In the grafts only a few VIP- and PHI-positive
      fibers were seen with a few VIP-positive cell bodies, but no clearly discernible
      PHI-positive cells. A very dense plexus of GAD-positive fibers with an even
      distribution throughout the grafts was observed. Cortex in situ exhibited a lower
      density of GAD-immunoreactive fibers. Even after colchicine treatment the number
      of GAD-positive cells in the grafts was low. Using double-staining techniques, it
      was found that most of the few GAD-positive cells in the grafts were also NPY
      positive, SOM-positive or, to a minor extent, CCK-positive. The present results
      demonstrate that several peptides and transmitter markers are expressed in
      cortical grafts in oculo, but marked differences in their expression can be
      observed in cortical tissue that has developed in isolation. Thus, the
      intraocular cortex graft, alone and in combination with other brain areas, should
      provide a useful model in which to study factors that regulate brain development.

PMID- 2901792
TI  - Organization of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in the rat superficial dorsal
      horn: light and electron microscopic observations.
AB  - Glutamate has been shown to be a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
      of vertebrates, and it has been hypothesized that glutamate is functional as a
      neurotransmitter in the spinal cord dorsal horn. A monoclonal antibody to
      fixative-modified glutamate was used in this study to examine the light
      microscopic and ultrastructural profiles of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in
      the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Glutamate-like
      immunoreactivity was observed in neurons, fibers, and terminals of both laminae I
      and II. Marginal zone immunoreactive neurons ranged from 10 to 30 micron in
      diameter and received many nonimmunoreactive somatic synapses. In substantia
      gelatinosa, immunoreactive neurons were observed in both inner and outer layers,
      ranged 5 to 10 micron in diameter, and received few nonimmunoreactive somatic
      synapses. Glutamate-like immunoreactive dendrites were observed in both laminae
      and were contacted primarily by nonimmunoreactive synaptic terminals that
      generally contained small clear vesicles. Both myelinated and unmyelinated
      immunoreactive axons were observed in Lissauer's tract. Immunoreactive terminals
      contained small (40 nm) clear vesicles and generally formed simple synaptic
      contacts with nonimmunoreactive dendrites in laminae I and II. The results of
      this study corroborate the importance of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in
      spinal sensory mechanisms.

PMID- 2901793
TI  - Changes in neurotransmitter uptake in the spinal cord following peripheral nerve
      injury.
AB  - Changes in neurotransmitter systems of the spinal cord were studied in response
      to peripheral nerve injury. The uptake and compartmentalization of radiolabeled
      spinal cord neurotransmitters and transmitter precursors were examined as a
      function of time following unilateral sciatic nerve crush in adult mice.
      Accumulation of transmitter was measured within synaptosomally enriched fractions
      prepared using combinations of differential and density gradient centrifugations.
      The amount of transmitter substance recovered from these fractions was strongly
      dependent upon the amount of time following nerve injury and on the specific
      transmitter or precursor being examined (GABA, glutamate, glycine, and choline
      chloride). However, for each of these substances, uptake values returned to
      control levels within nine to twelve days after nerve crush. Localization of GABA
      changes postcrush revealed reciprocal differences between ipsilateral and
      contralateral sides of the spinal cord, as well as differences between segmental
      levels. Altered GABA uptake may reflect changes in the postcrush microchemical
      environment present during tissue processing, but may also be related to direct
      changes in the synaptic binding, transport, and compartmentalization of
      transmitter substance. The time course, magnitude, and direction of these
      neurochemical changes follow those observed neurophysiologically, and may thus
      underlie injury-induced short-term (days) alterations reported in primary
      afferent depolarizations, cross cord responses, and other spinal mechanisms.

PMID- 2901794
TI  - [Visual hallucinations and carpipramine].

PMID- 2901795
TI  - [Use of IR spectrophotometry for establishing cordanum in cadaveric material].

PMID- 2901796
TI  - Malaria and urbanization in central Africa: the example of Brazzaville. Part II:
      Results of entomological surveys and epidemiological analysis.
AB  - 92 night-bite collections on human bait (550 man-nights) and 234 collections of
      the house-resting fauna were carried out from October 1982 to May 1984 in
      Brazzaville. A total of 19,531 Culicidae were captured, of which 1,893 were
      Anopheles, almost exclusively A. gambiae. An average sporozoite rate of 3.41% was
      found from dissection of 1,291 A. gambiae: one female A. moucheti was also found
      to be infected. Considerable differences in the intensity of transmission of
      malaria were observed in the different districts of the town. Whereas the
      inhabitants of Brazzaville received on average 22.5 infective bites per person
      per year, in reality this number varies according to the district, from over 100
      infective bites per person per year, to less than one infective bite per person
      every three years. With the help of classical quantitative epidemiological
      models, the authors analyse here the over-all results, as well as those of two
      areas of the town, the first area characterized by a high anopheline density, and
      the second by the rarity of anopheles.

PMID- 2901797
TI  - Lymphokine-activated killer cell purging of leukemia cells from bone marrow prior
      to syngeneic transplantation.
AB  - We have studied the effect of using lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells as an
      in vitro means for eliminating leukemic cells from normal bone marrow prior to
      transplantation of experimental animals. Rat LAK cells exhibit broad cytolytic
      activity against a variety of hematopoietic neoplasms, but do not kill normal
      bone marrow cells or lectin-stimulated blasts. Bone marrow was harvested from
      normal Fischer 344 rats, combined with increasing numbers of CRNK-16 tumor cells,
      and then incubated with LAK cells. The BM/tumor/LAK mixture was then administered
      to untreated Fischer rats, and the ability of the LAK cells to purge the bone
      marrow of neoplastic cells and prevent the transmission of the leukemia to
      recipient animals monitored. Our results demonstrate that LAK cells are capable
      of efficiently purging the bone marrow of neoplastic cells. Treatment of the
      BM/tumor mixtures with LAK cells is associated with significant prolongation of
      survival in the higher tumor doses (10(5) tumor cells/recipient) and complete
      elimination of the tumor in a high percentage of recipients at lower tumor levels
      (10(3)-10(4) tumor cells/recipient). At levels of BM transfer comparable to that
      used in humans, there was no evidence of a failure of LAK-treated bone marrow to
      reconstitute lethally conditioned recipient animals. However, with lower numbers
      of BM cells, there was an increased mortality in animals receiving LAK-treated
      BM, suggesting a minimal inhibition of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
      function when suboptimal numbers of BM cells are used for reconstitution. These
      experiments demonstrate that LAk cells are capable of eliminating neoplastic
      cells in bone marrow without significant destruction of immature syngeneic stem
      cells. LAK cells display a broad range of cytolytic activity against
      hematopoietic and solid tissue tumors, and are therefore capable of eliminating
      small numbers of tumor cells from a wide variety of neoplastic diseases of the
      marrow. The ability to detect and eliminate malignant cells, without interfering
      with reconstitution with donor marrow, suggests that immune therapy with LAK
      cells can be a relatively simple and efficient method to purge bone marrow prior
      to autologous transplantation in patients following high-dose chemotherapy for
      neoplastic diseases.

PMID- 2901798
TI  - Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections: host susceptibility and bacterial
      virulence factors.

PMID- 2901799
TI  - [The effect of early visual deprivation on the synthesis of glutamic and aspartic
      acids in mitochondria of central structures of the visual analyzer in the dog].
AB  - After 45 days visual deprivation synthesis via direct reductive amination and
      transamination of glutamic and aspartic acids was inhibited in mitochondria of
      dog visual cortex, colliculi anterioris and corpus geniculatum externus. Under
      conditions of long-term (90 days) visual deprivation synthesis of glutamic and
      aspartic acids was less effectively inhibited in mitochondria of the brain areas
      studied via the reductive amination and transamination, except of the aspartic
      acid synthesis by means of transamination, the rate of which was maintained at
      the level similar to the values observed after 45 days of visual deprivation.

PMID- 2901800
TI  - [Effect of pyrilene and temechin on central and pulmonary hemodynamics in the
      treatment of hemoptysis].

PMID- 2901801
TI  - Spectrum of pheochromocytoma in the 131I-MIBG era.

PMID- 2901802
TI  - First workshop of the MRC AIDS-directed programme, 9-10 November 1987, Central
      Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, London, UK.

PMID- 2901803
TI  - [Fimbrial formation, antibiogram, plasmid content, lysotype and biotype of
      Salmonella].

PMID- 2901804
TI  - Early expression of MCS2 (CD13) in the cytoplasm of blast cells from acute
      myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - The expression of two myeloid antigens identified by the monoclonal antibodies
      (McAb) MCS2 (CD13) and MY9 (CD33) was investigated in 136 cases of leukaemia.
      MCS2 was positive in blast cells of 78 of 88 (88.5%) and MY9 in 51 of 81 (64%)
      cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic granulocytic leukaemia in
      myeloid blast crisis. One or other McAb, or both, were positive in all but 2
      (2.3%) of these cases. MCS2 was more sensitive than MY9 to detect blasts of the
      myeloid lineage due to its most frequent reactivity in the cytoplasm of fixed
      cells by the immunoperoxidase (IP) technique compared with its membrane
      expression on cell suspensions by immunofluorescence (IF). MY9 was not suitable
      for tests on fixed cells. MCS2 was positive by IP but not by IF in 24% of AML,
      but the reverse was not observed. This suggests that the antigen detected by MCS2
      is expressed in myeloblasts first in the cytoplasm and later on the cell
      membrane, pattern which is similar to that of the early antigens CD3 and CD22 in
      T and B lineage lymphoblasts, respectively. MCS2 was always positive in FAB types
      of AML-involving myeloblasts (M1-M4), including cases of undifferentiated
      morphology (M0), whilst MY9 was more frequently positive in monocytic leukaemia
      (M5). On the other hand, MCS2 was positive in 4 of 33 cases of acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia and MY9 in 1. We conclude that both McAb, particularly
      MCS2, contribute to the better characterisation of myeloid leukaemias but that
      other tests are required to clarify the nature of the blasts when unexpected
      reactivities are observed.

PMID- 2901805
TI  - A study of the dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in cat fungiform papillae: light
      and electron microscope histochemistry.
AB  - The present paper describes histochemical study of the dipeptidylpeptidase IV
      activity in the nerve structures of cat fungiform papillae at the light and
      electron microscope levels. The dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity was found in
      blood vessels and nerve bundles entering the connective tissue stroma of
      fungiform papillae. The taste buds exhibited a moderate staining for the
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity. Ultracytochemical findings revealed this enzyme
      as membrane-bound in the endothelium of blood vessels, in plasma membrane of the
      Schwann cells at the axon-Schwann cell interface as well as in the taste bud
      cells. A possible function of the dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in the
      peripheral nerve structures is discussed in view of the ability of this enzyme to
      cleave the substance P to the minor fragments with inherent physiological roles.

PMID- 2901806
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor blockade and anesthesia.

PMID- 2901807
TI  - Psychophysiological aspects of central fatigue.

PMID- 2901808
TI  - [Synthesis of higenamine derivatives and their open-ring analogs].

PMID- 2901809
TI  - Oxidative metabolism in cultured astroglial cells from rat brain.
AB  - Growth, morphology, glutamine synthetase activity, cytochrome C oxidase activity
      and respiratory activity of rat brain cultures enriched in astrocytes were
      studied during four weeks in culture. Two different polarographic methods were
      used for measurement of respiratory activity: one newly developed perfusion
      method leaving the cellular monolayer morphologically intact and still attached
      to the culture dish, and one traditional stirring method involving the removal of
      cells from the culture vessel. Regardless of the method used, a stable
      respiratory activity was registrated throughout the four weeks of culturing. Also
      the cytochrome C oxidase activity remained unchanged. In perfusion all absolute
      values for respiration were found to be higher than those obtained with the
      stirring method. The use of the stirring technique resulted in a doubling of
      oxygen consumption upon succinate addition. No such effect was seen in perfusion.
      It can thus be concluded that the removal of cultured astrocytic cells from their
      substratum alters their respiratory activity and their response to added
      substrates.

PMID- 2901810
TI  - Postnatal development of gamma-GT activity in rat brain microvessels corresponds
      to capillary growth and differentiation.
AB  - It has been demonstrated histochemically that endothelial cells of the cerebral
      capillaries show a high activity in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), an
      enzyme which takes part in the transfer of large neutral amino acids across the
      blood-brain barrier. Reports of the disappearance of enzyme activity in
      endothelial cells (EC) grown in culture suggest that the presence of astroglial
      cells (AG) is required for the expression of gamma-GT in these cells. The present
      study deals with the developmental changes in gamma-GT activity in capillaries of
      rat cerebral cortex during ontogenesis (i.e. on days 2, 7, 11, 14, 21 and 60
      after birth). gamma-GT activity is determined by measuring the enzyme kinetics of
      the histochemical reaction on isolated brain capillaries using a flying spot
      microscope densitometer. Enzyme activity is expressed as an increase in relative
      optical density (at 500 nm) in arbitrary units/min/micron 2 during the 2 min
      immediately after initiating incubation and corresponds to the gamma-GT active
      area (in micron 2) of the capillary segment. During early postnatal development,
      a biphasic change of gamma-GT activity in capillaries of rat cerebral cortex is
      observed. The first phase (i.e. the postnatal period between the 2nd and 12th
      day) is characterized by a significant decrease in gamma-GT activity, which
      coincides with the onset of the rapid mitotic proliferation of cortical
      endothelial cells. During the second phase (i.e. the postnatal period between the
      12th and 21st day), a fast increase in the gamma-GT activity can be measured.
      Then enzyme activity reaches the adult level between the 21st and 60th postnatal
      day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901811
TI  - Disodium azodisalicylate and sulfasalazine.

PMID- 2901812
TI  - Isolated amebic appendicitis: a pathologic rarity.

PMID- 2901813
TI  - Regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor secretion in vitro by glucose.
AB  - The neurosecretory responses of the isolated rat hypothalamus were assessed in
      vitro. Rat hypothalamic blocks were incubated for 30 min in a N-2
      hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-buffered salt solution with 5.5
      mM glucose (base-line collection period). The blocks were transferred to fresh
      buffer with a new concentration of glucose with or without various additions
      (test period); corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and other hormones in the
      media were determined by radioimmunoassay. CRF secretion was maximally increased
      to approximately 200% of base line at glucose concentrations less than 4 mM and
      decreased to 65% of base line at higher glucose concentrations. The increase in
      CRF secretion at low glucose (0.55 or 1.38 mM) was Ca2+ dependent and completely
      reversible. Hexamethonium, cyproheptadine, and atropine partially blocked the CRF
      response to 0.55 mM glucose. Glucose concentrations from 0 to 11 mM had no effect
      on the CRF response to 47.5 mM KCl. The inhibitory effects of high glucose were
      completely reversed by the addition of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (3-49 mM). Glucose
      levels did not alter secretion of either gonadotropin-releasing hormone or
      arginine vasopressin from hypothalamic blocks. The results suggest that the
      isolated rat hypothalamus is extremely sensitive to the level of glucose and that
      CRF is rapidly and reversibly secreted in response to slight reductions in
      glucose concentrations. These concentrations are consistent with those observed
      during moderate to severe hypoglycemia in vivo. The rise in glucocorticoids
      observed in vivo during hypoglycemia may result at least in part from the ability
      of the hypothalamus to directly sense glucose levels and promote secretion of
      CRF.

PMID- 2901814
TI  - Dexamethasone regulates glutamine synthetase expression in rat skeletal muscles.
AB  - The regulation of glutamine synthetase expression by dexamethasone was studied in
      rat skeletal muscles. Daily administration of dexamethasone caused striking
      enhancement of glutamine synthetase activity in plantaris, soleus, and diaphragm
      muscles. Northern blot analysis revealed that the dexamethasone-mediated increase
      of glutamine synthetase activity was associated with dramatically increased
      levels of glutamine synthetase mRNA. Both glutamine synthetase activity and mRNA
      levels were significantly elevated in plantaris muscle at 0.5 mg.kg-1.day-1 of
      dexamethasone, a dose that approximates endogenous corticosteroid levels in
      animals under severe stress. Quantification of changes in glutamine synthetase
      mRNA on the basis of total mRNA (by oligo dT hybridization) also revealed a major
      increase in glutamine synthetase mRNA. Dexamethasone was without effect on beta
      tubulin mRNA levels, indicating that glutamine synthetase induction is not part
      of a global response to glucocorticoids. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in only
      an approximately 15% increase in glutamine synthetase activity in heart; there
      was no change in glutamine synthetase mRNA level in this tissue. Thus
      glucocorticoids regulate glutamine synthetase gene expression in rat skeletal
      muscles.

PMID- 2901815
TI  - Premedication with oral slow release morphine in dental anaesthesia. A comparison
      with temazepam.
AB  - Oral slow release morphine 30 mg and temazepam 30 mg given as premedication 2
      hours before operation were compared in 62 patients who underwent extraction of
      four third molar teeth in a randomised double-blind trial. There was no
      significant difference in pre-operative sedation; the majority were mildly or
      moderately sedated. Patients in the morphine group woke up significantly faster
      and had significantly reduced requirements for analgesics after operation.

PMID- 2901816
TI  - Combined use of calcium-channel and beta-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of
      chronic stable angina. Rationale, efficacy, and adverse effects.
AB  - During the past decade, the therapy for stable angina pectoris has greatly
      expanded with the introduction of the calcium-channel blockers. Initially studied
      as monotherapy, these agents have been regularly used in combination with other
      antianginal medications, most notably the beta-adrenergic blockers. Although
      there are pharmacologic rationales for combining these agents, in daily practice,
      the major impetus for combination therapy is continuing angina during
      monotherapy. At least one well-conducted double-blind study was done to confirm
      that diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine each can markedly improve both
      subjective and objective measures of efficacy when used in combination with a
      beta-blocker. However, individual patient responses are of chief importance. Many
      persons do better with monotherapy than with combination treatment. The
      offsetting hemodynamic effects of nifedipine and a beta-blocker generally work
      well together; however, minor side effects are not infrequent. In the patient
      with underlying conduction system disease, this combination is clearly
      preferable. Diltiazem with a beta-blocker is usually well-tolerated, with a low
      incidence of adverse effects, similar to the experience with diltiazem
      monotherapy. Verapamil in conjunction with a beta-blocker warrants the greatest
      concern; approximately 10% to 15% of patients will have significant bradycardia,
      heart block, hypotension, or congestive failure. When these agents are used
      concurrently, reduced dosages, especially of the beta-blocker, will likely result
      in a lower incidence of adverse effects with maintained efficacy.

PMID- 2901817
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis
      associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Clinical,
      immunologic, and cytologic studies.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the features of pulmonary involvement in patients
      with tropical spastic paraparesis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus
      type 1. DESIGN: Nonrandomized prospective case series. SETTING: Tertiary care
      units in two university medical centers. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 21
      patients with tropical spastic paraparesis associated with human T-cell
      lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. INTERVENTIONS: Chest roentgenogram and
      bronchoalveolar lavage were done in all patients. Fifteen patients had pulmonary
      function tests. Alveolar T-lymphocyte subsets were analysed in 10 patients and
      thoracic computed tomographic scans were done in 10 patients. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: All patients were free of clinical pulmonary symptoms and had
      normal chest roentgenograms. Thoracic computed tomographic scans were normal in 9
      of 10 patients and showed mild interstitial pneumonitis in 1. Pulmonary function
      tests were within the normal range in 13 patients and showed a mild restrictive
      syndrome in 2. Eighteen patients had increased absolute numbers of alveolar
      lymphocytes (mean, 77 +/- 39 X 10(3) lymphocytes/mL; range, 13.5 X 10(3) to 259 X
      10(3) lymphocytes/mL). Sixteen patients had percentages of alveolar lymphocytes
      higher than 20% of all alveolar cells (mean, 33.5 +/- 12.7; range, 9 to 69). In
      all 10 patients tested, 64.2% +/- 13.2% of alveolar lymphocytes were CD8+ cells.
      CONCLUSIONS: Excessive absolute numbers and percentages of alveolar lymphocytes
      were observed in 18 and 16 patients, respectively. Most alveolar lymphocytes were
      CD8+ cells.

PMID- 2901819
TI  - SMS 201-995, a somatostatin analogue, and diarrhea in the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

PMID- 2901818
TI  - Hypertension, exercise, and beta-adrenergic blockade.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether beta-adrenergic blocking agents affect
      exercise tolerance, exercise conditioning response, and blood pressure response
      to conditioning in hypertensive patients. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blinded,
      placebo-controlled trial with a 10-week exercise period. SETTING: Outpatient,
      monitored exercise program at a community-based, university-sponsored cardiac
      rehabilitation facility. PATIENTS: Thirty adults with mean resting blood pressure
      of 145 mm Hg or greater (systolic), 95 mm Hg or greater (diastolic), or a
      combined systolic and diastolic pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or greater. Mean
      systolic pressure of 170 mm Hg or more or mean diastolic pressure of 105 mm Hg or
      more was exclusionary. Mean blood pressure was 145/95 mm Hg; mean age was 46.5
      years. INTERVENTION: The beta-1-nonselective blocker was propranolol, 80 mg twice
      daily. The beta-1-selective blocker was metoprolol, 100 mg twice daily, compared
      with placebo. All patients did exercise conditioning consisting of 40 sessions of
      aerobic exercise with heart rate monitoring. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Resting systolic blood pressure measured without drug therapy was lowered
      markedly after exercise conditioning on placebo (146 to 135 mm Hg) and on
      metoprolol (144 to 133 mm Hg) (P less than 0.05), but not on propranolol (no
      change). Acutely, propranolol decreased both maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
      and exercise duration compared with metoprolol and placebo. Chronically, VO2max
      increased 24% (95% CI, 8 to 40) in response to training on placebo and 8% on
      metoprolol (95% CI, 3 to 14); it did not increase on propranolol (95% CI, -10 to
      15). CONCLUSIONS: If an exercise program is to be recommended as an adjunct to
      pharmacologic beta-blockade for hypertension, blood-pressure-lowering effects are
      preserved and exercise capacity is less affected with a beta-1-selective agent
      than with a beta-1-nonselective agent. Antihypertensive medications may be
      avoided altogether for selected patients who sustain an aerobic exercise program.

PMID- 2901820
TI  - [Central neurotransmitters and control of specific appetite for the
      macronutrients].
AB  - Studies of brain monoamines and neuropeptides have provided extensive evidence in
      support of their role in the control of food intake, meal patterns and appetite
      for specific macronutrients. In this process, the medial and lateral portions of
      the hypothalamus have a critical responsibility in balancing signals for hunger
      and satiety. Via its rich and biologically active neurotransmitter substances,
      the hypothalamus monitors and integrates the complex sensory and metabolic input
      concerning the nutritional status of the organism and transduces this information
      into appropriate quantitative and qualitative adjustments in food intake. The
      specific neurotransmitters for which there is the most extensive evidence for a
      physiological function include the eating-stimulatory substances norepinephrine,
      opioid peptides, pancreatic polypeptides, galanin and gamma-aminobutyric acid;
      and the eating-inhibitory substances dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and several
      gut-brain peptides. From biochemical, pharmacological and anatomical studies,
      hypotheses have been generated to explain the role of these various monoamines
      and neuropeptides in controlling total energy intake, in determining the amount
      and pattern of macronutrient selection, and in maintaining normal energy and
      nutrient stores under dynamic conditions within the external environment.

PMID- 2901821
TI  - [New treatments of hemorrhagic rectocolitis].
AB  - The treatment of ulcerative colitis has benefited from the development of new
      molecules (azo-disalicylates) or new galenic forms (Pentasa, Azacol...)
      permitting, via oral administration, to supply the colon with 5-aminosalicylic
      acid without the sulfapyridine with which it was combined in salazosulfapyridine
      and was responsible for most side effects. Pentasa and steroids which are
      moderately absorbed by the colonic mucosa (tixocortol pivalate, prednisolone
      metasulfabenzoate may also be used un an enema form or, for some, in ointment
      form, to treat mild attacks in the distal forms of the disease.

PMID- 2901822
TI  - Investigation on cerebrospinal fluid opioids and neurotransmitters related to
      spinal cord stimulation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the biochemical mechanisms underlying
      spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Seventeen patients with chronic pain were
      investigated by measuring cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of endogenous
      opioids and biogenic amines before and during dorsal column stimulation. Basal
      cerebrospinal fluid beta-endorphin levels were below the normal range. No
      significant change of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, beta-endorphin, beta
      lipotropin, or adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were found after SCS. A 50%
      increase of cerebrospinal beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin levels occurred in 6
      out of 16 patients, namely those where SCS gave the major pain relief. These data
      confirm the derangement of the endogenous opioid system in chronic pain
      conditions and suggest that the beta-endorphin response to SCS could have
      clinical value in predicting the success of treatment.

PMID- 2901823
TI  - The amino acid sequence of bovine thymus prothymosin alpha.
AB  - Prothymosin alpha has been purified from calf thymus and its amino acid sequence
      determined. It contains 109 amino acid residues and closely resembles human
      prothymosin alpha, with only two substitutions, glutamic acid for aspartic acid
      at position 31 and alanine for serine at position 83. This is in contrast to six
      differences between rat and bovine prothymosins, including four substitutions and
      two deletions. The structural similarity of the bovine and human polypeptides
      makes the former a good candidate for studies on the evaluation of the biological
      activities of prothymosin alpha in human systems.

PMID- 2901824
TI  - Effect of SM-2470, a newly synthetized alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, on
      sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized rats.
AB  - The newly synthetized alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, SM-2470 (4-amino-2-[4
      (bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-2-ene-5-carbonyl)-1-piperazinyl]-6,7- dimethoxyquinazoline
      hydrochloride), is a prazosin-like quinazoline derivative. The present study was
      undertaken to elucidate the effect of SM-2470 on sympathetic nerve activity and
      baroreceptor afferent nerve activity in anesthetized rats. Intravenous
      administration of SM-2470 (10, 30 and 100 micrograms/kg) produced a dose
      dependent reduction of mean arterial pressure without any significant change in
      heart rate. SM-2470 caused decreases in both renal and cardiac sympathetic nerve
      activity along with this hypotension. Preganglionic adrenal nerve activity and
      aortic depressor nerve activity were also decreased by SM-2470. When equi
      hypotensive doses of SM-2470 and clonidine were compared, the sympathoinhibitory
      potency of SM-2470 was less than that of the centrally acting antihypertensive
      drug, clonidine. Pretreatment with SM-2470 (30 micrograms/kg, i.v.) shifted the
      methoxamine-induced pressor response curve to the right. These findings suggest
      that SM-2470 may possess a central sympathoinhibitory action. This central action
      may play a role in its anti-tachycardic effect and may be substantially
      responsible for the hypotensive action.

PMID- 2901825
TI  - Inhibition via muscarinic M-1 receptor stimulation of TRH-induced prolactin
      release in estrogen-primed rats.
AB  - The cholinergic mechanism involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion
      induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in estrogen-primed male rats was
      investigated. Intraperitoneal injections of pharmacological doses of TRH (20
      mg/kg), MK-771 (2 mg/kg) and DN-1417 (10 mg/kg) increased serum prolactin levels
      in estrogen-primed male rats, but not in nonprimed male rats. This increase was
      reduced by pilocarpine, a muscarinic M-1 receptor agonist, but not by carbachol,
      a M-2 receptor agonist. Pirenzepine, a peripheral M-1 receptor antagonist, did
      not affect TRH-induced prolactin release, but antagonized the inhibitory effect
      of pilocarpine. The results indicate that TRH and TRH analogues increase
      prolactin secretion in the estrogen-primed male rats and that a stimulation of
      muscarinic M-1 receptors exerts an inhibitory effect on the prolactin release
      induced by TRH in the estrogen primed male rats.

PMID- 2901826
TI  - Pharmacological activity of novel alkylsulfonylaryl-1-substituted-1,4
      benzodiazepine derivatives.
AB  - A series of 1-alkylsulfonylaryl-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives were synthesized
      and assayed for their pharmacological profile. All the compounds tested exhibited
      a competitive antagonism of 3H-diazepam binding in cerebellum, cerebrum and
      submaxillary gland. Compound II (rec. INN tolufazepam) had a Ki of 12.7 nM in
      cerebrum and 400 nM in the submaxillary gland. It was very potent in preventing
      convulsions elicited by pentylenetetrazol (ED50 p.o.: 16.5 and ED50 i.v.: 20
      mg/kg). This anticonvulsant action was suppressed by previous administration of
      Ro 15-1788. Compound II was also active in inhibiting suppressive behaviour in
      the test of Vogel. This compound has a relative low hypnogenic activity as well
      as a low potency to produce motor incoordination. Our results show that
      tolufazepam has a potential clinical usefulness.

PMID- 2901827
TI  - Antisomatostatin IgG in major depressive disorder. A preliminary study with
      implications for an autoimmune mechanism of depression.
AB  - IgG reactive with somatostatin 1-14 was identified in human plasma by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. From a sample of 25 subjects, six (60%) of ten
      individuals with major depressive disorder demonstrated antibody reactive with
      somatostatin 1-14, in contrast to one (7%) of 15 controls. Overall,
      antisomatostatin reactivity was significantly higher in patients with major
      depressive disorder (0.233 +/- 0.177) than in the normal volunteers (0.084 +/-
      0.039; t = 3.18, P less than .01). Antisomatostatin IgG was isolated by affinity
      chromatography. The recognition site for somatostatin was retained by F(ab)'2
      fragments. Although there has been little previous exploration of the existence
      of antibodies to endogenous neuropeptides, such antibodies could prove of
      relevance to neuropsychiatric and other human disorders.

PMID- 2901828
TI  - Hospital play specialists.

PMID- 2901829
TI  - Enkephalin is liberated from metorphamide and dynorphin A1-8 by endo
      oligopeptidase A, but not by metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15.
AB  - It has been previously reported that both the cysteinyl-endo-oligopeptidase A and
      the metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15 are able to generate enkephalin from a
      number of enkephalin-containing peptides, including dynorphin A1-8. The present
      study shows that only endo-oligopeptidase A is able to generate [Leu5]enkephalin
      and [Met5]enkephalin from dynorphin A1-8 and from metorphamide respectively. It
      is also shown that endo-oligopeptidase A neither hydrolyses the specific EC
      3.4.24.15 substrate alpha-N-benzoyl-Gly-Ala-Ala-Phe p-aminobenzoate, nor is
      inhibited by the specific EC 3.4.24.15 inhibitor N-[1(RS)-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]
      alpha-Ala-Ala-Phe p-aminobenzoate.

PMID- 2901830
TI  - Evidence of functional alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in adult-rat adipocytes by
      using the agonist UK 14304.
AB  - The aim of this study was to re-assess whether alpha 2-adrenergic receptors were
      present in rat adipocytes, by using UK 14304, a new and very selective alpha 2
      agonist. The following observations demonstrate the presence of functional alpha
      2-adrenoceptors in rat adipocytes. (1) Adipocyte lipolysis was dose-dependently
      inhibited by UK 14304 (maximal effect 80% at 1 microM-UK 14304, 45% at 10 microM
      UK 14304, under basal or theophylline-stimulated conditions respectively). (2) UK
      14304 bound specifically to purified plasma membranes, with Bmax. = 744 fmol/mg
      of protein and KD = 9 nM. (3) The effect of UK 14304 was suppressed by alpha 2
      antagonists. (4) Adrenaline inhibited lipolysis upon beta-adrenergic blockade
      (propranolol). (5) The anti-lipolytic effect of UK 14304 was modulated by the age
      of the rats.

PMID- 2901831
TI  - A collagen-binding glycoprotein on the surface of mouse fibroblasts is identified
      as dipeptidyl peptidase IV.
AB  - A dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DPP) was detected in plasma membranes from normal
      (3T3) and transformed (3T12) mouse fibroblasts. This enzyme was active in
      cleaving the prolyl bond in the synthetic dipeptide nitroanilide Gly-Pro-NH-Np,
      which is a specific substrate for DPP IV (Km 0.63 mM and Vmax 6.1 nmol/min per mg
      at pH 6.0 and 37 degrees C). However, it did not degrade Pro-NH-Np or other
      dipeptide nitroanilides such as Gly-Arg-NH-Np or Val-Ala-NH-Np. The enzyme was
      totally inhibited by di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate (Pri2-P-F) and by
      phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride, indicating a serine catalytic site for the
      proteinase. DPP IV is a glycoprotein that specifically recognized immobilized
      gelatin and type I collagen. Upon molecular exclusion chromatography, the
      proteinase exhibited an apparent Mr of 100,000. SDS/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis under non-reducing and reducing conditions revealed that the
      [3H]Pri2-P-protein was exclusively represented by a polypeptide of Mr 55,000.
      This suggested that DPP IV consists of two non-covalently linked 55,000-Mr
      subunits. Fibroblast adhesion to native or denatured collagen was significantly
      inhibited by the two dipeptide inhibitors of DPP IV, Gly-Pro-Ala and Ala-Pro-Gly,
      but not by the peptides Gly-Pro and Gly-Gly-Gly, which are not inhibitors of the
      proteinase. Moreover, preliminary fractionation of DPP IV by molecular exclusion
      chromatography and affinity chromatography indicated that this material was
      active in disrupting cell adhesion to collagens. Taken together, the above data
      suggest that a fibroblast membrane-associated collagen-binding glycoprotein, DPP
      IV, may play a role in cell attachment to collagen.

PMID- 2901832
TI  - Retinoic acid-induced modulation of rat liver transglutaminase and total
      polyamines in vivo.
AB  - The effect of a single intraperitoneal injection of retinoic acid on liver
      transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) activity and total putrescine, spermidine and
      spermine was studied. The results demonstrate that: (1) transglutaminase activity
      is increased over control values as early as 4-6 h after treatment, reaching a
      maximum (2-fold increase) at 12 h and returning to control values at 36 h; (2)
      the retinoic acid-induced form of enzyme is the soluble tissue transglutaminase;
      (3) actinomycin D treatment does not completely inhibit the early (6 h) increase
      of activity, while suppressing that at 12 h; (4) the immunoassay of the soluble
      transglutaminase shows that, 6 h after treatment, there is no increase in the
      protein, whereas at 12 and 24 h a significant increase is observed; (5)
      putrescine, but not spermidine and spermine, increases (5-7-fold) 6 and 18 h
      after the retinoic acid treatment. The possibility also that the expression of
      soluble transglutaminase is modulated in vivo by retinoic acid and the
      relationship to polyamine levels are discussed.

PMID- 2901833
TI  - Cloning and characterization of an alpha 1-antitrypsin like gene 12 KB downstream
      of the genuine alpha 1-antitrypsin gene.
AB  - Cosmid clones containing alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) gene sequences were
      observed to contain alpha 1AT-like sequences approximately 12 kb downstream of
      the authentic alpha 1AT gene. Restriction mapping suggested the alpha 1AT-like
      gene lacks promoter sequences. Cosmid clones from one library contained a
      truncated alpha 1AT-like gene with a deletion encompassing 1745 bp, including the
      whole exon IV and part of exon V. Sequencing of exon II of this truncated gene
      revealed a nucleotide homology of 76% but included critical mutations in the
      start codon (ATG - greater than ATA) and the 3' exon-intron junction. These
      results strongly suggest that the truncated alpha 1AT-like gene is a pseudogene,
      which is present at a frequency of 0.30 in the Dutch population.

PMID- 2901834
TI  - Reduction to homozygosity at the SIS/PDGF-2 locus in human mesenchymal tumors.
AB  - Enhanced expression of the human SIS/PDGF-2 gene has been reported in a number of
      human cell lines, sarcomas, and glioblastomas. We have analyzed the SIS/PDGF-2
      gene for structural alterations in fresh human tumors. DNA samples from 79
      patients with solid tumors (63 mesenchymal tumors, 12 lung carcinomas, 4 breast
      carcinomas) were examined and compared with DNA samples from 50 leukemia patients
      and 14 unrelated individuals without malignant neoplasms. When DNA samples were
      digested with a HindIII restriction endonuclease, Southern blot analysis
      demonstrated two distinct bands (21kb and 18kb) after hybridization to the
      SIS/PDGF-2 gene probe. A pedigree analysis of a 43-member family indicated that
      these allelic variants segregated in a Mendelian fashion. There was, however,
      tumor specific allele loss in 18% of the mesenchymal tumors analyzed, which may
      indicate a common etiology for this tumor type.

PMID- 2901835
TI  - Expression of a P-glycoprotein gene is inducible in a multidrug-resistant human
      leukemia cell line.
AB  - A human T lymphoblastoid CCRF-CEM cell line exhibiting cross resistance to a
      variety of drugs was selected with increasing doses of actinomycin D. A subline,
      designated CCRF ACTD400+, was permanently cultured in the presence of 400 ng/ml
      Actinomycin D for several months. Using a fragment of the human mdr1 cDNA we
      found high expression of a 5 kb mRNA species which was not detectable in the
      sensitive parental CCRF-CEM cell line. The extent of the mdr-mRNA expression in
      resistant cells, however, depended on the presence or absence of actinomycin D in
      the culture medium: when the inhibitor was omitted, the expression decreased to
      about 60% after one month. In reverse, the steady state level of the P
      glycoprotein mRNA increased about 2.5-fold within 72 h after the original dose of
      the drug was added again. In further experiments we recorded the actinomycin D or
      adriamycin dose response curves of the variously treated sublines by evaluation
      of [3H]uridine or [3H]thymidine incorporation, respectively, into acid insoluble
      material. Consistently, the drug sensitivity of the respective macromolecular
      synthesis was found to decrease with increasing mdr-mRNA levels.

PMID- 2901836
TI  - Rapid detoxification of infused ammonium by the anesthetized rat.
AB  - Anaesthetized rats were given an i.v. overload of 200 mmoles of ammonium acetate.
      Plasma ammonium levels were not altered for up to 20 minutes after the end of the
      infusion. The load of ammonium, however, increased the overall non-protein
      nitrogen content of circulating plasma, as for the increase in urea and amino
      acids (alanine, phenylalanine, aspartate + asparagine and glutamate + glutamine).
      The activities of glutamine synthetase was found increased in liver, muscle and
      kidney; and glutamate dehydrogenase increased in liver and decreased in muscle
      and kidney. Adenylate deaminase decreased in all the studied tissues. The fast
      enzyme and plasma metabolite adaptations to ammonium overload were all in the
      sense of favoring the incorporation of ammonium into amino acids (later into
      urea) as well as to avoid their deamination, thus effectively removing the excess
      ammonium from the bloodstream.

PMID- 2901837
TI  - Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. VI. Effects of 1-nitropyrene on
      serum enzyme levels in rats, and protection against it by beta-naphthoflavone and
      dimethyl sulfoxide.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated i.p. with corn oil or DMSO (1.5
      ml/kg/day), or with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF, 40 mg/kg/day) in corn oil or DMSO
      for 3 days. 1-Nitropyrene (1-NP, 150 mg/kg) in DMSO was injected i.p. 24 hr after
      pretreatment. A significant increase in the levels of several serum enzymes was
      seen in rats pretreated with corn oil alone 24 hr after 1-NP injection. The
      increase in enzyme activities was significantly reduced by a 3-day pretreatment
      with DMSO or BNF.

PMID- 2901838
TI  - Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons. VII. Hepatotoxicity of 9-nitrophenanthrene,
      and protection against it by beta-naphthoflavone.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a single i.p. injection of DMSO (3.0
      ml/kg) or 9-nitrophenanthrene (9-NP, mg/kg) in DMSO. 9-NP produced a significant
      elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, sorbitol
      dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) levels relative to DMSO
      injected rats 24 hr after injection. With the exception of GGTP, the increase in
      enzyme activities induced by 9-NP was significantly reduced by a 3-day
      pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF; 40 mg/kg/day) in DMSO. The effect of
      9-NP on GGTP levels was enhanced by BNF pretreatment.

PMID- 2901839
TI  - Sulfasalazine in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A twenty-six-week,
      placebo-controlled clinical trial.
AB  - Eighty-five patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS) were randomized to
      receive either sulfasalazine (less than or equal to 3 gm/day, mean 2.5) or
      placebo for 26 weeks. There was a statistically significant improvement, compared
      with baseline, in most of the clinical variables in patients receiving the active
      drug. Laboratory parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein,
      IgG, IgM, and IgA) also improved during the active treatment, suggesting a
      beneficial effect of sulfasalazine on AS. At the end of the treatment,
      significant differences between the sulfasalazine and placebo groups were
      observed in morning stiffness, chest expansion, erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
      and in all immunoglobulin classes. Two patients in each treatment group
      discontinued the trial because of side effects. Enteric-coated sulfasalazine
      seemed to be effective and well tolerated in patients with active AS.

PMID- 2901840
TI  - The diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. I. A literature-based decision analysis
      approach.
AB  - We investigated diagnostic testing in polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) by calculating,
      from published data, the sensitivity and specificity of visceral angiography and
      muscle, nerve, testicle, kidney, and liver biopsy. Test sequence strategies were
      constructed by Bayesian inference using a computer program written for this
      purpose. Test sequences were compared with an aggressive strategy consisting of
      repeated tests until there was a positive finding or until the available tests
      were exhausted, and a conservative strategy consisting of 1 biopsy procedure plus
      angiography. The Bayesian analysis agreed most closely with the conservative
      approach for most prior probabilities (degree of suspicion) that a patient had
      PAN. The aggressive strategy had an overall sensitivity of 90% and specificity of
      91%, whereas the conservative strategy was 85% sensitive and 96% specific.
      Furthermore, the aggressive strategy was more costly ($2,986 versus $1,961) and
      had a higher rate of morbidity (3.8 versus 2.7 days of hospitalization per
      patient evaluated) than did the conservative strategy. The mortality rates of
      both strategies were equivalent (approximately 0.05 deaths per hundred patients
      evaluated). The per-case cost of diagnosis increased as prevalence decreased, and
      at 10% prevalence, the aggressive strategy cost more than $17,000 per case
      diagnosed. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the strategies were moderately
      affected by the test characteristics, within reasonable assumptions, but that the
      differences in conservative and aggressive approaches remained. Thus, our
      analysis based on available data and the assumption of test independence suggests
      that the preferred diagnostic evaluation of patients with symptoms suggestive of
      PAN consists, in most cases, of a single biopsy procedure, with angiographic
      evaluation if necessary.

PMID- 2901841
TI  - The diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. II. Empirical verification of a decision
      analysis model.
AB  - We evaluated our literature-based estimates of diagnostic test characteristics
      and aggressive and conservative strategies for the diagnosis of polyarteritis
      nodosa (PAN) by reviewing 1980 through 1985 data from the University of Chicago
      Medical Center, Michael Reese Hospital, and Northwestern University Medical
      School. Test specificity was calculated by reviewing pathology and radiology
      reports on all relevant procedures done at the University of Chicago Medical
      Center in 1984 and 1985. There were no reports of false-positive findings
      (including angiography); thus, test specificity was 100% for muscle, nerve,
      kidney, liver, and testicular biopsy, which was comparable with our literature
      based estimate of 97%. Test sensitivity was based on the 18 confirmed cases of
      PAN from the 3 institutions and was similar to that in published reports, ranging
      from 0% for liver biopsy to 100% for visceral angiography. Review of each case
      for diagnostic test sequence showed an average of 2 diagnostic procedures to
      confirm the diagnosis (range 1-6). Eight of 18 patients were evaluated according
      to the conservative strategy we proposed from our literature-based decision
      analysis approach. No patient was evaluated with the aggressive strategy,
      although 1 patient had 6 invasive procedures. Of the remaining 10 patients, 9
      represented cases that might have been confirmed had the conservative approach
      been used, and if it had been used, 6 patients would have had the diagnosis
      confirmed. Thus, the minimum sensitivity of our conservative strategy is 78%,
      although based on these data, it could be as high as 100%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901842
TI  - Lymphocyte subset T4/T8 ratio in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with
      disease activity, laboratory abnormalities and treatment.
AB  - Lymphocyte subsets were studied in forty-nine patients with SLE using monoclonal
      antibodies and flow cytometry. A decrease in T4+ reactive cells (helper/inducer)
      was the most frequent observation. Decreased T4/T8 ratios were seen in patients
      with increasing clinically active disease, patients with positive anti-DS-DNA,
      positive anti-RNP antibodies and patients with low CH50 activity. However, low
      T4/T8 ratios were seen in patients with negative anti-Sm. Low T4/T8 ratios were
      also observed in patients taking prednisone at more than 10 mg/day and in
      patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs.

PMID- 2901843
TI  - The effect of pre-operative beta-blockade on the infusion requirements of
      atracurium during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. A study using train-of-four
      electromyography.

PMID- 2901844
TI  - Parasitic load increases and myocardial inflammation decreases in Trypanosoma
      cruzi-infected mice after inactivation of helper T cells.
AB  - In order to characterize the role played by CD4+ T lymphocytes in the
      immunopathology of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection, we compared the numbers of
      blood and tissue parasites and the heart inflammatory reaction in normal and anti
      CD4 antibody-treated C3H mice. Treatment of mice with anti-CD4 mAb during acute
      infection markedly inhibited T-helper-cell-dependent activities, as measured by
      peritoneal macrophage activation and immunoglobulin secretion by splenic B
      lymphocytes. After in vivo inactivation of helper T cells, the number of blood
      and tissue parasites significantly increased, while the inflammatory cellular
      infiltrates of heart muscles diminished. Our results indicate that CD4+ T
      lymphocytes play a dual role in the immunopathology of acute experimental Chagas'
      disease.

PMID- 2901845
TI  - In vivo anti-tumour activity of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-alpha
      against Meth-A sarcoma requires L3T4-positive T cells.

PMID- 2901846
TI  - Reduced redox potential during growth of some gram-negative bacteria. Effect on
      the biochemical and physicochemical surface properties and phagocytosis by
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - When cultivated at reduced redox potential the physico-chemical surface
      properties were altered in strains of E. coli, Salmonella and Yersinia bacteria.
      In particular, strains which showed hydrophilic surface properties under normal
      aerobic cultivation became more hydrophobic when exposed to anaerobic conditions
      (e.g. E. coli K12, E. coli K12D21, E. coli K12D22, S. minnesota S99, S.
      typhimurium 395MS, S. braenderup 2828 and Yersinia enterocolitica). Moreover,
      there were qualitative as well as quantitative differences in the protein
      profiles of whole bacterial lysates and membrane preparations analysed in SDS
      PAGE. There were no qualitative differences in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      bands. However, when E. coli K12D22 were cultivated aerobically, remarkably more
      high molecular temperature-sensitive (70 degrees C for 45 min) carbohydrate
      material was produced (weight about 360 KD and 660 KD). Interaction between
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and the E. coli K12D22 strain, measured as
      chemiluminescence, showed that the anaerobically cultivated bacteria induced a
      chemiluminescence that was mainly of intracellular origin, while the aerobically
      cultivated induced an extracellular response. Phagocytosis and killing-studies
      showed that only anaerobically-grown E. coli were effectively inactivated by the
      PMNL.

PMID- 2901847
TI  - Health beliefs and behaviors of physician assistants in Texas: implications for
      practice and education.
AB  - Concern has been expressed over how the volume and effectiveness of physicians'
      practices relative to prevention can be increased. While a review of the health
      care services provided by physician assistants in medical practices indicated an
      emphasis on health education and patient counseling, there has existed an absence
      of data regarding their beliefs and practices in the area of health promotion.
      Based upon an analysis of self-reported data from 256 respondents (89%) of a
      random sample (n = 289) of the 870 physician assistants in Texas, it appears that
      physician assistants perceive themselves as having a role in health promotion,
      are generally satisfied with their preventive health care role, view health
      promotion activities as being more important in the future, and disagree with the
      idea that health promotion would not be well received by patients. They routinely
      gather information on health behaviors and discuss or recommend ways to reduce at
      risk behavior. Furthermore, while expressing certainty about their knowledge and
      skills to educate and influence individuals to change certain risk behaviors,
      physician assistants indicate less certainty about patient follow-through when it
      relates to such activities as smoking, drinking, and the use of illicit drugs.
      Considering the perceived challenge and the view that health promotion will
      become an even larger component of the physician assistant's future role, these
      findings suggest a need for additional skills training to better assist patients
      to modify their more complex health risk behaviors.

PMID- 2901848
TI  - Transluminal catheter angioplasty of abdominal aorta in Takayasu's arteritis.
AB  - Nine patients with Takayasu's arteritis and a long stenotic segment of the
      abdominal aorta were treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).
      Intermittent claudication disappeared in six of seven cases, the femoral pulse
      reappeared in all five; ankle/arm indices increased in seven cases; elevated
      blood pressure normalized in seven of eight cases. Seven patients were followed
      for 3 to 28 months. They were all free of symptoms from the lower extremities. In
      three patients with or without renal artery stenosis and with hypertension, the
      blood pressure decreased after PTA of the abdominal aorta only. PTA may be a
      valuable treatment in Takayasu's arteritis and stenosis of the abdominal aorta.

PMID- 2901850
TI  - Growth inhibition and induction of phenotypic alterations in MCF-7 breast cancer
      cells by an IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor.

PMID- 2901849
TI  - Induction of peroxisome proliferation and hepatic tumours in C57BL/6N mice by
      ciprofibrate, a hypolipidaemic compound.
AB  - The hepatic effects of ciprofibrate, a potent peroxisome proliferator, were
      evaluated in male C57BL/6N mice, a mouse strain with very low incidence of
      spontaneous liver tumour development. Dietary feeding of ciprofibrate (0.0125% or
      0.025% w/w) for 2 weeks resulted in a marked proliferation of peroxisomes (9-fold
      increase) and several-fold increase (8- to 10-fold) in the activity of
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes. Feeding ciprofibrate at 0.025% concentration
      for 15 months followed by a 0.0125% for 6 months led to the development of
      hepatic adenomas in 8/14 (57%) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in 3/14 (21%)
      mice. In mice given 0.0125% ciprofibrate for 18 months 5 of 8 (62%) and 3 of 8
      (37%) developed adenomas and HCC respectively. Similar to the findings observed
      in rats, both the adenomas and HCC were negative for gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase. These results in C57BL/6N mice of hepatocarcinogenic
      effect of ciprofibrate, a non-genotoxic chemical, indicate that peroxisome
      proliferation can be used as a reliable parameter to evaluate the carcinogenicity
      of hypolipidaemic compounds.

PMID- 2901851
TI  - Identification of the site of acetyl-S-enzyme formation on avian liver
      mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase.
AB  - Avian liver mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase contains an active
      site cysteine involved in forming the labile acetyl-S-enzyme intermediate.
      Identification of and assignment of function to this cysteine have been
      accomplished by use of an experimental strategy that relies upon generation and
      rapid purification of the S-acetylcysteine-containing active-site peptide under
      mildly acidic conditions that stabilize the thioester adduct. Automated Edman
      degradation techniques indicate the peptide's sequence to be Arg-Glu-Ser-Gly-Asn
      Thr-Asp-Val-Glu-Gly-Ile-Asp-Thr-Thr-Asn-Ala-Cys-Tyr. The acetylated cysteine
      corresponds to position 129 in the sequence deduced from cDNA data for the
      hamster cytosolic enzyme [Gil, G., Goldstein, J.L., Slaughter, C.A., & Brown,
      M.S. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 3710-3716]. The acetyl-peptide sequence overlaps
      that reported for a tryptic peptide that contains a cysteine targeted by the
      affinity label 3-chloropropionyl-CoA [Miziorko, H. M., & Behnke, C. E. (1985) J.
      Biol. Chem. 260, 13513-13516]. Thus, availability of these structural data allows
      unambiguous assignment of the acetylation site on the protein as well as a
      refinement of the mechanism explaining the previously observed affinity labeling
      of the enzyme.

PMID- 2901852
TI  - Interaction of an N-methylated polyamine analogue, hexamethonium(2+), with NaDNA:
      quantitative 14N and 23Na NMR relaxation rate studies of the cation-exchange
      process.
AB  - The interactions of the divalent hexamethonium (Hex2+) cation with double-helical
      calf thymus DNA are investigated by means of 14N NMR and, indirectly, by means of
      23Na NMR. During a titration of NaDNA with HexBr2, the displacement of Na+ from
      DNA by Hex2+ is monitored by concurrent measurements of the Lorentzian 14N
      signals and the bi-Lorentzian 23Na signals. The variations in the quadrupolar
      relaxation rates of 14N and 23Na are analyzed according to a simple two-state
      model for the competition between Hex2+ and Na+ associated with DNA. From this
      analysis parameters characterizing the exchange process are evaluated, and the
      following conclusions are drawn: (1) The association of one Hex2+ displaces 1.7
      2.0 sodium ions from the vicinity of the DNA. (2) Cation accumulation near DNA
      neutralizes approximately half of the phosphate charge at all points in the
      titration. (3) The exchange coefficient characterizing the displacement of Na+ by
      Hex2+ is of the same order of magnitude as the exchange coefficients determined
      by NMR for other divalent cations such as Mg2+ and putrescine. These findings
      imply that the interaction of Hex2+ with DNA is primarily electrostatic in
      character. The transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates observed for 14N are
      analyzed under the assumption that the quadrupolar relaxation processes of 14N in
      Hex2+ associated with DNA can be characterized by a single-exponential
      correlation function with correlation time tau NB. The resulting value of tau NB,
      7.8 +/- 0.8 ns, is 3 orders of magnitude greater than that estimated for Hex2+ in
      the absence of DNA and is only 3-4 times greater than correlation times reported
      for 23Na and other quadrupolar cations near DNA. These comparisons indicate that
      the observed enhancements in the relaxation rates of 14N are due mainly to
      slowing of the motions that modulate its quadrupolar interactions in Hex2+ near
      DNA. The magnitudes of tau NB and of the quadrupolar coupling constant of Hex2+
      associated with DNA are consistent with the conclusion that this association is
      primarily electrostatic.

PMID- 2901854
TI  - Cation dependence of opioid receptor binding supports theory on membrane-mediated
      receptor selectivity.
AB  - A quantitative analysis of the binding of dynorphin A-(1-9)-nonapeptide to the
      opioid Kappa-receptors of the guinea pig cerebellum [Paterson et al. (1986) Proc.
      Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 6216-6220] shows that changes in electrostatic
      surface accumulation of the ligand fully account for the observed suppression of
      binding by a series of univalent and divalent salts. Binding to mu- and delta
      receptors, on the other hand, is subject to additional ion-specific effects.
      These observations support the membrane locations for the receptor sites proposed
      by the "membrane compartments" theory for opioid receptor selection.

PMID- 2901853
TI  - Binding of nucleotides to an extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA hydrolase from rat
      liver.
AB  - Cold labile extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA hydrolase (dimeric form) purified from
      rat liver was activated by various nucleoside triphosphates and inhibited by
      various nucleoside diphosphates. Activation of acetyl-CoA hydrolase by ATP was
      inhibited by a low concentration of ADP (Ki congruent to 6.8 microM) or a high
      concentration of AMP (Ki congruent to 2.3 mM). ADP and AMP were competitive
      inhibitors of ATP. A Scatchard plot of the binding of ATP to acetyl-CoA hydrolase
      (dimer) at room temperature gave a value of 25 microM for the dissociation
      constant with at least 2 binding sites/mol of dimer. Cold-treated monomeric
      enzyme also associated with ATP-agarose, suggesting that the monomeric form of
      the enzyme also has a nucleotide binding site(s), probably at least 1 binding
      site/mol of monomer. Phenylglyoxal or 2,3-butanedione, both of which modify
      arginyl residues of protein, inactivated acetyl-CoA hydrolase. ATP (an activator)
      greatly protected acetyl-CoA hydrolase from inactivation by these reagents, while
      ADP (an inhibitor) greatly (a substratelike, competitive inhibitor), and CoASH (a
      product) were less effective. However, addition of ADP plus valeryl-CoA (or
      CoASH) effectively prevented the inactivation by 2,3-butanedione, but that is not
      the case for phenylglyoxal. These results suggest that one or more arginyl
      residues are involved in the nucleotide binding site of extramitochondrial acetyl
      CoA hydrolase and that their nucleotide binding sites locate near the substrate
      binding site.

PMID- 2901855
TI  - Relationship of tightly bound ADP and ATP to control and catalysis by chloroplast
      ATP synthase.
AB  - Whether the tightly bound ADP that can cause a pronounced inhibition of ATP
      hydrolysis by the chloroplast ATP synthase and F1 ATPase (CF1) is bound at
      catalytic sites or at noncatalytic regulatory sites or both has been uncertain.
      We have used photolabeling by 2-azido-ATP and 2-azido-ADP to ascertain the
      location, with Mg2+ activation, of tightly bound ADP (a) that inhibits the
      hydrolysis of ATP by chloroplast ATP synthase, (b) that can result in an
      inhibited form of CF1 that slowly regains activity during ATP hydrolysis, and (c)
      that arises when low concentrations of ADP markedly inhibit the hydrolysis of GTP
      by CF1. The data show that in all instances the inhibition is associated with ADP
      binding without inorganic phosphate (Pi) at catalytic sites. After
      photophosphorylation of ADP or 2-azido-ADP with [32P]Pi, similar amounts of the
      corresponding triphosphates are present on washed thylakoid membranes. Trials
      with appropriately labeled substrates show that a small portion of the tightly
      bound 2-azido-ATP gives rise to covalent labeling with an ATP moiety at
      noncatalytic sites but that most of the bound 2-azido-ATP gives rise to covalent
      labeling by an ADP moiety at a catalytic site. We also report the occurrence of a
      1-2-min delay in the onset of the Mg2+-induced inhibition after addition of CF1
      to solutions containing Mg2+ and ATP, and that this delay is not associated with
      the filling of noncatalytic sites. A rapid burst of Pi formation is followed by a
      much lower, constant steady-state rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901856
TI  - Rat pulmonary surfactant protein A is expressed as two differently sized mRNA
      species which arise from differential polyadenylation of one transcript.
AB  - In rat, the surfactant-associated glycoprotein A, SP-A, is encoded by two mRNA
      species of 0.9 and 1.6 kb. Each transcript is polyadenylated and is found in
      approximately the same ratio in total cellular RNA isolated from either alveolar
      type II cells or from whole lung. The two mRNA species have identical coding
      regions and differ only in the length of the 3' untranslated sequences.
      Restriction analysis and partial sequence analysis of rat genomic clones indicate
      that each mRNA species arises from one gene, with the difference in size most
      easily accounted for by differential polyadenylation. During fetal development,
      the accumulation of mRNA encoding SP-A is detectable by day 18 but increases many
      fold on day 19. However, there are no apparent alterations in the prevalence of
      either mRNA species during fetal development or in the early postnatal period.

PMID- 2901857
TI  - Dietary cholesterol and/or n-3 fatty acid modulate delta 9-desaturase activity in
      rat liver microsomes.
AB  - delta 9-Desaturase activity and fatty acid composition of liver microsomal
      phospholipids in rats fed diets enriched with either saturated (hydrogenated beef
      tallow) or alpha-linolenic (linseed oil) or eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic
      (fish oil) acids with or without 2% cholesterol supplementation were
      investigated. Both the linseed oil and the fish oil diets inhibited delta 9
      desaturase activity in the rat liver microsomes. The inhibition was greater when
      feeding fish oil (90%) compared with the linseed oil (60%) diet. Dietary
      cholesterol feeding accelerated conversion of palmitic (16:0) to palmitoleic
      (16:1) acid, irrespective of the fatty acid supplement. Feeding the linseed oil
      diet decreased, while feeding the fish oil diet increased synthesis of the
      monounsaturated fatty acids of n-7 series (palmitoleic and vaccenic acid) and
      decreased 18:1(n-9) in microsomal membrane lipids when compared with animals fed
      beef tallow. Addition of 2% cholesterol to the otherwise low cholesterol diets
      led to accumulation of 16:1(n-7), and 18:1(n-9) in microsomal membranes. These
      results suggest that delta 9-desaturase activity is dependent on the cholesterol
      contents as well as the n-3 fatty acid content of microsomal membranes on which
      it is localized.

PMID- 2901858
TI  - The occurrence of aminopeptidase N and desquamated cell proteins in intestinal
      perfusate of the rat.
AB  - The in vivo release of a microvillar enzyme, aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2), and
      a cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), into the intestinal
      lumen was measured to gain information on the fraction of desquamated cell
      protein in intestinal juice and on the mechanism of release of intestinal
      microvillar enzymes. 1.6% and 2.9% of the mucosal activities of aminopeptidase N
      and lactate dehydrogenase were released to the intestinal lumen per hour,
      respectively. The ratios between aminopeptidase N and lactate dehydrogenase in
      intestinal perfusates and mucosal homogenates were similar. This result is
      compatible with the view that aminopeptidase N in the rat small intestine is
      predominantly released into the intestinal lumen by desquamation of enterocytes.
      This conclusion was supported by the failure to demonstrate microvesiculation of
      the microvilli by electron microscopy. 30-40% of the aminopeptidase N in the
      intestinal lumen is membrane-bound indicating that partial solubilization occurs
      during desquamation. The addition of calcium ions did not augment the release of
      aminopeptidase N or the membrane-bound fraction in the lumen. 10-20% of the
      protein content in the intestinal lumen is due to extruded cell protein. This
      includes aminopeptidase N which constitutes 1% of the luminal protein.

PMID- 2901859
TI  - Pathways for organic osmolyte synthesis in rabbit renal papillary tissue, a
      metabolic study using 13C-labeled substrates.
AB  - Renal papillary collecting duct cells have been postulated to adapt their
      intracellular osmolality to the large changes in interstitial osmolality by
      changing their content of 'non-perturbing' organic osmolytes such as sorbitol and
      myo-inositol. 13C-NMR was used in this study to elucidate the metabolic pathways
      leading to a synthesis of those compounds. Incubation of rabbit renal papillary
      tissue with [1-13C]glucose showed label scrambling mainly into sorbitol (C-1) and
      lactate (C-3). This result confirms activity of aldose reductase and glycolytic
      enzymes in renal papillary cells. Using [3-13C]alanine or [2-13C]pyruvate as
      carbon source, 13C-labeling of sorbitol and myo-inositol was observed, indicating
      that renal papillary tissue possesses, in addition, gluconeogenic activity. The
      latter assumption is supported by the result that in enzyme assays rabbit kidney
      papilla and isolated rat kidney papillary collecting duct cells show significant
      fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity.

PMID- 2901860
TI  - Phospholipase C in rabbit thymocytes: subcellular distribution and influences of
      calcium and GTP gamma S on the substrate dependence of cytosolic and plasma
      membrane-associated phospholipase C.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of phospholipase C (PLC) activity in rabbit
      thymocytes was examined by measuring the enzyme's activity in different
      subcellular fractions. PLC activity was determined using exogenously added
      [3H]PIP2 as substrate. Approx. 80% of the activity of the cell homogenate was
      found in the cytosolic fraction. A minor portion of PLC activity was attached to
      the particulate fraction. This membrane-associated PLC activity was found to be
      predominantly bound to the plasma membrane. Both PIP2-cleaving PLCs (the PLC
      associated with the plasma membrane and the PLC in the cytosol) exhibited maximum
      activity at pH 5. GTP gamma S stimulated the cytosolic and the membrane-bound
      PLC. As revealed by computer analysis of the substrate dependence of both basal
      and GTP gamma S-stimulated PLC activity, GTP gamma S enhanced the Vmax of the
      enzymes. Calcium, at a concentration of 1 mM, decreased PLC activity, as compared
      to a calcium concentration of 100 nM. The characteristic increase in Vmax induced
      by GTP gamma S was observed at a concentration of 1 mM calcium and was similar to
      that at 100 nM. These data suggest that the stimulatory effect of GTP gamma S is
      not due to an increased affinity of PLCs to calcium.

PMID- 2901862
TI  - Structural and immunochemical properties of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase.
AB  - Our results show for the first time sequence data of the N-terminal part of
      tyrosine aminotransferase. This unblocked form of TATase, which has never been
      detected before, starts with a serine. This serine was found at position 29 of
      the primary structure of the enzyme deduced from the cDNA. We suggest that this
      free N-terminal amino acid is the extremity of a TATase form generated by
      proteolysis during the process of purification. Thus, proteolysis does not occur
      at the C-terminal as has been suggested before, but rather at the N-terminal
      region of the enzyme. To confirm this possibility, a peptide corresponding to the
      sequence of the seven carboxy-terminal amino acids of TATase was synthesized. It
      was coupled to ovalbumin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and the resulting
      conjugates were used to raise anti-peptide antibodies. The crude sera obtained
      were purified and their abilities to recognize TATase in ELISA and dot-blot
      experiments were proven. Our results demonstrate that the C-terminal part of the
      enzyme is present and well-recognized by the anti-peptide serum prepared.
      Furthermore, the anti-peptide serum reacts with TATase without inhibiting its
      enzymatic activity.

PMID- 2901861
TI  - Phosphorylation of phosvitin by casein kinase-2 provides the evidence that
      phosphoserines can replace carboxylic amino acids as specificity determinants.
AB  - The consensus sequence of casein kinase-2 consists of a serine (threonine)
      followed by a cluster of glutamic and/or aspartic acids, the one at position +3
      playing an especially crucial role (Marin et al., (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 160,
      239-244 and Kuenzel et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9136-9140). None of the 123
      serines of the main phosvitin component (34 kDa) fulfils such a requirement
      (Byrne et al. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4275-4279), rather, most of them are
      clustered into stretches of up to 14 entirely phosphorylated residues. Three out
      of the four threonines lie close to the N-terminal side of such phosphoseryl
      blocks. Here we show that native 34 kDa phosvitin is a poor substrate of casein
      kinase-2, its radiolabeling occurring mostly at threonine residue(s); a very
      slight (1%) previous dephosphorylation with acid phosphatase converts phosvitin
      into an excellent substrate for casein kinase-2, its phosphorylation occurring
      almost exclusively at serine residues. Extensive dephosphorylation however
      (greater than 40%) reduces the phosphorylation efficiency of casein kinase-2.
      These results show that phosphoserine residues can replace carboxylic residues as
      specificity determinants for casein kinase-2.

PMID- 2901863
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of CGP-12177-NBD: a fluorescent beta-adrenergic
      receptor probe.
AB  - The synthesis and properties of a fluorescent derivative of the hydrophilic beta
      adrenergic antagonist CGP-12177 are described. The fluorescence of the NBD
      derivative of CGP-12177 (CGP-NBD) is extremely sensitive to its environment, the
      quantum yield increasing 23-fold upon transfer from water to acetonitrile. This
      property of CGP-NBD was taken into account and a procedure was developed using
      quantitative chloroform extraction of ligand for the measurement of CGP-NBD bound
      specifically to beta-receptors on A431.E3 membranes. The fluorescent NBD
      derivative of CGP-12177 bound strongly and specifically to A431 cells, a KD of
      3.9 x 10(-10) M being measured; the specific binding represented 63% of the total
      binding at a concentration of 1 x 10(-8) M (256 x KD). A431.E3 cells were used
      for the binding studies since they gave consistently higher receptor numbers when
      compared with the native strain. A maximal number of 47,000 sites/cell and a KD
      of 100 pM were measured with CGP-12177 on adhered cells. The receptor number was
      strongly dependent upon cell density with only 3000 sites/cell being measured in
      suspension at confluence.

PMID- 2901864
TI  - [The sites of high affinity binding of L-[3H]glutamic acid in human platelets. A
      new type of platelet receptor?].
AB  - The total membrane fraction of human platelets was found to contain high affinity
      sites of L-[3H]glutamic acid binding (Kd = 100 nM, Bmax = 1.06 pmol/mg protein).
      The pH optimum for binding is at pH approximately 6.9 Na+ (1-150 mM) inhibit
      glutamate binding by platelet membranes (IC50 = 12 mM). Ca2+ (50-100 microM)
      stimulate the binding by 10-20% and inhibit it by 20-30% at concentrations of 1-5
      mM. Monoclonal antibodies to the glutamate receptor strongly suppress the L
      [3H]glutamate binding by platelet membranes (IC50 = 300 nm). The presence in
      human platelets of a glutamate-sensitive receptor complex similar to the central
      nervous system glutamate receptor is postulated.

PMID- 2901865
TI  - CSF somatostatin in Alzheimer's disease, depressed patients, and control
      subjects.

PMID- 2901866
TI  - Permanent loss in stem cell self renewal capacity following stress to the marrow.
AB  - A technique of irradiating the entire mouse except for one hind limb was
      developed to provide repeated proliferative demand on the stem cell pool. Animals
      received 200 cGY weekly for a total dose of 3,400 to 4,000 cGy. During
      irradiation, shielded bone marrow cellularity was similar to that of unirradiated
      controls. Shielded marrow colony-forming unit (CFUs) content increased while
      marrow CFUs self renewal capacity decreased as compared with unirradiated age
      matched controls. Following irradiation experimental animals were monitored
      monthly for 10 to 12 months for marrow cellularity, CFUs content, and self
      renewal capacity. Shielded marrow cellularity and CFUs content remained elevated
      over age-matched controls throughout the period of observation. These findings
      are compatible with the requirement of the shielded hind limb to provide
      hematopoietic support for the remainder of the animal. Shielded marrow self
      renewal capacity, a measurement reflecting primitive hematopoietic stem cell
      function, remained depressed and did not recover with time. These experiments
      provide evidence for there being limitations on the self renewal capacity of the
      stem cell compartment. While the small amount of shielded marrow had sufficient
      capacity to support the animal its average self renewal capacity was permanently
      reduced.

PMID- 2901867
TI  - A novel beta-thalassemia frameshift mutation (codon 14/15), detectable by direct
      visualization of abnormal restriction fragment in amplified genomic DNA.
AB  - A new frameshift mutation due to an insertion of G between codon 14/15 of the
      beta-globin gene was found in two unrelated Chinese patients with Cooley's
      anemia. The first patient (W.S.) was homozygous for haplotype 5 (Chinese) and
      carried a codon 41/42 (four base pair deletion) mutant, while the second patient
      (C.K.) was homozygous for haplotype 2 (Chinese), and also had a codon 17 (A----T)
      nonsense mutation. Molecular cloning and M13 sequencing of the beta gene in
      patient W.S. revealed that the new mutant was found in a beta-globin gene
      framework type 3 (Asian). Direct sequencing was performed on polymerase chain
      reaction-amplified genomic DNA from patient C.K. With the new mutation, an
      additional BstNI or EcoRII recognition site is generated and the abnormal
      restriction fragment (134 basepair) can be directly visualized on polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis of the amplified genomic DNA.

PMID- 2901868
TI  - Histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - The first histamine H2-receptor antagonists were developed in the early 1970s,
      and they have a dominant role in today's management of peptic ulceration. The
      original regimens using either cimetidine or ranitidine attempted to control
      acidity across the 24 hours, but more 'modern' regimens use a large single dose
      of the H2-blocker in the evening, which produces a pulse of decreased
      intragastric acidity during the night with a normal acidity in the daytime. High
      dose regimens using a new generation of extremely potent histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists may improve ulcer healing rates at 4 weeks, and may be particularly
      useful for the management of either severe oesophagitis or intractable duodenal
      ulceration.

PMID- 2901869
TI  - Rates of tranquillizer prescribing in primary care.

PMID- 2901870
TI  - Circulating stem cell autografts.
AB  - The role of autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of malignant
      disease is currently being evaluated. The peripheral blood represents an
      alternative source of haemopoietic progenitors and the use of circulating rather
      than bone marrow stem cells permits autografting in patients with infiltrated
      bone marrows. It may also offer a lower risk of tumour contamination, although
      this is not yet proven. Several autografts using circulating stem cells (CSCs)
      have recently been reported. These are reviewed and current uncertainties and
      future prospects are discussed.

PMID- 2901871
TI  - Clonogenic assays and engraftment in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The significance of clonogenic assays for determining the hematopoietic potential
      of bone marrow grafts is still a matter of controversy. We determined the number
      of myeloid (GM-CFU), early erythroid (BFUe) and mixed (CFU-GEM) clones in 23
      consecutive allogeneic bone marrow grafts. The growth of GM-CFU was stimulated by
      placental-conditioned medium, whereas both phytohemagglutinin-stimulated
      leucocyte-conditioned medium (PHA-LCM) and 'pluripoietin' from the 5637 cell line
      served as equally efficient stimulators of BFUe and CFU-GEM growth. Plating
      efficiency (e.o.p.) of GM-CFU and numbers of myeloid and mixed progenitors
      transplanted per kg body weight were significantly lower in those patients who
      died in the aplastic phase 2-6 weeks postgrafting (n = 4). These data show that
      low numbers of clonogenic cells, in particular GM-CFU, indicate a higher risk of
      death from infection following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and argue for a
      contribution of GM-CFU in the seeding of an aplastic bone marrow.

PMID- 2901872
TI  - Clinical application of Percoll gradient-separated bone marrow.
AB  - We have evaluated the transplantation potential of bone marrow stem cell
      concentrates isolated from the 40/60% interface of discontinuous Percoll
      gradients. This mononuclear fraction is free from platelets and depleted of
      granulocytes, and contains the majority of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming
      cells (GM-CFC), erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), and granulocyte,
      erythroid, macrophage, megakaryocyte colony-forming cells (GEMM-CFC) in less than
      10% of the cell number of the original buffy coat. This preparation allows
      further manipulation without the clumping and cell loss associated with buffy
      coat cell preparations. Cells isolated by this technique were evaluated for
      hematopoietic restoration potential in 14 patients who received allogeneic bone
      marrow transplants as supportive therapy after high dose cytoreduction to treat
      leukemias or lymphoma. The number of nucleated cells infused varied from 1.6-5.5
      X 10(7)/kg, and the number of GM-CFC infused ranged from 0.4 to 3.7 X 10(5)/kg.
      There was an inverse relationship between the time to recovery of granulocytes
      and platelets and the number of GM-CFC infused when fewer than 10(5) GM-CFC/kg
      were transplanted. Above this dose, there was recovery within 10-15 days after
      transplantation. The stem cell-enriched fraction contained 30-40% of the original
      number of T lymphocytes, and acute graft-versus-host disease was observed in
      seven of these patients.

PMID- 2901873
TI  - DNA-RFLP typing in the selection of related bone marrow donors.

PMID- 2901874
TI  - Peripheral blood stem cells collected in very early remission produce rapid and
      sustained autologous haemopoietic reconstitution in acute non-lymphoblastic
      leukaemia.
AB  - Haemopoietic reconstitution was achieved in a patient with acute non
      lymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL) in relapse who was autografted with blood-derived
      stem cells collected during very early remission. The patient received a myeloid
      progenitor cell dose of 230 x 10(4) CFU-GM/kg body weight. Engraftment was
      evident in the bone marrow 7 days post-graft. Normal neutrophil and platelet
      counts were attained by day 14 and blood counts remained normal thereafter. An
      overshoot in peripheral blood haemopoietic progenitor levels occurred at the end
      of the second week, presumably the progeny of a family of early progenitor cells.
      The completeness of haemopoietic reconstitution is further illustrated by the
      satisfactory nucleated cell and myeloid progenitor cell yield when a bone marrow
      harvest was performed 4 1/2 months post-graft. Seven months post-graft, the
      patient remained in complete remission with normal blood counts and bone marrow
      cellularity, although haemopoietic progenitor levels were slightly reduced. The
      rapid recovery minimises aplasia-related risks and suggests that such
      autografting can be carried out safely in first remission. We propose that
      autografting using very early remission blood cells is a new therapeutic option
      for patients with acute ANLL.

PMID- 2901875
TI  - Immune reconstitution following peripheral blood stem cell autografting.

PMID- 2901876
TI  - CD4+ T cells appear capable of initiating graft-versus-host disease across non
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers in man.
AB  - Twelve patients with haematological malignancy received cyclophosphamide 120
      mg/kg, fractionated total body irradiation 12 Gy, oral cyclosporin and an HLA
      identical sibling marrow transplant depleted of T cells by incubation with
      monoclonal antibodies directed against the CD2 and CD8 antigens and rabbit
      complement. The phenotype of the residual T cells in the donor marrow inocula was
      CD3+, CD4+, CD8-. To exclude the possibility that this represented modulation or
      blocking of the CD8 antigen, T-depleted and non-depleted marrow aliquots from
      these donors were bulk-cultured for 10 days with phytohaemagglutinin and
      interleukin-2. Even after this attempted expansion, only a small proportion of
      cultured T cells from the depleted aliquots (in contrast to the non-depleted
      aliquots) expressed the CD8 antigen. Since all patients receiving CD3+, CD4+, CD8
      marrow developed mild or moderate acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we
      conclude that CD4+ T cells are capable of initiating acute GVHD across non-MHC
      barriers in man.

PMID- 2901877
TI  - Suppressor T cells in allogeneic bone marrow chimeras.
AB  - Immunosuppression is believed to play a role in the maintenance of stable bone
      marrow (BM) chimeras. This study investigates the nature and specificity of the
      suppression that lymphocytes from allogeneic BM chimeras exert upon the
      alloreactivity of donor and recipient lymphocytes. Lethally irradiated CBA/J (H
      2k) mice were infused with 10(7) unseparated (WBM) or T cell-depleted BM (TDBM)
      cells of B10.BR mice (H-2k, disparate at minor histocompatibility antigens).
      Mixtures consisting of spleen cells (SC) from BM chimeras and SC from either
      normal donor, recipient, or third party (C3H, H-2k) mice, were sensitized with
      irradiated BALB/c (H-2d) leukocytes, then assayed for proliferative and anti-H-2d
      cytotoxic activity and compared with those of appropriate control cultures. The
      alloreactivity of all three types of normal SC was non-specifically suppressed by
      SC from both WBM and TDBM chimeras taken 2 weeks post-BM transplantation (BMT).
      In contrast, at 4 weeks post-BMT, SC from both chimeras suppressed the
      alloreactivity of recipient-type cells whereas only SC from WBM, but not from
      TDBM chimeras, suppressed normal donor-type response, and neither could suppress
      the response of normal third party cells. The suppression of donor-type
      alloreactivity diminished with time, while that exerted on recipient-type lasted
      for at least 10 weeks post-BMT. The suppression of donor alloreactivity was
      mediated by radioresistant Thy1.2+, Lyt1+2+ cells while that exerted upon
      recipient's alloreactivity was mediated by radiosensitive Thy1.2+, Lyt1+2- cells.
      Both types of suppressor cells were of donor origin. The potential biological
      role of the suppressive activity in the engraftment of allogeneic BM is
      discussed.

PMID- 2901878
TI  - T lymphocyte depletion of human peripheral blood and bone marrow using monoclonal
      antibodies and magnetic microspheres.
AB  - It has previously been demonstrated that graft-versus-host disease can be
      overcome in patients receiving HLA-mismatched bone marrow transplants by prior in
      vitro depletion of T lymphocytes from the marrow. In this report we describe the
      use of monoclonal antibodies and magnetic microspheres for the depletion of T
      cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow. The target cells are sensitized with
      antibodies directed against the CD2, CD3, CD4 and/or CD8 cell surface antigens,
      captured by magnetic beads coated with sheep anti-mouse IgG antibody and
      collected by placing the cell suspension in a magnetic field. This simple, rapid
      procedure results in the efficient removal of T cells from peripheral blood and
      from bone marrow without affecting the colony-forming potential of normal
      hematopoietic stem cells. The procedure is capable of being scaled up for the
      treatment of larger volumes of marrow that are required for clinical
      transplantation.

PMID- 2901879
TI  - Generation of CD8 cytolytic T cells early after autologous or allogeneic bone
      marrow transplantation.
AB  - Longitudinal in vitro assays related to cell-mediated immunity were performed in
      patients following allogeneic (32) or autologous (15) bone marrow transplantation
      (BMT). In both groups of reconstituted patients, low CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio and
      weak allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions were found in the first 6 months after
      BMT, progressively reaching values similar to controls (bone marrow donors or
      unrelated individuals). In contrast, a strong generation of allogeneic cytotoxic
      cells, assessed by the number of lytic units per 10(6) cells, was frequently
      found (18/38 patients tested in both groups) in the first 4 months, despite the
      quantitative deficit of the CD4+ subset. This in vitro differentiation was found
      to be independent of in vivo acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and chronic
      GVHD in allo-transplanted patients. As also documented in autologous recipients,
      this observation suggests that this phenomenon could be, at least partially,
      related to the transplantation per se. Preliminary characterization of the
      effector cells indicates that they belong to the CD8+ subset and that their
      differentiation is interleukin-2-dependent. Experimental depletion of the CD4+
      subset in normal subjects did not increase the number of lytic units in
      allogeneic cultures. This implies qualitative differences between BMT recipients
      and normal subjects, namely in CD8+ subset: i.e. that following BMT early CD8+ T
      cells appear to produce their own growth factor (IL-2), while in normal adult
      individuals, such autocrine CD8+ T cells, if present, are very rare.

PMID- 2901880
TI  - Concentration of bone marrow progenitor cells by separation on a Percoll gradient
      using the Haemonetics model 30.
AB  - To perform an optimal ex vivo bone marrow purge, it is necessary to concentrate
      the bone marrow progenitor cells and to eliminate both the red blood cells and
      the polymorphonuclear leucocytes. To achieve this goal which cannot be
      accomplished by using the Haemonetics model 30 alone, we used the Haemonetics
      model 30 and a density gradient together in a two-step procedure. In the first
      step we obtained the buffy coat from original bone marrow grafts and in the
      second we reintroduced these buffy coats into the Haemonetics bowl followed by
      Percoll, adjusted to 1.079 g/ml, at 5 ml/min in order to recover the light
      density mononuclear cells. After this second step, the mean volume of the marrow
      and the RBC and nucleated cell contaminations were reduced to 9%, 0.96% and 16%
      of their original values the unseparated bone marrow, respectively. This was far
      better than the values obtained after the first step (volume: 19%; RBC: 10%;
      nucleated cells: 54%). The CFU-GM recoveries after the first and second steps
      were 71% and 70% of the original samples, respectively. The entire procedure
      lasted between 75 and 150 min. At this time, 17 of the 24 patients whose bone
      marrow was separated using Percoll gradient in the Haemonetics bowl have been
      grafted. Thirteen of these 17 patients had an evaluable haematological recovery
      which was complete and rapid for all but one patient with acute myeloid
      leukaemia. These results demonstrate that the introduction of a density gradient
      into the Haemonetics model 30 bowl is possible and effective. The reduction in
      total volume and cell number permits ex vivo purging, without decreasing the
      grafting capability.

PMID- 2901881
TI  - Hemopoietic and immune reconstitution following peripheral blood stem cell
      autografting in acute leukemia.

PMID- 2901882
TI  - Fast hematological reconstitution after combined infusion of autologous bone
      marrow purged with mafosfamide and autologous peripheral blood stem cells in a
      patient with Ewing sarcoma.

PMID- 2901883
TI  - The origin of stromal cells in patients treated by bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The source of stromal cells following bone marrow transplantation has been
      investigated by culturing marrow cells obtained from patients who have a graft
      cells from a donor of the opposite sex. Two culture systems have been used for
      these studies. The first supports the proliferation of fibroblast colony-forming
      cells (F-CFC) and the formation of confluent layers of fibroblastoid cells; the
      second (the long-term bone marrow culture system) results in the formation of a
      complex and heterogeneous layer of adherent cells composed of fibroblasts, fat
      cells, endothelial cells, macrophages and 'blanket' cells. A survey of the work
      done using these culture systems shows that, although the issue of the
      transplantability of stromal cells remains controversial, it now seems reasonably
      certain that repopulation of the fibroblast component by donor cells is rare. In
      contrast, one study has shown that endothelial-like cells can engraft in
      transplant recipients. Another study has demonstrated a donor origin for the
      macrophages found in long-term cultures of marrow from transplanted patients.
      This finding might have been predicted because macrophages are derived from
      haemopoietic stem cells.

PMID- 2901884
TI  - Assessment and management of pathological gambling.
AB  - This article describes a brief treatment--imaginal desensitization--which enables
      pathological gamblers to retain control of gambling, discusses its development
      and advances evidence from 2-9 years' follow-up of its efficacy.

PMID- 2901885
TI  - Depressive syndromes in the year following onset of a first schizophrenic
      illness*.
AB  - A complete, unselected series of 68 patients who were seen during their first
      episode of an undoubtedly schizophrenic illness, and followed up one year later
      (for 56 patients) is described clinically. Depressive symptoms were common at
      onset, and 22% of patients could have been considered cases of depression from
      these symptoms alone. At follow-up, depressive symptoms had reduced in prevalence
      and only 7% of subjects were depressed cases. Only two cases of depression at
      follow-up had not been cases at onset. These changes could not be attributed to
      the use of antidepressants or ECT. Depressive syndromes could be distinguished
      from akinesia and the negative syndromes. The findings indicate that depression
      cannot be attributed solely to the administration of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2901886
TI  - In vivo assay for neuroleptic receptor binding in the striatum. Positron
      tomography in humans.
AB  - Using PET, we investigated the potency in six patients of therapeutic doses of
      neuroleptic drugs for preventing specific binding of trace doses of intravenously
      administered 76Br-labelled bromospiperone to corpus striatum in vivo. Measured
      receptor occupancy showed a clear-cut dose-dependent saturation curve with
      increasing daily oral dose of neuroleptics, indicating the validity and
      reliability of the method when used as an in vivo radioreceptor assay. Following
      drug withdrawal in eight patients, recovery to normal or supranormal receptor
      availability occurred in a matter of days. The results demonstrate an approach
      that may help resolve controversies about, and design better strategies for,
      neuroleptic treatment schedules.

PMID- 2901887
TI  - Substance-use disorders in DSM-III-R. Evidence for the dependence syndrome across
      different psychoactive substances.
AB  - Using the newly revised DSM-III-R criteria for substance-abuse diagnoses, we
      examined dependence syndrome elements among 83 psychiatric patients. The sample
      included 14 with no history of substance abuse. The remainder abused alcohol
      (52), sedatives (31), hallucinogens (12), stimulants (33), cannabis (44), cocaine
      (52), or opiates (47). Many patients (52) had abused more than one type of drug.
      Ten items assessing the proposed dependence symptoms for each type of drug were
      factor-analysed. The dependence syndrome items formed a single factor for
      opiates, cocaine, and alcohol, but not for other drugs. When the items were
      combined into cumulative scales, they had excellent internal consistency.
      Furthermore, they formed good approximations of unidimensional Guttman scales on
      which higher scores indicated greater syndrome severity. The items associated
      with higher scores differed across drugs, with opiates having the most striking
      differences from the other substances. Medical-psychosocial consequences were
      relatively independent of the dependence syndrome, although alcohol and cocaine
      dependence had some association with other problem areas. These findings support
      the utility of a common dependence syndrome concept for drugs of abuse as well as
      alcohol, and provide empirical support for the current revision of the DSM-III
      diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2901888
TI  - Khat-induced paranoid psychosis.

PMID- 2901889
TI  - Calcium therapy for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.

PMID- 2901890
TI  - Molecular genetics and human disease. Implications for modern psychiatric
      research and practice.
AB  - Techniques of molecular genetics, including recombinant-DNA technology, are
      likely to have a key role in modern psychiatric research and practice. This
      article reviews some methods of DNA analysis and their applications to clinical
      science: specifically, how these methods can be used to localise, identify,
      isolate, and clone clinically important genes, and how this should enable us to
      elucidate the molecular pathology of most inherited (psychiatric) disorders. The
      implications of these developments for prevention and treatment of genetic
      disease are discussed.

PMID- 2901891
TI  - Influence of climate on the prevalence of mania.
AB  - Monthly rates of admission of manic patients to the Department of Psychiatry in
      Galway Regional Hospital were examined for a five-year period. Monthly variation
      in admission rates was compared with monthly levels of sunshine, temperature and
      daylength. Results indicated a significant seasonal variation in the prevalence
      of mania: admission rates were higher in the sunnier months and in months with a
      greater average daylength. It is suggested that the presentation of mania in this
      fashion is due to an abnormal response to light in these patients.

PMID- 2901892
TI  - Catatonia in a 90-year-old patient after depot pipothiazine injection.

PMID- 2901893
TI  - Bilateral spontaneous descent of the testis after the age of 10: subsequent
      effects on fertility.
AB  - Fertility after late spontaneous descent of the testes in 45 men with previous
      bilateral undescended testes was evaluated on the basis of seminal analysis and
      concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum. Only 15 (33 per
      cent) were found to have a normal fertility as estimated from the results of the
      total semen analysis, whereas 21 (47 per cent) were classified as being sterile
      or having severely reduced fertility. Elevated serum FSH concentrations in the
      majority of men with subnormal sperm densities supported the results of the semen
      analysis, indicating impaired spermatogenesis. These findings suggest that the
      expectant attitude in the treatment of cryptorchidism does not seem to be
      justified in terms of fertility and combined with recent histomorphological
      studies favour a more active and early treatment of undescended testes.

PMID- 2901894
TI  - Epileptiform events induced by GABA-antagonists in entorhinal cortical cells in
      vitro are partly mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
AB  - The effects of the GABA-antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline on responses of
      medial entorhinal cortical cells to subicular stimulation were tested in vitro.
      On every cell tested either antagonist caused a profound enhancement of
      synaptically evoked depolarizations to the point where paroxysmal depolarizing
      shifts (PDS) were recorded, although only a minority of cells showed evidence of
      inhibitory potentials in the control situation. The initial PDS was followed by
      either a long afterdepolarization or a series of afterdischarges. The
      afterpotentials were always reduced or blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2-AP5). The amplitude of the
      initial PDS in many cells was also reduced by 2-AP5. Thus, entorhinal cortical
      cells are susceptible to epileptogenesis induced by a reduction of GABAergic
      inhibition and the paroxysmal events contain a large, NMDA-receptor mediated
      component.

PMID- 2901895
TI  - Enhancement of morphine-induced analgesia after repeated injections of
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
AB  - Repeated administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to rats results
      in long-term depletion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in several brain
      regions. Because of the apparent role of 5-HT in morphine-induced
      antinociception, the present experiment was designed to determine the effects of
      repeated MDMA injections on morphine-induced analgesia. Rats (n = 48) received 8
      s.c. injections (one every 12 h for 4 days) of MDMA (20 mg/kg) or saline (1.0
      ml/kg). Two weeks after the last injection, the groups were divided into 4
      subgroups that received either saline, or morphine 2.5, 3.55 or 5.0 mg/kg (s.c.).
      Nociception was assayed before and after saline or morphine administration by the
      method of tail immersion in warm water (55 degrees C). The day after analgesia
      testing, the animals were sacrificed, brains and spinal cords removed and 5-HT,
      norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels in various brain and spinal cord
      regions were assayed. The analgesic effect of morphine was enhanced in rats that
      had received repeated MDMA injections. MDMA selectively depleted 5-HT in the
      cortex, hippocampus, striatum, brainstem and in the cervical portion of spinal
      cord. However, 5-HT levels were not changed in the thoracic and lumbar segments
      of the spinal cord. Thus, a functional consequence of repeated MDMA
      administration in rats was to enhance morphine-induced antinociception in
      association with reductions in brain and cervical spinal cord 5-HT.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901896
TI  - Dopaminergic nigrotectal projection in the rat.
AB  - After injecting a fluorescent tracer (Fluoro-gold) into the rat superior
      colliculus, retrogradely labeled neurons in the rostral, ventrolateral portions
      of the substantia nigra pars reticulata were also immunohistochemically labeled
      with tyrosine hydroxylase antisera. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
      (MPTP) pretreatment of the medial forebrain bundle resulted in the disappearance
      of the nigral neurons double-labeled with the two markers. The existence of a
      dopaminergic nigrotectal projection susceptible to MPTP might provide a
      morphological substrate for abnormal saccadic eye movements in parkinsonism.

PMID- 2901897
TI  - Effects of bath-applied L-glutamate and related chemicals on the afferent synapse
      of the Plotosus electroreceptor.
AB  - Tonic electroreceptors of the marine catfish Plotosus were isolated, and effects
      of chemicals applied in the bath were examined in terms of firing rate (F)
      responses in single unit afferent nerve. L-Glutamate (L-Glu) and agonists caused
      marked F increase in the spontaneous discharge. Their potencies, estimated from
      concentrations for 50% of max F increase, were in the order of quisqualate (2
      microM), kainate (7 microM), L-Glu (0.4 mM), L-homocysteate (0.4 mM), D-Glu (3
      mM) and L-aspartate (L-Asp, greater than 10 mM). N-Methyl-D,L-aspartate (10 mM)
      had no effect. L-Glu induced F increase also in the receptors fully suppressed
      either by cathodal pulses or by high Mg (15 mM), which indicated the postsynaptic
      action. The synaptic responses were often affected differently in the fast and
      slow phases, here termed as the peak F and the adapted F, respectively. L-Asp
      potentiated only the adapted F. Kynurenic acid (Kyn) suppressed only the adapted
      F, but incompletely and rather dose-independently. Kyn, however, competitively
      antagonized the amino acid-induced responses. The present results suggest the
      presence of two distinct postsynaptic receptors, one a Kyn-sensitive Glu receptor
      that is responsible for part of the adapted F, and the other still undetermined
      that is responsible for most of the synaptic responses.

PMID- 2901899
TI  - Two compartment pharmacodynamics of somatostatin in non-obese non-insulin
      dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2901898
TI  - Neurochemical characteristics of a postsynaptic density fraction isolated from
      adult canine hippocampus.
AB  - Postsynaptic density and synaptic membrane fractions isolated from hippocampal
      tissue have been compared to those previously isolated from cerebellum and
      cerebral cortex. In all respects examined, the isolated hippocampal preparations
      are similar to the cerebral cortex fractions. The morphology of the postsynaptic
      density (PSD) preparation is the same and the protein composition is similar, but
      with higher concentrations of the 51-kDa major protein and of calmodulin, and
      lower concentrations of actin, in the hippocampal PSD fraction. The binding
      characteristics for glutamate and GABA are also similar between the two
      fractions, but with higher Bmax and KD glutamate values and lower Bmax and higher
      KD GABA values for the hippocampal PSD preparation. Both preparations contain
      GABAA and GABAB receptors. The PSD fraction contains, as does the cerebral cortex
      fraction, a calmodulin-dependent binding of the Ca2+ channel antagonist,
      nitrendipine, as well as a cAMP-dependent and a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein
      kinase, with the same respective substrates. The value of the hippocampal
      fractions for studies on long-term potentiation and on kindling in the
      hippocampus is discussed.

PMID- 2901900
TI  - Neural control of canine colon motor function: studies in vivo.
AB  - The responses of the circular muscle of canine colon to stimulation of intrinsic
      nerves and to the probable mediators of these nerves were studied in vivo. In
      vivo studies were carried out using close intra-arterial injections and local
      field stimulation of proximal, mid-, and distal colon while recording
      circumferential contractions. Our results suggest that acetylcholine is the major
      excitatory mediator, but another excitatory mediator could be released by high
      frequency field stimulation after atropine. Norepinephrine had mixed inhibitory
      and excitatory effects, but no evidence was obtained that it was released by
      field stimulation. Substance P had mainly excitatory effects partly by a
      mechanism involving nerves and partly by a direct effect on muscle; it in
      addition to norepinephrine deserves further evaluation as the mediator of
      noncholinergic excitation to high frequency field stimulation. There is no
      explanation of the inhibition it produced after initial excitation during field
      stimulation. Vasoactive intestinal peptide had inhibitory effects but these were
      incomplete and inconsistent. This may be related to our inability to demonstrate
      relaxation or inhibition to field stimulation after atropine. Further evaluation
      of the possible role of vasoactive intestinal peptide and other agents as
      nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory mediators is required.

PMID- 2901901
TI  - Neural control of canine colon motor function: studies in vitro.
AB  - The responses of strips of the canine colon to stimulation of intrinsic nerves
      and to the probable mediators of these nerves were studied in vitro. Studies were
      carried out using longitudinal and circular muscle strips from proximal and
      distal colon with field stimulation and addition of agents to the bath. Overall,
      these and other studies in vivo suggested that acetylcholine was an ubiquitous
      mediator of neural excitation. Norepinephrine had mixed inhibitory and excitatory
      effects, the latter only in circular muscle. Inhibitory effects of norepinephrine
      seemed to be both pre- and post-synaptic but no evidence that it was released by
      field stimulation was obtained. Substance P had excitatory effects chiefly by
      release of acetylcholine. It, in addition to norepinephrine, at least in circular
      muscle, deserves evaluation as the mediator of noncholinergic excitation to high
      frequency field stimulation. Although vasoactive intestinal peptide sometimes had
      inhibitory effects, these were incomplete and inconsistent. However, further
      evaluation of its possible role as a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory
      mediator is required to determine if it is involved as one component in the
      response. Few qualitative differences existed between responses of various
      regions of the colon to potential neuromediators, although there were some
      consistent differences between responses of longitudinal and circular muscle.
      Some differences existed in responses obtained earlier in vivo and in vitro. In
      particular, inhibitory effects following excitation by substance P on field
      stimulation were found only in vivo. Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory
      responses to field stimulation were consistently present only in vitro. These
      differences have not been explained.

PMID- 2901902
TI  - In vivo modulation by alpha 2-adrenoceptors of adrenal catecholamine release in
      the anaesthetized dog.
AB  - In this study, the reversal of the potentiating effect of idazoxan, a selective
      alpha 2-antagonist, on adrenal catecholamine release elicited by splanchnic nerve
      stimulation in anaesthetized and vagotomized dogs, was investigated with the use
      of oxymetazoline, a selective alpha 2-agonist. Stimulation of the left splanchnic
      nerve (5.0-V pulses of 2 ms duration for 3 min at a frequency of 2 Hz) was
      applied before and 20 min after the i.v. injection of each drug. Blood samples
      were collected in the adrenal vein before and at the end of each stimulation. The
      results show that the release of catecholamines induced by electrical stimulation
      was potentiated by 50% after idazoxan injection (0.1 mg/kg). This enhanced
      response was significantly antagonized by the subsequent injection of
      oxymetazoline (2 micrograms/kg). The alpha 2-modulating effect appears to be
      related to the amount of catecholamines released during the stimulation, since by
      subgrouping of the data on the basis of the degree of potentiation by idazoxan,
      it was observed that this drug was more efficient when catecholamine release was
      higher during control stimulation. In contrast, the reversing effect of
      oxymetazoline was found to be more pronounced when catecholamine release was
      lower. These results thus suggest that the sensitivity of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor mechanism may depend upon the in situ concentration of adrenal
      catecholamine release during electrical stimulation and that the potentiating
      effect of alpha 2-blockade can be reversed by activation of those receptors by a
      selective alpha 2-agonist.

PMID- 2901903
TI  - Effect of dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic modulation on corticotropin-releasing
      factor immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The potential role that dopaminergic mechanisms have in the regulation of
      corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus was investigated. Adult
      male rats were administered bromocriptine, a potent dopamine agonist, for periods
      ranging up to 51 days. Overall, bromocriptine treatment resulted in a significant
      decline in CRF-like immunoreactivity (CRF-ir). The dopamine antagonist,
      haloperidol, was administered for similar periods and resulted in no overall
      significant effect, except for a transient decrease. Treatment with reserpine,
      known to deplete monoamines including dopamine, induced a significant decrease in
      CRF-ir 24 h post-treatment. The possibility that the original results were due to
      alpha-adrenergic inhibition by bromocriptine and haloperidol was studied next.
      alpha 1-Stimulation by administration of methoxamine had no significant effect.
      alpha 2-Stimulation by clonidine significantly reduced hypothalamic CRF-ir.
      Selective depletion of neurotransmitter from noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons
      by 6-hydroxydopamine also resulted in a significant reduction of hypothalamic CRF
      ir, an effect localized entirely to the median eminence. These results show a
      reduction in CRF-ir subsequent to either bromocriptine administration,
      generalized monoamine depletion, alpha 2-stimulation, or selective noradrenaline
      adrenaline depletion. No direct dopaminergic effects could be confirmed. These
      data are consistent with a constant, near-maximal alpha 1-adrenergic effect
      maintaining hypothalamic CRF concentrations, presumably by inhibition of CRF
      release from the median eminence.

PMID- 2901904
TI  - T-cell-rich lymphoproliferative disorders. Morphologic and immunologic
      differential diagnoses.
AB  - To differentiate peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), the authors evaluated the
      results of T11 monoclonal antibody studies on consecutive cell suspensions
      prepared from 509 lymph nodes from various lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD).
      They used T11 (CD2) positivity to identify those LPD in which the content of T
      cells was high. There were 266 (52%) cell suspensions which contained more than
      50% T11-positive cells. More than 75% of the following non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
      had over 50% T11-positive cells: diffuse mixed cell (DM), diffuse atypical poorly
      differentiated lymphocytic and lymphoblastic lymphomas; mycosis fungoides; and
      true histiocytic lymphoma. Eleven cell suspensions had more than 90% T11-positive
      cells; four were involved by B-cell lymphomas. The cell suspensions prepared from
      nine of 14 diffuse large cell lymphomas of the T-cell type had more than 50% T11
      positive cells. Of these, three of five cases of the polymorphous subtype had
      fewer than 50% T11 cells, but six of seven lymph nodes of the clear-cell type had
      more than 50% T11-positive cells. Each of seven DM samples of the T-cell type
      contained over 50% T11 cells; none had a polymorphous appearance. In the 112
      cases of reactive LPD studied, more than 75% of cases of necrotizing
      lymphadenitis, dermatopathic lymphadenitis, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy,
      and those with lymph nodes with no specific reactive pattern had more than 50%
      T11-positive cells. The authors' findings indicate that T11 positivity is a
      reliable T-cell marker in reactive and neoplastic LPD except for those cases of
      PTCL with a polymorphous appearance; these tend to lose T11-expression. A multi
      parameter diagnostic approach is required in the following LPD: (1) PTCL which
      are T11-negative; (2) PTCL of small lymphocytic type having an unremarkable T
      cell phenotype; (3) SIg-negative B-cell lymphomas which are rich in nonneoplastic
      T cells; (4) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with minimal disease which are rich in
      reactive T cells; and (5) polymorphous large cell proliferations.

PMID- 2901905
TI  - Diagnostic significance of histiocyte-related markers in malignant histiocytosis
      and true histiocytic lymphoma.
AB  - Interrelationships of immunologic and enzymatic markers of histiocytes have been
      studied in malignant neoplasms of histiocytic/monocytic origin and in
      differential diagnostically relevant, large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
      Cryostat sections required for demonstrating cell surface antigens by monoclonal
      antibodies are inadequate for studying cellular detail, enzymatic maturation by
      alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), and demonstrating the classical
      cytoplasmic markers of histiocytes like lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AT), and
      alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT). These markers have been compared in gently fixed
      and vacuum paraffin-embedded material. The reactivity for monoclonal anti-human
      monocyte 1 (Mo 1) has also been preserved by this method. Malignant histiocytosis
      (MH) is characterized by a heterogeneous cell population. The mature, ANAE
      positive cells with macrophage morphology usually show a diffuse cytoplasmic
      positivity for AT and ACT. Lysozyme is moderately positive to negative in these
      cells, but it is more efficient than these markers in revealing smaller cells
      resembling monocytes by focal positivity in the cytoplasm. The expression of
      Factor XIIIa (F-XIIIa) is connected with the phagocytic activation of histiocytic
      cells. F-XIIIa positive cells usually form a minority of the neoplastic
      population in MH, but the large cytophagocytic marcophages are invariably
      positive. Reactive macrophages in large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are
      characterized by a coexpression of ANAE, AT, ACT, lysozyme, F-XIIIa and Mo 1.
      Typical cases of true histiocytic lymphoma (THL) are made up of a homogeneous
      population showing the above mature, phagocytizing phenotype. In MH, Mo 1 and
      ANAE recognize different subpopulations. The reciprocal relation of these markers
      is an abnormal phenotypic feature. The results presented in this article prove
      the diagnostic value of ANAE and lysozyme in confirming the histiocytic
      differentiation of malignant cells. Monoclonal anti-human monocyte 1 is useful
      for identifying the immature component in MH. Factor XIIIa can be considered a
      functional marker of mature phagocytic histiocytes and an aid in the diagnosis of
      THL.

PMID- 2901906
TI  - Genes amplified and overexpressed in human multidrug-resistant cell lines.
AB  - Multidrug resistance (MDR) is associated with overproduction of Mr 170,000
      membrane proteins (P-glycoproteins) caused by either gene amplification,
      transcriptional activation, or both. In rodents the amplified domain comprises
      genes that encode P-glycoproteins and at least five unrelated genes, one of which
      encodes the calcium-binding protein sorcin. The amplification and increased
      expression of these genes always includes one P-glycoprotein-encoding gene (pgp1
      in hamsters, homologous to mdr1 in humans). In human MDR cells only elevated mdr1
      expression has been shown thusfar, although another P-glycoprotein encoding gene
      (mdr3, homologous to hamster pgp3) is closely linked. Here we show that the human
      homolog of the hamster sorcin gene resides on chromosome 7 like the P
      glycoprotein-encoding genes. Furthermore, gene classes designated 4, 5, and 6 are
      coamplified with mdr1 and mdr3 in the human ovarian carcinoma cell line 2780AD,
      which strongly suggests that the overall structure of the human MDR domain is the
      same as in rodents. Class 6 was moderately and mdr1 was highly overexpressed in
      this cell line. Four other human MDR cell lines also have much higher mdr1
      overexpression than expected from the relatively low levels (2- to 30-fold) of
      gene amplification. This contrasts with the results of previous work with rodent
      MDR cells, in which the increase in P-glycoprotein mRNA levels usually parallels
      the increase in gene copy number. Although four of the five human MDR cell lines
      have coamplified mdr3, its expression was undetectable. Our results confirm the
      central role of the mdr1 (pgp1) gene in MDR and suggest that different cross
      resistance patterns are not due to differential expression of different P
      glycoprotein genes.

PMID- 2901907
TI  - Effects of tiazofurin on protooncogene expression during HL-60 cell
      differentiation.
AB  - The synthetic nucleoside analogue, tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4
      carboxamide, NSC 286193) is an inhibitor of the enzyme inosine monophosphate
      (IMP) dehydrogenase and depletes guanine nucleotide pools. In the present study,
      we have monitored the effects of tiazofurin on human HL-60 promyelocytic cell
      differentiation and protooncogene expression. Tiazofurin (10 microM) induced a
      more differentiated HL-60 cell phenotype as determined by histochemical staining
      and decreased myeloperoxidase gene expression. This induction of differentiation
      was associated with a loss of proliferative capacity and decreases in clonogenic
      survival. The results also demonstrate that tiazofurin induces a down-regulation
      of c-myc mRNA levels. In contrast, there was no detectable change in the level of
      3.8-kilobase c-myb transcripts. Furthermore, treatment of HL-60 cells with
      tiazofurin resulted in the appearance of an additional c-myb mRNA with an
      apparent size of 3.3 kilobases. The addition of guanosine to tiazofurin-treated
      HL-60 cells prevented the down-regulation of c-myc transcripts and also inhibited
      induction of the 3.3-kilobase c-myb transcript. Moreover, this additional
      transcript was not detected during induction of HL-60 cells by dimethyl
      sulfoxide, tumor necrosis factor, and retinal, but was induced by another IMP
      dehydrogenase inhibitor, mycophenolic acid. These results suggest a role for
      guanosine ribonucleotides in the regulation of c-myc and c-myb gene expression
      during HL-60 cell differentiation. The results also suggest that changes in c-myb
      expression can be dissociated from that of c-myc and induction of myeloid
      differentiation.

PMID- 2901908
TI  - Biochemical characteristics of hyperplastic rat bile ductular epithelial cells
      cultured "on top" and "inside" different extracellular matrix substitutes.
AB  - An essentially pure population of bile ductular epithelial cells isolated from
      bile duct-ligated rats was placed in primary culture by plating the cells either
      "on top" of or "inside" different extracellular matrix substitutes, including
      basement membrane Matrigel, type I collagen gel, and agarose gel. Plating
      efficiencies of greater than 60% were obtained when the cells were seeded in the
      presence of 1.0% fetal calf serum on top of Matrigel and collagen gel, but there
      was very little if any cell attachment to the agarose surface. In contrast, the
      cells could be maintained equally well and at very similar densities when they
      were cultured inside the various gel substances, including agarose. Regardless of
      substratum condition, bile ductular cells at 10 days in primary culture expressed
      specific activities of the marker enzymes gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and
      leucine aminopeptidase which were significantly higher than those shown by
      freshly isolated cells. On the other hand, alkaline phosphatase activity of the
      cells became undetectable by day 3 of culture when they were cultured on top of
      either Matrigel or collagen gel but was retained at approximately 50% of its
      original level in cells cultured for 10 days within Matrigel or agarose gel.
      Treatments with dexamethasone or hydrocortisone (i.e., 10(-6) M) inhibited the
      increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity of the cultured cells but did
      not affect the other enzyme changes. Subcultures of the bile ductular epithelial
      cells were developed by passing the cells in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum
      on surfaces coated with either type I collagen or Matrigel. In either case, cells
      subjected to at least 4-6 passages (up to 100 days of culture) were still
      characterized by a high gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Preliminary
      results obtained with cells plated at very low density within Matrigel also
      indicated the development of cell growths that appeared to be organized in the
      form of distinct acinar-like structures.

PMID- 2901909
TI  - Medical prophylaxis for the post myocardial infarct patient.
AB  - The use of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs has been shown to benefit many post
      myocardial infarction patients. Aspirin is useful for secondary prevention and a
      subset of patients may benefit from short term anticoagulation.

PMID- 2901910
TI  - Analgesic therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Parenterally administered narcotic analgesics are a critically important part of
      therapy for the patient with acute myocardial ischemic syndromes. These agents
      are very effective and, when used with appropriate caution and monitoring, are
      also generally safe. They not only relieve the sensation of severe pain but also
      reduce the effective and physiologic reaction to pain and thus reduce patient
      anxiety. Because these agents all depress respiratory drive to some degree in the
      doses used for adequate analgesia, close attention to respiratory status is
      mandatory. In patients with underlying pulmonary disease or significant
      congestive heart failure, this monitoring should be even more intensive and
      include arterial blood gas measurements and preparations for possible narcotic
      antagonist administration and ventilatory assistance. With regard to the
      hemodynamic changes produced by these agents, several important points are worth
      noting. It must be remembered that the conclusions regarding hemodynamic effects
      of these agents are derived from studies involving patient groups that were
      generally hemodynamically stable, usually pain-free, and almost always at least
      several hours following acute presentation. Thus, the hemodynamic effects of
      these agents may be quite different in patients with active pain during a period
      of acute ischemia, or in patients that are hemodynamically unstable. Hemodynamic
      studies during these acute settings, however, are extremely difficult to perform
      because the patient's acute distress mandates rapid administration of an
      analgesic agent prior to the institution of invasive monitoring. With these
      cautions relating to data interpretation in mind, it is still possible to make
      certain recommendations regarding the use of analgesic therapy in acute
      MI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901911
TI  - Medical and surgical therapy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2901912
TI  - De novo cardiac beta adrenoceptor synthesis in adult rats under normoxic and
      hypoxic conditions.
AB  - Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane (BAAM), an alkylating irreversible beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist, was used to study in vivo beta adrenoceptor synthesis in
      adult rat left ventricle under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In normoxic
      conditions cardiac beta adrenoceptor density decreased by 50% 15 h after
      treatment and recovered to control values after about 250 h. A similar decrease
      in receptor density and pattern of recovery was found in environmental hypoxia.
      Neither hypoxia nor treatment with BAAM had a significant effect on the
      dissociation constant of the radioligand. These results show that cardiac beta
      adrenoceptor synthesis occurs rather slowly and suggest that alteration of the
      rate of receptor synthesis in hypoxic states is not a major determinant of
      reported changes in density.

PMID- 2901913
TI  - A human protein specific for the immunoglobulin octamer DNA motif contains a
      functional homeobox domain.
AB  - The homeobox domain is shared by Drosophila homeotic proteins, yeast mating type
      proteins, and some functionally uncharacterized mammalian proteins. A lymphoid
      restricted human protein that binds to the immunoglobulin octamer regulatory
      motif was shown to contain an amino acid sequence that has 33% amino acid
      identity with the consensus sequence of the previously cloned homebox domains.
      This homeobox gene was localized to chromosome 19, thus mapping separately from
      other human homebox genes. A mutant protein containing amino acid substitutions
      within a putative helix-turn-helix motif in the homeobox domain did not bind DNA
      detectably. This human homeobox protein was shown to bind the same DNA sequence
      as the homeobox domains of the yeast mating type proteins and Drosophila homeotic
      protein, suggesting that homeobox proteins may have closely related DNA binding
      characteristics.

PMID- 2901914
TI  - Induction of suppressor cells to T- and B-cell proliferative responses and
      immunoglobulin production by monoclonal antibodies recognizing the CD3 T-cell
      differentiation antigen.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (mAb's) recognizing the CD3 T-cell differentiation antigen
      induced the generation of suppressor cells. These cells inhibited (1)
      proliferative responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to PHA
      and allogeneic cells in mixed leukocyte culture; (2) proliferative responses of
      purified E-rosette-negative cells to Staphylococcus aureus Cowans I; and (3) de
      novo immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced
      differentiation system. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing other T-cell
      differentiation antigens (anti-Leu 2a, anti-Leu 3a, and anti-Leu 5) did not
      induce the generation of suppressor cells, even at very high antibody
      concentrations. Statistically significant differences were not observed in the
      ability of the OKT3 and anti-Leu 4 mAb's to induce suppressor cells. Monocytes
      were not required for the generation of anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells.
      F(ab')2 fragments of the OKT3 mAb's were equally effective when compared with
      intact antibody molecules in inducing suppressor cells, although they did not
      induce proliferative responses. Proliferation was not required for the induction
      of suppressor cells. Irradiation (2500 rad) of PBMC before incubation with the
      anti-CD3 mAb did not affect the generation of suppressor cells. Furthermore, anti
      CD3-induced suppressor cells were radioresistant. Addition of recombinant IL-2 to
      the cultures of responding cells and suppressor cells did not reverse the
      suppression. In vitro treatment of anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells with either
      the OKT4 mAb plus complement or the OKT8 mAb plus complement partially decreased
      the suppression of proliferative responses of PBMC to PHA or allogeneic cells in
      mixed lymphocytes culture. However, treatment with both OKT4 and OKT8 mAb's plus
      complement or the OKT11 mAb plus complement completely abolished the suppression.
      These results suggest that the suppressor cells are of the T11+T4+T8- and T11+T4
      T8+ phenotypes. In other experiments, T4+T8- and T8+T4- cells were isolated from
      PBMC treated for 48 hr with anti-CD3 mAbs. Both these two populations
      significantly inhibited proliferative responses of autologous PBMC to PHA and de
      novo immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by mixtures of purified T4 and B
      cells from normal donors, in the PWM-induced differentiation system. These
      results demonstrate that anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells are of the T4 or T8
      phenotype. Treatment of purified T4+T8- and T8+T4- cells with anti-CD3 mAb's
      resulted in the generation of suppressor cells, suggesting that the precursors of
      the anti-CD3-induced suppressor cells can belong to either of these two
      populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2901915
TI  - Modulation of natural killer-mediated lysis by red blood cells.
AB  - Natural killer (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity is significantly enhanced in the
      presence of red blood cells (RBC). The enhancement is dose dependent on the
      number of RBC present and can be induced by autochthonous, allogeneic, or
      xenogeneic RBC. The enhancement was demonstrated in cytotoxicity against two
      different NK-sensitive tumor target cell lines, K562 and U937, and by three
      different assay systems, chromium release, lactate dehydrogenase release, and
      inhibition of thymidine incorporation. RBC directly enhance the cytotoxic
      activity of NKH-1/Leu19+ large granular lymphocyte NK cells. Intact RBC have to
      be present during the cytotoxicity assay to induce the enhancement, which
      probably occurs at a postbinding, preprogramming phase. The anti-CD2 antibody
      Leu5 cannot block the enhancement at a concentration inhibitory to lymphocyte
      rosetting with sheep RBC, suggesting that the enhancement is not induced by
      interaction through the CD2 antigen. These results indicate that RBC are a potent
      modulator of NK cytotoxicity and suggest that in vitro NK studies using purified
      lymphocytes may not always truly reflect NK activity in the blood stream.

PMID- 2901916
TI  - The role of CD4 in antigen-independent activation of isolated single T
      lymphocytes.
AB  - The membrane molecule CD4 (L3T4) is thought to facilitate activation of Class II
      H-2-restricted T cells by binding to Ia determinants on antigen-presenting cells.
      Recent reports suggest that CD4 can also contribute to antigen-independent
      activation by anti-T cell receptor (TCR) antibodies. An assay which measures the
      secretion of two lymphokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      and interleukin 3 (IL-3), by single T cells activated with an anti-TCR antibody,
      F23.1, was used to analyze the effects of anti-CD4 antibodies on antigen
      independent T cell activation. Single cells of a CD4+F23.1+ clone were
      micromanipulated into wells to which F23.1 had been immobilized, and their
      lymphokine secretion was measured 24 hr later. The frequency of lymphokine
      secreting cells was consistently reduced up to 10-fold in the presence of soluble
      anti-CD4 antibody (GK1.5) but only up to 2.5-fold by an antibody to the cell
      adhesion molecule, LFA-1. In both bulk and single-cell cultures, responses to
      suboptimal concentrations of F23.1 were more susceptible to inhibition by GK1.5
      than responses to optimal F23.1. The failure of GK1.5 to inhibit IL-2-stimulated
      lymphokine synthesis in bulk cultures suggested that CD4 ligation did not deliver
      a negative signal to the clone. By contrast, when either anti-CD4 or anti-LFA-1
      was immobilized on the same surface as F23.1, the frequency of lymphokine
      secreting cells could be increased up to 10-fold. It is concluded that anti-CD4
      antibodies can act directly on the responding T cell to affect TCR-dependent
      activation, in the absence of interaction with antigen-presenting cells or any
      other cell type.

PMID- 2901917
TI  - [Andrologic findings in adolescents with retractile testes].

PMID- 2901918
TI  - Identification of structural characteristics of some potential H2-receptor
      antagonists that determine the interaction with rat hepatic P-450.
AB  - Several potential H2-receptor antagonists have been tested in vitro, using liver
      microsomal preparations from untreated rats, in order to study their interaction
      with P-450. The aim of this investigation was to establish structure-activity
      relationships for the P-450-inhibition developed by cimetidine and related drugs.
      Most of the compounds tested demonstrate an inhibitory activity and a binding
      ability to P-450, via type II (ligand type) binding. Our results strongly
      indicate that the cyano-guanidine moiety is an essential structural feature for
      both the inhibition of a ferrocytochrome P-450-metabolic intermediate complex
      formation occurring during the metabolism of tofenacine, and the binding of the
      compounds to the heme iron of P-450. The presence of an imidazole group is not
      necessary for these activities. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the
      lipophilic character of the cyano-guanidine side chain contributes to the
      interaction of the test compounds with P-450, since a trend for a parabolic
      relationship between lipophilicity and inhibitory activity or binding ability is
      observed. Finally, under the experimental conditions used, no increase of the
      inhibitory activity of cimetidine on the metabolism of tofenacine and 7
      ethylresorufin is observed after preincubation of rat liver microsomes with
      cimetidine, confirming earlier results in similar studies.

PMID- 2901919
TI  - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Effects of dietary 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3
      beta-ol-15-one on early enzymes in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis.
AB  - The effects of dietary administration (0.1% in diet for 8 days) of 5 alpha
      cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one on the levels of activity of cytosolic
      acetoacetyl coenzyme A thiolase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)
      synthase, and microsomal HMG-CoA reductase in liver have been studied in male
      Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant increases in the levels of activity of
      acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and of HMG-CoA synthase were observed. The levels of
      microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity were increased, relative to pair-fed
      control animals, in three experiments and increased, relative to ad libitum
      control animals, in one of three experiments. When compared with other agents for
      which the primary mode of action is an inhibition of the intestinal absorption of
      cholesterol, the magnitude of the increases in the levels of hepatic microsomal
      HMG-CoA reductase activity in the 15-ketosterol-fed rats was considerably
      smaller. In view of the previously described marked activity of the 15-ketosterol
      in the inhibition of the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, as well as its
      known effects in lowering HMG-CoA reductase activity in mammalian cells in
      culture, it is proposed that the 15-ketosterol may suppress the elevated levels
      of hepatic microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity induced by the reduced delivery
      of cholesterol to liver as a consequence of the inhibition of the intestinal
      absorption of cholesterol.

PMID- 2901921
TI  - Growth hormone neuroregulation and its alterations in disease states.

PMID- 2901920
TI  - Effect of in vitro organic nitrate tolerance on relaxation, cyclic GMP
      accumulation, and guanylate cyclase activation by glyceryl trinitrate and the
      enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate.
AB  - Previously, it was shown that the D enantiomer of isoidide dinitrate was 10-fold
      more potent than the L enantiomer and 10-fold less potent than glyceryl
      trinitrate for stimulating cyclic GMP accumulation and relaxation of isolated rat
      aorta. In the present study, these organic nitrates were tested for their ability
      to induce tolerance to organic nitrate-induced relaxation, cyclic GMP
      accumulation, and guanylate cyclase activation in rat aorta in vitro. To
      compensate for the differences in vasodilator potency, tolerance was induced by
      incubating isolated rat aorta with concentrations of organic nitrates 1,000-fold
      greater than the EC50 for relaxation. Under these conditions, the EC50 for
      relaxation was increased significantly for each organic nitrate and to a similar
      degree on subsequent reexposure. These data suggest that the potential for
      inducing in vitro tolerance to relaxation was the same for the three organic
      nitrates tested. When activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by these compounds
      was assessed, the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate were equipotent, but less
      potent than glyceryl trinitrate, suggesting that the site of enantioselectivity
      is not guanylate cyclase itself. In blood vessels made tolerant to organic
      nitrates by pretreatment with glyceryl trinitrate, vasodilator activity, cyclic
      GMP accumulation, and guanylate cyclase activation were attenuated on reexposure
      to each organic nitrate. In addition, differences in the potency of the three
      organic nitrates and the enantioselectivity of isoidide dinitrate for relaxation
      were abolished in tolerant tissue, whereas the potency difference between
      glyceryl trinitrate and isoidide dinitrate for activation of guanylate cyclase
      was unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901922
TI  - Demonstration of blocking immunoglobulins G, having a heterogeneous behaviour, in
      sera of patients with Graves' disease: possible coexistence of different
      autoantibodies directed to the TSH receptor.
AB  - Previous studies by us and others have shown that Graves' immunoglobulins G
      (IgGs) behaved as agonists or even antagonists of TSH. In this paper we have
      looked for the existence of IgG preparations without any thyroid stimulatory
      activity but able to significantly block the action of TSH in 128 hyperthyroid
      Graves' patients. The presence of TSH-binding inhibiting antibodies (TBIAb) and
      that of thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) was evaluated by a radioreceptor
      assay using solubilized thyroid plasma membranes and by assaying the adenylate
      cyclase (AC) function of thyroid plasma membranes, respectively. Seventeen IgGs
      were negative for TSAb but positive for TBIAb in the screening, using only one
      concentration of IgG. Three kinds of activity were investigated in these IgGs at
      different doses: (1) TSH-binding inhibiting activity; (2) thyroid AC stimulating
      activity; and (3) the inhibition of TSH-induced AC stimulation. The results
      showed that the level of activity was not always dose-dependent. A significant
      (greater than 20%) inhibition of the TSH-dependent AC stimulation was present in
      15 of the 17 IgGs examined: this inhibition was more elevated at lower than at
      higher doses in two preparations. No significant correlation was found between
      the three activities. In short, we have been able to demonstrate the existence of
      'blocking' antibodies, apparently without any stimulatory activity, in some
      patients with Graves' disease. The diphasic pattern of the dose-response curves
      of some IgGs and the lack of correlation between the different activities can be
      explained by the co-existence in the sera of Graves' patients of different
      autoantibodies varying in concentration, binding affinity constant and intrinsic
      biological activity.

PMID- 2901923
TI  - Responses of plasma oxytocin and arginine vasopressin to nausea induced by
      apomorphine and ipecacuanha.
AB  - Apomorphine, a centrally-acting emetic, was administered subcutaneously (50
      micrograms/kg) to nine normal subjects (four male, five female; aged 22-36 years)
      and four patients with idiopathic diabetes insipidus (DI) (one male, three
      female; aged 24-49 years). In the normal subjects this stimulus caused nausea
      (and vomiting in seven of nine) with a latency of 9.5 +/- 0.9 min which was
      followed by a large increase in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration
      (from 0.9 +/- 0.2 pmol/l to 249 +/- 104 pmol/l at 15 min after the onset of
      symptoms; mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.01). There was a small but significant
      increase in plasma oxytocin (OXT) concentration (from 1.6 +/- 0.4 pmol/l to 6.2
      +/- 3.4 pmol/l; P less than 0.05). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell slightly
      (from 87 +/- 1.9 mm Hg to 71 +/- 4.4 mm Hg; P less than 0.05) 15 min after the
      onset of nausea; there was no change in blood haematocrit or plasma osmolality
      and sodium concentration. In the DI patients apomorphine produced nausea (with
      vomiting in three of four) with a latency of 10.0 +/- 1.4 min but failed to cause
      an increase in either plasma AVP or OXT. In the DI patients the fall in MAP did
      not reach statistical significance (83 +/- 4 mm Hg to 71 +/- 11 mm Hg); there was
      also no change in haematocrit, osmolality or sodium concentration. Ipecacuanha,
      an emetic with both peripheral and central actions, was administered orally to
      seven normal subjects (three male, four female; aged 22-36 years) six of whom
      also underwent apomorphine tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901924
TI  - A linkage study of the locus for X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - A large family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, showing a probable X-linked
      incomplete dominant inheritance, was studied by linkage analysis. Results,
      obtained by the use of X chromosome specific DNA probes of known regional
      location, suggest that the disease locus is linked to the DXYS1 locus (z = 2.59
      at theta = 0.00) and to the DXS14 locus and, places the disease locus between the
      DXYS1 locus and the DXS14 locus, near the centromere of the X chromosome.
      Together with the published data, a distance of 13 cM (z = 6.95) was assessed
      between the disease locus and the DXYS1 locus.

PMID- 2901925
TI  - Novel HLA class II-associated structural patterns in coeliac disease and type I
      diabetes.
AB  - Cell membrane antigens were precipitated from EBV transformed cell lines by a
      monomorphic DR monoclonal antibody. Three mutually exclusive patterns with two
      glycoproteins (g25 and g28) that had not been previously identified, were
      observed. The first, g25+/g28- was found in all cell lines from 40 healthy
      individuals; a second, g25-/g28- was found in 4/7 coeliac and 2/4 IDDM patients
      and a third, g25+/g28+ was found in 3/7 coeliac and 1/4 IDDM patients. RFLP
      analysis with Class II alpha and beta chain probes and several restriction
      enzymes did not correlate with either of the disease associated patterns. Several
      possibilities regarding the identity and mode of action of the two polypeptides
      are described.

PMID- 2901926
TI  - Evidence of a gene-dosage effect for the glucocorticoid receptor in trisomy 18
      mice.
AB  - The amount of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor in liver of Ts18, Ts16, and Ts19
      vs euploid mouse fetuses was studied after incubation of [3H]dexamethasone with
      cytosol followed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. In addition,
      corticosterone concentrations and enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase
      and tyrosine aminotransferase were measured in the cytosol of the livers. The
      amount of glucocorticoid receptor in the cytosol fractions of the livers was
      always higher in the Ts18 than in the euploid fetuses of the same litter. It was
      also significantly (P less than 0.0005) higher if pooled data from different
      litters were analyzed. The ratio of the glucocorticoid receptor in Ts18 vs
      euploid mice varied between 1.3 and 4.7, with a mean of 2.1. In contrast, the
      glucocorticoid receptor levels in Ts16 and Ts19 fetuses were not different from
      the corresponding euploid controls. Comparing the corticosterone levels of the
      three trisomies tested with the corresponding euploid fetuses, no significant
      differences were found, indicating that the markedly elevated cytosolic
      glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in Ts18 were not due to different
      corticosterone levels. This finding is consistent with the assignment of the
      glucocorticoid receptor gene to chromosome 18 in the mouse. There was no
      correlation between glucocorticoid receptor levels and the activity of the two
      glucocorticoid inducible enzymes tested in the liver of mouse fetuses.

PMID- 2901927
TI  - Neurochemical characterization of embryonic brain development in trisomy 19
      (Ts19) mice: implications of selective deficits observed for abnormal neural
      development in aneuploidy.
AB  - In this study, we examined the neurochemical profiles of selected brain regions
      (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon/brainstem) in fetal (day 14 to 18 gestation)
      trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice. The neurochemical characteristics we observed in Ts19
      mice were quite different from those we observed previously in Ts16 mice. Choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was reduced significantly in the cerebral
      hemispheres, but not in the brainstem/diencephalon, of the fetal Ts19 mouse
      brain, suggesting a selective vulnerability of telencephalic cholinergic neurons.
      Additionally, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was reduced
      significantly in both hemispheres and diencephalon/brainstem of late gestation
      Ts19 fetuses, suggesting a selective vulnerability of GABAergic neurons as well.
      While the levels of catecholaminergic and dopaminergic markers were reduced
      significantly at late gestational ages, the relative rate of turnover of dopamine
      (DA), measured by the ratio of DOPAC/DA, was elevated significantly in Ts19 mice.
      Neither reduction in the thickness of various cellular zones of the cerebral
      cortex nor reduced cell density of the cerebral cortex accounts for the
      alterations in neurochemical parameters observed in Ts19 mice. These results
      suggest that the effects of the triplication of specific genes on the respective
      chromosomes, rather than a generalized disruption of developmental homeostasis
      resulting from extra chromosomal material, may produce selective alterations in
      neurochemical and neuroanatomical markers observed in these two mouse trisomies.

PMID- 2901928
TI  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma: localization of a mediastinal metastasis with I-131
      MIBG.
AB  - An I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan was performed in a patient with a
      familial history of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 and recurrent
      medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The scan revealed a mediastinal metastasis
      from her MTC and there was also an imaging pattern of bilateral adreno-medullary
      hyperplasia. Although the literature indicates that I-131-MIBG scanning is not
      sufficiently sensitive for the detection of MTC, this procedure has proven to be
      of value in the management of chosen patients with MEN-associated MTC.

PMID- 2901929
TI  - Histamine and histamine receptor antagonists in splanchnic compartments in
      schistosomal portal hypertension.
AB  - The type and distribution of histamine receptors in the portal circulation were
      studied in patients with schistosomal hypertension. At laparotomy, the umbilical,
      left gastric, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins were cannulated. Blood
      samples were drawn from the systemic circulation and from each vein for histamine
      assay. Portal pressures were then estimated in each vein. One group of patients
      received local injections of pheniramine p-aminosalicylate (H1-antagonist) in the
      four cannulated veins simultaneously. A second group received cimetidine (H2
      antagonist), and a third group received a mixture of both drugs. Reestimation of
      portal pressures indicated that all treatments produced a significant drop in
      pressure in the four compartments. The highest drop was in the splenic vein after
      the H1-antagonist and in the gastric vein after the H2-antagonist. The histamine
      level was somewhat higher in the splenic compartment. These results suggest that
      both H1- and H2-receptors are present in the four portal compartments, but their
      distribution may not be uniform.

PMID- 2901930
TI  - Pharmacokinetic interactions between NSAIDs (indomethacin or sulindac) and H2
      receptor antagonists (cimetidine or ranitidine) in human volunteers.
AB  - The reciprocal effects on pharmacokinetic parameters after a single oral dose of
      the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indomethacin and sulindac and
      repeated oral doses of the H2-receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine were
      determined in two groups of nine healthy subjects each (indomethacin and sulindac
      groups). Administration of NSAIDs increased the AUC and decreased the oral
      clearance and apparent volume of distribution of the H2-receptor antagonists
      without modifying their t1/2. Urinary data and observed modifications in
      ranitidine and cimetidine metabolites seem to justify a greater increase of H2
      receptor antagonist bioavailability with indomethacin (p less than 0.05) than
      with sulindac (NS). The administration of ranitidine significantly reduced the
      sulindac volume of distribution without modifying its clearance, which caused an
      increase in the maximum concentration and a decrease in the t1/2 (p less than
      0.05). The effects of cimetidine on the two NSAIDs were more intense than the
      effect of ranitidine: the decrease in sulindac volume of distribution (p less
      than 0.02) was accompanied by a significant reduction in sulindac clearance (p
      less than 0.05). AUC and urinary amounts of sulindac's sulfone metabolite were
      decreased. These results show that NSAIDs increased the bioavailability of H2
      receptor antagonists, and that the latter drugs decrease the volume of
      distribution of NSAIDs. Furthermore, cimetidine modifies the oxidation metabolism
      of sulindac.

PMID- 2901931
TI  - HLA-DR and -DQ DNA genotyping in insulin-dependent diabetes patients in South
      India.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the HLA-DR beta, -DQ alpha, 
      DQ beta, and -DX alpha genes have been examined in South Indian diabetic patients
      and controls. The DR. DQ linkage arrangements in South Indians were shown to be
      different for DR2, DR4, and DRw6 from those commonly seen in Europeans, so that
      localization of the primary disease-promoting gene in IDDM could be attempted.
      This study clearly implicates at least one DQ beta allele in the pathogenesis of
      IDDM.

PMID- 2901932
TI  - DR beta Taq I restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) associated with
      insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
AB  - DNA from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients (IDDM) and healthy control
      individuals was evaluated using Southern blotting to determine if a disease
      associated restriction fragment length polymorphism could be found. Using a DR
      beta-cDNA probe hybridized to Taq I digested genomic DNA, a 3.7 kb fragment was
      found in all IDDM patients examined (n = 33). Although a high percentage (47 per
      cent) of the control population also carried the fragment, nearly one-third of
      those persons were serotyped as DR2. The possible role of gene regulation in the
      development of IDDM is discussed.

PMID- 2901933
TI  - Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: HLA-DR and -DQ genotyping in three ethnic
      groups.
AB  - Human genomic DNA samples from Caucasoids, Chinese, and Koreans of known
      serological DR antigen specificity were studied for IDDM-associated variation in
      HLA-DR and -DQ RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms). Genotyping
      allowed for accurate assignment of HLA-DR types and in Caucasoids DRw6 as well as
      DR2 was unequivocally decreased in IDDM. Further, the universality of certain DR2
      associated DQ beta subtypes in protection against IDDM was established. HLA-DR3
      was found to be increased in IDDM irrespective of whether carried on the B8. DR3
      or B18. DR3 haplotype in Caucasoids or on the Bw58. DR3 haplotype in Chinese.
      These haplotypes have different DR alpha and DX alpha arrangements, so the region
      of susceptibility is confined to DQ alpha, DQ beta. For HLA-DR4, a 12kb/DQ
      beta/Bam HI fragment was increased in Caucasoid IDDM, but since this fragment is
      haplotype specific in Caucasoids and occurs in most healthy DR4- and w9-positive
      Asians, the 12 kb fragment may be a marker for a DR beta subtype of DR4
      associated with IDDM in Caucasoids only. This study has shown the value of ethnic
      comparisons of HLA-associated diseases, where different linkage disequilibrium
      relationships have permitted identification of common susceptibility determinants
      and have provided evidence for some heterogeneity between Caucasoid and Asian
      populations, in the genetics of IDDM.

PMID- 2901934
TI  - DQ beta restriction fragment length polymorphism and its relationship to insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - HLA Class II serological and DQ beta restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) were compared in 69 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM) and 81 healthy British Caucasoid controls. The backbone of the analysis
      was formed by two Taq 1 RFLPs of the DQ beta region designated T2 omega and T6.
      The two are not allelic and can be inherited individually, together on one, or
      separately on both, parental haplotypes, the latter almost invariably in
      association with DR4. In our study the frequency in IDDM patients of both T2
      omega and T6 together (relative risk for IDDM = 6.4) is similar to that of
      DR3/DR4 (relative risk for IDDM = 5.4) with an even higher relative risk for IDDM
      when they are combined, (relative risk = 18 with 95 per cent confidence limits
      between 14 and 22). We have thus defined DQ beta RFLPs which tightly associate
      with IDDM individuals with DR4.

PMID- 2901936
TI  - Fourth histamine antagonist, nizatidine, reaches U.S. market.

PMID- 2901935
TI  - HLA-DR, -DQ DNA genotyping and T-cell receptor RFLPs in leprosy.
AB  - HLA-DR and -DQ restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were examined in
      Melanesian leprosy patients and controls from New Caledonia. This permitted DNA
      subtyping of DQw1, a broad serological specificity previously implicated in
      predisposition to lepromatous leprosy. The DQw1c subtype, found in linkage
      disequilibrium with DR1, w10, w14, and some Pacific Island variants of DRw6 and
      DRw8, was significantly reduced in leprosy patients. Since the association
      between HLA-DR genes and leprosy is not strong, some candidate non-MHC genes for
      leprosy susceptibility were examined also. T-cell receptor -alpha, -beta, and 
      gamma gene RFLPs revealed no germ-line defects or major clonal T-cell expansion
      in either lepromatous or tuberculoid leprosy patients. The human homologue of the
      murine Ity locus which determines murine susceptibility to Mycobacterium
      lepraemurium was sought by examining linkage disequilibrium with RFLPs in the
      human gamma-crystallin genes, since this gene family forms a syntenic group with
      isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 in both mouse and man and, in the mouse, this cluster
      is closely linked to the Ity locus. These RFLPs were not associated with leprosy
      susceptibility in man.

PMID- 2901937
TI  - Noninvasive renal diagnostic studies.
AB  - Traditional methods of noninvasively evaluating patients for renal injury do not
      accomplish the following tasks: reliably distinguish potentially treatable forms
      of acute renal failure from acute tubular necrosis; provide a sensitive indicator
      of early allograft rejection in renal transplant recipients, particularly those
      in the pediatric age group; provide an early warning of incipient drug-induced
      nephrotoxicity; or serve as an adequate screening test for renal injury due to
      exposure to occupational or environmental toxins, especially heavy metals.
      Because of this, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of
      assays to satisfy these needs. Three approaches include measurement in the urine
      of low-molecular-weight plasma proteins such as beta 2-microglobulin; a variety
      of kidney-derived enzymes, such as L-alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase; and specific renal antigens using immunologic detection. The
      first two of these have not proved to be adequately sensitive or specific,
      complicated by the frequent loss of activity associated with the physicochemical
      characteristics of the urine or the presence of pyuria. Despite this, useful
      information has been obtained. In particular, assays of beta 2-microglobulin
      urinary excretion and retinol binding protein appear to have clinical utility
      that should be pursued. Recent experience with a monoclonal antibody-based assay
      for a unique proximal tubular antigen, the adenosine deaminase binding protein,
      suggests that a battery of such assays, each directed against an antigen
      localized to a particular segment of the nephron, may be particularly useful.

PMID- 2901938
TI  - Mediators of brain edema and secondary brain damage.
AB  - Progress is our understanding of the roles of vasogenic and cytotoxic brain edema
      in secondary brain damage can be expected from studies of the ability of
      biochemical factors to open the blood-brain barrier, derange the
      microcirculation, and cause cell swelling and necrosis. Mediator compounds are
      considered to form or to become released in an area of primarily damaged brain
      (necrosis) and to enter the cerebral parenchyma through the broken blood-brain
      barrier from the intravascular space. Many biochemical factors must be
      considered. We suggested three criteria for determining the roles of mediators:
      a) they must inflict brain tissue damage, b) they must occur in pathologic
      concentrations or in compartments not normally present, and c) specific
      inhibition should attenuate secondary brain damage. These requirements are met by
      the kallikrein-kinin system and by glutamate. In the case of arachidonic acid and
      its many metabolites, the concept is difficult to test because fatty acids may be
      active only if not bound to proteins, and therapeutic inhibition might be
      difficult. A variety of mediators may enhance each other in a cascade manner by
      various initiating reactions that might be amenable for pharmacologic inhibition.

PMID- 2901939
TI  - Serum pepsinogen I in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I.
AB  - An increased serum pepsinogen I (PG I) concentration has been reported to be a
      marker of inherited peptic ulcer disease. Since both the Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome and hyperparathyroidism, components of the familial multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type I syndrome (MEN I), are often associated with peptic ulcer, we
      have studied serum PG I concentrations in members of six well-defined families
      with MEN I. Serum PG I concentrations in 20 family members with
      hyperparathyroidism ranged from 35 to 864 ng/ml compared to 21-92 ng/ml in 16
      nonaffected MEN I members. However, serum PG I levels were significantly higher
      (P less than 0.01) in the hyperparathyroid patients with hypergastrinemia (PGI
      median 192, range 75-864 ng/ml) than in those with normogastrinemia (PGI median
      75, range 35-139 ng/ml). In fact, five of seven patients with hyperparathyroidism
      and hypergastrinemia compared to only one of 13 hyperparathyroid patients without
      hypergastrinemia had increased serum PG I levels above 130 ng/ml. We conclude
      that in the MEN I syndrome, increased serum PG I levels are found in patients
      with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome but not in hyperparathyroid patients with
      normogastrinemia and not in nonaffected MEN I members. The results indicate that
      in familial MEN I, hyperpepsinogenemia I is not inherited as a genetic trait but
      suggest that the elevated serum PG I levels are secondary to chronic
      hypergastrinemia.

PMID- 2901940
TI  - Effect of various prokinetic agents on post Roux-en-Y gastric emptying.
      Experimental and clinical observations.
AB  - The effect of various prokinetic drugs was assessed in animals with Roux-en-Y
      gastrojejunostomy. The agents tested were (1) bethanechol 2.5 mg subcutaneously
      at 0 min and 30 min postprandially (pp); (2) metoclopramide 20 mg intravenous
      bolus at 0 min pp; (3) a combination of 1 and 2; (4) oxytocin 5 mg
      intramuscularly at 0 min and 240 min pp; (5) motilin at 100 ng/kg/hr; or (6) 300
      ng/kg/hr continuous intravenous infusion from 0 to 270 min pp. Only bethanechol
      administration resulted in significantly less gastric retention (65 +/- 6% vs 32
      +/- 5% retention at 5 hr). (P less than 0.002). The animal results with
      parenteral bethanechol were confirmed in humans with chronic delayed gastric
      emptying following Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, with a decrease in gastric
      retention on radionuclide scan from 78.5 +/- 5% to 26 +/- 12% at 2 hr pp (P less
      than 0.01). Initially all patients responded with symptomatic improvement.
      However, subsequently 3/6 (50%) of patients required total or near total
      gastrectomy for recurrent symptoms of gastric stasis. Nevertheless, 2/6 (33%) of
      patients have no further evidence of gastric stasis, and a trial of bethanechol
      is recommended prior to considering further gastrectomy in patients with the Roux
      stasis syndrome.

PMID- 2901941
TI  - Development of neurochemical separation of ON and OFF channels at retinal
      ganglion cells.
AB  - Anatomical and physiological segregation of neurons into ON (brightening
      detector) and OFF (darkening detector) channels in the retina and subsequent
      visual system ensure the high sensitivity required for contrast detection and
      spatial discrimination. This segregation is finest at the visual axis.
      Neurochemically, ON and OFF ganglion cells at the visual axis seem to be
      distinguished by different inhibitory transmitters but not excitatory
      transmitters. Microiontophoretic studies of inhibitory transmitters on the
      retinal ganglion cells in kittens and adult cats suggest that this neurochemical
      distinction is poor in immature ganglion cells at the visual axis. Initially both
      ON and OFF cells seem to be supplied by GABAergic, glycinergic, and
      catecholaminergic amacrine cells, but in adults, ON cells remain supplied only by
      GABAergic amacrines, while OFF cells are supplied by glycinergic amacrines.
      Postnatal elimination of multiple inputs and strengthening of the appropriate
      inputs, as seen in the central nervous system, also seem to occur at the retinal
      neurotransmitter synapses during development.

PMID- 2901942
TI  - [Neurochemical induction of the factor of postural asymmetry in the pituitary].

PMID- 2901943
TI  - [Recommendations for a stepwise plan of long-term drug therapy in obstructive
      airway diseases].

PMID- 2901944
TI  - [Skin eruptions and paraparesis resembling pedal signs in a pre- viously healthy
      male subject].

PMID- 2901945
TI  - [Acute rheumatoid arthritis--unsolved problems in treatment].

PMID- 2901946
TI  - [Alcohol-induced fever and brain symptoms].

PMID- 2901947
TI  - A double blind controlled clinical trial of benzoctamin (Tacitin) and imipramine
      (Tofranil) in the treatment of 'internal heat' and its association symptoms.

PMID- 2901948
TI  - [Effect of the combined prenatal use of benzodiazepine preparations and alcohol
      on the functions of the hypophyseal-thyroid system in newborn rat pups].

PMID- 2901949
TI  - Impaired suppression of growth hormone release by somatostatin in cultured
      adenohypophyseal cells of spontaneously diabetic BB/W rats.
AB  - The effects of the diabetic state on the somatotroph's responsiveness to the
      secretagogues GRF and (Bu)2-cAMP and to the inhibitor somatostatin (SRIF) were
      evaluated in enzymatically dissociated rat adenohypophyseal cells in primary
      monolayer culture. Primary cultures were prepared from pituitary tissue of
      spontaneously diabetic BB/W rats 23-51 days after the onset of hyperglycemia and
      glycosuria and of age-matched diabetes-resistant control rats. Dose-related
      stimulation of GH release by GRF and (Bu)2cAMP did not differ significantly in
      the two preparations. There was no evidence of abnormal sensitivity to TRH in
      cultured somatotrophs of diabetic rats. Dose-related suppression of (Bu)2cAMP
      (0.5 mM)-stimulated GH release by 0.01-10 nM SRIF, on the other hand, was
      significantly affected by diabetes, as indicated by a parallel shift of the dose
      response curve to the right and an increase in the IC50 value from 76 +/- 2 to
      204 +/- 5 pM (mean +/- SEM; n = 3; P less than 0.001). Maximal suppression by 10
      nM SRIF was identical in the two preparations. The degree to which the cultured
      cells' responsiveness to SRIF was reduced was unrelated to the duration and
      severity of the diabetic state. Hypothalamic SRIF content did not differ
      significantly between diabetic and diabetes-resistant rats (186 +/- 12 vs. 178 +/
      10 ng/mg protein). Nevertheless, the SRIF concentration may be elevated in
      hypophysealportal blood of diabetic rats; we, therefore, examined the effect of
      prolonged exposure of the cell cultures to SRIF or SMS 201-995 on the subsequent
      suppression of (Bu)2cAMP-stimulated GH release by SRIF. Addition of either SRIF
      (10 nM) or SMS 201-995 (5.5 nM) to the culture medium for 4 days significantly
      increased the IC50 values for SRIF to values similar to those obtained in
      cultured cells of diabetic rats. We conclude that the somatotrophs of diabetic
      rats are relatively resistant to SRIF. Since prolonged exposure to SRIF in vitro
      produced similar resistance, the desensitization in diabetic rats may be due to
      elevated concentrations of SRIF in hypophyseal-portal blood. This impaired
      responsiveness to SRIF may contribute to aberrant GH secretion in diabetes.

PMID- 2901950
TI  - Glutamate stimulates somatostatin release from diencephalic neurons in primary
      culture.
AB  - The action of excitatory amino acid agonists on endogenous somatostatin release
      was examined in primary cultures of rat diencephalic neurons. Increasing
      concentrations of glutamate stimulated somatostatin release in a dose-dependent
      manner. Since this effect was decreased by Mg2+, all experiments were performed
      in Mg2+-free media. We found that excitatory amino acid agonists evoked
      somatostatin release in the following order of potency: quisqualate greater than
      glutamate = N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) greater than kainate, as calculated from
      the dose-response curves. The increase in somatostatin release elicited by
      glutamate or NMDA was selectively antagonized by DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric
      acid and by thyenyl-phencyclidine, two specific antagonists of NMDA receptors.
      The NMDA effect was strongly inhibited: in a competitive manner by APV and in a
      noncompetitive manner by TCP with IC50 of 90 microM and 0.2 microM, respectively.
      Glutamate-induced somatostatin release was not blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 microM)
      suggesting that tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium-dependent action potentials are not
      involved in this effect. Our data suggest the presence of functionally active
      excitatory amino acid receptors in somatostatinergic neurons. Glutamate seems to
      exert its stimulatory action on somatostatin release essentially through NMDA
      type receptor sites.

PMID- 2901951
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in experimental alcoholic fatty liver of
      the rat.
AB  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was found increased in serum of
      patients with chronic alcoholism. We studied this enzymatic activity in serum and
      liver tissue of rats with alcoholic fatty liver due to prolonged intake of
      ethanol with a liquid diet, according to De Carli and Lieber. Serum and liver ACE
      activity did not show any significant increase in rats with alcoholic fatty liver
      when compared with controls, whereas gamma-glutamyltransferase activity exhibited
      a striking enhancement in serum and liver. Our data suggest that ACE is not an
      alcohol-induced enzyme in the experimental rat model.

PMID- 2901952
TI  - Egf binding to its receptor triggers a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the erbB
      2 protein in the mammary tumor cell line SK-BR-3.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and the erbB-2 proto-oncogene
      product protein are closely related by their structural homology and their shared
      enzymatic activity as autophosphorylating tyrosine kinases. We show that in
      mammary tumor cells (SK-BR-3) EGF causes a rapid increase in tyrosine
      phosphorylation of the erbB-2 protein. Phosphorylation of erbB-2 does not occur
      in cells lacking the EGF-R (MDA-MB-453). Phosphorylation of erbB-2 in SK-BR-3
      cells is blocked if EGF is prevented from interacting with its receptor by
      specific monoclonal antibodies. While EGF induces the down-regulation of its
      receptor in SK-BR-3 cells, EGF has no effect on the stability of the erbB-2
      protein. This result suggests that the erbB-2 protein is a substrate of the EGF-R
      and indicates the possibility of communication between these two proteins early
      in the signal transduction process.

PMID- 2901953
TI  - The structure of the human CD2 gene and its expression in transgenic mice.
AB  - We report the genomic organization of the human CD2 gene and its expression in
      transgenic mice. A 28.5 kb segment of DNA consisting of 4.5 kb 5' flanking
      sequences, 15 kb containing the gene's five exons and 9 kb of 3' flanking
      sequences can direct the expression of the CD2 gene only on thymocytes,
      circulating T cells and megakaryocytes of the transgenic mice. The expression of
      each copy of the human CD2 transgene appears to be as high as the endogenous
      mouse CD2 gene and as high as the expression on the surface of human T
      lymphocytes, independent of the site of integration and dependent on the copy
      number of genes that have integrated.

PMID- 2901954
TI  - The role of localization of bicoid RNA in organizing the anterior pattern of the
      Drosophila embryo.
AB  - The organization of the anterior pattern in the Drosophila embryo is mediated by
      the maternal effect gene bicoid. bcd has been identified in an 8.7-kb genomic
      fragment by germ line transformants that completely rescue the mutant phenotype.
      The major transcript of 2.6 kb includes a homeobox with low homology to
      previously known homeoboxes, a PRD-repeat and a M-repeat. In situ hybridizations
      reveal that bcd is transcribed in the nurse cells. The mRNA is localized at the
      anterior tip of oocyte and early embryo until the cellular blastoderm stage. The
      localization of the transcript requires the function of the maternal effect genes
      exuperantia and swallow while transcript stability is reduced by functions
      depending on posterior group genes.

PMID- 2901955
TI  - Dissection of functional domains of the yeast proton-pumping ATPase by directed
      mutagenesis.
AB  - Cation-pumping ATPases characterized by a phosphorylated intermediate have been
      proposed to contain kinase, phosphatase and transduction domains. Evidence is
      provided for this model by mutagenesis of critical residues in the proposed
      domains. The Glu233-Gln mutation blocks the turnover of the intermediate and
      serves to define the phosphatase domain. Mutations in aspartate residues 534, 560
      and 638 alter the nucleotide specificity of the enzyme. These amino acids are
      therefore part of the ATP binding site. Lys474 seems to be essential for activity
      in this kinase domain. Finally, mutations in Asp378, the amino acid forming the
      phosphorylated intermediate, indicate that the formation of a phosphorylated
      intermediate is not an obligatory step in ATP hydrolysis but is required for
      coupling this process with proton pumping.

PMID- 2901956
TI  - The poly(A)-binding protein facilitates in vitro translation of poly(A)-rich
      mRNA.
AB  - To investigate the role of the 73-kDa poly(A)-binding protein in protein
      synthesis, the effect of the addition of homo-polyribonucleotides on the
      translation of polyadenylated and non-adenylated mRNA was studied in the rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate. Poly(A) was found to be the most effective polynucleotide in
      inhibiting duck-globin mRNA translation, whereas it had no effect on the
      translation of polyribosomal duck-globin mRNP, or on the endogenous synthesis of
      the rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The translation of poly(A)-free mRNA was not
      affected by the addition of poly(A). Furthermore, we found that the inhibiting
      effect of poly(A) can be reversed by addition of purified poly(A)-binding
      protein. It is thus likely that the 73-kDa poly(A)-binding protein is an
      essential factor necessary for poly(A)-rich mRNA translation.

PMID- 2901957
TI  - Effect of vasodilator and inotropic drugs on clinical symptoms and long-term
      survival in chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - The major therapeutic goals in the treatment of congestive heart failure are the
      relief of symptoms and the prolongation of life, but it remains unclear whether
      there is a relation between changes in exercise tolerance and alterations in the
      risk of death. Although all vasodilator and inotropic agents produce short-term
      haemodynamic benefits, these acute effects do not predict the long-term clinical
      responses to these drugs. Converting-enzyme inhibitors appear to improve symptoms
      and survival. A combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate produces
      variable effects on exercise tolerance but appears to prolong life.
      Catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors may reduce dyspnea and fatigue
      but adversely affect mortality. Calcium channel blocking drugs may exert
      deleterious effects on both symptoms and prognosis. alpha-Adrenergic blocking
      drugs produce no beneficial or adverse effects on clinical status or mortality.
      Hence, there is no consistent relation between the symptomatic and prognostic
      effects of drug therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. This variability
      makes it impossible to predict the effects of any drug on exercise tolerance or
      survival based on an evaluation of the agent's short-term haemodynamic effects.

PMID- 2901958
TI  - Receptor-mediated inotropic drugs.
AB  - Cardiac inotropic activity can be triggered by beta 1-, beta 2- and alpha 1
      adrenoreceptors in the heart when stimulated with appropriate agonists.
      Dopaminergic receptor agonists have little influence on contractile force but the
      peripheral vasodilatation, improved renal perfusion and enhanced natriuresis
      mediated by dopaminergic receptor stimulation may improve a condition of
      congestive heart failure. After a general survey of cardiac beta- and alpha
      adrenoreceptors and of dopaminergic receptors in the cardiovascular system, the
      following receptor-mediated inotropic drugs are discussed: isoprenaline,
      dobutamine, xamoterol, pirbuterol, terbutaline, salbutamol, dopamine, L-dopa and
      dopexamine. Attention is paid to the receptor profile of these compounds and to
      the scope and limitations of their application as inotropic drugs in the
      treatment of congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2901959
TI  - The influence of long-term anticonvulsant therapy with diphenylhydantoin and
      carbamazepine on serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase,
      alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase.
AB  - In 110 patients receiving long-term anti-convulsant monotherapy with
      diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and carbamazepine (CBZ) the serum activities of gamma
      glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
      aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were examined retrospectively.
      Elevated serum levels of gamma-GT and AP were seen in 91% and 39% of patients
      receiving DPH therapy compared to 64% and 14% of those receiving CBZ treatment.
      With all enzymes evaluated increases were more frequent and higher with DPH
      treatment than with CBZ. Frequency and extent of increased activity of gamma-GT
      were highly related to daily dosage in both preparations. The proportion of
      pathological enzyme levels was associated with age in DPH and CBZ therapies but
      not found to be significant. Sex differences in the frequency of increased enzyme
      activities could not be demonstrated. The results are discussed in the context of
      induction of the cytochrome P-450 system.

PMID- 2901960
TI  - Comparative effects of rifabutin and rifampicin on hepatic microsomal enzyme
      activity in normal subjects.
AB  - The comparative enzyme inducing effects of rifabutin and the chemically related
      drug rifampicin have been investigated in 8 normal subjects. Rifampicin 600 mg
      daily for 7 days caused considerable shortening of the antipyrine half-life and a
      marked increase in antipyrine clearance, associated with an increased rate of
      conversion to norantipyrine and, to a lesser extent, 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3
      hydroxymethylantipyrine. The urinary excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol was also
      markedly increased, while plasma GGT activity showed only a slight albeit
      statistically significant elevation. In the same subjects, rifabutin in the
      proposed therapeutic dosage (300 mg daily) for 7 days also enhanced the metabolic
      elimination of antipyrine, with preferential stimulation of the demethylation
      pathway, and increased the excretion of 6-beta-hydroxycortisol, but the magnitude
      of the effects was significantly less than after rifampicin. No significant
      change in plasma GGT was seen. The results indicate that, contrary to the
      findings in animals, rifabutin does have enzyme inducing properties in man,
      although at the dosages assessed they were considerably less than those of
      rifampicin.

PMID- 2901961
TI  - Infection of B lymphocytes by the human immunodeficiency virus and their
      susceptibility to cytotoxic cells.
AB  - The T4 molecule (CD4) is an important component of the human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) receptor. As yet, no other component has been demonstrated. We report
      here that two cell lines, a B lymphoblastoid cell line (Gupta) and a glial cell
      line (HEB) derived from human embryonal brain tissue, are productively infectable
      with two distinct isolates of HIV as judged by electron microscopy and
      immunological and virological studies. These two cell lines do not display
      detectable surface CD4 glycoprotein. However, using S1 nuclease analysis, we have
      found that both cell lines do express low levels of CD4 mRNA. Neither of them
      produced syncytia formation upon HIV infection, a recognized feature of HIV
      infected cells strongly expressing the CD4 glycoprotein. It is conceivable that
      the CD4 mRNA is translated, resulting in meager surface expression of CD4
      molecules undetectable by conventional techniques. Therefore, infection with HIV
      may be one of the most sensitive methods of demonstrating low levels of CD4
      expression by human cells. Furthermore, HIV-infected Gupta cells have here been
      shown to be more susceptible to the lytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells
      than their uninfected counterparts. These phenomena may be important for
      pathogenesis of HIV-associated disorders.

PMID- 2901962
TI  - Characterization of T cell receptors on resident murine dendritic epidermal T
      cells.
AB  - Cell lines derived from Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (Thy-1+DEC) display a
      marked heterogeneity in T cell receptor (TcR) expression including CD3-associated
      alpha/beta, C gamma 1/delta or C gamma 2/delta and C gamma 4/delta TcR. In order
      to investigate whether this heterogeneity is primarily imposed by in vitro
      culture conditions or, alternatively, is already present within the epidermis, we
      studied TcR expression by Thy-1+DEC in situ and on freshly isolated epidermal
      cell suspensions greatly enriched for Thy-1+DEC. Immunolabeling experiments
      showed that resident Thy-1+DEC are CD45+, Thy-1+, CD3+, TcR V beta 8-, CD5-, CD4-
      CD8-, CD25- lymphocytes. Immunoprecipitation of lysates from 125I-surface-labeled
      Thy-1+DEC-enriched epidermal cells with anti-CD3 epsilon, anti-C gamma 1,2,3 and
      anti-C gamma 4 antibodies, respectively, and subsequent analysis of the
      precipitates by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis revealed only CD3-associated 35 kDa/45 kDa gamma/delta
      heterodimers. The demonstration of TcR heterodimers on resident Thy-1+DEC
      strongly implies that these cells are functional T cells. The selective
      expression of C gamma 1/delta (C57BL/6) and C gamma 1/delta or C gamma 2/delta
      (C3H/He) TcR makes these cells useful for the study of gamma/delta TcR function.

PMID- 2901963
TI  - Thymocyte clones from 14-day mouse embryos. II. Transcription of T3 gamma gene
      may precede rearrangement of TcR delta and expression of T3 delta, T3 epsilon and
      T11 genes.
AB  - We have studied the state of TcR delta gene and the expression of T3 delta, T3
      epsilon, T3 gamma and T11 (CD2) genes in the fetal thymocyte (FT) clones A2, G15,
      H5, E10, D5, H12, F1 and D11 obtained from a 14-day B10.BR mouse fetal thymus.
      The eight FT clones contain the TcR delta gene in the germ-line configuration as
      determined by Southern blot analysis. With the exception of clones E10 and D5,
      the other six FT clones express normal sized transcripts for T3 gamma gene and
      none of the eight FT clones produced detectable RNA transcripts for T3 delta, T3
      epsilon and T11 genes as assessed by Northern blot analysis. Together with our
      previous work showing that all eight FT clones contain the TcR gamma and the TcR
      beta gene clusters in the germ-line configuration, the data indicate that the FT
      clones represent the earliest stage of T cell development identified within the
      thymus. Our results provide evidence that (a) the T3 gamma gene is the first of
      the genes that encode components of a TcR/T3 complex to be expressed in ontogeny
      within the thymus; (b) the T3 (delta, epsilon, gamma) genes are switched on
      asynchronously and their expression must be differentially regulated, and (c) the
      T11 gene product may not be involved in early stages of T cell development within
      the thymus.

PMID- 2901964
TI  - Cyclic AMP-mediated alteration of the CD2 activation process in human T
      lymphocytes. Preferential inhibition of the phosphoinositide cycle-related
      transduction pathway.
AB  - Activation of human T lymphocytes via the CD2 molecule produces an enhanced
      turnover of phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle-related phospholipids accompanied by
      the increased production of diacylglycerol (DG) and phosphorylated derivatives of
      inositol (IP). In this report we demonstrate that increased levels of
      intracellular cyclic AMP induced in human T lymphocytes by prostaglandin E2 or
      dibutyryl cAMP antagonize these early biochemical events of the CD2 activation
      process. Thus, a substantial inhibition of the CD2-induced increase in 32P
      phosphatidic acid and 32P-PI values is observed. In parallel, both the DG
      production and the IP release triggered by the CD2 signal are strongly reduced
      contrasting with an almost conserved Ca2+ response. We also report here that cAMP
      does inhibit the CD2-induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner while the
      proliferation generated independently of DG and IP production by a combination of
      Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate is not affected.
      These results therefore suggest that (a) intracellular cAMP levels may
      participate in the regulation of the PI cycle-related transduction pathway
      involved in the activation process of human T lymphocytes via the CD2 molecule;
      (b) the observed cAMP-mediated functional inhibitory effects are mainly related
      to an alteration of this cellular transduction signal; and (c) considering the
      putative critical second messenger role in the T cell proliferative response of
      DG and IP, respectively thought to activate the protein kinase C and to raise the
      intracellular free Ca2+, the lowering of DG production may be the key event
      responsible for this cAMP-mediated effect.

PMID- 2901965
TI  - Low doses of interleukin 2 induce bystander cell lysis by antigen-specific CD4+
      inflammatory T cell clones in short-term assay.
AB  - The effect of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)
      on the cytolytic activity of a CD4+ class II major histocompatibility complex
      ovalbumin (OVA)-specific murine clone called 5.8.6 was examined. Low doses of IL2
      (0.1-1.0 U/ml) induce clone 5.8.6 to kill in an antigen-independent fashion in
      short-term 51Cr-release and 3H-release assays (6-12 h). Targets killed by 5.8.6
      cells include P815, YAC-1 and B lymphoma cells. IFN-gamma, alone or in
      combination with IL2, has no effect. 5.8.6 and similar inflammatory CD4+ T cell
      clones have been shown to lyse bystander target cells in the presence of a
      specific stimulator target. We propose that killing of bystander targets by clone
      5.6.8 is due to nonspecific cytolytic activity induced by the clone's own IL2
      secreted in response to recognition of the specific target.

PMID- 2901966
TI  - Evidence that protein kinase C differentially regulates the human T lymphocyte
      CD2 and CD3 surface antigens.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of protein kinase C
      (PKC) stimulation on two cell surface receptors that regulate T cell growth: the
      T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complex and the CD2 antigen. The data show that PKC
      differentially regulates the expression and functions of CD2 and CD3 molecules.
      Thus, activation of PKC induced a decrease in cell surface levels of CD3
      molecules but an increase in the expression of CD2 antigens. Additionally,
      prolonged stimulation of PKC inhibited subsequent T cell activation via CD3 but
      promoted activation via CD2 molecules. These results suggest that the CD2
      cellular activation pathway would be preferred in T cells which have been exposed
      to stimulators of PKC. The molecular basis for the regulatory effects of PKC on
      CD3 and CD2 molecules and its physiological significance are discussed.

PMID- 2901967
TI  - Clonal analysis of human T lymphocytes infiltrating the liver in chronic active
      hepatitis B and primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Human T lymphocytes infiltrating the liver in chronic active hepatitis B (CAH-B)
      and primary biliary cirrhosis were isolated from liver biopsy cores, cloned by
      limiting dilution technique and expanded in vitro. Phenotypic and functional
      analysis demonstrates that this tissue infiltrate represents a heterogeneous cell
      population. However, when compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes of the same
      patients, a marked enrichment for T8+ cytotoxic T cells was found to exist at a
      local site in both types of chronic liver disease. These data provide support for
      the notion that liver cell injury in CAH-B and PBC may be mediated by a common
      immunologic mechanism likely executed by cells of the T lineage.

PMID- 2901968
TI  - Analysis of human lymphocyte protein expression. I. Identification of
      subpopulation markers by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - This study provides new knowledge on the changes in protein expression that
      differentiate the functionally and phenotypically different cells of the human
      immune system. Purification by flow cytometry of normal lymphocytes (both T and B
      cells), monocytes and granulocytes, combined with high-resolution two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed reproducible qualitative and
      quantitative changes between these cell populations. Characteristic profiles of
      marker proteins for each cell type were identified. Determination of markers for
      T lymphocyte subpopulations was achieved by the comparative analysis of normal T
      cells separated on the basis of CD4 and CD8 expression in combination with the
      analysis of cells from patients with T cell chronic lymphocyte leukemia. These
      results suggest that the modulation or regulation of proteins is very strictly
      controlled in lymphoid differentiation, and that several quantitative and a few
      qualitative differences can give rise to completely different phenotypes. Thus,
      instead of detecting numerous random differences among lymphocyte protein
      patterns, rather stringent regulation of protein expression in each subpopulation
      was found.

PMID- 2901969
TI  - Early metabolic and endocrine effects of perorally administered beta-adrenoceptor
      agonists in calves.
AB  - Early metabolic and endocrine changes in calves in response to two beta
      adrenoceptor agonists in the absence and presence of the beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking agent propranolol have been studied in calves. The agonists were
      administered p.o. with milk in different amounts, whereas propranolol was infused
      i.v. for 10 h. Respiration volume, O2 consumption, CO2 production, respiratory
      quotient, blood glucose, lactate, non-esterified fatty acids and insulin
      transiently increased within 2-4 h in a dose-dependent manner, whereas glucagon,
      adrenaline, noradrenaline, triiodothyronine, urea, albumin and protein did not
      change significantly. Propranolol completely inhibited the effects on glucose,
      lactate, non-esterified fatty acids and insulin. Six hours after the
      administration of the beta-adrenoceptor agonists, the glucose clearance rates
      following i.v. infusion of glucose were markedly reduced and the glucose
      decrements in response to an i.v. injection of insulin were much smaller than in
      the absence of the beta-adrenoceptor agonists. The metabolic changes demonstrate
      an enhanced glycogenolysis and fat mobilisation, an increased metabolic rate and
      the development of insulin resistance within 6 h after the administration of the
      beta-adrenoceptor agonists.

PMID- 2901970
TI  - Bradykinin antagonism: differentiation between peptide antagonists and
      antiinflammatory agents.
AB  - Three non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents were tested for their ability to
      antagonize bradykinin in the rabbit jugular vein, the dog carotid artery and the
      guinea pig trachea. The new agents were compared with indomethacin, as well as
      with [Thi5,8,D-Phe7] bradykinin and [Thi6,9,D-Phe8] kallidin, two B2 receptor
      antagonists. The antiinflammatory agents did not alter the effects of bradykinin
      in the two isolated vessels while they completely blocked (like indomethacin) the
      relaxation induced by bradykinin in guinea pig tracheae contracted with histamine
      or neurokinin A. The two bradykinin antagonists significantly reduced the
      contractions of the rabbit jugular vein and the relaxation of the dog carotid
      artery (with endothelium) in response to bradykinin: these antagonists were
      however inactive against bradykinin in the guinea pig trachea. The data now
      reported suggest that B2 receptors are involved in the opposite (stimulant or
      inhibitor) effects of the kinins in the two isolated vessels while the relaxation
      of the guinea pig trachea is a prostaglandin-dependent phenomenon which does not
      involve the activation of B1 or B2 receptors.

PMID- 2901971
TI  - Blockade of brain dopamine receptors antagonizes the anti-immobility effect of
      MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 in rats.
AB  - Previous studies have shown effects of MIF-1 (prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide) and Tyr
      MIF-1 (tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide) in animal models of depression and also
      effects on dopaminergic function. These observations prompted us to examine
      whether the effects of the two peptides in the behavioral 'despair' test were
      modulated by dopamine antagonists. MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1, at the small dose of 0.01
      mg/kg i.p. (24, 5 and 1 h before the test), produced a significant anti
      immobility effect. This effect was antagonized by a single injection of either
      haloperidol or sulpiride, two dopamine receptor blockers. The same low dose of
      the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine was without significant effect in this
      test. The results indicate that Tyr-MIF-1, like MIF-1, is active in the
      behavioral despair test for antidepressants and that at least some of the CNS
      actions of these peptides are mediated by dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2901972
TI  - Kynurenate and FG9041 have both competitive and non-competitive antagonist
      actions at excitatory amino acid receptors.
AB  - The antagonist profile of kynurenate and FG9041 have been characterised in a
      modified preparation of the baby rat hemisected spinal cord. Both kynurenate and
      FG9041 were competitive antagonists of responses to kainate and AMPA, although
      neither antagonist was selective for kainate versus AMPA. In contrast, both
      antagonists produced an apparent unsurmountable antagonism of responses to NMDA,
      indicating a different mode of action at the NMDA receptor.

PMID- 2901973
TI  - Similar effects of diazepam and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 on
      place aversion conditioning.
AB  - The anti-anxiety effect of diazepam and the antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors, ICS
      205-930, was studied with a conditioned place aversion test design. The results
      showed that when one of two distinctive and previously preferred compartments was
      associated with an inescapable footshock, the control animals avoided that
      compartment in the post-conditioning test. Both diazepam (1-4 mg/kg i.p.) and ICS
      205-930 (0.125-1.0 mg/kg i.p.), given before the post-conditioning test,
      increased in a dose-dependent manner the amount of time spent by the animals in
      the compartment conditioned to footshock. The results support the view that
      central 5-HT3 receptors may be involved in the control of anxiety.

PMID- 2901974
TI  - 5-Methyl-urapidil discriminates between subtypes of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor.
AB  - The affinity of 5-methyl-urapidil for alpha 1-adrenoceptors was determined from
      the inhibition of [3H]prazosin binding on membrane of different rat tissues. In
      hippocampus, vas deferens and heart 5-methyl-urapidil displaced [3H]prazosin in a
      biphasic manner with mean pKI values between 9.1 and 9.4 for the high-affinity
      site and 7.2 to 7.8 for the low-affinity site. Only the low affinity site was
      found in spleen and liver. At present, 5-methyl-urapidil is the antagonist which
      most clearly discriminates between alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes.

PMID- 2901975
TI  - Behavioral effects of acute and chronic buspirone.
AB  - The effects of buspirone were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to lever-press
      under a fixed-interval schedule involving suppressed responding. Buspirone (0.01
      0.1 mg/kg) generally did not increase rates of suppressed responding. Buspirone
      (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) generally did not increase rates of suppressed responding; 0.3
      mg/kg of buspirone decreased rate. In comparison, diazepam (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and CL
      218872 (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) increased responding. Additionally, the effects of
      buspirone (0.01-0.3 mg/kg) were unchanged over a 12-day period of daily
      administration. The results show that buspirone has effects on schedule
      controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys that differ from those of typical
      anxiolytic drugs.

PMID- 2901976
TI  - Regulation of CAD gene expression in mouse fibroblasts during the transition from
      the resting to the growing state.
AB  - We have analyzed the steady-state levels of CAD mRNA and ATCase activity in
      BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts at quiescence and at various time points following
      the initiation of serum stimulation. Steady-state levels of CAD mRNA in 3T3 cells
      following 12 h of serum stimulation increased 10-fold over levels measured at
      quiescence. In contrast to the observed increase in steady-state levels of CAD
      mRNA, its rate of transcription increased only 3-fold, suggesting that the
      expression of CAD gene in these cells is regulated at both the transcriptional
      and post-transcriptional levels, to a major extent by the latter. These increases
      in CAD mRNA in serum-stimulated cells were followed by parallel increases in
      ATCase activity as well. When comparing DNA synthesis [( 3H]thymidine uptake) to
      the accumulation of CAD mRNA and ATCase activity, it was observed that this
      accumulation occurred during the mid- to late-G1 phase of the cell cycle. These
      results suggest that the expression of CAD gene is cell growth dependent and may
      be a prerequisite to DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2901977
TI  - Dopamine and serotonin in cat retina: electroretinography and histology.
AB  - Anatomical structures of the cat retina were related to functional changes
      induced by the application of dopaminergic and serotonergic substances. We report
      on the contribution of dopaminergic and serotonin accumulating retinal neurones
      to retinal activity as reflected by the electroretinogram. The effect of
      dopaminergic neurones was investigated by the application of the neurotoxin 6
      hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) which is known to destroy dopaminergic neurones, and
      injections of either serotonin (5-HT) or the analogue 5,6-dihydroxy-tryptamine
      (5,6-DHT) were used to monitor the effects of indoleamines. In control
      experiments aminophosphonobutyric acid (APB), an agonist of glutamate
      transmission, was injected. Conventional immunohistochemical methods identified
      dopaminergic and serotonin accumulating neurones, and the electrophysiological
      data obtained from the same animals were related to the anatomical structures
      influenced by the respective substances. Destruction of dopaminergic amacrine
      cells by 6-OHDA increased the ERG b-wave amplitude. Accumulation of indoleamines
      by certain amacrine cells also caused an increase of the ERG b-wave. However,
      intra-vitreal injection of APB completely blocked the b-wave. The data show that
      ERG mass responses can be used to monitor transmitter-specific effects on retinal
      circuitry.

PMID- 2901978
TI  - Graft-derived recovery from 6-OHDA lesions: specificity of ventral mesencephalic
      graft tissues.
AB  - A series of experiments have been conducted to assess the specificity of recovery
      from motor asymmetries that is provided by dopamine-rich grafts in the
      neostriatum of rats with unilateral dopamine-depleting lesions produced by
      injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ascending nigrostriatal pathway. Grafts
      of embryonic tissue taken from the substantia nigra (rich in dopamine neurons
      could provide a complete recovery of methamphetamine-induced rotation and a
      partial recovery of apomorphine-induced rotation, whereas no recovery was seen in
      rats with grafts of tissue rich in another monoamine (serotonin, dissected from
      the mesencephalic raphe) or of tissue appropriate to the target (dissected from
      the striatal eminence). 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of dopamine cells in the grafts
      of recovered animals reinstated the initial lesion-induced asymmetry. Dopamine
      rich grafts implanted into the intact neostriatum did not induce any
      "supernormal" asymmetry in the rats, but did provide a "prophylactic" protection
      against subsequent lesions of the intrinsic ipsilateral dopamine nigrostriatal
      system. Post-mortem biochemical assays indicated that the extent of dopamine
      depletion in the neostriatum of lesioned rats correlated highly with both
      methamphetamine and apomorphine turning rates. Similarly, both drug rotation
      tests correlated significantly with the extent of dopamine restoration in the
      dorsal striatum of rats with dopamine-rich grafts, the correlation being
      significantly higher for the methamphetamine than for the apomorphine test.

PMID- 2901980
TI  - Trichomonas vaginalis: characterization of its glutamate dehydrogenase.
AB  - An NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) was found in the soluble
      fraction of Trichomonas vaginalis. Its molecular weight was about 230,000 (gel
      filtration). The enzyme, partially purified by diafiltration and hydroxyapatite
      column chromatography, was heat stable (1 hr at 57 C). It catalyzed both the
      amination of alpha-ketoglutarate (mean Km 0.6 mM) and the deamination of
      glutamate (mean Km 1.2 mM) The optimum pH of the amination reaction was 6.7, and
      that of the deamination reaction was 8. Glutamate was a competitive inhibitor of
      the amination reaction (mean Ki 5.6 mM) and alpha-ketoglutarate a partially
      competitive inhibitor of the deamination reaction (mean Ki 0.45 mM). Both
      guanosine and inosine diphosphates (1 mM) increased the Km alpha-ketoglutarate
      fivefold (mean Ki's 0.3 and 0.4 mM, respectively). Guanosine diphosphate reduced
      the Km glutamate 40%. Adenosine di- and triphosphate (1 mM) were ineffective.
      Because the amination reaction displayed substrate inhibition, guanosine and
      inosine diphosphates were potent natural inhibitors, and ammonia released by
      deamination reactions would tend to raise pH (amination operative at acid pH), we
      hypothesize that the deamination reaction may predominate in the living organism.

PMID- 2901979
TI  - Lesion-induced vestibular plasticity in the frog: are N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptors involved?
AB  - The synaptic excitation of central vestibular neurons in the isolated superfused
      brainstem of chronic hemilabyrinthectomized (HL) frogs and of controls was
      studied electrophysiologically and pharmacologically. Central vestibular neurons
      were excited either through vestibular afferent fibers or through the vestibular
      commissural pathway by means of electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral or the
      contralateral VIIIth nerve. In chronic HL frogs, commissural field potential
      amplitudes were on the average larger than those of intact frogs and the shape
      parameters of intracellularly recorded commissural EPSPs of chronic animals were
      on the average shifted towards those of vestibular afferent EPSPs. In control
      frogs, vestibular afferent EPSPs were generated independently from N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptors, whereas commissural EPSPs exhibited a delayed NMDA
      receptor mediated component. Commissural EPSPs of HL frogs exhibited a NMDA
      receptor mediated component as well. The size of this EPSP component was larger
      when the time to peak of the EPSP was longer. EPSPs with similar rise times
      exhibited NMDA mediated components of similar size, irrespective of whether they
      originated from chronic animals or controls. The tendency of these EPSPs towards
      shorter rise times in chronic animals was paralleled by a similar decrease of the
      relative size of their NMDA receptor mediated component. It is concluded that the
      increased synaptic efficacy of commissural fibers observed in chronic HL frogs
      does not result from an increased NMDA receptor component.

PMID- 2901981
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: cell cycle and nuclear division.
AB  - The cell cycle of Entamoeba histolytica, the duration of its phases, and the
      details of the nuclear division stages are described in this paper. Trophozoites
      from clone L-6, strain HM1:IMSS, were synchronized by colchicine. Synchrony was
      observed immediately after treatment and cultures remained synchronous for at
      least three replicative cycles with synchrony indexes between 13 and 15 hr. The
      stages of nuclear division were studied by light and electron microscopy. Four
      stages of the nuclear division were defined: prophase, early anaphase, late
      anaphase, and telophase. No metaphase stage was observed by light or electron
      microscopy. One of the first events in the nuclear division was the presence of a
      bud close to the juxtanuclear body, which grew to a daughter nucleus. The
      karyosome and the nuclear membrane remained throughout the mitotic process.
      Bundles of intranuclear microtubules were observed forming a "V" from the center
      of the nucleus to one of the poles, and associated with them, 12 to 16
      chromosomes-like structures appeared. The results of these studies strongly
      suggest that division of E. histolytica involved a pleuromitotic process which is
      carried out in about 120 min.

PMID- 2901982
TI  - Effects of buthionine sulfoximine on the development of ozone-induced pulmonary
      fibrosis.
AB  - The capacity of reduced glutathione (GSH) to protect lung tissue against ozone
      induced pulmonary fibrosis was investigated. Male B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0,
      0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm ozone for 23 hr/day for 14 days. During exposures and/or
      for a period of 90 days after exposures, subgroups of mice at each exposure level
      were given drinking water containing 30 mM L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) to
      lower in vivo levels of GSH. These BSO treatments reduced blood glutamylcysteine
      synthetase (GCS) activity (regulatory enzyme for GSH biosynthesis) and lung
      nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) levels in nonexposed animals by approximately half.
      In contrast, ozone exposures increased blood GCS activity and lung NPSH levels in
      a concentration-dependent manner, with smaller increases in the BSO-treated mice.
      Immediately after exposures, an ozone-related inflammatory response was seen in
      lungs, but no histopathological signs of developing fibrosis were evident. Ninety
      days later, mice exposed to 1 ppm ozone and not treated with BSO had modest
      evidence of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice exposed to 1 ppm ozone and treated with BSO
      during this post-exposure period (regardless of BSO treatment during exposures)
      showed histopathological evidence of exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis, compared to
      similarly exposed mice not treated with BSO postexposure. These results indicated
      that interference with the body's normal defense mechanisms against oxidant
      damage, including suppression of GSH biosynthesis, exacerbates the subsequent
      development of pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2901983
TI  - Identification of nucleus-encoded F0I protein of bovine heart mitochondrial H+
      ATPase as a functional part of the F0 moiety.
AB  - The F0I protein of apparent Mr 27,000, previously characterized [(1988) Eur. J.
      Biochem. 173, 1-8] as a genuine component of bovine heart F0, has been sequenced
      and shown to be identical with the nucleus encoded 24,668 Da protein
      characterized earlier [(1987) J. Mol. Biol. 197, 89-100]. It is directly shown by
      proteolytic cleavage and reconstitution experiments that this protein, denoted
      here as PVP from the single-letter codes of the last three residues of the N
      terminus, is involved in proton conduction by F0 and in its sensitivity to
      oligomycin.

PMID- 2901984
TI  - Identification of a Glu greater than Lys substitution in the activation segment
      of human pepsinogen A-3 and -5 isozymogens by peptide mapping using
      endoproteinase Lys-C.
AB  - The isozymogens PGA-3 and PGA-5 of human pepsinogen A were digested with
      endoproteinase Lys-C. The peptides were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. PGA-5
      showed a peak strongly absorbing at 254 nm absent in PGA-3. Analysis of amino
      acid composition using the Pico-Tag methodology combined with DABITC-sequencing
      reveals the sequence Tyr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Trp-Lys (peptide 37-43 of the activation
      segment). This confirms a study at the DNA level by our group [16] suggesting a
      Glu greater than Lys mutation at position 43 in the activation segment of PGA-5.
      Furthermore, it is proposed that the number of genetic variants of PGA is higher
      than is actually seen by electrophoresis.

PMID- 2901985
TI  - A nuclear yeast gene (GCY) encodes a polypeptide with high homology to a
      vertebrate eye lens protein.
AB  - We describe here the nuclear gene for a yeast protein showing unexpectedly high
      homology with mammalian aldo/keto reductases as well as with p-crystallin, one of
      the prominent proteins of the frog eye lens. Although it could be proven that the
      gene occurs as a single copy in the haploid yeast genome, replacement of the
      intact by a disrupted, nonfunctional allele led to no obvious phenotype,
      indicating that the gene is dispensable. The gene was assigned to chromosome XV.
      It is transcribed in vivo into an mRNA of about 1300 bases with a coding capacity
      for a protein of 312 amino acids (estimated Mr 35,000).

PMID- 2901986
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human kidney D-amino
      acid oxidase.
AB  - cDNA clones encoding D-amino acid oxidase were isolated from a human kidney cDNA
      library by hybridization with cDNA for the pig enzyme. The cDNA insert of 2.0
      kilobase pairs long provided coding information for a protein consisting of 347
      amino acids. The molecular mass of the enzyme was calculated to be 39,410 Da. The
      amino acid sequence similarity between the pig and human enzymes is 84.4%, and
      among the active site residues proposed from chemical modification studies,
      methionine-110 of the pig enzyme was replaced by threonine. Northern blot
      analysis confirmed the expression of an mRNA of 2.0 kilobases encoding the D
      amino acid oxidase in human kidney.

PMID- 2901987
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of a Clostridium perfringens sialidase gene.
AB  - Escherichia coli was transformed with pUC vectors containing Sau3A restriction
      fragments (RF) of Clostridium perfringens DNA. Two clones expressed sialidase
      activity when assayed with the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D
      N-acetylneuraminic acid. A synthetic oligonucleotide representing the N-terminus
      of the expressed enzyme hybridized with the clostridial insert and with a
      corresponding 2.1 kb Sau3A RF of the C. perfringens genome. The insert reduced to
      1.4 kb, which still encoded active sialidase, has been sequenced. The structural
      gene encodes 382 amino acids representing an Mr of 42770. A hydrophobic leader
      sequence is absent. Upstream from the initiation codon ATG, a GA-rich region is
      found and considered as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Homology with the N-terminus
      of the Vibrio cholerae sialidase gene and with viral sialidase sequences was not
      found.

PMID- 2901988
TI  - Unprecedented lysyloxidase activity of Pichia pastoris benzylamine oxidase.
AB  - Benzylamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) from the yeast Pichia pastoris is a 106 kDa
      quinoprotein containing one copper atom per molecule. It has a broad substrate
      specificity ranging from butylamine to peptidyl lysine in collagen and elastin.
      The kinetic data obtained using lysine-containing model peptides as substrates
      indicate an astonishing similarity to mammalian lysyloxidase. This similarity is
      further supported by the inhibition of both enzymes with beta-aminopropionitrile.

PMID- 2901989
TI  - Effect of site-specific mutagenesis of tyrosine-55, methionine-110 and histidine
      217 in porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase on its catalytic function.
AB  - To assess the contributions of Tyr-55, Met-110 and His-217 in porcine kidney D
      amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3, DAO) to its catalytic function, we constructed
      three mutant cDNAs coding for the enzymes possessing Phe-55, Leu-110 and Leu-217
      by site-specific mutagenesis. The mutant and wild type cDNAs could be expressed
      in vitro with similar efficiency. The three mutant enzymes thus synthesized
      showed catalytic activities comparable to that of the wild type oxidase. It is
      concluded that Tyr-55, Met-110 and His-217 are not directly involved in the
      catalytic function.

PMID- 2901990
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of human intestinal aminopeptidase N as deduced from
      cloned cDNA.
AB  - The complete primary structure (967 amino acids) of an intestinal human
      aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) was deduced from the sequence of a cDNA clone.
      Aminopeptidase N is anchored to the microvillar membrane via an uncleaved signal
      for membrane insertion. A domain constituting amino acid 250-555 positioned
      within the catalytic domain shows very clear homology to E. coli aminopeptidase N
      and contains Zn2+ ligands. Therefore these residues are part of the active site.
      However, no homology of the anchor/junctional peptide domain is found suggesting
      that the juxta- and intra-membraneous parts of the molecule have been
      added/preserved during development. It is speculated that this part carries the
      apical address.

PMID- 2901991
TI  - Etoxadrol-meta-isothiocyanate: a potent, enantioselective, electrophilic affinity
      ligand for the phencyclidine-binding site.
AB  - Etoxadrol-meta-isothiocyanate (2S,4S,6S-2-ethyl-2-(3-isothiocyanatophenyl)-2
      piperidyl)1,3-dioxolane, 4a) has been synthesized and characterized as an
      irreversible ligand for the phencyclidine (PCP)-binding site. It is the first
      chiral electrophilic affinity ligand for this site to have been described. This
      affinity ligand is based upon etoxadrol, a 1,3-dioxolane known to have PCP-like
      effects in vivo and in vitro. Etoxadrol-meta-isothiocyanate was found to be four
      five times more potent in vitro than metaphit (1-[1-(3-
      isothiocyanatophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine), the only previously known
      electrophilic affinity ligand for the PCP-binding site. The binding was shown to
      be highly enantioselective for etoxadrol-meta-isothiocyanate (4a). The 2R,4R,6R
      enantiomer of 4a was essentially inactive. The ability of the 2S,4S,6S-enantiomer
      (4a) to interact with the benzodiazepine, muscarinic, and mu opioid receptor
      systems was also examined, and it was found not to interact with these receptor
      systems. It seems likely that 4a will prove to be a valuable tool in the study of
      structure and function of the PCP-binding site.

PMID- 2901992
TI  - Expression of four types of human tyrosine hydroxylase in COS cells.
AB  - Alternative splicing from a single gene produces four kinds of human tyrosine
      hydroxylase (types 1-4), which have structural diversity only in the N-terminal
      region. We attempted expression of the type 1-4 enzymes in COS cells and
      performed kinetic analyses. All had enzymatic activities. The Km values of the
      four types for L-tyrosine and 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine were similar,
      although their relative homospecific activities were clearly different. The type
      1 enzyme displayed the highest activity.

PMID- 2901993
TI  - Comparison of the new antihistamine acrivastine (BW 825C) versus cyproheptadine
      in the treatment of idiopathic cold urticaria.
AB  - A double-blind, crossover trial with a new triprolidine derivative, acrivastine
      (BW 825C; 8 mg 3 times daily), cyproheptadine (4 mg 3 times daily) and placebo
      was carried out in 18 patients suffering from idiopathic cold urticaria.
      Acrivastine and cyproheptadine significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced weal
      areas following ice cube challenge when compared to placebo. Acrivastine was
      found to be significantly more effective (p less than 0.01) than cyproheptadine
      in reducing weal areas. Furthermore, cyproheptadine caused significantly more
      drowsiness than acrivastine (p = 0.021) or placebo (p = 0.013), which did not
      differ from each other. This study shows that acrivastine is an effective agent
      in the treatment of cold urticaria and suggests that acrivastine in the dose used
      lacks adverse effects, such as drowsiness, traditionally associated with
      antihistamine therapy.

PMID- 2901994
TI  - Molecular mechanism of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers with intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity.
AB  - beta-Adrenergic receptor (beta AR) blocking agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity (ISA) can induce modest increases in beta AR-stimulated activity, such
      as rate and force of contraction in cardiac tissue. The molecular basis for this
      activity has been elusive. Previous studies have suggested that these compounds
      do not stimulate cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation even though activation of adenylate
      cyclase is the generally accepted mechanism for beta AR promotion of target cell
      response. In the current studies, we show that several beta AR antagonists with
      ISA (dichloroisoproterenol, pindolol, and celiprolol) stimulate cAMP accumulation
      five-, two-, and threefold, respectively, in S49 lymphoma cells, but only if
      cells are simultaneously incubated with the diterpene forskolin. The KI values
      observed for inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation or of beta
      AR [( 125I]iodocyanopindolol) binding for each of the beta blockers with ISA were
      comparable in magnitude to their respective EC50 values for forskolin-potentiated
      cAMP accumulation. The forskolin-potentiated responses of these compounds were
      abolished by the beta AR-antagonist propranolol. These results indicate that the
      ISA of beta-blocking drugs most likely results from a modest beta AR-mediated
      stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. The results further suggest that
      treatment of target cells with forskolin provides a means to define partial
      agonism at receptors that are linked to stimulation of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2901996
TI  - Somatostatin as mediator of fat-induced inhibitor of gastric functions.

PMID- 2901995
TI  - Role of platelet-activating factor in ulcerative colitis. Enhanced production
      during active disease and inhibition by sulfasalazine and prednisolone.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor is released from inflammatory cells. It activates
      neutrophils, releases secondary messengers, and mediates mucosal ulceration and
      ischemia in the rat. We assessed its possible role in the pathogenesis of
      ulcerative colitis. Colonic biopsy specimens from patients with active ulcerative
      colitis and controls were incubated for 4 h in Tyrode's buffer in the presence or
      absence of 0.2 microM calcium ionophore (A23187) or 50 microliter of antihuman
      immunoglobulin E. Platelet-activating factor was determined in the tissue by
      aggregation assay after extraction with 80% ethanol and was confirmed by thin
      layer chromatography and its inactivation by phospholipases. Platelet-activating
      factor was not detected in normal mucosa. Only A23187 and antihuman
      immunoglobulin E stimulated its activity: mean +/- SE, 43.2 +/- 8.6 and 33.0 +/-
      6.1 pg/10 mg wet wt, respectively. In active ulcerative colitis basal platelet
      activating factor activity was 8.9 +/- 3.5 pg/10 mg wet wt. A23187 and antihuman
      immunoglobulin E induced significantly higher stimulation of platelet-activating
      factor synthesis when compared with their effects on normal mucosa: 200 +/- 28
      and 70 +/- 8.3 pg/10 mg wet wt, respectively. The enhanced stimulation induced by
      A23187 was dose-dependently inhibited by salazopyrine, 5-amino-salicylic acid,
      and prednisolone, but not by sulfapyridine. It is thus suggested that platelet
      activating factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory
      response in ulcerative colitis and that its inhibition by steroids, 5
      aminosalicylic acid, and salazopyrine may be an additional mechanism to explain
      their therapeutic effects.

PMID- 2901997
TI  - Total chemical synthesis of a gene for hepatitis B virus core protein and its
      functional characterization.
AB  - We have chemically synthesized a DNA duplex of 560 nucleotides that codes for the
      hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein. The synthetic gene contains 27 unique
      internal restriction sites. Thereby, it can easily be mutagenized by replacement
      of rather short restriction fragments. A number of restriction recognition
      sequences are in common between the synthetic and the authentic gene, thus
      allowing for the transfer of synthetic segments into the cloned viral genome.
      Several unexpected mutations in the synthetic gene were readily corrected
      utilizing the multiple unique restriction sites. In Escherichia coli, the
      expression level of the synthetic gene product amounts to about 4% of the total
      soluble protein. It forms particles closely resembling native HBV cores. After
      transfer of the synthetic gene into the viral genome, transient expression in a
      hepatoma cell line yields proteins indistinguishable from the native gene
      products. The synthetic gene thus provides a useful tool for studies on the
      structure and function of the isolated HBV core protein as well as the gene and
      its various products in the viral life-cycle.

PMID- 2901999
TI  - Insulin and other islet hormones (somatostatin, glucagon and PP) in the
      neuroendocrine system of some lower vertebrates and that of invertebrates--a
      minireview.
AB  - Onto- and phylogenetical studies of the evolution of cells, producing regulatory
      peptides, belonging to the "hormone families" of insulin, somatostatin, glucagon,
      and PP (the pancreatic polypeptide), have shown that the islets of Langerhans in
      vertebrates form a substantial part of the large neuroendocrine system (NES). The
      NES consists of three major parts, viz. (i) neuronal cells of the central and
      peripheral nervous systems, (ii) disseminated cells in the mucosa of the
      alimentary tract (and that of other hollow organs), (iii) the parenchymal cells
      of the classical endocrine glands. In the NES of coelenterates no evidence of
      islet hormone production has been obtained, so far. In invertebrates, belonging
      to the protostomian evolution line, the neuronal parts of the NES predominate
      markedly, and in the most highly developed phyla, such as artropods and molluscs,
      clear-cut evidence has been obtained for the presence of cells producing members
      of the islet hormone families. A "brain-gut axis" for all the four islet hormones
      is well established in the NES of the pro-craniates, i.e. in the invertebrates of
      the deuterostomian evolution line. Here, the gut endocrine cells are cells of the
      disseminated type in the epithelium of the mucosa. A separate islet organ does
      not occur in the NES until the appearance of the first vertebrates, viz. the
      Agnatha, some 500 million years ago. Here, a grossly visible islet organ exists,
      free from exocrine, acinar, pancreatic parenchyma. It is a two-hormone organ with
      insulin and somatostatin cells only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2901998
TI  - Different alpha 2-adrenoceptor densities in the circular and longitudinal layers
      of human near-term myometrium as revealed by [3H]-idazoxan binding studies.
AB  - [3H]-idazoxan, a specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist radioligand, has been
      used to characterize alpha 2-adrenoceptors in both circular and longitudinal
      layers of human near-term myometrium. [3H]-idazoxan binding is reversible,
      saturable and stereospecific. It labels with high affinity a single population of
      sites. Competition curves with different alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and
      antagonists show that the binding sites labelled with [3H]-idazoxan have the
      pharmacological characteristics of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Though the KD value is
      similar in both layers (approximately 7 nM), the density of alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      in the circular layer (324 +/- 21 fmol/mg of protein) is significantly higher
      than in the longitudinal one (183 +/- 48 fmol/mg of protein).

PMID- 2902001
TI  - A new RFLP with StuI and probe cX55.7 (DXS105) and its usefulness in carrier
      analysis of fragile X syndrome.
AB  - The authors report on a new RFLP at DXS105 suitable for carrier detection of
      fragile X syndrome.

PMID- 2902000
TI  - Genetic mapping of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: DXS159, a closely linked
      proximal marker.
AB  - Three families with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED) have been studied by
      linkage analysis with seven polymorphic DNA markers from the Xp11-q21 region.
      Previously reported linkage to DXYS1 (Xq13-q21) has been confirmed (z (theta) =
      4.08 at theta = 0.05) and we have also established linkage to another polymorphic
      locus, DXS159, located in Xq11-q12 (z (theta) = 4.28 at theta = 0.05). Physical
      mapping places DSX159 proximal to the Xq12 breakpoint of an X autosome
      translocation found in a female with clinical signs of ectodermal dysplasia. Of
      all markers that have been used in linkage analysis of AED, DXS159 would appear
      the closest on the proximal side of the disease locus.

PMID- 2902002
TI  - Involvement of neurohumoral transmitters in electroshock induced hyperthermia in
      mice.

PMID- 2902003
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to nickel is associated with a Taq I HLA-DQA allelic
      restriction fragment.
AB  - RFLP analysis of the HLA class II genes DRA, DQA, and DQB was performed in 33
      patients with allergic contact eczema to nickel. A significant association with a
      Taq I HLA-DQA allelic restriction fragment was found. Twenty-two of 33 patients
      compared to 31 of 100 healthy controls had a 4.5-kb DQA fragment (corrected P
      value less than 0.05, relative risk 4.5, and etiologic fraction 0.52). In order
      to study whether the magnitude of the response in a lymphocyte proliferative
      assay to nickel sulfate was controlled by HLA class II genes or not, the patients
      were divided into low, intermediate, and high responders. No significant
      differences were found in the distribution of Taq I HLA class II allelic patterns
      between the groups.

PMID- 2902005
TI  - Alterations in circulating neurotransmitters & cortisol with severity of breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2902004
TI  - Genotyping chickens for the B-G subregion of the major histocompatibility complex
      using restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - Chicken B-G-subregion cDNA probes were used to analyze restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the B-G subregion of the chicken major
      histocompatibility complex. Genomic DNA from chickens representing 17 of the 27
      standard B haplotypes were digested with restriction endonucleases and analyzed
      in Southern hybridizations with two cDNA clones from the B-G subregion. Each B-G
      genotype was found to produce a unique pattern of restriction fragments in these
      Southern hybridizations. With 15 of the 17 genotypes examined, the different
      genotypes could be readily distinguished in hybridizations produced with DNA
      digested with a single restriction enzyme, PVU II. The two additional genotypes
      produced nearly identical patterns in PVU II preparations and with three
      additional enzymes as well, but were readily distinguishable in Eco RI
      digestions. For many of the haplotypes, samples from several individuals in
      different flocks were examined. In every instance, genotyping by RFLP pattern was
      found to confirm the B-G allele assigned serologically.

PMID- 2902006
TI  - In defense of traditional antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2902007
TI  - In defense of alternative antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2902008
TI  - Adrenal and vascular tyrosine hydroxylase activity in Goldblatt hypertension.
AB  - To examine the role of the sympathetic nervous system in hypertension, the in
      vitro activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was examined in one-kidney, one clip
      (1K1C) and two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertensive rabbits and their respective
      controls 2 weeks after surgical procedures. The in vitro activity of tyrosine
      hydroxylase provides a measure of catecholamine synthesis and serves as a
      biochemical index of activity of noradrenergic neurons and the adrenal medulla.
      Mean atrial pressure rose from 91.5 +/- 1.0 to 128.5 +/- 5.6 mm Hg (p less than
      0.01) in the 1K1C group and from 91.8 +/- 1.3 to 106.5 +/- 5.0 mm Hg (p less than
      0.02) in the 2K1C group, whereas no change in blood pressure was found in their
      respective controls. Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity was increased 85% in
      the 1K1C group, as compared with values in one-kidney controls (from 11.8 +/- 1.5
      to 21.8 +/- 1.1 pmol CO2/min/mg; p less than 0.0002), and was increased 49% in
      the 2K1C group, as compared with values in two-kidney controls (from 8.01 +/- 1.2
      to 11.9 +/- 1.1 pmol CO2/min/mg; p less than 0.02). In the 1K1C group, proximal
      mesenteric tyrosine hydroxylase activity was decreased 46% compared with values
      in one-kidney controls (from 23.5 +/- 5.0 to 12.8 +/- 2.5 pmol CO2/min/mg; p less
      than 0.03) and distal mesenteric tyrosine hydroxylase activity was decreased 42%
      (from 7.73 +/- 1.2 to 4.46 +/- 0.8 pmol CO2/min/mg; p less than 0.03). In the
      2K1C group, neither proximal nor distal mesenteric tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      was altered. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was not detectable in the femoral
      arteries, or in the thoracic and abdominal aorta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2902009
TI  - Characterization of the Vibrio cholerae ToxR regulon: identification of novel
      genes involved in intestinal colonization.
AB  - A gene fusion library of Vibrio cholerae classical strain O395 was generated by
      using a broad host range vector for delivery of the transposon TnphoA. The
      insertion library was screened for colonies expressing alkaline phosphatase
      positive (PhoA+) fusion proteins on LB agar at 30 degrees C in the presence of
      0.2% glucose. Over 600 PhoA+ strains were isolated and then tested for regulation
      of their gene fusions in broth media that permitted high or low expression of
      cholera toxin. This strategy resulted in the isolation of 60 TnphoA (Tn5
      IS50L::phoA) fusions to genes encoding secreted proteins that are apparently
      coordinately regulated with cholera toxin. Introduction of a toxR null mutation
      into 10 of these fusion strains confirmed that these TnphoA gene fusions are
      controlled either directly or indirectly by the cholera toxin transcriptional
      activator encoded by toxR. A combination of Southern and immunoblot analysis
      identified 17 distinct ToxR-regulated genes in V. cholerae O395. Many of these
      insertions were located in one of the two cholera toxin operon copies of strain
      O395, as well as a large gene cluster involved in the biogenesis of the toxin
      coregulated pilus colonization factor. In addition, insertions were identified in
      genes that had no effect on either cholera toxin or toxin-coregulated pilus
      expression. Several of these insertions were localized to a cluster of four
      genes, the disruption of any of which by TnphoA reduced the ability of strain
      O395 to colonize the intestines of suckling mice. The product encoded by this
      second gene cluster was named accessory colonization factor to describe its
      possible role in cholera pathogenesis. These studies reinforce the contribution
      of ToxR-regulated genes to the virulence properties of V. cholerae. This report
      also demonstrates a new approach for the identification of bacterial virulence
      factors, based on the characterization of genes that are regulated by the same
      environmental signals that control the expression of a known virulence factor.

PMID- 2902010
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a new type of fimbria (S/F1C-related fimbria)
      expressed by an Escherichia coli O75:K1:H7 blood culture isolate.
AB  - The Escherichia coli blood culture isolate BK658 (O75:K1:H7) expresses F1A and
      F1B fimbriae as well as a third fimbrial type which reacts with anti-S-fimbrial
      antiserum but fails to show S-specific binding properties (i.e., agglutination of
      bovine erythrocytes). To characterize these fimbriae, we cloned the respective
      genetic determinant in E. coli K-12. The resulting recombinant clone
      HB101(pMMP658-6) expresses fimbriae of 1.2-micron length and a diameter of
      approximately 7 nm. The determinant codes for the fimbrillin subunit, a protein
      of 17 kilodaltons in size, and for at least five other proteins of 87, 31, 23,
      14.3, and 13.8 kilodaltons. By restriction analysis and by DNA-DNA hybridization,
      it could be shown that the cloned fimbrial determinant of strain BK658 exhibits a
      high degree of sequence homology to the gene clusters coding for S fimbrial
      adhesins (sfa) and F1C fimbriae (foc). By using the Western blot (immunoblot)
      technique and a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, it could be
      further demonstrated that the cloned fimbriae of BK658, S fimbriae, and F1C
      fimbriae share cross-reactive epitopes as well as antigenic determinants specific
      for each fimbrial type. No antigenic cross-reactivity with F1C fimbriae could be
      detected. The results indicate a genetical and serological relatedness of the
      cloned fimbriae to S fimbriae and F1C fimbriae. Therefore, this new type of
      fimbriae is preliminarily termed S/F1C-related fimbriae (Sfr).

PMID- 2902011
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the localized adherence factor of
      enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The binding factor of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O111:H- responsible for
      localized adherence (LA) on HeLa cells was investigated. Inhibition of LA by
      carbohydrates and lectins showed that the reactive epitope on HeLa cells contains
      N-acetylgalactosamine units. Treatment of bacteria with EDTA for extraction of
      lipopolysaccharides eliminated these polymers as binding factors. Such treatment
      also caused a marked increase in adhesion suggesting steric hindrance by
      lipopolysaccharides of the LA factor binding capacity. Immunoblotting with rabbit
      antibodies showed a strong reaction with two components with approximate
      molecular sizes of 29 and 32 kilodaltons (kDa) present in the outer membrane
      preparations of bacteria. Both the absorbed rabbit immune serum and the outer
      membrane preparation of the bacteria inhibited bacterial adhesion by 100%. Outer
      membrane components were isolated from an N-acetylgalactosamine-agarose column by
      elution with KSCN, labeled with 125I, and immunoprecipitated with absorbed rabbit
      hyperimmune antiserum. The only component precipitated was the protein doublet at
      29 to 32 kDa corresponding to the components detected by immunoblotting. The
      predominant component was always the 32-kDa polypeptide. We conclude that this
      component of the outer membrane is the best candidate for the LA factor in
      enteropathogenic E. coli.

PMID- 2902012
TI  - Mutants of Actinomyces viscosus T14V lacking type 1, type 2, or both types of
      fimbriae.
AB  - Mutants of Actinomyces viscosus T14V lacking type 1 or type 2 fimbriae or both
      were selected by their failure to react with rabbit antibodies against either or
      both fimbrial antigens. Immunospecific double labeling with iron dextran and
      ferritin-conjugated antibodies showed two types of fimbriae on individual cells
      of the parent organism, a single type on mutant strains with type 1+2- and type 1
      2+ fimbriae and no labeled or unlabeled fimbriae on a type 1-2- fimbria-deficient
      strain. The mutational loss of one fimbrial antigen did not appear to affect
      expression of the other, since bacteria with one or two types of fimbriae bound
      similar amounts of a monoclonal antibody directed against the fimbrial antigen
      present on both bacterial phenotypes. The strong adsorption of strains with type
      1+2+ or 1+2- fimbriae to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite and weak adsorption of
      those with type 1-2+ or no fimbriae was consistent with the known involvement of
      type 1 fimbriae in this attachment process. Similarly, the A. viscosus lectin was
      clearly associated with the expression of type 2 fimbriae, since only the strains
      with type 1+2+ or 1-2+ fimbriae participated in lactose-sensitive coaggregations
      with Streptococcus sanguis 34. Further studies using the fimbria-deficient mutant
      strains showed that aggregation of A. viscosus T14V in the presence of sialidase
      treated human saliva involved both types of fimbriae, whereas neither type was
      required for the lactose-resistant coaggregation of the organism with certain
      streptococcal strains.

PMID- 2902014
TI  - Evidence that in vitro adherence of Klebsiella pneumoniae to ciliated hamster
      tracheal cells is mediated by type 1 fimbriae.
AB  - Clinical isolates of fimbriated and nonfimbriated Klebsiella pneumoniae were
      examined for the ability to adhere to hamster tracheal cells cultured in vitro.
      Fimbriated-phase K. pneumoniae adhered preferentially to ciliated cells, whereas
      nonfimbriated-phase organisms were not adherent. The adherence was inhibited by D
      mannose but not D-glucose, suggesting that type 1 fimbriae serve as the adhesin
      in the attachment process.

PMID- 2902013
TI  - Adsorbed salivary proline-rich protein 1 and statherin: receptors for type 1
      fimbriae of Actinomyces viscosus T14V-J1 on apatitic surfaces.
AB  - Use of specific fimbria-defective mutants derived from Actinomyces viscosus T14
      has shown that salivary acidic proline-rich protein 1 and statherin serve as
      receptors for type 1 fimbriae which mediate attachment of the organism to
      experimental pellicles on apatitic surfaces.

PMID- 2902015
TI  - Inhibition of growth and differentiation of fetal hamster gonads grafted into the
      adult testis.
AB  - A cytomorphological analysis of the effect of adult testes on growth and
      differentiation of grafted fetal testis or ovaries was performed in hamsters.
      Fetal gonads, taken at 14 days post-coital age, were grafted for 30 days either
      under the renal capsule or testicular capsule of scrotal or cryptorchid testes of
      adult hamsters (weight 115 +/- 23 g). Renal grafts were also performed in males
      castrated 30 days prior to receiving the fetal gonads. Growth and differentiation
      of the fetal gonads (testis or ovary) was totally inhibited by the scrotal
      testis. When the cryptorchid testis was the recipient of fetal gonads, inhibition
      was correlated inversely with the degree of spermatogenic damage elicited in the
      cryptorchid testis. No inhibition was observed in fetal gonads grafted under the
      kidney capsule, nor in castrated, normal or cryptorchid animals. As normal growth
      and differentiation of both testis and ovary occurred when grafted under the
      kidney capsule, the inhibitory effect of adult gonads seems to be unrelated to
      plasma testosterone levels in the host, as levels were undetectable in castrated
      hamsters and reduced drastically in cryptorchid animals. At the same time, the
      testicular-inhibiting substance in normal animals did not act at a distance,
      since its effect was restricted to fetal gonads grafted under the testicular
      capsule. This inhibitory substance may correspond to the spermatogonial chalone,
      known to be produced by differentiating spermatogenic cells (mainly spermatocytes
      and round spermatids in the rat and mouse); these chalones prevent spermatogonial
      proliferation and, consequently, the critical number of spermatogonia needed to
      enter meiosis is not attained. It is doubtful if the same substance has the
      ability to differentiate the fetal ovary or if this effect can be ascribed to a
      more complex situation involving other testicular peptides of paracrine action
      and/or locally high levels of androgens.

PMID- 2902016
TI  - Carcinoid tumour cells in long-term culture: release of serotonin but not of
      tachykinins on stimulation with adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - Tumour cells from a lymph-node metastasis of a midgut carcinoid tumour,
      immunoreactive for serotonin and substance P, were isolated and kept in culture
      for 2 months. The formation of large clusters or islets of tumour cells was
      paralleled by an increase in immunoreactive tachykinins (neuropeptide K and
      substance P) in the culture medium. The concentration of tachykinins declined
      subsequently despite good viability of the cells. Spontaneous release of
      serotonin into the culture medium was much greater than that of tachykinins, and
      remained stable throughout the study. These findings indicate different turnover
      rates and/or different storage sites for the peptides and the amine. In
      stimulation experiments, a dose-dependent release of serotonin, but not of
      tachykinins, was induced by a beta-adrenoceptor agonist (isoprenaline), while
      stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors (noradrenaline) was not effective in releasing
      any of the substances. Pretreatment of the cultures with a beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist (propranolol) or stimulations after calcium deprivation did not
      influence the isoprenaline-induced release of serotonin. These findings may
      indicate a modification of genuine beta-adrenoceptors during culture.

PMID- 2902017
TI  - A Taqi RFLP of the human TGF alpha gene is significantly associated with
      cutaneous malignant melanoma.
AB  - A TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the human transforming
      growth factor alpha (hTGF alpha) locus was analyzed in DNA from 63 normal
      individuals, 34 malignant melanoma (MM) cell lines, and 18 melanoma biopsy
      specimens. The frequency of a 2.7-kb allele (0.18) in MM cell lines was
      significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs)
      derived from unaffected controls (0.05). The frequency (0.14) in MM biopsies was
      similar to that in MM cell lines although, owing to the small numbers
      investigated, it was not significantly higher than in controls. In the case of 5
      MM patients who were constitutionally heterozygous for alleles at the TGF alpha
      locus, no apparent losses of heterozygosity were observed in the corresponding
      tumour DNA. Thus, the constitutional presence of the 2.7-kb allele may be a risk
      factor for melanoma.

PMID- 2902019
TI  - Fourth Congress of the IFFLP. Symposium proceedings. Ottawa, Canada, June 1986.

PMID- 2902018
TI  - A new immunotoxin built by linking a hemolytic toxin to a monoclonal antibody
      specific for immature T lymphocytes.
AB  - Hybrid molecules built by conjugation between monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and
      toxins are currently being experimentally tested as potential new anti-cancer
      agents. These immunotoxins have mainly used the plant toxin ricin as the toxic
      component, which inhibits protein synthesis at the ribosome level. We present an
      alternative for toxic components using a hemolytic toxin acting at the membrane
      level, due to its phospholipase activity. The hemolytic toxin (HT), isolated from
      the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus, has been conjugated to an antibody
      towards an antigen expressed on immature T lymphocytes (IOR-T6), by means of an
      artificial disulphide bridge. The hybrid IOR-T6-HT exhibits no hemolytic activity
      unless it is reduced. It is toxic for cells (CEM) expressing the IOR-T6 antigen
      and non-toxic for cells (K562) not bearing the antigen. An excess of unconjugated
      antibody reverses the toxicity. Immunotoxins based on membrane-active, hemolytic
      toxins can be a useful alternative when directed towards antigens which do not
      mediate internalization, as is the case for most carcinoma antigens.

PMID- 2902020
TI  - Self-palpation to assess cervical changes in relation to mucus and temperature.
AB  - Women experienced in cervical self-palpation recognize fertile characteristics
      when the cervix is high, open, soft, and straight; this happens under estrogenic
      influence. The cervix is said to show infertile signs when it is low, closed,
      firm, and lying against the vaginal wall; that change occurs quickly under
      progesterone influence. The objective of this study was to assess the time
      relationship among changes in the cervix observed by self-palpation, changes in
      cervical mucus as observed by women, and the shift in basal body temperature
      during ordinary cycles. A total of 215 symptothermal charts from natural family
      planning users were analyzed. The duration of the change from the maximum
      fertility characteristics to the postovulatory return to definite signs of
      infertility was measured. This duration ranged from 1 to 7 days, with a mean of
      2.65. The timing of maximum fertility signs in the mucus was compared with that
      of maximum fertility signs in the cervix: it varied from 3 days before to 6 days
      after, with a mean of 0.48 day. The timing of the first high temperature was
      compared with that of return to definitely infertile characteristics: it varied
      from 6 days before to 3 days after, with a mean of -0.69 day. Some of the
      variation may be due to the presence of inexperienced users in the sample.
      However, a mean difference of half a day between the most fertile cervix and the
      most fertile mucus on one hand and between the first day of infertile cervix and
      the first high temperature on the other hand suggest that the cervical changes
      could be useful indicators of estrogen and progesterone actions.

PMID- 2902021
TI  - Detection of the fertile phase from changes in cervico-vaginal fluid volume.
AB  - Characteristic changes in cervico-vaginal fluid (CVF) volume which occur during
      the menstrual cycle might be used to detect the fertile phase. Twenty-five normal
      women were asked to withdraw CVF and measure its volume at home using a small,
      disposable, graduated vaginal aspirator. In 16 cycles day 0 (ovulation) was
      defined as the day of maximum follicular diameter according to serial ultrasound
      examination. A rise in CVF volume occurred between day -9 and -2 and a peak
      between day -4 and 0. In these sixteen, and in a further 72 cycles, day 0 (time
      of maximum fertility) was taken as the day of peak cervical mucus secretion. CVF
      volume rose, on the average, on day -6.2 (range -17 to -2) and peaked on day -0.8
      (range -5 to +2). In two cycles, no rise and peak were identified. Changes in CVF
      volume were easy to recognise and could be useful to couples wishing to achieve
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2902022
TI  - Breast-feeding and natural family planning.
AB  - The records of 50 Australian postpartum women who intended to breast-feed for
      longer than 6 months were analyzed. Fifty percent of the women breast-fed longer
      than 12 months, and 50% resumed menses by 40 weeks after childbirth. Fifty-four
      women provided records of mucus and BBT for at least 4 weeks before resumption of
      menses. Ovulation before menses while fully breast-feeding was probable in only
      one woman. Fifty percent of the first postpartum cycles had a short luteal phase.
      Thirty-two women chose NEP to avoid pregnancy during the study period. Mucus and
      BBT proved to be a good marker of ovulation during postpartum cycles. The mean
      number of days available for intercourse according to the Ovulation Method was
      22.6 days between 6 and 12 postpartum weeks, and 12 days during the 4 weeks
      before menses. Confidence in NFP during lactational amenorrhoea and first
      postpartum cycles is analyzed. Finally, research aimed at improving the teaching
      and use of NFP for postpartum breast-feeding women is described.

PMID- 2902023
TI  - Hormonal background of lactational infertility.

PMID- 2902024
TI  - Breast-feeding patterns and lactational amenorrhoea among the Warli tribals: a
      socioanthropological inquiry.
AB  - Data on breast-feeding patterns and lactational amenorrhoea were collected as
      part of a socioanthropological inquiry conducted among the Warli tribals living
      along the west coast of India. A need to study and length of lactational
      amenorrhoea among these tribal women arose because in the complete absence of the
      use of contraception, lactational amenorrhoea acts as a natural birth spacer in
      this population. Analysis of the data shows that the suckling frequency during
      lactation, the sex of the child born, and the nutritional status of the women
      influence the length of lactational amenorrhoea. The consequences of variations
      in the length of lactational amenorrhoea on other related demographic parameters
      are also mentioned.

PMID- 2902025
TI  - Natural family planning and pregnancy outcome.
AB  - A prospective study with 664 married couples using a particular symptothermal
      method of natural family planning (NFP) offered the opportunity to investigate
      the relationship between NFP and the alleged risk of an increased incidence of
      spontaneous abortions and malformations. An analysis of 611 pregnancies with
      known outcome did not confirm such a risk. On the contrary, there was a trend
      toward fewer spontaneous abortions and malformations in our clients. This might
      be due to special care given to the beginning pregnancy as soon as it became
      evident.

PMID- 2902026
TI  - Analysis of the outcome of 124 pregnancies produced during NFP.
AB  - The outcome of 124 pregnancies produced during the use of CM (Billings) of NFP is
      analyzed. The spontaneous abortion rate was 8%. The women who became pregnant in
      the less fertile period (+/- 3 days from peak day) presented a higher rate of
      spontaneous abortions (13.9%) than the women who became pregnant during the most
      fertile period (peak day +/- 2 days), who presented a 4.3% spontaneous abortion
      rate. Among the 115 living infants (one twin pregnancy) there was one congenital
      malformation (0.8%), a cleft palate. The sex ratio of the infants was 0.59 (48
      females and 67 males), which is not significantly different from the 0.51 sex
      ratio expected. When conception occurred during the most fertile period, the sex
      ratio was 0.37, in contrast to the sex ratio of 0.76 when conception occurred in
      the less fertile period; this is a highly significant difference (P less than
      01).

PMID- 2902027
TI  - Natural methods for fertility control: a prospective study--First Part.
AB  - This study describes 4 years of verification of effectiveness and applicability
      of BBT and symptothermal methods. The couples chosen had to undergo a 6-month
      long study phase, and be psychologically motivated and well trained in NFP.
      During this period, particular emphasis was given to the motivational factor,
      which was expanded in its anthropological, relational, pedagogical and,
      sometimes, moral contents. Four hundred and sixty couples entered the program,
      for a total of 8,140 cycles, in which BBT, cervical mucus, and intercourse were
      charted. The Pearl Index for unplanted pregnancies was 3.6. Twenty-five unplanned
      pregnancies occurred in couples using NFP for spacing, and no pregnancies were
      reported in limiters.

PMID- 2902029
TI  - The natural family planning programme in Bangladesh.
AB  - A 12-month evaluation of the Ovulation Method of Natural Family Planning
      programme in Bangladesh is presented. Four hundred and forty-eight women entered
      the programme, 232 for spacing, 184 for limiting, and 32 to achieve pregnancy. Of
      the participating couples, 79% lived in rural areas and 20.3% were illiterate.
      The 416 who learned the ovulation method for avoiding pregnancy completed 2,358
      months of use, with 14 unplanned pregnancies during the study period, which
      represents a pregnancy rate of 7.2 according to the Pearl Index. The
      discontinuation rate in the 12-month period was 2.4%.

PMID- 2902028
TI  - The development of fertility assay kits: an overview.
AB  - This paper analyzes the importance of developing fertility assays kits, specially
      in order to shorten the estimate of the fertile period in NFP users. It presents
      the criteria that an assay kit needs to meet. Urinary hormones, metabolites of
      progesterone, estrogens, and luteinizing hormones are analyzed as fertile-period
      markers. Progesterone and estradiol in saliva, as well as other constituents of
      saliva, the volumetric vaginal aspirator, and the change in the electrical
      conductivity of the vaginal fluid are also analyzed with the same purposes.

PMID- 2902030
TI  - Demographic study on the family planning behaviour of the German population: the
      importance of natural methods.
AB  - A total of 1,267 women in the F.R.G., aged from 15 to 45 years, were interviewed
      about their family planning behavior and the importance of natural methods of
      family planning (NFP) in a representative demographic study. It was found that
      19.6% of the respondents were not sexually active. The others used various
      methods, as follows: pill, 38.4%; IUD, 10.3%; condom, 5.9%; diaphragm, 2.1%;
      spermicides, 0.8%; withdrawal, 3.4%; NFP methods, 3.9%. The main reason for
      rejecting a method was a possible medical risk. Of the responding women, 73% had
      some previous knowledge about NFP; 47% of them found such methods to be
      interesting, and approximately 20% indicated a high probability of the use of NFP
      methods in the future.

PMID- 2902031
TI  - Factors affecting client satisfaction in the instruction and usage of natural
      methods.
AB  - A cross-sectional sample of women who had attended "at least one" instruction is
      utilized to assess dimensions of client satisfaction with instruction in and
      usage of natural family planning (NFP) methods (N = 440). Ovulation and
      symptothermal methods are represented by five autonomous programs in the state of
      Oregon. Psychosocial factors affecting experiences with natural methods are
      assessed using a mailed questionnaire yielding a 57% response rate and follow-up
      interviews with 28 couples from the initial sample. Findings yield an overall
      "effectiveness" rate of 94% for family-size limiters, and 88% for spacers. There
      was no difference in overall marital happiness between NFP users and
      discontinuers, although this may be more related to the overall high level of
      marital happiness for the total sample compared with the general population.
      Couples describe their perceptions of the effects of natural methods on marriage,
      communication patterns, sexual satisfaction, and family life. Implications for
      program development and research are explored.

PMID- 2902032
TI  - Psychological aspects of NFP practice.
AB  - A psychological investigation was implemented to find out if NFP users are
      characterized by special personality traits and if there are any correlations
      between NFP practice and changes within the marriage partnership. A total of 258
      NFP users, both women and men, were investigated with questionnaires of the type
      generally used in the field of personality research in the Federal Republic of
      Germany, and also with questionnaires concerning the partnership and attitudes
      toward pregnancy, sexuality, and childbirth. It was found that with respect to
      personality traits, the NFP user does not differ considerably from people
      designated as "normal population." Only their attitudes toward sexuality are more
      positive and uninhibited, and the women feel less subjectively helpless than the
      standard sample. Furthermore, there is a connection between increased NFP
      experience and changes within the partnership, in that there is a reduction of
      "dominant" attitude (in both men and women) with growing NFP experience. Couples
      with long NFP experience and NFP beginners have nearly the same degree of well
      being between the partners, whereas couples who have just passed the learning
      phase show more ill-feeling between husband and wife. Factors concerning the
      partnership account much more for the differences in marital satisfaction than do
      sociodemographic variables or personality traits.

PMID- 2902033
TI  - Analysis of a representative sample of natural family planning users in England
      and Wales, 1984-1985.

PMID- 2902034
TI  - Acceptability of the modified mucus method: study of the psychosocial factors
      affecting acceptance.
AB  - A three-phase study designed to study the acceptability and use-effectiveness of
      the modified mucus method covered a sample of 2,601 poor rural migrant women
      living in eight low-income areas--villages and resettlement slum colonies. In
      phase I, the women were exposed to NFP awareness, i.e., the modified mucus
      method, and 61.6% of the women accepted the method, and agreed to learn and use
      it. The learning phase is three cycles. Of these acceptors, 83.7% were fertile. A
      large percentage of the acceptors are Hindus. The low acceptance by the Sikhs was
      who were non pregnant, menstruating cohabiting. 15.3% were nonmenstruating owing
      to pregnancy or breast feeding; 0.9% were menstruating, but not cohabitating;
      35.4% of the women were not interested in learning or using the method. A
      comparative study of the acceptance and nonacceptance for the selected
      sociodemographic and family planning variables is analysed. The acceptors of NFP
      differed significantly from the acceptors of sterilization and IUD in their
      occupation, educational levels, duration of marriage, number of living children,
      number of living sons, knowledge of family planning, and previous use of family
      planning.

PMID- 2902035
TI  - Varicocelectomy: twenty-five years of experience.
AB  - The effectiveness of varicocelectomy in the therapy of male infertility has been
      well documented. We favor a modification of the Ivanissevich procedure. It is
      simple and can be done well by the average surgeon, and results have been
      excellent. Surgery is indicated by poor sperm motility and immaturity. The
      presence of a varicocele with the absence of this combination of semen defects
      would not be sufficient indication for surgery. The actual effects of varicocele
      on fertility are still unknown, for many men with varicocele have normal semen
      qualities and adequate fertility. The study of our varicocelectomy failures does
      not reveal any preoperative differences between them and those that show
      improvement after surgery.

PMID- 2902036
TI  - Second-look laparoscopy in the treatment of endometriosis.
AB  - The results of second-look laparoscopy were compared with subjective
      symptomatology and findings at pelvic exploration in 36 patients who had received
      conservative treatment for endometriosis. In the 14 patients given pharmacologic
      treatment, second-look laparoscopy demonstrated active endometriosis in 57.1%,
      whereas pelvic pain was present in 64.3% and gynecologic examination was positive
      in 28.6%. In the 22 patients who underwent surgery, active endometriosis was
      detected by second-look laparoscopy in 31.8%, whereas 40.9% reported pelvic pain
      and pelvic examination was positive in 31.8%. Thus clinical signs and symptoms
      were unreliable in the diagnosis of endometriosis recurrence, whereas laparoscopy
      was indispensable. It should be programmed for 6 months from the end of medical
      treatment and 12 months after surgery; however, if the pain symptomatology
      recurs, then laparoscopy is performed immediately.

PMID- 2902037
TI  - Incidence of spontaneous abortion following artificial insemination by donor.
AB  - This study examines the frequency of spontaneous abortions in pregnancies
      achieved by artificial inseminations with donor semen (AID), with special respect
      to the use of cryopreserved semen and ovulation induction with clomiphene
      citrate. The abortion rate was found to be similar in AID series using frozen
      semen to those using fresh semen, nor was the rate increased in composite AID
      series (both fresh and frozen semen) when compared with the rate of spontaneous
      abortions in the general population. When clomiphene was used, the abortion rate
      was increased only in groups of anovulatory and irregularly ovulating women.
      Those AID series where all women treated are given clomiphene show no increase in
      abortion rates. The discussion is focused on factors that influence the abortion
      rate and on possible etiological factors.

PMID- 2902038
TI  - Infertility: a preventable epidemic?
AB  - Infertility with a broad etiological background has only been treated, but not
      prevented. With the exception of ovulation induction, the success rate of
      pregnancy in most cases has been rather dismal in view of the high socioeconomic
      burden. A questionnaire survey of the cost of infertility investigation and
      treatment has been undertaken, and it has been estimated that the cost of
      infertility due to the sequelae of sexually transmitted diseases ranges in the
      vicinity of $64 billion, which is to be compared with the prevention cost of
      $335,000. Recommendations on preventative aspects are discussed.

PMID- 2902039
TI  - Ovulation-inducing drugs versus progesterone therapy for infertility in patients
      with luteal phase defects.
AB  - The efficacy of ovulation-inducing drugs (OVI) for treating infertility related
      to luteal phase defects (LPD) was compared with the efficacy of progesterone
      vaginal suppositories (PVS). Patients were divided into two groups: (1) LPD
      secondary to immature follicles and (2) pure LPD, in which the follicle was
      mature. Twenty-four of 31 women (77%) with pure LPD conceived (one aborted)
      during the first 6 months, compared with only 3 of 27 (11%) treated with OVI--and
      2 of 3 aborted. However, in women with LPD secondary to immature follicles, 14 of
      20 (70%) treated with OVI and PVS conceived (and one aborted) compared with 7 of
      10 conceiving (70%) with OVI only (four aborted), and 3 of 12 conceived (25%)
      with PVS only (none aborted). Thus, both PVS and OVI are effective in treating
      LPD; follicular maturation studies help determine the proper choice. PVS appears
      to decrease the risk of abortion in both categories.

PMID- 2902040
TI  - Persisting ectopic pregnancy after segmental resection.

PMID- 2902041
TI  - Ovarian stimulation during gonadotropin treatment after hCG administration
      monitored by ultrasound and serum estradiol and progesterone.
AB  - Ovarian volumes, measured with ultrasound, and serum estradiol and progesterone
      concentrations were studied during gonadotropin treatment cycles 1 week after hCG
      administration in 23 patients, of whom nine had polycystic ovarian syndrome
      (PCO), eight oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea corresponding to WHO group II (OMG),
      and six hypogonadotropic amenorrhea corresponding to WHO group I (HGT). The
      ovarian volumes were greater in the PCO and HGT groups than in the OMG group. The
      serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations correlated more closely with
      ovarian volumes in the HGT group than in the PCO and OMG groups. The present
      study failed to demonstrate a lower risk of hyperstimulation in the HGT group in
      comparison with the PCO and OMG groups. Six patients conceived, and ovarian
      volumes were greater and serum progesterone concentrations higher during
      conceptual cycles than during nonconceptual cycles.

PMID- 2902042
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic study on the shape of infertile seminiferous
      tubules: a hypothesis of pathogenesis of idiopathic male infertility.
AB  - The shape of infertile seminiferous tubules was studied on testicular biopsied
      specimens from patients with idiopathic male infertility using the scanning
      electron microscope. A parallel study of the same sections was performed by
      ordinary light microscopy. Normal seminiferous tubules were revealed to be shaped
      like a weaving cylinder, whereas infertile seminiferous tubules were strangulated
      in various places, or appeared similar to a tail-like rope which became gradually
      more slender. These strangulated or slender parts of tubules seemed to correspond
      to the smaller tubules with thickened tubular walls that were recognized under
      the light microscope. It is suggested that these thickened tubular walls suppress
      spermatogenesis by a nutritional disturbance, and the strangulations of infertile
      tubules interfere with sperm transport by tubular blockage or germinal
      disorganization and interrupted contractions of the tubules.

PMID- 2902043
TI  - Immunosuppressive activity of human amniotic fluid of normal and abnormal
      pregnancies.
AB  - Twenty specimens of amniotic fluid (AF) obtained between week 16 and 18 of
      gestation from normal pregnant women and six specimens from pregnant women in
      which trisomia of chromosome 21 was found were tested for immunosuppressive
      activity. Incubation of normal human donor lymphocytes with 0.2-1 mL of AF from
      normal pregnant women for one hour at 37 degrees C was sufficient for induction
      of significant inhibition of the ability of these cells to induce a local
      xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) as well as inhibition of E and E
      active rosette formation, the GVHR being the most sensitive test. On the other
      hand, amniotic fluid obtained from the six pregnant women in which trisomia of
      chromosome 21 was found showed no inhibitory activity in either the E or E-active
      rosette formation, nor in the local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction. AF
      from all the women tested was found to have no effect on phenotype expression of
      the lymphocytes, as tested by the monoclonal antibodies OKT4+ and OKT8+, nor on B
      lymphocytes, as tested by surface immunoglobulins. No correlation was found
      between the alpha-fetoprotein levels in the sera of those women and the
      immunosuppressive activity. These findings indicate that genetic defects of the
      conceptus are not limited to the embryo but may affect the composition of
      immunosuppressive components present in normal amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2902045
TI  - Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase isozymes in human seminal plasma and sperm
      extracts.
AB  - Leakage of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) can be used as an indicator of
      cryo-damage for mammalian spermatozoa. However, two GOT isozymes exist:
      mitochondrial (m-GOT) and cytosolic or soluble (s-GOT), with acid and alkaline pH
      optima, respectively. The levels of these GOT isozymes were determined in samples
      of cell-free human seminal plasma and sperm extracts over a pH range of 3.8 to
      9.6. Optimum GOT activities were found at pH 5.2 using cacodylate-HCl buffer (m
      GOT) and pH 8.4 using barbital buffer (s-GOT). Differential inhibition studies
      with adipate (which inhibits s-GOT) were misleading because of the presence of
      another NADH-linked enzyme able to use adipate as a substrate. Only relatively
      low levels of m-GOT could be extracted from human spermatozoa (21.4 +/- 31.5 [SD]
      mU/10(8) cells vs. 202.3 +/- 49.4 mU/mL seminal plasma; n = 20). Consequently,
      future studies on GOT leakage should be carried out at the alkaline pH optimum,
      and will therefore measure s-GOT, making this a marker for plasma membrane
      integrity rather than a measure of mitochondrial damage.

PMID- 2902044
TI  - Endocrine status and growth after malignancy treated in childhood or adolescence.
AB  - Six girls and three boys, asymptomatic after treatment for acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) or endodermal sinus tumor (EST), were investigated for endocrine
      status and growth. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone
      (LH), estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A),
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone binding capacity (TeBC), 17
      alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), progesterone (P), thyroxine (T4), thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH), and cortisol were measured, and pubertal stage and
      bone age were determined. Growth was evaluated according to accepted curves for
      height and weight. Four of the girls had normal pubertal development, with serum
      FSH, LH, and E2 levels correlating to the phase of the menstrual cycle. Only one
      of the girls had ovulatory cycles (increase in P level). The girl treated for EST
      by abdominal irradiation had gonadal failure, with postmenopausal serum levels of
      FSH, LH, and E2. Her karyotype was normal. One of the girls was still
      prepubertal. None of them was hyperandrogenemic. One boy who was treated with
      bone marrow transplantation and total body irradiation had gonadal failure. One
      boy was still prepubertal, and the third boy showed normal pubertal maturation
      and normal serum FSH, LH, and T levels. All the patients except the boy treated
      with bone marrow transplantation and irradiation were normoprolactinemic; in
      addition, all had normal thyroid and adrenal function. Height and weight curves
      were normal in seven of the patients after the cancer therapy. The girl with EST
      had finished her growth before the irradiation therapy began. The boy treated
      with bone marrow transplantation and irradiation failed to exhibit further growth
      after beginning leukemia therapy at the age of 9.3 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902046
TI  - Changes in the aging brain as they affect psychotropics: a review.
AB  - This article reviews a number of neuroanatomic and neurochemical changes that
      occur in the brain with aging, and focuses specifically on those that may affect
      the response to psychotropic drugs. We hope to increase physicians' awareness of
      these "central," or brain, changes, that occur with aging when prescribing and
      monitoring psychotropic use, since the traditional emphasis in prescribing for
      the elderly has rested with the review of pharmacokinetic, or "peripheral" organ
      changes.

PMID- 2902048
TI  - Adequate analgesia.

PMID- 2902047
TI  - Central noradrenergic neurons and vascular non-collagen protein in the initial
      phase of two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertension.
AB  - Rats had been given intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)
      before clipping the unilateral renal artery (2K-1C) that caused selective
      ablation of the central noradrenergic neurons. Central catecholamines and the in
      vivo incorporation of 3H-proline into vascular non-collagen protein were
      determined in 2K-1C rats in the acute hypertensive stage. It is suggested that
      increased non-collagen protein synthesis in the mesenteric artery and the low
      level of hypothalamic norepinephrine concentration may participate in the
      development of 2K-1C hypertension in rats.

PMID- 2902049
TI  - Viewpoint: let's hear it for good eating.
AB  - Health care professionals need to look more closely at the nutritional content of
      the meals they serve at meetings and other functions.

PMID- 2902051
TI  - DNA polymorphism in the human Thy-1 gene.
AB  - Thy-1 is a membrane glycoprotein expressed predominantly in brain tissue and
      occasionally in lymphoid tissue. The human Thy-1 gene is located on chromosome
      11q22.3. Although two allelic forms of Thy-1 exist in mice (Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2),
      no allelic forms have been described for the human Thy-1 gene. We describe a
      polymorphic MspI site within the human Thy-1 gene that distinguishes two alleles,
      8 and 9, which are represented in a northern European population at frequencies
      of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. Thy-1, therefore, provides a potentially useful
      marker to identify linkages with human disease genes located near 11q22.

PMID- 2902050
TI  - In situ hybridization using 32P labelled oligodeoxyribonucleotides for the
      cellular localisation of mRNA in neuronal and endocrine tissue. An analysis of
      procedural variables.
AB  - Methodological variables for in situ hybridization using 32P labelled
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligomers) have been examined. Four different
      oligomers directed against proglucagon messenger RNA (mRNA) and two different
      oligomers against prosomatostatin mRNA have been used. Specific hybridization was
      obtained in adult rat brain, stomach and pancreas and in neonatal rat ileum.
      Tissue was perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde 0.2% glutaraldehyde and
      hybridization was carried out in 50% formamide for 72 h at 42 degrees C. Using
      hybridization conditions of lower stringency (33% formamide) labelling was also
      obtained in guinea pig tissue. Other variables which affected hybridization
      signal intensity were the inclusion of a prehybridization dehydration stage, the
      probe concentration, the inclusion of ammonium acetate in the posthybridization
      dehydrating ethanols and in the autoradiographic emulsion, and the exposure time.
      The localisation of proglucagon mRNA in rat pancreas using a 20mer was used as a
      model tissue for testing these methodological variables and the results were
      found generally also to apply to the other probes and tissues tested. The methods
      described provide single cell resolution and show that 32P labelled oligomers may
      be used to localise neuropeptide and endocrine mRNAs in different types of tissue
      and in different mammalian species.

PMID- 2902052
TI  - Correlations between polymorphisms at the DNA and at the protein level of DRw52
      haplotypes, revealed with a variety of techniques.
AB  - LB-Q1 and LB-Q4 are two subtypes of DRw52, defined by proliferative T-cell
      clones. These subtypes represent a polymorphism of the DR beta III gene. Similar
      subtypes of DRw52 can be defined by oligonucleotide typing, serology and RFLP
      analysis. In the present study we compared these typing techniques on a panel of
      22 HLA-D homozygous, DRw52-positive typing cells. All typing techniques
      correlated very well. Three subtypes of DRw52 could be identified. Our results
      show that typing for cellularly defined structures can be done with a variety of
      noncellular techniques. This observation has important implications for matching
      in unrelated bone marrow transplantation and for disease association studies.

PMID- 2902053
TI  - Human immunoglobulin heavy-chain-variable (VH) region gene families defined by
      hybridization with cloned human and murine VH-genes.
AB  - The Southern DNA hybridization technique was used to determine the organization
      of human immunoglobulin heavy-chain-variable region (VH) gene families and the
      extent of polymorphism within these families. Human DNA was digested with a
      restriction enzyme and then hybridized to a cloned human or murine VH gene. Six
      human and six murine genes were used. Hybridization patterns seen in the human
      genes fell into three groups, which corresponded to the Kabat subgroup
      assignments based on sequence. When DNA from different individuals was compared,
      polymorphism was demonstrated in each of the three gene families. The VH II
      family demonstrated a higher degree of polymorphism than the others.
      Hybridization with the murine probes, each of which represented a different
      murine VH-gene family, revealed six distinct patterns of hybridization. Five of
      the probes detected all or a portion of one of the previously defined human
      families. The sixth probe, 36-60, yields a unique pattern of hybridization,
      suggesting a fourth VH-gene family. Dot hybridizations show that 36-60 does not
      hybridize with human VH-genes representing each of the known families, further
      supporting this possibility.

PMID- 2902054
TI  - Ciguatera fish poisoning.

PMID- 2902055
TI  - Medical necessity denial and refund letters.

PMID- 2902056
TI  - Why invest in continuing education?

PMID- 2902057
TI  - Modern stereotactic neurosurgery.

PMID- 2902058
TI  - Following microdiskectomy. Laceration of the abdominal aorta and vena cava.

PMID- 2902059
TI  - Unsuspected bilateral ureteral transitional carcinoma.

PMID- 2902061
TI  - The viewbox. Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis.

PMID- 2902060
TI  - Congenital left atrial aneurysm.

PMID- 2902062
TI  - Talk about mysteries.

PMID- 2902064
TI  - The evolution of otitis media treatment in Illinois.

PMID- 2902063
TI  - Surgery of the ascending thoracic aorta.

PMID- 2902065
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

PMID- 2902066
TI  - Moonlight and Champaign.

PMID- 2902067
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis. Protean manifestations.
AB  - An adolescent girl presented with fever, weight loss, and headache. Despite
      extensive diagnostic studies, the diagnosis of Takayasu's arteritis was made only
      after she developed bruits and diminished pulses. Although the initial
      manifestations of Takayasu's arteritis are often protean and confusing,
      characteristic clinical and radiographic findings develop after the onset of
      vascular insufficiency. The chest radiograph may provide an early clue to
      diagnosis, which can be confirmed by arterial digital subtraction aortography.
      Physicians should consider Takayasu's arteritis in the differential diagnosis of
      prolonged fever or weight loss in young females because treatment appears to be
      more effective when started early.

PMID- 2902068
TI  - DNA polymorphism in strains of the genus Brucella.
AB  - Preparations of DNA from 23 Brucella strains including 19 reference strains were
      compared by restriction endonuclease analysis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
      resulted in optimal resolution of fragments generated by digestion with low
      cleavage-frequency restriction enzymes such as XbaI. By this technique, five
      electrophoretypes were distinguished in five reference strains of the different
      species, i.e., B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, and B. ovis. Minor
      profile differences allowed us to discriminate between most biovars within a
      species. However, the differences in the DNA patterns of different field strains
      of biovar 2 of B. melitensis were not sufficient to serve as markers for
      epidemiological studies. From the XbaI fragments, we were able to estimate the
      size of the genomes of B. abortus 544T and B. melitensis 16 MT. This method
      revealed a relationship between DNA fingerprints, species, and pathovars which
      could shed light on problems concerning the classification and evolution of
      members of the genus Brucella.

PMID- 2902069
TI  - Molecular characterization of a gene encoding a 72-kilodalton mosquito-toxic
      crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.
AB  - A gene encoding a 72,357-dalton (Da) crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis
      var. israelensis was isolated from a native 75-MDa plasmid by the use of a gene
      specific oligonucleotide probe. Bacillus megaterium cells harboring the cloned
      gene (cryD) produced significant amounts of the 72-kDa protein (CryD), and the
      cells were highly toxic to mosquito larvae. In contrast, cryD-containing
      Escherichia coli cells did not produce detectable levels of the 72-kDa CryD
      protein. The sequence of the CryD protein, as deduced from the sequence of the
      cryD gene, was found to contain regions of homology with two previously described
      B. thuringiensis crystal proteins: a 73-kDa coleopteran-toxic protein and a 66
      kDa lepidopteran- and dipteran-toxic protein of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki.
      A second gene encoding the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 28-kDa crystal
      protein was located approximately 1.5 kilobases upstream from and in the opposite
      orientation to the cryD gene.

PMID- 2902070
TI  - Escherichia coli F41 adhesin: genetic organization, nucleotide sequence, and
      homology with the K88 determinant.
AB  - The genetic organization of the polypeptides required for the biosynthesis of the
      F41 adhesin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains was investigated.
      Maxicell analysis demonstrated that a recombinant plasmid which mediated mannose
      resistant hemagglutination and F41 antigen production encoded four polypeptides
      of 29, 30, 32, and 86 kilodaltons. The 29-kilodalton protein was identified as
      the F41 antigen, and the nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined.
      Extensive homology was observed between the region encoding the putative signal
      sequences of the F41 and K88 antigens and in the region immediately upstream of
      the antigen genes. The nucleotide sequence homology between F41 and K88
      determinants was further investigated by Southern blot hybridization. A K88 probe
      hybridized at high stringency to all fragments shown to be essential for F41
      production except for fragments internal to the F41 antigen gene.

PMID- 2902071
TI  - Benzodiazepine withdrawal: a review of the evidence.
AB  - In a recent series of controlled studies, investigators looked at what happened
      when benzodiazepines were discontinued. Despite methodological problems, these
      studies showed that rebound anxiety occurred in a substantial minority of
      patients after several weeks of drug use. Also, a withdrawal syndrome developed
      in nearly half of patients who used benzodiazepines for more than a year. In
      these studies, risk factors included dose, duration of use, elimination rate of
      the drug, and abruptness of discontinuation. Patients who are physically
      dependent on benzodiazepines may need help in stopping these agents. Physicians
      should advise gradual discontinuation and, along with emotional support, should
      consider the use of alternative medications for the control of symptoms.

PMID- 2902072
TI  - Reevaluation of chronically ill psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2902073
TI  - Rubredoxin as an intermediary electron carrier for nitrate reduction by NAD(P)H
      in Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - The NAD(P)H-dependent nitrate reductase system in Clostridium perfringens was
      reconstituted with rubredoxin (Rd), nitrate reductase (NaR), and an unadsorbed
      fraction, on a DEAE-cellulose column, of the extract (designated as fraction A),
      under nitrogen gas. Ferredoxin in place of Rd was not effective as an electron
      carrier in this reconstituted system. NAD(P)H-dependent nitrate reducing activity
      was also obtained by replacing fraction A with ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase from
      spinach. We propose the following scheme for the electron transfer in this
      NAD(P)H dependent nitrate reduction system. NAD(P)H----NAD(P)H-Rd reductase----Rd
      ---NaR----NO3-.

PMID- 2902074
TI  - A single autosomal gene controlling the expression of the extended
      globoglycolipid carrying SSEA-1 determinant is responsible for the expression of
      two extended globogangliosides.
AB  - Two extended globogangliosides, designated as Z1 and Z2, were purified from the
      kidney of DBA/2 mice. By means of GLC, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, negative-ion fast
      atom bombardment mass spectrometry, methylation analysis, and enzymatic
      digestion, the structures of Z1 and Z2 were determined to be NeuGc alpha 2-3Gal
      beta 1-3GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-Cer and NeuGc alpha 2
      8NeuGc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1
      Cer, respectively. Since Z1 and Z2 were not detectable in the kidney of C57BL/10
      and 6, BALB/c, and WHT/Ht mice, the mode of genetic control on Z1 and Z2
      expression was examined by mating experiments between C57BL/10 or BALB/c and
      DBA/2. The results indicated that the expression of Z1 and Z2 is a recessive
      phenotype and that DBA/2 mice carry a single autosomal recessive gene. In the
      previous paper, we reported that DBA/2 mice do not express GL-Y (Gal beta 1-4(Fuc
      alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-6(Gal beta 1-3)Gb4Cer) but express GL-X (Gal beta 1
      3Gb4Cer) in the kidney (J. Biochem. 101, 553-562 (1987)), and that a single
      autosomal defective gene responsible for the defective GL-Y expression was
      identified by genetic analysis (J. Biochem. 101, 563-568 (1987)).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902075
TI  - Structure of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: alternative splicing from a
      single gene accounts for generation of four mRNA types.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine
      biosynthesis. Recently, Grima et al. (Nature (1987) 326, 707-711) and we
      (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1987) 146, 971-975; Nucleic Acids Res. (1987)
      15, 6733) reported four similar but distinct mRNAs that encode human TH. These
      mRNAs are constant for the major part, but are distinguishable from one another
      as to the insertion/deletion of 12-bp and 81-bp sequences near the N-terminus. We
      isolated genomic clones encoding the human TH gene and determined the nucleotide
      sequence. The human TH gene is split into 14 exons. The 12-bp insertion sequence
      is encoded by the 3'-terminal portion of the first exon. The 81-bp insertion
      sequence corresponds to the second exon. Taking into consideration also the
      results of Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA, we concluded that the
      four types of human TH mRNA are produced through alternative splicing from a
      single gene. Two kinds of alternative splicing are involved: the alternative use
      of two donor sites in the first exon, and the inclusion/exclusion of the second
      exon. We propose a possible secondary structure for the latter alternative
      splicing pathway.

PMID- 2902076
TI  - Decrease of hypothalamic TRH levels but not plasmatic TSH levels after ablation
      of submandibular salivary glands in the rat.
AB  - Indirect relationships are thought to exist between submandibular salivary glands
      (SSG) and the central nervous system (CNS) via superior cervical ganglia (SCG).
      To study this topic, the concentrations of thyrotropin releasing hormone (THR)
      and somatostatin (SRIF) were measured in both whole and specific areas of the
      hypothalamus, as well as plasmatic thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) levels
      following ablation of SSG. Twenty, forty and fifty days after ablation of SSG,
      groups of operated and sham-operated animals weighing 230-260 g at the beginning
      of experimentation, were killed by cervical dislocation. Plasma was taken, frozen
      and stored for TSH-radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the hypothalami were removed and
      homogenized in either 0.1 N HCl (for TRH-RIA) or 0.2 N acetic acid (for SRIF
      RIA). Twenty days after ablation of SSG in another group, TRH concentrations were
      measured in both the median eminence (ME) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN),
      dissected by the micropunch technique. The results show that twenty days after
      SSG ablation, the hypothalamic TRH concentrations was significantly lower in
      operated than in sham-operated animals (295.2 +/- 24.8 vs 226 +/- 11.15 pg/mg
      hypothalamus respectively p less than 0.01, n = 9). No differences were observed
      at later intervals. This finding seems to be specific for this peptide since the
      SRIF level was not modified twenty days after SSG removal. Among the discrete
      hypothalamic areas examined, only the ME exhibited a significant decrease in TRH
      content (25.43 +/- 3.02 ng/mg prot. VS. 41.24 +/- 1.33 ng/mg prot.,
      respectively). Despite these results on TRH levels, no modifications in plasmatic
      TSH levels were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902077
TI  - Dissociation of fibrinogen and fibronectin binding from transglutaminase-mediated
      cross-linking at the hepatocyte surface.
AB  - The interaction of fibrinogen and fibronectin with hepatocytes has been
      dissociated into distinct binding and cross-linking steps. Binding and cross
      linking of 125I-labeled ligands were both decreased by transglutaminase
      inhibitors, but not by heparin or hirudin. Transglutaminase activity was manifest
      by Ca2+-dependent incorporation of [14C]putrescine into cells. Preferential cross
      linking of fibrinogen A alpha over gamma chains, and lack of inhibition by
      heparin or hirudin indicates the involvement of tissue transglutaminase, and not
      Factor XIIIa. Hepatic transglutaminase activity, as well as binding and cross
      linking of fibrinogen and fibronectin, were maximally supported by Ca2+,
      partially supported by Mn2+ and Sr2+, and markedly decreased by Mg2+ and Ba2+. In
      contrast, Co2+ supported binding but not cross-linking or transglutaminase
      activity, indicating that binding and cross-linking are dissociable events. This
      conclusion was corroborated by the finding that fibrinogen fragments D95 and D78
      both inhibited Ca2+-dependent fibrinogen binding without being cross-linked
      themselves. Ligand binding in the presence of either cation was localized to the
      cell surface as evidenced by its trypsin sensitivity. Thus, fibrinogen and
      fibronectin binding to hepatocytes is independent of transglutaminase activity,
      whereas cross-linking of these adhesive macromolecules requires an enzymatically
      active cellular transglutaminase. In addition, fibrinogen binding appears to be
      mediated by molecular determinants present in fragment D78.

PMID- 2902078
TI  - On the location and function of the noncatalytic sites on the bovine heart
      mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - Modification of Tyr-345 at a catalytic site in a single beta subunit of the
      bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase (MF1) by 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoylinosine
      did not affect subsequent labeling of noncatalytic sites at Tyr-368 and His-427
      in three copies of the beta subunit by 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine
      (FSBA). These results clearly show that the beta subunit contains at least parts
      of the catalytic and noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites. Inactivation of MF1
      by 96% with FSBA was accompanied by a decrease in the endogenous ADP content from
      1.86 to 0.10 mol per mol of MF1. Decrease in the endogenous ADP content during
      the inactivation of the enzyme with FSBA paralleled loss in activity in a manner
      which suggests that the reaction of FSBA with an open noncatalytic site promoted
      release of ADP from another noncatalytic site until the third site reacted with
      FSBA. Two pKa values of about 5.9 and 7.6 were observed on the acid side of the
      pH optimum in the pH-rate profile for ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by MF1 in neutral
      acid buffers. In contrast, a single pKa of 5.9 was present in the pH-rate profile
      for ITP hydrolysis catalyzed by the enzyme in the same buffers. The augmented
      rate observed for ATP hydrolysis at pH 8.0, over that observed at pH 6.5, was
      lost as the enzyme was inactivated by FSBA in a manner suggesting that modulation
      is lost as the third noncatalytic site is modified. This suggests that ATP
      hydrolysis by MF1 is modulated in a pH-dependent manner by ATP binding to an open
      noncatalytic site. Two other modulations associated with binding of adenine
      nucleotides to noncatalytic sites, ADP-induced hysteretic inhibition and apparent
      negative cooperativity reflected by the Hill coefficient for the hydrolysis of 50
      3000 microM ATP at pH 8.0, also disappeared as the third noncatalytic site
      reacted with FSBA.

PMID- 2902079
TI  - Mutations of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase which cause thermosensitivity
      and altered regulation of the enzyme.
AB  - Four random mutations of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae which result in thermosensitive growth have been sequenced. All of the
      mutations map in regions conserved by the family of ATPases which form a
      phosphorylated intermediate. The Gly254----Ser mutation affects a glycine residue
      conserved in all of the sequenced ATPases. The Thr212----Ile and Ala547----Val
      mutations do not affect conserved amino acids, but their replacements are not
      found in any of the sequenced ATPases. Thr212 and Gly254 occur in the proposed
      phosphatase domain, whereas Ala547 is located within the putative ATP-binding
      site. The other mutation is a double change (Asp91----Tyr and Glu92----Lys) in
      the N-terminal domain, in which the altered glutamate is conserved in fungal and
      protozoan H+-ATPases. Proton efflux from whole cells and ATP hydrolysis by
      purified plasma membranes are more thermolabile in cells carrying the ATPase
      mutations than in wild-type yeast. Therefore, the defects in growth and proton
      transport at the nonpermissive temperature can be attributed to impairment of
      ATPase activity. Incubation of wild-type yeast cells with glucose before
      homogenization induces changes in the specific activity, Km, pH optimum, and
      vanadate sensitivity of the plasma membrane ATPase. The Ala547----Val mutation
      results in an enzyme from starved cells with the kinetic parameters of the
      glucose-activated wild-type ATPase. Therefore, a single amino acid change mimics
      the poorly understood regulatory mechanism triggered by glucose.

PMID- 2902080
TI  - Alteration of the nucleotide-binding site asymmetry of chloroplast coupling
      factor 1 by catalysis.
AB  - Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to show that ATP hydrolysis
      induces a change in the properties of two nucleotide-binding sites in isolated
      chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1). The fluorescence donor was Lucifer Yellow
      vinyl sulfone (4-amino-N-[3-(vinylsulfonyl)phenyl]naphthalimide- 3,6
      disulfonate), covalently bound to a unique site on the alpha subunit between
      nucleotide-binding sites 2 and 3. The fluorescence acceptor was the ATP analog
      2'(3')-trinitrophenyladenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP), incorporated
      specifically into nucleotide-binding site 1. Energy transfer from Lucifer Yellow
      to TNP-ATP in site 1 was greater if catalysis occurred before TNP-ATP was
      incorporated than if no catalysis occurred, indicating that one of the nucleotide
      binding sites near the Lucifer Yellow had changed its properties to those of site
      1 as a result of catalysis. The amount of energy transfer increased with the
      degree of substrate excess during catalysis, as expected if catalysis were
      required for the new site 1 location. ADP, which binds to CF1, but is not a
      substrate for hydrolysis, caused little energy transfer. Titration of site 3 with
      TNP-ATP showed greater energy transfer from Lucifer Yellow when catalysis had not
      occurred, indicating that sites 1 and 3 switched properties as a result of
      catalysis. The amount of energy transfer declined exponentially with time between
      removal of substrate and addition of TNP-ATP to site 1, with a half-time of 1.5-2
      h at room temperature. This result suggests that the change that results in
      switching of nucleotide-binding sites 1 and 3 relaxes in the absence of
      substrate. Our results show that the asymmetry of the nucleotide-binding sites of
      CF1 is not a permanent feature of the molecule.

PMID- 2902081
TI  - The binding sites on fibrin(ogen) for guinea pig liver transglutaminase are
      similar to those of blood coagulation factor XIII. Characterization of the
      binding of liver transglutaminase to fibrin.
AB  - The present study represents detailed investigations into the nature of
      interactions between an intracellular "tissue" transglutaminase and a plasma
      protein, fibrinogen. We demonstrate a specific, saturable, and reversible binding
      of transglutaminase to fibrin(ogen). The binding was time- and temperature
      dependent, was independent of divalent metal ions, did not require the release of
      either fibrinopeptide A or B, and was partially inhibited by the presence of
      sodium chloride or plasma proteins, properties similar to Factor XIII binding to
      fibrin(ogen). Both Factor XIII and liver transglutaminase also shared similar
      binding sites on fibrinogen, the A alpha- and the B beta-chains. The binding
      characteristics of liver transglutaminase were thus similar to Factor XIII
      binding to fibrin, but there were also important differences. Scatchard analyses
      of the binding data indicated that the affinity of liver transglutaminase (Kd =
      4.17 x 10(-7) M) was at least 40-fold weaker compared with the affinity of Factor
      XIII to fibrinogen. Consequently, a 20-fold molar excess of Factor XIII a-chains
      specifically and completely inhibited the binding of liver transglutaminase to
      des-A-fibrinogen. The association between liver transglutaminase and fibrin(ogen)
      was also critically controlled by the conformational states of the two proteins.
      Substances capable of altering the conformation of either transglutaminase (such
      as guanosine 5'-triphosphate) or of fibrinogen (such as the tetrapeptide Gly-Pro
      Arg-Pro and Fragment D) disrupted binding. Excess CaCl2 was able to counteract
      the effects of guanosine 5'-triphosphate on transglutaminase binding to fibrin.
      In contrast, Factor XIII binding to fibrin was unaffected by either guanosine 5'
      triphosphate, CaCl2, or Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, suggesting a more stable association
      between the two proteins. The physiologic implications of transglutaminase
      fibrin(ogen) interactions are discussed.

PMID- 2902082
TI  - Somatostatin receptors on rat cerebrocortical membranes. Structural
      characterization of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 receptors and comparison
      with pancreatic type receptors.
AB  - Somatostatin binding and cross-linking to its receptors on rat cerebrocortical
      membranes were characterized with [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin-14 and [125I-Leu8, D
      Trp22, Tyr25]somatostatin-28. When [125I-Tyr1]somatostatin-14 was cross-linked to
      its receptors with the photoreactive cross-linker, N-(5-azido-2
      nitrobenzoyloxy)succinimide, the hormone was specifically associated with a Mr =
      72,000 protein band in the presence or absence of reducing agents. Affinity
      labeling of the Mr = 72,000 protein band was decreased with increasing
      concentrations of unlabeled somatostatin-14 and nonhydrolyzable guanine
      nucleotide analog, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p). Pretreatment of
      cerebrocortical membranes with islet-activating protein resulted in a decrease in
      subsequent labeled somatostatin-14 binding and affinity-labeling of the protein
      and abolished an inhibitory effect of somatostatin-14 on vasoactive intestinal
      peptide-stimulated increase in adenylate cyclase activity. When the affinity
      labeled protein was solubilized with Zwittergent 3-12 and adsorbed to wheat germ
      agglutinin-agarose, it was eluted by N-acetylglucosamine. [125I-Leu8, D-Trp22,
      Tyr25]somatostatin-28 cross-linking to cerebrocortical and pancreatic membranes
      with the same photoreactive agent revealed specifically labeled protein bands of
      a Mr = 74,000 in cerebrocortical membranes and a Mr = 94,000 in pancreatic
      membranes, respectively. These results suggest that: 1) somatostatin receptor on
      cerebrocortical membranes is a monomeric glycoprotein with a Mr = 70,000 binding
      subunit, coupled to guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, and 2) the Mr = 70,000
      protein may be a common receptor for somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 and is
      distinct from a common pancreatic type receptor.

PMID- 2902083
TI  - Delta subunit of chloroplast coupling factor 1 inhibits proton leakage through
      coupling factor O.
AB  - The ATP synthase of chloroplasts consists of a proton-conducting portion, CF0,
      and a catalytic portion, CF1. The smaller subunits of CF1, in particular delta,
      may play a key role in the coupling of proton transport to ATP synthesis.
      Purified subunit delta, when added to partially CF1-depleted thylakoid membranes,
      can restore photophosphorylation (Engelbrecht, S., and Junge, W. (1987) Eur. J.
      Biochem. 172, 213-218). We report here that it does so by blocking proton
      conduction through CF0. Thylakoids were CF1-depleted by incubation in hypoosmolar
      NaCl/EDTA solutions. Variation of the NaCl concentrations and of the incubation
      times not only changed the overall degree of CF1 depletion but also the subunit
      composition of solubilized CF1, namely CF1 containing delta and CF1(-delta). This
      was quantified by immunoelectrophoresis and by fast protein liquid
      chromatography. Proton conduction was measured by flash spectrophotometry by
      using standard electrochromic and pH-indicating absorption changes. The removal
      of integral CF1 was correlated with high electric conductance of thylakoid
      membranes, an increased extent of rapid proton leakage, and loss of ATP synthesis
      activity, which exceeded the percentual loss of CF1. The removal of predominantly
      CF1(-delta) resulted in comparatively lesser effects on the loss of ATP synthesis
      and on the extent and velocity of proton leakage. On the same line, addition of
      integral CF1 and of purified delta diminished the electric leak in CF1-depleted
      thylakoids. Both approaches, the controlled removal of CF1 and CF1(-delta),
      respectively, and addition of delta and CF1 showed that delta can act as a
      "stopcock" to the exposed proton channel CF0.

PMID- 2902084
TI  - Biosynthesis of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase of Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The plasma membrane H+-ATPase of Neurospora is a 100-kDa integral membrane
      protein which appears, on the basis of hydropathy analysis of its amino acid
      sequence, to span the lipid bilayer at least eight times. To investigate the
      assembly and processing of the ATPase, a full-length cDNA has been constructed
      for use in in vitro transcription and translation experiments. Comparison of
      three different forms of the ATPase (nascent protein, nascent protein
      cotranslationally inserted into membranes, and mature protein) revealed no
      difference in electrophoretic mobility. Furthermore, the nascent and mature forms
      gave identical peptide patterns after partial proteolysis with Staphylococcus
      aureus V8 protease, suggesting that the ATPase does not contain an NH2-terminal
      signal peptide which is cleaved upon membrane insertion. Consistent with this
      interpretation, the NH2-terminal peptide has been purified from a tryptic digest
      of the ATPase and found to lack only the initiator methionine residue; the
      penultimate alanine is acetylated based on analysis by fast atom bombardment mass
      spectroscopy. Although the ATPase contains one potential site of N-linked
      glycosylation, its electrophoretic mobility was unchanged following digestion
      with endoglycosidase H and it did not incorporate [3H]mannose or bind
      concanavalin A. Thus, the Neurospora plasma membrane-ATPase appears to undergo
      minimal post-translational processing, and its membrane insertion is probably
      mediated by internal sequences.

PMID- 2902086
TI  - Characterization of six nucleotide-binding sites on chloroplast coupling factor 1
      and one site on its purified beta subunit.
AB  - By using gel filtration chromatography, following the technique of Hummel and
      Dreyer (Hummel, J., and Dreyer, W. (1962) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 63, 532-534),
      the adenine nucleotide-binding sites of isolated soluble chloroplast ATPase (CF1)
      and of the beta subunit were studied. CF1 possesses six adenine nucleotide
      binding sites: two high affinity sites for ADP or ATP (KdH = 1-5 microM) in
      addition to one site where endogenous not-exchangeable ADP is bound, and three
      low affinity sites binding ADP or ATP with a dissociation constant (KdL = 15-20
      microM) which is considerably increased in the presence of pyrophosphate. KdH is
      not modified by addition of pyrophosphate. The stability of nucleotide binding at
      the low affinity sites increases after heat activation of CF1. Removal of the
      delta or epsilon subunits on CF1 affects neither the number nor the binding
      parameters of the nucleotide-binding sites. The purified beta subunit possesses
      one easily exchangeable site/subunit. It is proposed that the low affinity sites
      on CF1 are the catalytic sites.

PMID- 2902085
TI  - Phorbol ester and neomycin dissociate bradykinin receptor-mediated arachidonic
      acid release and polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in Madin-Darby canine kidney
      cells. Evidence that bradykinin mediates noninterdependent activation of
      phospholipases A2 and C.
AB  - Many types of peptide hormone and neurotransmitter receptors mediate hydrolysis
      of phosphoinositides (PI) and arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid metabolite
      (AA) release, but the relation between these responses is not clearly defined. We
      have characterized bradykinin (BK)-mediated AA release and PI hydrolysis in
      clonal Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK-D1). Both responses occurred over a
      similar dose range in response to the B1 and B2 receptor agonist, BK, but not in
      response to the B1 receptor-selective agonist des-Arg-BK. To test whether AA
      release occurs via a mechanism which is sequential to and dependent upon PI
      hydrolysis, we used the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA), which activates protein kinase C. TPA treatment blocked BK-mediated PI
      hydrolysis in MDCK-D1 cells, while at the same time and at similar concentrations
      enhancing BK-mediated AA release. Thus, TPA treatment dissociated BK-mediated AA
      release from PI hydrolysis. In addition, treatment of MDCK-D1 cells with neomycin
      blocked BK-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate without
      reducing BK-mediated AA release. BK treatment increased formation of
      lysophospholipids with a time course in accord with BK-mediated AA release,
      indicating that at least part of the BK-mediated AA release was likely derived
      from activation of phospholipase A2. BK-mediated lysophospholipid production was
      enhanced by pretreatment with TPA, suggesting that the mechanism of AA release
      before and after treatment with TPA was the same. BK-mediated AA release and
      lysophospholipid production was dependent on the presence of extracellular
      calcium, while the enhanced responses to BK in the presence of TPA were not
      dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. TPA treatment also enhanced
      AA release and lysophospholipid production in response to the calcium ionophore
      A23187. From these data we propose that BK, acting at B2 receptors, promotes AA
      release in MDCK cells via a mechanism which is 1) independent of
      polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis by phospholipase C, 2) dependent upon influx of
      extracellular calcium and activation of phospholipase A2, and 3) enhanced by
      activation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2902087
TI  - Structure of the human neutrophil elastase gene.
AB  - The gene for human neutrophil elastase (NE), a powerful serine protease carried
      by blood neutrophils and capable of destroying most connective tissue proteins,
      was cloned from a genomic DNA library of a normal individual. The NE gene
      consists of 5 exons and 4 introns included in a single copy 4-kilobase segment of
      chromosome 11 at q14. The coding exons of the NE gene predict a primary
      translation product of 267 residues including a 29-residue N-terminal precursor
      peptide and a 20-residue C-terminal precursor peptide. Analysis of the N-terminal
      peptide sequence suggests it contains a 27-residue "pre" signal peptide followed
      by a "proN" dipeptide, similar to that of other blood cell lysosomal proteases.
      The sequences for the mature 218-residue NE protein are included in exons II-V.
      The 5'-flanking region of the gene includes typical TATA, CAAT, and GC sequences
      within 61 base pairs (bp) of the cap site. The sequence 1.5 kilobases 5' to exon
      I contains several interesting repetitive sequences including six tandem repeats
      of unique 52- or 53-bp sequences. The 5'-flanking region also contains a 19-bp
      segment with 90% homology to a segment of the 5'-flanking region of the human
      myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene, a gene also expressed in bone marrow precursor cells
      and a protein stored in the same neutrophil granules as NE. In addition, like the
      MPO gene, the NE 5'-flanking region has several regions with greater than or
      equal to 75% homology to sequences 5' to c-myc, but there is no overlap between
      the NE-c-myc and MPO-c-myc homologous sequences.

PMID- 2902088
TI  - ATP synthesis is driven by an imposed delta pH or delta mu H+ but not by an
      imposed delta pNa+ or delta mu Na+ in alkalophilic Bacillus firmus OF4 at high
      pH.
AB  - Starved whole cells of alkalophilic Bacillus firmus OF4 that are equilibrated at
      either pH 10.2, 9.5, or 8.5 synthesize ATP in response to a pH gradient that is
      imposed by rapid dilution of the cyanide-treated cells into buffer at pH 7.5. If
      a valinomycin-mediated potassium diffusion potential (positive out) is generated
      simultaneously with the pH gradient, then the rate of ATP synthesis and the level
      of synthesis achieved is much higher than upon imposition of a pH gradient alone.
      By contrast, imposition of a large chemical gradient of Na+, either in the
      presence or absence of a concomitant diffusion potential, fails to result in ATP
      synthesis. We conclude that this organism does not possess a sodium-motive ATPase
      that can be made to synthesize detectable levels of ATP by imposition of a
      suitably large chemical or electrochemical gradient of Na+. On the other hand, a
      proton-translocating ATPase is in evidence when protons are provided at very high
      pH, corroborating our earlier work on extremely alkalophilic bacilli. Oxidative
      phosphorylation must, then, be catalyzed in these organisms by a proton
      translocating ATPase even though the putative bulk driving forces for such a
      catalyst are low under optimal growth conditions. Stable, imposed pH gradients of
      1 unit, comparable to the magnitude of the total electrochemical proton gradient
      of growing cells, result in much lower ATP concentrations than observed in such
      cells. We hypothesize that ATP synthesis in growing cells utilizes protons that
      are made available by some localized pathway between proton pumps and the ATP
      synthase.

PMID- 2902089
TI  - Identification of tryptic cleavage sites for two conformational states of the
      Neurospora plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
AB  - Previous work has shown that the tryptic degradation pattern of the Neurospora
      plasma membrane H+-ATPase varies with the presence and absence of ligands, thus
      providing information about conformational states of the enzyme (Addison, R., and
      Scarborough, G. A. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 10421-10426; Brooker, R. J., and
      Slayman, C. W. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8827-8832). In the present study, sites
      of tryptic cleavage have been mapped by immunoblotting with N- and C-terminal
      specific antibodies and by direct sequencing of proteolytic products after
      electro-transfer to polyvinylidene difluoride filters. In the absence of ligands
      (likely to represent the E1 conformation), trypsin cleaved the 100-kDa ATPase
      polypeptide at three sites very near the N terminus: Lys-24, Lys-36, and Arg-73.
      Removal of the first 36 amino acid residues only slightly affected ATPase
      activity, but removal of the subsequent 37 residues inactivated the enzyme
      completely. In the presence of vanadate and Mg2+ (E2 conformation), the rate of
      trypsinolysis at Arg-73 was greatly reduced, and enzyme activity was protected.
      In addition, a new cleavage site near the C terminus (Arg-900) became accessible
      to trypsin. Both effects of vanadate occurred at micromolar concentrations, well
      within the range previously measured for vanadate inhibition of ATPase activity.
      Taken together, these results suggest that the Neurospora ATPase undergoes
      significant conformational changes at both termini of the polypeptide during its
      reaction cycle.

PMID- 2902090
TI  - Secretion of somatostatin by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Correct proteolytic
      processing of pro-alpha-factor-somatostatin hybrids requires the products of the
      KEX2 and STE13 genes.
AB  - Somatostatin is a 14-amino-acid peptide hormone that is proteolytically excised
      from its precursor, prosomatostatin, by the action of a paired-basic-specific
      protease. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mat alpha) synthesizes an analogous
      peptide hormone precursor, pro-alpha-factor, which is proteolytically processed
      by at least two separate proteases, the products of the KEX2 and STE13 genes, to
      generate the mature bioactive peptide. Expression in yeast of recombinant DNAs
      encoding hybrids between the proregion of alpha-factor and somatostatin results
      in proteolytic processing of the chimeric precursors and secretion of mature
      somatostatin. To determine if the chimeras were processed by the same enzymes
      that cleave endogenous pro-alpha-factor, the hybrid DNAs were introduced into
      kex2 and ste13 mutants, and the secreted proteins were analyzed. Expression of
      the pro-alpha-factor-somatostatin hybrids in kex2 mutant yeast resulted in
      secretion of a high molecular weight hyperglycosylated precursor. No mature
      somatostatin was secreted, and there was no proteolytic cleavage at the Lys-Arg
      processing site. Similarly, in ste13 yeast, only somatostatin molecules
      containing the (Glu-Ala)3 spacer peptide at the amino terminus were secreted. Our
      results demonstrate that in yeast processing mutants, the behavior of the
      chimeric precursors with respect to proteolytic processing was exactly as that of
      endogenous pro-alpha-factor. We conclude that the same enzymes that generate
      mature alpha-factor proteolytically process hybrid precursors. This suggests that
      structural domains of the proregion rather than the mature peptide are recognized
      by the processing proteases.

PMID- 2902091
TI  - Glutamate uptake by brain synaptic vesicles. Energy dependence of transport and
      functional reconstitution in proteoliposomes.
AB  - The dependence of glutamate uptake on ATP-generated proton electrochemical
      potential was studied in a highly purified preparation of synaptic vesicles from
      rat brain. At low chloride concentration (4 mM), the proton pump present in
      synaptic vesicles generated a large membrane potential (inside-positive),
      associated with only minor acidification. Under these conditions, the rate of L
      [3H]glutamate uptake was maximal. In addition, L-glutamate induced acidification
      of the vesicle interior. D-Glutamate produced only 40% of the effect, and L
      aspartate or gamma-aminobutyric acid produced less than 5%. The initial rate of
      glutamate-induced acidification increased with increasing glutamate
      concentration. It was saturable and showed first-order kinetics (KM = 0.32 mM).
      Correspondingly, L-glutamate induced a small reduction in the membrane potential.
      The rate of ATP hydrolysis was unaffected. In comparison, glutamate had no effect
      on acidification or membrane potential in resealed membranes of chromaffin
      granules. At high chloride concentration (150 mM), the vesicular proton pump
      generated a large pH difference, associated with a small change in membrane
      potential. Under these conditions, uptake of L-[3H]glutamate by synaptic vesicles
      was low. For reconstitution, vesicle proteins were solubilized with the detergent
      sodium cholate, supplemented with brain phospholipids, and incorporated into
      liposomes. Proton pump and glutamate uptake activities of the proteoliposomes
      showed properties similar to those of intact vesicles indicating that the carrier
      was reconstituted in a functionally active form. It is concluded that glutamate
      uptake by synaptic vesicles is dependent on the membrane potential and that all
      components required for uptake are integral parts of the vesicle membrane.

PMID- 2902092
TI  - Mitochondrial ATP synthase. Overexpression in Escherichia coli of a rat liver
      beta subunit peptide and its interaction with adenine nucleotides.
AB  - The C-terminal two-thirds of the rat liver ATP synthase beta subunit has been
      overexpressed and exported to the Escherichia coli periplasm under the direction
      of the alkaline phosphatase (phoA) promoter and leader peptide. The processed
      soluble protein contains the 358 amino acids from glutamate 122 to the rat liver
      beta C-terminal serine 479, including all the regions that have been predicted by
      chemical and genetic modification studies to be involved in nucleotide, Pi, and
      Mg2+ binding. Through a simple sequence of Tris/EDTA/lysozyme treatment, osmotic
      lysis, and alkaline pH washes, the processed beta subunit fragment can be
      prepared in greater than 95% purity and at a yield of greater than 20 mg/liter of
      culture. It interacts with 2'(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) adenosine 5'
      triphosphate (TNP-ATP) which exhibits a strong enhancement of fluorescence upon
      binding. A similar enhancement is observed upon interaction with TNP-ADP.
      Enhancement observed with both TNP-nucleotides is markedly reduced by prior
      addition of either ATP or ADP and almost completely prevented by the ATP synthase
      inhibitor 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Both TNP-ATP and TNP-ADP bind
      at a stoichiometry of approximately 1 mol of nucleotide/mol of beta subunit
      fragment. Under the same conditions, TNP-AMP does not exhibit a fluorescence
      enhancement. This work demonstrates that, in the absence of interaction with
      other ATP synthase subunits, the rat liver beta subunit sequence from glutamate
      122 to the C terminus exhibits no more than one readily detectable nucleotide
      binding domain. This success in producing a "functional" beta subunit fragment
      has significance for the pursuit of genetic and physical studies focused on the
      structure and function of the rat liver ATP synthase beta subunit.

PMID- 2902093
TI  - Cloning and sequence analysis of the human and Chinese hamster inosine-5'
      monophosphate dehydrogenase cDNAs.
AB  - Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in the regulation of guanine
      nucleotide biosynthesis, was purified to homogeneity; and a polyclonal antibody
      directed against the purified protein was used to isolate human and Chinese
      hamster IMP dehydrogenase cDNA clones. These clones were sequenced and found to
      contain an open reading frame of a protein containing 514 amino acids. A sequence
      of 35 amino acids obtained by analysis of the purified protein is identical to a
      segment of the protein sequence deduced from the IMP dehydrogenase cDNA. The
      molecular mass of the deduced protein is 56 kDa, which is the observed molecular
      mass of the purified protein and of the immunoprecipitated in vitro translation
      product. Comparison of the protein sequences deduced from the human and Chinese
      hamster cDNA clones indicates only eight amino acid differences, suggesting that
      IMP dehydrogenase is a highly conserved protein.

PMID- 2902094
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a variant somatostatin-14 and two related
      somatostatins of 34 and 37 residues from lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).
AB  - Three major forms of somatostatin were isolated from pancreas of the lamprey
      (Petromyzon marinus). One of the two major forms is a 14-residue somatostatin (SS
      14) having the sequence AGCKNFFWKTFSSC. The homologous substitution Ser for Thr
      in position 12 is the first example of SS-14 from vertebrate preprosomatostatin
      gene I having a divergent sequence. The longest form is 37 residues in length (SS
      37) and has the sequence ALRAAAVAGSPQQLLPLGQRERKAGCKNFFWKTFSSC. A 34-residue form
      (SS-34) identical in sequence but truncated at a single Arg residue at position 3
      of SS-37 was also isolated. The yields of the three forms were SS-37 (0.43
      nmol/g), SS-34 (134 nmol/g), and SS-14 (51.5 nmol/g). The identification of this
      nested series of somatostatins suggests that prosomatostatin processing in
      lamprey more closely resembles that observed for procholecystokinin than that of
      mammalian or other piscine prosomatostatins. Somatostatin-producing cells in the
      lamprey pancreas were identified by immunostaining using antiserum against SS-34
      and anti-serum against mammalian SS-14.

PMID- 2902095
TI  - The production and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to Clostridium perfringens
      type D epsilon toxin.
AB  - The production of five monoclonal antibodies to the epsilon prototoxin of
      Clostridium perfringens is described. All five monoclonal antibodies located
      three proteins in a trypsinized preparation of epsilon prototoxin. These proteins
      were located at 37.6 kDal, 35.6 kDal and 33.7 kDal by Western blots. Two of the
      monoclonal antibodies, M26/2 and M27/12, neutralized epsilon toxin in the mouse
      lethality assay. Four of the five monoclonal antibodies are considered suitable
      as reagents to detect epsilon toxin in assay procedures.

PMID- 2902096
TI  - Adrenergic modulation of 'non-adrenergic' twitches in the rat vas deferens.
AB  - 1. Field stimulation of the intramural sympathetic nerves of rat vas deferens
      produced a biphasic contraction. Post-tetanic twitches were potentiated (PTP) and
      the relationship of this to the secondary component of tetanic responses was
      investigated. 2. A tetanus evoked by field stimulation at 4 Hz for 50 s gave a
      maximum increase in twitch tension of 109 +/- 5% (n = 43). The potentiation was
      blocked by the alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists phenoxybenzamine, prazosin and
      thymoxamine. These drugs also blocked the secondary component of the tetanic
      response. 3. Increasing the frequency (1-8 Hz) of tetanic field stimulation
      enhanced the magnitude and time course of PTP. The time course of the PTP was
      found to depend mainly on the number of pulses in the tetanic train. 4. Reducing
      transmitter release in high Mg2+ solutions shortened the duration of the PTP but
      prevented the decline of the secondary tetanic component. Co2+ (1 mM) or Mn2+ (1
      mM) mimicked the effect of high Mg2+ ions on the secondary tetanic component.
      Enhanced transmitter release in zero Mg2+-Krebs had the reverse effects. 5. The
      presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists idazoxan and yohimbine, and the
      neuronal uptake blockers desipramine and metaraminol, prolonged the PTP and
      enhanced but shortened the secondary rise in tetanic tension. 6. Bolus injections
      of noradrenaline before and after the tetanus gave no evidence for post-synaptic
      desensitization. 7. It is concluded that both the secondary rise in tetanic
      tension and the post-tetanic potentiation are due to an adrenergic enhancement of
      the 'non-adrenergic' mechanism and not, as has been supposed, to direct
      activation of an adrenergic tension. Thus the action of the alpha-adrenoreceptor
      mediated transmission is primarily one of modulation.

PMID- 2902097
TI  - Pre- and postjunctional beta-adrenoreceptors and hypertension.

PMID- 2902098
TI  - No evidence for the differential antagonism of the initial fast and secondary
      slow contractile responses of the rat portal vein to phenylephrine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine or methacholine.
AB  - 1. The present study was to ascertain whether drugs cause differential antagonism
      of the initial fast and secondary slow contractile responses to phenylephrine, 5
      HT and methacholine of the rat portal vein. 2. Cocaine (5 x 10(-6) M) had no
      effect on the responses to methacholine. Cocaine potentiated the initial fast but
      not the secondary slow responses to phenylephrine suggesting that neuronal uptake
      limits the initial fast but not the secondary slow response to phenylephrine.
      Cocaine reduced the maximal responses to 5-HT suggesting that the responses to
      high concentrations of 5-HT are due, in part, to the release of noradrenaline. 3.
      In the presence of cocaine, idazoxan had no effect on responses to phenylephrine
      or 5-HT and prazosin had no effect on responses to 5-HT. Prazosin (3 x 10(-9)-10(
      8) M) inhibited the responses to phenylephrine causing similar parallel rightward
      shifts of the concentration-response curves to the initial fast and secondary
      slow responses. 4. In the presence of cocaine, mianserin (10(-9)-10(-8) M),
      cyproheptadine, (10(-10)-10(-9) M), methysergide (10(-8) M), ketanserin (10(-10)
      10(-9) M) and Ly 53857 (at 10(-9)-10(-8) M) had similar inhibitory effects on the
      initial fast and secondary slow responses to 5-HT, namely a parallel rightward
      displacement of the concentration-response curves. 5. Atropine (less than or
      equal to 10(-7) M) and pirenzepine less than or equal to 10(-6) M) had no effect
      on the responses to phenylephrine and 5-HT, but caused similar parallel rightward
      shifts of the concentration-response curves to both responses to methacholine. 6.
      The results of this study provide no evidence for differential antagonism of the
      initial fast and secondary slow responses of the rat portal vein to
      phenylephrine, 5-HT or methacholine.

PMID- 2902099
TI  - Contractile responses of tracheal smooth muscle in organophosphate-treated swine:
      1. Agonist changes.
AB  - 1. Male weanling swine were injected daily for up to 14 days with the
      organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) or
      sarin. The clinical signs of poisoning disappeared or were attenuated by 7 days
      after starting the DFP treatment, indicating the development of tolerance to DFP
      toxicity. 2. A significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity (85-98%)
      occurred over the course of this treatment followed by a decrease in the maximal
      density (Bmax) of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and [3H] N
      methylscopolamine ([3H]-NMS) binding sites in isolated cells. The affinity of the
      muscarinic receptors (KD) for [3H]QNB and [3H]NMS binding, however, remained
      unaffected. 3. Dose-response curves for ACh-induced increase in isometric tension
      of tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) showed a leftward shift from control, 2 h after
      DFP injection. Twenty-four hours after the last DFP treatment, for animals
      receiving 1 or up to 14 daily injections of DFP, all the dose-response curves
      were shifted to the left to approximately the same ACh sensitivity when compared
      with that for control tissue. 4. In vitro treatment of the muscle with 10(-4) M
      DFP shifted the dose-response curves leftward, in both control and injected
      animals, and rendered the muscles from control, 1- and 3-day injected animals
      sensitive to ACh concentrations as low as 10(-10) M. Sensitivity to 10(-10) M ACh
      was eliminated by carefully cleaning the smooth muscle of adherent connective
      tissue containing nerves and ganglia and after subacute treatment of swine for 7
      days with DFP. DFP-induced spontaneous contractions were also eliminated by
      careful cleaning. 5. Subacute DFP treatment caused a small leftward shift in the
      dose-response curve for bethanechol at 2 h and a rightward shift at 1,3 and 7
      days, compared to controls. 6. Dose-response curves for K+ were shifted to the
      right after 1 and 3 days of DFP treatment, but shifted back towards the control
      after 7 days of treatment. The muscle cells were hyperpolarized by approximately
      5 mV after 7 days of DFP or sarin injections. The membrane potential was slightly
      more sensitive to changes in K+ concentration after 7 days of sarin injection. 7.
      Subacute treatment of swine with organophosphates modifies the response of neural
      elements in swine TSM to ACh. Chronic cholinesterase inhibition causes a
      reduction in the sensitivity of the neural elements to ACh. The decrease in
      muscarinic receptor density which occurs with chronic cholinesterase inhibition
      is not sufficient to explain tolerance to organophosphates since TSM maintains an
      almost normal responsiveness to ACh.

PMID- 2902100
TI  - Reassessment of fluid-phase endocytosis and diacytosis in monolayer cultures of
      human fibroblasts.
AB  - We have investigated the kinetics of fluid-phase endocytosis and diacytosis in
      confluent monolayers of human fibroblasts by comparing the behavior of three
      markers that have been previously used to study this process: [14C]sucrose, 125I
      labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone ([125I]PVP), and Lucifer Yellow. Three distinct
      kinetic compartments were observed with all markers. The first was relatively
      large (10-60 fl/cell), reached steady state within 15 min at 37 degrees C, and
      was rapidly lost from monolayers after removing the markers at 37 degrees C but
      not at 0 degree C. These properties indicate that this compartment is the same as
      that previously proposed to be the major intracellular compartment involved in
      diacytosis. However, this compartment is probably extracellular fluid trapped
      between cells since it is rapidly lost into the medium when the cells are either
      scraped or enzymatically removed from the culture dishes at 0 degree C. In
      addition, it very slowly undergoes both filling and emptying at 0 degree C.
      However, we did observe a second, much smaller, kinetic compartment
      (approximately 2 fl/cell) undergoing rapid diacytosis that does seem to be
      intracellular. A third compartment that we observed accumulates markers at a
      linear rate (10-20 fl cell-1 hr-1) and is not lost from cells even after
      incubation periods greater than 6 hr. The markers [14C]sucrose and [125I]PVP
      displayed very similar behavior with respect to all three compartments and
      yielded nearly linear long-term uptake rates, thus indicating that there is
      little if any absorbed component in their uptake. However, Lucifer Yellow
      displayed significantly higher incorporation rates and its uptake rate was
      strongly nonlinear, indicating its uptake in fibroblasts is predominantly
      adsorptive. Our observations indicate that the rate of fluid-phase endocytosis in
      fibroblasts is significantly less than previously reported and that any
      compartment involved in diacytosis is very small and turns over very rapidly.
      Significantly, we estimate that the constitutive internalization of clathrin
      coated pits is sufficient to account for the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis
      and thus represents a major mechanism of membrane retrieval in these cells.

PMID- 2902101
TI  - Analysis of a new H2 receptor antagonist, 3-amino-5-[3-[4-(1
      piperidinoindanyloxy)]propylamino]-1-methyl-1 H-1,2,4-triazole, in human plasma
      and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of
      a new H2 receptor antagonist, 3-amino-5-[3-[4-(piperidinoindanyloxy)]propylamino]
      -1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole (I), in human plasma and urine was developed. The
      method employs liquid-liquid extraction of the analyte and an internal standard
      and chromatographic separation using an alkylphenyl-bonded HPLC column. The total
      time of chromatography was less than 10 min. Sensitivity was 10 ng/ml for the
      plasma analysis and 1 microgram/ml for the analysis of I from urine. The
      coefficients of variation, based on interpolated concentrations, were less than
      10%. The method was used for more than 5000 samples during clinical
      pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 2902102
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 1-(3-butoxy-2
      carbamoyloxypropyl)-5-ethyl-5-phenyl-(1H,3H,5H)- pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione in human
      plasma.

PMID- 2902103
TI  - Screening procedure for the detection of alkanolamine antihistamines and their
      metabolites in urine using computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening procedure for the detection of
      the following alkanolamine antihistamines and their metabolites in urine after
      acid hydrolysis and acetylation is described: bencyclane, carbinoxamine,
      chlorbenzoxamine, chlorphenoxamine, clemastine, diphenhydramine,
      diphenylpyraline, doxylamine, mecloxamine, medrylamine, orphenadrine and
      phenyltoloxamine. The acetylated extract was analysed by computerized gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. An on-line computer allows rapid detection
      using ion chromatography with the ions m/z 58, 139, 165, 167, 179, 182, 218 and
      260. The identity of positive signals in the reconstructed ion chromatograms was
      confirmed by a comparison of the stored full mass spectra with the reference
      spectra. Possible interferences with related compounds that yield the same
      hydrolysis products or metabolites are discussed. The ion chromatograms,
      reference mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention indices (OV-101) are
      documented. The procedure presented is integrated in a general screening
      procedure (general unknown analysis) for several groups of drugs.

PMID- 2902104
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of neurotransmitter amino acids
      in brain.
AB  - Rapid and selective determination of neurotransmitter amino acids in rat and
      human brain is accomplished by pre-column derivatization with o-phthaldehyde-3
      mercaptopropionic acid, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic
      separation, and fluorimetric detection. Aspartate, taurine, glutamate, and
      glycine are determined in less than 12 min with intra- and inter-assay precisions
      of 2.1-9.5% and 4.2-9.2%, respectively. gamma-Aminobutyric acid is determined in
      less than 8 min with intra- and inter-assay precisions of 1.6 and 11.7%,
      respectively. Both assays utilize internal standards and require a minimum of
      sample preparation.

PMID- 2902105
TI  - Single-step purification of two hyperglycaemic neurohormones from the sinus gland
      of Procambarus bouvieri. Comparative peptide mapping by means of high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A crude aqueous extract from 2000 sinus glands of the Mexican crayfish
      Procambarus bouvieri (Ortmann) was fractionated on a muBondapak-Phenyl column.
      Two isoforms of the crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone, designated CHH-B and CHH-C
      in order of elution, were isolated in pure form. Their biochemical
      characterization showed a remarkable degree of homology. A tryptic digest of each
      isohormone was fractionated on an Ultrasphere-ODS column. Only one tryptic
      peptide in CHH-C was eluted later than its homologous peptide in CHH-B. On acid
      hydrolysis both tryptic peptides had the same composition but, as they contain
      Asp and Glu, we suspect that the difference residues in a double reciprocal
      amidation-deamidation of two acidic residues.

PMID- 2902106
TI  - Detection of nephropathia epidemica (Puumala virus)-specific immunoglobulin M by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Nephropathia epidemica (NE), a less severe form of hemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome, is caused by Puumala virus (PUU). This communication reports the
      development of a mu-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
      detection of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to PUU virus in human
      sera. Acute- and early-convalescent-phase sera (collected 1 to 41 days after
      disease onset) from 29 Swedish patients with clinical NE were tested for PUU
      virus-specific IgG and IgM antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence test and
      ELISA, respectively. Late-convalescent-phase serum was also collected from 18 of
      these patients 3 to 24 months postinfection and assayed. The IgM ELISA values
      were strongly positive in sera collected during the first 2 months; at 3 to 9
      months, they were negative or in the lower range of significance, and at 24
      months all sera were negative. Paired sera from NE patients often fail to show
      seroconversion or a significant titer rise when tested by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Since all acute- and early-convalescent-phase sera were
      positive by IgM ELISA, this test could become an important tool for early
      diagnosis of acute human NE infections.

PMID- 2902108
TI  - Epidermodysplasia verruciformis and cell-mediated immunity.

PMID- 2902107
TI  - Kappa/lambda immunoglobulin distribution in Graves' thyroid-stimulating
      antibodies. Simultaneous analysis of C lambda gene polymorphisms.
AB  - From patients with untreated Graves' disease 11 sera showing high cAMP release in
      the FRTL-5 cell assay were studied for relative proportions of kappa or lambda Ig
      molecules showing cAMP releasing activity. Immunoabsorption of gamma-globulins
      was performed using monoclonal murine anti-kappa or anti-lambda antibodies linked
      to cyanogen bromide-activated sepharose. Specific kappa- or lambda-adsorbed
      fractions were also eluted from immunoabsorbents using chaotrophic thiocyanate
      buffers and equilibrated with pH 7.4 low salt buffer by dialysis.
      Immunoabsorption and elution experiments showed that five Graves' sera contained
      predominant cAMP-releasing activity within lambda Ig fractions, whereas two
      Graves' sera showed predominant cAMP-releasing activity in kappa Ig fractions.
      Four sera showed cAMP release approximately equally divided between kappa and
      lambda Ig both after immunoabsorption and specific anti-kappa or anti-lambda
      eluates were studied. C lambda genotypes were examined by Southern blotting and
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Eco RI-digested genomic DNA
      from 158 patients with Graves' disease in parallel with 112 normal controls and
      29 patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism. Notable shifts in proportions of 8/8
      and 18/18 genotypes were present when Graves' patients were compared with normal
      controls. Allelic frequencies and ratios of genotype 8 to 18 were significantly
      different (P less than 0.05) when Graves' patients were compared either to normal
      controls or to patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2902109
TI  - Dentofacial trauma in children.
AB  - Most of the literature on dental injury pertains to the classification,
      incidence, prevalence, and treatment of fractured teeth. A major finding here is
      that the five leading causes of dentofacial injuries, regardless of severity,
      were falls, being struck by an object, bicycle accidents, assaults, and motor
      vehicle accidents.

PMID- 2902110
TI  - Dental emergencies presenting to a children's hospital.
AB  - Most of the 222 dental patients with emergency situations, observed during the
      period described, had injuries involving the eight incisor teeth (86.1 percent).
      Patients or their parents facing these situations are often referred to the
      hospital emergency room, especially those that provide dental services.

PMID- 2902111
TI  - The use of whole-cell DNA probes for the identification of Bacteroides
      intermedius isolates in a dot blot assay.
AB  - Bacteroides intermedius includes two distinct groups of organisms that are
      phenotypically indistinguishable by conventional methods. These two groups are
      represented by the type strain of the species ATCC 25611T (B. intermedius type I)
      and by ATCC 33563 (B. intermedius type II). Members of each group can be
      distinguished from each other by analysis of the cellular protein composition by
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by DNA-DNA homology
      studies, because they share less than 40% homology. The purpose of this study was
      to prepare specific DNA probes for the two groups of Bacteroides intermedius and
      to test them against field isolates. Whole-cell DNA probes were prepared from B.
      intermedius types I and II and tested against 253 field strains of Bacteroides
      which had been identified by conventional phenotypic tests as B. intermedius. Of
      these, 170 (67%) hybridized with the B. intermedius type I DNA probe, 28 (11%)
      with the type II, and 23 (9%) failed to react with the B. intermedius probes but
      did hybridize with either B. melaninogenicus, B. loescheii, or B. corporis whole
      cell DNA probes. The 32 (13%) remaining isolates failed to hybridize with any of
      the five Bacteroides probes or with probes to B. asaccharolyticus, B. buccae, B.
      buccalis, B. denticola, B. gingivalis, B. oralis, or B. oris. These data
      demonstrate the usefulness of whole-cell DNA probes for the identification of
      phenotypically similar or identical field isolates.

PMID- 2902112
TI  - The BamHI restriction fragment length polymorphism detected in the c-Ha-ras locus
      of human skin tumors.

PMID- 2902113
TI  - The use of antihistamines in patients with asthma. American Academy of Allergy
      and Immunology.

PMID- 2902114
TI  - Effect of levocabastine, a new H1 antagonist, in a conjunctival provocation test
      with allergens.
AB  - Levocabastine is a new, highly potent, and specific H1 antagonist. The effects of
      this drug, administered topically, were evaluated in a conjunctival provocation
      test (CPT) with allergens. CPT was performed by the instillation of one drop of
      allergen at increasing concentrations in the inferior conjunctival sac of each
      eye, alternatively, and stopped when both itching and redness of the conjunctiva
      were present. The concentration of allergen at this step was considered as the
      reaction threshold. Eleven patients, allergic to grass pollen, underwent, in
      winter, a first CPT without pretreatment (screening test); the CPT was then
      repeated twice after a 24-hour treatment, once, with a placebo, and once, with
      levocabastine (one drop twice a day, 0.5 mg/ml), administered in a double-blind
      fashion and in random order. The minimal interval between the two tests was 1
      week. There was no significant difference between the thresholds determined in
      the two CPTs performed without medication (screening test and placebo), whereas
      the threshold was significantly increased (p less than 0.001) after pretreatment
      with levocabastine. Individually, the threshold increased in 10/11 patients (p
      less than 0.01). Levocabastine prevented both redness and itching. A late
      allergic reaction was observed by the patient in 6/11 CPTs performed after
      placebo treatment and 8/11 after levocabastine treatment. We conclude that, in
      this model of allergic conjunctivitis, levocabastine increased the conjunctival
      tolerance to an allergen. Further studies should help to determine the true place
      of this H1 antagonist in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

PMID- 2902115
TI  - Meprobamate use in the elderly. A report from the Dunedin program.
AB  - Meprobamate use was studied in an ambulatory elderly population in Dunedin,
      Florida. All participants taking this medication were mailed a questionnaire
      concerning their pattern of use. From 2,278 subjects, 30 (1.3%) reported the use
      of this drug. The average age of participants using this drug was 81.3 years.
      Five participants began using the drug over 27 years ago and over one-half of the
      respondents reported using the drug on a regular basis for over 10 years. With
      this type of history of meprobamate use, one might expect to encounter a large
      number of patients in the future who, in a similar manner, have been using
      benzodiazepines for many decades.

PMID- 2902116
TI  - Oxmetidine (H2 receptor antagonist) induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Oxmetidine, a new and more potent analogue of the H2 receptor antagonist,
      cimetidine, was recently withdrawn from clinical trials because of associated
      hepatotoxicity. We investigated the potential hepatotoxicity of the drug in vitro
      and in vivo in the rat. In addition, we investigated, in in vitro experiments,
      the potential hepatoxicity of other gastric acid inhibitory drugs (cimetidine,
      ranitidine, omeprazole and nolinium bromide). In in vitro experiments,
      oxmetidine, at various concentrations, was added to isolated hepatocyte
      incubations and cytotoxicity was assayed by trypan blue exclusion. In in vivo
      experiments, oxmetidine was administered both i.p. and orally, and hepatotoxicity
      was assessed by serum biochemical measures (transaminases, alkaline phosphatase,
      5' nucleotidase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) and liver histopathology. In the
      in vitro studies, the addition of oxmetidine to the hepatocyte incubations was
      associated with significant (P less than 0.001) dose and time dependent
      cytotoxicity. However, the in vivo experiments revealed no significant changes in
      serum biochemistry and no significant alterations in liver histopathology up to
      72 h following the administration three different dosages of oxmetidine. Of the
      other gastric acid inhibitory drugs, only nolinium bromide was associated with
      significant (P less than 0.001) in vitro cytotoxicity. Our in vitro observations
      establish that oxmetidine is cytotoxic to isolated rat hepatocytes and suggest
      that nolinium bromide be further evaluated for potential hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2902117
TI  - Activation of gastric afferent fibers increases coronary arterial resistance in
      anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Stimulation of chemically sensitive receptors in the stomach with capsaicin is
      known to reflexly increase heart rate, arterial pressure, left ventricular
      contractility, and systemic vascular resistance. What is not known, however, is
      if activating these gastric afferents can also evoke reflex changes in coronary
      arterial resistance. Therefore, in 24 chloralose-anesthetized dogs, we used a
      Gregg cannula and a constant flow preparation to assess left circumflex coronary
      arterial (LCCA) resistance while stimulating chemically sensitive gastric
      receptors with capsaicin. Capsaicin (60 micrograms), applied topically to the
      serosal surface of the stomach, produced significant (P less than 0.05) increases
      in heart rate (8 +/- 2 bpm), mean arterial pressure (22 +/- 1 mm Hg), LCCA
      pressure (7 +/- 1 mm Hg), and LCCA resistance (0.30 +/- 0.04 mm Hg/ml/min). These
      responses were still present after bilateral thoracic vagotomy, but were
      eliminated by bilateral thoracic splanchnicotomy. alpha-adrenergic blockade
      eliminated and beta-adrenergic blockade enhanced the increases in LCCA pressure
      and resistance that were evoked by capsaicin. Thus, stimulating chemically
      sensitive receptors in the stomach can reflexly increase coronary arterial
      resistance by alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction. The possibility exists,
      therefore, that physiological or pathological events which activate gastric
      afferents can affect reflexly the coronary circulation.

PMID- 2902118
TI  - Effects of activating spinal alpha-adrenoreceptors on sympathetic nerve activity
      in the rat.
AB  - The effects of several alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists administered
      intrathecally at T10 level on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were
      examined, in chloralose-urethane anaesthetised rats. Intrathecal noradrenaline
      (NA, 0.5-500 micrograms) produced one of 3 responses depending on dose, an
      inhibition of RSNA at low doses, an excitation of RSNA at high doses, or a
      biphasic effect. Intrathecal adrenaline (5-200 micrograms) was inhibitory in the
      main but some doses elicited poorly repeatable brief excitation followed by
      prolonged inhibition. Intrathecal methoxamine (ME; 2.5 ng-25 micrograms) caused a
      dose-dependent increase in RSNA (mean maximum response 27 +/- 0.5%). The
      excitatory effects of NA and ME were blocked (72% +/- 12%) by pretreatment with
      intrathecal prazosin (PRA, 20-200 ng) but not by yohimbine (YOH, 200 ng).
      Intrathecal guanabenz (GUA 3-15 micrograms) caused a dose-dependent inhibitory
      effect on RSNA (mean maximum 32% +/- 5%). The inhibitory effects of NA,
      adrenaline and GUA were blocked by pretreatment with intrathecal YOH (200 ng-2
      micrograms). Intrathecal PRA (200 ng) had no effect on the inhibitory effects of
      NA and GUA. Intravenous administration of each of the adrenoreceptor agonists
      (apart from adrenaline), at similar doses to those given intrathecally, in most
      cases had no significant effect on RSNA; in a few cases the opposite effects to
      those produced by intrathecal administration were seen.

PMID- 2902119
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in a subpopulation of nerve terminals in frog
      sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - A somatostatin-like substance was observed specifically in a subset of B-type
      nerve terminals in frog paravertebral ganglia. The middle ganglia (4th and 5th)
      of the sympathetic chain contained the highest proportions of somatostatin
      positive terminals, with decreasing proportions in more caudal or rostral
      ganglia. Intracellular recordings from the 6th ganglion demonstrated that it
      contained both B and C neurons. Although prolonged depolarizing potentials were
      observed in B and C neurons after bursts of stimuli in C-type preganglionic
      axons, no slow potentials were observed after stimulating somatostatin-positive B
      type axons. In addition, no effects of exogenously applied somatostatin were
      observed on the membrane potentials of B neurons. The present results are
      compared to a growing list of autonomic systems where peptidergic transmitters
      appear to have only subtle or no acute electrical consequences on postsynaptic
      neurons.

PMID- 2902120
TI  - Tonic descending inhibition of the spinal cardio-sympathetic reflex in the cat.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the left inferior cardiac nerve elicited a two
      component reflex potential (spinal and supraspinal reflexes) in the ipsilateral
      white ramus T3 from which recordings were made in chloralose-anaesthetised cats.
      Reversible interruption of all spinal pathways achieved by cooling the spinal
      cord at C2/C3 produced an enhancement of the spinal reflex and abolished the
      supraspinal reflex, the latter usually being the more prominent reflex potential
      prior to spinal cord block. The spinal cord block-induced increase in the
      amplitude of the spinal reflex was, however, less than the increase observed
      during stimulation of the somatic intercostal nerve T4. Recordings of the
      afferent volley following cardiac nerve stimulation and analysis of the stimulus
      reflex response relationship in neuraxis-blocked cats indicated that the spinal
      reflex as determined here was activated by A delta afferent fibres. However, if
      stimulus strength was raised above C-fibre threshold, spinal cord block revealed
      in addition a late spinal reflex response. In some cases, the appearance of this
      late potential was accompanied by a secondary decline of the earlier spinal
      reflex potential, possibly indicating C-fibre-mediated afferent inhibition.
      Neither baroreceptor activation nor denervation had any effect on spinal reflex
      amplitudes. Pharmacologically, clonidine given i.v. to cats with a blocked
      neuraxis reduced the spinal reflex amplitudes to pre-block values, an action
      which could be antagonised by the subsequent administration of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine. When given to non-pretreated cats with
      intact neuraxis, however, neither rauwolscine nor its analog yohimbine were
      capable of inducing a persistent release from tonic inhibition. The results
      suggest that both purely visceral and somato-visceral reflexes are subject to
      tonic descending inhibition, but they do not support the hypothesis that a
      catecholamine is the responsible transmitter mediating this inhibition.

PMID- 2902121
TI  - Influence of selective parasympathectomy of the A-V nodal region on
      atrioventricular conduction in conscious dogs.
AB  - The maximum atrial paced rate with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction (Rmax) was
      compared before and after selective parasympathectomy of the atrioventricular
      nodal region (AVNR). Each animal was instrumented with right atrial and right
      ventricular bipolar electrodes. Rmax was determined (1) under quietly resting,
      control conditions, (2) following beta-adrenergic blockade, (3) following
      muscarinic blockade, and (4) following combined beta-adrenergic and muscarinic
      blockade. During a second surgical procedure approximately two weeks later,
      parasympathectomy was achieved by dissection and topical application of phenol to
      the fat pad and underlying epicardium at the inferior left atrial junction with
      the inferior vena cava; completeness of AVNR parasympathectomy was tested at
      surgery by supramaximal stimulation of right and left cervical vagi, with and
      without rapid atrial pacing. AVNR sympathetic innervation remained intact. All
      studies were conducted while the animals were conscious and quietly resting.
      Before parasympathectomy, Rmax under control conditions averaged 136 +/- b4 beats
      per minute (bpm). Following beta-blockade, Rmax was 126 +/- 5 bpm; while with
      muscarinic blockade, Rmax averaged 373 +/- 4 bpm (P less than 0.001, with
      control). With combined beta- and muscarinic blockade, Rmax was 300 +/- 14. After
      AVNR parasympathectomy, although the resting heart rate was unchanged, the Rmax
      under control conditions was 342 +/- 10 bpm. beta-Blockade reduced this
      significantly (P less than 0.001) to 278 +/- 15 bpm. With muscarinic blockade,
      Rmax averaged 346 +/- 11 bpm, which was not different from the control Rmax after
      AVNR parasympathectomy. Combined beta- and muscarinic blockade produced an Rmax
      of 280 +/- 14 bpm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902122
TI  - Evidence for a sympathoexcitatory pathway from the nucleus tractus solitarii to
      the ventrolateral medullary pressor area.
AB  - The role of the ventrolateral medullary pressor (VLPA) and depressor (VLDA) areas
      in mediating cardiovascular responses evoked from the nucleus tractus solitarius
      (NTS) was investigated. Male Wistar rats, anesthetized with pentobarbital or
      urethane, were artificially ventilated and blood pressure (BP) and heart rate
      (HR) were monitored. The VLPA, VLDA, and the NTS were identified bilaterally with
      microinjections of L-glutamate. Unilateral microinjections of muscimol or
      lidocaine into the VLPA or the VLDA blocked the decrease in BP produced by
      microinjections of L-glutamate (1.77 nmol) into the NTS. These findings indicate
      that both areas are essential for mediating depressor responses elicited from the
      NTS. When neuronal activity in the VLDA was depressed unilaterally (leaving the
      ipsilateral VLPA intact), with the microinjection of muscimol or lidocaine,
      microinjection of a larger dose (5.0 nmol) of L-glutamate into the ipsilateral
      NTS elicited a pressor response. This response was blocked by depressing neuronal
      activity in the ipsilateral VLPA by microinjection of muscimol into this site.
      This pressor response evoked from the NTS was not due to non-specific effects of
      L-glutamate since repeated microinjections of L-glutamate (5.0 nmol/site) into
      the NTS consistently produced decreases in BP and HR. The stimulation of the
      contralateral NTS by glutamate continued to elicit the usual decreases in BP and
      HR. Microinjections of either dose (1.77 or 5 nmol) of L-glutamate into the areas
      adjacent to the NTS (e.g. 1.0 mm rostral or lateral to the NTS, the gracile or
      cuneate nuclei and area postrema) failed to evoke any cardiovascular responses
      indicating that the responses were mediated by neurons localized within the
      intermediate one-third of the NTS. These results indicate that: (1) the depressor
      responses elicited from the NTS involve the pathways from the NTS to the VLDA and
      VLDA to VLPA and (2) there may be a pathway from the NTS to the VLPA which is
      sympathoexcitatory and is unmasked when neuronal activity in the VLDA is
      depressed.

PMID- 2902124
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in serious infections.

PMID- 2902125
TI  - Clinical safety of intravenous immune globulin and freedom from transmission of
      viral disease.
AB  - Although rare, side-effects have been associated with the administration of iv
      immune globulins (IVIG). While the clinical presentation may be similar, several
      different mechanisms account for these adverse reactions. There are those effects
      in the hypogammaglobulinaemic patient which are probably due to antigen-antibody
      interaction (so-called inflammatory reactions), those due to spontaneous
      activation of the complement system (possibly caused by IgG aggregates), those
      due to true hypersensitivity (for example, hypersensitivity to IgA), and those
      due to possible contaminants or even stabilizers or preservatives which might
      have been used. The incidence and nature of clinical side-effects seen in 37
      patients who were treated with a native IVIG is shown. In addition, data are
      provided which support the absence of transmission of human immune deficiency
      virus in idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients, and the agents of non-A, non
      B hepatitis in 41 immune-deficient patients having periods of follow-up ranging
      up to 18 months. Finally, evidence of the inactivation of human immunodeficiency
      virus during the manufacturing procedure is provided.

PMID- 2902126
TI  - Acute graft-vs.-host disease and interstitial pneumonitis interrelated problems
      following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: effects of intravenous immune
      globulin and other interventions.

PMID- 2902127
TI  - The effect of processing methods on intravenous immune globulin preparations.
AB  - In this comparative study we investigated five commercially available
      immunoglobulin preparations manufactured by various processing methods. Two
      enzyme-modified preparations and one chemically modified preparation demonstrated
      appreciable variation in molecular weight species when compared with native
      preparations utilizing gentle processing conditions. One native preparation,
      processed with DEAE Sephadex, was low in IgG4 subclass, while the enzymic and
      chemical processing methods provided products demonstrating substantial variation
      in subclass distribution. The other native preparation, formulated at low pH,
      demonstrated particularly low turbidity values, indicating greater IgG stability
      at pH 4.25 than at pH 7.0. Certain antibody levels were seen to be greatly
      reduced in the modified preparations. These differences are discussed with
      reference to effects of the processing conditions employed.

PMID- 2902128
TI  - The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with intravenous
      immunoglobulin.
AB  - The main immunological abnormality described in patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the deficiency in cellular immunity. However,
      there is increasing evidence of a deficiency of specific antibody synthesis in
      both symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and in some
      HIV-infected adults who are symptomatic or who suffer from AIDS. In uncontrolled
      studies as well as those using historical controls, iv immunoglobulin (IVIG) has
      been shown to benefit HIV-infected children with recurrent infection when used in
      doses similar to those needed to treat patients with primary
      hypogammaglobulinaemia. Preliminary data in adults show that IVIG therapy reduces
      bacterial infection but the optimal treatment schedules remain to be defined. In
      addition, high-dose IVIG treatment (1-2 g kg-1) produces increased platelet
      counts in patients with life-threatening bleeding due to idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura associated with HIV infection. Unlike other therapies,
      IVIG has the advantage of lacking immunosuppressive and other serious adverse
      effects. In HIV-infected patients, IgG therapy may limit the antigenic
      stimulation caused by intercurrent infection, and studies of asymptomatic
      patients are needed in order to investigate whether this might slow the
      progression to AIDS. Neutralizing antibody against HIV has been demonstrated in
      HIV-infected patients. Although the significance of this finding is not clear, a
      specific antibody preparation against HIV may be of value either to prevent HIV
      infection after initial exposure to the virus or to slow the progression of HIV
      related disease. Major difficulties will be encountered in producing a specific,
      effective, neutralizing anti-HIV immunoglobulin preparation, since it is not
      known which HIV antigens elicit protective immunity.

PMID- 2902123
TI  - Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues: a review of biological
      properties and clinical uses.

PMID- 2902129
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for gram-negative infection--a critical review.

PMID- 2902130
TI  - Recent experience with Pseudomonas aeruginosa immune globulin for the treatment
      of experimental pneumonia.
AB  - A guinea-pig model of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia was used to
      determine what factors affect the efficacy of passive immune therapy with a
      hyperimmune P. aeruginosa globulin (PA-IGIV). Animals treated 2 h after infection
      with a single iv infusion of PA-IGIV, 500 mg kg-1, demonstrated 33% survival.
      Lower dosages were less effective and there were no survivors among albumin
      treated controls. Treatment with PA-IGIV was effective if given 2 or 8 h after
      infection but not if delayed until 24 h after infection. Animals rendered
      neutropenic with cyclophosphamide did not survive if treated with PA-IGIV alone.
      However, when PA-IGIV was added to tobramycin treatment, a significant increase
      in survival occurred (86%) as compared with that observed with tobramycin alone
      (43%) (P less than 0.05). We conclude that PA-IGIV may offer a useful therapeutic
      option in management of P. aeruginosa pneumonia.

PMID- 2902131
TI  - Hyperimmuneglobulin for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis following heart
      transplantation.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality
      following organ transplantation. In a series of 75 heart transplant patients, we
      have compared two protocols for prophylactic administration of CMV
      hyperimmuneglobulin. The first group of patients received immunoglobulin on the
      operative and on the tenth postoperative days. The second group of patients
      received immunoglobulins on the operative day, and repeatedly with each period of
      increased immunosuppression. With repeated doses of immunoglobulin prophylaxis,
      the incidence of CMV reactivation and the clinical severity of CMV infection were
      both significantly reduced. A reduction in the incidence of CMV infection in
      recipients who were seronegative preoperatively was also observed. (5/8 vs. 7/25
      patients; P = 0.06). We conclude that repeated administration of specific
      hyperimmuneglobulin with each period of increased immunosuppression following
      heart transplantation has a beneficial effect on both CMV reactivation and
      infection.

PMID- 2902132
TI  - Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus antibody positive children with
      intravenous immunoglobulin.
AB  - Five human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody positive children developed
      recurrent infections requiring multiple hospital admissions. These comprised
      mainly upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, pneumonia and diarrhoea,
      and there was failure to thrive despite adequate antibiotic therapy. They were
      commenced on iv immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy and are now relatively free of
      serious infections and are gaining weight. This therapy was associated with a
      major reduction in the hospitalization required. In HIV antibody positive
      children the onset of serious infections, particularly with encapsulated gram
      positive organisms, should be taken as an indication for the commencement of
      regular iv infusions of immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2902133
TI  - Synthesis of catecholamines in the hypothalamus and brainstem in one-kidney, one
      clip and two-kidney, one clip hypertension in rabbits.
AB  - In order to examine the role of central catecholaminergic neurons in
      hypertension, the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme
      in the synthesis of catecholamines, was studied in the hypothalamus, midbrain,
      pons-upper medulla, mid-medulla and lower medulla of one-kidney, one clip (1
      K,1C) and two-kidney, one clip (2-K,1C) hypertensive rabbits and their respective
      operated controls (1-K,1 Cc and 2-K,1 Cc). Comparing the 1-K,1 C group to the 1
      K, 1 Cc group, the activity of TH was increased by 79% in the hypothalamus (P
      less than 0.02), 37% in the mid-medulla region (P less than 0.02) and was
      unchanged in the midbrain, pons-upper medulla and the lower medulla. Comparing
      the 2-K,1 C group to the 2-K,1 Cc group, the activity of TH was increased by 89%
      in the mid-medulla (P less than 0.01), decreased by 36% in the pons-upper medulla
      (P less than 0.01) and unchanged in the hypothalamus, midbrain and lower medulla.
      These results indicate that similarities and differences exist in the
      contribution of central catecholaminergic neurons to the pathophysiology of 1-K,1
      C and 2-K,1 C hypertension in rabbits.

PMID- 2902134
TI  - Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation responses in peripheral
      arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats at pre-hypertensive and early
      hypertensive stages.
AB  - Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of isolated arteries from spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied. The relaxation responses of the femoral
      arteries of pre-hypertensive SHR (PHSHR) to isoprenaline (ISO) and dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP were less than those of the age-matched tissues of rats of the Wistar
      Kyoto strain (WKY). The responses of the mesenteric arteries of PHSHR to ISO and
      noradrenaline (NA) but not fenoterol (FEN) and forskolin were diminished when
      compared to those from the WKY tissues. The diminished relaxation response to ISO
      was observed in the SHR arteries with and without endothelial cells as compared
      to similar arteries from WKY. Relative potency ratios of ISO:FEN:NA and the
      Schild plot data for atenolol and butoxamine suggested that there were only beta
      1-adrenoceptors and predominantly beta 2-adrenoceptors mediating relaxation in
      the femoral and mesenteric arteries, respectively. There was no difference in
      beta-adrenoceptor subtypes between the SHR and WKY arteries. The evidence in this
      study suggests that beta 1-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation was diminished in the
      femoral and mesenteric arteries of PHSHR.

PMID- 2902135
TI  - Plasma renin activity in phaeochromocytoma: effects of beta-blockade and
      converting enzyme inhibition.
AB  - We measured plasma renin activity and plasma catecholamines in 26 untreated
      patients with phaeochromocytoma, 18 untreated patients with primary hypertension,
      and 10 normal control volunteers. Plasma renin activity measured in patients in
      the supine position, standing position and after walking for 1 h was higher in
      the subjects with phaeochromocytoma than in those with primary hypertension or in
      the volunteers (F = 9, P less than 0.001). In all three situations, renin
      activity was closely correlated with noradrenaline levels in the
      phaeochromocytoma patients (r = 0.545, r = 0.600, and r = 0.739; P less than
      0.01) but not in the subjects with primary hypertension or in the volunteers. The
      cardioselective beta-blocker acebutolol reduced heart rate, mean blood pressure
      and renin activity by averages of 20, 12 and 89% respectively in the seven
      phaeochromocytoma patients given the drug. Captopril decreased mean blood
      pressure by 19% and raised renin activity by 293% in the nine phaeochromocytoma
      patients tested. These findings show that in phaeochromocytoma, hypertension is
      accompanied by high renin levels and that renin release is stimulated in response
      to noradrenaline overflow. The hypotension observed in response to beta-blockade
      and captopril provides indirect support for the possibility that renin-dependent
      mechanisms are involved in the hypertension of phaeochromocytoma.

PMID- 2902136
TI  - Thy-1+ epidermal cells in nude mice are distinct from their counterparts in
      thymus-bearing mice. A study of morphology, function, and T cell receptor
      expression.
AB  - We have evaluated the morphology, function, and TCR mRNA and DNA profiles of Thy
      1+ epidermal cells (EC) derived from athymic (nude) mice. Based on these criteria
      we demonstrate that Thy-1+ EC in nude mice are predominantly round and angular
      and located in follicular epithelium, as compared to predominantly dendritic,
      interfollicular Thy-1+ EC found in normal CBA or BALB/c mice. Functionally, Thy
      1+ EC from normal mice proliferate and elaborate IL-2 in response to stimulation
      by Con A; by contrast, nude Thy-1+ EC fail to proliferate or secrete IL-2 in
      response to Con A. Nude Thy-1+ EC proliferate markedly in response to low-dose IL
      2 alone; Thy-1+ EC from normal mice give only modest proliferative responses to
      IL-2. Both populations of cells proliferate and elaborate IL-2 in response to PMA
      and calcium ionophore. Short-term cultured Thy-1+ EC from nude mice resemble Thy
      1+ EC from normal animals in that they express no detectable functional TCR-alpha
      and beta-RNA. Normal Thy-1+ EC express abundant levels of functional RNA for TCR
      gamma and delta-chains and for the CD3 delta-chain, whereas nude Thy-1+ EC
      produce no detectable TCR-delta and no CD3 delta-RNA and only truncated,
      presumably germ-line TCR-gamma transcripts, as suggested by lack of hybridization
      with gamma-V region probes and by lack of detectable rearrangements in the gamma
      genes. These phenotypic, functional, and genotypic characteristics of Thy-1+ EC
      from nude mice suggest that these cells are at a very early stage of T cell
      differentiation.

PMID- 2902137
TI  - Development of self-tolerance in normal mice. Appearance of suppressor cells that
      maintain adult self-tolerance follows the neonatal autoantibody response.
AB  - T cell populations from BALB/c mice at different ages were analyzed to determine
      when in development Ts cells specific for the anti-mouse RBC (MRBC) autoantibody
      response become activated. Previous studies have shown that adult CD8+ T cells
      actively suppress this autoimmune response and adult spleen cells depleted of
      CD8+ cells can generate an anti-MRBC response in culture with MRBC. The present
      results demonstrate that T cells from mice less than 1 wk of age do not suppress
      the in vitro anti-MRBC response of adult spleen cell populations depleted of CD8+
      Ts cells. By 2 wk of age Ts cells are detectable in this anti-self response and
      reach adult levels by 3 wk of age. Non-specific "natural suppressor" cells
      normally present in neonatal spleen cell populations are unable to suppress this
      autoantibody response, although they are active in suppressing anti-SRBC
      responses in the same cultures. Before the appearance of Ts cells active in the
      anti-MRBC response, neonatal spleen cell populations can generate anti-MRBC
      antibody-forming cells, both spontaneously in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro
      anti-MRBC response of neonatal spleen cells was shown to be Ag driven and Ag
      specific. The ability of unfractionated spleen cells to generate this response in
      vitro declines with age and is relatively low by 3 wk. This decline in
      responsiveness occurs simultaneously with the appearance of suppression specific
      for the anti-MRBC response, suggesting that the two events may be causally
      related.

PMID- 2902139
TI  - Characterization of lymphoid tumors induced by a recombinant murine retrovirus
      carrying the avian v-myc oncogene. Identification of novel (B-lymphoid) tumors in
      the thymus.
AB  - Lymphoid tumors induced by a recombinant murine retrovirus carrying the v-myc
      oncogene of avian MC29 virus were characterized. The Moloney murine leukemia
      virus myc oncogene (M-MuLV (myc], carried by an amphotropic MuLV helper, induced
      tumors in NIH Swiss and NFS/N mice after a relatively long latency (8 to 24 wk).
      Tumor masses appeared in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Flow cytometry of
      the tumor cells indicated that approximately 50% were positive for Thy 1.2. Most
      of these tumors also expressed one or more other cell surface markers of
      thymocytes and mature T cells (CD4, CD8). Southern blot hybridization revealed
      genomic rearrangements for the TCR beta genes. The TCR beta analysis suggested
      that the M-MuLV(myc)-induced Thy 1.2+ tumors were derived from somewhat less
      mature cells than tumors induced by M-MuLV, which is a classical non-acute
      retrovirus lacking an oncogene. The remainder of the M-MuLV(myc)-induced tumors
      were Thy 1.2-, but they were positive for Ly-5 (B220) and also for MAC-2. The Thy
      1.2- tumors were characteristically located in the thymus. However, they were
      negative for TCR beta gene rearrangements. Some, but not all, of the Thy 1.2-
      tumors contained rearrangements for Ig genes. Additionally, they typically
      expressed mRNA specific for B but not for T cells. Thus, these thymic tumors had
      characteristics of the B cell lineage. Tumor transplantation experiments
      demonstrated that the Thy 1.2- tumor cells could reestablish in the thymus and
      spleen of irradiated hosts, and low level expression of the Thy 1 molecule was
      observed in the thymus but not the spleen on the first passage. After serial
      passage, one Thy 1- tumor altered its cell surface phenotype to Thy 1low B220-.

PMID- 2902138
TI  - Receptor-like nature of class I HLA: endocytosis via coated pits.
AB  - The present investigations show that class I HLA are internalized by
      macrophage/monocyte type cells. Anti-class I antibody-binding assays show that
      about 30% of class I Ag present on cell surface are endocytosed within 1 h.
      Electronmicroscopic investigations reveal that, like other well established
      receptor molecules, internalization of HLA is mediated by coated pits and coated
      vesicles. The endocytosed Ag are transferred from endosomes to trans-Golgi
      reticulum and trans-Golgi cisternae, suggesting recycling of these Ag back to the
      cell surface. In the presence of phorbol ester tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate,
      there is a modest increase in the rate of internalization. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that class I Ag on monocytes/macrophages behave
      like receptor molecules. Malignant transformation of monocytic cells apparently
      causes the loss of this property of class I Ag.

PMID- 2902140
TI  - A role of HLA-DQ molecules of stimulator-adherent cells in the regulation of
      human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction.
AB  - In this study, we have found that treatment of stimulator autologous adherent
      cells with anti-HLA-DQ mAb resulted in markedly enhanced proliferative response
      of T cells in human autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction system wherein T cells
      were cultured with autologous adherent cells at near ratio of adherent cells to T
      cells in peripheral blood, in which T cells minimally proliferate. However,
      treatment of stimulator-adherent cells with anti-HLA class I, anti-DR and anti-DP
      mAb had no effect on the proliferative response of T cells under the condition.
      It was further observed that CD4-enriched cells could significantly proliferate
      in the presence of autologous adherent cells either untreated or treated with
      anti-DQ mAb, although treatment of adherent cells with anti-DR mAb blocked
      proliferative response of CD4-enriched cells. Moreover, the proliferative
      response of CD4-enriched cells was suppressed by addition of CD8-enriched cells
      in the presence of untreated adherent cells, whereas the proliferative response
      of CD4-enriched cells could not be suppressed by CD8-enriched cells when the
      adherent cells in the culture were treated with anti-DQ mAb. These observations
      suggest that CD8 T cells are required for suppression of proliferative response
      of CD4 T cells to HLA-DR molecules on autologous stimulator-adherent cells, and
      that HLA-DQ molecules on the surface of adherent cells play an important role in
      the induction of suppression by CD8 T cells.

PMID- 2902141
TI  - Modulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with anti-T suppressor
      factor antibodies.
AB  - mAb reactive with T suppressor factors (TsF) were used to alter the course of
      myelin basic protein-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in (SJL/J x
      PL/J)F1 mice. In vivo administration of mAb 14-12, reactive with effector TsF,
      exacerbated the clinical expression of encephalomyelitis as evidenced by
      prolonged periods of total limb paralysis in affected animals. This aggravation
      of disease signs is probably related to the inhibition of effector Ts function by
      mAb 14-12 thus allowing T cell autoreactivity to proceed unchecked. Disease
      course was influenced more favorably by i.v. administration of mAb 14-30 reactive
      with a subset of inducer TsF. Ten days of treatment with this mAb resulted in a
      reduction in the incidence and severity of disease, noted as the development of
      minimal limb weakness but no paralysis in the majority of affected animals.
      Adoptive transfer experiments revealed the presence of Ag-specific Ts in mAb 14
      30-treated mice that inhibited recipient Lyt-1+ responses to myelin basic
      protein, the immunizing autoantigen. Suppression by transferred Ts was revealed
      only by treatment of the donor population with anti-Lyt-1.2 plus C, however,
      indicating a role for contrasuppressor activity in the regulation of autoimmune T
      cell function. Results are considered relevant to the potential for
      immunotherapeutic management of multiple sclerosis in man.

PMID- 2902142
TI  - The selection of effector T cell phenotype by contrasuppression modulates
      susceptibility to autoimmune injury.
AB  - The genetic susceptibility to murine alpha TBM disease is a dominant trait that
      maps to H-2K. In previous studies we have shown that the critical difference
      between susceptible (SJL) and nonsusceptible (B10.S(8R] mice is the phenotype of
      the tubular Ag-specific effector T cells (TDTH). In SJL mice, these TDTH are Lyt
      2+, whereas in B10.S(8R) mice the TDTH are L3T4+. These phenotypic differences
      have an important functional correlate: Lyt-2+ TDTH are nephritogenic, whereas
      L3T4+ TDTH are typically not nephritogenic. Both mouse strains have the potential
      to differentiate both L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ TDTH. The preferential selection of a
      single TDTH phenotype in each is the result of differential T cell regulation. In
      the present studies, we have examined the contribution of suppressor and
      contrasuppressor T cells in the regulation of TDTH phenotype selection. Our
      studies show that in both SJL and B10.(8R) mice, after exposure to Ag, a
      suppressor T cell subpopulation functions to inhibit the nephritogenic Lyt-2+
      TDTH. In SJL, but not B10.S(8R) mice, this suppression is counterbalanced by Lyt
      2+, Vicia Villosa lectin-adherent T cells. Such contrasuppressor function is
      mediated through a T cell-derived soluble protein (TcsF), which is Ag-binding and
      recognized by alpha I-JS antisera. This functional TcsF activity maps, as does
      susceptibility to disease, to H-2K. In the presence of genetically compatible
      TcsF, the TDTH phenotype in nonsusceptible mice switches to that of susceptible
      mice. These Lyt-2+ TDTH from nonsusceptible mice are fully capable of inducing
      tubulointerstitial nephritis following adoptive transfer. Our studies describe a
      new role for Tcs cells and augment our understanding of their etiopathogenetic
      role in autoimmunity.

PMID- 2902143
TI  - CD4 positive Leu-8 negative helper-inducer T cells predominate in the human
      intestinal lamina propria.
AB  - The regulatory function of peripheral blood CD4 T cells correlates with the
      presence or absence of the membrane glycoprotein recognized by anti-Leu-8
      antibody; CD4,Leu8- T cells help Ig synthesis and CD4,Leu-8+ T cells suppress Ig
      synthesis. In contrast to CD4 T cells from the peripheral blood and organized gut
      associated lymphoid tissues, intestinal lamina propria CD4 T cells were found to
      have diminished expression of the Leu-8 Ag. Therefore, studies were performed to
      determine whether the decreased expression of the Leu-8 Ag on lamina propria CD4
      T cells correlates with a difference in the ability of peripheral blood and
      lamina propria CD4 T cells to regulate PWM-stimulated Ig synthesis. At high T
      cell to non-T cell ratios, the helper function of lamina propria CD4 T cells was
      significantly higher than that of peripheral blood CD4 T cells. When CD4 T cells
      were incubated with anti-Leu-8 antibody, the suppressor function of peripheral
      blood CD4 T cells was increased, but lamina propria CD4 T cells did not suppress
      Ig synthesis. No difference was found between the helper function of CD4,Leu-8- T
      cells and the suppressor function of CD4, Leu-8+ T cells isolated from either the
      peripheral blood or the lamina propria. Thus, the difference in the regulatory
      function of CD4 T cells from the peripheral blood and the lamina propria is due
      to the quantitative difference in CD4,Leu-8+ T cells in these sites.
      Consequently, the intestinal lamina propria is a site enriched in CD4,Leu-8- T
      cells which predominantly mediate help for Ig synthesis.

PMID- 2902144
TI  - The IL-4 gene maps to chromosome 11, near the gene encoding IL-3.
AB  - IL-4/B cell stimulatory factor 1 (IL-4) is a potent mediator of the growth and
      differentiation of cells of most hemopoietic lineages. IL-4 is one of a number of
      lymphokines produced by T cells after activation with Ag or mitogen. In order to
      map the chromosomal location of the IL-4 gene, Chinese hamster-mouse somatic cell
      hybrids were used in Southern blot analyses with an IL-4 cDNA probe. These
      results suggested that the IL-4 gene was located on chromosome 11. In contrast,
      the gene encoding IL-2 was localized to either chromosome 1 or 3. The
      identification of a strain-specific Bgl II restriction enzyme polymorphism in the
      IL-4 gene was used to map the IL-4 gene to a position on mouse chromosome 11
      within 1 centimorgan of the gene encoding IL-3.

PMID- 2902145
TI  - Endocytic pathway of recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor in L-929 cells.
AB  - The fate of TNF after binding to the surface of L-929 cells was followed by using
      murine rTNF coupled to colloidal gold as a probe. A time-course study using
      electron microscopy was performed. Our results confirm previous indications
      obtained from biochemical studies suggesting that TNF is internalized by this
      cell type. They further directly show that internalization proceeds through the
      classical receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway, i.e., via clathrin-coated
      structures and endosomes before accumulation in secondary lysosomes.

PMID- 2902146
TI  - Effects of somatostatin on acute pancreatitis induced in rats by injection of
      taurocholate and trypsin into a temporarily closed duodenal loop.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin on the course and severity of experimental
      pancreatitis was tested. Acute pancreatitis was induced in 210 Sprague-Dawley
      rats by injecting a 4.3% sodium taurocholate solution, saturated with trypsin,
      into a temporarily closed duodenal loop. Immediately after the end of the
      surgical procedure somatostatin or, alternatively, normal saline were
      administered as a bolus followed by continuous subcutaneous infusion for 9 h.
      Ninety rats (30 untreated, 30 saline-treated and 30 somatostatin-treated) were
      sacrificed 10 h after the induction of pancreatitis to assess the histologic
      severity of pancreatic lesions, the amount of peritoneal exudate and the
      circulating levels of amylase. In another 120 rats (40 untreated, 40 saline
      treated and 40 drug-treated) the mortality rate was evaluated so that the
      histologic examination of the pancreas followed spontaneous death. In sacrificed
      animals somatostatin treatment lowered serum amylase levels and definitely
      improved pancreatic histopathology (edema, leucocyte infiltration and necrosis).
      The drug prevented the occurrence of severe necrosis in all treated animals.
      Somatostatin did not affect the mortality rate of pancreatitic rats (70%)
      although post-mortem histologic examination revealed significantly less
      pancreatic histopathology in drug-treated rats than in their controls.

PMID- 2902147
TI  - The effects of epinephrine on islet hormone secretion in the dog.
AB  - We investigated the direct effects of physiological levels of epinephrine on the
      basal and arginine-stimulated secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
      from the in situ pancreas in halothane-anaesthetized dogs. An IV infusion of 20
      ng/kg/min of epinephrine increased plasma epinephrine levels to 918 +/- 103 pg/ml
      (P less than 0.001), and increased the baseline pancreatic output of insulin (P
      less than 0.05), glucagon (P less than 0.05) and somatostatin (P less than 0.05).
      The acute insulin response (AIR) to 2.5 g of arginine during this infusion of
      epinephrine was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than in controls as were
      the acute glucagon response (AGR) (P less than 0.05) and the acute somatostatin
      response (ASLIR) (P less than 0.05). Plasma glucose levels increased slightly and
      transiently during infusion of epinephrine from 99 +/- 2 mg/dl to a maximum of
      110 +/- 3 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). An IV infusion of 80 ng/kg/min of epinephrine
      produced plasma epinephrine levels of 2,948 +/- 281 pg/ml, and increased the
      baseline pancreatic output of insulin (P less than 0.05) and glucagon (P less
      than 0.05). In contrast, baseline somatostatin output decreased transiently
      during this high dose infusion of epinephrine. The AIR and ASLIR to arginine were
      both significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those during the infusion of
      epinephrine at the low dose. The AGR to arginine remained potentiated (P less
      than 0.05). Plasma glucose levels increased from 99 +/- 3 mg/dl to 119 +/- 4
      mg/dl (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the effect of epinephrine on islet
      hormone secretion is dependent on the plasma level of epinephrine. At stress
      levels of 900-1000 pg/ml, both insulin and somatostatin secretion are stimulated;
      only at near pharmacologic, or extreme stress levels, does epinephrine produce
      net inhibition.

PMID- 2902148
TI  - Radiation-induced DNA damage and repair: Argonne National Laboratory Symposium.

PMID- 2902149
TI  - Postirradiation protection of chromosomes by linoleate.
AB  - Physiological concentrations of linoleate reduce the frequency of micronuclei and
      chromosome aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo and of micronuclei in
      human lymphocytes in vitro when administered one hour after exposure of the cells
      to gamma rays.

PMID- 2902150
TI  - Lethal mutations attributable to misrepair of Q-lesions.
AB  - Lethal mutations are induced in mammalian cells mainly, perhaps wholly, within
      the dose range encompassing the 'shoulder,' and may well be attributable to error
      prone Q-repair.

PMID- 2902151
TI  - Lack of inverse dose-rate effect on fission neutron induced transformation of
      C3H/10T1/2 cells.
AB  - Exponential and density-inhibited cultures of C3H/10T1/2 cells were exposed to a
      single dose of 0.3 Gy of fission neutrons delivered at rates ranging from 0.005
      to 0.1 Gy/min. No discernible effect upon cell survival or transformation was
      observed by a lowering of the fission neutron dose rate in either exponential or
      plateau cultures. At the level of 2.3 x 10(-4) transformants per surviving cell,
      the RBE for neoplastic transformation was three at acute dose rates and ten at
      the lowest dose rate studied (0.005 Gy/min for neutrons and 0.01 Gy/min for X
      rays).

PMID- 2902152
TI  - Localization of plutonium retention in the small intestine of the neonatal rat,
      guinea pig, baboon and macaca after Pu-citrate ingestion.
AB  - The retention of Pu-citrate in the gastrointestinal wall was compared at similar
      post ingestion times after ingestion at 2 days of age by rats and guinea pigs and
      at 1 to 34 days by neonatal primates. The small intestine was the main site of
      the Pu retention in all species. In rats and primates, most of the Pu was
      retained in the distal ileum, whereas in guinea pigs it was more homogeneously
      distributed. In the rats, Pu was retained in the epithelial cells on villi, but
      in the guinea pigs and primates it was confined to the macrophages under the
      epithelial cells in the lacteal region.

PMID- 2902153
TI  - Alterations in phosphate metabolism during cellular recovery of radiation damage
      in yeast.
AB  - We have examined alterations in phosphate pools during cellular recovery from
      radiation damage in intact, wild-type diploid yeast cells using 31P nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Concurrent cell survival analysis was
      determined following exposure to 60Co gamma-radiation. Cells held in citrate
      buffered saline (CBS) showed increased survival with increasing time after
      irradiation (liquid holding recovery, LHR) with no further recovery beyond 48 h.
      Addition of 100 mmol dm-3 glucose to the recovery medium resulted in greater
      recovery. In the presence of 5 mmol dm-3 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), LHR was
      completely inhibited. NMR analyses were done on cells perfused in agarose threads
      and maintained under conditions similar to those in the survival studies. ATP was
      observable by NMR only when glucose was present in the recovery medium. In
      control cells, ATP concentrations increased and plateaued with increasing
      recovery time. With increasing radiation dose the increase in ATP was of lesser
      magnitude, and after 2000 Gy no increase was observed. These observations suggest
      that either the production of ATP in irradiated cells is suppressed or there is
      enhanced ATP utilization for repair of radiation damage. In CBS with 100 mmol dm
      3 glucose, a dose-dependent decrease in polyphosphate (polyP) was detectable with
      no concurrent increase in inorganic phosphate (Pi). In the absence of an external
      energy source, such as glucose, there was a slight increase in Pi. This suggests
      that polyP may be used as an alternative energy supply. When 2-DG was present in
      the recovery medium, polyP decreased, but there was a simultaneous increase in Pi
      with increasing radiation dose and recovery time. This suggests that the polyP
      are hydrolyzed as a source of phosphates for repair of radiation damage.

PMID- 2902154
TI  - Survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after treatment with the restriction
      endonuclease Alu I.
AB  - Treatment of yeast cells proficient in the repair of radiation damage
      (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the restriction endonuclease Alu I leads to a
      positive dose-effect relationship between inactivation level and enzyme
      concentration. The data suggest an uptake of the active restriction enzyme into
      the cells and a relationship between induction of DNA double-strand breaks and
      cell killing.

PMID- 2902155
TI  - Cell death by apoptosis following X-irradiation of the foetal and neonatal rat
      kidney.
AB  - A light and electron microscopic study was undertaken to determine the type of
      cell death induced by X-irradiation in the developing kidney. Five-day-old
      Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a whole-body dose of either 2 or 5 Gy, and
      foetuses in the eighteenth day of development were exposed to a dose of 4 Gy. The
      kidneys were examined at 4, 8 and 24 h, and at 1 and 2 weeks post-irradiation.
      The dying cells from both control and treated kidneys showed the morphological
      features of apoptosis, a distinct form of cell death that has been identified in
      mammalian tissues under physiological as well as pathological conditions.
      Necrosis was not detected. Apoptosis was infrequent in control kidneys and
      insignificant in extent when compared with the proliferative activity of the
      cells of the superficial nephrons. There was a pronounced increase in apoptosis
      during the first day after irradiation. The findings are in agreement with recent
      ultrastructural studies which report the presence of apoptosis following
      irradiation of rapidly proliferating adult cell populations, and irradiation of
      other immature mammalian tissues. There is evidence that apoptosis involves
      active cellular self-destruction, and it has been suggested that activation of
      apoptosis might bring about selective elimination of cells with critical DNA
      damage in irradiated tissues, thus minimizing propagation of genetic
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2902156
TI  - Soft X-ray dosimetry and RBE for survival of Chinese hamster V79 cells.
AB  - Dosimetry and biological effects of 40 and 50 keV low-energy X-rays generated by
      a SOFTEX Model CMBW-2 apparatus were studied. Doses were measured using a thin
      window parallel-plate ionization chamber; beam quality was assessed using
      aluminum absorbers; exposure rates per unit current were determined according to
      the X-ray tube current and exposure times; and thermoluminescent (BeO chip)
      dosimeters were used to ascertain dose distributions in the irradiation field.
      The average correction factors for nonuniformity were calculated from the
      measured dose distributions. The means for ascertaining accurate exposures and
      doses using these methods are discussed. The dose-survival relationship of
      Chinese hamster V79 cells were assessed by irradiating them with 40 and 50 kV
      soft X-rays, 180 kV X-rays, and 60 Co gamma rays. Soft X-rays with three distinct
      effective energies were tested by changing the tube voltage kV and aluminium
      filter thicknesses; namely (1) 40 kV without filter, (2) 40 kV with a 0.2 mm
      thick aluminium filter and (3) 50 kV with a 0.7 mm thick aluminium filter. The
      effective energies obtained according to attenuation measurements using aluminium
      for these soft X-rays were 8.1, 11.7 and 18.5 kV, respectively. In this study the
      relative biological effectiveness (RBE) at 10 per cent survival compared with
      60Co gamma rays ranged from 1.5 to 1.6. The RBE of 180 kV X-rays relative to 60Co
      gamma rays was 1.29. This study provided experimental data for the RBE of V79
      cells in the intermediate energy range between hard and ultrasoft X-rays, data
      for which were previously reported by Goodhead and co-workers (1977, 1979, 1981).

PMID- 2902157
TI  - Response of human bone marrow progenitor cells to X-rays in vitro.
AB  - In 25 out of 33 cases the survival response of myeloid progenitor cells from
      fresh human bone marrows, X-irradiated in vitro in phosphate-buffered saline at
      23 degrees C, was characterized by a two-term exponential relationship, with D0
      values of 0.42 +/- 0.19 Gy and 1.38 +/- 0.37 Gy, respectively. In the remaining
      eight cases for which the colony-forming efficiency was 10 times lower, survival
      followed a single exponential function with D0 = 1.18 +/- 0.15 Gy. The biphasic
      response at 23 degrees C became a single exponential response when the
      temperature at irradiation was 30 or 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2902158
TI  - Competitive dose-modification between ascorbate and misonidazole in human and
      hamster cells: effects of glutathione depletion.
AB  - Depletion of glutathione by pretreatment with buthionine sulphoximine greatly
      enhances the radiosensitizing efficiency of misonidazole in mammalian cells in
      vitro, but a similar effect has not yet been observed in vivo. In thiol-depleted
      V79 Chinese hamster cells and human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, physiological
      concentrations of ascorbate greatly reduce misonidazole radiosensitization,
      although there is little effect of ascorbate on misonidazole sensitization in
      untreated cells. The effect of ascorbate on misonidazole radiosensitization is
      not markedly dependent on the extracellular concentration of ascorbate; this may
      be explained by the non-equilibrium uptake of ascorbate at different
      extracellular concentrations. Failure to obtain a large enhancement of
      misonidazole radiosensitization as a result of buthionine sulphoximine treatment
      in vivo may be due, in part at least, to the presence of ascorbate.

PMID- 2902159
TI  - Misonidazole-induced radio-resistance in normal and preirradiated jejunal mucosa.
AB  - Pretreatment of mice with a single dose of whole-abdomen irradiation led to a
      relative decrease in radiosensitivity in jejunal crypts given a second single
      dose of irradiation 2 months later. Hyperbaric oxygen (3.5 bars) restored the
      survival level to initial values, suggesting that there was radiation-induced
      hypoxia in the primed jejunum. However, misonidazole did not sensitize primed
      jejunal crypts; it reduced the radiosensitivity of both normal and primed crypts.
      This 'paradoxical' effect of misonidazole could well be due to the acute toxic
      side-effects of 1 mg/g body weight misonidazole i.p., as there was a sharp drop
      in the core temperature of mice immediately after drug injection. Artificially
      maintaining the temperature of miso-treated animals at a normal level produced
      crypt survival levels similar to those of both normal controls and primed
      controls. Thus, although the primed gut is chronically hypoxic, as suggested by
      the effects of hyperbaric oxygen, misonidazole is not a reliable tool for the
      study of this tissue hypoxia. In all in vivo experiments with misonidazole, core
      temperature must be controlled in order to avoid misleading interpretations of
      experimental results.

PMID- 2902160
TI  - Cell survival characteristics of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line after
      photodynamic treatment: a comparison of Photofrin II and TPPS.
AB  - A comparison has been made of the in vitro light-activated drug cytotoxicities of
      two different porphyrin compounds, Photofrin II and TPPS4. An early passage human
      colon adenocarcinoma cell line, WiDr, has been exposed to either drug for 24 h,
      the excess drug washed from the cells and the cells irradiated with light using
      quartz-tungsten-halogen lamps. Neither light nor drug alone under the
      experimental conditions employed was toxic to WiDr cells. Together, considerable
      cytotoxicity could be seen and the shapes of the cell survival curves following
      exposure to either drug then irradiation with light, were similar. For equal
      amounts of drug in the medium, Photofrin II was a more efficient photosensitizer
      of WiDr cells than TPPS4, and differences in cellular uptake could only partly
      explain this. When the experimental procedure was changed by reducing the
      temperature of irradiation, a reduction in photosensitizing efficiency could be
      demonstrated. This was more pronounced for Photofrin II, and was seen as a change
      in the slope of the final portion of the survival curve; and as a change in the
      shoulder for TPPS4. Two different batches of the two drugs were compared and
      shown to give slightly different results for Photofrin II (change in shoulder)
      but not to differ for TPPS4.

PMID- 2902161
TI  - 31P NMR spectroscopy in vivo of two murine tumor lines with widely different
      fractions of radiobiologically hypoxic cells.
AB  - Energy and lipid metabolism as well as tumor pH in two murine tumor lines, the
      KHT and RIF-1 sarcomas, were studied using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Possible
      relationships between spectral parameters on the one hand and volume fraction of
      necrosis and fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells on the other were
      investigated. For both tumor lines the PCr and NTP beta resonances decreased and
      the Pi resonance increased significantly with increasing tumor volume in the
      volume range 100-4000 mm3. This decrease in bioenergetic status was accompanied
      by a decrease in tumor pH from about 7.2 to about 6.8. The NTP beta resonance and
      the tumor pH tended to be somewhat higher and the Pi resonance somewhat lower for
      the KHT than for the RIF-1 tumors. Linear relationships were found between tumor
      pH and Pi or (PCr + NTP beta)/Pi for both tumor lines (P much less than 0.05).
      The PME resonance increased slightly and the PDE resonance decreased slightly
      during tumor growth and were not significantly different for the KHT and the RIF
      1 tumors. The volume fraction of necrosis was about 5 per cent in both lines at a
      tumor volume of 100 mm3 and increased to about 30 per cent (KHT) and 50 per cent
      (RIF-1) at a tumor volume of 4000 mm3. The fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic
      cells was found to increase from 12 to 23 per cent for the KHT line and from 0.9
      to 1.7 per cent for the RIF-1 line when tumor volume was increased from about 200
      to about 2000 mm3. The volume-dependence of the 31P NMR spectral parameters
      indicated increased nutritional deprivation and development of hypoxia and
      necrosis during tumor growth, and was thus qualitatively in good agreement with
      the changes observed in necrotic and hypoxic fraction. However, quantitative
      relationships between any spectral parameter and necrotic or hypoxic fraction
      across tumor lines were not found, implying that other physiological parameters
      and/or cellular characteristics may contribute significantly to a 31P NMR tumor
      spectrum. Consequently, 31P NMR spectra of untreated tumors have to be
      supplemented with other tumor data, e.g. rate of oxygen consumption, cell
      survival time under hypoxic stress and/or fraction of metabolically active, non
      clonogenic hypoxic cells, to be useful in quantitative determination of tumor
      hypoxia and hence prediction of tumor radioresistance caused by hypoxia.

PMID- 2902162
TI  - Hyperthermic effects on DNA repair of UV-irradiated Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - DNA repair of a lower eukaryote, Dictyostelium discoideum, has been investigated
      through the analysis of heat effects on cell mortality and DNA repair of UV
      irradiated amoeboid cells. In a wild-type strain (NC4), an increase in
      temperature immediately after UV irradiation resulted in an increase in cell
      mortality, though similar heat treatment before UV irradiation had no such
      effect. Similar results were obtained in another wild-type strain, HPS83. In NC4,
      heat treatment after UV irradiation did not inhibit the nicking of DNA strands
      during excision repair processes, but did inhibit the rejoining of the DNA strand
      breaks. Removal of thymine-containing pyrimidine dimers from DNA molecules was
      also depressed by heat treatment after UV irradiation. In contrast, heat
      treatment before UV irradiation had no effect on any stage of the nicking
      process, the excision of the dimers or the rejoining. On the other hand, a
      radiation-sensitive mutant (TW8) defective in an incision step of the excision
      repair process did not show an increase in cell mortality in response to heat
      treatment administered either before or after UV irradiation. Though the optimum
      temperature for cell growth of the amoebae was 23 degrees C, the critical
      temperature for effective enhancement of cell killing was ca. 30 degrees C. Hence
      we assume that the excision repair of UV-damaged DNA is selectively sensitive to
      heat treatment.

PMID- 2902163
TI  - The one-cell mouse embryo: cell cycle-dependent radiosensitivity and development
      of chromosomal anomalies in postradiation cell cycles.
AB  - One-cell mouse embryos were irradiated with X-rays at different cell cycle
      stages. Examination of structural chromosomal anomalies and of micronucleus
      formation in postradiation mitoses and interphases demonstrated cell cycle
      dependent radiosensitivities in the order: late G2 phase greater than G1 phase
      greater than S phase greater than early G2 phase greater than stage of
      decondensing nuclei. Comparison of the quality and quantity of chromosomal
      aberrations from the first to the third mitosis led to the conclusion that new
      chromosomal anomalies were formed in the course of postirradiation cell cycles.
      This hypothesis was supported by an increasing number of micronuclei from 24 to
      48 h post-conception. In addition to structural chromosomal aberrations,
      radiation-induced chromosome loss was observed with a frequency that was
      obviously independent of the exposed cell cycle phase. Loss of acentric
      chromosome fragments and of single chromosomes contributed to the micronucleus
      formation.

PMID- 2902164
TI  - A quantitative assessment of changes in the dermal fibroblast population of pig
      skin after single doses of X-rays.
AB  - Investigations were carried out into the time- and dose-related changes in the
      density of fibroblasts in the dermis of irradiated pig skin. The time course of
      these changes in the density of fibroblast nuclei in the reticular dermis was
      studied from 6 to 104 weeks after irradiation with a single dose of 15.4 Gy of X
      rays. The largest decrease in the number of fibroblasts occurred between 12 weeks
      and 26 weeks after irradiation; after this time there was only a slight fall in
      the fibroblast number until 104 weeks when the observations ceased. At 26 weeks
      and later times after irradiation the reduction in the density of fibroblast
      nuclei in the reticular dermis was dose-dependent for single doses in the range
      8.0-20.7 Gy. The dose-response curve had an initial shoulder, after which the
      fall in the fibroblast nuclear density was linearly related to dose. Data
      obtained at other times, between 26 weeks and 104 weeks after irradiation, could
      be fitted by the same dose-response curve. The fall in the counts of fibroblast
      nuclei was compared with earlier studies in pig skin. The loss of fibroblasts
      occurred after an initial reduction in blood flow in the pig skin but was
      concomitant with the general reduction in dermal thickness.

PMID- 2902165
TI  - Techniques to measure DNA single-strand breaks in cells: a review.
AB  - Alkaline sucrose sedimentation was for a number of years the standard procedure
      for the measurement of single-strand breaks. Some years ago a number of new
      techniques with improved sensitivity were introduced. The following techniques
      are presented and discussed: alkaline unwinding, alkaline filter elution,
      nucleoid sedimentation, viscoelastometry, microelectrophoresis of single cells,
      DNA precipitation, pulse field gel electrophoresis, fluctuation spectroscopy and
      nick translation.

PMID- 2902166
TI  - Characterization of damage in gamma-irradiated and OsO4-treated DNA using
      methoxyamine.
AB  - Unlabelled and radiolabelled methoxyamine have been used to characterize DNA
      damage caused by gamma-rays or by the chemical reagent osmium tetroxide (OsO4).
      Both treatments introduce in DNA a number of methoxyamine-binding sites
      proportional to the dose. Whereas the number of these sites remains constant
      after the OsO4 treatment it increases during postirradiation incubation; the
      postirradiation appearance of methoxyamine-binding sites is enhanced by the
      presence of methoxyamine. OsO4 treatment and gamma-irradiation also induce the
      formation of alkali-labile sites in DNA. Whereas the number of these sites
      remains constant after OsO4 treatment, it increases during postirradiation
      incubation and an alkaline medium accelerates their formation. A fraction of the
      alkali-labile sites found in gamma-irradiated DNA is methoxyamine-labile; by
      contrast, the OsO4-treated DNA is stable in the presence of methoxyamine.

PMID- 2902167
TI  - Hydroxyl radical-induced strand break formation in single-stranded
      polynucleotides and single-stranded DNA in aqueous solution as measured by light
      scattering and by conductivity.
AB  - Combining conductivity measurements and molecular weight determination by means
      of low-angle laser light scattering, we have found for the polyribonucleotides
      (polyuridylic acid (poly(U], polyadenylic acid (poly(A], polycytidylic acid
      (poly(C] and polyguanylic acid (poly(G] and for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that,
      on average, 8.5 counterions per single-strand break (ssb) are liberated under
      salt-free conditions. This relationship allows us to estimate, from conductivity
      measurements alone, G-values of single-strand break formation (G(ssb] for the
      polydeoxyribonucleotides (polydeoxyriboadenylic acid (poly(dA],
      polydeoxyribocytidylic acid (poly(dC], polydeoxyribothymidylic acid (poly(dT],
      polydeoxyribouridylic acid (poly(dU] and polydeoxyriboguanylic acid (poly(dG].
      The following G(ssb) values (units of mumol J-1) have been obtained for anoxic
      conditions: poly(dA), 0.23; poly(dC), 0.14; poly(dT), 0.06; poly(dU), 0.046 and
      poly(dG), 0.009. Time-resolved conductivity measurements in pulse radiolysis
      enable us to measure the rate of strand break formation. The rate has been found
      to be similar for poly(dA) and ssDNA over a range of pH values. Poly(dC) and
      poly(dU) exhibit conductivity increase components with half-lives similar to
      those of poly(dA) and ssDNA at corresponding pH values. The implications of these
      results are discussed.

PMID- 2902168
TI  - Eluting solution composition affects DNA double-strand break analysis by filter
      elution.
AB  - The filter elution technique was used to assay for 137Cs-induced DNA double
      strand breaks (dsb) in V79 Chinese hamster cells. The elutions were performed
      using two different sets of lysing and eluting solutions at pH 7.2 and 9.6. The
      data agree with those of others who have demonstrated differences in elution
      profiles at pH 7.2 and 9.6. In addition, the data indicate that solution
      composition has a significant effect on elution.

PMID- 2902170
TI  - DNA double-strand break repair determines the RBE of alpha-particles.
AB  - Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) were studied in Ehrlich ascites
      tumour cells (EATC) by sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients at low
      centrifuge speed. Dsb induction was found to be linear with dose with a frequency
      of: ndsbmr-1D-1 = (11.7 +/- 2) x 10(-12)Gy-1 for 140 kV X-rays and ndsbmr-1D-1 =
      (19.1 +/- 4) x 10(-12)Gy-1 for 3.4 MeV 241Am-alpha-particles. Postirradiation
      incubation of cells under non-growth conditions leads to repair of dsb, reaching
      a maximum after trep = 24 h. More than 97 per cent of dsb were repaired after an
      X-ray dose of 25 Gy. The number of residual dsb was found to be a linear
      quadratic function of dose: nresmr-1 = (0.0161 +/- 0.0008) x 10(-12)Gy-2D2 for X
      rays and nresmr-1 = (1.2 +/- 0.7) x 10(-12)Gy-1D + (0.105 +/- 0.017) x 10(-12)Gy
      2D2 for alpha-particles. Thus, after cellular repair the RBE value of alpha
      particles was increased from RBE = 1.6 +/- 0.4 (induction of dsb) to a dose
      dependent value of RBE = 2.7 +/- 0.4 (at 100 Gy alpha-particles) to 3.8 +/- 1.2
      (at 10 Gy alpha-particles) for residual dsb. From the data presented it is
      concluded that residual dsb are a major cause for loss of the reproductive
      capacity of EATC after irradiation with X-rays as well as alpha-particles.

PMID- 2902169
TI  - The effect of modulators of radiation-induced G2 arrest on the repair of
      radiation-induced DNA damage detectable by neutral filter elution.
AB  - It has been suggested that radiation-induced G2-arrest is an extension of
      interphase to allow repair of DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) prior to mitosis.
      Cycloheximide blocks the repair of the lesions which result in radiation-induced
      G2 arrest. Caffeine and cordycepin reduce the duration of G2 arrest. All of these
      agents should therefore reduce the cell's ability to repair dsb. The influence of
      cycloheximide (50 micrograms/ml), caffeine (5 mM) and cordycepin (0.15 mM) on the
      repair of the damage detectable in DNA by neutral filter elution was determined.
      Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were irradiated with X-ray doses of 20, 60 and
      100 Gy then allowed to repair without drug treatment or in the presence of each
      drug for intervals up to 6 h. DNA damage repair proceeded in two phases. The fast
      component of the repair process (t1/2 approx. 7 min) was not modified by drug
      treatment; the slow component (t1/2 approx. 170 min) was unaffected by
      cycloheximide or cordycepin, but appeared to be inhibited by caffeine. It was
      concluded that: (a) the lesion which results in radiation-induced G2 arrest is
      not the lesion which is detectable by neutral filter elution, and (b) the
      influence of caffeine on dsb repair is specific to caffeine and is not mediated
      by a reduction in the duration of G2 arrest.

PMID- 2902172
TI  - Kinetics and mechanism of electron transfer between purines and pyrimidines,
      their dinucleotides and polynucleotides after reaction with hydrated electrons; a
      pulse radiolysis study.
AB  - The radical spectra of mixtures of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (TMP) or uridine 5'
      monophosphate (UMP) with adenine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) after hydrated electron
      attack, measured from 5 to 3000 microsecond after pulse radiolysis, can only be
      described in terms of the radical spectra of the nucleotides if an electron
      transfer is taken into account from the purine radical anion to the pyrimidine,
      resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine radical anion. From analysis of the
      spectra of the dinucleoside phosphates ApU, dApT and dCpdA after eaq- attack it
      follows that the electron-donating species is the purine radical anion (A-.)
      rather than the protonated purine radical. The electron transfer competes with
      the fast protonation of the purine radical anion: A-. + py----A + py.- and A-. +
      H2O in equilibrium AH. respectively. The electron transfer is found to have a
      diffusion-controlled reaction rate constant of approximately 1.2 X 10(10) for TMP
      and 3.5 X 10(9) dm3 mol-1 s-1 for UMP.

PMID- 2902171
TI  - Rate constants for the reactions of halogenated organic radicals.
AB  - Absolute rate constants have been measured by means of pulse radiolysis for the
      reactions of various halogenated aliphatic compounds (ethane derivatives,
      including the anaesthetics halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and methoxyflurane)
      with hydrated electrons and .OH radicals, the reactions of halogenated carbon
      centered radicals, derived thereby, with molecular oxygen, and the reactions of
      halogenated peroxyl radicals with various antioxidants (ascorbate,
      chlorpromazine, promethazine, propyl gallate, ABTS) in aqueous solutions. All
      oxygen addition reactions occur essentially diffusion-controlled. This finding is
      correlated with the stereoelectronic properties of the primary carbon-centred
      radicals. The oxidative power of the halogenated peroxyl radicals reflects the
      inductive -I effect of the halogens and accordingly increases with the degree of
      halogen substitution, with fluorine substituents being particularly effective.
      The peroxyl radicals derived from freon 113, namely CClF2CClFOO. and CCl2FCF2OO.,
      have been identified as the best oxidants among these species.

PMID- 2902175
TI  - Application of a freeze-thaw technique to studies of radiation-induced cell
      transformation.

PMID- 2902174
TI  - Membrane lipids of B16 melanoma cells and heat-resistant variants.
AB  - Membrane lipid composition and fluidity of a series of B16 melanoma cell variants
      with increased resistance to heat were analysed for changes within the lipid
      component that may contribute to the acquisition of heat resistance. Within one
      series of heat-resistant lines the cholesterol content of the cells decreased as
      their heat resistance increased. The most heat-resistant line, WH75, had 40 per
      cent less cholesterol than the parent line. No change in the composition of
      phospholipid fatty acids was found. An increased level of membrane fluidity in
      WH75 was demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance using 5- or 12-doxyl
      stearic acid. When challenged by heat the increase in membrane fluidity was
      similar for WH75 and for the parent line. Thus the increased heat resistance of
      the variants is probably not due to their ability to adapt to heat challenge by
      increasing membrane thermostability. The inverse relationship between heat
      resistance and cholesterol content was not demonstrated in two other series of
      heat-resistant variants. The cholesterol decrease, therefore, is not a universal
      response of cells as they acquire heat resistance.

PMID- 2902176
TI  - Netherlands, Belgian and Swedish Radiobiological Societies, Association for
      Radiation Research and Radiobiology, Committee of the British Institute of
      Radiobiology. Abstracts. Joint meeting. Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 18-20
      May 1988.

PMID- 2902173
TI  - The effect of artificially induced hyperglycemia on the radiation response of the
      Lewis lung and EMT6 tumor models.
AB  - The effect of hyperglycemia, induced by administration of glucose, on the
      radiation response of the Lewis lung and EMT6 tumor models has been evaluated.
      Neither acute (single i.p. injection of 8 mg/glucose) nor chronic (multiple i.p.
      injections of 6 mg/g glucose plus glucose in the water bottles) administrations
      of glucose increased the radiation response of either tumor. A combination of a
      single i.p. injection of glucose and a reduction of the O2 content of the
      inspired gas to 10 per cent did by itself reduce cell survival by 55-75 per cent
      in the EMT6 and 80-90 per cent in the Lewis lung carcinoma. However, this
      treatment had little effect on the shape of the radiation dose-response curve,
      and simply gave rise to a parallel shift of the survival curve, indicating that
      this treatment had little or no specificity for hypoxic cells.

PMID- 2902177
TI  - LY141865: a relatively selective DA2 agonist with complex ocular activity.
AB  - LY141865 (LY), an ergoline derivative, was investigated for ocular effects in
      rabbits and monkeys. LY lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) bilaterally in monkeys
      and rabbits, prevented the bilateral rise in IOP caused by oral waterloading in
      rabbits and slowed the rate of IOP recovery bilaterally in rabbits. The ocular
      hypotensive activity of LY in rabbits was inhibited by sympathectomy and
      pretreatment with sulpiride. Since LY has cardiovascular effects that are
      centrally mediated, ocular responses may also be mediated, in part, by an action
      in the CNS.

PMID- 2902178
TI  - Effect of antacid and H2 receptor antagonists on the intestinal absorption of
      folic acid.
AB  - Intestinal folic acid transport is a saturable process with a pH optimum of 5.5
      to 6.0. Because of the possible effects of antacids and acid-lowering drugs on
      the pH of the proximal small intestine, the influence of these drugs on folic
      acid absorption was studied by using tritium-labeled pteroylmonoglutamic acid
      (PGA) in 30 subjects (21 women, nine men) of 56 to 89 years of age. Both
      cimetidine and an antacid containing aluminum and magnesium hydroxide reduced
      folate absorption from a liquid formula meal (p less than 0.01, p less than
      0.001, respectively). Although ranitidine also caused a fall in folic acid
      absorption from the liquid meal, the change was not statistically significantly
      different from when PGA was given with the meal alone. Both histamine receptor
      antagonists tended to maintain a high intraluminal pH in the proximal small
      intestine after meals, which in part could explain the inhibition of folate
      absorption. However, neither drug was found to chemically interact with folic
      acid, and neither drug inhibited the dihydrofolate reductase. The antacid was
      found to precipitate folic acid at a pH of greater than 4.0, thus removing it
      from the aqueous phase. This appears to be the explanation for the lowered folate
      absorption in the presence of antacid. Although the effects of these drugs on
      reducing folic acid absorption were relatively small, such reductions could
      become clinically significant in chronic antacid or H2 receptor antagonist use or
      intensive antacid or H2 receptor antagonist use by individuals eating diets that
      are marginal in folate content.

PMID- 2902179
TI  - Localization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl CoA synthase in the rat liver and intestine is affected by
      cholestyramine and mevinolin.
AB  - In the normal fed rat, both 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase and
      HMG-CoA reductase are found in high concentrations in hepatocytes that are
      localized periportally. The majority of the liver cells show little or no
      evidence of either enzyme. Addition of cholestyramine and mevinolin to the diet
      resulted in all liver cells showing strong positive staining for both HMG-CoA
      reductase and HMG-CoA synthase. These two drugs increased the hepatic HMG-CoA
      reductase and HMG-CoA synthase activities 92- and 6-fold, respectively, and also
      increased the HMG-CoA reductase activity in intestine, heart, and kidney 3- to 15
      fold. We used immunofluorescence and avidin-biotin labeled antibody to localize
      HMG-CoA reductase in the rat intestine. In rats fed a normal diet, the most HMG
      CoA reductase-positive cells were the villi of the ileum greater than jejunum
      greater than duodenum. Crypt cells showed no evidence of HMG-CoA reductase.
      Addition of cholestyramine and mevinolin to the diet led to a dramatic increase
      in the concentration of HMG-CoA reductase in the apical region of the villi of
      the ileum and jejunum and in the crypt cells of the duodenum. Hence these two
      drugs affected both the relative concentration and distribution of intestinal HMG
      CoA reductase. Cholestyramine and mevinolin feeding induced in the liver, but not
      intestine, whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that were proximal to the
      nucleus and contained high concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase. Administration of
      mevalonolactone led to the rapid dissolution of the hepatic whorls within 15 min,
      at a time when there is little or no change in the mass of HMG-CoA reductase. We
      conclude that the whorls are present in the livers of rats fed cholestyramine and
      mevinolin because the cells are deprived of a cellular product normally
      synthesized from mevalonate.

PMID- 2902180
TI  - Serum proteinase inhibitors and glutamyl transferase in patients suffering from
      cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast and cervix.

PMID- 2902181
TI  - Clinical evaluation of serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in Thai patients with
      hepatic disease.

PMID- 2902182
TI  - Somatostatin levels and binding in duodenal mucosa of rabbits with ligation of
      the pancreatic duct.
AB  - Atrophy of the exocrine pancreas was induced in rabbits by pancreatic duct
      ligation. Somatostatin concentration and binding in cytosol from rabbit duodenal
      mucosa were studied after 6 and 14 weeks of pancreatic duct ligation.
      Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the duodenal
      mucosa in both periods. Scatchard analysis showed a parallel increase in the
      number of binding sites rather than a change in their affinity. The physiological
      significance of these findings remains to be clarified.

PMID- 2902183
TI  - Cellular induction of chronic allotype suppression of IgG2a in Ighb/b homozygous
      mice and its abrogation by in vivo treatment with anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We report here the successful induction of allotype suppression in homozygous
      Ighb/b mice (CB20 or C57BL/6) by neonatal injection of T splenocytes from Igha
      congenic sensitized mice (BALB/c or BC8, respectively). The sensitization of the
      T cell donors was achieved by two intravenous injections of B splenocytes from
      Ighb congenic mice. Treated homozygous Ighb/b mice developed, as of 16-24 wk of
      age, a chronic suppression of Igh-1b expression (IgG2a of Ighb haplotype). The
      other productions tested (IgM, IgD, and IgA) of Ighb haplotype were unaffected.
      In vivo treatment with cytotoxic anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 mAb of mice subjected to
      chronic Igh-1b suppression clearly showed that CD8+ lymphocytes (suppressor or
      cytotoxic cell) were essential for the maintenance of the suppression. The
      suppression was indeed abrogated after a 1-wk treatment with anti-CD8 mAb
      containing culture supernatant, whereas, the anti-CD4-treated mice continued to
      be subjected to suppression. This anti-CD8 in vivo treatment was shown to have no
      effect on thymus but to severely reduce the percentages of CD8+ cells in spleen
      and in peripheral blood without affecting the percentages of CD4+ cells, leading
      to a large and rapid Igh-1b expression (up to 0.5 mg per ml of serum, the day
      after the end of the treatment). This suppression abrogation, and thus the Igh-1b
      expression, was either transient or permanent. When it was transient, a second 1
      wk treatment with anti-CD8 mAb containing culture supernatant induced once again
      a rapid and significant production of Igh-1b (up to 0.3 mg of Igh-1b per ml of
      serum).

PMID- 2902185
TI  - Dissecting human T cell responses against Bordetella species.
AB  - To identify the minimal structures that may be important for the creation of a
      synthetic and/or recombinant vaccine against whooping cough, human T cell clones
      were obtained against Bordetella antigens. Cloned peripheral blood T lymphocytes
      from an immune donor were grown in IL-2 and tested for proliferation in response
      to inactivated Bordetella species (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B.
      bronchiseptica) and mutants deficient for the expression of virulence-associated
      antigens. All the T cell clones obtained were CD4+8- and recognized specifically
      the Bordetella antigens when presented by autologous B cells. On the basis of the
      responsiveness to the whole inactivated bacteria, it was possible to cluster the
      12 clones obtained into four groups with the following specificity: (1)
      filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA); (2) B. pertussis-specific antigens; (3)
      virulence-associated Bordetella-specific antigens; and (4) nonvirulence
      associated Bordetella-specific antigens. Using two new B. pertussis deletion
      mutants, clone 6 (representative of cluster 1) was found to recognize the COOH
      terminus of FHA. Furthermore, three out of four clones of cluster 3 were
      specifically stimulated by the soluble 69-kD protein from the outer membrane of
      B. pertussis. Surprisingly, none of the twelve clones obtained by stimulation in
      vitro with whole inactivated bacteria recognized pertussis toxin (PT), which is
      believed to be the most important protein to be included in an acellular vaccine.
      However, when a new generation of clones was obtained using soluble PT as the in
      vitro stimulus, it was observed that 11 clones of this group recognized this
      antigen. Thus, PT does not seem to be the most representative antigen on the
      whole inactivated bacteria, although T cell memory against PT exists in a donor
      who had the disease several years ago.

PMID- 2902184
TI  - Purification, characterization, and pathogenicity of Moraxella bovis pili.
AB  - Pilins composed of the alpha or beta pilins of Moraxella bovis strain Epp63 were
      purified, subjected to chemical or enzymatic cleavage, and the resulting
      fragments sequenced by automated Edman degradation. alpha Pilin was found to be a
      155-amino-acid polypeptide with a single intramolecular disulfide bridge. The
      beta pilin amino acid sequence substantiated the previously reported structure
      derived from the beta pilin gene DNA sequence, and indicated that the alpha and
      beta pilins of this strain are approximately 70% homologous. DNA hybridization
      studies of genomic DNA from the alpha- and beta-piliated variants of strain Epp63
      indicated that the expression of the two pilin types was governed by an
      oscillating mechanism of chromosomal rearrangement. The alpha and beta pili were
      evaluated serologically and found to exhibit approximately 50% shared
      antigenicity, indicating that regions of conserved and heterologous sequence
      specify both type-specific and crossreacting epitopes. The pathogenicity of the
      alpha- and beta-piliated variants was studied by ocular inoculation of calves
      eyes; beta-piliated organisms were significantly more infectious than alpha
      piliated organisms, indicating that beta pili confer, or are associated with, a
      relative advantage during the first stages of ocular infection. Preliminary
      analysis of other M. bovis strains suggests that each strain produces two types
      of pilin, and that this property may be characteristic of the species.

PMID- 2902188
TI  - Establishing paternity using minisatellite DNA probes when the putative father is
      unavailable for testing.
AB  - A paternity case involving a putative father who had died a few years earlier in
      an automobile accident was referred to the laboratory for testing. The child and
      his mother, the deceased's parents, and nine of the deceased's siblings were
      available for analysis. As previously reported, paternity testing using red blood
      cell groups, human leukocyte antigens (HLA), red blood cell enzymes, serum
      proteins, and immunoglobulin allotypes gave a cumulative paternity index of
      43,300 and a combined probability of paternity equal to 99.998%. RFLP analysis
      using Hinf I and Sau 3A single digests and the minisatellite deoxyribonucleic
      acid (DNA) probes 15.1.11.4 and 6.3 showed no exclusion of paternity and gave
      nearly conclusive evidence that the putative father was the biological father of
      the child.

PMID- 2902186
TI  - The V gamma locus of the human T cell receptor gamma gene. Repertoire
      polymorphism of the first variable gene segment subgroup.
AB  - Southern blot analysis using a genomic probe of the human TCR-gamma chain first
      variable gene subgroup (V gamma I) was performed on DNA samples from both parents
      of 36 healthy Caucasian families. Two types of polymorphisms were found in these
      72 unrelated DNA samples: three repertoire polymorphisms and two restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). In all cases, Mendelian inheritance of
      these polymorphisms was demonstrated. The most frequent repertoire polymorphism
      consists in the lack of the V gamma 4 and V gamma 5 segments. In 16% of
      chromosomes, the Eco RI and Taq I restriction fragments corresponding to V gamma
      4 and V gamma 5 were lacking, with no additional bands. In these cases, a
      decrease of 10 kb was observed in the Bam HI fragment containing all V gamma I
      segments as compared with samples containing V gamma 4-V gamma 5 segments. To
      better understand this polymorphism, which takes place in a previously
      incompletely defined region, the central part of the V gamma I region, including
      the polymorphic V gamma 4-V gamma 5 segments, was cloned. This allowed us to
      localize precisely the V gamma 5 segment and thus complete the description of the
      V gamma I region. A striking homology of DNA and deduced amino acid sequences is
      present between V gamma 2 and V gamma 4 and between V gamma 3 and V gamma 5, much
      higher than that observed between V gamma 2 and V gamma 3 and between V gamma 4
      and V gamma 5. The differences in nucleotide sequence occur mainly in the intron
      and three hypervariable regions. These results strongly suggest a gene
      duplication relationship between the segments V gamma 2-V gamma 3 and the
      segments V gamma 4-V gamma 5. The most frequent RFLP documented in this study is
      due to the combined absence of the Eco RI and the Taq I sites located in the
      noncoding region between V gamma 3 and V gamma 4. The haplotypic frequence of
      this RFLP is 6.9% of the general population. As the gamma/delta receptor may play
      an important role in immunological response, the biological relevance of the high
      degree of polymorphism occurring in the V gamma I region, as well as its possible
      association with some immune disturbances, should be further explored.

PMID- 2902189
TI  - Regulatory changes regarding physician's assistant clinical practice.

PMID- 2902187
TI  - Toxin, toxin-coregulated pili, and the toxR regulon are essential for Vibrio
      cholerae pathogenesis in humans.
AB  - Isogenic mutant strains of V. cholerae O1 lacking elements of a genetic regulon
      controlled by toxR and implicated in virulence were tested in volunteers. A
      deletion mutation in ctxA, the gene encoding the A subunit of cholera toxin,
      markedly attenuated disease symptoms without affecting intestinal colonization.
      Deletion of toxR, the gene encoding the cholera toxin-positive regulatory protein
      resulted in a diminution in colonizing capacity. A deletion mutation in tcpA,
      encoding the major subunit of the toxin coregulated pilus (regulated by toxR),
      abolished the colonizing capacity of this strain. These results show for the
      first time the role of a specific pilus structure in colonization of the human
      intestine by V. cholerae O1 and exemplify the significance of a genetic regulon
      in pathogenesis.

PMID- 2902190
TI  - Analysis of alkyl nitrites by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2902191
TI  - Antigenic relationship between hantaviruses analysed by immunoprecipitation.
AB  - Antigenic relationships between seven hantaviruses isolated in Sweden, Belgium,
      Korea, European U.S.S.R. and Asian U.S.S.R. were studied by
      radioimmunoprecipitation assays (RIPA) and indirect immunofluorescence tests
      (IFT). Animal immune sera and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
      patient sera from the above countries were used. The strains fell into three
      antigenic groups by both RIPA and IFT: nephropathia epidemica (NE)-type, Korean
      haemorrhagic fever (KHF)-type and urban rat-type. This antigenic grouping
      conforms to the clinical grouping of the respective HFRS patients. The major
      cross-reactive antigen between the antigenic groups was the nucleocapsid protein.
      Of the two viral glycoproteins, the G2 exhibited weak cross-reactivity between
      the groups, while the G1 protein appeared to be the least cross-reactive. Patient
      sera collected at different intervals after the onset of disease showed a marked
      difference in their capacity to immunoprecipitate the homologous viral
      glycoproteins, although by IFT all sera had high titres. Host species-related
      antibody response differences were found by both RIPA and IFT. Using patient
      sera, a one-way cross-reactivity was seen between the NE-type and the KHF-type
      viruses. However, animal immune sera clearly demonstrated a reciprocal cross
      reactivity between the two virus groups.

PMID- 2902192
TI  - Virus isolation and immune studies in a cohort of homosexual men.
AB  - Virus shedding was detected in 77% of homosexual subjects and in only 6% of
      heterosexual controls. The overall virus isolation rate in homosexual subjects
      was not significantly different among HIV-seropositive (79%) and HIV-seronegative
      (74%) individuals. In about 20% of homosexual subjects, virus shedding from
      multiple sites was observed. The most frequently isolated virus was
      cytomegalovirus (CMV) (41%), followed by enteroviruses (23%), herpes simplex
      virus (HSV) (7%), and adenoviruses (6%). In the control group, about 50% of
      subjects were seronegative for HSV-1 and 2, and about 70% were negative for CMV
      and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Only 2% of homosexuals were seronegative for CMV,
      about 5% for HSV-1 and 2, and about 20% for EBV. No differences were found in
      antibody levels against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) among the control and
      homosexual groups. The proportion of seronegatives for Coxsackie and hepatitis
      viruses was significantly higher in control than in homosexual subjects. However,
      no differences in the proportion of seronegatives for measles, mumps, and rubella
      were observed. No HIV-antibody-negative individual was detected with an OKT4/OKT8
      ratio of less than 0.75. On the other hand, only HIV-positive subjects, with a
      ratio of less than 0.75, had high serum IFN alpha titers. The results suggest
      that the high rate of virus shedding among HIV-negative homosexual subjects might
      be a factor in the development of AIDS in this high-risk population.

PMID- 2902194
TI  - Effect of taurine on neurotransmitter release from insect synaptosomes.
AB  - The effect of taurine on the release of [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACH) and [3H]gamma
      aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) from preloaded locust synaptosomes has been studied.
      Veratridine (100 microM) and K+ (100 mM) both evoked [3H]ACh release and this was
      reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by taurine (5, 10, and 20 mM). In
      contrast to this, veratridine induced no observable release of [3H]GABA, and the
      response to K+ was slight. In the presence of taurine, however, a concentration
      dependent enhancement of [3H]GABA release was observed. Since nipecotic acid (1
      mM), an inhibitor of neuronal GABA uptake, also revealed [3H]GABA release induced
      by veratridine, it is suggested that both this effect and that of taurine are due
      to prevention of GABA reuptake. These results suggest that taurine may act as a
      neuromodulator in insects.

PMID- 2902193
TI  - Neural and glial phenotypic expression by neural crest cells in culture: effects
      of control and presumptive aganglionic bowel from ls/ls mice.
AB  - The enteric nervous system is formed by cells that migrate to the bowel from the
      neural crest. Previous experiments have established that avian crest cells in
      vitro will colonize explants of murine bowel and there give rise to neurons. It
      has been proposed that phenotypic expression by the crest-derived precursors of
      enteric neurons and glia is critically influenced by the microenvironment these
      cells encounter within the gut. To test this hypothesis, quail crest cells were
      cocultured with explants of control or presumptive aganglionic bowel from the
      ls/ls mutant mouse, and the effects of the enteric tissue on five phenotypic
      markers of crest cell development were followed. Aganglionosis develops in the
      terminal region of the colon of the ls/ls mouse because viable crest-derived
      neural and glial precursors fail to colonize this tissue. Expression of the
      phenotypic markers in the cocultures was compared with that in cultures of crest
      alone, crest plus neural tube, and gut grown alone. The markers examined were
      melanogenesis and immunostaining with antisera to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the monoclonal antibodies, NC-1 and GlN1. Explants
      of control, but not presumptive aganglionic ls/ls gut were found to increase the
      incidence of the expression of 5-HT and NC-1 immunoreactivities; moreover,
      especially near the gut, the assumption of a neuronal morphology by 5-HT-, NC-1-,
      and GlN1-immunoreactive cells was also increased. Coincidence of expression of 5
      HT with NC-1 and GlN1 immunoreactivities was observed. The effect of the bowel
      was selective in that the expression of TH immunoreactivity, which is not a
      marker of mature enteric neurons, was reduced rather than enhanced. The effect of
      enteric explants on crest cell development was specific in that it was not
      mimicked by explants of metanephros, which inhibited expression of 5-HT
      immunoreactivity and the acquisition of a neuritic form by NC-1-immunoreactive
      cells. It is concluded that the enteric microenvironment affects the phenotypic
      expression of subsets of crest cells and that this action of the bowel is
      manifested in vitro. The inability of presumptive aganglionic gut from ls/ls mice
      to influence neural phenotypic expression may be due to the failure of this
      tissue to produce putative factor(s) required for the effect or to the inability
      of the crest-derived precursor cells to migrate into the abnormal enteric tissue.

PMID- 2902195
TI  - Long-term effects of RU24722 on tyrosine hydroxylase of the rat brain.
AB  - The effects of RU24722 (14,15-dihydro-20,21-dinoreburnamine-14-ol) on tyrosine
      hydroxylase in central catecholaminergic neurons were studied in rats treated
      with different quantities of the molecule, and a time course was done for the
      minimal dose that gave the maximal effect. RU24722 induced increases in tyrosine
      hydroxylase activities and specific protein content in noradrenergic cells of the
      locus ceruleus and decreased all these parameters in dopaminergic neurons of the
      substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. The results pointed out that the
      specific activity of newly synthesized tyrosine hydroxylase in the loci cerulei
      was potentially greater but was not expressed "in vivo" except 7 days after
      injection. The phenotypic specificity and the time course pattern of the action
      could be considered as a consequence of an induction mechanism. The comparison of
      long-term change in tyrosine hydroxylase values after piperoxane, RU24722,
      clonidine, and combined RU24722-clonidine treatment demonstrated that an
      activation during a few hours did not induce tyrosine hydroxylase in central
      noradrenergic neurons. Clonidine antagonized the activating effect of RU24722
      following its injection but did not affect its long-term induction properties.

PMID- 2902196
TI  - Effect of ischemia on the in vivo release of striatal dopamine, glutamate, and
      gamma-aminobutyric acid studied by intracerebral microdialysis.
AB  - We have previously described a marked attenuation of postischemic striatal
      neuronal death by prior substantia nigra (SN) lesioning. The present study was
      carried out to evaluate whether the protective effect of the lesion involves
      changes in the degree of local cerebral blood flow (ICBF) reduction, energy
      metabolite depletion, or alterations in the extracellular release of striatal
      dopamine (DA), glutamate (Glu), or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Control and SN
      lesioned rats were subjected to 20 min of forebrain ischemia by four-vessel
      occlusion combined with systemic hypotension. Levels of ICBF, as measured by the
      autoradiographic method, and energy metabolites were uniformly reduced in both
      the ipsi- and contralateral striata at the end of the ischemic period, a finding
      implying that the lesion did not affect the severity of the ischemic insult
      itself. Extracellular neurotransmitter levels were measured by microdialysis; the
      perfusate was collected before, during, and after ischemia. An approximately 500
      fold increase in DA content, a 7-fold increase in Glu content, and a 5-fold
      increase in GABA content were observed during ischemia in nonlesioned animals.
      These levels gradually returned to baseline by 30 min of reperfusion. In SN
      lesioned rats, the release of DA was completely prevented, the release of GABA
      was not affected, and the release of Glu was partially attenuated. However,
      excessive extracellular Glu concentrations were still attained, which are
      potentially toxic. This, taken together with the previous neuropathological
      findings, suggests that excessive release of DA is important for the development
      of ischemic cell damage in the striatum.

PMID- 2902197
TI  - Regulation of glutamate and aspartate release from slices of the hippocampal CA1
      area: effects of adenosine and baclofen.
AB  - Glutamate and/or aspartate is the probable transmitter released from synaptic
      terminals of the CA3-derived Schaffer collateral, commissural, and ipsilateral
      associational fibers in area CA1 of the rat hippocampal formation. Slices of the
      CA1 area were employed to test the effects of adenosine- and gamma-aminobutyrate
      (GABA)-related compounds on the release of glutamate and aspartate from this
      projection. Under the conditions of these experiments, the release of glutamate
      and aspartate evoked by 50 mM K+ was more than 90% Ca2+-dependent and originated
      predominantly from the CA3-derived pathways. Adenosine reduced the K+-evoked
      release of glutamate and aspartate by a maximum of about 60%, but did not affect
      the release of GABA. This action was reversed by 1 microM 8-phenyltheophylline.
      The order of potency for adenosine analogues was as follows: L-N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine greater than N6-cyclohexyladenosine greater than D-N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine approximately equal to 2-chloroadenosine greater than
      adenosine much greater than 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine. 8-Phenyltheophylline
      (10 microM) by itself enhanced glutamate/aspartate release, whereas dipyridamole
      alone depressed release. These results support the view that adenosine inhibits
      transmission at Schaffer collateral-commissural-ipsilateral associational
      synapses mainly by reducing transmitter release and that these effects involve
      the activation of an A1 receptor. Neither adenosine, L-N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine, nor 8-phenyltheophylline affected the release of
      glutamate or aspartate evoked by 10 microM veratridine. The differing effects of
      adenosine compounds on release evoked by K+ and veratridine suggest that A1
      receptor activation either inhibits Ca2+ influx through the voltage-sensitive
      channels or interferes with a step subsequent to Ca2+ entry that is coupled to
      the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in an obligatory fashion. Neither baclofen
      nor any other agent active at GABAB or GABAA receptors affected glutamate or
      aspartate release evoked by elevated K+ or veratridine. Therefore, either
      baclofen does not inhibit transmission at these synapses by depressing
      transmitter release or else it does so in a way that cannot be detected when a
      chemical depolarizing agent is employed.

PMID- 2902198
TI  - Astrocytes from forebrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord differ in their responses
      to vasoactive intestinal peptide.
AB  - Astrocytes from cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord responded to isoproterenol
      and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) with increases in intracellular cyclic
      AMP levels. The response to VIP was as great as that to isoproterenol in cortical
      astrocytes (180-fold and 185-fold, respectively), and the effect of VIP in
      combination with isoproterenol was partially additive. Spinal cord astrocytes
      also responded to VIP and isoproterenol with equal potency (seven- to ninefold
      and eight- to 13-fold, respectively), but the level of response was much smaller
      than in cortex. Spinal cord astrocytes were synergistic in their response to VIP
      and isoproterenol. The response to VIP was lowest in cerebellar astrocytes (only
      threefold), and no additivity was observed when VIP was added together with
      isoproterenol. A small response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha
      MSH) was also observed in cortex and cerebellum, but not in spinal cord.
      Somatostatin inhibited the response to isoproterenol in cortex and cerebellum,
      but had no effect in spinal cord. The results from the above study show that
      astrocytes obtained from these three regions of the rat CNS express quite
      different responses to VIP and alpha-MSH and further point to possible astrocyte
      heterogeneity.

PMID- 2902199
TI  - Cortical somatostatinergic system not affected in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
      diseases.
AB  - A reduction in the levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and
      somatostatin binding sites in the cerebral cortex has been previously reported to
      occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease with associated
      dementia. In the present study, the levels of both SLI and high affinity
      [3H]somatostatin binding sites have been measured in the frontal (Brodmann area
      9) and temporal (Brodmann area 21) cortices in patients with presenile and senile
      Alzheimer's disease, and in mentally normal and cognitively impaired cases of
      Parkinson's disease. The results were compared with those obtained from a group
      of normal patients matched for age and postmortem delay. No significant changes
      in SLI or somatostatin binding in the frontal and temporal cortex were found
      between any of the disease groups. These results suggest that involvement of the
      somatostatinergic system in AD or Parkinson's disease is not a consistent or
      primary neurochemical feature of these diseases.

PMID- 2902200
TI  - Sites of antagonist action on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors studied using
      fluctuation analysis and a rapid perfusion technique.
AB  - 1. Mouse hippocampal neurons in dissociated culture were grown at low density on
      previously plated hippocampal glial cell cultures and voltage clamped using the
      tight seal whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Flow pipes were used to rapidly
      exchange the extracellular solution, and to apply N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)
      and some NMDA antagonists. Fluctuation analysis was used to estimate changes in
      the behavior of NMDA-activated ion channels during application of antagonists. In
      the presence of NMDA control spectra were well fit by single Lorentzian functions
      consistent with mean open times of 5-6 ms. 2. Two antagonists thought to act at
      the NMDA receptor agonist recognition site, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5)
      and kynurenic acid, did not produce changes in the mean open time or single
      channel conductance, consistent with their action as competitive antagonists.
      Onset of antagonism and recovery from the action of both AP5 and kynurenic acid
      was rapid and complete within 1 s. However, raising the extra-cellular glycine
      concentration, from 1 microM to 1 mM, reduced the potency of 100 microM kynurenic
      acid as an NMDA antagonist, suggesting that kynurenate has an additional action
      as a competitive antagonist at the glycine modulatory site on NMDA receptor
      channels. 3. In the presence of 150 microM magnesium NMDA spectra recorded at -60
      mV were fit by double Lorentzian functions, consistent with single-channel events
      consisting of bursts of openings lasting 3.3 ms in duration, interrupted by
      blocking and unblocking events of average duration 0.18 ms. The onset and
      recovery from magnesium antagonism was rapid, and complete within 1 s, but was
      highly voltage dependent and at +40 mV magnesium (150 microM) failed to produce
      NMDA antagonism. These results are consistent with a voltage-dependent channel
      block of NMDA receptor channels produced by binding of magnesium to a site within
      the ion channel. 4. Zinc (30 microM) was a potent NMDA antagonist at both -60 and
      +40 mV, and at either potential appeared to reduce the mean open time of NMDA
      activated ion channels from about 5 ms to approximately 3 ms. Over the frequency
      range measured, 1-1,000 Hz, NMDA spectra were well fit by single Lorentzians
      during zinc antagonism, in contrast to results obtained with magnesium. The mean
      single channel conductance also decreased in the presence of zinc to
      approximately 75% of control. Onset of antagonism and recovery from the action of
      zinc was rapid and complete within 1 s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2902201
TI  - An iontophoretic study of single somatosensory neurons in rat granular cortex
      serving the limbs: a laminar analysis of glutamate and acetylcholine effects on
      receptive-field properties.
AB  - 1. Glutamate, acetylcholine (ACh), and bicuculline were delivered by
      iontophoretic pipettes to the 545 neurons described in the preceding paper. Their
      response properties were examined to determine the effect of these compounds on
      the behavior of neurons in rat somatosensory cortex. 2. The responses to
      glutamate covered a broad range. Some cells were completely depolarized by small
      amounts of this excitatory amino acid, whereas others were extremely insensitive
      requiring in excess of 100 nA to be excited. This range of sensitivities was seen
      throughout all cortical layers. 3. Glutamate was most effective in uncovering new
      receptive fields or in enhancing preexisting somatic responses in the bottom of
      layer II/III and in layer IV. Receptive fields uncovered by glutamate had
      properties comparable to receptive fields observed without drugs. Overall,
      glutamate enhanced the ability of afferent inputs to drive 39% of the neurons
      tested. 4. In 61% of the cells tested with glutamate there was no evidence of
      somatic input even during excitation with glutamate. Of 50 cells displaying
      receptive fields, only two were enlarged by treatment with glutamate. For 36
      other cells receptive fields of normal dimensions were uncovered during glutamate
      administration. 5. Bicuculline uncovered more somatic inputs than either
      glutamate or ACh, leaving only 37% of 86 cells tested without evidence of
      excitatory inputs from the skin. Bicuculline produced an average receptive-field
      enlargement of 8.7 times in 11 of 56 cells tested. This drug acted uniformly
      throughout the cortical layers. 6. ACh excited 36.9% of the 360 cells tested.
      Those excited tended to be located in laminae Vb and VIb. The effects of ACh on
      afferent response properties could not be predicted from its ability to excite a
      cell. The magnitude of the response to 100 nA of ACh varied with the laminar
      position of the cell being tested, being weakest in layer II/III and greatest in
      layer Vb. 7. Overall, 34.2% of 263 cells showed changes in afferent drive during
      ACh treatment. ACh enhanced the responses to somatic stimulation most frequently
      in laminae IV and V. 8. Of the 90 neurons tested for long-term effects, 27%
      displayed effects of ACh that significantly outlasted the duration of the ACh
      administration. In 18% of these, changes lasted for greater than 5 min, sometimes
      remaining altered for the duration of the time that the cell was studied. These
      long-term changes in excitability were generally produced by administration of
      ACh during the time that the cell was excited by glutamate or by somatic
      stimulation.

PMID- 2902202
TI  - Dopaminergic and indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells express GABA-like
      immunoreactivity in the cat retina.
AB  - Colocalization of indoleamine uptake and GABA-like immunoreactivity was studied
      in the cat retina. Consecutive, semithin sections were incubated in antisera to
      either 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) or GABA. More than 90% of all 5-HT-accumulating
      amacrine cells expressed GABA-like antigens. With the same approach, the
      colocalization of 5-HT uptake and GABA-like immunoreactivity was studied in
      rabbit and 75-80% of the 5-HT-accumulating amacrine cells expressed GABA-like
      immunoreactivity, thus confirming a previous study (Osborne and Beaton, 1986).
      Since, in both cat and rabbit, endogenous 5-HT could not be found by
      immunocytochemistry, one must consider the possibility that some GABAergic
      amacrine cells take up indoleamines. In the cat retina, antibodies against
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) label dopaminergic amacrine cells (Oyster et al.,
      1985). By incubating consecutive, semithin sections in antisera to either TH or
      GABA, it was found that 84% of the dopaminergic amacrine cells also expressed
      GABA-like immunoreactivity. GABA-like immunoreactivity and 3H-muscimol uptake
      were found to be colocalized in more than 90% of the amacrine cells labeled.
      However, dopaminergic amacrine cells did not accumulate 3H-muscimol. Evidence is
      presented from colocalization studies for 2 types of interplexiform cell in the
      cat retina. One is stained by GABA-like immunocytochemistry and by 3H-muscimol
      uptake. The other is the dopaminergic amacrine cell, which also expresses GABA
      like immunoreactivity, but does not accumulate 3H-muscimol.

PMID- 2902203
TI  - NMDA- and non-NMDA-receptor components of excitatory synaptic potentials recorded
      from cells in layer V of rat visual cortex.
AB  - The pharmacological properties of excitatory synapses on pyramidal cells in layer
      V of rat visual cortex were investigated by recording EPSPs intracellularly in
      tissue slices. The EPSPs were evoked by electrically stimulating cells in layer
      II/III or axons in white matter. All of the layer V neurons were pyramidal in
      nature as determined by injections of Lucifer yellow or by electrophysiological
      criteria. Application of the broadly acting antagonists kynurenic acid and gamma
      D-glutamylglycine reversibly antagonized the EPSPs from both presynaptic sources
      in a dose-dependent manner: 1 and 5 mM kynurenic acid produced 63 and 79%
      reductions, respectively, of control responses. The specific NMDA antagonist APV
      (50 microM) caused a small reduction in peak amplitude and a more significant
      reduction in the duration of the falling phase of EPSPs. When slices were bathed
      in Mg2+-free medium, the amplitude of the EPSP increased substantially. Under
      these conditions APV reduced the size of the EPSP to that observed with APV in
      the presence of 1 mM Mg2+. The voltage sensitivities of the APV-sensitive and APV
      insensitive components of the layer II/III-evoked EPSPs were examined. The APV
      insensitive component was not voltage dependent and had an extrapolated reversal
      potential of -10 mV. In contrast, the APV-sensitive component showed an NMDA-like
      voltage dependency; it was greatest at the most positive potentials tested (-45
      mV) and nearly absent at membrane potentials below rest. At potentials near
      threshold, the APV-sensitive component contributed approximately half of the
      total response. Although the time to peak and decay were longer for the APV
      sensitive component, the latency was the same as that of the APV-insensitive
      component. These results provide evidence that the layer II/III to V pathway,
      which comprises a major interlaminar circuit in cortex, is mediated directly
      through NMDA as well as non-NMDA receptors located on the layer V cells. This
      finding has implications for the role of this circuit in cortical visual
      plasticity.

PMID- 2902204
TI  - Methodology and dosimetry in adrenal medullary imaging with iodine-131 MIBG.
AB  - Iodine-131 MIBG scans were performed in 59 patients in order to localize intra-
      or extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas (pheos), or to visualize hyperplastic adrenal
      medulla. Images were obtained from the pelvis to the base of the skull on Days 1,
      4, and 7 after tracer injection. The 15 patients with histopathologic
      confirmation of adrenal medullary disease had positive scans. In three of these,
      the pheos were visible only on images obtained on Day 7. One scan was false
      negative. After excluding patients with a predisposition to adrenal medullary
      disease, nine subjects (28%) without verification of pheo displayed adrenal
      uptake of the radionuclide. Late images produce a low rate of false-negative
      scans; the background activity diminishes and even small pheos can be detected.
      In order to increase the quality of late images, 40 MBq [131I]MIBG was used
      instead of 20 MBq. The dosimetric considerations are discussed.

PMID- 2902205
TI  - An adolescent with intermittent headache, transient hemiparesis, and urinary
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2902206
TI  - Intraabdominal testis with yolk sac tumor in a 2-year-old child.
AB  - A case of a large yolk sac tumor in an undescended testicle in a 2-year-old child
      is presented. No such similar finding has been reported in a young child. Despite
      the large size of the primary tumor, the high level of serum alpha-fetoprotein
      and the relatively late clinical presentation, this was a stage I lesion, and the
      child responded to surgical resection of the tumor and chemotherapy.

PMID- 2902207
TI  - Studies on improved corneal permeability to bunazosin.
AB  - Various factors influencing corneal permeability to bunazosin were investigated.
      The permeability of the cornea to bunazosin increased with increasing pH, either
      in the presence or absence of caprylic acid; the permeability to bunazosin and
      the partition of bunazosin were both enhanced by caprylic acid and both
      enhancements became maximal when the molar ratio of bunazosin: caprylic acid
      became unity; the permeability to methylparaben, a non-ionic permeant, was not
      increased by caprylic acid or capric acid and the permeability was not increased
      by the pretreatment of the cornea with caprylic acid. Furthermore, protein
      bunazosin interaction was not affected by caprylic acid. The present results
      suggest that the enhancement of permeability caused by caprylic acid is
      attributable only to the increased partition of bunazosin to the corneal
      membrane.

PMID- 2902208
TI  - Production of leukotrienes from mouse peritoneal macrophages by treatment with a
      neutral subfraction of bakers' yeast mannan.
AB  - We concluded that a neutral subfraction of mannan from bakers' yeast
      (Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type strain), abbreviated as WNM, was able to
      induce the release of leukotrienes from mouse peritoneal macrophages (M phi). The
      culture supernatant fluid of M phi from normal mice cultured with WNM caused a
      marked contraction of guinea pig ileum. This activity was inhibited by
      pretreatment of M phi with inhibitor of phospholipase A2 or lipoxygenase before M
      phi were treated with WNM, and by treatment of the incubation bath with a slow
      reacting substance antagonist, FPL55712. On the other hand, pretreatment of M phi
      with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor potentiated contractile response of ileum by
      culture supernatant fluid of M phi. A high performance liquid chromatographic
      analysis of a culture supernatant fluid of M phi treated with WNM demonstrated
      the presence of leukotrienes C4 and D4, and their related compounds.

PMID- 2902209
TI  - Evidence for heterogeneity between pre- and postjunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors
      using 9-substituted 3-benzazepines.
AB  - A series of alpha adrenoceptor antagonists, including both reference compounds
      and the novel benzazepine antagonists, SK&F 86466 (6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3
      methyl-1H-3-benzazepine) and two of its 9-substituted derivatives, SK&F 101253
      and SK&F 104078, were tested in vitro for affinity at central and peripheral
      alpha adrenoceptor subtypes. Peripheral alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist potency
      of these agents, as assessed by the receptor dissociation constant (KB) against
      norepinephrine-induced contraction in the rabbit aorta, correlated with the Ki
      value for inhibition of [3H]prazosin binding to central alpha-1 adrenoceptors in
      rat brain homogenates. Central alpha-2 adrenoceptor affinity, measured as the Ki
      for inhibition of [3H]rauwolscine binding to rat brain homogenates, correlated
      well with antagonist activity at peripheral postjunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors
      as reflected by the KB against B-HT 920-induced contraction in canine saphenous
      vein. The 9-substituted benzazepines, SK&F 101253 and SK&F 104078, produce
      preferential blockade of postjunctional vs. prejunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors
      in peripheral models. The high affinity of SK&F 104078 for postjunctional alpha-2
      adrenoceptors in the canine saphenous vein was confirmed by its ability to
      inhibit [3H]rauwolscine binding to postjunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors in this
      tissue. The observation that the Ki values for these antagonists against [3H]
      rauwolscine binding correlate with their KB values at the postjunctional alpha-2
      adrenoceptors, rather than those at the prejunctional neuroinhibitory alpha-2
      adrenoceptor, suggests a pharmacologic similarity between the postjunctional
      vascular alpha-2 adrenoceptors and the central [3H]rauwolscine binding
      site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902210
TI  - Characterization of hydrolysis of [leu]enkephalin and D-ala2-[L-leu]enkephalin in
      rat plasma.
AB  - Based on differences in total metabolite accumulation in the presence or absence
      of selective peptidase inhibitors, rat plasma is found to have its own unique
      pattern of enkephalin hydrolysis. Approximately 85-90% of the hydrolysis of
      [leu]enkephalin is attributed to the combined action of aminopeptidase M and
      angiotensin converting enzyme, whereas "enkephalinase" and aminopeptidase MII
      activity against [leu]enkephalin are not detectable. Similarly, 80-90% of the
      hydrolysis of D-ala2-[L-leu] enkephalin (DALLE) is due to the combined action of
      aminopeptidase M and angiotensin converting enzyme, whereas aminopeptidase MII
      and enkephalinase activity against this substrate also could not be detected.
      This is in contrast to the high susceptibility to hydrolysis by enkephalinase,
      and the low susceptibility to aminopeptidase activity, for DALLE in brain tissue.
      Among other alternatives, it is suggested that enkephalin hydrolysis in plasma
      may appear to be unique because of differences in enzyme conformation and/or the
      availability of a substance(s) that competes with, or alters the binding of,
      [leu] enkephalin, DALLE or the inhibitors to the enzymes.

PMID- 2902211
TI  - Selective vulnerability of glutathione metabolism and cellular defense mechanisms
      in rat striatum to manganese.
AB  - The present findings provide experimental evidence for the hypothesis that
      compromised cellular defense mechanisms, i.e., glutathione (GSH), GSH-peroxidase
      and catalase in the brain may be involved in neuronal degeneration caused by
      manganese (Mn) neurotoxicity. Moreover, data are presented demonstrating that the
      striatum is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of Mn.
      Specifically, exposure to subchronic MnCl2 produced significant reductions in GSH
      peroxidase activity in the cytosol and mitochondrial fractions of the whole brain
      and the striatum. The decrease in GSH-peroxidase was most pronounced in the
      mitochondrial fraction of the striatum where the activity was reduced to 35% of
      the control. Catalase activity was also decreased in the striatum of rats treated
      with Mn but not in the whole brain. GSH content was markedly depleted (20% of the
      control) in the striatum, although only modestly decreased in whole brain (80% of
      the control). The alterations in the above parameters were accompanied by
      depletion of dopamine and dopamine metabolites in the striatum. The treatment of
      rats with Mn also decreased the activity of oxidized glutathione-reductase; the
      same treatment increased the activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. The
      activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase was not altered by Mn. The possible
      relevancy of the findings of this study to understanding the mechanism of Mn
      neurotoxicity of dopamine systems is discussed.

PMID- 2902212
TI  - Phorbol ester-induced modulation of agonist binding to alpha-1 adrenergic
      receptors in bovine aortic membranes.
AB  - Effects of the protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester, phorbol dibutyrate
      (PDBu) on the binding behavior of the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor were determined
      from radioligand binding assays at 25 and 2 degrees C. Membranes prepared from
      PDBu-treated bovine aorta exhibited a 16% reduction in [3H]prazosin binding
      capacity, whereas [3H]prazosin affinity was unchanged. This may reflect a role
      for protein kinase C-mediated receptor phosphorylation in determining receptor
      turnover and surface density. After PDBu treatment, the affinity of epinephrine
      for [3H]prazosin sites was altered in two respects. Control membranes exhibited
      both high and low affinity epinephrine binding (KDH, 20 nM; KDL, 1086 nM)
      whereas, PDBu-treated membranes exhibited only a single class of low affinity
      sites (KDL, 655 nM). The inclusion of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate caused the loss
      of high affinity sites in control membranes but had no effect on PDBu-treated
      membranes (KDL, 681 nM). Thus, protein kinase C blocks the ability of the agonist
      receptor complex to couple to a GTP binding regulatory protein. In binding
      studies conducted at 2 degrees C epinephrine also bound to high (KDH, 34 nM) and
      low affinity (KDL, 1920 nM) sites although the percentage of high affinity sites
      was higher (percentage of RH, 80) than at 25 degrees C (percentage of RH, 19).
      PDBu-treated membranes also exhibited two agonist affinity states in 2 degrees C
      studies although affinity was slightly reduced (KDH, 74 nM; KDL, 2405 nM). 5'
      Guanylylimidodiphosphate was without effect at 2 degrees C. These results
      indicate that a high affinity agonist binding state can still be achieved after
      PDBu treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902213
TI  - LY 83583 interferes with the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and
      inhibits soluble guanylate cyclase.
AB  - LY 83583 (6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione) has been reported to lower intracellular
      cyclic GMP by an unknown mechanism. The objective of the present study was to
      investigate the effect of LY 83583 on different types of vasorelaxation and to
      study its mechanism of action. Low concentrations of LY 83583 (less than or equal
      to 0.1 microM) inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxations of rabbit aortic
      strips induced by acetylcholine or by the calcium ionophore A23187. Higher
      concentrations (greater than or equal to 0.3 microM) were required to produce
      partial inhibition of relaxation to sodium nitroprusside and glyceryl trinitrate.
      Cyclic AMP-mediated relaxations, induced by isoprenaline or forskolin, were not
      affected by LY 83583 (10 microM). The site of interference of LY 83583 with
      endothelium-dependent relaxation was examined with endothelium-derived relaxing
      factor (EDRF) released from cultured endothelial cells that were grown on
      microcarrier beads and stimulated by superfusion with ATP or thimerosal. EDRF in
      the superfusate was detected by endothelium-denuded segments of rabbit femoral
      artery, which responded with dilation and, simultaneously, by purified soluble
      guanylate cyclase (GC) in test tubes, which was activated by EDRF. When LY 83583
      was added to the glutathione-containing GC-assay or to the superfusate from
      cultured endothelial cells, it did not affect stimulation of soluble GC by EDRF
      but it slowly reversed the dilator response of the arterial detector segment.
      Superfusion of cultured endothelial cells with LY 83583 (1 microM), rapidly and
      reversibly inhibited EDRF release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902214
TI  - Characteristics of somatostatin desensitization in the pituitary tumor cell line
      AtT-20.
AB  - The molecular mechanisms of somatostatin (SRIF) desensitization were investigated
      in the anterior pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20. Previous studies have shown
      that pretreatment of AtT-20 cells with SRIF analogs desensitizes the cells to
      SRIF inhibition of hormone release, cyclic AMP formation and calcium influx. This
      desensitization may involve a change in the properties of the SRIF receptors.
      Pretreatment of AtT-20 cells with Trp8-SRIF reduced the binding of the SRIF
      analog [125I]CGP 23996 (des-Alal, Gly2-[desamino-Cys3, Tyr11]-3, 14
      dicarbasomatostatin) to AtT-20 cell membranes. The loss of [125I]CGP 23996
      binding was dependent on the time of Trp8-SRIF treatment and was reversible. The
      ability of GTP analogs to inhibit [125I]CGP 23996 binding was reduced after Trp8
      SRIF treatment, suggesting that the SRIF receptor and the inhibitory G proteins
      become uncoupled during desensitization. This is indicated further by the
      decrease in SRIF stimulation of GTPase activity and SRIF inhibition of forskolin
      stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in desensitized membranes. The reduction and
      recovery of SRIF inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity after Trp8-SRIF
      pretreatment has a similar time course as the changes in [125I]CGP 23996 binding.
      GTP inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity is also reduced
      in SRIF-desensitized membranes. The loss of the GTP effect occurs rapidly and
      does not fully recover after Trp8-SRIF pretreatment. The levels of ADP
      ribosylation of inhibitory GTP binding protein, the relative quantity of the
      alpha subunits of the inhibitory G proteins and their electrophoretic mobility
      after 2-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis, are not altered in SRIF
      desensitized membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902215
TI  - Role of endogenous dopamine in the central serotonergic deficits induced by 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
AB  - Similar to other amphetamine analogs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA,
      "ecstasy"), a currently popular illicit drug, has been characterized recently as
      a serotonergic neurotoxin due to its ability to cause long-lasting deficits in
      markers of central serotonergic function in animals. Because the serotonergic
      toxicity associated with the MDMA analog methamphetamine has been linked
      previously to endogenous dopamine and because MDMA, like methamphetamine, elicits
      pronounced dopamine release in vitro, we have examined the role of endogenous
      dopamine in both the immediate (3 hr) and longer-term (3 days) central
      serotonergic deficits induced by systemic MDMA administration to rats. Depletion
      of central dopamine content with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or reserpine, or
      selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopamine projections with bilateral 6
      hydroxydopamine-induced substantia nigral lesions, partially blocked the
      immediate MDMA-induced reduction in rat striatal tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)
      activity. In addition, the longer-term TPH deficits caused by a high single dose
      of MDMA were completely prevented by prior alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or reserpine,
      and attenuated significantly by inhibition of dopamine uptake with the selective
      dopamine-uptake blocker GBR 12909. These results implicate endogenous drug
      released dopamine as a partial mediator of the initial decrease in TPH activity
      caused by MDMA and as an important prerequisite to the development of long-term
      MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Potential mechanisms of dopamine-mediated toxicity
      are discussed.

PMID- 2902216
TI  - Characterization and function of bradykinin receptors in vascular endothelial
      cells.
AB  - One of many important roles of the naturally occurring nonapeptide bradykinin
      (BK) is the modulation of vascular tone. As endothelial cells may play vital
      roles in the physiology of vascular tissues, it is important to understand the
      interaction of this peptide with endothelial cells. By using radiolabeled BK we
      have demonstrated for the first time BK specific binding sites in membranes of
      bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. There are two types of receptors shown
      in binding assay: one with a saturable, high-affinity binding (Kd = 1.28 +/- 0.21
      nM, maximum binding = 111.4 +/- 12.0 fmol/mg) and the other with not readily
      saturable, low-affinity binding. The activation of BK receptors on bovine
      pulmonary artery endothelial cells is assessed by two functional assays, namely,
      the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and the elevation of cytosolic
      calcium. The characteristics of the BK receptors in both binding and functional
      assays indicate that the high-affinity binding is to B2 receptors and the low
      affinity binding is to B1 receptors on the cells. Thus, high-affinity binding is
      blocked by B2 antagonists, D-Arg[Hyp3, thienylalanine5,8,D-Phe7]-BK and
      [thienylalanine5,8, D-Phe7]-BK and low-affinity binding is blocked by B1
      antagonist des-Arg9[Leu8]-BK. The elevation of intracellular calcium and the
      release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in response to BK in endothelial
      cells is predominately through B2 receptor activation. The ability to subtype BK
      receptors in endothelial cells may facilitate the understanding of the vascular
      functions of BK and the potential design of drugs to regulate these functions.

PMID- 2902217
TI  - The effect of potassium on exocytosis of transmitter at the frog neuromuscular
      junction.
AB  - 1. Electrophysiology and morphology have been combined to investigate the time
      course of the exocytosis of quanta of neurotransmitter induced by elevated
      concentrations of K+ at the frog neuromuscular junction. 2. Replicas of freeze
      fractured resting nerve terminals fixed in the presence of 20 mM-K+ showed images
      of fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic axolemma which were closely
      associated with the active zones. After 1 min in 20 nM-K+ fusions appeared also
      outside the active zones, and by 5 min they became uniformly distributed over the
      presynaptic membrane. 3. The average total density of fusions was not
      significantly different at the various times examined since it decreased at the
      active zones while it increased over the rest of the membrane. 4. Resting
      terminals fixed in 20 mM-K+ released 33,000-45,000 quanta after the addition of
      fixative; terminals stimulated by 20 mM-K+ for 1-5 min released 50,000-100,000
      quanta during fixation. The fixative potentiated K+-induced transmitter release.
      5. Fusions were uniformly distributed in terminals pre-incubated for 5 min in 20
      mM-K+ without added Ca2+, stimulated by adding Ca2+ for 30 s, and then fixed.
      Conversely, after 5 min stimulation in hypertonic Ringer solution fusions
      remained predominantly located near the active zones. A similar distribution was
      observed after 15 min stimulation by a lower concentration of K+ (15 mM). 6. At
      all concentrations of K+ tested (10, 15, 20, 25 mM) miniature end-plate potential
      (MEPP) rate attained a steady-state value within 10-15 min. Values from a single
      junction were generally lower at higher concentrations of K+, which indicates
      partial inactivation of the secretion-recycling process. 7. The data indicate
      that K+ initially activates exocytosis at the active zones. Subsequently, ectopic
      exocytosis is activated while sites at the active zones appear to undergo partial
      inactivation. These phenomena are not related to the intensity or to the amount
      of previous secretion.

PMID- 2902218
TI  - Extrinsic and intrinsic neural control of pyloric sphincter pressure in the dog.
AB  - 1. In chloralose-urethane-anaesthetized dogs a manometric assembly was inserted
      via a gastrostomy to monitor pyloric pressure with a sleeve sensor. Antral and
      duodenal contractions were monitored with both manometric side holes and serosal
      strain gauges. 2. Subserosal silver wire electrodes were placed in the antrum 5
      cm orad and the duodenum 3 cm aborad to the pylorus to facilitate field
      stimulation of intramural nerves. 3. The pylorus exerted spontaneous tone (10.8
      +/- 4.8 mmHg) with phasic contractions occurring at a rate varying from 1-5 min-1
      and, at times, with a superimposed higher frequency up to 15 min-1. Atropine (30
      micrograms kg-1 I.V. and 10 micrograms I.A.) reduced and tetrodotoxin (50-100
      micrograms I.A.) enhanced the phasic activity significantly. 4. Bilateral
      cervical vagal section had no consistent influence on pyloric motility. 5.
      Stimulation of the distal ends of the cervical vagal nerves at low frequencies
      (0.2-0.5 Hz, 1-3 ms, 20 V) induced phasic pyloric contractions, which were
      abolished by atropine or hexamethonium (10 mg kg-1 I.V. and 1 mg I.A.). Higher
      frequencies (greater than 0.7 Hz) of stimulation inhibited both phasic and tonic
      contractions and this inhibition was unaffected by atropine, hexamethonium,
      phentolamine (1.5 mg kg-1 I.V. and 100 micrograms I.A.) or propranolol (1 mg kg-1
      I.V. and 100 micrograms I.A.). All neural responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin
      (50-100 micrograms I.A.). 6. Duodenal field stimulation (0.2-5 Hz, 0.5 ms, 40 V)
      induced strong phasic and tonic contractions in the pylorus. This excitation was
      blocked by atropine, hexamethonium, tetrodotoxin (50-100 micrograms I.A.) or
      duodenal transection orad to the stimulating electrodes. 7. Antral field
      stimulation (0.5-1 Hz, 0.5 ms, 40 V) completely abolished phasic activity in the
      pylorus and reduced tonic activity, regardless of whether the contractile
      activity was spontaneous or induced by neural stimulation. This inhibitory action
      was unaffected by atropine, hexamethonium or propranolol but was blocked by
      tetrodotoxin and antral transection aborad to the stimulating electrodes.
      Phentolamine attenuated the inhibitory effect of antral field stimulation on
      pyloric motility. 8. It is concluded that the distal canine pylorus exhibits
      myogenic tone and phasic activity which is modulated by extrinsic and intrinsic
      nerve pathways. Vagal nerves contain fibres, activated by different stimulus
      parameters which can either excite or inhibit pyloric activity. Activation of
      antral nerves inhibits pyloric activity, with both non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic and phentolamine-sensitive pathways contributing to this inhibitory
      response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2902219
TI  - Prolonged nerve stimulation causes changes in transmitter release at the frog
      neuromuscular junction.
AB  - 1. Synaptic transmission in the two cutaneus pectoris muscles of frog was
      compared after prolonged unilateral nerve stem stimulation in vivo via surface
      electrodes. 2. In Mg2+-blocked preparations at 2 Hz stimulation the mean number
      of quanta released per impulse (m) was significantly lower in the stimulated
      muscles. On average, m was reduced to 53% (range 31-74%) of the values in control
      muscles. 3. Similarly, in curare-blocked preparations end-plate potential (EPP)
      amplitudes in the stimulated muscles were reduced to 30-92% (average 63%) of the
      control values, while no differences in muscle fibre diameter and resting
      potential were detectable. 4. In most muscles plateau values after tetanic
      stimulation at 40 Hz for 2 s were also smaller in the stimulated muscles.
      Compared to the first EPP in the train, however, plateau values were less
      depressed in stimulated than in unstimulated muscles. Also facilitation, i.e. the
      amplitude ratio of the largest versus the first EPP was more pronounced in
      stimulated muscles. 5. No effects of stimulation were noticed in four winter
      frogs, in which transmitter release is depressed due to seasonal factors. 6. It
      is concluded that prolonged nerve stimulation can cause under certain conditions
      profound depression of transmitter release with changes in facilitation and
      depression.

PMID- 2902221
TI  - Time course of transmitter action at the sympathetic neuroeffector junction in
      rodent vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. Transmitter release from sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals
      innervating the guinea-pig and mouse vas deferens and the rat tail artery has
      been studied in vitro by focal extracellular recording with particular emphasis
      on the time course of transmitter action underlying the intracellular potential
      changes. 2. In the absence of stimulation, spontaneous excitatory junction
      currents (SEJCs) were recorded with amplitudes up to 500 microV and durations
      between 40 and 100 ms. SEJCs were unaffected by the competitive alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin but blocked by alpha, beta-methylene ATP which
      desensitizes P2-purinoceptors. 3. During trains of supramaximal stimuli at 0.1-4
      Hz stimulus locked excitatory junction currents (EJCs) were evoked intermittently
      from the population of varicosities located under the suction electrode. 4. SEJCs
      were similar in amplitude and time course to EJCs evoked by low-frequency
      stimulation in the same attachment in all three tissues. 5. SEJCs recorded using
      either a conventional AC amplifier or a patch clamp amplifier had the same time
      course. 6. These studies show that the time course of the current underlying the
      excitatory junction potential is brief and essentially the same in three
      different tissues. The prolonged time course of the excitatory junction potential
      in different tissues can be accounted for by the passive membrane properties.

PMID- 2902220
TI  - Quantal secretion at release sites of nerve terminals in toad (Bufo marinus)
      muscle during formation of topographical maps.
AB  - 1. The number of quanta secreted from selected sites along terminal branches at
      suppressed synapses in the developing toad (Bufo marinus) gluteus muscle has been
      determined. The topographical projection from segmental nerves 8 and 9 to the
      ventral surface of this muscle matures slowly as toads develop in size from 12 to
      40 g. Terminal branches of nerves 8 and 9 were visualized by prior staining with
      the fluorescent dye, 3-3-diethyloxardicarbocyanine iodide (DiOC2(5]. 2. The
      evoked quantal release recorded with an extracellular electrode (m(e) at
      different positions along the length of terminal branches at synaptic sites
      innervated either by nerve 8 (me,8) or nerve 9 (me,9) was determined in an
      external Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]o, of 0.35-0.45 mM. For over 90% of branches
      longer than 80 microns, me declined along exponential curves from a relatively
      large value at the proximal end of branches for both nerve 8 and nerve 9
      terminals; the exponent for these exponential curves gave quantal length
      constants that varied from 26 to 80 microns (48 +/- 4 microns, mean +/- S.E.M.)
      depending on the length of the branch. 3. The evoked quantal release recorded
      with an intracellular electrode (m) at synaptic sites dually innervated by nerve
      8 and nerve 9 was nearly always (greater than 90%) greater for nerve 8 terminals
      than for nerve 9 terminals. At singly innervated sites the value of m per 100
      microns length of terminal declined approximately exponentially with an increase
      in total terminal length (length constant 400 microns). However, at dually
      innervated sites the value of m per 100 microns length of nerve 9 terminal was
      very low at all total terminal lengths compared with singly innervated sites;
      this indicates that nerve 9 terminals were suppressed at dually innervated sites.
      4. At five dually innervated sites, seven out of nine terminal branches of nerve
      8 showed an exponential decline in me,8 along their length, from a relatively
      large value near the proximal end of the branches (length constant 35 +/- 3
      microns, mean +/- S.E.M.). In contrast, all the terminal branches of nerve 9
      greater than 80 microns showed a uniformly low value of me,9 along their length.
      5. It is suggested that the suppression of nerve 9 terminals at dually innervated
      sites is primarily due to a decrease in the probability of secretion of normally
      highly secreting release sites at the proximal end of terminal branches.

PMID- 2902222
TI  - Flexion characteristics of fixed partial denture frameworks tested by using
      elapsed-time holographic interferometry.

PMID- 2902223
TI  - Sulfasalazine in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2902224
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of T cell receptor alpha and beta chain
      genes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is very strongly associated with the class I major
      histocompatibility (MHC) antigen HLA-B27. Because class I MHC antigens function
      as restricting elements recognized by T cell antigen receptors, we sought to
      determine if there is preferential association between AS and particular T cell
      (TcR) alleles. In 49 patients with AS and 23 controls, we determined the
      frequencies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms linked to genes encoding
      the TcR alpha and beta chain constant regions. There was no significant
      difference between patients with AS and controls with respect to the frequencies
      of possible TcR genotypes. Although T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis
      of AS, these results provide no evidence for a distinctive germline T cell
      repertoire associated with AS.

PMID- 2902225
TI  - Association between ankylosing spondylitis and a 9.2 kb Pvu II class I HLA DNA
      restriction fragment: a reassessment.
AB  - Recently, McDaniel, et al (Arthritis Rheum 1987;30:894) reported a statistically
      significant association between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and the presence in
      Pvu II digested genomic DNA of a 9.2 kb restriction fragment hybridizing with an
      HLA-B7 cDNA probe. The fragment was found in 35 of 48 unrelated HLA-B27+
      Caucasian patients with primary AS and in 25 of 107 controls. We report finding
      this restriction fragment in only 10 of 33 such patients and in 17 of 41
      controls. We are thus unable to confirm an association between AS and the
      restriction fragment identified by McDaniel, et al.

PMID- 2902226
TI  - 2-Phenylpyrroles as conformationally restricted benzamide analogues. A new class
      of potential antipsychotics. 2.
AB  - A series of 2-phenylpyrrole Mannich bases was synthesized and screened in
      pharmacological models for antipsychotic activity and extrapyramidal effects.
      Structure modifications of 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1
      piperazinyl]methyl]pyrrole (1), the prototype of a new class of sodium
      independent atypical dopamine D-2 antagonists, resulted in 2-[[4-(7-benzofuranyl)
      1-piperazinyl]methyl]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrole (15), which was an even more
      potent and selective D-2 antagonist than the parent compound. The excellent oral
      activity in the apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and the conditioned
      avoidance response tests and the absence of catalepsy make this compound
      particularly promising as a potential antipsychotic with a low propensity to
      induce acute extrapyramidal side effects.

PMID- 2902227
TI  - Serotonergic properties of spiroxatrine enantiomers.
AB  - The neuroleptic drug spiperone (1) has proven very useful in the characterization
      of putative serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors. Thus, 5-HT1
      receptors have been divided into subtypes based on their affinities for 1: 5-HT1A
      sites have high affinity, while 5-HT1B sites have low affinity. However, the
      usefulness of 1 for the pharmacological characterization of 5-HT1A sites is
      limited because of its high affinity for 5-HT2 (as well as D2-dopaminergic)
      receptors. A close analogue of 1, (+/-)-spiroxatrine (2), has much higher
      affinity for 5-HT1A receptors and much lower affinity for 5-HT2 receptors. We
      report here the stereospecific synthesis of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-spiroxatrine
      enantiomers and their evaluation at several 5-HT receptors and D2-dopaminergic
      and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2902228
TI  - Molecular approaches to dysmorphology.
AB  - The biochemical and physiological defects underlying human dysmorphic syndromes
      can now be approached using techniques of molecular biology. The genetic
      component of the causation of the dysmorphology can be studied in isolation from
      the environmental component by using large, rare families which exhibit the same
      phenotype as more complex multifactorial disorders, but inherit the mutation in a
      monogenic fashion. Such an analysis starts with the determination of linkage to a
      gene probe, followed by the use of newer techniques of molecular biology to
      enable cloning and sequencing of the mutated gene. Analysis of the gene product
      by amino acid sequence homology to other known proteins, and tissue specific
      expression, may place the defect within the cascade of events associated with
      development and differentiation. Once cloned, the gene can also be manipulated in
      transgenic laboratory animals and the effect of its mutation studied directly.
      The use of techniques of molecular biology to study the genetic aspects of
      dysmorphic syndromes will allow insight to be gained both into normal fetal
      development and into the causes of congenital malformations.

PMID- 2902230
TI  - Psychiatric drugs and inhibited female orgasm.
AB  - The available evidence concerning sexual side effects of psychiatric drugs
      suggests that inhibited female orgasm may be associated with the use of
      hetereocyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, benzodiazepines, and
      neuroleptics. Possible mechanisms of action including anticholinergic, alpha
      adrenergic blockade, and serotonergic effects are discussed.

PMID- 2902229
TI  - Structural and segregation analysis of the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) in some
      heritable chondrodysplasias.
AB  - Seventy-seven persons with a variety of heritable chondrodysplasias were screened
      for gross rearrangements of the structural gene encoding the major cartilage
      collagen, collagen II. None was found. Segregation of the locus (COL2A1) was
      studied in 19 pedigrees using three restriction site dimorphisms (shown by PvuII,
      HindIII, and BamHI) and a length polymorphism as linkage markers. Discordant
      segregation between COL2A1 and the mutant locus was seen in pedigrees with
      multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
      tarda, hypochondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, diaphyseal aclasis, and
      trichorhinophalangeal syndrome. One pedigree with diastrophic dysplasia was
      weakly concordant. Autosomal dominant spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda and
      metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (type Schmid) were not informative. We conclude that
      mutations of the collagen II gene are not a common feature of the heritable
      chondrodysplasias. Since the chondrocyte binding protein, chondrocalcin, is also
      encoded at COL2A1 our conclusions apply equally to this gene.

PMID- 2902231
TI  - Differential modulation of glutamate metabolizing enzymes in mouse and chick
      cultured glial cells by insulin.
AB  - The effect of physiological concentrations of insulin (2 and 20 ng/ml) on
      glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities were
      compared in mouse and chick glial cells in culture. Addition of insulin to serum
      containing medium increased the level of GS and GDH activities in glial cells
      prepared from 14-15-day-old embryonic mice. A similar but less pronounced effect
      was observed with glia derived from newborn mouse brain. In absence of serum,
      addition of insulin had no effect on the tested enzymes. The effects of insulin
      on enzymatic activities of glial cells from 14-15-day-old embryonic chick brain
      hemispheres were, in contrast, quite different. A significant decrease of GS
      activity was induced by the hormone, only in the absence of serum. Conversely,
      the presence of serum enhanced an inhibitory effect of insulin toward chick GDH.
      The different effects of insulin and the different serum dependence observed for
      the mammalian and the avian model could reflect fundamental chemical differences
      between both species as indicated by immunoelectrophoretic analysis. However, it
      can be concluded that insulin may be a physiological factor regulating glial
      maturation and amino acid neurotransmitter metabolism in the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2902232
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin containing cells in embryonic rat
      rhombencephalon: a whole-mount immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Rhombencephala from rat embryos were processed as whole-mounts for
      immunocytochemical detection of monoaminergic cell populations, using antibodies
      to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-HT). Specific advantages of the
      whole-mount technique over the classical serial-section method were that even
      isolated immunoreactive (IR) cells could be detected easily, and three
      dimensional relationships could be ascertained without the need for serial
      reconstruction. Embryos between embryonic days (E) 12 and 16 (the day following
      nocturnal mating being considered as E1) were used in this study. Both TH and 5
      HT immunoreactivities were already detectable at E12, even in the smallest
      embryos (crown-rump length: 6 mm), but there was a striking difference in the
      number and regional distribution of these two types of IR cells. TH was expressed
      in several cell groups located in the rostral rhombencephalon (the presumed
      anlage of the A4-7 complex) as well as in the caudal rhombencephalon (the
      presumed anlagen of groups A1-2 and C1-3), whereas 5-HT was expressed in very few
      cells located near the rostral border of the rhombencephalon (presumed anlage of
      the B4-9 complex). Although the three-dimensional distribution of the TH-IR cell
      groups underwent some modifications during the period studied, its general
      pattern remained relatively stable after E12. This contrasted with the sequential
      appearance of the 5-HT-IR cell groups and their spatial transformations during
      this period. Using the rhombencephalic isthmus as a landmark, we found that
      conspicuous 5-HT-IR fibre bundles penetrated into the mesencephalon from E13
      onwards, but that the 5-HT IR cell bodies were exclusively located caudal to the
      borderline between the mesencephalon and the rhombencephalon (the rhombencephalic
      isthmus). We therefore suggest the term "rostral rhombencephalic raphe nuclei"
      for the rostral 5-HT cell groups instead of "mesencephalic raphe nuclei," which
      is a misnomer. Close spatial association between TH and 5-HT-IR elements was
      observed mainly in the caudal rhombencephalon, where 5-HT-IR fibres coursed
      through an area containing numerous TH-IR cell bodies (the presumed anlagen of
      groups A1-2 and C1-3).

PMID- 2902233
TI  - Fim-1, Fim-2/c-fms, and Fim-3, three common integration sites of Friend murine
      leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias, map to mouse chromosomes 13, 18, and 3,
      respectively.
AB  - Three common proviral integration sites, Fim-1, Fim-2/c-fms, and Fim-3, have been
      described in mouse myeloid leukemias induced by the Friend murine leukemia virus.
      The nature and function of Fim-1 and Fim-3 are still unknown since no transcript
      from these loci has been detected so far. To identify these two loci, we
      undertook their chromosomal localization using restriction fragment length
      polymorphism detected between C57BL/6 mice and the wild-derived inbred strain of
      Mus spretus. Using interspecific backcross analysis, we mapped Fim-1 to mouse
      chromosome 13 and Fim-3 to mouse chromosome 3. Interestingly, Fim-3 is tightly
      linked to Evi-1, another common integration site of ecotropic virus involved in
      another model of mouse myeloid leukemogenesis. Fim-2 spans the 5' end of the c
      fms gene, which encodes for the macrophage-colony-stimulating factor receptor. We
      located the c-fms gene on the D band of chromosome 18 by in situ hybridization.

PMID- 2902235
TI  - Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins.
AB  - The mucosal surface of the human foreskin from newborns shows a propensity to be
      colonized by pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria with P fimbriae and type 1 fimbriae
      adhere. However, hydrophobic interaction as well as electrostatic charge appear
      to be as important in this adherence as are fimbriae. Since bacterial adherence
      has been shown to precede urinary tract infection in female patients it is
      assumed that this adherence to the foreskin in male patients also may be
      necessary before initiation of the disease. The high incidence of urinary tract
      infection in uncircumcised male patients combined with these findings of
      adherence of pathogenic bacteria to the mucosal surface of the foreskin, thus,
      would seem to be related. Prevention of urinary tract infection and acute
      pyelonephritis in male neonates then may require either circumcision or the
      prevention of bacterial adherence to the human foreskin.

PMID- 2902234
TI  - Genetic mapping of the Mx influenza virus resistance gene within the region of
      mouse chromosome 16 that is homologous to human chromosome 21.
AB  - A total of 318 progeny from four backcrosses involving different laboratory
      strains and subspecies of Mus musculus were analyzed to map the Mx gene to the
      region of mouse chromosome 16 (MMU 16) which is homologous to human chromosome 21
      (HSA 21). This result suggests that Mx will be found in the region of HSA 21
      which has been implicated in Down syndrome when inherited in three copies.

PMID- 2902236
TI  - Brucella suis biotype 4: a case of granulomatous nephritis in a barren ground
      caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus L.) with a review of the distribution of
      rangiferine brucellosis in Canada.
AB  - Severe granulomatous nephritis caused by Brucella suis biotype 4 was found in a
      barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) from Northwest
      Territories, Canada. A review of the distribution of human and animal cases of
      brucellosis in northern Canada indicated that B. suis biotype 4 is distributed
      widely and is probably enzootic in most Canadian caribou herds.

PMID- 2902237
TI  - A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students.
AB  - Since 1971, the Baltimore County Health Department has conducted nine biannual
      surveys of school nurses in all of the county's public and private schools to
      determine the prevalence of medication treatment for
      hyperactivity/inattentiveness among students. The results reveal a consistent
      doubling of the rate of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students
      every four to seven years such that in 1987, 5.96% of all public elementary
      school students were receiving such treatment. Related trends from 1971 to 1987
      have been that stimulants increased from 76% to 99% of the medication prescribed;
      methylphenidate hydrochloride rose from 40% to 93% of the total; the male-female
      ratio dropped from an average of 8:1 to 5:1; the rate of medication treatment for
      hyperactive/inattentive students rose faster in secondary than in elementary
      schools; and 25% of students receiving stimulant medication in 1987 were in
      special education classes or schools.

PMID- 2902238
TI  - Evaluation of a new antianginal agent, nipradilol, in effort angina using holter
      monitoring.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy, effective dose,
      administration frequency and antianginal effect of a new antianginal agent,
      nipradilol, in 12 patients with stable effort angina. A single blind design was
      employed; the test consisted of an observation period (1 week) and a treatment
      period (1-2 weeks). Twenty four hour Holter monitoring was performed on the
      penultimate day of each period. Nipradilol was administered twice a day at a
      daily dose of 3-12 mg (mean 7.9 +/- 3.3 mg). The mean frequency of ST-segment
      depression was 7.1 +/- 6.7 times per day at baseline and 3.1 +/- 2.7 after drug
      administration, showing a significant reduction (p less than 0.05). The
      suppression of ST-segment depression and decrease in heart rate due to this drug
      persisted for 12 hours following administration. The plasma drug concentration at
      a daily dose of 12 mg peaked at 9.5 +/- 2.4 ng/ml 1 hour after administration and
      the 12 hour value was 2.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml. No side effects were observed.
      Therefore, it seems that, when administered twice a day (total daily dose 6 mg)
      this drug is effective in effort angina and that the antianginal effect is mainly
      attributable to beta-adrenoceptor blockade.

PMID- 2902239
TI  - [Variations of physiological functions and psychological measures and their
      relationships on delayed shift of sleeping time].
AB  - The variations of sublingual temperature, pulse rate, flicker fusion frequency
      (CFF), subjective fatigue feelings (SFF) and 8 selected reaction times and the
      relationships between them were examined in six university students under the
      condition of successive 6-h delayed shift with 8 sleeping h and 22 waking h for 6
      d. SFF was measured by the scales proposed by the Japanese Society for Industrial
      Fatigue Research. On the 2nd d when the shifting was started after the subjects
      had slept from 00:00 to 08:00 and on the 3rd d after sleeping h of 06:00 to
      14:00, the variations of sublingual temperature, pulse rate and CFF showed a
      pattern of circadian rhythm. However, on the 4th-5th d the rhythms of sublingual
      temperature and pulse rate were flattened. On the other hand, CFF demonstrated a
      variation of having a nearly constant tendency till 08:00, followed by a gradual
      decrease during the daytime. The variation of SFF (the scale of "sleepiness and
      dullness") was similar to that of CFF, although the change of the score was in
      the opposite direction. On the 3rd-4th d, the 4th-5th d and the 6th d,
      significantly high rank correlations were observed between sublingual temperature
      and pulse rate and between CFF and SFF. However, between sublingual temperature
      and CFF, a high correlation which was observed on the 1st and the 2nd d was not
      seen on the 4th-5th and 6th d. Eight selected reaction times were shortened
      during the experimental days, but there was no consistent pattern of variation
      within these days. The results of the experiment showed that the relationship
      between CFF and SFF exists during the daytime when the arousal level is low.

PMID- 2902240
TI  - Transitory cardiovascular responses to rapid infusion of blood into aorta of
      rabbit.
AB  - Blood (5 to 15 ml) was infused into aorta of the anesthetized rabbit through the
      carotid artery or femoral artery at a constant rate (0.55 to 8.3 ml/s). The
      carotid sinuses were occluded. The systemic arterial pressure (SAP) began to rise
      immediately at the onset of the infusion and dropped gradually in most cases
      during the infusion. SAP continued to decline after the infusion and in many
      cases became lower than the preinfusion pressure. Within seconds, SAP tapered off
      to its lowest point and resumed a gradual rise, leveling off higher than its
      initial pressure. A depressor effect caused by the rapid infusion of blood into
      the aorta (DRIA) was observed in every rabbit. DRIA was not suppressed much by
      the section of aortic or vagal nerves. DRIA was markedly suppressed by the
      administration of alpha-adrenergic blockade, but beta-adrenergic blockade had
      little effect on DRIA. By using a hydraulic model of the closed circulatory
      system, a theoretical analysis was made on the basis of the "theory of active
      fluid element," a theory developed by Hatakeyama, one of the authors, and it was
      demonstrated that DRIA must not be considered to be a passive hemodynamic
      phenomenon. The results obtained suggest that a nervous regulatory mechanism-
      rather than the reflex via the carotid sinus or aortic baroreceptors, or other
      mechanoreceptors--plays an important part in the venous and the cardiac regions.

PMID- 2902241
TI  - Purification of K88 and K99 pili from porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by
      affinity chromatography.

PMID- 2902243
TI  - [Of what importance is nursing in Europe today and tomorrow? Impressions from the
      European Nursing Conference of the WHO (June 21-24, 1988)].

PMID- 2902242
TI  - Effects of aldosterone on NEM-sensitive ATPase in rabbit nephron segments.
AB  - Aldosterone (aldo) treatment of animals stimulates the rate of H+ secretion in
      the collecting duct, a process which may involve an H+-ATPase sensitive to
      inhibition by NEM (N-ethylmaleimide). Therefore, we determined NEM-sensitive
      ATPase activity in distal nephron segments from three groups of adrenalectomized
      (adx) rabbits maintained on different doses of aldo (in an osmotic minipump) for
      seven days. Group 1 was given 1.5 micrograms aldo/100 g body wt/day, whereas
      groups 2 and 3 were maintained on 5 micrograms and 50 micrograms of aldo/100 g
      body wt/day, respectively. Aldo concentrations in the plasma of groups 1, 2 and 3
      were 10.4 +/- 0.8, 70 +/- 7 and 408 +/- 133 ng/dl, respectively. There was a
      significant increase in NEM-sensitive ATPase activity in connecting tubule (CNT)
      and cortical, outer and inner medullary duct segments (CCD, OMCD and IMCD) but
      not in cortical thick ascending limb (CTAL) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in
      group 2 as compared to group 1. A further increase in plasma concentration of
      aldo (group 3) did not produce any more increase in NEM-sensitive ATPase activity
      in the CNT, CCD, OMCD and IMCD, but did increase the enzyme activity in the DCT.
      These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aldo increases H+ secretion
      in the connecting tubule and collecting duct segments by increasing the activity
      of NEM-sensitive H+-ATPase activity in these segments.

PMID- 2902244
TI  - [European Nursing Association session April 25-27, 1988 in The Hague, Holland].

PMID- 2902245
TI  - First trimester prenatal diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy on chorionic
      villi by 'immunoprecipitation-electrophoresis'.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) due to arylsulphatase A
      (ASA) deficiency can be performed by amniocentesis with the disadvantage of a
      late pregnancy termination. Whether chorionic villi (CV) obtained by trophoblast
      biopsy during the first trimester of pregnancy can be useful for diagnosis
      depends on the reliability of results. The complexity of arylsulphatase
      expression in CV and the existence of several isozymes make diagnosis difficult.
      However, the use of an anti-ASA antiserum enabled us to discriminate between ASA
      and a comigrating contaminant isozyme, and the antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complex
      gave better evidence of the presence or absence of ASA after enhancement of
      activity with 4-methylumbelliferyl sulphate (4-MUS). We propose that
      immunoprecipitation followed by electrophoresis could be a valuable method of MLD
      prenatal diagnosis on chorionic villi.

PMID- 2902246
TI  - Continuing high lung cancer mortality among ex-amosite asbestos factory workers
      and a pilot study of individual anti-smoking advice.

PMID- 2902247
TI  - [Results with intertrochanteric valgus osteotomy in the management of
      coxarthrosis].

PMID- 2902248
TI  - [Distal radio-ulnar joint instability].

PMID- 2902249
TI  - [Normal geometric value of the hip joint in adults].

PMID- 2902250
TI  - [Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of Perthes disease].

PMID- 2902251
TI  - [Arthrography of the shoulder joint].

PMID- 2902252
TI  - [Free transplantation of the fibula with microvascular anastomosis in the
      substitution of a 21 cm defect in the tibia].

PMID- 2902254
TI  - [Functional study of the shoulder joint].

PMID- 2902253
TI  - [Anatomical bases of a latissimus dorsi skin-muscle-bone flap].

PMID- 2902255
TI  - [A new surgical method for the management of a herniated muscle caused by venous
      leg ulcer].

PMID- 2902256
TI  - [A case of acromioclavicular dislocation associated with clavicular fracture].

PMID- 2902257
TI  - [Simultaneous occurrence of Dupuytren's contracture and atheroma].

PMID- 2902258
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of bcr in Japanese patients with
      hematological malignancies.
AB  - We surveyed DNAs from patients with various hematological malignancies by
      Southern blot hybridization to analyze bcr rearrangements, and detected a new
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the breakpoint cluster region
      at a BamHI site in three patients. By using a 1.2-kb HindIII-BglII 3' bcr probe,
      unusual BamHI restriction enzyme fragments (1.9 kb and 1.4 kb) were detected from
      the DNAs of three patients with hematological malignancies. DNAs from cultured
      fibroblasts derived from the skin of a patient, as well as from peripheral
      leukocytes of the father of a patient and the mother of another patient, showed
      identical 1.9- and 1.4-kb additional bands, besides a 3.3-kb germline band,
      establishing that polymorphism, rather than gene arrangement, was responsible for
      these additional restriction enzyme fragments. However, RFLP was not detected in
      the DNAs of 40 normal unrelated individuals.

PMID- 2902259
TI  - [Treatment of Graves-Basedow disease].

PMID- 2902260
TI  - [Physiopathological and clinical aspects of the use of benzodiazepines in the
      aged].

PMID- 2902261
TI  - [A 39-year-old woman, with bilateral ovarian neoplasms, admitted for treatment of
      hyperglycemia].

PMID- 2902262
TI  - [Clostridium perfringens sepsis and hypernephroma].

PMID- 2902263
TI  - Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau: protective
      efficacy.
AB  - In a randomised study of 558 children in an urban African community, the
      protective effect of the Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccine given in a dose of
      40,000 plaque forming units from the age of 4 months was compared with the
      effects of a standard dose (6000 tissue culture infectious units) of Schwarz
      measles vaccine given from the age of 9 months. During two years of follow-up,
      all 14 clinical cases of measles occurred in the Schwarz group; 10 of the
      children contracted measles before vaccination and 4 after measles vaccination.
      Thus the EZ vaccine provided significant protection against measles both before
      and after the usual age of vaccination. Among the children who were exposed to
      measles at home, those given EZ vaccine were better protected than either
      unvaccinated children or those given the Schwarz vaccine.

PMID- 2902264
TI  - Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in the Gambia: antibody
      response and side-effects.
AB  - In a randomised trial, infants living in a large village in The Gambia were
      immunised either at 4 months of age with 40,000 plaque forming units (PFU) of the
      Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccine or at the usual age of 9 months with 6000
      TCID50 of a conventional Schwarz measles vaccine. Measles developed in 2 of 119
      children who received the EZ vaccine, in 1 before and in the other after 9 months
      of age. In the Schwarz group measles developed in 7 of 120 children--in 5 before
      and in 2 after 9 months of age. Serological responses measured at 5 months after
      vaccination and at 18 months of age were satisfactory in both groups although in
      the Schwarz group levels were on average 2-fold higher than in the EZ group. The
      frequencies of fever, cough, vomiting, and diarrhoea were no higher in the EZ
      vaccinees in the 3 weeks following vaccination than in age-matched non-immunised
      controls. Long-term morbidity as assessed by clinic attendances and weight at 18
      months of age was much the same in the two groups. The EZ measles vaccine is thus
      safe and clinically and serologically effective when used in a high dose to
      immunise young Gambian infants.

PMID- 2902265
TI  - Effect of dry-heating of coagulation factor concentrates at 80 degrees C for 72
      hours on transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Study Group of the UK
      Haemophilia Centre Directors on Surveillance of Virus Transmission by
      Concentrates.
AB  - 32 patients with coagulation factor deficiencies and likely to be susceptible to
      non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) virus infection were treated with a total of 20
      batches of a factor VIII concentrate and 10 batches of a factor IX concentrate,
      both heated at 80 degrees C for 72 h in the freeze-dried state. Serial
      measurements of serum aminotransferase levels for 4 months revealed no patterns
      of rises attributable to NANBH. Severe dry heating appears to have reduced the
      risk of NANBH transmission from about 90% in untreated concentrates to a
      statistically determined rate of 0-9%. No evidence was found in recipients of
      infection with hepatitis B or human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2902266
TI  - Clinical and serological features of human herpesvirus-6 infection in three
      adults.
AB  - 3 adult patients with serological evidence of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)
      infection had mild, afebrile illnesses with nonspecific symptoms. In each case,
      the characteristic clinical feature was the presence of enlarged, bilateral, non
      tender, anterior and posterior cervical nodes early in the illness which
      persisted for up to 3 months. HHV-6 IgG antibody reciprocal titres of 160 to 2560
      were found during acute infection, and decreased to a titre of 10 in 1 patient 3
      years later. IgM responses were detected at low reciprocal titres (10) in 2
      patients and disappeared after several months.

PMID- 2902268
TI  - Do CD4-positive cytotoxic T cells damage islet beta cells in type 1 diabetes?
AB  - The mechanism by which islet beta cells are destroyed in type 1 diabetes is still
      unknown. Because in diabetes the majority of T cells activated in vivo express
      CD4 and the islet beta cells selectively express the HLA class II antigens needed
      for recognition by CD4-positive T cells, the possibility that selective damage to
      islet beta cells may be caused by CD4-positive cytotoxic cells was investigated.
      Activated T cells were cloned from a newly diagnosed diabetic patient, and many
      CD4 cytotoxic clones were detected. The clone with the highest cytolytic capacity
      lysed HLA class II compatible islet cells which had been induced by interferon
      gamma and tumour necrosis factor to express class II antigens. The specificity of
      the lysis was demonstrated by use of histoincompatible islets, other
      histocompatible target cells, and blocking by anti-class-II monoclonal
      antibodies. The results show that a CD4-positive T cell clone can lyse HLA class
      II matched islet cells; this process may be important in the pathogenesis of type
      1 diabetes.

PMID- 2902267
TI  - Association between villous atrophy in rheumatoid arthritis and a rheumatoid
      factor and gliadin-specific IgG.
AB  - 93 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were examined for histological or
      other evidence of gut abnormalities. 44 had raised levels of IgG to gliadin, and
      of these 38 (86%) were also positive for IgA rheumatoid factor (RF). 24 patients
      (15 with raised levels of IgA RF and wheat protein IgG [AB+] and 9 with normal
      levels of both antibodies [AB-]) underwent jejunal biopsy. 6 of the AB+ and 1 of
      the AB- patients had villous atrophy. The AB+ group had lower villous
      surface/volume ratio and small intestinal lactase concentrations than did the AB-
      group or age-matched controls. There was no significant difference between the
      two groups of RA patients in disease severity or treatment regimen. The findings
      suggest that the gut may play a more important part in the immunopathogenesis of
      some cases of RA than in others, and that the former may be identified by raised
      levels of IgA RF and wheat protein IgG.

PMID- 2902269
TI  - Acute aortic dissection.

PMID- 2902270
TI  - Flumazenil.

PMID- 2902271
TI  - Twenty-five years of coronary care.

PMID- 2902272
TI  - Intercellular adhesion molecules and recurrent infection.

PMID- 2902273
TI  - Health promotion at work.

PMID- 2902274
TI  - Role of caesarean section in prevention of mother-infant transmission of
      hepatitis B virus.
AB  - 447 infants, born to mothers positive for hepatitis B e antigen and hepatitis B
      surface antigen (HBsAg), received hepatitis B immunisation. A higher rate of
      hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was found at birth in infants delivered
      vaginally (96/385, 24.9%) than in infants delivered by caesarean section (6/62,
      less than 10%). At birth, serum HBV-DNA was detected in 13 of 67 infants
      delivered vaginally, but in none of 30 infants delivered by caesarean section.
      Caesarean section combined with hepatitis B immunisation is advisable in infants
      of mothers who are chronic HBsAg carriers with high serum HBV-DNA levels.

PMID- 2902275
TI  - Medical education and nuclear war.

PMID- 2902276
TI  - Prevalence of specific reading disability in Egypt.
AB  - 2878 children from the 2nd and 3rd grades in elementary schools were assessed for
      their reading ability by means of standardised tests for linguistic ability and
      rate of letters identification. 84 children (3%) with IQ 90 or more and no
      evidence of sensory or motor impairment were backward in their reading ability.
      They were left to proceed in their conventional educational programme for the
      next 3 years, then reassessed. 47 (2%) children had attained satisfactory reading
      skills. The 37 (27 boys, 10 girls) who did not improve were diagnosed as having
      the syndrome of specific reading disability (SRD). The prevalence of SRD among
      the population surveyed was 1%, and the male to female ratio was 2.7 to 1. The
      prevalence was far lower than that reported in western countries. How the Arabic
      language is written and read probably contributes to the low prevalence of SRD
      among Arabic speaking populations.

PMID- 2902277
TI  - Coronary heart disease is not preventable by population interventions.

PMID- 2902278
TI  - AIDS and the workplace.

PMID- 2902279
TI  - Ciprofloxacin resistance in epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2902280
TI  - Severe premenstrual asthma.

PMID- 2902281
TI  - Microbiological safety cabinets and laboratory acquired infection.

PMID- 2902282
TI  - Islet cell antibody standard serum.

PMID- 2902283
TI  - Changing prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2902284
TI  - Routine antenatal vaginal examinations.

PMID- 2902285
TI  - Outbreak of amoebiasis in tourists returning from Thailand.

PMID- 2902286
TI  - Reduction of cytotoxic antibodies after continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      in highly sensitised patients.

PMID- 2902287
TI  - Simplified confirmatory HIV testing.

PMID- 2902288
TI  - Renal transplantation for dialysis arthropathy.

PMID- 2902290
TI  - Preventive medicine.

PMID- 2902289
TI  - Risks of simultaneous therapy with oral aluminium and citrate compounds.

PMID- 2902291
TI  - Revising RAWP.

PMID- 2902292
TI  - Danger of MAOI therapy after fluoxetine withdrawal.

PMID- 2902293
TI  - Carboplatin or cisplatin?

PMID- 2902294
TI  - Granulocytopenia due to fusidic acid.

PMID- 2902295
TI  - Prochlorperazine in the elderly.

PMID- 2902296
TI  - First-trimester biochemical screening for Down syndrome.

PMID- 2902297
TI  - Food and H2 blockade.

PMID- 2902298
TI  - Improved whole-body protein turnover after heart-lung transplantation.

PMID- 2902299
TI  - Inborn errors of metabolism and unexpected infant deaths.

PMID- 2902300
TI  - Measurement of cardiac output.

PMID- 2902301
TI  - Protective light shields for neonatal phototherapy.

PMID- 2902302
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin-A-neutralising antibodies in normal human serum.

PMID- 2902303
TI  - Typhoid-fever-like syndrome after Ty21a live oral vaccine.

PMID- 2902304
TI  - Synovial fluid T cells and 65 kD heat-shock protein.

PMID- 2902305
TI  - Nifedipine and nocturia.

PMID- 2902306
TI  - Ovalocytosis and malaria.

PMID- 2902308
TI  - Who's for the thoracic duct?

PMID- 2902307
TI  - Perception of drug hazards.

PMID- 2902309
TI  - Barristers debate medicolegal issues.

PMID- 2902310
TI  - Measles/mumps/rubella vaccine.

PMID- 2902311
TI  - Salmonella infection and food hygiene.

PMID- 2902312
TI  - The long-lived men of Greece.

PMID- 2902313
TI  - Worried sick.

PMID- 2902314
TI  - HIV infection in drug misusers.

PMID- 2902315
TI  - In-vivo demonstration of reduced benzodiazepine receptor binding in human
      epileptic foci.
AB  - Ten patients with partial epilepsy and five healthy controls had positron
      emission tomography (PET) of the brain after intravenous administration of the
      11C-labelled benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor ligand 'Ro-15 1788'. In all ten
      patients BZ receptor binding was significantly lower in the epileptic focus than
      in the contralateral homotopic reference region and the remaining neocortex. No
      asymmetries in BZ receptor binding were observed between homotopic reference
      regions in the controls or the non-epileptic regions of patients. These results
      demonstrate the potential of the BZ receptor as a biochemical marker for display
      of epileptic foci by PET, and also strengthen the hypothesis that inhibitory
      mechanisms are disturbed in the epileptic focus.

PMID- 2902316
TI  - One-year trial of a remote-controlled implantable insulin infusion system in type
      I diabetic patients. Point Study Group.
AB  - Twenty remote-controlled insulin pumps (Siemens AG) were implanted into insulin
      dependent type I diabetic patients for a one-year feasibility trial in four
      centres. The total observation time was 18.2 patient-years. Three pumps had to be
      prematurely removed after 101, 141, and 236 days. Patients self-monitored blood
      glucose levels with a mean of 5.5 (range 1-17) measurements per day. 62.9% of
      these measurements were in the range 3.33-8.88 mmol/l. 3.25 glucose measurements
      per patient-month were in the hypoglycaemic range (lower than 2.78 mmol/l) and
      2.6 episodes of hypoglycaemia with symptoms were reported per patient-month, of
      which 0.22 per patient-year required medical attention. The median HbA1c level
      was 7.6% at baseline (10-90% centile = 5.9-9.1%) and 7.0% at the end of the trial
      (10-90% centile = 5.7-8.3%) (p less than 0.05). Despite some technical and
      clinical problems, the pump, when used with a stable insulin preparation, was an
      effective means of treating insulin-dependent patients.

PMID- 2902317
TI  - Prednisolone and chlorambucil treatment in idiopathic membranous nephropathy with
      deteriorating renal function.
AB  - Eight patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy whose renal function was
      deteriorating were given a 6-month course of alternating monthly cycles of
      prednisolone and chlorambucil. Proteinuria was reduced in all eight, from a mean
      (SD) of 15.3 (5.9) g/24 h at the start of treatment to 2.1 (1.5) g/24 h at follow
      up (p less than 0.05). Creatinine clearance increased in six, and the rate of
      decline was reduced in the other two (group mean 51.6 [17.8] ml/min at the start
      of treatment and 81.4 [36.8] ml/min at follow-up; p less than 0.05). Adverse
      effects of chlorambucil were severe, and the daily dose had to be reduced.
      Prednisolone and chlorambucil treatment can change the natural course of
      membranous nephropathy even when renal function has started to deteriorate, so
      treatment can be reserved for high-risk patients.

PMID- 2902318
TI  - Role of pulmonary alveolar macrophage activation in acute lung injury after burns
      and smoke inhalation.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage cells from 42 fire victims and from 18 patients who were
      smokers attending for diagnostic bronchoscopy (controls) were assessed
      morphologically and by chemiluminescence. 10 of the victims had inhaled smoke
      only; 15 had cutaneous burns only; and 17 had combined injury. The combined
      injury group had significant increases in polymorphonuclear leucocytes and
      macrophages, especially mature forms, compared with controls. These increases
      were higher than those expected from the individual injuries. The combined injury
      group had significantly greater spontaneous chemiluminescence than controls,
      again greater than that expected by the individual injuries. The
      chemiluminescence response to stimulation by opsonised bacteria was significantly
      higher in the combined injury group than in controls, but significantly lower
      than that in the smoke inhalation only group. The size of the alveolar cellular
      response to smoke and cutaneous burns suggests that lung damage follows from
      excess release of inflammatory mediators, exhaustion of the reserve of mature
      phagocytes and consequent reduced ability to fight bacteria, or both.

PMID- 2902320
TI  - Pump control of continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis.

PMID- 2902319
TI  - Lack of benefit of clonidine treatment for short stature in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - Twelve short (more than two standard deviations below the mean height for age),
      prepubertal children (ten boys, two girls) who had a normal peak growth hormone
      (GH) response to provocative stimulation with clonidine (more than 10 ng/ml) were
      enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the effects of
      a single, nightly dose of clonidine (0.1 mg/m2 by mouth). The children's mean age
      was 7.2 years (range 3.6-10.5 years). The results of 6 months of clonidine
      therapy were compared with those of 6 months of placebo. Clonidine therapy
      resulted in no significant difference in height standard deviation score, growth
      velocity, bone age, 24 h integrated GH concentration, peak GH response to
      clonidine stimulation, levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, or predicted
      height by the RWT method. In contrast to other studies, this study shows no
      sustained increases in GH production or in improved growth velocity with long
      term administration of a single daily dose of clonidine. Furthermore, this study
      demonstrates the need for well-designed, placebo-controlled trials in
      paediatrics.

PMID- 2902321
TI  - Agoraphobia.

PMID- 2902322
TI  - Hepatic haemangioma--a suitable case for treatment?

PMID- 2902323
TI  - Surgical insurrection.

PMID- 2902324
TI  - ACE inhibitors--the trickle becomes a flood.

PMID- 2902325
TI  - People need people.

PMID- 2902326
TI  - Prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa:
      effectiveness of condom promotion and health education among prostitutes.
AB  - Condom use was assessed after a programme of education about the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome and a condom distribution programme in a well
      characterised prostitute population in Nairobi. Women received their education at
      group meetings (barazas) and at individual counselling sessions during which they
      were given the results of serological tests for the human immunodeficiency virus
      (group 1) or at barazas only (group 2), or through very little of either (group
      3). During the counselling sessions free condoms were distributed. Before either
      of the programmes started, 10%, 9%, and 7% of groups 1, 2, and 3 women,
      respectively, reported occasional use of condoms. By November 1986, 80%, 70%, and
      58% of groups 1, 2, and 3 women, respectively, reported at least some condom use.
      The mean frequency of condom use was 38.7 (SD 31.8)%, 34.6 (34.5)%, and 25.6
      (29.5)% of sexual encounters in groups 1, 2, and 3 women. 20 of 28 women who were
      non-condom-users seroconverted compared with 23 of 50 women who reported some use
      of condoms.

PMID- 2902327
TI  - Blood pressure in British children: associations with adult blood pressure and
      cardiovascular mortality.
AB  - Blood pressure was measured in 4186 children aged 5 to 7 years in 9 British
      towns. 3 towns had high, 3 had intermediate, and 3 had low adult blood pressure
      levels observed in an earlier study of middle-aged men. Significant differences
      between the towns were found for the children's mean systolic blood pressure
      (range 96.7 to 102.4 mm Hg) and diastolic pressure (range 55.9 to 60.3 mm Hg).
      The pattern of systolic blood pressure differences in children was similar to
      that observed in the study of middle-aged men (r = 0.65). The town mean systolic
      pressures in children show an association with standardised mortality ratios for
      cardiovascular disease in adults. The pattern of geographical differences in
      blood pressure observed in British adult men may have its origins early in life.

PMID- 2902329
TI  - Hookworm control.

PMID- 2902328
TI  - Development of anti-idiotypic antibodies against tumour antigens and autoantigens
      in ovarian cancer patients treated intraperitoneally with mouse monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Repeated intraperitoneal administration of therapeutic amounts of radiolabelled
      (iodine-131) murine monoclonal antibodies leads to the development of an immune
      response in the recipient, part of which is directed against the variable region
      (idiotype) of the administered antibody (anti-Id1 response). Human immunoglobulin
      purified from these patients inhibits binding of the original murine monoclonal
      antibody to its target tumour antigen and therefore represents an "internal
      image" of the tumour antigen. Furthermore, this study recorded the development of
      human antibodies that themselves bind to the tumour antigen, with a specificity
      identical or similar to that of the injected monoclonal antibody. These human
      antitumour antibodies are probably generated by way of the idiotypic network and
      confirm the existence of the idiotypic network. Accompanying this antitumour
      response the transient development of autoantibodies that react with connective
      tissue components of liver, kidney, spleen, and diaphragm was also observed.

PMID- 2902330
TI  - Anal size in constipated and non-constipated children.

PMID- 2902331
TI  - Intracranial aneurysm rupture as an occupational accident.

PMID- 2902332
TI  - Sleeping position and cot death.

PMID- 2902333
TI  - Ciprofloxacin and tenosynovitis.

PMID- 2902334
TI  - Renal transplantation for dialysis arthropathy.

PMID- 2902335
TI  - Post-mortem allogeneic vein for graft as vascular access in chronic
      haemodialysis.

PMID- 2902336
TI  - Cyclosporin encephalopathy associated with fat embolism induced by the drug's
      solvent.

PMID- 2902337
TI  - Disordered smell.

PMID- 2902338
TI  - Papillomavirus DNA in cervical carcinoma specimens from central China.

PMID- 2902339
TI  - Which blood pressure?

PMID- 2902340
TI  - Endoscope exchange in biliary prosthesis procedures.

PMID- 2902342
TI  - Has the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in cancer patients increased
      with the AIDS epidemic?

PMID- 2902341
TI  - Is coeliac disease a premalignant state?

PMID- 2902343
TI  - HIV infection after plasma donation in Valencia: yet another case.

PMID- 2902344
TI  - Reversible bronchoconstriction with nebulised pentamidine.

PMID- 2902345
TI  - Protective effect of oestrogen in pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2902346
TI  - Inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase in onions.

PMID- 2902347
TI  - Piracetam for choreoathetosis.

PMID- 2902348
TI  - Microalbuminuria and vascular permeability.

PMID- 2902349
TI  - Fluctuating serum cholesterol.

PMID- 2902350
TI  - Lytic IgG anti-endothelial cell antibodies in vasculitis.

PMID- 2902351
TI  - Leaving the anaesthetised patient.

PMID- 2902352
TI  - The elderly smoker.

PMID- 2902353
TI  - The Edinburgh Declaration.

PMID- 2902354
TI  - Polls on attitudes to abortion.

PMID- 2902355
TI  - Gastroenteritis in food handlers.

PMID- 2902356
TI  - Pictures for the developing world.

PMID- 2902357
TI  - Rubella vaccination: persistence of antibodies for 10-21 years.

PMID- 2902358
TI  - Prenatal treatment of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2902359
TI  - Dysentery due to multiresistant Shiga bacillus in rural Iran.

PMID- 2902361
TI  - Nalidixic-acid resistant Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in eastern India.

PMID- 2902362
TI  - Hallucinations during morphine but not during oxycodone treatment.

PMID- 2902360
TI  - Ketoconazole for subcutaneous phycomycosis.

PMID- 2902363
TI  - Resistant malaria and the Sudan floods.

PMID- 2902364
TI  - Sunlight as disinfectant.

PMID- 2902365
TI  - Ultraviolet light for sterilisation.

PMID- 2902366
TI  - High prevalence of antibody to human herpesvirus-6 and seroconversion associated
      with rash in two infants.

PMID- 2902367
TI  - Acute radiation skin reaction and persistent photosensitivity after benoxaprofen.

PMID- 2902368
TI  - Reversible limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2902369
TI  - Diet and cyclical mastopathy.

PMID- 2902370
TI  - Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2902371
TI  - ISIS-2 and anticoagulation policy after anterior infarcts.

PMID- 2902372
TI  - Mechanism of late benefit in ISIS-2.

PMID- 2902373
TI  - Polymorphic O-demethylation of codeine.

PMID- 2902374
TI  - Naevus of Jamaica.

PMID- 2902375
TI  - Urokinase versus tissue plasminogen activator in pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2902376
TI  - Latent drug injury: failure of Dutch diethylstilboestrol action.

PMID- 2902377
TI  - IPPF guidance on HIV transmission.

PMID- 2902378
TI  - National AIDS Trust.

PMID- 2902379
TI  - Intensive therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and
      unfavourable presenting features. Early conclusions of study CCG-106 by the
      Childrens Cancer Study Group.
AB  - 229 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and with clinical and
      laboratory features associated with a high risk of treatment failure entered a
      randomised study of three treatment regimens. Before 1981, such patients had a 3
      year event-free survival (EFS) of 47%. Two intensive therapies, the Berlin
      Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) 76/79 regimen and the New York (NY) regimen were compared
      with a control regimen that had achieved the best outcome in previous Trials.
      Data on 214 cases (93.4%) were analysed. The 3-year EFS was 78% for the BFM and
      NY regimens and 49% for the control regimen, a significant difference. The
      differences persisted after stratification by age at onset, sex, white blood cell
      count at diagnosis, and marrow blast morphology. Control patients were 2.7 times
      more likely to fail induction, to die, or to relapse than were patients on the
      intensive regimens.

PMID- 2902380
TI  - Protein C deficiency and portal thrombosis in liver transplantation in children.
AB  - Changes in plasma protein C and antithrombin concentrations after liver
      transplantation were monitored in fourteen children and a control group of
      fourteen adults. In the children, there was a persistent deficiency in the plasma
      concentration of protein C and a less pronounced deficiency in antithrombin
      during the early postoperative period, causing a hypercoaguable state. A
      concomitant rise in plasminogen activator inhibitor further increased the risk of
      thrombosis by inhibiting fibrinolysis. These changes coincided with the peak
      incidence of portal vessel thrombosis (4-10 days). Replacement of plasma
      antithrombin, together with heparin, did not prevent portal thrombosis in two of
      the children. It is concluded that successful prevention will require protein C
      replacement together with antithrombin supplements up to, but not exceeding,
      normal plasma activity.

PMID- 2902381
TI  - Envelope cross-reactivity in Western blot for HIV-1 and HIV-2 may not indicate
      dual infection.
AB  - Serological identification of infection with human immunodeficiency virus types 1
      and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) by western blot alone may not be sufficient to diagnose
      dual infection. Extensive cross-reactions (eg, to envelope glycoprotein antibody)
      are seen on heterologous western blots. The use of other techniques, in this case
      competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, indicates that blot patterns
      previously thought to demonstrate simultaneous dual infections should be
      interpreted with caution.

PMID- 2902382
TI  - Increase in clonogenic tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with multiple
      myeloma treated with vincristine, doxorubicin, and methylprednisolone.
AB  - The relation between clonogenic myeloma cells, assayed in vitro, and clinical
      status was studied in 20 patients with multiple myeloma before and after VAMP
      therapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, and methylprednisolone). 14 patients showed an
      improvement in clinical status, as judged by a fall in myeloma protein and a
      decrease in plasmacytoid myeloma cell infiltration in the bone marrow. However,
      in 11 of these 14, there was an increase in the number of clonogenic myeloma
      cells. This suggests that the treatment changed the myeloma cell population in
      the residual bone marrow. To be effective, subsequent chemotherapy should be
      aimed at destroying this population of myeloma cells.

PMID- 2902383
TI  - Participation of dendritic cells in vascular lesions of chronic rejection of
      human allografts.
AB  - Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the pathogenesis of
      obliterative arteriopathy, a major obstacle to long-term solid organ allograft
      survival. T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and proliferating smooth muscle cells made
      up most of the thickened intima. More importantly, S100-protein-positive
      dendritic cells were also present in the intima, especially during active
      inflammation and smooth muscle cell proliferation. These are phenotypic
      characteristics of tissue "dendritic" cells, pivotal accessory cells in T
      dependent immune reactions. Their localisation in the arterial wall signals the
      presence of an ongoing immunological reaction directed at native constituents of
      the artery or at exogenous antigens which permeate the damaged vessel wall.

PMID- 2902384
TI  - Increase in myocardial Gi-proteins in heart failure.
AB  - The contractile response and myocardial content of Gi-proteins were examined in
      cardiac preparations from explanted hearts of four different patients with end
      stage heart failure. Three patients had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and one
      patient had inflammatory heart disease. Preparations from patients with
      idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy showed reduced contractile response to the cAMP
      increasing agent isoprenaline and an increase in myocardial Gi-proteins, compared
      with preparations from non-failing hearts. Therefore it is conceivable that an
      increase in myocardial Gi-proteins is causally related to heart failure due to
      idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. In the preparation from the patient with
      inflammatory heart disease the contractile response to isoprenaline was not
      reduced and likewise content of Gi-proteins was not changed.

PMID- 2902385
TI  - Making the headless chicken squawk.

PMID- 2902386
TI  - Self-esteem.

PMID- 2902388
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy--a cautionary note.

PMID- 2902387
TI  - Suxamethonium myalgia.

PMID- 2902389
TI  - Whooping cough in infants.

PMID- 2902390
TI  - Notification of HIV carriers: possible effect on uptake of AIDS testing.
AB  - Passing of the AIDS Prevention Bill, which demands the notification of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carriers, seems imminent in Japan. Its effect on
      people's willingness to be tested for the HIV antibody was assessed among
      heterosexual subjects (students, office workers) and groups at high risk of the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (prostitutes, homosexual males) by
      means of a questionnaire. More than 70% of the 811 students and 509 workers
      replied that, if notification became mandatory, they would agree to be tested but
      10% of the males and 17% of the females in these two groups would prefer testing
      at institutes not complying with the clause; all 198 prostitutes said that they
      would be prepared to undergo testing but 35% of them would prefer to go to non
      complying clinics; 45% (410) of 902 homosexual males replied that they would
      refuse testing, and 65% of those who would agree to be tested (492) would prefer
      to go to non-complying clinics. These findings strongly suggest that when the
      bill is passed the greater the self-perceived risk of HIV infection the poorer
      will be the uptake of AIDS testing. Hence the bill would be counterproductive in
      the surveillance of potential HIV carriers.

PMID- 2902391
TI  - Non-invasive management of fetal obstructive uropathy.
AB  - Fetal outcome was studied in 43 consecutive cases of fetal obstructive uropathy
      in which no prenatal treatment was undertaken: 12 babies survived. In the 31 who
      did not survive, oligohydramnios was present in 24 and urethral atresia was the
      most common cause of obstruction (in 27). At necropsy, bilateral renal dysplasia
      was found in 23 and pulmonary hypoplasia in 13; 16 had structural or chromosomal
      anomalies, less than half of which were detected by prenatal ultrasound. In the
      survivors, 8 had posterior urethral valves, 1 had oligohydramnios, and 2 had
      associated anomalies. Obstructive uropathy is often associated with other
      anomalies which may escape prenatal ultrasound detection, and studies to
      determine the efficacy of intrauterine decompression techniques must allow for
      this observation.

PMID- 2902392
TI  - The increment in the anion gap: overextension of a concept?
AB  - The calculation of the anion gap is widely used in the diagnosis of metabolic
      acidosis. It is often taught that the increment in the anion gap will exactly
      match the fall in serum bicarbonate during a simple metabolic acidosis of the
      high anion gap type; if the changes in the anion gap and bicarbonate level are
      not equivalent, a second acid-base disorder should be suspected. The assumptions
      upon which this formulation is based are largely unsubstantiated. This review
      critically examines these assumptions and their clinical implications.
      Discrepancies between the increment in the anion gap and the reduction in serum
      bicarbonate must be interpreted cautiously.

PMID- 2902393
TI  - Screening for breast cancer: examination and reporting of histopathological
      preparations.

PMID- 2902394
TI  - Therapeutic suggestions during general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2902395
TI  - Early thrombosis in kidney grafted into patient treated with erythropoietin.

PMID- 2902396
TI  - Is cyclosporin toxic to endothelial cells?

PMID- 2902397
TI  - Cyclosporin toxicity and colitis.

PMID- 2902398
TI  - Houseplant peritonitis.

PMID- 2902399
TI  - Classification of primary gut lymphomas.

PMID- 2902400
TI  - Quality of life on angina therapy.

PMID- 2902402
TI  - Leukemia in young children.

PMID- 2902401
TI  - Premorbid neuropathology in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2902403
TI  - Treatment of essential thrombocythaemia by alpha 2a interferon.

PMID- 2902404
TI  - Pseudoglycosuria and ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2902405
TI  - Potassium and fatigue.

PMID- 2902406
TI  - Negative association between the human T-cell leukaemia virus type I and large
      granular lymphocyte leukaemia in Japan.

PMID- 2902407
TI  - Progression of chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2902408
TI  - Lipoprotein(a), cholesterol, and coronary heart diseases.

PMID- 2902409
TI  - Serological crossreaction of human herpesvirus-6 with cytomegalovirus.

PMID- 2902410
TI  - Pruritus preceding the development of polycythaemia vera.

PMID- 2902411
TI  - Cocaine and HIV seropositivity.

PMID- 2902412
TI  - Tenth case of HIV transmission after plasma donation.

PMID- 2902413
TI  - Homosexual role separation and spread of AIDS.

PMID- 2902414
TI  - Sulphasalazine does not select for Escherichia coli with adhesive properties in
      ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2902415
TI  - Influenza-like syndrome after terconazole.

PMID- 2902416
TI  - Acute hepatitis B infection after treatment with heat-inactivated factor VIII
      concentrate.

PMID- 2902417
TI  - Improvement in hypertrophic hepatic osteoarthropathy after liver transplantation.

PMID- 2902418
TI  - Is Campylobacter pylori a zoonosis?

PMID- 2902419
TI  - Enterovirus infection in peripartum cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2902420
TI  - Clinical spectrum of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2902421
TI  - Microalbuminuria and posture.

PMID- 2902422
TI  - Cytomegalovirus matching in renal transplantation.

PMID- 2902423
TI  - Thyroid papillary carcinoma in HLA identical sibs.

PMID- 2902424
TI  - New mutations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2902425
TI  - Gastric angiodysplasia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2902426
TI  - Selection of blood donors in malaria-endemic countries.

PMID- 2902428
TI  - AIDS in the UK and worldwide.

PMID- 2902427
TI  - Radiotherapy overdose.

PMID- 2902429
TI  - Occupational exposure to ribavirin aerosols.

PMID- 2902430
TI  - Pregnancy, transfusions, and HIV.

PMID- 2902432
TI  - AIDS in Scotland.

PMID- 2902431
TI  - World AIDS Day.

PMID- 2902433
TI  - Prohibition of HIV testing without medical supervision.

PMID- 2902435
TI  - Cushing's disease of the kidney.

PMID- 2902434
TI  - Urinary tract candidosis.

PMID- 2902436
TI  - Classification of mental disorder in primary care.

PMID- 2902437
TI  - Neuromuscular blockers in patients with burns.

PMID- 2902438
TI  - Wellcome steps into the breach once more.

PMID- 2902439
TI  - Genetics of classic Alport's syndrome.
AB  - 41 families with classic Alport's syndrome (hereditary nephritis with
      sensorineural deafness) were studied. All their pedigrees were compatible with X
      linked inheritance. DNA probes were used to investigate genetic linkage in these
      families. Linkage to probe S21 (DXS17) was confirmed (LOD score = 4.72 at 0 =
      0.06), localising the gene for Alport's syndrome to the middle of Xq; thus the
      disorder is X-chromosomal in nature.

PMID- 2902440
TI  - Aluminum, chemical physiology, and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2902441
TI  - Perichondritis.
AB  - 5 children with abdominal pain of costochondral origin were seen between October,
      1987, and February, 1988. 4 were initially misdiagnosed and had unnecessary and
      costly investigations and inappropriate treatment. An accurate history and a
      thorough examination are essential to reach the correct diagnosis. A short course
      of mefenamic acid was effective in all but one child, who responded to a local
      injection of methylprednisolone.

PMID- 2902442
TI  - Nottingham study of neurotic disorder.

PMID- 2902443
TI  - Breastfeeding beyond twelve months.

PMID- 2902444
TI  - von Willebrand factor abnormalities in two patients with uraemia.

PMID- 2902445
TI  - Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2902446
TI  - Thrombocytosis after cyclosporin therapy in child with nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2902447
TI  - Indigenised pharmaceuticals and aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2902448
TI  - Mefenamic acid overdose mimicking brainstem stroke.

PMID- 2902449
TI  - Tamoxifen and endometrial cancer.

PMID- 2902450
TI  - Patient's choice of animal or human insulin.

PMID- 2902452
TI  - Cerebral vasospasm and unruptured aneurysm in thunderclap headache.

PMID- 2902451
TI  - Carbon dioxide and acute mountain sickness.

PMID- 2902453
TI  - Making insect repellents safe.

PMID- 2902454
TI  - Tumour cell morphometry and response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2902455
TI  - Alterations in T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune
      diseases.

PMID- 2902456
TI  - Leukaemia "outbreaks".

PMID- 2902457
TI  - Listeria and food.

PMID- 2902458
TI  - Non-availability of ether.

PMID- 2902459
TI  - ABO incompatibility.

PMID- 2902460
TI  - HIV and orogenital transmission.

PMID- 2902461
TI  - Ditiocarb in HIV infection.

PMID- 2902462
TI  - Herpetic bronchitis and case definition of AIDS.

PMID- 2902463
TI  - Seropositivity to HIV in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2902464
TI  - Relation between motoneuron disease and past poliomyelitis.

PMID- 2902465
TI  - Electrical stimulation for disuse muscle atrophy.

PMID- 2902466
TI  - Thromboembolism and air travel.

PMID- 2902468
TI  - Mental handicap and the community.

PMID- 2902469
TI  - Acute aortic dissection.

PMID- 2902470
TI  - Attitudes to alcohol.

PMID- 2902467
TI  - Hospital administrator's paradox.

PMID- 2902471
TI  - Cerebral blood flow in panic disorder.

PMID- 2902472
TI  - Strange allergy to chicory.

PMID- 2902473
TI  - The elderly smoker.

PMID- 2902474
TI  - Effect of cigarette smoking on Langerhans' cells.

PMID- 2902475
TI  - Screening for aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2902476
TI  - Tissue plasminogen activator versus urokinase.

PMID- 2902477
TI  - European attitudes to heart disease prevention.

PMID- 2902478
TI  - Human intestinal lactase and Lamarckian evolution.

PMID- 2902479
TI  - Routine ultrasound scanning in twin pregnancies.

PMID- 2902480
TI  - Death takes a holiday.

PMID- 2902481
TI  - Proliferation of non-psoriatic human fibroblasts in vitro by serum from patients
      with psoriasis.

PMID- 2902482
TI  - Screening for infections in pregnancy.

PMID- 2902483
TI  - Brain damage and spontaneous correction of hyponatraemia.

PMID- 2902484
TI  - Breastfeeding babies of HBsAg-positive mothers.

PMID- 2902485
TI  - Salt, pregnancy, hypertension--and literature searches.

PMID- 2902486
TI  - Randomised trials and informed consent.

PMID- 2902487
TI  - AIDS control in India.

PMID- 2902489
TI  - AIDS education.

PMID- 2902488
TI  - Mass voluntary HIV testing.

PMID- 2902490
TI  - Instituting a smoking policy.

PMID- 2902491
TI  - Controlled trial of urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and
      endoscopic sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment for acute pancreatitis
      due to gallstones.
AB  - 121 patients with acute pancreatitis thought to be due to gallstones were
      randomised to treatment with urgent endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) or with
      conventional treatment. They were stratified by predicted severity of the attack,
      according to the modified Glasgow system. ERCP was done within 72 h, and if
      common bileduct stones were identified, patients underwent ES immediately to
      extract the stones. There were fewer complications in the 59 patients who
      underwent ERCP +/- ES than among the 62 treated conventionally, the difference
      being confined to those whose attacks were predicted to be severe (6/25 ERCP +/-
      ES [1 death] compared with 17/28 conventional treatment [5 deaths]). Hospital
      stay was also shorter for patients with severe attacks who underwent ERCP +/- ES
      than for those who received conservative treatment (median 9.5 versus 17.0 days).

PMID- 2902492
TI  - Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic
      coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Paired sera from 40 male patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 30 male
      patients with chronic coronary heart disease (CCHD), and 41 controls, matched for
      sex, age, time, and locality were investigated for antibodies to a novel type of
      Chlamydia sp, TWAR, and to chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group antigen. 27
      patients with AMI (68%), and 15 (50%) patients with CCHD had raised IgG (greater
      than or equal to 128) and/or IgA (greater than or equal to 32) titres in the
      microimmunofluorescence test with chlamydia TWAR. Both frequencies were
      significantly higher than in the controls (7, 17%). 26 (68%) of 38 patients with
      AMI also showed a significant seroconversion in enzyme immunoassay with LPS
      antigen; this response was absent in all patients with CCHD and all but 1 of the
      controls. Chronic chlamydial infection could be a factor in the pathogenesis of
      cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2902493
TI  - Localisation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase--tissue specific protector
      of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AB  - In vitro the mineralocorticoid receptor is non-specific and does not distinguish
      between aldosterone and cortisol. In vivo certain tissues with this receptor are
      aldosterone selective (eg, kidney and parotid) whereas others with the same
      receptor are not (eg, hippocampus and heart). Experiments in rats showed that 11
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (which converts cortisol to cortisone in man
      and corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone in the rat) was much more highly
      concentrated in aldosterone-selective tissues than in non-selective tissues. The
      localisation in the selective tissues was such that the enzyme could act as a
      paracrine or possibly an autocrine mechanism protecting the receptor from
      exposure to corticosterone. Autoradiographic studies showed that protection is
      lost when the enzyme is inhibited; 3H-corticosterone and 3H-aldosterone were
      bound to similar sites. These findings seem to explain why sodium retention,
      hypokalaemia, and hypertension develop in subjects with congenital deficiency of
      11 beta-OHSD and those in whom the enzyme has been inhibited by liquorice.

PMID- 2902494
TI  - Effect of cimetidine on survival after gastric cancer.
AB  - The effect of cimetidine on survival was investigated in 181 patients with
      gastric cancer. Immediately after operation or the decision not to operate, the
      patients were randomised in double-blind fashion to placebo or cimetidine 400 mg
      twice daily for two years or until death, with review every three months. Median
      survival in the cimetidine group was 450 days (range 1-1826) and in the placebo
      group 316 days (1-1653). The relative survival rates (cimetidine/placebo) were
      45%/28% at 1 year, 22%/13% at 2 years, 13%/7% at 3 years, 9%/3% at 4 years, and
      2%/0% at 5 years. Survival in the cimetidine group was significantly longer than
      in the placebo group.

PMID- 2902495
TI  - Determinants of blood pressure in snorers.
AB  - To examine the hypothesis that the tendency to raised blood pressure in snorers
      is associated with nocturnal hypoxaemia and snoring, blood pressure was measured
      and snoring, oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2), and thoraco-abdominal movements
      were monitored overnight in 372 snorers. Snoring was quantified as number of
      snores per hour of sleep (snoring index). The data were analysed by multiple
      linear regression of diastolic blood pressure against age, body mass index (BMI),
      apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI, number of episodes per hour), snoring index, and
      SaO2. Diastolic blood pressure correlated significantly with BMI, AHI, and mean
      nocturnal oxygen saturation, but not with the snoring index. However, snoring
      index correlated with BMI, AHI, and mean nocturnal oxygen saturation. Snoring is
      thus not a direct risk factor for hypertension, but may influence blood pressure
      via its association with obesity, obstructive sleep apnoea, and nocturnal
      hypoxaemia.

PMID- 2902496
TI  - Antihypertensive treatment, myocardial infarction, and nocturnal myocardial
      ischaemia.
AB  - Patients with critical coronary stenoses or hypertrophied ventricles have
      impaired coronary vasodilator reserve and are at greatest risk of myocardial
      ischaemia or infarction if subendocardial perfusion pressure falls below the
      lower threshold of bloodflow autoregulation. During sleep, antihypertensive
      treatment may cause coronary artery perfusion pressure to fall below these limits
      in such patients. Unrecognised nocturnal hypotension may be one reason why
      treatment has not diminished the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with
      hypertension.

PMID- 2902497
TI  - Management of acute variceal bleeding.

PMID- 2902498
TI  - Laser lithotripsy: a review of 20 years of research and clinical applications.
AB  - Four new technologies have transformed the treatment of urinary calculi:
      electrohydraulic lithotripsy, ultrasonic lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy, and laser lithotripsy. Initial attempts to ablate urinary calculi by
      continuous wave CO2, ruby, and Nd-YAG lasers failed because of excess thermal
      injury and inability to pass the laser energy via a flexible fiber. Basic
      laboratory studies then demonstrated that short pulsed laser energy absorbed by
      the calculus resulted in fragmentation. The parameters that produced optimal
      urinary calculus fragmentation were found using the flashlamp pumped tunable dye
      laser, with the following parameters: wavelength: 504 nm; pulse duration: 1
      microsec; fiber: 250 micro silica-coated quartz; repetition: 5-20 Hz. Use of
      pulsed dye laser caused no tissue damage. The mechanism of fragmentation is light
      absorption, plasma development, and repetitive acoustic shock wave action with
      resultant fragmentation. The techniques for application of laser to calculi have
      been successful, and new, miniature instruments have been developed. Laser
      lithotripsy is a successful method for fragmenting ureteral calculi. The small
      caliber of the laser fiber makes this method useful for treating calculi in
      narrow, tortuous ureters; impacted calculi; distal calculi in ureters that cannot
      be dilated, via the percutaneous route for stones in calyces or impacted in the
      upper ureter. Investigations are continuing to optimize fragmentation of harder
      calculi and to use laser fragmentation within the kidney. Laser lithotripsy may
      also be used to fragment biliary calculi.

PMID- 2902499
TI  - Laser lithotripsy: animal studies of safety and efficacy.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of pulsed tunable dye laser fragmentation of common bile
      duct stones was assessed in pigs. Laser pulses were conducted through a flexible
      quartz fiber that was in direct contact with stones that had been surgically
      implanted into the common bile duct. All calculi were rapidly fragmented into
      small pieces without significant damage to the common bile duct. The immediate
      and delayed effects of pulsed lasers on the common bile duct were also evaluated.
      The common bile duct demonstrated a high tolerance to laser-induced damage even
      when the laser was discharged directly into the bile duct wall. These results
      suggest that laser lithotripsy can be performed in humans with a high degree of
      safety and efficacy.

PMID- 2902500
TI  - The pulsed dye laser versus the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in laser-induced shock
      wave lithotripsy.
AB  - To date, there are two fairly well-established alternatives for laser-induced
      shock-wave lithotripsy in clinical practice. The Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is
      distinguished by the high-stone selectivity of its coupler systems. The necessity
      of a coupler system and its fairly small conversion rate of light energy into
      mechanical energy present serious drawbacks. Furthermore, the minimal outer
      diameter of the transmission system is 1.8 mm. The pulsed-dye laser can be used
      with a highly flexible and uncomplicated 200-micron fiber. However, the laser
      system itself is more complicated than the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and requires a
      great deal of maintenance. Biological evaluation of damage caused by direct
      irradiation shows that both laser systems produce minor damage of different
      degrees. YAG laser lithotripsy with the optomechanical coupler was assessed in 31
      patients with ureteral calculi. The instability and limited effectiveness of the
      fiber application system necessitated auxiliary lithotripsy methods in 14 cases.
      Dye-laser lithotripsy is currently being tested in clinical application. Further
      development, such as systems for blind application or electronic feedback
      mechanisms to limit adverse tissue effects, have yet to be optimized.
      Nevertheless, laser-induced shock-wave lithotripsy has the potential to become a
      standard procedure in the endourologic management of stone disease.

PMID- 2902501
TI  - Changes in teeth and gingiva of dogs following laser surgery: a block surface
      light microscope study.
AB  - The effect of laser surgery on tissues of the periodontal apparatus was studied
      histologically in dogs using block surface light microscopy, a novel
      microscopical method. With this approach, changes in the hard and soft tissue
      components were concomitantly demonstrated; the method enabled preservation of
      the in situ relationship between these components. Following laser surgery,
      healing in the gingiva was delayed as suggested by the presence of epithelial
      ulcerations and dense inflammatory infiltrate. In the enamel and cementum the
      application of laser resulted in crater-like defects that could be avoided only
      partially by insertion of a tinfoil shield into the gingival sulcus. In the
      vicinity of the cementoenamel junction these defects were filled with epithelium
      or periodontal ligament fibers; the close proximity of the hard and soft tissues
      at the defect sites suggested occurrence of new attachment. Enamel defects
      located coronal to the gingiva contained bacterial plaque. These histologic
      results do not demonstrate any substantial advantage of laser over conventional
      knife gingivectomy. Such advantage may be accomplished with the design of a
      special intraoral handpiece and further experiments.

PMID- 2902502
TI  - Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in restraint stress-induced
      anorexia and reversion of the anorexia by somatostatin in the rat.
AB  - The mechanism by which restraint stress induces suppression of food intake and
      the influence of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of somatostatin on
      the anorexia induced by restraint stress were examined in the rat. Ninety minutes
      of restraint stress reduced food intake of rats to approximately 60% that of
      control. Anorexia induced by 90 min restraint stress was partially reversed by
      icv administration of alpha-helical CRF (9-41), a corticotropin-releasing factor
      (CRF) antagonist, and completely reversed by anti-CRF gamma-globulin. These
      results provide further evidence in support of the theory that CRF is involved in
      the inhibitory mechanism of food intake in restraint stress. ICV administration
      of somatostatin 14 and SMS 201-995, an analog of somatostatin, also reversed
      restraint stress-induced anorexia. It is, therefore, suggested that somatostatin
      may counteract the suppressive action of CRF on food intake in stress.

PMID- 2902503
TI  - The effect of neuroleptics on dysfunction in a prefrontal substrate of sustained
      attention in schizophrenia.
AB  - Regional brain metabolism was measured in patients with schizophrenia during the
      performance of auditory discrimination to evaluate the effect of neuroleptic
      medication on the middle prefrontal cortex, an area that appears to be an
      important biological determinant of the sustained attention required of subjects
      in this task. While unmedicated patients with schizophrenia have lower than
      "normal" metabolic rates in this cortical area that are unrelated to performance,
      patients receiving neuroleptics appear to have this metabolic deficit attenuated
      with higher metabolism in this area associated with greater accuracy of
      performance. This change occurs in the context of differential neuroleptic
      effects on the cortical regions of the frontal cortex, increased metabolism in
      the basal ganglia, thalamus and temporal lobes, and no apparent effect in the
      parietal and occipital cortices. The findings suggest that only part of the
      abnormality in the prefrontal cortex determination of sustained attention in
      schizophrenia is sensitive to neuroleptic treatment.

PMID- 2902504
TI  - Determinants of translational initiation efficiency in the atp operon of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Transcription and translation of the atp genes encoding the subunits b, delta,
      alpha, gamma and epsilon of the Escherichia coli H+-ATPase were studied. The
      nature and quantities of the respective transcripts initiated from different
      promoters were compared with overall expression rates thus yielding accurate
      information about relative translational efficiency and its coupling to mRNA
      levels. Part of the highly efficient subunit c gene translational initiation
      region (TIR) was used as a tool in manipulating the TIRs of the other genes. Rate
      control of atp cistron translation occurs at the initiation level and is
      determined locally by each gene's TIR. In this way, individual subunit synthesis
      rates are set to match the requirements for H+-ATPase assembly. There is no (or
      very restricted) translational coupling between the cistrons. Translational
      initiation rates of the normally weakly expressed atp genes could be increased by
      up to a factor of 27 by manipulating the sequences upstream of the start codons,
      despite biased codon usages. In the presence of an improved upstream sequence,
      the N-terminal sequence of the subunit gamma gene exerted a limiting effect. This
      could be relieved by altering the sequence of the first seven codons. The levels
      of subunit gamma mRNA were more sensitive to changes in translational efficiency
      than the concentrations of the other atp mRNAs. The relationships between
      initiation efficiency and primary and secondary structure in the natural and
      manipulated atp TIRs are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2902505
TI  - The expression of mutant pilins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: fifth position
      glutamate affects pilin methylation.
AB  - The expression within Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 of three mutant pilin genes
      from P. aeruginosa PAK was studied to determine their effects on pilin stability,
      translocation into the membrane, leader peptide removal, and methylation of the
      mature N-terminal phenylalanine. The results revealed that a deletion of 4 or 8
      amino acids within the immediate N-terminus of pilin had deleterious effects upon
      leader peptide cleavage. In addition, while the 4-amino-acid deletion did not
      affect pilin partitioning into the membrane, the 8-amino-acid deletion decreased
      the amount of pilin found within the membrane fraction. Of considerable interest
      was the finding that the mutation within the mature pilin of the glutamate at
      position 5 to a lysine did not prevent leader peptide removal but did inhibit the
      methylation of the N-terminal phenylalanine.

PMID- 2902506
TI  - Cloning of a novel pilin-like gene from Bordetella pertussis: homology to the
      fim2 gene.
AB  - A search for pilin genes in a Bordetella pertussis (Bp) genomic library has led
      to the identification of several clones which hybridize to synthetic
      oligonucleotides with sequences derived from amino acid sequences of Bp fimbrial
      subunits. One of these clones (corresponding to a gene we have named fimX)
      contains an open reading frame encoding a protein with a molecular weight of
      about 20 kD and a sequence similar but not identical to the fimbrial subunit fim2
      and to other fimbrial protein sequences. In this communication we present the
      cloning and nucleotide sequence of the fimX gene and its homology to the fim2
      gene. A genomic analysis on the positional relationship between the two genes is
      also presented.

PMID- 2902507
TI  - Cell-surface properties of enterotoxigenic and cytotoxic Salmonella enteritidis
      and Salmonella typhimurium: studies on hemagglutination, cell-surface
      hydrophobicity, attachment to human intestinal cells and fibronectin-binding.
AB  - Thirteen Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium strains with smooth or rough
      colony morphology were investigated for their surface properties based on
      hemagglutination (HA), hydrophobicity, and fibronectin-binding profiles. The
      strains showed 5 different patterns of HA which was mannose-sensitive. The rough
      strains possessed comparatively greater number of fimbriae than the corresponding
      smooth strains and also attached to human intestinal cells in greater numbers.
      The Salmonella strains used in this study interacted with fibronectin and its 29
      kDa N-terminal fragment to varied extents. These properties may be helpful in
      broadening the prospective interaction capabilities of Salmonella organisms with
      the host surfaces.

PMID- 2902508
TI  - The use of respiratory stimulants in organophosphates' intoxication.
AB  - 1. Depression of the respiratory center causing acute respiratory insufficiency
      is the main cause of death in acute poisoning with organophosphates (OP) 2.
      Various authors recommend the use of respiratory stimulants as an adjuvant to the
      usual therapeutic arsenal. 3. This survey of the literature was undertaken in
      order to explore the theoretical basis for this therapeutic attitude and to
      critically assess its usefulness. 4. The conclusion of this review is that
      respiratory stimulants should not be used in the treatment of acute
      organophosphates' intoxication in human beings.

PMID- 2902509
TI  - The detection of at-risk drinking in a teaching hospital.
AB  - We studied a sample of 302 inpatients from all medical and surgical wards of
      Westmead Hospital. Twenty-six per cent of patients (47% of men and 4% of women)
      were identified as past or current "at-risk" drinkers. Current drinkers
      preponderantly were male and were more likely to be admitted to hospital with
      trauma. Apart from trauma, alcohol-related disease was not diagnosed commonly,
      and most drinkers were admitted to hospital with diagnoses that were not related
      clearly to alcohol abuse. Hospital medical staff members appeared reluctant to
      address alcohol abuse; a low rate of alcohol problems was identified, and alcohol
      related diseases appeared to be underdiagnosed.

PMID- 2902510
TI  - [The variability of arboviruses reproducing in vectors and their cell and tissue
      cultures].

PMID- 2902512
TI  - [A reply to the doubts concerning the agent of AIDS].

PMID- 2902511
TI  - [Chorea rheumatica. Clinico-therapeutic aspects of 13 cases].

PMID- 2902513
TI  - Spontaneous reinnervation of a free muscle flap.
AB  - A latissimus dorsi muscle flap was used to repair a severe traumatic avulsion
      defect of the dorsum of the foot in a 3-year-old girl. The severed peroneal nerve
      apparently regenerated across a large gap and spontaneously reinnervated the
      denervated muscle flap. This resulted in a functional flap as demonstrated
      clinically and electromyographically. Surgical methods of muscle reinnervation
      and the influence of neurotrophic factors are discussed.

PMID- 2902514
TI  - Indications from animal and chemical experiments of a carcinogenic role for
      isobutyl nitrite.

PMID- 2902515
TI  - Altered T-cell helper/suppressor ratio in mice chronically exposed to amyl
      nitrite.

PMID- 2902516
TI  - Effects of nitrites on the immune system of humans.

PMID- 2902517
TI  - Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete
      linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - The conflict between the Mendelian theory of particulate inheritance and the
      observation of continuous variation for most traits in nature was resolved in the
      early 1900s by the concept that quantitative traits can result from segregation
      of multiple genes, modified by environmental effects. Although pioneering
      experiments showed that linkage could occasionally be detected to such
      quantitative trait loci (QTLs), accurate and systematic mapping of QTLs has not
      been possible because the inheritance of an entire genome could not be studied
      with genetic markers. The use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) has made such investigations possible, at least in principle. Here, we
      report the first use of a complete RFLP linkage map to resolve quantitative
      traits into discrete Mendelian factors, in an interspecific back-cross of tomato.
      Applying new analytical methods, we mapped at least six QTLs controlling fruit
      mass, four QTLs for the concentration of soluble solids and five QTLs for fruit
      pH. This approach is broadly applicable to the genetic dissection of quantitative
      inheritance of physiological, morphological and behavioural traits in any higher
      plant or animal.

PMID- 2902518
TI  - [The value of screening and the national registration of hereditary tumors].

PMID- 2902519
TI  - [Sharp decrease in the incidence of orchidopexy at Walcheren].

PMID- 2902520
TI  - [A family with type 2a multiple endocrine neoplasms].

PMID- 2902521
TI  - [Akathisia, a literature review].

PMID- 2902522
TI  - [Possible mechanisms of strio-limbic integration in controlling the realization
      of an instrumental defense reflex in dogs].

PMID- 2902523
TI  - Pressure wave with apnoea evaluated by sleep level in patient with ventricular
      dilation.
AB  - Seventeen patients who were suspected of having hydrocephalus, because of
      ventricular dilation from various causes, were included in this study of the
      pathophysiologic basis of the appearance of pressure waves (PWs). Pressure waves
      accompanied by apnoeas originated in arousal responses in the resting state of
      these patients. Frequent fits of apnoea were included in the entire sleep apnoea
      syndrome. Most pressure waves characteristically appeared in the state of non-REM
      sleep. During the appearance of such pressure oscillations, intracranial pressure
      was elevated transiently. This coincidence in the appearance of pressure
      oscillations with sleep apnoea was the most characteristic pathophysiologic
      result from this polygraphic study of the patients.

PMID- 2902524
TI  - Amino acid neurotransmitter levels in gliomas and their relationship to the
      incidence of epilepsy.
AB  - The cause of epilepsy due to gliomas is not known. Explanations that is due to
      mass effect, infiltration and site of the tumour appear insufficient. We have
      investigated the possibility that epilepsy due to gliomas is caused by
      interference with normal GABA and glutamate uptake and metabolism in the
      surrounding cortex. Analysis of human glioma biopsy specimens for the amino acid
      neurotransmitters and glutamine has shown that gliomas associated with epilepsy
      have a higher concentration of glutamine. This may be of importance since an
      elevated concentration of glutamine has been shown to be associated with the
      onset and severity of cobalt-induced epilepsy.

PMID- 2902525
TI  - Influence of the ipsilateral hemisphere upon somatosensory evoked potential in
      cats.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded on the skull corresponding
      to the (left) SI area by (right) superficial radial nerve stimulation. Amongst
      the various components of the SEP, special attention was directed to the negative
      component (N15) with a latency of approximately 15 ms. Changes in this potential
      followed by conditioning stimulation of the ipsilateral (right) hemisphere were
      observed and the following results were obtained: (i) when conditioning stimuli
      were applied to the contralateral (left) superficial radial nerve, the
      ipsilateral (right) thalamic VPL nucleus and the ipsilateral (right) sensory
      cortex, the amplitude of N15 decreased to 65-80% of the control level at C-T
      intervals less than 100 ms and (ii) following functional elimination of the
      unilateral sensory cortex by KCl application, the amplitude of N15 recorded at
      the opposite side significantly increased. In this condition, the inhibitory
      effects of the ipsilateral thalamus and contralateral peripheral nerve
      disappeared. From these observations, ipsilateral homologous cortex may well have
      an inhibitory influence upon the near field potential (N15) of the SEP.

PMID- 2902526
TI  - Increase of plasma methionine-enkephalin levels in patients at the acute stage of
      cerebral infarction.
AB  - We investigated the participation of endogenous opioid peptide in cerebral
      ischaemia. In 13 patients with supratentorial infarction, the plasma
      immunoreactive methionine-enkephalin concentration at the acute stage (30.77 +/-
      3.54 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that at the chronic stage (20.37 +/-
      2.07 pg/ml) or that of the control subjects (19.64 +/- 1.71 pg/ml). However, it
      was unrelated to infarct size or patient severity. The increased methionine
      enkephalin, which appears to originate from the sympatho-adrenal system or
      infarcted brain, may play a role in the evolution of cerebral ischaemia.

PMID- 2902527
TI  - An epidural intracranial pressure monitor for experimental use in the rat.
AB  - We described the construction and use of a simple and reliable catheter system
      that can be used to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) from the epidural space
      in rats in an experimental setting. The catheter system is easily fabricated in
      the laboratory from readily available materials. The monitor is fitted flush with
      the inner table through a burr hole in the temporal squama. A side port is used
      to fill the system with saline and to irrigate the system should be catheter
      become obstructed. The distal end of the catheter is fitted to a pressure
      transducer that is connected to a graphic display and recording system. This
      system was used to record ICP in 30 anaesthetized adult rats. Seven were
      subjected to baseline ICP recording only and 23 were subjected to baseline
      recordings followed by epidural balloon compression of the contralateral
      hemisphere. Baseline ICP varied between 0 and 8 mmHg and respiratory variation
      could be detected on the tracings for 24 rats (75%). ICP responded directly and
      sensitively to epidural balloon inflation in all 23 rats tested. In 5 rats that
      died during balloon inflation, the decrease in ICP after death followed closely
      the loss of arterial blood pressure. There was a close correlation of numerical
      values obtained in two rats in which ICP was recorded simultaneously from the
      epidural catheter and from a catheter in the subarachnoid space at the cisterna
      magna. In one rat in which ICP increased to more than 70 mmHg, the epidural
      catheter continued to record ICP accurately while the cisternal catheter became
      obstructed with herniated brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902528
TI  - Early changes in cerebrospinal fluid Ca2+ and FFA levels following experimental
      spinal cord injury.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Ca2+ and free fatty acids (FFA) levels were determined
      for 4 h following experimental spinal cord (SC) injury in rabbits. The injury was
      produced by dropping a 20 g weight from 20 cm on exposed dura mater at the C5-C6
      level. Samples of CSF were obtained from the cisterna magna from a second
      laminectomy at the C1 level. A significant decrease in CSF Ca2+ levels was
      observed 10 and 30 min post-injury; such levels increased above normal values 180
      min post-injury. A significant increase in CSF FFA levels was seen from 10 to 240
      min post-injury with a peak at 30 min. The early decrease of CSF Ca2+ levels and
      the concomitant increase in CSF FFA levels seem to confirm in role of Ca2+ in
      mediating the lipolytic response of the SC tissue to trauma.

PMID- 2902529
TI  - Evaluation of dead cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms with special
      reference to a comparison between patients with early operations and unoperated
      cases.
AB  - The authors have analysed dead cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. This
      analysis included 270 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms, admitted to
      Mito National Hospital over an 8 yr period. Of the 98 patients who had surgery
      within 48 h after SAH, 17 cases died (mortality rate 17.3%); 7 deaths were due to
      massive haemorrhage, 5 due to vasospasm and 5 to other causes. Analysis of the
      causes of death in the non-surgical group (62 cases) disclosed that massive
      haemorrhage was the most common (29 cases), followed by rerupture after admission
      (14 cases), vasospasm (7 cases) and miscellaneous cases (5 cases). The
      possibility of improving the mortality rate in the early surgical group and the
      non-surgical group is discussed.

PMID- 2902530
TI  - The protective effect of mannitol, vitamin E and glucocorticoid on ischaemic
      brain injury: evaluation by chemiluminescence, energy metabolism and water
      content.
AB  - We currently have used three drugs in combination [mannitol, vitamin E and
      glucocorticoid (beta-methasone)] for the treatment of cerebral infarction in the
      acute stage. For the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of this therapy, we have
      conducted experiments evaluated by chemiluminescence (CL), energy metabolism and
      water content of the cortex using a global highly ischaemic rat brain. During the
      ischaemic period, CL levels increased with time and further increases were seen
      after recirculation of the blood flow. However, in the group which was
      administered the three drugs in combination, there was marked inhibition of CL
      value. Determination of adenine nucleotide and carbohydrate levels revealed that
      these drugs in combination promoted their recovery at the time of recirculation
      following ischaemia. In particular, the increase in lactate was inhibited during
      the ischaemia, thus preventing the progression of lactic acidosis. Moreover, in
      the group given all three drugs and in the group given 20% or isotonic mannitol,
      the increase in cortical water content following recirculation was inhibited.
      From these results it is deduced that these three drugs inhibit the cellular
      destruction by attenuation of free radical mediated peroxidation.

PMID- 2902531
TI  - Position sense in the lateral funiculus?
AB  - In recent years the traditional pathway for position sense in the lower
      extremities has been challenged and it has been proposed that in the upper spinal
      cord the relevant fibres ascend not in fasciculus gracilis but in the
      dorsolateral part of the lateral funiculus with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.
      To determine whether this premise is correct we have re-examined the clinical
      findings of five patients with spinal cord lesions and 62 patients who had
      undergone medullary tractotomy at a level where the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
      overlies the spinal tract of V. Of the five patients with spinal cord lesions,
      four had interrupted dorsal columns but intact dorsal spinocerebellar tracts.
      They had a loss of position sense, vibratory sense and tactile discrimination.
      Another patient with a severed dorsal spinocerebellar tract and an incomplete
      lesion of the dorsal columns had no loss of position or vibratory sense but
      possibly some tactile impairment. None of the 62 medullary tractotomy patients
      had any loss of position, vibratory or tactile sensibility. These observations do
      not support the premise that position sense from the lower extremities is carried
      by fibres of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract at any level but do support the
      traditionally accepted pathway for position sense. Other papers that address this
      and related problems in humans are also reviewed.

PMID- 2902532
TI  - Effects of electrical stimulation on intracranial pressure and systemic arterial
      blood pressure in cats. Part I: Stimulation of brain stem.
AB  - It has been suggested that brain stem activity is involved in the occurrence of
      pressure waves. Different sites in the brain stem were activated by electrical
      stimulation in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, to produce an
      increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) similar to the pressure waves. Then the
      effect of artificial ventilation on the occurrence of the pressure wave-like
      response produced under spontaneous respiration was examined since Lundberg's A
      waves appear even in artificial ventilation, and B-waves are effaced during
      artificial ventilation. This results in a brain stem map of ICP and systemic
      arterial blood pressure (BP) produced by electrical stimulation during
      spontaneous respiration. Stimulation of the rostral medullary reticular formation
      produced a rise in ICP and BP in association with a change in the rhythm of the
      spontaneous respiration; with artificial ventilation, stimulation produced a rise
      in BP but ICP kept almost at the same level. However, the rise in ICP that was
      produced by stimulation of the caudal medullary reticular formation during
      spontaneous respiration also occurred with a depressor response of BP during
      controlled ventilation. The pressure wave-like responses could be classified,
      therefore, into two types. One was the response seen during both spontaneous and
      controlled ventilation, which we designated the 'alpha' wave. The other was the
      response seen only during spontaneous ventilation, the 'beta' wave. These
      observations suggest that the origins of A- and B-waves may be related to those
      of 'alpha' and 'beta' waves, respectively.

PMID- 2902533
TI  - Effects of electrical stimulation on intracranial pressure and systemic arterial
      blood pressure in cats. Part II: Stimulation of cerebral cortex and hypothalamus.
AB  - This experimental work was carried out to examine whether activation of autonomic
      cortical and hypothalamic areas by electrical stimulation is related to changes
      in the intracranial pressure (ICP) in cats anaesthetized lightly with sodium
      pentobarbital. Electrical stimulation was performed using a concentric electrode
      with a train of electrical pulses (pulse duration, 0.4 ms; frequency, 40 Hz;
      intensity, 50-400 microA). Stimulation of sites in the anterior cingulate gyrus
      produced a rise in ICP associated with a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure
      (BP) or with no change in BP. Stimulation of sites in the anterior hypothalamus
      produced a fall in BP with an increase in ICP. Stimulation of sites in the area
      extending from the anterior hypothalamus to the posterior hypothalamus produced
      rises in BP and ICP. These observations suggest that activation of autonomic
      cortical and hypothalamic areas is involved in changes in ICP.

PMID- 2902534
TI  - The role of tissue acidosis in ischaemic tissue injury: the concept of the pH
      integral.
AB  - Cerebral cortical tissue pH was monitored with an extracellular glass electrode
      in 32 rats subjected to total global cerebral ischaemia produced by ligation of
      the basilar and carotid arteries with systemic hypotension for periods of 8 to 60
      min. The totality of the ischaemia, and its duration were confirmed by monitoring
      with a brain tissue O2 electrode. Reperfusion was induced by hypertension and
      maintained thereafter to exclude delayed ischaemia during 3 h survival after
      which the rats were sacrificed by perfusion fixation. The severity of tissue pH
      change was varied by inducing hyperglycaemia in some of the rats. Quantitative
      counts were made of neurons demonstrating changes reflecting severe ischaemic
      injury within 500 microns of the electrode tip. For the criterion of an
      ischaemically injured neuron count greater than 20%, there appeared to be a
      threshold at about 30 min, and more than 0.8 units change in pH. For quantitative
      assessment of the ischaemic insult a more satisfactory index was found by
      combining both time and acidosis as the integral of the pH change during the
      period of ischaemia. This was found to have a strong correlation with the
      histologic changes. There was a less strong correlation between the acidosis
      during reperfusion and the histologic change. Comparing these results with those
      for 3 rats subjected to 215 min of ischaemia without reperfusion, it appears that
      most of the effect of acidosis in aggravating ischaemic injury takes place during
      the first hour of ischaemia with little further aggravation for longer periods.

PMID- 2902536
TI  - The role of the podiatrist in a wartime scenario.

PMID- 2902535
TI  - Concomitant increase of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and glutamate decarboxylase
      in the frontal cortex of rats with decreased seizure threshold.
AB  - The neuropeptides somatostatin and neuropeptide Y and the activity of glutamate
      decarboxylase were determined in the frontal cortex of rats subjected to
      experimental epilepsy. Two different animal models, (1) rats kindled for 4 weeks
      by daily injection of pentylenetetrazole, and (2) rats which had undergone strong
      limbic seizures induced by kainic acid, were used. Decreased seizure threshold,
      as shown by injection of a subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole, was observed
      10 days after the last kindling session and 1 month after injection of kainic
      acid, respectively. Significantly increased levels of somatostatin (by 60%),
      neuropeptide Y (135%) and increased activity of glutamate decarboxylase (22%)
      were found in the frontal cortex of rats previously treated with kainic acid.
      Separation of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity by size exclusion high
      performance liquid chromatography showed a marked increase of immunoreactivity in
      fractions containing the somatostatin precursor (by 200%) and less prominently of
      somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 (by 60 and 80%, respectively). Michaelis
      Menten kinetics of glutamate decarboxylase revealed an increased maximal velocity
      (Vmax) in the frontal cortex of kainic acid-treated rats, but no change in the Km
      value was found. Similar results were also obtained in pentylenetetrazole-kindled
      rats. Injection of cysteamine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) resulting in a 30% decrease of
      cortical somatostatin in kainic acid-pretreated rats markedly suppressed seizures
      induced by an otherwise subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902537
TI  - [Use of citicoline in the study of chronic cerebrovascular diseases].
AB  - Some of the disturbances encountered in patients with chronic cerebral
      vasculopathies may be attributable to associated or concomitant pathologies such
      as arterial hypertension. In many of the papers published on citicoline it is
      less than clear whether the improvement in the symptoms is the result of the
      treatment of the hypertension or the substance used. In conclusion, the
      importance of correct treatment of hypertension in order to cure certain standard
      chronic cerebral vasculopathies is emphasised and the value of citicoline in
      improving kinesthesis, mnemonic and perceptive-motor efficiency is confirmed.

PMID- 2902538
TI  - Intra-ischemic extracellular release of dopamine and glutamate is associated with
      striatal vulnerability to ischemia.
AB  - We have previously described a marked attenuation of postischemic striatal
      neuronal death by prior substantia nigra (SN) lesion, and have shown that
      lowering the brain temperature by only a few degrees during ischemia also confers
      a marked protective effect. The present study was carried out to evaluate whether
      the protective effect of these manipulations involves changes in extracellular
      release of striatal dopamine (DA) and glutamate (Glu) during ischemia. Four
      animal subgroups were investigated, including unilateral SN-lesioned rats whose
      intra-ischemic brain temperature was maintained at 36 degrees C, and non-lesioned
      animals whose brain temperature was not regulated, or was maintained at 33 or 36
      degrees C during ischemia. Striatal extracellular sampling was performed by a
      microdialysis probe in rats subjected to 20 min of ischemia by 4-vessel
      occlusion. In rats whose intra-ischemic brain temperature was 36 degrees C, both
      DA and Glu increased significantly. In SN-lesioned rats no changes were found in
      extracellular levels of DA. However, significant increases in Glu were measured.
      In animals whose brain temperature was not regulated (the intra-ischemic brain
      temperature fell to 30 degrees C) or maintained at 33 degrees C there was a
      significant increase of DA release, but no changes were found in extracellular
      levels of Glu. These results, taken together with the neuropathological findings,
      suggest that release of both DA and Glu during ischemia is necessary for the
      development of postischemic striatal damage.

PMID- 2902539
TI  - Recent studies of the central nucleus of the amygdala and stress ulcers.
AB  - Studies are reviewed which indicate that the multiple-unit activity of the
      central nucleus of the amygdala differentiates stress-susceptible from stress
      resistant rats, highly emotional from less emotional animals, and genetically
      selected Roman High-Avoidance and Low-Avoidance rats. Kindling of this region
      increases the susceptibility to stress ulcer formation. Dopamine, neurotensin,
      and the endogenous opiates in the central nucleus are cytoprotective, whereas
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone aggravates the stress pathology. It is suggested
      that the amygdala codes the stressfulness of aversive inputs, the central nucleus
      being the point of output to areas controlling visceral responses to such
      information.

PMID- 2902540
TI  - Psychopharmacological effects in the radial-arm maze.
AB  - The radial-arm maze (RAM) has become a very widely used method for assessing
      spatial memory in rodents. It has proven to be quite useful in the investigation
      of the effects of a variety of pharmacological manipulations on spatial memory.
      The cholinergic system has been found to be crucial for accurate RAM performance.
      Blockade of either muscarinic or nicotinic receptors impairs performance. Other
      transmitter systems such as dopamine and the opiates have also been found to be
      involved with the maintenance of accurate RAM performance. This test has been
      found to be sensitive to the effects of a variety of toxicants given either in
      adulthood or during development. These findings provide a background for the
      assessment of the effects of novel substances on RAM performance as well as the
      basis for the further understanding of the neural substrates of memory.

PMID- 2902541
TI  - Comparative efficacy of two dopamine agonists, pergolide and lergotrile, in
      Parkinson disease.

PMID- 2902542
TI  - Laboratory determination of parentage.
AB  - By incorporating basic genetic concepts and assumptions, laboratories can
      determine if a man is excluded from paternity or, if not excluded, determine the
      likelihood of paternity. The concepts of exclusion and determination of
      likelihood of paternity are presented.

PMID- 2902543
TI  - [Hydrocortisone modification during intrauterine development of the activity of
      brain tyrosine hydroxylase in adult white rats].
AB  - The activity of the key enzyme of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH), and the level of corticosteroids in blood were estimated in adult white
      rats in the normal state and after stress after their mothers were treated with
      hydrocortisone during pregnancy. The disturbance of the balance of
      corticosteroids during intrauterine development decreases the initial activity of
      TH in hypothalamus but increases it in the cortex of adult animals. Besides,
      after stress the increase in the level of corticosteroids in blood is less
      pronounced but the TH activation in hypothalamus is more distinct. Hence, the
      increase in the level of corticosteroids during intrauterine development induces
      long-term changes in the TH activity in brain which may be one of the causes of
      decrease in reactivity of adult animals after stress.

PMID- 2902544
TI  - Aphakic cystoid macular edema secondary to betaxolol therapy.
AB  - Since the approval of timolol for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, beta
      adrenergic blocking drugs have replaced epinephrine, a pure alpha and beta
      agonist, as the treatment of choice for glaucoma in aphakic patients. To date,
      there have been no reports of cystoid macular edema secondary to timolol, a non
      selective beta-adrenergic blocker that apparently has little intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity. Betaxolol is a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocker
      that preferentially blocks beta 1 receptors. We report a case of angiographically
      proven cystoid macular edema secondary to betaxolol therapy that resolved after
      discontinuation and recurred after a monocular therapeutic trial.

PMID- 2902545
TI  - The effect of Goldmann applanation tonometry on automated static threshold
      perimetry.
AB  - Automated static threshold perimetry was performed in both eyes of 10 normal and
      12 ocular hypertensive subjects treated with a topical beta-blocker, before and
      after Goldmann applanation tonometry of their right eyes. Both objective
      statistical comparison and subjective evaluation of the resultant visual fields
      showed no detrimental effect on visual field test results after applanation
      tonometry.

PMID- 2902546
TI  - Modifying physician prescribing patterns of H2 receptor antagonists in an
      ambulatory setting.
AB  - Numerous studies have documented that primary care physicians prescribe H2
      receptor antagonist medications for conditions other than those with approved
      indications. The Division of Ambulatory Care of the Maricopa County Department of
      Health Services used a three-physician review panel to confirm a similar
      prescribing pattern for these agents by physicians in its large ambulatory care
      system. Using current standards of practice as a guide, the panel determined that
      a change in physician prescribing patterns was necessary. Such modification was
      achieved through a comprehensive educational program. The new prescribing pattern
      resulted in a 10% reduction in the number of patients treated with H2 blockers
      and a 30% reduction in dosage and duration, for an estimated cost savings of
      $40,000 per year.

PMID- 2902547
TI  - [A method for reducing dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the foot].

PMID- 2902549
TI  - [On the occasion of the reunion of medical writers at Siofok, 21-13 October
      1988].

PMID- 2902548
TI  - [Drugs that induce and/or worsen psoriasis].

PMID- 2902550
TI  - [Experience in the use of salazopyrine EN in patients with spondylarthritis
      ankylopoietica and rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2902551
TI  - [Experimental validation of the use of alpha-adrenoblockers in combination with
      anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents].

PMID- 2902552
TI  - [Strong- and rapid-action regulator peptides].

PMID- 2902553
TI  - Allergic rhinitis: recent advances.
AB  - Our understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis is increasing as a
      result of the development of new research tools for investigation of patients
      with this disorder. The pharmacologic treatment of allergic rhinitis has been
      greatly improved by introduction of relatively nonsedating H1-receptor
      antagonists and potent, topically active, glucocorticosteroids. Immunotherapy for
      allergic rhinitis is also changing with the times. Patient selection criteria are
      becoming more strict, and the introduction of safer, modified allergens with
      decreased allergenicity and retained immunogenicity will be a major advance.

PMID- 2902554
TI  - Oxygen toxicity in the infant rhesus monkey: effects on regulatory peptides in
      lung and blood.
AB  - A total of ten 6-month-old male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants, born full
      term, were positive-pressure ventilated with greater than 95% oxygen or room air
      (controls). A protocol was used which closely simulated pediatric intensive care.
      To test if regulatory peptides were affected by the oxygen treatment, and to
      search for an early marker of oxygen toxicity, lung tissue samples and systemic
      mixed venous blood were collected at 6, 12 and 24 hours after onset of treatment.
      The peptides, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), calcitonin gene-related peptide
      (CGRP), peptide YY (PYY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin
      (SOM), were quantitated in lung tissue extracts and plasma using
      radioimmunoassay. Lung tissue GRP, CGRP, and PYY levels appeared to decrease
      gradually with time, perhaps as a result of the positive pressure ventilation
      procedure. GRP and CGRP levels decreased less among monkey infants ventilated
      with oxygen, thus they were significantly higher at 24 hours than in air
      ventilated controls. VIP levels were significantly lower among tests compared to
      controls at that time. Blood peptide levels did not change with oxygen treatment.
      These results suggest that tissue concentrations of certain pulmonary regulatory
      peptides can become altered by ventilation with greater than 95% oxygen. A blood
      borne peptide marker was not identified.

PMID- 2902555
TI  - The effect of postnatal development on the adherence of nonfimbriated and
      fimbriated Salmonella typhimurium to isolated small intestinal enterocytes.
AB  - The adherence of radiolabeled fimbriated (S 7471 OF) and nonfimbriated (S 7471 N)
      Salmonella typhimurium to small intestinal rat enterocytes was examined during
      postnatal development. The fimbriated strain invariably adhered in higher numbers
      than the nonfimbriated strain during all periods of development. The capability
      of enterocytes to bind Salmonella increased significantly during postnatal
      development and reached adult levels at weaning time (21 days of age). Bacterial
      adherence to enterocytes was similar if the cells were isolated from the proximal
      or the distal small intestine. Early weaning of pups did not affect the
      capability of enterocytes to bind Salmonella. Pretreatment of isolated
      enterocytes from adult animals with rat's milk before exposure to Salmonella had
      no effect on the level of bacteria that adhered per enterocyte. Conversely,
      pretreatment of Salmonella with rats' milk before binding to enterocytes from
      adult animals also did not alter the level of bacteria adhered per enterocyte.
      These results suggest an age-dependent, postnatal development of available
      receptors for S. typhimurium on rat enterocytes. The acquisition of these
      receptors is not affected by mother's milk and is unaltered by early weaning.

PMID- 2902556
TI  - Serologic diagnosis of whooping cough by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Pernasal swabs were obtained on 3 consecutive days from 146 children referred for
      hospital admission with suspected whooping cough, and immunoglobulin A and
      immunoglobulin M antibodies to Bordetella pertussis were measured by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. The clinical features in 113 of the children were
      considered consistent with the diagnosis. Sixty-four cases were confirmed by
      serology, which showed a greater sensitivity (57% vs. 35%) than pernasal swab
      culture with no loss of specificity (100%). Paired serum samples were necessary
      for diagnosis in 30 (47%) of these 64 cases. Seventeen (43%) of 40 cases
      confirmed by pernasal swab culture had negative serologic results. Most of these
      were young infants who showed a less reliable antibody response. Detection of
      antibodies to B. pertussis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be a valuable
      additional test in the differential diagnosis of whooping cough but is not
      appropriate as the sole diagnostic test.

PMID- 2902557
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic regulation of Cl- and Ca2+ movements in rat parotid acinar
      cells.
AB  - In rat parotid acinar cells, maximal alpha 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation (10(
      5) M epinephrine + 10(-5) M propranolol) leads to a rapid (less than 10 s), 4-5
      fold elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ (approximately 800 nM at peak) which decreases
      to approximately 50% of peak Ca2+ by 3-4 min. Similarly, cells preloaded with
      36Cl- show a rapid (less than 10 s) 35-50% loss of 36Cl- which returns to
      approximately 80% of resting values in 3-4 min. Both responses are dependent on
      epinephrine, with half-maximal effects achieved at 2 x 10(-7) M and 2 x 10(-6) M
      agonist for Cl- and Ca2+, respectively. In the presence of low extracellular Ca2+
      (i.e. with EGTA), the initial rapid changes in cellular Ca2+ and Cl- are
      unaltered. However, cellular Ca2+ and Cl- levels return to basal values sooner
      than when extracellular Ca2+ is present (within approximately 2 and 3 min,
      respectively). Maximal epinephrine-induced Ca2+ and Cl- responses are unaffected
      by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, are completely blocked by the
      alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, SZL-49, and are similar to ion fluxes induced by
      maximal muscarinic-cholinergic receptor stimulation (10(-5) M carbachol). The
      data suggest that a close association exists between mobilization of
      intracellular Ca2+ and Cl- content in rat parotid acinar cells after alpha 1
      adrenoceptor stimulation.

PMID- 2902558
TI  - A major antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is homologous to the heat
      shock proteins groES from E. coli and the htpA gene product of Coxiella burneti.

PMID- 2902559
TI  - Site-specific inversions in repeated Xenopus laevis homeobox gene 2 sequences.

PMID- 2902560
TI  - Eco RV RFLP at the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) locus on chromosome 12.

PMID- 2902562
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (lambda MC.34) on chromosome
      2 [D2S63].

PMID- 2902561
TI  - A DNA polymorphism with KpnI of the human liver-type phosphofructokinase (PFKL)
      gene.

PMID- 2902563
TI  - RFLP for TaqI of the human thyroid papillary carcinoma (PTC) oncogene.

PMID- 2902564
TI  - A Bgl II polymorphism detected by LDR152 [D19S19].

PMID- 2902565
TI  - ACHF249 [D22S14] detects a common PstI RFLP and maps at 22cen----22q13.1.

PMID- 2902566
TI  - pACHF1.1 [D16S8] detects a common PvuII RFLP and maps at 16p13.3----16p13.11.

PMID- 2902567
TI  - RsaI and TaqI RFLPs for pACHF3.5 [D16S10].

PMID- 2902568
TI  - RFLP and mapping of human MOX-1 gene on chromosome 3.

PMID- 2902569
TI  - BclI RFLP for the human vimentin gene.

PMID- 2902570
TI  - A TaqI RFLP identified at the retinoblastoma locus on chromosome 13.

PMID- 2902571
TI  - Dra I identifies a two allele DNA polymorphism in the human alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptor gene (ADRAR), using a 5.5 kb probe (p ADRAR).

PMID- 2902572
TI  - A BamHI RFLP at MT2A on human chromosome 16.

PMID- 2902573
TI  - RFLP for Duchenne muscular dystrophy cDNA clone 30-2.

PMID- 2902575
TI  - A frequent HindIII RFLP of the human fibronectin gene (FN1).

PMID- 2902574
TI  - EcoRI and NsiI RFLPs at a human PLA2 gene on chromosome 1.

PMID- 2902576
TI  - Strain polymorphism and tentative mapping of mouse ornithine decarboxylase.

PMID- 2902578
TI  - A three allele restriction fragment length polymorphism within the human Col2A1
      gene.

PMID- 2902577
TI  - Two RFLPs in the 5' end of the human osteonectin (ON) gene.

PMID- 2902579
TI  - Further RFLPs at the human tyrosine hydroxylase locus.

PMID- 2902581
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD64.2) on chromosome 3
      [D3S46].

PMID- 2902580
TI  - Primary structure, developmentally regulated expression and potential duplication
      of the zebrafish homeobox gene ZF-21.
AB  - We report the molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA derived from a
      zebrafish gene (ZF-21) related to the mouse homeobox containing gene Hox2.1.
      Interesting information about the differential conservation of various domains
      was gained from comparisons between the putative protein sequences from ZF-21
      (275 amino acids) and Hox2.1 (279 aa). A separate DNA binding domain including
      the ZF-21 homeodomain and 36 additional flanking residues is completely identical
      to the C-terminal part of Hox2.1. As a consequence, these two mouse and zebrafish
      proteins must have identical DNA binding properties. A lower level of sequence
      identity between the N-terminal coding regions of ZF-21 and Hox2.1 reduces the
      total protein homology to 81%. However, short stretches of perfect homology in
      these N-terminals suggests that the essential biochemical functions are the same.
      As expected for true homologues, the ZF-21 and Hox2.1 genes also share extensive
      similarities with respect to non-coding sequences and temporal expression during
      embryogenesis. The finding of a potential ZF-21 duplication is discussed in
      relation to functional and evolutionary aspects of vertebrate homeobox genes.

PMID- 2902582
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD134.7) on chromosome 3
      [D3S45].

PMID- 2902583
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cMCOD13) on chromosome 3
      [D3S44].

PMID- 2902584
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD145) on chromosome 3
      [D3S32].

PMID- 2902585
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCT32.1) on chromosome 3
      [D3S31].

PMID- 2902586
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCT106) on chromosome 2
      [D2S61].

PMID- 2902587
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFZ38) on chromosome 2
      [D2S60].

PMID- 2902588
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM63) on chromosome 2
      [D2S51].

PMID- 2902589
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cYNA4) on chromosome 2
      [D2S50].

PMID- 2902590
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH33) on chromosome 1q
      [D1S81].

PMID- 2902591
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCT118) on chromosome 1p
      [D1S80].

PMID- 2902592
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM8) on chromosome 1p
      [D1S79].

PMID- 2902593
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMHZ5) on chromosome 1
      [D1S78].

PMID- 2902594
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCT58) on chromosome 1p
      [D1S77].

PMID- 2902595
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM12) on chromosome 1p
      [D1S76].

PMID- 2902596
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cYNA13) on chromosome 1
      [D1S74].

PMID- 2902597
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pCMM8.1) on chromosome 1p
      [D1S63].

PMID- 2902598
TI  - RFLPs for the human pepsinogen A haplotypes (PGA).

PMID- 2902599
TI  - RFLP for the human pepsinogen C gene (PGC).

PMID- 2902600
TI  - HindIII RFLP on chromosome 8 detected with a calbindin 27 kDa cDNA probe, HBSC21.

PMID- 2902601
TI  - [Procaterol in the prevention of recurrent asthmatic bronchitis. Double-blind
      study].
AB  - In a study in double-blind it has considered if the procaterol, given for a
      month, had been able to develop a preventive action in children affected from
      relapsing asthmatic bronchitis. For that the clinical symptomatology, the number
      of the contagious events and the consumption of the drugs have been valued for
      two following months. The patients who had taken the procaterol, presented a
      reduction of the contagious events, of the consumption of the drugs and of the
      spastic bronchus symptomatology in the first month of the treatment which
      continued in the second month. In spite of the development of the contagious
      events, in the third month, the pulmonary symptomatology resulted inferior in
      comparison with the group of check. It is likely than the treatment with
      procaterol avoids the arisen of the spastic-bronchus symptomatology for a rise of
      the threshold of bronchial re-established, consequent to the re-establishment of
      the mucous lesions.

PMID- 2902602
TI  - Controlled beta-receptor blockade with esmolol and flestolol.
AB  - Beta-receptor-blocking agents are commonly used in the management of various
      cardiovascular diseases. Recently, esmolol, a pharmacokinetically novel
      cardioselective beta-receptor-blocking agent, has been introduced for use in the
      treatment of critically ill patients. It is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity and in doses used clinically, it has no direct depressant effect on the
      heart. Esmolol is an ester and is metabolized by choline-esterase to ASL 8123, an
      inactive molecule. Esmolol has an elimination half-life of nine minutes which
      accounts for its ultrashort duration of action. This unique pharmacokinetic
      property provides two advantages over other longer-acting beta-receptor-blocking
      agents. First, the magnitude of beta-receptor blockade can be titrated to a
      desired level. Second, if adverse effects are experienced, reducing the dosage or
      terminating the infusion results in rapid reversal of its pharmacological
      effects. Another ultrashort-acting, non-cardioselective beta-receptor blocking
      agent, flestolol is undergoing clinical evaluation. Esmolol has been approved for
      the management of supraventricular tachycardia. The clinical safety of these
      novel drugs will expand the use of beta-receptor-blocking agents in the
      management of cardiovascular diseases in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2902603
TI  - Sleep disturbances in various nonaffective psychiatric disorders.
AB  - This article reviews electroencephalographic sleep studies in schizophrenia,
      obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, panic disorder, borderline
      personality disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and certain instances of substance
      abuse.

PMID- 2902604
TI  - Narcolepsy. Diagnosis, treatment, and management.
AB  - Narcolepsy is a syndrome of unknown origin characterized by the irresistible urge
      to sleep. Other important features are disturbed nocturnal sleep and abnormal
      manifestations of REM sleep such as cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and abnormal
      sleep-onset REM periods. Narcolepsy is not a rare condition. With a prevalence
      between 2 and 10 per 10,000 individuals, it is about as common as multiple
      sclerosis. Like multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy can be disabling and have profound
      consequences for job capability, public safety, sense of self-worth, and social
      image.

PMID- 2902605
TI  - Advances in medical genetics: Huntington disease.

PMID- 2902606
TI  - Male fertility and the undescended testis in Down syndrome. How to counsel
      parents.
AB  - Evaluation of fertility in male patients with Down syndrome has generally
      revealed poor psychosexual adaptation and markedly abnormal semen quality, which
      have thus far been uniformly associated with sterility. Up to 50% of male
      patients with Down syndrome have undescended testes. Life-table analysis of
      survival among patients with Down syndrome, as well as the low incidence of
      testicular tumors, would suggest that orchidopexy may be unnecessary in some
      patients. In most patients, however, orchidopexy is appropriate to allow for
      subsequent testicular examination. Parents of children with Down syndrome must be
      appropriately counseled regarding the fertility of their children and the
      treatment options for cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2902607
TI  - [T4/T8 ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: sensitivity and specificity for the
      diagnosis of sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2902609
TI  - [Treatment of nocturnal hypoxia in chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies].

PMID- 2902608
TI  - [Comparative studies on the effectiveness of inhalant beta 2 mimetics therapy in
      patients with obstructive respiratory disorders].

PMID- 2902610
TI  - [Lung function and blood gas analysis studies in patients with COPD and
      respiratory insufficiency receiving almitrine medication with special reference
      to its clinical aspects].

PMID- 2902611
TI  - [Peripheral neuropathy in chronic bronchopathy. A study of 128 patients].

PMID- 2902612
TI  - [The effect of almitrine dimesylate on pulmonary hemodynamics in healthy subjects
      and in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis].

PMID- 2902613
TI  - [Effect of almitrine, a chemoreceptor stimulator, on nocturnal hypercapnia and
      pulmonary artery pressure during O2 respiration in chronic obstructive lung
      disease].

PMID- 2902614
TI  - [Periarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. Determination of a new
      therapeutic strategy: 13 cases].
AB  - The treatment and prognosis of periarteritis nodosa associated with hepatitis B
      virus were reconsidered from a series of 13 patients representing 32.5 per cent
      of the 40 patients with periarteritis nodosa admitted during the same period. HBs
      and HBe antigens were present in every case, and hepatitis B virus replication
      was demonstrated by the finding of viral DNA in serum. One patient had anti-HBc
      IgM's. Five patients were treated with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide and
      occasional plasma exchanges. All were cured or achieved complete remission. Eight
      patients were treated with plasma exchanges and vidarabine, either as first-line
      therapy (3 cases) or after failure of corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants
      (5 cases). This treatment was clinically effective in 5/8 cases, including 3 with
      seroconversion. The 2 patients in whom the combined treatment failed were given
      corticosteroids; one of them also had plasma exchanges. The 8th patient died
      after a few days of treatment. Eleven of the 13 patients are still alive and
      either cured or in complete remission. Two patients who developed severe chronic
      hepatitis after steroids were discontinued received vidarabine alone: arrest of
      viral replication was obtained in both cases, with emergence of an anti-HBe (but
      not anti-HBs) antibody. The overall positive virological response rate to
      vidarabine alone or combined with plasma exchanges was 50 per cent. When
      vidarabine was prescribed as treatment of acute periarteritis nodosa (the 2 cases
      where it was used for chronic hepatitis being excluded), this response rate was
      37.5 per cent. This, in patients with periarteritis nodosa associated with
      hepatitis B virus immunosuppressive drugs should be withdrawn and replaced by
      plasma exchanges and antiviral agents. This would be the first-line treatment to
      be replaced by corticosteroid therapy if it fails.

PMID- 2902615
TI  - [Superiority of a new etiopathogenic treatment curing periarteritis nodosa caused
      by hepatitis B virus, using a combination of brief corticotherapy, vidarabine and
      plasma exchange].
AB  - A new physiopathological treatment of HBV-related polyarteritis inspired by
      advances in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis B was tested in 7 patients.
      The new protocol included short term corticosteroid therapy, a course of
      antiviral chemotherapy with vidarabine and repeated plasma exchanges enabling
      steroids to be discontinued after 2 weeks. This treatment was well tolerated, and
      6 of the 7 patients treated were clinically, biologically and virologically
      cured. The eradication of HBV among the patients who were cured was confirmed by
      clearance of HBs Ag and its replacement by anti HBs. None of the 6 patients
      relapsed during a 2 to 7 years' follow-up. The seventh patient died. In contrast,
      no patient had been cured in a similar group of 7 polyarteritis patients
      previously treated with the conventional symptomatic therapy using
      corticosteroids (6/7), plasma exchanges (4/7) and immunosuppressants (2/7). The
      outcome in this older series followed up for 3 years was altogether unfavourable,
      with 3 deaths, 3 chronic forms with multiple relapses and 1 spontaneous
      stabilisation. All patients remained chronic carriers of HBV. These results
      suggest that the new aetiopathogenic treatment capable of curing polyarteritis
      patients should replace the classical symptomatic treatment as soon as these
      preliminary results are confirmed by those of a multicentre study in progress.

PMID- 2902616
TI  - [HTLV-1 in France].

PMID- 2902617
TI  - [Treatment of pregnancy hypertension with betablockaders. Follow-up of 31
      pregnancies].

PMID- 2902618
TI  - [Isolation and purification of phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens and
      antibodies against it using polymeric biospecific adsorbents].
AB  - A new polymeric biospecific adsorbent intended for isolation of Clostridium
      perfringens phospholipase C (PLC) and PLC-specific antibodies is discussed. It
      was obtained by radical copolymerization of acrylamide, methylenbisacrylamide,
      and the acryl acid chloranhydride-acylated substrate of PLC (chicken yolk
      lecithovitellin). Maximal adsorption of PLC was observed in the presence of the
      enzyme activator, and the highest amount of PLC was eluted in case of its minimal
      adsorption. The "residual" activity of PLC on the adsorbent was used to isolate
      homologous antibodies from the anti-perfringens serum. PLC and PLC-specific
      antibodies were serologically pure in the agar precipitation test with the anti
      perfringens serum and the primary PLC concentrate, respectively; the antibodies
      gave only one zone in PAAG-electrophoresis.

PMID- 2902619
TI  - Somatostatin in pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 2902620
TI  - Secretion of protein, fluid, and immunoreactive somatostatin in rat pure
      pancreatic juice: adaptation to chronic cerulein and secretin treatment.
AB  - These studies were undertaken to assess the effects of chronic administration of
      cerulein plus secretin, every 8 h for 10 days on fluid, protein, and somatostatin
      like immunoreactivity (SLI) outputs in rat pancreatic juice. Pancreatic secretion
      was studied with conscious, cannulated rats, during infusion of precollected
      pancreatic juice to the rat intestine. Volume output reached a plateau of 5.2
      ml/210 min after 3 days of treatment. Protein secretion steadily increased up to
      218 mg/210 min after 5 days, decreased to 118 mg/210 min by day 7, and rose again
      to 281 mg/210 min after 10 days. The SLI release increased stepwise with a first
      plateau after 3 days at 493 ng/210 min; values between 983 and 562 ng/210 min
      were observed between days 4 and 7 with a third plateau at 1,887 ng/210 min
      between days 8 and 10. Peak levels of volume and protein occurred between 30 and
      90 min following each daily stimulation. In the early days SLI output reached its
      peak 3.5 h after stimulation, whereas at the end of treatment, synchronous
      secretion of protein and SLI was observed. These data indicate that important
      modifications occur in the rate of secretion of protein and SLI in the pancreatic
      juice in the course of chronic administration of cerulein plus secretin.

PMID- 2902621
TI  - Mechanisms of terbutaline-induced inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion in
      humans.
AB  - Terbutaline, a selective beta 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, has recently been
      advocated as a potential agent for treating patients with pancreatic fistulae. In
      the present study, we attempted to quantify the presumed effects of terbutaline
      on exocrine pancreatic secretion in humans and to characterize possible
      mechanisms of action. In six healthy volunteers, the pancreas was stimulated by
      infusion of graded doses of secretin (15.5-250 ng/kg/h) or by infusion of
      secretin (15.5 ng/kg/h) plus graded doses of caerulein (3.3-30 ng/kg/h). The
      experiments were repeated in each subject without and with administration of
      terbutaline. Pancreatic secretion was assessed by a marker perfusion technique
      and plasma somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels by
      radioimmunoassay. Terbutaline had no significant effect on secretin-stimulated
      pancreatic secretion, but significantly inhibited caerulein-stimulated pancreatic
      fluid secretion and trypsin output. Plasma somatostatin and PP levels were not
      affected by terbutaline. The inhibitory effect required the administration of
      pharmacologically large doses of terbutaline. We conclude that the weak
      inhibitory effect of terbutaline on exocrine pancreatic secretion is not mediated
      via somatostatin nor PP and that our data do not support a major role for beta
      adrenergic mechanism as regulator of pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 2902622
TI  - The possible role of dopamine autoreceptors in neuroleptic atypicality.
AB  - Different brain pathways have been shown to subserve the therapeutic effects of
      neuroleptics and their extrapyramidal side effects. Agents which can discriminate
      between these pathways, therefore, might be able to produce 'atypical' clinical
      effects. Molindone, a novel neuroleptic of the indoleamine class, has been shown
      in basic paradigms to discriminate between brain dopaminergic systems by virtue
      of its ability to preferentially inhibit dopamine autoreceptors (DARs). Clinical
      studies suggest that molindone may be less likely than traditional neuroleptics
      to induce tardive dyskinesia and that molindone may preferentially ameliorate
      some negative schizophrenic symptoms. We suggest that the distinct clinical
      effects of molindone result from its ability to block DARs.

PMID- 2902623
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for brain-specific 14-3-3 protein, a protein
      kinase-dependent activator of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases.
AB  - The 14-3-3 protein is a family of acidic proteins present exclusively in the
      brain and is believed to have a function in monoamine biosynthesis because of its
      ability to activate tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase in the
      presence of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II. In this study, we
      resolved bovine brain 14-3-3 protein into seven polypeptide components by means
      of reversed-phase chromatography and determined the amino acid sequence of one of
      these components (eta chain) by cloning its cDNA from a bovine cerebellum cDNA
      library. The eta-chain mRNA is 1.8 kilobases long and encodes a polypeptide of
      246 amino acids and Mr 28,221. Computer-assisted analysis of the sequence
      indicates that the eta chain exhibits no internal sequence repeats, nor does it
      have significant sequence similarity to other proteins with known amino acid
      sequence. However, the eta chain appears to consist of two structural regions
      that are distinguishable in their clearly different charge characteristics: the
      almost neutral amino-terminal region and the strongly acidic carboxyl-terminal
      region. The structural features of the eta chain and the domain organization of
      tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases suggest that the 14-3-3 protein binds to the
      regulatory domain of the phosphorylated hydroxylases through its acidic carboxyl
      terminal region and activates the hydroxylases by inducing an active
      conformation.

PMID- 2902624
TI  - An evolutionarily conserved protein binding sequence upstream of a plant light
      regulated gene.
AB  - A protein factor, identified in nuclear extracts obtained from tomato
      (Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanaceae) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)
      seedlings, specifically binds upstream sequences from the plant light-regulated
      gene family encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
      carboxylase/oxygenase (RBCS). RBCS upstream sequences from tomato, pea (Pisum
      sativum, Leguminosae), and Arabidopsis are recognized by the factor. The factor
      recognition occurs via a short conserved sequence (G box) whose consensus
      sequence is 5'-TCTTACACGTGGCAYY-3' (where Y is pyrimidine). This sequence is
      distinct from the GT motif described previously in RBCS promoters. Two other
      conserved sequences, showing a lesser degree of evolutionary conservation, are
      found upstream of the G box but do not bind to the G box binding factor (GBF).
      Twelve nucleotides within the G box are sufficient for the formation of a stable
      DNA-GBF complex. GBF is found in both light-grown and dark-adapted tomato leaf
      extracts, but it is present in greatly reduced amounts in root extracts.

PMID- 2902625
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of the multidrug-resistance-related P-glycoprotein with
      photoactive analogs of verapamil.
AB  - Verapamil, a phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker, has been shown to reverse
      multidrug resistance in tumor cells, possibly by increasing drug retention
      through interaction with an outward drug transporter of the resistant cells. In
      this study two photoactive radioactive analogs of verapamil, N-(p-azido[3,5
      3H]benzoyl)aminomethyl verapamil and N-(p-azido[3-125I]salicyl)aminomethyl
      verapamil, were synthesized and used to identify the possible biochemical
      target(s) for verapamil in multidrug-resistant DC-3F/VCRd-5L Chinese hamster lung
      cells selected for resistance to vincristine. The results show that a
      specifically labeled 150- to 180-kDa membrane protein in resistant cells was
      immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antibody specific for P-glycoprotein.
      Phenylalkylamine binding specificity was established by competitive blocking of
      specific photolabeling with the nonradioactive photoactive analogs as well as
      with verapamil. Photoaffinity labeling was also inhibited by 50 microM
      concentrations of the calcium channel blockers nimodipine, nifedipine,
      nicardipine, azidopine, bepridil, and diltiazem and partially by prenylamine. Bay
      K8644, a calcium channel agonist, also inhibited P-glycoprotein photolabeling.
      Moreover, P-glycoprotein labeling was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by
      vinblastine with half-maximal inhibition at 0.2 microM compared to that by
      verapamil at 8 microM. Photolabeling was also partially inhibited by two of the
      drugs to which these cells are cross-resistant, doxorubicin and actinomycin D, at
      100 microM, but not by colchicine. These data provide direct evidence that P
      glycoprotein has broad drug recognition capacity and that it serves as a
      molecular target for calcium channel blocker action in reversing multidrug
      resistance.

PMID- 2902626
TI  - Cyclic AMP induction of early adenovirus promoters involves sequences required
      for E1A trans-activation.
AB  - Early in adenovirus infection, the E1A (early region 1A) oncogene products trans
      activate the other early viral transcription units, as well as some cellular
      promoters. The mechanism by which E1A elicits its activity is still unknown. In
      this report, I show that the adenovirus E2a and E3 promoters are cAMP inducible
      in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and that this activation requires the presence
      of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase II. Using deletion mutants of the E2a
      promoter, it was found that the sequence TACGTCAT located between positions -70
      and -77 is involved in both the cAMP response and the E1A trans-activation. Also,
      in the mutant PC12 cell line A126-2B, which lacks the cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase II, E1A is still able to activate E2a and E3 promoters. This suggests that
      E1A products may circumvent the lack of the kinase by activating an alternative
      signal transduction pathway, which could mimic the effect of agonists of
      adenylate cyclase. I propose that E1A is capable of modifying by phosphorylation,
      either directly or indirectly, the transcription factor that binds the ACGTCA
      motif. Such a factor, termed ATF (adenovirus transcription factor), has already
      been characterized and appears to have strong similarities to the transcriptional
      factor CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein), which binds homologous
      sequences in cAMP responsive genes, such as somatostatin and c-fos.

PMID- 2902627
TI  - Coordinate regulation of two genes encoding gluconeogenic enzymes by the trans
      dominant locus Tse-1.
AB  - Tissue-specific extinguisher-1 (Tse-1) is a mouse genetic locus that can repress
      liver-specific tyrosine aminotransferase gene expression in trans. To search for
      other Tse-1-responsive genes, hepatoma microcell hybrids retaining mouse
      chromosome 11 or human chromosome 17, containing murine Tse-1 and human TSE1,
      respectively, were screened for expression of liver-specific mRNAs. While most
      liver gene activity was unaffected in such hybrids, phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase and tyrosine aminotransferase gene expression was coordinately
      repressed in these clones. Extinction of both genes was apparently mediated by a
      single genetic locus that resides on human chromosome 17.

PMID- 2902628
TI  - Gangliosides prevent glutamate and kainate neurotoxicity in primary neuronal
      cultures of neonatal rat cerebellum and cortex.
AB  - Using a sensitive histofluorescence staining method that allows for a
      quantitation of neuronal death, we compared the protective effects of
      gangliosides (a group of naturally occurring glycosphingolipids), phencyclidine
      (PCP), and MK-801 (dibenzocyclohepteneimine) on glutamate- and kainate-induced
      neuronal death in primary cultures of cortical and cerebellar neurons prepared
      from neonatal rats. PCP and MK-801 block neurotoxicity induced by glutamate doses
      50 times higher than the LD50 (LD50 in Mg2+-free medium, 10 microM) but only
      partially block the kainate neurotoxicity (LD50 in presence of Mg2+, 100 microM).
      In contrast, pretreatment with gangliosides (GT1b greater than GD1b greater than
      GM1) results in complete and insurmountable protection against the neurotoxicity
      elicited by glutamate or kainate. In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells
      gangliosides, unlike PCP and MK-801, fail to block glutamate-gated cationic
      currents and the glutamate-evoked increase of (i) inositol phospholipid
      hydrolysis (ii) c-fos mRNA content, and (iii) nuclear accumulation of c-fos
      protein. Protection of glutamate neurotoxicity by gangliosides does not require
      their presence in the incubation medium; however, it is proportional to the
      amount of glycosphingolipid accumulated in the neuronal membranes. The
      ganglioside concentration (30-60 microM) that blocks glutamate-elicited neuronal
      death also prevents glutamate- and kainate-induced protein kinase C translocation
      from cytosol to neuronal membranes.

PMID- 2902629
TI  - Immunoglobulins from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients enhance spontaneous
      transmitter release from motor-nerve terminals.
AB  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incapacitating neuromuscular disease of
      unknown etiology. Although laboratory evidence is lacking, circumstantial
      evidence supports the importance of immune factors in the pathogenesis of ALS. In
      the present study immunoglobulins from 4 of 8 ALS patients induced a significant
      increase in spontaneous quantal transmitter release as monitored by miniature end
      plate potential (MEPP) frequency in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations at
      23 degrees C, whereas immunoglobulins from normal individuals and from patients
      with other neuromuscular diseases had no effect. At 32 degrees C neither normal
      nor disease control immunoglobulins influenced MEPP frequency, but 8 of 11 ALS
      immunoglobulin samples produced a significant increase in spontaneous quantal
      transmitter release. The enhancing effect could be prevented by 10 mM Mg2+. No
      effects were noted on MEPP amplitude and muscle resting potential. These findings
      suggest that the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron may be an early target
      and that immunological factors may play an important role in the disease process.

PMID- 2902630
TI  - "DAKLI": a multipurpose ligand with high affinity and selectivity for dynorphin
      (kappa opioid) binding sites.
AB  - We describe a synthetic ligand, "DAKLI" (Dynorphin A-analogue Kappa LIgand),
      related to the opioid peptide dynorphin A. A single reactive amino group at the
      extended carboxyl terminus permits various reporter groups to be attached, such
      as 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent, fluorescein isothiocyanate, or biotin.
      These derivatives have high affinity and selectivity for the dynorphin (kappa
      opioid) receptor. An incidental finding is that untreated guinea pig brain
      membranes have saturable avidin binding sites.

PMID- 2902631
TI  - The yeast analog of mammalian cyclin/proliferating-cell nuclear antigen interacts
      with mammalian DNA polymerase delta.
AB  - DNA polymerase III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is analogous to the mammalian
      DNA polymerase delta by several criteria, including an increased synthetic
      activity on poly(dA).oligo(dT) (40:1 nucleotide ratio) in the presence of calf
      thymus proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), or cyclin. This stimulation
      assay has been used to purify the yeast analog of PCNA/cyclin (yPCNA) to
      homogeneity. yPCNA is a trimer or tetramer (Mr approximately 82,000) of identical
      subunits with a denatured Mr of 26,000. On a molar basis yPCNA and calf thymus
      PCNA/cyclin are equally active in stimulating DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase
      III. About 10 times more yPCNA than calf thymus PCNA/cyclin is needed, however,
      to stimulate calf thymus DNA polymerase delta, and the degree of stimulation
      obtained at saturating levels of yPCNA is a factor of 2-3 less than with calf
      thymus PCNA/cyclin. Both stimulatory proteins exert their effect in an identical
      fashion, i.e., by increasing the processivity of the DNA polymerase. Yeast DNA
      polymerases I and II and calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha are not stimulated by
      yPCNA. Treatment of logarithmic-phase cells with hydroxyurea blocks them in the S
      phase and produces a 4- to 5-fold increase in yPCNA.

PMID- 2902632
TI  - Subunit S1 of pertussis toxin: mapping of the regions essential for ADP
      ribosyltransferase activity.
AB  - The toxicity of pertussis toxin is mediated by the ADP-ribosyltransferase
      activity of subunit S1. To understand the structure-function relationship of
      subunit S1 and guide the construction of nontoxic molecules suitable for
      vaccines, we constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli a series of amino
      terminal and carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants as well as a number of molecules
      containing amino acid substitutions. The shortest peptide still retaining
      enzymatic activity contains amino acids 2-179. Within this region we identified
      three mutants in which amino acid substitutions abolish the enzymatic activity.
      Mutation of amino acids 8 and 9 or 50 and 53, located within the region of the S1
      subunit of pertussis toxin homologous to cholera toxin, causes loss of enzymatic
      activity. Outside this homology region, substitution of Glu-129 with glycine or
      aspartic acid also eliminates the enzymatic activity of the S1 subunit. In this
      respect, Glu-129 resembles the glutamic acid that is crucial for the catalytic
      activity of diphtheria and Pseudomonas toxins. Once introduced into the
      Bordetella pertussis chromosome, the above mutations should lead to the synthesis
      of nontoxic pertussis toxin molecules suitable for vaccine production.

PMID- 2902633
TI  - Genetic determinants of neoplastic transformation by the retroviral oncogene v
      erbB.
AB  - The retroviral oncogene v-erbB is a mutant version of the gene (c-erbB or ERBB1)
      that encodes the cell-surface epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The
      mutations take three forms: (i) a large deletion that removes the entire ligand
      binding domain of EGFR, (ii) smaller deletions that affect the carboxyl-terminal
      domain of EGFR, and (iii) point mutations that cause conservative substitutions
      of amino acids. Previous work has shown that, in the absence of the large
      deletion, ERBB1 cannot transform cells autonomously. Here we report that when the
      large deletion is present, no other mutation is required for ERBB1 to transform
      established rodent fibroblasts to a tumorigenic phenotype. In particular, there
      is no need for deletions affecting the carboxyl terminus of the gene product. It
      appears, therefore, that removal of the ligand-binding domain from the EGFR
      suffices to create a transforming protein. Deletions at the carboxyl terminus of
      the EGFR apparently play only a secondary role in transformation by affecting the
      host range and perhaps the potency of transformation; and there is as yet no
      evidence to implicate point mutations in the activation of ERBB1 to an oncogene.
      Our findings support the view that augmented activity of the EGFR can contribute
      to tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2902634
TI  - Chromosomal localization of genes encoding guanine nucleotide-binding protein
      subunits in mouse and human.
AB  - A variety of genes have been identified that specify the synthesis of the
      components of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). Eight different
      guanine nucleotide-binding alpha-subunit proteins, two different beta subunits,
      and one gamma subunit have been described. Hybridization of cDNA clones with DNA
      from human-mouse somatic cell hybrids was used to assign many of these genes to
      human chromosomes. The retinal-specific transducin subunit genes GNAT1 and GNAT2
      were on chromosomes 3 and 1; GNAI1, GNAI2, and GNAI3 were assigned to chromosomes
      7, 3, and 1, respectively; GNAZ and GNAS were found on chromosomes 22 and 20. The
      beta subunits were also assigned--GNB1 to chromosome 1 and GNB2 to chromosome 7.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to map the homologues of some
      of these genes in the mouse. GNAT1 and GNAI2 were found to map adjacent to each
      other on mouse chromosome 9 and GNAT2 was mapped on chromosome 17. The mouse GNB1
      gene was assigned to chromosome 19. These mapping assignments will be useful in
      defining the extent of the G alpha gene family and may help in attempts to
      correlate specific genetic diseases with genes corresponding to G proteins.

PMID- 2902635
TI  - Human ETS2 gene on chromosome 21 is not rearranged in Alzheimer disease.
AB  - The human ETS2 gene, a member of the ETS gene family, with sequence homology with
      the retroviral ets sequence of the avian erythroblastosis retrovirus E26 is
      located on chromosome 21. Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome (DS)
      patients with partial trisomy 21 allowed us to reinforce the supposition that
      ETS2 may be a gene of the minimal DS genetic region. It was originally proposed
      that a duplication of a portion of the DS region represents the genetic basis of
      Alzheimer disease, a condition associated also with DS. No evidence of either
      rearrangements or duplications of ETS2 could be detected in DNA from fibroblasts
      and brain tissue of Alzheimer disease patients with either the sporadic or the
      familiar form of the disease. Thus, an altered ETS2 gene dosage does not seem to
      be a genetic cause or component of Alzheimer disease.

PMID- 2902636
TI  - Pst I restriction fragment length polymorphism of human placental alkaline
      phosphatase gene: Mendelian segregation and localization of mutation site in the
      gene.
AB  - The pattern of inheritance of a Pst I restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) of the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene was studied in nine
      nuclear families by Southern blot hybridization analysis of genomic DNA. The
      dimorphic RFLP is defined by the presence of allelic fragments 1.0 kilobase and
      0.8 kilobase long. The results of this study show that the two alleles of the
      PstI RFLP of the placental alkaline phosphatase gene segregate as codominant
      traits according to Mendelian expectations. For a polymorphism to be useful as a
      genetic marker the probability that an offspring is informative (PIC) must be at
      least 0.15. The allelic frequency of the 1.0-kilobase allele is 0.21, which
      correlates to a probability that an offspring is informative of 0.275 and is
      indicative of a useful polymorphism. By using probes derived from different
      regions of the placental alkaline phosphatase cDNA, the mutated Pst I site
      causing the RFLP was located in the penultimate intron 2497 base pairs downstream
      from the transcriptional initiation site.

PMID- 2902637
TI  - A primate species with limited major histocompatibility complex class I
      polymorphism.
AB  - Extensive polymorphism at the major histo-compatibility complex (MHC) is thought
      to confer immune protection on populations. A New World primate, the cotton-top
      tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), has a high prevalence of ulcerative colitis and
      adenocarcinoma of the colon and dies after infection with several human viruses.
      Lymphocytes from all animals tested expressed on common MHC class I allelic
      product. Another MHC class I allelic product was expressed by 39 of 41 tested
      animals. Four other allelic products were also expressed on the lymphocytes of
      these animals at a frequency of greater than 50%. MHC class II gene products,
      however, were polymorphic. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
      confirmed that there were a limited number of cotton-top tamarin MHC class I
      alleles, whereas the MHC class II gene loci were polymorphic. This sharing of MHC
      class I alleles is unprecedented in a higher primate species and may play a role
      in the susceptibility of this endangered species to pathogens.

PMID- 2902638
TI  - T-cell receptor alpha-chain variable-region haplotypes of normal and autoimmune
      laboratory mouse strains.
AB  - We used Southern blotting and mRNA analysis to characterize allelic polymorphisms
      among genes of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) alpha-chain variable-region (V
      alpha) locus in a large panel of normal and autoimmune-susceptible or autoimmune
      contributing strains of laboratory mice. Four major V alpha haplotypes were
      defined on the basis of multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms for
      each of nine V alpha subfamily probes used. Southern blotting also revealed
      haplotype-specific loss of bands within some V alpha subfamilies, consistent with
      the deletion of particular V alpha genes or sets of genes from haplotype to
      haplotype. In contrast to the situation in the V beta locus, however, deletion of
      entire V alpha subfamilies was not observed. The nature of V alpha allelic
      variability was further explored by using an RNase protection assay to analyze
      expressed V alpha mRNA sequences in thymocyte RNA. Such analysis revealed both
      shared and unique patterns of V alpha mRNA expression among the different
      haplotypes and supported the conclusion that haplotype differences sometimes
      involve V alpha gene deletions. Interestingly, a disproportionate number of, but
      not all, autoimmune-susceptible strains, including NZB, SJL, SWR, PL/J, and NOD,
      share a common V alpha haplotype. The identification of murine TCR V alpha
      haplotypes should provide a basis for understanding the role of TCR diversity in
      normal immunoregulatory and immune-response phenomena, as well as autoimmune
      disease predisposition.

PMID- 2902639
TI  - Evolutionary genetics of the encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae.
AB  - Genetic relationships among 2209 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae of
      polysaccharide capsule serotypes a, b, c, d, e, and f were determined by
      analyzing electrophoretically demonstrable allelic variation at 17 chromosomal
      enzyme loci. We distinguished 280 electrophoretic types (ETs), representing
      distinctive multilocus genotypes. Genetic diversity among ETs of isolates of the
      same serotype was, on average, only 67% of that in the total sample, and no ETs
      were shared among isolates of different serotypes. Cluster analysis of the ETs
      revealed 2 primary phylogenetic divisions at a genetic distance of 0.66 and 12
      major lineages diverging from one another at distances greater than 0.42. In
      general, strains of different phylogenetic lines or groups of allied lineages
      have characteristic cap region restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns
      obtained by digestion of genomic DNA with EcoRI. Strains producing serotype c, e,
      and f capsules have no close relationships to those of other encapsulated
      strains. Lineages of both serotype a and b strains occur in each primary
      phylogenetic division, most probably as a result of the transfer of serotype
      specific sequences of the cap region between clonal lineages. Serotype a strains
      allied in division I with a group of abundant serotype b clones and the serotype
      d strains apparently are more virulent than the serotype a strains in division
      II, which are related to serotype b and f strains that rarely cause invasive
      disease.

PMID- 2902640
TI  - Uses of calcium channel blocking agents and beta blocking agents in the control
      of supraventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2902641
TI  - P-glycoprotein gene amplification or overexpression is not detected in clinical
      breast cancer specimens.

PMID- 2902642
TI  - Zuclopenthixol decanoate in the management of behavioural disorders in mentally
      handicapped patients.
AB  - One hundred and sixteen mentally handicapped patients with behavioural disorders
      were studied in a double-blind clinical comparison of zuclopenthixol decanoate
      injection (mean dosage 123 mg/week) and placebo. The study consisted of a 4-week
      open phase, in which all patients were treated with zuclopenthixol decanoate,
      followed by a 12-week double-blind phase where approximately half of the patients
      were changed to placebo. Patients were assessed every 2 weeks using the Clinical
      Global Impression, the Nurse's Observation Scale for In-patient Evaluation, a
      specific behaviour rating scale designed for this study and a side-effects check
      list. Fourteen patients in the placebo group were withdrawn because of an
      increase in the frequency and severity of their behavioural disorders compared to
      only 4 in the zuclopenthixol decanoate group. Analyses of the rating scales of
      the patients remaining in the study also showed zuclopenthixol decanoate to be
      superior to placebo in the treatment of mentally handicapped patients with
      behavioural disorders. Side-effects in general were not a problem and did not
      affect treatment.

PMID- 2902643
TI  - Codeine produces a cholinergically mediated analeptic effect in rats and rabbits.
AB  - The intravenous administration of codeine to diazepam-narcotized rabbits resulted
      in a shortened duration of loss of righting reflex. Coadministration of
      naltrexone plus codeine enhanced this analeptic effect and was also effective in
      shortening the duration of pentobarbital narcosis. The analeptic effect was
      blocked by atropine, but not by methylatropine, indicating involvement of a
      central cholinergic mechanism. In rats the analeptic activity correlated with the
      reversal of the diazepam-induced fall in sodium dependent high affinity choline
      uptake in hippocampal and cortical synaptosomes. These findings may represent the
      pharmacological basis of the recently reported antinarcoleptic action of codeine
      in man.

PMID- 2902644
TI  - Is stimulation of both D1 and D2 receptors necessary for the expression of
      dopamine-mediated behaviors?
AB  - Recent electrophysiological findings have indicated that D1 dopamine (DA)
      receptor stimulation by SKF 38393 enables the inhibitory effects of the D2
      receptor agonist quinpirole on nucleus accumbens neurons. In the present study, a
      similar interaction was shown for quinpirole-induced stereotyped behaviors. In
      control rats, SKF 38393 enhanced the stereotyped responses induced by quinpirole,
      converting lower-level stereotypies (sniffing and rearing) to more intense oral
      behaviors (licking and gnawing). In rats depleted of DA (79% reduction) by the
      tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), the behavioral
      effects of quinpirole were abolished. However, quinpirole-induced stereotyped
      responses were reinstated by SKF 38393 suggesting that D1 receptor stimulation by
      endogenous DA is necessary for D2 receptor-mediated stereotyped responses
      (sniffing, rearing). In support of this suggestion, stereotyped behaviors
      produced by the non-selective D1/D2 agonist apomorphine were not affected by AMPT
      pretreatment. In contrast to the effects of quinpirole, the ability of SKF 38393
      to induce grooming responses was not abolished by AMPT pretreatment or by
      combined pretreatment with AMPT and reserpine (greater than 99% DA depletion).
      These results indicate that D1 receptor stimulation enables D2 receptor-mediated
      stereotyped responses, but that this relationship is not reciprocal since D2
      receptor stimulation is not necessary for the grooming response elicited by SKF
      38393.

PMID- 2902645
TI  - Attenuation of forgetting by pharmacological stimulation of aminergic
      neurotransmitter systems.
AB  - Mice were trained in one-way active avoidance to a criterion of 3/4 avoidances
      and tested under extinction conditions one week later when substantial forgetting
      had occurred. Thirty min prior to testing animals were injected with either
      saline or different doses of drugs which activate the noradrenergic
      (phenylephrine, salbutamol, clonidine) dopaminergic (L-dopa(Sinemet)
      transdihydrolisuride, apomorphine) and serotonergic (fluoxetine, 5-methoxy DMT)
      neurotransmitter systems. Results showed that all agents alleviated forgetting in
      a dose dependent fashion. Untrained mice treated with the most effective dose of
      representative drugs from each class did not exhibit avoidance behavior at
      testing indicating that the improved performance of trained animals was probably
      not the result of increased activity or other non-memorial effects of the drugs.
      It was concluded that pharmacological agents which stimulate monoamine systems
      may improve memory retrieval by activating a non-specific neural system which
      controls arousal, attention and motor readiness.

PMID- 2902646
TI  - Role of quisqualic acid receptors in the hypermotility response produced by the
      injection of AMPA into the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) is an excitatory
      amino acid which on the basis of electrophysiological and binding studies appears
      to act as a quisqualic acid receptor agonist. AMPA and other excitatory amino
      acids, such as quisqualic acid, kainic acid, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, as
      well as picrotoxin, an inhibitor of endogenous GABA, produce a marked stimulation
      of locomotor activity after bilateral injection into the nucleus accumbens. The
      intraacumbens injection of gamma-D-glutamylaminomethylsulphonate (GAMS) was found
      to inhibit the hypermotility responses produced by AMPA and quisqualic acid at
      doses that were unable to inhibit the hypermotility responses produced by kainic
      acid, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, and picrotoxin. These results suggest that GAMS
      is able to selectively inhibit quisqualic acid receptors in the nucleus
      accumbens. The intraacumbens injection of D-alpha-aminoadipic acid at a dose that
      significantly inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-stimulated locomotor activity
      did not produce a significant inhibition of AMPA-stimulated locomotor activity,
      suggesting that AMPA is not acting at N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors. Thus,
      these results suggest that the activation of quisqualic acid receptors in the
      nucleus accumbens produces a hypermotility response.

PMID- 2902647
TI  - Selective protection from the inhibition by EEDQ of D1 and D2 dopamine agonist
      induced rotational behavior in mice.
AB  - Mice with unilateral lesions of dopamine nigrostriatal neurons produced by
      injecting 6-hydroxydopamine into the striatum exhibited contralateral rotational
      behavior to the non-selective dopamine agonist apomorphine, the D1 dopamine
      agonist SKF 38393, and the D2 agonist quinpirole. The non-specific dopamine
      antagonist EEDQ blocked the circling responses to the three agonists.
      Pretreatment with specific, reversible dopamine antagonists before the EEDQ
      injection selectively prevented this blockade. Thus, if mice were pretreated with
      the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 before EEDQ and the animals challenged with
      the D1 and D2 agonists 24 hours later, the rotational response to quinpirole was
      still inhibited, but the response to SKF 38393 was now evident. Similarly, in
      mice pretreated with the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride before EEDQ and again
      challenged with the D1 and D2 agonists 24 hours later, the rotational response to
      SKF 38393 was still inhibited but the response to quinpirole was no longer
      inhibited. These results indicate that in vivo blockade of either D1 or D2
      subpopulations of dopamine receptors may be achieved by selective protection with
      a reversible dopamine antagonist given prior to the administration of an
      irreversibly acting dopamine antagonist such as EEDQ.

PMID- 2902649
TI  - Effects of dynorphins on body temperature of rats.

PMID- 2902648
TI  - Stimulation of ingestive behaviors following injections of excitatory amino acid
      antagonists into the median raphe nucleus.
AB  - Anatomical and pharmacological evidence suggests that excitatory amino acids
      (EAA's) may function as neurotransmitters within the median raphe nucleus (MR).
      Previous studies have shown that injections of EAA antagonists into the MR result
      in marked hyperactivity. The current report extends these findings by
      demonstrating that intra-raphe injections of two EAA antagonists, kynurenic acid
      and 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, result in dose-dependent increases in food
      and water intake in nondeprived rats. These results suggest that EAA's within the
      MR may play a role in the control of appetitively motivated behaviors.

PMID- 2902650
TI  - Imidazole and yohimbine antagonize hypomotility, penile erection, stretching and
      yawning induced in rats by BHT 920, a selective dopamine autoreceptor agonist.
AB  - When the azepine derivative BHT 920, a putative agonist at dopamine
      autoreceptors, was injected i.p. into adult male rats at 100 micrograms/kg, it
      induced numerous penile erections, stretching and yawning and sedation, all
      considered typical signs of central DA autoreceptor stimulation, but did not
      elicit stereotyped behaviour. Imidazole (37.5-150 mg/kg i.p.) and the alpha 2
      antagonist yohimbine (0.5-1 mg/kg i.p.) both antagonized the behavioural effects
      of BHT 920. In the light of the proposed selective action of the drugs used, the
      possible involvement of specific receptors for the modulation of these forms of
      behaviour, as well the possible relevance of the data presented, are briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 2902651
TI  - Decreased [3H]-naloxone binding and elevated dynorphin-A(1-8) content in Zucker
      rat brain.
AB  - We have previously reported that female obese Zucker rats are hypersensitive to
      painful stimuli and are resistant to the analgesic effects of morphine. In
      continuation we hypothesized that these phenomena are possibly the result of
      diminished population of opioid receptors, or an overabundance of dynorphin
      interfering with morphine analgesia. We now report that female obese Zucker rats
      have decreased concentrations of mu opioid receptors in whole brain and elevated
      levels of Dynorphin A(1-8) (DYN) in a brain area known to be associated with
      responses to nociceptive stimuli.

PMID- 2902652
TI  - Non-amphetaminic central stimulation by alkaloids from the ibogane an vobasine
      series.

PMID- 2902653
TI  - Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - A few studies of chronic psychiatric inpatients have reported an inverse
      association between platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity level and tardive
      dyskinesia (TD). In contrast to these earlier findings, we found no significant
      or consistent association between platelet MAO activity level and TD occurrence
      when we controlled for other TD predictors in a case-control study of 80
      outpatients maintained on neuroleptic medications. We did find, however, that
      black subjects had significantly lower levels of MAO activity than did whites in
      an analysis controlling for age, sex, and neuroleptic dose.

PMID- 2902654
TI  - In vitro spontaneous motility of gastric smooth muscles of the sheep.
AB  - Whole strips of muscle wall cut parallel to their corresponding longitudinal,
      circular or internal oblique orientations in the reticulum, rumen, omasal body,
      abomasal body and antrum and to the muscularis mucosae of the omasal leaves were
      mounted along a vertical axis and their mechanical activities recorded
      isometrically. The strips were perfused with Tyrode-Ringer solution at 37 degrees
      C bubbled with 100% O2 or a mixture of 95% O2 + 5% CO2. Spontaneous activity was
      observed in muscle strips from all regions but not all muscle strips were
      spontaneously active: markedly greater spontaneous activity and a greater
      sensitivity to stimulatory agents occurred with 100% O2. Spontaneous activity was
      unaffected by the ganglionic blocking agent hexamethonium (10(-5) M) whereas
      atropine (10(-6) M) had no effect, or reduced and in some cases with rumen only,
      abolished activity. Acetylcholine (10(-6)-10(-7) M) caused contraction of all
      muscle except muscularis mucosae from omasal leaves. Electrical stimulation
      evoked responses which included atropine-sensitive contractions, relaxations and
      rebound contraction especially following atropine. The experiments showed that
      both major muscle layers of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum in mixed
      layer preparations exhibited spontaneous activity when removed from the influence
      of their cholinergic innervation and this included atropine-resistant diphasic
      contractions of the internal oblique muscle of the reticulum. The muscularis
      mucosae of the omasal leaves exhibited spontaneous contractile activity
      unaffected by cholinergic agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 2902655
TI  - Prediction of remission after antithyroid drug treatment in Graves' disease.
AB  - A prospective study was carried out to determine the factors which influence
      response to antithyroid drug treatment in Graves' disease and to assess their
      predictive value. Eleven variables were included in the assessment and were
      subjected to discriminant analysis, log rank test and "survival" analysis. The
      patients were observed for a considerable period (mean duration 51 months).
      Carbimazole (mean total dose 8 g) was given in combination with thyroxine for an
      average of eight months to 72 patients. Thirty-five patients relapsed and 37
      remain in remission. Thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) were
      detectable in 74 per cent of patients at diagnosis and thyroid stimulating
      antibodies detectable in 70 per cent. At the end of treatment thyrotrophin
      binding inhibiting immunoglobulins and thyroid stimulating antibodies were
      present in 36 and 27 per cent of patients respectively. Levels of thyrotrophin
      binding inhibiting immunoglobulins were significantly higher both before and
      after treatment in the group who relapsed, but were not of prognostic
      significance in an individual patient unless the value was extremely high (TBII
      index greater than 70). The presence of thyroid stimulating antibodies was of no
      value in predicting outcome. HLA typing confirmed the known association of
      Graves' disease with HLA B8 and HLA DR3 but neither of these antigens conferred
      and increased likelihood of relapse. The likelihood of relapse is shown to be
      directly related to the severity of the disease at the time of diagnosis, as
      measured by the serum total T3, and to the size of the thyroid gland; it is not
      affected by age, family history of thyroid disease or ophthalmopathy. The data
      indicate that antithyroid drug treatment can be expected to induce long-term
      remission in patients with mild disease (T3 less than 5 nmol/l) and small
      thyroids; carbimazole at this dose level is inappropriate for patients with
      severe disease (T3 greater than 9 nmol/) and large goitres.

PMID- 2902656
TI  - Nonpalpable testes in young boys: evaluation with MR imaging.
AB  - A prospective evaluation of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for localization of a
      nonpalpable testis was performed in 24 boys aged 11 months to 6 years. Definitive
      surgical follow-up was obtained for 15 nonpalpable testes in 14 patients who form
      the basis of this study. MR imaging correctly indicated the unilateral absence of
      a testis in six of seven patients prospectively and all seven patients
      retrospectively. Surgically localized undescended testes were identified with MR
      imaging in five of eight cases prospectively and seven of eight cases
      retrospectively. Like scrotal testes, undescended testes were hypointense to fat
      on sequences with a short repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE) in all cases,
      and hyperintense or isointense to fat on long TR/TE sequences in all but two
      cases. Inguinal testes were located along the course of a linear low-signal
      intensity structure that extended to the scrotum, which may represent the remnant
      of the gubernaculum testis. A low-signal-intensity band through the testis,
      presumably the mediastinum testis, was seen in five of the undescended testes.
      Although MR imaging can often be used to localize a nonpalpable testis, currently
      MR is not sensitive enough to allow complete exclusion of the diagnosis of an
      undescended testis; thus failure to localize a testis with MR imaging should not
      defer laparoscopy or surgical exploration when indicated.

PMID- 2902657
TI  - Growth-inhibitory properties of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
AB  - It has recently been demonstrated that several neuropeptides can affect cell
      growth. The mammalian tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A, which are present
      in peripheral sensory neurons, stimulate growth of cultured connective tissue
      cells. Substance P-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in neuroblastoma
      cell lines. Neuroblastoma cells also produce other neuropeptides, among them
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). We report here that VIP is a potent
      inhibitor of serum-induced DNA synthesis in cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC),
      whereas no growth-inhibition was seen in SMC exposed to neurokinin A, calcitonin
      gene related peptide, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, or cholecystokinin. The
      growth-inhibitory effect of VIP was closely related to its ability to induce
      formation of cyclic AMP. Our results raise the possibility that peptides released
      by neurons, endocrine cells, as well as by transformed cells, may not only
      function as mitogens but also as inhibitory modulators of cell growth.

PMID- 2902658
TI  - Effect of cimetidine, ranitidine and omeprazole on postprandial gastrin and
      somatostatin release in conscious dogs.
AB  - During a first series of experiments, the gastrin responses to a meal were
      measured and compared to the responses seen after administration of cimetidine
      (2.5 mg/kg/h) or omeprazole (2 mg/kg). During a second series of experiments the
      effects of cimetidine (2.5 mg/kg/h), ranitidine (0.5 mg/kg/h) and omeprazole (2
      mg/kg) on post-prandial gastrin and somatostatin release were determined in
      experiments during which the intragastric pH was maintained close to 6.4. During
      a third series of experiments, the effects of cimetidine (2.5 mg/kg/h) and
      omeprazole (2 mg/kg) on basal gastrin and somatostatin release were estimated.
      Postprandial gastrin release was increased by cimetidine and by omeprazole. When
      acidification of the gastric content was prevented by intragastric titration,
      postprandial gastrin release was increased by about 100%. No further increase was
      observed when the animals were concomitantly treated with cimetidine, ranitidine
      or omeprazole. Intragastric titration did not alter postprandial somatostatin
      release. Concomitant administration of H2 blockers decreased the somatostatin
      response to the meal, while concomitant administration of omeprazole did not
      alter this release. No significant changes were observed in basal gastrin or
      somatostatin levels after administration of cimetidine or omeprazole.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902659
TI  - [Results of the combination treatment of cryptorchidism with human chorionic
      gonadotropin and human menopausal gonadotropin].

PMID- 2902661
TI  - [Revascularization of the right coronary artery using the right mammary artery].

PMID- 2902660
TI  - [Anesthesia in the Prader-Willi syndrome].

PMID- 2902662
TI  - [Classification and treatment of angina pectoris. The Angina Pectoris Task
      Force].

PMID- 2902663
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia (II). Diagnostic methods, prognostic significance and
      treatment].

PMID- 2902665
TI  - [Esophagojejunal fistula. Treatment with intravenous somatostatin. Apropos of a
      case].

PMID- 2902664
TI  - [Conservative treatment of high-loss intestinal fistulas occurring
      postoperatively].

PMID- 2902666
TI  - [Effect of tolbutamide on the activity of transglutaminase].
AB  - Five obese patients were studied during 7 days, 750 mg of tolbutamide, per os,
      was given. Blood samples were drawn at basal state and at 3, 5, 7 days during the
      treatment and 6 days after it. The values of transglutaminase activity (that in
      the basal state were similar to that in the controls) decreased significantly at
      the seventh day of treatment (72.3%). This decrease was transient and rapidly
      returned to the basal values when the drug was suspended. The results suggest
      that sulfonylureas exert in part their hypoglucemic effect by modificating the
      insulin receptor binding through the inhibition of transglutaminase activity.

PMID- 2902667
TI  - [Fatal asthma].
AB  - Fatal asthma is rare but constitutes a serious public health problem on account
      of the raised prevalence of the disease. The incidence of fatal asthma is
      estimated at 3/100,000 people in France and the incidence of fatal asthma has not
      ceased to rise in the world despite therapeutic progress. The principal risk
      factors recognised are: 1. longstanding asthma, 2. unstable asthma, 3. acute
      severe asthma with a prior history, 4. insufficiently treated asthma or poorly
      compliant patient, 5. the absence of surveillance by peak flow measurements, etc.
      The socio-economic factors and above all the psychological factors play a role
      which is not negligible. A poor evaluation of the severity of the crisis by the
      asthmatic has been suggested as a factor, but it is possible that the rapidity of
      the progression of the crisis in fatal asthma may be responsible for the physical
      inability of the patient to react to the situation. There is no reason to
      incriminate beta-mimetic agents in fatal asthma. The prevention rests on an
      improvement in treatment, the education of the asthmatic and an improvement in
      medical teaching. However, only improvement in the speed of admission of
      emergency cases will effectively permit a reduction in the incidence of fatal
      asthma. The system of auto-admission of patients at risk should be reserved for
      co-operative patients but the systematic medicalization for urgent cases of
      asthma merits further development. A better definition of the asthmatic
      population at risk for fatal asthma is necessary.

PMID- 2902668
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus: physiopathological and therapeutic
      aspects].

PMID- 2902669
TI  - Epidural opiates and nerve blocks.

PMID- 2902670
TI  - Optimal pharmacological control of chronic cancer pain.

PMID- 2902671
TI  - Early bronchodilating effect of a new oral beta-2-receptor agonist (broxaterol)
      in bronchial asthma.
AB  - In order to determine the bronchodilating activity and safety of two beta-2
      receptor agonists, broxaterol and procaterol, compared with a placebo, 12
      patients with reversible airway obstruction were tested in a double-blind cross
      over study. The drugs were administered orally and the dosage of broxaterol was
      0.5 mg, that of procaterol 0.05 mg. Measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1
      s (FEV1), heart rate and blood pressure were performed before and 30, 60, 120,
      240, 360, and 480 min after each treatment. Both drugs produced bronchodilation
      but broxaterol was statistically 30 min faster in producing this effect than
      procaterol (p less than 0.05). Moreover this effect for both drugs persisted
      significantly for up to 480 min compared with the effect of the placebo (p less
      than 0.005). There were no significant side effects with either drug. Heart rate
      and blood pressure did not show any changes in clinical significance for
      broxaterol or procaterol. In our study, broxaterol showed a faster
      bronchodilating effect than procaterol, and tolerance was the same for both
      drugs.

PMID- 2902672
TI  - Cyclic GMP affecting the tracheal nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory system.
AB  - An association between guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and the
      nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory system (NANCIS) has been demonstrated in
      the isolated bovine tissue (Bowman and Drummond, 1984). In order to investigate
      this association in the guinea pig trachea, we used cyclic GMP derivatives,
      guanylate cyclase activators (N-methylhydroxylamine (NMH) and nitroglycerin (NG)]
      and inhibitors [oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and methylene blue (MB)]. Under general
      anesthesia paralysis, the animals were ventilated and hourly injected with
      atropine (0.2 mg/kg) and propranolol (1 mg/kg). Cervical segment of the trachea
      was converted to a closed tracheal pouch and then filled with Kreb's solution
      augmented with atropine (1 microM) and propranolol (3.5 microM). A decrease in
      the pouch pressure (Pp) reflected NANCIS nerve transmural stimulation (TS)--or
      drug-induced relaxation. Pharmacological agents were applied intravenously. At 2
      11 min after injection, NMH and NG decreased baseline Pp and reduced TS-induced
      relaxation. NMH, which is more potent than NG in activating particulate guanylate
      cyclase activity, potentiated the TS-induced relaxation at high frequencies, but
      NG did not. HBO2 inhibited the TS-induced relaxation at high but not at low
      frequencies. In contrast, MB inhibited the relaxation at low but not high
      frequencies. The results suggest that activation of particulate or membrane bound
      guanylate cyclase potentiates NANCIS-induced decrease in Pp. Therefore, there is
      a possible association between cyclic GMP and the NANCIS in the guinea pig
      trachea.

PMID- 2902673
TI  - Drug treatment of pain syndromes.

PMID- 2902676
TI  - Drug treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders.

PMID- 2902675
TI  - Drug treatment of headache: changing concepts and treatment strategies.

PMID- 2902674
TI  - Pharmacology of behavioral syndromes in neurology.

PMID- 2902677
TI  - [Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibacterial agents on the adherence
      of fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells].

PMID- 2902678
TI  - [Two cases of psychotic state following normal-dose benzodiazepine withdrawal].
AB  - We report two cases of severe withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation of
      a long-term normal-dose benzodiazepines (BZD) administration. Case 1, a 61-year
      old man, suffered from delirium on the 7th day after abrupt discontinuation of
      nitrazepam, 10 mg/day. Case 2, a 49-year-old woman, suffered from auditory
      hallucination on the 4th day and visual cognitive disorder on the 5th day after
      abrupt discontinuation of nitrazepam, 5 mg/day, and triazolam, 0.5 mg/day. A
      withdrawal syndrome after discontinuation of normal-dose BZD is uncommon, and a
      psychotic withdrawal reaction is even more uncommon. We show how a continuous
      administration of BZD for a period of longer than 6 months and the presence of
      severe insomnia are risk factors predictive of a psychotic reaction. We also
      explain the predictive method used to determine the onset time of such a severe
      state. In the case of a psychotic state, we recommend intravenous diazepam
      injection. To prevent withdrawal reaction, we also recommend a gradual reduction
      after administration of normal-dose BZD.

PMID- 2902679
TI  - [Clinico-anatomical characteristics in postvaccinal encephalitis and
      encephalomyelitis].

PMID- 2902680
TI  - [Sleep stages in man--physiological profile and variations induced by
      psychotropic drugs].

PMID- 2902681
TI  - Zaltidine: an effective but hepatotoxic H2-receptor antagonist.
AB  - Zaltidine is a new H2-receptor antagonist. This study compares the safety and
      efficacy of zaltidine with those of placebo in the short-term treatment of
      duodenal ulcer. One hundred and thirty-five patients were randomly allocated to 4
      weeks' treatment with either 150 mg zaltidine once daily or placebo. Fifty-nine
      were treated for a full 4 weeks with zaltidine before the trial was stopped.
      Healing rates after 4 weeks of zaltidine and placebo were 86% and 19%,
      respectively (p less than 0.001). Five patients in the zaltidine group had
      increased serum aminotransferase levels at the final (4-week) visit. The values
      normalized when treatment was stopped. Liver biopsy specimens provide strong
      evidence of drug-induced injury. Hepatic damage was associated with plasma levels
      of zaltidine in the upper half of the observed range. Zaltidine appears to be an
      effective treatment of duodenal ulcer. However, the incidence of hepatic damage
      (8%) seems higher than with commonly used H2-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2902682
TI  - Somatostatin release by human gastric mucosa. Studies in peptic ulcer disease and
      pernicious anemia.
AB  - Somatostation has been postulated to have a paracrine modulating role in gastrin
      and gastric acid secretion. We applied the organ culture technique to examine
      somatostatin release by explants of human gastric mucosa taken from patients with
      active duodenal ulcer, from control subjects, and from patients with pernicious
      anemia. Somatostatin was found to be released at a constant rate by antral
      explants during 3 h of incubation. In active duodenal ulcer antral and fundic 2-h
      somatostatin release (18.7 +/- 2.6 pg/mg tissue (means + SE), n = 75; and 27 +/-
      3 pg/mg tissue, n = 94, respectively) was significantly lower than release by
      control antral and fundic mucosa (83 +/- 17 pg/mg tissue, n = 39, and 72 +/- 16
      pg/mg tissue, n = 42, respectively) (P less than 0.01). Somatostatin release by
      antral and fundic mucosa of patients with pernicious anemia was also
      significantly decreased (20 +/- 8 pg/mg tissue, n = 12, and 7.6 +/- 2 pg/mg
      tissue, n = 12, respectively) (P less than 0.05). These results imply possible
      impairments of the paracrine release of somatostatin in peptic ulcer disease and
      in pernicious anemia.

PMID- 2902683
TI  - Comparative haemodynamic effects of betaxolol and propranolol in patients with
      cirrhosis.
AB  - The acute effects of betaxolol (10 mg, intravenously), a new cardioselective beta
      blocker, and propranolol (15 mg, intravenously) on splanchnic and systemic
      circulations were studied in two matched groups of six patients with portal
      hypertension due to cirrhosis. Similar decreases in hepatic venous pressure
      gradient and azygous blood flow--an estimation of superior portosystemic shunts-
      were observed after both drugs, whereas hepatic blood flow was not modified. The
      decreases in heart rate and cardiac index were also similar after betaxolol and
      propranolol. Both drugs induced a significant decrease in the fraction of cardiac
      output flowing through superior portosystemic shunts. These findings confirm that
      the marked effect of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on splanchnic circulation
      results both from the reduction in cardiac output and from a vasoconstriction of
      the portal vein territory, and demonstrate that this vasoconstriction of the
      portal vein area does not necessitate a beta 2-blocking activity of the drug. The
      similar efficiency of the two agents in decreasing the hyperkinetic circulation
      suggests that betaxolol merits further long-term study in the pharmacologic
      treatment of portal hypertension.

PMID- 2902684
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis, temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis) and
      polymyalgia rheumatica in a single patient.
AB  - Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), an autoimmune disorder, is well known to be in
      some cases associated with some other autoimmune disorders. We report a patient
      with PBC who presented giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica
      (PMR) which are probably both autoimmune disorders.

PMID- 2902685
TI  - Hormonal control of behavior: amines and the biasing of behavioral output in
      lobsters.
AB  - Hormones and neurohormones act on the nervous system to produce important changes
      in behavior. Amine actions in the lobster nervous system and their possible
      relations to aggressive behavior in lobsters were studied in order to explore how
      such changes might come about.

PMID- 2902686
TI  - Molecular neurobiology--a conference sponsored by the NIMH.

PMID- 2902688
TI  - AIDS virus coat activates T cells.

PMID- 2902687
TI  - Pharmacological induction of use-dependent receptive field modifications in the
      visual cortex.
AB  - Lasting modifications of the receptive fields of neurons in the visual cortex can
      be induced by pairing visual stimuli with iontophoretic application of the
      neuromodulators acetylcholine and noradrenaline or the excitatory amino acids N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and L-glutamate. The modifications are obtained in less
      than 1 hour and persist for more than 40 minutes. Thus, acetylcholine and
      norepinephrine have a permissive role in use-dependent neuronal plasticity. These
      results support the notion of a postsynaptic threshold for neuronal malleability
      that differs from that of sodium-dependent action potentials.

PMID- 2902689
TI  - In vivo administration of anti-CD3 prevents malignant progressor tumor growth.
AB  - Malignant progressor tumors are only weakly immunogenic and can evade host
      recognition and rejection. One approach to therapy involves activation of the
      host antitumor cellular effector mechanisms. Since monoclonal antibodies to CD3
      (anti-CD3) can activate T cells in vitro, an attempt was made to determine if
      tumor immunity could be achieved by the administration of anti-CD3 in vivo. T
      lymphocytes from mice injected with anti-CD3 showed increased interleukin-2
      receptor (IL-2R) expression, increased proliferation to recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2),
      and enhanced reactivity in both an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction and a
      mixed lymphocyte tumor culture. Malignant tumor growth in treated mice was also
      examined. The anti-CD3 treatment prevented tumor outgrowth that would have killed
      untreated animals and also stimulated an in vivo response against a malignant
      progressor tumor providing lasting tumor immunity.

PMID- 2902690
TI  - Limited immunological recognition of critical malaria vaccine candidate antigens.
AB  - Current vaccine development strategies for malaria depend on widespread
      immunological responsiveness to candidate antigens such as the zygote surface
      antigens and the sporozoite coat protein, the circumsporozoite (CS) protein.
      Since immunological responsiveness is controlled mainly by genes mapping within
      the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the humoral immune response to the
      zygote surface antigens and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to the CS
      protein were examined in MHC-disparate congenic mouse strains. Only two of six
      strains responded to the 230-kilodalton zygote surface antigen and another two
      strains responded to the 48/45-kilodalton surface antigen. From two mouse
      strains, expressing between them five different class I MHC molecules, there was
      recognition of only a single CTL epitope from the CS protein, which was from a
      polymorphic segment of the molecule. The restricted CTL response to this protein
      parallels the restricted antibody response to this protein observed in humans and
      mice. These findings suggest that subunit malaria vaccines now being developed
      may be ineffective.

PMID- 2902691
TI  - [Surgico-andrologic study of a group of patients operated on for cryptorchism].

PMID- 2902692
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of carriers of hemophilia B in a Cuban family using DNA
      analysis].

PMID- 2902693
TI  - Applications of microsurgery in urology.
AB  - The applications of microsurgery in urology have increased in the decade since
      urologists first used such techniques. The primary uses for microsurgery in
      urology at first were vasovasostomy, vasoepididymostomy, and testicular
      autotransplantation. Penile revascularization has recently become another
      procedure for which microsurgery is used with increasing frequency. As more
      urologists learn the techniques, other urologic applications for microsurgery
      surely will develop.

PMID- 2902694
TI  - The undescended testis. Hormonal and surgical management.
AB  - Cryptorchidism is the most common disorder of sexual differentiation in males,
      with an incidence of 3.4 per cent in the term newborn, decreasing to 0.8 per cent
      at 1 year of age. The mechanisms of normal testicular descent are multifactorial
      and include an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, as well as a normal
      gubernaculum and epididymis. In boys with cryptorchidism, the testes demonstrate
      degenerative changes histologically as early as 1 to 2 years of age. Both testes
      may be affected, even with a unilateral undescended testis. The most important
      long-term complications of cryptorchidism include infertility and testicular
      cancer. The risk of malignancy is 10 to 40 times higher in men with
      cryptorchidism than in normal men and is highest in men who have had an intra
      abdominal testis and in certain intersex conditions. Orchiopexy does not appear
      to lessen this risk. In clinical trials in the United States, hormonal therapy
      with hCG or GnRH has not been effective in causing testicular descent; therefore,
      orchiopexy remains standard treatment. However, hCG is recommended if the
      clinician suspects that a testis is retractile. Orchiopexy should be performed
      between 12 and 18 months of age to prevent the degenerative changes that are
      demonstrable by 2 years.

PMID- 2902696
TI  - The progressive Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in multiple endocrine neoplasia.
AB  - The problem of hypergastrinemia in patients with the syndrome of multiple
      endocrine neoplasia (MEN type 1) has become increasingly controversial since the
      introduction of the antisecretory H2 antagonists for the treatment of the
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). One of the questions in the management of ZES
      is whether the malignant potential of the gastrinomas or the recurrent
      complications of ulcer will be the ultimate cause of death. Another problem is
      whether the association of MEN is a favorable or unfavorable factor to the
      prognosis of patients with ZES. Hypercalcemia contributes to excessive gastrin
      secretion, thereby casting doubt on the diagnosis of ZES in the presence of MEN.
      Patients with MEN are also more likely than patients with ZES not to have
      gastrinoma on an exploratory laparotomy. The existing controversy concerns the
      choices of therapy in instances of progressive ZES associated with MEN or when
      there is a failure to detect a primary gastrinoma when exploration is performed.
      To highlight the debate, the clinical courses of two patients, observed during
      two and three decades, respectively, are presented. These patients were receiving
      high doses of cimetidine; in addition, conventional surgical treatment for ulcer
      and repeated biopsies for gastrinoma were performed. After total gastrectomies
      (as life saving procedures), both patients are well.

PMID- 2902695
TI  - Reinfusion of secretions from high-output proximal stomas or fistulas.
AB  - Patients with proximal stomas or high fistulas and defunctionalized intestine who
      are receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) often develop hepatic enzyme
      abnormalities and hyperbilirubinemia. A technique was developed to collect
      intestinal secretions from proximal stoma and to reinfuse these secretions into
      the distal part of the intestine. This technique was applied in eight patients
      with a disrupted intestinal tract. A significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in
      elevated serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      levels was observed. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase
      levels did not change significantly. The plasma sodium levels, slightly subnormal
      before reinfusion (131.0 +/- 4.6 millimolar per liter), despite enormous
      supplementation, normalized during reinfusion (137.0 +/- 4.0 millimolar per
      liter). TPN was continued during this infusion. This suggests that TPN by itself
      does not cause intrahepatic cholestasis. Neither could it be explained by an
      effect of secondary bile acids because these were most likely not produced as
      bile did not reach the distal defunctionalized intestine. Three possible
      mechanisms are suggested. Restoration of passage in the distal intestine may
      diminish bacterial overgrowth, endotoxin production and absorption. Enlargement
      of the bile acid pool may diminish the susceptibility of the liver to the
      deleterious effects of endotoxins. We advocate this reinfusion technique to
      overcome the metabolic disturbances occurring in those patients with high-output
      stomas or fistulas arising from the proximal parts of the small intestine.

PMID- 2902697
TI  - The septic foot in patients with diabetes.
AB  - Sixty-five lower-extremity amputations were performed as a result of sepsis in
      diabetic patients during a 3-year period. Chronic plantar ulcer was the most
      frequent cause of infection. Other causes of infection included ischemic
      gangrene, trauma, and web space fissures. Advanced ischemia was infrequent; only
      21 (32.3%) had ankle-brachial indices (ABI) less than 0.5. Eight (23.5%) deaths
      and 12 (35.3%) stump failures followed 34 amputations where the stump was closed,
      compared with no deaths and 4 (12.9%) stump failures when open amputations were
      done (p less than 0.02). Partial foot amputations with aggressive local
      debridement resulted in healing in 10 (71.4%) of 14 cases with revision or
      grafting. Guillotine transmalleolar amputation is advised when foot salvage is
      not possible, because only 1 (5.9%) of 17 such procedures could not be revised to
      the below-knee (B-K) level, whereas 8 (33.3%) of 24 definitive, closed B-K
      amputations were unsuccessful (p less than 0.02). Infections were polymicrobial,
      with 5.8 bacterial isolates and 2.3 anaerobes recovered per patient. Anaerobic
      antibiotic coverage, however, failed to alter outcome. Sepsis, often without
      advanced ischemia, is an important cause of limb loss in patients with diabetes.
      Open amputations are recommended, with foot salvage possible in many cases.

PMID- 2902698
TI  - [Drug information. Pentasa--new Danish drug].

PMID- 2902699
TI  - [Bone marrow transplantation in tumor diseases of the blood system].

PMID- 2902700
TI  - Long-term health care in Texas: the time for serious study is now.

PMID- 2902701
TI  - New developments in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

PMID- 2902702
TI  - [Somatotropin: endocrinological aspects].
AB  - Bovine somatotropin (BST) is a polypeptide hormone produced by the pituitary
      gland. Its release is regulated by hypothalamic hormones such as the Growth
      Hormone Releasing Factor (GRF) and the Somatotropin Release Inhibiting Factor
      (SRIF). Unlike somatotropin, GRF en SRIF are not species-specific. Somatotropin
      is released into the blood, and then bound to receptors which are present in
      various tissues but not in those of the mammary gland. Binding of somatotropin to
      receptors of hepatocytes results in the synthesis of somatomedins which are
      mediators of somatotropin. Receptors for somatomedins were recently found to be
      present in mammary gland tissue. The release of somatotropin is pulsatile and is
      influenced by steroids, genetic factors, nutrition and pregnancy. The effect of
      BST is dependent on its average concentration in the plasma and not on a
      particular pattern in this concentration. The effect of administration of BST
      prior to peak lactation is variable, but subsequently continuous to be positive.
      It therefore is advisable to start treatment after day 90. In the future,
      administration of recombinant-BST will be performed through slow-release
      preparations.

PMID- 2902703
TI  - The spectrum of GH responses to GHRH and somatostatin in patients with
      acromegaly.
AB  - Plasma GH responses to GHRH and somatostatin were examined in 43 patients with
      active acromegaly. Thirty-two of these patients showed GH increases 50% above the
      basal values in response to at least 1 of 3 stimuli (TRH, LHRH, arginine)
      (categorized as group I). The remaining 11 patients showed no response to any of
      the stimuli (categorized as group II). Following somatostatin infusion, group I
      (n = 31) showed significantly greater GH suppression than group II (n = 11) from
      30 to 90 min (p less than 0.05-0.01). In addition, plasma GH responses to GHRH at
      15 and 30 min was also greater in group I (n = 12) than in group II (n = 5) (p
      less than 0.05 & 0.01). There was a positive correlation between the log value of
      the peak GH after GHRH and the maximal % decrement after somatostatin (r = 0.64,
      p less than 0.02). However there were no differences in the responses of normal
      thyrotrophs (TSH) to TRH between the two groups. These results indicate that
      there are two types of acromegaly, i.e., one is more responsive and another is
      less responsive to either non-specific (TRH & LHRH) or specific GH stimulations
      (GHRH & somatostatin).

PMID- 2902704
TI  - Low susceptibility of trophozoites of virulent Entamoeba histolytica to cellular
      and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by guinea-pig effector cells.
AB  - Cytotoxic potentialities of lymphocytes and macrophages were determined against
      trophozoites of virulent and avirulent sublines of Entamoeba histolytica in
      vitro. Guinea-pigs were immunized with antigens of both sublines to obtain
      stimulated effector cells and antiamoebic antibodies. Trophozoites of an
      avirulent/attenuated subline of E. histolytica (NIH200) were significantly more
      susceptible to killing by lymphocytes and macrophages through cellular and
      antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms. The resistance of virulent
      trophozoites to killing was attributed to their higher phagocytic ability and
      virulence characteristics. Electron microscopic studies of the interactions
      showed that contact between the effector cells and the trophozoites was essential
      for the cytolytic event which resulted in disintegration of the trophozoites.
      Antigens of trophozoites of the virulence subline of E. histolytica (NIH200 V)
      were effective in inducing cytotoxicity against both virulent and avirulent
      trophozoites: however, the reverse was not true.

PMID- 2902705
TI  - The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in lactating women and in their infants
      in Bangladesh.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica was studied in 33 lactating women and their infants in a
      periurban village in Bangladesh. Infant-mother pairs were followed for a period
      of 10-15 months: 67% of mothers excreted E. histolytica during the observation
      period, the majority for 3 months or more. Only one mother was symptomatic, with
      a mild, non-dysenteric diarrhoea. 58% of mothers were seropositive, several of
      them continuously and with a high titre, indicating past invasive infection. 67%
      had detectable antibodies in breast milk and 36% in saliva. Despite the high
      prevalence of E. histolytica in these mothers, infants were mostly uninfected: E.
      histolytica cysts in small numbers were found in only 2 of 1200 samples from
      infants aged 6 and 10 months. Several of the children were infected with Giardia
      lamblia. Although lower exposure to E. histolytica than to Giardia may account
      for the difference in infant infection rates with these parasites, defence
      mechanisms possibly exist which protect against E. histolytica but are
      ineffective against Giardia.

PMID- 2902706
TI  - Mixed hematopoietic chimerism following bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2902707
TI  - Prostasome membrane associated enzyme activities and semen parameters in men
      attending an infertility clinic.
AB  - Seminal plasma from 22 men attending an infertility clinic was subjected to
      preparative ultracentrifugation for 2 h at 105,000 g. The pelleted material as
      well as the supernatant thus obtained were investigated with regard to prostasome
      membrane-linked enzyme activities in relation to other semen parameters. The mean
      activity of Zn2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase in the sedimented prostasome
      fraction was 1.45 +/- 1.02 mumol (range 0.29-4.79) orthophosphate released per
      milligram protein and 20 min, while the corresponding figures for the supernatant
      were 0.56 +/- 0.30 (range 0.12-1.29). Hence, 72% of the specific activity was
      sedimented, and 28% remained in the supernatant. The same pattern was recognized
      with regard to the other two enzymes investigated, although they displayed
      individual characteristics with regard to distribution after ultracentrifugation.
      The pelleted prostasome-linked mean aminopeptidase activity was 0.39 U/mg protein
      (81.9%), with only 0.087 U (18.1%) remaining in the supernatant. The
      corresponding figures for gamma-glutamyltransferase were 7.89 (60.4%) and 5.17
      (39.6%) mu kat/g protein, respectively. The different enzyme activities in the
      prostasome fraction and supernatant, respectively, were interrelated to each
      other and correlated significantly with r values between 0.73 and 0.93 (p less
      than 0.001). It was concluded that a minor fraction of prostasomes remained in
      the supernatant after ultracentrifugation. A relationship existed between
      prostasomes and semen volume revealing a rather consistent pattern in that small
      volumes favoured the presence of comparatively more prostasomes in the
      supernatant and less prostasomes in the pelleted fraction than large volumes. In
      addition, the sperm concentration seemed to be another determinant of the
      distribution of prostasomes in seminal plasma on subsequent ultracentrifugation.

PMID- 2902708
TI  - [High-resolution sonography in cryptorchism].
AB  - The importance of high-resolution sonography in the localization of undescended
      testes was displayed by an evaluation of 18 patients. In 15 patients the testis
      was not palpable on one side. In 3 cases, there was retention of the testis on
      both sides. Out of 17 testes in the inguinal region or in the external iliac
      region, 16 were located sonographically. There were 4 intraabdominal testes, and
      2 were located sonographically. The retained and impalpable testes were in
      superficial positions in most cases. Hence, sonography proved to be the primary
      imaging method for localization. The importance of computed tomography, magnetic
      resonance imaging and phlebography of the internal spermatic vein are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2902709
TI  - A new fimbrial antigen on Escherichia coli strains isolated from zebu (Bos
      indicus) calves with diarrhoea in Brazil.

PMID- 2902710
TI  - Microsomal enzyme induction by permethrin in rats.
AB  - The synthetic pyrethroid, permethrin, was evaluated for its ability to alter
      hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing function. The influence of permethrin (25:75
      cis-trans) on plasma antipyrine kinetics and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma
      GTP) activity were studied in rats. After 3 days of administration of 90 mg
      permethrin/kg/day, there was no significant change in the antipyrine half-life
      and the area under the curve, while the apparent volume of distribution and
      clearance were significantly increased. Treatment with 190 mg permethrin/kg/day
      for 3 days decreased antipyrine half-life and the area under the curve, and
      increased the apparent volume of distribution and the clearance significantly.
      The gamma-GTP activity was significantly increased within 21 days and 14 days
      after the start of permethrin administration, at doses of 90 and 190 mg
      permethrin/kg/day, respectively. The antipyrine kinetics results indicate that
      permethrin is capable of producing a dose-dependent marked enzyme-inducing
      effect.

PMID- 2902712
TI  - Angiography and polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2902711
TI  - Brain cellular injury and recovery--horizons for improving medical therapies in
      stroke and trauma.
AB  - An edited summary of an Interdepartmental Conference arranged by the Department
      of Medicine of the UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles. The Director of
      Conferences is William M. Pardridge, MD, Professor of Medicine. After ischemic
      and traumatic brain injury, many cells may be rendered dysfunctional but are not
      irreversibly damaged or disrupted. The brain tissue may become metabolically
      deranged, and neurons, while still alive, are paralyzed and cannot create an
      action potential or conduct an electrical impulse. This injured brain tissue is
      in a precarious state of increased vulnerability. If the milieu of the favorable,
      they may recover; if it is slightly unfavorable, they may die. There is now
      evidence that reversibly injured brain tissue will die from an ischemic or
      hypoxic insult ordinarily tolerated by the normal brain. The major challenge of
      modern research in stroke and trauma is to define the chemical and metabolic
      milieu in which the injured brain exists and to define an ideal milieu for
      healing.

PMID- 2902713
TI  - [Development and significance of estrogen-induced increase in the activity of
      several liver enzymes].
AB  - In experiments on adult, female rats, the author confirm the stimulatory effect
      of 50 micrograms kg-1 17-beta-estradiol daily, s.c., for more than 1 week on the
      activity of liver tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan pyrrolase and describe
      experiments suggesting an increased glucocorticoid sensitivity, as a consequence
      of the estrogen treatment. The study contributes to the information on potential
      side effects of hormonal contraception.

PMID- 2902714
TI  - [Endocrinology from the veterinary viewpoint].
AB  - The neurohormonal research of our days succeeded in clearing up the psychic
      function of animals. The results of veterinary endocrine research gained
      importance also for the biological basis of human psychiatry.

PMID- 2902716
TI  - [Effect of benzodiazepines on the activity of a number of enzymes of purine
      metabolism in the brain tissue of rats].

PMID- 2902715
TI  - [Affect from the biological and psychiatric viewpoint].
AB  - The human frame of mind is a biological and psychic problem. The man is able to
      influence his mood in contrast to the animal, because the human brain is
      functionally an open system. The questions, which result from this opinion will
      be demonstrated. The influence of psychopharmaca and of drugs is an actual
      problem of human behaviour and must be considered in the therapy of mental
      disturbances.

PMID- 2902717
TI  - [Surgery of the endocrine pancreas].
AB  - After classification of the endocrine tumours of the pancreas our group of
      patients during the last 17 years is demonstrated including patients with
      nesidioblastosis in every case except one with islet cell carcinoma. Beside
      typical anamnesis and symptoms, diagnosis was confirmed mainly by the
      glucose/insulin-ratio, the extremely low fasting blood glucose and the increased
      need of glucose supply for normalisation. Medical therapy with somatostatin
      and/or diazoxide was not successful in any case for a longer time, although in
      persistent cases nesidioblastosis became treatable postoperatively with
      diazoxide. Usually, a so-called 7/8-resection was performed. Typical
      complications from surgical management of pancreatectomy did not occur none of
      the children died. As for long-term results, no patient suffered from insulin
      dependency or insufficiency of the exocrine pancreas; reoperation was also never
      necessary. The established neurological damage of children who had been operated
      on late, could not be repaired. Despite the heterogeneous forms of the samples,
      histochemical investigation established nesidioblastosis in every pancreas
      specimen. An explanation of the histological findings would be a failure of the B
      cell-function as pathogenetic cause of nesidioblastosis.

PMID- 2902718
TI  - [Surgical protocol and intraoperative considerations in interventions on the
      testis].
AB  - The surgical treatment of incompletely descended of the testes depends on the
      type of the undescended testis, the age of the patient, and the time of
      treatment. In a few years' time new techniques of autotransplantation may solve
      the problem of repositioning the testes in the scrotum. Exact knowledge of
      possible malformation of the testes and epididymis is essential for the
      paediatric surgeon. Torsion of one testicle with possible autoimmune impact
      involving the healthy testicle requires immediate exploratory surgery and
      treatment according to age. Paediatric carcinoma of the testes is rather rare,
      whereas treatment and prognosis vary with the histological type. Accurate
      classification and cooperation with a centre for paediatric oncology are
      essential.

PMID- 2902719
TI  - [Detection of fibria-like surface structures in Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a
      pathogen in chronic pyelonephritis].
AB  - It is reported on a 25-year-old female patient suffering from chronic
      pyelonephritis. Six times coagulase-negative staphylococci were bacteriological
      proved in a significant number. Four strains were identified as Staphylococcus
      saprophyticus. The in each case in the autumn occurring complaints could be
      correlated well with the seasonal fluctuations of urinary tract infections by S.
      saprophyticus as described in the literature. Chemotherapeutic measures be
      determined by the clinical symptoms and subjective complaints of the patient. By
      an antibiotic therapy only a temporary loss of complaint and normalization of
      urinary findings, respectively, were obtained. In the presence of a marked
      leukocyturia a capsula-fashioned variant of S. saprophyticus was established. By
      scanning electron microscopy investigations fimbria-like surface structures were
      detected for the first time in this germ species. Three morphological different
      appendage structures are described. By a hypothetical model possible functions of
      these structures in the adherence process are discussed.

PMID- 2902720
TI  - The management of retained testis based on our investigations.
AB  - The follow-up examinations of 300 children operated for retained testis are
      reviewed. A total of 128 children (i.e. 42.6% of them) were operated up to the
      desirable 3 years of age, while 37 children, i.e. 12.3% of the patients, were
      over 13. The examinations recommended for judging objectively the pathological
      state, i.e. the condition of the testicles, are surveyed. (i) In operations
      performed over the age of 3 years, collection of samples for histological study
      to judge the condition of the testicular substance. (ii) Volumetry of the testis
      performed by an orchidometer of the authors' design, which provides comparative
      information for establishing the developmental conditions. (iii). During the
      diagnostic and control examinations, the simple, rapid, inexpensive and non
      invasive foil thermography was found useful which may furnish comparative data on
      the blood supply and the position and size of the testicles. The results of 322
      operations, i.e. 95% of the patients, could be followed up and according to them,
      286 operations (i.e. 89%) were revealed to be successful. The operative technique
      is also described. The role of retained testis in fertility is analysed. It is
      pointed out to be decisive in further improvement of the results that the
      children be operated as early as possible but at least up to their age of 3
      years! This requires a certain change of attitude and a better organized
      paediatric urological care from the physicians in this field.

PMID- 2902721
TI  - Assessment of insulin action in man: role of hyperglycemia.
AB  - The effect of hyperglycemia on insulin-induced glucose metabolism (M) was
      investigated in healthy subjects using sequential clamp protocols at constant
      insulin + somatostatin infusions and varying plasma glucose. During euglycemia
      (4.8 mmol/l) M increased from 5.6 to 12.5 mg.kg-1.min-1 with increasing plasma
      insulin (0.34-3.00 nmol/l). At increasing glucose (6.7 mmol/l), M further
      increased (9.7 to 19.2 mg.kg-1.min-1) with the plasma insulin level (0.41 to 2.99
      nmol/l). At a plasma glucose level of 9.8 mmol/l insulin (0.42 to 3.17 nmol/l)
      was still effective to increase M (13.7 to 25.2 mg.kg-1.min-1). Regression
      analysis showed that hyperglycemia does not only increase the maximal insulin
      stimulated M, but also decreases the insulin concentration causing a half maximum
      effect. During prolonged clamp studies M increased by about 10% per h,
      independent by the plasma glucose level. We conclude that hyperglycemia increases
      M by increasing insulin responsiveness as well as insulin sensitivity. Data
      derived from euglycemic clamp studies alone are of limited value with respect to
      the assessment of insulin action.

PMID- 2902722
TI  - Linkage of HLA-DR beta specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms with
      Graves' disease.
AB  - HLA-DR3 positive patients with Graves' disease (6 homozygotes, 7 heterozygotes,
      i.e. yielding 19 haplotypes) were studied by restriction fragment length
      polymorphism analysis using TaqI as restriction enzyme in order to look for
      polymorphisms in the HLA-DR3 allele of the human major histocompatibility
      complex. Polymorphic TaqI fragments of 11.6, 9.8 and 5.8 kb, each corresponding
      to HLA-DR beta sequences, were shown to differ in their prevalence in patients
      with Graves' disease and controls. The prevalence of DR3 polymorphisms in a total
      of 35 HLA-DR3-containing haplotypes was markedly different within patients with
      Graves' disease and Caucasian controls. Whereas a 11.6 kb fragment was rare in
      Graves' disease (2/19 haplotypes vs 8/16 in controls), the inverse ratio was
      found for a 9.8 kb fragment, with a prevalence of 17/19 and 8/16 haplotypes,
      respectively. A polymorphic fragment of 5.8 kb was exclusively seen in two DR3
      containing haplotypes of patients with Graves' disease. Our data provide evidence
      that a DNA polymorphism of the HLA-DR beta genes, which is also reflected at the
      product level, is linked to Graves' disease.

PMID- 2902723
TI  - Sulfasalazine and new analogues in inflammatory bowel disease, with focus on
      Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2902724
TI  - [Myositis associated with ulcero-hemorrhagic rectocolitis. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2902725
TI  - [Endoscopic diagnosis of a cecal ameboma successfully treated with antibiotic
      therapy].

PMID- 2902726
TI  - Management of severe heart failure.

PMID- 2902727
TI  - Pharmacological profile of neuromuscular blocking agents: present and future
      trends.

PMID- 2902728
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of neuromuscular blockade: a homogeneous phenomenon?

PMID- 2902729
TI  - Methods for postoperative acute pain management.

PMID- 2902730
TI  - Opioid drugs in chronic non-malignant pain?

PMID- 2902731
TI  - The spinal route of analgesia.

PMID- 2902732
TI  - Long term spinal opiate treatment.

PMID- 2902733
TI  - Morphological evidence for parallel processing of information in rat macula.
AB  - Study of montages, tracings and reconstructions prepared from a series of 570
      consecutive ultrathin sections shows that rat maculas are morphologically
      organized for parallel processing of linear acceleratory information. Type II
      cells of one terminal field distribute information to neighboring terminals as
      well. The findings are examined in light of physiological data which indicate
      that macular receptor fields have a preferred directional vector, and are
      interpreted by analogy to a computer technology known as an information network.

PMID- 2902734
TI  - [Narcotic analgesics].

PMID- 2902735
TI  - Pharmacological and contractile response of myocardium of Chagasic albino Swiss
      mice.
AB  - The isometric developed tension (IDT) and the pharmacological response of
      isolated myocardium from T. cruzi infected Albino Swiss mice in the acute and
      chronic Chagas' disease, were studied. The animals were infected with 7 X 10(4)
      trypomastigotes, form of T. cruzi, Tulahuen strain for the acute infection and
      with 45 parasites for the chronic stage. The isolated myocardium from acute and
      chronic chagasic mice reached IDT levels similar to normal hearts. The addition
      of norepinephrine (NE) to acute ventricles led to lower IDT values than in
      control group; this hyporeactivity to NE was absent in the chronic stage. On the
      other hand, epinephrine (EPI) effects on acute and chronic ventricles lead to
      significantly higher IDT values when compared with their controls. Propranolol
      blocked the higher effect of EPI in isolated myocardium from the acute stage, but
      the hyperreactivity described in the chronic stage could not be inhibited by the
      beta receptors antagonist. The agonist and antagonist tested act on cardiac
      plasma membrane beta receptors and their actions modify transmembrane calcium
      fluxes, so that the present study shows that Chagas' disease modifies the normal
      behavior of adrenergic beta cardiac receptors in different degree depending on
      the stage of the trypanosomiasis.

PMID- 2902736
TI  - Bethanechol-induced restricted stimulation of pancreatic juice secretion in mice.
AB  - Flow and enzymatic output from mouse pancreas were studied "in vivo" under
      bethanechol stimulation. A biphasic dose response curve was found in both,
      enzymatic output and juice flow, implicating that exocrine pancreatic juice
      secretion was also involved in restricted stimulation phenomenon.

PMID- 2902737
TI  - Cytostatic effect of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2902738
TI  - Prolactin suppressant effect of CQP 201-403, a new dopamine agonist, in
      hyperprolactinemic women.
AB  - To meet the need for a dopamine agonist compound which would offer longer action
      and improved tolerability, CQP 201-403 has been developed. CQP is a propyl
      ergoline which has shown specific and strong 24-hour prolactin suppression in
      healthy volunteers at oral doses from 0.01 mg and higher. In the study 24
      hyperprolactinemic women were given once daily doses of 0.01 mg, 0.02 mg or 0.03
      mg CQP 201-403, or placebo for 7 days in a double-blind study to assess the
      prolactin suppressant action and tolerability of the compound. The results show
      dose-dependent prolactin suppression following the initial CQP dose which was
      sustained in steady state, when a clear 24-hour action was seen. Tolerability was
      good and no drug attributable changes in safety measures occurred. On the basis
      of its facility to suppress prolactin at well tolerated once daily doses, CQP
      would offer an advantage over currently available drugs. Long-term therapeutic
      studies in hyperprolactinemia are therefore warranted.

PMID- 2902739
TI  - Sex steroids promote neurite growth in mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive neurons in vitro.
AB  - The influence of steroid hormones on the differentiation of catecholaminergic and
      serotonergic (5-HT) neurons was studied in dissociated cell cultures from
      embryonic day 14 (E14) rat diencephalon, mesencephalon and metencephalon treated
      for 6 days with 17 beta-estradiol (E), testosterone (T), 5 alpha
      dihydrostestosterone (DHT), progesterone (P), dexamethasone (DEX), or E + T. The
      effects of these hormones on morphologic differentiation were determined by
      morphometric measurements of total length of neurites of immunocytochemically
      identified neurons in culture, which were stained with antisera against tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) or 5-HT. A significant increase in neurite length was observed
      in cultures of TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons from the mesencephalon treated
      with E, T, E + T, but not with P, DHT or DEX. Based on labeling with [3H]dopamine
      (DA) uptake and competition with specific inhibitors, these mesencephalic TH-IR
      cells appear to represent DA neurons of the A8-A10 groups (which includes the
      substantia nigra). No statistically significant effects of these steroids were
      observed on TH-IR neurons from the diencephalon (assumed to be precursors of the
      tuberoinfundibular and incertohypothalamic dopaminergic groups). The 5-HT neurons
      of the raphe nuclei (metencephalon) showed no statistically significant response
      to steroids. We conclude that during the early fetal period, sex steroids can
      affect the morphologic differentiation of mesencephalic DA neurons in vitro,
      indicating that these hormones are capable of selectively influencing the
      development of a specific population of monoamine neurons during this critical
      period.

PMID- 2902740
TI  - Immunolocalization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP IV) in the developing human
      brain.
AB  - By means of immunohistochemical techniques we have investigated the presence of
      dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV immunoreactivity in brain material derived from
      human fetuses, newborns and aged persons. It was revealed that the enzyme protein
      is abundantly present in the immature human CNS. On the contrary the adult human
      brain contains much less dipeptidyl aminopeptidase immunoreactivity. It is
      speculated that the enzyme might play an important role in neuronal proliferation
      and/or differentiation especially with regard to its possible action on certain
      neuronotrophic peptides (IGF II, growth hormone).

PMID- 2902742
TI  - Modulation of GABA-stimulated chloride influx into membrane vesicles from rat
      cerebral cortex by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines.

PMID- 2902741
TI  - L-aspartate and L-glutamate binding sites in developing normal and 'nervous'
      mutant mouse cerebellum.
AB  - This study concerns the ontogeny and the cellular localization of L-aspartate and
      L-glutamate binding sites in normal and 'nervous' mutant mouse cerebellar
      membranes. The binding kinetics revealed for L-aspartate a single binding system
      (Kd = 750 nM) and for L-glutamate also a single binding component of higher
      affinity (Kd = 344 nM). The pharmacological study, using various amino acid
      analogues, revealed a differential specificity for the binding sites of the two
      amino acids. The developmental study showed that the binding sites of both amino
      acids appear mainly during the second and third week of life, a period when
      parallel and climbing fiber synaptogenesis occurs, but they follow a slightly
      different developmental pattern. The study using 'nervous', mutant mouse
      cerebellum showed an age-dependent decrease of L-aspartate and L-glutamate
      binding, which coincides in time with the Purkinje cell degeneration in this
      mutant, indicating a cellular localization of these binding sites on the Purkinje
      cell membranes. These results suggest that L-aspartate and L-glutamate binding
      sites may be respectively associated with the postsynaptic target of climbing and
      parallel fibers on the Purkinje cell dendrites. However, the decrease of specific
      binding in 'nervous' mutant mouse cerebellum was about 50% for L-aspartate and
      60% for L-glutamate, implying that a significant number of L-aspartate and L
      glutamate binding sites are located on cerebellar elements other than the
      Purkinje cell membranes.

PMID- 2902743
TI  - Changes of 36Cl- flux and 35S-TBPS binding induced by stress and gabaergic drugs.

PMID- 2902744
TI  - Benzodiazepine, barbiturate, ethanol and hypnotic steroid hormone modulation of
      GABA-mediated chloride ion transport in rat brain synaptoneurosomes.

PMID- 2902745
TI  - Chronic benzodiazepine treatment increases the effects of inverse agonists.

PMID- 2902746
TI  - Non-uniformity of tolerance to the actions of benzodiazepine agonists.

PMID- 2902747
TI  - Pre- and post-synaptic aspects of GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition in cultured
      rat hippocampal neurons.

PMID- 2902748
TI  - Sialic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine specific bacterial lectins of
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC).

PMID- 2902749
TI  - [Indications status and surgical treatment of spinal fractures. Attempt at a
      survey and determination of present status].
AB  - Indications for operative treatment of spinal fractures sometimes are difficult
      to work out. Undoubtedly deteriorating neurological deficits require
      decompression always combined with stabilization. Due to new classifications a
      severe instability of the fracture, an axis deviation more than 25 degrees and
      polytraumatized patients show up being an indication for operative treatment. A
      proper preoperative planning with use of X-rays and CT Scan as well as the
      knowledge of the kind and site of instability is mandatory. In cervical spine
      fractures anterior fusion seems to be the best method. In thoracic spine
      fractures dorsally attached plates give enough stability. In the thoraco-lumbar
      spine region and in the lumbar spine itself the internal fixator with dorsal
      instrumentation together with a transpedicular bone graft is preferred by the
      authors. Among 384 fractures of the spine 62 have been operated. Both kinds of
      treatment do not compete; they are complementary instead.

PMID- 2902750
TI  - [Management strategy of multiple fractures of long tubular bones within the scope
      of polytrauma].
AB  - Fractures of both femura in multitrauma patients have a high incidence of
      secondary respiratory failure. To avoid this vital complication as the first step
      to multiple organ failure femur fractures should be stabilised as soon as
      possible after successful treatment of hypovolaemic shock and acute life saving
      operations. The use of an external fixation in concomitant thoracic injury as a
      quick stabilisation, together with prophylactic mechanical ventilation, will
      probably lower the incidence of respiratory failure.

PMID- 2902751
TI  - [Injuries of the acromioclavicular joint].
AB  - The injuries of the acromio-clavicular joint require a differentiated diagnosis
      and treatment. The classification of the acromio-clavicular dislocations from
      grade I to grade III according to Tossy is proved. The diagnosis of a complete
      acromio-clavicular dislocation (Tossy III) is an indication for a surgical
      repair. Many and different methods are reported in the literature. 178 patients
      with a fresh acromio-clavicular dislocation (Typ Tossy II and III) were treated
      at the BG-Unfallklinik Tubingen from 1970 to 1987 by suturing the ligaments,
      inserting pins across the joint and tension wire bending. In old cases with Tossy
      III dislocation of the acromio-clavicular joint an oblique osteotomy combined
      with the reduction of the clavicle is recommended as a method of choice. The
      results of these procedures and there possible intra- and postoperative
      complications are reported. The incision along the clavicle quite often gives
      scar problems. Therefore the advantages of an arched incision across the acromio
      clavicular joint is pointed out. Because of there biomechanical relationship
      fractures in the lateral third of the clavicle are similar to dislocations of the
      acromio-clavicular joint. The classification of these fractures according to
      Jager, Buschle and Breitner allows a differentiated management of these lesions.

PMID- 2902752
TI  - [Injury of the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb
      and therapy].
AB  - The authors report on their experience on 176 patients with lesions of the ulnar
      collateral ligaments. Two samples were compared: the fresh rupture and immediate
      suture, and the old lesion treated by a special plasty with palmaris tendon
      (Bauerle/Reill). The long term results (at least 2 years) of both collectives
      were nearly identical. The authors recommend immediate repair.

PMID- 2902753
TI  - [Current status of intramedullary nailing osteosynthesis].
AB  - The article reviews the theoretical fundamentals and practical applications of
      intramedullary nailing. In particular, the author deals with the theoretical,
      mechanical and biological aspects, discusses the indications, and describes the
      definitely established results of medullary nailing.

PMID- 2902754
TI  - [Treatment of the open tibial fracture with the fixateur externe with special
      reference to osteosynthesis of the fibula].
AB  - In the treatment of open fractures of the lower limb and of fractures combined
      with severe damage of soft tissues, external fixation is favoured. Additional
      soft tissue damages in the compartments of the lower limb are avoided by using an
      external fixation in form of a clamp. In defect fractures, shattered fractures
      and in all fractures in the distal third the stability of clamp fixation is
      enhanced by plating of the fibula. Furthermore by osteosynthesis the
      reconstruction of the correct length of the lower limb can be performed. 36
      fractures healed definitively in an average of 17.1 weeks by this procedure.
      Secondary procedures were: 8 cases with decompression of compartments, 11
      cancellous bone grafts, 13 fixateur externes were removed because of the
      infection of the Schanz'screws, and healing was achieved by using a plaster cast.
      The therapeutical procedure was changed in 5 patients to a plate osteosynthesis
      and in 8 patients to an intramedullary nail.

PMID- 2902755
TI  - [Lateral ligament injury of the anterior ankle joint in sports].
AB  - During the last few years adequate therapy of ruptures of the fibular ligaments
      has been a subject of controversial discussions. Several authors consider
      operative and functional treatment to be almost equally good. In a retrospective
      study recent ankle ligament ruptures in 120 athletes were analysed with regard as
      to how the accident happened, the condition of the used sport shoe and the
      correlation between radiology and intraoperative findings. All cases were treated
      operatively because of an instability exceeding 10 degrees in the a.p.-stress X
      ray. In a follow-up examination including 80 patients 35 to 46 months after
      operative reconstruction subjective complaints, ability for sports as well as
      clinical and radiological findings were taken into consideration. Special
      attention was paid to the possibility of degenerative lesions after plaster
      immobilisation and to the results of x-ray stress stability examinations. The
      result of our study confirmed the superiority of operative reconstruction of a
      two-ligament-injury including a p.o. cast immobilisation. There were only a few
      cases with functional impairment or limitation of sports activities. No
      degenerative change could be detected via x-rays. In respect of literature
      studies, and based on our results, we recommend an individually adapted therapy
      concept depending on the special situation of the patient. Our follow-up
      treatment consists of early functional exercises in a windowed cast and a total
      immobilisation time with a walking plaster of 4 weeks. Alternative methods like
      the special shoe by Dr. Spring or functional splints are recommended for
      exceptional cases only.

PMID- 2902756
TI  - [Eosinophilic granuloma. Risk of fracture and rare site].
AB  - The eosinophilic granuloma of bone, Letterer-Siwe's disease and Hand-Schuller
      Christian's disease are integrated under the conception Histiocytosis X. The same
      patho-histological findings, especially on bone and the observation that the 3
      diseases can change one into the other are the reason for this conception. In the
      past the very different prognosis of the 3 diseases was the reason for
      difficulties of the classification and the therapy. In Letterer-Siwe's disease
      with bad prognosis and HSC with uncertain prognosis conservative therapy is
      mostly indicated. The eosinophilic granuloma in monotopic and polytopic
      localisation normally requires surgical procedure usually the excision of a
      specimen for the diagnosis. In special localisations with the fracture or the
      possibility of a fracture operative procedure with resection, bone grafting and
      osteosynthesis in order to get bone stability are indicated. 2 cases with special
      localisation are described.

PMID- 2902757
TI  - [Management and results of conservative treatment of patients with injuries of
      the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae].
AB  - Conservative treatment of injuries of the thoracic and lumbar spine is indicated
      in stable fractures without or with an axis angle up to 25 degrees and in
      children fractures. Stable injuries are compression-wedge-fractures and burst
      fractures. Severe compression fractures with dorsal ligamentous injuries are
      regarded being conditional stable. Conservative treatment can be divided into 3
      periods: lying period, rising period and stand-walk-sit period. Physiotherapy
      together with proper nursing is to avoid pulmonary and circulatory complications
      as well as to support motility of the intestinal tract. After stabilization of
      the general condition of the patient physiotherapy should furthermore lead to:
      relaxation of the hypertonic musculature, facilitating and preservation of muscle
      activities to secure the injured parts of the spine, training and assignment of
      global, diagonal muscle chains following physiological motions. From 1982-1986
      389 patients with fractures of the spine were treated in the Tubingen Accident
      Hospital (Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Tubingen). An early functional
      treatment following Burkle de la Camp was performed in 84%. The follow up
      examination showed no further displacement in 84%. In 1/3 of the cases a free
      movement was regarded in the sagittal plane. 2/3 of the cases showed restriction
      of movement in only one segment. The good functional result is underlined by the
      subjective impression of the patient themselves: 2/3 were satisfied with the
      result.

PMID- 2902758
TI  - [Postoperative wound infection in trauma surgery].
AB  - Our knowledge of the morphology and biochemistry of wound infection is still
      incomplete. Above all, the time and causal connections of the individual
      inflammatory phenomena are by no means satisfactorily clear. It is, however, an
      undeniable fact that the course of a wound infection depends most significantly
      on the time it was discovered. Transition between a beginning, impending,
      gradually creeping or overtly manifest wound infection is flowing and cannot be
      safely differentiated on the basis of the possibilities we have at our disposal
      today even in a hospital with fully update equipment. In our search for
      objectifiable early criteria of a wound infection we found that to date the
      determination of the lysozyme content in the wound secretion is a reliable and
      facile method. In fact, the composition and condition of the suctioned-off or
      drained-off wound secretion would deserve much closer attention in future
      postoperative wound control. If there is only the slightest suspicion of
      disturbance of physiological wound healing we should not show the slightest
      hesitation to make full use of the entire spectrum of therapeutic possibilities
      at our disposal to reduce the occurrence of septic wound complications to the
      barest minimum.

PMID- 2902759
TI  - [Antibiotic treatment in accident surgery. A status determination].
AB  - Systemic antibiotic therapy in traumatology should be able to prevent
      contamination of the aseptic operation situs with pathogenic germs (as
      prophylaxis); or it should be able to reduce the bacterial flora in and around an
      infectious focus during and after operation. An adequate circulation in the bone
      and the soft tissue coverage is necessary for proper concentration of the
      antibiotics. --The commonly accepted indications for antibiotic treatment are
      listed and critically reviewed. Without a continuous germ control of the hospital
      flora no calculated antibiotic therapy is possible.

PMID- 2902760
TI  - Inhibition of cysteinyl-leukotriene production by azelastine and its biological
      significance.
AB  - Azelastine is a phthalazinone derivative with a wide spectrum of pharmacological
      activities. Actively sensitized guinea pigs were used to examine the broncholytic
      effect of azelastine in vivo. Furthermore, the influence of azelastine on the
      production of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites was investigated in vitro and
      compared to the effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), indomethacin and
      ketotifen. In vivo, azelastine protected actively sensitized guinea-pigs against
      ovalbumin-induced bronchospasm with an ID50 of 0.08 mg/kg orally. Ketotifen was
      similarly active (ID50 = 0.05 mg/kg). Antigen-induced contraction of isolated
      tracheal rings of sensitized guinea-pigs was concentration-dependently inhibited
      by azelastine and NDGA with IC50-values of 94.1 and 34.2 mumol/l, respectively.
      Ketotifen exerted only weak inhibitory activity (18% at 100 mumol/l). The
      arachidonic acid-induced contraction of isolated guinea-pig tracheal rings was
      also inhibited both by azelastine (IC50 = 92.6 mumol/l) and NDGA (IC50 = 20.4
      mumol/l). Ketotifen was inactive on this model. Antigen challenge of chopped lung
      tissue from sensitized guinea-pigs resulted in the release of cysteinyl
      leukotrienes (LT) which were identified by reversed phase high pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) as LTD4 and LTE4. The release of cysteinyl-LT from
      sensitized guinea-pig lung tissue induced by antigen challenge was concentration
      dependently inhibited by azelastine (IC50 = 35.2 mumol/l) and NDGA (IC50 = 8.4
      mumol/l) but not by ketotifen and indomethacin. By contrast, indomethacin caused
      a pronounced augmentation of cysteinyl-LT release. The concentration of
      indomethacin, which augmented cysteinyl-LT release by 50% was 0.19
      mumol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902761
TI  - The somatostatin/histaminic pathway balance on gastric secretion could be based
      on a competitive antagonism.
AB  - Measurements of acid and pepsin secretions and of histamine release in response
      to food alone or in combination with graded doses of antramine (AH), a molecular
      form of histamine isolated from antral mucosa, with or without somatostatin were
      performed simultaneously in dogs equipped with a denervated pouch. AH restored
      somatostatin-inhibited acid and pepsin secretions but with different intensities
      in regard to the different inhibitory levels induced by somatostatin. AH
      competitively antagonized somatostatin (1 microgram/kg/h) inhibition of acid
      secretion, but when stronger levels of inhibition were achieved, AH restored
      weakly acid secretion. Recovery of pepsin secretion occurred through a
      competitive mechanism between AH and somatostatin (1 and 2 micrograms/kg/h).
      There was a close relationship between the secretory outputs and the integrated
      histamine responses; the slopes of the regression lines might be considered as
      reflecting the stimulatory activity of blood histamine on secreting cells. For
      acid secretion, this activity is similar in control and somatostatin (1
      microgram/kg/h) tests, while for pepsin secretion it is identical in control and
      1 or 2 micrograms/kg/h somatostatin tests. One can speculate that the suppression
      of the somatostatin inhibitory effects by antramine, within the limits of
      physiological conditions, results from a competitive mechanism.

PMID- 2902762
TI  - Heterogeneity of histamine H2-receptor mediated responses in the rabbit aorta.
AB  - Distribution and properties of histamine H2-receptor mediated responses in
      segments of rabbit aorta was studied with histamine and H2-receptor stimulating
      drugs, dimaprit and impromidine. All agonists produced concentration-dependent
      tonus decreased in precontracted vascular strips, which were antagonised by
      selective H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine and oxmetidine. Activities of the
      agonists were segment-dependent, and increased caudally along the aorta. A
      nonspecific smooth muscle relaxant, papaverine had homogeneous activity along the
      vessel, suggesting receptor specific nature of the observed heterogeneity.

PMID- 2902763
TI  - Xanthines--symptomatic or prophylactic in asthma?
AB  - Perhaps xanthines should not be classified as bronchodilators because their
      clinical efficacy may reflect their antiinflammatory properties more than smooth
      muscle relaxation. Xanthines inhibit late phase airway reactions induced by
      allergen or chemical sensitizers. But, they offer little protection against
      methacholine-, histamine, or allergen-induced immediate bronchoconstriction and
      any protection seen is unrelated to the extent of the initial bronchodilatation.
      The antiinflammatory effects of xanthines include stabilization of a variety of
      inflammatory cells that are present in asthmatic airways. Another potentially
      important effect is the increase in number, and activity, of "suppressor" T
      lymphocytes. Xanthines may also stabilize the barrier functions of both the
      airway epithelium and the airway microvessel (venular) wall. As a result less
      cellular and plasma-derived mediators are released, less plasma is exuded into
      the airway wall and less plasma enters the airway lumen. Penetration of inhaled
      macromolecules across the epithelium and into the airway wall may also be
      reduced. Future prospects for xanthines are interesting. A novel xanthine which
      lacks adenosine antagonist activity, enprofylline, has been shown to exert potent
      antiasthma actions without producing several of the excitatory, extrapulmonary,
      theophylline-like effects. We are only now starting to learn how xanthines
      actually work in the inflamed asthmatic and bronchitic airway. Nevertheless, the
      currently available data show that xanthines are likely to be more prophylactic
      than symptomatic in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive airway
      disease.

PMID- 2902764
TI  - An overview of the current status of the drug therapy of asthma.
AB  - The importance of inflammation as the central lesion in asthma is being
      increasingly recognised and it is proposed that the emphasis of therapy should be
      altered from simply treating symptoms, to trying to control inflammation at an
      early stage of the disease. A "tight control" treatment program to achieve this
      is outlined. Treatment regimes for asthma may therefore need to be re-assessed,
      although the most commonly used drugs (beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists,
      theophylline, corticosteroids and cromoglycate) are effective if used properly.
      For the majority of patients management is grossly inadequate in terms of
      diagnosis, assessment of disease severity and treatment. The death rate from
      asthma still remains unacceptably high and some strategies are outlined for the
      identification of patients at risk and the improvement of their management. This
      overview considers four central issues: (1) the lesions that should be the target
      for drug treatment; (2) an outline of the available drug treatment; (3) the aims
      of treatment and (4) the success of drug treatment in terms of morbidity and
      mortality.

PMID- 2902765
TI  - The drug therapy of asthma: directions for the 21st century.
AB  - There are several novel pharmacological approaches to asthma therapy which have
      resulted from a further understanding of airway smooth muscle function and
      inflammatory mechanisms involved in asthma. The most effective bronchodilators
      currently available are beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists and drugs with a prolonged
      duration of action after inhalation will be useful. Other possible bronchodilator
      approaches include vasoactive intestinal peptide, prostaglandins, novel
      xanthines, selective muscarinic antagonists, drugs interfering with intracellular
      calcium release and K+-channel activators. The most effective anti-inflammatory
      treatment is corticosteroids and efforts are being made to improve the topical
      potency of these drugs. Many other ways of reducing inflammatory effects in
      asthma are being explored, such as mediator antagonists (especially thromboxane
      and PAF antagonists), inhibitors of inflammatory cell activation (especially of
      eosinophils) and inhibition of neurogenic inflammation. Use of anti-inflammatory
      therapies earlier in the disease should become more widespread.

PMID- 2902766
TI  - New possibilities for the beta-adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator drugs.
AB  - The pharmacological basis of the selectivity of bronchodilator beta-adrenoceptor
      agonists is discussed. Functional selectivity depends on both drug-related and
      tissue-related factors. Extensive enlargement of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist
      molecules permits interaction with hypothetical exoreceptor sites. A soft drug
      inhaled for local effects and which subsequently is inactivated by
      biotransformation, may give a minimum of systemic side effects. Conversely, a
      prodrug which requires metabolic activation offers new possibilities to alter the
      pharmacokinetic properties of a beta-adrenoceptor agonist. Several new compounds
      with interesting properties are presently subject to clinical trials.

PMID- 2902768
TI  - In vivo Junin virus-mouse macrophages interaction.
AB  - The role of mononuclear phagocytic cells in extraneural infection of the mouse
      with Junin virus (JV) was studied. Endpoint susceptibility (4 days of life) was
      evaluated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of suckling mice. By means of
      immunofluorescence (IF) and C3 receptor assays, it was found that macrophages
      were permissive to viral replication in vivo and fostered the recruitment of
      inflammatory cells as evidenced by the absence of C3 marker. In support, in vitro
      infection failed to induce alterations of this receptor. Throughout, both in vivo
      and in vitro, there were no signs of C3-mediated phagocytosis. Silica treatment
      had no effect on either resistance or susceptibility, suggesting that the
      "macrophage-barrier" failed to hinder or favour the course of disease.
      Differences with other JV models are discussed.

PMID- 2902767
TI  - Different levels of hepatitis B virus replication among hepatitis Be antigen
      positive chronic carriers.
AB  - Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase (HBV DNA-pol) activity and of HBV
      DNA sequences in serum allowed to distinguish the different degrees of HBV
      replication in chronic HBsAg carriers. The amount of HBV DNA in the serum of 48
      HBsAg and HBeAg positive patients in relation with the presence or absence of HBV
      DNA-pol was determined by dot-blot hybridization. The HBeAg positive cases with
      HBV DNA-pol activity had significantly higher HBV DNA levels than those which
      were DNA-pol negative (p less than 0.001). However, no significant differences
      with respect to liver function tests (transaminase, albumin, gammaglobulin) or to
      the histological diagnosis were found between both groups. Quantitative detection
      of serum HBV DNA in HBsAg chronic carriers may be helpful for learning the
      natural history of HBV infection and monitoring the antiviral therapy.

PMID- 2902770
TI  - Biological characterization of plaque-size variants of yellow fever virus in
      mosquitoes and mice.
AB  - We isolated plaque-size variants of a South American strain of yellow fever
      virus, and compared their ability to infect orally and be transmitted by vector
      Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with that of the uncloned, parental virus. We analyzed
      the same clonal isolates in mouse virulence experiments. No significant
      differences could be demonstrated in the capacities of the variants to infect and
      be transmitted by mosquitoes or in mouse virulence tests. The 17D vaccine virus
      (derived from the African Asibi strain) was, however, markedly attenuated in
      mosquitoes; also, a variant virus (Asibi strain) derived by continuous passage in
      HeLa cells (and attenuated for monkeys and mice) was markedly attenuated in
      mosquitoes when compared with its parent virus. The results suggest that vector
      competence and mouse virulence are similar in plaque-size variants of the South
      American strain of yellow fever virus. However, if vigorous and appropriate
      selection pressures are applied (as established by the derivation of the 17D
      vaccine and HeLa passaged viruses), attenuated variants can be discovered; their
      role and prevalence within a virus population in nature is unknown.

PMID- 2902769
TI  - Specific activity of tissue culture antirabic vaccine Rabivak-Vnukovo-32 with
      short intramuscular vaccination schedule.
AB  - Tissue culture rabies vaccine has been used for subcutaneous immunization of 158
      subjects according to official instructions and also for intramuscular
      immunization of 128 subjects according to a short schedule with booster
      inoculations. All 286 subjects were either bitten or contaminated with saliva of
      rabid animals or animals suspected of having rabies. The 1168 serum samples were
      tested by neutralization test (NT) in mice, by radial haemolysis (RH) and by
      indirect haemagglutination (IHA). The highest, earliest and longest active post
      vaccination immunity was registered after the most intensive subcutaneous
      vaccination course at a dose of 5 ml for 25 days with 3 booster inoculations.
      Subcutaneous inoculation of 3 ml vaccine for 12 days (36 ml) failed to produce a
      satisfactory elevation of antibody titre. After 2 to 4 booster inoculations,
      however, a satisfactory level of antibody was observed. The tissue culture
      vaccine was shown to have good prospects for clinical vaccination by
      intramuscular route. On intramuscular vaccination at 1.5 ml for 9 days with 6
      booster inoculations on days 16, 23, 30, 37, 67 and 97 (initial vaccine volume 45
      ml) the mean geometric antibody titres (MGT) reached 93, 160, 322 and 165 on days
      30, 60, 90 and 112, respectively. The economically efficient and rapid IHA and RH
      tests were confirmed to be specific and suitable for titration of antirabies
      antibody.

PMID- 2902771
TI  - Calculation of the frequency of congenital rubella syndrome in Poland.
AB  - The annual number and incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Poland
      was evaluated by means of a methematical model and on the basis of serological
      studies. In its principles this model describes the infectious kinetics of
      rubella by the formula y = 1--e-at, where "y" is the rate of immune persons, "a"
      is a parameter representing the transfer of susceptibles to immunes and "t" is
      age. The calculated incidence of congenital rubella syndrome resulted in average
      values of 0.15 to 0.38%, i.e. 15 to 38 CRS cases among 100,000 children born to
      mothers primarily infected by rubella virus during the first trimester of
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2902772
TI  - Varicella-zoster virus IgG antibodies during primoinfection in competent and
      transfer factor modulated immunocompromised host: comparison of three indirect
      assays.
AB  - Ten patients with acute leukaemia and next three with Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma, suffering from varicella-zoster-virus (VZV) primoinfection, were given
      1 to 2 doses of ultrafiltrate of the human leukocytes lysate (LLU) containing
      transfer factor (TF) activity (1 dose being equivalent to the product of 10(8)
      leukocytes). Only LLU administered to patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia
      (ALL) at early phases of the illness (days 1 and 2) displayed a notable benefit
      on the clinical course of varicella. No influence upon the infection, on the
      other hand, was observed following LLU administration to subjects with lymphoma.
      The convalescent levels of IgG antibodies to VZV, as detected by indirect
      immunoperoxidase assay to membrane antigen (IPAMA), demonstrated no significant
      difference between infected competent and immunocompromised untreated and LLU
      treated individuals. The performance characteristics of IPAMA are compared with
      indirect immunofluorescence method (IFA) and non-competitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on the same panel of specimens.

PMID- 2902773
TI  - Influence of detergents on measurement of influenza A virus haemagglutinin
      content in inactivated influenza vaccine by single radial immunodiffusion.
AB  - The influence of ionic, nonionic and amphoteric detergents or surfactants (SA) on
      determination of influenza A virus haemagglutinin content in the inactivated
      influenza vaccine by single-radial-immunodiffusion technique has been
      investigated. It was found that the action of different SA on IIV in SRID test is
      dependent on the mode of vaccine production, the procedure of virus inactivation
      and probably also on the specific structure of the antigen tested. Nevertheless,
      for nearly all SA used in this work the optimal concentrations (largest
      precipitation area) ranged from 1 to 2%; lower concentrations (except of
      amphoteric detergents) failed to yield an optimal effect.

PMID- 2902774
TI  - Seroepidemiology of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Bulgaria.
AB  - During the period of 1954-1986, 399 cases of haemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome (HFRS) were registered in Bulgaria with 63 (15.7%) deaths. Three hundred
      serum samples from 214 patients who had contracted the disease from 1957 to 1986
      were investigated by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IF-AT). As antigen Vero
      E6 cells infected with the Asian Hantaan virus were used, as well as lung
      sections from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) infected with strains Udmurt
      and Kazan 6-Cg from the European part of the U.S.S.R. Specific antibodies were
      detected in 194 sera, i.e. in 90.6% of persons investigated: in 131 single serum
      samples and in 63 paired sera. The results of the serological studies which
      covered 53.6% of all known local cases showed the territorial distribution of the
      natural foci in this country and the aetiologic relationship with the HFRS virus
      from the European part of the U.S.S.R.

PMID- 2902775
TI  - Neutralization kinetic analysis showed that strains of echovirus types 7, 11 and
      17, unlike those of echovirus type 30, varied antigenically over time in
      Melbourne, Australia.
AB  - Using neutralization kinetic analysis, isolates of echovirus types 7, 11 and 17
      were found to generally vary antigenically over periods of 22, 20 and 10 years
      respectively in Melbourne, Australia. This is in contrast to a previous finding
      of antigenic constancy amongst echovirus type 30 isolates in Melbourne over a 23
      year period.

PMID- 2902776
TI  - A simple method of preparing a complement-fixing antigen from the virus of
      haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (Western type).
AB  - Different methods of the preparation of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
      (HFRS) antigen for complement-fixation (CF) test are described. The antigens were
      prepared from the organs of suckling white rats inoculated with the Western type
      of HRFS by precipitation with polyethylene glycol, by fluorocarbon treatment and
      or by sucrose-acetone extraction. The highest CF titre was obtained by acetone
      precipitation of 20% brain suspension in isotonic sucrose.

PMID- 2902777
TI  - Detection of rinderpest antigen by latex agglutination test.
AB  - A slightly modified latex agglutination test was applied for detection of
      rinderpest antigen. The antigen was added to sensitized latex particles in the
      presence of hyperimmune antiserum to facilitate agglutination. Out of 129 samples
      tested by latex agglutination (LA), solid phase aggregation of coated
      erythrocytes (SPACE), reverse phase passive haemagglutination (RPHA) and counter
      immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) test, 86.0, 86.8, 84.4 and 79.8 per cent,
      respectively, were found positive.

PMID- 2902778
TI  - Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 2902780
TI  - Benzodiazepines effective for treatment of anxiety and insomnia.

PMID- 2902779
TI  - The efficacy of the addition of nifedipine in patients with mixed angina compared
      to patients with classic exertional angina: a multicenter, randomized, double
      blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
AB  - Episodes of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease may be
      due to transient increases in coronary vasomotor tone superimposed on a fixed
      atherosclerotic obstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether
      identification of the clinical pattern of angina could predict the therapeutic
      response to the addition of nifedipine to a regimen of beta blockers and/or long
      acting nitrates. Seventy-two patients with stable exertional angina were divided
      into two groups: "classic exertional angina" (17 patients), defined as exertional
      angina with a stable threshold; and "mixed angina" (55 patients), defined as
      exertional angina provoked by a variable threshold and/or at least two episodes
      of rest angina within the 3 months prior to screening. Patients were studied with
      nifedipine and placebo in a 6-week, double-blind, crossover design that used
      serial anginal diaries, exercise treadmill tests, and 24-hour ambulatory ECG
      monitoring. In patients with mixed angina, nifedipine reduced the frequency of
      angina compared to that during placebo treatment (13.1 vs 9.9 episodes/3 weeks, p
      less than 0.01) and reduced nitroglycerin consumption (11.7 vs 7.5 tablets/3
      weeks, p less than 0.05); while in patients with classic exertional angina,
      nifedipine had no symptomatic effect (7.9 vs 6.8 anginal episodes/3 weeks, NS;
      6.4 vs 5.8 nitroglycerin tablets/3 weeks, NS). Patients in both groups
      experienced a significant decrease in the manifestations of ischemia during
      exercise testing. Patients with mixed angina experienced a reduction in the daily
      frequency of painful episodes of ST segment depression during nifedipine
      treatment compared to placebo (0.6 vs 0.2 episodes, p less than 0.05), but there
      was no effect on the frequency of episodes of silent ischemia (4.2 vs 3.4
      episodes, NS). In patients with classic exertional angina, the addition of
      nifedipine had no effect on any measure of ambulatory ischemia. We conclude that
      patients with mixed angina are more likely to benefit symptomatically from the
      addition of nifedipine therapy than patients with classic exertional angina. The
      lack of a consistently preferential response to nifedipine in patients with mixed
      angina, however, suggests that episodic coronary vasoconstriction may not be the
      only mechanism responsible for ischemia in these patients, and/or that nifedipine
      may not necessarily provide additional therapeutic benefit beyond that conferred
      by a regimen of beta blockers and/or nitrates.

PMID- 2902781
TI  - Sexual dysfunction in abusers of cocaine and alcohol.
AB  - Sexual dysfunction is not uncommon in alcoholics and in cocaine addicts. Alcohol
      abuse frequently develops along with cocaine dependence and the reverse is also
      common. We examined the sexual history of this common dually-addicted population.
      Sexual dysfunction was found in 62% (N = 50) of male cocaine and alcohol abusers
      consecutively admitted to a substance disorder treatment unit. The influence of
      cocaine and alcohol on commonly studied neurotransmitters and hormones along with
      their influence on sexual function are discussed.

PMID- 2902782
TI  - Abuse of benzodiazepines: the problems and the solutions. A report of a Committee
      of the Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc.
AB  - Benzodiazepines are medications used to treat many of the most frequent and
      disturbing symptoms seen in medical practice, including anxiety, insomnia, muscle
      spasms, some forms of epilepsy, and other illnesses. The World Health
      Organization (WHO) has determined benzodiazepines to be "essential drugs" that
      should be available in all countries for medical purposes. As benzodiazepines
      were recognized as generally safe and effective drugs, their medical use
      increased but so did problems of abuse outside medical practice. This report
      focuses specifically on the nonmedical use, or abuse, of benzodiazepines for
      purposes, durations, or at dosage levels not intended by the prescribing
      physician or in ways outside medical guidelines. The principal contribution of
      this report to the resolution of the controversy about the use of benzodiazepines
      is to draw a sharp distinction between the medical use of these drugs and their
      nonmedical use, which this report labels "abuse." Problems which exist with the
      medical use of benzodiazepines, such as their use by patients who are better
      treated with other medications (or without medication) and the problems of
      withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation of medically prescribed benzodiazepines,
      are not addressed because these are problems of routine, legitimate medical
      practice. On the other hand, aspects of medical practice which affect nonmedical
      use of benzodiazepines are extensively dealt with in this report including the
      diversion of legitimately prescribed benzodiazepines into the illicit drug market
      and the prescribing of benzodiazepines for drug abusers. Extensive animal and
      human research has shown that benzodiazepines are "reinforcing" drugs in the
      sense that animals and humans will maintain behavior on which delivery of the
      drug is dependent. Animal studies of self-administration of potentially abused
      drugs show that benzodiazepines are less powerful reinforcers than intermediate
      half-life barbiturates (such as secobarbital) and psychomotor stimulants (such as
      amphetamine and cocaine). A substantial body of human research has shown that
      benzodiazepines are moderately "liked" for their reinforcing effects by drug
      abusers and alcoholic subjects but that both anxious people and normal (non-drug
      abusing, non-anxious) human subjects prefer placebo to benzodiazepines,
      demonstrating that these substances are usually not liked by people who are not
      drug abusers or alcoholics. Among drug abusers, benzodiazepines are preferred
      less than either intermediate half-life barbiturates or stimulants. This
      difference between the response of substance abusers and normal and anxious
      research subjects supports the fundamental distinction

PMID- 2902783
TI  - The gene encoding the hydrophobic surfactant protein SP-C is located on 8p and
      identifies an EcoRI RFLP.
AB  - Pulmonary surfactant is composed primarily of phospholipids but also contains
      three known surfactant-specific proteins. These proteins are important in
      determining the physical properties of pulmonary surfactant--including its
      ability to adsorb to an air-liquid interface and its structure--but also appear
      to influence surfactant metabolism. We have previously assigned two surfactant
      proteins, SP-A (a 28-36-kDa glycoprotein) and SP-B (an 18-kDa hydrophobic
      protein), to the short arm of chromosome 10 and to chromosome 2, respectively. We
      now report that the gene encoding the 5-8 kDa hydrophobic surfactant protein SP-C
      is located on the short arm of chromosome 8. A cDNA clone encoding the entire
      protein recognizes a useful EcoRI restriction-site-length polymorphism.
      Evaluation of congenital syndromes manifesting autosomal abnormalities does not
      further elucidate the functional role of this protein in promoting normal
      respiratory physiology.

PMID- 2902784
TI  - Regional localization of chromosome 3-specific DNA fragments by using a hybrid
      cell deletion mapping panel.
AB  - A series of human chromosome 3-specific DNA fragments isolated and characterized
      from a lamda phage genomic library were regionally localized on human chromosome
      3. This was accomplished using filter hybridization blot analysis of a human
      chromosome 3 hybrid cell deletion mapping panel. Twenty-three new anonymous DNA
      fragments were assigned to one of four physical regions of chromosome 3.
      Seventeen DNA fragments were mapped to the long arm of chromosome 3, including
      one DNA fragment that demonstrated a restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP). Five DNA fragments were assigned to 3p14.2----pter, including one highly
      polymorphic fragment sublocalized at 3p25----pter by in situ hybridization. This
      DNA fragment is the second reported distal 3p polymorphic probe. One DNA fragment
      was localized to 3p14----p14.2. In addition, three fragments previously assigned
      to chromosome 3 were confirmed. Polymorphic DNA probes DNF15S2 (formerly D1S1)
      and D3S2 were mapped to 3p14.2----pter. The previous 3p25 in situ localization of
      the c-raf-1 oncogene was supported by deletion panel mapping. The physical
      localization of these twenty-three new DNA fragments has more than doubled the
      number of cloned DNA fragments assigned to chromosome 3. These and future
      regional assignments of DNA fragment probes will facilitate construction of both
      a physical and genetic linkage map of chromosome 3. They may also be useful in
      characterizing the chromosomal and molecular aberrations involved in small-cell
      lung cancer (SCLC), renal cell carcinoma, other malignancies, and the 3p14.2
      common fragile site.

PMID- 2902785
TI  - A genetic linkage map of 27 loci from PND to FY on the short arm of human
      chromosome I.
AB  - A genetic linkage map of 27 loci on the short arm of human chromosome 1 has been
      developed by analysis of the 40 families in the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme
      Humain (CEPH) reference panel. Probes that recognize 14 novel RFLPs at loci
      designated D1S9-D1S22 were isolated from a flow-sorted chromosome 1 library. A
      linkage map of chromosome 1p was constructed from the genotypic data at these 14
      loci, RFLPs at eight cloned genes (PND, ALPL, FUCA1, SRC2, MYCL, GLUT, TSHB, and
      NGFB), two previously identified RFLPs (D1S2 and D1S57), two blood group antigens
      (RH and FY), and the isozyme PGM1. All 27 loci form a continuous linkage group,
      from FY to PND, of 102 cM in males and 230 cM in females. This map provides a
      basis for highly informative multipoint mapping studies for most of the short arm
      of chromosome 1.

PMID- 2902786
TI  - Recombinations between IRP and cystic fibrosis.
AB  - A candidate gene for cystic fibrosis was recently isolated by selective cloning
      of HpaII-tiny-fragment islands; it maps considerably closer to CF than does MET
      or D7S8 (pJ3.11), and DNA polymorphisms from this region are in marked
      disequilibrium with CF. cDNA cloning has shown that this protein has a growth
      factor-like structure and shows homology to the murine and human proto-oncogene
      int-1; it is designated IRP (int-1-related protein). DNA sequences from the IRP
      locus that recognize RFLPs are proving to be highly informative for prenatal
      diagnosis. We report five crossovers that have been identified which occur either
      within the IRP locus or between IRP and CF; these recombinants demonstrate that
      CF maps between the DNA markers D7S8 and KM.19.

PMID- 2902788
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium in the human insulin/insulin-like growth factor II region
      of human chromosome II.
AB  - Caucasian (N = 128) and Chinese (N = 84) subjects were typed for RFLPs in the
      insulin (INS)/insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) region of chromosome 11. Both
      the analysis of extended haplotypes and the pairwise measures of linkage
      disequilibrium among the RFLPs indicate that there is extensive linkage
      disequilibrium in the INS/IGF2 region. The disequilibrium extends across the
      hypervariable region (HVR) located just 5' to the INS gene and encompasses a
      region of at least 40 kbp. Previous studies had suggested that linkage
      disequilibrium in the INS region was negligible and that this region may
      therefore contain a "recombinational hotspot" (Chakravarti et al. 1986). However,
      results of this and another recent study (Thompson et al. 1988) highlight the
      importance of the frequencies of associated alleles in the ability to detect
      linkage disequilibrium. Thus, the previous failure to detect disequilibrium in
      the INS region may have reflected a lack of power, rather than a true absence of
      disequilibrium in this region.

PMID- 2902787
TI  - Localization of the gene for X-linked recessive type of retinitis pigmentosa
      (XLRP) to Xp21 by linkage analysis.
AB  - The X-linked recessive type of retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) causes progressive
      night blindness, visual field constriction, and eventual blindness in affected
      males by the third or fourth decade of life. The biochemical basis of the disease
      is unknown, and prenatal diagnosis and definitive carrier diagnosis remain
      elusive. Heterogeneity in XLRP has been suggested by linkage studies of families
      affected with XLRP and by phenotypic differences observed in female carriers.
      Localization of XLRP near Xp11.3 has been suggested by close linkage to an RFLP
      at the locus DXS7 (Xp11.3) detected by probe L1.28. In other studies a locus for
      XLRP with metallic sheen has been linked to the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)
      locus mapping to the Xp21 region. In this study, by linkage analysis using seven
      RFLP markers between Xp21 and Xcen, we examined four families with multiple
      affected individuals. Close linkage was found between XLRP and polymorphic sites
      OTC (theta = .06 with lod 5.69), DXS84 (theta = .05 with lod 4.08), and DXS206
      (theta = .06 with lod 2.56), defined by probes OTC, 754, and XJ, respectively.
      The close linkage of OTC, 754, and XJ to XLRP localizes the XLRP locus to the
      Xp21 region. Data from recombinations in three of four families place the locus
      above L1.28 and below the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, consistent with
      an Xp21 localization. In one family, however, one affected male revealed a
      crossover between XLRP and all DNA markers, except for the more distal DXS28
      (C7), while his brother is recombined for this marker (C7) and not other, more
      proximal markers. This suggests that in this family the XLRP mutation maps near
      DXS28 and above the DMD locus.

PMID- 2902789
TI  - Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of a de novo t(5p;21q) in a patient
      previously diagnosed as monosomy 21.
AB  - Genomic single-copy DNA fragments were used to characterize an undetected
      chromosome translocation in an individual whose metaphase chromosome analysis
      revealed apparent monosomy 21. Eight RFLPs detected by six probes were used to
      identify homologous sequences from chromosome 21 in DNA digests from the proband
      and her parents. These family studies showed that the proband was disomic for the
      distal region of 21q. Reverse banding and in situ hybridization of chromosome 21
      specific probes to metaphase chromosomes from the proband revealed a de novo
      translocation with breakpoints at 5p13 or 14 and 21q11 or 21. In situ
      hybridization permitted orientation of the translocated portion of chromosome 21
      on the derivative chromosome 5 and, in conjunction with molecular analysis and
      previous mapping studies, refined the physical map for the long arm of chromosome
      21.

PMID- 2902790
TI  - Alpha-globin gene cluster haplotypes in the Kalahari San and southern African
      Bantu-speaking blacks.
AB  - Alpha-globin gene cluster haplotypes were determined in Southern African San and
      negroid populations. Significant differences (P less than .01) between the two
      groups were found at three of the nine loci in the cluster. The most striking
      difference, however, was the relatively low level of variation found in the San
      (alpha alpha)-associated haplotypes and the high level in the SA blacks. This
      trend was also observed for the 3' hyper-variable region. Nineteen different
      haplotypes were identified among the 36 haplotypes studied in the black
      population, but only seven different ones were found among the 37 haplotypes in
      the San; five were common to both populations. The common San haplotype, (+--MPZ+
      --), had a frequency of .57 in the San and .11 in the black population; the
      common SA black haplotype, (---MZ----), occurred at a frequency of .17 but was
      absent in the San. In the SA black population significant linkage disequilibrium
      is present between five of the RFLP loci, including the extreme 5' and 3'
      markers, confirming the absence of a recombination hot spot in the alpha-globin
      gene cluster.

PMID- 2902791
TI  - Genetic studies on the Senegal population. I. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms.
AB  - The mtDNA of 186 Senegalese, mainly Wolof and Peuls, were analyzed by means of
      six restriction enzymes: HpaI, BamHI, HaeII, MspI, AvaII, and HincII. Two of the
      HpaI, one of the HaeII, two of the MspI, and one of the AvaII morphs had not been
      described before. The only enzymes which enabled Wolof and Peuls to be
      differentiated were HincII and, to a lesser extent, HaeII. Important differences
      emerge in the comparison of Senegalese with Bantu of South Africa and with
      Bushmen, the only other Africans who, as far as we know, were studied for the
      same genetic markers. Though Senegalese mtDNAs display typical African features
      (presence and frequency of HpaI morph 3 and high incidence of AvaII morph 3), the
      distribution of MspI and AvaII patterns markedly differentiates Senegalese from
      the others. The phylogeny of mtDNA types in Africa well portrays how the three
      African groups are clearly distinguishable genetic entities. Bushmen lie at one
      end of the range of variability, Senegalese being at the other end but still
      fairly closely related to Bantu. The information provided by individual
      restriction enzymes to the distinction among the three major ethnic groups is
      reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 2902792
TI  - Efficacy of nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system in combination with
      beta blockers in the management of exertional angina. A multicenter study of 54
      patients.
AB  - This multicenter study assessed the efficacy of a new formulation of nifedipine
      in 54 patients with stable angina pectoris receiving beta-blocker therapy. This
      once-daily preparation of nifedipine was administered in double-blind fashion in
      doses of 30, 60, and 90 mg. All patients experienced pain-limited exercise at
      placebo baseline treadmill testing. Eight hours post-dose exercise testing
      resulted in a significant increase in time to onset of angina for all three dose
      levels of nifedipine but not for placebo. Exercise testing 24 hours after dosing
      showed significant improvement in time to angina and total exercise time for
      patients receiving 60-mg and 90-mg doses but not for the 30-mg or placebo
      categories. These preliminary results suggest that this new formulation of
      nifedipine is beneficial when added to stable doses of a beta blocker in patients
      in whom angina is still exhibited during exercise testing.

PMID- 2902793
TI  - Retinoids as generalized regulators of cellular growth and differentiation.

PMID- 2902794
TI  - Experience with multiple approaches to the prenatal diagnosis of the fragile X
      syndrome: amniotic fluid, chorionic villi, fetal blood and molecular methods.
AB  - We have had experience with 160 prenatal diagnosis cases for the fragile X
      syndrome [fra(X)] or Martin-Bell Syndrome. In 140, amniotic fluid was utilized;
      98 had a documented family history of fra(X). The 94 completed cases included 4
      no growth; 56 males of which 7 were fra(X)-positive and 2 false-negative; 38
      females of which 5 were fra(X) positive. There was no fra(X) positive result when
      a family history of mental retardation was not documented as fra(X). Molecular
      methods (RFLPs) were utilized in 10 amniotic fluid and 5 chorionic villus
      specimens (CVS). Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling was used in 2 negative
      cases and 1 fra(X) positive case because of timing, tissue culture failure or
      confirmation of another method. CVS were received in 13 cases, and RFLPs were
      utilized in 5 of the CVS cases. There was no positive fra(X) CVS chromosome
      result in males, 1 positive result in a female, but 2 false negatives were
      detected by RFLPs. On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that
      cytogenetic and molecular methods are complementary and best used together and
      that multiple approaches can enhance the efficiency and reliability of fra(X)
      prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2902795
TI  - Improved DNA markers for efficient analysis of fragile X families.
AB  - We report the characteristics of two new probes that detect BclI RFLPs useful for
      analysis of fragile X families. With these two probes and a single blot, 34% of
      women are heterozygous both for the proximal marker DXS105 (closer to the fragile
      X locus than the factor IX gene) and for the distal markers DXS52 or the factor
      VIII gene. Combined with the analysis of previously described polymorphic
      markers, it is possible to have a majority of families fully informative for
      flanking markers using a limited number of probes and restriction digests.

PMID- 2902796
TI  - Multipoint linkage of 9 anonymous probes to HPRT, factor 9, and fragile X.
AB  - We have analyzed the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) associated with 9 anonymous probes detecting loci DXS10, DXS15, DXS19,
      DXS37, DXS51, DXS52, DXS98, DXS99, and DXS100 and probes for HPRT and F9 in a set
      of 40 families segregating fragile X (fra(X]. Using two-point and multipoint
      analysis, we have established their relative genetic locations. The results
      indicate that DXS99 and DXS10, unlike previous reports, are not tightly linked to
      F9. A new locus was found to map within the F9 - fra(X) region. DXS98 showed 6%
      recombination with fra(X) and appeared to be the closest locus to fra(X). These
      results will be useful for mapping the relative position of newly defined X
      probes in this region and for future genetic studies of families with fra(X),
      hemophilia B, or Lesch-Nyhan mutations.

PMID- 2902797
TI  - Linkage between the fragile X and F9, DXS52 (St14), DXS98 (4D-8) and DXS105
      (cX55.7).
AB  - Linkage data using the markers F9, DXS105 (cX55.7), DXS98 (4D-8) and DXS52 (St14)
      are presented from 22 kindreds segregating with the fragile X. Two-point linkage
      analysis was carried out taking into account cytogenetic results and penetrance
      classes defined by mental impairment status of mothers. Recombination frequencies
      (theta) corresponding to the maximum z scores (z) were obtained between F9 (z =
      3.48, theta = 0.18), DXS105 (z = 5.06, theta = 0.07), DXS98 (z = 4.79, theta =
      0.01) and DXS52 (z = 6.44, theta = 0.09) and the fragile X. Recombination
      frequencies between marker loci in fragile X families are also presented. These
      recombination frequencies need to be combined with those from other studies in
      order to determine the best estimates of map distances for use in genetic
      counselling, until markers closer to the fragile X, or at the fragile X, can be
      used. Most potential fra(X) heterozygotes were informative for flanking markers
      using the above 4 probes. Carrier risks were determined by 3-point analysis using
      informative flanking markers, taking into account cytogenetic results. Low level
      fra(X) expression occurred in 2 probable non-carriers; emphasising the need for
      extreme caution in the interpretation of low rates of expression.

PMID- 2902798
TI  - Pulsed-field gradient-gel studies around the fragile site.
AB  - Using pulsed-field gradient-gel electrophoresis (PFGE) we compared two fragile X
      (fra(X] chromosomes from individuals in families that exhibit linkage
      heterogeneity between fra(X) and coagulation factor IX (F9). The analysis of very
      large restriction fragments indicated that there is a structural difference in
      the interval between fra(X) and F9 near the locus DXS105. Differences were
      observed in the Sfi I partial digestion analysis and in the Mlu I pattern of the
      DXS105 region. Digestion with Nru I and Sst II also showed differences between
      these alleles. The analyses suggest that the alleles differ in a region of
      greater than 200 kb. Analysis of other normal and fra(X) chromosomes will be
      necessary to determine whether the observed difference is a normal population
      variant or if it may be responsible for the linkage heterogeneity observed
      between these loci.

PMID- 2902799
TI  - Cytogenetic and physical mapping in the region of the X chromosome surrounding
      the fragile site.
AB  - Seven DNA probes have been mapped within the Xq27-Xq28 region using in situ
      hybridization, in some cases on chromosomes expressing the fragile site to
      enhance the resolution. To complement these studies and investigate the
      relationship between genetic, cytogenetic and physical distance some of these
      probes were used for large scale mapping using pulsed field gels. Physical
      linkage was demonstrated between two loci, F9 and MCF2, which are separated by
      less than 270 kb, and a restriction map extending over 1,300 kb has been
      generated.

PMID- 2902800
TI  - The antipsychotics.

PMID- 2902801
TI  - Effect of prolactin on enzymes of lipid biosynthesis in mammary gland explants.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) stimulates an increased rate of incorporation of [14C]acetate and
      [3H]glucose into lipids in cultured mammary gland explants from 10- to 14-day
      pregnant mice. This response is biphasic with an early increase occurring from 6
      through 12 h, and an additional increase from 16 through 24 h. Enzymes likely to
      be rate limiting to this process include acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid
      synthetase, acetyl CoA synthetase, and/or pyruvate dehydrogenase. Of these
      enzymes only pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was elevated at 6 h, suggesting that
      this enzymatic activity is important in stimulating early increases in
      lipogenesis after PRL treatment. In addition, the PRL stimulation of pyruvate
      dehydrogenase may also indirectly stimulate acetyl CoA carboxylase through the
      generation of citrate; this may explain the early (6-12 h) effect of PRL on
      [14C]acetate incorporation. After 16 h of PRL treatment, the activities of all
      the lipogenic enzymes were enhanced. The second phase of PRLs stimulation of
      lipogenesis thus likely involves the enhanced activities of more than one of the
      lipogenic enzymes.

PMID- 2902802
TI  - Pertussis toxin-sensitive cholinergic inhibition of somatostatin release from
      canine D-cells.
AB  - Development of an enriched cultured cell system allowed us to investigate the
      mechanism of cholinergic inhibition of somatostatin release stimulated by
      adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+-protein kinase C-dependent
      pathways of cell activation. After a 24-h culture on rat tail collagen, D-cells,
      quantified by immunohistochemistry, were 18-fold enriched compared with
      unelutriated dispersed cells. Somatostatin release from cultured cells was
      expressed as a percent of the somatostatin released by a specific stimulus in
      control cells. Under basal conditions release of somatostatin was 2.3 +/- 0.6% of
      the total cell content. Epinephrine (1 microM) and cholecystokinin octapeptide
      (10 nM) increased somatostatin release to 6.98 +/- 1.25 and 10.72 +/- 1.64%,
      respectively. Carbachol (1 microM) completely inhibited somatostatin release
      stimulated by epinephrine and reduced cholecystokinin octapeptide-stimulated
      release to 75% of control levels. Carbachol inhibition of the response to both
      epinephrine and cholecystokinin octapeptide was totally prevented by 5 h of
      treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (300 ng/ml). Somatostatin release in
      response to the diterpene forskolin (10 microM), dibutyryl cAMP (300 microM), the
      phorbol ester beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (0.1 microM), and the calcium
      ionophore A23187 (1 microM) was also inhibited by carbachol and prevented by
      pertussis toxin pretreatment. The ADP-ribosylase inhibitor isonicotinamide (1 mM)
      selectively blocked the effect of pertussis toxin without altering other
      stimulatory or inhibitory responses. These data are consistent with the view that
      carbachol inhibits somatostatin release at guanyl nucleotide-binding protein
      and/or another pertussis toxin-sensitive site.

PMID- 2902803
TI  - Postprandial celiac and superior mesenteric blood flows in conscious dogs.
AB  - Celiac and superior mesenteric arterial blood flows were measured simultaneously
      in conscious beagle dogs. The responses to food were completely different between
      the two arteries. Celiac flow increased quickly to 180-200% of the control 2 min
      after food but started to decline rapidly to preprandial levels, though greater
      than 90% of food was still in the stomach. It remained at preprandial levels over
      the next 1-6 h. Superior mesenteric flow increased gradually in 20-50 min (peak:
      230%) and remained above the control levels for 3-6 h. The celiac response was
      inhibited by vagal block, hexamethonium, and gastric mucosal anesthesia by
      oxethazaine but not by atropine, phenoxybenzamine, or propranolol. Postprandial
      superior mesenteric hyperemia was blocked by mucosal anesthesia and was reduced
      by atropine by 80%. Ganglionic or adrenergic blockades were without effect. It is
      concluded that the celiac peak response to food is mediated by a nonadrenergic,
      noncholinergic vagal reflex in conscious dogs. Extrinsic nerves probably play
      little part in the postprandial increase of superior mesenteric flow.

PMID- 2902804
TI  - NE turnover in genetically hypertensive rats of Lyon strain. I. Brain nuclei.
AB  - Several indirect evidences of alterations in the central catecholaminergic
      structures were obtained in genetically hypertensive rats. Because they could be
      of pathogenetic value, we measured, in the present work, the in vivo turnover
      (TO) of norepinephrine (NE) in brain areas of 5- and 22-wk-old genetically
      hypertensive (LH) rats of the Lyon strain, and their simultaneously selected
      normotensive (LN) and low blood pressure (LL) controls. Among the changes
      observed, the increased TO of NE in the A2 and A6 regions of 5-wk-old LH rats and
      its decrease in the posteroventral hypothalamic nucleus of 22-wk-old LH animals
      appeared likely to compensate for hypertension. On the contrary, the decreased TO
      of NE in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus observed at 5 wk and in the A6 and A1
      areas at 22 wk of age in LH rats could participate in the development or the
      maintenance of hypertension. Above all, it was postulated that the increased TO
      of NE found in the A7 region of 5-wk-old LH rats could play a primary role in the
      pathogenesis of hypertension in the Lyon model.

PMID- 2902805
TI  - Regional hemodynamic responses to adrenoceptor antagonism in conscious rats.
AB  - Changes in blood pressure and renal, mesenteric, and hindquarters vascular
      resistances were measured in conscious Long-Evans and Brattleboro (vasopressin
      deficient) rats in response to sequential, continuous administrations of prazosin
      and idazoxan in the absence or presence of ICI 118551 (beta 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist) or propranolol. The large transient hypotensions elicited by prazosin
      and, subsequently, by idazoxan were associated with renal and hindquarters
      vasodilatations in both strains of rat. In Brattleboro rats, prazosin also
      elicited mesenteric vasodilatation. Pretreatment with ICI 118551 reduced the
      initial hypotensive effects and hindquarters vasodilatations elicited by prazosin
      and idazoxan, but the hemodynamic effects of prazosin were not significantly
      affected by propranolol. These results are consistent with propranolol
      antagonizing beta 1-adrenoceptor-mediated effects on the heart and the renin
      angiotensin system that act to offset a beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated
      vasodilatation, which contributes to the effects elicited by alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonism. Hemodynamic responses to captopril and d(CH2)5DAVP (in Long-Evans
      rats) in the presence of adrenoceptor antagonists were consistent with a major
      cardiovascular role of the renin-angiotensin system and a less overt role of
      vasopressin until the latter system was blocked.

PMID- 2902806
TI  - Positive inotropic action of novel vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin on guinea
      pig atria.
AB  - Endothelin (ET), a novel 21-amino acid peptide isolated from the culture
      supernatant of porcine aortic endothelial cells, has been shown to be the most
      potent of all known vasoconstrictor substances. The purpose of the present study
      was to investigate the effects and the mode of actions of ET on the heart. ET
      exerted a positive inotropic effect in a dose-dependent manner on the
      electrically driven left atria of guinea pigs. The ET-induced response was of
      slow onset and characteristically long lasting. The half-maximal effective dose
      of the ET-induced response was about 1 nM, indicating that ET is one of the most
      potent cardiotonic substances. The response was presumably caused through direct
      actions of ET on the myocytes, since adrenergic, histaminergic, and serotonergic
      antagonists showed no effect on the response. The dose-response relationship of
      ET for the positive inotropic effect was displaced to the right in a parallel
      fashion by 0.3 microM nicardipine. In the left atria depolarized with 22 mM KCl,
      ET produced gradually increasing contractions in conjunction with the slow
      response action potentials in response to the electrical pacing. These results
      suggest that the ET-induced response on the left atria is intimately related to
      the influx of extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2902807
TI  - Movement of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in rat cecum and colon intact
      mucus blankets and harvested mucus gels.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites were centrifuged into mucus gels harvested
      from in vivo loops of rat cecum and proximal colon. Frank ameba movement was not
      detected in the colonic mucus, but attenuated motility was measured in the cecal
      mucus. The harvested rat cecal mucus had significantly lower apparent viscosity
      and neutral glycoprotein concentration values than the colonic mucus. A shape
      factor method was developed to assess the motility of amebae in mucus gels and
      intact mucus blankets. Shape factor data obtained from harvested mucus gel and
      intact mucus blanket experiments indicated that such mucus severely attenuated
      trophozoite movement with the attenuation being greater with colonic than with
      cecal mucus. Entamoeba trophozoites are known to be able to generate a pseudopod
      force of 3.3 x 10(-6) Newtons. Latex microspheres of the size range of Entamoeba
      trophozoites were forced through cecal and colonic mucus gels under gravity.
      Colonic mucus gels could withstand a force of 3.3 x 10(-6) Newtons while cecal
      mucus could not, suggesting that the ameba movement that was observed in cecal
      mucus involved mechanical penetration of the mucus by the ameba pseudopodia and
      did not require prior gel dissolution by Entamoeba enzymes.

PMID- 2902808
TI  - [Effect of the combined use of benzodiazepine preparations and alcohol on fetal
      development in an experiment].

PMID- 2902809
TI  - Mosquito-borne diseases in Alabama.

PMID- 2902810
TI  - Large cell mycosis fungoides at the tumor stage. Unusual T8, T4, T6 phenotypic
      expression.
AB  - We report a case of mycosis fungoides in a 52-year-old woman with a huge skin
      tumor on her thigh in which the predominant cells were lymphoblastic and
      histiocytic large cells. The neoplastic cells showed strong suppressor and helper
      T-cell subset markers, and were partially positive for the cortical thymocyte
      (OKT6) subset marker.

PMID- 2902811
TI  - Esmolol in the uncontrolled hypertensive patient.

PMID- 2902812
TI  - [Vecuronium bromide: modification of its pharmacodynamics by etomidate,
      cimetidine and ranitidine].
AB  - After obtaining their informed consent, 60 patients (ASA groups I or II), 18 to
      60 years of age were randomly allocated to six groups of 10 persons each.
      Anesthesia was induced in groups 1, 4, 5 and 6 with 2-3 mg kg-1 thiopentone and
      in groups 2 and 3 with 0.2-0.3 mg kg-1 etomidate. 20 min before induction,
      patients in groups 3 and 5 received 5 mg kg-1 cimetidine, and patients in group 6
      received 1.25 mg kg-1 ranitidine. Induction of anesthesia was supplemented by
      0.002 mg kg-1 fentanyl and 0.01 mg kg-1 lormetazepam. After beginning
      neuromuscular monitoring, 0.08 mg kg-1 vecuronium was injected and the intubation
      accomplished when the first twitch of the train of four (TOF) was suppressed of a
      rate greater than 90%. The anesthesia was maintained with supplemental doses of
      0.002 mg kg-1 fentanyl and 0.01 mg kg-1 lormetazepam, if necessary, and the use
      of a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture (2.4:1.6 l min-1). A train of four supramaximal
      nerve stimuli was applied to the ulnar nerve proximal to the wrist and the twitch
      responses were electrically recorded on the hypothenar musculature (Relaxograph,
      Datex). The frequency of the train was 2 Hz with an interval of 20 s between
      trains. The time from the injection of vecuronium to several degrees of
      neuromuscular recovery was statistically significantly prolonged after 5 mg kg-1
      cimetidine (groups 3 and 5) in comparison to the other groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902813
TI  - [Benzodiazepine antagonism by RO 15-1788: psychometric, hormonal and biophysical
      parameters].
AB  - Ro 15-1788, a selective benzodiazepine (BZD) antagonist, is known to precipitate
      withdrawal reactions in BZD-pretreated animals. We examined whether a high dose
      of Ro 15-1788 can precipitate withdrawal reactions relating to behavior and
      changes in the stress-hormone plasma levels after acute BZD treatment in man. On
      two consecutive days, 15 min and 24 h respectively after a single treatment with
      either lormetazepam (0.06 mg/kg: LMZ group), flunitrazepam (0.03 mg/kg: FNZ
      group) or placebo (PLA group), 18 healthy volunteers received two injections of
      Ro 15-1788 (0.01 mg/kg). Behavioral responses (mood changes, anxiety), cortisol
      and prolactin plasma levels, and physiological parameters were examined. In all
      groups there were only slight changes in the circulation parameters. Minor
      anxiety reactions were seen after Ro 15-1788, which occurred the 1st day in the
      PLA group and the 2nd day in the BZD groups. Depression was noted especially in
      the FNZ group after both injections of Ro 15-1788. The physiological morning
      decrease in cortisol plasma level was influenced on the 1st day in the LMZ group
      (2 volunteers showed high plasma levels) and the 2nd day in the FNZ group: a
      slight increase of cortisol plasma level was measured after the 2nd injection of
      Ro 15-1788. Prolactin plasma levels arose immediately after LMZ injection and
      continued to increase after Ro 15-1788 injection. No increase in prolactin plasma
      levels was found in the other groups or in the LMZ group after the 2nd challenge
      by Ro 15-1788.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902814
TI  - Heterogeneities of the islets in the rabbit pancreas and the problem of
      "paracrine" regulation of islet cells.
AB  - In addition to "external" signals conveyed by the circulation or the nervous
      system, the pancreatic islets obviously are regulated also by "internal" (intra
      islet) signals, e.g. by the islet hormones: insulin (B-), glucagon (A-), and
      somatostatin (D-) cells are able to affect the secretion of the heterologous cell
      types. It is, however, unclear whether this functional cooperation between islet
      cells occurs by an intercellular route (paracrinia sensu strictore), by intra
      islet "portal" vessels, or by the systemic circulation. These likely interactions
      are limited by islet anatomy. To identify the anatomical basis for the mutual
      functional relationships between the islet cells, islets of Langerhans in the
      rabbit pancreas were completely analyzed in immunostained serial semithin (0.5
      micron) sections. The islets were found to be largely heterogenous. They were
      classified in three basic types: a) polycellular islets, composed of all
      established endocrine cells, and including two subtypes of islets, b) bicellular
      islets, containing only B- and A-cells or B- and D-cells, and c) monocellular
      islets, exclusively made up of B-cells. Concerning the modes of paracrine
      regulation of islet cells, the findings suggest primarily an endocrinous route of
      transport of the islet peptides to heterologous endocrine cells. The
      corresponding functional cooperation between islet cells probably is mediated
      rather by the systemic circulation than by intra-islet portal vessels.

PMID- 2902815
TI  - A comparative study of the effects of non-union of testis and epididymis and
      cryptorchidism on testicular development and spermatogenesis in the rat.
AB  - Malunion of testis and epididymis is a congenital anomaly of human undescended
      testicles which may be of considerable clinical importance. In an experimental
      model in rat the effects of early disconnection of testis and epididymis (16
      days) on testicular development have been testis and puberty. The results are
      compared with corresponding effects of cryptorchidism and sham-operation. The
      testes were weighed, and the relative proportions of haploid, diploid and
      tetraploid cells were quantified by DNA flow cytometry. The histology was
      evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The non-union operated testes showed
      a close to normal weight development until about 40 days of age, whereafter a
      decline occurred. The progression of the maturation division was only slightly
      reduced at 30 and 37 days of age, but later the spermatogenesis was significantly
      inhibited. At 58 days of age the maturation division had practically ceased in
      non-union operated testes. In cryptorchid animals the onset and progression of
      maturation divisions were almost totally depressed, and only traces of haploid
      cells were seen in some specimens. The transient increase in tetraploid cells,
      reflecting primary spermatocytes seen at about 30 days during normal testicular
      development, was neither depressed in non-union operated nor in cryptorchid
      animals. This indicates that the major block in spermatogenesis in both
      situations is at the stage of the primary spermatocytes. At 58 days of age the
      testicular histology was similar in non-union operated and cryptorchid testicles
      with many tubular sections showing only Sertoli cells. Scattered and partly
      degenerated germinal cells were seen in some sections. No histological signs of
      increased intratubular fluid pressure were detected, suggesting that pressure
      atrophy is not decisive for the reduced spermatogenesis in non-union operated
      gonads.

PMID- 2902816
TI  - Uptake and excretion of vecuronium bromide and pancuronium bromide in the
      isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - Using the isolated perfused rat liver preparation, the disappearance from the
      perfusate and the excretion in the bile of vecuronium bromide and pancuronium
      bromide and their metabolites were followed for 2 h after the addition of 1 mg of
      either drug to the perfusate. In addition, the rate of change of the hepatic
      content of these two compounds was calculated by serially subtracting the amount
      of the compound and the metabolites in the bile and in the perfusate from the
      dose of drug added to the perfusate. It was found that, whereas the concentration
      of pancuronium in the perfusate declined slowly and monoexponentially,
      vercuronium concentration in the perfusate declined rapidly in a biexponential
      manner. No metabolites of either drug were detected in the perfusate.
      Approximately 40% of the injected dose of vecuronium was excreted in the bile as
      unchanged vecuronium and another 30% as the 3-hydroxy metabolite. No other
      metabolites of vecuronium were found in the bile. In total only about 7% of
      pancuronium (unchanged) was collected in the bile by the end of the experiment.
      It is concluded that, in comparison to pancuronium, the rat liver takes up large
      amounts of vecuronium rapidly, half of which is eliminated as unchanged
      vecuronium and half as the 3-hydroxy derivative. A small amount of vecuronium or
      its 3-hydroxy metabolite is returned to the perfusate from the liver. Some
      possible mechanisms underlying these differences are discussed.

PMID- 2902817
TI  - Prevalence of fimbrial antigens and enterotoxins in nonclassical serogroups of
      Escherichia coli isolated from newborn pigs with diarrhea.
AB  - Ninety-nine nonclassical serogroups isolated from newborn pigs with neonatal
      diarrhea were tested for fimbrial antigens F4(K88), F5(K99), F6(987P), F41, and
      F165, and for heat-labile enterotoxin, heat-stable enterotoxin a (STa), heat
      stable enterotoxin b, verocytotoxin, and cytolethal-distending toxin. Thirty-two
      strains, belonging mostly to serogroups O64:K"V142,", O9:K103, and O20:K101, were
      F5-positive and usually produced STa, although 5 strains produced only heat
      stable enterotoxin b. Fifteen strains, belonging mostly to serogroups O64:K"V142"
      and O20:K101, were F41 positive and usually produced STa. Twenty-three stains,
      belonging mostly to serogroups O64:K"V142," O9:K103, and O20:K101, were F6
      positive and usually produced STa. Several strains produced more than one
      fimbrial antigen, either F5 and F41, F5 and F6, F6 and F41, F6 and F165, or F5,
      F6, F41, and F165. None of the strains produced heat-labile enterotoxin,
      verocytotoxin, or cytolethal-distending toxin. The indirect immunofluorescence
      test was much more sensitive than was the slide agglutination test for the
      detection of each of the fimbrial antigens F5, F6, F41, and F165 on strains grown
      in vitro. The production of F6 by certain strains for which only a low proportion
      of cells were F6-positive in vitro, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, was
      confirmed by experimental infection of newborn pigs.

PMID- 2902818
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the amphicrine cells of the pancreas. Histopathology and
      pathogenetic hypotheses].

PMID- 2902819
TI  - [Spinal analgesia: an alternative pharmacologic technic to neuroleptics].

PMID- 2902820
TI  - Role of Ti/CD3, Thy-1, and Ly-6 in cytolytic T-cell activation analyzed with Ti
      loss variants.

PMID- 2902821
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of a resistance-associated glycoprotein in tissue
      culture cells, ascites tumors and human tumor xenografts by Mab 265/F4.
AB  - The aim of this investigation was to find out whether resistant cells of
      different tumors can be detected immunocytochemically by the streptavidin-biotin
      peroxidase-complex method using the monoclonal antibody 265/F4. This antibody was
      prepared against the membrane P-glycoprotein of Mr 170 kd from colchicine
      resistant CHO cells. For this purpose the acquired resistance of tissue culture
      cells, ascites tumors and the acquired and inherent resistance of human lung
      carcinoma xenografts were analyzed. Doxorubicin-resistant S180 cells,
      daunorubicin-resistant L1210 cells and vincristine-resistant human epidermoid
      lung carcinoma xenografts showed an intense positive reaction with the monoclonal
      antibody. In contrast, no specific immunoreactivity was observed with parental
      (sensitive) tumor cells. These data could eventually provide a prognostic tool
      for the detection of resistant human tumor cells.

PMID- 2902822
TI  - Reduction of DNA repair efficiency during the initial phase of rat liver
      carcinogenesis.
AB  - Chemically induced DNA fragmentation and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) were
      determined in hepatocyte primary cultures (HPC) obtained from the entire liver
      during the development of hyperplastic lesions induced in rats by the following
      treatment: 200 mg/kg i.p. of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) on day 0; 2 ml/kg i.g.
      of CCl4 on day 21; dietary administration of 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)
      during the 3rd and the 4th week, and of 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) from the 6th
      week. At 4, 5, 6, and 7 weeks after DEN injection, the level of DNA fragmentation
      elicited by either the activation-independent carcinogen methyl methanesulfonate
      (MMS) or the activation-dependent carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) was
      significantly lower than that in HPC from age-matched normal rats. In the same
      HPC, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the capability of
      repairing DNA damage induced by MMS, while the reduction of the DNA repair
      efficiency did not reach the level of significance after exposure to DMN.

PMID- 2902823
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism and activation of c-Ha-ras gene in
      urothelial cancer.
AB  - The human c-Ha-ras gene shows restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) due to the
      variable tandem repetition (VTR) of DNA sequences in the 3'-flanking region. It
      was suggested that RFLP of the c-Ha-ras gene may be useful in detecting
      individuals at risk of cancer. In vitro studies showed transcriptional enhancer
      and promoter activities in the VTR region. In some human tumors, the loss of one
      c-Ha-ras allele is observed. We discuss here the possible role of VTR and allelic
      deletion of the c-Ha-ras allele in primary human cancers in relation to c-Ha-ras
      expression, and the usefulness of c-Ha-ras RFLP in the risk assessment of
      urothelial cancer.

PMID- 2902824
TI  - Inflammatory lesions of peripheral nerve in a patient with human T-lymphotropic
      virus type I--associated myelopathy.
AB  - In a patient with tropical spastic paraparesis associated with a positive titer
      for human T-lymphotropic virus type I, electrophysiological study detected a
      mixed, axonal and demyelinating, multifocal neuropathy. Perineural and
      perivascular infiltrates, moderate axon loss, wallerian degeneration, and
      demyelinating lesions of isolated fibers were present in the nerve biopsy
      specimen. These inflammatory lesions resembled those found in the central nervous
      system of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis.

PMID- 2902825
TI  - Activated T-lymphocytes with polyclonal gammopathy in patients with human T
      lymphotropic virus type I--associated myelopathy.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)--associated myelopathy (HAM) has been
      shown to be closely related to HTLV-I infection. However, the mechanism by which
      this disease occurs after infection with HTLV-I is still obscure. We found that
      HAM patients have unusually high proportions of CD4+ HLA-DR+ cells, CD8+HLA-DR+
      cells, OKT9+ cells, and CD38(OKT10)+ cells in their peripheral blood, all of
      which suggest the presence of activated T-lymphocytes. Antibody titer against
      HTLV-I was much higher in HAM patients than in HTLV-I carriers without evident
      neurological disease (p less than 0.01). Polyclonal gammopathy was also observed
      in most HAM patients, and 6 of 10 patients were positive for rheumatoid factor.
      These observations, coupled with the previous observation that corticosteroid
      therapy improves clinical symptoms in some patients, make it likely that
      continuous activation of the immune system, initiated by HTLV-I infection, plays
      a key role in the pathogenesis of HAM.

PMID- 2902826
TI  - Genetic organization and biogenesis of adhesive fimbriae of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The genetic organization of the determinants of type 1, K88ab, K99 fimbriae and
      P(pap)pili of Escherichia coli is presented. The functions of the various gene
      products are described and a model for the process of fimbriae biogenesis is
      presented and discussed.

PMID- 2902827
TI  - Glutamine synthetase specific activity and protein concentration in symbiotic
      Anabaena associated with Azolla caroliniana.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (GS) is the primary NH4+ assimilating enzyme of
      cyanobacteria. The specific activities and cellular protein concentration of GS
      in symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with the water fern Azolla caroliniana were
      determined and compared to free-living cultures of Nostoc sp. strain 7801, a
      strain originally isolated from symbiotic association with the bryophyte
      Anthoceros punctatus. Both the in vitro specific activity and concentration of GS
      in symbiotic cyanobacteria separated from A. caroliniana were approximately 3
      fold lower than the free-living Nostoc sp. strain 7801 culture. These results
      imply depressed synthesis of GS by the symbiont associated with A. caroliniana.

PMID- 2902829
TI  - Temperature dependence and mercury inhibition of tonoplast-type H+-ATPase.
AB  - The effects of changing temperature on ATP hydrolysis and proton pumping
      associated with the H+-ATPase of tonoplast membrane vesicles isolated from the
      maize root microsomal fraction were determined. In the range 5 to 45 degrees C,
      the maximal initial rate of ATP hydrolysis obeyed a simple Arrhenius model and
      the activation energy determined was approximately 14 kcal/mol. On the other
      hand, the initial proton pumping rate showed a bell-shaped temperature
      dependence, with maximum activity around 25 degrees C. Lineweaver-Burke analysis
      of the activities showed that the Km of ATP hydrolysis, unlike that of proton
      pumping, was relatively insensitive to temperature changes. Detailed kinetic
      analysis of the proton pumping process showed that the increase in membrane
      leakage to protons during the pumping stage constituted a major reason for the
      decreased transport. Nitrate-sensitive ATPase activities of the tonoplast
      vesicles were found to be inhibited by the presence of micromolar concentrations
      of Hg2+. The proton pumping process was more sensitive to the presence of Hg2+.
      Double-reciprocal analysis of kinetic data indicated that Hg2+ was a
      noncompetitive inhibitor of proton pumping but was an uncompetitive inhibitor of
      ATP hydrolysis. Further kinetic analysis of Hg2+ effects revealed that the lower
      proton transport did not result from enhanced membrane leakage but rather from
      reduced coupling between H+ pumping and ATP hydrolysis.

PMID- 2902828
TI  - Activation of Clostridium perfringens spores under conditions that disrupt
      hydrophobic interactions of biological macromolecules.
AB  - The effect of hydrophobic interactions on the activation of C. perfringens NCTC
      8679 spores was examined by heating spores under conditions that modify the
      hydrophobic properties of biological macromolecules. After the activation
      treatment and a washing procedure, germination was determined by measuring the
      decrease in optical density of spores suspended in an enriched germination
      medium. Activation was inhibited for spores that were treated under conditions
      that strengthen hydrophobic interactions, i.e., a decrease in pH or the presence
      of structure-stabilizing neutral salts. Activation was enhanced by treatment
      under conditions that disrupt hydrophobic interactions, i.e., an increase in pH
      or the presence of urea, dibucaine, or denaturing neutral salts. A deactivation
      treatment with the antichaotropic salt (NH4)2SO4 reversed activation by the
      chaotropic salt CaCl2 and to a lesser extent reversed activation by sublethal
      heat (75 degrees C) or urea. Most treatments that enhanced activation increased
      spore injury at higher temperatures, which resulted in decreased germination.
      However, (NH4)2SO4 and a decrease in pH from 5.6 to 3.8, which inhibited
      activation, also favored injury. The results suggest that activation involves a
      conformational change of a spore protein(s) through weakening of hydrophobic
      molecular forces and that activation and injury occur at different spore sites.

PMID- 2902830
TI  - [Therapeutic approaches for multidrug resistance].
AB  - One of the major problems in cancer chemotherapy is the development of drug
      resistance during treatment. In the treatment of tumors with antitumor agents,
      tumor cells can acquire resistance to the drugs. This type of resistance is
      called as acquired drug resistance and the acquired drug resistances is a major
      factor for limiting the clinical use of antitumor agents. The elucidation of the
      resistance mechanisms has progressed well recently owing to the application of
      cellular and molecular techniques in addition to the usual biological and
      biochemical techniques. In this article, the mechanisms of cellular resistance,
      especially those of multidrug resistance at a molecular level, and possible
      approaches to overcoming drug resistance are described and discussed.

PMID- 2902831
TI  - [The multidrug-resistance gene MDR1].
AB  - MDR1 gene encodes a membrane glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) that acts as a energy
      dependent pump to transport antitumor drugs out of the cells. P-glycoprotein,
      1280 amino acids long, consists of two homologous parts of approximately equal
      length. The protein has binding sites for ATP, antitumor drugs and calcium
      channel blockers. MDR1 gene is expressed tissue-specific in human normal adrenal,
      kidney, liver and colon. The normal function and transcriptional regulation of
      this gene are also discussed.

PMID- 2902832
TI  - [Detection of multidrug resistant phenotype in leukemia and lymphoma by
      monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, MRK16 and MRK20 that recognize P-glycoprotein and P-85
      kd protein on the surface of adriamycin (ADM) resistant cells, respectively, were
      tested for the reactivity with 40 cultured leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. F(ab')2
      form is essential to avoid false reaction through Fc gamma-R. Drug sensitivity of
      19 representative cell lines were also examined in vitro. From this study, it was
      found that these cell lines were classified into 4 groups. Group 1 (4 cell lines)
      was insensitive to ADM, mitoxantron (MXT), etoposide (VP-16) and vincristine
      (VCR), and reactive to MRK16 and MRL20. Group II (1 cell line) was insensitive to
      the 4 drugs, but not reactive to both antibodies. Group III (3 cell lines) was
      insensitive to ADM, MXT and VP-16, but sensitive to VCR, and reactive to MRK20,
      but not to MRK16. Group IV (all other cell lines) was sensitive to these drugs,
      and not reactive to both antibodies. From these results, MRK16 detects P
      glycoprotein-associated multidrug resistance (MDR), while MRK20 does P 85-kd
      associated another type MDR (cross resistance to ADM, MXT and VP-16, but not to
      VCR). MRK20 reacted with monocytes, but MRK16 did not with any WBC type. One
      hundred and ninety eight clinical samples obtained from blood cancer were tested
      for the reactivity with MRK16. MRK16 did not react with any of 98 samples
      obtained before treatment, but did with 9 of 100 obtained at relapse or
      refractory stage after chemotherapy. The results indicate that MRK16 is useful to
      detect drug resistance phenotype of leukemia and lymphoma.

PMID- 2902833
TI  - [Determination of various tumor markers, with special reference to sialyl SSEA-1
      antigen in lung cancer].
AB  - Tumor markers including sialyl SSEA-1 antigen (SLX) were measured in 77 patients
      with lung cancer and 116 patients with benign respiratory diseases. Increased
      levels of serum SLX were observed in 57.6% (19/33) of adenocarcinoma of the lung,
      and an overall positive rate was 42.9% (33/77) in lung cancer cases. The false
      positive incidence of SLX in the sera from the patients with non-malignant
      diseases was as low as 8.6%. Among other tumor markers determined, serum CA 19-9,
      CEA had a relatively high positive rate, but the false positive incidence were
      not low. In cases of poor prognostic cases of with adenocarcinoma of the lung,
      SLX levels became levels higher than the previous ones, but not in cases of other
      cell types were not. Not only in the patients with lung cancer but also in those
      with benign respiratory diseases such as bronchiectasis and lung fibrosis, high
      levels of SLX seemed to suggest poor prognosis. These results indicate that SLX
      may contribute for monitoring and prognosis of the cases of lung cancer and other
      respiratory diseases.

PMID- 2902834
TI  - Heightened cutaneous reactions to mosquito bites in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome receiving zidovudine.
AB  - Three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome noted changing cutaneous
      reactions to mosquito bites one to three months after starting zidovudine
      therapy. Enhanced T-cell function is one possibility for the heightened response
      to mosquito bites in these patients.

PMID- 2902835
TI  - The human peripheral Ts lymphocytes are endowed with a heat stable E receptor.

PMID- 2902836
TI  - Glutathione content and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in squamous cell
      head and neck cancer xenografts.
AB  - Drug resistance is a major problem in chemotherapy of squamous cell head and neck
      cancers (SCHNC). Since glutathione (GSH) plays a crucial role in mediating tumor
      cell resistance against various toxic insults, GSH metabolism in SCHNC xenografts
      was investigated. Xenografts from lymph node metastases contained markedly higher
      GSH concentrations compared with those derived from the corresponding primary
      lesions. After subcurative chemotherapy with cisplatin (DDP), a significant
      increase of both GSH levels and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity (gamma-GT)
      was gained in tumor HT1M. Tumor HT3M showed high concentrations of GSH and gamma
      GT, although these latter concentrations did not increase following chemotherapy
      with DDP. These findings suggest a possible impact of GSH metabolism on both the
      formation of metastases and the phenomenon of drug resistance in SCHNC.

PMID- 2902837
TI  - Undescended testis: how history and examination may influence treatment.
AB  - This paper reports a prospective study of 114 boys with 126 undescended testes.
      The aims were to identify the position of the testis in the first year of life,
      to document cases of apparent ascent of the testes following a scrotal position
      in infancy, and to determine whether knowledge of the position of the testis in
      infancy might be used as a guide in later management. In 92 instances the
      position of the testis at birth, at 6 weeks and at 1 year of age was recorded; 84
      were considered undescended and eight were in the scrotum. There was no clear
      indication of the position of the testis in the remaining 34. When the position
      of the testis was known to be undescended from birth to the end of the first
      year, response to hormonal therapy was disappointing. However, when there was a
      history of prior descent or when there was no clear information about the
      position in the first year of life, response to hormonal therapy was rewarding
      (57%) and this therapeutic modality is recommended prior to surgery for this
      group of patients.

PMID- 2902838
TI  - Benzodiazepine use in a rural general practice population.
AB  - This study investigates the prevalence and pattern of benzodiazepine use in an
      isolated Australian rural general practice setting. Some clinical features of
      psychological dependence were also examined. Data were obtained from 771 patients
      attending each of two general practices over a five-day period. The results
      indicated that 11.3% of the sample had used a benzodiazepine in the preceding
      four weeks and that 82% of these had been regular users for over six months.
      Prevalence increased with age and 36.5% of patients over the age of 70 were using
      benzodiazepines. Features suggesting some degree of psychological dependence were
      found in over 50% of users. The findings illustrate the extensive and prolonged
      use of benzodiazepines and raise questions about overuse and dependence,
      particularly in the elderly.

PMID- 2902840
TI  - [Stability of repetitive DNA sequences in cadaver tissues].

PMID- 2902839
TI  - Effects of lisuride and quinpirole on convulsions induced by hyperbaric oxygen in
      the mouse.
AB  - Two ergot derivatives, lisuride and quinpirole, were examined for their ability
      to antagonize hyperbaric oxygen-induced (5 ATA O2) convulsions in mice.
      Significant protection was obtained by lisuride (25-400 micrograms.kg-1, i.p.)
      and quinpirole (100-200 micrograms.kg-1, i.p.). The efficacy was found to be
      about 50% of the protection obtained by diazepam (4 mg.kg-1, i.p.). Both lisuride
      and quinpirole significantly reduced rectal temperature at all doses
      administered. In separate experiments, at normal atmospheric conditions, all
      drugs to some extent reduced estimated respiratory minute volume. Taking these
      effects into account, lisuride is considerably more active as an anticonvulsant
      than quinpirole.

PMID- 2902841
TI  - [Isolation of high molecular weight DNA from a 14-day-old immersed cadaver].

PMID- 2902842
TI  - [Determination of restriction fragment length polymorphism in microscopically
      verified sperm findings].

PMID- 2902843
TI  - [Characteristics of drunkeness at the rudder and drinking habits of motor boat
      drivers in Helsinki].

PMID- 2902844
TI  - DNA sequence of a gene cluster coding for subunits of the F0 membrane sector of
      ATP synthase in Rhodospirillum rubrum. Support for modular evolution of the F1
      and F0 sectors.
AB  - A region was cloned from the genome of the purple non-sulphur photobacterium
      Rhodospirillum rubrum that contains genes coding for the membrane protein
      subunits of the F0 sector of ATP synthase. The clone was identified by
      hybridization with a synthetic oligonucleotide designed on the basis of the known
      protein sequence of the dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-reactive proteolipid, or
      subunit c. The complete nucleotide sequence of 4240 bp of this region was
      determined. It is separate from an operon described previously that encodes the
      five subunits of the extrinsic membrane sector of the enzyme, F1-ATPase. It
      contains a cluster of structural genes encoding homologues of all three membrane
      subunits a, b and c of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase. The order of the genes
      in Rsp. rubrum is a-c-b'-b where b and b' are homologues. A similar gene
      arrangement for F0 subunits has been found in two cyanobacteria, Synechococcus
      6301 and Synechococcus 6716. This suggests that the ATP synthase complexes of all
      these photosynthetic bacteria contain nine different polypeptides rather than
      eight found in the E. coli enzyme; the chloroplast ATP synthase complex is
      probably similar to the photosynthetic bacterial enzymes in this respect. The
      Rsp. rubrum b subunit is modified after translation. As shown by N-terminal
      sequencing of the protein, the first seven amino acid residues are removed before
      or during assembly of the ATP synthase complex. The subunit-a gene is preceded by
      a gene coding for a small hydrophobic protein, as has been observed previously in
      the atp operons in E. coli, bacterium PS3 and cyanobacteria. A number of features
      suggest that the Rsp. rubrum cluster of F0 genes is an operon. On its 5' side are
      found sequences resembling the -10 (Pribnow) and -35 boxes of E. coli promoters,
      and the gene cluster is followed by a sequence potentially able to form a stable
      stem-loop structure, suggesting that it acts as a rho-independent transcription
      terminator. These features and the small intergenic non-coding sequences suggest
      that the genes are cotranscribed, and so the name atp2 is proposed for this
      second operon coding for ATP synthase subunits in Rsp. rubrum. The finding that
      genes for the F0 and F1 sectors of the enzyme are in separate clusters supports
      the view that these represent evolutionary modules.

PMID- 2902845
TI  - Regulation by insulin of glucose metabolism in mammary gland of anaesthetized
      lactating rats. Stimulation of phosphofructokinase-1 by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
      and activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
AB  - The effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in mammary gland was studied by the
      euglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic-clamp technique. Measurement of metabolite
      concentrations and enzyme activities in the mammary gland suggests two sites of
      action of insulin: phosphofructokinase-1 and acetyl-coA carboxylase. The increase
      in phosphofructokinase-1 activity could be linked to the 2-fold increase in
      fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentration, since no change in maximal activity and
      in sensitivity of the enzyme toward fructose 6-phosphate was detected in vitro.

PMID- 2902846
TI  - The effect of non-esterified fatty acids on the proton-pumping cytochrome c
      oxidase reconstituted into liposomes.
AB  - Bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase was reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles, and
      the effect of different non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was studied on its
      proton pump and on the proton permeability of the vesicles. Neither parameter
      appeared to be affected by concentrations of NEFA known to uncouple oxidative
      phosphorylation (10 microM). Also the permeability for K+ was not affected by
      them. The fatty acids caused an increase in the rate of electron transfer in the
      absence, but not in the presence, of uncoupler and/or valinomycin [diminution of
      the respiratory-control index (RCI)]. The RCI of 8.7-7.5 was decreased to about
      4.5 in the presence of 0.27-10 microM-NEFA. Oleic acid was not effective at the
      above concentrations. Subunit III-depleted enzyme preparations gave vesicles with
      an RCI of about 5.5, which was decreased to 4.5 in the presence of NEFA. With
      both native and subunit III-depleted oxidase the RCI was never decreased to the
      value of 1 by NEFA, as happens with classical protonophores.

PMID- 2902847
TI  - Tyrosine sulphation is not required for microvillar expression of intestinal
      aminopeptidase N.
AB  - The effect of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP), an inhibitor of phenol
      sulphotransferases (EC 2.8.2.-), on the biosynthesis of aminopeptidase N (EC
      3.4.11.2) was studied in organ-cultured pig intestinal mucosal explants. At 50
      microM DCNP did not affect protein synthesis but it decreased incorporation of
      [35S]sulphate into aminopeptidase N and other major microvillar hydrolases by 70
      85% compared with controls, indicating an inhibition of their post-translational
      tyrosine sulphation. In labelling experiments with [35S]methionine from 0.5 to 5
      h, DCNP was tested for its possible influence on synthesis, processing and
      microvillar expression of aminopeptidase N, but no effect on any of these
      parameters could be detected. It can therefore be concluded that tyrosine
      sulphation is not required (for instance as a sorting signal) for the targeting
      of newly synthesized enzymes to the microvillar membrane.

PMID- 2902848
TI  - Fluazifop, a grass-selective herbicide which inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase in
      sensitive plant species.
AB  - Fluazifop is a grass-selective herbicide that appears to act by inhibiting fatty
      acid synthesis de novo in sensitive species. Results from four different types of
      experiment show that this inhibition is due to an action of fluazifop on acetyl
      CoA carboxylase and not on fatty acid synthetase. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase from
      sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare), but not from resistant pea (Pisum sativum),
      is inhibited by the R stereoisomer, a finding that agrees with the herbicidal
      specificity of fluazifop.

PMID- 2902849
TI  - Gluconeogenesis in the amphibian retina. Lactate is preferred to glutamate as the
      gluconeogenic precursor.
AB  - The capacity for gluconeogenesis in the isolated amphibian retina was found to be
      approx. 70-fold greater with lactate than with glutamate as the gluconeogenic
      precursor, 1426 versus 21 pmol of glucose incorporated into glycogen/h per mg of
      protein. It was also found that 11-15% of the glucosyl units in glycogen are
      derived from C3 metabolites of the glycolytic pathway, suggesting that lactate is
      recycled within the retina. In concert with these metabolic observations, a full
      complement of the gluconeogenic enzymes was detected in retinal homogenates.
      These included: glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, acetyl-CoA
      dependent pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Agents that
      regulate the rate of gluconeogenesis in hepatic tissue were tested on the retina.
      At concentrations of glutamate and lactate that are presumed to be relevant
      physiologically, it was found that vasoactive intestinal peptide, ionophore
      A23187 and elevated [K+] each enhanced the rate of gluconeogenesis in Ringer
      containing 50 microM-glutamate, whereas in Ringer containing 8.5 mM-lactate these
      agents inhibited the rate of gluconeogenesis. Further, it was found that the
      classic gluconeogenic hormone glucagon inhibited gluconeogenesis in both
      glutamate- and lactate-containing Ringer. Retinal energy metabolism was found to
      be altered in lactate-containing Ringer, in that lactate production was
      suppressed completely. In addition, glycogen metabolism appeared to be dependent
      on increased cytosolic Ca2+ and was insensitive to increased retinal cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2902850
TI  - Glutathione replenishment capacity is lower in isolated perivenous than in
      periportal hepatocytes.
AB  - The zonal distribution of GSH metabolism was investigated by comparing
      hepatocytes obtained from the periportal (zone 1) or perivenous (zone 3) region
      by digitonin/collagenase perfusion. Freshly isolated periportal and perivenous
      cells had similar viability (dye exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and ATP
      content) and GSH content (2.4 and 2.7 mumol/g respectively). During incubation,
      periportal cells slowly accumulated GSH (0.35 mumol/h per g), whereas in
      perivenous cells a decrease occurred (-0.14 mumol/h per g). Also, in the presence
      of either L-methionine or L-cysteine (0.5 mM) periportal hepatocytes accumulated
      GSH much faster (3.5 mumol/h per g) than did perivenous cells (1.9 mumol/h per
      g). These periportal-perivenous differences were also found in cells from fasted
      rats. Efflux of GSH was faster from perivenous cells than from periportal cells,
      but this difference only explained 10-20% of the periportal-perivenous difference
      in accumulation. Furthermore, periportal cells accumulated GSH to a plateau 26
      40% higher than in perivenous cells. There was no significant difference in gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase or glutathione synthetase activity between the
      periportal and perivenous cell preparations. The periportal-perivenous difference
      in GSH accumulation was unaffected by inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      or by 5 mM-glutamate or -glutamine, but was slightly diminished by 2 mM-L
      methionine. This suggests differences between periportal and perivenous cells in
      their metabolism and/or transport of (sulphur) amino acids. Our results suggest
      that a lower GSH replenishment capacity of the hepatocytes from the perivenous
      region may contribute to the greater vulnerability of this region to xenobiotic
      damage.

PMID- 2902852
TI  - On the specificity of a cysteine proteinase from Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - A cysteine proteinase has been isolated from the virulent strain HM1:IMSS of
      Entamoeba histolytica by two gel chromatography steps, ion exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography on organomercurial
      Sepharose. The purified proteinase was homogeneous, as judged by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis in the presence and in the absence of sodium dodecyl
      sulphate, and was a monomeric protein with a relative molecular mass of Mr 27000
      +/- 2000 possessing an N-terminal alanine. The enzyme was inhibited by natural
      and synthetic inhibitors against cysteine proteinases. Split experiments
      employing blocked and unblocked peptide analogues with -2-naphthylamide moieties
      indicate that the cleavability was enhanced by the presence of basic residues,
      such as arginine or lysine, near the acyl end of the substrate. With unblocked
      tetrapeptides as substrates, exopeptidase activity of the amebic enzyme required
      an arginine at the P2-position, lysine could not substitute for arginine. The
      protease was able to digest native collagen type I, with an initial attack at the
      alpha 2-chain of the molecule.

PMID- 2902851
TI  - Effect of oversulphated chondroitin and dermatan sulphate upon thrombin and
      factor Xa inactivation by antithrombin III or heparin cofactor II.
AB  - The kinetics of inhibition of human thrombin and Factor Xa by antithrombin III or
      heparin cofactor II were examined under pseudo-first-order conditions as a
      function of the concentration of naturally occurring oversulphated chondroitin
      and dermatan sulphates. The sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) studied were
      chondroitin sulphate D (CSD) (GlcA-2-SO4-GalNAc-6-SO4), chondroitin sulphate K
      (CSK) (GlcA-3-SO4-GalNAc-4-SO4), chondroitin sulphate H (CSH) (IdA-GalNAc-4,6
      diSO4) and polysulphated dermatan sulphate (DPS) (IdA-2-SO4 or -3-SO4-GalNAc-4,6
      diSO4). The data for the antithrombin III inhibition of thrombin showed a low
      degree of maximal potentiation of this interaction (congruent to 10-fold), which
      would appear to be characteristic of GAGs devoid of the high-affinity
      antithrombin III binding site. In contrast there was a greater potentiation of
      the inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor II with DPS showing an activity
      comparable to heparin in this interaction at a concentration two orders of
      magnitude lower than dermatan sulphate. DPS potentiated antithrombin III-Factor
      Xa interaction by 1200-fold, similar to that shown by high-affinity heparin of 6
      kDa. The antithrombin III-Factor Xa interaction was potentiated by all other GAGs
      studied to a degree similar to that of heparin pentasaccharide with high affinity
      for antithrombin III. The findings suggest more stringent structural requirements
      for GAG stimulation of antithrombin-thrombin interaction than for antithrombin
      Factor Xa or heparin cofactor-thrombin interaction, which may also be of
      significance in physiological control of haemostasis.

PMID- 2902853
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase alterations in liver and serum induced by
      haloperidol.
AB  - Changes in the activity of the microsomal enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (GGT) were examined in liver and serum following subacute and chronic haloperidol
      administration to rats. Haloperidol increased both serum and liver GGT levels.
      The enzymatic activity returned to baseline values on the sixth day after
      withdrawal of the drug. It is concluded that alterations in serum GGT levels may
      be expected during prolonged treatment of haloperidol, and that these alterations
      reflect enzyme induction in liver microsomes where the drug is entirely
      metabolized.

PMID- 2902854
TI  - Regulation of glutamine synthetase activity by phosphorylation instead of by
      adenylylation.
AB  - o-Phosphotyrosyl glutamine synthetase (P-GS) was isolated from highly adenylated
      glutamine synthetase (AMP-GS) purified from Mycobacterium phlei, by treatment
      with micrococcal nuclease. The physical characteristics of P-GS were quite
      similar to those of AMP-GS except for the UV-absorption spectrum. In either Mg2+-
      or Mn2+-dependent biosynthetic reactions, the kinetic properties, such as optimum
      pH, Vmax, and apparent Km for each of three substrates of P-GS, were found to be
      in good agreement with those of AMP-GS. The biosynthetic activity of P-GS was
      markedly increased after treatment with alkaline phosphatase similarly as in the
      deadenylylation of AMP-GS by snake venom phosphodiesterase treatment. These
      results revealed that repression of glutamine synthetase activity simply requires
      the phosphorylation of the tyrosyl residue, without recourse to adenylylation.

PMID- 2902855
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor increases the magnitude of duodenal spontaneous phasic
      contractions.
AB  - The present investigation was designed to determine if atrial natriuretic factor
      relaxes non-vascular smooth muscle. Rather than cause a relaxation, atrial
      natriuretic factor induced a two-to-four fold enhancement in the amplitude of the
      spontaneous phasic contractions of duodenal longitudinal muscle. Dose-response
      curves revealed that ANF enhanced these contractions over a concentration range
      of 10 picomoles to 100 nanomoles with the ED50 at 1 nanomolar. The increased
      amplitude of contraction began within 30 seconds and was calcium-dependent. The
      increased force of contraction was associated with a three-fold increase in
      cyclic GMP levels and activation of particulate guanylate cyclase [E.C.4.5.1.2.].
      Atrial natriuretic factor had its half-maximal [ED50] activation of guanylate
      cyclase at its 1 nM concentration while maximal enhancement was at its 100 nM
      concentration in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Atrial natriuretic factor did not
      stimulate adenylate cyclase [E.C.4.6.1.1.]. Thus, atrial natriuretic factor
      increases the force of the spontaneous phasic contractions of the small intestine
      which are calcium-dependent and associated with activation of the guanylate
      cyclase-cyclic GMP system.

PMID- 2902856
TI  - The increase in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity by ethanol
      administration involves an acceleration of enzyme synthesis.
AB  - The present study was conducted to examine the nature of the increase in tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) activity by acute ethanol administration. A significant
      rise in aminotransferase activity was observed as early as 1 hr after intact rats
      were gavaged with ethanol. Ethanol administration also increased TAT activity in
      adrenalectomized rats. Inhibition of ethanol metabolism by pyrazole
      administration had no effect on the ethanol-induced increase in TAT activity.
      Immunochemical analyses revealed that the enhancement of TAT activity in ethanol
      fed rats correlated with an increase in aminotransferase protein. Measurement of
      the rate of TAT synthesis showed that in ethanol-fed rats, [3H]leucine was
      incorporated into the aminotransferase protein at a higher rate than in controls
      by a factor which was similar to the enhancement in enzyme activity. Our findings
      indicate that an acceleration of TAT synthesis fully accounts for the increase in
      TAT activity during the early stage of enzyme induction. TAT induction by ethanol
      administration is not dependent upon an increase in adrenal corticosteroid
      production, nor does it require ethanol metabolism.

PMID- 2902857
TI  - Dermorphin analogs: resistance to in vitro enzymatic degradation is not always
      increased by additional D-amino acid substitutions.
AB  - Dermorphin (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) and seven analogs were examined
      for their biostability towards rat brain homogenate; half-lives for the parent
      were 127 min and 48 min, respectively, with Gly4-Tyr5 cleavage confirmed by
      collection and identification of the N-terminal fragment. Surprisingly, several
      analogs with additional D-amino acid substitutions were cleaved more rapidly than
      the parent, suggesting the importance of remote secondary structural features for
      differential enzyme susceptibility.

PMID- 2902858
TI  - Discrepancies between the affinities of binding and action of the novel beta
      adrenergic agonist BRL 37344 in rat brown adipose tissue.
AB  - The novel brown adipose tissue (BAT) selective beta-adrenergic agonist, BRL
      37344, is 31-fold more potent than (-)-isoproterenol in stimulating the
      respiratory rate of interscapular BAT fragments. BRL 37344 is also more potent (9
      fold) than (-)-isoproterenol in stimulating adenylate cyclase activity of IBAT
      purified plasma membranes whereas, in the same preparation, it is 81-fold less
      potent than (-)-isoproterenol in competition displacement studies with the beta
      adrenergic ligand, [125I]cyanopindolol. We have previously demonstrated that the
      photoaffinity reagent [125I]cyanopindolol-diazirine selectively labels a 62 kDa
      protein in IBAT plasma membranes that displays pharmacological properties of a
      beta 1-adrenergic subtype. Relatively high concentrations of BRL 37344 (10
      microM) are required to displace [125I]cyanopindolol-diazirine binding to the 62
      kDa protein. Taken together, the results suggest that two different populations
      of beta-adrenergic receptors may co-exist in BAT plasma membranes: a small
      population (about 15%) of atypical beta-receptors and a large population of beta
      1-receptors that exhibit high and low affinities for BRL 37344, respectively.

PMID- 2902860
TI  - Persistent beta-adrenoceptor blockade with alkylating pindolol (BIM) in guinea
      pig left atria and trachea.
AB  - The actions of alkylating pindolol (N8-bromoacetyl-N1-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'
      hydroxypropyl[z]-1,8- diamino-p-menthane; BIM) have been examined on beta
      adrenoceptors in guinea-pig left atria and trachea. In organ bath experiments,
      addition of BIM (greater than or equal to 0.1 microM), followed by washout,
      produced concentration-dependent rightward shifts of the dose-response curve to
      cumulative additions of (-)-isoprenaline and oxymethylene-isoprenaline and
      reductions in the maximal response. The "apparent" pA2 value for BIM was 9.23 +/-
      0.20 (slope = 0.98 +/- 0.20). Changes in the maximal density of beta-adrenoceptor
      binding sites were determined in guinea-pig left atrial membranes using [125I]
      cyanopindolol. BIM (0.1, 1.0 and 10 microM) produced 14, 23 and 41% reductions in
      Bmax with no change in KD. The binding of [125I]-BIM to guinea-pig left atrial
      membranes had a high non-specific binding component and a pseudo-Hill coefficient
      less than unity. The "apparent" KD value of [125I]-BIM at beta-adrenoceptor
      binding sites was 85.7 +/- 57.9 pM.

PMID- 2902859
TI  - Influence of cold exposure on liver amino acid metabolism enzymes of the rat.
AB  - The activities of alanine, aspartate and branched-chain amino acid transaminases,
      glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and adenylate deaminase have been
      studied in liver of male rats exposed [12 hours at 4 degrees C] or acclimated [15
      days at 4 degrees C] to cold temperature. Cold temperature induced an increase of
      the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine and aspartate transaminases
      both in cold-exposed and cold-acclimated animals; adenylate deaminase activity
      diminished after 15-day cold acclimation. There were not significant changes
      induced by cold temperature in the activities of the other two enzymes studied.
      These results agree with a possible direct implication of amino acid utilization
      by the liver in the context of the overall thermogenic response to cold
      temperature.

PMID- 2902861
TI  - Pharmacological profile of a new potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) alpha 1
      receptor antagonist.
AB  - In in vitro binding studies ZK 33.839 (4-(3-[3-(4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1
      piperidinyl)-propoxy]-4-methoxyphenyl)- 2-pyrrolidone) showed highly specific
      binding affinity for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) and alpha 1-receptors. With 2.0
      nmol/l and 5.2 nmol/l both Ki-values occur in the same concentration range. The
      pharmacodynamic profile of ZK 33.839 has been investigated under in vitro and in
      vivo conditions. In human platelets, in rat vascular smooth muscle and in guinea
      pig tracheal smooth muscle 5-HT-induced proaggregatory and contractile effects
      were inhibited dose-dependently with IC50-values ranging from 1.85 x 10(-8) mol/l
      to 9 x 10(-9) mol/l. 5-HT-induced amplification of the response of rabbit femoral
      artery to different vasoconstrictors (angiotensin II, histamine, norepinephrine,
      and prostaglandin F2 alpha) and 5-HT-mediated increase of microvascular
      permeability in hamster cheek pouch preparation were also inhibited by ZK 33.839.
      ZK 33.839 was found to be a potent alpha 1-receptor antagonist, the pA2-value in
      rat aortic strips determined against phenylephrine was 9.16. In blood-perfused
      hindquarters of anaesthetized rats, pretreated with reserpine, pressor dose
      response curves to norepinephrine and 5-HT were shifted to a higher dose range.
      ZK 33.839 lowered blood pressure in conscious Dahl-S-rats and in anaesthetized
      rabbits. Decrease of blood pressure was due to a decrease of peripheral vascular
      resistance. Cardiac output and heart rate were not significantly altered. ZK
      33.839 is a potential antihypertensive compound which combines vasodilatatory
      effects due to selective alpha 1-receptor antagonistic action and platelet
      antiaggregatory, antivasospastic, and vasoprotective properties due to selective
      5-HT2-receptor blockade.

PMID- 2902862
TI  - [Asthma and beta-blocker eye drops (timolol, metipranolol, carteolol). Inhibition
      of chronotropic effects of isoprenaline].
AB  - Effects of three beta antagonist eye drops are studied in three parallel groups
      of asthmatic patients. Each ocular topic lowers FEV1 with a maximal effect of 
      13.4 +/- 2.1% for timolol (n = 15), -17.9 +/- 3.3% for metipranolol (n = 10), and
      -8.6 +/- 3.0% for carteolol (n = 10). Vital capacity, systolic and diastolic
      pressure scarcely change, but all three eye drops give a dose dependent sinus
      bradycardia. Intravenous infusion of isoproterenol (exclusive beta agonist) shows
      an important inhibition of cardiac receptors by timolol. Doses necessary to
      increase heart rate of 50% are of 0.242 +/- 0.019 microgram/kg before eye drops
      are instilled and of 0.647 +/- 0.054 microgram/kg after timolol treatment. This
      study stresses out the necessity of following recommended doses and respecting
      carefully classical contra indications of beta blocking agents and specially
      asthma.

PMID- 2902863
TI  - A prospective study of HIV-2 prevalence in France.
AB  - A seroepidemiological surveillance study to investigate the spread of HIV-2
      infection in France was organized in the last semester of 1987 on 100 114 blood
      donors and 10 004 selected people. Sera were simultaneously tested for antibodies
      to HIV-1 and to HIV-2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were
      confirmed by specific Western blot. A spot test using synthetic peptides was also
      applied when a sample was reactive by ELISA HIV-1 and HIV-2 and was confirmed as
      HIV-1 by Western blot. A total of 30 blood donors were confirmed as HIV-1
      positive (0.030%) and no sample was confirmed as HIV-2 positive. In the selected
      population, the prevalence of HIV-infected people was 7.1% for HIV-1 and 0.09%
      for HIV-2. Eight of the nine HIV-2 cases were directly or indirectly connected to
      West Africa. Only one HIV-2 case had no known contact with these countries; he
      has been transfused and is under investigation. Except for this possible HIV-2
      infection in a blood recipient, no HIV-2 seropositivity was found in at-risk
      groups (homosexuals, drug addicts and haemophiliacs). At present, HIV-2 does not
      seem to be widely spread in France. Seroepidemiological surveillance will be
      continued.

PMID- 2902864
TI  - Follow-up of subjects with isolated and persistent anti-core (anti-p24 or anti
      p17) antibodies to HIV.
AB  - Systematic screening of blood donations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) for HIV antibodies carries a false-positive rate: the sera involved react
      in Western blot to core antigens (p24 or p17) but reactivity to envelope is
      absent. We studied 22 subjects with persistent and isolated anti-core
      reactivities; 75 HIV seropositive patients were controls. The epidemiological
      data and the follow-up and biological tests performed in these two populations
      argue that donors with persistent and isolated anti-core antibodies are not
      seroconverting for HIV. We conclude: (1) that verification of all anti-HIV ELISA
      positive sera by Western blot is essential and that the presence of at least once
      anti-envelope (gp120 or gp41) antibody is indispensable for the diagnosis of HIV
      infection; (2) that the solitary anti-p24 or anti-p17 bands observed on Western
      blot are false-positive. There is no evidence that donors with such reactivities
      are HIV-infected.

PMID- 2902865
TI  - Impaired T-lymphocyte-dependent immune responses to microbial antigens in
      patients with HIV-1-associated persistent generalized lymphadenopathy.
AB  - T-cell mediated and humoral responses directed to microbial antigens were
      investigated, at the time of the initial visit, in a group of 139 patients with
      HIV-1-related persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) enrolled in a
      longitudinal study. In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated responses to tuberculin
      were lower in patients than in controls. Differences were not significant for
      candidin and streptococcal antigen in vitro, whereas higher responses were
      observed in the patient group for cytomegalovirus antigen. Following
      immunization, a subgroup of patients did not have a significantly raised serum
      antitetanus antibody level, whereas in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses
      to tetanus toxoid were lower than in controls. No association was found between
      these abnormalities and other immunological parameters, including the blood level
      of CD4+ lymphocytes. Lower responses to most microbial antigens were observed in
      patients with HIV-1-related symptoms in addition to lymphadenopathy, or the
      patients who progressed to AIDS in the 2 years following the study. Moreover,
      intravenous drug users showed higher responses than homosexual patients, possibly
      because of the influence of previous infections on immunological responses to
      microbial antigens.

PMID- 2902866
TI  - Synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP by the mitochondrial ATP synthase.
AB  - A brief summary of the factors that control synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP by
      the mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase is made. Particular emphasis is placed on the
      role of the natural ATPase inhibitor protein. It is clear from the existing data
      obtained with a number of agents that there is no correlation between variations
      of the rate of ATP hydrolysis and ATP synthesis as driven by respiration. The
      mechanism by which each condition differentially affects the two activities is
      not entirely known. For the case of the natural ATPase inhibitor protein, it
      appears that the protein controls the kinetics of the enzyme. This control seems
      essential for achieving maximal accumulation of ATP during electron transport in
      systems that contain relatively high concentrations of ATP.

PMID- 2902867
TI  - Carrier detection in X-pigmentary retinal dystrophy (X-linked retinitis
      pigmentosa) by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism studies.
AB  - As part of a patient care and DNA research programme commenced in 1985, a number
      of DNA markers on the short arm of the X chromosome have been used to demonstrate
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) segregating with the X
      pigmentary retinal dystrophy (X-linked retinitis pigmentosa) gene. The analysis
      of the segregation of the RFLPs in 3 kindreds enables carrier detection, to a
      high degree of probability, in females at risk who are not manifesting symptoms
      and signs.

PMID- 2902869
TI  - Adherence of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A and B strains to erythrocytes and
      tissue culture cells.
AB  - Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A and biovar B were examined for
      haemagglutinability and ability to adhere to cells. Six biovar A strains
      agglutinated tannic-acid-treated chicken erythrocytes (1/32-1/64), as well as
      untreated chicken erythrocytes (1/16-1/64). They adhered well to MDBK and FL
      cells. Haemagglutination by them was not inhibited with D-mannose. In six biovar
      B strains, the haemagglutination titre was low for chicken erythrocytes and
      showed no increase for tannic-acid-treated chicken erythrocytes. These strains
      exhibited a weak ability to adhere to MDBK and FL cells.

PMID- 2902870
TI  - [Epileptic seizure model utilizing additive effects of excitatory amino acids].
AB  - L-glutamate (GLU) and L-aspartate (ASP), major excitatory amino acids in the
      brain, are believed to have an important role in the generalization and
      expression of epileptic seizures. Their analogues such as kainate, folate,
      ibotenate and quisqualate have been widely used to produce epileptic seizures,
      since they have a potent excitatory action. However, these analogues produce
      striking neuronal damage at the injection site when injected intracerebrally.
      Therefore, these analogues are not appropriate for studying the mechanisms of
      epilepsy, which is believed to be based on the functional changes of the brain.
      On the other hand, although GLU and ASP themselves have minimal neurotoxic
      action, a relatively higher dosage than that of their analogues is needed to
      produce epileptic seizures. A recent report, in which Freeman has found that
      combined GLU/ASP released from the lobster neuromuscular synapse in a molar ratio
      of 1:3 (GLU/ASP) produces strong excitation, may provide some clue to this
      problem. In this study, we examined the features of epileptic seizures and
      neuronal damage following the injection of GLU/ASP combined in this molar ratio
      into the amygdala (AM) of rats. Twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats weighing 200
      250 g were used. All animals had received a cannula made of a 22-G stainless
      steel tube into the left AM. A bipolar recording electrode made of stainless
      steel wire was attached to its wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902868
TI  - Production, purification and partial characterization of a new adhesive factor
      (F42) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from pigs.
AB  - Production of the F42 adhesive factor by porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      (ETEC) grown on minimal solid medium was glucose-dependent. The addition of
      alanine and sodium acetate to this medium repressed the expression of this
      antigen whose production was also inhibited when the pH of the growing medium was
      lower than 7.4. The antigen was extracted from F42-positive ETEC grown in minimal
      liquid medium supplemented with 0.5% glucose. The cells were suspended in
      buffered 1 M NaCl and heated at 60 degrees C. The supernatant was then treated
      with ammonium sulphate and the resulting precipitate treated with deoxycholate
      followed by chromatography of the deoxycholate-soluble material on Sepharose-4B.
      The molecular weight of F42 purified antigen was near 31,000 daltons and its pI
      3.2, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric
      focusing, respectively. Immunoelectrophoretic studies showed that the purified
      F42 antigen presented a slight anodic migration and was recognized only by its
      homologous antiserum.

PMID- 2902871
TI  - Comparison of neuromuscular blockade in the diaphragm and the hand.
AB  - Neuromuscular blockade was recorded in the diaphragm and in the adductor pollicis
      muscle using unilateral supramaximal stimulation of phrenic and ulnar nerves and
      measurement of the mechanical effect of each. After administration of atracurium
      0.4-0.5 mg kg-1 to 10 patients, both onset and recovery of neuromuscular blockade
      in the diaphragm occurred before that in adductor pollicis and there was a linear
      relationship between recovery in diaphragm and adductor pollicis. After
      administration of vecuronium 0.08-0.1 mg kg-1 to a further 10 patients, paralysis
      occurred in the diaphragm before adductor pollicis in all except one patient, in
      whom it occurred simultaneously. Reappearance of adductor pollicis twitch
      occurred in six patients after all four twitches had returned in the diaphragm,
      but the rate of recovery of twitch height in the diaphragm was more rapid than in
      adductor pollicis in every patient.

PMID- 2902872
TI  - Potency of atracurium and vecuronium at the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis
      muscle.
AB  - Train-of-four stimulation was applied to the ulnar and phrenic nerves in 18 adult
      patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and halothane in oxygen. The response
      of the adductor pollicis and the diaphragm were measured. Incremental doses of
      atracurium and vecuronium were given, with an infusion to replace drug lost by
      elimination or distribution. The mean (SEM) doses of atracurium associated with
      50% and 90% depression of response to the first stimulation in the train-of-four
      (ED50 and ED90) were 90 (9) and 133 (10) micrograms kg-1 at the adductor
      pollicis, and 130 (9) and 245 (17) micrograms kg-1 at the diaphragm,
      respectively. The mean (SEM) ED50 and ED90 of vecuronium were 25 (2) and 38 (4)
      micrograms kg-1 at the adductor pollicis and 34 (3) and 58 (5) micrograms kg-1 at
      the diaphragm, respectively. The mean (SEM) ED50 ratios were 1.56 (0.16) for
      atracurium and 1.47 (0.16) for vecuronium. ED90 ratios were 1.93 (0.29) and 1.55
      (0.17) for atracurium and vecuronium, respectively. It is concluded that both
      atracurium and vecuronium exhibit a similar degree of sparing of the diaphragm.

PMID- 2902874
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of famotidine in patients with renal failure.
AB  - 1. Famotidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist was administered
      intravenously (20 mg) to 22 patients with end stage renal disease during a
      dialysis free interval (n = 6) and during different blood purification processes
      including haemodialysis (HD; n = 4), intermittent haemofiltration (HF; n = 4),
      continuous haemofiltration (CHF; n = 4) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis (CAPD; n = 4). The plasma, the dialysate/filtrate and the urine
      concentrations of famotidine were analysed by h.p.l.c. 2. In addition, intra
      gastric pH was measured by a long-term-pH probe in seven patients with renal
      failure and in six patients with normal renal function (control group) following
      20 mg famotidine. 3. A 7 to 10 fold prolongation of famotidine's elimination half
      life (27.2 +/- 8.5 h; mean +/- s.d.) was observed in patients with renal failure
      as compared with the half-life (2.6-3.6 h) in subjects with normal renal
      function. 4. Total body clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) were found
      to be 33.5 +/- 10.1 ml min-1 and 1.3 +/- 0.7 l kg-1, respectively in patients
      with end-stage renal failure. 5. Blood purification processes have shown
      considerable variation in clearing famotidine from the body: 16.4 +/- 8.9 and 6.0
      +/- 2.9% of the administered dose in HD with polysulphone and cuprophan membranes
      respectively, 7.7 +/- 5.2% in HF with a polyacrylonitrile membrane (each for 5
      h), 4.5 +/- 1.1% in CAPD and 16.2 +/- 4.9% in CHF with a polysulphone membrane
      within 24 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902873
TI  - Comparative effects of bisoprolol and acebutolol in smokers with airway
      obstruction.
AB  - 1. The effects of single oral doses of 10 mg bisoprolol and 400 mg acebutolol on
      respiratory function were studied in nine smokers with airway obstruction in a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. 2. The effects of the drugs were
      assessed by measuring specific airway conductance (sGaw) for 3 h after their
      administration and by studying their interaction with the bronchodilator response
      to inhaled salbutamol. 3. sGaw did not change for 3 h after bisoprolol or
      acebutolol administration. The bronchodilator response to inhaled salbutamol was
      not affected by bisoprolol but significantly reduced by acebutolol (P less than
      0.05 vs placebo). 4. Under these conditions, bisoprolol behaves like a selective
      beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist but acebutolol exhibits less beta 1-adrenoceptor
      selectivity.

PMID- 2902875
TI  - Maternal hormone levels in early gestation of cryptorchid males: a case-control
      study.
AB  - A case-control study was conducted to assess maternal hormonal factors associated
      with increased risk of bearing a cryptorchid son. Serum samples were collected
      during the first trimester of pregnancy from participants in the US Collaborative
      Perinatal Study. Twenty-five mothers of normal offspring (controls) were
      individually matched on medical center, age, parity, weight and length of
      gestation at the time of sampling to women bearing sons who had a diagnosis of
      cryptorchidism at one year of age or older. Compared with controls, mothers of
      cryptorchid sons (cases) had significantly greater percentages of non-protein
      bound (P = 0.010) and albumin-bound (P = 0.014) estradiol during the first
      trimester of the index pregnancy. On average, cases had 16% more bioavailable
      oestradiol than controls. Levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, testosterone,
      non-protein bound testosterone and sex-hormone binding globulin did not differ
      between the two groups. The data presented support the hypothesis that
      cryptorchidism results from elevated maternal oestrogen levels early in
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2902876
TI  - Carrier detection in 50 haemophilia A kindred by means of three intragenic and
      two extragenic restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - Carrier detection was attempted in 50 haemophilia A kindred by means of
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using two linked and
      three intragenic probes. The sample comprised 330 individuals including 70
      haemophiliacs, 45 obligate carriers and 100 possible carriers. Non-related
      haplotypes contained within the sample group were used to tabulate the intragenic
      RFLP allele frequencies. The linkage disequilibrium existing between the XbaI and
      Bc1I RFLP was shown to be less than previously reported, such that 69% of women
      are informative for at least one of these two polymorphisms. 36 women were
      subsequently diagnosed as carriers and 37 as being normal: in 52 of these,
      diagnosis was based either on intragenic RFLPs or linked RFLP plus strong
      phenotypic data, and was considered to be unequivocal; in the remaining 21,
      diagnosis was based on linked RFLPs alone and was considered to be probabilistic,
      with a 5-10% possible error rate. 27 of the possible carriers, either from
      families with sporadic haemophilia or from families where missing members
      precluded haplotype analysis, remained unassigned. 72% of the obligate carriers
      and firmly diagnosed carriers were heterozygous and phase known for at least one
      intragenic RFLP, whereas 6% were uninformative for the RFLPs for which they were
      examined. In 54 informative meioses, three recombinations between the factor VIII
      locus and the DX13 and/or ST14 loci were observed, giving a recombination rate of
      5.5%. 15 prenatal diagnoses were carried out. Of the 11 male fetuses, six were
      shown to be affected and five to be normal. In three of four prenatal diagnoses
      where only a linked RFLP was informative, the result was confirmed by fetoscopy,
      fetal blood sampling, and factor VIII assay.

PMID- 2902877
TI  - Comparative studies of the sugar chains of aminopeptidase N and
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV purified from rat kidney brush-border membrane.
AB  - Asparagine-linked sugar chains of rat kidney aminopeptidase N and
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV were investigated comparatively. Oligosaccharides released
      from the two enzymes by hydrazinolysis were fractionated by paper
      electrophoresis, serial chromatographies on columns of immobilized Aleuria
      aurantia lectin, concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin E4, and Datura stramonium
      agglutinin, and Bio-Gel P-4 (less than 400 mesh) column chromatography.
      Structures of oligosaccharides in each fraction were assumed by their effective
      molecular sizes and behaviors on the four lectin columns and then confirmed by
      sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis. The sugar chains of
      aminopeptidase N and dipeptidylpeptidase IV are almost the same as those of rat
      kidney gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase reported previously [Yamashita, K., Hitoi,
      A., Matsuda, Y., Tsuji, A., Katunuma, N., & Kobata, A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258,
      1098-1107]. They are a mixture of 5 high mannose type sugar chains and 32 (for
      aminopeptidase N) or 26 (for dipeptidylpeptidase IV) mono-, bi-, tri-, and
      tetraantennary complex type sugar chains. The unique feature of the complex-type
      sugar chains of both enzymes is that they all contain the bisecting N
      acetylglucosamine residue and are incompletely galactosylated in their outer
      chain moieties.

PMID- 2902878
TI  - Oxidation of malate by the mitochondrial succinate-ubiquinone reductase.
AB  - The purified succinate-ubiquinone reductase catalyzes the L- (or D-) malate:
      acceptor oxidoreductase reaction with Km for malate of about 2.10(-3) M and
      initial Vmax of 50 and 100 nmol per min per mg of protein for L- and D
      stereoisomers, respectively (25 degrees C, pH 7.0). The reaction rate rapidly
      decreases both in the absence and presence of L-glutamate and L-glutamate
      oxaloacetate transaminase added for trapping of oxaloacetate. Both keto and enol
      forms of oxaloacetate were found to be strong, slowly dissociating inhibitors of
      succinate dehydrogenase; the first-order rate constant for the enzyme inhibition
      by the enol form is about 3 times as high as that by the keto form. Oxidation of
      malate by succinate dehydrogenase in the presence of the oxaloacetate trapping
      system occurs at an indefinitely constant rate when enoloxaloacetate, which is an
      immediate product of the reaction, is rapidly converted into the keto isomer--a
      substrate for transaminase. A quantitative kinetic scheme for malate oxidation by
      succinate dehydrogenase which includes two kinetically distinct enzyme
      oxaloacetate complexes is proposed, and the specific role of the mitochondrial
      oxaloacetate keto-enol-tautomerase (EC 5.3.2.2) in the regulation of succinate
      dehydrogenase is suggested.

PMID- 2902879
TI  - Subcellular distribution of malate-aspartate cycle intermediates during normoxia
      and anoxia in the heart.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of adenine nucleotides, phosphocreatine and
      intermediates of the malate-aspartate cycle was investigated in adult rat heart
      myocytes under normoxia and anoxia. Cytosolic and mitochondrial concentrations of
      metabolites were determined by a fractionation method using digitonin. Under
      normoxia, cytosolic/mitochondrial gradients were found for ATP (c/m = 4), AMP
      (c/m less than 0.01), citrate (c/m = 0.5), aspartate (c/m = 3), glutamate (c/m =
      2), while phosphocreatine and glutamine were confined to the cytosolic space. No
      gradients were found for malate and 2-oxoglutarate. The results show that the
      transport of electrons from the cytosol into the mitochondria is supported by the
      glutamate gradient and by a high glutamate/aspartate ratio inside the
      mitochondria (Glu/Asp = 15) which is maintained by the energy-dependent Glu-Asp
      exchange across the mitochondrial membrane. Under anoxia, cytosolic glutamate is
      transaminated with pyruvate, yielding alanine and 2-oxoglutarate, which is
      oxidized to succinate inside the mitochondria and leaves the cell. The data
      indicate that stimulation of transamination is caused by a mass action effect
      following a decrease in cytosolic 2-oxoglutarate which may be due to succinate-2
      oxoglutarate exchange across the mitochondrial membrane. Inhibition of the energy
      dependent inward transport of glutamate may support this process.

PMID- 2902880
TI  - Catecholamine stimulation of ion transport in the toad urinary bladder.
AB  - We have observed that serosal catecholamines increase the amplitude of the short
      circuit current (Isc) in the toad urinary bladder by as much as 450%. Chemical
      sympathectomy with 10(-6) M 6-hydroxydopamine and the sympathomimetic effects of
      10(-5) M tyramine indicate a reservoir of amines in the serosal stroma of the
      tissue. The urinary epithelium from the toad responds to six adrenoceptor
      agonists: (-)-epinephrine, (-)-norepinephrine, (-)-phenylephrine, clonidine,
      methoxamine and oxymetazoline. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine is most
      potent for stimulating Isc. Some agonists were found to diminish Isc. Apparently
      this is related to a simultaneous increase in the transepithelial flux of both
      chloride and sodium. The Isc response to the catecholamines is also inhibited by
      several adrenoceptor antagonists. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine
      is more effective than the alpha 1-antagonist prazosin for blocking the
      stimulation of epithelial transport. As a result of these studies, we have
      tentatively classified the serosal adrenoceptor of the toad urinary bladder as
      alpha 2.

PMID- 2902881
TI  - Inhibition of activity and quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of
      transglutaminase by acrylamide are independent events.
AB  - Addition of low concentrations of acrylamide to the assay mixture of erythrocyte
      transglutaminase leads to a strong inhibition of the enzyme with a mechanism
      consistent with a non-competitive inhibition against both substrates. For the
      quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein, much higher
      concentrations of acrylamide are required so that both phenomena appear
      independent of each other. In this particular case, therefore, acrylamide can be
      employed to obtain information on ligand-triggered conformational changes.

PMID- 2902882
TI  - Inhibition of prostaglandin E1-induced activation of adenylate cyclase in human
      blood platelet membrane.
AB  - Activation of human blood platelet adenylate cyclase is initiated through the
      binding of prostaglandin E1 to the membrane receptors. Incubation of platelet
      membrane with [3H]prostaglandin E1 at pH 7.5 in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 showed
      that the binding of the autacoid was rapid, reversible and highly specific. The
      binding was linearly proportional to the activation of adenylate cyclase.
      Although the membrane-bound radioligand could not be removed either by GTP or its
      stable analogue 5'-guanylylimido diphosphate, 150 nM cyclic AMP displaced about
      40% of the bound agonist from the membrane. Scatchard analyses of the binding of
      the prostanoid to the membrane in the presence or absence of cyclic AMP showed
      that the nucleotide specifically inhibited the high-affinity binding sites
      without affecting the low-affinity binding sites. Incubation of the membrane with
      150 mM cyclic AMP and varying amounts of prostaglandin E1 (25 nM to 1.0 microM)
      showed that the percent removal of the membrane-bound autacoid was similar to the
      percent inhibition of adenylate cyclase at each concentration of the agonist. At
      a concentration of 25 nM prostaglandin E1, both the binding of the agonist and
      the activity of adenylate cyclase were maximally inhibited by 40%. With the
      increase of the agonist concentration in the assay mixture, the inhibitory
      effects of the nucleotide gradually decreased and at a concentration of 1.0
      microM prostaglandin E1 the effect of the nucleotide became negligible. These
      results show that cyclic AMP inhibits the activation of adenylate cyclase by low
      concentrations of prostaglandin E1 through the inhibition of the binding of the
      agonist to high-affinity binding sites.

PMID- 2902883
TI  - The effects of prostanoids on estrogen-dominated rat myometrial longitudinal
      muscle in vitro.
AB  - The purpose of these experiments was to characterize the contractile response of
      longitudinal muscle from the estrogen-dominated rat uterus to natural and
      synthetic prostanoids. The biological significance is 1) to provide evidence for
      or against a physiological role for each natural prostanoid in the regulation of
      myometrial activity, 2) to determine if each prostanoid has pharmacological
      potential for the manipulation of myometrial activity, and 3) to understand the
      structural requirements for prostanoid action on the myometrium. All analogs
      tested produced excitation of the myometrium in vitro through what appeared to be
      a direct action on the muscle. The order of potency of the natural prostanoids
      was prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha = PGD2 = PGE2 = PGE1 greater than PGA2 = PGB2 = 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha. This order of potency was not consistent with any single
      currently recognized prostanoid receptor. Furthermore, PGF2 alpha had an EC50
      (effective concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response) of 0.5
      microM, which was low in comparison to other PGF2 alpha-sensitive tissues. There
      were large differences in the maximum tension developed in response to the
      prostanoids tested, only PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha were full
      agonists. Although the simplest explanation of these data was that the rat uterus
      contains a single novel type of prostanoid receptor, the existence of multiple
      receptor subtypes could not be disproved. Evidence from the effect of synthetic
      analogs suggested that neither thromboxane A2 nor PGI2 are physiological
      regulators of activity in this tissue.

PMID- 2902884
TI  - Contrast in levels of metabolic enzymes in human and mouse ova.
AB  - A methodology is described for analyzing single human ova for 8 or 9 different
      metabolic enzymes, or 4 or 5 enzymes plus as many metabolites. This overcomes an
      obstacle to the study of human ovum metabolism: the severe limitation of usable
      material. Results obtained with this methodology, applied to discarded specimens
      from an in vitro fertilization program, indicate that in spite of imperfections
      these ova can provide a valid picture of the metabolic characteristics of normal
      human ova. Data are presented for 17 enzymes from 8 metabolic pathways in human
      and mouse ova. Relative to size, 10 of the enzymes were substantially higher in
      human than mouse ova. Most dramatically so were 2 enzymes of fatty acid
      metabolism (10-fold and 15-fold), hexokinase (9-fold), and aspartate
      aminotransferase (19-fold). This suggests that major species differences in
      metabolism are present. The validity of the human data, in spite of restriction
      to discarded material, is supported by (1) consistency of results among most of
      the ova, 2] concordance between average levels with those of rare specimens that
      were discarded because sperm were not available, and (3) the presence of
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations similar to those of normal mouse ova.
      Surprisingly, both human and mouse ova contain phosphocreatine at levels nearly
      equal of those of ATP.

PMID- 2902885
TI  - Causes of retinopathy of prematurity: an epidemiologic perspective.
AB  - This chapter presents a strategy for integration of the current thinking about
      the causes of ROP. Application of these concepts assumes that results of any
      etiologic study are derived from valid methods. Discussion of principles of
      validity in epidemiologic studies is beyond the scope of this paper. However,
      reference was made to two sources of invalidity in studies of the causes of ROP:
      1) the empirical or operational definition and measurement of the conceptual
      cause, and 2) confounding by degree of immaturity of retinal vasculatures,
      particularly with regard to interpretation of duration of ventilatory support as
      a cause of ROP. The distinction was made between an agent that initiates or
      promotes disease mechanism and a cause. Failure to appreciate this distinction
      has contributed to the confusion about the role of oxygen in the pathogenesis of
      retinopathy. Apart from settings of oxygen mismanagement, oxygen per se is part
      of the mechanism for development of disease. Certainly there are other
      biochemical requirements in addition to oxygen that set the stage for full-blown
      disease. Factors that are associated with the disruption of normal development of
      retinal vasculature and are susceptible to manipulation (either by reduction or
      elimination) during the prenatal and postnatal period may be more useful
      component causes to investigate.

PMID- 2902886
TI  - Defective T suppressor-inducer cell function in human immune deficiency virus
      seropositive hemophilia patients.
AB  - In human immune deficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive hemophilia patients, a low
      number of CD4 + lymphocytes is found, as well as a low CD4+/CD8+ ratio. In
      previous studies, it has been shown that antigen-specific T-helper cell (CD4+)
      function was present and no excessive antigen-specific T-suppressor cell (CD8+)
      function could be demonstrated. In this report, we studied another activity of
      CD4+ cells, namely the capacity to induce T-suppressor cell activity. The results
      clearly show a selective dysfunction of CD4+ suppressor-inducer (Tsi) cell
      function. Since these HIV-seropositive hemophilia patients showed the presence of
      activated B cells in the peripheral circulation refractory to antigen-specific T
      helper cell signals and secreting specific antibodies spontaneously, we raised
      the hypothesis that the activated B cells in the patients activate the Tsi cells
      in vivo. This constant activation leads to a functional exhaustion of the Tsi
      cell pool.

PMID- 2902887
TI  - Diagnostic role of an immunoassay-detected polymorphism of factor IX for
      potential carriers of hemophilia B.
AB  - In hemophilia B, assays based on a monoclonal antifactor IX specific for the Thr
      148 variant of an exonic polymorphism have diagnosed carriers in selected
      families by either establishing linkage or by indicating the presence or absence
      of a given normal factor IX. The sensitivity of the immunoassays for detecting
      heterozygous women was explored by comparing results from immunoassays with solid
      phase polyclonal v the monoclonal antifactor IXs. Factor IX with the normal Ala
      148 variant gave a flat dilution curve, qualitatively distinct from factor IX
      with the Thr-148 variant in the monoclonal assay. The two were indistinguishable
      in the polyclonal assay. Mixtures of equal amounts of the two types gave an
      intermediate result, about half as reactive in the monoclonal as compared with
      the polyclonal assay system. Whereas mixtures with 10% Ala-148 and 90% Thr-148
      factor IXs could not readily be distinguished from Thr-148 factor IX plasma, as
      little as 1% of the Thr-148 protein was detected in Ala-148 factor IX plasma. The
      frequency of the Ala-148 variant varied in individuals with different ethnic
      backgrounds; it was found in 29% of white, 12% of black, and none of Asian blood
      donors' factor IX genes in Seattle. Only 4% of samples from South African black
      men were nonreactive (ie, Ala-148). The Thr/Ala-148 dimorphism is in strong
      linkage disequilibrium with Taql restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs). Three recombinations were noted in normal white genes and one in a
      normal black factor IX gene (less than 2% of those examined). In 34 white
      families with at least one woman being a possible carrier, genetically, the
      immunoassay results were informative in 18. RFLP analyses were informative in
      eight of the 15 families tested. In five families each, assignment of carrier
      status was made to a woman by only DNA or only immunoassay results, whereas the
      other approach was noninformative. The immunoassays provide a rapid, inexpensive
      screening test and complement DNA analysis in white women who are potential
      carriers of hemophilia B.

PMID- 2902888
TI  - Toxicity of sodium dichloro S-triazinetrione to Drosophila melanogaster.

PMID- 2902889
TI  - Outcome of untreated infection with Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men with
      and without HIV antibody.
AB  - Among homosexual men the prevalence of infection with Entamoeba histolytica is
      high. To determine the clinical importance of this infection 55 homosexual men
      carrying the parasite were investigated in detail. No clinical, serological, or
      histological evidence of invasive amoebiasis was found in any of them. The
      patients were not treated and were followed up for 12 to 29 months (mean 21.6
      months), during which period none developed symptoms that could be attributed to
      E histolytica. Spontaneous loss of the parasite occurred in 17 patients, some of
      whom later became reinfected. Sixteen patients had antibody to human
      immunodeficiency virus, and infection with E histolytica showed the same benign
      course in them as in the patients who did not have antibody. Throughout the study
      classification of the isolates of E histolytica consistently showed that they
      belonged only to non-pathogenic zymodemes. The findings provide further evidence
      that E histolytica in homosexual men is a commensal organism.

PMID- 2902890
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor stimulation enhances transmitter output from the rat phrenic
      nerve.
AB  - 1. Neurally-evoked output of newly synthesized [3H]-acetylcholine from the rat
      phrenic nerve was measured in the absence of cholinesterase inhibitors. 2.
      Noradrenaline and isoprenaline enhanced neurally-evoked transmitter output
      markedly. Moreover, immediately after the application of noradrenaline the basal
      tritium efflux increased significantly. 3. Pretreatment with propranolol (0.1
      mumol l-1) or atenolol (0.3 mumol l-1) completely prevented the stimulatory
      effect of noradrenaline and isoprenaline on evoked transmitter output. 4. The
      facilitatory effect of isoprenaline declined, when the exposure time was
      increased. This observation supports the assumption that beta-adrenoceptors can
      be desensitized or inactivated during continued exposure to agonists. 5. It was
      shown for the first time that stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors enhances
      transmitter output from the motor nerve. It is proposed that these beta
      adrenoceptors are of the beta 1-subtype and are localized on the endings of motor
      nerves. Circulating catecholamines may facilitate neuromuscular transmission by
      stimulation of presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2902891
TI  - Selective regulation of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the human heart by
      chronic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist treatment.
AB  - 1. In 44 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, the effect of
      chronic administration of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists sotalol, propranolol,
      pindolol, metoprolol and atenolol on beta-adrenoceptor density in right atria
      (containing 70% beta 1- and 30% beta 2-adrenoceptors) and in lymphocytes (having
      only beta 2-adrenoceptors) was studied. 2. beta-Adrenoceptor density in right
      atrial membranes and in intact lymphocytes was assessed by (-)-[125I]
      iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding; the relative amount of right atrial beta 1- and
      beta 2-adrenoceptors was determined by inhibition of ICYP binding by the
      selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 and analysis of the
      resulting competition curves by the iterative curve fitting programme LIGAND. 3.
      With the exception of pindolol, all beta-adrenoceptor antagonists increased right
      atrial beta-adrenoceptor density compared to that observed in atria from patients
      not treated with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. 4. All beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists increased right atrial beta 1-adrenoceptor density; on the other
      hand, only sotalol and propranolol also increased right atrial beta 2
      adrenoceptor density, whereas metoprolol and atenolol did not affect it and
      pindolol decreased it. 5. Similarly, in corresponding lymphocytes, only sotalol
      or propranolol increased beta 2-adrenoceptor density, while metoprolol and
      atenolol did not affect it and pindolol decreased it. 6. It is concluded that
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists subtype-selectively regulate cardiac and lymphocyte
      beta-adrenoceptor subtypes. The selective increase in cardiac beta 1-adrenoceptor
      density evoked by metoprolol and atenolol may be one of the reasons for the
      beneficial effects observed in patients with end-stage congestive cardiomyopathy
      following intermittent treatment with low doses of selective beta 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2902892
TI  - Peripheral sympatho-inhibitory cardiovascular effects of opioid peptides in
      anaesthetized rabbits.
AB  - 1. Opioid agonists influence isolated cardiovascular tissues from rabbits, as
      well as the cardiovascular system of pithed rabbits, through presynaptic
      receptors on postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres. The present experiments
      were carried out in order to study effects which result from activation of these
      receptors in anaesthetized rabbits. 2. In pithed rabbits with electrically
      stimulated sympathetic outflow, infusion of [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]-enkephalin (DADLE) 10
      micrograms kg-1 min-1 and dynorphin-(1-13) (dynorphin) 1 microgram kg-1 min-1
      decreased the plasma noradrenaline concentration, mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      and heart rate. The effects of dynorphin and, less completely, those of DADLE
      were antagonized by the peripherally selective opioid antagonists N-methyl
      naloxone bromide (NMN) 1.3 mg kg-1 and N-methyl levallorphan methanesulphonate
      (NML) 1-3 mg kg-1. 3. In pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rabbits, DADLE 3-30
      micrograms kg-1 min-1 and dynorphin 0.3-3 micrograms kg-1 min-1 decreased the
      plasma noradrenaline concentration and MAP. The highest dose of dynorphin also
      decreased heart rate, whereas DADLE 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 caused slight
      cardioacceleration. The effects of DADLE but not those of dynorphin decreased
      upon repeated administration. 4. The effects of dynorphin 10 micrograms kg-1 min
      1 were abolished or greatly attenuated by NMN 1.3 mg kg-1 and NML 3 mg kg-1. In
      contrast, the antagonists reduced only slightly the blood pressure-lowering
      effect of DADLE 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1 and did not reduce significantly the
      effects of DADLE on the plasma noradrenaline level and heart rate. 5. It was
      concluded that systemically administered dynorphin produces sympatho-inhibition
      and an ensuing fall in blood pressure by an action at peripheral receptors, in
      all probability presynaptic Kappa-receptors on postganglionic sympathetic nerve
      fibres. The effects of DADLE are more complex and may involve both central and
      peripheral components.

PMID- 2902893
TI  - Release of [3H]-noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerves to bovine mesenteric
      lymphatic vessels and its modification by alpha-agonists and antagonists.
AB  - 1. Isolated segments of bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels were loaded with [3H]
      noradrenaline and its efflux in response to field stimulation examined. Vessels
      were attached to an isometric force transducer for the simultaneous recording of
      mechanical activity. 2. Field stimulation at 1, 4 and 8 Hz (0.3 ms pulses, 1 min
      train) increased spontaneous contraction rate and evoked 3H release up to a
      maximum of 4.5% of total tissue 3H at 8 Hz. Output per pulse was maximal at 4 Hz.
      3. Tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-6) M) blocked the release of 3H in response to field
      stimulation although the drug did not attenuate release evoked by high K+ (65 mM)
      solution. Field-evoked release of 3H was also absent in Ca2+ -free solution
      containing EGTA (1 mM). 4. When vessels were preincubated with labelled
      transmitter plus cocaine (5 x 10(-5) M) evoked release of 3H was absent. After
      preloading with [3H]-noradrenaline, cocaine (10(-6) M) potentiated both the
      mechanical response to field stimulation and evoked 3H release. 5. The relatively
      non selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (3 x 10(-6) M) and the
      alpha 2-antagonists yohimbine (10(-8) M) and rauwolscine (10(-6) M) significantly
      increased evoked 3H release at both of the frequencies examined (1 and 4 Hz). In
      contrast, the selective alpha 1-antagonist prazosin (10(-6) M) failed to alter 3H
      release to 4 Hz stimulation although release at 1 Hz was potentiated in the
      presence of the drug. 6. The postsynaptic excitatory response to field
      stimulation remained in the presence of prazosin (10(-6) M), but was converted to
      an inhibitory effect in the presence of phentolamine (3 x 10(-6) M), yohimbine
      (10(-6) M) or rauwolscine (10(-6) M). 7. Evoked 3H efflux was significantly
      reduced by clonidine (10(-6) M), xylazine (10(-6) M) and exogenous noradrenaline
      (5 x 10(-7) M), although phenylephrine (10(-6) M) reduced release only at the
      lower of the two frequencies tested (1 Hz). 8. These findings suggest that
      release of 3H by field stimulation reflects endogenous transmitter release and
      that this is subject to autoinhibition via feedback onto inhibitory prejunctional
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The postjunctional excitatory response is mediated via
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2902894
TI  - alpha-Methyldopa produces mydriasis in the rat by stimulation of CNS alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - 1. The effects of i.v. administration of alpha-methyldopa (MD) on rat pupil
      diameter were investigated. All experiments were carried out in rats in which
      vagosympathetic nerve trunks were sectioned bilaterally at the cervical level. 2.
      In anaesthetized rats MD produced a marked dose-related increase in pupil
      diameter. The onset of pupillary response to MD was gradual and reached maximal
      levels 2-3 h after administration. 3. Pretreatment with alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists yohimbine (1.5 mg kg-1, i.v.) or idazoxan (0.5 mg kg-1, i.v.) blocked
      the pupillary response to MD. In contrast, the alpha 1-antagonists prazosin (1.0
      mg kg-1, i.v.) and phenoxybenzamine (1.5 mg kg-1, i.v.) did not significantly
      alter the pupillary effects of MD. 4. Selective enzymatic blockade with 3-hydroxy
      benzyl-hydrazine (NSD-1015; 25 mg kg-1, i.p.), a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor, as
      well as bis (4-methyl-homopiperazinyl-thiocarbonyl) disulphide (FLA-63, 5.0 mg kg
      1, i.p.), a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, prevented the mydriatic effect
      of MD. 5. The above findings support the hypothesis that MD produces a clonidine
      like CNS mydriasis in the rat. This effect appears to be mediated primarily by
      the MD metabolite, alpha-methylnoradrenaline. 6. These results indicate that MD
      produces mydriasis in the rat by a CNS action. The mydriatic action of MD appears
      to be produced by its metabolite alpha-methylnoradrenaline which in turn
      stimulates CNS postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2902895
TI  - Interactions of benztropine, atropine and ketamine with veratridine-activated
      sodium channels: effects on membrane depolarization, K+-efflux and
      neurotransmitter amino acid release.
AB  - 1. The effect of benztropine, atropine and ketamine on veratridine-induced efflux
      of K+, membrane depolarization and release of amino acid neurotransmitters was
      investigated in the preparation of rat brain synaptosomes. 2. All three drugs
      inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the processes measured: the most
      effective compound was benztropine which exhibited an approximate Kd of 2 microM.
      The inhibition was not competitive in nature. 3. The veratridine titration curves
      in the presence of drugs were sigmoid with Hill coefficients of about 1.4. 4. At
      higher concentrations, benztropine, atropine and ketamine blocked uptake of amino
      acid neurotransmitters into synaptosomes. 5. It is postulated that benztropine,
      atropine and ketamine interfere with the veratridine-activated influx of sodium
      into synaptosomes through voltage-dependent channels by acting at the same site
      as local anaesthetics. Interactions at this site alter allosterically binding and
      action of veratridine. In addition, at higher concentrations the drugs interact
      with the carrier proteins for amino acid neurotransmitters and block their
      transport.

PMID- 2902896
TI  - Actions of dopamine antagonists on stimulated striatal and limbic dopamine
      release: an in vivo voltammetric study.
AB  - 1. Fast cyclic voltammetry at carbon fibre microelectrodes was used to study the
      effects of several dopamine antagonists upon stimulated dopamine release in the
      rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. 2. In both nuclei, stimulated dopamine
      release was increased by D2-receptor-selective and mixed D1/D2-receptor
      antagonists. The D1-selective antagonist SCH 23390 had no effect. 3. Striatal and
      limbic dopamine release were elevated by cis- but not trans-flupenthixol. 4. The
      'atypical' neuroleptics (clozapine and thioridazine) did not cause a selective
      elevation of dopamine release in the limbic terminal region, whereas the non
      antipsychotic drug metoclopramide increased dopamine release more in striatum
      than nucleus accumbens. 5. We conclude from this study that striatal and limbic
      dopamine release are under the control of a stereoselective dopamine D2
      autoreceptor on the nerve terminal and that atypical neuroleptics do not show a
      limbic-selective effect at this receptor after acute administration.

PMID- 2902897
TI  - Effect of sulphasalazine and its metabolites on mitogen induced transformation of
      lymphocytes--clues to its clinical action?
AB  - The effects of sulphasalazine (SASP), sulphapyridine (SP), and 5-aminosalicylic
      acid (5-ASA) have been studied on mouse spleen cells cultured in the presence of
      phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SASP exhibited a significant degree of suppression, at
      doses in the range 25-100 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.01), this suppression
      being greater than 50% at 50 micrograms/ml. SP exhibited only a minor degree of
      suppression (10% at 75 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.01). Coadministration of a
      non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), indomethacin, produced no evidence
      of further suppression in the presence of SASP or SP. Administration of SP plus 5
      ASA to parallel cultures that were profoundly suppressed by the molecular
      equivalent amount of SASP resulted in no suppression. This implied requirement of
      the intact parent molecule (SASP) to produce this effect, at these
      concentrations. The concentration of SASP required to produce more than 50%
      suppression was higher than that ever attained in the peripheral blood of humans
      receiving therapeutic doses of the drug. Human lymphocytes are similarly
      suppressed by SASP, but only at higher concentrations than are required for
      murine cells. Thus, if the parent drug is the active moiety and requires these
      concentrations to be effective in vivo, it follows that the site where these
      effects may be mediated is likely to be the intestinal tract. The effects
      described would suggest the gut associated lymphoid tissue as a likely target.

PMID- 2902898
TI  - Functional heterogeneity of the cerebrovascular endothelium.
AB  - We have investigated the heterogeneity of endothelial cells from especially two
      aspects. One is the biochemical and functional differences in their cerebral and
      peripheral vascular beds, focusing on the capillaries, in regard to the blood
      brain barrier properties of the endothelium in the brain. The other aspect
      concerns the various functional roles that the endothelial cells may play in the
      regulation of cerebral blood flow by vasoactive neurotransmitters, in terms of
      the enzymatic and morphological blood-brain barriers, the contractile properties
      of the capillary endothelium and the endothelium-mediated vasodilatation in the
      brain.

PMID- 2902899
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the rat striatum: ultrastructure and
      cellular relations with tyrosine hydroxylase- containing terminals and with
      astrocytes.
AB  - The ultrastructural localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) was comparatively
      examined in the dorsal (caudate-putamen) and ventral (nucleus accumbens) striatum
      using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. In both striatal regions, NPY
      like immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in perikarya, dendrites and axons. The
      labeled perikarya were 15-25 microns in a diameter and contained large, deeply
      and multiply indented nuclei and prominent Nissl bodies. The labeled dendrites
      contained a few large (80-150 nm) dense-core vesicles, lacked detectable spines
      and received few afferents. These morphological characteristics of NPY-IR neurons
      in both areas are in close accord with previous descriptions for the medium
      aspiny intrinsic neurons. Axon terminals with terminals with NPY-like IR contain
      primarily small clear round vesicles, as seen in single or serial sections. These
      terminals formed junctions that lacked recognizable pre- or post- synaptic
      densities, but showed parallel spacing between apposed plasmalemmas at presumed
      synaptic clefts. Targets of the axon terminals with NPY-like IR included
      unlabeled somata, unlabeled proximal dendrites and labeled and unlabeled distal
      dendrites. The NPY-IR neurons in the caudate-putamen differed from those in the
      nucleus accumbens in that (1) there were no recognized appositions between
      labeled dendrites and labeled terminals, and (2) fewer terminals contained large
      dense-core vesicles. These findings are consistent with the concept that in the
      nucleus accumbens, the excitability of the NPY-IR neurons may be more directly
      modulated by NPY or another transmitter co-existing in the terminals.
      Catecholamines are known to co-exist with NPY in certain rostrally projecting
      brainstem nuclei. Therefore, in the two striatal regions, we additionally sought
      to determine (1) whether the NPY-IR neurons might be modulated by
      catecholaminergic afferents and (2) whether NPY might co-exist with
      catecholamines in terminals. Goat antiserum against NPY and rabbit antiserum
      against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, were
      simultaneously localized in single sections by PAP and immunoautoradiographic
      methods, respectively. Quantitative analysis in dually labeled sections from both
      striatal areas revealed few, if any, direct synaptic contacts between TH-labeled
      terminals and dendrites containing NPY-like IR. However, there was convergence of
      separate NPY- and TH-IR terminals on unlabeled dendrites. A few terminals in the
      nucleus accumbens, but not in the dorsal striatum, showed immunoreactivity
      methods, to TH and also contained dense-core vesicles with NPY-like IR.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2902901
TI  - Effects of intrahypothalamic administration of opioid peptides selective for mu-,
      kappa, and delta-receptors on different schedules of water intake in the rat.
AB  - The effects of opioid peptides selective for mu, kappa, and delta-opioid
      receptors were investigated on 3 different schedules of water intake in the rat:
      spontaneous, deprivational (12 h), and hypertonic saline-induced drinking.
      Peptides were injected into the paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic
      nuclei, D-Ala2-NMePhe4-Gly(ol)-enkephalin, a mu-selective opioid agonist, tended
      to increase water intake in non-deprived rats, but 0.01 and 0.1 microgram
      significantly decreased water intake for 45 min in deprived rats, and for up to
      60 min in hypertonic saline-injected rats when injected into the paraventricular
      hypothalamic nucleus. The kappa-selective agonist, dynorphin A1-13 (0.1, 0.3, 1.0
      and 3.0 micrograms)and the delta-selective agonist, [D-Pen2,L-Pen5]enkephalin
      (0.3 and 3.0 micrograms) did not affect spontaneous, deprivational or hypertonic
      saline-induced water intakes when injected into either the paraventricular or
      supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei. Thus, a mu-selective opioid peptide produced dose
      and time-dependent effects on drinking that were pharmacologically and
      anatomically specific, and dependent upon the schedule of water intake.

PMID- 2902900
TI  - Epileptiform bursts elicited in CA3 hippocampal neurons by a variety of
      convulsants are not blocked by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists.
AB  - Intracellular and extracellular recordings from CA3 hippocampal neurons in vitro
      were used to study the ability of several NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor
      antagonists to suppress epileptiform bursts induced by NMDA and convulsants not
      thought to act at NMDA receptors. The antagonists, APV (D-2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate), AP-7 (D,L-2-amino-7-phosphonohepatanoate) and CPP (D,L-3[(+/
      )-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid), blocked the spontaneous and
      evoked bursts induced by NMDA. CPP, but not APV or AP-7, prevented the
      development of bursts induced by Mg-free medium. The NMDA antagonists failed to
      block bursting induced by kainate, 7 mM K+, mast cell degranulating peptide,
      anoxia or spontaneous bursting. In some cases the NMDA antagonists induced
      spontaneous bursts or enhanced burst frequency, a proconvulsant effect. It is
      concluded that activation of NMDA receptors is sufficient but not necessary for
      burst generation in the CA3 region.

PMID- 2902902
TI  - AP4 inhibits chloride-dependent binding and uptake of [3H]glutamate in rabbit
      retina.
AB  - Glutamate is one of the major neurotransmitters used by primary and secondary
      neurons of the visual pathway in retina. AP4(2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid)
      preferentially blocks the activity of one functional subclass of retinal neurons,
      ON bipolar cells, apparently by acting as an agonist at a hyperpolarizing
      glutamate receptor. We have used in vitro binding assays to examine different
      subclasses of presumptive glutamate receptors in retinal membrane fractions. One
      subclass consists of AP4-sensitive binding sites which require calcium and
      chloride for maximal binding and which are inhibited by freeze-thaw procedures.
      In addition, AP4 inhibits chloride-dependent [3H]glutamate uptake into retinal
      synaptosomes and intact retina. [3H]glutamate which is accumulated via the AP4
      sensitive mechanism can be subsequently released by depolarizing levels of
      potassium. The pharmacological selectivity of AP4-sensitive glutamate receptors
      on ON bipolar cells measured electrophysiologically is very similar to that of
      AP4-sensitive, [3H]glutamate binding and uptake, measured biochemically in
      subcellular fractions. These results raise the possibility that AP4-sensitive
      glutamate recognition sites in retina may be linked to two separate effectors,
      one which gates ion channels and leads to hyperpolarization, and another which
      acts as a glutamate transporter.

PMID- 2902903
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive somata within the primate subfornical organ:
      species specificity.
AB  - The present study describes a collection of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive
      (TH-ir) somata within the subfornical organ (SFO) of the Cebus monkey. In
      contrast, no cell bodies, and only sparse TH-ir fibers, were observed within the
      SFO in rats. In the monkey, these TH-ir neurons were observed throughout the
      rostrocaudal extent of the SFO, preferentially located at its lateral and dorsal
      aspects. These neurons were bipolar and multipolar with long, beaded, varicose
      fibers emanating from the cell soma. Cebus monkeys displayed dopamine beta
      hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase- immunoreactive neurons
      within established noradrenergic and adrenergic nuclei respectively, but not
      within the SFO, suggesting that the neurons which are immunoreactive for TH in
      this region contain dopamine.

PMID- 2902904
TI  - Veratridine-induced release of endogenous glutamate from rat brain cortex slices:
      a reappraisal of the role of calcium.
AB  - The efflux of endogenous glutamate from thin slices of rat brain cortex
      superfused in vitro with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) was studied.
      Initially, glutamate efflux was very high (2.5 nmol/mg protein/min), possibly
      because of the cutting procedure, but declined sharply, and at 30 min of
      superfusion was 25 pmol/mg protein/min. In ACSF without added calcium,
      spontaneous glutamate efflux was always higher than that in calcium-containing
      medium, e.g. at 30 min it was 75 pmol/mg protein/min. Addition of 10 microM
      veratridine for 2 min, between 30 and 32 min of superfusion, led, in ACSF with
      calcium, to an increase in glutamate efflux of 288%, when the maximum efflux
      following veratridine is compared to the glutamate efflux that immediately
      preceded the application of this drug (from 25 to 97 pmol/mg protein/min), while
      in ACSF without added calcium, veratridine induced an increase of only 117% (from
      75 to 163 pmol/mg protein/min). These results are interpreted as due to the dual
      effect of veratridine. In calcium-containing ACSF, veratridine increases sodium
      influx which depolarizes the neurons and opens voltage-sensitive calcium
      channels. The increased intraneuronal calcium induces glutamate release from
      synaptic vesicles, while increased intracellular sodium enhances the release of
      soluble cytoplasmic glutamate by the reverse operation of the plasma membrane,
      sodium-dependent glutamate carrier. In ACSF without calcium, the release of
      vesicular glutamate is suppressed, while the sodium-dependent mechanism remains.
      This appears as if veratridine-induced glutamate efflux were only partially
      calcium-dependent.

PMID- 2902905
TI  - Transient increased density of NMDA binding sites in the developing rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - Using quantitative autoradiography and membrane preparations, the density of
      specific glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) binding sites have been
      determined in the developing rat hippocampus. We found an abrupt reduction in the
      density of NMDA binding sites after P8 (postnatal day) without change in
      affinity. The transient expression of NMDA receptors during maturation suggests
      that they may play a particularly important role in synaptogenesis.

PMID- 2902906
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence for glutamatergic cortico-cortical connections in
      monkeys.
AB  - Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical
      visualization of glutamate (Glu) were combined to investigate the
      neurotransmitter used by cortico-cortical neurons in the first (SI) and second
      (SII) somatic sensory areas of macaque monkeys. The majority of association and
      callosal neurons in SI and SII were immunoreactive for an antiGlu serum: evidence
      was therefore obtained in support of a role for Glu, or a closely related
      compound, as the synaptic transmitter used by cortico-cortical fibers.

PMID- 2902907
TI  - Changes in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase induced by kainic acid
      and surgical lesions of the hippocampal formation in young rats.
AB  - To study possible functional involvement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
      in glutamate transmitter metabolism we lesioned putative glutamatergic structures
      of the rat hippocampal formation by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of
      kainic acid (KA) or by surgical CA3 axotomy. Unilateral injection of KA into the
      left lateral cerebral ventricle of 30-day-old rats resulted in decreased GGT
      activity in hippocampal areas CA3, Ca1 ipsilaterally, and in the contralateral
      area CA1, four hours after the induction of the chemical lesion. Four days after
      the injection, the enzyme activity was decreased in all hippocampal areas with
      the exception of the contralateral dentate gyrus. Four days after bilateral
      i.c.v. injection of KA, lower GGT levels were found than was seen after bilateral
      surgical lesion of the CA3 pyramidal cell axons (Schaffer's collaterals). The
      surgical lesion was followed by a decrease of GGT only in the stratum pyramidale
      and stratum radiatum of area CA1. In contrast to the effects in 30-day-old rats,
      unilateral i.c.v. injection of KA on postnatal day 12 did not alter the GGT
      activity in any studied hippocampal area presumably because of incomplete
      maturation of structures required for KA vulnerability.

PMID- 2902908
TI  - Functional kappa-opioid receptors on oxytocin and vasopressin nerve terminals
      isolated from the rat neurohypophysis.
AB  - Opioids intrinsic to the rat neurohypophysial system act to inhibit secretion
      from the terminals of magnocellular neurones. Opioid receptors in the
      neurohypophysis are predominantly of the kappa-subtype and selective kappa
      agonists suppress electrically evoked release of oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin
      (AVP). We have looked for the presence of functional kappa-receptors on
      neurohypophysial nerve terminals by examining effects of kappa-agonists on
      secretion from suspensions of isolated neurohypophysial nerve terminals
      (neurosecretosomes) retained on filters in a perifusion system. Release of both
      OXT and AVP evoked by K+-depolarisation was inhibited by the kappa-agonists U
      50,488H (34% and 45% respectively) and dynorphin A1-13 (68% and 51%
      respectively). Inhibition by dynorphin A was only observed in the presence of
      peptidase inhibitors. The actions of both kappa-agonists were prevented by the
      opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. The experiments indicate the presence of
      kappa-receptors on terminals of OXT and AVP neurones. This receptor population is
      in addition to those previously described on pituicytes and those influencing
      release of neurohypophysial noradrenaline.

PMID- 2902909
TI  - The effect of K+ and glutamate receptor agonists on the membrane potential of
      suspensions of primary cultures of rat astrocytes as measured with a cyanine dye,
      DiS-C2-(5).
AB  - The cyanine dye DiS-C2-(5) was used to investigate the effect of K+ and glutamate
      receptor agonists on the membrane potential of whole populations of primary rat
      astrocytes in suspension. Increasing the external K+ concentration from 5 to 40
      mM caused a depolarization of the cells. Ba2+ blocked the response to K+, whereas
      4-aminopyridine had no effect on the depolarization. The effect of added external
      K+ was enhanced by the addition of the neutral K+ ionophore valinomycin. This
      supports the view that the membrane potential of primary astrocytes is dependent
      of the K+ gradient, and suggests that the membrane is not ideally permeable to K+
      ions. Glutamate caused a depolarization of the cells which was not affected by
      Ba2+. In the presence of veratridine and ouabain no effect of glutamate was seen.
      The cells were also depolarized by the glutamate receptor agonists quisqualate,
      kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The response to kainate was blocked by
      kynurenate, which also diminished the depolarization caused by glutamate. NMDA
      was effective when added after kainate. The effect of the glutamate receptor
      agonists tested was generally smaller than that of glutamate itself, and a prior
      addition of one of the agonists diminished the response to glutamate. The results
      obtained suggest that cyanine dyes are well suited for investigating the behavior
      of whole populations of cultured primary astrocytes.

PMID- 2902910
TI  - Functional expression of brain cholecystokinin and bombesin receptors in Xenopus
      oocytes.
AB  - Total RNA was extracted from 15-day-old whole rat brains. Microinjection of the
      RNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes induced electrophysiological responsiveness to
      cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) and bombesin (BBS) but not to corticotropin-releasing
      factor (CRF) or somatostatin. The responses to CCK and BBS were similar in shape,
      time course, and reversal potential to that induced by receptor mediated
      phospholipid breakdown and that which is induced by intracellular injection of
      IP3. These responses were not blocked by atropine or by mianserin, did not
      require extracellular Ca2+ and were completely suppressed by intracellular
      injection of EGTA.

PMID- 2902911
TI  - [Is Alzheimer's senile dementia associated with the phenomena of reactive
      synaptogenesis in the hippocampus?].
AB  - The densities of specific binding sites for glutamate or its analogue kainate
      were determined in the hippocampi of patients having suffered of senile dementia
      of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and compared to age matched controls. The densities
      of sites were reduced in SDAT cases. These results indicate a lack of hippocampal
      plasticity in senile dementia of Alzheimer type.

PMID- 2902912
TI  - [Interaction of propranolol and somatostatin with the octopaminergic response of
      honeybee lipemia in vivo].
AB  - The injection of DL-octopamine to emerging adult honey bees (1 nanomol per
      individual) promptly rises the haemolymph levels of steroids, diacyl and
      triacylglycerols (over 100% increase occurring after 10 min). Free fatty acids
      are then increased (by 131%) 45 mn after injections. These responses are
      completely abolished by 2.5 nanomol propranolol and 0.07 nanomol cyclic
      somatostatin. Octopamine thus seems to be more strongly involved in the lipemia
      than in the glycemia regulation, by contrast with noradrenaline which is,
      apparently, more active on carbohydrates.

PMID- 2902913
TI  - [Immunocytochemical study of catecholaminergic neurons in grafted mesencephalon
      transplanted into the hypothalamus of the rat].
AB  - Mesencephalic fragments from 14 day old embryonic rat brain were transplanted
      into the third ventricle of adult rats neonatally treated with monosodium
      glutamate. From two to twelve months after grafting, the implanted tissue was
      still present in the ventricle and contained TH immunoreactive neurons which
      displayed a normal appearance at ultrastructural level. While endogenous TH
      containing neurons were still present in dopaminergic regions of the recipient
      hypothalamus, grafted mesencephalic fragments could survive and develop. They
      contained TH immunopositive most probably dopaminergic neurons which are able, in
      some cases, to innervate the host brain. This model should be of interest in the
      study of neuroendocrine functions of dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2902914
TI  - Slow cardioacceleration mediated by noncholinergic transmission in the stellate
      ganglion of the cat.
AB  - In C1-spinal, pentobarbital-anaesthetized or anemically decerebrated cats, the
      preganglionic input to the acutely decentralized right stellate ganglion was
      stimulated with 10- to 30-s strains at 20-40 Hz. Electrical stimulation
      consistently produced an increase in heart rate in the presence of blocking doses
      of hexamethonium and atropine or after depletion of acetylcholine from the
      preganglionic axons by prolonged low frequency stimulation in the presence of
      hemicholinium. The increase in heart rate had a delayed slow onset, lasted
      several minutes, and was abolished by propranolol or by section of the inferior
      cardiac nerve. The magnitude and duration of the heart rate increase were related
      to intensity, frequency, and duration of preganglionic stimulation. The response
      to stimulation of a given white ramus was progressively attenuated, and
      eventually irreversibly lost, during prolonged continuous stimulation of that
      ramus, while the response to stimulation of a different unstimulated ramus was
      unchanged. We conclude that the slow cardioacceleration results from a slow and
      prolonged excitation of postganglionic neurons by a noncholinergic transmitter
      released by the preganglionic axons.

PMID- 2902915
TI  - Sensitivity and adrenoceptor affinity in the mesenteric artery of the
      deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertensive rat.
AB  - This study examines vascular reactivity to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in
      mineralocorticoid (deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA-salt) hypertensive and
      normotensive rats. The rats were anesthetized and the mesenteric artery was
      excised and cut helically into strips that were mounted in a muscle bath for the
      measurement of isometric force development. Addition of norepinephrine,
      epinephrine, phenylephrine, methoxamine, or clonidine to the bath caused
      contractions in all arteries. Arteries from hypertensive rats were more sensitive
      (lower ED50 values) to each of the agonists than arteries from normotensive rats.
      alpha-Adrenoceptor affinity for phentolamine (Schild analysis; norepinephrine as
      the agonist) in hypertensive arteries was not significantly different from that
      in normotensive arteries. Maximal force generation to clonidine was greater in
      hypertensive arteries than in normotensive arteries. These results demonstrate an
      augmented vascular sensitivity to several alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in DOCA
      hypertensive rats. This change in sensitivity is independent of a change in
      affinity for the adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine. It may be that a change
      in receptor number or an alteration in a post-receptor activation event accounts
      for this enhanced adrenoceptor responsiveness in mineralocorticoid hypertension.

PMID- 2902916
TI  - Taxol-induced microtubules from different sources: an ultrastructural comparison.
AB  - Microtubules from different sources have been isolated using 20 microM taxol. An
      ultrastructural comparison allowed us to reveal some differences among taxol
      dependent structures. In tobacco pollen tubes a characteristic system of thin
      filaments was associated with taxol-induced microtubules. Similar filamentous
      complexes were not observed in taxol-induced microtubules isolated from other
      sources.

PMID- 2902917
TI  - Fragile sites and high-resolution chromosome studies in multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type 2A.
AB  - Affected individuals from four kindreds with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A
      syndrome (MEN-2A), were studied for the possible existence of a specific fragile
      site that might be associated with the MEN-2A gene. The chromosomes were also
      examined with high-resolution banding with particular emphasis on those
      chromosomes (#1, 10, 20, and 22) that have been implicated by previous studies
      from several laboratories as being associated with this disease. There was no
      evidence for a unique fragile site or a unique high-resolution banding pattern in
      subjects with MEN-2A. These findings, in combination with all previous
      cytogenetic studies, indicate that it is unlikely that current techniques will be
      useful in developing a simple cytogenetic test for this disease.

PMID- 2902919
TI  - Sleep studies and rebound insomnia: methodological problems, laboratory findings,
      and clinical implications.

PMID- 2902918
TI  - Appearance and phenotypic characterization of circulating Leu 19+ cells in cancer
      patients receiving recombinant interleukin 2.
AB  - The effects of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) therapy on peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells expressing the Leu 19 surface marker were evaluated in 20
      cancer patients. Leu 19 is a protein with a molecular weight of 220,000 expressed
      on 15% of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and is found on a majority of
      cells that mediate non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity.
      Increased relative and absolute numbers of circulating Leu 19+ cells were
      observed in all patients receiving rIL-2. Increases in Leu 19+ cells were due in
      part to the development of a subpopulation of "bright" Leu 19+ cells (Leu 19b+)
      that possessed a higher density of membrane Leu 19 antigen than Leu 19+ cells
      assayed prior to therapy. Further characterization of rIL-2 induced Leu 19+ cells
      by dual immunofluorescence revealed considerable phenotypic heterogeneity within
      this population based on the coexpression of "dim" CD8 (CD8d+), CD16, and CD2
      markers. The percentage of Leu 19+ CD8d+ cells was increased during rIL-2 therapy
      and comprised up to 60% of all circulating Leu 19+ cells. CD16+ and CD16- subsets
      of Leu 19+ cells were also increased by rIL-2. The density of CD16 antigen
      coexpression varied inversely with the density of Leu 19. Conversely, whereas the
      percentage of Leu 19 cells coexpressing CD2 was also increased by rIL-2
      administration, the density of CD2 antigen expression was higher on the Leu 19b+
      subset of cells. The development of circulating lymphokine-activated killer
      activity in three patients was temporally associated with the development of
      increased levels of circulating Leu 19+ cells. These studies demonstrate that rIL
      2 administration induces preferential increases in cells expressing the natural
      killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell-associated marker Leu 19 and that
      these increases are associated with the development of circulating lymphokine
      activated killer activity. Furthermore, Leu 19+ cells are comprised of
      phenotypically heterogeneous subsets which undergo characteristic changes during
      rIL-2 administration.

PMID- 2902920
TI  - Biperiden withdrawal in schizophrenic inpatients receiving long-term
      antipsychotic medication.
AB  - In a double-blind, 4 week study, 42 chronic schizophrenic inpatients receiving
      antipsychotic and antiparkinsonian (AP) drugs for greater than 3 months were
      either switched to placebo or maintained on biperiden. In the majority of the
      patients no clinically apparent discomfort was observed, and only two of 21
      placebo patients developed extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) severe enough to
      require resumption of AP therapy. No significant increase was shown in most items
      on EPS. Our data suggest that for the majority of patients on long-term AP
      medication AP drugs should be prescribed only when EPS develop.

PMID- 2902921
TI  - Treatment of permanent tardive dyskinesia with tiapride, a selective D2-receptor
      blocking agent.

PMID- 2902922
TI  - Antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of tianeptine: an overview of clinical
      trials.
AB  - Tianeptine is a new antidepressant effective against anxiety accompanying mood
      disturbances. Its clinical properties have been assessed by double-blind
      controlled studies (versus imipramine, amitriptyline, nomifensine, viloxazine) in
      depressed patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of the DSM III: single
      recurrent major depressive episodes without melancholia or psychotic features,
      and dysthymic disorders. The authors have concluded that tianeptine is effective
      in depressive disorders as shown both by depression rating scales and subjective
      impressions of treated patients. This improvement increases regularly with time.
      Seventy-eight percent of patients were considered to be "responders" at the end
      of the treatment with tianeptine. Antidepressant activity of tianeptine is
      equally present in depressive states appearing after withdrawal from alcohol. In
      depressed patients with anxiety, the results also reveal the efficacy of
      tianeptine on anxiety symptoms. Tianeptine, in addition, shows a marked action on
      somatic complaints. These results have been confirmed by open long-term trials,
      particularly in the elderly. Tianeptine can be placed in a middle position in the
      bipolar classification, between the sedative and stimulant antidepressants. Its
      antidepressant and anxiolytic properties and its action on somatic complaints
      make the drug particularly suitable for the treatment of the entire range of
      depressive symptomatology.

PMID- 2902923
TI  - The innervation of the renal cortex in the dog. An ultrastructural study.
AB  - Two cytochemical techniques were used at the ultrastructural level to study the
      distribution of specific axon types to different intrarenal structures in the
      dog. Using the chromaffin reaction to distinguish catecholaminergic fibres from
      other axon populations, it was found that the renal cortex of the dog is supplied
      only by catecholaminergic nerves. Immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      labelled all of the intracortical nerves, and 20% to 25% of these profiles also
      contained dopa decarboxylase (DDC)-immunoreactivity, indicating they were
      dopaminergic rather than noradrenergic. Both DDC-positive and DDC-negative axons
      were seen in close association (approximately 80 nm) with blood vessels and
      juxtaglomerular cells as well as tubular epithelial cells. The distribution of TH
      and DDC-immunoreactive nerves in the renal cortex is compatible with existing
      functional evidence indicating that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic nerves
      are involved in the regulation of renal blood flow, tubular reabsorption and
      renin release.

PMID- 2902924
TI  - Histamine-like immunoreactivity in photoreceptors of the compound eyes and ocelli
      of the flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica.
AB  - Antibodies to histamine were used for immunocytochemical studies of the visual
      system in the flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica. Specific
      immunolabeling of photoreceptors was found both in the compound eyes and ocelli
      of both species. In the compound eyes histamine-like immunoreactivity (HA-IR) was
      found in all the short visual fibers (photoreceptors R1-6) and one type of long
      visual fiber (photoreceptor R8). In addition, the ocellar photoreceptors also
      show HA-IR. In view of earlier biochemical and pharmacological/physiological
      findings by Elias and Evans (1983) and Hardie (1987) it thus seems likely that
      histamine is a neurotransmitter in insect photoreceptors. Interestingly, the
      second type of long visual fiber (photoreceptor R7) has recently been found to be
      GABA-immunoreactive (Datum et al. 1986). The two types of long visual fibers may
      hence use different transmitters which act on different receptors of the
      postsynaptic neurons in the second visual neuropil, the medulla. In addition to
      the photoreceptors in the retina and ocelli, we found processes of HA-IR neurons
      in one of the optic lobe neuropils, the lobula. This finding indicates that
      histamine may also be a transmitter in certain interneurons in the visual system.

PMID- 2902925
TI  - Mitotic recombination in the rDNA of S. cerevisiae is suppressed by the combined
      action of DNA topoisomerases I and II.
AB  - We have found that mitotic recombination within the S. cerevisiae rDNA cluster
      (200 tandemly repeated 9.1 kb units) is strongly suppressed and that this
      suppression requires the combined action of DNA topoisomerases I and II. Strains
      with a null mutation in the TOP1 gene (encoding topoisomerase I) or a ts mutation
      in the TOP2 gene (encoding topoisomerase II) grown at a semipermissive
      temperature show 50- to 200-fold higher frequencies of mitotic recombination in
      rDNA relative to TOP+ controls. Suppression of recombination is specific to the
      rDNA because the recombination frequency at another tandem array, the CUP1 locus,
      at a simple HIS4 duplication, or among dispersed repeats (MAT and HML or HMR) is
      not elevated in top1 or top2 mutants. The high frequency of mitotic recombination
      within the rDNA cluster in topoisomerase mutants shows that both TOP1 and TOP2
      are required for suppression of recombination in this region of the genome.

PMID- 2902926
TI  - Autoregulation of a Drosophila homeotic selector gene.
AB  - The Deformed (Dfd) gene is a homeotic selector that functions in specifying the
      identity of the mandibular and maxillary segments. We have constructed
      transformed fly strains carrying a Dfd cDNA under the heat-inducible control of
      the hsp70 promoter. With these strains we can induce the ectopic expression of
      Dfd protein in other segments at various stages of embryonic development. We find
      that both early and persistent synthesis of the protein is required for the
      transformation of other body segments toward head segmental identity. The
      persistent expression of the Dfd protein requires an endogenous copy of the Dfd
      gene, and we show that the expression of the endogenous copy can be induced by
      hsDfd expression. This implies that the Dfd protein autoactivates expression from
      the Dfd locus during normal development. The autoactivation circuit supplies a
      simple mechanism that can account, in part, for the stability of the determined
      state controlled by Dfd.

PMID- 2902927
TI  - The pituitary-specific transcription factor GHF-1 is a homeobox-containing
      protein.
AB  - Growth hormone factor 1 (GHF-1) is a pituitary-specific transcription factor that
      plays a critical role in cell type-specific expression of the growth hormone (GH)
      gene. Here, we describe the isolation of bovine and rat GHF-1 cDNA clones. These
      cDNAs encode proteins whose molecular mass, 33K, is identical to purified GHF-1
      and whose sequence agrees with a partial GHF-1 peptide sequence. The predicted
      GHF-1 sequence contains a region, near its C-terminus, that exhibits considerable
      similarity to a homeobox consensus sequence. DNAase I footprinting with
      bacterially expressed fusion protein containing a fragment of GHF-1 encompassing
      the homeobox indicates that this region of the protein functions as its DNA
      binding domain. Expression of GHF-1 is restricted to cells of the somatotropic
      lineage in the pituitary. This remarkable specificity of GHF-1 expression
      correlates with the selective transcription of its target, the GH gene. Other
      mammalian homeobox-containing proteins may function similarly as transcription
      factors controlling cell type-specific expression in other locations.

PMID- 2902929
TI  - Homeobox proteins as sequence-specific transcription factors.

PMID- 2902928
TI  - A tissue-specific transcription factor containing a homeodomain specifies a
      pituitary phenotype.
AB  - Multiple related cis-active elements required for cell-specific activation of the
      rat prolactin gene appear to bind a pituitary-specific positive transcription
      factor(s), referred to as Pit-1. DNA complementary to Pit-1 mRNA, cloned on the
      basis of specific binding to AT-rich cell-specific elements in the rat prolactin
      and growth hormone genes, encodes a 33 kd protein with significant similarity at
      its carboxyl terminus to the homeodomains encoded by Drosophila developmental
      genes. Pit-1 mRNA is expressed exclusively in the anterior pituitary gland in
      both somatotroph and lactotroph cell types, which produce growth hormone and
      prolactin, respectively. Pit-1 expression in heterologous cells (HeLa)
      selectively activates prolactin and growth hormone fusion gene expression,
      suggesting that Pit-1 is sufficient to confer a characteristic pituitary
      phenotype. The structure of Pit-1 and its recognition elements suggests that
      metazoan tissue phenotype is controlled by a family of transcription factors that
      bind to related cis-active elements and contain several highly conserved domains.

PMID- 2902930
TI  - Activation of human T cells with the physiological regulator of protein kinase C.
AB  - We investigated whether sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (diC8) activates highly
      purified human T cells. diC8's signaling activity was also compared with that of
      12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). diC8 and ionomycin were synergistic
      in promoting T-cell proliferation. The proliferative response was dependent upon
      an operational interleukin-2 (IL-2) system and exhibited a high degree of
      specificity; sn-1,2-diC8 was twice as active as racemic-1,2-diC8, and diC8 and
      TPA were not synergistic. diC8's signaling activity differed from that of TPA.
      diC8, unlike TPA, failed to elicit IL-2 receptors or proliferation, independently
      of ionomycin. diC8 also failed to promote the proliferation of T cells signaled
      with anti-CD3 or -CD2 monoclonal antibodies. Two different inhibitors of PKC, 1
      (5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine or staurosporine, inhibited T-cell
      proliferation induced with diC8 and ionomycin, but not with TPA and ionomycin.
      These observations, in addition to demonstrating the differential activity of
      diC8 and TPA, document a signaling role for diacylglycerol in the activation of
      normal T cells.

PMID- 2902931
TI  - Prevention and reversal of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in mice by
      administration of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody at different stages of disease
      development.
AB  - Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) can be induced in CBA/J mice following
      the transfer of spleen cells from mouse thyroglobulin (MTg)-sensitized donors
      that have been activated in vitro with MTg. Since L3T4+ T cells are required to
      transfer EAT in this model, the present study was undertaken to assess the
      effectiveness of the anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) GK1.5 in preventing or
      arresting the development of EAT. Spleen cells from mice given mAb GK1.5 prior to
      sensitization with MTg and adjuvant could not transfer EAT to normal recipients
      and cells from these mice did not proliferate in vitro to MTg. Donor mice given
      GK1.5 before immunization did not develop anti-MTg autoantibody and recipients of
      cells from such mice also produced little anti-MTg. GK1.5 could also prevent the
      proliferation and activation of sensitized effector cell precursors when added to
      in vitro cultures. When a single injection of mAb GK1.5 was given to recipients
      of in vitro-activated spleen cells, EAT was reduced whether the mAb was given
      prior to cell transfer or as late as 19 days after cell transfer. Whereas the
      incidence and severity of EAT was consistently reduced by injecting recipient
      mice with GK1.5, the same mice generally had no reduction in anti-MTg
      autoantibody. Since EAT is consistently induced in control recipients by 14-19
      days after cell transfer, the ability of mAb GK1.5 to inhibit EAT when injected
      14 or 19 days after cell transfer indicates that a single injection of the mAb
      GK1.5 can cause reversal of the histopathologic lesions of EAT in mice. These
      studies further establish the important role of L3T4+ T cells in the pathogenesis
      of EAT in mice and also suggest that therapy with an appropriate mAb may be an
      effective treatment for certain autoimmune diseases even when the therapy is
      initiated late in the course of the disease.

PMID- 2902932
TI  - IL-2 influences the balance between immunity and unresponsiveness in the picryl
      (TNP) contact sensitivity system by blocking the development or action of an Lyt
      2+, I-J+ T suppressor cell.
AB  - Mice injected with antigen (picrylated spleen cells) intravenously fail to
      develop contact sensitivity. However, contact sensitivity occurs if these mice
      are injected with IL-2. This effect of IL-2 was reproduced in vitro by taking
      spleen cells 2 days after injecting antigen intravenously and culturing them with
      either 150 u/ml recombinant IL-2 for 2 days or by pulsing with 600-1200 u/ml IL-2
      at 4 degrees C for 1 hr. After 2 days in culture these antigen-exposed cells
      transfer contact sensitivity to naive recipients in a 24-hr experiment. However,
      the ability of antigen-exposed cells, pulsed with IL-2, to transfer contact
      sensitivity is abolished when they are incubated with unpulsed antigen-exposed
      cells and as few as 1/16 of their number have a significant effect. This
      phenomenon is specific, as normal cell or cells from mice injected with
      oxazolonated cells intravenously have no effect. The suppressor cells were Thy
      1+, Lyt-1-, 2+, I-J+ T cells. It was concluded that IL-2 prevents the
      development/action of antigen-specific T suppressor cells.

PMID- 2902933
TI  - Natural killer cells in rhesus monkeys: properties of effector cells which lyse
      Raji targets.
AB  - Spontaneously occurring natural killer cell activity of rhesus monkey peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells was assayed against five human cell lines, three of which
      were Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive, including the human B cell line Raji. The
      lytic activity to Raji cells was high, significantly higher than to any other
      cell line tested. Raji cells are normally insensitive to spontaneous lysis by
      human NK cells, and the contrasting vigor of the rhesus monkey cytolytic activity
      to Raji prompted us to investigate the properties of this effector cell. We found
      the effector cell-mediating lysis of Raji to be nonadherent and phagocytic with
      lytic activity slightly enhanced in the E-rosette-forming cell (ERFC+) fraction
      and decreased in the ERFC- fraction. Further isolation of FcIgG receptor-positive
      and FcIgG receptor-negative subsets by rosetting resulted in significant
      enrichment of NK activity to Raji in the positive fraction and a loss of activity
      in the negative fraction. Depletion studies with various monoclonal antibodies
      (mAb's) confirmed that nearly all lytic activity was contained in the CD16+ (Leu
      11b+) population, while subsets of effector cells expressed CD2 (9.6) and CD8
      (OKT8). Depletion of CD4 (OKT4)-, HLADR (OKIa)-, or LFA1 (MAC-1)-positive
      populations failed to reduce NK activity. We compared the phenotypic properties
      of alloimmune effector cells exhibiting specificity for allogeneic donor targets
      with those exhibiting lysis of Raji targets. Results indicated that allospecific
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes expressed a CD16-, CD2+ phenotype, a pattern distinct
      from that of the effector cell population recognizing Raji targets. The presence
      of CD2 mAb's in the culture had no effect on NK lytic activity. In contrast, mAbs
      CD8 and Leu 11b were inhibitory. This would suggest a functional role for CD8 and
      FcIgG molecules in the lysis of Raji cells by rhesus effectors. In summary, these
      studies describe a distinct population of effector cells in the blood of rhesus
      monkeys which exhibit spontaneous lytic activity to Raji cells and exhibit the
      properties of NK cells.

PMID- 2902934
TI  - Neonatal tolerance induction to Mlsa. II. T cells induce tolerance to Mlsa.
AB  - We have investigated the ability of murine T cell lines to induce neonatal
      tolerance to Mlsa (minor lymphocyte stimulating). Mlsb mice were injected within
      24 hr of birth with MHC (major histocompatibility complex) identical T cell lines
      generated by culturing responders from Mlsa strains with stimulators from Mlsb
      strains. Injected mice were tested at 6 to 8 weeks of age for responses in either
      primary mixed leukocyte reaction or IL-2 limiting dilution analysis. Mlsa
      specific responses by injected tolerant mice relative to noninjected controls
      were reduced by 92-98% in MLR and by 2- to 10-fold in IL-2 LDA. In contrast,
      responses against third-party MHC antigens by either the injected or the
      noninjected mice were identical. Fifty percent of all mice injected with the T
      cell lines were tolerant to Mlsa. These results strongly suggest that murine T
      cells express the Mlsa gene product.

PMID- 2902935
TI  - Selective decrease in Leu8-negative T cell subpopulations following treatment
      with recombinant interferon-alpha 2a (rIFN-alpha 2a).
AB  - The effects of in vivo treatment with recombinant human IFN-alpha 2a (rIFN-alpha
      2a) on the distribution of T cell subpopulations were examined in 21 patients
      with renal cell adenocarcinoma, using two-color flow cytometry with anti-Leu8 in
      combination with anti-Leu2 and anti-Leu3. Other parameters indicative of immune
      status, such as the number and percentage of total (CD3) T cells, in vitro
      proliferation to mitogen, and spontaneous immunoglobulin secretion, were also
      measured, prior to the initiation of treatment with rIFN-alpha 2a, and during
      treatment. Total T cell number decreased after treatment with rIFN-alpha 2a, to a
      low of 54% of mean pretreatment values after 4 weeks. The CD4/CD8 ratio did not
      change appreciably following treatment with rIFN-alpha 2a. However, the number of
      Leu8-negative T cells, within both the CD4 and the CD8 T cell populations,
      decreased more than the number of Leu8-positive T cells. An increase in
      spontaneous immunoglobulin-secreting cells followed treatment with rIFN-alpha 2a.

PMID- 2902937
TI  - The in-vitro activity of three long-acting cephalosporins against Bacteroides
      fragilis, Peptostreptococcus species and Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - The in-vitro activity of three long-acting cephalosporins (cefotetan, cefonicid
      and ceftriaxone) was compared against 206 clinical isolates of Bacteroides
      fragilis, Peptostreptococcus species and Clostridium perfringens, using an agar
      dilution procedure to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).
      Clindamycin was included as a comparator. Cefotetan was much more active than the
      two other cephalosporins against strains of Bacteroides fragilis (MIC90 16 mg/l
      compared with greater than 128 mg/l for the other two agents). Cefotetan also
      demonstrated superior activity against anaerobic cocci. All three compounds
      showed good activity against strains of Clostridium perfringens. Clindamycin was
      active against all of the test strains.

PMID- 2902936
TI  - Ammonium ions and glutamine inhibit sporulation of Coprinus cinereus basidia
      assayed in vitro.
AB  - Basidia of Coprinus cinereus (Schaeff.:Fr) S. F. Gray are committed to their
      developmental pathway, continuing through meiosis and sporulation even when
      excised from their parental fruit body. A technique is described which permits
      this in vitro differentiation to be used as a rapid, small-scale bioassay for
      chemicals which interfere with these morphogenetic processes. Of a range of
      compounds tested, only ammonium and glutamine, and some structural analogues,
      were able to inhibit basidium differentiation. Growth was not inhibited; instead
      the differentiation inhibitors caused vegetative hyphal tips to grow out from
      regions of the basidial apparatus expected to be in active growth during
      sporulation. Depending on the stage reached at the time of exposure to the
      inhibitors, vegetative hyphal tips emerged from the four apical sites for
      sterigmata, from the tips of sterigmata, from partially formed or abnormal
      spores, and from the basal regions of the basidium from which paraphyses would be
      expected to arise. The experiments show that ammonium ions and glutamine halt
      meiocyte differentiation. Reports of similar effects in other organisms, animals
      and plants as well as fungi, may imply that sporulation events are generally
      sensitive to ammonium inhibition.

PMID- 2902938
TI  - The role of N-sulfation in the N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-mediated outgrowth
      of diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocytes to gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      positive foci in male rat liver.
AB  - The ability of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) to promote the
      appearance of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive (GGT+) foci initiated by
      diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was studied in a slightly modified Solt and Farber
      protocol. This protocol consisted of the following treatments: initiation with a
      single dose of DEN followed by selection/promotion with several non-necrogenic
      doses of N-OH-AAF and partial hepatectomy. Treatment with N-OH-AAF resulted in a
      25-fold increase of the liver volume occupied by GGT+ cells as compared to
      controls. The role of N-sulfation of N-OH-AAF in the GGT+ foci-selecting activity
      of N-OH-AAF was studied using the sulfotransferase inhibitor pentachlorophenol
      (PCP). Inhibition of the N-sulfation pathway with PCP during selection with N-OH
      AAF resulted in a greater than 80% decrease in the volume occupied by GGT+ cells,
      without effects on the number of GGT+ foci generated with this protocol. Also,
      PCP reduced the number of so called oval and bile duct cells generated by the N
      OH-AAF/partial hepatectomy treatment. It is concluded that N-sulfation of N-OH
      AAF is responsible for the N-OH-AAF-mediated outgrowth of DEN-initiated
      hepatocytes to preneoplastic GGT+ foci.

PMID- 2902939
TI  - The HuT series of 'carcinogen-transformed' human fibroblast cell lines are
      derived from the human fibrosarcoma cell line 8387.
AB  - In 1977 Kakunaga reported the carcinogen-induced transformation of the diploid
      human fibroblast cell line KD into focus-forming, morphologically altered cells.
      Cell lines were developed from 15 individual foci. These exhibited an infinite
      lifespan in culture and all those that were tested (7/7) formed malignant tumors
      (sarcomas) in athymic mice. The existing cell lines, designated HuT-11 to HuT-14,
      have been studied intensively during the past decade as examples of human
      fibroblasts malignantly transformed by treatment with a chemical carcinogen, 4
      nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Recently, in comparing the HuT-11, HuT-12 and HuT-14 cell
      lines with KD cells, McCormick and Maher (Mutat. Res., 199, 273-291, 1988) found
      evidence that the malignant cells could not have been derived from the latter.
      But, this did not rule out the possibility that as the target cells for his
      original study of carcinogen-induced transformation, Kakunaga had inadvertently
      used cells from some other, unidentified normal individual. Since the donor of
      such cells would not be known and the original cell line was not available, it
      would be impossible to determine the degree of identity between such a target
      cell line and the HuT cell lines. However, in the course of examining methods for
      such testing, we recently became aware that the isozyme pattern of these HuT cell
      lines was identical to that of the human fibrosarcoma-derived cell line 8387
      established in 1966. We here report that the HuT cell lines and the 8387 cell
      line also exhibit an identical series of HLA determinants and identical
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Assuming that each of these
      three assays measures independently inherited characteristics, the chance that an
      unrelated donor of the fibroblasts that gave rise to the HuT cell lines happened
      to possess characteristics identical to those of the patient whose fibrosarcoma
      gave rise to the 8387 cell line is 1 x 10(-8). Therefore, we conclude that 8387
      cells are the source of the malignant cells designated HuT from Kakunaga's
      original transformation experiment. Additional RFLP analysis, using a probe made
      from M13 bacteriophage DNA which detects a hyperpolymorphic 'minisatellite'
      pattern in human DNA, also showed that DNA from HuT-14 cells and from 8387 cells
      exhibit identical banding patterns, indicating that the cell lines were taken
      from the same individual. The latter banding patterns differed from that observed
      with DNA from KD cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2902940
TI  - Comparison of blood-flow velocity waveforms in different coronary artery bypass
      grafts. Sequential saphenous vein grafts and internal mammary artery grafts.
AB  - Characteristics of blood-flow velocities were investigated at different sites in
      two types of coronary artery bypass grafts, sequential saphenous vein grafts
      (SSVG) and internal mammary artery grafts (IMAG). The latter appear to have the
      longest life span. The patency rate of the side-to-side anastomosis of the SSVG
      is better than that of the end-to-side anastomosis. The SSVG was anastomosed to
      the major diagonal branch by side-to-side anastomosis and to the left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) by end-to-side anastomosis in 13 patients who
      had 75-100% and 75-90% stenoses in the LAD and major diagonal branch,
      respectively. IMAG anastomoses were performed to the LAD in 10 patients with 75
      100% stenoses of the artery. The blood-flow velocities were measured by the 20
      MHz, eighty-channel ultrasound pulsed Doppler method during surgery. In six
      patients in the SSVG group, we investigated the configuration of velocity
      profiles at the region just proximal to the side-to-side anastomosis and at the
      bridge portion between the side-to-side and end-to-side anastomosis. In the other
      seven patients, we measured the blood-flow velocity at several centimeters
      proximal to the side-to-side anastomosis and compared it with that in the IMAG.
      At the region just proximal to the side-to-side anastomosis, the velocity profile
      skewed toward the anastomosis side wall in all patients, and the flow velocity
      near the wall opposite to the side-to-side anastomosis was reversed in five of
      six patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2902941
TI  - Cardiovascular and renal hemodynamic effects of intravenous infusions of the
      selective DA1 agonist, fenoldopam, used alone or in combination with dopamine and
      dobutamine.
AB  - Fenoldopam (0.1 and 0.2 microgram/kg/min i.v.) was administered to pentobarbital
      anesthetized dogs alone and combined with dopamine (DA) and dobutamine. Renal
      blood flow, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure were measured. Both dosages of
      fenoldopam increased renal blood flow without altering blood pressure, similar to
      the effects of DA (1 and 2 micrograms/kg/min). Administration of fenoldopam with
      only DA (1 microgram/kg/min) produced further increase in renal blood flow. After
      administration of phenoxybenzamine (15 mg/kg i.v.), DA produced significant
      increments in renal blood flow and reductions in renal vascular resistance when
      compared with experiments without phenoxybenzamine, suggesting even low dosages
      of DA exert alpha-adrenoceptor agonist activity. Dobutamine (2 and 4
      micrograms/kg/min) increased renal blood flow about 37% of that produced by DA.
      Fenoldopam added to dobutamine produced similar increments in renal blood flow as
      DA. Fenoldopam did not affect the increase in cardiac contractile force produced
      by DA and dobutamine. Thus, fenoldopam alone or in combination with DA had no
      advantage over 2 and 4 micrograms/kg/min DA to further increase renal blood flow.
      In contrast, fenoldopam with dobutamine produced greater increments in cardiac
      contractile force than DA and equivalent increases in renal blood flow as DA.

PMID- 2902942
TI  - Assay of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in serum by fluorometry of 4-methoxy-2
      naphthylamine.
AB  - A new fluorometric assay for determining dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV; EC
      3.4.14.5) was developed. The synthetic substrate glycyl-L-proline-4-methoxy-2
      naphthylamide (20 mmol/L), Tris buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 8.3), and serum (20 microL)
      are mixed and incubated. The reaction is stopped with citrate (100 mmol/L, pH
      4.0) and the released 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine is measured fluorometrically. The
      mean value of DPP IV activity in serum for 64 healthy subjects was 58 (SD 16)
      mumol of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine released per liter of serum per minute. The
      proposed procedure is sensitive, rapid, and accurate and can easily be automated.

PMID- 2902943
TI  - Haplotype analysis of classical and mild phenotype of phenylketonuria in the
      German Democratic Republic.
AB  - The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-haplotypes have been analysed
      in 16 families from the northern part of the GDR at risk for classical and mild
      phenylketonuria (PKU). Ten different RFLP haplotypes associated with the normal
      and mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) alleles were identified. Of the 32
      mutant alleles analysed, 29 (90.6%) were associated with haplotypes 1, 2, 3 and
      4; 53.1% of the mutant alleles were linked with haplotype 2. The distribution of
      RFLP haplotypes in 16 patients of clinical different PKU phenotypes (classical
      and mild) is reported.

PMID- 2902944
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: a real association?

PMID- 2902946
TI  - Efficacy of syrup of ipecac-induced emesis for emptying gastric contents.
AB  - Syrup of ipecac (SOI) is a commonly used emetic for toxic ingestions. A
      preliminary study was undertaken to quantify the efficacy of SOI-induced emesis.
      Three groups of adult subjects fasted overnight before ingestion of 1 mCi of Tc
      99m human serum albumin-sucralfate. Sucralfate is minimally absorbed from the
      gastrointestinal tract and has a gastric clearance half-time of 90 minutes,
      approximately equal to that of solid foods. At 5, 30, and 60 minutes after
      ingestion of radiolabeled sucralfate (RSC), subjects were given a standard dose
      of 30 ml SOI and 240 ml of water. Gastrointestinal tract images were obtained
      both at the time of ingestion of RSC and 60 minutes after ingestion of SOI.
      Regions-of-interest were drawn and activity measured over the stomach and small
      bowel with correction for physical decay. Those subjects (N = 10) treated at 5
      minutes after ingestion retained a mean value of 17% of the administered RSC by
      60 minutes. The group (N = 5) treated at 30 minutes after ingestion retained a
      mean value of 41%, while those (N = 5) treated at 60 minutes retained a mean
      value of 56%. The results tend to confirm the efficacy of SOI-induced emesis when
      SOI is given promptly (i.e., 5 minutes) following ingestion, and generally
      support efforts to assure widespread immediate availability of SOI for toxic
      ingestions.

PMID- 2902945
TI  - Zona fasciculata cortical adenoma and adrenal medullary hyperplasia in MEN II
      patient: unique concurrent presentation.
AB  - I-131 MIBG for the localization of pheochromocytoma is a highly specific agent.
      In this case report, an apparent false-positive finding attributed to the
      presence of three zona fasciculata cortical adenomata was ultimately deduced to
      be due to the presence of adrenal medullary hyperplasia in this MEN patient.

PMID- 2902947
TI  - [Therapy of periarthropathies].

PMID- 2902948
TI  - [Untoward side effects of benzodiazepines: dependence and withdrawal syndrome].

PMID- 2902949
TI  - [Neurotransmitter modulation of hunger sensation].

PMID- 2902950
TI  - [Thoracic pain and normal coronary arteries in mitral valve prolapse syndrome].

PMID- 2902951
TI  - [Drug interactions in the treatment of arterial hypertension: an emerging
      problem].

PMID- 2902952
TI  - [Drugs and the thyroid gland].

PMID- 2902953
TI  - [Comparative study of the elimination of several specific renal enzymes in rats
      after oral treatment with cyclosporin A administered in 2 vehicles of different
      nature].

PMID- 2902954
TI  - [Current trends in medical therapy of gastroduodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2902955
TI  - Transport in cells and epithelia. Mechanisms and regulations. Proceedings of the
      9th conference of the European Society for Comparative Physiology and
      Biochemistry. 16-21 August 1987, Copenhagen, Denmark.

PMID- 2902956
TI  - Odd behaviour of Li+ in frog skin ion transport.
AB  - 1. Frog skin epithelium has basolateral K+ channels that normally define the
      basolateral membrane potential between 80 and 100 mV. 2. The membrane mentioned
      also has almost silent chloride channels and a [Na+, K+, 2Cl-] cotransport, the
      latter probably maintains the high Cl- in the capital (also called syncytium)
      cells. 3. If the K+ channels are blocked by Ba2+ (or Li+) it is possible to
      demonstrate potential gating of the chloride channels of the basolateral
      membrane. 4. When the normal K+ channels are blocked, a potential-dependent K+
      conductance slowly emerges. 5. If Li+ is substituted for outside Na+ the skin
      shows potential oscillations of about 40 mV at a frequency of about six per hour.
      6. The anion channel inhibitor Indacrinone stops these oscillations. 7. The role
      of Cl- and K+ channels in these oscillations is discussed. 8. The transepithelial
      inward transport of Li+ requires the presence of Na+ and seems to be due to
      exchange of cellular Li+ against inside Na+ via the basolateral Na+/H+ exchanger.

PMID- 2902957
TI  - Human red cell volume regulation in hypotonic media.
AB  - 1. There is substantial evidence for a volume-sensitive KCl cotransport system in
      young human RBC. 2. The KCl cotransport system becomes latent on cell maturation.
      3. There is a correlation between the activation of the KCl cotransporter by
      either pressure, NEM, ghosting or in certain anemias with disc/cup cell shape
      change. 4. The stretch-activated KCl transporter may be coupled to some component
      of the cell cytoskeleton.

PMID- 2902958
TI  - Volume-activated transport systems in dog red blood cells.
AB  - 1. When dog red blood cells are shrunken or swollen, transport pathways are
      activated that do not function discernibly when the cell is at normal volume.
      Swelling the cells turns on two pathways, a Ca-Na exchanger and a Cl-dependent K
      pathway. 2. Shrinking the cells activates a Na-H antiporter. 3. The passive net
      flow of ions through these transporters is in such a direction as to correct the
      perturbation of cell volume: when the cell water content has returned to normal,
      the transporters turn off. 4. Recently we have investigated agents that can lock
      or fix the volume-responsive transporters in the activated state. Na-H exchange,
      for example, can be fixed in the on position with either glutaraldehyde or N
      phenylmaleimide. 5. Ca-Na exchange can be locked on by the sulfhydryl-oxidizing
      agent, diamide. We have used these effects to investigate the relationships
      between cell volume and the transport mechanisms. 6. It is possible, for
      instance, to distinguish whether certain inhibitors act on the transporters per
      se or on the apparatus that perceives cell volume and communicates with the
      transporters. 7. Furthermore, in the case of the Ca-Na exchanger some indication
      of the membrane polypeptides involved in volume regulation has been possible,
      using radioactive compounds that bind covalently to sulfhydryl groups.

PMID- 2902959
TI  - Na+/H+ exchange and the regulation of intracellular pH in polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes.
AB  - 1. Regulation of the cytoplasmic pH(pHi) was studied in quiescent and activated
      human neutrophils. Acid-loaded unstimulated cells regulate pHi by activating an
      electroneutral Na+/H+ exchange. 2. When activated, neutrophils undergo a biphasic
      change in pHi: an acidification followed by an alkalinization. The latter is due
      to stimulation of the Na+/H+ antiport. 3. The acidification, which is magnified
      in Na+-free or amiloride-containing media, is associated with net H+ efflux from
      the cells. 4. A good correlation exists between cytoplasmic acidification and
      superoxide generation: inhibition of the latter by adenosine, deoxyglucose or
      pertussis toxin also inhibits the pHi changes. 5. Moreover, acidification is
      absent in chronic granulomatous disease patients, which cannot generate
      superoxide. 6. Regulation of pHi is essential for neutrophil function. The oxygen
      dependent bactericidal activity is inhibited upon cytoplasmic acidification. This
      can result from impairment of Na+/H+ exchange, or from influx of exogenous acid
      equivalents. 7. The latter mechanism may account for the inability of neutrophils
      to resolve bacterial infections in abscesses, which are generally made acidic by
      accumulation of organic acids that are by-products of bacterial anaerobic
      metabolism.

PMID- 2902960
TI  - Na/H exchange-dependent cell volume and pH regulation and disturbances.
AB  - 1. The role of Na/H exchange in cell volume and pH regulation is discussed. In
      addition the roles of Cl/HCO3 exchange and system buffers are evaluated as they
      relate to Na/H exchange-dependent changes in cell salt and water content and
      intracellular pH. 2. Data obtained from studies of Amphiuma red blood cells
      showed that in addition to previously reported Na/H exchange dependent volume
      regulation the pathway is also involved in regulating cell pH. 3. These data
      showed that in contrast to volume activated Na/H exchange, when the pathway is pH
      activated it does not deactivate as a function of cell volume. 4. Given what
      appeared to be mutually exclusive volume and pH regulatory functions of the Na/H
      exchange, we hypothesized that the pathway might play a role in hypoxic cell
      swelling (cytotoxic edema). 5. In studies performed on perfused rabbit hearts
      employing 23Na NMR we were able to observe that relative to normoxic controls
      hypoxic hearts exhibited a five-fold increase in intracellular Na content when
      the Na-K pump was inhibited by ouabain and/or K-free perfusate. 6. These studies
      lead us to conclude that hypoxia-induced Na uptake is the result of an increased
      inward Na leak as opposed to decreased Na pumping. 7. Based upon studies with a
      variety of inhibitors of dissipative Na transport, we conclude that the increased
      inward Na leak in hypoxic hearts is via Na/H exchange.

PMID- 2902961
TI  - Solute transport and epithelial cell volume regulation.
AB  - 1. The regulation of epithelial cell volume is an essential requirement for
      normal tissue function and the maintenance of cellular integrity. 2. Renal
      papillary epithelial cells utilize an organic to compensate for the shrinkage
      associated with exposure to hypertonic solutions. 3. These cells synthesize the
      polyol, sorbitol, to increase their intracellular solute content. 4. Sorbitol is
      synthesized from glucose by the enzyme aldose reductase; exposure of the cells to
      hypertonic media causes aldose reductase synthesis and subsequent sorbitol
      generation over a two or three day period. 5. The intracellular signal for the
      formation of aldose reductase is not yet identified.

PMID- 2902962
TI  - Fermentation of polysaccharides and absorption of short chain fatty acids in the
      mammalian hindgut.
AB  - 1. Hindgut volume varies considerably between carnivores, omnivores and
      herbivores. But a common feature in all mammals is an extensive microbial
      fermentation of polysaccharides in the hindgut. Large amounts of short chain
      fatty acids (SCFA) are produced. Total concentrations of SCFA are generally ca
      100 mmol/l. SCFA metabolism contributes considerably to the energy metabolism of
      the animal. 2. In hindgut fermenting herbivores ileal outflow provides fluid and
      the buffering capacity essential for microbial metabolism. 3. SCFA are rapidly
      absorbed. Absorption is passive and, unexpectedly, nearly independent from
      luminal pH. This is attributed to the presence of a constant pH-microclimate at
      the epithelial surface. 4. The permeability of the proximal compared to the
      distal colon of guinea pig is higher for acetate, equal for propionate and lower
      for butyrate. This difference is due to partial absorption of SCFA in the
      dissociated form in the proximal segment. 5. Protons required for SCFA transport
      in the undissociated form may be partially explained by HCO3 accumulation or by
      Na-H exchange. Findings are controversial.

PMID- 2902963
TI  - Transport of Na and Cl across the epithelium of ruminant forestomachs: rumen and
      omasum. A review.
AB  - Rumen: 1. It is generally accepted that sodium and chloride is transported across
      the rumen epithelium of ruminants in the mucosal-serosal direction by an active
      transport mechanism. In all in vitro studies the short circuit current, Isc, was
      significantly lower than the net transport of sodium, JNanet. It was concluded
      that most of the sodium is transported by an electrically silent mechanism. A Na,
      Cl cotransport and/or a double exchange system Na/H and Cl/HCO3 was proposed. 2.
      Recent in vitro studies in our laboratory revealed that the Na/H exchange
      inhibitor amiloride (1 mmol/l) reduced JNanet by 70%. The Na/K/2Cl-cotransport
      inhibitor bumetanide or furosemide (1 mmol/l) had no effect. 3. Replacement of
      permeable anions led to an inhibition of JNanet by 87%. However, under these
      experimental conditions Isc and JNanet were not significantly different. The
      remaining small electrogen transport of sodium was not influenced by mucosal
      amiloride. 4. It is concluded that two transport systems are operating in the
      ruminal epithelium: a Na/H exchange system which accounts for 80-90% of JNanet
      and an electrogen Na transport which is not sensitive against amiloride. Omasum:
      1. The data concerning the transport of sodium and chloride in the omasum are
      very limited. In vivo measurements of flow rates demonstrated that sodium is
      absorbed by the omasum (40-60% of inflow in bull calves, 10-20% in sheep) and
      chloride is secreted. 2. In vitro studies with isolated preparation of sheep
      omasum epithelium demonstrated a net transport of Na and Cl in the mucosal
      serosal direction. JNanet is completely abolished by ouabain (0.1 mmol/1) and
      JClnet by replacement of Na.

PMID- 2902964
TI  - Postnatal development of transport function in the pig intestine.
AB  - 1. In the newborn pig it appears that only prenatally produced enterocytes are
      capable of absorbing large amounts of protein. 2. The ability of the small
      intestine to transport sodium, lysine, lysine containing dipeptides and glucose
      declines markedly during the first week of post natal life. 3. Dexamethosone
      causes a doubling of the sodium dependent portion of alanine uptake. 4. EGF given
      between days three and six of postnatal life increases sucrase and maltase
      activity in the distal region of the small intestine. 5. Weaning induced problems
      are probably not due to direct inhibition of transport properties.

PMID- 2902965
TI  - Modulation of Na and Cl transport by mineralocorticoids.
AB  - 1. The epithelia of the hen lower intestine show a Na-channel, Na-cotransport,
      chloride cells, and chloride absorption and secretion. 2. The short circuit
      current is affected by low salt levels, amiloride, glucose, lysine, leucine,
      galactose, ouabain, bumetanide, aldosterone, dexamethasone and spironolactone. 3.
      The properties of the different sodium and chloride channels are described.

PMID- 2902966
TI  - Transport function and control in bird caeca.
AB  - 1. The paired caeca at the junction of the ileum and rectum help determine the
      ionic composition of the voided excreta. 2. The caeca play a role in the
      transport of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride, the dominant effect being
      that of sodium transport.

PMID- 2902967
TI  - Nervous control of intestinal fluid transport: physiology and pathophysiology.
AB  - 1. The enteric nervous system (10(8) neurones in man) consists of the myentric
      plexus, the submucosal plexus and other minor plexuses. Eighteen different
      chemicals are candidates for the role of neurotransmitters in the ENS. 2. The ENS
      together with the autonomic nervous system and the hormonal system controls gut
      epithelial transport systems.

PMID- 2902968
TI  - The antisecretory factors: inducible proteins which modulate secretion in the
      small intestine.
AB  - 1. Cholera toxin and glucose induce the synthesis of antisecretory factors (ASF)
      of isoelectric points 5.0 and 4.3, respectively, and of a molecular mass of ca
      60,000. 2. ASF, in nanogram amounts, inhibit intestinal secretion induced by
      cholera toxin, Campylobacter toxin, E. coli heat-stable toxin, C. difficile toxin
      A, and Dinophysis toxin. 3. Intraspinal injection of cholera toxin and glucose
      induces the synthesis of pituitary ASF much more effectively than does either
      peroral or intranasal administration. 4. Cholera toxin and glucose seem to act
      synergistically while inducing ASF. 5. Vagotomy abolishes both the intestinal
      effects of ASF and the peroral, but not the intraspinal induction of pituitary
      ASF. 6. ASF has no effect on ion transport across isolated intestinal mucosa from
      either pig or hen. 7. The results suggest that both the induction and the
      intestinal effects of ASF are mediated via the central and intestinal nervous
      system.

PMID- 2902969
TI  - Sodium and chloride transport across the molluscan gut.
AB  - 1. Na+ absorption across Aplysia gut was mediated by a Na+/K+-ATPase located in
      the enterocyte basolateral membrane. 2. In the absence of Na+ in the bathing
      medium, net Cl- absorption across Aplysia gut wall was identical to the SCC. 3.
      Intracellular Cl- was at a lower electrochemical potential in Aplysia enterocytes
      than in either the mucosal or serosal medium. 4. Cl--stimulated ATPase activity
      was localized in the basolateral membrane of Aplysia enterocytes. 5. ATP
      dependent Cl- transport was localized in the basolateral membrane of Aplysia
      enterocytes. 6. In Aplysia gut primary active transport systems for both Na+ and
      Cl- are postulated based on the evidence presented.

PMID- 2902970
TI  - Sodium-coupled sugar and amino acid transport in an acidic microenvironment.
AB  - 1. Nutrient transport mechanisms of lobster hepatopancreatic epithelial brush
      border membrane vesicles (BBMV) are strongly influenced by the acidic nature of
      the tubular lumen. 2. Sodium-dependent glucose uptake by BBMV was electrogenic
      and was stimulated at low pH by reducing sugar transport Ki, without affecting
      JM. 3. Glutamate was largely transported in zwitterionic form at pH 4.0 by an
      electrically silent cotransport mechanism with both Na and Cl. 4. Increased H+
      concentration tripled the apparent membrane permeability to glutamate as well as
      the amino acid transport JM. 5. At pH 4.0 leucine was transported as a cation by
      two dissimilar carrier systems: a Na-independent process shared by polar amino
      acids, and an electroneutral Na-2Cl-dependent mechanism shared with non-polar
      amino acids. 6. A model is proposed for hepatopancreatic BBMV at acidic pH which
      employs ionic chemical gradients and membrane potential as nutrient transport
      driving forces.

PMID- 2902971
TI  - Amino acid transport in the gill epithelium of a marine bivalve.
AB  - 1. Amino acid transport across the intestine of bivalve molluscs is reviewed. 2.
      Transport of alanine or taurine is dependent on the sodium gradient across the
      intestine. 3. The time course of the uptake of alanine into the brush border
      membrane vesicles is also sodium dependent.

PMID- 2902972
TI  - Some major transport mechanisms of insect absorptive epithelia.
AB  - 1. After hormonal stimulation, fluid reabsorption (JV) in locust hindgut from the
      KCl-rich, low-Na primary urine is driven primarily by an unusual mucosal
      electrogenic Cl- pump (JCl). 2. Cyclic-AMP increases JCl and also mucosal K+ and
      basolateral Cl- conductances, so that KCl absorption exceeds that of Na+ in
      rectum but not ileum. 3. Mucosal entry of Na+ occurs by exchange for NH4+ (H+),
      by cotransport with some neutral amino acids, and through putative channels. 4.
      However, transport of proline, the predominant organic substrate, is largely Na
      independent and drives a sizable component of Jv in rectal but not ileal
      segments. 5. There is evidence for hormonal control of Na+ reabsorption in ileum
      but not rectum.

PMID- 2902973
TI  - Problems of interpreting integumental D-glucose fluxes by the integument of
      Schistosoma.
AB  - 1. The parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni can take up glucose across its
      surface at a rate three times higher than the glucose uptake by the mucosal
      border of the rabbit ileum. 2. Washout of tritiated polyethylene glycol (M Wt
      4000) indicated that it was being lost through the integument and that the gut
      contribution is very small. 3. There is a peripheral diffusion resistance that
      will profoundly influence any transepidermal solute transfer.

PMID- 2902974
TI  - Regulation of membrane permeability by vasopressin; activation of the water
      permeability pathway in toad urinary bladder by N-ethyl-maleimide.
AB  - 1. Vasopressin induces a rapid increase in water permeability and stimulates net
      sodium transport in responsive epithelia through the mediation of cAMP. 2. In
      amphibian urinary bladder, the increase in water permeability is dependent on an
      intact cytoskeleton and is associated with the exocytotic insertion of tubular
      vesicles containing particle aggregates (the putative water channels) into the
      apical membrane of the granular epithelial cells. 3. In the toad bladder, mucosal
      addition of NEM, 0.1 mM, elicits a slow and irreversible increase in
      transepithelial water flow, whilst decreasing net sodium transport. 4. The
      hydrosmotic response to mucosal NEM is inhibited by cellular acidification, by
      pretreatment with cytoskeleton-disruptive drugs, and by agents that increase
      cytosolic calcium. 5. Mucosal NEM potentiates the hydrosmotic response to a
      submaximal, but not a maximal, dose of vasopressin. 6. Mucosal NEM, like
      vasopressin, induces both vesicle fusion and the appearance of particle
      aggregates at the granular cell apical surface. 7. NEM, unlike vasopressin, does
      not increase cellular cAMP content. 8. Mucosal NEM appears to increase
      transcellular water flow by activating cellular processes normally triggered by
      vasopressin, at a step beyond cAMP.

PMID- 2902975
TI  - ADH-induced water permeability: what role for the microtubular network?
AB  - 1. ADH-induced intramembrane particle aggregates in the apical membrane of the
      epithelial cells are specifically related to water permeability in the
      epithelium. 2. Colchicine and nocadozole (both of which bind to tubulin) inhibit
      ADH-induced osmotic water flow in the amphibian bladder. 3. Microtubules may be
      involved in the translocation of the aggrephores prior to their insertion into
      the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2902976
TI  - Calcium modulates transepithelial potassium secretion across isolated frog skin.
AB  - 1. Transepithelial K+ movements across isolated frog skin consist of four
      components: (i) a passive component; (ii) an active inward transport of K+ which
      occurs via the epithelial cells; (iii + iv) two active outward-directed
      components, one via the skin glands, the other via the epithelial cells. 2.
      Incubation of frog skin in gluconate Ringer's solution activates the K+ secretion
      via the epithelial cells. 3. A decrease in the Ca2+ activity of the epithelial
      cells increases the K+ permeability of the apical membrane and reduces the K+
      permeability of the basolateral membrane.

PMID- 2902977
TI  - Signalling in taste receptor cells: cAMP-dependent protein kinase causes
      depolarization by closure of 44 pS K-channels.
AB  - 1. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings cytosolic cAMP causes a substantial
      depolarization of taste receptor cells isolated from the frog tongue. The
      depolarization requires the presence of ATP in the cell and is suppressed by
      protein kinase inhibitor. 2. The depolarization also develops in the absence of
      cAMP while the catalytic subunit of the kinase is allowed to diffuse into the
      cell in the presence of ATP. 3. In membrane patches excised from these cells the
      catalytic subunit is found to inactivate K-channels of 44 pS conductance,
      presumably by phosphorylation. 4. It appears that cAMP is one of the
      intracellular messengers in gustatory chemoreception, and that it causes membrane
      depolarization through activation of a protein kinase which controls the activity
      of one set of K-channels.

PMID- 2902978
TI  - Characterization of a purified co-transporting protein.
AB  - 1. A protein of mol weight 280,000 D was isolated and purified by means of a
      furosemide affinity gel. 2. Binding of 3H-bumetanide suggests that the protein is
      identical to the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter. 3. If the protein was reconstituted
      into a planer lipid bilayer, a Cl- -channel of 12 pS and a K+-channel of about
      130 pS was observed. 4. Whether these channel activities represent a co
      purification of channel proteins or whether the channel activity originates from
      the purified and reconstituted co-transporting protein itself was discussed.

PMID- 2902979
TI  - Sodium cotransport systems in epithelial secretion.
AB  - 1. After considering the direct coupling and indirect coupling to the sodium
      gradient in sodium-dependent secretion across epithelia, the properties of the Na
      K-Cl cotransporter involved in active chloride secretion and active chloride
      absorption are summarized. 2. A comparison between cellular mechanism of
      secretion and absorption shows that the direction of transepithelial transport is
      determined mainly by the intracellular localization of sodium cotransport systems
      and sodium-independent leaks. 3. Sodium cotransport systems, performing a similar
      function in various epithelia or species, may provide a powerful model to study
      their function at a molecular level.

PMID- 2902980
TI  - Passive and active transport in the parietal cell.
AB  - 1. Models are presented for (a) HK ATPase acting in the presence of K and Cl
      conductances; (b) a pH regulatory system where Na/H exchange is regulated
      directly by second messenger and the anion exchanger is activated secondarily to
      the rise in cell pH; (c) vesicle fusion and K and Cl conductances activation in
      the gastric parietal cell. 2. It is suggested that H transport involves
      protonation and deprotonation of histidine groups as well as the motion of these
      groups relative to the membrane barrier. 3. The HK ATPase would have a voltage
      generating and voltage sensitive step in the forward direction. 4. Given net
      electroneutrality the K transport reaction would also be charge translocating and
      voltage sensitive.

PMID- 2902981
TI  - Stimulation of NaCl secretion in the rectal gland of the dogfish Squalus
      acanthias.
AB  - 1. The rectal gland of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias) secretes NaCl when
      stimulated by a hormone related to vasointestinal peptide. 2. Patch clamp and
      microelectrode techniques are used to examine the changes in membrane
      conductances occurring with hormonal stimulation. 3. The conductance of the
      "resting" cell is dominated by basolateral K+ channels. 4. Hormonal stimulation
      "opens" apical Cl- channels. 5. This opening of apical chloride channels appears
      to be mediated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of pre-existing closed channels.

PMID- 2902982
TI  - Cholinergic-induced electrolyte transport in rat parotid acini.
AB  - Secretory responses of parotid acini occurring within 10 sec following
      cholinergic stimulation were characterized. 1. Measurement of membrane potentials
      by means of the fluorescent dye diSC3-(5) revealed a value of approximately -59
      mV, which remained unaffected on stimulation. 2. Stimulation caused a rapid net
      loss of 42K+ that was strongly inhibited by the "maxi" K+-channel inhibitor
      "charybdotoxin" present in scorpion venom. 3. It was calculated that the number
      of open "maxi" K+-channels per cell was approximately 40 in the unstimulated
      state and approximately 3000 in the stimulated state. 4. Stimulation caused a
      transient decrease in the acinar ATP content. 5. Intracellular pH (pHi) measured
      by means of the fluorescent dye, BCECF, was dependent upon the presence of
      extracellular HCO3- as well as Na+. Under physiological conditions pHi was 7.27
      and stimulation caused a transient decrease of 0.1 pH units due to HCO3- efflux.
      The decrease was followed by pHi recovery mediated by a Na+/H+ exchange
      mechanism.

PMID- 2902983
TI  - Transport of sulfate and phosphate in small intestine and renal proximal tubule:
      methods and basic properties.
AB  - 1. Isolated brush border membrane vesicles, basolateral membrane vesicles, and
      cultured renal epithelial cells provide good material for studying transport
      systems. 2. The vesicle systems have been used to study the transport of labeled
      phosphate, sodium/phosphate cotransport, sodium/sulfate cotransport, basolateral
      transport of sulfate and basolateral transport of phosphate via anion exchange.
      3. Cultured renal cells show sodium/phosphate cotransport and parathyroid
      dependent inhibition of phosphate transport.

PMID- 2902984
TI  - Role of Ca2+-activated K+ channel in regulation of NaCl reabsorption in thick
      ascending limb of Henle's loop.
AB  - 1. Reabsorption of NaCl in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop involves the
      integrated function of the Na+,K+,Cl- -cotransport system and a Ca2+-activated K+
      channel in the luminal membrane with the Na+,K+-pump and a net Cl- conductance in
      the basolateral membrane. 2. Assay of K+ channel activity after reconstitution
      into phospholipid vesicles shows that the K+ channel is stimulated by Ca2+ in
      physiological concentrations and that its activity is regulated by calmodulin and
      phosphorylation from cAMP dependent protein kinase. 3. For purification luminal
      plasma membrane vesicles are isolated and solubilized in CHAPS. K+ channel
      protein is isolated by affinity chromatography on calmodulin columns. The
      purified protein has high Ca2+-activated K+ channel activity after reconstitution
      into vesicles. 4. The purified K+ channel consists of two proteins of 51 and 36
      kDa. Phosphorylation from cAMP dependent protein kinase stimulates K+ channel
      activity and labels the 51 kDa band. The 36 kDa band is rapidly cleaved by
      trypsin and may be involved in Ca2+ stimulation. 5. Opening of the K+ channel by
      Ca2+ in physiological concentrations and regulation by calmodulin and
      phosphorylation by protein kinase may mediate kinetic and hormonal regulation of
      NaCl transport across the tubule cells in TAL.

PMID- 2902985
TI  - Calcium homeostasis of epithelial cells.
AB  - 1. Cytosolic free Ca2+ is an important regulator of ion transport processes in
      epithelial cells. 2. Free Ca2+ concentration is regulated by a concerted action
      of Ca2+ transport systems in plasma membranes and intracellular organelles. 3.
      These transport systems were studied in intestinal and renal cortical cells with
      emphasis on the transport capacities and Ca2+ affinities. 4. Ca2+ accumulation by
      permeabilized cells was compared to Ca2+ uptake by isolated organelles and
      membrane fractions. 5. Effects induced by cell or organelle isolation methods and
      the influence of temperature and pH on Ca2+ transport capacities were studied.

PMID- 2902986
TI  - Functional reconstitution of an isolated sodium channel from bovine trachea.
AB  - An amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel from bovine trachea was isolated using an
      affinity gel and reconstituted into a planar lipid bilayer. This channel
      exhibited: 1. Fluctuations with long duration opening and closing times, weak
      voltage dependence, and a conductance of 6 pS. 2. Selectivity of at least 100
      fold for Na+ over K+. 3. Saturates at a Na+ concentration of 90 mM. 4. Blocked by
      amiloride, 50% inhibition at 0.1 microM.

PMID- 2902987
TI  - Endocrine components of body fluid homeostasis.
AB  - 1. Linear relationships between plasma osmolality and thirst and vasopressin
      secretion are described in conscious dogs. 2. During water deprivation,
      natriuresis occurs which ameliorates the rise in plasma osmolality. 3. Increases
      in plasma osmolality prevent the stimulation of aldosterone secretion by
      angiotensin II.

PMID- 2902988
TI  - Neurophysiology of body fluid homeostasis.
AB  - 1. Oxytocin as well as vasopressin is released in rats following systemic osmotic
      stimulation. There is evidence that, in the rat, oxytocin is a natriuretic
      hormone. 2. Osmotically-induced activation of oxytocin and vasopressin cells and
      osmotically-induced hormone secretion are diminished by ablation of tissue in the
      region anterior and ventral to the third ventricle (AV3V region). 3. The nature
      and identity of the osmoreceptors subserving oxytocin and vasopressin release are
      discussed.

PMID- 2902989
TI  - Central and systemic antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II in salt and fluid
      balance of birds as compared to mammals.
AB  - 1. Tonicity dominates the release of ADH with similar sensitivities (0.2-1 pg/ml
      per mOsm/kg) for both birds and mammals. 2. There is an inverse relationship
      between the volume of the extracellular fluid compartments and the plasma level
      of ADH. 3. Angiotensin II formation is governed by volume factors. 4. In birds
      the factors reducing the delivery of Na+ to the nephron distal tubules stimulate
      ANGII formation. 5. Mammals have a high vascular constrictor sensitivity to ADH
      and ANGII; there is little or no vascular sensitivity to these in birds. 6. In
      birds and mammals the subfornical organ and other circumventricular organs have
      receptors that specifically bind ANGII. 7. Dog and duck CSF levels of ADH and AII
      indicate their function as specific mediators of intrinsic neuronal systems
      controlling salt and fluid balance.

PMID- 2902990
TI  - The evolvement of signal systems: conformational matching a determining force
      stabilizing families of signal molecules.

PMID- 2902991
TI  - A novel group of sperm activating peptides from the sea urchin Glyptocidaris
      crenularis.
AB  - 1. Six new sperm activating peptides were purified from the egg jelly of the sea
      urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis and their amino acid sequences were determined as
      follows: Ser-Ala-Lys-Leu-Cys-Pro-Gly-Gly-Asn-Cys-Val, Lys-Leu-Cys-Pro-Gly-Gly-Asn
      Cys-Val, Leu-Cys-Pro-Gly-Gly-Asn-Cys-Val, Ser-Phe-Lys-Leu-Cys-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gln-Cys
      Val, Lys-Leu-Cys-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gln-Cys-Val and Leu-Cys-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gln-Cys-Val. 2.
      The peptides were specific for G. crenularis spermatozoa and caused significant
      increases of sperm respiration rates and sperm cyclic nucleotide concentrations
      at concentrations as low as 10(-10) M. 3. The addition of the peptides to intact
      spermatozoa resulted in the change of the apparent mol. wt of a sperm protein
      from 195,000 to 200,000.

PMID- 2902992
TI  - Binding sites for [3H]-acetylcholine and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin in the optic
      ganglion of Loligo pealii.
AB  - 1. In the optic ganglion of Loligo pealii, binding sites for [3H]-acetylcholine
      (KD: 5.2 x 10(-7) M; Bmax: 1.7 x 10(-11) mol/g tissue) and 125I-alpha
      bungarotoxin (KD: 3.3 x 10(-9) M; Bmax: 9.7 x 10(-11) mol/g tissue) were
      observed. 2. Both sites are blocked by nicotinic compounds, but differ
      significantly in their affinity for individual ligands, with the acetylcholine
      site preferentially binding agonists, and the toxin site, antagonists. 3. The
      acetylcholine site is substantially more thermolabile than the toxin site. 4. A
      partial separation of the two binding activities is accomplished by sucrose
      density centrifugation. 5. These observations and a comparison with other tissues
      (Torpedo californica electroplaque; chick optic lobe; rat brain) suggest the
      presence, in the squid, of more than one kind of neuronal nicotinic receptor.

PMID- 2902993
TI  - Influence of prostaglandins on electrical and mechanical activities of gastric
      muscles of Bufo marinus.
AB  - 1. Study was performed to compare the role of prostaglandins in regulating
      gastric contractile activity in an amphibian model, Bufo marinus, with mammalian
      models. 2. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, had little effect
      on spontaneous mechanical activity, but increased the force and frequency of
      contractions stimulated by acetylcholine. 3. PGE2 reversed the effects of
      indomethacin and reduced the force and frequency of contractions. These effects
      were concentration-dependent. 4. Intracellular measurement of membrane potential
      demonstrated that the effects of PGE2 could be explained by basic effects on
      membrane potential and slow wave activity. 5. The data shown that many
      similarities exist between amphibian and mammalian gastric muscles in terms of
      the regulatory role played by endogenous PGs. It also appears that the mechanisms
      of PGE2 action are similar.

PMID- 2902994
TI  - Effects of cadmium exposure on feeding of freshwater planktonic crustaceans.
AB  - 1. Effects of cadmium exposure (0.010-0.100 ppm) on food consumption and
      assimilation rates of crustacean zooplankton from 2 lakes were studied in
      laboratory using radioisotope (14C) technique. 2. The inhibiting effects were
      significant 48 hr after Cd-exposure, but not after 20 hr exposure. 3. Daphnia
      spp. were the most affected cladocerans; copepods, especially the cyclopoids,
      appeared less sensitive. 4. The decrease in assimilation rates was much more
      marked than in the consumption rates. 5. The 14C-technique offers quick and
      sensitive means of studying the effects of heavy metal toxicity.

PMID- 2902995
TI  - Effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical parameters of
      Daphnia magna: possible implications for reproduction.
AB  - 1. The effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation rates and biochemical
      parameters of Daphnia magna were determined. 2. The consumption and assimilation
      rates of 14 days 1.0 ppb Cd treated animals tended to decrease slightly, the
      decline of these rates at 5.0 ppb Cd (14 days), however, was highly significant
      (P less than 0.001). 3. The assimilation efficiencies of daphnids exposed to
      cadmium did not significantly differ from control. 4. No notable changes in the
      biochemical composition of daphnids could be noticed after 7, 14 and 21 days of
      cadmium exposure. 5. It seems as if not one metabolic process in particular was
      depressed due to cadmium, but metabolic activities seemed to be inhibited on the
      whole. 6. Results are discussed in relation with data of a previous study on the
      reproduction of D. magna under cadmium stress.

PMID- 2902996
TI  - Effects of synthetic biologically active peptides on giant neurones identified in
      the left buccal ganglion of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac).
AB  - 1. The effects of synthetic biologically active peptides, including Met
      enkephalin, substance P, oxytocin, Arg-vasopressin, proctolin and FMRFamide, on
      the following four buccal neurones were examined: d-LBAN (dorsal-left buccal
      anterior neurone), d-LBMN (dorsal-left buccal medial neurone), d-LBCN (dorsal
      left buccal central neurone) and d-LBPN (dorsal-left buccal posterior neurone).
      These peptides were examined at 10(-4) M. 2. Oxytocin excited d-LBAN and slightly
      excited d-LBCN, while this inhibited d-LBMN. Arg-vasopressin excited slightly d
      LBAN and d-LBCN, but this had some times no effect. FMRFamide inhibited d-LBAN,
      and slightly inhibited d-LBCN. 3. No direct synaptic connection from the two
      ventral cerebral giant neurones, v-LCDN and v-RCDN, to the four buccal giant
      neurones was found, though the two cerebral neurones innervate the cerebro-buccal
      connectives.

PMID- 2902997
TI  - Binding properties of sea anemone toxins to sodium channels in the crayfish giant
      axon.
AB  - 1. Effects of four different sea anemone toxins from Anthopleura (AP-A and AP-C),
      Anemonia (ATX II) and Parasicyonis (PaTX), and a scorpion toxin from Leiurus
      (LqTX) on crayfish giant axons were studied. 2. These toxins slowed the Na
      channel inactivation process, inducing a maintained Na current during a
      depolarizing pulse. 3. The binding rates for these toxins markedly decreased
      under depolarization. The decrease in AP-A binding was mainly derived from an
      increased dissociation rate under depolarization whereas that in PaTX binding
      from a reduced association rate. 4. The potential-dependent toxin binding
      kinetics seemed to be related to the gating mechanism of the Na channel. 5.
      Competitive bindings between these toxins were demonstrated.

PMID- 2902998
TI  - The impairment of mobility and development in freshwater snails (Physa fontinalis
      and Lymnaea stagnalis) caused by herbicides.
AB  - 1. The pulmonate freshwater snails Physa and Lymnaea and the earthworms Eisenia
      and Lumbricus can take up and concentrate a carbamate herbicide (chlorpropham).
      2. The mobility of freshwater snails was diminished in the presence of the
      herbicides chlorpropham (carbamate), cycloate (thiocarbamate), pentanochlor
      (amide) and chloroxurone (urea derivate). 3. The egg-assemblies of Lymnaea
      stagnalis turned out to be suitable objects for testing the influences of
      herbicides upon embryonic development. 4. In the presence of chlorpropham,
      chloroxurone, cycloate, propanil, simazine and terbutryne, all applied in
      concentrations lower than in practical use, the period of egg-maturing was
      delayed and the total number of dead embryos increased. 5. Developing snail eggs
      were very sensitive towards triazine herbicides (simazine, terbutryne) reflecting
      in an ED50-value lower than 10(-7) M. 6. Similar herbicidal-induced effects
      suggested that the developing stages of snail embryos may be suitable models for
      the ecologically more important but experimentally less accessible earthworms.

PMID- 2902999
TI  - Acivicin inhibits Crithidia fasciculata growth in a serum-free medium and
      inactivates carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II in vivo.
AB  - 1. Crithidia fasciculata was grown in a serum-free medium. 2. Twenty-six hours
      after addition of 2, 5, 20, 50, and 150 microM acivicin to logarithmically
      growing organisms, cell counts were decreased to 46, 23, 14, 9.1, and 8.6% of the
      control, respectively. 3. Guanosine plus cytidine (0.1 mM each) provided complete
      protection against growth inhibition by 5 microM acivicin. 4. Cells exposed to 10
      microM acivicin showed a time-dependent, irreversible inactivation of L-glutamine
      dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II activity; ammonia-dependent
      synthetase II activity was increased up to 34% of the control. 5. Glutamine (20
      mM) protected the enzyme from inactivation in vivo. 6. These results indicate
      that acivicin acts as an affinity analog of L-glutamine in vivo as it does in
      vitro.

PMID- 2903000
TI  - Inducing effects of chronic administration of isoproterenol on 1-acyl-sn-glycero
      3-phosphate and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferases in rat
      parotid salivary gland.
AB  - 1. In rat parotid gland, chronic administration of isoproterenol caused
      significant increase of linoleic acid and decrease of arachidonic acid at the sn
      2 position of phosphatidylcholine. 2. The activities of 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphate and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferases were increased
      3-8-fold and 2-fold, respectively, in the parotid gland microsomes of
      isoproterenol-treated rat. 3. Furthermore, the specificity of these two enzymes
      for various acyl-CoAs was also changed by administration of isoproterenol. 4. The
      alteration of unsaturated fatty acid composition at the sn-2 position of
      phosphatidylcholine was at least in part due to the change of activity and
      substrate specificity of lysophospholipid acyltransferases.

PMID- 2903001
TI  - Hepatic phase II biotransformation in C57Bl/KsJ db/db mice: comparison to that in
      Swiss Webster and 129 REJ mice.
AB  - 1. Cytochrome P-450 concentrations were similar in male and female carrier (db/+)
      and diabetic (db/db) mice. Benzphetamine N-demethylase and styrene oxide
      hydrolase activities were 47 and 65% lower in db/+ than in db/db mice. 2. UDP
      Glucuronosyltransferase activity toward 1-naphthol, estrone and
      diethylstilbestrol was not different between db/db and db/+, but was 40% higher
      in db/db mice toward testosterone. 3. Glutathione S-transferase activity toward 1
      chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and ethacrynic acid was 47 and 59% lower in db/db mice
      than in male db/+ mice. Female db/+ mice had similar activities to those found in
      diabetic animals. 4. The differences in enzyme activity between hyperinsulinemic
      and normal animals suggest that insulin can influence both phase I and phase II
      biotransformations. 5. Enzyme activities in db/+ and db/db mice were compared to
      those in 129 REJ and Swiss Webster mice.

PMID- 2903002
TI  - Species differences in the hepatic microsomal metabolism of the pyrrolizidine
      alkaloid senecionine.
AB  - 1. The comparative metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) senecionine was
      studied in vitro in incubations of rat, guinea pig, cow, horse, and sheep hepatic
      microsomes. 2. Levels of the toxic pyrrolic metabolite 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1
      hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP) were higher from guinea pig incubations (39.9
      nmol/mg protein) than from other species (range 0.07 to 7.5 nmol/mg); results
      disagree with prior studies which used nonspecific techniques and suggest that
      the guinea pig's resistance to certain PAs may be due to resistance to pyrrole
      toxicity rather than low pyrrole formation. 3. Minor differences in senecionine N
      oxidation and hydrolysis existed between the various species.

PMID- 2903003
TI  - 3-Methylcholanthrene does induce mixed function oxidase activity in
      hepatopancreas of spiny crab Maja crispata.
AB  - 1. Type II inducers (7,8-benzoflavone, benzo(a)-pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene)
      as well as Aroclor 1254, significantly increase benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase
      activity in crab hepatopancreas while type I inducer (phenobarbital) does not
      enhance benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase activity. 2. 3-methylcholanthrene and
      benzo(a)pyrene treatment of crabs significantly increase cytochrome P-450
      content. 3. Benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase induction in hepatopancreas of 3
      methylcholanthrene treated crabs was inhibited by simultaneous treatment with
      cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. 4. Actinomycin D insensitivity can be
      explained involving a regulatory pattern of induction on the posttranscriptional
      and/or translational, rather than transcriptional level.

PMID- 2903004
TI  - The effects of a choline deficiency on the lipid composition and ethanol
      tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - 1. A reduction in the dietary concentration of choline, an essential nutrient for
      Drosophila melanogaster, from the optimal concentration of 80 micrograms/ml of
      defined medium to 8 micrograms/ml diminished the level of tissue
      phosphatidylcholine to less than one-third the normal level in third instar
      larvae without significantly altering the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine. 2.
      The rates of synthesis of phospholipids, triglycerides, diglycerides and
      monoglycerides were reduced by the choline-deficiency, and the chain length of
      fatty acids in lipids was shortened. 3. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase, a
      mitochondrial enzyme, was decreased by the deficiency, but the activities of
      fumarase, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, sn
      glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and fatty acid synthetase were unaffected. A choline
      deficiency did not alter the ultrastructure of mitochondria of larval fat body
      cells. 4. Choline-deficient individuals were more susceptible to the toxic
      effects of ethanol during larval and pupal development, and less adept at
      utilizing ethanol as a substrate for adult tissue synthesis.

PMID- 2903005
TI  - Effect of metopirone-ditartrate on thermogenesis in the guinea-pig.
AB  - 1. Cortisol is the major corticosteroid in the guinea-pig plasma; cortisone is
      detected in minor concentrations. 2. An increase in the plasma cortisol level is
      observed during acute cold exposure. 3. After application of metopirone
      ditartrate the standard metabolic rate is depressed significantly at
      thermoneutrality. 4. In metopirone-treated guinea-pigs the cold-induced increase
      in heat production is depressed by 47% concomitant with a marked drop in body
      temperature. 5. It is concluded that the formation of cortisol is essential for
      regulatory heat production induced by acute cold exposure in the guinea-pig.

PMID- 2903006
TI  - Failure to detect changes in sarcolemma permeability in amphibian muscle
      following severe cellular damage.
AB  - 1. Isolated amphibian hearts and pectoris cutaneous muscles were exposed either
      to DNP or to caffeine, thereby producing severe myofilament damage. 2. No
      accompanying change in sarcolemma permeability was detected by monitoring either
      CK or LDH release or Procion yellow entry in the heart, or by Procion entry in
      amphibian skeletal muscle. 3. The findings are in contrast with mammalian cardiac
      and skeletal muscles, and confirm that the pathways leading to myofilament
      degradation and to the breakdown in sarcolemma organization are separate.

PMID- 2903007
TI  - The effect of intraperitoneally administered gold thioglucose on growth, food
      consumption and accumulation of gold in various organs of the chicken (Gallus
      domesticus).
AB  - 1. Gold thioglucose (GTG) was intraperitoneally injected into 10-day-old male and
      female chickens in a dose of 0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8 mg per gram of body wt. 2.
      Mortality of the GTG-injected chickens was 100% and 25% for doses of 0.8 and 0.4
      mg/gBW respectively, in both sexes and 25% for a dose of 0.2 mg in females, which
      were all found within 14.5 hr after the GTG treatment. 3. Body weight gain, food
      consumption and food efficiency of surviving chickens for 23 days after the GTG
      injection were not affected by GTG in spite of dose level. 4. Gold detected in
      blood, heart, liver, gallbladder, spleen, proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum,
      kidney, pectoral muscle, small intestine, lung and brain of the dead chickens
      accumulated most highly in heart and followed by spleen, but in the surviving
      chicken a little gold was only found in liver, spleen and kidney of some GTG
      treated chickens.

PMID- 2903008
TI  - Oral administration of diltiazem decreases ventilation and metabolism of Syrian
      hamsters.
AB  - 1. Diltiazem at doses of 2.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg caused a reduction of minute
      ventilation of hamsters over a 60 min period compared to saline administration.
      2. The decrease of ventilation was due to a fall in frequency of breathing, but
      predominantly due to a decrease of tidal volume. 3. The pattern of metabolic
      response of hamsters to diltiazem was different to the ventilatory response--but
      metabolic rate was decreased in all animals receiving diltiazem by 60 min
      compared to pregavage values.

PMID- 2903009
TI  - Ocular and cardiac beta-antagonism by timolol prodrugs, timolol and levobunolol.
AB  - Topically applied O-butyryl timolol, O-pivaloyl timolol and levobunolol (0.25
      micrograms) antagonized isoproterenol-induced ocular hypotension for 8 hrs
      whereas timolol (0.25 micrograms) was shorter acting (4 hrs). Timolol (25
      micrograms) produced greater antagonism of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia than
      did O-butyryl and O-pivaloyl timolol (25 micrograms). These results suggest that,
      at similar doses, O-butyryl and O-pivaloyl timolol produce high concentrations of
      timolol in ocular tissues and undergo redistribution more slowly into the
      systemic circulation than does topical timolol. Under certain circumstances,
      prodrugs may provide a mechanism for increasing selectivity and extending the
      duration of action in the target organ as well as decreasing systemic effects.

PMID- 2903010
TI  - Alteration in the histochemical presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and CGRP
      immunoreactivities in the eye following chronic sympathetic or sensory
      denervation.
AB  - Changes in the content of calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) and tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities in the anterior segment of the rat eye were
      assessed histochemically in animals subjected to sympathetic ganglionectomy or to
      chronic sensory denervation induced by neonatal capsaicin treatment. In the
      sympathectomised eyes there was a marked depletion of TH and increase in CGRP
      immunoreactivity while in tissue subjected to sensory denervation the reverse was
      found, raised presence of TH and absence of CGRP-immunostaining. The results
      suggest important neurotrophic influences by the host tissue or a trophic
      interaction of one nerve set on another.

PMID- 2903012
TI  - Almitrine decreases compliance of pulmonary arteries in COPD.

PMID- 2903011
TI  - Localization of the coagulation factor XIII A subunit gene (F13A) to chromosome
      bands 6p24----p25.
AB  - Electrophoretic studies of the genetic variation of the A subunit of coagulation
      factor XIII (F13A) have shown that the A subunits expressed in placenta and in
      the circulation are the products of the same gene locus. In situ hybridization
      studies with a cDNA fragment encoding the amino terminal region of the A subunit
      have localized the gene to bands p24----p25 on chromosome 6. This confirms
      previous studies that showed linkage between F13A and the major
      histocompatibility complex.

PMID- 2903013
TI  - [Current status of the research on blood component transfusion and its clinical
      significance].

PMID- 2903015
TI  - Sulfasalazine-induced abnormal sperm penetration.

PMID- 2903014
TI  - Somatostatin stimulates prostaglandin production by rat gastric epithelial cells
      in vitro, but is not cytoprotective.
AB  - Whether somatostatin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis by gastric cells is
      controversial. Also, it is unknown whether somatostatin protects gastric cells
      against exogenous injury in conditions independent of systemic factors and of
      inhibition of gastric acid secretion. The present study was undertaken (1) to
      evaluate the effect of somatostatin on prostaglandin production by rat gastric
      epithelial cells in monolayer culture and (2) to assess whether somatostatin
      protects gastric cells against taurocholate- and indomethacin-induced damage in
      vitro. Somatostatin at concentrations of 10(-5) M and 10(-4) M significantly
      stimulated PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production by rat gastric epithelial cells
      but was not able to prevent damage induced by sodium taurocholate and
      indomethacin to rat gastric cells in monolayer culture. These results suggest
      that: (1) somatostatin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis by cultured rat gastric
      epithelial cells, but (2) is not directly protective to rat gastric epithelial
      cell monolayers against drug-induced damage in vitro.

PMID- 2903017
TI  - The influence of diffusional barriers on presystemic gut elimination.
AB  - A number of drugs undergo biotransformation in the gut wall or lumen. In many
      cases drug extraction is greater after oral administration compared with
      parenteral administration. This may indicate that the diffusional clearance of
      drug across the blood-mucosa interface is less than that across the lumen-mucosa
      interface. The consequence of diffusional barriers in the gut on presystemic gut
      elimination (PGE) have been investigated by computer simulation of a
      physiological pharmacokinetic model. The following was found regarding a
      diffusional barrier of the blood-mucosa interface: 1) it enhances PGE, 2) it
      invalidates certain pharmacokinetic methods to assess PGE, 3) it makes PGE
      sensitive to changes in drug binding in the blood, and 4) if the diffusional
      barrier exists for the generated metabolite but not for the drug, methods to
      assess drug absorption by comparing area under the curve relationships of the
      metabolite after oral and iv drug administration are inaccurate.

PMID- 2903016
TI  - Distribution of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate, [3H]soman, [3H]sarin, and their
      metabolites in mouse brain.
AB  - The brain area distribution of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate, [3H]soman, and
      [3H]sarin and their metabolites in mice was studied after iv administration of
      sublethal doses. At the appropriate time after the injection of the radiolabeled
      organophosphate, the mice were decapitated and their brains were dissected into
      seven areas. There was a relatively even distribution of the parent compounds and
      their metabolites in all brain areas except the hypothalamus, which contained
      concentrations of parent compounds the metabolites that were 2-5 times greater
      than those in other brain areas. Concentrations of the parent compounds and free
      metabolites declined steadily throughout the time course, whereas concentrations
      of the bound metabolites remained relatively constant between 6 and 24 hr. There
      was no correlation between the disposition of soman, and its metabolites, and
      cholinesterase inhibition in brain areas, which implicates other central
      mechanisms in the production of organophosphate effects. However, the higher
      concentrations of organophosphates and their metabolites in the hypothalamus
      suggest that this area might be important with respect to the pharmacological
      effects or the toxicity of these compounds.

PMID- 2903019
TI  - The disposition of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate in guinea pigs after
      inhalation.
AB  - The disposition of the organophosphate anticholinesterase,
      diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), was studied in guinea pigs after inhalation
      exposure. The tissue disposition of [3H]DFP and its metabolites was determined in
      the major tissues of the guinea pig from 5 min to 24 hr after treatment. [3H]DFP
      rapidly penetrated all tissues, where it was quickly hydrolyzed to the inactive
      metabolite, free [3H]diisopropylphosphoric acid ([3H]DIP), or was covalently
      bound to tissue in the form of bound [3H]DIP. Tissue concentrations of [3H]DFP
      and free [3H]DIP followed a biphasic curve, with an initial phase representing a
      very rapid decrease in tissue concentrations, followed by a slower phase of
      tissue clearance. Concentrations of free [3H]DIP generally exceeded those of
      [3H]DFP; however, by 4 hr the greater portion of the radioactivity in all the
      tissues was in the form of bound [3H]DIP. Bound [3H]DIP levels did not follow a
      biphasic clearance curve and declined at a slower rate than [3H]DFP and free
      [3H]DIP tissue levels. By 5 min the greatest accumulation of bound [3H]DIP
      occurred in the liver (nearly 20% of the total body burden), with a noticeably
      small amount in the brain (0.1%). Tissue concentrations of nonextractable
      radioactivity, thought to be [3H]monoisopropylphosphoric acid ([3H]MIP), were
      appreciable and persistent throughout the time course. Total cholinesterase
      activity in the brain and red blood cells was inhibited by about 90%, with plasma
      pseudo- and true cholinesterase activity inhibited by 99 and 97%, respectively.
      The time course of recovery of enzyme activity in these tissues failed to
      correlate with the respective tissue levels of either bound [3H]DIP or
      [3H]MIP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903018
TI  - Effect of galactosamine-induced hepatic UDP-glucuronic acid depletion on
      acetaminophen elimination in rats. Dispositional differences between hepatically
      and extrahepatically formed glucuronides of acetaminophen and other chemicals.
AB  - Galactosamine (GAL) markedly depletes hepatic UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GA)
      whereas extrahepatic UDP-GA is minimally affected. This suggests that GAL
      predominantly inhibits hepatic glucuronidation. Therefore, the effect of GAL
      induced hepatic UDP-GA depletion was examined in bile duct-cannulated rats to
      determine the role of hepatic glucuronidation in the disposition of acetaminophen
      (AA). GAL markedly altered the fate of AA-glucuronide but had little or no effect
      upon other AA metabolites. GAL decreased the biliary excretion of AA-glucuronide
      up to 92%, whereas reductions in blood levels and urinary excretion of AA
      glucuronide did not exceed 50%. This suggests that AA-glucuronide excreted in
      bile is predominantly of hepatic origin whereas AA-glucuronide found in blood and
      urine is derived from both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. Data in the present
      and previous studies [Gregus, Watkins, Thompson, Klaassen: J. Pharmacol. Exp.
      Ther. 225, 256, (1983)] indicate that GAL greatly reduced the biliary excretion
      of AA- and valproic acid-glucuronide whereas the biliary excretion of the
      glucuronides of phenolphthalein, iopanoic acid, bilirubin, and diethylstilbestrol
      was only partially decreased. This difference appears to be largely due to
      differential contributions by the liver and extrahepatic tissues in the
      glucuronidation of various compounds as well as the availability of glucuronides
      formed in extrahepatic tissues for biliary excretion. Specifically, the
      extrahepatically formed glucuronide conjugates of AA and valproic acid are not
      readily available for biliary excretion whereas the glucuronides of the other
      compounds are readily excreted into bile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903020
TI  - Enantioselective disposition and protein binding of [(5,6-dichloro-9a-propyl-3
      oxo-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-1-H-fluoren-7 -yl)-oxy] acetic acid, a new cerebral
      antiedemic agent, in rats.
AB  - [(5,6-Dichloro-9a-propyl-3-oxo-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-1-H-fluoren-7-y l)-oxy] acetic
      acid (DPOFA) is an agent capable of reducing the swelling of astroglial cells in
      brain tissues. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the (R)-(+)-form of DPOFA
      is more effective than its (S)-(-)-form in inhibiting tissue swelling. The
      purpose of this study is to compare the elimination kinetics of the enantiomers.
      A new stereoselective HPLC procedure was developed for the simultaneous
      quantitation of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-enantiomers in plasma and bile samples.
      After iv administration of the racemic mixture (40 mg/kg), rats cleared the (R)
      (+)-enantiomer more rapidly than the (S)-(-)-isomer; time-averaged total plasma
      clearances were 8.88 +/- 0.55 and 4.20 +/- 0.70 ml/min/kg (mean +/- SD),
      respectively. Similar results were observed when the individual isomers were
      administered (20 mg/kg iv). Both (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-enantiomers were highly
      bound to plasma protein. The (R)-(+)-isomer had a higher unbound fraction (2%)
      than did the (S)-(-)-enantiomer (0.8%). The intrinsic clearance of unbound drug
      for (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-enantiomers were 434 +/- 27 and 490 +/- 84 ml/min/kg,
      respectively, suggesting that the differences in the elimination of the
      enantiomers in rats were attributable to stereoselectivity in plasma protein
      binding rather than to enzyme activity. In vitro studies with isolated
      hepatocytes supported the hypothesis that there was no stereoselectivity in
      metabolism of the enantiomers.

PMID- 2903021
TI  - Dose-response behavior of the induction of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by
      phenobarbital in the dog.
AB  - Three-week dosing periods at one of six oral phenobarbital doses between 15 and
      400 mg/day were used to achieve steady states for induction of plasma alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein concentration (AGP) in beagle dogs. In this way, the
      characteristics of the dose-response relationship between phenobarbital
      concentration and the extent of induction could be evaluated. With the 400 mg/day
      dose of phenobarbital, AGP increased nearly 13-fold. The response of AGP was
      found to depend on the square of the phenobarbital concentration. Analysis of the
      decay of AGP when phenobarbital dosing was discontinued showed a kinetic pattern
      governed by multiple rate processes. This was the result of persistence of the
      phenobarbital, the turnover of some metabolic precursor to AGP, and the turnover
      of AGP itself.

PMID- 2903022
TI  - Ascorbic acid deficiency and hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase.
AB  - The effect of dietary ascorbic acid on hepatic microsomal UDP
      glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT) activity towards p-aminophenol, bilirubin, and
      acetaminophen was investigated. Ascorbate deficiency produced a 33% reduction in
      the specific activity of UDPGT towards p-aminophenol, whereas there was no
      difference between microsomes from ascorbate-deficient and supplemented guinea
      pigs in the activity towards bilirubin and acetaminophen. This suggests that the
      effect of the vitamin is on a specific isozyme. This reduction was correlated
      with the reduced quantity of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, which has been
      previously reported for ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs. No difference was found
      in the apparent affinity for the substrate, p-aminophenol, or the cofactor, UDP
      glucuronic acid. Differences in microsomal UDPGT activity towards p-aminophenol
      occurred between the two groups with membrane-perturbing processes such as
      sonication and Triton X-100. Sonication and magnesium chloride were found to
      increase activity 329% in ascorbate-supplemented animals and 138% in the
      ascorbate-deficient group. The addition of ascorbate acid in vitro, or its analog
      d-isoascorbic acid, could protect against the detrimental effects of excess
      substrate by maintaining a linear enzymatic rate over a 30-min time period; there
      was no significant effect on the initial rate of hepatic microsomal UDPGT
      activity in the ascorbate-supplemented animals whereas there was a significant
      increase in the ascorbate-deficient group. Glutathione was as effective as
      ascorbic acid in protecting against the detrimental effects of excess substrate
      whereas cysteine and dimethyltetrapteridine were only partially effective.
      Ascorbyl-2-sulfate and alpha-tocopherol had no significant effect.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903023
TI  - Distribution of microsomal monooxygenases in the rabbit respiratory tract.
AB  - The distribution of microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes 2, 4, 5, and 6 and the
      pulmonary FAD-containing monooxygenase was determined in 10 different anatomical
      regions of the respiratory tract using immunoblot analysis and enzymatic assays.
      Cytochrome P-450 isozymes 2 and 5 and the FAD-containing monooxygenase were
      detected by immunoblotting in all of the pulmonary and nasal samples, although
      levels in nasal tissues were generally much lower than those levels found in the
      lung. Cytochrome P-450 isozyme 4, which is generally not present in extrahepatic
      tissues, was detected in nasal ethmoturbinates and mucosa. Different isozymes of
      cytochrome P-450 appear to be responsible for the N-demethylation of
      benzphetamine in lung as compared with nasal tissues. Isozyme 2 is responsible
      for the N-demethylation of benzphetamine in the lung, whereas another isozyme,
      possibly isozyme 3a is responsible for N-demethylation in nasal tissues. The
      presence of isozyme 3a in nasal samples was indicated by the presence of high
      rates of aniline hydroxylation.

PMID- 2903024
TI  - Species-dependent binding of disopyramide enantiomers.
AB  - Serum protein binding of the basic enantiomers of disopyramide were studied in
      several animal species. (S)-(+)-Disopyramide was more highly bound than the (R)-(
      )-enantiomer to serum protein in the man, gorilla, and pig. The reverse was true
      in cow serum, and in serum and albumin from sheep. Enantioselective differences
      in binding were due to differences in association constants. No enantioselective
      differences in binding were observed in serum protein from horse and goat, or in
      albumin from cow and pig. Disopyramide was highly bound to two sites on horse
      albumin. The association constant characterizing the binding of disopyramide to
      the first (major) site on horse albumin was 1.3 x 10(7) M-1. At predialysis
      concentrations of 10(-7) M, tris-(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate displaced disopyramide
      from sites on horse albumin and from sites on serum protein from the horse, man,
      gorilla, cow, and pig. At predialysis concentrations of 10(-5) M, warfarin and
      diazepam had no effect on disopyramide binding in these animal species. It is
      concluded that the enantioselective binding of disopyramide is species dependent,
      the site that is responsible for the moderate to high binding of disopyramide
      enantiomers is probably located on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and the sites that
      bind disopyramide in the horse are located on albumin and may be unique.

PMID- 2903025
TI  - Disposition and metabolism of prinomide in laboratory animals.
AB  - The disposition and metabolism of prinomide, the 1:1 triethanolamine salt of 1
      methyl-beta-oxo-alpha-(phenylcarbamoyl)-2-pyrrolepropionitrile (CGS 10787B), have
      been investigated in a number of animal species after single and multiple oral
      dosing with 14C-labeled and unlabeled drug. After single oral doses of 25 to 50
      mg/kg of [14C]prinomide to mice, rats, hamsters, dogs, cynomolgus monkeys, and
      baboons, radioactivity was excreted primarily in urine, in the form of
      metabolites. However, in the mouse and monkey, fecal excretion was also
      significant. In the cynomolgus monkey, a radioactive dose of drug administered
      after multiple doses of unlabeled drug gave rise to peak plasma concentrations of
      radioactivity within 1 to 6 hr. Prinomide accounted for approximately 69% of this
      radioactivity. The terminal plasma half-life of the drug was 24 to 41 hr. Studies
      in rats with [14C]prinomide indicated that radioactivity was distributed rapidly
      to all tissues, with the highest levels being observed in blood and well perfused
      organs and tissues. The lowest levels were detected in fat, eyes, and brain.
      Tissue levels declined to less than 6% of peak values by 48 hr after dosing, the
      only exceptions being fat and kidney, which retained 14 and 17% of peak
      radioactivity, respectively. The metabolism of prinomide was qualitatively
      similar in all species investigated. Major metabolites identified were the phenyl
      ring p-hydroxy, M1, and the bicyclic spiro, M2, derivatives of the parent drug.
      Other common metabolites were M3, the phenyl ring p-hydroxy analog of M2 and a
      complete rearrangement product in the form of a succinimide derivative,
      M4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903026
TI  - Coordinated maternal imprinting and paternal genotype determined the ultimate
      level of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and associated monooxygenase activities.
AB  - To understand the pre- and postnatal maternal influence on hepatic drug
      metabolism later in adult life, we have chosen to study the mouse hybrid (129/sv
      x LS) offspring derived from contrasting parental lines in a designated maternal
      environment. Results of these studies revealed that the following: 1) sex of the
      offspring was the major determinant for cytochrome P-450-specific content and for
      the activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, testosterone 16 alpha-hydroxylase,
      acetanilide hydroxylase, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase; 2) maternal factor(s)
      affected cytochrome P-450-specific content and the activities of acetanilide
      hydroxylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase but not of testosterone 15 alpha-
      and 16 alpha-hydroxylases or NADPH-cytochrome c reductase; 3) superimposed upon
      sex and maternal determination, paternal genotype significantly contributed to
      adult hepatic cytochrome P-450-specific content; 4) interactions between sex of
      the offspring and maternal factor(s) accounted for the development of
      testosterone 15 alpha- and 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities later in adult life;
      and 5) with the exception of testosterone 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity, other
      yet undefined factors, including the paternal genotype, contributed to most of
      the measured hepatic monooxygenase activities. The mechanism of coordinated
      maternal imprinting and paternal genotype in determining the levels of hepatic
      cytochrome P-450 and its associated monooxygenase activities is discussed.

PMID- 2903027
TI  - Foreign compound metabolism studies with human liver obtained as surgical waste.
      Relation to donor characteristics and effects of tissue storage.
AB  - An investigation has been conducted on the foreign compound-metabolizing activity
      of human liver collected fresh from surgery or at autopsy from cadavers 3 to 18
      hr old, and the effects of low temperature storage on the foreign compound
      metabolizing activity of fresh human liver. The enzyme activities studied were
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, biphenyl 4-hydroxylation, benzo-(a)pyrene
      metabolism, halothane reduction, and 4-hydroxybiphenyl UDP-glucuronosyl
      transferase, as well as cytosolic thiopurine methyltransferase, thermostable (TS)
      phenolsulfotransferase, thermolabile (TL) phenolsulfotransferase, and 5
      fluorouracil dehydrogenase. Cadaver liver was a poor source of material for
      metabolism studies with the majority of the enzymes investigated. There was an
      84% decrease in the yield of microsomal protein, a 64% decrease in cytochrome P
      450 content per mg of microsomal protein, and a 36% decrease in the biphenyl 4
      hydroxylase specific activity in human cadaver liver that was a few hours old.
      UDP-glucuronosyl transferase showed a 70% decrease, TS phenolsulfotransferase a
      84% decrease, TL phenolsulfotransferase a 97% decrease, and thiopurine
      methyltransferase no significant change in specific activity. The loss of
      activity for many of these enzymes could be simulated by keeping fresh human
      liver at the temperature of the body after death. Surgical waste provided a good
      source of fresh, histologically normal, human liver for metabolism studies.
      Microsomal cytochrome P-450 content showed a significant increase with the age of
      the liver donor. Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene to 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and
      benzo(a)pyrene-7,8- and -9,10-diols showed up to 136% higher rates in fresh liver
      microsomes from female donors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903028
TI  - Cellular and subcellular localization of a binding protein for polychlorinated
      biphenyls in rat lung.
AB  - Enriched cell populations from rat lung were isolated by use of elutriation. An
      in vitro ligand binding assay as well as a Western immunoblot assay were used to
      determine the levels of a binding protein for certain polychlorinated biphenyls
      (PCBs) in cytosolic preparations from these cell populations. The cell population
      enriched in Clara cells (30% Clara cells) contained by far the largest amount of
      the PCB-binding protein, 759 +/- 81 pmol/mg of cytosolic protein as judged by an
      in vitro ligand binding assay. Western immunoblot analysis of cytosolic
      preparations from the enriched cell preparations, using antibodies to the PCB
      binding protein, showed levels of immunoreactive material in these fractions that
      corresponded to the level of the PCB-binding protein as determined by the in
      vitro ligand binding assay. By use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of
      immunoperoxidase staining, antibodies to the PCB-binding protein were found to
      stain the Clara cells in sections of paraffin-embedded rat lungs. Intense
      immunoperoxidase staining of the material lining the airway epithelium was also
      observed. The protein was predominantly localized to the secretory granules in
      the apical cytoplasm of the Clara cells as determined using antibodies to the
      protein, protein A-gold, and electron microscopy. Previous studies have shown a
      selective in vivo accumulation of methylsulfonyl-PCBs in Clara cells of rodent
      lung and the present investigation, demonstrating the presence in the Clara cells
      of a secretory Mr 13,000 protein that binds methylsulfonyl-PCBs with high
      affinity, gives further support to the contention that the protein is an
      important factor in determining the in vivo disposition of these compounds.

PMID- 2903029
TI  - Metabolism of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by liver microsomes from male and
      female rats. Simultaneous quantitation of DEET and its metabolites by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple and sensitive HPLC procedure was developed to separate and quantitate
      N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and its in vitro metabolites using a gradient
      elution, a reversed phase C18 column, and an internal standard. This procedure
      was applied to examine the metabolism of this insect repellent in liver
      microsomes from normal (untreated) male and female Wistar rats. At a pH of 8.6
      and at a substrate concentration of 200 microM, the microsomal preparations from
      males degraded DEET faster than did those from females. The half-life of DEET was
      10 min and 15 min, respectively. The benzylic methyl hydroxylated metabolite and
      the N-deethylated metabolite were determined over 2 hr in fortified microsomal
      suspensions. Rate constants for appearance of the metabolites showed
      significantly higher values for males than for females. These observations
      suggests that a sex difference may be present in the metabolism of DEET.

PMID- 2903030
TI  - Metabolism of diazepam in vitro by human liver. Independent variability of N
      demethylation and C3-hydroxylation.
AB  - The interindividual variability of diazepam metabolism was studied using human
      livers. The formation of N-desmethyldiazepam (NDZ) and 3-hydroxydiazepam
      (temazepam, TMZ), was monitored by gas chromatography. In 10 livers, Km values
      for NDZ and TMZ formation varied independently from each other, each by a factor
      of 4, from 100 to 400 microM. This variability is consistent with the presence of
      at least two different cytochrome P-450 species controlling formation of these
      metabolites. In the same livers, Vmax for NDZ and TMZ production varied 6-fold
      and 15-fold, respectively.

PMID- 2903031
TI  - Biopharmaceutical characterization of 450191-S, a ring-opened derivative of 1,4
      benzodiazepine. II. Evidence for reduced first-pass extraction by rat liver.
AB  - The new hypnotic, 5-[(2-aminoacetamido)methyl]-1-[p-chloro-2-(o-
      chlorobenzoyl)phenyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride
      dihydrate (450191-S), is a ring-opened derivative of 1,4-benzodiazepine that is
      activated by spontaneous cyclization via a labile desglycylated metabolite
      (191DG). Pharmacokinetic comparison between 450191-S and its primary active
      metabolite, 8-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole[1,5
      a][1,4] benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-1), in rats revealed that higher levels
      of active metabolites were produced after 450191-S administration. To find the
      causes for this, in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed with the focus
      on hepatic uptake. Study of the absorption and distribution of radioactivity
      after intraduodenal administration of [14C]450191-S and [14C]M-1 revealed that
      most of the radioactivity was in the liver, with absorption of M-1 being rapid
      regardless of the dose and the absorption of 450191-S being slower at higher
      doses. Comparison of the portal and systemic metabolite levels showed the hepatic
      first-pass extraction after M-1 administration to be more effective than that
      after 450191-S administration. This was attributed to the labile intermediate,
      191DG, which reduced the first-pass extraction in the liver. This reduction was
      confirmed by pharmacokinetic analysis after portal injection of 191DG in vivo and
      by incubation with liver slices in vitro. Thus, the presence of 191DG improved
      the bioavailability of active metabolites after 450191-S administration.

PMID- 2903032
TI  - Stereoselective N-oxygenation of zimeldine and homozimeldine by the flavin
      containing monooxygenase.
AB  - The metabolism of (Z)- and (E)-zimeldine and (Z)- and (E)-homozimeldine in
      hepatic rat and hog microsomes is described. The major metabolite observed in all
      cases examined was the tertiary amine N-oxide and it was formed at a rate 7-20
      times that of norzimeldine or homonorzimeldine. N-Oxygenation requires NADPH and
      is stimulated by n-octylamine. Thiobenzamide and methimazole significantly
      inhibit N-oxide formation whereas heat pretreatment of microsomes completely
      abolishes N-oxide formation, strongly suggesting that zimeldine N-oxygenation if
      solely dependent on the flavin-containing monooxygenase. Hog liver microsomes N
      oxygenate the Z-allylic and homoallylic tertiary amines in marked preference to
      the E-isomers, whereas rat liver microsomes N-oxygenate E-isomers to a greater
      extent than Z-isomers. Thus, opposite stereoselectivity for zimeldine N
      oxygenation occurs in rat liver and hog liver microsomes.

PMID- 2903033
TI  - Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in the rat. Influence of route of
      administration.
AB  - The 2-arylpropionic acid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are usually
      administered as racemates. The enantiomers may have different pharmacokinetics
      and the R-isomer may metabolically invert to the S-isomer. To pinpoint the
      kinetics of the inversion and the location in which this metabolic process takes
      place, racemic ketoprofen (KT) was administered to the rat. Using a
      stereospecific HPLC assay, the pharmacokinetics of KT were studied following 10
      mg/kg iv, po, and ip doses of racemic KT to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma
      concentrations were always greater for (S)-KT than for (R)-KT. The mean +/- SD
      AUC S/R ratios were 11.8 +/- 9.93 (N = 5), 11.0 +/- 2.64 (N = 4), and 33.7 +/-
      11.2 (N = 5) after iv, ip, and po doses, respectively. Bile duct-cannulated rats
      (N = 4) had AUCs of 85.4 +/- 58.6 and 22.8 +/- 18.4 (mg/liter) hr for (S)- and
      (R)-KT, respectively. The percentage of conjugated drug recovered in bile was
      77.9 +/- 3.77 and 11.4 +/- 2.48% of the dose as (S)- and (R)-KT, respectively.
      The data indicate 1) substantial stereoselectivity, 2) presystemic
      gastrointestinal and systemic inversion of (R)- to (S)-KT, 3) extensive
      elimination of drug through bile in rats, and 4) extensive reabsorption
      subsequent to biliary excretion.

PMID- 2903034
TI  - Substrate specificity and enantioselectivity of arylcarboxylic acid
      glucuronidation.
AB  - A general and sensitive HPLC method using a precolumn switching system was
      developed for the separation and quantification of the individual
      diastereoisomeric glucuronides of the 2-phenylpropionic acid optical isomers.
      Kinetic properties of rat liver glucuronidation of several arylcarboxylic acids
      (1- and 2-naphthylacetic acids, clofibric acid, (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-2
      phenylpropionic acids) are characterized. The results show that rat liver
      microsomes glucuronidate 1-naphthylacetic acid more efficiently than its
      regioisomer (higher Vmax/Km ratio because of a 6-fold lower Km value).
      Furthermore, 2-phenylpropionic acid glucuronidation occurs stereoselectively and
      is characterized by an enantiomeric ratio R/S = 1.60. Specific inducers of
      different UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms and the Gunn rat strain are used
      to define the substrate specificity of the conjugation reaction towards
      arylcarboxylic aglycones. Acyl glucuronide formation is induced by phenobarbital.
      Gunn rats are not deficient in conjugation of these arylcarboxylic acids. These
      results indicate that these compounds behave similarly to classically defined
      group 2 substrates. In addition, the stereospecificity of 2-phenylpropionic acid
      conjugation is unchanged by pretreatment of animals with inducers, in vitro
      detergent activation, and enantiomeric inhibition. This suggests that the optical
      isomers of 2-phenylpropionic acid can be either conjugated by the same form or
      very closely regulated forms of UDPGT.

PMID- 2903035
TI  - New aspects of metabolic conjugation of chloramphenicol.
AB  - New and major chloramphenicol (CP) metabolites have been isolated from the urine
      of goats administered [3H]CP. The CP-3-sulfoconjugate has been identified
      formally from its chromatographic behaviour and mass spectrometric analysis, as
      well as from incubations of CP with liver cytosol, using synthetic CP-conjugate
      as reference. Only a strong assumption is made of the identity of the CP-3
      phosphoconjugate.

PMID- 2903037
TI  - Nonlinear tissue distribution of ouabain in rabbits.
AB  - Nonlinear and slow tissue distribution of ouabain was found in rabbits, and the
      contribution of the ouabain binding to Na+,K+-ATPase was also examined in the
      heart. The tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp) of ouabain in each tissue
      increased with time until 120 min. In addition, the Kp also depended on the
      plasma concentration (Cp). In the heart, Kp decreased from 12.6 +/- 1.2 to 1.9 +/
      0.2 with the increase of the Cp from 67.3 +/- 5.0 to 497 +/- d 85.2 nM. These
      data indicate that ouabain distributes slowly into each tissue by a saturable
      process. The specific binding of ouabain to cardiac Na+,K+-ATPase was measured
      using crude homogenates. The dissociation constant and the binding capacity were
      86 nM and 2.3 nmol/ml of 0.5% homogenate, respectively. The tissue-to-plasma
      concentration ratio (Kp,vitro) was constructed based on these binding parameters
      and this explained almost 40% of the Kp obtained in vivo. These results suggest
      that the ouabain binding to Na+,K+-ATPase might play one of the major roles in
      the slow and nonlinear tissue distribution of ouabain in rabbits.

PMID- 2903036
TI  - Possible hemodynamic basis to urethane anesthesia-induced reductions in renal
      clearance.
AB  - The hemodynamic basis of reported urethane anesthesia-induced reductions in the
      clearance of some renally eliminated compounds has been investigated in the
      laboratory rat. The use of urethane as an anesthetic in pharmacokinetic studies
      still persists, particularly in experiments of long duration. Using a microsphere
      technique, the per cent distribution of cardiac output to the kidneys, in both ip
      urethane- and ip Hypnorm/Hypnovel-anesthetized animals was significantly (p less
      than 0.01) lower than that observed in ip pentobarbital-anesthetized animals.
      However, the cardiac index in the Hypnorm/Hypnovel-anesthetized animals was 42%
      greater (p less than 0.01) than in the pentobarbital-treated animals and 86%
      greater (p less than 0.01) than in the urethane-treated group. Additionally, the
      cardiac index in the pentobarbital-anesthetized animals was significantly greater
      (p less than 0.01) than in the urethane-anesthetized animals. The lower cardiac
      index and reduced cardiac distribution to the kidneys in the urethane-treated
      group resulted in significant (p less than 0.01) reductions of approximately 40%
      in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate compared with the animals
      anesthetized with pentobarbital or Hypnorm/Hypnovel. The transport capacity of
      the basolateral organic anion secretory mechanism was not compromised by an ip
      injection of urethane, as demonstrated by p-aminohippuric acid transport studies
      conducted in isolated renal tubule fragments prepared from anesthetized animals.
      In conclusion, urethane anesthesia results in significant alterations of renal
      hemodynamics compared with pentobarbital and Hypnorm/Hypnovel anesthesia in the
      rat. For primarily renally eliminated compounds, such alterations are likely to
      influence pharmacokinetic data generated using this anesthetic agent.

PMID- 2903038
TI  - Glucuronidation in 4-chlorobiphenyl metabolism by rat and human liver microsomes.

PMID- 2903039
TI  - Effect of enoxacin and 4-oxo-enoxacin on antipyrine disposition in the rat.

PMID- 2903040
TI  - Isotope effects on formaldehyde oxidation.

PMID- 2903041
TI  - [Demonstration by lymphocyte transformation test of the allergic genesis in a
      case of acute hepatitis].
AB  - After accidental re-exposure to metamizole a 50-year-old patient developed severe
      jaundice within five hours (total bilirubin 43.9 mg/dl) with a rise of GOT to
      147, of GPT to 222, of gamma-GT to 380 and of alkaline phosphatase to 497 U/l.
      The allergic genesis of this reaction was demonstrated in the lymphocyte
      transformation test which, in the presence of the causative substance and its
      metabolites, was performed five times during a period of 232 days. The first
      three tests were positive with stimulation indices up to 2.3. Sensitization to
      the metabolite 4-aminoantipyrine was demonstrated: this is known to be the first
      of four metabolites formed within 1-1 1/2 hours and constituting 40% of the four
      metabolites in the blood.

PMID- 2903042
TI  - The development of an assay to detect mRNAs that affect early development.
AB  - We have constructed an assay to identify developmental effects of injected RNA
      molecules. The RNA is injected into the animal pole region of a 2- to 8-cell
      embryo. At the blastula stage, the animal cap is removed and its development in
      isolation tested. In controls, only epidermis is produced, but several of the
      injected RNA preparations, though not all, also form dorsal and ventral mesoderm
      and nervous tissue. This assay should be suitable for selecting cDNA clones
      complementary to mRNAs that direct development.

PMID- 2903043
TI  - Genetics of sex determination: what can we learn from Drosophila?
AB  - The combined efforts of genetics, developmental and molecular biology have
      revealed the principles of genetic control of sexual differentiation in
      Drosophila. In combination with maternal components, a quantitative chromosomal
      signal, provided by the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X:A),
      regulates a key gene (Sxl). The functional state, ON or OFF, of Sxl, via a few
      subordinate regulatory genes, controls a switch gene (dsx) that can express two
      mutually exclusive functions, M or F. These serve to repress either the female or
      the male set of differentiation genes, thus directing the cells either into the
      male or into the female sexual pathway. Investigations of control genes and their
      regulation show that they have properties of homeotic genes. Their role is to
      select one of two alternative developmental programs. Their function, or lack of
      function, is required throughout development to maintain the cells in their
      respective sexual pathway. Differentiation genes are under negative control by
      dsx. We discuss the cis- and trans-regulatory elements that are needed for sex-,
      tissue- and stage-specific expression of the differentiation genes. A comparison
      of Drosophila to other organisms such as Caenorhabditis, mammals and other
      insects indicates similarities that we interpret as evidence for a basically
      invariant genetic strategy used by various organisms to regulate sexual
      development.

PMID- 2903044
TI  - [New methods in gene mapping].

PMID- 2903045
TI  - Electrophysiological study in systemic necrotizing vasculitis of the
      polyarteritis nodosa group.

PMID- 2903046
TI  - Localization of the mdx mutation within the mouse dystrophin gene.
AB  - We have mapped human and mouse X chromosome-specific genomic and cDNA probes
      through an interspecies Mus musculus/spretus pedigree which contains the mdx
      mutation. The positions of these markers relative to one another and to the mdx
      mutation were delineated. Using probes corresponding to segments of the human
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene transcript, the position of a cross
      hybridizing mouse equivalent gene (mDMD) was located. In more than 200 animals
      mapped, three were identified which show recombination within this mDMD gene.
      Analysis of these three animals shows that the mDMD gene is oriented with its 5'
      end centromeric and its 3' end telomeric on the mouse X chromosome. Furthermore,
      their recombinational breakpoints are on either side of the mdx mutation, thus
      providing the first unequivocal demonstration that the mdx mutation is located
      within the mDMD gene and defining limits within that gene between which the
      mutation must lie. Within that segment the evidence indicates that there is no
      major deletion of an exon as detectable by Southern blot analysis in mdx animals.
      The mdx mouse becomes important as an animal model for the study of the
      expression of the DMD gene and its developmental consequences, for transgenic and
      other corrective manipulations.

PMID- 2903047
TI  - Uptake of GABA by rat brain synaptic vesicles isolated by a new procedure.
AB  - Uptake of GABA was demonstrated in rat brain synaptic vesicles which were
      prepared by a new and efficient procedure. The uptake activity co-purified with
      the synaptic vesicles during the isolation procedure. The purity of the vesicle
      fraction was rigorously examined by analysis of marker enzymes and marker
      proteins and also by immunogold electron microscopy using antibodies against p38
      (synaptophysin). Contamination by other cellular components was negligible,
      indicating that GABA uptake by the synaptic vesicle fraction is specific for
      synaptic vesicles and not due to the presence of other structure possessing GABA
      uptake or binding activities. GABA uptake was ATP dependent and similar to the
      uptake of glutamate, which was assayed for a comparison. Both uptake activities
      were independent of sodium. They were inhibited by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide
      4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, indicating that the energy for the uptake is
      provided by an electrochemical proton gradient. This gradient is generated by a
      proton ATPase of the vacuolar type as suggested by the effects of various ATPase
      inhibitors on neurotransmitter uptake and proton pumping. Competition experiments
      revealed that the transporters for GABA and glutamate are selective for the
      respective neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2903049
TI  - Evidence that the Abdominal-B r element function is conferred by a trans
      regulatory homeoprotein.
AB  - The Abdominal-B gene is a homeotic gene located in the distal-most region of the
      bithorax complex (BX-C). Based on complementation analysis it has been proposed
      that the gene contains two separable genetic elements, called the m and r
      elements. The r element has a chiefly regulatory function confined to parasegment
      14. In a reverse Northern screen of the distal-most BX-C DNA, we found four
      distinct areas that are transcribed in the embryo. One of the transcripts spans a
      large genomic region which, upon disruption by rearrangement breakpoints, causes
      loss of r element function. This transcript is expressed in the early embryo in a
      single domain apparently corresponding to parasegment 14. We propose that the
      small homeoprotein encoded by the transcript acts as a trans-regulator to confer
      r element function.

PMID- 2903048
TI  - Developmentally regulated alternative splicing of transcripts from the Drosophila
      homeotic gene Antennapedia can produce four different proteins.
AB  - Antennapedia (Antp) is a Drosophila homeotic gene that controls differentiation
      of the thoracic segments. Antp transcripts are produced from either of two
      promoters that are independently regulated in temporally and spatially distinct
      patterns. In addition, Antp transcripts utilize either of two major
      polyadenylation sites. Antp primary transcripts contain the same protein coding
      sequences. Alternative RNA splicing at two positions within the primary
      transcripts produces mRNAs that can encode four slightly different Antp proteins.
      Different classes of alternatively spliced transcript predominate early and late
      in Drosophila development, indicating that the Antp gene is regulated by the
      processing of its transcripts as well as by controlling their transcription.
      Alternative splicing appears to be independent of which promoter and which
      polyadenylation site is used.

PMID- 2903051
TI  - The effect of inorganic pyrophosphate on the activity and Pi-binding properties
      of mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - Interaction of F1-ATPase from beef heart mitochondria with PPi has been
      investigated. The presence of PPi in the ATPase assay medium does not affect the
      initial rate of ATP hydrolysis by F1-ATPase, but slows down the decrease of
      enzyme activity in the course of ATP hydrolysis and increases the steady-state
      rate of ATP hydrolysis. Being present in the ATPase assay medium, PPi accelerates
      the ATP-dependent reactivation of an inactive complex formed by F1-ATPase and
      ADP. This inactive complex is also reactivated after preincubation with PPi. F1
      ATPase, preincubated with PPi, is inactivated by azide much more slowly than is
      the non-preincubated enzyme. PPi stimulates the binding of Pi to F1-ATPase by
      decreasing mainly the Kd for Pi and only slightly raising the stoichiometry of
      high-affinity Pi binding. It follows from the results obtained that PPi interacts
      with the non-catalytic site(s) of F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2903050
TI  - Different transcripts of the Drosophila Abd-B gene correlate with distinct
      genetic sub-functions.
AB  - Abdominal-B (Abd-B) is a homeotic selector gene required for the correct
      development of abdominal segments 5-9. This gene contains at least two different
      genetic sub-functions which act as 'morphogenetic' or 'regulatory' elements
      within a single lethal complementation group. In an effort to identify the
      molecular nature of these sub-functions we have characterized homeobox-containing
      transcripts of Abd-B. The Abd-B transcripts can be grouped into four major
      classes whose diversity arises through differential exon splicing. We have
      isolated cDNAs which represent three of the transcript classes, designated alpha,
      beta and gamma. Their expression patterns, coupled with previous molecular
      genetic analyses of Abd-B, suggest that the alpha transcript class encodes the
      'morphogenetic' sub-function while the beta transcript class contributes to the
      'regulatory' sub-function.

PMID- 2903052
TI  - Selective induction of peroxisomal enzymes by the hypolipidemic drug bezafibrate.
      Detection of modulations by automatic image analysis in conjunction with
      immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting.
AB  - Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy in conjunction with quantitative analysis
      of immunoblots have been used to study the effects of bezafibrate (BF), a
      peroxisome-proliferating hypolipidemic drug, upon six different enzyme proteins
      in rat liver peroxisomes (Po). Antibodies against following peroxisomal enzymes:
      catalase, urate oxidase, alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, acyl-CoA oxidase,
      bifunctional enzyme (hydratase-dehydrogenase) and thiolase, were raised in
      rabbits, and their monospecificities were confirmed by immunoblotting. Female
      Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 7 days with 250 mg/kg/day bezafibrate and
      liver sections were incubated with the appropriate antibodies followed by the
      protein A-gold complex. The labeling density for each enzyme was estimated by
      automatic image analysis. In parallel experiments immunoblots prepared from
      highly purified peroxisome fractions of normal and BF-treated rats were incubated
      with the same antibodies. The antigens were visualized by an improved protein A
      gold method including an anti-protein A step and silver amplification. The
      immunoblots were also quantitated by an image analyzer. The results revealed a
      selective induction of beta-oxidation enzymes by bezafibrate with thiolase
      showing the most increase followed by bifunctional protein and acyl-CoA oxidase.
      The labeling density for catalase and alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase was reduced,
      confirming fully the quantitative analysis of immunoblots which in addition
      revealed reduction of uricase. These observations demonstrate that hypolipidemic
      drugs induce selectively the beta-oxidation enzymes while other peroxisomal
      enzymes are reduced. The quantitative immunoelectron microscopy with automatic
      image analysis provides a versatile, highly sensitive and efficient method for
      rapid detection of modulations of individual proteins in peroxisomes.

PMID- 2903053
TI  - Dopexamine hydrochloride, a beta 2 adrenergic and dopaminergic agonist;
      haemodynamic effects following cardiac surgery.
AB  - Twelve patients recovering from open heart surgery received an intravenous
      infusion of dopexamine hydrochloride, a novel beta 2 adrenergic and dopamine
      receptor agonist. The mean cardiac index increased from 2.58 to a maximum of 3.64
      1 min-1 m-2 (P less than 0.001) and the systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
      decreased from 1527 to 1116 dyne s cm-5 (P less than 0.001) at a dose of 3
      micrograms kg-1 min-1. Heart rate increased with dose from 85 beats min-1 to a
      maximum of 119 beats min-1 (P less than 0.001). There was no significant change
      in the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with treatment in the group as a
      whole. However, PVR decreased (P less than 0.05) in patients who had aortic-valve
      replacement (AVR) only, whereas in patients who had mitral-valve replacement
      (MVR) the PVR increased (P less than 0.05). We conclude that dopexamine
      hydrochloride was well tolerated in patients following cardiac surgery. It
      produced a significant increase in cardiac output with evidence of afterload
      reduction and, although the increase in heart rate may limit its use in some
      patients, dopexamine hydrochloride is potentially of value in the treatment of
      low cardiac output state following cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2903054
TI  - Multiple sulfatase deficiency with a novel biochemical presentation.
AB  - Deficient activities of cerebroside-sulfatase, N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase
      and iduronide 2-sulfatase in the lymphocytes of a patient suspected of
      metachromatic leukodystrophy, established the diagnosis of multiple sulfatase
      deficiency (MSD). Cultured skin fibroblasts (of early passage) from the patient
      had normal levels of activity for the three sulfatases. One week after the first
      examination, the activities of the three sulfatases in the fibroblasts of the
      patient declined and within a month were 4%-29% of normal. Total urinary
      glycosaminoglycans were within normal range. However, further examination showed
      an increase in the concentration of heparan sulfate, which comprised more than
      50% of the total, compared with less than 20% in normal controls. Urinary
      sulfatides, cholesterol esters, cholesterol, and triglycerides were increased.
      The results from the study of this unique case of MSD suggest that time-dependent
      changes affect the activities of sulfatases in MSD. These results also
      demonstrate the necessity of assaying the sulfatases in both lymphocytes and
      fibroblasts from suspected cases of MSD.

PMID- 2903055
TI  - Guillain-Barre syndrome and serum activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      glutamic-pyruvic transaminase.
AB  - Objective laboratory indicators of alcohol consumption (mean corpuscular volume
      and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT),
      and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT] were measured in 18 patients with
      Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and 710 control patients. All of the indicators
      examined were more frequently found to be pathological in GBS patients, reaching
      significance for gamma-GT and GPT. Some explanations for this result are
      discussed. It is concluded that alcohol consumption may be a risk factor for GBS.

PMID- 2903056
TI  - An evaluation of predisposing factors for testis cancer in Ireland.
AB  - All testis cancer in Ireland (1980-1985) was analysed (n = 240). Incidence was
      highest in young adults (5.8/10(5)/year in those aged 25-34 years) with a
      moderate level in the elderly (1.8/10(5)/year in those over 75 years).
      Associations elsewhere with maldescent and social class were confirmed but
      cryptorchidism (12%) was more common than expected. Significant infertility was
      not identified. Associations with urban domicile (77%, p = 0.001), mental
      handicap (2.8%, p less than 0.05), recent vasectomy (1.2%, p = 0.009) and certain
      occupations were observed.

PMID- 2903057
TI  - On the safety of perioperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide,
      methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer.
AB  - Combination cytotoxic chemotherapy (intravenous cyclophosphamide, methotrexate
      and 5-fluorouracil) was administered within 36 h of mastectomy to 1629 eligible
      women with operable breast cancer in a randomized controlled clinical trial.
      Previously reported unpredictable and severe toxic effects were probably due to
      an interaction between methotrexate and nitrous oxide used in anesthesia. The
      addition of intravenous 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate (Leucovorin) and
      intensification of postoperative monitoring of patients have decreased toxic
      effects and enhanced the safety of the chemotherapy regimen.

PMID- 2903058
TI  - Patients, prescribing, and benzodiazepines.
AB  - In order to establish the current status of benzodiazepine prescribing and also
      to assess patients' attitudes towards the use of these drugs, we interviewed 450
      consecutive patients in 16 community pharmacies about their use of
      benzodiazepines. Prescribing rates increased ten-fold from the age of 20 to 70
      years and were higher in women than in men. The average dose used in the elderly
      seemed excessive and the choice of hypnotic often inappropriate. The median
      duration of benzodiazepine use was 2.5 years (range 0-25) and 66% of the patients
      had been taking benzodiazepines for one year or more. Most of the patients (97%)
      found the drugs effective in the treatment of anxiety or insomnia. Twenty-two
      percent took a lower dose than prescribed and 7.5% a higher dose. These data
      suggest that benzodiazepines are prescribed for excessively long periods and that
      greater caution is needed in prescribing benzodiazepines for older patients.

PMID- 2903060
TI  - Decrease of recurrent and feed-forward inhibitions under high pressure of helium
      in rat hippocampal slices.
AB  - The effect of high helium pressure on inhibitory synaptic transmission was
      studied in rat hippocampal slices with extracellular recordings. Both feed
      forward and recurrent GABAergic inhibition were tested in the CA1 region with
      paired-pulse stimulation paradigms. The efficiency of both types of inhibition
      decreased under high pressure (80 atm). However, the depression of synaptic and
      antidromic field potentials induced by perfusion of GABA or muscimol were not
      significantly affected by pressure. High pressure induced hyperexcitability of
      CA1 pyramidal cells. This effect was reduced by the application of 2
      aminophosphonovalerate or GABA. The present results suggest that: (1) high
      pressure reduces the efficiency of the GABAergic inhibitory transmission but does
      not affect the sensitivity of GABAA receptors; (2) two different processes
      (reduction of GABAergic inhibition and facilitation of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      mediated excitation) might be a direct consequence of the change in the voltage
      sensitive ion channels under high pressure and might be involved in the
      development of the pressure-induced hyperexcitability of CA1 pyramidal cells.

PMID- 2903059
TI  - Comparison of the central and peripheral effects of cetirizine and terfenadine.
AB  - The peripheral and central effects of 10 mg cetirizine 2 HCl and 60 mg
      terfenadine have been compared with placebo in 9 healthy male volunteers. The
      peripheral effect, in terms of cutaneous reactivity to 1 microgram histamine
      i.d., was measured by planimetry of the wheal and erythemas. Central effects were
      assessed with a self-evaluation visual scale and from the results of
      electroencephalographic spectrum analysis. Peripheral inhibition of histamine
      reactivity was more intense and quicker for cetirizine than for terfenadine. On
      the self-evaluation scale, no significant difference between terfenadine,
      cetirizine and placebo was noted. The quantified EEG did not show any variation
      in spectral parameters at any time after cetirizine. By contrast, at 6 h
      terfenadine had increased slow waves and had inhibited the alpha band. Thus, 10
      mg cetirizine 2 HCl had less effect on the central nervous system than
      terfenadine 60 mg, whilst its peripheral action appeared more quickly and was
      more intense.

PMID- 2903061
TI  - Behavioral classification of excitatory amino acid receptors in mouse spinal
      cord.
AB  - Intrathecal injections of excitatory amino acid (EAA) agonists to the spinal cord
      of mice produces behavioral activation manifest as biting and scratching of the
      hindquarters. The dose-response relationship of EAA (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA),
      kainate, quisqualate and glutamate)-induced activation revealed qualitative and
      quantitative differences in their pattern of action, suggesting that these
      agonists act at distinct receptors. Evaluation of the blockade of EAA-induced
      bites by a series of antagonists: DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), gamma-D
      glutamyl glycine (DGG), kynurenate and glutamylaminomethylsulphonate (GAMS),
      indicated that selective activation of the NMDA, quisqualate and kainate
      receptors can be demonstrated using this behavior. The NMDA receptors could be
      subdivided on the basis of different sensitivity to kynurenate and APV.
      Antagonist-resistant components of both kainate and quisqualate action were also
      shown. Thus, the biting behavior induced by the administration of intrathecal EAA
      agonists can be used as a relatively selective behavioral tool for assessing the
      pharmacological profile of action of excitatory amino acid agonists and
      antagonists in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2903063
TI  - Activation of the A10 mesolimbic system by the sigma-receptor agonist (+)SKF
      10,047 can be blocked by rimcazole, a novel putative antipsychotic.
AB  - This study evaluated with electrophysiological and behavioral techniques the
      ability of rimcazole, a novel putative antipsychotic and selective sigma-receptor
      ligand, to antagonize the stimulation of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system by
      the sigma-agonist, (+)SKF 10,047. Rimcazole effectively blocked the (+)SKF 10,047
      induced excitation of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons while having no effect
      on either spontaneous activity or apomorphine-elicited slowing of A10 firing.
      Rimcazole also antagonized the behavioral hyperactivity produced by (+)SKF
      10,047, but not by d-amphetamine which is also mediated through the same
      mesolimbic dopamine pathway. These data provide further evidence that rimcazole's
      novel pharmacologic profile may involve a blockade of sigma-receptors on
      mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons.

PMID- 2903062
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptor occupancy by N,N-dimethyl-2-bromo-2-phenethylamine
      hydrobromide (DMPEA) in rat vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of N,N-dimethyl-2-bromo-2-phenethylamine hydrobromide (DMPEA) on
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors were examined in the isolated rat vas
      deferens. The active species of DMPEA was the corresponding ethyleniminium ion,
      which forms in the biophase, since pretreatment of tissues with sodium
      thiosulphate completely prevented the DMPEA-induced inhibition at alpha 1- and
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors. DMPEA was approximately 42-fold more potent in inhibiting
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors than it was in inhibiting alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The
      antagonism of both receptor types was reversible since washing of the tissues
      after incubation with DMPEA brought the agonist dose-response curve back to the
      control value. At alpha 1-adrenoceptors, DMPEA displaced the noradrenaline dose
      response curve to the right and concomitantly depressed the maximum response,
      effects which are consistent with a non-competitive mechanism of action. At alpha
      2-adrenoceptors, DMPEA caused a parallel shift of the clonidine or noradrenaline
      dose-response curve to the right in field-stimulated prostatic portions of the
      rat vas deferens. The antagonism appeared to be competitive at low
      concentrations, whereas the shift of the clonidine dose-response curve at higher
      concentrations became overproportional to the DMPEA concentration. A combination
      of DMPEA with idazoxan produced a less-than-additive shift of the dose-response
      curve for clonidine, indicating that these antagonists do not bind to the same
      site.

PMID- 2903064
TI  - Tetrahydroaminoacridine selectively attenuates NMDA receptor-mediated
      neurotoxicity.
AB  - Addition of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 1,2,3,4-tetra-9-hydroaminoacridine
      (THA) at 1-3 mM markedly reduced the neuronal cell loss that otherwise followed
      brief exposure of murine cortical cell cultures to 500 microM N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA). This novel antagonism was selective for NMDA receptor-mediated
      toxicity, as it extended to glutamate toxicity but not to quisqualate toxicity,
      and was THA concentration-dependent between 100 microM and 3 mM, with IC50
      approximately 500 microM. The antagonism was probably not due to enhancement of
      endogenous cholinergic action, as it was not mimicked by acetylcholine,
      carbachol, or bethanechol; rather, it likely reflected a recently described
      interaction of THA with the phencyclidine receptor. Exploration of structural
      specificity revealed some partial neuron-protection with high concentrations of
      other cholinesterase inhibitors--physostigmine, neostigmine, and edrophonium, but
      not the structurally related potassium channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine. Further
      examination of correlations between THA-like structure, and neuron-protective
      activity, may provide useful insights in the development of new antagonists of
      NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2903065
TI  - Antibody level of New Zealand children immunized with the triple vaccine DTP
      (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis).
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to measure IgG antibody
      levels in 2638 New Zealand children who had been immunized with the triple
      vaccine DTP. The percentage of children immune to diphtheria decreased with age.
      The percentage of children immune to tetanus varied from 67.1 to 55.0%. The
      percentage of children with measurable antibody to pertussis increased with age.
      The mean percentages of children with measurable antibody or immunity to one or
      more DTP components were 34.2% (with 3 components), 34.4% (2 components), and
      78.1% (1 component). It appears the immunization strategy for diphtheria and
      tetanus is satisfactory for herd immunity in New Zealand children. However, the
      current pertussis strategy may not be providing adequate immunity to 5-year-olds
      in this country.

PMID- 2903067
TI  - Ultrastructure of spinal cord grafts with and without cografts of locus coeruleus
      in oculo.
AB  - The ultrastructure of spinal cord and spinal cord-locus coeruleus double grafts
      transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rats was studied. The
      present results show that single spinal cord grafts express several
      morphologically organotypical characteristics of normal spinal cord at the
      ultrastructural level. Thus, the parenchyma was divided into a cell-rich layer
      corresponding to the normal gray matter and an axonal layer with a large amount
      of myelinated fibers and immature oligodendrocytes. In the cellular layer, a
      variety of cell types of different sizes were observed. The neurons had different
      patterns of cytoplasmic organelles, including Nissl bodies, Golgi apparatus,
      mitochondria, and polysomes. The Nissl substance was variable and some neurons
      appeared to be immature. Although the spinal cord grafts are in a state of
      relative gliosis, surrounded by a glial barrier, cografted fetal locus coeruleus
      catecholamine neurons are able to innervate the spinal cord grafts and form
      anatomically relevant synapses with the spinal cord neuronal elements as revealed
      by TH-immunoelectron microscopy. In conclusion, several organotypical features of
      normal spinal cord are found. Examples also were found, however, of a disturbed
      and delayed development that have to be considered when evaluating the functional
      potential of grafted cells.

PMID- 2903066
TI  - Binding of the beta-blockers timolol and H 216/44 to ocular melanin.
AB  - The eyes from pigmented rabbits were instilled with the beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists H 216/44 or timolol. After a single instillation (1.9 mumol), the
      iris and ciliary body contained H 216/44, which decreased with a half-life of
      approx. 43 days. Daily instillation caused a gradual increase in the content of H
      216/44 and timolol in the iris and ciliary body, the steady-state concentration
      of timolol being 10 times higher than that of H 216/44. The concentrations of H
      216/44 were seven times higher in the iris and ciliary body of pigmented rabbits
      than in albino animals. H 216/44 was reversibly bound to the melanosomes from the
      iris and ciliary body and not metabolized in this tissue. In vitro binding of
      timolol and H 216/44 to bovine melanosomes showed comparable multi-site binding
      curves. The binding of chlorpromazine was substantially higher. The beta-blockers
      could be more readily released from the melanosomes with aqueous solutions of
      salt and ethanol than with distilled water. It is concluded that both H 216/44
      and timolol bind reversibly to ocular melanin. The differences in binding
      characteristics in vitro may only partly explain the differences in the in vivo
      binding to ocular melanin in the rabbit eye.

PMID- 2903068
TI  - Adrenal medullary autografts into the basal ganglia of Cebus monkeys: injury
      induced regeneration.
AB  - Questions arising from recent clinical neural transplantation trials in
      Parkinson's disease have under-scored the necessity for a thorough experimental
      evaluation of the structural and functional consequences of this procedure. The
      present study investigated the neuroanatomical host reaction to intrastriatal
      implants in normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
      treated nonhuman primates. Nine monkeys (Cebus apella) received intrastriatal
      implants using either a stereotactic approach with a silver tissue carrier or an
      open microsurgical procedure. Seven of these animals received intrastriatal
      adrenal medullary autografts, while two received control implants consisting of
      the tissue carrier alone. One month following transplantation, the hosts' brains
      were evaluated via immunohistochemical and routine histologic methods. In both
      MPTP-treated and normal monkeys, enhanced ipsilateral expression of tyrosine
      hydroxylase-like immunoreactive (TH-IR) fibers in the caudate nucleus was
      observed, despite minimal survival of adrenal chromaffin cells in the implants.
      The intensity of this response was greatest adjacent to the implant site, but a
      clearly increased degree of ipsilateral striatal fiber staining also could be
      seen several millimeters from the graft. TH-IR fibers also were more dense and of
      thicker caliber throughout the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways ipsilateral
      to the implant. Control stereotactic implants, consisting of a silver tissue
      carrier alone, produced a similar enhancement of immunoreactive fibers,
      suggesting an induction of TH-IR fibers by the parenchymal injury produced during
      surgical implantation. There are two major hypotheses proposed to explain why
      adrenal medullary grafts may promote functional recovery in human parkinsonism:
      (1) replacement of lost striatal neurotransmitter (dopamine) by the viable
      grafted tissue, or (2) induction of recovery of remaining host dopaminergic
      systems by the implantation procedure. Our current data appear to support the
      latter.

PMID- 2903069
TI  - In vitro enhancement of human platelet aggregation by somatostatin.
AB  - Very low concentrations of somatostatin (S-14) strongly potentiate the in vitro
      aggregation induced by collagen, ristocetin and arachidonic acid, but not that
      induced by ADP or epinephrine, in both human platelet rich plasmas and gel
      filtered platelet preparations. Desensitization phenomena may be induced either
      by repeated addition of S-14 or long lasting contact between S-14 and platelets.

PMID- 2903070
TI  - Isolation of less than Glu-Gly-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2 (Antho-RWamide II), a novel
      neuropeptide from sea anemones.
AB  - Using a radioimmunoassay for the peptide sequence Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide), a novel
      peptide has been purified from acetic acid extracts of the sea anemone
      Anthopleura elegantissima. This peptide has the structure less than Glu-Gly-Leu
      Arg-Trp-NH2, and was named Antho-RWamide II. Antho-RWamide II is a neuropeptide.
      Its structure is closely related to an earlier characterized neuropeptide from
      Anthopleura less than Glu-Ser-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2 (Antho-RWamide I).

PMID- 2903071
TI  - The primary structure of the 70 kDa subunit of bovine soluble guanylate cyclase.
AB  - The primary structure of the 70 kDa subunit of soluble bovine guanylate cyclase,
      which catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP, has been determined. The
      alignment of six different clones out of two bovine libraries yielded a total of
      3.1 kb with a coding region of 1857 bases. The open reading frame encodes a
      protein of 619 amino acids and a molecular mass of 70.5 kDa. Antibodies raised
      against a synthetic peptide, which corresponded to the C-terminus of the deduced
      sequence precipitated guanylate cyclase activity from guanylate cyclase-enriched
      preparations.

PMID- 2903072
TI  - Expression of K channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with poly(A+) mRNA
      from the insulin-secreting beta-cell line, HIT T15.
AB  - Two types of exogenous K channel were identified in Xenopus laevis oocytes
      injected with poly(A+) mRNA from the insulin-secreting cell line HIT T15. One of
      these was the ATP-regulated K channel (G channel) as evidenced by its conductance
      and inhibition by tolbutamide. The other resembled the Ca-activated K channel
      from beta-cells.

PMID- 2903073
TI  - GTP modulates calcium binding and cation-induced conformational changes in
      erythrocyte transglutaminase.
AB  - Calcium binding to erythrocyte transglutaminase was determined by equilibrium
      dialysis. Results indicate that 6 ions are bound to the enzyme both in the
      absence and in the presence of GTP and that the nucleotide reduces the affinity
      of the enzyme for calcium. Furthermore, I- fluorescence quenching and proteolytic
      inactivation experiments proved that GTP also alters the conformation of the
      enzyme. It is thus suggested that multiple mechanisms are involved in the
      regulation of the enzyme activity by GTP.

PMID- 2903075
TI  - [Occupational law violations of paramedical personnel and their prevention (1)].

PMID- 2903074
TI  - Assignment of the human aminopeptidase N (peptidase E) gene to chromosome 15q13
      qter.
AB  - The gene for aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) has been located on the human
      chromosome 15q13-qter using HindIII-cleaved DNA from a panel of hybrids between
      rodent and human cells. The Southern blots were probed by the 5'-EcoRI fragment
      of the recently cloned human aminopeptidase N cDNA.

PMID- 2903076
TI  - [Results and prospectives of the first year of study of the mechanism of
      neurohumoral regulation of the functions of the visceral systems].

PMID- 2903077
TI  - Recognizing and treating fears in general practice.
AB  - Recognizing and treating dental fears requires attention to the behavioral,
      physiologic, and cognitive manifestations of anxiety. This article provides
      questions to ask and strategies to employ to identify and use in assisting the
      fearful patient in general practice.

PMID- 2903078
TI  - Characteristics of cyclic AMP enhancement of retinoic acid induction of increased
      transglutaminase activity in HL60 cells.
AB  - When the human myeloid leukemia cell line (HL60) is induced to differentiate with
      retinoic acid (RA), there is a concentration-dependent increase in
      transglutaminase (TGase) activity which peaks on day 5. While dibutyryl 3',5'
      cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP) alone produced only a slight increase in
      TGase activity in HL60 cells, the concomitant addition of db-cAMP (100 microM)
      with RA (10(-12)-10(-4) M) potentiates RA induction of TGase activity. Maximal
      increases in TGase activity (2- to 10-fold) were observed with 10(-4)-10(-7) M RA
      and when db-cAMP was present from 24 to 48 h after the addition of RA. The cyclic
      nucleotide enhancement was dose-dependent from 10 to 100 microM of cAMP. Less
      marked increases were observed with 8-bromo-cAMP and with the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor theophylline. Although the simultaneous addition of PGE1 or PGE2 (10(
      8)-10(-6) M) produced no enhancement of RA-induced TGase activity, adding PGE1 or
      PGE2 24 or 48 h following RA treatments produced an enhancement of TGase
      activity. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor potentiated the increases produced by
      db-cAMP and the prostaglandins. Dibutyryl cAMP enhanced the ability of RA to
      induce the cells to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), a functional measure of
      differentiation, at lower concentrations of RA and with shorter treatment
      durations. cAMP potentiates RA-induced TGase activity in HL60 cells and the
      combination appears to be associated with enhanced RA-induced differentiation.

PMID- 2903079
TI  - Characteristics of changes in blood circulation induced by cold stimulation in
      pre-eclamptic women.
AB  - Changes in peripheral deep body temperature (p-DBT) after cooling were examined
      in normal, chronically hypertensive pregnant and pre-eclamptic subjects. The
      recovery of p-DBT after cooling was delayed significantly in the pre-eclamptic
      subjects, as compared to findings in the other two groups. The delay in the
      recovery process of blood flow in the tissue after cooling, probably due to
      disturbance of the vasodilating process, is a characteristic of microcirculation
      in pre-eclamptic subjects.

PMID- 2903080
TI  - Effect of mode of delivery on incidence of respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - The effect of route of delivery on incidence of respiratory distress syndrome
      (RDS) has been controversial. While some investigators have reported no
      difference in RDS rates in infants born by cesarean section as compared to
      vaginal delivery, others have shown a significant increase in risk for RDS among
      infants born by cesarean section. Data from the 297 patients comprising the
      placebo group in the recently completed collaborative study of antenatal steroid
      therapy in the prevention of neonatal RDS, were analyzed to determine the effect
      of mode of delivery on RDS. The results indicate that infants born by cesarean
      section without labor have a higher risk for neonatal RDS than infants born
      vaginally or by cesarean section after a trial of labor.

PMID- 2903081
TI  - Characteristics of maternal deaths following cesarean section in a developing
      country.
AB  - A retrospective analysis was made of 27 maternal deaths after cesarean section
      occurring over a 5-year period. Sepsis was the single most important cause of
      maternal death (81.5%). The commonest indications for the cesarean sections were
      obstructed labor (59.3%) and cord prolapse (18.5%). The causes of maternal deaths
      were classified as avoidable and recommendations were made for their prevention.

PMID- 2903082
TI  - Sexually transmitted diseases in women with urethral syndrome.
AB  - Frequency of micturition and dysuria were prominent symptoms in 135 (57%) of 237
      women with urethral syndrome. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and
      Chlamydia trachomatis were the principal organisms associated with the urethral
      syndrome (38.41%, 28.14% and 11.11%, respectively). Escherichia coli was cultured
      from four patients and Herepes genitalis and Neisseria gonorrhoea were isolated
      from five patients. Infections with more than one organism were frequent. Thirty
      one of 135 patients were infected by two organisms, 27 by three and 4 patients by
      four microorganisms. Vaginitis due to Garnerella vaginalis, Candida spp. and
      Trichomonas vaginalis was discovered in 52 (39%) of 135 patients.

PMID- 2903083
TI  - Abnormal glucose screening in pregnancy in patients with normal oral glucose
      tolerance tests as a screening test for fetal macrosomia.
AB  - Minor abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy are a risk factor for
      delivery of a macrosomic infant. However, the 50-g 1-h oral glucose screen at 28
      weeks is not a useful screening test for macrosomia in pregnant patients with
      normal glucose tolerance tests, because a positive screen does not raise the
      probability of delivering a macrosomic infant sufficiently to warrant
      intervention.

PMID- 2903084
TI  - Ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid: outcome of pregnancies with severe
      oligohydramnios.
AB  - We studied a group of 247 patients out of 7725 patients who had an ultrasonic
      examination between 32 and 36 weeks gestation and were found to have
      oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid volume (AFV) less than or equal to 2.0 cm). We
      compared the features of labor and mode of delivery and perinatal outcome in this
      group with that of a normal control group of 247 patients who also had an
      ultrasonic examination between 32 and 36 weeks gestation and were found to have
      normal AFV (greater than 2.0 to less than 8.0 cm). The incidence of induction of
      labor, of elective cesarean section, of preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks'
      gestation) was significantly higher in the oligohydramnios group (study group) as
      compared with the incidence in the control group (P less than 0.05). The
      incidence of fetal distress in antenatal and intrapartum period, pH (less than or
      equal to 7.2), of low Apgar score (0-5), of intrauterine growth retardation
      (IUGR) (less than tenth centile) infants, of major fetal anomaly and perinatal
      mortality rate (PNMR) are significantly higher in the oligohydramnios group as
      compared with the incidence and PNMR in the normal control group (P less than
      0.05). The ultrasonic finding of oligohydramnios should alert the clinician
      regarding the possibility of problems in labor and perinatal period.

PMID- 2903085
TI  - Randomised trial comparing combinations of cyclophosphamide and cisplatin without
      or with doxorubicin or 4'-epi-doxorubicin in the treatment of advanced ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - Forty-eight patients with FIGO stage III and IV epithelial carcinomas of the
      ovary were entered in this randomised trial. Radical surgery was performed and no
      residual tumor with a diameter greater than 2 cm was left behind. Of these
      patients 62.5% (10/16) had a complete or partial response on cyclophosphamide +
      cisplatin (CP) 87.5% (14/16) on cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin + cisplatin (CAP)
      and cyclophosphamide + 4'-epi-doxorubicin + cisplatin (CEP). The median time to
      progression was 3.5 months on CP, 12.5 months on CAP and 11.0 months on CEP.
      Patients treated with CAP combination chemotherapy had generally longer
      progression-free survival (log rank chi 2 = 5.4; P = 0.04). No significant
      difference was found, however, between patients on CAP and CEP. The median
      survival times were 12.5 months on CP, 26.5 months on CAP and 14.0 months on CEP.
      Patients treated with CAP combination chemotherapy had generally longer survival
      (logrank chi 2 = 9.08; P = 0.0099). No significant difference was found, however,
      between patients on CAP and CEP in terms of survival. Asymptomatic mild-to
      moderate laboratory test toxicity occurred in 6-12% of patients on CP, 6-12% on
      CAP and no toxicity of this type and grade on CEP. Nausea and vomiting were also
      less severe and less frequent in the CEP group. Cardiotoxicity was seen in 12.5%
      (2/16) only in the CAP group.

PMID- 2903086
TI  - The epidemiology of cancer of the uterine corpus in Canada: 1950-1985.
AB  - Morbidity and mortality patterns in Canada from malignancies of the corpus uteri,
      were analyzed for the periods 1970-1980 and 1950-1985, respectively. Although
      rates of morbidity have fluctuated between 15.0 and 19.6 new cases per 100,000
      population per year, age-specific rates for women aged 35-44 have declined
      significantly (0.26 fewer new cases per 100,000 population per year; P less than
      0.05). Mortality rates have declined by approximately 50% between 1950 and 1985
      (P less than 0.0001) with age-specific rates for women aged 35-44, 45-54, 55-64,
      65-74 and 75-84 also exhibiting significant declines (P less than 0.02).

PMID- 2903087
TI  - The value of computed tomography in staging cervical carcinoma.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to determine the value of computed tomography (CT)
      in relation to the local extension of cervical carcinoma and the possible spread
      in the peritoneal and the retroperitoneal space. Sixty-five patients treated for
      cervical carcinoma during the period 1980-1986 were included in the study.
      Histologic diagnosis of the disease was done by punch cervical biopsy and
      diagnostic curettage. The investigation of all patients included intravenous
      pyelography, barium enema, bone and liver scanning and CT. Our results
      demonstrate a correlation between CT and pathologic data in 75-78.5% depending on
      stage. CT may be considered as a dependable method for staging of cervical
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2903088
TI  - Adrenal response to adrenocorticotropin stimulation in unexplained infertile
      women.
AB  - The response to a rapid intravenous administration of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH,
      cortrosyn) was compared in 24 unexplained infertile women and 13 fertile women.
      There was no significant difference in the response to a rapid ACTH stimulation
      as expressed by the slope of testosterone (T) response in both groups. However,
      the individual and mean T values prior and following the stimulation were
      significantly higher in the infertile group (P less than 0.001; P less than
      0.005, respectively). There was no significant difference in individual values as
      well as in mean basal values or in mean values of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP)
      after the stimulation between the two study groups (P less than 0.3; P less than
      0.9, respectively). There was no significant difference in individual values as
      well as in mean values of dehydroepiadnrosterone (DHEA) before or 90 min after
      the stimulation between the two study groups (P less than 0.1; P less than 0.2,
      respectively). It can therefore be concluded that the elevated basal testosterone
      values in the infertile group originated from the ovary. Despite the fact that no
      attempt was made to reduce androgen values 7 (46.66%) of 15 infertile women who
      were available for follow-up and treatment conceived following ovulation
      induction therapy.

PMID- 2903089
TI  - Clearance pattern of maternal serum pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein after
      treatment in active and regressed tubal pregnancy.
AB  - The clearance pattern of maternal serum pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein
      (SP1) was studied in 16 cases of tubal pregnancy (9 active and 7 regressed) after
      12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 192 h following surgery. The mean values of the
      hormone in both groups showed a statistically highly significant difference in
      all measurements before and after treatment (P less than 0.001), but they
      followed the same exponential regression pattern. The half-life of SP1 in active
      tubal pregnancies after salpingectomy was 36.2 h and in regressed tubal
      pregnancies after salpingostomy was 37.5 h.

PMID- 2903090
TI  - Ultrasonic assessment of ovulation in cyclofenil induced ovulatory cycles.
AB  - Graafian follicle growth was studied by ultrasound scanning during the peri
      ovulatory period in 64 ovulatory cycles in 32 infertile patients on cyclofenil
      treatment, and compared with a control group of 32 patients with confirmed
      ovulatory cycles assessed on the basis of serum progesterone levels in the middle
      of the second half of the cycle. The mean maximum diameters of the leading
      follicles before ovulation were 21.9 +/- 0.6 (S.E.) mm and 24.4 +/- 0.5 (S.E.)
      mm, respectively for the cyclofenil group and the normal control group (P greater
      than 0.05). In 79% of the cyclofenil stimulated group and 83% of the spontaneous
      ovulation group, ultrasonic evidence of ovulation was present between 12 and 36 h
      after the initial increase in urine LH levels. Ultrasound scanning was found to
      be simple, and a quick method of monitoring graafian follicle development and
      ovulation on cyclofenil therapy and the cycles were comparable to the spontaneous
      ovulatory cycles as assessed on the basis of graafian follicle diameter, and the
      time of ovulation. Cervical score was not found to be useful to assess ovulation
      time in the cyclofenil treated group since 31.3% achieved a score of 10 or more
      on day -4, 93.8% within 24 h of ovulation and 24% on day 3 following the
      ovulation.

PMID- 2903091
TI  - Ultrastructure of endosalpingeal biopsies in infertile patients: correlation with
      reproductive success.
AB  - We calculated the percentage of ciliated cells (PCC) in salpingeal microbiopsies
      of 41 patients with tubal infertility and ampullary microbiopsies of 36 fertile
      women, using the planimetric method at 500-1000 x at the scanning electron
      microscope. No relation was found between PCC and fertility after surgery. Thus
      normal ciliation does not seem to be essential for reproductive success and other
      factors such as the state of preservation of the tubal wall may be important.

PMID- 2903092
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy without laparotomy: defining the incidence of manageable
      patients.
AB  - To assess the incidence of ectopic pregnancies meeting published criteria for
      laparoscopic or medical therapy, we retrospectively evaluated tubal pregnancies
      admitted during a 12-month period. Because 41/121 (34%) were visible
      laparoscopically, unruptured, and less than or equal to 3 centimeters in
      diameter, we conclude that substantial numbers of ectopics may be managed without
      laparotomy.

PMID- 2903093
TI  - Ovarian function after the menarche and hormonal contraception.
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine the date of regular ovulation after the
      menarche to better understand the physiology of female adolescence, especially as
      it pertains to the use of hormonal contraception. Early morning urine samples
      were collected from 51 girls in the perimenarche for 9 weeks semi-annually during
      2 years. Estrone- and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide values were determined. Cycles
      lasting 35-40 days at the onset of menses shortened to 28 days after the 23rd
      25th cycle. Menses reached a 5.0-5.5 day average length at about the same time.
      After the 20th cycle, ovulation could be demonstrated in more than 50% of the
      study patients. Using a scoring system, regular ovulation could be expected on
      the basis of somatic data with scores of greater than 16. Hormonal contraception
      may be prescribed 2 years after the menarche, based on scores of greater than 16
      and ovulation proven be hormonal cytology and basal body temperature.

PMID- 2903094
TI  - Analysis of sterilization failure in Brazil.
AB  - A study of 13,423 female sterilization procedures performed from 1981 to 1984 in
      Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was conducted to determine the level of sterilization
      failure. The lifetable cumulative failure rate was 0.54 at 12 months per 100
      initial sterilizations, increasing to 1.04 at 48 months. Results of a
      multivariate analysis indicated that the differential in the rate of
      sterilization failure by woman's age at sterilization at 12 and 24 months was
      statistically highly significant. However, the differential rate of failure by
      the other variables such as whether sterilized during a training period, number
      of sterilizations per surgeon per day, and year of sterilization were not
      statistically significant.

PMID- 2903095
TI  - Menstrual regulation in Bangladesh: an evaluation of training and service
      programs.
AB  - This article evaluates the performance of three urban menstrual regulation (MR)
      training and service programs in Bangladesh. Virtually all of the MR providers
      including physicians and paramedics in the three centers received training in
      various MR procedures by means of demonstration or class lectures. However, a
      significant proportion of the trained MR providers were unable to render proper
      MR services due to the lack of clinical facilities and lack of equipment.
      Analysis of follow-up data for MR clients revealed that those women who utilized
      MR procedures offered through the centers had an average of about three live
      births. Physician providers were more likely to serve clients from a higher
      socioeconomic strata, while paramedical providers were more likely to serve MR
      clients from lower socioeconomic strata or agricultural background. Most of the
      clients receiving MR services were ever and current users of contraceptives and
      developed fewer complications from MR procedures than those served by untrained
      traditional herbalists, healers or birth attendants.

PMID- 2903096
TI  - Hyperprolactinemic infertile men.
AB  - Clinical descriptions of prolactin in states of oversecretion are presented in 49
      patients that presented for infertility investigation. Radiological assessment
      did not reveal microadenomas in these patients. Erectile dysfunction or deficient
      semen parameters could be early manifestations of hyperprolactinemia in some
      infertile men.

PMID- 2903097
TI  - Pregnancy after hemipelvectomy: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Hemipelvectomy is a most radical attempt at cure of malignant tumors of the
      pelvis and the upper portion of the femur. Pregnancy following this severely
      mutilating operation is rare. Despite the considerable loss of pelvic support
      patients do remarkably well. A case of pregnancy following hemipelvectomy is
      presented and represents the 16th report in the English literature. The anatomic
      consequences of hemipelvectomy are described and a review of the past 61 years
      experience with pregnancy following this operation is presented.

PMID- 2903098
TI  - Occult infiltrating placenta previa percreta: an unusual case highlighting the
      management problems in a young patient.
AB  - Placenta previa in association with placenta accreta has been recorded on average
      in 1 in 500 pregnancies; its association with placenta percreta is a much rarer
      condition. We report an unusual case of placenta previa which presented as a
      severe form of occult parasitic infiltration, invading the internal iliac
      vessels. This was followed by life-threatening complications, despite
      preventative measures. Use of a prediction index to suspect placenta previa is
      mentioned.

PMID- 2903100
TI  - The advantages and disadvantages of subspecialization.
AB  - Writing as a subspecialist I intend to show: (1) that subspecialization is as
      necessary in developing countries as it is in developed countries; (2) that there
      are universal principles of human nature likely to govern the process of
      subspecialization, independently of a country's political system or health care
      policies; and (3) that the pyramidal system of tertiary referrals to
      subspecialists is threatening to price doctors out of many people's reach.

PMID- 2903099
TI  - Recurrent uterine myomata in three sisters--an uncommon occurrence.
AB  - Three sisters who developed recurrent uterine myomata from a very young age are
      presented. Despite repeated attempts at myomectomy, all three cases had
      hysterectomies ultimately. Complications encountered during surgery were severe
      hemorrhage, inadvertent injury to bladder and bowel in two patients and a rare
      complication of colonic-uteric-cutaneous fistula occurring post-operatively in
      one patient. Histology of the final hysterectomy specimens in two cases showed
      low grade leiomyosarcoma and cellular myoma, respectively.

PMID- 2903101
TI  - Molecular genetic studies on alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase: individual
      variation, gene mapping and analysis of regulation.

PMID- 2903102
TI  - Molecular genetics of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes.

PMID- 2903103
TI  - Effects of oestrogen on the expression of a 4.4 kb mRNA in the ZR-75-1 human
      breast cancer cell line.
AB  - A cDNA library has been constructed from the poly(A)+ mRNA of oestrogen
      stimulated ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. Screening by differential
      hybridization has identified eight clones which are stimulated between 4- and 16
      fold by oestrogen. Two clones (pLIV-1) that are stimulated 4-fold, hybridize to
      three different mRNA species. A further five recombinants encode for a mRNA 600
      bp long which is induced greater than 16-fold and have been shown to cross
      hybridize to the oestrogen-responsive clone, pS2, isolated from the MCF-7 breast
      cancer cell line. Oestradiol was shown to be without detectable effect upon the
      expression of mRNA for dihydrofolate reductase, which is reported to be oestrogen
      regulated in MCF-7 cells. Actin gene expression is also unresponsive to
      oestradiol in ZR-75-1 cells. These results suggest that pLIV-1 represents a
      previously unidentified mRNA that may be involved in the oestrogen-regulated
      growth of ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2903104
TI  - Immunocytochemical analysis of the regeneration of myofibrils in long-term
      cultures of adult cardiomyocytes of the rat.
AB  - Dissociated adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes obtained from hearts by
      retrograde perfusion with collagenase were investigated in long-term cultures.
      Myofibril regeneration, isoprotein transition of alpha- and beta-myosin heavy
      chain (MHC), and M-band localization of M-creatine kinase in the reconstituting
      heart cells were studied. Myofibril formation was demonstrated by the use of
      antibodies against either cardiac C-protein or myomesin as early differentiation
      markers. Four days after plating, small myofibrils could be identified in
      attached cells in a perinuclear fashion; later in culture the cells displayed
      various shapes and myofibril distribution. Frequently a patchy distribution of
      myofibrils within the extending peripheral processes could be observed.
      Colocalization of sarcomeres and phalloidin-stained F-actin filament bundles was
      demonstrated by double fluorescence staining and by the use of high intensifying
      video microscopy and computerized image processing. The immunofluorescence
      distribution of alpha- and beta-MHC isoproteins in newly isolated and cultured
      cardiomyocytes changed from 100% alpha-MHC and 70% beta-MHC in rod-shaped cells
      to about 100% beta-MHC and 70% alpha-MHC in spread out cultured cells. This shift
      was corroborated by a relative gradual decline in alpha-MHC at the expense of
      increasing amounts of beta-MHC with time in culture as assessed by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate gel electrophoresis of total cell homogenates. In addition, whereas rod
      shaped newly isolated cardiomyocytes showed a clear M-band association of M
      creatine kinase as found in adult heart tissue, adult cultivated spread out cells
      did not show a cross-striated pattern after incubation with antibody. Taken
      together, these observations suggest that adult cardiomyocytes not only undergo
      extensive morphological transitions in long-term cultures, but also generate new
      myofibrillar structures lacking M-creatine kinase and containing the beta-MHC,
      thus fitting the characteristics of fetal myofibrils. These results indicate a
      change from the adult terminally differentiated to a less differentiated state of
      the cardiac cells in culture.

PMID- 2903105
TI  - Cyclosporin-induced remission of IDDM after early intervention. Association of 1
      yr of cyclosporin treatment with enhanced insulin secretion. The Canadian
      European Randomized Control Trial Group.
AB  - A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to determine
      whether cyclosporin enhances remission of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM) through the 1st yr after diagnosis. Dosage with insulin was minimized with
      target control of blood glucose levels less than or equal to 7.8 mM (140 mg/dl)
      before meals. Metabolic control was evaluated by serial determinations of
      glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and endogenous secretion of insulin was evaluated
      by determination of the levels of glucagon-stimulated insulin-connecting peptide
      (CP) in the plasma at 3-mo intervals. A compound definition of remission required
      a glucagon-stimulated CP level in plasma greater than or equal to 0.6 nM or a non
      insulin-receiving state (NIR) in which target control of glycemia was maintained
      without administration of insulin. A clinical definition of remission required
      only the NIR state as defined. One hundred eighty-eight patients aged 10-35 yr
      entered the study within 6 wk of initiation of insulin therapy and within 14 wk
      of onset of symptoms and were studied for 1 yr. There were no significant
      differences in metabolic control between the two treatment groups during the
      study. The anticipated adverse effects of cyclosporin were not more frequent or
      severe than in other experience with the drug, but histological changes
      attributable to cyclosporin were present in some kidney biopsies obtained from
      selected patients after 1 yr. At 1 yr, by the compound definition, 33% of the
      cyclosporin-group and 21% of the placebo-group patients were in remission, when
      the corresponding rates for NIR remissions were 24 and 10%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903107
TI  - [Myocardial revascularization using both internal mammary arteries. Clinical
      results and surgical strategy].
AB  - To improve the benefits from coronary artery grafting with internal mammary
      artery (IMA) several technical manoeuvres and methods have been developed to
      increase the number of coronary arteries and their branches that can be bypassed
      with internal mammary arteries. Between November 1985 and December 1986, 50
      patients underwent a surgical myocardial revascularization procedure using both
      internal mammary arteries by single or sequential anastomoses and supplemental
      saphenous vein graft. In 42% of these patients complete revascularization was
      achieved employing only internal mammary artery grafts. One hundred and twenty
      six internal mammary artery grafts (77% of the total coronary bypass performed),
      were placed. One patient developed perioperative myocardial infarction.
      Reparative surgery to control immediate post-operative bleeding was required in
      two patients. Post-operative coronary angiography performed in 30 patients showed
      all patent internal mammary artery grafts but one. No late deaths occurred. Mean
      follow-up of 10 months was complete in 50 patients, of whom 94% are symptom free.
      We conclude that bilateral internal mammary artery grafting can be performed with
      low operative risk and can provide excellent long-term functional improvement and
      survival employing only high patency arterial conduit. Moreover, it doesn't
      significantly increase surgical morbidity.

PMID- 2903106
TI  - Intracellular location of the multidomain protein CAD in mammalian cells.
AB  - The first three steps of mammalian de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis are catalyzed
      by the multifunctional protein CAD, consisting of glutamine-dependent
      carbamylphosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase. The
      intracellular distribution of CAD in two hamster cell lines, BHK 21 and BHK 165
      23 (a strain in which the CAD gene was selectively amplified), was determined by
      differential centrifugation and by two different cytochemical immunolocalization
      methods. Ammonia-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase I was found in both cell
      types at a concentration of 0.01% of the total cell protein, so its distribution
      was also determined as a control for possible cross-reactivity of the CAD
      antibody probes and as a mitochondrial marker. CAD was localized in the
      cytoplasmic compartment and almost completely excluded from the nucleus. A
      punctate staining pattern suggested that it was not uniformly dispersed
      throughout the cytosol (unlike typical soluble proteins) but was associated with
      subcellular organelles. Although there was a slight tendency for CAD to be
      localized in the vicinity of the nuclear envelope, the amount of staining was
      much less than expected from differential centrifugation, which showed that 30%
      of the protein was found in the nuclear fraction. No interactions with other
      subcellular components could be detected by centrifugation. It is possible,
      however, that CAD is associated with subcellular structures that cosediment with
      the nuclei. Despite a 150-fold increase in CAD concentration in the over
      producing cells, the distribution of the protein was unaltered. CAD was not
      concentrated near the mitochondria where the next enzyme of the de novo pathway,
      dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, is localized, which indicates that the intermediate
      dihydroorotate is not channeled, but rather dissociates from CAD and diffuses
      through the bulk cellular fluid.

PMID- 2903108
TI  - Gel-filtration of serum gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase with HPLC in hepatobiliary
      diseases and its significance.
AB  - Serum gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) from patients with various
      hepatobiliary diseases was fractionated by molecular size using HPLC to
      investigate the heterogeneity of serum gamma-GTP. Serum gamma-GTP eluted with
      HPLC showed essentially 3 elution peaks of different molecular size. In the sera
      of normal patients, there was little gamma-GTP in the high molecular fraction,
      and most occurred in the low molecular fraction. Intermediate molecular gamma-GTP
      appeared only in the sera of patients with hepatobiliary disease. In the sera of
      patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, the percentage of high molecular
      gamma-GTP to total serum gamma-GTP activity was higher than that of other
      patients. High molecular gamma-GTP increased in the sera of patients with
      extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Intermediate molecular gamma-GTP appeared in
      the relatively higher molecular fraction in the sera of patients in whom alcohol
      consumption might have caused serum gamma-GTP increase, and in the relatively
      lower molecular fraction in the sera of patients with extrahepatic biliary
      obstruction. It was concluded, therefore, that the position of elution of
      intermediate molecular gamma-GTP corresponded to the morbid state. It was shown
      that intermediate molecular gamma-GTP appeared in the relatively low molecular
      fraction, corresponding to the increase of serum total bile acids concentration.

PMID- 2903109
TI  - Changes of plasma insulin glucagon and somatostatin in portal blood and
      morphological changes of islets of Langerhans after hepatectomy in dogs.
AB  - Hybrid adult male dogs were laparotomized before, one week after and one month
      after 40% hepatectomy. At the same time, an intravenous glucose tolerance test
      was done (IV-GTT) and pancreatic tissues were removed and examined by PAP
      staining. The following results were obtained: Carbohydrate metabolism was
      disturbed and plasma insulin levels were low one week after surgery, but B-cell
      granulations was at the preoperative level. It seemed that hypersomatostatinemia
      suppressed insulin release from B cells. Carbohydrate metabolism was restored to
      normal and the plasma insulin response was increased one month after surgery.
      Islets of Langerhans cells were hypertrophic and increased after surgery,
      particularly D cells.

PMID- 2903110
TI  - Double-blind comparison of slow-release 5-aminosalicylate and sulfasalazine in
      remission maintenance in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - The results of a clinical trial comparing slow-release 5-aminosalicylic acid
      tablets (Pentasa) and enteric-coated sulfasalazine tablets (Salazopyrin) with
      regard to the efficacy of maintaining ulcerative colitis patients in remission
      for 12 mo and with regard to safety of treatment are reported. Seventy-five
      patients with ulcerative colitis in remission for between 1 mo and 5 yr were
      included for analysis. Forty-nine men and 26 women, aged between 18 and 79 yr,
      received either Pentasa t.i.d. (1500 mg) plus Salazopyrin placebo or Salazopyrin
      t.i.d. (3 g) plus Pentasa placebo daily. Patients were assessed clinically,
      endoscopically, and histologically before and 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo after the start
      of treatment. Life-table analysis showed ongoing remission after 6 and 12 mo for
      Pentasa to be 63% (26 of 41) and 54% (22 of 41) and for Salazopyrin 72% (22 of
      31) and 46% (14 of 31). These differences were not statistically significant.
      Three patients treated with Salazopyrin were withdrawn because of severe
      erythrodermia, anxiety and backache, and pregnancy, respectively. One patient on
      Salazopyrin experienced transient rises in serum urea, creatinine, and lactic
      dehydrogenase and another patient in this group reported slight reversible loss
      of hair. In the Pentasa group no side effects were recorded. We conclude that
      Pentasa is a well-tolerated drug, equally effective as Salazopyrin in maintenance
      of remission of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2903112
TI  - Remission of Crohn's disease after human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - A patient with an 18-yr history of Crohn's disease of the colon became infected
      with the human immunodeficiency virus. The patient had a complete remission of
      gastrointestinal symptoms in association with progressive immunodeficiency. This
      finding suggests that CD4 T cells and an intact immune response play a central
      role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2903111
TI  - Effects of gastrin, proglumide, and somatostatin on growth of human colon cancer.
AB  - The effects of gastrin, proglumide (a gastrin receptor antagonist), and
      somatostatin on growth of human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines CX1, X56, and
      HT29 were examined in two experimental models. Nude mice bearing xenografts of
      colon cancer CX1 or X56 were treated for 14-25 days subcutaneously with saline,
      pentagastrin (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), proglumide (250 or 500 mg/kg), or somatostatin
      14 (33, 100, or 300 micrograms/kg) twice daily. Tumor volume, weight, protein,
      and deoxyribonucleic acid were measured. HT29 cells were grown in vitro and the
      effects of gastrin 17, proglumide, and somatostatin on growth were evaluated by
      cell counts or [3H]thymidine incorporation. The larger dose of pentagastrin
      significantly increased tumor growth in the nude mouse (p less than 0.005) and
      gastrin induced a biphasic effect on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in tissue
      culture with significant increases of up to 39% (p less than 0.025). Somatostatin
      alone significantly inhibited tumor growth in two of the cell lines and also
      inhibited the gastrin-induced growth. Proglumide had no effect by itself but
      significantly inhibited gastrin-stimulated growth. These findings suggest that
      growth of some human colon cancers may be hormone-dependent.

PMID- 2903113
TI  - Update on the aminosalicylates: a promise fulfilled.

PMID- 2903114
TI  - Tunable dye laser lithotripsy: in vitro studies and in vivo treatment of
      choledocholithiasis.

PMID- 2903115
TI  - [Neurohumoral regulation of the adaptive processes in workers subjected to
      toluene diisocyanate exposure].

PMID- 2903116
TI  - Cerebral infarction due to systemic necrotizing vasculitis in a patient with
      rheumatic heart disease, subacute bacterial endocarditis and status epilepticus.
AB  - Systemic necrotizing vasculitis involving cerebral blood vessels is described in
      a 30-year-old man with rheumatic heart disease and subacute bacterial
      endocarditis. Fever, anaemia, splenomegaly and positive blood cultures for Gram
      negative bacteria were found on admission. The fever resolved with antibiotic
      therapy on the third hospital day but he then developed hemiplegia and multifocal
      seizures. The seizures progressed to uncontrollable status epilepticus
      accompanied by congestive heart failure and the patient died 20 d after
      admission. At autopsy, exudative and necrotizing vasculitis involving medium- to
      small-sized arteries was seen in the brain, the heart and the skeletal muscles.
      Rheumatic myocarditis and endocarditis and old rheumatic mitral valve deformities
      were also present. In addition, verrucous endocarditis in the mitral valve and
      Lohlein's focal glomerulonephritis were noted. We discuss the possible mechanism
      of the systemic necrotizing vasculitis in relation to rheumatic fever.

PMID- 2903117
TI  - Immunopathogenesis of occlusive thromboaortopathy (OTAP).

PMID- 2903119
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the detection of antigen in amoebic liver
      abscess.

PMID- 2903118
TI  - Attempt to detect recombination between B-F and B-L genes within the chicken B
      complex by serological typing, in vitro MLR, and RFLP analyses.
AB  - In search for recombinants within the chicken major histocompatibility B complex,
      1155 animals from crosses between the congenic lines CB (B12) and CC (B4) were
      tested with alloantibodies and monoclonal antibodies for the B-F (class I), B-L
      (class II), and B-G (class IV) antigens and by mixed lymphocyte reaction. The
      absence of detectable recombination was confirmed by restriction fragment length
      polymorphism analysis with B-L beta and B-F probes. Together with previous
      reports, this indicates that the distance between the B-F and B-L loci is below
      0.01 centimorgan.

PMID- 2903120
TI  - Toxic effect of seaweed extracts on mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2903121
TI  - Haemagglutination & electron microscopy of enterotoxigenic & nontoxigenic
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2903122
TI  - Inhibition of activated nonresponder C3H/HeJ lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide
      endotoxin.
AB  - The B lymphocytes and macrophages of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nonresponder
      C3H/HeJ mice were found to respond to certain R types of LPS endotoxin in a
      fashion resembling that ordinarily seen with the cells from normal responder
      mice. DNA synthesis, polyclonal antibody synthesis, and interleukin-1 activity
      were stimulated by Bordetella pertussis LPS and Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS,
      although to a lesser extent than with responder cells. Mitogenesis stimulated by
      both LPSs was inhibited by polymyxin B; this finding provided evidence that any
      trace endotoxin-associated proteins were not responsible for the activity. Of
      particular interest was the finding that wild-type smooth LPS actually inhibited
      activation of the C3H/HeJ B cells not only by the LPS but also by mitogenic
      proteins, including purified protein derivative of tuberculin. The nonspecific
      nature of this inhibition and the fact that maximal inhibition occurred some 9 to
      12 h into the culture period suggested that the proliferation of the B cells was
      affected by smooth-type LPS in a manner heretofore unrecognized. These findings
      permit a new approach to the study of how LPS endotoxin affects cells of the
      immune system.

PMID- 2903123
TI  - Roles of CD4- and CD8-bearing T lymphocytes in the immune response to the
      erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium chabaudi.
AB  - The possible role of CD4- and CD8-bearing T lymphocytes in parasite clearance in
      vivo was investigated, using Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6 mice as a model.
      Monoclonal antibodies specific for the CD4 and CD8 molecules were administered in
      vivo to deplete selectively the appropriate subset of T cells. The efficacy of
      depletion was ascertained by flow cytometry and functional studies. These mice
      were then infected with P. chabaudi, and the course of infection was followed.
      The control groups had maximum parasitemias of approximately 30% 10 days after
      infection, and the infection was cleared within 27 days. Mice without CD4+ cells
      had significantly higher parasitemias which they were unable to reduce below 20%
      for the duration of the experiment. Mice without CD8 cells had slightly higher
      parasitemias which were cleared after 34 days. Because of the possibility that
      CD8+ cells alone could not be activated in the absence of growth factors,
      exogenous interleukin-2 was administered to the mice depleted of CD4 cells. This
      did not significantly affect parasitemias, and the mice were still unable to
      clear their infections. The data suggest that CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in
      the protective immune response to the erythrocytic stages of P. chabaudi.

PMID- 2903124
TI  - In vitro and in vivo studies of macrophage functions in amebiasis.
AB  - Experimental intrahepatic inoculation of the gerbil with Entamoeba histolytica
      trophozoites was used as a model of liver amebiasis to study the cellular immune
      response elicited by the parasite. It was shown that abscess-derived macrophages
      (5 to 20 days old) were deficient in their capacity to develop a respiratory
      burst, to secrete and express membrane-bound interleukin-1-like activity, and to
      kill E. histolytica trophozoites as well as to respond to lymphokines in vitro.
      However, macrophages isolated from the spleen and peritoneal cavities from the
      same infected animals were not significantly down regulated in these functions.
      Splenocytes from infected gerbils were shown to develop a strong responsiveness
      to amebic antigen, whereas their response to concanavalin A was suppressed. Crude
      E. histolytica extracts or conditioned medium down regulated murine BALB/c
      macrophage accessory and effector cell functions in vitro in a manner similar to
      abscess-derived macrophages, whereas crude extracts of the nonvirulent E.
      histolytica-like Laredo strain did not. Our results indicate that intrinsic or
      secreted products or both from E. histolytica are actively regulating macrophage
      functions at the abscess site and can possibly mediate other immunoregulatory
      mechanisms at distant targets.

PMID- 2903125
TI  - Comparison of type 2 and type 6 fimbriae of Bordetella pertussis by using
      agglutinating monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two types of fimbriae have been identified on the pathogenic gram-negative
      organism Bordetella pertussis. Monoclonal antibodies to these fimbriae were
      produced to better understand the role of fimbriae as serotype-specific
      agglutinogens and to investigate the antigenic relationship between these
      fimbriae. Three monoclonal antibodies were identified that specifically
      agglutinated B. pertussis cells containing the U.S. Reference Factor 2
      agglutinogen, and six monoclonal antibodies were produced that agglutinated only
      those strains containing the U.S. Reference Factor 6 agglutinogen. Indirect
      immunofluorescence studies and immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that
      these monoclonal antibodies bind to an outer membrane component on serotype
      specific strains of B. pertussis. All of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with
      native or partially assembled type-specific fimbriae but not with monomeric
      fimbrial subunits as indicated by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. The
      fimbrial agglutinogens recognized by the monoclonal antibodies were also uniquely
      reactive with either U.S. Reference Factor 2 or 6 antiserum (Eldering
      agglutinogen 2 or 6 polyclonal antiserum) in an indirect ELISA. No cross
      reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies with the unrelated fimbriae was observed
      in any of the comparative immunological studies. Some of the monoclonal
      antibodies agglutinated certain strains of B. bronchiseptica, suggesting that
      this closely related species can contain antigenically similar fimbriae. These
      monoclonal antibodies should prove useful for further structural and functional
      analysis of Bordetella fimbriae and for studies on the role that these antigens
      play in prevention of infection and disease.

PMID- 2903126
TI  - Identification of a 69-kilodalton nonfimbrial protein as an agglutinogen of
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Cells of Bordetella pertussis BP353, a nonfimbriated Eldering serotype 1.3
      strain, were used as an immunogen to produce three monoclonal antibodies, BPE3,
      BPD8, and BPE8, that agglutinated the immunizing cells, as well as certain other
      nonfimbriated and fimbriated serotype 3-containing B. pertussis strains. The
      antibodies did not agglutinate serotype 1 or nontypable B. pertussis cells. These
      monoclonal antibodies specifically detected a 69-kilodalton (kDa) band on Western
      blots (immunoblots) containing whole B. pertussis cell lysates of Eldering
      agglutinogen serotypes 1.3, 1.3.6, 1.2.3.4, and 1.2.3.4.6. This 69-kDa antigen
      was released from the bacteria by cell incubation for 60 min at 60 degrees C, and
      it was purified by affinity chromatography with a BPE3-agarose affinity matrix.
      Purified material was used to produce a polyclonal antiserum that agglutinated
      all nonfimbriated and fimbriated B. pertussis cells containing serotype 3
      agglutinogen. Immunogold electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence
      studies demonstrated that it is an outer membrane constituent but nonfimbrial in
      appearance. BPE3 did not detect purified fimbriae on Western blots, and
      antibodies to these fimbriae did not bind to the 69-kDa component. Although B.
      bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis cells were not agglutinated by the monoclonal
      antibodies, antigenically similar proteins were detected in extracts of the
      bacteria. These results identify the 69-kDa protein as a nonfimbrial agglutinogen
      present on all virulent strains of B. pertussis. The monoclonal antibodies
      described here should be useful for further studies on the structure and function
      of this protein.

PMID- 2903127
TI  - Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the perfringolysin O (theta-toxin)
      gene from Clostridium perfringens and characterization of the gene product.
AB  - The gene encoding perfringolysin O, the thiol-activated hemolysin from
      Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia
      coli. A gene library of C. perfringens chromosomal DNA was constructed in
      bacteriophage lambda EMBL3. A recombinant was identified that produced a
      hemolysin that was inhibited by cholesterol and was tentatively identified as
      perfringolysin O. Subcloning experiments localized the perfringolysin O gene
      (pfo) to a 1.8-kilobase region on the cloned chromosomal fragment. E. coli which
      carried a plasmid subclone of pfo (pRT1B) expressed perfringolysin O and secreted
      it into the periplasm. The amino-terminal sequence of the pfo gene product was
      identical with that determined for perfringolysin O purified from C. perfringens,
      indicating that E. coli correctly removed the signal peptide during secretion.
      Purification of the pfo product was accomplished by high-resolution gel
      filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of the pfo product by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis showed that it comigrated with
      authentic perfringolysin O; both had an estimated molecular weight of 54,000. Two
      dimensional tryptic peptide maps of the pfo product and of authentic
      perfringolysin O purified from C. perfringens were identical. The hemolytic
      activity of the pfo product was similar to that of authentic perfringolysin O;
      one hemolytic unit (HU) of the cloned gene product or authentic perfringolysin O
      corresponded to approximately 1 ng or a hemolytic activity of 10(6) HU per mg.

PMID- 2903128
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the gene for perfringolysin O (theta-toxin) from
      Clostridium perfringens: significant homology with the genes for streptolysin O
      and pneumolysin.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence was determined for the gene encoding the thiol-activated
      cytolysin, perfringolysin O (theta-toxin), from Clostridium perfringens. The
      nucleotide-sequence-derived primary structure of perfringolysin O is 499 residues
      long and exhibits a 27-amino-acid signal peptide. The calculated molecular weight
      of the secreted (mature) form of perfringolysin O is 52,469. The deduced amino
      terminal sequence of perfringolysin O is identical to that determined for
      purified perfringolysin O. Hydropathy analysis indicated that, except for the
      signal peptide, no major stretches of hydrophobic residues are present. Extensive
      amino acid sequence homology (65%) was detected with the low-molecular-weight
      form of streptolysin O, and a lesser amount (42%) was detected with pneumolysin.
      The nucleotide sequence of the perfringolysin O gene (pfo) exhibits approximately
      60% homology with the streptolysin O gene (slo) and 48% homology with the
      pneumolysin gene (ply). All three toxins contain an identical region of 12 amino
      acids, which includes the essential cysteine of all three toxins. The location of
      these 12 residues was conserved in all three toxins when the primary sequences
      were aligned for maximum homology.

PMID- 2903129
TI  - Vibrio cholerae O1 adherence to villi and lymphoid follicle epithelium: in vitro
      model using formalin-treated human small intestine and correlation between
      adherence and cell-associated hemagglutinin levels.
AB  - Formalin-fixed human small intestinal mucosa possessing villi and lymphoid
      follicle epithelium of Peyer's patches at the mucosal surface was used to test
      the adherence ability of clinically isolated strains of Vibrio cholerae O1. V.
      cholerae O1 grown on CFA agar for approximately 3 h at 37 degrees C had various
      levels of cellular hemagglutinins (HAs) and manifested adherence abilities that
      were roughly correlated with the cellular HA levels, irrespective of cellular HA
      types. V. cholerae O1 adhered better to epithelium over ileal lymphoid follicles
      than to epithelium of jejunal or ileal villi. Cells of different morphology which
      constituted lymphoid follicle epithelium were almost equal targets for adherence.
      In contrast, V. cholerae O1 grown on CFA agar for approximately 20 h at 37
      degrees C in many cases had lower levels of cellular HAs and adherence abilities.
      Contrary to the above observations with cellular HAs and adherence, piliation of
      V. cholerae O1 was rather more extensive at approximately 20 h of incubation at
      37 degrees C than at approximately 3 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. L-Fucose
      inhibited adherence to a varied extent depending on the cellular HA types, while
      D-mannose enhanced adherence in some strains. Heating of V. cholerae O1
      diminished adherence ability. This adherence model system provides a tool by
      which various V. cholerae O1 strains can be preliminarily tested for adherence
      ability and site in human small intestine.

PMID- 2903131
TI  - Opposite effects of amines on lymphocyte- and monocyte-mediated ADCC.
AB  - The effect of different amines on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
      activity of human mononuclear cells was tested. Whereas monocyte cytotoxic
      capacity was significantly stimulated in the presence of methylamine (MA),
      dansylcadaverine (DC) and glycine ethylester (GEE), lymphocyte ADCC was markedly
      suppressed by these agents. The pharmacological actions of these compounds in our
      system are not related to their ability to inhibit transglutaminase (TGase)
      enzymes, since tertiary amines such as sarcosine ethylester (SEE) and chloroquine
      (CQ) elicited identical responses to MA, DC and GEE. The calmodulin (CAM)
      inhibitors trifluoperazine (TFP) and the more specific N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro
      1-naphtalene sulfonamide (W-7) [Hidaka, Sasaki, Tanaka, Endo, Ohno, Fujii &
      Nagata (1981) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 78, 4353-4357] mimicked the effects
      of amines on ADCC, suggesting the possibility that a CAM-regulated process might
      be involved in the functional changes provoked by amines on ADCC. Finally,
      binding of 125I-immune complexes to the effector cells in the presence of amines
      showed lack of correlation between alterations in ADCC capacity and Fc gamma R
      expression.

PMID- 2903130
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the major subunit of CS3 fimbriae of
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of a 612-base-pair DNA fragment containing the
      gene for the major fimbrial subunit of CS3 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is
      presented. A possible promoter region, a ribosome-binding site, and two potential
      signal peptidase cleavage sites are indicated. Unlike the best-studied fimbrial
      proteins, the predicted CS3 sequence has no Cys residues.

PMID- 2903132
TI  - T lymphocytes and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 2903133
TI  - Depression of hypoxic ventilatory response in humans by somatostatin.
AB  - In nine normal subjects we measured the ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia
      with and without an intravenous infusion of 1 mg of somatostatin. Arterial O2
      saturation was rapidly lowered to 80 +/- 2% in 2 min and maintained for 30 min.
      During control experiments, ventilation increased immediately (3-5 min) and then
      declined so that at 25 min of hypoxia ventilation was little above that in room
      air. Somatostatin was associated with a small decrease in ventilation while the
      subjects breathed room air. With hypoxia there was no immediate increase in
      ventilation for the group as a whole, although an increase was observed in one
      subject. With somatostatin, after 25 min of hypoxia, mean ventilation was lower
      than at any other time in the study; as hypoxia was discontinued ventilation
      increased slightly. Somatostatin causes profound depression of the ventilatory
      response to hypoxia by a mechanism that is not known but may be central. With
      somatostatin hypoxia of 25-min duration tends to depress ventilation.

PMID- 2903134
TI  - Central respiratory effects of glutamine synthesis inhibition in dogs.
AB  - Glutamic acid is an excitatory neurotransmitter that may have a significant role
      in the central chemical drive of ventilation. Therefore cardiorespiratory
      function was measured in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized dogs before and after
      central inhibition of glutamate metabolism by means of methionine sulfoximine
      (MSO), a specific inhibitor of glutamine synthase (GS) catalyzing amidation of
      glutamate to glutamine. GS was inhibited centrally by perfusing the
      ventriculocisternal space with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing
      92.5 mmol MSO per liter at a fixed pH, perfusion rate, and pressure. After GS
      inhibition, CSF transfer rate of [13N]glutamine synthesized from 13NH4+ amidation
      of glutamate was reduced five-fold, and minute ventilation increased from 2.90 +/
      0.41 (SE) l/min (0.164 +/- 0.020 l.min-1.kg body wt-1) to 4.46 +/- 0.52 l/min
      (0.254 +/- 0.029 l.min-1.kg body wt-1). This increase in ventilation with
      endogenous glutamate and the increase in ventilation previously observed during
      ventriculocisternal perfusion of exogenous glutamate are compared quantitatively
      via a model of central neurotransmitter glutamate chemoreception. The results
      support the hypothesis that the endogenous brain glutamate is important in the
      central chemical drive of ventilation.

PMID- 2903135
TI  - Absence of neural modulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in conscious
      dogs.
AB  - Our objectives were 1) to quantify the magnitude of the hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstrictor (HPV) response in conscious dogs by utilizing pulmonary vascular
      pressure-cardiac index (P/Q) plots and 2) to assess the extent to which the
      autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulates the HPV response. Multipoint P/Q plots
      were constructed in conscious dogs during normoxia and during bilateral alveolar
      hypoxia by stepwise constriction of the thoracic inferior vena cava to reduce Q.
      With the ANS intact, the pulmonary vascular pressure gradient (pulmonary arterial
      pressure-pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) increased (P less than 0.01)
      approximately twofold during hypoxia over a broad range of Q. The absolute
      magnitude of the HPV response was related (P less than 0.01) to the level of Q.
      We hypothesized that if ANS activation reduces the magnitude of HPV in intact
      dogs, then we would expect the magnitude of HPV to be increased both after
      combined sympathetic alpha-(phentolamine) and beta-(propranolol) adrenergic block
      and after total autonomic ganglionic block (hexamethonium). A marked HPV response
      (P less than 0.01) was observed after both combined sympathetic block and
      ganglionic block over a broad range of Q during alveolar hypoxia. The magnitude
      of the HPV response with the ANS intact, however, was not significantly different
      from the magnitude of HPV after combined sympathetic block (P = 0.45) or after
      ganglionic block (P = 0.64) at any level of Q. Thus, during bilateral alveolar
      hypoxia, the ANS does not appear to attenuate the HPV response of intact
      conscious dogs.

PMID- 2903136
TI  - Development and characterization of a human cell line from an ovarian mixed
      Mullerian tumor (carcinosarcoma).
AB  - A cell line derived from a human ovarian carcinosarcoma was established in tissue
      culture and in nude mice. Two sublines, LDF and HDF, separated by discontinuous
      density centrifugation were also established from the parent line JoN. The
      cloning efficiency of the JoN line was 21%. Morphologic features of
      adenocarcinoma cells characteristic of the parent JoN cells were retained in the
      sublines and clones; all lines showed the same karyotype and DNA content
      (pseudodiploid and pseudotetraploid). Keratin, as demonstrated
      immunohistochemically, was strongly expressed in the parent line JoN and the
      xenograft tumor, but not at all in the LDF sublines and only moderately in the
      HDF sublines. Vimentin, however, was expressed in neither the parent line JoN nor
      the xenograft tumor, but was present in both sublines. Transglutaminase and
      plasminogen activator activity was high in the parent line JoN. Neither, sublines
      nor clones showed the same high enzyme activity as the parent line. It is
      concluded that this human tumor line JoN is comprised of epithelial cells,
      capable of multidirectional differentiation.

PMID- 2903137
TI  - A method for the comparative study of replicative DNA synthesis in GGT-positive
      and GGT-negative hepatocytes in primary culture isolated from carcinogen-treated
      rats.
AB  - The presence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in focal nodules of
      hepatocytes is a commonly used marker for the identification of preneoplastic
      cell populations. Female Fischer 344 rats were initiated with a single
      intragastric administration of 200 mg diethylnitrosamine/kg, altered cells were
      selected after 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene was given in the diet; this was
      followed by a partial hepatectomy and promotion with dietary sodium phenobarbital
      for 4 wk. A mixed-cell population of GGT-positive and GGT-negative hepatocytes
      was obtained after collagenase perfusion and Percoll purification. An enriched
      population of GGT-positive hepatocytes was obtained by a modified "panning"
      technique. With quantitative scintillation spectrometry and autoradiography of
      [3H]thymidine incorporation, replicative DNA synthesis of GGT-positive and GGT
      negative rat hepatocytes was observed in both the mixed-cell population and the
      enriched GGT-positive and GGT-negative cell populations. Under the culture
      conditions used, GGT-positive cells showed a higher level of replicative DNA
      synthesis than did GGT-negative cells; this indicates that such altered
      hepatocytes in the stage of promotion possess an inherently greater capacity for
      all replication, as previously suggested from studies in vivo.

PMID- 2903138
TI  - Common cardiac drugs and rehabilitation.
AB  - Cardiac patients are often on drugs. They invariably benefit from a
      rehabilitation programme where they may be seen more frequently than in a routine
      follow-up clinic. Rehabilitation units must keep alert for drug-induced adverse
      effects or symptomatic deterioration, as well as the more usual psychological and
      physical benefits they induce.

PMID- 2903139
TI  - Sulphasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in India.

PMID- 2903140
TI  - Two trans-acting regulatory genes (vir and mod) control antigenic modulation in
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Expression of virulence factors by Bordetella pertussis is altered by
      environmental signals (antigenic modulation) and is dependent on an activator
      encoded by a gene called vir. We have used TnphoA (Tn5 IS50L::phoA) gene fusions
      to define two sets of genes whose expression is either activated (vag loci) or
      repressed (vrg loci) by modulation signals. Both groups of genes appear to be
      regulated by the vir gene product in that, in the absence of modulators, null
      mutations in vir lead to the repression of vag gene fusions and derepression of
      vrg gene fusions. Mutants of B. pertussis were isolated that constitutively
      express virulence factors in the presence of the modulator MgSO4, nicotinic acid,
      or low incubation temperature. We designate the gene that carries such mutations
      mod (modulation) and have characterized one (mod-1) of these mod constitutive
      mutations. A method was developed for the insertional inactivation of the vir
      gene by using the integration of a suicide replicon. Inactivation of the vir gene
      in the mod-1 mutant, followed by transcomplementation with the cloned wild-type
      vir gene, gives the Mod-1 constitutive phenotype, showing that the mod-1 mutation
      defines a gene distinct from vir. The gene carrying the mod-1 mutation is linked
      to vir and was cloned on a recombinant cosmid (pLAF-C1) which transcomplements
      the vir-1::Tn5 mutation in B. pertussis 347. Introduction of pLAF-C1 into vir
      mutant and vir+ B. pertussis strains also gives the Mod-1 constitutive phenotype,
      indicating that mod-1 is a dominant allele. These data suggest that the mod gene
      product could have sensory functions for the environmental signals that affect
      the expression of vir-regulated genes of B. pertussis. The mod constitutive
      strains and plasmids described here also have applications in pertussis vaccine
      development.

PMID- 2903141
TI  - Antipsychotic-withdrawal akathisia versus antipsychotic-induced akathisia:
      further evidence for the existence of tardive akathisia.
AB  - The authors present a study in which 33 chronic schizophrenic patients who, when
      withdrawn from antipsychotic drug treatment for more than 2 weeks, presented with
      concurrent signs of akathisia and tardive dyskinesia; however, signs of akinesia,
      facial masking, rigidity, or dystonia were not concurrent with the patients'
      akathetic presentation. In a subsequent study phase, these patients were treated
      with antipsychotics for up to 6 weeks. The dyskinetic signs that had been
      dramatically more severe in those patients exhibiting akathisia following
      withdrawal from antipsychotic medication continued for up to 6 weeks following
      the renewal of antipsychotic drug therapy. These findings help to confirm a
      relationship between tardive dyskinesia and a persistent akathisia of later onset
      known as tardive akathisia.

PMID- 2903142
TI  - The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness.
AB  - Neuroleptic drugs are a common treatment for acute mania. Although lithium alone
      may be effective, for those patients with moderate or severe agitation
      neuroleptics appear to be superior. Low-potency and high-potency neuroleptics are
      equally effective in mania, as in schizophrenia. Patients with affective
      disorders, however, may be highly susceptible to the pseudoparkinsonian or
      extrapyramidal side effects that can occur with neuroleptics. Moderate doses of
      neuroleptics can be effective in most patients and can reduce the likelihood of
      serious side effects. Many bipolar patients have manic relapses despite adequate
      serum lithium levels, and many of those patients are subsequently maintained on a
      regimen of neuroleptic drugs in addition to lithium. Using the lowest possible
      dose of the neuroleptic may decrease the high, long-term risk of tardive
      dyskinesia. More clinical research is needed to determine the most appropriate
      use of neuroleptic drugs in bipolar disorder.

PMID- 2903143
TI  - The use of benzodiazepines in the treatment of manic-depressive illness.
AB  - The benzodiazepine clonazepam was approved for the treatment of epilepsy in 1976.
      To study its use in acute mania, the author compared clonazepam with lithium in a
      crossover trial. Clonazepam proved more effective than lithium in controlling the
      symptoms of mania and caused fewer manifestations of parkinsonism. Associated
      side effects included ataxia, drowsiness, and behavioral changes. No treatment
      emergent depression was observed. Neither clonazepam nor any other benzodiazepine
      is recommended in schizoaffective or schizophrenic disorders because of the high
      risk of dependence in those patients, in contrast to manic-depressives. For the
      maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, lithium is recommended as the initial
      agent, with L-tryptophan added if concomitant medication is needed. Clonazepam
      can then be added as the anticonvulsant, if necessary. In the treatment of acute
      mania, clonazepam is recommended for the first week of treatment, and lithium is
      added in the beginning of the second week, thus avoiding the use of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2903144
TI  - Inhibitory effect of taurolipids on Clostridium perfringens sialidase.
AB  - Taurolipids A and B, which are detergent-type compounds isolated from protozoan
      Tetrahymena cells, were demonstrated to inhibit strongly the activity of
      Clostridium perfringens sialidase. On addition of 280 pmol of taurolipid B to 20
      mU of the enzyme, the sialidase activity was decreased to 7% of the original
      activity at pH 5.1 as the optimum pH. The inhibition was non-competitive.
      Effective inhibition was observed at the acidic region from the isoelectric point
      of the sialidase, and at a low ionic strength. Both the long chain acyl and
      sulfonic acid groups of taurolipids were required for the inhibition of the
      sialidase activity. A mechanism is postulated for the inhibition.

PMID- 2903145
TI  - Resonance Raman spectra of anionic semiquinoid form of a flavoenzyme, D-amino
      acid oxidase.
AB  - Resonance Raman (RR) spectra of the complex of anionic semiquinoid D-amino acid
      oxidase (DAO) with picolinate in H2O and D2O were observed in the 300-1,750 cm-1
      region. RR spectra were also measured for the complex of the semiquinoid enzyme
      reconstituted with isotopically labeled FAD's, i.e., [4a-13C]-, [4,10a-13C2]-, [2
      13C]-, [5-15N]-, and [1,3-15N2]-FAD. On the basis of the isotope effects,
      tentative assignments of the observed bands of the anionic semiquinoid flavin
      were made. The spectra differ from those of oxidized, neutral semiquinoid, and
      anionic reduced flavins previously reported. The 1,602 cm-1 band was not shifted
      for any FAD labeled in ring II and/or ring III and was assigned to a ring I mode.
      The 1,516 cm-1 band underwent an isotopic shift upon [4a-13C]- or [4,10a-13C2]
      labeling. The band was assigned to the mode containing C(4a)-C(10a) stretching.
      The 1,331 and 1,292 cm-1 bands shifted upon [4a-13C]- or [5-15N]-labeling and
      were assigned to the modes containing C(4a)-N(5) stretching. The 1,217 and 1,188
      cm-1 bands were assigned to the skeletal vibrations of ring III coupled with the
      N(3)-H bending mode. The RR spectrum of the complex of anionic semiquinoid DAO
      with alpha-iminopropionate or N-methyl-alpha-iminopropionate was essentially
      identical with that of the complex with picolinate.

PMID- 2903147
TI  - The plasma membrane H+-ATPase of Neurospora crassa. Properties of two reactive
      sulfhydryl groups.
AB  - Previous work with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) has defined two sites on the Neurospora
      plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Modification of one (the "fast" site) by NEM is rapid
      but does not affect ATPase activity, while modification of the other (the "slow"
      site) inactivates the enzyme and is protectable by MgATP or MgADP. In the present
      study, a wider array of sulfhydryl reagents have been used to examine the
      properties of both sites. The results show the following. (a) Both fast and slow
      sites react preferentially with hydrophobic compounds (N-pyrenemaleimide,
      dithiobisnitropyridine greater than N-naphthylmaleimide, dithiobisnitrobenzoate
      greater than N-phenylmaleimide greater than N-ethylmaleimide) and are virtually
      insensitive to hydrophilic sulfhydryl reagents such as iodoacetamide and
      iodoacetic acid. (b) The reaction rate of the slow site with NEM is approximately
      2000-fold less rapid than that of the fast site. The slow site also has an
      unusually high pKa (greater than 9.5). (c) Whether or not cysteine modification
      leads to inactivation of the ATPase depends upon the site and the reagent. For
      example, when the fast site reacts with NEM, enzymatic activity is retained; when
      it reacts with N-pyrenemaleimide, activity is lost. Likewise, when the slow site
      is modified by any of the maleimides or by dithiobisnitropyridine or
      dithiobisnitrobenzoate, the ATPase is inactivated; when it is modified by
      methylmethanethiosulfonate, activity remains intact. Thus, neither cysteine can
      be considered to play an essential role in the reaction cycle of the ATPase, but
      the introduction of a sufficiently bulky substituent at either site can disrupt
      activity. (d) Upon reaction of methylmethanethiosulfonate at the slow site, the
      K1/2 for MgATP hydrolysis is reduced from 0.65 to 0.25 mM. This result
      strengthens the evidence for a conformational relationship between the slow site
      cysteine and the nucleotide binding site of the ATPase.

PMID- 2903146
TI  - Directed mutagenesis of the strongly conserved lysine 175 in the proposed
      nucleotide-binding domain of alpha-subunit from Escherichia coli F1-ATPase.
AB  - The alpha-subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase contains an adenine-specific
      noncatalytic nucleotide-binding domain. A recent proposal (Maggio, M. B., Pagan,
      J., Parsonage, D., Hatch, L., and Senior, A. E. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8981
      8984) suggested that this domain is formed by residues 160-340, approximately, in
      alpha-subunit. Within this proposed domain is a sequence Gly-X-X-X-X-Gly-Lys
      which is conserved in a large and diverse group of nucleotide-binding proteins
      and is thought to interact with phosphate groups of bound nucleotide. In this
      work, residue alpha Lys-175, the terminal residue of the above conserved sequence
      in F1-alpha-subunit, was mutagenized to Ile or Glu. The specific activity of
      purified mutant F1-ATPase was reduced by 2.5-fold (Ile) or 3-fold (Glu). Apparent
      binding of ATP to alpha-subunit, as measured by the centrifuge column procedure,
      was strongly impaired and ATP-induced conformational change in alpha-subunit, as
      measured by protection against trypsin proteolysis, was nearly abolished in both
      mutants. The results suggest that residue alpha Lys-175 is located within the
      nucleotide-binding domain of alpha-subunit, and that this residue is functionally
      involved in nucleotide binding. The results support previous suggestions that the
      alpha-subunit nucleotide-binding site is not involved, directly or indirectly, in
      catalysis.

PMID- 2903148
TI  - The structure and biosynthesis of new tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives in
      actinomycin D producer Streptomyces parvulus. Use of 13C- and 15N-labeled L
      glutamate and 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Two novel compounds, 2-methyl, 4-carboxy, 5-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine
      (THP(A] and 2-methyl, 4-carboxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (THP(B] have been
      identified in the pool of Streptomyces parvulus by in vivo and in vitro studies.
      13C and 15N were introduced into the compounds by feeding S. parvulus with 15N-
      and 13C-labeled L-glutamate. High resolution 13C and 15N NMR have been applied to
      elucidate their structure and biosynthesis in S. parvulus. The splitting patterns
      and coupling constants of adjacent nitrogen-carbon molecular fragments enable us
      to unravel their molecular structure. Two different glutamate pools are
      responsible for their biosynthesis, THP(A) carbon skeleton derives from the
      extracellular L-[13C]glutamate, whereas THP(B) stems from D-fructose via the
      intracellular glutamate. During cell growth, THP(A) is synthesized and becomes
      the major constituent of the intracellular pool. It is consumed after THP(B) is
      accumulated intracellularly. The onset of THP(A) and -(B) synthesis seems
      correlated to the time of actinomycin D synthesis. Their high cellular
      concentrations during actinomycin D synthesis suggest that they may function as
      nitrogen storage. Other possible functions of THP molecules within the cell are
      discussed.

PMID- 2903149
TI  - The pH dependence of binding of inhibitors to bovine adrenal tyrosine
      hydroxylase.
AB  - The inhibition of purified bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase by several product
      and substrate analogues has been studied to probe the kinetic mechanism.
      Norepinephrine, dopamine, and methylcatechol are competitive inhibitors versus
      tetrahydropterins and noncompetitive inhibitors versus tyrosine. 3-Iodotyrosine
      is an uncompetitive inhibitor versus tetrahydropterins and a competitive
      inhibitor versus tyrosine. The Ki value for 3-iodotyrosine depends on the
      tetrahydropterin used. These results are consistent with tetrahydropterin binding
      first to the free enzyme followed by binding of tyrosine. 5-Deaza-6
      methyltetrahydropterin is a noncompetitive inhibitor versus tetrahydropterins and
      tyrosine. The effect of varying the concentration of tyrosine on the Ki value for
      5-deaza-6-methyltetrahydropterin is consistent with the binding of this inhibitor
      to both the free enzyme and to an enzyme-dihydroxyphenylalanine complex.
      Dihydroxyphenylalanine also is a noncompetitive inhibitor versus
      tetrahydropterins and tyrosine; the effect of changing the fixed substrate is
      consistent with the binding of this inhibitor to both the free enzyme and to the
      enzyme-tetrahydropterin complex. The effect of pH on the Ki values was determined
      in order to measure the pKa values of amino acid residues involved in substrate
      binding. Tight binding of catechols requires that a group with a pKa value of 7.6
      be deprotonated. Binding of 3-iodotyrosine involves two groups with pKa values of
      7.5 and about 5.5, one of which must be protonated for binding. Binding of 5
      deaza-6-methyltetrahydropterin requires that a group on the free enzyme with a
      pKa value of 6.1 be protonated. The Ki value for dihydroxyphenylalanine is
      relatively insensitive to pH, but the inhibition pattern changes from
      noncompetitive to competitive above pH 7.5, consistent with the measured pKa
      values for binding to the free enzyme and to the enzyme-tetrahydropterin complex.

PMID- 2903150
TI  - Fo portion of Escherichia coli H+-ATPase. Carboxyl-terminal region of the b
      subunit is essential for assembly of functional Fo.
AB  - Six chromosomal uncF mutants of Escherichia coli defective in the b subunit of H+
      ATPase (156 amino acid residues) were identified (KF92, Met-1----Val; KF164, Gln
      64----end; KF61 and KF144, Gln-104----end; KF138, Gln-106----end; and KF79, Gln
      123----end). The membranes of all these mutants had low ATPase activities (less
      than 5% of that of the wild type), and no functional H+ pathway, although the
      truncated b subunits were integrated into these membranes. These findings suggest
      that about 30 carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues of the b subunit are
      essential for formation of the F1-binding site and H+ pathway. For examination of
      the role(s) of the carboxyl-terminal region(s) or residue(s) of the b subunit,
      recombinant plasmids carrying truncated uncF genes of various lengths were
      constructed by in vitro muta-genesis and introduced into a recA1 derivative of
      strain KF92 (Met-1----Val). Analyses of the membranes from the resulting strains
      demonstrated that almost the entire carboxyl-terminal region of the b subunit is
      necessary for formation of functional Fo, since loss of the carboxyl-terminal
      residue resulted in significant reduction of both F1 binding and H+
      translocation, and loss of two or more residues abolished both activities
      completely.

PMID- 2903151
TI  - Differential translation of two distinct preprosomatostatin messenger RNAs.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) is a 14-amino acid peptide hormone that is present in
      pancreatic islets and the brain where it is synthesized as a larger precursor,
      preprosomatostatin. In pancreatic islets of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus),
      there are two separate precursors, preproSRIF I and preproSRIF II, which give
      rise to SRIF-14 or an N-terminally extended form SRIF-28, respectively.
      Significantly higher levels of preproSRIF I compared to preproSRIF II are
      synthesized in pancreatic islets. We show here that preproSRIF II mRNA possesses
      an eight-nucleotide repeat (CCAGCAGA) which is present three times in its 5'
      noncoding region; this sequence is absent from preproSRIF I mRNA. Progressive
      deletion of these octameric repeats results in the concomitant enhancement of
      preproSRIF II mRNA translation in vitro. Furthermore, expression of native or 5'
      truncated preproSRIF II mRNA in non-islet tissue culture cells, using a
      retroviral expression vector, gave identical results to those obtained in vitro,
      indicating that differential translation was a function of the mRNA rather than
      the translation system. We propose that the octameric repeat sequence, or a
      subset of it, is responsible for attenuation of preproSRIF II mRNA translation.
      Since the differential translation of preproSRIF II mRNA was reproduced in widely
      divergent systems, this suggests that our results are not related to islet cell
      gene expression per se. Rather, it is possible they have general significance in
      that the 5'-repeat sequences may be recognized by putative trans-acting factors
      involved in the translational regulation of protein synthesis.

PMID- 2903152
TI  - Insulin regulates expression of the human growth hormone gene in transfected
      cells.
AB  - Insulin has been shown to inhibit rat growth hormone (GH) gene transcription. The
      effects of insulin were therefore tested on the expression of a transfected human
      GH gene. A 2.6-kilobase EcoRI fragment of the human GH gene was propagated in
      pUC18 and transfected by calcium-phosphate shock into HeLa and GC cells,
      respectively. Transfected cells grown in serum-free medium for 72 h expressed
      human GH measured by specific radioimmunoassay, incorporation of [35S] methionine
      into newly synthesized GH, and the presence of the appropriately sized protected
      transcripts seen after RNase protection assay. Immunoprecipitation analysis
      showed that insulin (0.7-7 nM) suppressed both the basal as well as the
      hydrocortisone (100 nM)-stimulated expression of newly synthesized 22-kDa GH in a
      dose-dependent fashion. Insulin (7 nM) also suppressed the basal and
      hydrocortisone-stimulated GH mRNA transcripts in these cells. Control
      nontransfected cells did not express human GH. Cells transfected with the
      truncated pOGH gene and pTKGH gene failed to respond to insulin treatment,
      whereas the human GH promoter was able to confer insulin responsiveness to the
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. cis-Acting regulatory sequences
      residing on the 497-base pair 5'-flanking region of the human GH gene therefore
      appear to be a requirement for human GH gene response to the insulin signal.

PMID- 2903153
TI  - Structure of the gene encoding rat thyrotropin releasing hormone.
AB  - The gene encoding the hypothalamic peptide thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
      was isolated from two rat genomic bacteriophage libraries. Southern blot analysis
      indicates that the gene is present as a single copy in the rat genome. The
      transcriptional unit is 2.6 kilobases in size and contains three exons
      interrupted by two introns of approximately 750 and 450 base pairs. Exon 1
      encodes the 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA, exon 2 encodes the signal
      sequence and the majority of the amino-terminal peptide, and exon 3 encodes the
      remainder of the amino-terminal peptide, five copies of the TRH sequence, the
      carboxyl-terminal peptide, and the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA. The
      general structure of the TRH gene resembles that of three other polypeptide
      hormone genes, preproopiomelanocortin, preproenkephalin A, and preproenkephalin
      B. Further sequence analysis revealed that characteristic promoter elements are
      present in the 5'-flanking region of the TRH gene. In addition, sequence
      homologies with the glucocorticoid receptor binding site, the GC box
      hexanucleotide, and a portion of the flanking region of the thyroid stimulating
      hormone beta-subunit gene were also identified. These upstream sequences may be
      important for the regulation of TRH gene expression.

PMID- 2903154
TI  - Evidence for a functional role for histidine in lysyl oxidase catalysis.
AB  - The pH-dependent kinetics of lysyl oxidase catalysis was examined for evidence of
      an ionizable enzyme residue which might function as a general base catalyzing
      proton abstraction previously shown to be a component of the mechanism of
      substrate processing by this enzyme. Plots of log Vmax/Km for the oxidation of n
      hexylamine versus pH yielded pKa values of 7.0 +/- 0.1 and 10.4 +/- 0.1. The
      higher pKa varied with different substrates, reflecting ionization of the
      substrate amino group. A van't Hoff plot of the temperature dependence of the
      lower pKa yielded a value of 6.1 kcal mol-1 for the enthalpy of ionization. This
      value as well as the pKa of 7.0 are consistent with those of histidine residues
      previously implicated as general base catalysts in enzymes. Incubation of lysyl
      oxidase with low concentrations of diethyl pyrocarbonate, a histidine-selective
      reagent, at 22 degrees C and pH 7.0 irreversibly inhibited enzyme activity by a
      pseudo first-order kinetic process. The inactivation of lysyl oxidase correlated
      with spectral and pH-dependent kinetic evidence for the chemical modification of
      1 histidine residue/mol of enzyme, the pKa of which was 6.9 +/- 0.1, within
      experimental error of that seen in the plot of log Vmax/Km versus pH. Enzyme
      activity was restored by incubation of the modified enzyme with hydroxylamine,
      consistent with the ability of this nucleophile to displace the carbethoxy group
      from N-carbethoxyhistidine. The presence of the n-hexylamine substrate largely
      protected against enzyme inactivation by diethyl pyrocarbonate. These results
      thus indicate a functional role for histidine in lysyl oxidase catalysis
      consistent with that of a general base in proton abstraction.

PMID- 2903155
TI  - Peripheral and integral subunits of the tonoplast H+-ATPase from oat roots.
AB  - The subunit organization of the tonoplast H+-pumping ATPase from oat roots (Avena
      sativa L. var. Lang) was investigated. Tonoplast vesicles were treated with low
      ionic strength solutions (0.1 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic
      acid buffer or 0.1 mM Na EDTA), carbonate, or a chaotropic reagent (KI), and then
      centrifuged to give a soluble fraction and a pellet. Treatments with low ionic
      strength solutions or KI resulted in 70-80% reduction in the membrane-associated
      ATPase activity, but did not affect the K+-stimulated pyrophosphatase activity.
      Polypeptides of 72, 60, and 41 kDa were solubilized from tonoplast vesicles by
      these wash treatments. These polypeptides reacted with polyclonal antibodies
      against the holoenzyme of tonoplast ATPase (anti-ATPase) and copurified with the
      tonoplast ATPase activity during gel filtration chromatography (Sepharose CL-6B).
      Mono-specific antibody against the 72- or 60-kDa polypeptide reacted with the
      solubilized 72- or 60-kDa polypeptide, respectively. However, the N,N
      [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding 16-kDa polypeptide and a 13-kDa polypeptide
      that also reacted with anti-ATPase and copurified with the tonoplast ATPase
      activity during gel filtration remained in the pellets after the wash treatments.
      We conclude that the 72- and 60-kDa polypeptides appear to be peripheral subunits
      of the tonoplast ATPase and that the 16-kDa polypeptide is probably embedded in
      the membrane bilayer. Additional subunits of the ATPase complex may include a 41
      kDa (peripheral) and a 13-kDa (integral) polypeptide. Based on these results, a
      working model of the tonoplast ATPase analogous to the F1F0-ATPase is proposed.

PMID- 2903156
TI  - Properties of chloroplast F1-ATPase partially modified by 2-azido adenine
      nucleotides, including demonstration of three catalytic pathways.
AB  - Previous investigations on the distribution of [18O]Pi isotopomers formed by
      hydrolysis of [gamma-18O]ATP by the chloroplast F1-ATPase (CF1) showed that a
      single reaction pathway is used by all participating sites and that the pathway
      is modulated by ATP concentration as expected for cooperative interactions
      between catalytic sites. Such oxygen exchange measurements have been applied to
      CF1 modified at a single catalytic or noncatalytic site by 2-azido adenine
      nucleotides. When less than one catalytic or one noncatalytic site per enzyme is
      modified, hydrolysis occurs in part by the pathway of the unmodified enzyme plus
      at least one additional pathway at 200 microM and two additional pathways at 4
      microM [gamma-18O]ATP. Thus, three sites are potentially catalytically active.
      The two new pathways shown by the derivatized enzyme logically can arise from
      nonidentical interactions of the remaining two underivatized beta subunits with
      the derivatized beta subunit. Reversals of bound ATP cleavage before Pi is
      released are increased, and the amount of product formed by the new pathways is
      changed when the ATP concentration is lowered. These modulations must result from
      the behavior of two remaining active catalytic sites rather than of one catalytic
      and one regulatory site. When the CF1 is derivatized more extensively, the
      original catalytic pathway is lost, and two catalytic pathways that do not show
      modulation by ATP concentration are found. The remaining beta subunits now have
      weak but independent catalytic capacity. In addition, the enzyme is no longer
      activated by Ca2+, loses MgGTPase activity, and is much less sensitive to azide.

PMID- 2903157
TI  - The transforming growth factor-beta receptor type III is a membrane proteoglycan.
      Domain structure of the receptor.
AB  - The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor type III is a low
      abundance cell surface component that binds TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 with high
      affinity and specificity, and is present in many mammalian and avian cell types.
      Type III TGF-beta receptors affinity-labeled with 125I-TGF-beta migrate in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels as diffuse species of 250-350
      kDa. Here we show that type III receptors deglycosylated by the action of
      trifluoromethanesulfonic acid yield affinity-labeled receptor cores of 110-130
      kDa. This marked decrease in molecular weight is also achieved by combined
      treatment of type III receptors with heparitinase and chondroitinase ABC.
      Digestion of receptor-linked glycosaminoglycans by treatment of intact cell
      monolayers with heparitinase and chondroitinase does not prevent TGF-beta binding
      to the type III receptor core polypeptide and does not release the receptor
      polypeptide from the membrane. The type III TGF-beta receptor binds tightly to
      DEAE-Sephacel and coelutes with cellular proteoglycans at a characteristically
      high salt concentration. Thus, the type III TGF-beta receptor has the properties
      of a membrane proteoglycan that carries heparan and chondroitin sulfate
      glycosaminoglycan chains. The binding site for TGF-beta appears to reside in the
      100-120-kDa core polypeptide of this receptor. The type III receptor is highly
      sensitive to cleavage by trypsin. Trypsin action releases the glycosaminoglycan
      containing domain of the receptor leaving a 60-kDa membrane-associated domain
      that contains the cross-linked ligand. A model for the domain structure of the
      TGF-beta receptor type III is proposed based on these results.

PMID- 2903158
TI  - Developmental regulation and tissue-specific expression of the human muscle
      creatine kinase gene.
AB  - To define mechanisms regulating expression of M creatine kinase, the human gene
      including 5'-flanking DNA was cloned, characterized, and partially sequenced. The
      gene contains 8 exons interrupted by 7 introns spanning 17.5 kilobase pairs of
      DNA. The intron-exon splice sites were identified and conform to the GT-AG
      consensus rule. The TATA and CAAT boxes are located at positions -31 and -56
      upstream of the transcription start site as determined by primer extension. The
      5'-untranslated region is interrupted with the translation start codon located in
      the second exon. To determine whether sequences within the 5'-upstream DNA confer
      tissue-specific expression and developmental regulation, constructs containing
      2620 base pairs of human M creatine kinase 5'-flanking DNA fused upstream of the
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in the promoterless plasmid pSVO-CAT were
      transfected into cultured C2C12 myoblasts. There was 17-fold induction of
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity during differentiation as C2C12
      myoblasts fused to form myotubes. The M creatine kinase fusion construct was not
      expressed in transfected nonmuscle cell lines, COS-7 and NIH/3T3. Thus, cis
      acting sequences within 2620 base pairs of the cap site are sufficient to direct
      developmental regulation and tissue-specific expression of the human M creatine
      kinase gene.

PMID- 2903159
TI  - A surface component on GH3 pituitary cells that recognizes transforming growth
      factor-beta, activin, and inhibin.
AB  - We have examined the ability of various forms of activin and inhibin, which are
      structurally related to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to interact
      with various types of cell surface TGF-beta binding sites. Activin AB, inhibin A,
      and inhibin B were unable to compete with 125I-TGF-beta 1 for binding to the TGF
      beta receptor types I, II, or III that coexist in human skin fibroblasts, rat
      liver epithelial cells, and mink lung epithelial cells. In contrast, activins and
      inhibins effectively competed for TGF-beta 1 binding to GH3 rat pituitary tumor
      cells. Binding of TGF-beta 1 to GH3 cells was mediated by about 2700 sites/cell
      with a Kd = 90 pM. Affinity labeling of these GH3 binding sites by cross-linking
      to 125I-TGF-beta 1 yielded 70-74-kDa labeled complexes distinct from previously
      identified TGF-beta binding components. Labeling of these 70-74-kDa components
      with 125I-TGF-beta 1 was inhibited by TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, activin AB, and
      inhibin B at concentrations in the high picomolar to low nanomolar range, but it
      was not significantly affected by other polypeptide hormones and growth factors
      tested. The 70-74-kDa labeled GH3 components represent a novel type of cell
      surface TGF-beta binding protein that is unique in its ability to recognize
      various other members of the TGF-beta family of bioactive polypeptides.

PMID- 2903160
TI  - Molecular cloning of the beta-subunit of a possible non-F0F1 type ATP synthase
      from the acidothermophilic archaebacterium, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.
AB  - The gene which encodes the beta subunit of the novel membrane-associated ATPase
      has been identified and characterized. The beta subunit, which is most likely the
      soluble part of the non-F0F1 type H+-ATPase, was obtained from the
      archaebacterium, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In terms of its location, it follows
      just after the gene for its alpha subunit. It is comprised of 1398 nucleotides,
      corresponding to a protein of 465 amino acids, and the consensus sequence in the
      nucleotide binding proteins is poorly conserved. Together with previously
      described results, the distant homology of the S. acidocaldarius ATPase alpha and
      beta subunits when compared to those of F0F1-ATPases indicates that this
      archaebacterial ATPase belongs to an ion-translocating ATPase family uniquely
      different than F0F1-ATPases even if S. acidocaldarius ATPase and F0F1-ATPases
      have been derived from a common ancestral ATPase.

PMID- 2903161
TI  - Persulfide generated from L-cysteine inactivates tyrosine aminotransferase.
      Requirement for a protein with cysteine oxidase activity and gamma-cystathionase.
AB  - Liver cytosols contain factors that produce an inhibitor of tyrosine
      aminotransferase and other enzymes when incubated with L-cysteine or L-cystine.
      Cystine-dependent inactivation was caused by cystathionase and required pyridoxal
      5'-phosphate, but a second protein was needed to reconstitute cysteine-dependent
      inactivation. A cytosolic protein was isolated that oxidized free cysteine and
      brought about inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase when coincubated with
      cystathionase. Hematin also oxidized cysteine, which led to cysteine-dependent
      inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase in the presence of cystathionase. The
      inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase involved three steps: initial oxidation
      of cysteine to form cystine; desulfuration of cystine catalyzed by cystathionase
      to form the persulfide, thiocysteine; and reaction of thiocysteine (or products
      of its decomposition) with proteins to form protein-bound sulfane. Since
      dithiothreitol reactivated tyrosine aminotransferase, the sulfane probably
      inactivated the enzyme by oxidation of thiol groups. The present results do not
      indicate whether the cysteine oxidase activity is enzymatic nor do they prove
      which form of polysulfide inactivates tyrosine aminotransferase. Reduced
      glutathione greatly slowed the rates at which sulfane accumulated and at which
      tyrosine aminotransferase was inactivated. Incubation of DL-cystathionine with
      liver cytosols led to formation of cysteine, which was oxidized and cleaved to
      form persulfide, and caused inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase. Thus,
      sulfane sulfur that is generated by an enzyme of the transulfuration pathway
      inactivates a transaminase by nonselective oxidation of enzyme-bound thiol
      groups.

PMID- 2903162
TI  - Differentiation-induced gene expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Characterization
      of a differentially expressed gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes leads to
      the activation of transcription of an unidentified gene which encodes a 4.9
      kilobase (kb) mRNA. Several cDNAs that include the complete sequence of this mRNA
      were obtained and used to isolate and characterize the gene. Analysis of the
      nucleotide and amino acid sequences of both cDNA and genomic clones revealed that
      the gene encodes the mouse stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), an enzyme known to be
      expressed upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The predicted amino acid
      sequence (355 residues) of the mouse 3T3-L1 adipocyte SCD exhibits 92% identity
      to that of the rat liver SCD. There is also a high degree of nucleotide sequence
      identity between the mouse and rat mRNAs in their unusually long approximately
      3.5-kb 3'-untranslated regions. Mice fed a diet containing unsaturated
      triacylglycerides express SCD mRNA only in adipose tissue, whereas mice starved
      and refed a fat-free diet, express SCD mRNA in both liver and adipose tissue. The
      mouse gene for the desaturase spans approximately 15 kb and contains 6 exons and
      5 introns with all intron-exon junctions conforming to the GT/AG splicing rule.
      As determined by S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension analysis, the
      transcriptional initiation site maps 152 nucleotides upstream from the initiation
      methionine codon. A canonical promoter "TATA" box is located 30 base pairs
      upstream of the Cap site. A typical "CCAAT" box sequence is not present in the
      adjacent 5'-flanking region; however, there is a GC-rich sequence (at nucleotide 
      215) similar to the binding site for the nuclear transcription factor Sp1.
      Upstream from the transcriptional initiation site are elements with homology
      (approximately 75%) to the putative fat-specific transcriptional element FSE2 and
      core consensus sequences for cAMP and glucocorticoid regulatory elements. A
      chimeric construct, containing 363 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence and 30
      nucleotides of 5'-untranslated sequence of the mouse SCD gene ligated to the
      bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, was transfected into 3T3-L1
      cells. When cells were induced to differentiate into adipocytes, expression of
      the SCD chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene increased approximately 63-fold,
      suggesting that the SCD promoter region contains elements that mediate the
      response to adipogenic agents which induce differentiation.

PMID- 2903163
TI  - Functional domains of epsilon subunit of Escherichia coli H+-ATPase (F0F1).
AB  - Mutants of the uncC gene for the epsilon subunit (138 amino acid residues) of
      Escherichia coli H+-ATPase were isolated: strain KF53 (Gln-72----end) and
      KF148(SD-) (two base substitutions in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, GGAGG---
      AAAGG). These strains did not have F1 bound to membranes and were unable to grow
      by oxidative phosphorylation. A series of plasmids carrying truncated uncC genes
      were constructed and introduced into strain KF148(SD-). Analyses of KF148(SD-)
      cells with different plasmids indicated that the amino-terminal fragment of the
      epsilon subunit of 78-80 amino acid residues was capable of forming active
      membrane-bound F1-ATPase, whereas that of 73 residues was not, indicating that
      the carboxyl-terminal half of the epsilon subunit is not necessary for the active
      enzyme. Furthermore, results indicated that residues between 73 and 78-80 may
      have a critical role(s) in binding F1 to F0. Truncated epsilon subunits of 80 and
      93 residues were identified in purified F1 from cells carrying the respective
      uncC genes, and only the latter subunit had intrinsic activity to inhibit ATPase
      of F1, suggesting that residues between 80 and 93 are essential for the
      inhibitory activity.

PMID- 2903164
TI  - Cloning of cDNA encoding a 32-kDa protein. An accessory polypeptide of the H+
      ATPase from chromaffin granules.
AB  - The purified H+-ATPase from chromaffin granules is composed of several
      polypeptides, one of which has an apparent molecular weight of 39,000.
      Immunoblots with the antibody against this protein and various membrane
      preparations showed that similar or even identical polypeptides may be associated
      with the H+-ATPases from synaptic vesicle, kidney microsomes, and lysosomes. A
      cDNA library was constructed from bovine adrenal medulla, and the cDNA encoding
      the polypeptide was isolated and sequenced. Search in DNA and protein data banks
      revealed no significant homology to known genes. Hydrophobicity plot revealed no
      obvious transmembrane segments with the exception of one stretch of hydrophobic
      and neutral amino acid starting at leucine 16. The cDNA was shown to encode the
      entire polypeptide by the virtue of an amino acid sequence corresponding to the N
      terminus of the open reading frame and by subunit and site-specific antibodies.
      The cDNA was cloned into an expression vector, transcribed by T7 polymerase, and
      translated by reticulocyte lysate. Even though the cDNA encodes a protein with a
      molecular weight of 31,495, the translation product comigrated on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate gels with the subunit of the purified H+-ATPase. In line with several
      other subunits of vacuolar H+-ATPases, no signal sequence was detected in the
      translated gene. Northern blots revealed the presence of a single mRNA of about
      1.6 kb in bovine adrenal medulla. However, liver, lung, and kidney may contain
      additional mRNA of about 1.7 kb.

PMID- 2903165
TI  - Subdural abscess associated with halo-pin traction.
AB  - Osteomyelitis and intracranial abscess are among the most serious complications
      that have been reported in association with the use of the halo device. The cases
      of five patients who had formation of an intracranial abscess related to the use
      of a halo cervical immobilizer are described. All of the infections resolved
      after drainage of the abscess, debridement, and parenteral administration of
      antibiotics. Meticulous care of the pin sites is essential to avoid this serious
      complication. Additionally, since all of the infections were associated with
      prolonged halo-skeletal traction, this technique should be used with caution and
      with an awareness of the possible increased risks of pin-site infection and of
      formation of a subdural abscess.

PMID- 2903167
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of angina: nitrate tolerance.

PMID- 2903166
TI  - Changes in cyclin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen distribution during DNA
      repair synthesis.
AB  - UV irradiation of quiescent human fibroblasts immediately triggers the appearance
      of the nuclear protein cyclin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as
      detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining after methanol fixation. This was
      found to be independent of new synthesis of cyclin/PCNA by two-dimensional gel
      analysis and cycloheximide treatment. The intensity of the immunofluorescent
      staining of cyclin/PCNA observed in UV-irradiated cells corresponded with the UV
      dose used and with the DNA repair synthesis detected by autoradiography. The
      nuclear staining remains as long as DNA repair activity is detected in the cells.
      By extracting the UV-irradiated quiescent cells with Triton X-100 and fixing with
      formaldehyde, it was possible to demonstrate by indirect immunofluorescence rapid
      changes in the cyclin/PCNA population after irradiation, a small proportion (5
      10%) of which is tightly associated to the nucleus as determined by high salt
      extraction. By incubating at low temperature and depleting the ATP pools of the
      cells before UV irradiation, we have demonstrated that the changes in cyclin/PCNA
      distribution observed involve at least two different nuclear associations.

PMID- 2903168
TI  - Preoperative treatment of acromegaly with long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201
      995: shrinkage of invasive pituitary macroadenomas and improved surgical
      remission rate.
AB  - Ten patients with previously untreated acromegaly and invasive pituitary
      macroadenomas were treated with the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201-995
      (Sandoz) for 3-30 weeks before transsphenoidal or subfrontal pituitary
      adenomectomy. Preoperatively, treatment with SMS 201-995 reduced mean 24-h plasma
      GH concentrations from 8.5-66.7 to below 4.6 micrograms/L in eight patients and
      by 60-80% in the remaining two patients. Pituitary tumor size decreased 20-54%.
      Morphologically, the tumors showed decreased total cell, cytoplasmic, and nuclear
      areas; varying degrees of perivascular fibrosis; and dense granularity.
      Postoperatively, plasma GH and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations fell
      into the normal range, and GH dynamics became normal in eight patients. In the
      remaining two patients mild GH hypersecretion persisted after surgery (mean
      fasting and random plasma GH, 6.1 and 7.9 micrograms/L), and in one of them GH
      secretion became normal 1 yr after pituitary irradiation. Thus, preoperative
      administration of SMS 201-995 consistently induced shrinkage of GH-producing
      pituitary tumors, and the apparent remission rate was high in the treated
      patients.

PMID- 2903169
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade does not enhance glucose-induced insulin release in
      normal subjects or patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - Studies with phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, in normal subjects and
      diabetic patients have indicated that insulin secretion may be inhibited by tonic
      alpha-adrenergic stimulation of pancreatic B-cells. We evaluated, with the use of
      the highly selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan, the role of alpha
      2-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. A
      glucose infusion test (GIT) was performed after the administration of idazoxan or
      placebo in normal men (n = 15) and men with noninsulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (n = 6). The normal men were divided into two groups on the basis of
      high (n = 8) and low (n = 7) insulin responses to prior GITs. The blood glucose
      and plasma insulin and C-peptide responses to the GIT were similar after idazoxan
      (40 mg, orally) or placebo treatment in all three groups, although the responses
      differed among the groups. In the diabetic group iv administration of idazoxan 20
      min before the GIT did not alter the insulin response to the GIT. We conclude
      that alpha 2-adrenergic blockade does not affect glucose-induced insulin
      secretion in normal men, nor does it improve the impaired first phase of insulin
      secretion in low insulin responders and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      patients. Phentolamine probably stimulates insulin secretion by a mechanism not
      involving alpha 2-adrenergic receptors directly.

PMID- 2903170
TI  - The effects of sodium valproate on plasma somatostatin and insulin in humans.
AB  - To determine the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in islet tissue, sodium
      valproate (1600 mg/day) was administered for 6 days to 10 normal subjects and 1
      patient with a somatostatinoma. Plasma valproate concentrations reached a steady
      state by the third day accompanied by elevation of plasma GABA concentrations.
      Sodium valproate administration resulted in a 40% decrease in plasma somatostatin
      concentrations in the normal subjects and a 63% decrease in the somatostatinoma
      patient, respectively, compared to the response to placebo. Plasma C-peptide
      concentrations did not change in any subject. Fasting blood glucose levels
      decreased in the somatostatinoma patient during sodium valproate administration.
      These results suggest that endogenous GABA may play some role in the release of
      somatostatin, but not in the release of insulin.

PMID- 2903172
TI  - Organization of human homeobox genes.
AB  - The chromosomal localization of 17 human homeoboxes and the predicted primary
      sequence of the encoded homeodomains is reported. These homeoboxes are clustered
      in four complex HOX loci on chromosomes 2, 7, 12 and 17. Although the
      identification of human homeoboxes has not been completed, existing data permit
      preliminary conclusions on the origin and evolution of these complex loci to be
      drawn. The homeo-domains of one HOX locus can be unambiguously aligned to the
      homeodomains of the other HOX loci, so that corresponding homeodomains in all
      loci can share the maximal peptide sequence identity. This one-to-one
      correspondence of individual homeodomains in different chromosomal loci suggests
      the hypothesis of large-scale duplications of a single complex locus and
      subsequent spreading in different chromosomes. The existence of an ancestral
      complex locus might have predated the divergence of the arthropod/annelid and
      vertebrate evolutive lineages.

PMID- 2903171
TI  - Comparison of the sensitivity of growth hormone secretion to somatostatin in vivo
      and in vitro in acromegaly.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIH) sensitivity in acromegaly was evaluated in vivo by comparing
      the inhibition of GHRH (1 microgram/kg, iv)-stimulated GH secretion in eight
      acromegalic and six normal subjects. A SRIH infusion (50 micrograms/h) that
      inhibited the mean plasma GH response to GHRH by 74 +/- 5% (+/- SE) in normal
      subjects had no significant effect in the acromegalic patients. However, when two
      acromegalic patients in whom SRIH had no suppressive effect were excluded from
      the analysis, the effect of SRIH in the other six (82 +/- 7%) was comparable to
      that in the normal subjects. Within the acromegalic group, the percent
      suppression of basal and GHRH-stimulated GH secretion was inversely correlated
      with both basal plasma GH (r = -0.751; P = 0.03 and r = -0.727; P = 0.04,
      respectively) and insulin-like growth factor I (r = -0.800; P = 0.02 and r = 
      0.727; P = 0.04, respectively) concentrations. The in vitro sensitivity to SRIH
      was studied in pituitary adenomas from five of the acromegalic patients in 3- to
      4-day monolayer cultures of dispersed cells. The SRIH IC50 values were lowest in
      the tumors (8.6-44 pmol/L) from the three patients who had in vivo SRIH
      sensitivity (suppression of GHRH-stimulated GH secretion) comparable to that in
      the normal subjects. The IC50 values were higher in the tumors (150 and 21,000
      pmol/L) from the two patients that were least responsive to SRIH in vivo. These
      results indicate that there is considerable variability of SRIH sensitivity in
      patients with acromegaly. Although the role of this defect in the pathogenesis of
      acromegaly is uncertain, it may be an important determinant in the degree of
      elevation of plasma GH levels.

PMID- 2903173
TI  - Vibrio cholerae non-O1: production of cell-associated hemagglutinins and in vitro
      adherence to mucus coat and epithelial surfaces of the villi and lymphoid
      follicles of human small intestines treated with formalin.
AB  - Clinically isolated Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains produced more cell-associated
      hemagglutinins (HAs) on colonization factor antigen agar after ca. 3 h than after
      ca. 20 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. A high cell-associated HA producer
      variant of strain TVN-318, grown for 3 h at 37 degrees C, was entrapped in a
      native mucus coat covering the human ileal mucosa and displayed a striking
      ability to adhere to the surface of a Formalin-treated mucus coat, in contrast to
      a poor cell-associated HA producer variant of TVN-318, grown for 20 h at 37
      degrees C. Adherence to the Formalin-treated human mucus coat was confirmed with
      all of the strains tested. V. cholerae non-O1 strains also possessed the ability
      to adhere to the epithelial surfaces of Formalin-treated human and rabbit ileal
      or jejunal villi, as well as human lymphoid follicles, in proportion to cell
      associated HA levels. The epithelial surface of the lymphoid follicles provided
      most of the adherence sites for V. cholerae non-O1 strains under the test
      conditions. We conclude that a mucus coat covering the human small intestinal
      mucosa is a primary adherence target for V. cholerae non-O1 strains in human
      intestinal infections and that cell-associated HAs have at least a partial role
      in the adherence of V. cholerae non-O1 strains to the human small intestine,
      suggesting a potential role for V. cholerae non-O1 strains in an oral live
      vaccine.

PMID- 2903174
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
      detection of Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin.
AB  - Hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against Bordetella pertussis
      filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were established. The specificity of the
      antibodies was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sandwich
      ELISA, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by
      electroblotting. The monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA was developed for
      detection of B. pertussis FHA. The assay had a detection limit of B. pertussis
      FHA in concentrations ranging from 7 to 15 ng/ml. The assay was also able to
      detect whole B. pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella
      bronchiseptica bacteria. No cross-reactions were observed with strains of
      Branhamella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae,
      Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Streptococcus miteor, or
      Streptococcus pneumoniae. The monoclonal antibodies might be useful for the
      detection of soluble antigens and whole bacteria in clinical samples and for
      studies of the immunochemical structure of B. pertussis FHA.

PMID- 2903175
TI  - Detection of genomic variation in Providencia stuartii clinical isolates by
      analysis of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms containing rRNA
      cistrons.
AB  - Chromosomal DNA from 26 strains of Providencia stuartii isolated mainly in
      hospitals in the United Kingdom and reference strains of P. stuartii, P.
      rustigianii, and Proteus vulgaris were digested with the restriction
      endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII. After electrophoresis in agarose gels, the
      fragments were subjected to Southern blot hybridization analysis with a biotin
      labeled cDNA probe transcribed from a mixture of 16S and 23S rRNA from P.
      stuartii NCTC 11800T. The pattern of bands (the rDNA fingerprint), which depended
      on restriction fragment length polymorphisms containing rRNA genes, was used as a
      measure of minor genomic variation within and between species. The P. stuartii
      clinical isolates had similar total digest patterns, but the rDNA fingerprints
      revealed some heterogeneity between strains, with EcoRI digests providing better
      strain discrimination than HindIII. Such rDNA fingerprints comprised between five
      and seven bands with sizes in the range of 5 to 28 kilobases. The 11 different
      EcoRI patterns were compared by numerical analysis, and several groups or
      subgroups of strains were identified. Over half (15 of 26) of the urease-negative
      isolates (subgroups Aa and Ab) had patterns that differed only by the presence or
      absence of a 25-kilobase band. Urease-negative strains from other clinical
      material were more heterogeneous in their patterns. No correlation was apparent
      between strain pattern group and urease production or geographic location of
      isolate. The P. stuartii rDNA fingerprints were quite distinct from those of
      allied Providencia and Proteus species and provided a more sensitive measure of
      minor genomic differences than total DNA digests did.

PMID- 2903176
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DNA of selected Naegleria and
      Acanthamoeba amebae.
AB  - Fourteen strains of Naegleria fowleri, two strains of N. gruberi, and one strain
      each of N. australiensis, N. jadini, N. lovaniensis, Acanthamoeba sp., A.
      castellanii, A. polyphaga, and A. comandoni isolated from patients, soil, or
      water were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Total
      cellular DNA (1 microgram) was digested with either HindIII, BglII, or EcoRI;
      separated on agarose gels; and stained with ethidium bromide. From 2 to 15
      unusually prominent repetitive restriction fragment bands, totaling 15 to 50
      kilobases in length and constituting probably more than 30% of the total DNA,
      were detected for all ameba strains. Each species displayed a characteristic
      pattern of repetitive restriction fragments. Digests of the four Acanthamoeba
      spp. displayed fewer, less intensely staining repetitive fragments than those of
      the Naegleria spp. All N. fowleri strains, whether isolated from the
      cerebrospinal fluid of patients from different parts of the world or from hot
      springs, had repetitive restriction fragment bands of similar total lengths (ca.
      45 kilobases), and most repetitive bands displayed identical mobilities. However,
      polymorphic bands were useful in identifying particular isolates. Restriction
      fragment length polymorphism analysis generally was consistent with taxonomy
      based on studies of infectivity, morphology, isoenzyme patterns, and antibody
      reactivity and suggests that this technique may help classify amebae isolated
      from clinical specimens or from the environment.

PMID- 2903177
TI  - Effects of transport temperature and medium on recovery of Bordetella pertussis
      from nasopharyngeal swabs.
AB  - We compared relative recoveries of Bordetella pertussis from simulated
      nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens incubated in three separate transport media at
      different temperatures. Transport media included one-half-strength Regan-Lowe
      (RL.5), Regan-Lowe with one-half-strength agar (RL.5A), and buffered charcoal
      yeast extract agar supplemented with alpha-ketoglutarate, lincomycin, and
      anisomycin (BCYE alpha LA). For each transport medium, recovery of B. pertussis
      was least efficient after storage at 25 degrees C. The highest recovery of B.
      pertussis from a mixed culture was achieved with RL.5 at 4 degrees C. Overall,
      RL.5 and RL.5A were comparable as transport media whether held at 4 or 25 degrees
      C, but fewer organisms were recovered from BCYE alpha LA. In addition, Regan-Lowe
      (RL), Bordet-Gengou, and cyclodextrin media were compared as primary isolation
      media for recovering B. pertussis from simulated NP swabs held at 4 and 35
      degrees C in RL.5 medium. The highest recovery of B. pertussis was obtained on RL
      primary isolation medium. Bordet-Gengou medium recovered only 80% and
      cyclodextrin medium recovered less than 60% of the numbers recovered on RL
      medium. Based on these results, refrigeration (4 degrees C) of NP swabs shipped
      in RL.5 transport medium and using RL as the primary isolation medium are
      recommended for recovering B. pertussis from swab specimens.

PMID- 2903178
TI  - Evaluation of serologic assays for diagnosis of whooping cough.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM,
      and IgA response to Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and
      pertussis toxin (PT) and a neutralization test (NT) in a microplate tissue
      culture assay for neutralizing antibodies to PT were evaluated in paired sera
      from 90 patients with culture-confirmed pertussis. Eighty patients were children
      (age, less than 15 years), and 6 of 80 children had been immunized with three
      doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine as infants. A significant titer
      rise (greater than or equal to twofold), determined by ELISA, of IgG, IgM, and
      IgA to FHA was recorded in 75 (83%), 28 (31%), and 47 (52%) of the patients,
      respectively. A significant titer rise to PT in IgG was found in 83 (92%), IgM in
      29 (32%), and IgA in 44 (49%) of the patients. A significant titer rise to FHA or
      PT in IgG was found in 88 (98%) of the patients, in combination with a
      significant rise in the titer of IgA to FHA. These data were obtained in a single
      serum dilution of 1:500. Titrations performed later showed that the titer rise to
      FHA in IgG was a mean of 6.5-fold, which was significantly lower than the mean
      67.0-fold rise in IgG to PT (P less than 0.001). The mean titer of IgG to FHA in
      convalescent-phase serum was 270, which was also significantly lower than the
      mean PT titer of 2,943 (P less than 0.001). A significant rise (greater than or
      equal to fourfold) in PT titer by NT was found in 58 of 83 (70%) of the patients.
      The NT was significantly less sensitive than the ELISA for the determination of
      the IgG titer to PT ( P< 0.001). Results showed that a 100% (90 of 90)
      sensitivity in terms of titer rises was achieved in the serologic diagnosis of
      pertussis by ELISA in a single-point determination of the IgG and IgA responses
      to FHA and of the IgG response to PT.

PMID- 2903179
TI  - Demonstration of the production and physiological role of insulin-like growth
      factor II in rat thyroid follicular cells in culture.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are potent mitogens for FRTL5 rat thyroid
      follicular cells. IGFs also synergize the independent mitogenic effects of
      thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) and other agents that increase
      intracellular AMP concentration. We examined whether FRTL5 cells and M12 cells, a
      TSH-independent mutant cell line derived therefrom, secrete IGF that regulates
      the growth of rat thyroid follicular cells. Immunoreactive IGF-II, but not IGF-I,
      was found in media conditioned by FRTL5 cells; media from M12 cells contained
      four- to fivefold higher concentrations. Medium conditioned by FRTL5 and M12 both
      stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in FRTL5 and amplified the mitogenic
      effects of TSH. M12-conditioned medium was more potent than FRTL5-conditioned
      medium. Sm-1.2, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes IGF-I and IGF-II but not
      insulin, inhibited basal DNA synthesis in FRTL5 and M12 cells and the mitogenic
      effects in FRTL5 of agents that are synergized by IGF, such as TSH, forskolin,
      Bt2cAMP, and Graves'-IgG. Sm-1.2 did not inhibit the mitogenic response to
      insulin. Thus, rat insulin-like growth factor II (rIGF-II) is an autocrine growth
      factor that regulates FRTL5 growth, in part by amplifying the mitogenic response
      to TSH. Results with M12 cells raise the possibility that endogenous rIGF-II may
      partially mediate the TSH-independent growth of these cells.

PMID- 2903180
TI  - Recognition of an endothelial determinant for CD 18-dependent human neutrophil
      adherence and transendothelial migration.
AB  - Human neutrophil (PMN) attachment to human umbilical vein endothelial cells
      (HUVEC) was evaluated in vitro using two MAbs, R6-5-D6 and RR1/1, that recognize
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and one MAb, TS1/18, that recognizes
      CD18. Pretreatment of the HUVEC with anti-ICAM-1 MAbs produced greater than 50%
      inhibition of attachment to HUVEC, and IL-1 (0.5 U/ml)- or lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) (10 ng/ml)-stimulated HUVEC, and greater than 99% inhibition of f-Met-Leu
      Phe (0.5 nM) enhanced adherence. Anti-ICAM-1 MAbs also inhibited by greater than
      85% the transendothelial migration induced by 4-h IL-1 (0.5 U/ml) and LPS (10
      ng/ml) activation of the HUVEC. That these effects involved a CD18-dependent
      mechanism is supported by the following results: pretreatment of PMN with TS1/18
      produced the same degree of inhibition of attachment and migration as seen with
      R6-5-D6. In addition, the use of both MAbs together did not further increase the
      inhibition of cell attachment to stimulated HUVEC. The attachment of PMN from
      patients with CD18 deficiency to stimulated HUVEC was not reduced by R6-5-D6, and
      both R6-5-D6 and TS1/18 revealed the same time course for appearance and
      disappearance of an adherence component on stimulated HUVEC not blocked by either
      MAb. These results demonstrate that attachment and transendothelial migration of
      PMN in vitro depend substantially on both CD18 on the PMN and ICAM-1 on the
      endothelial cell.

PMID- 2903181
TI  - Genetic evidence from two families that the apolipoprotein B gene is not involved
      in abetalipoproteinemia.
AB  - Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) is a recessive disorder in which affected individuals
      have extremely low or undetectable levels of serum apo B-containing lipoproteins.
      Using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, we have studied two families,
      each with two children with classical ABL born of normal parents. In each of
      these families, the two affected children have inherited different apo B alleles
      from at least one parent, whereas the siblings would be anticipated to share
      common alleles if this disorder were due to an apo B gene mutation. This linkage
      study shows that in these families, the apo B gene is discordant with ABL and
      therefore the disorder is caused by a defect in another gene, which is important
      for the normal synthesis or secretion of apo B-containing lipoproteins from both
      the liver and intestine.

PMID- 2903182
TI  - Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of
      benzodiazepines.
AB  - The presence of protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term
      therapeutic doses of diazepam (less than or equal to 30 mg/day) is described in
      three patients. In one of these patients, the association of the tinnitus
      appearance with the drug discontinuation was documented in a double-blind,
      randomized, crossover single case study. Objective confirmation of drug use or of
      abstinence was performed by obtaining plasma benzodiazepine concentrations. The
      findings provide further documentation that sensory disturbances of short- and
      long-term duration are among the most distinctive clinical features of the
      benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2903183
TI  - Bromocriptine sensitization of neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia.

PMID- 2903184
TI  - Neuroendocrine side effects of neuroleptics: comment.

PMID- 2903185
TI  - Outcome of a low dose neuroleptic treatment strategy.

PMID- 2903186
TI  - Cutaneous light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in a fatal case of
      jellyfish envenomation.
AB  - A 5-year-old male suffered fatal envenomation from a jellyfish subsequently
      identified as Chironex fleckeri. Contact with the tentacles of the jellyfish had
      produced characteristic whiplash-like weals on the skin. At autopsy, skin from
      these areas was taken and later studied by light microscopy and electron
      microscopy. Both studies identified numerous nematocysts penetrating the
      epidermis and papillary dermis in the region of the sting.

PMID- 2903187
TI  - Comparison between the effects of aging on antagonist and agonist interactions
      with beta-adrenergic receptors on human mononuclear and polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte membranes.
AB  - Age-related differences in the binding properties of beta-adrenergic receptors on
      lymphocyte membranes isolated from healthy individuals have been reported. The
      purpose of the present studies was to determine whether or not beta receptors on
      polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) membranes showed similar age-related changes.
      Plasma Percoll gradients were used to isolate PMN and mononuclear leukocyte (MN)
      cells from blood drawn in the supine position from young (25-34 years) and
      elderly (60-76 years) healthy volunteers. Both blood pressures and plasma
      norepinephrine levels were significantly elevated in the elderly subjects.
      Saturation analysis with [125I]-(-) iodopindolol (IPIN) showed a 2.5-fold higher
      density of beta 2 receptors on the MN, but not PMN, membranes from the elderly.
      Neither the affinities of the receptor for IPIN or the agonist isoproterenol, nor
      the GTP-induced shift in agonist affinity, differed with subject age in either
      cell type. These results suggest that subpopulations of MN cells on which beta
      adrenergic receptors are localized may increase in the elderly and that it is
      important to measure receptor properties on a more homogeneous leukocyte
      population such as PMN cells or subpopulations of MN cells as a function of
      aging.

PMID- 2903188
TI  - Olsalazine and sulfasalazine allergy.

PMID- 2903189
TI  - Vasovagal reactions to cardiovascular drugs: the first dose effect.

PMID- 2903190
TI  - Renal effects of fenoldopam in refractory hypertension.
AB  - Fenoldopam, a dopamine-1 (D1) agonist, was administered by a 6-h intravenous
      infusion to patients with refractory hypertension [diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
      greater than 115 mmHg while on triple therapy] in order to achieve a fall in DBP
      of 30 mmHg. The evolution of blood pressure, heart rate, glomerular filtration
      rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), urine volume, renal excretion of sodium,
      potassium, chloride, calcium, uric acid, phosphate, plasma renin activity (PRA),
      aldosterone and prolactin were evaluated. A significant fall in blood pressure (P
      less than 0.01) accompanied by an increase in heart rate (P less than 0.01) was
      attained after 30 min. GFR and RPF increased significantly (P less than 0.01) but
      the filtration fraction fell. Urine volume and urinary output of sodium,
      potassium, chloride, calcium, uric acid and phosphate increased markedly (P less
      than 0.01). Meanwhile, plasma potassium fell (P less than 0.01) and the hormonal
      parameters showed no significant change. We concluded that in refractory
      hypertension fenoldopam has potent renal and systemic vasodilatory properties
      through which blood pressure falls. The hypotensive effect of fenoldopam is also
      facilitated by its marked diuretic and natriuretic properties. The absence of
      variations of plasma prolactin confirm the D1 selectivity of fenoldopam and the
      lack of increase in PRA indicates that fenoldopam blocks the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system.

PMID- 2903191
TI  - The BBB study: a prospective randomized study of intensified antihypertensive
      treatment. The BBB study group.
AB  - The BBB study is a multicentre trial designed to investigate three aspects of
      antihypertensive treatment of great clinical importance: (1) Is it possible to
      lower diastolic blood pressure further in treated hypertensive patients (to less
      than or equal to 80 mmHg) through intensified therapeutic activities? (2) Can
      this aim be fulfilled without increasing the incidence or severity of side
      effects to unacceptable levels? (3) If 1 and 2 are answered in the affirmative,
      will the reduction in diastolic blood pressure give a further reduction in
      hypertension-associated mortality and morbidity? The BBB study is a prospective
      trial in which male and female treated hypertensive patients, aged 45-67 years,
      with treated diastolic blood pressures in the range 90-100 mmHg, will be randomly
      allocated to either unchanged antihypertensive treatment or intensified treatment
      with the aim of lowering the diastolic blood pressure to less than or equal to 80
      mmHg. Statistical calculations indicate that approximately 2000 patients studied
      for 3 years will be needed to answer the third question. For this reason the
      trial will be conducted as a multicentre study performed mainly by primary health
      care physicians.

PMID- 2903192
TI  - Limiting dilution analysis of TNF producing cells in C3H/HeJ mice.
AB  - A limiting dilution assay (LDA) that measures the frequency of TNF producing
      cells is described. LDA determination is based on the inhibition of growth of a
      highly TNF sensitive subline from the WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma by using a micro
      assay sensitive to single picogram amounts of recombinant murine TNF. Using such
      LDA, it was determined that the reported deficiency in LPS-induced TNF production
      in C3H/HeJ mice is a function of reduced frequency of TNF producing cells rather
      than a complete lack of responsiveness. In bulk culture, LPS-triggered TNF was
      produced by Thy-1.2 negative spleen cells with activity recovered in both G10
      Sephadex adherent and nonadherent subpopulations. LPS stimulation of spleen cells
      from C3H/HeJ mice resulted in TNF mRNA expression as shown in both Northern blots
      and in situ hybridization. The frequency of TNF mRNA bearing cells in control of
      C3H/HeSnJ mice by in situ hybridization correlated with that found for TNF
      producing cells in LDA. In C3H/HeJ spleen, significantly higher numbers of TNF
      mRNA positive cells were found than were shown to produce TNF in LDA.

PMID- 2903193
TI  - Functional and biochemical analysis of CD16 antigen on natural killer cells and
      granulocytes.
AB  - CD16 Ag is associated with the low affinity FcR for IgG expressed on human NK
      cells and granulocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that NK cells specifically
      lyse murine anti-CD16 hybridoma cell lines, but do not lyse hybridomas against
      other cell surface differentiation Ag expressed on NK cells. Moreover, the CD18
      structure is involved in the CD16-specific xenogeneic interaction between human
      effector cells and murine hybridoma target cells. Although interaction with anti
      CD16 hybridomas or antibodies triggers the cytolytic mechanism of NK cells, this
      interaction does not induce cellular proliferation. In contrast to NK cells,
      CD16+ granulocytes do not lyse anti-CD16 hybridoma cell targets and do not
      mediate ADCC against antibody-coated human tumor cell targets. These findings
      indicate a fundamental difference in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
      mechanisms of NK cells and granulocytes. Comparative biochemical analysis of CD16
      on NK cells and granulocytes revealed significant differences in the size of the
      polypeptides obtained after removal of N-linked carbohydrate residues with endo-F
      and N-glycanase digestion.

PMID- 2903194
TI  - Analysis of expression of CD2, CD3, and T cell antigen receptor molecules during
      early human fetal thymic development.
AB  - To define early stages of T cell maturation during human fetal thymic
      development, we have used mAb reactive with CD2, CD3, and TCR molecules in
      indirect immunofluorescence assays on a series of early human fetal thymic
      specimens. Using a technique of quantitating the relative proportions of
      fluorescent-positive cells present in tissue sections, we found at 8.5 wk of
      gestational age after arrival of CD7+ T cell precursors into the thymic rudiment,
      60% of thymic CD7+ cells were CD2+, 4% were CD3+ and none was TCR-delta+ or TCR
      beta+. Moreover, cells reactive with anti-CD2 antibodies against T11(2) and
      T11(3) epitopes of CD2 as well as thymic stromal cells expressing the CD2 ligand,
      lymphocyte function associated Ag-3, were also present at 8.5 wk. From 9.5 wk to
      birth TCR beta+ cells increased to include greater than 90% of all CD7+ cells
      while TCR-delta+ cells fell from a peak of 11% of CD7+ cells at 9.5 wk to 1% of
      CD7+ cells at birth. These data suggest that epitopes of CD2 molecules are
      expressed early on during fetal thymic development. Moreover, these data suggest
      that CD7+, CD2+, cytoplasmic CD3+ T cell precursors in man give rise to both TCR
      delta+ T cells as well as to T cells expressing TCR-alpha beta.

PMID- 2903195
TI  - Role of CD2 in activation and cytotoxic function of CD8/Leu-7-positive T cells.
AB  - CD3/CD8-positive, Leu-7-positive cells comprise about 3 to 5% of PBL in normal
      individuals, but the proportion of these cells is increased in patients with a
      variety of diseases including chronic viral infection, Crohn's disease, and AIDS.
      To study further the function of these cells, the proliferative and cytotoxic
      responses of highly purified CD8/Leu-7-positive cells were studied in vitro.
      These cells had low proliferative responses when exposed to PHA or mitogenic anti
      CD3 mAb compared to CD8/Leu-7-negative cells, and their proliferative responses
      were significantly lower after addition of IL-2 or autologous adherent cells.
      However, the proliferative responses of both Leu-7-positive and Leu-7-negative
      CD8 cells were similar when stimulated with PHA, Ionomycin, or anti-CD3 in
      combination with phorbol ester. In addition, CD8/Leu-7-positive cells
      demonstrated high proliferative responses when exposed to a combination of both
      PHA and SRBC, and these responses could be inhibited by prior addition of non
      stimulating anti-CD2.1 mAb. CD8/Leu-7-positive cells, but not CD8/Leu-7-negative
      cells, mediated lectin- and anti-CD3-induced cytotoxicity against K562 target
      cells. Cytotoxicity was in part dependent on the CD2 Ag because it was inhibited
      by anti-CD2.1 mAb. Finally, when small CD8-positive T cells having low cytotoxic
      potential were activated with PHA plus SRBC, but not PHA alone, there was
      significant enhancement of their cytotoxic function. Thus, the CD2 receptor may
      be an important activation pathway for cytotoxic cells.

PMID- 2903196
TI  - A highly reliable, sensitive, flow cytometric/fluorometric assay for the
      evaluation of the anti-HIV activity of antiviral compounds in MT-4 cells.
AB  - Infection of human T4 lymphocyte MT-4 cells with human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) results in cell death 4-5 days after infection. We have now developed a
      highly sensitive and rapid procedure for estimating the cytopathic effect of HIV
      in MT-4 cells. This method is based on fluorometric as well as flow cytometric
      evaluation of HIV-infected MT-4 cultures. By the use of fluorescein diacetate
      (FDA), a non-fluorescent diacetyl fluorescein ester that becomes fluorescent upon
      hydrolysis by esterases present in the cytoplasm of viable cells, as few as 100
      200 viable MT-4 cells can be accurately determined. Applying this new method to
      HIV-infected MT-4 cell cultures treated with differing concentrations of the
      potent anti-HIV agent azidothymidine (AZT), we obtained a virus-inhibitory dose
      response comparable to those obtained by the conventional (labour-intensive and
      time-consuming) methods. The FDA-based cell viability assay appears particularly
      suited for the rapid, reliable and sensitive evaluation of potential anti-AIDS
      agents in cell culture.

PMID- 2903197
TI  - Association between restriction fragment length variants of the complement C4
      genes and MHC haplotypes.
AB  - DNA polymorphism of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked
      complement C4 genes was studied using restriction enzymes XbaI and TaqI, and
      Southern hybridization. The results show that some, but not all, C4 phenotypes
      can be divided into subtypes. Analysis of MHC haplotypes indicates that in each
      extended MHC haplotype, i.e. in the haplotypes having a particular combination of
      HLA and complotype phenotypes in significant linkage disequilibrium, the C4 genes
      always produce just one 'conserved' restriction enzyme fragment pattern, while in
      the other haplotypes the C4 genes are more heterogeneous. Furthermore, the
      findings provide preliminary evidence for a C4B gene duplication, and suggest
      that the C4 genes may often be 'corrected' alike.

PMID- 2903198
TI  - The anaerobic and aerobic bacterial flora of leg ulcers in patients with sickle
      cell disease.
AB  - Leg ulcers in 26 patients with sickle-cell disease (SCD) were studied
      bacteriologically over a period of 6 months. The average age of the patients was
      20.92 years and the mean duration of the ulcers was 3.43 years. In order of
      frequency, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides
      melaninogenicus were the predominant organisms. Anaerobes were isolated from 14
      (54%) of 26 patients and represent 21% of the total 77 isolates. The presence of
      anaerobes correlated well with odorous ulcers. Isolation of anaerobes from leg
      ulcers of patients with SCD has added to knowledge of bacterial infection in SCD.

PMID- 2903199
TI  - Amoebic liver abscess in a bisexual man.
AB  - A bisexual man who had not travelled outside the U.K. had an amoebic liver
      abscess. Although it is reported that Entamoeba histolytica is usually of a non
      pathogenic type in homosexual men in the U.K., it is important to diagnose
      invasive amoebiasis in this high-risk group so that appropriate treatment can be
      given.

PMID- 2903200
TI  - Properties of Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in boys.
AB  - Fifty-five isolates of Escherichia coli from urine of boys younger than three
      years of age with urinary tract infection (UTI) were compared with strains from
      girls of the same age range who had UTI. The frequency of P fimbriae, hemolysin,
      and type 1C fimbriae, previously described as associated with pyelonephritis (PN)
      in girls, was also high (76%, 60%, and 31%, respectively) in UTI-associated
      strains from boys. However, in contrast to isolates from girls, strains from
      lower UTI in boys did not differ from PN-associated strains regarding these three
      characteristics. In contrast, aerobactin production was significantly associated
      with PN compared with lower UTI in both sexes. Serotypes O4 and O6 were
      overrepresented among all UTI-associated strains from boys and PN-associated
      strains from girls. This overrepresentation was largely accounted for by three
      clones, one of which was a new clone identified among the UTI-associated strains
      from boys.

PMID- 2903201
TI  - Dihydrolevobunolol is a potent ocular beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.
AB  - The ocular beta-adrenoceptor antagonist activity of dihydrolevobunolol (DHLB),
      the major ocular and systemic metabolite of levobunolol was investigated by
      determining its ability to block isoproterenol-induced ocular hypotension in
      normotensive rabbits. Topically-applied 0.001% and 0.01% DHLB virtually abolished
      the response to isoproterenol, indicating a beta-blocking potency similar to that
      of timolol. Thus, the ocular metabolism of levobunolol leads to the formation of
      a highly potent beta-adrenoceptor antagonist that may contribute to its clinical
      efficacy.

PMID- 2903202
TI  - Celiprolol versus timolol and placebo: a two week double-blind comparison.
AB  - Celiprolol (5%) was compared to timolol (0.5%) and placebo in patients with
      primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. A total of 28 patients
      participated in this double blind study and received treatment for two weeks.
      Intraocular pressure decreased an average of 4.4 mmHg with celiprolol and 7.1
      mmHg with timolol two hours after instillation. This was maintained 12 hours
      after administration of timolol but not after celiprolol. There was a small but
      statistically significant decrease in pulse rate 2 hours after administration of
      timolol (from 72 to 64 beats per minute) which was not observed after celiprolol.
      Side effects were mild and similar for all 3 groups.

PMID- 2903203
TI  - Effects of intraventricular histamine and H2 receptor antagonists on intraocular
      pressure.
AB  - Severe ocular hypertension has been reported in a chronic glaucoma patient
      following use of histamine H2 receptor antagonists for treatment of peptic ulcer.
      Subsequent studies, however, have failed to demonstrate a significant action of
      topical or intravenously administered H2 blockers on intraocular pressure (IOP)
      in humans. In this study, cimetidine and ranitidine were administered into the
      cerebral ventricles of unanesthetized New Zealand White rabbits. Both drugs
      caused prolonged increases in IOP at a dose of 1 umol. Maximal elevations of IOP
      occurred approximately 20 min after drug injections and averaged 5-8 mmHg above
      pre-drug values. In contrast, histamine (0.3 and 1.0 umol) produced biphasic
      effects on IOP when given by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection. These
      data suggest that central mechanisms may mediate the actions of some histamine
      receptor agonists and antagonists on IOP.

PMID- 2903204
TI  - Effects of topically applied falintolol: a new beta-adrenergic antagonist for
      treatment of glaucoma.
AB  - Changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) following topical administration of
      falintolol (0.5%-0.25%), a new beta-blocking agent, were studied in conscious
      albino rabbits with alpha-chymotrypsin-induced ocular hypertension. The drug
      produced a reduction in IOP equal to that of timolol. A longer duration of
      activity was noted with falintolol. The rate of transport of topically applied
      falintolol through the isolated bovine cornea under conditions simulating normal
      physiology was linear up to three hours and twice as fast as timolol from 3 to 6
      hours. Since topical ocular application of beta-adrenergic antagonists useful in
      glaucoma therapy can also cause a number of troublesome systemic side effects,
      several conclusive preclinical investigations were carried out with falintolol.
      Of major concern was the effect falintolol might have on the pupil, cornea, and
      heart rate when administered topically. The results show that falintolol does not
      produce any noteworthy side effects and is capable of being an effective beta
      blocking agent in open-angle glaucoma therapy.

PMID- 2903205
TI  - Betaxolol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of betaxolol on the pulmonary function tests of nine
      patients with glaucoma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring
      beta-blocker therapy. The results of pre-treatment pulmonary function tests were
      compared to results after two weeks of betaxolol therapy. The mean ratio of
      forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV-1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) was
      59.33 +/- 13.30%. After two weeks of betaxolol therapy, the resulting mean FEV
      1/FVC was 57.89 +/- 13.89%, a statistically insignificant difference (P greater
      than 0.05). The mean FEV-1 was 1.94 +/- 0.83 liters, compared to 1.91 +/- 0.78
      liters after two weeks of betaxolol. The mean FVC was 3.19 +/- 0.91 liters,
      compared to 3.23 +/- 0.89 liters after two weeks of betaxolol. These differences
      were, also, not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). This prospective
      study supports previous reports suggesting that betaxolol has potential
      advantages for those patients at risk for developing pulmonary side effects from
      beta-blocker therapy. This report represents the largest single-center series of
      patients who have been studied in this fashion.

PMID- 2903206
TI  - Enzymes of mercapturate pathway in cultured bovine ciliary epithelial cells.
AB  - Relative enzyme activities of the mercapturate pathway were determined in bovine
      ciliary pigmented (PE) and nonpigmented (NPE) epithelial cells in culture.
      Glutathione S-transferase activity was greater in PE cells than in NPE cells.
      Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity appeared to be exclusively associated with
      NPE cells; the enzyme activity was virtually absent in PE cells. The level of
      cystine aminopeptidase activity was about the same in NPE and PE cells. N-acetyl
      transferase was predominantly found in NPE cells. If a similar enzyme
      distribution should exist in vivo in the bicellular layer of ciliary epithelium,
      the present result suggests that both NPE and PE cells are involved in the
      detoxification of xenobiotics via the mercapturate pathway, glutathione
      conjugation occurring primarily in the PE cells and the reactions catalyzed by
      the membrane-bound enzymes gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and N-acetyl transferase
      taking place mainly in the NPE cells.

PMID- 2903207
TI  - Effect of the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on lipid compositions
      and learning ability of rats. II. Discrimination process, extinction process, and
      glycolipid compositions.
AB  - Donryu strain rats through two generations were fed semi-purified diets
      supplemented with safflower seed oil (rich in linoleic acid) or with perilla seed
      oil (rich in alpha-linolenic acid), or a conventional laboratory chow (normal
      control diet). Brightness-discrimination learning ability was determined to be
      the highest in the perilla oil-fed group, followed by the normal group, and then
      by the safflower group, extending our earlier observation in a different strain
      of rat that alpha-linolenic acid is a factor in maintaining high learning ability
      (Yamamoto, N., M. Saitoh, A. Moriuchi, M. Nomura, and H. Okuyama. 1987. J. Lipid
      Res. 28: 144-151). After the brightness-discrimination learning test was
      administered, extinction of learning was measured. The time required for
      extinction was significantly longer in the safflower group than in either the
      perilla group or the normal diet group. Thus, the dietary alpha
      linolenate/linoleate balance affected both the learning and the extinction of
      learning. The glycolipids of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and olfactory lobe were
      analyzed. Although the fatty acid compositions of the sulfatide and gangliosides
      were significantly different in the three parts of the brain, relatively little
      difference was observed in the fatty acids of glycolipids between the safflower
      group and the perilla group, suggesting that gross changes in brain glycolipids
      are not responsible for the differences in learning abilities between these
      dietary groups.

PMID- 2903208
TI  - Purification and characterization of bile salt hydrolase from Clostridium
      perfringens.
AB  - Bile salt hydrolase (cholylglycine hydrolase, EC 3.5.1.24) has been purified to
      homogeneity (792-fold) from Clostridium perfringens using high performance DEAE
      chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a single detectable protein band on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with a
      relative molecular weight ca. 56,000. The intact enzyme had a relative molecular
      weight (Mr) of ca. 250,000 as determined by nondenaturing PAGE. The NH2-terminal
      sequence of bile salt hydrolase was determined to be Met-(Ser/Cys)-Arg-Thr-Lys
      Leu-Val-Ileu-Thr-Ileu-Gly-Ala-Ser. The purified enzyme was active towards both
      glycine and taurine conjugates of cholate. The apparent Km and Vmax of the enzyme
      for glycocholate was estimated to be 0.5 mM and 107 nmol/min.mg protein,
      respectively. The pH optimum was in the range of 5.8 to 6.4. The enzyme was
      inhibited 85%, 81%, and 83% by 2 mM iodoacetate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and
      phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride, respectively. Rabbit polyclonal antibody was
      prepared and used to demonstrate a single form of the enzyme in crude cell
      extracts.

PMID- 2903210
TI  - In situ hybridization for interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor mRNA in T
      cells activated in the presence or absence of cyclosporin A.
AB  - RNA-RNA in situ hybridization was used to study the frequency of cells producing
      mRNA for IL-2 and IL-2-R in T lymphocytes stimulated by either of three mitogens:
      anti-CD3, anti-CD28, or PHA. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed transcripts for
      IL-2 and the low-affinity IL-2-R when stimulated with these mitogens plus PMA. IL
      2 transcripts peaked at 8-16 h, and IL-2-R at 24-40 h. Cyclosporin A (CSA)
      inhibited the synthesis of IL-2, but not IL-2-R mRNA, after stimulation by PHA or
      anti-CD3. However, higher concentrations of CSA were necessary to achieve 50-70%
      inhibition after stimulation with anti-CD28. At optimal points 12-22% of CD4+ and
      5-13% of CD8+ cells expressed IL-2 mRNA, while 30-50% of cells of both subsets
      had IL-2-R mRNA. The IL-2 grain counts, which relate to the level of mRNA/cell,
      were higher in the CD4+ subset but could be increased several fold in the CD8+
      subset in the presence of adherent accessory cells. The use of PMA as an
      accessory stimulus, in addition to adherent cells, greatly increased the
      frequency of lymphocytes with IL-2 mRNA and the amount of IL-2 activity in the
      culture medium, but the proliferative response was not significantly boosted.
      These observations indicate at the single cell level that many CD4+ or CD8+
      lymphocytes can make IL-2 mRNA, and that the induction of IL-2 with several
      stimuli is reduced by CSA and enhanced by PMA.

PMID- 2903209
TI  - Triggering of T cell proliferation through AIM, an activation inducer molecule
      expressed on activated human lymphocytes.
AB  - In this report, we describe a novel activation antigen that appears very early
      after T cell activation and is absent in resting lymphocytes, through which
      agonistic proliferative signals can be triggered by mAb binding. It has been
      designated as activation inducer molecule (AIM) and is a disulphide-linked
      heterodimeric structure containing two polypeptide chains of Mr 33,000 and
      27,000. The expression of AIM can be induced by different activation stimuli such
      as PMA, PHA, or anti-CD3 mAb, but not by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, and it
      precedes the expression of other activation molecules such as 4F2 or the IL-2-R.
      Once AIM antigens are expressed on lymphocytes after stimulation with
      submitogenic doses of PMA, the binding of anti-AIM mAbs triggers a strong
      proliferative response. Furthermore, a comitogenic effect of the anti-AIM mAbs is
      exerted in the presence of either PHA or anti-CD3 mAb. The activation of
      lymphocytes through AIM antigens induces both IL-2 and IL-2-R receptor synthesis
      and is inhibited by anti-IL-2-R mAbs.

PMID- 2903211
TI  - Clonal analysis of functionally distinct human CD4+ T cell subsets.
AB  - A large number of CD4+ T cell clones, obtained from peripheral blood T
      lymphocytes by direct limiting dilution, allowed us to address the question
      whether functional heterogeneity exists within the human CD4+ T cell subset.
      Cytotoxic capacity of cloned T cells was analyzed with the use of anti-CD3
      antibodies and target cells bearing FcR for murine IgG. 6 of 12 CD4+ clones
      obtained were able to lyse Daudi or P815 cells in the presence of anti-CD3
      antibodies. The remaining six CD4+ T cell clones tested did not display anti-CD3
      mediated cytotoxic activity and did not acquire this cytotoxic capacity during a
      culture period of 20 wk. In the absence of anti-CD3 mAb, no lytic activity
      against Daudi, P815, and K562 target cells was observed under normal culture
      conditions. Phenotypic analysis of these two distinct types of CD4+ T cells did
      not reveal differences with regard to reactivity with CDw29 (4B4) and CD45R (2H4)
      mAbs that have been described to recognize antigens associated with helper
      suppressor/inducer (respectively) CD4+ cells. The CD4+ clones without anti-CD3
      mediated cytotoxic activities (Th2) consistently showed a high expression level
      of CD28 antigens, whereas the cytotoxic clones (Th1) expressed low amounts of
      CD28. Th1 CD4+ clones did produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha/beta, whereas
      the Th2 T cell clones produced minimal amounts of IL-2 and only low levels of INF
      gamma and TNF-alpha/beta in response to anti-CD3 mAbs and PMA. Although not all
      CD4+ clones did release IL-4, there was no correlation with cytotoxic activity.
      Moreover, as compared with the Th1 CD4+ clones, Th2 CD4+ T cell clones
      proliferated moderately in response to immobilized anti-CD3 mAbs. However,
      proliferation reached the level of the cytotoxic clones when anti-CD28 mABs were
      present during culture. Both CD4+ subsets provided help for B cell
      differentiation upon stimulation with anti-CD3 mAbs. Our data suggest that the
      human CD4+ subset, in analogy to the murine system, comprises two functionally
      distinct T cell subpopulations, both of which are able to exert helper activity
      for polyclonal B cell differentiation, but which differ in cytotoxic capacity,
      lymphokine production, and requirements for proliferation. A function for these
      two types of T cells in the immune response is discussed.

PMID- 2903212
TI  - Immunoregulation of cutaneous leishmaniasis. T cell lines that transfer
      protective immunity or exacerbation belong to different T helper subsets and
      respond to distinct parasite antigens.
AB  - BALB/c mice can be protected against a normally fatal Leishmania major infection
      by immunization with a partially purified, soluble subfraction of the parasite
      (fraction 9). In this study, we demonstrate that a T cell line established
      against fraction 9, designated line 9, transfers protection equivalent to that
      obtained by active immunization. In contrast, T cell lines (lines 1 and 9.2)
      responsive to a nonprotective soluble fraction (fraction 1) not only failed to
      protect BALB/c mice against L. major, but exacerbated the infection. Most
      importantly, in addition to differing in their antigen specificity, protective
      and exacerbative T cells lines could be distinguished on the basis of the
      lymphokines produced, a characteristic previously used to separate murine Th
      cells into two subsets, designated Th1 and Th2. We found that the protective cell
      line, line 9, displayed the Th1 property of secreting IL-2 and IFN-gamma, while
      the exacerbating lines secreted IL-4 and IL-5, a characteristic of Th2 cells. Our
      results demonstrate that Th1 and Th2 cells may have dramatically different
      effects on the outcome of an infection, and suggest that susceptibility and
      resistance in experimental leishmaniasis may depend upon a balance between the Th
      subsets induced.

PMID- 2903213
TI  - Molecular characterization of the C3HfB/HeN H-2Kkm2 mutation. Implications for
      the molecular basis of alloreactivity.
AB  - The C3HfB/HeN (C3Hf) mouse strain expresses an H-2Kk molecule, previously denoted
      H-2Kkv1, that is structurally and functionally distinct from H-2Kk of the
      parental C3H strain. By molecular genetic analysis, we demonstrate that the C3Hf
      H-2K gene carries a homozygous coding region mutation relative to the C3H allele,
      revealing that C3Hf meets the requirements for assignment of a mutant haplotype,
      H-2km2. C3Hf H-2Kkm2 bears a single clustered substitution of four nucleotides
      within 14 contiguous nucleotides in exon 3. Since this sequence also is present
      intact at the homologous position in H-2Dk of both C3H and C3Hf, the origin of
      the H-2Kkm2 mutation is consistent with a nonreciprocal sequence transfer from
      the H-2Dk donor gene, analogous to the mechanism proposed for generation of the H
      2Kb mutations. The H-2Kkm2 mutation encodes three clustered amino acid
      substitutions, at positions 95, 98, and 99, that map to one of the large beta
      strands at the bottom of the peptide antigen binding cleft of the H-2Kkm2
      molecule. The nature and location of these amino acid substitutions are unique
      relative to any other known H-2 mutant or HLA variant, and underscore the
      importance of the beta-pleated sheet in influencing CTL recognition. These
      results indicate that H-2Kkm2 alloantigenicity may derive largely from altered
      presentation of self cellular peptides.

PMID- 2903215
TI  - Rare peripheral T cells migrate to and persist in normal mouse thymus.
AB  - The traffic of T cells between the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is
      generally thought to be unidirectional. Using a technique of lymphocyte transfer
      between Thy-1 congenic mice, we demonstrate here the entry of rare peripheral
      lymph node T cells into the normal mouse thymus. At time points from 3 h to 24 wk
      after transfer, donor peripheral T cells were present in the host thymus, mainly
      as scattered single cells confined to the medulla. At 2 wk after transfer, donor
      T cells constituted 0.2% of the medullary thymocytes (compared with 11% of the
      peripheral lymph node T cells). As a population, these cells exhibited a stable
      mature immunophenotype (Ly-1hi, PNAlo, and mixed L3T4- and Lyt-2+). A minority of
      the donor T cells expressed high levels of the MEL-14 "homing receptor". The
      thymic medulla thus exhibits features of a peripheral lymphoid organ but differs
      in its low rate of turnover of recirculating T cells.

PMID- 2903214
TI  - Murine CD4+ T cell subsets defined.
AB  - We have used two monoclonal anti-murine T cell autoantibodies (SM3G11 and SM6C10)
      and multi-color immunofluorescence staining to resolve splenic CD4+ cells into
      four populations. Two of these populations (Fr. I and Fr. III, 35% and 10% of
      CD4+ cells) show mutually exclusive expression of these determinants and exhibit
      distinct functions. Fr. III secretes IL-4, but not IL-2 when activated by Con A,
      and includes memory T cells responsible for secondary antibody formation. In
      contrast, Fr. I secretes IL-2 but not IL-4 in response to Con A, and does not
      contribute to the secondary antibody response. Furthermore, these two fractions
      exhibit differential accessory cell dependence. Whereas Fr. III responds with B
      cells (and also non-B cells) as accessory cells in Con A-induced activation, Fr.
      I requires non-B cells. However, we found that many CD4+ cells (Fr. II, 40% of
      CD4+ cells) express both determinants and are not distinguishable with regard to
      lymphokine secretion, accessory cell effect, and memory T cell activity.
      Curiously, the fraction expressing neither determinant (Fr. IV, 10% of CD4+
      cells) is unresponsive to experimental conditions used here. We discuss the
      possible relationships between these T cell subsets and the implications of
      differential expression of these determinants.

PMID- 2903216
TI  - Identification of CD2-/CD3+ T cells in fetal human tissue.
AB  - From 1 to 23% of fetal human spleen or thymus cells (from the 20th to 24th week
      of gestation) were found to display a previously unrecognized CD2-/CD3+
      phenotype. IL-2-dependent, long-term clones of CD2-/3+ T cells did not react with
      a panel of anti-CD2 mAbs and did not form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. These
      results show that (a) significant numbers of CD2-/3+ T cells are present in fetal
      human spleen and/or thymus; and (b) in contrast to the widely accepted view,
      expression of CD2 is not a prerequisite for the expression of the CD3 molecular
      complex on human T cells.

PMID- 2903218
TI  - Morphological description of surface structures on strain B41 of bovine
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bearing both K99 and F41 antigens.
AB  - In order to describe morphologically the structures on the cell surface of bovine
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, variants of reference strain B41 (K99+F41+)
      either negative for K99 and positive for F41 antigens (variants B41A, B41*C), or
      phenotypically negative for both antigens (variants B41B1, B41B2, B41*CB), and a
      transconjugant harbouring the K99 plasmid and expressing the K99 adhesin
      [transconjugant B41 x H510a:H510(2)] were examined by transmission electron
      microscopy using negative staining. Several negative staining procedures were
      tested for strain B41 and variant B41A: direct harvesting of strains into
      ammonium molybdate (2%, w/v), with bacitracin (50 micrograms ml-1) as wetting
      agent, gave the best results. Three morphologically distinct structures on the
      cell surface could be identified in cultures grown on Minca medium. Firstly,
      thin, filamentous, flexible fibrillar structures, presenting a helical structure
      and a mean diameter of approximately 3 nm, were recognized as K99 fimbriae, since
      they were present on strain B41 and on transconjugant H510(2), but not on K99
      negative variants nor on the recipient strain H510a. Secondly, coil-like
      structures with a diameter of about 17-20 nm were observed on strain B41 and on
      variants B41A and B41*C. These structures appeared to consist of two or more
      curled filaments (diameter 3 nm) joined to coil on themselves into dense spirals.
      They were very rare in variants B41B1 and B41B2 and were absent on variant B41*CB
      and on a transconjugant B41* x B41*CB, which had re-acquired the K99 plasmid and
      which again exhibited K99 fimbriae. Strains B41 and variant B41A gown at 37
      degrees C for 24 h on sheep-blood agar exhibited coiled structures like those
      seen on Minca medium. In contrast, after growth at 18 degrees C for 48 h (which
      inhibits the synthesis of F41 antigen), coiled structures were no longer
      expressed on the cell surface of strain B41 and variants B41A and B41*C. Thus the
      presence of coiled structures correlated with the expression of F41 antigen in
      strains and variants, which suggests that F41 had a coiled morphology. Finally,
      straight fimbriae (diameter 6.5-7 nm) were observed on the cell surface of every
      strain and variant. Their expression on the cell surface was enhanced by several
      subcultures in th e static broth, and it was inhibited by subculture on agar, but
      not by culture at 18 degrees C after serial subcultures in static broth. These
      facts indicated that the straight fimbriae could be common fimbriae, and excluded
      their being F41 structures.

PMID- 2903217
TI  - The recombinant 65-kD heat shock protein of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette
      Guerin/M. tuberculosis is a target molecule for CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that
      lyse human monocytes.
AB  - Since little is known about Tc cells in the human immune response to
      intracellular parasites, we have studied the role of Tc cells in response to M.
      bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Donors whose PBMC responded to BCG,
      purified protein derivative (PPD), and the recombinant 65-kD heat shock protein
      (HSP) of BCG generated BCG/PPD-specific CD4+ effector T lymphocytes that lysed
      PPD as well as recombinant 65-kD-pulsed monocytes. Nonpulsed or irrelevant
      antigen-pulsed target cells were lysed to a much lower but still significant
      extent. PPD-stimulated effector lymphocytes of a recombinant 65-kD nonresponder
      lysed PPD but not recombinant 65-kD-pulsed monocytes. Recombinant 65-kD-educated
      effector lymphocytes lysed both recombinant 65-kD- and PPD-pulsed monocytes. In
      addition, these effector cells efficiently lysed nonpulsed target cells. These
      results demonstrate that in recombinant 65-kD responders, the recombinant 65-kD
      HSP of BCG is an immunodominant target as well as a triggering molecule for
      BCG/PPD-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cells that lyse autologous monocytes. The
      implications of these findings with respect to the role of the 65-kD HSP in
      autoimmunity are discussed.

PMID- 2903219
TI  - Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent
      inhibition task.
AB  - Differences between acute (N = 26) and chronic (N = 27) schizophrenics diagnosed
      by Research Diagnostic Criteria and normal controls (N = 53) were examined in a
      task measuring latent inhibition, i.e., the retardation of learning that normally
      occurs when a subject forms an association to a stimulus previously repeatedly
      presented without consequence. In rats, latent inhibition is disrupted by
      amphetamine and restored by neuroleptics. It was predicted that latent inhibition
      would be similarly disrupted in acute schizophrenics (presumably in a
      hyperdopaminergic state) but not in chronic, medicated schizophrenics. Each group
      was subdivided and assigned randomly to two experimental conditions, preexposure
      or non-preexposure. Preexposed subjects first heard 30 bursts of white noise
      through headphones while monitoring a list of nonsense syllables; non-preexposed
      subjects listened to the nonsense syllables without the white noise. Subjects in
      both conditions were then given the opportunity to learn that the noise signalled
      increments in a visually displayed number. Preexposed normals and chronic
      schizophrenics learned this association more slowly than non-preexposed subjects
      (latent inhibition); as predicted, acute schizophrenics failed to display this
      effect. After 6 to 7 weeks, 11 acute and 13 chronic patients were retested; both
      groups now showed latent inhibition. These results are discussed in relation to
      the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2903220
TI  - Increased extrapyramidal symptoms with addition of lithium to neuroleptics.
AB  - To explore whether lithium exacerbates neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal
      symptoms (EPS), the authors prospectively rated 10 patients on neuroleptics
      before and after the addition of lithium. EPS ratings increased steadily after
      the initiation of lithium and were significantly elevated compared with baseline.
      Individual items that increased significantly were: gait, shoulder shaking, elbow
      rigidity, and tremor. These findings indicate that usual therapeutic levels of
      lithium may significantly worsen neuroleptic-induced EPS. Potential mechanisms
      for this interaction are discussed.

PMID- 2903221
TI  - Uptake of amino acids by brain microvessels isolated from rats with experimental
      chronic renal failure.
AB  - The neurological disorders seen in patients with chronic renal failure and liver
      cirrhosis are analogous. Previous in vivo studies have shown that the impaired
      blood-brain amino acid transport seen in rats with chronic renal failure is
      similar to that of rats with portocaval anastomosis. To elucidate whether a
      comparable underlying pathogenic mechanism plays a role in both pathological
      conditions, blood and brain amino acid levels together with amino acid transport
      by isolated brain microvessels have been studied in rats with chronic renal
      failure and in sham-operated rats. Brain microvessels isolated from rats with
      experimental chronic renal failure showed that the uptake of labeled large
      neutral amino acid, i.e., leucine or phenylalanine, but not of lysine or alpha
      methylaminoisobutyric acid, was significantly increased with respect to sham
      operated rats; conversely, the uptake of glutamic acid in rats with chronic renal
      failure was significantly lower compared with values in controls. Kinetic
      analysis indicated that this was mainly due to increased exchange transport
      activity (Vmax) of the L-system, rather than to changes in the affinity (Km) of
      the carrier system for the relative substrate. These data, together with the
      significant rise of brain glutamine levels and an increased brain-to-plasma ratio
      of the sum of large neutral amino acids, are analogous to what was previously
      observed in rats with portocaval anastomosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903222
TI  - Effects of neurotransmitters on astrocyte glycogen stores in vitro.
AB  - We have used receptor binding assays to determine the presence of three
      neurotransmitter receptors in a crude membrane fraction derived from neonatal rat
      cortical astrocyte cultures and subsequently determined the effects of
      transmitter receptor activation on astrocyte glycogen content in vitro. beta
      Adrenergic (KD = 88 pM; Bmax = 51 fmol/mg of protein), serotonin (KD = 70 nM;
      Bmax = 44 pmol/mg of protein), and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (KD = 79 pM;
      Bmax = 44 fmol/mg of protein) were found to be present on astrocyte membranes
      using [3H]dihydroalprenolol, [3H]serotonin, and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate,
      respectively, as ligands. Astrocyte cultures exposed to noradrenaline but not
      specific alpha- and beta-receptor agonists contained 33% less glycogen than
      controls. Neither serotonin nor carbachol caused alterations in astrocyte
      glycogen content under normal conditions. Reserpine-treated cultures, however,
      responded to serotonin with a 28% decrease in glycogen content and contained
      higher levels of glycogen than non-reserpine-treated controls (a 55% increase).
      These results show that both noradrenaline and serotonin can evoke astrocyte
      glycogenolysis and that noradrenergic control of glycogen metabolism is probably
      exerted through both alpha- and beta-receptors. Neurotransmitter control of
      astrocyte glycogen turnover may represent a form of neuron-astrocyte signalling
      in addition to that provided by changes in external potassium concentration.

PMID- 2903223
TI  - Foot-shock stress and anxiogenic beta-carbolines increase t
      [35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding in the rat cerebral cortex, an effect
      opposite to anxiolytics and gamma-aminobutyric acid mimetics.
AB  - The effect of foot-shock stress on t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate [(
      35S]TBPS) binding to fresh unwashed membrane preparations from rat cerebral
      cortex was studied and was compared to those of GABAA receptor agonists and
      antagonists and to positive and negative modulators of the GABAergic
      transmission. [35S]TBPS binding was increased in the cerebral cortex of rats
      exposed to foot shock compared to that of nonstressed rats. Scatchard analysis
      revealed that the effect of foot shock was due to an increase in the total number
      of [35S]TBPS binding sites. In contrast, the in vitro addition of muscimol or
      GABA induced a dose-dependent inhibition of [35S]TBPS binding, an effect
      abolished by the concomitant addition of the GABA receptor antagonist,
      bicuculline, which, per se, enhanced [35S]TBPS binding by 73%. Thus, bicuculline,
      similar to stress, increased [35S]TBPS binding in the same membrane preparation.
      In contrast to stress, the anxiolytic and positive modulators of the GABAergic
      transmission (ZK 93423, ZK 91296, and diazepam) inhibited the specific binding of
      [35S]TBPS in a concentration-dependent manner. The greatest inhibitory effect was
      produced by ZK 93423 at 30 microM (31% of control), followed by diazepam (54% of
      control) and by the partial agonist ZK 91296 (61% of control). Scatchard plot
      analysis indicated that the inhibition induced by ZK 93423 and diazepam was due
      to a decrease in the density of [35S]TBPS recognition sites. On the other hand,
      the anxiogenic beta-carbolines DMCM and FG 7142 mimicked the effect of stress.
      Thus, at a 10 microM concentration, DMCM and FG 7142 increased [35S]TBPS binding
      by 22% and 26%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903224
TI  - Differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells: marked potentiation of
      prostaglandin E-stimulated accumulation of cyclic AMP by retinoic acid.
AB  - Neuroblastoma cells in culture contain low levels of cyclic AMP, a second
      messenger which plays a major role in neuronal maturation. In this study, human
      neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-SH-SY5Y, were induced to differentiate by treatment
      with either nerve growth factor (50 ng/ml), retinoic acid (10 microM), dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP (1 mM), or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (0.1 microM), and the
      ability of several neurotransmitters or hormones to stimulate adenylyl cyclase
      was tested. Although all four differentiation factors caused morphological
      changes towards a neuronal phenotype, only retinoic acid dramatically enhanced
      cyclic AMP accumulation, specifically upon stimulation with prostaglandin E1
      (PGE1). PGE2 was also active, but less potent, than PGE1, whereas the other
      cyclic AMP-stimulating agents tested were largely unaffected. Further, the rapid
      desensitization of the PGE1-cyclic AMP response observed in control cells after
      20 min of PGE1 exposure did not occur in retinoic acid-treated cells, and the
      EC50 values for PGE1 were reduced from approximately 240 to 14 nM after retinoic
      acid treatment. The increased sensitivity to PGE was associated with an increase
      of high-affinity PGE1 binding sites, whereas the Gs coupling proteins and
      adenylyl cyclase were not measurably affected. A similar enhancement of the PGE1
      cyclic AMP response by retinoic acid was also observed in two additional human
      neuroblastoma cell lines tested, Kelly and IMR-32, suggesting that up-regulation
      of the prostaglandin response by retinoic acid is common among neuroblastoma
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903225
TI  - Excitatory amino acid release from rat hippocampal slices as a consequence of
      free-radical formation.
AB  - The release of D-[3H]aspartate, [3H]noradrenaline, and of endogenous glutamate
      and aspartate from rat hippocampal slices was significantly increased when the
      slices were incubated with xanthine oxidase plus xanthine to produce superoxide
      and hydroxyl free radicals locally. Allopurinol, a specific xanthine oxidase
      inhibitor, the hydroxyl-radical scavenger D-mannitol, or the superoxide-radical
      scavenger system formed by superoxide dismutase plus catalase prevented this
      release. These results suggest that endogenous excitatory amino acids are
      released consequent to the formation of free radicals. The excess of glutamate
      and aspartate released by this mechanism could be one of the factors contributing
      to the death of neurons after anoxic or ischemic injuries.

PMID- 2903226
TI  - The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without
      sedative or hypotensive side effects: evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes.
AB  - The present study attempted to identify an alpha-2 agonist that could improve
      working memory in aged nonhuman primates without the marked hypotensive and
      sedative side effects produced by clonidine. Toward this end, the hypotensive,
      sedative, and memory-altering properties of the alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, B
      HT920 and guanfacine, were compared with clonidine's effects in 9 aged rhesus
      monkeys. Memory capacity was assessed by a variable delay, spatial delayed
      response paradigm that requires the animal to remember information over short
      temporal intervals and to update this information on every trial. B-HT920 was
      found to produce a dose-response profile qualitatively similar to, but weaker
      than, clonidine: low doses impaired memory and began to lower blood pressure and
      produce sedation, while high doses improved memory. In contrast, guanfacine
      produced a dose-response profile opposite to that seen with clonidine: low doses
      improved memory without inducing hypotension or sedation, while the memory
      impairing, hypotensive, and sedating properties of the drug were observed at
      higher doses. The potency of the 3 agonists to lower blood pressure was clonidine
      = B-HT920 greater than guanfacine; sedation was affected in the order clonidine
      greater than B-HT920 greater than guanfacine; for memory impairment, as measured
      by performance on the delayed response task, the rank order potency was clonidine
      greater than B-HT920 greater than guanfacine, while for memory improvement it was
      guanfacine greater than clonidine greater than B-HT920. These differences in rank
      order potency are consistent with the recent proposal of alpha-2 receptor
      subtypes, a rauwolscine-sensitive site (Rs) that binds clonidine greater than B
      HT920 greater than guanfacine and a rauwolscine-insensitive site (Ri) that binds
      guanfacine greater than clonidine greater than B-HT920 (Boyajian and Leslie,
      1987). The data suggest that the hypotensive, sedating, and memory-impairing
      effects of alpha-2 agonists may be due to actions at one subtype of receptor
      (Rs), while the memory-enhancing effects of these drugs may result from actions
      at another alpha-2 receptor subtype, the Ri site. The ability of low doses of
      guanfacine to improve memory without inducing hypotension or sedation indicates
      that this agonist may be an excellent candidate for treating memory disorders in
      man.

PMID- 2903227
TI  - Inward rectification of resting and opiate-activated potassium currents in rat
      locus coeruleus neurons.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro, and
      membrane currents were measured at potentials from -50 to -130 mV. In the absence
      of any applied agonists, the slope conductance of the cells increased 3-fold when
      the cell was hyperpolarized from -60 to -120 mV. This conductance increase was
      complete within 5 msec of the onset of a hyperpolarizing command and was
      subsequently independent of time for several seconds. The conductance increase
      was blocked by cesium chloride (1-2 mM), rubidium chloride (1-2 mM), or barium
      chloride (1-100 microM). The membrane potential range over which the conductance
      increased was centered at the potassium equilibrium potential (EK; extracellular
      potassium concentration, 2.5-10.5 mM): the current/voltage (I/V) relation of the
      cell could be well described by supposing that there were 2 potassium
      conductances, one voltage independent (G1) and the other (inward rectifier, Gir)
      activated according to the expression Gir = Gir,max/(1 + exp[(V - EK)/k]), where
      k ranged from 15 mV in 2.5 mM potassium to 6 mV in 10.5 mM potassium. The
      additional membrane potassium conductance that developed when agonists at mu
      opioid and alpha 2-adrenoceptors were applied also became larger with membrane
      hyperpolarization, and this voltage dependence was also reduced or blocked by
      rubidium, cesium, and barium; in the presence of these agonists the current also
      reached its final value within 5 msec. However, the conductance increased by the
      agonists (Gag) was not well expressed by simply increasing the values of G1 and
      Gir,max. It was best described by a potassium conductance that increased
      according to Gag,max/(1 + exp[(V - Vm)/k]), where Vm (the potential at which the
      conductance was half-maximum) was close to the resting potential of the
      cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2903228
TI  - Interaction of vitamin E and its model compounds with unsaturated fatty acids in
      homogeneous solution.
AB  - Either alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or one of its model compounds having side
      chains of different length at the 2-position of alpha-tocopherol, forms complexes
      with an unsaturated fatty acid in methanol. For complex formation, the isoprenoid
      side chain and hydroxy group of alpha-tocopherol are unessential and, rather, the
      methyl groups attached to the aromatic ring of the chromanol moiety seems to be
      responsible. For better interaction, more than three methylene-interrupted Z
      double bonds of a fatty acid are necessary. These findings are incompatible with
      the hypothesis of Diplock and Lucy on the interaction of vitamin E with each
      polyunsaturated fatty acid.

PMID- 2903229
TI  - Ribotype analysis of Pseudomonas cepacia from cystic fibrosis treatment centers.

PMID- 2903230
TI  - Hepatic injury during rotavirus infections.

PMID- 2903231
TI  - Plasma levels of somatostatin and gastrin in sick infants and small for
      gestational age infants.
AB  - Sick neonates often have a disturbed gastrointestinal motility. As somatostatin
      inhibits various gastrointestinal functions, we investigated whether or not
      somatostatin levels are high in sick infants. Somatostatin and gastrin levels
      were measured in plasma samples collected from sick and healthy neonates.
      Somatostatin levels were found to be significantly elevated in sick infants when
      compared to healthy ones, both term (91 versus 5 pM) and preterm (35 versus 5
      pM). We suggest that the gastrointestinal symptoms seen in infants during illness
      may be related to an enhanced secretion of gastric somatostatin.

PMID- 2903232
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an amphiphilic form of human intestinal
      aminopeptidase N.
AB  - An amphiphilic detergent-solubilized human adult intestinal microvillous
      aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) was purified by immunoadsorbent technique using
      meconial aminopeptidase N antibodies. Its molecular and kinetic properties were
      investigated to confirm the differences previously observed from the meconial
      enzyme.

PMID- 2903233
TI  - Selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists alter fluid and electrolyte transport in
      mammalian small intestine.
AB  - The effects of the selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists B-HT 920 and B-HT 933
      on fluid and electrolyte transport in mammalian small intestine were assessed in
      vitro and in vivo. In Ussing flux chamber preparations of rabbit ileum, B-HT 920
      reduces basal short-circuit current (Isc) in a concentration-dependent manner.
      This in vitro effect is inhibited by rauwolscine (KB = 9.7 nM) but not by
      prazosin. Isotope flux and ion replacement studies suggest that this decrease in
      Isc is due primarily to stimulation of a HCO3-dependent transport process. B-HT
      920 promptly attenuates the 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2)-stimulated
      increase in Isc and completely reverses dmPGE2-stimulated Cl secretion to
      absorption. Oral administration of B-HT 933 dose-dependently inhibits dmPGE2
      induced enteropooling in conscious rats. This effect of B-HT 933 is likewise
      blocked significantly by rauwolscine but not by prazosin. Similar effects of B-HT
      933 are observed on enteropooling in the pithed rat as are the effects of B-HT
      920 in the conscious rat. These results indicate that selective alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonists from the azepine class of compounds have significant
      proabsorptive and antisecretory activities in the rabbit small intestine in vitro
      and in the rat intestine in vivo. This in vivo effect does not appear to be
      central nervous system mediated. These studies suggest that these alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonists may be useful in converting the hypersecreting mammalian
      small bowel to its normal absorptive state.

PMID- 2903234
TI  - Stimulant and hallucinogenic behavioral profiles of 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine and N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine in rats.
AB  - The effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (0.63-10.0 mg/kg) and N-ethyl
      methylenedioxyamphetamine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) on locomotor and investigatory
      responses of rats were measured in the Behavioral Pattern Monitor system, a
      system designed to measure both the quantity and quality of behavioral activity.
      Horizontal locomotion was increased considerably by these compounds in a dose
      related manner. This hyperactivity was accompanied by an initial decrease in
      investigatory holepokes and rearings followed by a subsequent increase at the
      highest doses tested. Rats injected with these phenylethylamine derivatives also
      exhibited thigmotaxis and a tendency to avoid the center of the experimental
      chamber, a behavioral profile similar to hallucinogen-like drugs. Consequently, a
      disruption of the spatial patterns of locomotion was also observed. Analyses of
      these patterns revealed an increasing tendency toward more stereotyped,
      predictable locomotor paths with increasing dose. Rats circled around the
      perimeter of the chamber with individual animals demonstrating a predominant
      though not completely consistent direction of rotation. The
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced increase in locomotion remained
      significantly elevated up to 4 hr after injection at a 10 mg/kg dose, whereas
      other aspects of motor activity returned to base-line levels more rapidly. Thus,
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine and N-ethyl-methylenedioxyamphetamine seem to
      possess both psychomotor stimulant properties and elements of a hallucinogen-like
      behavioral profile.

PMID- 2903235
TI  - Endothelium-dependent effects of carteolol.
AB  - Experiments were designed to study the effect of the beta adrenergic antagonist,
      carteolol, on the endothelium-dependent responsiveness of isolated arteries.
      Rings of canine coronary arteries were suspended in organ chambers for isometric
      tension recording; carteolol inhibited the relaxation to isoproterenol and
      abolished the difference in responsiveness to the beta adrenergic agonist between
      rings with and without endothelium. Carteolol did not cause endothelium-dependent
      relaxations of femoral or coronary arteries. In bioassay experiments, carteolol
      augmented the basal release of relaxing factors from the endothelium of the
      femoral artery; this effect was prevented by indomethacin. In rings of femoral
      arteries, carteolol increased the endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by
      the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist UK 14,304; this was not affected by indomethacin
      but prevented by propranolol. Carteolol did not modify the endothelium-dependent
      relaxations to acetylcholine, adenosine diphosphate, bradykinin, thrombin and the
      Ca+-ionophore A23187. Carteolol inhibited the endothelium-dependent hypoxic
      contraction of the canine coronary artery. It did not affect endothelium
      dependent contractions to acetylcholine in the aorta of the spontaneously
      hypertensive rat. These experiments suggest that carteolol facilitates the
      abluminal release of endothelium-dependent relaxing factor caused by alpha-2
      adrenergic activation, and causes the intraluminal release of vasodilator
      prostaglandins. The compound prevents the endothelium-dependent contractions
      which are not mediated by products of cyclooxygenase. These actions may
      contribute to the vasodilatator properties of carteolol in the intact organism.

PMID- 2903236
TI  - Pharmacologic characterization of SK&F 104078, a novel alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      antagonist which discriminates between pre- and postjunctional alpha-2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - SK&F 104078 has been reported to be a moderately potent antagonist at
      postjunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors in canine saphenous vein, rabbit saphenous
      vein and canine saphenous artery (KB = 76-150 nM). In contrast, SK&F 104078 has
      been found to have essentially no affinity for prejunctional alpha-2
      adrenoceptors in the guinea pig atrium. To characterize further the pharmacology
      of SK&F 104078 we have examined its effects in several additional alpha-2
      adrenoceptor models and on several non alpha adrenoceptor-mediated vascular
      responses. SK&F 104078 does not block the neuroinhibitory effect of alpha
      methylnorepinephrine in the guinea pig ileum. In contrast, in the rat vas
      deferens, high concentrations of SK&F 104078 (3-30 microM) antagonized the
      neuroinhibitory effect of UK 14,304; however, the antagonism was not competitive.
      At concentrations up to 1 microM, SK&F 104078 did not potentiate [3H]overflow
      from guinea pig vas deferens or guinea pig atrium prelabeled with
      [3H]norepinephrine, indicating no prejunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptor blocking
      activity in these tissues. SK&F 104078 is a competitive antagonist at alpha-1
      adrenoceptors, and at 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors, as demonstrated by blockade
      of norepinephrine- and serotonin-induced contraction in the rabbit aorta, with KB
      values of 155 and 20 nM, respectively. At concentrations up to 10 microM, SK&F
      104078 does not depress angiotensin II-induced contraction of rabbit aorta. At 1
      microM, no depression of the response to Ca++ in depolarized rabbit aorta is
      observed, although a significant inhibition of this response is seen at 10
      microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903237
TI  - Release-regulating D-2 dopamine receptors are located on striatal glutamatergic
      nerve terminals.
AB  - The effects of dopamine (DA) and other dopaminergic receptor agonists on the
      depolarization-evoked release of endogenous glutamic acid (GLU) have been studied
      using synaptosomes prepared from rat corpus striatum and depolarized in
      superfusion with 15 mM KCl. DA and the selective D-2 receptor agonists quinpirole
      (LY-171555, the levorotatory enantiomer of LY-141865) and pergolide inhibited GLU
      release in a concentration-dependent way. The natural agonist was particularly
      effective causing 50% inhibition of GLU release at 10 nM. In contrast, the
      selective D-1 receptor agonist SK&F 38393 did not affect the release of GLU. The
      inhibitory effect of DA on the K+-evoked release of GLU was antagonized in a
      concentration-dependent manner by the selective D-2 receptor antagonist S
      sulpiride, but not by the R-enantiomer. The data represent a direct demonstration
      that receptors sensitive to nanomolar concentrations of DA and belonging to the D
      2 type are located on GLU axon terminals in the rat corpus striatum where they
      may modulate the release of GLU from glutamatergic afferents including the
      cortico-striatal pathway.

PMID- 2903238
TI  - Mechanism of histamine-induced epinephrine release in guinea pig.
AB  - The aims of this study were to provide direct evidence that in anesthetized
      guinea pigs i.v. administration of histamine induces sympathoadrenal activation
      and to identify the source and mechanism of histamine-induced epinephrine
      release. Plasma epinephrine measurements were used as the index of
      sympathoadrenal activity. In intact guinea pigs, histamine infusion caused a 3
      fold rise in plasma epinephrine levels. In guinea pigs pretreated with 6
      hydroxydopamine to obtain chemical sympathectomy, the rise in plasma epinephrine
      induced by histamine was distinctly smaller than in controls. This rise was
      completely inhibited in guinea pigs pretreated with the ganglion blocking agent
      hexamethonium and in pithed guinea pigs. Pretreatment with the H2-receptor
      antagonist cimetidine or the H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine reduced the rise
      in plasma epinephrine. These results demonstrate that in guinea pigs, epinephrine
      is released not only from the adrenal medulla but also from nerve endings and
      that histamine releases epinephrine by indirect action through central reflex
      pathways.

PMID- 2903239
TI  - Transmitter-induced glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in leech segmental
      ganglia.
AB  - 1. The utilization and control of glycogen stores were studied in the isolated
      segmental ganglia of the horse leech, Haemopis sanguisuga. The glycogen in the
      ganglia was extracted and assayed fluorimetrically and its cellular localization
      and turnover studied by autoradiography in conjunction with [3H] glucose. 2. The
      glycogen levels were measured after incubation with different neurotransmitters
      for 60 min at 28 degrees C. The results for each experimental ganglion were
      compared to a paired control ganglion, and the results analysed by paired t
      tests. 3. Several transmitter substances (5-HT, octopamine, dopamine,
      noradrenaline, histamine) produced reductions in glycogen (glycogenolysis); other
      transmitters (glutamate, GABA) produced increases in glycogen (gluconeogenesis);
      others (adenosine, glycine) produced reductions or increases, depending on
      concentration. Acetylcholine had no effect on the glycogen levels. 4. Most of the
      glycogen in the ganglia is localized in the packet glial cells, which surround
      the neuron perikarya. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated that the effects of
      histamine and dopamine were principally on the glycogen in the glial cells. 5.
      Adenylate cyclase was demonstrated by electron microscope histochemistry to be
      localized on the plasma membranes of the glial cells, and to a lesser extent on
      the neuronal membranes. 6. It is concluded that the changes in glycogen in the
      glial cells may be party controlled by transmitters via adenylate cyclase. This
      may provide a sensitive mechanism for coupling neuronal activity with energy
      metabolism.

PMID- 2903240
TI  - Changes of enzymes involved in DNA synthesis in the testes of cryptorchid rats.
AB  - The activities of DNA polymerase alpha (EC 2.7.7.7) and topoisomerase I did not
      fluctuate up to 7 days after surgery to induce cryptorchidism and showed no
      significant difference from those in control testes (sham-operated). In contrast,
      the activity of DNA polymerase beta decreased by 43% at 5 days (P less than 0.01)
      and by 47% at 7 days (P less than 0.001). The activity of DNA polymerase gamma
      also decreased by 46% at 3 days (P less than 0.02) and by 78% at 7 days (P less
      than 0.01) after surgery. The amount of mRNA for DNA polymerase beta decreased in
      parallel with enzyme activity. Since the sensitivity to heat inactivation of
      testicular DNA polymerase beta was exactly the same as that from liver, the
      decrease in DNA polymerase beta activity may be, at least in part, due to reduced
      biosynthesis of enzyme protein. The morphological changes in cryptorchid testes
      suggested that the decrease in DNA polymerase beta and gamma activities might be
      related to the deleterious effects of elevated temperature on spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2903241
TI  - Behcet's colitis with oesophageal ulceration treated with sulphasalazine and
      cyclosporin.

PMID- 2903242
TI  - Reversible pulmonary disease and eosinophilia associated with sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2903243
TI  - Modeling of beta-adrenoceptors based on molecular electrostatic potential studies
      of agonists and antagonists.
AB  - The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of 32 beta-adrenoceptor ligands,
      mainly antagonists, was calculated by the STO-3G ab initio quantum mechanical
      method. The MEP of phenylethanolamines (PEAs) features a negative minimum in the
      meta region (designated M1) which is topographically equivalent to a minimum
      (designated M2) found in the vicinity of the aromatic ring in all
      (aryloxy)propanolamines (AOPAs). In these compounds, a second negative zone
      located beyond the meta position and designated M3 is found in all beta 1
      selective antagonists and in some nonselective and beta 2-selective antagonists.
      The beta 1-selective antagonists feature in the para position an additional zone
      which is positive (P4) in the full antagonists and negative (M4) in the
      antagonists displaying intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). The MEP-based
      pharmacophoric models of PEAs, AOPAs, and oxime ethers show common elements and
      lead to a proposed general model for beta-adrenoceptor ligands.

PMID- 2903244
TI  - Antiallergy agents. 1. Substituted 1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-ones as inhibitors of
      SRS-A release.
AB  - A novel class of antiallergy agents, the substituted 1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-ones,
      is described. The present compounds are orally active, potent inhibitors of
      allergic and nonallergic bronchospasm in animal models. Structure-activity
      studies of the lead compound in this series, 1-phenyl-3-n-butyl-4
      hydroxynaphthyridin-2(1H)-one (11), identified three compounds of interest, 1
      phenyl-3-(2-propenyl)-4-acetoxy-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one (12), 1-(3'
      chlorophenyl)-3-(2-propenyl)-4-acetoxy-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H )-one (87), and 1
      (3'-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-propenyl)-4-acetoxy-1,8-naphthyridin-2(1 H)-one (89). The
      mechanism of antiallergy activity may involve inhibition of the release of the
      sulfidopeptide leukotrienes. 1-Phenyl-3-(2-propenyl)-4-acetoxy-1,8-naphthyridin
      2(1H)-one, Sch 33303 (12), was selected for preclinical development as an
      antiallergy agent.

PMID- 2903245
TI  - Synthesis and beta-adrenergic antagonism of 2-(aryloxy)-1-(2-piperidyl)ethanols.
AB  - A series of erythro- and threo-2-(aryloxy)-1-(2-piperidyl)ethanol derivatives (3)
      was synthesized from 2-(2-oxiranyl)pyridine for evaluation as beta-antagonists.
      Most compounds displayed high competitive beta-blocking potency, but they lacked
      significant beta 1/beta 2 selectivity. The 1-naphthoxy derivative erythro-3b was
      17 (beta 1) and 33 (beta 2) times more potent than its open-chain analogue,
      propranolol. Within the whole series, erythro-3 diastereomers were more potent
      beta-blockers than the threo-3 isomers, and the potency of the latter seems to be
      rather insensitive to structural modification. The effect of N-methylation and of
      interposition of an alkyl chain between the aromatic ring and the side chain,
      while being detrimental to beta-blocking activity, was less marked than in the
      classic (aryloxy)propanolamine blockers.

PMID- 2903246
TI  - Design and synthesis of somatostatin analogues with topographical properties that
      lead to highly potent and specific mu opioid receptor antagonists with greatly
      reduced binding at somatostatin receptors.
AB  - A series of conformationally restricted, cyclic octapeptides containing a
      conformationally stable tetrapeptide sequence related to somatostatin, -Tyr-D-Trp
      Lys-Thr-, as a template, were designed and synthesized with the goal of
      developing highly potent and selective mu opioid antagonists with minimal or no
      somatostatin-like activity. Three distinct structures of the peptide became
      targets of chemical modifications and constraints; the N- and C-terminal amino
      acids and the cyclic 20-membered ring moiety. Based on the conformational
      analysis of active and inactive analogues of the parent peptide D-Phe1-Cys2-Tyr3
      D-Trp4-Lys5-Thr6-Pen7+ ++-Thr8-NH2, CTP (Kazmierski, W.; Hruby, V. J. Tetrahedron
      1988, 44, 697-710), we designed analogues to include the
      tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylate (Tic) moiety as the N-terminal amino acid
      instead of D-Phe, since Tic can exist only as a gauche (-) or a gauche (+)
      conformer. In this series, the following peptides were synthesized and
      pharmacologically evaluated: D-Tic-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (TCTP), D
      Tic-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (TCTOP), and D-Tic-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr
      Pen-Thr-NH2 (TCTAP). In rat brain membrane opioid radioligand binding assays, all
      three peptides displayed high affinity for mu opioid receptors (IC50 = 1.2, 1.4,
      1.2 nM, respectively), and exceptional mu vs delta opioid receptor selectivity:
      7770, 11,396, and 1060, respectively. TCTOP and TCTAP also possess exceptional mu
      vs somatostatin receptor selectivity: 14,574 and 28,613, respectively. In the
      peripheral in vitro GPI bioassay, TCTP, TCTOP, and TCTAP were highly effective
      antagonists of the potent mu opioid receptor agonist PL017, with pA2 = 8.69 for
      TCTAP, 8.10 for TCTP, and 7.38 for TCTOP. Our results show that a 10-fold higher
      affinity and selectivity for mu opioid receptors (in both central and peripheral
      studies) over delta and somatostatin receptor was gained as a result of the D
      Tic1 substitution. These three peptides, TCTP, TCTOP, and TCTAP, are the most
      potent and selective mu opioid antagonists known. CTP has been shown to possess
      prolonged biological action, much longer than that of naloxone. This renders
      these analogues potentially useful ligands for investigating the physiological
      functions of the mu opioid receptor. Analogues of TCTP in which the 20-membered
      disulfide ring was contracted by deletion of D-Trp4, and/or Lys5, and/or Thr6 led
      to compounds with greatly reduced potency at the mu opioid receptor.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2903247
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacology of trans-4-n-propyl-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-2H,5H-1
      benzopyrano[4,3-b ]-1,4-oxazin-7- and -9-ols: the significance of nitrogen pKa
      values for central dopamine receptor activation.
AB  - The 6-oxa analogues of potent dopamine agonists, hexahydronaphthoxazines (4a,4b),
      have been tested for dopamine receptor binding and stimulating activity and were
      found to be almost inactive. pKa value determinations indicated that these
      compounds are protonated to approximately 2%, while potent compounds are
      protonated to a much greater extent. These results strongly support the
      assumption that the protonated form of DA agonists is the active species at the
      receptor.

PMID- 2903249
TI  - Restriction enzyme analysis of the mitochondrial genome in mitochondrial
      myopathy.
AB  - The mitochondrial myopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders some of which
      may be caused by mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA from 10
      patients with mitochondrial myopathy and their mothers was analysed using five
      restriction enzymes and 11 mitochondrial probes in bacteriophage M13. No
      abnormalities were found in seven out of the 10 patients. Polymorphisms which
      have not previously been reported were detected in three patients and two of
      their mothers. These results exclude the presence of deletions or insertions of
      greater than 60 bp in the region of the mitochondrial genome examined. Any
      causative mitochondrial DNA mutations in these disorders are therefore likely to
      be point mutations or small structural rearrangements.

PMID- 2903248
TI  - Considerations in using linkage analysis as a presymptomatic test for
      Huntington's disease.
AB  - The polymorphic locus D4S10 that is genetically linked to the locus for
      Huntington's disease (HD) has made possible a presymptomatic test for those at
      risk. Because the symptoms of this progressively debilitating and fatal illness
      are not usually manifest until adulthood, the outcome of the test will influence
      major decisions about career, marriage, and procreation. Several differential
      diagnoses must be considered before using the test if HD is not confirmed in at
      least one family member. Review of a large number of pedigrees has shown that 40%
      of persons at risk do not have appropriate family structure for a linkage test.
      Furthermore, uncooperative or inaccessible relatives may make this test
      infeasible for many others who wish to be tested. Linkage phase, which must be
      known in the affected parent for an informative test, can be determined using one
      or more of 12 probe-enzyme combinations for D4S10. Although the polymorphism
      information content (PIC) value for any one RFLP is less than 40%, the PIC value
      for the haplotype of the two G8 HindIII, pK083 EcoRI, and R7 BglII RFLPs is
      greater than 88%. We have developed a scheme to incorporate linkage data and age
      at onset information adjusted for censored observations, sex of affected parent,
      and familial correlation for age at onset, using the computer program MLINK for
      calculation of risk of having HD. Simulated experiments showed that proper age at
      onset adjustment is crucial to the calculation of the probability of risk. A
      formal presymptomatic testing protocol, including pre- and post-test counselling,
      psychological testing, and paternity testing is recommended. Many of these
      considerations are illustrated in several actual test cases.

PMID- 2903251
TI  - Naturally crystalline porin in the outer membrane of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - The Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis is the agent responsible for
      whooping-cough, and much interest has focused on the functions, structures and
      immunological properties of the molecules exposed at its outer surface. We have
      found by electron microscopy that cells of two strains of B. pertussis are
      covered with a crystalline surface lattice. This lattice is not an extrinsic
      layer of high molecular weight glycoproteins, such as occur on many other
      bacteria, but is a natural crystal of an intrinsic membrane protein of 40,000 Mr.
      This molecule has been shown to be an anion-selective member of an extensive
      family of proteins ("porins") that render Gram-negative outer membranes permeable
      to solutes of up to approximately 650 Mr. Computer image processing reveals a
      trimeric channel-like structure that closely resembles other porins visualized in
      artificial arrays after treatment with detergents, but in a novel (p2) crystal
      form. This correlation provides a "missing link" between earlier structural
      studies based on artificial arrays of porins (of undefined physiological status),
      and membrane-permeabilization experiments with solubilized porins (in undefined
      structural states). For the strains characterized so far, crystallinity of the
      porin surface lattice shows an intriguing correlation with nonpathogenicity.

PMID- 2903250
TI  - Apical membrane endocytosis via coated pits is stimulated by removal of
      antidiuretic hormone from isolated, perfused rabbit cortical collecting tubule.
AB  - Antidiuretic hormone increases the water permeability of the cortical collecting
      tubule and causes the appearance of intramembrane particle aggregates in the
      apical plasma membrane of principal cells. Particle aggregates are located in
      apical membrane coated pits during stimulation of collecting ducts with ADH in
      situ. Removal of ADH causes a rapid decline in water permeability. We evaluated
      apical membrane retrieval associated with removal of ADH by studying the
      endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from an isotonic solution in the
      lumen. HRP uptake was quantified enzymatically and its intracellular distribution
      examined by electron microscopy. When tubules were perfused with HRP for 20 min
      in the absence of ADH, HRP uptake was 0.5 +/- 0.3 pg/min/micron tubule length (n
      = 6). The uptake of HRP in tubules exposed continuously to ADH during the 20-min
      HRP perfusion period was 1.3 +/- 0.8 pg/min/micron (n = 8). HRP uptake increased
      markedly to 3.2 +/- 1.1 pg/min/micron (n = 14), when the 20-min period of
      perfusion with HRP began immediately after removal of ADH from the peritubular
      bath. Endocytosis of HRP occurred in both principal and intercalated cells via
      apical membrane coated pits. We suggest that the rapid decline in cortical
      collecting duct water permeability which occurs following removal of ADH is
      mediated by retrieval of water permeable membrane via coated pits.

PMID- 2903252
TI  - Preliminary X-ray study of papD crystals from uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The product of the Escherichia coli papD gene is a periplasmic transport protein
      that forms complexes with pilus subunits, thereby stabilizing them as they cross
      the periplasmic space to the site of pilus assembly. Purified PapD protein was
      crystallized by the hanging drop method of vapour diffusion with polyethylene
      glycol 8000 as the precipitating agent at pH 6.5. The space group is
      P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell dimensions of a = 67.0 A, b = 58.1 A and c = 64.0
      A. The crystal data, together with a subunit molecular weight of 24,500 suggest
      that there is one monomer in the asymmetric unit. The crystals are stable in X
      rays and diffract to a resolution beyond 2.0 A.

PMID- 2903253
TI  - X-ray-induced changes in gene expression in normal and oncogene-transformed rat
      cell lines.
AB  - As an approach to identifying specific cellular markers for the cytotoxic action
      of x rays in mammalian cells, we used the QUEST system of high-resolution, two
      dimensional protein gel electrophoresis and a computerized data base on proteins
      to score quantitative changes in patterns of protein synthesis. We measured the
      responses elicited after x irradiation of cells from the normal rat cell line
      REF52 as well as two oncogene-transformed REF52 cell lines with E1a or E1a plus
      the mutated c-Harvey-ras T24 (HRAS1 T24) allele. The transformed cell lines
      differed substantially in the patterns of changes in protein synthesis seen
      immediately after DNA damage. In addition, we identified a specific subset of
      growth-regulated cellular polypeptides that are correlated with the observed
      increase in x-ray-induced cell killing in the transformed cell lines. One of
      these polypeptides was cyclin (proliferating-cell nuclear antigen), a cell-cycle
      specific DNA polymerase delta auxiliary factor. Synthesis of this set of
      coregulated polypeptides was rapidly suppressed by x irradiation in normal REF52
      cells only. The inability of x irradiation to induce suppression of protein
      synthesis in cells from the transformed cell lines correlated with the increased
      susceptibility to x-ray-induced cell killing. This finding suggests that the
      cellular processes that underlie regulation of DNA-damage-induced growth arrest
      at the level of replicative elongation plays a role in determining the survival
      of x-irradiated cells.

PMID- 2903254
TI  - Chromosomal locations of genes encoding 2',3' cyclic nucleotide 3'
      phosphodiesterase and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the mouse.
AB  - Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein
      (GFAP) are useful markers of myelin and astroglia, respectively. Two proteins
      with CNP activity are known to exist in brain and lymphoid tissues. They appear
      to be the products of several distinct but related messenger ribonucleic acid
      (mRNA) species. GFAP is a single protein encoded by a single mRNA. We have
      localized the GFAP gene to distal chromosome 11 in the mouse. There are two
      genetic loci identified by CNP probes, one is closely linked to the GFAP gene,
      and the other maps to chromosome 3.

PMID- 2903255
TI  - Inhibition of rumination in sheep by alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists.
AB  - Rumination activity was recorded in sheep during a period of 3 h. The amount of
      rumination occurring in 30 min following the intravenous injection of an alpha 1
      blocking drug (prazosin, 0.1 mg/kg) and an alpha 2 blocking drug (idazoxan, 0.1
      mg/kg) was reduced compared with control days when saline was given. The
      observation that rumination can be stimulated by a rapid, intravenous dose of
      adrenalin was confirmed. The induction of rumination by adrenalin was prevented
      by these alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists given singly or together at the dose
      rate mentioned. These findings are discussed in the light of knowledge that
      normal reticulo-ruminal motility and food intake can be inhibited by stimulation
      of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2903256
TI  - Abdominal wall defects and cryptorchidism: an animal model.
AB  - Intra-abdominal pressure has been implicated in the mechanism of testicular
      descent. Boys born with abdominal wall defects reportedly have an increased
      incidence of cryptorchidism. To examine this relationship further a rat model was
      developed. The rat testis normally descends postnatally on or about day 21. In
      this study newborn male rats underwent surgical excision of all anterior
      abdominal musculature from the umbilicus to the xiphoid, while a control group
      had a sham procedure. In both groups steel wire was inserted into both testes as
      radiological markers to monitor descent. Animals were explored on day 28 to
      confirm the position of the testes. A total of 36 animals survived all sections
      of the protocol. Eight animals had adhesions and were dropped from the study. The
      results of 17 rats in the experimental group and 11 in the control group revealed
      that the surgically created abdominal wall defect did not result in
      cryptorchidism. This finding suggests that an intact anterior abdominal wall is
      not a prerequisite for testicular descent in the rat.

PMID- 2903257
TI  - Acquired undescended (ascended) testis: effects of human chorionic gonadotropin.
AB  - A total of 7 boys 4 to 10 years old was evaluated for undescended testes. All
      patients had been seen previously by a pediatric urologist and diagnosed as
      having a retractile testis. In fact 4 boys had undergone surgical correction of a
      contralateral undescended testis at an earlier date at which time the testis in
      question could be manipulated into the scrotum. Another boy was examined under
      anesthesia and the operation was canceled because the testis could be brought
      into the scrotum. Subsequently, on followup evaluation 2 to 8 years later the
      ipsilateral testis could not be manipulated into the scrotum. Of the boys 6 then
      were treated with a short course of human chorionic gonadotropin. Four patients
      had a positive response but in 3 the testis was undescended again at examination
      6 months later. Of the boys 6 ultimately underwent orchiopexy. Boys with highly
      retractile testes require periodic examination until puberty to ensure that those
      testes do not ascend secondarily.

PMID- 2903258
TI  - The role of the gubernaculum in testicular descent.
AB  - The proximal and distal attachments of the gubernaculum were severed in neonatal
      rats to examine their role in testicular descent and their relationship to
      transection of the genitofemoral nerve, which prevents descent of the testis. In
      34 of 82 animals proximal transection of the gubernaculum resulted in descent of
      the testis. In 18 animals the testis remained in the abdomen but in both groups
      the processus vaginalis developed, suggesting that failure of descent was
      accidental and not caused by scrotal maldevelopment. Distal transection resulted
      in failure of descent and prevented growth of the processus vaginalis in all 27
      rats. These results suggest that distal transection of the gubernaculum is
      equivalent to division of the genitofemoral nerve, which supplies the
      gubernaculum through its distal attachment. Because denervation of the
      gubernaculum prevents the effect of androgens on gubernacular differentiation,
      the results suggest that testosterone acts via the nerve. The putative effect of
      androgens on the gubernaculum may be mediated indirectly by the central nervous
      system, rather than directly on the gubernaculum itself.

PMID- 2903259
TI  - Epididymal and vas deferens immaturity in cryptorchidism.
AB  - Cryptorchidism is associated with impaired spermatogenesis and, at times,
      sterility. Early orchiopexy has been advocated as a possible means to prevent
      spermatogenic impairment and infertility in patients with cryptorchidism. This
      retrospective study is derived from data obtained from 74 cases that were
      observed during a period of approximately 10 years at our hospital. Particular
      attention was devoted to epididymal and vas deferens histological status. Of the
      47 epididymides and vas deferens examined only 2 epididymides and 2 vas deferens
      showed histological maturity. The remainder showed varying degrees of immaturity
      that additionally correlated, when testicular tissue was available, with the
      presence of unfavorable testicular histological findings. Cryptorchidism is
      associated with changes in the gonads and spermatic duct system.

PMID- 2903260
TI  - Psychoactive medication use in intermediate-care facility residents.
AB  - Despite the large number of elderly patients in nursing homes and the intensity
      of medication use there, few current data are available on patterns of medication
      use in this setting. We studied all medication use among 850 residents of 12
      representative intermediate-care facilities in Massachusetts. Data on all
      prescriptions and patterns of actual use were recorded for all patients during
      one month. On average, residents were prescribed 8.1 medications during the month
      (interquartile range, 7.4 to 8.8) and actually received 4.7 (range, 4.2 to 5.4)
      medications during this period. More than half of all residents were receiving a
      psychoactive medication, with 26% receiving antipsychotic medication. Twenty
      eight percent of patients were receiving sedative/hypnotics during the study
      month, primarily on a scheduled rather than an as-needed basis. Of patients
      receiving a sedative/hypnotic, 26% (range, 14% to 41%) were taking
      diphenhydramine hydrochloride, a strongly anticholinergic hypnotic. Of those
      receiving one of the benzodiazepines, 30% were receiving long-acting drugs,
      generally not recommended for elderly patients. The typical benzodiazepine dose
      was equivalent to 7.3 mg per patient per day of diazepam. The most commonly used
      antidepressant was amitriptyline hydrochloride, the most sedating and
      anticholinergic antidepressant in common use. These data indicate that despite
      growing evidence of the risks of psychoactive drug use in elderly patients, the
      nursing home population studied was exposed to high levels of sedative/hypnotic
      and antipsychotic drug use. Suboptimal choice of medication within a given class
      was common, and use of standing vs as-needed orders was often not in keeping with
      current concepts in geriatric psychopharmacology. Additional research is needed
      to assess the impact of such drug therapy on cognitive and physical functioning,
      as well as to determine how best to improve patterns of medication use in this
      vulnerable population.

PMID- 2903261
TI  - [A clinical and experimental study on potentiation with sevoflurane of
      neuromuscular blocking effects of vecuronium and pancuronium].

PMID- 2903262
TI  - Sulfated homopolysaccharides with immunomodulating activities are more potent
      anti-HTLV-III agents than sulfated heteropolysaccharides.
AB  - We reported previously that homopolysaccharides with sulfate groups revealed
      immunomodulating activities--lymphocyte mitogens. We further investigated the
      role of homopolysaccharides in a different system--cultivation of Molt-4. clone
      no.8 with supernatant from human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)
      infected TALL-1, utilizing cytopathic effects (CPE), fluorescence antibody
      technique (FAT), reverse transcriptase (RT) assay and cell proliferation assay.
      Sulfated homopolysaccharides such as fucoidan, dextran sulfate with three
      different molecular weights, cellulose sulfate and k-carrageenan showed most
      potent anti-HTLV-III activities at mitogenic doses. However, neutral
      homopolysaccharides had no effects on anti-HTLV-III activities Sulfated
      heteropolysaccharides such a heparin and heparan sulfate had a little effect on
      anti-HTLV-III activities. It is suggested that sulfate group is most important in
      inhibiting growth of HTLV-III, but the structure of the polysaccharides is also
      important, because homopolysaccharides are more potent anti-HTLV-III agents than
      heteropolysaccharides.

PMID- 2903263
TI  - Effects of atenolol and some other beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on
      norepinephrine-induced responses in isolated and perfused rat hearts.
AB  - The effects of atenolol and another three beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on
      norepinephrine (NE)-induced cardiac responses were examined in isolated and
      perfused rat hearts following a Langendorff method. Bolus injection of atenolol
      did not show significant inhibitory effects on NE-induced increases in myocardial
      contractile force (MCF) and heart rate. Bolus injections of metoprolol and
      timolol were also ineffective for inhibiting NE-responses. However, both bolus
      injection and infusion of propranolol or infusion of atenolol, metoprolol and
      timolol all significantly inhibited NE-responses. On sustained increase in MCF
      induced by infusion of NE, the inhibitory effect of atenolol was transient, while
      that of propranolol was continuous. From these results, it is concluded that
      atenolol displays a different time course of action on NE-induced cardiac
      responses by bolus injection or infusion because of its pharmacological
      properties, which may be due to its low lipophilicity.

PMID- 2903265
TI  - [Expression of LeX antigens in renal adenocarcinoma differentiation and the
      prognosis].

PMID- 2903264
TI  - Inactivation of dynorphin-(1-8) in isolated preparations by three peptidases.
AB  - Inactivation of dynorphin-(1-8) in three in vitro isolated preparations, guinea
      pig ileum, mouse vas deferens and rabbit vas deferens, was estimated by employing
      the relatively specific inhibitors of enkephalin-hydrolyzing enzymes. All three
      enzyme inhibitors, amastatin, captopril and phosphoramidon, significantly
      enhanced the inhibitory potency of dynorphin-(1-8) in the three isolated
      preparations. The magnitude of the enhancement of the dynorphin potency by
      captopril was significantly higher than that by either amastatin or
      phosphoramidon in guinea-pig ileum; that by amastatin was significantly higher
      than that by either captopril or phosphoramidon in rabbit vas deferens; and that
      by amastatin was similar to that by captopril, but significantly higher than that
      by phosphoramidon in mouse vas deferens. The Ke values of three antagonists,
      naloxone, Mr 2266 and ICI 154129, against dynorphin-(1-8) in the presence of the
      three peptidase inhibitors indicated that dynorphin-(1-8) acted on kappa
      receptors in guinea-pig ileum and on both kappa and delta receptors in mouse vas
      deferens. Since amastatin, captopril and phosphoramidon produced the naloxone
      reversible inhibition of contractions of guinea-pig ileum in the presence of
      dynorphin-(1-8), all three dynorphin-inactivating enzymes were indicated to be
      located very close to kappa receptors.

PMID- 2903266
TI  - Renal tubular actions of antihypertensive agents.

PMID- 2903267
TI  - Therapeutic effect and complication profile of clonidine-beta-blocker
      combinations.

PMID- 2903268
TI  - The use of recombinant DNA techniques for the diagnosis of familial
      hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - In the UK, about 5% of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia have a
      detectable deletion or rearrangement of part of the LDL-receptor gene. This
      results in the detection of shorter or abnormal sized fragments of the LDL
      receptor gene in a Southern blot hybridization. This can be used to follow the
      inheritance of the defective gene, and for diagnosis in the families of these
      individuals. In the families of the rest of the patients, diagnosis may be
      possible using linked restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected
      with the LDL-receptor probe. There are now ten common RFLPs of the LDL-receptor
      gene, with variable sites in the 3' half of the gene. Over 80% of patients are
      heterozygous for at least one of these RFLPs, and therefore potentially
      informative for DNA diagnosis. For a foetus at risk of homozygous familial
      hypercholesterolaemia, antenatal diagnosis may also be possible using these
      methods. However, family studies require samples to be available from affected or
      unaffected relatives of the patient, and this limits the applicability of the
      tests. For some mutations, the base pair change causing the defect in the LDL
      receptor itself creates or destroys a site for a restriction enzyme. Such
      'mutation-specific' RFLPs could be used for population screening, but so far have
      only been reported for the familial hypercholesterolaemia mutation that is common
      in Lebanon. In the future it may be possible to develop mutation-specific
      oligonucleotide probes for the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia. These
      would be appropriate for population screening or screening patients with
      hyperlipidaemia. This information may be useful if different mutations require
      different therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2903269
TI  - The subcellular metabolism of glyoxylate in primary hyperoxaluria type 1: the
      relationship between glycine production and oxalate overproduction.

PMID- 2903271
TI  - Management of the HIV-infected patient.

PMID- 2903270
TI  - Depletion and repopulation of lymphocytes in Peyer's patches of mice after total
      lymphoid irradiation.
AB  - The depletion and repopulation of lymphocytes in specific cellular domains of
      mouse Peyer's patches were examined following total lymphoid irradiation (TLI).
      BALB/c mice 5-months-old were given 17 fractionated doses of irradiation to a
      total of 3400 to 4250 rads over a 4-week period, and Peyer's patches were
      examined by immunohistochemistry at 1 to 4 days and 1 to 4 weeks after TLI.
      Cryostat sections were labeled with monoclonal antibodies directed against B220
      (B cells), Thy-1.2 (all T cells), L3T4 (helper T cells), and Ly-2
      (cytotoxic/suppressor T cells). In depleted mice, Peyer's patches were greatly
      reduced in size in comparison to controls, although the structural framework of
      follicles, domes, and interfollicular areas was still present. B cells in
      follicles were reduced to a small core of B220+ cells interspersed with
      nonlymphocytic cells. T cells were virtually eliminated from the patch except for
      a small population of Thy-1.2+ cells that were neither L3T4+ nor Ly-2+ in
      follicle domes. During early stages of repopulation at 1 to 2 weeks after TLI,
      follicles increased in size and were populated by helper T cells but Peyer's
      patches lacked discrete interfollicular T cell regions. At 3 to 4 weeks after
      TLI, T cell regions were found in interfollicular areas. The results indicate
      that morphologically distinct cellular domains are maintained in Peyer's patches
      after TLI which are sequentially repopulated by immigrating lymphocytes.

PMID- 2903272
TI  - Comparison of three commercial amphetamine immunoassays for detection of
      methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and
      methylenedioxyethylamphetamine.
AB  - Three commercial immunoassays for detection of amphetamines in urine, Abuscreen
      radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), and the
      TDx fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), have been investigated for
      detection of methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine
      (MDE). Blank urine was spiked with 0.1 to 3000 micrograms/mL amphetamine analog
      and used as sample in the assays. With the RIA and FPIA, MDA displayed a higher
      cross-reactivity to amphetamine than other analogs, but with EMIT,
      methamphetamine was relatively similar to amphetamine while MDA, MDMA, and MDE
      were less reactive. The high specificity RIA and the EMIT confirmation reagents
      for urine amphetamines produced significant, but relatively minor, reduction in
      the detectability of these analogs. The variation in cross-reactivity seen
      between the different assays suggests that RIA, EMIT, and FPIA antibodies have
      different recognition sites; however, all three immunoassays do detect the
      illicit amphetamine analogs to varying degrees.

PMID- 2903273
TI  - A rare restriction enzyme site polymorphism in the breakpoint cluster region
      (bcr) of chromosome 22.
AB  - Detection of rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) of chromosome
      22 by Southern blot analysis can be used for the routine diagnosis of CML.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the bcr can potentially be
      confused with translocation since both alter the size of DNA fragments obtained.
      By digesting DNA with the restriction enzyme BamHl and analyzing with probes
      commonly used for identifying rearrangement of the bcr, we have observed a RFLP
      within the bcr. For one CML patient studied in detail, the presence of the
      polymorphism was confirmed by comparing the results of analyses of granulocytes
      and a T cell-enriched population. The same polymorphism was detected in three
      additional CML patients and a patient with thrombocytosis. For the diagnosis of
      CML, verification of rearrangement with multiple probes and/or restriction enzyme
      combinations is necessary to rule out false positives, as well as to reduce the
      chance of false negatives due to co-migration of DNA fragments.

PMID- 2903274
TI  - [The ethical dilemma of intensive care units is not solved by the limitation of
      resources].

PMID- 2903275
TI  - [The Wenner-Gren symposium and meeting of the Swedish Medical Society: genetics
      of neuropsychiatric disease].

PMID- 2903276
TI  - Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. The European Collaborative Study.
AB  - 271 children born to HIV-infected mothers in 8 European centres are being
      followed up from birth in a multicentre, collaborative study. By June, 1988, 45%
      had been followed for over 1 year: 10 had developed AIDS or AIDS-related complex,
      all by the age of 9 months, of whom 5 had died. 22 other children had symptoms or
      signs suggestive of HIV infection; of these, 12 had immunological abnormalities,
      9 of whom were infected. 5 children had problems not related to HIV, including 3
      neonatal deaths. The other 234 children are immunologically normal and clinically
      well. The median age of antibody loss was 10.3 months, although 1 did not lose
      antibody until over 18 months. None lost antibody and then became and remained
      seropositive. Of 100 children followed for more than 15 months, 19 had persistent
      antibody, and 5 were antibody-negative but presumed to be infected because of
      virus isolation or antigen detection; these 5 children were clinically and
      immunologically normal. The estimated vertical transmission rate was 24%.

PMID- 2903277
TI  - Epidemiology, clinical features, and prognostic factors of paediatric HIV
      infection. Italian Multicentre Study.
AB  - 486 children born to HIV-positive mothers, 57 children infected by blood
      products, and 1 child for whom the personal history was not available were
      studied. Perinatal infection had a more varied clinical picture and a worse
      outcome compared with infection acquired later in childhood. Severe secondary
      infections, neurological disorders, and hepatitis (but not lymphoid interstitial
      pneumonia) were linked to a high mortality rate in perinatally infected children,
      in whom an early onset of symptoms was also a bad prognostic factor. Perinatal
      HIV infection occurred in 32.6% of children born to seropositive mothers, with a
      higher transmission rate in children born by vaginal delivery and then breast
      fed. Preterm delivery and low birthweight seemed to be related to drug abuse
      during pregnancy, not to intrauterine HIV infection. Girls had a higher rate of
      perinatal infection and, of those infected, had an increased mortality.

PMID- 2903278
TI  - Dietary calcium and risk of hip fracture: 14-year prospective population study.
AB  - To assess the effect of dietary calcium intake on risk of hip fracture, a
      geographically defined caucasian population in southern California was studied
      prospectively. Between 1973 and 1975, a quantified 24 hour diet recall was
      obtained by a dietician from 957 men and women aged 50 to 79 years at baseline.
      Follow-up to 1987 with mortality records and interviews showed 15 men and 18
      women with hip fractures. The age-adjusted risk of hip fracture was inversely
      associated with dietary calcium whether considered as mg per day or as nutrient
      density (mg per 1000 kcal). No other nutrient was consistently associated with
      hip fracture in any Cox proportional hazards model that included calcium. The
      association between calcium and fracture persisted after adjustment for cigarette
      smoking, alcohol intake, exercise, and obesity. The significant independent
      inverse association of dietary calcium with subsequent risk of hip fracture
      (relative risk = 0.6 per 198 mg/1000 kcal) strongly supports the hypothesis that
      increased dietary calcium intake protects against hip fracture.

PMID- 2903279
TI  - Severe exercise hypoxaemia with normal or near normal X-rays: a feature of
      Pneumocystis carinii infection.
AB  - To find out whether Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) can be detected while
      still in an early phase by the degree of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation,
      arterial oxygen saturation was measured by continuous pulse oximetry in patients
      positive for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus and clinically
      suspected of having PCP, in patients with other chest diseases, and in controls.
      Among patients with proven PCP 94% of those with low arterial oxygen pressures
      (PaO2) showed desaturation on exercise oximetry, as did 80% of those with a
      normal oxygen pressure at rest, whereas only 10% of patients with other chest
      disorders and HIV disease showed significant desaturation.

PMID- 2903280
TI  - Semen analysis of patients who had orchidopexy at or after seven years of age.
AB  - Semen analysis was performed in 142 men who had undergone orchidopexy at age 7-13
      1/2 years, 119 for unilateral cryptorchidism and 23 for bilateral cryptorchidism.
      Fertility potential was related to the original position of the testes: most men
      who had had unilateral cryptorchidism or bilateral undescended testes in the
      superficial inguinal pouch produced normal or acceptable semen, whereas those who
      had had bilateral canalicular or abdominal testes were azoospermic.

PMID- 2903281
TI  - Identification of a T cell lymphoma category derived from intestinal-mucosa
      associated T cells.
AB  - 2 cases of precursor T cell lymphoma and 37 cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma
      were investigated for their reactivity with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) HML-1,
      which recognises human intestinal T lymphocytes but not lymph-node T cells. In
      all but one of the lymphomas studied, the tumour cells were unreactive with the
      mAb HML-1. The HML-1+ lymphoma was the only tumour that was primarily localised
      in the epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestine, and was associated
      with ulcerative jejunitis and coeliac disease. This result suggests that the HML
      1+ lymphoma was derived from intestinal mucosa T lymphocytes and differs from
      precursor T cell lymphoblastic lymphomas and nodal and cutaneous peripheral T
      cell lymphomas.

PMID- 2903282
TI  - Vertical transmission of HIV.

PMID- 2903283
TI  - Blepharospasm.

PMID- 2903284
TI  - Lessons from nomifensine.

PMID- 2903285
TI  - Survival in cystic fibrosis--how important is nutrition?

PMID- 2903286
TI  - Surgery for tricuspid regurgitation.

PMID- 2903287
TI  - Scrub typhus pneumonia.

PMID- 2903288
TI  - Causes of arthritis.

PMID- 2903289
TI  - Are current dietary guidelines for young children a prescription for overfeeding?
AB  - New estimates for the energy requirements of young children have been derived by
      combining the energy deposited during growth with measurements of total energy
      expenditure obtained by use of the new doubly-labelled water (2H2(18)O) method in
      355 healthy infants aged 0-3 years. The resultant values of 110, 95, 85, 83, 83,
      84, and 85 kcal/kg/day at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively, are
      substantially lower than current Department of Health and Social Security and
      FAO/WHO/UNU recommended dietary allowances. Evidence from diet surveys suggests
      that changes in infant feeding practices are largely responsible for the apparent
      reduction in energy requirements. Dietary guidelines may need to be reappraised,
      to avoid overfeeding of infants.

PMID- 2903290
TI  - Adoption and genetic prediction for Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2903291
TI  - Beta-haemolytic streptococci group A in a cat, as a possible source of repeated
      tonsillitis in a family.

PMID- 2903292
TI  - Symptom substitution in Tourette disorder.

PMID- 2903294
TI  - Reye's syndrome in children travelling abroad.

PMID- 2903293
TI  - Treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease with monoclonal antibody to IL-2
      receptor.

PMID- 2903295
TI  - Salmonellosis and eggs.

PMID- 2903296
TI  - Dexamethasone-induced bradycardia.

PMID- 2903297
TI  - Predictive value of HIV replication in cell culture in babies born to HIV
      seropositive mothers.

PMID- 2903298
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men with AIDS, by race.

PMID- 2903299
TI  - Post-mortem neuropathological studies in AIDS.

PMID- 2903300
TI  - Adenoidal hypertrophy in HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2903302
TI  - Economy class syndrome.

PMID- 2903301
TI  - Thermal burns, gender, and survival.

PMID- 2903303
TI  - Hypovitaminosis a of follicular duct as cause of acne vulgaris.

PMID- 2903304
TI  - Examining surgeons.

PMID- 2903305
TI  - Teaching and training of invasive procedures on cadavers.

PMID- 2903306
TI  - Cycads and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia.

PMID- 2903307
TI  - Adverse reactions reporting and age.

PMID- 2903308
TI  - Embryopathy in infant conceived one year after termination of maternal
      etretinate.

PMID- 2903309
TI  - Coronary heart disease prevention.

PMID- 2903310
TI  - Clinical/subclinical case ratio in hepatitis A.

PMID- 2903311
TI  - ACE inhibitors.

PMID- 2903312
TI  - Categories of drug allergy.

PMID- 2903313
TI  - Drug expiry dates, storage, and potency.

PMID- 2903314
TI  - Nebulised ribavirin for influenza B viral pneumonia in a ventilated
      immunocompromised adult.

PMID- 2903315
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis where single affected child has died:
      Guthrie spots and microvillar enzyme testing.

PMID- 2903316
TI  - Screening for toxoplasma in pregnancy.

PMID- 2903317
TI  - Pneumococcaemia caused by erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae type
      14.

PMID- 2903318
TI  - Thromboembolic events during combination chemotherapy for germ cell-malignancy.

PMID- 2903320
TI  - NIH finds research on fetal tissue "acceptable".

PMID- 2903319
TI  - Multiple pregnancy, selective reduction, and flexible treatment.

PMID- 2903321
TI  - Compensation: a draft bill.

PMID- 2903322
TI  - Adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen in operable breast cancer. 10 year results of the
      Naples (GUN) study.
AB  - Treatment with tamoxifen (TM), alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide,
      methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF), was used as an adjuvant to surgery in 433
      patients with stage I, II, or III(T3a) breast cancer. Oestrogen receptors (ER)
      and progesterone (PgR) receptors were assayed in most cases. 308 premenopausal
      node-negative and postmenopausal node-negative or node-positive patients were
      randomised to receive TM, 30 mg daily for 2 years, or no further therapy. 125
      premenopausal node-positive patients were randomised to receive either CMF for
      nine courses plus TM or CMF alone. After a median follow-up of 63 months TM
      significantly reduced the incidence of relapses and deaths compared with no
      therapy. A significant interaction between treatment effect and ER/PgR status was
      seen. Disease-free and overall survival were similar after treatment with CMF+ TM
      or CMF.

PMID- 2903323
TI  - Maternal immune responses to the fetus in early pregnancy and recurrent
      miscarriage.
AB  - Direct evidence that maternal immune rejection of the fetus causes some
      unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortions was sought in 18 women with this
      condition. Tests of maternal cell-mediated immunity to fetal (paternal) antigens
      were done before conception, in early pregnancy, and at miscarriage, and were
      compared with those in 10 controls in their first pregnancies. Maternal cytotoxic
      alloantibody production and the blocking effect of maternal sera on maternal
      lymphocyte activation were also evaluated. There was no evidence for maternal
      cell-mediated reactivity to paternal antigens in normal early pregnancy or in
      most women who aborted, but circulating cytotoxic cells were found at miscarriage
      in a third of affected women. There was no correlation between the production of
      cytotoxic antibodies and serum blocking activity, and the success of the
      pregnancy. These data provide evidence that cell-mediated immune reactivity may
      be changed in some women who abort recurrently but show that circulating
      immunological blocking factors are not relevant to the success of pregnancy.
      Their induction by maternal immunisation with paternal leucocytes does not
      explain why this procedure prevents recurrent spontaneous abortions.

PMID- 2903324
TI  - IgA antibodies against P30 as markers of congenital and acute toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Specific IgA antibodies against P30, a major surface protein of Toxoplasma gondii
      were sought in 198 serum samples (from 133 patients) by means of a double
      sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These antibodies were detected in all
      cases of acute toxoplasmosis but in no cases of chronic toxoplasmosis nor in
      seronegative patients. They were not detected in samples from patients with
      "natural IgM antibodies" or in those containing rheumatoid factor or antinuclear
      antibodies. Among 26 infants whose mothers were infected during pregnancy, anti
      P30 IgA antibodies were exclusively detected in the samples from the 8 infected
      infants, although anti-P30 IgM antibodies were detected in only 3 of the infected
      infants. No uninfected infant had IgA, though 5 had IgM at birth. Thus, the
      detection of IgA anti-P30 antibodies seems a better means than the detection of
      IgM antibodies of identifying infected infants, which is very important for
      treatment. In addition, the very early detection of IgA antibodies may be
      important for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis, especially during pregnancy
      and perhaps also in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2903325
TI  - New device to improve the accuracy of bedside blood glucose tests.
AB  - A new device to improve the accuracy of blood glucose measurements with glucose
      oxidase reagent strips is described. The device ensures that an adequate amount
      of blood is applied onto the reagent pad when the strip is fully inserted. When
      the strip is withdrawn, the pad is automatically wiped, and so the reaction can
      be accurately timed. The device also reduces the risk of blood contamination of
      other surfaces. Use of a prototype of this device enabled more accurate
      measurement of blood glucose on general wards.

PMID- 2903327
TI  - Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy.

PMID- 2903326
TI  - Plasmapheresis in treatment of human T-lymphotropic virus type-I associated
      myelopathy.
AB  - In 11 of 18 patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) associated
      myelopathy (HAM) gait, sensory, and/or sphincter disturbance improved with
      plasmapheresis (4 to 6 sessions in 2 weeks), and the effects were maintained for
      2 to 4 weeks. Plasmapheresis lowered the titre of HTLV-I antibody in serum but
      not in cerebrospinal fluid, and change of HTLV-I antibody titres did not
      correlate with the effects of plasmapheresis. These results suggest that
      plasmapheresis is useful treatment, at least in producing a temporary
      improvement, in patients with HAM, and that some humoral factor(s), but not HTLV
      I antibody, may be important in the pathogenesis of HAM.

PMID- 2903328
TI  - Of pancreas, pain, and papilla.

PMID- 2903329
TI  - Infant mortality.

PMID- 2903330
TI  - Vegetations, valves, and echocardiography.

PMID- 2903331
TI  - Augmentation therapy in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.

PMID- 2903332
TI  - South American pemphigus foliaceus.

PMID- 2903333
TI  - Trends in unexpected infant deaths in Sheffield.
AB  - A study of 250 post-perinatal deaths in Sheffield during the past 8 years has
      shown an increased rate of unexpected infant death. This increase appears to be
      mainly caused by deaths in children with minor disease in families where the
      father is either absent or unemployed. The number of children who die during the
      course of more serious disease continues to fall. The number of infant deaths
      from other causes is unchanged.

PMID- 2903334
TI  - Microbiological look at urodynamic studies.
AB  - Urine samples were cultured for aerobic, fastidious, and anaerobic bacteria in 88
      patients (66 F, 22 M) before and after standard urodynamic investigations. 37 of
      42 women with detrusor instability, and 14 of 17 women with stress incontinence,
      had evidence of bacteriuria with aerobic or fastidious bacteria before
      investigation, as did 6 of 13 men with bladder outflow obstruction. 8 men (36%)
      acquired bacteriuria with aerobic bacteria after investigation, compared with 10
      women (15%). Recalcitrant, irritative urinary symptoms in women may be caused by
      an underlying infection, the urodynamic changes being secondary. In men who have
      urodynamic studies, antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered.

PMID- 2903335
TI  - In praise of peroxidation.
AB  - Free-radical-mediated lipid peroxidation has become closely associated with
      destructive biochemical processes and, more recently, with disease. Its potential
      survival value may be overlooked.

PMID- 2903337
TI  - Mass vaccination against hepatitis B in infants in Italy.

PMID- 2903338
TI  - Materno-fetal listeriosis from cook-chill and refrigerated food.

PMID- 2903336
TI  - The rights of the patient in clinical research.

PMID- 2903339
TI  - Salmonella enteritidis and eggs.

PMID- 2903340
TI  - Naloxone for septic shock.

PMID- 2903341
TI  - Laboratory techniques and neuroblastoma screening.

PMID- 2903342
TI  - Thalidomide for graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2903343
TI  - Cytomegalovirus infection and renal transplantation.

PMID- 2903344
TI  - Infant feeding and childhood cancer.

PMID- 2903345
TI  - Handgun availability and firearm mortality.

PMID- 2903346
TI  - Ganciclovir for severe cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients.

PMID- 2903347
TI  - Changing criteria for mild hypertension: effect on number of patients treated.

PMID- 2903348
TI  - Clinical use of botulinum toxin.

PMID- 2903349
TI  - Health promotion.

PMID- 2903350
TI  - Medical education.

PMID- 2903351
TI  - Youth and threat of nuclear war.

PMID- 2903352
TI  - Wearing gloves as cause of false-negative HIV tests.

PMID- 2903353
TI  - AIDS: who to treat?

PMID- 2903354
TI  - Stun-guns and snakebites.

PMID- 2903355
TI  - Safety of pasteurised factor VIII (haemate HS)

PMID- 2903356
TI  - Home treatment for deep venous thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparin.

PMID- 2903357
TI  - Epoprostenol in systemic capillary leak syndrome.

PMID- 2903358
TI  - Teratogenicity of isotretinoin and etretinate.

PMID- 2903359
TI  - Local recombinant tissue plasminogen activator to clear cerebral artery
      thrombosis developing soon after surgery.

PMID- 2903360
TI  - Two-year follow-up of biphosphonate (APD) treatment in steroid osteoporosis.

PMID- 2903361
TI  - Cyanide and fire victims.

PMID- 2903362
TI  - Urology and the TNM classification.

PMID- 2903363
TI  - Prevalence of antibody to human herpesvirus 6 among blood donors infected with
      HIV.

PMID- 2903364
TI  - Salt, pregnancy, hypertension--and literature searches.

PMID- 2903365
TI  - Idiopathic thrombocytopenia treated with Paf-acether antagonist WEB 2086.

PMID- 2903367
TI  - Classifying primary gut lymphomas.

PMID- 2903366
TI  - HTLV-I antibodies in Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2903368
TI  - Home measurement of blood pressure.

PMID- 2903369
TI  - Is Campylobacter pylori a zoonosis?

PMID- 2903370
TI  - Consent for vaginal examination by students on anaesthetised patients.

PMID- 2903371
TI  - Switching to human insulin.

PMID- 2903372
TI  - A disputed spleen.

PMID- 2903373
TI  - Mysteries of Kaposi sarcoma.

PMID- 2903374
TI  - ASH renews its attack on tobacco advertising.

PMID- 2903375
TI  - Graves' disease of the beta cell: glucose dysregulation due to islet-cell
      stimulating antibodies.
AB  - The immunoglobulin fractions of serum from patients with spontaneous
      hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and others with type 1 diabetes stimulated
      insulin release both in islet-cell cultures and in vivo in rats. Serum from
      patients with type 2 diabetes, which is not an autoimmune disease, did not
      stimulate insulin release. The discovery of islet-cell-stimulating antibodies
      (ICSTA) completes for the islet the triad of autoantibodies (anticytoplasmic,
      antiproduct, and antireceptor) previously described in autoimmune thyroid
      disease. ICSTA may be important modulators of islet-cell secretion in man.

PMID- 2903376
TI  - Persistent B19 parvovirus infection as a cause of severe chronic anaemia in
      children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia.
AB  - In two children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia in whom severe anaemia
      developed, serum samples collected over 9-12 months showed high concentrations of
      B19 parvovirus, the aertiological agent of fifth disease. In one patient, anaemia
      recurred with the reappearance of virus in serum; in the other, the anaemia
      persisted. Smears of bone marrow aspirates obtained during periods of viraemia
      showed giant pronormoblasts and either absent mature erythroid cells or erythroid
      hypoplasia. Parvovirus replication in the marrow was detected by Southern blot of
      cellular DNA. An underlying immune deficit was suggested by low titres of
      specific antibodies against B19 parvovirus. Treatment of one patient with plasma
      containing specific antibodies against parvovirus resulted in a transient fall in
      serum virus levels, the appearance of reticulocytes, and symptoms of fifth
      disease.

PMID- 2903377
TI  - Neutrophil death as a defence mechanism against Candida albicans infections.
AB  - In studies of experimental Candida albicans infections, growth of invading
      organisms sometimes ceased before the organisms reached the neutrophil
      infiltrates. Lysates of human neutrophils inhibited the directed growth of
      candida pseudohyphae in agarose gel and suppressed the proliferation of candida
      yeast in broth cultures, but did not kill the organisms or prevent their
      germination. The growth-inhibitory material released from disrupted neutrophils
      had an estimated molecular weight of 30 kD and differed from most previously
      described neutrophil antimicrobial factors in that it was present in cell sap
      rather than granules, and did not appear in the supernatant after stimulation of
      the cells. Neutrophil death and dissolution may represent an alternative host
      defence mechanism against invasive C albicans infection.

PMID- 2903378
TI  - Are antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis induced by R(rough)
      mutants of enterobacteriaceae?
AB  - Antimitochondrial antibody (AMA)-positive serum samples from 45 patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and AMA-negative serum samples from patients with
      chronic liver diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, or rheumatoid arthritis
      were studied by an immunoblot technique with mitochondria from bovine heart and
      pig kidney and with several strains of gram-negative bacteria as antigens after
      separation by sodiumdodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serum
      from patients with PBC recognised up to three mitochondrial antigens with
      molecular weights of 70 kD, 50 kD, and 42 kD. Equivalent patterns were found with
      bands at 70-80 kD and 50-52 kD with Enterobacteriaceae as antigens. AMA-reactive
      polypeptides were localised in the ribosomal and membrane fractions from
      Enterobacteriaceae but differed from known outer membrane proteins. Conversely,
      PBC-specific mitochondrial antigens at 70 kD and 50 kD were recognised by rabbit
      antisera against Salmonella minnesota Rb and Rc mutants but not by antisera
      against wild-type Enterobacteriaceae. Absorption experiments and two-dimensional
      immunoblotting studies confirmed that mitochondria and gram-negative bacteria
      share identical PBC-specific determinants. It seems that PBC-specific antigens
      are expressed in gram-negative bacteria and that these antigens may be
      immunogenic in mutants with defective polysaccharide synthesis. The data support
      the hypothesis of a bacterial aetiology for PBC.

PMID- 2903379
TI  - Effect of acute administration of insulin-like growth factor I in patients with
      Laron-type dwarfism.
AB  - Biosynthetic insulin-type growth factor I (IGF-I) was given as an intravenous
      bolus of 75 micrograms/kg to 9 patients with Laron-type dwarfism. Rapid onset of
      hypoglycaemia (-45% of basal level) was associated with a reduction in plasma
      insulin (-55% of basal level); thus, the lack of growth hormone receptors in this
      condition does not apply to IGF-I receptors and post-receptor pathways. Long-term
      treatment may therefore be beneficial in Laron-type dwarfism.

PMID- 2903380
TI  - Glucose tolerance in pregnancy--the who and how of testing.

PMID- 2903381
TI  - Which medical condition shall we treat first?

PMID- 2903382
TI  - Do patients with mild angina need surgery?

PMID- 2903383
TI  - The Bamako initiative.

PMID- 2903384
TI  - Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedl syndromes.

PMID- 2903385
TI  - Endothelin: an important factor in acute renal failure?
AB  - Very low concentrations of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin cause intense
      long-lasting renal vasoconstriction. In the isolated perfused rat kidney, the
      concentration of endothelin required to reduce blood-flow by 50% is 200 pmol/l,
      compared with 1000 pmol/l angiotensin II (previously the most potent known
      vasoconstrictor). Whereas angiotensin II has little effect on the glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR), a rise in endothelin from 100 to 800 pmol/l reduces GFR by
      90%. Endothelin is probably present in the circulation at low concentrations in
      vivo; events associated clinically with acute renal failure would tend to
      increase this concentration. Endothelin may be a mediator in the pathogenesis of
      acute renal failure.

PMID- 2903387
TI  - Memories: a neglected concept in care.

PMID- 2903386
TI  - Trial of co-trimoxazole versus procaine penicillin with ampicillin in treatment
      of community-acquired pneumonia in young Gambian children.
AB  - 134 Gambian children under 5 years of age with severe pneumonia (as defined by
      the World Health Organisation classification of acute respiratory infections)
      were given either oral co-trimoxazole for 5 days, or a single intramuscular dose
      of fortified procaine penicillin and 5 days of oral ampicillin. At 2 weeks, there
      was no significant difference in outcome between the two groups. Co-trimoxazole
      is much less expensive than ampicillin or procaine penicillin, requires only
      twice-daily administration, and can be given by health-care staff with little
      training. The results support the use of co-trimoxazole as the antibiotic of
      first choice in outpatient management of young children with pneumonia in
      developing countries.

PMID- 2903388
TI  - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: Messiahs of the
      nuclear age?

PMID- 2903389
TI  - Out-of-hospital, paramedic administered streptokinase for acute myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2903390
TI  - Significant reduction in mortality with streptokinase given 7-24 hours after pain
      onset.

PMID- 2903391
TI  - Aspirin and fibrinolysis.

PMID- 2903392
TI  - Spontaneous intermittent reperfusion in early myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2903393
TI  - Coronary heart disease prevention.

PMID- 2903394
TI  - Delayed seroconversion, Legionnaires' disease, and age.

PMID- 2903395
TI  - Clonidine for short stature.

PMID- 2903396
TI  - Akureyri disease (myalgic encephalomyelitis), forty years later.

PMID- 2903397
TI  - Influenza-like syndrome after terconazole.

PMID- 2903398
TI  - Paracetamol and peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2903399
TI  - Prochlorperazine and the elderly.

PMID- 2903400
TI  - Successful use of recombinant factor VIIa in patient with severe haemophilia A
      during synovectomy.

PMID- 2903401
TI  - Informed consent and controlled trials.

PMID- 2903402
TI  - Revising RAWP.

PMID- 2903403
TI  - Zidovudine and bone marrow.

PMID- 2903405
TI  - Screening for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy.

PMID- 2903404
TI  - Diabetes in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2903406
TI  - Psittacine birds and chlamydia.

PMID- 2903407
TI  - Semen cryopreservation for patients surviving malignant disease: implications of
      proposed legislation.

PMID- 2903409
TI  - Guillain-Barre syndrome: prognosis and pathogenesis.

PMID- 2903408
TI  - Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis and myeloproliferative disorders in adults.

PMID- 2903410
TI  - Screening for breast cancer.

PMID- 2903411
TI  - Rectal and anal pressure profile in constipated children.

PMID- 2903412
TI  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, spiroplasmas, and crystalline artifacts.

PMID- 2903413
TI  - Outbreak of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis among schoolchildren.

PMID- 2903414
TI  - Pathogenesis of type I diabetes.

PMID- 2903415
TI  - Blood testing before prescribing oral contraception in Africa.

PMID- 2903416
TI  - Bovine somatotropin and milk composition.

PMID- 2903417
TI  - Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes from mother's milk to her baby and to
      puppies.

PMID- 2903418
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2903419
TI  - Early lesion of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2903420
TI  - Breastfeeding as a family planning method.

PMID- 2903422
TI  - AIDS in the UK.

PMID- 2903421
TI  - Suspended doctors in the Health Service.

PMID- 2903423
TI  - [Surgical therapy in the treatment concept of ulcer disease. A critical
      evaluation].
AB  - Since the introduction of H2-receptor antagonists ulcer therapy has changed in
      favour of conservative management against surgery. In spite of this shift in
      therapy mortality from peptic ulcer did not decrease through the last three
      decades. Obviously conservative management does not influence the rate of ulcer
      complications but postpones them to the aged. Peptic ulcer surgery offers
      differentiated therapies for complications as well as for uncomplicated ulcer
      disease. In bleeding ulcers combination of therapeutic endoscopy and early
      elective surgery reduced mortality to 5%. Targets of therapy are both bleeding
      and ulcer disease. Obstruction is cured in the same way as uncomplicated ulcers
      with additional pyloro- or duodenoplasty. In cases of perforation the decision
      for simple suture or definitive treatment should be orientated to ulcer history.
      Due to their localisation uncomplicated ulcers are treated best by selective
      proximal vagotomy, combined resection or Billroth I resection. After surgery the
      monthly recurrence risk of uncomplicated ulcers is about ten times lower than
      throughout long-term conservative therapy. From the present point of view only
      surgery seems to be able to reduce persisting rates of ulcer mortality in the
      future.

PMID- 2903424
TI  - [Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma
      glutamyltransferase in plasma and blood donors].

PMID- 2903425
TI  - Hormonal effects of CV 205-502, a novel octahydrobenzo [g] quinoline with potent
      dopamine agonist properties.
AB  - Following the success of ergot alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives in
      treating a variety of pathophysiological disturbances, efforts have been
      concentrated on the synthesis of new derivatives and partial structures with the
      aim of dissecting out a specifically dopaminomimetic pharmacophore. Accordingly
      CV 205-502, a structure which superposes the linear benzo [g] quinoline segment
      of apomorphine on the substituted pyrrolo [3,4- g] quinoline moiety of the
      ergolines was designed. This study was performed in normal young volunteers to
      investigate the effect of single oral doses of CV 205-502 on plasma prolactin
      levels and on other endocrine parameters (GH, LH, FSH, TSH and cortisol) as well
      as on tolerability. 10 volunteers participated in a dose-ranging study. They
      received single oral doses of 0.01 to 0.09 mg CV 205-502, in order to assess the
      prolactin suppressant action. 6 volunteers were given a dose of 0.06 mg CV 205
      502 in order to determine the endocrine profile of the compound. The duration of
      action of 0.06 mg CV 205-502 was investigated in 6 subjects by measuring plasma
      PRL and GH levels for 48 h. The results show strong dose-dependent suppression of
      PRL appearing following doses between 0.04 and 0.09 mg of CV 205-502. PRL was
      markedly suppressed for more than 24h. and the peaks of the normal sleep profile
      were abolished. Intermittent transient GH increases occurred during the first 6
      hours; sleep profiles were normal. Compared with placebo values, no changes were
      seen in the levels of any other hormone except TSH, which decreased. Tolerability
      was good and no drug attributable changes in safety measures occurred. This study
      demonstrates that CV 205-502 is a potent and long acting PRL suppressant compound
      and suggest that this novel octahydrobenzo [g] quinoline will prove to be a
      therapeutically useful dopaminomimetic compound.

PMID- 2903426
TI  - Effect of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) on catecholamine levels and
      activity of related enzymes in clonal rat pheochromocytoma PC12h cells.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), a metabolite of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, was found to reduce dopamine (DA) level and
      the activity of enzymes related to its metabolism in clonal rat pheochromocytoma
      PC12h cells. After 6 days' culture in the presence of 1 mM and 100 microM MPP+,
      DA content in PC12h cells was reduced markedly, but with MPP+ at concentrations
      lower than 10 microM, DA levels in the cells did not change. The amounts of 3,4
      dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of DA were reduced markedly in
      culture medium and in PC12h cells cultured with MPP+ at concentrations higher
      than 1 microM. MPP+ was found to reduce the enzyme activity of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase
      (AADC). In the presence of MPP+ at concentrations higher than 10 microM,
      reduction of TH activity in the cells was more pronounced than reduction of cell
      protein or of the activity of a non-specific enzyme, beta-galactosidase. With 1
      mM and 100 microM MPP+, MAO activity was reduced to about 30% of that in control
      cells. Reduction was observed with MPP+ at concentrations higher than 1 microM.
      AADC was the most sensitive to MPP+ and its activity was reduced markedly in the
      cells cultured with 100 nM MPP+. These results indicate that MPP+ inhibits not
      only the biosynthesis of catecholamines, but also the enzyme participating in
      their catabolism in cells, and may thus perturb catecholamine levels in the
      brain.

PMID- 2903427
TI  - Differential effects of dietary linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid on lipid
      metabolism in rat tissues.
AB  - Comparative effects of feeding dietary linoleic (safflower oil) and alpha
      linolenic (linseed oil) acids on the cholesterol content and fatty acid
      composition of plasma, liver, heart and epididymal fat pads of rats were
      examined. Animals fed hydrogenated beef tallow were used as isocaloric controls.
      Plasma cholesterol concentration was lower and the cholesterol level in liver
      increased in animals fed the safflower oil diet. Feeding the linseed oil diet was
      more effective in lowering plasma cholesterol content and did not result in
      cholesterol accumulation in the liver. The cholesterol concentration in heart and
      the epididymal fat pad was not affected by the type of dietary fatty acid fed.
      Arachidonic acid content of plasma lipids was significantly elevated in animals
      fed the safflower oil diet and remained unchanged by feeding the linseed oil
      diet, when compared with the isocaloric control animals fed hydrogenated beef
      tallow. Arachidonic acid content of liver and heart lipids was lower in animals
      fed diets containing safflower oil or linseed oil. Replacement of 50% of the
      safflower oil in the diet with linseed oil increased alpha-linolenic,
      docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in plasma, liver, heart and epididymal
      fat pad lipids. These results suggest that dietary 18:2 omega 6 shifts
      cholesterol from plasma to liver pools followed by redistribution of 20:4 omega 6
      from tissue to plasma pools. This redistribution pattern was not apparent when
      18:3 omega 3 was included in the diet.

PMID- 2903428
TI  - Techniques of benzodiazepine withdrawal in clinical practice. A consensus
      workshop report.
AB  - This is a report of a consensus conference on the management of the
      benzodiazepine-dependent patient. While the focus is on patients who are already
      dependent, it is better to avoid dependence in therapeutic use by careful patient
      selection, low dose and short term administration. The management of dependence
      can normally be undertaken in general practice unless there are complicating
      factors, e.g. concomitant severe medical, psychiatric or social problems.
      Inpatient management is also preferable for those abusing drugs in the
      sociorecreational area. Withdrawal should be achieved by gradual dosage reduction
      over a period of several weeks. Support from the practitioner, family and friends
      is important to achieve good results. Since postwithdrawal problems occur, good
      clinician support is necessary over at least the next year. Despite the risk of
      dependence, it is stressed that benzodiazepines are valuable therapeutic agents
      for several psychiatric and physical disorders.

PMID- 2903429
TI  - Value of flumazenil in benzodiazepine self-poisoning.
AB  - The efficacy of the benzodiazepine-antagonist flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) was
      evaluated in 26 patients with coma due to benzodiazepine self poisoning, alone or
      in combination with alcohol or other psychoactive drugs. 77% of the patients
      responded to the administration of a mean dose of 1.73 mg (range 0.2 to 8 mg)
      with immediate awakening or an improvement of at least 2 coma grades. In the
      patients without response (n = 3) or with minor improvement (n = 3) other
      psychoactive drugs turned out to be predominantly responsible for their comatose
      state. Adverse effects of flumazenil treatment such as altered blood pressure or
      increased heart rate were observed, but were generally mild. An acute
      benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome was seen in 2 cases. In conclusion, flumazenil
      proved to be effective in the treatment of severe benzodiazepine intoxication.
      Beyond that, in cases of mixed overdosage or initially unknown diagnosis the
      antidote assisted in the clarification of the clinical condition.

PMID- 2903430
TI  - On the measurement of lactate turnover in humans.
AB  - It has been shown in studies of turnover in vivo of lactate and several amino
      acids that the specific activity in blood depends on the site of tracer
      administration and of sampling. Theoretical and experimental studies have
      established that to obtain valid estimation of turnover in vivo for these
      compounds, tracers should be administered into the left heart, ideally the
      ventricle, and blood sampled from the right heart, ideally the pulmonary artery.
      Alternately, tracer may be infused into the pulmonary artery and blood sampled
      from the right ventricle. The insertion of such in-dwelling catheters for
      turnover studies is difficult in small animals and not justified on ethical
      grounds in humans. We describe here a method to calculate valid turnover rates
      when the tracer is administered in a peripheral vein and blood sampled from any
      peripheral artery. In humans, infusion into a hand vein and sampling from the
      contralateral heated hand vein can be used. The true turnover rate can then be
      calculated if the cardiac output is determined. Several noninvasive methods for
      the determination of cardiac output are available. Thus a correct estimate,
      avoiding major catheterization, for turnover for many blood-borne compounds is
      possible.

PMID- 2903431
TI  - Blood-conservation techniques for coronary-artery bypass surgery at a private
      hospital.
AB  - The utilization of homologous blood and blood products was recorded in 100
      consecutive patients who underwent primary coronary-artery bypass surgery. Nine
      patients underwent saphenous-vein grafts only, 55 patients underwent a single
      internal-mammary-artery graft that was supplemented by vein grafts and 36
      patients underwent bilateral internal-mammary-artery grafts and vein grafts. All
      patients underwent normovolaemic haemodilution, and autologous blood was
      collected before bypass surgery. Residual blood was collected from the
      cardiopulmonary bypass machine and was washed and concentrated in a cell
      processor, and blood also was scavenged postoperatively from the mediastinal
      drainage tubes as methods to conserve blood. The mean (+/- SD) utilization of
      homologous blood was 1.3 +/- 1.5 units with 0.2 +/- 0.7 units of fresh-frozen
      plasma being used, and 0.8 +/- 2.1 units of platelets being used. The utilization
      of homologous blood was not different among the three different methods of
      coronary-artery bypass surgery, but patients who underwent bilateral internal
      mammary-artery grafts suffered a greater postoperative loss of blood than did
      those patients who underwent saphenous-vein grafts or single internal-mammary
      artery grafts. A comparison of patients who were taking aspirin or a non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drug preoperatively with those patients who were not
      showed no difference in the utilization of homologous blood but a statistically
      significant difference was found in the loss of blood postoperatively.

PMID- 2903432
TI  - [Surface necroses of the skin following sulfasalazine therapy in ulcerative
      colitis].

PMID- 2903433
TI  - Changes in glutamate-cycle enzyme mRNA levels in a rat model of hepatic
      encephalopathy.
AB  - To detect possible changes in the regulation of glutamate/gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) enzymes at the level of gene expression in a thioacetamide-induced rat
      model of acute hepatic encephalopathy, we have examined changes in the mRNAs of
      four glutamate/GABA enzymes by quantitative RNA blot hybridization analysis. Such
      changes could reflect cell adaptation to excess ammonia or some other associated
      metabolic stress. The mRNA levels of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) decreased
      similarly in three different brain regions, whereas those of glutamine synthetase
      (GS) and glutaminase (GA) increased. The mRNA levels of glutamate decarboxylase
      (GAD) were unchanged. The results indicate that some effect of liver damage,
      presumably hyperammonemia, affected the expression of some, but not all, genes
      associated with ammonia and glutamate metabolism in the brain. This adaptation of
      gene expression to secondary effects of ammonia on brain amino acid
      neurotransmitter metabolism or brain energy metabolism could play a role in the
      physiological changes observed in hepatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2903435
TI  - The aspartate transcarbamylase domain of a mammalian multifunctional protein
      expressed as an independent enzyme in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Although aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) is an independent, monofunctional
      enzyme in Escherichia coli, mammalian ATCase is one of the globular enzymatic
      domains of the multifunctional CAD protein. We subcloned fragments of the hamster
      CAD cDNA and assayed polypeptide products expressed in E. coli for ATCase
      activity in order to isolate a stretch of cDNA which encodes only the ATCase
      domain. Three such expression constructs contain fragments of hamster CAD cDNA
      similar in length to the gene encoding the E. coli ATCase catalytic subunit
      (pyrB). These constructs yield stable proteins with ATCase activity, ascertained
      by both in vivo and in vitro assays; the clones also possess sequence homology
      with the pyrB gene at both the 5' and 3' ends. The clone producing the most
      active ATCase contains cDNA which is analogous to the entire pyrB gene, plus a
      small amount of CAD sequence upstream of this region. Because these constructs
      produce independently folded, active ATCase from a piece of cDNA the size of the
      E. coli pyrB gene, they open the door for the in-depth investigation of the
      isolated mammalian enzyme domain utilizing recombinant DNA technology. This
      approach is potentially useful for the analysis of domains of other
      multifunctional proteins.

PMID- 2903434
TI  - Genetic mechanisms of bacterial antigenic variation.

PMID- 2903436
TI  - A common trans-acting factor is involved in transcriptional regulation of
      neurotransmitter genes by cyclic AMP.
AB  - Activation of neurotransmitter receptors can regulate transcription in
      postsynaptic cells through the actions of second messengers. Trans-synaptic
      regulation of transcription appears to be an important mechanism controlling the
      synthesis of molecules involved in neuronal signaling, especially neuropeptides.
      Proenkephalin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and somatostatin have been
      shown to be transcriptionally regulated by the second messenger, cyclic AMP
      (cAMP), as has the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tryosine hydroxylase. cAMP
      inducible elements have been mapped within these genes, and trans-acting factors
      which bind to several such elements have been identified. With the discovery that
      individual neurons generally contain multiple transmitters within their synaptic
      terminals, it has become important to understand in detail the mechanisms by
      which the synthesis of transmitters can be coregulated. Here we compare the
      structure and function of the proenkephalin cAMP-inducible enhancer with the
      mapped cAMP-inducible elements of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,
      somatostatin, and tyrosine hydroxylase genes and a putative cAMP-inducible
      element in the proto-oncogene c-fos. We have previously shown that the
      proenkephalin enhancer is composed of two different elements, ENKCRE-1 and ENKCRE
      2. We show here that one of these, ENKCRE-2, is structurally similar to elements
      found within the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, and tyrosine
      hydroxylase genes and binds a trans-acting factor that is competed for both in
      cotransfection experiments (in vivo) and in DNase I footprint assays (in vitro)
      by these other elements. The c-fos element has similar structural requirements to
      confer transcriptional induction by cAMP but competes less strongly. Protein
      purified by affinity chromatography with the ENKCRE-2 sequence binds to each of
      these elements. A second element within the proenkephalin cAMP-inducible
      enhancer, ENKCRE-1, binds a factor that is not competed for by these other genes
      and is therefore distinct. This analysis suggests a potential mechanism of
      transcriptional coregulation of the neuronally expressed genes investigated in
      this study and also demonstrates that multiple factors are involved in
      transcriptional activation by cAMP.

PMID- 2903438
TI  - Identification of a rat c-erbA alpha-related protein which binds deoxyribonucleic
      acid but does not bind thyroid hormone.
AB  - c-erbA cDNAs encoding thyroid hormone-binding receptor proteins have been
      previously isolated from several species and tissues. We have isolated a novel
      rat c-erbA cDNA, r-erbA alpha-2, identical to the rat brain c-erbA alpha cDNA
      (which we refer to as r-erbA alpha-1) except at the 3'-end of the cDNA, which
      encodes an altered carboxy-terminal region of the predicted amino acid sequence.
      The r-erbA alpha-2 cDNA is most closely related to the human testicular c-erbA
      alpha cDNA. The apparent molecular weight of the in vitro protein product of this
      cDNA is 55 K, close to that predicted from the nucleotide sequence. The r-erbA
      alpha-2 protein binds a DNA fragment containing a putative T3-responsive sequence
      from the rat GH gene. However, the r-erbA alpha-2 protein product does not bind
      T3. RNA isolated from rat GH3 cells and various rat tissues contains at least
      three mRNAs hybridizing to c-erbA alpha probes. A predominant 2.6 kilobase mRNA
      hybridizes specifically to r-erbA alpha-2, while a 5.0 kb mRNA hybridizes to r
      erbA alpha-1-specific cDNA probes. The r-erbA alpha-1-related 5.0 kb mRNA is down
      regulated by T3 treatment in GH3 cells as has previously been described for the
      2.6 kb mRNA. The r-erbA alpha-2 mRNA is most abundant in brain, whereas the r
      erbA alpha-1 mRNA is found in highest concentration in brown fat and skeletal
      muscle. r-erbA alpha-1 mRNA, unlike r-erbA alpha-2 mRNA, is undetectable in
      testis. Southern analyses suggest that the r-erbA alpha-1 and r-erbA alpha-2
      mRNAs are derived from a single gene transcript.

PMID- 2903437
TI  - Influenza virus-susceptible mice carry Mx genes with a large deletion or a
      nonsense mutation.
AB  - The interferon-regulated mouse Mx gene encodes the 72-kilodalton nuclear Mx
      protein that selectively inhibits influenza virus replication. Mice carrying Mx+
      alleles synthesize Mx protein and resist influenza virus infection, whereas mice
      homozygous for Mx- alleles fail to synthesize Mx protein and, as a consequence,
      are influenza virus susceptible. Southern blot analysis allowed us to define the
      following three distinct Mx restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) types
      among classical inbred strains: RFLP type 1 in the Mx+ strains A2G and SL/NiA,
      RFLP type 2 in BALB/c and 33 other Mx- strains, and RFLP type 3 in CBA/J and 2
      other Mx- strains. cDNA clones of Mx mRNAs from BALB/c and CBA/J cells were
      isolated, and their sequences were compared with that of the wild-type Mx mRNA of
      strain A2G. Mx mRNA of BALB/c mice has 424 nucleotides absent from the coding
      region, resulting in a frame shift and premature termination of Mx protein. The
      missing sequences correspond exactly to Mx exons 9 through 11. These three exons,
      together with some flanking intron sequences, are deleted from the genomes of all
      Mx RFLP type 2 strains. The Mx- phenotype of the Mx RFLP type 3 strain CBA/J is
      due to a point mutation that converts the lysine codon in position 389 to a
      termination codon. Mx RFLP type 3 strains have an extra HindIII site which maps
      to an intron and thus probably does not affect the coding capacity of Mx mRNA. We
      further show that the Mx mRNA levels in interferon-treated BALB/c and CBA/J cells
      are about 15-fold lower than in similarly treated Mx+ cells. This is probably due
      to decreased metabolic stabilities of the mutant mRNAs.

PMID- 2903439
TI  - c-erbA protooncogenes mediate thyroid hormone-dependent and independent
      regulation of the rat growth hormone and prolactin genes.
AB  - Regulation of gene expression by the thyroid hormones is thought to be mediated
      by a nuclear-associated receptor found in a wide variety of cells and tissues.
      Cellular homologues of the avian erythroblastosis virus oncogene, v-erbA, encode
      proteins which bind thyroid hormone with similar affinities as thyroid hormone
      receptors. However, it has not been shown that any of the c-erbA proteins can
      function as receptor and modulate thyroid hormone responsive genes. In this
      study, using transient expression of chimeric reporter constructs, we document
      that the chick fibroblast c-erbA-alpha and the human placental c-erbA-beta
      modulate cis-acting regulatory sequences of two thyroid hormone responsive genes;
      rat GH and PRL. From these results we conclude: 1) in a receptor deficient cell
      line (235-1) both c-erbA subtypes act as hormone-dependent modulators of PRL gene
      expression and hence function as thyroid hormone receptors, 2) in two different
      receptor containing cell lines (GH4C1 and GH1), both c-erbA proteins act in a
      hormone-independent fashion to regulate PRL and GH expression. This suggests that
      events other than ligand binding can result in formation of a c-erbA protein that
      modulates transcription of thyroid hormone responsive genes, 3) no qualitative
      functional differences were detected between alpha- and beta-c-erbA subtypes, and
      4) depending on the cell-type, L-T3 acts through its endogenous receptor to
      stimulate (GH4C1) or suppress (GH1) expression of a chimeric PRL construct. In
      these cells, c-erbA expression results in the same positive or negative response
      as the endogenous receptor except that the response occurs in the absence of
      hormone. These results suggest that the endogenous receptor and the c-erbAs act
      by augmenting the effect of transcription factors which can positively or
      negatively control gene expression.

PMID- 2903440
TI  - Growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates and somatostatin inhibits the release
      of a novel protein by cultured rat pituitary cells.
AB  - We have reported that the secretion of at least 17 distinct peptides [including
      rat (rGH)] GH by cultured rat pituitary cells was stimulated by GH-releasing
      hormone and inhibited by somatostatin, when analyzed by two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three of these peptides (no. 23, 24, and 25)
      were not rGH immunoreactive. In order to determine whether these three peptides
      are fragments, degradation products or posttranscriptionally modified forms of
      rGH, rGH and peptide no. 23 were characterized structurally. From partial peptide
      maps of rGH and peptide no. 23 by V8 protease or chymotrypsin, it appeared that
      these peptides were not related to each other. By N-terminal microsequencing of
      two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis purified peptide, we have
      obtained the sequence of 24 N-terminal amino acid residues of peptide no. 23.
      This sequence has no significant homology with rGH or any other reported protein
      sequence. Antiserum was generated against a synthetic oligopeptide corresponding
      to amino acid residues 3-24 of peptide no. 23. The antiserum cross-reacted with
      peptides no. 23, 24, and 25 upon Western blot analysis. These results indicate
      that peptide no. 23 has a novel structure unrelated to other pituitary hormones.
      Since its secretion is influenced by GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin,
      peptide no. 23 may represent a previously unrecognized structurally unique growth
      factor.

PMID- 2903441
TI  - Differences in antibody recognition of the triiodothyronine nuclear receptor and
      c-erbA products.
AB  - The in vitro translated products of several c-erbA cDNAs have recently been shown
      to bind thyroid hormones with high affinity and have been termed thyroid hormone
      receptors. We have used a panel of five erbA-related antibodies to probe the
      relationship between c-erbA translated products and thyroid hormone receptors, as
      conventionally measured by 125I-T3 labeling of nuclear extracts. All five
      antibodies immunoprecipitated the chick c-erbA translated products, but only one
      of them recognized chick liver and brain T3 receptor, as judged by acceleration
      of sedimentation through sucrose gradients. None of the antibodies reacted with
      rat liver and brain or human liver T3 receptors, although one antibody did
      immunoprecipitate a human c-erbA translated product. We conclude that the T3
      receptor, as conventionally measured from these sources, is related but not
      identical to recently cloned c-erbA sequences.

PMID- 2903442
TI  - The molecular nature of spontaneous and chemically induced mutations in the
      hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene in rat liver epithelial
      cells.
AB  - The molecular nature of mutations in 6-thioguanine-resistant hypoxanthine/guanine
      phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT)-deficient clones of an adult rat liver (ARL)
      epithelial cell line mutated by benzo[a]pyrene or aflatoxin B1 was studied. DNA
      from these clones or spontaneous HGPRT-deficient mutants was subjected to
      Southern blotting using an HGPRT probe following DNA digestion with the
      restriction enzymes BamH1, EcoR1, HindIII or XbaI. With either the chemically
      induced or spontaneous mutants, no difference in restriction fragment pattern was
      observed between any of the mutants and their wild-type parent. However,
      differences were found between two lines ARL 6 and ARL 14 and the lines ARL 18,
      ARL 19 and DNA from Fischer rat hepatocytes. Although the variants did not
      display loss of HGPRT activity. It is suggested that deletion or loss of a
      pseudogene sequence could be the basis for the alterations in restriction
      fragment patterns.

PMID- 2903443
TI  - Detection of base mutations in genomic DNA using denaturing gradient gel
      electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by transfer and hybridization with gene-specific
      probes.
AB  - It has been shown that minor differences, such as single-base-pair substitutions
      between otherwise identical DNA fragments can result in altered melting behavior
      detectable by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Sequence variations
      in only a small DNA region within one locus can be detected using the previously
      described procedures. We have developed a method for the efficient Southern
      transfer of genomic DNA fragments from the denaturing gradient gels in order to
      be able to analyze larger regions in several loci for variation. The gels were
      made using polyacrylamide containing 2% low-geling-temperature agarose (LGT). The
      polyacrylamide gel (PAG) was crosslinked with a reversible crosslinker, and after
      electrophoresis the crosslinks were cleaved, the structure of the gel being
      maintained by the agarose. After this treatment of the denaturing gels, more than
      90% of the DNA fragments could be transferred to nylon membranes by alkaline
      transfer, while electroblotting transferred only 10% of the DNA. Hybridization
      with gene-specific probes was then performed. We have used this technique to
      identify an RFLP in the COL1A2 gene in a human genomic DNA sample. The transfer
      technique described should make the use of DGGE more widely applicable since the
      genomic DNA fragments separated on one gel can be screened with several different
      probes, both cDNA and genomic probes.

PMID- 2903444
TI  - Nucleotide sequence analysis of an Entamoeba histolytica ferredoxin gene.
AB  - A cDNA clone (subclone B) previously isolated from the human parasite Entamoeba
      histolytica was characterized. DNA sequence analysis of subclone B identified the
      DNA as that encoding apoferredoxin. E. histolytica ferredoxin cDNA contains
      unusually short 5' and 3' noncoding regions of 9 and 25 nucleotides,
      respectively. A genomic ferredoxin clone was isolated from E. histolytica DNA,
      and comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that the ferredoxin gene is
      unspliced. The deduced amino acid sequence of E. histolytica ferredoxin resembles
      clostridial type of ferredoxins, and shows an arrangement of cysteines
      characteristic for the coordination of 2[4Fe-4S] centres. Of interest is the
      absence of an aromatic amino acid in the N-terminal region of the protein, a
      feature which is conserved in clostridial ferredoxins. Southern blot analysis of
      three different E. histolytica strains (200:NIH, Rahman and HM-1:IMSS)
      demonstrated the presence of a family of at least two ferredoxin genes. One of
      these genes is marked by restriction length polymorphisms in different strains of
      E. histolytica.

PMID- 2903445
TI  - Structure of a Plasmodium falciparum gene that encodes a glutamic acid-rich
      protein (GARP).

PMID- 2903446
TI  - Neu-protein overexpression in breast cancer. Association with comedo-type ductal
      carcinoma in situ and limited prognostic value in stage II breast cancer.
AB  - Amplification of the neu proto-oncogene in breast cancer has been reported to
      correlate with the presence of lymph-node metastases and with a poor prognosis.
      We describe a method for the immunohistochemical detection of overexpression of
      neu protein on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, with the use of two
      different monoclonal antibodies. In a group of tumors with a known neu-gene copy
      number, intense membrane staining of tumor cells was present in all tumors with
      neu-gene amplification. Of 189 tumors from patients with Stage II breast cancer,
      27 (14 percent) had neu-membrane staining. Neu overexpression was associated with
      larger tumor size (P = 0.006) but not with lymph-node involvement. Neu-protein
      expression in lymph-node metastases was the same as its expression in primary
      tumors. Among the patients with neu overexpression (median follow-up, 37 months),
      disease-free survival was not significantly shorter; overall survival was reduced
      significantly in these patients (P = 0.042), but this reduction did not remain
      significant after adjustment for tumor size. Of 45 ductal carcinomas in situ, 19
      (42 percent) had neu-membrane staining. These 19 were all of the large-cell,
      comedo growth type. None of 16 ductal carcinomas in situ of small-cell,
      papillary, or cribriform growth type had neu overexpression. We conclude that neu
      overexpression may be an early step in the development of a distinct histologic
      type of carcinoma of the breast, but we could find no association of
      overexpression with lymph-node status or tumor recurrence.

PMID- 2903447
TI  - Splitting schizophrenia.

PMID- 2903448
TI  - Restoration of excitation-contraction coupling and slow calcium current in
      dysgenic muscle by dihydropyridine receptor complementary DNA.
AB  - Microinjection of an expression plasmid that carries complementary DNA encoding
      the receptor for dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers of skeletal muscle
      restores both excitation-contraction coupling and slow calcium current in
      cultured skeletal muscle cells from mice with muscular dysgenesis. This suggests
      that the dihydropyridine receptor in the transverse tubule membrane of skeletal
      muscle functions both as the voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling
      and as the slow calcium channel.

PMID- 2903449
TI  - Localization of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 5.
AB  - Schizophrenia is a common disorder with a life time prevalence of approximately 1
      per cent. The illness often develops in young adults, who were previously normal,
      and is characterized by a constellation of symptoms including hallucinations and
      delusions (psychotic symptoms) and symptoms such as severely inappropriate
      emotional responses, a disorder of thinking and concentration, erratic behaviour
      as well as social and occupational deterioration. A considerable proportion of
      the variance in the liability to develop schizophrenia may be genetic, but
      segregation analysis, to establish a mode of transmission, has not produced a
      consistent result. One of these studies was carried out in Iceland and made use
      of the large family size and extensive geneaological information present in that
      country. Here we demonstrate genetic linkage of two DNA polymorphisms on the long
      arm of human chromosome 5 to schizophrenia in seven British and Icelandic
      families with multiple affected members. The results indicate the existence of a
      gene locus with a dominant schizophrenia-susceptibility allele. Inheritance of
      the allele in the families studied suggests that it may also predispose to
      psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a variety of
      other disorders. This report provides the first strong evidence for the
      involvement of a single gene in the causation of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2903450
TI  - Evidence against linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 5 in a
      northern Swedish pedigree.
AB  - Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness with a typically chronic course
      affecting nearly 1% of the human population. It is generally accepted that
      genetic factors have an important pathogenic role in a substantial portion of
      schizophrenia cases; however, despite decades of family studies, there is no
      agreed-upon mode of inheritance. The discovery of genetic aetiologic factors and
      resolution of the inheritance pattern(s) will undoubtably emerge from genetic
      linkage studies. With these objectives in mind, we undertook a linkage project,
      starting in 1985, in a previously well-documented kindred from north Sweden.
      Multipoint linkage analyses were used to screen the proximal long arm of
      chromosome 5 using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers at
      five loci and the distal long arm using RFLPs at two loci, one of which was the
      locus for the glucocorticoid receptor. We found strong evidence against linkage
      between schizophrenia and the seven loci. These results, together with the
      positive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia with markers in the proximal long
      arm of chromosome 5 lead us to conclude that the genetic factors underlying
      schizophrenia are heterogeneous.

PMID- 2903452
TI  - Management of the agitated patient. A pharmacological update.

PMID- 2903453
TI  - [Clenbuterol: 'redistribution agent'].

PMID- 2903451
TI  - Dopamine neurochemical profile of atypical antipsychotics resembles that of D-1
      antagonists.
AB  - The release and metabolism of dopamine in the mouse caudate-putamen were
      determined after the oral administration of antipsychotic drugs at doses equal to
      or sixfold greater than the ED50 dose for their inhibition of apomorphine-induced
      climbing. Dopamine release was equated with concentrations of 3-methoxytyramine
      (3-MT) and metabolism was equated with concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels. Like the D-1 antagonists SCH
      23390 and SKF 83566, most antipsychotic agents with an atypical preclinical
      profile suggestive of low extrapyramidal symptomatology (CGS 10746B, flumezapine,
      CL 77328, rimcazole, clozapine, RMI 81582, and fluperlapine) never increased
      dopamine release and produced variable increases in dopamine metabolism. Other
      atypical antipsychotics (thioridazine, mesoridazine, melperone) increased
      dopamine release at only one dose tested but increased dopamine metabolism at
      most doses. Antipsychotic agents associated with extrapyramidal side effects
      (setoperone, perlapine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and metoclopramide)
      increased dopamine release and metabolism at almost every dose tested. Thus,
      atypical antipsychotics increase the metabolism but not release of dopamine at
      behaviorally effective doses. The resemblance of these minimal effects on
      dopamine release to those obtained with D-1 antagonists that also have an
      atypical preclinical profile suggests that a mechanism related to D-1 receptor
      antagonism may contribute to the action of atypical antipsychotics.

PMID- 2903454
TI  - [Glafenine: more cons than pros?].

PMID- 2903455
TI  - [Once more on benzodiazepines: too much, too long and too strong?].

PMID- 2903456
TI  - [Lasting neurological damage with therapeutic plasma lithium levels].

PMID- 2903457
TI  - [Sharp decrease in the frequency of orchidopexy in Walcheren].

PMID- 2903458
TI  - An update: lab for the silent service.

PMID- 2903459
TI  - Multiple forms of beta-amyloid peptide precursor RNAs in a single cell type.
AB  - The longest open reading frames (ORFs) of three different cDNAs ([10, 12, 18,
      26], and this report) contain the exact 42 amino acid (aa) sequence of the beta
      amyloid peptide (BAP) which is selectively deposited in Alzheimer's diseased (AD)
      brains. Each of the three cDNAs for the putative amyloid peptide precursor (APP)
      has been cloned from a different cell type. Using an HL 60 library, we have
      cloned two of these three APP cDNAs from a single cell type. The sequences of the
      HL 60 cDNAs are identical to the APP 751 and to the APP 770 forms of APP cDNAs.
      Northern blots show that oligonucleotide probes drawn from unique regions of the
      APP 751 and APP 770 cDNAs both hybridize to 4.0 Kilobase (Kb) and to 1.6 Kb APP
      RNAs from HL 60 cells. In human adult brain, an oligonucleotide probe drawn from
      the unique region of the APP 751 cDNA hybridizes to a 3.5 Kb APP RNA. However, a
      DNA probe drawn from the BAP region, which is common to the 695, 751, and 770
      forms of APP cDNAs, hybridizes to 3.5, 3.2 and 1.6 Kb APP RNAs. Taken together,
      these results show that at least two forms of APP RNAs can exist within a single
      cell type and that the diversity of possible APP RNAs and complexity of their
      expression may have been underestimated. Thus, in addition to identifying the
      cells which produce BAP, a new challenge consists of determining which form of
      forms of APP RNAs and hence APP proteins are associated with BAP deposition in AD
      and Down syndrome (DS).

PMID- 2903460
TI  - Corticosterone decreases 3H-glutamate binding in rat hippocampal formation.
AB  - The effect of in vivo corticosterone manipulation on binding sites for the
      excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate was determined using radioligand binding to
      rat brain cryostat sections and crude synaptic membranes. 3H-glutamate binding to
      regions of the dorsal hippocampal formation was significantly decreased in
      adrenalectomized animals following 5-10 days of corticosterone treatment.
      Corticosterone did not alter 3H-glutamate binding in several other brain regions.
      The loss in 3H-glutamate binding appeared to be due to a decrease in the maximal
      number of binding sites, with little change in binding affinity. Both chloride
      dependent and chloride-independent 3H-glutamate binding sites were decreased by
      corticosterone treatment. results indicate that corticosterone can selectively
      alter binding sites for excitatory amino acids in hippocampal tissue.

PMID- 2903461
TI  - Effects of systemic and intracerebroventricular cysteamine on dexamethasone
      induced suppression of corticosterone levels in the rat.
AB  - To investigate whether somatostatin systems plays a significant role in the
      regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the effects of cysteamine,
      a drug which reduces somatostatin levels, on the dexamethasone-induced
      suppression of plasma corticosterone levels were examined in the rat. Male Long
      Evans rats were handled daily for 1 week prior to receiving a standard
      dexamethasone suppression test. On the 1st day, rats received a 9.00 a.m. saline
      injection and blood samples were taken from the tail at 1.00 p.m. On the 2nd day,
      rats received dexamethasone or saline at 9.00 a.m. and a second blood sample was
      taken at 1.00 p.m. Experimental groups were pretreated with systemic injections
      of cysteamine, 5 min or 14 h, prior to receiving dexamethasone. Additional
      groups, previously implanted with guide cannulae, were given an infusion of
      cysteamine or saline into the lateral ventricle 14 h prior to dexamethasone.
      Circulating corticosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Rats were
      sacrificed immediately following each experiment and the hypothalamus dissected
      and assayed for levels of somatostatin immunoreactivity. The results of the first
      experiment showed that dexamethasone (10 micrograms/kg) alone reduced plasma
      corticosterone levels from control values (174 +/- 36 ng/ml) to undetectable
      levels (less than 25 ng/ml). Pretreatment with cysteamine 5 min prior to
      dexamethasone, while having no significant effect on basal corticosterone levels,
      completely blocked the dexamethasone-induced suppression of corticosterone
      levels. Similar observations were obtained with rats pretreated with cysteamine
      14 h prior to dexamethasone. In contrast, intracerebroventricular cysteamine
      pretreatment did not block the dexamethasone-induced suppression of
      corticosterone levels. These results add further evidence in support of an
      involvement of somatostatin systems in the regulation of the hypothalamic
      pituitary-adrenal axis.

PMID- 2903462
TI  - Changes in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuron activity during the rat estrous
      cycle in relation to the prolactin surge: alteration by a mammary carcinogen.
AB  - An attempt was made to correlate the physiological or the
      dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-enhanced serum prolactin (PRL) surge, which
      occurs in the afternoon of proestrus in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, with
      physiological or pathological changes in two biochemical estimates of the
      tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neuron activity. Dopamine (DA) and
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations as well as tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) activity were measured in the median eminence (ME) of control or DMBA
      pretreated SD rats throughout the estrous cycle in relation to PRL secretion. In
      both groups of females, while the DA content was fairly constant, the DOPAC
      content and TH activity in the ME fluctuated markedly throughout the estrous
      cycle. Thus, in control animals, the DOPAC content, DOPAC/DA ratio and TH
      activity which were stable on the days of diestrus and morning of proestrus were
      markedly decreased at noon and early afternoon when serum PRL levels began to
      rise. Later in the afternoon of proestrus, when serum PRL levels were maximal,
      there was a marked but transient increase in the DOPAC content and DOPAC/DA ratio
      as well as a brief surge in TH activity. In the evening of the same day, when
      serum PRL returned to basal levels, the DOPAC content, DOPAC/DA ratio and TH
      activity were low. Finally on estrus morning, the DOPAC content, DOPAC/DA ratio
      and TH activity increased again to reach the diestrus levels. In DMBA-pretreated
      females, similar fluctuations in TIDA neuronal activity occurred during the
      estrous cycle, but the dynamics of these changes was altered: the DOPAC/DA ratio
      and TH activity first showed a marked increase in the morning of proestrus day,
      before decreasing dramatically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903463
TI  - Effect of minaprine on synaptic transmission in the neocortex of the rat in vivo.
AB  - The effects of minaprine and/or excitatory amino acid antagonists on
      transcallosal responses were examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. The
      transcallosal response was recorded from the surface of the anterior neocortex,
      following electrical stimulation of the contralateral corpus callosum. The
      transcallosal response consisted of a biphasic positive-negative waveform.
      Intravenously-administered minaprine increased the amplitude of the positive- and
      negative-waves, in a dose-dependent manner. Intracortical injection of (+/-)-2
      amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) and gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG) reduced the
      amplitude of the negative-wave, with no effects on the amplitude of the positive
      wave. L-Glutamate diethylester (GDEE) had no effect on the transcallosal
      response. The minaprine-induced increase in the amplitude of the negative-wave
      was completely antagonized by simultaneous intracortical injections of APV and
      DGG which, per se, did not affect that transcallosal response. In contrast, APV
      and DGG had no effect on the increase in the amplitude of the positive-wave
      induced by minaprine. The enhancing effect of minaprine on the transcallosal
      response remained unaltered in case of an intracortical injection of GDEE. These
      findings indicate that the negative-wave of the transcallosal response may be
      related to receptors for excitatory amino acids. The possibility that the
      pharmacological action of minaprine on synaptic transmission in the neocortex may
      be linked to the excitatory amino acid receptors warrants further attention.

PMID- 2903464
TI  - Sardinian multiple sclerosis is associated with HLA-DR4: a serologic and
      molecular analysis.
AB  - HLA haplotypes in 45 unrelated Sardinian multiple sclerosis patients and in six
      multiplex families were defined, using both serologic and restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. In unrelated MS patients, we found an
      association with HLA-DR4 (p less than 0.01, relative risk = 2.5) and DQw3 (p less
      than 0.04, relative risk = 2.2). Using a beta-DR cDNA probe, we observed no
      variation of the DR4 RFLP profile in sporadic or related MS patients compared
      with DR4-specific pattern in controls. Using a beta-DQ cDNA probe, we identified
      two DQw3 patterns (DQw3.1 and DQw3.2) with similar frequency in patients and in
      controls. No specific RFLPs were observed in association with different disease
      courses. The frequency of haplotype sharing in affected members of multiplex
      families was not different from that expected by chance. This study shows that
      Sardinian MS patients carry predominantly the HLA-DR4 allele, in contrast to the
      DR2 prevalence reported in Caucasian populations. The lack of association with
      HLA haplotypes in affected members of multiplex families may indicate that
      genetic factors outside the HLA system play a substantial role in families with
      MS.

PMID- 2903465
TI  - One-year prevalence of lower extremity injuries among active duty military
      soldiers.

PMID- 2903466
TI  - [Clinical experimentation with a new antihistaminic molecule in allergic
      conjunctivitis].
AB  - Current pathogenetic and symptomatological knowledge of allergic conjunctivitis
      and its treatment with a recently synthesised antihistaminic molecule,
      Astemizole, is reported.

PMID- 2903467
TI  - Pharmacological evidence that somatostatin activates the m-current in hippocampal
      pyramidal neurons.
AB  - In the in vitro hippocampal slice somatostatin has been shown to cause a direct
      hyperpolarization of CA 1 pyramidal neurons by increasing a potassium conductance
      which is resistant to blockade by tetraethylammonium 4-aminopyridine, or cesium
      ions. Results reported here demonstrate that this somatostatin-induced
      hyperpolarization is blocked by 1 mM barium and 5 x 10(-5) M carbachol, with the
      action of carbachol being reversed by atropine. Barium and carbachol both
      inactivate the m-current and these results suggest that somatostatin may exert
      its hyperpolarizing action on CA1 pyramidal cells by activation of the m-current.

PMID- 2903468
TI  - Effect of carbamazepine on stimulus-evoked Ca2+ fluxes in rat hippocampal slices
      and its interaction with A1-adenosine receptors.
AB  - In rat hippocampal slices superfused with a medium lacking Mg2+ ions, CA1 neurons
      generated burst discharges which were sensitive to blockade by 2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and antagonized by 20-50 microM carbamazepine (CBZ).
      Decreases of [Ca2+]o (delta Ca), evoked by repetitive synaptic activation, were
      reduced in the presence of CBZ by 20-50%, associated with a reduced membrane
      depolarization. CBZ also abolished an APV-sensitive increase of delta Ca in the
      synaptic area elicited by theophylline. CBZ inhibited binding of the A1-adenosine
      receptor antagonist, [3H]8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine [( 3H]DPCPX), in a
      dose-dependent manner. The displacement curve was shifted to the left in the
      presence of guanine nucleotide, suggesting that CBZ acts as an antagonist at A1
      receptors. It is concluded that CBZ exerts its electrophysiological actions in
      the hippocampus at a site beyond the ligand recognition moiety.

PMID- 2903469
TI  - Non-competitive antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors protect cortical
      and hippocampal cell cultures against glutamate neurotoxicity.
AB  - Brief exposure of cortical or hippocampal cell cultures to glutamate (500 microM)
      resulted in a progressive neuronal necrosis which is maximal 18-24 h later.
      Pretreatment of the cultures by a phencyclidine derivative: thienylphencyclidine
      (TCP), or the TCP precursor: GK86, or MK801 protected against glutamate toxicity.
      Non-competitive antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors appear as potent
      tools for the in vitro protection of neuronal cells against excitatory amino acid
      toxicity.

PMID- 2903470
TI  - Release of proteins during long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of the
      anaesthetized rat.
AB  - Using a push-pull device, the release of endogenous proteins in the extracellular
      space was investigated in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of anaesthetized
      rats. With low-frequency stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals, there was a
      relatively stable release of 5 proteins (64, 54, 48, 45 and 16 kDa). A train of
      high-frequency stimulation produced a long-lasting enhancement of the negative
      field EPSP and a delayed (90-120 min) enhancement of the release of these
      proteins. An additional 19 kDa protein was present only 90 min after the train.
      These observations raise the possibility that release of proteins might be
      involved in the maintenance of LTP.

PMID- 2903472
TI  - Endogenous GABA released into the fourth ventricle of the rat brain in vivo is
      enhanced by noxious stimuli.
AB  - In vivo release of endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid
      into the 4th ventricle of the rat brain in response to noxious stimuli was
      examined. Both these compounds were dansylated and the concentrations determined,
      using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with an UV detector.
      Following noxious stimuli (subcutaneous injection of diluted formalin into the
      hind-paw or noxious pinch of the hind-paws), there was a remarkable release of
      GABA, but not of glutamic acid. Basal on our heretofore obtained data that
      bicuculline methiodide, a GABAA antagonist, produces a potent analgesia in mice,
      the present results suggest that the GABAergic system in the brain stem may
      promote nociceptive transmission in rats.

PMID- 2903471
TI  - Blockade of excitatory synaptic transmission by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3
      dione (CNQX) in the hippocampus in vitro.
AB  - Superfusion of hippocampal slices with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
      (CNQX, 2-5 microM) reversibly blocked the Schaffer collateral and mossy fibre
      excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), while sparing the fast and slow gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition. Membrane potential, input
      resistance and spike accommodation were not altered. Inward currents induced by
      quisqualate were reduced to a greater extent by CNQX than those induced by
      kainate or N-methyl-D-aspartate. We suggest that CNQX may be a useful antagonist
      to study excitatory amino acid-mediated synaptic transmission.

PMID- 2903473
TI  - Non-competitive inhibition of GABA currents by phenothiazines in cultured chick
      spinal cord and rat hippocampal neurons.
AB  - The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibiting properties of several classes of
      antipsychotic medications were studied using gigaseal whole-cell voltage-clamp
      techniques in cultured chick spinal cord and rat hippocampal neurons. At doses
      above 1 microM trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine and thioridazine blocked GABA
      currents in a non-competitive fashion decreasing the maximal transmitter response
      without altering the half-maximal effective concentration. In contrast,
      haloperidol was ineffective against GABA at concentrations up to 100 microM.
      Among the agents studied trifluoperazine was the most potent GABA inhibitor with
      half maximal effect at 12 microM. Trifluoperazine (100 microM) also inhibited
      glycine-gated chloride currents in spinal cord neurons to an extent comparable to
      GABA (85 +/- 6% inhibition) but reduced glutamate currents by less than 35% in
      either spinal cord or hippocampal neurons.

PMID- 2903474
TI  - Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) modified excitability of spinal cord dorsal
      horn cells.
AB  - Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) has been identified recently in fibers and
      cell bodies in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, but its function in the dorsal
      horn is not known. The present study investigated the effects of TRH applied by
      iontophoresis on the excitability of dorsal horn cells that were responsive to
      mechanical stimulation of the ipsilateral hindlimb. TRH facilitated glutamate
      induced firing of these cells without directly driving the cells in the absence
      of glutamate. These results suggest that TRH may modulate transmission of
      somatosensory information in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2903475
TI  - Administration of GM1 ganglioside eliminates neuroleptic-induced sensorimotor
      deficits in MPTP-treated mice.
AB  - Injection of a low dose of haloperidol, that has no obvious behavioral effects in
      normal mice, produces akinesia, catalepsy, and sensory neglect in MPTP-treated
      mice. GM1 ganglioside treatment eliminates all of these behavioral impairments
      and also partially restores striatal dopamine content. These observations suggest
      that the MPTP-treated mouse may be a valuable model for studying mechanisms
      underlying parkinsonism and that administration of GM1 ganglioside may be an
      effective therapy.

PMID- 2903476
TI  - Ketamine blocks an NMDA receptor-mediated component of synaptic transmission in
      rat hippocampus in a voltage-dependent manner.
AB  - We have examined the voltage dependence of the effects of ketamine on synaptic
      currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro under conditions where there is a
      large N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediated component of the response.
      Ketamine reduced inward currents to a greater extent than outward currents of a
      corresponding size. D-2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) substantially reduced the
      residual outward currents recorded in ketamine, but had only a small effect on
      the residual inward ones. It is concluded that in this system the action of
      ketamine in blocking synaptically evoked NMDA receptor-mediated currents shows
      some voltage dependence.

PMID- 2903477
TI  - [Histological study of splenic colonies at different times following the
      transplantation of hematopoietic cells from embryonic liver].
AB  - Histological analysis was carried out on the hemopoietic spleen colonies within 7
      and 11 days after transplantation of the embryonic liver cells. Large superficial
      colonies were always present and were, predominantly, erythroid and mixed. Small
      superficial colonies consisted of undifferentiated cells and, unlike large
      colonies, appeared on the 11th day only. In the spleen thickness erythroid
      colonies predominated. The possibility of formation of small superficial 11 day
      colonies at the expense of pre-CFU-S is discussed.

PMID- 2903478
TI  - [Biochemical changes in the liver of the rat after ligation of the common bile
      duct].

PMID- 2903479
TI  - Monitoring serum aminoglycoside concentrations in children with amphotericin B
      nephrotoxicity.
AB  - We prospectively studied the effect of amphotericin B therapy on aminoglycoside
      clearance in 20 consecutive children during the remission-induction phase of
      chemotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia. Increases (greater than 50%) in the
      half-life for aminoglycoside excretion were not associated with antileukemic or
      aminoglycoside therapy alone but occurred in 12 of 17 children when amphotericin
      B was added to the antimicrobial regimen. Seven children had impaired
      aminoglycoside clearance without increases (greater than 50%) in serum
      creatinine; hence the resulting adjustments in aminoglycoside dosage would not
      have been made had we relied solely on serial measurements of serum creatinine.
      Evidence for increased excretion of the renal enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase during amphotericin B therapy
      suggested that damage to proximal tubular cells may contribute to the renal
      impairment that has been associated with this drug. Our findings underscore the
      value of monitoring serum aminoglycoside concentrations in children being treated
      with amphotericin B.

PMID- 2903480
TI  - Surfactant replacement therapy for severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome:
      an international randomized clinical trial. Collaborative European Multicenter
      Study Group.
AB  - In a randomized multicenter trial, involving the collaboration of eight European
      neonatal intensive care units, the efficacy of replacement therapy with a new
      surfactant preparation (Curosurf) was tested in 146 patients with severe neonatal
      respiratory distress syndrome. Criteria for entry included birth weight 700 to
      2,000 g, age when treated two to 15 hours, and requirement of artificial
      ventilation with FiO2 greater than or equal to 0.6. The babies were treated with
      a single large dose of surfactant (200 mg/kg) at a median age of nine hours
      (range two to 15 hours). Average FiO2 before treatment was the same (0.80) for
      both surfactant-treated patients and control patients. Babies receiving
      surfactant showed, within five minutes, a dramatic improvement of oxygenation as
      reflected by a nearly threefold increase of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Six hours after
      randomization, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio still showed a 98% improvement in surfactant
      treated patients compared with controls (P less than .001), and statistically
      significant differences in favor of the treated babies persisted until 48 hours
      after randomization, when surviving control infants began to recover. Treatment
      with surfactant decreased neonatal (less than or equal to 28 days) mortality from
      51% to 31% (P less than .05). Compared with control babies, the surfactant
      treated group also had a decreased incidence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema
      (23% v 39%; P less than .05) and pneumothorax (18% v 35%; P less than .05). The
      percentage of survivors without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the treated group
      was more than twice that of the control group (55% v 26%; P less than
      .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903481
TI  - Persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigenemia in children correlates
      with disease progression.
AB  - In a longitudinal study, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigen (HIV
      Ag) was measured in serum specimens from 54 children with HIV-1 infection
      followed for a median duration of 17 months. The persistent detection of free HIV
      Ag in a group of 25 children was associated with clinical deterioration in 22
      (88%) and a mortality of 52%, whereas the persistent nondetection of free HIV-Ag
      in a group of 18 children was associated with clinical deterioration in five
      (28%) and a mortality of 11% during the period of observation. Nine children had
      transient HIV-1 antigenemia and two children converted from HIV-Ag negative to
      positive during the study. Free HIV-Ag levels varied inversely with antibody
      reactivity to viral core proteins p24 and p17 determined by Western immunoblot,
      suggesting either the formation of immune complexes or a balance between viral
      expression and the host immune response. Five mother-infant pairs were studied
      for HIV-Ag expression in the perinatal period. In three of these pairs, both
      mother and infant were HIV-Ag negative, in one pair the mother had high levels of
      HIV-Ag and the infant was HIV-Ag negative. In the remaining mother-infant pair,
      the neonate became HIV-Ag positive but the mother was HIV-Ag negative prepartum
      and postpartum. These data suggest that HIV-Ag probably does not cross the
      placenta and that the detection of free HIV-Ag in the offspring of a HIV-1
      infected mother most likely indicates viral infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2903483
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCT96.1 and pMCT96.2) on
      chromosome 9q [D9S14].

PMID- 2903482
TI  - Random oligonucleotide mutagenesis: application to a large protein coding
      sequence of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene, H-2DP.
AB  - We have used random oligonucleotide mutagenesis (or saturation mutagenesis) to
      create a library of point mutations in the alpha 1 protein domain of a Major
      Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule. This protein domain is critical for T
      cell and B cell recognition. We altered the MHC class I H-2DP gene sequence such
      that synthetic mutant alpha 1 exons (270 bp of coding sequence), which contain
      mutations identified by sequence analysis, can replace the wild type alpha 1
      exon. The synthetic exons were constructed from twelve overlapping
      oligonucleotides which contained an average of 1.3 random point mutations per
      intact exon. DNA sequence analysis of mutant alpha 1 exons has shown a point
      mutant distribution that fits a Poisson distribution, and thus emphasizes the
      utility of this mutagenesis technique to "scan" a large protein sequence for
      important mutations. We report our use of saturation mutagenesis to scan an
      entire exon of the H-2DP gene, a cassette strategy to replace the wild type alpha
      1 exon with individual mutant alpha 1 exons, and analysis of mutant molecules
      expressed on the surface of transfected mouse L cells.

PMID- 2903484
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMCT15) on chromosome 21
      [D21S113].

PMID- 2903485
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pRMR6) on chromosome 20
      [D20S20].

PMID- 2903486
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNZ94) on chromosome 17
      [D17S80].

PMID- 2903487
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEKMDA2-I) on chromosome 16
      [D16S83].

PMID- 2903489
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH28) on chromosome 7p
      [D7S371].

PMID- 2903488
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pKKA12) on chromosome 7
      [D7S398].

PMID- 2903490
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD6) chromosome 6 [D6S41].

PMID- 2903491
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNZ132) on chromosome 6
      [D6S40].

PMID- 2903492
TI  - RFLP for TaqI at the human tyrosinase locus.

PMID- 2903493
TI  - Effect of product form on the microbiological growth support characteristics of
      turkey meat products.
AB  - Effects of product form classifications, consisting of intact turkey drumsticks,
      dark meat trim tissue, and mechanically deboned meat, on microbiological
      concentrations were evaluated. Samples were inoculated with actively growing
      cultures of Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens to increase naturally low
      bacterial populations prior to being placed at 1 C and 10 C for storage
      evaluations. Growth support potential for all product forms stored at 10 C was
      extensive, making it difficult to characterize individual product form effects.
      Results from samples stored at 1 C indicated that emulsion and trim tissue
      afforded the greatest growth support potential, probably due to the increased
      nutrient availability and potential protective effects of the environment
      associated with the increased surface area of these tissues.

PMID- 2903494
TI  - Neuroinhibition of xylazine induced emesis.
AB  - Xylazine produces retching and vomiting presumably by activation of the
      chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). The purpose of this project was to investigate
      whether neuroinhibition can prevent xylazine vomiting. Inhibitory neurons in the
      cervical vagus nerve of cats were stimulated with implanted cuff electrodes.
      Female cats, weighing from 3 to 4 kg, were anaesthetized with pentobarbital for
      surgical implantation of electrodes. After full recovery from surgery, animals
      were tested in weekly sessions. Stimulation was via a pulse generator connected
      to photon coupled linear isolator supplying constant current. Videotape was used
      to record observations. The range of effective stimulation was 1-10 ma, 4-100 Hz
      and 0.3-0.6 msec. Stimulation was initiated thirty sec. after subcutaneous
      injection of xylazine, 0.66 mg/kg. Stimulation of the inhibitory nerve group of
      the cervical vagus was effective in preventing vomiting in over 85% of the
      experimental trials. In addition to preventing emesis during stimulation, the
      latency of xylazine emesis was increased over control values. Repeated
      experimental trials of stimulation coupled with xylazine injection could result
      in the complete absence of emesis.

PMID- 2903495
TI  - The effects of H1- and H2-receptor blocking agents on postsynaptic potentials
      recorded from the bull-frog sympathetic ganglion.
AB  - The effects of H1-blockers (pyrilamine, diphenhydramine and promethazine) and H2
      blockers (cimetidine, ranitidine) on the postsynaptic potentials of the bull-frog
      sympathetic ganglion were studied by means of the sucrose gap method. All the H1
      blockers tested, at concentrations of 10(-6)-10(-4) M, depressed the amplitudes
      of both action and slow postsynaptic potentials in positive and negative
      directions in a concentration-dependent manner; these drugs had more potent
      inhibitory effects on postsynaptic potentials. In the case of H2-blockers, action
      and postsynaptic potentials were slightly depressed as perfusion continued at 10(
      4) M. From the present experiments, it was concluded that H1-blockers directly
      inhibit postsynaptic potentials of the sympathetic ganglions, and that this
      inhibition may be responsible for various autonomic disturbances attributed to H1
      blockers.

PMID- 2903496
TI  - Inhibition of cyclic AMP production by alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation in the
      guinea-pig spinal cord slices.
AB  - In spinal cord slices isolated from guinea-pig and preincubated with 3H-adenine,
      0.3-30 microM forskolin induced a dose-dependent increase in the content of 3H
      cAMP, the maximal increase being about 8-fold. The selective alpha 2-adrenergic
      agonist UK-14,304 (10 microM) reduced both the basal and the forskolin stimulated
      levels of 3H-cAMP by 18-32%. Dose response curves of the effect of UK-14,304 on
      cAMP production in the spinal cord slices, stimulated with 3 microM forskolin,
      showed an IC50 of 37 nM and a maximally inhibitory effect of 27%. A number of
      other alpha 2-adrenergic agonist (clonidine, guanfacine, B-HT 920 and B-HT 933)
      also inhibited the forskolin stimulated 3H-cAMP production; clonidine and
      guanfacine being almost equipotent with UK-14,304, but their maximal inhibitory
      effects being only about 6-7%. B-HT 920 and B-HT 933 were less potent and their
      maximal inhibitory effects about 16-21%. The dose response curve of UK-14,304 on
      inhibition of forskolin stimulated cAMP production was shifted almost 50-fold to
      the right by 0.3 microM yohimbine. Prazosin (0.3 microM) did not affect the UK
      14,304 dose response curve. It is concluded that alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation
      mediates inhibition of cAMP production in the guinea-pig spinal cord.

PMID- 2903497
TI  - Functional reconstitution of a proton-translocating system responsive to
      fusicoccin.
AB  - Crude fusicoccin binding proteins and a partially purified plasma membrane H+
      transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.1.34), both solubilized from maize tissues, were
      simultaneously inserted into liposomes by the freeze-thaw method. ATP-driven
      intravesicular acidification in the proteoliposomes, measured by the fluorescence
      quenching of the dye 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine, markedly increased upon
      addition of fusicoccin to the reconstituted system. This effect could not be
      observed when binding sites and ATPase preparations were separately reconstituted
      into the proteoliposomes, thus demonstrating that fusicoccin binding to its
      receptor is a prerequisite for ATPase stimulation.

PMID- 2903498
TI  - Numerous transcription initiation sites exist for the maize mitochondrial genes
      for subunit 9 of the ATP synthase and subunit 3 of cytochrome oxidase.
AB  - Transcripts for plant mitochondrial genes are frequently present as multiple size
      classes. In maize, these differences often result from variation in the 5'
      noncoding region. To determine where transcription initiates, primary
      (unprocessed) transcripts were specifically labeled in vitro by the capping
      reaction catalyzed by guanylyltransferase. Direct mapping of transcription
      initiation sites was accomplished by hybridization of in vitro-capped RNA with
      the 5' flanking sequences of mitochondrial genes and subsequent digestion with
      single-strand-specific RNases. The RNase protection experiments identified three
      transcription initiation sites for subunit 3 of cytochrome oxidase and at least
      six transcription initiation sites for subunit 9 of ATP synthase. Thus,
      transcript size heterogeneity is primarily the result of multiple transcription
      initiation sites for these genes rather than RNA processing. Primer extension
      analyses of maize mitochondrial RNA were used to precisely establish the
      sequences at the initiation sites. Comparison of sequences at transcription
      initiation sites suggests that some homology exists at these sites, although no
      highly conserved consensus sequence is obvious.

PMID- 2903499
TI  - Ethylene-regulated expression of a tomato fruit ripening gene encoding a
      proteinase inhibitor I with a glutamic residue at the reactive site.
AB  - We report the isolation from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) of an ethylene
      responsive member of the proteinase inhibitor gene family. DNA sequence analysis
      of a full-length cDNA clone indicates that the ethylene-responsive gene is
      distantly related to the tomato proteinase inhibitor I gene, having 53% sequence
      identity. The predicted amino acid sequence reveals 47% and 45% sequence identity
      with the tomato and potato proteinase inhibitor I polypeptides, respectively.
      Additionally, the ethylene-responsive inhibitor has evolved a completely
      different pattern of gene expression and inhibitory specificity than other
      members of the inhibitor I family. Gel blot hybridization experiments show that,
      unlike the tomato proteinase inhibitor I gene, it is not induced in wounded
      leaves. In contrast, it is activated by the plant hormone ethylene in leaves and
      during fruit ripening. Furthermore, the ethylene-responsive inhibitor exhibits a
      novel reactive site, having glutamic acid as the P1 residue. This suggests that
      the ethylene-responsive proteinase inhibitor does not react with chymotrypsin, as
      does proteinase inhibitor I, but that it reacts with proteolytic enzymes that
      cleave at glutamic residues, such as the Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase, for
      which no inhibitors are known. Finally, isolation and analysis of a genomic clone
      reveals that the ethylene-responsive proteinase inhibitor gene is tightly linked
      to another, yet unidentified, coordinately expressed gene. We discuss these
      results with regard to the function and evolution of proteinase inhibitor genes
      in tomato.

PMID- 2903501
TI  - Conserved upstream sequences of human class II major histocompatibility genes
      enhance expression of class II genes in wild-type but not mutant B-cell lines.
AB  - Class II major histocompatibility genes contain a conserved upstream sequence
      (CUS) that is important in the expression of these genes. This region has been
      divided into two major elements, the X box and the Y box. The ability of these
      elements to mediate transcription of a heterologous promoter was assayed upon
      transfection into a B-cell line (Raji), a class II-specific trans-acting factor
      deficient B-cell line (RJ2.2.5 cells), and a T-cell line (Jurkat). The results
      showed that the X box element was responsible for directing tissue-specific
      expression when Raji cells were compared to Jurkat cells. The X box could not
      direct expression of the heterologous promoter in the trans-acting factor
      deficient cell line, indicating that the X box is an ultimate target of the
      missing or defective factor in the RJ2.2.5 cell line. The Y box directed an equal
      but extremely low level of transcription in this system in both the mutant and
      wild-type B-cell lines, suggesting that this element is not involved in B-cell
      expression or as a target of the mutant factor.

PMID- 2903500
TI  - neu protooncogene fused to an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene requires
      immunoglobulin light chain for cell surface expression and oncogenic
      transformation.
AB  - The protein encoded by the neu protooncogene (human gene symbol NGL for
      neuro/glioblastoma-derived) is a member of the surface receptor/tyrosine kinase
      family. Though its structure suggests that it can transduce a transmembrane
      signal, neither its extracellular ligand nor its critical intracellular
      substrates are known. To explore the functional properties of the protein encoded
      by neu, we created a fusion gene that joins the cytoplasmic domain of neu to the
      extracellular portion of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The localization of the
      fusion polypeptide can then be controlled by coexpression with immunoglobulin
      light chain. In the absence of light chain, the heavy chain-neu polypeptide is
      expressed intracellularly and has no transforming activity. By contrast, in the
      presence of light chain the fusion polypeptide is expressed at the cell surface
      and produces tumorigenic foci. Thus, transformation apparently requires
      expression at the cell surface, where the neu intracellular domain can interact
      with components that are localized to the plasma membrane. The fusion protein is
      active in cellular transformation when the transmembrane domain is derived either
      from neu or from immunoglobulin, indicating that the neu transmembrane domain is
      not specifically required for transformation, although neu activation in tumors
      is known to result from a point mutation in this region. The extracellular
      immunoglobulin heavy and light chain domains of the fusion protein form a
      functional binding site that allows antigen to modulate its activity, reversing
      the transforming effect.

PMID- 2903502
TI  - Coexistence and gene expression of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase,
      tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptide tyrosine in the rat and bovine adrenal
      gland: effects of reserpine.
AB  - Expression and regulation of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMTase; S-adenosyl-L
      methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.28) and tyrosine
      hydroxylase [TyrOHase; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, L-tyrosine,
      tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] and
      the coexisting neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) were studied in rat and bovine adrenal
      medulla. By using both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, PNMTase-
      and NPY-positive cells exhibited a close overlap in bovine medulla and were
      preferentially localized in the outer two-thirds of the medulla. Although
      TyrOHase and its mRNA were observed in virtually all medullary gland cells,
      TyrOHase mRNA levels were much higher in the PNMTase- and NPY-positive cells.
      After administration of the catecholamine-depleting drug reserpine to rats, a
      brief increase, followed by a dramatic decrease, in the level of PNMTase mRNA was
      observed in the adrenal medulla. In contrast, mRNA for both TyrOHase and NPY only
      exhibited an increase, whereby the TyrOHase mRNA peak preceded that of NPY mRNA.
      Different regulatory mechanisms may thus operate for these three compounds
      coexisting in the adrenal medulla.

PMID- 2903504
TI  - Dynamic determination of kinetic parameters for the interaction between
      polypeptide hormones and cell-surface receptors in the perfused rat liver by the
      multiple-indicator dilution method.
AB  - Hepatic elimination of epidermal growth factor (EGF) via receptor-mediated
      endocytosis was studied by a multiple-indicator dilution method in the isolated
      perfused rat liver, in which cell polarity and spatial organization are
      maintained. In this method EGF was given with inulin, an extracellular reference,
      as a bolus into the portal vein, and dilution curves of both compounds in the
      hepatic vein effluent were analyzed. Analysis of the dilution curve for EGF,
      compared with that for somatostatin, which showed no specific binding to isolated
      liver plasma membranes, resulted as follows: (i) both extraction ratio and
      distribution volume of 125I-labeled EGF decreased as the injected amount of
      unlabeled EGF increased; (ii) the ratio plot [ln (inulin/EGF) versus time] of the
      dilution curve for EGF exhibited an upward straight line initially for a short
      period of time (approximately equal to 10 sec), whereas the ratio plot [ln
      (inulin/somatostatin) versus time] of somatostatin gradually decreased. The
      multiple-indicator dilution method was used for other peptides also. Insulin and
      glucagon, known to have hepatocyte receptors, behaved similarly to EGF in shape
      of their ratio plots. Thus, analysis of dilution curves can reveal whether or not
      the cell surface has receptors for certain peptides. In addition, the dilution
      curves for EGF at various doses (tracer approximately equal to 30 micrograms)
      were analyzed simultaneously based on a kinetic model incorporating the perfusion
      rate, the association rate constant of EGF to surface receptors (kappa on), the
      dissociation rate constant of EGF from the EGF-receptor complex (kappa off), and
      the sequestration rate constant of the complex. The kinetic parameters [the
      dissociation constant (Kd = kappa off/kappa on) and the number of surface
      receptors] calculated by this analysis were comparable with reported values
      obtained by in vitro direct binding measurements at equilibrium using liver
      homogenates. We conclude that the multiple-indicator dilution method is a good
      tool for analyzing the dynamics of peptide hormones--cell-surface receptor
      interaction under a condition in which spatial architecture of the liver is
      maintained.

PMID- 2903503
TI  - Bipolar cells in the turtle retina are strongly immunoreactive for glutamate.
AB  - Strong glutamate immunoreactivity was observed by both light and electron
      microscopy in bipolar cells of the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) retina
      after postembedding immunohistochemistry. Virtually all bipolar cells showed
      strong labeling, on average 18 times that of the Muller (glial) cells. The data
      suggest that both on- and off-center bipolar cells are glutamatergic.
      Photoreceptors were also labeled, but with a labeling intensity about half that
      of the bipolar cells. Other types of retinal neurons showed less
      immunoreactivity, except for a small population of strongly labeled amacrine
      cells.

PMID- 2903505
TI  - A glutamate receptor regulates Ca2+ mobilization in hippocampal neurons.
AB  - We investigated the effect of various excitatory amino acids on intracellular
      free Ca2+ concentration ( [Ca2+]i) in single mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro
      by using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2. In normal physiological solution,
      glutamate, kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and quisqualate all produced increases
      in [Ca2+]i. When all extracellular Ca2+ was removed, kainate and N-methyl-D
      aspartate were completely ineffective, but quisqualate and glutamate were able to
      produce a spike-like Ca2+ transient, presumably reflecting the release of Ca2+
      from intracellular stores. Ca2+ transients of similar shape could also be
      produced by the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. After the production of
      a Ca2+ transient a second addition of quisqualate was ineffective unless
      intracellular stores were refilled by loading the cell with Ca2+ following
      depolarization in Ca2+-containing medium. None of the conventional excitatory
      amino acid receptor antagonists inhibited the Ca2+-mobilizing effects of
      quisqualate. Furthermore alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
      (AMPA) was unable to produce Ca2+ mobilization in Ca2+-free medium, although it
      could produce Ca2+ influx in Ca2+-containing medium. Thus, glutamate can produce
      mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in hippocampal neurons by acting
      on a quisqualate-sensitive but AMPA-insensitive receptor. This receptor is
      therefore distinct from the quisqualate receptor that produces cell
      depolarization. The possibility that this Ca2+-mobilizing effect is mediated by
      inositol triphosphate production is discussed.

PMID- 2903508
TI  - RFLP analysis in familial polyposis and Gardner syndrome.

PMID- 2903506
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic agonists selectively suppress voltage-dependent K+ current in
      rat ventricular myocytes.
AB  - The effects of alpha 1-adrenergic agonists on the waveforms of action potentials
      and voltage-gated ionic currents were examined in isolated adult rat ventricular
      myocytes by the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. After "puffer"
      applications of either of two alpha 1 agonists, phenylephrine and methoxamine,
      action-potential durations were increased. In voltage-clamped cells,
      phenylephrine (5-20 microM) or methoxamine (5-10 microM) reduced the amplitudes
      of Ca2+-independent voltage-activated outward K+ currents (Iout); neither the
      kinetics nor the voltage-dependent properties of Iout were significantly
      affected. The effects of phenylephrine or methoxamine on Iout were larger and
      longer-lasting at higher concentrations and after prolonged or repeated
      exposures; in all experiments, however, Iout recovered completely when puffer
      applications were discontinued. The suppression of Iout is attributed to the
      activation of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, as neither beta- nor alpha 2
      adrenergic agonists had measurable effects on Iout; in addition, the effect of
      phenylephrine was attenuated in the presence of the alpha antagonist phentolamine
      (10 microM), but not in the presence of the beta antagonist propranolol (10
      microM). Voltage-gated Ca2+ currents, in contrast, were not altered measurably by
      phenylephrine or methoxamine and no currents were activated directly by these
      agents. Suppression of Iout was also observed during puffer applications of
      either of two protein kinase C activators, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10 nM
      1 microM) and 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (60 microM). We conclude that the
      activation of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in adult rat ventricular myocytes
      leads to action-potential prolongation as a result of the specific suppression of
      Iout and that this effect may be mediated by activation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2903507
TI  - Cross-reaction of two different somatostatin antisera with calcitonin gene
      related peptide.
AB  - Two different anti-somatostatin antisera, R-101 and OAL-273, cross-react with rat
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (1-37) (CGRP). CGRP amounts, in excess of 6.25 x
      10(-9) M, cross-react with R-101 in the somatostatin radioimmunoassay. CGRP
      amounts, in excess of 1.6 x 10(-9) M, cross-react with OAL-273. Both CGRP
      displacement curves are parallel to that of synthetic somatostatin (1-14).
      Comparison of ID50's shows that the cross-reactivity of CGRP with R-101 and OAL
      273 are 0.02 and 0.1% of somatostatin, respectively.

PMID- 2903509
TI  - Plasma amine metabolites before and after withdrawal from neuroleptic treatment
      in chronic schizophrenic inpatients.
AB  - Plasma catecholamine metabolites were measured in paired blood samples from 22
      subjects with chronic schizophrenia. One sample was drawn while patients were on
      a stable dose of neuroleptic medication; the second was drawn 6 weeks after
      discontinuation of medication. In comparison with baseline values during
      neuroleptic treatment, there was a significant increase in the plasma
      concentration of the norepinephrine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol
      (MHPG), and a trend toward an increase in the plasma concentration of the
      dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), in the medication-free subjects.
      There were no significant correlations between plasma MHPG or HVA concentrations
      and the corresponding ratings of psychopathology for these patients.

PMID- 2903510
TI  - Endocrine parameters and biogenic amines in relationship to psychopathology after
      cholinergic drug challenge (RS-86).
AB  - The centrally active muscarinic agonist RS-86 elicited a dose-dependent anergic
      anhedonic syndrome in a double-blind dose-response study in one healthy
      volunteer. At 4 and 5 mg, RS-86 induced escape from cortisol suppression by
      dexamethasone parallel to an increase in prolactin. The time course, as well as
      the absence of increases in plasma epinephrine and growth hormone, suggests that
      the changes are not due to nonspecific stress. However, there was a slight
      increase in plasma norepinephrine, tentatively dependent on the dose of RS-86. In
      12-hour urine samples the excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol and
      homovanillic acid tended to decrease in a dose-dependent manner, with a
      subsequent increase during the following nights. No systematic changes occurred
      in plasma dopamine, serotonin, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate or in plasma
      and urinary 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid or urinary vanillylmandelic acid. The
      findings are discussed in terms of the cholinergic-adrenergic balance hypothesis
      of affective disorders and biochemical findings in major depression.

PMID- 2903511
TI  - Polymorphic DNA markers and mental disease.

PMID- 2903512
TI  - Response to drugs in schizophrenia: the influence of family history, obstetric
      complications and ventricular enlargement.
AB  - A prospective study of antipsychotic drug treatment showed no difference in
      response between schizophrenic in-patients with or without a familial
      predisposition to the illness (N = 53). All patients received at least 600 mg
      chlorpromazine equivalents antipsychotic medication for 6 weeks. Ventricle brain
      ratios, ratings of cortical sulcal widening and a history of obstetric
      complications also failed to account for the variability, but early age of onset
      was associated with unsatisfactory response.

PMID- 2903514
TI  - Proton-induced transformation of Ca2+ channel: possible mechanisms and
      physiological implications.

PMID- 2903513
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive beliefs and treatment outcome.
AB  - Of 49 compulsive ritualizers one-third perceived their obsessive thoughts as a
      rational and felt that their rituals warded off some unwanted or feared event
      (the content of their obsessions). The more bizarre the obsessive belief the more
      strongly it was defended and 12% of cases made no attempt to resist the urge to
      ritualize. Neither fixity of belief nor resistance to compulsive urges were
      related to duration of illness. Patients with bizarre and fixed obsessive beliefs
      responded as well to treatment (all but three received exposure), as did patients
      whose obsessions were less bizarre and recognized as senseless. There was no
      difference in outcome between patients who initially found it hard to control
      their obsessions or never resisted the urge to ritualize and those who initially
      could control obsessions or resist rituals. One year after starting treatment,
      patients whose obsessions and compulsions had improved with treatment recognized
      their irrationality more readily and controlled their compulsive urges more
      easily. Beliefs appeared to normalize as a function of habituation.

PMID- 2903515
TI  - GAD-like and TH-like immunoreactivity in ground squirrel retina.

PMID- 2903516
TI  - Alteration of identified output synapses spared by axotomy.

PMID- 2903517
TI  - Two different release mechanisms of 3H-GABA induced by glutamate in the rat
      olfactory bulb.

PMID- 2903518
TI  - [The supra-aortic blood supply in the Takayasu syndrome determined by digital
      subtraction angiography].
AB  - In a case of Takayasu's aortitis, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed
      the detailed anatomy of patent intracerebral vessels through intraspinal and
      cervical collaterals with the only blood supply arising from the left vertebral
      artery. DSA gives not only anatomical, but also dynamic information, which means
      the direction of the blood stream is revealed.

PMID- 2903519
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for a co-transmitter role of opioid peptides in
      primary sensory neurons.

PMID- 2903520
TI  - Inhibition of lyso-PAF: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase by salicylates and other
      compounds.
AB  - Diflunisal and benoxaprofen (20-100 microM) produced dose-dependent inhibitions
      of lyso-platelet activating factor: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase in a lysate of
      rat pleural neutrophils. Salicylate and aspirin were inhibitory at concentrations
      of 1 mM and above. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid was a relatively potent inhibitor
      (I50 = 6 microM). Other compounds, including anti-inflammatory steroids,
      cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, appeared ineffective at relevant
      concentrations. Inhibitions by diflunisal and salicylate occurred at
      concentrations similar to expected plasma levels in humans at therapeutic doses.
      An inhibition of platelet-activating factor synthesis may contribute to the
      antiinflammatory, analgesic, or antipyretic actions of these compounds.

PMID- 2903521
TI  - The lung in systemic vasculitis.
AB  - Pulmonary vasculitis is usually caused by one of three disorders: (1) Wegener's
      granulomatosis (WG); (2) Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), or allergic angiitis and
      granulomatosis; or (3) a nonspecific small vessel systemic necrotizing vasculitis
      (SNV), or microscopic polyarteritis. WG, the most common cause of lung
      vasculitis, has features of a granulomatous vasculitis of the upper airway and
      lung and widespread small vessel vasculitis involving the kidneys and other
      organs. The features of pulmonary WG overlap with those of malignancy and
      infectious granulomatous lung disease; accurate diagnosis generally requires open
      lung biopsy. CSS is defined by the triad of asthma, eosinophilia, and systemic
      vasculitis. Easily accessible tissues should be biopsied, but the clinical
      features are so distinctive that tissue biopsy is not invariably required for
      diagnosis. CSS must be differentiated from other diseases that cause pulmonary
      infiltrates with eosinophilia, including infections. Nonspecific SNV causes
      diffuse alveolar hemorrhage due to pulmonary capillaritis. Concomitant segmental
      necrotizing glomerulonephritis is almost always present. Diagnosis is made by
      renal biopsy, compatible extrarenal features, exclusion of nonimmune causes of
      lung hemorrhage, and exclusion of WG to the extent possible.

PMID- 2903522
TI  - Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy.

PMID- 2903523
TI  - Neoplasia in cryptorchid men.

PMID- 2903524
TI  - Carcinoma in situ of the undescended testis.

PMID- 2903526
TI  - Cryptorchidism and related disorders.

PMID- 2903525
TI  - Contralateral testicular disease after unilateral testicular injury: current
      concepts.

PMID- 2903527
TI  - Embryological controversies in testicular descent.

PMID- 2903528
TI  - Histopathology of the undescended testis.

PMID- 2903529
TI  - Diagnostic maneuvers in cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2903530
TI  - Hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism: role of pituitary gonadal axis.

PMID- 2903531
TI  - Surgical treatment of cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2903532
TI  - [Intrinsic sympathicomimetic activity of beta blockers].

PMID- 2903533
TI  - [Sleep stages in man--physiological profile and changes induced by psychotropic
      drugs].

PMID- 2903534
TI  - [Clinical studies of the effect of the serotonin precursor, L-5
      hydroxytryptophan, on sleep disorders].

PMID- 2903535
TI  - [Urinary incontinence induced by neuroleptics--e little known complication].

PMID- 2903536
TI  - [Evaluation of the efficacy of the intravenous admixture of aspartate magnesium
      hydrochloride with beta-mimetics in the treatment of impending premature labor].

PMID- 2903537
TI  - Understanding the structure and antigenicity of gonococcal pili.
AB  - Pili--filamentous protein structures found on the cell surface of many infectious
      gram-negative bacteria--often are virulence factors that mediate adherence to
      host epithelial cells. The pilus, a major surface antigen of the gonococcus, is
      formed by the specific association of thousands of repeating identical protein
      subunits (pilin). Structural studies of the pilin protein and the pilus fiber may
      aid the rational design of a peptide-based vaccine by providing information on
      the antigenic surface of pili that includes the identification of sequence
      distant antigenic regions that are localized to single areas of the three
      dimensional structure. Preliminary results suggest that the pilin subunit has
      structural similarity to the 4-alpha-helix bundle fold in proteins such as the
      coat protein subunit of tobacco mosaic virus and myohemerythrin. Therefore, the
      monomeric protein myohemeythrin was used to identify structural correlations for
      antigenic determinants on 4-alpha-helix bundle proteins such as pilin.

PMID- 2903538
TI  - Interaction between pap-encoded pilin and adhesin gene products of uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Uropathogenic Escherichia coli are major causative agents of cystitis and
      pyelonephritis. Most E. coli pyelonephritis isolates express pili encoded by the
      pyelonephritis-associated pili (pap) gene cluster. The pap DNA sequence encodes
      pilin monomers that are assembled into pili fibers; pap also encodes adhesins
      that recent results suggest might be located at the tips of the pilus fibers. The
      study presented here is a status report of work that has two major goals: to
      determine (1) if any Pap proteins associate with pili and (2) if Pap proteins not
      required for pili assembly affect levels of pili-cell surface expression. To
      address the first aim, antisera to pili were used to precipitate pili from
      detergent extracts containing 35S-labeled Pap proteins. The results suggested
      that a protein of 16-kilodaltons apparent molecular mass associated with pili.
      Other interpretations of the data are discussed. The second aim was addressed by
      constructing E. coli strains that contained different pap regions. With the use
      of electron microscopy and a pili ELISA, it was found that E. coli containing a
      6.5-kilobase-pair region of pap expressed low levels of pili, but no P-adhesin
      was detected. Transformation of this E. coli strain with a plasmid containing an
      additional 3.5-kilobase-pair pap DNA sequence resulted in an eightfold increase
      in pili expression as well as expression of P adhesin. These results indicated
      that pili expression was affected by Pap proteins not required for pili assembly.

PMID- 2903540
TI  - Type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli: genetic regulation, morphogenesis, and role
      in pathogenesis.
AB  - Over the last several years a number of aspects related to the molecular biology
      of the type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli have been investigated with use of a
      variety of approaches, including molecular genetics, electron microscopy, and
      cell biology. With the help of these analytic tools, new insights have emerged.
      The on-and-off genetic regulation of expression, referred to as phase variation,
      has been found to be regulated at the level of transcription by the inversion of
      a 314-base-pair segment of DNA. Morphogenesis of the organelles, which depends on
      the assembly of processed subunits of 17,000-dalton mass, has been found to
      proceed from the addition of new subunits at the base, rather than at the tip, of
      the organelle. Although the precise role of type 1 fimbriae in the pathogenesis
      of E. coli infections is still somewhat obscure, new data indicate that they
      significantly potentiate the uptake of nutrients from and the delivery of toxins
      to eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2903539
TI  - Surface proteins of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis cells express multiple virulence-associated surface
      proteins, including adenylate cyclase, agglutinogens 2 and 3, filamentous
      hemagglutinin, pertussis toxin, and outer-membrane protein (Omp) 30/32 and Omp91.
      Surface proteins that are not virulence-associated include three peptidoglycan
      associated Omps of apparent molecular weights 40,000, 25,000, and 18,000. Omp40
      is an anion-selective porin and is the most abundant surface protein of virulent
      and avirulent cells. Three independent approaches--immunomicroscopy, surface
      radioiodination, and isolation of Triton X-100-insoluble envelope proteins-
      suggest that the Triton-insoluble fraction of the B. pertussis cell envelope is
      the outer membrane. Agglutinogens 2 and 3 and filamentous hemagglutinin lie
      outside the outer membrane, the first two as fimbriae and the last as a
      microcapsule. Adenylate cyclase and pertussis toxin are present in the outer
      membrane but may be present transiently or present in small amounts.

PMID- 2903541
TI  - [Small-cell bronchopulmonary cancer. New data on its cellular biology].

PMID- 2903542
TI  - The pathophysiological and pharmacological basis of peptic ulcer therapy.
AB  - Both genetic and nongenetic factors predispose to ulcer diathesis. At the mucosal
      level ulcers result from an imbalance between aggressive factors and mucosal
      defense. Ulcer therapy reduces aggressive forces, bolsters defense, or both.
      Gastric acid, the major aggressive factor, may have its secretion inhibited or it
      may be partially neutralized by antacids. H2 receptor antagonists competitively
      block histamine occupancy of H2 receptors on parietal cells, thereby preventing
      stimulation of adenylate cyclase, cAMP rises, and activation of protein kinase
      and H+/K+ATPase. Prostaglandins inhibit acid secretion largely by preventing
      histamine-induced cAMP rises. Proton pump inhibitors bind H+/K+ATPase.
      Antimuscarinics inhibit acetylcholine receptors on the parietal cell, thereby
      blocking Ca2+ entry and subsequent activation of protein kinase and the proton
      pump. Mucosal defense is enhanced by certain prostaglandins, colloidal bismuth
      subcitrate and sucralfate. Prostaglandins stimulate secretion of bicarbonate and
      mucus, among other effects. Colloidal bismuth and sucralfate bind to proteins in
      the ulcer base and stimulate bicarbonate and mucus secretion, partially, in the
      case of sucralfate, by increasing endogenous prostanoid synthesis. Sucralfate
      also binds pepsin and bile acids. Colloidal bismuth temporarily eradicates
      mucosal colonization by Campylobacter pylori, another putative agent in ulcer
      diathesis.

PMID- 2903543
TI  - Gastric enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and neoplasia in the rat: an
      indirect effect of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, BL-6341.
AB  - Oral administration of BL-6341 hydrochloride, a long-acting histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist, to rats for 2 years at doses of 10, 55 or 300 mg/kg/day resulted in
      several changes in the fundic (oxyntic) mucosa of the glandular stomach. The most
      significant alteration was a proliferation of argyrophil endocrine cells that was
      demonstrated to be enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. The ECL cell proliferation
      consisted of a continuum of changes involving diffuse hyperplasia, focal
      adenomatous hyperplasia, and carcinoid tumor formation at the highest dose level
      of 300 mg/kg. At 55 mg/kg only ECL cell hyperplasia occurred, and at the low dose
      of 10 mg/kg there were no remarkable proliferative changes. The reference
      compound, cimetidine (950 mg/kg), produced a degree of ECL cell proliferation
      that was slightly less, but not significantly different than, that observed with
      55 mg/kg of BL-6341. Dose-related elevations of serum gastrin were observed with
      BL-6341, while cimetidine produced hypergastrinemia that was generally
      intermediate between that produced by the middle and low doses of BL-6341. The
      hypergastrinemia resulted from the pharmacologic inhibition of acid secretion,
      which is the negative feedback mechanism controlling the production of gastrin.
      Only the 300 mg/kg dose of BL-6341 produced a significant, sustained (24 hours)
      hypergastrinemia and carcinoid tumors. The chronic, sustained hypergastrinemia
      was considered to be the primary cause of the ECL cell carcinoid neoplasia. All
      genetic toxicology tests performed with BL-6341 were negative. It was concluded
      that the demonstrated hypergastrinemia represents an indirect, hormonal,
      epigenetic mechanism of tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2903544
TI  - Gastric ECL-cell hyperplasia and carcinoids in rodents following chronic
      administration of H2-antagonists SK&F 93479 and oxmetidine and omeprazole.
AB  - The histamine H2-receptor antagonist SK&F 93479 induced gastric neuroendocrine
      (carcinoid) ECL-cell tumor formation in 6/34 male and 8/37 female rats treated
      for 22-24 months at 1,000 mg/kg/day po. Focal ECL-cell hyperplasia was present in
      21/34 males and 15/37 females, with local infiltration through the muscularis
      mucosae in half these cases. No focal hyperplasias or carcinoids were present
      after 200 mg/kg/day po treatment. Investigative studies showed evidence for
      marked and sustained hypergastrinemia increasing on chronic dosing which was
      capable of restoring gastric acid secretion and pH to near control values. Using
      morphometric analysis of immunoperoxidase anti-chromogranin A stained sections, a
      dose-related and time-dependent neuroendocrine ECL-cell hyperplasia was
      correlated with the sustained elevated hypergastrinemia. A 21-month mouse
      oncogenicity study showed no focal neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia or carcinoid
      tumor induction, but a diffuse neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and an increase in
      multifocal glandular hyperplasia of the oxyntic mucosa was observed in mice
      treated with 1,000 mg/kg SK&F 93479 po. The morphological changes observed in
      both rat and mouse were considered to be secondary to the hypergastrinemia
      resulting from the pharmacological suppression of gastric acid secretion by SK&F
      93479. These changes were also observed to a more marked degree following
      omeprazole treatment and were only slight following oxmetidine treatment in the
      rat.

PMID- 2903545
TI  - Morphologic stomach findings in rats and mice treated with the H2 receptor
      antagonists, ICI 125,211 and ICI 162,846.
AB  - The gross and histopathologic findings seen in the stomachs of rats and mice
      treated with 2 different H2 receptor antagonists are presented. Studies with the
      first drug, ICI 125,211, elicited dysplasia/carcinoma lesions in 17 of 828
      treated rats with 12 of the 17 lesions occurring in the pyloric region of the
      stomach. No tumors occurred in mice on study for 18 months. Studies conducted
      with another drug candidate, ICI 162,846, produced neuroendocrine carcinomas in
      the stomach of rats and mice. Twenty-five rats out of 312 treated male and female
      rats had neuroendocrine carcinomas in the gastric fundus with a higher tumor
      incidence in females. In a 24-month mouse study with ICI 162,846, 45 of 300
      treated mice developed neuroendocrine carcinomas in the gastric fundus with a
      higher incidence in males.

PMID- 2903547
TI  - Undescended testis--diagnosis, treatment and fertility.

PMID- 2903546
TI  - [Sulfasalazine or salazosulfapyridine in the treatment of rheumatoid
      polyarthritis. An open study of 46 patients. Review of the literature].
AB  - The SASP was studied in 46 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The efficacy
      criteria which were selected (decrease of the sed rate by more than 50 p. cent
      during the first hour, morning stiffness under 20 minutes, Ritchie's index
      inferior to 10 and decreased cortisone and NSAID doses), explain that 25 p. cent
      of the patients are considered as satisfied after 12 months of trial. The
      patients selected, present severe forms of the disease or forms resistant to
      other treatments. The improvement appears significant after the first month. Half
      of the patients left the trial either because of ineffectiveness, or evolutive
      relapse (21.73 p. cent) or because of side-effects (28.26 p. cent). The most
      frequently observed disorders and intolerances are of digestive nature. No
      serious accident is to be deplored. Such results are in accordance with the data
      from the literature. The SASP must therefore be considered as the fundamental
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The new galenic forms, dissolving in the
      gastro-intestinal tract, have enabled to markedly improve the digestive
      tolerance.

PMID- 2903548
TI  - Non-union of testis and epididymis. Description of an experimental model in the
      rat. Effect on testicular descent.
AB  - Most of the reported anomalies in undescended male gonads involve disruption of
      continuity in the proximal reproductive tract. In order to study the effect of
      this anomaly on the testis, an experimental model was developed. 16-day-old
      Sprague-Dawley rats were operated on. The testes were mobilized through a midline
      abdominal incision and further dissection was carried out under an operation
      microscope with 20X magnification. The efferent ducts were dissected free,
      clamped with a microclip, severed and ligated. The epididymis and testis were
      separated to the level of the inferior epididymal artery. Following surgery 11 of
      35 operated testes (31%) remained in the abdomen while three (9%) descended into
      the opposite hemiscrotum. One of these atrophied due to torsion. The rest
      descended normally as did all in the sham-operated group. No surgical
      complications were seen. At 30-37 days the non-union operated testes were
      edematous, but no tubular distension was seen. The operative procedure probably
      involves ligation of lymphatic vessels from the testis as well as ductuli
      efferentes causing an interstitial edema.

PMID- 2903549
TI  - Chromosome mapping with DNA markers.
AB  - New markers called RFLP's (for restriction-fragment length polymorphisms) can
      indicate the location on a chromosome of a disease-causing gene and serve to
      identify carriers. With enough markers one can map the human chromosomes--the
      first step toward an ambitious goal of molecular biology: sequencing the entire
      human genome.

PMID- 2903550
TI  - Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence.
AB  - The molecular and cellular actions of three classes of abused drugs--opiates,
      psychostimulants, and ethanol--are reviewed in the context of behavioral studies
      of drug dependence. The immediate effects of drugs are compared to those observed
      after long-term exposure. A neurobiological basis for drug dependence is proposed
      from the linkage between the cellular and behavioral effects of these drugs.

PMID- 2903551
TI  - Long-term synaptic potentiation.
AB  - Long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) is a leading candidate for a synaptic
      mechanism of rapid learning in mammals. LTP is a persistent increase in synaptic
      efficacy that can be quickly induced. The biophysical process that controls one
      type of LTP is formally similar to a synaptic memory mechanism postulated decades
      ago by the psychologist Donald Hebb. A key aspect of the modification process
      involves the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-ionophore complex. This
      ionophore allows calcium influx only if the endogenous ligand glutamate binds to
      the NMDA receptor and if the voltage across the associated channel is also
      sufficiently depolarized to relieve a magnesium block. According to one popular
      hypothesis, the resulting increase in the intracellular calcium concentration
      activates protein kinases that enhance the postsynaptic conductance. Further
      biophysical and molecular understanding of the modification process should
      facilitate detailed explorations of the mnemonic functions of LTP.

PMID- 2903552
TI  - Cryopreservation, culture, and transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic
      tissue into monkeys.
AB  - Studies in animals suggest that fetal neural grafts might restore lost
      neurological function in Parkinson's disease. In monkeys, such grafts survive for
      many months and reverse signs of parkinsonism, without attendant graft rejection.
      The successful and reliable application of a similar transplantation procedure to
      human patients, however, will require neural tissue obtained from human fetal
      cadavers, with demonstrated cellular identity, viability, and biological safety.
      In this report, human fetal neural tissue was successfully grafted into the
      brains of monkeys. Neural tissue was collected from human fetal cadavers after 9
      to 12 weeks of gestation and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Viability after up
      to 2 months of storage was demonstrated by cell culture and by transplantation
      into monkeys. Cryopreservation and storage of human fetal neural tissue would
      allow formation of a tissue bank. The stored cells could then be specifically
      tested to assure their cellular identity, viability, and bacteriological and
      virological safety before clinical use. The capacity to collect and maintain
      viable human fetal neural tissue would also facilitate research efforts to
      understand the development and function of the human brain and provide
      opportunities to study neurological diseases.

PMID- 2903553
TI  - A chemically synthesized Antennapedia homeo domain binds to a specific DNA
      sequence.
AB  - A peptide 60 residues in length that corresponds to the homeo domain of
      Antennapedia (Antp), a protein governing development in Drosophila, was
      synthesized by segment condensation with protected peptide segments prepared on
      an oxime resin. A footprinting assay showed that the homeo domain binds
      specifically to a TAA repeat DNA sequence in the Antp gene. Thus the Antp homeo
      domain has a sequence-specific DNA binding property. The circular dichroism
      spectra of the homeo domain peptide showed the presence of a significant amount
      of alpha-helical structure in aqueous solution and in 50 percent
      trifluoroethanol. The alpha helicity measured in water appears to depend on the
      peptide concentration, which suggests that the peptide aggregates. These results
      support the hypothesis that the homeo domain binds to DNA through a helix-turn
      helix motif.

PMID- 2903554
TI  - Slow-acting antirheumatic drugs in chronic arthritis of childhood.

PMID- 2903555
TI  - Sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2903556
TI  - Enterobacteriaceae: composition, structure and function of the cell envelope.

PMID- 2903557
TI  - [Beta 2 agonists].

PMID- 2903559
TI  - [Beta blockers].

PMID- 2903558
TI  - [Acromegaly].

PMID- 2903560
TI  - [Basic treatment of migraine].

PMID- 2903561
TI  - Angina as a symptom of psychiatric illness.
AB  - We retrospectively studied all patients who had normal coronary angiograms at The
      Methodist Hospital during the year 1984 (8% of all angiograms). Patients were
      surveyed eight to 18 months after angiography. Of the 216 patients (83% of total
      sample), 130 were female and 86 male. Sixty-three percent of the women and 50% of
      the men satisfied the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, and 20%
      satisfied the criteria for panic attacks. On the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)
      Somatization Scale, 64% had scores above the average reported for psychiatric
      outpatients. Eighty-one percent received only reassurance about the absence of
      heart disease, and 25% received continuing nitrate therapy in the absence of
      heart disease. A majority of these patients remain untreated functional "cardiac
      neurotics" with untreated anxiety symptoms. We make suggestions regarding a
      clinical profile to identify these patients and appropriate measures to avoid
      prolonged disability.

PMID- 2903562
TI  - Somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in patients with gastrinomas.
AB  - We have examined the effects of the somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in 10
      patients with gastrinoma syndrome. Four had hepatic metastases, one had a tumor
      in a peripancreatic lymph node, two had resectable intrahepatic and intraduodenal
      gastrinomas, and in three the primary tumor was not found. Acutely, SMS 201-995
      decreased acid secretion and restored the BAO/MAO ratio to normal in eight of
      eight patients. Basal and secretin-stimulated gastrin responses were suppressed
      but not normalized in eight of eight patients. Suppression of endogenous gastrin
      restored responsiveness to exogenous gastrin. Treatment for up to 12 months with
      SMS 201-995 controlled symptoms in six of eight patients, suppressed serum
      gastrin in three of five, and suppressed acid secretion in three of three
      patients. Treatment with SMS 201-995 in three patients for 5 months decreased
      tumor secretion of gastrin and diminished basal acid secretion, an effect that
      persisted in two of three patients 48 hours after withdrawal of SMS. In patients
      with metastatic disease who had high levels of gastrin, SMS treatment for 5 to 12
      months did not inhibit tumor growth or decrease gastrin levels. SMS treatment
      arrested progression of tumor growth only in patients who had a reduction in
      gastrin and gastric acid secretion. We conclude that SMS may be useful in the
      management of gastrinoma patients by decreasing hypersecretion of gastrin and
      gastric acid and, over a longer term, may even change tumor capacity to release
      gastrin and gastric acid secretion. SMS may thus be useful as a palliative agent
      and as an adjunct to conventional treatment of the gastrinoma syndrome. SMS does
      not appear to shrink tumor mass in patients with very high basal gastrin levels.

PMID- 2903563
TI  - The clinical spectrum of Takayasu's arteritis.
AB  - Takayasu's arteritis is a rare inflammatory disease of the aorta, its major
      branches, and the pulmonary artery in which the varying anatomic involvement, the
      time course, and the periodicity of exacerbations give rise to a wide variety of
      signs and symptoms. We have recently encountered five patients with Takayasu's
      arteritis whose symptoms and findings demonstrate the clinical spectrum of this
      disease. All five patients are women, with a current mean age of 41 years.
      Although findings at initial evaluations included systemic manifestations and
      elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in four patients, the fifth
      patient had a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and signs of abdominal aortic
      occlusion. Two patients had a history of hypertension, and four patients
      complained of upper- or lower-extremity claudication. Arteriographic examination
      revealed aortic arch branch vessel involvement (type I) in two patients who also
      had aortic valvular insufficiency; three patients had combined arch vessel and
      distal aortic disease (type III). All patients have been maintained on steroid
      medications, and one patient has undergone a trial of cytotoxic agents. Three
      patients underwent surgical procedures: aortic valve replacement in two patients,
      and aortorenal bypass in one patient. Takayasu's arteritis gives rise to a
      variety of symptoms and findings resulting from the distribution and severity of
      the inflammatory process. With adequate immunosuppression and selective
      application of surgical therapy, there is a good prognosis for survival and a
      return to functional status.

PMID- 2903564
TI  - Effects of somatostatin and its analogues on dispersed gastric mucosal cells.

PMID- 2903565
TI  - Ultrastructural characterization and GAD co-localization of somatostatin-like
      immunoreactive neurons in CA1 of rabbit hippocampus.
AB  - Immunocytochemical techniques have been used to identify a striking interneuronal
      population which is immunoreactive for the peptide, somatostatin. The cell
      population, which is seen most densely in stratum oriens and at the oriens/alveus
      border of the CA1 region of rabbit hippocampus, was characterized in light and
      electron microscopic observations. The cells have dendrites which extend parallel
      to and into the alveus, with occasional processes ascending through stratum
      pyramidale toward the hippocampal fissure. The dendrites receive numerous
      synaptic contacts directly onto aspinous dendritic shafts. Axon collaterals
      ramify profusely within the pyramidale region, and among the proximal apical and
      basal pyramidal cell dendrites in areas of stratum radiatum and stratum oriens.
      Somatostatin-like immunoreactive terminals make synaptic contact, primarily of
      the symmetric type, with the somata and proximal dendrites of pyramidal neurons.
      Somatostatin-like neurons are found at approximately equal density in the
      hippocampus of immature (8 days postnatal) and mature (30 days postnatal) rabbit.
      Double-labelling techniques, to identify both somatostatin-like and glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactive neurons, demonstrated that a large proportion
      of the somatostatin neurons were also GABAergic.

PMID- 2903566
TI  - Acute effects of lithium on dopaminergic responses: iontophoretic studies in the
      rat visual cortex.
AB  - The interactions between lithium and cortical dopaminergic receptors were
      investigated using the iontophoretic technique to record and apply dopaminergic
      compounds, GABA, acetylcholine and LiCl on neurons in the primary visual cortex
      of the rat. The main responses to dopamine (DA) or to the D1 agonist (+/-
      )SKF38393 on spontaneously-active (SA) or visually-driven (VD) units was a
      prolonged decrease in firing and a reduction in the responsiveness to pulses of
      acetylcholine. The D1 antagonist SCH23390, applied iontophoretically or
      intravenously, blocked or attenuated the inhibitory responses to both DA and (+/-
      )SKF38393. The D2 agonist quinpirole (LY171555) either produced only slight
      excitations or had no effects on both VD and SA units. The concomitant
      application of lithium blocked the inhibitory responses to DA and to (+/-
      )SKF38393 but did not modify the responsiveness to LY171555. In addition, the DA-
      and (+/- )SKF38393-induced decreases in responsiveness to acetylcholine were also
      suppressed by lithium. These effects were on dopaminergic mechanisms, since the
      excitatory responses to acetylcholine alone as well as the inhibitions caused by
      GABA were unchanged by the application of lithium. These results imply that the
      modifications in sensitivity to dopaminergic agents induced by lithium are
      mediated by dopamine D1 receptors and are discussed in relation to adenylate
      cyclase.

PMID- 2903567
TI  - Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in Parkinson's disease dementia
      with Alzheimer's changes.
AB  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity
      (NPYLI) were measured in postmortem brain tissue from 12 control patients and 13
      demented Parkinsonian patients who had Alzheimer-type cortical pathology. Twenty
      two cortical regions were examined. Significant reductions in cortical SLI were
      found in 17 regions, while significant reductions in cortical NPYLI were found in
      nine regions. The reductions in SLI were typically 50-60%, while NPYLI reductions
      were 20-30%. These findings are similar to those in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and
      are consistent with a previous report of a dissociation between reductions in SLI
      and NPYLI in Parkinson's disease (PD) with dementia.

PMID- 2903568
TI  - Electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of identified
      nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons in the rat.
AB  - Extracellular single-unit recording techniques were used to compare the basal
      activity and pharmacological responsiveness of identified nigrostriatal and
      mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA)-containing neurons. The projection area of each DA
      cell was determined by antidromic activation techniques. The forebrain
      stimulation used for the cell identification procedure did not alter the
      pharmacological responsiveness of DA neurons; the inhibitory effect of
      apomorphine (and d-amphetamine) was identical when stimulation was applied either
      prior to or following drug administration. Analysis of the spike discharge
      pattern revealed that a higher proportion of mesoaccumbens DA cells exhibited
      burst-firing activity. Although the firing pattern of the two populations of
      burst-firing DA cells was similar in many regards, mesoaccumbens DA cells
      exhibited a longer postburst inhibition than did nigrostriatal DA cells. Each of
      the DA agonists, apomorphine, pergolide, B-HT 920, and d-amphetamine, inhibited
      nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens DA neuronal activity in a similar fashion.
      However, there was a marked population difference in the recovery of cell firing
      in the 10 minutes following apomorphine-induced inhibition; the recovery of
      mesoaccumbens spike discharges was considerably slower. Although this population
      difference was apparent to some extent following administration of pergolide or B
      HT 920 (but not d-amphetamine), it was considerably less marked. The present
      findings are discussed with respect to the known regulatory control of midbrain
      DA neurons.

PMID- 2903569
TI  - A1 noradrenergic action on medial preoptic-medial septal neurons: a
      neuropharmacological study.
AB  - In an attempt to determine whether the excitatory and inhibitory orthodromic
      responses of single medial preoptic-medial septal (MPO-S) neurons to discrete
      electrical stimulation of the A1 noradrenergic region were mediated specifically
      by norepinephrine (NE) and involved different types of adrenoreceptors, a series
      of electrophysiological and neuropharmacological experiments was conducted.
      Extracellular single unit recording and local drug application techniques were
      used in female rats under urethane anesthesia. Chemical lesion of the
      catecholaminergic nerve terminal plexus in the medial preoptic area with 6
      hydroxydopamine abolished both excitatory and inhibitory orthodromic effects of
      A1 region stimulation on MPO-S neurons, suggesting the noradrenergic nature of
      the effects. This conclusion was corroborated by the observation that the
      orthodromic effects were mimicked by locally applied exogenous NE. The excitatory
      effects were reliably mimicked by a low concentration of NE (0.5 mM; in-barrel
      concentration) and methoxamine (1.0 mM, an alpha-1 agonist), but not by either
      low or high concentrations (1 and 100 mM) of clonidine (an alpha-2 agonist) and
      isoproterenol (a beta agonist). The inhibitory orthodromic effects of A1 region
      stimulation were reliably mimicked by a high concentration of NE (50 mM),
      clonidine (100 mM) and isoproterenol (100 mM), but not by a low concentration of
      NE (0.5 mM), methoxamine (1 mM), clonidine (1 mM) or isoproterenol (1 mM). A high
      concentration (100 mM) of methoxamine mimicked the inhibitory effects less than
      40% of the time. The low concentration (0.5 mM) NE-induced excitation that
      matched the excitatory orthodromic effect of A1 region stimulation was blocked by
      phentolamine (100 mM), an alpha blocker, but not by timolol (100 mM), a beta
      blocker. On the other hand, the high concentration (50 mM) NE-induced inhibition
      that matched the inhibitory orthodromic effect of A1 region stimulation was
      blocked by timolol, but not by phentolamine. Taken together, the present results
      are consistent with the hypotheses that the ascending noradrenergic projections
      from the A1 region affect the excitability of MPO-S neurons directly through NE
      and that the excitatory and inhibitory orthodromic effects involve different
      types of adrenoreceptors, i.e., alpha-1 and beta receptors, respectively.

PMID- 2903570
TI  - Increased neuronal responsiveness to cholecystokinin and dopamine induced by
      lesioning mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons: an electrophysiological study in the
      rat.
AB  - In the rat, cholecystokinin (CCK) and dopamine (DA) coexist in a subpopulation of
      neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) projecting to the nucleus accumbens.
      However, in the dorsal hippocampus, dopaminergic projections from the VTA do not
      contain CCK, the latter neurotransmitter being mainly localized in intrinsic
      hippocampal neurons. The present experiments were undertaken in order to compare
      the interactions of CCK and DA and the effects of lesioning VTA dopaminergic
      neurons in a region where these neurotransmitters coexist and in one where they
      do not. The effects of microiontophoretic applications of CCK, kainate (KA),
      glutamate (GLU) and DA were determined in control rats and in rats pretreated
      with a local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the VTA. In the nucleus
      accumbens and in the hippocampus of intact rats, DA exerted a similar depressant
      effect whether applied during CCK-, KA- or GLU-induced activations. The 6-OHDA
      lesion enhanced responsiveness of accumbens neurons to KA, GLU and CCK (the
      responsiveness to this latter peptide being increased by more than 15-fold) and
      the depressant effect of DA when applied during neuronal activation by KA or GLU
      but not when the same neurons were activated with CCK. In the dorsal hippocampus,
      the 6-OHDA lesion enhanced neuronal responsiveness to KA and DA in the CA1, but
      not in the CA3 region, whereas the responsiveness to CCK remained unchanged in
      both regions. These results suggest a physiological role for the coexistence of
      CCK and DA in the nucleus accumbens. The induction of a supersensitivity to DA in
      the CA1, but not in the CA3, region of the dorsal hippocampus following a VTA
      lesion is consistent with the regional distribution of the dopaminergic
      innervation in this structure.

PMID- 2903571
TI  - [Laboratory assessment of HIV infection and its sequelae].

PMID- 2903572
TI  - [Niaprazine and side effects in pediatrics. Cooperative evaluation of French
      centers of pharmacovigilance].

PMID- 2903573
TI  - Thrombin-independent activation of platelet factor XIII by endogenous platelet
      acid protease.
AB  - Platelets contain factor XIII, an A subunit zymogen form of transglutaminase
      (TGase), that is activated by thrombin. In addition a thrombin-independent TGase
      (A#) was observed. A# was formed in platelet preparations lysed at acid pH, and
      its generation inhibited by protease inhibitors and alkaline pH. When maximal A#
      activity was generated in acidified lysates no further TGase activity could be
      induced by subsequent treatment with thrombin. Both FXIII zymogen and A#
      copurified as for FXIII, from either alkaline or from acidified platelet lysates
      respectively, by the conventional procedure. The pH optima, Km's for NN dimethyl
      casein, molecular weights, heat lability of active forms, requirements for
      calcium and reducing agents, and immunological characteristics of both TGases
      were the same. Studies with inhibitor substrates suggested that a thrombin-like
      cathepsin C or carboxypeptidase was responsible for A# formation. Purified FXIII
      zymogen could be activated directly by cathepsin C. Thus, the predominant, and
      probably only, TGase of platelets is factor XIII, which may be activated either
      by thrombin or by endogenous platelet acid protease(s).

PMID- 2903574
TI  - Haemophilia A in a female: study of a family using intragenic and extragenic
      restriction site polymorphisms.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were studied in a large
      Algerian family which includes 6 haemophiliacs and a previously described case of
      female haemophilia A. The female propositus is 66 years old with a normal
      karyotype. Her parents are first cousins. Her 3 sons are haemophiliacs and her 3
      daughters with affected children are obligate carriers. The proband has an
      excessive bleeding tendency and markedly reduced levels of F.VIII (VIII C 0.03
      U/ml, VIII Ag 0.01 U/ml) with elevated vWF Ag (2.30 U/ml), similar to the levels
      observed in affected males from the family. Four RFLPs can be identified by
      Southern blotting after digesting genomic DNA with the restriction enzymes Bcl I,
      Bgl I, Kpn I/Xba I and Taq I and hybridization with a 647 bp Stu I/Sca I F.VIII
      genomic probe, a 1.8 Kb EcoRI F.VIII cDNA probe, a 1.0 Kb EcoRI/Sst I fragment of
      intron 22 and the extragenic probe ST 14, respectively. With these four RFLPs,
      the propositus was found to be homozygous for the alleles segregating in this
      family with the abnormal X-chromosome. The carrier status was proven in a
      granddaughter and excluded in another. In conclusion, this RFLP linkage analysis
      is another argument to suggest that the propositus, a rare case of female
      haemophilia, is homozygous for the abnormal gene.

PMID- 2903575
TI  - Sulphasalazine increases fibrinolysis in the anaesthetised rat.

PMID- 2903576
TI  - Platelet function and plasma fibrinogen and their relations to gender, smoking
      habits, obesity and beta-blocker treatment in young survivors of myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Seventy-three (58 men and 15 women) survivors of myocardial infarction below 45
      years of age and 73 healthy matched controls were investigated regarding in vitro
      platelet aggregability to ADP and collagen, platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin
      and plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 and fibrinogen. The
      patients, studied 3-6 months after the acute event, had a reduced platelet
      sensitivity to prostacyclin. They did not differ from the controls regarding the
      other platelet function tests. Females had higher platelet reactivity than men.
      Smoking, obesity or beta-blocker treatment did not influence platelet function.
      The patients had higher fibrinogen levels than the controls. Gender did not
      influence, while smoking and obesity increased plasma fibrinogen. Patients on
      beta-blockade had lower fibrinogen levels than patients without this therapy. The
      high fibrinogen level and the low platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin might
      indicate an increased thrombotic liability in young myocardial infarction
      patients.

PMID- 2903577
TI  - Cytofluorometric identification of plasmin-sensitive factor XIIIa binding to
      platelets.
AB  - We have investigated the binding of blood coagulation factor XIIIa to thrombin
      stimulated platelets using cytofluorometric analysis. Washed thrombin-stimulated
      platelets bound exogenously added factor XIIIa in a calcium-dependent reaction.
      The expression of endogenous platelet factor XIII was also detected on the
      surface of thrombin-stimulated platelets. When fluorescence analysis was
      performed based on particle size, factor XIIIa bound to the surface of greater
      than 95% of particles which contained more than one platelet, but only 50% of
      single platelets. The binding of factor XIIIa to thrombin-stimulated platelets
      was inhibited by plasmin. Plasmin also inhibited thrombin-dependent expression of
      the factor XIIIa binding site on platelets. Experiments in which thrombin
      stimulated platelets were incubated with factor XIIIa in the presence of 125I
      dimethylcasein or 3H-putrescine demonstrated that platelets bear both glutamyl
      and lysyl substrates for factor XIIIa. Thrombin increased the expression of
      factor XIIIa substrates by platelets. Plasmin inhibited both the expression of
      factor XIIIa substrates and degraded them. The binding of factor XIIIa to
      thrombin-stimulated platelets and the availability of factor XIIIa substrates on
      the platelet surface could provide a mechanism by which factor XIIIa stabilizes
      the hemostatic plug by promoting crosslinking reactions between platelet membrane
      proteins and adhesive glycoproteins. In contrast, plasmin inhibition of factor
      XIIIa binding and crosslinking could disrupt hemostasis.

PMID- 2903578
TI  - [A case of food poisoning caused by C. perfringens].
AB  - A case of food borne infection among a hundred inhabitants of a home for the old
      aged, caused by Clostridium perfringens (Clostridium welchii) following
      consumption of a filled veal roll is reported.

PMID- 2903579
TI  - Expanded use of the right and left internal mammary arteries for myocardial
      revascularization.
AB  - While the use of the left internal mammary artery (IMA) has become routine in
      many cardiac surgery units there is some reluctance to utilize the right IMA. The
      reasons for this are the higher morbidity and mortality observed in the initial
      experience with bilateral IMA grafting, the limited length of the right IMA, and
      its potential injury in reoperations when used to revascularize the left anterior
      descending artery. In this series of 50 patients the right IMA was used as a
      conduit for myocardial revascularization. One hundred and fifty-nine coronary
      vessels were grafted (3.2 per patient) 67.3% with IMA and only 32.7% with vein
      grafts. The right IMA was used for 51 anastomoses and the left for 56, either as
      simple, sequential or Y type grafts. The refinement of techniques for
      constructing the IMA grafts used in this series show that the right IMA can reach
      in most of the cases the anastomotic sites of the right coronary artery beyond
      the acute margin of the heart, and it is hoped that the lateral positioning of
      the IMA pedicles will lessen the chance of graft injury at reoperation. On the
      basis of early clinical results (2% mortality and 4% sternal complications), the
      application of the right IMA seems justified electively for the revascularization
      of both left and right coronary artery systems or as a free graft in conjunction
      with the left IMA.

PMID- 2903580
TI  - Does low-dose propranolol reduce the incidence of supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias following myocardial revascularisation? A clinical study.
AB  - During 1986, 343 consecutive patients who underwent isolated coronary bypass
      grafting were given 10 mg of propranolol three times daily for six postoperative
      weeks to help prevent supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The incidence of these
      arrhythmias in this group was compared to that in a similar group of 337
      consecutive patients who underwent coronary surgery in 1984 at the same
      institution and did not receive propranolol. There was no significant difference
      in the overall incidence of such arrhythmias between the propranolol group
      (10.8%) and the control group (10.4%). In preoperatively beta-blocked patients,
      the arrhythmia incidence in the propranolol group (9.9%) was lower than that in
      the control group (13.8%) but the difference did not achieve statistical
      significance. The two groups were also similar with respect to the ventricular
      response rates at the onset of the arrhythmia and the effectiveness of
      therapeutic intervention. These results suggest that propranolol in the above
      dosage does not significantly reduce the incidence of supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias after myocardial revascularisation.

PMID- 2903581
TI  - Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary bypass surgery--a double blind
      randomized trial of prophylactic low dose propranolol.
AB  - In the present study 75 patients were double blind randomized either to receive
      10 mg propranolol orally 4 times a day (35 patients) or a placebo (40 patients).
      Episodes of clinically important supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were recorded
      in the first 4 postoperative days. They appeared in 5 of 35 patients receiving
      propranolol and in 5 of 40 patients receiving placebo (no statistically
      significant difference). In conclusion this study indicates the need for further
      evaluation to clarify if low-dose propranolol or any other drug is effective in
      reducing the frequency of SVT in the early postoperative period after coronary
      artery bypass surgery.

PMID- 2903582
TI  - HLA-DR and -DQ DNA genotyping in seven populations of Asia-Oceania and Australia.
AB  - Haplotype patterns of HLA-DR and -DQ restriction fragment length polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) were compared in seven populations in the region of Asia-Oceania:
      Australian Caucasoids, Melanesians, micronesians, Polynesians, Chinese, Koreans,
      and Japanese. Several DR beta RFLP patterns, including those correlating with
      DR2, 4,5, w6, 7 and w8 in Caucasoids, were associated with multiple DQ alpha/DQ
      beta RFLP haplotypes, of which only two occurred universally - one associated
      with DR4 and one with DR5. RFLPs revealed new population or group specific
      characteristics, which had not been previously discovered using serological or
      cellular HLA typing techniques. The populations of Asia-Oceania have some
      features of the class II RFLPs in common, which are distinctly different from
      Caucasoids. On the other hand, a number of characteristics distinguish between
      the various Asian and Pacific groups. This study demonstrates the power of RFLP
      analysis of closely linked genes in population genetics, and shows the value of
      ethnic comparisons in further characterizing the polymorphisms of the HLA class
      II genes.

PMID- 2903583
TI  - DQ Wa gives rise to a DQ beta restriction fragment pattern indistinguishable from
      that of the DQw3.2 sub-type of DQw3.
AB  - DQ beta restriction fragment patterns have been obtained from five DRw8 cell
      lines homozygous for the null DQ allele, DQWa. The enzymes Bgl II, Bam HI and Pvu
      II generate DQ beta patterns which are indistinguishable from those obtained from
      cell lines homozygous for DQw3.2.

PMID- 2903584
TI  - [The method of dry chemical analysis of trout blood with Reflotron].
AB  - Using blood, plasma and serum of rainbow trout conventional and dry-chemical
      methods (Reflotron) were compared regarding gamma-GT, hemoglobin (Hb),
      triglycerides (TG), cholesterin (Chol), and glucose (Gluc). Both methods failed
      to detect gamma-GT in trout. The dry-chemical analysis of Hb was disturbed by the
      nuclei of the erythrocytes. Plasma and/or serum showed to be convenient for the
      dry-chemical assay of TG, Chol and Gluc. The results of the dry-chemical analysis
      of TG had to be corrected by a factor.

PMID- 2903586
TI  - The effectiveness of antivenom in countering the actions of box-jellyfish
      (Chironex fleckeri) nematocyst toxins in mice.
AB  - The neutralizing ability of commercially available antivenom prepared against
      'milked' box-jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) venom was tested intravenously in mice
      against crude nematocyst venom obtained by crushing isolated nematocysts and
      against each of two lethal toxins (T1 and T2) present in this venom. The in vitro
      neutralizing ability of the antivenom against crude venom was reduced markedly
      compared with its reported neutralizing ability against 'milked' venom whilst the
      in vivo neutralizing ability of the antivenom tested in both prophylactic and
      rescue experiments involving crude nematocyst venom was reduced approximately
      threefold. When tested in vitro and prophylactically in vivo the neutralizing
      ability of the antivenom was much more pronounced against T2 than against T1.
      This finding was in accord with the view that T1 was absent from the 'milked'
      venom against which the antivenom was prepared. Doses of crude venom in excess of
      twice the lethal dose killed mice within 2-3 min emphasizing the need for speed
      in the administration of antivenom.

PMID- 2903585
TI  - S-(1,2-dichloro-[14C]vinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) in the mouse kidney: correlation
      between tissue-binding and toxicity.
AB  - Uniformly 14C-labeled DCVC and unlabeled DCVC were synthesized and used for
      autoradiographical and histopathological studies. Four hours after administration
      of [14C]DCVC (25 mg/kg body wt), a strong binding of radioactivity was observed
      in the straight proximal tubular cells. Later, the radioactivity was
      redistributed from the proximal tubules to scattered foci in the kidney medulla,
      suggesting desquamation and tubular transport of labeled epithelial cells. The
      redistribution was less pronounced at a lower [14C]DCVC dose (5 mg/kg body wt).
      Localization of [14C]DCVC was also observed in the liver, exocrine pancreas, and
      stomach (fundal part), although at a lower level than in the kidney. While the
      low dose (5 mg/kg body wt) produced a moderate lesion in the straight proximal
      tubules 24 hr after DCVC, the high dose (25 mg/kg body wt) not only induced a
      more pronounced lesion in this tubular segment but also extended the lesion to
      other tubular segments, including the subcapsular region. The results indicate
      binding of (a) vinyl-containing metabolite(s) to the straight portion of the
      proximal tubules, where a primary lesion is subsequently developed. Depending on
      dose, a "secondary" lesion appears in the subcapsular region, topographically
      different from the DCVC-binding region.

PMID- 2903587
TI  - Isolation and characterization of three lethal and hemolytic toxins from the sea
      anemone Actinia equina L.
AB  - Lethal and hemolytic toxins were purified by acetone precipitation, Sephadex G
      50, CM-cellulose and CM-Sephadex column chromatography from the tentacles and
      bodies of the sea anemone Actinia equina. The isolated toxins, with a mol. wt of
      19,000 determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, differed only
      slightly in amino acid composition and had a high tryptophan content. The
      isoelectric points were estimated to be 9.8 for equinatoxin I and 10.5 for
      equinatoxins II and III. The pure toxins exhibited high lethal potency; the acute
      i.v. LD50 in mice of equinatoxins I, II and III were 23, 35 and 83 micrograms/kg,
      respectively. The sigmoidal time course of hemolysis is characteristic of toxins.

PMID- 2903589
TI  - PEHPS medium: an alternative for axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and
      E. invadens.
AB  - Knowledge of Entamoeba histolytica biology in the last 17 years has been acquired
      largely as a consequence of this parasite's axenic cultivation in TPS-1 or TYI-S
      33 media. Unfortunately, there are often low yields in these media, due to
      variability of their main components, Panmede and yeast extract. We describe a
      medium, PEHPS, of which the main components are extracts of ox liver, and ox and
      swine pancreas (EHP). 5 strains of E. histolytica and 2 of E. invadens were
      quickly and easily adapted to PEHPS and serially cultivated for 3 years. Yields
      progressively rose initially, and then became stable. Depending on the strain,
      average yields in the last 6 months of this study were 1.3 to 3.1 x 10(5)
      amoebae/ml for E. histolytica and 5.5 to 5.7 x 10(5) for E. invadens. All the 18
      EHP batches tested supported vigorous amoebal growth. PEHPS had 2 additional
      advantages: (a) it was stable at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 9 months, and at
      -10 degrees C for at least 2 years, and (b) it supported amoebal growth with
      inocula as low as one trophozoite/ml. PEHPS avoids the variability shown by TPS-1
      and TYI-S-33, and could therefore be a good alternative for axenic amoebal
      cultivation.

PMID- 2903588
TI  - Effects of hexavalent chromium on trout mitochondria.
AB  - Trout liver mitochondria were incubated in the presence of micromolar
      concentration of potassium dichromate (Cr(VI)) under several experimental
      conditions. Cr(VI) strongly inhibited both state 3 and state 4 of respiration
      supplemented by NAD-linked substrates; it also slightly affected the respiration
      of FAD-linked substrates. Evidence is provided that the respiratory inhibition
      induced by dichromate is partially coupled to the Cr(VI) reduction mechanism
      occurring in mitochondria.

PMID- 2903590
TI  - Treatment of acute toxaemic fascioliasis.

PMID- 2903591
TI  - Conventional management of the brain-dead potential multi-organ donor.

PMID- 2903592
TI  - Office urodynamics.
AB  - Each urologist can best form his or her own set of indications for and techniques
      of urodynamic evaluation or referral. Thus, what constitutes "office urodynamics"
      in one practice does not in another. The practicing urologist should at least
      have access to filling cystometry, flowmetry, residual urine determination, and
      voiding cystourethrography. All but the last named are certainly compatible with
      any office practice.

PMID- 2903593
TI  - The activity of diagnostic enzymes and the concentration of lipids in the blood
      vessels of cattle.
AB  - Blood vessel walls are shown to contain creatine phosphokinase, lactate
      dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and aspartate transaminase activity.
      The activity of these enzymes in the serum may be enhanced by leakage from
      damaged blood vessels. The activity of the enzymes alanine transaminase and
      alkaline phosphatase as well as the content of triglycerides, cholesterol and
      lipoproteins are very low in the vascular tissue and are unlikely to be of
      diagnostic value in vascular tissue injury.

PMID- 2903594
TI  - [Initial results of genetic carrier diagnosis in risk pedigrees with hemophilia A
      and B in East Germany].
AB  - In 7 families at risk for hemophilia A 42 individuals were evaluated by the Taq I
      polymorphism of the extragenic probe St 14.1 and the Bcl I as well the Hind III
      polymorphism of the intragenic probe F8e16-19. 15 out of 20 females of the core
      families were identified as carriers, under them all of the obligate
      heterozygotes. 5 individuals were excluded as carriers. The heterozygosity for
      each of the RFLPs was found to be between 30% and 79%. Combining the single data
      in 96% heterozygosity was found under the individuals tested. A linkage
      disequilibrium was found between the Bcl I and Hind III polymorphismus of the
      probe F8e16-19. A family at risk for hemophilia B including 5 individuals was
      studied using the Taq I and Xmn I polymorphisms of the probe P1. In one of two
      females the carrier state could be excluded in the other one confirmed.

PMID- 2903595
TI  - [Modification of hemorheologic parameters by beta-receptor blockers with special
      reference to propranolol and talinolol].
AB  - There are no systematic and complex investigations regarding the hemorheologic
      action of the betablockers propranolol and talinolol. The results on the other
      ones are contradictory. On the basis of a critical survey of the literature, in
      vitro-experiments and studies in animals (rats) and humans may conclude that
      there are no remarkable deteriorations of rheological parameters in the
      therapeutic dose range. This is valid for diseases only where the haemodynamic
      regulation doesn't prevail.

PMID- 2903596
TI  - Pharmacological methods for the prevention of first and recurrent bleeding from
      esophagogastric varices.
AB  - Drug candidates for the prevention of first and recurrent variceal bleeding
      include 1) vasoconstrictors, 2) vasodilators and 3) various drugs increasing
      lower esophageal sphincter pressure. 1) Nonselective and beta 2-selective beta
      adrenergic blockers act through vasoconstriction at the level of the splanchnic
      arterioles, which adds to the effect of decreased cardiac output. Nonselective
      beta-blockers decrease portal pressure in most but not all patients by about 10
      15%. Azygos venous blood flow, however, is decreased up to 40% in virtually all
      patients. Data on the efficacy of the nonselective beta-blocker propranolol in
      the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage derived from prospective, placebo
      controlled clinical trials are controversial. While one study showed a decrease
      in both rebleeding rates and long-term mortality in alcoholic cirrhotics with
      good liver function, these positive results were not confirmed by several
      subsequent trials. It has been argued that this discrepancy might be the
      consequence, at least in part, of differences in patient selection. In contrast,
      three randomized trials did not show any difference in rebleeding rates and
      survival between propranolol and endoscopic sclerotherapy thus indicating that
      propranolol might be useful for the prevention of variceal rebleeding.
      Preliminary results of placebo-controlled trials of propranolol and nadolol for
      the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding also suggest a potential role for
      beta-blockers in the treatment of portal hypertension. 2) Vasodilator candidates
      in the treatment of portal hypertension are nitrates, calcium channel blockers,
      serotonin antagonists, peripheral alpha-adrenergic blockers like prazosine and
      central alpha-stimulators such as clonidine. The action of nitrates is most
      probably mediated by reflex splanchnic vasoconstriction consequent on peripheral
      systemic vasodilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903597
TI  - [Somatostatin deficiency, hyperinsulinism and thrombocyte aggregation in
      psoriasis].
AB  - In 59 patients suffering from chronic psoriasis, we tested the therapeutic
      effects of yohimbine and colchicine. It is well known that yohimbine, an alpha 2
      adrenoceptor-blocking agent, reduces the secretion of insulin and the platelet
      factors. 85% of our psoriatic patients showed decreased values for somatostatin,
      in association with hyperinsulinemia (88%) and low platelet counts. Successful
      therapy with yohimbine resulted in the normalization of the pathological blood
      levels.

PMID- 2903598
TI  - [Synaptic transmission in the receptors of the lateral acoustic system].

PMID- 2903599
TI  - [The neurotrophic role of thiamine].

PMID- 2903600
TI  - [Catatonic psychoses in adolescence--a case report of clinical aspects and
      therapy].
AB  - Because catatonic psychosis in childhood and adolescence is rare we have only
      scanty knowledge about the clinical picture, treatment and prognosis. Based on a
      single case study these aspects are discussed with respect to treatment course
      and outcome. A multidimensional treatment concept integrating neuroleptic
      treatment, individual and family therapy, and physical and occupational therapy
      seems to be the best approach to the severe affective and cognitive deficits.

PMID- 2903601
TI  - [Serologic diagnosis of mild, unclear and asymptomatic forms of hemorrhagic fever
      with renal syndrome].
AB  - The use of the serological method (the indirect fluorescent antibody test) for
      the examination of 255 persons coming in contact with patients having hemorrhagic
      fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) in the foci of this infection where
      outbreaks of group infection had been registered made it possible to detect mild,
      unclear and asymptomatic forms of HFRS in 17.7-20.9% of cases. The simultaneous
      titration of 317 serum samples with two antigens revealed that HFRS virus of
      serotype 1, similar to strain Hantaan from Korea, may cause, besides the
      classical forms of the disease, the development of mild and asymptomatic forms of
      this infection.

PMID- 2903602
TI  - Metoclopramide and ureteric colic.
AB  - The pain-reducing property of metoclopramide (Primperan) was compared with that
      of a narcotic combination drug (Spasmofen) in a double-blind study on 40 patients
      with ureteric colic. The tested drugs had equal pain-reducing capacity and no
      serious side-effects were noticed. Metoclopramide appears to be an alternative
      when inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis or narcotics are contraindicated.

PMID- 2903603
TI  - [The use of preanesthetic drugs and general anesthetics in hepatic
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2903604
TI  - Cardiovascular responses caused by the combination of lidocaine and vecuronium in
      the induction of general anaesthesia.
AB  - Fentanyl, vecuronium and enflurane may cause bradyarrhythmias during anaesthesia.
      Lidocaine administered before endotracheal intubation may interact
      synergistically with these agents. In this randomized and double-blind study,
      lidocaine 1 mg kg-1 (24 patients) or saline (20 patients) was given, immediately
      after glycopyrrolate 5 micrograms kg-1, fentanyl 1.5 micrograms ml-1 and
      thiopentone 3-5 mg kg-1, together with vecuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 as a rapid i.v.
      injection to healthy (ASA 1) surgical patients. Enflurane 0.8% was included in
      the inhaled gases 10 min and enflurane 1.6% 25 min after lidocaine
      administration. The plasma concentrations of lidocaine rose to a mean level of
      3.1 micrograms ml-1 (maximum 7.1 micrograms ml-1) which may affect the electrical
      conduction at various sites in the heart. There were no statistically significant
      differences in arterial blood pressures or heart rates during anaesthesia between
      the groups. The incidence of junctional rhythm was 7/24 patients in the lidocaine
      group and 5/20 patients in the saline group. Three patients in the lidocaine
      group, and two patients in the control group developed junctional rhythm
      immediately after intubation. The plasma concentrations of vecuronium were
      unaffected by lidocaine. The ratio of the unbound lidocaine to plasma protein
      bound lidocaine was at the expected level and did not differ significantly 2 and
      10 min after the injection.

PMID- 2903605
TI  - Intravenous infusion of midazolam, propofol and vecuronium in a patient with
      severe tetanus.
AB  - An adult patient with severe tetanus was successfully treated with alternating
      long-term infusions of propofol (20-80 mg/h, 8 + 3 days) and midazolam (5-15
      mg/h, 29 days) for sedation, and with vecuronium infusion (6-8 mg/h, 35 days) for
      muscle relaxation. In addition, continuous infusion of labetalol (10-20 mg/h, 39
      days) was given to control arterial blood pressure. Blood samples were taken
      daily for assays of propofol, midazolam and vecuronium plasma concentrations. No
      accumulation of propofol and vecuronium could be detected. There was an increase
      in liver enzyme activity at the end of the first 8-day propofol infusion. During
      the 4-week midazolam infusion, there were two marked plasma concentration peaks
      at times when the infusion rate was fairly stable. These changes coincided with
      pulmonary infection (C-reactive protein elevated) and ciprofloxacin treatment.
      The patient awoke rapidly after the last propofol infusion. He was unable to
      recall anything about his stay in the intensive care unit.

PMID- 2903606
TI  - Neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin neurone preservation in
      anaplastic astrocytomas.
AB  - Using immunohistochemistry, well-preserved neuronal cell bodies and fibres
      containing neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity
      have been identified in all seven supratentorial anaplastic astrocytomas studied.
      These neurones have been shown not only on the edge but also in the depth of the
      neoplastic tissue. These neuropeptides were not present in 18 other intracranial
      tumours (3 astrocytomas, 1 subependymoma, 8 glioblastoma multiformes, 1
      meningioma, and 5 metastases). In all 25 intracranial tumours studied, no
      immunoreactivity was found for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P,
      methionine-enkephalin, leucine-enkephalin, synenkephalin, neurophysin I-II, and
      corticotropin releasing factor.

PMID- 2903607
TI  - Esthesioneuroblastoma: a nasal catecholamine-producing tumor of neural crest
      origin. Demonstration of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive tumor cells.
AB  - An esthesioneuroblastoma in a 16-year-old male was studied ultrastructurally and
      immunohistochemically, using antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate
      limiting enzyme in the catecholamine-synthesizing pathway. Tumor cells were
      fairly uniform in appearance, showing scanty eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to
      oval hyperchromatic nuclei, and were arranged in nests and cords of various
      sizes. Ultrastructurally, individual tumor cells had well-developed cell
      organelles including polyribosomes, microtubules, intermediate filaments,
      centrioles, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Secretory-like granules were
      occasionally found, predominantly in the cell processes. Immunohistochemically,
      many tumor cells were shown to be immunoreactive for TH. This finding strongly
      suggested that the present tumor was capable of producing catecholamines and that
      it might be derived from certain sympathetic neuronal cell nests in the superior
      nasal cavity.

PMID- 2903608
TI  - Laser welding of titanium in dentistry.
AB  - Unalloyed titanium of the quality used for osseointegrated implants by the method
      of Branemark is also sometimes used for the metallic part of the prosthetic
      superstructure placed on the fixtures and for crowns and bridges of conventional
      type. Forty bars of titanium, 8 of ASTM B 348 grade-1 quality and 32 of ASTM B
      348 grade-2 quality, were laser-welded, using dissimilar laser joint variables.
      Tensile strength, 0.2% proof stress, and percentage elongation of the welded bars
      were measured and compared with the corresponding values for the titanium bars as
      delivered and with those of brazed type-3 gold alloy bars of similar dimensions.
      The type of fracture was evaluated from fractographs. The results showed that the
      use of certain defined laser joint variables during welding produced values for
      the mechanical properties studied which were more favorable than those obtained
      from the brazed gold bars. The fracture of the titanium specimens was ductile,
      with dimples occurring at the fracture surfaces.

PMID- 2903609
TI  - Immunocytochemical study of catecholaminergic innervation in the guinea pig
      cochlea.
AB  - The enzymes for synthesis of catecholamine, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT), have
      been immunocytochemically localized in the guinea pig cochlea. Two groups of
      catecholamine-containing neurons could be distinguished. The first group, which
      was TH-positive/DBH, PNMT-negative, was found in the inner spiral bundle and the
      tunnel spiral bundle. The other group was TH, DBH-positive/PNMT-negative, and was
      found around the blood vessels. The immunocytochemical evidence obtained in this
      experiment suggests that the catecholamines should play a functional role in the
      guinea pig cochlea.

PMID- 2903610
TI  - [Effects of DL-demethylcoclaurine on experimental heart failure].

PMID- 2903611
TI  - [Effects of nucleus raphe magnus and locus coeruleus in descending modulation of
      the habenula on pain threshold and acupuncture analgesia].

PMID- 2903612
TI  - [Mechanism of hypotensive effects of verticillatine].

PMID- 2903613
TI  - [Characterization of prostaglandin E2 receptors in the lung of guinea pigs].

PMID- 2903614
TI  - Ontogeny of the dopamine and cyclic adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate-regulated
      phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) in the pre- and postnatal mouse central nervous system.
AB  - The ontogeny of a dopamine and cyclic adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate-regulated
      phosphoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP-32) has
      been studied in the central nervous system of the prenatal, newborn and adult
      mouse. DARPP-32-immunoreactive somata were first identified at day 12 of
      gestation, in the primary olfactory cortex and in the ventrolateral medulla
      oblongata. On day 14 of gestation, neurons containing DARPP-32-like
      immunoreactivity became apparent in the caudate nucleus, olfactory tubercle,
      nucleus accumbens, frontoparietal cortex and the ventral medulla oblongata.
      During the period up to and including birth, the number of cell bodies and fibres
      in all these areas increased markedly. In addition, DARPP-32-positive neurons
      became visible in the olfactory nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, and DARPP-32
      positive cells appeared in the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth
      ventricles. DARPP-32-containing fibres could be seen in the median eminence, the
      ventrolateral thalamus, and in the striatonigral projection, descending in the
      internal capsule to ramify extensively in the substantia nigra. Only in the
      cerebellum and suprachiasmatic nucleus did the development of DARPP-32-like
      immunoreactivity occur postnatally. The development of tyrosine hydroxylase, the
      rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, was simultaneously examined.
      The arrival of the tyrosine hydroxylase-containing projection to the caudate
      nucleus, the olfactory tubercle and the nucleus accumbens apparently occurred 1-2
      days after the appearance of DARPP-32-immunoreactive cells within these regions.
      In the ventral and ventrolateral medulla oblongata, and the primary olfactory
      cortex, no tyrosine hydroxylase innervation was seen near the DARPP-32-positive
      neurons at days 12-14. The organization of the DARPP-32-containing somata of the
      caudate nucleus into aggregates of 5-15 neurons was partly paralleled spatially
      by an increased density of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibres. Many DARPP-32
      immunoreactive cells in the immature mouse brain are present by the day of birth,
      particularly in the areas known to receive a dopaminergic innervation. The
      development of these presumptive dopaminoceptive DARPP-32-containing neurons does
      not seem to be dependent on the presence, however, of a dopaminergic input, since
      in all regions examined DARPP-32-LI preceded the appearance of tyrosine
      hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity by at least 1-2 days. Indeed, the results
      suggest that the existence of DARPP-32-like immunoreactivity in cell bodies and
      dendrites may be a pre-requisite for the formation or subsequent stabilization of
      dopaminergic synapses.

PMID- 2903615
TI  - Messenger RNAs of beta-amyloid precursor protein and prion protein are regulated
      by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells.
AB  - The effect of the neurotrophic factor NGF on the expression of two genes involved
      in the accumulation of amyloid deposits in neurodegenerative disorders was
      studied in a clonal cell line, PC12. Use of hybridization methods showed that NGF
      increased the cellular pool of the mRNA of the prion protein, a macromolecule
      known to generate fibrillary aggregates in the brain of scrapie-infected animals.
      Maximal levels of prion mRNA were obtained after 7 days of treatment, but a
      significant increase was already detectable after 48 hr of exposure to NGF. In
      contrast, the factor did not increase the cellular content of the transcripts
      coding for the precursor of the beta-amyloid peptide (APP), which participates in
      the formation of neuritic plaques in human brains affected by Alzheimer's
      disease. However, NGF caused a drop in the molecular weight of that mRNA. This
      change, which is likely to result from a loss of 100-200 bp, was already detected
      after 24 hr of treatment. These results indicate that NGF induces in target
      neuronal cells a quantitative and a qualitative modification of the transcription
      products encoding two different amyloid precursor proteins.

PMID- 2903616
TI  - Studies on posthypoglycemic insulin resistance in insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Altogether 54 male patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus participated
      in the studies. The impact of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on posthypoglycemic
      insulin sensitivity was evaluated for up to 12 hours following nadir
      hypoglycemia. The effect on glucose homeostasis following transient elevation of
      counterregulatory hormones was studied by exogenous administration of adrenaline,
      adreno-corticotropic hormone and growth hormone and by suppression of the
      endogenous release of growth hormone in connection with hypoglycemia. The studies
      were performed in the fasting state preceded by a 24 hour intravenous insulin
      infusion in order to avoid interference of subcutaneous insulin. Insulin
      resistance was determined by a constant rate intravenous infusion of
      somatostatin, insulin and glucose. This test seemed appropriate for the
      evaluation of total insulin resistance, and its reproducibility was acceptable.
      By using this method it was demonstrated that insulin resistance occurred for at
      least 12 hours after a hypoglycemic event in patients with IDDM, and that
      adrenaline caused immediate insulin resistance which, however, faded out within
      four to six hours, while GH exerted no immediate effect on insulin sensitivity
      but caused marked and sustained insulin resistance after a lag period of about
      four hours. Cortisol had no apparent effect within six hours but enhanced the
      effect of GH. The magnitude of these diabetogenic effects of hypoglycemia and GH
      was less pronounced in patients who already were more insulin resistant. These
      results are compatible with the idea that adrenaline is of major importance for
      the counterregulation and restoration of blood glucose during the first few hours
      following hypoglycemia, while GH is responsible for the induction of a long
      lasting state of insulin resistance. It is possible that such prolonged insulin
      resistance may cause posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia in patients with IDDM. These
      studies therefore indicate that the GH suppressing hormone somatostatin may be of
      clinical value as an adjunct to insulin in the treatment of patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus and labile blood glucose control.

PMID- 2903617
TI  - Nonhuman primate retrovirus isolates and AIDS.

PMID- 2903619
TI  - The clinical efficacy of sulphasalazine in rheumatic disease.

PMID- 2903618
TI  - Atropine and hexamethonium-sensitive, Ca/K-modulated, reversible swelling of mast
      cells in rat mesentery, due to feeding or exposure to carbachol.
AB  - Transitory swelling of mesenteric mast cells was observed when 24 h-fasted rats
      were given access to food. Atropine, an anti-muscarinic drug given (1 mg/kg,
      i.p.) 60 min prior to feeding, prevented this response; carbachol, a
      cholinomimetic drug caused it to occur when given (2 micrograms/kg, i.v., 10 min)
      to fasted rats. Mast cells in the mesentery excised from fasted rats, presented
      swelling in vitro within 1 min following exposure to 10(-7) M carbachol. This
      response was inhibited by atropine (10(-8) M) or hexamethonium (10(-8) M),
      indicating that stimulation of a parasympathetic nerve pathway, reported to exist
      in rat mesentery, could induce mast cell swelling. Exposure to a Ca2+ free medium
      also led to rapid swelling of mast cells in the mesentery excised from fasted
      rats. This result, as well as inhibition of the mast cell response to carbachol
      caused by increasing the Ca2+ (but not by increasing the Mg2+) content of the
      incubation medium, suggests that swelling was caused by a sudden decrease of Ca
      at mast cell membrane sites controlling ion/water fluxes. Mast cells swollen by
      feeding, carbachol or Ca-lack, reverted to their original condition within 20 min
      when incubated in balanced salt buffer. Such reversal did not occur in a KCl
      enriched medium. An equivalent (in terms of ionic strength), increase in NaCl,
      did not reproduce this effect, indicating that mast cells have K+-dependent means
      of compensating for endogenously or drug-induced volume changes. Swelling caused
      by cholinergic stimulation of mast cells was not accompanied by granule
      exocytosis.2+ carbachol-treated rat blood in vivo or in vitro, is discussed in
      terms of putative mast cell-controlled, localized homeostasis in the rat
      mesentery.

PMID- 2903620
TI  - [The effect of bunazosin hydrochloride on the intraocular pressure and the
      aqueous humor dynamics of the rabbit eye].

PMID- 2903621
TI  - T lymphocyte subsets in Mediterranean spotted fever.
AB  - Several studies have previously suggested the possible role of a T lymphocyte
      suppressor population in infections by species of the genus Rickettsia. In 15
      patients with Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF), we quantified, during the acute
      and convalescent phases of the disease, the peripheral blood lymphocyte
      populations using monoclonal antibodies that recognize CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD38+
      and CD20+ cells. In three cases a reversal in the normal ratio of T lymphocyte
      helper-inducer/suppressor-cytotoxic subsets was detected lasting, in two of them,
      up to the fifth week of the disease. This disturbance was always weak and lacked
      clinical significance.

PMID- 2903622
TI  - Isolation of Theileria parva schizonts from infected lymphoblastoid cells.
AB  - This study set out to develop a rapid method for the isolation of schizonts from
      Theileria parva-infected bovine and buffalo lymphoblastoid cells. Parasitized
      lymphoblastoid cells were lysed by treatment with the cytolytic toxins, aerolysin
      and Ah-1 hemolysin, produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, and the schizonts were
      separated by Percoll density-gradient centrifugation. Light and electron
      microscopic examination showed that the isolated schizonts from lymphoblastoid
      cells infected with T. parva (Muguga) retained their normal morphology and were
      essentially free from host cell components. The schizonts also retained antigens
      as recognized by a series of anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies. The
      concentrations of toxin and Ficoll 400 in the lysis buffer which gave optimal
      cell lysis varied for 10 different infected cell lines tested.

PMID- 2903623
TI  - Plasma concentrations of sulfadoxine in healthy and malaria infected Thai
      subjects.
AB  - The disposition of sulfadoxine was studied in the presence of pyrimethamine in 18
      healthy Thai subjects who had been suffering from falciparum malaria in the 6
      months prior to the study, and in 12 Thai patients with acute malaria. The
      volunteers were administered an oral dose of 500 mg sulfadoxine + 25 mg
      pyrimethamine (1 Fansidar tablet). They were classified retrospectively as
      responders (Group I, n = 8) or nonresponders (Group II, n = 10) according to
      previous response to treatment with Fansidar. The patients were treated with 3
      Fansidar tablets corresponding to 1500 mg sulfadoxine and 75 mg pyrimethamine.
      Five of them were completely cured. Seven patients showed R I or R II resistance.
      In all cases blood samples were collected up to 288 h post dose. The resultant
      plasma was analyzed for active (i.e. unchanged) and total sulfadoxine using a
      modified Bratton-Marshall method. In the healthy volunteers the plasma
      concentration time course of total sulfadoxine was similar for responding and
      nonresponding subjects. However, in nonresponders active sulfadoxine tended to
      show shorter half-lives (harmonic means were 212 h vs 267 h, respectively).
      Furthermore, significantly higher amounts of metabolites (mainly N4
      acetylsulfadoxine) were present in plasma of nonresponders. In contrast to these
      findings, in malaria patients, plasma concentrations of active and total
      sulfadoxine were even higher in nonresponders as compared to the subjects who
      could be successfully cured. Furthermore, in this case there was no increase of
      the amount of metabolites in plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903624
TI  - Trypanosome-induced ovarian dysfunction. Evidence of higher residual fertility in
      trypanotolerant small East African goats.
AB  - Changes in the length of oestrous cycles, plasma progesterone and oestradiol-17
      beta levels were monitored for 6 months in Trypanosoma congolense-infected
      normocyclic small East African goats obtained from three tsetse-endemic areas and
      one tsetse-free area of East Africa. Irregular oestrous cycles were observed in
      all infected goats, before cessation at the second cycle post-infection in the
      more susceptible and fourth cycle in the more resistant goat groups. A
      significant decline in the progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta parameters were
      observed. The decline in hormonal values was, however, less in the more resistant
      than in the susceptible goat groups at least in the first 2 months post
      infection. Resumption of the ovarian cycle were observed in few resistant goats
      after 5 months of the infection. It is concluded that clinical tolerance is
      correlated with residual fertility, i.e., the greater the tolerance the higher
      the retention of fertility.

PMID- 2903625
TI  - Berenil (diminazene aceturate)-resistant Trypanosoma congolense in cattle under
      natural tsetse challenge at Kibaha, Tanzania.
AB  - Twenty-nine cattle, naturally infected with Trypanosoma congolense Kibaha, were
      subjected to chemotherapy with diminazene aceturate (Berenil, Hoechst) at 3.5 to
      14.0 mg/kg. Fourteen animals recovered while six were refractory to treatment at
      7.0 to 14.0 mg/kg. Further treatment of the Berenil-resistant isolates with
      isometamidium chloride (Samorin, May and Baker) at 1.0 mg/kg, effected cure.
      Corresponding chemotherapeutic trials in mice showed that the isolates were
      resistant to diminazene aceturate at 56.0 mg/kg and sensitive to Samorin at 20.0
      mg/kg. It is noted, that T. congolense infections that do not respond to
      treatment with Berenil at 7.0 mg/kg may indicate development of resistance; the
      use of Samorin at 1.0 mg/kg or Homidium may be the alternative. The paper calls
      for judicious use of Berenil and Samorin, as they are the only sanative pairs
      available for the chemotherapy of bovine trypanosomiasis.

PMID- 2903626
TI  - Microfilaraemia, filarial antibody, antigen and immune complex levels in human
      filariasis before, during and after DEC therapy. A two-year follow-up.
AB  - A study on the effect of DEC therapy on microfilaraemia and the immune status in
      27 patients with W. bancrofti infection was carried out for two years.
      Persistence of microfilaraemia was observed in 4 out of 27 cases after one course
      of DEC therapy and were treated again for one week. On further follow-up, none
      was microfilaraemic upto Day 60. The mean filarial antibody titres of IgM and IgG
      showed a gradual decrease as assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). The mean titres of circulating microfilarial excretory-secretory (ES)
      antigens and immune complexes (ICs) showed an initial increase during therapy,
      followed by a gradual fall upto Day 60. Filarial antigen was detected in urine of
      all the carriers during therapy. Excretion pattern of antigen in urine showed
      correlation with DEC dose. Reappearance of microfilariae (mf) in circulation in
      12 patients after a year showed that DEC had temporary attenuating effect on
      adult worms or no effect on developing larvae, suggesting further treatment and
      follow-up of patients. Parasitological and immunoscreening at the end of 2 years
      showed that the presence of mf ES antigen in blood correlated with the appearance
      of microfilariae in blood.

PMID- 2903627
TI  - Evaluation of skin biopsies from different body regions of onchocerciasis
      patients in Central Nigeria.
AB  - The diagnostic potential of skin snips from different body regions was evaluated
      in 97 onchocerciasis patients of Central Nigeria. Biopsies from the iliac crest
      had the greatest diagnostic potential followed by those of the calf and shoulder
      with 95% of Onchocerca volvulus carriers being diagnosed from these sites.
      However, 23.7% of microfilarial carriers in the skin of the outer canthus,
      shoulder, calf and ankle were negative in the iliac crest. The probability of
      diagnosing onchocerciasis in microfilarial positives from the 5 sites was, 0.76
      for the iliac crest; 0.63 for the calf; 0.31 for the shoulder; 0.27 for the
      ankle; and 0.08 for the outer canthus. The concentrations of microfilariae in
      skin snips were significantly associated with the probability of a positive
      diagnosis especially with regard to those of the shoulder, iliac crest and calf.

PMID- 2903629
TI  - [Morbidity due to bilharziasis caused by S. haematobium. Relationship between the
      bladder lesions observed by ultrasonography and the cystoscopic and anatomo
      pathologic lesions].
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with proved urinary schistosomiasis and echographic bladder
      lesions were selected for cystoscopic examination and biopsy. All patients had
      specific lesions at cystoscopic investigation. Histologic examination confirmed
      diagnosis 26/27 cases. Ultrasonography appears as a very efficient method for
      detection of schistosomiasis bladder pseudo-tumors.

PMID- 2903628
TI  - Liver involvement in human schistosomiasis mansoni. Regression of immunological
      and biochemical disease markers after specific treatment.
AB  - Peripheral blood cholyglycine and procollagen-III-peptide were measured in 22
      Zairean patients with hepatomegaly caused by S. mansoni before and after
      treatment with praziquantel. Circulating T-cell subsets and cutaneous in vivo
      delayed type hypersensitivity were assessed; serum neopterin and beta 2
      microglobulin served as indicators for macrophage/lymphocyte activation. The
      results were compared to age and sex matched patients with S. mansoni infection
      limited to the intestinal tract and schistosomiasis free controls with equal
      socioeconomic background. Abnormal serum cholyglycine and neopterin levels and
      alterations of circulating T-cell subset frequencies were associated with
      hepatomegaly in schistosomiasis. Normalization of these parameters reflected a
      regression of egg-induced immunopathology as early as two months after specific
      chemotherapy. Serum procollagen-III-peptide concentrations rose significantly
      after treatment, suggesting release of propeptide previously incorporated without
      cleavage into tissue collagen. The combination of these biochemical and
      immunological parameters may allow assessment of the pathophysiological
      mechanisms responsible for liver disease in individual patients.

PMID- 2903630
TI  - Inhibition of Plasmodium vinckei-malaria in mice by recombinant murine interferon
      gamma.

PMID- 2903631
TI  - Haemorrhagic syndrome associated with T. vivax infections of cattle in Somalia.

PMID- 2903632
TI  - Functional and structural analysis of the ribonucleoprotein complexes of
      different human influenza virus strains.
AB  - Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) cores were prepared from various strains of human
      influenza virus by treating the purified or spikeless virus particles with non
      ionic detergents such as Nonidet P-40 and centrifugation in continuous linear
      glycerol gradients. In addition to RNA, the purified complexes contained viral
      nucleoprotein (NP) and the three P proteins (PA, PB1, PB2) as determined by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) under denaturing conditions.
      Contaminations with other viral polypeptides, especially HA1, HA2 and M were
      below 1%. All RNP complexes were transcriptionally active in vitro. Comparison of
      the polymerase activity of purified complexes revealed considerable differences
      depending not only on the content of polymerase proteins. The activity of RNP
      complexes was enhanced for all strains tested by adding of ApG.

PMID- 2903633
TI  - Antibodies to polymerase proteins of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1): comparison
      on the immunoreactivity with polymerase proteins of other influenza A and B virus
      strains.
AB  - The polymerase proteins (PB1, PB2, PA) of the influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34
      (H1N1) were isolated from whole virion or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fractions by
      electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and electroelution or Sepharose CL-6B
      chromatography in the presence of SDS. Antisera to polymerase proteins (P
      proteins) were raised in rabbits; the immunoglobulins (Ig) were purified by
      affinity chromatography. Characterization of the antibody fraction by Western
      blot analysis showed a highly monospecific reaction with the three polymerase
      proteins. Spot immunobinding assay was used to compare the immunoreactivity of
      the monospecific polymerase antibodies with the P proteins of other influenza A
      subtypes and influenza B strains, revealing high immunoreactivity with the
      components of all influenza A strains and only insignificant reactivity with the
      components of the influenza B strains tested.

PMID- 2903634
TI  - Absence of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and papillomavirus DNA from
      adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the colon.
AB  - Biopsy specimens from 13 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and from 10
      patients with endoscopic polypectomies for colon adenoma were examined for the
      presence of the DNA of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human
      papillomavirus (HPV) types 2, 6, 16 and 18. The specific activities of viral DNA
      probes obtained by nick--translation ranged from 10(7) to 10(8) cpm/micrograms
      DNA. By Southern blot hybridization with an estimated sensitivity of 10 pg virus
      DNA which corresponded to 0.05 virus genome equivalents per cell we failed to
      detect any virus DNA in the biopsy material tested.

PMID- 2903635
TI  - Five year study of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Bulgaria.
AB  - We tested by electron microscopy 7,530 samples from children admitted to
      different hospitals in Sofia between February 1981 and February 1986; from these,
      rotaviruses were found in 725 (9.6%) faecal samples. Electron microscopic
      analysis of 264 samples from 181 children admitted to the hospital of infectious
      diseases in Shumen between December 1984 to February 1986 revealed rotaviruses in
      120 (66.6%) of the tested children. A part of the samples positive by electron
      microscopy was tested by ELISA and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for
      rotavirus RNA segment patterns. Rotaviruses with eight different
      electropherotypes were found in Bulgaria. The seasonal culmination of the
      rotavirus gastroenteritis in the winter months has been confirmed. Rotavirus
      antibodies were found in 73% of the sera from 152 children tested.

PMID- 2903636
TI  - A simple novel procedure for preparation of herpes simplex virus subunit vaccine.
AB  - A simple procedure for preparation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) subunit
      vaccine is described. The method is based on treatment of virus-infected cells
      with a nonionic detergent, removal of cell nuclei by low speed centrifugation,
      separation of viral nucleocapsids by high speed centrifugation through a sucrose
      cushion and, finally, precipitation of viral and cellular glycoproteins and
      proteins with ammonium sulphate (AS). Unlike to acetone precipitation, affinity
      chromatography on lectins or hydroxylapatite chromatography, AS precipitation
      repeatedly yielded the best and most reliable results as judged by relative
      protein content, antigenicity and immunogenicity of the final vaccine product.

PMID- 2903637
TI  - Purification of murine alpha-herpesvirus and some properties of its DNA.
AB  - Strain Sumava Af of murine alpha-herpesvirus (MHV) banded in density gradient at
      the boundary between 10-20% and 20-30% Ficoll solution. In electron microscope,
      the partially purified virus visualized by negative staining exhibited intact or
      disrupted envelope structures and capsid particles of about 110 nm in outer
      diameter. The DNA extracted from partially purified virus and further purified in
      CsCl density gradient had the Tm-value of 79.0 degrees C. The molecular weight of
      about 90 million daltons was calculated for viral DNA according to its migration
      in agarose gel.

PMID- 2903638
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies neutralizing the antiviral and the antiproliferative
      activities of human interferon gamma.
AB  - Spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with human leukocyte interferon gamma
      (HuIFN-gamma) were fused with mouse NSO myeloma cells. Nine hybridoma lines were
      found secreting monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) which were able to neutralize the
      antiviral activity of HuIFN-gamma. All nine MoAb inhibited also the
      antiproliferative activity of HuIFN-gamma. The ability of tested MoAb to inhibit
      both the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of HuIFN-gamma supports the
      suggestion that a common domain on HuIFN-gamma molecule might be responsible for
      both biological activities. However, ELISA and/or RIA proved unsuitable for
      detection of these specific MoAb.

PMID- 2903639
TI  - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies in children with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - Antibody titres against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens in children suffering
      from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were determined. IgG antibody titres against
      the viral capsid antigen (VCA) and early antigen (EA) exceeded those found in
      healthy control subjects. On the other hand, antibody titres against EBV
      determined nuclear antigen (EBNA complex) were generally lower than in the
      control group. The most striking phenomenon observed in the patient group was the
      frequent activation of latent virus infection as revealed by the periodical
      appearance of anti-EA and IgM class anti-VCA antibodies. Antibody titres against
      EBV antigens were generally lower among patients with progressing disease than in
      those with a more favourable course of the illness. The closest relation to EBV
      based on serological findings, was detected in lymphoblastic lymphomas of Burkitt
      type histology, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas, and in lymphomas
      localized in the abdomen. The question whether EBV might be involved in a certain
      proportion of the cases examined is discussed and further approaches to elucidate
      this problem are suggested.

PMID- 2903640
TI  - Unchanged expression of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen-1 in
      productive virus cycle.
AB  - The level of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA-1)
      encoded by the Bam HI-K fragment of EBV DNA remained unchanged in P3HR-1 cells
      after induction of the productive cycle of virus replication by sodium-n-butyrate
      and 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). This was shown by the same
      capacity of cell-free extracts from untreated and treated P3HR-1 cells to absorb
      anti-EBNA-1 antibody from a known human serum.

PMID- 2903641
TI  - Concentration and purification of Newcastle disease virus by microfiltration and
      exclusion liquid chromatography.
AB  - Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was concentrated and purified by microfiltration
      and exclusion liquid chromatography (ELC) on macroporous glass (MPG). The
      purified NDV eluted as one peak; its yield was strain-dependent, the degree of
      purification was 95% to 99%.

PMID- 2903642
TI  - Immunity in Q fever.
AB  - Post-infection and post-vaccination immune mechanisms in Q fever are summarized.
      Whereas cell-mediated immunity has been found to play a crucial role in
      developing resistance to Coxiella burnetii infection, data on the role of
      specific antibodies in Q fever immunity are controversial. The functional state
      of immunocompetent cells and professional phagocytes seems to be decisive for the
      persistence of C. burnetii within phagocytic cells and for the control of Q fever
      at the host level. Defects of cellular immunity, immune complex formation, and
      immune response modulation by C. burnetii isolates differing in plasmid
      composition or LPS antigenic structure are implicated as aetiological factors.
      Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of three possible vaccine candidates (phase I
      chloroform-methanol treated and untreated corpuscular vaccine, and phase I
      soluble chemovaccine) for Q fever prophylaxis is discussed, stressing the need
      for developing suitable models and defined experimental conditions enabling to
      compare and evaluate the results obtained in different laboratories.

PMID- 2903643
TI  - The role of imaging in the management of the impalpable undescended testis.

PMID- 2903644
TI  - Treatment of reactions to contrast media.

PMID- 2903645
TI  - Successful treatment of angina pectoris with liver transplantation and bilateral
      internal mammary bypass graft surgery in familial hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2903646
TI  - Celiprolol: introduction.

PMID- 2903647
TI  - Proceedings of a symposium. Beta-blockers: perspectives beyond cardioselectivity.
      An official satellite to the second Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy International
      Symposium. San Francisco, California, October 21, 1987.

PMID- 2903648
TI  - The role of adrenoceptors in circulatory and metabolic regulation.
AB  - This survey covers the classification and subdivisions of alpha- and beta
      adrenoceptors, including alpha 1 and alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2, and pre-and
      postsynaptic receptor subtypes, together with the distribution and functional
      relevance of the various adrenoceptor subtypes. The emphasis will be on their
      relevance in circulatory regulatory processes, especially those of the blood
      vessels. The alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists that interact with various
      receptor subtypes are briefly discussed. The control of alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      concerned with blood pressure regulation is an important target for centrally
      acting antihypertensive drugs (such as clonidine or alpha-methyldopa). Changes in
      adrenoceptor density, particularly the down-regulation of beta 1- adrenoceptors
      (but not beta 2), are found in congestive heart failure. However, the
      experimental findings about alpha-and beta-adrenoceptors in essential
      hypertension remain controversial. Finally, the influence of alpha- and beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists on plasma lipids and carbohydrate metabolism is briefly
      reviewed. The changes found may be only partly explained on the basis of alpha-
      or beta-receptor blockade.

PMID- 2903649
TI  - Circulatory and metabolic aspects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - beta-Blocking therapy is used extensively is conditions as diverse as
      hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, thyrotoxicosis, hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, migraine, glaucoma, and myocardial infarction. Studies show they
      beneficially influence sinus node and atrioventricular conduction, but
      excessively high doses may cause sinus arrest or sinoatrial block. Nonselective
      beta-blockade in asthmatic patients may aggravate bronchoconstriction, whereas
      increased airways resistance is less likely with beta 1-selective, partial
      agonist, or alpha-beta-blocking drugs. Hypoglycemia can be prolonged; beta 1
      selective or partial agonist drugs may cause less interference with glucose
      metabolism. beta-Blockade affects free fatty acids, lipids and lipoproteins,
      thyroid hormones, and parathormone. beta-Blockade may normalize abnormal platelet
      aggregation. Finally, the choice of the most effective drug depends on the
      clinician's knowledge of the various pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug
      profiles, allied with familiarity of the patient's medical condition.

PMID- 2903650
TI  - Optimal features of a new beta-blocker.
AB  - Therapeutics involves the careful balance between treatment disadvantages and
      advantages--the so-called risk-benefit ratio. Even after 20 years beta-blockers
      must be selected carefully to suit the patient's needs. This review examines
      several problems associated with beta-blockade. Generally, beta1
      cardioselectivity is considered advantageous, but properties such as partial
      agonist activity, which limits receptor up-regulation, might be of greater value
      in reducing the adverse effects associated with abrupt drug withdrawal. Beta
      Blockers, either lipophilic or hydrophilic agents, have specific problems:
      lipophilic drugs provoke adverse central nervous system effects and need careful
      dose titration; variable gastrointestinal absorption is common with hydrophilic
      agents, whereas extra care is needed in patients with renal impairment. For most
      patients, especially those with asymptomatic conditions, once-daily dosing is
      preferred. For many, the quality of life is of overriding clinical importance.
      Despite significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advances, the final
      criteria depend largely on a clinical assessment, improvement in the quality of
      life, and patient preference. We still await the discovery of an ideal beta
      adrenoceptor blocking agent; some of the newer beta-blockers, however have many
      of the properties that clinicians value.

PMID- 2903651
TI  - The central and peripheral hemodynamics of celiprolol.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of celiprolol in healthy subjects and in those with
      cardiovascular disease and hypertension are reviewed. Unlike classic beta
      blockers, celiprolol does not depress cardiac contractility at rest while
      interfering to a lesser extent with cardiac function during exercise.
      Furthermore, celiprolol causes systemic vasodilatation, which, in hypertension,
      is mainly responsible for the blood pressure-reducing effects of the drug.
      Vasodilatation results from the reduction in vascular resistance of skeletal
      muscle tissues, but celiprolol also produces dilatation of vascular areas such as
      the kidney. This prevents a reduction in renal blood flow and consequently the
      salt and water retention associated with impaired perfusion. It is possible that
      such hemodynamic changes are dependent not on celiprolol's selective beta1
      receptor-blocking properties but on certain additional properties.

PMID- 2903652
TI  - A long-term study of the effects of celiprolol on blood pressure and lipid
      associated risk factors.
AB  - In a 12-month study of 12 patients with essential hypertension treated with once
      daily celiprolol, 200 mg, mean supine blood pressure was reduced from 162/102 to
      134/84 mm Hg (p less than 0.005)and standing pressures from 155/101 to 134/88 mm
      Hg (p less than 0.05). Similarly, heart rate fell from 83 to 71 beats/min in the
      supine position and from 90 to 79 beats/min in the standing position. Serum
      cholesterol level also fell from 5.35 to 4.78 mmol/L (p less than 0.01) and was
      accompanied by a nonsignificant loss of body weight. Lipid electrophoresis showed
      a nonsignificant increase in the high-density lipid fraction, from 1.2 to 1.7
      mmol/L, and a significant decrease in the low-density lipid fraction, from 3.4 to
      2.7 mmol/L (p less than 0.01). Serum triglyceride levels also decreased from 1.85
      to 1.37 mmol/L (p less than 0.02), and low-density lipid-high-density lipid ratio
      fell from 3.29 to 2.03 (p less than 0.02). There was an unexpected reduction in
      serum fibrinogen levels, from 288 to 253 mg/dl (p less than 0.01). Aside from a
      slight reduction in the fasting blood glucose, there were no other significant
      changes in the urine or blood parameters, and no adverse drug effects occurred.
      It is likely that celiprolol's effect in reducing fibrinogen levels may minimize
      the increase in blood viscosity associated with the hypertensive state, whereas
      its effects on fibrinogen may herald a reduction in hypertensive complications
      such as thrombosis or retinal "cotton wool exudates." This warrants further
      investigation."

PMID- 2903653
TI  - Celiprolol in angina pectoris.
AB  - Celiprolol, a long-acting beta1-selective adrenergic-blocking drug with
      peripheral beta2-stimulatory and peripheral a2-inhibitory activities, has a
      unique vasodilator beta-blocker pharmacologic profile. The efficacy and safety of
      celiprolol in angina pectoris have been demonstrated in multiple studies that
      highlight its different hemodynamic properties compared with traditional beta
      blockers. Celiprolol was found to be an effective antianginal agent compared with
      placebo. In addition, in angina and ischemia its efficacy was comparable to that
      of propranolol and atenolol.

PMID- 2903654
TI  - Celiprolol in hypertension.
AB  - Celiprolol is a third-generation, beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with ancillary
      pharmacologic properties that are potentially advantageous in the treatment of
      hypertension. Celiprolol provides 24-hour control of blood pressure and in formal
      clinical trials has been found superior to a placebo and of equal efficacy to
      other commonly used beta-blocking drugs. It has also been found to be equally as
      effective as enalapril in lowering the resting blood pressure and superior in
      controlling the increases in blood pressure and heart rate during exercise.
      Celiprolol is known to exert a beneficial effect on the atheroprotective
      components of the risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as cholesterol
      triglyceride, and fibrinogen. Therefore the primary attributes of beta-blockade
      are uniquely advanced by celiprolol's ancillary pharmacologic activities.

PMID- 2903655
TI  - Improved left ventricular function during exercise: a comparison of celiprolol
      and atenolol.

PMID- 2903657
TI  - Safety profile of celiprolol.
AB  - Celiprolol hydrochloride is a highly cardioselective beta1-adrenergic antagonist
      with a unique pharmacologic profile. The adverse experience safety data derived
      from 18 double-blind trials (n = 2884) were evaluated. The results demonstrated a
      wide margin of safety for celiprolol over the recommended dosage range of 200 to
      600 mg once daily. Celiprolol exhibited an adverse experience profile similar to
      that of placebo and resulted in a lower incidence of bradycardia and age
      associated increases in adverse event rates compared with atenolol and
      propranolol.

PMID- 2903656
TI  - Celiprolol and verapamil in the treatment of essential hypertension.

PMID- 2903658
TI  - A symposium: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors--a new therapeutic class. Atlanta,
      Georgia, March 26, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2903659
TI  - Safety and efficacy of esmolol for unstable angina pectoris.
AB  - Esmolol is a rapidly metabolized cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker that
      provides steady state beta-adrenergic blockade when administered by continuous
      intravenous infusion. To determine the efficacy of esmolol in the management of
      unstable angina, 23 patients with known coronary artery disease, who averaged 3.7
      +/- 2.7 daily episodes of chest pain at rest, were randomized to receive either a
      continuous infusion of esmolol (n = 12) or oral propranolol (n = 11), as an
      adjunct to concomitant antianginal therapy. Patients with systolic blood pressure
      less than 110 mm Hg, heart rate less than 60 beats/min or known contraindications
      to beta blockade were excluded. Esmolol was titrated in a step-wise fashion from
      2 to 24 mg/min at 5-minute intervals up to a 30% reduction in heart rate and
      systolic blood pressure double-product. The propranolol dose was increased every
      6 hours by 50 to 100% to achieve a similar reduction in heart rate and blood
      pressure. When compared with their 24-hour baseline periods, both groups achieved
      a significant reduction in episodes of chest pain, from 4.6 +/- 3.3 to 1.4 +/-
      1.5 in the esmolol group (p less than 0.02) and 2.6 +/- 1.4 to 1.0 +/- 1.5 in the
      propranolol group (p less than 0.02) during the subsequent study period. The
      cardiac event rate and incidence of drug side effects were similar between the 2
      groups; however, side effects seen with esmolol did not require treatment after
      drug discontinuation. Thus, maximally tolerated beta blockade is an effective
      therapy for unstable angina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903660
TI  - Incidence of gastrectomy in United States army hospitals worldwide from 1975 to
      1985.
AB  - In the past 30 yr, hospitalization for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) has decreased.
      The use of total or partial gastrectomy to treat PUD has also declined. The
      discharge cover sheets of over 3000 patients who had a gastrectomy between 1975
      and 1985 in U.S. Army hospitals were reviewed.

PMID- 2903661
TI  - Detection of submicroscopic deletions in band 17p13 in patients with the Miller
      Dieker syndrome.
AB  - The Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS), a syndrome with lissencephaly, distinctive
      craniofacial features, growth impairment, and profound developmental failure, has
      been associated with a deletion of the distal part of chromosome band 17p13. A
      minority of patients with the syndrome do not have a deletion detectable with
      current cytogenetic techniques. Using three highly polymorphic DNA probes
      (pYNZ22, pYNH37.3, and p144D6) we have detected microdeletions in three MDS
      patients, two of whom had no visible abnormalities of chromosome 17. Loci defined
      by two of the DNA probes, pYNZ22 and pYNH37.3, were deleted in all three
      patients. The most distal locus, defined by p144D6, was present in one MDS
      patient, possibly defining the distal limits of the MDS region in band 17p13.3.
      None of these loci were absent in one case of lissencephaly without MDS.

PMID- 2903662
TI  - Normal human genomic restriction-fragment patterns and polymorphisms revealed by
      hybridization with the entire dystrophin cDNA.
AB  - Since the complete cDNA for the gene that causes X-linked recessive
      Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) when mutated or deleted has recently
      been cloned and made generally available, DNA-based diagnostic studies of
      affected males and their families have entered into a new era. This communication
      sets forth the standard patterns of restriction fragments that are detected when
      normal human DNA cleaved with either HindIII or BglII is hybridized with seven
      contiguous segments comprising the entire 14-kb cDNA. Collectively, the more than
      60 restriction fragments allow visualization of approximately 350 (HindIII) to
      400 (BglII) kbp. This corresponds to the exon-containing one-fifth of the total
      genomic length of this gene, including the 3' untranslated region. Twelve two
      allele restriction-site polymorphisms that span the entire length of the gene
      were detected with the cDNA probes and allele frequencies determined. A
      diagnostic approach is proposed that starts with deletion screening of DNA from
      male probands, includes carrier detection based on relative fragment intensities,
      and extends to RFLP detection using the same autoradiographs prepared for
      deletion screening. Our results on deletion analysis of 32 DMD/BMD families are
      presented in an accompanying paper.

PMID- 2903663
TI  - Intragenic deletions in 21 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)/Becker muscular
      dystrophy (BMD) families studied with the dystrophin cDNA: location of
      breakpoints on HindIII and BglII exon-containing fragment maps, meiotic and
      mitotic origin of the mutations.
AB  - Following the strategy outlined in an accompanying paper, we studied 32 X-linked
      muscular dystrophy families (29 Duchenne [DMD] and three Becker [BMD] type) for
      abnormalities of HindIII and BglII fragments detected by the entire dystrophin
      cDNA. Twenty-one different single-intragenic deletions, and no duplications, were
      identified. The deletion endpoints were precisely mapped on the published HindIII
      fragment map. Detailed analysis of overlapping deletions led to clarification of
      the fragment order for some previously unsettled regions of the HindIII map and
      to the construction of a partial map of exon-containing BglII fragments. For the
      regions involved in deletions, the corresponding HindIII and BglIII fragments
      could be identified. Noncontiguous comigrating fragments were detected in two
      regions by careful analysis of the patterns in deletion patients. Four of the 21
      deletions generated novel restriction fragments that facilitated detection of
      female carriers in these families. Twelve of the deletions had a breakpoint in
      one of the two large introns known to be the sites of breakpoint clusters. By
      combining deletions and RFLP analyses, we unequivocally identified the gamete
      that first carried the mutation in 13 families: eight oocytes and five sperm.
      Germ-line mosaicism previously detected in one male was confirmed by cDNA
      studies. In two additional families gonadal mosaicism was found in females. As
      evidence is accumulating for frequent mitotic origin of these deletion mutations,
      this phenomenon has to be considered when postulating mutational mechanisms and
      in genetic counseling of DMD/BMD families.

PMID- 2903664
TI  - Localization of the genetic defect in familial adenomatous polyposis within a
      small region of chromosome 5.
AB  - Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a Mendelian disorder that includes familial
      polyposis coli (FPC) and Gardner syndrome (GS), has an autosomal dominant mode of
      inheritance. It is characterized by hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps
      that can progress to carcinoma of the colon, suggesting that the gene that
      harbors the FAP germ-line mutation may play an important role in the somatic
      genetic pathway to colon cancer. The defect responsible for FAP was recently
      mapped to the long arm of chromosome 5 by linkage between the FPC phenotype and a
      locus defined by DNA probe pC11p11 (D5S71), located at 5q21-22. Because an
      important next step in the paradigm for identification of a disease gene is to
      obtain a more precise localization, we isolated and mapped by linkage six
      additional polymorphic DNA markers in the FAP region. Subsequent linkage analysis
      in six pedigrees, three having the FPC phenotype and three segregating GS, placed
      the FAP locus very close to a new marker, YN5.48 (D5S81), that is approximately
      17 centimorgans distal to C11p11 on the genetic map. The analysis revealed no
      evidence of genetic heterogeneity between the two phenotypes, a question that had
      not been clearly resolved by the earlier studies. The new set of markers in the
      near vicinity of the FAP locus represents a further step toward isolation of the
      genetic defect and provides the opportunity for preclinical diagnosis of risk
      status for colon cancer among individuals in families that are segregating
      adenomatous polyposis.

PMID- 2903666
TI  - Linkage studies in a large fragile X family.
AB  - We have analyzed the segregation of five loci in the region Xq27/28 in a large
      family affected by the fragile X syndrome. The marker DXS115 (767) is shown to be
      polymorphic with the enzyme PstI, as well as with BstXI. This marker will be
      useful in the analysis of both fragile X and haemophilia A families. The data
      presented here are consistent with the following order of loci: Xcen-F9
      DXS105(cX55.7,55E)-DXS98(4D-8)- FRAXA-DXS52(St14)-DXS115(767)-qter.

PMID- 2903665
TI  - Identification and regional localization of DNA markers on chromosome 7 for the
      cloning of the cystic fibrosis gene.
AB  - To facilitate mapping of the cystic fibrosis locus (CF) and to isolate the
      corresponding gene, we have screened a flow-sorted chromosome 7-specific library
      for additional DNA markers in the 7q31-q32 region. Unique ("single-copy") DNA
      segments were selected from the library and used in hybridization analysis with a
      panel of somatic cell hybrids containing various portions of human chromosome 7
      and patient cell lines with deletion of this chromosome. A total of 258
      chromosome 7-specific single-copy DNA segments were identified, and most of them
      localized to subregions. Fifty three of these corresponded to DNA sequences in
      the 7q31-q32 region. Family and physical mapping studies showed that two of the
      DNA markers, D7S122 and D7S340, are in close linkage with CF. The data also
      showed that D7S122 and D7S340 map between MET and D7S8, the two genetic markers
      known to be on opposite sides of CF. The study thus reaffirms the general
      strategy in approaching a disease locus on the basis of chromosome location.

PMID- 2903667
TI  - Restriction analysis of the structural alpha-L-fucosidase gene and its linkage to
      fucosidosis.
AB  - Human alpha-L-fucosidase is a lysosomal enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of
      alpha-L-fucoside linkages in fucoglycoconjugates. A single gene, FUCA 1, located
      on chromosome 1p34.1-1p36.1 encodes for alpha-L-fucosidase activity. To gain
      insight into the nature of the molecular defects leading to fucosidosis, we have
      characterized the genomic structure of FUCA 1. Restriction-endonuclease analysis
      suggests that at least seven exons dispersed over 22 kb are present in genomic
      FUCA 1. Two restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been
      identified in the Caucasian population. The PvuII and BglI RFLPs each have two
      codominant alleles in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequencies for the
      PvuII RFLP are .70/.30, and those for the BglI RFLP .63/.37. Both RFLPs are in
      strong linkage disequilibrium with each other, with a correlation coefficient of
      .94. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the combined DNA markers is
      .38, high enough to be useful in the prenatal diagnosis of fucosidosis. The
      combined lod score for linkage between the fucosidosis mutation and FUCA 1
      markers in two families was significant at a recombination fraction of 0. This
      suggests that the fucosidosis mutation resides in FUCA 1.

PMID- 2903669
TI  - Collation of RFLP haplotypes at the human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus.

PMID- 2903668
TI  - Identification of a mutation in the structural alpha-L-fucosidase gene in
      fucosidosis.
AB  - Fucosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by
      progressive neurological deterioration and mental retardation. The disease
      results from deficient activity of alpha-L-fucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.51), a lysosomal
      enzyme that hydrolyzes fucose from fucoglycoconjugates. In an attempt to identify
      the mutation(s) that result(s) in fucosidosis, we performed Southern blot
      analysis of the structural gene encoding alpha-L-fucosidase (FUCA 1) in 23
      patients affected with fucosidosis. In five patients Southern blot analysis
      showed obliteration of an EcoRI restriction site in the open reading frame of
      FUCA 1 encoding mature alpha-L-fucosidase. This abnormality was not observed in
      80 controls, and it may be the basic defect responsible for fucosidosis in these
      patients. Both patients with the severe type I form of fucosidosis and patients
      with the less severe type II were shown to be homozygous for this presumed
      mutation. In the remaining 18 patients the EcoRI site obliteration, major-gene
      deletions, or insertions were not detected. This suggests that at least two
      different mutations are involved in fucosidosis. The heterogeneity found at the
      DNA level was not present at the protein level, as all fucosidosis patients
      investigated had low fucosidase protein (less than 6% of normal) and negligible
      fucosidase activity in fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cell lines.

PMID- 2903670
TI  - Benzodiazepine withdrawal.

PMID- 2903671
TI  - Severe Takayasu's arteritis in pregnancy: the role of central hemodynamic
      monitoring.
AB  - Maternal cardiovascular complications have been attributed to the dramatic
      hemodynamic changes associated with labor and delivery in patients with
      Takayasu's arteritis. The role of central hemodynamic monitoring in the
      management of a pregnant patient with severe Takayasu's arteritis is discussed.

PMID- 2903672
TI  - Endocrine responses of fetal lambs to hemorrhage after alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptor blockade.
AB  - To determine the importance of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the endocrine
      responses of fetal lambs to hemorrhage, eight chronically instrumented fetal
      lambs were bled of 20% of their measured blood volume after pretreatment with
      prazosin (24.8 +/- 2.1 days' gestation) or inert vehicle (124.2 +/- 2.2 days'
      gestation) according to a randomized, crossover protocol. Cortisol levels
      increased threefold with prazosin injection and remained elevated after
      hemorrhage but did not change with hemorrhage after vehicle infusion. Plasma
      renin activity was unaffected by the injection of prazosin but increased in both
      groups after hemorrhage. Vasopressin levels were unchanged in the control group
      throughout the experiment but increased tenfold with hemorrhage after
      pretreatment with prazosin. alpha 1-Adrenergic receptor blockade removes
      adrenergic inhibition of cortisol secretion and changes the hypotensive threshold
      for the secretion of vasopressin.

PMID- 2903673
TI  - Use of ophthalmic medications in pregnant and nursing women.

PMID- 2903674
TI  - Adrenergic blockade prevents endotoxin-induced increases in glucose metabolism.
AB  - Combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade was used to investigate the role of
      catecholamines in endotoxin-induced elevations in glucose kinetics. Glucose
      kinetics were measured before and for 4 h after the injection of endotoxin [100
      micrograms/100 g body wt iv, 30% lethal dose (LD30) at 24 h]. Adrenergic blockade
      was achieved by the bolus injection of phentolamine and propranolol followed by
      their continuous infusion. Endotoxin-treated rats exhibited a transient
      hyperglycemia and sustained (greater than 4 h) increase in plasma lactate
      concentration, as well as elevated rates of glucose appearance (Ra, 83%),
      disappearance (Rd, 58%), recycling (160%), and metabolic clearance (23%).
      Adrenergic blockade prevented endotoxin-induced increases in plasma glucose
      concentration, Ra, Rd, and recycling but not glucose clearance. The increase in
      plasma lactate concentration was blunted by 35%. After 2 h, endotoxic animals
      infused with adrenergic antagonists developed hypoglycemia, which may have
      resulted from an increased plasma insulin concentration. The attenuation of
      elevated glucose turnover by adrenergic blockade in the endotoxin-treated animals
      was not due to a reduction in plasma glucagon level or differences in plasma
      insulin concentration. Administration of the alpha- or beta-adrenergic
      antagonists separately blunted but did not prevent endotoxin-induced changes in
      glucose kinetics, and therefore the efficacy of the adrenergic blockade could not
      be assigned to a single receptor class. These results indicate that
      catecholamines are important contributory factors to many of the early
      alterations in carbohydrate metabolism observed during endotoxemia.

PMID- 2903675
TI  - Effect of methylene blue and N-ethylmaleimide on internal anal sphincter
      relaxation.
AB  - The present studies were performed in vitro to define the participation of
      regulatory cyclic nucleotides in the relaxation of internal anal sphincter (IAS)
      smooth muscle in response to neural stimulation by electrical field stimulation
      (EFS) vs. exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). EFS and VIP both caused
      relaxation of the resting tone in the opossum-isolated IAS smooth muscle strips.
      The addition of permeant cyclic nucleotide derivatives, the guanylate cyclase
      stimulant sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and the adenylate cyclase stimulant
      forskolin caused a dose-dependent fall in the resting tension of IAS smooth
      muscle. The inhibitory effect of the agonists on the IAS smooth muscle was not
      modified by tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neurotoxin. TTX almost abolished the IAS
      responses to EFS. The effects of SNP and forskolin were selectively blocked by
      the putative inhibitors of corresponding enzyme systems, i.e., methylene blue
      (MB) (3 X 10(-5) M) for guanylate cyclase and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (10(-4) M)
      in the case of adenylate cyclase. NEM and not MB caused significant antagonism of
      the fall in IAS tension in response to both EFS and VIP during the control
      experiments. Such data suggest a common biochemical link (adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate as second messenger system) between the IAS smooth muscle
      relaxations with neural stimulation and VIP. In addition, a part of the IAS
      smooth muscle relaxation in response to EFS also involves the mediation of
      guanosine 5'-cyclic monophosphate.

PMID- 2903676
TI  - Role of Ca2+ in bombesin-stimulated release of gastrin and somatostatin from
      isolated perfused rat stomach.
AB  - The role of calcium (Ca2+) in bombesin (BBS)-stimulated release of gastrin and
      somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was examined in isolated perfused rat
      stomachs obtained from male rats fasted overnight. The stomachs were perfused via
      the celiac artery. BBS (1 nM) was perfused alone for 10 min or in combination
      with various Ca2+ antagonists, including 1) different doses of divalent cationic
      Ca2+ chelator (EGTA), 2) Ca2+ channel blockers (nifedipine, verapamil), and 3)
      calmodulin (Ca2+ binding protein) antagonist [trifluoperazine (TFP)]. The
      effluent was collected for measurement of gastrin and SLI. EGTA at doses of 2 or
      5 mM blocked the BBS-mediated release of both gastrin and SLI. After removal of a
      low dose of EGTA from the perfusate, the release of both gastrin and SLI
      rebounded. On removal of a high dose of EGTA, however, SLI release remained
      depressed, but gastrin rebounded even more significantly. In the absence of BBS,
      the rebound of gastrin release was less dramatic, indicating that reexposure to
      Ca2+ partially contributed to the rebound phenomenon. Nifedipine (0.1-10 microM)
      markedly decreased BBS-stimulated release of gastrin and SLI in a dose-dependent
      fashion; the inhibitory effect of nifedipine on SLI release was significantly
      stronger than on gastrin release. Verapamil (10 microM) depressed BBS-induced SLI
      release but not gastrin release. TFP (50 or 100 microM) also resulted in
      inhibition of bombesin-elicited release of gastrin and SLI in a dose-related
      manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903677
TI  - alpha-Adrenoceptors and cold-induced vasoconstriction in human finger skin.
AB  - Experiments were designed to determine how cold-induced vasoconstriction is
      mediated in superficial vessels of human finger skin. alpha-Adrenoceptor
      antagonists were administered into the finger skin by iontophoresis, and local
      cooling was applied by a laser-Doppler probe supplied with Peltier elements. Cold
      induced vasoconstriction was abolished after administration of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine but not after the alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist doxazosin. The results indicate that vasoconstriction on local cooling
      in human finger skin is mainly mediated by adrenoceptors of the alpha 2-subtype.

PMID- 2903678
TI  - Angiotensin receptor binding and pressor effects in cat subretrofacial nucleus.
AB  - Central administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) increases arterial blood
      pressure via increased sympathetic activity. We have examined the possibility
      that one site of action of ANG II is the subretrofacial (SRF) nucleus in the
      rostral ventrolateral medulla, since this nucleus is known to play a critical
      role in the tonic and phasic control of arterial pressure. In vitro
      autoradiography, employing 125I-labeled [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II as radioligand, was
      used to localize binding sites for ANG II in the cat ventrolateral medulla. A
      high density of ANG II-receptor binding sites was found confined to the SRF
      nucleus. In a second group of experiments in anesthetized cats, microinjections
      of ANG II, in doses ranging from 10 to 50 pmol, were made into histologically
      identified sites within and outside the SRF nucleus. Microinjections into the
      nucleus resulted in a dose-dependent increase in arterial pressure, which was
      abolished by systemic administration of the ganglion-blocking drug hexamethonium
      bromide. In contrast, microinjections just outside the SRF nucleus had no effect
      on arterial pressure. It is concluded that activation of ANG II-receptor binding
      sites within the SRF nucleus leads to an increase in arterial pressure via
      increased sympathetic efferent activity.

PMID- 2903679
TI  - Enhanced vascular alpha-adrenergic neuroeffector system in diabetes: importance
      of calcium.
AB  - Mesenteric arteries from streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats developed greater
      contractile force in response to norepinephrine and related alpha-agonists than
      arteries from age-matched controls. Subsequent experiments attempted to define
      the mechanisms underlying these findings. Transmural nerve stimulation of
      mesenteric arteries from both groups of animals revealed a similar optimal
      frequency and voltage of stimulation; however, arteries from STZ-diabetic rats
      developed greater contractile force than controls. Second, determination of
      selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist affinities (pA2 values) revealed
      qualitatively similar postjunctional alpha 1-adrenoceptors in both groups of
      arteries. Third, disruption of the endothelium did not abolish the enhanced
      responsiveness of arteries from STZ-diabetic rats. In contrast, the increased
      vascular responsiveness in STZ-diabetes was associated with a greater dependency
      on extracellular calcium, with no change in the response to alpha-agonist-induced
      release of calcium from cellular stores. Thus the enhanced responsiveness of
      mesenteric arteries from STZ-diabetic rats to alpha-adrenergic agonists cannot be
      attributed to neuronal deterioration, altered postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptor
      subtypes, endothelium degeneration, or enhanced release of intracellular calcium
      but is associated with a greater dependency on extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2903680
TI  - Neurogenic and humoral factors maintaining arterial pressure in conscious dogs.
AB  - This study examined the contribution of each primary pressor system to resting
      arterial pressure and the ability of each to maintain pressure in the absence of
      the other systems in conscious dogs. In dogs with intact carotid sinus
      baroreflexes, ganglionic blockade (GB) reduced blood pressure by 13 +/- 3 mmHg,
      whereas blockade of the renin-angiotensin (RAS) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)
      systems did not significantly alter arterial pressure. After removal of the other
      two systems, the depressor response to blockade of the sympathetic nervous system
      (SNS) with hexamethonium and atropine was significantly augmented (-33 +/- 3
      mmHg), whereas captopril (CAP) blockade of the RAS reduced pressure 14 +/- 4
      mmHg, and AVP blockade decreased pressure 12 +/- 2 mmHg. In sinoaortic-denervated
      (SAD) dogs, the SNS exhibited a greater contribution (28 +/- 4 mmHg) to resting
      pressure compared with intact, and the role of the RAS (10 +/- 2 mmHg) was also
      augmented, whereas the effects of AVP blockade were unaltered. Effects of GB and
      CAP were unaltered after blockade of the other systems in SAD animals, whereas
      the depressor response to AVP antagonist (-13 +/- 2 mmHg) was significantly
      augmented. Results indicate the SNS is the primary pressor system in resting
      intact or SAD conscious dogs, whereas the RAS also contributes to resting blood
      pressure in SAD animals. The ability of the SNS alone to maintain arterial
      pressure after acute removal of the other systems is also significantly greater
      than that of AVP or the RAS.

PMID- 2903681
TI  - Biosynthetic capacity of hummingbird liver.
AB  - Hummingbirds have one of the highest mass-specific metabolic rates among
      vertebrate animals. High activities of pyruvate carboxylase (an enzyme involved
      in gluconeogenesis) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (an enzyme involved in fatty acid
      synthesis) in hummingbird liver indicate that biosynthetic capacity is adjusted
      to cope with the high metabolic fuel requirements imposed by small size and
      hovering flight. This high biosynthetic capacity is supported by a
      correspondingly high oxidative capacity, as judged qualitatively by the abundance
      of mitochondria in electron micrographs and quantitatively by the presence of
      high citrate synthase activity (a Krebs cycle enzyme). To support their high
      metabolic fuel requirements, hummingbirds may possess the most biosynthetically
      active livers in nature.

PMID- 2903682
TI  - Pressor responses from electrical or glutamate stimulations of the dorsal or
      ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - In rats, rabbits, and cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethan,
      responses of the pressor areas of the dorsal portion (DM) and ventrolateral
      portion (VLM) of medulla and pons were compared. Electrical stimulation
      (monopolar square-wave pulses) on monosodium glutamate solution (Glu, 100-200 nl,
      1 M) was delivered through an electrode-needle tubing connected to a Hamilton
      syringe for semimicroinjection. In all three of these species, pressor responses
      were elicited from both DM and VLM by either Glu or electrical stimulation. The
      most active parts of DM were found in the dorsomedial reticular formation of the
      rostral medulla to mid-medulla. In the pons and caudal medulla, the Glu-induced
      response was mild, although the electrically induced response was marked.
      Application of kainic acid (KA) to either DM or VLM produced an initial pressor
      response but was followed by a reduction of the pressure rise on subsequent
      electrical stimulation. Glu, unlike electrical stimulation, excites neural
      perikarya, not fibers of passage. KA initially excites the neural perikarya
      before causing damage that spares axons. These results thus suggest that both DM
      and VLM contain neural perikarya that mediate pressor effects.

PMID- 2903683
TI  - Acetyl-CoA hydrolase: relation between activity and cholesterol metabolism in
      rat.
AB  - To examine whether cytosolic acetyl-CoA hydrolase in rat liver is involved in
      regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, we investigated the alteration of the
      enzyme activity under conditions of stimulation (cholestyramine treatment) and
      suppression [cholesterol feeding, a potent competitive inhibitor of microsomal 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (CS 514) treatment, and a hypolipidemic
      drug [alpha-(p-chlorophenoxy)isobutyric acid, CPIB] injection) of cholesterol
      biosynthesis. The enzyme activity in rat liver increased significantly in the
      early diabetic, cholesterol-fed, CS 514-, and CPIB-treated groups, but no change
      in its activity was observed in chronic diabetic groups. Cholestyramine treatment
      to cholesterol-fed rats made the enzyme activity return to the initial level.
      When chronic diabetic rats were given a cholesterol diet or treated with CS 514
      or CPIB, the activity increased significantly. Inhibition of cholesterol
      biosynthesis caused by these treatments induced increase in the enzyme activity
      with increase in the enzyme protein, judging from results obtained by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. These results suggest that this enzyme has a
      physiological role in maintenance of the equilibrium between the cytosolic acetyl
      CoA concentration and CoA-SH pool for cholesterol metabolism.

PMID- 2903684
TI  - Effects of chronic sinoaortic denervation on central vasopressin and
      catecholamine systems.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine whether chronic arterial
      baroreceptor deficit induces time-related changes in central vasopressin (AVP)
      and catecholamine systems. Groups of sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) and sham
      operated (SO) rats were studied 1, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days after surgery. Supraoptic
      (SON), paraventricular (PVN) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei, median eminence (ME)
      region, and A1 region of medulla were obtained by micropunch from frozen brain
      sections and assayed for AVP, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity, catecholamines,
      and their metabolites, dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DOPEG) and 2,5
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). AVP concentration in SON and PVN was
      increased in 1-day-SAD rats, reduced in 3- and 4-day-SAD rats, equal and above
      control values in 7- and 14-day-SAD rats, respectively. TH activity was increased
      in SON and reduced in ME and ARC of 1- and 7-day-SAD rats. In SON, DOPEG was
      increased, whereas in ME all catecholamines and DOPEG and DOPAC were reduced in 1
      day-SAD rats. ME catecholamines returned toward control levels in 3- to 4-day-SAD
      rats. These studies show that the chronic absence of arterial baroreceptor input
      produces time-related, regionally specific central changes of vasopressin and
      regionally associated catecholamines.

PMID- 2903685
TI  - Sleep disorders in the elderly.
AB  - In their own practices and in consultation, requests to psychiatrists to evaluate
      and treat sleep disorders in the elderly are common. The five million elders in
      this country receive 35%-40% of the sedative-hypnotics prescribed, despite the
      fact that they represent only 12% of the population. Since their sleep
      disturbances are usually secondary to medical, psychiatric, pharmacologic, or
      environmental causes, they should receive a thorough evaluation and differential
      diagnostic approach. Before prescribing a sedative-hypnotic, one should consider
      nonpharmacologic interventions and education about normal sleep changes due to
      aging. As a foundation for the judicious prescribing of sedative-hypnotics, the
      pharmacokinetic changes associated with aging are discussed.

PMID- 2903686
TI  - Higher frequency of neuroleptic-induced dystonia in mania than in schizophrenia.
AB  - In a study of 135 schizophrenic and 46 manic male patients treated with
      neuroleptics, a significantly higher proportion of the manic patients (26.1%)
      than of the schizophrenic patients (5.9%) developed acute dystonia. This suggests
      a higher vulnerability to acute extrapyramidal symptoms in mania.

PMID- 2903687
TI  - Cold agglutinin titers in psychiatric patients.
AB  - Cold agglutinin titers were obtained from the serum of 41 psychiatric patients.
      The 21 chronic schizophrenic patients tended to have positive cold agglutinin
      titers; the authors suggest that this immunological finding may be associated
      with long-term neuroleptic treatment.

PMID- 2903688
TI  - Beta blockers for treatment of priapism associated with use of neuroleptics.

PMID- 2903689
TI  - Invasive amebiasis in naturally infected New World and Old World monkeys with and
      without clinical disease.
AB  - Histopathological preparations of cecum and colon from monkeys naturally infected
      with invasive Entamoeba histolytica were examined to determine the distribution
      of amebae in the tissues and the types of lesions, if any, associated with them.
      Infections were studied in 3 New World species (10 Callicebus moloch, 1 C.
      torquatus, and 2 Aotus trivirgatus) and 3 Old World species (8 Macaca mulatta, 6
      Erythrocebus patas, and 1 Cercopithecus aethiops). Amebiasis was recorded as the
      principal or a contributing cause of death of all of the 13 New World monkeys and
      in 6 of the 15 Old World monkeys; amebiasis was detected in the rest of the
      monkeys only after tissues were re-examined specifically for amebae. Amebae
      causing no apparent damage were found in the lamina propriae, mainly at the
      muscularis mucosae. Most frequent were colonies or aggregates of amebae in the
      crypts between the epithelium and basement membrane, causing either no evident
      necrosis or changes ranging from necrosis and disarrangement of adjacent cells to
      complete destruction of the epithelium and reduction of the cells to pyknotic
      bodies. A lesion interpreted as possibly characteristic of carrier-state invasive
      amebiasis was destruction of the epithelium in patches of mucosal crypts, not
      leading to ulceration. Uncommon but present in both New and Old World monkeys
      were typical areas of surface erosion and classical flask-shaped ulcers. The
      observations show that in some species of Old World monkeys amebiasis can be
      invasive without causing clinical disease.

PMID- 2903690
TI  - Brus Laguna virus, a Gamboa bunyavirus from Aedeomyia squamipennis collected in
      Honduras.
AB  - A virus isolate from Aedeomyia squamipennis collected in Honduras in 1967 was
      identified as a member of the Gamboa serogroup (family Bunyaviridae, genus
      Bunyavirus). This is the ninth Gamboa serogroup virus and the eighth shown to be
      a distinct serotype.

PMID- 2903692
TI  - [Protracted action of vecuronium in a patient with chronic renal insufficiency
      treated by dialysis].
AB  - Although the pharmacokinetics of vecuronium are altered by the loss of kidney
      function, they do not differ significantly between patients with normal renal
      function and patients with renal failure. Therefore, the drug has become a
      preferred neuromuscular blocking agent in anuric patients. The author observed
      complete relaxation--verified by nerve stimulation--for more than 3 h following a
      single dose of 0.09 mg/kg vecuronium in a patient with chronic renal failure.
      Liver function was normal, and no drugs known to interact with vecuronium were
      used. The authors conclude that the altered pharmacokinetics of vecuronium in
      anuric patients might cause clinically significant effects in some patients.

PMID- 2903691
TI  - Changes in carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels after alcohol withdrawal.
AB  - Sequential serum levels of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) were
      determined in 72 alcoholics at various intervals during detoxification. Before
      treatment, 57 patients (79%) had increased CDT values (Group A), whereas in 15
      individuals (21%) (Group B), CDT levels were within the normal range. In 51 Group
      A patients, CDT decreased progressively after cessation of alcohol intake (half
      life, 16 +/- 5 days), but fluctuated and remained abnormal in the remaining six.
      Nine Group B patients maintained normal CDT values throughout the follow-up
      period, but slightly or moderately increased levels were recorded on one occasion
      in the other six Group B subjects. Patients whose CDT levels had reached normal
      values after treatment, showed a recurrent increase in CDT after a relapse. gamma
      Glutamyl transferase activities, which were elevated in 56% of Group A and in 80%
      of Group B alcoholics, showed a decrease after cessation of alcohol consumption
      in most patients with initially elevated values (Group A, 30 of 32; Group B, 10
      of 12). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
      activities, as well as mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) were normal in the majority
      of patients. CDT/total transferrin ratios correlated positively with CDT levels.
      CDT proved to be the most sensitive marker for chronic alcoholism (79%), whereas
      GGT activity levels were more useful only in patients with normal CDT levels
      before alcohol withdrawal. In the assessment of treatment outcome, the
      combination of CDT and GGT as markers yielded a sensitivity of 95%.

PMID- 2903693
TI  - Anaphylaxis following vecuronium.

PMID- 2903694
TI  - Haplotype analysis of the human beta-globin gene complex using multiple locus
      specific oligonucleotide probes.
AB  - Three oligonucleotide probes complementary to specific DNA sequences of the six
      human globin genes (epsilon, G gamma, A gamma, psi beta, delta, beta) were
      synthesized. The oligonucleotides were used either singly or in combination as
      hybridization probes to determine the haplotype of the human beta-globin gene
      cluster employing the four conventionally used restriction endonucleases HincII,
      HindIII, AvaII, and BamHI, in addition to HpaI. Polymorphism in the epsilon- and
      psi beta-genes (HincII) can be simultaneously determined with a single probe
      mixture. One of the probes complementary to both the psi beta- and gamma-genes is
      useful for determining both HindIII and HincII polymorphisms. The advantages of
      these probes relative to conventional cDNA probes are discussed.

PMID- 2903695
TI  - Electrochemical determination of arylsulfatase activity using high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A highly sensitive assay for arylsulfatase A was developed using high-performance
      liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The retention time of the
      enzymatic product, p-nitrocatechol, on a reverse phase column was approximately
      2.0 min. The assay was able to detect 0.43 pmol p-nitrocatechol in a 20
      microliter ethanol extract of the reaction mixture. The coefficients of variation
      for seven determinations of the intra- and interassays were 9 and 8%,
      respectively. The levels of arylsulfatase A activity in human saliva samples and
      leukocyte and platelet lysates determined by this assay were within 6 and 11%,
      respectively, of the levels determined by a spectrophotometric assay. The high
      performance liquid chromatography assay may have utility in measuring
      arylsulfatase A activity in biological samples with low activity or specific
      activity or in samples with compounds which interfere with the spectrophotometric
      assay.

PMID- 2903696
TI  - Purification and characterization of low-molecular-weight beef heart
      proteolipids: use of fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry for identification.
AB  - Bovine cardiac muscle was extracted by an acidic chloroform/methanol mixture. A
      combination of gel permeation and ion-exchange chromatographies in organic
      solvents and HPLC allowed the purification of subunits VIIIa (Mr 5400) and VIIIb
      (Mr 4900) of cytochrome c oxidase and of A6L protein (Mr 7900) of ATP synthase.
      The identification of the proteins was made possible by measurement of their
      molecular weight by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) in
      conjunction with conventional Edman degradation. The determination by FAB-MS of
      the molecular weight of A6L protein confirmed its supposed formylated N-terminal
      methionine.

PMID- 2903698
TI  - Immunocytochemical and electronmicroscopical data on the differentiation of
      somatostatin-containing endocrine cells in human large intestine.
AB  - The distribution and ultrastructure of the somatostatin-containing endocrine
      cells in the distal large intestine of fetuses, children and adults was
      investigated by silver impregnation, immunocytochemical and electron
      microscopical techniques. Somatostatin-containing endocrine cells in 10-14-week
      old fetuses were found to differentiate very intensively. In 19-25-week-old
      fetuses the frequency of occurrence began to decrease and this tendency was
      preserved during the subsequent stages of ontogenesis. Conversely, the frequency
      of occurrence of argyrophil endocrine cells increased. The change in the mean
      diameters of the secretory granules was also studied.

PMID- 2903697
TI  - Protein chemistry of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
AB  - A highly effective procedure for fragmenting the Neurospora crassa plasma
      membrane H+-ATPase and purifying the resulting peptides is described. The enzyme
      is cleaved with trypsin to form a limit digest containing both hydrophobic and
      hydrophilic peptides, and the hydrophobic and hydrophilic peptides are then
      separated by extraction with an aqueous ammonium bicarbonate solution. The
      hydrophilic peptides are fractionated by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography into
      three pools, and the individual peptides in each pool are purified by high
      performance liquid chromatography. The hydrophobic peptides are dissolved in neat
      trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), diluted with chloroform-methanol (1:1), and the
      hydrophobic peptide solution thus obtained is then fractionated by Sephadex LH-60
      column chromatography in chloroform-methanol (1:1) containing 0.1% TFA. The
      recoveries in all of the above procedures are greater than 90%. The N-terminal
      amino acid sequences of three of the hydrophobic H+-ATPase peptides purified by
      this methodology have been determined, which establishes the position of these
      peptides in the 100,000 Da polypeptide chain by reference to the published gene
      sequence, and documents the sequencability of the hydrophobic peptides purified
      in this way. This methodology should facilitate the identification of a variety
      of amino acid residues important for the structure and function of the H+-ATPase
      molecule. Moreover, the overall strategy for working with the protein chemistry
      of the H+-ATPase should be applicable to other amphiphilic integral membrane
      proteins as well.

PMID- 2903699
TI  - Microtubule-granule relationships in motile human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - We examined the relationship of microtubules to the granule organization in
      stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Electron microscopic (EM)
      observations of critical-point-dried PMNs revealed that only a portion of the
      granules appeared in close association to microtubules. These closely associated
      granules appeared to be attached to the microtubule via smaller-diameter
      filaments. The remaining granules appeared either attached to microtubules at a
      further distance, via smaller-diameter filaments such as actin, or unassociated
      with microtubules. EM observations of PMNs treated with either the microtubule
      promoter drug taxol or the microtubule depolymerization drugs nocodozole and
      colchicine revealed a redistribution of granules towards the nucleus. Granule
      clustering at the periphery of the cell was also noted with nocodozole and
      colchicine. With cytochalasin B, a uniform distribution of granules was noted.
      However, granule clustering was noted when PMNs were coincubated with
      cytochalasin B and colchicine. These results indicate that microtubules may have
      both a direct and indirect role (through other cytoskeletal elements) in the
      organization of PMN granules.

PMID- 2903700
TI  - Use of esmolol in the intraoperative management of pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2903701
TI  - Actions of enflurane, isoflurane, vecuronium, atracurium, and pancuronium on
      pulmonary resistance in dogs.
AB  - The effects of enflurane, isoflurane, vecuronium, atracurium, and pancuronium on
      pulmonary resistance and heart rate were studied in 30 vagotomized dogs lying
      supine and anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. None of the five drugs affected
      pulmonary resistance when the airway was unstimulated. Enflurane and isoflurane
      significantly attenuated the increase in pulmonary resistance induced by
      electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves. This effect was dose-dependent and
      similar for both anesthetics at equivalent multiples of their minimum alveolar
      concentration. Atracurium significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced the increase
      in pulmonary resistance induced by vagus nerve stimulation; vecuronium had no
      significant effect. Pancuronium, up to a cumulative dose of 0.14 mg/kg, also
      significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced the increase in pulmonary resistance
      induced by vagus nerve stimulation; but this effect was reversed by further
      increasing the dose. Pancuronium also attenuated the cardiodecelerator response
      to vagus nerve stimulation in a dose-dependent fashion. The underlying mechanisms
      for the attenuation of responses to vagus nerve stimulation by enflurane or
      isoflurane or for the increase in response with atracurium are unknown.
      Pancuronium at lower doses increases the response most likely by blocking
      prejunctional muscarinic receptors (M2) that physiologically inhibit vagally
      mediated increases in pulmonary resistance.

PMID- 2903702
TI  - Transplacental passage and hemodynamic effects of esmolol in the gravid ewe.
AB  - Using a chronic maternal-fetal sheep preparation, the authors determined the
      transplacental passage and the hemodynamic changes consequent to maternal
      administration of esmolol. Fifteen experiments were performed in six chronically
      instrumented pregnant ewes near term. Each animal received esmolol iv, 500
      micrograms.kg-1.min-1, for 4 min and then 300 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 6 min.
      Maternal and fetal blood esmolol concentrations (mean +/- SEM) were 1.2 +/- 0.28
      and 0.1 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml, respectively, at the completion of the infusion,
      and 0.03 +/- 0.01 microgram/ml in the mother and not detectable in the fetus 10
      min after stopping the infusion. Despite the relatively low blood esmolol
      concentration in the fetus compared to the mother, the hemodynamic effects in the
      fetus were similar to those in the mother. The maximal decrease of maternal mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were 7 +/- 2 and 14 +/- 3% (mean +/-
      SEM), respectively (P less than .05). The maximal decrease of fetal MAP and HR
      were 7 +/- 2 and 12 +/- 3%, respectively (P less than .05). No changes were seen
      in maternal or fetal acid-base variables, and intra-amniotic pressure was not
      affected. The authors conclude that esmolol has a rapid but relatively small
      transplacental passage, and it is eliminated rapidly from both maternal and fetal
      plasma.

PMID- 2903703
TI  - Spinal administration of somatostatin in animals and humans.

PMID- 2903704
TI  - [Genetic counseling in ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency].
AB  - Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is an inborn error of urea cycle
      metabolism, responsible for lethal hyperammonemia in males and for severe
      symptoms in at least 20% of heterozygous females. The authors provide here
      additional data on the informativity of the protein loading test (PLT) for the
      detection of heterozygotes. They show that the risk of being a carrier for the
      mother of an affected boy falls from 2/3 a priori to only 1/8 if her PLT is
      negative. The risk for the mother of heterozygote girl falls from 1/2 a priori to
      1/16 if her PLT is negative.

PMID- 2903705
TI  - Clinical toxicity of cocaine adulterants.
AB  - Adulterants are found in all street samples of cocaine. They add an unappreciated
      dimension to the clinical toxicity of cocaine abuse. Identification of these
      adulterants is necessary to separate their effects from those of cocaine. The
      comprehensive toxic screen, which provides multiple modalities of drug analysis,
      will be a key diagnostic tool in the further investigation of these inherently
      toxic agents and their impact on syndromes of cocaine intoxication.

PMID- 2903706
TI  - Modulatory effect of neurotransmitters and neurotropic drugs on the release of 3H
      D-aspartic acid from synaptosomes.

PMID- 2903707
TI  - Serotonin-glutamate interaction in rat cerebellum: involvement of 5
      hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2903708
TI  - Investigations on dynorphin structurally-related opioid peptides. I. Impact on
      nociceptive transmission. II. Regulation of pituitary content.

PMID- 2903709
TI  - Receptor organization of opioid and adrenergic regulation of pain.

PMID- 2903710
TI  - Ethological pharmacology of anxiogenic and anxiolytic drugs.

PMID- 2903711
TI  - Analysis of the mechanism of psychotropic action of a 3-hydroxypyridine
      derivative.

PMID- 2903712
TI  - Plasma sex steroid transport and histamine H2-receptor antagonists. Clinical
      implications.

PMID- 2903713
TI  - Effects of dietary alpha- and gamma-linolenic acid on lipid metabolism in young
      and adult rats.
AB  - The effect of age on lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets containing
      safflower oil (SFO, 78% linoleic acid), evening primrose oil (EPO, 9.4% gamma
      linolenic acid and 70% linoleic acid) or the mixture of safflower and linseed oil
      (SLO, 10.2% alpha-linolenic acid and 68% linoleic acid). The activity of hepatic
      HMG-CoA reductase declined with age in all groups. In adult rats, the reductase
      activity was high in the EPO group and low in the SLO group. The activity of
      hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was independent of the diet or age.
      Hepatic delta 6-desaturase activity was low in adult rats fed EPO. In liver
      microsomal phospholipids, the percentage of 22:5 n-6 decreased while that of 22:6
      n-3 increased with age. The ratio of linoleate metabolites to linoleate was high
      in the EPO group and low in the SLO group. Liver and serum cholesterol increased
      with age only in rats fed the SLO diet. Thus, the results indicated an enhanced
      susceptibility to dietary fats with age.

PMID- 2903714
TI  - [13 cases of drug-induced calculi].
AB  - All urinary stones should undergo detailed studies to identify those related to
      drug therapy. Among 520 stones analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry, we found
      13 drug-induced stones (13/520: 2.5%). Drug-induced stones were caused by
      glafenine in 7 cases, piridoxylate in 4 cases, triamterene in one case and an
      unknown organic compound in one case. Glafenine stones appear to develop more
      readily in infected urine. Triamterene stones are often associated with uric acid
      disorders. Piridoxylate induces the formation of glyoxylate which is responsible
      for hyperoxaluria and formation of oxalocalcium stones.

PMID- 2903715
TI  - Cloning and expression of methicillin resistance from Staphylococcus epidermidis
      in Staphylococcus carnosus.
AB  - A 6.2-kilobase chromosomal DNA fragment from a methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus epidermidis strain was cloned into Staphylococcus carnosus by
      using staphylococcal plasmid pCA44 as the vector. The recombinant plasmid
      obtained, pBBB21, conferred methicillin resistance on its host and was
      responsible for the synthesis of a low-affinity penicillin-binding protein (PBP),
      PBP 2'. PBP 2' determined by the S. epidermidis DNA and expressed as a membrane
      bound PBP in S. carnosus reacted with monoclonal antibodies directed against PBP
      2' of Staphylococcus aureus origin, and the cloned S. epidermidis DNA hybridized
      to the methicillin (mec)-specific DNA from S. aureus. These findings point to a
      common origin of the methicillin resistance determinant in staphylococci.

PMID- 2903717
TI  - Do carbohydrates affect food intake via neurotransmitter activity?
AB  - The consumption of a carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor meal or snack can increase
      the synthesis of the brain neurotransmitter serotonin; proteins block this
      effect. The mechanism of the rise in brain serotonin involves the secretion of
      insulin, and the decrease that the hormone produces in plasma levels of certain
      amino acids that compete with tryptophan, serotonin's precursor, for transport
      across the blood-brain barrier. The rise in serotonin can thus be produced by any
      carbohydrate that elicits insulin secretion, independent of its sweetness.
      Pharmacologic treatments that amplify serotonin-mediated neurotransmission can
      selectively decrease the consumption of carbohydrate (i.e., in relation to that
      of protein). A group of diseases seems to exist in which depressive symptoms are
      associated with "carbohydrate-craving", and the consumption of large quantities
      of carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor snacks. Patients describe positive subjective
      responses to the dietary carbohydrates which are unrelated to hunger. These
      responses may be mediated by the rise in brain serotonin.

PMID- 2903716
TI  - Influence of berberine sulfate on synthesis and expression of Pap fimbrial
      adhesin in uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - We investigated the influence of berberine sulfate, an ancient Chinese
      antibiotic, upon the adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to erythrocytes
      and epithelial cells. Although berberine sulfate in increasing concentrations had
      no effect on bacterial growth or on the synthesis of major outer membrane
      proteins of the E. coli organisms, it increasingly blocked adhesion. The
      decreased adhesion was accompanied by a reduction in the synthesis of fimbrial
      subunits and in the expression of assembled fimbriae. These results suggest that
      the anti-infectious activity of berberine sulfate in E. coli-induced urinary
      tract infections may be mediated by the selective suppression of the synthesis
      and assembly of fimbriae by uropathogenic organisms.

PMID- 2903719
TI  - [Computerized tomography of the petrous bone. With magnetic resonance
      tomography].

PMID- 2903718
TI  - Electroporation-induced transformation of intact cells of Clostridium
      perfringens.
AB  - Electroporation-induced transformation of intact cells of Clostridium perfringens
      3624A with plasmids pAMB1 and pHR106 resulted in 3.8 X 10(-5) and 4.2 X 10(-4)
      transformants per viable cell, respectively. With respect to shuttle plasmid
      pHR106, these values represent a greater than 100-fold increase in transformation
      frequency when compared with the values reported with polyethylene glycol-induced
      L-phase variants.

PMID- 2903720
TI  - Developmental changes of the content of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA in chicken
      liver.
AB  - Utilizing RNA blot hybridization and immunoblotting techniques, the changes of
      the hepatic contents of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA and of the enzyme protein in
      growing chicks have been investigated. In the post-hatching period, the hepatic
      mRNA level markedly increased at least 70-fold when compared to that before
      hatching. This increase was not observed in chicks receiving no diet. These
      changes were closely paralleled with the rise of the hepatic content of acetyl
      CoA carboxylase protein in chicks up to 10 days old. Neither the acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase mRNA level nor the enzyme quantity significantly changed in heart. It
      is concluded from these results that the developmental regulation of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase in the post-hatching period of chicks is tissue specific and occurs
      primarily at a pretranslational step. The content of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA
      in adult chicken liver was low, which is comparable to those in embryos at 3 days
      before hatching and chicks at hatching day. Although acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA
      was detected in adult chicken brain, heart, lung, kidney, uropygial gland,
      spleen, testis, and chest muscle as well as liver, the mRNA level in these
      tissues was much lower than that in liver of growing chicks.

PMID- 2903721
TI  - Multiple mechanisms by which glutamine synthetase levels are controlled in murine
      tissue culture cells.
AB  - We report the isolation of a complimentary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding glutamine
      synthetase, derived from a population of methionine sulfoxime-resistant mouse GF1
      fibroblasts. When GF1 cells are incubated for 48 h in the presence of the
      glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone, the specific activity of glutamine
      synthetase (GS), assayed as glutamyltransferase activity, increases by threefold.
      Based on dot hybridization analysis, hormonal treatment also produces a similar
      increase in the level of GS mRNA. When GF1 cells or mouse Neuro 2A neuroblastoma
      cells are transferred from medium containing 4 mM glutamine to glutamine-free
      medium, glutamyltransferase activity increases by at least fivefold. However, the
      presence or absence or glutamine in the medium does not affect the relative level
      of glutamine synthetase mRNA in either cell line. With both GF1 and Neuro 2A
      cells, the half-time for the decline in glutamine synthetase enzyme activity on
      addition of glutamine to the medium is approximately 1.5 h. This rapid decline,
      coupled with the lack of effect of glutamine on the level of GS messenger RNA in
      Neuro 2A cells, renders it unlikely that neural cells alter glutamine synthetase
      levels in response to glutamine by a biosynthetic mechanism, as suggested by
      previous authors [L. Lacoste, K.D. Chaudhary, and J. Lapointe (1982) J.
      Neurochem. 39, 78-85].

PMID- 2903722
TI  - [Autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation].
AB  - A number of recent reports have now shown that hematopoietic stem cells are
      present in the circulation, and these cells have the potential to restore
      complete hematopoiesis following marrow aplasia. Peripheral stem cells have been
      collected by continuous flow leukapheresis during periods of hematopoietic
      regeneration after 2 to 3 weeks of intensive chemotherapy. Following marrow
      ablative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, the autologous peripheral stem cells
      are thawed and infused intravenously. When a sufficient stem cell dose was given,
      rapid neutrophil and platelet recovery has been confirmed, as compared with bone
      marrow transplantation. Acute leukemia, malignant lymphoma and solid tumors may
      benefit from this approach, and long-lasting remission or cure may result in a
      significant number of patients.

PMID- 2903723
TI  - Epidermal lymphocyte chemotactic factor specifically attracts OKT4-positive
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Epidermal lymphocyte chemotactic factor (ELCF) from skin overlying a positive
      tuberculin reaction was compared with the chemoattractants leukotriene B4 (LTB4),
      N-formyl-methionyl-leukyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), and complement split product C5a
      (C5a). The chemotactic assay used is a modified Boyden chamber technique. The
      lymphocytes were subsets of T lymphocytes from healthy young individuals first
      separated by flotation of E rosettes on Isopaque Ficoll followed by incubation of
      T cells with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies and further separation
      using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. ELCF specifically attracted OKT4+
      lymphocytes, while LTB4, FMLP, and C5a induced significant migration in both
      OKT4+ and OKT8+ lymphocytes without any clear difference between the various
      chemoattractants or cell populations. We found no blocking of the chemotactic
      capacity of ELCF when we added antibodies towards IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta to the
      chemotactic assay. Further recombinant IL-1 alpha and Il-1 beta did not induce
      any chemotactic response. Our observation may be of significance in explaining
      the predominance of OKT4+ cells in allergic contact dermatitis and certain other
      skin diseases.

PMID- 2903724
TI  - Calpain activates two transglutaminases from porcine skin.
AB  - Two transglutaminases (TGase) with estimated molecular weight of 55,000 (55-K
      TGase) and 120,000 (120-K TGase) were partially purified from the cytosolic
      fraction of porcine skin (epidermis-rich preparation) using DEAE-cellulose and
      gel-filtration chromatographies. The enzyme activities of both transglutaminases
      were enhanced more than 20-fold by treatment with calpain (Ca2+-dependent
      cysteine proteinase) in the presence of Ca2+, and this enhancement was inhibited
      by adding EDTA, leupeptin, or an endogenous calpain-specific inhibitor protein
      (calpastatin). 55-K TGase was effectively activated by a smaller amount of
      calpain than was 120-K TGAse, while known activating reagents such as thrombin
      and dimethyl sulfoxide or heat treatment preferentially activated 120-K TGase.
      One of the physiological functions of calpain in the epidermis may be the
      activation of epidermal transglutaminases.

PMID- 2903725
TI  - Effect of ace-inhibitors, calmodulin antagonists, acetylcholine receptor
      blocking, and alpha receptor blocking agents on motility of human sperm.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of several
      pharmacological compounds on the motility and velocity of washed human
      spermatozoa. Results were evaluated by multiple exposure photography and computer
      aided picture analysis. The motility-inhibiting effect of the antifertility drug
      gossypol was confirmed. Gossypol proved to be a potent inhibitor of the
      angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) detectable in high concentrations in seminal
      plasma. However, human sperm motility was not inhibited during incubation with
      two other specific ACE-inhibitors (captopril, enalapril). On the contrary, high
      concentrations of captopril even showed a slight motility-stimulating effect.
      These results indicate no direct involvement of ACE in the regulation of sperm
      motility but suggest a direct interaction of gossypol with the plasma membrane of
      spermatozoa. To clarify whether or not gossypol blocks membranous ion transport,
      the effect of well-defined ion transport blocking agents on sperm motility was
      investigated. It was determined that the acetylcholine receptor blocker alpha
      bungarotoxin and trifluoperazine, a specific calmodulin antagonist, inhibit sperm
      motility completely. Since stimulation of sperm motility by captopril may be due
      to an alpha-mimetic action of this compound, the influence of two alpha receptor
      blockers (bromocriptine, lisuride) on sperm motility was studied. Although
      lisuride inhibited sperm motility completely, bromocriptine revealed no
      influence. A temporary and reversible intervention with membrane transport
      processes could be a suitable way to regulate human sperm motility and male
      fertility.

PMID- 2903726
TI  - Benzodiazepine sedatives and the risk of falling in a community-dwelling elderly
      cohort.
AB  - A prospective study of risk factors for falls in the elderly at home was
      conducted in a cohort of tenants (N = 169) of six senior-citizen buildings in New
      Jersey. Within this study, we evaluated whether benzodiazepine sedative use was
      associated with risk of falling. The mean age (+/- SD) of the cohort was 79.8 +/-
      7.3 years, and 80% were women. Monthly telephone interviews yielded a total of 77
      falls during an average follow-up time of 5.6 months. Benzodiazepine use at
      baseline was categorized as either none, as needed, or continuous, eg, nightly
      use. Continuous use appeared to increase the risk of falling in this cohort
      (unadjusted relative risk [RR] = 1.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.93, 2.52; RR
      adjusted for age, gender, and follow-up time = 1.82, 95% confidence interval =
      0.92, 3.62). Any use of benzodiazepines was related to multiple falls in persons
      who fell. The risk of falling from continuous benzodiazepine use may be higher in
      persons with position-sense loss in the toes (RR = 2.00) than in persons without
      such loss (RR = 1.35). We suggest that periodic review of the need for
      benzodiazepines in the elderly be made.

PMID- 2903728
TI  - Pericardial flaps prevent wound complications.

PMID- 2903727
TI  - [Effects of beta-blockers on hemodynamics of the forearm after tobacco
      stimulation].
AB  - In mild hypertension, a betablocker treatment could reduce cardiovascular events.
      But in smoking men the benefit disappears and this interaction is unexplained. In
      6 healthy non smoking men, we studied the effects of acute oral administration of
      propranolol (80 mg) pindolol (15 mg) and placebo after cigarette smoking (CS)
      (two cigarettes within 10 minutes). In a double blind cross over randomized
      study, arterial pressure and heart rate (HR) were recorded within 20 minutes
      after CS. Brachial artery diameter (D), Local vascular Resistance (RL), Local
      arterial Compliance (CL) and pulse wave velocity (VOP) were determined non
      invasively (using a pulsed doppler system) before and 20 mn after CS. Under
      placebo, mean arterial pressure (PAM), HR and RL increased significantly after CS
      (+9.2 +/- 3 mmHg, +4.5 +/- 3 b/mn and +36 +/- 14 per cent, respectively). These
      modifications were not different after propranolol, pindolol or placebo (ANOVA).
      Arterial distensibility (CL) was decreased after CS and this alteration was not
      prevented by beta-blockers. Brachial artery diameter was not modified after CS.
      Our results demonstrate that acute treatment with non selective beta-blockers
      with or without sympathomimetic intrinsic activity does not prevent haemodynamic
      modifications induced by cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2903729
TI  - Induction of light hydrocarbon nephropathy by p-dichlorobenzene.
AB  - In order to clarify the etiology of a dose-related increase in the incidence of
      tubular cell adenocarcinomas of the kidney in male rats, the nephrotoxicity of p
      dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) was investigated in a subchronic study. Groups of ten
      male and ten female Fischer 344 rats were dosed by gavage with 0 (controls), 75,
      150, 300 or 600 mg p-DCB/kg/day in corn oil. Half of the animals were sacrificed
      after 4 weeks and the remainder after 13 weeks. Increased urinary LDH and
      epithelial cell excretion and exacerbation of hyaline droplet accumulation in the
      cytoplasm of renal cortical cells were observed in male rats over the entire dose
      range investigated. Tubular single cell necrosis, dilated tubules with granular
      cast formation in the outer zone of the medulla, were evident in male rats after
      4 and 13 weeks of treatment with doses of 150-600 mg/kg/day. In female rats there
      was no indication of a nephrotoxic action of p-DCB. The effects on the kidney,
      both in their morphological characteristics and the fact that they occur
      exclusively in male animals, correspond to the light hydrocarbon nephropathy
      observed as a result of short-term treatment with a number of aliphatic and
      cyclic hydrocarbons. The development of cortical renal tumors seems to be
      associated with this kind of kidney damage which is unique to male rats. The
      literature on this subject generally regards these renal effects as not
      predictive for man.

PMID- 2903731
TI  - [Morphofunctional characteristics of the neuroepithelial bodies in the
      respiratory organs].

PMID- 2903730
TI  - [Endocrine cells in the cardial glands of the esophagus in man].
AB  - Distribution of endocrine cells in composition of the secretory epithelium of the
      cardial glands of the human esophagus in both sex and at various age has been
      investigated. In spiral paraffin slices the endocrine cells have been revealed by
      means of different silver impregnation methods (after Grimelius, Masson--Hamperl,
      Sevier--Munger), Sevke technique, ferry-ferrocyanide method. Some cells have been
      revealed, which according to the specific signs of their granule staining
      resemble very much G-, EC-, ECL-cells of the stomach. They can be triangular,
      flatten or polygonal and are stained in the cardial gland epithelium as single
      diffuse cells, or as groups of cells. Staining of the slices with aldehyde
      fuchsin in various modifications reveals dark cells with dark-violet granules and
      lighter cells with acidophilic granules. Sometimes among these cells certain
      cells with light-violet cytoplasm are revealed. All these cells can be arranged
      both in composition of the secretory epithelium of the glands and in
      conglomerates of cells, resembling pancreatic islands. According to their
      tinctorial properties they resemble A-, B-, D-cells of these islands.

PMID- 2903732
TI  - Biochemical screening of airmen.
AB  - Starting in 1983, biochemical and hematological screening, including hemoglobin,
      hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean red cell hemoglobin concentration, white blood
      cell count, ESR, serum creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, ASAT (SGOT), ALAT
      (SGPT), G-GT and blood glucose, was performed in all Icelandic captains,
      copilots, flight engineers, and air traffic controllers. No hematological
      abnormalities were observed. One pilot had serum creatinine above 150 mmol.L-1;
      48 airmen had serum cholesterol above 8.9 mmol.L-1; 15 had blood glucose above
      7.9 mmol.L-1. The pilots had significantly lower serum triglycerides, ALAT, and
      ASAT than the captains. Fifty airmen had G-GT values above 50 IU.L-1. This group
      was urged to reconsider their alcohol habits and given medical and psychological
      advice as indicated. In this group the mean G-GT fell from 89 to 37 IU.L-1 during
      a period of approximately 2 years. No change in G-GT values was observed in those
      airmen who had a normal initial value. This study demonstrates the value of
      routine biochemical testing for airmen, particularly as regards blood glucose,
      serum cholesterol, and G-GT.

PMID- 2903733
TI  - Programmed environment management of confined microsocieties.
AB  - A programmed environment is described that assists the implementation and
      management of schedules governing access to all resources and information
      potentially available to members of a confined microsociety. Living and work
      schedules are presented that were designed to build individual and group
      performance repertoires in support of study objectives and sustained adaptation
      by participants. A variety of measurement requirements can be programmed and
      standardized to assure continuous assessment of the status and health of a
      confined microsociety.

PMID- 2903734
TI  - Opioids stimulate sarcolemmal NAD(P)H-vanadate dehydrogenase activity.
AB  - The present study demonstrates that the bovine cardiac sarcolemma possesses an
      NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity which is able to oxidize both NADH and NAD(P)H in
      the presence of vanadate as an electron acceptor. The NADH dehydrogenase activity
      was significantly higher than the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity and both of them
      were almost completely inhibited by superoxide dismutase and atebrin and markedly
      reduced by the addition of the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol. The incubation of
      the sarcolemma in the presence of 10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8) M methionine
      enkephalin, a prevalent delta-opioid receptor agonist, or dynorphin A (1-17), a
      prevalent kappa-receptor agonist, produced a dose-dependent increase in the
      NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity, with 10(-10) and 10(-9) M dynorphin A (1-17) more
      effective than the corresponding doses of methionine-enkephalin. The
      preincubation of the sarcolemma in the presence of superoxide-dismutase, atebrin
      or 2,4-dinitrophenol strongly inhibited the opioid-stimulated dehydrogenase
      activity. The stimulatory action elicited by 10(-8) M methionine-enkephalin or
      dynorphin A (1-17) was completely antagonized by 10(-8) M naloxone or Mr 1452,
      respectively, whilst 10(-8) M naloxone exerted only a partially antagonistic
      action against the effect produced by 10(-8) M dynorphin A (1-17), significantly
      more accentuated than the action of 10(-8) M Mr 1452 versus the same dose of
      methionine-enkephalin.

PMID- 2903735
TI  - Synthetic peptides based on the calmodulin-binding domain of myosin light chain
      kinase inhibit activation of other calmodulin-dependent enzymes.
AB  - Nanomolar concentrations of synthetic peptides corresponding to the calmodulin
      binding domain of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase were found to inhibit
      calmodulin activation of seven well-characterized calmodulin-dependent enzymes:
      brain 61 kDa cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, brain adenylate cyclase,
      Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase, red blood cell membrane Ca++-pump ATPase,
      brain calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin), skeletal muscle
      phosphorylase b kinase, and brain multifunctional Ca++ (calmodulin)-dependent
      protein kinase. Inhibition could be entirely overcome by the addition of excess
      calmodulin. Thus, the myosin light chain kinase peptides used in this study may
      be useful antagonists for studying calmodulin-dependent enzymes and processes.

PMID- 2903736
TI  - Inhibition of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated cyclic GMP formation by a
      phorbol ester, a protein kinase C activator.
AB  - alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated signal transduction in rat adrenocortical
      carcinoma cells occurs through the opposing regulation of two second messengers,
      cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP, in which guanylate cyclase is coupled positively and
      adenylate cyclase negatively to the receptor signal. We now show that in these
      cells phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a known activator of protein kinase
      C, inhibits the alpha 2-agonist (p-aminoclodine)-dependent production of cyclic
      GMP in a dose-dependent and time-dependent fashion. The half-maximal inhibitory
      concentration of PMA was 10(-10) M. A protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-(5
      isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine (H-7), caused the release of the PMA
      dependent attenuation of p-aminoclodine-stimulated cyclic GMP formation. These
      results suggest that protein kinase C negatively regulates the alpha 2-receptor
      coupled cyclic GMP system in these cells, a feature apparently shared with the
      other cyclic GMP-coupled receptors such as those of muscarine, histamine, and
      atrial natriuretic factor.

PMID- 2903738
TI  - Deletion of a homeobox gene in myeloid leukemias with a deletion in chromosome 2.
AB  - Mouse myeloid leukemias are characterized by a frequent deletion in one
      chromosome number 2. We now show that there is a deletion of one copy of the Hox
      4.1 homeobox gene in the myeloid leukemias with this deletion in chromosome 2. It
      is suggested that deletion of this homeobox gene plays a role in determining the
      abnormal developmental program in myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 2903737
TI  - Facile analysis and purification of deblocked N-terminal pyroglutamyl peptides
      with a strong cation-exchange sulfoethyl aspartamide column.
AB  - A high-performance strong cation-exchange Sulfoethyl Aspartamide column was used
      to analyze and purify five N-terminal pyroglutamyl peptides after treatment with
      Pyroglutamate Aminopeptidase. The resulting deblocked N-1 peptides possess an
      increased positive charge and are therefore retained to a greater extent by the
      column. Salt gradient elution in a pH 3 mobile phase was then used to recover the
      desired peptides and the purified deblocked peptides were directly subjected to N
      terminal sequence analysis. The same digests were also chromatographed on a C18
      reversed-phase column using standard trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile gradient
      elution. The elution order for the parent peptide and the N-1 peptide on the
      reversed-phase column was reversed from that on the Sulfoethyl Aspartamide column
      and the resolution of the two peptides obtained on the reversed-phase column was
      less than that observed on the cation-exchange column. In addition, the
      Sulfoethyl Aspartamide column was shown to be useful to monitor the extent of N
      terminal glutamine cyclization formed during peptide purification and storage.

PMID- 2903740
TI  - Highly variable minisatellites and DNA fingerprints.

PMID- 2903739
TI  - Activation of guanylate cyclase and the regulatory role of cyclic 3',5'-guanosine
      monophosphate.
AB  - The effect of dithiothreitol on the activity of soluble guanylate cyclase and on
      enzyme activation by sodium nitroprusside and free stable radical was studied. A
      higher degree of oxidation of guanylate cyclase from rat platelets in comparison
      with that of the enzyme from human platelets was found, which influences both the
      value of the enzyme activity and its regulation. It was shown that dithiothreitol
      enhanced the stimulating effect of nitroprusside but inhibited the activation of
      guanylate cyclase by free radical, which was suggestive of a difference in the
      mechanisms of the activating effect of these agents. A scheme of the biological
      role of cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate was proposed. On the basis of this
      scheme, different pathological states caused by disturbances in the functions of
      guanylate cyclase were identified and investigated.

PMID- 2903741
TI  - Xenobiotic and endobiotic inhibitors of cytochrome P-450dbl function, the target
      of the debrisoquine/sparteine type polymorphism.
AB  - Five to 10% of Caucasians are poor metabolizers (PM) of debrisoquine, sparteine,
      bufuralol and numerous other drugs. A deficiency in cytochrome P-450dbl (P
      450dbl) function is the cause of this polymorphism of drug oxidation with
      autosomal recessive inheritance. In the present study, inhibition of bufuralol-1'
      hydroxylase in human liver microsomes by drugs and chemicals was performed in a
      search for potential new substrates for this polymorphic enzyme. Among the 80
      alkaloids and drugs tested, 25 were competitive inhibitors. In vitro competitive
      inhibition of bufuralol oxidation by a substance indicates that this compound is
      able to bind to the same enzymatic site as bufuralol. This may mean that the
      competing drug also is metabolized by P-450dbl and that its metabolism is subject
      to the same genetic variation as the oxidation of bufuralol. However, some of
      these competitive inhibitors are not oxidized by P-450dbl. In this case, however,
      they may interfere with the in vivo phenotyping procedure by inhibiting the
      formation of metabolites of test drugs such as debrisoquine, sparteine,
      metoprolol or dextrometorphan.

PMID- 2903742
TI  - In vivo effect of tunicamycin on the expression of rat small intestinal brush
      border membrane glycoproteins and glycoenzymes.
AB  - Tunicamycin, a known inhibitor of the lipid-dependent glycosylation of proteins,
      was used in vivo to study the biosynthesis of rat intestinal brush border
      membrane aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV. The incorporation of
      [3H]glucosamine into newly synthesized total protein of mucosal cell homogenates
      was inhibited by 60%, whereas incorporation of [3H]leucine was decreased only 21%
      by tunicamycin. This effect was much more pronounced in the brush border membrane
      fraction isolated from intestinal mucosal cells where incorporation of
      radiolabled leucine and glucosamine was reduced to 50 and 82% of control values
      respectively. An examination of the brush border membrane protein profile by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that there was a
      marked selective decrease in the amount of glycoproteins of molecular weights
      greater than 130 kD. In addition, there were decreased levels of assayable
      aminopeptidase N, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV and disaccharidase activity in
      intestinal mucosal cell homogenates and brush border membranes of tunicamycin
      treated rats. Though tunicamycin decreased incorporation of newly synthesized
      aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV protein into brush border
      membranes by 70-75%, the newly synthesized enzyme that was incorporated was
      indistinguishable from that of controls. Further, non-glycoslyated forms of both
      enzymes were not detected in any other subcellular fractions. These results show
      that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation, significantly affected the
      expression of brush border membrane glycoproteins, suggesting that both
      polypeptide synthesis and degradation of these proteins may be altered in the
      presence of this drug.

PMID- 2903743
TI  - Mouse hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozyme induction by 1,4-bis[2-(3,5
      dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, pyrazole, and phenobarbital.
AB  - The effects of 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) and pyrazole
      on mouse hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozyme expression were compared to the P-450
      induction pattern elicited by phenobarbital. TCPOBOP and PB administration caused
      a similar induction profile by increasing microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450
      content and the catalytic activities of several monooxygenases in DBA/2N and
      AKR/J mice. There were, however, several quantitative and some qualitative
      differences in the induction profile caused by phenobarbital and TCPOBOP. A few
      strain-related differences were also observed. Immunoblot analysis with
      polyclonal anti-coumarin hydroxylase (P-450Coh) antibody and epitope-specific
      monoclonal antibodies 1-7-1 and 2-66-3 showed that both phenobarbital and TCPOBOP
      increase the amount of P450IIB and P-450Coh. TCPOBOP caused a more pronounced
      increase in the amount of P-450IIB than phenobarbital, and TCPOBOP also caused an
      increase in the amount of P-450IA2. These data suggest that in the mouse, TCPOBOP
      increases mainly the expression of P-450 isozymes responsive to phenobarbital.
      The effects of pyrazole differed greatly from those caused by TCPOBOP and
      phenobarbital. In the DBA/2N mice, pyrazole increased coumarin 7-hydroxylation
      9.4-fold, whereas in the AKR/J mice the activity was induced only to a level
      equivalent to the DBA/2N basal level. In immunoblot experiments with anti-P
      450Coh antibody, the amount of P-450Coh was considerably higher in DBA/2N mice
      treated with phenobarbital, TCPOBOP, or pyrazole in comparison with the AKR/J
      mice, indicating a strain specificity in the inducibility of coumarin 7
      hydroxylase by pyrazole.

PMID- 2903744
TI  - Interindividual variation in phase II detoxification enzymes in normal human
      colon mucosa.

PMID- 2903745
TI  - [Primary structure of the OSCP-protein, conferring the oligomycin sensitivity to
      the H+-ATPase complex. II. Hydrolysis of OSCP with proteinase from Staphylococcus
      aureus and reconstruction of the polypeptide chain].
AB  - Hydrolysis of OSCP of bovine heart mitochondria by proteinase from Staphylococcus
      aureus V8 was followed by isolation of all individual peptides by means of gel
      filtration and HPLC. Structural analysis of the peptides allowed to arrange BrCN
      fragments and to reconstruct the complete amino acid sequence of the protein.
      Comparative structural analysis revealed existence of a certain homology between
      OSCP and delta- and b-subunits of the E. coli H+-ATPase, which are necessary for
      interaction of catalytic and proton-conducting parts of the bacterial enzyme.

PMID- 2903746
TI  - [Amino acid sequence of neurotoxin II from the sea anemone Radianthus
      macrodactylus].
AB  - Amino acid sequence of neurotoxin II isolated from the sea anemone Radianthus
      macrodactylus was determined by analysis of peptides obtained after its digestion
      with trypsin and staphylococcal proteinase. It is shown that the polypeptide
      chain of the toxin consists of 48 amino acid residues, including six cysteines.

PMID- 2903747
TI  - [Aspartyladenylate analog--effective inhibitor of asparagine synthetase].
AB  - A number of earlier unknown phosphonate analogues of aspartyl adenylate with
      anhydride oxygen substituted by --CH2--, and the carbonyl group substituted by -
      CH(OH)- or --CH(NH2)-groups were synthesized. These compounds were used to study
      the reaction mechanism of asparagine synthetases from white lupine and E. coli.
      The aspartyl adenylate analogues proved to be powerful competitive inhibitors (Ki
      = 10(-7) M) of the bacterial enzyme. In the case of white lupine enzyme
      catalyzing the aspartate-independent ATP--[32P]PPi exchange, the above compounds
      displayed a non-competitive type of inhibition with respect to aspartate and ATP,
      Ki = 10(-4) M. It is likely that for the latter enzyme the first intermediate is
      different from an aspartyl adenylate derivative.

PMID- 2903748
TI  - Nonlinkage of the T cell receptor alpha, beta, and gamma genes to systemic lupus
      erythematosus in multiplex families.
AB  - To test the possibility that T cell antigen receptor (TcR) genes are linked to
      the genes involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
      genomic DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms were studied, using the
      Southern blot technique, in 5 families with multiple members with SLE, 14
      unrelated SLE patients, and 14 normal controls. Polymorphic patterns were
      detected with probes for all 3 TcR chains, but there was no significant
      difference in the distribution of the restriction fragment length polymorphism
      pattern among the patients, the relatives, and the controls. Furthermore, in the
      families with at least 2 individuals with the disease, each of the 3 TcR chain
      genes did not cosegregate with the disease. We conclude that TcR alpha, beta, and
      gamma chain genes are not likely to be linked to genes related to SLE.

PMID- 2903749
TI  - Genetic variation in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster and coronary
      heart disease.
AB  - Six RFLPs in the apolipoprotein (apo) AI-CIII-AIV gene region detected with the
      restriction enzymes XmnI, MspI, PstI, SstI and PvuII were used to study the role
      of genetic variation at this locus in the development of coronary heart disease
      and in the regulation of serum levels of various lipid and lipoprotein parameters
      in the Austrian population. 106 male patients with coronary heart disease and 118
      matched controls were investigated. None of the alleles defined by these RFLPs
      was associated with increased coronary risk. In the patients, but not in the
      control group individuals with the genotype P1P2 for the PstI polymorphism in the
      3' flanking region of the apo AI gene had significantly lower serum levels of
      high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apo AI levels than those with the
      genotype P1P1. The S2 allele of the SstI polymorphism at the 3' end of the apo
      CIII gene was significantly associated with elevated serum levels of
      triglycerides in the patient, but not in the control group. Controls with the
      genotype V2V2 for the PvuII(A) polymorphism at the 5' end of the apo CIII gene
      had significantly higher serum levels of apo B than those with V1V1 or V1V2. This
      association did not exist among the patients. These findings suggest that
      variation associated with some of these RFLPs is contributing to the
      determination of lipid levels in patients and controls, but that the RFLPs
      themselves cannot be used as markers for increased coronary risk in the Austrian
      population.

PMID- 2903750
TI  - [Long-term therapy with beta-2 mimetics: role of tachyphylaxis].
AB  - Long-term treatment with beta-2 agonists are said to induce bronchial adrenergic
      receptor desensitization. Tachyphylaxis is a pharmacological phenomenon that is
      usually observed with all the drugs and hormones that stimulate receptors. It
      plays a regulatory role in coupling-decoupling of hormone and receptor. In
      asthmatics, loss of bronchial responsiveness to a beta-2 adrenergic stimulation
      may differ from tachyphylaxis, since many factors contribute to the decrease of
      the response. Penetration of aerosol depends on bronchial obstruction,
      hypersecretion and inflammatory processes. Aerosols may induce bronchospasm that
      is related to propellants, the absorption of oral forms beta-2 agonists may
      exhibit large variation. Few longitudinal or transversal studies to detect the
      frequency tachyphylaxis in asthmatics have been done, but it has been shown
      recently that, in a population of asthmatics who were receiving long-term
      treatment, loss of bronchial response to beta-2 agonists, possibly related to
      receptor desensitization, was in a range of 10 to 15%.

PMID- 2903751
TI  - [Adrenergic therapy and vigilance: beta-2 sympathomimetic aerosols in asthma].
AB  - It has been established that the use of beta-2 sympathomimetic aerosols is a safe
      and efficacious treatment of asthma. Unexpected cases of sudden death amongst
      insufficiently-treated patients or patients who stopped their treatment are not
      linked with the use of these drugs. To assess the risk of possible "receptor
      desensitization" it is necessary to notify these accidents to the Committee on
      Safety of Drugs and to take into consideration the opposite results of further
      administration and termination of treatment.

PMID- 2903752
TI  - [Behavior of circulating somatostatin in cirrhotic subjects: correlation with
      hepatic function].

PMID- 2903753
TI  - New anti-H2 agents assayed at the mouse end-plate: electrophysiological and in
      vitro studies.

PMID- 2903754
TI  - [Enzymuria and creatinine clearance in the clinico-laboratory evaluation of
      kidney damage in urological disease].

PMID- 2903755
TI  - [Semen parameters in patients affected with urological diseases (varicocele,
      cryptorchism, testicular tumors and genital tract infections)].

PMID- 2903756
TI  - Effects on urine profiles of diatrizoate in hydrated and dehydrated rats. A
      double cross-over study.
AB  - Effects of intravenous diatrizoate on urine profiles in hydrated and dehydrated
      rats were compared. In 12 normal rats albumin, glucose, sodium, and the enzymes
      LDH and GGT were followed twice over 3 hours. The 6 rats being dehydrated at the
      first examination were hydrated 28 days later and vice versa. At both
      examinations diatrizoate affected all profile components significantly during the
      first two hours and caused a 3 per cent weight loss in both groups. Only one
      significant difference between the hydrated and dehydrated rats was found: The
      excretion of the brush border enzyme GGT was 1.5 times higher in the dehydrated
      than in the hydrated rats in both series. Thus, the effect of diatrizoate on the
      tubular brush border seems to depend on the state of hydration in normal rats.

PMID- 2903757
TI  - Differing interactions between hexamethonium and tubocurarine, pancuronium or
      alcuronium at the neuromuscular junction.
AB  - The action of hexamethonium has been investigated in the rat phrenic nerve
      hemidiaphragm preparation, alone and in combination with the neuromuscular
      blocking agents tubocurarine, pancuronium and alcuronium. Hexamethonium alone in
      concentrations between 3.55 x 10(-3) and 7.1 x 10(-3) mol litre-1 produced
      neuromuscular blockade in a dose-dependent manner. Low concentrations of
      hexamethonium antagonized the neuromuscular blocking effect of all three
      neuromuscular blocking drugs, less with tubocurarine than with the other two.
      Increasing the concentration of hexamethonium produced potentiation of the
      neuromuscular blocking effect, this being greater with tubocurarine than with
      either pancuronium or alcuronium. The cholinesterase activity in rat diaphragm
      homogenates was inhibited by hexamethonium. This inhibition was only significant
      at concentrations greater than those which resulted in antagonism and cannot,
      therefore, explain the observed antagonism. The mechanism of these observations
      is discussed with respect to the known behaviour of a combination of antagonists
      acting within a receptor system.

PMID- 2903759
TI  - Comparison of the adductor pollicis and the first dorsal interosseous muscles
      during atracurium and vecuronium blockade: an electromyographic study.
AB  - The pattern of neuromuscular blockade in the first dorsal interosseous muscle
      (1st DI) and the adductor pollicis muscle was compared electromyographically
      following atracurium or vecuronium. There were no clinically significant
      differences between the muscles in respect of onset time, maximum blockade, train
      of-four ratio, or recovery index. There were no problems in recording a
      consistent electromyogram from the 1st DI, which appears to be well suited to
      clinical monitoring.

PMID- 2903758
TI  - Pulmonary kinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in surgical patients.
AB  - The pulmonary kinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil were studied quantitatively in
      two groups of five and six surgical patients, respectively, after the induction
      of anaesthesia. A mixture of one of the opioids and indocyanine green was
      administered as a bolus. From measurements of the concentrations of the dye in
      plasma and the opioids in blood, central blood volume and the amount of drug
      which passed through the pulmonary circulation were calculated. The pulmonary
      release of fentanyl and alfentanil was calculated from the arterial-mixed venous
      blood concentration differences. Fentanyl 43.0-86.9% (median 70.9%) and 35.9
      79.8% of alfentanil (median 58.6%) were sequestered by the lung on first passage
      of the opioid-containing blood through the pulmonary capillaries. During the
      following 14 min, fentanyl was released, apparently from two binding sites
      (T1/2fast: 0.22 (0.16-0.27) min; T1/2slow: 5.78 (3.65-13.86) min). Initially,
      there was a rapid release of alfentanil (T1/2: 0.28 (0.08-0.51) min). However, 1
      3 min after injection, the arterial-mixed venous blood concentration differences
      of alfentanil disappeared, although considerable amounts of drug were still
      present in the lung of five of the six patients studied. It may be expected that
      a temporary pulmonary sequestration of fentanyl and alfentanil has considerable
      impact on the time course of their pharmacological effects, on the time necessary
      to reach their maximum effect and on the intensity and (in case of fentanyl) the
      duration of these effects.

PMID- 2903760
TI  - Infusion of vecuronium assessed by tactile evaluation of evoked thumb twitch.
AB  - In 15 patients (ASA I-II) undergoing intraabdominal gynaecological surgery,
      muscle paralysis for tracheal intubation and surgery was achieved by a combined
      bolus and demand infusion of vecuronium. The initial loading dose of 67
      micrograms kg-1 and the rate of subsequent infusion were determined by evaluation
      of the tactile twitch response to train-of-four (TOF) stimulation of the ulnar
      nerve while the neuromuscular blockade obtained was recorded blindly for control
      on the contralateral arm. A maintenance dose of 4.9 mg h-1 (2.0-7.6 mg h-1)
      produced a smooth course of blockade with minimum and maximum values of twitch
      height during infusion of 2% and 12%, respectively. A period of 15.9 min elapsed
      from the end of infusion to a TOF-ratio of 0.7, when neostigmine 2.5 mg was
      administered at the point of two palpable twitches to TOF-stimulation. Simple
      tactile evaluation of peripheral nerve stimulation is sufficient to determine the
      infusion rate of vecuronium required to produce stable and appropriate
      neuromuscular blockade during intra-abdominal surgery.

PMID- 2903761
TI  - Atracurium or vecuronium for MHS patients?

PMID- 2903762
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of mifentidine after single and multiple oral administration to
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetics of mifentidine, a new long acting histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist, were studied using two protocols. 2. In one study, on 5 different
      days six normal male subjects were given 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg mifentidine or
      placebo orally 60 min before starting a 3 h continuous gastric aspiration during
      which time blood samples were taken for measurement of mifentidine concentration.
      3. The area under the curves of mifentidine plasma levels (AUC) vs time for the
      four doses was linearly related to the dose for each individual subject (r =
      0.972, P less than 0.001). After doses of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg, mifentidine
      reduced hydrogen ion output by respectively 36, 37, 60 and 75% and secretory
      volume by 1, 17, 40, and 47%. The effects at the two highest doses were
      statistically significant. AUC was correlated positively with the percentage
      reduction in hydrogen ion output (r = 0.802, P less than 0.001) and volume (r =
      0.834, P less than 0.001) over a 3 h period. 4. In the second study, the
      pharmacokinetics were evaluated after once-daily treatment for 14 days in seven
      subjects given 10 mg and in seven others subjects given 20 mg. 5. After multiple
      dosing, renal clearance was similar for the two doses (11.6 +/- 2.11 l h-1 for
      the low dose and 17.0 +/- 2.0 l h-1 for the high dose). Plasma half-life (t1/2
      lambda 2) was 16.0 +/- 3.0 h after the 10 mg dose and 11.9 +/- 1.2 h after 20
      mg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903763
TI  - Venous involvement in Takayasu's disease: does it exist?
AB  - We describe the case of a 46-year-old man with an isolated superior vena cava
      syndrome, which was relieved by surgery. Pathologic examination revealed
      segmental involvement of the superior vena cava with dense collagen sclerosis.
      Histiomonocytic inflammatory transmural infiltration of all layers was
      histologically compatible with lesions described in Takayasu's disease. Although
      not previously described, this pathologic aspect suggests the possibility of
      venous involvement in this disease.

PMID- 2903764
TI  - Embryonic haemopoietic stem cell grafts in the treatment of murine genetic
      anaemia.
AB  - Embryonic haemopoietic stem cells obtained from early post-implantation mouse
      embryos can be successfully used in the treatment of murine genetic anaemia.
      Anaemic recipients had either chronic macrocytic anaemia, which was lethal
      without treatment, or mild anaemia without increased mortality. All successfully
      grafted recipients developed donor haemoglobin and glucose phosphate isomerase
      electrophoretic markers, indicating the presence of donor erythrocytes and
      lymphocytes. The minimum number of embryonic cells resulting in a successful
      graft in chronic macrocytic anaemia recipients was 0.8 x 10(6) nucleated cells.
      Athymic (nude) mice were also colonized by embryonic haemopoietic stem cells.
      Donor electrophoretic markers were seen but all recipients soon died, possibly of
      pneumonia. Bone marrow grafts into recipients with chronic macrocytic anaemia
      were not successful. Bone marrow grafts into recipients with mild anaemia
      resulted in some recipients showing donor markers. These recipients later died,
      showing symptoms of graft-versus-host disease.

PMID- 2903765
TI  - The molecular basis of thalassaemia major and thalassaemia intermedia in Asian
      Indians: application to prenatal diagnosis.
AB  - A study of the molecular pathology of beta thalassaemia in the Asian Indian
      immigrant population in the U.K. included 37 patients with thalassaemia major and
      14 with thalassaemia intermedia. Using a combination of oligonucleotide probe
      hybridization and restriction endonuclease analysis the mutations in 100/102
      (98%) of the beta thalassaemia genes were characterized. Nine different types
      were found, of which six are associated with beta zero, one with severe beta+ and
      two with mild beta+ thalassaemia. Comparison of the beta-globin gene cluster
      haplotypes, alpha globin genotypes and beta gene mutations of the thalassaemia
      major group with the thalassaemia intermedia group suggests that the co
      inheritance of a high Hb F determinant associated with the - + - + + 5' beta
      haplotype and the inheritance of a mild beta-thalassaemia mutation are the major
      ameliorating factors of disease severity in Asian Indians. In comparison with
      other population groups. beta thalassaemia in Asian Indians is not associated
      with one or two predominant mutations. Despite this, prenatal diagnosis by direct
      detection is possible in the majority of families by restriction analysis and a
      limited number of oligonucleotide probes since the majority of severely affected
      individuals are homozygous for a single mutation. The characterization of these
      mutations should be useful for the planning of prenatal diagnosis programmes for
      beta thalassaemia in other Asian Indian communities.

PMID- 2903766
TI  - Visual recovery in orbital vasculitis.
AB  - A 46-year-old woman with polyarteritis nodosa and chronic renal failure developed
      sudden loss of vision which was associated with orbital vasculitis. Treatment
      with cyclophosphamide produced rapid improvement in vision, which has been
      preserved with maintenance doses of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone.

PMID- 2903767
TI  - Multiple species of myeloperoxidase messenger RNAs produced by alternative
      splicing and differential polyadenylation.
AB  - Three clones of full-length cDNA encoding human myeloperoxidase were isolated
      from a human leukemia HL-60 cell cDNA library in lambda gt10 and characterized.
      Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of one of the cDNA clones, lambda MP-H17,
      indicated that the cDNA contained 3207 bp with an open reading frame of 2238 bp,
      a 5' noncoding region of 159 bp, a 3' noncoding region of 800 bp, and a poly(A)
      tail of 10 bp. cDNA of the two other clones, lambda MP-H7 and lambda MP-H14, each
      contained insertions with shorter sequences of 96 and 82 bp, respectively, on the
      open reading frame of lambda MP-H17 cDNA. A myeloperoxidase genomic clone was
      isolated, and the structure of its 5' region was determined and compared with the
      structures of these cDNAs. The comparison revealed that the three cDNAs were
      derived from myeloperoxidase mRNAs produced by alternative splicing from a
      transcript of the single gene. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 3' region of
      the cDNAs of several clones indicated that the mRNAs were polyadenylated at five
      different sites. Amino acid sequence determination of the amino-terminal and
      carboxy-terminal portions of the myeloperoxidase light and heavy chains revealed
      that, during processing of a precursor polypeptide into the mature protein, the
      amino-terminal polypeptide, the small peptide between the light and heavy chains,
      and the carboxy-terminal amino acid were excised.

PMID- 2903768
TI  - Azidobenzamido-008, a new photosensitive substrate for the 'multispecific bile
      acid transporter' of hepatocytes: evidence for a common transport system for bile
      acids and cyclosomatostatins in basolateral membranes.
AB  - Cyclo(-Phe(p-NH[1-14C]Ac)-Thr-Lys-(CO(p-N3)C6H4)-Trp-Phe-DPro++ +), in the
      following named azidobenzamido-008, was synthesized in order to identify binding
      sites for c(Phe-Thr-Lys-Trp-Phe-DPro), named 008, (a cyclosomatostatin with retro
      sequence) in liver cell plasma membranes. In the dark the above photolabel was
      taken up into isolated hepatocytes, inhibiting the sodium dependent uptake of
      cholate and taurocholate in a competitive manner (Ki for cholate uptake
      inhibition = 1 microM; Ki for taurocholate uptake inhibition = 5 microM). When
      activated by flashed light the inhibition became irreversible (IC50 for cholate
      uptake inhibition = 2 microM; IC50 for taurocholate uptake inhibition = 9 microM)
      and the activated cyclopeptide bound chiefly to hepatocellular membrane proteins
      of 67, 54, 50, 37 kDa. Excess of the initial 008, or of cholate or phalloidin
      partially protected the above membrane components against labeling with 14C
      labeled azidobenzamido-008. In contrast AS 30 D ascites hepatoma cells, known to
      be deficient in bile acid and cyclosomatostatin transport, could not be
      specifically labeled by azidobenzamido-008. The membrane proteins preferentially
      labeled in hepatocytes (50 and 54 kDa) are integral glycoproteins. The 67 kDa
      protein is a hydrophilic nonglycosylated membrane component. Independent of
      labeling with 14C-labeled azidobenzamido-008 or with 14C-labeled azidobenzamido
      taurocholate, the main radioactive peaks in the pH region of 7, 5.5, 5.25 were
      identical after solubilization with Nonidet P-40 and subsequent isoelectric
      focusing. Proteins of 67, 54, 50 and 37 kDa could be enriched by use of 008
      containing gels in affinity electrophoresis. Binding sites for 008 were not
      destroyed by SDS or Nonidet P-40 treatment of plasma membranes.

PMID- 2903769
TI  - Interaction of electrically charged drug molecules with phospholipid membranes.
AB  - Model membranes (egg-yolk PC liposomes) were exposed to the cationic form of
      amphiphilic drugs. Microelectrophoresis was used to measure the change of the
      electrokinetic potential as a function of the drug concentration. By use of the
      Gouy-Chapman theory the surface potential and surface charge density were
      calculated. A theoretical model postulating a simple partition equilibrium of the
      charged drug molecules between the membrane and the aqueous phase in the vicinity
      of the membrane failed to describe the experimental results. Modification of the
      partition law by introducing a mechanism of saturation at high drug
      concentrations, however, resulted in concordance of model and experiment. Some
      parameters of the model can be used as a means of evaluating the efficiency of
      neuroactive drugs.

PMID- 2903770
TI  - Differences in the association of ribosomes with heavy rough and light rough
      endoplasmic reticulum membranes of MPC-11 cells.
AB  - The treatment of total endoplasmic reticulum membranes of mouse plasmacytoma
      cells with EDTA resulted in an abolition of the heavy rough (HR) subfraction,
      while there was a large increase in smooth (S) membranes. When HR and light rough
      (LR) endoplasmic reticulum membranes were treated individually with EDTA and re
      centrifuged on discontinuous sucrose gradients it was observed that HR were
      converted into S membranes, i.e. membranes virtually devoid of ribosomes. LR
      membranes were not affected to the same extent but there was a shift to a
      somewhat lower density. A quantitation of ribosomes released by EDTA showed that
      95% of 60 S and 72% of 40 S subunits were removed from HR membranes while for LR
      membranes the corresponding values were 8.5 and 22.6% respectively. Ratios of
      radioactivity to absorbance at 260 nm calculated for 40 S and 60 S subunits
      isolated from HR and LR membranes show that 60 S subunits from LR membranes, in
      contrast to those from HR membranes, equilibrate only slowly with the free pool
      of ribosomal subunits. The results indicate that the ribosomes associated with HR
      membranes are 'loosely bound' and those with LR membranes 'tightly bound'. When
      poly(A)-containing mRNA isolated from HR and LR membranes was translated in vitro
      and the products analysed for light-chain immunoglobulin content, it was found
      that the HR fraction was enriched in light-chain mRNA.

PMID- 2903771
TI  - Increased transglutaminase activity during skin wound healing in rats.
AB  - Outer, middle and inner layers from wounded or unwounded rat dorsal skin were
      separated and extracted first with buffer and then with Triton X-100 and
      dithiothreitol. The extracts and residues were assayed for transglutaminase
      activity and tissue transglutaminase antigen. Transglutaminase activities in all
      skin layers are increased in the period 1-5 days after wounding. Most of the
      increased activity is in the buffer-soluble fraction in the inner skin layer
      though there is no corresponding increase in antigen in this fraction. This
      suggests that there is production of activated soluble tissue transglutaminase in
      the wounded inner layer. In the 3-5 day wounded outer layer the largest fraction
      of both activity and antigen is associated with the insoluble residue remaining
      after extraction with Triton X-100. On DEAE-cellulose chromatography Triton X-100
      extracts of the inner layer of wounded skin showed a single major peak of
      activity, corresponding approximately with rabbit liver transglutaminase; the
      outer layer showed the same peak plus a different one, eluting at lower salt
      concentration, which is thought to be epidermal transglutaminase.

PMID- 2903772
TI  - The role of sulfhydryl compounds in mammalian melanogenesis: the effect of
      cysteine and glutathione upon tyrosinase and the intermediates of the pathway.
AB  - The effect of cysteine and glutathione on mammalian melanogenesis has been
      studied. It has been shown that their action is mediated by two different
      mechanisms. (a) The reaction of the thiol groups with dopaquinone after the
      tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine and dopa. This mechanism leads to the
      formation of sulfhydryl-dopa conjugates and finally sulfur-containing pigments,
      phaeomelanins instead of eumelanins. This fact might produce an inhibition of
      melanogenesis due to the slower rate of chemical reactions involved in the
      polymerization of such thiol-conjugates when compared to that of indoles. (b) The
      direct interaction between the sulfhydryl compounds and the tyrosinase active
      site. This interaction may regulate the activity of the enzyme. It is shown that
      Harding-Passey mouse melanoma tyrosinase is more sensitive to sulfhydryl
      compounds than mushroom tyrosinase. Cysteine always produces an inhibition of the
      tyrosinase hydroxylase and dopa oxidase activities of melanoma tyrosinase, this
      inhibition becoming greater as the cysteine concentration increases. On the other
      hand, glutathione produces an activation of the tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      below 3 mM and an inhibition at higher concentrations. The limit between the
      enzymatic activation and inhibition appears at glutathione concentrations similar
      to the physiological levels of this compound found in melanocytes. Although the
      switch from eumelanogenesis to phaeomelanogenesis occurs at much lower
      concentrations of glutathione, taking into account these data it is discussed
      that this sulfhydryl compound may regulate not only the type but also the amount
      of melanin formed inside melanocytes.

PMID- 2903773
TI  - Factor XIII-induced crosslinking in solutions of fibrinogen and fibronectin.
AB  - In solutions containing fibrinogen and fibronectin, factor XIIIa catalyzes the
      formation of two types of crosslinked polymers: hybrid oligomers consisting of
      equimolar amounts of fibrinogen and fibronectin, and fibrinogen oligomers. The
      two types of oligomers are produced in amounts proportional to the starting
      concentration of fibronectin and fibrinogen in the reaction mixture. Increasing
      the fibronectin concentration relative to the fibrinogen concentration results in
      the production of more hybrid and less fibrinogen type oligomers. The lowest
      molecular weight hybrid oligomer, a dimer, is formed by ligation of one molecule
      of fibrinogen and fibronectin. The A alpha-chain of fibrinogen and one
      fibronectin subunit participate in the crosslinking. Larger size hybrid oligomers
      form by the joining of two hybrid dimers to each other via gamma-chain
      dimerization in the fibronectin moiety of the dimers. In fibrinogen oligomer
      formation, fibrinogen molecules are ligated by gamma-chain dimerization in a step
      wise fashion producing fibrinogen dimers, trimers, tetramers, etc. without A
      alpha-chain crosslinking. The hybrid type and the fibrinogen type of oligomer
      grow in size and eventually become crosslinked to each other yielding large
      molecular weight complexes that interact to form a gel network.

PMID- 2903774
TI  - Evaluation of phenylthiourea derivatives as inhibitors of transglutaminase
      catalyzed reaction in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - 1-(5-Aminopentyl)-3-phenylthiourea (PPTU), a recently developed inhibitor of the
      transglutaminase-catalyzed reaction (K.N. Lee, L. Fesus, S.T. Yancey, J.E.
      Girard, and S.I. Chung, (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14689-14694) was evaluated as
      a possible probe to examine the physiological role of transglutaminase (EC
      2.3.2.13) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The [14C]PPTU in cell culture was
      readily taken up by CHO cells and was found to be covalently attached to high
      molecular-weight proteins which are associated with the particulate fractions.
      Incubating cell homogenates, in the presence of Ca2+, incorporated the labeled
      PPTU exclusively into high-molecular-weight proteins that were also undergoing
      polymerization. PPTU at 0.1 mM, a concentration close to the Ki value reported
      for inhibition of tissue transglutaminase-catalyzed amine incorporation into the
      B chain of oxidized insulin, decreased high-molecular-weight protein
      polymerization, whereas PPTU at the same concentrations showed no effect on CHO
      cell proliferation or on in vitro calmodulin activation of cyclic nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase. These results suggest that transglutaminase may not be a
      constitutive enzyme in cell proliferation.

PMID- 2903775
TI  - Disappearance of CD4 lymphocyte circadian cycles after autologous bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Circadian variations are observed in CD4 lymphocyte count in healthy people.
      Samples taken of the basal value occurring around 08.00 hr and peak value at
      midnight made it possible to define the range of cyclic variations. Movement of
      lymphocytes seems important in accounting for the observed circadian variations.
      CD4 circadian cycle amplitudes were investigated in 12 patients with autologous
      bone marrow transplantation. Cycle abnormalities were observed in 7 patients. Two
      of them had a normal CD4 lymphocyte count. It was therefore possible for
      functional abnormalities in CD4 lymphocytes to be detected in patients with a
      normal CD4 count. Because of these results, we are of the opinion that the
      evaluation of CD4 lymphocyte cycle might be a more sensitive test than the
      absolute CD4 count itself.

PMID- 2903776
TI  - [Effects of beta-carotene on genotoxic lesions in the liver under formation and
      action of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine].
AB  - beta-carotene pretreatment of rats decreased the methylation and formation of
      single-strand breaks in DNA and also decreased activity of alanine
      aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      activities, caused by action of N-nitrosodimethylamine or synthesis of this
      carcinogen from precursors.

PMID- 2903777
TI  - A sensitive gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay for a novel dopamine
      agonist (+)-trans-3,4,4A,5,6,10B-hexahydro-4-propyl-2H-naphth(1,2-B)(1,4) oxazin
      9-ol in human plasma.
AB  - (+)-trans-3,4,4A,5,6,10B-Hexahydro-4-propyl-2H-naphth(1,2-B)(1,4) oxazine-9-ol is
      a novel potent dopamine agonist. A sensitive and specific gas
      chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay procedure has been developed for the
      determination of the dopamine agonist at low picogram per millilitre levels in
      human plasma. The method comprises an extraction of the agonist from human plasma
      and subsequent derivatization of the phenolic functionality with
      pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The derivative is quantified by gas
      chromatographic and mass spectrometric detection using selected ion monitoring.
      The assay is linear over the concentration range 10-1000 pg ml-1.

PMID- 2903778
TI  - Intravenous beta agonist in severe acute asthma.

PMID- 2903779
TI  - Junior hospital doctors: tired and tested.

PMID- 2903780
TI  - Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist.

PMID- 2903781
TI  - Spontaneous perirenal haematoma secondary to polyarteritis nodosa.
AB  - Spontaneous perirenal haematoma (SPH) is an unusual but serious complication of
      polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). We present 3 patients with PAN-associated SPH. One
      was diagnosed pre-operatively and underwent emergency nephrectomy in order to
      stop the persistent bleeding; the second patient had surgical drainage of the
      haematoma and the third recovered without undergoing surgery. The diagnosis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2903782
TI  - Undescended testis: a dual lesson.

PMID- 2903783
TI  - Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as a ruptured renal mass.

PMID- 2903784
TI  - Time course of MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in
      C57 BL/6 mice.
AB  - MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a parkinsonism-inducing
      dopamine (DA) neurotoxin most effective in primates. MPTP also causes a
      degeneration of both perikarya and axon terminals of the nigrostriatal DA neurons
      in C57 BL/6 mice. The time courses of the changes in tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive objects, endogenous DA concentrations and specifically bound 3H
      mazindol as markers of the integrity of DA neurons were studied in substantia
      nigra and striatum of adult C57 BL/6 mice, after systemic treatment with MPTP or
      intranigral injections of the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6
      OHDA). A rapid decrease in the three parameters studied was found in the
      substantia nigra during the first 2 days after MPTP-treatment while the MPTP
      induced effects in the striatum were more protracted and maximal reduction was
      observed 7 days after MPTP. A basically similar pattern was found when studying
      the 6-OHDA-induced anterograde degeneration of the nigrostriatal system. These
      results indicate that in C57 BL/6 mice, MPTP primarily destroys the DAergic
      perikarya with a subsequent anterograde degeneration of the striatal axon
      terminals, although a limited rapid destruction of some striatal terminals cannot
      be excluded.

PMID- 2903785
TI  - Dopamine-acetylcholine interaction in the rat striatum: a dual-labeling
      immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The relationship between cholinergic neurons and dopaminergic axons in the rat
      striatum was examined by a dual-labeling immunocytochemical method. Cholinergic
      neurons were identified by their immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase
      (ChAT), and dopaminergic axon terminals were identified by their positive
      immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Electron microscopic analysis of
      dual-labeled sections revealed that while most TH-positive terminals formed
      synapses with unlabeled striatal neurons and dendrites, a number of TH-positive
      terminals formed close appositions, highly suggestive of synapses, with both
      large and small dendrites as well as somata of ChAT-positive neurons. Tight
      appositions were also found between TH-positive terminals and ChAT-positive
      terminals. Moreover, TH-positive terminals and ChAT-positive terminals were found
      to form synapses with common dendrites of unlabeled striatal neurons. These
      results indicated that 1) dopaminergic axon terminals could interact directly
      with striatal cholinergic interneurons via tight appositions with distances
      comparable to conventional synapses; and 2) there is a convergence of
      dopaminergic and cholinergic axon terminals on noncholinergic striatal neurons.

PMID- 2903786
TI  - Catecholamine innervation of the rat hypoglossal nucleus.
AB  - The catecholamine innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) was investigated
      immunocytochemically by comparing the distribution patterns of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase (PNMT) in the rat. Numerous TH- and DBH-positive profiles were
      found throughout XII, while only occasional PNMT immunoreactivity was observed.
      Significantly, the distribution patterns of TH and DBH immunoreactivity were
      coextensive with the most intense staining found ventromedially along the caudal
      half of XII. We conclude, therefore, that the catecholamine innervation of XII is
      largely noradrenergic, and that motoneurons innervating the genioglossi muscles,
      the principal protrusors of the tongue, are the primary targets of this input.

PMID- 2903787
TI  - [Antiallergic drugs].

PMID- 2903788
TI  - [Stimulation, by acute inflammation, of the proliferation in preneoplastic
      hepatocyte foci expressing the gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, induced by
      diethylnitrosamine in adult rats].
AB  - Acute inflammation induces 20% of hepatocytes to initiate a mitotic cycle in 10
      day-old rats but only 1% in adults. gamma GT-positive cell foci were induced by
      diethylnitrosamine in the liver of adult rats. Proliferation of gamma GT-positive
      hepatocytes was increased by the acute inflammation that followed a subcutaneous
      injection of an irritating substance, but proliferation in the surrounding liver
      tissue remained at the low control level. This difference of sensitivity to the
      mitogenic stimulation, which mimics the difference between the sensitivity of
      hepatocytes in suckling and adult rats, gives gamma GT-positive hepatocytes a
      proliferative advantage over normal cells. Acute inflammation may thus promote
      the evolution of preneoplastic foci and hepatoma formation.

PMID- 2903789
TI  - [Substitution of the dental root by aquatic invertebrate skeletons in animals and
      man].
AB  - The biocompatibility of mammal bone with aragonite and calcite skeletons of
      aquatic invertebrates (Corals, Molluscs) led us, after animal experimentation, to
      implant in humans artificial dental roots derived from such invertebrates. These
      roots, incorporated but not resorbed, serve as supports for a prosthetic crown;
      they are equipped to isolate the root from the buccal cavity and to ensure shock
      absorbtion during mastication. The greater ease of implanting artificial teeth
      and their excellent acceptance will in many cases modify the strategy of current
      dental treatment.

PMID- 2903790
TI  - [Effects of isoflurane on the duration of neuromuscular block induced by a single
      dose of vecuronium bromide].

PMID- 2903791
TI  - [Constant-flow drug administration in anesthesia].
AB  - The authors describe a technique of constant flow perfusion of several
      anaesthetic drugs, using a simple formula to adjust the perfusion rate to the
      weight of the patients. Calculation of dilutions is easy: the drug concentration
      is equal to ten times the rate, per hour and per kg, in practical cases. The flow
      rate is then a tenth of the patient's weight. This method is easy to apply to
      several drugs, of which pharmacokinetic parameters justify this administration
      mode: alfentanil, etomidate, vecuronium bromide... but clinical and instrumental
      observations should be taken into account for the adjustment of the flow.

PMID- 2903792
TI  - Oncological applications of somatostatin analogues.

PMID- 2903793
TI  - Mr 85,000 membrane protein specifically expressed in adriamycin-resistant human
      tumor cells.
AB  - For the characterization of membrane changes related to Adriamycin resistance in
      tumor cells, we have developed monoclonal antibodies against Adriamycin-resistant
      human myelogenous leukemia K562 (K562/ADM). In addition to the monoclonal
      antibodies which recognize P-glycoprotein, we have obtained two monoclonal
      antibodies (designated MRK4 and MRK20) which recognize an Mr 85,000 membrane
      protein. Using MRK20 as a probe, we have studied the expression of the Mr 85,000
      protein in various human multidrug-resistant and -sensitive cell lines. The Mr
      85,000 protein was overexpressed in K562/ADM and in a human ovarian cancer cell
      line resistant to Adriamycin, 2780AD. The protein, if any, was not detected in
      other drug-resistant human cell lines such as colchicine-resistant KB cells (KB
      C4), vinblastine-resistant CEM cells (CEM/VLB100), and vincristine-resistant K562
      cells (K562/VCR). We have isolated subclones of K562/ADM cells which express
      different amounts of the Mr 85,000 protein. The expression of the Mr 85,000
      protein diminished when the cells were not kept in Adriamycin, and increased when
      the clones were kept in the presence of Adriamycin. In contrast, the expression
      of P-glycoprotein remained constant whether in the presence or absence of
      Adriamycin during these experiments. These findings suggest that the Mr 85,000
      membrane protein is closely related to the resistant mechanism specific to
      Adriamycin resistance, which is different from that of the pleiotropic drug
      resistance.

PMID- 2903794
TI  - Stage-specific expression of SSEA-1-related antigens in the developing lung of
      human embryos and its relation to the distribution of these antigens in lung
      cancers.
AB  - The localization of three carbohydrate antigens, Lex, Ley, and sialylated Lex-i,
      which are closely related to stage-specific embryonic antigen 1, in the lung of
      developing human embryos was investigated using specific monoclonal antibodies.
      In the 38-day-old embryo, when the primitive lung bud has appeared and developed
      into two lung sacs, only Ley antigen was specifically positive in the
      proliferating cells in the terminal portion of lung bud. In the 50-53-day-old
      embryos, the future bronchi were actively developing from the bronchial buds. At
      this stage, the Ley antigen was maximally expressed and the Lex antigen appeared
      in the bud cells. In the lung of the 12-week-old embryo, buds for the future
      bronchioles were lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells, which were strongly
      positive for Lex antigen, weakly positive for Ley antigen, and still completely
      negative for sialylated Lex-i antigen. Sialylated Lex-i antigen finally appeared
      in 18-week-old embryos, in the cells of the terminal buds for the future alveoli.
      At this stage, the Lex and Ley antigens were already beginning to disappear and
      were only weakly positive in cells of terminal buds. At 20 weeks, only sialylated
      Lex-i antigen was weakly detected in the cells in the terminal buds; after 8
      months, all three antigens were essentially not detected in the respiratory cells
      in most of the embryos examined in this study. Formation of bronchial glands was
      detected at 18 weeks, where the developing gland cells were specifically positive
      for sialylated Lex-i antigen. Ciliation of the bronchial epithelial cells started
      at 12 weeks and propagated thereafter. The ciliation was accompanied by the
      reappearance of Ley and Lex antigen in the epithelial cells. These findings
      collectively indicated that the three antigens all have a physiological
      significance as stage-specific developmental antigens of the human lung; those
      antigens were specifically present in the bud cells at each important step of the
      morphogenesis of the human lung, such as cells in the lung buds, bronchial buds,
      and terminal buds for the formation of the alveolus, and cells differentiating
      into bronchial gland cells. The three antigens gradually disappear in the later
      stage of development along with the maturation process of the lung. Stage
      specific embryonic antigen 1 and related antigens are known to be associated with
      various human cancers, including lung cancers. We suggest that the expression of
      these antigens in the lung cancer cells is the result of the retrodifferentiation
      of the cancer cells to the stages of immature embryonic lung cells.

PMID- 2903795
TI  - Biosynthesis of cancer-associated sialyl-X antigen by a (1----3)-alpha-L
      fucosyltransferase of human amniotic fluid.
AB  - Activity of a hitherto unknown (1----3)-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase that acts on
      IV3-alpha-NeuAc-nLcOseCer as acceptor substrate was demonstrated in human
      amniotic fluid. The 14C-labelled product IV3-alpha-NeuAc-III3-alpha-Fuc-nLcOseCer
      was detected autoradiographically after t.l.c. and identified after desialylation
      by immunostaining with monoclonal antibody Leu Ml. The enzyme is assumed also to
      catalyze the last step in the biosynthesis of sialyl-X antigen carried by mucins
      in human amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2903796
TI  - Posterior pattern formation in C. elegans involves position-specific expression
      of a gene containing a homeobox.
AB  - During postembryonic development in C. elegans, posterior-specific pattern
      formation requires the gene mab-5. Within the posterior body region, mab-5
      activity controls epidermal, neuronal, and mesodermal cell differentiation, and
      also the direction of cell migration. Here, we show that mab-5 RNA is localized
      in the posterior body region, indicating that mab-5 activity is targeted to
      posterior cells, at least in part, by a mechanism that operates at the level of
      mab-5 RNA synthesis or stabilization. We also show that mab-5 contains a homeobox
      similar to that of the Drosophila Antennapedia gene. This suggests that mab-5
      influences cell differentiation and cell migration by regulating gene expression,
      and clearly demonstrates that genes containing homeoboxes influence global
      aspects of pattern formation in organisms other than Drosophila.

PMID- 2903797
TI  - The C. elegans cell lineage and differentiation gene unc-86 encodes a protein
      with a homeodomain and extended similarity to transcription factors.
AB  - Mutations in the gene unc-86 affect development of the nematode C. elegans by
      altering cell lineages and cell differentiation. We molecularly cloned unc-86 by
      chromosomal walking from linked polymorphic genetic loci, and identified the gene
      by locating polymorphisms specific for unc-86 alleles. A transcript containing a
      467 amino acid open reading frame was inferred from the DNA sequence of a genomic
      clone. The unc-86 transcript encodes a protein containing a 158 amino acid
      sequence, referred to as the pou ("pow") domain, which is strikingly similar to
      sequences found in three mammalian transcription factors. Within this conserved
      region, there is a homeodomain related to but distinct from homeodomains
      previously identified in Drosophila and other organisms. These findings suggest
      that unc-86 encodes a transcription factor, and that the related mammalian
      transcription factors may function to control cell fates and cell
      differentiation.

PMID- 2903798
TI  - rough, a Drosophila homeobox gene required in photoreceptors R2 and R5 for
      inductive interactions in the developing eye.
AB  - The rough mutation in Drosophila disrupts an early stage of ommatidial assembly
      in the developing eye imaginal disc. Analysis of somatic mosaics suggests that
      rough gene function is required only in photoreceptors R2 and R5. However, these
      cells apparently differentiate normally in mutant eye discs and it is the cells
      that are subsequently added to the ommatidium that behave aberrantly. The rough
      gene was isolated by P-element transposon tagging, and the mutant can be rescued
      by transformation with an 8.6 kb genomic fragment. The rough transcription unit
      is 4.3 kb and consists of three exons that are joined in a 1.3 kb mRNA. The
      predicted rough protein is 350 amino acids long and contains a homeobox. Taken
      together, our results suggest that the role of the rough gene product may be to
      regulate the sending of signals by photoreceptors R2 and R5 to their neighbors in
      the developing ommatidia.

PMID- 2903800
TI  - [Cardioprotective and membrane effects of exaprolol].

PMID- 2903799
TI  - Iontophoretic localization of Ca-sensitive sites controlling activation of
      ciliary beating in macrocilia of Beroe: the ciliary rete.
AB  - Macrocilia are thick compound ciliary organelles found on the lips of the
      ctenophore Beroe. Each macrocilium contains several hundred axonemes enclosed by
      a single common membrane around the shaft of the organelle. Macrocilia are
      activated to beat rapidly and continuously in the normal direction by stimulus
      triggered Ca influx through voltage-dependent Ca channels (Tamm, 1988). Heat
      dissociated macrociliary cells are spontaneously active without depolarizing
      stimuli, providing Ca is present (Tamm, 1988). Here we investigate the spatial
      distribution of macrociliary Ca channels by iontophoretic application of
      extracellular Ca to different sites along quiescent, "potentially activated"
      macrocilia of dissociated cells in Ca-free medium. We find that Ca sensitivity
      for eliciting motility is highest or resides exclusively on the basal portion of
      the macrociliary surface. This is the first demonstration of local differences in
      Ca sensitivity along living cilia or flagella. The Ca-sensitive region coincides
      morphologically with a reticulum of unfused ciliary membranes at the base of the
      macrocilium. This ciliary rete is in direct communication with the surrounding
      sea water. It is likely that the ciliary rete provides the necessary Ca influx to
      trigger beating by virtue of its greater Ca conductance (i.e., density of Ca
      channels) and/or greater total membrane area.

PMID- 2903801
TI  - Effects of palytoxin or ouabain on growth and squamous differentiation of human
      bronchial epithelial cells in vitro.
AB  - The effects of the non-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate type tumor promoter
      palytoxin on human bronchial epithelial cells was studied in an in vitro serum
      free culture system. Unlike the results of previous studies with another tumor
      promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, palytoxin did not induce squamous
      differentiation of normal bronchial epithelial cells and was equally cytotoxic
      for normal human bronchial epithelial cells, a human lung tumor cell line, and
      human bronchial epithelial cells immortalized by infection with adenovirus 12
      SV40 hybrid virus (BEAS-2B cells). Palytoxin did not induce a change in free
      cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of BEAS-2B cells. The effect of palytoxin on the c
      myc mRNA steady state level in BEAS-2B cells was studied: 1 pM palytoxin
      increased the steady-state level at 12 and 18 h. Furthermore, the induction was
      accompanied by an increase in [3H]thymidine uptake. Because palytoxin binds to
      (Na+ + K+)ATPase, the effects of ouabain were compared to the effects of
      palytoxin. A ouabain-resistant cell line was as sensitive to the growth
      inhibitory effect of palytoxin as the parent ouabain-sensitive cell line,
      suggesting different binding sites to the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase for palytoxin and
      ouabain. Ouabain also increased the steady-state level of c-myc gene expression,
      but earlier than palytoxin, and the increase in the level of c-myc mRNA was
      accompanied by a drop in DNA synthesis. These results suggest that palytoxin does
      not act by growth stimulation, differential cytotoxicity or terminal
      differentiation of normal versus neoplastic cells which are proposed mechanisms
      of tumor promotion.

PMID- 2903802
TI  - Transformation of rat liver epithelial cells with v-H-ras or v-raf causes
      expression of MDR-1, glutathione-S-transferase-P and increased resistance to
      cytotoxic chemicals.
AB  - We have examined the relationship between transformation and multidrug resistance
      by employing the v-H-ras or v-raf oncogenes to transform rat liver epithelial
      (RLE) cells in vitro. The data indicate that transformation of RLE cells with v-H
      ras or v-raf results in increased resistance to the cytotoxins adriamycin,
      vinblastine and 2-acetylaminofluorene. This multidrug resistance is accompanied
      by increasing expression of P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) and glutathione-S-transferase
      P (GST-P). Thus, neoplastic transformation of RLE cells with v-raf or v-H-ras,
      independently of chemical exposure, results in multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2903803
TI  - Significance of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and thiols in amino acid uptake by
      rat pancreatic islets: studies with glutamine and leucine.
AB  - The importance of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, the key enzyme of the gamma
      glutamyl cycle and of thiols for the uptake of amino acids into rat pancreatic
      islets was investigated. Both serine-borate, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamy
      transpeptidase, and serine which does not inhibit this enzyme, but probably is a
      competitive inhibitor of amino acid uptake, inhibited the uptake of glutamine.
      The inhibitory effect of serine-borate was not greater than that of serine alone.
      The uptake of glutamine was not affected by either GSH (reduced glutathione) or
      diamide (a thiol oxidant). Neither substances affected the uptake of leucine. The
      results indicate that the uptake of glutamine by rat pancreatic islets is not
      dependent on the functioning of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and that thiols are
      not important for the uptake of the amino acids glutamine and leucine.

PMID- 2903804
TI  - Development of hyperthyroidism following primary hypothyroidism: a case report
      with changes in thyroid-related antibodies.
AB  - We report a 48-year-old woman who developed hyperthyroidism following primary
      hypothyroidism. The serum T4 level was initially low and serum TSH level was high
      with clinical signs of hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland was not enlarged.
      Therapy with L-T4 was started. Three years later she developed hyperthyroidism;
      serum free T4 increased to 29.1 pmol/l after cessation of L-T4 therapy. The 123I
      thyroid uptake was increased with no suppression by exogenous T3. When she was
      hypothyroid, the activity of thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) in serum
      measured by cyclic AMP production in cultured porcine thyroid cells were negative
      at 93.4% (normal less than 140%), while thyroid stimulation-blocking antibodies
      (TSBAb) determined by inhibition of TSH-induced cyclic AMP increase were positive
      at 96.1% (normal less than 40%). When hyperthyroidism subsequently occurred,
      TSBAb became negative (30.9%), while TSBAb became positive (163.3%). The findings
      indicate that hypothyroidism due to the potent TSBAb activity is not always
      persistent, but can be changed when various types of thyroid-relating antibodies
      change in the course of the disease.

PMID- 2903805
TI  - Neurofibromatosis associated with somatostatinoma: a report of two patients.
AB  - Two patients with neurofibromatosis and somatostatinoma are described, one
      patient in addition having a parathyroid adenoma diagnosed post mortem. The other
      patient had a partial somatostatinoma syndrome with diabetes, abdominal pain and
      cholelithiasis. The tumour was diagnosed preoperatively and metabolic studies
      demonstrated mild diabetes mellitus apparently due to suppression of insulin
      secretion by somatostatin, since oral glucose tolerance returned to normal post
      operatively despite hemipancreatectomy. The tumour also secreted gastrin. There
      are now 18 reported cases of neurofibromatosis and duodenal carcinoid tumours
      which makes a genuine association between these two conditions very likely. With
      the present two cases, seven of the carcinoid tumours in this group have been
      positively identified as somatostatinomas. The histological finding of psammoma
      bodies is important in the diagnosis of duodenal somatostatinomas.

PMID- 2903806
TI  - First-trimester diagnosis of metachromatic leucodystrophy.
AB  - Two pregnancies at risk for late infantile metachromatic leucodystrophy were
      monitored by assaying arylsulphatase A at 0 degrees C in homogenates of chorionic
      villi. In one, the very low activity recorded indicated the fetus to be affected,
      and this was confirmed by demonstration of low arylsulphatase A activity in
      cultured villi and cultured fetal fibroblasts after termination. In the other
      pregnancy, normal activity was found in the villi and the pregnancy is
      continuing. This simple chromogenic assay appears to be reliable for first
      trimester diagnosis of metachromatic leucodystrophy. However, there is a
      probability of mis-diagnosis if the standard assay at 37 degrees C is used.

PMID- 2903807
TI  - Newer H2-receptor antagonists. Clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interaction
      potential.
AB  - Since H2-receptor antagonists are widely and successfully used in the treatment
      of peptic ulcer, several alternatives to the standard agents cimetidine and
      ranitidine have been developed. Promising 'new' candidates might be famotidine
      and nizatidine. For proper selection of the appropriate drug, its pharmacokinetic
      properties and interaction potential should be known. All 'old' and 'new' H2
      receptor blockers are eliminated relatively rapidly (t 1/2 ranges from 1.5 to 4
      hours), mainly by the renal route (glomerular filtration and tubular secretion).
      They exhibit a linear disposition and their distribution is similar. Absorption
      is most complete for nizatidine, whereas famotidine demonstrates the lowest
      effective plasma concentrations. Since etintidine shares the same imidazole ring
      structure as cimetidine, it can also impair oxidative drug metabolism in the
      liver. In this respect, the non-interacting famotidine and nizatidine (like
      ranitidine) offer a definite advantage. Based on their very similar
      pharmacokinetic and interaction profiles, these 2 H2-receptor antagonists might
      be regarded as alternatives to the older drugs in this group, and at least some
      economic benefits might result from the competition they will provide.

PMID- 2903808
TI  - Effects of L-glutamate infusion on the renal utilization of glutamate and
      glutamine in the dog kidney in vivo during chronic metabolic acidosis or
      alkalosis.

PMID- 2903809
TI  - Interaction of glutathione and glutamine in separated rat renal proximal tubules.

PMID- 2903810
TI  - Allergies in dermatology. Proceedings of a symposium. February 18, 1988, Kauai,
      Hawaii.

PMID- 2903811
TI  - Antihistamines and driving safety.
AB  - The results of two placebo-controlled driving performance studies confirm
      laboratory data showing that the nonsedating antihistamine terfenadine does not
      influence the driving performance of users. The amplitude of vehicle weaving
      calculated for drivers who received this agent did not differ from control
      values. Neither terfenadine nor loratadine, another nonsedating antihistamine,
      potentiated the adverse effects of alcohol on driving performance.

PMID- 2903812
TI  - Effects of terfenadine, diphenhydramine, and placebo on skills performance.
AB  - The behavioral effects of the antihistamines terfenadine and diphenhydramine were
      compared in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Performance of
      skills deemed important in safe man-machine interactions was objectively assessed
      one, three, and five hours after administration of test substances. The results
      indicate that diphenhydramine use resulted in various degrees of impairment of
      the ability to perform a visual-search task, a tracking task, a divided-attention
      task, and a vigilance task. Terfenadine users performed as well as or better than
      placebo-treated subjects. No differences between terfenadine and placebo were
      found on a subjective evaluation scale. Diphenhydramine users consistently
      reported feelings of impairment.

PMID- 2903813
TI  - Inhibition of skin reactivity by antihistamines.
AB  - A number of studies have explored the inhibition of antigen-induced skin
      hypersensitivity reactions by the newer, nonsedating antihistamines such as
      terfenadine. The collective results of these studies indicate that this
      inhibitory effect begins within two hours of the administration of a single dose
      of terfenadine and within three to four days of a single dose of astemizole.
      Offset of this effect occurs within forty-eight hours of cessation of terfenadine
      therapy and four weeks or more after the withdrawal of astemizole. The time of
      onset and offset of this inhibitory effect is indicative of the period of
      clinical activity of these drugs and thus may be a relevant consideration in
      selecting an appropriate therapeutic regimen.

PMID- 2903814
TI  - The relative safety and effectiveness of antihistamines.
AB  - More than sixty antihistamines are available for the treatment of dermatologic
      allergies. An appreciation of important differences between these agents is vital
      to the selection of a therapeutic regimen tailored to a patient's special needs.
      Duration of action varies among the agents. Data suggest that less frequent
      dosing schedules may be equally effective, while reducing adverse effects. The
      degree of sedation, a commonly-reported side effect, varies widely with different
      antihistamines. Data indicate that the pharmacokinetics of the available
      antihistamines differ in Orientals and Caucasians as well as in patients of
      different ages. Further research into possible genetic factors affecting the
      metabolism of these drugs is needed. In addition, to ensure the best possible
      quality of care, physicians should become thoroughly familiar with the biology
      and chemistry of the many antihistamines.

PMID- 2903815
TI  - The use of antihistamines for the treatment of airway disease.
AB  - This report reviews studies of the use of antihistamines for the treatment of
      allergic respiratory diseases. The cumulative results indicate that the
      nonsedative antihistamine terfenadine, given orally at a dosage of 60 mg twice
      daily, is effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in both adults
      and children. No major side effects have been reported, and sensitivity to this
      agent is not decreased after eight weeks of treatment. Preliminary data on the
      use of antihistamines for the treatment of asthma are also reviewed.

PMID- 2903816
TI  - Antihistamines in the treatment of urticarial disorders.
AB  - A number of studies of the effects of antihistamines on chronic idiopathic
      urticaria and itch are reviewed. In chronic idiopathic urticaria, terfenadine has
      been shown to control the number, size, and duration of skin whealing as well as
      itch. Likewise, in chronic dermatographic urticaria, the minimal force required
      to produce whealing is increased, while severity of itch is decreased following
      treatment with terfenadine. In both conditions, however, wheal formation is not
      completely inhibited, suggesting the involvement of a mechanism unrelated to
      histamine. In nonurticarial disease in which histamine is not involved in the
      pathogenesis, antihistamines appear to work as antipruritics, but by a sedative
      related property and not by antagonism of H1-receptors.

PMID- 2903817
TI  - Terfenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and atopic
      dermatitis.
AB  - The use of the nonsedating antihistamine terfenadine (60 mg twice daily) in the
      treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria and contact urticaria associated with
      atopic dermatitis was assessed. In patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria,
      terfenadine was found to be as effective as the traditional antihistamine
      clemastine in reducing the number of wheals and the severity of itch, without
      causing drowsiness. A separate study showed terfenadine to be of value in some
      patients with atopic dermatitis and a history of contact urticaria.

PMID- 2903818
TI  - Pharmacology and toxicology of nonclassical antihistamines.
AB  - Within the past five years the introduction of a new class of antiallergy drug,
      the nonsedating antihistamine, has changed the way allergy sufferers are treated.
      The first example of this new therapeutic class, terfenadine, is a highly
      specific H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system activity. In
      clinical trials to date involving more than 7,000 allergy patients, terfenadine
      (60 mg twice daily) has been shown to be unsurpassed in efficacy, to have a rapid
      onset of action, and to have an incidence of sedation not different from that of
      placebo and considerably less than that of conventional antihistamines. In
      addition, results of task performance studies, including on-the-road driving
      studies, have demonstrated a lack of performance impairment with terfenadine at
      single oral doses of 60 to 240 mg, or with multiple oral doses of 60 mg twice
      daily for one week. Furthermore, no interaction has been observed between
      terfenadine and alcohol or diazepam. Postmarketing surveillance of more than 1
      billion patient days has substantiated this remarkably safe and effective
      clinical profile.

PMID- 2903819
TI  - Chemical properties of bronchorrhea sputum in bronchial asthma.
AB  - Bronchorrhea, defined as watery sputum of 100 ml or more per day, was seen in 18
      of 207 patients (8.7 percent) with bronchial asthma during attack. Fifteen
      bronchorrhea sputum samples were chemically examined using ten parameters: dry
      weight, albumin, IgA, pH, Na+, Cl-, K+, prostaglandins E and F and histamine, and
      compared with eight saliva samples and 17 mucoid sputum samples. Bronchorrhea
      sputum differed from saliva in its chemical parameters. Bronchorrhea sputum
      exhibited parameter values intermediate between those of saliva and mucoid
      sputum, except for the two following parameters. The pH of bronchorrhea sputum
      was significantly lower than that of mucoid sputum and histamine concentration,
      expressed as weight per dry weight of sample, was significantly higher in
      bronchorrhea than in mucoid sputum. Administration of corticosteroid or an
      histamine H1-blocker to five to nine asthmatic patients with associated
      bronchorrhea sputum during asthmatic attacks, significantly reduced the volume of
      bronchorrhea sputum, whereas anticholinergics and H2-blocker did not alter the
      sputum volume.

PMID- 2903820
TI  - Bisoprolol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension and angina pectoris.
AB  - Bisoprolol is a beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with no partial agonist (intrinsic
      sympathomimetic) activity or membrane stabilising (local anaesthetic) activity.
      The oral bioavailability of bisoprolol is high (90%) and the drug has a long
      elimination half-life which allows once-daily administration; in addition, it is
      hepatically and renally cleared in equal proportions. In non-comparative studies,
      and comparative trials, bisoprolol proved effective, and as efficacious as
      atenolol, low doses of metoprolol, diuretics and nifedipine SR in hypertension,
      and atenolol and verapamil in stable angina pectoris. Bisoprolol has been well
      tolerated in most patients. Thus, bisoprolol is an effective alternative to other
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension or stable angina pectoris. Furthermore, its unique pharmacokinetic
      properties may offer advantages in selected patients. However, the results of
      further comparative studies with established agents in the treatment of
      hypertension and angina pectoris are still awaited so that a final assessment of
      the relative place in therapy of bisoprolol in these disease states may be made.

PMID- 2903822
TI  - Developmental expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine
      synthetase in serum-free aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon.
AB  - Serum-free aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon were examined by
      a combined biochemical and double-labeling immunocytochemical study for the
      developmental expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine
      synthetase (GS). It was found that these two astroglial markers are co-expressed
      at different developmental stages in vitro. During the phase of cellular
      maturation (i.e. between days 14 and 34), GFAP levels and GS activity increase
      rapidly and in parallel. At the same time, the number of immunoreactive cells
      increase while the long and thick processes staining in early cultures gradually
      disappear. The present results demonstrate that in this particular cell culture
      system only one type of astrocytes develops which expresses both GFAP and GS and
      which attains a relatively high degree of maturation.

PMID- 2903823
TI  - [Leukocyte adhesion molecules and their clinical significance].

PMID- 2903821
TI  - Sufentanil. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use.
AB  - Sufentanil, an opioid analgesic, is an analogue of fentanyl, and has been used
      for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, and for postsurgical analgesia.
      It has shorter distribution and elimination half-lives, and is a more potent
      analgesic than fentanyl. In clinical practice, however, intravenously
      administered sufentanil produces essentially equivalent anaesthesia to fentanyl
      and is a better anaesthetic than morphine or pethidine (meperidine) for major
      surgery. It would appear to maintain haemodynamic stability during surgery better
      than other opioids or inhalational anaesthetics. Postoperative respiratory
      depression has been reported in a few patients. For outpatient surgery,
      intravenous sufentanil produces equivalent anaesthesia to isoflurane or fentanyl.
      Recovery tends to be more rapid after sufentanil and the requirement for
      postoperative analgesia is less. Initial clinical trials with sufentanil
      administered epidurally to relieve pain during labour have produced encouraging
      results, but further studies are required to establish the drug's role in this
      indication. Epidural sufentanil produces a more rapid onset and better initial
      quality of analgesia than morphine, buprenorphine or hydromorphine when
      administered postoperatively, but the duration of analgesia is shorter. Thus,
      sufentanil's primary place in therapy at this time would appear to be as high
      dose anaesthesia for major surgery such as cardiac surgery, and as low dose
      supplement to balanced anaesthesia in general surgery. In addition, low doses
      administered epidurally seem to have a potential role for analgesia during labour
      or after surgery although further studies are required to clarify this situation.

PMID- 2903824
TI  - Organization and rearrangement of immunoglobulin M genes in the amphibian
      Xenopus.
AB  - Sequences of immunoglobulin (Ig) cDNA clones of Xenopus laevis show that at least
      three different VH families are expressed in association with different JH
      elements and different isotypes of Ig constant regions. In genomic Southern blot
      analysis, the VH probes for each family hybridize to a distinct set of multiple
      DNA fragments. In contrast, the genomic JH elements and the IgM constant region
      gene are localized in a single DNA fragment of approximately 15 kb. Genomic VH
      elements contain regulatory sequences similar to those in VH genes of shark, fish
      and mammals and have a leader peptide sequence that contains an intron; they
      encode the VH region until residue 95 and have heptamer--23-bp--nonamer motifs
      similar to the rearrangement signal sequences (RSS) in all other vertebrate VH
      elements. The six genomic JH elements so far sequenced have a nonamer--23-bp-
      heptamer motif at their 5' end. These RSS motifs imply the existence of DH
      elements. The comparison of cDNA clones that contain similar constant regions but
      different VH regions or JH elements suggest rearrangement events. This is shown
      by Southern blot analysis of erythrocyte and B cell DNA with a JH probe. Thus,
      the overall organization of the Xenopus Ig gene locus is similar to that of
      mammals but strikingly different from shark.

PMID- 2903825
TI  - Activation of protein kinase C or cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases
      phosphorylation of the c-erbA-encoded thyroid hormone receptor and of the v-erbA
      encoded protein.
AB  - The c-erbA proto-oncogene encodes a nuclear receptor for thyroid hormone (T3),
      which is believed to stimulate transcription from specific target promoters upon
      binding to cis-acting DNA sequence elements. The v-erbA oncogene of avian
      erythroblastosis virus (AEV) encodes a ligand-independent version of this nuclear
      receptor. The v-erbA product inhibits terminal differentiation of avian
      erythroblasts, presumably by affecting the transcription of specific genes. We
      show here that the c-erbA-encoded nuclear receptor (p46c-erbA) is phosphorylated
      on serine residues on two distinct sites. One of these sites, defined by the
      limit tryptic phosphopeptide 28SSQCLVK, is retained on the v-erbA-encoded P75gag
      v-erbA protein. This site is located in the amino-terminal domain of these
      molecules, 21 amino acids upstream of the DNA-binding region. Phosphorylation of
      this site in both p46c-erbA and P75gag-v-erbA is enhanced 10-fold following
      treatment of cells with activators of either protein kinase C or cAMP-dependent
      protein kinase. Since cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates both p46c-erbA
      and P75gag-v-erbA in vitro at the same site as that observed in vivo, at least
      part of the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of erbA molecules in cells could
      result from direct phosphorylation by this enzyme. The possible role
      phosphorylation may play in the function of the erbA-encoded transcriptional
      factors is discussed.

PMID- 2903826
TI  - Use of the inhibition of enzymatic antioxidant systems in order to evaluate their
      physiological importance.
AB  - Chemical inhibitors of the different antioxidant enzymes were systematically
      testet either on purified enzymes of after incubation with human fibroblasts in
      culture. Inhibition values were obtained for catalase with aminotriazole, for
      superoxide dismutase with diethyldithiocarbamate, for glutathione peroxidase with
      mercaptosuccinate, for glutathione reductase with bischloroethylnitrosourea and
      for glutathione synthesis with buthionine sulfoximine. Viability of cells
      incubated with these inhibitors was then tested under normal conditions and under
      high oxygen pressure; the data were correlated with the above-mentioned
      inhibitory values. Cell viability was particularly affected when the glutathione
      related enzymes, especially glutathione peroxidase, were inhibited.

PMID- 2903827
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of xamoterol after intravenous and oral administration to
      patients with chronic heart failure.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of xamoterol, a beta-adrenergic partial agonist under
      clinical evaluation for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure, have
      been studied in 8 cardiac failure patients (NYHA Class II) of mean age 62 years.
      After i.v. dosing, the elimination half-life was 7.4 +/- 0.4 h, the total body
      clearance was 228 +/- 30 ml.min-1 and the volume of distribution at steady-state
      was 56 +/- 9 l. 72.5 +/- 4.3% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine. After
      the oral dose, the absolute bioavailability of xamoterol was shown to be 5.9%.
      Peak plasma concentrations occurred 1 to 2.5 h after the oral dose. The apparent
      elimination half-life was significantly longer after oral doses (16 +/- 2 h)
      compared to that observed after an intravenous dose. Renal clearance of xamoterol
      exceeded glomerular filtration rate as measured by creatinine clearance. The
      pharmacokinetics of xamoterol in cardiac failure patients with good renal
      function (creatinine clearance greater than 90 ml.min-1) were similar to
      published data in young healthy male volunteers.

PMID- 2903828
TI  - A member of a new VH gene family encodes antibromelinized mouse red blood cell
      autoantibodies.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding the variable region of the heavy chain of a BALB/c
      antibromelinized mouse red blood cell (BrMRBC) monoclonal antibody has been
      characterized. The nucleic acid sequence indicates that the variable region of
      the heavy chain is likely encoded by variable-VCP12, diversity-DSP 2 (5, 7 or 8)
      and joining-JH1 germ-line genes. An identical combination of V genes was observed
      for six other CBA/J and NZB anti-BrMRBC hybridomas. The BALB/c VCP12 nucleotide
      sequence is less than 80% homologous to members of the 10 known VH families.
      Moreover, the genomic restriction fragments detected under moderate stringency
      conditions with the radiolabeled cDNA probe did not correspond to those obtained
      with probes of the most homologous VH families (7183 and X24). The results
      indicate that the VCP12 gene defines a new VH family which we propose to
      designate VH11. The observation of 1, 2 or 3 genomic restriction fragments at the
      most, with mice bearing the Igh-Vd or j, Igh-Va or b or Igh-Vc haplotypes,
      suggests the existence of a few VCP12-related genes.

PMID- 2903829
TI  - Acute effect of prostaglandins and somatostatin on thymidine uptake of gastric
      mucosa cells.
AB  - This study compares the in vivo effect of exogenous administration of
      prostaglandin E2 (30 micrograms/kg) and its precursor, arachidonic acid (30
      micrograms/kg), with the effect of indomethacin (5 mg/kg) on the 6-[3H]thymidine
      uptake of antral mucosa of mice by autoradiographical methods. Likewise, the
      effect of somatostatin (30 micrograms/kg) on 6-[3H]thymidine uptake is studied.
      Evaluation of the number of labeled cells, in the histological sections of the
      gastric mucosa, showed that arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2, and somatostatin
      induced an increase in the number of labeled cells (107, 44, and 45%,
      respectively), while indomethacin induced a decrease of 32% compared to the
      control group. These results suggest that prostaglandins may mediate stimulatory
      effects on thymidine uptake of gastric mucosa cells in the first step after drug
      administration.

PMID- 2903830
TI  - Correlation between transglutaminase activity and polyamine levels in human
      neuroblastoma cells. Effect of retinoic acid and alpha-difluoromethylornithine.
AB  - The human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE can be induced to differentiate by
      retinoic acid (RA) or by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). The former inducer
      produces neurite outgrowth, 60% reduction of growth rate, overexpression of
      neural antigens, and enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
      acetylcholinesterase levels. In contrast, DFMO causes cell body elongation,
      complete growth inhibition, and higher binding of antibodies directed against
      neuroectodermal antigens. Polyamine metabolism is also differently affected by
      the two agents. In particular a large spermine catabolism is induced by RA, while
      DFMO treatment leads to a small increase in the level of this compound. The
      neural differentiation induced by RA is accompanied by a marked increase in
      transglutaminase activity and its induction is paralleled by a transient increase
      of putrescine and spermidine. The putrescine and spermidine depletion determined
      by DFMO is accompanied instead by a large inhibition of transglutaminase
      activity. The inhibiting effect of DFMO treatment on transglutaminase is reversed
      by the addition of 1 mM putrescine to the culture medium. In the presence of both
      RA and DFMO a mixed morphological and biochemical pattern is observed. The
      possibility that the expression of transglutaminase associated to cellular
      differentiation may be modulated by the level of its substrates is also
      discussed.

PMID- 2903831
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: role of amebic proteinases and polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes in acute experimental amebiasis in the rat.
AB  - The injection of 1 x 10(6) trophozoites of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica
      strain HM-1 in the subcutaneous tissue of the rat results in an acute and self
      limited inflammatory process, characterized by the early onset of conspicuous
      tissue necrosis and focal hemorrhage in the vicinity of the parasites, followed
      by infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The process develops for 5-10
      hr but during that period amebic trophozoites progressively disappear, leukocytes
      undergo degenerative changes, and the lesion tends to heal in 72-96 hr. In
      leukopenic animals (less than 1000 white blood cells/ml) tissue necrosis and
      hemorrhage are equally conspicuous in the neighborhood of amebas. Inhibition of
      amebic proteinase activity prior to injection by heat denaturation, p-hydroxy
      mercuri-benzoate (PHMB), soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), and human alpha-2
      macroglobulin (alpha 2M), alone or in various combinations, results in absence or
      notorious decrease in tissue necrosis as well as in clearly diminished
      inflammatory reaction. This effect is particularly evident when cysteine
      proteinases are either specifically or generally inhibited. On the other hand,
      amebic proteinase inhibition with alpha 2M and STI does not interfere with the
      cell-killing capacity of trophozoites co-incubated in vitro for 2 hr with rat
      peritoneal cells enriched for macrophages. We conclude that in acute experimental
      amebiasis produced in the subcutaneous tissue of the rat, amebic cysteine (and
      perhaps other) proteinases are primarily responsible for necrosis and are also
      important, but not essential, for inflammation. We also suggest that in this
      model polymorphonuclear leukocytes are not required for tissue necrosis. Finally,
      in an in vitro model, the cell-killing capacity of amebas is not influenced by
      the proteinase activity of the parasite.

PMID- 2903833
TI  - [Characteristics of the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepine and GABA derivatives
      on experimentally modelled anxiety states].
AB  - The anxiolytic effect of seduxen was revealed in rats in experimentally modelled
      anxiety states formed by aversive actions of various biological importance.
      Phenibut and baclofen were found to display no anxiolytic properties on the
      anxiety model during a conflict situation. The revealed differences of the
      anxiolytic effect of derivatives of benzodiazepine and GABA indicate diverse
      spectra of their psychotropic activity.

PMID- 2903832
TI  - [Influence of antidepressants on benzodiazepine (diazepam and nitrazepam)
      effects].
AB  - Inkazan and pyrazidol given to mice in certain doses were found to reduce the
      sedative action of diazepam without decreasing its anxiolytic effect but at the
      same time enhancing the anticonvulsive one. Imipramine diminishes the
      hypolocomotor action of diazepam and also its anxiolytic effect and exerts no
      influence on the anticonvulsive effect. All studied antidepressants diminish the
      hypnotic action on nitrazepam in mice but only inkazan and pyrazidol decrease the
      sedative-hypnotic effect of nitrazepam in rats. In connection with the lack of
      the influence on the anxiolytic effect, inkazan and pyrazidol may be used to
      decrease the sedative side effects of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2903834
TI  - [Search for new beta-adrenoblockaders among derivatives of (3-amino-2
      hydroxypropoxy) phenoxymethyl isoxazole].
AB  - In experiments on anesthetized rats it was found that some derivatives of 2-(3
      isopropylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy) phenoxymethyl isoxazole possess marked beta
      adrenoblocking activity associated with alpha-adrenoblocking properties. The most
      active compound is 3-methyl-4-chloro-5-(3-isopropylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)
      phenoxymethyl isoxazole hydrochloride (compound II) which by its beta
      adrenoblocking activity is superior to propranolol, oxprenolol and especially
      labetalol. By its alpha-adrenoblocking activity the compound does not differ
      significantly from labetalol but it is inferior to phentolamine. Compound II has
      partial agonistic activity, exerts nonspecific membrane-stabilizing action and
      exhibits antifibrillatory and antiarrhythmic activity.

PMID- 2903835
TI  - Association of HLA-DR phenotypes and T-lymphocyte-receptor beta-chain-region RFLP
      with IDDM in Japanese.
AB  - Fifty Japanese patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 94
      normal subjects were genotyped for BglII restriction-fragment-length polymorphism
      (RFLP) of the T-lymphocyte-receptor beta-chain (TLR beta)-region gene and
      analyzed in relation to HLA-DR phenotypes. The antigen frequencies of DR4 and DR9
      in the IDDM population were significantly higher than those in the normal
      population, with relative risks of 1.87 (P less than .02) and 2.42 (P less than
      .01), respectively. Hybridization of digested DNA with the TLR beta probe
      revealed two alleles of 9.3 and 8.6 kilobases (kb). The allele frequency of 8.6
      kb in patients with IDDM (79%) was significantly (P less than .05) higher than
      that in normal subjects (64%). When TLR beta-region RFLP in IDDM was further
      analyzed with respect to the HLA-DR phenotypes, the frequency of 8.6 kb was
      significantly increased in patients with DR4 but not DR9 (DR4/X) and those with
      DR9 but not DR4 (DR9/X) compared with the frequency found in normal subjects (P
      less than .05); the relative risks of 8.6 kb in DR4/X and DR9/X were 2.77 and
      4.98, respectively. Although the frequencies of HLA-DR phenotypes and of TLR beta
      region RFLP in IDDM and normal subjects were apparently different from those
      reported for Caucasians, this population-association study indicates that in the
      Japanese, genes conferring susceptibility to IDDM exist near or at the HLA-DR and
      the TLR beta loci, as has been demonstrated in Caucasians.

PMID- 2903836
TI  - Expression of peptide hormone genes in human islet cell tumors.
AB  - The embryogenesis of the pancreas suggests the existence of a common stem cell
      progenitor of the four islet cell types (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and
      pancreatic polypeptide). We investigated whether neoplastic islet tumors express
      multiple hormone-specific cellular phenotypes of the islets. By analyses of RNA
      transcripts and immunoreactive peptides in four human insulinomas and one
      glucagonoma, we found that the insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon genes were
      coexpressed in all tumors. The expression of the three hormone genes in a lymph
      node metastasis of a glucagonoma reduced the possibility that contamination of
      tumor tissue by normal islets occurred. These observations lend further support
      to the hypothesis of the multipotentiality of neoplastic islet cells for the
      expression of genes encoding several different islet hormones.

PMID- 2903837
TI  - beta----alpha----delta pancreatic islet cellular perfusion in dogs.
AB  - Intraislet communication between alpha-, beta-, and delta-cells and their
      secretory products may theoretically occur via the paracrine (interstitial)
      and/or vascular routes. Recently, we have shown that there is a directed
      microvascular circulation in the rat islet with a cellular order of perfusion of
      beta----alpha----delta. The direction of microvascular perfusion of cells within
      the dog islet has been controversial. Anterograde (arterial) perfusion and
      retrograde (reversed or venous) perfusion of a segment of isolated dog pancreas
      with potent insulin antibodies yielded results similar to those found in the rat
      pancreas (anterograde, 158 +/- 44% increase in glucagon and 65 +/- 20% increase
      in somatostatin; retrograde, no change in glucagon or somatostatin). Anterograde
      infusion of glucagon antibody (no change in insulin, -33.5 +/- 3% decrease in
      somatostatin) or somatostatin antibody (no change in insulin or glucagon) also
      yielded the same results as in the rat pancreas. Anterograde infusion of 500
      pg/ml glucagon caused a larger increase in insulin secretion (245 +/- 10%) than
      retrograde infusion (45 +/- 4%), whereas somatostatin was stimulated more
      retrogradely (339 +/- 17%) than anterogradely (121 +/- 9%). Anterograde infusion
      of somatostatin produced a larger decrease in insulin and glucagon than did
      retrograde perfusion (P less than .0001 for both comparisons). The retrograde
      infusion of 0.3 mU/ml insulin caused a decrease in glucagon but was without
      effect anterogradely. The results from the infusion of exogenous hormones suggest
      that the sensitivity of the alpha-, beta-, and delta-cells to insulin, glucagon,
      and somatostatin is determined by the beta----alpha----delta order of
      perfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903838
TI  - Skeletal tissue and transforming growth factor beta.
AB  - Normal skeletal growth results from a balance between the processes of bone
      matrix synthesis and resorption. These activities are regulated by both systemic
      and local factors. Bone turnover is dynamic, and skeletal growth must be
      maintained throughout life. Although many growth promoters are associated with
      bone matrix, it is enriched particularly with transforming growth factor beta
      (TGF-beta) activity. Experimental evidence indicates that TGF-beta regulates
      replication and differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells, chondrocytes,
      osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Recent studies further suggest that TGF-beta
      activity in skeletal tissue may be controlled at multiple levels by other local
      and systemic agents. Consequently, the intricate mechanisms by which TGF-beta
      regulates bone formation are likely to be fundamental to understanding the
      processes of skeletal growth during development, maintenance of bone mass in
      adult life, and healing subsequent to bone fracture.

PMID- 2903840
TI  - Common gastrointestinal diseases in the elderly.
AB  - Gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and peptic
      ulcers, are prevalent in the elderly. These disorders have been found to develop
      because of an imbalance between aggressive and defensive physiologic factors, but
      specific causes remain unknown. If neglected or improperly treated,
      gastrointestinal disease can cause serious complications, particularly in the
      elderly. Pharmacologic therapy has proven effective for treating both GER and
      peptic ulcers.

PMID- 2903839
TI  - Lipogenic potential in liver of the preweanling rat: influence of dietary
      cholesterol.
AB  - We examined the effect of a lower dietary cholesterol load on hepatic lipogenic
      capacity and plasma cholesterol concentrations during the normal suckling period
      in artificially reared preweanling rats. The artificially reared rats were fed a
      milk formula that contained low or normal concentrations of cholesterol during
      the period from the 5th to 17th day after birth. The activities of HMG-CoA
      synthase and HMG-CoA reductase in livers of 17-day-old rat pups reared on the low
      cholesterol diet were enhanced three- to five-fold over those observed in the age
      matched rats in the normal cholesterol and mother-reared control groups. The
      concentration of cholesterol in plasma of rats reared on the low-cholesterol milk
      was about 20% lower than that for mother-reared controls. In contrast, rats
      reared on milk with normal cholesterol content exhibited plasma cholesterol
      levels about 25 and 50% higher than the mother-reared and low cholesterol groups,
      respectively. The long-term metabolic consequences of rearing rats on milk
      formulations without adequate cholesterol remains to be determined.

PMID- 2903841
TI  - [Suspected airport malaria in Israel].

PMID- 2903842
TI  - A specific HPLC method for determination of beta-blockers topically used in
      ophthalmological diseases.
AB  - A HPLC method is presented for the identification and quantification in plasma
      and urine of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (betaxolol, carteolol,
      metipranolol, and timolol) commonly prescribed in ophthalmology. An extraction
      method is described using pindolol as an internal standard. An RSIL 10 micron
      column was used. The lower detection limits of the beta-blockers were found to be
      4-27 ng/ml. This method is simple, rapid and sensitive; moreover, it allows the
      determination of 8 other beta-blockers.

PMID- 2903843
TI  - Activity of DNA modification and restriction enzymes in KGB, a potassium
      glutamate buffer.
AB  - A single buffer consisting primarily of potassium and glutamate is shown to be
      suitable for activity of almost all restriction endonucleases, DNA methylases,
      and many other DNA-modifying enzymes. The composition of this buffer differs
      substantially from buffers currently in use for these enzymes.

PMID- 2903844
TI  - Genetic analyses of restriction fragment length polymorphisms using high
      molecular weight DNA from sperm or lymphocytes embedded in agarose.
AB  - A simple and efficient method for determining restriction fragment length
      polymorphism types on large numbers of individuals using small samples of
      peripheral blood or sperm cells is described. Whole cells embedded in low
      gelling/melting temperature agarose were treated with a series of enzyme,
      detergent, and washing steps to release high molecular weight DNA that was then
      digested with standard restriction enzymes such as EcoRI and PstI,
      electrophoresed, blotted, and probed as in normal Southern analyses. The
      technique should be readily adaptable to any application requiring DNA from small
      numbers of cells for Southern analyses or pulsed field gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2903845
TI  - Rapid DNA purification for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
AB  - This paper describes a method for isolation of DNA from blood samples involving a
      rapid chemical disintegration of proteins with 8 M urea and with a minimum of
      exposure to phenol. The DNA is further desalted and purified on Sephadex G-25
      prepacked disposable columns. DNA isolated in this way was pure enough to be
      immediately cleaved by restriction enzymes.

PMID- 2903846
TI  - Identification of factor XIIIa in cutaneous tissue.

PMID- 2903848
TI  - NsiI and ScaI restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the atrial natriuretic
      peptides (ANP) gene locus.
AB  - The authors report on two new restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the
      human atrial natriuretic peptide gene locus, detected in three families with
      restriction endonucleases ScaI and NsiI.

PMID- 2903847
TI  - DNA polymorphism haplotypes of the human apolipoprotein APOA1-APOC3-APOA4 gene
      cluster.
AB  - The genes coding for apolipoproteins A1, C3, and A4 (APOA1, APOC3, APOA4) are
      closely linked and tandemly organized within a 15-kilobase (kb) DNA segment on
      the long arm of human chromosome 11. The nucleotide variability of a 61-kb DNA
      segment containing these genes and their flanking sequences was studied by
      restriction analysis of a sample of 18 unrelated Northern Europeans using seven
      different genomic DNA probes. Eleven restriction site polymorphisms located
      within this DNA segment were used for haplotype analysis of 129 Mediterranean and
      67 American black chromosomes. Estimation of the extent of nonrandom association
      between these polymorphisms indicated considerable linkage disequilibrium within
      the APOA1-APOC3-APOA4 gene cluster. Several haplotypes arose by recombination,
      and the rate of recombination within this gene cluster was estimated to be at
      least 4 times greater than that expected based on uniform recombination. The
      polymorphism information content of each of these polymorphisms, taken
      individually, ranges between 0.053 and 0.375, while that of their haplotypes
      ranges between 0.858 and 0.862. Therefore, DNA polymorphism haplotypes in the
      APOA1-APOC3-APOA4 gene cluster constitute a highly informative genetic marker on
      the long arm of human chromosome 11.

PMID- 2903849
TI  - The classical and alternate pathways of T cell activation are impaired in
      leprosy.
AB  - The proliferative response of circulating T lymphocytes from bacterial index
      positive lepromatous patients to mitogenic anti-CD3 and pairs of anti-CD2
      monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced. In these patients, the CD2 but
      not CD3 receptor expression was down-regulated. Further, the CD2 modulation and
      the associated suppression of proliferative response to monoclonals was brought
      about in T cells of healthy subjects by prior incubation of mononuclear cells in
      vitro with Mycobacterium leprae. Thus, the T cell activation pathways through the
      CD3 and CD2 receptors are impaired in lepromatous leprosy patients and the
      impairment appears to be due to the modulation of the CD2 receptor specifically
      by M. leprae.

PMID- 2903850
TI  - Aortoarteritis, a common cause of renovascular hypertension in Asia.

PMID- 2903851
TI  - Immunohistochemical distribution of c-erbB-2 in infiltrating and in situ breast
      cancer.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study of c-erbB-2 expression was performed on invasive and
      in situ breast cancer. Strong membrane staining was seen in 16% of the
      infiltrating ductal carcinomas and 44% of the in situ lesions. c-erbB-2 was
      overexpressed in ductal rather than lobular tumours. Our results indicate that a
      small sub-group of breast carcinomas are associated with over-expression of this
      oncogene which may define an important subgroup of in situ and infiltrating
      ductal carcinomas.

PMID- 2903852
TI  - SV40 transfection of human kidney epithelial cells and stability of chromosome
      11.
AB  - Simian virus 40 (SV40) transformation has been used in a variety of mammalian
      cells and has been shown to extend their life span. We therefore decided to apply
      these results to normal kidney and tumoral cells derived from Wilms' patients.
      Wilms' tumour, a nephroblastoma which presents in early childhood, has been
      linked to deletions and rearrangements in chromosome 11. Analysis of gene
      structure in the 11p13 locus involved in the development of the tumour has been
      restricted by the very short life-span of the tumoral cells in vitro. We
      transfected normal kidney WT/NK, tumoral WT/T cells and human foetal kidney HFK
      cells with 2 SV40-derived plasmids SV3neo (pBR322-SV40-containing neomycin
      bacterial gene) and SVori- (pMK-origin mutated SV40). We isolated a high number
      of SV40-transfected cell lines. The efficiency of transfection appeared to be
      extremely low in WT/T cells compared with HFK and even WT/NK. The life span of
      the cell lines was increased in relation to their untransfected homologues.
      However, in all of the cell lines except 3, senescence occurred, after crisis
      step or not. We looked at different markers associated with SV40 transformation
      of mammalian cells and specifically with the presence of SV40 T antigen in the
      cells and its consequences: AIG, tumorigenicity, expression and insertion in
      genomic DNA of SV40 T antigen. Genetic studies involving karyotypic and
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis demonstrated that,
      despite a frequent pseudo-diploidy, the cell lines derived have conserved the
      11p13 locus.

PMID- 2903853
TI  - An investigation of physician assistant and medical student empathic skills.
AB  - Empathic skill levels in allied health professionals are associated with both
      patient satisfaction and compliance. These skills have been related to
      clinicians' educational backgrounds. The primary purpose of this study was to
      compare the empathic skill levels of health care students having different
      educational preparation but a similar practice orientation. The secondary purpose
      was to examine these students' self-perceptions of their own empathic skill
      levels. The subjects were physician assistant and medical students. Reliability
      was increased by using four different published instruments to obtain multiple
      measures on both subject self-ratings and an observer ratings of the subjects.
      Medical students rated themselves significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than
      the observers on one instrument, and physician assistant students rated
      themselves the same as the observers. The scores on observer-rated instruments
      were consistently higher for physician assistant students than for medical
      students, but these differences were not statistically significant.

PMID- 2903854
TI  - Chicken embryo cell line exhibits Japanese quail markers.

PMID- 2903855
TI  - Gene probes to detect cross-culture contamination in hormone producing cell
      lines.
AB  - Cross-culture contamination of cell lines propagated in continuous culture is a
      frequent event and particularly difficult to resolve in cells expressing similar
      phenotypes. We demonstrate that DNA-DNA hybridization to blotted endonuclease
      digested cell DNA effectively detects cross-culture contamination to monitor
      inter-species as well as intra-species cross contamination. An insulin-producing
      cell-line, Clone-16, originally cloned from a human fetal endocrine pancreatic
      cell line did not produce human c-peptide as anticipated. DNA from these cells
      showed no hybridization to the human ALU sequence probe, BLUR, and lacked
      restriction fragment length polymorphism typical for the human HLA-DQ beta-chain
      gene. Although a human insulin gene probe showed a weak, nonhuman hybridization
      pattern, a cDNA probe for the Syrian hamster insulin gene hybridized strongly
      consistent with a single copy hamster insulin gene. Karyotyping confirmed the
      absence of human chromosomes in the Clone-16 cells while sizes, centromere
      indices, and banding patterns were identical to Syrian hamster fibroblasts. We
      conclude that the insulin-producing Clone-16 cells are of Syrian hamster origin
      and demonstrate the effective use of gene probes to control the origin of cell
      cultures.

PMID- 2903857
TI  - Mutational analysis of the catalytic and feedback sites of the tryptophan
      sensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase of Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of aroH, the structural gene for the tryptophan-sensitive
      3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase [DAHPS(Trp)], is presented,
      and the deduced amino acid sequence of AroH is compared with that of the tyrosine
      sensitive (AroF) and phenylalanine-sensitive (AroG) DAHPS isoenzymes. The high
      degree of sequence similarity among the three isoenzymes strongly indicates that
      they have a common evolutionary origin. In vitro chemical mutagenesis of the
      cloned aroH gene was used to identify residues and regions of the polypeptide
      essential for catalytic activity and for tryptophan feedback regulation. Missense
      mutations leading either to loss of catalytic activity or to feedback resistance
      were found interspersed throughout the polypeptide, suggesting overlapping
      catalytic and regulatory sites in DAHPS(Trp). We conclude that the specificity of
      feedback regulation of the isoenzymes was probably acquired by the duplication
      and divergent evolution of an ancestral gene, rather than by domain recruitment.

PMID- 2903856
TI  - Role of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum ntrC gene product in differential regulation
      of the glutamine synthetase II gene (glnII).
AB  - We isolated the ntrC gene from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, the endosymbiont of
      soybean (Glycine max), and examined its role in regulating nitrogen assimilation.
      Two independent ntrC mutants were constructed by gene replacement techniques. One
      mutant was unable to produce NtrC protein, while the other constitutively
      produced a stable, truncated NtrC protein. Both ntrC mutants were unable to
      utilize potassium nitrate as a sole nitrogen source. In contrast to wild-type B.
      japonicum, the NtrC null mutant lacked glnII transcripts in aerobic, nitrogen
      starved cultures. However, the truncated-NtrC mutant expressed glnII in both
      nitrogen-starved and nitrogen-excess cultures. Both mutants expressed glnII under
      oxygen-limited culture conditions and in symbiotic cells. These results suggest
      that nitrogen assimilation in B. japonicum is regulated in response to both
      nitrogen limitation and oxygen limitation and that separate regulatory networks
      exist in free-living and symbiotic cells.

PMID- 2903858
TI  - Genetic manipulation of major P-fimbrial subunits and consequences for formation
      of fimbriae.
AB  - The influence of genetic manipulation of the structural genes coding for major P
      fimbrial subunits on the formation of fimbriae in Escherichia coli was studied.
      Deletion of two regions that code for hypervariable parts of the P fimbrillin
      resulted in strong reduction or total absence of fimbria production. Replacement
      of deleted amino acids by other amino acid residues restored the formation of
      fimbriae. The hypervariable regions may be important for biogenesis of fimbriae
      by imposing correct spacing between conserved regions of the protein. The
      potential for substituting amino acids in the P-fimbrial subunit opens
      interesting possibilities for use of fimbriae as carriers of foreign antigenic
      determinants. An antigenic determinant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was
      incorporated in the F11 fimbrial subunit. Hybrid fimbriae, recognized by an FMDV
      specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against FMDV, were formed.

PMID- 2903860
TI  - cDNA sequence and homologies of the "57-kDa" nucleotide-binding subunit of the
      vacuolar ATPase from Arabidopsis.
AB  - Functional and structural similarities among a wide variety of endomembrane H+
      ATPases suggest that they form a distinct class with a common origin.
      Immunological studies (Manolson, M. F., Percy, J. M., Apps, D. K., Xie, X. S.,
      Stone, D. K., and Poole, R. J. (1987) in Proceedings of the Membrane Protein
      Symposium (Goheen, S. C., ed) pp. 427-434, Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, and M. F.
      Manolson, J. M. Percy, D. K. Apps, X. S. Xie, D. K. Stone, M. Harrison, D. J.
      Clarke, R. J. Poole, unpublished data) support this idea and suggest an
      evolutionary relationship between the endomembrane and F0F1 ATPases. Further
      examination of relationships necessitates comparison of protein/nucleic acid
      sequence data. To this end, we have cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding the 57
      kDa polypeptide of the Arabidopsis vacuolar membrane H+-ATPase. To our knowledge,
      this is the first report of the sequence of a "57-kDa" subunit for plant or
      animal endomembrane H+-ATPase. This cDNA encodes a hydrophilic polypeptide
      containing a putative ATP binding site. Lack of a secretion signal sequence
      suggests it is not processed through the endoplasmic reticulum but translated on
      cytosolic ribosomes. Comparison of protein sequences shows the 57-kDa subunit
      from Arabidopsis to be nearly identical with the corresponding subunit in
      Neurospora vacuolar membrane H+-ATPase, very similar to the beta subunit of the
      archaebacterium Sulfolobus, and slightly, but nevertheless significantly,
      homologous to the alpha and beta subunits of the F0F1-ATPases. These results
      suggest that these different classes of ATPases have evolved from a common
      ancestor.

PMID- 2903859
TI  - Insertional inactivation of the major autolysin gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - The lytA gene encoding the major pneumococcal autolysin (N-acetylmuramoyl-L
      alanine amidase) was inactivated by inserting the 2-kilobase MspI fragment of
      pE194 containing the staphylococcal ermC gene. Stable autolysis-deficient (Lyt-)
      mutants and their isogenic Lyt+ parents were used in experiments designed to test
      possible physiological functions of the amidase. No autolysis could be induced in
      the mutants grown at 37 degrees C by deoxycholate, by incubation in stationary
      phase, or by treatment with penicillin. On the other hand, the Lyt- mutants
      exhibited normal growth rates and yields and normal adaptive responses during
      shifts from one growth temperature or nutritional condition to another. There was
      no evidence for impeded cell separation (chain formation). Colonies of Lyt-
      insertional mutants produced normal hemolytic zones on blood agar; they showed
      normal (high) levels of competence for genetic transformation. Lyt- mutants were
      also able to produce type 3 and 6 capsular polysaccharides, and such strains
      showed the same degree of virulence in mice as did the isogenic Lyt+ parent. The
      physiological function(s) of the amidase remains a puzzle.

PMID- 2903861
TI  - The yeast lysyl-tRNA synthetase gene. Evidence for general amino acid control of
      its expression and domain structure of the encoded protein.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a 3.6-kilobase pair DNA fragment containing the
      structural gene for yeast cytoplasmic lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS1) and its
      flanking regions was determined. The encoded protein of 67,881 kDa displays a
      cluster of 11 lysines within a 29-amino acid residue segment at its amino
      terminal extremity. Evidence is presented that this segment is responsible for
      the affinity displayed by the native enzyme toward polyanionic carriers. The
      transcription initiation sites of the KRS1 gene were determined. Upstream from
      the TATA box, putative control elements corresponding to the concensus sequences
      for the RPG box and the general amino acid control system were identified.
      Evidence for transcriptional induction of the KRS1 gene via the general amino
      acid control system is presented.

PMID- 2903863
TI  - Lophotoxin and related coral toxins covalently label the alpha-subunit of the
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - Lophotoxin and lophotoxin analog-1 are uncharged cyclic diterpenes obtained from
      gorgonian corals. They have been shown to block the function of nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors. Inhibition results from blockade of the agonist
      recognition site and appears irreversible in that extensive washing does not
      restore receptor function. This study was undertaken to determine whether this
      apparently irreversible inhibition involves covalent labeling at a selective site
      and to further characterize this site directly. Incubation of membranes prepared
      from the electric organ of Torpedo californica with analog-1 followed by
      reduction with NaB3H4 resulted in the incorporation of radioactivity into several
      membrane proteins. The incorporation of radioactivity into the alpha-subunit of
      the receptor was blocked by prior incubation with agonists and antagonists.
      [3H]Lophotoxin and [3H]analog-1 were prepared by reduction with NaB3H4 and back
      oxidation with CrO3. The radiolabeled coral toxins reacted selectively and
      covalently with the alpha-subunit of the receptor. Their binding was prevented by
      prior exposure to agonists and antagonists. In contrast to the site-directed
      alkylating agent 4-(N-maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium iodide, prior reduction
      of the receptor was not required for covalent binding of 3H-labeled coral toxins.
      Selective reduction of Cys192 and Cys193 followed by alkylation with 4-(N
      maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium iodide blocked the binding of [3H]analog-1,
      whereas alkylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide did not. Thus, the
      binding site for the coral toxins does not overlap the binding surface near
      Cys192 and Cys193. Digestion of isolated labeled alpha-subunits with
      endoglycosidase H revealed that the polypeptide portion of the protein retained
      the covalently bound [3H]analog-1. Digestion with staphylococcal V8 protease
      revealed two major peptides of approximately 19 and 20 kDa, along with several
      smaller peptides. Only the 20-kDa peptide retained the covalently bound
      [3H]analog-1, localizing the site of covalent attachment between Ser173 and
      Glu335. The unique chemical structure and covalent reactivity of these gorgonian
      coral toxins will undoubtedly allow further insights into the structure of the
      agonist recognition site.

PMID- 2903862
TI  - Multiple sterol regulatory elements in promoter for hamster 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase.
AB  - Through substitution mutagenesis and gene transfer experiments in cultured cells,
      we have identified three sequences in the 5' flanking region of the gene for
      hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase that are
      required for sterol-mediated regulation of transcription. Point mutations in any
      one of these sequences largely prevented the increase in transcription that
      normally follows cellular sterol depletion. These mutations did not alter the low
      level of transcription that occurs in the presence of sterols. Two of the three
      sterol regulatory sequences contain an octanucleotide that shows a 7/8-base pair
      match with a sequence that was previously identified as a sterol regulatory
      element in the genes for HMG-CoA reductase and the low density lipoprotein
      receptor, both of which are induced by sterol deprivation. The third sterol
      regulatory region in the HMG-CoA synthase promoter shows only a low-level match
      with the other sterol regulatory elements. The current data suggest that the
      sterol regulatory elements in the HMG-CoA synthase promoter operate by a
      conditional positive mechanism: in the absence of sterols, regulatory proteins
      bind to these elements and stimulate transcription; in the presence of sterols,
      the regulatory proteins are inactivated and transcription decreases to the basal
      rate.

PMID- 2903864
TI  - A novel function of glutamine in cell culture: utilization of glutamine for the
      uptake of cystine in human fibroblasts.
AB  - Transport and metabolism of glutamine has been investigated in human diploid
      fibroblasts, IMR-90. Glutamine was taken up via System ASC (Na+-dependent amino
      acid transport system especially reactive with short or polar side chain amino
      acids). In the routine culture medium the cells contained a large quantity of
      glutamate; its major source was shown to be glutamine in the medium. Previously
      we described a transport system that mediates the entrance of cystine in exchange
      for the exit of glutamate (Bannai, 1986). Since the cystine taken up is reduced
      to cysteine and the cysteine readily exits to the medium where it is oxidized to
      cystine, a cystine-cysteine cycle across the plasma membrane has been postulated.
      When the cells were cultured in glutamate/glutamine-free medium, intracellular
      glutamate decreased, depending on the amount of cystine in the medium; in the
      absence of cystine, glutamate decreased very slowly. When the cells were cultured
      in ordinary medium, glutamine in the medium decreased, and glutamate in the
      medium increased. Both changes were well correlated with cystine concentration in
      the medium. These results are consistent with the view that the intracellular
      glutamate, of which the source is glutamine in the medium, is released from the
      cells into the medium in order to take up cystine and thereby to rotate the
      cystine-cysteine cycle. In the routine culture one-third to one-half of the total
      consumption of glutamine seems to be used for the uptake of cystine.

PMID- 2903865
TI  - Effect of reduced protein synthesis on the cell cycle in sea urchin embryos.
AB  - We have reinvestigated the existence of cyclical fluctuations of protein
      synthesis and have examined the effects of reducing it in early embryos of the
      purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The results show that protein
      synthesis increases linearly during the first 45-60 minutes after fertilization,
      then transiently decreases during mitosis, and rises again at first cleavage.
      Reducing protein synthesis of embryos to 35% its normal value only slightly
      affects the rate of progression through the cell cycle. It is also shown that the
      observed retardations of the cell cycle, under depressed protein synthesis, are
      attributable (by 80%) to a lengthening of the premitotic phase but also, to a
      lesser extent (20%), to a lengthening of the mitotic phase itself. These results
      suggest that mitotic proteins, in sea urchin embryos, are stable and little
      affected by an imposed decrease of protein synthesis during their accumulation
      phase. This analysis supports the view that specific mechanisms, other than
      decreased protein synthesis, need be turned on only at appropriate times during
      the cell cycle in order to explain the destruction or deactivation of mitotic
      proteins. Finally, a one-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of synthesized proteins,
      labeled with 35S-methionine, reveals the presence of a 50-kDa cyclin showing the
      expected characteristics of mitotic proteins deduced from our results.

PMID- 2903866
TI  - Arginine stimulates growth hormone secretion by suppressing endogenous
      somatostatin secretion.
AB  - To determine how arginine (Arg) stimulates GH secretion, we investigated its
      interaction with GHRH in vivo and in vitro. Six normal men were studied on four
      occasions: 1) Arg-TRH, 30 g arginine were administered in 500 mL saline in 30
      min, followed by an injection of 200 micrograms TRH; 2) GHRH-Arg-TRH, 100
      micrograms GHRH-(1-44) were given iv as a bolus immediately before the Arg
      infusion, followed by 200 micrograms TRH, iv; 3) GHRH test, 100 micrograms GHRH
      were given as an iv bolus; and 4) TRH test, 200 micrograms TRH were given iv as a
      bolus dose. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 30 min before
      and 120 min after the start of each infusion. Anterior pituitary cells from rats
      were coincubated with Arg (3, 6, 15, 30, and 60 mg/mL) and GHRH (0.05, 1, 5, and
      10 nmol/L) for a period of 3 h. Rat GH was measured in the medium. After Arg-TRH
      the mean serum GH concentration increased significantly from 0.6 to 23.3 +/- 7.3
      (+/- SE) micrograms/L at 60 min. TRH increased serum TSH and PRL significantly
      (maximum TSH, 11.1 +/- 1.8 mU/L; maximum PRL, 74.6 +/- 8.4 micrograms/L). After
      GHRH-Arg-TRH, the maximal serum GH level was significantly higher (72.7 +/- 13.4
      micrograms/L) than that after Arg-TRH alone, whereas serum TSH and PRL increased
      to comparable levels (TSH, 10.2 +/- 3.0 mU/L; PRL, 64.4 +/- 13.6 micrograms/L).
      GHRH alone increased serum GH to 44.9 +/- 9.8 micrograms/L, significantly less
      than when GHRH, Arg, and TRH were given. TRH alone increased serum TSH to 6.6 +/-
      0.6 mU/L, significantly less than the TSH response to Arg-TRH. The PRL increase
      after TRH only also was lower (47.2 +/- 6.8 micrograms/L) than the PRL response
      after Arg-TRH. In vitro Arg had no effect on basal and GHRH-stimulated GH
      secretion. Our results indicate that Arg administered with GHRH led to higher
      serum GH levels than did a maximally stimulatory dose of GHRH or Arg alone. The
      serum TSH response to Arg-TRH also was greater than that to TRH alone. We
      conclude that the stimulatory effects of Arg are mediated by suppression of
      endogenous somatostatin secretion.

PMID- 2903867
TI  - Altered expression and function of the insulin receptor in a family with
      lipoatrophic diabetes.
AB  - To determine the role of genetic defects in the insulin receptor in the insulin
      resistance of lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus, we studied insulin binding, insulin
      receptor autophosphorylation, and insulin receptor mRNA levels and performed
      Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA in four siblings, all of whom have some
      degree of insulin resistance and three of whom have lipoatrophy. The insulin
      receptor concentration in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes was about
      30% of normal in all three lipoatrophic siblings (LA1, LA2, and LA3) and was 55%
      of normal in the nonlipoatrophic sibling (LAS). Insulin receptor mRNA
      concentrations in the lymphocytes paralleled insulin binding and ranged from 15
      67% of the mean normal level. Insulin binding to fibroblasts was also reduced
      about 50% in the lipoatrophic siblings. In addition, insulin binding to
      fibroblasts of LAS and LA2 exhibited a rightward shift of the competition curve,
      suggesting reduced receptor affinity [ED50, 35 and 50 ng/mL (5845 and 8350
      pmol/L); normal, 1-3 ng/mL (167-501 pmol/L)]. Receptor autophosphorylation
      determined using Triton X-100 extracts of the fibroblasts was decreased in LA1
      and LA3, but normal in LA2 and LAS. Using restriction enzyme digests of genomic
      DNA and probes spanning the entire cDNA of the insulin receptor, no gross
      alterations in receptor gene structure were detected in any members of this
      family. In 2 of the lipoatrophic siblings (LA1 and LA3) and in the sibling with
      insulin resistance but no lipoatrophy (LAS), a unique variant BamHI site was
      detected using a probe to the alpha-subunit region. This site was not found in
      200 normal or diabetic insulin receptor alleles. By use of probes 5' and 3' to
      the alpha-subunit probe and by genomic cloning analysis, this variant BamHI site
      was localized to an intron in the insulin receptor gene downstream of exon 3
      which encodes amino acids 191-296 of the alpha-subunit of the receptor. These
      data indicate the complex nature of familial lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus, with
      alterations in insulin receptor expression and/or function in both clinically
      affected and non-affected siblings. Both the reduced insulin binding and reduced
      levels of insulin receptor mRNA in the lipoatrophic siblings suggest that an
      insulin receptor gene defect contributes to this syndrome. Several members of
      this family also carry a unique variant insulin receptor gene, which, however,
      could not be linked to a specific alteration in receptor expression or the
      presence of lipoatrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903868
TI  - Two types of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive amacrine cell in the rhesus
      monkey retina.
AB  - Two types of amacrine cell immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate
      limiting enzyme in the catecholamine (CA)-synthetic pathway, are described in the
      rhesus monkey retina with the indirect-immunofluorescent method. These 2 types of
      neuron differ in soma size, plane of arborization in the inner plexiform layer,
      levels of the enzyme TH as quantified by microspectrofluorometry, and population
      density. Type 1 CA cells have comparatively large cell bodies almost exclusively
      in the innermost row of the inner nuclear layer; their processes arborize in the
      outermost stratum of the inner plexiform layer; they give rise to fine
      predominantly radially oriented fibers in the inner nuclear layer; and there are
      about 26 type 1 CA cells/mm2. Type 2 CA amacrine cells have relatively small cell
      bodies located in the inner nuclear layer (44.4%), the inner plexiform layer
      (35.6%) and the ganglion cell layer (20%), and their processes arborize in the
      center of the inner plexiform layer. Although type 2 CA amacrine cells are more
      numerous (35 cells/mm2) than type 1 CA cells, type 1 CA amacrine cells are 3.5 x
      brighter than type 2 CA cells and therefore likely to contain 3.5 X more TH. Thus
      the primate retina contains 2 distinct catecholaminergic neuronal pathways that
      could have different functional roles in vision.

PMID- 2903869
TI  - Catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the developing retina of the rat.
AB  - We have examined the development of catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons in
      the retina of the rat by using antibodies against the enzymes tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), respectively. TH
      immunoreactivity was first detected at P (postnatal day) 3 in somata located in
      the inner part of the cytoblast layer (CBL) and in fine dendrites extending
      toward the middle of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). These cells were similar in
      shape and soma size to the class 2 TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) cells of the adult
      rat. At P6, TH-immunoreactivity was expressed by a second population of cells.
      Their somata were in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INL), but were
      distinctly larger, with short thick dendrites extending into the outer and/or
      middle parts of the IPL. Over subsequent days, the dendrites of these larger
      cells spread profusely in the outer part of the IPL, making it likely that they
      are the class 1 TH-IR cells of the adult. ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-IR) cells
      were not detected until P15, when ChAT-IR somata were observed in the ganglion
      cell layer (GCL) and INL, and their dendrites were observed already segregated
      into the distinct strata of the IPL in which they are found in the adult. The
      subsequent growth of TH-IR somata of both classes was uneven, persisting longer
      in temporal than in nasal retina. This extended growth of temporal cells
      establishes the marked nasotemporal differences in soma diameter apparent among
      TH-IR cells in the adult (Mitrofanis and Stone, '86; Mitrofanis et al., '88b).
      The growth and adult size of ChAT-IR somata, on the other hand, did not vary with
      retinal position; their diameters were similar to those of the adult cells from
      the time they first appeared. The distribution of ChAT-IR cells at P15 shared
      several features of the distribution of ganglion cells. The density of ChAT-IR
      cells was greatest at the area of peak ganglion cell density and declined toward
      the periphery. In contrast, TH-IR cells concentrated from the time they first
      appeared at the superior temporal margin, peripheral to the area of peak density
      of ganglion and ChAT-IR cells.

PMID- 2903870
TI  - Distribution of opioid peptides in the preoptic region: immunohistochemical
      evidence for a steroid-sensitive enkephalin sexual dimorphism.
AB  - The distribution of cells and fibers that contain opioid peptides within the
      preoptic region of the rat was examined immunohistochemically. Cells and/or
      fibers that contain peptides derived from each of the three major opioid peptide
      families were differentially stained by using antisera that recognize unique
      derivatives of each precursor molecule and do not cross-react with members of the
      other opioid peptide families. A beta-endorphin (beta E) antiserum was used to
      stain fibers that contain peptides derived from the proopiomelanocortin molecule,
      and dynorphin-containing cells were identified by using an antiserum directed
      toward dynorphin B (Dyn B) that does not show detectable cross-reactivity with
      enkephalin-related peptides. An antiserum raised against peptide E (PE), which
      does not appear to cross-react significantly with dynorphin peptides, was used to
      localize enkephalin cells and fibers. Each family of opioid peptides showed a
      unique distribution in the preoptic region. beta E-immunoreactive fibers were
      primarily localized to the preoptic part of the periventricular nucleus, with
      moderate densities of fibers contained in the anteroventral periventricular
      nucleus (AVPv) and medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Dyn B-immunoreactive fibers
      showed a somewhat more uniform distribution throughout the region, and only a few
      Dyn B-stained cells bodies were found within the medial preoptic area. In
      contrast, the preoptic region contained hundreds of PE-immunoreactive cells,
      which were particularly numerous within the AVPv, MPN, and anterodorsal preoptic
      nucleus. The AVPv and MPN also contained discretely localized plexuses of PE
      stained fibers. Although the overall distributions of opioid peptide-containing
      fibers within the preoptic region were quite similar in male and female rats,
      differential distributions of fibers were found in certain nuclei such as the
      AVPv and MPN, and they were correlated with previously identified
      cytoarchitectonic sexual dimorphisms. Such differential distributions were
      particularly distinct for enkephalin-containing fibers. Although the AVPv is
      larger in female rats, it contained more PE-immunoreactive cell bodies in male
      rats, and we have shown here that this sexual dimorphism appears to be at least
      partially dependent on perinatal levels of gonadal steroids. In contrast, no
      difference in the number of PE-stained cells was found within the anterodorsal
      preoptic nucleus of male and female animals, indicating that sexual differences
      are not a general characteristic of enkephalinergic cells in the preoptic region
      of the rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2903871
TI  - Beta-blocking drugs and psoriasis. A review of cutaneous side effects and
      retrospective analysis of their effects on psoriasis.
AB  - beta-Adrenergic receptor blockers have been prescribed widely since their
      introduction 20 years ago. Noncardiac indications for beta-blockers have been
      expanded. Dermatologic manifestations of beta-blockers are reviewed in
      conjunction with their more liberal use. A retrospective analysis of our
      experience with beta-blockers in patients with psoriasis is presented. A 1-year
      study of 588 psoriatic patients who received treatment revealed that 26 patients
      were taking beta-blockers. Exacerbations of psoriasis were noted in 72.4% of
      these patients. beta-Blockers may worsen psoriasis and should be carefully
      evaluated in the management of these patients.

PMID- 2903872
TI  - Chronic urticaria: review of nonsedating H1 antihistamines in treatment.
AB  - Antihistamines are the drugs of choice in the symptomatic relief of chronic
      urticaria; however, the usefulness of classic antihistamines has been limited by
      side effects, especially daytime sedation. In the 1980s a new class of
      antihistamines has been developed that maintains effectiveness and produces less
      sedation. This review analyzes each of the new nonsedating antihistamines and
      evaluates its clinical efficacy, safety, and convenience in the treatment of
      chronic urticaria.

PMID- 2903873
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists in guinea pig
      ventricular myocardium.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic effects of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists were assessed in the
      reserpinized guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Both bunazosin (1 to 3 x 10(-7)
      M), a new alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, and yohimbine (1 to 3 x 10(-7) M),
      another adrenoceptor antagonist, suppressed the transient depolarization and
      triggered activity induced by a train of rapid stimuli in the solution containing
      low potassium ion (K+), high calcium ion (Ca2+) and strophanthidin (1 to 5 x 10(
      7) M). Bunazosin (3 x 10(-6) M) abolished the facilitatory effect of hypoxia on
      beta-adrenoceptor mediated abnormal automaticity. To clarify the mechanisms
      underlying the antiarrhythmic properties of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, their
      electrophysiologic effects on the fast and slow action potentials were
      investigated. Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (bunazosin, yohimbine and
      phentolamine) suppressed the slow response in a dose-related manner. The voltage
      dependent block and use-dependent block of the maximal rate of rise (Vmax) of
      action potentials by bunazosin (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) and yohimbine (10(-6) to 10(
      5) M) were studied. The analysis of the onset and recovery kinetics from the use
      dependent block of drugs showed that both bunazosin and yohimbine act as slow
      kinetic drugs. It is concluded that alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists seem to have
      an antiarrhythmic effect through the inhibition of fast sodium ion (Na+) and slow
      Ca2+ currents of the cell membrane independently of blockade of myocardial alpha
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2903874
TI  - Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither
      among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2.ISIS-2
      (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group.
AB  - 17,187 patients entering 417 hospitals up to 24 h (median 5 h) after the onset of
      suspected acute myocardial infarction were randomized, with placebo control,
      between i) a 1 h intravenous infusion of 1.5 million units of streptokinase; ii)
      1 month of 160 mg/day enteric-coated aspirin; iii) both active treatments; or iv)
      neither. Streptokinase alone and aspirin alone each produced a highly significant
      reduction in 5 week vascular mortality: 791/8592 (9.2%) vascular deaths among
      patients allocated streptokinase infusion versus 1029/8595 (12.0%) among those
      allocated placebo infusion (odds reduction: 25% +/- 4; 2p less than 0.00001);
      804/8587 (9.4%) vascular deaths among patients allocated aspirin tablets versus
      1016/8600 (11.8%) among those allocated placebo tablets (odds reduction: 23% +/-
      4; 2p less than 0.00001). The combination of streptokinase and aspirin was
      significantly (2p less than 0.0001) better than either agent alone. Their
      separate effects on vascular death appeared to be additive: 343/4292 (8.0%) among
      patients allocated both active agents versus 568/4300 (13.2%) among those
      allocated neither (odds reduction: 42% +/- 5; 95% confidence limits 34% to 50%).
      There was evidence of benefit rom each agent even for patients treated late after
      pain onset (odds reduction at 0-4, 5-12, and 13-24 h: 35% +/- 6, 16% +/- 7 and
      21% +/- 12 for streptokinase alone; 25% +/- 7,21% +/- 7 and 21% +/- 12 for
      aspirin alone; and 53% +/- 8,32% +/- 9 and 38% +/- 15 for the combination of
      streptokinase and aspirin). Streptokinase was associated with an excess of bleeds
      requiring transfusion (0.5% versus 0.2%) and of confirmed cerebral hemorrhage
      (0.1% versus 0.0%), but with fewer other strokes (0.6% versus 0.8%). These
      "other" strokes may have included a few undiagnosed cerebral hemorrhages, but
      still there was no increase in total strokes (0.7% streptokinase versus 0.8%
      placebo infusion). Aspirin significantly reduced nonfatal reinfarction (1.0%
      versus 2.0%) and nonfatal stroke (0.3% versus 0.6%), and was not associated with
      any significant increase in cerebral hemorrhage or in bleeds requiring
      transfusion. An excess of nonfatal reinfarction was reported when streptokinase
      was used alone, but this appeared to be entirely avoided by the addition of
      aspirin. Those allocated the combination of streptokinase and aspirin had
      significantly fewer reinfarctions (1.8% versus 2.9%), strokes (0.6% versus 1.1%),
      and deaths (8.0% versus 13.2%) than those allocated neither.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903875
TI  - Anaphylaxis to muscle relaxants: cross-sensitivity studied by radioimmunoassays
      compared to intradermal tests in 34 cases.
AB  - Thirty-four patients (31 female and three male patients) with a previous
      anaphylactoid shock to muscle relaxants were investigated. The seric
      antimyorelaxant IgE was detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and the results were
      compared to intradermal test (IDR) reactions to dilutions of the commercial
      drugs. The RIA was carried out with a Sepharose-myorelaxant solid phase and anti
      IgE 125I-labeled IgG. The results corresponded to the percentage of labeled anti
      IgE bound on the solid phase. The RIA with Sepharose-alcuronium and Sepharose
      choline was estimated positive from determination with normal sera (n = 12) when
      bound IgE was greater than 1.0% and 1.5%, respectively. The RIA and IDR were
      positive in 43.5% and 75%, respectively, of the cases, with a concordance of 66%.
      One test at least was positive in 79.4% of the cases. No correlation was found
      between IgE seric levels and the RIA nor between the cutaneous sensitivity and
      the RIA. Cross-reactivity with Sepharose-choline and Sepharose-alcuronium was
      observed in 50%, and it was demonstrated by IDR in only 34.2%. The RIA
      demonstrated the specificity of IgE to quaternary ammonium compounds as
      myorelaxant drugs. The positive IDR revealed the bridging of mast cell-bound
      specific IgE, depending on structural conditions, such as the flexibility of the
      molecules or the variable specificity of the antibodies, restricted to quaternary
      ammonium ions or enlarged to a broader part of the incriminated molecules.

PMID- 2903876
TI  - Duration of the suppressive effect of tricyclic antidepressants on histamine
      induced wheal-and-flare reactions in human skin.
AB  - The antihistaminic properties of the tricyclic antidepressants have been
      recognized since these compounds were first developed. Antidepressants, which are
      equally effective for treating depression or used in the treatment of chronic
      urticaria, have varying in vitro antihistaminic properties. We compared the
      duration of H1-receptor blockade by two tricyclic antidepressants, doxepin (the
      most potent antihistamine) and desipramine (the least potent antihistamine), in a
      single dose, double-blind, noncrossover study. After baseline prick test with
      histamine phosphate 1:1000 by Multitest (Lincoln Diagnostics, Decatur, Ill.), the
      suppression of cutaneous histamine-induced wheal-and-flare responses were
      measured daily for 7 days in 33 healthy volunteers who were randomly administered
      a single 25 mg dose of oral desipramine or doxepin. Significant differences in
      the suppression of the wheal-and-flare responses to histamine between the two
      drugs were noted (p less than 0.05) during the first 3 days. Desipramine
      suppressed the wheal for 2 days and flare for 1 day. Doxepin suppressed the wheal
      for 4 days and flare for 6 days. Our results suggest doxepin should be withheld
      for at least 7 days before allergy skin testing.

PMID- 2903877
TI  - New directions and dimensions in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
AB  - Physicians who treat patients with allergic rhinitis have a number of therapeutic
      options, including antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn, anticholinergics,
      corticosteroids, and immunotherapy. Antihistamines are widely used for the
      treatment of mild allergic rhinitis and are often effective, although more severe
      cases will require other medications. The newer antihistamines may induce less
      drowsiness, which is the most prominent side effect of the older antihistamines.
      Topical nasal decongestants give fast relief from nasal congestion, but their
      overuse may result in rebound congestion. Because their efficacy in allergic
      rhinitis is variable, oral decongestants are usually used in combination with
      antihistamines. Nasal cromolyn is effective for many patients with allergic
      rhinitis, but its effect is variable and it is useful in severe allergic
      rhinitis.

PMID- 2903878
TI  - Effects of potassium channel-blocking agents on neurons in the inferior
      mesenteric ganglion in guinea-pig.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from neurons (n = 121) in the inferior
      mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in guinea-pig. The pharmacological actions of 4
      aminopyridine (4-AP), barium ions (Ba2+) and tetraethylammonium ions (TEA) were
      studied on IMG cells which received an excitatory, cholinergic input from
      mechanosensory nerves in the gastrointestinal tract. 4-AP mediated an excitatory
      action which involved two separate effects. Firstly, 4-AP increased the incidence
      of spontaneously occurring, fast EPSPs which gave rise to a spontaneous discharge
      of action potentials. This indirect, excitatory effect was attributed to an
      increase in the spontaneous release of acetylcholine from excitatory nerves to
      the IMG. Secondly, 4-AP altered the excitability of IMG cells and brought about
      burst discharges and continuous discharges of action potentials. This direct,
      excitatory effect was not dependent on the spontaneous release of acetylcholine;
      instead, it was attributed to the blockade of a potassium current similar to the
      A-current (IA). The excitatory action of Ba2+ also involved two separate effects.
      Firstly, Ba2+ increased the incidence of spontaneously occurring, fast EPSPs
      which gave rise to a spontaneous discharge of action potentials. This indirect,
      excitatory effect was interpreted as Ba2+ mimicking the actions of Ca2+ to
      facilitate the spontaneous release of acetylcholine. Secondly, Ba2+ altered the
      excitability of IMG cells and brought about a continuous discharge of action
      potentials. This excitatory effect was attributed to the blockade of a potassium
      current similar to the M-current (IM). TEA exerted an excitatory, then
      inhibitory, action on IMG cells. Initially, TEA brought about the continuous
      discharge of action potentials; firing gradually arrested as IMG cells
      depolarized slowly and a depolarizing block of excitation (i.e. inhibition)
      developed. The block on excitation was relieved by first restoring the resting
      membrane potential of IMG cells with hyperpolarizing current-clamp. Thereafter,
      action potentials were elicited by anode-break excitation by temporarily removing
      the hyperpolarizing current-clamp. The durations of action potentials and
      afterspike hyperpolarizations were prolonged in the presence of TEA. The effect
      of TEA on the action potential of IMG cells was attributed to the blockade of the
      delayed rectifier (IK). The effect on the afterspike hyperpolarization was
      considered the indirect consequence of a blockade of IK; it allowed the
      development of an inward calcium current which enhanced the calcium-activated,
      potassium current (IKCa) mediating afterhyperpolarizations.

PMID- 2903880
TI  - The undertreatment of pain.

PMID- 2903879
TI  - Afterspike-hyperpolarization of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion in
      guinea-pig.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from neurons (n = 121) in the inferior
      mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in guinea-pig. The afterspike hyperpolarization (ASH)
      following a single action potential was studied in IMG cells which received an
      excitatory, cholinergic innervation from mechanosensory nerves in the
      gastrointestinal tract. The amplitude of ASH was dependent on the membrane
      potential of IMG cells and the concentration of K+ in the bathing solution. The
      reversal potential of ASH (-80- -90 mV, in normal Krebs solution) appeared to
      follow the equilibrium potential for K+, as [K+]o was changed, suggesting that
      ASH was the product of K+-efflux. Further evidence suggested that a major
      component of the K+-efflux was dependent on the concentration of Ca2+ in the
      bathing medium. Elevation and reduction of [Ca2+]o increased and decreased,
      respectively, the amplitude and duration of ASH. In the presence of tetrodotoxin,
      depolarizing current pulses elicited spike-like events which (1) were dependent
      on [Ca2+]o and the degree of depolarization by current-clamp and (2) were
      followed by afterhyperpolarizations that were also dependent on [Ca2+]o and
      degree of depolarization by current-clamp. In the combined presence of
      tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium, depolarizing current pulses elicited
      prolonged action potentials (up to 100 ms in duration) followed by prolonged ASH
      (up to 3 s in duration). Spike-like events, prolonged action potentials and their
      afterhyperpolarizations were reduced in amplitude and duration when the calcium
      channel blocking ion, Co2+, or blocking drug, verapamil, was present in the
      bathing medium. In normal Krebs solution, the ASH of action potentials produced
      by nerve stimulation was reduced but not abolished in the presence of Co2+. These
      results suggested that Ca2+ entered IMG cells during depolarization and activated
      the K+-conductance mechanisms responsible for the ASH. However, an initial
      component of the ASH may have involved other voltage-dependent K+-currents known
      to be activated during the excitation of sympathetic neurons. The amplitude and
      duration of ASH differed during non-synaptic and synaptic excitation of IMG
      cells, and differed when action potentials resulted from fast and slow EPSPs. In
      addition, the amplitude and duration of ASH were altered by noradrenaline, by the
      cholinomimetic, carbachol, and by 3 neuropeptides present in the IMG, namely
      leucine-enkephalin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2903882
TI  - Induction and removal of DNA interstrand cross-links in V-79 Chinese hamster
      cells measured by hydroxylapatite chromatography after treatments with
      bifunctional furocoumarins.
AB  - DNA interstrand crosslinks (CL) photoinduced by bifunctional furocoumarins in V
      79 Chinese hamster cells were measured by alkaline denaturation and
      hydroxylapatite chromatography. Treatments with 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 8
      methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (4,5',8-TMP) and 365 nm
      irradiation (UVA) confer a dose-dependent linear increase in the amount of double
      stranded DNA indicating the induction of CL. Determination in alkaline sucrose
      gradients of the molecular weight of the DNA and estimation of drug-induced
      strand breakage allowed quantification of the CL induced. 5-MOP was found to be
      slightly more effective than 8-MOP whereas 4,5',8-TMP was 9 times more effective
      for the induction of CL. The fate of CL during post-treatment incubation was also
      followed. Cells in exponential growth phase were found to be efficient in the
      removal of CL.

PMID- 2903881
TI  - Reovirus type 3 and [125I]-iodocyanopindolol bind to distinct domains on the beta
      adrenergic like receptor.
AB  - Antireceptor antibodies have been developed as a probe to study the cellular
      receptor for reovirus type 3. Using this probe, a glycoprotein with a molecular
      weight of 65-67 kilodaltons and a pI of 5.8-6.0 was isolated and identified as
      the reovirus receptor. This protein was also structurally similar to the affinity
      purified beta-adrenergic receptor from calf lung. In this report, we employ
      [125I]-iodocyanopindolol, a high affinity beta-adrenergic antagonist, to further
      characterize this protein. We show that R1.1, a murine thymoma cell line,
      possesses about 2,000 receptors per cell with high affinity for ICYP (kD = 3.3 X
      10(-11) M). Competitive inhibition studies suggest that the receptor is of the
      beta-2 subtype. Solubilized receptor proteins from R1.1 cells bound to the
      antireceptor antibody were further purified by SDS-PAGE and electroelution from
      the gel. Five percent of the proteins thus obtained could bind ICYP with high
      affinity (kD = 1.6 X 10(-10) M). This suggests that the purification procedure
      produced a collection of forms of this 65- to 67-kilodalton protein, some of
      which retained the conformation for binding the beta ligands. We also demonstrate
      that the isolated receptor protein was able to bind ICYP even when the virus
      binding site was occupied by the anti-idiotype, suggesting that reovirus type 3
      and the beta ligands bind to distinct domains on the receptor protein.

PMID- 2903883
TI  - Cell survival and DNA double-strand break repair following X-ray or neutron
      irradiation of V79 cells.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of 250kVp X-rays and 2.3 MeV (mean energy)
      neutrons on the cell survival, DNA double-strand break (dsb) induction and repair
      (using the Kohn neutral elution technique) in V79 cells. The lethal effects of
      neutrons were shown to be significantly greater than for a similar dose of X-rays
      (RBE = 3.55 at 10 per cent survival). However, the RBE for dsb induction, in a
      dose range of 10-50 Gy, was 1. On investigating the repair of DNA dsb induced by
      either X-ray or neutron irradiation, clear differences in the pattern of repair
      were found. Both a fast and a slow component of repair were seen in both cases;
      the former, however, was reduced following neutron irradiation and, since the
      amount of slow repair was similar in both cases, this resulted in proportionally
      more unrejoined breaks after neutrons. These experiments were carried out with
      elution buffer at pH 9.6; however, when similar experiments were performed at pH
      7.2 the results obtained support our earlier findings. We suggest that these
      differences in DNA dsb repair reflect basic differences in the nature of the
      lesions induced by high- and low-LET ionizing radiations.

PMID- 2903884
TI  - Reduced pH increases recovery from radiation damage potentially leading to cell
      death and to in vitro transformation.
AB  - C3H-10T1/2 cells were grown to plateau phase and assessed for recovery from
      radiation damage under acidic and normal pH conditions. Repair of potentially
      lethal damage (PLD) was observed after X-ray doses of 5.0, 6.0 and 12.0 Gy and
      repair increased with dose. The repair at an acidic pH of 6.8 was greater than at
      the normal pH of 7.4. Repair of potentially transforming damage (PTD) was also
      observed when cells were held in plateau phase after irradiation. Repair of PTD
      was greater at the acidic pH than at the normal pH. When PTD recovery was plotted
      vs PLD recovery the results showed a good linear correlation with approximately
      twice as much PTDR. The experimental conditions allowing PLDR and PTDR indicate
      that the repair process may be error-free, since transformation was reduced in
      all experiments which showed recovery from PLD.

PMID- 2903885
TI  - The doubling time of regenerating clonogenic cells in the crypts of the
      irradiated mouse small intestine.
AB  - The number of clonogenic cells per intestinal crypt has been estimated in control
      and gamma-irradiated mice, from the response to a single or two test doses.
      Control unirradiated mice contained 43 +/- 8 clonogenic cells per crypt, which
      was reduced to about 3 per crypt immediately after 8.0 Gy. After a mitotic delay
      which was approximately 18 h or 2.25 h/Gy the number of clonogenic cells per
      crypt increased exponentially with a doubling time of 21 +/- 4 h to reach the
      control values by about the 4th day postirradiation. The growth curve was related
      to the changes in total cellularity and the cell production rate per crypt. Since
      both of these rise during the period of clonogenic regrowth some clonogenic cells
      must be diverted into the dividing transit cell population, so that the cell
      cycle time will be shorter than the doubling time given above.

PMID- 2903886
TI  - Use of restriction endonucleases to study relationships between DNA double-strand
      breaks, chromosomal aberrations and other end-points in mammalian cells.
AB  - Some of the cellular effects of radiation, such as mutations, chromosomal
      aberrations and cell killing, can be mimicked by inducing 'pure' double-strand
      breaks (dsb) in DNA of cells with restriction endonucleases (RE), although the
      chemical structure of the ends of dsb induced by RE are likely to differ from
      those induced by X-rays. Chromosomal aberrations are induced by treatment of
      cells with a variety of RE at all stages of the cell cycle. The frequency with
      which RE induce dsb in the DNA may be one factor determining the number of
      aberrations induced. However, the structure of the dsb generated may also
      determine the frequencies of aberrations induced. RE which generate 'cohesive
      ended' dsb in the DNA have been shown to induce lower frequencies of aberrations
      than those causing 'blunt-ended' dsb, when inactivated Sendai virus is used to
      permeabilize cells. Other methods, involving a hypertonic shock to the treated
      cells, have led to results in which there is little or no difference in the
      effectiveness between the two types of dsb. It is argued here that the use of
      treatments which cause a hypertonic shock may influence the frequencies of
      aberrations induced.

PMID- 2903887
TI  - Lack of dose-rate effect for mutation induction by gamma-rays in human TK6 cells.
AB  - Survival and mutation induction in a human lymphoblastoid cell line ('TK6'),
      after acute X- and low dose rate continuous gamma-irradiation, were investigated
      using the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT)- and the
      thymidine kinase (TK)-mutation assay. The surviving fraction after acute exposure
      decreased exponentially (D0 = 0.47 Gy). The HGPRT- and TK-mutation frequencies
      after acute X- and continuous gamma-irradiation (2.7 and 27 mGy/h) showed linear
      responses and no dose-rate dependence.

PMID- 2903888
TI  - Survival of human diploid skin fibroblasts from normal individuals after X
      irradiation.
AB  - The cytotoxic effect of X-rays was measured by a colony formation assay in
      multiple experiments with fibroblast cell strains derived from 24 presumably
      normal individuals, received as 65 different coded and blinded samples. Each
      strain was received on two or more occasions at different times and bearing
      different codes. The means and standard deviations of the survival curve
      parameters for the 24 strains were: D0 = 123 +/- 23; D10 = 273 +/- 42 cGy. The D0
      ranged from 89 to 175 and the D10 from 196 to 372 cGy. The degree of
      interexperimental variation, though generally minimal, differed considerably
      among cell strains. There was no systematic effect of passage level, cloning
      efficiency, serum lot, age or sex of the donor on X-ray survival. These results
      confirm that the intrinsic radiosensitivity varies significantly among skin
      fibroblasts isolated from clinically normal individuals, apparently owing to as
      yet unidentified genetic factors.

PMID- 2903889
TI  - Comparative human cellular radiosensitivity: I. The effect of SV40 transformation
      and immortalisation on the gamma-irradiation survival of skin derived fibroblasts
      from normal individuals and from ataxia-telangiectasia patients and
      heterozygotes.
AB  - We have compared cell killing following 60Co gamma irradiation in 22 primary
      human fibroblast strains, nine SV40-immortalized human fibroblast lines and seven
      SV40-transformed pre-crisis human fibroblast cultures. We have examined material
      from normal individuals, from ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients and from A-T
      heterozygotes. We have confirmed the greater sensitivity of A-T derived cells to
      gamma radiation. The distinction between A-T and normal cells is maintained in
      cells immortalized by SV40 virus but the immortal cells are more gamma radiation
      resistant than the corresponding primary fibroblasts. Cells transformed by
      plasmids (pSV3gpt and pSV3neo) expressing SV40 T-antigen, both pre- and post
      crisis, show this increased resistance, indicating that it is expression of SV40
      T-antigen, rather than immortalization per se which is responsible for the
      change. We use D0, obtained from a straight line fit, and D, estimated from a
      multitarget curve, as parameters to compare radiosensitivity. We suggest that
      both have their advantages; D0 is perhaps more reproducible, but D is more
      realistic when comparing shouldered and non-shouldered data.

PMID- 2903890
TI  - Comparative human cellular radiosensitivity: II. The survival following gamma
      irradiation of unstimulated (G0) T-lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte lines,
      lymphoblastoid cell lines and fibroblasts from normal donors, from ataxia
      telangiectasia patients and from ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes.
AB  - We have measured clonal survival following gamma-irradiation of unstimulated (G0)
      T-lymphocytes from 35 donors, of 11 T-lymphocyte cell lines, of six
      lymphoblastoid cell lines, and of nine primary fibroblast strains for which we
      have G0 T-lymphocyte material from the same donor. Amongst the G0 lymphocytes we
      have results from nine normal donors, from eight cord bloods, from seven ataxia
      telangiectasia (A-T) patients and from nine A-T heterozygotes. Although there is
      some variation between samples, G0 T-lymphocytes from normal donors appear to be
      slightly more radioresistant than T-lymphocyte lines, with a more shouldered
      survival curve. From our limited sample, lymphoblastoid cell lines appear to be
      slightly more radiosensitive than T-lymphocytes. The overall radiosensitivity of
      primary fibroblasts appears to be broadly similar to that of G0 T-lymphocytes. In
      nine instances, five A-Ts and four A-T heterozygotes, both G0 T-lymphocytes and
      primary fibroblasts from the same donor were tested. In five cases there was
      closely similar radiosensitivity in the two cell types, but in four cases there
      was some discrepancy. Further work, especially with normal donors, will be
      required in order to establish how reliably radiosensitivity in other cell types
      can be predicted from that of G0 T-lymphocytes. In all cell types the
      hypersensitivity of A-T cells was confirmed. Furthermore, the marginally greater
      sensitivity of A-T heterozygotes, when compared as a group with normals, was
      confirmed with G0 T-lymphocytes. Our results also suggest a slightly increased
      radiosensitivity in G0 T-lymphocytes from some, but not all, cord blood samples.

PMID- 2903891
TI  - Radiosensitive human tumour cell lines may not be recovery deficient.
AB  - Split-dose studies have been performed on four human tumour cell lines of widely
      differing radiosensitivity in order to characterize the relationship between
      cellular recovery and radiation dose. Previous studies using the split-dose
      experiment have usually measured recovery at a single dose level and assumed an
      underlying multi-target model of radiation effect. This predicts that the
      recovery ratio should reach a plateau when the dose used per fraction is beyond
      the shoulder of the acute survival curve. In contrast, the linear-quadratic model
      predicts that the recovery ratio will increase steeply as a function of dose and
      will never reach a plateau. Our results show that recovery increases with
      increasing dose and therefore no single value of the recovery ratio can be used
      for comparative purposes. Using these data, we have derived a value for the beta
      component of the linear-quadratic model that is independent of alpha. In addition
      we propose that the beta-parameter derived in this way provides the most
      satisfactory basis for intercomparison of cellular recovery between cell lines of
      differing radiosensitivity. Cellular recovery at any given dose was greatest in
      the most radiosensitive cell line, suggesting that increased radiosensitivity
      does not result from decreased recovery capacity. The results suggest that cells
      with steep acute radiation survival curves and which show little split-dose
      recovery may not be recovery deficient. Consequently, using such cells in
      attempts to correlate recovery with the underlying molecular processes of
      radiation damage repair could lead to misleading results.

PMID- 2903892
TI  - Free radical formation and cell lysis induced by ultrasound in the presence of
      different rare gases.
AB  - The effect of varying the temperature of cavitation bubbles in aqueous solutions
      of different rare gases on free radical formation and shearing stress induced by
      ultrasound was investigated. After sonication with 50kHz ultrasound the yield of
      hydroxyl radicals was measured by spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N
      oxide and the cell lysis of cultured mammalian cells was investigated. The
      hydroxyl radical yields were in the order Xe greater than Kr greater than Ar
      greater than Ne greater than He, in accord with the higher temperatures of the
      cavitation bubbles. However, cell lysis induced by shearing stress was the same
      for all of the rare gases, and independent of their thermal conductivity and the
      temperature of the cavitation bubbles.

PMID- 2903893
TI  - ESR/ENDOR study of guanine.HCl.2H2O X-irradiated at 20K.
AB  - Single crystals of guanine hydrochloride dihydrate, in which the guanine base is
      protonated at N7, were X-irradiated at 20K, 65K and 150K. Study with K-band ESR
      and ENDOR techniques indicated at least four radical species to appear in the
      temperature range 20-300K. Three of the radical species (Radicals 1, 2, and 3)
      were present immediately following irradiation at 20K. Radical 1 was identified
      as the molecular anion protonated at O6. Hyperfine couplings in Radical 1 to HC8,
      HN1, and HN7 were fully characterized with ENDOR spectroscopy. The data indicated
      this product to be trapped in four different conformations which coalesced into
      the most stable form as the sample temperature was raised to ca. 180K. Radical 2
      was the C8 H-addition radical. For this radical, hyperfine couplings to HN7, HN9,
      and the two beta-methylene protons were fully characterized with ENDOR
      spectroscopy. Radical 3 was the result of hydroxyl addition to C8 of the guanine
      base. For Radical 3, full characterization by ENDOR was possible for couplings to
      HN7, HN9 and the proton at C8. Annealing the samples beyond 250K for several
      hours led to disappearance of Radical 1, and appearance of Radical 4. The
      evidence indicated that Radical 4 was the result of net hydrogen abstraction from
      N9 of the guanine base. The ENDOR results permitted full characterization of
      hyperfine couplings to HN7 and the two amino protons (the HN10s). From these
      results, and those from two other systems containing N7-protonated guanine bases,
      reaction mechanisms are proposed to account for formation of the products.

PMID- 2903894
TI  - Formation of cyclopyrimidines via the direct effects of gamma radiation of
      pyrimidine nucleosides.
AB  - Continuing our study of the direct effects of gamma radiation on DNA and its
      model compounds, we have isolated and characterized quantitatively an important
      lesion formed by irradiating pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides in frozen aqueous
      solution. We report here the formation of 5',6-cyclo-5,6-dihydropyrimidine
      nucleosides via hydrogen abstraction at C5' of the osidic moiety with subsequent
      intramolecular attack at C6 of the base. We have so far managed to isolate six of
      the possible eight diastereomers of 5',6-cyclo-5,6-dihydrothymidine, and all four
      possible 5',6-cyclo-5,6-dihydro-2'-deoxyuridines formed by irradiation of 2'
      deoxycytidine. Also presented is a detailed discussion of the configurational
      analysis of each isomer based on 1H NMR data.

PMID- 2903895
TI  - Nuclear protein synthesis in thymocytes of X-irradiated rats.
AB  - The biosynthesis and phosphorylation of nuclear proteins of thymocytes were
      investigated in rats after 4.0 Gy whole-body X-irradiation during the period
      which precedes DNA degradation in lymphoid cells. Proteins were separated by two
      dimensional gel-electrophoresis, detected by Coomassie blue staining.
      Incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins and phosphorylation of proteins
      with [32P]inorganic phosphate were determined by scanning densitometry of
      autofluorograms and autoradiograms, respectively. No change in the quantity of
      proteins was observed 1 h after irradiation. Decrease in specific activity of
      [35S]methionine-labelled proteins was seen in most protein fractions. Significant
      enhancement of phosphorylation of three proteins was established, characterized
      by molecular weight and pH: MW 20 kD, pH 6.8; MW 35 kD, pH 5.8 and MW 48 kD, pH
      5.8. These results suggest that immediately after X-irradiation a short-term
      increase of chromatin-bound non-histone protein phosphorylation occurs. This
      finding, along with the previously described enhancement of RNA polymerase II in
      thymocytes (Zhivotovsky et al. 1982) suggests a temporary gene activation shortly
      after X-irradiation of the rat.

PMID- 2903896
TI  - Quantitation of intracellular Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) pools in human neutrophils.
AB  - The adhesive glycoprotein Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) of the CD11/CD18 complex contributes
      to multiple neutrophil inflammatory functions. Activation of neutrophils by
      chemotactic stimuli results in a rapid, protein synthesis-independent increase in
      surface Mac-1 derived from incompletely defined intracellular compartments.
      Therefore, we developed a novel quantitative lectin immunoblot technique to
      define intracellular pools of Mac-1 in subcellular neutrophil fractions resolved
      on discontinuous Percoll gradients. In cavitates of unstimulated neutrophils, 30%
      and 26% of total Mac-1 was identified in beta [1.10 gm/ml; vitamin B12 binding
      protein (vit B12 B.P.)-rich] or pre-gamma (1.07 gm/ml; vit B12 B.P.-poor)
      granular fractions, respectively, whereas 24% was associated with the plasma
      membrane-rich gamma (1.06 gm/ml) fractions. N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine (fMLP) stimulation (10(-8) M, 15 min, 37 degrees C) significantly
      diminished Mac-1 in pre-gamma (-18% of total, P less than 0.05) but not beta
      fractions (+6% of total). Under these conditions, the content of Mac-1 in gamma
      fractions increased 13% in association with four- to eightfold increase in
      surface Mac-1 expression (OKM-1 binding). These findings suggest that chemotactic
      stimuli increase plasma membrane and/or surface Mac-1 on human neutrophils by
      mobilizing a novel intracellular granule pool.

PMID- 2903897
TI  - Schizophrenia and its treatment.

PMID- 2903898
TI  - Neuropharmacological analysis of the control of LH secretion in gonadectomized
      male and female rats: altered hypothalamic responses to inhibitory
      neurotransmitters in long-term castrated rats.
AB  - The control of LHRH and LH by neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as the
      endogenous opioid peptides is essentially the same in intact adult male and
      female rats: adrenergic and dopaminergic agonists stimulate LH release and opioid
      agonists inhibit it. Several weeks after gonadectomy, however, the contribution
      of the endogenous ligands of adrenergic, dopaminergic and opioidergic receptors
      to the control of LHRH is altered. A detailed pharmacological analysis in long
      term ovariectomized females confirmed previous reports that adrenergic and
      dopaminergic agonists still enhance secretion of LHRH and LH and opioid receptor
      agonists still suppress it. A similar investigation in long-term castrated males
      also confirmed previous reports that opioid agonists fail to block LH secretion.
      In addition, we have found that while adrenergic and dopaminergic agonists cause
      increases in serum concentrations of LH, adrenoreceptor and dopamine receptor
      antagonists do not inhibit LH release in long-term castrates. Furthermore, the
      opioid antagonist naloxone does not raise serum LH levels in either sex after
      long-term gonadectomy. These observations therefore imply reduced opioidergic,
      dopaminergic and adrenergic transmission, in relation to LHRH release, after long
      term castration. In addition, opioid receptor activity (assessed by
      responsiveness to an opioid receptor agonist) of female rats is maintained,
      whereas that of male rats is lost, after long-term gonadectomy.

PMID- 2903899
TI  - beta-Adrenergic blockade counteracts starvational ketosis, but aggravates post
      exercise ketosis in non-athletes.
AB  - Post-exercise ketosis is not abolished by glucose ingestion immediately after
      exercise but is counteracted by simultaneous beta-adrenergic blockade. To
      investigate the effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on post-exercise ketosis
      without the ingestion of glucose, we administered propranolol (1 mg/kg body mass)
      to 15 carbohydrate-starved people, of whom five had just walked 9 km in 2 h.
      There were 43 control subjects (no propranolol). The blood concentration of 3
      hydroxybutyrate rose from 0.18 +/- 0.02 (S.E.M.) mmol/l at 07.00 h to 0.35 +/-
      0.04 mmol/l at 09.00 h whether the subjects had exercised during those 2 h or not
      (d.f. = 57). The blood concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate at 15.00 h in the
      groups not treated with propranolol was not affected by exercise (0.95 +/- 0.90
      mmol/l; d.f. = 42). Propranolol significantly raised the concentration of 3
      hydroxybutyrate at 15.00 h to 1.68 +/- 0.26 mmol/l when given after exercise
      (d.f. = 4), but lowered it to 0.46 +/- 0.07 mmol/l in the non-exercised group
      (d.f. = 9). This was not accompanied by significant differences in the blood
      concentrations of glucose, free fatty acid, insulin or glucagon. The difference
      in response to propranolol administration is probably determined by the alanine
      and lactate flux from muscle for hepatic oxaloacetate synthesis.

PMID- 2903900
TI  - Pseudomonas osteomyelitis secondary to puncture wound of the foot.

PMID- 2903901
TI  - Factors affecting oviposition site preference by Toxorhynchites splendens in the
      laboratory.
AB  - In a series of laboratory oviposition assays, gravid Toxorhynchites splendens
      exhibited a preference for cups containing Aedes aegypti larval rearing water,
      but not for cups containing liquid cultures of bacteria, live Ae. aegypti in
      distilled water, Ae. aegypti larval holding water with reduced bacterial
      contamination, or methyl propionate at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% in distilled water.
      Preoviposition flight behavior was elicited by dark-colored containers, but few
      eggs were deposited if they contained no water. An invisible source of humidity
      placed in cups enhanced oviposition, but a reflective surface placed in dry cups
      did not. It is concluded that this species is strongly influenced by humidity and
      visual stimuli in the acceptance of a site for oviposition.

PMID- 2903902
TI  - Hybridization of Aedes (protomacleaya) zoosophus with Ae. (Pro.) triseriatus
      group species: hybrid morphology.
AB  - Morphology of hybrids between Aedes (Protomacleaya) zoosophus and Ae. (Pro.)
      triseriatus group species is described. Adult females of hybrids key to Ae.
      zoosophus. Hybrids are differentiated from Ae. zoosophus by the dark longitudinal
      medial or submedial lines on the thorax and by the reduced width of the light
      tarsal and abdominal bands. The transverse band of light scales on the anterior
      scutum is complete in Ae. hendersoni/Ae. zoosophus hybrids and incomplete in Ae.
      triseriatus/Ae. zoosophus hybrids. Aedes brelandi/Ae. zoosophus hybrids are
      similar to Ae. hendersoni/Ae. zoosophus hybrids. However, due to the allopatric
      distributions of Ae. brelandi and Ae. zoosophus, such hybrids are not expected.

PMID- 2903903
TI  - Vector competence tests with Rift Valley fever virus and five South African
      species of mosquito.
AB  - Aedes juppi was readily infected by inoculation with virus but failed to transmit
      either horizontally or vertically. Seventy-five to 90% of the other 4 mosquito
      species became infected after ingesting 6.8-9.8 log10CPD50/ml of virus. These
      species all transmitted virus at the following rates on the post-infection days
      indicated: Aedes unidentatus (58%--day 11), Aedes dentatus (32%--day 11, 50%--day
      18), Culex poicilipes (15%--day 15, 80%--day 30) and Aedes argenteopunctatus (14%
      on day 30). On the basis of these results and the relative prevalence of each
      species, it was concluded that Ae. unidentatus and Ae. dentatus are potential
      epizootic and possibly reservoir vectors and Cx. poicilipes a potential epizootic
      vector of Rift Valley fever virus in South Africa.

PMID- 2903904
TI  - Mosquito host range and field activity of Bacillus sphaericus isolate 2297
      (serotype 25).
AB  - The 2297 isolate (serotype 25) of Bacillus sphaericus was bioassayed in the
      laboratory against 8 species of mosquitoes from 3 subfamilies. The most
      susceptible species were in the genus Culex and the least susceptible were the
      Aedes spp. and Toxorhynchites r. rutilus. Primary powders of the 2297 and 2362
      (serotype 5a5b) isolates were evaluated in the field in natural and simulated
      habitats against Culex spp. The larvicidal activity of the two isolates was
      similar, with longer residual activity observed for both preparations in shaded
      shallow clear water. Larvicidal activity was curtailed in organically enriched
      and unshaded habitats. Isolate 2297 provided effective control for at least 1
      week in an organically enriched habitat and for over 5 weeks in clear water in a
      shaded habitat when applied at the rate of 0.25 kg/ha.

PMID- 2903905
TI  - Mosquito productivity of crawfish ponds and irrigation canals in Louisiana
      ricelands.

PMID- 2903906
TI  - Attractant enhanced ovitraps for the surveillance of container breeding
      mosquitoes.

PMID- 2903907
TI  - Importation of Aedes albopictus and other exotic mosquito species into the United
      States in used tires from Asia.
AB  - Between May 18 and December 4, 1986, 79 seagoing containers and their contents of
      22,051 used tires were inspected for adult mosquitoes as well as eggs and larvae.
      Of the total inspected, 5,507 tires (25%) contained significant amounts of water.
      No adults or eggs were found. Fifteen tires contained mosquito larvae that were
      identified as Ae. albopictus, Ae. togoi, Culex pipiens complex, Tripteroides
      bambusa and Uranotaenia bimaculata. The infestation rate for all species was 6.8
      infested tires per 10,000 tires (wet and dry) inspected. Aedes albopictus larvae
      were most frequently collected, occurring at a rate of 20 infested wet tires per
      10,000 inspected.

PMID- 2903908
TI  - Activities of four insect growth regulator formulations of fenoxycarb against
      Psorophora columbiae larvae.
AB  - Four formulations of fenoxycarb were evaluated at dosages of 0.022 and 0.011 kg
      ai/ha against Psorophora columbiae larvae in rice plots. Granular formulations,
      at both rates, provided moderate to excellent control of larvae introduced within
      24 h posttreatment. A 1.0% fenoxycarb/200 ITU B.t.i. granule provided 86.2%
      reduction of emergence from larvae introduced at 120 h posttreatment. Aside from
      this formulation residual activity was lacking. The liquid formulation performed
      moderately well at the high rate against larvae introduced within 24 h; however,
      residual activity rapidly diminished.

PMID- 2903909
TI  - Sex difference in pupation of larval Culiseta melanura.

PMID- 2903910
TI  - Local superfusion modifies the inward rectifying potassium conductance of
      isolated retinal horizontal cells.
AB  - 1. Horizontal cells were enzymatically and mechanically dissociated from the
      white perch (Roccus americana) retina and voltage clamped using patch electrodes.
      Steady-state current-voltage (I-V) relationships of solitary horizontal cells
      were determined by changing the membrane potential in a rampwise fashion. 2. The
      I-V curve of cells bathed in normal Ringer solution exhibited a large conductance
      increase at negative membrane potentials. This conductance activated near the K+
      equilibrium potential, had no clear reversal potential, was enhanced by raising
      the extracellular concentration of K+, and was suppressed by external Cs+. These
      properties identify the conductance as the inward (anomalous) rectifier. 3.
      Continuous superfusion of the cells' local environment with drug-free Ringer
      reduced the magnitude of the inward rectifier current and shifted its activation
      point to more negative potentials. This effect developed over approximately 30 s,
      lasted as long as superfusion continued and was reversible upon cessation of
      superfusion. 4. Pressure ejection of drug-free Ringer solution onto cells bathed
      in the identical solution also reduced the magnitude of the inward rectifier
      current, although the effects were more rapid and more transient than those
      exerted by superfusion. Pressure ejection had little effect when cells were
      simultaneously superfused with Ringer, suggesting a common mode of action on the
      inward rectifier. 5. In the absence of superfusion, pressure ejection of Ringer
      containing 200 microM L-glutamate had a biphasic effect on membrane conductance.
      At potentials above -60 mV, glutamate caused a conductance increase with a
      reversal potential near +10 mV. At potentials below -60 mV, glutamate caused a
      conductance decrease whose reversal potential could not reliably be determined.
      The latter effect was similar to the suppression of the inward rectifier by
      application of Ringer alone, suggesting that it may represent an artifact of
      pressure ejection rather than a direct effect of glutamate. 6. In support of this
      interpretation, we found that pressure ejection of glutamate in the presence of
      external Cs+ (which blocks the inward rectifier) or during local superfusion with
      Ringer (which prevents attenuation of the inward rectifier by pressure ejection)
      did not cause a conductance decrease at negative potentials. Under these
      conditions, glutamate caused primarily a conductance increase with a reversal
      potential near +10 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2903911
TI  - Selective expression of high-affinity nerve growth factor receptors on tyrosine
      hydroxylase-containing neuron-like cells in neural crest cultures.
AB  - A subpopulation of cultured neural crest cells undergoing differentiation have
      receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF) that exhibit a binding constant similar
      to that of the low-affinity NGF binding site (3.2 nM). Recent studies have shown
      that NGF receptors are not present on neuron-like cells immunoreactive for
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin, or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Since
      tissues innervated by sympathetic neurons in vivo produce NGF, we sought to
      determine whether NGF deficits in the tissue culture microenvironment may be one
      parameter preventing the expression of NGF receptors on TH-containing neuron-like
      cells. Neural crest cultures were therefore grown in complete tissue culture
      medium (15% fetal bovine serum and 5% chicken embryo extract), with or without
      exogenous NGF (50 ng/ml). Examination of light-microscopic radioautographs
      following incubation with 125I-NGF revealed that, if the cultures were
      supplemented with NGF for 7 d, approximately 33% of neuron-like cells exhibiting
      TH-like immunoreactivity possessed NGF receptors. There were no obvious
      morphological differences between TH-containing cells that did or did not have
      NGF receptors. Scatchard analysis of cultures grown under these conditions again
      demonstrated the sole presence of the low-affinity form of the NGF receptor (Kd,
      3.4 nM). Embryonic catecholaminergic sympathetic neurons exhibit both high- and
      low-affinity forms of the NGF receptor, raising the possibility that the
      Scatchard analysis may not have been sensitive enough to detect the high-affinity
      form of the receptor on a relatively small population of cells. Therefore we used
      a morphological approach that took advantage of the different dissociation rates
      of the 2 receptor types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903912
TI  - L-glutamate increases internal free calcium levels in synaptoneurosomes from
      immature rat brain via quisqualate receptors.
AB  - Internal free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) have been monitored in
      synaptoneurosomes from 8-d-old rat whole brain previously loaded with the calcium
      sensitive fluorescent probe Fura 2. Under basal conditions, [Ca2+]i was around
      200 nM, this concentration increasing only slowly during storage of the
      synaptoneurosomes at room temperature (40% increase 2 hr after loading). Opening
      of sodium channels with veratridine- (10 microM) or KCl- (30 mM) induced
      depolarization caused rapid increases in synaptoneurosomal [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i was
      also markedly increased by addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (10-100 nM). The
      effect of veratridine, but not of KCl was prevented by previous addition of TTX
      (1 microM). KCl-induced [Ca2+]i increase was dependent on external Ca2+ and was
      partially blocked by the dihydropyridine derivative PN 200-110 (IC50 0.15 microM,
      maximal inhibition 55% at 3 microM). L-Glutamate elicited a concentration
      dependent fast increase in synaptoneurosomal [Ca2+]i in the 8-d-old (but not in
      the adult) rat brain (EC50 = 2 microM). The effect of glutamate was
      stereospecific, the EC50 of the D-isomer being 47 times higher than that of L
      isomer. The magnitude of the L-glutamate response differed in several brain
      regions, being highest in the cerebral cortex and lowest in the
      cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903913
TI  - Regulation of hypothalamic magnocellular neuropeptides and their mRNAs in the
      Brattleboro rat: coordinate responses to further osmotic challenge.
AB  - A paradigm was developed for the chronic osmotic stimulation of homozygous
      diabetes insipidus rats of the Brattleboro strain, a strain that fails to
      synthesize vasopressin. This study examines the adaptation of 2 sets of
      coexisting peptide hormone magnocellular neurons in the
      hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system (HNS) of Long Evans (LE), Brattleboro
      heterozygote (HZ), and Brattleboro homozygote (DI) rats: (1) the arginine8
      vasopressin (AVP)/dynorphin (DYN) neurons, and (2) the oxytocin
      (OT)/cholecystokinin (CCK8) neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei,
      which project to the posterior pituitary. The regimen of chronic intermittent
      salt-loading (CISL) involved the replacement of 2% saline for normal drinking
      water for 18 hr/d. This protocol effectively increased plasma levels of AVP and
      OT in LE and HZ rats, oxytocin in DI rats, and maintained the posterior pituitary
      in a state depleted of AVP, OT, CCK, and peptides derived from pro-dynorphin: DYN
      A 1-17, DYN A 1-8, and DYN B 1-13. The ratio of pituitary DYN A 1-17 to DYN A 1-8
      content in DI rats or in LE, HZ, and DI rats following 6 d of CISL suggests a
      preferential release of DYN A 1-17 during periods of chronic secretory activity.
      In response to chronic secretory activity, mRNAs for AVP, OT, DYN, and CCK
      increased 1.5-2-fold in all 3 AVP rat strains, with mRNAs for coexisting peptide
      hormones displaying parallel increases. Mutant AVP mRNA in the DI rat was
      expressed at very low levels and DYN mRNA in very high levels, with each of these
      mRNAs continuing to be regulated by CISL in a normal manner. These results
      suggest a regulatory relationship between AVP and OT neurons, in which
      vasopressin neurons are feedback-regulated by AVP, most likely via plasma
      osmolarity, and that oxytocin neurons are modulated by peptides derived from pro
      dynorphin.

PMID- 2903914
TI  - Glycine potentiates strychnine-induced convulsions: role of NMDA receptors.
AB  - Strychnine poisoning leads to seizures that have traditionally been attributed to
      competitive antagonism of glycine receptors in the spinal cord. Although glycine
      is thought to act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, a strychnine-insensitive
      glycine (Gly2) receptor has been recently described in cultured mouse neurons
      that is thought to be allosterically linked to the excitatory amino acid NMDA
      receptor. The present study demonstrates that intrathecally administered glycine,
      in contrast to other putative inhibitory transmitters, potentiates rather than
      inhibits strychnine-induced convulsions in mice. The seizure-potentiating effects
      of glycine are blocked by aminophosphonovaleric acid, an NMDA antagonist. In
      addition, in animals pretreated with a subconvulsive dose of strychnine to block
      strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (Gly1), glycine enhances, rather than
      inhibits, NMDA-induced convulsions. Together, these results indicate that the
      seizure-potentiating effects of glycine involve activation of NMDA receptors.
      This study provides the first evidence that glycine is capable of modulating the
      activity of NMDA receptors in the spinal cords of adult animals. In light of the
      elevated concentrations of glycine found in epileptogenic brain foci, these data
      also suggest that glycine may be a positive modulator in the production of
      epileptic seizures.

PMID- 2903915
TI  - Spontaneous release of acetylcholine affects the physiological nicotinic
      responses of rat retinal ganglion cells in culture.
AB  - Nictonic cholinergic responses have been previously documented in mammalian
      retinal ganglion cells. In the present study, dissociated retinal cells were
      densely plated and grown in a specific batch of rat serum. When held at negative
      potentials during whole-cell recording with a patch electrode, the retinal
      ganglion cells located close to presumptive cholinergic amacrine cells in these
      cultures were found to respond to acetylcholine (ACh; 20-200 microM) with an
      apparent outward current in the presence of physiological salines on both sides
      of the membrane. Other nicotinic agonists (nicotine, carbachol) produced the same
      effect. Conductance measurements revealed that this apparent outward current was
      actually a decrease in a tonic inward current. Nicotinic antagonists such as d
      turbocurarine (10 microM) and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (20 microM), when applied
      in dishes that had never been exposed to exogenous ACh, produced a similar
      decrease in a tonic inward current. The reversal potential of the tonic current
      suppressed by ACh was similar to the nicotinic current previously studied in
      these central neurons. Furthermore, purified acetylcholinesterase was capable of
      modulating the tonic inward current of the retinal ganglion cells. Lowering an
      excised patch of muscle into dense areas of the retinal cultures activated
      nicotinic channels in the muscle membrane, indicating the presence of endogenous
      ACh in the culture fluid. Divalent cations such as Co2+ blocked the tonic inward
      current of retinal ganglion cells in these cultures. Finally, direct biochemical
      measurements indicated that low levels of endogenous ACh (on the order of 0.5
      microM near putative cholinergic amacrine cells) were present in the retinal
      cultures. Taken together, these results show that ACh was being spontaneously
      released into these cultures, resembling at least to some degree the tonic
      leakage of ACh found in the intact retina. This concentration of ACh was capable
      of tonically depolarizing the membrane potential of retinal ganglion cells
      exposed to this dosage. This culture system allows the study of trophic effects
      of ACh on a central mammalian neuron in a precisely controlled extracellular
      environment.

PMID- 2903916
TI  - Different times of origin of choline acetyltransferase- and somatostatin
      immunoreactive neurons in the rat striatum.
AB  - Two populations of aspiny interneurons have been identified in the mammalian
      striatum, one cholinergic and the other using the neuropeptide somatostatin as a
      neurotransmitter. The times at which these 2 cell populations undergo their final
      mitosis were studied by injecting tritiated thymidine into timed pregnant rats
      and then processing the brains of the progeny as young adults for
      immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to choline acetyltransferase and
      somatostatin followed by autoradiography. Choline acetyltransferase
      immunoreactive neurons became postmitotic in a caudal-to-rostral gradient; the
      occurrence of final mitosis was maximal on embryonic day (E) 12 at the most
      caudal level and on E15 at the most rostral. A more subtle lateral-to-medial
      gradient was also observed in the precommissural striatum. In contrast, no
      obvious gradients were seen with somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons; regardless
      of their location within the striatum, these neurons underwent their final
      mitosis on days E15-16, towards the end of cholinergic neurogenesis. These
      results indicate that although both cholinergic and somatostatin-containing cells
      represent interneuronal populations in the striatum, they display distinctly
      different spatiotemporal patterns of neurogenesis.

PMID- 2903917
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide prevents disuse-induced sprouting of rat motor
      nerve terminals.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) coexists with acetylcholine (ACh) in motor
      nerve terminals. Externally applied CGRP has been shown to increase the synthesis
      of ACh receptors in cultured myotubes by a mechanism independent of muscle
      activity. Thus, CGRP is suggested to be a neurotrophic factor that may regulate
      the expression of several long-term events occurring at the neuromuscular
      junction. We have examined the effect of CGRP on the sprouting of motor nerve
      terminals induced by chronic block of nerve-muscle activity in adult rats. Daily
      treatment with CGRP suppressed the disuse-induced terminal sprouting in a dose
      dependent manner, whereas the morphology of motor nerve terminals in active
      muscles was unaffected by CGRP. CGRP may be a possible candidate for an
      antisprouting agent which has been postulated to exist in nerve terminals. The
      disuse-induced outgrowth of terminal sprouts was accompanied by an increase in
      the mean quantum content of end-plate potentials, as well as in the frequency of
      spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials. This increased transmitter release
      was still maintained at the junctions in which disuse-induced terminal sprouting
      had been suppressed by CGRP. It is suggested that the formation of terminal
      sprouts per se is not responsible for the plastic change of transmitter release
      induced by prolonged disuse of the neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2903918
TI  - Glutamine and asparagine synthesis in the nematodes Heligmosomoides polygyrus and
      Panagrellus redivivus.
AB  - Low levels of glutamine synthetase were demonstrated in Panagrellus redivivus and
      Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Asparagine synthetase was detected in P. redivivus but
      activity was too low to be detected in H. polygyrus.

PMID- 2903920
TI  - Psychosocial changes in persistently psychotic schizophrenic patients after an
      80% reduction of neuroleptic medication [corrected].

PMID- 2903919
TI  - Purinergic reception by culicine mosquitoes.
AB  - 1. Adult female Culex pipiens and Culiseta inornata have purinergic receptors
      that respond to extracellular ADP and related compounds. Stimulation of these
      receptors caused ingestion of artificial diets. Addition of bicarbonate to the
      saline solvent enhanced the phagostimulatory effect. Saline-bicarbonate was as
      effective a solvent as blood plasma for Cx. pipiens, and was used in the dose
      effect determinations. Ranking of the potencies was: ADP greater than AMP-PNP
      greater than ATP = AMP greater than AMP-PCP much greater than 2'dAMP greater than
      2'dADP greater than 2'dATP. At 1 mM concentration, ITP, GTP, CTP, UTP, c-AMP,
      2'AMP, 3'AMP, DPG, or GSH + glucose caused fewer than 50% of the insects to
      gorge, as did 2'3'dd-ATP, A tetra P, and AMP-CPP at 100 microM. 2. The potency
      ranking for Cu. inornata was: ADP greater than AMP-PNP greater than ATP greater
      than AMP-PCP much greater than AMP much greater than AMP-S. The concentrations
      required to produce the ED50 response (inducing 50% of the test insects to gorge)
      were much higher than those required for Cx. pipiens; however, saline, not saline
      bicarbonate, was used as the solvent. With the exception of the very low potency
      of AMP for Cu. inornata, the ADP potency index values for the other chemicals
      tested on both species are similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2903921
TI  - It's on the tip of the tongue tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2903922
TI  - History of enteric coated sulfasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Sulfasalazine was synthesized almost 50 years ago specifically to treat
      rheumatoid arthritis. At that time bacterial infection was believed to be an
      important factor in pathogenesis. The linkage of sulfapyridine and salicylate
      with an azobond was viewed as a method of combining antibacterial and
      antiinflammatory actions while minimizing gastric irritation. Early therapeutic
      results were encouraging, but the drug was discarded as an antirheumatic agent
      for 30 years, until its serendipitous rediscovery. Subsequent controlled trials
      have confirmed its efficacy, which may be related to sulfasalazine itself or to
      the sulfapyridine moiety.

PMID- 2903923
TI  - The safety of sulfasalazine: the gastroenterologists' experience.
AB  - Although the incidence of side effects associated with sulfasalazine is in the
      range of 20%, most of the common side effects, including gastrointestinal
      reactions and headache, can be managed by dosage adjustment. In patients who
      experience allergic reactions of rash, fever, and arthralgia, therapy can usually
      be resumed after a program of desensitization. The risks associated with chronic
      low-grade hemolysis can be avoided by careful monitoring and, when necessary,
      folic acid supplementation. Certain idiosyncratic reactions to sulfasalazine do,
      however, represent absolute contraindications to further use of the drug.
      Sulfasalazine may cause reversible male infertility, but it is entirely safe for
      use during pregnancy and lactation. Overall, sulfasalazine has a long and
      impressive safety record, provided the drug is used with an awareness and
      appreciation of its potential pitfalls.

PMID- 2903924
TI  - Adverse reactions to sulfasalazine: the British experience.
AB  - Sulfasalazine has been used for a decade in the United Kingdom for treating
      rheumatoid arthritis. There is now considerable experience with its adverse
      reaction profile and the incidence of serious events. In the initial weeks of
      treatment minor side effects are common, especially upper gastrointestinal
      problems and nausea. Therapy is thus usually introduced slowly and enteric coated
      tablets are preferred. In 20-30% of patients treatment is discontinued due to an
      adverse reaction. Most of such reactions occur within 3 months of starting
      therapy, are trivial, and are self-limiting after withdrawal of the drug.
      Potentially more serious adverse reactions include leukopenia, rash, abnormal
      liver function tests, and dyspnea. These reactions also reverse after treatment
      is stopped. Side effects leading to drug withdrawal after 1 year of therapy are
      unusual.

PMID- 2903925
TI  - Treatment of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies with sulfasalazine.
AB  - Three patients with reactive arthritis and 2 with ankylosing spondylitis
      resistant to therapy with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were treated with
      enteric coated sulfasalazine in an open trial. Significant toxicity was not
      observed; 1 patient discontinued sulfasalazine because of gastrointestinal
      symptoms. As a group, statistically significant improvement was observed in 50
      foot walk time, morning stiffness, and hemoglobin concentration. One patient went
      into complete clinical remission, 2 improved, 1 showed no change, and 1 worsened.
      Asymptomatic colonic inflammation was found in each of 4 patients examined before
      beginning therapy. Changes in bowel pathology did not parallel changes in joint
      symptoms. Sulfasalazine may be a safe and useful therapeutic modality in patients
      with chronic reactive arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2903926
TI  - What is a disease modifying antirheumatic drug?
AB  - The disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) used to treat rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) are distinct from the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID)
      in their slow onset of antiinflammatory action, their lack of analgesic
      properties, their more frequent and severe toxicity, and in the opinion of some
      experts, their ability to produce more frequent remissions and slow the
      progression of erosions. New DMARD prospects include less toxic immune modulating
      agents, as well as NSAID/DMARD hybrids. Although currently available DMARD are
      considered primarily treatment for RA, sulfasalazine may be such a drug for B27
      arthropathies as well. Future studies may lead to the development of agents that
      are specific modifiers of other rheumatic diseases, including lupus and
      scleroderma.

PMID- 2903927
TI  - Comparison of responses to and adverse effects of graded doses of sulfasalazine
      in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Sulfasalazine (0, 0.5, 1, or 2 g daily in divided doses) was given to patients
      with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) insufficiently controlled by
      a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. Grip strength, Westergren sedimentation
      rate, and physician and patient global assessment improved in those patients
      given 2 g/day. Inadequate response was the primary reason for withdrawal in the
      groups given placebo or 0.5 g/day, while adverse reactions (mainly
      gastrointestinal upset or rash) accounted for most withdrawals from the groups
      that received 1 or 2 g/day. Although its use is limited by adverse reactions,
      sulfasalazine is effective in the treatment of patients with RA.

PMID- 2903928
TI  - Comparisons of sulfasalazine to gold and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Studies comparing sulfasalazine to gold or placebo are few in number. Two
      controlled trials have been conducted comparing sulfasalazine and placebo, and 2
      uncontrolled trials have compared sulfasalazine and gold sodium thiomalate. A
      controlled trial conducted by the Cooperative Systematic Studies of Rheumatic
      Diseases compared enteric coated sulfasalazine, gold, and placebo. These studies
      suggest that sulfasalazine is superior to placebo but is associated with
      significant side effects, particularly gastrointestinal. These studies also
      suggest that sulfasalazine is similar in efficacy to gold, but with lesser and
      milder toxicity. Additional comparison studies are indicated.

PMID- 2903929
TI  - Antihypertensive activity in a series of 1-piperazino-3-phenylindans with potent
      5-HT2-antagonistic activity.
AB  - A series of trans-1-piperazino-3-phenylindans were synthesized with the goal of
      replacing their established neuroleptic profile with that of peripheral 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) antagonism. Compounds with an unsubstituted or fluoro
      substituted 6-position in the indan ring, and which had a five- or six-membered
      heterocyclic ring attached by an ethylene chain to the piperazine ring, satisfied
      this objective. Some of the compounds had potent antihypertensive activity in
      conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In pithed rats they antagonized
      the pressor effect induced by 5-HT in doses 100-1000 times lower than doses
      needed to antagonize the pressor effect of phenylephrine. The effect was
      stereoselective and associated with enantiomers with 1R,3S absolute
      configuration. 1S,3R enantiomers inhibited the uptake of dopamine and
      norepinephrine in vitro. The compound with the best antihypertensive activity was
      (+)-(1R,3S)-1-[2-[4-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-indanyl]-1- piperazinyl]ethyl]-2
      imidazolidinone (Lu 21-098, irindalone). Its pharmacological profile resembled
      that of the standard compound ketanserin. There was a close structural
      correspondence between ketanserin and irindalone in a conformation that we
      recently identified as a D-2 receptor-relevant configuration of its neuroleptic
      "parent" tefludazine. This suggests that the dopaminergic (D-2) and the
      serotonergic (5-HT2) pharmacophores are structurally closely related.

PMID- 2903930
TI  - Synthesis, absolute configuration, and molecular modeling study of etoxadrol, a
      potent phencyclidine-like agonist.
AB  - Etoxadrol (2a), one of the eight possible optical isomers of 2-ethyl-2-phenyl-4
      (2-piperidyl)-1,3-dioxolane, was synthesized from (S,S)-1-(2-piperidyl)-1,2
      ethanediol, which was obtained from cleavage of dexoxadrol (1a, (S,S)-2,2
      diphenyl-4-(2-piperidyl)-1,3-dioxolane). The absolute configuration of etoxadrol
      hydrochloride, a phencyclidine-like compound biologically, was determined to be
      2S, 4S, and 6S at its three chiral centers by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
      Epietoxadrol (2b), epimeric with etoxadrol at the C-2 center, was also obtained
      from the synthesis. This much less potent enantiomer has the 2R,4S,6S
      configuration. The affinity of etoxadrol to the phencyclidine binding site was
      found to be comparable to that of phencyclidine itself and was 35 times more
      potent than its epimer, epietoxadrol. Three diastereomeric mixtures were prepared
      that had low affinity for the phencyclidine site. In studies of the
      discriminative stimulus properties of these compounds, it was found that only
      etoxadrol substituted for the phencyclidine stimulus. With use of computer
      assisted molecular modeling techniques, a hypothetical phencyclidine binding site
      model has been developed that, unlike our former hypothesis based on Dreiding
      models, correctly predicts the higher affinity of etoxadrol and the lesser
      affinity of epietoxadrol for the phencyclidine site.

PMID- 2903931
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological properties of "soft drug" derivatives related to
      perhexiline.
AB  - In the hope of reducing the toxicity of perhexiline, a series of 27
      cyclohexylaralkylamines II based on the "soft drug" concept and incorporating an
      amide function were synthesized. In a preliminary screening, compounds were
      evaluated for their alpha-adrenolytic activities. Several derivatives, especially
      N-(cyclohexylphenylmethyl)-2-(cyclohexyl-methylamino)acetamide (3), N
      (cyclohexylphenylmethyl)-2-(homoveratrylmethylamino)acetam ide (7), and N-[2
      (cyclohexylamino)ethyl]-alpha-cyclohexylbenzeneacetamide (23) had the same
      activity range as perhexiline in vitro in rat aorta strips. The in vitro
      metabolism of these three molecules was then investigated and compared to that of
      perhexiline. The effect upon the alpha-adrenolytic activity of introducing
      various N-aralkylamine groups on II was examined. Structure/activity
      relationships are discussed.

PMID- 2903933
TI  - Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a rural village near
      Cairo, Egypt.

PMID- 2903932
TI  - Structure-activity relationships in 1,4-benzodioxan-related compounds.
      Investigation on the role of the dehydrodioxane ring on alpha 1-adrenoreceptor
      blocking activity.
AB  - Several analogues of 2-[[[2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]methyl]-1,4
      benzodioxa n (WB 4101, 1) were prepared and evaluated for their blocking activity
      on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptors in the isolated rat vas deferens. The
      results were compared with those obtained for 1 and benoxathian (2). It was shown
      that the two oxygens at positions 1 and 4 may have a different role in receptor
      binding. It seems that the oxygen at position 4 as such does not contribute to
      the binding while it is important in stabilizing an optimal conformation for drug
      receptor interaction mechanism. On the other hand, the oxygen at position 1 might
      interact with a receptor polar pocket of reduced size by way of a donor-acceptor
      dipolar interaction. Furthermore, it was shown that replacement of the
      dehydrodioxane ring of 1 by a phenyl or a pyrrole nucleus causes a significant
      decrease in activity.

PMID- 2903934
TI  - Pathogenicity of capsulate and non-capsulate members of Bacteroides fragilis and
      B. melaninogenicus groups in mixed infection with Escherichia coli and
      Streptococcus pyogenes.
AB  - The relationships between capsulate and non-capsulate Bacteroides fragilis
      strains and Escherichia coli, and between capsulate and non-capsulate strains of
      the B. melaninogenicus group and Streptococcus pyogenes, were studied in a
      subcutaneous abscess model in mice. Selective antimicrobial agents directed
      against either aerobic or anaerobic bacteria were used alone or in combination to
      explore the effect of eradication of one component of the mixed infection. Single
      agent therapy effective against both aerobic and anaerobic flora was also
      employed. Single therapy of mixed infection directed at the elimination of only
      one organism (S. pyogenes, E. coli or Bacteroides sp.) caused significant
      reductions in the numbers of sensitive organisms and also smaller yet significant
      decreases in the numbers of insensitive organisms. However, the abscesses were
      not eliminated after such therapy. Combination therapy or use of a single agent
      (cefoxitin) directed against the aerobic and anaerobic components of the
      infection was more effective. Non-capsulate Bacteroides spp. became capsulate
      after passage in mice mixed with either S. pyogenes or E. coli. Therapy directed
      at the elimination of S. pyogenes and E. coli did not prevent the emergence of
      capsulate Bacteroides spp. These data demonstrate the synergy between all members
      of the B. fragilis group and E. coli and between the B. melaninogenicus group and
      S. pyogenes, and reiterate the need to direct antimicrobial therapy at the
      eradication of the aerobic and anaerobic components of mixed infections.

PMID- 2903937
TI  - Catecholamine metabolism in pheochromocytoma and normal adrenal medullae.
AB  - The tissue contents of catecholamine, its precursor and its major metabolites
      were determined in 8 human pheochromocytomas and 26 normal adrenal glands.
      Pheochromocytomas contained significantly larger amounts of norepinephrine,
      dopamine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, tyrosine hydroxylase activity, metanephrine,
      normetanephrine and vanillylmandelic acid than did normal adrenal medullae. The
      content ratio of epinephrine/norepinephrine in normal adrenal medullae was
      significantly higher than that in pheochromocytomas but there were considerable
      individual variations in the metanephrine/normetanephrine and vanillylmandelic
      acid/3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylglycol ratios in pheochromocytomas. In normal
      adrenal medullae the tissue content of tyrosine hydroxylase activity correlated
      inversely with the tissue contents of epinephrine (r equals -0.78, p less than
      0.001), norepinephrine (r equals -0.78, p less than 0.001) and total
      catecholamines (r equals -0.87, p less than 0.001), respectively but no
      significant relation was found between both parameters in pheochromocytomas.
      These results indicate the possible presence of a negative feedback mechanism of
      catecholamine via tyrosine hydroxylase in normal adrenal medullae but none in
      pheochromocytomas. In addition, the increased degradation catecholamine pathway
      in pheochromocytomas appears to be unstable compared to that in normal adrenal
      medullae.

PMID- 2903936
TI  - Benzodiazepine-receptor antagonist, a clinical double blind study.
AB  - In a double blind study including 18 patients in whom a benzodiazepine
      intoxication was suspected, the first specific benzodiazepine antagonist was
      compared to placebo. There was a highly significant effect on consciousness, all
      patients given antagonist awaked, usually within minutes. No adverse effects were
      observed. In 2 patients the clinical condition deteriorated 1 to 2 hrs after the
      antagonist was given. This might endanger intoxicated patients withdrawing from
      medical attention.

PMID- 2903938
TI  - Re: Laparoscopy in the management of the nonpalpable testis.

PMID- 2903939
TI  - A new test to predict reversibility of hydronephrotic atrophy after stable
      partial unilateral ureteral obstruction.
AB  - In previous studies we showed that hydronephrotic atrophy develops only in the
      first weeks after stable partial ureteral obstruction, and does not progress
      thereafter. Relief of obstruction only in the "destructive phase" and not in the
      later "steady-state phase" seems to improve or prevent hydronephrotic atrophy.
      Since the duration of partial ureteral obstruction is often not known, we studied
      urinary enzymes of rat kidneys after stable partial unilateral ureteral
      obstruction to identify the destructive phase. We chose as an example of the
      tubular lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) and as an example of the
      brush border enzyme gamma-glutamyl-transferase (Gamma-GT). NAG concentration but
      not so much Gamma-GT concentration was higher in the urine of the obstructed
      kidneys than in the urine of the contralateral control kidney, in the first two
      weeks after operation, and then returned to normal. These observations lead to
      the conclusion that the "destructive phase" after ureteral obstruction can be
      identified by the appearance of high urinary tubular lysosomal enzyme content.
      The clinical implication is that the timing of relief of asymptomatic stable
      partial ureteral obstruction of unknown duration can be based on the
      concentrations of urinary lysosomal enzymes.

PMID- 2903940
TI  - Clostridium absonum from gas gangrene.
AB  - A Clostridium perfringens-like strain was isolated from a case of gas gangrene.
      The morphological properties and the lecithinase reaction of the isolate were
      very similar to those of C. perfringens; however, the lecithinase reaction was
      only slightly suppressed by C. perfringens alpha-antitoxin serum and the organism
      was identified as Clostridium absonum from its biochemical properties.

PMID- 2903941
TI  - Separation of sulfated, fucose-containing polysaccharides from the brown seaweed
      Sargassum kjellmanianum and their heterogeneity and antitumor activity.

PMID- 2903942
TI  - [Disseminated livedo angiitis].

PMID- 2903943
TI  - [Senile, hereditary and local amyloidosis].

PMID- 2903944
TI  - [The main reasons for diagnostic errors at the therapeutic clinic].

PMID- 2903935
TI  - Calcium channels: molecular pharmacology, structure and regulation.

PMID- 2903945
TI  - Acute effects of a khat extract on the rat electroencephalogram.
AB  - Rats chronically implanted with cortical screw electrodes were treated with three
      different oral doses of a Khat extract and the EEG recorded for 5 h. Several
      abnormalities in EEG patterns were observed, particularly after the
      administration of the largest dose (400 mg/kg). Spectral analysis of EEG showed a
      significant shift of frequencies towards faster, lower voltage activity following
      administration of the two smaller doses (50 and 100 mg/kg), reflecting a
      stimulant effect of the extract. The highest degree of cortical activation was
      observed following administration of the smallest dose. With the largest dose, an
      initial activation was followed by a state of EEG depression characterized by a
      high percentage of slow, high voltage waves. It is concluded that Khat extract in
      small doses has a stimulant effect on the rat brain, but with larger doses
      induces a state of depression.

PMID- 2903946
TI  - Takayasu's arteritis with bilateral pulmonary artery stenosis.

PMID- 2903947
TI  - Establishment of a hemopoietic stimulating factor producing murine leukemia cell
      lines: pathogenesis of granulocytosis in L8313 bearing mice.
AB  - Thy 1.2+ cells of L8313 leukemia bearing mice were previously shown to produce
      granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating activity (GM-CSA) and interleukin-3 (IL
      3). Cell lines with the Thy 1.2+ phenotype were established from spleen cells of
      the leukemic mice, and were designated STIL-3 C5 and STIL-3 D10. They produced
      and released GM-CSA and IL-3 activities in culture supernatant. C5 cells were
      phenotypically Thy 1.2+ and Lyt 2.1+ with rearrangement of the T-cell receptor
      beta chain gene also being identified. D10 was Thy 1.2+ and L3T4+ with T-cell
      receptor beta chain gene rearrangement not detectable. Since the same sized
      rearranged bands were observed between C5 and L8313 leukemic mouse spleen cells,
      it is indicated that C5 cells are derived from the leukemic cells. Inoculation of
      these cells into mice induced granulocytosis. These results indicated that L8313,
      which was thought to be a "granulocytic leukemia", is actually a T-cell leukemia,
      whose granulocytosis is a leukemoid reaction induced by normal hemopoietic cells
      responding to the hemopoietic stimulating factors, GM-CSA and IL-3, produced by
      the leukemic T cells. Thus, L8313 should be known as a T-cell leukemia associated
      with granulocytosis.

PMID- 2903948
TI  - Transglutaminase in cell proliferation and transformation.
AB  - Transglutaminase (TGase) activity was reduced in intact mitogen-stimulated human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) when compared to intact resting PBL. Moreover,
      a treatment of the same quiescent immunocompetent cells with purified liver TGase
      and Ca2+ completely suppressed the mitogen-induced blast transformation. A
      decrease in TGase activity in neoplastically transformed seminal vesicle
      epithelial cells with respect to their normal parent counterpart was also
      observed. Our data support the notion of a possible implication of TGase in cell
      proliferation and transformation.

PMID- 2903949
TI  - [Therapeutic use of somatostatin in pathology of the digestive system].

PMID- 2903950
TI  - Atypical antipsychotics--recent findings and new perspectives.

PMID- 2903951
TI  - Effects of drug treatment on human resistance arteriole morphology in essential
      hypertension: direct evidence for structural remodelling of resistance vessels.
AB  - To examine whether effective drug treatment would reverse the morphological
      changes in resistance arterioles which characterise untreated essential
      hypertension, the vessels' media thickness and contractility were measured before
      and after long-term treatment. Nine patients underwent skin biopsy before and
      after a mean 13 months of antihypertensive treatment (range 4-24 months).
      Subcutaneous resistance arterioles were dissected and mounted in a myograph.
      Treatment did not affect the shift in sensitivity to noradrenaline in the
      presence of cocaine, sensitivity to exogenously administered calcium, and the
      rate of relaxation after withdrawal of vasoconstrictor stimuli. The media/lumen
      ratio fell significantly (p = 0.011) owing to a significant regression in media
      thickness (p = 0.0195), but this was not complete. Thus, effective
      antihypertensive treatment can reverse some of the structural change observed in
      the untreated state, although it apparently does not affect calcium sensitivity
      or relaxation rate; these features are thought to be consequences of the disease
      after it has become established.

PMID- 2903952
TI  - Correlation between cranial computed tomographic scans at diagnosis in children
      with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and central nervous system relapse.
AB  - 145 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were evaluated over a
      period of 3 years in a multicentre study in which serial cranial computed
      tomographic (CT) scans of the brain were done. All patients were symptom-free. CT
      scans were graded as normal, borderline (slight or moderate cerebral atrophy), or
      pathological (severe cerebral atrophy). 62% (90/145) of children had CT scan
      abnormalities at diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 24 months (range 6-36) 12
      of 108 evaluable patients had central nervous system (CNS) relapses (6 isolated
      relapses and 6 combined with relapse at another site). All patients with CNS
      relapse had an abnormal CT scan at diagnosis (8 pathological and 4 borderline).
      No relapses were observed among the 42 patients with a normal cranial CT scan at
      diagnosis. A significantly higher proportion of severe cerebral atrophy, both
      following CNS prophylaxis and after the discontinuation of treatment, was found
      among patients with a borderline CT scan at diagnosis than among patients with a
      normal CT scan at diagnosis. Thus an abnormal cranial CT scan at diagnosis in
      children with ALL seems to have prognostic significance.

PMID- 2903953
TI  - Clinical and virological effects of high-dose recombinant interferon-alpha in
      disseminated AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - The effectiveness and antiretroviral activities of interferon-alpha in AIDS
      related Kaposi's sarcoma was assessed in a non-randomised, phase-II clinical
      trial. 28 patients were treated with high-dose (27-36 MU) human recombinant
      interferon-alpha 2a subcutaneously every day for 8 weeks. In patients with stable
      disease or showing a response, treatment was continued three times weekly until a
      complete response was achieved or there was progression. 12 of the 26 evaluable
      patients achieved a major response; 5 of these showed histologically confirmed
      complete responses. There was a significant increase in OKT4-positive cells in
      the responders and a significant decrease in HIV antigen (HIV-Ag) in the 7
      responders with initially detectable HIV-Ag. Interferon-alpha is thus an
      effective treatment. The increase in OKT4-positive cells and the decrease in HIV
      Ag seem to be significantly related to patients with tumour responses.

PMID- 2903954
TI  - Anti-retroviral effects of interferon-alpha in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - 21 patients with AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma were enrolled in an open therapeutic
      trial to determine the in vivo anti-retroviral activity of recombinant interferon
      alpha (IFN-alpha). 8 (38%) showed a complete or partial anti-tumour response. The
      mean pretreatment CD4 count for the responders was 399 cells/microliter vs 154
      cells/microliter for the non-responders. All 5 of the patients with more than 400
      CD4 cells/microliter pretreatment showed a significant reduction in tumour,
      whereas none of the 7 patients with under 150 CD4 cells/microliter had any
      response. 5 of the 6 complete or partial responders with greater than 50 pg/ml of
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 before IFN therapy showed a 75% or greater
      reduction by 12 weeks of therapy, with 3 patients having persistently negative
      HIV cultures. The anti-viral effects were also most pronounced in the patients
      with the highest CD4 counts. These data demonstrate the potential benefits, both
      anti-tumour and anti-retroviral, of treatment with IFN-alpha in the early stages
      of HIV infection and Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2903955
TI  - Prevention of gallstone recurrence by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
AB  - In laboratory animals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are
      reported to inhibit diet-induced gallstone formation. To see if these drugs had a
      similar effect in man, 82 patients who had taken part in a comparison of
      ursodeoxycholic acid, placebo, and diet for prevention of gallstone recurrence
      were sent questionnaires about their use of NSAIDs during the period of the
      trial. 75 replied. After a mean follow-up of 33 (SEM 4) months none of the 12
      regular users of NSAIDs had had gallstone recurrences, compared with 20 of the 63
      who never or rarely used these drugs (p less than 0.02).

PMID- 2903956
TI  - Defenestration of hepatic sinusoids as a cause of hyperlipoproteinaemia in
      alcoholics.
AB  - The hepatic sinusoidal endothelium separates sinusoidal blood from hepatocytes;
      changes in the porosity of this endothelium may affect the passage of
      chylomicrons into hepatocytes and influence lipid metabolism. Chronic exposure to
      ethanol reduces the porosity of the endothelium; this mechanism may underlie the
      hyperlipoproteinaemia observed in some people who drink heavily.

PMID- 2903958
TI  - Growing up with coeliac disease.

PMID- 2903957
TI  - Sodium valproate.

PMID- 2903959
TI  - Nephrogenic ascites.

PMID- 2903960
TI  - Myocarditis, histology, and immunosuppression.

PMID- 2903961
TI  - Cyclosporin hypertension.

PMID- 2903962
TI  - Epidemiology of retinopathy of prematurity.
AB  - The incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were studied
      prospectively in a geographically defined area of the East Midlands. Over 23
      months, 505 infants weighing 1700 g or less at birth to mothers resident in this
      area were studied. Acute ROP developed in 248 (49.1%) and there was a significant
      association between short gestation and low birthweight and greater severity.
      Most acute ROP underwent complete resolution; only stage 3/4 disease did not and
      cicatricial sequelae subsequently developed in 5 infants, 23.8% of this group. No
      infant was blind because of ROP. Black infants had shorter gestations yet were
      less likely to have any stage of ROP. Although Asians were not smaller than their
      caucasian counterparts, severe (stage 3/4) ROP was more likely (14.1% vs 2.7% for
      caucasians); this difference was largely due to their better survival. Since 505
      of the available 547 infants in this geographically defined area were examined,
      it was possible to calculate the incidence of acute and cicatricial ROP on a
      community population basis. There are dangers in attempting to deduce the
      incidence of acute ROP from infrequent eye examinations, and in comparing
      community and hospital-based reports.

PMID- 2903964
TI  - The decline of offshore medical schools.

PMID- 2903963
TI  - Nasopharyngeal oxygen in children.
AB  - Hypoxia caused by pneumonia or bronchiolitis is a common cause of death in
      children in developing countries. Oxygen is very expensive in developing
      countries, and it is important that the limited supplies available be used as
      efficiently as possible. This study evaluated the administration of oxygen
      through an 8 FG catheter inserted into the nose to a depth equal to the distance
      from the side of the nose to the front of the ear, so that the tip of the
      catheter was just visible in the pharynx below the soft palate. A flow rate of
      150 ml/kg/min gave an inspired oxygen concentration of about 50% in children less
      than 2 years old. Thus, newborn infants with pneumonia can usually be treated
      with 0.5 l/min and infants up to 12 months old with 1.0 l/min of nasopharyngeal
      oxygen.

PMID- 2903965
TI  - A plan for information in the National Health Service.

PMID- 2903966
TI  - Consensus conference: Progestagen use in postmenopausal women.

PMID- 2903967
TI  - "Eradication" of Campylobacter pylori: are we being misled?

PMID- 2903968
TI  - Paralysis of recurrent laryngeal nerve in Lyme disease.

PMID- 2903969
TI  - Camylofin intoxication reversed by naloxone.

PMID- 2903971
TI  - Non-invasive sampling method for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis.

PMID- 2903970
TI  - Gemfibrozil-induced headache.

PMID- 2903972
TI  - Viral gastroenteritis in foodhandlers.

PMID- 2903973
TI  - Cross-infection with Listeria monocytogenes confirmed by DNA fingerprinting.

PMID- 2903974
TI  - HIV in saliva.

PMID- 2903975
TI  - Transmission of HIV by blood from seronegative donors.

PMID- 2903976
TI  - Clearance and pump control of continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis.

PMID- 2903977
TI  - Effectiveness of condom use in preventing HIV infection in prostitutes.

PMID- 2903978
TI  - Gallbladder surgery in Scotland.

PMID- 2903980
TI  - Cytomegalovirus and IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2903979
TI  - Rash due to nebulised pentamidine.

PMID- 2903981
TI  - Antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibitors.

PMID- 2903982
TI  - Effect of allyloestrenol on deteriorating uteroplacental circulation.

PMID- 2903983
TI  - Blood velocity waveforms and placental vascular formation.

PMID- 2903984
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA deletion in encephalomyopathy.

PMID- 2903985
TI  - Embryopathy in infant conceived one year after termination of maternal
      etretinate: a reappraisal.

PMID- 2903986
TI  - Treatment of hyponatraemia secondary to water overload.

PMID- 2903987
TI  - Teratogenicity of isotretinoin.

PMID- 2903988
TI  - Thromboembolism and air travel.

PMID- 2903989
TI  - Danger of MAOI therapy after fluoxetine withdrawal.

PMID- 2903990
TI  - New genetic location of gentamicin-resistance in methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2903991
TI  - Absent end-diastolic flow in first trimester umbilical artery.

PMID- 2903992
TI  - Does stressful venepuncture explain increased midnight serum cortisol
      concentration?

PMID- 2903993
TI  - Bismuth absorption from the colloidal subcitrate.

PMID- 2903994
TI  - Predictive value of EGF receptor in breast cancer.

PMID- 2903995
TI  - Thromboembolic events during combination chemotherapy for germ cell malignancy.

PMID- 2903996
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy.

PMID- 2903997
TI  - Subcutaneous apomorphine for on-off oscillations in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2903998
TI  - Hypovitaminosis A, follicular ducts, and acne.

PMID- 2903999
TI  - Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol and apoprotein E phenotype.

PMID- 2904000
TI  - Increased lipoprotein(a) levels in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2904001
TI  - Monocyte TNF production in gastrointestinal cancer.

PMID- 2904002
TI  - Alteplase (rtPA) patent case.

PMID- 2904003
TI  - Hantavirus disease in Sri Lanka.

PMID- 2904004
TI  - Alcohol and mortality in British men: explaining the U-shaped curve.
AB  - In a prospective study of 7735 middle-aged 7 British men, 504 of whom died in a
      follow-up period of 7.5 years, there was a U-shaped relationship between alcohol
      intake and total mortality and an inverse relationship with cardiovascular
      mortality, even after adjustment for age, cigarette smoking, and social class.
      These mortality patterns were seen in all smoking categories (with ex-smoking non
      drinkers having the highest mortality) and were observed in manual but not in non
      manual workers. The alcohol-mortality relationships (total and cardiovascular)
      were present only in men with cardiovascular or cardiovascular-related doctor
      diagnosed illnesses at initial examination. The data suggest that the observed
      alcohol-mortality relationships are produced by pre-existing disease and by the
      movement of men with such disease into non-drinking or occasional-drinking
      categories. The concept of a "protective" effect of drinking on mortality,
      ignoring the dynamic relationship between ill-health and drinking behaviour, is
      likely to be ill founded.

PMID- 2904005
TI  - Transmission of hepatitis B from hepatitis-B-seronegative subjects.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify and characterise serum
      HBV DNA sequences in 3 patients negative for all HBV serological markers. HBsAg
      determinants were detected in 1 individual by monoclonal anti-HBsAg
      immunoradiometric assay. By use of sets of primers on the S and pre-S parts of
      the HBV genome the presence of HBV DNA was demonstrated in the serum of all 3
      patients. Inoculation of human sera to 2 chimpanzees induced acute hepatitis in
      both animals; 1 became positive for HBsAg and anti-HBcAg and the other only for
      anti-HBsAg. Cloning of DNA sequences from viral isolates from 1 chimpanzee and 1
      patient was accomplished after amplification of the 3' region of the S gene.
      Comparison of the partial nucleotide sequence with that of known HBV subtypes
      showed 0 and 1 point mutation, respectively, in the highly conserved 3' end of
      the S gene. Therefore the results show that PCR with HBV primers may unambigously
      identify HBV infectious particles among non-A, non-B viruses and is a potentially
      useful diagnostic test for detection of HBV DNA sequences in serum.

PMID- 2904006
TI  - Prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcer with misoprostol: multicentre, double
      blind, placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out to see whether the
      synthetic E prostaglandin, misoprostol, would prevent gastric ulcer induced by
      non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 420 patients with osteoarthritis
      and NSAID-associated abdominal pain were studied; they were receiving ibuprofen,
      piroxicam, or naproxen. Endoscopy was done at entry and after 1, 2, and 3 months
      of continuous treatment with 100 micrograms or 200 micrograms misoprostol or
      placebo, given four times daily with meals and at bedtime, concurrently with the
      NSAID. Abdominal pain was rated independently by patients and physicians. A
      treatment failure was defined as development of a gastric ulcer. Gastric ulcers
      (0.3 cm in diameter or greater) occurred less frequently (p less than 0.001) in
      both misoprostol treatment groups (5.6% 100 micrograms and 1.4% 200 micrograms)
      than in the placebo group (21.7%). The significant difference in ulcer formation
      between the placebo and the misoprostol treatment groups remained when
      comparisons were restricted to ulcers greater than 0.5 cm in diameter (12.3%
      placebo, 4.2% 100 micrograms misoprostol, and 0.7% 200 micrograms misoprostol).
      Mild to moderate, self-limiting diarrhoea was the most frequently reported
      adverse effect attributed to misoprostol. These results provide the first clear
      indication that NSAID-induced ulcers are preventable.

PMID- 2904007
TI  - Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase: rapid diagnostic test for recurrent hereditary
      polyserositis.
AB  - The diagnosis of recurrent hereditary polyserositis (RHP; also known as familial
      Mediterranean fever) remains one of exclusion since there has been no specific
      diagnostic laboratory test. A previous study suggested that the disorder is
      related to abnormal catecholamine metabolism. Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase
      (DBH) activity was assayed spectrophotometrically in 91 RHP patients and 162
      controls. The activity was significantly higher in untreated symptom-free
      patients and in patients with acute attacks, than in controls (mean [SEM] 155.8
      [14.1] vs 43.3 [1.9] mumol/min/1 p less than 0.0001). Colchicine treatment
      reduced DBH activity to control levels. The test showed a high diagnostic
      accuracy and specificity for RHP, whether the patient was symptom-free or having
      an acute attack. Moreover, it is easy to carry out.

PMID- 2904009
TI  - Measurement of exhaled chlorofluorocarbons.

PMID- 2904008
TI  - Differences in relative efficiency of nebulisers for pentamidine administration.
AB  - The study compared the pulmonary deposition of nebulised pentamidine when inhaled
      by way of different nebuliser systems by nine human-immunodeficiency-virus
      positive patients with a history of previous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
      Pentamidine, 50 mg or 300 mg, mixed with technetium-99m-labelled human serum
      albumin in a total volume of 3 ml, was administered by way of three jet
      nebulisers (System 22', 'System 22 Mizer', and 'Respigard II') operated with a
      gas flow of 6 l/min, and one ultrasound nebuliser ('Pulmosonic'). Pulmonary and
      non-pulmonary isotope deposition was measured for each apparatus and adverse
      effects and lung function tests were recorded. For both doses of pentamidine, the
      system 22 mizer produced the largest pulmonary isotope deposition and it was
      completed in the shortest time. Oropharyngeal and gastric deposition were least
      with the respigard II, which also caused the fewest adverse effects. The adverse
      effects were greatest with the system 22 mizer and pulmosonic and the higher
      pentamidine dose, which also caused significant reductions in measurements of
      pulmonary function. It is concluded that either the system 22 mizer or the
      respigard II should be used to administer nebulised pentamidine.

PMID- 2904010
TI  - Persistent fetal circulation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PMID- 2904011
TI  - Management of patients with major injuries.

PMID- 2904012
TI  - Alcohol and mortality: the myth of the U-shaped curve.

PMID- 2904013
TI  - Misoprostol: ulcer prophylaxis at what cost?

PMID- 2904014
TI  - Imaging patients with suspected acoustic neuroma.

PMID- 2904015
TI  - Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection: association with hen's eggs.
AB  - Epidemiological and microbiological investigation of the four outbreaks of
      Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 that occurred in Wales in 1988
      implicated foods containing shell eggs from hens as the vehicle of infection. In
      a case-control study of sporadic cases there was a significant association
      between infection and egg consumption in the 3 days before illness. These
      findings provide data to support the warnings from the Departments of Health in
      the United Kingdom about risks of infection from eating raw or undercooked hens'
      eggs.

PMID- 2904017
TI  - Post-neonatal mortality in the Third World.

PMID- 2904016
TI  - Effects of zidovudine in 365 consecutive patients with AIDS or AIDS-related
      complex.
AB  - Zidovudine (AZT) is of some benefit for selected patients with AIDS-related
      complex (ARC) or AIDS treated for up to 24 weeks. The activity and toxicity of
      oral AZT, 200 mg 4-hourly when possible, was evaluated in 365 consecutive
      patients with ARC (80) or AIDS (285) followed up for a mean of 31 weeks (range 2
      52). A transient increase in body weight, Karnofsky index, and CD4 cell count was
      observed during the first months of therapy. However, by 6 months, these values
      had returned to their pretreatment levels and several opportunistic infections,
      malignancies, and deaths occurred. These disappointing results were partly
      related to the haematological toxicity of the drug, which led to interruption of
      treatment in many patients. Thus the benefits of AZT are limited to a few months
      for ARC and AIDS patients. At least for the most severely affected patients,
      reduced dosage of AZT may increase the therapeutic index.

PMID- 2904019
TI  - Acute treatment of severe haemorrhagic gastritis with high-dose sucralfate.

PMID- 2904018
TI  - Nutritional improvement without better health: Santa Maria Cauque, 15 years
      later.

PMID- 2904020
TI  - Fatal hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2904021
TI  - Beef to human insulin: dose for dose?

PMID- 2904022
TI  - Cholinergic side-effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine.

PMID- 2904023
TI  - Anal dilatation after duodenal trauma.

PMID- 2904024
TI  - Child abuse and maternal delusions.

PMID- 2904025
TI  - Are immunological markers of gluten-sensitive enteropathy detectable in IgA
      nephropathy?

PMID- 2904027
TI  - Leukaemia near Pilgrim nuclear power plant, Massachusetts.

PMID- 2904026
TI  - In-utero platelet transfusion for alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2904028
TI  - Is impaired visual development caused by perinatal hypoxia?

PMID- 2904029
TI  - Eosinophil count in healthy HTLV-I carriers.

PMID- 2904030
TI  - Failure of gentamicin when injected through 0.2 micron filter.

PMID- 2904031
TI  - Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata.

PMID- 2904032
TI  - Foscarnet infusion at home.

PMID- 2904033
TI  - Resection of haematogenous metastases.

PMID- 2904034
TI  - Response to criticism of the GMC.

PMID- 2904036
TI  - Life expectancy and planning care for the elderly.

PMID- 2904035
TI  - Surgical audit.

PMID- 2904037
TI  - Fatal breast cancer and concomitant causes of death.

PMID- 2904038
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute gallstone pancreatitis.

PMID- 2904039
TI  - Autoantibodies to topoisomerase I in primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2904040
TI  - Atypical hepatitis B virus in Spain?

PMID- 2904041
TI  - Classifying primary gut lymphomas.

PMID- 2904042
TI  - Thalidomide for chronic graft-versus-host disease in children.

PMID- 2904043
TI  - Alteplase versus placebo in myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2904044
TI  - Dietary calcium and hip fracture.

PMID- 2904045
TI  - Recumbent rest after embryo transfer.

PMID- 2904046
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2904047
TI  - Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2904048
TI  - Treating ascites.

PMID- 2904049
TI  - AIDS figures world wide.

PMID- 2904050
TI  - Evidence for an infective cause of childhood leukaemia: comparison of a Scottish
      new town with nuclear reprocessing sites in Britain.
AB  - Increases of leukaemia in young people that cannot be explained in terms of
      radiation have been recorded near both of Britain's nuclear reprocessing plants
      at Dounreay and Sellafield. These were built in unusually isolated places where
      herd immunity to a postulated widespread virus infection (to which leukaemia is a
      rare response) would tend to be lower than average. The large influxes of people
      in the 1950s to those areas might have been conducive to epidemics. The
      hypothesis has been tested in Scotland in an area identified at the outset as the
      only other rural area that received a large influx at the same time, when it was
      much more cut off from the nearest conurbation than at present--the New Town of
      Glenrothes. A significant increase of leukaemia below age 25 was found (10
      observed, expected 3.6), with a greater excess below age 5 (7 observed, expected
      1.5).

PMID- 2904051
TI  - New type of adhesive specificity revealed by oligosaccharide probes in
      Escherichia coli from patients with urinary tract infection.
AB  - A series of oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins or from human milk were
      coupled to lipid and used as probes of the binding specificities of Escherichia
      coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Selective binding to
      the glycoprotein oligosaccharide probes rich in mannose residues (high-mannose
      type) was demonstrated with fimbriated E coli that give mannose-inhibitable
      haemagglutination. This observation is in accordance with predictions from
      inhibition studies. Binding studies with the human milk oligosaccharide probes,
      which resemble structures found on host-cell membranes, revealed adhesive
      specificity unrelated to the presence of fimbriae. This new type of host
      oligosaccharide receptor is affected by the presence of the blood group genetic
      markers. It involves the disaccharide sequence linked to the membrane-associated
      lipid moiety of host-cell glycolipids, and may have a role in initiation of
      infection on damaged epithelial cell membranes.

PMID- 2904052
TI  - Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the
      Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.
AB  - Of 47,000 women followed since 1968, those who had used oral contraceptives (ever
      users) had a significantly higher incidence rate of cervical cancer than never
      users. After standardisation of rates by age, parity, smoking, social class,
      number of previously normal cervical smears, and history of sexually transmitted
      disease, the excess was 41 per 100,000 woman-years for carcinoma-in-situ and 8
      per 100,000 woman-years for invasive cervical cancer. Incidence increased with
      increasing duration of use: the standardised incidence rate for cervical cancer
      in women who had taken the pill for more than 10 years was four times than in
      never-users. Ever-users had a lower incidence of other uterine cancers (deficit 5
      per 100,000 woman-years); a lower incidence of ovarian cancer was also found
      (deficit 4 per 100,000), but was not statistically significant. Overall, ever
      users had an excess incidence for genital tract cancers 37 per 100,000 woman
      years. This excess was mainly from carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix; the excess
      incidence of invasive cervical cancer was offset by the deficits in other uterine
      and ovarian cancers. Standardised mortality rates from genital cancer were
      similar in ever-users and never-users. Of relevance to clinical practice is the
      substantially different distribution of primary cancer sites: cervical cancer
      accounted for 75% of the invasive genital cancers and 74% of deaths from genital
      cancer in ever-users, but only 31% of the invasive cancers and 30% of deaths in
      never-users.

PMID- 2904053
TI  - Effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine on lipoprotein profile in
      hyperlipidaemia of nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of simvastatin (20 mg twice a day) in the
      treatment of hyperlipidaemia due to unremitting nephrotic syndrome was compared
      with that of cholestyramine (8 g twice a day) in a crossover trial in ten
      patients. Two patients were taken off the protocol, one because he could not
      tolerate cholestyramine and one because of non-compliance with the cholestyramine
      regimen. No clinical or laboratory adverse experiences were noticed during the
      study in the other eight patients. Simvastatin was significantly more effective
      than cholestyramine in reducing the hyperlipidaemia--it produced a 36% decrease
      in total cholesterol and a 39% decrease in low density (LDL)-cholesterol, whereas
      cholestyramine reduced total cholesterol by 8% and LDL-cholesterol by 19%. With
      simvastatin the apolipoprotein B level decreased by 30%, whereas the
      apolipoprotein A level increased by 10%.

PMID- 2904054
TI  - Granulocyte-associated immunoglobulins in renal transplant recipients with
      cytomegalovirus infection.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in renal transplant recipients must be diagnosed
      rapidly, since they can be life-threatening unless chemotherapy is started early.
      Detection of granulocyte-associated immunoglobulins was compared with
      conventional virological methods for diagnosis of CMV infection in 71 renal
      transplant recipients. The granulocyte-associated immunoglobulin test (GAIT) was
      positive in 31 of 34 patients with proven CMV infections on the day of admission.
      By conventional virological criteria the diagnosis of active CMV infection could
      be made only 3-24 days later. The GAIT remained negative in 14 healthy transplant
      recipients, but it was positive in 9 of 23 patients with non-CMV-related post
      transplantation complications. The GAIT, which is not a virological method, could
      be useful for rapid diagnosis of CMV infection; its sensitivity was 0.91 and
      specificity 0.82 (for patients without detectable immunoglobulins on erythrocytes
      or platelets) and the processing time is only 3 h.

PMID- 2904055
TI  - Displacement of small bowel from pelvic radiation field.

PMID- 2904056
TI  - What makes microbes stick?

PMID- 2904057
TI  - Medical care of newborn babies.

PMID- 2904058
TI  - Two cheers for medical education, plus fads and froth.

PMID- 2904059
TI  - Recurrent staphylococcal skin infections.

PMID- 2904061
TI  - Do young patients with dyspepsia need investigation?
AB  - During 1986, 1386 patients with simple dyspepsia were referred by general
      practitioners for endoscopy (686) or double-contrast barium meal examination
      (700) at Leicester General Hospital. 618 (45%) were under the age of 45 years.
      Abnormal findings were more common in older than younger dyspeptic patients (58%
      vs 40% at endoscopy, 69% vs 25% by barium meal). Malignant disorders were
      diagnosed in 5% at endoscopy and 3% at barium meal, but in no patient under 45
      years old. The incidence of malignant disorders at endoscopy was analysed for the
      6 years 1980-86. Of 707 cases identified, only 13 (1.8%) occurred in patients
      under 45 years old; all 13 had symptoms suggesting pathology more serious than
      simple dyspepsia. It can be concluded that young patients with simple dyspepsia
      are overinvestigated. A majority can be treated safely with antacids and/or
      histamine receptor type 2 antagonists.

PMID- 2904060
TI  - Dobutamine stress test.

PMID- 2904063
TI  - Life expectancy in Down syndrome adults.
AB  - Life expectancy for adults with Down syndrome was calculated from data for 1610
      liveborn affected individuals identified in over 1,500,000 consecutive live
      births in British Columbia from 1908 to 1981. Survival to 68 years of age,
      predicted from the available data, is better than in previous estimates, but is
      still much poorer than for the general population: about 44.4% and 13.6% of
      liveborn Down syndrome individuals will survive to 60 and 68 years, respectively,
      compared with 86.4% and 78.4% of the general population.

PMID- 2904064
TI  - Measles immunisation before the age of nine months? Position statement by the
      expanded programme on immunisation of the World Health Organisation.

PMID- 2904062
TI  - Degree of myopia in relation to intelligence and educational level.
AB  - Intelligence test scores and educational levels were compared for 5943 myopic and
      9891 non-myopic 18-year-old men being drafted for military service in Denmark.
      The former were grouped by degree of myopia, in the range -0.25 diopters (D) to 
      7.75 D, according to the power of correcting lenses required. Myopes of all
      degrees had significantly higher test scores and educational levels than non
      myopes. However, the relation of these two variables to degree of myopia was not
      linear; for both variables there were no significant differences among myopia
      groups in the range -2.0 to -7.75 D. Whereas factors associated with intelligence
      and education seem to be important in triggering the onset of myopia, they seem
      to be much less important in determining the degree to which myopia progresses.

PMID- 2904065
TI  - Retrospective on a social critic.